PMID- 1793713
TI  - Are measurements of chest expansion and peak expiratory flow rate worthwhile in
      assessing candidates for life assurance?
AB  - Measurements of chest expansion (CE) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were
      taken in 117 subjects for life assurance medical examinations in 1989. The
      results for both values were significantly greater in males than in females, but
      there was no significant correlation between them in either males or females.
      Seventy-four per cent of the subjects were accepted as average assurance risks
      and 26% were below average. However, there was no significant difference between
      CE and PEFR in the two groups and smoking appeared to have no influence. The
      reasons for not accepting subjects as average risk are tabulated and it is
      concluded that CE and PEFR are not helpful in assessing candidates for life
      assurance.

PMID- 1793714
TI  - A study of the content of general practitioners' referral letters to an accident
      and emergency department.
AB  - A two-week prospective study was undertaken to assess the quality and content of
      referral letters from the primary care services to an inner city accident and
      emergency department. It was found that the majority of letters fell short of
      commonly accepted minimum standards. A comparison was also made between letters
      from general practice principals and deputising service doctors. Recommendations
      for improvement in written communication are discussed.

PMID- 1793715
TI  - Are patients' attitudes the cause of long waiting lists?
AB  - This paper studies the rate of non-attendance for both out-patient clinics and in
      patient care. It relates this to the waiting times for both services. If all
      patients who did not attend clinics had informed us beforehand, thus enabling us
      to give their appointments to other patients, the out-patient waiting time could
      have been reduced from six months to one week. If a similar approach was taken
      with the in-patient waiting list, the waiting time could have been reduced from
      15 months to nine months.

PMID- 1793716
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in octogenarians.
AB  - A retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) in 217
      octogenarians performed over a two-year period in a district general hospital was
      carried out. It showed that upper GIE in octogenarians is a safe and easy as in
      other age groups, and provides more useful information. Patients were referred
      mainly by the geriatricians for elective endoscopy, reflecting the growing
      recognition of the value of elective upper GIE in the very elderly. The incidence
      of peptic ulcer disease as a cause of upper GI bleeding was much less than
      previously reported. Thirty-nine patients with upper GI haemorrhage had an
      endoscopy within 24 hours. We believe that this helps to identify patients with a
      high risk of mortality and those who might benefit from early surgery. Eighty per
      cent of the patients had one or more associated diseases, but there were no
      complications from endoscopy. We would like to emphasise that there is no
      contraindication for upper GIE in very elderly patients.

PMID- 1793717
TI  - AIDS out of the limelight.

PMID- 1793718
TI  - Avoiding futility: assessment of cancer patients in intensive care units.

PMID- 1793719
TI  - Lymphoedema--prevention rather than cure.

PMID- 1793720
TI  - The role of murine tumour models and their acquired platinum-resistant
      counterparts in the evaluation of novel platinum antitumour agents: a cautionary
      note.
AB  - Two murine tumour models, the L1210 leukaemia and the ADJ/PC6 plasmacytoma, have
      featured prominently in the preclinical development of platinum drugs. Mindful of
      the unequivocal need to discover new platinum-based drugs exhibiting activity in
      cisplatin/carboplatin refractory and relapsed cancers, and to devise clinically
      predictive screening models, we have generated resistance in vivo in the ADJ/PC6
      plasmacytoma to cisplatin (19- to 21-fold), to carboplatin (25-fold), iproplatin
      (greater than 14-fold) and tetraplatin (10-fold). The chemo-sensitivity profiles
      of these tumours have been compared with L1210 leukaemia lines resistant to
      either cisplatin (10-fold) or tetraplatin (34-fold). In cross-resistance studies,
      the L1210 and ADJ/PC6 resistant variants provided conflicting predictions of
      structures likely to circumvent cisplatin-acquired resistance. In particular, the
      L1210/cisplatin resistant model exhibited cross-resistance to carboplatin and
      iproplatin, whereas the diaminocyclohexane (DACH)-containing complex,
      tetraplatin, was even more active in the cisplatin resistant tumour than in the
      'wild-type' tumour. The ADJ/PC6/cisplatin resistant tumour, however, was cross
      resistant, not only to carboplatin and iproplatin, but also to tetraplatin. These
      data provide an important caveat on the adoption of single acquired resistant
      animal tumour models for platinum drug development.

PMID- 1793721
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptors in human malignancies: a review.
AB  - The present knowledge of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGCR) in primary
      malignancies is reviewed. It is concluded that hGCR is present in a large number
      of these tissues; in all tissue specimens of lymphoid malignancies and in varying
      fractions of the different solid tumors. The hGCR functions as a hormone
      dependent, specific enhancer interacting protein in mediating the considerable
      effects of glucocorticoids on growth regulation, both through stimulation and
      inhibition of expression of the target genes, including other transcription
      regulation systems. The processes of receptor activation and regulation, as well
      as the effects of glucocorticoids, are tissue-specific. Subjects for future
      research are proposed: Establishment of more cell lines and animal models to
      extend investigation beyond the present concentration on only a few cell lines,
      especially CEM-C7, application of 'dynamic' assays to cells obtained from
      patients, in an attempt to predict development of glucocorticoid resistance, and
      further investigation of the relationships among GCR and growth factors and
      oncogenes.

PMID- 1793722
TI  - Epidemiological models and prevention of cancer.

PMID- 1793723
TI  - Towards improved cancer diagnosis and treatment founded on current developments
      in the basic sciences: options for intensified European efforts. The Research
      Branch of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
      on the basis of recommendations by its Scientific Advisory Board.

PMID- 1793724
TI  - APACHE II: prediction of outcome of 451 ICU oncology admissions in a community
      hospital.
AB  - The APACHE II system has been shown to be a reliable and useful means of
      evaluating patient outcome from the intensive care unit when applied to a broad
      spectrum of diagnoses. The major purpose of this study was to determine the use
      of APACHE II as a means of predicting outcome of ICU oncology patients. Data were
      retrospectively collected for 451 ICU oncology admissions. A direct relationship
      between severity of physiologic derangement and patient risk of death was
      demonstrated. Patients with scores of 30 or greater had hospital mortality rates
      of 100% for postoperative and 92.6% for nonoperative patients. The APACHE II was
      a useful means of predicting the outcome of ICU oncology patients. This
      potentially provides the patient, family, and physician an objective dimension in
      making decisions whether to transfer the oncology patient.

PMID- 1793725
TI  - Conservative treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema: a controlled, randomized
      trial.
AB  - A controlled, randomized trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a
      new conservative treatment for postmastectomy lymphedema. Seventy-four patients
      were randomized to wear only an elastic sleeve for six months (group A) or to
      receive additionally an induction treatment with electrically stimulated
      lymphatic drainage (group B). The evaluation of results was focused not only on
      the mean variations in limb measurements in the two groups, but also on the
      frequency of clinically significant reductions of lymphedema (i.e., at least 25%
      compared to the initial values). A mean reduction of limb girth of about 17% was
      obtained in both groups, without significant differences between the two
      treatments. An 'objective response', however, was not achieved by the majority of
      patients. On the other hand, compliance to therapy was good and a significant
      result could be obtained simply and economically also in the group of patients
      treated only with the elastic sleeve.

PMID- 1793726
TI  - Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of zeniplatin, a new platinum complex.
AB  - Forty-six patients with refractory solid malignancies received the new platinum
      complex [2,2-bis(aminomethyl)-1,3-propanediol-N-N'] [1,1
      cyclobutanedicarboxylato] [(2-)0,0')] platinum (zeniplatin). Zeniplatin was
      given, without hydration or mannitol, as a 60- to 90-min i.v. infusion every 3
      weeks at doses ranging from 8 to 145 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose of
      zeniplatin was 145 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity of zeniplatin was dose
      related leukopenia and neutropenia, with the nadir usually observed between 1 and
      2 weeks after therapy and recovery usually occurring by 3 weeks after therapy.
      Thrombocytopenia was rare. The most prominent non-hematological side-effect of
      zeniplatin was nausea and vomiting. Other non-hematological side-effects were
      mild or absent. Zeniplatin did not induce significant neurological or auditory
      toxicity. Zeniplatin was not nephrotoxic at doses less than or equal to 120
      mg/m2. At 145 mg/m2, the clearance decreased by a mean of 40% after 2 cycles of
      therapy. Two patients, one with malignant melanoma and one with renal cell
      cancer, achieved a partial response. Pharmacokinetics of free (plasma
      ultrafiltrates) and total platinum in plasma were determined in 5 patients. An in
      vitro study of the rate and extent of zeniplatin binding to protein in human
      plasma was also performed. Free and total platinum were measured by flameless
      atomic absorption spectrometry; free zeniplatin was measured in ultrafiltrate by
      HPLC. Total and free plasma platinum concentrations were co-modelled using the
      information from the in vitro study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1793727
TI  - On the receiving end. IV: Validation of quality of life indicators.
AB  - Four measures of patient functioning and a mood adjective list currently used in
      trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG), and an 8-item
      Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) instrument measuring specific side effects
      of cancer and cancer treatment (GLQ-8), were cross-validated against three
      established measures of quality of life, mood and psychological adjustment to
      cancer, in a heterogeneous sample of cancer patients. Correlations between new
      and established measures were high, indicating good convergent and concurrent
      validity. Compliance on the longer mood measures was relatively poor. Despite the
      difficulty in developing direct and methodologically sound measures of quality of
      life, the regular inclusion of practical indicators of aspects of quality of life
      in clinical trials would allow improved assessment of the cost-benefit ratio of
      treatment to outcome in cancer patients.

PMID- 1793728
TI  - Weekly oral 4-demethoxydaunorubicin in patients with relapsed low grade non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 1793729
TI  - Vulvar Kaposi's sarcoma. A case report.

PMID- 1793730
TI  - Frequency of suicide by cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute of Milan
      over 1986-90.

PMID- 1793731
TI  - Cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin expression in human breast cancer cell lines:
      relationship to morphology and invasive capacities.
AB  - Loss of cell-cell adhesion in carcinoma cells may be an important step in the
      acquisition of an invasive, metastatic phenotype. We have examined the expression
      of the epithelial-specific cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin (E-cadherin, cell
      CAM 120/80, L-CAM) in human breast cancer cell lines. We find that fibroblastoid,
      highly invasive, vimentin-expressing breast cancer cell lines do not express
      uvomorulin. Of the more epithelial-appearing, less invasive, keratin-expressing
      breast cancer cell lines, some express uvomorulin, and some do not. We examined
      the morphologies of the cell lines in the reconstituted basement membrane matrix
      Matrigel and measured the ability of the cells to traverse a Matrigel-coated
      filter as in vitro models for detachment of carcinoma cells from neighboring
      cells and invasion through basement membrane into surrounding tissue. Colonies of
      uvomorulin-positive cells have a characteristic fused appearance in Matrigel,
      whereas uvomorulin-negative cells appear detached. Cells which are uvomorulin
      negative and vimentin positive have a stellate morphology in Matrigel. We show
      that uvomorulin is responsible for the fused colony morphology in Matrigel since
      treatment of uvomorulin-positive MCF-7 cells with an antibody to uvomorulin
      caused the cells to detach from one another but did not induce invasiveness in
      these cells, as measured by their ability to cross a Matrigel-coated
      polycarbonate filter in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Two uvomorulin-negative,
      vimentin-negative cell lines are also not highly invasive as measured by this
      assay. We suggest that loss of uvomorulin-mediated cell-cell adhesion may be one
      of many changes involved in the progression of a carcinoma cell to an invasive
      phenotype.

PMID- 1793732
TI  - Posttranscriptional down-regulation of fibronectin in N-ras-transformed cells.
AB  - The basal level of fibronectin (FN) biosynthesis is greatly reduced in N-ras
      transformed human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells when compared with normal
      fibroblasts. The rate of FN biosynthesis can be significantly increased in HT1080
      cells by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, which has been shown to act
      by selectively stabilizing the FN message (D.C. Dean, R.F. Newby, and S.
      Bourgeois, J. Cell Biol., 106: 2159-2170, 1988). The present study demonstrates
      that the basal levels of FN biosynthesis and accumulated FN mRNA are also reduced
      in HT1080 cells when compared with nontumorigenic revertants of HT1080 cells in
      which the mutated N-ras allele is underrepresented. In contrast, the FN promoter
      is more active in HT1080 cells than in the revertant cells. These results
      indicate that the down-regulation of FN in HT1080 cells is linked to expression
      of the N-ras oncogene and that the effect is posttranscriptional. Therefore, the
      N-ras oncogene and glucocorticoids have opposite posttranscriptional effects on
      FN biosynthesis in HT1080 cells. However, this study demonstrates that the
      stimulatory effects of glucocorticoids are not mediated by a transcriptional
      repression of the N-ras gene.

PMID- 1793733
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA (PD-1) differentially
      expressed by human pancreatic ductal cell tumors.
AB  - A complementary DNA (cDNA) library from a cloned subline (CD-11) of a well
      differentiated human pancreatic tumor cell line, HPAF, was subjected to
      differential screening using single stranded cDNA probes synthesized from mRNA of
      the well differentiated cell clone CD-11 and a poorly differentiated pancreatic
      tumor cell line, Panc 1. A cDNA clone (PD-1) was identified which had an insert
      of 626 base pairs (bp). PD-1 cDNA hybridized to a transcript of about 650 bp on
      Northern blot analysis, suggesting that the cDNA was close to full length.
      Densitometric analysis of Northern blots showed that a well differentiated
      pancreatic tumor line had a 5-fold higher PD-1 expression as compared to the
      poorly differentiated line, Panc 1. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PD-1 cDNA
      and its deduced amino acid sequence showed an open reading frame of 399 bp. In
      addition to the open reading frame, the sequence had a 5' untranslated region of
      61 bp and a 3' untranslated tail of 147 bp. The nucleotide sequence did not show
      any significant homology to any other sequence in the GENBANK or EMBL databases;
      however, the translated protein showed 35% homology to bacterial ribosomal
      proteins over 112 amino acids. Sequence analysis of the PD-1 cDNA and sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of its in vitro
      transcription/translation product suggest that this gene encoded a protein of
      16,000 daltons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1793734
TI  - Regulated expression of Krox-24 and other serum-responsive genes during
      differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - In order to identify genes that may play a role in the onset of the
      differentiation program elicited by retinoic acid, we analyzed, in P19 embryonal
      carcinoma cells, the expression of genes that are part of the early response of
      mouse fibroblasts to growth factor stimulation. In this paper, we show that a
      sequence-specific transcriptional activator, Krox-24, is rapidly induced, under
      conditions that promote differentiation of P19 cells. Expression of three other
      serum- and retinoic acid-stimulated genes (clones AC36, C1, and G39) was also
      studied. Induction of these genes occurs during the first 48 h of exposure of
      cells to retinoic acid, a period that precedes cell type determination. Our
      results suggest that different mechanisms regulate the expression of the Krox-24
      gene in differentiating P19 cells. A labile repressor seems to be responsible for
      control of Krox-24 expression in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Inactivation of
      this repressor following retinoic acid treatment resulted in several peaks of
      activation of the Krox-24 gene, mediated by different mechanisms, some of which
      did not require de novo protein synthesis. In contrast, activation of AC36
      required de novo protein synthesis, and that of C1 and G39 did not. The four
      genes are differentially expressed in several mouse tissues and during mouse
      embryonic development.

PMID- 1793735
TI  - Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a myeloid differentiation primary response gene
      induced by interleukin 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor: role in growth
      inhibition.
AB  - To better understand the immediate early genetic response of myeloid cells to
      terminal differentiation and growth inhibitory stimuli, we have recently isolated
      complementary DNA clones of myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD) genes,
      activated in the absence of protein synthesis in M1 myeloid precursor cells
      following induction for terminal differentiation and growth arrest by conditioned
      media of mouse lungs, a potent physiological source of hemopoietic
      differentiation inducers. In this study, it is shown that one particular MyD
      complementary DNA clone, expressed highly in normal precursor enriched bone
      marrow cells, encodes for interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a positive
      transcription factor for expression of the beta-interferon (IFN-beta) gene. Using
      a clone of M1 cells inducible for terminal differentiation by both interleukin 6
      (IL-6) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), two multifunctional cytokines
      recently identified as physiological inducers of hemopoietic cell
      differentiation, it has been shown that IRF-1 expression is rapidly induced by IL
      6 and LIF in the absence of protein synthesis and is followed by a later increase
      in the levels of IFN-beta mRNA, observed to be largely dependent on protein
      synthesis. Also, it is shown that the growth inhibition associated with IL-6 or
      LIF induced terminal differentiation could be partially abrogated via the use of
      IRF-1 antisense oligomers or IFN-beta antiserum. Taken together, these findings
      imply a regulatory cascade, where induction of terminal myeloid differentiation
      by IL-6 or LIF triggers the immediate early activation of IRF-1, leading to the
      later induction of IFN-beta, in turn playing an autocrine role in growth
      inhibition.

PMID- 1793736
TI  - Plasma desorption mass spectrometry of haemoglobin tryptic peptides for the
      characterization of a Hungarian alpha-chain variant.
AB  - S-Aminoethylated-alpha A and -beta A globin tryptic peptides separated by
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography have been analysed by
      plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Almost all the expected alpha A and beta A
      tryptic fragments were tentatively assigned relative to the known globin chain
      sequences based on the molecular weight obtained by plasma desorption mass
      spectrometric analysis of the purified peptides. The application of plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry for structure elucidation of a haemoglobin alpha
      chain variant revealed the first case of Hb Hasharon in Hungary.

PMID- 1793737
TI  - Fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometric analysis of N-carbamoylamino
      acids.
AB  - Using fast atom bombardment (FAB) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we
      examined 12 synthetic N-carbamoylamino acids (CAA) as tert-butyldimethylsilyl
      (TBDMS) derivatives. In FAB mass spectrometry and FAB MS/MS, spectra of
      protonated molecules for CAA provide specific cleavages involving the TBDMS
      carbamoyl moiety. The daughter scan spectrum of the parent ion indicated that it
      was useful for structural elucidation and differentiation of structural isomers
      of CAA. We have also identified each CAA separately in a mixture using a neutral
      loss scan for characteristic ions. In addition, we demonstrated that CAA in urine
      samples from patients with ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency gave
      collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra which correspond well with CID
      spectra obtained using synthetically prepared CAA.

PMID- 1793738
TI  - Identification of NAc-HCPC and NAc-beta-CEC, and qualitative analyses of sulphur
      amino acids in the urine of a patient with cystathioninuria using liquid
      chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Standard sulphur amino acids and various cystathionine metabolites in the urine
      of a patient with cystathioninuria were analysed using liquid chromatography/mass
      spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure ionization interface system. Very
      intense quasi-molecular ions ([M + H]+) of synthetic cystathionine, N
      monoacetylcystathionine, perhydro-1,4-thiazepine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, S-(3
      hydroxy-3-carboxy-n-propyl)cysteine, S-(2-carboxyethyl) cysteine, S-(2-hydroxy-2
      carboxyethyl)homocysteine, S-(carboxymethyl)homocysteine, N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxy-3
      carboxy-n-propyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine were observed
      by this method. Quasi-molecular ions ([M + H]+) of these sulphur amino acids were
      observed in the urine sample of the patient with cystathioninuria, and N-acetyl
      HCPC and N-acetyl-beta-CEC as N-substituted sulphur amino acids were also
      identified in the urine of the same patient.

PMID- 1793739
TI  - Identification of the in vivo metabolites of the antimalarial arteether by
      thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - The thermospray mass spectra of arteether and 16 of its potential metabolites all
      showed strong [M + NH4]+ ions and with only a few exceptions these compounds also
      showed spectral peaks corresponding to [M + NH4 - HOR]+ and [M + H - HOR]+, where
      OR represents the alkoxy or hydroxy group at the 12-position. A method for
      quantifying the metabolites was developed in which the plasma was spiked with an
      internal standard (the propyl ether analog of arteether), extracted using a C-18
      solid-phase cartridge, then subjected to thermospray high-performance liquid
      chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis using selected ion monitoring and a C
      18 reversed-phase analytical column. Following the intravenous administration of
      arteether (11.6 mg kg-1), the plasma was found to contain 12 metabolites of
      arteether in the 10-1000 ng ml-1 range 15 min post-injection, and within 60 min
      two of these metabolites attained higher concentrations than that of the parent
      compound, while several other of the metabolites attained concentrations similar
      to the parent compound. The pseudo-first-order half-life of arteether was found
      to be 10.0 +/- 0.6 min, while the apparent half-lives of most of the metabolites
      were in the 15-30 min range. Nine of these metabolites were identified by
      comparison to authentic reference standards and the structures of three remaining
      metabolites were tentatively assigned from their spectral and chromatographic
      properties. The metabolic pathways leading to these 12 metabolites was a rather
      complex, multiple-step process, but most of the metabolites arose from an
      enzymatic oxidation at one of three sites; 3 alpha, 9 alpha, or the CH2 of the
      side-chain. Conversion of the endoperoxide group to an cyclic ether was not a
      major pathway. The in vitro antimalarial activity of reference standards of
      several of the metabolites was determined and all of those tested were found to
      be active in the low nanogram per milliliter range.

PMID- 1793740
TI  - Ontogenetic changes in hepatic glutathione system (synthesis, catabolism, export)
      of male Uje:WIST rats.
AB  - The age-courses of concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG)
      glutathione, of GSH synthesizing enzyme activities, of glutathione S-transferase
      (GST), of GSSG-reductase (GR) and of biliary GSH and GSSG export were measured in
      livers from male Uje:WIST rats. Additionally, the age-courses of plasma GSH and
      GSSG concentrations were investigated. The hepatic level of GSH showed a biphasic
      pattern with a first maximum immediately after birth and a small second peak at
      the 50th day of life. The GSSG level increased continuously up to day 60 of life.
      The cytosolic GSH synthesizing enzyme activities showed diverse developmental
      patterns indicating different regulation principles. The hepatic activity of GR
      was relatively constant in the different age groups after birth. The GST activity
      (with o-dinitrobenzene as substrate) was relatively low at birth (about 30% of
      the maximum measured at day 60 of life). The maximum of GSH plasma level was
      found at birth. With increasing age a significant decrease in this level was
      observed. The excretion rate of total GSH (GSH + 2 GSSG) in bile was found to
      increase about 9-fold between 15 and 105 days of age. The results indicate that
      changes of hepatic GSH concentration with age are dependent on numerous factors.
      The balance between synthesis, catabolism and export is important for the
      maintenance of this level.

PMID- 1793741
TI  - [The laboratory animal management system--an animal housing management data
      processing system].
AB  - The Laboratory Animal Management System (LAMS) is a flexible, multi-purpose
      animal house management tool. It has a decentralized structure and was developed
      using UNIFACE and Oracle-database software. The multiuser LAMS system runs on a
      Micro-Vax computer and can be accessed from several workstations. LAMS has been
      designed to manage the following functions: animal study details; animal
      procurement; book keeping and follow-up; amendments; update of data; inquiries;
      statistics and numerous additional tasks. LAMS is a user-friendly interactive
      system which does not allow input of incorrect data and can be operated by staff
      with very little computer experience. The system fully complies with German legal
      requirements and is becoming an increasingly important tool for routine
      management of animal house facilities and animal experimentation.

PMID- 1793742
TI  - Evaluation of methods for determining N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in urine of
      rats without purification of urine samples.
AB  - N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in urine of rats were measured
      with methods recommended as procedures without the pretreatment of urine sample.
      Four different derivatives [4-nitrophenyl; 3-cresolsulfonephthaleinyl; 3,3'
      dichlorophenylsulfonephthaleinyl; 2-methoxy-4-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl] of N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminide were compared for determination. The conventional test using
      the 4-nitrophenyl derivative showed the highest activities and was very well
      correlated with the other tests. The test using the 3,3'
      dichlorophenylsulfonephthaleinyl substrate is most convenient and practical to
      determine NAG in small animals because it is, in contrast to the other three
      discontinuous (endpoint) tests, a continuous (kinetic) assay which can be easily
      adapted to clinical chemistry analyzers.

PMID- 1793743
TI  - [Electrical fields in membrane proteins].
AB  - The electric fields created by dipoles of the peptide bonds of alpha-helices of
      membrane proteins are considered. It has been shown that the electric field of
      the alpha-helix compensates for the loss of the Born hydration energy and
      promotes dissociation of the carboxyl groups located at the depth of up to 5 A
      from the water surface. The presence of the carboxylate anion facilitates
      penetration of the hydronium ion into the membrane and lowers the potential
      barrier by 0.1-0.2 eV (depending on the membrane thickness). A three-layer model
      of the reaction centre of photosynthetic bacteria is proposed. An estimate of the
      dielectric constant of different parts of the reaction centre is obtained by
      means of comparison of photoinduced electrogenetic transmembrane potential
      displacement with structural data. Estimates of the electric potentials at the
      electron transfer chain cofactors induced by the alpha-helical segments of the
      reaction centre protein are given. It is shown that the asymmetry in the location
      of alpha-helices affects significantly the redox potentials of the electron
      carriers and lead to a kinetic advantage of the A-chain of electron transfer over
      the B-chain.

PMID- 1793744
TI  - [Peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in mixed monolayers].
AB  - Peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in mixed monolayers at the
      air-water surface is studied. It is shown that the rate of phosphatidylcholine
      peroxidation is abruptly decreased in the presence of cholesterol.

PMID- 1793745
TI  - [Change in charge of the erythrocyte membrane during exposure to a pulsed
      electromagnetic field].
AB  - By means of hydrophobic anion phenyldicarbaundecaboron electrophoresis in PAA
      gels and filtration through "Millipore" filters an increase of the total membrane
      charge and decrease in the amount of membrane-bound proteins (actin,
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase) after erythrocyte ghosts exposition in
      pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF, 1-10 Hz pulse frequency, 24 mTesla) were
      demonstrated. The effects of PEMF are explained by the changes in the
      distribution of electrostatic charges near the membrane protein-protein binding
      sites.

PMID- 1793746
TI  - [Change of state of erythrocyte membrane proteins during storage of preserved
      blood].
AB  - Erythrocyte vesiculation, kinetic parameters of tryptophane phosphorescence at
      room temperature and activity of erythrocyte membrane during storage of human
      blood at 4 +/- 2 C were studied. It is shown that before the erythrocyte
      vesiculation stage (10-15 days of storage) two types of changes in the structural
      state of the membrane proteins occur: 1) on the 1-5th days and 2) on the 5-10th
      days of blood storage.

PMID- 1793747
TI  - [Mechanism of differential effect of low dose adaptogens on the functional
      activity of normal and transformed cellular elements in vitro].
AB  - Influence of water solutions of chemically pure adaptogen--synthetic analog of
      Rhodiola Rosea extract phenol composition (SAR) on functional activity of
      hemopoietic and tumor cells of mice with Ehrlich ascite cancer was studied in
      vitro. The periodical character of SAR effects was shown to be different for both
      types of cells, and at 1 x 10(-2) and 1 x 10(-26) M concentrations simultaneous
      stimulation of blood marrow cells colony-forming activity and inhibition of the
      latter in tumor elements was revealed. Essential changes of reactions of both
      cell types after adding the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase blocker Actinomycin D
      permit to suggest SAR effects to be connected with drug influence on the membrane
      RNA of the target cells.

PMID- 1793748
TI  - [Transmembrane potentials at the cell membrane and mitochondrial membranes of rat
      thymocytes at the early stage of developing a stress reaction using potential
      sensitive fluorescent probes].
AB  - 4-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium (DSM) and 3,3-dipropyl-2,2'
      thiodicarbocyanin(diS-C3-(5] were used in the investigation of cytoplasmic and
      mitochondrial transmembrane potentials at an early stage of the stress reaction
      of rats. It was shown that 60 minutes after the beginning of the stress action
      the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was substantially decreased. The
      transmembrane potential of the cytoplasmic membrane did not change. It may be
      deduced from the obtained data that the morphological changes of the thymus
      induced by the strong stress impact are preceded by a change of the mitochondria
      functional state manifesting itself by a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane
      potential.

PMID- 1793749
TI  - [Modeling the interaction of anti-cataract drugs with membranes of normal human
      crystalline lenses and those with cataracts].
AB  - Anti-cataract drugs ability to diffuse into the lens at different forms of
      cataract was studied on a model system. For this purpose the ability of these
      drugs to interact with monolayers of lipids from normal and cataract lenses was
      appreciated. It was shown that the equilibrium surface pressure developed by the
      drugs after their injection under the monolayer did not depend on whether normal
      or pathological lipids were used.

PMID- 1793750
TI  - [Kinetic characteristics of cross bridges in the heart muscles by a temperature
      jump method].
AB  - Experiments were performed on rat skinned trabecular muscles dissected from the
      right ventricles. They were activated (pCa = 5.9) at 10 C, 2.3 nm sarcomere
      length. The temperature jump induced the biexponential tension rise. The rate
      constant of the fast tension rise (k1) was 3-4.5 ms and that of the slow tension
      rise (k2) was about 15 ms. These values were slower (3 times) comparing with
      those of a single skeletal fibre. The discrepancy can be explained by different
      kinetic properties of heart and skeletal myosin or presents a well developed
      connection tissue (series elastic element) in the heart muscle.

PMID- 1793751
TI  - [Kinetics of heat processes in human muscle].
AB  - Measurements of deep temperature in muscle are conducted by means of microwave
      radiothermometer which allow one to separate contributions of different
      intramuscle processes: that of the contractile system, bloodflow, heat production
      due to metabolic processes during muscle work. The efficiency coefficient of the
      contractile system is not less than 33%, bloodflow and metabolism induce equal
      temperature increase. A mathematical model is proposed to calculate from
      noninvasive experimental data the blood flow dynamics during and after different
      muscle loads.

PMID- 1793752
TI  - [Kinetic mechano-chemical model of a muscle with a six-stage cross-bridge cycle].
AB  - A kinetic scheme of the mechano-chemical cycle of the cross-bridges and a
      mathematical model based on this scheme are proposed. The main assumptions
      accepted in the scheme are: the step of the inorganic phosphate release precedes
      the force-generating step of a cross-bridge; the rate-limiting step of the ATP
      hydrolysis is isomerization of the actomyosin-ADP complex. It is shown that the
      model well describes the mechanical and biochemical transients initiated by the
      temperature jump and flash photolysis of the caged compounds in skinned muscle
      fibres.

PMID- 1793753
TI  - [A kinetic model of muscles: modeling stationary contractions].
AB  - Using a recently proposed model of muscle contraction with a modified six-state
      kinetic scheme of the cross-bridge cycle, computer simulation was made of the
      dependence of the muscle fibre tension, stiffness and ATPase rate on the
      contraction velocity and concentrations of the substrate and products of the
      ATPase reaction. It is shown that the model well describes the experimental data.

PMID- 1793754
TI  - [Coordinated restructuring and optimization of the movement of multi- segmented
      biomechanical systems].

PMID- 1793755
TI  - [Components of the empirical distribution of the latent period for simple motor
      reactions].
AB  - Two normal (mean and standard deviation) components are distinguished in the
      empiric distribution of reaction time. In accordance with clinical data it is
      supposed that each of these components is associated with their own
      morphophysiological structure in the CNS.

PMID- 1793756
TI  - [A stochastic approach to solving the problem of sensory system thresholds].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of mathematical models realizing concept of discrete
      and signal detection probability of the threshold it is shown that utilization
      for describing the discrete model concepts of probability and the apparatus of
      Dirac delta functions and root-mean-square of noise distribution being reduced to
      zero in the continuous model the analytical expressions of the models are
      identical. The evidence obtained shows inner unity of the examined thresholds
      models and universal nature of the thresholds model of Swets, Tanner and Birdsall
      built on the basis of the statistical theory of signal detectability. It provides
      solution of one of the central problems of psychophysics--that of the threshold
      of the sensory systems.

PMID- 1793757
TI  - [One solution to the problem of basic psychophysical law and sensory scaling].
AB  - One of the central problems of psychophysics has been considered, namely, the
      problem of existence and uniqueness of the fundamental psychophysical law and
      direct sensory scaling. Based on the stochastical model of stimulus processing it
      was concluded that the Stevens' law should be regarded as the fundamental
      psychophysical law. A method for analytical description of direct sensory scales
      has been suggested. It is shown that two principal branches of psychophysical
      research--sensory sensitivity and psychophysical scaling--are naturally combined
      by the proposed stochastical perception model forming a unified psychophysical
      science.

PMID- 1793758
TI  - [Features of using the second principle of thermodynamics for describing brain
      function].
AB  - It has been shown that negative production of information entropy at the expense
      of its normalization change under the influence of neuromediators is specific for
      the nervous systems and brain. Chemical synapses are calculation elements with a
      diffusion input to control information entropy normalization. Reproduction
      stability of the nervous system and brain, and their functioning as well, are
      determined due to Lyapunov criteria by the maximum of entropy production in
      combination with minimum for the entropy itself. As far as information in nervous
      systems is connected with an element of energy normalization that is much greater
      than the scales of molecular energy of single atoms, physical and information
      self-organization can simultaneously either correlate or be sufficiently
      independent, because entropy corresponds to statically unstable point, with its
      output being natural in different ways. In particular, the brain potentialities
      are the more, the further it is advanced in its evolution in the sense of entropy
      increase of its structure, i.e. evolution perfection of mind results from the
      elementary meaning of the second principle of thermodynamics but in combination
      of the biochemical peculiarity--the growth of brain is controlled by adrenogens
      and because of this correlates with productivity.

PMID- 1793759
TI  - End-of-the-year potpourri.

PMID- 1793760
TI  - IL-6 production by retrovirus packaging cells and cultured bone marrow cells.
AB  - Retrovirus integration into the host cell genome occurs most efficiently in
      replicating cells. In agreement with this notion, it was observed that the
      efficiency with which hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be transduced is greatly
      enhanced when the hemopoietic growth factor (HGF) interleukin 3 (IL-3) is added
      to co-cultures of bone marrow cells with retrovirus-producing cells. The HGF IL
      6, which enhances the IL-3-induced formation of blast cell colonies in vitro, is
      also believed to improve the transduction of HSC. Because IL-6 can be produced by
      a number of different cell types, we investigated whether IL-6 was present in the
      culture supernatant of retrovirus packaging cells and bone marrow cells. We found
      that the six retrovirus packaging cells tested produced large amounts of IL-6.
      Bone marrow cells cultured with IL-1 alpha and IL-3 also make IL-6, and,
      following co-cultivation of both cell types, the concentration of IL-6 in the
      medium is even up to 10-fold higher than the sum of the concentrations obtained
      when both are cultured separately. Considering that IL-6 is produced in large
      amounts during co-cultivations, we believe that its effect on the transduction of
      HSC cannot be measured by adding extra growth factor to the co-culture medium.

PMID- 1793761
TI  - The natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 1793762
TI  - Management and follow-up of proximal aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 1793763
TI  - Improved follow-up for patients with chronic dissections.

PMID- 1793764
TI  - Contemporary issues in thoracic aortic trauma.

PMID- 1793765
TI  - Evoked potentials: ten-year experience with a valuable research and clinical
      tool.

PMID- 1793766
TI  - Distal perfusion methods for surgery of the descending aorta.

PMID- 1793767
TI  - Thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery.

PMID- 1793768
TI  - Spinal cord ischemic injury: is it preventable?

PMID- 1793769
TI  - Technical considerations in repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms.

PMID- 1793770
TI  - Adverse reactions and interactions with herbal medicines. Part 1. Adverse
      reactions.

PMID- 1793771
TI  - International monitoring for adverse drug reactions of long latency.

PMID- 1793772
TI  - Christmas in the Cotswolds: a personal view of red snapper poisoning.

PMID- 1793773
TI  - In vitro evaluation of micronized low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose as an
      insoluble swellable matrix for sustained-release tablets.
AB  - Micronized low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC) was evaluated in vitro
      as an insoluble swellable matrix carrier for sustained-release tablets, using
      procainamide hydrochloride, theophylline and indomethacin. The amount of water
      soluble fraction and the degree of aggregation of L-HPC particles in water
      increased with decreases in the particle size. The mechanisms of formation of non
      disintegrating matrix tablets by micronized L-HPC are discussed on the basis of
      fast hydration and gel formation due to loss of the fibrous structural integrity
      of the cellulose polymer. Simple power law analysis suggests that the drug
      release from directly compressed L-HPC matrices is affected not only by polymer
      swelling but also by the drug solubility and the amount of soluble fraction in
      the matrices.

PMID- 1793774
TI  - Glucocorticoid activity and structure activity relationships in a series of some
      novel 17 alpha-ether-substituted steroids: influence of 17 alpha-substituents.
AB  - A series of non-fluorinated glucocorticoids, cortienic acid analogs with a 17
      beta-chloromethyl ester and various 17 alpha-ether functions, were tested for
      their affinity to the rat-lung type-II glucocorticoid receptor. The relative
      binding affinity of a set of 9 compounds was determined in a competitive
      experiment with [1,2,4-3H]triamcinolone acetonide. The highest binding affinities
      were observed with the 17 alpha-propoxy and butoxy analogs which were 1.3 times
      more active than the standard dexamethasone. Quantitative analysis of the results
      suggested that steric factors and lipophilicity of the side-chain were the major
      parameters affecting receptor affinity. Representative members of the series were
      compared to betamethasone 17 alpha-valerate in a vasonstriction test. The results
      paralleled those of the receptor binding experiment, indicating that the new
      steroids have good skin-permeation properties and good glucocorticoid activity.

PMID- 1793775
TI  - Combined effect of cyclic monoterpenes and ethanol on percutaneous absorption of
      diclofenac sodium.
AB  - The combined effect of cyclic monoterpenes and ethanol on the percutaneous
      absorption of diclofenac sodium (DFS) from gel ointments was investigated in vivo
      in rats. The enhancing activity of terpenes was significantly affected by the
      concentration of ethanol formulated in the gel ointments. At a lower
      concentration of ethanol (20%), 1,8-cineole was observed to be the most
      effective. On the other hand, d-limonene showed strong activity when the large
      amount of ethanol was formulated (40%). A synergistic effect between terpenes and
      ethanol on the percutaneous absorption of DFS was significantly observed in cases
      of 1,8-cineole and l-menthol using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). When the
      diclofenac (DF) free form was formulated in gel ointment, the percutaneous
      absorption was significantly reduced. The reduction of the percutaneous
      absorption was closely related to the decrease in pH of the gel ointment owing to
      the free form of DF which was formulated.

PMID- 1793776
TI  - Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 2- and 3-methyl derivatives of 4
      (pyridyl) isosteres of meperidine.
AB  - The respective cis- and trans-[3-Me,4-(pyridyl)] diastereoisomers of 4-(2
      pyridyl)- (8a and 8b), 4-(3-pyridyl)- (8d and 8e) and 4-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-dimethyl
      4-ethoxycarbonylpiperidines (8h and 8i) were synthesized for evaluation as 3
      methyl substituted isosteres of meperidine. Alkylation of ethyl 2-, 3- or 4
      pyridylacetate (7) with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(2-chloropropyl)methylamine (6)
      afforded the respective 3-methyl substituted compounds 8a and 8b, 8d and 8e or 8h
      and 8i, together with the corresponding 2-methyl substituted compounds 8c (only
      the trans-isomer was obtained), 8f and 8g, or 8j and 8k. Antinociceptive test
      results, acquired using the 4% sodium chloride assay in rats, indicated that a
      cis-3-methyl substituent usually enhanced antinociceptive potency slightly,
      whereas a trans-3-methyl substituent lowered activity 3-4 fold relative to the
      parent 3-unsubstituted compounds 3b-d, at a dose of 2 mg/kg sc. A trans-2-methyl
      substituent (8g and 8k), like a cis-methyl substituent (8a, 8d and 8h), also
      maintained or provided a small increase in antinociceptive activity. Trans-1,2
      Dimethyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-(3-pyridyl)piperidine (8g) and cis-1,3-dimethyl-4
      ethoxycarbonyl-4-(4-pyridyl)piperidine (8h) were the most active antinociceptives
      producing a 66% inhibition of writhing at a dose of 2 mg/kg sc, relative to the
      reference drug meperidine (ED50 = 0.6 mg/kg sc).

PMID- 1793777
TI  - Transdermal delivery of inorganic complexes as metal drugs or nutritional
      supplements.
AB  - The gastro-intestinal tract presents a significant barrier to the efficient
      absorption of both orally administered metal drugs and dietary essential trace
      minerals. Absorption can be compromised by competition between alimentary metal
      ions, by an excess of dietary ligands (e.g. polyphosphates), or by disease (e.g.
      chronic inflammation). Alternative delivery by injection can be expensive,
      painful, often promotes systemic toxicity and usually leads to rapid elimination
      through excretion (bile, urine), as a consequence of bolus dosing. By contrast,
      our new observations indicate that presenting trace metals or metal drugs in
      lipophilic forms which can penetrate the dermis, permits their slow release from
      the skin with more efficient (relative to incipient toxicity) systemic delivery.
      Examples are given from our own research of dermal application of copper(II),
      zinc(II), titanium(IV), platinum(II) and gold(I) complexes to treat chronic
      inflammatory disease. Some of these compounds are also anti-cancer agents.
      Physical and biological constraints to transdermal (percutaneous) drug delivery
      are discussed together with some chemical principles governing selection of
      complexes as metal drugs or dietary supplements.

PMID- 1793778
TI  - Review article: new developments in the use of 5-aminosalicylic acid in patients
      with inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Sulphasalazine is composed of sulphapyridine and mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic
      acid, 5-ASA or mesalazine) joined by an azo bond. Sulphasalazine has been used
      clinically for 40 years but less than 10 years ago it was recognized that the
      active moiety is 5-ASA. Sulphapyridine appears to act only as a carrier molecule
      to deliver mesalazine to the bowel, yet it is the sulphapyridine which appears to
      be responsible for many of the adverse effects observed with sulphasalazine.
      Normally, mesalazine is rapidly absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
      Since the action of mesalazine is thought to be locally at the site of disease in
      the intestine, the 5-ASA must be 'protected' to ensure its release in the
      terminal ileum and colon, the site of bowel inflammation in patients with Crohn's
      disease or ulcerative colitis. Recent clinical studies have confirmed the
      efficacy of topical (suppositories and enemas) therapy for ulcerative proctitis
      and left-sided colitis; oral mesalazine has been proven to be useful for the
      treatment of acute ulcerative colitis and for the maintenance of remission. There
      is preliminary evidence for the clinical usefulness of mesalazine in acute
      Crohn's disease as well as for the maintenance of remission.

PMID- 1793779
TI  - Hydroxyproline in the oesophageal mucosa of patients with progressive systemic
      sclerosis during omeprazole-induced healing of reflux oesophagitis.
AB  - Hydroxyproline concentration in oesophageal mucosal biopsies was used as an index
      of collagen in an attempt to evaluate the potential for stricture formation in
      patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Eight patients suffering from
      progressive systemic sclerosis with complicating gastro-oesophageal reflux, 8
      patients with idiopathic gastro-oesophageal reflux, and 7 normal controls were
      compared. Acid gastro-oesophageal reflux was assessed with 24-h pH-metry; degree
      of oesophagitis was evaluated both endoscopically and histopathologically. The
      patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were investigated at the start of
      the study and later when healing of oesophagitis was accomplished with omeprazole
      therapy. The hydroxyproline concentration was significantly increased (P less
      than 0.01) in the oesophageal mucosa from patients with progressive systemic
      sclerosis (median 21.8 nmol/mg) as compared to patients with idiopathic gastro
      oesophageal reflux (median 6.4 nmol/mg) and normal controls (median 8.1 nmol/mg).
      Hydroxyproline concentration in oesophageal mucosa from patients with progressive
      systemic sclerosis decreased significantly and to a normal level (median 6.5
      nmol/pg; P = 0.014) when healing of oesophagitis was achieved.

PMID- 1793780
TI  - Tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate: absorption and urinary excretion of bismuth in
      patients with normal and impaired renal function.
AB  - We have investigated the absorption and urinary excretion of tripotassium
      dicitrato bismuthate during a treatment course of 4 weeks in 7 patients with
      normal renal function (creatinine clearance 115 +/- 29 ml/min; mean +/- S.D.), in
      7 patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance = 34 +/- 19 ml/min)
      and in 4 dialysed patients. Following the first dose of tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate (216 mg bismuth b.d.), and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (dialysed
      patients received only 108 mg/b.d.), plasma and urine concentrations of bismuth
      were monitored for 2 and 24 h, respectively. After stopping therapy plasma and
      urine concentrations of bismuth were followed for 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. In
      all three groups of patients small amounts of bismuth (mean values 0.26 to 0.28%
      of dose) were rapidly (transient mean peak concentrations between 40 and 134
      micrograms/L) reached within about 30 to 40 min, absorbed and plasma levels
      demonstrated a wide intra- and inter-individual variability. Absorption profiles
      were not altered during the treatment course; however, the trough plasma
      concentration of bismuth demonstrated an about 3- to 5-fold accumulation
      (correlated to creatinine clearance) from about 5 micrograms/L to 15 micrograms/L
      (normal renal function) or to 20-25 micrograms/L (impaired renal function). Pre
      study bismuth levels could be detected within 2 to 4 weeks after stopping therapy
      in all subjects whereas urinary concentrations were still elevated 6 weeks after
      the course of treatment. Our results indicate that tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate is absorbed in very low amounts during standard therapy. However,
      dependent on renal function, accumulation to non-toxic levels does occur during a
      course of treatment. It appears prudent to halve tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate dosage in patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine
      clearance less than or equal to 20 ml/min) to avoid any possible toxic risks. In
      such patients monitoring of the plasma bismuth concentration might be helpful,
      especially if longer or repeated treatment is anticipated.

PMID- 1793781
TI  - Cisapride in the treatment of post-operative ileus.
AB  - The effect of cisapride on duration of post-operative ileus after surgery was
      investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients
      undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal (n = 47) or colonic (n = 22) surgery
      were pre-operatively randomly allocated to treatment with either cisapride 30 mg
      t.d.s., by rectal administration, or placebo. Treatment started exactly 48 h
      after surgery if the patient at this time had not passed stool. Time to passage
      of first stool after surgery was estimated. Mean time to passage of stool was 85
      (32) h (s.d.) for cisapride-treated and 91 (43) h for placebo-treated patients.
      No difference between the treatment groups was noted. Treatment with cisapride
      did not shorten the duration of postoperative ileus after either upper
      gastrointestinal or colonic surgery.

PMID- 1793782
TI  - Is topical therapy necessary in acute distal colitis? Double-blind comparison of
      high-dose oral mesalazine versus steroid enemas in the treatment of active distal
      ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients suffering an attack of acute distal ulcerative colitis of
      mild or moderate severity were randomized in a double-blind, double-dummy fashion
      to receive either 800 mg oral mesalazine four times daily (18 patients) or
      steroid enemas twice daily (19 patients) for 4 weeks. Both treatments were well
      tolerated with no adverse effects. Three patients in each group were withdrawn
      because of clinical deterioration but both treatments produced significant
      clinical improvement with decreases in stool frequency and scores for urgency,
      bleeding and tenesmus. There were no significant differences between the
      treatments although there was a slight trend in favour of the enemas for
      reduction in rectal bleeding. Activity of the colitis as graded at sigmoidoscopy
      also decreased significantly with both treatments and there were corresponding
      improvements in histological parameters of inflammatory activity assessed with
      the aid of a computerized morphometric system. Little correlation was seen
      between clinical, sigmoidoscopic and histological changes.

PMID- 1793783
TI  - Quinidine single dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are unaltered by
      omeprazole.
AB  - Omeprazole has been shown in previous studies to inhibit the hepatic metabolism
      of selected drugs. Quinidine is an antiarrhythmic and antimalarial agent with a
      low therapeutic index. We therefore examined the effect of 40 mg omeprazole daily
      for one week or placebo on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single
      400 mg dose of quinidine in 8 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover
      study. During placebo and omeprazole treatment, there was no significant
      difference in area under the time-plasma quinidine concentration curve, (17.0 +/-
      4.83 micrograms.h/ml, 18.6 +/- 4.43 micrograms.h/ml, respectively; P greater than
      0.2) or renal clearance of quinidine (56.2 +/- 26.0 ml/min, 55.6 +/- 12.7 ml/min,
      respectively; P greater than 0.5). Quinidine unbound fraction in plasma (0.170 +/
      0.041 vs. 0.166 +/- 0.041 in the presence of omeprazole; P greater than 0.5) was
      not altered by omeprazole. Peak plasma quinidine concentration and the time this
      occurred did not differ. Omeprazole also had no effect on these parameters for
      the metabolite 3-hydroxyquinidine. There was no significant difference in the
      change in the corrected Q-T interval on the electrocardiogram due to quinidine
      (mean area under the time versus delta Q-Tc curve = 351 +/- 192 ms.h, placebo;
      414 +/- 303 ms.h, omeprazole) showing that quinidine pharmacodynamics were
      unaltered by omeprazole. We conclude that omeprazole does not affect the
      pharmacokinetics of quinidine.

PMID- 1793784
TI  - Effects on bowel motility of misoprostol administered before and after meals.
AB  - Prostaglandin analogues, used in the treatment of duodenal and benign gastric
      ulcer and in the prevention of gastric ulceration caused by non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs, are frequently associated with gastrointestinal side effects,
      particularly diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. We investigated the effects of
      misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 derivative, on bowel motility and faecal loss of
      fat, water and bile acids in relation to its postprandial vs. preprandial
      administration. Twelve healthy subjects participated in a double-blind crossover
      study comparing three 5-day courses of therapy with a washout period of 1-2 weeks
      between courses. Following a Latin Square design, the dosing regimens were (a)
      400 micrograms misoprostol b.d. after meals and placebo b.d. before meals; (b)
      400 micrograms misoprostol b.d. before meals and placebo b.d. after meals; (c)
      placebo before and after meals. Orocaecal transit time measured by H2 breath
      tests following lactulose administration, was shortest during pre-prandial dosing
      but was also significantly decreased during post-prandial dosing. The overall
      treatment difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001), and the
      difference between each pair of treatments was also statistically significant.
      Whole bowel transit time studied by means of 3H-PEG 4000 determination in stools,
      was shorter for the two misoprostol regimens but statistical significance was
      borderline. The number of stools passed per day was similar in the three groups.
      During both misoprostol dosing periods, stools were less formed and their content
      of water, fat and bile acids was higher. There was also more urgency, flatulence,
      abdominal pain and nausea. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal side effects
      caused by misoprostol are mainly based on an increased orocaecal transit time.
      The effects are more important when the drug is administered before meals than
      after meals.

PMID- 1793785
TI  - Helicobacter pylori: treatment with combinations of pivampicillin and
      tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.
AB  - Fifty Helicobacter pylori- (H. pylori) positive patients entered an open study
      and were assigned to one of four treatment regimens comprising: pivampicillin
      (500 mg b.d.) for 2 weeks +/- tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (tablet or liquid
      form) for one month. The 14C-urea breath test was used to evaluate clearance
      (negative at the end of treatment) and eradication (negative at 1 month post
      treatment) of H. pylori. Clearance rates were 20% (2/10) after pivampicillin
      alone, 86% (12/14) after tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate tablets (240 mg b.d.)
      plus pivampicillin, 67% (6/9) after tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate tablets
      (120 mg q.d.s.) plus pivampicillin, and 100% (13/13) after tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate liquid (120 mg in 5 ml q.d.s) plus pivampicillin. The eradication
      rates were 0% (0/10), 13% (2/15), 0% (0/11) and 54% (7/13), respectively.
      Combination of the results from the 2 tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate
      tablet/pivampicillin groups gave an eradication rate of 7.7% (2/26) which was
      significantly lower than the 53.9% (7/13) obtained with tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate liquid/pivampicillin (P less than 0.02). In conclusion, a liquid
      tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate pivampicillin combination may be of special use
      in the treatment of H. pylori-positive patients when triple therapy is
      contraindicated (e.g. patient sensitivity/allergy to metronidazole) or when the
      H. pylori isolate is resistant to metronidazole.

PMID- 1793787
TI  - [Osteoporosis. Introduction].

PMID- 1793786
TI  - Short report: plasma aluminium concentration and 24-hour urinary aluminium
      excretion before, during and after treatment with sucralfate.
AB  - Ten dyspeptic patients were treated with 1 g sucralfate q.d.s. for six weeks. The
      plasma aluminium concentration and 24-h urinary aluminium excretion were measured
      at 3-weekly intervals before, during and after treatment with sucralfate.
      Compared with before treatment, there were significant rises in the median plasma
      aluminium concentration at 3 and 6 weeks during treatment with sucralfate (6
      micrograms/L to 13 and 12 micrograms/L). The median 24-h urinary aluminium
      excretion rose significantly from a pretreatment level of 20 micrograms to 71 and
      78 micrograms after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment; the significant increase of
      urinary aluminium excretion persisted for three weeks after cessation of
      treatment (52 micrograms/24 hours), but thereafter urinary excretion was not
      significantly different from pretreatment. The results are consistent with
      significant absorption and tissue accumulation of aluminium during standard
      treatment with sucralfate in individuals with normal renal function.

PMID- 1793788
TI  - [Clinical application of bone densitometry].

PMID- 1793789
TI  - [Treatment of osteoporosis: objectives].

PMID- 1793790
TI  - [Estrogen replacement therapy in menopause].

PMID- 1793791
TI  - [Usefulness of bone biochemical markers in the diagnosis of osteoporosis].

PMID- 1793792
TI  - [A planar nonlinear model of the human spine].
AB  - In this study the derivation of a two-dimensional mathematical model of the human
      lumbar spine and its approximate solution using the method of finite elements is
      described. The computer model LUSP (Lumbar Spine) serves as a basis for studying
      the kinematic and load-bearing behaviour of the lumbar spine. The underlying
      working hypothesis is that the smallest spinal unit, the so called functional
      spinal unit (Junghanns, reflects the basic characteristic behaviour of the
      musclefree spine. On the basis of Lagrange's virtual work principle the nonlinear
      static and dynamic equations of motion for a sagitally symmetrical spine model of
      comprising rigid bodies, springs, beams and dampers are derived. The finite
      element method is used as an appropriate approximation scheme. Intensive research
      was conducted to provide the necessary geometrical and material input data.
      Special attention was paid to achieving a realistic description of the nonlinear
      stress-strain relationships for the soft tissue involved. A database-type
      preprocessor and a graphics-oriented postprocessor are made for convenient
      handling of the input and output data. The efficiency of the present computer
      model is demonstrated by means of an orthopaedic-biomechanical study on
      degenerative phenomena in so-called juxta-fused lumbosacral motion segments.

PMID- 1793793
TI  - [Fracture load of ceramic ball heads of hip joint prostheses].
AB  - To ensure the stability of ceramic ball heads of hip joint prostheses over the
      long term, both standards for the material and FDA-regulations for the components
      have been established. In this paper the philosophy underlying design and
      reliability is discussed. On the basis of fracture loads determined for Biolox
      ball heads the high level of stability and reliability that has been achieved and
      can now be guaranteed, is demonstrated.

PMID- 1793794
TI  - [Anchoring problems in cemented total hip endoprosthesis--a review of the
      literature].
AB  - The question as to what constitutes the most suitable material for the cemented
      total hip endoprosthesis has not yet been decided. Owing to the different modules
      of elasticity of titanium and CoCr alloy, the characteristics of force
      transmission into the proximal femur vary. Titanium alloys load the proximal
      femur earlier and more markedly, and therefore counteract possible bone
      degeneration; whereas the CoCr alloys are associated with less stressing of the
      bone cement in the critical region of the calcar femorale. This paper is a review
      of the various analytical, experimental and clinical publications on the subject.
      Besides the question of material, the problems of bone cement and its application
      are also discussed.

PMID- 1793795
TI  - [Metal-cancellous bone femoral component and total endoprosthesis for surgical
      treatment of malignant tumors].
AB  - Adequate surgical treatment of malignent tumors of the femur requires radical
      bone resection with resulting major bone defects. Using the uncemented cancellous
      bone/metal femoral component or a total prosthesis limb-preserving surgery is
      possible. Reliable primary and secondary fixation ensures good functional
      results. The surgical procedure is described on the basis of several cases.

PMID- 1793796
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of a newly developed 90 degree angle plate (MC angle
      plate) for intertrochanteric derotation osteotomy].
AB  - A newly developed 90 degrees angled blade plate that permits high
      interfragmentary compression with a potential sliding way of 9 mm, is described.
      In the majority of intertrochanteric osteotomies, and especially when applying
      "functional pre-bending", the use of an external compression device is not
      necessary with this plate. The plate consists of 2 modules which permit a
      temporary thickening of the plate up to 10 mm, and the principle of dynamic
      compression can be performed with a 45 degree screw hole for the sliding way of 9
      mm. The results of testing showed that a compression force of up to 1200 N was
      possible. The resulting interfragmentary compression could not be increased even
      with the aid of an external compression device or by idealized experimental
      conditions. Whenever dynamic compression is necessary for fixation, the modular
      compression principle described here can be used with any other plate system.

PMID- 1793797
TI  - The nitrosation of nicotine: a kinetic study.

PMID- 1793798
TI  - Comparative anticholinesterase potency of chiral isoparathion methyl.

PMID- 1793799
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for
      determination of the major malondialdehyde-guanine adduct.
AB  - A method is described for quantitative analysis of the pyrimidopurinone adduct
      (M1G) arising from reaction of malondialdehyde (MDA) with DNA. DNA samples
      treated with MDA are reduced with sodium borohydride and hydrolyzed with 0.1 N
      HCl. The bases released are isolated by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 5,6
      Dihydro-M1G (H2M1G) is detected with a glassy carbon electrode at an applied
      potential of 700 mV vs Ag/AgCl. At this potential, interference from normal
      deoxynucleoside bases is low. The limit of detection of H2M1G eluted from an HPLC
      column is 100-200 fmol. The method described should be useful for quantitation of
      M1G in a variety of DNA samples and biological fluids.

PMID- 1793800
TI  - Synthesis of a hapten to be used in development of immunoassays for trans-3'
      hydroxycotinine, a major metabolite of cotinine.
AB  - 4-Carboxyl-substituted analogues of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were synthesized to
      be covalently linked to macromolecules for antibody production. 3-Pyridyl-N
      methylnitrone was condensed with dimethyl fumarate to give two isomeric
      isoxazolidines. Hydrogenolysis of the major product [2RS-(2 alpha,3 alpha,3
      beta)]-3-carbomethoxy-3- [[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]oxy]-1-methyl-5-oxo-2-(3
      pyridinyl)pyrrolidine with Pd/C followed by hydrolysis gave [2RS-(2 alpha,3
      beta,4 beta)]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-2-(3-pyridinyl)-3- pyrrolidinecarboxylic
      acid. The same compound was also prepared in two steps in high yield starting
      with dibenzyl fumarate and 3-pyridyl-N-methylnitrone.

PMID- 1793801
TI  - Effect of bromine and chlorine positioning in the induction of renal and
      testicular toxicity by halogenated propanes.
AB  - A series of halogenated propanes were studied for renal and testicular necrogenic
      effects in the rat and correlated to their ability to induce in vivo renal and
      testicular DNA damage and in vitro testicular DNA damage. 1,2-Dibromo-3
      chloropropane (DBCP) and 1,2,3-tribromopropane were most potent in causing organ
      damage in both kidney and testes. Extensive necrosis was evident at 85 mumol/kg
      in kidney and at 170 mumol/kg in testis. The dibromomonochlorinated analogue 1,3
      dibromo-2-chloropropane was less organ toxic than DBCP and 1,2,3-tribromopropane,
      but induced more organ damage than the dichloromonobrominated analogues 1-bromo
      2,3-dichloropropane and 1,3-dichloro-2-bromopropane. Dihalogenated propanes were
      even less necrogenic. These observed differences in toxic potency between the
      halogenated propanes could not be explained by relative differences in tissue
      concentrations. The ability of the halogenated propanes to induce DNA damage in
      vivo correlated well with their ability to induce organ damage. However, DNA
      damage occurred at lower doses and at a shorter period of exposure than organ
      necrosis. This indicates that DNA damage might be an initial event in the
      development of organ necrosis by halogenated propanes in general. Further,
      testicular DNA damage induced by the halogenated propanes in vivo correlated well
      with the DNA damage observed in isolated testicular cells in vitro, showing that
      toxicity was due to in situ activation. The numbers, positions, and the types of
      halogen substituents appear to be important determinants in causing DNA damage
      and necrogenic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1793802
TI  - Microcystins from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17.
AB  - Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17 produces a very potent neurotoxin, anatoxin-a(s).
      During isolation of the neurotoxin, we found that the strain contains four other
      toxic compounds which show strong hepatotoxicity. The four toxins, toxins 1, 1',
      2, and 3, were successfully purified. Toxin 2, one of major toxins, was
      identified as 3-desmethylmicrocystin LR (1) by comparison of spectral data of the
      known compound. Since the three other toxins contain an unknown amino acid, GC/MS
      was applied and it revealed the presence of homotyrosine in toxins 1 (2) and 1'
      (3). Only a partial structure was obtained for toxin 3 due to the small amount
      present in the cells.

PMID- 1793803
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of bacterial mutagens related to 3-chloro-4
      (dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: an emphasis on the effect of stepwise
      removal of chlorine from the dichloromethyl group.
AB  - The Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicities of six structural analogues of
      3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) were determined and
      compared. These were also compared to previously determined mutagenicities for
      another four analogues. This study was conducted for the primary purpose of
      ascertaining the effect of C-6 chlorine-by-hydrogen replacement on mutagenicity.
      The compounds assayed were 3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
      (3), 3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (4), 3-chloro-4-methyl-5-hydroxy
      2(5H)-furanone (7), 3-chloro-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (8), 4-methyl-5-hydroxy
      2(5H)-furanone (9), and 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (10). Compounds 3, 4, and 7 were
      mutagenic whereas 8-10 were not. All six compounds were stable under assay
      conditions. Mutagenicity data for the three active compounds were combined with
      data of another four active compounds studied previously to obtain an expanded
      data set. Mutagenicities of the seven compounds were compared, pairwise, in 21
      comparisons and then by multiple regression analysis. On the average, chlorine-by
      hydrogen replacement of a single chlorine located at a chloromethyl group (C-6)
      had a markedly greater effect in reducing mutagenicity than a similar replacement
      at C-3 or a hydroxyl-by-hydrogen replacement at C-5. The chlorine-by-hydrogen
      replacement at C-6 of compound 3 resulted in the greatest mutagenicity reduction
      of any single replacement and amounted to a 10(3)-fold diminished mutagenicity.

PMID- 1793804
TI  - Stereochemistry of the major rat liver microsomal metabolites of the carcinogen 7
      methylbenz[c]acridine.
AB  - The major metabolites of the carcinogen 7-methylbenz[c]acridine (7MBAC), trans
      5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine (7MBAC-5,6-DHD), and trans-8,9
      dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine (7MBAC-8,9-DHD) were characterized
      as their enantiomers after separation of their bis-(+)-(1R,2S,4S)-endo
      1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5 -ene-2-carboxylic acid [(+)-HCA]
      esters and hydrolysis. The synthetic precursor, trans-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methyl
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz[c]acridine (7MBAC-3,4-THD), was similarly separated into
      enantiomers, and the dihydrodiol trans-3(S),4(S)-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7
      methylbenz[c]acridine (7MBAC-3,4-DHD) was prepared from 7MBAC-3(S),4(S)-THD.
      Absolute configurations were assigned by the chiral exciton coupling of the bis-p
      (dimethylamino)benzoate of 7MBAC-3(R),4(R)-THD, and by the semiempirical methods
      based on the biaryl chromophores of the enantiomers of 7MBAC-5,6-DHD and of the
      methanolysis products of the 5,6-oxide of 7MBAC which were resolved as their (+)
      HCA esters. X-ray crystallography was used for 7MBAC-8(S),9(S)-DHD bis-(+)-HCA
      ester, and assignments were correlated with chiral exciton coupling of the bis-4
      (dimethylamino)cinnamates of 7MBAC-5(R),6(R)-DHD and 7MBAC-8(S),9(S)-DHD. The
      stereochemical compositions of four metabolites (three dihydrodiols and 7MBAC-5,6
      oxide) formed in incubations with rat liver microsomes from control and induced
      liver were determined by normal-phase separations of bis-(+)-HCA esters, and by
      chiral stationary-phase separation of the 5,6-oxide methanolysis products. The
      3(R),4(R)-enantiomer of 7MBAC-3,4-dihydrodiol predominated, 74-98% enantiomeric
      purity, and purity for the oxide varied from about 71% 5(R),6(S)-oxide for
      control microsomes to about 28% 5(R),6(S)-oxide for liver microsomes obtained
      from 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats.

PMID- 1793805
TI  - Peroxygenation mechanism for chloroperoxidase-catalyzed N-oxidation of
      arylamines.
AB  - The metabolism of three arylamine substrates by H2O2 in the presence of each of
      the peroxidative enzymes chloroperoxidase (CPX) and pea seed peroxygenase (PSM)
      was conducted with normal H2O2 and with 18O-labeled H2O2. The resulting C-nitroso
      aromatic metabolites were examined by GC-MS methods to determine the extent of
      18O incorporation. The arylamine substrates were p-toluidine, 4-chloroaniline,
      and 3,4-dichloroaniline. For both enzymes, all three arylamines were found to
      give quantitative incorporation of 18O into their nitroso metabolites when
      [18O]H2O2 was the oxidant substrate. The introduction of the oxygen atom into 4
      chloronitrosobenzene was found to occur during the first step of this process,
      since it was found that when (4-chlorophenyl)hydroxylamine was employed as the
      substrate, no significant incorporation of 18O occurred. These observations prove
      that CPX and PSM cause N-oxidation of primary arylamines via an oxygen transfer
      from the compound I activated forms of their heme functional groups. Therefore,
      these peroxidases are correctly called peroxygenases when acting in such a
      manner. A discussion of the reaction mechanisms for peroxidases and their
      relation to cytochrome P-450 oxidations is presented.

PMID- 1793806
TI  - Metabolism of [14C]benzyl selenocyanate in the F344 rat.
AB  - Benzyl selenocyanate (BSC), a synthetic organoselenium compound, has been shown
      to inhibit chemically induced tumors in several animal model systems. However, it
      is not known whether BSC or one of its metabolites is responsible for the
      chemopreventive effect. An initial approach to this question requires the
      structural elucidation of BSC metabolites in vitro and in vivo. To determine the
      structures of BSC metabolites in vitro, we studied the metabolism of [14C]BSC
      using Aroclor-induced rat liver 9000g supernatant. Under these conditions, BSC
      was partially converted to dibenzyl diselenide (DDS) and phenylmethaneseleninic
      acid. The metabolism of [14C]BSC (12.5 mg/kg body weight, 8 mCi/mmol, oral
      administration) in male F344 rats was also studied. Excretion was monitored by
      measurement of radioactivity as well as by selenium content using atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results indicate that urine was the major
      route of excretion. Approximately 22% of the dose was excreted in the urine over
      the course of 35 days; however, a large portion (approximately 70%) of the dose
      remained in the body. Benzoic acid, hippuric acid, and their sulfate and
      glucuronide conjugates, accounting for 16% of the dose, were identified in the
      urine. The formation of these metabolites indicates that BSC is metabolized in
      part via bond cleavage between the benzyl moiety and the selenocyanate function.
      Additional support for this cleavage was obtained from fecal analysis; over the
      course of 23 days 9% of the selenium (AAS) but only less than 1% of the
      radioactivity was recovered in feces. No radioactivity was detected in the
      exhaled air. We also studied the metabolism of [14C]DDS (17.3 mg/kg body weight,
      2.5 mCi/mmol) in male F344 rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1793807
TI  - A metabolically competent human cell line expressing five cDNAs encoding
      procarcinogen-activating enzymes: application to mutagenicity testing.
AB  - A human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, designated MCL-5, constitutively expressing
      human cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 and also expressing five transfected human cDNAs
      encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, has been developed. cDNAs encoding CYP1A2,
      CYP2A6, and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) were introduced by using a vector
      conferring hygromycin B resistance, and cDNAs encoding CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 were
      introduced by using a vector conferring resistance to 1-histidinol. MCL-5 cells
      stably expressed all five cDNAs and the native CYP1A1 as determined by
      measurement of form-specific enzyme activity levels. The mutagenicity of seven
      model procarcinogens to MCL-5 cells was examined at the hypoxanthine guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) and thymidine kinase (tk) loci. Exposure to
      benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N
      nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), aflatoxin B1, (AFB1), 2-(acetylamino)fluorene (AAF),
      or benzidine (BZD) induced a statistically significant increase in mutant
      frequency. Linear interpolation of the concentration of procarcinogen necessary
      to produce a doubling of the mutant fraction at the hprt locus in MCL-5 cells and
      the parent AHH-1 cell line revealed that, for each of the chemicals examined,
      except BZD, MCL-5 cells were significantly more sensitive than the parent AHH-1
      cells. The increase in sensitivity to mutagenicity ranged from 3-fold for AAF to
      greater than 40,000-fold for NDMA. MCL-5 cells have great potential as a
      screening system for the analysis of human procarcinogen/promutagen activation.

PMID- 1793808
TI  - Coumarin mercapturic acid isolated from rat urine indicates metabolic formation
      of coumarin 3,4-epoxide.
AB  - A coumarin mercapturic acid, N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)cysteine, has been
      identified in the urine of coumarin-treated rats. [14C]Coumarin was applied by
      gavage as a single dose to male Wistar rats (10-150 mg/kg body weight). Twenty
      four-hour urine was collected, and the deproteinized concentrate was analyzed for
      radiolabeled metabolites by HPLC. The new mercapturic acid metabolite is supposed
      to result from oxidative biotransformation of coumarin to its 3,4-epoxide and
      subsequent coupling with glutathione.

PMID- 1793809
TI  - On the flexibility of myosin in solution.
AB  - Rabbit skeletal muscle myosin from the same rabbit was prepared by two different
      methods, and then purified by either Sephadex or hydroxylapatite chromatography.
      The resulting myosin samples were analyzed in 2-10 mM sodium pyrophosphate
      solutions at pH 9 using transient electric birefringence. The birefringence decay
      signals were fitted using a Fortran program called DISCRETE and two relaxation
      times, 49.7 +/- 5.6 and 11.2 +/- 2.5 microseconds, were determined. These
      relaxation times were independent of the method of myosin preparation, the method
      of myosin purification, the concentration of sodium pyrophosphate between 2 and
      10 mM, the concentration of myosin between 0.08 and 1.59 mg/mL, and the
      temperature between 4.0 and 20.0 degrees C, after correction to 20.0 degrees C.
      The longer relaxation time is consistent with a rigid, linear myosin molecule.
      The shorter relaxation time is consistent with myosin that has a completely
      flexible hinge region in the myosin tail. Both relaxation times are inconsistent
      with the previously reported single relaxation time of myosin obtained by fitting
      the birefringence decay data to only 90% of the decay signal. By forcing some of
      the birefringence decay data in the presence work to fit 90% of the decay signal
      with a single relaxation time, approximately the same relaxation time as
      previously reported was obtained.

PMID- 1793810
TI  - Conformational heterogeneity of quinoxaline peptides in solution.
AB  - The conformational heterogeneity of several quinoxaline antibiotics, a class of
      naturally occurring quinoxaline peptides with antitumor properties, and their
      synthetic analogues was investigated in polar and nonpolar solvents by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with uv photodiode array detection, uv
      absorbance, low-temperature phosphorescence, and nmr techniques. Multiple peak
      formation and interconversion in the HPLC and 1H-nmr analysis of triostin A, its
      under-N-methylated synthetic analogues (des-N-tetramethyltriostin A [TANDEM] and
      [N-MeCys3, N-MeCys7]-TANDEM [MCTAN-DEM]), and echinomycin were examined as a
      function of temperature, solvent polarity, and residence time in solution prior
      to analysis. Slow interconversion between HPLC peaks, ascribed to the presence of
      multiple solution conformers, was exhibited by these peptides although at very
      different interconversion rates. Among the triostins, the rate of interconversion
      appeared to vary with the degree of N-methylation of the residues in the cyclic
      depsipeptide chain. Interconversion of the n and p conformers of triostin A in
      chloroform occurred on a chromatographic timescale (a few minutes with kn----p
      calculated to be 0.02 s-1 at 25 degrees C) while the solution conformers of
      TANDEM in methanol equilibrated very slowly to one preferred conformer over a
      period of several weeks at ambient temperature. MCTANDEM, a synthetic analogue of
      triostin A with an intermediate degree of N-methylation of the residues in the
      peptide ring, consisted of an equilibrium mixture of n and p conformers in
      methanol that interconverted on a chromatographic time scale. Two additional
      conformers of MCTANDEM developed within a few weeks' residence time in methanol
      at ambient temperature. Echinomycin was found to exist in methanol as an
      interconverting mixture of at least four minor conformers in addition to the
      major isoform (95% by peak area) of the peptide. The solution conformers of the
      quinoxaline peptides investigated in this report are most likely a consequence of
      hindered rotation about the N-methylated peptide bonds in the depsipeptide ring
      and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

PMID- 1793811
TI  - The CD of ligand-DNA systems. I. Poly(dG-dC) B-DNA.
AB  - A systematic theoretical study of the CD of double-stranded poly(dG-dC) and its
      complexes with small molecules is presented. The intrinsic CD of the polymer and
      the induced CD of a transition belonging to a molecule bound to DNA are
      calculated using the matrix method. The calculations show considerable
      differences between pyrimidine-purine and purine-pyrimidine binding sites, and we
      find that the induced CD of a groove bound molecule is one order of magnitude
      stronger than that of an intercalated molecule. The results form a sound basis
      for interpreting the CD of ligand-DNA systems in terms of molecular geometry,
      interactions, and spectroscopy.

PMID- 1793812
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation of Lewis blood groups and related oligosaccharides.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations without explicit inclusion of solvent molecules
      have been performed to study the motions of Lewisa and Lewisb blood group
      oligosaccharides, and two blood group A tetrasaccharides having type I and type
      II core chains. The blood group H trisaccharide has also been studied and
      compared with the blood group A type II core chain. The potential energy surface
      developed by Rasmussen and co-workers was used with the molecular mechanics code
      CHARMM. The lowest energy minima of the component disaccharide fragments were
      obtained from conformational energy mapping. The lowest energy minima of these
      disaccharide fragments were used to build the tri- and tetrasaccharides that were
      further minimized before the actual heating/equilibration and dynamics
      simulations. The trajectories of the disaccharide fragments, e.g., Fuc alpha- (1-
      --4)GlcNAc, Gal beta-(1----4)GlcNAc, etc., show transitions among various minima.
      However, the oligosaccharides were found to be dynamically stable and no
      transitions to other minimum energy conformations were observed in the time
      series of the glycosidic dihedral angles even during trajectories as long as 300
      ps. The stable conformations of the glycosidic linkages in the oligosaccharides
      are not necessarily the same as the minimum energy conformation of the
      corresponding isolated disaccharides. The average fluctuations of the glycosidic
      angles in the oligosaccharides were well within the range of +/- 15 degrees. The
      results of these trajectory calculations were consistent with the relatively
      rigid single-conformation models derived for these oligosaccharides from 1H-nmr
      data.

PMID- 1793813
TI  - Reassessment of the random coil conformation: vibrational CD study of proline
      oligopeptides and related polypeptides.
AB  - The "random coil" conformational problem is examined by comparison of vibrational
      CD (VCD) spectra of various polypeptide model systems with that of proline
      oligomers [(Pro)n] and poly(L-proline). VCD, ir and uv CD spectra of blocked L
      proline oligopeptides [(Pro)n, n = 2-12] in different solvents are reported and
      compared to the spectra of poly(L-proline) II, poly(L-glutamic acid), and
      unblocked proline oligomers. Based on the chain-length dependence of the VCD and
      electronic CD (ECD) spectra of proline oligomers, it is established that VCD
      spectra are dominated by short-range interactions. The VCD of random coil model
      polypeptides is shown to be identical in shape but smaller in magnitude than
      poly(L-proline) II and of similar magnitude to that of (Pro)n (n = 3, 4). Based
      on the spectral evidence, it is concluded that the "random coil" conformation has
      a large fraction of helical regions, conformationally similar to the left-handed,
      3(1) polyproline II helix, as was previously suggested by Krimm and co-workers.
      This conclusion is further supported by studies of effects of salt (CaCl2, LiBr,
      LiClO4), temperature (5-75 degrees C), and pH on the VCD spectra of L-proline
      oligomers, poly(L-proline) II, and poly(L-glutamic acid). These show that, after
      each of these perturbations, a significant local ordering remains in the
      oligomers and polymers studied, and that charged polypeptides such as poly(L
      glutamic acid) are more flexible than are polyproline or even L-proline
      oligomers.

PMID- 1793814
TI  - Conformational preferences of oligopeptides rich in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid.
      I. Observation of a 3(10)/alpha-helical transition upon sequence permutation.
AB  - The solution conformation of peptides rich in the alpha, alpha-dialkylated amino
      acid Aib has proven to be a subtle problem, not because of helix/coil
      transitions, but rather because of alpha-helical/3(10)-helical competition. A
      special series of peptides containing 75% Aib has been synthesized that feature
      identical amino acid composition but differing sequences; they are sequence
      permutation isomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen-bonding studies reveal
      that there is a sequence permutation induced transition between the two
      alternative helical forms within this set. The implications for the design and
      conformational prediction of helical Aib-rich peptides are discussed.

PMID- 1793815
TI  - Commissural neurons in the cat upper cervical spinal cord.
AB  - We have begun a study of the intrinsic circuitry of the cat's upper cervical
      cord, in part to elucidate the role of spinal interneurons in vestibulocollic
      reflexes. Using retrograde labelling with Fluoro-Gold and intraspinal
      microstimulation, we have identified commissural neurons projecting to the
      contralateral ventral horn. Neurons tended to be in the medial half of lamina
      VIII. Approximately half of the neurons were propriospinal neurons that could be
      activated antidromically from the rostral border of the cervical enlargement.
      Most of the tested, spontaneously active neurons were driven by stimulation of
      the ipsi- and/or contralateral vestibular nerve, in some cases disynaptically.

PMID- 1793816
TI  - Functional reorganization in adult monkey thalamus after peripheral nerve injury.
AB  - Large changes in somatotopic organization can be induced in adult primate
      somatosensory cortex by cutting peripheral afferents. The role, if any, of the
      thalamus in these changes has not been investigated previously. In the present
      experiments, electrophysiological recording in the ventroposterior lateral
      nucleus (VPL) has revealed that not only can reorganization occur in the
      thalamus, but it may be as extensive as that revealed in the cortex of the same
      monkeys. Thus, for at least some types of deafferentation, the reorganization
      revealed in the cortex may depend largely on subcortical changes.

PMID- 1793817
TI  - Occlusion-related cue used for analysis of motion in the primate visual cortex.
AB  - Although cells in ventral part of the medial superior temporal area (MST) do not
      respond to movements of a wide textured field, many of them start to respond when
      a stationary object is placed in front of the moving field. The effective
      direction in this stimulus configuration is opposite to the preferred direction
      of individual cells for movement of an object. Here, we examined what stimulus
      cues were detected by the cells in response to movements of a background pattern
      behind an object. The responses disappeared when the border of the object was
      blurred. Because blurring the border degraded an occlusion-related cue, i.e.,
      appearance and disappearance of components of the background at the border, we
      conclude that the occlusion-related cue is essential for the responses.

PMID- 1793818
TI  - Trans-ACPD-induced Ca2+ signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
AB  - A combination of intracellular recording and fluorometric measurements of
      cytosolic calcium [( Ca2+]i) was used to locate changes in [Ca2+]i induced by the
      specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist trans-D,L-1-amino-1,3
      cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD), in Purkinje cells of rat cerebellar
      slices. Under voltage-clamp conditions, application of t-ACPD (100 microM)
      induced an inward current accompanied by a large increase in [Ca2+]i located
      primarily in the soma but also, to a lesser degree, in restricted parts of the
      dendrites. In contrast, elevations of [Ca2+]i associated with calcium spikes were
      confined to the dendrites and inward currents of a similar amplitude induced by
      (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), an agonist
      of ionotropic glutamate receptors, did not raise [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 1793819
TI  - Beta-amyloid increases neuronal susceptibility to injury by glucose deprivation.
AB  - Mature cortical cultures, transiently deprived of glucose, developed slight
      neuronal damage that was exacerbated by exposure to a synthetic analog of the
      beta-amyloid protein deposited in the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease.
      The non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK801 attenuated the injury
      increasing effect of beta-amyloid protein implicating involvement of endogenous
      excitatory amino acids. These results suggest that beta-amyloid protein may
      accelerate neuronal degeneration in the presence of defective cerebral glucose
      metabolism which has been reported to occur in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1793820
TI  - Expression of the dystrophin gene in mouse and rat brain.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy is due to mutations in the dystrophin gene which is
      predominantly expressed in muscle and brain. Since the disease is associated with
      cognitive impairment, we sought to localize dystrophin mRNA in brain using in
      situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. We find the gene strongly
      expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, areas with an established
      cognitive function, and also in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, an area
      associated with motor coordination.

PMID- 1793821
TI  - Maturational changes in intracellular high energy phosphate transport in rat
      brain.
AB  - Maturational changes in intracellular high energy phosphate (HEP) transport in
      brain were investigated in rats in vivo using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) diffusion spectroscopy and saturation transfer experiments. The
      diffusivities of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in adult
      brain were significantly higher than in newborn pup brain. The estimated
      diffusion lengths of PCr and ATP were similar in adult and newborn pup brain. The
      findings indicate firstly that the faster diffusivities of HEP effectively
      compensates for the higher energy demands in adult brain and secondly that ATP
      diffusion appears sufficient for brain HEP transport without need for a PCr
      shuttle mechanism.

PMID- 1793822
TI  - Substantia nigra stimulation and blood pressure effects of locally applied kainic
      acid.
AB  - Cardiovascular response to electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra were
      studied in awake, unrestrained cats. Significant increases in the arterial blood
      pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate appeared simultaneously with the
      somatomotor effects of stimulation. Twenty-four hours after local microinjection
      of kainic acid into the site of stimulation the blood pressure responses to
      stimulation were reduced by 70%, while the changes in heart rate and respiratory
      rate effects were not statistically significant. Intense somatomotor effects
      appeared about 30 min after the injection. However, the animal recovered much of
      its behavioural functions within five hours. It is concluded that the substantia
      nigra, besides its somatomotor functions, has a role in regulation of blood
      pressure.

PMID- 1793823
TI  - Acetylcholine release from the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus during
      anesthesia.
AB  - An exceptional local rise in metabolism during general anesthesia has been noted
      previously in the ventral midbrain's highly cholinoceptive interpeduncular
      nucleus (IPN). We report here a functional correlate. Increased interstitial
      acetylcholine (ACh) was measured in the IPN of rats through chronically implanted
      microdialysis probes upon anesthesia by inhalation of 3% halothane (mean 1425% of
      pre-anesthesia baseline at 30 min, n = 5) and by i.p. injection of 100 mg kg-1
      ketamine (mean 387%, n = 6). With 50 mg kg-1 i.p. pentobarbital (n = 8), ACh
      either climbed or fell repeatably in each animal; a positive correlation (p less
      than 0.05) emerged between the baseline preanesthetized level and the percentage
      change after 60 min. Mapping of the brainstem under ketamine (n = 2) or
      pentobarbital (n = 3) anesthesia showed the ACh source to lie in the IPN. We
      conclude that physiological responses to the chemically and pharmacologically
      diverse anesthetics halothane and ketamine, and probably also to pentobarbital,
      converge to enhance the output of the IPN.

PMID- 1793824
TI  - Effects of mammillary body and mediodorsal thalamic lesions on elevated plus maze
      exploration.
AB  - This study investigates the effects of lesioning the mamillary bodies (MB) or the
      dorsomedian nucleus (MD) of the thalamus on exploration of an elevated plus maze
      in mice. Exploration of 'open' and 'enclosed' arms of the maze has been used to
      evaluate anxiety in rodents. Normal rodents visit the enclosed arms more often
      than the open ones (innate agoraphobia). As operationally defined, the less the
      activity in the open arms, the more anxious is the subject. MB-lesioned mice
      entered the open alleys more often, and spent more time in them, than did
      controls, whereas the opposite was observed in MD-damaged subjects. It is
      suggested that, in mice given this task, MB lesions decrease anxiety and that MD
      lesions increase anxiety.

PMID- 1793825
TI  - Measuring time to awareness.
AB  - The timing of two simultaneous responses to one single visual event, namely the
      sudden subjective expansion of a real object occurring at the onset of a reaching
      movement, was measured in normal subjects. The motor response was represented by
      the earliest sign of correction in trajectory of the movement. The subjective
      report was represented by a vocal utterance that the subjects were instructed to
      emit when they became aware of the change in appearance of the object. The
      subjective report lagged the motor response by 150 ms. Control experiments ruled
      out a possible interference between the two responses. It is concluded that this
      temporal dissociation reflects a duality of neural pathways involved in
      processing object-related information.

PMID- 1793826
TI  - Changes of norepinephrine levels and release in rat cerebral cortex during the
      estrous cycle.
AB  - We studied the influence of the estrous cycle and ovariectomy on the
      noradrenergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex. The lowest norepinephrine
      (NE) concentration was found during estrus in frontal and occipital cortex. At
      that stage and at diestrus-2, 20 mM K+ induced the lowest release of [3H]NE from
      occipital region slices, and the highest release was found at 60 mM K+.
      Ovariectomy (7 days) decreased the 20 mM K+ effect. Yohimbine (10 x 10(-6) M)
      increased the induced NE release through the cycle but its effects disappeared
      after ovariectomy. In the frontal cortex the drug effect was only found at
      diestrus-1 and no changes were observed in the K+ effect through the cycle.
      Results suggest that normal endocrine influences can modify noradrenergic
      neurotransmission in the rat cerebral cortex.

PMID- 1793827
TI  - Cocaine enhances the reward value of medial prefrontal cortex self-stimulation.
AB  - Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of at least some brain sites is thought to
      be mediated by mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons. However other ICSS sites,
      especially those in the medial prefrontal cortex (MFC), have been shown to be
      relatively insensitive to drugs (e.g. amphetamine, neuroleptics) that alter DA
      synaptic transmission. In the present study, rats with ICSS electrodes implanted
      in both the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and the MFC were treated once per day
      for 10 days with cocaine (15.0 mg kg-1). Cocaine decreased the thresholds for
      both MFB (-51.4%) and MFC (-23.0%) ICSS. Cocaine also increased rates of
      responding for MFC but not MFB ICSS. These data provide additional support for
      the view that the MFC contributes to the rewarding effects of cocaine.

PMID- 1793828
TI  - Effects in vivo of purified recombinant human activin and erythropoietin in mice.
AB  - Activin has been shown to act in vitro as an erythroid specific enhancing
      activity for erythropoietin (epo)-stimulated erythroid (BFU-E) and multipotential
      (CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells. To evaluate effects in vivo, purified recombinant
      activin-A and epo were administered s.c. to hypertransfused polycythemic mice for
      analysis of iron (59Fe) uptake, and to previously untreated mice for effects on
      reticulocyte release and proliferation of bone marrow (BM) and spleen (Spl)
      hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM, BFU-E, CFU-GM) and BM stem (CFU-S) cells.
      Activin alone had no effect in polycythemic BDF1 mice, but synergised with epo to
      significantly enhance 59Fe-incorporation into erythrocytes. In untreated C3H/HeJ
      mice, a single dose of activin enhanced reticulocyte release in 24 h to the level
      seen with epo. Activin plus epo did not further enhance reticulocyte release.
      Reticulocyte release was still apparent at day 4 in mice given epo twice a day
      for 3 days, but not in mice given activin twice a day for 3 days. Activin or epo
      each significantly enhanced the percent cells in S-phase of BM and Spl CFU-GEMM,
      BFU-E and CFU-GM in C3H/HeJ, W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice and BM CFU-S in BDF1 mice. The
      combination of epo plus activin did not further enhance proliferation. These
      results demonstrate activin's erythropoietic enhancing activities in vivo, and
      also activin and epo induction of enhanced proliferation of non-erythroid, as
      well as erythroid progenitors.

PMID- 1793829
TI  - Two bcr/abl fusion gene products, P210bcr/abl and P190bcr/abl, are equally
      sensitive to the protein tyrosine phosphatase of mature granulocytes.
AB  - Two bcr/abl fusion gene products with tyrosine kinase activity have been found in
      two phenotypes of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia. P210bcr/abl
      (P210) is associated with Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), while
      P190bcr/abl is associated with Ph1-positive acute leukemia. We compared the
      susceptibility of 32Pi-labeled P210 from K-562 cells and P190 from MR-87 cells to
      protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase). PTPase, present in the lysate of mature
      granulocytes from CML patients as well as in the lysate of these cells from
      normal subjects, effectively dephosphorylated the CML-associated P210 and the
      acute leukemia associated P190. This PTPase activity was specifically inhibited
      by ZnCl2; it was not present in lymphocyte lysates, and was not inhibited by
      neutralization with anti-CD45 antibody. Since P210 and P190 were equally
      sensitive to the PTPase, the difference in leukemic phenotypes associated with
      the expression of these two tyrosine kinases cannot be explained by the
      differential dephosphorylation of P210 and P190.

PMID- 1793830
TI  - A complicated translocation involving five chromosomes (Nos. 9, 11, 12, 21 and
      22) in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).
AB  - A new complicated Ph1 translocation involving five chromosomes, t(9;22;21;11;inv
      ins(12)-(q15p12p13))(q34;q11;q22;q13;q15), was found in a 64-year-old Korean
      woman with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). At presentation, the patient was
      found to be in the accelerated phase, she entered the chronic phase after six
      cycles of chemotherapy including a vincristine (VCR) and prednisolone (PSL)
      regimen (VP). The chronic phase continued for 2 years, and 33 months after her
      first admission she died due to severe pneumonia and congestive heart failure in
      the re-accelerated phase. In the literature, the frequency of the involvement of
      chromosome No. 11 in three-way Ph1 translocations (4.9%) is lower than that in
      four- and five-way Ph1 translocations (33.3%). It may be worth noting that
      chromosome No. 11 is easily involved in highly complicated Ph1 translocations.

PMID- 1793831
TI  - Total and HDL cholesterol in human hematologic neoplasms.
AB  - In this study serum cholesterol was measured in different types of human
      hematologic malignancies characterized by a wide range of cell proliferation. In
      all tumoral types a significant decrease of HDL cholesterol was observed, whereas
      total serum cholesterol generally remained unchanged. Another interesting
      observation of our study was the apparent inverse correlation between the extent
      of cell proliferation in these neoplastic disorders and the level of HDL
      cholesterol. Since a decrease of HDL cholesterol was previously observed, in our
      laboratory, in different experimental models of normal and neoplastic cell
      proliferation, we suggest that the decrease of HDL cholesterol may be a
      generalized phenomenon related to massive cellular growth in normal and malignant
      processes.

PMID- 1793832
TI  - Intensive individualized induction therapy with behenoyl cytarabine, daunorubicin
      and 6-mercaptopurine followed by intensive consolidation including intermediate
      dose continuous cytarabine, mitoxantron, etoposide and vinca alkaloids in acute
      myeloid leukemia in adults.
AB  - Forty-one consecutive adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were
      treated with an intensive individualized induction therapy of behenoyl
      cytarabine, daunorubicin, and 6-mercaptopurine, 29 patients (71%) achieved
      complete remission (CR). Patients then received three courses of intensive
      consolidation therapy, including intermediate-dose continuous cytarabine (400
      mg/m2, for 5 days) and non-cross resistant drugs such as mitoxantron, etoposide
      and vincristine. During the course of the consolidation therapy, three patients
      died of infections and one died of myocardial infarction. Four patients underwent
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The patients then received six courses of
      moderately intensive maintenance therapy for 1 year. The predicted 5-year
      continuing CR and disease-free survival rates of the CR patients were 62% (95%
      confidence limit, 41% to 83%) and 53% (33% to 73%), respectively. Although the
      number of patients in this study is small, the present study indicated that it
      may be possible to cure a fairly large proportion of AML patients by chemotherapy
      alone, if intensive induction therapy is followed by intensive consolidation
      therapy.

PMID- 1793833
TI  - The role of CD45 in the activation, proliferation and differentiation of human B
      lymphocytes.
AB  - We examined the role of CD45 antigen in human B cell function, using the anti
      CD45 antibody, T29/33. The addition of T29/33 to B cells inhibited the
      proliferative response induced by various polyclonal B cell activators in a dose
      dependent manner at concentrations of 0.01 to 10 micrograms/ml. Kinetic analysis
      indicated that T29/33 exerted its inhibitory effect when added within the first
      24 h of culture initiation during a 72-h culture period, but had little effect
      when added at 48 h. Pre-treatment of high-density B cells with T29/33 antibody
      for 48 h showed a marked inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of these
      B cells when they were subsequently stimulated with SAC. Antibody to CD45
      appeared to block the G0(G1) to S phase transition in the cell cycle analysis by
      propidium iodide staining. T29/33 antibody suppressed the RNA and DNA synthesis
      induced by SAC stimulation in B cells. These data suggested that small resting B
      cells were sensitive to anti-CD45-induced suppression. T29/33 antibody also
      suppressed immunoglobulin synthesis in B cells, independently of its suppressive
      effect on proliferation. These results indicated that CD45 antigen defined by
      T29/33 is involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation signals
      of human B lymphocytes.

PMID- 1793834
TI  - Impairment of lymphocyte function in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and
      its correction by addition of Ca2+ ionophore and phorbol myristate acetate.
AB  - T and B cell functions were evaluated in eight patients with myelodysplastic
      syndrome (MDS). We studied the response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin,
      concanavalin A, and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3 mAb), and found impairment
      of response in T cells from MDS patients in comparison with age-matched controls.
      The decreased proliferative response was not restored by combining normal T cells
      with monocytes from MDS patients, or by using T cells from MDS patients together
      with normal monocytes. Furthermore, proliferative responses in the autologous and
      allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions were significantly decreased in MDS
      patients. B cells from MDS patients incorporated significantly less tritiated
      thymidine than B cells from controls when stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus
      Cowan I (SAC), and SAC stimulation failed to cause efficient immunoglobulin
      production by MDS B cells. However, T cells from MDS patients reacted normally
      when stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate plus a Ca2+ ionophore (ionomycin).
      Abnormal lymphocyte function may contribute to the failure of hematopoietic
      regulation and may thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of MDS. The
      finding that the addition of specific signals allowed the stimulation pathway to
      function may have important therapeutic implications.

PMID- 1793835
TI  - [Morphological aspects of chondroclasia in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1793836
TI  - [Blood flow in the popliteal lymph node region of rats in experimental myocardial
      ischemia and its treatment with dog-rose polyphenols].
AB  - The regional blood flow in the distal part of the rat great adductor muscle was
      measured using polarographic method in the norm, under the condition of
      experimental myocardial infarction and after treatment with dog-rose polyphenols
      preparation. Maximal decrease of the regional blood flow was detected on the
      third day after the operation and it was recovered on the seventh day. The
      treatment led to normalization of the regional blood flow.

PMID- 1793837
TI  - [Effects of activation and lesions of the superior colliculi of the lamina
      quadrigemina on epileptic activity in rats].
AB  - In acute experiments on rats it was shown that activation of SC by bilateral
      microinjection of penicillin (5-15 IU) or bicuculline (25-50 ng) resulted in the
      increased latency and decreased severity of i.p. picrotoxin-induced seizures (2
      mg/kg). The suppression of behavioral convulsions and the decreased epileptic
      activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were followed by occurrence of
      spike discharges in SC with an amplitude of 200-500 mcV and frequency of 5-12/sec
      which testifies to the formation of penicillin- or bicuculline-induced generator
      excitation in SC. The lesions of SC by kainic acid administration resulted in the
      decreased seizure threshold and, also, facilitated the development of seizure
      under conditions of picrotoxin kindling. The conclusion is made that SC
      activation plays an important role in the realization of functional integrative
      activity of the antiepileptic system.

PMID- 1793838
TI  - [Role of humoral factors in the regulation of hemopoiesis in stress].
AB  - The change of 11-1, IL-3, CSA concentrations in adherent and nonadherent bone
      marrow cells condition medium at stress were investigated. The activation of bone
      marrow hemopoiesis was registered at mice after immobilization stress. The number
      of CFU-GM increased on 1, 4 and 5 day after stress. Maximum of CSA in adherent
      and nonadherent cells conditioned medium was observed on day 4, 6 or 2, 5
      respectively. The increasing of 11-3 activity in culture of nonadherent bone
      marrow cells was registered from day 1 and mount to maximum at 4-5 days. The
      increasing of 11-1 level in culture of adherent bone marrow cells was found at 1
      and 4 days.

PMID- 1793839
TI  - [Comparative assessment of the effect of adaptation to stress exposure and high
      altitude hypoxia on heart resistance to reperfusion injury after total ischemia].
AB  - Experiments on isolated Wistar rat hearts perfused according to Langendorff
      showed that adaptation to stress exposure limited the depression of contraction
      amplitude and contracture and possessed an antiarrhythmic effect in reperfusion.
      Furthermore, adaptation to stress exposure efficiently limited reperfusion damage
      to sarcolemma. It was shown that adaptation to hypoxia did not result in any
      increase in the heart resistance to reperfusion damage following total ischemia.
      Possible mechanisms of differences in the protective effects of adaptation to
      stress exposure and hypoxia are discussed.

PMID- 1793840
TI  - [Changes in hemodynamics during increase of functional loading of the
      cardiovascular system].
AB  - It has been executed 26 experiments on dogs in order to investigate the changes
      of haemodynamics during narrowing of ascending aorta and brain ischaemia. It has
      been setted during investigation, that cardiovascular system possesses high
      compensatory abilities. This system fully restored the disorders in blood
      circulation during 3 minutes of occlusion of brachiocephalic trunk or during 5
      minutes of narrowing. The restoration of normal blood circulation after 5 minutes
      leads to normalization of indicators of haemodynamics also in 5 minutes and does
      not lead to decompensation of cardiac function. The heart decreases the rate of
      contractions in order to support the high level of its force in such a
      conditions.

PMID- 1793841
TI  - [Effects of a polypeptide drug on the state of energy metabolism of myocardial
      cells in hypoxic and ischemic conditions].
AB  - Cordialin, the agent extracted from the heart, is known to inhibit hyperoxidation
      of succinic acid, increasing NADH oxidation speed in suspension of cardiomyocytes
      in hypoxia. Cordialin presence in oxygenated cells' suspension oxidating
      succinate, doesn't change oxygen consumption speed. The results received may be a
      theoretical basis for cordialin utilization in therapy of myocardial diseases,
      associated with hypoxia and ischemia. Cordialin utilization may be recommended
      for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and for prolongation of time
      period for thrombolytic therapy, treatment of IMD, angina and other pathological
      states, in which oxygen transport disturbance to myocardium cells occurs.

PMID- 1793842
TI  - [Use of a new M-cholinolytic drug KG-62 for correction of the course of
      experimental stomach ulcer].
AB  - The preparation KG-62 related to iodomethylates of hydroxyalkyl phosphinic acids
      with muscarinolytic effect has been studied. The study provides data on the
      development of experimental gastric ulcer among rats after injections of the
      preparation. On the basis of morphologic, morphometric and biochemical data it
      has been stated that the preparation KG-62 in a 5 mg/kg dose has a more strong
      effect leading to quick gastric ulcer healing. It was supposed that not only
      suppressing action on hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen secretion lies in the
      mechanism of the effect but also the activation of physiologic regulation in
      intact tissue.

PMID- 1793843
TI  - [Short and long latent effects of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid on the
      extinction of the acetylcholine-induced inward current in neurons of the Helix
      lucorum].
AB  - The impact of a non-cyclized arachidonic acid derivative 15S-hydroxy-5Z, 8Z, 11Z,
      13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) upon the dynamics of the inward current
      extinction, caused by repeated ion-tophoretic acetylcholine applications on the
      soma, was studied through a double electrode voltage clamp technique on the Helix
      lucorum identified neurons RPa3 and LPa3. The extracellular effect of 15-HETE (4
      16 microM) was found to have a two phase influence on the inward current
      extinction, depending on the time of exposure to the compound. The short-latent
      effect (up to 60-80 min) displays itself as an extinction decrease, whereas the
      long-latent effect (after 60-80 min) - as an enhanced extinction. The effects
      caused by 15-HETE are irreversible. The short-latent one was probably due to the
      earlier described inhibition of 5- and 12-lipoxygenase enzymes by 15-HETE while
      the long-latent one - due to its intrinsic function.

PMID- 1793844
TI  - [Energy regulation of transmembrane potentials in liver cells during hypoxia].
AB  - The influence of oxygen tension on values of transmembrane potentials in rat
      liver cell was investigated. The membrane potential was assessed by the uptake
      TPP as was determined on the ion-selective electrode. Infusion of inhibitors
      oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis to incubation medium caused
      depolarization on the mitochondrial, and, the plasma membranes of this cell.
      These and other experimental results suggest that there is an interaction between
      mitochondrial and cytosol pools of ATP, which determine steady-state values on
      transmembrane potential liver cell under hypoxia.

PMID- 1793845
TI  - [Effects of passive administration of serotonin and catecholamine antibodies on
      alcohol consumption of C57Bl/6 mice in experimental alcoholism].
AB  - The experiments on C57Bl/6 mice with natural ethanol motivation have shown that
      passive injection of anti-noradrenaline and particularly antiserotonin antibodies
      reduces several times alcohol consumption by animals. On the contrary the
      injection of anti-dopamine antibodies to affect voluntary alcohol consumption by
      mice have been found.

PMID- 1793846
TI  - [Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on activation of immunocompetent cells and
      lipid peroxidation under immunization by heterologous erythrocytes].
AB  - On the basis of rats' experiments under conditions of HBO a close relationship
      was established between the intensity of immune processes and peroxide oxidation
      of lipids (POL). The study enabled to show a connection between immunoreactivity
      stimulation in spleen cells and certain levels of POL intensity and anti
      oxidation protection as well. There were assessed diverse HBO effects on intact
      and immune organism and hyperbaric dependence of immunodepression on POL's
      intensification.

PMID- 1793847
TI  - [Effects of adenosine on blood prostaglandin level and platelet aggregation in
      experimental myocardial infarct].

PMID- 1793848
TI  - [Role of isoprenoid chain of lateral mobility of alpha-tocopherol in lipid
      bilayer].
AB  - Using the quenching effect of the fluorescence by nitroxyl radicals the lateral
      mobility of chromanols in the lipid bilayer was studied. The lateral mobility of
      the chromanols was shown to increase when the length of phytol chain was
      diminished. The result is consistent with the idea that antioxidant affect of the
      chromanols depends on their lateral mobility.

PMID- 1793849
TI  - [Cytochemical manifestations of short- and long-term activation of the
      dopaminergic system of the rat brain].
AB  - In order to find correlation between changes in morpho-chemical characteristics
      of neurons of certain brain structures and changes of the functional state of
      rats with high horizontal motional activity in "open field" under activation of
      dopaminergic system caused by short-term and long-term L-DOPA injection
      aminopeptidase activity and protein content were studied. It was shown that in
      spite of similar effects of short- and long-term injection on the behaviour of
      animals, the nature of morpho-chemical changes in the brain differs significantly
      depending on the duration of the drug injection.

PMID- 1793850
TI  - [Chemiluminescence decrease of singlet oxygen in NaClO+H2O2 reaction in the
      presence of different anti-cataract drugs].
AB  - Singlet oxygen was produced in chemical reaction NaClO+ H2O2. Action of different
      well-known anti-cataract drugs on this reaction was studied. There is no doubt
      that the singlet oxygen chemiluminescence decreases in the presence of Catalin
      and Baineiting. Finnish Catachrom Ophthan, Vita iodurol (France) and Quinax (USA)
      have no such effect at all which may be a result of the interaction of these
      remedies with H2O2 and/or with NaClO.

PMID- 1793852
TI  - [Mechanism of oxyhemoglobin oxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide].
AB  - The process of oxyhemoglobin oxidation initiated by hydrogen peroxide in low (10(
      7) M) concentrations was investigated. It was found, that H2O2 in this
      concentration is able to induce the process of chain oxidation of oxyhemoglobin
      to methemoglobin. The following observations indicate that the process is
      essentially the chain reaction: 1) The amount of the methemoglobin in haem
      groups, produced in the reaction, exceed by 20 times the quantity of hydrogen,
      added initially, to induce the oxidation. 2) Catalase stopped this process at any
      stage of the reaction. This fact implies that the chain process involves
      generation of new molecules of H2O2 in the course of oxidation of oxyhemoglobin.
      The chain reaction proceeded only in the presence of oxygen. But if oxygen was
      introduced into hemoglobin solution, preincubated with H2O2 in vacuum, than again
      the oxidation of hemoglobin developed. Apparently, H2O2 in low concentrations
      appears, mainly, as an inductor of the oxyhemoglobin autooxidation.

PMID- 1793851
TI  - [Blood lipoproteins in modeling of atherosclerosis and administration of
      protamine].
AB  - The influence of protamine on the HDL, LDL, VLDL species concentration variation
      as well as on their cholesterol and protein content in respect to total blood
      serum cholesterol in different periods (1 and 7 months) of hypercholesteremia in
      rabbits is investigated. Daily administration of protamine (10 mg/kg) during 30
      days to intact animals did not change the investigated parameters. In the early
      period of hypercholesteremia protamine considerably increased the content of all
      lipoprotein fractions. Under the conditions of prolonged hypercholesteremia the
      LDL and VLDL concentrations decreased by 23 and 60 per cent, respectively; HDL
      increased by 101 per cent.

PMID- 1793853
TI  - [Features of oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria of rats with
      different sensitivity to oxygen insufficiency].
AB  - Oxidative phosphorylation parameters have been investigated in the isolated brain
      mitochondria of rats preliminary divided into non-resistant (NR) and high
      resistant (HR) animals by their sensitivity to hypobaric hypoxia. During the NAD
      dependent substrates oxidation it was shown that the identical effectiveness of
      the respiratory chain function in both groups of animals was reached at more
      tension of the oxidative processes. It has been established that at the identical
      effectiveness of the succinate oxidation by the brain mitochondria in both groups
      of animals compensatory potentialities of the succinate-oxidase pathway of
      oxidation is higher in the brain of the NR to hypoxia animals. It has been shown
      the regulated influence of the NAD-dependent pathway of oxidation activity on the
      succinate-oxidase site of respiratory chain. This influence is more expressed in
      the brain mitochondria of the NR animals that in the HR animals.

PMID- 1793854
TI  - [Identification of serotonin-modulated protein fraction and study of its role in
      passive avoidance reaction in rats].
AB  - The effect 10(-3) M serotonin and norepinephrine solutions application on the
      brain occipital cortex on discrete water soluble protein fractions content was
      investigated in narcotized rats. It was revealed that application of serotonin
      solution caused repeated decrease in N6 fraction content. Immunoglobulins against
      N6 fraction being injected into the lateral ventricle of rat brain increased the
      number of photocell crossing and the presence probability of rats at the dark
      compartment entrance region in passive avoidance schedule. The conclusion of
      selective serotonin participation in regulation of brain cortex discrete proteins
      turnover and of these proteins involvement in searching behavior was made.

PMID- 1793855
TI  - [Stimulating effects of carnosine on hemopoietic stem cells].
AB  - It was shown that intake of carnosine in a dose of 50-100 mg/kg of body weight
      before X-ray irradiation resulted in an increase of the survival of experimental
      mice. The protective effect of carnosine was manifested, when it was injected
      either before or after irradiation, but the effect was more pronounced in the
      case of shortening time between irradiation and injection. An enhancement of
      colony forming index of bound cells in spleen was also observed simultaneously
      with protective action of carnosine. These effects are supposed to be the result
      of immunomodulating activity of carnosine.

PMID- 1793856
TI  - [Changes in adenosine deaminase and antioxidative enzyme activity in patients
      with lung diseases of dust etiology].
AB  - Activity of purine metabolism enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA) in lymphocytes
      and erythrocytes from patients with pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis was
      determined. ADA activity decrease was found in lymphocytes and erythrocytes for
      both decreases. The observed decrease of ADA activity indicates that after the
      long term work in mineral dust industry damage of purine metabolism takes place,
      that is similar to the disturbance observed under secondary immunodeficiency.
      Changes in activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase show some decrease of
      functional activity of anti-radical protection. Therefore the results obtained
      can be used for the selection of a group with highest risk of predisposition to
      these diseases.

PMID- 1793857
TI  - [Role of phosphorylation in the activation of tryptophan hydroxylase of the brain
      during hypothermia].

PMID- 1793858
TI  - [Spectral analysis of the effects of midantan on bioelectric activity of the rat
      brain].
AB  - The influence of midantan in bioelectrical activity of sensomotor cortex, dorsal
      hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus in the rats in free behavior in wakefulness
      condition was studied. It was established that midantan influenced the cortex in
      two phases. In hippocampus there was an increase in absolute power of dominant
      theta-diapason.

PMID- 1793859
TI  - [Interactions of bradykinin and its amino acids with lipid monolayers].
AB  - The authors studied the interaction of bradykinin and aminoacids which are in its
      molecule composition with lipid monolayers. It is supposed that the primary
      process of bradykinin bounding with plasmatic membrane of the effector cells is
      the peptide interaction with membrane lipid matrix.

PMID- 1793860
TI  - [Effects of sodium hypochlorite on oxygen balance and functional state of the
      small intestine in experimental peritonitis].
AB  - Sodium hypochlorite, administrated intravenously and intraperitoneally, leads to
      normal oxygen balance, metabolism and motility of small intestine in peritonitis.
      Anti-hypoxia effect of this substance is realized by an increase of oxygen
      content in the blood. It is useful to use sodium hypochlorite in general
      peritonitis for antibacterial therapy and against tissue hypoxia without side
      effects.

PMID- 1793861
TI  - [Effects of zixoryn on pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in intact and sensitized
      guinea pigs].
AB  - The effect of zixoryn, a hepatic inductor of cytochrome P-450, on the
      pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in intact and sensibilized guinea-pigs was
      studied. It was found that sensibilization of albumin increased the half-time
      (T1/2), AUC and decreased the total body clearance (Clt) of antipyrine and the
      renal clearance (Clr) of metabolites in urine. The administration of zixoryn in
      sensibilized animals decreased T1/2 and AUC and increased the clearance of
      antipyrine and its metabolites.

PMID- 1793862
TI  - [Secretory and immunocompetent functions of the parotid and submaxillary salivary
      glands after thymectomy].
AB  - The dynamics of morphological, enzymatic and immunologic salivary glands indices
      in pubertal rates was investigated after thymectomy. The data obtained analysis
      demonstrated the functional salivary glands reconstruction, having immunologic
      and secretory characteristics: stimulation of the humoral and cellular immunity
      factors; reduction of the albuminous and rise of the mucous salivary glands
      component represented the remote effect of thymectomy /3 months]. Activation of
      the salivary glands immune characteristics may be explained by their belonging to
      the thymic-peripharyngeal complex.

PMID- 1793863
TI  - [Sympathetic regulation of heart rhythm under the effect of delta sleep peptide
      and its deficiency].
AB  - In acute experiments on 16 rabbits we've studied effects of delta-sleep peptide
      and its deficiency on the irritation of the stellate ganglion. It has been
      revealed, that peptide injection (60 nM/kg) produces lowered positive
      chronotropic effect and elongated response development during irritation of this
      ganglion. Administration of antiserum to delta-sleep peptide (T = 1:3000) causes
      opposite effect: enhances sympathetic response during irritation of the stellate
      ganglion. Thus, delta-sleep peptide promoted lowered sympathetic influences on
      the heart.

PMID- 1793864
TI  - [Telomeric chromosome fusion in cells with micronuclei under the combined action
      of hyperthermia and hypothermia and halogenated analogs of thymidine].
AB  - The reaction of cells with micronuclei in respect of the induction of specific
      dicentric chromosomes with halogenated analogs of thymidine at various
      temperatures was studied. The positive correlation between the temperature and
      frequency of dicentrics was shown for all halogenated analogs of thymidine. The
      minimum frequency of dicentrics was found in the case when used 5
      iododeoxyuridine and hypothermia (34 degrees C). The using of 5-bromodeoxyuridine
      at different temperatures displayed the intermediate results. The maximum level
      of dicentrics discovered under action of 5-chlorodeoxyuridine and hyperthermia
      (40 degrees C). In the former case the depression of mitotic chromosome
      condensation of micronuclei registered, in the latter one the chromosomes with
      portions of delayed spiralization were not found.

PMID- 1793865
TI  - [Production of monoclonal antibodies to staphylococcal alpha-toxin using the
      technique of in vitro immunization].
AB  - The aim of this study is production of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to
      staphylococcal alpha-toxin (SAT). SAT was obtained from culture medium of S.
      aureus s. 0-15 with ion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. SAT was
      conjugated with CH-sepharose 4B and used for in vitro immunization of spleen
      cells, extracted from intact BALB/c mouse.

PMID- 1793866
TI  - [Natural killer cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - In the existent literature the number of works devoted to the subpopulation of
      natural killer cells (NK) is not significant. The purpose of the present study
      was to determine the NK content in the blood of pulmonary tuberculosis patients;
      to establish correlation of the level of their content with the content of the
      previously studied T-lymphocyte subpopulations; to determine the intensity of the
      fluorescence of NK, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes. The data were obtained on the
      significant increase in the NK mean level in tuberculosis patients (20.37 +/-
      1.74) as compared with that in healthy subjects (12.77 +/- 2.56). The NK
      fluorescence intensity (56.33 +/- 2.28) conditioned by the Fc-receptor expression
      intensity is significantly lower than the analogous index in healthy volunteers
      (82.4 +/- 7.69). The NK level in the blood of tuberculosis patients correlates
      with the content of CD3+, CD8+ lymphocytes as well as with the CD4+/CD8+ index.

PMID- 1793867
TI  - [Increase of the production of tumor necrosis factor in endotoxin shock in mice
      presensitized with sera of tumor-bearing mice or tumor cell factor].
AB  - We investigated the phenomenon of increased sensitivity of tumor-bearing mice to
      endotoxin shock. I/V administration of sera from tumor (EL-4, B16, R815, MOPC
      315) bearers or tumoral culture media into intact mice caused the increased
      sensitivity to lethal action of LPS plus GMDP. Production of TNF in above mice
      was also significantly increased under the influence of LPS plus GMDP.
      Sensitivity induced factors in tumor bearing mice sera have mol. weight more than
      50 kDa. This action was partially abolished by indomethacin.

PMID- 1793868
TI  - [Detection of antibodies to adipose tissue cell membranes in human blood].
AB  - In serum of some healthy women and patients with fibroadenomatosis of the mammary
      gland antibodies to the cell membranes of adipocytes were detected.
      Interconnections between these antibodies and corresponding antigens in blood, on
      the one hand, and hormonal-metabolic status of probands, on the other hand, were
      observed. Possible autoimmune origin of phenomenon detected and its relation to
      the normal and pathological processes in adipose tissue are discussed.

PMID- 1793869
TI  - [Role of low-molecular factor of the bone marrow in the induction of primary and
      secondary IgE response to ovalbumin].
AB  - It has been found that low molecular weight factor of mice bone marrow cell
      cultures decreases the level of the IgE-antibodies to ovalbumin in the serum of
      syngeneic mice in dose-dependent manner, when inoculated simultaneously with the
      primary or the secondary immunization. The active substrate of the supernatant
      has been shown to have molecular weight of 8000 D.

PMID- 1793870
TI  - [Immunomodulating peptides, regulation of interleukin-2 expression and its
      possible mechanism].
AB  - The influence of some immunomodulation peptides SKD, R and L on the interleukin-2
      (IL-2) synthesis in T-lymphocytes and possibility of their specific interaction
      with nucleotide sequences of IL-2 gene were studied. It was firstly shown that
      peptides R and L specifically interacted with regulatory nucleotide sequences of
      IL-2 gene and, possibly, play a key role in the immunomodulation actions on the
      IL-2 production.

PMID- 1793871
TI  - [Comparison of the inhibitory effects of a psychostimulant of the sydnonimine
      series on the development of stress and ethanol induced lesions in the rat
      gastric mucosa].
AB  - The possibility of the inhibitory influence of one of the psychostimulators of
      sydnonimine derivatives OF 743 on stress--and ethanol-induced mucosal lesions was
      studied in rats. Large doses (15 mg/kg) OF 743, which induced both central,
      psychostimulator, peripheral, and vagolytic effects equally decrease stress- and
      ethanol-induced mucosal lesions. The smaller doses, which show only peripheral
      effects, largely inhibit ethanol-induced lesions. The degree of the inhibitory
      influence of OF 743 is comparable with the same atropine influence and
      considerably exceeds the degree of the inhibitory influence of pirenzepine.

PMID- 1793872
TI  - [Role of the liver in the regulation of circadian rhythm of blood iron in rats].
AB  - In experiments with Wistar rats there was discovered statistically significant
      circadian rhythm of serum iron concentration reaching its maximum in the evening,
      minimum--early in the morning, and having an amplitude of at least 20% of the
      mesor. The reciprocal interrelations between circadian cycles of iron content in
      blood and liver were also found. The synchronization of blood iron level with
      lipid peroxidation products in membranous liver structures, as well as serum
      alanine aminotransferase activity, and their inversion with respect to the
      circadian rhythms of liver RES absorption ability and liver iron content are
      considered to be a proof of liver participation in regulation of iron exchange
      temporal organization in rats.

PMID- 1793873
TI  - The role of oxygen free radicals in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - A series of experiments have been done to investigate the role of oxygen free
      radicals in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The following results were found:
      Myocardial MDA content increased significantly after post-ischemic reperfusion in
      vivo and in vitro. A blockade of the xanthine oxidase pathway for free radical
      generation could provide effective protection against ischemia/reperfusion
      injury. Exogenous reactive oxygen intermediates H2O2, .OH and O2- could induce
      changes in the contractility and electrophysiological properties of myocardial
      cells similar to those seen in ischemia/reperfusion. An outburst of free radical
      generation was detected by ESR spectroscopy at low temperature (-173 degrees C)
      and with the spin trapping technique during the very early phase of reperfusion.
      The authors emphasize the important role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of
      myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

PMID- 1793874
TI  - Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of intravenously administered recombinant tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (rt-PA, Boehringer Ingelheim Corp.) was investigated in 10
      patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). rt-PA was given as a 10 mg bolus
      dose followed by infusions of 50 mg, 20 mg and 20 mg in three successive hours.
      All patients underwent baseline coronary angiography before thrombolytic therapy.
      Ninety minutes after the initiation of rt-PA infusion, recanalization of infarct
      related coronary arteries as confirmed by angiography was achieved in 7 patients.
      The largest reduction in circulating fibrinogen was observed 4 to 6 h after the
      start of rt-PA infusion--14.3%. Moderate hemorrhage at the sites of arterial
      puncture occurred in 2 cases, probably as a result of heparin anticoagulation. No
      other side effects occurred. So rt-PA is an effective and safe thrombolytic
      agent.

PMID- 1793875
TI  - An antihypertensive factor in the erythrocytes of essential hypertensive subjects
      -effects on blood pressure and calcium uptake by vascular tissue in rats.
AB  - An extract prepared from the erythrocytes of essential hypertensive subjects was
      found to significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) in spontaneously (SHR)
      and renal hypertensive rats (RHR) following a single intravenous or
      intraperitoneal injection: The maximum SBP reduction was 42.8 mmHg in SHR and
      38.3 mmHg in RHR. In contrast, this hypertensive factor (AHF) had little effect
      on normotensive Wistar Kyoto and Wistar rats. AHF was also found to significantly
      suppress Ca2+ uptake by vascular smooth muscle in the mesenteric artery and aorta
      of hypertensive and normotensive rats (P less than 0.05, respectively).
      Furthermore, AHF prepared from the erythrocytes of normotensive subjects was
      shown to have a similar effect.

PMID- 1793876
TI  - Secondary prevention of myocardial reinfarction with low dose aspirin.
AB  - A clinical trial of secondary prevention of reinfarction with low dose aspirin is
      reported. 50 mg aspirin per day was administered in 216 case. 211 cases did not
      take aspirin or any other antiplatelet agents as a control group. The follow-up
      periods in the two groups were 19.4 +/- 12.6 mon and 20.7 +/- 13.0 mon,
      respectively. There were 175 males in the aspirin group and 137 males in the
      control group. The incidence of reinfarction was reduced by 65% and platelet
      aggregation was inhibited obviously in the aspirin group as compared to the
      control group in men, whereas no significant trends were observed in women.

PMID- 1793877
TI  - Effects of genetic factors and dietary electrolytes on blood pressure of rural
      secondary school students in Hanzhong.
AB  - In this study, 24-h urine specimens were collected on 3 consecutive days from 181
      adolescents (94 boys and 87 girls), aged 12-16 years, in a rural district-
      Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, and sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels
      were determined. Dietary intake of the four electrolytes and blood pressure were
      measured in children and their parents on the same consecutive days. The results
      were as follows: urinary output of calcium and magnesium might not be an
      appropriate index to reflect intake; after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, heart
      rate, and parental blood pressure, the ratio of dietary calcium to total calories
      was negatively related to diastolic blood pressure in the whole group, and the
      ratio of urinary calcium to creatinine was positively related to systolic blood
      pressure in girls; not only blood pressure but also its relation to electrolytes
      are affected by parental blood pressure after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and
      heart rate.

PMID- 1793878
TI  - Relationship between invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.
AB  - This work was done to examine the relationship between invasion and metastasis of
      different types of tumor cells. Three kinds of tumor cells were studied: a mouse
      uterine cervix carcinoma (U14) with high metastatic potential; a human
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CNE-2Z) with high metastatic potential; and a human
      uterine cervix carcinoma (CC801) with low metastatic potential. CNE-2Z and CC801
      were implanted subcutaneously in the footpads and subcapsularly in the testes of
      nude mice, respectively. U14 was implanted both in the footpads and subcapsularly
      in the testes of inbred 615-strain mice. With each of these animal models, the
      extent of tumor invasion could be divided into grades I-IV. The metastasis of
      tumor cells was found to depend upon: 1) the malignant characteristics of the
      tumor cells; 2) the degree of local invasion; 3) the presence of tumor cells in
      the lymphatic ducts and blood vessels; and 4) the organ specificity of metastatic
      development. Metastasis was most often found when invasion reached a high degree
      (grades III to IV).

PMID- 1793879
TI  - Specific binding and internalization of monoclonal antibody HI98-daunorubicin
      conjugate by human leukemic cells (HL60).
AB  - McAb-HI98 has been proved to bind specifically to HL60 cells. In this study, we
      further observed the specific binding of HI98-Daunorubicin (DNR) conjugate to
      HL60 cells, the transmembranal transport of HI98-DNR and the process of
      internalization by immunoelectron microscopy. After HL60 cells were incubated
      with HI98-DNR-Au, gold particles were first found on the surface membranes of
      HL60 cells, and then inside the cells. Internalization was found to occur through
      the formation of endocytic vesicles. Results indicate that the immunoconjugate
      selectively binds to target cells and enters the cells specifically and rapidly,
      thus enhancing intracellular drug concentration.

PMID- 1793880
TI  - Subungual exostosis.
AB  - From 1980 through 1990, twenty-two patients with subungual exostosis were treated
      in PUMC Hospital and the Sixth Hospital of Beijing. The incidence of subungual
      exostosis was 4.6% among all bone tumors. Post-adolescents and young adults were
      most commonly affected, and the female to male ratio was 1.75 to 1. The great toe
      was the most often involved site. Radiological findings were found to be
      diagnostic, and local tumor excision is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 1793881
TI  - Midazolam as a main anesthesia induction agent--a comparison with thiopental and
      diazepam.
AB  - A clinical randomized investigation was undertaken to determine the value of
      midazolam as a narcotic adjuvant for anesthetic induction. Thirty ASA I-II adult
      patients undergoing selective surgery were allocated randomly into two groups to
      receive one of the following agents: midazolam 0.3 mg/kg, thiopental 5 mg/kg, or
      diazepam 0.4 mg/kg. The induction time as measured from the onset of injection to
      loss of the eyelash reflex was shortest in the case of thiopental; while a lower
      frequency of apnea, lesser suppression of circulation, and lack of venous
      irritation were points favoring midazolam. However, further study is needed to
      clarify the moderate cardiovascular response seen during intubation in some cases
      as well as to elucidate any patient population differences.

PMID- 1793882
TI  - The history and current status of echocardiography in China.

PMID- 1793883
TI  - A morphological study of primary pulmonary hypertension--an analysis of six
      autopsy cases.
AB  - Six typical autopsy cases of primary pulmonary hypertension are reported. The
      histopathological features were as follows: medial hypertrophy of the muscular
      pulmonary arteries, muscularization of arterioles, internal fibrosis and
      fibroelastosis of muscular pulmonary arteries with typical "onion-skin"
      configuration, fibrinoid necrosis of the media or necrotizing arteries of
      muscular pulmonary arteries, and formation of highly characteristic plexiform
      lesions and dilatation lesions. It is thought that the plexiform lesions seen in
      all six cases represent morphological changes resulting from pulmonary
      hypertension rather than congenital abnormalities or thromboembolism.

PMID- 1793884
TI  - Leadership and vision.

PMID- 1793885
TI  - Use of grounded theory methodology in a descriptive research design.
AB  - The purpose of this descriptive study is to illustrate how grounded theory
      methodology can be used for a descriptive survey study and also explains the
      implementation of the stepwise procedure. The focus of this study was on self
      reported decisions made by new graduates from three different types of nursing
      programs (baccalaureate, associate degree and diploma) while assessing, planning,
      implementing and evaluating nursing care on medical-surgical units. The subjects'
      responses were analyzed using six steps of grounded theory methodology to
      classify the type and complexity of decisions (Glaser & Strauss, 1967).
      Harrison's model of decision making was used as a theoretical framework because
      it provides a typology for decision making that may be applied to various levels
      within the hospital setting.

PMID- 1793886
TI  - High school counselors' perception of baccalaureate degree nursing career
      choices.
AB  - A sample of 100 high school counselors in a southeastern state was surveyed to
      explore their perceptions of baccalaureate degree nursing as a career choice and
      the type and availability of resources used in counseling students toward careers
      in nursing. With a response rate of 31 percent, the findings indicate that
      counselors need more up-to-date, specific information about the requirements and
      scope of professional nursing practice.

PMID- 1793887
TI  - Current black leaders in nursing. Interview by Sallie Tucker-Allen.

PMID- 1793888
TI  - Functional aspects of eicosanoid metabolism.
AB  - The sequential metabolism of eicosanoids by AA oxygenases confers biological
      properties that may have significant functional implications. Further, the
      interpretation of the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on eicosanoid,
      dependent mechanisms needs to be reevaluated. Previously, if cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors affected the biological action of AA, it was considered to be due to
      elimination of a prostanoid-mediated component. This interpretation is no longer
      valid if a cell or tissue has significant P450 and cyclooxygenase activity. The
      cellular proximity of the P450-dependent monooxygenases and cyclooxygenase,
      described in tubules, interstitial cells, and blood vessels, may confer a unique
      ability of AA metabolites to coordinate tubular and vascular function.

PMID- 1793889
TI  - The relationship between extracellular K+ and Ca2+ on aminopyrine accumulation in
      rat parietal cells.
AB  - The effects of extracellular K+ in relation to extracellular Ca2+ on acid
      production were studied. Studies were performed in vitro using isolated cells
      from rat stomachs, and acid production was indirectly determined by 14C
      aminopyrine (AP) accumulation. In the absence of K+ in the incubation medium
      histamine-stimulated AP accumulation ratios were significantly decreased
      independently in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Under basal
      conditions, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, increasing concentrations of
      extracellular K+ enhanced AP accumulation ratios to significantly higher than
      those found in the presence of Ca2+. In histamine-, cAMP-, and carbachol
      stimulated parietal cells, high K+ concentrations increased AP accumulation
      significantly less in Ca(2+)-free than in Ca(2+)-containing media. High K+ also
      induced significantly both an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and
      45Ca2+ uptake. The present results confirmed the importance of K+ in gastric acid
      production and suggested a role for Ca2+ as a modulator of mechanisms of parietal
      cell stimulation.

PMID- 1793890
TI  - Enhancement of the physicochemical qualities of gastric mucus by sofalcone.
AB  - The effect of prolonged administration of an antiulcer drug, sofalcone, on the
      physicochemical properties of gastric mucus was investigated. The experiments
      were conducted with groups of rats receiving twice daily for three consecutive
      days a dose of 100 mg/kg sofalcone, while the control group received daily doses
      of vehicle. The rats were sacrificed 16 h after the last dose and gastric mucosa
      subjected to physicochemical measurements. The results revealed that sofalcone
      evoked a 23% increase in mucus gel dimension, while sulfo- and sialomucins
      content of the gel increased by 54 and 25%, respectively. These changes were
      accompanied by a 16% increase in mucus H+ retardation capacity, 2-fold increase
      in viscosity, and a 39% increase in the gel hydrophobicity. The mucus elaborated
      in the presence of sofalcone contained 67% more covalently bound fatty acids,
      exhibited 10% lower content of protein, 30% higher content of carbohydrate, and
      18% higher content of lipids. The mucus of the sofalcone group also showed an
      increase in the proportion of the high molecular weight mucus glycoprotein form,
      which in the control group accounted for about 30% of gel mucin, while its
      content in mucus gel of animals receiving sofalcone reached the value of 50%. The
      results indicate that sofalcone enhances the protective qualities of mucus
      component of gastric mucosal barrier.

PMID- 1793891
TI  - Influence of hydration state on hormonal responses to exercise in dogs.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to determine how plasma levels of arginine
      vasopressin (pAVP) are related to workload, plasma osmolality (pOsm), blood
      volume (BV) and plasma angiotensin II (pAII) in exercising dogs. Measurements
      were made in dogs running on a treadmill at 7.5 km. hr-1 at slopes of 0, 10% and
      20% when they were hydrated ad lib and when they had been deprived of drinking
      water and also in dogs running on a 20% slope after an IV infusion of hypertonic
      NaCl. Dehydration increased pOsm by 6.6% and reduced BV by 10% in resting dogs.
      In dehydrated animals, pAVP, pAII and pOsm were elevated above hydrated levels at
      rest and during exercise at all three workloads. In hydrated dogs, pOsm rose
      during exercise at 10% and 20% slopes but pAVP rose above resting levels only at
      the highest workload and pAII was not affected by exercise. In dehydrated dogs,
      pOsm and pAVP rose during exercise at 10% and 20% slopes and pAII was elevated at
      the 20% slope. BV decreased during exercise at the highest workload in both
      hydrated and dehydrated animals. After hypertonic NaCl, pAVP rose during exercise
      but pOsm and pAII did not. The results suggest that both osmotic and nonosmotic
      factors contribute to the release of AVP in exercising dogs and that exercise
      leads to a leftward shift in the relationship of pAVP to pOSM which could be a
      result of reduced blood volume.

PMID- 1793892
TI  - On the metabolism of prostaglandin E1 administered intravenously to human
      volunteers.
AB  - We have demonstrated recently the formation of a biologically active metabolite
      of prostaglandin (PG) E1, 13,14-dihydro-PGE1, during intravenous infusions of
      PGE1 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. We have now
      investigated the levels of the immediate precursor of 13,14-dihydro-PGE1, the
      biologically inactive 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE1, during intravenous
      administration of 20 micrograms, 40 micrograms or 80 micrograms PGE1 over a
      period of 60 min to human volunteers. It was found that levels of 15-keto-13,14
      dihydro-PGE1, but not those of PGE1 itself, increased in a dose-dependent manner.
      Thus, increased formation of 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 from 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE1
      with increasing doses of PGE1 can be expected to occur. It remains to be
      investigated, to which extent formation of small amounts of 13,14-dihydro-PGE1
      during intravenous infusion of PGE1 could contribute to the therapeutic effects
      of PGE1 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

PMID- 1793893
TI  - Increase of cardiodepressant activity in medium incubating the posterior
      pituitary lobe in situ during vagal nerve stimulation in rat.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that there is a cardiodepressant factor in the
      medium incubating the posterior pituitary lobe in situ. The cardiodepressant
      activity of the medium incubating the posterior pituitary lobe before and during
      stimulation of the vagus nerves was tested on isolated auricles of the right
      heart atrium of a two-day-old rat. It was found that the medium incubating the
      posterior pituitary lobe collected before stimulation decreased the contraction
      rate of the auricle by 34%, while that collected during the intermittent
      stimulation of the central ends of the cut vagus nerves caused a decrease of the
      auricle contractions frequency by 52%. The addition of cholinergic,
      serotoninergic, histaminergic receptor blockers or prostaglandin synthetase into
      Ringer-Lock's solution bathing the auricle has no effect on the changes of the
      contraction rate caused by the incubation medium.

PMID- 1793894
TI  - Laparoscopic Janeway gastrostomy utilizing an endoscopic stapling device.
AB  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) though generally considered the method
      of choice, is not suitable for all patients requiring gastrostomies. Previously
      the only alternative was open gastrostomy. With the recent growth and development
      of laparoscopic instrumentation new less invasive procedures have been developed.
      We present a new method of performing a Janeway gastrostomy using an endoscopic
      stapling device, and discuss some of its theoretical and practical usage in
      selected patients in reference to the literature on PEGs and open gastrostomies.

PMID- 1793895
TI  - [The concept of the acute abdomen].
AB  - The term "acute abdomen" stands for a group of abdominal symptoms which rapidly
      get worse and therefore require immediate treatment--especially conditions
      associated with peritonitis, ileus or massive bleeding. No time should be wasted
      on lengthy diagnosis or organizational problems. In the majority of cases a
      simple clinical diagnosis gives sufficient indication for surgery. Various
      manifestations simulating acute abdomen in children are discussed in order to
      prevent unnecessary laparotomy.

PMID- 1793896
TI  - [The acute abdomen in the neonatal period].
AB  - Over a period of 22 years 91 cases of perforation or rupture of the intestinal
      tract were observed. Necrotising enterocolitis was most frequent (45%) followed
      by ruptures of congenital atresias of the intestinal tract (32%). In the first 11
      years the mortality rate was 50%, in the following second period 25%. Infant
      birth weight registered in the first period was over 3000 g in 26% of the babies,
      in the second period in 11.5%. Whereas no child weighing less then 1000 g was
      admitted to hospital in the first period, 14% of those admitted in the second
      period did.

PMID- 1793897
TI  - [Surgical therapy of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in childhood].
AB  - Surgery in children with Crohn's disease--like in adults--most frequently
      consists in the repair of stenoses, abscesses and fistulae. However, if growth
      and development are retarded, surgery must also be used to prevent irreversible
      impairment. Seventeen (of 32) patients were considerably retarded before surgery;
      13 of these recovered to normal after operation. As regards ulcerative colitis,
      surgery is rarely needed in children, but if so, the indication and procedure is
      the same as for adults.

PMID- 1793898
TI  - [Diagnostic procedure in postoperative complications].
AB  - 17% of postoperative ICU patients develop postoperative complications. In 84% of
      cases, complications are related to surgery, in 16% they are not. The main
      postoperative surgical complications are abdominal sepsis (65%), postoperative
      bleeding (25%), and bowel obstruction (7%). Therefore, the primary objective of
      postoperative investigations must be to check the sites of operation. Bedside
      procedures are examination of drainage fluid, sonography, endoscopy, and X-ray
      (gastrografin swallow). The diagnostic value of these procedures is 80%. Other
      diagnostic procedures include CT, angiography, and diagnostic laparatomy.

PMID- 1793899
TI  - [Postoperative hemorrhage].
AB  - Postoperative hemorrhage is the second most frequent indication for early
      relaparotomy. The incidence depends on the level of care in a given hospital. It
      is highest, therefore, in institutions delivering maximal care with many trauma
      cases. We performed 3443 laparotomies from January 1988 to March 1991. 214 (5.9%)
      patients had to be reoperated, 48 of them because of postoperative bleeding. This
      amounts to 1.3% of the total number of laparotomies. Bleeding was identified
      through drains, ultrasonography or endoscopy, ultrasonography having the highest
      sensitivity and specificity. Total mortality was 30%. Analysis of the literature
      shows that mortality is lowest when relaparotomies are performed on 3%-6% of
      patients.

PMID- 1793900
TI  - [Postoperative peritonitis].
AB  - In a 5-year-period (1986-1990), 7818 patients underwent abdominal operations. 40
      developed diffuse peritonitis postoperatively, of whom 14 (35%) died.
      Postoperative peritonitis is best subgrouped according to primary surgery
      (operations on colon, duodenum, small intestine, biliary tract and pancreas;
      gynecological surgery; interventional operations). Diagnosis relies mainly on
      clinical signs and laboratory parameters (e.g. serum endotoxin level); imaging
      techniques may present additional hints. Reoperation should be initiated early.
      Scheduled relaparotomy was successful in six patients.

PMID- 1793901
TI  - [Percutaneous treatment of local postoperative peritonitis].

PMID- 1793902
TI  - [Postoperative mechanical ileus].
AB  - Postoperative GI obstruction is the third most common postoperative complication,
      after peritonitis and bleeding, leading to laparotomy. The mortality has declined
      in the last decade from around 20%-35% to 10%-20%. This is probably caused by
      better intra-operative surgical techniques and better understanding of the
      pathophysiology of gastrointestinal motility. The problem most frequently lies in
      the proximal small bowel particularly after operations on the colon, especially
      in the presence of inflammation or peritonitis. Differentiation between
      postoperative paralysis and mechanical obstructions is very difficult. Modern
      diagnostic techniques have not changed this fact. For assessment of the abdomen,
      repeated surgical investigations is still of more value than laboratory data
      alone.

PMID- 1793903
TI  - [Rethoracotomy after lung resection].
AB  - Postoperative complications after lung resection necessitating rethoracotomy are
      rare. The most common early complication is hemorrhage. Reintervention is
      indicated if bloody secretion of more than 250 ml/h persists over a period of
      hours. Any large intrapleural hematoma should be removed to avoid infection or
      development of pleural callosity. Further indications for rethoracotomy are:
      persistent parenchyma fistula, pneumothorax, residual cavity, pleural empyema,
      leakage of the bronchial stump and mechanical bronchial obstruction.

PMID- 1793904
TI  - [Preventive operations of the gallbladder and bile ducts].
AB  - Prophylactic cholecystectomy is indicated for cholelithiasis in diabetic
      patients, in hemolytic anemias, before transplantations for focus treatment or
      implantation of a cardiac valve and also before travelling to countries with poor
      infrastructure; or for precancerous lesions like GB papilloma, porcelain
      gallbladder or cystic choledochus. Furthermore one can consider prophylactic
      indication for cholecystectomy for asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis in young
      patients in order to prevent complications in future.

PMID- 1793905
TI  - [Preventive operations in intestinal abnormalities].
AB  - In intestinal anomalies, preventive surgical procedures include gastrostomies and
      enterostomies as well as some special operations such as ligature of the cardia
      and associated appendectomies. General indications for enterostomies are seen in
      life-threatening circumstances, i.e. prematurity, surfactant deficiency, major
      associated malformations and complications. Preventive surgical procedures are
      necessary in certain cases of esophageal atresia, complicated small bowel
      atresia, meconium ileus, anorectal malformations, Hirschsprung disease, neuronal
      intestinal dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis. Prophylactic surgery requires
      detailed knowledge of the definitive therapeutic procedure.

PMID- 1793906
TI  - [Preventive operations in hernia].
AB  - Between 1986 and 1990 1311 inguinal or femoral, 215 abdominal-wall, and 20 hiatal
      hernias were treated operatively at the Department of Surgery in Detmold. The
      operations were classified as follows: elective in 87.1%, in conjunction with
      other operations in 6.1%, and as emergency in 6.9%. Postoperative mortality was
      0.1% in elective surgery, but rose 85-fold to 8.5% in emergencies. Hernias
      therefore should nearly always be treated by elective surgery.

PMID- 1793907
TI  - [Preventive operation of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Since the transformation of adenoma into carcinoma has not been proved, surgery
      of cold nodules cannot be classified as "prophylactic". Early treatment of
      differentiated carcinomas can, however, prevent transformation into anaplastic
      carcinoma. Prophylactic lymphnode dissection is of proven value only in C-cell
      carcinoma; C-cell hyperplasia in the hereditary type of this tumor is the only
      clearly prophylactic indication to total thyroidectomy. Hyperthyroidism in
      functional thyroid autonomy can be prevented in a euthyroid stage. The aim of
      prophylaxis against recurrent goiter and hyperthyroidism influences the operative
      strategy in both, immunogenous and non-immunogenous hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 1793908
TI  - [Preventive operations of the lung and bronchial system].
AB  - There are four major prophylactic indications in thoracic surgery: (1) Intra
      pulmonary coin lesions with malignancy up to 50% and other potentially malignant
      tumors (carcinoid tumor, cylindroma, mucoepidermoid tumor, papilloma); (2)
      mediastinal tumors with potentially malignant growth (teratoma); (3) chronic lung
      infections including tuberculosis (bronchiectasis, abscess, chronic pneumonia,
      persistent tuberculoma, tuberculous cavity, destroyed lobe/lung); (4) cystic
      pulmonary disease followed by frequent complications (infection, bleeding,
      pneumothorax).

PMID- 1793909
TI  - [Preventive operations in transplantation surgery].
AB  - Historically, there are three phases of development: initially, prophylactic
      operations in transplant candidates were performed frequently, particularly to
      minimize complications of infection and stress ulceration. As a consequence of
      advanced experience and reduced immuno-suppression, the need for those operations
      declined. Today, by extending transplant indications to elderly patients and to
      more complicated situations, prophylactic surgery-particularly for concomitant
      cardiovascular disease-plays an increasing role. Indications for prophylactic
      surgery are also provided in endocrinal, oncologic and immunologic conditions.

PMID- 1793910
TI  - [Preventive operations in plastic surgery].
AB  - Prophylactic surgery is an operation meant mainly to be preventive but may also
      be performed in combination with other operations. These procedures should
      prevent tissue damage or prevent spread and increase of this damage. Examples of
      such operations are procedures such as after radiotherapy, pressure sores and
      scar tissue.

PMID- 1793911
TI  - [Acute abdomen in diagnostic delay of (congenital and traumatic) diaphragmatic
      hernia in childhood].
AB  - The article reports on three patients with an acute abdomen based on late
      presenting diaphragmatic hernia past the neonatal period. Two patients showed a
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia, the third an acquired diaphragmatic hernia
      caused by rupture. Diagnosis was made by conventional X-rays, partly with
      contrast studies. In the literature, the late-presenting diaphragmatic hernia
      varies between 5% and 31%. Infants present mainly respiratory symptoms, older
      children mostly gastrointestinal complaints. Radiologic misdiagnosis varies
      between 12% and 70%.

PMID- 1793912
TI  - [Is concomitant preventive appendectomy in childhood justified?].
AB  - Appendicitis is an entity without specific symptoms. Multiple false diagnoses
      result from this, especially in childhood, in pregnancy, and in old age. We
      discuss whether incidental protective appendectomy is recommended in childhood in
      small bowel obstructions due to intussusception, comparing the data obtained from
      100 children who were appendectomized with those of 32 children who were not.

PMID- 1793913
TI  - [Preventive orchidopexy of the contralateral testis after testicular torsion in
      childhood?].
AB  - Follow-up examinations following testicular torsion did not reveal any
      differences in the development of contralateral testicles preventively fixed
      compared with those which were not. It is thus concluded that criteria other than
      testicular development must be taken into account when deciding on mandatory
      contralateral orchiopexy in testicular torsion.

PMID- 1793914
TI  - [Obstructive uropathies in early childhood--surgical intervention as renal
      protection].
AB  - Anomalies in the urinary tract can be noticed early by prenatal sonography. In
      the case of obstruction, a decompressive procedure can follow immediately after
      birth. Long-term results of renal function in cases of pyeloureteral obstructions
      after 6-10 years make it clear that results are better the earlier pyelon
      resection is performed. In cases of obstructive megaureter, operative procedures
      are indicated for severe disturbances of ureteral transport. Progressive renal
      and ureteral wall destruction is promoted by performing operations too late.

PMID- 1793915
TI  - [The value of clinical and experimental results for surgical practice].
AB  - Since John Hunter first applied the scientific approach to surgery in the late
      18th century, it has been raised from the humble level of a handicraft to a
      highly experimental science. Although surgical research is essential, the
      practice of surgery has always been much influenced by the basic sciences. The
      clinical significance of experimental data has often only been recognized years
      later: research to no pre-defined end is also of utmost importance. Today in a
      time of cost explosion and overabundance of information cooperative and
      statistically well-planned studies are essential to optimize financial and
      physical resources. Fields of increasing interest such as gene technology,
      immunology and preventive medicine will certainly influence surgery in the near
      future. Minimal invasive and interventional techniques have already started to
      revolutionize surgical practice.

PMID- 1793916
TI  - [Oncologic surgery/pathologic-anatomic viewpoint].
AB  - Important progress achieved during the last years in four fields is reported: (1)
      Preoperative histological diagnosis: use of immunohistology, improvements by the
      2nd edition of the WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors; (2)
      pathology of lymphatic spread: detailed classification according to topography
      and number of involved nodes, increased knowledge of factors influencing
      lymphatic spread and standardization of examination methods with statements on
      the number of examined and involved nodes; (3) publication and worldwide
      acceptance of the uniform 4th edition of the TNM Classification; and (4)
      introduction of the residual tumor (R) classification.

PMID- 1793917
TI  - [Value of clinical and experimental results for general practice in esophageal
      surgery].
AB  - The most important results given by recent clinical studies concerning antireflux
      surgery are aimed at the avoidance of side effects. This seems to be achieved
      through the modification of the fundoplication (looser and shorter cuff). Up to
      now risk analysis in esophageal cancer was at the center of considerations;
      results were influenced by the patient's risk factors and surgical complications
      in the reconstruction. On the basis of such analyses, individual risk is now
      exactly predictable. Decisive prognostic factors are the complete extirpation of
      the tumors (R0-resection) and the nodal status (greater than 8 involved
      mediastinal lymph nodes). More attention is paid to the early detection of the
      malignant potency of the endobrachesophagus.

PMID- 1793918
TI  - [Current status of liver surgery].
AB  - Resection of subsegments, segments of lobes of the liver in anatomic borders are
      possible. Extensive mobilisation of the liver, operation with blood inflow
      interruption by a tourniquet, and apparative aids for liver dissection make this
      easier. Intraoperative ultrasound scanning is helpful. Early and late outcome in
      the management of benign and malignant tumors and metastases of the liver is
      described. The rupture of the liver requires well-defined therapy and
      determination. Packing of the liver or other operative procedures in the
      treatment of rupture depend on the experience of the surgeon.

PMID- 1793919
TI  - [New aspects of large intestine surgery].
AB  - Use of the biofragmentable anastomosis ring led to no significant differences in
      clinical results when compared with the use of conventional suture techniques.
      The patients' prognosis and the efficiency of perioperative portal chemotherapy
      are impaired by perioperative blood transfusions in colorectal cancer. Regarding
      proved risk factors for development of local recurrence, there is no significant
      difference between low anterior resection and abdominoperineal excision. Lymph
      node dissection is one important factor for ensuring an adequate oncological
      strategy in colorectal surgery.

PMID- 1793920
TI  - [Artificial feeding].
AB  - An infusion rate above 3 g/kg BW per day glucose leads to a reduction of
      oxidative metabolism of the energy sources glucose, free fatty acids, and
      exogenous triglycerides. Simultaneously splanchnic lipogenesis is stimulated and
      visceral protein utilization inhibited. During the 1st to 4th day after trauma
      Xylitol (3 g/kg BW per day) is superior to glucose with regard to oxidative
      metabolism of energy sources and stimulation of visceral protein synthesis. A
      comparable metabolic effect can be achieved by a glucose/xylitol mixture (1:1);
      (6 g/kg BW per day) during long-term nutrition.

PMID- 1793921
TI  - [Making a surgical decision: indications conference].
AB  - One of the most important parts of a surgeon's education is learning to develop
      an adequate system of indications for a surgical procedure. In medical structures
      with a "one department--one boss system" the indication conference lends itself
      well to this. The day prior to surgery all information on the particular patient
      are presented and there is an analysis of risk and benefit of the planned
      procedure and a discussion on the type of procedure. Prerequisites are the
      presentation of all relevant information and clarity in the decision-making
      process including an open discussion on the basis of objective facts.

PMID- 1793922
TI  - [Mortality and morbidity conference. Perioperative fatalities].
AB  - Postoperative complications in 4675 patients were investigated. There were
      specific patterns of complications with significant differences between vascular
      and general surgery and transplantation. On the basis of test operations
      (inguinal hernia, cholecystectomy, resection of colon and rectum) it could be
      shown that differences were ward-specific. Over a period of 12 years, a certain
      decrease of complication rates could be demonstrated (wound infection, from 9% to
      1.25%; pneumonia, from 8% to 2.5%; mortality, from 6.3% to 1.8%). Changes in
      clinical practice (antibiotic prophylaxis, bowel cleansing, introduction of new
      techniques, etc.) may be responsible for these improvements. We are convinced
      that a regular complication conference essentially influences the actions of
      physicians and nurses.

PMID- 1793923
TI  - [Surgical consultation].
AB  - A consultation is a diagnostic aid aimed at obtaining an interdisciplinary
      consensus. Personal introspection and the necessity of consultation with
      physicians from other fields mark the individual limitations, which a doctor
      should regard. It is important to choose the right expert. The surgeon is usually
      called on the decide between surgical and conservative therapy. The value of
      consultative advice is beyond question, but qualitative and quantitative
      evaluation is impossible for lack of clinical studies. The results of "Second
      Opinion"-programs quantify differences in opinion between consulting surgeons.

PMID- 1793924
TI  - [Internal medicine consultation].
AB  - Preoperative medical consultation may decrease the risk of surgery in multimorbid
      patients by an exact preoperative evaluation and pretreatment of all
      cardiopulmonary, hematologic and metabolic diseases. Excellent teamwork among
      internists, anaesthesiologists and surgeons is necessary. The increase in
      specialization in surgical and conservative medicine has produced a variety of
      alternative diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and so there should be a
      consensus as to which diagnostic and therapeutic procedure is best.

PMID- 1793925
TI  - [Theoretical surgery and making a clinical decision].
AB  - Theoretical surgery--if available in departments of surgery--participates in
      clinical decisions as a supportive system with concepts, structures, and methods
      of formal (statistical) and heuristic (problem-solving, individual) decision
      making. Decision making for groups of patients and for individual subjects is not
      identical, but also not mutually exclusive. Decision support is realized in terms
      of a defined instrument: the permanent, integrated working team of surgeons,
      theoretical surgeons, technical staff, and medical students. Hence the process
      and progress of decision support is determined by the effectiveness of these
      working groups.

PMID- 1793926
TI  - [How much general surgery does the specialist surgeon need? French
      considerations?].
AB  - General surgery is the basis of surgery and the prerequisite for any type of
      surgical intervention. General surgery is also the coordinating factor for all
      those patients whose state of health, requires the attendance of several
      specialists. Four conditions are mandatory for optimal training: 1. Criteria for
      admission 2. Duration of training: 4 years of basic surgical training with 2-3
      more years for specialization 3. Criteria for the standardization among the
      training centres (hospital accreditation system) 4. Quality control: at the end
      of the 1st year control of manual ability and after 4 years theoretical, clinical
      and practical examinations. These points are discussed and defended.

PMID- 1793927
TI  - [How much general surgery is needed for the trauma surgery specialty?].

PMID- 1793928
TI  - [Conservative surgery--introduction].
AB  - To choose a careful operative technique is to choose an advantageous cost/benefit
      ratio in terms of natural and human science. The results are comparable with
      those of other techniques, but there is an additional advantage in terms of
      quality of life.

PMID- 1793929
TI  - [How much subspecialty does the general surgeon need?].
AB  - In this context general surgery is that which is practised in peripheral
      hospitals. Specialisation in a broad spectrum of current problems is needed.
      Knowledge in subspecialties clearly depends on hospital categories. After a 4
      year basic block in general surgery a curriculum for the surgeon in peripheral
      hospitals is needed. It has to differ from a more narrow but highly specialized
      curriculum for academic and central hospitals.

PMID- 1793930
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of ambulatory surgery--introduction].
AB  - The necessary prerequisites for quality assurance are described. An analysis of
      the frequency and the scope of outpatient operation in the 91 surgical practices
      in Northern Wurttemberg, FRG, shows that, for the average practice, its
      significance is rather low. In contrast to this, the statistics of 41 practices
      of the "working group of outpatient operation of the BDC" show a clearly higher
      and more sophisticated capability, due to an annual operation frequency of 683 to
      3008 operations. Reference is made to the importance of the out-patient operation
      for health politics.

PMID- 1793931
TI  - [Ambulatory pediatric surgery--possibilities and limits].
AB  - Pediatric surgical operations performed on an ambulatory basis in a practice are
      still rare in Germany. Prerequisites, indications, possibilities and limitations
      are presented. Some 869 operations were performed under general anesthesia within
      21 months. Of the children 70% were under 5 years of age. The postoperative
      results were evaluated by means of a questionnaire in 352 children. Early
      complications occurred in five instances (1.4%) and late complications in one
      child (0.3%); hernia recurrence). Observing the possibilities and limitations,
      ambulatory pediatric surgery yields good results and takes the peculiarities of
      children into consideration.

PMID- 1793932
TI  - [Ambulatory surgery in plastic surgery].
AB  - The spectrum of plastic surgery is wide. It covers constructive, reconstructive
      and anaplastic surgery. A considerable portion of the operations can be carried
      out ambulatorily. Several examples show the practicability and limits. They are
      different according to the orientation of the surgeon and the equipment in his
      practice. Unfortunately also economic problems must be pointed out.

PMID- 1793933
TI  - [Proctologic surgery in ambulatory care].
AB  - The principles for operations in the outpatient department are similar for
      proctology and general surgery. The trained and experienced surgeon is able to
      perform operations above the pectinate line, for example, polyps, prolapsing
      tumors etc. without stretching the anal sphincters and without anaesthesia being
      necessary. Below the dentate line local anaesthesia is sufficient for operative
      treatment of the following diseases: perianal thromboses, tumors of the skin and
      the connective tissue, skin tags, second degree hemorrhoids, segmental anal
      prolapses, anal fissures, cryptitis, uncomplicated anal fistulas and perianal
      abscesses. The postoperative treatment follows the rules of healing by second
      intention.

PMID- 1793934
TI  - [Possibilities and limits for the private surgeon in Germany (private surgical
      practice in Germany)].
AB  - The proportion of all private doctors performing surgery in the FRG (7.7%) and
      breakdown of service in the areas of general surgery, accident and emergency
      surgery and vascular surgery in Lower Saxony, FRG. The demands are described made
      on the skill of the surgeon and on the private hospital are outlined, as is the
      legal situation with regard to the hospital owner, staff and other private
      doctors. Also included is information regarding anaesthesia, laboratory and
      roentgen. Guarantee of presence and the operation catalogue.

PMID- 1793935
TI  - [Conservative surgery].
AB  - Today the potentially dangerous aftereffects of surgical procedures such as shock
      or wound infection can be effectively prevented. The use of dissection technique
      which minimizes trauma to the surrounding tissues by means of a scalpel or
      electrocautery reduces the general impact of an operation. The use of atraumatic
      needles and modern, synthetic suture materials have decreased the incidence of
      wound infections significantly. Dissection along avascular fascial planes such as
      the adjacent lamellae allows the removal of large volumes of tissue without
      sequelae. Adjacent lamellae are special fasciae which enclose organs
      protectively.

PMID- 1793936
TI  - [Private practice in Switzerland].
AB  - Switzerland has 6.7 million inhabitants and 700 practising surgeons, half of whom
      work in private hospitals. A description is given of the situation in private
      practices and hospitals including structural and financing problems. The author
      outlines his range of professional activities and give two examples of frequently
      performed operations. The relationship of personal trust between patient and
      doctor is an integral part of this system and is fundamental to the fulfillment
      of our Hippocratic oath. Belegarzt is defined as specialist/practitioner with
      hospital affiliation.

PMID- 1793937
TI  - [Possibilities of therapy of hallux valgus et rigidus in a private hospital
      (Swanson great toe implant)].
AB  - In 1983 we decided to use Swanson's great toe implants in selected cases after
      previous clinical examinations and X-ray tests, especially the stemmed or the
      stemmed hinge great toe implant based on Swanson/Weil and the Swanson silastic HP
      double stemmed flexible hinge toe implant. Thus 97 patients were operated between
      1983 and 1989. Of these patients 82 were recently examined once again. In 80.5%
      of all cases good to very good results were achieved concerning functional or
      cosmetic aspects, X-ray tests and the patient's well-being.

PMID- 1793938
TI  - [Prerequisites for endoscopic esophagectomy].
AB  - Blunt dissection of the esophagus is considered the least invasive technique in
      the treatment of either benign or malignant disease of the esophagus. Its
      disadvantage is that it has to be carried out blindly. In order to reduce the
      degree of invasiveness of the surgical procedure, a new endoscopic microsurgical
      technique for dissection of the esophagus has been developed and tried out in
      animals. Our new endoscopic microsurgical technique obviates a thoracotomy, while
      direct endoscopic vision results in improved dissection. The endoscopic view
      permits selective exposure of blood vessels and prevents injury to the adjacent
      organs.

PMID- 1793939
TI  - [Arthroscopic meniscus suture].
AB  - Up to the late 1970s meniscectomy was a common procedure in case of meniscus
      tear. After operative technique was improved with arthroscopy and the meniscus
      was accepted as an important structure in the knee joint, different techniques of
      arthroscopic meniscus repair were demonstrated. Thirty-two patients were
      reexamined 2-4 years after arthroscopic meniscal repair by means of a technique
      developed in Cologne. Traumatic capsular lesions healed well even in case of
      persisting instability to the knee joint.

PMID- 1793940
TI  - [Arthroscopic cruciate ligament reconstruction].
AB  - A technique of arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with patellar tendon is
      presented. All meniscus surgery is performed arthroscopically. A special drill
      guide system is used, including intraoperative isometricity testing before
      drilling of the bone tunnels. Interference screw fixation is used on both graft
      sides. Results of 81 cases (34 acute, 47 chronic) with an average 20 months'
      follow-up are presented. Tegner's activity score reached preoperative values mean
      Lysholm's score was 97, 14% had a Lachman sign of 1+ or more, and 6% had a
      positive pivot-shift. No significant differences were found with KT-1000
      measurements.

PMID- 1793941
TI  - [Transanal microsurgery].
AB  - The system for TEM consists of a rectoscope of 40 mm diameter, stereoscopic
      optics and up to four surgical instruments for simultaneous application.
      Operation is performed under automatic gas distension. Since 1983 we have
      operated upon 332 patients, 280 of whom were analyzed in a prospective clinical
      trial. The complication rate was below 10%, mortality 0.3% and the recurrence
      rate ot the adenomas 4%. Compared to the conventional surgical procedures,
      postoperative pain is significantly lower and hospital stay and rehabilitation
      time are shorter.

PMID- 1793942
TI  - [Incidence and causes of typical injuries in popular sports].
AB  - The increasing participation in extensive athletics and leisure time activities
      correlates with increasing sport injuries. The surgeons tasks include being
      involved in preventing sport injuries and ensuring a correct diagnosis, as well
      as providing adequate surgical therapy. After sport injuries, the true diagnosis
      can be obscured by functional compensation. Therefore the case history and
      analysis of the trauma mechanism are important for an adequate surgical therapy.

PMID- 1793943
TI  - [The personality of the surgeon].
AB  - The surgeon's image has been altered considerably throughout the past decades by
      social and political influences. Most important of course are the many
      innovations within the field of surgery. A surgeon must be capable of adapting to
      changes within the realm of basic concepts and operative techniques. The
      qualifications of the individual surgeon therefore require an invariably high
      standard.

PMID- 1793944
TI  - [Injuries in track and field sports].
AB  - Acute injuries in track and field sports are rare compared to team or combatant
      sports (accident rate 0.4%-1%). Acute lesions are most frequent in the muscular
      system, followed by ruptures of the larger tendons as well as of the ligaments
      and capsule of the large joints. More frequent are the so-called chronically
      recurrent microlesions due to false or excessive strain and "endogeneous
      injuries." Pain at the insertions of the great tendons belongs to this category,
      for instance achillodynia, the so-called shin splint at the tibia, and jumper's
      knee involving the patella tendon. Operative treatment of muscle tears is only
      considered in cases of bigger extent, i.e. in 1/3 of the whole muscle diameter.
      Disruptions of the great tendons especially at the leg as well as unstable
      injuries of the capsular ligaments are an indication for reconstructive surgery.
      In cases of chronic sports injuries due to recurrent overstrain the noxious agent
      must be eliminated as a preventive step accompanied by some conservative methods
      of treatment. Stretching and warming up in combination with step-by-step
      rehabilitation training are of special importance.

PMID- 1793945
TI  - [Typical skiing injuries].
AB  - In a retrospective study of alpine skiing injuries which were seen at the Trauma
      Center of the University of Innsbruck in the years 1960-1991 a large change in
      "typical skiing injuries" was found. In the group of severe injuries, a large
      shift from the lower to the upper extremity (50.37%) has taken place. 3.93% of
      all patients were categorized as polytrauma patients in PTS groups II, IV, and
      1.19% of all skiers died immediately after the injury. While 191 fractures and
      118 capsular ligament injuries of the upper extremity were seen, 135 fractures
      and 229 severe capsular ligament lesions (mainly knee) of the lower extremity had
      to be treated.

PMID- 1793946
TI  - [The injury pattern in horseback riding].
AB  - Injuries are relatively rare in horse riding compared to other sports, but when
      they occur they are rather severe and dangerous: about 40% of the injured suffer
      from fractures, for instance and only 15% from sprains. About 20% have to be
      admitted to the hospital. Roughly 30% of the injuries involve the arm and 7.5%
      10% the spine. The head is injured in 20%, the brain in 8% and the lower
      extremity in only about 20%. That means that the majority of injuries involve the
      upper half of the body. One quarter of all lethal sport injuries are caused by
      horse riding.

PMID- 1793947
TI  - [The injury pattern in parachuting].
AB  - The typical injury in military parachuting is osseous or ligamentary injury of
      the ankle joint. When parachuting is done as a sport the risk of injury is
      highest in accuray jumping and formation jumping. Here; i too, most injuries
      involve the lower extremities. The overall risk for injury in parachuting is 1%
      2%.

PMID- 1793948
TI  - [Tendon injuries in sports].
AB  - Epidemiologic data on the incidence of tendon injuries in these actively engaged
      in sports are missing. The significance of the tendon injury lies in the
      prognosis for any further sporting activities, the risk of chronicity, and thus
      the impairment of functional capacity (fitness). Pathogenesis, clinical features
      and treatment of the most essential tendon injuries are presented, based upon a
      literature search. The choice between conservative and operative treatment of
      tendon injuries is great of practical significance.

PMID- 1793949
TI  - [New trends in the management of shaft fractures].
AB  - There is no major change in the indication of upper extremity fractures, although
      there is further refinement of plate design (LC-DCP), plate material (titanium),
      and operative technique ("biological osteosyntheses"). For lower extremity
      fractures, the external fixator has shown excellent results in the early phase of
      treatment, with some disadvantages the late phase. If a change to an
      intramedullary nail is planned, this should be performed in the early phase of
      treatment. The concept of the "pinless fixator" has shown great advantages for
      temporary stabilization, although further technical development is necessary. The
      claw interlocking nail allows easy distal locking without using X-rays. Unreamed
      nailing, with the advantage of less damage to the cortical blood supply and
      reduced pulmonary risk, will be of increasing importance, if the trend seen in
      current studies is confirmed.

PMID- 1793950
TI  - [Trends in indications and technique of osteosynthesis. Innovations in surgery of
      the spine].
AB  - More understanding of the biomechanics of injured segments, standardized dorsal
      and ventral accesses to all spinal column levels, and developments in fixation
      systems specifically conceived for the stabilization of vertebral column lesions
      have all greatly expanded the operative indications for spinal column injuries.
      Modern fixation systems should have the following features: short-term
      application, angular stability, universal suitability for all types of fractures,
      ability to bear axial loads, thus dispensing with the need for additional
      external stabilization.

PMID- 1793951
TI  - [Modern techniques in pelvic fractures including acetabulum fractures].
AB  - Unstable Fractures of the pelvic girdle should be stabilized as soon as possible.
      Use of standardized protocols for primary assessment and operative procedures can
      minimize complications and help to optimize clinical results after pelvic or
      acetabular fractures. The different methods of internal stabilization are not yet
      ideal but new developments are under way. A trend towards screw fixation can be
      seen in both pelvic and acetabular surgery, as well as a tendency to "localized"
      stabilization using small fragment implants to avoid unnecessary transfixations
      of pelvic joints.

PMID- 1793952
TI  - [Modification of the Ilizarov technique].
AB  - New bone has been known to form with callus distraction for a long time, yet its
      first therapeutical application was by Ilizarov. For the stepwise distraction of
      an osteotomy gap, various systems of fixation and transportation have been
      developed. The Augsburg and Basel systems, basing on the tubular AO external
      fixator, require only limited supplementing of implants. The most elegant and
      "physiological" way is certainly continuous callus distraction using an internal
      electrical motor, as the Munich intramedullary nail. In the long run, all systems
      will probably be changed to allow continuous distraction.

PMID- 1793953
TI  - [Vascular surgery techniques in cancer surgery].
AB  - Forty heads of university departments of surgery and 17 heads of vascular units
      answered a questionnaire concerning the problem "How much vascular surgery does
      the general surgeon need?" There was general agreement that every surgeon should
      be competent in the care of trauma (including vascular trauma) and that he should
      be familiar with vascular techniques as required in cancer surgery. Problems in
      surgical training arise whenever general and vascular surgical units operate
      completely separately, since the lack of training posts makes rotation of junior
      staff all but impossible.

PMID- 1793954
TI  - [Vascular complications in surgery of pancreatic cancer].
AB  - Anatomical knowledge of the complex vascularization of the pancreas lowers the
      risk of vascular injuries. Preoperative arteriography is useful in identifying
      individual variations. Special techniques are proposed for dissection of the
      posterior attachments. Occlusion of the intestinal arteries due to
      arteriosclerosis should be noted. This condition causes collateral circulation
      which is disturbed if the gastroduodenal artery is transected during cephalic
      resection. Additional procedures are mandatory in this case. The principles of
      reconstruction by vascular surgery are outlined for the injured vessel as well as
      for situations after vascular resection due to unexpected tumor invasion.

PMID- 1793955
TI  - [Reoperations of immediate and early complications after arterial
      reconstruction].

PMID- 1793956
TI  - [Reoperations of the abdominal aorta and pelvic arteries].
AB  - In 2654 aorto-iliac vascular reconstructions (1970-1990) it was necessary to
      perform 413 repeat operations (15.6%). A total of 231 reinterventions were done
      for late complications, i.e., after the end of the first postoperative year. The
      most frequent indications for repeat operation were recurrent stenoses or
      occlusions (4.5%), followed by anastomotic aneurysms (2.1%), aorto-enteric
      fistulas (0.7%), perigraft reactions (0.3%) and late infections (0.3%). Operative
      techniques and postoperative results are presented.

PMID- 1793957
TI  - [Corrective interventions after operations on the femoral arteries].
AB  - Increasingly we are forced to perform a correction after vascular surgery (in our
      hospital: 1980, 4%; 1990, 15%). The groin is one of the main areas affected by
      this problem. Two principle methods of reconstruction must be distinguished. 1.
      First operation in the inflow area, 2. First operation in the outflow area.
      Operation procedure, special features, results, and complications are presented.

PMID- 1793958
TI  - [Crural bypass as reoperation].
AB  - A retrospective study of 93 patients who have had repeat surgery at the tibial
      level for critical limb ischemia was carried out. In 21 patients a
      pseudoocclusion with a patent bypass graft was diagnosed and treated by PTA,
      thrombendarterectomy, or distal extension of the graft. The 5-year bypass patency
      was 60%, compared to 38% in those 72 patients that required a new bypass at the
      tibial level. Vein bypasses were better than prosthetic grafts. The number of
      previous operations did not negatively influence the outcome. However, the distal
      anastomosis should be placed on an artery that was not previously thrombectomized
      or operated on.

PMID- 1793959
TI  - [Current status of surgical treatment of deep vascular infections].
AB  - Systematic analysis of infection risk and possible therapy in vascular surgery
      require an exact definition and classification of stages of infection. The aim of
      these classifications is to use different therapeutical methods and to determine
      the prognosis in postoperative septic complication of vascular surgery. The whole
      repertoire of vascular surgery has to been used to eliminate the infection. This
      means aggressive treatment by explantation of alloplasty material, without
      consideration of the long-term results.

PMID- 1793960
TI  - [Interdisciplinary management of perforating heart injuries].
AB  - Penetrating cardiac injuries are being observed in urban regions with increasing
      frequency; due to improved advanced trauma life support ascending numbers of
      trauma victims are reaching the trauma centers still alive. The main
      pathophysiological determinant is acute pericardial tamponade. The time course of
      the patients' circulatory state cannot be predicted due to the nonlinear course
      of the pressure-volume relationship. Thus only after clinical diagnosis is made
      and if the circulation is poor should on-the-spot emergency subxiphoidal
      pericardiocentensis be considered and endotracheal intubation is indicated
      restrictively. The concept of clinical emergency room management is as follows:
      (1) Under stable circulatory conditions urgent exploratory pericardiotomy should
      be performed following sonographic confirmation; (2) in compensated state of
      shock and with clinical signs of tamponade immediate pericardiotomy should be
      done simultaneously with induction of anesthesia, abstaining from any diagnostic
      procedures; (3) in life-treating situations or under resuscitation emergency
      sternotomy should be performed by the surgeon present, aiming to control
      bleeding. Reconstruction can be done in cooperation with the cardiothoracic
      surgeon. The operative techniques used may extend from simple suturing of the
      myocardial injury to emergency aortocoronary bypass grafting. By quick
      interdisciplinary emergency management including basic cardiac surgical
      techniques (performed ideally by the trained general or trauma surgeon) even
      penetrating cardiac injuries can be treated with acceptable prognosis.

PMID- 1793961
TI  - [Traumatic aortic rupture: immediate surgery--interval operation?].
AB  - On the basis of our own patient population of the last 12 years which involved 17
      traumatic ruptures of the descending thoracic aorta in the isthmus area
      (preoperative hospital mortality at the time of diagnosis: 5.8%; surgical
      mortality: 27%; postoperative hospital mortality: 18.7%) the problems of
      assessing indications for surgical intervention in polytraumatized patients with
      aortic damage are discussed. The indications for "immediate surgery", for
      "surgery with delayed urgency", and for "surgery in the interval" are clearly
      defined.

PMID- 1793962
TI  - [Blunt aortic injury/choosing appropriate time for surgery].
AB  - Based on our experience in a cohort of 39 patients and also on the results of
      post-mortem findings obtained from the department of forensic medicine in
      Hamburg, we prefer to perform emergency surgery only in cases of aortic aneurysms
      over 6 cm in diameter, in cases of hemorrhage, or in coarctation syndrome.
      Because of the high incidence of concomitant multiorgan injuries, surgery for
      aortic lesions with only radiologic symptoms is not performed until a period of 2
      8 weeks has elapsed since the injury, according to the degree of stabilisation.
      With this strategy, the mortality in surgical management of aortic injuries in
      our department is about 15%.

PMID- 1793963
TI  - [Acute and chronic aortic rupture. Management without and with a protective
      bypass procedure].
AB  - The use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass in the surgery of thoracic aortic
      ruptures is still a matter of controversey. Since 1970, 38 patients with thoracic
      aortic rupture have been treated at our institution, 13 in a acute or subacute
      stage and 25 with traumatic aneurysm. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass was
      installed in 13 cases, and in 23 patients the "clamp and repair" technique was
      performed. Although there was no coherence between the occurrence of
      complications and the applied procedure, we prefer the use of partial
      cardiopulmonary bypass in view of the advantages in safe distal perfusion, direct
      retransfusion of blood, controlled decompression of the left heart, and the
      possibility to extend surgery to the aortic arch.

PMID- 1793964
TI  - [Primacy of soft tissue reconstruction in complicated tibial fracture--a new
      concept].
AB  - A total of 158 tibial shaft fractures with soft tissue injuries were treated from
      1986 to 1990. In cases with type III open fractures, early reconstructive
      procedures with local or free flaps were carried out after radical debridement.
      After 12 months 95% of these fractures had healed. Postoperative infection
      occurred only in 4 (2.5%) of these 158 tibial shaft fractures with soft tissue
      damage. Before 1986, without these principles, the infection rate of type III
      open fractures was 17%.

PMID- 1793965
TI  - [Functional reconstruction by neurovascular muscle and myocutaneous flaps of the
      lower extremity].
AB  - The management of resurfacing problems is simplified in using free, microvascular
      flaps in complex trauma or tumor surgery. To restore motor function neurovascular
      muscle or myocutaneous flaps are imperative. Therefore 29 neurovascular
      latissimus dorsi flaps in 28 patients among more than 570 free tissue transfers
      have been applied to the lower extremity. One patient had a monoblock transfer,
      while another had bilateral latissimus dorsi flaps to both legs. Reanimation of
      the neurovascular flaps was perceptible at an average of 13.5 months. Of the 29
      neurovascular muscle, or myocutaneous flaps 27 developed a joint excurvation
      according to muscle grading scale: M3 to M5.

PMID- 1793966
TI  - [Conservative surgical techniques: thyroid gland and adrenal gland surgery].
AB  - Atraumatic surgery in endocrine tumors means both anatomically atraumatic and
      functionally adequate. Anatomically, in thyroid diseases above all both the
      recurrent nerve and the parathyroids have to be preserved; also an minimally
      visible scar is of importance for the patient. Functionally, adequate technique
      in nontoxic goiter rendering the patient euthyroid despite the removal of all
      nodules. In diffuse autonomy and Graves' disease, hypothyroidism must be taken
      into account. Among adrenal tumors, pheochromocytomas deserve a careful approach:
      adequate preparation and early ligation of the adrenal vein after transabdominal
      access are the main goals. All other benign tumors should be resected through a
      posterior incision. Preserving a remnant of a normal adrenal gland after surgery
      for bilateral tumors is controversial.

PMID- 1793967
TI  - [Fasciocutaneous flap--a simple alternative to the musculocutaneous or free,
      microvascular flap of the lower extremity?].
AB  - Fasciocutaneous flaps demonstrate, in comparison to subcutaneous transposition
      flaps, far better local hemodynamic circulation and the length to width ratio can
      be increased to 3:1 or 5:1 so that they provide a simple method of closure in
      soft tissue defects. Fasciocutaneous flaps can be prepared rapidly and simply,
      due to the subfascial dissection, so that traumatic soft tissue defects can be
      closed directly. The donor site is closed with a split skin graft. Free
      musculocutaneous flaps and regional musculocutaneous island flaps are far more
      useful in large muscular defects, degloving injuries and osteomyelitis.

PMID- 1793968
TI  - [Plastic surgery measures in combined soft tissue defects of the lower leg].
AB  - Isolated or combined soft tissue defects of the lower leg are still a challenge
      as regard diagnostic and differential treatment. We distinguish acute and chronic
      isolated or combined soft tissue defect. Acute trauma within a multiple injury
      pattern is a special form of the acute soft tissue defect. For diagnostic
      purposes we use a preoperative and intraoperative standardized diagnostic
      programme. A new classification oriented towards the therapeutic procedure is
      presented, as is therapy algorithm which has been created.

PMID- 1793969
TI  - [Direct comparison of the effect of various synthetic skin replacement materials
      on the defect].
AB  - The reaction of wounds up to 6 days old to the influence of six different
      temporary skin replacement materials was studied in rats. The histological work
      up 1-7 days later showed material-dependent differences in wound reaction. The
      rate of adherence to the wound surface and the amount of granulation tissue,
      vascularization, and reepithelization was determinded. There is no ideal
      material; the special properties of each temporary skin substitute should be used
      according to the different surgical aims.

PMID- 1793970
TI  - [Development of a resorbable temporary skin replacement for large surface burn
      wounds].
AB  - Most of the temporary dressing used in the treatment of extensive burn wounds
      pose immunological permeability, or transparency problems. All available
      dressings must be removed, and removal is often painful and traumatic. The
      development of biodegradable wound dressings made of copolymers of lactic and
      caproic acid was part of a research program (BMFT/FRG). Four parameters determine
      the properties of the copolymers: Purity, mole ratio of monomers, molecular
      weight, and sequence. Films of these copolymers can be made transparent,
      permeable, and flexible. They are degraded by hydrolysis and the normal ways of
      metabolism.

PMID- 1793971
TI  - [Skin culture on the burn wound as a final skin replacement].
AB  - The epithelium-specific nutritive solution initially developed for laboratory use
      by Parshley and Simms allows the culture of autologous epithelium on a burn
      wound. The basal cell layer of the wound is encouraged to proliferate strongly if
      the fresh wound is kept moist until the time of epithelial transfer on about the
      10th day. Both mechanisms-growing skin on the wound an proliferation of the wound
      edges-lead to quick an painless wound healing. Histological, and particularly
      autohistoradiographical findings confirm these statements. Slides of clinical
      cases show the island-like growth of epithelium on the wound and the cosmetic
      result.

PMID- 1793972
TI  - [Acute and definitive management of burn wounds with cultured keratinocytes and
      free tissue transfer].
AB  - New methods in culturing epithelial autografts and the consequent use of free
      tissue transfer after early necrectomy of burns lead to an increase in survival
      rate and quality of life. The reconstruction of functional structures brings
      better results and early rehabilitation. The different stages are described, and
      the results of combined methods shown in several case reports.

PMID- 1793973
TI  - [Skin replacement after electric burns].
AB  - Skin reconstruction following electrical injuries is characterized by the
      difficulty of early diagnosis. There are two forms of tissue damage: (1) thermal
      trauma, (2) damage of cells due to high field strengths. For the diagnosis of
      macroskopically undetectable damage we use scintigraphy with technetium
      pyrophosphate and quantitative histological examination of the necrosis. After
      efficient debridement split thickness skin graft is only feasible in a few cases.
      Sometimes local flaps from areas without any tissue damage can be employed but
      mostly microvascular free flaps are used to cover the defect.

PMID- 1793974
TI  - [Conservative surgical techniques in the area of lung surgery].
AB  - An important condition for careful operations in lung surgery are modern
      anesthesia procedures like one-lung ventilation and high-frequency jet
      ventilation. The aim of careful procedures is the preservation of normal lung
      tissue. Most commonly broncho- and angioplastic resections are performed to avoid
      a pneumonectomy without loss of radicality. Minimally invasive endoscopic
      surgical techniques combined with laser application complete the spectrum of
      careful procedures in thoracic surgery, e.g., for resection of lung cysts or for
      thoracic sympathectomy.

PMID- 1793975
TI  - [External fixator montage].
AB  - In connection with the workshop on External Fixation of Fractures, some
      introductory remarks concerning indications, biomechanics, some technical
      details, aftercare, and possible complications are given. Each implant and
      technical system has advantages and disadvantages. Experiences with different
      implants and systems are described and demonstrated.

PMID- 1793976
TI  - [Science in freedom].

PMID- 1793977
TI  - [Priorities in polytrauma].
AB  - Principles of medical action in cases of polytrauma: Immediate concentrated
      introduction of all measures; simultaneous diagnosis and therapy; ideal
      management; inspection and palpitation initially adequate; systematic examination
      from head to foot; choice of a suitable hospital; appropriate scoring. Priority
      of action (in the hospital): disturbances in vital functions first;
      puncture/drain valvular pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade; laparatomize
      intraabdominal bleeding; emergency thoracotomy if severe bleeding persists;
      laboratory and X-rays; relieve intracranial bleeding; surgery to save vital
      organs; intensive-care ward.

PMID- 1793978
TI  - [Early treatment of the abdominal area].
AB  - Abdominal trauma has the priority in diagnosis and therapy after assuring
      cardiorespiratory function. Abdominal injuries are seen in 2%-5% of all
      accidents, often as polytrauma. In the FRG there are mainly blunt traumas (90%).
      Abdominal trauma is the leading injury in 51.6% of fatal traffic accidents. The
      frequency of the organ traumas is: spleen 30.2%, liver 19.2%, stomach/gut 13.1%,
      pancreas 5%, mesentery 2.2%. The consistently reported mortality rate of 20%
      obliges rapid and directed use of all diagnostic procedures, i.e. ultrasound,
      lavage, CT.

PMID- 1793979
TI  - [Early management of the intrathoracic area].
AB  - The procedures of preclinical management of chest injuries are presented.
      Emphasis is put on the different aspects of "acute thorax": sucking chest wound,
      pericardial tamponade, oligemic shock and open thorax. The primary acute
      management includes the chest tube, intubation, ventilation, pericardiocentesis
      and surgical management of penetrating chest trauma. The different in the
      literature are discussed.

PMID- 1793980
TI  - [The surgeon in emergency medicine--early management in the areas of the
      extremities].
AB  - The general principles at the scene of the accident are the following: Soft
      tissue wounds are covered with local sterile compresses to stop bleeding and
      abandon contamination. In fracture or luxation of small joints immediate
      reposition by careful traction and splint-fixation in neutral position ist most
      important. The correct primary management of open fractures combines the measures
      for wound and fracture treatment. Even in cases of spine trauma primary careful
      traction is essential, with emphasis on physiologic lordoses. Gentle transport
      and observation for neurologic changes ensue. The primary destination should be
      the nearest trauma center, not a specialist clinic.

PMID- 1793981
TI  - Cytomorphic studies on the neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of
      the Indian horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latrielle).
AB  - The central nervous system of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda contains two types of
      NSCs (A and B) differing as regards their size, cytoarchitecture and
      distribution. They are clearly distinguishable when stained with azan and
      Masson's trichrome, but react weakly to PAF and CHP. The A cells are large, with
      fine cytoplasm granules (NSM), and are distributed below the perineurium, while
      the B cells are much smaller, contain coarse granules and are distributed in the
      vicinity of the neuropil. The posterior third of the circumoesophageal ring and
      the abdominal ganglia contain a far larger number of NSCs compared to the
      anterior part of the CNS. The ability of NSC groups to form numerous axon
      bundles, decussation of the neurosecretory axons, the presence of a rich
      capillary network round neurosecretory perikaryons and the appearance of atypical
      neurons in the anteromedian part of the CNS are further striking features
      discussed with reference to the neurosecretory phylogeny of the species in
      question.

PMID- 1793982
TI  - The development and formation of the sulci on the dorsal surface of the sheep's
      brain.
AB  - The authors studied development of the sulci on the dorsal surface of the brain
      of 150 merino sheep. The sulcus coronalis was the first to appear, at a CR length
      of 162 mm (72-75 days). Further sulci originated in the following sequence: the
      sulcus ansatus at a CR length of 178 mm (76-77 days), the sulcus cruciatus at 180
      183 mm (77-78 days), the sulcus marginalis at 185 mm (78-79 days), the sulcus
      ectomarginalis at 221 mm (85-86 days) and the sulcus endomarginalis at 265-270 mm
      (96-97 days). After the sulci have been formed, their development continues with
      accentuation of secondary branching.

PMID- 1793983
TI  - Anatomical and histochemical studies of the olfactory apparatus of three teleost
      fishes and its significance in their behaviour.

PMID- 1793984
TI  - Thiourea as a xenobiotic, showing its adverse effects on mortality, behaviour and
      metamorphosis and on histopathological and cytological changes in the developing
      ovaries of Dysdercus similis.
AB  - The effect of thiourea (applied topically, in different concentrations, to the
      eggs and all the nymphal instars, and to adults also by feeding) on the red
      cotton-bug Dysdercus similis was studied. The eggs were severely affected (i.e.
      mortality was high), while the nymphal instars showed an adverse effect on
      ecdysis and adults which emerged from the treated last nymphal instar were
      characterized by high mortality, abnormal behaviour and reduced fecundity and
      viability. They were also smaller, weaker and morphologically abnormal compared
      with the controls and were differently coloured. They were likewise unable to
      reproduce, owing to atrophy of the gonads. The ovaries contained a large number
      of immature, pathological oocytes with degenerating follicular epithelium, which
      was thin with a regular outline in the early stages, but later became
      multilayered, with pyknotic nuclei, and displayed active destruction of
      glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Fibrogenesis and thickening of the tunica propria
      were clearly discernible. Although treated females were kept together with
      untreated males, the two showed no signs of being attracted to one another and
      displayed no mating behaviour, although some females showed a very low degree of
      ovulation. Only a few survived the Ist nymphal instar and none survived up to
      adult emergence, despite being kept under normal laboratory conditions.

PMID- 1793985
TI  - A morphometric analysis of the capillary basement membrane as a diagnostic
      parameter in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Thirty-seven diabetic patients were examined by a morphometric analysis of the
      basement membrane at submicroscopic level. According to how long they had had
      diabetes they were divided into three groups (A less than 2 years, B less than 15
      years, C greater than 15 years) and the BM thicknesses measured were compared
      with the data obtained in five control subjects. Simultaneous biochemical and
      clinical screening was used to elaborate a Spearman's non-parametric correlating
      coefficient. The results confirmed that morphometric evaluation of the state of
      the capillary BM in skeletal muscle can be employed as a marker of organic
      complications in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1793986
TI  - Acrylamide alters the ultrastructure of the liver cells of the Egyptian toad.

PMID- 1793987
TI  - Use of the metal replica technique in the electron microscopy of collagen.
AB  - The authors present a survey of visualization of the individual types of collagen
      by the metal replica technique, special attention was paid to the visualization
      of type IX collagen, which, together with type XI, is a minor component of
      cartilage collagen. The molecule of this collagen type contains three collagen
      and four non-collagen domains and during the isolation involving pepsin digestion
      it is cleaved into MHW and LMW fragments. The HMW fragment can be further cleaved
      into shorter and longer arm. Results of statistical evaluation of 199 measured
      molecular fragments showed the following length: whole molecule 194 +/- 23 nm,
      HMW 136 +/- 16 nm, the longer arm of the HMW 87 +/- +/- 12 nm and the LMW of
      shorter arm of the HMW 43 +/- 9 nm.

PMID- 1793988
TI  - Seasonal histological changes in the ovary of the fish Puntius ticto and their
      relationship to heavy metal toxicity.

PMID- 1793989
TI  - Effect of lead on the pituitary and gonads of a freshwater fish, Nemacheilus
      botia.
AB  - The effects of lead on the pituitary, testes and ovaries of the fish Nemacheilus
      botia were evaluated after an interval of 30 days. Degenerative changes were
      observed in the endocrine glands. The LC50 values and chemical and physical
      indicators of water pollution were also studied.

PMID- 1793990
TI  - Development of the mesonephros, metanephros and gonads in the foetal dog.
AB  - We describe the chronology of the development of the renal system and gonads of
      19 greyhound foetuses. The smallest specimens were embedded in paraffin wax and
      were sectioned serially at 10 microns; the rest were sectioned at 50 microns in
      an LKB 2250 PMV cryomicrotome. Selected sections were stained with haematoxylin
      and eosin. The mesonephros, metanephros and gonads were measured in drawings of
      the sections, using the area fraction programme of a Vids II image analyse.

PMID- 1793991
TI  - Morphological and morphometric development of the stomach and intestine of the
      foetal dog.
AB  - We describe the chronology of development of the stomach and intestine in 18
      greyhound foetuses. Using an LKB 2250 PMV cryomicrotome, we obtained
      corresponding series of sections (50 microns). Very small specimens were embedded
      in paraffin wax and sectioned at 10 microns. Selected sections were stained with
      haematoxylin and eosin. For measurement, the fractional area programme of a Vids
      II image analyser was employed.

PMID- 1793992
TI  - Growth curve of the foetal dog and the morphometry of its internal cavities and
      organs.
AB  - In the present study we determined the foetal growth curve of the greyhound.
      Using an LKB 2250 PMV cryomicrotome, we studied selected sagittal sections from
      15 foetuses of the same breed of dog and described the expansion and development
      of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the lungs, the liver and (in part) the
      heart and the thymus. Drawings of the sections were measured by means of a Vids
      II image analyser and its fractional area programme.

PMID- 1793993
TI  - A comparative study of the morphology and anatomy of the olfactory organs of two
      marine fishes with different habitats--Trichiuris savala (Cuv. et Val.) and
      Tetrodon leopardus (Russel).
AB  - The authors carried out a comparative study of olfaction in two marine fishes.
      The olfactory organs of Trichiuris savala (a middepth feeder) were found to be
      well developed and capable of detecting smells, whereas in Tetrodon leopardus,
      which is a bottomfeeder and preferably frequents the sea-bed, the olfactory
      organs have been secondarily modified to mushroom-shaped bosses.

PMID- 1793994
TI  - Comparative study of the olfactory organs of two hill-stream fishes--Labeo boggut
      (Sykes) and Ailia coila (Ham.).
AB  - The paper presents a comparative study of the olfactory organs of two hill-stream
      fishes--Labeo boggut and Ailia coila. It was found that the olfactory organs of
      Labeo boggut were less well developed than those of Ailia coila, in which
      olfactory area is greater than in Labeo boggut. According to Teichmann's (1954)
      classification, Labeo boggut belongs to group I, whereas Ailia coila belongs to
      group II.

PMID- 1793995
TI  - Dichlorvos-induced histoarchitectural changes in the oocytes of a freshwater
      fish.
AB  - The common edible air-breathing catfish Clarias batrachus was exposed to lethal
      and sublethal concentrations of the organophosphorus insecticide dichlorvos. This
      produced significant cytoarchitectural changes in the oocytes, including
      pronounced vacuolation, degeneration and deformation. Clumping of the cytoplasm
      and karyohypertrophy were also evident and rupture of the cell wall, with
      extrusion of the cytoplasm and the nuclei, was observed.

PMID- 1793996
TI  - Physiological reactivity and Type A behavior in preschool children: a
      longitudinal study.
AB  - Measurements of Type A behavior were related to cardiovascular (systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) and neuroendocrine (urinary catecholamines
      and cortisol) reactivity in 30 male and 30 female preschool children during
      various active conditions at their mean ages of 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5.
      Significant elevations of physiological arousal occurred in most active
      conditions and for all physiological variables except cortisol. Playgroup leaders
      in daycare centers filled out a Swedish version of the scale measuring Type A
      behavior, and boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls. Whereas Type
      A scores were relatively consistent over time, however, physiological reactivity
      was not a stable individual characteristic, and correlations between Type A
      scores and cardiovascular reactivity reached significance in only 4 of 33 tests
      for the boys (one negative correlation) and in 1 case for the girls. Correlations
      between Type A scores and catecholamine reactivity did not reach significance. In
      summary, the data do not support the assumption of a consistent relationship
      between Type A behavior and physiological reactivity in preschool children. A
      significant correlation (r = .57, p less than .01) found for boys during a
      computer game suggests that an association may exist during "Type A-relevant"
      challenge.

PMID- 1793997
TI  - Perceived susceptibility to heart disease and preventive health behavior among
      Type A and Type B individuals.
AB  - Although the Type A behavior pattern has been the subject of extensive research,
      surprisingly little information is available about the preventive health behavior
      of this population. Measures of perceived susceptibility, preventive health
      behavior, current stress, and risk for cardiovascular disease were obtained from
      37 Type A and 37 Type B college students. Results indicated that the Type A
      students generated susceptibility judgments that covaried significantly with
      perceived stress. Susceptibility judgments for the Type B group, however,
      covaried significantly with nonbehavioral cardiovascular risk-factor status.
      Correlations between perceived susceptibility and preventive health behavior also
      differed between the two groups. For the Type A group, increments in perceived
      susceptibility were associated with decrements in preventive behavior. For the
      Type B group, however, increments in perceived susceptibility were associated
      with increments in preventive behavior. Between-group comparisons of preventive
      health behavior indicated that Type A participants were less likely to use
      relaxation and avoidance of overwork but were more likely than those who were
      Type B to regulate their diets.

PMID- 1793998
TI  - Brief uncontrollable stress and psychological parameters influence human plasma
      concentrations of IgM and complement component C3.
AB  - Thirty-eight men participated in a study of immunological, hormonal, and
      psychological parameters before and after acute stress situations. A brief but
      acute stress was repeated daily for 4 days. This exposure caused the plasma
      levels of IgM and C3 to increase from Basal Day to Experimental Day 4.
      Significant correlations between endocrine and immunological parameters, and also
      between psychological measures and immunological parameters, were found. Use of
      psychological defense was related both to endocrine and immunological changes.
      The authors concluded that psychological stress may influence immunological
      functions both indirectly, by hormonal changes, and directly, by nervous
      regulation during brief but acute stress periods.

PMID- 1793999
TI  - Predicting women's delay in seeking medical care after discovery of a lump in the
      breast: the role of personality and behavior patterns.
AB  - Experts agree that the detection of breast cancer in the early stages
      significantly enhances the chance of recovery. Although most women are aware of
      this, many still delay in seeking medical care. This study examined the
      relationship between four personality measures--health locus of control,
      hopelessness, repression-sensitization, and trait anxiety--and women's delay in
      approaching a doctor after discovering a lump in the breast. The authors also
      examined the relationship between delay and behavioral manifestations of body
      awareness representing the extent of the women's "contact" with their bodies.
      Five self-report inventories were administered to 62 women who had come for a
      biopsy as a result of a suspected breast tumor. No significant correlations were
      found between the personality variables and the time that elapsed before the
      women approached a doctor. On the other hand, a significant correlation was found
      between delay in seeking medical care and the measure of the women's "contact"
      with her body. Possible explanations to account for these results are suggested
      and their application to planning health education programs is discussed.

PMID- 1794000
TI  - Female physicians outscore male physicians and the general public on Type A
      scales in Denmark.
AB  - The Jenkins Activity Survey was used to measure four components of coronary-prone
      behaviors in large random samples of Danish male and female physicians and of men
      and women in the general public. As expected, men in the general public tended to
      score higher than women in terms of coronary-prone behavior. In contrast, female
      physicians scored higher than male physicians on several components of coronary
      prone behavior related to career goals, ambitiousness, job involvement, and time
      urgency. The findings suggest that female physicians in Denmark may be influenced
      by psychosocial factors that make them particularly prone to develop and/or
      express coronary-prone behaviors.

PMID- 1794001
TI  - Piracetam. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its
      therapeutic use in senile cognitive disorders.
AB  - Piracetam is the first of the so-called 'nootropic' drugs, a unique class of
      drugs which affect mental function. In animal models and in healthy volunteers,
      the drug improves the efficiency of the higher telencephalic functions of the
      brain involved in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. The
      pharmacology of piracetam is unusual because it protects against various physical
      and chemical insults applied to the brain. It facilitates learning and memory in
      healthy animals and in animals whose brain function has been compromised, and it
      enhances interhemispheric transfer of information via callosal transmission. At
      the same time, even in relatively high dosages it is devoid of any sedative,
      analeptic or autonomic activities. How piracetam exerts its effects on memory
      disorders is still under investigation, although among other proposed mechanisms
      of action it is thought to facilitate central nervous system efficiency of
      cholinergic neurotransmission. Results from trials involving elderly patients
      with senile cognitive disorders have been equivocal, as have the results obtained
      when piracetam has been combined with acetylcholine precursors. Piracetam seems
      to be almost completely devoid of adverse effects, and is extremely well
      tolerated. In conclusion, opinion is divided as to the benefits of piracetam in
      the treatment of senile cognitive decline. Although double-blind studies in the
      elderly have produced mixed results, some such trials (particularly those
      involving larger numbers of patients) have reported favourable findings, thus
      offering some reason for cautious optimism in a notoriously difficult area of
      therapeutics. However, further investigations of piracetam alone and in
      combination therapy are required before any absolute conclusions can be drawn.

PMID- 1794002
TI  - The need for a review journal of drug use and the elderly.

PMID- 1794003
TI  - Choosing the optimum therapy for older hypertensive patients.
AB  - The older hypertensive patient (greater than or equal to 60 years) is at
      progressive risk of suffering from cardiovascular complications of hypertension
      (heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, occlusive peripheral arterial
      disease and renal failure). In this age group, hypertension is quantified as a
      blood pressure equal to or greater than 160/95mm Hg (average of 3 times 3
      readings). With an increasing baseline risk, the returns of antihypertensive
      treatment increase, at least up to the age of 80 years. Prospective therapeutic
      trials have shown considerable benefits regarding prevention of stroke and
      congestive heart failure. This particularly applies to thiazide-type diuretics.
      Before any treatment is undertaken, the cardiovascular status of the older
      hypertensive patient should be assessed with utmost care, because target organ
      damage may turn the normalisation of blood pressure into a disadvantage. The
      profiles of currently available drugs are reviewed against the background of
      aging. There is not yet any firm evidence to support the thesis that some drug
      classes are better suited than others for treating older hypertensive patients,
      although some caution with alpha 1-blockers and centrally acting agents seems
      appropriate. Finally, some practical recommendations are presented on the build
      up of optimum therapy in individual patients.

PMID- 1794004
TI  - Treatment of the elderly patient with headache or trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - The elderly as a whole suffer fewer headaches than the young. For the majority
      headache will represent a minor annoyance to be endured or treated with any
      available drug in the medicine chest. For some, migraine headaches or tension
      type headaches become entwined with every daily activity. With the advent of
      modern pharmacology, headache can often be treated successfully. Trigeminal
      neuralgia is a source of particularly high morbidity among the elderly, but may
      be treated very satisfactorily with carbamazepine or baclofen. Paroxysmal
      hemicrania is exquisitely sensitive to indomethacin, while cluster headache
      patients receive relief from oxygen inhalation, corticosteroids or lithium.
      Headache may be the signature of the disease which leads to serious morbidity and
      mortality. The 'sentinel' headache of subarachnoid haemorrhage is evaluated by a
      physician in 15% of patients who will eventually rupture an intracranial
      aneurysm. Morning headache with nausea and vomiting may represent increased
      intracranial pressure caused by a tumour, haematoma or abscess. The elderly
      patient with a new headache needs emergency evaluation for temporal arteritis and
      rapid corticosteroid treatment if the diagnosis is confirmed, to prevent
      blindness. The broad spectrum of headache, at times a benign aggravation, while
      at others the harbinger of death, makes the careful evaluation of each headache
      imperative. This article attempts to make the difficult evaluation of head pain a
      little easier.

PMID- 1794005
TI  - Is ganglioside GM1 effective in the treatment of stroke?
AB  - Nine double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 784 patients with
      nonhaemorrhagic stroke have been reviewed to investigate the clinical efficacy of
      ganglioside GM1 in this disorder. The evaluated data show a statistically
      significant, but transient, acceleration in recovery from neurological deficits
      in 63% of all GM1-treated patients during the first 2 weeks after the event
      compared with placebo. Both studies in which the first administration of GM1
      occurred within 48 hours after stroke demonstrated a statistically significant
      benefit in neurological recovery for the GM1-treated patients, suggesting an
      advantage of early administration. However, quantitative neurological assessments
      of GM1- and placebo-treated patients between 2 weeks and 6 months, disability
      scores and mortality rates failed to show significant differences. The problems
      and limitations of the trials (differences in patient populations studied, lack
      of standardised assessment criteria, etc.) are discussed, and potential
      mechanisms of GM1 action and factors that influence treatment results (e.g. early
      administration) are evaluated.

PMID- 1794006
TI  - Transdermal nitroglycerin. Does it really work in the treatment of angina?

PMID- 1794007
TI  - Poisoning in the elderly. Epidemiological, clinical and management
      considerations.
AB  - Poisoning is a significant problem in the elderly. The majority of poisonings in
      older people are unintentional and may result from dementia and confusion,
      improper use of the product, improper storage or mistaken identities. Depression
      is also common in the elderly and suicide attempts are more likely to be
      successful in this age group. The elderly patient's recuperative abilities may be
      inadequate as a result of numerous factors including impaired hepatic or renal
      function as well as chronic disease processes. General management of poisoning in
      the elderly parallels management of younger adults, but it is especially
      important to ascertain underlying medical conditions and concurrent medications.
      In most poisonings, activated charcoal and cathartic are sufficient.
      Haemodialysis or haemoperfusion may be required at lower plasma drug
      concentrations in elderly patients. While the specific indications for antidotes
      are the same for all age groups, dosage alterations and precautions may need to
      be considered in the elderly. Drugs most often implicated in poisonings in the
      elderly include psychotherapeutic drugs, cardiovascular drugs, analgesics and
      anti-inflammatory drugs, oral hypoglycaemics and theophylline. Cardiovascular and
      neurological toxicities occur with overdoses of neuroleptic drugs and, more
      frequently and severely, with cyclic antidepressants. Patients with pre-existing
      cardiovascular disease are at particular risk of worsening ischaemic heart
      disease and congestive heart failure. Benzodiazepines only appear to produce
      significant toxicity during long term administration or in combination with other
      CNS depressants. Digoxin can cause both chronic and acute intoxication, most
      seriously cardiac toxicity including severe ventricular arrhythmias, second or
      third degree heart block or severe refractory hyperkalaemia. Immune Fab antibody
      is indicated for the management of digoxin toxicity, although patients dependent
      on the inotropic effect of digoxin may develop heart failure after digoxin Fab
      antibody administration. Nitrates can cause toxicity including headache,
      vomiting, hypotension and tachycardia from excessive sublingual, transdermal or
      intravenous doses. Conduction disturbances and hypotension occur with overdoses
      of antihypertensive drugs; these effects are mild with angiotensin converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, occasionally severe with beta-blockers and of
      significant concern with calcium channel antagonists. The elderly commonly use
      aspirin and other salicylates, are more likely to develop chronic intoxications
      to these agents, and are more susceptible to severe complications such as
      pulmonary oedema. Salicylate poisoning, recognition of which is often delayed,
      should be considered in elderly patients with neurological abnormalities or
      breathing difficulties, especially in the setting of acid-base abnormalities. The
      clinical effects of NSAID overdose are mild and usually involve the central
      nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1794008
TI  - Flutamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic use in advanced prostatic cancer.
AB  - Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogenic drug devoid of hormonal agonist
      activity, is used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. In previously
      untreated patients, flutamide 750 mg daily given alone is of comparable efficacy
      to diethylstilbestrol (stilboestrol) 1 or 3 mg daily and estramustine 560 or 840
      mg daily, but has the potential advantages of fewer cardiovascular effects and
      maintenance of some sexual potency. Its greatest therapeutic potential is as a
      component of combination androgen blockade, where administration with an agonist
      analogue of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) [luteinising hormone-releasing
      hormone (LH-RH)] in both initial uncontrolled and randomised studies increased
      survival time relative to GnRH agonist monotherapy or orchidectomy. Subsequent
      multicentre trials, however, have been unable to confirm an improvement in
      survival time. Thus, while there seems to be little doubt that flutamide prevents
      the initial disease flare caused by GnRH agonists, an improvement in remission
      rate and survival remains contentious. Flutamide is generally well tolerated and
      is suitable monotherapy in patients with previously untreated advanced prostatic
      cancer who wish to preserve sexual potency. However, full assessment of the role
      of combination androgen blockade awaits publication of the final results of
      ongoing multicentre trials.

PMID- 1794009
TI  - The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly (Part I).
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed
      drugs worldwide when grouped by generic categories and account for 3 to 9% of
      total prescription numbers in various countries. While NSAIDs are responsible for
      approximately 25% of all reported adverse drug reactions, aging may substantially
      increase the risk of NSAID-induced reactions. Several factors may contribute to
      NSAID-related toxicity in the elderly. The increase in morbidity associated with
      aging may result in consumption of a wide range of potent drugs, while
      inappropriate drug therapy and aberrant compliance are also capable of
      contributing to adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients. Age-related
      alterations in pharmacokinetics may influence the handling of NSAIDs in the
      elderly; in particular, dosage reduction is appropriate for azapropazone
      (apazone), naproxen, ketoprofen and salicylates administered to healthy aged
      patients, whereas the presence of renal disease may also necessitate dosage
      reduction of diflunisal, indomethacin, sulindac and mefenamic acid. Changes in
      NSAID pharmacodynamics with aging, such as increased CNS sensitivity to NSAIDs
      and impaired homeostasis, also predispose the elderly to NSAID-related adverse
      effects. It is undisputed that gastrointestinal toxicity due to NSAID therapy is
      a class effect. A significant association has been found between aspirin and
      uncomplicated gastric, but not uncomplicated duodenal ulcer, while nonaspirin
      NSAIDs are significantly associated with both uncomplicated gastric and duodenal
      ulceration. The use of NSAIDs is accompanied by a 2- to 5-fold risk of serious
      complications of peptic ulcer disease, i.e. haemorrhage or perforation, which
      increases in the elderly, particularly women. A broad range of renal side effects
      has been ascribed to NSAIDs, of which acute renal impairment is the most common
      in the elderly. Although most NSAIDs have been reported to cause hepatotoxicity,
      serious abnormalities of liver function are rare and are largely unpredictable.
      Other adverse effects due to NSAIDs have also been described, some of which (e.g.
      cardiovascular, CNS and haematological effects) may be more common in the
      elderly.

PMID- 1794011
TI  - Ethical considerations in pharmacotherapy of the aged.

PMID- 1794012
TI  - Digoxin or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for congestive heart failure
      in geriatric patients. Which is the preferred treatment?

PMID- 1794010
TI  - Diagnostic and pharmacological approaches in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is a chronic progressive disease affecting higher
      intellectual functioning. The clinical diagnosis is made when the onset of
      illness is insidious, the course slowly progressive and all the treatable causes
      of dementia have been ruled out. The use of more stringent criteria has improved
      clinical diagnosis, but at best only 80% of patients are accurately diagnosed.
      Ultimately the diagnosis depends upon pathological confirmation. The neuritic
      plaques and neurofibrillary tangles described by Alzheimer, although not
      pathognomonic for the disease, continue to be the basis for pathological
      diagnosis. The aetiology and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease are presently
      unknown. Epidemiological studies have suggested a genetic basis for the disorder,
      and many biochemical studies have linked it to degeneration of central
      cholinergic neurons, and possibly to abnormalities of other neurotransmitter
      systems. A marker which would permit accurate diagnosis early in the course of
      disease would be of major importance to researchers and clinicians alike. No
      marker has been found to date, although recent research results are promising.
      Various pharmacological strategies have been employed in the treatment of
      Alzheimer's disease. More recently attempts have focused on enhancing central
      cholinergic transmission. Despite the well-founded rationale for these studies,
      results have been modest.

PMID- 1794013
TI  - Noncompliance in the elderly. Is there a cure?

PMID- 1794014
TI  - Nutritional supplements in the ambulatory geriatric population. Should they be
      recommended?

PMID- 1794017
TI  - Cost-benefit considerations in the treatment of elderly people.

PMID- 1794016
TI  - Selegiline. A review of its pharmacology, symptomatic benefits and protective
      potential in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Selegiline (deprenyl) is a selective inhibitor of cerebral monoamine oxidase type
      B at the dosage (10 mg/day) used in patients with Parkinson's disease. Through
      this activity, the drug increases nigrostriatal dopamine levels, and may protect
      neurons against damage by free radicals and possibly exogenous neurotoxins.
      Selegiline also inhibits dopamine reuptake from the synaptic cleft. Because of
      its selectivity, selegiline 10mg daily does not prevent the breakdown and
      exacerbate the indirect pressor effects of dietary amines such as tyramine; it is
      devoid of the 'cheese' effect. Following oral administration, selegiline is
      rapidly metabolised to L-methamphetamine and L-amphetamine, which may account for
      the euphoria and insomnia seen in many patients, although potentiation of
      dopaminergic activity with concurrent levodopa appears more likely. The drug is a
      useful adjunct to levodopa in Parkinsonism, improving 'end-of-dose' fluctuations,
      producing modest improvements in motor function, and allowing a reduction in
      levodopa dosage. Indeed, if levodopa dosages are not decreased when selegiline is
      added to the therapeutic regimen, peak concentration dyskinesias due to levodopa
      are often exacerbated. However, symptomatic benefits are rarely maintained for
      more than a year and selegiline is relatively ineffective in allaying the abrupt
      swings in response to levodopa ('on/off' effects). When used alone in patients
      with mild disease, selegiline appears to slow the rate of symptom progression and
      may extend survival, through either neuroprotection or symptom relief. Whichever
      mechanism(s) is responsible, there is strong evidence to suggest that selegiline
      should be considered both in patients newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in
      an attempt to delay symptom progression, and in those experiencing dose-dependent
      fluctuations in response to levodopa.

PMID- 1794018
TI  - Electrolyte disorders in the elderly.
AB  - Electrolyte abnormalities in the elderly are common and it is most important to
      establish if drug treatment is the cause, as this is so easily remediable. The
      vast majority of electrolyte disturbances will settle with treatment of the
      underlying condition. Great attention must be paid to fluid balance to establish
      if the patient is receiving too little, which could induce hypernatraemia, or too
      much, particularly after surgery, which may induce hyponatraemia. Electrolyte
      levels should be checked ideally before and certainly after the prescription of
      diuretics. In the elderly it is important that the electrolyte levels be checked
      if the patient exhibits any vague symptoms, particularly if they are taking a
      diuretic. Care must be taken in replacing potassium as in most cases this is
      unnecessary and may have a significant morbidity.

PMID- 1794015
TI  - The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly (Part II).
AB  - The elderly are most susceptible to pharmacokinetic drug interactions between
      various NSAIDs and anticoagulants, sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents, certain
      anticonvulsants, methotrexate, digoxin, aminoglycosides and lithium.
      Pharmacodynamic interactions between some NSAIDs and antihypertensive drugs,
      anticoagulants, sulphonylurea agents and other NSAIDs are also potentially
      significant in the elderly. Despite the finding that mean therapeutic responses
      of large groups of patients have been generally equivalent for the wide range of
      NSAIDs studied thus far, it is also apparent that marked variability exists in
      the response of individual patients to different NSAIDs. Subsequent dosage
      increments may predispose 'nonresponders' and some less sensitive 'responders' to
      toxicity from NSAIDs. This interindividual variability in response to NSAIDs may
      be contributed to by the differing physicochemical properties of NSAIDs,
      physician prescribing habits and patient expectations, variations in NSAID
      pharmacokinetics, and the differing effects of NSAIDs other than their common
      ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The principles for drug prescribing
      in the elderly are no different from those that should be applied to the
      prescribing of medication in any patient. The clinician should strive to make a
      diagnosis and should avoid treating symptoms in isolation. Critical assessment of
      the indication for prescribing NSAID therapy must include consideration of the
      available effective and safe alternatives. If an NSAID is commenced the lowest
      effective dose should be the desired goal, but after an appropriate trial it is
      acceptable clinical practice to employ an alternative NSAID. There is no
      justification for combination NSAID therapy. The progress of each patient must be
      carefully monitored, particularly during the first few months of treatment, while
      periodic review of the ongoing need for the NSAID is essential.

PMID- 1794019
TI  - Treatment considerations for the depressed geriatric medical patient.
AB  - Depression is one of the most common reversible psychiatric disorders in the
      medically ill hospitalised elderly. Because of its adverse impact on quality of
      life, compliance with medical therapy, motivation towards recovery, and survival
      itself, depression requires rapid diagnosis and comprehensive management. Because
      of the risks attendant on the use of antidepressants and electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT) in this population, medical and psychosocial strategies are of
      paramount and primary importance in the treatment of most critically ill
      depressed elderly individuals. These include adequate treatment of reversible
      medical illness, provision of psychological support, mobilisation of community
      resources, and involvement of family and social support networks. When depression
      is severe or associated with marked suicidal ideation, however, these four
      strategies may need to be carried out concurrently with biological therapies.
      After ensuring adequate cardiac, liver, and renal function, antidepressant
      therapy is best initiated at a low dosage (secondary amine preferred) and
      gradually titrated upward following serum concentrations carefully and monitoring
      for anticholinergic, hypotensive and cardiac adverse effects. If antidepressant
      therapy is not tolerated or is unsuccessful, then psychiatric consultation should
      be obtained and ECT considered, particularly if the patient is well enough to
      undergo repeated episodes of brief general anaesthesia.

PMID- 1794020
TI  - Quinolone disposition in the elderly. Practical implications.
AB  - The fluoroquinolones are antibiotics frequently used in infections that affect
      elderly individuals. The physiological aging process can profoundly affect the
      pharmacokinetics of drugs, necessitating adjustment of dosage regimens in the
      elderly. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age are mainly due to the progressive
      deterioration of renal function, with resultant lower clearance of drugs which
      are eliminated by the kidneys. Ofloxacin is almost totally renally excreted and
      elimination is slower in older age groups; a dose reduction is therefore
      recommended for this quinolone. Unexpected alterations in pharmacokinetics may
      occur, as exemplified by the increased bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in
      elderly subjects. This is a well-documented phenomenon of such significance that
      lower oral doses are advisable for the elderly. Renal clearance of ciprofloxacin
      decreases in old age, but because of substantial nonrenal elimination the total
      clearance is affected less. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of the other
      quinolones in old age are scarce. No data exist on the absolute oral
      bioavailability of norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin. Renal clearance seems to
      be reduced, but since no intravenous studies have been reported, the total and
      nonrenal clearances are unknown in the elderly. No safe conclusions can be drawn
      regarding the necessity of dose reductions from a pharmacokinetic point of view.
      However, reports of adverse reactions to quinolones in the elderly, especially
      concentration-dependent symptoms from the central nervous system, and the risk of
      interaction with other drugs, suggest the need for caution in determining dosages
      of all of these compounds in elderly subjects.

PMID- 1794021
TI  - Drug treatment as a cause of falls in old age. A review of the offending agents.
AB  - There are a number of ways in which drugs might increase the risk of an elderly
      person falling. The most important of these are sedation, impaired balance and
      reaction time, hypotension and drug-induced Parkinson's disease. Demonstrating
      the association between drugs and falls has been difficult because of certain
      methodological problems. However, there is now strong evidence that the use of
      psychotropic drugs, with the possible exception of short-acting benzodiazepines
      and hypnotics, is associated with a clinically important increase in the risk of
      falling. This increased risk is present after controlling for confounding factors
      such as confusion and depression. The evidence linking other drug groups to an
      increased risk of falls is conflicting. Decreasing the risk of drug-induced falls
      requires both careful individual adjustment of therapy and also a public health
      programme to ensure safe drug prescribing for older people.

PMID- 1794022
TI  - The effect of aging on host defences. Implications for therapy.
AB  - Immunosenescence is a well known physiological phenomenon resulting from reduced
      efficiency of the immune system in the elderly. It has been studied both in
      animal models and in humans. In this review attention is focused on T cell
      responsiveness, since this cell type is both a marker of the immune response and
      one of the main targets of several drugs. For this latter reason, most studies of
      the effect of drugs on the immune system have been performed with reference to
      the effects on T lymphocytes. In the second part of the article experimental data
      concerning several drugs and drug classes [steroids, calcium antagonists,
      theophylline, histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists, sodium cromoglycate
      (cromolyn sodium), pirenzepine, rosaprostol, beta 2-mimetics, antibiotics and
      antibacterials] and immune responsiveness are reviewed. Lastly, the clinical
      perspectives of pharmacological treatment in aged subjects in relation to
      immunosenescence are evaluated.

PMID- 1794024
TI  - Psychopharmacology in the 1990s. What does the future hold for the aged patient?

PMID- 1794023
TI  - Levamisole/fluorouracil. A review of their pharmacology and adjuvant therapeutic
      use in colorectal cancer.
AB  - The combination of the antimetabolite fluorouracil plus the immunomodulator
      levamisole is used as adjuvant therapy following surgical tumour removal in
      patients with Dukes' stage C colon cancer. Fluorouracil given alone in this
      setting results in only a modest improvement in survival rate, and levamisole
      monotherapy is clinically ineffective. Well controlled studies, however,
      demonstrate that combined levamisole/fluorouracil reduces the recurrence rate by
      between 31 and 41% and the total mortality rate by between 13 and 33% compared
      with surgery alone in patients with Dukes' stage C colon cancer after median
      follow-up of 3 or 7.75 years. The median time to recurrence and median survival
      time are also extended significantly by levamisole/fluorouracil compared with
      fluorouracil alone or no adjuvant treatment. Thus, levamisole/fluorouracil has
      been recommended as the standard adjuvant therapy for patients with Dukes' C
      colon cancer, against which new investigative regimens should be compared.
      Methods for optimising the impressive results already achieved with this
      combination, and using this as a basis for further progress should be the thrust
      of future trials.

PMID- 1794025
TI  - Preventive medicine in the elderly population.

PMID- 1794026
TI  - Digoxin toxicity in the aged. Characterising and avoiding the problem.
AB  - Digoxin is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs, particularly in the
      elderly population where there is an increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation
      and cardiac failure. The drug has a narrow therapeutic range and has gained a
      reputation for producing adverse effects in older patients. The more frail
      elderly patients with coexistent disease, often taking other treatments, are more
      at risk from digoxin toxicity due to inappropriate dosing, noncompliance, or
      increased sensitivity to digoxin resulting from pharmacokinetic or
      pharmacodynamic interactions. Application of basic pharmacological principles may
      be helpful in anticipating these problems. Elderly patients more commonly receive
      digoxin than younger patients, which in part accounts for the higher rates of
      toxicity in this group. Numerous components contribute to the development of
      toxicity, and diagnosis of toxicity is difficult in this age group. The
      measurement of serum concentrations can contribute to the clinical diagnosis. A
      major problem is the accurate diagnosis of digoxin toxicity which may have
      numerous nonspecific clinical manifestations, many of which are related to
      coexisting disease in elderly patients. This diagnostic imprecision is well
      recognised but has been helped by the introduction of serum digoxin measurement.
      However, reliance on serum concentrations should not replace clinical judgement,
      since these do not always correlate with toxicity. The apparently decreasing
      incidence of toxicity over recent years probably reflects several factors: the
      improvement in digoxin formulations, awareness of digoxin pharmacology,
      utilisation of serum concentrations, and the realisation that digoxin withdrawal
      is a viable proposition in elderly patients. Greater knowledge about the causes
      and prevention of digoxin toxicity should further reduce the morbidity and
      mortality arising from digoxin overdose, especially in the elderly population.

PMID- 1794027
TI  - Epidemiological considerations in the prevention of coronary heart disease among
      the elderly.
AB  - Coronary heart disease is a major health problem among the elderly, the
      importance of which increases with the rising proportion of old people. The
      significance of traditional cardiovascular risk factors has been documented in
      younger age groups, and it seems they are effective at least in 'young' elderly
      people (aged between 65 and 80 years), whereas their role is less well known in
      people over 80 years because other end-points such as stroke and cancer become
      increasingly important and coronary heart disease cannot be considered in
      isolation. Pharmacological treatment of hypertensive elderly patients can reduce
      the incidence of strokes significantly, but reduction of coronary heart disease
      incidence is less clear. There are many uncertainties relating to lipid-lowering
      medication in old people. Nonpharmacological means (modest lifestyle, healthy
      diet and regular exercise) are unlikely to be of harm in the prevention of
      coronary heart disease in the elderly.

PMID- 1794029
TI  - Hypercholesterolaemia in aged patients. To treat or not to treat?

PMID- 1794028
TI  - Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and
      potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging.
AB  - Salmon calcitonin, a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular C cells
      of the thyroid gland, lowers serum calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption
      and renal tubular calcium reabsorption. An analgesic action, possibly mediated
      via beta-endorphins, is also evident. In the past, parenteral formulations of
      salmon calcitonin have been used in the management of metabolic bone disorders,
      but their routine use has been limited by the inconvenience of this route of
      administration and by poor tolerability. The development of an intranasal
      preparation of salmon calcitonin will provide a more convenient means of
      administering the drug. In clinical trials published to date intranasal salmon
      calcitonin has been effective and well tolerated in small numbers of recently
      postmenopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis, and in patients with
      established osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or osteoporosis secondary to
      corticosteroid usage, multiple myeloma or ovariectomy. For periods of up to 2
      years the drug reduces bone resorption and improves bone architecture, relieves
      pain and increases functional status. Further research is needed to confirm
      longer term efficacy (in particular, effects on fracture rate), optimal dosage
      schedules and the role of intermittent and combination treatment regimens.

PMID- 1794030
TI  - Current recommendations for the prevention and treatment of influenza in the
      older population.
AB  - Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Influenza
      vaccine is recommended for people aged 65 years and older and those in long term
      care. Currently only 30% of high risk persons are vaccinated. Vaccination
      generally stimulates an adequate immune response, is well tolerated and is to be
      encouraged. Prophylactic amantadine 100 mg/day should be given for 2 weeks with
      influenza vaccine in the aged population when they have not been previously
      immunised. Broad application of these preventive measures would have a
      significant impact on reducing influenza prevalence in the elderly and other high
      risk groups.

PMID- 1794031
TI  - Age-related changes in the manifestations of tuberculosis. Implications for drug
      therapy.
AB  - Although the overall number of tuberculosis cases reported in developed countries
      has decreased markedly since about the middle of the twentieth century, at
      present active tuberculosis in the geriatric population is highly prevalent even
      in developed countries. With an increase in the aged population and striking
      progress in medicine during the past two decades, the development of tuberculosis
      infections and the active disease has been gradually changed; namely, the number
      of older people at risk of infection has been increasing. In the elderly,
      postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis and miliary tuberculosis are particularly
      difficult to diagnose. A high index of suspicion, a tuberculin skin test, and
      appropriate laboratory studies are essential for early diagnosis. In choosing the
      proper therapy for tuberculosis in the elderly, efficacy, patient compliance, and
      toxicity must be considered. During this decade, more so than ever before, much
      time and work will be required to more completely understand the factors that
      place a patient at risk for infection and to accomplish eradication of
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 1794032
TI  - Prevention of embolic complications in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the
      elderly.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation is common in elderly subjects, usually with coexistent
      underlying heart disease. Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is associated with
      increased morbidity and mortality, especially due to embolic complications: it
      carries a 5.6-fold increased risk of stroke, compared with age-matched controls.
      Three recent trials have demonstrated that prophylactic anticoagulation (either
      'full' or 'partial') decreases the rate of stroke significantly, with an
      acceptably low rate of complications. The benefits of aspirin prophylaxis are
      less clear, and currently there is no evidence for a beneficial effect in the
      elderly patient. At present, no factor apart from a previous symptomatic embolism
      predicts those who are at risk of embolism. The risk of stroke appears to
      continue for a long time and, until data are provided, therapy should be
      continued indefinitely in the absence of contraindications. All patients with
      nonvalvular atrial fibrillation should be considered for prophylactic
      anticoagulants. Further work is required to identify those at highest risk, and
      to clarify how long therapy should be continued and whether there are subgroups
      in whom full or partial anticoagulation would be preferable.

PMID- 1794033
TI  - Physiological changes due to age. Implications for cardiovascular drug therapy.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is the single largest cause of death in the elderly. Many
      of the published studies concerning the physiology and pharmacology of the aging
      cardiovascular system are seriously flawed. Problems include failure to measure
      the drug bioavailability and the selection of subjects with overt or subclinical
      disease. With exercise, the rise in heart rate is inversely proportional to age
      and maximum heart rate is reduced. Baroreceptor reflex activity appears to
      decline with age. Cardiac output is maintained in the elderly, with a slower
      heart rate and a greater stroke volume than in the young. Plasma noradrenaline
      (norepinephrine) levels increase in the elderly but there is no change in the
      sensitivity of the vasoconstrictor alpha 1-adrenoceptor. There is evidence for a
      decline in the activity of the vasodilator beta 2-adrenoceptor with age. It is
      difficult to make general rules about the effect of aging on the disposition and
      elimination of drugs. Each drug must be tested separately.

PMID- 1794034
TI  - Drug consumption during the last decade among persons born in 1902 in Umea,
      Sweden. A longitudinal population study.
AB  - A population study of drug consumption among people born in 1902 was performed in
      Umea, Sweden. The cohort was followed between 79 and 88 years of age. The number
      of persons in the study varied between 124 and 72. Mean consumption increased
      from 2.5 to 5.2 drugs per man and from 3.3 to 5.3 per woman. The main correlate
      of this increase was shown to be the aging individuals' greater morbidity.
      Cardiovascular preparations, analgesics, psychoactive substances and drugs used
      to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common. At the age of 88
      years, 45 to 55% of the individuals used drugs belonging to each one of these
      drug groups. Furthermore, during the 9 years of study there was a substantial
      increase in use of these drug groups except for the cardiovascular agents, of
      which the consumption was constant. The proportion of subjects on regular drugs
      increased from 82% at 79 years to 95% at 88 years of age. Benzodiazepines were,
      at 88 years, used by almost 40% of the population; at the same age, 43% were
      using laxatives and 37% diuretics. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) was the most
      common analgesic used. Total consumption of drugs prescribed for hypertension
      decreased considerably, from 23 to 10%, despite an increase in the use of loop
      diuretics and vasodilating agents.

PMID- 1794036
TI  - Lectins in the cell nucleus.

PMID- 1794035
TI  - Leuprorelin. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in prostatic
      disorders.
AB  - Leuprorelin (leuprolide acetate) is a synthetic analogue of gonadotrophin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) [luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)] which
      initially stimulates luteinising hormone (LH) and hence testicular androgen
      release; continuous administration then results in profound suppression of these
      hormones. Testosterone levels associated with castration are attained within 3 to
      4 weeks. A biodegradable subcutaneous or intramuscular depot formulation of
      leuprorelin 3.75 or 7.5 mg, which releases the drug at a constant rate over 28
      days, is available and may be preferred over daily subcutaneous injections. The
      progression of previously untreated advanced prostatic cancer is delayed in 70 to
      90% of men receiving leuprorelin, with median survival of approximately 2 years.
      The efficacy of leuprorelin is equivalent to that of estrogen therapy, but the
      tolerability of the GnRH analogue is far better. In contrast to most other
      studies of GnRH agonists, a slight survival advantage has been reported for
      combined treatment with leuprorelin and the antiandrogen flutamide. Small
      noncomparative trials reveal that leuprorelin also causes regression of benign
      hyperplastic prostate tissue with corresponding relief of obstructive, but not
      irritative, symptoms although continuous treatment is necessary to maintain
      remission. Impotence and flushing occur in most leuprorelin recipients but,
      unlike diethylstilbestrol (stilboestrol), cardiovascular toxicity and
      gynaecomastia are not significant problems. Symptom flare, usually manifested as
      bone pain in prostate cancer patients and exacerbation of obstructive symptoms in
      those with benign prostatic hypertrophy, can occur in 4 to 29% at the beginning
      of treatment. Leuprorelin treatment is therefore an established effective
      palliative measure in men with previously untreated advanced prostatic cancer,
      and may have a role in those with benign hypertrophy who are unfit for surgery.

PMID- 1794037
TI  - The structure and activities of echinonectin: a developmentally regulated cell
      adhesion glycoprotein with galactose-specific lectin activity.
AB  - The extracellular matrix of the sea urchin embryo contains a 230 kD homodimeric
      glycoprotein known as echinonectin (EN). EN contains a cell attachment domain as
      well as a galactose-specific lectin activity. Cell attachment to EN is
      differentially regulated in the three primary germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm and
      mesoderm. Prior to gastrulation all embryonic cells adhere equally to EN-coated
      substrates, but during gastrulation primary mesenchyme cells lose affinity for
      EN, ectoderm cells increase their binding to the molecule, and cells of the
      endoderm maintain a similar or slightly lowered level of binding. The mechanisms
      governing these adhesive changes and the specific functions they serve in
      development are not currently understood. They are timed to coincide with
      distinct morphogenetic events such as primary mesenchyme cell ingression and
      archenteron formation, suggesting that regulated adhesion to EN plays at least a
      permissive role in early morphogenesis.

PMID- 1794038
TI  - Purification of the oligosaccharide-cleaving enzymes of Flavobacterium
      meningosepticum.
AB  - Four oligosaccharide chain-cleaving enzymes, including two new endoglycosidases
      distinct from endo-beta-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo) F1, have been identified and
      purified to homogeneity from cultural filtrates of Flavobacterium
      meningosepticum. FPLC-directed hydrophobic-interaction chromatography in
      conjunction with high-resolution ion-exchange chromatography provided a more
      simple, rapid method for the isolation of endoglycosidase F1, F2 and F3, and the
      amidase, peptide-N4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-asparagine amidase (PNGase F),
      in greater than 50% yield. The specificity of PNGase F and Endo F1 are well
      established. Endo F2 and Endo F3 represent new distinct endoglycosidases that
      prefer complex as compared to high-mannose asparagine-linked glycans. Endo F2
      cleaved biantennary oligosaccharides, whereas Endo F3 cleaved both bi- and
      triantennary oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1794039
TI  - Acute phase mediated change in glycosylation of rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in
      transgenic mice.
AB  - Transgenic mouse lines carrying the gene for rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)
      express the protein in the plasma at concentrations equal to or exceeding that of
      acute phase rats. Owing to the high basal level, these transgenic mice represent
      a unique experimental system for defining the largely unknown function of AGP.
      Since the carbohydrate moiety of AGP has been found to be changed during acute
      phase and the oligosaccharide structure to be important for immunomodulating
      activity of the protein, the rat AGP in transgenic mice was characterized by
      lectin-affinity immuno-electrophoresis. Unlike in the rat, the AGP in the
      transgenic mouse plasma consisted primarily of strongly concanavalin A-reactive
      forms. Acute phase mediated a several-fold increase in the total plasma
      concentration of AGP concomitant with a shift toward moderately concanavalin A
      reactive forms. A similar change in concanavalin A-reactive forms was observed
      for the endogenous acute phase plasma protein haptoglobin. To define the role of
      inflammatory factors in AGP production, primary cultures of hepatocytes were
      prepared. In contrast to in vivo, the AGP recovered from tissue culture medium
      represented primarily the concanavalin A-non-reactive form. Treatment of the
      cells with recombinant human interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and dexamethasone
      stimulated the production of concanavalin A-reactive AGP forms. The data indicate
      that the glycosylation pattern of plasma-resident AGP is modulated by acute
      phase, but that the profile of AGP forms does not coincide with that secreted by
      hepatocytes in tissue culture. This finding demands an assessment of which of the
      possible glycosylated forms of AGP is functionally significant in vivo.

PMID- 1794040
TI  - High pressure liquid chromatographic identification of hyaluronic acid and
      chondroitin sulphate disaccharides.
AB  - In this report we describe a system capable of resolving all of the known
      unsaturated disaccharides derived from the chondroitin sulphates, dermatan
      sulphate and hyaluronic acid by chondroitinase digestion. This system is superior
      to others in that the non-sulphated and mono-, di- and tri-sulphated
      disaccharides can be separated with good resolution in approximately 40 min in an
      isocratic solvent. The system employs an amino-cyano silica gel column (Whatman
      Partisil 5 PAC, 25 cm) and is eluted with an isocratic solvent consisting of 48%
      (v/v) acetonitrile, 14% (v/v) methanol and 38% (v/v) aqueous buffer. This aqueous
      buffer contains 0.5 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M boric acid, 23.4 mM sulphuric acid, pH 8.0.
      UV absorption is monitored at 229 nm and for most disaccharides as little as 150
      ng can be reliably determined. The addition of boric acid to the eluent is
      essential for good resolution of all components and the addition of low
      concentrations of sulphuric acid is used to control the elution times of various
      components. The system was applied to the analysis of glycosaminoglycan standards
      and excellent agreement with previous compositional analyses was obtained.

PMID- 1794041
TI  - Structures of neutral oligosaccharides isolated from the respiratory mucins of a
      non-secretor (O, Le(a+b-)) patient suffering from chronic bronchitis.
AB  - Mucin glycopeptides were prepared from the respiratory mucus of a non-secretor,
      chronic bronchitis patient with blood group O, Le(a+b-). Oligosaccharides were
      released by alkaline-borohydride treatment and purified by anion-exchange
      chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and HPLC on a silica-bonded
      alkylamine column. Structural studies employed 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, fast
      atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and methylation analysis. Twenty-four neutral
      oligosaccharides, ranging in size from disaccharides to hexasaccharides, were
      fully characterized in this study. None of the structures contained an alpha(1---
      2)-linked fucose residue, in keeping with the non-secretor status of the patient.
      Seven of the structures had fucose present in alpha(1----3)-linkage in the X
      determinant, while only one oligosaccharide (compound 14b) was seen with fucose
      alpha(1----4)-linked in the Le(a) determinant. The following eight structures
      isolated from the mucins of the non-secretor patient had not been found
      previously in the mucins of secretor individuals: [formula: see text] This study
      confirms that the blood group status of an individual is reflected in the
      carbohydrate structures of the secreted mucins. Furthermore, it clearly
      illustrates the need for detailed carbohydrate structural studies of mucins from
      different individuals before any attempt can be made to correlate observed
      differences in oligosaccharide profiles to disease status.

PMID- 1794042
TI  - The International Mammalian Genome Society.

PMID- 1794043
TI  - A linkage map of distal mouse chromosome 12.
AB  - To refine the linkage map of distal mouse Chromosome 12, we have identified DNA
      restriction fragment variants associated with a creatine kinase gene (Ck-3), the
      Akt proto-oncogene, an Abelson proviral integration site (D12N1), and the
      immunoglobulin heavy chain VH3609 variable region family (Igh-V36). The patterns
      of inheritance of these markers in backcross progeny and recombinant inbred mouse
      strains allowed their localization with respect to previously mapped genes to
      yield the linkage map: Aat-15.8 cM-Ck-3-0.9 cM-(Crip, Akt, Igh-C)-0.3 cM-(D12N1,
      Igh-V). This map confirms genetically the localization of the Igh-V gene complex
      distal to Igh-C on the chromosome. It differs from previous maps in placing D12N1
      distal to Igh-C, and in suggesting that the Igh-V gene complex spans less than
      one centiMorgan (cM). Other DNA sequence variants detected with the creatine
      kinase probe allowed definition of four additional genetic loci: Ck-1 near Lmyc-1
      on Chromosome 4; Ck-2 between Upg-1 and Hprt-ps1 (D17Rp10) on distal Chromosome
      17; Ck-4 near Mpmv-17 and Mls-3 on Chromosome 16; and Ck-5 near Hba on Chromosome
      11.

PMID- 1794044
TI  - Meiotic mapping of murine chromosome 17: the string of loci around l(17)-2Pas.
AB  - We describe a genetic analysis of l(17)-2Pas, an embryonic lethal mutation on
      murine chromosome 17. Males transmitted the l(17)-2 allele to only 38% of their
      offspring, whereas females transmitted this allele at 50%. Two-point crosses
      revealed tight linkage between l(17)-2 and brachyury (T), and deletion mapping
      placed l(17)-2 outside of the hairpin-tail deletion (Thp). To map this mutation
      more precisely, we intercrossed hybrid mice that carry distinct alleles at many
      classical and DNA loci on chromosome 17 and obtained 172 animals recombinant in
      the T to H-2 region. Strong positive interference was observed over the 14 cM
      interval from T to H-2K. Thus, a single recombinant can be informative; one such
      recombinant places l(17)-2 distal of the molecular marker D17Leh66D. Robust
      genetic maps can be constructed with multilocus crosses that share anchor loci.
      DNA markers can be interpolated onto these maps retrospectively.

PMID- 1794046
TI  - Growth hormone receptor (Ghr) and hemoglobin alpha-chain pseudogene 3 (Hba-ps3)
      map proximal to the myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc) on mouse chromosome 15.

PMID- 1794047
TI  - Mammalian probes and libraries at the ATCC.

PMID- 1794048
TI  - A mouse genomic library of yeast artificial chromosome clones.

PMID- 1794049
TI  - Mononucleotide repeats are an abundant source of length variants in mouse genomic
      DNA.
AB  - Microsatellite sequences, such as dinucleotide repeats, show a high degree of
      polymorphism in eukaryotic DNA. These sequences are convenient as genetic markers
      and can be analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We have assessed the
      frequency of length variants in 18 mononucleotide repeats in mouse DNA and find
      that the variability is similar to that reported for dinucleotide repeats. Nine
      of the 18 repeat sequences (50%) have three or more alleles in the strains
      tested. Ten of these repeat sequences have been mapped using strain distribution
      patterns (SDPs) in recombinant inbred (RI) strains.

PMID- 1794045
TI  - Maps of mouse chromosome 17: first report. Committee for Mouse Chromosome 17.

PMID- 1794050
TI  - Intrachromosomal location of the telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n.
AB  - Eukaryotic telomeres are specialized DNA-protein structures that are thought to
      ensure chromosomal stability and complete replication of the chromosome ends. All
      telomeres which have been studied consist of a tandem array of G-rich repeats
      which seem to be sufficient for telomere function. Originally, the human
      telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n was assumed to be exclusively located at the very end
      of all human chromosomes. More recent evidence, however, suggests an extension
      into proterminal regions. Very little is known about the interstitial
      distribution of telomeric repeats. Here we present evidence for the presence of
      (TTAGGG)n repeats in internal loci on the long and short arms of different human
      chromosomes. In addition, we studied the genomic organization of these repeats in
      more detail and discuss possible functions of interstitial telomeric repeats in
      the human genome.

PMID- 1794051
TI  - Molecular structure of Tcp-10 genes from the t complex responder locus.
AB  - Male transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is a property of mouse t haplotypes
      which requires the t complex responder locus (Tcr). Tcr has been localized to a
      70-160 kb region in t haplotypes. A candidate gene for the responder, called Tcp
      10bt, has been cloned and is one member of a highly related gene family called
      Tcp-10 (formerly T66). Molecular evidence suggests that unique alternative
      splicing of the Tcp-10bt gene may be responsible for the mutant responder
      activity. Here we present the intron/exon structure of a representative Tcp-10
      gene, and the characterization of alternative polyadenylation sites. The Tcp-10
      genes contain 12 exons which span approximately 21 kb of DNA. At least six
      different polyadenylation sites are used, and none have a perfect consensus
      signal. This appears to be a common feature associated with testes-expressed
      transcripts. Since the gene we have analyzed is absent from many t haplotypes
      without apparent consequence, and no corresponding cDNAs have been isolated, it
      was speculated to be a pseudogene. However, no major sequence differences were
      found within the coding sequence to conclude that Tcp-10pst is a pseudogene.

PMID- 1794052
TI  - Sequence of the t complex Tcp-10at gene and examination of the Tcp-10t gene
      family.
AB  - Transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is a property of complete t haplotypes which
      results in the preferential transmission of the t haplotype chromosome from
      heterozygous t/+ males to the majority of the offspring. A candidate gene for one
      of the primary genetic elements in TRD, the t complex responder locus has
      recently been suggested to be Tcp-10bt. There are multiple, functional Tcp-10t
      genes, but genetic data suggest the presence of the Tcp-10at gene alone is
      compatible with normal transmission ratios. Here we present the complete sequence
      and genomic structure of the Tcp-10at gene which is compared with sequence data
      from a number of cDNAs and genomic subclones representing all active Tcp-10t
      family genes. A detailed table of all sequence variants discovered in the course
      of our investigation is presented, and we have clarified the extent of 5'
      untranslated alternative splicing patterns exhibited by this gene family. A 60
      base pair (bp) in-frame deletion from the 5' end of exon 3 of the Tcp-10at gene
      is also presented and compared with the equivalent region of Tcp-10bt and Tcp
      10ct. A search of the University of Edinburgh database has revealed a significant
      homology between the Tcp-10bt open reading frame and several cytosolic filament
      proteins. Interestingly, the region of homology is involved in the deletion from
      the Tcp-10at gene.

PMID- 1794053
TI  - Limits of the distal inversion in the t complex of the house mouse: evidence from
      linkage disequilibria.
AB  - The suppression of crossing-over and the consequent linkage disequilibrium of
      genetic markers within the t complex of the house mouse is caused by two large
      and two short inversions. The inversions encompass a region that is some 15
      centiMorgans (cM) long in the homologous wild-type chromosome. The limits of the
      proximal inversions are reasonably well-defined, those of the distal inversions
      much less so. We have recently obtained seven new DNA markers (D17Tu) which in
      wild-type chromosomes map into the region presumably involved in the distal
      inversions of the t chromosomes. To find out whether the corresponding loci do
      indeed reside within the inversions, we have determined their variability among
      26 complete and 12 partial t haplotypes. In addition, we also tested the same
      collection of t haplotypes for their variability at five D17Leh, Hba-ps4, Pim-1,
      and Crya-1 loci. The results suggest that the distal end of the most distal
      inversion lies between the loci D17Leh467 and D17Tu26. The proximal end of the
      large distal inversion was mapped to the region between the D17Tu43 and Hba-ps4
      loci, but this assignment is rather ambiguous. The loci Pim-1, Crya-1, and the H
      2 complex, which have been mapped between the Hba-ps4 and Grr within the large
      distal inversion, behave as if they recombine from time to time with their wild
      type homologs.

PMID- 1794054
TI  - PCR-analyzed microsatellites: data concerning laboratory and wild-derived mouse
      inbred strains.
AB  - We have investigated 67 primers designed by Dr. J. Todd and co-workers to amplify
      microsatellites sequences in the mouse. We report on additional polymorphisms
      concerning seven laboratory inbred strains, complementary to those already
      published. We include the survey of three independently derived strains of Mus
      spretus: SPE/Pas, SEG/Pas and SPR/Smh. SPE/Pas and SEG/Pas are very close (3%
      polymorphism), whereas the third one, (SPR/Smh), is very different from the other
      two strains (33% polymorphism). Seventy-four to 84% of the microsatellites
      analyzed in this study are polymorphic between C57BL/6Pas and Mus spretus
      strains. By comparison, 36-46% are polymorphic between laboratory inbred strains
      involved in established sets of recombinant inbred strains. A strain derived from
      Mus musculus musculus (PWK/Pas) was found to be very different from both
      C57BL/6Pas (70% polymorphism) and SPE/Pas (82% polymorphism). These results
      emphasize the interest of using Mus musculus musculus inbred strains to establish
      interspecific crosses, particularly when considering their breeding performances.

PMID- 1794055
TI  - Thymidine kinase (Tk-1) maps below the T42H breakpoint on mouse chromosome 11.

PMID- 1794056
TI  - Construction of a library enriched for human chromosome 11 and Xp YAC
      recombinants.

PMID- 1794057
TI  - Linkage of acid alpha-glucosidase (Gaa) and thymidine kinase (Tk-1) to esterase-3
      (Es-3) on mouse chromosome 11.
AB  - Inheritance in recombinant inbred (RI) strains of restriction fragment length
      variants (RFLVs) detected by probes specific for Gaa and Tk-1 showed tight
      linkage of both to Es-3 on mouse Chromosome (Chr) 11. This result extends the
      region of homology between mouse Chr 11 and human chr 17q.

PMID- 1794058
TI  - Additional microsatellite markers for mouse genome mapping.
AB  - Mouse sequence information from the EMBL and GenBank databases, published
      sequences and genomic clones have been analyzed for simple repetitive elements or
      microsatellites. Each microsatellite has been amplified by the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) as a single locus marker. PCR primers were designed from unique
      sequence flanking each repeat. Size variation of PCR products less than 750 base
      pairs (bp) between mouse strains has been determined using ethidium bromide
      stained acrylamide or agarose gels. A further 74 newly characterized
      microsatellites are presented in this paper, bringing to 185 the total we have
      analyzed. Of these, 157/185 (85%) have more than one allele, 143/178 (80%) vary
      in length between C57BL/6J and Mus spretus, and 82/168 (49%) vary between DBA/2J
      and C57BL/6J. Microsatellites provide informative single locus probes for linkage
      analysis in the construction of a genetic map of the mouse genome.

PMID- 1794060
TI  - The plasma membrane of Entamoeba histolytica: structure and dynamics.
AB  - The plasma membrane components of the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica,
      the causative agent of human invasive amebiasis, have been biochemically and
      immunologically characterized during the last decade. In addition, genes coding
      for certain surface proteins have been cloned. In spite of these advances, a
      unified characterization of plasma membrane antigenic components of the parasite
      is still required for badly needed advancements in the design of useful
      diagnostic, epidemiologic, and immunoprophylactic tools. Here we review current
      knowledge on this issue and address the problem of the considerable variation in
      the electrophoretic profiles of plasma membrane proteins obtained by different
      groups. In addition, the differences in the degree of recognition of reported
      membrane antigens with human immune sera, and the diverse interpretations
      concerning the possible functions of the surface molecules characterized are
      discussed. A comparative analysis of plasma membrane proteins of E histolytica
      trophozoites using three different isolation methods revealed that it is possible
      to select for specific membrane proteins, depending on the lysis conditions. In
      our view, the method of Calderon and Avila preserves more proteins than other
      methods tested. Using sera from recent cases of invasive amebiasis studied by
      several laboratories in various geographical areas, a basic antigenic pattern of
      11 principal proteins with molecular weights of 220, 170, 150, 125, 97, 80, 60,
      45, 20 and 9 kDA was established for the pathogenic E histolytica strain
      HM1:IMSS, used by most research groups.

PMID- 1794059
TI  - List of cloned mouse genes with unique expression patterns during
      spermatogenesis.

PMID- 1794061
TI  - In vivo decondensation of chromatin and nucleolar fibrillar component by Leucaena
      leucocephala ingredient.
AB  - Feeding of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon, with diets containing leaf meal of the
      leguminous shrub, Leucaena leucocephala, resulted in complete chromatin
      decondensation of hepatopancreas cells. The fibrillar component of the nucleolus
      was decondensed in parallel, whereas the granular component remained intact. This
      unique combination of nuclear signs was accompanied by only moderate alterations
      of other cell organelles. Our findings therefore demonstrate an encouraging
      possibility to manipulate the chromatin organization in living cells.
      Furthermore, ultrastructural features obtained thus far only in isolated and
      chromatin-depleted nuclei could be verified. These are, for instance, filament
      bundles which attach the nucleolus to the nuclear periphery, or a filamentous
      skeleton of the nuclear pores. In addition, the attachment of chromatin to the
      inner membrane of the nuclear envelope was observed. Decondensation was probably
      caused by the major Leucaena ingredient mimosine and is obviously related to its
      copper chelating properties.

PMID- 1794062
TI  - Location of ribosomal genes in CHO cells; in situ hybridization with a non
      isotopic DNA probe on G-banded chromosomes.
AB  - A novel in situ hybridization technique using sulfonated probes is described.
      This non-radioactive approach, which employs chemically modified DNA and
      immunocytochemical procedures, is compatible with pre-G-banding and allows a
      rapid localization of the hybridized sequences on chromosomal spreads with a high
      spatial resolution. Using this technique we have localised the Chinese hamster
      ribosomal genes in the telomeric region of ten chromosomes, and among them in the
      subtelomeric q region of the Z5 chromosome. These results are discussed, the
      genetic markers confirming and locating the origin of Z group chromosomes by
      rearrangements of Chinese hamster chromosomes.

PMID- 1794063
TI  - Effects of testosterone on nuclear ribonucleoprotein components of prostate
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The changes of the nuclear components caused by castration and testosterone
      injection were studied in epithelial cells of the ventral prostate of the rat.
      Castration drastically diminishes the nuclear and nucleolar volume, as well as
      the fraction of the nuclear volume occupied by non-nucleolar ribonucleoprotein
      (RNP) fibrils. However, in castrated animals the frequency of perichromatin
      granules (PCG) is 79% higher than in controls. Testosterone injection causes a
      reduction of the number of PCG to 33% of the castrated level in 15 min, and
      increases the non-nucleolar RNP fibrils. Other parameters such as nuclear and
      nucleolar volume and the relative volume of the compact chromatin present only
      small changes in a period of 2 h following the hormone administration. High
      resolution quantitative autoradiography demonstrates that the transportation of
      previously synthesized RNA increases steeper than the RNA synthesis. All these
      effects are similar to those caused by ovariectomy and estradiol injection on the
      nuclear structures of endometrial epithelial cells. These similarities and other
      observations suggest that PCGs contain mRNA, of a few genes, stored in the
      nucleus by a restriction of its transportation to the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1794064
TI  - DNAase activities in embryonic chicken lens: in epithelial cells or in
      differentiating fibers where chromatin is progressively cleaved.
AB  - Lens is an organ composed of a layer of epithelial cells and a mass of fibers.
      During terminal differentiation, epithelial cells from the equatorial region
      elongate into fibers, nuclei change shape, the chromatin appears much condensed
      in the last step of differentiation and the DNA breaks down into nucleosomes. The
      pattern of DNAase activities has been recorded at different chick embryonic
      stages (11 and 18 days) using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with DNA
      substrate in the gel matrix. Two DNAases (30 and 40 kDa) have been observed in
      lens epithelia and fibers at both stages. However, the activities of both of the
      enzymes are augmented in fiber cells. The 30 kDa DNAase requires and Ca2+ and
      Mg2+ (5-15 mM) to hydrolyze the DNA substrate while the 40 kDa-activity is
      inhibited by added divalent cations (5-15 mM). The 30 kDa protein is inhibited by
      Na+ and is probably an endonuclease. Both nuclease activities probably are
      involved in the cleavage of fiber chromatin into nucleosomes during lens terminal
      differentiation, but variables such as chromatin configuration, unmasked DNA
      sequences, presence of cations, and pH gradients probably determine the extent of
      involvement of each DNAase.

PMID- 1794065
TI  - Analysis of the state of differentiation of two rat colon carcinoma clones with
      distinct tumorigenic properties.
AB  - The presence of some characteristics of normal rat intestinal epithelial cells
      was studied on two clones originating from a single rat colon carcinoma. These
      clones differed by their tumorigenic properties in the syngeneic host. However,
      they grow similarly in vitro and in immuno-deprived animals. The PROb clone which
      had the ability to form progressive tumors in the syngeneic host appeared to
      possess more features of differentiated cells than the REGb clone which was
      immunologically rejected by syngeneic hosts. Indeed, the morphology of the cells
      was different, the REBb cells having a more fibroblastic appearance while the
      PROb cells had the capacity to form domes characterizing the functional
      polarization of the cell layer. The two clones could also be distinguished by
      their expression of proteins of intermediate filaments. Both expressed
      cytokeratins showing their epithelial origin, but only REGb cells displayed
      vimentin which is characteristic of mesenchymal or poorly differentiated
      epithelial cells. Furthermore, analysis of the expression of a series of
      glycoconjugate tissue antigens and an unknown protein (p120) showed that the PROb
      cells resembled more the normal adult digestive epithelium than the REGb cells
      did. In conclusion, it appears that in this model, the most aggressive cells,
      those resisting to the constraints imposed by the immune system, are also the
      more differentiated ones.

PMID- 1794066
TI  - Serological characterization and partial purification of an Lyt-1 homolog in
      tunicate hemocytes.
AB  - A panel of alloantisera and monoclonal antibodies specific to murine Lyt-1
      allotypic and framework determinants was used in indirect immunofluorescence and
      FACS analysis to investigate the occurrence of an Lyt-1 homolog in tunicate
      (protochordate) hemocytes. Binding assays and quantitative absorption experiments
      established the expression of Lyt-1 cross-reacting determinants on a distinct
      population of tunicate hemocytes. These determinants were expressed exclusively
      by cells with the morphological characteristics of hemoblasts and lymphocytes. In
      a rapid two-step purification procedure, Lyt-1 glycoproteins from tunicate
      hemocytes and C57B1/6 mouse thymocytes were solubilized and partially purified by
      affinity chromatography using a mAb anti-Lyt-1 frame-work determinant. In both
      cell types, antigenic activities were associated with a major 67-kDa component.
      Our findings suggest an early phylogenetic emergence of an Lyt-1 homolog at this
      level of evolution.

PMID- 1794067
TI  - Changes in intracellular pH following egg activation and during the early cell
      cycle of the amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii, coincide with changes in MPF
      activity.
AB  - Previous work on Xenopus laevis suggests a temporal coincidence between
      inactivation of the M-phase promoting factor (MPF) and intracellular pH (pHi)
      increase during egg activation. In addition, we recently showed that during the
      early cell cycle of Xenopus eggs, MPF activity cycling and pHi oscillations were
      temporally and functionally related. In the present work, using eggs of another
      amphibian, Pleurodeles waltlii, which has a natural cell cycle considerably
      longer than that of Xenopus laevis, we show a temporal coincidence between MPF
      activity and pHi changes, both at the time of egg activation and at each of the
      following cell cycles. Egg activation-induced pHi changes in Pleurodeles did not
      involve classical plasma membrane ion exchangers, and were not due to the
      activation of a H+ conductance. On the other hand, the pHi oscillations
      intervening at each cell cycle were suppressed by inhibitors of protein synthesis
      or phosphorylation, as were their counterparts in Xenopus eggs. We propose that
      physiological pHi changes in Pleurodeles and Xenopus eggs might have a metabolic
      origin, in direct relation with the cascade of phosphorylations
      dephosphorylations of proteins implicated in the control of the cell cycle.

PMID- 1794068
TI  - Effect of maitotoxin on sea urchin egg fertilization and on Ca2+ permeabilities
      of eggs and intracellular stores.
AB  - Maitotoxin (MTX), a potent marine toxin involved in ciguatera poisoning,
      inhibited sea urchin egg fertilization in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of
      7.5 x 10(-3) MU (mouse-unit)/ml. It did not affect male gametes fertilizing
      capabilities but provoked exocytosis in female gametes. It induced a K+ loss
      simultaneously with a Na+ entry into unfertilized eggs and increased the Ca2+
      influx at higher concentrations. On isolated cortex preparations, high
      concentrations of MTX reduced the rate of ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation into
      reticulum compartments and caused a leakage of Ca2+ from a preparation pre-loaded
      with 45Ca2+. Verapamil (10(-4) M) similarly blocked the increase of egg
      permeability to Ca2+ and the effect on Ca2+ sequestering into intracellular
      compartment, induced by MTX. Ion transport perturbations which evolved relatively
      slowly are probably not the direct cause of fertilization inhibition which could
      be related to a modification of the plasma membrane of the female gametes by this
      hydrophilic toxin.

PMID- 1794069
TI  - Pain mechanisms and management.
AB  - Pain is one of the most important human experiences, and also one of the most
      complex. The International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as:
      'An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or
      potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is always
      subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through
      experiences related to injury in early life. It is unquestionably a sensation in
      a part of the body, but it is also unpleasant, and therefore also an emotional
      experience. Many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage or any likely
      pathophysiological cause; usually this happens for psychological reasons. There
      is no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage, if we
      take this subjective report.'

PMID- 1794070
TI  - Generation of acute pain: central mechanisms.
AB  - Pain can either be 'nociceptor-mediated', produced as a consequence of the
      activation of high threshold nociceptors, or 'A-fibre mediated', resulting from
      the activation of low threshold A beta afferent fibres. Under normal
      circumstances nociceptor mediated pain only occurs in response to high intensity
      noxious stimuli. Following peripheral tissue injury the inflammatory reaction
      generates a complex set of chemical signals that alter the transduction
      properties of nociceptors such that they can be activated by low intensity
      stimuli, the phenomenon of peripheral sensitization. Pain in this circumstance is
      still nociceptor mediated but can be generated by low intensity or innocuous
      stimuli. The nociceptive input to the spinal cord in these circumstances however
      produces activity-dependent alterations in the response properties of neurones in
      the dorsal horn. This means that they begin to respond to normal inputs,
      including that generated by A beta low threshold afferents, in an abnormal and
      exaggerated way. This is the phenomenon of central sensitization. Because
      afferent inputs can provoke prolonged alterations within the central nervous
      system, optimal treatment of acute pain states should be directed both at
      abolishing peripheral sensitization and to preventing the establishment of
      central sensitization. The latter involves the strategy of pre-emptive analgesia.

PMID- 1794071
TI  - Mechanisms of acute visceral pain.
AB  - Acute visceral pain is dull, aching, ill-defined, badly localized and often
      referred to remote areas of the body. These properties indicate that the
      representation of internal organs within the CNS is very imprecise. There is
      evidence for the existence of specific visceral nociceptors in some viscera and
      for the existence of non-specific receptors in other internal organs. Some
      visceral receptors are 'silent' in normal viscera but become active following
      acute injury or inflammation of the internal organ that they innervate. The
      number of nociceptive afferent fibres in viscera is very small but these few
      nociceptive afferents can excite many second order neurones in the spinal cord
      which in turn generate extensive divergence within the CNS, sometimes involving
      supraspinal loops. Such a divergent input activates several systems--sensory,
      motor and autonomic--and thus triggers the general reactions that are
      characteristic of visceral nociception: a diffuse and referred pain, and
      prolonged autonomic and motor activity.

PMID- 1794072
TI  - Clinical management of acute pain.
AB  - The clinical management of acute pain has been impeded by traditions and
      misconceptions which have resulted in suboptimal application to the patient of
      the currently available methods of pain control. The search for new drugs and
      exotic ways to deliver them has further obscured many of the basic principles
      which should guide management. Standard regimens fail because of the wide,
      unpredictable variability in pain intensity, patient characteristics, and
      pharmacological responses. Treatment needs to be individualized for each patient.
      Unrelieved acute pain produces psychological, physiological and socioeconomic
      consequences. Pre-emptive analgesia may damp down the development of both
      immediate and long-term pain following surgery and adequate psychological
      preparation can improve coping abilities. The delivery of opioid analgesics can
      be improved using patient controlled analgesia or spinal administration in some
      cases. Regional analgesia, often using simple techniques, can produce excellent
      pain relief. Overall management and staff education should be delegated to an
      acute pain service.

PMID- 1794073
TI  - Mechanisms of sympathetic pain.
AB  - In some chronic pain states, notably causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy,
      activity in sympathetic efferent neurones can exacerbate the pain and
      sympathectomies relieve it. These patients are said to have sympathetically
      maintained pain (SMP). In normal tissue, activity in postganglionic sympathetic
      efferents does not produce pain, nor is it capable of activating nociceptive
      sensory neurones. It can, however, induce modest firing in some mechanoreceptors.
      SMP is often held to result from a vicious circle of events which include changes
      in peripheral and central somatosensory processes, and most importantly a
      positive feedback element in the form of sympathetic efferent neurones which, by
      activating sensory neurones in the periphery, completes the vicious circle.
      Several specific hypotheses have been advanced as to the primary
      pathophysiological cause of pain in these patients. Suggestions, largely deriving
      from observations on animal models, include: ephaptic transmission, adrenergic
      receptors on sensory neurones, indirect coupling of sympathetic and sensory
      neurones, sensitization of nociceptive afferents, and, in the central nervous
      system, sensitization of dorsal horn neurones. All these suggestions have some
      supporting evidence, but none are able to adequately explain all the disturbances
      seen in patients with SMP.

PMID- 1794074
TI  - Management of sympathetic pain.
AB  - Successful treatment of sympathetic pain is directed at the restoration of normal
      function. This can be achieved in the majority of cases with a combination of
      appropriate sympathetic or somatic nerve block, usually coupled with aggressive
      physiotherapy. It is a matter of regret that there are few controlled trials to
      demonstrate the efficacy of any of these forms of management. Other non-invasive
      techniques such as stimulation-produced analgesia and pharmacology, particularly
      the use of adrenergic blocking agents, hold some promise of future benefit. Here
      too, more effort should be made to carry out properly designed studies, as there
      is scepticism about the place of permanent or potentially destructive therapy in
      any painful condition.

PMID- 1794075
TI  - Neuropathic pain and injured nerve: peripheral mechanisms.
AB  - Injury to sensory axons often has the paradoxical effect of inducing positive
      sensory disturbances; paraesthesias and chronic neuropathic pain. Such symptoms
      can be at least partially understood in terms of pathophysiological changes that
      occur in the electrical excitability of the injured sensory neuron. These changes
      result in the generation of an abnormal ongoing and evoked discharge,
      originating, alternatively, at various ectopic neural pacemaker sites. Many of
      the most effective therapeutic modalities recommended for neuropathic pain act by
      reducing this ectopic neural discharge.

PMID- 1794076
TI  - Neuropathic pain and injured nerve: central mechanisms.
AB  - A satisfactory explanation of neuropathic pain must include mechanisms capable of
      generating three types of pain: ongoing, episodic and allodynic. It must explain
      why many such pains develop very soon after injury while others occur after long
      delays. It must take into account the many painless neuropathies and the
      unpredictable relationship of the pain to the pathology in the painful
      neuropathies. While these diseases clearly start in the periphery and peripheral
      changes must contribute to the pain, there are also three types of central
      change. First changes in the afferent impulse barrage can induce long term shifts
      of central synaptic excitability. Second, changes of the chemical substances
      transported from the periphery to the cord produce alterations of cord cell
      excitability. Third, central control mechanisms can change into a pathological
      state permitting hyperexcitability. The combined peripheral and central pathology
      offers more than explanation since each factor could be a target for prevention
      as well as cure.

PMID- 1794077
TI  - Neurogenic pain syndromes and their management.
AB  - Neurogenic pain is defined as pain due to dysfunction of the peripheral or
      central nervous system, in the absence of nociceptor (nerve terminal) stimulation
      by trauma or disease. Other terms used to describe some (but not all) forms of
      neurogenic pain include neuropathic pain, deafferentation pain, and central pain;
      all these terms are subsumed into the wider expression 'neurogenic pain'. The
      clinical syndromes representing this type of disorder make up at least 25% of the
      patients attending most pain clinics. This is undoubtedly proportionately greater
      than its incidence in chronic pain as a whole, and is a measure of its
      intractability and of the therapeutic dilemma which it presents. However,
      neurogenic pain syndromes are much commoner than is perhaps generally recognized:
      when all categories are taken into account, there are probably more than 550,000
      cases in the UK population of 56 million at any one time, i.e. a prevalence of
      about 1%.

PMID- 1794078
TI  - Development of pain mechanisms.
AB  - Interest in the neural development of pain pathways and of the perception and
      treatment of pain in newborn infants has increased markedly in the last few
      years. The tremendous improvement in the survival of premature infants,
      particularly those weighing less than 1000 gm at birth, means that there are now
      a significant number of infants, many of whom require surgery, undergoing
      necessarily extensive traumatic procedures in intensive care units. At the same
      time it is becoming clear that the traditional belief of paediatricians and
      anaesthetists that newborn infants do not feel or remember pain and therefore
      need no anaesthesia or analgesia is rooted in a mixture of misconception and
      fear.

PMID- 1794080
TI  - Opioid clinical pharmacology and routes of administration.
AB  - Opiate prescription is based on titration to effect. This principle is supported
      by the difference between the laboratory and clinical pharmacologies of opiates.
      Clinically the presence of nociceptive pain appears to act as a counter to the
      respiratory depressant effect of opiates, and perhaps the dependence, which are
      such features in the laboratory. Factors in choosing between opiates are
      described; these include onset speed, duration of effect, toxic and active
      metabolites and specific side-effects. Side-effect comparison between opiates is
      only satisfactory when the drugs are compared at equianalgesic doses. The kinetic
      and clinical logic of alternative routes is explored. Overall there is probably
      more difference between the effect of the same opiate given by different routes
      than between the effects of different opiates given by the same route.

PMID- 1794079
TI  - Pain management in children.
AB  - Interest in the management and study of pain in children has increased in recent
      years. A range of techniques appropriate to children with different developmental
      levels is now available for the assessment of various aspects of childhood pain.
      A management plan can be developed depending on the cause of pain and choosing
      from a range of therapeutic techniques. It should take into account both the
      physical and psychological aspects of pain. Drugs from the mainstay of treatment
      of pain with a clear physiological cause. Suitable drugs are now available but
      inexperience and myths may still result in reluctance to use appropriate strong
      analgesics in children. Postoperative pain control and the analgesic needs of
      neonates have been particularly neglected areas. Management can be dramatically
      improved by increasing staff sensitivity and the use of an integrated programme
      of drugs, physical techniques and psychological approaches.

PMID- 1794081
TI  - Pain: psychological and psychiatric factors.
AB  - Recent research in the field of chronic pain has highlighted the importance of
      the assessment of psychological factors as part of the overall assessment of the
      chronic pain patient. Reliance only on self report of pain is inadequate. A
      number of different approaches have been taken to psychological evaluation,
      ranging from formal assessment of psychiatric illness to self-report
      questionnaires and clinical evaluation. In this chapter, each of the major types
      of assessment is described and illustrated with examples of specific tests or
      assessment instruments. The chapter highlights research which has attempted to
      appraise the relative value of different sorts of psychological information in
      assessment of the impact of pain or in the patient's response to treatment.
      Recommendations for the design of a simple comprehensive system for chronic pain
      are made.

PMID- 1794082
TI  - Psychological approaches in chronic pain management.
AB  - Psychological factors are contributory to the genesis and maintenance of many
      chronic pain syndromes. Treatment can be delivered either as one component of
      multimodal therapy or as the sole approach in a pain management programme. This
      distinction is important as it has a bearing on the goals of treatment, which in
      the latter situation is to improve management of the pain and encourage the
      patient to take more responsibility for their treatment, rather than cure the
      illness. Treatment typically comprises elements of operant conditioning, where
      activity and performance can be substantially improved, and cognitive therapy
      where the thoughts and emotions associated with the pain are tackled, leading to
      diminution of distress. Relaxation training is also of benefit. The documented
      success of these techniques in various settings suggests that psychological
      treatment should be considered a necessary component of any multidisciplinary
      clinic offering therapies to chronic pain sufferers.

PMID- 1794084
TI  - Postviral fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 1794083
TI  - Pain clinics and pain clinic treatments.
AB  - Chronic pain is multi-factorial, and consequently a multidisciplinary approach is
      essential for its proper management. Pain Clinics may treat acute pain, chronic
      pain and cancer pain, and need to differentiate between these different
      conditions. Careful diagnosis and assessment is essential, including history,
      examination, questionnaires and relevant investigations. A variety of treatments
      exist to manage chronic pain, some of which have already been discussed in this
      issue. Treatments may be summarized as drugs, surgical (including nerve blocks),
      stimulation techniques, psychological techniques and general or physical
      measures. If a Pain Relief Unit has the ability to provide all of these types of
      treatment, then it can manage any type of pain, with the ability to relieve pain
      and improve quality of life greatly in a significant number of sufferers.

PMID- 1794085
TI  - Clinical spectrum of postviral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - Many different neurological and psychiatric syndromes follow viral infections,
      but their clinical pictures and pathogeneses are poorly understood. The syndromes
      include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (post-infectious encephalomyelitis),
      the Guillain-Barre syndrome (post-infectious neuritis) and Reye's syndrome.
      Recently, attention has been focused on another common postviral neurological
      syndrome, i.e. the postviral fatigue syndrome (PVFS)--termed myalgic
      encephalomyelitis (ME) and a host of other designations. PVFS occurs both
      sporadically and in epidemics, with cases being reported from all over Europe,
      the United States, Australasia and South Africa. It is difficult to make the
      diagnosis and this has meant, in the past, that it is not until an epidemic has
      occurred that random cases which presented in the preceding years are realised to
      represent the same condition. With renewed interest in the syndrome and greater
      attention from physicians, however, diagnosis of sporadic cases is now becoming
      more common.

PMID- 1794086
TI  - Neurophysiology of postviral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - The exact pathophysiology of excessive fatigue in patients with postviral fatigue
      syndrome (PVFS) remains uncertain in spite of increasing investigation. One
      objective abnormality of neuromuscular function is the increased jitter on single
      fibre EMG studies. While this is a sensitive technique which indicates a
      disturbance in the peripheral part of the motor unit, it is non-specific and its
      role in the pathophysiology remains unclear. Impaired muscular activation with
      added force in response to superimposed electrical stimulation suggests an extra
      muscular and/or central component of fatigue. Conventional neurophysiological
      studies and those of strength and endurance have shown no objective abnormality
      in patients compared with controls. The previous reports of disturbed muscle
      metabolism on NMR spectroscopy have not been confirmed in more recent studies and
      no consistent abnormality of excitation-contraction coupling has so far emerged.
      Finally, unlike patients with depression, cognitive evoked potential studies
      suggest impaired attention, memory and stimulus evaluation in postviral fatigue
      syndrome. In future studies, the importance of utilising approved clinical
      criteria for patient inclusion cannot be overemphasized. Control groups should
      include sedentary or deconditioned as well as depressed subjects to help
      standardise these important variables.

PMID- 1794087
TI  - Muscle biochemistry and pathophysiology in postviral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - Patients with postviral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) usually complain of the skeletal
      muscle-related symptoms of fatigue and myalgia. It is not surprising therefore
      that the muscles have recently been the object of intensive studies which have
      used a variety of biochemical and physiological techniques. The aim of this
      chapter is to review these findings, and to discuss their significance or
      otherwise to the presenting symptoms and course of the condition.

PMID- 1794088
TI  - Viral persistence and disease: cytopathology in the absence of cytolysis.
AB  - Realising that viruses could persist and thereby cause chronic disease has been
      one of the major accomplishments in virology. In this review we will discuss the
      principles by which viruses can persist and how such persistence can lead to
      disease. Our focus will be on the ability of certain viruses to interfere subtly
      with the cell's ability to produce specific differentiated products as hormones,
      neurotransmitters, cytokines and immunoglobulins, etc., in the absence of their
      ability to lyse the cell they infect. By this means viruses can replicate in
      histologically normal appearing cells and tissues. Despite viral replication the
      infected cell maintains its normal anatomic architecture and yet the virus
      disorders the differentiated or luxury function of the cell leading to
      disturbances in homeostasis and disease. Viruses by this means likely underline a
      wide variety of clinical illnesses, currently of unknown aetiology, that affect
      the endocrine, immune, nervous and other differentiated systems.

PMID- 1794089
TI  - Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a disorder which is characterised by profound fatigue
      together with a variety of other subjective clinical features which persist over
      a prolonged period of time. The aetiology remains at present uncertain and
      therefore rational therapeutic strategies are difficult to plan. This paper
      reviews currently used forms of treatment aimed at correcting the possible
      pathophysiological mechanisms and discusses the problems associated with the
      management of this condition.

PMID- 1794090
TI  - Psychiatric perspectives: an overview.
AB  - This chapter reviews the evidence concerning the importance of psychological and
      social factors in the aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome. The
      diagnosis is often offered to doctors by patients; and we consider attribution,
      stigma, collusion between doctor and patient, and abnormal illness behaviour in
      this context. We then give a brief description of a model for common mental
      disorders, and show how chronic fatigue syndrome relates to this model. It
      emerges that there are special vulnerability factors in these patients'
      personalities before the viral illness, but the disorder is seen as being
      released by the viral illness. By the time the disorder becomes established the
      original causal nexus is seen as no longer so important, and the disorder can be
      seen as a form of abnormal illness behaviour maintained by special factors. The
      implications for treatment are then considered.

PMID- 1794091
TI  - History of postviral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - In writing a history of any illness there is always a dilemma whether to attempt
      the story of the condition 'itself', the medical attempts to define its nature,
      or to glimpse it via our changing reactions. The easiest is a straightforward
      account of the attempts of scientists to solve a problem--the classic medical
      detective story. However, this is often more fiction than fact. Medicine rarely
      moves smoothly from ignorance to knowledge, but often in a more circular fashion.
      A historical approach is thus not solely a record of who did what, but also
      contributes to our understanding of the problems under scrutiny in this issue.
      Terminology is never easy in this subject, but the following conventions will be
      used: The terms neurasthenia and ME will be used in their actual context (as
      authors themselves used them), without defining either. Post-infectious fatigue
      syndrome (PIFS) will cover similar conditions when related to infective episodes.
      All will be used in a neutral fashion, to refer to changing realities as
      understood by doctors and historians. This chapter attempts both chronological
      description and social analysis. The justification for this approach is clear in
      the case of neurasthenia, since 'as so little was known of its pathological basis
      physicians' statements regarding the disease were composed more of social and
      cultural elements than of scientific knowledge'. Although much has changed, a
      contemporary account still reveals as much about cultural attitudes as the
      advance of science.

PMID- 1794092
TI  - Post-viral fatigue syndrome. Epidemiology: a critical review.
AB  - Numerous reports in medical journals, lay magazines, and newspapers bear witness
      to the level of interest in the postviral fatigue syndrome and the heated
      controversy about the true nature of this condition. For many, it represents a
      'rag bag' diagnosis into which unsolved diagnostic problems are discarded. Others
      are in no doubt that there is a discrete syndrome, probably with a specific
      causation. The real answer almost certainly lies somewhere in between, but the
      truth can only be established through epidemiological studies designed to answer
      key questions. Does it exist at all, and, if so, how frequently does it occur?
      Who is most likely to get it and what is its cause? What is the nature of its
      implied association with viral infections and what is the role of other
      frequently postulated factors, such as psychiatric morbidity? What is its natural
      history and is there any evidence that any of the treatment/management regimes on
      offer can effectively lead to symptomatic relief or improve prognosis? In this
      chapter, we consider the evidence on these key questions, identify some of the
      deficiencies in our current knowledge and highlight the kind of research which is
      still required.

PMID- 1794093
TI  - Post-viral fatigue syndrome. Epidemiology: lessons from the past.
AB  - This chapter outlines the recorded epidemiological history of PVFS (including the
      early epidemics of myalgic encephalomyelitis) and the development of the concept,
      including the realisation that endemic cases also occur. Cases of PVFS are still
      not recorded by the Surveillance Centre for Communicable Diseases, so it is very
      difficult to detect and monitor any outbreak in the community, since each GP may
      only have two or three such patients and would, therefore, not be aware of an
      epidemic in the community as a whole if it occurred. Epidemiological issues
      raised by the early epidemics, including the delineation of the syndrome, the
      question of bias, the role of hysteria and the role of depression; the issue of
      symptom distribution, and its implications for aetiology; and a multiaxial
      framework for understanding the association with psychological symptoms are
      discussed. The value of a future multidisciplinary research programme designed to
      disentangle direct and predisposing causes of PVFS is emphasised.

PMID- 1794094
TI  - Postviral fatigue syndrome and psychiatry.
AB  - The postviral fatigue syndrome overlaps with psychiatry at a number of points.
      First, there is the influence that some psychological states have on
      physiological processes, such as immunity. Second, psychological symptoms,
      particularly depression but also anxiety, are a major feature of the syndrome.
      Third, difficulties in the doctor-patient relationship are common. Each of these
      three areas are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to the possible
      mechanisms underlying the occurrence of psychological symptoms, which are
      sufficient to make a psychiatric diagnosis in at least two thirds of cases. It is
      concluded that the bulk of the scientific evidence points to psychiatric
      disturbances being primary but that this does not account for the syndrome in its
      entirety and other mechanisms probably operate as well. Much of the conflict
      between doctor and patient arises from misconceptions about the nature and cause
      of psychological disturbances.

PMID- 1794095
TI  - Psychiatric management of PVFS.
AB  - Psychiatric management of PVFS (considered as a subtype of CFS) is a pragmatic
      approach to a disorder for which strictly biomedical treatments have so far had
      little to offer. Psychiatric assessment embraces a comprehensive
      (biopsychosocial) approach, and distinguishes factors that perpetuate the
      condition from those that may have precipitated it. Treatments are targeted at
      perpetuating factors. Few controlled treatment trials have been reported in
      patients selected specifically as meeting criteria for CFS. There is evidence
      available, however, that suggests useful management strategies. An uncontrolled
      study of treatment of CFS with combined antidepressant drug and psychological
      treatment has produced promising results. In addition there is useful evidence
      arising from the study and treatment of the individual symptoms of CFS, occurring
      both in isolation as part of other syndromes. The results of controlled trials of
      antidepressant drugs, and of psychological and rehabilitative treatment are
      awaited. It is already possible to offer provisional guidelines for treatment.

PMID- 1794096
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet
      monkeys.
AB  - In a counter-balanced, cross-over study, we examined the contributions of
      serotonergic systems to the acquisition of social dominance in adult male vervet
      monkeys. Subjects were members of 12 social groups, each containing 3 adult
      males, at least 3 adult females, and their offspring. Animals were observed in 5
      intervals including a first baseline, a first experimental, a second baseline, a
      second experimental, and a third baseline period. At the end of the first
      baseline period, the dominant male was removed from each group. In each group,
      one of the two remaining subordinate males was selected at random for treatment
      and during the first experimental period, 6 of the 12 treated males received
      drugs that enhanced serotonergic activity (3 were given tryptophan 40 mg/kg/day
      and 3 fluoxetine 2 mg/kg/day). The other 6 treated males received drugs that
      reduced serotonergic function (3 were given fenfluramine 2 mg/kg/day and 3
      cyproheptadine 60 micrograms/kg/day). At the end of the first experimental
      period, the original dominant male was returned to his group and the second
      baseline period began. In all instances, the originally dominant male regained
      his dominant position. The second experimental period began with the dominant
      male again being removed and, the 12 treated males were given the treatment they
      had not received in the first experimental period. At the start of the third 12
      week baseline period, the original dominant male was returned to his group and
      resumed his dominant status. When the 12 treated subjects received tryptophan or
      fluoxetine, they became dominant in all instances. When they received
      fenfluramine or cyproheptadine, their vehicle-treated cage mates became dominant.
      The sequence of the behavioral changes shown by the treated males as they
      acquired dominance status paralleled those seen in naturalistic conditions. These
      observations support the distinction between dominance and aggression and
      strongly suggest that when hierarchical relationships are uncertain, serotonergic
      mechanisms may mediate the behaviors which permit a male to attain high dominance
      status.

PMID- 1794097
TI  - A site for estradiol priming of progesterone-facilitated sexual receptivity in
      the ventrolateral hypothalamus of female guinea pigs.
AB  - The induction of progestin receptors by estradiol in the mediobasal hypothalamus
      (MBH) has been correlated with progesterone facilitation of sexual receptivity in
      female guinea pigs. We used an immunocytochemical technique to visualize the
      induction of progestin receptors by estradiol in a population of neurons
      correlated with estradiol-induced responsiveness to progesterone. Progestin
      receptor-immunoreactivity (PR-IR) and responsiveness to progesterone-facilitation
      of sexual behavior were induced by intracranial implantation of small bilateral
      cannulae (28- or 33-gauge) containing 1 or 10% estradiol diluted with
      cholesterol. In the first experiment, 28-gauge cannulae containing estradiol were
      effective only when implanted in the rostral part of the MBH. In the second
      experiment in which 33-gauge cannulae were used, behavioral responsiveness to
      progesterone was induced only when the cannulae were localized bilaterally in the
      rostro-ventral part of the ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH). The presence of
      estradiol-induced PR-IR within the rostro-ventral VLH was correlated with the
      ability of progesterone to facilitate sexual behavior. These data suggest that
      neurons containing estrogen-induced progestin receptors specifically within the
      rostro-ventral VLH are involved in progesterone facilitation of sexual
      receptivity in estradiol-primed guinea pigs.

PMID- 1794098
TI  - In vivo release of newly synthesized [3H]GABA in the substantia nigra of the rat:
      relative contribution of GABA striato-pallido-nigral afferents and nigral GABA
      neurons.
AB  - The release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) continuously formed from
      [3H]glutamine has been measured with a push-pull cannula implanted in the
      substantia nigra of the rat anesthetized with ketamine. Consistent with the high
      density of GABA terminals coming from both the striato-pallido-nigral afferents,
      and from GABA nigrofugal neurons, our results showed that a large amount of
      [3H]GABA was spontaneously released in the reticulata, about 4 times higher than
      in the compacta. In the absence of calcium the spontaneous [3H]GABA release was
      reduced (-30%), as well as the K(+)-induced release of [3H]GABA (-66%).
      Bicuculline (10(-4) M) did not affect the K(+)-evoked release of [3H]GABA,
      suggesting that autoreceptors on GABA afferent fibers are distinct from the GABAA
      subtype. Partial lesions of striato- and pallido-nigral GABA neurons with kainic
      acid (1.2 micrograms) decrease by 40% the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
      activity in the ipsilateral SN without decreasing the spontaneous release of
      [3H]GABA; even following extensive lesions with kainic acid (2.5 micrograms), GAD
      activity (-72%) and spontaneous [3H]GABA release (-83%) were not completely
      abolished. These results suggest that a non-negligible contribution of GABA
      nigral neurons accounts for the spontaneous GABA release measured in the
      substantia nigra. This is further supported by the decrease (-20%), and the
      increase (+40%) of [3H]GABA release produced by the local application of glycine
      (10(-6) M), and bicuculline (10(-4) M), which respectively, inhibits and
      activates the nigral neuron activity. The contribution of nigral GABA neurons to
      the amount of [3H]GABA release from the substantia nigra, is likely linked to
      their high spontaneous firing rate.

PMID- 1794099
TI  - Differential effects of physostigmine and pilocarpine on the spatial memory
      deficits produced by two septo-hippocampal deafferentations in rats.
AB  - Rats that had received two kinds of septo-hippocampal deafferentations, medial
      septum (MS) lesion and fimbria-fornix (FF) transection, were assayed for brain
      cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and spatial memory in an 8-arm radial
      maze task. Both lesions produced profound and long-lasting spatial memory
      impairments, which were characterized by a reduction in the numbers of correct
      arm choices and first correct choices, a reduction in the percent of correct
      choices and an increase in the number of errors. The degree of memory impairment
      was severer in FF- than in MS-lesioned rats, and paralleled that of decreases in
      ChAT activity in the hippocampus. MS lesion reduced ChAT activity in the
      hippocampus by approximately 45%, while FF lesion almost completely depleted the
      activity. An intraperitoneal injection of physostigmine (0.0032-0.32 mg/kg), an
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, significantly ameliorated the spatial
      memory deficit induced by MS lesion, but hardly affected that by FF lesion. In
      contrast, intraperitoneal doses (0.032-3.2 mg/kg) of pilocarpine, a muscarinic
      agonist, showed a significant improvement of both types of memory deficit with
      bell shaped dose-response curves. The drug was more potent in the FF- than in the
      MS-lesioned rats. These results suggest that the septo-hippocampal cholinergic
      system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of spatial memory, and that the
      degree of septo-hippocampal deafferentation affects the efficacy of cholinergic
      drugs.

PMID- 1794100
TI  - Favored patterns in spontaneous spike trains.
AB  - By using the modified detection method, favored patterns can be detected in a
      total of 44 spontaneous spike trains. Among these the 'periodical burst'
      discharge of one sympathetic preganglionic neuron and the 'fast-slow' alternative
      discharge of some hypothalamic neurons have visible characteristics, hence we use
      them to test the reliability of our method by comparing the detected patterns
      with the non-sequential interval histograms and oscillograms of the spike trains.
      The comparisons show that our method is reliable. The spike trains of nucleus
      raphe magnus (NRM) and the locus coeruleus (LC) have no visible characteristics;
      from these the following results have been observed: (1) all spike trains have
      one or more favored patterns; (2) some spike trains from neurons in the same
      nucleus have common fragments of favored patterns; (3) the favored patterns in
      spike trains recorded from different nuclei are different from each other; (4)
      some favored patterns in spike trains of the NRM neurons remain unchanged from
      beginning to end in 35-min records and their repetitions are relatively stable;
      and (5) microinjection of normal saline or normal serum into the LC has no
      significant influence on the occurrence of favored patterns in 35-min records of
      spike trains of the LC neurons. The above results indicate that the favored
      patterns in spike trains are objective and regular phenomena with relative
      stability. It seems likely that favored pattern may be used (as an index of the
      neuronal activity) in combination with the microinjection technique, etc., for
      various studies including studies on neural coding.

PMID- 1794101
TI  - Extravasation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin in normal and injured CNS regions
      lacking blood-brain barrier function: observations after ventral root
      replantation.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role as a bacterial pathogen after
      traumatic injury. The majority of isolated strains produces alpha-toxin, a 33-kDa
      protein, with membrane-damaging and lethal effects. The central nervous system
      (CNS) has been considered as the possible target for the lethal action of this
      toxin. A transfer of alpha-toxin across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) is
      however unlikely. The aim of the present study was to determine if alpha-toxin is
      accumulated in CNS regions which lack the BBB function. The distribution of alpha
      toxin after intravascular injections, in normal mice and rats as well as in rats
      subjected to ventral root replantation, was assessed using immunogold technique.
      The results show that, although alpha-toxin does not cross the BBB, alpha-toxin
      like immunoreactivity could be detected in the area postrema and at the optic
      nerve-retinal junction. Extravasation of alpha-toxin was also shown to occur in
      the spinal cord even 22 months after ventral root replantation. This finding
      suggests that axon regeneration after ventral root replantation takes place in a
      macromolecular environment which is totally different from the normal CNS. The
      implications of vascular spread of alpha-toxin to regions devoid of BBB function
      are discussed in relation to the bacterial infections which might complicate
      severe spinal injuries.

PMID- 1794102
TI  - Stimulus-evoked changes in neostriatal dopamine levels in awake and anesthetized
      rats as measured by microdialysis.
AB  - The effect of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation on neostriatal dopamine
      levels was examined using in vivo microdialysis in urethane-anesthetized and
      awake, freely-moving rats in conjunction with single unit extracellular
      recordings from antidromically identified nigral dopaminergic neurons. Dialysis
      samples were collected during baseline periods or while stimulating the MFB with
      trains of 5 or 10 pulses at different frequencies within a physiologically
      relevant range. When the perfusion solution contained 1.2 mM Ca2+, even intense,
      high frequency stimulation was ineffective at producing significant elevations in
      neostriatal dopamine levels whereas cocaine or amphetamine reliably caused
      several-fold elevations in dopamine levels. When the perfusate contained 2.4 mM
      Ca2+, modest MFB stimulation within the range of spontaneous nigral cell firing
      produced large and reliable increases in dopamine levels. There was a significant
      correlation between the proportion of dopaminergic neurons that could be
      antidromically activated from the MFB and the increase in neostriatal dopamine.
      There was no effect of stimulus pattern on the increase in dopamine levels, and
      results obtained in awake, freely-moving animals did not differ from those
      obtained in anesthetized animals. These data provide good evidence that in vivo
      microdialysis is sensitive to neostriatal dopamine overflow evoked by stimulation
      within the normal rate of firing of nigrostriatal neurons and that Ringer's Ca2+
      concentration is a critical variable in the detection of stimulus-induced release
      of dopamine.

PMID- 1794103
TI  - EEG changes induced by acute and chronic quisqualic or ibotenic acid nucleus
      basalis lesions are stabilized by tacridine.
AB  - The present study investigated the effects of acute (1 week) and chronic (8
      months) quisqualic (quis) and ibotenic (ibo) acid nucleus basalis (NB) lesions on
      the biochemical activity of the NB cholinergic system (choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT) activity) and on neocortical EEG activity. Cortical ChAT activity of quis
      or ibo NB-lesioned rats did not recover during an 8-month period. Acute and
      chronic quis and ibo NB lesions increased EEG slow waves and high voltage
      spindles. Tacridine, an anticholinesterase, dose-dependently suppressed acute and
      chronic quis and ibo NB lesion-induced EEG changes. The present results suggest
      that NB cholinergic neurons do not recover after excitotoxin-induced damage
      during an 8-month period and that cholinergic neuron loss is importantly involved
      in the acute and chronic lesion-induced EEG changes.

PMID- 1794104
TI  - Selective reinnervation: a comparison of recovery following microsuture and
      conduit nerve repair.
AB  - Selective reinnervation was studied by comparing the regeneration across a
      conventional neurorraphy versus a conduit nerve repair. Lewis rats underwent
      right sciatic nerve transection followed by one of four different nerve repairs
      (n = 8/group). In groups I and II a conventional neurorraphy was performed and in
      groups III and IV the proximal and distal stumps were coapted by use of a
      silicone conduit with an interstump gap of 5 mm. The proximal and distal stumps
      in groups I and III were aligned anatomically correct and the proximal stump was
      rotated 180 degrees in groups II and IV (i.e. proximal peroneal nerve opposite
      the distal tibial nerve and the proximal tibial nerve opposite the distal
      peroneal nerve). By 14 weeks, there was an equivalent, but incomplete return in
      sciatic function index (SFI) in groups I, III, and IV as measured by walking
      track analysis. However, the SFI became unmeasurable by 6 weeks in all group II
      animals. At 14 weeks, the percent innervation of the tibialis anterior and medial
      gastronemius muscles by the peroneal and tibial nerves respectively was estimated
      by selective compound muscle action potential amplitude recordings. When
      fascicular alignment was reversed, there was greater tibial (P = 0.02) and lesser
      peroneal (P = 0.005) innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle in the conduit
      (group IV) versus the neurorraphy (group II) group. This suggests that the
      gastrocnemius muscle may be selectively reinnervated by the tibial nerve.
      However, there was no evidence of selective reinnervation of the tibialis
      anterior muscle. Despite these differences, the functional recovery in both
      conduit repair groups (III and IV) was equivalent to a correctly aligned
      microsuture repair (group I) and superior to that in the incorrectly aligned
      microsuture repair (group II).

PMID- 1794105
TI  - Differential roles of hypogastric and pelvic nerves in the analgesic and motoric
      effects of vaginocervical stimulation in rats.
AB  - Bilateral transection of the pelvic and/or hypogastric nerves, which convey
      afferent activity from the reproductive tract, was performed to ascertain the
      role of these nerves in the analgesic and motoric effects of vaginocervical
      mechanostimulation (VS) in rats. Two indices of analgesia were used: tail flick
      latency to radiant heat (TFL) and vocalization threshold to electrical shock of
      the tail (Voc-T). Nerve cuts were performed at least one week prior to behavioral
      testing. Bilateral transection of both the pelvic and hypogastric nerves
      eliminated the analgesic effects of VS on the TFL and Voc-T tests. Bilateral
      transection of only the pelvic nerves reduced the number of rats showing maximal
      VS-induced elevation in TFL, without altering the effect of VS on Voc-T. By
      contrast, bilateral transection of only the hypogastric nerves attenuated the Voc
      T-elevating effect of VS, without reducing the effect of VS on elevating TFL. The
      effects of VS on producing immobility, hindlimb extension and blockage of
      hindlimb withdrawal to foot pinch were eliminated by combined bilateral pelvic
      and hypogastric neurectomy. However, bilateral transection of either nerve alone
      did not significantly alter the efficacy of VS in producing these effects. These
      findings indicate that the pelvic and hypogastric nerves contribute to the
      immobility- and extensor-inducing, and flexor-inhibiting effects of VS, and
      differentially mediate the analgesia-producing effects of VS.

PMID- 1794106
TI  - Dishabituation of the flexion reflex in spinal cord-injured man and its
      application in the restoration of gait.
AB  - The flexion withdrawal reflex, evoked by surface electrical stimulation, has been
      used to provide hip flexion for the restoration of gait in paraplegics. A major
      limitation to its use has been the decrease in the magnitude of the response to
      repeated stimulation (habituation). In this study it was found that by using high
      intensity stimulation the response could be dishabituated. It was demonstrated
      that sufficient hip flexion for functional electrical stimulation-assisted gait
      was maintained using high intensity pulses in a one-step-ahead controller.

PMID- 1794107
TI  - Sex-dependent association between immune function and paw preference in two
      substrains of C3H mice.
AB  - Asymmetry in brain modulation of the immune system has been previously described
      in mice. Paw preference is known to be associated with immune reactivity but the
      respective roles of sex and genetic background in this association remain to be
      elucidated. In this work, male and female mice of the C3H/He and C3H/OuJIco
      substrains were selected as right- and left-handers. Mitogen-induced
      lymphoproliferation and natural killer cell activity were then tested. Left
      handed female mice of both C3H substrains exhibited higher mitogenesis than right
      handers but no association between paw preference and NK cell activity was found
      in females. Conversely, in males of both substrains, right-handers showed
      enhanced NK cell activity compared to left-handers but no association between paw
      preference and mitogenesis was observed in males. Only small differences in the
      strength, but not in the direction, of the association between paw preference and
      immune functions were observed between the two C3H substrains. These results show
      that the association between paw preference and immune reactivity in mice varies
      according to the immune parameters tested and is a sex-dependent phenomenon in
      which the genetic background may be involved.

PMID- 1794108
TI  - Maintenance of liver function in long term culture of hepatocytes following in
      vitro or in vivo Ha-rasEJ transfection.
AB  - Collagenase isolated rat hepatocytes were transfected with liposome encapsulated
      pEJ (LE-pEJ), a plasmid carrying the human cellular activated Ha-rasEJ oncogene.
      A proliferative cell line was cloned from these cells transfected in vitro. It
      secreted per day 0.87 micrograms albumin and 0.32 microgram transferrin per 10(6)
      cells, and 11.06 nmol free and conjugated bile acids (BA) per mg protein. Also,
      it metabolized 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) into N- and ring-hydroxylated
      metabolites and 2-aminofluorene at rates of 1.50, 9.73, and 1.98 nmol/mg cell
      protein/24 hr, respectively. Rats were i.v. injected with both LE-pEJ and LE
      p17hGHneo carrying the hGH cDNA gene, and secreted hGH in the plasma which
      induced the synthesis of anti-hGH antibodies. A cell line was cloned from
      cultures of primary hepatocytes isolated from the liver of transfected rats.
      After 2 to 3 months in culture, this cell line secreted per day 18.9 micrograms
      albumin and 11.0 micrograms transferrin per 10(6) cells, 38.75 nmol total BA per
      mg cell protein, and up to 31 ng hGH per 10(6) cells without cloning hGH
      recombinant cells. A 24 hr control culture of primary hepatocytes isolated from
      non transfected rats secreted 25.5 micrograms albumin and 11.7 micrograms
      transferrin per 10(6) cells, and produced 21.64 nmol total BA and 2.13 nmol N-OH
      2-AAF per mg cell protein. Hence, Ha-rasEJ transfection of either hepatocytes in
      vitro or liver cells in vivo, initiated cell cycles leading to presumptive
      proliferating hepatocytes which express liver function.

PMID- 1794109
TI  - The clastogenic effect of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) on human chromosomes in
      lymphocyte cultures.
AB  - In this study the clastogenic effect of pyrimethamine (Daraprim), a folic acid
      antagonist used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis and malaria on human
      chromosomes, was investigated. Pyrimethamine was added to in vitro lymphocyte
      cultures at six different concentrations: 0.05 (normal therapeutic dose), 0.1,
      0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/ml. No proliferation was observed in any of the
      cultures containing 1.6 mg/ml pyrimethamine. The results of the cytogenetic
      evaluations show that the frequency of breaks and gaps increase significantly in
      dose-dependent manner. Thus, pyrimethamine has a clastogenic effect on human
      chromosomes.

PMID- 1794110
TI  - Protective mechanism of sodium molybdate against the acute toxicity of cadmium in
      rats. II. Prevention of cytoplasmic acidification.
AB  - In order to clarify the protective mechanism of sodium molybdate against the
      acute toxicity of cadmium chloride in rat, the effect of in vivo sodium molybdate
      pretreatment on the cytotoxic action of cadmium in isolated hepatocytes was
      studied. The cytosolic pH of hepatocytes isolated from untreated rats immediately
      decreased with incubation in either neutral Hank's balanced salt solution (HBS),
      pH 7.4, containing 5 microM cadmium chloride minimum or acidic HBS (pH 7.1, 6.8,
      6.5, and 6.2). The presence of 5 microM cadmium in HBS adjusted to pH 7.1
      aggravated cytosolic acidification induced by the acidic medium alone. Cell
      viability of hepatocytes incubated in HBS at pH 6.2 was significantly reduced as
      compared to that of control cells in HBS at pH 7.4, but the presence of cadmium
      in the acidic HBS had no aggravating action against such a toxic action of the
      acidic medium although cellular uptake of the metal in the medium increased, as
      compared to that in HBS at pH 7.4. Molybdenum pretreatment alleviated cytoplasmic
      acidification induced by the treatment with HBS at pH 7.4 or 7.1 containing
      cadmium or by extracellular acid load without cadmium. This pretreatment also
      prevented the loss of cell viability induced by the treatment with HBS at pH 6.2
      but could not attenuate that when cadmium was present in the medium. These facts
      suggest that molybdenum pretreatment alleviated the acute toxicity of cadmium in
      rat by preventing cytoplasmic acidification caused by the harmful metal.

PMID- 1794111
TI  - In-vitro testing and the carcinogenic potential of several nitrosated indole
      compounds.
AB  - 4-chloro-methoxyindole is a naturally occurring compound in Vicia faba which can
      easily react with nitrite to form a N-nitroso compound. In this in vitro study,
      the potential genotoxic effects of nitrosated 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole and its
      structural analogue 4-chloroindole were evaluated for the first time by using
      both Salmonella and Chinese hamster V79 cells. Additionally, the inhibition of
      gap junctional intercellular communication in V79 cells by these compounds was
      determined; this is a validated parameter for tumor-promoting activity. Most
      assays were also performed with nitrosated indole-3-acetonitrile, a naturally
      occurring compound in brassicas. Both nitrosated chloroindoles were highly
      mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without the need of exogenous metabolic
      activation and were potent inducers of Sister Chromatid Exchanges. Nitrosated
      indole-3-acetonitrile generated the same effects, although at much higher
      concentrations. Equivocal results were obtained for the nitrosated chloroindoles
      in a forward mutation assay using the hypoxanthine
      guaninephosphoribosyltransferase locus. All nitrosated indole compounds
      significantly inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication. These results
      indicate that nitrosated chloroindoles and nitrosated indole-3-acetonitrile
      should be considered as mutagens and agents with potential tumor-promoting
      capacity.

PMID- 1794112
TI  - Cadmium induces hypertrophy accompanied by increased myc mRNA accumulation in NRK
      49F cells.
AB  - Previous studies showed that Cd++ inhibits EGF-induced DNA synthesis but not EGF
      induced myc mRNA accumulation or amino acid incorporation into protein in serum
      starved NRK-49F cells. In this study, flow cytometry was used to analyze the DNA
      and protein content of individual cells stimulated with Cd++ and/or epidermal
      growth factor (EGF). myc oncogene expression in these cells was also measured. It
      was found that, in both parental NRK-49F cells and in a clonal subpopulation, N1,
      Cd++ induces an hypertrophic response. In parental NRK-49F cells, however, lower
      doses of Cd++ (0.5 microM) induced more pronounced hypertrophic responses than
      did higher doses (4 microM); whereas in N1 cells, the Cd+(+)-induced hypertrophic
      response shows a pattern of increasing response with doses of Cd++ from 0.5 to 4
      microM. myc mRNA accumulation measured 2 hours after stimulation correlated with
      the hypertrophic responses in both NRK-49F cells and in N1 cells. The results
      show that Cd+(+)-induced hypertrophy in NRK-49F cells is associated with
      increased myc oncogene mRNA accumulation, indicating that cell proliferation and
      cell hypertrophy may in part share common activation pathways.

PMID- 1794114
TI  - Vein of Galen aneurysm and hydrocephalus.

PMID- 1794113
TI  - DNA damage and cell death induced by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and
      structural analogs in monolayer culture of rat hepatocytes: 3-aminobenzamide
      inhibits the toxicity of DBCP.
AB  - 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and a number of halogenated propane analogs
      induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes in vitro measured by an automated alkaline
      elution method. Short-term (2 hrs) cytotoxic effects of DBCP were not observed
      until the DBCP concentration exceeded 1 mM. The short-term cytotoxicity of all
      the DBCP analogs occurred in the same concentration range. Significant membrane
      damage, measured as cell detachment, was observed after extended exposure to
      lower concentrations of DBCP (100 microM) for 20 hrs. The relative, delayed
      cytotoxic effect of DBCP and analogs correlated with their ability to cause DNA
      damage. In general, the halogenated propanes with more bromines relative to
      chlorines were the more potent compounds. Propane analogs lacking the third
      halogen had little cytotoxic activity. The addition of the proposed specific
      poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA) protected against
      DBCP-induced cytotoxic effects and NAD+ depletion. However, 3-ABA also reduced
      DBCP-induced DNA damage, DBCP metabolic loss, and the formation of water soluble
      and covalently bound DBCP metabolites. Thus, 3-ABA may block DBCP-induced cell
      death by decreasing the formation of reactive DBCP-metabolites.

PMID- 1794115
TI  - Vein of Galen malformation. Endovascular management of 43 cases.
AB  - Since 1984, 43 patients with true vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations have
      been referred to us and managed according to our patient selection, technique,
      and follow-up guidelines. Thirty-four were embolized transarterially with
      bucrilate (isobutyl cyanoacrylate) or enbucrilate (N-butyl cyanoacrylate)
      embolization. No cutdown or hypotension during or after the embolization was used
      and no balloon catheter was employed. Forty-seven percent of the children had a
      completely occluded lesion which was confirmed when the child was at least 6
      months of age at the follow-up angiographic examination; 52.9% were found to be
      completely normal or only to have mild cardiac failure that could be treated
      medically or moderate macrocephaly without neurological symptoms or mental
      retardation. In the embolized group 5.8% died as a result of the wrong treatment
      (1 case) or poor timing of embolization 3 days after ventricular shunting (1
      case). The overall mortality (embolized and non-embolized groups) in the neonatal
      children was 27.7% with a total of 18.6% for all ages. Complete morphological
      exclusion of the arteriovenous malformation was accomplished in 41.9%; 74.4% of
      all children referred are now clinically normal or present moderate mental
      retardation which is diminishing. There was 3% neurological morbidity in the
      embolized group (only following the venous approach) in 78 sessions and more than
      100 arteries embolized. These results compare favorably with surgical or other
      techniques of arterial embolization (balloon or particles), as well as
      transvenous (transtorcular or transfemoral) embolization, where the morbidity and
      mortality are significantly higher and the late clinical evaluation is seldom
      satisfactory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794116
TI  - The lounging position for posterior fossa surgery: anesthesiological
      considerations regarding air embolism.
AB  - The sitting position for operations in the posterior fossa remains controversial
      in both adults and children, primarily because of the risk of air embolism. The
      reports on the incidence of this complication are varied. We retrospectively
      reviewed the data on 704 patients (age range 1-82 years) operated on in a
      lounging position for varied posterior fossa pathology from January 1984 up to
      December 1989. As diagnostic monitoring, we uniformly employed a Doppler
      ultrasound device, an atrial catheter, and capnometry. In 37 adults (5.5%) and 9
      children (9/34) air embolism was diagnosed, without either morbidity or
      mortality. A lounging position, together with adequate infusion therapy and
      ventilation with PEEP, considerably reduces the risk of air embolism.

PMID- 1794117
TI  - Effective shunt-independent treatment for primary middle fossa arachnoid cyst.
AB  - The results of a prospective study on excision of the outer and inner membrane
      for symptomatic primary middle fossa arachnoid cysts in children are presented.
      During the period 1982-1989, among 48 cases of cyst in various locations, 18
      symptomatic patients were treated by excision of both the outer and inner
      membranes with an opening to the basal cistern. The mean patient age was 3.2
      years. All patients were evaluated by examinations, including magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), quantitative CT cisternography
      (CTC), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), N-isopropyl-p[123]iodoamphetamine
      single-photon emission CT (IMP-SPECT) and IQ. All showed abnormal cerebrospinal
      fluid flow dynamics. Significant complications included massive subdural effusion
      in two patients and transient pulmonary edema in one. There were no recurrences
      during the follow-up period (mean 4.7 years). Two morphological types were noted:
      type I, the classical anteromedial type where the cysts are attached directly to
      the adjacent parasellar cisterns, and type II, the anterolateral type, where the
      diagonally concave anterior temporal lobe covers the adjacent cisterns, making
      wide opening difficult. Type I accounted for 78% of all cases, and the reduction
      of the cyst volume with clinical improvement was remarkable within 6 months after
      surgery. Angiographically, 22% of cases showed tapering and retrograde filling of
      the superficial middle cerebral vein. This pattern is not included in Hacker's
      normal variations [18] and suggests mild but chronic compression of the
      developing brain. Even in patients with hemispheric cyst, the reconstituted brain
      showed sufficient cerebral perfusion on SPECT, suggesting that the nature of this
      disease entity is reversible developmental arrest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1794118
TI  - The relationship of cloverleaf skull syndrome to hydrocephalus.
AB  - In 1960, Holtermuller and Wiedemann described chondrodystrophic hydrocephalus as
      Kleeblattschadel syndrome. In the present paper, we review 23 cases of this
      syndrome associated with hydrocephalus, including 2 cases of our own. Of these 23
      cases, 8 involved communicating hydrocephalus and 15 non-communicating
      hydrocephalus. It has been speculated that the associated hydrocephalus results
      from basilar impression, compression of infratentorial structures, aqueductal
      stenosis in non-communicating hydrocephalus, and impairment of venous drainage
      and cerebral spinal fluid flow at the level of the constrictive cranial ring in
      communicating hydrocephalus. Our present cases also showed this cranial ring, as
      demonstrated by skull X-rays and computed tomography scans. Since cloverleaf
      skull syndrome often has other general anomalies, we consider the hydrocephalus
      in this syndrome to have causes associated with the osteocartilaginous system.

PMID- 1794119
TI  - Transcranial Doppler sonography and intracranial pressure monitoring in children
      and juveniles with acute brain injuries or hydrocephalus.
AB  - Transcranial Doppler sonography is a noninvasive method of obtaining information
      about changes in cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure. After severe
      head injuries the development of brain swelling and brain edema can be assessed
      and the efficacy of treatment monitored. Development of severe brain edema
      accompanied by a rapid increase in intracranial pressure can be recognized by a
      decrease in blood flow velocity and rise in the pulsatility index. In
      hydrocephalic children the behavior of the cerebral blood flow velocity and the
      pulsatility index will warn of an increase of the ventricular fluid pressure or a
      shunt insufficiency.

PMID- 1794120
TI  - Reversible porencephaly. Alteration of the cerebrospinal fluid flow after shunt
      malfunction.
AB  - The cases of four infants (five lesions) are reported, where "porencephalic
      cysts," located along the ventricular catheter after shunt malfunction and Ommaya
      reservoir insertion, disappeared after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt revision
      and combined cyst peritoneal (CP) shunt, or after VP shunt alone. This
      pathological state is thought to be a rare postoperative complication. Its
      pathogenesis and therapy are discussed. Shunt malfunction or Ommaya reservoir
      insertion may result in a hypertensive hydrocephalic state. Cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) flows out through a catheter penetrating the site of the ventricular wall
      and expands in the surrounding white matter to form a porencephalic cavity. Once
      this porencephalic state occurs, it will not disappear spontaneously because the
      CSF flows in one direction. As treatment for closed porencephaly, CP shunt
      following a VP shunt revision was markedly effective; for communicating
      porencephaly, a VP shunt revision alone was effective.

PMID- 1794121
TI  - Arginine vasopressin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of children.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels are reported in a
      group of 22 children (median age 24 months) investigated for possible bacterial
      meningitis and subsequently found not to be suffering from this disease. The mean
      CSF AVP concentration was 0.80 +/- 0.33 pg/ml. The results obtained in patients
      suffering from febrile convulsions (mean 0.71 pg/ml), other convulsive disorders
      (mean 0.80 pg/ml) and miscellaneous infectious diseases (mean 0.85 pg/ml) did not
      differ significantly from one another. Our findings confirm the presence of AVP
      in the CSF of children and provide reference values for further investigations
      into the functions of CSF AVP in children.

PMID- 1794122
TI  - Surgical treatment of epilepsy: our experiences with 34 children.
AB  - Surgical treatment of medically intractable epileptic fits in children is highly
      specialized, owing to the specific etiology of epilepsies in this age group and
      the epileptogenic property of the brain in childhood. In our series of 340
      patients operated on for medically intractable epileptic seizures, there were 34
      (10%) patients up to 15 years of age (the youngest was 2 years old; mean age was
      11 years). This group of patients comprises four subgroups: 9 patients with
      temporal foci, 6 patients with extratemporal foci, 16 patients with infantile
      hemiplegia and epilepsy, and 3 patients with epilepsia partialis continua
      (Kozhevnikov's disease). Preoperatively, detectable brain lesions were present in
      30 (88%) cases, a much higher frequency than in adult surgical series.
      Postoperative follow-up so far is 1-14 years (mean, 4 years). Surgical outcome in
      this group of 34 patients is as follows: 21 (62%) are seizure-free, 8 (23%) have
      improved, and 5 (15%) have shown no improvement.

PMID- 1794123
TI  - Spontaneous regression of a temporal arachnoid cyst.
AB  - Surgery is considered to be the standard therapy for arachnoid cysts (ACs). We
      report the case of a 13-year-old boy in whom a right temporal AC disappeared
      spontaneously over a period of 10 years. Bulging of the right temporal skull led
      to the detection of the cyst by computed tomography (CT) scan at the age of 3
      years. There were no other clinical symptoms. Subsequent CT scans showed
      spontaneous regression of the cyst without surgical intervention. The question as
      to how ACs should be treated is discussed.

PMID- 1794124
TI  - The conformation of 1,6-anhydrolactose and its hexa-acetate in solution.
AB  - The conformation of 1,6-anhydrolactoase (1) has been investigated by n.m.r.
      spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations. For a solution in D2O, the 1,6
      anhydroglucopyranoid ring has a 1C4 conformation, whereas there is a
      approximately 1:1 equilibrium between the 1C4 and the BO,3 conformations in
      (CD3)2SO. There is restricted flexibility with phi -80 +/- 20 degrees and psi 
      120 +/- 40 degrees. The hexa-acetate (2) of 1 shows a similar conformational
      behaviour.

PMID- 1794125
TI  - Syntheses of disaccharides with (1----4)-beta glycosidic linkages related to the
      4- and 6-sulfates and the 4,6-disulfates of chondroitin.
AB  - The solution salts of the 6'-sulfate 12, the 4'-sulfate 15 and the 4',6'
      disulfate 17 of benzyl 4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronate
      10 have been synthesized. Methyl [benzyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3-di-O-benzoyl
      beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-+ ++glucopyranosid]uronate (9) has been prepared
      as a key intermediate from benzyl 4',6'-O-benzylidene-beta-D-lactopyranoside (2).
      Protection of 2 at C-6 with the tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, followed by O
      perbenzoylation and disilylation, gave benzyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3-di-O
      benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-galac top yranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7).
      Oxidation of the 6-position of 7 proved to be difficult. However, 7 could be
      converted into the tert-butyl glucuronate 8 using chromium trioxide-pyridine and
      tert-butanol. Simultaneous hydrolysis of the benzylidene acetal and the tert
      butyl ester groups, followed by esterification of the resulting free acid with
      diazomethane, yielded 9. Compound was directly sulfated with sulfur trioxide
      trimethylamine within 12 h to give the 6'-sulfate 11. The 4',6-disulfate 16 was
      accessible by running the reaction under the same conditions for 14 days. The 4'
      sulfate 14 was obtained after protecting the 6'-OH group of 9 with benzoyl
      cyanide to give the 6'-benzoate 13 followed by sulfation under more vigorous
      reaction conditions. Deesterification of 9, 11, 14, and 16 was achieved by
      treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran to give 10, 12, 15,
      and 17, respectively.

PMID- 1794126
TI  - Synthesis of beta-D-GlcA-(1----3)-beta-D-Gal disaccharides with 4- and 6-sulfate
      groups and 4,6-disulfate groups.
AB  - The sodium salts of the 6-sulfate 7, the 4-sulfate 10, and the 4,6-disulfate 12
      of benzyl 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl uronate)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (5) have
      been synthesized. Methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-alpha-d
      glucopyran)uronate (1) was coupled with benzyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta
      D-galactopyranoside (2) to yield 3. The benzylidene acetal of 3 was hydrolyzed to
      give benzyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl)uronate]-beta-D-galactopyra noside (4). Compound 4 was utilized as
      a key intermediate to prepare the sulfated disaccharides 7,10, and 12. Direct
      sulfation of 4 with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine for 2 days yielded the 6
      sulfate 6. The 4,6-disulfate 11 was accessible by running the reaction under the
      same conditions for 14 days. The 4-sulfate 9 was obtained after protecting the 6
      OH group of 4 by reaction with benzoyl imidazole to give the 6-benzoate 8,
      followed by sulfation under vigorous conditions. Treatment of the protected
      compounds 4, 6, 9, and 11 with aqueous sodium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran gave
      the unprotected 5, 7, 10, and 12, respectively.

PMID- 1794127
TI  - Structure of an acidic glycan present in the lipopolysaccharide extract from the
      reference strain for Serratia marcescens serogroup O18.
AB  - The lipopolysaccharide extract from the cell wall of the reference strain for
      Serratia marcescens serogroup O18 contained, in addition to a neutral glycan
      characterised previously, an acidic glycan. Acidity was contributed both by D
      glucuronic acid and by 4-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-D-glucose (4-O-Lac-D-Glc). By
      using n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and chemical degradations, the
      repeating unit of the acidic glycan was identified as a branched hexasaccharide
      having the structure shown; an O-acetyl group also present was not located. The
      glycan is believed to define the O18 serogroup, but is probably not an integral
      component of the lipopolysaccharide. [formula: see text].

PMID- 1794128
TI  - Structural studies of the Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen polysaccharide.
AB  - The structure of the Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen polysaccharide has been
      investigated, mainly by n.m.r. spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, sugar and
      methylation analysis, and specific degradations, and is proposed to involve the
      following tetrasaccharide repeating-unit. [formula: see text]. In this structure,
      D-D-Hep is D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, Asc is 3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose
      (ascarylose), and Sug is 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose (bacillosamine) in
      which N-2 is acetylated and N-4 is acylated with a 3,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid.
      That the 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose residue is linked through O-3 and
      not through one of the hydroxyl groups in the 3,5-dihydroxyhexanoyl group is
      indicated but not definitely proved. The configuration of the latter group has
      not been determined. The f.a.b.-mass spectrum of the methylated O-antigen
      indicates that the structure given above also represents the biological repeating
      unit.

PMID- 1794129
TI  - Distinguishing mammalian sialidases by inhibition kinetics with novel derivatives
      of 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid, an
      unsaturated derivative of N-acetylneuraminic acid.
AB  - Kinetic analysis of mammalian sialidases was carried out using analogs of the
      potent sialidase inhibitor, 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D
      galacto-non-2-enonic+ ++ acid (1). Substitutents at C-9 in place of the terminal
      hydroxyl group included a, 4-azido-2-nitrophenylthio group to give 5-acetamido
      2,6-anhydro-9-S-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-3,5, 9-trideoxy-9-thio-D-glycero-D
      galacto-non-2-enonic acid (2), and an azide group to give 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro
      9-azido-3,5,9-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2 -enonic acid (3). Competitive
      inhibition kinetics were observed when 1,2, and 3 were tested with the lysosomal
      sialidase (cultured fibroblasts) and the plasma membrane sialidase (adenovirus
      DNA-transformed, human embryonic kidney cells), giving a Ki of about 10 microM
      for both enzymes with all three compounds. In contrast, only 1 was a potent
      inhibitor of the microsomal sialidase (rat muscle).

PMID- 1794130
TI  - Structural analysis of the heptose/hexose region of the lipopolysaccharide from
      Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100.
AB  - The disaccharide L-glycero-D-manno-heptosyl-D-glucose was isolated from the
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100 after partial
      hydrolysis with acid, and the structure was determined by methylation analysis,
      n.m.r. spectroscopy, and comparison with a synthetic standard. In addition, the
      oligosaccharides L,D-Hep-D-Glc-D-Glc and L,D-Hep-D-Glc-D-Glc-D-Glc were isolated,
      and their structures were established by g.l.c.-m.s. and methylation analysis.
      The results indicated that L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, a characteristic
      constituent of the inner core region, may also occur in the outer core region
      which, in E. coli, is generally composed of hexoses. A revised structure of the
      carbohydrate backbone of the hexose/heptose region of the LPS is given.

PMID- 1794131
TI  - The synthesis and characterisation of 6-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl
      D-glucopyranose.

PMID- 1794132
TI  - Risk perception, family history, and use of breast cancer screening tests.
AB  - A family history of breast cancer is an established risk factor for the disease,
      but there are few published studies on the use of breast cancer screening tests
      among family-history-positive women. Among 1015 respondents to telephone surveys
      of random samples of women 50 to 75 years old residing on Long Island (New York),
      the frequency of ever having had a mammogram or having a mammogram during the
      past year was significantly higher in respondents with a self-reported family
      history of breast cancer than in other women 50 to 64 (but not 65 to 75) years
      old. The association between family history and mammography during the past year
      held only among 50 to 64-year-old women with a lower perceived risk of breast
      cancer. Among women 50 to 64 years old, strong agreement with the ability of
      mammography to detect nonpalpable lumps was positively associated with
      mammography during the past year, especially among women with lower perceived
      risk of breast cancer. Implications are discussed with regard to breast cancer
      screening programs.

PMID- 1794133
TI  - Early oral contraceptive use and premenopausal breast cancer--a review of studies
      performed in southern Sweden.
AB  - In southern Sweden, extensive oral contraceptive use (OC use) among young women
      was a reality during the 1960s, thus making our region especially suited for
      studies investigating the hypothesis that early OC use is associated with the
      development of premenopausal breast cancer after a possible latency time between
      the exposure and the disease. The results of this study revealed that the risk of
      developing premenopausal breast cancer in women, who during the 1960s used the
      pill as teenagers, is five times greater than nonusers. The risk for early users
      is further modified by the duration of use at an early age, implying a dose
      response relationship. Later use of OCs is not associated with an increased risk
      for the disease. Women with breast cancer, who at an early age have used the
      pill, have larger breast tumors, lower estrogen receptor concentrations of their
      primary tumor, and a worse prognosis compared with later and nonusers with breast
      cancer. The incidence of breast cancer in Sweden rapidly increased in women 25 to
      40 years of age between 1970 and 1984. Conventional risk factors or a change in
      diagnostic activities of breast cancer cannot explain the increase in incidence
      which could be due to the OC exposure. Studies on the risk with modern OCs must
      wait another 20 years because of a too short latency time.

PMID- 1794134
TI  - Comparison of urinary transforming growth factor-alpha in women with disseminated
      breast cancer and healthy control women.
AB  - In an effort to explore the use of polypeptide growth factors as potential
      markers for cancer detection, we have identified the presence of transforming
      growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in pooled urine of patients with metastatic
      breast cancer by a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on a rabbit antiserum
      raised to the C-terminal 17aa synthetic fragment of rat TGF-alpha. This TGF-alpha
      RIA detected both high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW)
      forms of TGF-alpha in the conditioned media of a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB
      231) and in the urine of healthy women and those with breast cancer. The ratio of
      HMW to LMW species of TGF-alpha by RIA after Bio-Gel P-100 chromatography was
      approximately equal in pooled urine samples from both healthy women and those
      with breast cancer, and in the conditioned media from the cell line MDA-MB-231.
      Using established procedures for concentrating urinary proteins from 24-h urine
      samples by adsorption onto methyl-bonded microparticulate silica and selective
      elution by acetonitrile, TGF-alpha RIA results from women with disseminated
      breast carcinoma were compared with those of healthy pre- and post-menopausal
      control women. Analysis indicated a median TGF-alpha value of 981 ng/g urinary
      creatinine for urine samples from cancer patients (range 608 to 1737) and 642
      ng/g creatinine (range 417 to 941) for control urine samples. Although the
      difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05), urinary TGF-alpha
      detection with this assay method appears to have limited usefulness as a
      diagnostic marker for metastatic human adenocarcinoma of the breast.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794135
TI  - Evaluation of mucinous-like cancer antigen (MCA) in women with breast disease:
      preliminary results.
AB  - Mucinous-like cancer antigen (MCA) is a substance which is recognized by a novel
      monoclonal antibody, designated b12, when directed against a mixture of human
      breast cancer cell lines. The present study was carried out by means of a solid
      phase enzyme immuno assay to determine, prior to treatment, circulating levels of
      MCA in 131 women with malignant and in 99 with benign breast diseases (BBD).
      Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference between MCA values
      in healthy controls vs. BBD patients. By contrast, MCA levels were significantly
      higher in cancer patients as compared to the other groups (p less than 0.001). In
      particular, patients with metastatic disease had the highest MCA concentrations.
      The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 25.5 and 97.5%, respectively.
      The characteristics of MCA (low sensitivity, high specificity) encourage its
      evaluation as an indicator of tumor burden.

PMID- 1794136
TI  - Precancerous lesions and biologic markers in esophageal cancer.
AB  - Neoplastic development in the esophagus is characterized by abnormal activity in
      the basal cell proliferative compartment. Malignancy starts with mild dysplasia.
      Barrett's esophagus is associated with columnar epithelial dysplasia and presents
      increased risk for adenocarcinoma. Esophagitis, especially with chronicity, may
      constitute a predisposing characteristic in high incidence areas. This paper
      briefly describes the main features of precancerous lesions in the esophagus. It
      then focuses on a discussion of the biological markers of malignancy in the oral
      cavity and esophagus that are currently under study. Such biomarkers include
      promising differentiation markers such as keratins, involucrin, particulate
      transglutaminase, as well as growth factors, and most studied but nonspecific
      onco-developmental markers, e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha 1-fetaprotein,
      hormone/enzyme markers, e.g., human chorionic gonadotropin and placental
      lactogen, and a number of other miscellaneous markers.

PMID- 1794137
TI  - Serum ferritin and stool occult blood and colon cancer screening.
AB  - A group of 531 participants age 50 years or older were evaluated for colonic
      polyps and malignancy with stool occult blood testing, hemoglobin, hematocrit,
      serum ferritin, flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. Screening
      revealed 1 colorectal cancer, 2 malignant polyps, 30 hyperplastic polyps, 69
      adenomatous polyps, 4 villous adenomas, and 2 villous components. Low serum
      ferritin, an indicator of iron deficiency without anemia, improved the detection
      of colonic malignancies and polyps when used in combination with stool occult
      blood testing. The program was acceptable to participants and attrition was low;
      the attrition rate for the screening program at 1 year was 14.5%.

PMID- 1794138
TI  - Effect of a new peptidyl-hypoxanthine derivative on natural killer cells and
      antitumor activity.
AB  - A new immunomodifier, [omega-(hypoxanthin-9-yl) pentoxy-carbonyl-leucyl
      methionine] (RM06), was synthesized and its effect was evaluated on the activity
      of Natural Killer (NK) cells. Results indicate that RM06 is able to boost the NK
      activity of normal mice as well as to augment the regeneration of NK activity of
      lethally irradiated mice transplanted with syngeneic bone marrow (BM). This later
      effect also correlated with a significant increase in anti-tumor activity as
      evaluated by the resistance to metastasis in mice injected with syngeneic
      melanoma cells. These data indicate that RM06 is able to modulate the NK cell
      activity as well as the antitumor resistance.

PMID- 1794139
TI  - Idiotype vaccination post-bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma:
      initial studies in a murine model.
AB  - Studies in the 38C13 model, a lethal murine B-cell lymphoma of C3H origin, have
      previously demonstrated the efficacy of immunization with tumor idiotype against
      established tumors, especially in the setting of reduced tumor burden when
      combined with chemotherapy. We have extended these studies to test the protective
      effect of immunization with 38C13 idiotype protein (38C-Id), coupled to KLH and
      administered with an adjuvant, against a subsequent tumor challenge following
      lethal total body irradiation (950 R) and reconstitution with syngeneic bone
      marrow (20 x 10(6) cells) from normal donors. Animals prepared in this manner
      which were immunized with 38C-Id after 3 weeks recuperation and challenged with
      1000 38C13 tumor cells 2 weeks later demonstrated significantly longer survival
      when compared to control animals which had been immunized with irrelevant
      idiotype protein. Irradiated reconstituted mice immunized after 5 weeks
      recuperation and challenged with 1000 tumor cells also demonstrated prolonged
      survival compared to controls, as well as a small number of cures (approximately
      40%). Anti-38C-Id antibodies, implicated in the mechanism of idiotype induced
      anti-tumor immunity in this model, were detectable after immunization at both 3
      and 5 weeks, although there was no significant correlation between serum antibody
      levels and survival of individual mice. These results suggest that immunologic
      recovery as early as 3 to 5 weeks following marrow grafting is sufficient to
      allow induction of idiotype-specific, anti-tumor immunity and form a model for
      our clinical trial of tumor idiotype vaccination for patients with B-cell
      lymphoma undergoing autologous BMT.

PMID- 1794140
TI  - Retention of amphotericin-B therapeutic efficacy at half doses by synergistic
      activation of phagocytes.
AB  - Amphotericin B (AMB) is a mainstay in the treatment of serious systemic fungal
      infections, such as those occurring prevalently in immuno-compromised patients
      treated with immunosuppressive agents or affected by Acquired Immunodeficiency
      Syndrome (AIDS). However AMB is an extremely toxic agent whose therapeutical
      utilization is often accompanied by acute side effects and chronic impairment of
      renal function. It is here reported that the preactivation of polymorphonucleated
      cells (PMN) in vivo, by a new immunomodulatory agent (PCF 39:N alpha
      5[1,6,dihydro-(6-oxo-9 purinyl) pentoxycarbonyl]-L-Arginine) allows marked
      reduction of the AMB doses with full retention of therapeutic efficacy. This was
      observed in an experimental fungal infection induced in mice by intravenous
      inoculation of Candida albicans.

PMID- 1794141
TI  - [Surgical treatment of diffuse coronary disease].
AB  - In order to obtain an idea on contemporary opportunities of surgical treatment of
      diffuse coronary disease the authors compared the results of surgery in 103
      patients whose finding called for endarterectomy and bridging of at least one
      coronary artery (KEA) with the results in 220 patients where it was possible to
      overcome all significant changes by coronary bypasses only (KBP). Patients in
      group KEA had more infarctions before operation than patients in group KBP.
      Diffuse changes of the coronary arteries were found only in patients in group
      KEA. All patients were operated with extracorporeal circulation and local cooling
      of the myocardium. Surgery took longer in patients of group KEA than in group
      KBP. Early mortality was higher in group KEA--4.8% than in group KBP--0.9%. This
      difference was not statistically significant. Early morbidity in group KEA did
      not differ, from the morbidity in group KBP. Using effective peroperative
      protection of the myocardium by local cooling, the risk of KEA is only
      insignificantly higher than the risk of KBP. KEA makes safe and effective
      revascularization of the heart muscle in patients with diffuse coronary disease
      possible.

PMID- 1794142
TI  - [Heart surgery in Czechoslovakia].
AB  - In 1985, the cardiovascular Section of the Society of Surgery decided to start a
      registry of cardiac surgery procedures. Since then, basic data on surgical
      treatment of patients with heart disease have been collected each year. The
      following conclusions have been drawn from the data available: 1. The situation
      in cardiac surgery in Czechoslovakia is catastrophic. Czechoslovakia ranks among
      nations with the lowest numbers of operations per population in Europe. The most
      critical situation exists in IHD. 2. The standard of care provided to patients in
      individual areas of Czechoslovakia is about the same. 3. The critical lack of
      funds led to a decrease in the number of operations performed in 1990. 4.
      Organization of health care is poor, as indicated by length of hospital stay
      longer than that in the industrialized nations. 5. It is crucial to allocate more
      money to departments of cardiac surgery.

PMID- 1794143
TI  - [Significance of invasive electrophysiologic examination in the diagnosis of
      ventricular tachyarrhythmia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].
AB  - The authors assessed basic clinical and electrophysiological indicators (using
      invasive electrophysiological examination) in 15 patients (11 men and 4 women)
      with symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In 47% of the examined patients
      they detected artificial ventricular tachyarrhythmias during programmed
      ventricular stimulation. They found that there is a risk of the development of
      spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias under the following conditions: 1.
      transfer of impulses from the atria with an increased excitability (in two
      patients), 2. in the ventricular heart muscle (in one patient). In general they
      proved a high risk (in 20%) in patients with ventricular fibrillations and
      ventricular tachycardias leading to sudden death.

PMID- 1794144
TI  - Myocardial scintigraphy using 99m-Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI): Is it
      equivalent to 201-Tl?.
AB  - The results of selective coronary angiography, myocardial 201-Tl scintigraphy
      (stress and redistribution) and after 99m-Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile stress and
      rest injections (Tc-MIBI, Cardiolite, DuPont de Nemours, USA) were compared in 19
      patients with manifest ischemic heart disease in identical three projections and
      after same ergometric load. All three investigations were carried out within
      three consecutive days. 16 patients had significant stenoses of 1-3 main coronary
      arteries inclusive of left coronary artery main stem, insignificant stenoses
      (less than 50%) were present in remaining 3 patients. Scintigraphic localizations
      of accumulation defects in both Tc-MIBI and 201-Tl stress scintigraphy were in
      accordance in 70.6% of evaluated left ventricular wall segments. A positive 201
      Tl redistribution and rest-stress Tc-MIBI scintigraphic difference agreed in
      52.6% images of all three projections with verified accumulation defects. The
      sensitivity of the detection of ischemic area in reference to the coronary
      angiography was nearly identical in 201-Tl (75%) and Tc-MIBI scintigraphy
      (81.2%). False positive accumulation defects in the apical area were revealed in
      three patients with insignificant coronaro-angographic findings equally after
      both radiopharmaceuticals. Better physical properties of 99m-Tc from the point of
      view of a gamma camera detection, a possibility to get markedly higher counting
      rate and sufficient accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical in the perfused
      myocardium enable to reach scintigraphic pictures with a high contrast after
      labelled Tc-MIBI injection, even in case of sequential impulse summation during
      heart cycle (gating). Thus MIBI labelled by 99m-Tc is equivalent to 201-Tl as
      used for myocardial scintigraphy in patients with ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 1794145
TI  - [The dipyridamole echocardiography test combined with isometric loading in the
      diagnosis of syndrome "X"].
AB  - Syndrome "X" comprises a heterogeneous group of patients with normal
      coronarographic findings whose repeatedly occurring chest pain is of ischaemic
      origin, similarly as angina pectoris in patients with CHD. One of the signs of
      ischaemic etiology of pain in these patients is significant depression of the ST
      interval on the ECG during ergometry. We were interested to know whether the
      depression of the ST interval and angina pectoris which develop during a load are
      associated also with a transient disorder of left ventricular local kinetics. We
      examined therefore five patients, using the dipyridamol test combined with an
      isometric load evaluated by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. All
      examinations revealed a normal coronarographic finding and significant
      electrocardiographic manifestations of ischaemia during ECG stress test. The
      investigation showed that none of the patients with "X" syndrome suffered from
      transient changes in the local kinetics of the heart muscle and we assume
      therefore that myocardial ischaemia in syndrome "X" does not affect a
      sufficiently large portion of the cardiac wall in the transmural section to be
      manifested by impaired kinetics detectable by 2D-echocardiography.

PMID- 1794146
TI  - [Conversion of the intensity of loading from the bicycle ergometer to a treadmill
      and to field training in women].
AB  - When evaluating the standard of functional fitness, state of training or work
      capacity of subjects, when diagnosing loads, when assessing training of healthy
      subjects and sportsmen and locomotor rehabilitation of patients usually two types
      of ergometers are used--a pedalling ergometer and a treadmill. Each of these
      ergometers has its specific properties, advantages and shortcomings. For the
      practical use of results of functional examination in the laboratory, where the
      majority of our diagnostic departments possesses only a pedalling ergometer it is
      necessary to convert the load intensity from the bicycle to a treadmill and to
      the field where physical training is usually implemented. Based on our
      measurements in groups women with different grades of training, differing as to
      age, it is possible to elaborate a general equation which relates the load
      intensity on the pedalling ergometer P/W.kg-1 and the speed of running on the
      treadmill with a zero gradient v/km.h-1 in the form v = 3,695.P-1,419. This
      relationship can be used with an error of cca 12% in the zone of submaximal load
      intensities (up to 90% of the maximal load intensity). For P lower than 3.9 W.kg
      1 this equation can be used for direct conversion to flat ground. For higher load
      intensities there is the relationship v = 3,156.P + 0.446 which has the same
      error of 12% as for even ground.

PMID- 1794147
TI  - [The significance of familial studies in paternity disputes].
AB  - In the majority of paternity suits no fundamental problems develop when paternity
      of the man is ruled out or not ruled out. The authors describe a paternity suit
      which lasted a total of thirteen years and only a family study confirmed
      practically with certainty the paternity of the accused man.

PMID- 1794148
TI  - [150th anniversary of the birth of the discoverer of the origin of leprosy].

PMID- 1794149
TI  - [A few comments on the history of leprosy].

PMID- 1794150
TI  - [How shall we view Latin in medical schools?].

PMID- 1794151
TI  - [Comment on the article by B. Buzek: Psychological approaches in chronic and
      untreatable diseases].

PMID- 1794152
TI  - [The death penalty in the USA].

PMID- 1794153
TI  - Real-time monitoring of slow-wave sleep by electroencephalogram variance.
AB  - Based on statistical variance as an index of electroencephalogram (EEG)
      parameters, we monitored slow-wave sleep in both humans and rats in real time and
      on-line with a widely used personal computer. This EEG variance method may be a
      useful tool to carry out biological rhythm research, including sleep studies.

PMID- 1794154
TI  - Circadian rhythms in 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and nocturnal sleep in blind children.
AB  - This article describes the relationship between melatonin secretion and sleep
      quality and subjective complaints about sleep in totally blind children. Eleven
      boarding-school children (mean age 15.2 years) participated. The major urinary
      melatonin metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) was measured five times a day
      for 48 h. Sleep-wake cycles were recorded by continuous actigraphic recordings
      during the same time period. Results showed that delayed secretory peaks in aMT6s
      were significantly associated with disturbed nocturnal sleep and with complaints
      about morning fatigue.

PMID- 1794155
TI  - Chronopharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in rat forebrain and plasma
      after single and chronic treatment with imipramine.
AB  - Daily variations in the pharmacokinetics of imipramine (IMI) could contribute to
      circadian phase-dependent effects of the drug. Therefore, the
      chronopharmacokinetics of IMI and its metabolite, desipramine (DMI), were studied
      after single and chronic application. Male rats were synchronized to a 12:12 hour
      light:dark (L:D) regimen with lights on from 07:00 to 19:00 (dark, 19:00-07:00).
      In single-dose experiments rats were injected with IMI (10 mg/kg) i.p. or i.v. at
      07:30 or 19:30 and groups of rats were killed 0-22 hours thereafter. After
      chronic application of IMI in drinking water (approximately 15 mg/kg/d) groups of
      rats were killed during the 14th day of treatment at 02:00, 08:00, 14:00, and
      20:00, respectively. Brain and plasma concentrations of IMI and DMI were
      determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with
      ultraviolet detection. After single i.p. application of IMI, maximal brain
      concentrations (Cmax) of IMI and DMI were nearly twofold higher in darkness (IMI,
      4.8 micrograms/g; DMI, 1.8 micrograms/g) than in light (IMI, 2.85 micrograms/g;
      DMI, 0.85 microgram/g). Also, the area under the curve (AUC) (0-22 hours) was
      about 1.6-fold greater in darkness than in light for IMI and DMI; half-lives were
      not circadian phase dependent. After i.v. injection of IMI, the AUC in brain was
      also about 30% greater in darkness than in light. After chronic application of
      IMI in drinking water, brain concentrations of IMI and DMI varied more than
      threefold within 24 hours. The data demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of IMI
      and DMI are circadian phase dependent. It is assumed that circadian variations in
      drug distribution are more likely to contribute to the drug's
      chronopharmacokinetics than variations in the drug's metabolism. The 24-hour
      variations in the drug's concentrations after chronic IMI application in drinking
      water can be explained by the drinking behavior of the rats, which by itself is
      altered by IMI.

PMID- 1794156
TI  - Effect of basal gastric acid secretion on the pharmacodynamics of ranitidine.
AB  - Twelve patients with inactive ulcer disease were administered placebo and
      ranitidine via bolus and continuous intravenous infusions, at doses ranging from
      50 every 8 h, to 12.5 mg/h for 24 h. Gastric acid was collected for 20 min each h
      for 24 h, and ranitidine serum concentrations were measured approximately every 2
      h, during each of the six study periods. Cosinor analysis of gastric acid
      secretion during placebo treatment revealed a significant circadian rhythm in all
      subjects. Mesor acid output ranged from 1.7 to 11.6 mmol/h (mean 5.6 +/- 2.8
      mmol/h) and the amplitude ranged from 0.7 to 6.5 mmol/h (mean 2.8 +/- 1.6
      mmol/h). Peak acid output (acrophase) occurred at 10 p.m. +/- 3 h. A
      pharmacodynamic model, relating ranitidine serum concentration to hourly acid
      secretion, was derived, which incorporated the circadian change in basal acid
      output. Data for this fractional response model included basal acid secretion--as
      determined by time of day, measured acid secretion, and associated serum
      ranitidine concentration. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for ranitidine
      ranged from 10-75 ng/ml, with a mean of 44 ng/ml. The variation in IC50 and in
      basal acid secretion combined to produce a wide variation in the pharmacodynamic
      response to ranitidine. The model-predicted serum concentrations, required to
      maintain acid secretion at 0.1 mmol/h, ranged from 250 to 1550 ng/ml, at the time
      of peak evening acid secretion. Despite a constant degree of acid inhibition by
      ranitidine during the day, higher serum concentrations are required during times
      of peak acid output to maintain adequate suppression of hydrogen ion secretion.

PMID- 1794157
TI  - Unequal day-night terbutaline i.v. dosing in acute severe asthma: effect on
      nocturnal bronchial patency, heart rate, and arterial pressure.
AB  - Our study investigated the differential effects of continuous or unequal day
      night terbutaline dosing on circadian bronchial patency, heart rate, and arterial
      pressure in severe acute asthma. Forty-five hospitalized asthmatic patients (19
      women and 26 men, mean age 45.4 years, mean weight 63.5 kg) were included in this
      multicenter study. Three groups of patients (corresponding to three dosing
      schedules) were randomized; the three groups were comparable, since no
      statistically significant difference was detected in the age, weight, or peak
      expiratory flow values at the beginning of the study. In order to reach
      immediately the concentrations of terbutaline corresponding to the desired
      unequal day-night concentrations, a theoretical pharmacokinetic simulation was
      done to predict the outcome in terms of the plasma concentrations after the three
      dosing regimens; the results of this simulation allowed us to calculate the
      initial bolus dose to be given over 5 min to groups A, B, and C, i.e., 1.47,
      2.94, and 4.41 micrograms/kg, respectively. This bolus was given to all patients
      at 0700 h, the beginning of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794158
TI  - Double-blind study of the chronopharmacotherapy of depression.
AB  - To investigate the possibility of chronotherapy with antidepressants for patients
      with depression, we gave single daily doses of clomipramine 150 mg/day to 30
      patients with depression at three different times of day, i.e., morning, noon, or
      before bedtime, using a double-blind method over a 4-week period. Beneficial
      effects differed according to the administration time of day, with the most
      effective result being found for the administration at noon. Time-dependent
      differences in side effects were observed in tremors and dryness of mouth. An
      additional 10 patients were administered their medications three times a day by
      traditional, equally divided doses, and the efficacy was inferior than daily
      single doses at noon. The study results showed the significance of the
      administration time of day for the benefits and side effects of antidepressant
      therapy for depression.

PMID- 1794159
TI  - Heparin as a therapy for atherosclerosis: preliminary observations on the
      intrapulmonary administration of low-dose heparin in the morning versus evening
      gauged by its effect on blood variables.
AB  - Reports on clinical trials with subcutaneous and intrapulmonary administration of
      low-dose heparin suggest that it may be an attractive therapeutic modality for
      the treatment of coronary artery disease because of unprecedented reduction in
      mortality of treated subjects. As a preliminary to a clinical trial with low-dose
      intrapulmonary heparin, a pilot study was conducted on three subjects. It
      compares overall circadian responses of 37 blood variables following
      intrapulmonary administration of heparin (10,500-18,800 U) in the morning (0800
      h) and in the evening (2000 h). After each of these times, blood samples, mostly
      at 3 h intervals for the ensuing 27 h, were analyzed for heparin, APTT, TT,
      functional fibrinogen, CBC, enzymes, lipids, electrolytes, and hormones. Each
      time series was analyzed for circadian rhythm by the least-squares fit of a 24 h
      cosine and circadian mesors were compared by the Bingham test of rhythm
      parameters. Following heparin in the evening, but not in the morning, a
      statistically significant increase in circulating heparin levels, as well as
      directional increases in APTT and TT and decreases in fibrinogen, were observed
      in all three subjects. Same direction changes in several other variables were
      also observed. It is concluded that inhalation of heparin in low-dose levels
      results in variable circadian effects on blood parameters measured, ranging from
      no changes in their levels to minimal within normal range changes, and that these
      effects are dependent upon the timing of dose administration. It is suggested
      that the timed self-administration of low-dose heparin by inhalation be seriously
      considered for long-term clinical trials in the treatment and prevention of
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1794160
TI  - Cumulative author and subject index, vols. 196-204, 1991.

PMID- 1794161
TI  - Aphthous stomatitis--an overview of aetiopathogenesis and management.

PMID- 1794163
TI  - Linear cutaneous neurilemmomas on the forehead.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman had had pruritic linearly arranged papules on the right side
      of her forehead for 17 years. A biopsy specimen from one of the papules showed
      the histopathological appearance of an intradermal plexiform neurilemmoma. No
      other features of systemic neurofibromatosis or neurilemmomatosis were detected.
      Neurilemmoma usually occurs as a solitary lesion in the subcutis and there are
      only few reports of such localized multiple intradermal neurilemmomas associated
      with neither neurofibromatosis nor neurilemmomatosis.

PMID- 1794162
TI  - Angina bullosa haemorrhagica--a possible relation to steroid inhalers.
AB  - Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) is a recently recognized condition,
      characterized by benign subepithelial blood-filled blisters in the mouth. The
      history is characteristic and distinction from other causes of oral blistering
      can be made by simple clinical signs or on histological grounds. This condition
      does not appear in standard dermatology texts, yet patients with ABH usually
      present to a dermatology clinic. A case with typical history is reported in an
      asthmatic patient who very regularly used a steroid inhaler. The possible
      aetiological role of such steroid-based inhalers is discussed.

PMID- 1794164
TI  - High incidence of contact dermatitis in leg-ulcer patients--implications for
      management.
AB  - A retrospective review of patch test results from all new patients with venous
      leg ulcers was performed for the preceding 11 months. Eighty one patients
      referred from general practitioners and district nurses with venous stasis ulcers
      were included. Positive patch tests were found in 54 patients (67%), including a
      continued high incidence of allergy to lanolin and topical antibiotics. Multiple
      allergies were found in 48 patients (58%). In addition, a new problem of allergy
      to cetearyl alcohol, a constituent of commonly used creams and paste bandages,
      was identified in 13 patients. There is a continuing high incidence of contact
      sensitivity in patients with venous stasis ulcers which has important
      implications for the management of these patients.

PMID- 1794165
TI  - Effective control of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda by measuring plasma
      uroporphyrin.
AB  - The clinical value of a very rapid spectrofluorometric method for the
      determination of plasma uroporphyrin levels was studied during follow-up of 122
      patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Four-hundred and eight measurements
      were carried out within a 3-year period. In active PCT plasma uroporphyrin varied
      between 15 and 448 nmol/l (normal 0-1.4). A high correlation was seen between
      elevated levels of uroporphyrin in the plasma and urine in new cases (r = 0.72, n
      = 23) and relapses (r = 0.92, n = 37). A parallel course between these variables
      was noted during the treatment of 31 patients. The correlation was less
      pronounced (r = 0.42) in remission, i.e. in those cases with urinary uroporphyrin
      levels lower than 240 nmol/24 h. However, only in nine of 249 measurements taken
      in remission did plasma uroporphyrin exceed 15 nmol/l. In six of these cases a
      biochemical relapse had occurred at the next follow-up measurement as judged by
      an increase of uroporphyrin in the urine. It is suggested that treatment of new
      cases and relapses should continue until plasma uroporphyrin drops under 10
      nmol/l. Values between 15 and 23 nmol/l in individuals already treated raise the
      suspicion of relapse and should be rechecked in the near future. Retreatment is
      necessary when the levels exceed 23 nmol/l. The use of the method is recommended
      as a simple and effective way for monitoring the progress of patients with PCT.

PMID- 1794166
TI  - Trichothiodystrophy.
AB  - We describe a case of classic trichothiodystrophy occurring as an isolated
      disorder. This is the second reported case of trichothiodystrophy unassociated
      with systemic disorders, in contradistinction to other cases where there have
      been profound associated neuro-ectodermal abnormalities. The hair has shown the
      pathognomonic polarizing light-microscopic findings and the sulphur content has
      been confirmed to be reduced to approximately 50% by energy dispersive X-ray
      micro-analysis. Formal light-microscopic studies of hair cross-sectional shape
      using a Hardy microtome have confirmed the previous finding of a very thin or
      absent cuticle. An additional previously unreported finding was a 'scalloped'
      contour in a majority of hairs. The previously described ribbon shape could not
      be confirmed. Follow-up observation of the patient has shown clinical improvement
      with time.

PMID- 1794167
TI  - Nocturnal scratching and its relationship to the disturbed sleep of itchy
      subjects.
AB  - This study of the relationship between nocturnal scratching and sleep is based on
      an analysis of 17 overnight polygraphic records of the scratch bouts and EEG of
      severely itchy patients. Our patients spent little time in deep orthodox sleep
      (stages 3 and 4), which was absent from 7 of the 17 records. Bouts of scratching
      were found to occur in all stages of sleep but were most numerous in stage 1
      (light orthodox sleep). Sleep tended to remain stable, i.e. in a single sleep
      stage, for the 40 s immediately before a bout of scratching but had often changed
      to a more superficial stage by the time the bout had ceased, implying perhaps
      that scratching itself was the event linked most closely with arousal.

PMID- 1794168
TI  - An experimental induction of the dysplastic-dystrophic anagen-hair-root
      condition.
AB  - When ensheathed or experimentally desheathed well-formed anagen chest hairs are
      carefully pulled through a constriction, a range of deformations of the soft
      bulbar and suprabulbar regions can give rise to so-called dysplastic and
      dystrophic roots. It is claimed that these deformations arise in a similar manner
      during extraction of hair from the skin and that these deformations usually
      represent artefacts; furthermore, it is concluded that only by viewing thick
      sections of skin can one circumvent these artefacts.

PMID- 1794169
TI  - Harvest mites--a present from the Lake District.
AB  - A case of harvest-mite infestation acquired in the South Lakeland area is
      described in a 7-year-old boy and his immediate family. The characteristic
      papular urticarial lesions produced are extremely florid and may cause diagnostic
      problems when patients present in areas where the mite is uncommon. The life
      cycle of the harvest mite is discussed and recommendations for treatment given.

PMID- 1794170
TI  - Sweet's syndrome progressing to pyoderma gangrenosum--a spectrum of neutrophilic
      skin disease in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis.
AB  - A 78-year-old Caucasian woman developed Sweet's syndrome which progressed over 3
      weeks to pyoderma gangrenosum and subcorneal pustule formation. In spite of
      treatment the patient died and post-mortem examination revealed cryptogenic
      cirrhosis which could have explained the spectrum of neutrophilic skin disease
      observed in this patient.

PMID- 1794171
TI  - Osteochondroma of humerus in focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz) syndrome.
AB  - Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz) syndrome was diagnosed in a 26-year-old female
      subject and her 5-year-old daughter. The mother had been treated surgically for
      syndactyly in early childhood, and at the age of 12 years had developed a large
      osteochondroma of the proximal humerus. This is a further bone tumour which
      should be added to the skeletal manifestations of this syndrome.

PMID- 1794172
TI  - A case of congenital onychoheterotopia on both fifth fingers.
AB  - The present report illustrates the extremely rare clinical features of congenital
      onychoheterotopia (ectopic nail). The amino-acid composition of congenital
      ectopic nail was estimated, and the surface of nail clippings was compared to the
      patient's normal nail using scanning electron microscopy.

PMID- 1794173
TI  - Necrobiosis lipoidica and sarcoidosis.
AB  - We report the case of a female patient with necrobiosis lipoidica of the lower
      legs and coexistent systemic and cutaneous sarcoidosis. We review the six
      previously reported patients with coexisting necrobiosis lipoidica and
      sarcoidosis. The associations between the granulomatous disorders of the skin,
      especially necrobiosis lipoidica, sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare, are
      discussed. The common pathogenetic features of these disorders are reviewed.

PMID- 1794174
TI  - Langerhans-cell histiocytosis--excellent response to etoposide.
AB  - We describe an adult with progressive LCH who received oral etoposide as primary
      treatment. The response is documented and the strategical implications of this
      drug in Langerhans-cell histiocytosis discussed. Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
      (LCH) is the term recognized since 1987 for the group of diseases previously
      designated histiocytosis X. It is not now regarded as a malignant neoplastic
      process and there is some evidence to suggest that it is due to abnormal
      immunity, but cytotoxic drugs and steroids are still the mainstay of systemic
      treatment. Etoposide (VP16) is a semisynthetic epipodophyllotoxin derivative
      effective in the treatment of malignancies of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and
      used in resistant or relapsed childhood LCH. There are no previous reports of its
      use as firstline monotherapy in adults with LCH.

PMID- 1794175
TI  - Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei--report of a case in an elderly woman.
AB  - A 71-year-old Japanese woman developed red-brown to yellow papules symmetrically
      on the eyelids and cheeks. The histopathology of a papule showed caseation
      necrosis surrounded by epitheloid cells intermingled with giant cells in the
      dermis. The patient was thus diagnosed as lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
      (LMDF). To the best of our knowledge, no LMDF patients of such an age have been
      described previously.

PMID- 1794176
TI  - Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex--a case in the UK.

PMID- 1794177
TI  - Cutaneous Mycobacterium kansasii infection--treatment with erythromycin.
AB  - A 20-year-old woman developed cutaneous Mycobacterium kansasii infection
      following steroid infiltration of two plaques of lichen simplex. The organism was
      resistant to many standard antituberculous drugs and following sensitivity
      studies treatment with erythromycin was begun. This has been effective and well
      tolerated. Treatment of atypical mycobacteria with drugs not traditionally
      associated with antituberculous activity is being increasingly reported and, so
      far, resistance has not been a problem. Erythromycin has good tissue penetration
      with excellent activity against M. kansasii and should be considered in the
      therapy of similar cases.

PMID- 1794178
TI  - Prolonged survival in metastatic malignant melanoma associated with vitiligo.
AB  - A metastatic malignant melanoma presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy and
      without a detectable primary lesion is described in a 66-year-old woman.
      Extensive vitiligo developed 6 years after this diagnosis. There has been no
      recurrence of melanoma for 10 years following surgical resection of the lymph
      nodes. The significance of vitiligo and an elusive primary lesion to the
      favourable prognosis in metastatic malignant melanoma is discussed.

PMID- 1794179
TI  - Familial multiple blue naevi.
AB  - Blue naevi are benign melanocytic neoplasms. They are usually solitary blue or
      blue-black nodules or plaques. Multiple blue naevi have been reported rarely and
      there is one report of familial solitary blue naevus. However, familial multiple
      blue naevi have not been reported previously. We report the case of a family with
      multiple blue naevi occurring in three generations with an autosomal-dominant
      inheritance pattern.

PMID- 1794180
TI  - Case update--progressive skin laxity secondary to penicillamine treatment.

PMID- 1794181
TI  - Pemphigus erythematosus and herpetic infection due to HSV type II.

PMID- 1794182
TI  - Methotrexate interactions.

PMID- 1794183
TI  - Does lignocaine temperature alter pain perception during cutaneous local
      anaesthesia?

PMID- 1794184
TI  - Aspects of cutaneous ageing.
AB  - 'Ageing is a multistep, multifaceted, time-dependent phenomenon characterized by
      the decreased ability of a system to respond to exogenous and endogenous stress
      from either physical, chemical or biologic agents'. Cutaneous ageing provides a
      visible model of the interaction between endogenous (intrinsic) factors and
      exogenous (extrinsic) factors. In skin, the principal extrinsic-factor is
      ultraviolet light (UV) which is responsible for the constellation of changes
      termed photoageing. In recent years, much interest has been directed towards
      defining the ageing processes in skin and excellent comprehensive reviews have
      been compiled. This review aims to highlight several areas of developing
      knowledge, and focuses on the potential importance of environmental changes as
      they influence skin ageing and carcinogenesis. Repeated reference to the effects
      of UV on the skin are inevitable in any review of skin ageing and this is
      scarcely surprising as the skin contains many cells as well as subcellular and
      extracellular chromophores which are capable of absorbing energy within the UV
      spectrum. Cellular chromophores include among others keratinocytes, melanocytes,
      Langerhans cells, dermal fibroblasts and mast cells. Subcellular chromophores
      include keratin, melanin, collagen, elastin and a number of proteins, lipids and
      steroids (such as vitamin D). Urocanic acid, a photoisomerization product of the
      amino-acid histidine, may provide some limited photoprotection and some believe
      it to be important in UV induced immunosuppression. Understanding events at the
      molecular and biochemical level has unfortunately not been paralleled by clinical
      advances and the common, troublesome skin-problems of old age such as cancer,
      xerosis and pruritus remain a major cause of morbidity and yet are poorly
      explained.

PMID- 1794185
TI  - Variability in the retraction of collagen lattices by scleroderma fibroblasts-
      relationship to protein synthesis and clinical data.
AB  - Skin fibroblasts from 18 scleroderma patients were seeded into collagen lattices
      and their ability to retract their substratum was compared with that of control
      fibroblasts from healthy donors. When considered as a whole, scleroderma
      fibroblasts retracted lattices earlier and more intensely than controls. Analysis
      of individual results demonstrated that morphea and diffuse systemic sclerosis
      (dSSc) fibroblasts had different kinetics of lattice retraction. Fibroblasts
      which contracted lattices more intensely than controls were found to produce
      increased levels of fibronectin. A comparison of the retraction of collagen
      lattices by fibroblasts from involved (IS) and uninvolved skin (US) of the same
      patients (n = 4) showed that those from IS retracted the lattices more than
      fibroblasts from normal donors, whereas a high variability was found with
      fibroblasts from US. The increased retraction of collagen lattices seems to be a
      feature of the more severe forms of scleroderma.

PMID- 1794186
TI  - How do malignant melanomas present and does this correlate with the seven-point
      check-list?
AB  - A pigmented-lesion clinic was established in the skin department at King's
      College Hospital to coincide with the British public-education campaign on
      malignant melanoma. One-hundred cases of malignant melanoma have subsequently
      been seen and evaluated prospectively with regard to the usefulness of the
      Glasgow seven-point check-list as a guide to diagnosis. The most-frequently
      reported patient observations were growth of the lesion (74%) and change in its
      colour (53%) (especially darkening). However, 50% of the lesions were smaller in
      size than the 1 cm referred to in the check list and 15% were less than 0.5 cm.
      Itching was noted in 24% and bleeding and crusting were remarked upon in 18% of
      cases. Abnormal shape was noted in 20% of the patients. Inflammation was visible
      in only 11%. Seventy-three per cent of our patients had early lesions (less than
      1.5 mm Breslow thickness) and nearly half presented at the insistence of their
      relatives or friends or because of the family doctor's incidental diagnosis. They
      stated they would not otherwise have attended the hospital and many had noticed
      nothing untoward even on direct questioning. Half of the patients scored less
      than three on the check list and 10 out of the 22 cases of nodular melanoma might
      not therefore have been referred to our clinic. The check list has subsequently
      been revised and now provides a more-sensitive guide.

PMID- 1794187
TI  - Ethnic differences in the pattern of skin disease seen in a dermatology
      department--atopic dermatitis is more common among Asian referrals in
      Leicestershire.
AB  - The Leicester Royal Infirmary serves a large immigrant community from the Indian
      subcontinent. We surveyed referrals to the Dermatology Department over the months
      of November 1986 and September 1987. In both surveys atopic dermatitis (AD) was
      significantly more common among the Asian patients.

PMID- 1794188
TI  - Lipoid proteinosis--new immunopathological observations.
AB  - Lipoid proteinosis is described in a family of Scottish descent. Chromosome
      studies performed on five members were normal. Direct immunofluorescence studies
      performed on skin with anti-collagen antibodies showed an abnormal distribution
      of collagen within the skin. No abnormality was detected in DNA extracted from
      lymphocytes taken from five family members, when probed with gene probes to
      collagen types alpha 1 (I), alpha 2 (I), alpha 1 (III) and alpha 2 (V).

PMID- 1794189
TI  - Skin morphology in porphyria cutanea tarda does not improve despite clinical
      remission.
AB  - Five patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) were treated with a prolonged,
      low-dose chloroquine regimen (250 mg twice weekly). Their skin symptoms
      disappeared, and the abnormal urinary porphyrin excretion normalized during
      treatment periods ranging from 6 to 17 (mean 11.8) months. The morphology of the
      skin was studied by light and electron microscopy methods before treatment, at
      the onset of remission, and 6-12 months later. In samples taken during remission,
      the PAS-positive thickening of the superficial dermal vessels was comparable to
      that before treatment. In electron microscopy, the vessels showed thickening
      because of reduplication of the basal lamina and perivascular deposition of
      amorphous material; no consistent changes were found during remission. The
      results show that the histopathological changes of the skin in PCT are of chronic
      nature, and are probably irreversible.

PMID- 1794190
TI  - Ultrastructural study of clinically uninvolved skin of patients with pemphigus
      vulgaris.
AB  - We investigated skin biopsies from pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients by light,
      fluorescent and electron microscopy in order to study the ultrastructural
      appearances of epidermis at the pre-acantholytic stage. The biopsies were
      obtained from uninvolved forearm skin in 10 patients with PV in the acute stage
      of the disease, from perilesional skin of the same patients as well as from the
      forearm skin of 10 healthy subjects. Light microscopy showed no pathological
      changes in clinically uninvolved skin of pemphigus patients. Direct
      immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of IgG auto-antibodies fixed in
      intercellular space of the spinous-cell layer of uninvolved skin. Electron
      microscopy of the uninvolved skin biopsies revealed the following changes:
      disintegration of desmosomes of spinous cells with their replacement by finger
      shaped protrusions of cytoplasm; clarification of the nuclear matrix; widening of
      the perinuclear slit; an increased number of secondary lysosomes in cells; oedema
      and swelling of mitochondria with destruction of their cristae. The cells
      retained their polygonal shape and the intercellular distance did not increase.
      We conclude that at the pre-acantholytic stage the breakage and dissolution of
      desmosomes precedes the increase in the intercellular space.

PMID- 1794192
TI  - Primary oxalosis--an unusual cause of livedo reticularis.
AB  - A young woman presented with renal failure and skin lesions of livedo reticularis
      (LR) due to primary oxalosis. Primary oxalosis is a rare autosomal-recessive
      error of metabolism characterized by accumulation of calcium-oxalate crystals in
      the kidneys, eyes, heart and skin. This unusual cause of intravascular
      obstruction resulting in livedo reticularis should be considered in patients with
      renal impairment. An approach to the diagnosis of LR is presented.

PMID- 1794191
TI  - Effect of UVB plus tar therapy on serum levels of interleukin-2 receptors in
      patients with psoriasis.
AB  - Baseline serum levels of interleukin-2 receptor (IL2R) were measured in 65
      patients with active psoriasis. IL2R levels in psoriatic patients were
      significantly higher than in healthy controls (582.4 +/- 289.23 u/ml vs. 369.64
      +/- 111.10 u/ml; P less than 0.05), but did not differ statistically from values
      found in an atopic dermatitis control group (619.88 +/- 254.27 u/ml). Sex, age
      and severity of the disease do not affect levels of IL2R. The same IL2R levels
      were measured in 26 psoriatic patients receiving UVB plus tar therapy. This
      therapy, continued until clinical remission, lowered IL2R levels to values
      comparable to controls. This decrease may be due to an immunosuppressive effect
      of therapy.

PMID- 1794193
TI  - Hereditary epidermolytic palmo-plantar keratoderma (Vorner type)--report of a
      family and review of the literature.
AB  - We describe a patient in whose family 13 of 26 members have a palmo-plantar
      keratoderma. The histopathological findings in the proband, his brother and
      father were those of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. As in other families reported,
      this disorder was found to be inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait. A review
      of the literature on the clinical, genetic and associated features of this
      genodermatosis is presented. We also review the cutaneous conditions that may
      exhibit the histopathological pattern of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.

PMID- 1794194
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid occurring in psoriatic plaques in association with Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis.

PMID- 1794195
TI  - Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporin A.
AB  - Two patients with recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum were treated with oral
      cyclosporin A (5 mg/kg body-weight/day). Healing of the lesions was achieved in
      Patient 1 within 1 month of starting treatment, but new areas of ulceration
      appeared when the dose was reduced to 3 mg/kg body-weight/day. The ulcers showed
      marked improvement by 3 weeks after the start of treatment in Patient 2 and
      remained inactive at a maintenance dosage of 100 mg/day, but there was no change
      in the associated seronegative arthritis. A steroid-sparing effect of CyA was
      evident in both patients. It is suggested that a lower dose of cyclosporin A than
      doses used previously in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum may be equally
      effective.

PMID- 1794196
TI  - Oesophageal webs preceding carcinoma and rupture of the oesophagus in cicatricial
      pemphigoid.
AB  - A case in which oesophageal webs preceded the development of carcinoma and
      rupture of the oesophagus in a 77-year-old woman with cicatricial pemphigoid is
      reported. Oesophageal webs in cicatricial pemphigoid have been reported but are
      rare. Clinical, histological, radiological and post-mortem features are
      described. Western immunoblotting of serum demonstrated a 180-kDa antigen which
      comprises one of the antigens reported in cicatricial pemphigoid.

PMID- 1794197
TI  - Dermatology in the Year 2000--the skin in the next millenium: rash predictions?

PMID- 1794198
TI  - Facial and eyelid psoriasis after cyclosporin withdrawal.

PMID- 1794200
TI  - Histogenesis of foam cells in xanthomas.

PMID- 1794199
TI  - The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA pemphigus.

PMID- 1794201
TI  - Trigeminal sensory-neuropathy in systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 1794202
TI  - Differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

PMID- 1794203
TI  - Post-transplantation hypertension in recipients of renal grafts from hypertensive
      donor rats.
AB  - Renal transplantations were performed using stroke-prone spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) as kidney donors and
      bilaterally nephrectomized F1 hybrids, bred from SHR x WKY parents as renal graft
      recipients. Recipients of renal grafts from adult, naive SHR but not from adult
      normotensive WKY kidney donors developed post-transplantation hypertension.
      Permanent blood pressure normalization by antihypertensive treatment in adult SHR
      kidney donors, as well as the young, prehypertensive age of SHR kidney donors
      reduced but did not prevent the development of post-transplantation hypertension.
      Increasing renal perfusion pressure in WKY kidney donors (chronic 2-kidney 1-clip
      renovascular hypertension) also resulted in post-transplantation hypertension in
      recipients of the non-clipped kidneys. Blood pressure remained normal in
      recipients of renal grafts from young WKY kidney donors. These data suggest that
      SHR kidneys carry a genetic defect which can give rise to post-transplantation
      hypertension and which therefore may also play a role in the development of
      hypertension in naive SHR. In addition, secondary hypertension-induced renal
      damage may also contribute to post-transplantation hypertension in recipients of
      renal grafts from hypertensive donors.

PMID- 1794204
TI  - Endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators and renal glomerular function.
AB  - Glomerular endothelial cells are located in extremely close proximity to
      glomerular mesangial cells, without intervening basement membrane. This close
      apposition of the two cell types suggest that interactions between the cells
      should readily occur. Given that endothelial cells are known to produce mediators
      which regulate the tone of underlying vascular smooth muscle cells, the
      hypothesis that glomerular endothelial cells can produce endothelium-derived
      relaxation factor and the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 was examined. Pure
      cultures of glomerular endothelial cells were established in vitro. The cells
      expressed a number of characteristics that identified them as endothelial cells,
      namely Factor VIII related antigen, angiotensin I converting enzyme, and uptake
      of acetylated LDL. The glomerular endothelial cells responded to the calcium
      mobilizing agonists bradykinin, ATP, thrombin and platelet activating factor with
      a significant rise in cytosolic calcium concentrations. Under basal conditions,
      the glomerular endothelial cells produced a mediator pharmacologically
      indistinguishable from EDRF, which raised cGMP levels in co-incubated mesangial
      cells approximately 4 to 5-fold. The calcium-mobilizing agonists further
      stimulated EDRF release by glomerular endothelial cells. Glomerular endothelial
      cells in culture were also found to express mRNA for endothelin-1, and to secrete
      this peptide into their supernatant. Furthermore, the calcium-mobilizing agonists
      markedly stimulated endothelin-1 release by activating endothelin-1 gene
      transcription. Glomerular mesangial cells respond to EDRF with a rise in
      cytosolic cGMP concentration and relaxation, and to endothelin-1 with a rise in
      cytosolic calcium concentration and contraction. It is therefore proposed that
      local release of EDRF and endothelin-1 by glomerular endothelial cells may
      participate in the regulation of glomerular hemodynamics through alterations in
      mesangial cell contractile tone.

PMID- 1794205
TI  - Arachidonic acid does not share the antihypertensive properties of linoleic acid
      and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids in a model of angiotensin II-induced
      hypertension in the rat.
AB  - Linoleic acid and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, but not arachidonic acid, exerted
      antihypertensive effects in a model of angiotensin II-induced hypertension in
      rats. Indomethacin did not influence the systolic arterial pressure of
      arachidonic acid-treated hypertensive rats whereas compound L-641,953, a
      prostaglandin H2/thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, caused a notable but
      statistically nonsignificant decrease in blood pressure in these animals.
      Although these results do not exclude entirely the possibility that the lack of
      antihypertensive effect of arachidonic acid may be due, in part, to the
      concomitant formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids, they do not support it.
      These observations, as well as those of a previous study, indicate that linoleic
      acid and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids exert antihypertensive effects of their
      own, independently of the prostanoid system, and that these properties are not
      shared by arachidonic acid.

PMID- 1794206
TI  - Renal eicosanoids and renal hemodynamics in early borderline hypertension.
AB  - To study the modulatory role of renal eicosanoids on renal hemodynamics and
      electrolyte excretion, pressor doses of norepinephrine (NE) were infused in 10
      control subjects (mean age, 26 y) and 13 patients (mean age, 25 y) with
      borderline hypertension. The highest NE dose used (150 ng/kg/min) produced
      comparable increases in mean blood pressure in control subjects (20 +/- 2 mmHg)
      and in patients (23 +/- 3 mmHg). NE induced a significant increase in renal
      vascular resistance (p less than 0.01, both groups), with a smaller decrease in
      glomerular filtration rate resulting in a concomitant increase in filtration
      fraction (p less than 0.01, both groups). The renal hemodynamic changes tended to
      be more pronounced in borderline hypertension. NE infusion led to similar
      decreases in electrolyte clearances in the two groups. Urinary prostaglandin
      (PG)E2, PGF2 alpha (p less than 0.01), and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased with NE
      infusion. Urinary thromboxane (TX)B2 increased slightly in control subjects and
      decreased in borderline hypertension (p less than 0.05). The 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha/TXB2 ratio, an index of vasodilation, was significantly increased (p less
      than 0.05) in borderline hypertension. These results demonstrate that in both
      groups pressor infusion of NE induced significant modifications in renal
      hemodynamics and in urinary electrolyte and eicosanoid excretion. The
      vasodilatory component of the renal eicosanoid system appears hyperresponsive in
      borderline hypertension, which may represent an early antihypertensive defense
      mechanism.

PMID- 1794207
TI  - Intrinsic factors involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in
      hypertension.
AB  - The exaggerated response to growth factors of vascular smooth muscle cells from
      spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared to cells from normotensive control
      Wistar-Kyoto rats persists in culture, indicating an intrinsic/genetic defect.
      The time course of 3H-thymidine incorporation shows that synchronized vascular
      smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats start to synthesize new
      DNA earlier after mitogenic stimulation than cells from normotensive rats. Flow
      cytometry demonstrates that in cell populations growing in 10% calf serum for
      three d there is a higher proportion of cells from spontaneously hypertensive
      rats in the S phase of the cell cycle. The same proportions in the G2 + M phase
      of growing, as well as synchronized cells from normotensive and hypertensive rats
      indicate no difference in polyploidy. Forward light scatter analysis reveals no
      difference in cell size. These results suggest that the growth kinetic of
      vascular smooth muscle cells from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive
      rats are different. Since the defect seems to be in the prereplicative phase of
      the cell cycle susceptible to regulation by extrinsic factors, we studied the
      effect of the calmodulin inhibitor, W-7, on DNA synthesis. The comparable IC50 of
      W-7 to inhibit cell growth of vascular smooth muscle cells of both origins
      indicates that the defect may not be due only to calmodulin, and furthermore
      suggests the involvement of a previously-reported calmodulin activator in
      hypertension.

PMID- 1794208
TI  - Split intrarenal hemodynamics in renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Split intrarenal hemodynamics in stenotic and contralateral kidneys of unilateral
      renovascular hypertension (RVH) were estimated by Gomez's formulae. Ten patients
      with RVH were studied. Split para-amino hippurate and inulin clearances were
      measured by ureteral catheterization as indexes for renal plasma flow and
      glomerular filtration rates, allowing the estimation of intrarenal hemodynamics
      such as preglomerular arteriolar resistance, postglomerular arteriolar resistance
      and glomerular hydrostatic pressure in each kidney. Renal plasma flow and
      glomerular filtration rates were lower in the stenotic kidney (83 +/- 12, 19 +/-
      2 ml/min/m2) than in the contralateral kidney (170 +/- 19, 43 +/- 4).
      Preglomerular arteriolar resistance was elevated due to the stenotic lesion in
      the stenotic kidney (30,900 +/- 4,500 dyns.sec.cm-5) while the elevation in the
      contralateral kidney (11,300 +/- 1,000) was less. Postglomerular arteriolar
      resistance was high in both kidneys. Glomerular pressure was lowered in the
      stenotic kidney (54 +/- 1 mmHg), while elevated in the contralateral kidney (71
      +/- 3). Although the stenotic kidney of RVH was protected from systemic
      hypertension (138 +/- 6 mmHg) by stenosis of the renal artery, the increase in
      preglomerular arteriolar resistance in the contralateral kidney was not
      sufficient, making glomerular pressure elevated. Thus, glomerular hypertension
      and hyperfiltration were demonstrated in the contralateral kidney of RVH.

PMID- 1794209
TI  - Noradrenaline and endothelin-stimulated inositol phosphate formation in arterial
      smooth muscle from rabbits with perinephritis hypertension.
AB  - Total inositol phosphate (IP) formation was measured in the aorta and femoral
      artery from rabbits at 1, 2, and 6 weeks after kidney wrapping, at which times
      the mean arterial pressures were 88 +/- 4, 96 +/- 3 and 126 +/- 7 (control = 74
      +/- 3) mmHg. Noradrenaline (10(-7)-10(-4) M)-stimulated IP formation was
      increased in the aorta and femoral artery from hypertensive rabbits at 2 weeks
      (e.g., aorta noradrenaline 10(-6) M sham = 105 +/- 14%, hypertensive = 164 +/-
      20% of control). In contrast, endothelin-1-stimulated IP formation was unchanged
      at 2 weeks. Noradrenaline-stimulated IP formation was unchanged at 1 and 6 weeks.
      Basal IP formation was not significantly different in normotensive and
      hypertensive animals. In perinephritis hypertension, there is an alteration in
      phosphatidylinositol metabolism in arterial smooth muscle at the time when blood
      pressure is rising rapidly. This alteration may affect a specific
      phosphatidylinositol pool that is linked to the alpha-adrenoceptor but not to the
      endothelin-1 receptor.

PMID- 1794210
TI  - Calcium antagonists and renal hemodynamics: implications for renal protection.
AB  - Recently, attention has focussed on the effects of calcium antagonists on renal
      function. When administered in vitro to the isolated perfused kidney, calcium
      antagonists exhibit consistent actions permitting characterization of their renal
      hemodynamic effects. Calcium antagonists do not affect the vascular tone of the
      vasodilated isolated perfused kidney, but they do dramatically reverse the
      response of this preparation to vasoconstrictor agents. Studies using the
      isolated hydronephrotic rat kidney model, which permits direct visualization of
      afferent and efferent arterioles, have demonstrated that calcium antagonists
      selectively vasodilate preglomerular vessels. The clinical implications of such
      observations are still being delineated. Nevertheless, the results of preliminary
      studies in experimental animal models and in human transplant recipients suggest
      that calcium antagonists exert salutary effects on renal function in clinical
      settings characterized by impaired renal hemodynamics. Furthermore, a case can be
      made that these salutary renal hemodynamic effects of calcium antagonists commend
      their use in the management of essential hypertension.

PMID- 1794211
TI  - Diltiazem increases renal prostacyclin.
AB  - We sought to determine whether the specific renal vasodilator effect of low dose
      diltiazem (D) was mediated by increased renal prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis.
      Groups of 7-9 Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with an indwelling transabdominal
      bladder cannula. Cannulae were placed in the jugular and femoral veins and the
      carotid artery and the rats allowed to recover for 24 h. Angiotensin II (AII) was
      infused intravenously at a rate (10 ng/kg/min) which increased mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) by 5-10%. After 30 min D(1 mg/kg and 2 micrograms/kg/min), D plus
      indomethacin (IND) (2 mg/kg and 33 micrograms/kg/min), IND plus vehicle or
      vehicle alone were added to AII. AII increased urinary 6-keto-prostaglandinF1
      alpha (6-ketoPGF1 alpha) excretion from 1.36 +/- 0.12 to 1.86 +/- 0.20 ng/30 min
      (p less than 0.05) and D increased it further to 3.19 +/- 0.39 (p less than
      0.05). Renal plasma flow (RPF) was estimated by 14C-PAH clearance (CPAH). Urinary
      excretion of 6-ketoPGF1 alpha was increased with AII indicating increased renal
      PGI2 synthesis. This increase in PGI2 was unable to prevent a reduction in RPF. D
      administration further increased the excretion of 6-ketoPGF1 alpha and reversed
      AII-induced renal vasoconstriction. IND augmented the AII response and prevented
      the effect of D, suggesting the renal vasodilator effect of D is, at least in
      part, PGI2-mediated. This mechanism may help maintain renal blood flow under
      conditions of vasoconstrictor stress.

PMID- 1794212
TI  - Mechanisms of hypertension induced by erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms of hypertension induced by recombinant human
      erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in patients on hemodialysis (HD), mean blood pressure
      (MBP), plasma renin activity (PRA), whole blood viscosity, blood volume (BV),
      cardiac index (CI) and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) were measured
      before and after treatment with rHuEPO for 3 months in 9 patients on HD. Pressor
      responsiveness to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AII) were
      also compared before and after treatment. Four patients were 'responders' (R)
      whose MBP increased by more than 10 mmHg, and 5 patients were 'non-responders'
      (non-R) whose MBP was unchanged or increased by less than 10 mmHg. Initial PRA
      and TPRI were significantly higher and BV was significantly lower in R than in
      non-R. After treatment, TPRI was increased in both groups, but CI was decreased
      in non-R. There was a significant correlation between changes in MBP and blood
      viscosity to rHuEPO. Pressor responsiveness to NE and AII were significantly
      enhanced after rHuEPO treatment in responders. These results suggest that
      inappropriate cardiovascular responses to the correction of anemia, increased
      blood viscosity, and enhanced pressor responsiveness may participate in the
      development of rHuEPO-related hypertension.

PMID- 1794213
TI  - Hypertension and diabetic renal disease.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy, clinically defined by overt albuminuria, hypertension and
      declining GFR, affects 25-35% of IDDM patients. The risk of nephropathy peaks
      during the second decade of IDDM and declines thereafter, suggesting that only a
      subset of IDDM patients is at risk for nephropathy. A role for hypertension in
      the progression of established renal damage in IDDM is now accepted; however the
      role of hypertension in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy is not yet clear.
      Mesangial expansion is a characteristic lesion of diabetic nephropathology and
      correlates with renal function. Functional studies are not indicative of
      underlying renal pathology except relatively late, when glomerular injury is
      advanced. Microalbuminuria in the 'predictive' range (greater than 30
      micrograms/min) and associated with hypertension and/or declining GFR is a marker
      of established diabetic glomerulopathy. Only carefully designed longitudinal
      studies of renal morphology and function with accurate blood pressure monitoring
      beginning early in the course of IDDM will clarify the relationships between
      blood pressure and renal damage in IDDM. In NIDDM the frequent presence of non
      diabetic renal lesions, of hypertension at or before the onset of diabetes, and
      the relative paucity of clinical-pathological correlations currently make it
      difficult to understand the role of hypertension in the genesis and progression
      of nephropathy. Again, longitudinal studies of blood pressure and renal structure
      and function are required in NIDDM patients. Finally, animal models of
      hypertension and diabetes may aid progress in these areas.

PMID- 1794214
TI  - Initial renal growth in diabetic and sodium-loaded spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR).
AB  - An increase in kidney size in experimental diabetic rats is ascribed to local
      somatomedin C (SM-C) formation. In the present study, we compared the nature of
      the initial kidney growth following sodium-load in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR) with that in streptozotocin-induced diabetic SHR. After 6 d of each
      treatment, the kidney weight increased in both groups. SM-C levels in the kidney
      increased in diabetic SHR on day 2, unaccompanied by any considerable change in
      plasma SM-C. In sodium-loaded SHR, kidney SM-C content was not changed and plasma
      SM-C rather declined on day 6. Protein content including both non-collagen
      protein and collagen protein increased in both diabetic and sodium-loaded groups,
      whereas DNA content increased only in the latter group. Protein/DNA ratio
      increased in diabetic rats but not in sodium-loaded animals. It may be estimated,
      therefore, that diabetic kidney growth in SHR is mainly due to cellular
      hypertrophy which is related to SM-C formation, while kidney growth following
      sodium-load is due to hyperplasia which may be independent of local SM-C
      formation.

PMID- 1794215
TI  - Comparative effects of converting enzyme inhibition and conventional therapy in
      hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetics with normal renal function.
AB  - The effects of long-term reduction in blood pressure by the angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, as single therapy or in combination with
      hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), were compared with those of metoprolol and/or
      hydrochlorothiazide in 91 hypertensive non insulin-dependent diabetics with
      normal renal function. Following a single-blind placebo run-in period of 4 weeks,
      treatments were assigned randomly in a double-blind fashion. During the study,
      weight and glycosylated hemoglobin remained elevated. After 9 months of
      treatment, blood pressure fell significantly (p less than 0.0001) in all
      treatment groups, with most patients achieving goal supine diastolic blood
      pressure of less than or equal to 85 mmHg. Whereas urinary albumin excretion
      (UAE) did not change in patients given metoprolol and/or HCTZ, captopril
      monotherapy (p = 0.0021) or captopril given in combination with HCTZ (p = 0.0002)
      decreased UAE without affecting glomerular filtration rate. These data are in
      favour of a renal beneficial effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
      distinct from their effects on systemic blood pressure. Further studies are
      needed to determine whether this effect persists with longer treatment, and
      whether it would lead to better preservation of kidney function than other
      antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 1794216
TI  - Blood pressure reduction as a preventive treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Arterial hypertension is present in 10-80% of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetics,
      and in 30-50% of Type 1 diabetics after some years. In patients with overt
      nephropathy, correction of hypertension is associated with a reduction in the
      rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate. In most patients without clinical
      diabetic nephropathy, arterial pressure remains within normal limits as defined
      by usual criteria, whether or not microalbuminuria is present. Short-term studies
      of Type 1 diabetics with microalbuminuria suggest that angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitors result in a fall in urinary albumin excretion rate more than
      calcium antagonists and diuretics. Additional studies assessing the long-term
      effect of different antihypertensive agents on the evolution of early diabetic
      nephropathy are needed before the superiority of any drug can be claimed. In
      addition, non pharmacological approaches, including optimal glycemic control as
      well as modification of dietary sodium and serum lipid profile, may alter the
      progressive course of elevation in arterial pressure and decline in renal
      function. The optimal level of blood pressure for diabetic patients remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 1794217
TI  - Retreatment with digoxin immune Fab.

PMID- 1794218
TI  - Laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy.

PMID- 1794219
TI  - Advances in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, and drug and nondrug
      therapies of unstable angina pectoris are reviewed. Coronary-artery plaque
      fissure and rupture, with subsequent platelet aggregation and thrombosis, are the
      primary underlying stimuli for unstable angina. Unstable angina has been defined
      as consisting of new-onset angina; angina that is increasing in frequency,
      intensity, or duration (crescendo angina); or angina at rest. The diagnosis of
      unstable angina is based on the clinical presentation, electrocardiographic
      findings, the lack of evidence of myocardial infarction (MI), exercise testing,
      and coronary angiography. I.V. nitroglycerin is the cornerstone of medical
      therapy for unstable angina, it relieves chest pain and has a short onset of
      action. I.V. nitroglycerin, however, has not been shown to reduce the occurrence
      of MI or death, and its beneficial effects may decrease over time. Aspirin
      reduces the occurrence of MI and death in patients with unstable angina, but the
      ideal dosage has not been established. Heparin may reduce the frequency of angina
      and MI, but its effect on mortality is unknown. Nifedipine has produced
      beneficial effects in small trials, whereas larger trials have suggested that the
      drug has deleterious effects when used in the treatment of unstable angina.
      Verapamil and diltiazem may be effective in relieving chest pain. Calcium-channel
      blockers have generally not been proved to reduce the risk of MI and death. Data
      evaluating the efficacy of beta-adrenergic blockers as monotherapy for unstable
      angina are lacking; these drugs should not be used in patients with vasospastic
      or Prinzmetal's angina. Thrombolytic therapy has produced mixed results when used
      in the treatment of unstable angina. Nondrug therapies for unstable angina
      include intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty, and coronary-artery bypass surgery. Numerous drug and nondrug
      therapies may be employed in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris.

PMID- 1794220
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatment of Wilson's disease.
AB  - The pathophysiology, symptomatology, and treatment of Wilson's disease are
      reviewed, and new approaches to drug management are discussed. Wilson's disease
      is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that occurs between the ages of 6 and 60
      years. Disturbances in copper metabolism may result in the accumulation of excess
      copper in the liver, the basal ganglia of the brain (lenticular degeneration),
      the kidneys, the cornea (Kayser-Fleischer rings), and other tissues. The
      diagnosis of Wilson's disease is frequently overlooked; nonspecific symptoms and
      multisystem involvement may mimic other disease states, such as neurologic and
      psychiatric disorders, and hemolytic anemia. Screening tests for Wilson's disease
      include 24-hour urinary copper levels, serum ceruloplasmin and copper assays,
      radioactive uptake of 64Cu, and liver biopsy. Current methods of therapy include
      the use of a chelating agent--penicillamine or trientine--for initial rapid
      decoppering. Penicillamine therapy has been associated with many adverse
      reactions, including worsening of the neurologic symptoms of the patient. Zinc is
      a useful agent for maintenance therapy. Investigational studies exploring the use
      of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate for initial rapid decoppering have shown promising
      results. Unless it is recognized and treated, Wilson's disease can cause severe
      symptoms and, ultimately, death. Initial rapid decoppering with chelating agents,
      such as penicillamine and trientine, followed by lifelong maintenance therapy
      with zinc is the current method of treatment.

PMID- 1794221
TI  - Diastolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure.
AB  - The available literature on the evaluation of diastolic function, the importance
      of diastolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure (CHF), and the effects of
      therapeutic agents on diastolic dysfunction are summarized. The normal cardiac
      cycle consists of two components: systole (contraction; ventricular emptying) and
      diastole (dilation; ventricular filling). Recent studies have shown that 30-40%
      of patients with CHF have normal systolic function; the majority of these
      patients have diastolic dysfunction as the underlying disorder. As a result, the
      role of diastolic dysfunction in CHF is currently an area of interest for
      researchers. The two primary causes of diastolic dysfunction are left ventricular
      hypertrophy and ischemic heart disease. Patients with CHF caused by diastolic
      dysfunction and patients with CHF caused by systolic dysfunction have nearly
      identical clinical presentations. Therapy with diuretics, vasodilators,
      angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, beta-agonists, the partial beta-agonist
      xamoterol, phosphodiesterase III inhibitors, or calcium-channel blockers may be
      beneficial in patients with diastolic dysfunction. Therapy with digitalis
      glycosides would be of no benefit, and could theoretically be detrimental, in
      patients with predominant diastolic dysfunction. Available data indicate that
      beta blockers have neither an important beneficial effect nor an important
      detrimental effect on diastolic function. Continued studies into diastolic
      dysfunction and the diastolic properties of agents that are used in the treatment
      of CHF should enhance the understanding of this clinical syndrome and the drugs
      used to treat it.

PMID- 1794222
TI  - Calcium-channel blockers for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The use of calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) to reduce proteinuria associated with
      nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus is discussed. Metabolically
      induced damage to the nephrons in diabetic nephropathy decreases the filtration
      rate and increases the glomerular plasma flow rate and transcapillary hydraulic
      pressure. Microalbuminuria, which is predictive of nephropathy in patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is associated with the development of
      clinical proteinuria and increased mortality. Micro-albuminuria should be
      evaluated periodically in diabetic patients, and antihypertensive therapy should
      be initiated when proteinuria is present or blood pressure control is needed.
      CCBs lower blood pressure because they prevent the action of angiotensin II by
      blocking the entry of calcium into renal vascular smooth muscle. Some CCBs, such
      as diltiazem and nicardipine, decrease glomerular pressure by increasing efferent
      arteriolar dilation. Others, such as nifedipine, may dilate both the afferent and
      efferent arterioles, thus causing increased excretion of protein. Studies in
      patients with diabetic nephropathy have shown that individual CCBs vary in their
      effects on proteinuria; this variation is attributable to their different sites
      of action and different effects on intrarenal activity. The choice of a CCB or an
      angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor should be based on concomitant disease
      states and adverse-effect profiles. For control of hypertension in patients with
      diabetic nephropathy, diltiazem should be considered initially. Nicardipine is
      effective for short-term use but has not been tested in long-term studies; it
      should be considered a reasonable alternative.

PMID- 1794223
TI  - Effects of misoprostol or ranitidine on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 1794224
TI  - Criteria for use of moricizine in adult inpatients and outpatients.

PMID- 1794225
TI  - The red cell distribution width in sickle cell disease--is it of clinical value?
AB  - The red cell distribution width (RDW) has been studied during the clinical steady
      state in 1121 patients with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease, 344 with sickle
      cell-haemoglobin C (SC) disease, 68 with sickle cell-beta+ thalassaemia, 49 with
      sickle cell beta 0 thalassaemia and in 130 control subjects with a normal (AA)
      genotype. The mean RDW was moderately increased in S beta + thalassaemia and SC
      disease and markedly increased in S beta 0 thalassaemia and SS disease. In SS, SC
      and S beta 0 thalassaemia genotypes, lower RDW values occurred in females and
      with alpha thalassaemia. The RDW correlated negatively with total haemoglobin,
      mean cell haemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, and fetal haemoglobin
      (HbF) and positively with reticulocyte count in SS disease. A low RDW was
      associated with higher weight and less frequent dactylitis, painful crisis, acute
      chest syndrome, acute splenic sequestration, and hospital admissions. A low RDW
      in SS disease is consistent with a high total haemoglobin, high HbF, low
      reticulocyte count, alpha thalassaemia, and a more mild clinical course.

PMID- 1794226
TI  - Microangiopathic haemolysis associated with occult carcinoma.
AB  - Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA) is a well recognized complication of
      disseminated carcinoma and its treatment. It is however, rarely seen with
      localized carcinoma. The case presented here is a previously unreported
      association of a patient, who having been successfully treated for MAHA, was
      found to have occult breast carcinoma on a routine screening mammogram six months
      after the haemolytic episode.

PMID- 1794227
TI  - Sub-optimal doses of human recombinant erythropoietin markedly lower serum
      ferritin.
AB  - Human recombinant erythropoietin in full dose substantially raises the
      haemoglobin in patients with end stage renal disease on dialysis. In lower doses
      no or little rise in haemoglobin is achieved but the ferritin, often very high
      before treatment, is disproportionately lowered. The hormone therefore may be
      useful in reducing iron overload in other situations.

PMID- 1794228
TI  - Leucocyte numbers and quality: their effect on viscosity.
AB  - Leucocyte suspension viscosity was measured using cells from a number of
      leukaemias. Samples from individuals with acute myelomonocytic and myeloid
      leukaemias, and chronic myelogenous and chronic lymphatic leukaemias were
      examined for their viscosity and flow properties. Leucocytes were suspended in
      native plasma and the effect of variable leucocyte numbers in the ranges seen in
      some leukaemias (100-600 x 10(9)/l) examined at different shear stresses. The
      effect of MCV was also determined in relation to viscosity. The results showed an
      increasing order of viscosity from the leucocytes of chronic lymphatic leukaemia
      through chronic myelogenous and acute myeloid leukaemia to the acute
      myelomonocytic variety. This bears some relation to the mean corpuscular volume,
      but confirms the fact that at high numbers of cells, patients with acute
      myelomonocytic, and to a lesser extent the myeloid leukaemias, are at
      considerable risk of blood hyperviscosity.

PMID- 1794229
TI  - Observations on the ultrastructure of sinusoids and reticular cells in human bone
      marrow.
AB  - The ultrastructural characteristics of sinusoids in human bone marrow were
      generally similar to those previously reported in the rat. However, human
      sinusoids differed from rat sinusoids in displaying frequent tight junctions
      between adjacent overlapping or interdigitating endothelial cells. In both
      species, large areas of the sinusoidal walls were devoid of much subendothelial
      connective tissue and of an outer adventitial cell layer. The marrow sinusoids of
      humans resembled those of rabbits and rats in that processes of macrophage
      cytoplasm protruded through endothelial cells into the sinusoidal lumen; thin
      veils derived from such processes were apposed over the inner surfaces of some
      endothelial cells. Features observed in pathological human marrow not noted in
      rodent marrow are the phagocytosis of extruded erythroblast nuclei and of
      abnormal erythroblasts by perisinusoidal adventitial cells (reticular cells) and
      the presence of large secondary lysosomes and siderosomes in sinusoidal
      endothelial cells. When compared with mouse bone marrow, human bone marrow
      contained very few non-phagocytic reticular cells that were unassociated with
      sinusoids and other blood vessels. There were no absolute ultrastructural
      differences between perisinusoidal adventitial cells, intersinusoidal non
      phagocytic reticular cells and macrophages lacking phagosomes or containing only
      a few small phagosomes. Consequently, on some occasions, these cell types could
      not be reliably identified from the study of a single thin section. Extracellular
      reticulin fibres were found adjacent both to non-phagocytic reticular cells and
      to macrophages. Mitosis was observed in macrophages, albeit very rarely.

PMID- 1794230
TI  - Lauryl sulphate haemoglobin: a non-hazardous substitute for HiCN in
      haemoglobinometry.
AB  - The haemiglobincyanide (HiCN) method for measuring haemoglobin is used
      extensively worldwide; its advantage is the ready availability of a stable and
      internationally accepted reference standard/calibrator. However, its use may
      create a problem, especially in automated analysers, as the waste disposal of
      large volumes of reagent containing cyanide may constitute a potential toxic
      hazard. As an alternative, conversion of haemoglobin to a sulphate derivative by
      nontoxic sodium lauryl sulphate has been proposed and is available as a
      commercial product from Toa Medical Electronics Co. Ltd., Japan. This evaluation
      has shown it to be as reliable and reproducible as HiCN for measuring haemoglobin
      at all concentrations, by both spectrophotometry and automated analyser. Maximum
      absorbance is at 534 nm. Total conversion occurs almost instantaneously, and
      includes methaemoglobin but not sulphaemoglobin. HbF is also measured. The only
      disadvantage is that solutions of haemoglobin-sulphate are stable for only a few
      hours at room temperature and up to three weeks at 4 degrees C. Thus, for
      standardization and calibration of instruments it is necessary to use a sample of
      blood or lysate the haemoglobin value of which has been assigned initially by the
      HiCN method.

PMID- 1794231
TI  - K2- or K3-EDTA: the anticoagulant of choice in routine haematology?
AB  - The choice of K2- or K3-EDTA as the preferred anticoagulant for blood count
      remains controversial. We compared the effect of different concentrations of both
      anticoagulants on normal blood. In optimal conditions (appropriate anticoagulant
      concentration and measurements done between 1 and 4 h after phlebotomy), no
      marked differences are seen between either EDTA salt. Important discrepancies
      appear, however, in less optimal conditions, as often happens in day to day
      practice. The packed cell volume, when measured on centrifuged blood, decreases
      with increasing anticoagulant concentrations and this is most pronounced with the
      K3 salt. This phenomenon has been reported by different authors and is ascribed
      to shrinking of erythrocytes in an hypertonic medium. Automated instruments react
      in a different way, their MCV is not influenced by K3-EDTA concentrations up to
      ten times normal, while K2-EDTA, at high concentrations, results in a slight
      increase in MCV, as measured with three of the instruments. With most
      instruments, the accuracy of the white cell count is not markedly influenced.
      However, when measured with the Unipath CD 3000 all tested blood samples, taken
      in high K3 (but not in K2) concentrations, showed an appreciable decrease in the
      leucocyte count (to less than 50% of the original value, at a concentration of 15
      g/l, 24 h after blood collection). Measurement of RDW and automated differentials
      is also influenced by the choice of anticoagulant when determinations are done in
      less than optimal conditions. We conclude that the choice of anticoagulant, its
      use at an appropriate concentration and the age of the blood sample are important
      matters and should be given due consideration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794232
TI  - Stable lyophilized reagents for the serum ferritin assay.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies to human ferritin, including one that was coupled to
      horseradish peroxidase, were lyophilized. These reagents show little loss of
      activity on reconstitution and demonstrate acceptable stability in the
      accelerated degradation test. When applied in a simple ELISA for the assay of
      serum ferritin along with the WHO standard for serum ferritin (80/602) they
      provide a robust assay with standardized reagents which is potentially suitable
      for use as a reference assay.

PMID- 1794233
TI  - Severe megaloblastic anaemia presenting as pancytopenia with red cell hypoplasia
      and elevated serum cobalamin and cobalamin binding proteins.

PMID- 1794234
TI  - Effective treatment of the anaemia associated with multiple myeloma by
      recombinant human erythropoietin.

PMID- 1794235
TI  - Severe bleeding associated with worsening thrombocytopenia following alpha
      interferon therapy for autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 1794236
TI  - Homozygous haemoglobin O-Arab in pregnancy.

PMID- 1794237
TI  - Refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura responsive to alpha interferon.

PMID- 1794238
TI  - Methotrexate-induced bone-marrow suppression.

PMID- 1794239
TI  - Guidelines for implementation of a maximum surgical blood order schedule.

PMID- 1794240
TI  - [Accidental inoculation by AIDS virus: trial of a preventive treatment].

PMID- 1794241
TI  - [Advance in the clinical use of antibiotics].

PMID- 1794242
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of enoxacin].
AB  - 436 patients with various infections were treated with 2 kinds of enoxacin
      preparations, tablets in 336 cases and capsules in 100 cases. The total effective
      rate for tablets and capsules was 97.0% and 95.0% respectively. The bacterial
      eradication rate was 96.8% for tablets and 96.7% for capsules. Adverse reactions
      were few and mild. A randomized study of enoxacin and norfloxacin in the
      treatment of 209 patients with enteric and urinary infections was carried out
      simultaneously, the effective rate of enoxacin (99.1%) was similar to norfloxacin
      (95.0%). The incidence of side effects in norfloxacin group was slightly higher
      than that in enoxacin (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 1794243
TI  - [Bacterial sepsis and nosocomial infection: a study of 70 patients].
AB  - 74 episodes of bacterial sepsis in 70 patients were analysed from July 1988 to
      June 1989. The incidence of sepsis is 0.7% of the whole admitted patients.
      Compared to a similar previous study from April 1982 to March 1983, the incidence
      of sepsis decreased (P less than 0.01), and the incidence of nosocomial sepsis
      remained unchanged, whereas its mortality decreased (P less than 0.05). The host
      defenses are important in predisposing to sepsis and determining prognosis.
      Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that some bacterial strains were resistant
      to new beta-lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 1794244
TI  - [Etiological diagnoses in 53 cases of pneumonia].
AB  - Secretion was taken from lower respiratory tract for bacterial culture using
      Japanese made single-sheath catheter brush (SSC) via fiberoptic bronchoscopy in
      53 cases with community acquired pneumonia and 16 control cases without pulmonary
      infection. The results showed that bacteria were isolated in 42 out of the 53
      patients, the organisms being pathogenic in 39 out of the 53 (73.5%). Among the
      bacteria isolated from the 42 cases, gram-negative bacilli accounted for the
      highest rate of 36% and pneumococcus the next of 31%. There were only 3 cases
      yielding contamination. It is shown that SSC technique has less chance of
      contamination and is convenient and practical.

PMID- 1794245
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of anti-DNAse B test in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart
      disease].
AB  - Anti-DNAse B test was performed with microtechnique in 160 subjects including
      patients with acute streptococcal pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and rheumatic
      heart disease as well as normal controls. It was shown that the antibody titer
      varied with age, stage of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease as well as
      the frequency of benthazine penicillin injections. It was also shown in this
      study that the school children group had considerably higher geometric mean
      antibody titer than the adult group. The upper normal limit of anti-DNAse B titer
      was 240 units in the school children group and 160 units in the adult group. The
      anti-DNAse B test shows a higher positive detection rate for streptococcal
      infection than ASO, especially when these two tests are used in combination. In
      patients with manifestations of acute rheumatic fever without elevation of ASO
      titer, anti-DNAse B test will be of great diagnostic value.

PMID- 1794246
TI  - [Impairment of the digestive system in high altitude erythrocythemia].
AB  - Among 203 patients with high altitude erythrocythemia (HAE), 89% had various
      kinds of alimentary canal symptoms, while these were present only in 31% of a
      control group (P less than 0.01). 49% of the HAE group had stomach, while only 8%
      of the control group had it. Endoscopic examination revealed 44% of the HAE group
      had peptic ulcer, being much higher than 6% of the control group. The ratio of
      gastric to duodenal ulcer in the HAE group was 2 to 1. The HAE patients had
      higher values of ALT, total bilirubin, LDH activity, LDH1 and LDHs, but lower
      values of AKP, LDH2, LDH4 and gamma-GT than the controls. The difference was,
      however, of no statistical significance. B mode ultrasonography showed that the
      incidence of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was 24% and 11% respectively in the
      HAE group, while it was only 4% and 2% in the control group. HAE patients usually
      had symptoms of digestive system two years after the onset and the incidence at
      that time was 67%. With the extended course of the disease, the incidence
      gradually came down. The mechanism of digestive system impairment in HAE was
      probed and it was shown that treatment of digestive system impairment would
      promote the healing of HAE.

PMID- 1794247
TI  - [Autologous bone marrow transplantation after purging by low molecular weight
      natural tumor suppressor in long-term marrow culture in vitro: report on 2
      cases].
AB  - In the light of high sensitivity of fresh bone marrow blast progenitor of human
      myeloid leukemia (L-CFU) towards the action of low molecular tumor suppressor
      isolated from human fetal liver, massive bone marrow was aspirated from the
      patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia at the stage of first complete
      remission and cocultured in a long-term bone marrow culture system for 9 days.
      The purged marrow cells were then re-infused into the patients after
      preconditioning with large doses of cytotoxin and acute ionizing irradiation.
      Hematopoiesis was reconstituted due to the autologous transplantation in vivo.
      After the autologous bone marrow transplantation without chemical treatment, two
      cases are still survival with the time of more than 17 and 15 months
      respectively.

PMID- 1794248
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of combined treatment with Ara-A dauricine and Chinese herbs
      in chronic hepatitis B infection].
AB  - 77 patients with chronic active or persistent hepatitis of type B proved by liver
      biopsy were divided into two groups. 39 cases were treated with Ara-A. dauricine
      and polysaccharide of pore umbellate as group I. 38 cases were treated with Ara
      A, radix isatidis and radix salviae mitiorrhize as group II. By the end of 3
      months in the course, the effective rates of ALT and AST were 68.6% and 68.4% in
      group I, 34.4% and 34.8% in group II. The rates of HBeAg from positive to
      negative were 35.9% and 39.5% in group I and II respectively. Follow up to 3
      months after cessation of therapy, ALT level was normal in 55.6% of group I and
      60% of group II: HBeAg was negative in 42.9% of group I and in 50% of group II.
      Follow up to 9 months after cessation of the treatment, ALT was normal in 56.3%
      of group I and in 62.5% of group II, HBeAg was negative in 37.5% of group I and
      in 60% of group II. These results show that dauricine and polysaccharide of pore
      umbellate did not strengthen the antiviral effect of Ara-A.

PMID- 1794249
TI  - [Pulmonary vascular resistance index as parameter for detecting right ventricular
      afterload].
AB  - We studied the pulmonary haemodynamics in 62 cases of chronic cor pulmonale due
      to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Present criteria for pulmonary
      hypertension are: pulmonary arterial mean pressure greater than 20 mmHg and/or
      pulmonary systolic pressure greater than 30 mmHg at rest and pulmonary mean
      pressure greater than 30 mmHg after exercise. We found that 24 of our 62 cases
      did not meet these criteria even after exercise despite clinical evidence of cor
      pulmonale. However, in all cases the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI)
      was increased (greater than 177 dyn.s.m2.cm-5) and significantly elevated after
      exercise. It is suggested that 1) it is inappropriate to set the criteria based
      solely on pulmonary artery pressure to define pathologically increased right
      ventricular overload; 2) the measurement of PVRI allows the concept of relative
      and latent pulmonary hypertension to be introduced; 3) PVRI is a more sensitive
      index of right ventricular overload than pulmonary artery pressures, especially
      when referring to the result of exercise test.

PMID- 1794250
TI  - [Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulation in chronic dialyzed end stage renal failure
      by flow cytometry].
AB  - To investigate the change of immune function in patients with ESRF, peripheral
      blood lymphocytes of 15 maintenance hemodialysis patients were analyzed using
      FITC labelled monoclonal antibodies and laser flow cytometry (FACS 440).
      Lymphocytes of phenotype CD 3 (Pan T cell), CD 4 (helper/inducer), CD 8
      (suppressor/cytotoxic), CD 16 (NK cell), CD 25 (IL-2 Receptor) and HLA-DR were
      enumerated. The results were summarized as follows: (1) CD 3, CD 8 and CD 16 were
      decreased markedly in ESRF patients. (2) CD 4 and CD 25 showed a tendency of
      decrement also yet statistically insignificant, (3) Value for HLA-DR was higher
      than normal, probably related with the hemodialysis. (4) CD 4, CD 8 and CD 4/CD 8
      in a transfused group were not different from those in a non-transfused group.
      (5) CD 4/CD 8 was negatively correlated with the serum creatinine level (r = 
      0.524). In conclusion, there is a marked suppression of immune function in ESRF
      patients as evidenced from the change of T cell subpopulation.

PMID- 1794251
TI  - Time interval gating for analysis of cell function using flow cytometry.
AB  - We propose a method which significantly shortens the time required for both the
      collection and analysis of data derived from multiple sample, flow cytometric
      kinetic assays. We have defined the term Time Interval Gating (TIG) to describe
      this method. TIG effectively allows one flow cytometer to concurrently monitor
      several samples over the course of a kinetic assay. Data for all samples are
      stored in a single FCS 2.0 compatible listmode data file which we refer to as the
      TIG data file. TIG is adaptable to most commerical flow cytometers. Standard
      listmode analysis software can be used to analyze the TIG data files and
      correlate any combination of tubes and/or time intervals from the assay. Results
      for the entire assay can be displayed on a single two parameter plot. This paper
      describes how TIG is applied to neutrophil oxidative burst measurement using a
      standard EPICS Elite flow cytometer. In this assay, 11 samples were each
      monitored for 30 min to identify the extent to which volatile organic chemicals
      (VOCs) inhibited the oxidation of DCFH in stimulated neutrophils. TIG makes the
      oxidative burst assay practical for high volume screening by reducing the overall
      flow cytometer and analysis time required by a factor of ten. In addition, TIG
      provides an organized approach to managing data acquisition on instruments
      equipped with automated sampling systems.

PMID- 1794252
TI  - Attachment of A172 human glioblastoma cells affects calcium signalling: a
      comparison of image cytometry, flow cytometry, and spectrofluorometry.
AB  - The intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of indo-1 loaded A172
      human glioblastoma cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was
      studied in cell suspensions by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry and in
      confluent monolayers by laser image cytometry and spectrofluorometry. With all
      three techniques, the percentage of responsive cells, peak [Ca2+]i, and the
      duration of response were directly related, and the delay time was inversely
      related to PDGF dose. The maximum response occurred at a PDGF concentration of
      about 20 ng/ml. Basal and peak [Ca2+]i did not differ significantly from method
      to method even though different calibration procedures were used. Cells in
      suspension monitored by both spectrofluorometry and flow cytometry displayed
      significantly shorter calcium responses than attached cells. This did not appear
      to be a direct effect of trypsinization. Spectral analysis of indo-1 in
      cytoplasm, 40% glycerol, and aqueous solutions showed significant differences in
      the isosbestic point and quantum efficiency. Calibration of [Ca2+]i with
      spectrofluorometry is more accurate using the ratio of fluorescence intensities
      than the fluorescence intensities measured at either 405 or 485 nm.

PMID- 1794253
TI  - Single laser three color immunofluorescence staining procedures based on energy
      transfer between phycoerythrin and cyanine 5.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for phycoerythrin (PE) were covalently labeled
      with the fluorescent dye cyanine 5 (Cy5). Excitation at 488 nm of immune
      complexes obtained by mixing Cy5-anti-PE with PE resulted in a 4-fold reduction
      of PE fluorescence measured at 565 nm and an increase of fluorescence measured at
      655 nm. The observed energy transfer between PE and Cy5-anti-PE was used to
      develop three color immunofluorescence staining procedures for flow cytometers
      equipped with an Argon laser tuned at 488 nm. Mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies
      specific for cell surface antigens were cross-linked with either unlabeled or Cy5
      labeled mouse IgG1 anti-PE using F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal rat anti-mouse
      IgG1. PE was added to these immune complexes in sufficient amounts to saturate
      all PE binding sites. Cells were incubated with PE-labeled and PE/Cy5-labeled
      tetrameric antibody complexes together with FITC labeled antibodies and analyzed
      by flow cytometry. The emission from FITC, PE and PE/Cy5 could be readily
      separated and bright three color immunofluorescence staining of mononuclear cells
      from human peripheral blood and bone marrow was observed. The results of these
      experiments demonstrate that useful probes for single laser three color staining
      of cell surface antigens can be readily obtained by mixing of selected reagents.
      Compared to standard procedures for the covalent labeling of PE (tandem)
      molecules to antibodies, the non-covalent procedures described in this report
      provide significant advantages in terms of the amount of reagents, time and
      equipment required to obtain suitable reagents for three color immunofluorescence
      staining.

PMID- 1794254
TI  - Amphotericin B susceptibility testing of Candida species by flow cytometry.
AB  - We have developed an 8 hr flow cytometry (FCM) method for assessing
      susceptibility of yeasts to amphotericin B (AmpB). The method detects both high
      level and relative-resistance to the drug. Variables found to affect fluorescence
      of control and AmpB treated cells included pH, presence of glucose, incubation
      conditions, concentration and length of exposure to both AmpB and ethidium
      bromide (ETBR), and the degree of resistance to AmpB. The FCM method was
      optimized based on increased red fluorescence intensity (RF), decreased forward
      angle light scatter (FALS), and a negative gating technique. A dose response was
      seen between 0.1 and 10 micrograms AmpB/ml for the susceptible control strain.
      Greater than 50% of cells from all susceptible strains tested transfer into the
      negative gate when exposed to 2.5 micrograms Amp B/ml while fewer than 5% of
      cells of the highly resistant C. tropicalis (ATCC 28707) are affected at
      concentrations up to 20 micrograms/ml. This method may provide a more accurate
      assessment of Amp B susceptibility than conventional tube dilution methods.

PMID- 1794255
TI  - Flow cytometric and biochemical analysis of dose-dependent effects of sodium
      butyrate on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - Sodium butyrate (SB) treatment was previously shown to produce seven-fold
      increases in estrogen hormone receptor binding sites of human endometrial
      adenocarcinoma (IK) cells. Flow cytometric analysis and histone gel
      electrophoresis were used to examine cell cycle, cell metabolism, and nuclear
      histone fractions in IK cells treated with different concentrations of SB. SB
      treated cells stained with fluorochromes specific for DNA, RNA, or general
      protein were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Changes in accessibility to three
      DNA stains and gel electrophoresis were used to analyze rearrangements in
      chromatin structure. SB caused an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase and
      inhibited DNA synthesis, but not cellular levels of RNA and protein. Hoechst
      accessibility to A-T rich regions on DNA was dramatically increased after removal
      of SB. H1 histones were dephosphorylated and core histones were acetylated during
      SB-treatment. Information obtained in these studies may be useful for correlating
      cellular and biochemical events with SB-induced increases in nuclear steroid
      hormone binding sites.

PMID- 1794256
TI  - Autoantibodies as mechanisms, markers, and mediators of B-cell disease.

PMID- 1794257
TI  - The scleroderma-like syndrome of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The scleroderma-like syndrome (SLS) of diabetes consists of limited joint
      mobility and digital sclerosis. It is described in 8-50% of insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus patients and is the earliest clinically apparent long-term
      complication of diabetes in children and adolescents. The frequency of this
      finding appears to be related to the duration of diabetes and increasing age.
      Less clear are the relationships between this syndrome and glycaemic control or
      genetic factors. SLS is an easily identifiable marker for those young patients
      who may be at increased risk for the development of early microvascular
      complications. Recognition of this characterization will permit the clinician to
      focus on newer and improved techniques for long-term physiological control of the
      diabetes, in an attempt to prevent microvascular disease.

PMID- 1794258
TI  - Commentary on pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 1794259
TI  - Commentary on pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 1794260
TI  - Gestational diabetes mellitus among African-American women.
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of poor
      outcomes for the pregnancy. It is a strong risk factor for subsequent diabetes.
      The epidemiology of GDM in African-American women is not well known. It has not
      been demonstrated that their risk factors are similar in character and weight to
      those among White women. There is considerable multicollinearity among GDM risk
      factors such as age, parity, obesity, hypertension, and family history of
      diabetes, and this needs to be sorted out. This review is based on the results of
      a nested case-control study to evaluate the frequency of, and the relationships
      of the known risk factors with, the onset of GDM among African-American women.
      All cases of GDM within a cohort of women seen at any of the county health
      department clinics in Jefferson County, Alabama from 1981 to 1987 were
      identified. The cohort represents approximately 63% of all African-American
      pregnancies in the county during the period. With few exceptions (5.1% based on
      fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 120 mg/dl), potential GDM cases
      (7.1%) were selected on the basis of a 2 h post 100 g carbohydrate meal screening
      plasma glucose measure at their second prenatal visit and again at 28-32 weeks
      greater than or equal to 115 mg/dl and diagnosed on the basis of the results of
      an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using the criteria of O'Sullivan and Mahan.
      Women with any prior history of diabetes (even in pregnancy), 1.6%, were
      excluded. The frequency of the new diagnosis of GDM among African-American women
      in this pregnancy in the cohort was 2.5% of pregnancies and 3.4% of women, which
      is similar to the values reported in the other studies. Controls were selected
      from women with negative screening tests who delivered after a GDM subject. The
      results reported in this paper reflect 358 cases (86% of all eligible GDM cases
      identified) and 273 controls. Cases were significantly older (28.3 vs. 21.7
      years), of higher gravidity (2.7 vs. 1.9), more obese (76.7 vs. 61.7 kg), gained
      weight more rapidly (0.34 vs. 0.28 kg/week), had more hypertension in this
      pregnancy (28.2 vs. 2.6%), and there was a higher proportion with a family
      history of diabetes (41.3 vs. 16.5%) (p less than 0.001 for all comparisons).
      Because there were significant correlations among the risk factors in both cases
      and controls, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1794261
TI  - The treatment of NIDDM in the decade of the 90s.
AB  - On the occasion of the introduction of gliclazide (Diamicron) in Canada, it seems
      useful to assess the use of oral hypoglycemics in the treatment of NIDDM. Various
      types of diabetes occur when insufficient insulin is produced or when various
      factors reduce the receptor efficacy. Most of the factors involved are favorably
      affected by the action of sulfonylureas. Many NIDDM patients exhibit poor
      compliance with regard to exercise and diet, and require oral hypoglycemics.
      Combinations of oral hypoglycemics and insulin are very useful in patients
      responding poorly to either type of treatment since this gives effective insulin
      levels with improved receptor activity. Diamicron offers advantages since it
      reduces blood glucose effectively, has few side effects and no evidence of long
      term problems or toxicity. Studies have shown that there is a significant
      antiplatelet aggregation effect and a beneficial effect on the fibrinolytic
      system with gliclazide (but not necessarily with other oral hypoglycemics), which
      may be useful in preventing or attenuating some long-term complications of
      diabetes, e.g. diabetic retinopathy. In a study at the Joslin Clinic, three
      groups of patients with NIDDM were examined: dietary failures, secondary failures
      with first generation oral hypoglycemics, and poorly regulated patients treated
      with insulin. After three months of treatment with Diamicron, all 10 dietary
      failure patients improved, as did three of the 10 secondary failure cases and
      five of the insulin-treated patients. Receptor studies indicated increased
      sensitivity in some cases, without a consistent change in numbers. Some patients
      with the poorest response to insulin alone had the best results with combined
      therapy, although it took almost eight weeks to achieve this.

PMID- 1794262
TI  - The mode of action and clinical pharmacology of gliclazide: a review.
AB  - Gliclazide is a sulphonylurea drug with an intermediate half-life of around 11
      hours. It is extensively metabolised, and renal clearance accounts for only 4% of
      total drug clearance. The molecule contains an azabicyclo-octyl group which
      confers special properties on the basic sulphonylurea moiety. Gliclazide
      stimulates insulin secretion through the beta cell sulphonylurea receptor, and
      possibly through a direct effect on intracellular calcium transport. It
      specifically improves the abnormal first phase insulin release in type 2
      diabetes, and also has an effect on the second phase. This pattern of insulin
      release is thought to explain the lower incidence of hypoglycaemic episodes and
      weight gain compared with some other sulphonylureas. There is also a reduction in
      hepatic glucose production and improvement in glucose clearance, without changes
      in insulin receptors. This suggests a possible post-receptor effect on insulin
      action, perhaps by stimulation of hepatic fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and muscle
      glycogen synthase. Gliclazide reduces platelet adhesion, aggregation and
      hyperactivity and increases fibrinolysis. These actions, thought to be
      independent of its hypoglycaemic activity, may make gliclazide useful in halting
      the progression of diabetic microangiopathy.

PMID- 1794263
TI  - Diabetes mellitus in Canada.
AB  - In this overview of diabetes mellitus in Canada, we discussed the following: (1)
      the increasing prevalence of diabetes from 2.4% known diabetes in 1985 to 5% in
      1989; (2) the incidence of diabetes in Prince Edward Island and the marked
      variation of incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus between Montreal
      (9.2/100,000) and Prince Edward Island (25.5/100,000); (3) the marked variation
      in prevalence of diabetes in native Indians in various parts of the nation; (4)
      the high prevalence of microangiopathy and macroangiopathy in people with
      diabetes in Southern Alberta; and (5) mortality from diabetes in Prince Edward
      Island.

PMID- 1794264
TI  - Insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Recent information suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated
      with severe insulin resistance, but other information suggests that there is a
      hypoinsulinemic state. To investigate the nature of the insulin resistance, 10
      newly diagnosed, mildly obese type 2 diabetics and 11 long-standing type 2
      diabetics with secondary failure to sulfonylureas were studied. Insulin was given
      by continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSII) for two weeks. CSII produced near
      normoglycemia after 1-4 days in all patients with modest amounts of insulin (0.5
      0.9 U/kg/24 h). These results demonstrate that whatever insulin resistance
      prevails in NIDDM, it does not prevent induction of normoglycemia by insulin.
      This suggests that either the insulin resistance is a secondary event caused by
      hyperglycaemia, or that NIDDM patients are hypoinsulinemic. In further studies in
      vitro, the effect of glucose on the rate of glycolytic glucose utilization by
      isolated rat soleus muscle and on hexose transport in rat skeletal myocyte line
      L8 were assessed. In the first case, an increase in glucose concentration led to
      a decrease in muscle glycolysis, and in the second case a hyperglycemic
      concentration of glucose led to a marked reduction in hexose transport, which was
      fully reversible within two hours. The clinical and in vitro results plus
      literature data suggest that insulin resistance can be overcome by insulin in
      NIDDM, and that beta-cell responsiveness to glucose is greatly reduced in NIDDM,
      but the defect is restricted to the acute stimulatory phase of glucose induction
      of insulin release. If this defect can be corrected, acute insulin release will
      occur so that NIDDM would be cured notwithstanding the existence of insulin
      resistance.

PMID- 1794265
TI  - The effect of Diamicron on the secretion and action of insulin.
AB  - We studied, in healthy subjects (n = 4) and in non-insulin-dependent diabetics (n
      = 4), the effect of a new sulfonylurea, Diamicron, on the secretion and action of
      insulin, using a mathematical model. This model analyzed, during an intravenous
      glucose tolerance test, the response of the first and second phase of insulin
      secretion in relation to the variations in blood glucose (insulin secretion) and
      the rate of decline in the blood glucose curve in relation to the variations in
      insulin (insulin response). Each subject was studied twice: once after
      administration of placebo and once after administration of Diamicron 80 mg 90 min
      after intravenous injection of 300 mg/kg of D-glucose. In healthy subjects, the
      glucose load after placebo induced an insulin response of 7.4 +/- 1.0 and 11.3 +/
      1.4 microU ml-1 min-1 mg-1 dl-1 for the first and second phases, respectively,
      and an insulin sensitivity evaluated to be 4.7 +/- 0.3 min microU-1 ml-1.
      Following the administration of Diamicron, the insulin response to the same
      glucose load increased two-fold and five-fold for the first and second phases,
      respectively, and the insulin sensitivity also increased by a factor of 2. In
      diabetic subjects the insulin response to the glucose load after placebo was
      markedly decreased (2.2 +/- 0.5 and 2.5 +/- 0.3 microU ml-1 min-1 mg-1 dl-1,
      respectively) as was the insulin sensitivity (2.5 +/- 0.3 min microU-1 ml-1). The
      administration of Diamicron increased all these parameters by a factor of
      2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794266
TI  - The physiological action of gliclazide: beta-cell function and insulin
      resistance.
AB  - There is continuing debate about the physiological mechanisms of the action of
      sulphonylureas in man. In those patients taking sulphonylureas insulin secretion
      can be demonstrated to be higher, but there are also data which have been
      interpreted as evidence that these drugs may cause an alteration in peripheral
      insulin sensitivity. The physiological effects of the sulphonylurea gliclazide in
      diabetic subjects has been examined using a variety of experimental protocols to
      address this question: an intravenous gliclazide infusion, experiments using
      glucose clamping, mathematical modelling of the insulin and glucose data from
      subjects on and off gliclazide therapy, and the infusion of amino acids and
      glucose separately or in combination. The data from all these analyses suggest
      that the primary effect of gliclazide is on the beta-cell and that any effects on
      the peripheral insulin sensitivity are either slight or secondary to the
      improvement of the secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets.

PMID- 1794267
TI  - Gliclazide and insulin action in human muscle.
AB  - Sulfonylureas are widely used drugs in the treatment of NIDDM when diet treatment
      is unsuccessful. In addition to their pancreatic effects sulfonylureas have been
      reported to have insulin-like and insulin-potentiating actions in vitro with
      respect both to glucose transport and glycogen synthase activation in isolated
      adipocytes and hepatocytes from rats. Glycogen synthesis in muscle accounts for
      the major part of non-oxidative glucose metabolism during insulin stimulation.
      Treatment with gliclazide of patients with NIDDM has been shown to be associated
      with a potentiation of both insulin-mediated glucose disposal and insulin
      stimulated glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle. Muscle insulin receptor
      binding or insulin receptor kinase activity was shown not to be affected by
      gliclazide treatment. Whether the improved insulin sensitivity and improved
      insulin action on skeletal muscle glycogen synthase during gliclazide treatment
      is due to a direct or an indirect action of the drug is discussed.

PMID- 1794268
TI  - Efficacy of gliclazide in comparison with other sulphonylureas in the treatment
      of NIDDM.
AB  - Three studies were performed to assess the efficacy of various sulphonylureas in
      the management of diet-failed NIDDM patients. In the first study, 224 patients
      inadequately controlled by diet alone or with oral hypoglycaemics received
      gliclazide in addition to diet or in place of existing drugs for three months.
      The dosage was adjusted to obtain adequate control or up to the maximum
      recommended dosage. Good glycaemic control was achieved in 65% of patients.
      Conversion from other oral hypoglycaemics to gliclazide led to an improvement in
      control except in cases previously treated with glibenclamide. In the second
      study, diabetic control was compared in 112 NIDDM patients treated concurrently
      for one year with chlorpropamide, glipizide, gliquidone, glibenclamide or
      gliclazide. On the basis of HbA1 levels, the best results were obtained with
      glibenclamide and gliclazide, leading to normal HbA1 levels in 74% and 80% of
      patients, respectively. In the third study, secondary failure rates were assessed
      in 248 NIDDM patients treated for five years with gliclazide, glibenclamide or
      glipizide. Gliclazide had the lowest secondary failure rate (7%) and was
      significantly better than glipizide (25.6% failures in five years), but the
      difference relative to glibenclamide (17.9%) just failed to reach the threshold
      of significance. The results of these studies show that gliclazide is a potent
      hypoglycaemic agent which compares favourably with others of its type. It has a
      low incidence of side effects, few problems with hypoglycaemia, and retains its
      efficacy longer than other sulphonylureas. Gliclazide may therefore be considered
      a first choice for the therapy of diet-failed NIDDM patients.

PMID- 1794269
TI  - Effect of 6 months' gliclazide treatment on insulin release and sensitivity to
      endogenous insulin in NIDDM: role of initial CSII-induced normoglycemia.
AB  - In 10 obese, newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
      patients (group A) continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) was used to
      induce normoglycemia over a period of 14 days. Fasting blood glucose was 4.61 +/-
      0.22 mmol/l and mean daily blood glucose 5.83 +/- 0.27 mmol/l at the end of the
      CSII period. This excellent glycemic control was obtained with 35 +/- 4.8 U
      insulin per day, corresponding to 0.47 +/- 0.06 U/kg/24 h. Endogenous insulin
      production was markedly suppressed, since urinary C-peptide was reduced from 56
      +/- 0.35 to 24 +/- 0.76 micrograms/24 h. Thus, physiological insulin replacement
      induced normoglycemia in NIDDM, indicating that insulin resistance is not
      clinically important. Gliclazide was given to group A following CSII and to 5
      obese NIDDM patients (group B) in their habitual hyperglycemic state. Gliclazide
      maintained in group A and induced in group B excellent metabolic control. This
      was accompanied by the appearance of a small first-phase insulin response to iv
      glucose and by significant increases in the mean daily insulin to mean daily
      blood glucose ratio and in the 24-h urinary C-peptide to glucose ratio. The
      gliclazide effects tended to be more pronounced in group A. No significant effect
      was seen on sensitivity to endogenous insulin (slope of disappearance of blood
      glucose as function of insulin response to glucose infusion). During the 6 months
      of gliclazide treatment, excellent glycemic control was obtained in all patients.
      This was paralleled by unchanged stimulation by gliclazide of first-phase insulin
      response to glucose as well as mean by 48-h insulin to glucose and urinary C
      peptide to glucose ratios. Again, sensitivity to endogenous insulin was not
      augmented. We conclude that gliclazide has a beta-cell-stimulating action which
      is maintained quantitatively unchanged for at least 6 months. The therapeutic
      effect of gliclazide in NIDDM seems to be mainly, if not exclusively, the result
      of its beta-cytotrophic action. Initial normoglycemia, induced here by CSII, may
      have a lasting enhancing effect on gliclazide action.

PMID- 1794270
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Diamicron in non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of gliclazide (Diamicron) were studied in 29 NIDDM
      patients (19 men and 10 women aged 25-68 years) who failed to improve with diet
      or with diet plus a sulfonylurea. All patients were overweight and had fasting
      blood glucose levels consistently above 150 mg/dl (8.24 mmol/l). After withdrawal
      of oral hypoglycemics where applicable, they received 40 mg Diamicron three times
      daily with meals. The dose was increased by 40-80 mg/day until optimum control
      was obtained or up to a maximum of 320 mg/day. Treatment lasted for 12 months. At
      the end of this period the mean fasting blood glucose level had fallen by 35%
      from 238 to 154 mg/dl and the mean 2-h postprandial blood glucose level had
      fallen by 28% from 237.7 to 195 mg/dl. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin level
      also fell by 30% from 10.10 to 7.02%, i.e. within the normal range. In addition,
      there was a 19% fall in triglyceride and a 10% fall in cholesterol levels, with
      no change in body weight. No changes were observed for serum insulin, C-peptide
      and glucagon levels, thyroid function tests, blood counts, liver and kidney
      function tests, uric acid, electrolytes, blood pressure or heart rate. No
      clinical or ECG abnormalities were observed in patients with or without
      cardiovascular disease. There were two presumptive hypoglycemic reactions, but
      these did not require treatment. Adverse effects were reported by 22 patients,
      including dizziness and light-headedness, diarrhea, nausea, palpitations and
      pruritus, but none required modification of Diamicron therapy. The results
      therefore show that Diamicron is safe, effective and well tolerated in suitably
      selected NIDDM patients.

PMID- 1794271
TI  - Hemobiological activity of gliclazide in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The hemovascular abnormalities encountered in diabetes include platelet
      alterations, shifts in prostaglandin metabolism and disorders of fibrinolysis.
      Diabetes is thus associated with increased platelet adhesiveness, increased
      platelet aggregation with hypersensitivity to proaggregants, increased plasma
      levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as an expression of platelet
      hyperactivity, increased levels of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2),
      and reduced levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). It is not clear which,
      if any, of these abnormalities are generated by chronic hyperglycemia and can be
      corrected by adequate glycemic control. Studies with gliclazide have demonstrated
      that it exerts hemovascular effects which can be valuable to patients. Thus,
      treatment with gliclazide leads to a decrease in platelet adhesiveness and
      aggregability. This treatment also reduces thromboxane levels and increases TPA
      levels. The mechanisms of action of gliclazide are not fully known but it has
      been demonstrated that its antiplatelet action is independent of its hypoglycemic
      activity and is not accompanied by clinical abnormalities of blood clotting. The
      mechanism of direct action on platelet activity may be mediated by inhibition of
      activated glycogen synthetase, activation of adenylate cyclase, modulation of
      arachidonic acid release from platelet membranes, stimulation of PGI2 production,
      and inhibition of the proaggregant action of TXA2. Thus, gliclazide not only has
      a hypoglycemic action but also improves hemovascular parameters in type 2
      diabetes when used at normal therapeutic doses.

PMID- 1794272
TI  - History and evolution of the concept of oral therapy in diabetes.
AB  - The object of diabetes treatment is to restore adequate carbohydrate, protein and
      lipid metabolism. The cornerstone of this treatment has been diet since the end
      of the 18th century, but true antidiabetic therapy started only with the
      identification and purification of insulin. Pressure for oral therapy then
      quickly built up. The hypoglycemic effect of guanidines was discovered in 1919,
      leading to their therapeutic use, but they were withdrawn in 1932 due to their
      hepatotoxic effects. The related biguanides appeared in the 1950s but have since
      diminished in importance so that metformin is practically the only representative
      still used today. Work in the 1940s and 1950s led to the discovery and
      development of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas (SU), a therapeutic class unique for
      its specificity and safety. These products were found to stimulate insulin
      secretion by the endocrine pancreas. In vitro studies have shown that they bind
      specifically to an ATP-dependent K+ channel of the beta cell membrane. This
      binding closes the channel so that K+ outflow ceases, the beta cell membrane
      depolarizes and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels open to allow an influx of
      extracellular calcium. The result is migration and extrusion of insulin granules.
      Although this mechanism of action has been demonstrated in vitro, it cannot
      account for all the clinical actions of various SU. They thus appear to have
      extrapancreatic actions, probably potentiating the peripheral effects of insulin
      at a postreceptor site in target cells. Other effects involve fibrinolytic
      activity of the blood, platelet behavior and vascular reactivity. The future of
      oral diabetes therapy thus seems to lie with the sulfonylureas.

PMID- 1794273
TI  - [Effect of regenerating skeletal muscles on the recovery processes in the
      irradiated intestinal epithelium].

PMID- 1794274
TI  - [The ultrastructural aspect of reorganizing the rat neuromuscular junction during
      increased motor activity].

PMID- 1794275
TI  - [Computer modeling of genetic processes in structured populations].

PMID- 1794276
TI  - [Genes of lambda-chain immunoglobulins from mink (Mustela vison)].

PMID- 1794277
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms of selecting influenza virus strains by signs of drug
      resistance].

PMID- 1794278
TI  - [Alkaline light chain A1 is responsible for the aggregation of actin filaments
      decorated with myosin subfragment-1].

PMID- 1794279
TI  - [A new approach to the classification of DNA fragments based on fractal
      representations of a series of functionally similar sequences].

PMID- 1794280
TI  - [N-deoxygenation reaction--a new type of glutathione transferase catalytic
      activity].

PMID- 1794281
TI  - [Interaction of catalytically active antibodies with DNA].

PMID- 1794282
TI  - [Organization of the system of positive reinforcement in the canine brain].

PMID- 1794283
TI  - [Kinetic characteristics of autocrine proliferation of cultured human B-lymphoma
      cells].

PMID- 1794284
TI  - [Electron microscopic and immunocytochemical analysis of tubulin distribution in
      granular frog bladder cells during stimulation of water transport with
      vasopressin].

PMID- 1794285
TI  - [An unusual structure of the B2-like repeat of the American mink].

PMID- 1794286
TI  - [Mg2+, ATP-dependent transport of Ca2+ through the sarcolemma limits smooth
      muscle relaxation].

PMID- 1794287
TI  - [The effect of ligand isomerism on the antineoplastic activity of cis-triamine
      complexes of platinum (II)].

PMID- 1794288
TI  - [Stimulation of phospholipase D by thyroid hormones in hepatocytes of rats of
      various ages and thyroid status].

PMID- 1794289
TI  - [Reflection of the systemic organization of behavior quanta in the impulse
      activity of cortical neurons].

PMID- 1794290
TI  - [GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the frog striatum].

PMID- 1794291
TI  - [Neuronal activity of the monkey neostriatum under conditions of complex operator
      functions].

PMID- 1794292
TI  - [The effect of piracetam on the unscheduled synthesis of brain DNA].

PMID- 1794293
TI  - [Recognition of symbols and generalization of them in studies with the
      descriptive-associative models of the neuronal network].

PMID- 1794294
TI  - In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of ME1220 and ME1221, novel
      cephalosporins.
AB  - The antibacterial activities and serum pharmacokinetic properties of ME1220 and
      ME1221, new aminothiazolylalkoxyiminoacetylcephalosporins having an N
      alkylpyridiniumthiomethyl side chain at C-3, were compared with those of
      cefpirome and ceftazidime. ME1220 and ME1221 exhibited broad antibacterial
      activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro and in
      vivo activities of ME1220 were similar to cefpirome, while ME1221 was superior to
      ceftazidime against almost all test organisms except pseudomonas. On intravenous
      injection in rats, ME1220 and ME1221 were excreted mainly in the urine. ME1221
      was excreted moderately in the bile and showed higher serum concentration and AUC
      than those of ME1220.

PMID- 1794295
TI  - In vitro activity of cefsulodin against multi-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 245 patients with different
      infections were tested to determine their in vitro susceptibility to cefsulodin
      and other anti-pseudomonad antibiotics. Cefsulodin inhibited 90% of the isolates
      as compared with 89% by ceftazidime, 84% by piperacillin and 73% by ticarcillin.
      Of the three aminoglycosides used, gentamycin (60%) and netilmycin (77%) were
      less inhibitory. Amikacin was the most active, inhibiting 92% of the clinical
      isolates. Over 60% of the isolates resistant to ticarcillin and piperacillin were
      susceptible to cephalosporin and aminoglycosides used. Among cefsulodin-resistant
      isolates, ceftazidime was active against 67% and amikacin and netilmycin against
      71% of isolates. Sixty percent of ceftazidime-resistant strains were susceptible
      to cefsulodin.

PMID- 1794296
TI  - The clinical effect of bifemelane hydrochloride on dementia in aged patients.
AB  - The effect of bifemelane hydrochloride on dementia in the elderly was studied in
      thirty-one patients having cerebrovascular disorders. Alzheimer's disease,
      Parkinsonism and related diseases. The drug (150 mg) was administered orally
      three times daily for 10 weeks. The final global improvement rating was 77.4% for
      all patients. The rates of improvement for Alzheimer's disease were higher than
      those for cerebrovascular disorders, suggesting that this drug affects
      Alzheimer's disease through a cholinergic potentiating action. Psychotic,
      neurological and subjective symptoms, and the activity of daily life, were rated
      before, during and after treatment. All mean rates of improvement were based on
      observations made in the 4th week after the start of treatment. Improvement rates
      for global symptoms were more than 80% for emotional incontinence and prejudice
      or querulous attitudes toward the nurses, and in headache, tinnitus and dizziness
      among the subjective symptoms. The improvement in intellectual function was
      evaluated by the dementia rating scale for the elderly (DRSE), and a significant
      increase was found in DRSE after treatment with this drug. Side effects
      attributable to the drug were noted in one patient developing urticaria. It is
      thus suggested that bifemelane hydrochloride is useful in the treatment of
      different symptoms of dementia.

PMID- 1794297
TI  - The therapeutic effect of L-carnitine in patients with exercise-induced stable
      angina: a controlled study.
AB  - An investigation on the therapeutic effect of L-carnitine was performed at three
      different centres and included two hundred patients, 40 to 65 years of age, with
      exercise-induced stable angina. In one hundred randomly selected patients the
      drug was administered orally in daily doses of 2 g in addition to the already
      instituted therapy, and the effect studied over a 6-month period. Compared with
      the control group, these patients showed a significant reduction in the number of
      premature ventricular contractions (PVC) at rest, as well as an increased
      tolerance during ergometric cycle exercise as demonstrated by an increased
      maximal cardiac frequency, increased maximal systolic arterial blood pressure and
      therefore also increased double cardiac product and reduced ST-segment depression
      during maximal effort. This was accompanied by improvement in cardiac function
      and resultant performance, as shown by an increase in the number of patients
      belonging to class I of the NYHA classification and a reduction in the
      consumption of cardioactive drugs. Laboratory analysis showed an improvement in
      plasma lipid levels. The authors conclude, after having discussed the particular
      metabolic mechanisms, that L-carnitine undoubtedly represents an interesting
      therapeutic drug for patients with exercise-induced stable angina.

PMID- 1794298
TI  - Levodropropizine in the premedication to fibrebronchoscopy.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of cough-preventing treatment
      with levodropropizine, a drug inhibiting peripheral cough reflexes, in patients
      undergoing bronchial endoscopy. Sixteen patients, aged 37-73 years, suffering
      from chronic obstructive lung disease in the hypersecretory phase, were included
      in the study. The experiment was designed as double blind with double observer,
      controlled versus placebo. As comparative efficacy parameters were considered the
      number of anaesthetic boluses (lidocaine at 2%) administered during and
      immediately after the manoeuvre. The number of coughs during and 10 min after
      bronchoscopy was registered on a magnetic tape and read by a blinded observer
      thereafter. Levodropropizine was given as oral drops (20 each time, equal to 60
      mg active drug) 12 h and 1 h before bronchoscopy. Data analysis was performed by
      descriptive statistical tests and by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test for paired
      samples. Levodropropizine treatment significantly reduced the number of
      anaesthetic enemas (p less than 0.01), and presented an excellent tolerability
      and safety profile.

PMID- 1794299
TI  - SA3443, a novel cyclic disulfide compound, depresses anti-SRBC antibody-forming
      cell responses in the mouse through inhibition of antigen-presenting cell
      activities.
AB  - (4R)-Hexahydro-7,7-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,2,5-dithiazocine-4-carboxylic acid (SA3443)
      is a newly synthesized cyclic disulfide compound which has potential
      hepatoprotective properties. The effect of SA3443 on the induction of anti-sheep
      red blood cell (SRBC) plaque (antibody) forming cell (PFC) responses was
      investigated in vivo and in vitro. SA3443 (approximately 3 mg/kg/day) remarkably
      decreased the number of anti-SRBC PFC in the spleens of mice immunized with a
      high dose of SRBC in vivo. The addition of SA3443 (approximately 1 x 10(-7) M) at
      the initiation of mouse spleen cell cultures in vitro also exerted a significant
      inhibitory effect on subsequent PFC response to SRBC, and removal of SA3443 after
      24 h did not reverse its inhibitory effect. Pre-incubation of isolated adherent
      spleen cells with SRBC and SA3443 resulted in a similar inhibition of subsequent
      PFC response, but a pre-incubation of macrophage-depleted cells with SRBC and
      SA3443 or a pre-incubation of the unseparated spleen cells with SA3443 in the
      absence of SRBC had no effect. These findings have suggested that SA3443 may
      depress antibody response through inhibition of macrophage antigen-presenting
      cell activity.

PMID- 1794300
TI  - Quantitative analysis of platelet activating factor treated with
      pentafluorobenzoyl chloride using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - To confirm that platelet activating factor (PAF) plays an important role as a
      mediator in acute inflammation and allergic reaction, it is necessary to develop
      a more sensitive and stable method for measuring trace amounts of PAF in various
      biological samples. For this reason, the authors have adapted gas
      chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/NICI-MS)
      (developed by Ramesha and Pickett in 1985) by employing an SPB-1 column and
      isobutane as the reagent gas. Furthermore, with this method the authors attempted
      an investigation of the time course of hexadecyl- and octadecyl-PAF production
      and release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) stimulated by Ca
      ionophore A23187. PMNs were obtained from venous blood from a human donor by
      centrifugation and were stimulated by 5 microM of Ca-ionophore A23187. PAF was
      purified using a SEP-PAK silica column and thin layer chromatography, and then
      was hydrolyzed with phospholipase C. The extract was treated with
      pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. Using 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl (perdeuterated)-sn
      phosphocholine) as an internal standard, the following results were obtained: The
      standard curve for this quantitative analysis was linear with a correlation
      coefficient of 0.9997 from 1 pg to 200 ng. The authors assumed that quantities as
      low as a few picograms of PAF could be measured by the method. The production of
      hexadecyl-PAF in the cell pellet peaked (8.1 +/- 1.34 ng/10(7) cells) at 2 min
      after stimulation and that in the supernatant peaked (6.3 +/- 0.97 ng/10(7)
      cells) at approximately 7 min after stimulation. Octadecyl-PAF could not be
      detected in this experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794301
TI  - Release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) from human colon mucosa and its
      inhibition by 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - Tissues from 6 operation specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min +/-
      ricinoleic acid 6.25-100 micrograms/ml. PAF was determined in the incubates by
      scintillation proximity assay (Amersham) after extraction and purification. No
      PAF was detected in control samples (less than 0.4 ng/g/30 min), whereas
      ricinoleic acid 12.5-100 micrograms/ml stimulated PAF output (18.3 +/- 2.1
      ng/g/30 min, mean +/- sem). 5-ASA 25-100 micrograms/ml caused a 5-100% inhibition
      of the PAF release by 50 micrograms/ml ricinoleic acid. The authors conclude that
      PAF can be released by damage to human colonic mucosa/submucosa, and that the
      inhibition of PAF release in ulcerative colitis may at least partly explain the
      therapeutic effect of 5-ASA.

PMID- 1794302
TI  - Investigation of the role of metalloproteinases in recombinant human interleukin
      1 beta-induced degradation of rat femoral head cartilage.
AB  - The mechanism of proteoglycan (GAG) loss from rat femoral articular cartilage
      (FHC) induced by recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) in vitro has
      been investigated. The metalloproteinase inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline, the
      serine proteinase inhibitor N alpha-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK),
      the activator of latent metalloproteinase p-aminophenylmercuric acid (APMA), and
      an inhibitory metalloproteinase substrate analogue U27391 were tested for their
      ability to modulate rhIL-1 beta-induced GAG loss and GAG synthesis ([35S]O4
      uptake) inhibition. As expected 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited GAG loss, however
      [35S]O4 incorporation was significantly reduced. TLCK was without effect, and
      APMA inhibited both parameters. U27391 reversed both the inhibition of [35S]O4
      incorporation and GAG loss. It is concluded that the adverse effects on
      proteoglycan metabolism explain the inhibitory actions of 1,10-phenanthroline and
      APMA, whilst the action of TLCK may indicate that serine proteinases are not
      involved in the activation of latent metalloproteinase. U27391 exhibited
      chondroprotective activity and confirmed the induction of either
      metalloproteinases such as stromelysin or collagenase by rhIL-1 beta.

PMID- 1794304
TI  - The sudden withdrawal of triazolam--reasons and consequences.

PMID- 1794303
TI  - Lyophilized collagen in the treatment of diabetic ulcers.
AB  - Diabetic foot ulcers are a significant clinical problem. Lyophilized type I
      collagen (LC) can stimulate wound healing by promoting platelet adhesion and
      aggregation and acting as a chemotactic factor for macrophages. The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate the efficacy of LC in the treatment of diabetic
      ulcers. Twenty patients (twelve males and eight females, age range 60-78 years)
      affected by non-insulin-dependent diabetes and ulcers (19 foot ulcers and 1 post
      traumatic wrist ulcer) were, consecutively and at random, treated with LC or
      hyaluronic acid medicated gauze. The two groups were comparable in age, sex, size
      and etiopathogenesis of ulcers, metabolic state. The mean time for wound healing
      in the group treated with LC was 32.4 +/- 8.6 days, and in the group treated with
      hyaluronic acid medicated gauze was 49.0 +/- 11.0 days (p less than 0.001). The
      data suggest that LC significantly improves wound healing and is more active than
      medicated gauze in the treatment of diabetic ulcers.

PMID- 1794305
TI  - What to do about pulmonary heart disease.

PMID- 1794306
TI  - Local applications to wounds--I. Cleansers, antibacterials, debriders.

PMID- 1794307
TI  - Diclofenac gel--topical NSAIDS and science.

PMID- 1794308
TI  - Drosophila gastrulation: analysis of cell shape changes in living embryos by
      three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - The first event of Drosophila gastrulation is the formation of the ventral
      furrow. This process, which leads to the invagination of the mesoderm, is a
      classical example of epithelial folding. To understand better the cellular
      changes and dynamics of furrow formation, we examined living Drosophila embryos
      using three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy. By injecting fluorescent markers
      that visualize cell outlines and nuclei, we monitored changes in cell shapes and
      nuclear positions. We find that the ventral furrow invaginates in two phases.
      During the first 'preparatory' phase, many prospective furrow cells in apparently
      random positions gradually begin to change shape, but the curvature of the
      epithelium hardly changes. In the second phase, when a critical number of cells
      have begun to change shape, the furrow suddenly invaginates. Our results suggest
      that furrow formation does not result from an ordered wave of cell shape changes,
      contrary to a model for epithelial invagination in which a wave of apical
      contractions causes invagination. Instead, it appears that cells change their
      shape independently, in a stochastic manner, and the sum of these individual
      changes alters the curvature of the whole epithelium.

PMID- 1794309
TI  - cactus, a maternal gene required for proper formation of the dorsoventral
      morphogen gradient in Drosophila embryos.
AB  - The dorsoventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo is mediated by a gradient of
      nuclear localization of the dorsal protein which acts as a morphogen.
      Establishment of the nuclear concentration gradient of dorsal protein requires
      the activities of the 10 maternal 'dorsal group' genes whose function results in
      the positive regulation of the nuclear uptake of the dorsal protein. Here we show
      that in contrast to the dorsal group genes, the maternal gene cactus acts as a
      negative regulator of the nuclear localization of the dorsal protein. While loss
      of function mutations of any of the dorsal group genes lead to dorsalized
      embryos, loss of cactus function results in a ventralization of the body pattern.
      Progressive loss of maternal cactus activity causes progressive loss of dorsal
      pattern elements accompanied by the expansion of ventrolateral and ventral
      anlagen. However, embryos still retain dorsoventral polarity, even if derived
      from germline clones using the strongest available, zygotic lethal cactus
      alleles. In contrast to the loss-of-function alleles, gain-of-function alleles of
      cactus cause a dorsalization of the embryonic pattern. Genetic studies indicate
      that they are not overproducers of normal activity, but rather synthesize
      products with altered function. Epistatic relationships of cactus with dorsal
      group genes were investigated by double mutant analysis. The dorsalized phenotype
      of the dorsal mutation is unchanged upon loss of cactus activity. This result
      implies that cactus acts via dorsal and has no independent morphogen function. In
      all other dorsal group mutant backgrounds, reduction of cactus function leads to
      embryos that express ventrolateral pattern elements and have increased nuclear
      uptake of the dorsal protein at all positions along the dorsoventral axis. Thus,
      the cactus gene product can prevent nuclear transport of dorsal protein in the
      absence of function of the dorsal group genes. Genetic and cytoplasmic
      transplantation studies suggest that the cactus product is evenly distributed
      along the dorsoventral axis. Thus the inhibitory function that cactus product
      exerts on the nuclear transport of the dorsal protein appears to be antagonized
      on the ventral side. We discuss models of how the action of the dorsal group
      genes might counteract the cactus function ventrally.

PMID- 1794310
TI  - Expression of the fibroblast growth factor-5 gene in the mouse embryo.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are structurally related mitogens that can
      regulate the differentiation of a wide variety of cells. As a step towards
      elucidating the developmental roles played by one of these factors, we have used
      in situ hybridization methods to examine expression of the murine F gf-5 gene
      during embryogenesis. F gf-5 RNA was detected at seven distinct sites in the
      developing mouse embryo: (1) postimplantation epiblast (embryonic day 5 1/4-7
      1/2), (2) lateral splanchnic mesoderm (E9 1/2-10 1/2), (3) lateral somatic
      mesoderm (E10 1/2-12 1/2), (4) myotomes (E10 1/2-12 1/2), (5) mastication muscle
      (E11 1/2-14 1/2), (6) limb mesenchyme (E12 1/2-14 1/2), and (7) acoustic ganglion
      (E12 1/2-14 1/2). At several of these sites, expression is spatially restricted
      within the tissues. We offer several hypotheses regarding the roles of FGF-5 in
      murine development.

PMID- 1794311
TI  - mRNA localization studies suggest that murine FGF-5 plays a role in gastrulation.
AB  - During gastrulation in the mouse, the pluripotent embryonic ectoderm cells form
      the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Little is known
      about the mechanisms responsible for these processes, but evidence from previous
      studies in amphibians, as well as expression studies in mammals, suggest that
      signalling molecules of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family may play a role
      in gastrulation. To determine whether this might be the case for FGF-5 in the
      mouse embryo, we carried out RNA in situ hybridization studies to determine when
      and where in the early postimplantation embryo the Fgf-5 gene is expressed. We
      chose to study this particular member of the FGF gene family because we had
      previously observed that its pattern of expression in cultures of teratocarcinoma
      cell aggregates is consistent with the proposal that Fgf-5 plays a role in
      gastrulation in vivo. The results reported here show that Fgf-5 expression
      increases dramatically in the pluripotent embryonic ectoderm just prior to
      gastrulation, is restricted to the cells forming the three primary germ layers
      during gastrulation, and is not detectable in any cells in the embryo once
      formation of the primary germ layers is virtually complete. Based on this
      provocative expression pattern and in light of what is known about the functions
      in vitro of other members of the FGF family, we hypothesize that in the mouse
      embryo Fgf-5 functions in an autocrine manner to stimulate the mobility of the
      cells that contribute to the embryonic germ layers or to render them competent to
      respond to other inductive or positional signals.

PMID- 1794312
TI  - Interactions between fused, a segment-polarity gene in Drosophila, and other
      segmentation genes.
AB  - Fused (fu) is a segment polarity gene whose product is maternally required in the
      posterior part of each segment. To define further the role of fused and determine
      how it interacts with other segmentation genes, we examined the phenotypes
      obtained by combining fused with mutations of pair rule, homeotic and other
      segment polarity loci. When it was possible, we also looked at the distribution
      of corresponding proteins in fused mutant embryos. We observed that fused-naked
      (fu;nkd) double mutant embryos display a phenotypic suppression of simple mutant
      phenotypes: both naked cuticle and denticle belts, which would normally have been
      deleted by one of the two mutants alone, were restored. In fused mutant embryos,
      engrailed (en) and wingless (wg) expression was normal until germ band extension,
      but partially and completely disappeared respectively during germ band
      retraction. In the fu;nkd double mutant embryo, en was expressed as in nkd mutant
      at germ band extension, but later this expression was restricted and became
      normal at germ band retraction. On the contrary, wg expression disappeared as in
      fu simple mutant embryos. We conclude that the requirements for fused, naked and
      wingless activities for normal segmental patterning are not absolute, and propose
      mechanisms by which these genes interact to specify anterior and posterior cell
      fates.

PMID- 1794313
TI  - Dye-coupling and the formation and fate of the hypoblast in the teleost fish
      embryo, Barbus conchonius.
AB  - The present report describes Lucifer Yellow (LY) transfer between the syncytial
      layer of the yolk cell (YSL) and blastodermal cells during epiboly in the teleost
      fish Barbus conchonius. The fate of a group of labeled cells is described until
      germ layer formation. At the onset of epiboly, LY seems to be transferred from
      the YSL to all blastodermal cells. Between 10% and 40% epiboly, dye-coupling
      appears to be restricted to the marginal region. Within 60 min individually
      labeled cells are distributed among unlabeled cells within the blastoderm.
      Between 40% and 60% epiboly, we observed a ring-shaped group of labeled cells,
      which probably have involuted during early gastrulation. Consequently, this cell
      group may correlate with the leading edge of the hypoblast layer within the germ
      ring. At 60% epiboly and later, the blastodermal cells are dye-uncoupled from the
      YSL. A gradual translocation of the ring-shaped hypoblast towards a dorsally
      located bar-like structure is observed between 50% and 100% epiboly. At 100%
      epiboly, fluorescent cells were located in contact with the YSL within the embryo
      proper, with the brightest fluorescence in the future head region. The
      translocation is due to dorsalwards convergent cell movements during the
      gastrulation process. The appearance of the hypoblast as a dye-coupled cell layer
      may correlate with some restriction in cell fate since the hypoblast differs in
      fate from the epiblast.

PMID- 1794315
TI  - Intracellular pH and intracellular free calcium responses to protein kinase C
      activators and inhibitors in Xenopus eggs.
AB  - Cell activation during fertilization of the egg of Xenopus laevis is accompanied
      by various metabolic changes, including a permanent increase in intracellular pH
      (pHi) and a transient increase in intracellular free calcium activity ([Ca2+]i).
      Recently, it has been proposed that protein kinase C (PKC) is an integral
      component of the Xenopus fertilization pathway (Bement and Capco, J. Cell Biol.
      108, 885-892, 1989). Indeed, activators of PKC trigger cortical granule
      exocytosis and cortical contraction, two events of egg activation, without,
      however, releasing the cell cycle arrest (blocked in second metaphase of
      meiosis). In the egg of Xenopus, exocytosis as well as cell cycle reinitiation
      are supposed to be triggered by the intracellular Ca2+ transient. We report here
      that PKC activators do not induce the intracellular Ca2+ transient, or the
      activation-associated increase in pHi. These results suggest that the ionic
      responses to egg activation in Xenopus do not appear to depend on the activation
      of PKC. In addition, in eggs already pretreated with phorbol esters, those
      artificial activators that act by releasing Ca2+ intracellularly, triggered a
      diminished increase in pHi. Finally, sphingosine and staurosporine, two potent
      inhibitors of PKC, were found to trigger egg activation, suggesting that a
      decrease in PKC activity might be an essential event in the release of the
      metaphase block, in agreement with recent findings on the release of the prophase
      block in Xenopus oocytes (Varnold and Smith, Development 109, 597-604, 1990).

PMID- 1794314
TI  - Proteinases of the mammary gland: developmental regulation in vivo and vectorial
      secretion in culture.
AB  - The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulator of mammary epithelial
      cell function both in vivo and in culture. Substantial remodeling of ECM
      accompanies the structural changes in the mammary gland during gestation,
      lactation and involution. However, little is known about the nature of the
      enzymes and the processes involved. We have characterized and studied the
      regulation of cell-associated and secreted mammary gland proteinases active at
      neutral pH that may be involved in degradation of the ECM during the different
      stages of mammary development. Mammary tissue extracts from virgin and pregnant
      CD-1 mice resolved by zymography contained three major proteinases of 60K (K =
      10(3) Mr), 68K and 70K that degraded denatured collagen. These three gelatinases
      were completely inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.
      Proteolytic activity was lowest during lactation especially for the 60K
      gelatinase which was shown to be the activated form of the 68K gelatinase. The
      activated 60K form decreased prior to parturition but increased markedly after
      the first two days of involution. An additional gelatin-degrading proteinase of
      130K was expressed during the first three days of involution and differed from
      the other gelatinases by its lack of inhibition by the tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinases. The activity of the casein-degrading proteinases was lowest
      during lactation. Three caseinolytic activities were detected in mammary tissue
      extracts. A novel 26K cell-associated caseinase--a serine arginine-esterase--was
      modulated at different stages of mammary development. The other caseinases, at
      92K and a larger than 100K, were not developmentally regulated. To find out which
      cell type produced the proteinases in the mammary gland, we isolated and cultured
      mouse mammary epithelial cells. Cells cultured on different substrata produced
      the full spectrum of gelatinases and caseinases seen in the whole gland thus
      implicating the epithelial cells as a major source of these enzymes. Analysis of
      proteinases secreted by cells grown on a reconstituted basement membrane showed
      that gelatinases were secreted preferentially in the direction of the basement
      membrane. The temporal pattern of expression of these proteinases and the basal
      secretion of gelatinases by epithelial cells suggest their involvement in the
      remodelling of the extracellular matrix during the different stages of mammary
      development and thus modulation of mammary cell function.

PMID- 1794316
TI  - Developmental profile of glucose phosphate isomerase allozymes in parthenogenetic
      and tetraploid mouse embryos.
AB  - Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) allozymes were compared in eggs and embryos of
      the mouse strains C57BL/6-JHan (GPI-1BB) and 129/Sv (GPI-1AA) under different
      experimental conditions. The quantitative differences in eggs of the two strains
      disappeared by the blastocyst stage at day 4 to 5, both in fertilized and diploid
      parthenogenetic embryos. The degree of degradation of oocyte-coded enzyme
      molecules and the activation of the embryonic genome for GPI appeared to be
      equivalent in parthenogenetic embryos from heterozygous females when only one or
      other maternal allele type remained in the egg after meiosis. Also in tetraploid
      embryos, generated by electrofusion of homozygous fertilized eggs from the two
      strains, both genomes seemed to be activated at the same time at day 4; here,
      however, the GPI-1BB allozyme remained predominant up to day 6.

PMID- 1794317
TI  - Changes in the expression of laminin during intestinal development.
AB  - The expression of laminin, a major glycoprotein constituent of basement
      membranes, was investigated in the rat developing intestine. The biosynthesis of
      laminin was studied after metabolic labeling of intestinal segments taken at
      various stages of development; the neosynthesized laminin was purified by
      affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Immunoblotting and
      immunoprecipitation experiments allowed us to analyze its constitutive chains.
      The data show that laminin is synthesized in very large amounts at 16-18 days of
      gestation concomitant with the onset of intestinal morphogenetic movements, i.e.
      villus emergence. Evaluation of the relative proportion of individual laminin
      polypeptides shows that laminin B1/B2 chains are produced in excess of A chains
      whatever the developmental stage considered. Interestingly at 17 days of
      gestation, levels of laminin A subunits are maximal. A second rise in the A/B
      chain ratio starts around birth and continues until adulthood. These quantitative
      data are corroborated by the immunocytochemical detection of laminin A and B
      chains, which revealed a specific spatiotemporal pattern. The finding that
      laminin A chains are located in the basement membrane of growing villi and of
      adult crypts raises the possibility that they may be involved in the process of
      cell growth and/or in the establishment of cell polarity by creating a
      specialized extracellular microenvironment.

PMID- 1794318
TI  - Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency, haematopoiesis and fertility
      in the mouse.
AB  - We have looked for effects of deficiency in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HPRT) in the mouse comparable to non-behavioural consequences of
      HPRT-deficiency in humans. HPRT-deficient humans show abnormalities in
      haematopoiesis and, in heterozygotes, there is strong selection in haematopoietic
      tissues against HPRT-deficient cells arising as a result of X-chromosome
      inactivation. We have examined two situations in mice in which HPRT- and HPRT+
      cells occur in the same individual. First, in chimaeras resulting from the
      injection of HPRT- embryonal stem cells into HPRT+ blastocysts the fate of HPRT-
      and HPRT+ cell populations was monitored by their expression of different
      isozymes of glucose phosphate isomerase and also, in those chimaeras that
      resulted from injecting the male ES cells into female blastocysts, by in situ
      hybridisation using a Y-chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probe. There was a
      small statistically significant selection against the HPRT- population in
      haematopoietic tissues in both XX in equilibrium with XY and XY in equilibrium
      with XY chimaeras. Second, in female mice doubly heterozygous for HPRT-deficiency
      and for an electrophoretic variant of the X-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate
      kinase, there was a similar small statistically significant selection against the
      HPRT- population in haematopoietic tissues. While further work is required to
      establish whether this selection is a consequence of the HPRT mutation, it is
      clear that any selection against cells in the haematopoietic system as a
      consequence of HPRT-deficiency is at most small compared with the effect seen in
      humans. In HPRT-deficient human males surviving beyond the normal age of puberty,
      there is testicular atrophy. However, we find no effect of HPRT-deficiency on the
      fertility of either male or female mice. Thus, as with effects on behaviour, the
      consequences of HPRT-deficiency for haematopoiesis and testis development in the
      mouse are at most small compared with those in the human. We conclude that the
      reason for the difference in effects between the two species lies in a difference
      in purine-related intermediary metabolism per se, rather than in its interaction
      with brain amine biochemistry.

PMID- 1794319
TI  - Neuroanatomical and functional analysis of neural tube formation in notochordless
      Xenopus embryos; laterality of the ventral spinal cord is lost.
AB  - Notochordless Xenopus embryos were produced by u.v. irradiation of the uncleaved
      fertilized egg. The spinal cords were examined using intermediate filament
      staining for glial cells, retrograde HRP staining for neuronal morphology and an
      anti-glycinergic antibody to reveal commissural cells and axons. The floorplate
      cells of the normal cord appear to be absent and their position along the ventral
      midline of the cord is occupied by motor neurones, Kolmer-Agduhr cells, radial
      glial cells and a ventrally placed marginal zone containing the longitudinal
      axons. Motor neurone number is reduced to 15% of control values, and the sensory
      extramedullary cell number is increased twentyfold. Commissural axons are still
      able to cross the ventral cord but do so at abnormal angles and some commissural
      axons continue to grow circumferentially up the contralateral side of the cord
      rather than turning to grow longitudinally. Extracellular electrophysiological
      recordings from motor axons reveal that the normal alternation of locomotor
      activity on the left and right side of the embryo is lost in notochordless
      animals. These results suggest that the notochord and/or the normal floor plate
      structure are important for the development of the laterality of spinal cord
      connections and may influence motor neurone proliferation or differentiation.

PMID- 1794320
TI  - Macrophages in haemopoietic and other tissues of the developing mouse detected by
      the monoclonal antibody F4/80.
AB  - Macrophages are widely distributed in lymphohaemopoietic and other tissues of the
      normal and diseased adult, where they play an important role in host defence and
      repair. Although the development of haemopoiesis has been well studied in several
      species, the ontogeny of the mononuclear phagocyte system remains poorly
      understood. We have used a highly specific mAb, F4/80, to examine the
      distribution of mature macrophages in the developing mouse, with special
      reference to their presence in the haemopoietic microenvironment. Monocytes and
      macrophages were first seen in embryos on day 10 in the yolk sac and liver as
      well as in mesenchyme. In liver, spleen and bone marrow, there was expansion of
      this population associated with the initiation of haemopoiesis on days 11, 15 and
      17, respectively. Macrophages in these sites formed part of the haemopoietic
      stroma and their extensively spread plasma membrane processes could be seen
      making intimate contacts with clusters of differentiating haemopoietic cells.
      F4/80+ cells were widely dispersed in undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue in
      organs such as lung, kidney and gut. Numbers of F4/80-labelled cells increased
      concomitantly with organ growth and local mitoses were evident, as well as
      actively phagocytic macrophages. Our studies establish that macrophages are among
      the earliest haemopoietic cells to be produced during development and that they
      are relatively abundant in fetal tissues in the absence of overt inflammatory
      stimuli. Their distribution is correlated with the sequential migration of
      haemopoiesis and they constitute a prominent component of the stroma in fetal
      liver, spleen red pulp and bone marrow. Apart from a role in haemopoietic
      cellular interactions, their highly developed endocytic and biosynthetic
      activities suggest that macrophages contribute major undefined functions during
      growth, turnover and modelling of fetal tissues.

PMID- 1794321
TI  - Desmosome biogenesis in the mouse preimplantation embryo.
AB  - The molecular processes underlying the formation of the first desmosomes in the
      mouse early embryo have been examined by immunocytochemical and biochemical
      techniques using antibody probes recognising desmosomal proteins 1 and 2 (dp1 +
      2, desmoplakins), dp3 (plakoglobin), desmosomal glycoprotein 1 (dg1, desmoglein)
      and dg2 + 3 (desmocollins). Immunofluorescence labelling of staged intact embryos
      and synchronised cell clusters indicates that dp1 + 2, dg1 and dg2 + 3 are first
      detectable on the lateral membrane contact sites between trophectoderm cells in
      early cavitating blastocysts, coincident with the onset of desmosome formation as
      seen in ultrastructural preparations. Membrane localisation of these antigens is
      predominantly punctate in appearance, occurs after division to the 32-cell stage
      and appears to be coincident with blastocoele formation since non-cavitated
      embryos/cell clusters of equivalent age/cell cycle are usually unlabelled. In
      contrast, dp3 is first detectable at the 32-cell stage at all internal membrane
      contact sites (including those with inner cell mass cells) in a continuous linear
      pattern, and appears in both cavitated and non-cavitated specimens. Subsequently
      during blastocyst expansion, dp3 localisation becomes punctate and restricted to
      trophectodermal membranes. Immunoprecipitation of desmosomal antigens following
      metabolic labelling indicates that synthesis of dp3 is underway from at least
      compaction in the 8-cell embryo, while dp1 + 2 synthesis is first evident in 16
      cell morulae. Synthesis of dg1 and dg2 + 3 is not detectable until the early
      blastocyst stage. These results suggest that desmosome biogenesis in the
      preimplantation embryo might be regulated by transcription or translation of
      desmosomal glycoproteins and by maturational changes in the trophectoderm layer
      associated with blastocoele formation. The earlier expression and wider
      distribution of dp3 at cell contact areas may reflect non-desmosomal sites (eg,
      adherens junctions) for this protein and a possible role for dp3 in the
      development of intercellular junctions.

PMID- 1794322
TI  - Hyaluronan as a propellant for epithelial movement: the development of
      semicircular canals in the inner ear of Xenopus.
AB  - The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, with its three semicircular canals,
      originates from a simple spheroidal otic vesicle. The process is easily observed
      in Xenopus. The vesicle develops three dorsal outpocketings; from the two
      opposite faces of each outpocketing pillars of tissue are protruded into the
      lumen; and these paired 'axial protrusions' eventually meet and fuse, to form a
      column of tissue spanning the lumen of the outpocketing like the hub of a wheel,
      with a tube of epithelium forming the semicircular canal around the periphery.
      Each axial protrusion consists of epithelium encasing a core of largely cell-free
      extracellular matrix that stains strongly with alcian blue. In sections, at least
      60% of the stainable material is removed by treatment with Streptomyces
      hyaluronidase. When Streptomyces hyaluronidase is microinjected into the core of
      a protrusion in vivo, the protrusion collapses and the corresponding semicircular
      canal fails to form. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in the core of the protrusion
      therefore seems to be essential in driving the extension of the protrusion.
      Autoradiography with tritiated glucosamine indicates that the hyaluronan-rich
      matrix is synthesised by the epithelium covering the tip of the protrusion; the
      basal lamina here appears to be discontinuous. These findings indicate that the
      epithelium of the axial protrusion propels itself into the lumen of the otocyst
      by localised synthesis of hyaluronan. Hyaluronan may be used in a similar way in
      the development of other organs, such as the heart and the secondary palate.

PMID- 1794323
TI  - Potential role of RGD-binding integrins in mammalian lung branching
      morphogenesis.
AB  - Cell-matrix interactions are generally considered critical for normal lung
      development. This is particularly likely to be true during the glandular stage,
      when the primitive airways are formed through a process termed branching
      morphogenesis. Integrins, transmembrane receptors that bind to extracellular
      matrices, are likely to mediate important interactions between embryonic cells
      and their matrices during branching morphogenesis. In this report, we examine the
      role of integrin receptors in this process. Immunohistochemical studies revealed
      that the integrins VLA 3, VLA 5 and integrin receptors to vitronectin are
      expressed in the epithelium and/or mesenchyme during the glandular stage of
      murine lung development. To correlate expression with function, an in vitro model
      of murine lung branching morphogenesis was utilized to examine branching in the
      presence of inhibitors of ligand binding to integrin receptors. One such reagent,
      a hexapeptide containing the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence, diminished branching and
      resulted in an abnormal morphology, whereas a control peptide RGESP (Arg-Gly-Glu
      Ser-Pro) had no effect. These findings suggest a critical role for cell-matrix
      interactions mediated via integrin receptors in early stages of mammalian lung
      development.

PMID- 1794324
TI  - Morphogenesis and regulated gene activity are independent of DNA replication in
      Xenopus embryos.
AB  - Xenopus embryos were transferred into media containing aphidicolin at late
      blastula, mid-gastrula, and early neurula stages. In each case, embryos continued
      to differentiate in the absence of DNA replication. When the inhibitor was added
      at late blastula, embryos continued to develop for about 8 h. However, when
      aphidicolin was added at the early neurula stage, development could be seen for
      up to 40 h after addition. The influence of replication on embryonic gene
      activity was studied by RNA blot analysis. Of the genes we examined only histone
      gene expression was down regulated by the addition of aphidicolin. The expression
      of various embryo-specific genes was unaffected by the lack of DNA synthesis.
      Even after several hours of treatment with aphidicolin, replication-inhibited
      tailbud and tadpole stages showed the same levels of specific mRNAs as control
      embryos containing 4-5 times more DNA. We conclude that morphogenesis and embryo
      specific gene activity are independent of both DNA replication and a precise
      amount of DNA per embryo.

PMID- 1794325
TI  - The program for cellular differentiation in Volvox carteri as revealed by
      molecular analysis of development in a gonidialess/somatic regenerator mutant.
AB  - Development of a 'gonidialess'/'somatic regenerator' double mutant of Volvox
      carteri was analyzed with a number of cell-type-specific cDNA probes that had
      been identified in a previous study. Whereas in wild-type strains somatic cells
      and gonidia (asexual reproductive cells) constitute two distinct cell lineages,
      in this mutant all cells first differentiate as somatic cells and then
      redifferentiate as gonidia. During the initial period of somatic differentiation,
      we found that both gonidial and 'early' somatic transcripts were accumulated in
      the mutant, consistent with the idea that it is the regA gene product (which is
      defective in this mutant) that normally acts to suppress gonidial gene expression
      in somatic cells. Later in development, levels of early somatic transcripts fell
      abruptly, levels of the late somatic transcripts remained extremely low, and
      levels of gonidial transcripts rose as the cells redifferentiated. Thus it
      appears that in the mutant cells the gonidial program of development takes over
      and somatic differentiation is aborted before the stage at which late somatic
      genes are normally activated. These results provide molecular genetic support for
      a model which postulates that three types of genes (including the two that are
      defective in the strain studied here) are crucial for converting the sequential
      program of differentiation seen in more primitive volvocalean algae to the
      dichotomous program of germ-soma differentiation that occurs in wild-type V.
      carteri.

PMID- 1794326
TI  - Rodent CNS neuroblasts exhibit both perpendicular and parallel contact guidance
      on the aligned parallel neurite bundle.
AB  - Mouse cerebellar granule cells showed two types of migration behavior in
      microexplant cultures. They first migrated along their neurites, showing the
      typical contact guidance, and then oriented themselves at right angles to the
      parallel neurites, thus exhibiting the 'perpendicular contact guidance'
      (Nakatsuji, N. and Nagata, I. 1989 Development, 106, 441-447). To study whether
      other neurons have the capacity to show similar 'perpendicular contact guidance',
      we cultured dissociated neuroblasts from various parts of CNS or PNS on parallel
      neurite bundles. The PNS neuroblasts always extended their processes parallel to
      the neurite bundle. In contrast, almost all kinds of CNS neuroblasts tested
      oriented their processes both perpendicular and parallel to the neurite bundles
      that were all free of glia. Time-lapse video recording revealed that neuroblasts
      migrated in both directions. Thus, CNS neuroblasts possess the capacity to
      migrate and extend their processes at right angles to the substratum of
      heterotypic neurite bundles, which may play an important role in histogenesis of
      the CNS during development.

PMID- 1794327
TI  - Two C. elegans genes control the programmed deaths of specific cells in the
      pharynx.
AB  - The genes ces-1 and ces-2 control the decisions of two cells in the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans to undergo programmed cell death. Mutations that cause a
      gain of ces-1 function or a reduction of ces-2 function prevent these cells, the
      sisters of the two pharyngeal NSM neurons, from dying. These mutations do not
      affect most other cell deaths. Genetic studies indicate that ces-1 and ces-2
      affect the fates of the NSM sisters by regulating the genes required for all
      programmed cell deaths to occur.

PMID- 1794328
TI  - Fate mapping and cell lineage analysis of Hensen's node in the chick embryo.
AB  - Fate maps of chick Hensen's node were generated using DiI and the lineage of
      individual cells studied by intracellular injection of lysine-rhodamine-dextran
      (LRD). The cell types contained within the node are organized both spatially and
      temporally. At the definitive primitive streak stage (Hamburger and Hamilton
      stage 4), Hensen's node contains presumptive notochord cells mainly in its
      anterior midline and presumptive somite cells in more lateral regions. Early in
      development it also contains presumptive endoderm cells. At all stages studied
      (stages 3-9), some individual cells contribute progeny to more than one of these
      tissues. The somitic precursors in Hensen's node only contribute to the medial
      halves of the somites. The lateral halves of the somites are derived from a
      separate region in the primitive streak, caudal to Hensen's node.

PMID- 1794329
TI  - The interaction of testosterone and gonadotropins in stimulating estradiol and
      progesterone secretion by cultures of corpus luteum cells isolated from pigs in
      early and midluteal phase.
AB  - The first objective of this research was to define the capacity of corpora lutea
      of pig to secrete estradiol in the presence of an androgen substrate which was
      testosterone. The second objective was to define the synergism between
      gonadotropic hormones such as LH, FSH, and PRL and testosterone as measured by
      estradiol and progesterone secretion by two types of porcine luteal cells. Luteal
      cells were collected from newly forming corpora lutea (0-3 days after ovulation)
      and from mature corpora lutea (8-10 days after ovulation). After dispersion,
      luteal cells were suspended in medium M199 supplemented with 10% of calf serum
      and grown as monolayers at 37 degrees C. Control cultures were grown in medium
      alone while other cultures were supplemented with either testosterone alone at a
      concentration of 1 x 10(-7) M or with 10, 100, 500 ng LH plus testosterone, 10,
      100, 500 ng FSH plus testosterone or 10, 100, 500 ng PRL plus testosterone. After
      2 days of cultivation all cultures were terminated and media were frozen at 20
      degrees C for further steroid analysis. Testosterone added to the culture medium
      in the absence of gonadotropins was without effect on estradiol and progesterone
      secretion by luteal cells collected in the corpora lutea of the early luteal
      phase. On the other hand testosterone added to the medium significantly increased
      progesterone and estradiol secretion by cultured luteal cells collected in the
      midluteal phase of the cycle. No additive stimulatory action of gonadotropins and
      testosterone on progesterone secretion was observed in cultures of luteal cells
      from the early luteal phase but this was not the case in cultures of luteal cells
      from the midluteal phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794330
TI  - Lack of effect of histidyl-proline diketopiperazine on basal level and TRH
      induced response of cytosolic calcium concentration in rat lactotrophs.
AB  - Histidyl-proline diketopiperazine [cyclo(His-Pro)] has recently been shown to
      inhibit prolactin (PRL) secretion in vitro and in vivo. This peptide is well
      known as a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is one of the
      endogenous secretagogues of PRL. In this study, we investigated the effect of
      cyclo (His-Pro) on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [[Ca2+]i) in cultured
      lactotrophs by using a lactotroph-enriched fraction separated from female rat
      pituicytes by centrifugal elutriation. TRH (10 nM) induced a rapid rise in
      [Ca2+]i in the lactotrophs, followed by a plateau phase of prolonged increase in
      [Ca2+]i. In contrast, the addition of 100 microM of cyclo (His-Pro) caused no
      changes in the basal level or the TRH-induced plateau response of [Ca2+]i.
      Although pretreatment with cyclo (His-Pro) tended to decrease the biphasic
      increase in [Ca2+]i induced by TRH, the inhibitory effect was not statistically
      significant. These results demonstrated that cyclo (His-Pro) has no effect on
      [Ca2+]i in lactotrophs, and does not affect the TRH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i,
      indicating that the inhibition of PRL secretion by cyclo (His-Pro) may be
      primarily mediated by other intracellular messengers such as cyclic nucleotides
      and secondarily involved in other inhibitory systems including that of dopamine.

PMID- 1794331
TI  - Influences of gonadal and adrenal androgens on the side glands of Suncus murinus.
AB  - In order to know the contribution of adrenal and gonadal androgens to the
      development of the side gland of Suncus murinus, we studied the effects of
      gonadectomy and adrenalectomy on gland thickness and the plasma levels of
      testosterone, androstenedione (delta 4-dione) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA).
      In males, castration decreased gland thickness to 71% of the control. The plasma
      levels of delta 4-dione and testosterone were also decreased from 4.16 +/- 0.50
      and 0.65 +/- 0.10 ng/ml to 1.44 +/- 0.17 and 0.12 +/- 0.02 ng/ml, respectively.
      Adrenalectomy following castration caused no notable additional decrease in gland
      thickness, although the plasma levels of delta 4-dione and DHA were further
      decreased by this treatment. In females, ovariectomy affected neither gland
      thickness nor plasma androgen levels, except for a peculiar rise in the plasma
      concentration of delta 4-dione. In contrast, adrenalectomy in addition to
      ovariectomy decreased gland thickness to 63% of the control and the plasma
      concentrations of delta 4-dione and DHA from 1.43 +/- 0.26 and 0.43 +/- 0.05
      ng/ml to 0.37 +/- 0.11 and 0.10 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, respectively. Therefore,
      testicular androgens are required for the male side gland to fully develop,
      whereas in the female adrenal androgens are important for the maintenance of
      sebaceous gland activity and delta 4-dione is quantitatively more important than
      DHA. One hour after the intraperitoneal administration of [3H]delta 4-dione,
      dihydrotestosterone was found to be the major androgen bound to nuclei of the
      side gland. Thus, the side gland can utilize delta 4-dione as a precursor of a
      more active androgen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794332
TI  - Prolactin secretion in patients with idiopathic diabetes insipidus.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that hyperprolactinemia is sometimes present even in
      patients with idiopathic diabetes insipidus (DI). In this study, we examined the
      responses of serum prolactin (PRL) to hypertonic saline infusion and TRH
      injection in 11 patients with idiopathic DI diagnosed by clinical examinations.
      Serum sodium in these patients (147.5 +/- 3.2 mEq/L) was significantly higher at
      baseline than in normal subjects (139.7 +/- 2.4 mEq/L). The plasma arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) level was significantly lower in DI (0.42 +/- 0.24 pg/ml) at
      baseline than in normal subjects (2.53 +/- 1.03 pg/ml). However, the serum PRL
      level in both groups did not differ significantly except in one patient with
      idiopathic DI (35.6 ng/ml). There was no significant correlation between the
      basal serum sodium and basal serum PRL in either group. After an infusion of
      hypertonic saline, the serum sodium level gradually increased to 155.6 +/- 3.4
      mEq/L in DI and to 146.5 +/- 4.3 mEq/L in the normal subjects. However, this
      increase did not affect PRL secretion in either group. PRL response to TRH was
      essentially normal in all patients with idiopathic DI. These results indicate
      that the secretion of PRL is not generally affected by chronic mild hypernatremic
      hypovolemia in the patients with idiopathic DI.

PMID- 1794333
TI  - A case of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) with silent thyroiditis and anti
      bovine thyrotropin antibodies.
AB  - We have examined a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) who had
      increased serum T3 (235 ng/dl) and T4 (13.2 micrograms/dl) and low 24-h thyroidal
      123I-uptake (1.2%). A diagnosis of silent thyroiditis was made on the basis of
      the clinical course and laboratory and histopathologic findings. Simultaneous
      measurement of serum anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) showed a negative
      value (-49.0%) which suggested the presence of anti-TSH antibody. Further
      examination by immune precipitation with 125I-bovine TSH (bTSH) and also with
      125I-human TSH (hTSH) revealed the presence of anti-bTSH antibody but not anti
      hTSH antibody in his serum gamma-globulin. The significance of the association of
      PSS, silent thyroiditis, and anti-bTSH in one individual is discussed.

PMID- 1794334
TI  - Studies on the effect of thyroid hormone and epidermal growth factor on the
      cultured human cytotrophoblast.
AB  - We have previously reported that human placental cytotrophoblasts (C-cells)
      contain nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) receptors. Using a C-cell culture
      system, the present study was undertaken to clarify some of the effects of T3 and
      EGF on trophoblastic cells. C-cells were purified from human term placenta by
      treatment with trypsin-DNAse and percoll gradient centrifugation aggregated, then
      fused, differentiating into multinuclear syncytiotrophoblasts (S-cells) with
      incubation times up to 96 h in vitro. As the incubation time increased, the
      number of immunocytochemically reactive cells with antibodies to hCG-alpha, hCG
      beta and hPL increased. Anti-EGF antibody reacted only with the initial C-cells,
      while anti-EGF receptor antibody reacted only with fused S-cells. Maximum
      secretion of hCG and hCG-alpha by the cultured cells was evident only when the
      cells were cultured in T3 (10(-8)M) or EGF (10 ng/ml) containing medium. When the
      initial cells were exposed to 10(-8) M T3 from 0 to 48 h of incubation, the
      secretion in 48-96 h was significantly accelerated. However, exposure from 48 to
      96 h had no effect on peptide excretion. Although an exposure of these cells to
      10 ng/ml EGF during 48-96 h of incubation stimulated the secretion of hCG and hCG
      alpha, 0-48 h exposure did not produce any positive effect regardless of
      incubation time. These results indicated that the main target cell of T3 is the C
      cell, while that of EGF is the S-cell. Furthermore, it is suggested that the
      interaction between T3 and its receptor facilitated functional cell
      differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794335
TI  - Naloxone injected into the preoptic region has hypophysiotropic and seizurogenic
      actions in rats.
AB  - The effects of microinjection of naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, into
      the medial preoptic area (MPO) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) on luteinizing
      hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion were examined in the intact male rat
      and female rat in diestrus 1. In both the male and female rats, the injection of
      50 micrograms naloxone at 1300 h produced an acute, two- to three-fold increase
      in serum LH, attaining the peak at 20 min. The PRL concentration in the female 20
      min-2 h after the injection was significantly lower than in the saline-injected
      rat. In the male rat, naloxone caused a decrease in the PRL concentration in the
      late afternoon when a small rise occurred in the saline-injected rat, although it
      caused no immediate changes. In addition to these hypophysiotropic effects,
      naloxone injected in the MPO and DBB unexpectedly had seizurogenic actions. More
      than 40% of the animals of both sexes given an injection of naloxone had
      behavioral seizures, which began after about 20 min and were repeated
      intermittently at 15-20 min intervals through the sampling period of 6 h. In the
      LH and PRL response to naloxone, there was no significant difference between
      animals with and without seizure response in both sexes. The results suggest that
      in the preoptic opioid system there is no difference according to sex in the
      control of LH, and only a small one, if any, in the control of PRL. Further, on
      the basis of previous reports, there is a GABAergic system in the preoptic
      region, that is antagonized by naloxone and causes the activation of cortical
      neuronal activity.

PMID- 1794336
TI  - Influence of perinatal factors and sampling methods on TSH and thyroid hormone
      levels in cord blood.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of perinatal factors and sampling methods on thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels in cord blood, serum TSH,
      free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations were measured
      in 124 healthy term neonates. Eighty-eight infants were born in normal vaginal
      deliveries, 25 were delivered by vacuum extractor and 11 by Cesarean section.
      There was no significant difference among the three infant groups in the mean TSH
      levels. Birth weight, the infant's sex, duration of labor and uterotonic agents
      had no effect on cord serum TSH and free thyroid hormone levels in the neonates
      born by normal vaginal delivery. To assess the adequacy of specimen collection,
      mixed cord blood samples, obtained by a direct application of cord on a filter
      paper, and venous blood withdrawn with a plastic syringe were collected in
      another 200 infants. There was a significant linear correlation in the TSH
      concentration in mixed cord blood and cord venous serum from the same
      individuals, while a poor correlation was found in T4 values from two specimens.
      Our results suggest that the TSH value in cord blood is less influenced by
      perinatal factors, including the sampling method, and the mixed cord blood
      collected by this technique might be a feasible alternative specimen for a TSH
      screening program with cord blood which is useful in countries where neonatal
      blood is not available.

PMID- 1794337
TI  - Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in patients with Graves'
      disease, subacute thyroiditis, and silent thyroiditis: a longitudinal study.
AB  - Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was measured
      longitudinally in 12 patients with Graves' disease, 5 patients with subacute
      thyroiditis, and 1 patient with silent thyroiditis, and compared with that of 36
      normal controls. The patients with Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis were
      treated with anti-thyroid drug (methimazole or propylthiouracil) and
      prednisolone, respectively. On the other hand, no treatment was given to the
      patient with silent thyroiditis. Since two patients with Graves' disease clearly
      showed transient deterioration of the thyroid function during the treatment
      period, data from these two patients were separately investigated. Urinary levels
      of NAG in the remaining ten patients with Graves' disease before, 1, 3, 6 and 12
      months after the treatment were 15.59 +/- 7.93 (SD), 8.96 +/- 6.82, 4.39 +/-
      2.33, 3.46 +/- 2.24, and 3.63 +/- 2.38 U/g.creatinine (g.Cr.), respectively.
      Those obtained before, 1 and 3 months after the treatment were significantly
      higher than those of the controls (2.85 +/- 1.12 U/g.Cr.). Free thyroid hormone
      levels became normal or low 3 months after the treatment. The two Graves'
      patients mentioned above showed a transient increase in urinary NAG with
      concomitant changes in free thyroid hormone levels. Urinary NAG levels in the
      patients with subacute thyroiditis before, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the treatment
      were 16.56 +/- 10.97, 6.76 +/- 2.79, 3.14 +/- 0.48 and 3.70 +/- 1.44 U/g.Cr.,
      respectively. Those obtained before and 2 weeks after the treatment were
      significantly higher than those of the controls. Free thyroid hormones were
      normal 2 weeks after therapy. Urinary NAG in the patient with silent thyroiditis
      was 9.60 U/g.Cr. on the first visit and gradually decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794338
TI  - Two cases of acute pseudogout attack following parathyroidectomy.
AB  - Two cases of acute attack of pseudogout associated with primary
      hyperparathyroidism are reported. Case 1 suffered from acute pain and swelling of
      the right ankle and dorsal of the right foot. Case 2 suffered from unknown fever
      and pain of the bilateral jaw, shoulder, elbow, wrist and knee joints.
      Postoperative radiological studies revealed the association of chondrocalcinosis
      in both cases. Synovial fluid in case 2 was aspirated and analyzed for calcium
      pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal by microscopic examination.

PMID- 1794339
TI  - A case of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated
      with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A 46-year-old man, presenting with headache, nausea, and lassitude, was diagnosed
      as having diabetes mellitus and hyponatremia, and admitted to Tohoku University
      Hospital. Insulin treatment improved the hyperglycemia but aggravated
      hyponatremia, which was proved to be elicited by the inappropriate secretion of
      antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). An acute water load failed to suppress ADH release
      in the supine posture but slightly increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide
      (ANP). On the other hand, plasma ADH markedly increased in response to an upright
      posture, accompanied by a fall in blood pressure and a rise in heart rate. After
      treatment with droxidopa "a sympathomimetic drug", ambulatory blood pressure
      gradually increased and hyponatremia disappeared. However, blood pressure and ADH
      responses to upright posture were not improved by treatment with the drug.
      Moreover, plasma ADH was still not sufficiently suppressed by acute water loading
      in the supine position, but plasma ANP markedly increased, thereby resulting in
      urinary dilution and natriuresis. These results suggest that exaggerated ADH
      release (SIADH) was brought about by the baroreceptor reflex stimulated by the
      postural hypotension, and also by the impaired osmoregulation associated with
      diabetic neuropathy, and that droxidopa improved cardiovascular function and
      increased ANP release with resultant urinary dilution and natriuresis in spite of
      slightly increased ADH release.

PMID- 1794340
TI  - Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 stimulate prostaglandin E2 secretion from the rat
      median eminence.
AB  - The in vitro effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-3 (ET-3) on the
      release of prostaglandin (PG)E2 from the rat median eminence were investigated.
      The addition of ET-1 from 10(-9) M to 10(-6) M stimulated PGE2 release in a dose
      dependent manner (from 10.5 +/- 2.1 to 54.4 +/- 5.6 pg/ME fragment/30 min; mean
      +/- SEM, p less than 0.001). ET-3 also stimulated the release of PGE2 from 10(-7)
      M to 10(-5) M dose dependently (from 18.1 +/- 0.7 to 60.9 +/- 17.4 pg/ME
      fragment/30 min p less than 0.05). The time course effect of ET-3 (10(-6) M)
      showed that PGE2 release was stimulated within five minutes (control, 1.5 +/-
      0.5; ET-3, 15.8 +/- 3.0 pg/ME fragment/5 min, p less than 0.01). These results
      suggest that ET-1 and ET-3 have some physiological effects on the rat median
      eminence.

PMID- 1794341
TI  - The master two-dimensional gel database of human AMA cell proteins: towards
      linking protein and genome sequence and mapping information (update 1991).
AB  - The master two-dimensional gel database of human AMA cells currently lists 3801
      cellular and secreted proteins, of which 371 cellular polypeptides (306 IEF; 65
      NEPHGE) were added to the master images during the last 10 months. These include:
      (i) very basic and acidic proteins that do not focus under normal running
      conditions and (ii) low-abundant proteins that can only be detected after
      prolonged gel exposure. Annotation categories updated in this version include
      "protein name", "antibody against protein", "cellular localization", and
      "microsequenced proteins". New entries include "human autoantigens" and "cDNAs".
      For convenience we have included an alphabetical list of all known proteins
      recorded in this database. In the long run, the main goal of this database is to
      link protein and DNA sequencing and mapping information (Human Genome Program)
      and to provide an integrated picture of the expression levels and properties of
      the thousands of proteins that orchestrate various cellular functions both under
      physiological and abnormal conditions.

PMID- 1794342
TI  - A comprehensive two-dimensional gel protein database of noncultured
      unfractionated normal human epidermal keratinocytes: towards an integrated
      approach to the study of cell proliferation, differentiation and skin diseases.
AB  - A two-dimensional (2-D) gel database of cellular proteins from noncultured,
      unfractionated normal human epidermal keratinocytes has been established. A total
      of 2651 [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins (1868 isoelectric focusing, 783
      nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis) were resolved and recorded using
      computer-aided 2-D gel electrophoresis. The protein numbers in this database
      differ from those reported in an earlier version due to changes in the scanning
      hardware (Celis et al., Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 242-254). Annotation categories
      reported include: "protein name" (listing 207 known proteins in alphabetical
      order), "basal cell markers", "differentiation markers", "proteins highly up
      regulated in psoriatic skin", "microsequenced proteins" and "human autoantigens".
      For reference, we have also included 2-D gel (isoelectric focusing) patterns of
      cultured normal and psoriatic keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, dermal
      microvascular endothelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sweat
      duct cells. The keratinocyte 2-D gel protein database will be updated yearly in
      the November issue of Electrophoresis.

PMID- 1794343
TI  - Microsequencing of proteins recorded in human two-dimensional gel protein
      databases.
AB  - Sixty-six human proteins recorded in the master transformed human epithelial
      amnion cells (AMA) (55) and keratinocyte (11) two-dimensional gel protein
      databases have been microsequenced since the last publication of the AMA database
      (Electrophoresis 1990, 12, 989-1071). Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained protein
      spots cut from several (up to 40) dry gels were concentrated by elution
      concentration gel electrophoresis, electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride
      membranes and in situ digested with trypsin. The eluting peptides were separated
      by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), collected
      individually and sequenced. Computer searches using the FASTA and TFASTA programs
      from the Genetics Computer Group indicated that 29 of the analyzed polypeptides
      correspond to hitherto unknown proteins.

PMID- 1794344
TI  - A two-dimensional gel database of human plasma proteins.
AB  - An updated two-dimensional electrophoretic map of human plasma proteins is
      presented, together with a complete listing of the individual protein spots,
      their locations, size and isoelectric points relative to internal charge
      standards. Forty-nine polypeptide species are identified, many consisting of
      multiple spots differing in glycosylation or sequence (e.g., immunoglobulins). A
      further series of 35 as yet uncharacterized proteins is indicated.

PMID- 1794345
TI  - The rat liver epithelial (RLE) cell protein database.
AB  - Computer databases of rat liver epithelial (RLE) cellular polypeptides have been
      established using high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and
      computer-assisted analysis. Databases have been constructed utilizing both
      [35S]methionine- and [32P]orthophosphate-labeled as well as silver-stained
      polypeptides from normal RLE cells. The RLE database, which contains both
      qualitative and quantitative annotations, includes experiments with normal,
      chemically and oncogene transformed as well as spontaneously transformed cell
      lines. A total of 2537 [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides from whole cell
      lysates (1920 acidic and 617 basic, separated in the first dimension using
      isoelectric focusing and nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis,
      respectively) were analyzed and databases constructed using the Elsie 5 gel
      analysis system. To increase the "viewing window" and hence the usefulness of the
      RLE database, subcellular fractionation of whole cell preparations was performed
      and high resolution two-dimensional maps of the individual subcellular components
      were constructed. Databases representing 1229 cytosolic, 1539 acidic and 674
      basic nuclear, 1746 membrane-associated, 415 mitochondrial, 773 in vitro
      translated and 350 phosphoproteins were established from these maps. The RLE
      databases contain the Elsie 5 identification number, protein name (if known),
      molecular weight and pI information, quantitative and spot shape data, and
      specific information regarding transformation-sensitive, growth-related
      (exponentially proliferating versus confluent) cell populations as well as those
      polypeptides modulated by specific growth factors. The RLE databases represent
      initial efforts toward the establishment of comprehensive databases of rat liver
      proteins and serve as a vital resource for on-going as well as future studies
      regarding the regulation of growth and differentiation as well as transformation
      of RLE cells.

PMID- 1794346
TI  - The gene-protein database of Escherichia coli: edition 4.
AB  - The gene-protein database of Escherichia coli has as its core an index that links
      each of the protein spots from a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel to the gene
      that encodes the protein. Additional information about each protein and its gene
      is generated from two-dimensional gel analysis or collated from the literature to
      form the database. Earlier editions of the database have provided periodic
      updates of information. The current edition does this, but also introduces a new
      reference gel image produced by an electrophoresis system recently adopted in
      this laboratory. The new gel system was chosen because it offers an improved
      opportunity for other investigations to produce close replicas of the reference
      gel pattern, thereby allowing easier access to the information of the database
      and encouraging independent contribution to the database. The new gel format also
      is larger and hence more compatible with computer assisted image analysis, which
      has become essential for a project of this magnitude. This edition continues the
      use of the former reference gel images, but adds a reference image of an
      equilibrium gel of E. coli strain W3110 produced by the new standardized gel
      system. At this time, 55% of the protein spots annotated on the previous
      equilibrium reference gel for this organism have been located on the new
      reference image, and these identifications are included in the tables of the
      database.

PMID- 1794347
TI  - Amygdaloid kindling during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep in the cat. 1.
      Inhibitory influence of paradoxical sleep on kindling development.
AB  - The development of amygdaloid kindling during wakefulness (W) and paradoxical
      sleep (PS) was compared in chronically implanted adult male cats. The animals
      were divided into 2 groups. One group was kindled during W (W-K) and the second
      during a burst of pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) potentials during PS (PS-K). The
      threshold of amygdaloid afterdischarge (AD) was determined during W in the W-K
      group and during PS in the PS-K group. For the development of kindling, amygdala
      stimulation was applied daily. Results demonstrate that kindling development was
      markedly retarded in the PS-K group. From the first kindling trials, mean AD
      duration in the PS-K group was significantly shorter than in the W-K group and
      this difference was sustained until generalized convulsive seizures (GCSs) were
      reached by the W-K animals. Also, mean AD frequency in the PS-K group was
      significantly lower than in the W-K group. AD propagation to the contralateral
      amygdala and sensorimotor cortex was significantly retarded in the PS-K animals.
      Time spent in behavioral stages I and II of kindling was significantly longer in
      the PS-K animals than in W-K animals and the number of daily electrical stimuli
      required to reach the first GCS was significantly higher in group PS-K than in
      group W-K. It is concluded that PS exhibits an inhibitory influence over
      amygdaloid kindling development and this influence is mainly exerted during the
      early stages of epileptogenesis.

PMID- 1794348
TI  - Anticonvulsant activity of the imidazoline 6,7-benzoidazoxan.
AB  - The effects of the imidazoline 6,7-benzoidazoxan on seizure threshold were
      assessed using standard tests of anticonvulsant activity. Benzoidazoxan (10-30
      mg/kg i.p.; 100 mg/kg p.o.) prevented tonic, but not clonic, convulsions induced
      by electroshock in mice. The increase in seizure threshold was of rapid onset,
      and, although of short duration, was comparable with that obtained using
      phenytoin and sodium valproate. Moreover, unlike sodium valproate, benzoidazoxan
      was an efficacious anticonvulsant at doses (20, 30 mg/kg i.p.) which did not
      impair rotarod performance. The anticonvulsant effects of benzoidazoxan were
      confirmed using the maximal electroshock test in mice (median effective dose,
      13.2 mg/kg i.p.) and rats (anticonvulsant at 30 mg/kg i.p.). In addition,
      benzoidazoxan (10, 30 mg/kg i.p.) prevented tonic, but not clonic, seizures
      induced by bicuculline in mice. Thus, the imidazoline benzoidazoxan was found to
      be a novel anticonvulsant agent against electrically and chemically induced
      seizures in mice and rats with a profile of action similar to that of phenytoin.

PMID- 1794349
TI  - Unilateral kindling of the inferior collicular cortex does not transfer to the
      contralateral seizure sensitive site or alter [3H]flunitrazepam and [35S]TBPS
      binding.
AB  - Acute electrical stimulation of a specific area in the inferior collicular cortex
      produced bilateral collicular afterdischarge and symmetrical wild running
      seizures. However, generalized seizures induced by kindling the inferior
      collicular cortex did not alter the kindling rate in the contralateral side.
      Furthermore, after both sides of the inferior collicular cortex have been kindled
      unilateral electrolytic lesions did not alter the seizure initiation or
      generalization elicited from the contralateral side. Since GABAergic function has
      been implicated in inferior collicular seizures, potential seizure-induced
      changes were measured for the chloride channel ([35S]TBPS) and the benzodiazepine
      receptor ([3H]flunitrazepam). Prior kindling did not alter [35S]TBPS or
      [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the central nucleus or cortex of the inferior
      colliculus, the medial geniculate, or the deep prepiriform cortex. Thus, the
      permanent neural change that subserves seizure generalization from the inferior
      collicular cortex is unilateral, but this change is not reflected by altered
      binding characteristics of the GABAA receptor complex.

PMID- 1794350
TI  - A prospective study of serum sex hormones during carbamazepine therapy.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a 12-month prospective follow-up study on the
      effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) medication on serum sex and pituitary hormone
      concentrations in 21 male patients with recently diagnosed epilepsy. The results
      of the present study indicate that a change occurs in the androgen balance during
      CBZ medication in male patients with epilepsy: a rise in serum sex hormone
      binding globulin levels results in decreased free androgen index values, and
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate serum levels decrease. Serum testosterone and free
      testosterone levels remain unchanged, but estradiol levels decrease. Serum basal
      prolactin (PRL) levels remain unchanged, but the PRL responses to thyrotropin
      releasing hormone and metoclopramide increase slightly during the first year of
      CBZ medication. Basal and stimulated serum gonadotropin levels remain unchanged.
      The clinical consequences of these hormonal changes during CBZ medication call
      for further studies.

PMID- 1794351
TI  - Reading epilepsy with absences, television-induced seizures, and pattern
      sensitivity.
AB  - A 14-year-old right-handed girl suffering from absence seizures from age 6 began
      to have reflex seizures elicited by reading and watching television when she was
      13. Neurophysiological studies showed pattern sensitivity and photo-sensitivity.
      VEPs, obtained with flash and pattern reversal stimulation, were normal. This
      atypical form of reading epilepsy suggests an interaction of pattern vision and
      cognitive functions as precipitating stimuli in reflex seizures.

PMID- 1794352
TI  - Disturbances in time estimation during absence seizures in children.
AB  - In the present study children suffering from primary generalized absence epilepsy
      were asked to estimate time under EEG monitoring. They were asked to press a
      button when they thought that a fixed period of time had elapsed. Only the first
      response after the passage of the interval was reinforced. The dependent variable
      was the duration of the interval between the start of the trial and the first
      response, the post-reinforcement time. This parameter was used as an index for
      the accuracy of time estimation. The performance of the subjects in trials with
      and without spike wave discharges was compared. Short spike wave discharges (less
      than 3 s) prolonged the duration of the post-reinforcement pause while longer
      ones reduced its duration. The prolongation was longer than could be anticipated
      from the duration of the spike wave discharge. It was also found that the time
      between the end of an EEG paroxysm and the first response was significantly
      shorter in trials with long spike wave discharges than in trials with short spike
      wave discharges. There were no differences between subjects with and without
      spike wave discharges. It was concluded that this type of time estimation task is
      sensitive in detecting cognitive disturbances induced by both short and long
      spike wave discharges. Moreover, it seems that after long spike wave discharges
      patients behave differently and are perhaps more severely disturbed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794353
TI  - Comparison of valproate concentrations in human plasma, CSF and brain tissue
      after administration of different formulations of valproate or valpromide.
AB  - The concentration of valproate was measured in plasma, CSF and brain tissue of
      patients who underwent resective surgical treatment because of severe temporal
      lobe epilepsy after pretreatment with either a sustained release formulation of
      valproate (Depakine Chrono; 5 patients), the conventional formulation of
      valproate (Depakine; 6 patients) or valpromide (Depamide; 2 patients). With a
      mean serum value for all 13 patients of 32.3 micrograms/g valproate, the mean
      brain/serum ratio was 15.1% (SD 6.1%). The valproate concentration of the
      hippocampus was significantly higher than that of the amygdala and patients who
      had the sustained release formulation had significantly higher valproate
      concentration in the CSF and in the hippocampal formation than those patients who
      had the conventional valproate. Since a few patients had tumors, whereas others
      had varying degrees of gliosis, it cannot be ruled out that these differences are
      the result of different histopathological conditions with related differences in
      blood-brain barrier functions.

PMID- 1794354
TI  - Lesions of noradrenergic neurons in rats with spontaneous generalized non
      convulsive epilepsy.
AB  - The role of noradrenergic neurons in the control of a spontaneous generalized non
      convulsive epilepsy (GNCE) was investigated. In rats with genetic spontaneous
      absence seizures, we produced lesions using 2 neurotoxins: 6-hydroxydopamine (6
      OHDA) and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). Lesions of
      noradrenergic neurons were made either in pups by neonatal 6-OHDA intraperitoneal
      (i.p.) injection (2 x 100 mg/kg) or in adult rats by i.p. administration of DSP4
      (60 mg/kg) or bilateral microinjection of 6-OHDA in the locus coeruleus (LC) (4
      micrograms/microliters, 2 microliters/side). Effectiveness of the lesions was
      controlled by measuring dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) contents in the
      brains. Neonatal 6-OHDA administration did not lead to any difference in seizures
      in adult animals, compared with control rats. DSP4 injections and LC lesions with
      local injections of 6-OHDA produced a transient increase of the seizures. Within
      one to two weeks, the seizure duration went back to prelesion levels. No seizure
      occurred when the same lesions were performed in non epileptic rats. These
      results suggest that NA is not involved in the genesis of this generalized non
      convulsive epilepsy; they confirm that NA participates in the control of seizures
      in this model, but the rapid development of compensatory mechanisms shows that
      this control is not critical.

PMID- 1794355
TI  - Changes in rat brain extracellular glutamate concentration during seizures
      induced by systemic picrotoxin or focal bicuculline injection: an in vivo
      dialysis study with on-line enzymatic detection.
AB  - An on-line enzymatic assay of dialysis fluid has been used to monitor the
      extracellular glutamate concentration in the rat hippocampus. Perfusion with
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing a glutamate uptake inhibitor (either
      dihydrokainate or 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid) produced a
      marked stable increase in glutamate concentration; 10 min perfusion with 100 mM
      K+ produced a transient increase. Sustained epileptiform EEG discharges were
      induced in the hippocampus by focal injection of bicuculline into the piriform
      cortex or by systemic injection of picrotoxin. Extracellular glutamate did not
      change significantly during seizure activity, either in the absence or in the
      presence of glutamate uptake inhibitors. It is concluded that seizure activity is
      not necessarily accompanied by an overall increase in extracellular glutamate
      concentration.

PMID- 1794356
TI  - The anticonvulsant effect of the non-NMDA antagonists, NBQX and GYKI 52466, in
      mice.
AB  - The excitatory amino acid antagonists, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7
      sulfamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline) and GYKI 52466 (1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8
      methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine) that act on non-NMDA receptors, provide
      potent anticonvulsant protection against AMPA [RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl
      4-isoxazolepropionic acid)-induced seizures in Swiss mice and against sound
      induced seizures in seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice. Maximal anticonvulsant
      protection is observed 5-30 min after the i.p. administration of NBQX and 5-15
      min after the i.p. administration of GYKI 52466 in DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values
      for the protection against AMPA-induced seizures by NBQX (30 min, i.p.) and GYKI
      52466 (15 min, i.p.) are 23.6 (11.6-48.0) and 18.5 (11.5-29.5) mumol/kg,
      respectively. The ED50 values at 15 min for the protection against sound-induced
      seizures in DBA/2 mice are 31.3 (24.9-39.4) mumol/kg (NBQX, i.p.), 37.8 (21.2
      67.4) mumol/kg (NBQX, i.v.) and 13.7 (11.5-16.5) mumol/kg (GYKI 52466, i.p.). In
      DBA/2 mice the therapeutic index (ratio of ED50 values for impaired rotarod
      performance and anticonvulsant action) is 6.6 for NBQX (15 and 30 min, i.p.) and
      2.0 for GYKI 52466 (15 min, i.p.).

PMID- 1794357
TI  - Are rats with genetic absence epilepsy behaviorally impaired?
AB  - Absence seizures in humans are characterized by unresponsiveness to external
      stimuli and inactivity. However, in typical generalized non-convulsive epilepsy
      in children, intellectual capacities are considered to be normal. Wistar rats
      from an inbred strain with spontaneous absence-like seizures were compared with
      rats from the outbred control strain in various behavioral tasks in order to
      detect possible impairments related either to the absence epilepsy or to
      occurrence of spike and wave discharges (SWD). Spontaneous circadian locomotion,
      exploratory activity in an open field, social interactions with an unfamiliar
      conspecific and mouse killing behavior were similar in both strains. Avoidance
      learning in a shuttle box or food reinforced learning in a Skinner test were
      unimpaired or even improved in epileptic rats. During performance of a learned
      task either in the Skinner box or in a conditioned sound-bar pressing task, SWD
      were suppressed in epileptic rats as long as they were working for reinforcement.
      SWD reappeared when the motivation to perform the task had declined:
      unresponsiveness to a conditioned stimulus was then observed during SWD. These
      data are in agreement with observations commonly described in children with
      typical genetic absence epilepsy.

PMID- 1794359
TI  - Decreased incidence of infection after renal transplantation with the use of
      cyclosporine.
AB  - The incidence of infection within six months of cadaveric kidney transplantation
      was reviewed in 183 consecutive patients. Prior to June, 1985, 91 patients
      received azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day and prednisone 0.5 mg/kg/day; 63 patients
      (group A1) also received antilymphocyte globulin 15 mg/kg/day for the first ten
      days, whereas for the 28 other patients (group A2) antilymphocyte globulin had to
      be withdrawn before 72 hours because of general intolerance. The next 92 patients
      received cyclosporine 5-8 mg/kg/day and prednisone 0.25 mg/kg/day (group B). The
      three groups were similar for all studied parameters except for the number of
      patients with anti-HLA antibodies. At six months the mortality rate was not
      significantly different between the three groups. After six months the number of
      infections per patient was 1.47, 1.03 and 0.84 (p less than 0.01) in groups A1,
      A2 and B respectively; the percentage of patients developing one or more
      infections was 81, 58 and 57% (p less than 0.01); bacterial infections: 57, 50
      and 34% (p less than 0.01); viral infections: 40, 14 and 10% (p less than 0.01);
      cytomegalovirus infections: 27, 11 and 4% (p less than 0.001). After adjustment
      with logistic regression upon factors which might facilitate infections, the
      results showed a significantly lower incidence of infection for the cyclosporine
      treated group, especially for cytomegalovirus, as compared with the
      antilymphocyte globulin-treated group.

PMID- 1794358
TI  - Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines: indications, efficacy and recommendations.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary cause of community-acquired pneumonia,
      meningitis in adults and otitis media in infants and children and the third cause
      of meningitis in infants and children. Despite the availability of effective
      therapeutic agents against this pathogen, mortality has remained high,
      particularly for infections complicated by bacteremia. For many years, there has
      been a plea for vaccination. The first steps, using whole bacterial vaccines,
      were taken during the early decades of this century in the gold mining camps of
      South Africa, where pneumonia was endemic. The efficacy of purified pneumococcal
      polysaccharide vaccines has since been demonstrated in young adults, such as gold
      miners and military recruits, as well as for several other groups at risk, such
      as institutionalized elderly, patients with sickle cell anemia or those who have
      undergone a splenectomy, and elderly patients with underlying conditions such as
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cardiovascular disease, but not
      in infants and severely immunocompromised patients. Serological studies on the
      immune response to inoculation of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens have
      demonstrated a severely impaired antibody response in the last two groups.
      Therefore, development of more highly immunogenic vaccines, e.g. by linking
      pneumococcal polysaccharides or parts of them to protein carriers, should be
      continued in an attempt to offer adequate protection to those who are
      insufficiently protected by the current 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine.
      Opportunities to immunize other patients who are at risk for pneumococcal
      infection and are capable of responding to the current vaccine should not be
      missed.

PMID- 1794360
TI  - Fluconazole prophylaxis of recurrent oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients.
AB  - In a randomized, open study, the efficacy of fluconazole as a prophylaxis of
      recurrent oral candidiasis in patients with advanced stages of HIV-infection (CD4
      cell count less than 100/mm3) was studied. For this purpose, the frequency of
      episodes of oral candidiasis during two different prophylaxis regimens (50 mg/day
      vs. 100 mg/day) were compared to an untreated control group. Sixty-five HIV
      positive patients were included in the study from May, 1989 to January, 1990. Of
      these, 58 were evaluated over an observation time of 137-215 days. Prophylaxis
      with fluconazole clearly reduced the occurrence of oral candidiasis. In 20 out of
      21 patients in the untreated control group, a total of 60 relapses occurred. In
      the prophylaxis group receiving 50 mg/day (group 2), two out of 18 patients had
      four relapses. In the group receiving 100 mg/day (group 3), four out of 19
      patients had nine relapses in total. Of 3575 observation days in the control
      group, treatment due to oral candidiasis was necessary on 393 days (28%). In
      group 2, on 57 of 3316 days (2%), fluconazole in a higher dosage was administered
      for treatment. In group 3, relapse treatment with fluconazole 200 mg/day, or
      treatment with ketoconazole, became necessary in 116 out of 3314 observation days
      (3%). In all relapses, Candida albicans cfu greater than 10(3)/ml were isolated
      in the oral wash-outs. As compared to the untreated control group, fluconazole
      prophylaxis in a daily dosage of 50 as well as 100 mg led to significantly less
      frequent relapses of oral candidiasis (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794361
TI  - Rapid detection of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli or Proteeae
      species.
AB  - Beta-glucuronidase and phenylalanine deaminase tests for screening urine
      specimens to provide rapid reporting (2 hours) of Escherichia coli and Proteeae
      species were evaluated. A total of 2,318 urine specimens were processed for these
      two tests. For the detection of Escherichia coli in urine, the sensitivity and
      specificity of the beta-glucuronidase test were 0.96 and 0.99 respectively;
      predictive positive and negative values were 0.97 and 0.99. For the detection of
      Proteeae in urine, the sensitivity and specificity of the phenylalanine test were
      0.92 and 0.99. Predictive values were 0.99 for a negative test and 0.95 for a
      positive test. The data suggest that beta-glucuronidase and phenylalanine
      deaminase tests performed directly in urine sediment have potential usefulness as
      rapid and reliable tests that are easy to perform and interpret for the diagnosis
      of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli or Proteeae species.

PMID- 1794362
TI  - Post-antibiotic effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on gram-negative bacteria in
      relation to morphology, initial killing and MIC.
AB  - The in vitro post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime
      and imipenem on reference strains of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens were
      evaluated by bioluminescence assay of bacterial ATP. In parallel with the PAE
      determination, initial killing and morphology studies were performed. Imipenem
      produced greater than 1 h PAE on all strains tested, cefepime and cefotaxime on
      four strains and ceftazidime only on one of the strains tested. The length of the
      PAE on different strains did not correlate in the same way to MIC. Imipenem
      induced greater than 1 h PAE at 1/4-2 MIC while the cephalosporins caused greater
      than 1 h PAE at 4-256 x MIC. A PAE exceeding 1.2h was seen concomitantly with
      spheroplasts but there was not necessarily strong (greater than or equal to 99%)
      initial killing at the same time. The PAE duration at greater than or equal to
      99% initial killing varied between 2.0 h and 5.0 h. When the cephalosporins
      produced less than 1 h PAEs, this was seen concomitantly with production on
      filaments and weak initial killing. The bioluminescence method was not
      jeopardized by filament formation and no negative PAE was found in contrast to
      the viable count method. The study showed that neither a certain multiple of MIC,
      the presence of spheroplasts nor strong initial killing can predict the length of
      PAE for beta-lactam antibiotics on gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 1794363
TI  - Evaluation of the magnetic immuno PCR assay for rapid detection of Salmonella.
AB  - A new technique, the Magnetic Immuno PCR Assay (MIPA), has been developed for the
      detection of Salmonella. The assay utilizes magnetic particles coated with
      monoclonal antibodies against Salmonella to extract these bacteria from the
      sample. Trapped bacteria are lysed, and the supernatant, which contains bacterial
      DNA, is then subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers from
      the Salmonella typhimurium origin of DNA replication to amplify a 163 bp region.
      The specificity of the primer set was tested in the PCR; amplification occurred
      with all 25 Salmonella strains tested but not with 19 other species of
      Enterobacteriaceae tested. A sensitivity of 100 cfu Salmonella typhimurium was
      achieved for the MIPA by visualization of the amplified products by
      ethidiumbromide stained agarose gel electrophoresis. A ten-fold higher
      sensitivity was obtained by Southern blotting of the amplified products. The
      presence of 10(7) cfu Escherichia coli did not interfere with these detection
      levels. The MIPA thus specifically detected 100 cfu of Salmonella within 5 h and
      may be potentially useful for rapid detection of Salmonella in clinical specimens
      and food.

PMID- 1794364
TI  - Evaluation of a line immunoassay for simultaneous confirmation of antibodies to
      HIV-1 and HIV-2.
AB  - An anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 line immunoassay (LIA), using peptides and recombinant
      antigens was evaluated against commercially available Western blot tests for HIV
      1 and HIV-2 antibodies. Two thousand one hundred and ten sera of European,
      African, and South American origin were used in the evaluation. The panel
      included 1066 sera with antibodies to HIV-1, 192 sera with antibodies to HIV-2,
      and 64 sera with antibodies to both. Using Western blot results interpreted
      according to the WHO criteria as a reference standard, the overall specificity
      obtained by this LIA was 100% and the sensitivity was 99.77% (97.51-100% for 95%
      confidence limits) when sera dually reactive in Western blot were included. Of
      the three sera negative in the LIA but positive in HIV-1 WB, two could be
      retested in a radioimmunoprecipitation assay and were negative. When dually
      reactive sera in the Western blot (WHO) were included, the LIA yielded 9.9%
      indeterminate results as compared with 15.5% for both assays (chi 2 = 29.30; p
      less than 0.001). Although only one HIV-2 specific peptide antigen (gp36) was
      used, the LIA yielded a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 100% as compared
      with the HIV-2 Western blot assay. When indeterminate results were included, the
      overall agreement between the LIA and the HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blot (WHO
      criteria) was 89.9% and 90.1% respectively. These results indicate that the LIA
      provides reliable simultaneous detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2, and at
      a cost which is substantially lower than the cost of Western blot tests.

PMID- 1794365
TI  - Septicaemia caused by a penicillin-resistant Moraxella-like organism in a
      neutropenic patient.
AB  - Invasive infections with Moraxella and related species are unusual. In this
      report we describe a case of septicaemia in an immunocompromised patient caused
      by a Moraxella-like organism. The organism was difficult to identify in the
      laboratory and was also unusual in that it was resistant to penicillin.

PMID- 1794366
TI  - Development of resistance to quinolones in five patients with campylobacteriosis
      treated with norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Development of resistance to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin was
      observed in five patients with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli
      infection. From all these patients nalidixic acid- and quinolone-susceptible
      strains were isolated initially, whereas after therapy with norfloxacin or
      ciprofloxacin strains resistant to these antibiotics were found. Campylobacter
      strains from the same patient always belonged to the same species and, with the
      exception of one case, showed identical rRNA gene restriction (rDNA) patterns.
      This indicates that double-infection with a susceptible and a resistant strain
      was not responsible for the phenomenon but rather that the infecting strain
      rapidly developed resistance following treatment.

PMID- 1794367
TI  - Isolation of Ewingella americana from a patient with conjunctivitis.
AB  - Ewingella americana (family Enterobacteriaceae) was isolated separately from both
      eyes of a 30-year-old woman. Clinical signs and symptoms included adhesive
      eyelids, itching and edematous upper and lower lids. Therapy with amoxicillin
      clavulanate resulted in the relief of symptoms. Ewingella americana can be
      isolated worldwide, but seems to be a rare pathogen.

PMID- 1794368
TI  - Oropharyngeal colonization in the elderly.
AB  - A cross-sectional prevalence study of gram-negative bacillary oropharyngeal
      colonization in the geriatric population with single oropharyngeal cultures was
      performed on three different groups of individuals, the first consisting of
      healthy individuals, living independently, the second residing in a nursing
      facility and the third hospitalized. A longitudinal incidence study by serial
      weekly cultures was in addition conducted on a fourth group of hospitalized
      individuals. In the cross-sectional study, gram-negative bacilli were isolated
      from 23% of the hospitalized group, whereas only 7-10% of the other two groups
      were colonized (p less than 0.05). In the longitudinal study, the colonization
      was intermittent and transient, being most prevalent on admission, i.e. 23%, but
      gradually decreasing during the hospital stay to 7% after ten weeks. Only
      hospitalization and prior treatment with antimicrobials increased prevalence of
      colonization. On only one occasion was a lower respiratory infection predated by
      oropharyngeal colonization with the same organism, indicating that such
      colonization may not be a risk factor for the development of pneumonia in the
      elderly.

PMID- 1794369
TI  - Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in
      Kibbutzim children in Israel.
AB  - The efficacy of single-dose ornidazole versus seven days metronidazole in the
      treatment of giardiasis was tested in a randomized study of 75 Kibbutzim children
      in Israel. All the children treated were clinically cured, and the parasites
      disappeared from stool examinations after the first follow-up. By the end of the
      study (21 days after the beginning of treatment), all the patients remained free
      of symptoms, but cysts of Giardia lamblia were found in the stools of three
      children from the ornidazole group (p = 0.24). The possibility of treating
      Giardia lamblia with ornidazole in a single dose, with results similar to those
      obtained with a seven-day course of metronidazole, makes this drug a good
      alternative in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children, especially if
      compliance is not assured.

PMID- 1794370
TI  - Determination of D-lactate concentration for rapid diagnosis of bacterial
      infections of body fluids.
AB  - The value of determining D-lactate concentrations in body fluids for the rapid
      diagnosis of bacterial infections was investigated. A total of 336 body fluid
      samples were analyzed: 208 ascitic fluids, 57 synovial fluids, 40 cerebrospinal
      fluids and 32 pleural fluids. Using a cut-off value of 0.05 mM, the overall
      sensitivity was 0.96 and the specificity was 0.88. Therefore, the measurement of
      D-lactate concentration in body fluids offers a rapid (2-hour) and useful method
      of differentiating between infectious and non-infectious body fluid diseases.

PMID- 1794371
TI  - Evaluation of a commercial latex test for serological diagnosis of Helicobacter
      pylori infection in treated and untreated patients.
AB  - The value of a commercially available latex test (Pyloriset) for the diagnosis of
      Helicobacter pylori infection by demonstration of specific antibodies was
      compared with that of direct diagnostic methods such as culture, biopsy-urease
      test and microscopy of fuchsin-stained smears. The sera were from 136 patients
      who prior to this study either had or had not been treated for Helicobacter
      pylori-infection simultaneously with amoxicillin (3 x 750 mg/day) and
      metronidazole (3 x 500 mg/day) for 12 days. On average, the sensitivity of the
      test was 90%. The specificity with sera from untreated patients was 75.9%; with
      sera from treated patients specificity was 22.2%, 28% and 20% 1, 3 and 6 months
      respectively after start of treatment. Only as late as one year after the onset
      of chemotherapy did the specificity return to 67%. Because of its low specificity
      this test does not offer any advantage over other tests in the detection of
      Helicobacter pylori-infection or in monitoring the chemotherapeutic success.

PMID- 1794372
TI  - Shelf life of prepared Bordet-Gengou and Regan-Lowe agar plates for isolation of
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The shelf life of prepared agar plates used for the isolation of Bordetella
      pertussis was studied. They contained Bordet-Gengou agar, Bordet-Gengou agar with
      cephalexin, Regan-Lowe agar, Regan-Lowe agar with cephalexin, or Regan-Lowe agar
      with both cephalexin and amphotericin B. Plates stored were compared to freshly
      prepared control plates for up to a maximum of 18 weeks. They were inoculated
      with clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis, either in pure culture, or mixed
      with a defined oropharyngeal flora. Bordet-Gengou agar plates may be used, with
      proper storage at 4 degrees C in airtight-sealed plastic bags, for up to 10
      weeks, Regan-Lowe agar plates for up to 14 weeks. Field studies are needed to
      substantiate our findings.

PMID- 1794373
TI  - In vitro activity of the new glycopeptide LY264826 versus vancomycin against
      clinical isolates of enterococci.

PMID- 1794374
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of tetracycline-resistant strains of Ureaplasma
      urealyticum to newer macrolides and quinolones, and a streptogramin.

PMID- 1794375
TI  - Acute otitis media caused by Neisseria lactamica.

PMID- 1794376
TI  - Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from blood cultures in a leukaemic patient
      after consumption of oysters.

PMID- 1794377
TI  - Reports of the European Study Group on Antibiotic Breakpoints.

PMID- 1794378
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1794379
TI  - Detection of early dementia in the elderly.

PMID- 1794380
TI  - Intellectual abilities and everyday functioning in old age.

PMID- 1794381
TI  - The effects of age on auditory event-related potentials.
AB  - The effects of age on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited during a two-tone
      discrimination ("oddball") task were examined in 97 normal subjects aged from 17
      80 years. Strong relationships were found between age and the latencies of the
      later ERP components N200 and P300. Furthermore the correlation between age and
      N200 latency at Pz was marginally higher than that of age and P300 latency. For
      the entire sample, the increase in P300 latency as a function of age was best
      described at Cz and Pz by linear regression equations. However, a segmented line
      model better described the P300/age relationship at Fz--the increase in P300
      latency with age in subjects over 61 was five times that of subjects younger than
      61 years. In this study the task required button-press identification of the
      targets--the significance of increased age and a delay in N200 latency is
      discussed with reference to the possibility of N200 latency indexing the speed of
      cognitive processing.

PMID- 1794382
TI  - A microcomputerized task assessment of cognitive change in normal elderly and
      young adults.
AB  - There is need for efficient, acceptable quantitative measures of cognitive
      differences with senescence which, in addition, have potential to discriminate
      mild dementia from the performance of normal elderly. A microcomputerized method
      designed to assess attentional capacity was administered to two elderly age
      groups, 68-79 and 80-87 years of age. A comparison group of young adults, 25-35
      and 35-45 years of age, was similarly studied. The two tasks in the procedure
      (the tracking task, consisting of following a randomly moving target on a video
      screen, and the probe task, consisting of visual monitoring of a randomly
      elongating dot in the video screen) are performed separately and then
      simultaneously (dual task). The tracking task discriminated between the younger
      groups. Both the tracking and the probe task discriminated between the two older
      age groups. On discriminant analysis, the best variables for distinguishing older
      age groups were the logarithms of the single task scores. The performance scores
      of both elderly age groups were lower on the dual tasks compared with single
      tasks, but with significant performance decreases only in the probe scores.
      Comparing all four age groups, the older groups performed less well on the tasks
      and particularly poorly on the dual tasks. There were no significant gender
      effects. These initial data will be useful in application of the method for
      purposes of discriminating mild dementia from normal senescence, and possibly the
      effects of drugs used to enhance cognitive function.

PMID- 1794383
TI  - Leonard Hayflick awarded 1991 Sandoz Prize by the International Association of
      Gerontology.

PMID- 1794384
TI  - Importance of basic and applied research from the viewpoints of investigators in
      the psychology of aging.
AB  - In this series of presentations, the importance and practical implications of
      many different research programs in the psychology of aging is presented from the
      viewpoints of the investigators themselves. These scientists discuss the
      implications and significance of their work for society as it affects other
      scientists, policy-makers, the media, and the public. The discussions make clear
      that the many of the problems associated with aging are essentially behavioral
      problems which can be prevented through behavioral change in the early as well as
      later years of the lifespan.

PMID- 1794385
TI  - Visual and cognitive predictors of driving problems in older adults.

PMID- 1794386
TI  - Language and aging: enhancing caregivers' effectiveness with "ELDERSPEAK".

PMID- 1794387
TI  - Visual aging and the visibility of highway signs.

PMID- 1794388
TI  - Improving the sense of control over memory.

PMID- 1794389
TI  - Planning and designing housing environments for older adults.

PMID- 1794390
TI  - Use of TeleMinders to reduce health care costs.

PMID- 1794391
TI  - Adult age-related changes in paying attention.

PMID- 1794392
TI  - Genetic and environmental influences in behavioral aging.

PMID- 1794393
TI  - Expertise and text organization influence age differences in comprehension and
      memory for text.

PMID- 1794394
TI  - Speed of thought differentiates dementia from depression.

PMID- 1794395
TI  - Improving correct medication usage in older adults.

PMID- 1794396
TI  - Improving memory function in elderly adults with contextual cues.

PMID- 1794397
TI  - Identifying gender and ethnicity roles in health and adaptation of octogenarians
      and centenarians.

PMID- 1794398
TI  - Family caregiving: personal and social costs.

PMID- 1794399
TI  - Older adults' memory for important medical information.

PMID- 1794400
TI  - Control-relevant interventions to enhance health in older adults.

PMID- 1794401
TI  - The failure to find adult age differences in scene memory.

PMID- 1794402
TI  - Improving nursing home care through training and job redesign.

PMID- 1794403
TI  - Successful aging as adaptation to stress.

PMID- 1794404
TI  - Aging and collaboration with others can improve cognition in older adults.

PMID- 1794405
TI  - Aging and remembering to remember.

PMID- 1794406
TI  - Effects of age and high blood pressure on intelligence.

PMID- 1794407
TI  - Brain basis of changes in memory performance in aging and in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1794408
TI  - Self-perceptions of chronic disease by older patients.

PMID- 1794409
TI  - Familiarity benefits the performance of older adults.

PMID- 1794410
TI  - Language and aging: what is "normal aging"?

PMID- 1794411
TI  - The effects of aging on understanding and remembering language.

PMID- 1794412
TI  - Oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate inhibits arterial thrombosis in rats.
AB  - The effect of isosorbide dinitrate, a nitrovasodilator known to inhibit platelet
      function, was examined in a model of electrically induced carotid artery
      thrombosis in rats. In the dose range of 1-30 mg/kg isosorbide dinitrate,
      administered orally, significantly delayed carotid occlusion. These results
      demonstrate that isosorbide dinitrate has antithrombotic activity and it is
      suggested that this antithrombotic activity is due to the generation of nitric
      oxide.

PMID- 1794413
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate increases the excitability of nigrostriatal dopamine
      terminals.
AB  - The terminal excitability of nigrostriatal dopamine cells was measured before and
      after i.v. administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 1 or 4 mg/kg), the
      competitive NMDA antagonist AP-7 (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid) (4 mg/kg) or
      saline. NMDA produced a dose-dependent increase in terminal excitability, in the
      absence of an effect on the somal membrane, whereas AP-7 and saline were without
      effect. These data provide convergent in vivo evidence that glutamate can enhance
      striatal dopamine release via the NMDA receptor.

PMID- 1794414
TI  - Aspirin-like drugs, ethanol-induced rat gastric injury and mucosal eicosanoid
      release.
AB  - The effect of oral administration of various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
      on ethanol-induced rat gastric injury and mucosal release of leukotriene C4, 6
      keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid was
      investigated. It was found that besides sodium salicylate and high doses of
      aspirin, other salicylate-type drugs, such as diflunisal, 4-aminosalicylic acid,
      2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and methyl salicylate, and several non-acidic
      compounds, such as proquazone, benzydamine and paracetamol, were
      gastroprotective. All these drugs inhibited ex vivo leukotriene C4 formation by
      ethanol-stimulated gastric mucosa. However, naproxen, lonazolac, ibuprofen,
      gentisic acid and 5-aminosalicylic acid also inhibited leukotriene C4 formation,
      but were not protective. Gastroprotection was independent of 6-keto-prostaglandin
      F1 alpha formation. Both protective and non-protective drugs inhibited the
      ethanol-stimulated, but not the basal, release of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13
      eicosatetraenoic acid. The results indicate that the differential effects of
      various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on gastroprotection against ethanol
      are not correlated with specific effects on mucosal cyclooxygenase, 5
      lipoxygenase or 15-lipoxygenase activity.

PMID- 1794415
TI  - Ridogrel prevents the thromboxane-mediated pressor response and oedema induced by
      hydrogen peroxide in isolated rabbit lungs.
AB  - Perfusion of isolated rabbit lungs with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 3 x 10(-5) M)
      raised the overflow of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and the perfusion pressure. H2O2
      induced oedema formation and endothelial distress, as evidenced by an increased
      production of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF1 alpha). Endothelial cell
      death did not occur since there was no release of lactate dehydrogenase. The
      thromboxane A2 (TXA2)-synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist ridogrel (R68070)
      further enhanced 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha output, while inhibiting TXB2 release. Ridogrel
      prevented the rise in pulmonary artery pressure and oedema formation. These data
      indicate that TXA2 is probably involved in the acute pulmonary pressor response
      and concomitant oedema formation induced by H2O2. In order to assess the
      functional activity of the pulmonary endothelium, the uptake of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was measured before and 15 min after exposure to H2O2.
      As the H2O2-induced effects were not associated with any change in the uptake of
      5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), we conclude that the endothelial injury was
      reversible or that the 5-HT uptake was not sensitive enough to evaluate the
      integrity of the pulmonary endothelium during oxidant-induced injury.

PMID- 1794416
TI  - Halothane markedly reduces mesenteric blood flow but does not impair gut mucosal
      oxygenation in pigs.
AB  - We investigated the effect of halothane on in mesenteric blood flow and gut
      mucosal oxygenation. Pittman-Moore mini-pigs (n = 6) were chronically
      instrumented with aortic, pulmonary arterial (Swan-Ganz), and mesenteric venous
      catheters and an intestinal tonometer. Blood flow in the superior mesenteric
      artery was measured with an ultrasonic flow probe. On the day of the experiment,
      data were obtained before and during halothane administration (1.5% end-tidal).
      Halothane caused a marked decrease in mesenteric blood flow, associated with an
      increase in mesenteric vascular resistance. Likewise mesenteric oxygen delivery
      and consumption were significantly decreased under halothane, while the oxygen
      extraction rate of the intestine was not significantly changed. There was no
      significant change in intramucosal gut pH after halothane administration, which
      indicates that an adequate mucosal tissue oxygenation was maintained. We conclude
      that the marked halothane-induced reduction in mesenteric blood flow did not seem
      to impair the oxygenation of the gut mucosa in our experimental model.

PMID- 1794417
TI  - Effects of pinacidil and other cyanoguanidine derivatives on guinea-pig isolated
      trachea, aorta and pulmonary artery.
AB  - The effects of pinacidil and four other cyanoguanidine derivatives (P 1060, P
      1106, P 1787, P 1890) were evaluated on guinea-pig isolated trachea, aorta and
      pulmonary artery. All compounds were effective smooth muscle relaxants.
      Concentration-relaxation curves and corresponding EC50 and Emax values were
      determined in preparations contracted by histamine, prostaglandin F2 alpha, 30 mM
      K+ or 124 mM K+. Pinacidil relaxed trachea by 100% and vascular tissues by 70%. P
      1060 and P 1106 also produced complete tracheal relaxation, but had a lower
      maximal effect of 40% in vascular smooth muscle. P 1787 and P 1890 relaxed all
      three types of tissues by 100%. The order of potency of the drugs was P 1106
      greater than P 1060 greater than pinacidil greater than P 1890 greater than P
      1787. Pinacidil, P 1060 and P 1106 were more potent on pulmonary artery than on
      aortic preparations. Based on the effects of the drugs on 30 mM K(+)- and 124 mM
      K(+)-induced contractions and the ability of glibenclamide to antagonize the
      drugs, P 1060 and P 1106 appeared to be pure K+ channel openers whereas pinacidil
      seemed to operate by additional mechanisms. P 1787 and P 1890 relaxed smooth
      muscle by a mechanism other than opening of K+ channels.

PMID- 1794418
TI  - Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette.
AB  - A survey of van Gogh's work from 1886 to 1890 indicated that paintings with a
      yellow dominance were numerous, episodic, and multi-regional. His underlying
      illness, by his own admission, affected his life and work; furthermore, episodes
      of malnutrition, substance abuse, environmental exposure, and drug
      experimentation (all evident from correspondence) exacerbated his condition.
      Accordingly, we reviewed plausible agents that might have modified the artist's
      colour perception. Xanthopsia due to overdosage of digitalis or santonin is well
      documented elsewhere, but evidence of useage of either drug by van Gogh cannot be
      substantiated. It is unlikely that ageing of the human lens was an influence
      because of the artist's youth. Sunstroke is too restrictive to fit the
      multiplicity of regions and motifs. Hallucinations induced by absinthe, the
      popular liqueur of the period, may explain particular canvases but not the
      majority of 'high yellow' paintings. Van Gogh's proclivity for exaggerated
      colours and his embrance of yellow in particular are clear from his letters and,
      in contradistinction to chemical or physical insults modifying perception,
      artistic preference is the best working hypothesis to explain the yellow
      dominance in his palette.

PMID- 1794419
TI  - Choroidal vascular ischaemia.
AB  - The term 'choroidal vascular ischaemia' refers to all the choroido-retinal
      changes which follow an acute or chronic circulatory disorder in the arterial
      capillary or venous network of the choroid. However, different clinical syndromes
      can be observed according to the type of vessel which is occluded, the origin and
      rate of development of the process. Experimentation on animals, especially on
      monkeys and observations on those with limited retinal pigmentation has enabled
      us to study the anatomy of the choroidal circulation and the changes found in
      choroidal vascular ischaemia following capillary embolism or thrombosis after
      laser. These experiments have been accompanied by histochemical, bioelectrical
      and genetic examination. For the past 20 years, angiography has been used to
      study the choroidal circulation, although only cardiogreen and fluorescein have
      proved useful.

PMID- 1794420
TI  - Corneal transplantation--immunologically privileged status.
AB  - Despite the relatively high success rate and the word 'immunologically privileged
      site', it has been known that a corneal graft can induce an allograft rejection
      reaction. This is especially true in the rat where orthotopic penetrating corneal
      grafts in certain strain combinations are rejected even when transplanted in
      avascular bed. Reliable microsurgical techniques, together with the availability
      of inbred or congenic strains and a rapidly developing knowledge of its major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immune system in general, have made the rat
      a prime species in which to study the immunological events after corneal
      grafting. This review describes recent progress in understanding the
      immunological mechanisms behind corneal graft rejection. The topics discussed
      include the rat MHC (RT1) antigens and their distribution in the cornea;
      different responder status in fully allogeneic strain combinations, including the
      importance of multiple non-MHC antigens; and the role of antigen-presenting cells
      (APCs) in corneal graft rejection.

PMID- 1794421
TI  - Microbial keratitis--the false negative.
AB  - The investigation of presumed microbial keratitis includes microscopy and culture
      of corneal specimens obtained by scraping the infiltrated cornea. Routine
      microscopy fails to identify the infecting organism in about 15% of cases. We
      discuss the problems presented by 20 such eyes which required further
      investigation. We present a diagnostic algorithm aimed at reducing the delay in
      identifying the pathogen and increasing the rate of positive culture. This is
      important since unusual pathogens may require treatment with drugs other than the
      'first line' broad spectrum combination of an aminoglycoside and a cephalosporin.
      The algorithm allows sequential restaining and reculturing of specimens for more
      thorough investigation. In addition to the use of special stains and culture
      conditions, it presents indications for further corneal scrapes and biopsies.
      Uncontrolled infection resulted in five perforations and penetrating keratoplasty
      was indicated in 11 cases. The visual outcome for these patients was poor with
      fewer than 30% achieving 6/12 acuity. The delay in diagnosis increases morbidity
      and this should be significantly reduced by adopting the algorithm we propose.

PMID- 1794422
TI  - In vitro corneal pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba.
AB  - The comparative cytopathic effects of a keratitis and an environmental isolate of
      Acanthamoeba were studied on confluent monolayers of human and rabbit corneal
      cells grown in culture. The presence of cells in culture induced excystment of
      amoebae to the active trophozoite form. Total destruction of cell monolayers was
      observed to be similar for both isolates, and dependent on incubation time and
      amoebic concentration. The relevance of these findings to human and experimental
      Acanthamoeba keratitis is discussed.

PMID- 1794423
TI  - Microtropia versus bifoveal fixation in anisometropic amblyopia.
AB  - Microtropia with identity is a unique condition in which amblyopes have
      parafoveal eccentric fixation in the amblyopic eye in either monocular or
      binocular viewing, plus a macular scotoma. The condition has previously been
      described in anisometropic amblyopia. The records of 55 consecutively presenting
      anisometropic amblyopes were scrutinised and the cases divided into microtropes
      or non-microtropes (bifoveal fixators). The features of the two groups were then
      compared to identify factors associated with microtropia and to determine whether
      microtropes or bifoveal patients responded better to amblyopia therapy. Results
      show that 45% of anisometropic amblyopes have microtropia rather than bifoveal
      fixation. There appears to be no association between the microtropic phenomenon
      and age, depth of amblyopia or amount of anisometropia. Bifoveal patients may
      respond better to amblyopia therapy although the difference between groups was
      not great. The sensitive period during which amblyopia may be treated is the same
      for each group.

PMID- 1794424
TI  - Eyelid surgery in facial palsy.
AB  - Paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle is by far the most serious consequences
      of loss of function of the facial nerve. The severity of the resultant ocular
      problems is related to the degree and duration of this paralysis. The primary
      goal of the ophthalmologist in managing the patient with orbicularis oculi
      paralysis is to protect the cornea. The alleviation of epiphora, correction of
      paralytic ectropion, and amelioration of the resultant cosmetic deformities are
      secondary goals. The major factor in determining the most appropriate therapeutic
      approach in the management of the patient with a facial paralysis is whether the
      paralysis is temporary or permanent. In temporary paralysis, conservative methods
      of treatment are usually adequate and are well documented. In permanent
      orbicularis paralysis, the development of lid abnormalities is inevitable, and
      corrective lid procedures are required. The procedures required depend on the
      resultant dysfunction and degree of deformity. This study reviews 65 patients who
      underwent surgical treatment for the ophthalmic consequences of established and
      permanent facial palsy in order to evaluate the efficacy of their treatment.

PMID- 1794425
TI  - The treatment of recurrent trichiasis with argon laser photocoagulation.
AB  - We report our experience with the use of Argon laser photocoagulation for the
      treatment of recurrent trichiasis. A total of 28 lids (of 21 patients) with
      aberrant lashes were treated in our study. Each lash was treated with a beam of
      50-200 micron (spot size), 0.2 s (time), and 1-1.2 Watt (power). Neither
      infiltration nor topical anaesthesia was used. The mean follow-up time was 6.57
      months. Successful treatment with no evidence of recurrence was achieved in 67.9%
      of lids after one to two laser sessions. The remaining 32.1% of the lids required
      three to four sessions to achieve no recurrence of the condition. There was a
      significant correlation between the number of aberrant lashes per lid and the
      number of required laser sessions. Complete healing of the treated areas occurred
      within six weeks after treatment, with no vascularisation or distortion of the
      lid margin. Argon laser treatment appears to be a safe and effective alternative
      to the other recognised methods of therapy in selected cases.

PMID- 1794426
TI  - Epiphora during the first year of life.
AB  - A cohort of 4,792 infants was observed in order to determine the incidence and
      natural history of epiphora during the first year of life. Evidence of defective
      lacrimal drainage was present in 964 (20%) at some time during the year. 95%
      became symptomatic during the first month of life. Spontaneous remission occurred
      throughout the year and 96% had resolved before the age of one. This study
      provides no evidence to support probing before the age of one year.

PMID- 1794427
TI  - Comparing clinical tests of visual loss in cataract patients using a
      quantification of forward light scatter.

PMID- 1794429
TI  - Warning about bacterial contamination of therapeutic contact lenses.
AB  - Three of twenty-six soft therapeutic contact lenses were found to have bacterial
      contaminants in their original sealed manufacturers' containers. We wish to alert
      clinicians to this danger.

PMID- 1794428
TI  - Low vision aids--is our service cost effective?
AB  - A questionnaire and telephone survey was carried out on a Scottish population of
      patients with impaired vision, in order to ascertain the proportion of patients
      who gain benefit from Low Vision Aids (LVA) and to determine the number of LVAs
      which are retained but unused. One third of the patients who answered the
      questionnaire never use their LVAs, and one half were not satisfied with the
      service provided. A cost analysis indicated that approximately (pounds) 8,000
      worth of LVAs are neither used nor returned each year to a single LVA service.
      The patients' ages, diagnoses, and visual acuities were related to the compliance
      rate. It appears that increasing age and decreasing visual acuity may be factors
      which decrease compliance. However none of the factors analysed could be used as
      a reliable predictor of patient satisfaction or of eventual benefit. Other health
      services which provide intensive training in the use of LVAs reportedly achieve a
      higher level of compliance. We conclude that our present service could probably
      be improved by the employment of additional staff specifically trained to teach
      patients how to make best use of the LVAs provided.

PMID- 1794430
TI  - The influence of drop size on pupil dilatation.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of reduced size dilating drops (micro drops), was assessed
      in 60 patients. For each patient, one eye received the standard 'minim' drop size
      (26 microliters) while the fellow eye received a micro drop of five microliters.
      In 20 patients tropicamide 1% was followed after two minutes by phenylephrine
      10%, another 20 patients were given tropicamide 1% alone, and for the last 20
      patients, 0.5% tropicamide was used. Satisfactory mydriasis was achieved for all
      pupils except those receiving micro drops of tropicamide 0.5% (25 micrograms
      tropicamide). Tropicamide 1% in micro drop formulation (50 micrograms
      tropicamide) gave almost identical mydriasis to that from standard drops
      (containing 250 micrograms tropicamide). Tropicamide 1% in combination with
      phenylephrine 10% was superior to tropicamide 1% alone, after standard or micro
      drop administration. The micro drops used in this study were effective, easy to
      administer, and caused less patient discomfort.

PMID- 1794431
TI  - Age-related normal tolerance intervals for retinal vascular response to systemic
      autonomic nerve stimulation.
AB  - This study establishes the age-adjusted tolerance intervals for retinal vascular
      responses to sustained handgrip contraction (a test of sympathetic nerve
      function). Forty adult subjects (mean age: 39.7 +/- 14.1 years, range: 20 to 72
      years; 19 males) were included in the final analysis. Mean percentage calibre
      change in response to sustained handgrip contraction in this population was 
      5.61% with a significant correlation between subject age and percentage retinal
      vessel calibre change (p less than 0.001). Mean retinal arteriolar calibre change
      in response to systemic autonomic stimulation varied significantly with age:
      between -8.48% at age 20 years and -2.06% at age 70 years with a mean of -5.95%
      at the mean age of 39.7 years. The standard deviation is 3.04% and the 95%
      confidence intervals were set between +/-6.17%. This autoregulatory reflex
      appears to be inversely related to age.

PMID- 1794432
TI  - Anti-toxoplasma serotitres in ocular toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Serological studies are one of the important diagnostic tools used in the
      investigation of uveitis. This study was based on anti-toxoplasma serotitres
      obtained from 80 normal healthy adults and 122 patients investigated for ocular
      toxoplasmosis over a 42 month period. Fifteen per cent of normal healthy sera
      were found to have low titres (1:64 to 1:256), while 3.8% had high titres (1:1024
      or higher). Thirty five eyes of 29 patients had presumed ocular toxoplasmosis
      based on clinical features and a typical fundal appearance. 89.6% of clinically
      positive ocular toxoplasmosis were found to have titres ranging from 1:64 to
      1:4096. Among the suspected ocular toxoplasmosis cases with a serotitre more than
      or equal to 1:256, at least 77% had clinical ocular toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 1794433
TI  - Acute orbital cellulitis due to gas-forming bacteria.

PMID- 1794434
TI  - The relationship between stereopsis and fine manual dexterity: pilot study of a
      new instrument.

PMID- 1794435
TI  - Distribution of argyrophilic proteins in the nuclei of hepatocytes.
AB  - The ultrastructural study on the distribution of argyrophilic proteins of
      hepatocytes was carried out. Because it has been suggested that the numbers of
      silver grains were connected with transcriptional activity of nucleoli, we used
      in our studies as a model the regenerating liver. Among extranucleolar structures
      affinity to silver interchromatin granules and weakly perichromatin granules was
      demonstrated. Deposits of silver grains were always located within dense
      fibrillar components and fibrillar centers. Our study does not enable to indicate
      a direct relationship between numbers of silver grains deposits and
      transcriptional activity of nucleoli.

PMID- 1794436
TI  - Influence of age on transmembrane potential and cell surface charge of human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes estimated with fluorescent probes.
AB  - Transmembrane potential (TMP) and surface charge (CSC) of human peripheral blood
      lymphocytes were estimated in relation to donor's age. Cyanine dye DiOC(6) and
      fluorescein--coupled poly-L-ornithine EPLO were used as representative
      fluorescent probes for microfluorimetric determination of relative TMP and CSC
      values. Significant decrease in cyanine fluorescence was observed in lymphocytes
      of old people, which was interpreted as relative depolarization of these cells.
      No such difference was found when surface charges of young and old cells were
      compared, although some brightly fluorescent, i.e. highly charged cells appeared
      among the latter.

PMID- 1794437
TI  - Induction of immune resistance against L1210 lymphatic leukemia in mice after
      lethal irradiation and reconstruction with fetal liver cells.
AB  - The immunohematopoietic potential of syngeneic fetal liver cells (SFLC) was
      examined and compared with syngeneic bone marrow cells (SBMC). SFLC generated
      about 3 times less 12th-day spleen colonies (CFU-S) than adult SBMC did. To test
      the SFLC ability for reconstitution of the immune system, mice were lethally
      total body irradiated (TBI) and transplanted i.v. with 3 x 10(7) SFLC or 1 x
      10(7) SBMC. Thus, injected hematopoietic cells contained the same number of CFU
      S. On days 28, 35, 42, and 49 after transplantation the mice were injected i.p.
      with 10(6) immunogenic L1210-Maf cells (L1210 leukemia cells treated in vitro
      with mafosfamide for inhibition of their growth in vivo) to test the ability for
      generation of immune response against L1210 leukemia. On day 56 the animals were
      challenged with 10(3) L1210 leukemia cells. Strong resistance against the
      leukemia was induced in TBI + SFLC and TBI + SBMC mice, suggesting that the SFLC
      similarly as SBMC are able to reconstitute immune system of the TBI host.

PMID- 1794438
TI  - Difference in size of bone islands formed by isolated bone cells transplanted
      intramuscularly under various conditions.
AB  - Bone cells isolated from the whole calvaria (2 x 10(6)) from either central or
      peripheral parts of parietal bones (1 x 10(6)) and from scapulas (2 x 10(6)) were
      allowed to adhere to devitalized calvarial bones in the number indicated in
      brackets and transplanted intramuscularly (supported transplants). Whole calvaria
      bone cells (2.4 or 8 x 10(6) cells per transplant) were also injected
      intramuscularly as free transplants. Calvarial cells produced solid bone islands
      with small intraosseous cavities, while bone formed by scapular cells contained
      large medullary spaces. The size of bone islands formed in transplants and the
      shortest distance between the neighbor islands were measured. The results of
      these measurements were similar in all groups of free transplants. The size of
      bone islands formed in supported transplants of cells from the whole calvaria or
      from central and peripheral parts of parietal bones was also roughly similar, but
      the shortest distance between islands was larger than in the free transplants.
      Furthermore, in these groups of transplants bone islands considerably larger than
      the largest islands in free transplants were present. Scapular bone cells formed
      islands much larger than those produced by calvarial cells. Bone islands formed
      by calvarial cells in free transplants were separated by bands of fibrous tissue
      which was absent in supported transplants. It appears that this tissue could
      limit growth and/or fusion of neighbor bone islands and in this manner influence
      their size. The population of transplanted scapular cells contained numerous
      stromal elements which could form an exclusion area inaccessible to local cells
      from the site of transplantation and thus favour formation of large bone islands
      within this area.

PMID- 1794439
TI  - Gene-targeted specific inhibition of chronic myeloid leukemia cell growth by BCR
      ABL antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.
AB  - Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia cells in chronic phase
      (CML-CP) or blast crisis (CML-BC) and normal bone marrow cells (NBMC) were
      incubated in vitro with antisense oligonucleotide specific against the BCR/ABL
      breakpoint junction to examine the possibility of selective inhibition of
      leukemia growth. Growth capability was determined in vitro by colony assay in
      semisolid medium in the presence of interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The 18-mer antisense directed
      against the specific BCR/ABL mRNA breakpoint region diminished the colony
      formation by CML-CP and CML-BC cells, but not by NBMC. Scrambled oligomer did not
      affect significantly the growth of leukemic and normal cells. If CML-BC cells
      were mixed with NMBC and incubated with specific BCR/ABL antisense oligomer,
      leukemic colonies were selectively inhibited, as was shown by reverse,
      transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed to detect BCR/ABL mRNA
      in single colonies. These results confirm the possibility of selective inhibition
      of leukemia cells by antisense treatment.

PMID- 1794440
TI  - Cytochemical studies on the antheridial mucilage and changes in its concentration
      and amount during the spermatogenesis in Chara vulgaris L.
AB  - The internal space of the antheridium in Chara vulgaris L. is filled with the PAS
      positive mucilage which is of pectic nature. Morphometric and cytophotometric
      measurements on the semithin sections indicate that the concentration and amount
      of PAS-positive polysaccharides: 1) increase during the time of antheridial
      growth accompanying the phase of antheridial filament divisions, 2) these
      parameters have the maximum after spermatid formation and at the beginning of
      their differentiation, i.e. spermiogenesis, 3) both concentration and amount of
      this substance decrease at the end of spermiogenesis. A decrease in mucilage
      concentration is also observed in the young antheridia after 3 days of continuous
      darkness. The results suggest that PAS-positive mucilagenous material is a
      nutritive substance, accumulated in the first phase of antheridial development
      and utilized mainly in spermiogenesis. These substances may also be used up in
      the young antheridia during the lack of energy supply. The autoradiographic
      studies with the use of a 3H-glucose and 3H-galactose mixture seem to confirm
      these suggestions.

PMID- 1794441
TI  - Control of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, cells and tissues.

PMID- 1794442
TI  - Energy metabolism and the skin.

PMID- 1794443
TI  - The stress (heat shock) proteins.

PMID- 1794444
TI  - Hemorrhagic protease from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma.
AB  - 1. A hemorrhagic protease I (HP-I) was isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma
      venom by Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Sephacel and Q-Sepharose column chromatographies. 2.
      Homogeneity was established by the formation of a single band in acrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. 3. HP-I has a molecular weight of 34,800 and possesses
      hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. Both activities are inhibited by
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,10-phenanthroline, ethyleneglycolbis
      (beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and tetraethylenepentamine
      (TEP). However neither soybean trypsin inhibitor nor p-chlorobenzoic acid (PCMB)
      were found to have any effect. 4. The toxin contains 311 amino acid residues and
      exhibits an isoelectric point of 4.5. 5. The A alpha chain of fibrinogen was
      cleaved first, followed later by the B beta chain.

PMID- 1794445
TI  - A chondroitin-sulfate chain is located on serine-10 of the urinary trypsin
      inhibitor.
AB  - 1. The glycopeptide carrying the glycosaminoglycan chain of the urinary trypsin
      inhibitor (immunologically and structurally related to inter-alpha-trypsin
      inhibitor) was isolated. 2. The data from amino acid composition and part
      sequencing of this glycopeptide unambiguously demonstrate that the
      glycosaminoglycan is covalently linked to serine-10 of the peptide chain of UTI.

PMID- 1794446
TI  - Leishmania infantum: polyamine biosynthesis and levels during the growth of
      promastigotes.
AB  - 1. Decarboxylation of polyamine precursors: L-ornithine and L-methionine was
      determined along the growth curve of Leishmania infantum promastigotes in vivo,
      reaching maximum values on day 2 post-inoculum (mid-logarithmic phase). 2.
      Maximum values of L-ornithine and L-methionine decarboxylation were: 1.97 +/-
      0.28 nmol CO2/hr/10(7) promastigotes and 3.18 +/- 0.34 nmol CO2/hr/10(7)
      promastigotes, respectively. 3. Total (free + conjugated) polyamine content was
      closely related with the proliferative stage of Leishmania infantum
      promastigotes. 4. D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and Berenil depleted
      putrescine levels in a concentration-dependent manner. 5. Total and free
      putrescine/spermidine ratio varied significantly with the proliferative stage.
      Minimum values were found in late logarithmic phase (day 3 post-inoculum). 6.
      Small but detectable amounts of free spermine were detectable along the growth
      curve of Leishmania infantum promastigotes.

PMID- 1794447
TI  - The uptake and metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D binding protein
      by cultured porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1).
AB  - 1. Uptake of 3H-25OHD3, 3H-25OHD3-DBP, 125I-holo-DBP and 125I-apo-DBP by LLC-PK1
      cells was linearly related to the concentration of each in the culture media. The
      presence of DBP in the medium significantly reduced the amount of 3H-25OHD3 taken
      up by cells. 2. Free 25OHD3 and 25OHD3 bound to DBP were both metabolized by the
      cells to 24,25(OH)2D3 and an unidentified product of apparent lower polarity than
      25OHD3. 3. A significant amount of DBP taken up by the LLC-PK1 cells was
      metabolized to a TCA-soluble form. 4. Uptake of DBP was similar to horseradish
      peroxidase, but higher than inulin, indicative of a non-specific endocytic
      mechanism with an adsorptive component. 5. It is suggested that both free
      circulating 25OHD3 and that derived from lysosomal degradation of 25OHD3-DBP are
      available for hydroxylation by the kidney.

PMID- 1794449
TI  - Altered protein synthesis rate in ovaries of D. melanogaster caused by new
      antitumour alkylating agents.
AB  - 1. The effect of two homo-aza-steroidal esters with antineoplastic activity,
      namely 3 beta-hydroxy-13 alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5 alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17
      lactam-p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminoph enoxyacetate (NSC 294859) and 3 beta-hydroxy
      13 alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5 alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam-p-bis(2
      chloroethyl)aminoph enylacetate (ASE) on protein synthesis rate was studied in
      ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster females. 2. Two different concentrations for
      each compound were examined. 3. Both esters containing the same alkylating agent
      have been shown to decrease protein synthesis in relation to control.

PMID- 1794448
TI  - Evidence that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases from osteoclastomas and hairy
      cell leukemia spleen are members of a multigene family.
AB  - 1. Osteoclasts and hairy cell leukemia spleen both contain large amounts of a
      band 5-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TrACP). 2. We have recently purified
      to homogeneity a band 5 TrACP from human osteoclastomas and two isoforms of band
      5 TrACP (5a and 5b) from the spleen of a patient with hairy cell leukemia. 3.
      Although the N-terminal amino acid sequences and the apparent molecular weights
      of the osteoclastoma, hairy cell leukemia spleen TrACPs were identical, there
      were several differences in the physical and biochemical properties between the
      three isoenzymes. 4. Based on these findings, it is concluded that these
      isoenzymes are different enzymes, but that they could have originated from a
      similar ancestral gene. 5. It is proposed that the osteoclastoma and hairy cell
      leukemia band 5 TrACPs are members of a multigene family.

PMID- 1794450
TI  - Effect of tumour-promoting phorbol ester on calcium homeostasis in human
      platelets.
AB  - The more interesting features of the effects or PMA on [Ca2+]i and ATP release
      were the following: 1. preincubation with PMA inhibited thrombin-evoked calcium
      transients; 2. PMA stimulated slightly the release of calcium and ATP whereas
      inhibited calcium and ATP pools sensitive to thrombin; 3. A23187 reversed the
      inhibitory effect of PMA; 4. subsaturating thrombin concentrations gave results
      similar to PMA on thrombin-induced calcium and ATP release but not on [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 1794451
TI  - Glycoprotein expression in mouse cerebellum: effects of inhibitors of vesicle
      function.
AB  - 1. Explants of cerebellum from foetal mouse were cultured in vitro for 10 days in
      the presence of one of 5 inhibitors of vesicle function (ammonia, brefeldin A,
      carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, diethylcarbamazine, and monensin). 2.
      The effects of the inhibitors were compared with respect to: (a) the activity of
      enzymes involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis and degradation; (b) the expression
      of N-linked glycoproteins; (c) the morphology and ultrastructure of the
      cerebellar explants.

PMID- 1794452
TI  - Expression of bovine inhibin beta subunit in Escherichia coli.
AB  - 1. A DNA fragment encoding the beta subunit of bovine inhibin was amplified using
      the polymerase chain reaction and was cloned in plasmids pUC8 and pUR291. 2.
      Cultures of Escherichia coli TG2 harbouring pKDK37, a pUR291-derived recombinant
      plasmid, produced a novel protein with a molecular weight of 130,000
      corresponding to a beta-galactosidase-inhibin beta fusion protein. 3. The fusion
      protein was purified from inclusion bodies by solubilization in 8 M urea followed
      by an ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. 4. Analysis by
      immunoblotting and competitive radioimmuno assay revealed that the fusion protein
      was recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against a chemically synthesized
      peptide for amino acid residues from +82 to +114 of the beta subunit of the
      bovine inhibin thereby confirming its identity.

PMID- 1794453
TI  - Kinetic properties of purified sheep lung microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5
      reductase.
AB  - 1. Lung NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was saturated with its artificial substrate,
      potassium ferricyanide at approximately 0.1 mM ferricyanide concentration, and
      the activity of the lung enzyme was inhibited by the higher concentrations of
      potassium ferricyanide. Ferricyanide at 0.5 and 1.0 mM inhibited the activity of
      the enzyme by about 20 and 61% respectively. The apparent Km value was calculated
      as 13.7 microM potassium ferricyanide and 4.3 microM NADH. 2. The Michaelis
      constants for cytochrome b5 and NADH were determined to be 1.67 and 7.7 microM
      from the Lineweaver-Burk plots. These results demonstrate that affinity of the
      lung reductase for its natural substrate is almost 10 times higher than that for
      potassium ferricyanide. 3. Addition of non-ionic detergent stimulated the rate of
      reductase-catalyzed reduction of lung cytochrome b5 up to 8.2-fold. 4. Kinetic
      studies performed with lung reductase by varying NADH and cytochrome b5
      concentrations at different fixed concentrations at cytochrome b5 or NADH showed
      a series of parallel lines indicating a "ping-pong" type of kinetic mechanism for
      interaction of NADH and cytochrome b5 with lung cytochrome b5 reductase.

PMID- 1794454
TI  - Comparison of the multiple molecular forms of bovine adrenocortical P450scc with
      those of corpus luteum P450scc.
AB  - 1. Bovine adrenocortical P450scc was resolved into several fractions by
      chromatography on AH-Sepharose 4B followed by gel filtration on Toyopearl HW55S.
      All fractions contained P450scc of the same molecular size and the P450scc could
      be resolved into 3-4 major and more than 10 minor isoelectric point forms by
      isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of Emulgen 913. 2.
      Both the AH-Sepharose chromatography profile and the isoelectric focusing pattern
      of the adrenocortical P450scc were more complex than those of the corpus luteum
      P450scc. The corpus luteum P450scc was practically devoid of the neutral to
      acidic isoelectric point forms. 3. Three to four P450scc subfractions with
      different isoelectric focusing pattern were obtained from a purified preparation
      of adrenocortical P450scc by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650S
      or DEAE-Sephadex A25. These P450scc subfractions showed essentially the same
      spectral properties, catalytic activity, molecular weight and N-terminal amino
      acid sequence. 4. The most acidic (the latest eluting) subfraction was composed
      mostly of the neutral to acidic isoelectric point forms. The sedimentation
      characteristics of this subfraction was also studied. 5. The structural basis of
      the multiple molecular forms was discussed.

PMID- 1794455
TI  - Is there tight channelling in the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolon?

PMID- 1794456
TI  - Whole-organ enzymology of the creatine kinase system in heart.

PMID- 1794457
TI  - Manipulating creatine kinase activity in transgenic mice to study control of
      energy metabolism.

PMID- 1794458
TI  - Aspects of the evolution of the lamin/intermediate filament protein family: a
      current analysis of invertebrate intermediate filament proteins.

PMID- 1794459
TI  - Microtubule dynamic instability: some possible physical mechanisms and their
      implications.
AB  - Video microscopic observation of a population of microtubules at steady state of
      assembly shows individual microtubules which interconvert between phases of
      growing and shrinking. The average duration of either phase is strongly affected
      by the tubulin concentration. Close to the steady-state (or 'critical')
      concentration, the mean excursion lengths may be of cellular dimensions,
      suggesting that dynamic instability can function as a control mechanism for the
      spatial organization of microtubule arrays. Numerical modelling, based on a
      limited number of assumptions, illustrates the transition behaviour, and the
      polar nature of this instability. The basic concept is that tubulin-GTP adds to a
      terminal position of the microtubule lattice and causes hydrolysis of the tubulin
      GTP at a previously terminal lattice position [1, 2]. The predictions of this
      model can be evaluated experimentally. Further, examination of the consequences
      of introducing into the lattice a molecule such as a tubulin-drug complex, with
      altered capacity for helical propagation, provides a quantitative model for
      substoichiometric inhibition of microtubule dynamics and growth. This principle
      could have a more general relevance to mechanisms of regulation of microtubules
      within the cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1794460
TI  - Cytoskeletal proteins in adherens-type cell-matrix junctions.

PMID- 1794461
TI  - Red cell membrane cytoskeleton and the control of membrane properties.

PMID- 1794462
TI  - Desmosomal glycoproteins I, II and III: novel members of the cadherin
      superfamily.

PMID- 1794464
TI  - Syndecan, a regulator of cell behaviour, is lost in malignant transformation.

PMID- 1794465
TI  - Developmental changes in expression of adhesion-mediating proteins in human
      aortic smooth muscle.
AB  - Phenotypic variability of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can serve as a good
      model for studying the mechanisms regulating the expression of adhesion-mediating
      proteins. To describe phenotypic changes of human aortic SMCs, we have studied
      the expression of cytodifferentiation-related adhesion-mediating proteins in
      samples of media from fetal, child and adult human aorta, and in subendothelial
      intima of normal and atherosclerotic aorta. We have shown that during prenatal
      and post-natal development vascular SMCs co-ordinately change several times the
      expression of certain differentiation-related proteins. Our data show the
      existence of certain groups of proteins whose expression during smooth muscle
      development might be controlled by two basic mechanisms: selection of genes to be
      expressed at particular developmental stages and generation of several different
      protein variants from a single gene via alternative RNA splicing.

PMID- 1794463
TI  - Alpha-actinin: a direct link between actin and integrins.

PMID- 1794466
TI  - Microtubule organization in growth cones.

PMID- 1794467
TI  - Characterization of cytoplasmic proteins essential for exocytosis in chromaffin
      cells.

PMID- 1794468
TI  - Cytoskeletal association of mRNAs during growth stimulation.

PMID- 1794469
TI  - Association of ribosomes with myofibrils and microfilaments: a role in the
      spatial organization of protein synthesis.

PMID- 1794470
TI  - Compartmentalization of polysomes into free, cytoskeletal-bound and membrane
      bound populations.

PMID- 1794471
TI  - The cytoskeleton in muscle cells in relation to function.

PMID- 1794472
TI  - Cytochalasins potently inhibit glycogen synthesis in hepatocyte cultures by an
      indirect mechanism.

PMID- 1794473
TI  - G-proteins and the association of ligand/receptor complexes with the cytoskeleton
      in human neutrophils.

PMID- 1794474
TI  - Differences in basal and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated F-actin content of human
      blood neutrophil subpopulations separated by continuous-flow electrophoresis.

PMID- 1794475
TI  - Microinjection of the Yersinia YopE cytotoxin in mammalian cells induces actin
      microfilament disruption.

PMID- 1794476
TI  - Glycoprotein Ib- and actin-binding regions in human platelet actin-binding
      protein.

PMID- 1794477
TI  - Differences in the content of actin-binding proteins in subcellular fractions
      prepared from Krebs II ascites cells.

PMID- 1794478
TI  - Changes in amounts of polysomes in free, cytoskeleton-bound and membrane-bound
      populations in Krebs II ascites cells subjected to different growth conditions.

PMID- 1794479
TI  - Difference in patterns of proteins isolated from polysomes in free, cytoskeleton
      bound and membrane-bound fractions in MPC-II cells incubated with insulin.

PMID- 1794480
TI  - Inhibition by p-bromophenacyl bromide of microtubule assembly in vitro.

PMID- 1794481
TI  - Tubulin: tyrosine ligase activity in regenerating peripheral nerve.

PMID- 1794482
TI  - The largest neurofilament component assembles in non-neuronal cells
      (fibroblasts), but is not phosphorylated.

PMID- 1794483
TI  - Calcium-induced degradation of the lens cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1794484
TI  - Morphological changes in adherent cells induced by Clostridium difficile toxins.

PMID- 1794485
TI  - Restricted efflux of the type II isoform of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      in permeabilized rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 1794486
TI  - High-molecular-mass complexes of the regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent
      protein kinase.

PMID- 1794487
TI  - Collagen and ageing in Bruch's membrane.

PMID- 1794488
TI  - Ultrastructural characterisation of normal and pathological human scleral
      proteoglycans.

PMID- 1794489
TI  - Extraction of the intact form of type IX collagen from mammalian vitreous.

PMID- 1794490
TI  - Mucins synthesized in organ culture of human conjunctival tissue.

PMID- 1794491
TI  - Proteoglycan-collagen interactions in chronic superficial keratitis in the dog.

PMID- 1794492
TI  - Differential effect of oxygen supply and lactate concentration on keratan
      sulphate and glycosaminoglycuronan production in bovine cornea.

PMID- 1794493
TI  - Kinetic analysis of halothane induced Ca2+ release from isolated heavy
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 1794494
TI  - Binding saturation analysis of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate in suspension
      cultures of lucerne cells.

PMID- 1794495
TI  - alpha-Amylase isoenzymes in aged wheat aleurone layers.

PMID- 1794496
TI  - An assessment of the efficacy of anti-integrin alpha subunit monoclonal antibody
      production using affinity purified beta 1-integrin dimers as immunogen.

PMID- 1794497
TI  - Relationship between the secretion of cysteine proteinases and their inhibitors
      and malignant potential.

PMID- 1794498
TI  - Iodoacetate action on articular cartilage chondrocytes.

PMID- 1794499
TI  - Effect of oxygen tension on 35S-glycosaminoglycan synthesis and UDP-sugar pool
      size in articular cartilage.

PMID- 1794500
TI  - The aromatic zipper: a model for the initial trimerization event in collagen
      folding.

PMID- 1794501
TI  - Kidney levels of mRNA encoding S and B2 laminin and alpha 1 (IV) collagen in
      diabetic rats fed an aldose reductase inhibitor.

PMID- 1794502
TI  - Maintenance of collagen IV expression by bovine retinal pericytes isolated
      directly onto Matrigel film.

PMID- 1794503
TI  - Effects of hyperglycaemic conditions on basement membrane gene expression in
      cultured cells.

PMID- 1794504
TI  - Novel methods for the study of cell-collagen interactions.

PMID- 1794505
TI  - Purification of recombinant dog tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.

PMID- 1794506
TI  - Primary aminoacid sequence of rabbit osteocalcin.

PMID- 1794507
TI  - Partial characterization of rat bone lysozyme.

PMID- 1794508
TI  - Type IX collagen in synovial fluids.

PMID- 1794509
TI  - Changes in the distribution of mammalian cartilage collagens with age.

PMID- 1794510
TI  - Physical studies on the protein core of skin dermatan sulphate proteoglycan II
      (decorin).

PMID- 1794511
TI  - T-cell responses to human cartilage antigens in patients with inflammatory joint
      disease.

PMID- 1794512
TI  - Types II, VI and IX collagens in normal and osteoarthrotic human articular
      cartilage.

PMID- 1794513
TI  - The role of integrin alpha 6 beta 4 in hemidesmosomes of human amnion.

PMID- 1794514
TI  - Severe osteogenesis imperfecta: type 1 collagen abnormalities in 17 skin
      fibroblast cell lines.

PMID- 1794515
TI  - Studies on microfibrils of developing bovine elastic tissues.

PMID- 1794516
TI  - Type VI collagen forms a structural association with hyaluronan in vivo.

PMID- 1794517
TI  - Deglycosylation of cartilage proteoglycans and their T cell responses.

PMID- 1794518
TI  - Isolation of calcium-binding proteins by immobilized metal affinity
      chromatography.

PMID- 1794519
TI  - A dye-binding assay for soluble elastin.

PMID- 1794520
TI  - Evaluation of a new, rapid collagen assay.

PMID- 1794521
TI  - N.m.r. spectroscopy of Ca(2+)-heparin suggests delocalized binding of the cation.

PMID- 1794522
TI  - Ca(2+)-heparin interaction investigated polarimetrically.

PMID- 1794523
TI  - A relationship between cation-induced changes in heparin optical rotation and
      heparin-cation association constants.

PMID- 1794524
TI  - Optical rotation changes in chemically modified heparins as a guide to anionic
      groups involved in Ca2+ binding.

PMID- 1794525
TI  - Carboxylate symmetric stretching frequencies and optical rotation shifts of
      heparin-cation complexes.

PMID- 1794526
TI  - I.r. spectroscopic analysis of heparin-polypeptide interaction.

PMID- 1794527
TI  - Effect of physiological pressure on the secretion of cysteine proteinases and
      their inhibitors from articular cartilage.

PMID- 1794528
TI  - The place of bioenergetics in the modular biochemistry course in the School of
      Biological Sciences at Manchester.

PMID- 1794529
TI  - Brighter bioenergetics!

PMID- 1794530
TI  - Redox enzymes: a model coupled system.

PMID- 1794531
TI  - Evidence for a protein X-like domain at the N-terminus of the E1 component of the
      mammalian 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

PMID- 1794532
TI  - Lactobacillus cell walls and their arthritis-inducing effects in rats.

PMID- 1794533
TI  - Computer simulations of the effect of glycosylation on the conformational freedom
      of peptides.

PMID- 1794534
TI  - Solid phase synthesis of monosaccharide-containing N-glycopeptides.

PMID- 1794535
TI  - Erythrocyte 2,3 DPG in normal volunteers, asthmatics and cigarette smokers.

PMID- 1794536
TI  - Species differences in lithium-sodium countertransport rate.

PMID- 1794537
TI  - Comparison of inhibitory effects of lithium and magnesium on longitudinal smooth
      muscle contraction.

PMID- 1794539
TI  - Purification of food grade pectinase from K. marxianus.

PMID- 1794538
TI  - Binding of zona pellucida glycoproteins to sperm proacrosin.

PMID- 1794540
TI  - The preparation and characteristics of immunoliposomes for targeting to tumour
      cells (A 431).

PMID- 1794541
TI  - The preparation and characterisation of proteoliposomes for targeting to oral
      bacteria.

PMID- 1794542
TI  - Single half-turnovers of the glucose transporter of the human erythrocyte.

PMID- 1794543
TI  - Inactivation of the nucleoside transporter of the human erythrocyte by dimethyl
      (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl) sulphonium bromide.

PMID- 1794544
TI  - The use of nested PCR and Southern blotting to confirm the presence of actin in
      Plasmodium yoelli.

PMID- 1794545
TI  - Differential responsiveness of receptor tyrosylkinases to inhibitors: analysis of
      insulin and epidermal growth factor receptor sensitivity in cultured rat
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 1794546
TI  - Isolation of microperoxisomes from human colonic mucosa.

PMID- 1794547
TI  - Exchange of inhibitors and proteases at tumour cell surfaces.

PMID- 1794548
TI  - Studies on a toxin produced by the cyanobacterium Phormidium persicinum.

PMID- 1794549
TI  - Preparation of phenylalanine-deuterated, and totally 15N-enriched, calmodulins
      from Trypanosoma brucei, and its application to drug binding studies.

PMID- 1794550
TI  - The application of mass spectrometry in the study of labile natural products.

PMID- 1794551
TI  - Daily energy expenditure in human subjects.

PMID- 1794552
TI  - Assessment of phosphatidylcholine (PC12) liposomes.

PMID- 1794553
TI  - Effects of different de-endothelializing injuries to the rabbit carotid artery on
      glycosaminoglycan content and sulphonation during early wound healing.

PMID- 1794554
TI  - Biochemical analysis of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy).

PMID- 1794555
TI  - Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is inhibited in human
      cells with antisense RNA expression.

PMID- 1794556
TI  - Integrin-dependent platelet recognition sites in collagen: identification of a
      short platelet-reactive sequence in the type III-derived fragment alpha 1(III)
      CB3.

PMID- 1794557
TI  - Characterisation and regulation of angiotensin receptors in a rat intestinal
      epithelial cell line.

PMID- 1794559
TI  - Monitoring of the in situ thymine photo-adduct using UV irradiated DNA antibody
      F(ab)2 fragment.

PMID- 1794558
TI  - Biochemical changes in liver function due to prolonged administration of co
      protoporphyrin.

PMID- 1794560
TI  - Catalase activity in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

PMID- 1794561
TI  - The extracellular matrix in health and disease: preface.

PMID- 1794562
TI  - The human collagen X gene: complete primary sequence and re-expression in
      osteoarthritis.

PMID- 1794563
TI  - On the regulation of collagen-fibril shape and form.

PMID- 1794564
TI  - Biology and pathology of the pericellular heparan sulphate proteoglycans.

PMID- 1794565
TI  - Structure and function of the fibril-associated collagens.

PMID- 1794566
TI  - Molecular biology and pathology of human elastin.

PMID- 1794567
TI  - Fibronectin and integrins in cell adhesion and migration.

PMID- 1794568
TI  - Integrins in thrombosis, wound healing and cancer.

PMID- 1794569
TI  - Assembly of laminin isoforms by triple- and double-stranded coiled-coil
      structures.

PMID- 1794570
TI  - Cell adhesion to type-VI collagen.

PMID- 1794571
TI  - Molecular interactions in the eye lens.

PMID- 1794572
TI  - Signal transduction in photoreceptors.
AB  - The biochemical role of the visual-pigment protein, rhodopsin, is reviewed, with
      reference to vertebrate rods and cones and the microvillar photoreceptors of
      invertebrates. New results are presented on the structure of squid rhodopsin,
      which possesses an extensive proline-rich repeat at its C-terminus, using
      negative-stain electron microscopy.

PMID- 1794573
TI  - Structural and biochemical changes in the sclera of experimentally myopic eyes.

PMID- 1794574
TI  - Structure and properties of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans.

PMID- 1794575
TI  - Morphological and biochemical studies of the structure of the vitreous and the
      zonular fibres.

PMID- 1794576
TI  - Physical and biological properties of keratan sulphate proteoglycan.

PMID- 1794577
TI  - Proteoglycan: collagen interactions and corneal ultrastructure.

PMID- 1794578
TI  - Rational methods for site-directed drug design: novel approaches for the
      discovery of potential ligands.

PMID- 1794579
TI  - Role of ligand in oestrogen-receptor function.

PMID- 1794580
TI  - Development of novel oestrogen-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 1794581
TI  - Design of ligands for the glucocorticoid and progestin receptors.

PMID- 1794582
TI  - Cholecystokinin receptors: synthetic antagonists with selectivity for receptor
      subtypes and possible clinical applications.

PMID- 1794583
TI  - The structural domains in the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      multienzyme complex from Bacillus stearothermophilus.

PMID- 1794584
TI  - Laser-desorption-ionization Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance (LDI-FT
      ICR) mass spectrometry (m.s.) of bacterial oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1794585
TI  - The study of intact proteins and glycoproteins by electrospray m.s.

PMID- 1794586
TI  - Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of polysaccharides.

PMID- 1794587
TI  - Some biochemical applications of electrospray-magnetic sector mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1794589
TI  - The integration of mass spectrometry into the biochemistry laboratory.

PMID- 1794588
TI  - Application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass
      spectrometry in combination with capillary electrophoresis for biochemical
      investigations.

PMID- 1794590
TI  - A comparison of electrospray-ionization m.s. and matrix-assisted laser desorption
      time-of-flight m.s. for the analysis of protein mixtures.

PMID- 1794591
TI  - Mass spectrometry software for biochemical analysis in electrospray and fast atom
      bombardment modes.
AB  - New mass spectrometry techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI), allow
      the study of large biomolecules and peptide mixtures. The data produced are
      complex and interpretation can be a long and tedious process. A new suite of data
      processing software is described which allows many of these operations to be
      carried out in a rapid, automated way. Software is described for the
      deconvolution of the spectra of multiply charged ions, for both pure compounds
      and mixtures. The rapid peptide mapping of protein digests from h.p.l.c.-m.s.
      data and peptide sequence confirmation from multiple-stage (MS)-m.s. data using
      tandem quadrupole m.s. are also described. In addition preliminary results are
      presented on first principle sequencing of unknown peptides from MS-m.s.
      experiments.

PMID- 1794592
TI  - Retroviral RNA packaging.

PMID- 1794593
TI  - Introducing bioenergetics in the first year.

PMID- 1794594
TI  - Integration of catabolism and anabolism in microbial systems.

PMID- 1794595
TI  - Phototropic bacteria--useful organisms for class experiments.

PMID- 1794596
TI  - Using the bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans and other 'runaway mitochondria' as
      classroom models for respiratory electron transport studies.
AB  - Our suggestions for experiments demonstrating electron-transport-chain
      composition and reactions all exploit bacteria which can be prepared quickly,
      easily and cheaply from cells grown in Erlenmeyer flasks. While they have been
      designed from a cytochrome oxidase point of view using organisms of our own
      prejudice, strains containing mutations in other sites could be just as
      educational. Most bacteria that can grow aerobically have features in common with
      the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Because of the vital importance of oxygen
      utilization throughout most of evolution, and consequent conservation of electron
      transport complexes and carriers, the teaching of bioenergetics, whether in the
      laboratory or lecture room, could benefit from the inclusion of micro-organisms
      in the curriculum.

PMID- 1794597
TI  - Metabolic organization and the ultrastructure of animal cells.

PMID- 1794598
TI  - Metabolic organization and the ultrastructure of animal cells.

PMID- 1794599
TI  - N.m.r. studies of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal and non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic subjects.

PMID- 1794600
TI  - N.m.r. studies of phospholipid metabolism and cell proliferation.

PMID- 1794601
TI  - Stress and the single cytokine: interleukin modulation of the pituitary-adrenal
      axis.

PMID- 1794602
TI  - Role of inhibitory G protein alpha-subunits in adenylyl cyclase desensitization.

PMID- 1794603
TI  - Methimazole and propylthiouracil increase thyroglobulin gene expression in FRTL-5
      cells.
AB  - In FRTL-5 cells, methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU), both thyroid
      peroxidase (TPO) inhibitors, increase thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA levels and Tg
      accumulation in the medium. An increase in Tg mRNA levels and in Tg accumulation
      was observed after 2-4 h and 8 h incubation with 10,000 microM MMI or PTU,
      respectively. Glutamate dehydrogenase mRNA levels, which corresponded with total
      RNA levels, were not affected. The concentrations of these drugs at which
      stimulation occurs are higher than the concentrations required for complete
      inhibition of TPO activity. The stimulatory effects of MMI and PTU can be
      suppressed by iodide and do not occur when protein synthesis is inhibited by
      cycloheximide. The effect of MMI on Tg gene expression is not dependent on
      thyrotropin (TSH) or insulin and MMI does not change the TSH-induced cAMP
      production. We conclude that MMI and PTU interfere in a regulatory pathway for Tg
      gene expression.

PMID- 1794604
TI  - Prolactin receptor gene expression in lymphoid cells.
AB  - To understand the role of pituitary prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRL-R) in
      the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, PRL-R gene expression was
      analyzed in various lymphoid tissues and in a rat T lymphoma cell line, Nb2,
      which requires PRL for growth. The technique of reverse transcription coupled to
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the low abundance PRL-R
      transcripts. Within 30 min to 1 h, PRL stimulates a rapid but transient increase
      in PRL-R mRNA levels in Nb2 T cells. By 4 h, PRL-R mRNA returned to near basal
      levels and then gradually declined to a new steady-state level by 12 h.
      Significant increases in receptor RNA levels were observed in the presence of
      protein synthesis inhibitors, which suggests that PRL-R mRNA levels are under
      negative regulation. PRL-R gene expression was also demonstrated in normal mouse
      thymocytes, splenocytes, and in several lymphoid cell lines. The expression of
      the PRL-R gene in stimulated lymphoid cells provides additional evidence for the
      role of PRL as an immunomodulatory molecule.

PMID- 1794606
TI  - Inhibition of growth by the antihormone RU486 in different hepatoma cell lines.
AB  - The synthetic steroid RU486 (17 beta-hydroxy-11 beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17
      alpha-(1-propynyl)-estra-4,9-dien-3-one), which has been shown to display
      antiprogestin and antiglucocorticoid properties in different systems, exerts
      antiglucocorticoid effects and inhibits the cell growth in a concentration
      dependent manner on Reuber rat hepatoma cell variants. This effect can be
      observed on glucocorticoid-sensitive cells, containing glucocorticoid receptors,
      and on glucocorticoid-resistant cells displaying a very low level of
      dexamethasone binding. Metabolization of RU486 occurs in different glucocorticoid
      resistant hepatoma variants; these cells are less sensitive to the growth
      inhibitory effect of the antihormone than the steroid-sensitive cells which do
      not metabolize RU486. Thus, metabolization of RU486 must also be taken into
      account for the efficacy of this antagonist on cell growth.

PMID- 1794605
TI  - Effects of ageing on the growth and differentiated function of transfected human
      thyrocytes.
AB  - Senescence in primary cultures of mammalian cells is characterised by cessation
      of growth after a number of cell divisions; this may be associated with loss of
      some differentiated functions. Recent studies on bovine adrenocortical cells have
      suggested that expression of simian virus-40 (SV40) early region in these cells
      may prevent phenotypic losses due to senescence. We report here data on growth
      and differentiated function of two human thyrocyte cell lines (SGHTL-34 and -45)
      generated by the transfection of primary thyrocytes with the plasmid pSV3neo
      which contains the SV40 early region. Growth was assessed by fluorometric DNA
      estimations and calculation of cell population doubling time; function was
      assessed by binding studies using 125I-bovine thyrotrophin (TSH) and measurement
      of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response to stimulation with TSH,
      forskolin and cholera toxin. After 3-12 months in stable culture there was a
      gradual increase in the doubling time of both cell lines over a 3-month period
      (SGHTL-34 cells, early 34.5 +/- 4.5 h, late 301 +/- 111.6 h; SGHTL-45 cells,
      early 53.4 +/- 4.4 h, late 148.3 +/- 26.3 h; mean +/- SEM). Scatchard analysis
      demonstrated a loss of the high affinity TSH receptor over the same time period.
      The increase in cAMP in response to 1000 microU/ml TSH declined until the cells
      became unresponsive (SGHTL-34 early, cAMP 10.3 +/- 0.7 pmol/well; late, cAMP -0.4
      +/- 0.3 pmol/well; SGHTL-45 early, cAMP 11.3 +/- 1.1 pmol/well, late, cAMP 0.3 +/
      0.1 pmol/well). The cAMP responses to forskolin and cholera toxin were
      unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794607
TI  - Stage-specific cellular regulation of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA expression in
      the rat seminiferous epithelium.
AB  - To find out the local regulation of inhibin production and its possible paracrine
      role in the seminiferous epithelium, inhibin alpha mRNA levels were measured in
      sequential 1 mm segments of rat seminiferous tubules accurately staged by
      transillumination technique. Highest levels were found at stages XIV-I-IV of the
      cycle, and lowest at stages VI-VIIb of the cycle. When dividing spermatogonia
      were selectively destroyed by 3 Gy of high-energy X-irradiation, stage-specific
      inhibin alpha mRNA levels remained unchanged until 26 and 38 days after
      irradiation when stages VII and VIII of the cycle showed 6- and 4-fold increases
      during a selective reduction of pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatid
      numbers, respectively. The results suggest that these cells at a strictly stage
      specific fashion have a paracrine inhibitory effect on Sertoli cell inhibin alpha
      gene expression. Inhibin alpha mRNA level also correlates closely to the follicle
      stimulating hormone-stimulated cAMP production during the cycle of the
      seminiferous epithelium, but does not seem to have a correlation to
      spermatogonial DNA synthesis.

PMID- 1794608
TI  - Calcium interaction with bovine thyroglobulin: stoichiometry and structural
      consequences of calcium binding.
AB  - Gel filtration studies show that the thyroglobulin (Tg) molecule (dimer) binds
      from 18 to 50 Ca2+ ions. At pH 7.5 Tg binds 18 Ca2+ ions with a Kd of 1.3 x 10(
      5) M, and 50 Ca2+ ions with a Kd of 5.5 x 10(-4) M. The binding of calcium to
      bovine thyroglobulin increases the absorption band of iodoamino acid residues at
      315 nm. In the presence of Ca2+, the fluorescence intensity of 1-anilino-8
      naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) is increased about 5-fold by Tg, with a shift in the
      fluorescence emission maximum from 505 to 490 nm. Thus, thyroglobulin possesses
      two classes of calcium binding sites with different affinities. The data reported
      indicate, also, that Ca2+ binding to Tg increases the hydrophobicity of the
      surface of the molecule.

PMID- 1794609
TI  - Localization of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2 and -beta 3 gene
      expression in bovine mammary gland.
AB  - We have studied the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, -beta
      2, and -beta 3 in the non-lactating and lactating bovine mammary gland by in situ
      hybridization. All three isoforms were expressed in the lobuloalveolar framework
      of the non-lactating and lactating gland although marked differences were
      apparent in their spatial distribution. TGF-beta 1 was expressed predominantly by
      the epithelial cells of the lobules although expression was also observed in the
      intralobular stroma cells lining the epithelium. In contrast, TGF-beta 2
      expression was only observed in the epithelial cells. TGF-beta 3 transcripts were
      expressed at the highest levels and were observed in almost all cells of the
      lobule. No TGF-beta signals were found in the interlobular regions of the mammary
      gland. The possible regulatory functions of these molecules in development of the
      mammary gland and on differentiation processes in the neonate are discussed.

PMID- 1794610
TI  - Ontogenesis of the in vitro response of rat testis to gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone.
AB  - The age-related evolution of the in vitro effects of a gonadotropin releasing
      hormone agonist ([D-Trp6]-GnRH) on the secretion of testosterone by the testis,
      cultured during 3 days on a Millipore filter floating on M199 medium, was studied
      during the perinatal period in the rat. The basal and luteinizing hormone (LH)
      stimulated secretions by testes explanted on fetal day 14.5 were unaffected by
      the agonist. With fetal testes explanted on days 16.5 and 18.5 post-conception,
      the agonist inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, both basal and LH
      stimulated secretions from the second or the third day of treatment onwards. With
      fetal and neonatal testes explanted on days 20.5, 21.5 and 31.5 post-conception,
      the GnRH agonist also had a long-term inhibitory effect on LH-stimulated
      secretion, but increased basal secretion. This stimulatory effect was already
      observed after 4 h of culture, and was maintained for 3 days. These results
      suggest that, during fetal development, the cellular mechanisms involved in the
      negative testicular response to GnRH are differentiated 3-5 days before those
      involved in the positive response. Lastly, after 3 days of preculture in hormone
      free medium, fetal testes explanted on day 14.5 displayed long-term GnRH agonist
      inhibition of in vitro basal secretion of testosterone. This observation points
      out a spontaneous differentiation of the negative responsiveness to GnRH in the
      cultured fetal testis.

PMID- 1794611
TI  - Estrogen-insulin synergism in induction of prolactin in growth hormone-producing
      cells.
AB  - Insulin suppresses growth hormone expression and induces prolactin (PRL)
      biosynthesis in MtT/S cells cultured in a medium supplemented with normal sera.
      Incorporation of [35S]amino acids into immunoprecipitable PRL became detectable
      at 15 h of culture with insulin (500 ng/ml) and increased up to 48 h. Northern
      blot hybridization demonstrated a concurrent induction of PRL mRNA. However,
      insulin failed to induce PRL in a medium supplemented with steroid-depleted sera.
      Either pre- or cocultivation of cells with 10 pM to 10 nM 17 beta-estradiol (E2),
      which did not induce PRL by itself, restored the insulin-mediated PRL
      biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Diethylstilbestrol was as effective as
      E2, whereas testosterone, progesterone and corticosterone were without effect.
      The E2 action was partially suppressed by tamoxifen. These results suggest that
      estrogen is required for the insulin-mediated induction of PRL biosynthesis in
      MtT/S cells.

PMID- 1794612
TI  - Investigation of a possible role of the amino-terminal pro-region of
      proopiomelanocortin in its processing and targeting to secretory granules.
AB  - Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a polyprotein which is targeted to the regulated
      secretory pathway of neuroendocrine cells where it undergoes tissue-specific
      proteolysis to yield peptides such as adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta
      lipotropin and beta-endorphin. The pro-region of POMC is 49 amino acid long with
      two disulfide bonds between cysteine residues 2 and 24 and 8 and 20. These
      cysteine residues are conserved across the species. The pro-region contains no
      known hormonal sequence. Sorting to the regulated secretory pathway is thought to
      involve targeting signals encoded in the structure of secretory proteins. In the
      present study, we have examined the possibility that the disulfide bridges
      located in the NH2-terminal portion of the pro-region of POMC are essential for
      maintaining a determinant involved in the sorting of POMC to the regulated
      secretory pathway. Using site-directed and deletion mutagenesis of the porcine
      POMC cDNA, we created mutants in which one or both disulfide bridges were
      disrupted or in which the first 26 amino acid residues of the pro-region were
      deleted. Recombinant retroviruses carrying the mutated POMC cDNAs were used to
      infect Neuro2A cells. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies
      performed on infected cells revealed that the unmutated and mutated POMC
      immunoreactive peptides were localized in dense-core vesicles at the tips of
      cellular extensions. Analysis of the POMC-immunoreactive peptides extracted from
      the infected Neuro2A cells indicated that the mutated precursors in which one
      disulfide bridge was disrupted (POMC-S2 or POMC-S8) were stored and processed as
      efficiently as the unmutated POMC. By contrast, the mutated precursor in which
      both disulfide bridges were disrupted (POMC-S2,8) did not accumulate in
      intracellular compartments to the same extent as unmutated POMC. Moreover, this
      mutant was very inefficiently processed and no release could be observed upon
      stimulation of the cells with K+/Ca2+. These results suggest that POMC-S2,8
      entered the regulated secretory pathway less efficiently than the unmutated
      precursor. However, when both disulfide bridges were removed from the precursor
      from the precursor by deletion of the first 26 amino acid residues of POMC, the
      truncated precursor (POMC delta 1-26) behaved as the unmutated POMC. Taken
      together our results indicate that the NH2-terminal portion of the pro-region
      including both disulfide bridges can be deleted without affecting the targeting
      of the molecule to secretory granules. However, when the entire POMC sequence is
      expressed in Neuro2A cells, the proper folding of the NH2-terminal region might
      be important for efficient processing and targeting.

PMID- 1794613
TI  - Hormonal regulation of gonadotropin receptor mRNA in rat ovary during follicular
      growth and luteinization.
AB  - To investigate the regulation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
      luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptor genes by
      gonadotropins, we examined the effect of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin
      (PMSG) or PMSG-hCG on the expression of FSH and LH/hCG receptors in rat ovaries.
      After administration of PMSG, Northern blot analysis using the FSH receptor cDNA
      probe revealed that a major band of 2400 nucleotides was detected which reached
      the maximal level on day 3. On the other hand, the level of LH/hCG receptor mRNA,
      a major mRNA of 5400 nucleotides and minor species of 7500, 3600, 2300 and 1200
      nucleotides, increased progressively during 4 days. Treatment with hCG resulted
      in a decrease of FSH and LH/hCG receptor mRNA levels, and the level of FSH
      receptor mRNA was completely suppressed. Although the level of LH/hCG receptor
      mRNA was also suppressed from 3 h to an almost undetectable level at 24 h after
      hCG injection, it recovered to the control level by 48 h and exceeded this level
      several fold by 72 h. The reappearance of LH/hCG receptors following
      desensitization was preceded by an increase in mRNA levels. These studies
      demonstrate that hormonal regulation of gonadotropin receptor mRNAs on rat ovary
      reflects the changes in gonadotropin receptor levels.

PMID- 1794614
TI  - Effects of recombinant human inhibin and testosterone on gonadotropin secretion
      and subunit mRNA in superfused male rat pituitary cell cultures stimulated with
      pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - Effects of recombinant human inhibin (rh inhibin) and testosterone on follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and mRNA levels
      of gonadotropin subunits were investigated in superfused male rat pituitary cell
      cultures. During superfusion, the cells were stimulated with gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses (10 nM, 6 min/h) and exposed to rh inhibin (2
      ng/ml) and/or testosterone (10 nM) for up to 20 h. The concentrations of FSH and
      LH were measured in effluent media by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and subunit mRNAs
      were determined by Northern blot hybridizations using rat FSH beta, LH beta and
      alpha genomic and cDNA probes. Rh inhibin suppressed the secretion of FSH (30-40%
      of control) and the secretion of LH to 50-60% of control, but inhibited only FSH
      beta mRNA (to non-detectable levels). Testosterone alone suppressed the release
      of LH to 50% of control, whereas FSH release was increased to 130-160% (P less
      than 0.05) of control. This increase was due to higher interpulse values without
      significant changes in the pulse amplitude. Also FSH beta mRNA level was
      increased (1.5-fold, P less than 0.05) but only after 17-20 h of treatment. On
      the other hand, testosterone had no effect on LH beta and alpha subunit mRNA
      levels. Testosterone in combination with rh inhibin showed an inhibitory effect
      on LH beta mRNA; however, the pattern of LH release was not significantly
      different from that observed with rh inhibin or testosterone alone. Combined
      effects of testosterone and rh inhibin on FSH secretion and FSH beta mRNA were
      similar to those observed with rh inhibin alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794615
TI  - Validation of removal of human retroviruses.
AB  - Validation of virus removal during product manufacture is one of several
      techniques which can be used to help establish product safety. The usefulness of
      the validation technique will be illustrated for the manufacture of
      immunoglobulins by the Cohn-Oncley ethanol fractionation procedure in which the
      partitioning and inactivation of HIV were studied, and for the manufacture of
      Factor VIII. In the case of Factor VIII which was contaminated with HIV and
      transmitted infection to product recipients, several manufacturers explored means
      of eliminating infectious virus by using a validation procedure involving a
      scaled-down manufacturing process and the spiking of individual steps to
      determine the extent of removal from the product and the inactivation of virus
      during manufacture. Assays for virus remaining after each step were performed in
      tissue culture. Some products were also tested in chimpanzees. Results of tissue
      culture assays could be correlated with safety testing in animals, and also with
      subsequent retrospective analysis of actual product use in patients. Correlation
      was good, suggesting that process validation is useful. Current use of virus
      validation to assess virus removal from products made from continuous cell lines
      such as human hybridomas which could potentially contain viruses infectious for
      humans, as well as some limitations of these validation techniques are also
      discussed.

PMID- 1794616
TI  - Human retroviruses and herpesviruses: problems and solutions in safety testing of
      biologicals.
AB  - Contamination by retroviruses and herpesviruses is a major concern when
      evaluating the safety of biological products, particularly when human cell or
      human-derived products are used. Both virus groups are associated with oncogenic
      disease, and other serious immunosuppressive or degenerative conditions. Their
      capacity to remain as latent infections within the cell enhances the concerns in
      safety testing. A testing regime must take account of the known human
      retroviruses and herpesviruses, unknown or variant viruses and the possibility
      that recombinants or pseudotypes can be formed between human and animal
      retroviruses. To cover these possibilities the Master Cell Bank and
      Manufacturer's Working Cell Bank should be screened by DNA hybridisation for
      known viruses. At each stage of the production process culture techniques should
      be utilised to detect known and variant viruses which might not be detected by
      hybridisation. PCR has a particular value in screening the final product but this
      technique requires rigorous quality control procedures.

PMID- 1794618
TI  - Safety of vaccines produced in continuous cell lines.

PMID- 1794617
TI  - Inactivation of retroviruses in biologicals manufactured for human use.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus may occur in human plasma and mammalian retroviruses
      in established cell lines used for the production of monoclonal antibodies or
      recombinant proteins. To avoid any risk of retrovirus infections being
      transmitted to human patients by human plasma proteins or other biologicals
      obtained from established cell lines, these products must be free of
      contaminating retroviruses. This can be achieved by excluding contaminated source
      material and by establishing manufacturing procedures which inactivate and
      eliminate retroviruses. Some methods were investigated, and it was proved that
      these methods not only completely inactivate retroviruses, but that they are at
      the same time mild enough not to destroy the biological activities of the
      substances to be used as therapeutics. In addition, the clearance of retroviruses
      by the entire manufacturing process of an immunoglobulin, human plasminogen, a
      murine monoclonal antibody and a recombinant human protein were studied. In each
      case cumulative clearance factors of greater than 10(12) were achieved for the
      retroviruses used in these spiking experiments. It can be concluded that these
      high clearance factors contribute a very high margin of safety to the biologicals
      manufactured.

PMID- 1794619
TI  - Virus zoonoses and their potential for contamination of cell cultures.
AB  - Silent virus infections of laboratory animals present a human health hazard, from
      direct exposure and from contamination of biological products for human use. Here
      we report two recent examples. In 1989, an outbreak of lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections was recognized among workers at a cancer
      research center after an animal caretaker developed viral meningitis.
      Investigation revealed that multiple tumor cell lines at the facility were
      infected with LCMV, as were research animals injected with these cell lines. Of
      82 workers tested, eight (10%) were found to have been infected. The infected
      workers were more likely than other animal handlers to report handling athymic
      (nude) mice (p less than .0.007). The number of nude mice used in this facilty
      had increased five-fold in the previous year, possibly explaining the timing of
      the outbreak. This is the first reported LCMV outbreak since 1975, and the first
      to implicate nude mice as a source of human LCMV infections. In November 1989 and
      January 1990, infections caused by two distinct Ebola-like filoviruses were
      discovered in non-human primates at quarantine facilities in Virginia and
      Pennsylvania. Although 22 persons were considered to have high- or medium-risk
      exposures for Ebola infection, no Ebola-compatible illnesses occurred. One of the
      medium-risk persons had Ebola IgG antibodies confirmed by IFA and Western blot.
      Rigorous use of barrier precautions may have limited exposure and infection with
      these filoviruses. In February 1990, new groups of filovirus-infected monkeys
      were identified in Virginia and in Texas. Seroconversion occurred in four animal
      handlers, including one to very high titer, but again no illness was
      observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794620
TI  - Operator-induced contamination in cell culture systems.
AB  - Operator-induced biological contamination in cell cultures is a multifaceted
      problem involving the unexpected introduction of other animal cells, microbial
      and viral contaminants. Detailed studies on animal cell cross contaminations have
      been performed and published. The frequency of detection of problem cultures has
      been as high as 36% for one service performed in the USA, with interspecific
      cross contamination accounting for 25% and human intraspecific contamination
      representing 11%. Awareness of the potential of this problem plus the application
      of several characterizations are key factors for its control. For example,
      fluorescent antibody staining, isoenzyme analyses, cytogenetic evaluations and
      DNA fingerprinting using molecular probes are needed for quality assurance on
      master seed stocks. Detection of microbial contamination is relatively
      straightforward, but the prevalence of mycoplasmal infections in cell cultures
      used in general research is still a significant problem. Detection services
      report frequencies of infection varying from 10% upwards, depending upon the
      country and laboratory of origin. The utilization of prescreened reagents and
      antibiotic-free cultivation, plus the application of improved procedures, such as
      fluorescent dyes and molecular probes for detection, provide effective means of
      avoiding mycoplasma infection and facilitating control. For many viruses, the
      presence of mycoplasma reduces immunoreactivity, suppresses transcriptase and
      other enzyme activities, reverses viral neutralization etc. The introduction of
      viral contaminants into cell cultures is perhaps the most problematic, especially
      where no cytopathic effect is produced. Few cases are documented where
      technicians infected with specific viruses have introduced these unwittingly into
      cultures in their care. The potential exists, however, as reports have appeared
      documenting the considerable stability of rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial
      virus, rotaviruses and others, in aerosols on workers' hands and safety hood
      surfaces. The infection of cell cultures via other contaminated cells or reagents
      such as sera is a related problem. In this regard, the infection of
      transplantable tumor cell lines with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from host
      animals led to an outbreak of the disease in medical center personnel. Similar
      infection of rat cell lines exposed to animals harboring hantaviruses has been
      reported. Technical staff in US government laboratories have been infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus produced in cultured cells. Such serious public
      health hazards warrant repeated emphasis. The use of multiple cell lines in a
      given laboratory, including cultures known to be virally infected, compounds the
      problems and necessitates application of preventive methods both to avoid cross
      infections and to document freedom from contamination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1794621
TI  - New molecular approaches for detecting viral genomes.
AB  - The impact of a recently developed procedure, the polymerase chain reaction, is
      to be seen in all areas of molecular biology including virology and viral
      diagnostics. The power of the technique lies in its ability to amplify specific
      nucleic acid sequences from extremely low starting levels to amounts which can be
      readily detected, making it an obvious and attractive technique for the diagnosis
      of virus contamination. It has been developed for the detection of the hepatitis
      C virus genome in blood and blood products and it appears to be a more efficient
      marker for infectivity than the detection of anti-HCV antibodies. Considerable
      care must be taken in the use of PCR as a diagnostic technique because its
      exquisite sensitivity can easily give rise to false positives. Whilst PCR has an
      obvious role in safety testing of biologicals it will not be used in isolation
      but will complement other tests for infectivity and virus contamination.

PMID- 1794622
TI  - EEC legislation of medicinal products of biological origin.

PMID- 1794623
TI  - Correlations between virus infection and pathogenicity in humans.
AB  - Infection is not synonymous with disease. Infection refers to the multiplication
      or the persistence of a virus in tissues while pathogenicity refers to the
      emergence of disease in the infected host. Pathogenicity is the result of a
      competition between the growth of the virus and the host response to infection,
      and its genesis involves many intricate factors. Consequently, most viruses of
      medical interest exhibit a wide spectrum of pathogenicity ranging from
      asymptomatic infection to lethal disease. The study of pathogenicity is far more
      complex than the recognition of infection. Cell cultures, animal models and
      molecular biology investigations have provided substantial insights both into the
      virulence of viruses and the susceptibility of the host. However, the prediction
      of disease often remains hazardous whereas the detection of a virus can now be
      obtained in most cases by the combination of classical methods with recent
      molecular techniques. Therefore the prevention of virus diseases transmitted by
      biologicals is logically founded on the prevention of virus infections, which
      implies a constant adaptation of safety control procedures to the rapid evolution
      of knowledge in medical virology.

PMID- 1794624
TI  - Virological aspects of the quality control of biologicals: quantitative
      considerations.

PMID- 1794625
TI  - Validation of purification procedures for removing and/or inactivating viruses in
      biologicals: points to consider.
AB  - Viruses represent a main concern as a potential risk associated with the use of
      both classical biologicals and new biotechnological products. The objective of
      validation is to estimate quantitatively the overall level of virus clearance
      obtained during the various stages of purification and viral inactivation
      procedures. The design of a validation procedure should take into account the
      amount of contaminating virus in the source material, the minimum clearance
      factor to be attained for at least one of the stages and the minimum overall
      clearance factor. A major issue in performing a validation assay is in
      determining what viruses should be used. In addition to the inclusion of relevant
      viruses in the assessment, the validation should include a collection of model
      viruses possessing a range of biophysical and structural features and displaying
      a significant resistance to physical and/or chemical agents. Despite the apparent
      freedom from any infectious agents of source materials, such as plasma or cell
      lines, validation of the purification and/or inactivation procedures plays an
      essential and important role in establishing the safety of biologicals.

PMID- 1794626
TI  - Virological aspects of the quality control of human monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The use of human monoclonal antibodies derived ultimately from lymphocytes raises
      particular virological concerns. They may be addressed by good documentation of
      the source materials including the health of the original donor and details of
      the development of the cell line, and by validation of the production process.
      All products must be assessed individually depending on their quality and
      intended use.

PMID- 1794627
TI  - European project concerning the guidelines on medicinal products derived from
      human blood and plasma.
AB  - The Biotechnology/Pharmacy Working Party (BPWP) decided in October 1989 to put on
      its working programme the elaboration of a guideline on medicinal products
      derived from human blood and plasma. This has been determined by the adoption of
      Directive 89/381/EEC extending the scope of the EEC pharmaceutical legislation to
      medicinal products derived from human plasma. Because Directive 89/381/EEC will
      come into force on 1 Jan. 1992, the existing products derived from plasma should
      be reviewed in order to harmonize them with the EEC requirements before 1 Jan.
      1993. In this paper, I give an account of the main points and questions addressed
      by the BPWP draft in order to stimulate comments from producers and regulatory
      agencies.

PMID- 1794628
TI  - Viral safety of biological products in WHO policy.
AB  - The production and quality control of biological products are regulated by the
      different national and international requirements. One of the many functions of
      WHO is to develop an international consensus on basic criteria for the
      acceptability of biological products. These include general and international
      requirements for the production of individual biological products (vaccines,
      interferons, blood and blood products, etc.). Production and control of
      biologicals includes control of substrates, products during manufacture, and the
      final lots. By means of the application of these international requirements and
      guidelines, biological products can be manufactured with high quality, safety-
      especially viral safety--and efficacy.

PMID- 1794629
TI  - Virus inactivation: lessons from the past.
AB  - The organizers of this meeting have assigned two tasks to me. The first is to
      describe the state of affairs in 1955 when several lots of Salk poliovaccine,
      which had been formalin-inactivated according to government regulation and had
      been released for use in children, were subsequently found to have retained a
      small amount of live virulent virus. The second task is to describe a series of
      experiments that we conducted 25 to 35 years ago on the influence of cations on
      the thermostability of viruses. Perhaps there are some lessons to be learned and
      some benefits for future research to be gained from this history.

PMID- 1794630
TI  - Introductory remarks: viral safety of biologicals.

PMID- 1794631
TI  - Specific inactivation of viruses which can potentially contaminate blood
      products.
AB  - The viral safety of intramuscular immune globulin and albumin has long been
      recognized. Safety is the result of multiple barriers operating in concert,
      including donor selection, donor blood screening, immune neutralization,
      serendipitous inactivation and removal, and virus sterilization. Experience on
      the transmission of viruses, most notably hepatitis A and non-A, non-B (HBV and
      NANBHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by coagulation factor
      concentrates prepared from large plasma pools highlights the difficulty of
      relying on donor selection and purification methods to eliminate virus
      transmission and the benefit of potent virucidal procedures. Before virus
      sterilization, the transmission rate of NANBHV and HIV by these concentrates
      approached 100%. Following virus sterilization, methods shown to inactivate less
      than or equal to 10(4) infectious doses (ID50) of hepatitis virus(es) greatly
      reduced HIV but not NANBHV transmission. Methods shown to inactivate greater than
      or equal to 10(5) ID50 of hepatitis viruses have eliminated HIV transmission and
      have greatly reduced hepatitis transmission. Elimination of transmission occurred
      before HIV and HCV screening and the development of purification methods shown to
      reduce virus presence. Based on an analysis of the initial virus load, the best
      coagulation factor concentrates available today are concluded to have a
      probability of safety equivalent to that of albumin. Introduction of
      sterilization methodology into the manufacture of all blood protein products
      should now be considered.

PMID- 1794632
TI  - An overview of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with the use of human
      pituitary growth hormone.

PMID- 1794633
TI  - Methodological aspects of the validation of purification procedures of
      human/animal-derived products to remove unconventional slow viruses.
AB  - This study describes what needs to be considered in order to make a proper risk
      estimate of a human/animal-derived biological product from the contamination with
      unconventional slow virus(es). Several factors are important for this estimate.
      The first points regard the source of raw material (whether of human or animal
      origin), the kind of tissue (brain and other neural tissues being a higher risk),
      and in which way the tissue is collected. Then, the possibility, although remote,
      is taken into consideration of performing a quality control on the raw material
      through the measurement of PrP27-30, which is considered a specific marker of
      these diseases. Unfortunately, the detection of PrP27-30 is not yet so sensitive
      compared to the measurement of infectivity. Finally, the design of the validation
      experiments on the extraction and purification procedures of human/animal-derived
      products which gives the best estimate of safety is described. The conclusion of
      this study is that each biological product needs to be individually evaluated and
      therefore, it will be difficult to give standard guidelines for the judgement of
      their safety.

PMID- 1794634
TI  - Regulatory philosophy and acceptability of cells for the production of
      biologicals.
AB  - The issue of what types of cells should be considered acceptable for use in
      manufacture of biologicals dates back to the early 1950s. One of the central
      points in the discussions and debates over the past 35 years has been the
      possibility that the use of a given type of cell would result in unsafe products.
      Of the possible sources of risk, the presence of endogenous viruses in cell
      substrates has been the only one with realistic and practical implications for
      public health. The discovery of SV-40 in polio vaccines derived from primary
      Rhesus kidney cells made the issue of viral contaminants a very real one. Avian
      leukosis viruses have also been identified as endogenous agents that were carried
      over into products derived from chicken eggs. It is now important for regulatory
      policy to continue to be flexible, and to be guided by our technological
      capabilities in addressing safety issues associated with endogenous viral
      contaminants.

PMID- 1794635
TI  - Inactivation of BSE agent.
AB  - Although there are no data reported yet for inactivation of BSE agent it is
      reasonable in the interim, to draw upon existing data for other transmissible
      degenerative encephalopathies (TDE), much of which derives from experiments with
      the scrapie agent. Such studies suggest that no standard chemical or physical
      decontamination procedure will reliably inactivate the amount of scrapie/BSE
      infectivity present in worst-case situations but high concentrations of sodium
      hypochlorite or sodium hydroxide have been shown respectively to be completely
      effective or almost so. Regarding physical inactivation procedures, it is clear
      that some infectivity survives exposure to doses of UV and ionising radiations
      which represent "overkill" for conventional viruses. With dry heat, survival of
      infectivity is also remarkable, and it is only through autoclaving that
      apparently secure standards can be achieved for thermal inactivation; even so,
      autoclaving procedures need to be more rigorous than for conventional
      microorganisms, and can be compromised by prior chemical treatment of infected
      material.

PMID- 1794636
TI  - Individual differences in speech recognition ability: implications for hearing
      aid selection.
AB  - Hearing-impaired listeners with similar audiometric configurations often
      demonstrate varying abilities to understand speech in the presence of noise
      and/or reverberation. To date, however, it is unclear which auditory mechanisms
      are responsible for these perceptual deficits. This lack of information is
      unfortunate, as individual susceptibility to noise and reverberation may explain
      why hearing-impaired listeners receive varying degrees of benefit from
      rehabilitative strategies. The present discussion will examine: (1) individual
      speech recognition susceptibility to noise and reverberation in hearing-impaired
      listeners and (2) auditory and cognitive hypotheses to explain individual
      differences in speech recognition performance. Theoretical and clinical
      implications for hearing aid selection procedures will be discussed.

PMID- 1794637
TI  - Exploration of factors beyond audibility that may influence speech recognition.
AB  - The effects of reduced ability to differentiate acoustic information on speech
      reception are difficult to separate from the effects of reduced absolute
      sensitivity. One possible way is to explore abilities to differentiate acoustic
      information while holding absolute sensitivity constant. Two auditory phenomena
      known as enhancement and suppression, which are thought to be related to speech
      reception ability, were evaluated in persons with normal absolute sensitivity who
      had either normal or reduced speech recognition in noise. Results of forward
      masking experiments do not support the notion that enhancement or suppression is
      reduced in persons with reduced speech recognition in noise. However, their
      pattern of performance differed from that of listeners with normal speech
      recognition in noise when the duration of certain complex maskers was varied.

PMID- 1794638
TI  - A review of current "noise reduction" hearing aids: rationale, assumptions, and
      efficacy.
AB  - Amplification technology has changed considerably in the last decade,
      particularly with the introduction of more advanced adaptive signal processing
      approaches and digital/hybrid hearing aids. Because difficulty understanding
      speech in the presence of background noise is the most common complaint of
      hearing-impaired patients, an increasing number of these new products are being
      marketed as "noise reduction" hearing aids. There reamin, however, many
      unanswered questions regarding patient candidacy for these instruments, and the
      relative benefit that can be expected from the new technology. This article
      discusses issues and assumptions underlying noise reduction strategies, reviews
      categories of hearing aids on the market that are meant to alleviate listening
      difficulty in noise, and outlines future needs in research and development in
      this area.

PMID- 1794639
TI  - Future directions in signal processing hearing aids.
AB  - Digital hearing aids offer many advantages over conventional analog hearing aids,
      such as programmability, memory, extremely precise, flexible control of
      electroacoustic characteristics, and advanced signal processing capabilities for
      noise reduction and speech enhancement. At the present stage of development,
      digital hearing aids are subject to severe practical constraints with respect to
      size and power consumption. Hybrid analog/digital hearing aids have been
      developed which combine some of the advantages of digital technology with the
      practicality of small, cosmetically acceptable instruments. Recent studies with
      all-digital and hybrid analog/digital hearing aids have identified trends which
      are likely to influence future hearing aid design.

PMID- 1794640
TI  - Special hearing aid considerations in elderly patients with auditory processing
      disorders.
AB  - Elderly individuals often have more deficits in speech understanding than would
      be expected in younger individuals with the same degree of hearing loss. Such
      deficits may be attributed to the complex nature of age-related changes that
      occur throughout the central auditory nervous system and are generally referred
      to as auditory processing disorders. These deficits have been related to poorer
      performance with hearing aids, reduced satisfaction with hearing aids, and
      reduced prognosis for successful benefit from hearing aid use. Intervention
      strategies that enhance signal to noise ratio are often successful in overcoming
      the debilitating effects of auditory processing disorder in the elderly.

PMID- 1794641
TI  - Strategies for enhancing the consonant to vowel intensity ratio with in the ear
      hearing aids.
AB  - Numerous investigators have suggested that increasing the consonant to vowel
      intensity ratio (CVR) may improve speech intelligibility. This investigation was
      designed to determine the extent to which analog circuits, small enough to fit
      into in the ear hearing aids, can increase the CVR, and whether CVR enhancement
      is of benefit to hearing-impaired listeners. Real ear CVRs, calculated from real
      ear recordings of nonsense syllables, were obtained from eight hearing-impaired
      listeners. Recordings from each listener were obtained through each of four
      hearing aid circuits: (1) an adaptive high-pass filter; (2) a faster acting
      adaptive high-pass filter; (3) the fast-acting adaptive high-pass filter with
      expansion; and (4) an infinite amplitude clipper. The amount of CVR enhancement
      was compared to performance of the subjects with a NST speech recognition task.
      Subjects also ranked the four circuits for amount of consonant emphasis provided.
      Results indicated that the four hearing aid circuits increased the real ear CVR
      by 4 to 6 dB, relative to unaided. Aided CVR varied, however, across circuits and
      between fricative and stop consonants. Performance on the NST recognition task
      was generally consistent with the amount of CVR increase provided. Rank ordering
      for consonant emphasis was consistent with aided CVR for stop consonants, but not
      for fricatives.

PMID- 1794642
TI  - Characterization and simulation of impaired hearing: implications for hearing aid
      design.
AB  - This article reviews several aspects of auditory perception that are affected by
      hearing loss of cochlear origin. It is argued that most of the observed effects
      can be understood in terms of damage to a physiologically vulnerable active
      process in the cochlea. In a normal ear, this process enhances sensitivity and
      frequency selectivity and reduces the slope of the input-output function on the
      basilar membrane. Damage to the active process in impaired ears leads to reduced
      sensitivity and frequency selectivity, an abnormally rapid rate of growth of
      loudness with intensity, reduced temporal integration and, for certain types of
      stimuli, reduced temporal resolution. The implications and relevance of each of
      these effects to the design and fitting of hearing aids are discussed.

PMID- 1794643
TI  - Modeling normal and impaired hearing: implications for hearing aid design.
AB  - A cochlear simulation has been developed to model normal and impaired hearing.
      The simulation includes the middle ear, the mechanical motion of the cochlear
      partition, and the mechanical to neural transduction of the inner hair cells. The
      outer hair cells are postulated to provide an active feedback mechanism that
      adjusts the gain and shape of the auditory filters. Auditory impairment is
      simulated by reducing the efficacy of the outer hair cells and by modifying the
      inner hair cell transduction process. The effects of simulated impairment are
      illustrated for two speech sounds, /ba/ and /ka/, with the neural firing patterns
      from the impaired ear compared with those of a normal ear. The differences in the
      neural firing patterns are interpreted in the context of hearing aid signal
      processing.

PMID- 1794644
TI  - What can we learn about hearing aids from cochlear implants?
AB  - Cochlear implants have changed the rehabilitation of profoundly hearing-impaired
      patients. A wide range of performance is reported for postlingually deaf adult
      patients using multichannel (Nucleus and Inerad) cochlear implants. For the 63
      patients described here, performance ranges from 0 to 62% correct word
      recognition, from 0 to 98% lipreading enhancement measured as a percentage of the
      possible enhancement, and from 0 to 98% on understanding words in sentences.
      Prelingually deaf children also show benefit from their cochlear implants, but
      they require more time to obtain benefit than postlingually deaf children and
      adults. Experience with cochlear implants has suggested a few observations that
      could be useful to hearing aid development, including: (1) field trials are
      essential; (2) signal processing should preserve and enhance frequency
      resolution; (3) the fitting process for a sophisticated hearing aid may require
      several days to adjust properly; (4) fitting algorithms should focus on
      individuals rather than averages; (5) patients will wear a larger device if their
      handicap is great enough and if the improvement is sufficient; and (6) patients
      should and will accept expensive hearing aids.

PMID- 1794645
TI  - Speech perception, hearing aid technology, and aural rehabilitation: a future
      perspective.
AB  - Dramatic changes in technology have considerably changed the scope of practice of
      the audiologist. The advent of the digitally programmable hearing aid promises to
      provide improved speech recognition for hearing-impaired listeners. The current
      emphasis in hearing aid research is on the enhancement of the technology and
      instrumentation necessary to measure the acoustic properties of the hearing aid.
      Less emphasis has been placed on how audiologists should evaluate aided benefit
      and performance. This article considers future needs in assessment techniques for
      the aural rehabilitation process.

PMID- 1794646
TI  - Issues in the assessment and use of hearing aid technology.
AB  - Issues of importance in the assessment and use of hearing aid technology are
      discussed. The roles of the consumer and federal legislation are considered.
      Developing technology and its impact on hearing aid selection and evaluation
      procedures are highlighted. The role of electroacoustic measures for
      specification of the functional performance of new technology is suggested.
      Strategies for assessing hearing aid performance are suggested, along with the
      need to develop a consensus regarding speech perception measures for hearing aid
      evaluation.

PMID- 1794647
TI  - Development of an experimental model for the study of hexachlorobenzene-induced
      hepatic porphyria in the rat.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) induces hepatic porphyria in rats. Various protocols of
      repeated cumulative and daily doses of HCB administered for several weeks until
      porphyria develops have been traditionally used. In order to undertake studies on
      early biochemical events occurring in HCB-induced porphyria, we have designed an
      experimental model involving the administration of a minimal amount of HCB
      inducing a fully developed porphyria in a well defined and predictable time
      frame. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were given (po, in 10 ml/kg of corn oil) a
      cumulative dose of 1,500 mg HCB/kg as 50 mg/kg for 6 weeks (5 days/week) or 100
      mg/kg for 3 weeks (5 days/week). In female, but not male, rats treated for 6
      weeks, HCB caused a porphyria as measured by urinary uroporphyrin and hepatic
      porphyrin levels; this total dose given to female rats in 3 weeks was not,
      however, porphyrinogenic. Female rats were given 12 consecutive daily doses of 50
      mg HCB/kg followed by a no-treatment period of 30 days; this cumulative dose of
      600 mg HCB/kg induced a porphyria after 6 weeks. The approximate minimally
      effective cumulative dose inducing porphyria was determined to be 400 mg HCB/kg,
      regardless of the magnitude of the daily dose (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg). Finally,
      the administration of a cumulative dose of 500 mg HCB/kg (50 mg/kg, 5 days/week
      for 2 weeks or 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) induced after 5 to 6 weeks a porphyria
      that persisted for more than 500 to 600 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794648
TI  - Developmental toxicity of bromoxynil in mice and rats.
AB  - The developmental toxicity of the wide-spectrum herbicide bromoxynil (bromoxynil
      phenol; 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl cyanide) was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats
      and Swiss-Webster mice, and the developmental toxicity of its octanoate ester
      (2,6-dibromo-4-cyanophenyl octanoate) was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Animals were treated from Day 6 to Day 15 of gestation [presence of sperm or
      semen plug = 0 of gestation]. The doses administered were as follows: bromoxynil
      phenol in the mouse, 342, 114, and 38 mumol/kg/day; bromoxynil phenol and
      bromoxynil octanoate in the rat, 54, 18, and 6 mumol/kg/day. Some animals were
      killed on selected days during treatment for measurement of organ weights
      sensitive to stress. In mice treated with bromoxynil phenol, maternal mortality
      was noted at 114 and 342 mumol/kg/day, but surviving females gained weight
      normally. Liver to body weight ratios increased with increasing dose, but no
      consistent effect was seen on adrenal, thymus, or spleen weights. Fetuses of mice
      treated with the highest dose of bromoxynil phenol were of lower weight and had a
      higher incidence of supernumerary ribs than controls. In rats, bromoxynil phenol
      and its octanoate ester at the highest doses used caused no mortality but
      resulted in only transient decreases in maternal weight gain and significantly
      increased the liver to body weight ratio, but did not significantly alter
      adrenal, thymus, or spleen weight in the dams. No significant maternal effects
      were seen at lower doses. The highest doses of both compounds increased the
      incidence of supernumerary ribs in fetuses of treated rats, but did not induce
      other anomalies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794649
TI  - Significance of supernumerary ribs in rodent developmental toxicity studies:
      postnatal persistence in rats and mice.
AB  - Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss-Webster mice were gavaged with bromoxynil
      at 15 and 96.4 mg/kg/day, respectively, on Days 6-15 of gestation. The frequency
      of supernumerary ribs (SNR), which are here defined as any degree of ossification
      lateral to the first lumbar vertebrae, was determined in fetuses at term and
      offspring on Postnatal Days 6, 20, and 40. Bromoxynil induced significant
      increases in the incidence of SNR in fetuses of both species. In rats, SNR
      occurred in 62% of treated fetuses as compared to 14% in controls; in mice these
      values were 45% and 11%, respectively. The postnatal incidence and persistence of
      SNR was species dependent. In the rat, postnatal SNR incidence in treated animals
      did not differ significantly from controls. In contrast, in mice the bromoxynil
      induced elevated incidence of SNR persisted through Day 40 (42.3% in treated vs
      0% in controls). Analysis of SNR was also done on the basis of their length
      (greater or less than 1/2 the length of the 13th rib). In the mouse, the
      incidence of smaller SNR was much lower on Day 40 as compared to Day 20; in
      contrast the incidence of larger SNR persisted through Day 40. In the rat, the
      incidence of larger SNR was too small to draw conclusions as to the postnatal
      fate of these structures. As in the mouse, however, the incidence of smaller SNR
      was significantly lower by Day 40. The significance of SNR in developmental
      toxicity remains problematic. The impact of this anomaly on animals is difficult
      to assess.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794650
TI  - Somatic development of the infant monkey following in utero exposure to caffeine.
AB  - Caffeine has been associated with a number of reproductive and developmental
      effects in animals and humans. In an effort to characterize the potential effects
      of caffeine on the developing infant, 40 adult female monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) were randomly divided into three groups and exposed at 0, 0.15, and
      0.35 mg/ml (equivalent to 0, 10-15, and 25-30 mg/kg/day, respectively) of
      caffeine via their drinking water, before, during, and after pregnancy. Maternal
      blood and milk samples were collected following parturition. Infants were
      separated from their mothers within 12 hr of birth and were reared in a primate
      nursery. Blood samples were collected during the first week of life, and body
      weight, somatic measurements, and food consumption data were collected throughout
      the first 3 years. Maternal blood and milk concentrations and infant blood
      concentrations of caffeine and theophylline (the major blood metabolite of
      caffeine in the monkey) were similar to one another. Infant half-life of these
      methylxanthines was longer than that of the adult but not as long as that
      observed in human infants. Body weights and somatic measurements of male infants
      were significantly reduced over the first 30 days, as were a number of initial
      somatic measurements in both male and female infants. These deficits were not
      evident after 1 year of age. There were no treatment-related effects on infant
      tooth eruption or milk consumption. Results from this study support previously
      published results from this group of monkeys as well as studies by other
      researchers in rodents indicating that caffeine consumption during pregnancy can
      alter infant somatic development.

PMID- 1794651
TI  - Hemolytic activity of ethylene glycol phenyl ether (EGPE) in rabbits.
AB  - Studies were conducted to characterize the hemolytic effects of EGPE in rabbits
      following oral and dermal exposure, and to evaluate the in vitro hemolytic
      potential of EGPE and its major metabolite using rabbit red blood cells (RBC).
      Gavage administration of EGPE to female New Zealand White rabbits at 100, 300,
      600, or 1000 mg/kg/day for up to 10 consecutive days (one dose/day) resulted in a
      dose-related intravascular hemolytic anemia. The hemolytic anemia was
      characterized by decreased RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell
      volume, hemoglobinuria, splenic congestion, renal tubule damage, and a
      regenerative erythroid response in the bone marrow. The hemolytic anemia was
      observed without alterations in RBC glutathione or methemoglobin. Phenoxyacetic
      acid (PAA) was identified as a major blood metabolite of EGPE. In vitro exposure
      of female rabbit erythrocytes indicated EGPE to be considerably more hemolytic
      than PAA. In a 90-day dermal study in which EGPE was applied to the skin of male
      and female New Zealand White rabbits 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, at doses up to 500
      mg/kg/day, there was no indication of a hemolytic response. The only treatment
      related effects were sporadic occurrences of slight erythema and scaling of skin
      at the site of test material application in high dose group male and female
      rabbits. However, erythema and scaling were not associated with gross or
      histopathologic changes and were not considered toxicologically significant.

PMID- 1794652
TI  - Target organ toxicity and leukopenia in Fischer 344 rats given intravenous doses
      of vinblastine and desacetyl vinblastine.
AB  - The toxicity and leukopenia produced by vinblastine or desacetyl vinblastine were
      established in 1-month studies in rats. Groups of male Fischer 344 rats were
      given weekly intravenous doses of vinblastine or desacetyl vinblastine at doses
      of 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, or 1.28 mg/kg. The target organ toxicity was similar
      for both compounds. Decreased cell production in the thymus, testes, and bone
      marrow was produced in the animals of the two highest dose groups for both
      compounds with the degree of severity greater in the highest dose group. All high
      dose rats (1.28 mg/kg) given desacetyl vinblastine and three rats given
      vinblastine died prior to study termination. Body weight loss was more pronounced
      in high dose rats given desacetyl vinblastine, but at lower doses there were no
      significant differences in body weight reduction for rats receiving either
      compound. Leukopenia occurred at all dose levels of 0.32 mg/kg and higher. During
      the first 2 weeks of the study, rats given 1.28 mg/kg of desacetyl vinblastine
      had a greater leukopenic response than rats given 1.28 mg/kg of vinblastine. It
      is concluded that both compounds produced similar target organ toxicity and
      leukopenia without deaths at doses of 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg given once a week for 4
      weeks. At the high dose (1.28 mg/kg) desacetyl vinblastine was more toxic than
      vinblastine resulting in greater mortality and body weight reduction.

PMID- 1794653
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of parathion in vitro in porcine skin: effects of dose,
      temperature, humidity, and perfusate composition on absorptive flux.
AB  - The effect of environmental factors on the percutaneous absorption of parathion
      in excised porcine skin was assessed in a flow-through diffusion cell system by
      varying the temperature (T), relative humidity (%RH), perfusate flow rate (F),
      and composition (porcine serum) at three parathion doses (4, 40, and 400
      micrograms/cm2) compared to standard conditions (air temperature = 37 degrees C,
      perfusate temperature = 37 degrees C, %RH = 60, flow rate = 4 ml/hr, and standard
      bovine serum albumin medium). Parathion absorption was assessed by monitoring
      total radiolabeled activity appearing in the perfusate over time. High relative
      humidity significantly increased parathion penetration, as did two elevated
      temperature conditions. The effects of flow rate and perfusate composition were
      variable and dose dependent. In the present studies, lower applied doses appeared
      to be more sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions studied. These
      results suggest that these parameters have independent and different degrees of
      effect on parathion percutaneous absorption. Experimental conditions should be
      strictly controlled and dose-response studies need to be conducted when
      evaluating transdermal studies. Finally, if similar effects occur in vivo, the
      risk assessment calculations on percutaneous absorption should take these
      parameters into consideration.

PMID- 1794654
TI  - Acute and subchronic toxicity studies with detirelix, a luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone antagonist, in the rat and monkey.
AB  - Acute (single dose), 2-week, and 3-month toxicology studies were conducted with
      detirelix, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist, in rats and
      cynomolgus monkeys. Acute studies were conducted by intravenous and subcutaneous
      injection. Subchronic studies were conducted by daily subcutaneous injection.
      Clinical signs after a single intravenous dose included lethargy, edema,
      cyanosis, pallor, and red ears in rats at greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/kg and
      lethargy and facial flushing in monkeys at greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/kg. In
      subchronic studies, detirelix at greater than or equal to 0.4 mg/kg/day (rats)
      and at greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg/day (monkeys) produced atrophy of the
      reproductive organs, inhibition of ovulation and spermatogenesis, decreased body
      weight gain in male rats and monkeys, and increased body weight gain in female
      rats. In the rat, morbidity and/or mortality occurred throughout the treatment
      phase at a subcutaneous dose of greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/kg/day. In both
      species, the time to recovery of normal reproductive organ morphology and
      function was directly related to dose. Exogenous testosterone decreased the
      severity of reproductive and body weight effects in male rats. In conclusion, the
      acute effects of detirelix were consistent with peripheral vasodilation.
      Subchronic effects were associated with inhibition of pituitary gonadotropic and
      gonadal hormone secretion.

PMID- 1794655
TI  - Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of two grades of pentachlorophenol in
      B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pentachlorophenol (penta), a biocide
      used primarily as a wood preservative, were conducted by feeding diets containing
      a technical-grade composite or Dowicide EC-7 (a commercial grade with lower
      levels of contaminants) to groups of B6C3F1 mice. Based primarily on liver
      lesions (hepatocellular necrosis, degeneration, and cytomegaly) observed in 6
      month studies, diets containing 100 or 200 ppm technical-grade pentachlorophenol
      or 100, 200, or 600 ppm EC-7 were fed to groups of 50 male and 50 female mice for
      2 years. Control groups consisted of 35 animals. For the most part, mean body
      weights of mice exposed to technical-grade penta were comparable to those of
      controls. During the second year, the 600-ppm EC-7 female mice averaged 85% of
      the control body weights. Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by
      controls. The average daily doses of penta were approximately 0, 17-18, 35, or
      114-118 (EC-7) mg/kg. Survival of mice did not appear to be significantly
      affected by exposure to either technical penta or EC-7 at the doses used in these
      studies; survival of the control male mice (technical-grade) was comparatively
      low. Compound-related neoplasms were observed in three organs/systems: liver,
      adrenal gland medulla, and vascular endothelium. Dose-related increases of
      hepatocellular adenomas and of carcinomas were observed in male and female mice
      exposed to both technical penta and EC-7, although the increase was less marked
      in females exposed to technical penta. Pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland in
      exposed male mice were significantly greater than those in controls for both
      technical penta and EC-7. These neoplasms were also increased in female mice
      exposed to EC-7 but not to technical penta. Hemangiosarcomas in the spleen and/or
      liver were increased in female mice that received technical penta and EC-7. The
      results of these studies show that both technical penta and Dowicide EC-7 are
      carcinogenic for mice, causing neoplasms in multiple organs/systems. In addition,
      the results suggest that the carcinogenic responses were due almost exclusively
      to penta itself, with possibly a minimal potentiating influence by the
      contaminants in the induction of liver neoplasms in male mice.

PMID- 1794656
TI  - Characterization of o,p'-DDT-stimulated contraction frequency in rat uterus in
      vitro.
AB  - Exposure to organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, has previously been
      associated with premature birth. Using an improved protocol to characterize dose
      and time dependent responses, the present report extends a preliminary finding by
      this laboratory that o,p'-DDT directly stimulates uterine contractility.
      Contraction frequency was determined in longitudinal uterine strips from pregnant
      rats under isometric force conditions. Following equilibration, the uterine
      strips were monitored for a 1-hr baseline period, then treated with o,p'-DDT or
      ethanol (solvent control) for 3 hr, followed by 3 hr without test substance.
      During exposure to 100 microM o,p'-DDT, the frequency of contraction
      significantly increased by 66% relative to matched controls. After removal of
      o,p'-DDT from the medium, the frequency of contraction continued to increase in
      uterine strips exposed to 50 and 100 microM o,p'-DDT. A dose effect was clearly
      observed during the post-treatment period, with 50 and 100 microM o,p'-DDT
      significantly increasing contraction frequency by 39 and 104% relative to
      controls. No significant differences in contraction frequency were observed with
      10 microM o,p'-DDT during any test period. These data show that o,p'-DDT directly
      stimulated isometric contractions in rat uterine strips.

PMID- 1794657
TI  - Comparative hepatotoxicity of two polychlorotrifluoroethylenes (3.1 oils) and two
      chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) oligomers in male Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (3.1 oil) is a nonflammable hydraulic fluid composed
      of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) oligomers of different carbon chain lengths (C5
      to C9), primarily six (trimer) and eight (tetramer) carbons. Four test groups of
      Fischer 344 rats (16 rats/group) were orally gavaged daily over a 2-week period
      at doses of 1.25 g/kg with 3.1 oil containing a 55:45 ratio of trimer and
      tetramer (3.1 oil-C6:C8), 3.1 oil composed of 95% trimer (3.1 oil-C6), pure
      tetramer, and pure trimer. Four rats per treatment group were terminated after 1,
      3, 7, and 14 doses. Rats dosed with either 3.1 oil-C6:C8 or pure tetramer
      demonstrated significant weight losses, increased liver weights, increased rates
      of liver fatty acid beta-oxidation, pronounced hepatomegaly and altered
      hepatocellular architecture, and elevated serum liver-associated enzymes. Rats
      dosed with either 3.1 oil-C6 or only pure trimer demonstrated significant
      increase in liver weight and moderate liver histopathologic changes.
      Compositional analyses of the ratio percentage of trimer to tetramer present in
      3.1 oil-C6:C8 (55:45) were found to be altered when measured in the liver
      (32:68). Differential CTFE oligomer toxicity was indicated by effects on liver,
      body weight, and peroxisomal beta-oxidation and may allow for less toxic
      formulations of 3.1 oil to be generated by reducing or eliminating the tetramer
      component.

PMID- 1794658
TI  - Use of bromoergocryptine in the validation of protocols for the assessment of
      mechanisms of early pregnancy loss in the rat.
AB  - Validated protocols for evaluating maternally mediated mechanisms of early
      pregnancy failure in rodents are needed for use in the risk assessment process.
      To supplement previous efforts in the validation of a panel of protocols
      assembled for this purpose, bromoergocryptine (BEC) was used as a model compound
      because it is known to inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion. BEC was tested
      using the early pregnancy protocol (EPP), the decidual cell response technique
      (DCR), the pre- vs postimplantation protocol (PPP), and embryo transport rate
      analysis (ETRA). These protocols evaluate the effects of chemicals on multiple
      endpoints following exposure during (a) the first 8 days of pregnancy, (b) early
      pseudopregnancy accompanied by decidual induction, (c) the pre- and
      postimplantation intervals of early pregnancy, or (d) the period of embryo
      transport. In the EPP, dosing with BEC during Days 1-8 of pregnancy reduced the
      number of implantation sites found on Day 9 as well as serum progesterone. The
      DCR technique revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of decidual growth concomitant
      with decreased serum progesterone as a result of BEC treatment. A modified DCR
      technique using hormone-supplemented ovariectomized rats demonstrated that BEC
      did not impair decidual growth in the presence of adequate progestogenic support.
      Pre- vs postimplantation dosing indicated that implantation is vulnerable to BEC
      effects at least through Day 4. BEC had no effect on embryo transport rate. Data
      from these protocols identified BEC as having adverse maternal effects during
      early pregnancy. While the pituitary was not identified by these protocols as the
      site of BEC's primary action, the protocols did identify a reduction in serum
      progesterone and impaired uterine function as toxicological mechanisms mediating
      the reduced fertility seen following BEC exposure.

PMID- 1794659
TI  - Percutaneous penetration of para-substituted phenols in vitro.
AB  - The percutaneous penetration of 11 para-substituted phenols has been measured
      across full-thickness hairless mouse skin in vitro. The phenols, which spanned
      more than a 1000-fold range in octanol/water partition coefficient (P), were
      applied (14C-radiolabeled) to the skin surface in a small volume of volatile
      organic solvent. Permeation kinetics were continuously monitored and were
      characterized by the maximum observed flux (Jmax). The linear correlation of log
      Jmax with log P was very poor. However, inclusion of molecular volume (MV) in a
      multiple regression analysis considerably improved the relationship between the
      measured transport parameter and the physicochemical descriptors. Furthermore,
      significant parabolic (log Jmax = -0.18 + 1.35.log P - 0.30.[log P]2) and
      bilinear (log Jmax = -0.17 + 1.08.log P - 1.95.[log(beta.10logP + 1)])
      dependencies were obtained, suggesting a change in the rate-limiting transport
      step (for compounds of high log P) from diffusion across the stratum corneum (SC)
      to partitioning at the SC-viable epidermis interface. Addition of a term in MV
      (or molar refractivity) further improved the absolute correlations, but with
      marginal statistical significance. A wider range of molecular size is necessary
      to unequivocally define the role of permeant dimensions in percutaneous
      permeability for this group of compounds. The quadratic log Jmax correlation with
      log P was compared to the previously reported steady-state permeability
      coefficients (Kp) of a different set of phenol analogs through human epidermis.
      Despite the different methodologies, different compounds, and different skin
      membranes employed, the patterns of behavior in the two data sets were
      consistent, and suggest that the form of this correlation may be suitable
      description of phenol permeability under a range of experimental conditions.

PMID- 1794660
TI  - Selection of food allotment for New Zealand white rabbits in developmental
      toxicity studies.
AB  - In three initial studies, female rabbits were fed 125, 150, or 230 g of Purina
      Certified Rabbit Chow No. 5322 ("regular" chow) per day or 150 g/day of Purina
      Certified High Fiber Rabbit Chow ("high fiber" chow) for at least 5 weeks prior
      to artificial insemination and until Day 28 of gestation when fetuses were
      removed and examined. Animals allotted 230 g/day of regular chow ate
      approximately 180 g/day and gained more weight than the 150 g/day group until Day
      14 of gestation after which food consumption declined and body weight decreased.
      Animals fed 150 g/day regular chow ate all food provided until after Day 22 of
      gestation when food consumption decreased dramatically in some animals. Animals
      in the 125 g/day regular chow and 150 g/day high fiber chow groups ate
      essentially all food provided throughout gestation. Ad lib feeding in the 230
      g/day groups was associated with adverse reproductive consequences consisting of
      decreased numbers of implants and live fetuses and decreased fetal weight. In one
      study involving 3 groups fed 125 and 150 g/day regular chow and 150 g/day high
      fiber chow, reproductive parameters were similar in all 3 groups. However, fetal
      weight in the 150 g/day regular chow group was 50% more variable than the other
      groups in association with more variable maternal body weight change late in
      gestation in that group. In subsequent studies using 125 g/day, there has
      consistently been fewer animals going off feed late in gestation and a decrease
      in fetal weight variance of approximately 60% compared to previously when the
      standard daily allotment was 150 g/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794661
TI  - Cataracts in dogs following subchronic administration of the phenylpiperazine
      antihypertensive agent PD 78787.
AB  - PD 78787, 3-[4-[4-(3-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,4-imidazolinedione, was
      an antihypertensive drug candidate with alpha 1 adrenoreceptor blockade
      identified as one of its pharmacologic activities. Beagle dogs were administered
      daily doses of 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg for 41 weeks. During the study, periodic
      ophthalmic examinations were performed in addition to electrocardiography, blood
      pressure measurements, and hematological, clinical biochemical, and urinalysis
      assessments. At study termination, animals were euthanatized and the following
      procedures conducted; complete gross pathological examinations; histopathologic
      examination of lens; biochemical analysis of aqueous humor; and measurements of
      drug concentration in plasma, aqueous humor, and lens. Clinical signs observed
      included miosis, relaxed membrane nictitans, and somnolence. Ophthalmic
      examinations at Week 13 revealed unilateral posterior lenticular opacities at the
      dose of 10 mg/kg in two of four females. At Week 41, mature bilateral cataracts
      were observed in four of four females and three of four males administered the 10
      mg/kg dose. The opacities appeared to develop from the posterior suture lines. No
      adverse effects on aqueous humor composition were observed. Significant
      concentrations of PD 78787 were found in lens and aqueous humor from all dose
      groups 24 hr following the last dose. These concentrations increased with
      increasing dose averaging 4 micrograms/ml in the lenses of dogs administered 10
      mg/kg. Histopathologically, swelling, vacuolation, and dissolution of the
      lenticular fibers were observed at 10 mg/kg. All other study parameters were
      unaffected by drug treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794662
TI  - Distinguishing between models of carcinogenesis: the role of clonal expansion.
AB  - Several multistage models have been proposed to describe the process of
      carcinogenesis. The model attributed to Armitage and Doll (1954, Brit. J. Cancer
      8, 1-12) assumes that a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell by k
      greater than or equal to 1 fundamental biological events. The model usually
      attributed to Moolgavkar and colleagues (1979, Math. Biosci. 47, 54-77; 1981, J.
      Natl. Cancer Inst. 66, 1037-1052) assumes that carcinogenesis is a two-stage
      process, taking into account the ability of premalignant cells to proliferate. In
      this paper, we investigate our ability to distinguish between these models using
      animal carcinogenicity data. Three different approaches are considered: one based
      on actual tumor incidence data from National Toxicology Program experiments and
      two based on simulated data. The results show that both models will adequately
      fit most tumor incidence data. This implies that we must be cautious in accepting
      the biological basis of either of these models simply because it "fits the data."
      Suggestions for experimental designs and toxicological endpoints (other than
      tumor incidence) which might provide for better discrimination between models are
      given.

PMID- 1794663
TI  - Application of microencapsulation technology to improve the stability of citral
      in rodent diets.
AB  - Citral is a widely used flavoring and scenting agent which is employed in
      numerous food, industrial, and household products. Although the current
      regulatory status of citral lists it as a GRAS chemical on the FDA list, the
      chemical is a reactive beta-substituted vinyl aldehyde that has been shown to
      induce irritations of skin and mucous membranes, and to exhibit a dose-dependent
      teratogenic effect on embryos of white leghorn chickens. Because of these
      factors, citral was nominated by the National Toxicology Program for
      carcinogenesis study. Stability studies of dose formulations of citral (0.02%) in
      NIH-07 rodent diet indicated a loss of 41% of the citral after 1 day in a rat
      cage, due mainly to volatility and reactivity with diet components. The chemical
      was subsequently microencapsulated using a shell medium of food-grade modified
      cornstarch and sucrose, and then formulated into NIH-07 diet (0.02%) for various
      stability studies. Results after 7 days in a rat cage showed 95% retention of
      chemical; diet that had been stored 21 days retained 95% at 5 degrees C storage
      and 89% at room temperature. An assessment of the purity of the citral in the
      microcapsules indicated that total impurities increased from 0.7% in the neat
      chemical to 1.1% in the encapsulated chemical.

PMID- 1794664
TI  - Populations at risk for drug-related admissions.

PMID- 1794665
TI  - Is there anybody out there who would like to change from a content curriculum to
      a functional curriculum?

PMID- 1794666
TI  - The bulletin board in faculty development: a case report.

PMID- 1794667
TI  - The game of unintended results: what will RBRVS bring?

PMID- 1794668
TI  - Patient-physician relationship, III.

PMID- 1794669
TI  - Fiscal factors, fimbrial fact, and foreskins.

PMID- 1794670
TI  - Circumcision: a decision analysis of its medical value.
AB  - Routine neonatal circumcision has long been controversial. Presented here is a
      cost-effectiveness analysis of the consequences of the treatment choices
      (circumcision versus no circumcision) using a decision tree model. For a
      simulated 85-year life expectancy, routine neonatal circumcision had an expected
      lifetime cost of $164.61 per patient circumcised and a quality-adjusted survival
      of 84.999 years. Conversely, for the noncircumcision approach, the expected
      average lifetime cost was $139.26 per patient, and the quality-adjusted survival
      was 84.971 years. The net cost-effectiveness ($919.87 per quality-adjusted life
      year) is within the range usually considered worthwhile for public health policy.
      However, because of the minor differences in lifetime cost ($25) and benefit (10
      days of life) for an individual and the tenuous values available for disease
      incidence and surgical risk, we conclude that there is no medical indication for
      or against circumcision. Additional analyses suggested that reported benefits in
      preventing penile cancer and infant urinary tract infections are insignificant
      compared to the surgical risks of post neonatal circumcision. The decision
      regarding circumcision may most reasonably be made on nonmedical factors such as
      parent preference or religious convictions.

PMID- 1794671
TI  - The temporal relationship of psychosocial stress to cellular immunity and herpes
      labialis recurrences.
AB  - This study used a prospective single-subject study design and time series
      analysis for repeated measures data to investigate the hypothesis that variations
      in psychosocial stress are associated with changes in cellular immunity in a
      study subject with recurrent herpes labialis. A study subject who was antibody
      positive for HSV-1 but reported no clinical manifestations of disease served as a
      control. Psychosocial stress, as measured by a questionnaire; cellular immunity,
      as measured by the monoclonal antibodies CD4 (OKT4), which defines the
      helper/inducer subset of T lymphocytes; and CD8 (OKT8), which defines the
      suppressor/cytotoxic subset, were measured weekly over the 32-week study period.
      Analysis of data using bivariate time series (ARIMA) demonstrated significant
      inverse correlations between stress level scores and percent CD4 helper/inducer T
      lymphocytes in both subjects. In the study subject with recurrent herpes simplex
      labialis, a Mann-Whitney U statistic determined that the percent of CD4 in the
      early stages of a recurrence were significantly lower than the percent of CD4 at
      other times when blood samples were drawn. The data presented are repeated
      measures on two individuals with positive antibodies to the herpes simplex virus,
      one with recurrent herpes and one without a history of recurrent herpes.
      Relevance for stress research is discussed.

PMID- 1794672
TI  - An analysis of the effect of referral initiative on patients' return.
AB  - Maintaining follow-ups on referral patients is of vital concern to general
      practitioners. Little work has been done on the effect of referral initiative on
      patients' return tendencies. A study of 532 referral patients, referred by 83
      general practitioners to a department of internal medicine, was conducted.
      Patients or families initiated 18.4% of the referrals; 81.6% were initiated by
      physicians. No clinical severity difference was found between patient- or
      physician-initiated referrals. Controlling for demographic, family, and medical
      payment characteristics, it was found that when the referral was initiated by the
      physician, patients were likely to return to both the general practitioner and
      the medical center. The advocacy role for referring physicians was elucidated in
      this study.

PMID- 1794673
TI  - Using family life drawings in medical student education.
AB  - A life drawing technique was used to educate third-year medical students in a
      diagnostic and therapeutic approach to young children. Students were asked to
      produce their own early family life drawings. A sample of 48 drawings were
      collected. A major goal was to sensitize students as to how their early family
      experiences likely shaped their current perceptions regarding children and
      families in the practice of medicine. Six of these student drawings were chosen
      to illustrate this goal. A few students even found that their drawings helped
      them resolve personal early life stresses.

PMID- 1794674
TI  - Family practice specialty selection: a research agenda.
AB  - This article examines the declining interest in family practice by US medical
      students and trends in specialty selection over the past decade. Four factors
      affecting specialty choice (medical student characteristics, medical school,
      residencies, and certain aspects of the health care system) are discussed, and a
      research agenda is developed for each area. Researchers and funding agencies are
      urged to begin an exploration of these issues to better understand the dynamics
      behind current specialty choices so that successful policies to increase the
      number of students entering family practice can be developed.

PMID- 1794675
TI  - Transferring hospital sponsorship of a family practice residency: financial
      implications.
AB  - Family practice residency programs close each year, many in which there is a
      perception by the sponsoring institution that the program was too costly. Upon
      the imminent closure of a program's sponsoring hospital, we analyzed and
      projected the residency's budget and revenues to convince another community
      hospital to accept transfer of the sponsorship of the program. Revenues directly
      attributable to the residency (family practice center, grants, Medicare graduate
      medical education reimbursement) were identified. In addition, we identified that
      portion of new inpatient revenues necessary to offset the balance of the
      residency budget. We found that the program could account for reimbursement of
      51.8% of its budget through patient care services, requiring 5.2% to be
      subsidized through state grants and 43.1% through federal graduate medical
      education reimbursement. Consistent with studies by several authors, family
      practice residency programs continue to require financial subsidy to balance
      their budgets. The nation's need for family physicians can only be ensured if
      state and federal priorities for needed primary health manpower are translated
      into continued and enhanced financial support.

PMID- 1794676
TI  - Parental attitudes toward physicians providing AIDS education to children.
AB  - This study was designed to determine whether parents would like their children to
      receive AIDS education from a family physician. Two hundred parents with children
      between the ages of five and 18 years completed a researcher-developed instrument
      assessing their opinions on AIDS education for their children. Seventy-six
      percent of the parents expressed a desire for their children to receive AIDS
      education from a physician. Topics requested by the parents included avoiding IV
      drug abuse, safe sex, and sexual abstinence. The mean age at which the parents
      felt education should begin was 10.6 years (mode = 9.0 years). Based on the
      results of this study, physicians may wish to begin introducing AIDS education in
      routine patient visits with adolescents and pre-adolescents (ages 9-12), thus
      contributing to primary prevention.

PMID- 1794677
TI  - Developing on outpatient care syllabus for a third-year clerkship in family
      medicine.
AB  - Selecting and evaluating student reading resources are important steps in
      preparing for a clerkship, but a literature review yields little information
      about these processes. The following brief report outlines the method used to
      produce the outpatient care syllabus for the third-year clerkship at the
      University of Texas Southwestern Medical School. The discussion includes: 1) the
      purposes of an outpatient care reading resource; 2) selection of materials; 3)
      correlation of materials with a student experience patient log form; and 4) plans
      for evaluation and periodic revision of the syllabus.

PMID- 1794678
TI  - [Primary ovarian insufficiency in polyendocrinopathy syndrome].
AB  - We describe two cases of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome as a cause of
      primary ovarian failure. Antibodies against various endocrine organs cause
      pluriglandular insufficiency, in most cases hypoparathyroidism. Addison's
      disease, and primary ovarian insufficiency. In these patients, careful
      examination of all endocrine organs is necessary in order to provide an adequate
      hormone replacement.

PMID- 1794679
TI  - [Intrauterine fetal death after strangulation of the umbilical cord by amniotic
      bands].
AB  - The amniotic band sequence includes a number of typical fetal developmental
      anomalies that appear as disruption, amputation or deformation, dependent on the
      time of origin of the amniotic bands. In rare cases, amniotic bands can cause
      intrauterine fetal death by constriction of the umbilical cord. Clinical and
      pathologic-anatomical findings of two cases of intrauterine fetal death in the
      21st and 34th week of gestation after torsion and strangulation of the umbilical
      cord by amniotic bands are presented.

PMID- 1794680
TI  - [Active immunotherapy of habitual abortion: is the danger greater than the
      therapeutic gain?].
AB  - Active immunotherapy is widely employed in the treatment of patients with
      habitual abortion, but it is comparable to the transfusion of blood or blood
      components with respect to possible complications such as undesirable immune
      responses and the possibility of transmitting infectious diseases. In fact,
      immunization with lymphocytes carries a greater risk of infection with
      cytomegalovirus than does transfusion of erythrocytes or platelets, a fact of
      particular relevance, since it represents a potential risk to the child. In
      addition, irregular antibodies to erythrocytes or platelets may be induced, which
      may have a harmful effect on both the mother and the child. The subsequent
      formation of autoantibodies and antibodies against cardiolipin in patients
      subjected to active immunotherapy has only recently been described. The
      significance of these and other possible immune responses is by no means clear,
      so that further investigation of the immunological side effects is urgently
      required. Active immunotherapy for habitual abortion demands strict medical
      indication, since the mechanism by which it protects the pregnancy has not been
      elucidated, and controlled studies have yielded differing results concerning
      therapeutic success. These factors must be taken into account when affected
      couples are counselled. The possible complications should be carefully weighed
      against the anticipated effects, since no vital indication exists in the case of
      habitual abortion, unlike most situations where the transfusion of blood products
      is contemplated.

PMID- 1794681
TI  - [Response to the letter by Prof. Kuhl: "Does a rise in endogenous estradiol
      during treatment with low-dose ovulation inhibitor signify increased risk"?].

PMID- 1794682
TI  - [Psychosomatic aspects of oral contraception].
AB  - Oral contraceptive use is influenced by multiple emotional factors. Physiological
      and psychological effects are closely correlated. Contraception may assist women
      in pursuing important psychosocial goals, on the other hand, it may cause a
      number of problems. Many unconscious wishes or fears may interfere with the clear
      separation of sexuality from fertility. Ambivalence about pregnancy, neurotic
      personalities and problems in partner relationship may cause psychic conflicts
      with regard to contraception. Anxiety, side effects, misuse of contraceptives or
      problems in the relationship between doctor and patient may result. As a further
      development psychosomatic symptoms such as discomfort, nervousness, sleep
      disturbance, fatigue, nausea and sexual disorders may appear. The physician must
      take contradictory feelings of the patient into consideration, including her
      anxiety and her possible ambivalence with respect to pregnancy.

PMID- 1794683
TI  - [Breast saving treatment of breast cancer: results, risks, new developments].
AB  - In the Departments of Gynaecology and of Gynaecological Radiology of the
      University of Heidelberg, breast conserving therapy was carried out in 1330
      patients with breast cancer between 1975 and 1990. The tumour size was up to 3 cm
      and 28% showed positive nodes. The median age was 47.6 years, segmental resection
      was the standard operation and whole breast irradiation with 50 Gy and an
      additional boost of 10 Gy was the standard irradiation schedule. After 5 years (n
      = 307), the following results were observed: local failure: 6.8%, regional lymph
      node recurrence: 2.1%, overall survival: 88.3%, disease-free survival: 81.2%. 5
      out of 36 of the cases of mortality died without having had a recurrence.
      Significant factors for local failure were following: 1. lymphangiosis of more
      than 1 cm in size around the tumour (p = 0.03) 2. intra-ductal non-invasive
      cancer of more than 1 cm in size around the primary tumour (p = 0.01) 3. intra
      ductal non-invasive cancer reaches the margin of resection (p less than 0.00001)
      With segmental resection (2 cm margin macroscopically free of tumour), tumour
      beyond the margins--so-called residuals, showed in 19% histologically. In the
      other 3 quadrants, additional secondary primaries in 25% (multicentric cancers)
      of macroscopical size could be confirmed in an additional study. In case of high
      risk for local failure, more radical surgery as well as more intense irradiation
      is recommended.

PMID- 1794684
TI  - [Special clinical and follow-up aspects of invasive lobular breast cancer].
AB  - We examined 121 invasive lobular breast carcinomas (ILCs) with regard to certain
      standardised prognosis parameters, such as tumour size, receptor status,
      histological grading, the presence of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, and the
      histological nodal status of the axillae and correlated these findings with
      follow-up data obtained over a mean period of 65 months. The parameters, tumour
      size, presence of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, and nodal status, were found to be
      correlated and to have a significant influence on the patients' overall survival
      time, but not on relapse-free survival. Receptor status appeared to have no
      significant influence on patient survival. However, the incidence of death, owing
      to tumour-related causes, was higher among patients with receptor-negative
      tumours than amongst those with receptor-positive carcinomas. In contrast, the
      histological grading of a tumour appeared to exercise no effect on tumour
      prognosis. At 30%, the rate of local tumour recurrence at the primary site was
      markedly higher than for other histological types of breast carcinoma. In nearly
      one-half (45%) of such relapses, however, further tumour progression did not
      occur. Most tumours, exhibiting only local recurrence were initially node
      negative, whilst those that produced distant metastases later had usually
      exhibited axillary lymph node metastases at primary therapy. Bilateral carcinomas
      occurred more frequently (15.6%) than is the case amongst ductal carcinoma. The
      observed tendency amongst ILCs toward local recurrence and bilateral growth might
      be accounted for in terms of their high incidence of multicentral tumour growth
      and associated pre-invasive neoplastic alterations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1794685
TI  - [Breast cancer grading by automated image processing].
AB  - Individual oncological therapy of carcinoma of the breast depends on information
      on the individual prognosis and malignancy. Image processing and analysis of the
      digital structure of the cellular nucleus adds new prognostic data to standard
      morphological and biochemical parameters and should be used for further
      individualisation of oncological therapy.

PMID- 1794686
TI  - [Conization in pregnancy and its significance for the further course of
      pregnancy].
AB  - The influence of cold knife conisation on further progression of pregnancy was
      analysed in 28 patients, who underwent the operation during pregnancy. 13 women
      were operated on within the first 16 weeks of gestation (group I) and were
      compared to 15 patients, where conisation was done in the 17th week or later
      (group II). In the first group, deliveries were found in the 39th week of
      pregnancy compared to 34 weeks in the second group (p.05). A statistical
      significant difference concerning the further duration of pregnancy after
      conisation was found: 25 weeks in group I vs. 11 weeks in group II (p. 0012).
      There was no difference, however, in radicality whether conisation was done in
      early or late pregnancy. Our final conclusion is, that a preterm delivery occurs
      significantly more often in women who underwent conisation after 16th week of
      gestation.

PMID- 1794687
TI  - [Sudden infant death: characteristics of later "SIDS" victims during pregnancy
      and labor].
AB  - We analysed the pregnancy and delivery courses in 23 children, who subsequently
      died of SIDS in Berlin. 83% (n = 19) of these children had died by the 6th month
      of their life, and more than 90% by the 8th month. The first precautionary health
      examination during pregnancy was performed markedly late, in 22% of the pregnant
      women only after the 20th week of gestation. 55% of all "SIDS mothers" had smoked
      more than 10 cigarettes daily during the pregnancy period (control group: 8%).
      Preterm delivery rate was 30%, i.e. almost three times that of the control group.
      Almost one-third of all the examined children had a birth weight below the 10th
      percentile (control group: less than 7%). 61% of all mothers of the examined
      group by us were unmarried or divorced (control group: 16%). Whether these
      anomalies--which must of course also be considered as being somehow connected
      with one another--are causally connected with SIDS, requires to be clarified by
      more extensive studies. At the present time we can only recommend to make an
      effort to convince families, in whom several of the above mentioned anomalies
      occur, to accept special counselling and care as well as meaningfully employed
      home monitoring.

PMID- 1794688
TI  - Management of patients allergic to antimicrobial drugs.
AB  - Allergic reactions to antimicrobial drugs cause significant morbidity in
      approximately 1% of treated patients. Those who express allergic reactions to
      antimicrobial drugs or who are at increased risk of reacting also can present
      difficult diagnostic and management problems. Recent studies suggest that
      patients who have expressed allergic reactions to antimicrobial drugs in the past
      or who are the offspring of antimicrobial drug-allergic parents are at increased
      risk of antimicrobial drug allergy. This propensity to antimicrobial drug allergy
      is not restricted to specific classes of drug or to specific patterns of allergic
      reactions. The concept that antimicrobial drug allergy often is a recurrent
      disease rather than an isolated event has generated new approaches to the
      comprehensive management of high-risk patients. This concept also has suggested
      new areas for investigation that may provide fundamental new insights into why
      some persons express immune responses to haptens and others do not.

PMID- 1794689
TI  - Immunology of the eye.
AB  - The eye is one of the major targets of allergic disorders, accounting for over
      20% of the conditions presenting to the allergist. It is also a major target
      organ of many systemic immunologic reactions (e.g., cytotoxic antibody mediated
      cicatricial pemphigoid, immune complex or cell mediated-vasculitis, uveitis). The
      allergist/immunologist is uniquely trained to assist the ophthalmologist in the
      systemic immunologic evaluation and treatment of suspected hypersensitivity
      allergic and immunologic disorders.

PMID- 1794690
TI  - Indoor air quality.
AB  - Complaints in modern buildings have been attributed to inadequate ventilation for
      the last 20 years. Few data exist to support this claim. In fact, few studies
      have actually looked at ventilation and complaints at the same time. These
      missing studies indicate a failure of three groups of professionals, physicians
      and health scientists, architects and engineers, and scientists knowledgeable in
      exposure assessment, to study the topic together. This article will provide a
      conceptual framework for each of the three approaches and give some guidance on
      preventing problems.

PMID- 1794691
TI  - Air pollution and asthma: clinical studies with sulfuric acid aerosols.
AB  - Until recently, acid deposition has been widely considered a serious ecological
      problem but not a threat to human health. The controlled clinical study is an
      important approach in linking acidic aerosol inhalation with respiratory effects.
      Asthmatic patients represent a subpopulation most responsive to sulfuric acid
      aerosols. In a series of studies with asthmatic volunteers, several factors have
      been identified that may modulate the intensity of the bronchoconstrictor
      response to inhaled acidic aerosols. We found (1) enhancement of the
      bronchoconstrictor response during exercise, (2) the more acidic aerosols provoke
      the greatest changes in lung function, and (3) mitigation of airway responses
      during sulfuric acid aerosol inhalation caused by high respiratory ammonia
      concentrations. Additional factors influencing responsiveness await
      identification.

PMID- 1794692
TI  - Unusual reactions to insect venoms.
AB  - A variety of unusual, unexpected reactions have been described that occur in a
      temporal relationship to venom exposure, primarily insect stings. An immunologic
      mechanism appears responsible for reactions such as serum sickness and late onset
      allergiclike symptoms. In all probability, allergic mechanisms are responsible
      for the renal and neurologic symptoms and the delayed hypersensitivity type
      reactions. The mechanisms for the fatigue and malaise following venom injections
      and the most unusual areas of extensive erythema following venom skin tests are
      not known.

PMID- 1794693
TI  - Asthma, allergy and immunotherapy; a historical review: Part I.

PMID- 1794694
TI  - A tribute to Bernard N. Halpern (1904-1978).

PMID- 1794695
TI  - [Various considerations regarding the improvement of the publications in this
      journal].

PMID- 1794696
TI  - [Metabolic status in workers engaged in the production of cobalt-containing
      powder compositions of hard alloys].
AB  - A wide-range complex of biochemical techniques was used to study metabolic
      processes in workers exposed to cobalt and ethanol. In practically healthy
      workers were found laboratory manifestations of hepato-biliary irritations,
      hyperpermeability of the hepatocytes' cytoplasmic membrane, cholestasis syndrome,
      initial manifestations of muscular dystrophy and minor signs of atherosclerosis
      risks. The biochemical shifts were like those in alcoholism cases. It was
      suggested that, under the existing technological conditions of cobalt-containing
      hard-facing alloys' powder processing, the action of ethanol increased the toxic
      effect of cobalt.

PMID- 1794697
TI  - [Protective effect of antioxidants in methemoglobinemia caused by sodium nitrite
      in experimental studies].
AB  - Sodium nitrite induced poisoning resulted into oxidation-reduction disorders with
      concomitant changes in the ratio of the oxidated and reduced forms towards
      accumulation of the oxidated equivalents. Antioxidants unithiol, tocopherol
      acetate, ascorbic acid, methylene blue, violuric acid influenced the oxidation
      reduction balance in different ways. The protective action of violuric acid was
      comparable with that of methylene blue and exceeded the unithiol protective
      properties. Violuric acid, as compared with unithiol, ascorbic acid and
      tocopherol, was more effective in decreasing methemoglobin and nitrates contents
      in blood in methemoglobinemia cases. The violuric acid and methylene blue
      protective mechanisms are in all probability influenced by the antioxidant
      properties of these substances and their reductase activity.

PMID- 1794698
TI  - [Occupational and environmental factors and systemic connective tissue diseases].
AB  - The article contains the results of a study in the rates of occupational and
      every-day contacts with different chemical substances and consequent allergic
      reactions, particularly in patients with connective tissue systemic diseases.
      Illnesses followed expositions to different unfavourable industrial factors in
      43% of lupus erythematosus cases, in 40% of the sclerodermia cases, and in 41.6%
      of dermatomyosites. In most cases, the diseased persons were occupied in
      industrial sites dealing with organic solvents, acids, alkalines, medicinal
      preparations, vaccines, sera and organic dusts.

PMID- 1794699
TI  - [Response to the article by V.I. Boiko "The main considerations of improving
      working conditions and environmental health in gas-processing industry"].

PMID- 1794700
TI  - [Effect of heating microclimate and noise on the morbidity of female weavers].
AB  - The article contains results of research of the complex action of noise and
      heating microclimate on female weavers and on morbidity with temporary disability
      in this professional group. The group of medically examined weavers was divided
      into three parts: Cr. 1 - exposed to noise levels at 98.6 +/- 0.8 dB(A) and t
      degrees at 25.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C; Gr. 2-93.3 +/- 0.4 dB(A) and t degrees at 24.4
      +/- 0.11 degrees C; Gr. 3-93.0 +/- 0.7 dB(A) and t degrees at 26.7 +/- 0.1
      degrees C. The specific differences between the 3 groups of female weavers in
      morbidity with temporary disability caused by hypertension can be explained by
      the complex action heating microclimate and extensive noise.

PMID- 1794701
TI  - [Work capacity of workers of older age groups].
AB  - The article deals with current approaches towards the assessment of working
      capacity in older age groups, describes principal age-related regularities in
      psychomotor, physical and mental working capacity changes. Novel, highly
      informative techniques for working capacity evaluation are proposed, along with a
      ten-grade assessment technique intended for wide use in general practice. It is
      shown that the bulk of industrial workers' working capacity can be related to
      grades 5-8, which is demonstrative of decreased working capacity, both physical
      and mental, in workers in general.

PMID- 1794702
TI  - [A method of creating the model of chronic psychoemotional stress in a
      toxicological experiment].
AB  - The article presents a technique and description of a device for creating
      psychoemotional stress conditions in toxicological experiments. The technique was
      based on the model of electric stimulus stress expectation. The device consisted
      of a block with depots for small laboratory animals. The depots had metal-covered
      floors connected to a generator of irregular electric impulses. The impulses were
      periodically proceeded by light signals. The block with animals was placed into a
      chamber for toxicological experiments. The technique proved its effectiveness
      with highly reliable results. The article contains the major technical parameters
      and drawings of the device.

PMID- 1794703
TI  - [Physiological functions in rolling-mill operators in present-day press shops of
      the Bluming-1300 type].

PMID- 1794704
TI  - [Effect of low-energy X-ray irradiation on rubidium biokinetics].

PMID- 1794705
TI  - [Toxicological and hygienic characteristics of dyes used in the textile industry
      (review of the literature)].

PMID- 1794706
TI  - [A photometric method of determining the level of the floating reagent AAR-2 in
      the air].

PMID- 1794708
TI  - [Approximate safe levels of harmful substances in the air of the work area
      authorized by the USSR Ministry of Health 1990].

PMID- 1794707
TI  - [Maximum permissible levels of harmful substances in the air of the work area
      authorized by the USSR Ministry of Health 1990].

PMID- 1794710
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of various physiological indicators of the heat
      protecting properties of clothing].
AB  - The article provides a comparative analysis of different techniques for
      determining weight-average temperatures of the skin (ts) and heat-stream
      temperatures (qt) from the body surface to calculate the thermal resistance of
      clothes. Issues related to quantitative inconsistencies among different
      techniques and ways to avoid them are also discussed.

PMID- 1794709
TI  - [Changes in the functional state of the visual analyzer in operators working with
      video display terminals].
AB  - Research in laboratory and on-site conditions was performed to establish
      correlations between the visual analyzer's functional shifts in display
      operators, and the duration of work, the type of the screen used (coloured or non
      coloured), the duration of the eyes, fixation on the screen, as well as sex
      related differences.

PMID- 1794711
TI  - [Analysis of organic and inorganic components of Diesel engine exhaust absorbed
      on ore-mine aerosol particles].
AB  - The article proposes results of research into exhausts' major components
      absorption in accumulated and floating dusts in ore mines in which self-propelled
      diesel vehicles are predominantly used. It was established that ore-mine aerosol
      particles had a large specific surface and contained a high percentage of carbon
      black (1,1-35.1%). Different results were received for both organic and non
      organic substances' sorption indices. In the samples, in addition to 3,4
      benzapyrene, 11 more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified, with
      concentrations 10-15 times higher than those of 3,4-benzapyrene.

PMID- 1794712
TI  - [Analysis of major achievements in the field of occupational hygiene and
      occupational pathology in the USSR and abroad].
AB  - The article presents a review of both Soviet and international medical literature
      on recent developments in labour hygiene and occupational health for 1986-1990,
      as well as major trends in this area of medical science and cardinal tendencies
      in research. Analysis is given of occupational diseases' prevalence in the Soviet
      Union and other countries.

PMID- 1794713
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases].
AB  - The article provides data on the pathogenesis, hemodynamics and the contractile
      function of the myocardium in chronic diseases of the lungs aggravated with
      pulmonary hypertension. The data were based on complex clinical and instrumental
      examinations, including catheterization of the right segments of the heart with
      endomyocardial biopsy, rheography of the pulmonary artery, radiocardiography,
      radionuclide ventriculography. A three-stage stratification of pulmonary
      hypertension was proposed. The data are essential in assessments of occupational
      bronchial disorders, their prevention and treatment. A set of measures, both
      preventive and curative, was also proposed.

PMID- 1794715
TI  - [Combined effects of noise and heat and the evaluation of their biological
      equivalency].
AB  - The article contains a review of medical literature data on the complex action of
      noise and heat on man and laboratory animals, which prove without doubt a
      synergic nature of their complex action, whereas their effect on the
      audiofunction is near to an additive one. To perform hygienic assessments of
      their action, in addition to the typology of the complex action, it is proposed
      to use the biologic equivalent index which reflects the dosage-relationship of
      the two factors. It is indicated that the index is equal to 0.4-3.3 degrees C/dBA
      for different figures, being greater in respect to specific indices as compared
      with non-specific ones. More research should be made into this important problem.

PMID- 1794714
TI  - [HLA antigens and prognosis of the development of pneumoconiosis].
AB  - Basing on the studies of the HLA spectra of the A, B and C locuses in 102
      pneumoconiosis patients working at a machine-building plant, and 112 healthy
      persons, the author proposes a technique for calculating the integral coefficient
      of pneumoconiosis risks. The integral coefficient 0-2 provides a criterion for
      distinguishing between healthy and pneumoconiosis cases. The coefficient can be
      used in screening of workers engaged in dust-exposed profession in machine
      building industries, who may require preventive medical examination performed on
      a regular basis.

PMID- 1794716
TI  - [Effect of chronic mercuric chloride poisoning on the levels of connective tissue
      metabolites in the urine and blood of rats].
AB  - Mercury chloride was administered into rats (1 mg/kg) in drinking water daily for
      12 weeks. Revealed was an increase in the content of oxyproline and
      glycosaminglycanes in urine, as well as increased concentration of these
      compounds in blood serum. Glycosamine growth was accompanied by decreased
      contents of keratin sulphates and higher concentrations of heparin and heparin
      sulphates. The results indicated to the influence of mercury on the connective
      tissue metabolism.

PMID- 1794717
TI  - [Substantiation of antioxidant prevention of morbidity among industrial
      microbiology workers (review of the literature)].

PMID- 1794718
TI  - [Acute poisoning with bromine vapors of a pharmaceutical plant operator].
AB  - A characteristic feature of bromium acute intoxications in levomycetine
      production is the delayed hemorrhagic component manifestation in the clinical
      course of toxic bronchitis (on the 20th day after inhaling bromium vapours), and
      the changes in the heart in the form of myocardial toxic dystrophia, as well as
      the growing activity of some liver related enzymes, which is indicative of the
      hepatocyte membrane lesions.

PMID- 1794719
TI  - [Use of "Iskra 1030-11" computers in hygienic studies for calculation of the
      degree of noise and vibration during 8- and 12-hour shifts].

PMID- 1794720
TI  - [Photometric analysis of sodium and cesium iodides in the air of the work area].
AB  - The contributors propose a photometric technique for detecting sodium and caesium
      iodides in the working zone air. The technique is based on the oxidation of I
      ions with bromine water, interacting of the educed iodine and redundant potassium
      iodide with concomitant formation of complex I3- ions, followed by 350-365 mm
      photometric measurements of the product. Air sample taking is performed by
      condensating on AFA--VP filtres. The lower limit of I-ions content measurements
      is 5 micrograms. The measurement range for sodium and caesium iodides is 0.2-50
      mg/m3. Data is provided for the reproduction of the technique which can be used
      both in special laboratory and industrial conditions.

PMID- 1794721
TI  - [An improved method of measuring sulfur dioxide level in the air].
AB  - Out of a set of tested stabilizers used in the photometric detection of sulphur
      dioxide by fuchs in formaldehyde reactions, trilon B solution was chosen in
      concentrations 2.5.10(-4)-1.10(-2) M as an absorbent solution and stabilizer. The
      proposed substitution of natrium tetrachlormercurate by trilon B provided greater
      stability of sulphur dioxide solution for 7 days and a higher absorbing activity
      (99.6-100%), avoiding working with highly poisonous substance which would require
      much time for synthesis.

PMID- 1794722
TI  - [Cytogenetic examination of female greenhouse workers].

PMID- 1794723
TI  - [Experimental data on the effects of lead, barium, silver, zinc and calcium
      stearates on the cardiovascular system].

PMID- 1794724
TI  - [Current suture techniques in gynecology and obstetrics].
AB  - The first part addresses general principles such as foreign body reaction,
      strength of sutured tissues, direction of the incision, knot technique and common
      suture materials. It is recommended to use fine-gauge sutures, as required by
      tissue strength. The continuous closure of a midline vertical incision is faster
      than an interrupted one or a transverse incision. In the second part, different
      closure techniques are discussed: closure of a vertical incision of the skin,
      uterine closure, episiotomy and repair of the anal sphincter.

PMID- 1794725
TI  - [General treatment principles and antihypertensive therapy in pregnancy-induced
      hypertension, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia].

PMID- 1794726
TI  - [Prostaglandin metabolism in pregnancy-induced hypertension].

PMID- 1794727
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy in HELLP syndrome].

PMID- 1794728
TI  - [Etiology and early detection of pregnancy-induced hypertension, possibilities
      for pharmacologic modification of disordered prostaglandin balance].

PMID- 1794729
TI  - [Andrology for the gynecologist].

PMID- 1794730
TI  - [Clinical management in pathologic obstetric Doppler findings].

PMID- 1794731
TI  - [Doppler flow measurements in obstetrics].

PMID- 1794732
TI  - [Vaginal sonography and sterility].

PMID- 1794733
TI  - [Pregnancy-induced hypertension: interdisciplinary aspects of anesthesia and
      obstetrics].

PMID- 1794734
TI  - Inadequate erythropoietin production in allogeneic bone marrow transplant
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is some evidence that the erythropoietin (Epo) feedback
      mechanism in response to anemia can be altered in the period immediately
      following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). METHODS: By using a RIA,
      serum erythropoietin (sEpo) levels were serially measured in 10 BMT patients,
      from day -10 up to day +30, and the results correlated with the concurrent
      hemoglobin (Hb) value. Thirty healthy subjects and 15 iron-deficiency anemic
      patients were used in order to construct our own reference sEpo vs Hb curve. A
      sEpo value recorded in BMT patients was considered to be inappropriate for any
      given Hb value when falling below the lower 95% confidence limit of the control
      curve. RESULTS: Basal sEpo levels were significantly higher than in healthy
      subjects, and increased further during the BMT procedure, being still higher than
      controls on day +30. However, Epo production resulted inappropriate for each
      given Hb value, when compared with the control curve, in 60 out of 67 sEpo
      determinations performed following graft infusion. The inadequate Epo production
      was not associated with the development of clinically manifest signs of kidney
      toxicity. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that Epo production is impaired in the
      period immediately following BMT and suggest a role for the administration of
      recombinant human Epo in the short-term management of the anemia associated with
      BMT.

PMID- 1794735
TI  - Myelopathies during the course of multiple myeloma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The development of acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) or
      myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) secondary to treatment of multiple myeloma (MM)
      is well known. In some cases the simultaneous appearance of MM and ANLL has been
      described. METHODS: In this series the simultaneous appearance of MM and various
      myelopathies in 91 untreated patients with MM, and the development of
      myelopathies during the course of the disease in 72 treated patients were
      studied. RESULTS: Simultaneous appearance of MM (IgA/lambda) and refractory
      anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RAS) was observed in one case (1.1%). Development
      of myelopathies in treated patients with MM was found in 4 out of 72 cases
      (cumulative risk at 8 years 28.3%). In one case (IgG/lambda MM) a
      myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) developed 6 years after the initial diagnosis.
      Cytogenetic analysis was normal. In the second patient (IgG/k MM) a similar MPD
      was observed 5 years after the initial diagnosis. The karyotype was 46, XX, -5 +
      t (20;?). The third patient with lambda light chain disease developed RAS 11
      months after the initial diagnosis. The karyotype was 46, XY/hypodiploidy + M.
      Finally, the fourth case (IgG/k MM) developed ANLL (M4) 28 months after the
      initial diagnosis and the karyotype was 45, XX, -7, t(1;3). CONCLUSIONS: The
      simultaneous appearance of MM and various myelopathies is unusual and probably
      represents a neoplastic transformation of a single progenitor in both lymphoid
      and myeloid malignancies. On the contrary, the development of myelopathies during
      the course of treated patients is a common phenomenon. The time of development
      and the cytogenetic findings strongly suggest that they are related to treatment
      with cytostatics.

PMID- 1794736
TI  - Continuous-infusion cyclophosphamide plus vincristine, cytosine-arabinoside and
      prednisone for refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite more aggressive salvage regimens, the prognosis of refractory
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is still poor. Hence, alternative approaches
      are warranted in heavily pretreated patients. Some studies suggest the
      enhancement of cyclophosphamide (CY) activity when given by continuous infusion.
      METHODS: To evaluate the effectiveness of this scheduling in refractory ALL, we
      treated 15 adult patients (4 primary resistant, 11 relapsed and refractory to
      salvage regimens) with a seven-day course of CY 350 mg/m2/day by continuous i.v.
      infusion, associated with vincristine, cytosine-arabinoside and prednisone.
      RESULTS: The median time for hematologic recovery was 18 days, with negligible
      extramedullary toxicity. Two patients died while aplastic, 3 were non responders,
      10 (66%) achieved complete remission after the first cycle. The response duration
      ranged from 5 to 32 (median 14) weeks, and the median survival of responders was
      23 weeks. It is noteworthy that half of the responding patients had been
      resistant to prior CY in different schedules and other drug combinations.
      CONCLUSIONS: These data seem to confirm that CY exerts its best antineoplastic
      activity by continuous infusion.

PMID- 1794737
TI  - Treatment of early stage B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with alpha
      interferon. Gruppo per lo Studio e la Cura delle Gammapatie Monoclonali.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Progress in the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (CLL) is slow. New investigational agents include alpha-interferon (IFN), which
      was shown to be active in small series of patients and for a short period of
      time. METHODS: Human recombinant alpha-IFN-2b (INTRON-A) was administered at a
      dose of 3MU daily for 6 to 12 mo. to 26 patients with early stage and previously
      untreated CLL, and to 3 previously treated patients. Response (regression to
      stage 0, or reduction of leukemic cell mass to less than 50%) was evaluated after
      6 and 12 mo. RESULTS: 15 of 26 pts. (58%) had a stable response for more than 1
      year, 9 (31%) had temporary or minor response, and 2 (7%) had disease
      progression. In the remaining 3 cases, treatment was discontinued within 3 mo.
      because of side effects. CONCLUSIONS: IFN is effective for long-term treatment
      and control of early stage CLL and is worth investigating in advanced stage CLL.

PMID- 1794738
TI  - Monolateral sarcoidosis of parotid gland associated with hemolytic anemia:
      description of a case diagnosed by cyto-histology.
AB  - In this paper the authors describe an uncommon case of a young woman affected by
      sarcoidosis with a unique localization in the right parotid gland, who, later on,
      developed a clinical picture of hemolytic anemia due to warm antibodies. The case
      is described and comments are made based on existing literature.

PMID- 1794739
TI  - Parenchymal brain leukemia. Case report: problems related to the diagnosis and
      treatment.
AB  - A case of intracerebral nodular leukemic mass that developed in a girl eight
      years after a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 18 months after
      second discontinuation of therapy for a central nervous system (CNS) relapse is
      reported. The morphologic picture and the long time that elapsed from the
      diagnosis raised the suspicion of a cerebral neoplasm; the immediate and dramatic
      effect of steroid treatment, on the contrary, indicated the presence of a
      leukemic infiltration and in the meantime, a bone marrow relapse occurred. The
      patient soon after received high-dose Cytosine Arabinoside (HD ARA C) +
      Vincristine (VCR) + Levo-Asparaginase (L-ASE) + Prednisone (PDN) without any
      intrathecal antiblastic drug. We observed a neurological recovery and a complete
      disappearance of the mass. After consolidation of the remission the patient began
      an ablative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. The efficacy of HD ARA C in
      the treatment of the intracerebral nodular leukemic mass is emphasized.

PMID- 1794740
TI  - Hepatic and splenic mycosis in children with acute leukemia.
AB  - Three cases of hepatic and/or splenic mycosis in children with acute leukemia are
      reported. Patients presented with fever not responding to broad spectrum
      antibiotics during or after prolonged and profound neutropenia. Noteworthy, in 1
      case no abnormality in liver function tests was detectable at diagnosis. CT scan
      showed focal hepatic lesions in all patients. In 1 patient ultrasounds failed to
      detect hepatic lesions and showed only splenic lesions, while CT scan detected
      hepatic and not splenic lesions. Definitive diagnosis was performed by open liver
      biopsy and histological demonstration of fungal invasion. Cultures were negative
      in all cases. All patients survived with prolonged amphotericin B treatment (from
      36 to 40 mg/kg), combined with flucytosine in two cases. In conclusion, this
      clinical entity should be taken into account by physicians taking care of
      neutropenic patients, even in the absence of abnormalities in liver function. CT
      seems to be the method of choice for diagnosis, although ultrasounds might be
      useful for detecting concomitant splenic lesions.

PMID- 1794741
TI  - A rosetting test with papain-treated erythrocytes (RBC) for the detection of a
      minor erythrocyte population (chimerism) with different antigenic expressivity.
AB  - A rosetting test with papain-treated erythrocytes was set up and evaluated for
      the detection of minor erythrocyte populations (chimerism), which can be
      distinguished by their antigenic differences. The test, for Rh system antigenic
      differences, has been able to detect erythrocyte populations with a 0.5: 1000
      density and a sensitivity 3-4 times as high as that of the antiglobulin test.
      Critical elements for the optimization of the test are: the final ratio between
      papain-treated erythrocytes and erythrocytes examined (2:1); the specificity
      check of the antiserum used which, considering the increased sensitivity, must be
      performed by the rosetting test itself; the accurate and delicate resuspension of
      the final pellet. Some disadvantages are the impossibility to detect antigenicity
      that can be altered by papain and, above all, the scarce possibility of
      quantifying, if not roughly, the size of the minor population.

PMID- 1794742
TI  - Prednisone versus deflazacort in the treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenic
      purpura: evaluation of clinical response and immunological modifications.
AB  - We report the results of a randomized clinical trial of two different
      coricosteroids (prednisone versus deflazacort) in patients affected by autoimmune
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP). We have evaluated the efficacy of the two
      steroids on platelet count, antiplatelet antibodies, lymphocyte subsets and the
      occurrence of side effects. Twenty-seven patients were evaluable: 13 were treated
      with PDN and 14 with DFC. After 24 weeks of treatment, 4/12 (33%), subjects
      treated with PDN were refractory while complete responses were obtained in 2/12
      (17%) and partial responses in 6/12 (50%). Among patients treated with DFC, 4/11
      (36%) were considered as refractory, 2/11 (18%) had a complete response and 5/11
      (46%) a partial response. A statistically significant decrease of antiplatelet
      antibodies was recorded in both groups after 4 weeks of therapy, but only in
      subjects receiving PDN did the reduction last until the 24th week. We observed an
      increase of T lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD2, CD4, CD8) in absolute number, due to
      an increase in circulating lymphocytes, after 4 weeks. No substantial
      modifications were observed in these populations regarding the percentage or the
      CD4/CD8 ratio. After 24 weeks, 91% (10/11) of patients treated with PDN presented
      an increase of body weight and 1 had a stable increase in blood pressure. Among
      the subjects treated with DFC, 64% (7/11) showed an increase of body weight after
      the same follow-up. In conclusion, no difference was observed the two steroids
      studied.

PMID- 1794743
TI  - Phenotype frequency of platelet HPA-1a antigen in a group of Italian blood
      donors.

PMID- 1794744
TI  - Hypocholesterolemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

PMID- 1794745
TI  - Feedback mechanisms in coagulation.

PMID- 1794746
TI  - Simulation model for thrombin generation in plasma.
AB  - A simulation model for the production of thrombin in plasma is presented. Values
      of the reaction rate constants as determined in purified systems are used and the
      model is tested by comparison of simulations of factor Xa, factor Va and thrombin
      generation curves with experimental data obtained in thromboplastin-activated
      plasma. Simulations of the effect of hirudin indicate that factor V is
      predominantly activated by thrombin and not by factor Xa. The model predicts a
      threshold value for the factor Xa production which, if exceeded, results in
      explosive and complete activation of prothrombinase. The dependence of this
      threshold value on different negative feedback reactions, e.g. the inactivation
      of thrombin and factor Xa by antithrombin III (+ heparin), is investigated. The
      threshold value, for control plasma in the range of 1-10 pM total factor Xa
      production, can be raised two orders of magnitude by accelerated inactivation of
      factor Xa and prothrombinase but is hardly affected by a tenfold increase in the
      rate of thrombin inactivation or by increased production of activated protein C.
      This latter effect, however, results in a more gradual input-response relation
      between factor Xa input and the extent of prothrombinase activation.

PMID- 1794747
TI  - Interaction of feedback control and product inhibition in the activation of
      factor X by factors IXa and VIII.
AB  - A simple numerical model of the activation of factor X by factors IXa and VIII
      has been constructed in order to identify and examine the major controls that
      operate in a nonflowing system in the presence of (1) inhibitors of factor Xa and
      (2) feedback activation of factor VIII by factor Xa. The model confirms, and
      allows parameter estimation for, (1) the control of factor Xa yield by factor
      VIIIa decay; (2) the control of generation-curve area by the rate of factor Xa
      inhibition; and (3) the reduction in the factor VIIIa decay rate in the presence
      of factor IXa. Beyond confirmation of existing data, the model also predicts that
      below a definite, but very low, threshold level of factor IXa (less than or equal
      to 10 pM), minimal feedback activation of factor VIII will occur. The
      concentration of factor IXa at which the threshold is observed in simulations is
      dependent on the rate of inhibition of factor Xa.

PMID- 1794748
TI  - Extrinsic pathway inhibitor--the key to feedback control of blood coagulation
      initiated by tissue thromboplastin.
AB  - Extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) is a Kunitz type serine protease inhibitor. EPI
      is a potent inhibitor of the factor VIIa/thromboplastin (TP) complex in the
      presence of factor Xa and is also a direct inhibitor of factor Xa. The inhibitory
      mechanism is complex and is currently thought to involve, in a first step, the
      formation of a EPI-factor Xa complex, and, in a second step, the formation a
      quaternary EPI-factor Xa-factor VIIa-TP complex. In the blood vessels, EPI is
      confined to three different pools. A major pool of EPI is bound to the
      endothelial surface, and this fraction may be released by heparin. Plasma
      contains a second, but smaller pool of EPI (approximately 10-50% of the
      endothelial surface pool) at a concentration of 50-100 ng/ml. This pool consists
      mostly of EPI-lipoprotein complexes and only less than 10% is carrier-free EPI. A
      third pool of EPI is confined to platelets (less than 10% of the plasma pool).
      The biological role of these pools has not yet been clarified, but some evidence
      suggest that the carrier-free EPI is biologically most active. In patients,
      disseminated intravascular coagulation may continue despite normal or even
      elevated EPI levels. However, evidence has now been provided to indicate that EPI
      can inhibit factor VIIa/TP complexes formed in vivo to prevent the effect of
      limited amounts of TP. Taken together, the present knowledge of EPI indicates
      that EPI functions as a key inhibitor to feedback control of blood coagulation
      initiated by TP.

PMID- 1794749
TI  - Modulation of the enzymatic activity of alpha-thrombin by polyanions:
      consequences on intrinsic activation of factor V and factor VIII.
AB  - The polyanions heparin and dermatan sulfate catalyze alpha-thrombin inhibition
      and can delay the onset of factor VIII and factor V necessary for intrinsic
      prothrombin activation to begin in plasma. These polyanions bind alpha-thrombin
      at its anion-binding exosite(s), structural domain(s) occupancy of which may
      alter the properties of the fibrin(ogen) recognition exosite of alpha-thrombin.
      We compared how such four polyanions influenced factor VIII and factor V
      activation during intrinsic coagulation. A pentasaccharide with high affinity for
      antithrombin III and the C-terminal dodecapeptide fragment of hirudin (hirugen)
      which occupy the anion-binding and fibrin(ogen) recognition exosites of alpha
      thrombin, respectively, could not significantly inhibit factor VIII and factor V
      activation. In contrast, heparin and a bis-lactobionic acid, both of which
      catalyzed alpha-thrombin inhibition, could effectively inhibit factor VIII and
      factor V activation. These results suggest that occupancy of fibrin(ogen) or
      anion-binding exosites by itself does not provide a necessary and sufficient
      condition for catalysis of thrombin inhibition or the inhibition thrombin
      mediated amplification reactions.

PMID- 1794750
TI  - Linearized model for the initiation of factor Va, and thrombin generation.
AB  - A simple model of the initiation of thrombin formation in plasma as a response to
      factor Xa generation was constructed. In this model factor Xa is considered as an
      input with a constant concentration. Substrate depletion and inactivation by
      activated protein C are neglected. The resulting linear model allows a closed
      form solution by standard methods. With values of the reaction rate constants, as
      determined in purified systems, this model predicts a highly explosive and
      complete activation of factor V and prothrombin as a response to any given
      (steady state) factor Xa concentration even in situations where prothrombinase
      and(/or) thrombin are rapidly inactivated. However, the time delay to rapid
      thrombin production becomes longer at lower factor Xa concentrations. Analysis of
      this time delay as a function of the factor Xa concentration indicates that the
      gain of the feedback loop of factor V activation by thrombin is so high that the
      contribution of factor V activation by factor Xa is relatively unimportant for
      factor Xa concentrations in the nanomolar range. It appears that the time lag is
      mainly determined by the gain of this feedback loop: similar proportional
      reductions of each of these reaction rates causes a similar effect. The effects
      of moderately enhanced inhibition rates of thrombin and prothrombinase on the
      time delay depend strongly on factor Xa concentration. Only a minor prolongation
      of the delay is predicted for factor Xa concentrations in the nanomolar range,
      but for factor Xa concentrations in the 1-10 pM range, the enhanced decay will
      cause considerable delays. Simultaneous reduction of the turnover rate of
      prothrombinase results in much larger delays for the entire range of factor Xa
      concentrations.

PMID- 1794751
TI  - Heparin requires both antithrombin and extrinsic pathway inhibitor for its
      anticoagulant effect in human blood.
AB  - Heparinization of blood inhibited the generation of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) after
      addition of thromboplastin (TP). Heparinization was more effective when performed
      in vivo than in vitro; the amounts of FPA at 60 s incubation were 8% and 32%,
      respectively, of control values in nonheparinized blood. When monospecific,
      neutralizing IgG against extrinsic pathway inhibitor (anti-EPI) were added to
      heparinized blood prior to TP, the amount of FPA increased to 65%. When
      monospecific IgG blocking antithrombin (anti-AT) was used, the amount of FPA
      increased to values similar to those in nonheparinized blood. When anti-AT and
      anti-EPI were both added to heparinized blood, FPA was generated about 25% faster
      than in normal blood. These results show that EPI contributes significantly to
      the anticoagulant effect of heparin in human blood.

PMID- 1794752
TI  - [Professional and personal characteristics of Israeli public hospital
      physicians].
AB  - The profile of the Israeli public hospital physician was evaluated in a survey of
      703 physicians. Background variables (age, sex, marital status), working habits
      (time devoted to various activities, management position) professional
      characteristics (specialty, seniority, tenure, etc.) and hospital characteristics
      (size, ownership) were recorded. The profile that emerged was that of physicians
      in their early 40's, the majority men, 2/3 senior physicians, and half with
      tenure. They work 50 to 60 hours a week, mostly in clinical work, with less than
      10% of their time in research. Physician mobility between hospitals is low: in
      any 5-year period very few positions become available, and then usually only when
      physicians retire. For these openings there is severe competition by a large
      number of residents. It is clear that research in hospitals should be encouraged
      in order to maintain hospital standards.

PMID- 1794753
TI  - [In vitro diagnosis of malignant hyperpyrexia syndrome].
AB  - Malignant hyperthermia syndrome (MHS) is rare, inherited, and triggered by
      volatile anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants. While potentially fatal,
      if recognized and treated early recovery is usual. However, the condition is
      often not recognized until an extreme increase in temperature develops with
      profound circulatory depression. In this stage the syndrome is irreversible,
      despite specific treatment with dantrolene. At present, the only reliable
      diagnostic test for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia requires sampling of
      viable muscle for in vitro contracture tests with caffeine and halothane. Until
      our malignant hyperthermia diagnostic center was opened, such tests could not be
      performed in Israel. Since then we encountered a 22-year-old man who developed
      the partial picture of malignant hyperthermia syndrome during anesthesia for
      inguinal herniorrhaphy. He received dantrolene and recovered. 4 months later in
      vitro contracture tests with caffeine and halothane performed on biopsied muscle
      confirmed the diagnosis.

PMID- 1794754
TI  - [Falls in elderly patients in an institution].
AB  - Falls among the elderly are a major concern of those caring for them. We studied
      the incidence of falls in institutionalized elderly, as well as the
      characteristics of those who fell and the causes of the falls, to determine how
      to prevent falling. A 2-month survey was conducted in Mishan, an institution in
      Raanana, and included 144 falls in 108 patients (447 women and 162 men, mean age
      84) out of a total of 609 elderly. The prevalence of falls was 1426 per 1000 per
      year. Most cases of falls were first seen in the emergency room or wards for
      demented patients. The prevalence of falls among those receiving physiotherapy
      was only 1/3 that of those who did not. Old institutionalized patients tend to
      fall mainly while getting in and out of bed. Falls may result from medication
      such as sleeping pills and psychotropic drugs, but not diuretics. Falls are not
      inevitable, and measures can be applied to prevent them and thus reduce their
      frequency.

PMID- 1794755
TI  - [Dynamic computed tomography of the neck as an alternative to carotid
      arteriography].
AB  - Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery is a frequent cause of
      acute ischemic cerebrovascular accidents in young patients. The diagnosis is
      usually based on arteriographic findings. We report a 31-year-old man with
      spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery in the neck, and compare
      the findings on arteriography with those on contrast enhanced, dynamic computed
      tomography (DCT) of the cervical and intracranial portion of the carotid system
      DCT may play an important role in the diagnosis of dissection of the carotid
      artery, and in its follow-up, as an alternative to arteriography.

PMID- 1794756
TI  - [Spermatocytic seminoma of the testis].
AB  - During 1968-1988, 6 patients with Stage I spermatocytic seminoma were registered
      at this oncology center. They represent 7% of a total of 83 patients referred for
      testicular seminoma (mean age 41 years, range 30-75). All 6 underwent high
      inguinal orchiectomy and 5 received postoperative radiotherapy. 1 refused any
      postoperative treatment. In a mean follow-up of 64 months (range 25-204), 4
      patients were alive with no evidence of disease, 1 had died of ischemic heart
      disease without evidence of recurrence of the seminoma, and 1 was lost to follow
      up after no evidence of disease was found 90 months after radiotherapy. In the
      light of our experience and reports in the literature, spermatocytic seminoma has
      a very good prognosis, although metastatic potential cannot be ruled out.
      Decision as to treatment should be based mainly on the stage of the disease.

PMID- 1794757
TI  - [Interlocked intramedullary nailing of the femoral shaft].
AB  - Femoral shaft fracture is usually caused by significant trauma. Conventional
      treatment is surgical fixation with an intramedullary nail. The addition of
      interlocking screws has enabled control of rotation at the fracture site as well
      as the maintenance of correct femoral length. During 1987-1989 we operated on 21
      patients with 22 fractures of the femur using the interlocked nail. All fractures
      had united after an average of 3 months, and the patients returned to normal
      activity after about a year. There was no mortality nor were there deep wound
      infections or neurovascular injuries. Complications were infrequent and consisted
      of pressure signs in the perineum, shortening of the femur and discomfort along
      the edges of the hardware. Our results support the use of the interlocked nail
      for femoral fractures when there is no other way to control femoral length or
      prevent rotation of the fractured elements.

PMID- 1794758
TI  - [Spurious hyperphosphatemia in multiple myeloma].
AB  - We present a 68-year-old woman with Ig A-K multiple myeloma and a laboratory
      report of extreme hyperphosphatemia (29 mg/dl), but no clinical manifestations
      attributable to such a high serum phosphorus. The hyperphosphatemia was
      demonstrated to be spurious and due to interference of monoclonal immunoglobulin
      with the phosphomolybdate calorimetric assay for phosphorus of some automated
      systems. In this case, after removal of serum proteins phosphorus values were
      normal. Normal values of phosphorus were also obtained with the phosphomolybdate
      calorimetric assay after reduction of paraprotein levels in this patient by
      chemotherapy. Knowledge of this phenomenon may obviate unnecessary testing and
      treatment. It may also suggest the presence of dysproteinemia.

PMID- 1794759
TI  - [Herpes encephalitis and brain biopsy: pros and cons].

PMID- 1794760
TI  - [Mutual relation between hyperlipidemia and nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 1794761
TI  - [Maternal addiction: update].

PMID- 1794762
TI  - [Adrenal incidentaloma].

PMID- 1794763
TI  - [New psychiatric legislation].

PMID- 1794764
TI  - [Attitudes of Holon high school students to cigarettes and smoking].

PMID- 1794765
TI  - [Pancreas transplantation].

PMID- 1794766
TI  - [Brain transplantation in Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1794767
TI  - [Nobel Prize winners in medicine--1991].

PMID- 1794768
TI  - [Pertussis vaccination--myth and facts].

PMID- 1794769
TI  - Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates.
AB  - Many primatologists believe that there is no sexual dimorphism in body size in
      prosimian primates. Because this belief is based upon data that came from only a
      few species and were largely flawed in some aspect of sample quality, I re
      examined the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, using weights of 791
      adult prosimians from 34 taxa recorded over the last 17 years at the Duke
      University Primate Center. There was no significant sex difference in body weight
      in 17 species, but males were significantly larger in Nycticebus pygmaeus,
      Tarsius syrichta, Galago moholi, Galagoides demidovii, Otolemur crassicaudatus
      and Otolemur garnettii. Moreover, females were significantly larger in Microcebus
      murinus. Thus, the general lack of sexual dimorphism could be confirmed, notably
      for lemurs, but prosimians as a group show more variability in sexual size
      dimorphism than was previously thought. After including previously published data
      obtained in the wild from 8 additional species, I found significant heterogeneity
      in the degree of sexual dimorphism at the family level, but only the Indridae and
      Galagidae were significantly different from each other. Among the prosimian
      infraorders, the Lorisiformes were significantly more dimorphic than the
      Lemuriformes. Differences in dimorphism between higher taxonomic groups are
      discussed in the context of prosimian evolution, concluding that phylogenetic
      inertia cannot provide a causal explanation for the evolution of sexual
      dimorphism. The relative monomorphism of most prosimians may be related to
      allometric constraints and, especially in the Lemuriformes, to selective forces
      affecting male and female behavioral strategies.

PMID- 1794770
TI  - Multivariate comparison of the forelimb between stump-tailed and rhesus macaques.
AB  - Rhesus macaques and stump-tailed macaques are sympatric in western Yunnan
      (China), coexisting or occupying habitats that show little difference. This paper
      tests hypotheses based on theoretical expectation from the differing
      biomechanical demands of terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism in stump-tailed
      macaques and rhesus macaques, respectively. Individuals of these two macaque taxa
      were markedly separated by the first two principal components and discriminant
      analyses based on 18 variables of the upper limb. The rhesus macaques appear to
      be more adapted for arboreal quadruped habits because of elongation of the
      clavicle and forearm, a larger humeral head and greater midshaft sagittal
      diameters of the radius and ulna.

PMID- 1794771
TI  - Lemur species show differences in immunological and biological activity of
      luteinizing hormone.

PMID- 1794772
TI  - Urinary protein pattern reflects social rank in male common marmosets (Callithrix
      jacchus).

PMID- 1794773
TI  - [Possibilities of silicone oil removal after complex vitreoretinal surgery].
AB  - The question of the long-term risks and benefits of silicone oil removal after
      complex vitreoretinal surgery involving the use of silicone oil has not yet been
      answered. A consecutive series of 50 eyes from which silicone oil had been
      removed were therefore analyzed in a retrospective study. In all cases the retina
      was completely attached and seemed to be stabilized before silicone oil removal.
      The reasons for the original surgery were severe proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy (PDR) in 20 cases and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in 30, in
      2 of which PVR developed after perforating injuries. Silicone oil was removed
      because the retina was clinically stable and completely attached, and in some
      cases cataract or glaucoma was present. The complication rate after silicone oil
      removal in these situations varied widely in dependence on the form of disease.
      After PDR stable conditions were achieved in 70% of cases after silicone oil
      removal. After PVR with retinal detachment the situation remained stable in only
      50%. The most frequent complication was retinal redetachment because of recurrent
      PVR, accounting for 80% of all failures. The success rate with silicone oil
      removal after PDR in this study was independent of the duration of tamponade,
      which had lasted for about 1 year in most cases. Following PVR, silicone oil
      removal seems to be more safer after long-term tamponade (22 months) than after a
      shorter duration (12 months). Secondary glaucoma during silicone oil tamponade
      could be influenced positively in 70% of all cases by silicone oil removal.
      Because of the relatively high rate of complications after silicone oil removal,
      especially in PVR, the indications for removal must be carefully considered.

PMID- 1794774
TI  - [Therapy of retinal detachment in Coats' disease].
AB  - Coats disease, an idiopathic condition of unknown etiology, includes
      teleangiectatic and aneurysmatic retinal vessels in association with massive
      subretinal exudation. Progression to retinal detachment caused by prolonged
      subretinal exudation means a poor prognosis. Retinal detachment surgery had
      always been controversial. Twelve patients (aged 7 to 48 years) with retinal
      detachment and Coats' disease were treated by various operations (cryotherapy,
      4X; episcleral buckle, 2X; vitrectomy and gastamponade, 3X; vitrectomy and
      silicone-oiltamponade, 2X). One case (cryotherapy and cerclage) failed and went
      on to retinal detachment. In the other 11 cases the retinal was reattached
      successfully. However, peripheral, small areas remained detached, caused by
      persistent deposits of subretinal exudation. This means that the underlying
      Coats' disease is still active and must be treated by laser coagulation. It must
      also be monitored carefully, to keep an eye on the preretinal vitreous activities
      leading to detachment.

PMID- 1794775
TI  - [Visual outcome after silicon oil surgery].
AB  - The question as to whether silicone oil is toxic to the retina has not been
      resolved to this day. We have attempted to find evidence of retinal toxicity by
      studying the development of visual acuity in eyes operated on with silicone oil.
      We selected these eyes from a cohort of about 500 that had attached retina, no
      glaucoma and no keratopathy. The average visual acuity increased continuously
      over 2 years if all extraretinal factors influencing visual acuity are excluded.
      Although in eyes from which silicone oil had been removed visual function
      developed better than in those in which it remained indefinitely, this could not
      be attributed to a toxic effect of silicone oil, since the difference was
      apparent even while eyes in both cohorts where still filled with oil. The
      difference is more probably a result of patient selection. In individual cases in
      which silicone oil was not removed for up to 8 years the visual acuity remained
      stable. An analysis of the patients with loss of vision despite attached retinas
      yielded causes that were essentially specific to the underlying disease. We found
      no clinical evidence suggestive of a toxic effect of silicone oil.

PMID- 1794776
TI  - [Visual changes after silicone oil injection].
AB  - Patients frequently complain of visual changes after intraocular silicone oil
      injection. The degree of these changes as well as refractive changes were
      analyzed in 11 aphacic eyes that had a postoperative visual acuity of at least
      0.1. Visual acuity and refraction were obtained with the patients in a supine
      position. Then multiple visual acuity tests were done and refraktion was measured
      up to 12 times a day with the patient sitting erect. All tests were done with a
      constant pupillary diameter. Mean differences of 3 D between the objective and
      subjective refraction were noted. In most eyes there was a shift of spherical
      equivalents towards hypermetropia after a change in posture from supine to erect.
      The mean shift was 3.4 D (range 0.75-6.25 D). Seven out of 11 patients showed an
      increase in visual acuity of up to 4 optotypelines within the first 4 h after
      changing to an erect position. Total eye examination and testing of best
      corrected visual acuity were performed again between 4 weeks and 15 months after
      silicone oil removal (mean 9.6 months). On examination, all eyes had a totally
      attached retina; none developed secondary glaucoma. Ten out of 11 eyes did not
      attain a final visual acuity that was better than the best corrected visual
      acuity before silicone oil removal.

PMID- 1794777
TI  - [Daunomycin and silicone oil in treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy].
AB  - We describe the long-term results after treatment of 68 eyes in advanced stages
      of proliferative vitreoretinopathy with vitrectomy, daunomycin perfusion, and
      silicone oil injection. Six reoperations were performed. After 18 months, 73% of
      the eyes showed no signs of retinal detachment and 89% had a visual acuity
      greater than 20/800. These results are better than those reported in previously
      published studies. Whether this improvement is due to the daunomycin treatment or
      to more aggressive surgical techniques, such as retinotomies, remains to be
      answered by a randomized trial.

PMID- 1794778
TI  - [Reasons for failure after episcleral buckling operation of the retina].
AB  - In this retrospective study about failures of epiretinal buckling procedures
      performed over 12 years the causes of failure are analysed. The main ones are:
      new retinal holes, PVR, wrong localization, and inadequate buckling effect. The
      aim of this investigation was to find indications of the best technique, with a
      view to improving the success rate, currently, 80-90%, even further.

PMID- 1794779
TI  - [Capillary hemangioma of the retina. Laser scanning tomography follow-up after
      radiotherapy].
AB  - We present a patient with isolated angiomatosis retinae, in whom ruthenium
      irradiation was administered for treatment of a secondary serous retinal
      detachment. Prior to therapy, we measured an increased vessel diameter. Following
      treatment, decreasing venous vessel diameter was documented three-dimensionally
      utilizing laser scanning tomography. The changes in vessel height (87%) exceeded
      the changes in width (49%). This is most probably because the vessels are
      embedded in the nerve fiber layer, stabilized by the surrounding tissues more in
      a horizontal than in a vertical direction. In addition, spontaneous venous
      pulsation located in the optic disc and in the retina was documented.

PMID- 1794780
TI  - [Postmortem serologic and biochemical HLA typing with cultivated retinal pigment
      epithelium cells].
AB  - A quick and reliable method for HLA typing of human cadavers has been
      established. Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) were obtained from cadaver
      bulbi 8-36 h post mortem (n = 24). After 24 hours, cell growth correlated
      inversely with the time lapse between the donor's death and bulbus explantation.
      Cultivated human RPE were stimulated by different Y-interferon (IFN)
      concentrations and examined by FACS analysis for the expression of MHC class I
      and II molecules. A concentration of 100 units/ml human Y-IFN was sufficient to
      induce maximal class I antigen expression by about 90% of cells after 3 days. At
      50 units/ml Y-IFN, the cells showed maximal class II antigen expression for HLA
      DR, whereas 100 units/ml I-IFN was required for maximal HLA-DQ expression. Higher
      concentrations of Y-IFN induced a further HLA-DP expression. However, serological
      HLA typing was performed after cell stimulation with 250 units/ml Y-IFN for 3
      days. A concentration of 500 units/ml Y-IFN yielded equivalent results, but 750
      units/ml Y-IFN led to poor identification of class I MHC specificities. Unclear
      serological results on class I specificities were clarified by 1D-isoelectric
      focusing (1D-IEF), thus allowing full HLA typing of all donor bulbi examined. In
      summary, successful HLA typing of cultivated RPE is dependent on both the Y-IFN
      concentration and the time lapse between stimulation and typing of the RPE. The
      method provides a much improved basis for cadaver cornea grafting.

PMID- 1794781
TI  - [Dosage errors and their prevention in intraocular SF6 injection for
      endotamponade in pneumatic retinopexy and after vitrectomy].
AB  - Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is used for internal tamponade during retinal
      detachment surgery. It is usually injected into the eye by a plastic syringe
      either with a sharp needle or by using the infusion system during pars plana
      vitrectomy. Although several suggestions exist for the appropriate application of
      intraocular SF6 and other perfluocarbons, a sudden postoperative rise in tension
      or hypotonia has been observed repeatedly. We simulated the preparation and
      application of mixtures of sulfur hexafluoride and air and analyzed possible
      mistakes. SF6 was quantitatively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. SF6 does not
      rapidly diffuse out of capped plastic syringes made of polypropylene, as commonly
      employed in the Federal Republic of Germany. SF6 and air mix completely during
      aspiration. If the volume of microporefilters or tubes being used for preparation
      and instillation of mixtures of SF6 and air is ignored, this may result in a 20%
      deviation in SF6 concentration. Silicone tubes, which are widely used for the
      influsion during pars plana vitrectomy, are not recommended for the application
      of SF6. SF6 and fluorcarbones diffuse through silicone tubes and absorb and
      desorbe in the tube. Infusion lines made of polyethylene or polyvinylchloride,
      e.g. butterflies, should be preferred.

PMID- 1794782
TI  - [Retinal degeneration with blue cone hypersensitivity].
AB  - The clinical and electrophysiological findings are presented for five patients
      who had enhanced blue cone sensitivity. This new syndrome is characterized by
      night blindness, yellow, partly pigmented flecks at the posterior pole and
      variable visual loss. Maculopathy and peripheral retinoschisis may occur. The
      electroretinogram shows similar responses to dark and light-adapted conditions
      and long b-wave implicit times. This was the first time that it could
      successfully be demonstrated that the disease is really inherited and is probably
      of autosomal recessive origin. The main diagnostic test is an ERG recording with
      blue and red stimuli in the light-adapted state. These patients show enhanced
      sensitivity for blue instead of red when compared to normals and other retinal
      degenerations.

PMID- 1794783
TI  - [Hemodynamic aspects of retinitis pigmentosa].
AB  - While retinal vascular attenuation is a typical finding in retinitis pigmentosa
      (RP), studies on changes in choroidal vasculature have yielded contradictory
      results. In 44 patients with RP the relative pulse blood volumes were measured,
      and perfusion pressure videoangiography (PVA) was performed in 7 of them. Follow
      up examinations were performed in 14 of the patients between 1.5 and 6 years
      later. The results show that the choroidal circulation is considerably reduced in
      RP patients; it was found to be further reduced at the follow-up examinations.
      PVA shows atrophy of the choroid capillary network. Characteristic changes occur
      not only in the retinal but also in the choroidal circulation, depending on the
      form, duration (stage) and prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 1794784
TI  - [Effect of dose rate of ruthenium 106 plaques on tumor regression in the animal
      model].
AB  - The influence of the dose-rate of 106Ru-plaques on tumor response was
      investigated in an experimental tumor-host system (rhabdomyosarcome R1H of the
      rat). A highly significant difference in tumor response was observed between
      tumors treated with the identical total dose (25 Gy) but varying dose rates (1.3
      Gy/h vs 6.0 Gy/h). All tumors treated with the low-dose irradiation were locally
      controlled, whereas only one local tumor was controlled by higher dose
      irradiation. These unexpected results may be explained by the short overall
      treatment time with high dose rates, which does not allow sufficient
      reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor cells. In addition to the total dose, the dose
      rate should be included in treatment planning for choroidal melanoma
      brachytherapy, and analysis of the clinical data on this topic seems to be
      necessary in order to develop new therapy concepts.

PMID- 1794785
TI  - Dedifferentiation potential of iris melanomas.
AB  - A histopathological study was conducted on four cases in which a diffuse iris
      melanoma presented with glaucoma. Drainage surgery was performed on three eyes
      for medically non-responsive raised intraocular pressure, and all cases
      eventually (within 2-7 years) required enucleation for secondary glaucoma. In the
      iridectomy specimens the tumour melanocytes were small, uniform in size and
      spindle shaped, while in the enucleation specimens the tumour cells were
      epitheliod and pleomorphic. The dedifferentiated tumour in the enucleated eyes
      spread extensively within the anterior chamber and anterior uvea. In three cases
      there was evidence of intrascleral spread. However, none of the patients has died
      from metastatic disease in the follow-up period of 2-6 years since enucleation.

PMID- 1794786
TI  - Surgical treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia.
AB  - We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who was hospitalized for bilateral
      uveitis that occurred 2 years after a penetrating injury of the left eye. On
      admission, all clinical signs of sympathetic ophthalmia were present with visual
      function reduced to light perception and intact projection in the right eye and
      light perception without intact projection in the left. Ultrasonography confirmed
      that the retina was in its proper place in both eyes. Since abrasion of the
      corneal epithelium and decalcification of the cornea with ethylene diamine tetra
      acetic acid had been performed on the right eye, it was decided to proceed with
      pars-plana lensectomy and vitrectomy in the same (better preserved) eye. The
      surgery was performed as planned, with an uneventful postoperative course. Three
      years later, the eye operated upon had no signs of inflammation, and the visual
      acuity achieved with the aphakic correction was 0.8.

PMID- 1794787
TI  - [Analysis of the protein pattern in physiologic and pathologic vitreous bodies by
      electrophoresis and immunologic identification].
AB  - The protein composition of normal and pathological human vitreous was analyzed
      using gradient SDS-PAGE and western blot. By electroblotting and immunodetection,
      the presence of ten proteins was proven in the normal vitreous. The major
      proteins included: albumin, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and immunoglobulin
      G. For the detection of a distinct protein in the vitreous, western blot analysis
      seems to be an appropriate method. Using densitometric analysis of silver-stained
      gels, we compared the protein pattern of post-mortem vitreous, surgically
      obtained samples (from proliferative vitreous-retinopathy, proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy, and macular pucker patients), and serum. The protein composition of
      the pathological intraocular fluid was uniform, but different from that of normal
      vitreous and serum. These results suggest that a breakdown of the blood-retina
      barrier is the main reason for the increase of soluble proteins in the vitreous
      cavity under pathological conditions. The methods described allow detailed
      analysis of the vitreous protein pattern in intraocular proliferative disorders
      with a small sample volume (10 microliters).

PMID- 1794788
TI  - [Experimental studies of proliferative vitreoretinopathy].
AB  - A new experimental rabbit model was developed to investigate vitreoretinal
      proliferation (PVR). PVR was initiated by injection of zymosan A from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the vitreous. The experiments were performed in two
      groups. In group A zymosan was injected into the normal vitreous; in group B
      zymosan was injected after the vitreous body had been degraded by the previous
      injection of hyaluronidase. In group A only moderate phagozytotic activity was
      found up to the 5 h day. However, in group B excessive invasion of macrophages
      was observed within 20 h and phagozytotic activity increased markedly. This was
      confirmed by an increase of enzymatic activity of beta-n-acetyl-glucoseaminidase
      in the anterior chamber and in the vitreous space. Transmission electron
      microscopy revealed characteristic morphology in zymosan A, which can apparently
      only be digested very slowly in the phagocytes. Therefore, macrophages could be
      traced during their transformation into fibroblastlike cells forming the
      vitreoretinal membranes.

PMID- 1794789
TI  - [Retinal rosettes and their relation to the vitreoretinal barrier in the
      chronobiologic model].
AB  - Chronobiological experiments were carried out on animals to investigate the
      peristatic development of retinal rosettes in the course of a day. Every 3 h one
      single dose of four different concentrations of cyclophosphamide (CP) was applied
      subcutaneously under defined conditions in young mice of the Agnes Bluhm strain,
      Halle. A series of 1,396 eyes was studied to determine which retinal
      malformations were present in the fine tissue. The authors found daily variations
      in all rosettes in the inner retinal layers, which are of interest here. However,
      there was no hint of any circadian pattern. The incidence in rosettes in the
      inner retinal layers increased in correspondence with a decrease in CP
      concentration. Disturbances of the vitreoretinal limiting membrane were not only
      detected in rosettes placed in the ganglion and nerve fibre layers and in
      epiretinal positions, but also in very large rosettes penetrating all retinal
      layers. In 7 eyes a special form of rosettes was found: a rosette scattered in
      the vitreous body like a floater. The authors emphasize the importance the
      localization of rosettes has for clinical practice.

PMID- 1794790
TI  - [Central vein occlusion as a sequela of spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the
      carotid artery to the cavernous sinus].
AB  - We found a central retinal vein occlusion in three of nine patients with
      spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas of the cavernous sinus region. The femoral
      angiogram displayed a "low-flow" fistula from the internal carotid artery and/or
      dural branches of the external carotid artery into the cavernous sinus in all
      three patients. Angiographically, occlusion of the superior ophthalmic vein was
      present in all three patients. The arteriovenous flow of the shunt was directed
      into the sphenoparietal sinus and into other cerebral veins, but not into the
      orbit. This is the first angiographic demonstration of occlusion of the superior
      ophthalmic vein in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. The decrease in
      blood flow in the superior ophthalmic vein and the central retinal vein occlusion
      developed several months after the onset of the cavernous fistula. The occurrence
      of thrombosis is regarded as the consequence of venous stasis in the superior
      ophthalmic vein. It is assumed that the thrombosis grew retrogradely along the
      superior ophthalmic vein towards the central retinal vein. The intraocular
      pressure was not elevated in two of the three patients and therefore not regarded
      as the cause of the central retinal vein occlusion. Lid erythema and conjunctival
      hyperemia were pronounced in the acute stage of the fistula formation.

PMID- 1794791
TI  - [Absolute blood flow in the ophthalmic artery].
AB  - Knowledge about the total blood flow in the ophthalmic artery (OA) is very
      important in some ocular disorders. We estimated the total blood flow (BF) in the
      OA by measuring simultaneously the inner diameter of the OA (Doph) and the mean
      blood velocity (VMmean) of the same OA. Doph in [mm] was estimated with
      digitalized subtraction angiography (DSA) of the OA. The blood velocity was
      measured by pulsed Doppler sonography (4 MHz, 39 +/- 4 mm orbital depth, sample
      volume 4 mm, EME, Uberlingen). In addition to the pulse curve outline formed by
      the peak velocities, a pulse curve mean line was established as formed by
      mathematical integration of the relative strengths of all velocities at given
      time point. This pulse curve mean line resembles the mean velocity of all red
      blood cells in the OA at any time during the heart cycle with a systolic maximum
      (VMsys), a diastolic minimum (VMdia) and a mean blood velocity (VMmean). The
      pulse curve mean line always shows lower velocities than the pulse curve outline.
      The total blood flow (BF) in ml/min in the OA was calculated by: BF = (Doph/2)2 x
      3.14 x VMmean. The pulsatile fraction (BFP) of the BF was calculated by: BFP = BF
      [(Doph/2)2 x 3.14 x VMdia]. Twenty eyes of 13 neurological patients were examined
      (mean age 58.6 +/- 15.3 years). The inner diameter of the OA was on average 1.14
      +/- 0.26 mm (min. 0.52, max. 1.88). The mean blood velocity VMmean was on average
      10.38 +/- 4.16 cm/s (min. 6.35, max. 21.8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794792
TI  - [Color-coded Doppler sonography of orbital blood vessels with special reference
      to the central retinal artery and vein].
AB  - When certain conditions are met, parameters correlating with orbital and retinal
      perfusion can be investigated non-invasively with the use of Doppler
      ultrasonography. Color coding allows more rapid vessel localization and more
      precise definition of sample volume localization. Flow direction and blood
      velocity in the central retinal artery and vein, as well as in the ophthalmic
      artery, were evaluated under normal and pathological conditions using current B
      scan Doppler instruments with color coding. Fourteen patients with central artery
      occlusion, 9 with central vein occlusion, and 9 with orbital arteriovenous
      fistulas were compared with a control group. In the patients with retinal venous
      prethrombosis and thrombosis, the blood velocities were not significantly
      decreased. Patients with retinal arterial occlusion had contradictory findings,
      presumably since recanalization had already taken place. Echographic flow imaging
      might be most useful when, particularly after treatment, flow velocity patterns
      in the orbital vessels are evaluated, and when angiographic procedures can be
      avoided. Illustrative cases such as spontaneous dura-cavernous sinus fistulas
      versus cavernous sinus thrombosis show that difficult diagnostic decisions can be
      made easier.

PMID- 1794793
TI  - [Value of Doppler carotid artery sonography in ophthalmologic diagnosis].
AB  - We report the clinical and Doppler sonographic findings on the internal carotid
      artery in 230 patients with various purely ocular vascular symptoms. For
      evaluation, the patients were subdivided into four groups: group I (107): central
      retinal artery obstruction (CRAO) (13), branch retinal artery obstruction (BRAO)
      (31), amaurosis fugax (AF) (13), anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) (50);
      group II: retinal vein occlusion (25); group III: "low-tension glaucoma" (55);
      group IV: chronic open-angle glaucoma with a possible vascular co-factor (43). In
      group I with signs of arterial ocular mal-perfusion; 29.5% of cases with CRAO and
      BRAO revealed significant stenosis or complete obstruction of the ipsilateral
      internal carotid artery. Only 4 of 50 cases (8.0%) with AION showed positive
      findings. A remarkable result of this evaluation is the coincidence that nearly
      all high-grade obliterations and obstructions of the internal carotid arteries
      diagnosed in this study were exclusively confined to eyes with very severe
      ischemic changes in both anterior and posterior segments. In no other case was
      localization or extent of the obstructive process in the internal carotid artery
      predictive. Venous retinal obstructions with only 16% positive findings did not
      show any correlation with arterial occlusive disease of extracranial vessels
      based on demographic aspects and clinicopathological studies. Also no etiological
      correlation could be detected in either of the glaucoma groups (III and IV).

PMID- 1794794
TI  - [Prevalence, morphology and therapy of toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis in AIDS].
AB  - Toxoplasmosis-retinochorioiditis is the second most frequent opportunistic
      infection of the eye among our series of AIDS patients. Between 1985 and 1990 we
      diagnosed 7 cases in 261 AIDS patients (Walter Reed classification 6); prevalence
      = 2.7%). The incidence has been increasing over the years. In four cases,
      toxoplasmosis was restricted to the eye, in three cases, ocular disease occurred
      combined with toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system. Since serological
      findings are not very reliable in AIDS-patients, the most important element in
      the differential diagnosis against retinitis of different etiology is
      ophthalmoscopy. There are a number of findings which allow differentiation of
      toxoplasmosis from other forms of retinitis, especially cytomegalovirus
      retinitis. Toxoplasmosis-retinitis was stopped in all cases by administering a
      specific therapy of pyrimethamine combined with clindamycin, a sulfonamide or
      spiramycin. Stable scar formation was achieved after 2-3 weeks therapy.
      Subsequent maintenance therapy with Fansidar (pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine)
      protected 4/4 patients from a relapse, while maintenance therapy with
      pyrimethamine alone allowed a relapse in 1/2 patients.

PMID- 1794795
TI  - [Acute retinal necrosis and HIV infection].
AB  - Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is increasingly being observed among patients with
      HIV infection. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are
      recognized as being the etiologic agents in this syndrome. Among the 538 patients
      with HIV infection (261 of these with AIDS), who were followed up in our
      department between 1985 and 1990, we diagnosed ARN in 4 cases. Three of these
      patients suffered from AIDS. Thus, ARN was the third-most-frequent form of
      retinitis in our patients with AIDS (prevalence 1.1%), following Cytomegalovirus
      (CMV) retinitis (17.2%) and toxoplasmosis-retinochorioiditis (2.7%). The course
      of ARN in patients with AIDS is demonstrated in four case reports. Special
      features of the retina are documented by photographs of the fundus. The authors
      suggest that patients with AIDS who experienced an episode of VZV- or HSV
      infection which necessitated high-dose systemic aciclovir therapy are at risk of
      developing ARN. We recommend that they be kept on virustatic maintenance therapy.

PMID- 1794796
TI  - [Disorders of the afferent visual pathway in HIV infection. 1. Optic nerve and 2.
      Visual pathways/visual cortex].
AB  - Up to now little involvement of the afferent visual pathway (optic nerve and
      optic radiation and visual cortex) in HIV infection has been apparent. These
      results are based on our prospective investigations of 538 HIV-infected
      individuals, among them 261 patients with full-blown AIDS carried out by the same
      examiner over a 6-year period (1984-1990). Diseases of the optic nerve were
      observed in 22/261 (8.4%) of Aids patients but in only 1/227 (0.4%) of patients
      with earlier stages of HIV infection. Optic neuritis was the most common disease
      (in 14/261 = 5.4% of Aids patients), for the most part occurring in the course of
      CMV (cytomegalovirus) retinitis. For this form the prognosis was primarily good
      under virustatic therapy with ganciclovir in contrast to primary CMC papillitis.
      Furthermore, a few cases of optic perineuritis, optic neuropathy in basal
      meningitis, ischemic optic neuropathy and papilloedema with increased
      intracranial pressure were observed, most of them caused by opportunistic
      infections of the central nervous system. In single cases the HIV might
      hypothetically have played a role in the etiology. Visual impairment of the
      patients varied from subtle disturbances to blindness. Often optic atrophy
      resulted. Homonymous hemianopsia was the principal sign in diseases of the visual
      pathway between the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex (in 10/261 =
      3.8% of Aids patients). This symptom resulted from cerebral toxoplasmosis in 7
      cases, progressive multifocal leukoencepalopathy (PML) in 2 cases and primary
      intracerebral malignant lymphoma in 1 case. The visual fields and
      neuroradiological findings are demonstrated. In 3 cases the homonymous
      hemianopsia was the first clinical appearance of Aids. Involvement of the
      afferent visual pathway in HIV infection may be a cause of blindness or visual
      disturbances despite normal findings on examination of the eyes themselves.

PMID- 1794797
TI  - [Structure and dynamics of photo-acoustic shock-waves in 193 nm excimer laser
      photo-ablation of the cornea].
AB  - The structure and dynamics of acoustic shock waves generated with a 193-nm ArF
      excimer laser pulse (20 ns) in corneal photoablation were investigated using
      piezoelectric transducers (PVDF foily). The shock waves passed through the cornea
      at the speed of sound (1630 +/- 120 m/s). The duration of the acoustic half-value
      thickness was approximately 60 ns. At clinically relevant laser energy densities
      (200 mJ/cm2) the amplitude of the shock-waves was 80 bar. At higher energy
      densities (500 mJ/cm2) the amplitude reaches 150 bar. When laser pulses were
      applied with a spot size of 100 microns the amplitude of the acoustic transient
      decreased inversely with the distance to the interaction zone. At large beam
      diameters (4 mm), however, even at a distance of 3 mm from the interaction zone
      no significant decrease of the shock-wave amplitude could be found. It is assumed
      that the mechanical stress involved in laser-induced acoustic shock-waves may be
      the cause of cellular alterations and the structural damage to adjacent collagen
      layers leading to the onset of postoperative scar formation.

PMID- 1794798
TI  - [Optical properties of human sclera and their significance for trans-scleral
      laser use].
AB  - The spectral dependence of the optical properties of human sclera adjacent to the
      limbus was investigated and related to the potentials of transscleral
      photocoagulation. The total transmission, absorption and reflection and the
      angular distribution of the transmitted and reflected light were measured at five
      laser wavelengths (442 nm, 514 nm, 633 nm, 804 nm, and 1064 nm) for both
      noncontact and contact applications. The scleral transmission is only 6% at 442
      nm, but increases to 35% at 804 nm and 53% at 1064 nm. The absorption is high at
      short wavelengths, with 40% at 442 nm, but it is only 6% at 804 nm and 1064 nm.
      The reflection is generally higher than 40% and shows little wavelength
      dependence. The transmitted light is scattered diffusely at short wavelengths,
      but at 804 nm and 1064 nm it exhibits a fairly narrow angular distribution in the
      forward direction. Fiber contact leads to an increase in transmission, with a
      factor of 3.5 at 442 nm, of 2.0 at 804 nm, and of 1.5 at 1064 nm. Our results
      indicate that the diode laser (804 nm) and the Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) are best
      suited for transscleral photocoagulation and that contact delivery leads to a
      reduction of the energy required for cyclophotocoagulation.

PMID- 1794799
TI  - [Ab-interno sclerostomy with the excimer laser via a quartz fiber in albino
      rabbits].
AB  - After attempting to induce experimental glaucoma in 20 albino rabbits by topical
      administration of 0.1% dexamethasone, ab-interno sclerostomy with an excimer
      laser at 308 nm via a quartz fiber was performed in one eye of each animal.
      Preoperatively, the sclera was stained with a UV-absorbing drug (sulfisomidine)
      in 10 rabbits; to shield the lens from scattered radiation, another UV absorber
      (fluorescein) was injected additionally into the anterior chamber. The other 10
      rabbits were operated on without pretreatment. A full-thickness sclerostomy was
      performed in all animals. Most of the eyes upon operated showed minimal
      inflammation in the first few postoperative days. The intraocular pressure in the
      operated eyes was reduced compared to the fellow eye for about 3 months.
      Histology showed a 50-microns broad, smooth, thermally damaged zone at the edges
      of the sclerostomy. Clinical and histological investigation showed no evidence of
      UV-induced damage on the lens or retina in either group. Application of the UV
      absorber led to a significant decrease in the number of pulses required to
      perforate the sclera, but had no influence on the clinical history.

PMID- 1794800
TI  - [Photoablative, refractive keratectomy in treatment of myopia. A case study of
      134 myopic eyes with 6-months follow-up].
AB  - A total of 106 myopic eyes and 134 eyes with sight were operated on with
      photorefractive keratectomy. To perform these operations the two surgeons used an
      excimer laser made by Aesculap-Meditec, emitting a wavelength of 193 nm. Patients
      were assigned to one of four groups according to refraction. The majority of
      patients had moderately high to high myopia, i.e., over 6 D. All patients could
      no longer wear spectacles or had developed contact lens intolerance. The follow
      up period extended over 6 months. Depending upon the amount of correction desired
      in myopia, i.e., between -3D and -15 D, we ablated between 30 and 130 microns of
      the central corneal stroma after abrading the epithelium. The optical zone had a
      diameter of 5 mm. Three months after the operation a reduction of myopia by 10.6
      D had been achieved in the group with moderately high myopia (10-20 D). In the
      group of high myopia (over 20 D), the mean correction was 13.4 D. In the group
      with refraction between 0 and 6 D, 88% of the eyes treated had attained a
      correction between -1 and +1 D 3 months postoperatively. The results in the group
      with myopia between 6 to 10 D were similar attaining a refraction of -1 and +1 D.
      Regression of 2 to 5 D occurred in all patients during the follow-up period of 6
      months, depending on the degree of correction. We noted a slight subepithelial
      reticular haze in all eyes. In 98% of the cases the haze was clinically
      irrelevant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794801
TI  - [Consequences of different ablation rates in Bowman's membrane and corneal stroma
      for photorefractive keratectomy].
AB  - If photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is performed with an ArF-excimer-laser, the
      existence of different ablation rates in Bowman's membrane and corneal stroma is
      of crucial importance, as ablation rates are considered to be constant in PRK.
      Consequently, if photoablation cannot be confined to Bowman's layer alone, at
      least two new surfaces with different refractive powers would result. For the
      correction of myopia with PRK, different ablation rates would mean that: (1) the
      central corneal surface with the desired refractive power is smaller than the
      total ablation zone. The lower the ablation rate in Bowman's layer compared to
      that of stroma, the smaller the area of desired refraction. (2) the maximum
      attainable refractive change will also be smaller, the lower ablation rate in
      Bowman's layer is compared to that of stroma. (3) Enlargement of the central zone
      of desired refraction is limited by the maximum acceptable ablation depth.

PMID- 1794802
TI  - [In vitro study of endothelial tolerance of 10 culture media with special
      reference to the pump and barrier function].
AB  - We investigated ten commercially available tissue culture media in a series of
      perfusion experiments. Porcine cornea were perfused in groups of 10-15 with the
      media M 199 Earle, MEM Earle, MEM Hank, DMEM, RPMI 1640, Ham's F-12, BM-86
      Wissler. Perfusions were done with and without the addition of 2% fetal calf
      serum. As a control, BSS PLUS (R) was used. We compared the change in corneal
      thickness in a 6-h perfusion interval. The corneal endothelium was present after
      all perfusion experiments. Evaluation of the changes in corneal thickness showed
      that culture media rich in bicarbonate support the endothelial pumping function.
      The presence of fetal calf serum had no influence on corneal thickness. The
      absence of glutathione in the culture media did not result in increased corneal
      thickness. Medium 199 with Earle salt, BSS Plus, DMEM, RPMI 1640 and Ham's F-12
      gave the best results and may be considered possible intraocular irrigation
      solutions.

PMID- 1794803
TI  - [Morphometric and qualitative changes in corneal endothelium in pseudoexfoliation
      syndrome].
AB  - In a prospective study begun in March 1986, in 182 eyes with pseudoexfoliation
      syndrome (PES) specular microscopic endothelial cell photographs were taken with
      direct and non-direct specular microscopy in non-selected patients who had not
      undergone intraocular surgery. Age-matched cataract eyes with normal intraocular
      pressure served as a control group. Standard specular microscopic examination
      (Bio Optics LSM 2000 A and Clinical Specular Microscope Camera) to evaluate the
      endothelial cell count and the morphology and quality of the endothelium yielded
      the following results. In 4432 control eyes with normal intraocular pressure the
      cell count was observed to be age-dependent and to have an average value of 2302
      +/- 394 cells/mm2, the cells generally had a regular arrangement. In 123 eyes
      with pseudoexfoliation syndrome there was a significant (p less than 0.001)
      reduction in cell count to 1812 +/- 297 cells/mm2. In 59 eyes with PES and
      manifest glaucoma there was a significant (p less than 0.001) reduction of the
      corneal endothelium to 1482 +/- 267 cells/mm2. The cell picture was composed of
      enlarged, regularly arranged cells. In addition, such endothelial changes as
      incomplete cell lesions, cell detritus and appositions were six times as frequent
      as in normal eyes. In 32% of the eyes affected by PES we found manifest glaucoma.
      The statistical evaluation (matched age groups ect.) was carried out by means of
      the Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon rank test.

PMID- 1794804
TI  - Biocompatibility of a refractive intracorneal PMMA ring.
AB  - Intrastromal ring (ISR) implantation is a promising concept in refractive corneal
      surgery. In theory, it has two main advantages: eccentric corneal surgery and
      reversibility after ISR explanation. We present our first experimental data on
      histobiocompatibility after implantation of a 0.2/1.0 mm vaulted
      polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) ISR of 7.5 mm diameter with a specially designed
      "puzzle lock" using a suction-guided stromal channelling device. Ninety-six
      rabbit eyes were implanted and enucleated after a 24-h to 8-month follow-up to be
      period and processed for histology (n = 51), scanning electron microscopy (n =
      30) and transmission electron microscopy (n = 9). In this study, the histological
      data are reported. Two main histopathological phases of stromal reaction were
      observed: (1) up to 3 months: mild inflammation, mostly mononuclear cell reaction
      with some macrophages; (2) over 3 months: moderate fibrosis surrounding the ISR
      filling irregularities of the stromal channel. Mild scarring and rare
      circumscribed vascularization occurred at the sutured peripheral insertion site
      of the ISR. Persistent epithelial atrophy without erosion or ulceration was
      regularly observed over the bulging shoulder of the ISR. There was no significant
      endothelial surgical trauma due to ISR placement. Major complications occurred in
      11 cases (11.5%): stromal abscess starting from the incision (n = 8) and massive
      neovascularization (n = 3). However, the incidence of complications regressed
      with improved surgical technique. In conclusion, there is good middle-term
      tolerance of the PMMA ring with a transparent central cornea.

PMID- 1794805
TI  - [Surgical therapy of keratoconus. Epikeratophakia versus penetrating
      keratoplasty].
AB  - Fifteen consecutive keratoconus patients undergoing epikeratophakia and 10
      consecutive keratoconus patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty were
      included in a prospective study aimed at comparing the visual and refractive
      results of the two surgical methods. All patients had a minimum postoperative
      follow-up time of 12 months. Although patients undergoing epikeratophakia showed
      a tendency for quicker visual rehabilitation, visual acuity was comparable in the
      two groups as early as 3 months after surgery. The refractive results did not
      differ significantly in the two groups 12 months postoperatively. Epikeratophakia
      should be recommended for all keratoconus patients who cannot benefit from
      conservative treatment (spectacles or contact lenses) and who do not have central
      corneal opacities, especially in view of the absence of postoperative
      immunological rejections.

PMID- 1794806
TI  - [Stability of posterior chamber lenses 3-5.5 years after implantation in capsular
      rupture].
AB  - In cases of PC-IOL implantation and ruptured capsule there will be a higher risk
      of the lens loosening into the vitreous, although many successful cases have been
      reported. Three years ago we investigated 42 eyes with PC-IOL that had
      experienced previous posterior capsular or zonular rents and partial vitreous
      loss. Three to 5.5 years after PC-IOL implantation we have now performed a second
      investigation on 38 of these patients to examine fixation of the lenses, visual
      acuity, intraocular pressure and the fundus of the eye. The 38 lenses all
      remained stable. The rate of patients achieving 20/40 or better visual acuity
      decreased from 68% at the first investigation to 55% (21/38). Excluding all
      patients with vision-limiting preoperative conditions such as age-related macular
      degeneration, we found a relation-ship of 83% to 75% (21/28). In addition to the
      three retinal detachments and two cases of endophthalmitis found during the first
      investigation, we also found another retinal detachment at the follow-up
      examination. Only two of these six eyes with severe complications had useful
      vision. We conclude from our investigation that PC-IOL implanted following a
      posterior capsule-zonular break during ECCE can remain stable, but still lead to
      serious complications.

PMID- 1794807
TI  - [Pars plana capsule resection for therapy of ocular hypotension syndrome caused
      by capsule shrinkage with ciliary body detachment].
AB  - A rare complication of extracapsular cataract extraction is hypotony due to
      capsular shrinkage, with consequent ciliary body detachment. A classic hypotony
      syndrome with progressive loss of visual acuity was observed in two patients, one
      with extracapsular aphakia and one with extracapsular pseudophakia. Each
      presented with a fibrotic, shrunken capsular bag and a secondary cataract. As the
      contraction forces appeared to derive predominantly from the periphery of a
      circumferentially fibrotic capsular bag, the lens capsule was operatively
      removed. A pars plana approach was used to access the equatorial capsular ring
      and visualize the ciliary body processes. The intraocular lens appeared to be
      stable and remained in situ. Postoperative elevation of intraocular pressure
      occurred, with improvement of hypotony symptoms, especially in the fundus. Visual
      acuity also improved, but was limited due to secondary cystoid edema.

PMID- 1794808
TI  - [Retrospective study of complications of 329 YAG laser capsulotomies].
AB  - In 329 cases that had undergone YAG laser posterior capsulotomy after
      uncomplicated cataract surgery with implantation of a posterior chamber
      intraocular lens, 32.8% developed both early and late complications. In 19.8% we
      found an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), and 95.4% of the cases appeared
      within 1 month after the capsulotomy. One case of increased IOP needed surgical
      treatment for glaucoma after unsuccessful conservative therapy. Macular edema
      developed in 7.9% of the cases and retinal detachment in 3%. Two characteristics
      of retinal detachment were an axial length of more than 26 mm and the development
      of vitreoretinal proliferation.

PMID- 1794809
TI  - [Incidence of retinal detachment after treatment with the Nd:YAG laser].
AB  - Two hundred fifty patients were examined after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy and 330
      patients retrospectively after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. Retinal detachment
      followed in 3.6% of the capsulotomies. No correlation was found between the
      number of exposures or applied total energy and the risk for retinal detachment.
      The risk for retinal detachment, however, was found to be increased considerably
      by myopia and aphakia. After iridotomy, retinal detachment occurred in only one
      case, although similar energy levels were used for both procedures.

PMID- 1794810
TI  - [Refractive outcome in bilateral congenital cataracts. A longitudinal study].
AB  - Refraktive development in seven patients operated on early in life for bilateral
      congenital cataract has been documented over periods of 6-11 years. Attenuation
      of hyperopia was seen in four patients during the first 4 years of life, and even
      later in some of them. The three other patients did not show any considerable
      refractive changes. A refractive change can occur as a sudden event during the
      first 2 years of life or be continuous during the first decade of life, the
      change varying over a range of 3-12 D. One patient showed an increase in
      hyperopia compared with the data immediately after the cataract operation. As the
      refractive changes varied over a range of 6 D this cannot be explained by
      inaccurate measuring techniques, but is interpreted as changeable refraction that
      may be normal in childhood. Refractive surgery, e.g. insertion of an IOL and
      epikertophakia, should also be discussed on individually, as refractive changes
      are not generally predictable.

PMID- 1794811
TI  - [Pattern ERG in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Effect of pattern size,
      contrast and retinal eccentricity].
AB  - We have previously shown that check-size-specific changes of the Pattern
      Electroretinogram (PERG) can be used to detect early glaucoma. This time we
      conducted a study to determine whether different check sizes, contrasts and
      eccentricities can improve the diagnostic yield. We examined 15 normal eyes (15
      subjects), 32 eyes (24 patients) in stage I or II glaucoma and 36 eyes (25
      patients) with ocular hypertension (OHT). Visual acuity was always better than
      0.8. The stimuli were checkerboards, phase-reversing at 16 rev/s. The check sizes
      were 0.8 degrees or 15 degrees with contrast at 60% or 98%. The stimulation area
      was either "full-field" (27 degrees x 30 degrees), "central" (less than or equal
      to 7 degrees) or "paracentral" (greater than 7 degrees). In the glaucoma group,
      all PERG amplitudes were significantly reduced compared to normals: maximally for
      stimuli of 0.8 degrees, 98% contrast, full-field to 51% +/- 18%, and least for
      stimuli of 15 degrees, 98% contrast, central (to 70% +/- 20%). Under paracentral
      stimulation, the amplitude was reduced to 55% and in the central condition to
      64%. The single-most-sensitive stimulus to separate normal and glaucoma patients
      was 0.8 degrees, 60% contrast and full-field, as the variance was low for this
      condition. Only 4 patients (8.5%) were incorrectly classified using these
      parameters; when 8 different stimuli were entered into the discriminant analysis,
      the rate was marginally reduced to 3 patients (6.4%). Seventy-five percent of the
      OHT eyes were classified as pathological. These results confirm previous findings
      that in early glaucoma, PERG amplitudes are more reduced using check sizes of 0.8
      degrees compared to 15 degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794812
TI  - [Comparative study of various perimetry strategies].
AB  - The conventional 4/2 dB bracketing strategy with fixed steps was compared with
      the "dynamic step unit strategy" (DSU strategy), which is characterized by an
      increase of step size with defect depth. In order to analyze the intraindividual
      variability, 6 eyes of 3 normal subjects were tested ten times with both
      strategies using the PERISTAT 433. The reproducibility of the DSU strategy is
      better by a factor of approximately 1.1 The comparative examination of 40 eyes of
      40 patients with visual field defects resulting from various pathologic
      conditions using both the Humphrey-Field-Analyzer (program 30-2, 4/2 dB
      bracketing strategy) and the Peristat 433 (DSU strategy) yielded a clear
      advantage (by a factor of 3) in time and a lower number of exposures for the DSU
      strategy. In order to analyze the reproducibility, 15 eyes of 15 patients were
      tested three times with both methods. The reproducibility of the DSU strategy for
      relative defects is worse by a factor of 1.6. Overall, the DSU strategy is
      substantially faster than the conventional 4/2 dB bracketing strategy; this is
      achieved, however, at the expense of accuracy in relative defects.

PMID- 1794813
TI  - [Changes in the visual field in diabetic retinopathy after grid laser coagulation
      of the posterior pole of the eye].
AB  - The influence of grid laser photocoagulation on the central visual field of 15
      eyes with diffuse diabetic maculopathy was studied in a prospective clinical
      trial. Throughout the 3 month follow-up period, visual fields were monitored by
      static perimetry using a combination of 30-1 and 30-2 programs of the Humphrey
      Field Analyzer. Statistical analysis of all clinical parameters shows that visual
      acuity correlates very well with foveal light difference sensitivity. The overall
      sensitivity of the 30 degrees field, however, does not correlate significantly
      with either of them. During the follow-up period, patients' subjective vision
      improved significantly (p = 0.0234); for the overall sensitivity of the 30
      degrees visual field there was a trend towards improvement (p = 0.0692). The
      sensitivities of the central 10 degrees and 3 degrees of the visual fields, of
      the fovea and visual acuity did not change. The results of the present study
      suggest that during the first 3 months after grid photocoagulation of diffuse
      diabetic macular edema, the treatment affects mainly the retina outside the
      macula. The improvement in patient vision may be due to these changes in the
      visual field.

PMID- 1794814
TI  - [Effect of cut off filters on contrast perception in retinitis pigmentosa].
AB  - Cut-off filter glasses can protect retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients from
      dangerous short-wave light and UV radiation. Subjective improvements in contrast
      sensitivity and glare sensitivity are additional beneficial effects of such
      glasses. Because of the relatively high costs the prescription of cut-off filters
      is limited. To establish an objective criterion for prescription we performed
      psychophysical tests of contrast sensitivity in 12 RP patients with and without
      cut-off filters. We used a computerized test (Neuroscientific, New York, NY) in
      which six spatially different static sinusoidal grid patterns were presented on a
      high-resolution monitor (Joyce). Contrast-transfer functions were derived by a
      two-alternative forced choice method. Only 2 of the 12 tested patients--all of
      whom reported subjective beneficial effects of the cut-off filters on contrast
      sensitivity--showed significant improvement in the test. In 5 patients we found
      non-significant improvement while 5 showed nearly no change. Patients with low
      contrast sensitivity showed a relatively high benefit from the filters,
      especially with low spatial frequencies. However, in the majority of RP patients
      the method used here cannot provide objective criteria for the prescription of
      cut-off filters.

PMID- 1794815
TI  - [Atrophy of the ganglion cells reduces pattern ERG not only in fine but also in
      coarse test patterns].
AB  - The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is thought to be generated by the retinal
      ganglion cells. For coarse patterns, however, it has been suggested that the PERG
      is due to nonlinear summation of luminance responses. To test this hypothesis, we
      recorded the PERG in 8 patients with unilateral complete optic atrophy due to
      trauma or advanced glaucoma. Stimuli were phase-reversing checkerboards (7.8/s)
      with checks of 0.8 degrees and 15 degrees in size and with flashes. Retinal
      stimulation subtended 26 degrees x 34 degrees. In all 8 subjects, the PERG was
      greatly diminished using a check size of 0.8 degrees. With a check size of 15
      degrees, the PERG was similarly diminished, while the flash responses were not
      reduced. Any overall luminance component of the stimulus, e.g., incomplete
      balance of light and dark areas, evoked strong luminance responses both in normal
      eyes and in eyes with optic nerve atrophy. Thus, intact ganglion cells seem to be
      necessary for a normal PERG regardless of the coarseness of the pattern. It is
      possible that different mechanisms (variable ganglion cell classes) contribute to
      the PERG response with different check sizes. Earlier reports, contradictory to
      these findings, are discussed. If the PERG reflects ganglion cell function even
      for large check sizes, stimulation of the ganglion cells with less optical
      degradation would be possible, enlarging its range of applications.

PMID- 1794816
TI  - [Detection of glaucomatous visual field defects using masking campimetry].
AB  - A total of 100 eyes of 50 patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma of
      different etiology were examined with the Humphrey-Field-Anazlyer (program 30-2)
      and the noise-field campimeter according to Aulhorn and Kost [1,2]. The
      sensitivity of noise-field campimetry vs light-sense perimetry, i.e. the
      percentage of eyes with an abnormal result in light-sense perimetry that were
      also identified as abnormal by noise-field campimetry, was 86%. The specificity,
      i.e. the percentage of eyes with ocular hypertension and thus by definition a
      normal visual field in light-sense perimetry, that were also identified as normal
      by noise-field campimetry, was 31%. In 12% of eyes light-sense perimetry
      indicated defects while the result of noise-field campimetry was normal, and in
      11% of eyes noise-field campimetry showed defects though there was a normal field
      according to light-sense perimetry. The subjective comparison of the two methods
      with regard to extent and location of the field defects showed good agreement in
      22% of eyes for fine noise and in 25% for coarse noise. Moderate agreement was
      found in 32% fine noise and 34% for coarse noise, and poor agreement, in 46% of
      eyes for fine noise and 41% for coarse noise. Cooperation was good in 84% of
      patients and was not dependent on age. Deep localized nerve fiber bundle defects
      are detected reliably with the noise-field campimeter. The detection of small to
      moderate relative defects or of generalized changes in terms of a diffuse loss,
      however, is unreliable. The depth of the field defects is not related to the
      perception of the noise field.

PMID- 1794817
TI  - [The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors simvastatin and pravastatin. No indication for
      side effects in use on humans].
AB  - During the last few years an increased interest has been directed towards the
      application of a new class of cholesterol lowering substances, the HMG-CoA
      reductase inhibitors. Since preclinical trials with beagle dogs revealed lens
      opacifications, the necessity of drug safety studies arose. The paper presents
      the results of two drug safety studies concerning Simvastatin (45 patients) and
      Pravastatin (35 patients) after an application period of two years in patients
      with primary hypercholesterolemia type II. Besides ophthalmological examinations
      (every 6 month) Scheimpflug photographs of the anterior eye segment have been
      taken and the negatives subjected to microdensitometric image analysis. Neither
      the clinical parameters nor the results of Scheimpflug measurement showed drug
      induced changes at the eye until now. Based on these results cataractogenic side
      effects of the substances in question could not be proven.

PMID- 1794819
TI  - [Bacteriocidal effect of preoperative use of gentamicin in comparison with PVP
      iodine solution].
AB  - This clinical study was designed to evaluate the difference between preoperative
      treatment of the conjunctiva with either gentamicin eyedrops or a half-strength
      povidone iodine solution. We treated 50 eyes of 50 patients who came for cataract
      surgery and showed bacterial growth in the first conjunctival smear with
      gentamicin eyedrops at 1-h intervals for at least 10 h. The second smear was
      taken the next day. At the same time, half strength povidone-iodine solution on
      was applied to the follow-eye. After 2 min the second smear was taken. With both
      methods a significant reduction of bacterial growth was achieved. The average
      number of colonies decreased from 1620 to 63 after treatment with gentamicin and
      from 1338 to 214 after treatment with povidone iodine. There was no significant
      difference between the two methods. No allergic reactions or corneal haze after
      application of povidone iodine were observed.

PMID- 1794818
TI  - [Additive effect of timolol and the local carbonic anhydrase inhibitor MK-417
      (sezolamide)].
AB  - MK-417 (sezolamide) is a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The
      effect of additional treatment with sezolamide 1.8% twice daily to patient
      already receiving timolol 0.5% twice daily was investigated. For this purpose, 12
      h diurnal curves were used in a double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled,
      parallel study in 36 patients with bilateral primary open angle glaucoma or
      ocular hypertension who during beta blocker therapy had intraocular pressures
      (IOP) greater than or equal to 22 mmHg. For 15 days patients received sezolamide
      or placebo 10 min after 0.5% timolol given at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. On treatment day
      15, this addition of sezolamide twice daily induced a further mean decrease in
      IOP of approximately 4 mm Hg (about 15%) at 1, 2 and 4 h and of approximately 2-3
      mm Hg at 0, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after drug administration, thus demonstrating a
      partial additive effect of sezolamide and timolol. Thus, sezolamide may be a
      useful addition to the treatment of glaucoma in patients not adequately
      controlled by beta blocker therapy.

PMID- 1794820
TI  - [Absorption of adrenaline after local administration to the eye].
AB  - Twenty patients undergoing surgery for correction of strabismus under general
      anesthesia were randomly selected to receive conjunctival application of 100
      microliters (20 micrograms) adrenaline in both eyes or in neither (controls). A
      further 20 patients undergoing cataract surgery with local anesthesia were
      randomly selected to receive 1 ml adrenaline 1:10 000 (100 micrograms) or 1 ml
      balanced salt solution (controls) in the anterior chamber. Adrenaline in plasma
      was measured in six time points within 15 min (correction of strabismus) or at
      seven within 30 min (cataract surgery). Plasma levels of adrenaline, mean
      arterial pressure, and heart rate were comparable in treatment groups and
      controls. No severe arrhythmias were observed. Neither conjunctival application
      of 20 micrograms adrenaline or instillation of 100 micrograms adrenaline into the
      anterior chamber increases adrenaline levels in plasma, and there is no reason to
      suspect cardiovascular interactions.

PMID- 1794821
TI  - [Ocular side effects of beta-pyridylcarbinol].
AB  - Derivatives of nicotinic acid such as beta-pyridylcarbinol play an important role
      in the therapy of lipoprotein disorders. In 1973, J.D. Gass reported the
      development of cystoid macular edema provoking metamorphosia during the course of
      nicotinic acid treatment. The aim of this study was to determine subtle changes
      in ocular function induced by beta-pyridylcarbinol. We investigated 16 patients
      prior to and after 6 months of beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment and compared the
      results of clinical and color vision tests in 9 patients after 2-25 years of
      continuous beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment. After 6 months, significant blue
      yellow color vision changes (total error scores within normal ranges) were
      detected by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue tests in all patients. One patient
      demonstrated macular edema. Fluorescein angiography, however, showed no evidence
      of fluorescein leakage. Beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment lasting for years led to
      diffuse color vision disturbances (total error score = 195). To the best of our
      knowledge neither macular edema nor color vision disturbances following beta
      pyridylcarbinol treatment have been reported so far.

PMID- 1794822
TI  - [Cefmenoxime penetration in human lacrimal sac mucosa after systemic
      administration].
AB  - Access to microbiological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological information is
      necessary for useful, controlled application of antibiotics in intraocular and
      periocular infections. It is important to know whether the antibiotic is
      effective against ophthalmologically relevant bacteria and if suprathreshold
      concentrations of the antibiotic can be achieved in the contaminated tissue. In
      the study presented we investigated the usefulness of cefmenoxime in cases of
      dacryocystitis. Lacrimal sac tissue--and serum specimens were obtained from 15
      patients who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy 0.5 to 13 h after intravenous
      injection of 25 mg cefmenoxime kg. The usual Toti procedure was performed in 7
      patients, whereas the other 8 underwent endonasal surgery. Out of the 15 patients
      12 suffered from recurrent dacryocystitis. Before application of the antibiotic a
      serum control sample was obtained in all patients. The highest cefmenoxime levels
      in the lacrimal sac (72 mg/kg) were measured 30 min after injection. Thirteen
      hours after the injection, the cefmenoxime levels were too low to be measured.
      The levels of cefmenoxime in the lacrimal sac tissue were compared with the
      minimal inhibitory concentrations for the frequent occurrence of bacteria in
      lacrimal sac infections.

PMID- 1794823
TI  - [Effect of anti-glaucoma eyedrops on cell differentiation of the conjunctiva].
AB  - After local application of pilocarpine (minimum 1%), timolol (0.5%) or
      levobunolol (0.5%) to 6 patients, cell differentiation of the conjunctival
      epithelium was compared to that in 48 healthy persons. The least difference was
      found after pilocarpine application. The five ultrastructurally defined cell
      types were found to vary least when compared to the same cell types in normal
      subjects. The patients treated with timolol and levobunolol showed a reduction in
      secretory epithelial cells, especially within the conjunctiva bulbi, and a
      pronounced increase in cells with rough endoplasmatic reticulum. In addition to a
      loss of desmosomes and zonulae occludentes on the cell surface, a minimum 1-year
      application of the three antiglaucomatous medications leads to a reduction in the
      microvilli and microplicae and, particularly in patients treated with beta
      blockers, to intracellular changes, specifically increased vacuolization and
      dilation of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The latter may be attributable to
      the action of benzalkonium chloride (present as a preservative in all three eye
      drops studied) on the superficial epithelial cells. The cytotoxic action of the
      preservative may be intensified by the simultaneous application of beta blockers
      due to their destabilizing effect on the tear film.

PMID- 1794824
TI  - [Intraocular availability of liposome encapsulated monoclonal antibodies in the
      rabbit model. Results of a pilot study].
AB  - The results of local application of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in rabbit eyes
      are presented. To improve intraocular access of the high-molecular-weight protein
      it was entrapped in large (0.2 microns) unilamellar, negatively charged
      liposomes. Concentrations of the free or encapsulated drug were measured by ELISA
      in different eye compartments following repetitive drop administration or single
      subconjunctival injection. Although mAb became measurable in specimens of
      conjunctiva and cornea, it was not detectable (less than 0.5 ng/ml) in aqueous
      humor, lens or the vitreous body. In contrast, concentrations of the liposome
      encapsulated drug were measurable as little as 30 min after topical application
      in the aqueous humor.

PMID- 1794825
TI  - [Effect of faulty refraction and artificial media opacities on visual acuity
      perimetry].
AB  - For resolution perimetry according to Frisen, 50 test locations in the central
      visual field are examined. Compared with conventional perimetry the test time is
      rather short: 5-10 min per eye. For routine application of this new perimetric
      technique it is important to know to what extent the threshold values are
      affected by refractive defocus or media opacities. To answer this, 20 eyes of 20
      normal subjects were tested both with a refractive defocus (0, +1, +3, +6, +9 and
      +12 dpt sph) and with artificial media opacities, using occluders according to
      Bangerter to reduce visual acuity to average values of 0.61, 0.27, 0.14 and 0.07.
      The results of the present study show that even a slight refractive defocus or a
      slight artificial media opacity induces a marked increase in threshold values.
      Mean Ring score MR and defocus are quadratically correlated (MR2/defocus: r =
      0.9973, p less than 0.001), and MR is linearly correlated with the Reduced
      Luminance Factor 1(15) (MR/1(15): r = 0.9978, p less than 0.001). Clinical
      evaluation of the test results of the ring perimeter thus has to take into
      account the influence of refractive defocus and media opacities.

PMID- 1794827
TI  - [Lacrimal duct intubation as an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy].
AB  - A series of 52 patients, aged 60-85 and suffering from chronic obstruction of the
      nasolacrimal duct with no other complication of the lacrimal mechanism or of the
      eyelids (e.g. ectropium), were treated by means of silicon tube intubation
      instead of dacryocystorhinotomy. The tubes remained in place for 10-12 months and
      the patients were observed a 3-year postoperative period. In 37 cases (71%) the
      nasolacrimal duct remained patient after 3 years. In 7 cases, although the
      drainage was not opened, the patients ceased to show evidence of secretion of
      mucus or pus. We consider that intubation of the nasolacrimal duct is an
      alternative to dacryocystorhinotomy, but only if the patient knows that the tubes
      are to remain in place for a lengthy period of time. This does not disturb a
      cooperative patient since the tubes are essential and do not create any
      irritation. Furthermore, tears are partially eliminated around them and, thus,
      improvement of the symptoms is apparent from the first day onward.

PMID- 1794826
TI  - [Surgical treatment of high grade progressive myopia. Results and histological
      studies].
AB  - Since 1987 scleroplastic operations have been performed at the Clinic of
      Ophthalmology in Magdeburg in patients suffering from progressive high-grade
      myopia. Lyophilized dura transplants are used for these operations. The patients
      are up to 30 years of age and all were reexamined 1 year after the operation.
      During the follow-up study we observed no change in axial length in 80% of the
      patients; a positive tendency in the behaviour of the visus and increased
      rigidity of the sclera. There were few complications of the operation, and these
      were mild and transitory. They disappeared when treated with anti-inflammatory
      drops. Additional histological investigations were performed in animals. Rabbit's
      eyes showed vitalization of the lyophilized tissue after initial inflammation and
      antibody reaction. Goats' eyes did not show any signs of inflammation when
      examined after 3 months, and the transplants had taken well on the sclera.

PMID- 1794828
TI  - [Nutritional deficiency during aggressive treatment of tumors].

PMID- 1794829
TI  - [Psychological disorders masked as physical symptoms. Problems in the diagnosis
      of masked depression].
AB  - In unclear clinical pictures, the diagnosis "masked depression" is often made,
      and forms the basis for anxiolytic and antidepressive drug treatment. What is
      required, however, is a positive diagnosis of a functional syndrome with
      predominance of a depressive symptomatology. This diagnosis is not simply based
      on vegetative symptoms, but also has to include psychological and psychodynamic
      criteria. This consideration of the patient's subjective reality is necessary for
      a stable therapeutic alliance, especially since therapy is a long-term
      undertaking.

PMID- 1794830
TI  - [Cytostatic agents. 2: Cytostatically active antimetabolites].

PMID- 1794831
TI  - [Chronic obstructive bronchitis. Effect of Gelomyrtol forte in a placebo
      controlled double-blind study].
AB  - In a double-blind study involving two groups of ten patients with chronic
      obstructive bronchitis, the expectorant Gelomyrtol forte was tested against
      placebo for its effectiveness and tolerance. The parameters: amount of sputum, Rt
      and IGV, together with all the usual clinical laboratory parameters, were
      determined. In addition, the color of the sputum was always noted. On the basis
      of patient scores, daily entries on the ability to expectorate, attacks of
      coughing, general coughing, and shortness of breath were made by the patients for
      the duration of the 14-day treatment period. On conclusion of the study, the
      patients were asked to assess the effectiveness of the supplementary medication,
      and the care-providing physician also assessed effectiveness. All score
      parameters related to coughing improved, in some cases appreciably, relative to
      the placebo group. The findings in term of sputum volume and color, were also
      distinctly better in the Gelomyrtol forte group. Correspondingly, both patients
      and physicians assessed the effectiveness of Gelomyrtol forte to be distinctly
      better than that of the placebo. Although the groups are relatively too small and
      heterogeneous, to establish statistically significant differences, the results do
      strongly suggest a favorable and major effect in patients with relevant cough
      symptoms. Both subjective and objective tolerance was excellent.

PMID- 1794832
TI  - Tolerance pattern to GABAmimetic analgesics and their influence on morphine
      tolerance and dependence.
AB  - The possible development of acute and chronic tolerance to 4, 5, 6, 7
      tetrahydroisoxazole-(5, 4-C)pyridin-3-ol (THIP) and muscimol-induced analgesia
      was tested using the acetic acid induced writhing assay. Acute tolerance
      developed to their analgesic actions on repeated exposure at a 4-h interval which
      was sensitive to naloxone. Chronic tolerance gradually developed to these agents
      from the 4th day and was appreciable after 10 days of treatment. Injection of
      THIP or muscimol prior to morphine attenuated the acute tolerance developed to
      morphine analgesia. These findings reveal that acute and chronic tolerance
      developed to THIP and muscimol induced analgesia and are suggestive of a role for
      opioidergic system in the development of acute tolerance to their analgesic
      effect. However, these agents per se did not produce any dependence phenomena and
      failed to affect morphine dependence indicating that different mechanisms might
      be operating in the development of tolerance and dependence.

PMID- 1794834
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and ascitic fluid penetration of piperacillin in cirrhosis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin were evaluated in seven healthy volunteers,
      eight cirrhotic patients without ascites and 11 cirrhotic patients with sterile
      ascites after a single 15-min intravenous infusion of 4 g of the drug. In ascitic
      patients, piperacillin rapidly entered the peritoneal fluid. Peritoneal
      concentrations were higher than 10 mg/l from 0.5 to 8 h after the infusion.
      Disappearance rate of piperacillin was slower in the ascitic fluid than in
      plasma. The plasma half life of piperacillin was more prolonged in cirrhotic
      patients that in control subjects. This difference was more marked in ascitic
      patients for whom half life was twice as high as in volunteers (1.95 versus 0.91
      h; P less than 0.01).

PMID- 1794833
TI  - The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the canine femoral vascular bed: in vitro
      and in vivo experiments.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine, and this
      pathway can be inhibited by various analogues of L-arginine, including NG-nitro L
      arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). To investigate the role of this pathway in the
      regulation of femoral arterial tone, the effect of L-NAME was studied in vitro in
      isolated canine femoral arteries suspended in organ chambers for isometric
      tension recording, and in vivo in conscious dogs chronically instrumented for the
      measurement of iliac blood flow and iliac artery diameter. In vitro, L-NAME
      induced an endothelium-dependent contraction, inhibited the endothelium-dependent
      relaxations to acetylcholine or bradykinin, and potentiated the relaxation evoked
      by the nitric oxide donor SIN-1. In vivo, locally administered L-NAME induced a
      decrease in iliac artery diameter and an increase in iliac resistance,
      potentiated the iliac responses to the organic nitrate nitroglycerin, but did not
      affect the iliac responses to the endothelium dependent vasodilator
      acetylcholine. Thus, in the canine femoral vascular bed: a) basal release of
      nitric oxide contributes in vivo to the maintenance of a permanent vasodilator
      tone at the level of both large conductance and small resistance vessels; b) the
      endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and bradykinin in vitro are
      mostly mediated through the release of nitric oxide from L-arginine; c) the
      endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine in vivo are probably mediated
      by a relaxing factor distinct from nitric oxide, or by a nitric oxide-like
      molecule released from endothelial pools; and d) removal of the NO-mediated
      vasodilator tone by L-NAME leads to a supersensitivity to nitrovasodilators, both
      in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 1794835
TI  - Comparative effects on psychomotor performance of the muscle relaxant
      afloqualone, alone and with ethanol.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between 40 mg
      afloqualone, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant and 0.5 g/kg ethanol using a
      double-blind three-way cross-over trial in which subjects were each given
      afloqualone with ethanol, ethanol alone and afloqualone alone. We first compared
      the effects of 40 mg oral afloqualone and 15 mg diazepam (considered as a
      reference drug) on the psychomotor and cognitive performance and muscular
      relaxation of 12 healthy male volunteers. Performance was assessed by six
      objective tests and eight visual analogue self-rating scales. All the above
      treatments were separated by a 2-week interval. Volunteers performed the
      objective tests 1 h after drug ingestion, and the self-rating scale evaluations
      before drug intake and 1, 3.5, 6 and 8 h thereafter. Afloqualone impaired
      psychomotor performance less than diazepam as shown by the number of correct
      answers in the digit symbol cancellation test and the time needed to complete
      this test. However, the measurement of the frontalis muscle action potential
      showed that the muscle relaxant activity of 40 mg afloqualone was equivalent to
      that of 15 mg diazepam. Furthermore, afloqualone given at an effective relaxant
      dose did not enhance the effects of a single dose of ethanol which predominated
      on either psychomotor performance or subjective feelings.

PMID- 1794836
TI  - Pretreatment of rat pancreatic islets with MHC I-A monoclonal antibody: in-vitro
      and in-vivo effects on islet antigenicity.
AB  - Pancreatic islet allografts are rejected very rapidly due to their high
      immunogenicity. Several attempts have been made to reduce the immunogenicity
      prior to transplantation. We treated islets with MHC Ia (class II) antigen
      monoclonal antibody and complement in order to lyse Ia antigen bearing cells
      within the islets. This treatment caused a distinct reduction of Ia antigen
      positive cells, which was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence tests. A
      total depletion of the Ia antigens, however, could not be achieved. As a second
      in-vitro test to evaluate the effect of the antibody treatment a mixed lymphocyte
      islet culture (MLIC) was performed. The partial Ia antigen reduction provoked a
      significantly reduced but not completely suppressed allogenic T-cell response.
      Antibody treatment did neither impair the morphological integrity nor the
      function of the islets as could be demonstrated by syngenic transplantation of
      islets pretreated by antibodies in the same way. After allotransplantation of
      antibody-pretreated islets across a major histocompatibility barrier into non
      immunosuppressed rats, however, there was no significant prolongation of the
      graft survival. Thus, a partial reduction of the number of the Ia antigen
      positive cells within the islets is not sufficient for the prevention of
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 1794837
TI  - Increased insulin responsiveness in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with free
      fatty acid-poor albumin.
AB  - Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes incubated in a medium containing bovine serum
      albumin partially purified by charcoal treatment at pH 3 are three times more
      responsive to insulin with regard to alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake than those
      incubated in medium containing regular bovine serum albumin. This finding should
      facilitate future work in isolated hepatocytes, a cell system that for the most
      part has been considered relatively unresponsive to insulin.

PMID- 1794838
TI  - Comparison of inositol phosphates accumulation induced by different effectors in
      rat thyroid slices.
AB  - Rat thyroid slices were submitted to different effectors and hormones in order to
      investigate their action on the phosphatidylinositol metabolism. Fluoride and
      vanadate induced a clear increase of the inositol phosphates with half maximal
      stimulation at 7 mM and 8 mM respectively. The inositol bisphosphate (IP2) and
      inositol trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation induced by vanadate was relatively
      higher than that observed in the case of fluoride stimulation. Carbachol
      stimulated also the generation of inositol phosphates with half maximal
      activation at 2.5 x 10(-6) M. In the same conditions, no significant effect on
      inositol phosphates production could be detected by the action of TSH or TRH.

PMID- 1794839
TI  - Increase of biliary excretion of reverse triiodothyronine in rats during the
      infusion of neurotensin possibly resulting from the inhibition of iodothyronine
      5'-monodeiodination.
AB  - Male rats weighing about 350 g were inserted polyethylene tubes into the bile
      duct and femoral vein under pentobarbital anaesthesia. After taking the first
      (control) 2-h bile sample the control group (n = 24) was infused saline for 4 h
      and the other group (n = 14) was infused neurotensin in a dose of 27 micrograms
      per animal per 4 h. The concentration of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
      and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) in the bile was estimated by radioimmunoassay.
      No significant differences between groups were found in the biliary excretion of
      T4 and T3, while the excretion of rT3 after the infusion of neurotensin was
      significantly increased which was not the case in controls. Since neurotensin is
      known to increase glycemia which effect might be or might not be mediated by
      glucagon, it may be suggested that these results bring an additional support for
      the previously reported coincidence between a prevailing effect of
      gluconeogenetic hormones and inhibition of iodothyronine 5'-deiodination in the
      liver.

PMID- 1794840
TI  - Morphological and hormonal changes following vasectomy in rats, suggesting a
      functional role for Leydig-cell associated macrophages.
AB  - The effects of bilateral vasectomy on hormone serum levels as well as Leydig cell
      and associated macrophage structure were analysed in parallel in rats 36 weeks
      following the operation. Serum testosterone was decreased in vasectomized rats
      (1.96 +/- 0.11 ng/ml) compared with control animals (3.44 +/- 0.22 ng/ml, p less
      than 0.05). Vasectomy also resulted in an increase in serum luteinizing hormone
      (LH) to 0.299 +/- 0.02 ng/ml compared to the control group (0.175 +/- 0.01 ng/ml,
      p less than 0.05). Also serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was increased
      following vasectomy (350.88 +/- 15.5 ng/ml) compared to 132.0 +/- 4.8 ng/ml in
      control animals (p less than 0.01). Morphometric analysis of Leydig cells showed
      hypertrophy with a 19% increase of total cell area, p less than 0.01 (cytoplasm
      28%, nucleus 8% increase). On the ultrastructural level, leydig cells
      demonstrated massively dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum characteristic for
      stimulated cells. There was also a significant hypertrophy of the Leydig cell
      associated macrophages. The macrophage cell area was enlarged by 22%, p less than
      0.01 (cytoplasm 25%, nucleus 18%). Vasectomy also led to remarkable
      ultrastructural changes of macrophages with a marked dilated and extended rough
      endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages were found in apposition to Leydig cells with
      close cellular contact zones, and they frequently formed cell extensions on
      Leydig cells. Our data obtained following vasectomy indicate that, by their close
      contacts to Leydig cells, as well as the known influence on Leydig-cell
      steroidogenesis, macrophages may form the basis of a local immunoendocrine
      regulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis.

PMID- 1794841
TI  - Enhanced growth hormone responses to growth hormone releasing hormone in male
      type I diabetic patients.
AB  - In a previous paper we have demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) responses to
      growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) are higher in premenopausal normal women
      than in age matched healthy men. As in type I diabetes mellitus various
      disturbances of GH secretion have been reported, the aim of our study was to
      assess the effect of sex on basal and GHRH stimulated GH secretion in type I
      diabetes mellitus. In 21 female and 23 male type I diabetic patients and 28
      female and 30 male control subjects GH levels were measured before and after
      stimulation with GHRH (1 microgram/kg body weight i.v.) by radioimmunoassay. GH
      responses to GHRH were significantly higher in female than in male control
      subjects (p less than 0.02), whereas the GH levels following GHRH stimulation
      were similar in female and male type I diabetic patients. GH responses to GHRH
      were significantly higher in the male type I diabetic patients than in the male
      control subjects (p less than 0.001); in the female type I diabetic patients and
      the female control subjects, however, GH responses to GHRH were not statistically
      different. The absence of an effect of sex on GHRH stimulated GH responses in
      type I diabetes mellitus provides further evidence of an abnormal GH secretion in
      this disorder.

PMID- 1794842
TI  - Renal functional effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition in patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of long duration without nephropathy.
AB  - The short-term effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition (PGSI; single dose
      500 mg of naproxen) on renal function were studied in six women (age: 21.9 +/-
      2.4 yrs) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of 14.3 +/- 2.8 yrs'
      duration, and in nine age- and sex-matched controls. The diabetics had no overt
      signs of nephropathy (Albustix neg, normal serum creatinine, and blood pressure).
      The clearance of inulin (CIn) and PAH; the filtration fraction (FF); and the
      excretion of Na, albumin and PGE2 were studied under water diuresis on two
      separate mornings, first without and then with PGSI. With PGSI all individuals
      has lower PGE2 excretion. The CIn and FF were significantly (p less than 0.05)
      higher in the diabetics than in the controls both without (129.4 +/- 23.9
      ml/min/1.73 m 2 and 23.4 +/- 2.8% vs. 107.6 +/- 10.3 and 19.7 +/- 1.6) and with
      (133.7 +/- 29.4 and 22.6 +/- 2.1, vs. 106.8 +/- 10.3 and 20.1 +/- 1.5) PGSI. The
      diuresis and Na excretion were significantly lower with PGSI, than without, in
      both groups. The albumin excretion was significantly higher in the diabetics
      under both conditions (29.9 +/- 16.6 and 34.2 +/- 19.9 micrograms/min/100 ml GFR,
      vs. 14.5 +/- 10.6 and 12.9 +/- 8.3 in controls). We conclude that the
      hyperfiltration in this stage of IDDM does not appear to be PG dependent, and
      that PGSI does not give any immediate effects on the albumin excretion.

PMID- 1794843
TI  - Increased insulin-insensitive glucose transport in polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      from non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - We studied the transport rate of a non-metabolizable hexose analogue, 3-O-methyl
      D-glucose, in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (insulin-insensitive cells) from
      patients with untreated non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The mean glucose
      transport rate was significantly elevated in the diabetic patients compared with
      healthy controls (13.3 +/- 3.7 vs 10.4 +/- 2.5 fl/cell.sec, mean +/- SD, p less
      than 0.01). In the diabetic subjects, glucose transport rates were positively
      correlated with HbA1c levels (r = 0.563, p less than 0.01) but had no relations
      with ambient plasma glucose concentrations. Short-term incubation with 20 mM D
      glucose had no effect on glucose transport in those cells. When glucose transport
      rates, HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels were simultaneously measured at
      weekly intervals over a four-week period in three diabetic subjects, the
      alterations in transport rates generally paralleled the changes observed in HbA1c
      levels rather than plasma glucose concentrations. It can be concluded that unlike
      insulin-sensitive cells such as adipocytes and muscle, glucose transport in human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are insulin insensitive cells, is increased
      in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Long-term, not short
      term, derangement of glucose metabolism seems to be associated with increased
      glucose transport rate found in those patients.

PMID- 1794844
TI  - Alterations of lipid metabolism in men with hypotestosteronemia.
AB  - Studied relationship in serum concentration of testosterone and lipids in 35 men
      with a positive coronarographic finding and 30 sterile men, in comparison with a
      control group. From lipid parameters we determined serum concentration of
      cholesterol, triacylglycerols and apolipoprotein B, and lipid distribution in
      lipoprotein fractions. Serum testosterone concentration was found decreased in
      both the group as against the controls. As to lipid parameters, cholesterol
      concentration was depressed in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of
      both the clinical groups. As increased apolipoprotein B level was seen in men
      with the positive coronarographic finding. The results point to a negative effect
      of lowered testosterone concentrations on lipid metabolism.

PMID- 1794845
TI  - Assay of L-[3-3H]lactate generated from D-[1-3H]glucose, D-[2-3H]glucose and D-[6
      3H]glucose in rat erythrocytes.

PMID- 1794846
TI  - Growth hormone release after the sequential use of growth hormone releasing
      factor and exercise.

PMID- 1794847
TI  - Effects of castration on NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in the rat liver.

PMID- 1794848
TI  - Blood-brain barrier permeability in experimental induced seizure: variations
      during the estrous cycle.

PMID- 1794849
TI  - Effect of posture on total thyroxine plasma concentration.

PMID- 1794850
TI  - Chemical radiosensitization by misonidazole: production and repair of DNA single
      strand breaks in Yoshida ascites tumor cells.
AB  - Formation of strand-breaks in DNA and its repair in Yoshida ascites tumor cells
      exposed to gamma radiation (100-400 Gy) in presence and absence of misonidazole
      (10 mM) were studied. The methodology involved pre-labelling of cellular DNA by
      3H-thymidine during cell proliferation in rats, irradiation of cells in vitro and
      analysing sedimentation profile of DNA by ultracentrifugation in alkaline sucrose
      density gradients. Irradiation under euoxic conditions resulted in formation of
      about 1.5 times greater number of strand breaks as compared to those formed
      during irradiation under hypoxic conditions. Misonidazole (10 mM) by its presence
      along with the cells during irradiation under hypoxic conditions caused a 3-fold
      increase in the number of single strand breaks, but under euoxic conditions of
      irradiation the presence of misonidazole did not enhance the strand break
      formation. Incubation of cells irradiated in absence of misonidazole for 1 hr in
      tissue culture medium at 37 degrees C resulted in repair of substantial fraction
      of the strand breaks while there was no repair of the DNA strand breaks in cells
      irradiated in the presence of the chemical.

PMID- 1794851
TI  - Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some South Indian food
      components.
AB  - South Indian food dishes, comprising several deep fried items have been proved to
      be mutagenic. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as, benzo(a)pyrene,
      chrysene and dibenzanthracene, which are potent and proven carcinogens have been
      identified and quantified in several of the commonly consumed South Indian food
      dishes and food components. Most of the pyrolysed items contained PAHs in
      appreciable quantities. PAHs were detected in significant levels in salted,
      sundried and oil fried vegetables and fishes. Some of the raw and uncooked food
      components also revealed the presence of PAHs.

PMID- 1794852
TI  - Repeated isolation of chemoautotrophic nocardioform bacteria from fish epizootic
      ulcerative syndrome.
AB  - Nocardioform actinomycetic organisms were present regularly in, and isolated
      repeatedly from, different varieties of fish affected with epizootic ulcerative
      syndrome lesions of dermis, muscle, subcutaneous tissues and internal organs.
      These acid-fast bacilli, resembling human and rat leprosy bacilli, together with
      other actinomycotic bodies, appeared to explain the characteristic macrophage
      granuloma observed in such lesions, similar to those of humans. These isolates
      possessed fundamental similarities to the human isolates of chemoautotrophic
      nocardioform bacteria reported earlier.

PMID- 1794853
TI  - Action of sorbic acid on Staphylococcus metabolism: a microcalorimetric
      investigation.
AB  - Effect of sorbic acid, an antimicrobial food preservative, on the cellular
      metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus was observed microcalorimetrically. The
      highly reproducible and characteristic thermograms of the microorganism were
      affected significantly by the preservative in a concentration dependent manner.
      Both the peak heat and total heat dissipation profiles were affected by 50% at
      the maximum permitted concentration (0.2%) for use in foods.

PMID- 1794854
TI  - Efficacy of methyl 5(6)-(alpha-hydroxyphenylmethyl) benzimidazole-2-carbamate, a
      metabolite of mebendazole, against developing forms of experimental helminth
      parasites.
AB  - Methyl 5(6)-(alpha-hydroxyphenylmethyl) benzimidazole-2- carbamate, a metabolite
      of mebendazole, was evaluated against metamorphic forms of Ancylostoma ceylanicum
      in hamsters, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats and cysticercoids of
      Hymenolepis nana in grain beetles. The test compound offered better action than
      mebendazole except against H. nana cysticercoids where the activity of the
      compound and mebendazole was comparable, but was inferior to the standard
      cestodicidal drug, praziquantel. The results suggest that the action was better
      by ip route compared to per os route of drug administration.

PMID- 1794855
TI  - Protective effect of ectopic pituitary graft on nutritional stress-induced
      implantation failure in mice.
AB  - Implantation failure in newly inseminated mice induced by food deprivation was
      prevented by the presence of an ectopic pituitary graft. Since a pituitary graft
      in an ectopic site is known to secrete prolactin continuously, it is suggested
      that suppression of implantation failure in pituitary-grafted females is due to
      the luteotrophic support provided by the graft. The results provide supportive
      evidence for the view that depression of hypophysial prolactin is the primary
      endocrine cause of the nutritional stress-induced implantation failure in mice.

PMID- 1794856
TI  - Mutagenicity of nitrosated food items.
AB  - Several food items, commonly consumed in South India, after nitrite treatment
      under simulated gastric conditions were found to be mutagenic in Salmonella
      typhimurium tester strain TA 100. Dichloromethane extracts containing the
      volatile nitroso compounds and ethyl-acetate extracts with the non-volatile
      nitroso compounds of some of the food items exhibited mutagenicity.

PMID- 1794857
TI  - Effect of inactivated viral vaccines (human) on frequency of micronuclei in bone
      marrow erythrocytes of mice.
AB  - Cytogenetic effects of the two inactivated viral vaccines (polio and antirabies)
      were studied in adult male mice by the micronucleus test. Polio salk vaccine did
      not induce micronuclei formation at both human (0.5 ml) and 1/5th human doses.
      Antirabies vaccine induced micronuclei in poly and total erythrocytes only at
      human dose of 2 ml. Beta-propiolactone (BPL) induced micronuclei at higher dose
      of 5.7 mg, but not at 0.57 mg (approximate concentration present in 2 ml of
      rabies vaccine). The P/N ratio was not affected in vaccinated and BPL inoculated
      animals. Antirabies vaccine induced micronuclei percentage was more than the BPL
      value.

PMID- 1794858
TI  - Detection and distribution of scorpion (Heterometrus bengalensis) venom in rabbit
      tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
AB  - ELISA was carried out to detect distribution of scorpion venom in experimental
      animal tissues. The venom content of different tissues was in the order, liver
      greater than kidney greater than spleen greater than lung greater than heart
      greater than diaphragm greater than brain. Tissue distribution of venom antigen
      in the envenomental subject by ELISA will provide a better approach for
      serotherapy.

PMID- 1794859
TI  - Effect of chronic non-lethal doses of non-metals and metals on hepatic
      metallothionein in Channa punctatus (Bloch).
AB  - Compared to non-metal toxicants (ammonia, 1.56 ppm; and phenol, 10 ppm), the
      metals (CdCl2, 30 ppm; HgCl2, 16.7 ppb; and ZnCl2, 6 ppm) significantly induced
      hepatic metallothionein (MT) concentrations in C. punctatus, exposed
      independently to non-lethal doses of these toxicants for 28 days. It is suggested
      that hepatic MT serves as a metal-sequestering protein and is involved in the
      detoxication of metals only and ensures protection from toxic chemicals in
      ambience.

PMID- 1794860
TI  - Differential effect of cordycepin on S and G2 phases of cell cycle in plasmodia
      of Physarum polycephalum Schw.
AB  - Effect of pulse treatments of cordycepin, an analog of adenosine, on S and G2
      phases of the cell cycle of the mitotically synchronous plasmodia of Physarum
      polycephalum has been studied. Various concentrations of the drug (50-200
      micrograms ml-1) were found to be effective in delaying mitosis by several hours
      in both the phases. However, there was a significant increase in mitotic delay in
      those treated during G2. It is suggested that this extra delay during G2 could be
      due to the transcriptive level inhibition of specific RNA types, such as that of
      tubulins, whose gene activity is cell cycle regulated and turned on during G2 in
      Physarum, or alternatively because of a deficiency for ATP and the consequent
      inhibition of events such as mitotic spindle assembly and phosphorylation of
      histones.

PMID- 1794861
TI  - Anti-spermatogenic effect of Vinca rosea Linn.
AB  - Regressive changes in seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells, increased
      cholesterol content in testis, and degeneration of all germinal elements other
      than spermatogonia were observed in the male Swiss albino mice, treated with
      aqueous extract of V. rosea leaves for 24 days. While the results reflect
      antiandrogenic and antispermatogenic action of V. rosea, the selective retention
      of the spermatogonia provides scope for the much desired revival of
      spermatogenesis on cessation of the treatment.

PMID- 1794862
TI  - Effect of long term feeding and withdrawal of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on
      kidney cell transformation in albino rats.
AB  - Subacute doses (1/20 LD50) of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were fed to weanling
      albino rats individually and in combination for 36 weeks and then rats were
      maintained on toxin free normal diet for a period of 24 weeks. Livers of rats
      were fatty, wherever aflatoxin was administered but the enzyme activity did not
      show significant differences among various groups. However, in a few individuals
      whose livers were severely affected, higher concentrations of urine creatinine,
      liver RNA and DNA, and ALT enzyme activity were recorded. Histopathological
      examination showed various stages of hepatoma and hepatocarcinoma including
      nodular hyperplasia, hypertrophy, vacuolisation, degeneration, pseudolobulation,
      cellular infiltration and fibrosis of liver of rats fed with aflatoxin
      individually and in combination. Few anaplastic cells in the corticomedullary
      region and nuclear enlargement of proximal tubular epithelium of kidney were
      found wherever combined toxin and ochratoxin alone were administered. Liver tumor
      expression was time dependent.

PMID- 1794863
TI  - Membrane damaging potential of photosensitized riboflavin.
AB  - Riboflavin upon exposure to UV and visible radiations has been shown to produce
      active oxygen species. The present work deals with erythrocyte membrane as model
      system to study the damaging potential of photosensitized riboflavin. Membrane
      preparations (2.5 mg protein/ml) following exposure to sunlight in presence of
      riboflavin for different time intervals revealed significant inhibition of
      ATPases, p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase. Considerable
      increase in lipid peroxidation was caused by the photosensitized riboflavin.
      Quenching studies using specific scavengers indicated remarkable inhibition. The
      production and identification of reactive oxygen species by photosensitized
      riboflavin and their possible involvement in membrane damaging effect has been
      discussed.

PMID- 1794864
TI  - Zinc protection against lipid peroxidation from cadmium.
AB  - Effect of zinc and cadmium on lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in liver,
      heart, brain and testis was determined in order to characterise the interaction
      of zinc with cadmium. Zinc and cadmium both increased lipid peroxidation
      significantly in the tissues studied. In animals pretreated with zinc prior to
      cadmium administration, significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in liver was
      observed. Lipid peroxidation was not affected significantly in testis but a
      significant increase was observed in heart and brain tissues. Catalase activity
      in testis increased significantly by zinc treatment with or without cadmium
      administration.

PMID- 1794865
TI  - Effects of 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the radiosensitivity
      of proliferating transformed mammalian cells.
AB  - Effects of 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were
      studied in exponentially growing transformed mammalian (BHK-21) cells, grown as
      monolayer. Micronuclei formation as an index of radiation damage was studied by
      i) cytokinesis block technique from cytochalasin-B induced binucleated cells, and
      ii) conventional technique. Presence of BrdU (0.8 microM) for nearly 2 cell
      cycles before gamma-irradiation (2.5 Gy) significantly increased frequencies of
      cells with micronuclei. Post-irradiation incubation of cultures in liquid holding
      medium (HBSS) however, reduced micronuclei formation, especially in the BrdU
      treated cells. Presence of 2-DG (4 hr, equimolar with glucose) in growth as well
      as liquid holding medium further increased micronuclei frequencies. These
      observations suggest that radiation induced DNA lesions in BrdU substituted
      cells, leading to chromosome fragmentation are partly repairable. 2-DG increased
      cytogenetic damage, possibly by inhibiting the repair of such repairable lesions.
      Present studies suggest that combination of 2-DG could optimize BrdU-radiation
      therapy of brain tumors, by reducing the BrdU doses required for tumor
      radiosensitization.

PMID- 1794866
TI  - Electrokinetic energy conversion studies of aqueous solutions of oxalic acid and
      urea across urinary bladder membranes.
AB  - Electrokinetic studies namely hydrodynamic permeability, electroosmotic
      permeability and streaming potential measurements of aqueous solutions of oxalic
      acid and urea have been made across urinary bladder membranes of goat. Energy
      conversion maxima and degree of coupling for these permeants have computed. It
      has been found that these values increase with increases in concentration of the
      permeants. Since electro-osmotic flux tendency is quite opposite for oxalic acid
      in comparison to that of urea, energy conversion values increase with increase in
      concentration but in opposite directions. Such studies are expected to be of use
      in understanding electrophysiology of the bladder as inefficient functioning of
      the bladder leads to formation of urinary calculi and many other types of
      disorders. Methodology of non-equilibrium thermodynamics have been used to
      explain the data.

PMID- 1794867
TI  - Effect of supplementation of ergosterol on miconazole action in vivo and in vitro
      in Candida albicans.
AB  - Ergosterol was observed to alter the lipid composition of C. albicans 3153
      selectively, resulting in steep rise in ergosterol content with marginal changes
      in other lipids content. Supplementation of ergosterol in presence or absence of
      cerulenin made cells more protective towards the miconazole drug. However, when
      the same experiments were carried out with liposomes prepared from the lipid
      extracts of control and supplemented cells, the pattern obtained show a little
      deviation from the in vivo experiments thus indicating that in addition to
      lipids, other cell components like proteins also affect interaction of miconazole
      with C. albicans.

PMID- 1794868
TI  - Correlation between culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antimycobacterial
      antibody in lumbar, ventricular and cisternal cerebrospinal fluids of patients
      with tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - In this study positive culture for M. tuberculosis were obtained, 20% in lumbar
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 75% in ventricular CSF and 87.5% in cisternal CSFs of
      patients with tuberculous meningitis. Low culture positivity in lumbar CSF is due
      to the low density of circulating tubercle bacilli in lumbar CSF than in
      cisternal or ventricular CSFs. However antimycobacterial antibody in lumbar,
      cisternal and ventricular CSFs circulate in significant titres and are not
      statistically different from one another. Since specimens of CSF can not be
      obtained from cisternal or ventricular routes for the routine bacteriological
      investigations in patients with tuberculous meningitis, detection of
      antimycobacterial antibody of M. tuberculosis antigen 5 in lumbar CSF by an
      indirect ELISA may be considered as an aid for the diagnosis of tuberculous
      meningitis, particularly when repeated CSF cultures are negative for M.
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 1794869
TI  - Effect of alcohols and their potentiating responses on acetylcholine induced
      contractures on frog rectus abdominis.
AB  - Ethanol, propanol and butanol cause contraction and potentiate the responses of
      acetylcholine (Ach) on frog's rectus muscle. These actions are minimum with
      ethanol and maximum with butanol. Various drugs acting at different levels of
      neuromuscular transmission inhibited the responses of alcohol itself and also its
      potentiating responses of Ach. The results show that these effects are partly due
      to enhanced release of Ach at neuromuscular junction and partly due to release of
      sarcoplasmic calcium suggesting that more than one mechanism may be responsible
      for these actions.

PMID- 1794870
TI  - Interaction of H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine with microsomal
      drug metabolizing and other systems in liver.
AB  - Cimetidine has been demonstrated to impair microsomal oxidative drug metabolizing
      and other enzyme systems in mouse liver. The inhibition is rapid, occurring after
      a single administration and also found to be dose-dependent. It is more
      significant after daily administration for 15 days. Enzyme inhibition by
      ranitidine, another H2-receptor antagonist was comparatively less at all the
      concentrations of the drug tested. An increased activity of alkaline phosphatase,
      glutamate-pyruvate and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was observed in liver
      with cimetidine administration, whereas that of lactate and succinate
      dehydrogenase was inhibited only after administration of 2000 mg cimetidine per
      kg body weight. Except alkaline phosphatase other enzymes were unaffected after
      ranitidine administration. Analysis of lipid classes in liver showed that
      phospholipid, triglycerides and free fatty acid contents were significantly
      decreased in drug administration while cholesterol level showed very little or no
      change. Microsomal and soluble protein contents were significantly increased
      which probably indicate that the inhibition in the enzyme activity by histamine
      H2-receptor antagonists may be a lipid mediated process and not resulted from the
      reduced availability of the enzyme protein.

PMID- 1794871
TI  - Circadian variations in circulating plasma sex steroids in female catfish,
      Clarias batrachus (Linn.).
AB  - Estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP) levels exhibited
      significant circadian rhythms in the prespawning phase of the reproductive cycle.
      Pattern of rhythm was unimodal. Whereas, in the spawning phase E2 levels did not
      show significant fluctuations in their daily cycle whereas 17 alpha-OHP levels
      showed significant rhythm (P less than 0.001). Amplitude of rhythm of E2 was
      greater in prespawning phase while 17 alpha-OHP showed greater amplitude in
      spawning phase.

PMID- 1794872
TI  - Effects of some imidazoles on cellular immune responses--an experimental study.
AB  - Effects of some imidazole compounds were studied on two animal models of cellular
      immune responses. Metronidazole in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and cimetidine
      200mg/kg (ip), significantly suppressed the delayed type of hypersensitivity
      reaction, as evidenced by the footpad thickness method in mice. No significant
      alteration in the response could be observed however, in tinidazole treated
      groups. All the three drugs inhibited the migration of leucocytes in the presence
      of antigen in rats considerably. However, they did not produce any involution of
      spleen or reduction of adrenal weight indicating that their actions are not
      corticosteroid mediated. All the three drugs studied are histamine-like imidazole
      derivatives. H2 receptors are present on the surface of T-lymphocytes. They
      appear to modulate the cellular immune response by altering the function of the
      regulatory lymphocytes.

PMID- 1794873
TI  - Effect of aminophylline preperfusion on digoxin-induced cardiac arrest in
      isolated frog heart.
AB  - Digoxin (DGN) and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine, APH) being
      frequently prescribed cardioactive drugs, the present study investigated the
      effect of APH (10(-4) M) preperfusion on DGN-cardiotoxicity employing the
      isolated frog heart preparation. The mean DGN perfusion time (sec) and mean DGN
      exposure (microgram/10 mg heart wt.) for cardiac arrest were the parameters
      studied. APH preperfusion caused a significant elevation in both the parameters,
      signifying that it afforded protection against DGN-cardiotoxicity. This
      protective effect was not observed with the preperfusion of ethylenediamine (EDA)
      instead of APH, which led to the inference that the protective effect of APH was
      solely due to its theophylline component. The present finding that APH
      pretreatment might modulate DGN-cardiotoxicity, of considerable pharmaco
      toxicological interest.

PMID- 1794874
TI  - Relation between volume change and pressure change in oxygen uptake study using
      Warburg apparatus.
AB  - Taking oxygen and air as gaseous media oxygen uptake study was carried out
      recording delta V and corresponding delta P. From these data the quantity of
      oxygen consumed was calculated. It was concluded that delta V x vessel
      sensitivity x 2 = delta P x vessel constant. Recording of volume change in oxygen
      uptake study has been advocated.

PMID- 1794875
TI  - Effect of selected chemicals on mosquito larval orientation behaviour using a new
      apparatus.
AB  - An apparatus was designed and fabricated for studying the effects of aromatic
      chemicals on the IV instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). The test chemicals
      (essential oils and monoterpenoids) were incorporated in agar along with yeast
      and dog biscuits which formed an attractant food source (bait). A fairly rapid
      decrease in the migration of larvae towards the bait cum chemical source was
      observed during the first hour after which a steady state was observed. Minimum
      migration (9.67%) was seen with terpeneol anhydrous and maximum (15.0%) with beta
      citronellal as compared to control (65.67%), at the end of a 4 hr exposure
      period. Food particles were also detected on microscopic examination.

PMID- 1794876
TI  - Wound healing profile of topical xylocaine preparations in rodents.
AB  - Local anesthetics are commonly used for alleviating pain in many clinical
      conditions associated with wound. Present study is undertaken to unravel the
      implications of two xylocaine preparations on dermal wound repair in albino rats.
      Application of xylocaine either as jelly or ointment significantly reduced skin
      wound breaking strength and promoted re-epithelization. While bases of xylocaine
      jelly and ointment had no action on skin wound breaking strength but enhanced re
      epithelization. Current findings, suggest that prior knowledge of the effects of
      substances incorporated in topical preparations on wound repair is important for
      their judicious use and selection of preparation in relevant clinical conditions.

PMID- 1794877
TI  - Insecticidal activity of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on Spodoptera
      litura F. larvae.
AB  - The inhibitors of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis such as alpha
      difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and
      bis (cyclohexylammonium) sulphate (BCHA) have been used to protect crop plants
      from pathogenic fungi. In this communication the insecticidal activity of these
      inhibitors on tobacco caterpillar, S. litura has been reported. All the
      inhibitors exhibited insecticidal activity; MGBG being more effective than
      others. The results suggest, for the first time, a possible avenue for the
      control of insect pests by specific inhibition of insect PA biosynthesis.

PMID- 1794878
TI  - Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis using purified mycobacterial proteins.
AB  - With a view to detect specific M. tuberculosis infection, mycobacterial proteins
      were purified initially by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by ion
      exchange chromatography. Out of the three fractions, namely P1, P2 and P3
      precipitated with increasing concentrations (0-25%, 26-65% and 66-100%
      respectively) of ammonium sulphate, P2 fraction was found to be more
      immunoreactive. P2 fraction proteins were further fractionated into five
      fractions by salt gradient using DEAE-cellulose DE-52 ion-exchange
      chromatography. Immunoreactivity against tuberculous patients sera of all the
      fractions was assessed using ELISA test. The last fraction (DE-V) eluted with
      high salt concentration was found to have a more specific immunoreactive set of
      proteins within the range of 55 kD to 67 kD molecular weight. Multiple non
      specific proteins were distributed in all the other fractions. ELISA test using
      P2 fraction proteins against tuberculous patients sera showed significantly
      higher (p less than 0.01) titre even in the absence of any other bacteriological
      evidence. DE-V fraction of P2 proteins was found to have a significantly high
      specificity for detecting M. tuberculosis infection in clinically confirmed and
      suspected tuberculous patients indicating its application in the diagnosis of the
      disease.

PMID- 1794879
TI  - Safety and efficacy of unguided trans thoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy
      (FNAB) in outdoor patients.
AB  - We studied the safety and efficacy of unguided transthoracic fine needle
      aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in peripheral lung lesions in an outpatient setting in
      62 patients. The diagnostic yield of unguided aspiration was 67.7 per cent.
      Smaller lesions usually required guided FNAB. Specific tissue diagnosis was
      obtained in all cases aspirated successfully. Complications were seen in 7
      patients (pneumothorax in 4 and haemoptysis in 3 patients). With careful patient
      selection, unguided FNAB can be an effective out-patient procedure for diagnosing
      lung lesion beyond the reach of the fiberoptic bronchoscope.

PMID- 1794880
TI  - Hepatitis in patients with surgical complications of pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - During last six years, 2250 patients were treated in Cardiothoracic Unit for
      thoracic complications of pulmonary tuberculosis. During
      isoniazid/streptomycin/ethambutol treatment, 2 patients out of 710 (0.28%)
      developed hepatitis. During isoniazid/rifampicin/ethambutol therapy, 18 patients
      out of 1540 (1.17%) suffered from jaundice; all these patients were above 30
      years of age, and many had gross anemia (Hb less than 9 gm%), hypoalbuminemia
      (less than 3 gm%) and radiologically far-advanced disease in comparison to those
      who did not develop jaundice (p less than 0.05). Jaundice subsided completely
      after discontinuation of isoniazid and/or rifampicin which were re-instituted
      successfully after recovery without recurrence of hepatitis. It is suggested that
      the development of hepatitis does not warrant total withdrawal of these two
      highly effective bactericidal drugs but they should be tried again cautiously
      after recovery from jaundice.

PMID- 1794881
TI  - Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.

PMID- 1794882
TI  - Wegener's granulomatosis--successful treatment with cyclophosphamide and
      steroids.

PMID- 1794883
TI  - Massive pleural effusion, pseudocysts and pancreatico-pleural fistula with
      asymptomatic pancreatic disease.
AB  - A case of chronic pancreatitis with multiple pseudocysts of the pancreas and a
      pancreatico-pleural fistula causing massive left sided pleural effusion is
      reported, being a rare and an unusual cause of pleural effusion. This case
      illustrates the importance of pleural fluid amylase estimation in the diagnosis
      and the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography to elucidate the
      pathogenesis of such an effusion. The role of medical management is also
      emphasized.

PMID- 1794884
TI  - Pulmonary pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - A case of pseudoaneurysm with erosion of both pulmonary and bronchial vessels is
      reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography followed by
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography. It was removed surgically.

PMID- 1794885
TI  - Multiple fibrochondromatous hamartoma of the lung.

PMID- 1794886
TI  - Tracheo-bronchial stenosis--report of 3 cases.
AB  - Three cases of large airway stenosis of different aetiologies are reported. In
      the first case, tracheal stenosis occurred after endotracheal intubation. The
      second case developed bronchial stenosis as a sequelae to pulmonary tuberculosis.
      The third case had localized stenosis of the left main bronchus for which no
      cause could be found. The first case responded completely to dilatation while the
      2nd case demonstrated only partial response. Third case did not improve
      significantly with dilatation.

PMID- 1794887
TI  - Short course chemotherapy for lymphnode tuberculosis.

PMID- 1794888
TI  - Funding of health research in India.
AB  - An overview of financing of health research in India is presented based on data
      for the year 1987-88, collected from nearly 298 institutions involved in health
      research. Only 8 per cent of the funds was derived from foreign sources.
      Distribution of research funds was highly skewed. Research activity seemed to
      have concentrated in a few specialty institutes located in the four metropolitan
      cities. Research activities apparently matched the national health priorities,
      reproductive health being the most frequently reported area of research. The
      study concludes that since health is primarily a service sector, its research
      needs are not fully appreciated. As a result, research allocation in the health
      sector is lower, as compared to that for many other developmental sectors. The
      paper highlights some of the implications of this lopsided distribution to
      research capacity building in the country.

PMID- 1794889
TI  - A controlled study of sugar-fortified milk feeding for prevention of neonatal
      hypoglycaemia.
AB  - Healthy term, large for gestational age (LGA) infants (130) with blood sugar
      greater than 30 mg/dl at the age of less than 30 min were randomized into two
      groups. Group I (study group) babies received sugar-fortified milk formula while
      group II (control group) received standard milk formula. Milk was fed at a
      minimum of 80 ml/kg/24 h. The first feed was given within 45 min of birth and
      subsequently at 2 h of age and then 2 hourly till the age of 24 h. The blood
      sugar (initial within 30 min of birth) was monitored by dextrostix at the age of
      2, 4, 12 and 24 h. The babies on fortified feeds received significantly (P less
      than 0.001) higher amount of carbohydrate (8.2 mg/kg/min) as compared to those on
      standard milk (5.2 mg/kg/min). The incidence of hypoglycaemia was reduced
      significantly (P less than 0.05) by the sugar fortified feeds. The mean blood
      sugar level in babies receiving fortified feeds was significantly (P less than
      0.001) higher at all ages as compared to those receiving standard feeds. Nearly
      all the babies who subsequently developed hypoglycaemia had an earlier blood
      sugar level of less than 60 mg/dl. The study shows that sugar-fortified milk
      feeds are useful in preventing hypoglycaemia in LGA infants and should be
      routinely recommended in the special care neonatal units of developing countries
      especially when facilities for monitoring blood sugar are unsatisfactory or
      unavailable.

PMID- 1794890
TI  - Physical growth pattern for girls (9-17 yr) from rural West Bengal.
AB  - With a view to assessing the growth pattern, a cross-sectional study was made on
      656 Indian Bengalee girls (aged 9-17 yr) of the lower and middle class families
      of rural West Bengal. The mean height and weight of the Bengalee girls were found
      to gradually increase up to the age of 17. The average age at menarche was 13 yr
      and the girls aged 13 yr (currently) reached 98 per cent of height and 83 per
      cent of weight, as compared to 17 yr old girls. The subjects were found to have
      heights and weights comparable with the American population while they were
      shorter and lighter than their British counterparts. On comparison with reported
      figures for girls of other Indian states, all the physical parameters were found
      to be almost identical at the age of 17 except for girls of Andhra Pradesh and
      Tamil Nadu. Bengalee girls studied by us were taller than their peers (in an
      earlier longitudinal study) up to 14 yr of age, but were similar at later ages.
      Bengalee girls in the present study were shorter and lighter as compared to the
      Indian norms for girls from higher socio-economic group, but were taller and
      heavier than those from the low socio-economic groups.

PMID- 1794891
TI  - Heart rate & blood lactate response in field hockey players.
AB  - The heart rate and blood lactate were studied in field hockey players (25 juniors
      and 29 seniors) as well as the blood lactate response in training to assess the
      anaerobic demand of the game and the adaptability of the players to anaerobic
      metabolism, respectively. The mean VO2 max of the junior and senior players were
      3.32 l/min (54.4 ml/kg/min) and 3.28 l/min (53.8 ml/kg/min), respectively. Blood
      lactate levels after warm up, training and the game were 2.1, 7.4 and 4.2 mM/l,
      respectively for the juniors and 2.6, 7.7 and 5.6 mM/l, for the seniors. The
      aerobic capacity (VO2 max) of the juniors did not differ from their senior
      counterparts, indicating a similar adaptability to aerobic metabolism. However,
      the Indian players revealed a lower VO2 max than their International
      counterparts. Similar lactate levels in juniors and seniors after training
      indicated a similar adaptability to the anaerobic metabolism also. The higher
      blood lactate level in seniors after the game reflected that they played with
      greater intensity than the juniors, due to more experience, better motivation and
      skill.

PMID- 1794892
TI  - Oxygen consumption during pranayamic type of very slow-rate breathing.
AB  - To determine whether the yogic Ujjayi pranayamic type of breathing that involves
      sensory awareness and consciously controlled, extremely slow-rate breathing
      including at least a period of end-inspiration breath holding in each respiratory
      cycle would alter oxygen consumption or not, ten males with long standing
      experience in pranayama, and volunteering to participate in the laboratory study
      were assessed. These subjects aged 28-59 yr, had normal health appropriate to
      their age. Since kumbhak (timed breath holding) is considered as an important
      phase of the respiratory cycle in the pranayama, they were categorised into two
      groups of five each, one group practising the short kumbhak varieties of
      pranayama, and the other the long kumbhak varieties of pranayama. The duration of
      kumbhak phase was on an average 22.2 percent of the respiratory cycle in the
      short kumbhak group, and 50.4 per cent in the long kumbhak group. The oxygen
      consumption was measured in test sessions using the closed circuit method of
      breathing oxygen through the Benedict-Roth spirometer. Each subject was tested in
      several repeat sessions. Values of oxygen consumption of the period of pranayamic
      breathing, and of post-pranayamic breathing period, were compared to control
      value of oxygen consumption of the prepranayamic breathing period of each test
      session. The results revealed that the short kumbhak pranayamic breathing caused
      a statistically significant increase (52%) in the oxygen consumption (and
      metabolic rate) compared to the pre-pranayamic base-line period of breathing. In
      contrast to the above, the long kumbhak pranayamic breathing caused a
      statistically significant lowering (19% of the oxygen consumption (and metabolic
      rate).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794893
TI  - Effect of calcium salts & related substances on the motility & viability of
      ejaculated human spermatozoa in vitro.
AB  - Effect of four calcium salts, three calcium antagonists, calcium ionophore (A
      23187) and calmodulin was studied in vitro on the motility and viability of
      ejaculated normal human spermatozoa at different time intervals. Effect of
      calcium salts was also studied on the oligoasthenospermic samples with an
      original motility of 10 to 30 per cent. Calcium salts were found to improve the
      sperm motility by 6 to 16 per cent and this may be due to a direct excitatory
      influence and a protective action of calcium on the spermatozoa since the
      viability was also improved by 4 to 11 per cent in these cases. A similar
      improvement in motility (8 to 11%) and viability (5 to 9%) was observed in
      hypokinetic samples also, Calcium antagonists inhibited the sperm motility and
      viability significantly. Diltiazem was the most potent drug in this respect, the
      reduction in motility being by 11 to 22 per cent and in viability by 6 to 14 per
      cent, after 30 sec of incubation. Calcium ionophore and calmodulin were found to
      be more potent than calcium antagonists to produce a dose-dependent decrease in
      sperm motility and viability. The results confirm that ionized calcium plays an
      important role in the regulation of sperm motility. Although intracellular
      concentration of calcium may be a better determinant physiologically, the
      manipulation of extracellular levels in a critical range may promote the sperm
      motility, viability and other vital functions. This has a potential use in
      situations like artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and semen
      banking. Calcium ionophores and calmodulin need further investigation for a
      possible use as vaginal spermicides.

PMID- 1794894
TI  - Influence of prolactin on pulmonary lipids in mature male bonnet monkey, Macaca
      radiata.
AB  - Administration of ovine prolactin (250 micrograms/kg body weight/day) for 30 days
      to mature male bonnet monkeys increased the pulmonary total lipids and total
      phospholipids. While total cholesterol did not show any appreciable change in PRL
      treated monkeys, the ratio of free: esterified cholesterols was altered with
      perceptible decrease in free cholesterol and increase in esterified cholesterol.
      Pulmonary tissue total glyceride glycerol concentration was diminished as a
      result of decreased monoacyl, diacyl and triacyl glycerols. Among phospholipid
      fractions, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were elevated while
      phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin were reduced. The data suggest that
      hyperprolactinemia interferes with pulmonary lipid metabolism in adult monkeys
      and modifies the ratio of cholesterol and phospholipid composition. Further,
      hyperprolactinemia appears to favour esterification of cholesterol with specific
      changes in phospholipid fractions. Thus, the present study demonstrates that
      hyperprolactinemia modifies the pattern of pulmonary neutral and phospholipid
      fractions and thereby is likely to affect the structure and function of mature
      primate lungs.

PMID- 1794895
TI  - Genotoxic effects of some foods & food components in Swiss mice.
AB  - A number of commonly consumed foods and food components in south India were
      screened for their genotoxic effects on Swiss mice. Salted, sundried and oil
      fried vegetables and fishes induced chromosomal aberrations, sperm head
      abnormalities and micronuclei production, which were comparable to the effect of
      the positive control viz., 20-methylcholanthrene. Spices like Cissus
      quadrangularis (an indigenous herb used in certain south Indian dishes) and
      pyrolysed cumin and aniseeds showed moderate effects. Calamus oil, widely used in
      pharmaceuticals was highly effective. All the three parameters of genotoxicity
      gave similar results.

PMID- 1794896
TI  - Surveillance of mercury content in edible fish.
AB  - Samples of estuarine/sea fish and prawn purchased from different markets in and
      around Calcutta were analysed for mercury content in the edible portions by cold
      vapour AAS. The contents varied widely from 4.5 to 42.4 ppb. The internationally
      regulatory fixed levels for mercury in fish (of 1.0 and 0.5 ppm) appear to be too
      high in view of our findings and the acceptable weekly intake of mercury of 0.005
      mg/kg body weight. It is suggested that the statutory permitted level of mercury
      in fish be reduced drastically from 500 to 50 ppb.

PMID- 1794897
TI  - Regulation of cadmium induced porphyria by ascorbic acid in chick embryos.
AB  - Sublethal doses of cadmium chloride (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mu mole/kg egg weight)
      were found to significantly alter the first two rate limiting enzymes of heme
      biosynthesis in chick embryos. Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity was
      elevated by 2.05 and 2.11 fold with 5.0 and 10.0 mu moles of cadmium treatment
      respectively. However, this was reduced to 1.25 and 1.3 fold by the simultaneous
      administration of ascorbic acid. Blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA
      D) activity was decreased by 48.4 and 55.0 per cent with 5.0 and 10.0 mu moles
      cadmium treatment respectively; in the presence of ascorbic acid only 18 and 24
      per cent inhibition of ALA-D activity was observed. Further 1.39 and 2.08 fold
      accumulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid and 4.17 and 4.62 fold increase of
      blood porphyrins was observed in chick embryos treated with 5.0 and 10.0 mu moles
      cadmium respectively. This elevation of intermediate compounds of heme
      biosynthesis was effectively checked by the administration of ascorbic acid.
      Depletion of hepatic heme and free sulfhydryl level by cadmium were countered by
      the treatment of ascorbic acid. Hence, the present findings suggest the
      protective role of ascorbic acid against cadmium induced chemical porphyria in
      chick embryos.

PMID- 1794898
TI  - High prevalence & heterogenicity of thalassaemias in Orissa.
AB  - High incidence of alpha thalassaemias (estimated from detection of Hb Bart's from
      cord blood), Hb constant spring (CS) and high A2 beta thalassaemia trait
      (estimated from normal adult subjects) were detected in 12.6, 15 and 8 per cent
      people of coastal Orissa (with less than 5% tribal population) respectively.
      Quantitation of Hb Bart's suggest that the alpha thalassaemia could be any of the
      genotypes such as, -alpha/alpha alpha, -alpha/-alpha, --/alpha alpha and alpha
      alpha/alpha alpha cs. Both heterozygotes and homozygotes for Hb CS were
      identified.

PMID- 1794899
TI  - Effect of bezafibrate & nicotinic acid on triton induced hyperlipidemias in CFY
      rats.
AB  - The two mechanisms of action of bezafibrate and nicotinic acid and their
      combination were evaluated in normal rats and triton treated rats. Bezafibrate
      was effective hypolipidemic agent in normal rats, but addition of nicotinic acid
      has certainly improved the effectiveness further which could be of clinical
      significance. In triton treated rats bezafibrate and nicotinic acid used
      individually and together had prophylactic hypolipidemic action. However, in
      their therapeutic effectiveness, bezafibrate reduced triglycerides (65.4%) and
      nicotinic acid, cholesterol (39.3%). But when treated together they showed marked
      acceleration in the removal of cholesterol as well as triglycerides. It is
      therefore concluded that a combination of bezafibrate and nicotinic acid may be
      beneficial in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias, both prophylactically and
      therapeutically.

PMID- 1794900
TI  - Prevalence of R-plasmids and serotypes in intestinal Escherichia coli.
AB  - A total of 150 strains of E. coli isolated from faecal samples of normal
      population (Group I), hospital personnel (Group II) and hospitalised patients
      (Group III) were studied for the transfer of R-plasmids. Auto-transferable R
      plasmids were observed in 72.0, 82.0 and 80.0 per cent of groups I, II and III
      respectively. 77.0 per cent strains were typable. 04 was the most common serotype
      found in groups I and II, 0134 in group III.

PMID- 1794901
TI  - Salmonella phage types in Bombay from 1983 to 1987.
AB  - A total of 156 strains of Salmonella isolated at T.N. Medical College and B.Y.L.
      Nair Ch. Hospital, Bombay over a period of 5 years from 1983 to 1987 were
      subjected to Phage Typing. Out of the 111 Salmonella typhi strains, phage type A
      was found in highest proportion (45.95%), followed by phage type E1 (15.32%),
      0(9.91%), Deg. Vi. (9.91%) and C5(5.41%). Salmonella paratyphi A had phage type
      pattern of 1(60.0%), 2(22.86%) and Untypable (14.29%). Majority of the Salmonella
      typhimurium isolates (90.0%) were untypable.

PMID- 1794902
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium isolated from bacteraemia.
AB  - During a two year period, a total of 15 strains of S. typhimurium were isolated
      and analysed by phage typing. Of these, 13 were found untypable, while two
      strains belonged to phage 76 and 22. All the strains were sensitive to Gentamicin
      and Cephaloridine. All but one showed multiple drug resistance.

PMID- 1794903
TI  - Non 01 Vibrio cholerae in intestinal and extra intestinal infections in Vellore,
      S. India.
AB  - Non 01 V.cholerae is known to cause gastroenteritis and extra intestinal
      manifestations, including septicemia. We report here our isolation of non 01
      V.cholerae from various clinical specimens. Although most of the isolates are
      from faeces samples from patients with diarrhoea, we have three isolates from
      blood culture in patients with underlying liver disease. The highest incidence
      occurred in 1982-1983 and 1987 and 1988.

PMID- 1794904
TI  - Primary tumors of small bones: a clinicopathological and radiological study.
AB  - Primary small bone tumors are rare. Most of them have been reported as solitary
      case reports in the literature. In this retrospective study of small bone tumors
      over the period of five years, the commonest tumor encountered was enchondroma.
      Next in frequency were exostosis, giant cell tumor, benign chondroblastoma.
      Solitary cases of benign osteoblastoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and glomus
      tumors were encountered. All these cases were analysed clinically, radiologically
      and correlated with histopathology in each case.

PMID- 1794905
TI  - Study of cell mediated immunity in chronic tonsillitis.
AB  - The cell mediated immune status (CMI) of twenty three patients with chronic
      tonsillitis was studied with a view to ascertain any possible role of CMI
      deficiency in causation of the disease. No evidence of significant CMI deficiency
      was detected in these cases.

PMID- 1794906
TI  - Hepatitis B surface antigen--3 years experience.
AB  - Epidemiological surveillance of Hepatitis B surface antigen in the city of
      Hyderabad at our Institute shows that the incidence of HBsAg is considerably high
      among the general population. In a comparative evaluation of the two techniques
      used, RPHA and ELISA, the latter emerged as a reliable one with high specificity
      and sensitivity. Screening of all blood samples by ELISA is imperative for
      uniform reporting of the incidence. Non risk groups like voluntary blood donors,
      cardiac patients serve as potential reservoirs of HBV infection.

PMID- 1794907
TI  - Osteosarcoma of uterus--report of a case.

PMID- 1794908
TI  - Malakoplakia simulating rectal carcinoma.

PMID- 1794909
TI  - Pleomorphic lipoma--a case report.

PMID- 1794910
TI  - Muscular cirrhosis of lung.

PMID- 1794911
TI  - Mycetoma due to Nocardia caviae--a case report.

PMID- 1794912
TI  - Infective endocarditis with Haemophilus aphrophilus.

PMID- 1794913
TI  - Gastritis and Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori--merely one more piece in the
      jigsaw puzzle or the final answer?

PMID- 1794914
TI  - A clinico-pathological study of six cases of hairy cell leukaemia.
AB  - Clinicopathological findings of six cases of Hairy cell leukaemia are presented.
      All the patients were males, the age ranged between 32-57 years. Complications of
      anaemia and neutropenia were common modes of presentation. Hepatomegaly and
      splenomegaly were present in all the cases whereas only 2 patients had
      lymphadenopathy. Severe pancytopenia was detected in 3 cases and circulating
      hairy cells were present in all the cases. Trephine biopsy done in all six
      patients was found to be diagnostic. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase was
      detected in the hairy cells of 2 cases.

PMID- 1794915
TI  - The perils of sperm release-- 'let my children go'.

PMID- 1794916
TI  - Male fertility in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - To study long-term testicular function following the treatment of acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood, 37 young adult males were assessed at
      two separate time points. The initial assessment was made by a wedge testicular
      biopsy after completion of treatment (median 9.7 years; range 4.1-16.3 years) and
      the subsequent assessment (median 18.6 years; range 15.4-26.8 years) consisted of
      the clinical examination of pubertal stage, measurement of serum gonadotrophins
      and testosterone and, in 19 patients, semen analysis. All 37 men completed
      pubertal development normally and had a testosterone concentration within the
      normal adult range. Six men showed evidence of severe damage to the seminiferous
      epithelium, five were azoospermic and one, who did not provide semen for
      analysis, had a reduced mean testicular volume (11 mls; normal greater than or
      equal to 15 mls) and a raised basal FSH level (13 UI 1-1; normal less than or
      equal to 6 IU 1-1). All six men with germ-cell damage had received either
      cyclophosphamide or both cyclophosphamide and cytosine arabinoside as part of
      their chemotherapy regimen. Approximately 10.7 years earlier all 37 men had
      undergone a testicular biopsy after completion of their chemotherapy.
      Morphological damage to the seminiferous epithelium had been calculated by
      estimating the tubular fertility index (TFI), which is the percentage of
      seminiferous tubules containing identifiable spermatogonia (age-matched normal =
      100%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794917
TI  - Chromatin alterations induced by freeze-thawing influence the fertilizing ability
      of human sperm.
AB  - A previous cytochemical study revealed that chromatin alterations could be
      induced in frozen-thawed human sperm. In order to evaluate the biological
      consequences of such chromatin alterations, we evaluated the relationship between
      these chromatin alterations and the drastic decrease or loss of sperm fertilizing
      ability after freeze-thawing. Using acridine orange staining and Feulgen-DNA
      quantitative microspectrophotometry, the nuclear variables of sperm were compared
      using samples which had either recovered, or lost their fertilizing ability after
      freezing-thawing during artificial inseminations, despite good post-thaw
      motility. There was a clear decrease in Feulgen-DNA content and nuclear surface
      values in sperm which exhibited a loss of fertilizing ability. Thus freeze
      thawing may alter the DNA/nuclear protein relationships and impair the
      fertilizing ability of human sperm.

PMID- 1794918
TI  - Zeta potential of human X- and Y-bearing sperm.
AB  - The zeta potential of human X- and Y-bearing sperm was measured by two different
      methods: (i) using an electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometer, and
      (ii) using a laser-rotating prism. The X- and Y-bearing sperm were separated by
      free-flow electrophoresis, and their purities were determined by staining for the
      F-body using quinacrine mustard. The zeta potential of the sperm in the fraction
      containing more than 80% Y-bearing sperm was approximately -16 mV, whereas that
      of sperm in the fraction containing more than 95% X-bearing sperm was
      approximately -20 mV. In other words, the net negative-charge on the cell surface
      of human X-bearing sperm is higher than that of Y-bearing sperm.

PMID- 1794919
TI  - Total ligation of the left renal vein in the dog: an inappropriate model for
      varicocele.
AB  - Induction of varicocele was attempted by ligation of the left renal vein (LRV) in
      male dogs (Group I). Before the operation and in the 4-month post-operative
      period, sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology of Group I (n = 8) dogs
      were compared to sham operated animals (Group II, n = 5). Furthermore,
      haemodynamics as well as testicular and vascular morphology were studied. In
      Group I, changes in diameter and consistency of the spermatic cord were
      temporary. Semen quality was reduced significantly during the second month after
      ligation of the LRV, but improved thereafter. Haemodynamic studies revealed that
      LRV blood pressure was increased significantly in Group I dogs. An extensive
      venous collateral network replaced the occluded LRV. Retrograde blood flow in the
      left testicular vein (LTV) was observed only in the proximal part of the LTV of
      Group I dogs. In Group II dogs numerous pairs of sufficient valves prevented
      reflux into the LTV. Histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis was
      not impaired and that the left pampiniform plexus had not changed. The number of
      Leydig cells was decreased slightly in Group I dogs. Sufficient valves in the LTV
      prevented formation of a permanent varicocele.

PMID- 1794920
TI  - Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase does not simulate the effects of androgen
      deprivation on porphyrin metabolism by harderian glands from the male Syrian
      hamster.
AB  - As 5 alpha-reductase is involved in the metabolism of indolamines in the
      Harderian glands of Syrian hamsters, we have compared the effects of androgen
      deprivation and the administration of the potent 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor N,N
      diethyl-4-methoxy-3-oxo-4-aza-5-androstene-17-carboxamida on Harderian porphyrin
      metabolism. Ten days after castration, porphyrin levels had increased to 40 times
      the values of intact hamsters. However, the inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase,
      which resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of accessory sex glands,
      did not modify porphyrin concentrations within the Harderian glands. It is
      concluded that, contrary to the situation for indolamine metabolism, testosterone
      per se is the main androgen involved in the sexual differences observed in
      Harderian porphyrin metabolism.

PMID- 1794921
TI  - Elevated serum liver enzymes in obesity: a dilemma during clinical trials.
AB  - We found that 17 out of 60 (28.3 percent) obese, otherwise healthy volunteers had
      elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT)
      or alkaline phosphatase (AP) at least once in the course of a 12 week clinical
      trial. ALAT was the most commonly elevated serum aminotransferase occurring in 16
      out of the 17 participants. Its range of elevation, as a percentage of the upper
      limit of normal (ULN) at screening was 102-164 percent (mean +/- s.d.; 127
      percent +/- 18.4). Three participants had slight elevations of AP (112 percent,
      113 percent, 119 percent of ULN). One participant had a minor elevation of ASAT
      (107 percent of ULN at screening). Of the 17 participants with elevated
      aminotransferases and AP, six were randomized to placebo, seven were treated with
      the low dose and four with the high dose of the new medication. Study
      participants having elevated enzymes had higher ideal body weight (IBW) than the
      group with normal values at screening (162 +/- 10 percent IBW, 152 +/- 11 percent
      IBW respectively), and at week 8 (152 +/- 3 percent IBW, 146 +/- 2 percent
      respectively) (P less than 0.05). The corresponding body mass index (BMI) values
      are 36.8 +/- 2.8 for the participants with elevated liver enzymes vs 34.2 +/- 2.6
      (P less than 0.001) for the participants with normal values at screening and 34.9
      +/- 3.1 and 32.8 +/- 2.8 (P = 0.02) respectively at week 8. Males (46 percent)
      were more likely than females (21 percent) to have elevated aminotransferases. We
      found no evidence for hepatic disease during the study period. Slightly elevated
      and fluctuating serum aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase concentrations
      are a more frequent finding in healthy obese populations than previously
      established. In studies of anti-obesity agents investigators should broaden the
      entry criteria since elevated aminotransferase levels rarely interfere with the
      safe conduct of clinical trials in obesity.

PMID- 1794922
TI  - Changes in body weight and girths in black and white adults studied over a 25
      year interval.
AB  - Changes in body weight and shape with 25 years of aging were examined using
      anthropometric measurements collected in the biracial Charleston Heart Study
      cohort. Measurements were available from 370 men and women who were in both the
      1963 and 1988 examinations. Over the 25 year interval, mean weight increased 5.4
      kg in subjects who were 37-46 years of age, while mean weight decreased by 2.6 kg
      in 55-74 year old subjects. Nevertheless, subjects in both age categories
      increased in abdominal girth (10.3 cm in the younger groups vs 4.7 cm in the
      older subjects). There was a positive linear relationship between changes in BMI
      and changes in the girth measurement. With no change in body mass index (BMI),
      estimated increases in abdominal circumference were 2.8 cm in white women, 6.6 cm
      in black women, 6.3 cm in white men and 7.5 cm in black men. This longitudinal
      study confirms cross-sectional studies that have shown increases in trunk girth
      with age, and in addition shows that girths change with aging, even in the
      absence of changes in BMI.

PMID- 1794923
TI  - Oxygen consumption of muscles from ob/ob and Ay/a strains of obese mice.
AB  - Oxygen consumption was measured in the in vitro preparations of soleus, extensor
      digitorum longus, gracilis, and diaphragm muscles from young ob/ob obese mice. In
      young Ay/a obese mice, similar measurements were made with in vitro preparations
      of soleus, gracilis, and diaphragm muscles. These young obese mice were heavier
      than their nonobese littermates. Muscle weights were similar in obese and
      nonobese mice. In the Ay/a obese mice, values of muscle oxygen consumption were
      similar to those found in the a/a nonobese littermates. This correlates well with
      other known information about the Ay/a variety of obesity. In the ob/ob obese
      mice, values of oxygen consumption in the gracilis and diaphragm muscle
      preparations were lower than those in nonobese littermates. These data indicate
      that some muscles in the ob/ob obese mice contribute to the depressed whole
      animal oxygen consumption by virtue of defective oxidative metabolism. The data
      also indicate that the tissue defects are very different in various types of
      obese animal models. This probably is also true for different types of human
      obesity.

PMID- 1794924
TI  - The individual and combined effects of cigarette smoking and food on resting
      energy expenditure.
AB  - The influence of cigarette smoking and food intake on resting energy expenditure
      (REE) was investigated. Fifteen smokers were presented, over four days, with
      cigarette consumption, food consumption, the consumption of both cigarettes and
      food, and neither cigarettes nor food consumption. Results indicated that both
      food and cigarette smoking increased REE and food increased REE considerably more
      than smoking cigarettes (17.1 vs 7.5 percent). The combination of the two was
      less than additive (24.1 percent). The results may aid in elucidating the
      mechanisms that contribute to a lowered body weight in smokers.

PMID- 1794925
TI  - Relationships between the amount of weight loss and post-heparin lipoprotein
      lipase activity in patients with type II diabetes.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in plasma post-heparin
      lipoprotein lipase activity, as it relates to the total amount of weight loss and
      the changes in plasma lipoproteins, during acute weight reduction and after
      weight maintenance in type II diabetic patients. Twenty-eight severely obese
      (mean weight = 106 +/- 21.7 kg, BMI = 36.4 +/- 6.0 kg/m2), diabetic patients
      lost, on the average, 13.3 kg on a 500 kcal (2100 kJ) diet in eight weeks. Weight
      loss was maintained throughout the study, which lasted 24 weeks. At the baseline,
      post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity did not correlate with degree of
      obesity, but correlated inversely with fasting plasma glucose (r = -0.64, P less
      than 0.0001) and triglyceride (r = -0.63, P less than 0.0001). Both during acute
      caloric restriction and after weight maintenance suppression in post-heparin
      lipoprotein lipase activity correlated directly with the amount of weight
      reduction (r = 0.37, P less than 0.05 during weight loss and r = 0.42, P less
      than 0.03 during weight maintenance). At the end of the study patients were
      divided into tertiles according to the amount of weight loss achieved and
      baseline characteristics of the highest and lowest weight loss groups were
      compared. Before weight loss, despite having similar weights, the highest weight
      loss group had higher lipoprotein lipase activity (211 +/- 32 mU/ml vs 166 +/- 35
      mU/ml, P less than 0.05) and lower plasma triglyceride (1.64 +/- 0.62 mmol/l vs
      2.81 +/- 1.28 mmol/l, P less than 0.05) as compared to the lowest weight loss
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794926
TI  - Obesity surgery: expectation and reality.
AB  - Expectations and reality have been evaluated among 33 people considering, and 32
      patients who had undergone, gastric restrictive surgery for morbid obesity. We
      addressed obesity history, dietary habits, expectations of surgery, weight loss,
      quality of life and obesity related diseases. Both groups had similar histories
      of a young age of onset and a strong family history of morbid obesity. Vomit
      avoidance was predominantly responsible for the highly significant decrease in
      total daily calories eaten (5283 +/- 356 vs 1622 +/- 95, P less than or equal to
      0.0001). The ratios of carbohydrate, protein and fat, however, did not change.
      The desired weight loss was unrealistically high in both groups. Preoperative
      patients have unrealistic expectations concerning snack consumption.
      Postoperative patients have more realistic expectations concerning long term
      weight loss. Only 38 percent vs 70 percent of preoperative patients expected to
      lose 100-150 lbs (P less than or equal to 0.025). Disquietingly, 55 percent of
      preoperative and 41 percent of postoperative patients felt that weight loss
      following surgery is due to 'magic'. Percent excess weight loss for the
      postoperative patients was 61 +/- 9 percent from 4 to 84 months following
      surgery. Following weight loss there was the expected statistically significant
      improvement (P less than 0.001) in obesity related diseases. Long term follow-up
      (greater than or equal to 8 years) is now required to determine whether the
      changes following surgery for morbid obesity identified in this study will result
      in improvement of quality and/or length of life.

PMID- 1794927
TI  - Sonography detection of small intra-abdominal fat variations.
AB  - The aim of this study was to check the reliability of sonography in measuring
      small variations in quantities of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat. Twenty
      six obese women (BMI 39 +/- 6) underwent a 15 day very low calorie diet. The
      study included, both before and after very low calorie diet, computed tomography
      measurements of total (AT), visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue
      areas, visceral/subcutaneous area ratio (V/S), waist/hip circumference ratio
      measurements (W/H), and ultrasound measurements of abdominal subcutaneous skin
      muscle thickness, intra-abdominal muscle-aorta thickness and intra
      abdominal/subcutaneous thickness ratio. Weight reduction was from 101 +/- 17 to
      95 +/- 16 kg (P less than 0.001). W/H dropped from 0.83 +/- 0.06 to 0.82 +/- 0.07
      (n.s.). VAT dropped from 158 +/- 72 to 134 +/- 61 cm2 (P less than 0.005), SAT
      from 572 +/- 151 to 566 +/- 164 cm2 (n.s.) and V/S from 0.29 +/- 0.15 to 0.25 +/-
      0.11 (P less than 0.01). Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness decreased from 36
      +/- 8 to 35 +/- 10 mm (n.s.), intra-abdominal thickness from 39 +/- 25 to 20 +/-
      20 mm (P less than 0.001) and intra-abdominal/subcutaneous from 1.1 +/- 0.7 to
      0.8 +/- 0.6 (P less than 0.005). VAT measurement accurately identified small
      intra-abdominal fat variations. W/H could not evaluate visceral fat loss, because
      of simultaneous decreases in waist and hip circumferences. Ultrasound was able to
      measure small reductions in intra-abdominal fat.

PMID- 1794928
TI  - Improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism associated with selective reduction
      of intra-abdominal visceral fat in premenopausal women with visceral fat obesity.
AB  - Visceral fat obesity (VFO) with predominant intra-abdominal fat accumulation has
      been shown to be more often associated with metabolic disorders than subcutaneous
      fat obesity (SFO). In the present study, changes in fat distribution and their
      effects on metabolic complications were investigated in forty premenopausal
      female obese patients in whom substantial weight reduction was obtained by means
      of a low calorie diet. Analysis of fat distribution by CT scanning demonstrated
      that visceral fat decreased to a greater extent than abdominal subcutaneous fat,
      which was particularly evident in VFO patients. On the other hand, change of fat
      distribution was small in SFO patients. That is, visceral to subcutaneous
      abdominal fat ratio (V/S ratio) decreased from 0.62 +/- 0.36 to 0.46 +/- 0.33 in
      VFO, whereas from 0.23 +/- 0.07 to 0.20 +/- 0.09 in SFO after weight reduction.
      Although obese patients, especially those with VFO, were frequently associated
      with glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, marked diminution was observed in
      the elevated levels of plasma glucose area on 75g OGTT, serum total cholesterol
      and triglyceride after weight reduction. By the examination of interrelationship
      between the changes in body weight, BMI, total and regional fat volume and
      changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, we found that the decrease in the V/S
      ratio and visceral fat volume were more strongly correlated with the improvement
      in plasma glucose and lipid metabolism compared to the decrease in body weight,
      BMI, total fat volume and abdominal subcutaneous fat volume. Furthermore, partial
      correlation analyses demonstrated that the metabolic improvements were associated
      with changes in visceral abdominal fat after control for changes in total adipose
      tissue volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794929
TI  - Visceral fat obesity: anthropological and pathophysiological aspects.
AB  - Human obesity is a heterogeneous group from the aspect of topographical fat
      distribution. Our analyses using CT scan imaging indicated that human obesity
      should be classified into two categories: subcutaneous fat obesity and visceral
      fat obesity. Metabolic and circulatory disturbances are far more frequently
      associated with visceral fat obesity than with subcutaneous fat obesity. High
      sucrose diet might be one of the factors that increase visceral fat accumulation.
      On the other hand, visceral fat is rather sensitive to calorie restriction and
      exercise therapy, and can be reduced through these efforts of each subject with
      visceral fat obesity.

PMID- 1794930
TI  - Sex hormone metabolism in upper and lower body obesity.
AB  - Morbid obesity has been previously shown to be associated with excessive
      production and metabolism of a variety of androgens and estrogens. Further, SHBG
      is lowered, resulting in high levels of 'free' testosterone. We have re-examined
      these parameters in morbidly obese women with upper vs lower body adipose
      distribution. Upper body obesity was associated with greater increases in
      production and clearance of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone compared to
      lower body obesity. Further, SHBG levels were lower resulting in high serum
      levels of free T and free E2 in this obesity phenotype. By contrast, lower body
      obesity was associated with increased peripheral aromatization of androstenedione
      resulting in higher urinary E1 production rates. The biologic significance of
      these hormonal differences in obesity phenotypes as well as the potential role of
      the androgen-estrogen environment in determining body fat distribution is
      considered.

PMID- 1794931
TI  - Insulin resistance in visceral obesity.

PMID- 1794932
TI  - Pulsatile insulin secretion: relationship to splanchnic insulin dynamics and
      insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 1794933
TI  - Facilitative glucose transport proteins: structure and regulation of expression
      in adipose tissue.

PMID- 1794934
TI  - A computer-tomography based multicompartment body composition technique and
      anthropometric predictions of lean body mass, total and subcutaneous adipose
      tissue.

PMID- 1794935
TI  - Environmental influences on regional fat distribution.

PMID- 1794937
TI  - Visceral fat obesity and morbidity: NIDDM and atherogenic risk in Japanese
      American men and women.

PMID- 1794936
TI  - Endocrine disorders and body fat distribution.
AB  - To evaluate the role of hormones in formation of regional fat distribution, the
      ratios of visceral fat (V) to subcutaneous fat (S) in the abdomen of rats with
      various endocrine disorders were determined by computer tomography. Abdominal fat
      index (AFI), which was obtained by ultrasonography, correlated with V/S. In
      Cushing's syndrome, seven out of nine patients showed visceral type and V/S ratio
      positively correlated with cortisol levels. In acromegaly, three out of four
      patients showed visceral type and V/S ratio correlated not only with growth
      hormone level, but also with insulin level. All three insulinoma patients showed
      visceral type. During pregnancy, AFI decreased at the late stage of pregnancy.
      These results suggest that in visceral fat formation, insulin is the most
      important factor, and estrogen is an important factor for subcutaneous formation.
      In vitro experiments showed that visceral fat was much more sensitive to insulin
      in terms of glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis than visceral fat.
      Fibroblast-like cells derived from adipose tissue were cultured. Estrone enhanced
      cell growth of fibroblast-like cells derived from subcutaneous fat tissue more
      than that from visceral fat tissue. The results suggested that hyperinsulinism
      primarily promotes visceral fat tissue enlargement and that estrogen might
      promote subcutaneous fat tissue enlargement.

PMID- 1794938
TI  - Lipoprotein metabolism in visceral obesity.

PMID- 1794939
TI  - Obesity, fat distribution and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 1794940
TI  - Treatment of visceral fat obesity.

PMID- 1794941
TI  - Adipose tissue distribution and function.
AB  - Adipose tissue distribution in man is dependent on genetic and environmental
      factors. The total and regional masses of adipose tissue are dependent on the
      number of adipocytes as well as their degree of filling with depot fat. Currently
      available evidence does not suggest a specific regional regulation of fat cell
      multiplication in subcutaneous depots, which instead seems to occur at a certain
      critical degree of filling of available adipocytes. The control of the rate of
      filling of adipocytes then seems to be the main factor determining the local,
      regional mass of adipose tissue. This in turn is regulated by the balance between
      the lipid accumulating and mobilization processes. The steroid hormones exert
      major permissive effects on these processes. It seems likely that the resulting
      effect of the rate of secretion of various steroid hormones, and the local
      density of their specific receptors, decide the regional distribution of body
      fat. Physiological and clinical situations with defined differences in these
      regulatory factors would then be expected to have characteristically different
      adipose tissue distribution. Sex differences include a larger subcutaneous
      adipose tissue in women than men, explainable at least partly by a depot in the
      gluteal-femoral region in women, which is essentially absent in non-obese men.
      Men on the other hand seem to have a larger proportion of their adipose tissue
      organ localized intra-abdominally. In addition, the gluteal-femoral fat cells are
      specifically enlarged in women, and have a higher lipoprotein lipase activity.
      While the larger adipose tissue in non-obese women may well be genetically
      linked, the specific characteristics of the gluteal-femoral adipocytes are most
      likely regulated by female sex steroid hormones. Another apparent sex difference
      is the ability of women to protect visceral depots from fat accumulation up to a
      certain degree of obesity, while men deposit excess fat in this region in
      parallel with other depots. This might, at least partly, simply be explainable by
      the smaller 'available space' in male than female adipose tissue. It should be
      emphasized that the effects of sex steroid hormones on the regulation of
      adipocyte metabolism occur only in concert with cortisol, which is always
      present. Cortisol itself expresses lipoprotein lipase activity as well as beta
      adrenergic receptors (BARs), and probably has additional effects, not yet
      revealed. The net effect seems, however, to be lipid accumulation as seen in the
      apparently glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dense visceral adipose tissue in
      conditions of glucocorticoid excess, such as Cushing's syndrome. The effects of
      the sex steroid hormones should be regarded against this background.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1794942
TI  - Neuroregulation of adipose tissue: molecular and hormonal mechanisms.

PMID- 1794943
TI  - Growth and differentiation of regional adipose tissue: molecular and hormonal
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1794944
TI  - The genes in the constellation of determinants of regional fat distribution.

PMID- 1794945
TI  - Expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4 isomerase (3
      beta-HSD) and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) in adipose
      tissue.

PMID- 1794946
TI  - Retinol deficient diet decreases binding activity of testicular fatty acid
      binding protein.
AB  - Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) activity was determined in livers and testes of
      retinol sufficient, retinol deficient, and also in a group of retinol deficient
      rats, which were refed 100 micrograms of retinyl acetate for four hours.
      [14C]palmitoyl CoA binding assay was used to estimate the binding activity of
      FABP. In retinol sufficient and retinol deficient groups, liver FABP bound 431
      and 446 pmol [14C]palmitoyl CoA/mg cytosolic protein respectively. In contrast,
      testicular FABP bound 254 and 139 pmol [14C]palmitoyl CoA/mg cytosolic protein in
      retinol sufficient and deficient groups. Retinol deficiency caused a tissue
      specific change in testicular FABP and not in liver FABP. Liver and testicular
      FABP's remained unchanged after four hour refeeding of retinol to retinol
      deficient rats.

PMID- 1794947
TI  - Micronutrient utilisation during measles treated with vitamin A or placebo.
AB  - Micronutrients (zinc, vitamins A and E) and related proteins (retinol binding
      protein (RBP), prealbumin, albumin) were measured in the serum of African
      children with measles, and the changes induced in these by vitamin A
      supplementation (offered in a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial)
      were studied. All these substances were significantly reduced early in the
      exanthem in measles patients as compared to controls; they attained control
      values by day 8 after the rash, except for serum albumin which became normal by
      day 42. Vitamin A and prealbumin levels on day 8 were significantly increased in
      the supplemented over the placebo group. Vitamin A levels in serum correlated
      with those of RBP, prealbumin and zinc. These findings strengthen the hypothesis
      that hyporetinemia during measles is the consequence of impaired mobilisation.
      Our results indicate that our patients did not have pre-existing low liver
      stores. Accordingly, the results obtained here provide rational support for the
      recommendation that vitamin A should be given to all children with severe
      measles, even in communities where vitamin A deficiency is not a recognised
      public health problem.

PMID- 1794948
TI  - Vitamin A-deficient diet and its effects on certain haematological parameters of
      Heteropneustes fossilis a 3-4-dehydroretinol rich freshwater fish.
AB  - Effect of vitamin A-deficient diet on Heteropneustes fossilis results in anemia,
      loss of haemoglobin and erythrocyte, leucocyte and thrombocyte number, inhibition
      of synthesis of erythroblast along with the reduction of cytoplasmic and nuclear
      size of different blood corpuscles. Granulocytes are also affected, and although
      there is loss of granules and appearance of vacuolated lymphocytes, yet
      neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil show an increase in number, as examined after
      90-100 days of administration of vitamin A-deficient diet.

PMID- 1794949
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid ascorbic acid levels during the neonatal period.
AB  - Corresponding plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ascorbic acid levels were determined
      in 13 term and 17 preterm newborn infants during the neonatal period. On the
      first day of life preterm C.S.F ascorbate value of 5.2 +/- 0.8 mg/dl (mean +/-
      S.E.) was higher than the 3.8 +/- 0.3 mg/dl value in term infants (P less than
      0.1). Later determinations during the neonatal period did not demonstrate a
      difference between term and preterm C.S.F ascorbate values and levelled at 2.9 +/
      0.2 mg/dl. There was a significant negative correlation between the C.S.F/plasma
      ascorbate ratio and the plasma ascorbate levels and the shape of the regression
      line was suggestive of a saturable active ascorbate transport from the plasma
      into the cerebrospinal fluid. Ascorbic acid in the C.S.F of additional six
      neonates with a neurological disorder was lower than expected on the basis of
      their plasma levels, the C.S.F/plasma ascorbate ratios being 8.3 +/- 0.9 in the
      apparently normal infants and 3.7 +/- 0.6 in the neurological patients, (P less
      than 0.025). The possible mechanism of ascorbate loss from the central nervous
      system is discussed and it is speculated that ascorbic acid administration
      following a neurological insult may prove beneficial.

PMID- 1794950
TI  - Anthropometry, lipid- and vitamin status of 215 health-conscious Thai elderly.
AB  - A survey was carried out on 59 males and 146 females aged 60 years and above from
      a special clinic for the elderly in Bangkok. All of these subjects had no major
      complaints of ill health and, judging by their appearance, they seemed to be
      apparently healthy. 6.8% of the males and 11% of the females were found to be
      over-nourished. Less than 15% of all the individuals under investigation were
      suffering from hypertension, hyperglycaemia and hyperuricaemia. 35% of the males
      but only 13% of the females were anemic. The lipid status of the females was
      generally worse with statistically higher median values for total cholesterol,
      LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides than the males. There was no significant
      difference in the variation of HDL-cholesterol between the sexes. High vitamin C,
      B2 and B6 deficiency rates were observed in both the males and the females.

PMID- 1794951
TI  - Vitamin nutritional status and immunocompetence of elderly in Perugia (Italy): an
      epidemiological approach.
AB  - The influence of the vitamin nutritional status on the immunocompetence of a
      group of elderly people in the city of Perugia has been investigated. The
      impairment of some immunological (humoral as well as innate and acquired cell
      mediated) functions seemed to be mostly related to age. Statistically significant
      correlations between the complement component C4 and plasma levels of retinol as
      well as alpha-tocopherol and an inverse correlation between titers of IgG and
      plasma retinol have been observed (significance level alpha = 5%).

PMID- 1794952
TI  - Simultaneous determination of retinol, tocopherols, carotenes and lycopene in
      plasma by means of high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase.
AB  - The determination of the vitamins A and E as well as of carotenes and lycopene is
      important for studies of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A method for
      laboratory routine is reported to separate simultaneously retinol, tocopherols,
      alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene and beta-cryptoxanthin in human plasma or
      serum by HPLC on reversed phase starting from one extract. Two detectors with
      programmable wavelength are used sequentially, a spectrophotometer for the
      detection of the carotenoids in the visible region and a fluorometer for the
      assay of retinol and the tocopherols.

PMID- 1794953
TI  - Effect of dietary protein on the peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in stroke
      prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In order to investigate the effect of dietary EPA on liver GSH peroxidase (GSH
      Px) activity in rats, highly concentrated EPA (78% ethyl ester form) was
      administrated to SHRSP (Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat) that were
      fed a casein, SPI (soybean protein isolate) or SPI diet with methionine for 4
      weeks. The content of liver GSH in rats fed SPI was lower than that of rats fed
      the casein diet. Although no significant difference of liver GSH-Px was observed
      in rats after EPA supplement, a decrease of liver GSH-Px activity was found in
      rats fed the SPI diet when compared with rats fed the casein diet. The changes of
      liver GSH content and GSH-Px activity in rats fed SPI were found to be associated
      with methionine supplement. Addition of methionine to the SPI diet resulted in an
      increase of liver GSH content and GSH-Px activity. In addition, liver lipid
      peroxide concentration was increased in rats fed the SPI diet after EPA
      treatment. In contrast, EPA administered rats fed the SPI diet containing
      methionine showed a lower liver lipid peroxide concentration. These results
      suggest that methionine may play an important role in regulation of the
      utilization of EPA in SHRSP when fed a SPI diet.

PMID- 1794954
TI  - Obesity in indigent elderly rural African women: effects on hypertension,
      hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia.
AB  - To learn more of the sequelae of obesity in South African elderly rural indigent
      black women (aged 58-85 years), studies were made on 40 women with BMI greater
      than or equal to 30, and on 50 non-obese women with BMI of 25 or less, all in
      outward good health. In the two groups, hypertension (greater than or equal to
      160/95 mm Hg) was present in 9 and 5 women (22% and 10%), hypercholesterolaemia
      (greater than or equal to 5.2 mmol/l) in 28 and 26 women (70% and 52%),
      hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 1.8 mmol/l) in 20 and 16 (50% and
      32%), and hyperglycaemia (greater than or equal to 6.7 mmol/l) in 8 and 7 women
      (20% and 14%). Differences between the obese and non-obese attained significance
      with blood pressure and serum lipids (P less than 0.01), although not with blood
      glucose. Both groups were habituated to a low fat high fibre diet. In this
      context, obesity appeared less evocative of adverse sequelae than prevails in a
      white population. However, for appropriate validation, longitudinal studies are
      required.

PMID- 1794955
TI  - Further researches about retinal damages and dietary protein imbalance in growing
      rats.
AB  - Following previous trials about hypo- and hyper-protein diets and their negative
      effects on some ocular structures when administered in selected stages of rats'
      growth, Authors have presented a comparative study of retinal alterations between
      light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic analysis. LM showed a vacuolar
      degeneration of retinal optic fiber and ganglion cell layers where EM, performed
      at the same time, showed damages of the nervous tissue consisting of microtubule
      diminution, optic fiber molding and glial cell proliferation.

PMID- 1794956
TI  - All-trans retinoyl beta-glucose: chemical synthesis, growth-promoting activity,
      and metabolism in the rat.
AB  - All-trans retinoyl beta-glucose was chemically synthesized in good yield by
      reaction of retinoyl fluoride with glucose. Retinoyl glucose, which is soluble in
      water, shows growth-promoting activity similar to retinyl acetate in vitamin A
      deficient rats. In metabolic studies, retinoyl glucose was found to be hydrolyzed
      to retinoic acid, but at a slower rate. The possible therapeutic uses of retinoyl
      glucose are discussed.

PMID- 1794957
TI  - Conversion of an apparent 100 kDa folate binding protein from human milk to a 25
      kDa molecular species by phospholipase D.
AB  - Gel filtration studies in the presence of Triton X-100 showed that treatment with
      phospholipase D reduced the apparent molecular size of the 100 kDa folate binding
      protein from human milk to 25 kDa, which is the molecular size of the low
      molecular weight folate binding protein. A phospholipase D induced cleavage of a
      hydrophobic phospholipid domain inserting the protein into Triton X-100 micelles
      could account for this phenomenon.

PMID- 1794958
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation in malnourished Sudanese children.

PMID- 1794959
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of rhonchopathy using the MESAM system].
AB  - A programme for the differential diagnosis of rhonchopathy is reported, based
      upon the MESAM system developed at the University of Marburg. With this
      biparametric long-term monitor the snoring noise and the heart beat frequency (a
      beat-by-beat analysis) were recorded in 94 patients with a history of snoring.
      Other investigations included tape recordings of the snoring noise,
      nasoendoscopy, pulsed cineradiography of the pharynx and the recording of the
      character of the snoring. This programme is much cheaper than a sleep laboratory,
      but it can distinguish between obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, habitual
      rhonchopathy and non-snorers, mainly by means of the characteristic patterns of
      MESAM recordings. A sleep apnoea syndrome was diagnosed in 19 patients and
      habitual rhonchopathy in 38 patients, whereas 33 patients were regarded as non
      snorers. Ten of our 19 patients with sleep apnoea were re-examined by a sleep
      laboratory and the diagnosis was proved in all of these cases. In the 38 patients
      with habitual rhonchopathy auditory analysis of the snoring noise classified 23
      patients as velar and 10 as pharyngeal snorers; 5 patients showed a mixed type of
      rhonchopathy. The questionnaire accompanying the MESAM system, nasal endoscopy
      and cine films support the individual diagnosis by revealing typical complaints
      and characteristic organic findings and thus contribute to the differential
      diagnostic screening. However, the three groups do overlap quite markedly with
      respect to symptoms und organic findings. In summary, the MESAM system provides
      an economically viable examination programme that can be used routinely by the
      otorhinolaryngologist for the differential diagnosis of rhonchopathy.

PMID- 1794960
TI  - [Vestibular disorders in old age].
AB  - The elderly show a general reduction of their bodily and mental reactions. They
      become slower to react and their sensory ability decreases, e.g. hearing, vision,
      smell and taste. With increasing age, disturbances of the balance system are
      found more frequently, resulting in dysequilibrium, vertigo, lightheadedness and
      falling. We investigated the physiological changes in the vestibular system
      associated with the ageing processes. We selected 470 patients aged from 1-90
      years from 1500 routine neurological patients. All of these patients underwent a
      routine neuro-otological test battery including vestibular-spinal, caloric,
      rotatory and optokinetic tests with electronystagmographic recording. Vestibular
      ocular reactions change markedly over nine decades. The nystagmus reactions,
      expressed by frequency, amplitude and maximal slow phase velocity of children
      differ from those of adults and even more from those of the elderly. The
      quantitative nystagmus dynamics after caloric and rotatory stimulation are
      accompanied by qualitative changes of the nystagmus signal. With increasing age
      destructive signs appear which may produce unreadable electronystagmograms. The
      standing and moving pattern of the elderly patient is characterized by
      instability, slowness, tremor and ataxia. The results of the Romberg test show an
      increase of instability and unsteadiness in older patients. The Unterberger test,
      recorded by craniocorpography, demonstrates an increase of atactic patterns with
      increasing age. These changes are the result of age-related physiological changes
      in the sensory, cerebral, peripheral nervous and muscular systems.

PMID- 1794961
TI  - [Surgical anatomy of the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery in the
      lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus. An anatomic study of the cranial base].
AB  - The optic nerve and the internal carotid artery lying in the cavernous sinus
      contact the bony wall of the sphenoid sinus, and can easily be injured during
      surgery. The maxillary sinus, the sphenoid sinus and the ethmoid cells were
      opened on both sides during ten resections of the skull base. After removing the
      bony part of the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus the following measurements
      were performed: the distance between the optic nerve and the frontal dura; the
      distance between the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery; the length and
      width of the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery in the area contacting
      the bony wall of the sphenoid sinus. This study illustrates the regularity of the
      structures of the posterior nasal wall. Landmarks are offered for finding the
      orbital aperture of the optic canal. The necessity of orientation by landmarks is
      emphasized.

PMID- 1794962
TI  - [Selective resection of the lateral semicircular canal with hearing preservation-
      an animal experiment study].
AB  - The goal of our investigation was to develop a method for removing parts of the
      vestibular labyrinth by surgery without inducing a loss of auditory function.
      Three different surgical lesions were created in the lateral semicircular canal
      of the rabbit: (1) fenestration; (2) fibrin glue perfusion of the canal following
      fenestration; and (3) destruction of the semicircular canal by drilling after
      fenestration and fibrin glue perfusion. Brain-stem auditory potentials were
      recorded repeatedly up to 3 months after operation. They demonstrated
      preservation of hearing in all rabbits in the first group, in 78% of the second
      and 67% of the third group. In the last group a 20 dB deterioration of hearing
      was regularly noticed. Histological study revealed the utmost importance of the
      fibrin glue perfusion of the perilymph space of the semicircular canal inducing
      an interruption of the peri- and endolymph flow. A precise microsurgical
      technique was crucial for hearing preservation.

PMID- 1794963
TI  - [Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve in patients with acoustic
      neuroma].
AB  - Magnetic stimulation of the human facial nerve was used in 30 patients with small
      or medium-sized acoustic neurinomas pre-operatively. Needle-EMG revealed
      symmetrical aspect in the orbicularis oris muscle on the affected and on the
      contralateral side. The latencies in the extracranial part of the facial nerve
      after supramaximal electric stimulation in the area of the stylomastoid foramen
      and the latencies after temporo-occipital, transcranial magnetic stimulation were
      measured. A comparison of the data showed a significant increase in the temporal
      conduction time (difference between latencies after transcranial magnetic
      stimulation and electrical mastoid stimulation) between the healthy and the
      affected side in most cases. This study revealed tendencies between prolongation
      of the latencies and the tumour size. No correlations were obtained to
      audiological or intra-operative findings.

PMID- 1794964
TI  - [Congenital cerebrospinal fluid pressure labyrinth].
AB  - The audiograms and CT scans of three children with a bilateral congenital mixed
      deafness are presented. Two children underwent an exploratory tympanotomy
      revealing a fixed stapes footplate: a perilymph gusher arose during platinotomy
      in both cases. The gusher was controlled successfully with a large fat graft in
      both children, and hearing remained unchanged. Two of the children were brothers:
      they had no other deformities except an enlarged fundus of the auditory canal on
      CT scans, and no clearly defined bony barrier to the vestibule, suggesting a
      cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Neither a patent nor an abnormal cochlear aqueduct
      could be detected in all three cases. It is likely that the three patients
      present an X-linked mixed deafness syndrome with fixation of the stapedial foot
      plate and perilymph gusher. A classification of congenital perilymph-CSF shunts
      is proposed.

PMID- 1794965
TI  - Hematopoietic growth factor receptors.

PMID- 1794966
TI  - Update on the prognostic implication of morphology, histology, and karyotype in
      primary myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - The prognostic value of the FAB classification, bone marrow histology,
      Bournemouth score, and chromosome findings was studied in 88 patients with
      primary myelodysplastic syndromes. The median survival for the whole group of
      patients was 22 months (RA 61.7 months, RARS 31.6 months, CMML 15.7 months, RAEB
      10.3 months, and RAEBt 8.2 months). Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 37 of
      the 70 patients investigated (52%). Only the differences in survival between
      patients with complex versus normal karyotype were statistically significant (p =
      0.02). The presence of small blastic cells, located away from the endosteal
      surface (abnormal localization of immature blasts or ALIP) appears to be a major
      prognostic factor in predicting the duration of survival and progression to ANLL,
      especially in the FAB subgroups RA and RARS. Median survival for the 22 ALIP-
      cases with RA/RARS was 65 months, compared with 31 months for the ALIP+ cases (p
      = 0.0006). Nine ALIP+ patients (53%) developed ANLL in contrast to 3 (13%) of the
      ALIP- cases (p = 0.008). By redefining ALIP and evaluating the number and
      characteristics of the accompanying cells, histological subtypes were
      distinguished correlating largely with the FAB subgroups. Our findings
      demonstrate the prognostic importance of bone marrow biopsy and quantifying the
      complexity of bone marrow chromosome changes. It should be helpful in evaluating
      current attempts to find effective treatment for patients with MDS.

PMID- 1794967
TI  - Models of S-phase determination in lymphomas from flow cytometric DNA content
      histograms: comparison with the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index.
AB  - The estimated S-phase fraction (%S) of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been
      demonstrated to be of prognostic value. The %S can be determined by labeling
      index (LI) techniques or by various mathematical models applied to DNA content
      histograms. We performed DNA content analysis and a slide-based bromodeoxyuridine
      immunofluorescence LI on split samples from 117 biopsy specimens suspicious for
      lymphoma. The LI was compared with the %S determined by two computer models
      (rectangular and polynomial) with and without debris subtraction, and a manual
      gates computer model. In the 93 DNA diploid cases, the rectangular models had the
      highest correlation with the LI (R = 0.88). In the 24 aneuploid cases, the manual
      gates model was the most useful because of a high correlation with the LI (R =
      0.70) and its ability to be used in most cases (23/24). The polynomial models had
      limited usefulness because they generally gave a higher %S than the LI and could
      be fitted in less than half of the DNA aneuploid histograms. These results
      suggest that in situations where the LI is not possible, an accurate %S estimate
      can usually be obtained with either a rectangular or manual gates model.

PMID- 1794968
TI  - Eosinophilic leukemia: a myeloproliferative disorder distinct from the
      hypereosinophilic syndrome.
AB  - Evidence to support the existence of eosinophilic leukemia (EL) as an autonomous
      eosinophilic proliferation analogous to other myeloproliferative disorders has
      been somewhat confusing. Partially obscuring the existence of EL as a distinct
      entity is the proposal that EL merely represents a clinically aggressive form of
      hypereosinophilic syndrome. This report details the clinical and pathologic
      findings in a case of EL. The presence of trisomy 8 and trisomy 21; morphologic,
      cytochemical, and ultrastructural findings of granular abnormalities and
      nuclear/cytoplasmic dysynchrony; and a clinical course similar to that of other
      myeloproliferative disorders support the existence of EL as a rare but distinct
      entity within the spectrum of myeloproliferative diseases.

PMID- 1794969
TI  - A test of proposed criteria for subclassifying stage A chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.

PMID- 1794970
TI  - Oxidative condensation of 2-amino-4-methylphenol to dihydrophenoxazinone compound
      by human hemoglobin.
AB  - 2-Amino-4-methylphenol was converted to a brownish yellow material by the lysates
      of human erythrocytes or purified human hemoglobin. The reaction proceeded
      oxidatively, coupled with the oxidation of hemoglobin. The major component of the
      brownish yellow material produced by oxidative condensation of 2-amino-4
      methylphenol was identified as 3-amino-1,4 alpha-dihydro-4 alpha, 8-dimethyl-2H
      phenoxazin-2-one on the basis of its spectral data including NMR spectra, IR
      spectra, EI mass spectra, and absorption spectra. The changes in 3-amino-1,4
      alpha-dihydro-4 alpha,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazin-2-one during incubation of
      purified human hemoglobin and 2-amino-4-methylphenol were analyzed
      spectrophotometrically and by using HPLC. The reaction mechanism involved may be
      similar to that of actinomycin synthase, which oxidizes 2-amino-5-methylphenol to
      the dihydrophenoxazinone.

PMID- 1794971
TI  - Kinetics of the hydrolysis of monodispersed dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine
      catalyzed by bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2: roles of Ca2+ binding and
      ionizations of amino acid residues in the active site.
AB  - Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are classified into two groups, I and II, according to
      differences in the polypeptide-chain length and intramolecular disulfide
      bondings. The hydrolysis of monodispersed 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphorylcholine (diC6PC), catalyzed by bovine pancreas PLA2 (Group I) was
      studied at 25 degrees C and ionic strength 0.2, and the initial velocity data
      were analyzed by means of the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Michaelis constant,
      Km, was found to be practically independent of Ca2+ concentration and also of pH
      value. The latter result indicates no participation of the ionizable groups in
      the active site in the substrate binding. The pH-dependence curve of the
      logarithm of the catalytic center activity, kcat, obtained in the presence of a
      practically saturating amount of Ca2+, showed three transitions ascribable to the
      participation of three ionizable groups with pK values of 5.00, 8.40, and 9.50.
      The respective groups were tentatively assigned to the catalytic group His 48,
      the N-terminal alpha-amino group, and invariant Tyr 52, which is located in close
      proximity to the imidazole ring of His 48. Deprotonation of His 48 and
      protonation of Tyr 52 were shown to be essential to the catalysis. The importance
      of the ionization state of the alpha-amino group was also indicated.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794972
TI  - 1H and 15N NMR study of human lysozyme.
AB  - The 15N signal assignment of human lysozyme was carried out by using 1H-1H and 1H
      15N two dimensional experiments. To solve the severe overlap problem of the NH
      signals, uniform labeling of the protein with 15N was introduced. The uniformly
      15N labeled protein was prepared using a high-expression system of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. From the analyses of 1H and 15N NMR spectra, all of the backbone 15N
      signals of the molecule were assigned to each specific residue in the amino acid
      sequence. Recently published proton signal assignments [Redfield & Dobson (1990)
      Biochemistry, 29, 7201-7214] were confirmed by these complementary data. In
      addition, assignments were extended to side chain 15NH2 groups of asparagine and
      glutamine. Elements of secondary structure were deduced from the pattern of
      sequential and medium-range NOE connectivities. Two beta-sheets and four alpha
      helices could be identified in the protein, which were in good agreement with
      those determined by X-ray crystallography. The interaction between human lysozyme
      and its inhibitor N-acetyl-chitotriose was investigated by 15N-1H HMQC spectra.
      Most of the 15N-NH cross-peaks in the spectra were separated well enough to be
      followed during the titration experiment. Residues whose NH proton signals
      decrease in intensity upon complex formation, are located mainly around subsites
      B, C, and D. Local conformational changes were observed around the fourth helix
      adjacent to the cleft of human lysozyme.

PMID- 1794973
TI  - Occurrence of 5SrRNA in high molecular weight complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetases in a rat liver supernatant.
AB  - The 5SrRNA in the rat liver postmicrosomal supernatant was investigated.
      Acrylamide gel electrophoresis and Northern blot analysis showed that most of the
      5SrRNA was present in the fractions obtained on high molecular weight regions
      separated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography of the supernatant, which
      contained the bulk of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase (Fraction I) and tyrosyl-tRNA
      synthetase (Fraction II). A high molecular weight complex containing nine
      aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases [Mirande, M., LeCorre, D., & Waller, J.-P. (1985) Eur.
      J. Biochem. 147, 281-289] was purified by fractional precipitation with
      polyethylene glycol 6000, gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-1.5m, and finally tRNA
      Sepharose column chromatography, which gave two fractions. Fraction B showed the
      activities of nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and gave protein bands
      corresponding to eight previously identified enzymes on SDS-PAGE. Fraction A,
      eluted with a lower KCl concentration than Fraction B, showed lower activities
      than fraction B of eight of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the exception being
      prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The staining patterns with ethidium bromide of the RNAs
      after PAGE showed 5SrRNA bands for Fraction A but not for Fraction B. However,
      Northern blot analysis indicated that 5SrRNA was present in both Fractions A and
      B. The staining pattern after SDS-PAGE of Fraction A with Coomassie Brilliant
      Blue showed several protein bands in addition to those observed for Fraction B,
      one of which, with a staining intensity comparable with those of other bands, was
      located at the same position as ribosomal protein L5, which is the protein moiety
      of the 5SrRNA-L5 protein complex of ribosomal 60S subunits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794974
TI  - The reactive site of marinostatin, a proteinase inhibitor from marine Alteromonas
      sp. B-10-31.
AB  - A new homologue of marinostatin, a peptide proteinase inhibitor, was isolated
      from marine Alteromonas sp. B-10-31 and designated as marinostatin D. Its amino
      acid sequence was determined to be Ala-Thr-Met-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ser-Glu.
      The reactive site of marinostatin D was determined to be Met(3)-Arg(4) on the
      basis of the reversible cleavage and regeneration of the scissile bond catalyzed
      by TLCK-chymotrypsin.

PMID- 1794975
TI  - Subsite mapping of an acidic amino acid-specific endopeptidase from Streptomyces
      griseus, GluSGP, and protease V8.
AB  - The substrate specificities of an acidic amino acid-specific endopeptidase of
      Streptomyces griseus, GluSGP, and protease V8 [EC 3.4.21.19] were investigated
      with peptide p-nitroanilide substrates which have a Glu residue at the P1
      position. GluSGP and protease V8 favored Pro and Leu residues at S2,
      respectively, while the S3 subsite of GluSGP preferred Phe over either Ala or
      Leu. The S3 subsite of protease V8 preferred Leu over either Ala or Phe. The best
      substrates for GluSGP and for protease V8 were Boc-Ala-Phe-Pro-Glu-pNA with a Km
      value of 0.41 mM (0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.8) and Boc-Ala-Leu-Leu-Glu-pNA with a Km
      value of 0.25 mM (0.1 M phosphate, pH 7.8), respectively. The kcat/Km values for
      these substrates obtained with GluSGP were about one hundred to twenty thousand
      times larger than those obtained with protease V8. Protease V8 exhibited a single
      optimal pH of around 8 for the hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Leu-Glu-pNA and Boc-Ala
      Leu-Leu-Asp-pNA.

PMID- 1794976
TI  - High affinity antibody to cobrotoxin prepared from the derivatives of
      glutaraldehyde-detoxified cobrotoxin.
AB  - High affinity antibodies to cobrotoxin were obtained by immunization with
      derivatives of glutaraldehyde (GA)-modified cobrotoxin. The derivatives
      completely lost lethality and binding activity to nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors (nAChR), but retained the same antigenicity as cobrotoxin toward anti
      cobrotoxin antibody. Owing to hyperimmunization with these low toxicity
      derivatives, a high affinity antibody to cobrotoxin was induced in a short
      period. We also showed that the derivatives of cobrotoxin may have altered local
      conformation, and residues which contribute to the intensity of binding between
      antigen and antibody may consequently be exposed. Hence, the modified derivatives
      have increased binding affinity to anti-cobrotoxin antibody. In addition, since
      high affinity antibodies prepared using the derivatives exhibit more potent
      binding affinity to cobrotoxin than conventional anti-cobrotoxin antibody, the
      specific neutralizing capacity of the high affinity antibodies is greatly
      increased. These results lead to the conclusion that the derivatives of GA
      modified cobrotoxin have the same antigenicity as the native toxin, and can be
      used as immunogens for the production of high affinity antibodies to cobrotoxin.

PMID- 1794977
TI  - Trypsin inhibitor from the seeds of Acacia confusa.
AB  - A trypsin inhibitor (ACTI) was isolated and purified from the seeds of Acacia
      confusa by gel filtration, and trypsin-Sepharose 4B column affinity
      chromatography. The molecular weight of ACTI was found to be 21,000 +/- 1,000 by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid
      composition analysis. ACTI contained four half-cystine and no methionine
      residues, and was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, and
      lysine residues. The native trypsin inhibitor was composed of two polypeptide
      chains, and it inhibited trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin stoichiometrically at the
      molar ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. The amino-terminal sequence analysis of
      the A. confusa trypsin inhibitor A and B chains revealed a more extensive
      homology with Acacia elata and silk tree trypsin inhibitors, and a less extensive
      homology with Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor.

PMID- 1794978
TI  - Nitrogenous ligation at the sixth coordination position of the Thr-301 to Lys
      mutated P450IIC2 heme iron.
AB  - Threonine-301 of P450IIC2 was replaced by lysine via site-directed mutagenesis.
      The Lys-mutated P450 exhibited absorption spectra that were characteristic of the
      nitrogenous-ligand-bound form of P450. In the oxidized form, the Soret band was
      red-shifted as compared with the typical ferric low-spin form of P450 and the
      beta band was more intense than the alpha band. In the reduced form, two Soret
      peaks were observable at 447 and 423 nm and their relative heights were dependent
      on pH, indicating the existence of two interconvertible states of ferrous Lys
      mutated P450 which are in equilibrium. In addition, the interaction of external
      ligands with the P450 heme iron was profoundly inhibited both in the oxidized and
      reduced forms. These findings suggest that epsilon-amino nitrogen of Lys-301,
      which was introduced by amino acid substitution, occupies the 6th coordination
      position with the heme iron of the Lys-mutated P450, because, owing to
      conformation of the P450 protein, the epsilon-amino group may be located at just
      the right position for coordination as the internal 6th ligand.

PMID- 1794979
TI  - Isolation, characterization, and primary structure of a base non-specific and
      adenylic acid preferential ribonuclease with higher specific activity from
      Trichoderma viride.
AB  - In order to elucidate the structure-function relationship of RNases belonging to
      the RNase T2 family (base non-specific and adenylic acid-preferential RNase), an
      RNase of this family was purified from Trichoderma viride (RNase Trv) to give
      three closely adjacent bands with RNase activity on slab-gel electrophoresis in a
      yield of 20%. The three RNases gave single band with the same mobility on slab
      gel electrophoresis after endoglycosidase F digestion. The enzymatic properties
      including base specificity of RNase Trv were very similar to those of typical T2
      family RNases such as RNase T2 from Aspergillus oryzae and RNase M from A.
      saitoi. The specific activity of RNase Trv towards yeast RNA was about 13-fold
      higher than that of RNase M. The complete primary structure of RNase Trv was
      determined by analyses of the peptides generated by digestion of reduced and
      carboxymethylated RNase Trv with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease,
      lysylendopeptidase and alpha-chymotrypsin. The molecular weight of the protein
      moiety deduced from the sequence was 25,883. The locations of 10 half-cystine
      residues were almost superimposable upon those of other RNases of this family.
      The homologies between RNase Trv and RNase T2, RNase M, and RNase Rh (Rhizopus
      niveus) were 124, 132, and 92 residues, respectively. The sequences around three
      histidine residues, His52, His109, and His114, were highly conserved in these 4
      RNases.

PMID- 1794980
TI  - Presence of two transcribed malate synthase genes in an n-alkane-utilizing yeast,
      Candida tropicalis.
AB  - The presence of two genomic DNA regions encoding malate synthase (MS) was shown
      by Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA from an n-alkane-assimilating yeast,
      Candida tropicalis, using a partial MS cDNA probe, in accordance with the fact
      that two types of partial MS cDNAs have previously been isolated. This was also
      confirmed by the restriction mapping of the two genes screened from the yeast
      lambda EMBL library. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the respective genomic DNAs,
      named MS-1 gene and MS-2 gene, revealed that both regions encoding MS had the
      same length of 1,653 base pairs, corresponding to 551 amino acids (molecular mass
      of MS-1, 62,448 Da; MS-2, 62,421 Da). Although 29 nucleotide pairs differed in
      the sequences of the coding regions, the number of amino acid replacements was
      only one: 159Asn (MS-1)----159Ser (MS-2). In the 5'-flanking regions, there were
      replacements of four nucleotide pairs, deletion of one pair, and insertion of
      four pairs. In spite of the fact that two genomic genes were present and
      transcribed, RNA blot analysis demonstrated that only one band (about 2 kb) was
      observable even when the carbon sources in the cultivation medium were changed. A
      comparison of the amino acid sequences was made with MSs of rape (Brassica napus
      L.), cucumber seed, pumpkin seed, Escherichia coli, and Hansenula polymorpha. A
      high homology was observed among these enzymes, the results indicating that the
      protein structure was relatively well conserved through the evolution of the
      molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794981
TI  - Purification, some properties, and tissue distribution of a major lysosome
      associated membrane glycoprotein (r-lamp-2) of rat liver.
AB  - We previously purified and characterized a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein
      (r-lamp-1) from rat liver [Akasaki et al. (1990) Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38, 2766
      2770]. The present study describes the purification of another major lysosomal
      membrane glycoprotein (r-lamp-2) from rat liver and compares the tissue
      distribution of r-lamp-1 and r-lamp-2 in rats. R-lamp-2 was purified to apparent
      electrophoretic homogeneity from rat liver by a simple method with a protein
      yield of approximately 4.0 micrograms/g wet weight of liver. The purification
      procedure includes: preparation of tritosomal membranes, extraction of tritosomal
      membranes with Lubrol PX, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose affinity
      chromatography, and monoclonal antibody-Sepharose affinity chromatography. R-lamp
      2 exhibited an Mr of 96,000 on SDS-PAGE and had an acidic pI of less than 3.5. R
      lamp-2 contained 52.3% carbohydrates. Its carbohydrate moieties were composed of
      numerous sialyl complex type N-linked oligosaccharides and small amounts of O
      linked oligosaccharides. Both r-lamp-1 and r-lamp-2 were detected in all rat
      tissues examined by immunoblot analyses, while their apparent molecular weights
      differed among the tissues. Immunological quantitative analysis showed that the
      protein concentrations of r-lamp-2 were consistently lower than those of r-lamp-1
      in all the tissues tested. There was a significant correlation with a regression
      coefficient of 0.86 in the tissue distribution between r-lamp-1 and r-lamp-2. A
      good correlation was also observed in the tissue distribution between acid
      phosphatase and r-lamp-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794982
TI  - Rat cathepsin H-catalyzed transacylation: comparisons of the mechanism and the
      specificity with papain-superfamily proteases.
AB  - We found that rat cathepsin H showed strong transacylation activity under
      physiological conditions. It is a feature of cathepsin H to utilize amino acid
      amides not only as acyl-acceptors but also as acyl-donors in the reaction. The pH
      dependence of the transacylation activity was distinct from those of other papain
      superfamily proteases. The alkaline limb (pKapp = 7.5) could be regarded as the
      pKa of the alpha-amino group of the acyl-donor, which was also involved in the
      original amino-peptidase activity. The acidic limb (pKapp = 5.8) was suggested to
      be involved in the deacylation step, where amino acid amide attacked the acyl
      intermediate as a nucleophile in place of water in the hydrolysis. Although the N
      alpha-deprotonated acyl-acceptor, which is supposed to govern the nucleophilic
      attack, has a small population in the acidic pH range (above pH5), the
      transacylation was detectable even at the acidic pH-range because of the high S1'
      site binding ability and suitable nucleophilicity of the acyl-acceptor. In the
      transacylation between various amino acid amides, the S1 and S1' site appeared to
      prefer hydrophobic residues without and regardless of a branch at beta-carbon,
      respectively. From these results and the sequence homology in the papain
      superfamily, we concluded that the reaction was governed by the acyl-donor having
      a protonated amino group, the acyl-acceptor having a deprotonated amino group and
      the remarkable hydrophobic character (especially favoring tryptophan amide) of
      the S1' site, presumably reflecting the good conservation of Trp177 in papain
      superfamily proteases.

PMID- 1794983
TI  - Crystal structure of Streptomyces erythraeus trypsin at 2.7 A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of Streptomyces erythraeus trypsin (abbreviated as SET) has
      been determined in order to clarify the precise structure of the vicinity of the
      active site of serine protease and to understand its structure-function
      relationship. Crystals of SET were prepared at its active pH range (pH 5-10)
      without any inhibitors which might have affected the circumstances around the
      active sites. The structure model of SET was made based on the electron density
      map obtained by the multiple isomorphous replacement method at 3.5 A resolution,
      and refined by the restrained least-squares method. The current model yields a
      crystallographic R-factor of 0.272 for 4,968 reflections between 8 and 2.7 A
      resolution. Though the sequence homology among SET, Streptomyces griseus trypsin
      and bovine trypsin, 32-37%, is not so high, their overall structures are similar
      to each other. Comparison of the three molecular structures shows that: 1) the
      folding of the main chains of the three proteins is essentially the same though
      there are significant differences on the molecular surface; 2) the spatial
      arrangements of the catalytic triads in the three proteins are similar to each
      other; 3) in SET and S. griseus trypsin a short stretch of 3(10)-helix is found
      through Ala56 to Thr59; His57 in this segment is one important amino acid residue
      involved in the active sites.

PMID- 1794984
TI  - The amino acid sequence of a Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitor from faba
      beans (Vicia faba L.).
AB  - The amino acid sequence of a Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitor (FBI) from
      seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was determined by analysis of peptide
      fragments generated by reduction and S-carboxymethylation of enzymatically
      modified inhibitors, which were obtained from native FBI by limited proteolysis
      with TPCK-trypsin or TLCK-chymotrypsin at pH 3.5. The established sequence showed
      that FBI is highly homologous with Vicia angustifolia inhibitor (VAI0 but lacks
      the portion corresponding to the C-terminal 9 amino acids of VAI. The trypsin
      reactive-site peptide bond in FBI was also indicated to be Lys(16)-Ser(17) and
      the chymotrypsin reactive-site peptide bond to be Tyr(42)-Ser(43) by limited
      proteolysis with TPCK-trypsin or TLCK-chymotrypsin and by sequence comparison
      with other Bowman-Birk type inhibitors.

PMID- 1794985
TI  - An immunocytochemical study on distinct intracellular localization of cathepsin E
      and cathepsin D in human gastric cells and various rat cells.
AB  - Immunocytochemical localization of two distinct intracellular aspartic
      proteinases, cathepsins E and D, in human gastric mucosal cells and various rat
      cells was investigated by immunogold technique using discriminative antibodies
      specific for each enzyme. Cathepsin D was exclusively confined to primary or
      secondary lysosomes in almost all the cell types tested, whereas cathepsin E was
      not detected in the lysosomal system. The localization of cathepsin E varied with
      different cell types. Microvillous localization of cathepsin E was found in the
      intracellular canaliculi of human and rat gastric parietal cells, rat renal
      proximal tubule cells, and the bile canaliculi of rat hepatic cells. The
      immunolocalization of each enzyme in gastric cells were essentially the same in
      humans and rats. In the gastric feveolar epithelial cells and parietal cells,
      definite immunolabeling for cathepsin E was observed in the cytoplasmic matrix,
      the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the dilated perinuclear
      envelope. In rat kidney, cathepsin E was detected only in the proximal tubule
      cells, while cathepsin D was found mainly in the lysosomes of the distal tubule
      cells but not in those of the proximal tubule cells. These results clearly
      indicate the distinct intracytoplasmic localization of cathepsins E and D and
      suggest the possible involvement of cathepsin E in extralysosomal proteolysis
      that is related to specialized functions of each cell type.

PMID- 1794986
TI  - N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase in human placenta: purification and
      characteristics.
AB  - N-Acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase from human placenta was purified 33,600
      fold using beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate-(1----4)-beta-D-glucuronic
      acid-(1----3)-N-acetyl-D-[3H]galactosaminitol 6-sulfate as the substrate. This
      enzyme is an oligomer with a molecular mass of 120 kDa and consists of
      polypeptides of 40 and 15 kDa. The 15 kDa polypeptide is a glycoprotein. This
      purified protein has activities of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and
      galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase. Rabbit antiserum was raised against the purified
      protein. The antibody titrated N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and
      galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase. The size of the precursor of the enzyme is 60 kDa,
      as determined by cell-free translation. The optimal pH values of the N
      acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase
      activities are pH 3.8-4.0, and the Kms are 8 and 13 microM, respectively. Sulfate
      and phosphate ions are potent competitive inhibitors for the enzyme and their
      inhibition constants are 35 and 200 microM, respectively. Cross-reactive
      materials of 40 and 15 kDa were detected by immunoblot analysis, in the placenta,
      liver, and normal fibroblasts, but not in fibroblasts from a patient with Morquio
      disease.

PMID- 1794987
TI  - Identification of lysyl residues at the AMP-binding site of biodegradative
      threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The biodegradative threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli is activated
      allosterically by AMP. To identify the residues interacting with the phosphate
      group of AMP at the binding site, we used the affinity labeling reagent,
      adenosine diphosphopyridoxal (AP2-PL). In the absence of AMP, the enzyme formed
      the Schiff base with AP2-PL and Scatchard plot analysis showed a biphasic
      pattern, the respective Kd values for the high- and low-affinity binding phases
      being 20 and 110 microM. The former value is comparable to the Kd value of the
      enzyme for AMP. In the presence of AMP, the Schiff base formation was greatly
      reduced. Although the maximal activating effect of adenosine diphosphopyridoxine,
      a non-reactive derivative of AP2-PL, was about 13% of that of AMP, the half
      saturation concentration was almost the same. These findings suggest that AP2-PL
      specifically labeled the lysyl residue(s) at the AMP-binding site of the enzyme.
      To identify the labeled residue(s), we reduced the modified enzyme with sodium
      borohydride, then cleaved it with cyanogen bromide and Achromobacter lyticus
      protease I. Reverse-phase HPLC was used to isolate two labeled peptides from the
      digest. Their amino acid compositions and sequences showed that Lys-111 and Lys
      113 were labeled. We conclude that these two lysyl residues are located around
      the phosphate group of AMP at the allosteric regulation site of the enzyme.

PMID- 1794988
TI  - Chemical modification of Pseudomonas ochraceae 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate
      aldolase by diethyl pyrocarbonate.
AB  - Diethyl pyrocarbonate inactivates Pseudomonas ochraceae 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2
      oxoglutarate aldolase [4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate pyruvate-lyase: EC
      4.1.3.17] by a simple bimolecular reaction. The inactivation is not reversed by
      hydroxylamine. The pH curve of inactivation indicates the involvement of a
      residue with a pK of 8.8. Several lines of evidence show that the inactivation is
      due to the modification of epsilon-amino groups of lysyl residues. Although
      histidyl residue is also modified, this is not directly correlated to the
      inactivation. No cysteinyl, tyrosyl, or tryptophyl residue or alpha-amino group
      is significantly modified. The modification of three lysyl residues per enzyme
      subunit results in the complete loss of aldolase activity toward various 4
      hydroxy-2-oxo acid substrates, whereas oxaloacetate beta-decarboxylase activity
      associated with the enzyme is not inhibited by this modification. Statistical
      analysis suggests that only one of the three lysyl residues is essential for
      activity. l-4-Carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate, a physiological substrate for the
      enzyme, strongly protects the enzyme against inactivation. Pi as an activator of
      the enzyme shows no specific protection. The molecular weight of the enzyme, Km
      for substrate or Mg2+, and activation constant for Pi are virtually unaltered
      after modification. These results suggest that the modification occurs at or near
      the active site and that the essential lysyl residue is involved in interaction
      with the hydroxyl group but not with the oxal group of the substrate.

PMID- 1794989
TI  - Studies on the substrate specificity of neutral alpha-mannosidase purified from
      Japanese quail oviduct by using sugar chains from glycoproteins.
AB  - The substrate specificity of neutral alpha-mannosidase purified from Japanese
      quail oviduct [Oku, H., Hase, S., & Ikenaka, T. (1991) J. Biochem. 110, 29-34]
      was analyzed by using 21 oligomannose-type sugar chains. The enzyme activated
      with Co2+ hydrolyzed the Man alpha 1-3 and Man alpha 1-6 bonds from the non
      reducing termini of Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man
      beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc (M5A), but hardly hydrolyzed the Man alpha 1-2
      bonds of Man9GlcNAc2. The hydrolysis rate decreased as the reducing end of
      substrates became more bulky: the hydrolysis rate for the pyridylamino (PA)
      derivative of M5A as to that of M5A was 0.8; the values for M5A-Asn and Taka
      amylase A having a M5A sugar chain being 0.5 and 0.04, respectively. The end
      product was Man beta 1-4GlcNAc2. For the substrates with the GlcNAc structure at
      their reducing ends (Man5GlcNAc, Man6GlcNAc and Man9GlcNAc), the hydrolysis rate
      was remarkably increased: Man5GlcNAc was hydrolyzed 16 times faster than M5A, and
      Man2GlcNAc 40 times faster than Man9GlcNAc2. The enzyme did not hydrolyze Man
      alpha 1-2 residue(s) linked to Man alpha 1-3Man beta 1-4GlcNAc. The end products
      were as follows: [formula; see text] These results suggest that oligomannose-type
      sugar chains with the GlcNAc structure at their reducing ends seem to be native
      substrates for neutral alpha-mannosidase and the enzyme seems to hydrolyze endo
      beta-N-acetylgucosaminidase digests of oligomannose-type sugar chains in the
      cytosol.

PMID- 1794990
TI  - gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-domainless blood coagulation factor IXa species:
      preparation and properties.
AB  - To investigate the function of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues of
      factor IXa in the activation of factor X, a new species of bovine factor IXa,
      designated "factor IXa beta'," and its corresponding Gla-domainless form,
      designated "Gla-domainless factor IXa beta'," were prepared under controlled
      conditions and characterized. First, bovine factor IXa alpha was converted by
      alpha-chymotrypsin in the presence of calcium ions to factor IXa beta' (Mr
      47,000). Compared with factor IXa beta, factor IXa beta' had essentially
      identical activities towards a synthetic substrate, benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester
      (BAEE), towards an active site titrant, p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate, and
      towards protein substrate, namely, factor X. Next, the Gla-rich region (residues
      1-41) of the light chain was removed from factor IXa beta' by additional
      selective cleavage by alpha-chymotrypsin in the absence of calcium ions. Gla
      domainless factor IXa beta' was purified to homogeneity on a column of DEAE
      Sepharose CL-6B. The heavy chain was not altered by either chymotryptic
      digestion. Functional comparisons of the three activated forms, namely, factor
      IXa alpha, factor IXa beta', and Gla-domainless factor IXa beta', with factor IXa
      beta revealed that all four activated forms of factor IX had one active-site
      residue per molecule and essentially identical specific esterase activity towards
      BAEE. However, the clotting activity of Gla-domainless factor IXa beta' was less
      than 0.5% of that of factor IXa beta'.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1794991
TI  - 1H-NMR study on the structure of lysozyme from guinea hen egg white.
AB  - The structure of lysozyme from guinea hen egg white (GEWL), which differs from
      hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) by ten amino acid substitutions, was investigated
      by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. GEWL and HEWL were very similar
      to each other in their tertiary structure as judged from the profile of 1H-NMR
      spectra, pH titration, and an N-acetylglucosamine trisaccharide [(GlcNAc)3
      binding experiment. However, we have noticed several characteristics which
      distinguish GEWL from HEWL. The signal of Trp 108 indole N1H of GEWL was shifted
      upfield by about 0.3 ppm when compared with that of HEWL, and its hydrogen
      exchange was faster than that of HEWL. The pKa values of Glu 35 estimated from
      the pH titration curve of Trp 108 indole N1H were different between GEWL and
      HEWL. From a careful examination of spectral changes caused by (GlcNAc)3 binding,
      the changes in the chemical shift values of Trp 28 C5H and Asn 59 alpha CH of
      GEWL were found to be slightly larger than those of HEWL. Ile 55 of HEWL is
      replaced by valine in GEWL. Such a replacement may affect the neighboring
      hydrogen bonding between the main chain C = O of Leu 56 and Trp 108 indole N1H,
      resulting in a change in the microenvironment of the substrate-binding site near
      Trp 108.

PMID- 1794992
TI  - Physical characteristics of Ti-6A1-4V implants fabricated by electrodischarge
      compaction.
AB  - Physical characteristics of a Ti-6A1-4V implant were evaluated following
      fabrication using a new electrodischarge compaction technique. Ti-6A1-4V atomized
      powders were loaded into Pyrex tubes (3.3 mm ID) and subjected to a high-voltage,
      high-current-density pulse in air for a period of less than 300 microseconds.
      Single pulses (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 KJ/grampowder) were applied from a capacitor
      bank (240, 480 or 720 microF) to produce solid core implants with porous surface
      layers. Implants were evaluated microscopically for core size, neck size, pore
      size, grain structure, and incorporated oxide film. Hardness was also evaluated.
      Implants were compared with Ti-6A1-4V commercial powders. Core size increased and
      pore size decreased with increases in energy and capacitance. The cores were
      composed of equiaxed grains which were free of oxide at the grain boundary.
      Porous layers, consisting of particles connected in three dimensions by necks,
      were free of oxide films at the connecting interfaces. Neck size increased with
      increases in input energy and capacitance. Hardness readings of the core, necks,
      and porous particles resulted in readings higher than or similar to control
      materials. Electrodischarge compaction did not alter the physical characteristics
      during compaction.

PMID- 1794993
TI  - In vivo biocompatibility of an aliphatic crosslinked polyurethane in rabbit.
AB  - A cage implantation technique has been adopted in a rabbit animal model to
      investigate the biocompatibility of an aliphatic crosslinked polyurethane based
      on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). In this study, four cages are represented;
      the cage containing the candidate polyurethane material, biomedical grade
      polyurethane (Tecoflex), the commercial grade polyvinylchloride (PVC), and an
      empty cage which were implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. Exudates were
      aspirated from these cages at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postimplantation. Exudates
      were analyzed for variations in proteins, cell counts, and extracellular enzymes.
      Results with the four types of cage implants showed that the candidate
      polyurethane caused an inflammatory response comparable to that caused by medical
      grade Tecoflex and the empty cage control.

PMID- 1794994
TI  - Release of metal ions from dental implant materials in vivo: determination of Al,
      Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, and Ti in organ tissue.
AB  - Little is known of the release of trace elements in vivo from dental implant
      materials. Conflicting data have been reported in the literature as to the levels
      of trace elements released and their potential consequences, mainly because of
      sampling and analytical methodological errors. In this study methods for average
      concentration levels of Al, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Ti, and V in organs were developed
      using rabbit tissue from an in vivo implantation study. At least 50% of the
      brain, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen were taken minimizing contamination. The
      tissue was homogenized by cryogenic milling at LN2 temperature and then freeze
      dried. Samples were digested in nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide using microwave
      energy. Standard reference materials were utilized for quality control. One liver
      sample was analyzed 10 times to assess the method precision. Absorbance values in
      blanks, standards, and test samples were measured using a Varian GTA 95 graphite
      furnace and 875 spectrophotometer. Very satisfactory method precision and quality
      control were recorded. Low or very low levels of the trace elements were found in
      the various organs.

PMID- 1794995
TI  - Asymmetric membrane filters for the removal of leukocytes from blood.
AB  - As part of a study on the mechanisms of leukocyte filtration, the influence of
      pore size distribution on filter efficiency was investigated. Conventional
      leukocyte filters are not suitable for model studies, as these filters are
      composed of tightly packed synthetic fibers, with a poorly defined porous
      structure. Therefore, open cellular polyurethane membranes with pore size
      distributions varying from approximately 15 to 65 microns were prepared.
      Filtration experiments with stacked packages of these membranes showed that
      leukocytes are best removed (greater than 99%) by filters with a pore size
      distribution of 11-19 microns. These pore sizes approach the size of leukocytes
      (6-12 microns). However, due to fast clogging, blood flow through these filters
      is rapidly reduced, which results in a low filter capacity. With an asymmetric
      membrane filter, in which the pore size decreases from about 65 to 15 microns in
      the direction of blood flow, both moderate removal of leukocytes (greater than
      80%) and maintenance of flow (approximately 0.2 mL/s) are obtained. This results
      in efficient leukocyte removal. From cell analysis of both filtrate and filter,
      it is concluded that adhesion rather than sieving is the major filtration
      mechanism. Thus, further optimization of the filter may be achieved by surface
      modification.

PMID- 1794996
TI  - Water-curable and biodegradable prepolymers.
AB  - In an attempt to develop biodegradable polymers which can be shaped in situ and
      adhere to living tissues, we synthesized esterurethane prepolymers which can be
      cured upon contact with water in living tissues. First, D,L-lactide
      polymerization or D,L-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone (50:50) copolymerization was
      carried out using ethylene glycol or poly(ethylene glycol) as initiator to obtain
      hydroxyl-terminated biodegradable polyesters. They were then reacted with an
      excess of diisocyanate such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, toluylene
      diisocyanate, and diphenylmethane diisocyanate to introduce a reactive isocyanate
      group to both of the end groups of the polyesters. The isocyanate-terminated
      prepolymers could be cured in the presence of water and the cured polymers were
      degraded by hydrolysis both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that the presence
      of appropriate amounts of hydrophilic units in the main chain was essential for
      giving a high curing rate and a high degradation rate for the biodegradable
      urethane prepolymers. The tissue responses to the cured polymers were not severe.

PMID- 1794997
TI  - Lysine-enhanced glutaraldehyde crosslinking of collagenous biomaterials.
AB  - Crosslinking of collagenous biomaterials currently employs the use of
      glutaraldehyde. The putative enhancement of glutaraldehyde crosslinking by lysine
      was investigated in three model systems: bovine pericardium, collagen membranes,
      and bovine serum albumin. Repetitive sequential treatment of bovine pericardium
      with glutaraldehyde and lysine and finally with formaldehyde produced a matrix
      which, by the two criteria used (shrinkage temperature and urea/SDS soluble
      collagen), was shown to be more highly crosslinked than pericardium fixed in
      glutaraldehyde alone. Essentially the same results were obtained when membranes
      prepared from pepsin-soluble pericardial collagen were subjected to sequential
      glutaraldehyde and lysine treatments, reaching shrinkage temperatures of more
      than 90 degrees C. Heart valves prepared from lysine-enhanced glutaraldehyde
      crosslinked bovine pericardium were tested in vitro in an accelerated fatigue
      tester and have been shown to behave satisfactorily after 300 million cycles.
      These additional crosslinks proved to be stable in saline at 37 degrees C.
      Studies on bovine serum albumin attempted to get an insight into the mechanisms
      of lysine enhancement of glutaraldehyde crosslinking by treating sequentially
      albumin with glutaraldehyde and lysine and analysis of the products by gel
      filtration and SDS-PAGE. These studies suggest that free amino groups exposed by
      proteins are initially reacted with glutaraldehyde and then bridged by the
      diamino compound (lysine) producing more extensive intermolecular crosslinking
      than glutaraldehyde alone.

PMID- 1794998
TI  - Evaluation of biocompatibility, based on quantitative determination of the
      vascular response induced by material implantation.
AB  - The biocompatibility of nine different materials, including positive and negative
      references, 4 polyurethane based and 3 latex based materials was investigated by
      (1) cytotoxic assay using V79 chinese hamster cells, (2) the thickness of
      inflammatory layer at 3 and 7 days after intramuscular implantation test, and (3)
      the course of the blood flow in tissue reaction around subcutaneously implanted
      materials using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) over 14 days following
      implantation. In addition, for some materials, different modes of sterilization
      were compared. Although the three methods explore different reactive systems, the
      material ranking obtained was highly similar for the three methods, suggesting a
      relative accuracy between them. For one latex however, an absence of cytotoxic
      effect in culture and a highly intense response by LDF investigation of the same
      order of magnitude as for the positive reference implant suggest that
      bioincompatibility may result from the material itself and cannot be exclusively
      investigated by the leaching of toxic components.

PMID- 1794999
TI  - Development of a new percutaneous access device for implantation in soft tissues.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate a new type of percutaneous device
      (PD) designed to be implanted in soft tissues. The new PD consisted out of: (1) a
      flange-shaped subcutaneous component, made from sintered titanium fiber-web, and
      (2) a percutaneous component, made from dense sintered hydroxyapatite. The PDs
      were inserted in the back of 15 rabbits. The surgical procedure was performed in
      two steps. In the first session the subcutaneous component was placed. In the
      second session, after 3-4 months the percutaneous component was fixed in the
      subcutaneous component. The implants were left in situ for 1 and 4 months after
      the second implantation session. Clinical and histological investigations were
      performed. It is found, that there was only a limited epidermal down-growth in
      the percutaneous area. No inflammatory reaction was observed in the dermal
      connective tissue. Histological analysis also demonstrated that titanium fiber
      mesh evokes minor adverse effects of the surrounding tissues. In conclusion,
      these experiments have shown that stabilization of the PD in the hypodermal area
      by using a sintered titanium fiber-web structure favors the longevity of PDs
      implanted in soft tissues.

PMID- 1795000
TI  - Ambulatory high-dose 5-day continuous-infusion ifosfamide combination
      chemotherapy in advanced solid tumors: a feasibility study.
AB  - The oxazaphosphorine analog ifosfamide (IFO) has demonstrated an increased
      therapeutic index in a variety of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies
      compared with its parent compound cyclophosphamide. A fractionated dose schedule
      over 5 days as continuous infusion in combination with the uroprotective agent
      sodium-2-mercapto-ethane-sulfonate (mesna) is considered to provide an improved
      therapeutic/toxic ratio. Stability data of IFO demonstrate long-term stability
      for use in disposable infusion pumps as outpatient treatment. In all, 52 patients
      with various malignancies were entered in a feasibility study to receive
      outpatient continuous infusion of IFO. All patients were required to have a
      subcutaneous venous port system implanted. The following drug combinations were
      used: IFO as single agent, IFO/mitoxantrone, IFO/carboplatinum/etoposide,
      IFO/etoposide/MTX, IFO/epirubicin. Mitoxantrone and epirubicin were given as
      continuous infusion together with IFO. Starting dose of IFO was between 1.6-2.0
      g/m2/day x 5 and was increased in absence of major hematologic or peripheral
      toxicity. Mesna was given in combination with IFO as continuous infusion at a
      dose of 50% of that calculated for IFO. No renal, bladder or central nervous
      system toxicity was observed. In 247 courses of outpatient continuous ifosfamide
      infusion only few technical complications due to improper handling were
      documented.

PMID- 1795001
TI  - Subcutaneous continuous infusion of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide in ambulatory
      cancer patients: bioavailability and feasibility.
AB  - The oxazaphosphorines ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) are standard
      alkylating agents. Both drugs show an increased therapeutic index when given as a
      fractionated dosage over several days. Maximal fractionation is achieved by
      continuous infusion. We have studied the feasibility and bioavailability of a
      subcutaneously (s.c.) administered isotonic and neutral (pH 7) solution of IFO
      (10 h up to 5 days infusion) and CTX (12-24 h infusion) in patients with advanced
      cancer. A portable disposable gas-driven infusor syringe was used for ambulatory
      patients. Our results show 90%-100% bioavailability of s.c. IFO and CTX. The
      isotonic solution of IFO and CTX (pH 7) showed no significant local toxicity (one
      local infection in 51 cycles) during or after s.c. administration of 33 cycles
      with IFO and 18 with CTX. Haematotoxicity of both drugs was equal after s.c. and
      i.v. application. For IFO-treated patients no uro- or neurotoxicity was observed.
      We conclude that this novel continuous s.c. oxazaphosphorine infusion over a
      prolonged period is a rational, well-tolerated and economic way of delivering
      this drug on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 1795002
TI  - Continuous 5-day infusion of ifosfamide with mesna in inoperable pancreatic
      cancer patients: a phase II study.
AB  - Phase II studies on ifosfamide and mesna in pancreatic cancer have mostly been
      inconclusive. In all of these studies ifosfamide was administered as an i.v.
      bolus or by short infusions. Since dose fractionation of ifosfamide over several
      days increases its therapeutic index, we chose to maximize the dose fractioning
      by selecting a continuous-infusion schedule (1.75 g/m2 on days 1-5 every 21-28
      days, with mesna 60%-100% of the ifosfamide dose up to 12 h after ifosfamide).
      Since 1987 29 patients (performance status less than or equal to 2) with advanced
      inoperable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were studied (8 women and 21 men;
      median age 58 years: 36-73 years). A total of 25 patients are evaluable for
      response (1 ineligible; 3 inevaluable: 2 early deaths due to disseminated
      intravascular coagulation, 1 refusal). One female patient with a complete
      response on computed tomography scan (after five cycles) but residual liver
      metastases on surgical exploration survived for 473 days. Three male patients
      with partial response survived for 205, 335 and 355 days. Six more patients with
      minor response (3) or no change (3) but significant decrease of tumour marker CA
      19-9 had a median survival of 213 days (106-243). Responders seemed to benefit in
      terms of pain relief and general well-being. The median overall survival of all
      patients was 148 days (21-473). Haematotoxicity was rarely dose-limiting [median
      nadirs: white blood cells = 2.1 x 10(9)/l (0.45-6.4), Hb = 10.7 g/dl (7.5-13),
      platelets = 137 x 10(9)/l (21-411)]. Nausea and vomiting were mild with
      prophylactic oral metoclopramide. No central nervous system toxicity or
      urotoxicity was observed. Alopecia was seen in all patients who had received at
      least two cycles. Continuous infusion of ifosfamide was generally well tolerated
      and useful for palliation in 10 of 25 patients. A higher dose intensity is
      recommended.

PMID- 1795003
TI  - Improvement of local control by regional hyperthermia combined with systemic
      chemotherapy (ifosfamide plus etoposide) in advanced sarcomas: updated report on
      65 patients.
AB  - From July 1986 to 1990, 65 patients with deep-seated, advanced sarcomas (43 soft
      tissue sarcomas, 12 Ewing's sarcomas, 7 chondrosarcomas and 3 osteosarcomas) were
      entered in a protocol involving regional hyperthermia (RHT) combined with
      systemic ifosfamide and etoposide. RHT was produced by an electromagnetic deep
      regional heating device (BSD Medical Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah). Of these
      patients, 62% (40 patients) had received ifosfamide-containing drug regimens
      before entering the RHT study, 26% (17 patients) were pretreated by surgery
      and/or radiation and 12% (8 patients) were treated primarily. A total of 426 RHT
      treatments (mean 6.6 RHT/patient) were applied predominantly within the pelvic
      region (82%) bearing relative large tumours (mean volume 500 cm3). For systemic
      chemotherapy, all patients received ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2, days 1-5), etoposide
      (100 mg/m2, days 1, 3, 5) and 2-mercaptoethanesulphonic acid (mesna; 300 mg/m2 x
      4, days 1-5) with RHT only given on days 1 and 5 in repeated cycles every 4
      weeks. Detailed thermal mapping by invasive thermometry was performed in all
      patients. In 61 patients evaluable for tumour control the overall objective
      response rate including 9 complete responders (CR), 4 partial responders (PR) and
      8 patients with favourable histological response (FHR) was 34% (95% confidence
      limits, 23%-46%). Following CR, the patients are alive and remain disease-free
      (mean disease-free survival 15.6 months). Of the patients with PR and FHR, 3 died
      from metastatic and/or local disease after 4, 17, and 39 months, and 1 patient
      died from other disease (acute myelocytic leukemia) after 27 months. The other 8
      patients remain stable at 29, 25, 17, 11, 10, 8, 7, and 6 months. Twenty-two
      patients revealed no change and 18 patients showed local tumour progression (PD).
      Side-effects of RHT were tolerable and there was no indication of enhanced bone
      marrow toxicity due to the addition of RHT to the systemic chemotherapy. By
      analysis of temperature parameters, the time-averaged temperatures of all RHT
      treatments calculated for 20% (T20), 50% (T50) or 90% (T90) of measured tumour
      sites differed significantly between responders (CR + PR + FHR) and non
      responders (PD), respectively (T20, P = 0.001; T50, P = 0.0005; T90, P = 0.0001).
      the data further support a strong potential for ifosfamide plus etoposide
      combined with RHT in pretreated patients with advanced sarcomas.

PMID- 1795004
TI  - Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ifosfamide.
AB  - The initial metabolism of ifosfamide (IF) consists of two different pathways:
      enzymatic hydroxylation at carbon-4 forms the cytostatically active metabolite 4
      OH-IF ("activated ifosfamide") whereas side-chain oxidation results in the
      liberation of chloroacetaldehyde, a compound with possible neurotoxic properties.
      The pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide and its activated form were investigated in 12
      cancer patients, who received both oral and i.v. treatment in a randomized
      sequence on days 1 and 3 at a dose of 1 g/m2 (n = 7) or 1.5 g/m2 (n = 5). In 3
      patients the pharmacokinetics of chloroacetaldehyde were also investigated. After
      oral application, ifosfamide absorption proceeded rapidly, the oral
      bioavailability was 0.92. Independent of the route of ifosfamide application on
      day 1, the terminal half-life on day 3 (when the drug was given by the
      alternative route) was decreased in 6 out of the 12 patients, thus indicating
      self-induction of hepatic metabolism. 4-OH-IF was already present 20 min after
      ifosfamide administration. In the individual patient the concentrations of 4-OH
      IF were always higher after oral than after i.v. IF application: the mean
      p.o.:i.v. ratios for cmax and the area under the concentration/time curve were
      2.3 and 1.7 respectively (P less than 0.05). In a first series of 3 patients the
      chloroacetaldehyde concentrations measured after oral ifosfamide application were
      about twice as high as those when the drug was given intravenously. These results
      indicate that (in comparison to the i.v. route) orally administered ifosfamide
      may be more cancerotoxic but also leads to higher levels of chloroacetaldehyde.
      This would explain the neurotoxic side-effects previously seen after oral
      administration of comparatively low ifosfamide doses.

PMID- 1795005
TI  - The stability of ifosfamide in aqueous solution and its suitability for
      continuous 7-day infusion by ambulatory pump.
AB  - Dose fractionation is known to reduce the toxicity of ifosfamide and also results
      in an increased production of alkylating metabolites. Administration by slow
      infusion using the convenience of ambulatory pumps is therefore of interest. We
      used HPLC to investigate the stability of ifosfamide in aqueous solution (either
      alone, solution A, or mixed with mesna, solution B) under various conditions over
      a 9-day period. At both ambient temperature in daylight and 27 degrees C in a
      dark environment, there was no evidence of ifosfamide decay in either solution.
      However, at 37 degrees C in a dark environment, a fall was detected in both
      solutions, which at 9 days amounted to a loss of 7% of the amount of ifosfamide
      present at time zero. At 70 degrees C, levels of ifosfamide in both solutions
      fell within 72 h to markedly lower levels than controls, thus confirming that the
      methods used were indicative of stability. We conclude that ifosfamide, either
      alone or mixed with mesna, is stable for 9 days at temperatures up to 27 degrees
      C; even at 37 degrees C, the measured loss is small. The continuous infusion of
      ifosfamide over 7 days by ambulatory pump is now a practical proposition.

PMID- 1795006
TI  - In vitro studies on drug interaction of ifosfamide and ACNU in primary and
      metastatic human brain tumours.
AB  - Combination chemotherapy is widely employed in clinical oncology; however, there
      is no generally accepted model to evaluate individual tumour susceptibility to a
      given drug combination protocol. We therefore investigated the drug interaction
      of ifosfamide (4-hydroxyperoxy-ifosfamide) and ACNU in a recently developed in
      vitro model of paired sequential combination chemotherapy in primary and
      metastatic malignant brain tumours. A long-term standard [6,3-3H]-thymidine
      incorporation assay, employing a liquid scintillation counting protocol, was
      selected to assess the drug sensitivity of human tumours. In vitro drug exposures
      were derived from correlating in vivo-(systemic and CNS) and in vitro
      pharmacokinetic drug parameters. In combination experiments tumour cells were
      treated sequentially by two drugs in both sequences: drug exposures were
      calculated for 2 h with a 1-h drug-free interval in between. "Cut-off"
      concentrations (maximum in vitro exposure doses) were calculated as 1.74 microM
      (for primary CNS tumours: 0.58 microM) for ifosfamide and 5.4 microM (for primary
      CNS tumours: 1.33 microM) for ACNU. Dose/response relations were derived from
      isotope incorporation rates after cells had grown for approximately five
      population doubling times. Combination isoboles were plotted after drug doses had
      been transformed into "equieffective doses", enabling comparison of drug
      combination effects. In all three glioblastomas (with CNS exposure dose) an
      additive or supra-additive effect could be observed in either sequence (in one
      tumour a biphasic additive isobole was found for both sequences). Out of three
      bronchial carcinomas (small-cell type, brain metastases) in two non-identical
      sequences a supra-additive effect was observed in two tumours, with antagonistic
      effects in the third tumour. In all three malignant melanomas and in one renal
      carcinoma antagonistic effects were observed, whereas in a second renal carcinoma
      supra-additive effects were demonstrated for both sequences. We conclude that
      drug combination chemotherapy effects at the cellular level may be extremely
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 1795009
TI  - Escalating doses of carboplatin with high-dose ifosfamide using autologous bone
      marrow as support: a phase I study.
AB  - In this phase I study, 16 adult cancer patients were treated with concurrent 4
      day continuous infusions of ifosfamide at 12 g/m2 and escalating doses of
      carboplatin (400-1600 mg/m2) to determine the major non-haematological dose
      limiting toxicity of the combination. Mesna was given by continuous infusion over
      5 days for uroprotection (total dose per course = 15 g/m2). Autologous bone
      marrow support, which was mandated for subsequent dose levels once granulocytes
      remained below 500/microliters for more than 14 days in at least 2 patients
      entered at a given dose level, was used at dose levels above 400 mg/m2
      carboplatin. Renal toxicity became dose-limiting at the maximum tolerated dose
      level of 1600 mg/m2 carboplatin. Temporary creatinine elevations above 2 mg/dl
      (median peak 2.6 mg/dl) were observed in 3 and irreversible renal toxicity
      occurred in 1 (peak creatinine 6.9 mg/dl, chronic creatinine 5-6 mg/dl) of the 5
      patients entered at this dose level. Severe confusion and lethargy associated
      with rising creatinine developed in 2 patients. Two complete and four partial
      responses were documented in 14 heavily pretreated evaluable patients. The
      complete responses continue at 14+ and 20+ months in a patient with germ cell
      carcinoma and Ewing's sarcoma, respectively. Carboplatin appears to contribute to
      the renal toxicity of ifosfamide. Nevertheless, the combination of carboplatin
      and ifosfamide at 80% and 75% of the single-agent maximal tolerated doses
      respectively produced acceptable non-haematological toxicity. Further studies in
      the treatment of sarcoma, germ cell, ovarian and lung carcinomas with this
      combination are warranted.

PMID- 1795008
TI  - Doxorubicin plus ifosfamide with rhGM-CSF in the treatment of advanced adult soft
      tissue sarcomas: preliminary results of a phase II study from the EORTC Soft
      Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group.
AB  - Doxorubicin and ifosfamide are the two most active agents used in the treatment
      of advanced inoperable soft-tissue sarcoma, but their use in combination produces
      dose-limiting myelosuppression. To explore the feasibility of combining optimal
      doses of both drugs, doxorubicin (75 mg/m2) and ifosfamide (5 g/m2) were given
      every 3 weeks with recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating
      factor (rhGM-CSF; 250 micrograms m-2 day-1) by subcutaneous injection for up to
      14 days after each course. A total of 52 patients with progressive metastatic
      soft-tissue sarcoma were entered, none having received prior chemotherapy. One
      patient was ineligible and received no treatment after registration. Preliminary
      analysis of six cycles of chemotherapy revealed that the full protocol dose
      intensity had been administered to the majority of patients. Although the median
      leucocyte and neutrophil counts did not fall with subsequent courses of
      chemotherapy, the duration of neutropenia increased with each course delivered.
      Cumulative thrombocytopenia was a major dose-limiting toxicity and was the main
      reason for any dose modifications that occurred. Although 26 patients experienced
      infections after one or more courses of treatment, in only 7 was admission
      required for parenteral antibiotics. One patient died as a result of septicaemia
      after the first cycle of treatment. To date, there have been 22 responses (43%)
      with 8% complete remissions. It appears that the administration of rhGM-CSF
      allows this high-dose regime of chemotherapy to be given safely and the early
      encouraging response rate adds support to the concept that increasing the dose of
      doxorubicin improves the outlook for patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcomas.

PMID- 1795007
TI  - Dosing and side-effects of ifosfamide plus mesna.
AB  - In clinical practice and in most ongoing studies in adult and pediatric tumours,
      daily short-time infusions of ifosfamide (IFO) on 2-5 consecutive days with cycle
      doses between 6 g/m2 and 12 g/m2 are used at present. The continuous i.v.
      infusion of IFO/mesna over 1-5 days is still experimental. Since mesna prevents
      IFO-induced urotoxicity, the IFO dose could be increased to 16 g/m2 per cycle. As
      the dose and schedules of IFO/mesna were increased and varied, CNS and renal
      toxicity became more evident. CNS toxicity seems not to be dependent on i.v., but
      on oral dosing of IFO. Renal dysfunction and previous administration of
      cisplatinum predispose for CNS toxicity. The incidence or severity of CNS
      toxicity does not increase with subsequent courses of IFO i.v. The nephrotoxicity
      of IFO is dependent on IFO dose, diuresis, mesna dose and whether there has been
      previous cisplatinum and seems to involve preferentially the tubulus system,
      leading to 25 cases of Fanconi renal syndrome as published in 1988-1990.
      Fanconi's syndrome depends on the cumulative IFO dose, the previous
      administration of nephrotoxic drugs such as cisplatinum and the age of the
      children. Studies are continuing to determine the least nephrotoxic dose and
      schedule of IFO plus mesna. Leucopenia and thrombopenia are well-known dose
      dependent side-effects of IFO, with similar incidence after i.v. short-time and
      continuous infusion.

PMID- 1795010
TI  - Combination of interferons and cytostatic drugs for treatment of advanced
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - Three phase I/II trials were performed in patients with metastatic colorectal
      cancer using immunochemotherapy--a combination of recombinant interferon beta and
      gamma with low doses of cytostatic drugs. The third regimen, consisting of a
      cytostatic component containing 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin plus mitomycin C
      besides the interferons, produced a high remission rate of 47%: 14/30 patients
      responded. The tolerability of this protocol was good and it could be
      administered on an out-patient basis.

PMID- 1795011
TI  - Ifosfamide, vindesine and recombinant alpha-interferon combination chemotherapy
      for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Among 29 evaluable patients with progressive metastatic renal cell cancer treated
      by interferon alpha 2b in combination with vindesine and ifosfamide, we have
      observed an objective (complete and partial) response rate of 24.1% and an
      overall (complete and partial response and stable disease) response rate of
      58.6%. The median duration of remission has not yet been reached, but the
      survival of responding patients is considerably longer than that of non
      responders. Because we could not find any differences (sex, age, WHO performance
      status, prior therapy, site of metastatic disease) between responding and non
      responding patients, we believe that the treatment might modify intrinsic
      characteristics of the tumour growth and/or host-tumour relationship in the long
      term. Although the toxicity recorded is high, the results are sufficiently
      positive to justify further investigation of this approach.

PMID- 1795012
TI  - Ifosfamide and ACNU in experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We have tested ifosfamide and ACNU for their effectiveness in preventing graft
      rejection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The engraftment
      promoting potency of both was compared to that of the standard agent
      cyclophosphamide. LEW rats received a lethal dose (35 mg/kg) of busulfan followed
      by injection of 1 x 10(8) (CAP x LEW) F1 marrow cells, which are unable to induce
      a graft vs host reaction in LEW recipients. Rejection of the marrow graft was
      assessed by monitoring haematocrit and granulocyte count either until death of
      the animal or until day 80. Surviving animals received a donor-type skin graft to
      confirm the persistence of allogeneic haematopoiesis. Because of its weak
      immunosuppressive properties, busulfan by itself is unable to allow engraftment
      of allogeneic marrow. Therefore, ifosfamide and ACNU and cyclophosphamide as the
      standard agent could be tested for their capacity to prevent marrow graft
      rejection. The following rejection rates were observed: cyclophosphamide: 30
      mg/kg 100%, 60 mg/kg 60%, 90 mg/kg 20%, 120 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg 0%; ACNU: 3, 5,
      7, and 10 mg/kg 100%, 15 mg/kg 45%, 20 and 30 mg/kg 0%; ifosfamide: 60-120 mg/kg
      100%, 180 mg/kg 68%, 240 and 360 mg/kg 0%. Thus, 240 mg/kg ifosfamide or 20 mg/kg
      ACNU is nearly equivalent to the standard dose of 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide in
      engraftment-promoting potency in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 1795013
TI  - Nuclear structure and the three-dimensional organization of DNA.
AB  - The organization of DNA within the nucleus has been demonstrated to be both cell
      and tissue specific and is arranged in a non-random fashion in both sperm and
      somatic cells. Nuclear structure has a pivotal role in this three-dimensional
      organization of DNA and RNA and contributes as well to forming fixed organizing
      sites for nuclear functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, and RNA
      processing. In sperm, DNA is also organized in a specific fashion by the nuclear
      matrix and DNA-protamine interactions. Within somatic cells, the nuclear matrix
      provides a three-dimensional framework for the tissue specific regulation of
      genes by directed interaction with transcriptional activators. This differential
      organization of the DNA by the nuclear matrix, in a tissue specific manner,
      contributes to tissue specific gene expression. The nuclear matrix is the first
      link from the DNA to the entire tissue matrix system and provides a direct
      structural linkage to the cytomatrix and extracellular matrix. In summary, the
      tissue matrix serves as a dynamic structural framework for the cell which
      interacts to organize and process spatial and temporal information to coordinate
      cellular functions and gene expression. The tissue matrix provides a structural
      system for integrating form and function.

PMID- 1795014
TI  - Regulation of transcription-factor activity during growth and differentiation:
      involvement of the nuclear matrix in concentration and localization of promoter
      binding proteins.
AB  - Several lines of evidence are presented which support involvement of the nuclear
      matrix in regulating the transcription of two genes, histone and osteocalcin,
      that are reciprocally expressed during development of the osteoblast phenotype.
      In the 5' regulatory region of an H4 histone gene, which is expressed in
      proliferating osteoblasts early during the developmental/differentiation
      sequence, a dual role is proposed for the nuclear matrix binding domain
      designated NMP-1 (-589 to -730 upstream from the transcription start site). In
      addition to functioning as a nuclear matrix attachment site, the sequences
      contribute to the upregulation of histone gene transcription, potentially
      facilitated by concentration and localization of an 84kD ATF DNA binding protein.
      A homologous nuclear matrix binding domain was identified in the promoter of the
      osteocalcin gene, which is expressed in mature osteoblasts in an extracellular
      matrix undergoing mineralization. The NMP binding domain in the osteocalcin gene
      promoter resides contiguous to the vitamin D responsive element. Together with
      gene and transcription factor localization, a model is proposed whereby nuclear
      matrix-associated structural constraints on conformation of the osteocalcin gene
      promoter facilitates vitamin D responsiveness mediated by cooperativity at
      multiple regulatory elements.

PMID- 1795015
TI  - The nucleus: a black box being opened.
AB  - Until recently our knowledge about the structural and functional organization of
      the cell nucleus was very limited. Recent technical developments in the field of
      ultrastructural analysis, combined with ongoing research on the properties of the
      nuclear matrix, give new insight into how the nucleus is structured. Two types of
      observations shape our ideas about nuclear organization. First, most nuclear
      functions (replication, transcription, RNA processing, and RNA transport) are
      highly localized within the nucleus, rather than diffusely distributed. Moreover,
      they are associated with the nuclear matrix. Second, chromatin is organized in
      discrete loops, bordered by nuclear matrix attachment sequences (MARs). Each loop
      may contain one or several genes. The arrangement of chromatin in loops has
      profound consequences for the regulation of gene expression.

PMID- 1795016
TI  - Protein/DNA interactions involving ATF/AP1-, CCAAT-, and HiNF-D-related factors
      in the human H3-ST519 histone promoter: cross-competition with transcription
      regulatory sites in cell cycle controlled H4 and H1 histone genes.
AB  - Protein/DNA interactions of the H3-ST519 histone gene promoter were analyzed in
      vitro. Using several assays for sequence specificity, we established binding
      sites for ATF/AP1-, CCAAT-, and HiNF-D related DNA binding proteins. These
      binding sites correlate with two genomic protein/DNA interaction domains
      previously established for this gene. We show that each of these protein/DNA
      interactions has a counterpart in other histone genes: H3-ST519 and H4-F0108
      histone genes interact with ATF- and HiNF-D related binding activities, whereas
      H3-ST519 and H1-FNC16 histone genes interact with the same CCAAT-box binding
      activity. These factors may function in regulatory coupling of the expression of
      different histone gene classes. We discuss these results within the context of
      established and putative protein/DNA interaction sites in mammalian histone
      genes. This model suggests that heterogeneous permutations of protein/DNA
      interaction elements, which involve both general and cell cycle regulated DNA
      binding proteins, may govern the cellular competency to express and coordinately
      control multiple distinct histone genes.

PMID- 1795017
TI  - The NH2-terminal alpha subunit attenuator domain confers regulation of G protein
      activation by beta gamma complexes.
AB  - Gs and Gi, respectively, activate and inhibit the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.
      Regulation of adenylyl cyclase by the heterotrimeric Gs and Gi proteins requires
      the dissociation of GDP and binding of GTP to the alpha s or alpha i subunit. The
      beta gamma subunit complex of Gs and Gi functions, in part, to inhibit GDP
      dissociation and alpha subunit activation by GTP. Multiple beta and gamma
      polypeptides are expressed in different cell types, but the functional
      significance for this heterogeneity is unclear. The beta gamma complex from
      retinal rod outer segments (beta gamma t) has been shown to discriminate between
      alpha i and alpha s subunits (Helman et al: Eur J Biochem 169:431-439, 1987).
      beta gamma t efficiently interacts with alpha i-like G protein subunits, but
      poorly recognizes the alpha s subunit. beta gamma t was, therefore, used to
      define regions of the alpha i subunit polypeptide that conferred selective
      regulation compared to the alpha s polypeptide. A series of alpha subunit
      chimeras having NH2-terminal alpha i and COOH-terminal alpha s sequences were
      characterized for their regulation by beta gamma t, measured by the kinetics of
      GTP gamma S activation of adenylyl cyclase. A 122 amino acid NH2-terminal region
      of the alpha i polypeptide encoded within an alpha i/alpha s chimera was
      sufficient for beta gamma t to discriminate the chimera from alpha s. A shorter
      54 amino acid alpha i sequence substituted for the corresponding NH2-terminal
      region of alpha s was insufficient to support the alpha i-like interaction with
      beta gamma t. The findings are consistent with our previous observation (Osawa et
      al: Cell 63:697-706, 1990) that a region in the NH2-terminal moiety functions as
      an attenuator domain controlling GDP dissociation and GTP activation of the alpha
      subunit polypeptide and that the attenuator domain is involved in functional
      recognition and regulation by beta gamma complexes.

PMID- 1795018
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated alterations in microtubule proteins isolated
      from chick intestinal epithelium: analyses by isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Recent work has indicated that vectorial Ca2+ transport across the intestinal
      epithelium occurs in vesicles and may involve the participation of microtubules
      [Nemere et al., 1986]. Since 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) stimulates
      this Ca2+ transport process, microtubule (MT) isotypes were studied as a
      potential regulatory point. The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 status on tubulin isotypes
      was analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels of taxol stabilized MTs prepared
      from intestinal epithelium of vitamin D-deficient chicks dosed with vehicle (-D)
      or 1.3 nmoles of 1,25(OH)2D3 (+D) 2.5, 5, 10, 15, or 43 h prior to sacrifice.
      Four bands, one of which was identified as alpha-tubulin on the basis of Western
      analysis, increased in Coomassie Blue staining intensity 5-15 h after
      1,25(OH)2D3, corresponding to the time course of augmented vesicular Ca2+
      transport. Dose-response studies revealed similar changes in tubulin isotype
      profiles in IEF gels, again corresponding to doses known to elicit enhanced Ca2+
      absorption (52-6,500 pmoles of hormone). The role of Ca2+ transport was also
      examined. Isoelectrically focused intestinal epithelial tubulin from -D chicks
      allowed to transport Ca2+ for 30 min revealed increased staining of bands
      relative to nonabsorbing -D controls. By comparison, Ca2+ transport in +D chicks
      resulted in fainter bands relative to nonabsorbing, +D controls. MTs prepared
      from fasted or fed chicks revealed similar changes upon IEF, but of much smaller
      magnitude. Enhanced phosphorylation did not account for the appearance of the
      more acidic bands, although 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment resulted in decreased 32P
      content of a presumptive non-tubulin component, relative to preparations from -D
      controls. Glucocorticoids, which are known to suppress 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated
      Ca2+ transport, led to severely diminished levels of total tubulin, as judged by
      SDS-PAGE, rather than altered tubulin isotypes. Thus, MTs of intestine are
      subject to regulation by hormonal status, as well as by the amount of Ca2+
      available for transepithelial transport.

PMID- 1795019
TI  - Negative regulation of eukaryotic transcription.

PMID- 1795020
TI  - Cytoplasmic localization during storage and translation of the mRNAs of
      transition protein 1 and protamine 1, two translationally regulated transcripts
      of the mammalian testis.
AB  - During spermatogenesis in mammals, the transcripts of transition protein 1 (TP 1)
      and protamine 1 (Prm 1) are under translational regulation. Following their
      transcription in round spermatids, the mRNAs for TP 1 and Prm 1 are stored in the
      cytoplasm from 3-7 days before being translated towards the end of
      spermatogenesis. To test the hypothesis that the inactivation or activation of
      transcripts during spermiogenesis could be mediated by mRNA compartmentalization
      in the cytoplasm of spermatids, light and electron microscopy were used to
      localize, by in situ hybridization, the cellular and subcellular sites of stored
      and translated mRNAs for these two testis-specific transcripts. During early
      spermiogenesis (before step 7) nuclear transcripts of both TP 1 and Prm 1 were
      seen. After step 7 the TP 1 and Prm 1 mRNAs were only detected in the cytoplasm.
      Throughout spermiogenesis the cytoplasmic mRNAs were not localized to any
      membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria or to
      non-membrane-bound structures such as the chromatoid body. These studies
      demonstrate that the translational arrest of the TP 1 and Prm 1 mRNAs is not
      primarily controlled by compartmentalized storage in the cytoplasm of spermatids.
      Moreover, when translation of these mRNAs occurs in elongated spermatids, the
      mRNAs are present throughout the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1795021
TI  - Biogenesis of the apical endosome-lysosome complex during differentiation of
      absorptive epithelial cells in rat ileum.
AB  - Absorptive cells of the neonatal rat ileum have an elaborate apical endocytic
      complex consisting of tubular and vesicular endosomes, multivesicular bodies
      (MVB), and a giant lysosomal vacuole. This system develops rapidly over the last
      3 days (20-22) of gestation. We followed the assembly of this complex by
      ultrastructural analysis and immunocytochemistry using antigenic markers for
      microvilli, endosomal tubules and lysosomal membranes. At 19 days gestation, low
      levels of lactase appeared on microvilli but specialized apical endosomal tubules
      and lysosomes were absent. At 20 days, expression of microvillar lactase
      increased and the endosomal marker entubin appeared, in parallel with the
      appearance of specialized apical endosomal tubules. The compartments of the
      apical endosome-lysosome system were assembled sequentially after differentiation
      of the apical plasma membrane domains; first endosomal tubules and vesicles,
      followed by MVB, and ending with the assembly of the giant lysosome shortly after
      birth. During early stages of the assembly process, membrane components of the
      tubular endosomes and lysosomes appeared in the apical plasma membrane before
      being restricted to their respective intracellular compartments.

PMID- 1795022
TI  - Effect of differentiation on platelet-activating factor metabolism in HL-60
      cells.
AB  - The formation and metabolism of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (AAG), a protein
      kinase C (PKC) activator formed from platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2
      acetyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine; PAF), was studied in HL-60 cells to
      determine whether differentiation may influence this process. HL-60 cells
      differentiated to macrophages (HL-60/M phi) with a phorbol ester convert added
      [3H]PAF to AAG; 22% of the incorporated radioactivity is converted to AAG within
      15s. By contrast, neither undifferentiated HL-60 cells (HL-60/U) nor HL-60 cells
      differentiated to granulocytes (HL-60/GN) with retinoic acid produce AAG from
      PAF. The HL-60/M phi rapidly convert radiolabeled AAG to 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerol
      and, subsequently, to two other unidentified metabolites. However, some
      apparently unmodified AAG persists in the cell lipids for at least 6 h. The HL-60
      subtypes which do not convert PAF to AAG can nevertheless catabolize AAG; HL-60/U
      and HL-60/GN produce alkylglycerol and the other AAG metabolites. These findings
      demonstrate that differentiation can alter the processing of PAF in a human
      leukocyte cell line. Furthermore, they suggest that PAF may produce at least some
      of its biological effects in macrophages by conversion to AAG.

PMID- 1795023
TI  - Insulin receptors on Xenopus laevis oocytes: effects of injection of ob/ob mouse
      liver mRNA.
AB  - We describe here conditions for the detection of insulin binding sites on Xenopus
      laevis oocytes. The binding of 125I-labelled insulin displayed sigmoidal
      behaviour, which is characteristic of the binding relationship between insulin
      and its receptor. Resolution of the resulting curvilinear Scatchard plot into two
      components revealed KD values of 8.86 x 10(-10) +/- 1.9 x 10(-10) and 5.32 x 10(
      9) +/- 2.4 x 10(-9) M and n values of 9.7 x 10(7) +/- 0.4 x 10(7) and 3.3 x 10(8)
      +/- 0.5 x 10(8) binding sites per oocyte, respectively. The possibility cannot be
      excluded, however, that receptors for IGF-1 were also being detected. Also
      described are conditions for the rapid and efficient removal of all tissues
      surrounding the oocyte, including the vitelline membrane. We could not detect any
      specific 125I-labelled insulin binding to oocytes that had their follicle cells
      or vitelline membrane removed and this was not due to the enzymic treatment used
      in the process. Microinjection of oocytes without follicular layers did not
      result in the appearance of any detectable insulin binding sites, which were,
      however, observed if oocytes were first stripped of the vitelline membrane. We
      suggest that oocytes may possess endogenous insulin receptors on their surface in
      numbers of the same order of magnitude as those present on somatic cells. The
      removal of tissues surrounding the oocyte should facilitate studies aimed at
      determining functional interactions of the various cell types during oocyte
      development and for studying insulin receptors on the oocyte-follicular cell
      complex.

PMID- 1795024
TI  - Quantitation of actin polymerization in two human fibroblast sub-types responding
      to mechanical stretching.
AB  - To study early reorganization of the cytoskeleton in response to physical forces,
      human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured on flexible
      plastic substrata and stretched by mechanical deformation of the substratum. F
      actin was measured by quantitative spectrofluorimetry of FITC-phalloidin-stained
      cells. Fluorescence due to FITC-phalloidin was reduced stoichiometrically by co
      incubation with unlabeled phalloidin. Increases in stretch-induced fluorescence
      were blocked by preincubation of cells with cytochalasin D. Compared to baseline
      values, F-actin in gingival fibroblasts was reduced by 50% at 10 s after
      stretching but was increased more than 100% at 50 s after stretching. Increases
      of F-actin were also dependent on the amount of deformation of membrane: 3.3%
      stretching produced the largest increase and 9.2% stretching produced the least.
      Stretch-activated actin polymerization was blocked by pre-incubation of cells
      with 500 ng ml-1 pertussis toxin or 10 mM EGTA. Compared to gingival cells,
      periodontal ligament fibroblasts exhibited twice the total actin per cell and
      three times the baseline F-actin per mm2, however, there was no increase in
      fluorescence after stretching. In both cell types, stretching caused increased
      ruffling activity and no detectable shape changes at 60 s, but at 180 s the cells
      shortened and pseudopods retracted. The microfilament system of fibroblasts
      exhibits rapid dynamic responses to mechanical deformation prior to cell shape
      changes and appears to be dependent on the cell type.

PMID- 1795025
TI  - Pole-to-chromosome movements induced at metaphase: sites of microtubule
      disassembly.
AB  - Metaphase spindles can be induced to shrink by treating cells with microtubule
      depolymerizing agents. During treatment, the paired sister chromatids remain at
      the metaphase plate and the poles move toward them. The question we asked is
      whether this pole-to-chromosome movement was accompanied by a loss of subunits
      from the kinetochore ends of the microtubules, the polar ends, or both ends. LLC
      PK cells were injected at late prometaphase with Xrhodamine tubulin and at
      metaphase the fluorescent spindles were marked by photobleaching a bar between
      one pole and the chromosomes. Nocodazole at low concentrations was briefly
      applied to the cells to induce the shortening of the spindle and movement of the
      poles inward toward the chromosomes. In the induced shortening, the distance
      between the photobleached bar and the chromosomes decreased substantially while
      the distance between the bar and the pole showed a smaller change. Upon reversal
      from nocodazole, new polymer was added to the spindle as determined by recovery
      of fluorescence, and the cells progressed through mitosis and cytokinesis. We
      conclude that the movement of the poles to the chromosomes induced by nocodazole
      treatment during metaphase is similar to the chromosome-to-pole movement
      occurring during anaphase in that under both conditions the primary site for
      kinetochore microtubule disassembly is at the kinetochore.

PMID- 1795026
TI  - Evidence for an inequality in the forces that generate principal and reverse
      bends in sperm flagella.
AB  - The response of the mechanism initiating flagellar bends to imposed mechanical
      transients has been studied by holding the head of a sea urchin sperm in the tip
      of a sinusoidally vibrating micropipet and then displacing the micropipet
      laterally at a speed of up to 1.15 micron ms-1 for 1.5 beat cycle, without
      vibration, before resuming sinusoidal vibration with the initial phase, frequency
      and amplitude at the new location of the pipet. This transient displacement of
      the micropipet delays the initiation of the bend that was due to initiate 0.5
      beat cycle after onset of the displacement. The amount of this delay increases
      with the speed of the displacement, for speeds up to 1 micron ms-1. Analysis of
      the flagellar waveforms during the transient showed that with imposed
      displacements at speeds of equal magnitude, the initiation of a principal bend
      was delayed to a longer extent than that of a reverse bend. At a micropipet speed
      of 0.75 micron ms-1, there was an average delay of 0.21 beat cycle in the
      initiation time of a principal bend as compared to a delay of only about 0.04
      beat cycle in the initiation time of a reverse bend during displacements in the
      opposite direction. For both principal and reverse bends, the second bend due to
      initiate during the transient displacement initiated in most of the cases with no
      delay, regardless of the micropipet speed. Our results suggest that the force
      generated by microtubule sliding to initiated a new reverse bend is greater than
      that generated to initiate a principal bend.

PMID- 1795027
TI  - Localization of centromeric satellite and telomeric DNA sequences in dorsal root
      ganglion neurons, in vitro.
AB  - Chromatin domains of interphase nuclei are organized in a tissue-specific, non
      random manner. In the present work, the spatial arrangement of satellite (sDNA)
      and telomeric (tDNA) DNA was examined in nuclei of murine Dorsal Root Ganglion
      (DRG) cells, maintained in vitro. In situ hybridization in conjunction with three
      dimensional reconstruction was employed. A mean number of 8.02 +/- 0.40 sDNA
      signals/nucleus was detected, of which 41.65 +/- 0.59% were associated with the
      nucleolus. The remaining fraction of signals was localized between the nucleolus
      and the nuclear membrane. sDNA signals were reproducibly localized at a mean
      distance of 3.15 +/- 0.06 microns from the nuclear center and measured 1-2
      microns in diameter. Given a centromere complement of 40 per murine nucleus, the
      relatively low number of signals detected and their large signal volumes were
      interpreted to reflect clustering of centromeres, a phenomenon common in
      mammalian cells. An average of 37.00 +/- 1.52 tDNA signals was detected per
      nucleus. Of these, and in contrast to sDNA signals, only 18.45 +/- 0.41% of these
      signals were associated with the nucleolus while the remainder was distributed
      between the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane. Both centromeric and telomeric
      signals often occurred in pairs and were distributed throughout the nucleoplasm.
      No evidence for a classical Rabl configuration was found.

PMID- 1795028
TI  - Study of vitrified, unstained frozen tissue sections by cryoimmunoelectron
      microscopy.
AB  - We describe the development and application of a novel approach to high
      resolution ultrastructural analysis of cells and tissues. It is based on the
      preparation of ultrathin frozen sections of fixed tissues, rinsing of the
      sections, followed by their embedding on the grid in a layer of vitrified ice,
      and direct observation with a cryoelectron microscope. Examination of smooth
      muscle, kidney and heart tissues showed that although no heavy metal staining was
      used, high-contrast images are obtained. Fine details of cytoplasmic filaments
      and organelles, membranes and membrane-associated structures, as well as
      connective-tissue elements are all visible. The new method is suitable for
      immunolabeling, including high resolution localization of specific molecules
      within the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1795029
TI  - Intracellular localization of types I and II collagen mRNA and endoplasmic
      reticulum in embryonic corneal epithelia.
AB  - The intracellular distribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and types I and II
      collagen mRNA was analyzed in whole-mount preparations of freshly isolated
      corneal epithelia using in situ hybridization combined with confocal laser
      scanning analysis. The ER stained with DiOC6 (3) was prominent in both the
      periderm and basal cells. The basal cell ER distribution was perinuclear in the
      center of the cells, but below the nucleus the ER occupied nearly all of the
      cytoplasm in a reticular pattern similar to that seen with TEM cross-sections.
      Initial single label in situ hybridization studies showed that both the periderm
      and basal cells were positive for both types I and II collagen mRNA. The collagen
      cDNA probes appeared perinuclear in the center of the basal cells, similar to the
      DiOC6(3) staining pattern. In double-labeling experiments, the two mRNAs that
      translate chains of type I collagen, alpha 1 and alpha 2, colocalized within the
      same cell. However, the hybridization of probes specific for type I and II
      collagen mRNAs had separate, but overlapping, distributions within the same cell.

PMID- 1795030
TI  - Molecular cloning of the human gene, CCG2, that complements the BHK-derived
      temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant tsBN63: identity of CCG2 with the human X
      chromosomal SCAR/RPS4X gene.
AB  - A temperature-sensitive mutant tsBN63 cell line was isolated by the
      fluorodeoxyuridine method from the BHK21/13 cell line after mutagenesis with
      nitrosoguanidine. When cultures of tsBN63 cells growing asynchronously at 33.5
      degrees C were shifted to 39.5 degrees C, a nonpermissive temperature, the
      ability for protein synthesis was rapidly reduced and cell proliferation stopped
      mainly at G1 phase, and partly at G2 phase. Synchronized cultures of tsBN63 cells
      did not commence DNA synthesis when shifted up in G1 phase. The human gene
      complementing the tsBN63 mutation was cloned by DNA-mediated gene transfer and
      its cDNA of 1.1 kb conferring ts+ phenotype on tsBN63 cells was isolated from the
      cDNA library of Raj (mer+) cells with a frequency of 10(-3). On the basis of the
      determined nucleotide sequence, the isolated human gene turned out to be the X
      chromosomal RPS4X encoding the ribosomal protein S4. The size of the CCG2 gene
      was estimated to be about 12 kb by complementation analysis of the tsBN63
      mutation with cloned genomic DNA.

PMID- 1795031
TI  - Sea urchin egg villin: identification of villin in a non-epithelial cell from an
      invertebrate species.
AB  - Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in the rapid polymerization of actin
      filaments and subsequent formation of a brush border-like cortical cytoskeleton.
      A 110 x 10(3) Mr (110K) actin binding protein has been purified from extracts of
      unfertilized Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Analysis of polymerization
      kinetics using fluorescence and viscometry assays demonstrated that 110K
      accelerated the nucleation phase of actin assembly only in the presence of
      elevated Ca2+. The Ca(2+)-mediated effects were correlated with a decrease in
      sedimentable polymer and a decrease in average filament length. Addition of Ca2+
      to solutions of 110K and F-actin, polymerized in the presence of EGTA, resulted
      in a precipitous drop in viscosity and the decreased viscosity was fully
      reversible upon chelation of Ca2+. The Ca2+ threshold for 110K activation was in
      the 10(-6) to 10(-7) M range. Nucleated assembly experiments using Limulus sperm
      acrosomal processes demonstrated that egg 110K capped the barbed ends of actin
      filaments. In the absence of Ca2+, 110K organized actin filaments into bundles at
      pH values less than 7.4. Anti-egg 110K antibody crossreacted with chicken
      intestinal epithelial cell villin and anti-porcine villin headpiece monoclonal
      antibody crossreacted with 110K. Further, 110K possesses an approximately 10 x
      10(3) Mr terminal polypeptide segment that is immunologically related to villin
      headpiece. These studies demonstrate that sea urchin egg 110K is functionally,
      immunologically and structurally related to villin, an actin binding protein
      expressed in specific epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Consequently, this
      finding provides insight into the potential mechanisms that might determine the
      genesis of the cortical brush border cytoarchitecture in sea urchin eggs and
      further sheds light on the evolution of the villin protein family.

PMID- 1795032
TI  - Soluble vertebrate lectins: ubiquitous but inscrutable proteins.

PMID- 1795033
TI  - A Drosophila anti-RNA polymerase II antibody recognizes a plant nucleolar
      antigen, RNA polymerase I, which is mostly localized in fibrillar centres.
AB  - The distribution of nucleolar RNA polymerase in the nucleolus of onion root
      meristematic cells has been studied by means of an antibody originally raised
      against Drosophila RNA polymerase II. This antibody recognizes the homologous
      domains of the large subunit of the enzyme, which are highly conserved throughout
      evolution in the three classes of eucaryotic RNA polymerases. Given that RNA
      polymerase I is confined to the nucleolus, and that the onion cell nucleolus
      lacks digitations of extranucleolar chromatin, we conclude that the nucleolar
      enzyme localized is RNA polymerase I. A quantitative approach, independent of the
      existence of borderlines between nucleolar fibrillar centres and the dense
      fibrillar component, allowed us to show that the enzyme is localized in fibrillar
      centres and in the transition area between them and the dense fibrillar
      component, in parallel with the nucleolar DNA. These results, together with
      previous autoradiographic, cytochemical and immunocytochemical results, in this
      and other species, lead us to conclude that the activation of rDNA for
      transcription occurs in the fibrillar centres and pre-rRNA synthesis is expressed
      at the transition area between fibrillar centres and the dense fibrillar
      component. Fibrillar centres are connected to each other by extended RNA
      polymerase-bound DNA fibres, presumably active in transcription. This work
      provides evidence of the high evolutionary conservation of some domains of the
      large subunit of RNA polymerases and of the existence of fibrillar centres in the
      nucleolus of plant cells, totally homologous to those described in mammalian
      cells.

PMID- 1795034
TI  - Characterization of N-acyl-D-biotinols by particle-beam liquid chromatography
      mass spectrometry. An alternative to probe mass spectrometry for thermally labile
      samples.
AB  - In the course of preparing biotin-labeled nucleic acid probes, it was necessary
      to verify structures of intermediate N-acyl derivatives of biotinol.
      Characterization by mass spectrometry (MS) involved use of particle-beam liquid
      chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry MS to supplement standard heated-solids
      probe techniques. The probe data for a sample of N-toluoylbiotinol indicated it
      to be a mixture of mono- and di-toluoylbiotinols which was inconsistent with
      other analytical information. Analysis of the same sample by LC-MS on a reversed
      phase column with a water-acetonitrile gradient showed a single major peak with
      spectrum consistent with that for the monotoluoyl species. These results
      suggested that a thermal transacylation reaction might be occurring in the probe
      during heating prior to volatilization and ionization. This was confirmed by
      heating the sample to 200 degrees C and then repeating the LC-MS analysis to find
      peaks now present for biotinol and ditoluoylbiotinol as well as the starting
      material. These results demonstrate the value of particle-beam LC-MS as a
      technique for obtaining electron-impact mass spectra of thermally sensitive
      compounds.

PMID- 1795035
TI  - Increasing thermospray response for cortisol by derivatization.
AB  - The 21-hydroxyl group of cortisol was selectively acetylated under mild
      conditions without affecting the more sterically hindered 11 beta- and 17 alpha
      hydroxyl groups. The reaction was performed with a mixture of acetic anhydride
      and triethylamine in acetonitrile and was complete in less than 15 min at room
      temperature. The thermospray mass spectrum of cortisol 21-acetate showed minimal
      fragmentation with the [M + H]+ ion as the base peak. High sensitivity was
      achieved for acetylated cortisol during selected ion monitoring, the signal-to
      noise ratio being increased by a factor of about 4, compared to underivatized
      cortisol. The limit of detection of cortisol 21-acetate was estimated at 0.24
      pmol injected, making thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      competitive with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of
      cortisol in biological fluids.

PMID- 1795036
TI  - Use of thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to aid in the
      identification of urinary metabolites of a novel antiepileptic drug, Lamotrigine.
AB  - The use of thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the
      structural elucidation of a number of urinary metabolites of Lamotrigine, 3,5
      diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine, formed after administering the
      drug to man, Cynomolgus monkey and rabbit. This data when combined with the data
      obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography with radiochemical detection
      enabled us to determine the types and amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites
      excreted in urine by man and a number of laboratory animal species. This
      technique was particularly useful as it highlighted a previously unknown fact
      that Lamotrigine is metabolised to form two different N-glucuronides, one of
      which is resistant to cleavage in vitro by a crude beta-glucuronidase preparation
      from Helix pomatia.

PMID- 1795037
TI  - Evaluation of an automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      system for quantitative use in bioanalytical chemistry.
AB  - An automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system is
      described, including an autosampler and a gradient liquid chromatography system
      controlled from the mass spectrometer data system. The performance and
      reliability of the equipment during unattended operation were evaluated by
      repeated injections of standard solutions of some antiasthmatic drugs, using
      deuterium-labelled analogues as internal standards. High sensitivity and
      reproducibility were achieved during a 19-hour run, incorporating gradient
      elution and a total of 54 injections. The relative standard deviation of the peak
      area measurement of the internal standards was in the range of 6.5-8.2%. The
      corticosteroid budesonide can be routinely measured in plasma down to 0.1 nmol/l.
      Direct injection of a small plasma volume into the thermospray liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry system could be used to monitor drug plasma
      levels during a toxicity study in dogs.

PMID- 1795038
TI  - Polar, hydrophilic compounds in drinking water produced from surface water.
      Determination by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Drinking water produced from surface water may contain many polar, hydrophilic
      compounds in spite of different treatment steps such as soil filtration, ozone
      treatment and activated carbon filtration. Little is known about these compounds.
      The objectives of this work were the detection and identification by means of
      tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) coupled on-line by a thermospray interface with
      liquid chromatography. Quantification is possible if standard compounds are
      available. The different compounds in the water extracts were not only separated
      by means of an analytical column but also using MS-MS after loop injection
      bypassing the analytical column. Molecular weight information in the loop spectra
      (overview spectra) and collisionally induced dissociation (CID) made possible the
      identification of some of these compounds which cannot be eliminated in the
      drinking water treatment process. Identification was not only done by
      interpretation of the recorded daughter- and parent-ion spectra but also by
      comparing them with a laboratory-made daughter-ion library of polar, hydrophilic
      pollutants. Direct mixture analysis using MS-MS allows the detection and
      identification of some of the pollutants if they reach the drinking water in the
      course of the surface water treatment process because of their biochemical and
      chemical persistence and/or non-sorbability during the soil or activated carbon
      filtration process. The proposed method for the analysis of water for polar, non
      volatile and/or thermolabile organic substances is a quick, specific and powerful
      technique which makes it possible to detect and identify these substances without
      any chromatographic separation or derivatization

PMID- 1795039
TI  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in metabolic research. I. Metabolites of
      benzbromarone in human plasma and urine.
AB  - Seven benzbromarone metabolites were identified in human plasma and urine by
      electron-impact mass spectrometry after semipreparative high-performance liquid
      chromatographic fractionation and/or by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      using a thermospray interface. The major metabolite in plasma and urine was a
      hydroxybenzofuranoyl species; the 1-hydroxyethyl entity was identified as a minor
      metabolite. Five urinary metabolites occurred in trace amounts, all of them
      carrying OH and/or C = O groups in different positions. The hydroxybenzofuranoyl
      metabolite has often been mistaken for benzarone in previous studies.

PMID- 1795040
TI  - Capillary electrophoresis-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry for
      the characterization of peptides. Instrumental considerations for mass
      spectrometric detection.
AB  - On-line capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations are shown for a synthetic
      peptide mixture and a tryptic digest of human hemoglobin in an uncoated fused
      silica capillary with detection using atmospheric pressure ionization mass
      spectrometry (API-MS). The CE system utilized a 1-m capillary column of either 75
      or 100-microns I.D. These somewhat larger inside diameters allow higher sample
      capacities for MS detection and the 1-m length facilitates connecting the CE
      column to the liquid junction-ion spray interface and MS system. Low volatile
      buffer concentrations (15-20 mM) of ammonium acetate or ammonium formate, and
      high organic modifier content (5-50%) of methanol or acetonitrile facilitates
      ionization under electrospray conditions. This study shows that peptides
      separated by CE may be transferred to the API-MS system through a liquid junction
      coupling to the pneumatically assisted electrospray (ion spray) interface at low
      buffer pH when the electroosmotic flow is low (0-0.04 microliter/min). CE-MS as
      described herein is facilitated by features in modern CE instrumentation
      including robotic cleaning and pressurization of the capillary inlet. The latter
      is particularly useful for repetitive rinsing and conditioning of the capillary
      column between analyses in addition to continuous 'infusion' of sample to the
      mass spectrometer for tuning purposes. In addition to facile molecular weight
      determination, amino acid sequence information for peptides may be obtained by
      utilizing on-line tandem MS. After the tryptic digest sample components enter the
      API-MS system, the molecular ion species of individual peptides may be focussed
      and transmitted into the collision cell of the tandem triple quadrupole mass
      spectrometer. Collision-induced dissociation of protonated peptide molecules
      yielded structural information for their characterization following injection of
      10 pmol of a tryptic digest from human hemoglobin.

PMID- 1795041
TI  - Application of microcolumn liquid chromatography-continuous-flow fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry in environmental studies of sulfonylurea
      herbicides.
AB  - The use of 0.25-mm I.D. packed capillary liquid chromatography columns coupled
      with continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry has proven to
      be a very valuable technique, especially for the identification of unknown
      sulfonylurea herbicide metabolites. Several new and unusual heterocycle ring
      opened metabolites and hydrolysis products were identified, and metabolic
      pathways were proposed. Typical column flow-rates are 1-2 microliters/min, which
      allows direct coupling with no sample splitting. This is important in our
      metabolite identification work, since we are usually sample-limited. Techniques
      for increasing injection volume to allow analyses of dilute solutions and the use
      of polymeric packing for separation of polar metabolites are discussed. The FAB
      mass spectra usually provide unequivocal molecular weights and structurally
      useful fragments ions, which often allows structure assignments on exceedingly
      small quantities of isolated metabolites.

PMID- 1795042
TI  - Anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) may be detected in 95% of patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The target autoantigens for the AMA were
      recently identified as four closely related metabolic enzymes located in the
      mitochondria. We have purified the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme from
      bovine heart, showing that all PBC sera reacted with a 74-kd band. PDH was
      utilized to establish an ELISA assay for detecting the relevant antibodies. One
      hundred twelve of 120 sera from patients with PBC (95%) reacted with the PDH but
      none of the 201 control sera, including normal subjects and a panel of sera from
      other patients with liver diseases, showed similar reactivity. In 77% of the PBC
      sera the anti-PDH antibody isotype was identified as a combination of IgG and
      IgM, while in 18% only IgM was detected. In 5% of the sera the isotype was
      confined to IgG. PBC sera specifically inhibited the PDH enzyme activity. The
      enzyme inhibition correlated with the anti-PDH antibody titers. Thus, PDH seems
      to be one of the major target epitopes for AMA observed in sera of patients with
      PBC.

PMID- 1795043
TI  - In vitro interleukin-1 (IL-1) production in thymic hyperplasia and thymoma from
      patients with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Using a biological test, we measured in vitro thymic epithelial cell IL-1
      activity of 14 thymomas and 8 hyperplasia from myasthenic patients. Our results
      demonstrate that thymic epithelial cells from hyperplastic thymuses spontaneously
      produce high amounts of IL-1 compared to controls, while cells from thymomas
      produce very low amounts of IL-1. After LPS stimulation the difference between
      patients and controls is no longer significant. Immunohistochemistry studies
      demonstrate a limited number of IL-1-positive cells on sections from normal
      thymuses and a variable number of IL-1-positive cells on diseased thymuses, not
      clearly correlated to the in vitro production. In hyperplastic thymuses an
      association is found between the level of hyperplasia and in vitro IL-1
      production, suggesting a role for IL-1 in the expansion of thymic lymphoid
      follicles. In thymoma, the low IL-1 production and the loss of corticomedullary
      organisation raise the possibility that some autoreactive clones could emerge
      from the lymphocyte pool, present in the abnormal tumoral microenvironment.

PMID- 1795044
TI  - Detection and purification of antiidiotypic antibody against anti-DNA in
      intravenous immune globulin.
AB  - Pooled normal human IgG for therapeutic use, following depletion of anti-DNA,
      anti-Fc, and anti-F(ab')2 of normal IgG, expressed antiidiotypic activity against
      anti-DNA derived from lupus sera. The antiidiotype enriched by elution from anti
      DNA affinity columns bound directly to anti-DNA IgG and inhibited the binding of
      lupus sera to DNA but did not bind to normal IgG or inhibit the binding of anti
      tetanus toxoid to tetanus toxoid. Antiidiotypes in pooled normal sera may have a
      role in the clinical improvement seen in patients with autoimmune diseases
      receiving intravenous immune globulin.

PMID- 1795045
TI  - Typical changes in the viscerocranium in acromegaly.
AB  - 31 patients (mean age 52.7 years) suffering from persistent symptoms of a growth
      hormone-producing pituitary adenoma underwent both clinical and radiological
      examination at least one year after transnasal extirpation of the tumour. The
      results of standardized X-ray analysis of the viscerocranium were compared with a
      group of 21 healthy subjects (mean age 42.1 years): Although several remarkable
      changes of the facial skeleton were observed, statistically significant changes
      could be found in the lower jaw only. The ascending ramus as well as the
      mandibular body were found to be elongated. The main contribution to the
      elongation was made by the chin prominence and the condyle. Two different growth
      patterns of the mandible could be determined; neither of them was pathognomonic
      for acromegaly. Due to overgrowth of the septal cartilage in 7 patients we found
      a so-called "hanging columella". In 16 patients the mandibular canal was widened
      and showed marked deviations in its diameter or a funnel-shaped mandibular
      foramen.

PMID- 1795046
TI  - Extraoral subcondylar ramus osteotomy for correction of mandibular prognathism.
      The surgical technique and complications.
AB  - 1178 patients with mandibular prognathism and/or asymmetry, in some cases
      combined with maxillary retrognathism, were treated by extraoral horizontal or
      oblique ramus osteotomy during the period from 1939 to 1989. The described
      percutaneous retromandibular approach is a simple, rapid and reliable technique
      which can usually be performed under local anaesthesia. Very few complications,
      particularly neurological, were observed. These aspects justify consideration of
      this technique when indications for a simple, straight set-back procedure of the
      mandible exist, and there is no tendency to bite-opening. However, the method
      demands intermaxillary fixation for 6-9 weeks postoperatively.

PMID- 1795047
TI  - Tessier number 2 cleft, a variation. Case report.
AB  - The number 2 craniofacial cleft as described by Tessier is an extremely rare
      cleft of unknown aetiology with distinct soft tissue and bony characteristics.
      The location of the deformity on the nostril rim is a distinguishing feature of
      the cleft. It traverses the alveolar arch at the level of the lateral incisor,
      middle third of the alar rim, the junction between the nasal bone and the frontal
      process of the maxilla and continues cranially as a number 12 cleft. One such
      patient with bilateral interruption of the middle third of the alar rim and mild
      asymmetrical hypertelorism is described.

PMID- 1795048
TI  - A comparison of imaging techniques with surgical experience in orbital injuries.
      A prospective study.
AB  - The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of computerised tomography
      (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in diagnosing herniation and entrapment
      of orbital soft tissues in orbital fractures. 15 consecutive patients with
      clinical signs and symptoms of medial orbital wall injury were examined with CT
      and MR. The data were subsequently compared with the findings of the surgical
      exploration with regard to the extent of the wall fractures, the presence of soft
      tissue herniation and its entrapment. CT and MR were equally accurate in
      demonstrating or excluding orbital wall fractures but both modalities slightly
      underestimated their incidence. CT and MR underestimated the actual incidence of
      soft tissue herniation and entrapment when compared with the surgical findings
      but the extent of soft tissue herniation and entrapment were demonstrated more
      clearly by MR than by CT scanning. MR imaging when available should therefore be
      used as the initial imaging modality and CT held in reserve for confirmation as
      positioning in the MR unit is easier and more comfortable for recently injured
      patients who may well have other injuries.

PMID- 1795049
TI  - Haemangioma of the Zygoma. Report of two cases with a review of the literature.
AB  - Zygomatic haemangioma is a rare benign neoplasm occurring most frequently in
      adult females. The authors, after reviewing the available literature, report two
      cases which presented with a swelling of the zygoma. Resection of the neoplasm,
      immediate reconstruction with cranial bone grafts and internal rigid fixation was
      the treatment of choice. Results two years after surgery are presented.

PMID- 1795050
TI  - Submandibular hydatid cyst. A case report.
AB  - An unusual case of Echinococcus cysticus infection of the submandibular salivary
      gland is reported. A 41-year-old female patient was admitted with a progressively
      increasing swelling in the left submandibular region present for two years. There
      was no pulmonary or hepatic involvement. The site, and that there is no evidence
      of pulmonary or hepatic involvement is of interest in this patient. Definitive
      therapy required radical surgery.

PMID- 1795051
TI  - Pneumoparotis, an unusual occurrence of parotid gland swelling during dental
      treatment. Report of a case with a review of the literature.
AB  - A 24-year-old male with pneumoparotis caused by the use of an air syringe during
      a routine restorative dental procedure during clinical training is presented.
      Reflux of air into the parotid gland due to increasing pressure is a rare cause
      of acute parotid swelling.--A discussion of this unusual case and review of the
      literature including its differential diagnosis and management form the basis of
      this report. Judicious use of intra-oral dental instruments using compressed air
      or gas is advised.

PMID- 1795052
TI  - The Gottingen quick arch-bar. A new technique of arch-bar fixation without
      ligature wires.
AB  - A simple and easy fixation technique is described in which a newly designed quick
      arch-bar is used which can be attached easily and quickly and provides
      consistently firm fixation even in difficult situations. No anaesthesia or
      sophisticated appliances are required.

PMID- 1795053
TI  - Multiple idiopathic root resorption. A case report and discussion of
      pathogenesis.
AB  - A rare case of multiple idiopathic root resorption (MIRR) involving 5 adjacent
      anterior and posterior teeth is presented and the pathogenesis discussed. The
      proposition is made that MIRR results from microbiologically-induced osteoclast
      activity facilitated by prior osteoblast activation.

PMID- 1795054
TI  - Histological evaluation of biodegradable and non-degradable membranes placed
      transcutaneously in rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess histologically the response to membrane
      materials that might be used for guided tissue regeneration procedures, using a
      transcutaneous model on the dorsal surface of the rat. The materials included
      expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane (Gore-Tex), PTFE Millipore
      filter, biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and
      polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate copolymer membranes. 70 implants were
      placed in 10 rats under general anaesthesia. At 2 weeks after the operative
      procedure, the specimens were assessed histologically for the composition of the
      tissue surrounding the material, the types of cell in the infiltrate and the
      degree of absorption particularly in the superficial tissues. PTFE was associated
      with greater epithelial downgrowth and a mainly polymorphonuclear infiltrate. PLA
      showed a high incidence of absorption, with a mainly monocytic infiltrate.
      Considerable variation was found between these extremes. It was concluded that
      the healing responses associated with the membranes were complex and varied, and
      further work is required to establish the factors which govern the variation in
      the healing response. The findings are of relevance to regenerative procedures
      which rely on the guiding influence of artificial membranes on the healing
      tissues. The PLA material was well tolerated and was gradually absorbed. Further
      research may enable this material to form the basis of a one stage guided tissue
      regeneration procedure.

PMID- 1795055
TI  - Effect of antiseptic mouthwashes on some clinical and microbiological findings in
      the mouths of lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs.
AB  - 51 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      participated in this double-blind, cross-over study in which 2 antiseptic
      mouthwashes were tested for their effects on various periodontal index scores and
      salivary microbial counts. All patients were receiving combination cytostatic
      treatment based on methotrexate and doxorubicin. The patients (49 +/- 14 years
      old, 28 men, 23 women) were allotted at random to 2 groups. One rinsed with a
      0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution, the other with a 0.025% amine
      stannous fluoride (AmF + SnF) solution 2x daily for 2 weeks. Both groups then
      continued rinsing with a 0.05% sodium fluoride (F) solution for 2 weeks, before
      switching over to AmF + SnF or CHX, respectively. All solutions had been prepared
      in such a way that they had the same colour and taste. Visible plaque index and
      gingival bleeding index scores were significantly reduced after periods of
      rinsing with CHX solution (P less than 0.001) and AmF + SnF solution (P less than
      0.05). Microbiological cultivations of saliva specimens revealed significant
      reductions in mutans streptococci immediately after commencing rinsing, while
      lactobacilli and yeast counts were not affected.

PMID- 1795056
TI  - Plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and type of tooth cleaning device in a
      Tanzanian child population in 1984, 1986 and 1988.
AB  - In 1984, 1986 and 1988 a mixed-longitudinal study was carried out to determine
      the prevalence of plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and type of tooth cleaning
      device amongst school children in Morogoro, Tanzania. The background parameters
      considered were age, geographical location and sex. The reproducibility of the
      methods of diagnosis was assessed. In general, more children possessed a chewing
      stick than a toothbrush, except urban children. The prevalence of visible plaque
      decreased and the prevalence of calculus increased with increasing age. Gingival
      bleeding was not age-dependent. Urban children had significantly more surfaces
      covered with visible plaque, but had a significantly lower prevalence of
      calculus, than rural children. Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence of
      visible plaque and calculus than girls. In the majority of those with gingival
      bleeding, only 1 of the 6 examined papillae was involved, most often the mesio
      lingual papilla of the 3.6. The children had not been subjected to organized oral
      health care and professional intervention. The findings of the study indicate the
      need for organized school-based oral hygiene programmes in the area in order to
      improve the periodontal health of these children.

PMID- 1795057
TI  - Effect of surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment on periodontal status
      and subgingival microbiota.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate, on a short-term basis, the clinical
      and microbiological effects of a single course of scaling and root planing as
      compared with those obtained by flap surgery in patients with moderate to
      advanced periodontitis. 11 patients participated in the study. Using a split
      mouth design, one quadrant of the mouth was treated with reverse bevel flap
      surgery, whereas the contralateral one was subjected to a single course of
      scaling and root planing. 2 approximal sites on single-rooted teeth with a pocket
      depth greater than or equal to 5 mm were monitored clinically and
      microbiologically for 16 weeks after active treatment. Both techniques resulted
      in a gain of probable attachment levels, a reduction in bleeding on probing and a
      reduced mean pocket depth, although 31.2% of the sites in the scaling and root
      planing group still had 6-7 mm deep pockets at 8 and 16 weeks after treatment.
      Both techniques reduced median relative proportions and frequencies of detection
      of black-pigmented Bacteroides species. A highly statistically significant
      increase (p less than 0.01) in median proportions of oral streptococci was
      recorded only for surgery within the 1st month post-operatively. No correlation
      was found between residual pocket depth and any of the microbiological parameters
      considered in the study, suggesting that residual pocket depth does not exert a
      significant influence on bacterial subgingival recolonization after therapy. The
      results from this study suggest that surgery can be as effective as scaling and
      root planing in favoring the establishment of micro-organisms compatible with
      periodontal health, although this effect is limited to the 1st month after
      therapy.

PMID- 1795058
TI  - Considerations on the contribution of ageing to loss of periodontal tissue
      support.
AB  - The present study is an attempt to assess if age-related changes, manifested as
      loss of probing attachment and alveolar bone, occur in humans. 511 subjects, in
      ages 20-24, 30-34, 40-44, 50-54 and 60-64 years, were included in the study. All
      subjects had undergone a comprehensive clinical examination, including recordings
      of probing pocket depth and probing attachment level. A subsample of subjects was
      selected, whose periodontal status indicated minimal experience of destructive
      periodontal disease. In these particular subjects, the height of the alveolar
      bone was also assessed. The results showed that in the subsample, (i) attachment
      loss increased with age, but (ii) a high proportion of tooth surfaces remained
      with no attachment or alveolar bone loss in ages between 20 and 64 years. There
      are reasons to suggest, therefore, that age-related alterations in the
      periodontium may not inevitably be manifested as loss of probing attachment or
      alveolar bone.

PMID- 1795059
TI  - Polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemiluminescence in periodontal disease.
AB  - The oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in rapidly
      progressive periodontitis (RPP, n = 19), localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP, n
      = 10), adults periodontitis (AP, n = 10) and healthy control subjects (HS, n =
      39) was compared using the luminol chemiluminescence (CL) method. Possible
      influences of the isolation procedure on CL were circumvented by replacing starch
      with Haemaccell 35 as the sedimentation agent. In all groups, CL was
      significantly higher with autologous serum than with normal pooled serum (NPS)
      and there was a significant linear relationship between the two values.
      Comparisons of both pooled and autologous serum between patient groups and their
      matched controls were not statistically significant. There was a suggestion of
      serum-induced defects in 2 patients and 1 control. The range of individual values
      within each group was very heterogeneous, probably because of the many factors
      that are able to influence both the production of CL and the basal levels of CL
      observed.

PMID- 1795060
TI  - A review of quality and processing suitability of milk from cows treated with
      bovine somatotropin.
AB  - This paper reviews recent literature concerning whether cows injected with BST
      still give milk of good quality and processing characteristics. Fat, protein, and
      lactose contents of the milk are negligibly affected by bST when the cow is in
      positive energy balance. This state is an important prerequisite when bST is
      administered. When bST is given by a sustained-release system, some cyclic
      effects in fat and protein contents are found. Bovine somatotropin may cause an
      increase in the relative amount of long-chain fatty acids, and the SCC is
      sometimes increased. Protein composition is usually not negatively affected, nor
      is the theoretical cheese yield calculated from the total protein content. The
      available information on the effect of bST on various milk minerals and enzymes,
      freezing point, pH value, and milk flavor gives no cause for concern. Relatively
      little is known about the effect on the various vitamins. Heat stability of the
      (condensed) milk and cheese-making properties were generally not affected, but
      further experiments with milk from the same farm trials are recommended. The
      concentration of bST in the milk is not affected by normal doses, but the effect
      on insulin-like growth factors needs additional study.

PMID- 1795061
TI  - Physiological responses to somatotropin in the ruminant.
AB  - The physiological responses to somatotropin supplementation of ruminants are
      reviewed with particular reference to the dairy industry. Exogenous somatotropin
      improves lactational performance by altering the partitioning of absorbed
      nutrients. Lipid accretion is reduced, lipid mobilization is increased, and
      glucose uptake by peripheral tissues and whole body oxidation of glucose and
      amino acids are reduced. The net effect of these changes is that the limited
      supply of glucose and amino acids is spared for synthesis of milk components, and
      lipid reserves are preferentially used as an energy source. The increase of
      cardiac output and mammary blood flow are prominent physiological responses to
      somatotropin by the dairy cow. These responses permit a greater share of nutrient
      input to the mammary gland. The lack of evidence for functional membrane
      receptors for somatotropin in mammary tissue demands the involvement of endocrine
      mediators to explain the increase of mammary gland metabolism with somatotropin
      treatment. An increase of high affinity somatotropic receptors in the liver and
      increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and -II appear to be one of the
      most prominent endocrine responses to somatotropin treatment. However, the
      relative role of the insulin-like growth factors and the multiple forms of their
      plasma-binding proteins and receptors remain to be resolved.

PMID- 1795062
TI  - Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows treated with prolonged-release bovine
      somatotropin or energy deficiency.
AB  - Two experiments were carried out with lactating Simmental x Red Holstein Friesian
      dairy cows. In the first experiment, 8 cows each received six injections at 4-wk
      intervals of either saline or 640 mg of prolonged-release bST. In the second
      experiment, 14 of 20 cows received 20 MJ NEL less than their daily requirement
      for 3 wk. Digestible and metabolizable energy were not affected by the
      treatments. Mobilization of body energy compensated the bST-induced increase of
      milk energy and supported milk production of underfed cows by two-thirds of the
      net energy deficit. The utilization of mobilized body energy and metabolizable
      energy from the diet for maintenance and milk production was unchanged. The bST
      and energy deficiency increased N utilization for milk production, because bST
      increased milk N secretion at the same N intake, and energy deficiency partly
      compensated the reduced N intake by N mobilization. Milk yield oscillated between
      the bST injections. Mean milk yield increased by 2.8 kg at constant milk
      composition. During energy deficit, milk yield dropped by 1.7 kg with decreasing
      milk protein content.

PMID- 1795063
TI  - Somatotropin and endocrine regulation of metabolism during lactation.
AB  - Administration of somatotropin to lactating ruminants elicits a number of changes
      in nutrient partitioning and utilization; the end result is improved supply of
      metabolites to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. In the short term, the
      galactopoietic response to somatotropin occurs in the absence of marked changes
      in feed intake and the physiological response of the animal appears to depend on
      nutritional status. Key endocrine changes induced by somatotropin include
      antagonism of the action of insulin or alterations of the sensitivities of body
      tissues to insulin and also stimulation of the release of somatomedins, in
      particular, insulin-like growth factor-I. The effects of somatotropin on insulin
      lead to altered metabolism of key nutrients. There is evidence that the
      somatomedins may affect mammary blood flow. Prolonged administration of
      somatotropin leads to increased feed intake after 2 to 3 wk, which enables the
      maintenance of increased milk production without adverse effects on the body as a
      whole.

PMID- 1795064
TI  - Nutritional implications of bovine somatotropin for the lactating dairy cow.
AB  - Historians of animal production will remember the 1980s in part for the
      application of recombinant DNA technology, which permits large-scale production
      of an almost infinite number of proteins. Bovine somatotropin represents the
      first such protein for animal agriculture. Since its introduction in 1981,
      extensive research demonstrated the galactopoietic actions in dairy cattle under
      diverse feeding, management, and environmental conditions. Milk production
      increases from cows receiving bST range from 0 to 11 kg/d. Magnitude of
      improvement is related to factors associated with rations, animals, and
      environment. Quantity, quality, and density of nutrients, especially energy and
      protein, are ration determinants for efficacy of bST. Factors such as parity,
      nutritional history, body condition, and stage of lactation also influence the
      response. High temperature or humidity, which affects feed intake, appears to
      reduce the magnitude of response to somatotropin. Relationships among factors
      affecting galactopoiesis by somatotropin are discussed. Recent studies describing
      body composition changes provide insight into the mechanism of action of bST in
      lactating cows. Nutritional guidelines for use in the lactating cow must
      emphasize current concepts for high production. Management of the cow when she is
      not receiving bST (dry period, early lactation) will be as critical for success
      as during bST administration.

PMID- 1795065
TI  - Impact of bovine somatotropin on dairying in eastern Europe.
AB  - Milk production of dairy cows in six herds was increased by approximately 15% by
      the administration of recombinantly derived bST in a sustained-release vehicle
      (somidobove, Eli Lilly/Elanco, Indianapolis, IN) at 28-d intervals, which
      commenced at 52 to 104 d postpartum. Milk composition, acidity, flavor, and
      growth of commercial lactic acid starter cultures were unaffected by somidobove
      treatment. No adverse effect upon health (metabolic diseases, mastitis) and
      reproduction was noted. Blood glucose, FFA, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase, Ca, Na, and K were unaffected by the application of somidobove.
      Somidobove did not affect the appearance of the organs of cows at slaughter;
      however, somidobove-treated cows had less subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue
      than controls. Cultured explants of subcutaneous adipose tissue of treated cows
      showed significantly lower lipogenesis from acetate than controls. The release of
      FFA was not affected by treatment. Recombinantly derived somidobove has been
      judged in Czechoslovakia to be effective and safe for cows and the environment.
      Edible products from the treated cows are safe for human consumption.

PMID- 1795067
TI  - Gingival coverage of denuded root surfaces. An historical review of four surgical
      procedures.
AB  - A review of four distinct surgical procedures, designed to provide coverage of
      denuded root surfaces resulting from gingival recession, is presented. Each
      procedure is supported by photographs illustrating the surgical technique for
      each. Principles yielding a high degree of predictability, applied to
      appropriately diagnosed and selected cases are reviewed.

PMID- 1795066
TI  - [Enamel microabrasion].
AB  - Enamel Micro-abrasion is a technique where an acid is used in combination with an
      abrasive to remove the superficial layer of enamel which has certain dental
      colorants within its structure. It is indicated as the treatment of choice for
      superficial enamel stains and is a technique which every dentist should offer to
      their patients. It is a simple, conservative, efficient and durable procedure.

PMID- 1795068
TI  - [Closing of the Dental School at McGill University].

PMID- 1795069
TI  - [The growth of preneoplastic hepatocytes in the spleen of recipient mice].
AB  - Hepatocytes and the fraction of non parenchymal cells enriched with oval cells
      were extracted from the preneoplastic mouse liver at the stage of hyperplastic
      node formation and implanted into the spleen. In 14-16 months after the
      transplantation, multiple islets of hepatocytes which replaced up to 25% of the
      spleen cut area, were found in 57% (4 of 7) and 22% (8 of 36) of recipients
      respectively. The hepatocytes formed 2-3-cell bulks or solid masses organized
      into multicellular trabecules, and expressed biliary capillary antigen, albumin
      and transferrin. In the inoculation of nonparenchymal cell fraction, the growth
      of hepatic tissue in the spleen depended on the magnitude of hepatocyte admixture
      to be undetectable in absence of hepatocytes in the donor suspension. The growth
      of hepatic tissue in spleen was observed following the injection of a small
      number (3 x 10(-4)-6 x 10(-5)) of live hepatocytes. This fact evidences an
      extremely high clonogenic potency of clonogenic potency of preneoplastic
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 1795070
TI  - [Enhanced body radioresistance resulting from the transfusion of autologous blood
      irradiated with low doses of ionizing radiation].
AB  - Preliminary administration of autogenic blood irradiated in vitro with ionizing
      radiation in small doses of 0.05, 0.3 or 0.5 Gy resulted in a pronounced increase
      in the radioresistance of mice [correction of rats] subsequently irradiated in a
      dose of 9 Gy. The optimum was autotransfusion of blood irradiated in a dose of
      0.3 Gy a day or 10 days prior to the total irradiation which increased the
      survival rate of experimental animals to 80% while, in control groups, the
      survival rate was only 10%.

PMID- 1795071
TI  - [The dynamics of the bacterial associations in the vaginal mucus of female Syrian
      hamsters during the sexual cycle].
AB  - Autofluctuations in the numbers of bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells were
      observed in the vaginal secretion of Syrian female hamsters. The amplitude of
      fluctuations depended both on individual features of females and on environmental
      factors like light conditions. It was suggested that vaginal bacteria perform
      functions of a stimulator for local immunity to protect against infections and
      play a sanitary role to eliminate epithelial cells and remains of spermatozoids.
      A case is possible that products of the bacterium vital activity contribute also
      to the formation of female sex pheromone.

PMID- 1795072
TI  - [The trypanocidal action of fluorouracil on Crithidia oncopelti in the presence
      of lipid metabolic modifiers].
AB  - Effect of fluorouracil in combination with ascorbate and L-valin, modifiers of
      lipid metabolism was studied in cultured protozoa Crithidia oncopelti. The
      inhibitory effect of preparation in a concentration of 100 mcg/ml gradually
      decreased in the course of cultivation. Its readdition to a 96-hour culture did
      not increase its effect on protozoa cells. Combined addition of fluorouracil and
      modifiers (100 mcg/ml each) resulted in insignificant decrease of the cell
      accumulation in the culture as compared with the effect of fluorouracil alone.
      When fluorouracil and modifiers were readded to the 96-hour culture, the
      trypanostatic effect of preparation was 2.5 times enhanced. This enhancement was
      confirmed by destructive alterations in cell morphology and by the culture lysis
      by 192 h of protozoa cultivation.

PMID- 1795073
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of the effect of retinoic acid on the
      regeneration of the crystalline lens and the extremity in adult tritons].
AB  - Effect of retinoic acid (RA) on morphogenesis and proliferation of regenerating
      extremity and lens cells was studied using 3H-thymidine autoradiography and
      morphometry. The 3H-thymidine incorporation into the inner layer of dorsal and
      ventral iris was 1.5-3 times reduced by the 8th day following the RA
      administration. The applied RA dose (0.25 mg per animal) exerted no significant
      effect on the morphogenesis of regenerating lens with the exception of the case
      of forming an additional lens from dorsal iris. The RA effect on the regeneration
      of extremity corresponds to available data of literature and manifests itself in
      the decelerated regeneration and the appearance of additional structures along
      the proximodistal axis.

PMID- 1795074
TI  - [The aggregative stability of human oxyhemoglobin in aqueous media in the
      presence of mercury(II) compounds].
AB  - It was shown that the mechanism regulating the oxyhemoglobin coagulation in
      presence of a mercury reagent in large amount differs from that in presence of
      the reagent in relatively small concentrations. The significance of a large class
      of ligands at mercury atom during the oxyhemoglobin coagulation was demonstrated.
      Several theoretical generalizations are drawn.

PMID- 1795075
TI  - [A high-resolution 31P-NMR study of the disorders in the energy metabolic system
      of Ehrlich ascites cancer cells exposed to antitumor preparations].
AB  - The disturbance in energetic metabolism of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells during
      antitumor drug treatment was examined using high-resolution 31P-NMR. The value of
      antitumor drug effect was shown to be characterized by the kinetics of ATP and KF
      level alteration in tumor cells. The results correlated with the indexes of
      therapeutical activity of studied drugs.

PMID- 1795076
TI  - New IMI Diploma in Medical Illustration: one examination for one profession.
AB  - The Institute of Medical Illustrators has recently introduced its new Diploma
      Examination. Details are given on the basic philosophy of the Diploma, the entry
      qualifications required and the structure of the examinations. This information
      is of particular interest to all candidates wishing to undertake this
      examination.

PMID- 1795077
TI  - Two new macro-stereo cameras for medical photography with special reference to
      the eye.
AB  - Information is given on two new macro-stereo cameras for simultaneous stereo
      photography designed by members of the Dutch Stereo Society. These cameras can be
      used for medical photography. The first camera takes half frame stereo pictures
      and utilizes frames for positioning and focusing. The second camera takes full
      frame stereo pictures and utilizes spots projection for positioning and focusing.
      Examples are shown.

PMID- 1795079
TI  - The elephant man.

PMID- 1795078
TI  - Carpopedal spasm: an unusual reaction to fluorescein?
AB  - Fluorescein angiography is a routine procedure in ophthalmology. There can,
      however, be some harmful side-effects from fluorescein injections. It is
      important that all personnel involved in using this investigative procedure
      should be aware at all times of the possible side-effects and be ready to detect
      and control any adverse reaction. A case presentation is given of a 40-year-old
      man who had an unusual reaction to fluorescein resulting in carpopedal spasm.

PMID- 1795080
TI  - Macrophotography of the eyes: a technique for eyelid retraction.
AB  - It is important when photographing ocular movements or the bulbar conjunctiva
      that the full visualizations of the eye positions can be seen. This will require
      the upper eyelids to be retracted. The most common method is the use of fingers
      to retract the eyelids. A much improved technique is described using either
      cotton wool buds or orange sticks. It is simple and painless and makes the
      photographs superior in quality.

PMID- 1795081
TI  - Introduction to film recorders for computer-generated slide production.
AB  - The photographic method of recording computer graphics is now very much an
      automated procedure using film recorders, as compared with the old technique of
      photographing directly off the coloured video display. There are at present three
      types of film recorder available: terminal driven, direct drive and optical-font
      imager. Theoretical and practical information is given on each of these recorders
      based on the author's practical experience.

PMID- 1795082
TI  - Automation and cost recovery in a biomedical communications department.
AB  - The current demands on the modern biomedical communications department are to
      provide a faster and better service and, at the same time, keep costs to a
      minimum. One way of tacking this problem is to automate production procedures and
      record keeping, using the latest technology. An account is given of how the
      department in The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine is successfully
      addressing this problem.

PMID- 1795083
TI  - Antibodies in the serum of golden hamsters experimentally infected with the
      intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni.
AB  - The serum antibody response in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected
      with the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni was examined with ELISA, SDS
      PAGE and Western blot, and IFAT techniques. All methods showed that the hamsters
      responded slowly but developed a clear positive humoral response to the
      infection. In most hamsters, an antibody response to infection could not be
      detected earlier than 11-13 weeks after infection with 6 or 25 metacercariae, and
      responses were weak when compared to previous results from mice infected with the
      same parasite. IFAT with positive hamster sera on live juvenile E. caproni showed
      only fluorescence at the posterior tip, which is a different pattern from that
      seen using from infected mice, indicating a different response to antigens on the
      juvenile parasites by these two hosts. The results are discussed in relation to
      the limited selfcure and development of resistance which is observed in golden
      hamsters infected with E. caproni.

PMID- 1795084
TI  - The effects of crowding on adults of Echinostoma caproni in experimentally
      infected golden hamsters.
AB  - Fifty-nine of 60 (98%), 6-month-old male golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus,
      fed 15 (group A), 50 (group B), or 200 (group C) metacercarial cysts of
      Echinostoma caproni (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) were infected 7-34 days
      postexposure. The mean number of worms recovered in groups A, B and C were 9, 10,
      and 50, respectively. The percentage recovery was significantly different between
      group A (63%) and groups B (21%) and C (23%). The intestine was divided into
      three equal regions (I, II, III). Worms from group A were located in segments II
      and III of the small intestine whereas worms from groups B and C were distributed
      in all three segments. The body area, ovarian and testicular areas of worms from
      group A were greatest, followed in decreasing order by body and gonadal areas of
      worms from groups B and C. Echinostoma caproni eggs were found in the faeces of
      all the hamsters examined from groups A, B and C by days 9, 10 and 11,
      respectively. Physical damage occurred at the site of attachment of the
      echinostome. Pathological observations indicated the presence of enlarged
      lymphatic nodules with lymphocytes being the primary cellular infiltrate at the
      site of parasite attachment.

PMID- 1795085
TI  - Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Jones 1933), Dawes 1947: the miracidium and mother
      sporocyst.
AB  - Experimental infections of the marine topshell Gibbula umbilicalis with
      Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Digenea: Hemiuroidea) have allowed the development
      of a model system which will enable further studies of the molluscan host
      response. The long-lived intertidal prosobranch host is easily maintained in the
      laboratory, and experimental infection rates of 98% were consistently achieved.
      The miracidium and mother sporocyst have been studied at both light and
      ultrastructural levels, providing the first account of the morphology of these
      stages in Hemiuridae. The ingested egg hatches within the host intestine,
      treatment with L-cysteine and alkaline pH stimulating miracidial emergence in
      vitro. The general body surface of the miracidium is devoid of spines or cilia,
      the latter being restricted to four plates near the anterior extremity. The
      miracidium swims actively prior to penetration of the gut wall, the sporocyst
      being released from the miracidial epidermal coat within the haemocoel. Within 5
      weeks of infection, the filamentous mother sporocyst contains 1 to 3 oval germ
      balls, daughter sporocysts being recorded free within the digestive gland
      haemocoel 7 weeks later. Twenty three weeks after ingestion of eggs, the daughter
      sporocyst extends into the host gill filaments, containing cystophorous cercariae
      ready for emergence.

PMID- 1795086
TI  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations on the tegument of
      excysted metacercariae and adults of Zygocotyle lunata.
AB  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations were made on the
      tegument of excysted metacercariae and adults of the paramphistome, Zygocotyle
      lunata (Digenea: Trematoda). In accord with other paramphistomes studied, this
      species lacks spines and mitochondria in the tegumentary syncytium and associated
      cytons. The newly excysted metacercarie, which possessed relatively few
      tegumental papillae, were cylindrical in comparison to adults which were
      distinctly flat. The adults had large numbers of tegumental papillae in the
      region of the oral sucker and acetabulum.

PMID- 1795087
TI  - Factors influencing the metacercarial intensity in ants and the size of
      Dicrocoelium dendriticum metacercarial cysts.
AB  - During the 1990 grazing season, ants found attached to plants were collected from
      sheep pastures at monthly intervals and examined for Dicrocoelium metacercariae.
      The species Formica pratensis and F. rufibarbis showed average metacercarial
      intensities of 76 and 38 respectively. In addition to the ant species, the
      intensity of infection was found to be dependent on the length of the ant. The
      volume of metacercarial cysts was influenced by the intensity per ant relative to
      ant length but not by the ant species or the time of ant collection.

PMID- 1795088
TI  - The adhesive attitudes of some gill-parasitic capsalid monogeneans.
AB  - A description is given of three contrasting adhesive attitudes exhibited by three
      species of capsalid monogeneans from the gills of three different species of
      teleost fish from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. The proximal end of the
      primary lamella of the coral trout, Plectropomus maculatus has a wide inner
      border, free from secondary lamellae, on each flat face. The haptor of Trochopus
      plectropomi is small enough to attach to this flat surface without folding.
      Benedenia sp. 1 attaches itself to the gills of stripey, Lutjanus carponatatus,
      by folding the haptor longitudinally around the inner edge of the primary
      lamella. Most specimens of T. plectropomi and all specimens of Benedenia sp. 1
      were orientated with the anterior end projecting towards the tip of the primary
      lamella. Benedenia sp. 2 generally prefers relatively flat surfaces in the gill
      chamber but is more versatile in its choice of attachment sites on its host, the
      blacktip cod, Epinephelus fasciatus; two specimens were attached to the gill
      arch, one to a gill raker and one to the dorsal pharyngeal tooth pad.

PMID- 1795089
TI  - Complications of Ascaris lumbricoides infection: case reports from south western
      Uganda.
AB  - Two cases of intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides infection are
      reported from Ishaka Adventist Hospital, in south western Uganda. One was a male
      aged two and a half years and another was a female aged twenty. They were both
      treated surgically with good results. A review of the literature also revealed
      that intestinal obstruction due to A. lumbricoides is a common complication,
      though other surgical and nutritional complications also seem to be common, they
      are less reported.

PMID- 1795090
TI  - Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: isoenzymatic pattern in Oesophagostomum
      venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis.
AB  - In the present communication we have studied the isoenzymatic pattern activity of
      the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Oesophagostomum venulosum,
      Trichuris ovis and T. suis, parasites of Capra hircus (goat), Ovis aries (sheep)
      and Sus scrofa domestica (pig) respectively, by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Different phenotypes have been observed in the G6PD isoenzymatic
      pattern activity in males and females of Oesophagostomum venulosum. Furthermore,
      G6PD activity has been assayed in Trichuris ovis collected from Ovis aries and
      Capra hircus. No differences have been observed in the isoenzymatic patterns
      attending to the different hosts. All the individuals exhibited one single band
      or two bands; this suggests a monomeric condition for G6PD in T. ovis. In T. suis
      the enzyme G6PD appeared as a single electrophoretic band in about 85.7% of the
      individuals.

PMID- 1795091
TI  - Experimental infection routes of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice.
AB  - Stomach intubation is the most common method used in the experimental infection
      of animals with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. In order to compare the
      effectiveness of other possible transmission methods, groups of BALB/c mice were
      given infective third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis by different routes
      including intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections, and penetration of anal
      mucosa, vaginal mucosa, conjunctival mucosa, lacerated skin, unabraded skin, foot
      pad and tail skin, while stomach intubation was used as control. Recovery of
      fifth-stage larvae was higher in mice inoculated with third-stage larvae
      subcutaneously. Successful infections were established through all experimental
      transmission routes except tail skin penetration. This study suggests that oral
      infection may not be the only route for the transmission of human
      angiostrongyliasis, and subcutaneous infection may be a better method for
      experimental infection.

PMID- 1795093
TI  - Hatching of second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis: a rapid method for processing
      large numbers of worms.
AB  - A method for hatching second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis is described. Whole
      adult worms are processed by centrifugation in the presence of hypochlorite which
      allows the grinding step to be eliminated. The technique is more rapid and a high
      yield is obtained.

PMID- 1795092
TI  - Onchocerca lienalis: comparison of techniques for the cryopreservation of
      microfilariae within skin-snips or free of host tissues.
AB  - Onchocera lienalis microfilariae (mf) were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen
      within skin-snips using methanol as a cryoprotectant and their viability
      evaluated and compared to mf cryopreserved free of host tissues using ethanediol
      as a cryoprotectant. Despite an initial delay in emergence, the methanol
      technique did not significantly affect the total numbers of mf emerging from skin
      snips of various sizes (3.3-59.81 mg) compared to untreated controls over a 6 h
      period. Following thawing, the initial motility index (MI) scores of mf
      cryopreserved by either method were not significantly different from untreated
      controls; however, over a period of 15 days in culture the MI scores of both
      cryopreserved groups showed a small but significant overall decline, with the
      methanol technique producing the lowest scores. These changes in motility levels
      correlated with the numbers of mf which developed to the infective stage
      following intrathoracic injection into Simulium ornatum, although this ability to
      develop was a much more sensitive measure of parasite viability; compared to
      untreated control recoveries of 3rd-stage larvae, 63.9-71.7% (ethanediol
      technique) and 34.2-36.9% (methanol technique) of this number were recovered from
      cryopreserved groups. There were no significant differences in the lengths of
      infective larvae recovered from the insect heads from each treatment group,
      nevertheless there were higher numbers of 2nd-stage larvae recovered from the
      cryopreserved groups compared to the untreated controls. The methanol technique
      has the advantage of being easier to carry out under field conditions, while
      parasite viability is significantly better using the ethanediol technique.

PMID- 1795094
TI  - Prevalence of endoparasites in dog faecal deposits in Jordan.
AB  - Of 756 dog faecal deposits collected from the road side and public places in five
      Jordanian Governorates 466 (61.6%) harboured parasite ova, oocysts and/or larvae.
      Of these, 67.7%, 26.8%, 4.1% and 1.4% revealed one, two, three and four different
      types of parasite ova, oocysts or larvae in the same sample, respectively.
      Examination of the infected samples revealed that 44.1% contained taeniid ova,
      19.8% Dipylidium caninum, 19% Toxocara canis, 8% Sarcocystis spp. oocysts, 5%
      hookworm larvae, 1.5% Diphyllobothrium latum, 0.1% Capillaria spp, and 0.1%
      Trichuri vulpis eggs.

PMID- 1795095
TI  - Profiles in genetics: George Wells Beadle and the origins of the gene-enzyme
      concept.
AB  - Beadle's success in establishing biochemical genetics on a firm foundation was
      due to a combination of several circumstances. These include the following: 1.
      Apt timing of his work, which Garrod's work clearly lacked, was important.
      Geneticists were receptive to his ideas and conclusions. As Beadle (1967, 1974)
      himself acknowledged, much ground was prepared earlier by Garrod and Haldane, who
      discussed gene action in terms of biochemical reactions, although it was largely
      ignored. The physiology of gene action was discussed and speculated on to a great
      extent in the preceding years by Bridges, Goldschmidt, Muller, and Wright. 2.
      Beadle's selection of Neurospora was most appropriate. It was a haploid organism
      (with no complications of dominance and recessivity) that could be grown and
      manipulated easily for isolating mutants to study their segregation and
      recombination within a short time. Its cytogenetics and the method of growing on
      chemically defined media were already worked out. It was devoid of the long
      generation time and more complex sex cycle (among other problems) that
      complicated the biochemical study of higher plants (e.g., Primula), which Haldane
      and Scott-Moncrieff had attempted earlier. 3. Beadle's striking ability to shift
      from one organism to another--from corn to Drosophila to Neurospora--must be
      acknowledged. He saw the limitations of existing methods and had the courage and
      skill to move on to more successful methods: from conventional breeding to tissue
      transplants to microbiological techniques. 4. Beadle's own curiosity about the
      biochemical nature of gene action and his good fortune in having had such
      outstanding teachers as Emerson, as well as his ability to collaborate with
      Ephrussi and Tatum, contributed largely to his success.

PMID- 1795096
TI  - Genetic divergence in South African Wildebeest: comparative cytogenetics and
      analysis of mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - The blue and the black wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus and C. gnou, are
      currently classified as congeneric, but previous reports have placed C. taurinus
      in its own genus, Gorgon. To further clarify the evolutionary relationship
      between these two species, we examined and compared their mitotic chromosomes and
      mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). No species-specific G-banded or C-banded chromosomal
      markers were found, and we conclude that the karyotypes are invariant at the
      level of resolution obtained. An evolutionary divergence time of approximately 1
      million years was calculated from mtDNA restriction fragment data, indicating a
      close phylogenetic relationship for the two wildebeest species. The low
      nucleotide diversity detected within the black wildebeest (0.09%) is thought to
      reflect the recent population bottleneck to which the species has been subjected.
      In contrast, the limited heterogeneity (0.02%) within the South African blue
      wildebeest herds sampled in this study was surprising, and we argue that for many
      populations, especially those on smaller reserves, this may reflect common
      descent from a small number of animals through management-controlled
      translocations.

PMID- 1795097
TI  - Salivary androgen-binding protein variation in Mus and other rodents.
AB  - We have searched for genetic variation in the expression of salivary androgen
      binding protein (ABP) in a wide variety of mice and other rodents. ABP was
      present in the salivas of mice of all species and subspecies studied. Genetic
      studies have identified three common variants of the ABP Alpha subunit (Abpaa,
      Abpab, and Abpac) in Mus musculus populations with distributions that correspond
      roughly to those of the subspecies studied (domesticus, musculus, and castaneus,
      respectively). It appears that the ABP a and b polymorphisms conform to the
      hybrid zone between the domesticus and musculus subspecies characterized by
      others. Our studies suggest that the presence of Abpab in inbred strains may be
      due to a M. m. musculus contribution, perhaps via oriental fancy mice bred to
      European mice in the early lines leading to the common inbred strains. The
      relatively common occurrence of the ABP a type in other Mus species leads us to
      conclude that it is the ancestral type in mice. Further, the observation of what
      amounts to unique alleles in the three different subspecies indicates that
      microevolution of the protein has occurred. In a broader survey, ABP was also
      found in the salivas of Murid and Cricetid rodents generally. These findings
      suggest that ABP has an important functional role in rodent salivas.

PMID- 1795098
TI  - Tests of genetic allelism between four inbred mouse strains with absent corpus
      callosum.
AB  - Inbred mouse strains that lack the corpus callosum connecting the cerebral
      hemispheres in the adult differ from the C57BL/6J strain at several relevant but
      unknown loci. To identify at least one major locus that influences axon guidance,
      different strains showing phenotypically similar defects were crossed to test for
      allelism. If the F1 hybrid between two strains with the same brain defect is
      phenotypically normal, it is much more likely that the two strains will differ at
      fewer loci than will an acallosal strain and C57BL/6J. This approach proved to be
      very informative. Five reasonable models of inheritance involving two or three
      loci were assessed, and the data justified rejection of all but one hypothesis. A
      total of 479 mice were obtained from four inbred strains prone to absence of the
      corpus callosum (BALB/cWah1, BALB/cWah2, I/LnJ, and 129/ReJ), one normal strain
      (C57BL/6J), and 11 F1 hybrids among them. Because the size of forebrain axon
      bundles is generally greater in mice with larger brains, and because whole brain
      size is certainly polygenic, the phenotypically normal groups were used to derive
      a standard index of the degree of corpus callosum deficiency relative to brain
      size. Results demonstrated clearly that the hybrid between BALB/cWah1 and 129/ReJ
      is normal, whereas the crosses among the BALB/c substrains and I/LnJ yielded many
      mice with deficient corpus callosum. I/LnJ crossed with 129/ReJ also produced
      some animals with callosal defects. The data were consistent with a model in
      which the difference between BALB/c and 129/ReJ involves two loci, whereas the
      defect in I/LnJ involves homozygosity at three loci, which impairs development
      more severely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795099
TI  - Effects of the sex-linked dwarf gene (dw) on the expression of the muscular
      dystrophy gene (am) in chicken.
AB  - The sex-linked dwarf gene (dw) was introduced into companion muscular dystrophic
      (am) and nondystrophic (Am+) New Hampshire chicken lines to investigate
      influences of the dwarf gene on breast muscle weights, muscle fiber area, and the
      histological expression of muscular dystrophy. Dystrophic and nondystrophic
      chickens within dwarf or nondwarf genotypes were similar in body and carcass
      weights. Pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscle weights (as a percentage of
      adjusted carcass weight) were similar in nondystrophic dwarf and nondwarf males
      and females. In addition, pectoralis weight was similar in dystrophic dwarf males
      and dystrophic nondwarf males and females. However, pectoralis weight was
      significantly smaller in dystrophic dwarf females than in dystrophic nondwarf
      females, whereas supracoracoideus weight was significantly larger in dystrophic
      dwarf males than in dystrophic nondwarf males. Supracoracoideus weight was
      similar in dystrophic dwarf males and females and dystrophic nondwarf females.
      Pectoralis muscle fiber area was influenced by sex and by dwarf and dystrophy
      genotype. Muscle fiber area was larger in females than in males, smaller in
      dwarfs than in nondwarfs, and smaller in dystrophic than in nondystrophic
      muscles. Muscle fiber degeneration and adipose infiltration was more extensive in
      dystrophic than in nondystrophic females and males, and it was more advanced in
      dwarfs than in nondwarfs. Excessive acetylcholinesterase staining patterns were
      characteristic of dystrophic muscle in both dwarf and nondwarf genotypes.
      Nondystrophic and dystrophic dwarf male and female chickens are comparable
      substitutes for nondwarfs as biomedical models with respect to pectoralis
      histology, acetylcholinesterase staining pattern, and pectoralis muscle
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 1795100
TI  - A photographic map of Drosophila madeirensis polytene chromosomes.
AB  - A photographic map of salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Drosophila
      madeirensis has been constructed showing homologies and differences with respect
      to the standard gene arrangement of D. subobscura. Only two paracentric
      inversions in the X chromosome and some slight minor dissimilarities of one or
      two bands in the autosomes differentiate the chromosomes of these species.

PMID- 1795102
TI  - Linkage of the chicken MHC to the nucleolus organizer region visualized using non
      isotopic in situ hybridization.
AB  - Linkage of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (B-complex) to the
      nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) has been confirmed in situ. Nonradioactive
      hybridization to metaphase chromosomes using a pool of biotinylated cDNA probes
      for the B-F, B-L beta, and B-G genes of the B-complex gave positive signals on
      one or a pair of microchromosomes. Subsequent staining with silver nitrate proved
      these microchromosomes to be the NOR-bearing pair. The value of employing
      nonisotopic in situ hybridization techniques for mapping of genes and gene
      complexes, especially when dealing with microchromosomes, is stressed.

PMID- 1795101
TI  - The bovine pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide gene maps to syntenic group U10:
      implications for the evolution of the human breast cancer estrogen inducible
      locus.
AB  - Recently, homology has been reported for pS2, a protein expressed in many human
      breast cancers, and a hormonogastric protein known as pancreatic spasmolytic
      polypeptide (SPP; formerly designated as PSP). The breast cancer estrogen
      inducible locus (BCEI), which encodes pS2, maps to human chromosome 21 (HSA 21).
      The SPP locus has not been mapped in humans. Several loci from HSA 21 have been
      mapped in cattle to syntenic group U10, but a BCEI bovine homolog was not
      detected. If a bovine BCEI locus does exist, map comparisons predict BCEI will
      reside on syntenic group U10. The assignment of bovine SPP to syntenic group U10
      supports the postulated evolutionary relationship between BCEI and SPP.

PMID- 1795103
TI  - Mapping of the growth hormone gene by in situ hybridization to chicken chromosome
      1.
AB  - In situ hybridization of a tritium-labeled chicken growth hormone cDNA to 62
      chicken metaphase chromosome spreads was examined by analysis of silver grain
      distribution. A total of 554 chromosomally located grains were recorded. There
      was a highly significant P value for the association of silver grains to the long
      arm of chromosome 1. The chicken growth hormone gene can be assigned to
      chromosomal G-band region 1q4 because 41.3% of silver grains on chromosome 1q
      were located in this region.

PMID- 1795104
TI  - Pregnancy, cardiac disease and role of anaesthesiologist.

PMID- 1795105
TI  - The scope of high-tech medical care in India.

PMID- 1795106
TI  - Serum fucose levels in gynaecological disorders including carcinoma cervix.
AB  - Serum protein bound fucose levels and the ratio between serum protein bound
      fucose and total serum protein were determined in 40 healthy females, 60 patients
      with benign gynaecological disorders and 50 patients with previously untreated
      cases of carcinoma cervix. The mean serum fucose level in healthy subjects was
      8.96 mg% and the ratio between serum protein bound fucose and total serum protein
      was 1.29 x 10(-3). Mean serum fucose level in patients with benign gynaecological
      disorders was 9.42 mg% and the ratio between serum protein bound fucose and total
      serum protein was 1.42 x 10(-3). In stage I and II carcinoma cervix patients mean
      serum fucose was 11.92 mg% and the ratio between serum protein bound fucose and
      total serum protein was 1.68 x 10(-3). In stage III and IV carcinoma cervix
      patients the mean serum fucose was 17.76 mg% and the ratio between serum protein
      bound fucose and total serum protein was 2.64 x 10(-3).

PMID- 1795107
TI  - Circulating immune complexes in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Serum samples from 20 non-pregnant women, 30 women with normal pregnancy and 50
      women with pregnancy associated with pre-eclampsia were tested for circulating
      immune complexes using the polyethyleneglycol precipitation method. A highly
      significant positive correlation was found between circulating immune complexes
      and severe pre-eclampsia (BP greater than 140/90 mm Hg, albuminuria greater than
      0.25 g/l). In contrast to this the difference in immune complex levels between
      non-pregnant subject, normal pregnancy cases and patients with mild pre-eclampsia
      was not statistically significant. A significant positive correlation was found
      between the level of circulating immune complexes and the severity of
      albuminuria. These findings suggest that circulating immune complexes, though not
      seeming to play an aetiological role in pre-eclampsia may very well be involved
      in its pathogenesis.

PMID- 1795108
TI  - Extraperitoneal closure of colostomy in children.
AB  - In 12 children colostomy wound closure was undertaken with liberal
      extraperitoneal mobilisation of the bowel. In all the cases adequate length of
      the colonic loops could be achieved for resection of the colostomy and end to end
      anastomosis. There was only minor wound infection in 3 cases. There was no faecal
      fistula nor any postoperative intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 1795109
TI  - Choice of surgical procedure in typhoid perforation: experience in 42 cases.
AB  - Forty-two patients of typhoid perforation of the gut have been studied. All the
      patients were subjected to surgery after resuscitation. Simple closure (with or
      without serosal patch) and temporary ileostomy were the commonly performed
      surgical procedures. The overall mortality was 14.2%. Postoperative morbidity
      included wound dehiscence, fistula, encephalopathy, septicaemia, intra-abdominal
      abscesses and incisional hernia. Faecal fistula formed in 5 out of 42 cases.
      Ileostomy was found to be the best procedure with regard to morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 1795110
TI  - Recent outbreak of chloramphenicol resistant typhoid fever in West Bengal.
AB  - Forty patients admitted with typhoid fever from 1-1-1990 to 31-3-1990 were
      studied. The clinical features differed from the classical clinical profile.
      Thirty cases (75%) did not respond to chloramphenicol. Gentamicin,
      nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, cephalexin and norfloxacin were tried
      according to the sensitivity pattern. But response was variable. Ciprofloxacin
      was used in 18 cases which failed to respond to one of the above drugs. The
      result was quite satisfactory with minimal side-effects.

PMID- 1795111
TI  - Endodermal sinus tumour of ovary.

PMID- 1795112
TI  - Metoclopramide induced tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 1795113
TI  - Appendicectomy in an undiagnosed patient of situs inversus and related
      anaesthetic problems.

PMID- 1795114
TI  - A case of congenital emphysema.

PMID- 1795115
TI  - Pancreatic hamartoma in a child: an unusual presentation.

PMID- 1795116
TI  - Intestinal injuries with intra-uterine devices.

PMID- 1795117
TI  - Rural obstetrics: a neglected tragedy.

PMID- 1795118
TI  - Management of hypertension.

PMID- 1795119
TI  - A rare association of giant hydronephrosis and transitional cell carcinoma.

PMID- 1795120
TI  - Intramedullary spinal abscess complicating a dermal sinus.

PMID- 1795121
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.

PMID- 1795122
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis with myasthenia--an unusual association.

PMID- 1795123
TI  - Determination of cardiac ejection and valvular regurgitant fraction by on-line
      digital densitometry--methodology, validation, and application.
AB  - Videodensitometry allows to obtain both left and right ventricular ejection
      fraction (EF) and aortic or pulmonary regurgitant fraction (RGF) from the wash
      out curve of contrast medium. We developed this technique to digital densitometry
      and integrated it in the standard digital image acquisition system 'Digitron'
      using Siemens user's library. Sources of error like scatter radiation, veiling
      glare, accumulation of iodine in tissue, and inhomogeneous contrast mixing were
      considered by using ECG gated image subtraction, background reference regions,
      data fit to ideal wash-out curves and calculation of EF and RGF exclusively from
      density differences. The method was validated by phantom studies in which
      simulated angiocardiograms were generated with given values of EF (50 to 70%) and
      RGF (0 to 45%). The results tended to overestimate RGF by up to 10 percent
      points, when image contrast was high and the ventricle was masked poorly by the
      lead shutters. In the clinical setting, the reliability of the results can be
      judged from the fit of the wash-out curve presented automatically on the screen
      on a semi-logarithmic scale. The technique is available to the physician in the
      catheterization laboratory on-line during or immediately after the examination,
      which facilitates routine use.

PMID- 1795124
TI  - Early prognosis after thrombolysis: value of exercise radionuclide
      ventriculography performed on anti-ischaemic medication.
AB  - We examined the prognostic value of exercise radionuclide ventriculography (RNV)
      performed on anti-ischaemic medication following thrombolysis. Within 3 months of
      thrombolysis for first myocardial infarction, 31 medically treated patients with
      revascularisable but non-critical and minimally symptomatic coronary disease had
      left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by first-pass exercise RNV.
      This was first performed off treatment and then repeated within 4 weeks on
      patients' regular medication. Follow-up at 12 months post-thrombolysis showed
      that 5 patients (Group I) had suffered significant recurrent symptoms (worsening
      angina requiring revascularisation in 3, unstable angina in 1, reinfarction in
      1), but 26 remained well (Group II). Both groups were similar in age, post
      thrombolytic severity of coronary disease, exercise LVEF whether off (39% vs 43%)
      or on medication (43% vs 44%), and change in LVEF with exercise ([symbol: see
      text]LVEF) off medication (-11% vs - 3%). However, on medication, there was a
      significant difference in mean [symbol: see text]LVEF between Groups I and II (
      11% vs + 5%, P = 0.0008, 99% confidence interval = 4 to 26%). Thus, following
      thrombolysis, an abnormal [symbol: see text]LVEF despite anti-ischaemic
      medication may identify patients at risk of significant early recurrent
      ischaemia. Post-thrombolysis prognostic testing by exercise RNV may therefore be
      of greater value when performed on rather than off medication.

PMID- 1795125
TI  - Myocardial infarct sizing and assessment of reperfusion by magnetic resonance
      imaging: a review.
AB  - Early thrombolytic therapy restores patency of thrombotic coronary artery
      occlusion in many patients. Intravenous streptokinase appears to be effective in
      achieving recanalization of the occluded infarct-related artery, thereby reducing
      myocardial infarct size. However, it may be difficult to assess non-invasively
      the relative value of different reperfusion therapies. MR imaging with or without
      the use of contrast agents may become a reliable non-invasive technique to assess
      infarct size after reperfusion therapy. There are indications that early MR
      imaging after administration of Gd-DTPA is able to differentiate reperfused from
      non-reperfused infarcts. Furthermore, MR infarct sizing using Gd-DTPA can
      demonstrate infarct size reduction in patients with successful reperfusion. The
      availability of ultrafast imaging methods and MR contrast agents may allow
      assessment of myocardial perfusion in the near future. This article reviews the
      current status of MR imaging for evaluating ischemic myocardial disease.

PMID- 1795126
TI  - Quantitative regional curvature analysis: validation in animals of a method for
      assessing regional ventricular remodelling in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Recent studies show the impact of left ventricular shape and remodelling on
      patient prognosis. This mandates the development of quantitative methods for
      measuring shape. Quantitative regional curvature analysis (QRCA) was developed to
      quantitate shape on a regional basis so that measurements would not be
      constrained to assessment of only global shape and would, therefore be applicable
      to ischemic heart disease. To validate QRCA, eleven dogs were instrumented with
      coronary occluders and radiopaque markers on the epicardium and endocardium to
      provide fiducial points for calculation of shape, motion and thickening. These
      parameters were measured in the anterior and inferior walls, at rest, during left
      anterior descending occlusion and finally during circumflex occlusion. QRCA
      showed increased curvature (increased globularity) in each wall when thickening
      and motion deteriorated during occlusion. The most marked shape changes occurred
      in the inferior wall whereas the most marked deterioration of function was
      detected by wall thickening measurements of the anterior wall. Thus, QRCA detects
      regional ventricular shape disorders coincident with regional dysfunction induced
      by ischemia. These changes show regional heterogeneity and demonstrate the
      potential importance of this measurement as opposed to simple, global measures of
      shape. QRCA is, therefore, suitable for monitoring acute changes of shape that
      occur during acute ischemia.

PMID- 1795127
TI  - Left ventricular function changes during pharmacological and physiological
      interventions and routine activities monitored in healthy volunteers by a
      portable radionuclide probe (VEST).
AB  - A miniaturized radionuclide cardiac probe incorporated in a semi-rigid plastic
      chest garment has made ambulatory left ventricular (LV) function evaluation
      possible, with gated nuclear data being stored on tape together with
      electrocardiographic data, for subsequent off-line processing. After red blood
      cell labelling with 555 MBq (15 mCi) 99mTc and standard gated blood pool imaging
      in 45 degrees LAO, we performed a continuous monitoring of LV function in 20
      healthy male volunteers (age range: 22-25 years), in resting control conditions
      as well as during activities (standing, walking, climbing stairs) and after
      interventions (isosorbide dinitrate intake, Trendelenburg position, inflation of
      cuffs around the thighs). VEST-monitoring proved to be a reliable method that
      gave reproducible results: changes of ejection (EF) in basal conditions were
      lower than 5% in 95% of the patients. Changes in LV function caused by daily
      activities were easily demonstrated. While standing effected no significant EF
      changes, walking and climbing increased EF by 6.9% (p less than 0.05) and 21.2%
      (p less than 0.05) respectively. Changes in LV volumes caused by alterations in
      venous return were also demonstrated. Compared with baseline, Trendelenburg
      increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) by 2.9% while isosorbide dinitrate and
      inflation of cuffs decreased it by 5.7% and 2.2% respectively.

PMID- 1795128
TI  - Measurement of myocardial blood flow by UFCT: towards clinical applicability.
AB  - This review is designed to be a summary of the research conducted towards
      establishing ultrafast CT as a clinically appropriate tool for measuring
      myocardial blood flow. The methods and techniques used in the animal validation
      studies are presented. The results will be critically analyzed and the
      conclusions discussed. The proposed improvements to flow calculation algorithms
      will also be addressed. Technical improvements and experimental research needed
      will also be addressed.

PMID- 1795129
TI  - Cancer and pregnancy. Characterization of common markers.

PMID- 1795130
TI  - Urinary neopterin in malignant lymphoma.
AB  - Urinary neopterin levels were studied in 96 patients with malignant lymphomas.
      Twenty-eight had Hodgkin's disease and 68 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Neopterin
      excretion was significantly related to the clinical stage of the disease. Mean
      neopterin excretion in patients with active disease (634 +/- 527 mumol
      neopterin/mol creatinine) was significantly higher (p = 0.000) than in patients
      in complete remission (198 +/- 105 mumol neopterin/mol creatinine). Mean
      neopterin levels of patients in stage III-IV were higher than for patients in
      stage I-II. These findings were the same in patients with Hodgkin's disease and
      those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (659 +/- 593-425 +/- 316 mumol neopterin/mol
      creatinine), regardless of the histological subtype. A significant correlation
      was found between neopterin excretion, ESR (r = 0.31; p = 0.003) and hemoglobin
      (r = -0.40; p = 0.000). Longitudinal analysis showed a trend towards a
      correlation between response to therapy and neopterin excretion. These findings
      suggest that neopterin may be a useful prognostic marker in non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma.

PMID- 1795131
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma antigen and protein-bound sialic acid in the management
      of head and neck cancer.
AB  - Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) and protein-bound sialic acid
      (PBSA) were measured in 43 head and neck cancer patients and 50 controls. SCCAg
      and PBSA were correlated with clinical stage, histological grade,
      presence/absence of keratin and disease course. Patients with advanced cancer
      (stage III and IV) and grade III tumors had higher PBSA levels but no such
      difference was observed for SCCAg. Head and neck cancer patients were grouped
      according to the disease status i.e. a) patients who developed recurrence and b)
      who responded to the adjuvant therapies. There was an excellent correlation
      between serial serum PBSA changes and the progression of disease or the response
      to therapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 1795132
TI  - The tumour marker CA 195 in colorectal and pancreatic cancer.
AB  - The aim of this study was to measure the serum level of the tumour markers CA 195
      and CEA in patients with either colorectal or pancreatic cancer both before and
      at serial intervals after operation. CA 195 and CEA were measured in 199 patients
      with colorectal cancer and 52 patients with pancreatic cancer. The median
      concentrations of CA 195 were 3.0 u/ml (interquartile range 3.0-4.5 u/ml) in
      patients with a Dukes' stage A lesion, 5.8 u/ml (3.0-18.2 u/ml) in patients with
      a Dukes' stage B lesion, 6.1 u/ml (3.0-24.7 u/ml) in patients with a Dukes' stage
      C and 23.8 u/ml (11.1-409.0 u/ml) in patients with metastatic disease (normal
      range 0-7 u/ml). The median levels of CEA were 2.6 ng/ml (1.7-3.3 ng/ml) for
      Dukes' stage A, 3.3 ng/ml (1.7-7.2 ng/ml) for Dukes' stage B, 3.7 ng/ml (2.2-7.9
      ng/ml) for Dukes' stage C and 34.5 ng/ml (13.3-289.4 ng/ml) for metastatic
      disease. A rising level of CA 195 or CEA after operation suggested recurrence of
      the tumour. In none of these patients was the recurrence operable. In patients
      with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the level of CA 195 was significantly higher in
      patients with metastatic disease but it did not discriminate between resectable
      and unresectable disease. The duration of survival correlated with the initial
      level of CA 195 (Rs = -0.66, p less than 0.001).

PMID- 1795133
TI  - The potential value of CA125 as a tumour marker in small volume, non-evaluable
      epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Seventy four consecutive patients with epithelial ovarian cancer have been
      followed up longitudinally with serial serum CA125 for up to 48 months. From this
      database, the CA125 changes in small volume disease have been evaluated. For long
      term complete responders (n = 12), the mean plateau level of CA125 was 7.2 U/ml
      (95% confidence interval; 5.6 to 9.2 U/ml). The natural half-life of CA125 at 5.1
      days (range 3.8 to 7 days) was calculated from five patients with Stage I and II
      disease who underwent complete surgical excision. A mean lead time of 99 days
      (range 14 to 255 days) was demonstrated between marker detection of disease
      progression and clinically apparent progressive disease in 12 out of 13 patients
      (92%) who relapsed after chemotherapy induced complete remission. The threshold
      of tumour volume detection with CA125 is unlikely to be determined by an
      arbitrary cut-off level. The kinetics of CA125 provide more useful information
      and the potential to define complete response or indeed cure with CA125
      parameters requires further investigation.

PMID- 1795134
TI  - Serum BCM-IMx levels in 376 patients with non-malignant diseases.

PMID- 1795135
TI  - [Occlusion as a contributing factor to temporomandibular dysfunction].

PMID- 1795136
TI  - [Study on availability of dental health services for children in health center-
      correlation between attendance of 3-year-old children at dental health services
      and caries prevalence].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dental health services for children
      in a health center. The samples were 316 children who had 3-year-old dental
      examination at a health center in Tokyo. The analysis was carried out by a
      computer using the results of the children's oral status and of their mothers',
      questionnaires and past records showing when and how many times they had attended
      such activities. The results were as follows: 1. Attendance of children at dental
      services showed the effectiveness in preventing dental caries, and it was
      suggested that attendance at least 3 times before the age of 18 months should be
      the most effective way to decrease the dental caries in the 3-year-olds. 2.
      According to the questionnaires, time of going to bed, snacks time, and the habit
      of thumb-sucking at the age of 3 years, and stopping the habit of bottle-feeding
      and of night breast-feeding at 18 months of age showed a great correlation
      concerning the number of dental caries in the 3-year-olds. 3. The more often the
      children had attended the dental services, the more often their behavior for
      eating snacks and toothbrushing changed for the better. 4. The more the mothers
      had dental caries, the more was the number of dental caries in their children and
      moreover their attendance at the dental services was less.

PMID- 1795137
TI  - [Modulation of soleus H-reflex by teeth clenching].
AB  - Modulation of the human soleus H-reflex (Sol. H-R) was studied during voluntary
      teeth clenching in 11 healthy adult volunteers, to investigate the possible
      correlation of motor functions between the jaw and body. The following results
      were obtained: (1) Sol. H-R was facilitated during the maximum voluntary teeth
      clenching more than during the maximum voluntary efforts in the other parts of
      the body, i.e., Jendrassik maneuver and clenching of both hands. (2) The amount
      of the Sol. H-R facilitation increased with the masseter EMG activity. (3)
      Facilitation of the Sol. H-R in association with teeth clenching started ca 60ms
      before the onset of the masseter EMG activity, reached its peak ca. 100ms after
      the onset and thereafter decreased to a certain plateau level in accordance with
      the masseter EMG activity level. (4) During the inhibition of the masseter EMG
      reflexively evoked by electrical stimulation of the lower lip, the amount of the
      facilitation of the Sol. H-R during teeth clenching decreased compared with that
      without lip stimulation, though the facilitation was still retained. It was
      concluded that: 1) The excitability of the Sol. H-R is remarkably elevated during
      teeth clenching. 2) There is a positive correlation between the amount of the
      facilitation of the Sol. H-R and the teeth clenching force level. 3) The
      facilitation is due to both the descending influence from the higher brain and
      the afferent inputs from the oral structures. It is assumed that the oral motor
      activity exerts a strong influence on the bodily motor function in general.

PMID- 1795138
TI  - [Studies on caries of Ishibashi rat--I. Dental caries in Ishibashi rat].
AB  - Ishibashi rats (ISR), which have been demonstrated to be excellent experimental
      animals for congenital vertebral anomaly, are often observed to develop extensive
      dental caries even when maintained with the conventional diets instead of any
      caries-producing diets. In this study, dental caries produced in the ISR fed the
      conventional diets, commercial pellets, was examined and the location and
      severity of the lesions were compared with those of the albino rats fed the same
      diet. The results were as follows: 1. Although no caries was detected up to 100
      days of age, 70-100% of the ISR of 101 days and over in age had carious teeth. In
      the albino rats, only 7-30% had carious teeth. 2. The severity of the carious
      lesions was much greater in the ISR than in the albino rats. 3. Only the
      mandibular molars were attacked by the dental caries, and the lesions occurred
      most frequently in the second fissure of the second mandibular molar both in the
      ISR and the albino rats. Extensive destruction of the crowns of the ISR second
      mandibular molars were observed in some specimens, but such destruction was not
      observed in the specimens of the albino rats. These results suggested that the
      ISR were susceptible to dental caries, and the development of the dental lesions
      of the ISR seemed to be rapid compared with that of the albino rats.

PMID- 1795139
TI  - [Studies on caries of Ishibashi rat--II. Streptococcus mutans population in oral
      cavity].
AB  - Previously, it was demonstrated that extensive carious lesions occurred in the
      Ishibashi rats (ISR) while they were bred with conventional diets. In this study,
      specimens from the oral cavity of the ISR were examined for the presence of
      Streptococcus mutans, and its occurrence and population were compared with those
      of the Wistar rats. The results were as follows: 1. S. mutans was first found in
      the mouth of the ISR when the first molars erupt. 2. The number of S. mutans (CFU
      on the gelatin agar) and its mean percentage of the total streptococci (CFU on
      the gelatin agar/CFU on the M-S agar) in the mouth of the ISR increased rapidly
      during the few days after weaning, and this increment was comparable to that of
      the Wistar rats fed caries-producing diets, 6PMV, after weaning. However, the
      population of the S. mutans remained low in the mouth of the Wistar rats fed
      conventional diets. 3. In the aged ISR, the number of S. mutans and its mean
      percentage of total streptococci were also much higher than in the aged Wistar
      rats. These data suggested that the ISR harboured increased the number of S.
      mutans strains in the oral cavity when compared with the Wistar rats.

PMID- 1795140
TI  - [A case of EEC (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip) syndrome].
AB  - EEC syndrome is a rare congenital malformation characterized by ectrodactyly,
      ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip and/or palate. We reported a case of EEC syndrome
      with cleft palate. The patient was a 15-month-old girl. She had split hands of
      the upper extremities, syndactyly and polydactyly of the right lower extremity,
      ectodermal dysplasia including sparse hair, enamel hypoplasia and cleft palate.
      The patient underwent palatoplasty at the age of 18 months.

PMID- 1795141
TI  - The epidemiology of indications.

PMID- 1795142
TI  - Health services in central and eastern Europe: past problems and future
      prospects.

PMID- 1795143
TI  - How is the source of food poisoning outbreaks established? The example of three
      consecutive Salmonella enteritidis PT4 outbreaks linked to eggs.
AB  - Three consecutive outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 occurred in Wales in
      1989 in which epidemiological and microbiological investigation established eggs
      as the likely source although kitchen inspection and food preparation histories
      suggested other vehicles of infection. This paper examines the contribution of
      analytical epidemiology in attributing causation, with particular reference to
      those limitations which are regarded as inherent in epidemiological evidence.
      Such evidence, implicating eggs in the three outbreaks, fulfilled 6/7 widely
      accepted criteria for causation; data to assess the seventh were lacking.
      Collaboration between different agencies and professionals in investigating
      outbreaks is very important.

PMID- 1795144
TI  - Relationship between diet and smoking--is the diet of smokers different?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare nutrient intakes of smokers, past
      smokers, and non-smokers. DESIGN: The study was cross sectional and compared
      nutrient intake by smoking status using data obtained from a concurrent study of
      diet. SETTING: The study took place in three towns in England: Ipswich,
      Wakefield, and Stoke on Trent. PARTICIPANTS: Food records were obtained from 1115
      men and 1225 women aged 35 to 54 years, representing response rates of 84-86% in
      the three towns. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Diet was assessed using a 24h
      food record in household measures. For both men and women vitamin C, total fibre,
      beta carotene, and vitamin E intakes were lowest in the current smokers and
      highest in the non-smokers with past smokers having intermediate values.
      Polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio was lowest in the current smokers. Men who
      smoked had higher energy intakes than those who did not. The lower fat intakes of
      beta carotene, vitamin C, fibre, and polyunsaturated fat in the smokers was due
      to fewer smokers eating a whole range of foods including fruit, wholemeal bread,
      cereals, and polyunsaturated margarine. Current smokers had a lower body mass
      index than non-smokers or past smokers despite their higher energy intakes.
      CONCLUSIONS: Smokers have different nutrient and food intakes compared with past
      smokers or non-smokers.

PMID- 1795145
TI  - Oesophageal cancer mortality: relationship with alcohol intake and cigarette
      smoking in Spain.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore temporal changes in
      mortality from oesophageal cancer that could be related to tobacco and alcohol
      consumption. DESIGN: The study used mortality trends from oesophageal cancer over
      the period 1951-1985. In addition, available trends on per capita consumption of
      alcohol and cigarettes are also presented. SETTING: Data for this study were
      derived from Spain's National Institute for Statistics. MAIN RESULTS: Age
      standardised mortality rates from oesophageal cancer have increased significantly
      among men in Spain from 1951 to 1985 (p less than 0.01). Mortality rates in women
      have not changed significantly during the same period, although there is evidence
      of a certain decrease in recent years. Trends of per capita cigarette consumption
      from 1957 to 1982 related positively with oesophageal cancer mortality among men,
      whereas no significant relationship was observed in women. Trends of beer,
      spirits, and total alcohol consumption were also positively correlated with
      oesophageal cancer mortality in men. Among women, a weaker relationship was
      found. Wine consumption showed no relationship with oesophageal cancer mortality
      either in men or women. CONCLUSIONS: These results are similar to those found in
      other studies, supporting a role of alcohol (spirits and beer) and cigarette
      consumption in causation of oesophageal cancer. No relationship was observed with
      wine consumption.

PMID- 1795146
TI  - Use of hormone replacement therapy in 1976-89 by 45-64 year old Finnish women.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to describe changes in the use of hormone
      replacement therapy (HRT) in Finland during the period 1976-1989. DESIGN: The
      study involved four separate cross sectional population surveys in the years
      1976, 1978-1980, 1987, and 1989. Three of them involved interviews and one a
      questionnaire. Sales figures of hormones in 1981-1989 were used. PARTICIPANTS:
      Participants were national samples of non-institutionalized Finnish women 45-64
      years of age. Participation rates ranged from 85% to 96%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Current reported hormone use in the surveys of 1976, 1978-1980, and 1987
      was assessed, together with reported hormone use in the last month in the 1989
      survey. During the study period the proportion of HRT users increased fivefold.
      In 1989, 20% of women reported current use of HRT, and the highest rate of use
      was found among 50-54 year old women in the Helsinki area. In 1976, users were
      mainly women around the age of menopause, those living in the capital area, and
      those having a rather high level of education. By 1989 use had spread to
      postmenopausal women, those in rural areas, and those with less education.
      CONCLUSIONS: Use of HRT has increased in Finland. It is difficult to evaluate
      whether the level of current use is too high, optimal, or too low, because
      recommendations are contradictory and the long term effects of HRT are unkown.

PMID- 1795147
TI  - Blood pressure and serum cholesterol among male Ethiopian immigrants compared to
      other Israelis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the effect of migration from a non
      industrialised to an industrialised society on age related changes in blood
      pressure and serum cholesterol. DESIGN: The study was a comparison of major risk
      factors for cardiovascular disease in cross sectional surveys in two groups:
      Ethiopian immigrants and Israeli industrial employees. SETTING: Ethiopian
      immigrants were examined at Army induction centres in Israel; industrial
      employees were examined in the course of a national Israeli study on occupational
      risk factors for cardiovascular disease. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were a sample
      of 387 male Ethiopians, aged 20-49 years, examined in 1987, who had immigrated to
      Israel three to four years previously, and a sample of 2747 male Israeli
      industrial employees in the same age group examined in 1985-7. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Among the Ethiopians there were no cases of overweight (Quetelet's
      index above 2.8) and only 6.7% were smokers, as compared with 20.7% overweight
      and 47.1% smokers among the other Israelis (p less than 0.001 for both
      variables). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of
      hypertension (11.6% and 13.0% for Ethiopians and other Israelis respectively).
      Hypercholesterolaemia (greater than 5.2 mmol/litre, 200 mg/dl) was much more
      prevalent among the other Israelis (42.0% v 9.6%, p less than 0.001). Blood
      pressures were similar and increased with age in both groups. However, in
      contrast to the other Israelis, average serum cholesterol among the Ethiopians
      was low and increased minimally with age. After regression adjustment for age and
      body mass index, blood pressures were higher among the Ethiopians, whereas serum
      cholesterol remained considerably higher among the other Israelis. Serum
      cholesterol was correlated with blood pressure in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Since
      Ethiopian immigrants have been found to have uniformly low blood pressures on
      arrival in Israel, these findings suggest that there is an age dependent effect
      on blood pressure resulting from migration which is not reflected in the serum
      cholesterol values.

PMID- 1795148
TI  - Cigarette tar content and symptoms of chronic bronchitis: results of the Scottish
      Heart Health Study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine if there was a relationship between
      cigarette tar yield and rates of chronic cough and chronic phlegm. SETTING: 22
      districts across Scotland were used for the Scottish Heart Health Study (SHHS)
      which was conducted between 1984 and 1986 and from which the data for this
      analysis were obtained. SUBJECTS: 10,359 men and women aged 40-59 years were
      studied. Of these, 2801 current cigarette smokers whose brand of cigarette smoked
      was known were selected. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data on self reported
      smoking habits and prevalence of chronic cough and chronic phlegm were obtained
      from the SHHS. Tar yield was divided into three groups: low (less than or equal
      to 12 mg/cigarette); middle (13-14 mg/cigarette); high (greater than or equal to
      15 mg/cigarette). The average tar yield consumed per person was 13.2
      mg/cigarette. Women in the middle and high tar groups had smoked for longer and
      had significantly higher breath carbon monoxide levels, serum thiocyanate levels,
      serum cotinine levels, and daily cigarette consumption than the women in the low
      tar group. This pattern was not seen in men for any of these five smoking
      variables. Rates of chronic cough and chronic phlegm were higher with higher tar
      yield of cigarettes smoked for women (low tar v high tar: p less than 0.001) but
      not for men. Daily cigarette consumption and the number of years of smoking were
      the most significant risk factors for chronic cough and chronic phlegm for both
      men and women. Tar was still a significant risk factor (p less than 0.05) for
      women after controlling for these two risk factors and social class. CONCLUSIONS:
      Both sexes show strong effects of daily cigarette consumption and years of
      smoking on respiratory symptoms; women show an additional effect of cigarette tar
      content while men do not. The spread of tar yield in both sexes was small but
      there were more women on low tar cigarettes and this may have enabled a weak
      effect of tar to be seen better in them. On the other hand, tar level in women
      was confounded with other factors. Statistical methods of controlling for this
      may not have removed this confounding completely.

PMID- 1795149
TI  - Acute closed angle glaucoma and sunshine.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine a possible association of amount of
      sunshine and risk for acute closed angle glaucoma. DESIGN: This was a
      retrospective analysis of hospital discharge registry data, linked to
      meteorological data for the same period. SETTING: The study was a national survey
      using hospital discharge data for the whole of Finland over a 10 year period.
      PARTICIPANTS: All subjects with the acute closed angle glaucoma diagnosis from
      the hospital discharge registry were collected for the years 1972 to 1982. A
      total of 1796 patients were found. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Meteorological
      data from two cities in Finland, Helsinki and Oulu, were collected for the same
      years from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. A peak incidence of acute closed
      angle glaucoma was noted whenever the number of hours without sunshine increased.
      A regression analysis including incidence of acute closed angle glaucoma as a
      dependent variable, and sex, mean temperature, mean air pressure, mean humidity,
      total amount of rain per month, and mean sunshine hours as independent variables,
      was constructed. Sex and sunshine hours best explained the variation in incidence
      in a covariate model. No other meteorological variate could improve the model
      fit. CONCLUSIONS: The result confirms that the number of hours without sunshine
      is positively associated with the incidence of acute closed angle glaucoma, when
      other meteorological variables are controlled for.

PMID- 1795150
TI  - Ascertainment of congenital malformations: a comparative study of two systems.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the Office of Population Censuses and
      Surveys (OPCS) notification system for congenital malformation surveillance and
      the Liverpool Congenital Malformations Registry (LCMR) with respect to efficiency
      and uniformity of ascertainment, diagnostic accuracy, and overreporting of minor
      malformations. DESIGN: Manual matching of computer listings was done, using date
      of birth, sex, birthweight, and health district of residence. Maternal age was
      used to confirm the match. SETTING: Data were collected in the English health
      districts of Liverpool, St Helens and Knowsley, Southport and Formby, South
      Sefton, and Wirral over the years 1980-1985. SUBJECTS: 1959 malformed children
      notified to OPCS and 2649 notified to LCMR were assessed. MAIN RESULTS: 35.5% of
      malformed children ascertained by LCMR within seven days of birth were not
      notified to OPCS; 35.7% of cases reported to OPCS were exclusions from the LCMR
      protocol as being trivial malformations according to EUROCAT (European Registry
      of Congenital Anomalies) guidelines. Misclassification was infrequent but in
      11.2% of cases the additional malformations present were not notified to OPCS.
      Conditions readily diagnosed at birth, such as neural tube defects, exomphalos,
      and facial clefts, were well ascertained by OPCS but others such as oesophageal
      atresia and Down's syndrome were not. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that national
      surveillance of congenital malformations should continue. However, several
      modifications to the present OPCS monitoring system are necessary, including
      greater standardisation of data collection, the exclusion of trivial and
      clinically non-significant malformations, and the inclusion of data on
      therapeutic abortions performed for fetal abnormality. These issues are being
      addressed by OPCS.

PMID- 1795151
TI  - Effect of fathers' age and birth order on occurrence of congenital heart disease.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine if there is an effect of fathers' age and
      of birth order on the occurrence of congenital heart disease. DESIGN: This was a
      hospital based case-referent study including use of birth defects surveillance
      data. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 497 cases of congenital heart disease aged between
      3 months and 5 years, born in Beijing and Hebei Province, China; 6222 children
      without congenital heart disease serve as reference baseline. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: With stratified analysis and logistic regression analyses,
      congenital heart disease was found to be associated with fathers' age less than
      25 years (odds ratio 2.63), independent of mothers' age and of birth order. There
      was also evidence to show a higher birth order effect on the occurrence of
      congenital heart disease independent of parental ages. CONCLUSION: Higher birth
      order and fathers aged less than 25 years were both independently associated with
      some categories of congenital heart disease and with congenital heart disease
      overall.

PMID- 1795152
TI  - Variation in the magnitude of black-white differences in stroke mortality by
      community occupational structure.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the patterns of black-white differences
      in stroke mortality across communities with varying levels of occupational
      structure in the southern region of the United States DESIGN: Annual age adjusted
      race-sex specific rates for stroke mortality were calculated for the years 1979
      1981 and related to socioeconomic conditions. SETTING: The study involved 211
      state economic areas comprising the southern region of the USA. STUDY POPULATION:
      Data on stroke mortality for black and white men and women between the ages of 35
      and 74 years living in the study area were acquired from the National Center for
      Health Statistics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Occupational structure was
      measured as the proportion of white collar workers in each state economic area,
      and is an indicator of the employment opportunities and related social and
      economic resources of a community. Stratified analyses and linear regression
      modelling indicate that communities of lower occupational structure have (a)
      higher levels of stroke mortality for all four race-sex groups (p less than 0.05)
      and (b) larger racial inequalities in stroke mortality (p less than 0.01). For
      men and women, the excess stroke mortality among blacks compared to whites is
      larger in communities of lower occupational structure. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration
      of occupational structure and related patterns of economic development is crucial
      for understanding the distribution of stroke mortality within and between racial
      groups, as well as for planning effective public health interventions. The larger
      racial inequalities in communities of lower occupational structure in the south
      suggest that aspects of the black experience which are conducive to high rates of
      stroke mortality are exacerbated in those communities. Public health
      interventions to reduce the racial and social inequalities in stroke mortality
      should recognise the social context within which nutritional, occupational,
      medical care, and environmental determinants of stroke are distributed.

PMID- 1795153
TI  - Dementia in Newfoundland: identification of a geographical isolate?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims were (1) to identify from death certificates regions
      with an increased incidence of dementia mortality; and (2) to determine whether a
      previously observed excess of patients with Alzheimer disease originating from a
      small area could be confirmed in a survey of death certificates. DESIGN: The
      study identified all individuals dying with dementia, recorded on death
      certificates as an immediate, antecedent, underlying, or contributing cause of
      death. Rather than the usual residence, the birthplace of these individuals was
      used to determine regional differences in dementia mortality. A comparison was
      made of two areas to test the significance of a geographical isolate of persons.
      To test for a possible genetic component of the excess, an analysis was made of
      the frequencies of family names. To test for a possible environmental component
      an analysis was made of standard measurements of drinking water quality. SETTING:
      The survey data were derived from all 1985 and 1986 deaths in the province of
      Newfoundland. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Based on the current census
      population, the prevalence of dementia at death for 1985 and 1986 was 34 and
      37/100,000. For both years there was a significant excess of persons originating
      from a small area (95% CI, 1.1-20.7%, and 2.5-20.4%). This excess could not be
      explained by differences in age, sex, ethnic origin, or by variation in mobility
      patterns. The study area has a high concentration of aluminium in the drinking
      water. An analysis of the family names gave inconclusive evidence of a clustering
      among the dementia cases. CONCLUSIONS: If all contributing causes of death are
      recorded and the birthplace of individuals is noted, mortality statistics can
      reveal regional differences in dementia rates. This shows the need to examine
      areas smaller than census districts to identify subpopulation variation in the
      prevalence of dementia. Environmental influences can vary substantially in areas
      relatively close together, as evidenced in measurements of drinking water
      chemistry. Genetic influences are more likely to be revealed from the birthplace
      of individuals, which may indicate a common ancestry.

PMID- 1795154
TI  - Stress and cancer surveys: attitudes of participants in a case-control study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to ascertain whether personal interviews carried out
      for cancer case-control studies cause stress to participants. DESIGN:
      Retrospective postal questionnaires were sent to women at least three months
      after interview for a case-control study of the aetiology of cervical cancer. The
      questionnaire covered attitudes to taking part in the study, stress engendered by
      participation, whether any particular questions were distressing, factors
      relevant to the decision to participate, and the role of their doctor with
      respect to participation. SETTING: South East and South West Thames health
      regions, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Patients were women aged 20-45 years at
      diagnosis with invasive cervical cancer, and population based controls.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The response rate was 90%. Nearly all respondents
      were glad they had participated, while only 2/226 regretted taking part. Half the
      respondents (115/226) perceived some actual benefit from taking part. The
      interview carried out in the case-control study was both long and detailed and
      included topics such as numbers of sexual partners and history of sexually
      transmitted diseases. As expected, the questions causing most concern to
      interviewees were those on number of sexual partners, but only 13% of
      participants were bothered by these questions and only 4% felt inclined to
      terminate the interview early. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of evidence of stress caused
      by this potentially difficult interview suggests that, in the hands of
      experienced interviewers, stress is unlikely to be caused by participation. Many
      participants felt that they had benefited from taking part. Doctors and ethics
      committees should find these results reassuring.

PMID- 1795155
TI  - Classification of findings in mammography screening--a method to minimise recall
      anxiety?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to find out if it is possible, by classifying
      screening mammograms according to the likelihood of malignancy, to divide the
      recalled women to a group in which there is high suspicion of malignancy, most
      having breast cancers, and a group with more obscure findings. DESIGN: Screening
      mammograms of recalled women were classified according to the likelihood of
      malignancy. 0 = technically insufficient, 1 = normal, 2 = benign tumour, 3 =
      malignancy cannot be excluded, 4 = strongly suspicious for malignancy, 5 =
      malignant. SETTING: This study was a population based survey of mammography
      screening in Helsinki and surroundings in Finland. PATIENTS: 21,417 women (aged
      50-59 years) were invited to be screened, 18,012 (84.10%) participated. Of these
      579 (3.21% of those screened) were recalled for further studies; 124 of these
      were referred for surgical biopsy and 82 had breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: All cases classified as 5, 60% of the cases classified as 4, 6.5% of the
      cases classified as 3, 0% of the cases classified as 2 or 1, and 1.2% of the
      cases classified as 0 proved to have breast cancers. However classification 5
      represented 5.9% of all recalled women and 41.5% of all screening detected breast
      cancers; classification 4, 6.0% of all recalled women and 25.6% of all screening
      detected breast cancers; classification 3, 68.9% of all recalled women and 31.7%
      of all screening detected breast cancers; classification 2, 11.7% and
      classification 1, 2.9% of all recalled women. No breast cancers were detected
      with these classifications. Classification 0 represented 4.5% of all recalled
      women and 1.2% of all screening detected breast cancers. Classifications 5 and 4
      represented only 11.9% of all recalled women but 67.1% of all screening detected
      breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS: By classifying screening mammograms according to the
      likelihood of malignancy, recalled women can be divided into two groups: (1) a
      quite small subgroup in which everyone or almost everyone will be shown to have
      breast cancer; and (2) a much larger subgroup in which only a few will be proven
      to have breast cancer. The invitation procedure for the further studies should be
      improved on this basis of minimising anxiety among recalled women.

PMID- 1795156
TI  - Reinnervation of murine muscle following fetal sciatic nerve transection.
AB  - A technique is reported that permits transection of the sciatic nerve of mouse
      fetuses without interfering with fetal viability. Sciaticotomy was performed on
      Swiss Webster mice at day 17 of gestation; the contralateral side served as
      control. Six weeks later the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles on both
      sides were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Examination of the lumbar
      spinal cord revealed that while a substantial number of motor neurons in the
      region of the spinal cord giving rise to the sciatic nerve died, the EDL muscle
      did become reinnervated. The size of the EDL motor neuron pool on the denervated
      reinnervated side was approximately 43% of that seen on the control side. While
      the control EDL motor neuron pool was located in lumbar segments L3-L5, the
      location of the pool to the denervated-reinnervated EDL was shifted cranially to
      L2-L4. Denervated-reinnervated EDL muscles were analyzed immunohistochemically to
      study the effect of fetal denervation on the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (N
      CAM) expression. At 2 weeks postnatal, N-CAM immunoreactivity in control muscle
      was segregated to the motor end-plate region, while fetally denervated muscle
      continued to express N-CAM along the length of the sarcolemma. Thus fetally
      denervated muscle does not develop the same pattern of N-CAM expression as
      normal, innervated muscle. By 6 weeks of age, the denervated-reinnervated muscle
      showed the same level and distribution of N-CAM immunoreactivity as did age
      matched control muscle, indicating that most, if not all, of its myofibers had
      been reinnervated.

PMID- 1795157
TI  - Mapping the early development of projections from the entorhinal cortex in the
      embryonic mouse using prenatal surgery techniques.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to study the development of specific projections
      from the postero-lateral cortex during the third trimester of gestation in the
      mouse. To do this, we labeled undifferentiated lateral cortex with the
      fluorescent carbocyanine dye, Dil, in the embryonic day (E) 16 mouse embryo using
      exo utero surgical techniques (Muneoka, Wanek, and Bryant, 1986). Embryos were
      allowed to develop to term (postnatal day 0, P0) at which time the fiber patterns
      emanating from the marked regions were studied. Dye placement in the
      undifferentiated postero-ventral cortex produced labeled fibers in the
      hippocampal formation. A robust projection of the angular bundle into the CA1
      region of the hippocampus was heavily labeled. In addition, in some animals,
      cortical tracts, such as the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and a
      corticotectal tract, were labeled. These tracts have been described previously as
      scaffolding pathways in the fetal cat (McConnell, Ghosh, and Shatz, 1989), and
      other vertebrates (Wilson, Ross, Parrett, and Easter, 1990). Dye placement in
      adjacent, more anterior or dorsal areas showed strong labeling in cortical
      structures but no labeling in the hippocampal formation. These data indicate
      that, by birth, the temporal cortex is subdivided along the rostro-caudal axis as
      entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex, and along the dorso-ventral axis, as
      entorhinal cortex and neocortex. Also, these earliest connections are similar to
      adult connections in their specificity of target area selection. Therefore, these
      early, yet specific, connections may play a role int he formation of future
      connections during postnatal development.

PMID- 1795158
TI  - Characterization and development of rotational behavior in Helisoma embryos: role
      of endogenous serotonin.
AB  - Cilia-driven rotational behavior displayed by embryos of the pond snail Helisoma
      trivolvis was characterized in terms of its behavioral subcomponents,
      developmental changes, and response to exogenous serotonin. Rotation was found to
      be a complex behavior characterized by four parameters; rotational direction,
      rotation rate, rotational surges, and periods of inactivity. These parameters all
      exhibited characteristic developmental changes from embryonic stage E15 through
      stage E30. Notably, both rotation rate and frequency of rotational surges
      increased from stage E15 to E25 and declined to an intermediate level by stage
      E30. It appeared that the developmental increase in overall rotation rate was
      caused primarily by an increase in surge frequency, rather than an increase in
      the rate of nonsurge rotation. Immersion of embryos inserotonin-containing pond
      water resulted in a dose-dependent, reversible increase in rotation rate as well
      as a dose-dependent, reversible decrease in surge frequency. The serotonin
      antagonist, mianserin, abolished the excitatory effect of exogenous serotonin.
      Furthermore, application of mianserin alone reduced rotation rate and virtually
      abolished rotational surges. Taken together, these pharmacological results
      suggest that endogenous serotonin is responsible for generating rotational
      surges. Given that early embryos contain only a single pair of serotonergic
      neurons (Goldberg and Kater, 1989) during the stages when rotational surges are
      expressed, these results also prompt the hypothesis that these neurons, embryonic
      neurons C1, act as cilioexcitatory motor neurons during embryonic development.

PMID- 1795159
TI  - The timing of initial neuropeptide expression by an identified insect neuron does
      not depend on interactions with its normal peripheral target.
AB  - To study the developmental regulation of a neuropeptide phenotype, we have
      analyzed the biochemical and morphological differentiation of two identifiable
      neurons in embryos of the moth, Manduca sexta. The central cell, CF, and the
      peripheral cell, L1, are both neuroendocrine neurons that express neuropeptides
      related to the molluscan tetrapeptide FMRFamide. Both neurons project axons to
      the transverse nerve in each thoracic segment. Within the CF and L1 cells,
      neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity was localized to secretory granules that had
      cell-specific morphologies and sizes. The onset of neuropeptide expression in the
      two cell types displayed a similar pattern: immunoreactivity was first detected
      in distal processes and soon after within cell bodies. However, the onsets
      occurred at different times: for the CF cell, neuropeptides were first seen at
      60%-63% of embryonic development, after the neuron had extended a long axon into
      the periphery, while L1 neuropeptide expression began at approximately 42%, as it
      first extended its growth cone. These times were related in that they
      corresponded to the arrival times of the respective growth cones at a similar
      position in the developing peripheral nerve. Within this region of the nerve, the
      growth cones of both cell types-exhibited a transient and cell-specific
      interaction with an identified mesodermal cell, called the Syncytium. Like the L1
      and B neurons (Carr and Taghert, 1988b), the CF growth cones typically grew past
      this cell, yet remained attached to it by lamellipodial and filopodial processes
      of the axon. Ultrastructurally, the interaction involved filopodial adhesion to
      and insertion within the Syncytial cell. Two other nonneuroendocrine cell types
      grew axons past this same region, but showed no such tendencies. To test the
      hypothesis that the morphological and biochemical differentiation of these cells
      was somehow linked, central ganglia were isolated (as individuals or connected as
      ganglionic chains) in tissue culture, prior to the time when CF growth cones
      entered the periphery and prior to the development of CF neuropeptide expression.
      In the majority of cases, CF neurons nevertheless displayed their neuropeptide
      phenotype at a normal and cell-specific stage. We conclude that the initiation of
      neuropeptide expression is highly correlated with schedules of morphological
      differentiation in these neurons, but that, in the case of the CF neuron, it is
      not regulated by interactions of the growth cone with peripheral structures.

PMID- 1795160
TI  - Tamoxifen fails to block estradiol accumulation, yet is weakly accumulated by the
      juvenile zebra finch anterior hypothalamus: an autoradiographic study.
AB  - In experiment 1, we used autoradiographic procedures to examine whether tamoxifen
      could displace 3H-estradiol labeling in the anterior hypothalamus and the caudal
      nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum (HVc) of ovariectomized 20-day-old female
      zebra finches. There was no significant reduction in labeling of cells by 3H
      estradiol in birds preinjected with unlabeled tamoxifen. In experiment 2, we
      found that injections of 3H-tamoxifen caused-weak labeling of cells in the
      anterior hypothalamus of 20-day-old male and female zebra finches. These results
      are compatible with the idea that tamoxifen does not block the action of
      estradiol in the brain of zebra finches, and suggest that the effects of early
      tamoxifen treatment on the morphology of the song system may reflect central
      actions of tamoxifen.

PMID- 1795161
TI  - Hormonally mediated plasticity of motoneuron morphology in the adult rat spinal
      cord: a cholera toxin-HRP study.
AB  - The dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus
      (SNB) of the rat lumbar spinal cord are sexually dimorphic groups of motoneurons
      that innervate striated perineal muscles involved in male copulatory behavior.
      Androgens control the development of these motoneurons and their target muscles,
      and continue to influence the system in adulthood. Given that several features of
      SNB motoneuron morphology have been shown to be androgen sensitive in adult male
      rats, we examined the effects of androgen manipulations on the morphology of
      motoneurons in the DLN in adult rats. Adult male rats were castrated and
      implanted with testosterone-filled or blank implants, or were subjected to a sham
      castration procedure. Six weeks after treatment, motoneurons in the DLN were
      retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after
      injection into the ischiocavernosus (IC) muscle and their morphology assessed.
      Measures of the radial extent and coverage of the dendritic arbor of DLN
      motoneurons projecting to the IC (DLN-IC motoneurons) were similar across the
      groups, indicating comparable degrees of HRP transport. However, DLN-IC
      motoneurons in castrates with blank implants possessed both shorter dendritic
      lengths and smaller somas than those of castrates treated with testosterone.
      Castrates with testosterone implants had DLN-IC motoneurons that were
      significantly larger than those of sham castrates in dendritic length and soma
      area. These results suggest that motoneurons in the DLN, like those in the SNB,
      possess a significant degree of structural plasticity in adulthood which is
      influenced by androgens.

PMID- 1795162
TI  - Cardiomyopathy, mental retardation, and autophagic vacuolar myopathy. Abnormal
      MRI findings in the head.
AB  - A 21-year-old man with childhood-onset mental retardation, non-obstructive
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and vacuolar myopathy is presented. A
      histopathological study of biopsied skeletal muscle showed lysosomal glycogen
      storage mimicking acid maltase deficiency, but biochemical analysis showed normal
      acid alpha-glucosidase activity. Glycogenosomes were also recognized in
      endothelial cells on electronmicroscopic examination of biopsied skeletal muscle.
      Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the head revealed the involvement of
      the central nervous system. This is a new type of lysosomal glycogen storage
      disease with multisystemic involvement. The specific biochemical defect in this
      disorder remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 1795163
TI  - Antibodies to sulfated glycolipids in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - Sera from 53 patients with acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 15 patients with
      chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), 13 patients with other
      neurological diseases (OND) and 31 healthy controls were tested for IgM and IgG
      antibodies to sulfoglucuronyl paragloboside (SGPG) and sulfatide by both an ELISA
      and a thin-layer chromatogram-overlay technique. Although the mean levels of anti
      SGPG or anti-sulfatide antibodies in GBS patients were not elevated compared to
      controls, the occurrence of anti-SGPG antibodies was more frequent in GBS
      patients than in controls (P less than 0.02). Acute GBS patients with antibodies
      to SGPG or sulfatide were clinically indistinguishable from other GBS patients.
      Our data suggest that elevated levels of antibodies to SGPG could be important in
      the pathogenesis of neuropathy in some GBS patients.

PMID- 1795164
TI  - Palatal myoclonus following Behcet's disease ameliorated by ceruletide, a potent
      analogue of CCK octapeptide.
AB  - Systemic administration of ceruletide, a potent analogue of CCK octapeptide (0.8
      microgram/kg, i.m.) markedly improved palatal myoclonus. CCK analogues may be
      useful agents for the treatment of palatal myoclonus. This report suggests that
      dopaminergic system may also contribute to the underlying biochemical mechanism
      of palatal myoclonus.

PMID- 1795165
TI  - Determination of GABAergic pallidothalamic termination in human brain.

PMID- 1795166
TI  - Histometric study of myelinated fibers in the human trigeminal nerve.
AB  - The trigeminal ganglion, roots and the initial portion of the ophthalmic,
      maxillary and mandibular nerves were dissected in 3 cadavers, to study the
      number, area and composition of the fascicles, and the density and diameter
      spectra of myelinated fibers. The total number of fibers (x 1000) was 26 in the
      ophthalmic, 50 in the maxillary, and 78 in the mandibular division, 7.7 in the
      motor root and 170 in the sensory root. In all nerves, the histograms of fiber
      diameter had a bimodal distribution. Cutaneous and muscle nerve fascicles clearly
      differed in the fiber density and diameter. The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves
      (cutaneous) had similar fascicles, and their maximum fiber diameter averaged 14.5
      microns. Most fascicles of the mandibular nerve (probably cutaneous fascicles)
      closely resembled those of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves, but in some
      fascicles (probably muscle nerves) the fibers were larger, with a maximum
      diameter of 19.3 microns. The findings in the three peripheral divisions agree
      with electrophysiological data about sensory and motor conduction in human
      trigeminal nerves. The observation that the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves have
      similar fiber spectra indicates that a special fiber composition does not account
      for the sparing of the ophthalmic division in trigeminal neuralgia. The absence
      of very large (A alpha) fibers in the sensory root does not support the view that
      impulses from muscle spindles are conducted along this root.

PMID- 1795167
TI  - Influence of stimulus repetition rate on cortical somatosensory potentials evoked
      by median nerve stimulation: implications for generation mechanisms.
AB  - Despite growing clinical and experimental interest in the cortical components of
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) little is known about their physiological
      dynamics, e.g. with changing stimulation parameters. This paper reports the
      influence of varying stimulus repetition rate from 0.5 to 5 Hz on cortical SEPs
      up to 60-msec latency after right median nerve stimulation, separately analyzed
      at frontal (F3), central (C3) and parietal (P3) electrodes. The amplitudes of
      early frontal P20 and N25, central P14 and N18, and parietal N20 did not change
      with stimulation rate. Later deflections were significantly modified when their
      amplitudes were determined with respect to the baseline: at F3 negative N30 and
      N60 diminished and positive P40 was enhanced with increasing rate of stimulation.
      At P3 the effects were the reverse, so that positive P27 and P45 were attenuated
      while negative N34 and N60 were enhanced. At C3 both positive P22 and P40 and
      negative N60 were reduced. However, the corresponding peak-to-peak amplitudes
      changed much less. We conclude that SEP waveforms following the earliest cortical
      deflections are very sensitive to small changes in stimulation frequency. The
      opposite changes at F3 compared with P3 probably represent the opposite scalp
      field poles from horizontally oriented generator(s) located within the primary
      sensorimotor cortex (SMI). We suggest that the rate effects are partly due to
      selective sensitivity of postexcitatory inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to
      stimulation frequency.

PMID- 1795168
TI  - Degeneration and subsequent regeneration of mouse skeletal muscle after a single
      injection of chlorpromazine: changes in mitochondrial calmitine and calcium
      content.
AB  - We studied experimental models capable of showing muscle degeneration and
      subsequent regeneration and observed the changes in calmitine, calcium uptake and
      calcium concentration in mitochondria during these processes. The results
      presented here are based on the study of mitochondria of mouse skeletal muscle
      after a single intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine. This drug induces
      myotoxic effects followed by muscle regeneration. Our results show that the
      muscle degeneration process, as shown by histological studies, was associated
      with some changes in mitochondria: a decrease in calmitine, a calcium overload
      and a decrease in calcium uptake; the subsequent regeneration process was
      associated with an increase in calmitine, a decrease in calcium concentration and
      an increase in calcium uptake, these 3 parameters returning to normal values. It
      seems that there is a correlation between a decrease in calmitine and muscle
      degeneration, and an increase in calmitine and muscle regeneration, as shown by
      our biochemical and histological observations.

PMID- 1795169
TI  - Disuse of anterior tibial muscle during locomotion and increased proportion of
      type II fibres in hemiplegia.
AB  - The tibialis anterior (TA) is a muscle activated mainly during walking. Its use
      during the step cycle was studied in 10 patients (55.8 +/- 8.8 years) with
      chronic hemiplegia (duration 3-18 years) and related to the muscle fibre
      composition, size and expression of isoforms of myosin heavy chains (MHCs). In
      the average step cycle the integrated surface EMG of the paralysed TA did in the
      majority of the hemiplegic patients not exceed 10% of that recorded during
      maximal contraction of the normal leg. The type I fibre percentage in the
      paralysed TA subject was 57.4% as compared with 79.4% in normal muscles (P less
      than 0.05). The range of axonal conduction velocities in the peroneal nerve did
      not differ in paralysed and non-paralysed leg, suggesting that there was no
      selective loss of one class of motoneurons. The type II fibres consisted of IIA
      (66%) and IIB (31%), in contrast to the normal TA muscle where less than 1% of
      the muscle fibres are of type IIB. The incidence of fibres in the biopsies with
      both slow and fast MHCs had a mean value of 3.5% (range 0.7-9%). The type I and
      type II muscle fibres had normal sizes with cross-sectional area 4511 +/- 962
      microns 2 and 6181 +/- 1062 microns 2. No selective type II atrophy was seen.
      Occasional hypertrophic type I and II fibres were seen in 4 patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795170
TI  - Human brain lectin immunoreactive material in cerebrospinal fluids determined by
      enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
AB  - A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) micromethod is described which can measure
      levels of a 14 kDa human brain lectin (HBL) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of
      patients submitted to CSF examination. The assay is based on the use of a
      polyclonal antibody to HBL and the simultaneous application of biotinylated and
      unlabeled HBL. Biotin was then reacted with a streptavidin-peroxidase (Strep-HRP)
      conjugate and the bound enzyme quantified with the substrate
      orthophenylenediamine (OPD). The assay requires only 50 microliters of CSF and is
      very sensitive: as little as 6 ng/ml of HBL 14 can be detected. In a blind-test
      screening, the mean (+/- SEM) concentration of the HBL immunoreactive material
      (HIM) in CSF was determined to be 72.4 +/- 6.6 ng/ml. Our results indicate that
      EIA measurement of HIM levels in the CSF may find useful applications in
      elucidating the involvement of HBL in the physiopathology of human nervous system
      (NS).

PMID- 1795171
TI  - Analysis of factors of relevance to rapid clinical progression in HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy.
AB  - In order to clarify factors of relevance to the rapid clinical deterioration in
      HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM), we analyzed clinical and laboratory
      parameters of 28 patients. Patients were divided into rapid (n = 14) and slow
      progression groups (n = 14) by severity of paraparesis in the 5th year after
      onset. Clinically, only young age at onset of the disease was significantly
      associated with rapid clinical deterioration. Among laboratory parameters,
      depressed skin reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene and PPD, a depressed
      lymphoproliferative responses and increased CSF IgG levels were significantly
      associated with rapid clinical deterioration. Serum and CSF anti-HTLV-I
      antibodies titers were not a relevant factor in the rapid clinical deterioration.
      The results suggest the implication of immunopathogenic mechanisms in HAM.

PMID- 1795172
TI  - In vitro contraction test for malignant hyperthermia in patients with unexplained
      recurrent rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - A few cases of non-anaesthetic-induced rhabdomyolysis in humans, predisposed to
      malignant hyperthermia (MH), have been described in literature. We studied a
      group of 6 consecutive patients with unexplained and recurrent attacks of
      rhabdomyolysis with the test used to determine susceptibility to MH, the in vitro
      contraction test (IVCT). The results of the IVCT showed 5 of these 6 patients to
      be MH susceptible. In cultured muscle cells from one of these patients a
      disturbed calcium homeostasis could be demonstrated. The relation between MH and
      recurrent rhabdomyolysis is discussed.

PMID- 1795173
TI  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients living beyond respiratory failure.
AB  - Thirty cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) supported by respirators for
      more than 1 year beyond respiratory failure were followed to estimate the
      progression of their voluntary motor impairment. The extremities were apt to be
      affected within two years of the onset of the disease, but complete voluntary
      paralysis occurred in less than half of the cases (14/30), more frequently
      appearing after respiratory failure. Respiratory and bulbar paralysis were
      closely related, and combined complete voluntary paralysis of these muscle
      systems was observed in 25/30 cases. Incomplete external ophthalmoplegia also
      increased after respiratory failure, but complete voluntary external
      ophthalmoplegia was rare (5/30).

PMID- 1795174
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of dystrophin in congenital muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Using immunocytochemical methods, we examined the intensity and distribution of
      dystrophin and spectrin immunostaining of skeletal muscles from 51 congenital
      muscular dystrophy (CMD) patients including 36 Fukuyama congenital muscular
      dystrophy (FCMD) and 15 non-FCMD (other CMD). 17 age-matched spinal muscular
      atrophy (SMA) and 5 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient biopsies were
      studied as controls. All 15 non-FCMD and SMA patients showed normal localization
      of dystrophin at the surface membrane of each muscle fiber which was undetectable
      in DMD. In contrast, 34 of 36 FCMD patients exhibited an unusual immunostaining
      pattern with occasional (17-43%; mean = 28) negative or abnormally immunoreacted
      (partially deficient, fluffy or intense) fibers for dystrophin. Dystrophin was
      absent in 2 of 36 patients having a clinical diagnosis of FCMD, and intragenic
      deletion of the DMD gene was detected in one. Spectrin, a membrane cytoskeletal
      protein related to dystrophin, also showed an increased number of abnormally
      immunostained fibers in FCMD (25%), but not so high in age-matched DMD (9%) or
      SMA patient muscle (0%). Thus, our results suggested the presence of intrinsic
      factor(s) that produce abnormality of the plasma membrane of FCMD muscle.

PMID- 1795175
TI  - Riboflavin responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: functional
      evaluation of recovery after high dose vitamin supplementation.
AB  - The effect of riboflavin supplementation on muscle performance and exercise
      metabolism was investigated in four patients with multiple acyl-coenzyme A
      dehydrogenase deficiency (MAD). Maximum oxygen consumption and endurance
      measurements were performed to assess the patients' aerobic capacity and energy
      metabolism during exercise. They were tested before and after treatment with
      pharmacological doses of riboflavin. The initially low maximum oxygen consumption
      and high levels of blood lactate during submaximal exercise suggest that the
      oxidation of both fatty acids and carbohydrates was severely impaired. All four
      patients experienced a dramatic improvement in aerobic performance under
      riboflavin supplementation.

PMID- 1795176
TI  - Cellular immune surveillance against HTLV-I infected T lymphocytes in HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
AB  - To investigate the cellular immune surveillance against HTLV-I infected T
      lymphocytes in HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
      (HAM/TSP), we studied the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity against an HTLV
      I infected human T cell line (MT-2) and the natural killer (NK) cell activity in
      15 HAM patients, 6 HTLV-I carriers, and 15 controls. The activity of CTL against
      MT-2 cells was found to be significantly elevated in HAM compared with that in
      the controls. This cytotoxicity in HAM was higher than in HTLV-I carriers,
      although the difference was not statistically significant. There was an HLA class
      I restriction in this CTL activity against MT-2 cells in HAM. On the other hand,
      NK cell activity was significantly lower in HAM than in controls. Cold target
      inhibition studies suggested that NK cells could not lyse MT-2 cells effectively.
      There was a positive correlation between the CTL activity against MT-2 cells and
      the serum antibody titers to HTLV-I in HAM.

PMID- 1795177
TI  - Molecular modelling studies and the chromatographic behaviour of oxiracetam and
      some closely related molecules.
AB  - Modelling studies have been carried out on the cellulose-based chiral stationary
      phase used to separate the enantiomers of three simple lactams. These studies
      have helped in understanding differences in the chromatographic behaviour of
      these molecules.

PMID- 1795178
TI  - Structural investigations and modeling of cavities in clathrates.
AB  - A molecular-graphics study has been performed in order to build and visualize the
      shape of cavities within different clathrates from X-ray diffraction data [e.g.
      Dianin's compound, Werner complexes Ni(SCN)2(3-methylpyridine)4,
      Fe(acetylacetonate)3 and Ni(ethylxanthate)2(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)
      complexes]. The algorithm of the solvent-accessible surfaces representation has
      been applied to a part of the whole crystal structure rather than to isolated
      host molecules, by using the MOLCAD molecular modeling package. This type of
      modelization has been found very efficient both to study the shape properties of
      the host cavities (cage or channel types) and to approach the structural features
      of the host/guest interactions.

PMID- 1795179
TI  - Comparative conformational analysis of [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE): a
      molecular mechanics study.
AB  - A theoretical conformational analysis (molecular mechanics study) of the delta
      opioid receptor-selective enkephalin analog H-Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE)
      was performed, based on the use of the SYBYL software. The study led to the
      identification of several conformers that were significantly lower in energy than
      previously reported candidate conformers of DPDPE which, for comparative
      purposes, were also minimized by using the standard SYBYL force field. The
      results revealed a considerable degree of conformational flexibility of the DPDPE
      molecule, and suggested that incorporation of further conformational constraints
      into this enkephalin analog will be necessary in order to elucidate its receptor
      bound conformation.

PMID- 1795181
TI  - The fine structure of blood vessels, Part I.

PMID- 1795180
TI  - The discovery of novel auxin transport inhibitors by molecular modeling and three
      dimensional pattern analysis.
AB  - Molecular modeling techniques and three-dimensional (3D) pattern analysis have
      been used to investigate the chemical and steric properties of compounds that
      inhibit transport of the plant hormone auxin. These compounds bind to a specific
      site on the plant plasma membrane characterized by its affinity for the herbicide
      N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). A 3D model was derived from critical features
      of a set of ligands for the NPA receptor, a suggested binding conformation is
      proposed, and implications for the topographical features of the NPA receptor are
      discussed. This model, along with 3D structural analysis techniques, was then
      used to search the Abbott corporate database of chemical structures. Of the 467
      compounds that satisfied the criteria of the model, 77 representative molecules
      were evaluated for their ability to compete for the binding of [3H]NPA to corn
      microsomal membranes. Nineteen showed activity that ranged from 16 to 85% of the
      maximum NPA binding. Four of the most active of these, representing chemical
      classes not included in the original compound set, were also found to inhibit
      polar auxin transport through corn coleoptile sections. Thus, this study
      demonstrates that 3D analysis techniques can identify active, novel ligands for
      biochemical target sites with concomitant physiological activity.

PMID- 1795182
TI  - Cryofixation of vascular endothelium.
AB  - Cryofixation refers to the immobilization of tissue components by the rapid
      removal of heat from the specimen, so that the structure is interred and
      stabilized in a natural embedding medium, namely, frozen (amorphous or
      microcrystalline) tissue water. Cryofixation is now often used as a complement to
      the more traditional fixation methods, especially when the cell structure is
      delicate or dynamic and may be inaccurately preserved by the slow selective
      action of chemical fixatives. Vascular endothelial cells are specialized for
      transcellular transport and for the regulation of blood flow and composition. The
      dynamic and labile subcellular organization of these cells, presumably reflecting
      these functional specializations, makes them ideal candidates for cryofixation.
      Several different types of endothelial cells were directly frozen at temperatures
      below 20 degrees Kelvin by pressing them against a liquid-helium-cooled block.
      These samples were subsequently processed for structural analysis by freeze
      substitution. Detailed rationales, designs, and protocols are described for both
      freezing and freeze-substitution. Electron micrographs of cryofixed arterial and
      venous capillaries (rete mirabile of the American eel), iliac vein (rabbit), and
      cultured endothelium from the iliac vein (human) reveal that the organization of
      the characteristic intracellular membrane system of endothelial vesicles is
      qualitatively similar to that seen in chemically fixed endothelium, especially
      with regard to the interconnection of clusters of individual vesicles to form
      elaborate networks. The luminal and abluminal networks are not in communication,
      at least not in static images. Quantitatively, however, most directly frozen
      endothelial cells have far fewer vesicular profiles than comparable
      glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. The differences can be explained by presuming that
      the rapid action of cryofixation (approximately 1 msec) gives a more accurate
      picture of the vesicular network because it captures the transient structure of
      labile or dynamic membranes.

PMID- 1795183
TI  - The endothelial vesicle system in cryofixed frog mesenteric capillaries analysed
      by ultrathin serial sectioning.
AB  - Conventional EM sections of chemically fixed capillary endothelial cells reveal
      numerous apparently free smooth plasmalemmal vesicles. However, the method of
      ultrathin (less than 150 A) serial sectioning has shown that the smooth vesicle
      profiles arise merely as a result of the EM thin sectioning of two sets of
      complex vesicular invaginations from the luminal and abluminal cell surfaces,
      which end blindly in the cytoplasm. While 50-70% of the total population of
      vesicular profiles appear to lack connections to the cell surface in conventional
      (500-700 A thick) EM thin sections less than 1% truly free vesicles can be found
      by the ultrathin serial section analyses. In the present study it is examined
      whether similar conclusions apply to endothelial cells which were directly frozen
      by slam-freezing and subsequently freeze-substituted. The three-dimensional
      organization of the plasmalemmal vesicular system was analyzed in four series of
      19, 18, 13, and 10 ultrathin sections (approximately 110 A thick) of capillaries
      from frog mesenteries quickly excised from decapitated frogs (Rana pipiens). None
      of 920 vesicular profiles (diameter 500-1,200 A) which appeared free in
      individual thin sections of the series represented free vesicles; all profiles
      either communicated with other vesicles, the cell surface, or in rare cases
      turned out to be part of cytoplasmic tubular membrane structures. It is concluded
      that free smooth plasmalemmal vesicles are very rare in rapidly frozen as well as
      in directly fixed frog capillary endothelium. The volume density of profiles (13
      15%), the proportion of apparently free vesicle profiles (70%), and
      interconnected profiles (20%) were similar to the picture previously found in
      single EM sections of frog mesenteric capillaries. No transendothelial channels
      were found in the four series of ultrathin sections of capillaries. However,
      continuities between the luminal and abluminal cell surfaces were seen in the
      endothelium of venules. Furthermore, in the ultrathin series of the capillaries,
      vesicular units belonging to the two sets of invaginations and cytoplasmic
      tubular membrane structures were in more cases found in very close contact-as
      fused to share one unit membrane. If this finding is representative for the in
      vivo situation, it may reflect that the vesicular system represents a highly
      dynamic system with possibilities for mixing of membranes, cellular traffic of
      lipid, membrane proteins, and receptors between internal compartments and the
      cell surfaces, as well as occasional exchange of macromolecules between blood and
      tissue through rare temporary connections between the two sets of surface
      invaginations, without actually moving vesicles.

PMID- 1795184
TI  - Lectin and immunolabeling of microvascular endothelia.
AB  - A number of recently developed localization techniques are beginning to be
      applied in the study of endothelial cells and their structural components. In
      this article we will review a number of these cytochemical approaches as well as
      their advantages and disadvantages and their applications. The methods will be
      presented for processing tissues for either L.R. White embedding or semi-thin and
      thin frozen sections followed by subsequent lectin and immunolabeling for
      fluorescence and electron microscopic examination. These techniques are easily
      applied in the localization of perfused exogenous proteins and of endogenous
      endothelial-associated proteins. The results that can be obtained from such
      studies are presented and discussed.

PMID- 1795185
TI  - Quick-freeze, deep-etch studies of endothelial components, with special reference
      to cytoskeletons and vesicle structures.
AB  - A three-dimensional study of the ultrastructure of endothelial cells is helpful
      in understanding important endothelial functions such as vascular transport and
      cell permeability. For this purpose, in addition to serial sectioning electron
      microscopy and high-voltage electron microscopy, the quick-freeze, deep-etching
      technique also enables us to analyze structures at the molecular level by its
      high resolution and is useful for three-dimensional morphological studies. Some
      modifications on the conventional deep-etching method were made in this study to
      reduce the undesirable aggregation of proteins and salts during etching. Using
      this technique, we examined the rat aortic endothelium, particularly the membrane
      structures and cytoskeletons. The luminal surface of the endothelium was covered
      with a fine filamentous coat, which was anchored to the plasma membrane. In the
      cytoplasm, actin filaments were prominent and were oriented randomly or in a
      parallel fashion near the plasma membrane. Of the vesicles seen in the
      endothelium, some had basket coats of clathrin, and others had striped coats on
      the cytoplasmic membrane surface. These surface structures of the vesicles
      suggest the transport mechanism of the vesicles in association with the fine
      filaments attached to the vesicles.

PMID- 1795186
TI  - Capillary pericytes: perspectives and future trends.
AB  - A complete understanding of the microcirculation requires full knowledge of the
      structure and function of each of the constituent cells, including pericytes.
      Vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells have been investigated intensively
      during the last two decades, but much less is known about the metabolism and
      function of capillary pericytes. However, the development of new electron
      microscopy techniques and the application of new cell culture and molecular
      biology techniques should allow for the rapid elucidation of the cellular
      biochemistry and the microvascular function and pathology of this ubiquitous
      capillary cell.

PMID- 1795187
TI  - Grain boundary character distributions in Ni-16Cr-9Fe using selected area
      channeling patterns: methodology and results.
AB  - Selected area channeling patterns imaged on an SEM are digitized and displayed on
      the screen of a Macintosh computer, on which the user selects channeling bands
      that are measured to determine orientation. Grain boundary misorientations are
      found using the orientation information for pairs of grains adjacent at grain
      boundaries, and the boundaries are classified as low angle boundaries (LABs),
      coincident site lattice boundaries (CSLBs), or general boundaries (GHABs) based
      on the misorientation information. The technique was implemented to analyze the
      grain boundary character distributions (GBCDs) in Ni-16Cr-9Fe. The GBCDs of
      solution annealed material were similar to those expected in an aggregate of
      randomly oriented polycrystals. However, sequential thermomechanical treatments
      (5% tensile strain + 945 degrees C:75 min + 2% tensile strain + 890 degrees C:15
      h + 3% tensile strain + 890 degrees C:20 h or 9% compressive strain + 890 degrees
      C:20 h + 9% compressive strain + 890 degrees C:20 h + 3% compressive strain + 890
      degrees C:15 h) applied after the solution anneal lowered the proportions of
      GHABs in the GBCDs from 76-79% to 47-64%. The CSL-enhanced GBCDs of both the
      tensile-deformed samples and the compression-deformed sample appear to have
      evolved mainly through impingement of twin and twin-related boundaries during
      recrystallization; the CSL-enhanced GBCD of a compression-deformed sample appears
      to have been influenced by grain rotation processes to a greater degree than were
      the tensile-deformed samples The CSL boundaries in the CSL-enhanced GBCDs were,
      in general, closer to the exact CSL misorientations than were those in the near
      random GBCDs of the solution annealed material. An analysis of the distribution
      of misorientation axes did not indicate any correlation between grain
      misorientation texture and GBCD evolution.

PMID- 1795188
TI  - Preparation by ion milling and TEM investigation of embedded needle-shaped
      crystals of H-Nb2O5.
AB  - A method for preparing needle-shaped and platelike crystals for electron
      microscopical investigation was elaborated. Crystals of H-Nb2O5 were embedded in
      a synthetic resin and disks were cut off perpendicular to the desired direction
      of observation. The thickness of the sample was reduced by planar grinding and
      then by using a dimple grinder and furthermore by ion milling with argon ions.
      With the precision ion milling system small crystal areas were selected and
      subsequently irradiated. The TEM investigations showed that the desired
      crystallographic orientation was reached and that the crystal structure has been
      preserved. The contrast of highly resolved images was reduced by an amorphous
      surface layer which was not removable.

PMID- 1795189
TI  - Real time computer simulation of transmission electron microscope images with
      tilted illumination: grain boundary applications.
AB  - Computer programs have been developed to simulate electron microscope images from
      digitized graphically represented model structures. Via a television rate image
      processing system, these programs allow real time, interactive modification of
      the microscope objective lens parameters, incident beam inclination, and incident
      beam energy. In addition to explaining the computational methods, the need for
      using tilted beam illumination is explored to extend microscope resolution. For
      this study, the subject of grain boundary imaging is analyzed for a copper sigma
      = 5, 36.9 degrees, (310) tilt boundary with a [001] common rotation axis. The Cu
      [200] lattice spacings of approximately 1.8A on both sides of the interface
      cannot be reliably resolved under axial illumination conditions in a 200 kV
      microscope. Therefore, either tilted beam modes or higher incident beam energies
      were explored and the types of image features correlated with atomic position
      data through the digital frame store system.

PMID- 1795190
TI  - An in-vitro extracellular matrix model system to visualize whole cells with
      intermediate voltage electron microscopy (IVEM).

PMID- 1795191
TI  - Direct versus indirect measurement of blood pressure.
AB  - The indirect method of blood pressure measurement is known to be potentially
      inaccurate, slow-moving and incapable of recognizing artefacts such as the
      'alerting reaction'. This situation can be improved by repeated measurements,
      with, for example, ambulatory non-invasive measurement. Nevertheless, these
      clinic blood pressure measurements are known to supply very good prognostic
      information, at least in large populations, and it has yet to be established that
      ambulatory monitoring can supply better prognostic data. The direct technique, in
      contrast, is of known and measurable accuracy, records every pressure pulse and
      can recognize all artefacts. Unfortunately, the direct technique has no general
      clinical application because of its invasive nature, and there is a need to break
      with conventional thinking and develop a new technique that can match the direct
      technique without the need for physiological invasion.

PMID- 1795192
TI  - Validation requirements for ambulatory blood pressure measuring systems.
AB  - The increasing application of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in clinical
      practice has stimulated the manufacture of a large number of ambulatory systems
      which must be independently validated. The British Hypertension Society protocol
      for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices has now been used to
      evaluate eight ambulatory systems. Based on this experience recommendations are
      made for improving validation techniques for the evaluation of ambulatory
      devices.

PMID- 1795193
TI  - Methods for describing the diurnal blood pressure curve.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure recordings supply information on the blood pressure
      variation during habitual daily activities and sleep. Whether the circadian blood
      pressure curve is modulated by an endogenous clock or whether the diurnal
      fluctuations in blood pressure are mainly or exclusively determined by the
      pattern of activity remains disputed. Whatever the underlying mechanism, most
      experts agree that it still remains to be ascertained whether the blood pressure
      profile can help in unraveling the pathophysiology of hypertension and
      determining a subject's cardiovascular risk. The methods for parametrizing the
      diurnal blood pressure curve in individual subjects, summarized in this article,
      may provide summary statistics for larger groups of individuals or for the
      population at large.

PMID- 1795194
TI  - Analysis of ambulatory blood pressure data.
AB  - Many statistical techniques can be used to describe different aspects of
      ambulatory records, but it is highly unlikely that any single parameter will
      suffice. A more realistic aim is for a combination of measures that combine
      statistical validity with physiological meaning and clinical usefulness. This
      will require compromises between conflicting demands, and only experience and
      research will ultimately determine the best summary statistics. Some of the
      available techniques are described here in terms of their value to research and
      to clinical practice, and an approach is proposed based on considerations of the
      physiology of blood pressure in free-living man.

PMID- 1795195
TI  - Second international consensus meeting on twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood
      pressure measurement: consensus and conclusions.

PMID- 1795196
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during exercise and physical activity.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure recorders have two potential advantages over standard
      casual blood pressure measurements; they are able to take multiple recordings
      automatically throughout the day and night and also during the activities of
      normal daily living. At present, the general recommendations for validation of
      blood pressure recorders do not include assessment during motion. In order to
      obtain accurate information on an ambulatory blood pressure recorder's
      capabilities during exercise or physical activity, the blood pressure standard
      must use direct (intra-arterial) measurements. Data from some of the existing
      ambulatory blood pressure recorders suggest that many are accurate during resting
      measurements but lose their precision when the subjects are walking or during
      exercise. If ambulatory recorders are to be used in ambulant conditions with a
      moving arm, the device should be validated for accuracy and reliability during
      motion, using simultaneous direct measurements for comparison.

PMID- 1795197
TI  - Monitoring activity and blood pressure.
AB  - Body motion and blood pressure were monitored simultaneously for 24h in 82
      healthy normotensive employees with sedentary jobs. Body movement frequency
      decreased from the level during work to the level at home in the evening and fell
      further when the subjects went to sleep. Approximately 25% of changes in blood
      pressure levels were explained by changes in gross body movement. The mean
      intrasubject correlation between pressure and motility was r = 0.52 (diastolic)
      and r = 0.51 (systolic). Simultaneous monitoring of blood pressure and human
      activity, using a behavioral diary to record the type of activity and an
      electronic motility monitor to record its intensity, can show how skeletal motor
      outflow affects the regulation of blood pressure in the normal circumstances of
      everyday life.

PMID- 1795198
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: is it cost-effective?
AB  - The detection and treatment of hypertension can prevent cerebrovascular disease
      and, to some extent, coronary heart disease. For mild hypertension this process
      is not efficient because many patients must be treated with antihypertensive
      medication to benefit only a few. The costs of identification, diagnosis and drug
      treatment of mild hypertension are significant. These costs have increased
      recently, in part due to changing patterns of drug selection favoring newer
      agents. Primary and secondary screening for hypertension has relied on casual
      blood pressure measurement which has high sensitivity, but low specificity, i.e.
      many false-positives can be expected. Incorporation of ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring into secondary screening has potential for greater specificity by
      excluding from treatment 20-40% of those initially identified as having mild
      hypertension. Computer analysis of simulated populations selected for treatment
      by either casual blood pressure or by use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
      with echocardiography (for borderline cases) demonstrates no difference in
      calculated life expectancy for the two groups. However, the former strategy
      selected 23% of the subjects for treatment, while the latter selected 6%. These
      results imply that appropriate use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in
      secondary screening of mild hypertension may have a significant impact on cost
      effectiveness.

PMID- 1795199
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure: mortality and morbidity.
AB  - Our data justify the conclusion that ambulatory blood pressures are useful in
      combination with office pressures and standard measures of target organ
      abnormalities in quantifying the severity of the hypertension in the individual
      patient. Ambulatory pressures are also useful for stratifying risk in predicting
      short-term prognosis; they may be markers for tracking the severity of disease
      and height of the pressure, but should not be used to determine long-term outcome
      independently of information on subsequent blood pressure control and other risk
      factors.

PMID- 1795200
TI  - An inventory of studies on ambulatory blood pressure in large groups of subjects.
AB  - We made an inventory of 19 studies that have been or are being undertaken to
      better characterize the distribution of ambulatory blood pressure in the
      population at large or in larger groups of individuals selected from the
      population. No study was without some degree of selection in the recruitment of
      its subjects, but none of the subjects was selected or excluded on the basis of
      ambulatory blood pressure. These studies could provide the data required to
      define more precise, age- and sex-specific, diagnostic criteria for ambulatory
      blood pressure measurement in day-to-day clinical practice.

PMID- 1795201
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure and prognosis: summary of ongoing studies.
AB  - Two multicenter European trials studying the correlation between ambulatory blood
      pressure and long-term prognosis of hypertension are at present underway. The
      Office versus Ambulatory trial (OvA) has accepted primary hypertensives of all
      ages, with systolic and diastolic hypertension; in the Systolic Hypertension in
      the Elderly study (Syst-Eur) only elderly patients with systolic hypertension are
      being studied. In both trials, blood pressure is being recorded at intervals of
      30 min over 24 h, using fully validated non-invasive recorders. Treatment in both
      studies is based on office blood pressure. As both studies are expected to answer
      many current questions on the value of ambulatory blood pressure recordings,
      participation is strongly encouraged.

PMID- 1795202
TI  - The contribution of ambulatory blood pressure measurement to the evaluation of
      new antihypertensive drugs.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure recording can provide information on blood pressure
      changes throughout the day and night and during normal daily activities. The
      former features are of particular use in evaluating the duration of action and
      dose-response relationships for new antihypertensive drugs, especially those
      developed for once daily dosing. Improved precision and multiple measurements
      through the dose interval may reduce the number of patients required in trials.
      We have recently used ambulatory blood pressure recording to assess the magnitude
      and duration of the first dose of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor, quinapril, compared to placebo. In addition, the effects on blood
      pressure of long-acting calcium antagonists, alone and in combination, have been
      measured. Ambulatory blood pressure recording can complement conventional
      approaches in determining the dose range, frequency of administration and
      concentration-effect relationships of new and existing antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 1795203
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the design of antihypertensive drug
      trials.
AB  - The reproducibility of blood pressure estimates is considerably improved by
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring compared to clinic or office readings. This
      reduces the number of patients required for clinical trials or improves the
      statistical power of the trials. Non-uniformity in the response to
      antihypertensive drugs makes it preferable to use crossover trials with
      ambulatory monitoring when comparing different antihypertensive agents. However,
      inherent variability of blood pressure limits the potential of these trials to
      determine the time-course of the action of drugs.

PMID- 1795204
TI  - The United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines on ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring.
AB  - The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require the use of
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of antihypertensive drug
      efficacy. It has not so far been found useful in decision-making and there is no
      consensus on its use. As more ambulatory blood pressure data accumulate, however,
      there may be a role for this technique in helping to solve particular problems in
      evaluating the effects of antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 1795205
TI  - Proposals for European Commission guidelines in the use of ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring to evaluate antihypertensive drugs.
AB  - Different national authorities have different requirements before
      antihypertensive drugs can be approved for clinical use. Traditionally,
      antihypertensive treatment is evaluated by blood pressure measurements made by
      standardized casual readings. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring provides additional information on the antihypertensive profile of a
      drug. In antihypertensive drug studies, this technique reduces the sample size
      required, has no placebo effect and provides more detailed information on first
      dose effects, the duration of action and dose-response relationships.
      Accordingly, proposals are being made that might form the basis of European
      Commission (EC) guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, thus
      standardizing the present different national requirements.

PMID- 1795206
TI  - The role of twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement in clinical
      practice.
AB  - Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is passing from research
      into clinical practice and it is necessary to clarify circumstances for which 24
      h ambulatory measurement will be most beneficial. Devices should be accurate and
      reasonably priced. The operator should be able to interpret 24-h recordings and
      be familiar with the operation of the equipment. The subject must be capable of
      complying with the instructions necessary for successful use of the device. In
      diagnosis, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement is particularly useful in
      deciding whether subjects with borderline hypertension have a genuinely elevated
      blood pressure, in identifying white-coat hypertension, in determining dipper
      status and in diagnosing symptomatic hypotension. In the management of
      antihypertensive drug treatment, the technique helps the clinician to select the
      drug best suited to the individual patient in terms of duration of action and
      suitability for the individual 24-h profile; the technique also identifies any
      excessive reduction in blood pressure and provides a means of assessing resistant
      cases of hypertension.

PMID- 1795207
TI  - Can behavioural factors produce a sustained elevation of blood pressure? Some
      observations and a hypothesis.
AB  - A major problem confronting behavioural theories of hypertension, such as the
      reactivity hypothesis, is that stress is likely to be intermittent, whereas the
      early stages of hypertension appear to be characterized by an increase in the
      tonic level of blood pressure and sympathetic activity. Furthermore, intermittent
      sympathetic arousal (e.g. exercise, thigh-cuff compression) does not necessarily
      raise tonic blood pressure. A worksite-based study of occupational stress has
      indicated that people in high-stress jobs have increased blood pressure
      throughout the day and night, which is at least consistent with a behaviourally
      mediated resetting of the tonic blood pressure level. There is evidence that
      adrenaline is preferentially released in response to behavioural stresses.
      According to the 'adrenaline hypothesis', adrenaline can raise tonic blood
      pressure while noradrenaline does not. We therefore propose that the different
      long-term effects of behavioural stress and exercise on blood pressure can be
      explained by their differing effects on catecholamine release.

PMID- 1795208
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in secondary hypertension.
AB  - The term 'secondary hypertension' includes a variety of aetiological processes
      with no obvious common feature apart, perhaps, from the loss of normal blood
      pressure regulatory factors. It has been suggested that all forms of secondary
      hypertension, including renal/renovascular, accelerated phase, glucocorticoid and
      mineralocorticoid excess, phaeochromocytoma and toxaemia in pregnancy are
      associated with the loss of the normal nocturnal fall in blood pressure. The
      evidence for this view appears strongest for glucocorticoid-induced hypertension,
      but for most other forms the available data are conflicting and are mostly based
      on small numbers of patients without adequate control populations. Sleep is a
      powerful determinant of the nocturnal fall in blood pressure but few studies have
      addressed the quality of sleep in groups of patients who are often sick and/or
      hospitalized. Abnormalities in sympathetic drive (e.g. autonomic neuropathy and
      phaeochromocytoma) can abolish the nocturnal blood pressure reductions, and
      activation of the sympathetic nervous system may be a critical factor in
      determining the normal diurnal changes in blood pressure. As approximately 20% of
      patients with 'essential hypertension' have a blunted fall in nocturnal blood
      pressure it seems unlikely that ambulatory blood pressure could ever be useful in
      screening for secondary hypertension.

PMID- 1795209
TI  - Testing the accuracy of blood pressure monitoring devices in ambulatory
      conditions.
AB  - In recent years technological progress has improved the construction of
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring devices. This has resulted in devices able
      to measure blood pressure continuously and non-invasively, and also in lighter,
      less noisy and more accurate intermittent blood pressure monitors. The accuracy
      of monitors, however, is still tested by taking blood pressure measurements at
      rest, and testing against intra-arterial blood pressure values, in true
      ambulatory conditions, is very seldom used. When evaluated by the latter
      approach, devices such as SpaceLabs 5300 and the Sandoz SPS 1558 recorders can be
      substantially inaccurate. Newer devices such as the SpaceLabs 90202 and 90207 are
      also somewhat inaccurate, particularly when diastolic blood pressure is
      considered. However, hour-to-hour changes in blood pressure obtained by the
      SpaceLabs 90202 and 90207 monitors are qualitatively and quantitatively similar
      to those obtained by invasive methods. This makes it possible to describe the 24
      h blood pressure profile more accurately.

PMID- 1795210
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children, adolescents and elderly people.
AB  - Non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is increasingly being used in
      the diagnosis and the treatment of adult hypertensive patients. In children, the
      most obvious clinical use for intermittent blood pressure recordings is in the
      evaluation of borderline hypertension and the assessment of the efficacy of
      antihypertensive therapy. Adolescents who are hypertensive in the presence of the
      doctor are more often normotensive outside the physician's office than adult and
      elderly patients. Many elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension have
      normal ambulatory systolic readings. Elderly patients with high blood pressures
      only in the physician's presence generally do not show a fall in ambulatory blood
      pressures when antihypertensive therapy is initiated or intensified. Thus,
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be useful in detecting truly
      hypertensive patients among children and adolescents and in elderly people. This
      technique should make it possible to better define the cardiovascular risk, to
      avoid overtreatment and to individualize antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 1795211
TI  - Clinical application of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in pregnancy.
AB  - Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia are the most important obstetric causes of maternal
      mortality in the Western world. The current definitions of hypertensive disorders
      in pregnancy rely on arbitrary blood pressure limits based on intermittent clinic
      readings which are subject to bias and error. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring can overcome many of these deficiencies but has only recently
      been introduced into antenatal care. Five pregnancy studies using ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring are currently underway in Birmingham, Glasgow,
      Grenoble, Oxford and Dublin. The results so far indicate that ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring is an acceptable method of measuring blood pressure in
      pregnancy. It is also concluded that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may
      have several roles in the future antenatal management of hypertension, including
      modification of existing classification systems, a clinical confirmatory role and
      a possible predictive role for pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 1795212
TI  - Orthostatic hypotension and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - Orthostatic hypotension has a number of causes, many of which are easily
      reversible. However, characteristics such as standing hypotension in conjunction
      with supine hypertension are not always easily detected in the clinic or office
      setting. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be a valuable technique for
      diagnosis and for the assessment of therapeutic effects in patients with
      orthostatic hypotension.

PMID- 1795214
TI  - Influence of the physicochemical properties and concentration of native and
      modified potato starch on the release of a hydrophobic drug from hard gelatin
      capsules.
AB  - The influence of the physicochemical properties and concentration of potato
      starch and sodium starch glycolate on the release of phenacetin from hard gelatin
      capsules is examined. Smaller quantities of sodium starch glycolate are necessary
      to improve the disintegration of the encapsulated powder mass and the drug
      release, compared to blends with potato starch. From the ratio of the absolute
      particle diameter increase to the mean pore diameter of the encapsulated powder
      mass no prediction about capsule disintegration could be made, contrary to
      tablets. A better correlation seems to exist between the total volume increase of
      the starch grains and the disintegration time of the formulation.

PMID- 1795213
TI  - [Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of substituted fluorobenzyl
      benzylidenethiazolidinediones and imidazolidinediones].
AB  - The synthesis of six benzylidene thiazolidine-diones and three benzylidene
      imidazolidine-diones is described. In order to investigate their antimicrobial
      activity, they are evaluated against micro-organism such as Staphylococcus
      aureus, Streptococcus feacalis, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Neurospora crassa.

PMID- 1795216
TI  - [Cell biology and cosmetology].
AB  - Cellular biology can become the natural support of research in the field of
      cosmetics because it is able to provide alternative experimental models which can
      partially replace the massive use of laboratory animals. Cultures of human skin
      cells could be used in tests investigating irritation of the skin. We have
      developed an "in vitro" experimental model that allows to evaluate the damage
      caused by the free radicals to the fibroblasts in culture and to test the
      protective action of the lipoaminoacids. Experimenting on human cell cultures
      presents the advantage of eliminating the extrapolation between the different
      species, of allowing a determination of the biological action of a substance and
      of evaluating its dose/response effect. This does not mean that "in vitro"
      experimenting could completely replace experimenting on living animals, but the
      "in vitro" model can be introduced in the realisation of preliminary screenings.

PMID- 1795215
TI  - [Platelet antiaggregants].
AB  - Antiplatelet agents are indicated in the prophylactic treatment of certain
      thromboses, and in particular those due to a complication of atherosclerosis.
      Acetylsalicylic acid is the best-known, the most commonly used and, probably, the
      currently most effective agent. The dosage remains controversial; yet, a mean
      dose of 300 mg daily appears to be recommended nowadays. Ticlopidine and, to a
      lesser extent, dipyridamole can also be used for this treatment. However numerous
      contra-indications, such as haemorragic diathesis, surgery and gastric ulcers
      tend to limit their use. As regards the combination of antiplatelet agents,
      clinical studies do not show superior efficacy as compared with acetylsalicyclic
      acid alone.

PMID- 1795218
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs].

PMID- 1795217
TI  - [The nutritional importance and pharmacologic effects of cobalt and vitamin B 12
      in man].
AB  - Cobalt is an unique trace element for man as it can only reveal its essential
      properties if provided directly as its biological active form, cobalamin or
      vitamin B12, the daily requirement of which is 1 to 2 micrograms in adults. This
      vitamin takes part in the activity of the enzyme methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase,
      involved in the conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA, an intermediary
      product of the citrate cycle, and of the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate: homocystein
      methyltransferase, working in the metabolism of methionin and in DNA synthesis.
      Vitamin B12 deficiency is responsible for a megaloblastic anemia called
      pernicious anemia and for specific neurological disorders that can be corrected
      by adequate supplementation. Inorganic cobalt salts can therefore not be
      considered as essential micronutrients for man, but being able to induce
      polycythemia, they have a pharmacological property that was recommended in the
      treatment of various anemias, and they are also used in the management of cyanide
      poisoning.

PMID- 1795219
TI  - Identification of a seasonal elevation in daytime melatonin levels associated
      with the rut in fallow bucks (Dama dama): the effect of day length and exogenous
      melatonin.
AB  - The timing of the seasonal reduction in voluntary food intake and hormonal
      changes associated with the rut were investigated in mature fallow bucks
      subjected to artificial long-day exposure with and without superimposed melatonin
      releasing implants. Circulating testosterone profiles and the period of
      inappetence, signalling the onset of the period of reproductive activity in
      untreated bucks under natural photoperiod, were phase-advanced in both treatment
      groups. In the long-day treated group, these profiles were phase-advanced by 1
      week, while in the long-day + melatonin group, the phase advance was 6 weeks
      compared to the controls. Circulating daytime melatonin, elevated in all three
      groups, corresponds with seasonal changes in circulating testosterone levels
      associated with the rut. Prolactin profiles followed ambient photoperiod, being
      high during natural or artificial long days and low during natural short days.
      Exogenous melatonin administered during long-day exposure initiated a rapid and
      reversible decrease in circulating prolactin levels. The elevation in plasma
      melatonin could not be separated temporally from the seasonal testosterone peak
      by exposure to long days or to exogenous melatonin. However, this daytime
      melatonin profile was abolished by the ablation of circulating testosterone
      following immunization against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). The
      presence of this endogenous melatonin during daylight was observed only during
      the rut, as measured in two radioimmunoassays and confirmed by mass spectrometry.
      It is likely that both testosterone and melatonin influence the onset of the
      seasonal rut in fallow bucks.

PMID- 1795220
TI  - Melatonin effect on arachidonic acid metabolism to cyclooxygenase derivatives in
      human platelets.
AB  - The effect of melatonin on thrombin-induced [3H]-arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism
      to cyclooxygenase derivatives was determined in platelets obtained from normal
      volunteers at 0830 and 2030 h. Percent conversion of radioactive AA was generally
      greater at 2030 h than at 0830 h for every cyclooxygenase derivative analyzed.
      Micromolar or greater concentrations of melatonin decreased significantly the
      conversion of [3H]-AA to prostaglandin (PG) F2 and thromboxane (Tx) B2, and
      inhibited slightly the conversion to PGE2 and PGD2. After preincubation of
      platelets with 1 mM imidazole, the melatonin inhibitory effect was significant
      for PGF2 only. Melatonin (10(-6) M) showed a significant inhibitory influence on
      platelet ATP release induced by phorbol-12 myristate-13 acetate (PMA) at 2030 h,
      an effect inhibited by 1 mM aspirin. These results indicate that at
      pharmacological concentrations melatonin inhibits human platelet cyclooxygenase.

PMID- 1795221
TI  - Regulation of melatonin production by catecholamines and adenosine in a
      photoreceptive pineal organ. An in vitro study in the pike and the trout.
AB  - The pineal organ of fish contains photoreceptor cells with structural and
      functional analogies to retinal photoreceptors. In these cells, the light/dark
      (LD) cycle influences the production of melatonin by controlling the activity of
      one of its synthetizing enzymes, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT). The daily
      rhythm in NAT activity is generated endogenously in the pike but not in the trout
      pineal. We report here that in addition to the LD information, chemical factors
      are also involved in the control of melatonin production. Adenosine and two of
      its analogs stimulated or inhibited NAT activity and melatonin release in
      cultured pike and trout pineals, depending on the experimental conditions. It is
      believed that the nucleoside, produced locally, exerts a modulatory role on the
      neurohormonal output via still enigmatic mechanisms, involving a transmembranous
      carrier. Nocturnal melatonin production in cultured pike pineals was inhibited by
      alpha-adrenergic agonists and stimulated by a beta-adrenergic agonist. No effect
      could be induced in trout pineals cultured under similar conditions. Because
      melatonin production by pineal photoreceptors is apparently regulated by both
      light and chemical inputs, we propose they might be multieffector cells.

PMID- 1795222
TI  - Inhibition of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 production by
      melatonin. Correlation with plasma melatonin levels.
AB  - Plasma melatonin concentrations and the effect of melatonin on arachidonic acid
      (AA)-induced aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production by platelet-rich
      plasma (PRP) were examined in five normal male volunteers, sampled at 2 hr
      intervals from 21:30 to 09:30 hr. Peak plasma melatonin concentration was found
      at 03:30 hr. Inhibition by 10(-6) M melatonin of AA-induced PRP aggregation was
      observed only in samples taken at 01:30 hr. Assessment of the inhibitory effect
      of 10(-9)-10(-6) M melatonin on AA-induced TxB2 production indicated that
      melatonin activity was greater at 01:30 h as compared to late night. Assessed as
      a global effect, the inhibitory activity of melatonin on PRP TxB2 showed a
      maximum at 01:30 hr and minimal effects at 03:30 hr, at the time when plasma
      concentrations of melatonin were highest. These results indicate the existence of
      a nocturnal variation in sensitivity of human platelets to melatonin, with a peak
      that precedes the maximum in circulating melatonin levels.

PMID- 1795223
TI  - Development of day-night rhythmicity in "synaptic" ribbon numbers in the
      pinealocytes of posthatch chicks kept under either natural photoperiodic
      conditions or continuous illumination.
AB  - Pineal synaptic ribbons (SR) undergo characteristic changes over a period of 24
      hr under natural photoperiodic conditions in various vertebrates, being low in
      number during daytime and elevated at night. During posthatch development of
      chicks, the rhythmicity of SR numbers is reported to appear at the age of about 2
      weeks. Because the influence of external light during the growth phase of chicks
      on the development of day-night rhythmicity in SR numbers is unknown, we studied
      day-night differences in SR numbers in the pinealocytes of chicks at the
      posthatch ages of 15, 17, and 19 days; chicks had previously been kept under
      natural photoperiodic conditions or continuous illumination. Under natural
      photoperiodic conditions a statistically significant nocturnal (midnight) rise in
      SR numbers over the value of midday was seen in the pineal of 17- and 19-day-old
      chicks, but not in 15-day-old chicks. SR numbers in the pinealocytes of
      continuously illuminated chicks did not show any day-night rhythmicity on days
      either 15 or 17, but exhibited significant day-night differences on day 19
      posthatch. These findings suggest that continuous illumination, which is known to
      dampen circadian rhythmicity of melatonin secretion in the chick pineal, causes a
      delay, but not a total suppression of the mechanism involved in the ontogenic
      development of diurnal rhythmicity in SR numbers in the pinealocytes of chicks.

PMID- 1795224
TI  - Insulin release from isolated mouse islets in vitro: no effect of physiological
      levels of melatonin or arginine vasotocin.
AB  - Some data in the literature suggest that heightened activity of the pineal gland
      may be diabetogenic. The onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is highest
      during the winter months and at puberty when melatonin levels are also greatest.
      To study the direct effects of pineal hormones on insulin release, hand-dissected
      ob/ob-mouse islets of Langerhans were incubated in vitro with melatonin (1 nmol/l
      to 100 mumol/l) or arginine vasotocin (1 pmol/l to 10 mumol/l) and D-glucose (3
      or 20 mmol/l for 1 hr. Melatonin did not affect basal or glucose-stimulated
      insulin release. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) did not affect basal insulin release,
      but at presumably pharmacological levels (1 and 10 mumol/l) the peptide
      significantly increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. We conclude that
      melatonin and AVT at physiological concentrations have no direct effect on islet
      insulin release, and that any diabetogenic effect of the pineal gland must occur
      via suppression of insulin action or via production of a metabolite or hormone
      that suppresses insulin release.

PMID- 1795225
TI  - Effects of different doses and durations of melatonin infusions on plasma
      melatonin concentrations in pinealectomized Syrian hamsters: consequences at the
      level of sexual activity.
AB  - The effect of different doses and durations of melatonin infusions on plasma
      melatonin concentrations has been studied in pinealectomized Syrian hamsters
      maintained under short photoperiod at either 7 degrees C or 18 degrees C. The
      effects of the infusions on plasma melatonin concentrations and on gonadal
      activity were compared. The results show that the minimal effective quantity of
      infused melatonin that induced gonadal atrophy was 40 ng/h at 7 degrees C and 20
      ng/h at 18 degrees C. An infusion of 8 hr duration per day is necessary to
      inhibit sexual activity, while an infusion of 6 hr duration was ineffective. This
      finding suggests that the critical duration of melatonin infusion is between 6
      and 8 hr. Despite the various doses of melatonin infused, plasma melatonin
      concentrations measured in the middle of the infusion period did not differ
      significantly from concentrations measured in intact animals. This finding
      suggests that the metabolism of infused melatonin increases as the dose of
      melatonin increases. Moreover, the different physiological effects observed after
      the various melatonin infusions cannot be explained by variations in plasma
      melatonin concentrations.

PMID- 1795226
TI  - Determination of the specific gravity of human pineal.
AB  - Specific gravity values for the pineal gland in any species are lacking. These
      data are necessary for calculating and interrelating pineal weight and volume.
      This report deals with the specific gravity of human pineal gland. The specific
      gravity of fresh, unfixed human pineal has been determined to be 1.197 +/- 0.036
      SEM at 20 degrees C (N = 11) using water as the measuring medium. By contrast,
      human brain has been reported in the literature to have a specific gravity of
      1.036. Specific gravities of human pineals fixed in Bouin's fluid, Bouin's fluid
      followed by 80% ethanol, 80% ethanol, and embalming fluid were found to be 1.113
      +/- 0.025 (N = 5), 0.941 +/- 0.009 (N = 5), 0.990 +/- 0.022 (N = 3), and 1.149 +/
      0.021 (N = 7), respectively. These are corrected values accounting for the
      specific gravities of the respective measuring fluids. It is shown that the
      specific gravity of human pineal as derived in this study is directly applicable
      to calculations of pineal volumes and weights not only in humans, but in other
      species as well.

PMID- 1795227
TI  - The effect of intravenous administration of melatonin on cardiovascular
      parameters of the baboon (Papio ursinus).
AB  - Melatonin (0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg) dissolved in 0.5 ml dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was
      injected i.v. into six baboons, and their cardiovascular parameters were
      monitored. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke
      volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular ejection fraction were measured,
      using conventional radionuclide ventriculography, and compared to normal values
      previously established. These parameters were also measured after an i.v.
      administration of only DMSO. The only statistical significant change due to
      melatonin was the increase in the cardiac output and left ventricular ejection
      fraction. With the reduced heart rate the increase in cardiac output implies a
      positive inotropic action on the heart by melatonin. There are indications that
      DMSO possibly suppresses cardiovascular actions of melatonin.

PMID- 1795229
TI  - [Once-a-month injectable microcapsules of leuprorelin acetate].
AB  - Leuprorelin (leuprolide, D-Leu6-(des-Gly10-NH2)-LH-RH ethylamide) acetate is a
      super-active agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). We
      developed once-a-month injectable microcapsules of this agonist by our novel in
      water drying method. This depot formulation can release the drug at an apparent
      zero-order rate over one month with bioerosion of copoly (lactic/glycolic acid)
      utilized as a wall material of the polycore microcapsules. A dramatic prolonged
      depression of pituitary-gonadal axis, chemical castration, was achieved by the
      once-a-month injection in experimental animals; it expects a reliable efficacy
      for treating hormone-dependent prostatic, breast cancers and endometriosis.
      Studies on the dosage design of this new delivery system of leuprorelin are
      summarized.

PMID- 1795228
TI  - Identification of serotonin 5HT2 receptors in bovine pineal gland.
AB  - The concentration of serotonin in the pineal gland is extremely high, which
      prompted speculation that in addition to serving as a precursor of melatonin,
      serotonin may have an independent function of its own. By using [3H]-spiperone as
      a ligand, and ketanserine as a selective serotonin 5HT2 receptor antagonist, we
      have identified 5HT2 receptor in the bovine pineal gland, revealing a single
      population of binding sites with a dissociation equilibrium constant (Kd) value
      of 1.26 +/- 0.41 nM and a receptor density (Bmax) value of 193 +/- 38.85 fmol/mg
      protein. In displacement experiments, the concentrations of the drugs required to
      inhibit 50% of the specific binding of [3H]-spiperone in descending order of
      potency were methysergide greater than ritanserin greater than pirenperone
      greater than pipamperone greater than ketanserin greater than cyproheptadine
      greater than M-trifluoromethylphenyl-piperazine greater than prazosin greater
      than 5-methoxy-N-N-dimethyltryptamine hydrogen oxalate greater than 1-(3
      chlorophenol) piperazine greater than serotonin. In the rat pineal gland, [3H]
      spiperone revealed a low affinity serotonin binding site with a Kd value of 25.77
      +/- 10.7 nM and a Bmax value of 1244 +/- 472 fmol/mg protein. The results of
      these studies are interpreted to indicate that the bovine pineal gland possess
      serotonin 5HT2 receptor. However, the rat pineal gland possess a serotoninergic
      binding site of unknown nature.

PMID- 1795230
TI  - [Improvement of gastrointestinal absorption of 2-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4
      hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin- 1-yl]ethyl acetate, a new non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory agent].
AB  - The effects of triglycerides on the gastrointestinal absorption of 2-[3-(3,5-di
      tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1- yl]ethyl acetate (1)
      were investigated in dogs. The enhancing abilities of the triglycerides on the
      absorption of 1 were demonstrated as in the order of trilinolein greater than
      triolein greater than tristearin greater than tripalmitin. Among the series of
      fatty acids and monoglycerides, namely, digestive products of triglycerides by
      pancreatic lipase, linoleic acid and monolinolein showed the most potent
      solubilizing activities of 1 in a solution of bile salt. The incorporation of 1
      into mixed micelle formed by lipids and bile salts was presumed to play an
      important role in the accelerated absorption of 1 after ingestion of
      triglycerides. On the basis of these findings, an emulsion containing 1 was
      prepared with soybean oil. The emulsion exhibited a remarkable improvement of the
      absorption of 1 compared to a suspension of the drug in methylcellulose solution.

PMID- 1795231
TI  - [Fluorescence label of alcohols and amines with pyrene-1-carbonyl fluoride].
AB  - Pyrene-1-carbonyl fluoride (PCF) was synthesized as a precolumn fluorescent
      labeling reagent for alcohols and amines for use in high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). PCF reacted with primary and phenolic hydroxyl groups in
      dichloromethane at 100 degrees C for 30 min in the presence of 4
      dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give the corresponding fluorescent pyrene esters
      and also reacted with primary amines in acetonitrile at room temperature for 2
      min in the presence of DMAP to give the amides. The PCF esters of corticosteroids
      were separated by normal-phase chromatography on a Cosmosil 5 SL column with
      hexane-ethyl acetate (6:5, v/v) and the PCF amides of primary amines were
      separated by reversed-phase chromatography on a TSK gel ODS-80 TM column with
      methanol-water (10:3, v/v). The detection limits (S/N = 3) of cortisone and 2
      phenylethylamine were 600 fmol and 800 fmol for an injection volume of 10
      microliters, respectively.

PMID- 1795232
TI  - Local motion processing in the optic tectum of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus.
AB  - The results of previous behavioral studies can be so interpreted that the prey
      catching behavior in the toad is elicited if there is a 'local' motion restricted
      within a small part of the visual field, while it is suppressed if there is a
      'global' motion over a large part of the visual field. This has led us to design
      experiments to answer a specific question (yet a very essential one for
      understanding neural processes underlying this behavior): Are there 'local motion
      detectors' in the toad's visual system that are not activated by 'global' motion
      over a large part of the visual field but are activated by 'local' motion
      confined within a smaller part of it? The present study showed that (1) the
      majority of the toad's tectal neurons exhibit properties of the 'local motion
      detectors' as defined above, and (2) these properties can be explained from the
      receptive field structure revealed in the present experiments. Based on these
      results, we suggest that the tectal 'local motion detectors' are essential for
      the detection and localization of small moving prey-objects in the natural
      environment while ignoring the large moving objects or the self-induced motion of
      the visual field.

PMID- 1795233
TI  - Filter characteristics of cercal afferents in the cockroach.
AB  - The response dynamics of cercal afferents in the cockroach. Periplaneta
      americana, were determined by means of a cross-correlation technique using a
      Gaussian white noise modulation of wind as a stimulus. The white noise stimulus
      could evoke sustained firing activity in most of the afferents examined (Fig. 1).
      The spike discharges were unitized and then cross-correlated with the stimulus to
      compute 1st- and 2nd-order Weiner kernels. The 1st-order kernels from a total of
      28 afferents were biphasic and closely matched the time differential of a pulse
      (Figs. 1, 3 and 4). The amplitude and waveform of the kernels depended on the
      stimulus angle in such a way that the kernels were the mirror image of those on
      the polar opposite side (Figs. 2 and 3). The 2nd-order kernels were also
      differential. They had 2 diagonal peaks and 2 off-diagonal valleys in a 2
      dimensional plot with 2 time axes (Figs. 1, 5 and 6). This 4-eye configuration
      was basically invariant irrespective of the stimulus angle, although the kernels
      varied in amplitude when the stimulus angle was changed. The time between the
      peak and a following trough of the 1st-order kernel was constant and had a mean
      of 4.6 +/- 0.1 ms, whereas the time between 2 diagonal peaks of the 2nd-order
      kernels was 4.7 +/- 0.1 ms (Figs. 4 and 6), suggesting that wind receptors
      (filiform sensilla) on cerci act as a band-pass filter with a peak frequency of
      about 106 Hz. The peak time, however, varies from 2.3 to 6.9 ms in both kernels,
      which may reflect the spatial distribution of the corresponding hairs on the
      cercus. The summation of the 1st- (linear) and 2nd-order (nonlinear) models
      precisely predicted the timing of the spike firing (Fig. 8). Thus, these 2 lower
      order kernels can totally characterize the response dynamics of the wind
      receptors. The nonlinear response explains the directional sensitivity of the
      sensory neurons, while the differentiating 1st-order kernel explains the velocity
      sensitivity of the neurons. The nonlinearity is a signal compression in which one
      of the diagonal peaks of the 2nd-order kernel always offsets the downward phase
      of the 1st-order kernel (Fig. 7) and obviously represents a half-wave
      rectification property of the wind receptors that are excited by hair movement in
      only one direction and inhibited by hair movement in the polar opposite
      direction.

PMID- 1795234
TI  - Reassessment of the effect of biological rhythm mutations on learning in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - A link between learning deficits and circadian period-lengthening mutations in
      Drosophila melanogaster previously has been reported. Mutant long-period males
      performed poorly in two learning assays involving experience-dependent courtship
      inhibition. In one, normal males that have courted fertilized females
      subsequently show courtship inhibition with virgin females. In the other, normal
      males that have courted sexually immature males subsequently fail to court other
      immature males. Those results have been reassessed in an extended study of
      genetic variants involving the period gene. 1. Long-period perL1 males
      demonstrated poor conditioned courtship inhibition when exposed to fertilized
      females; they showed normal courtship conditioning when exposed to immature
      males. This could be due to a perL1-associated olfactory deficit with fertilized
      females, since perL1 males were unable to discriminate behaviorally between
      fertilized and virgin females. 2. Other long-period males, including perL2 males
      and transgenic perL1 males bearing a truncated form of the per+ gene, were
      conditioned normally by fertilized females. Thus, the courtship inhibition defect
      is specific to the perL1 mutant strain. 3. perL1 (and other per mutant) flies
      showed normal acquisition and retention of a classically conditioned olfactory
      avoidance response. 4. Results from a new conditioned courtship inhibition
      experiment are presented; males exposed to fertilized females during training
      showed further courtship inhibition during subsequent exposure to fertilized
      females. From the perspective of learning theory, this can be viewed as a savings
      experiment.

PMID- 1795235
TI  - Basic organization of operant behavior as revealed in Drosophila flight
      orientation.
AB  - Operant behavior is studied in tethered Drosophila flies using visual motion,
      heat or odour as operandum and yaw torque, thrust or direction of flight as
      operans in various combinations (Fig. 1). On the basis of these results a
      conceptual framework of operant behavior is proposed: (1) It requires a goal
      (desired state) of which the actual state deviates. (2) To attain the goal a
      range of motor programs is activated (initiating activity, see Fig. 7). (3)
      Efference copies of the motor programs are compared to the sensory input
      referring to the deviation from the desired state (e.g. by cross-correlation).
      (4) In case of a significant coincidence the respective motor program is used to
      modify the sensory input in the direction towards the goal. (5) Consistent
      control of a sensory stimulus by a behavior may lead to a more permanent
      behavioral change (conditioning). In this scheme operant activity (1-4) and
      operant conditioning (1-5) are distinguished.

PMID- 1795236
TI  - Different types of rectification at electrical synapses made by a single crayfish
      neurone investigated experimentally and by computer simulation.
AB  - The rectification properties of electrical synapses made by the segmental giant
      (SG) neurone of crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) were investigated. The SG
      acts as an interneurone, transmitting information from the giant command fibres
      (GFs) to the abdominal fast flexor (FF) motoneurones. The GF-SG (input) synapses
      are inwardly-rectifying electrical synapses, while the SG-FF (output) synapses
      are outwardly rectifying electrical synapses. This implies that a single neurone
      can make gap junction hemichannels with different rectification properties. The
      coupling coefficient of these synapses is dependent upon transjunctional
      potential. There is a standing gradient in resting potential between the GFs, SG
      and FFs, with the GFs the most hyperpolarized, and the FFs the most depolarized.
      The gradient thus biases each synapse into the low-conductance state under
      resting conditions. There is functional double rectification between the
      bilateral pairs of SGs within a single segment, such that depolarizing membrane
      potential changes of either SG pass to the other SG with less attenuation than do
      hyperpolarizing potential changes. Computer simulation suggests that this may
      result from coupling through the intermediary FF neurones.

PMID- 1795237
TI  - Auditory properties of the superior colliculus in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus
      rouxi.
AB  - Auditory response properties were studied in the superior colliculus (SC) of the
      echolocating horseshoe bat Rhinolophus rouxi, a long CF-FM bat, by the use of
      stationary, dichotic stimuli. The most striking finding in the horseshoe bat was
      an enormous overrepresentation of neurons with best frequencies in the range of
      the constant frequency component of the species specific echolocation call (72%
      of the auditory neurons). These neurons had response thresholds as low as 0 dB
      SPL and were narrowly tuned with Q10dB--values up to 400, just as in the nuclei
      of the primary auditory pathway in this species. This overrepresentation may
      suggest the importance of the superior colliculus in the context of echolocation
      behavior. While noise stimuli were not particularly effective, other auditory
      response properties were similar to those described in other mammals. 65% of the
      SC neurons in the horseshoe bat responded only to monaural stimulation of one
      ear, primarily the contralateral one. 32% of the neurons received monaural input
      from both ears. The proportion of neurons responsive to ipsilateral stimulation
      (41%) was rather high. Mean response latency was 8.9 ms for contralateral
      stimulation. A tonotopic organization is lacking, but high-frequency neurons are
      less frequent in rostral SC.

PMID- 1795238
TI  - Mechanisms underlying burst generation of the pyloric muscle in the mantis
      shrimp, Squilla oratoria.
AB  - The pyloric constrictor muscles of the stomach in Squilla can generate spikes by
      synaptic activation via the motor nerve from the stomatogastric ganglion. Spikes
      are followed by slow depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) which lead to sustained
      depolarization during a burst of spikes. 1. The frequency of rhythmic bursts
      induced by continuous depolarization is membrane voltage-dependent. A brief
      depolarizing or hyperpolarizing pulse can trigger or terminate bursts,
      respectively, in a threshold-dependent manner. 2. The conductance increases
      during the DAP response. The amplitude of DAP decreases by imposed
      depolarization, whereas it increases by hyperpolarization. DAPs from successive
      spikes sum to produce a sustained depolarizing potential capable of firing a
      burst. 3. The spike and DAP are reduced in amplitude by decreasing [Ca]o,
      enhanced by Sr2+ or Ba2+ substituted for Ca2+, and blocked by Co2+ or Mn2+. DAPs
      are selectively blocked by Ni2+, and the spike is followed by a hyperpolarizing
      afterpotential. 4. The spike and DAP are prolonged by intracellular injection of
      the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. A hyperpolarizing afterpotential is abolished by EGTA and
      enhanced by increasing [Ca]o. The DAP is diminished in Na(+)-free saline and
      reduced by tetrodotoxin. 5. It is concluded that the muscle fiber is endowed with
      endogenous oscillatory properties and that the oscillatory membrane events result
      from changes of a voltage- and time-dependent conductance to Ca2+ and Na+ and a
      Ca2+ activated conductance to K+.

PMID- 1795239
TI  - Attractiveness of the male Acheta domesticus calling song to females. III. The
      relation of age-correlated changes in syllable period recognition and phonotactic
      threshold to juvenile hormone III biosynthesis.
AB  - 1. Most crickets first demonstrated positive phonotaxis to 65 dB CSs having a 53
      62 ms SP by day 3 following the imaginal molt (Fig. 3B). The onset of copulatory
      readiness occurred on average at 3.2 days. 2. The attractive range of SPs for
      most females became progressively broader as they aged (Fig. 4). Three to 4-day
      old females were attracted to a smaller number of CS SPs than were 20-21 day old
      females (Fig. 4). 3. Older, less selective females did not typically respond to
      the same range of CS SPs (Fig. 6). However, they were more likely to respond to
      some SPs (especially 50 ms) than to others (Fig. 7). 4. The phonotactic threshold
      decreased from 95 dB or greater on day 0 to a mean of 55 dB by day 3, during a
      period of increasing JHIII biosynthesis, and thereafter remained at that level
      (Fig. 8). 5. During a period of maximal JHIII production, 3-5 day-old females
      usually responded to 4 of the 7 SPs presented (Fig. 8). Females older than 12
      days were unselective for CS SP, and JHIII synthesis remained at a level below
      the peak production on day 4 (Fig. 8). 6. Older females, that were unselective
      for CS SP, became as selective as 3 to 5-day-old females within 4 days of topical
      application of JHIII (Figs. 9-11).

PMID- 1795240
TI  - Regulation of cricket phonotaxis through hormonal control of the threshold of an
      identified auditory neuron.
AB  - 1. The phonotactic threshold of 3 to 5-day-old adult female Acheta domesticus and
      the threshold of the L1 auditory neuron drop progressively (Fig. 1). 2.
      Application of juvenile hormone III (JHIII) to 1-day-old females caused both the
      female's threshold for phonotaxis and the threshold of the L1 auditory neuron to
      drop 20 or more dB over the next 12 h (Figs. 3-4). 3. JHIII's effect on
      phonotactic threshold could be blocked by injection with a transcription (alpha
      amanitin) or a translation blocker (emetine, Fig. 3). 4. Injection of emetine
      also prevented the JHIII induced drop in L1's threshold (Fig. 4). 5. Application
      of JHIII to the surface of, or microinjection of JHIII into one prothoracic
      hemiganglion caused the female to circle phonotactically away from the side of
      hormone addition at thresholds 25 to 35 dB lower than the pre-JHIII addition
      threshold within 2 h (Fig. 6). 6. Application of JHIII to the surface of both
      prothoracic hemiganglia, accompanied by microinjection of emetine into one
      hemiganglion resulted in the female emetine into one hemiganglion resulted in the
      female circling phonotactically toward the side receiving emetine injection, with
      a 25 to 35 dB drop in threshold (Fig. 6).

PMID- 1795241
TI  - Trans-endoscopic balloon dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures: a
      prospective study as an out-patient procedure.
AB  - Over an 18-month period 70 consecutive patients underwent 100 oesophageal balloon
      dilatations of their benign peptic strictures by the trans-endoscopic route. All
      procedures were performed as an out-patient under intravenous sedation. One
      patient developed respiratory depression from over-sedation. No other
      complications were seen in this series. The first 50 patients were reviewed by
      postal questionnaire. The majority (91%) of patients were swallowing normally and
      all patients except one were happy with the procedure and content to undergo
      further dilatation should it prove necessary. A cost analysis was performed
      comparing balloon dilatation with conventional bougienage which is also practised
      at our hospital. Balloon dilatation as an out-patient procedure is a more cost
      effective technique when compared to bougienage and has the potential of saving
      the health service many thousands of pounds per annum.

PMID- 1795242
TI  - The role of pulmonary angiography in the investigation of suspected pulmonary
      embolism.

PMID- 1795243
TI  - Fair dinkum way-out woop-woop: the Sydney to Darwin Motor Safari 1990. Part 1.

PMID- 1795244
TI  - The cruel field.

PMID- 1795245
TI  - Haematological and biochemical screening.

PMID- 1795247
TI  - Anglo-Australian Northern Iraq Medical Society.

PMID- 1795246
TI  - Whither the naval hospitals?

PMID- 1795248
TI  - Ice skating injuries: a survey of cases seen in an accident and emergency
      department.
AB  - Participating in sporting activities has its risks as well as its benefits. A
      simple study is described which documents the patients presenting at a casualty
      department after injury at an ice rink. Epidemiological data, risk factors and
      patterns of injury are discussed.

PMID- 1795249
TI  - The retrograde tunnel: a method for the fixation of central venous catheters in
      the military environment.
AB  - Central venous catheters (CVCs) are prone to accidental removal during patient
      transportation. Of the casualties who require transfer between medical
      facilities, those with CVC in situ require additional vigilance to prevent loss
      of the CVC, which continues to occur despite various methods of fixation. The
      fashioning of a subcutaneous tunnel has become an integral part of the placement
      of central venous catheters. Several methods have been described, but the long
      term CVCs in paediatric practice pose special problems, particularly that of the
      patients continually testing the CVCs fixation. Using a new polyurethane CVC, a
      retrograde tunnelling technique has been developed which affords immediate and
      secure fixation. We propose that this CVC, together with the technique of
      retrograde tunnelling, is the solution to inadvertent central venous line removal
      during patient transfer.

PMID- 1795250
TI  - Stress and infection.
AB  - The pattern of infective episodes during Royal Marines training over a four-year
      period has been established. There were 4,529 attendances at the Sickbay with
      apparent infective episodes. Peaks of infection tended to follow three or more
      nights in the field suggesting that the resistance to infective insult was
      lessened following these field exercises. The highest incidence of infection
      occurred during the final weeks of training when the physical and mental
      pressures were greatest, during the Commando course. This often manifested itself
      as skin sepsis. A judiciously-placed week of less stressful activity led to a
      major reduction in all infections at this stage of training. This is evidence
      that physical and mental stress may lead to infective episodes. The phenomenon is
      being more fully investigated by the Institute of Naval Medicine.

PMID- 1795251
TI  - Intensive stress?? Caring under pressure.
AB  - This article is based on a survey of the intensive care nursing staff at RNH
      Haslar and RNH Stonehouse. It examines individuals' response to external
      stressors and was undertaken as part of a project for the Health Education
      Certificate Course. The survey took place during December 1989 and January 1990.
      The prime purpose of this research was to explore whether high levels of stress
      existed among nurses on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at RNH Haslar. If so, to
      discover the main causes of work-related stress, and in addition to examine how
      best to implement a nursing management strategy to enable those affected to cope
      with stress. However, the pilot study carried out at RNH Stonehouse allowed a
      change in tack, enabling not only a comparison between external stressors on
      similar units but providing a much broader insight.

PMID- 1795252
TI  - Comparison of the microheterogeneity of horse LH and FSH in the pituitary with
      that secreted into pituitary venous blood at oestrus.
AB  - For aqueous extracts of pituitary glands of oestrous mares, luteinizing hormone
      (LH) profiles were found to be similar to each other and to earlier work after
      chromatofocussing (CF) and isoelectricfocussing (IEF). After CF, both LH and
      follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in pituitary extracts focussed in multiple
      peaks in the acidic range, with 86% of LH and 80% of FSH found between pH 4 and
      6. By contrast, in pituitary venous plasma, only 18% of the LH focussed in this
      range, whereas a significantly greater proportion (P less than 0.01) eluted above
      pH 7 than occurred in pituitary extracts (37% vs 2%, respectively). For pituitary
      venous FSH, there was only a slight shift in the distribution of isoforms
      compared with the pituitary extract, with a rise in the percentage of strongly
      acidic molecules in pituitary venous plasma (pH less than 3.65; 34% vs 16%).
      These results show that at oestrus, horse LH (which differs from that of other
      species because it has a heavily sialylated C-terminal extension to the beta
      subunit, as does eCG), is much more alkaline when secreted as opposed to when it
      is stored in the pituitary. The authors of this report suggest that this
      modification is made after entry into a preferentially released pool of LH.
      Modulation of the forms of LH and FSH that are secreted may play a role in
      regulating target tissue responses.

PMID- 1795253
TI  - Relationship between the fertility of fresh and frozen stallion semen and semen
      quality.
AB  - Studies were designed to investigate whether sperm motility determined with a
      Hamilton-Thorn HTM-2000 motility analyzer (HTM), or the percentage of spermatozoa
      that passed through glass wool (GW), Sephadex (S), or glass wool/Sephadex (GWS)
      filters could be used to predict the fertilizing potential of fresh or frozen
      semen. In the fresh semen study, 10 randomly selected ejaculates from 4 stallions
      exclusively used for A.I. breeding were assayed during the season. The 521 mares
      used were inseminated with 500 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa after gynaecological
      examination every 2 days. In the frozen semen study, 32 ejaculates from 9
      stallions were frozen and inseminated into 177 clinically and
      ultrasonographically normal mares within 12 h of ovulation with 10(9)
      spermatozoa, regardless of quality. In the fresh semen study, first cycle
      pregnancies ranged from 25-69% (average 50%) and differed among stallions (P less
      than 0.05), as did GWS, S, motile spermatozoa (MOT), mean progressive motility
      (MPV) and lateral head displacement (LHD) (P less than 0.001). GW and GWS
      filters, but not MOT, ranked the stallions according to fertility. The highest
      correlations were found between first cycle fertility and GWS (r = 0.86) and
      between that and MOT (r = 0.80). In the frozen semen study, first cycle and
      season pregnancy rates among the stallions were 32-70% (average 50%) and 60-90%,
      respectively. Significant correlations were obtained between the pregnancy rate
      per cycle and GWS (r = 0.93) and S (r = 0.84), but not between fertility and
      motility parameters.

PMID- 1795254
TI  - Effect of oral melatonin treatment on the seasonal physiology of pony stallions.
AB  - This study tested the role of melatonin in the regulation of seasonal
      physiological change in the pony stallion. Four 3-year-old, Welsh Mountain pony
      stallions were housed initially under the prevailing short-day photoperiod in
      December (8 of light [L]:16 h of darkness [D]) before being transferred to long
      days (16L:8D) on 13 January for the remaining 22 weeks of the study. On Day 76
      (11 weeks later) the stallions began an 11-week period of daily melatonin
      treatment (20 mg orally, 8 h after lights on). Marked changes in mean plasma
      testosterone, beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations occurred in response to
      long days and to subsequent melatonin treatment. Photostimulation produced a
      sharp rise in overall mean daily testosterone to a peak of 6.74 nmol/litre by Day
      30. Values then fell to a nadir (3.17 nmol/litre) by Day 85, suggesting a role
      for melatonin in the termination of breeding activity in the horse. Cortisol and
      beta-endorphin values remained low throughout the first 11 weeks, but by Day 105
      (Day 30 of melatonin treatment) concentrations had risen sharply, attaining a
      peak on Day 125 (510 pg beta-endorphin/ml, 50 ng cortisol/ml). Concentrations of
      both hormones had fallen by Day 77 of melatonin treatment (Day 152), perhaps as a
      result of refractoriness. Parallelism between beta-endorphin and cortisol
      suggests a pituitary origin for peripheral beta-endorphin. Diurnal variation in
      cortisol was observed under long days but no change in beta-endorphin was
      detected. Long days and melatonin treatment stimulated shedding of the winter and
      summer coats respectively, whereas growth rate was increased (2.03 kg/week)
      during the period of melatonin treatment relative to that of long days only (0.37
      kg/week). The study provides evidence that the diurnal pattern of melatonin
      secretion mediates the reproductive and non-sexual responses to photoperiodic
      change in pony stallions.

PMID- 1795255
TI  - The effects of increase testicular temperature on spermatogenesis in the
      stallion.
AB  - Stallions can experience an increase in testicular temperature from bouts of
      fever or from injury to the testes. In species other than the horse, increased
      temperature models have been used to study testicular degeneration. This study
      was undertaken to examine the effects of increased testicular temperature on
      spermatogenesis in the stallion as measured by semen evaluation. The results of
      this investigation demonstrate that increased testicular temperature is
      associated with significant transitory alterations in the routine semen
      evaluation of the stallion. The duration of increased testicular temperature
      affected the degree of change observed. The temporal nature and degree of the
      change in the semen evaluation is described. Predictive formulae for expected
      changes in the semen evaluation have been derived.

PMID- 1795256
TI  - Changes in luteinizing hormone bioactivity associated with gonadotrophin pulses
      in the cycling mare.
AB  - Equine plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) possesses both biological (in vitro
      bioassay, B) and immunological (radioimmunoassay, I) activities and the ratio of
      B:I varies with stage of the oestrous cycle. To estimate the contribution made by
      pituitary secretion and peripheral metabolism to changes in the B:I ratio,
      pituitary venous effluent and circulating plasma from 5 dioestrous and 2 oestrous
      mares were analyzed using both an in vitro bioassay and a radioimmunoassay.
      During dioestrus, LH was released in a pulsatile fashion with a frequency of 1.4
      pulses/24 h and a pulse duration of 20-40 min (centrally) or 2-4 h
      (peripherally). Between pulses, further secretion of LH from the pituitary was
      undetectable. During spontaneous pulses, the B:I ratio increased as much as 2- to
      3-fold and remained elevated for at least 1 h. A low dose of 10 ng/kg bodyweight
      (bwt) of the GnRH agonist Buserelin provoked similar changes, unless the
      exogenous stimulus was close to an endogenous LH discharge. A high dose (50
      micrograms) of Buserelin reduced the B:I ratio significantly, in spite of a
      massive LH release. Samples taken from mares during oestrus showed constantly
      elevated B:I ratios, a consequence of much greater LH pulse frequency.

PMID- 1795257
TI  - Effect of sexual arousal on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone
      and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the stallion.
AB  - In an experiment conducted late in the physiological breeding season, 5 stallions
      were fitted with indwelling pituitary venous cannulae that permitted unobtrusive
      collection of blood coming from the pituitary and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal
      portal vessels. The next day, blood samples were collected at 5 min intervals for
      several hours while the stallions were resting. Pulses of gonadotrophin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
      occurred approximately once per hour. After this, an oestrous mare was brought
      into contact with each stallion for 8-30 min. This exposure rapidly induced
      pulses of GnRH, FSH and LH secretion in all stallions, showing that sexual
      arousal stimulates the hormones of the reproductive axis.

PMID- 1795258
TI  - Effect of pulsatile or continuous administration of GnRH on reproductive function
      of stallions.
AB  - Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was administered subcutaneously to
      reproductively normal stallions, either in a pulsatile manner (10 micrograms
      GnRH/2 h; n = 6) or as a continuous infusion (10 micrograms GnRH/2 h; n = 6), and
      in a pulsatile manner to 9 reproductively abnormal stallions, from February to
      July, 1988. Hormonal secretion patterns, testicular parameters and semen
      characteristics were monitored before and during treatment. In general, pulsatile
      GnRH caused a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in luteinizing hormone (LH)
      concentrations in the peripheral blood of normal stallions. LH levels also
      appeared to increase in abnormal stallions but the rise was not significant (P
      greater than 0.05). Stallions given GnRH by continuous infusion and the untreated
      control stallions did not show an increase in LH concentrations during the
      treatment period. None of the treatments resulted in significant increases in
      peripheral blood concentrations of testosterone, although individual stallions
      that showed an increase in LH secretion appeared to show some increase in
      testosterone secretion rate. In general, and for individual stallions, none of
      the treatments resulted in increased total scrotal width, total number of
      spermatozoa per ejaculate or the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa
      in the ejaculate. It was concluded that although pulsatile administration of GnRH
      may increase the secretion rate of LH and, consequently, testosterone, this
      adjustment does not increase testicular size or output and motility of
      spermatozoa.

PMID- 1795259
TI  - The effects of continuous treatment of stallions with high levels of a potent
      GnRH analogue.
AB  - The effect of long-term treatment of stallions with a powerful gonadotrophin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue was investigated. In the first part of the
      study, 9 sexually mature pony stallions were allocated to 1 of 3 groups, each of
      which was treated with 240 micrograms or 60 micrograms Buserelin per day
      administered by subcutaneously sited osmotic pumps or 30-50 micrograms Buserelin
      per day via solid, slow-release implants injected subcutaneously. Peripheral
      blood plasma and serum samples were collected frequently and assayed for follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. No
      significant differences were seen between either high of low dose rates: in all
      treatment groups, serum and plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone
      rose sharply following insertion of pumps ofr implant. The levels remained
      elevated for 3-10 days in most animals, after which they returned to pre
      treatment of lower values. In a second experiment, single implants, formulated to
      deliver 120 micrograms Buserelin per day for 28 days, were injected
      subcutaneously in to 2 pony stallions on 4 occasions at 5-day intervals.
      Gonadotrophin and testosterone secretions were temporarily stimulated in response
      to the first implant, but thereafter returned to pre-treatment or lower levels
      and showed no further stimulation following injection of subsequent implants. In
      a third experiment designed to establish the effects on libido and
      spermatogenesis of chronic treatment with levels of Buserelin (shown previously
      to depress gonadotrophin concentrations in stallions), 3 fertile pony stallions
      received subcutaneous implants at 2- to 5-week intervals for 12 months. Three
      untreated pony stallions acted as controls. Weekly blood samples were collected
      from both groups to monitor levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and oestrone
      sulphate. Semen was collected daily for 6-10 days both before treatment and at 3
      month intervals thereafter in order to establish daily sperm output (DSO) and
      assess libido. Gonadotrophin, testosterone and oestrone sulphate levels were all
      lower in the treated group compared with either pre-treatment or control values.
      DSO was reduced by at least 50% throughout the treatment period in treated
      stallions but 7 months after insertion of the last implant it had returned to pre
      treatment values. No significant effects on other semen characteristics were
      noted and there were no noticeable changes in libido of treated animals
      throughout the period of the experiment.

PMID- 1795260
TI  - A preliminary study of immunological castration in colts.
AB  - This study tested the effectiveness of a conjugated GnRH vaccine for stimulating
      antibody production, suppressing testosterone secretion and depressing testicular
      development in yearling colts. Two colts were allocated to each of three groups,
      (1) control, (2) subcutaneous and (3) intramuscular vaccinations. Two injections
      of the vaccine were given 11 weeks apart. Liveweight gain was not affected by
      vaccination but plasma testosterone concentrations in the treated colts were
      suppressed and their antibody titres to GnRH were greater than 1:1000. Testicular
      development in the treated colts also was retarded at this time, which was
      approximately 28 weeks after the first injection. Semen samples, containing
      spermatozoa, were collected from all the colts prior to their castration at the
      end of the investigation. Antibody titres and testosterone concentrations in the
      treated colts had returned to levels similar to those of the controls by the end
      of the experiment. The testes of the vaccinated colts were still smaller than
      those of the controls on castration but were, nevertheless, increasing in size.
      Morphometric analysis of testicular histology and daily sperm production data
      indicated that the testes of the treated colts were recovering and would probably
      have regained normal function had they been left in situ.

PMID- 1795261
TI  - Use of concanavalin A for coating the membranes of stallion spermatozoa.
AB  - Semen from three ejaculates from each of 4 stallions was frozen in liquid
      nitrogen. Morphology was evaluated by coating the spermatozoa with fluorescein
      labelled Concanavalin A (FITC-ConA2) and motility was measured by computer
      assisted image analysis. Coating was performed at each step of the freezing
      procedure (dilution, cooling, addition of glycerol and freeze-thawing) and
      observations were made after each step, to evaluate changes, or after subsequent
      steps, to determine protection provided by the coating method. All the parameters
      showed progressive changes during the freezing procedure. Mean track speed of the
      spermatozoa, the proportions of normal and motile spermatozoa and lateral head
      displacement all decreased, whereas the proportions of spermatozoa exhibiting non
      fluorescence in the equatorial segment and wrinkled acrosome membranes increased.
      The results demonstrated that coating stallion spermatozoa with ConA2 provides
      some degree of protection for acrosome membranes and it helps to preserve
      motility after freezing and subsequent thawing.

PMID- 1795262
TI  - Variations in structural and functional changes of stallion spermatozoa in
      response to calcium ionophore A23187.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to assess the structural and functional changes
      of stallion spermatozoa in response to the calcium ionophore A23187, and to
      determine individual variation between stallions. In Experiment 1, changes in the
      acrosome of spermatozoa exposed to 7.14 microM A23187 for fixed times between 0
      and 120 min were examined. There was a steady increase with time in the number of
      spermatozoa undergoing the acrosome reaction although the rate of increase
      differed between stallions. Sperm motility decreased sharply when incubation was
      extended beyond 30 min. In Experiment 2, the ability of ionophore-treated
      spermatozoa to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs was tested. Percent penetration
      rates were 75, 50, 28, 27 and 15 for the 5 stallions although the number of
      swollen sperm heads per penetrated egg (1.7-2.5) did not differ significantly
      between the stallions. In Experiment 3, the ability of stallion spermatozoa to
      fertilize zona-intact follicular horse eggs matured in vitro was tested. Semen
      samples from the 2 stallions that provided the highest and lowest percent
      acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in Experiment 1, and the highest and lowest
      penetration rates in Experiment 2, were separated from seminal plasma and treated
      with 5 microM A23187 for 10 min. The spermatozoa were then washed once and co
      incubated with the eggs at 38.5 degrees C for 12-16 h. Swollen sperm heads with
      associated tails from 1 stallion were found in 8 of 46 eggs fixed after 12-16 h
      incubation, whereas the corresponding figure for the other stallion was 0/30. It
      was concluded that considerable individual variation occurs between stallions in
      the morphological and functional changes exhibited by their spermatozoa in
      response to treatment with ionophore A23187.

PMID- 1795263
TI  - Penetration of frozen-thawed, zona-free hamster oocytes by fresh and slow-cooled
      stallion spermatozoa.
AB  - A method for preparing stored unfrozen stallion spermatozoa for the zona-free
      hamster oocyte penetration test (HOPT) and a subsequent comparison of fresh and
      stored sperm by the HOPT were evaluated. In Experiment 1, sperm from 4 stallion
      ejaculates, cooled to 4 degrees C and stored for 24 h, were treated with 60, 90
      and 120 microM of dilauroylphosphatidyl-choline (PC12) liposomes to initiate the
      acrosome reaction. The percentage of motile and acrosome-reacted (AR) sperm were
      recorded after 8, 15 and 30 min of incubation at 39 degrees C, by automated image
      analysis. Liposome concentration did not affect motility during 8- or 15-min
      incubations. Sperm samples treated with 120 microM PC12 had fewer (P less than
      0.05) motile sperm after 30 min and had a higher (P less than 0.05) percentage of
      AR sperm at all times than did samples treated with 60 microM PC12. In Experiment
      2, sperm cooled and stored for 0, 24 and 72 h from 5 stallion ejaculates were
      treated with 120 microM PC12 for 8 min and incubated with frozen-thawed, zona
      free hamster oocytes. There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) in the
      percentage of eggs penetrated by sperm stored for 0, 24 and 72 h (77, 80 and 75%)
      but the average number of penetrating sperm per penetrated egg was lower (P less
      than 0.01) after 72 h of storage (5.9 and 6.1 vs 2.9). Results of this study
      indicate that stallion sperm can be stored for at least 24 h at 4 degrees C
      without change in sperm characteristics measured here, and the HOPT test may be
      useful in indicating a decline in fertilizing potential with prolonged storage.

PMID- 1795264
TI  - Follicular and endocrine responses of anoestrous mares to administration of
      native GnRH or a GnRH agonist.
AB  - Thirty-seven seasonally anoestrous mares were divided into treatment and control
      groups and given 10 micrograms of native GnRH (GnRH) per hour using a peristaltic
      pump, or 10 micrograms GnRH agonist (GnRHa) twice daily, beginning on either 13
      January, 13 February or 14 March. Treatment with GnRH was equally effective in
      inducing ovulation in January (4/5), February (4/5) and March (3/4). GnRHa
      treatment was more effective in inducing ovulation in February (4/5) and March
      (4/4) than in January (2/8). Peak luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in
      mares induced to ovulate with GnRH (7.4 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) were significantly higher
      than LH concentrations in mares induced to ovulate with GnRHa (1.8 +/- 0.2
      ng/ml). Urinary oestrogen conjugate concentrations increased parallel to
      increases in follicular diameter during treatment. Ovulations induced by GnRH or
      GnRHa were followed by a normal luteal phase. All mares induced to ovulate in
      January and February returned to anoestrous following withdrawal of GnRH support.
      The results suggest that the efficacy of GnRHa in the induction of ovulation in
      anoestrous mares is influenced by season, whereas the efficacy of pulsatile GnRH
      administration is not affected by season.

PMID- 1795265
TI  - Continuous infusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) advances the onset
      of oestrous cycles in thoroughbred mares on Australian studfarms.
AB  - Continuous infusion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) has been shown to
      induce oestrus and ovulation in experimental mares in seasonal anoestrus. The
      present study sought to apply this form of treatment to anoestrous mares
      subjected to normal management procedures on 15 commercial Thoroughbred studfarms
      in Australia. The GnRH was delivered via subcutaneously implanted osmotic
      minipumps (OMP) at dose rates of 100 ng/kg/h and 200 ng/kg/h. The ovaries of
      treated mares were palpated on the day of OMP insertion (Day 0) and blood samples
      were collected twice weekly from a proportion of mares for assay of plasma
      luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone
      concentrations. The period from commencement of GnRH infusion to first ovulation
      was significantly shorter (P less than 0.001) in treated than control mares and
      was negatively correlated with the total ovarian volume (P less than 0.01) and
      the diameter of the largest follicle (P less than 0.05) at onset of treatment.
      GnRH infusion produced an immediate increase in plasma LH concentrations in the
      mares that ovulated during the infusion period and LH levels peaked at the time
      of ovulation. Plasma progesterone profiles indicated that the induced corpus
      luteum was of normal lifespan and progesterone secreting ability. The mean areas
      under the LH and FSH response curves in treated mares were significantly greater
      than in control mares (LH, P less than 0.001; FSH, P less than 0.05). However,
      there was no statistically significant difference in mean areas under the LH and
      FSH curves in the GnRH-treated groups. Continuous infusions of GnRH induced
      ovulation in a high proportion of seasonally anoestrous mares on commercial
      studfarms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795266
TI  - A negative feedback role for the ovaries of the mare on tonic LH secretion before
      the first ovulation of the breeding season.
AB  - Eleven anoestrous mares were assigned randomly to Group A (intact, n = 6) or
      Group B (ovariectomized in January, n = 5). Jugular blood samples were collected
      during February to April. Ovarian activity was assessed by ultrasound and
      ovulation was confirmed by progesterone analysis. Intact mares ovulated between 2
      and 28 April. Mean diameter of the largest follicle was less than 20 mm on 17 or
      18 March (Period 3), but increased to 29 mm by 31 March or 1 April (Period 4).
      During Periods 1 and 2 (14 or 15 February and 3 or 4 March) mean luteinizing
      hormone (LH) concentrations were similar in both groups. In intact mares,
      circulating concentrations remained low during Periods 3 and 4. In contrast, in
      ovariectomized mares concentrations tended to increase during Period 3, and were
      significantly increased by Period 4, at which time concentrations were
      significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in ovariectomized as opposed to intact
      mares. Increased concentrations of LH in ovariectomized mares during Periods 3
      and 4 were associated with well defined pulsatile profiles. In contrast, pulses
      in intact mares remained infrequent and low in amplitude during the same time
      periods. The absence of LH pulses in intact mares during Periods 3 and 4 may
      reflect a low pulse frequency or a decrease in amplitude such that pulses escape
      detection. These results support the hypothesis that in intact mares, low
      circulating concentrations of LH during the transition into the breeding season,
      in part, may reflect inhibition by a factor of ovarian origin. It remains to be
      determined whether this apparent inhibition of LH secretion undergoes a seasonal
      modification in effectiveness and plays a role in regulating the annual breeding
      cycle of the mare.

PMID- 1795267
TI  - Effect of oral melatonin on the date of the first ovulation after ovarian
      inactivity in mares under artificial photoperiod.
AB  - Two experiments tested the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin (12 mg) given 4 h
      before dusk (evening melatonin), or near dawn (morning melatonin), would mimic a
      prolongation of the night and suppress stimulation of the ovaries induced by long
      days. Experiment 1 consisted of a non-stimulated control group, a control group
      stimulated by 14.5 h of light, a treated group stimulated with 14.5 h of light
      plus evening melatonin, a control group given 17.5 h of light and a treatment
      group given 17.5 h of light plus morning melatonin. The mean (+/- s.e.m.)
      intervals from the start of treatment to the first ovulation were 135 +/- 26, 68
      +/- 4, 147 +/- 11, 94 +/- 6 and 107 +/- 13 days, respectively. Experiment 2
      consisted of 3 groups exposed to 14.5 h of light, a control group and a morning
      and an evening melatonin group. The mean (+/- s.e.m.) intervals from treatment to
      first ovulation were 53 +/- 12, 62 +/- 8 and 101 +/- 5 days, respectively. Thus,
      evening melatonin suppressed the stimulatory effect of the applied light, but
      morning melatonin did not (P greater than 0.05). In non-treated mares, peripheral
      blood melatonin levels were higher at night than during the day. In the treated
      mares, very high plasma melatonin concentrations occurred 10-20 min after
      treatment and levels began to fall again immediately after this peak was reached.
      This decline was steeper after morning than the evening treatments. Conversely,
      the endogenous night-time plasma melatonin concentrations before the morning
      treatment were lower than the night-time levels measured in the treated animals.
      Two hypotheses are proposed: (a) exogenous treatment with melatonin in the
      morning is perceived as dusk and is followed by only approximately 5 h of high
      melatonin concentrations in the blood and (b) in the morning the mare is
      sensitive to light regardless of the presence of high levels of melatonin in her
      blood.

PMID- 1795268
TI  - Effect of constant light exposure on circulating gonadotrophin levels and
      hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content in the ovariectomized
      pony mare.
AB  - Melatonin is thought to play a role in relaying photic information to the central
      nervous system as part of the seasonal reproductive cycle of the mare. However,
      the mechanisms by which melatonin may act are unknown. Therefore, this study was
      designed to determine whether exposure to constant light would, by reducing
      circulating melatonin concentrations, have any effect on hypothalamic
      gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content and circulating levels of
      luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Blood samples
      were collected for 12 h at 15-min intervals from 8 ovariectomized (OVX) pony
      mares under ambient light conditions (12 h light, 12 h dark, October 6). Animals
      were then placed under representative ambient light (12 h light, 12 h dark;
      control, n = 4) or constant light (24 h light, 0 h dark; treatment, n = 4) in
      light-controlled rooms. Blood samples were collected daily and on experimental
      Days 14, 21 and 28 samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 12 h for
      analysis of circulating LH and melatonin (Bleed 2, 3 and 4, respectively). All
      animals were killed on Day 28 (following Bleed 4) and the hypothalami were
      collected. Mares exposed to constant light had significantly higher (P less than
      0.05) LH concentrations in daily blood samples and showed significantly (P less
      than 0.05) higher LH concentrations during frequent sampling periods on Days 14
      and 21 (Bleeds 2 and 3) compared with control mares. FSH did not differ
      significantly among groups in the daily samples. GnRH content was 1.5994 +/-
      0.325 and 0.9457 +/- 0.193 pg/mg protein (treatment and control
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795269
TI  - Soluble oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium of the mare.
AB  - Receptors for progesterone and oestrogen were measured in cytosol extracted from
      the endometrium of mares. Samples of endometrium were obtained from mares during
      the oestrous cycle and during other physiological and pathological states, and
      from mares with persistent endometritis. The concentration of binding sites was
      high around oestrus and early in dioestrus and was low by mid- to late dioestrus.
      Numbers of receptors were low in mares sampled on Day 15 of pregnancy and in
      mares in prolonged dioestrus, whereas receptor concentrations in ovariectomized
      mares were high. In 2 mares with endometritis, receptor concentrations were low
      in early dioestrus, which was markedly different from mares with a normal
      reproductive tract. The results of this study indicate that ovarian steroids may
      play a role in regulating concentrations of soluble endometrial receptors in the
      mare.

PMID- 1795270
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies of equine prolactin secretion throughout the year.
AB  - In vitro, the prolactin response of perifused anterior pituitary cells of horses
      to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 nM), correlated
      significantly with hours of daylight (P less than 0.01). Baseline concentrations
      of prolactin also were significantly correlated with daylength (P less than
      0.01). When response and baseline data were fitted by nonlinear least squares to
      a cosine function, the circannual phase was -0.06072 (+/- 0.02170) and -0.05560
      (+/- 0.0255), respectively, which are not significantly different from that of
      daylength. In vivo, prolactin secretion was measured in jugular plasma and
      pituitary venous effluent. Prolactin secretion by the pituitary (20- to 30-sec
      samples) showed pulses of 2-7 min duration above a varying baseline. Jugular
      prolactin concentrations correlated significantly with daylength (P less than
      0.01, n = 20). The fractional plasma clearance rate was 2.50 x 10(-2) and 3.31 x
      10(-2)/min in 2 horses. Seasonal changes in prolactin secretion in vivo and in
      vitro may reflect the amount of prolactin available for release.

PMID- 1795271
TI  - Pathological changes of the mare endometrium and genotypes for transferrin and
      ELA.
AB  - Histological features of the endometrium, as assessed in biopsy samples, were
      related to Standardbred mare genotypes for transferrin, esterase (as a control)
      and equine leucocyte antigens (ELA). Pathological changes were found more
      frequently in each successively older age group of mares. Among mares aged 6-19
      years, there were significant pathologic changes on first examination following
      an infertile breeding season for 46 of 90 (51%) of transferrin homozygotes and 50
      of 146 (34%) of transferrin heterozygotes. The difference between the two groups
      was significant for the total data (chi 1(2) = 6.56, P = 0.010) and when the data
      were stratified for mare age at biopsy (chi 1(2) = 7.33, P = 0.0068). The effect
      of transferrin was similar in both trotters and pacers, especially for frequent
      genotypes commonly found in horses of both gaits. There was no effect of esterase
      and, in a smaller set of ELA-typed mares, no significant effect of ELA genotype
      on uterine biopsy category. Transferrin has a well-established microbiostatic and
      biocidal effect. Conceivably, heterozygotes for some combinations of transferrin
      variants could have a slower natural rate of endometrial deterioration than
      homozygotes.

PMID- 1795272
TI  - Uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51Cr) in response to a bacterial
      challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine
      infections.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical ability of the mare's
      uterus to eliminate non-antigenic 51Cr microspheres during an infectious
      challenge. Mares both potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine
      infections were used in this study. The procedure described serves as a model of
      the uterine capacity to clear physically infectious agents and inflammatory
      products during the acute phase of an infection. Based on the results from intra
      uterine bacterial challenges, reproductive history, examination per rectum and
      endometrial biopsies, mares were classified as potentially susceptible (n = 6) or
      resistant (n = 5) to chronic uterine infections. On the third day of oestrus the
      mares were infused with Streptococcus zooepidemicus followed immediately by an
      inoculation of 51Cr labelled microspheres into the uterus. At 24 h post infection
      the uterus was lavaged to recover remaining microspheres. The procedure was
      repeated during the next 2 cycles to determine the retention of microspheres at
      48 and 96 h post infection. Mares classified as potentially susceptible to
      chronic uterine infections demonstrated a significant delay in physical clearance
      of microspheres from the uterus compared to the resistant mares (P less than
      0.0001). Uterine retention of microspheres in mares classified as potentially
      resistant was insignificant 24 h post inoculation. In contrast, mares classified
      as potentially susceptible to chronic uterine infections failed to clear
      microspheres from the uterus before 96 h post inoculation. It is concluded from
      this study that the physical ability of the uterus to clear infectious agents and
      inflammatory products may be a critical factor as a first line of defence against
      uterine infections.

PMID- 1795273
TI  - Identification and opsonic activity of immunoglobulins recognizing Streptococcus
      zooepidemicus antigens in uterine fluids of mares.
AB  - A direct ELISA was used to measure immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes G, Gt, A, and M
      recognizing Streptococcus zooepidemicus epitopes in uterine lavage fluids
      collected during the early post ovulatory period. A S. zooepidemicus isolate,
      used as the plate antigen in this assay, was inoculated into the uteri of 8 mares
      (3 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) at oestrus prior to ovulation
      during Oestrous Cycles 1, 3 and 5. Resistant mares aged 2-5 years were
      nulliparous, with clinically normal reproductive tracts as determined by physical
      examination, bacteriological culture of the uterus, and endometrial biopsy.
      Susceptible, pluriparous mares, aged 16-24 years, had histories of endometritis
      and infertility and had chronic endometrial inflammatory changes detected by
      uterine biopsy. On Post ovulation Day 3 during Oestrous Cycle 1, on the day of
      ovulation during Oestrous Cycle 3 and on Post Ovulation Day 5 during Oestrous
      Cycle 5, uterine swab specimens were obtained for bacteriological culture and the
      uterus was irrigated with 50 ml sterile physiological saline solution containing
      tracer amounts of 125I-labelled human serum albumin (HSA). The titre of each Ig
      isotype was determined and the amount in uterine effluents was calculated from
      the dilution of the 125I-HSA. Total IgG concentration in uterine effluents was
      measured by radial immunodiffusion. Uterine fluids, either unheated or heated 30
      min at 56 degrees C, were used to opsonize the S. zooepidemicus isolate in an
      assay of luminol-enhanced neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL). Mean peak CL
      generated was compared with CL generated by a control serum. Streptococcus
      zooepidemicus was isolated from 10 of 15 (67%) uterine specimens from susceptible
      mares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795275
TI  - Control of onset of breeding season in the mare and its artificial regulation by
      progesterone treatment.
AB  - Mean plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      levels and their pulse frequencies and the size of the largest ovarian follicle
      increased during spring in 12 mares studied twice monthly from deep anoestrus to
      the occurrence of the first ovulation of the breeding season. Mean FSH levels
      were reduced significantly in deep anoestrus and when a pre-ovulatory follicle
      was present, whereas mean LH levels were highest close to ovulation. Five of
      these 12 research mares and 20 of 40 maiden or barren Standardbred mares at a
      commercial studfarm were given daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 150 mg
      progesterone in oil for 12 days when their ovaries were considered to contain
      developing follicles on rectal palpation. In the research mares, the size of the
      largest follicle in the ovaries during progesterone treatment did not differ from
      pre-treatment or control values; nevertheless, the 5 mares ovulated synchronously
      11.2 +/- 0.4 (s.d.) days after progesterone withdrawal. Ovulation was less
      synchronized after progesterone withdrawal in the commercial mares (23 +/- 9.5
      [s.d.] days) and in neither group did progesterone treatment advance the mean
      date of first ovulation compared with the untreated control mares. Mean plasma LH
      levels were not affected and mean FSH levels were slightly, but not
      significantly, elevated during progesterone administration in the research mares.
      In contrast, mean FSH levels fell steadily with time in both the progesterone
      treated and the control commercial mares. LH and FSH pulse frequencies in treated
      and control research mares differed only after progesterone withdrawal, when
      pulse frequency was higher in controls. We conclude that exogenous progesterone
      has no consistent effect on follicular development and gonadotrophin secretion
      patterns in transition phase mares, and in the present study it did not advance
      the mean date of the first ovulation of the breeding season compared with
      untreated control mares.

PMID- 1795274
TI  - Measurements of glycosaminoglycans in follicular, oviductal and uterine fluids of
      mares.
AB  - Eighteen fertile mares were used to determine the effects of the oestrous cycle
      and location in the reproductive tract on the amount and concentration of
      glycosaminoglycans in luminal fluids. Ovariohysterectomies were performed in 3
      groups of 6 mares on Day 3 of behavioural oestrus, within 6 h after ovulation or
      on Day 8 of dioestrus. The lumina of the uterine horns and oviducts ipsilateral
      and contralateral to the active ovary were flushed and fluid was aspirated from
      the dominant follicle in the oestrous preovulation group. Glycosaminoglycans and
      protein concentrations were measured in these fluids. Both the total amount and
      the concentration of glycosaminoglycans were higher in the pre- and post
      ovulatory oestrous groups than in the dioestrous animals and they were higher in
      the luminal fluids than in oviductal fluids. There were no significant
      differences between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the reproductive
      tract and the concentration of glycosaminoglycans in follicular fluid was far
      greater than in other parts of the tract. The increased quantity and
      concentrations of glycosaminoglycans found in the tubular reproductive tract of
      mares during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle supports the hypothesis
      that these molecules may play a role in events associated with fertilization.

PMID- 1795276
TI  - Intra-follicular and peripheral steroid characteristics during vernal transition
      in the pony mare.
AB  - This experiment investigated steroid production by ovarian tissues, in vitro, of
      pony mares during vernal transition from anoestrus to the breeding season.
      Follicular dynamics were monitored to detect the first, second, third or fourth
      transition follicle, greater than or equal to 30 mm diameter or the first large
      post luteal follicle of the breeding season. Twenty-four hours after a large
      follicle was detected, theca (T) and granulosa (G) tissues were harvested.
      Separate and co-incubations of these tissues were conducted to determine steroid
      production in early transition (ET), late transition (LT) and pre-ovulatory (OV)
      follicles. Peripheral plasma and follicular fluid steroids and gonadotrophins
      also were assayed. Peripheral plasma oestradiol concentrations increased from ET
      to LT and again from LT to OV in parallel with tissue production and follicular
      fluid content. Androgen production increased from LT to OV whereas progesterone
      production showed no change, thereby indicating a possible failure of 17-alpha
      steroid hydroxylase in ET follicles. Examination of tissue steroid secretion
      rates revealed that granulosa was the major site of oestrogen production, whereas
      theca secreted greater amounts of androgen.

PMID- 1795277
TI  - Ovarian response in mares to prolonged treatment with exogenous equine pituitary
      gonadotrophins.
AB  - Twelve anoestrous mares were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 0.5 g
      allyl trembolone (Regumate; Roussel UCLAF, Paris) and 50 mg oestradiol benzoate
      for 7 days, followed by daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 25 mg crude
      equine pituitary extract (CEG), with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) 0.25 mg porcine
      growth hormone (pGH). No difference in ovarian response to this superovulation
      treatment was observed between the 2 groups (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4
      ovulations per mare, respectively). CEG treatment was then combined with allyl
      trembolone (40 mg per os per day) and prolonged in the 12 mares, with (n = 6) or
      without (n = 6) a 7-day interruption of CEG treatment 7 days after the mares
      first ovulated. Ovarian responses showed that an interruption in gonadotrophin
      treatment was not necessary to allow the occurrence of a new follicular wave, but
      the interruption did seem to generate the growth of a more synchronous cohort of
      follicles. Ovulation rate in the second wave was higher than in the first
      although there was no effect of treatment interruption on ovulation rate in the
      second wave, which occurred during progestagen treatment and gave rise to
      persistent corpora lutea (36.5 +/- 5.9 days). The 6 mares that did not experience
      an interruption in treatment continued to receive daily CEG injections and oral
      progestagen. Two periods (Days 0-47 and Days 48-94) were compared for analysis of
      follicular growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795278
TI  - Ovarian activity in fillies treated with anabolic steroids prior to the onset of
      puberty.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of zero, low (0.55), medium (1.1) and high
      (2.2 mg/kg LW) boldenone undecylenate on the reproductive physiology of sixteen
      fillies from the ages of 7 to 11 months until 2 years. Ovarian activity measured
      by cross-sectional area, total number of ovulations, total number of follicles
      and the number of large follicles (greater than 30 mm in diameter) was
      significantly reduced by steroid treatments. Of fillies that ovulated during the
      first breeding season, the age of first ovulation and the second breeding season
      was significantly delayed in the high dose group. Final clitoral diameters and
      the increase in clitoral diameter over the period of the study were significantly
      greater in the treated groups.

PMID- 1795279
TI  - Some physiological and pharmacological factors affecting uterine motility as
      measured by electromyography in the mare.
AB  - Two intact and 2 ovariectomized mares aged 3-16 years had bipolar electrodes
      implanted in the myometrium to measure electromyographic (emg) activity during
      normal and exogenously simulated (with oestrogen and progesterone) cyclical
      activity (anoestrus, transition, oestrus and dioestrus). Oxytocin, cloprostenol,
      propantheline bromide and clenbuterol were administered during each cycle stage.
      In 1 mare, emg activity was recorded during natural breeding (4 times) and
      through the first 20 days of pregnancy. Simultaneous intrauterine pressure
      recordings (IUP) using an open tipped catheter system were taken occasionally.
      For mares in oestrus, we recorded short bursts of high amplitude emg activity
      separated by quiet periods, a pattern that is indicative of uterine contractions.
      During dioestrus the duration of emg activity increased, but amplitude decreased
      and interspersed quiet periods were less well defined, indicative of uterine
      tonus. The emg patterns seen in anoestrus and transition were intermediate. At
      breeding there was a short-lived increase in emg activity, unlikely to be caused
      by endogenous hormone release. During early pregnancy the emg characteristics
      varied depending on whether the fertilized ovum was in the oviduct, migratory or
      fixed, with emg activity increasing to 100% after Day 16 when uterine tone is
      maximal. Oxytocin and cloprostenol caused prolonged emg activity followed
      initially by a short burst pattern that was most pronounced in oestrus and least
      in dioestrus and suggests uterine motility is stimulated to a greater extent
      during oestrus. Propantheline decreased emg activity, whereas cloprostenol caused
      minimal changes. IUP increased with uterine stimulants and decreased with uterine
      relaxants, but showed little variation between cyclic states. There was little
      correlation, statistically or visually, between IUP and emg activity during the
      oestrous cycle with or without drug treatment. Because emg analysis gave
      consistent results and demonstrated significant differences between oestrus and
      dioestrus that neither agreed nor correlated with IUP, the validity of the IUP
      recording technique used in this study (as well as those used in general for the
      mare) is questioned. It is suggested that extrauterine factors such as intestinal
      motility and intra-abdominal pressure changes could influence IUP responses.

PMID- 1795280
TI  - Embryonic development after intra-follicular transfer of horse oocytes.
AB  - A technique was developed in which immature horse oocytes, obtained from
      slaughterhouse specimens, were transferred to the pre-ovulatory follicle of a
      mare in vivo, with resulting oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization and
      embryo development. Oocytes were collected from all follicles greater than 3 mm,
      and were classified as immature, maturing, expanded or denuded. The transfers
      were performed in the standing, tranquilized mare. The ovary containing the pre
      ovulatory follicle was grasped per rectum. A trochar and cannula were placed
      through the abdominal wall in the flank area, ipsilateral to the grasped ovary.
      For the transfer, the operator introduced a needle through the cannula to
      puncture the outer wall of the follicle, while adjusting the position of the
      ovary per rectum. The mares were inseminated the day after transfer. Twenty
      oocyte transfers were performed. In 1 mare, 15 immature oocytes were transferred
      to the pre-ovulatory follicle and 12 oocytes with expanded cumuli were recovered
      from the follicle 24 h later. In 3 of the remaining 19 mares, the follicle filled
      with blood after the transfer and ovulation did not occur. Sixteen mares ovulated
      after oocyte transfer. One mare was killed 3 days following ovulation; flush of
      the removed oviduct yielded 1 embryo, 2 recently ovulated oocytes and 3
      degenerating oocytes. A uterine flush for embryo recovery was performed in each
      of the other 15 ovulating mares, 7-11 days after ovulation. Embryos were
      recovered in 7 of the 15 flushes, and embryos in excess of the number of
      ovulations were recovered from 4 mares (2, 3, 4 and 7 embryos).

PMID- 1795281
TI  - In vitro fertilization in the horse. A retrospective study.
AB  - Since the first successful collection of oocytes by non-surgical puncture, there
      have been numerous attempts to fertilize them but few segmented embryos have
      resulted. The latest attempts at follicular puncture (Palmer et al., 1987)
      provided 159 oocytes. Oocytes found broken (18%) were probably already broken, or
      at least fragile, before puncture. The 41 oocytes were fertilized only with semen
      treated with Ionophore A23187. Following ionophore treatment of semen, 16 ova
      segmented (of 113 inseminated oocytes) indicating fertilization, and another 7
      showed signs of fertilization but not segmentation. Our basic protocol, when
      applied to 60 oocytes, yielded 11 (18%) embryos and 5 (8%) that were fertilized
      without segmentation. Modifications to the protocol produced no improvement in
      the results. Eight embryos fertilized in vitro were transferred into the ampulla
      of 8 recipient mares. One pregnancy resulted and foaling occurred June 14, 1990.
      This is the first equine pregnancy to continue to full term following in vitro
      fertilization.

PMID- 1795282
TI  - Maturation of oocytes from normal and atretic equine ovarian follicles as
      affected by steroid concentrations.
AB  - The ovaries of 23 mares were collected at slaughter during April-June and
      follicles (4-40 mm in diameter) were dissected and punctured to obtain oocytes
      for culture. The follicles were grouped according to histology: (a) normal, (b)
      showing primary and (c) secondary atresia. Antral fluid was analyzed for steroid
      content; oestradiol and testosterone (but not progesterone or androstenediol)
      were closely correlated with follicle size and histological state. Oocytes were
      cultured early after slaughter in Medium 199 (Difco OSI, France) or Medium B2,
      the highest percentage of oocytes reaching Metaphase 2 (53%) occurred after 36-38
      h in culture. Among the 52 oocytes cultured and inseminated 1 case was confirmed
      with a 4-blastomere-like structure, 10 cases had structures resembling pronuclei,
      9 oocytes were in Metaphase 1, 14 were in Metaphase 2 and 18 were degenerated.

PMID- 1795283
TI  - Establishment of equine oviduct cell monolayers for co-culture with early equine
      embryos.
AB  - A culture for equine oviduct epithelial cells is described. Primary cultures
      reached confluence in 5-8 days, forming a monolayer of polygonal cells and
      remaining morphologically intact for about 20 days. Subcultures were obtained by
      collecting cells detached spontaneously from the monolayers, and confluence was
      reached again after 5-7 days. Cells frozen before primary culture were confluent
      10-15 days after thawing. Dishes containing confluent cells also were frozen, and
      some cohesive monolayers formed after thawing. Equine embryos, collected 2 days
      after ovulation, were cultured alone or with a monolayer of equine oviduct
      epithelial cells. Of 5 embryos cultured alone, 3 contained 12-20 cells, 1 was at
      the morula stage and 1 reached the blastocyst stage after 4 days. Of 5 embryos co
      cultured with oviduct cells, 2 contained 12-16 cells, 1 was at the morula stage
      and 2 reached the blastocyst stage after 4 days. After 2 more days, the
      blastocysts showed only delayed development; there was no capsule, and limited
      increase in size. Equine embryos can develop in vitro from 4-8 cells to the
      blastocyst stage, in co-culture with equine oviductal monolayers and also without
      cellular support. The number of embryos studied was too small for us to draw
      conclusions about the benefits of co-culture.

PMID- 1795284
TI  - Viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos following culture in a static or
      dynamic system.
AB  - The viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos were assessed following
      culture in a static or perifusion system. The percentage change in diameter was
      greater (P less than 0.025) for embryos in the static treatment (71%) than in the
      perifusion treatment (33%). Fluorescein diacetate (FD) scores, the percentage of
      fluorescing cells (FC) and fluorescent intensity (FI), also were greater (P less
      than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) following static culture than for embryos
      cultured in the perifusion system. Four of 9 control embryos resulted in
      pregnancies but no embryos cultured in either system prior to transfer resulted
      in pregnancies. Three of 9 embryos in the static treatment group and 1 of 9
      embryos in the perifusion group resulted in non-ecogenic vesicles.
      Ultrastructural evaluation agreed with FD scores and morphological assessment.
      The continued development of static cultured embryos without the presence of an
      inner cell mass (ICM) was supported by ultrasound data.

PMID- 1795285
TI  - The effect of cryopreservation on the metabolic activity of day-6.5 horse
      embryos.
AB  - The decrease in embryo viability caused by cryopreservation may be due, in part,
      to metabolic disturbances. To determine the effect of cryopreservation on
      metabolism, Day -6.5 horse embryos were either frozen and thawed using glycerol
      as the cryoprotectant, given only the glycerol treatment or washed an equal
      number of times in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Before and after treatment,
      individual embryos were incubated with L-[14C(U)]-glutamine, to measure Krebs
      cycle activity, and D-[5-3H]-glucose, to measure Embden-Meyerhof pathway
      activity. Before treatment, glucose metabolism ranged from 110-625 pmol/2 h and
      glutamine metabolism from 4.1-15.9 pmol/2 h, both being highly correlated with
      embryo volume. Mean glucose metabolism in the control group increased 76% between
      the pre-treatment and post treatment measurements compared with 1% in the pooled
      treated groups, whereas mean glutamine metabolism increased only 10% in the
      control group but 50% in the treated embryos. Before treatment, there was no
      difference in mean ratio of glucose to glutamine metabolism between groups, but
      after treatment this ratio was almost 2-fold greater in the control group than in
      the treated group. These results indicate that cryopreservation inhibits
      anaerobic glucose metabolism and stimulates aerobic glutamine metabolism.
      However, this is an effect of the cryoprotectant, rather than of freezing and
      thawing.

PMID- 1795286
TI  - Measurements of glucose metabolism in single equine embryos during early
      development.
AB  - The contributions of 2 biochemical pathways to the total metabolism of glucose
      (the Embden-Meyerhof pathway [EMP] and the pentose phosphate pathway [PPP]), were
      assessed for equine embryos recovered on Day 4.5, 7.5 and 11.5 post ovulation. At
      all developmental stages studied, glucose was metabolized through both pathways.
      Through the EMP, the amounts of glucose metabolized per nl embryo volume per hour
      were 4.0, 9.9 and 3.1 pmol, whereas via the PPP, amounts were 0.9, 1.7 and 0.07
      pmol for Day-4.5, -7.5 and -11.5 embryos, respectively. The ratio of EMP:PPP with
      age was 9.7 for Day -4.5 embryos, 7.6 for Day-7.5 embryos and 90.2 for Day -11.5
      embryos. Two of the 6 unfertilized ova (UFO) exhibited metabolism through both
      pathways.

PMID- 1795287
TI  - Lodgement of the equine blastocyst in the uterus from fixation through
      endometrial cup formation.
AB  - The equine blastocyst becomes fixed in position in the uterus on approximately
      Day 16 of gestation, but allantochorionic villi are not formed until about Day
      50. The purpose of this study was to examine evidence that the blastocyst is
      orientated during this time period, and to determine what morphological features
      might assist retention of the position of the blastocyst within the uterus.
      Implantation sites were collected on Days 10-42 of gestation, and the
      reproductive tracts perfused with fixative for light and electron microscopic
      examination. The conceptus is found at the bend of a uterine horn near the
      junction with the body of the uterus. As the conceptus expands, the ventral
      antimesometrial aspect of the horn is dilated, forming a distinct chamber.
      Despite the prescence of the capsule around the conceptus through Day 20, the
      conceptus is orientated with the embryo situated anti-mesometrially. The
      endometrial folds at the ends of the chamber are closely apposed and exhibit
      cross ridges that may aid in stabilizing the chamber. After displacement of the
      capsule, the trophoblast is closely apposed to the endometrium over most of the
      surface of the conceptus. As the expanding allantois pushes the embryo and yolk
      sac toward the mesometrial side, the sinus terminalis region of the yolk sac
      becomes progressively modified. A ridge or annulus of trophoblast indents the
      endometrium prior to the stage of girdle cell migration. The structure of the
      sinus terminalis complex is consistent with a role in prevention of rotation of
      the conceptus within the chamber. Close association of vascularized trophoblast
      and uterine epithelium, underlain by dilated subepithelial capillaries, is
      present as early as Day 25 in the allantochorion. Orientation of the blastocyst
      is important for apposition of vascularized trophoblast to the flattened
      antimesometrial surface and for proper sitting of the endometrial cups in the
      mesometrial area.

PMID- 1795288
TI  - Trophoblastic vesicles and maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares.
AB  - Research has indicated that trophoblastic vesicles (TV) formed from Day-14 equine
      conceptuses would prolong luteal maintenance in mares after surgical transfer to
      the uterus at Day 10 after ovulation. The current study assesses TV as a further
      model for maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. The objectives of the study
      were to determine the ability of TV to prolong luteal maintenance in mares, their
      effect on endometrial production of prostaglandin F (PGF) in vitro, and their
      ability to secrete polypeptides in vitro. In contrast to our previous study (Ball
      et al., 1989b), transfer of TV from Day-12 or -14 equine conceptuses to recipient
      pony mares at Day 10 or 12 post ovulation did not significantly prolong luteal
      maintenance compared to sham-operated control mares. Prolonged luteal maintenance
      was noted in 1/10 control mares and 1/15 mares that received TV. Trophoblastic
      vesicles from Day-14 conceptuses significantly reduced production of PGF by Day
      14 pregnant endometrium in vitro. However, intact Day-14 conceptuses failed to
      reduce PGF secretion in the same culture system. TV secreted an array of
      polypeptides that were similar in molecular weight range to those produced by
      intact conceptuses or conceptus fragments at Day 12 or 14. Although this study
      failed to confirm our earlier finding that TV prolong luteal maintenance in
      recipient mares, this study does indicate that TV may be a useful model for
      evaluating maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares.

PMID- 1795289
TI  - In vitro steroidogenesis by granulosa cells from equine pre-ovulatory follicles.
AB  - Twenty-three follicles were collected from 14 mares on specific days and grouped
      to represent follicles from early (Group 1; n = 6), mid (Group 2; n = 11) and
      late (Group 3; n = 6) oestrus, as described previously (Tucker et al., 1988).
      Isolated granulosa cells (GC) from each follicle were cultured in multiwell
      plates containing either Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone, eLH (300
      ng/ml), eFSH (300 ng/ml) or eLH + eFSH (300 ng/ml each), in the presence or
      absence of 0.5 microM testosterone. Media were collected and replaced at 24 h of
      culture, and 24 h later, media were again collected and cultures terminated.
      Media were assayed for oestradiol-17 beta (E2), progesterone (P4),
      androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Media
      containing exogenous T were assayed for E2 and P4. There was no effect of
      exogenous gonadotrophins on steroid secretion by GC from any group, so these
      values were pooled and averaged. Steroid concentrations were expressed as
      ng/ml/1000 live cells seeded (mean +/- s.e.m.). Progesterone was the predominant
      steroid secreted by GC from all groups without added T after 24 h of culture, and
      was highest in media from Group 3 (7.86 +/- 1.19 ng/ml) 1000 cells; vs Group 1
      (0.02 +/- 0.004 ng/ml/1000 cells) and Group 2 (0.15 +/- 0.03 ng/ml/1000 cells; P
      less than 0.001). Androstenedione was the predominant androgen secreted, but its
      levels did not change from group to group. Oestradiol and T levels were
      comparable in media from Group 1 cultures (E2: 0.003 +/- 0.0004 ng/ml/1000 cells;
      T: 0.003 +/- 0.0009 ng/ml/1000 cells), but E2 was highest in Group 2 media (0.17
      +/- 0.11 ng/ml/1000 cells; P less than 0.001) and T levels were greatest in Group
      3 (0.02 +/- 0.003 ng/ml/1000 cells; P less than 0.005). In the presence of
      exogenous T, E2 increased in media from all groups (P less than 0.0001).
      Oestradiol levels from Group 1 (0.52 +/- 0.12 ng/ml/1000 cells) and Group 3 (0.57
      +/- 0.09 ng/ml/1000 cells) cultures were not different, but were highest in media
      from Group 2 (2.15 +/- 0.29 ng/ml/1000 cells; P less than 0.01). By 48 h, P4
      secretion was higher in all groups (P less than 0.0001) and was the predominant
      steroid secreted by Group 3 GC. Progesterone levels were not affected by the
      addition of T. Androstenedione increased in Group 3 media (P less than 0.001),
      whereas E2 and T remained unchanged. These results suggest that the pattern of
      equine GC steroid secretion changes as follicular maturation proceeds.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1795290
TI  - Molecules of the early equine trophoblast.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies raised against equine trophoblast cells were tested
      to determine the characteristics of the identified molecules. First, the
      antibodies were used to precipitate molecules from radiolabelled equine
      trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle. Antibody F71.1 precipitated a molecule
      of 115 kDa, whereas antibodies 71.8 and 71.10 precipitated a molecule of 66 kDa.
      Second, 2 of the antibodies were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay on
      frozen sections of equine conceptuses of different gestational ages beginning at
      Day 8. Antibody F71.1 labelled trophoblast cells from Day 13 onward, whereas
      antibody F71.8 first labelled trophoblast cells beginning on Day 24. Third, the
      antibodies were tested for reactivity with first trimester human placental
      tissues using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Antibody F71.1 labelled villous
      cytotrophoblast cells, whereas antibody F71.8 labelled only the
      syncytiotrophoblast cells. Neither antibody reacted with extra-villous
      trophoblast cells. The molecular weight and tissue distribution of the antigen
      identified by antibody F71.8 suggest that it may be a placental form of alkaline
      phosphatase. The molecule identified by antibody F71.1 was first detected very
      close to the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare.

PMID- 1795291
TI  - Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules on early
      trophoblast.
AB  - The expression of class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules by
      early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and
      extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal
      antibody (MAC 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique.
      Most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not
      express class I MHC molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated
      patches of pseudostratified trophoblast lying adjacent to the openings of
      endometrial glands. In contrast, MHC class I molecules were expressed strongly on
      horse chorionic girdle cells at Days 33 and 34 of gestation, just prior to their
      invasion. However, class I MHC was down-regulated with the differentiation of
      these girdle cells into mature gonadotrophin-secreting endometrial cup cells
      between Days 40 and 45 so that by Days 55-65, class I molecules were no longer
      detected on endometrial cups. Similarly, all endometrial cups originating from 3
      intraspecific donkey conceptuses at Days 41, 59 and 82 and 2 interspecific mule
      conceptuses at Days 46 and 47 were negative for class I molecules. A total of 7
      extraspecific donkey-in-horse pregnancies, in which no endometrial cups from and
      implantation is abnormal, were established by embryo transfer. The chorionic
      girdle recovered from a single donkey-in-horse conceptus at Day 35 of gestation
      stained strongly for MHC class I molecules. Later in gestation (Days 73-91) and
      in contrast to the other forms of equine pregnancy examined, most unimplanted,
      failing donkey allantochorion was strongly stained for MHC class I molecules and
      had large numbers of lymphocytes in the adjacent endometrial stroma. The
      hypothesis is raised that the mechanisms that normally suppress the expression of
      MHC class I molecules by the epithelial trophoblast layer of the equine placenta
      can only function if the apical surface of the cells is in close and stable
      contact with other tissues such as the endometrial epithelium.

PMID- 1795292
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of the incidences of pregnancy and pregnancy loss in the
      feral horses of Sable Island.
AB  - Field observations of 400 totally unmanaged feral horses on Sable Island, Nova
      Scotia, were complemented by oestrogen determinations in faecal samples from 154
      identified females over a 4-year period (454 mare-years). Of mares that were
      sampled throughout the year and subsequently produced foals, 92.1% exhibited
      elevated faecal oestrogens between 15 October and 30 March. The results confirm
      that faecal oestrogens are a useful indicator of pregnancy after approximately
      120 days gestation. Distribution of foaling resembled that seen in other feral
      populations, with 95% of births occurring from April through July. The foaling
      rate for mares aged 3 years or older was 62.0%, with 50.7% of mares foaling in 3
      or 4 years. Foaling rates were low (4.1%) in mares bred as yearlings and rose
      with age to 70.8% in those bred as 4-year-olds. Fetal loss after Day 120 was
      deduced from faecal oestrogens to be 26.0% overall, with marked variation from
      year to year (9.6-37.3%) and with age (70.0% in those bred as yearlings,
      decreasing to 5.6% in those bred as 4-year-olds). Of 58 mares aged 2 years or
      older that were sampled every year, about half (49.6%) the barren years were
      attributable to fetal loss after 120 days gestation. All mares conceived in at
      least 2 of the 4 years, suggesting that pregnancy loss, even after Day 120, is as
      important as failure to conceive in causing barren years.

PMID- 1795293
TI  - Concentrations of progestagens and oestrogens in the faeces of pregnant Lipizzan,
      trotter and thoroughbred mares.
AB  - Faecal samples were collected at weekly intervals from pregnant Lipizzan mares
      during Weeks 7-16 following mating and from Lipizzan, Trotter and Thoroughbred
      mares during the last 3 months of gestation. After parturition, samples were
      taken daily from the Thoroughbred mares for another 6 days. Non-pregnant mares
      served as controls. The concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens (Eg), 20 alpha
      OH-progestagens (20 alpha-G) and 20 beta-OH-progestagens (20 beta-G) were
      measured by enzyme immunoassay. In the faeces of Lipizzan mares, immunoreactive
      progestagens were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated above the levels in
      non-pregnant mares by Week 11, and Eg by Week 13 of pregnancy onwards. During the
      last 3 months of gestation, concentrations of Eg were significantly higher in
      Trotter mares than in Lipizzan and Thoroughbred mares. Concentrations of 20 alpha
      G and 20 beta-G increased to maximal values in the last month of gestation. There
      was no significant difference among the 3 breeds with respect to 20 alpha-G but,
      during the 10 weeks before parturition, concentrations of 20 beta-G in the
      Lipizzan mares were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those in the
      Thoroughbred mares. They were also significantly lower than those of the Trotter
      mares during the last 4 weeks of gestation. After parturition, the concentrations
      of Eg and progestagens had declined to baseline values by Days 3 and 4
      respectively. From these results we conclude that high concentrations of
      progestagens with 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxyl groups are present in the faeces
      of pregnant mares, especially during the last month of gestation.

PMID- 1795294
TI  - Experimental models of endotoxaemia related to abortion in the mare.
AB  - Three different routes of administering Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin to mimic
      naturally occurring endotoxaemia were tried in the mare. Bolus injection,
      repeated bolus injections and continuous low-dose infusion were compared with
      prostaglandin F2 alpha release, leucocyte count and clinical response. A biphasic
      prostaglandin release and a pronounced leucopenia of almost identical patterns
      were seen in all models. Repeated bolus injections showed that the second
      injection initiated only a small prostaglandin release indicating the development
      of refractoriness to the treatment. A similar refractoriness or desensitization
      occurred during the low-dose infusion. Flunixin meglumine, a potent inhibitor of
      prostaglandin biosynthesis, administered in different combinations in association
      with endotoxin demonstrated that this compound must be used at an early stage to
      prevent endotoxaemia and its deleterious effects on pregnancy. Taken together,
      the results show that horses are sensitive to endotoxins such that a short period
      of challenge (about 30 min) is enough to cause clinical signs and reproductive
      disorders.

PMID- 1795295
TI  - Plasma progestagens in the mare, fetus and newborn foal.
AB  - This study used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify and
      measure plasma progestagens. The method included deuterated internal standards,
      e.g. [17,21,21,21-2H]-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, solid-phase extraction,
      derivatization (methoxime/t-butyldimethylsilyl) and GC/MS. Full-scan screening
      identified 3 5-pregnenes, 2 4-pregnenes and 7 5 alpha-pregnanes (no 5 beta
      pregnanes). The selected ion mode was used for routine quantitation from
      calibration curves; response was linear (r greater than 0.98) from 2 to 2000 ng
      equivalents/ml (0.5 ng/ml method sensitivity) and intra- and inter-assay
      coefficients of variation were less than 20%. The predominant steroids in plasma
      from pregnant pony and light-horse mares near term were 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha
      pregnan-3-one (400-2100 ng/ml) and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 beta,20 alpha-diol (100-350
      ng/ml). Four other mono- and dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnanes were generally between
      30 and 100 ng/ml. These pregnanes were detectable initially between 30 and 60
      days gestation and increased gradually until a more rapid increase was observed
      30 days pre-partum. Maximum concentrations occurred during the last 2-3 days,
      followed by a decline before parturition. The progesterone profile during early
      pregnancy was similar to that given in previous reports. However, progesterone
      was not detectable during mid- to late pregnancy, except in a few mares near term
      (0.5-1 ng/ml). 5 alpha-Pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-DHP) concentrations were
      similar to those of progesterone during early pregnancy but remained elevated and
      relatively constant (30 ng/ml) to term. No 20 alpha- or 20 beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen
      3-one was detected in mare plasma. In mares that aborted or delivered
      prematurely, these pregnanes showed a profile of decreasing concentrations. In
      the fetal artery (250-300 days) plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of the predominant
      steroids were: pregnenolone (422), 5-pregnene-3 beta,20 beta-diol (171), 3 beta
      hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (277) and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol
      (221). In the fetal vein, the predominant steroid was 5 alpha-DHP (205);
      progesterone was low (12.7 ng/ml) but consistently found. Steroids in the uterine
      venous plasma were similar in type and concentrations to those found in the
      peripheral circulation; uterine arterial concentrations were generally 50% lower.
      These results suggest that fetal pregnenolone is converted rapidly to
      progesterone and/or 5 alpha-DHP by the placenta, with further 3 beta- and 20 beta
      hydroxylation by the fetus. In contrast, 20 beta-hydroxylation predominated on
      the maternal side and so may not directly reflect the fetal-placental
      environment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1795296
TI  - Production of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone during late pregnancy in the mare.
AB  - Changes in the progesterone metabolite 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5 alpha-DHP)
      in maternal plasma in late gestation, and possible sites of production of this
      steroid were studied in pony and Thoroughbred mares by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbant assay for 5 alpha-DHP. In Thoroughbred mares, plasma 5 alpha-DHP
      increased from 63.7 +/- 10.5 ng/ml (27 days pre-partum) to 161.7 +/- 30.8 ng/ml
      (1 day pre-partum) falling to 90.2 +/- 16.1 ng/ml on the day of parturition. In
      pony mares, values rose from 30.8 +/- 8.1 ng/ml (27 days pre-partum) to 79.1 +/-
      30.8 ng/ml (3 days pre-partum) and then decreased to 28.2 +/- 7.1 ng/ml on the
      day of parturition. Concentrations of 5 alpha-DHP were greater in the umbilical
      and uterine veins than in the corresponding umbilical and uterine artery samples.
      Tissues incubated with isotopically-labelled substrates showed that the fetal
      placenta converted pregnenolone to progesterone (47.5 +/- 9.0%). Endometrium
      metabolised [3H]pregnenolone to progesterone and 5 alpha-DHP (11.0 +/- 3.0% and
      7.8 +/- 2.4%, respectively), and [14C]progesterone to 5 alpha-DHP (9.3 +/- 2.5%).
      Deuterium-labelled substrates were used to confirm the identity of these products
      by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Negligible amounts of 5 alpha-DHP were
      formed by other fetal tissues (adrenal, liver, kidney and testis). The results
      show that 5 alpha-DHP production in late pregnancy is derived primarily from
      endometrial metabolism of pregnenolone and/or progesterone.

PMID- 1795298
TI  - Prolactin secretion in lactating mares before and after treatment with
      bromocriptine.
AB  - The effect of treating lactating mares with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine
      was investigated. Seven pony and 4 Thoroughbred lactating mares were given a
      single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 100 mg bromocriptine between Days 18 and
      28 after foaling when the secretion rate of prolactin was elevated. Prolactin and
      luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in serial peripheral plasma
      samples taken before and after the treatment and, in 5 of the pony mares, levels
      of these hormones were also measured in pituitary venous effluent obtained by
      cannulation of the cavernous sinus. In all the mares, prolactin concentrations
      fell sharply after treatment (Day 0) and they started to increase again on Day 2
      in the Thoroughbreds and Day 3 in the ponies. Pituitary LH secretion rate also
      declined significantly for 2 days after treatment but there were no measureable
      influences on cyclic ovarian activity.

PMID- 1795297
TI  - Effects of a protein deficient diet and urea supplementation on lactating mares.
AB  - Six lactating mares were fed either a low protein diet or the same diet with
      added urea ad libitum over 71 days. The quantity consumed by the mares, milk
      intakes of their foals, milk composition, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), mare
      liveweight changes and foal growth rates were measured. The mares were unable to
      consume sufficient quantities of either diet to meet their nitrogen requirements
      and all lost weight. Adding urea to the diet significantly increased PUN in mares
      and foals, raised urea concentrations in the milk, decreased the mares' feed
      intake and significantly increased their weight loss. Low concentrations of
      protein were measured in milk from mares on both diets. Milk intakes of all the
      foals were reduced and they showed poor growth rates.

PMID- 1795299
TI  - Metabolic changes in thoroughbred and pony foals during the first 24 h post
      partum.
AB  - Metabolic rates, rectal temperatures and respiratory quotients (RQ) were
      determined during the first 24 h post partum in Thoroughbred and pony foals and
      in relation to environmental temperature. Both breeds had high metabolic rates
      (greater than 200 W/m2) during the first hour post partum when they were wet and
      shivering; by 4 to 24 h values were fairly steady at about 153 and 105 W/m2 for
      Thoroughbred and pony foals, respectively. At birth, rectal temperature was lower
      in Thoroughbred foals than in pony foals; values increased during the first hour,
      and then decreased. At 24 h of age, both breeds had a rectal temperature of 38.4
      degrees C. RQ values were high (greater than 0.9) at birth in both breeds,
      declining to about 0.82 by 4 to 24 h of age. At similar environmental
      temperatures, the metabolic rates per unit area of Thoroughbred foals were higher
      than those of pony foals at all ages. The results indicate that breed differences
      may exist between the thermal responses of newborn Thoroughbred and pony foals.

PMID- 1795300
TI  - Gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations in jugular and testicular venous plasma
      in stallions before and after GnRH injection.
AB  - Six normal stallions of light horse breeds aged 5-17 years were used from fall to
      winter to investigate the difference between steroid hormone concentrations in
      testicular and jugular venous blood before and after exogenous GnRH. At 48 h
      before experimentation, an indwelling cannula was placed surgically in the
      testicular vein of the stallion. After the stallion recovered from anaesthesia, a
      catheter was placed percutaneously in the jugular vein. Each stallion was housed
      in a tie stall to allow simultaneous sampling of jugular or testicular blood. On
      the first and second sampling days, respectively, 1 ml of physiological saline
      solution and a 1 ml solution of GnRH (25 micrograms) were administered
      intravenously. Samples were taken from both sites at intervals from 60 min before
      treatment to 780 min after treatment. Plasma was analyzed for luteinising hormone
      (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17 beta-hydroxyandrogens
      (androgens), oestrone and oestrogen conjugates by radioimmunoassay. Pre-treatment
      (baseline) plasma concentrations of both LH and FSH between jugular and
      testicular samples were similar. The difference between basal levels of jugular
      and testicular androgens, oestrone and oestrogen conjugates were 144-fold, 60
      fold and 13-fold respectively, although individual variation was observed. A low
      dose of exogenous GnRH produced a significant LH and FSH response in testicular
      and jugular plasma (P less than 0.05). There were no significant changes in
      steroid secretion caused by the increases in LH and FSH (P greater than 0.05),
      although individual variation in the androgen response was apparent (P less than
      0.1). There was a positive correlation between basal testicular venous androgen
      levels and the magnitude of the FSH response to GnRH (P less than 0.05).
      Significant correlations between baseline oestrogens and the magnitude of the
      gonadotrophin response was not observed. Surgery depressed jugular oestrogen
      conjugate values (P less than 0.001) when compared to pre-surgical samples.
      Spermatogenesis also was depressed (P less than 0.01) by surgical manipulation,
      although total viable spermatozoa counts returned to normal limits within 3-5
      months post operatively. We developed a model that allows the study of dynamic
      endocrine events associated with the hypophyseal-gonadal axis of the stallion.
      Our findings confirm the presence of a testicular-jugular hormone gradient in the
      unanaesthetized stallion. We have demonstrated that a relatively low dose of GnRH
      can induce a significant gonadotrophin response and a variable androgen response,
      but not a significant oestrogen response. Although baseline levels of androgens
      and not oestrone and oestrogen conjugates appeared to affect pituitary
      responsiveness, other steroidogenic components may be involved.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1795301
TI  - Protection against naturally acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals by
      administration of hyperimmune plasma.
AB  - A 2-year field study was performed to determine the capability of increasing
      Rhodococcus equi specific antibody in foals via plasma transfusion or mare
      vaccination, to determine the kinetics of R. equi (ELISA) antibody decay and to
      assess the protective effects of these procedures in foals on a farm endemic for
      R. equi. Plasma donors were vaccinated with a killed R. equi bacterin and
      produced high levels of anti-R. equi antibodies, which were harvested by
      plasmapheresis. In Experiment 1, 68 foals were given 1 litre of hyperimmune
      plasma intravenously (i.v.) between 1-60 days of age. Foal plasma R. equi
      antibody was significantly increased and high levels of R. equi antibody (ELISA)
      were maintained for 60 days. No R. equi pneumonia developed in any foals
      receiving plasma. In Experiment 2, 99 pregnant mares were vaccinated with R. equi
      bacterin at 30, 60 and 90 days before foaling. Group 1 foals (101:85 from R. equi
      immunized mares) also received plasma transfusions and Group 2 foals (14), from
      R. equi immunized mares, did not receive plasma transfusions. Pregnant mare
      immunization increased colostrum R. equi antibody significantly. Eight foals
      showed failure of transfer of specific R. equi antibody. The incidence of R. equi
      pneumonia was 2.9% in Group 1 foals and 43% in Group 2 foals. Vaccination of
      pregnant mares did not provide protection against R. equi pneumonia; however,
      plasma transfusion with hyperimmune plasma administered prior to R. equi exposure
      was significantly protective in foals.

PMID- 1795302
TI  - The placenta as a determinant of fetal well-being in normal and abnormal equine
      pregnancies.
AB  - One hundred twenty-four horse placentas were evaluated according to gross
      appearance, weight and surface area. Grossly abnormal placentas were
      photographed, and histological sections were taken from abnormal appearing areas,
      and from representative areas (pregnant horn, non-pregnant horn, body and
      cervical pole) in both normal and abnormal placentas. Information about the
      resulting foals was obtained and correlations examined. Histological sections
      were reviewed and related to the resulting foals. Four normal fresh placentas
      were infused with dyes to ascertain the blood supply to various areas. Foal
      weight was statistically related to both allantochorionic surface area and
      allantochorionic weight. When normal placental surface area was divided by foal
      weight and related to gestational age, a statistical (P less than 0.0001 and r =
      0.829) relationship emerged. Long cords were seen frequently with fetal demise.
      Histological abnormalities in the placenta were highly associated with fetal
      demise or fetal abnormalities, with only 2 normal Thoroughbred foals resulted
      from the 23 placentas exhibiting abnormal histology. Among the ponies, the same
      relationship held, with 3 normal ponies delivered from 9 abnormal placentas.
      Normal placentas were associated with normal offspring in most cases. Perfusion
      studies indicated that, in the four placentas studied, one umbilical artery
      supplied the cervical area and the non-pregnant horn, whereas the other supplied
      the pregnant horn. The body had a mixed supply from both arteries. This study
      evaluated the feto-placental unit in terms of normal and abnormal measurements
      and histology related to foal outcome. The presence of abnormal histological
      appearance of the placenta appeared to be more closely associated with foal
      abnormality than the percentage of placental area involved in the abnormal
      process. More information is needed before placental blood supply can be related
      to abnormal processes.

PMID- 1795303
TI  - Plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and dysmature newborn foal.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used
      to determine plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and premature foal.
      Radioimmunoassay provides a profile of plasma progestagens with respect to time
      but, due to the non-specific nature of the technique and without prior
      chromatographic purification, quantitative data based on RIA analysis must be
      interpreted with caution. In contrast, the greater specificity of GC-MS allows
      identification of specific plasma progestagens and measuring of multiple analytes
      in a single analysis. Both techniques demonstrated a marked difference in plasma
      progestagen concentrations between the normal and abnormal foal. GC-MS studies
      demonstrated that the plasma steroid profile was dominated by pregnenolone and 5
      pregnene-3 beta, 20 beta-diol. Measuring the amounts of these 2 steroids in a
      single analysis demonstrated persistent high concentrations in premature foals,
      whereas concentrations decreased rapidly in the first few hours following birth
      in the normal foal. Preliminary analyses of urinary concentrations in the 2
      steroids demonstrated again differences between normal and abnormal foals.

PMID- 1795304
TI  - The use of DNA index and karyotype analyses as adjuncts to the estimation of
      fertility in stallions.
AB  - A total of 174 stallions were subjected to a standard fertility examination and
      classified as fertile, subfertile or sterile. All stallions were phenotypical
      males involved in breeding programmes with no detectable abnormalities in their
      reproductive organs. Fertile stallions had no history of any breeding problem.
      Subfertile stallions were referred with a history of a breeding problem that was
      subsequently determined not to be attributable to the mares or infectious
      diseases. They were divided into chromosomally normal and abnormal groups on the
      basis of karyotype. The relative DNA content of lymphocytes (DI) was estimated by
      flow cytometry to relate this parameter with chromosome status. Of 62 completed
      karyotypes, 44 were normal diploid stallions and 18 had chromosomal defects,
      including mosaics with sex or autosomal deletions or duplications. The seasonal
      pregnancy rates for the subfertile chromosomally defective and subfertile
      chromosomally normal stallions were similar but were less than half of those of
      the fertile stallions. With the present limited data, no association was noted
      between DI and pregnancy rate. The mean DI for the subfertile stallions with
      chromosome defects was not different from those of the fertile and the subfertile
      chromosomally normal stallions. However, the DI for a mosaic stallion with sex
      chromosome deletion was lower than the DI for the fertile stallions. Extremely
      high and low values of the DI may be useful for flagging potential subjects for
      detailed chromosome investigation. The DI also was correlated negatively (P less
      than 0.002) with progressive sperm motility.

PMID- 1795305
TI  - Pasture mating behaviour of donkeys (Equus asinus) at natural and induced
      oestrus.
AB  - The mating behaviour of 2 jacks, each with 21 non-pregnant jennies, was studied
      when the jennies were in natural oestrus and simultaneously induced oestrus. The
      main observations were: efficient pasture breeding at natural and induced
      oestrus, a territorial sociosexual structure, prolonged pre-copulatory
      interaction, gradual increase of mating activity up to 2 days before ovulation, a
      copulatory sequence similar to that of horses, vocalization of the jack as a
      conspicuous behaviour initiating pre-copulatory interaction, frequent
      heterotypical behaviour of jennies and active involvement of jennies in
      initiating pre-copulatory interaction.

PMID- 1795306
TI  - Effect of age and season on the establishment of spermatogenesis in the horse.
AB  - To determine the age at which adult values for hormonal and testicular
      characteristics are established, testes and blood from 123 slaughtered horses,
      aged 1-5 years, were compared. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) and intratesticular
      testosterone (ITT) were determined by radio-immunoassay. Specimens were obtained
      in the non-breeding (n = 46) or breeding (n = 43) season in Experiment 1 (Exp. 1)
      and in the breeding (n = 34) season in Experiment 2 (Exp. 2). Testicular
      parenchyma was fixed in glutaraldehyde and homogenized to enumerate nuclei of
      Sertoli cells and elongated spermatids. Paired parenchymal weight (PPar-Wt),
      Sertoli cell number per horse (SC/H) and daily sperm production per gram of
      parenchyma (DSP/g) or per horse (DSP/H) were determined. In Exp. 1, DSP/g and
      SC/H were higher (P less than 0.05) in the breeding season. Left (LT-Wt; adult
      value established at 4 years) and right (RT-Wt; 3 years) testicular weights, PPar
      Wt (4 years), DSP/g (3 years), DSP/H (3 years), SC/H (3 years), number of
      elongated spermatids/SC (ES/SC; 5 years), LH (5 years) and T (5 years) increased
      (P less than 0.01) with age. FSH also increased (P less than 0.05) with age. Age
      was correlated (r = 0.47 to 0.72; P less than 0.01) with LT-Wt, RT-Wt, PPar-WT,
      DSP/g, DSP/H, SC/H, ES/SC, LH and T. DSP/H was correlated (r = 0.40 to 0.94; P
      less than 0.01) with PPar-Wt, SC/H, ES/SC, LH and T. In Exp. 2, left testes were
      processed for histology and scored for percentage of tubules with elongated
      spermatids (% ES) or residual bodies (% RB). LT-Wt (adult value established at 4
      years), RT-Wt (4 years), PPar-Wt (4 years), T (4 years), LH (4 years), % ES (2.5
      years) and % RB (2.5 years) were influenced (P less than 0.01) by age. Age was
      correlated (r = 0.41 to 0.84; P less than 0.01) with PPar-Wt, % ES, % RB, LH, T
      and ITT. Although adult values of % ES, % RB, DSP/g and DSP/H were obtained by
      Year 3, PPar-Wt and serum hormonal concentrations increased significantly and
      DSP/H tended to increase to Year 4.

PMID- 1795307
TI  - Evaluation of measures taken by ultrasonography and caliper to estimate
      testicular volume and predict daily sperm output in the stallion.
AB  - The semen of 26 stallions, 2-20 years of age, was collected once a day for 7
      consecutive days to determine daily sperm output (DSO). After the last
      collection, 17 stallions were castrated. Testicular volume was estimated using
      two methods. Length, width, height, of each testis were measured by caliper.
      Length, width, height, cross-sectional area and circumference at the widest point
      of the testis were measured by ultrasonography. Both caliper and ultrasound
      measurements were first made in the live animal, and again in vitro. There were
      no differences in these measurements because of method or condition of the
      animal, i.e., whether the measures were taken in the live animal or after
      castration. The volume of an ellipsoid (4/3 pi abc, a = height/2, b = width/2, c
      = length/2) is introduced as a method of accurately estimating testicular volume
      (r = 0.99) as well as predicting DSO (r = 0.92) in the stallion. The authors of
      this report suggest that this estimation can be performed by substituting values
      derived by ultrasonography or calipers.

PMID- 1795308
TI  - Spa treatment in arthritis: a rheumatologist's view.

PMID- 1795309
TI  - Spa therapy in arthritis: a trialist's view.

PMID- 1795310
TI  - Should we treat postvenereal Reiter's syndrome by antibiotics?

PMID- 1795311
TI  - Latent, incomplete or lupus at all?

PMID- 1795312
TI  - Reduced thiol methyl transferase activity in red blood cell membranes from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a reduced capacity for S-oxidation
      and formation of drug sulfate conjugates. We investigated S-methylation catalyzed
      by thiol methyl transferase (TMT) (E.C. 2.1.1.9) as an alternative pathway for
      metabolism of aliphatic compounds. TMT activity was measured in vitro using red
      blood cell membrane preparations from 120 patients with RA and 35 controls. Mean
      values for controls were 10.1 +/- 3 units/mg protein and for RA 3.7 +/- 3
      units/mg protein (p less than 0.05). TMT activity was not related to the acute
      phase response or to drug administration. However, patients with RA with higher
      TMT activity tended to have higher rheumatoid factor levels. This evidence is
      consistent with a generalized disturbance of sulfur metabolism in rheumatoid
      disease.

PMID- 1795313
TI  - Longterm treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with OM-8980. A retrospective study.
AB  - OM-8980 is an immunomodulating drug which has been shown in double blind placebo
      controlled trials to be effective in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      For this report, longterm information was collected from 32 patients (27 women, 5
      men) with RA who had been treated for periods ranging from one to over 8 years
      with OM-8980 daily (median 5 years). Statistically significant reductions were
      observed in duration of morning stiffness, articular index, pain and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR). An improvement or strong improvement in overall
      condition was noted in 23 patients. Adverse events were reported in only 3
      patients and were minimal in nature. Our study demonstrates that OM-8980 is an
      effective longterm slow acting antirheumatic drug which has minimal adverse
      effects and should be considered to have a role to play in the management of RA.

PMID- 1795314
TI  - Effect of early synovectomy on the course of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Ninety-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis were retrospectively assigned to 3
      subsets according to the number of joints with erosion (NJE). The subsets were
      least erosive (LES); more erosive (MES); most erosive involving multilating
      disease (MUD). In the early stages of disease the subsets were distinct (p less
      than 0.001) regarding mean values of annual reduction of carpal height (delta
      CHR) and serum Clq levels. Patient assessment (radiographic and clinical)
      continued to deteriorate in the MES and MUD subsets over the 1-5 year interval
      after synovectomy. Apparent stabilization of knee disease in the LES subset may
      be a feature of this subset rather than a result of synovectomy. Although
      synovectomy may offer short term symptomatic relief, we found no evidence that it
      retards the bony destruction or the disease process.

PMID- 1795316
TI  - The effect of flexion-extension movement on vertical atlantoaxial subluxation
      measurements.
AB  - Flexion-extension movement and atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) serve to alter the
      relations between the anatomical landmarks used in the diagnosis of vertical
      subluxations. The effects of such alterations are examined here. Lateral view
      radiographs of the cervical spine taken during flexion and extension were studied
      in 86 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 56 of whom also had AAS. All the
      methods used (McRae, McGregor, Redlund and Sakaguchi-Kauppi) showed a shift of
      the mean values in a pathological direction during flexion (p less than 0.001,
      Sakaguchi-Kauppi: p less than 0.003). The difference between the flexion and
      extension values (McRae, Redlund, Sakaguchi-Kauppi) correlated with the severity
      of AAS in flexion (correlation coefficients and p values: 0.403, 0.303 and 0.441,
      p less than 0.001, p = 0.005, p less than 0.001 respectively). Thus, some
      vertical movement is connected with AAS during flexion and this should be taken
      into consideration when weighing treatment options.

PMID- 1795315
TI  - Effect of spa therapy in Tiberias on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - Forty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 2 weeks at a
      Tiberias spa hotel. Randomized into 2 groups, Group 1 received a combination of
      mineral baths and mud packs, and Group 2 had tap water baths only. Both groups
      had a significant but temporary improvement in Ritchie index. Group 1 showed a
      significant improvement in grip strength. No improvement was noticed in morning
      stiffness, 15 meter walk time and laboratory variables of disease activity in
      either group. Twelve patients with osteoarthritis (OA) received 2 weeks of
      treatment with mineral baths and mud packs. Statistically significant improvement
      for a period of 6 months was noticed in night pain, pain on passive motion,
      tenderness on palpation and in the index of severity of OA of the knee.

PMID- 1795317
TI  - Effects of rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies and plasma reagin on the
      serologic assay for Lyme disease.
AB  - Rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and the presence of other
      spirochetal infections have been reported to be the source of false positive
      serologic tests of Lyme disease. To evaluate this, we studied their effect upon
      the Lyme assay in use in our clinical laboratory. Of 64 rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
      test positive sera, 2 had positive Lyme antibody tests, not statistically
      different than controls. Of 43 RF positive sera, 2 had positive lyme tests, no
      different than controls, and 1 of 53 ANA containing sera had positive Lyme tests,
      again, not different from controls. There was no relationship of titer of RPR or
      ANA with Lyme results, nor of ANA pattern. Sera containing high titer RF,
      however, had slight interference, producing an increase in equivocal Lyme assay
      results. From the other point of view, sera that were Lyme test positive had no
      increased frequency of RPR or RF, but had an increased frequency of ANA.
      Therefore, neither RPR, RF or ANA were found to markedly interfere with the Lyme
      assay. However, Lyme antibodies may interfere with the ANA test.

PMID- 1795318
TI  - Lyme arthritis in The Netherlands: a nationwide survey among rheumatologists.
AB  - A nationwide survey among all 118 Dutch rheumatologists (response rate 85%)
      yielded 42 patients with Lyme arthritis. The arthritis was nonpersistent in all
      these patients. A tick bite was reported by 23 of these 42 patients (55%).
      Erythema migrans was recalled by 19 patients (45%). Cardiac manifestations
      occurred in 4 patients (9%) and neurologic symptoms in 14 patients (33%). By
      immunoabsorbent assay or immunofluorescence technique 37 patients (88%) had
      positive IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. The distribution of HLA-DR
      alleles of 28 of these patients was not different from the healthy population.
      The response to antibiotic treatment was considered good in 34 patients (81%).
      The clinical features of the Dutch patients with Lyme arthritis closely resemble
      the description of the disease reported from the United States.

PMID- 1795319
TI  - The automated modified Russell viper venom time test for the lupus anticoagulant.
AB  - Antiphospholipid antibodies, both anticardiolipin antibody and lupus
      anticoagulant, are associated with a hypercoagulable state, manifested as
      thrombotic events and pregnancy losses. Multiple coagulation tests are available
      for the lupus anticoagulant, but few are in wide use. The modified Russell viper
      venom test (RVVT) is one of several excellent tests for the lupus anticoagulant,
      with high sensitivity and specificity. We present an automated method for
      measuring the RVVT and demonstrate its reproducibility.

PMID- 1795320
TI  - Cutaneous and serologic subsets of systemic sclerosis.
AB  - The relevance of the extent of skin sclerosis and of other clinicoserological
      features in diagnosis, severity and prognosis of disease was studied in a large
      number of unselected patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). One hundred and
      fifty-one patients with SSc (126 F and 25 M, mean age 48 +/- 14 SD) followed for
      5.3 +/- 3.2 years were included. Patients were divided into 3 cutaneous subsets:
      limited (68), intermediate (46) and diffuse SSc (37). Serological markers were
      detected in 288 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and other connective tissue
      diseases (CTD). Limited and intermediate SSC prevailed in female patients while
      the diffuse subset was more frequent in males (p less than 0.0001). Duration of
      Raynaud's phenomenon before disease onset was shorter in the diffuse variant (p
      less than 0.0001). A wider cutaneous involvement was associated with more severe
      forms of SSc. Diffuse subset showed the poorest prognosis at 10 years of followup
      compared with intermediate (p less than 0.05) and limited variant (p less than
      0.001). Intermediate SSc seems a distinct variant of SSc on the basis of clinical
      manifestations and survival. Among serological markers, anticentromere, anti-Scl
      70 and antinucleolar antibodies were found in 21, 40 and 27% of the cases,
      respectively; these were statistically less frequent (p less than 0.0001) in
      other CTD. In 83.5% of patients with SSc at least one of these specific markers
      was recorded. Anticentromere antibodies were correlated to sex (female), limited
      SSc, calcinosis and telangiectasia. On the contrary anti-Scl-70 was associated
      with diffuse and intermediate subsets and with more severe SSc
      manifestations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795321
TI  - Radionuclide esophageal transit studies in progressive systemic sclerosis: an
      analysis of longitudinal data.
AB  - Nineteen patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were studied by
      radionuclide esophageal transit (ET) and followed longitudinally for 3 to 5
      years. Results were expressed as percent retention at 20 s and 10 min. There was
      gradual deterioration of ET at both 20 s and 10 min. When results were grouped
      into quartiles, deterioration occurred in 58.5% of followup studies in patients
      who initially had potential to deteriorate regarding 20 s retention and in 48% of
      similar patients regarding 10 min retention.

PMID- 1795322
TI  - A prospective analysis of patients with rheumatic diseases attending referral
      hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe.
AB  - In a 10-month prospective study a research assistant identified 411 patients with
      rheumatic disease at the 2 referral hospitals in Harare. Rheumatic disease
      accounted for less than 1% of hospital admissions. Rheumatoid arthritis, the
      commonest condition, accounted for 18% of patients, many of whom had impaired
      functional capacity. Septic arthritis (16%) was common in younger patients, often
      affecting the hip or knee and often associated with other complications of
      disseminated staphylococcal infection. Osteoarthritis (9%), rheumatic fever (7%),
      gout (6%), human immunodeficiency virus associated musculoskeletal problems (6%)
      and systemic lupus erythematosus (5%) were relatively common while the
      spondyloarthropathies occurred less frequently. The spectrum of rheumatic disease
      seen in teaching hospitals in Harare, although significantly different from that
      seen in Europe and North America, approximates the pattern seen in developed
      countries more closely than previous studies from Africa would suggest.

PMID- 1795323
TI  - Psychological aspects of fibromyalgia compared with chronic and nonchronic pain.
AB  - The description of psychological aspects of fibromyalgia are similar to those of
      other patients with chronic pain. Three groups, a chronic pain group (n = 99), a
      nonchronic pain group (n = 34) and a fibromyalgia group (n = 36) were compared,
      using a standardized interview and psychological questionnaires (SCL-90R, IBQ and
      CIPI). It appeared that the chronic pain group and the nonchronic pain group
      could be easily distinguished from each other with these variables. The scores of
      the fibromyalgia group and the chronic pain group were very similar. This leads
      to the conclusion that many psychological aspects of fibromyalgia can be
      considered as psychological aspects of chronic pain.

PMID- 1795324
TI  - Clinical utility and specificity of anticardiolipin antibodies.
AB  - Established solid phase assays for anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) are often
      characterized by high levels of nonspecific binding. As a result, only very high
      levels of aCL have been reported to be associated with a variety of clinical
      conditions including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), recurrent intravascular
      thrombosis and unexplained recurrent fetal loss. We have developed an ELISA
      replacing direct evaporation of soluble cardiolipin with cardiolipin micelles in
      physiological saline as the antigen binding step in the assay. Levels of IgG aCL
      were detected in various sera at dilutions of 1/100 to 1/3200, showing improved
      assay sensitivity. Assay specificity was determined using double stranded DNA and
      ovalbumin as irrelevant binding antigens and no crossreactivity was found. The
      controversial use of Tween 20 in the assay was investigated and results showed it
      decreases nonspecific binding without interfering in antibody detection. This
      assay has enabled us to identify differences in the prevalence and level of aCL
      antibodies in sera from healthy nonpregnant controls (0/25 positive), healthy
      pregnant controls (5/47 positive for IgG and 8/47 positive for IgM) and from
      women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss (16/62 and 14/62 positive,
      respectively). We support the observation that aCL are not normally distributed,
      and therefore nonparametric methods of statistical analysis are necessary to
      determine population prevalence. We confirm that aCL IgM are a relatively
      nonspecific finding, and extreme caution must be used in basing any clinical
      decisions on the presence of this antibody alone.

PMID- 1795325
TI  - Low dose prednisone treatment does not reduce the severity of osteoarthritis in
      dogs after anterior cruciate ligament transection.
AB  - It was reported recently that oral administration of prednisone, 0.3 mg/kg/day,
      decreased osteophyte size and cartilage ulceration in dogs with osteoarthritis
      (OA) produced by "stab" transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Since this
      dose would be equivalent to 17 mg/day for a 70-kg human, our study was performed
      to determine whether a lower, clinically more realistic, dose of prednisone also
      had ameliorating effects on OA in the canine model. Following arthrotomy and
      transection of the anterior cruciate ligament 10 adult mongrel dogs were each
      given prednisone, 0.1 mg/kg/day, begun either 0, 2, or 4 weeks after arthrotomy
      and continued until sacrifice 12 weeks after surgery; 7 others underwent the
      identical surgical procedure but received no prednisone and served as OA
      controls. No differences were noted between dogs treated with prednisone and the
      controls with respect to size or extent of osteophytes, severity of synovial
      inflammation, morphologic changes of OA in articular cartilage, or in vitro
      synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Increases in cartilage thickness in the OA knee
      were similar in the 2 groups, as were increases in H2O content and uronic acid
      concentration. Regardless of the interval between arthrotomy and start of
      treatment, the low dose of prednisone used here did not reduce the severity of OA
      in this model.

PMID- 1795326
TI  - Frequency of osteoarthritis in hysterectomized women.
AB  - A previous retrospective study reported a 2-fold increase in hysterectomy rates
      in women outpatient clinical attenders with osteoarthritis (OA) compared to
      controls. Our study was undertaken to confirm the findings of a previous case
      control study which suggested hysterectomy to be a risk factor for OA. A
      retrospective cohort study design was used that would reduce the problems of
      selection bias. One hundred and sixty-two women who had undergone a hysterectomy
      between 1978 and 1979 (current mean age 53.8) and 164 controls (mean age 54.1)
      were examined for peripheral joint OA between 1988 and 1989. The screening method
      was identical for both groups and included a questionnaire, systematic
      examination of certain joints and radiographs of hands and knees. Women with a
      previous hysterectomy were found to have significantly higher rates of clinical
      signs of knee OA and 1st carpometacarpal (CMC) OA than control women without
      hysterectomy. The results were confirmed when OA was classified by the presence
      of symptoms alone, and when only radiologically confirmed clinical cases were
      included. The application of radiological criteria showed significantly smaller
      medial joint spaces (by digital image analysis) in hysterectomized women,
      although no differences were found using the Kellgren and Lawrence grading
      system. The increased risk for knee and CMC persisted after adjustment for
      possible confounders including age, obesity, parity and smoking status. By
      contrast frequency of distal interphalangeal and proximal interphalangeal
      involvement was lower, though not significantly so, than in controls.

PMID- 1795327
TI  - The associations of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical
      spine and personality traits in a general population.
AB  - Degenerative changes are considered to be a common cause of neck pain. In
      addition to this cause, personality traits could contribute to the complaint of
      neck pain. We investigated the associations of neck pain with personality traits,
      disc degeneration and osteoarthritis (OA) on radiographs of the cervical spine in
      a general population of 5,440 men and women between 20 and 65 years of age. Disc
      degeneration was associated with neck pain in the men but not in the women. OA of
      the facet joints was not related to neck pain, either in the men or the women,
      but the personality traits, neuroticism and injuredness, were. Among those with
      severe disc degeneration or OA of the cervical spine, neuroticism was a strong
      independent determinant of pain. Our findings show that neuroticism is a more
      powerful determinant of neck pain than radiological signs of disc degeneration or
      OA in the general population.

PMID- 1795328
TI  - Report of 4 cases of Pasteurella multocida septic arthritis.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida is frequently responsible for infections in man due to
      wounds inflicted by animals (generally cats or dogs). However, the development of
      septic arthritis is a rare complication. We report 4 cases of Pasteurella
      multocida septic arthritis with demonstration of the organism in the joint in
      each case. Two cases presented with monoarthritis (sternoclavicular joint and
      wrist) and 2 cases had polyarticular involvement from the outset.

PMID- 1795329
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis antirheumatic drug trials. I. Effects of standardization
      procedures on observer dependent outcome measures.
AB  - A study was designed to assess the effects of standardization procedures on
      reducing interobserver variability for outcome measures given in the current Food
      and Drug Administration and European League Against Rheumatism guidelines and
      others selected from the rheumatology literature. Over 2 days, 6 rheumatologists
      independently examined 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in predetermined
      order before and after standardizing their examination techniques. An important
      and beneficial effect of the standardization procedure was observed on the
      majority of outcome variables. Such reductions in observer variability have the
      potential to diminish sample size requirements for antirheumatic drug studies.

PMID- 1795330
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis antirheumatic drug trials. III. Setting the delta for
      clinical trials of antirheumatic drugs--results of a consensus development
      (Delphi) exercise.
AB  - Defining the minimum clinically important difference or delta to be detected in a
      clinical trial depends on a number of factors including the research hypothesis,
      patient characteristics, the nature of the intervention and the trial design. In
      2 previous studies, we have developed standardized procedures for conducting
      outcome measurement based on current Food and Drug Administration and European
      League Against Rheumatism guidelines for RA clinical trials, and thereafter,
      determined the standard deviation for these outcome measures. In the final
      component of this series of studies, we employed a Delphi technique to establish
      estimates for delta and calculated the sample size requirements under different
      conditions of Type I and Type II error probabilities.

PMID- 1795331
TI  - Thrombotic microangiopathy and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
AB  - A 23-year-old woman with the antiphospholipid syndrome developed severe
      thrombocytopenia (14 x 10(9)/l) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia after
      plasma exchange. A relation was suspected between rising anticardiolipin level
      and development of thrombotic microangiopathy. The mechanism responsible may be
      interference between anticardiolipin antibody, platelet membrane and endothelial
      cell.

PMID- 1795332
TI  - Portal and pulmonary vessel thrombosis associated with systemic lupus
      erythematosus and anticardiolipin antibodies.
AB  - We describe a 26-year-old patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary
      and portal hypertension associated with the presence of anticardiolipin
      antibodies. Postmortem histological examination revealed the presence of recent
      thromboses of pulmonary and portal vessels. Our findings further support the
      concept of pulmonary hypertension being part of the antiphospholipid syndrome and
      suggest that portal hypertension due to intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis might
      be another manifestation of this syndrome.

PMID- 1795333
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus and pernicious anemia in an 82-year-old woman.
AB  - We describe an 82-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed
      pernicious anemia 3 years later. Although both diseases are autoimmune in origin,
      this association is rather rare, and only 3 other cases have been described.
      Pernicious anemia appeared after steroid treatment was withdrawn.

PMID- 1795334
TI  - High grade atrioventricular heart block in 2 adults with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - We describe 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and high grade
      atrioventricular (AV) block. In one patient anti-Ro antibodies were positive.
      This antibody has been associated with congenital complete heart block in
      children of mothers with SLE; however, its role in adult high grade AV block is
      not clear. We reviewed the 8 published cases of adults with SLE and high grade AV
      block. The possible mechanisms that could be implicated in the pathology of high
      grade AV block are discussed.

PMID- 1795335
TI  - Campylobacter spondylodiscitis and deficiency of cellular immunity.
AB  - We describe a case of spondylodiscitis caused by Campylobacter fetus in a
      previously healthy patient. This is the first report of this agent causing
      discovertebral infection, which generated cellular immune deficiency, reversible
      with the cure.

PMID- 1795336
TI  - Gonococcal septic arthritis of the hip.
AB  - We describe a patient with a Neisseria gonorrhoeae monoarthritis of the hip.
      Treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone, oral doxycycline, and repeated
      fluoroscopic needle aspirations resulted in a complete recovery of function
      without residual deficit. Gonococcal monoarthritis of the hip is rare. Gonococcal
      hip infections appear to respond well to antibiotics and drainage by
      arthrocentesis. This differs from hip infections caused by other bacteria where
      joint damage is common and where the recommended initial treatment is open
      surgical drainage.

PMID- 1795337
TI  - An unusual presentation of sarcoidosis.
AB  - We describe a 35-year-old woman with arthralgias and skin lesions suggesting
      sarcoidosis. No pulmonary lesions were present. The diagnosis was established by
      histological examination of a swollen and discolored scar. We review the
      literature of "scar sarcoidosis" and discuss the similarities between this entity
      and silica granuloma.

PMID- 1795338
TI  - Overlapping polymyositis and ulcerative colitis: HTLV-1 infection as an
      alternative explanation.

PMID- 1795339
TI  - Course of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in patients with human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)

PMID- 1795340
TI  - Eosinophilia and L-tryptophan ingestion.

PMID- 1795341
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and peripheral eosinophilia.

PMID- 1795342
TI  - Severe polyarthropathy in an adolescent treated with pefloxacin.

PMID- 1795343
TI  - Delayed methotrexate pneumonitis.

PMID- 1795344
TI  - Charcot Leyden crystals in synovial fluid.

PMID- 1795345
TI  - Usefulness of closed needle biopsy of sacroiliac joint in pyogenic sacroiliitis.

PMID- 1795346
TI  - Hyperpigmentation of the skin along the thoracic and lumbar spine in progressive
      systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 1795347
TI  - Harvey C. Knowles, Jr, and necrotizing angiitis.

PMID- 1795349
TI  - The health effects of aluminium--a review.
AB  - This review covers the occurrence of aluminium in soil, air, water and food. In
      addition, aluminium levels in body tissues and its movement within the body have
      been considered. The adverse effects of aluminium that have been reported in
      recent years include Alzheimer's disease, dementia and hyperactivity and learning
      disorders in children.

PMID- 1795348
TI  - The coexistence of ochronosis and ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 1795350
TI  - The occupational exposure level of 1,2-dichloroethane in an EM preparation
      laboratory.
AB  - The toxicity of 1,2-Dichloroethane, DCE, toxicity was measured in an Electron
      Microscopy (EM) preparation laboratory by Gas Chromatography. Although the
      personal exposure of the worker to DCE has not exceeded the occupational exposure
      limits, the exposure level was quite close to the short-term exposure limit.
      Owing to the carcinogenic potential and low exposure limits of DCE, it is
      suggested that a closed controlled-environment would be useful in reducing the
      exposure level of DCE.

PMID- 1795351
TI  - Oxygen free radicals and human diseases.
AB  - Free radicals and other reactive oxygen species are constantly formed in the
      human body. Many of them serve useful physiological functions, but they can be
      toxic when generated in excess and this toxicity is often aggravated by the
      presence of ions of such transition metals as iron or copper. Excess generation
      of reactive oxygen species within tissues can damage DNA, lipids, proteins and
      carbohydrates. Which of these is the most important target of damage depends upon
      the cell type subjected to the oxidative stress and upon how it is imposed.

PMID- 1795352
TI  - The limitations of epidemiology and environmental impact statements in
      determining environmental health risks: a case study from Australia.

PMID- 1795353
TI  - Combating protein-energy-malnutrition in a rural/peri-urban southern African
      black population.
AB  - PROTEIN-ENERGY-malnutrition (PEM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
      young children in Africa. In South Africa, in 1987, to help combating and
      preventing PEM in the rural black population, the Gold Fields Nutrition Unit was
      inaugurated at the Medical University of Southern Africa. In 1987-9, 442 patients
      (rural/peri-urban) plus their mothers or child carers were admitted, and 406
      attended as outpatients. Average age was 15.4 +/- 7.6 months, weight 7.0 +/-
      1.6kg, stay in hospital, 12 +/- 10.8 days, and daily weight gain during treatment
      was 31 +/- 48g. Mothers mainly were young and unmarried. Primary causative
      factors were infections, ignorance, and insufficiency of food. Since results from
      rehabilitation are usually poor, mothers and carers were taught how best to
      prepare meals using local foodstuffs. The interventions included teaching and
      demonstrations of how to grow vegetables, maintain an orchard, a fowl-run, and
      improve kitchen and laundry facilities. In 1990, in a follow-up of 73 patients,
      no deaths had occurred within a 12 month period. This far better than usual
      outcome is being furthered by setting up satellite nutrition clinics.

PMID- 1795354
TI  - Prospects and problems of women sanitarians justifying their inclusion in the
      environmental health profession: the Nigerian situation.
AB  - THE HISTORY of the Nigerian political arena, has vindicated the great political
      impact made by Nigerian women. This Nigerian 'Women Impact Continuum' did not
      terminate with the achievement of political independence 30 years ago. The
      inclusion of Nigerian women in what was hitherto men's special profession has
      already begun to yield tremendous fruitful socio-economic development dividends.
      Contemporary Nigeria is witnessing the emergence of a spectrum of women achievers
      who have excelled in their various professions. Women in the Environmental Health
      Profession may not be an exception. The paper opines that if the current 'women
      impact continuum' permeates the Environmental Health Profession female
      sanitarians could justify their inclusion in the Profession, if: (i) there is
      strength in their number; (ii) the Federal Government grants the Environmental
      Health Profession a statutory Regulatory Board; (iii) Women Sanitarians are given
      opportunities for in-service training; and (iv) the women's wing of the
      Association is recognized and integrated into the National Council of Women's
      Societies (NCWS) of Nigeria and shown a sense of belonging by the Better Life
      Programme for Rural Women (BELPRW).

PMID- 1795355
TI  - Piper alpha--a personal experience.

PMID- 1795356
TI  - Picking up the pieces--a counsellor's view of Hillsborough 1989.

PMID- 1795357
TI  - Mental illness as a complication to criminality--the sentencing problems
      encountered by magistrates.

PMID- 1795358
TI  - The present and future handling of the mentally disturbed offender (Part 1).
AB  - Policy is firmly set at diverting mentally disturbed offenders from the Criminal
      Justice System and into the care of the health or social services. Projects and
      research are in place designed to facilitate this with improved arrangements for
      psychiatric assessments. Co-existence of the agencies involved in the treatment
      of mentally disturbed offenders implies readiness of each to accept patients
      whose security needs are downgraded. This would be facilitated by a review of
      medium security and long term provision. Meanwhile, the Prison Service must seek
      to do what it can to care for those placed in its charge.

PMID- 1795359
TI  - AIDS 6 and 7.

PMID- 1795360
TI  - Comparison of United States and New Zealand children's body mass scores.

PMID- 1795361
TI  - Perspective on the present and the future.

PMID- 1795362
TI  - The BMA's torture report and afterwards.

PMID- 1795364
TI  - Torture and the participation of doctors.

PMID- 1795363
TI  - Abuse of psychiatry: analysis of the guilt of medical personnel.

PMID- 1795365
TI  - The medical profession and torture.

PMID- 1795366
TI  - The involvement of medical doctors in torture: the state of the art.

PMID- 1795367
TI  - Impunity's psychological effects: its ethical consequences.

PMID- 1795368
TI  - The position of the Chilean Medical Association with respect to torture as an
      instrument of political repression.

PMID- 1795369
TI  - Health implications of torture in Pakistan.

PMID- 1795370
TI  - Remarks on medical ethics.

PMID- 1795371
TI  - Torture and the medical profession: a review.

PMID- 1795372
TI  - Abusing human rights in the health care service under a soft dictatorship in
      Hungary.

PMID- 1795373
TI  - Torture in Poland.

PMID- 1795374
TI  - Medical professionals and human rights in the Philippines.

PMID- 1795375
TI  - Repression, health care and ethics under apartheid.

PMID- 1795376
TI  - Psychiatric experience with perpetrators and countertransference feelings in the
      therapist.

PMID- 1795378
TI  - Why two torture committees?

PMID- 1795377
TI  - A response to human affliction and social loss.

PMID- 1795379
TI  - How to struggle against torture.

PMID- 1795380
TI  - Statutes of the International Tribunal for Investigation of Torture.

PMID- 1795381
TI  - Torture--a perspective on the past.

PMID- 1795382
TI  - Freeze-substitution techniques for preparing nematodes for scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - The effect of different substitution times, temperatures and the incorporation of
      fixatives on the preservation of three species of nematode for scanning electron
      microscopy by freeze substitution with methanol, followed by critical point
      drying, is investigated. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi adults and Trichostrongylus
      colubriformis infective juveniles were successfully preserved using methanol at
      253 K as the substitution medium. Preservation deteriorated with long
      substitution times, suggesting the extraction of material and that substitution
      times should be kept as brief as possible. Panagrolaimus davidi was not
      successfully preserved using pure methanol, but preservation was improved by
      using fixatives in the substitution medium, the best results being obtained with
      1% OsO4/3% glutaraldehyde in methanol. A substitution temperature of 193 K did
      not give any improvement in preservation. The differences in the quality of
      preservation between the three species may be due to the relative ability of the
      cuticle to withstand collapse during critical point drying. Chemical fixation
      using cold fixative resulted in the retention of a natural posture but poor
      preservation, whereas hot fixatives resulted in good preservation but the loss of
      a natural posture. Freeze substitution in methanol may prove useful in the
      preparation of specimens possessing cuticles or cell walls which have sufficient
      strength to withstand the drying process (e.g. arthropods, plants, fungi,
      nematodes). More delicate specimens may require the incorporation of fixatives
      into the substitution medium or conventional fixation.

PMID- 1795383
TI  - Effect of refraction on optical microscopic measurement of internal blood-vessel
      diameter and its correction.
AB  - In optical microscopic measurement of internal blood-vessel diameters, the effect
      of refraction must be taken into account to ensure accuracy of the result. This
      effect is discussed and an analytical correction formula derived. Phantom blood
      vessels with known internal and external diameters were used to test the validity
      of the correction formula. The errors obtained prior to correction were reduced
      significantly after correction.

PMID- 1795384
TI  - Surface areas of basolateral membranes in renal distal tubules estimated by
      vertical sections.
AB  - The surface area of the Na,K-ATPase-rich basolateral membranes in the medullary
      thick ascending limb of the distal tubule in the rabbit kidney was determined
      stereologically using the method of 'vertical sections', whereby unbiased surface
      estimates are obtained by imposing a cycloid test-lattice on micrographs of
      ultrathin sections cut roughly longitudinal to the tubular axis. The unbiased
      estimate of the surface area of basolateral membranes per tubule length in the
      thick ascending limb was 1.45 x 10(6) microns 2/mm. The results are compared with
      previous surface area measurements in this segment of the tubule and discussed
      with respect to the contributions from all sampling levels to the real biological
      variation. An optimized sampling scheme with a roughly fourfold reduction in
      workload is suggested.

PMID- 1795385
TI  - Image registration and distortion correction in ion microscopy.
AB  - We present a method whereby the geometric registration of a series of ion
      microscopic images is performed by applying a two-step procedure. After applying
      a global linear transformation that corrects for geometric differences, a non
      linear elastic transform is used in order to match local properties and
      structures of the images. Transformation parameters are computed on the basis of
      shape-specific points in the images. Distortion correction is achieved by
      relating ion images to the optical image of the same field and by using the two
      step algorithm to register the images. This methodology is evaluated on synthetic
      misaligned objects and on thyroid tissue images.

PMID- 1795387
TI  - Rate adaptive pacers.

PMID- 1795386
TI  - Herpes simplex encephalitis: an overview.

PMID- 1795388
TI  - Understanding the Medicare physician fee schedule and related practitioner
      payments.

PMID- 1795389
TI  - HIV testing.

PMID- 1795390
TI  - It's time to get real about health care.

PMID- 1795391
TI  - Vicksburg physicians and MSDH join forces on HIV/AIDS clinic.

PMID- 1795392
TI  - "Sharing the Challenge" National AIDS awareness day.

PMID- 1795394
TI  - The neuronal cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1795393
TI  - Actin and actin-binding proteins in differentiating astroglia in tissue culture.
AB  - In this paper we have described the organization of F-actin and actin-binding
      proteins (ABP): alpha-actinin, myosin, tropomyosin, caldesmon, vinculin, talin,
      and spectrin, in differentiating astroglia in colony cultures. We observed that
      the microfilament (MF) network arrangements differ at various stages of astroglia
      development, but the composition of MF bundles and stress fibers is the same at
      all developmental stages. F-actin is closely colocalized with myosin,
      tropomyosin, caldesmon, and alpha-actinin. The striated pattern of myosin,
      tropomyosin, and caldesmon are superimposable. Tropomyosin and caldesmon extend
      along F-actin but are interrupted for short periods, whereas myosin is
      interrupted for longer periods. alpha-actinin colocalizes with tropomyosin and
      caldesmon but not with myosin. In astroglia at different stages of development
      spectrin is arranged in the form of fine networks spreading through the cell and
      does not follow the arrangement of MF bundles. Only F-actin, alpha-actinin, and
      vinculin can be detected at cell-cell junctions. In the areas of the focal
      contacts, F-actin, alpha-actinin, vinculin, and talin are present. They overlap
      each other, although talin and vinculin extend toward the cell membrane beyond F
      actin and alpha-actinin. Astroglia undergo well-defined states of nonmotility,
      motility, and nonmotility again during differentiation. The changes in motility
      are paralleled by changes in the organization of F-actin and ABP: as GFAP
      containing intermediate filaments increase in differentiating astroglia, the F
      actin and ABP are down-regulated, leading to non motility.

PMID- 1795395
TI  - Identification of a tektin-like protein associated with neurofilaments in the
      developing chick nervous system.
AB  - A 160-kD polypeptide, which is recognized by an affinity-purified polyclonal
      antibody to the 55-kD tektin-A polypeptide from sea urchin sperm flagellar
      microtubules, is associated with neurofilaments in embryonic chick nerve cells.
      Antibodies to tektin-A and monoclonal antibodies to the neurofilament triplet
      proteins colocalize to filaments in cultured nerve cells and to filaments in
      extracts of chick spinal cord, using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and
      immunogold electron microscopy. The antigen reacting with anti-tektin-A in chick
      brain and spinal cord extracts has been identified as a 160-kD polypeptide by SDS
      PAGE and has been shown to be distinct from the known neurofilament-triplet
      proteins by two-dimensional immunoblot analysis. These data suggest that a unique
      protein with limited sequence homology to tektin-A is a component of the neuronal
      cytoskeleton and is incorporated into or associated with neurofilaments.

PMID- 1795396
TI  - Dynamics of mammalian high-molecular-weight neurofilament subunit phosphorylation
      in cultured rat sympathetic neurons.
AB  - To better understand the function(s) of the multiphosphorylation repeat (MPR) of
      the high molecular weight neurofilament (NF) subunit (NF-H), we sought to
      determine how phosphorylation within this region is regulated in cultured rat
      sympathetic neurons. To do this, monoclonal antibodies specific to phosphorylated
      or nonphosphorylated tandem repeats of the amino acid sequence Lys-Ser-Pro-Ala
      Glu-Ala found within the MPR were identified and used to determine the extent of
      phosphorylation, the time course of phosphorylation, and the rate of turnover of
      phosphate groups within the NF-H MPR in cultured sympathetic neurons. We showed
      that (1) the synthesis and phosphorylation of NF-H occurs in these neurons
      cultured for 1 or 4 weeks; (2) the conversion from poorly to more highly
      phosphorylated variants of NF-H occurs slowly in cultured neurons; and (3) the
      turnover of phosphate groups on both poorly and highly phosphorylated variants of
      NF-H occurs more rapidly than the turnover of NF-H itself. In addition, we showed
      that the 200-kD highly phosphorylated NF-H can contain at least five consecutive
      nonphosphorylated tandem repeats as well as phosphorylated tandem repeats,
      whereas we were unable to detect consecutively phosphorylated tandem repeats in
      the 160-kD form of NF-H. These findings allow us to propose a mechanism whereby
      NF-H is initially phosphorylated singly at sites distributed throughout the MPR.
      This "poorly phosphorylated NF-H," which is the predominant form in immature
      neurons, is then converted by phosphorylation at additional sites within the MPR
      to the more "highly phosphorylated" species of NF-H typically found in mature
      neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795397
TI  - Temporal pattern of innervation in the developing mouse inner ear: an
      immunocytochemical study of a 66-kD subunit of mammalian neurofilaments.
AB  - We have examined the expression of a 66-kD neurofilament protein (NF-66) in the
      developing inner ear. Mouse embryos, fetuses, and neonates were fixed in
      Methacarn, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. A polyclonal antiserum raised
      specifically to NF-66 and unreactive to NF-L, -M, -H, and peripherin was used for
      immunocytochemical staining. NF-66 immunostaining was first detectable in the
      rhombencephalon at embryonic day (E) 9.5. Immunoreactivity was first detected in
      the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) early on E10.5. By late E10.5, the first SAG
      axons were detectable within the intraepithelial spaces of the otocyst. At E12,
      NF-66 positivity was detectable in neurites that projected into areas of
      presumptive vestibular sensory epithelium. Neurites projecting into the
      presumptive acoustic sensory epithelium were negative. However, at E13, the
      projections from both the vestibular and the acoustic ganglion (i.e, cochlear
      duct) were both NF-66 positive. In the cell bodies, NF-66 expression appeared
      earlier in the vestibular than in the auditory neurons. By E16, neuronal somas in
      both ganglia were NF-66 positive.

PMID- 1795398
TI  - Microtubule dynamics in axons and dendrites.
AB  - We have investigated the stability, alpha-tubulin composition, and polarity
      orientation of microtubules (MTs) in the axons and dendrites of cultured
      sympathetic neurons. MT stability was evaluated in terms of sensitivity to
      nocodazole, a potent anti-MT drug. Nocodazole sensitivity was assayed by
      quantifying the loss of MT polymer as a function of time in 2 micrograms/ml of
      the drug. MTs in the axon and the dendrite exhibit striking similarities in their
      drug sensitivity. In both types of neurites, the kinetics of MT loss are
      biphasic, and are consistent with the existence of two types of MT polymer that
      depolymerize with half-times of MT polymer that depolymerize with half-times of
      approximately 3.5 min and approximately 130 min. We define the more rapidly
      depolymerizing polymer as drug-labile and the more slowly depolymerizing polymer
      as drug-stable. The proportion of MT polymer that is drug-stable is greater in
      axons (58%) than in dendrites (25%). On the basis of current understanding of the
      mechanism of action of nocodazole, we suggest that the drug-labile and drug
      stable polymer observed in both axons and dendrites correspond to two distinct
      types of polymer that differ in their relative rates of turnover in vivo. In a
      previous study, we established that in the axon, these drug-stable and drug
      labile types of MT polymer exist in the form of distinct domains on individual
      MTs, with the labile domain situated at the plus end of the stable domain (Baas
      and Black, J Cell Biol 111:495-509, 1990). Because of the great difference in
      drug sensitivity between the drug-labile and drug-stable MT polymer, we were able
      to dissect them apart by appropriate treatments with nocodazole. This permitted
      us to evaluate the drug-labile and drug-stable polymer in terms of polarity
      orientation and relative content of alpha-tubulin variants generated by
      posttranslational detyrosination or acetylation. In both the axon and the
      dendrite, the modified as well as unmodified alpha-tubulins are present in both
      drug-labile and drug-stable polymer, but at different levels. Specifically, the
      modified forms of alpha-tubulin are enriched in the drug-stable MT polymer
      compared to the drug-labile MT polymer. In studies on MT polarity orientation, we
      demonstrate that in axons, MTs are uniformly plus-end-distal, whereas in
      dendrites, MTs are non uniform in their polarity orientation, with roughly equal
      levels of the MTs having each orientation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1795399
TI  - Differences in the abilities of human tau isoforms to promote microtubule
      assembly.
AB  - Three isoforms of human tau protein were compared for their abilities to induce
      microtubule assembly. The three isoforms, tau 3 (tau containing three microtubule
      binding domains), tau 4 (tau containing four microtubule-binding domains) and tau
      4L (tau containing four microtubule binding domains plus a 58-amino-acid insert
      near the N-terminus) were expressed in E. coli and purified using ammonium
      sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, and size exclusion chromatography. All three
      isoforms induced microtubule assembly at micromolar concentrations and showed
      similar critical concentrations for assembly of 0.4-0.45 microM. However, tau 4
      induced microtubule formation at a rate five- to tenfold faster than either tau 3
      or tau 4L. The rate of microtubule elongation seen with tau 4 was twofold greater
      than with tau 3 or tau 4L, suggesting that the faster rate of microtubule
      assembly seen with tau 4 was due, at least in part, to faster elongation. Tau 4
      induced a greater number of microtubules to form at steady state than did tau 3
      or tau 4L. The microtubules generated with each tau isoform had similar steady
      state length distributions and were equally susceptible to cold-induced
      disassembly. These results indicate that the additional microtubule-binding
      domain in tau 4 enhances microtubule assembly, while the 58-amino-acid insert
      negates the stimulatory effect of the fourth microtubule-binding domain.

PMID- 1795400
TI  - Involvement of mature tau isoforms in the stabilization of neurites in PC12
      cells.
AB  - Tau microtubule-associated proteins are believed to play a role in regulation of
      the growth of neuronal processes. In order to study the function of tau protein
      in vivo, we examined the inhibition of tau expression in PC12 cells by exposing
      the cells to tau antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. A specific retraction of
      neurites was observed after 3-4 days of incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF)
      and the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. This is different from the previously
      described retraction of neurites at the initiation step following exposure to
      tubulin antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, indicating that tau proteins are
      involved at later stages of neurite outgrowth. Analysis of tau protein isoforms
      in NGF-induced PC12 cells showed a transition from immature to mature tau
      isoforms, thus relating the appearance of the latter with the stabilization step
      of neurite outgrowth. Use of an RNase-protection assay demonstrated a similar
      switch from immature to mature tau mRNA species. The transition to stable
      microtubules was verified by the appearance of microtubule bundles and their
      stability to colchicine treatment. Both phenomena occurred between 2 and 4 days
      of NGF induction. These results indicate that in vivo only mature tau isoforms
      are involved in the transition from unstable to stable neurites, which is a key
      step in neuronal development.

PMID- 1795401
TI  - Depletion of acetylated alpha-tubulin during microtubule purification from bovine
      brain gray and white matter regions.
AB  - We have followed the fate of acetylated alpha-tubulin during microtubule (MT)
      purification from both gray matter- and white matter-enriched bovine brain
      regions, using quantitative immunoblot assays employing well characterized
      monoclonal antibodies specific for acetylated alpha-tubulin and all beta
      tubulins. Our results show that crude homogenates from both gray matter and white
      matter brain regions contain the same proportion of acetylated alpha- to total
      tubulin. We have found that the acetylated isoform cycles more efficiently with
      MTs from gray matter than with MTs from white matter. However, the resultant
      purified MT preparations from both gray and white matter regions are greatly
      depleted in the acetylated isoform compared to the tubulin in the initial
      homogenates because most of the acetylated alpha-tubulin from both tissue sources
      partitions with the cold-insoluble fraction of the initial brain homogenate. A
      low percentage of the acetylated alpha-tubulin in brain homogenates does become
      incorporated into MTs initially, but this subpopulation of acetylated alpha
      tubulin then becomes associated with a cold- and calcium-insoluble fraction of
      the MT preparation. These results demonstrate that the standard brain MT and
      tubulin preparations used by most investigators for in vitro studies are greatly
      depleted in acetylated alpha-tubulin, and thus provide poor model systems for the
      analysis of the function of this tubulin isoform.

PMID- 1795403
TI  - Aberrant localization of MAP5 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry was used to examine MAP5 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal
      formation obtained postmortem from five elderly, normal individuals, six
      individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and two "transition" cases that did
      not have a history of dementia but did exhibit significant AD pathology. In all
      of the cases examined, axonal staining was restricted to the mossy fibers and
      their terminal field in CA3 stratum lucidum. In control cases, MAP5
      immunoreactivity was observed in the neuronal cytoplasm and the proximal portion
      of the apical dendrites of pyramidal and granule cells. In both AD and transition
      cases, increased intensity of immunostaining was observed in CA3 pyramidal,
      subicular, and dentate gyrus granule cell neurons. Within individual neurons,
      immunoreactivity filled the neuronal perikarya, including the nuclear region, and
      the apical dendrite. Punctate staining was observed in neuritic plaques, but
      neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads were not immunostained. The increase
      and altered distribution of MAP5 immunoreactivity in both vulnerable and
      nonvulnerable neurons in AD may reflect an aberrant sprouting response. The
      increased expression of early cytoskeletal proteins may be tolerated in some
      regions such as CA3, but not in others including CA1 where the increased
      expression appear to precede aberrant phosphorylation, proteolysis, and
      incorporation of cytoskeletal proteins into AD pathology. Alternatively, the
      results could reflect sprouting in response to the neuronal loss and
      degeneration.

PMID- 1795402
TI  - Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) in the cerebellum of the developing rat: a
      quantitative and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - A specific antiserum against actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) was used in a
      quantitative and immunocytochemical study of ADF in the cerebellum of developing
      rats. The Triton-soluble ADF concentration remained stable throughout
      development. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that ADF
      was not detected in all cerebellar cells. ADF immunoreactivity was found in
      Purkinje cells, but not in granule cells. It was found in the Bergmann astrocytes
      and the astrocytes of the white matter, but not in the oligodendrocytes. The cell
      bodies and dendrites of Purkinje cells were immunoreactive for ADF but the axons
      were not. In contrast, the other axons of the white matter (mossy and climbing
      fibres) were labeled. Thus, ADF was not restricted to either the dendritic or
      axonal compartments. However, dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities were
      immunoreactive, whereas presynaptic varicosities were unlabeled. The
      immunoreactivities for ADF and actin were compared. ADF staining was uniformly
      distributed throughout the entire dendritic arborization of the Purkinje cell,
      while filamentous actin is highly concentrated in the dendritic spines,
      indicating that ADF activity might vary according to its cellular localization.

PMID- 1795404
TI  - Local control of axonal properties by Schwann cells: neurofilaments and axonal
      transport in homologous and heterologous nerve grafts.
AB  - A number of axonal properties, including slow axonal transport and neurofilament
      phosphorylation, are altered in a mutant mouse strain with a Schwann cell
      deficiency, the Trembler. The Trembler phenotype is associated with poor
      myelination and reduced axonal caliber in the peripheral nervous system, but the
      genetic lesion has not yet been identified. To determine whether changes in
      axonal properties resulted from a direct action of Schwann cells on the axon, a
      segment of sciatic nerve from myelin-deficient Trembler mouse was grafted into
      the sciatic nerve of a normal mouse and normal axons were allowed to regenerate.
      Normal axons surrounded by Trembler Schwann cells are reduced in diameter, but
      resume their original diameter distal to the graft. Neurofilament transport was
      also affected locally in sciatic nerves with Trembler grafts into normal nerve.
      The velocity of neurofilament transport was not significantly different from
      controls in portions of the nerve proximal to the Trembler graft, but there was a
      reduction in neurofilament transport rates upon entering the Trembler graft. This
      was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of neurofilament over tubulin in the
      case of the Trembler graft, suggesting both a slowing of the neurofilament and an
      increase in the rate of tubulin transport. Using heterologous grafts of Trembler
      nerve segments into wildtype nerves, Schwann cells were shown to locally
      influence axonal caliber, neurofilament organization, and slow axonal transport.
      These observations emphasize the importance of glial cells in modulating neuronal
      structure and functions, as well as focusing attention on the role of glia in the
      etiology of neuropathologies that alter the neuronal environment.

PMID- 1795405
TI  - Regional variation in the abundance of axonal cytoskeletal proteins.
AB  - The relative abundance of several axonal cytoskeletal proteins was determined by
      immunoassay at various sites in the peripheral and central nervous systems of
      adult rats. Within the peripheral nervous system, the ratio of tubulin to
      neurofilaments was greatest for nerves composed of unmyelinated axons and least
      for nerves with large myelinated axons. MAP1 protein was more prominent in
      unmyelinated fibers; conversely tau proteins were relatively more abundant in
      large myelinated axons. An immunochemical index of neurofilament phosphorylation
      was less for unmyelinated fibers than for myelinated ones. In the fimbria-fornix,
      pyramidal tract, and superior cerebellar peduncle, similar trends were observed:
      small axons had more MAP1, less tau, and a greater ratio of tubulin to
      neurofilament proteins. The phosphorylation index was greatest for the superior
      cerebellar peduncle, the tract with the largest axons. The immunochemical index
      of neurofilament phosphorylation was greater for the optic nerve than for axonal
      tracts in the brain proper. These results suggest that development of large
      myelinated axons is associated with greater neurofilament content, neurofilament
      phosphorylation, and with greater abundance of tau proteins in the CNS and the
      PNS; however, quantitative aspects of these relationships differ in the PNS and
      the CNS.

PMID- 1795406
TI  - Association of ezrin isoforms with the neuronal cytoskeleton.
AB  - We are studying the changes in the organization of the cytoskeleton which
      accompany expression of differentiated neuronal morphology. Of particular
      interest is the elaboration of growth cones, the motile domains of the neuronal
      plasma membrane, and the cytoskeletal structures that underlie them. A candidate
      for a component of the growth cone cytoskeleton of cultured hippocampal neurons
      is the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody, 13H9 (Birgbauer and
      Solomon, J Cell Biol 109:1609-1620, 1989; Goslin et al., J Cell Biol 109:1621
      1631, 1989). That antibody binds strongly to growth cones, but barely stains
      neurites. The characterization of the antigen, both biochemical and microscopic,
      suggests that it may interact with microfilaments and microtubules. We have
      established that 13H9 recognizes a subset of the isoforms of ezrin (unpublished
      results). Here, we describe the properties and localization of ezrin isoforms in
      differentiating neuronal cells, using two in vitro systems and developing spinal
      cord. In embryonal carcinoma cells, both the abundance of ezrin and the
      proportion of ezrin associated with the cytoskeletal fraction increase upon
      induction of neuronal differentiation with retinoic acid. In the neuronal cells
      within such cultures, the 13H9-positive forms of ezrin are enriched in the growth
      cone, while the bulk of ezrin identified by a polyclonal antibody shows no
      specific localization. In mouse DRG neurons, 13H9 staining is asymmetrically
      distributed along the edges of the complex growth cones of these cells. Staining
      of developing spinal cord in rat embryos also demonstrates that the 13H9-positive
      forms of ezrin do not colocalize with the majority of ezrin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795407
TI  - Structure and organization of membrane organelles along distal microtubule
      segments in growth cones.
AB  - Advance and stabilization of organelle-rich cytoplasm within the neuronal growth
      cone is coupled to axon elongation (Goldberg and Burmeister, 1986; Aletta and
      Greene, 1988), and this involves forward movement of organelles from the growth
      cone base along distinct tracks toward the leading edge. Membrane-bound
      organelles that advance first within the growth cone often make transient
      excursions toward the leading edge, and at the light microscope level these
      leading organelles appear to colocalize with distal microtubule (MT) segments
      (Dailey and Bridgman, 1989). We have used electron microscopy (EM) to identify
      the membranous organelles adjacent to distal MT segments, and to examine their
      structural interactions with MTs. In both glutaraldehyde-fixed and rapid frozen
      whole-mount growth cones, attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like membrane
      elements were the most common organelle type located adjacent to distal MT
      segments. These ER-like membrane elements coursed roughly parallel to MTs and
      frequently terminated within an electron-dense bulb at the MT tip. Blind-ended
      membrane tubes, dense-core vesicles, clear vesicles, and vacuoles were also found
      adjacent to distal MT segments. Quantitative analyses of organelle-MT
      associations suggest that elements of the ER-like membrane system may frequently
      advance ahead of other membrane-bound organelles. Freeze-etch EM revealed
      crossbridging structures between MTs and membranous organelles, which is
      consistent with the idea that advance of leading membrane organelles into the
      growth cone periphery is mediated by microtubule-based motor transport
      mechanisms. The results suggest that distal microtubule segments serve as
      transport elements for advance of membrane organelles into more peripheral growth
      cone regions, and together MTs and ER-like membrane organelles may initiate the
      conversion of dynamic F-actin-rich cytoplasm to more stable organelle-rich
      cytoplasm (i.e., axoplasm).

PMID- 1795408
TI  - Expression of the neurofilament protein NF-H in L cells.
AB  - We have inserted a Not1-Sal1 fragment of the mouse gene coding for the
      neurofilament protein NF-H behind the dexamethasone-inducible transcription
      promoter of MMTV in a vector derived from pMAMneo (Clonetech Labs). This
      construct, which includes all four exons of the NF-H gene, was amplified and
      incorporated into liposomes for transfection of L cells. Transfectants were
      selected in G418-containing medium and cloned. Clones were grown in serum
      containing medium and screened for expression of the NF-H mRNA by extraction of
      total RNA, generation of cDNAs by reverse transcription, and amplification of a
      900-base portion of the NF-H cDNA by PCR. Positive clones were detected by the
      presence of a band of the correct size on agarose gels. This was confirmed by
      Southern blotting of the gels probed with a 185-base segment of the amplified
      region. Immunofluorescent analysis of two positive clones, C33 and C34, showed
      that C33 cells grown in serum-containing medium or in serum-free medium in the
      presence of dexamethasone have a network of SMI32 (Sternberger/Meyer Inc.-
      monoclonal antibody against a nonphosphorylated epitope on NF-H)-positive
      filaments with the same distribution as filaments stained with antibodies to
      vimentin, while C34 cells do not react with antibodies against neurofilament
      proteins. Neither clone reacted with antibodies against highly phosphorylated NF
      H (SMI31).

PMID- 1795409
TI  - Some neural intermediate filaments contain both peripherin and the neurofilament
      proteins.
AB  - Mammalian neurons and neuron-like cultured cells express the neural intermediate
      filament (IF) proteins neurofilament (NF)-L, NF-M, NF-H, and peripherin. To
      determine whether these proteins are found within the same 10-nm filament, light
      and electron microscope immunocytochemistry using peripherin and NF-specific
      antibodies was performed on PC12 cells, nervous tissue, and isolated neural
      filaments from the cauda equina. Double-label immunofluorescence showed that
      peripherin and NF-L, -M, and -H were found in identical filamentous patterns in
      interphase and mitotic PC12 cells. Furthermore, expression of mutant peripherin
      in PC12 cells disrupted not only the peripherin network but also NF-containing
      filaments. Immunoelectron microscopy of PC12 cell cytoskeletons showed that
      peripherin and NF subunit proteins were found in the same filament. In situ, in
      the sciatic nerve, peripherin/NF-L or peripherin/NF-M/-H double-label
      immunofluorescence illustrates at least three types of nerve fibers: those
      containing NF only, those labeled predominantly for peripherin, and fibers in
      which peripherin and NF subunits were colocalized. Immunoelectron microscopy of
      filaments isolated from nerve roots comprising the sciatic nerve also showed the
      same three labeling patterns seen by light microscopy. Some neural IF appear to
      contain predominantly NF proteins or peripherin, but in others, both proteins are
      found within the same IF.

PMID- 1795410
TI  - NF-L and peripherin immunoreactivities define distinct classes of rat sensory
      ganglion cells.
AB  - Double immunofluorescence studies using antibodies against NF-L and peripherin
      revealed three distinct subpopulations of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia
      (DRG). In the adult rat, 46% of the DRG neurons were small and peripherin
      positive (NF-L-negative), and 48% were large and NF-L-positive (peripherin
      negative). About 6% were both peripherin- and NF-L-positive. All of the DRG
      neurons reacted with antibodies to NF-M and nonphosphorylation-dependent or
      phosphorylation-independent antibodies to NF-H. The neuropeptides were
      predominantly found in the peripherin-positive small cell population. Eighty
      seven percent of the peripherin-positive small cell population contained
      substance P immunoreactivity, while 43% of this cell population contained CGRP.
      In contrast, only 18-24% of the NF-L-positive large-cell population contained
      neuropeptides, and these were primarily in a smaller sized subpopulation. Similar
      patterns of antigen representation were observed in neonatal (PN2) DRG cell
      populations. Tissue cultures of sensory ganglion cells from PN2 DRG, in serum
      free medium, stably maintained exclusively peripherin-positive neurons, with
      about 5% of these containing coexistent NF-L immunoreactivity. Very high levels
      of neuropeptide gene expression were exhibited by these postnatal neurons in
      culture.

PMID- 1795411
TI  - The effects of epidermal growth factor and chondroitin sulfate on the animal
      corneal endothelial cell culture.
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of different culture media containing various
      concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and chondroitin sulfate (CDS) on
      the growth of cultured corneal endothelial cell, pig corneal endothelial cells
      were used for this study. The cells were divided into 7 groups and each group was
      cultured with a medium containing: 1. Eagle's minimal essential medium with
      Earle's salt (EMEM) only; 2. EMEM + EGF (10 ng/ml); 3. EMEM + EGF (100 ng/ml); 4.
      EMEM + CDS (1 mg/ml); 5. EMEM + CDS (25 mg/ml); 6. EMEM + EGF (10 ng/ml) + CDS (1
      mg/ml); 7. EMEM + EGF (100 ng/ml) + CDS (25 mg/ml), respectively. The results are
      shown below: (1) High concentration of EGF (100 ng/ml) stimulated the growth of
      pig corneal endothelial cells, shortened doubling time and the cells reached
      confluence earliest in group 3. But a low concentration of EGF (10 ng/ml) showed
      no effects on the growth of pig corneal endothelial cells. (2) A high
      concentration of CDS (25 mg/ml) might retard the growth of pig corneal
      endothelial cell, but a low concentration of CDS (1 mg/ml) has no retarding
      effects on the growth of pig corneal endothelial cells. (3) A high concentration
      of EGF could "antagonize" the CDS induced growth retarding effects of endothelial
      cells. (4) Those cells cultured with a medium containing high concentrations of
      EGF had more mitotic activity, including many prominent binuclear and
      polynucleolar cells. (5) The cells cultured with a medium containing high
      concentrations of CDS showed a more flat-shaped morphology under observation with
      a phase contrast microscope.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795412
TI  - Diaphragmatic injury.
AB  - From Feb. 1976 to Oct. 1990, 43 patients with diaphragmatic injuries were
      admitted to Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital. Blunt injuries occurred in 27
      cases and penetrating injuries in 16 cases. The diagnosis is usually made by
      chest roentgenogram, chest CT, or during operations for other associated
      injuries. Delayed diagnoses were noted in 7 cases in blunt injury group and 2
      cases in penetrating injury group. Isolated diaphragm injury was found in only 2
      patients. The perforated diaphragm were almost repaired by two layers of
      continuous suture. None of them needed prosthetic mesh for reconstruction and no
      recurrence of hernia was found. In the blunt injury group, these patients usually
      combined with rib or long bone fractures, major intracranial injury, liver or
      spleen lacerations and intestinal perforations; while in the penetrating injury
      group, liver lacerations and stomach perforations were the most common associated
      injuries. Two deaths were noted in each group and the associated injury were
      accounted for these deaths.

PMID- 1795413
TI  - [Investigation of the relationships between zinc and obesity].
AB  - Zinc is known to be an essential trace metal which is necessary for health and
      growth, and is also essential for the function and activity of over 200
      metalloenzymes. A relationship between zinc and obesity was first found in obese
      patients and obese mice (genetically and dietary obese) to that the obese had
      lower blood zinc levels than their lean controls, and the zinc level was
      inversely related to the degree of obesity. The therapeutic effect of zinc on
      obesity is still a controversial subject. This study was to investigate the
      alterations of tissues zinc distribution, dietary zinc effect in obese mice, and
      the interactive combinations of zinc and endocrine factors in obese patients.
      Zinc and body fat contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer and
      gravimetrically, respectively. The results indicated that dietary zinc treatment
      increased body fat deposition in obese mice. Obese mice carried markedly low zinc
      levels in most of the peripheral tissues, but retained a great amount of zinc in
      liver and adipose tissues compared with lean mice. Clinically, zinc was found to
      be correlated with thyroid hormone conversion and insulin resistance. Although
      the true metabolic role of zinc in obesity is still obscure, the relationships
      between zinc, endocrine factors, and neurotransmitters, and interactions with
      other trace metals are needed to throw light on the subject. These approaches to
      thermoregulation and metabolic mechanisms of obesity and diabetes mellitus may be
      of great interest in the future.

PMID- 1795414
TI  - [A dental anthropological study of Chinese in Taiwan (2). Teeth size, dental arch
      dimensions and forms].
AB  - Both upper and lower dental study models were collected from 30 boys (12 years
      old) and 30 girls (12 years old) with acceptable normal occlusion to understand
      the characteristics of the crown size, dental arch width and length such as (1)
      mesiodistal diameters of crown size from central incisor to first molar, (2) the
      width and length of dental arch and basal arch and (3) the morphology of dental
      arch form. After statistical analysis, data were compared with Japanese, Central
      and South American Indians and North American Caucasians from papers. The results
      were: (1) There was no statistical difference in teeth size between males and
      females, except the upper first molar of males was larger than that of females,
      lower central incisor of males was smaller than that of females. (2) The
      dimensions of dental arch of males were larger than that of females in general,
      especially such items as width and length of basal arch. (3) The crown size of
      Chinese male was in generally smaller than that of four other races, especially
      the upper canine, lower central incisor and first molar. The crown size of
      Chinese females showed that although the lower first molar was smaller than that
      of Central and South American Indians, but the upper first premolar, lower canine
      and central incisor were larger than that of Japanese. Upper lateral incisor was
      larger than that of South American Indians. Compared to that of North American
      Caucasians, Chinese females had a smaller upper central incisor and a larger
      upper first premolar. (4) The dimensions of dental arch in Chinese were very
      similar to Japanese, South and Central American Indians, but wider and shorter
      than Central and South American Indians. (5) The superimposition of dental arch
      form showed that the four races of Mongoloids had similar ovoid dental arch
      forms.

PMID- 1795415
TI  - Fluid levels in aneurysmal bone cysts.
AB  - Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign, expansile, osteolytic lesions of the bone. All
      the aneurysmal bone cysts studied in this case report were observed during the 2
      year period, 1989 to 1991. The patients involved had received radiographic
      examination: plain and magnetic resonance (MR) image; one of the patients also
      received a computed tomography (CT). The plain radiograph generally showed a well
      defined, expansile, osteolytic lesion associated with a pathologic fracture; the
      CT and MR images showed a fluid-fluid level within the lesion. This paper will
      report the findings of fluid-fluid levels, using radiographic images, in
      aneurysmal bone cysts.

PMID- 1795416
TI  - Huge plexiform neurofibroma of the head and liver--case report.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder. Von
      Recklinghausen first described NF in 1882, which is now classified as
      Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1). NF-1 is the most commonly encountered NF which
      affects 1 in 4000 persons. Clinical manifestations of NF-1 include: generalized
      cutaneous neurofibroma, pigmented skin patches (cafe-au-lait spots), pigmented
      iris hamartoma (Lisch nodules), skeletal abnormally, CNS tumors, etc. The subject
      of this case study is a young adult male with a huge plexiform neurofibroma
      involving both the liver and head regions. The head tumor measured 10 x 8 x 3.5
      cm3 in size, weighted approximately 180g with overlying hyperpigmented skin and
      an underlying congenital skull defect. A CT scan and MRI of the head and neck
      revealed a well defined lobulated tumor and deformed external ear. A abdominal
      sonogram, CT scan and MRI showed a huge plexiform neurofibroma with liver
      invasion. Lisch nodules and multiple cafe-au-lait spots were also found. Surgical
      removal of the head tumor along with an external ear reconstruction was
      performed. Satisfactory cosmetic results and improved hearing were achieved.

PMID- 1795417
TI  - [Elongated styloid process syndrome].
AB  - An elongated styloid process may be a source of craniofacial and cervical pain.
      The syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms including difficulty in
      swallowing, sore throat, glossodynia, headache and hemifacial pain. Sometimes,
      the pain is localized or radiates to the jaw and ear and may simulate pain of
      dental origin. Diagnosis is readily made by radiographic examination and
      palpating the tonsillar fossa. The only effective treatment is surgical
      shortening of the styloid process. Three patients, two women and a man, underwent
      surgery in our department for symptomatic elongation of the styloid process. The
      surgical procedures were conducted under general anaesthesia via a cervical
      approach in one patient and intraoral approach in two patients. All patients were
      completely relieved after styloid process resection and did not have any
      postoperative complications, except for cervical numbness in one case.

PMID- 1795418
TI  - [Surgical treatment of diffuse scrotal epidermal cysts: case report].
AB  - Epidermal cysts are common, benign skin tumors that are found mainly on the face,
      neck, and trunk. This case was a 53-year-old male bus driver who had suffered
      from multiple papules on his scrotum for 7 years. This affliction had caused
      intractable itching and responded poorly to medical treatment. The patient
      received an excision of these papules (total 32) 3 years ago. According to the
      pathological reports, these papules were epidermal cysts; unfortunately, these
      papules recurred within 3 months after the operation and then resulted in itching
      more severe than before. The patient was again admitted to the hospital ward and
      received an operation in Oct. 1990. The diseased tissue (14cm x 8cm) was then
      excised and the defective scrotal skin was covered with a meshed, split-thickness
      skin graft. The cosmetic result was enhanced by the rugate appearance of the
      healed meshed graft. The patient was satisfied with both the functional and
      cosmetic results. The itching sensation on the scrotum improved and there was no
      recurrence of epidermal cysts within the graft area during the 9 month follow-up
      period. With this simple and safe operation, the result gave a satisfying
      improvement in both symptoms and appearance; so this case is offered for
      reference.

PMID- 1795419
TI  - [The way of submucosal invasion of superficial sm cancers].
AB  - Nineteen superficial sm cancers were studied as for their way of submucosal
      invasion. The materials were obtained either by colonoscopic polypectomy or by
      surgical operation. The following were concluded: 1. The ways of submucosal
      invasion can be classified into three. There is a special type of superficial
      early cancer which penetrate the mucosal muscle at one point and reaches the
      deeper layer linearly or show expansive growth at the submucosal layer. 2. The
      speed of submucosal invasion is either earlier (at the size around 5 mm), or
      slower (over 15 mm). 3. There are no significant difference in the way of
      submucosal invasion between IIa and IIc subclasses of superficial early cancers.
      That is one supporting evidence that there is no fundamental difference among
      subclasses of shapes of superficial early cancers. 4. One reason why the
      diagnosis of superficial cancers is difficult is that not a few superficial
      cancers undergo early morphological change (to sessile form) due to massive
      submucosal invasion.

PMID- 1795420
TI  - [Clinical study of patients with hepatic disease at a city hospital in Japan-
      consideration on indications for liver transplantation].
AB  - One-hundred and ninety-one patients with liver diseases who were admitted to
      National Fukuoka Central hospital during a 3 years period between January 1, 1984
      and December 31, 1986 were studied to assess the indications for liver
      transplantation with the use of a criteria by Dr. Van Thiel et al. The patients
      were divided into 2 groups; I--indication and II--no indication. Then group I was
      divided into 3 groups; A--no contraindication, B--relative-contraindication and C
      -contraindication. Of the 131 patients, group A and B which had the indication of
      liver transplantation without contraindication were 17%. Deaths by April 30, 1990
      were as follows; I 62% (A 36%, B 86%, C 100%) and II 12%. Ten out of 13 deaths in
      Group I were all due to hepatic failure, while only 3 out of 8 deaths in Group II
      were due to hepatic failure. Of the other 60 patients with malignancy, 57 were
      hepatocellular carcinomas, and the other 3 were 2 metastatic hepatic cancers and
      cholangioma. Among the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 24 out of 46 died
      of cancer, while the other 19 patients died of hepatic failure. The criteria of
      the indication of liver transplantation seems acceptable for the evaluation of
      Japanese patients with non-malignant hepatic diseases. As to patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma, a new and separate criteria is in need to evaluate them
      for liver transplantation.

PMID- 1795422
TI  - [Evaluation of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for acute
      cholecystitis].
AB  - We performed percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in 71 of 129
      patients with acute cholecystitis. In 70 of 71 patients, clinical symptoms and
      laboratory data were rapidly improved by PTGBD. In order to evaluate the degree
      of acute cholecystitis, the clinical symptoms, laboratory data and
      ultrasonographic findings of these patients were analyzed by the quantification
      theory of Hayashi. As a result, irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall and
      gallbladder swelling presented by US and physical findings with Blumberg's sing
      or defence in the abdomen were most important findings to assess the severity of
      acute cholecystitis. Based on these data, we originally introduced the Severity
      Score of this disease and used it a criterion of PTGBD indication. The patients
      with the score above 0.5 were considered to be indicative for emergent PTGBD. In
      high risk patients (e.g., the aged or of diabetes mellitus) with the score above
      0, this procedure should be indicated. In 24 of 71 patients, Percutaneous
      Transhepatic Gallbladder Scope (PTGBS) were attempted to retrieve stones, and it
      was completely successful in 16 patients.

PMID- 1795421
TI  - [Clinical features and viral markers in patients with chronic hepatitis positive
      for both HBs antigen and anti-C-100 antibody].
AB  - Among 612 patients with chronic hepatitis type B, 24 patients tested positive for
      anti-C-100 antibody. Clinical features and viral markers of these 24 patients
      were studied. Anti-C-100 antibody was detected more often in patients negative
      for HBe antigen than those positive for this antigen (22/385 vs. 2/227 [P less
      than 0.01]). HCV RNA, as detected by reverse transcription and nested polymerase
      chain reaction, was positive in 20 of 22 patients negative for HBe antigen
      whereas it was detected in only one of two patients positive for HBe antigen. In
      a patient who seroconverted from HBe antigen to anti-HBe HCV RNA was undetectable
      in the HBe antigen positive phase and had become detectable after seroconversion.
      These data indicate that both hepatitis virus (type B and type C) can co-infect
      in a patient and that type C becomes active after the seroconversion from HBe
      antigen to anti-HBe.

PMID- 1795423
TI  - [A comparison on between acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis, special
      references to their fibrosis].
AB  - A comparison on fibrosis in between apparently uninvolved areas in acute
      pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) was both histopathologically and
      immunohistochemically studied. Interlobular fibrosis in the apparently uninvolved
      areas (AP) was found in 7 out of 9 patients and accompanied by hemosiderin
      deposition in 6 patients, whereas that in only 2 out of 12 patients in CP. In the
      2 remaining patients of AP without fibrosis, hemorrhage with inflammation was
      distributed in the interlobular spaces. Hence, AP was seldomly followed by CP.
      Interlobular fibrosis in CP immunostained positively to both anti-collagen Types
      I and III, whereas that in AP in four patients only. Fibrosis in the 3 remaining
      patients of AP whose illness was of less than one month's duration was positive
      against anti-collagen Type III only. Therefore, differences in both hemosiderin
      deposition and immunoreactivity against anti-collagen Type I in the interlobular
      fibrosis, except for longer surviving patients were observed in between acute and
      chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 1795424
TI  - [Preoperative diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic
      ultrasonography (EUS)--a comparative study with other diagnostic tools].
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT),
      and angiography (Angio) were performed in 26 patients with pancreatic cancer
      which were all resected. Preoperative findings of each diagnostic tools were
      compared with histological findings. In order to discuss the effectiveness of
      each body imagings, the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer was evaluated
      in direct invasion to the anterior pancreatic capsule and stomach (S), direct
      invasion to the duodenum (D), direct invasion to the retroperitoneal adjacent
      vessels (Rp), and regional lymph node metastasis (N). The overall accuracy rate
      was 77% with EUS (50% with US, 38% with CT, 56% with Angio) in S, 81% with EUS
      (44% with US, 38% with CT, 63% with Angio) in D, 77% with EUS (58% with US, 42%
      with CT, 73% with Angio) in Rp, and 65% with EUS (58% with US, 38% with CT) in N.
      EUS revealed high accuracy rates because EUS images of the whole pancreas,
      surrounding organs and major vessels were clearly visualized through the
      gastroduodenal walls. Also, the accuracy rates of Angio in Rp and US in N were
      almost the same as those of EUS in Rp and N. However, it was difficult for every
      procedure to diagnose the retroperitoneal perineural invasion. From these
      results, EUS is one of the most beneficial procedures for detecting of the extent
      of cancer. EUS is expected to be popularized in the diagnosis and staging of the
      pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 1795425
TI  - [A case of strongyloidiasis with singular gastric mucosal lesion].

PMID- 1795426
TI  - [A case of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis serially examined by small bowel X
      ray study].

PMID- 1795427
TI  - [A case of duodenal carcinoma: the efficacy of color Doppler ultrasound for the
      evaluation of treatment].

PMID- 1795428
TI  - [A case of ulcerative colitis with two early colonic cancers and eleven colonic
      adenomas].

PMID- 1795429
TI  - [A case report: inflammatory fibroid polyp of the jejunum].

PMID- 1795430
TI  - [A case of citrullinemia with fair response to oral administration of sodium
      benzoate for consciousness disturbance].

PMID- 1795431
TI  - [A case of large calcifying pancreatic stone localized in accessory pancreatic
      duct].

PMID- 1795432
TI  - [A case of omental cyst pointed out by annual health check].

PMID- 1795433
TI  - [An investigation of gap and tight junctions in the human gastric mucosa with
      gastric ulcer].

PMID- 1795434
TI  - [Identification of apoprotein A-1 in pure cholesterol gallstone].

PMID- 1795435
TI  - [Silent cerebral infarction in the patients with essential hypertension].
AB  - Evidence of old cerebral infarction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is common
      in acute stroke patients without a prior history of stroke. This experience led
      us to investigate the incidence of silent cerebral infarction (SCI) in the
      patients with essential hypertension, as well-known major predisposing factor for
      stroke. The incidence, number, size and localization of SCI on MRI (MARK-J, 0.1
      T) and the prevalence of risk factors for stroke were investigated both in 66
      hypertensive patients (WHO stage I or II; 63 +/- 9 (mean +/- S.D.) years old) and
      in 42 age-matched normotensive patients (61 +/- 9 years old). Risk factors
      selected were as follows: diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, daily alcohol
      intake, cigarette smoking, obesity, cardiac disease (arrhythmia and ischemic
      heart disease), hyperuricemia and high hematocrit. In hypertensive patients, the
      relationships between the incidence of SCI and hypertensive damages in major
      organs were also investigated. SCI was found in 45 out of the 108 subjects
      studied and a total of 216 SCI lesions were detected. All of the SCI lesions were
      localized in the subcortical white matter or in the basal ganglia. All SCI
      lesions were smaller than 3 cm in diameter and 201 lesions (93%) were smaller
      than 1 cm. The incidence of SCI tended to be higher in hypertensive patients
      (47%) than that in normotensives (33%) and increased significantly with advancing
      age in hypertensives from 26.9% in the 50s to 86.7% in the 70s, while no
      significant increase was noted in normotensives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795436
TI  - [Separation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) using anti-apo A-I, apo A-II immuno
      affinity chromatography to evaluate the effects of probucol].
AB  - An assessment has been made regarding the changes of the particles of lipoprotein
      A-I without A-II (Lp A-I) and lipoprotein A-I with A-II (LpA-I/A-II) which
      correspond to HDL subfraction isolated by the use of anti-apo A-I and A-II
      antibody affinity columns in order to quantitatively and qualitatively
      investigate the change of HDL caused by administration of probucol and
      pravastatin which are therapeutic drugs for hypercholesterolemia. Probucol caused
      significant decreases of HDL-cholesterol, plasma apo A-I/apo A-II ratio and
      particles larger in diameter than 10.4 nm. Comparing Lp A-I and A-I/A-II ratios
      with those in normolipidemic controls and the ratios before and after
      administration of probucol, the decrease of LpA-I ratio was found to be
      remarkable after prolonged administration of probucol, and it was presumed that
      the decrease of HDL cholesterol by prolonged administration reflects the decrease
      of LpA-I particles more than the decrease of LpA-I/A-II. On the other hand, no
      significant change was seen in HDL cholesterol, plasma apo A-I/apo A-II ratio or
      HDL particle size in the pravastatin group. It is considered essential to observe
      HDL from the aspect of apoprotein, which plays an important role in the
      metabolism of lipoprotein, in the assessment of the anti-atherogenic activity of
      HDL cholesterol in future. In other words, it is necessary to analyze the change
      of HDL from the aspect of Lp A-I and Lp A-I/AII and investigate their respective
      metabolisms and roles.

PMID- 1795437
TI  - [A clinical study in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease using MRI and
      SPECT--Parkinson's disease and the lacunar state].
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is often associated with dementia in elderly patients,
      and sometimes PD coexists with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) or
      cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly. However, since there are few
      previous clinical studies on the coincidence of, or relationship between PD and
      CVD, the authors evaluated these aspects in 34 elderly patients with PD using MRI
      and SPECT. All the patients were over 70 years old. The diagnosis of PD was based
      on the presence of three symptoms (resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity and
      bradikinesia) which are characteristic of PD, and the effectiveness of L-DOPA
      therapy. We therefore believe that patients with vascular Parkinsonism were
      excluded from our study. In 34 cases, 24 (71%) had MRI evidence of CVD (mainly
      the lacunar state). In the 10 cases who had no CVD, 2 (20%) had severe dementia
      and the decrease of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the temporal and
      parietal lobes bilaterally correlated with the SPECT findings commonly found in
      SDAT. A comparison of the rCBF and the results of Hasegawa's dementia score (HDS)
      (verbal intelligence score) was made between the patients with PD associated with
      CVD and the patients with PD who had no CVD and no SPECT findings which
      correlated with SDAT. The rCBF in the frontal lobes and the results of the HDS of
      the former group were significantly lower than those of the latter. As mentioned
      above, elderly patients with PD often had CVD, leading to dementia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795439
TI  - [Epidemiologic study on factors related to physical locomotion ability among the
      aged].
AB  - The present study was conducted in order to examine epidemiologic factors related
      to physical locomotion ability among the aged in an area with long life
      expectancy, a village in Okinawa Prefecture. Medical examinations and interviews
      were performed for 756 inhabitants aged 65 years and older, who were classified
      into 2 groups of physical locomotion ability, a high group and a low group.
      According to the results after multiple logistic regression analysis, the
      following factors showed positive relation to physical locomotion ability: age,
      working status, food intake frequencies (fish, eggs and green vegetables),
      skinfold thickness, grip strength and serum albumin. However, no statistical
      associations were observed between physical locomotion ability and other factors
      such as sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, hypertension, Quetelet's index,
      serum total cholesterol or and hemoglobin.

PMID- 1795438
TI  - [Assessment of factors associated with the outcome in patients with hypertensive
      putaminal hemorrhage].
AB  - A total of 32 patients with hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage, who had been
      admitted within 24 hours of onset, were reviewed. Patients were divided into
      three groups on the basis of their outcome at hospital discharge, as follows:
      Group A, 11 patients who were able to walk independently with good or full
      recovery from hemiparesis; Group B, 9 patients who were able to walk with a cane
      and 2 patients in wheel chairs; and Group C, 6 patients who required evacuation
      of hematoma and 4 who had died. We investigated factors affecting outcome by
      comparing the clinical features during the acute stage and degrees of
      hypertensive damage to the retina, heart, and kidney of the above three groups.
      Furthermore, we examined interrelationships among the volume of the hematoma (as
      calculated from CT scan), systemic blood pressure, and urinary catecholamine
      excretion in 10 of these patients. The mean age in groups A, B and C was 61.4 +/-
      8.1, 58.0 +/- 11.3, and 52.4 +/- 6.8, respectively. The mean volume of hematoma
      on admission (Day 1) in Group C (50.2 +/- 28.2 ml) was significantly larger than
      in the other two groups (p less than 0.01, vs Group A: 19.5 +/- 8.8 ml; p less
      than 0.05, vs Group B: 25.1 +/- 12.6 ml). In Group C, the mean hematoma volume on
      Day 2 (98.4 +/- 39.5 ml) was significantly larger than the volume on Day 1 (p
      less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795440
TI  - [Satisfaction with medical care in hospitals for elderly people].
AB  - To examine satisfaction with medical care in hospital for elderly people, a
      questionnaire was sent to 900 patients who discharged two geriatric hospitals
      recently. 598 answers were obtained (66%) and analyzed in relation to activity of
      daily living (ADL) and types of disorder. Although patients who were not
      satisfied with medical care were only 7 cases (1.2%), patients with lowered ADL
      and with cerebrovascular disease or bone/joint disease showed significantly
      negative response. These patients admitted immediately and stayed longer periods
      than other patients, but they wanted to stay more days in hospital. In addition,
      these patients judged attitude of medical staffs negatively in comparison with
      other ADL groups and other disorders. On the contrary, total dependency in daily
      living did not relate to dissatisfaction with medical care and attitude of
      medical staffs. Withholding of judgment was characteristic answer in this group.
      Satisfaction with keeping privacy in hospital decreased in parallel to decrease
      of ADL. These results suggest that dissatisfaction with medical care is centered
      on patients with compromised independence. This must be considered when improving
      quality of life in elderly people.

PMID- 1795441
TI  - [Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and/or the chordae
      tendinae in the elderly].
AB  - Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and asymmetric septal
      hypertrophy (ASH) are characteristic features of hypertrophic obstructive
      cardiomyopathy (HOCM) on an echocardiogram. Among 9,670 patients over 60 years
      old examined by echocardiography from January, 1984 to October, 1990, 55 patients
      showed systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and/or the chordae
      tendinae (SAM). We investigated clinical features and morphological features of
      the left ventricle on an echocardiogram in the 55 patients with SAM. They were
      classified into three groups according to the degree of SAM. Thirty eight cases
      (group I) had no mitral and/or chordal-septal contact, 10 (group II) had brief
      contact (less than 30% on the echocardiographic systole) and 7 (group III) had
      prolonged contact (greater than or equal to 30%). Ages ranged from 60 to 99 with
      a mean age of 78.2 years. There were 19 males and 36 females and there was a
      predominance of females in each group. Thirty five cases had hypertension and 34
      left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiograms. One case of group I, 3 of
      group II and 7 of group III had a clinical diagnosis of HOCM. In comparison with
      each group, the incidence of LVH (SV1 + RV5 greater than or equal to 35 mm) was
      52% in group I, 90% in group II and 83% in group III and that of LVH (SV1 + RV5
      greater than or equal to 70 mm) was 29%, 20% and 67%, respectively. On
      echocardiographic examination, the diastolic descent rate of the anterior mitral
      leaflet in the 3 groups was 36.1 +/- 13.1 mm/sec, 19.4 +/- 13.1 mm/sec and 10.7
      +/- 11.8 mm/sec (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795442
TI  - [Development of behavior rating scale for the elderly].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop a behavior rating scale to measure
      adaptation of the elderly using care staff as evaluators and to examine the
      reliability and validity of the scale. The behavior rating scale consists of 51
      items and 5 subscales to measure areas of ADL, activity, interpersonal
      relationships, dementia syndromes, and socially irritating behavior. The scale
      was administered to 280 elderly residing in 4 nursing homes. Each reliability
      index, including internal consistency, test-retest, and inter-rater agreement was
      satisfactory. Validity was examined by relating total score or each subscale
      score to 19 external variables including physical condition, state of daily
      living, cognitive ability and personality. The correlations between external
      variables and the scale scores indicated that the behavior rating scale was
      valid.

PMID- 1795443
TI  - [Cognitive processes in Parkinson's disease--an event-related potential
      analysis].
AB  - Event-related potentials (ERPs) occurring in response to attended and unattended
      stimuli were studied in 31 patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age: 66.9
      years), 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease (mean age: 73.6 years) and 37 normal
      subjects (mean age: 47.5 years). Of the 31 patients with Parkinson's disease, 6
      met the criteria for dementia in DSM-III-R. ERPs were recorded during the
      performance of visual discrimination tasks using three kinds of stimuli: frequent
      non-target (62%), infrequent non-target (19%) and infrequent target (19%)
      stimuli. The P3a and P3b were identified as the components of the P3 (P300)
      responses to infrequent non-target stimuli and infrequent target stimuli. Both
      the P3a and P3b latencies were significantly prolonged with normal aging. Nine of
      the Parkinson's disease patients showed a P3b latency above the 95% confidence
      limit of the age estimated regression line, while only one patient showed a
      prolonged P3a latency. There was no significant correlation between the P3a and
      P3b latencies in the patients with Parkinson's disease, although a significant
      correlation was found in the normal subjects. There was a significant correlation
      between the P3b latency and Hasegawa's dementia scale (HDS) score although the
      P3a latency showed no correlation with HDS score. These results indicate that the
      P3a and P3b components have some differences. In demented patients with
      Parkinson's disease, the P3b latency was significantly longer than that in 15 age
      matched normal subjects, although no significant difference was found in the P3a
      latency. On the other hand, patients with Alzheimer's disease showed a
      significant prolongation of both P3a and P3b latencies compared to the age
      matched normal subjects. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in P3a
      latency between demented patients with Parkinson's disease and those with
      Alzheimer's disease. There were no significant differences in any of the
      amplitudes among these three groups. These results suggest that the automatic
      processing stage, as reflected by P3a, may be less impaired than attentional
      controlled processing reflected by P3b in patients with Parkinson's disease, and
      further indicate that there may be some differences in the changes of the
      cognitive process between patients with Parkinson's disease and those with
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1795445
TI  - [An elderly case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with herpes zoster,
      anemia, and hemiparesis].
AB  - An elderly case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with suspected hemolytic
      anemia was experienced. A 70 year-old female was admitted to our hospital on
      December 31 with complaints of herpetic eruption. She complained of arthralgia
      since 3 month prior to her admission. The positive findings on examination were
      skin eruption in the left chest, a systolic heart murmur and a palpable elastic
      hard liver. Laboratory data showed raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 149
      mm per hour, decreased Hb (10.1 g/dl), decreased hematocrit (30.0%), increased
      reticulocytes (33%1000), decreased thrombocytes (73,000/mm3), increased gamma
      globulin (33%) and positive rheumatoid factor. During admission, she developed
      anemia. A stool test for occult blood was negative. The haptoglobin was 38.8
      mg/dl and bone marrow aspiration showed increased erythropoiesis, suggesting
      features of immune hemolytic anemia, except she was negative on Coomb'test. Eye
      fundi were similar to case of typical bleeding observed in SLE. Concerning
      immunological findings, the antinuclear factor was x 1280 and the anti-dsDNA
      antibody was x 80, on which a diagnosis of SLE was based. She experienced
      numbness of the left arm and developed left hemiparesis 2 days later. Therapy
      with 15 mg/day prednisone obtained a good response and anemia, abnormal
      immunological findings and hemiparesis disappeared.

PMID- 1795444
TI  - [An elderly case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis].
AB  - An elderly case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRPF) with bilateral
      ureteral obstruction was reported. A 74-year-old man was admitted with complaints
      of general fatigue and loss of appetite. An elastic hard mass with a smooth
      surface was palpated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Abnormal ESR and
      CRP were noticed. Abdominal ultrasonography showed both a homoechoic mass which
      surrounded the aorta in the retroperitoneal space and bilateral hydronephrosis.
      Computed tomography revealed a retroperitoneal mass involving bilateral ureters.
      Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a mass with a sharp image and signal
      intensity. Furthermore the morphological relationship between the mass and the
      ureters and major vessels clearly indicated the characteristics of benign
      retroperitoneal fibrosis. Based upon the above findings, a diagnosis of IRPF was
      made. After confirming the histological diagnosis by biopsy, treatment consisting
      of bilateral ureterolysis, intra-abdominal transposition of ureters and oral
      administration of prednisolone was performed, resulting in a normalization of
      laboratory findings. Analysis of 86 previously cases of IRPF reported up to 1990
      in Japan, revealed the peak age to be in the 7th decade with predominance in
      males (males: females = 57:29).

PMID- 1795446
TI  - [A case of symptomatic hypobetalipoproteinemia with unusual distribution of
      apolipoprotein E].
AB  - A case of symptomatic hypobetalipoproteinemia (hypo-beta LP) with unusual
      distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) in a 68-year-old male patient with
      chronic heart failure and liver cirrhosis associated with low triiodothyronine
      (T3) syndrome is reported. There was nothing in the family history to suggest
      familial hypo-beta LP. In this case, levels of apo B and low-density lipoprotein
      were very low, and the fraction of beta lipoprotein on polyacrylamide-gel disc
      electrophoresis (PAGE) was only 7%. However, the triglyceride level was normal
      due to the presence of chylomicron, in spite of hypocholesterolemia and
      hypophospholipidemia. The mid-band lipoprotein on PAGE showed that Lp (a)
      lipoprotein concentration was normal (18.3 mg/dl). The activities of lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase, hepatic triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase
      (LPL) were low. The concentrations of apo C-II, apo C-III and apo E were low,
      while those of apo A-I and apo A-II were normal. The author recently reported
      that the apo C of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-apo C) was detected in alpha
      lipoprotein, but that HDL-apo E was detected in the near alpha 2-globulin region
      behind alpha lipoprotein on agarose-gel immunofixation electrophoresis. The
      author therefore named it alpha 2-apo E, and later found that the fraction
      percentage of alpha 2-apo E depends on lipolysis and is inversely correlated to
      the concentration of apo B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795447
TI  - [A case of tricuspid annular calcification].
AB  - A 76-year-old man was referred to our hospital with complaints of productive
      cough, dyspnea and peripheral cyanosis. The chest X-ray film indicated the
      pulmonary emphysema and acute bronchitis, but no abnormal intracardiac
      calcification. The electrocardiogram revealed a peaked P-wave, complete left
      bundle branch block, and ventricular premature contraction. Chest tomography
      demonstrated abnormal intracardiac calcium deposition in the right heart region.
      Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed the tricuspid annular calcification in
      the postero-lateral portion, showing a synchronous movement with tricuspid
      annular motion throughout the cardiac cycle. The size of calcification was 10 x
      14 mm. The tricuspid valve showed no significant regurgitation. Left ventricular
      dilatation, associated with mild mitral regurgitation and impairment of systolic
      function (EF = 49%) was revealed by echocardiography. Serum examination revealed
      positive in Wassermann reaction. This case of tricuspid annular calcification
      might be caused by atherosclerotic degenerative change related to the aging
      process, or by an unknown mechanism related to pulmonary emphysema.

PMID- 1795448
TI  - [Herpes zoster associated encephalitis with rapid response to a combination
      therapy with acyclovir, prednisolone and human gamma-globulin].

PMID- 1795449
TI  - [The context of the nursing curriculum revolution in the United States].

PMID- 1795450
TI  - [Educational method using phenomenology in other fields].

PMID- 1795451
TI  - [Nursing education: caring, dialogue and practice. A Heideggerian
      phenomenological approach].

PMID- 1795452
TI  - [Nursing education: caring, dialogue and practice. Hermeneutic experience as
      inquiry].

PMID- 1795453
TI  - [Panel discussion: inquiring for new approaches to nursing education with use of
      student-teacher stories].

PMID- 1795454
TI  - [Inquiring for new approaches to nursing education. I. Case study from student
      view].

PMID- 1795455
TI  - [Inquiring for new approach to nursing. II. A case in clinical practicum (1)].

PMID- 1795456
TI  - [Inquiring for new approach to nursing education. III. A case in clinical
      practicum (2)].

PMID- 1795457
TI  - [Inquiring for new approach to nursing education. IV. A scene from a midwifery
      course].

PMID- 1795459
TI  - [The emancipatory power of the narrative].

PMID- 1795458
TI  - [Inquiring for new approach to nursing education. V. A case for staff education
      in the clinical context].

PMID- 1795460
TI  - [Bivalved aortic valve and infectious endocarditis].

PMID- 1795461
TI  - [Radioisotope diagnosis of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 1795462
TI  - [Endogenous vasopressin and fibrinolysis in patients with angina pectoris].
AB  - A relationship was examined between blood vasopressin levels and the fibrinolytic
      system in 35 patients with angina pectoris (16 with vasospastic angina (VA) and
      19 with exercise-induced angina) who had undergone vein occlusion testing. There
      was a positive correlation between the post-testing vasopressin levels and the
      activity of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (TPAI) (r = 0.54) which was
      more high in patients with VA (r = 0.61). Only did the patients with VA show a
      direct relationship between the vasopressin concentrations and the activity of
      tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) (r = 0.63), the concentration of fibrinogen
      fibrin degradation products (FFDP) (r = 0.88). Thirteen patients having higher
      vasopressin levels (over 3.4 ng/ml) displayed a greater TPAI activity than did
      the patients with vasopressin levels of at least 3.4 ng/ml (26.2 +/- 4.9 and 15.0
      +/- 1.42 IU/ml, respectively; p less than 0.05). There was a direct relationship
      between the vasopressin levels and the activity of TPA (r = 0.65), the
      concentration of FFDP (r = 0.78) in patients having a vasopressin level of above
      3.4 ng/ml. The findings are in agreement with the concept that endogenous
      vasopressin is involved in the regulation of the blood fibrinolytic system.

PMID- 1795463
TI  - [Phenotype changes in smooth muscle cells of human coronary arteries during aging
      and during development of atherosclerosis].
AB  - The ultrastructure and the expression of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins
      were studied in the intimal cells of human coronary arteries (CA) taken at
      autopsy from 38 trauma victims aged 1 to 70 years. All intimal smooth muscle
      cells (SMC) of the CA from 2-4-year old children contained desmin, vimentin,
      myosin, and actin. In the normal intima of adolescents aged 14-16 years, only did
      some SMC contain desmin whereas in that of adults, they had no desmin, but
      expressed all other proteins. For example, some atherosclerotic plaques of CA
      exhibited desmin-positive SMC and smooth muscle myosin-free cells. The
      ultrastructure of SMC of atherosclerotic plaques showed profound polymorphism. In
      addition to typical SMC, the plaques displayed modified cells having a developed
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The fact that the atherosclerotic
      plaques have cells differing in ultrastructural features and protein expression,
      which is specific to an earlier period of the body development suggests
      phenotypic changes in the cells and the latter acquiring new functions that are
      of great significance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1795464
TI  - [Functional state of the myocardium during transesophageal cardiac pacing in
      patients with ischemic heart disease selected for surgical treatment based on
      nuclear stethoscope findings].
AB  - A nuclear stethoscope was used to examine central hemodynamic parameters and
      myocardial contractility in 70 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The
      findings were analyzed according to the degree of cicatricial changes in the
      myocardium and coronary atherosclerotic lesion. The patients, unlike apparently
      healthy individuals, were found to show an increase in systolic cardiac output
      and a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction in response to
      transesophageal cardiac pacing. As the cicatricial changes in the myocardium
      became profound, the maximum left ventricular performance decreased mainly due to
      the myocardial factor, while there was a reduction in the chronotropic reserve
      along with relatively slight signs of myocardial dysfunction when coronary
      atherosclerotic lesion progressed.

PMID- 1795465
TI  - [Transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative evaluation of central
      hemodynamics in surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease].
AB  - Whether transesophageal echocardiography may be used in the assessment of central
      hemodynamics has been studied in 40 patients undergoing direct cardiac
      revascularization in extracorporeal circulation. Changes in the mean values of
      end diastolic area (EDA) and end-diastolic anteroposterior dimensions, end
      systolic myocardial stress (ESMS), anteroposterior size shortening fraction (SF),
      and area decrease fraction (ADF) of cross left ventricular section are outlined
      in the paper. It has been indicated that at the beginning of extracorporeal
      circulation EDA showed, on an average, a 22% decrease (p less than 0.001), after
      its termination, it practically returned to the baseline values. ESMS remained
      high at the beginning of the operation, but at the onset of extracorporeal
      circulation it also dropped by 26% (p less than 0.001), being rather low until
      the end of the operation. The highest SF and ADF values were observed after
      termination of extracorporeal circulation. The changes in the parameters in
      question were found in hypovolemia and decreased myocardial contractility. The
      application of transesophageal echocardiography along with direct blood pressure
      monitoring correctly and fully assesses central hemodynamics.

PMID- 1795466
TI  - [Effects of calcium antagonists on the pattern of intracardiac hemodynamics and
      functional state of the myocardium in patients with angina pectoris relapsing
      after aortocoronary bypass operation].
AB  - The hemodynamic pattern of the antianginal effects of calcium antagonists was
      examined in 111 patients with Functional Classes II-IV angina pectoris relapsing
      on an average of 36.7 +/- 1.1 months following aortocoronary bypass surgery, as
      evidenced by radionuclide ventriculography performed in the acute drug test with
      finoptin and corinfar. The clinical and functional status improved in 49 patients
      on finoptin and in 62 on corinfar. In three fourths, the efficacy of finoptin was
      achieved by decreased myocardial diastolic stiffness and only in a fourth, it was
      due to lower afterload. In three fourths, the efficacy of corinfar was attained
      by the action of the vascular component and only in a fourth, it was attributable
      to its effects on diastolic relaxation--to its direct action on the myocardium.

PMID- 1795467
TI  - [Dynamics of physical exercise tolerance in patients with ischemic heart disease
      during the 1st year after direct myocardial revascularization operation].
AB  - The bicycle ergometric testing was performed in different periods within the
      first year of direct myocardial revascularization by using microsurgical
      techniques. The parameters of physical fitness and myocardial blood flow were
      found to be substantially increased in the early periods of postoperation (10-18
      days later), less increased at months 2-4, and then unchanged within the year.
      Thus, it is suggested that cardiovascular performance becomes stable 2-4 months
      after a successful operation. In this connection, the time the patients with
      coronary heart disease can resume work after the operation should be revised.

PMID- 1795468
TI  - [Possibilities of potentiating the antianginal action of nitrates by methionine
      in patients with stable effort angina pectoris].
AB  - When given in a single dose, methionine was studied for its effects on the
      efficacy of isosorbide dinitrate in 8 patients with coronary heart disease. The
      antianginal and anti-ischemic effects of the agents were evaluated by treadmill
      exercise testing that had been performed prior to and repeatedly (1, 2, 3, and 6
      hours) following a single application of the drug. Methionine in a dose of 1 g
      failed to produce antianginal and anti-ischemic effects. The concomitant use of
      isosorbide dinitrate (10 mg) and methionine (1 g) showed significantly pronounced
      antianginal and anti-ischemic effect than that of isosorbide dinitrate alone. The
      methionine-induced increase in the effect of isosorbide dinitrate substantially
      differed in the patients. Thus, methionine is able to potentiate the antianginal
      and anti-ischemic effect of isosorbide dinitrate.

PMID- 1795469
TI  - [Prospective assessment of changes in microcirculation and central hemodynamics
      in patients with stable angina pectoris according to the data of radionuclide
      study methods].
AB  - The two-year follow-up of 102 patients aged 28-67 years who had Functional
      Classes I-III stable angina and took no regular antianginal therapy has
      demonstrated that the first deleterious changes occur in the vasodilator reserve
      of microcirculation. Then the capillary blood flow velocity decreases, whereas
      capillary permeability increases. Following 1.5 year of the follow-up there is a
      dramatic decline in cardiac output, coupled with a significant rise of total
      peripheral vascular resistance.

PMID- 1795470
TI  - [Pharmacological correction by roxicam of the prostacyclin-thromboxane system in
      acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure].
AB  - The prostaglandin-thromboxane system, platelet hemostasis and central
      hemodynamics were evaluated in 51 patients with heart failure-complicated acute
      myocardial infarction during aspirin, roxicam and basic (nitrates + cardiac
      glycosides + diuretics) therapies. The new non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent
      roxicam was shown to selectively inhibit thromboxane, without affecting
      prostacyclin levels. The agent may be regarded as the drug of choice in using
      antiaggregatory therapy in patients with myocardial infarction concurrent with
      heart failure.

PMID- 1795471
TI  - [Indicators of lipid metabolism and the blood lipid peroxidation system in men
      with regard to hereditary predisposition to atherosclerotic vascular pathology].
AB  - Lipid metabolism and the blood lipid peroxidation system were examined in 56
      military males living in rather similar conditions. The parameters in question
      were compared in the following groups: (1) control subjects, including healthy
      individuals without a family history of atherosclerotic vascular abnormalities;
      (2) healthy subjects with a family history of atherosclerosis; (3) patients with
      coronary heart diseases. There were significant differences only in single cases
      between the groups. The application of a system of grids setting upright the
      distribution curves for the parameters under study proved to be effective in
      finding significant differences between the groups, showing the value of the
      hereditary factors in the development of atherogenic lipid changes.

PMID- 1795472
TI  - [Characteristics of the lipid spectrum in miners].
AB  - Serum lipids were studied in workers of a mining enterprise situated in mid
      altitude areas who were affected by some unfavourable occupational factors
      (noise, vibration, dustiness, psychological and physical stresses). They were
      compared with those in a number- and age-matched group of employees of an
      instrument-making plant who resided in the plain and were unexposed to the above
      adverse factors. The miners were found to have greater mean levels of
      triglycerides and potentially atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol. The mean lipid
      levels were higher with the miners' age and length of occupation whereas the
      duration of residence in mid-altitude areas had no noticeable influence on lipid
      levels.

PMID- 1795474
TI  - [Incidence of atriogram changes in a Novosibirsk population].
AB  - The incidence of an abnormal atriogram was examined in an open male population
      aged 25-64 years from the survey data on a random representative sample. The
      abnormalities in the atriogram were revealed in 30.1% of cases. Potential causes
      of atriographic abnormalities were analyzed. It is stressed that it is expedient
      to identify subjects with abnormal atriograms in mass population surveys and
      followup them as well as to define measures to prevent atrial flutter or
      fibrillation.

PMID- 1795473
TI  - [State of the coronary arteries and function of the left heart ventricle in
      patients with ischemic heart disease with silent episodes of myocardial
      ischemia].
AB  - The results of multiviewed coronary angiography with left ventriculography were
      compared in 36 patients with coronary heart disease concurrent with Functional
      Classes II-IV stable angina pectoris, who had had frequent episodes of silent
      myocardial ischemia (SMI), as evidenced by Holter monitoring, and in 23 patients
      with coronary heart disease in the presence of Functional Classes II-IV stable
      angina pectoris without SMI episodes. In patients with SMI, the changes in
      coronary arteries were found to have some features: the extension of an
      atherosclerotic process (common lesion of all three major arteries), its frequent
      site in the main trunk of the left coronary artery, high collateralization in the
      diseased vascular channels, and great extent of stenoses. There were no
      differences between the groups in the major functional parameters of the left
      ventricular myocardium.

PMID- 1795475
TI  - [Mechanisms of cardiac activity regulation at various stages of long-term
      adaptation to physical exercise].

PMID- 1795476
TI  - [Erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport and arterial hypertension: data of a cross
      sectional population study].
AB  - The relation of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport rate to the prevalence of
      arterial hypertension (AH) and blood pressure was evaluated in 720 individuals
      aged 23-60 years. In all age groups, the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+
      countertransport was significantly higher in males than in females. Age, alcohol
      use, obesity in males and age, obesity, and Na+/Li+ countertransport rate in
      females are factors that predispose to AH, as evidenced by multivariate logistic
      analysis. The latter parameter is associated with obesity and diastolic blood
      pressure and unassociated with age, alcohol use, and smoke, as suggested by
      regression analysis. The distribution of Na+/Li+ countertransport rate values in
      the population after standardization for ruling out the impact of obesity is
      erroneous and shifted to the right. This allows it to be presented as a sum of
      two normal distributions. However, their analysis has failed to reveal
      statistically significant differences in blood pressure values of AH incidence.
      The rate of Na+/Li+ countertransport may be regarded as a biological population
      risk factor for AH, which is, however, less than such factors as age, obesity,
      and excessive alcohol use.

PMID- 1795477
TI  - [Prolonged cardioselective blockade of beta-1 adrenoreceptors in combination with
      increased diuresis as a method of choice in the treatment of hypertension].
AB  - The clinical effects of Tenoric, a long-acting combined drug (atenolol and
      chlorthalidone in a tablet), were studied in 31 patients with Stages I and II
      hypertensive disease, by using echocardiography, daily automatic blood pressure
      monitoring, bicycle ergometry, measurements of plasma renin and aldosterone. The
      drug was found to be highly clinically effective in labile and sustained
      hypertension. When given once or twice a day, it makes it possible to reliably
      monitor blood pressure, improve hemodynamic parameters, as reflected by lower
      cardiac output and decreased peripheral vascular resistance, reduce the estimated
      mass of the left myocardium, alleviate a pressor response to exercise and enhance
      its tolerance, lower plasma renin levels. The side effects of the drug are
      minimal and include moderate bradycardia. Peripheral vasospasm and systemic
      weakness were observed in single cases. There were no atherogenic changes in
      lipid spectrum and disturbed glucose and uric acid metabolism during the drug
      therapy.

PMID- 1795478
TI  - [Use of prostenon in stopping hypertensive crises].

PMID- 1795479
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in glomerulonephritis].
AB  - The duration of nephropathy, the onset of arterial hypertension (AH), a family
      history of AH, uric syndrome, intravenous urographic evidence, glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) determined from endogenous creatinine, the cellular
      membranes studied in erythrocytes by ureal hemolysis, and blood levels of thiol
      and disulfide groups by back amperometric titration, red blood cell activity of
      glutathione reductase and glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were evaluated in 108
      patients with essential hypertension (EH), mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis who had elevated and normal blood pressures and 18 healthy
      subjects. All the patients underwent closed renal puncture biopsy. There were
      structural alterations in the red blood cell membranes as evidenced by
      examinations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thiol and disulfide groups in
      erythrocyte protein and low-weight molecular fractions in healthy subjects with a
      family history of AH, patients with EH, with mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis. The abnormal uric syndrome was detected in patients with EH.
      Patients with AH displayed glomerular hyperfiltration and higher glomerular
      dimensions. Renal biopsy revealed adrenal interstitial sclerosis in patients with
      AH.

PMID- 1795480
TI  - [Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vasopressin in adult and aged patients
      with acquired mitral valve defects].
AB  - Seventy four patients aged 35-74 years who had mitral valvular disease were
      examined for renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin, of whom 49
      patients were diagnosed as having a mitral valve defect with prevalent stenosis,
      25 presented with a mitral valve defect with prevalent heart failure. Circulatory
      disorders, Stages I-II, were found in 41 patients, Stage IIB in 23, and Stage III
      in 10 patients. There were no significant differences in the parameters of the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and vasopressin in untreated adult
      and elderly patients with mitral valvular disease at rest. As circulatory
      disorders progressed, the RAAS parameters significantly increased in all the
      groups. However, the patients with prevalent stenosis showed higher blood renin
      levels than did those with prevalent heart failure, irrespective of its severity.
      In refractory heart failure, the significant differences remained to a greater
      extent only for renin. The treatment with peripheral vasodilators (isosorbide
      dinitrate and corinfar) resulted in compensatory activation of the neurohumoral
      vasoconstrictive system, thereafter the RAAS parameters significantly increased
      after the drugs.

PMID- 1795481
TI  - [Coronary sinus blood thromboxane and prostacyclin in spontaneous myocardial
      ischemia].
AB  - The blood levels of 6-keto-PGE1 alpha and thromboxane B2 were measured in the
      coronary sinus of 15 males during and just after a spontaneous myocardial
      ischemic episode. The comparison was made in 30 males with coronary heart disease
      in the presence of exercise-induced angina in whom coronary sinus blood samples
      were taken during myocardial ischemia provoked by pacing and 6 males suffering
      from cardialgias without signs of coronary atherosclerosis. The patients with
      spontaneous anginal attacks had lower baseline 6-keto-PGE1 alpha (179.0 +/- 47.8
      pkg/ml) than those with exercise-induced angina (336.0 +/- 65.7 pkg/ml; p less
      than 0.1). This difference became greater during ischemia (165.0 +/- 49.0 and
      350.0 +/- 69.5 pkg/ml, respectively, p less than 0.05) and just after its
      elimination (166.0 +/- 48.7 and 413.0 +/- 76.0 pkg/ml, respectively, p less than
      0.05). Coronary sinus blood thromboxane B2 levels were not substantially
      different in the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia. Thus, a decrease in
      the prostacyclin-forming function of the coronary endothelium plays a definite
      role in the genesis of spontaneous myocardial ischemic episodes.

PMID- 1795482
TI  - [Physical exercise tolerance in heart surgery patients during decompensated
      metabolic acidosis].
AB  - Spiroergometric findings obtained before and in different periods (1 month to 8
      years) after surgical correction were analyzed in 373 patients with congenital
      and acquired heart diseases. This allowed the patients to be divided into two
      groups in terms of their exercise tolerance in decompensated metabolic acidosis.
      The division should be used to assess the function of the oxygen transport system
      in cardiac surgical patients who have failed to achieve the "plateau" of oxygen
      uptake.

PMID- 1795483
TI  - [Doppler echocardiographic determination of the degree of tricuspid valve
      insufficiency in patients with ventricular septal defects].
AB  - Prior to and following the surgical plasty of ventricular septal defects, the
      tricuspid valve was evaluated in 106 patients, by employing two-dimensional and
      Doppler echocardiographies. Seventy-seven patients were followed up for 6 months
      to 2 years after the operation. Tricuspid valve failure was regarded to be
      pansystolic turbulent regurgitation blood flow which had been revealed only in 4
      patients before the operation. Two weeks following the operation, most patients
      were found to have tricuspid valvular pansystolic turbulent regurgitation blood
      flow which remained only in 29% of the cases in late follow-up periods. Tricuspid
      valve failure failed to be clinically evident in these patients. It is concluded
      that Doppler echocardiography is an effective and highly sensitive tool in the
      diagnosis of tricuspid valve failure even when it runs, showing no clinical
      signs.

PMID- 1795484
TI  - [Echo- and angiocardiography in the diagnosis of critical valvular stenosis and
      atresia of the pulmonary artery with intact ventricular septum in infants].
AB  - Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings were compared with those
      of coronary angiography and cardiac catheterization in 31 patients (11 with
      pulmonary atresia and 20 with critical pulmonary stenosis in the presence of
      ventricular septum). Two-dimensional echocardiography was found to accurately
      define the linear dimensions, volumes, and ejection fraction of the ventricles in
      patients with the disease. Continuous Doppler echocardiography is a valuable tool
      for measuring right ventricular systolic pressure and pressure gradient between
      the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Two-dimensional and Doppler
      echocardiographies enable surgical tactics to be chosen in most cases without
      interventions.

PMID- 1795485
TI  - [Minimal pulmonary regurgitation (pulsed Doppler echocardiography findings) in
      the absence of pulmonary valve defect].
AB  - A diastolic turbulent flow of pulmonary regurgitation with the maximum velocity
      of no more than 1.5 m/sec and prevalence in the exit portion of the right
      ventricle up to 17 mm was detected in 36 patients with cardiac and pulmonary
      diseases and apparently healthy individuals without organic pulmonary valve
      lesion and diastolic localization at the respective site, by using pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography. The highest diastolic transpulmonary pressure gradient
      estimated by a modified Bernulli's equation was no more than 9 mm Hg (within the
      range of normal values for diastolic pulmonary artery-right ventricle pressure
      gradient). Asymptomatic subclinical pulmonary regurgitation of physiological and
      functional nature without substantial hemodynamic significance which has been
      detected in these patients cannot be regarded as a manifestation of pulmonary
      valve defect.

PMID- 1795487
TI  - [Platelet-vascular, plasma hemostasis and transient myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 1795486
TI  - [Study of hemodynamic effects of allapinin and metoprolol using continuous wave
      Doppler echocardiography at rest and during physical exercise in patients with
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia].
AB  - Doppler echocardiography is an excellent tool to study the hemodynamic effects of
      cardiac drugs. Resting and exercise effects produced by metoprolol and allapinin
      on Doppler-derived measures of left ventricular (LV) performance were examined in
      patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Seventeen patients
      underwent continuous wave Doppler examination from the suprasternal notch at rest
      and during each stage of a standard exercise protocol. The study was repeated
      following 3-4 days of treatment with metoprolol given in a daily dose of 200 mg.
      The hemodynamic effects of allapinin, 100 mg daily, were evaluated in the same
      manner in 8 patients. With metoprolol, all resting Doppler measurements were
      altered insignificantly and all Doppler--derived parameters of aortic flow (peak,
      velocity, mean acceleration, cardiac index and LV ejection force) were much lower
      at the maximum exercise. Allapinin failed to alter any Doppler measurements of
      aortic blood flow at rest or during the peak exercise.

PMID- 1795488
TI  - [Initial stages of chronic heart failure].

PMID- 1795489
TI  - [Current possibilities of diagnosis and long-term results of surgical treatment
      of heart tumors].

PMID- 1795490
TI  - [Chronic idiopathic bundle-branch block. Lenegre's and Lev's diseases].

PMID- 1795491
TI  - Prevalence of HLA-DQ beta chain non-Asp alleles in type I (insulin-dependent)
      diabetics with young and older ages of onset.
AB  - Particular HLA-DQ beta chain alleles were reported as immunogenetic markers of
      type I diabetes mellitus with young onset of the disease. In a homogeneous German
      population, we studied HLA-DR specificities and HLA-DQ beta chain alleles in
      young-onset (less than 21 years of age; n = 185) and adult-onset (greater than 40
      years of age; n = 48) insulin-dependent diabetics. In both cohorts of type I
      diabetics, the HLA-DR3 and -DR4 specificities were significantly increased. The
      presence of an HLA haplotype with an amino acid other than aspartic acid at
      position 57 of the DQ beta chain was significantly associated with type I
      diabetes in both cohorts (etiologic fraction: 93% and 73%). We conclude that the
      presence of DNA sequences coding for an amino acid other than aspartic acid at
      the 57th position of the DQ beta chain provides a molecular risk marker for type
      I diabetes of both and adult onset.

PMID- 1795492
TI  - [Pamidronate in the treatment of tumor-associated hypercalcemia].
AB  - After a 48-hour rehydration period 28 of 31 patients with cancer-associated
      hypercalcemia (serum calcium greater than or equal to 2.8 mmol/l) were treated
      intravenously with the bisphosphonate pamidronate. In three patients fluid
      repletion with 0.9% saline solution had already normalized serum calcium levels.
      Pamidronate was given in a single infusion on day 0, the dose of pamidronate
      adapted to the severity of hypercalcemia. If the serum calcium concentration was
      greater than or equal to 2.8 mmol/l on day 3, application of pamidronate was
      repeated. In all patients normocalcemia was restored; mean serum calcium
      decreased from 3.2 +/- 0.35 on day 0 to 2.15 +/- 0.32 on day 12. Hypercalcemia
      recurred in 11 patients, seven of these underwent pamidronate treatment according
      to the same therapeutical regimen. Normal calcium levels were attained in five
      cases. Side effects were of minor gravity: brief hyperthermia occurred in four
      patients and transient, asymptomatic hypocalcemia was noticed in nine cases.

PMID- 1795493
TI  - Clinical usefulness of serological measurements obtained by antigen 60 in
      mycobacterial infections: development of a new concept.
AB  - The humoral immune response occurring during mycobacterial infections was
      analysed with an ELISA test based on antigen 60. With tuberculosis, IgM
      antibodies indicate a primo-infection or a process of reactivation while IgG
      determinations allow an evaluation of the intensity of the infectious process.
      The test is also applicable to extrapulmonary tuberculosis, provided its
      sensitivity be adapted to these particular cases. This is particularly clear for
      tuberculous meningitis. The test is not species-specific and allows the detection
      of antibodies in atypical mycobacterioses and in leprosy patients. The final
      differentiation must be done by clinical examinations and cultures. In leprosy
      patients, IgM antibodies are detected nearly as frequently as IgG antibodies. In
      HIV-seropositive patients, the A60 seropositivity is correlated with a
      reactivation of former tuberculous infections and with primary tuberculous
      infections. At the AIDS stage, the A-60 seropositivity is due to atypical
      mycobacteria, with a better IgM than IgG response. Healthy people are negative in
      serology: the positive cases observed are due to inapparent infections gained by
      contact with an infectious focus. The seropositive cases observed in non
      tuberculous hospitalized patients are restricted to some disease types,
      essentially lung infections (cystic fibrosis, cancer pneumopathies, sarcoidosis).
      Some patients have low levels of antibodies. This anergy may be traced to the
      formation of immune complexes or else to a weak avidity of the specific
      antibodies produced. This test should not be considered to be a diagnostic tool
      by itself. It should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic means that,
      together, allow the determination of a diagnosis.

PMID- 1795494
TI  - Interaction of heterozygous beta (0)-thalassemia and triplicated alpha globin
      loci in a Swiss-Spanish family.
AB  - We report a Swiss-Spanish family three members of which have the clinical picture
      of thalassemia intermedia. Restriction endonuclease mapping of the alpha-globin
      cluster and digestion with Mae I of the in vitro amplified 5' segment of the beta
      globin gene shows a combination of triplicated alpha globin locus, anti-3.7 kb
      type, with heterozygous codon 39 C----T beta (0) thalassemic mutation. These, as
      well as 16 similar cases reported in the literature, permit the following
      conclusion: a single extra alpha-globin gene gives rise to a clinically
      significant degree of dyserythropoietic anemia only when it interacts with a
      severe beta(+) or beta(0) thalassemic mutation.

PMID- 1795495
TI  - [Intestinal permeability in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS)].
AB  - Intestinal permeability has been assessed as a parameter of the small intestinal
      barrier function in 33 patients with AIDS (WR 6), in 25 healthy volunteers, 32
      patients with Crohn's disease, 18 patients with ulcerative colitis and in 12
      patients with untreated coeliac disease. Permeability was measured by means of
      the 5 hour urinary excretion of lactulose and rhamnose after administration of
      these sugars (1 g rhamnose, 10 g lactulose) which allowed to calculate the
      urinary lactulose/rhamnose--ratio (L/R-r) as an index of intestinal permeability.
      Compared to the controls (L/R-r = 0.014 +/- 0.010) patients with AIDS had
      significantly increased lactulose/rhamnose--ratios (0.189 +/- 0.164; p less than
      0.01) indicating abnormal permeation both of lactulose and rhamnose. This
      alteration of intestinal permeability was more pronounced than the significant
      increase of the L/R-r in the patients with either Crohn's disease or coeliac
      disease. However, intestinal permeability was not altered in the patients with
      ulcerative colitis. Among the patients with AIDS, the most abnormal permeability
      ratios were observed in two subjects with intestinal cryptosporidiosis. This
      investigation demonstrates by means of the "double sugar ratio", that intestinal
      permeability in patients with AIDS is highly abnormal, the impairment being even
      more abnormal than in patients with other small intestinal disease.

PMID- 1795496
TI  - [Familial panhypopituitarism].
AB  - Two Italian brothers showed identical subsequent loss of anterior pituitary
      function during the first decades of their life, developing panhypopituitarism.
      The investigations carried out indicate that in this family the etiology is
      hereditary in nature, being X-chromosomal recessive or autosomal recessive, with
      the defect located at the level of either the hypothalamus or the pituitary
      gland.

PMID- 1795497
TI  - Constipation in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Constipation is a frequent symptom in Parkinson's disease. In this study colonic
      transit time was measured in 20 patients and 20 sex- and age-matched controls.
      Colonic transit was normal in all but two of the controls. In 16 patients with
      Parkinson's disease the average colonic passage was 5 to 7 days. For four
      patients transit-time was within normal limits. The delayed transport affected
      all sections of the colon. There was no obvious dependence on age, sex,
      presentation of the disease, physical activity, or medication. In our opinion,
      lesions of the autonomic nervous system are responsible.

PMID- 1795498
TI  - Value of a modified continuity equation method to quantify mitral valve area in
      patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm.
AB  - To quantify valve area in mitral stenosis, a modified continuity equation method
      using continuous wave Doppler and thermodilution measurements was applied. In 14
      patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm (age: 49 +/- 11 years),
      transmitral flow velocity was recorded by continuous wave Doppler during right
      and left heart catheterization. Mitral valve area was calculated by three
      different methods: 1. According to the continuity equation, stroke volume
      (thermodilution technique) was divided by the registered time velocity integral
      of the mitral stenotic jet (continuous wave Doppler). 2. Mitral valve area was
      calculated by the pressure half-time method. 3. Simultaneous pulmonary capillary
      wedge and left ventricular pressure measurements were used for determination of
      mitral valve area according to the Gorlin formula. The mitral valve area
      determined by application of the continuity equation (y) showed a close
      correlation to the valve area calculated by the Gorlin equation (x): y = 0.73x +
      0.12, SEE = 0.11 cm2, r = 0.88, P less than 0.001. In contrast, the correlation
      between mitral valve area determined by pressure half-time (y) and the Gorlin
      formula (x) was not as good: y = 0.77x + 0.11, SEE = 0.26 cm2, r = 0.65, P less
      than 0.05. Thus, the continuity equation method using combined continuous wave
      Doppler and thermodilution technique allows a valid determination of mitral valve
      area. In patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm, this technique is
      superior to the noninvasive determination of mitral valve area by the
      conventional pressure half-time method.

PMID- 1795499
TI  - Ocular pseudo-myasthenic reaction induced by interferon in an AIDS patient.
AB  - A 32-year-old, HIV-positive homosexual with Kaposi's sarcoma was given
      subcutaneous interferon-A (IFN) for two- and a-half months. The patient
      complained of ocular symptoms (ptosis of the left eyelid and intermittent
      diplopia) after the application of IFN-A. These symptoms persisted for the period
      of treatment and subsided after therapy was stopped. However after IFN-A was
      resumed, ptosis and diplopia recurred. Intensive serological and neurological
      diagnostic investigations failed to present any reason for these ocular symptoms.
      From data and the clinical appearance we suppose that in this case the patient
      suffered a pseudo-myasthenic reaction to IFN-A.

PMID- 1795500
TI  - Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy as a manifestation of a cardiocutaneous
      syndrome (Noonan syndrome).
AB  - The case of a 50-year-old patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is
      reported. The patient demonstrated somatic signs of the Turner phenotype, but a
      cytogenetically normal karyotype was shown. These findings were compatible with
      the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. The most commonly diagnosed cardiac disease in
      this syndrome is pulmonary stenosis, followed by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The
      patient's prognosis is limited by the natural history or the typical
      complications of the underlying cardiac lesion.

PMID- 1795501
TI  - Bromocriptine in patients with chronic autoimmune-associated disorders.

PMID- 1795502
TI  - Prehensile control of a hand prosthesis by a microcontroller.
AB  - The functional replacement of a natural hand and wrist is usually achieved by a
      split hook or an electrically powered and myoelectrically controlled artificial
      hand with one degree of freedom. In contrast to the commercial devices, this
      paper describes an experimental hand with four electric motors, nineteen sensors,
      and control algorithms which are written for a microcontroller. The hand
      significantly improves the prehension capabilities of an artificial device and
      leads to a design which is easily controlled by a user as it mimics the control
      system of the natural hand.

PMID- 1795503
TI  - Four-channel telemetry system for in vivo measurement of hip joint forces.
AB  - The long-term loosening of artificial hip joints remains a serious clinical
      problem. Optimization of implant design and material will improve the fixation,
      but it requires a detailed knowledge of the forces which act on the implant. A
      four-channel telemetric transmitter was developed and arranged completely inside
      a hermetically closed artificial hip joint. This permits long term in vivo
      measurements of the three-dimensional forces without endangering the patient. The
      external telemetry system consists of an inductive power supply, an RF receiver,
      a microcomputer with hardware extension and a VHS video system. The personal
      computer offers real-time data processing of three orthogonal force components as
      well as slow motion analysis of recorded measurements. After several years of
      animal tests, two instrumented prostheses were implanted in the first patient
      (male) in May and August of 1988. In March 1990 a third prosthesis was implanted
      in a second patient (female). Joint force measurements have regularly been
      performed from the first post-operative day until now for several kinds of
      activity.

PMID- 1795504
TI  - Rechargeable glucose electrodes for long-term implantation.
AB  - A unique enzyme electrode was designed using glucose oxidase immobilized on fine
      graphite powder. The graphite-enzyme is in a fluid state which enables recharging
      of the system when the enzyme activity decreases, therefore allowing the system
      to have a long lifetime in a diabetic patient. The sensor was tested using
      glucose concentration in the range of 20-300 mg d-1. The electrode construction
      includes a hydrophobic membrane and a platinum electrode for detection of
      hydrogen peroxide. The signal output is large with minimal noise when tested in
      buffer. The sensor has been performing at ambient temperature for 4 months when
      stored overnight at 4 degrees C.

PMID- 1795505
TI  - Noninvasive acceleration measurements to characterize the pharyngeal phase of
      swallowing.
AB  - Swallowing disorder (dysphagia) presents a major problem in the rehabilitation of
      stroke and head injured patients. In the present investigation, a new technique
      is developed for noninvasive assessment of the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing
      mechanism. Acceleration was measured with two ultra-miniature accelerometers
      placed on the skin over the throat. Simultaneously, the swallow suction pressure
      was monitored. Swallowing in normal individuals gave rise to a characteristic
      acceleration pattern which was quite reproducible, and was in phase with the
      swallow pressure. In dysphagic patients, the acceleration response was either
      absent or significantly delayed. The accelerometry technique provides a tool for
      continuing patient assessment and demonstrating the clinical improvements.

PMID- 1795506
TI  - Pump function of the heart as an optimal control problem.
AB  - In order to model the pump function of the heart the left ventricle is
      represented as an elastic thick-walled cylinder contracting symmetrically. The
      acceleration is included in the mathematical formalism describing the contraction
      of the myocardium and optimal control theory is used to solve the differential
      equation of motion of the cylindrical wall in such a way as to minimize a given
      performance index. Application of the equations to experimental data published in
      the literature is discussed. The mathematical formalism presents a new way to
      study the time variation of the volume ejected from the left ventricle. Methods
      to quantify the pump function of the heart are suggested.

PMID- 1795507
TI  - Rheological properties of the human lumbar spine ligaments.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the rheological
      properties of the lumbar spinal ligaments under subfailure physiological loads.
      Non-destructive tests including an hysteresis experiment, stress-relaxation and
      stepwise load-relaxation tests were used to investigate the time-dependent
      properties of the interspinous-supraspinous ligament complex. Using a reduced
      relaxation function, the viscoelastic behaviour over the experimental time-scale
      was described by a linear function of the logarithm of time. Internal damping of
      ligament substance dissipates about 36% of the mechanical energy applied during
      physiological loading. Local elastic stiffness is found to be two to four times
      global stiffness of the bone-ligament-bone complex. These physical parameters
      (stiffness, energy dissipation, hysteresis, relaxation, etc) can be used to
      improve computer models of the lumbar spinal column.

PMID- 1795508
TI  - Mechanical characterization of a model of a multicomponent cardiac fibre.
AB  - We have developed a model of a cardiac fibre composed of several contractile
      units in series and activated in succession; each unit behaves according to
      Wong's model. The main difference between the multicomponent model and the
      classic monocomponent model is that it is possible to take into account both the
      dynamic phenomena due to the propagation of the activation signal along the fibre
      and the contractility of each unit from which the fibre is constructed. Isometric
      and isotonic contractions have been simulated under different conditions in terms
      of preload, afterload, frequency and number of inhibited units. The analysis of
      the results allows us to assert that the multicomponent fibre behaviour is in
      good agreement with experimental results from the literature. We believe that the
      multicomponent cardiac fibre should be regarded as a powerful tool linking the
      sarcomere contraction with that of the whole ventricle.

PMID- 1795509
TI  - Photoacoustic study of iron-deficiency anaemia.
AB  - A photoacoustic spectrum of a smear of whole blood clearly shows all of the
      details of the haem absorption in an optical spectrum and good optical absorption
      data without a data extraction procedure. There are three peaks; gamma (420 nm),
      beta (550 nm), and alpha (585 nm) in the band 350-700 nm. For iron-deficiency
      anaemia the peak/peak ratios, ratios of the value of peak gamma to that of the
      peak beta and peak alpha, and the integral/integral ratios, ratios of the value
      of the integral under the peak gamma to that under the peak beta, peak alpha,
      peak beta and peak alpha are closely related to the variation of haemoglobin
      concentration. Linear relationships among the ratios and the Hb concentration are
      found. These ratios could be a good index of haem synthesis disturbance.

PMID- 1795510
TI  - EEG data compression with source coding techniques.
AB  - A data compression algorithm for the EEG, derived from the adaptive pulse code
      modulation scheme, is described where the consecutively computed differences are
      coded by passing them through a quantizer possessing only a few levels; the range
      of these levels is adapted to local signal statistics. Three different versions
      of the algorithm with data reduction up to 75% are presented. The system was
      validated using several multichannel-routine EEG recordings with both visual
      evaluation and computation of signal-to-noise ratios.

PMID- 1795511
TI  - Effects of fused-ring antibiotics on metallic corrosion.
AB  - The effect on metallic corrosion of antibiotics containing the fused-ring
      structure of tetracycline (doxycycline and the dihydrate and hydrochloride salts
      of oxytetracycline) when present in 1% KCl solution was investigated. Corrosion
      potential and zero resistance ammetry studies were carried out; the effects
      observed were variable and depended upon the nature of the metal and its surface
      condition. All three antibiotics appeared to stimulate the corrosion of Vitallium
      (cobalt-chromium alloy), but corrosion inhibition was found for as-received
      titanium with all three antibiotics, for abraded titanium with doxycycline and
      for stainless steel with oxytetracycline dihydrate.

PMID- 1795512
TI  - Nasal resonometer: an instrument for the assessment and treatment of
      hypernasality.
AB  - We describe an instrument which enables the measurement of the ratio of nasal to
      oral sound pressures to be made during normal speech. The technique incorporates
      a novel phase locking technique which effectively discriminates the spectral
      characteristic of resonant peaks occurring during nasalized speech from other
      nasal emissions. The results enable an assessment of the degree of resonance in
      real time, the trend of diagnostic measurements within a treatment session and
      the success achieved in reaching targets set during treatment.

PMID- 1795513
TI  - Method for predicting an EEG waveform as an aid to the accurate recording of
      evoked potentials.
AB  - Evoked potentials are the brain's responses to incoming stimuli and are usually
      recorded under noisy circumstances. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, signal
      averaging has been widely applied to the recorded data, but an improved method is
      required. A method of EEG waveform prediction for the accurate recording of
      evoked potentials is proposed, and an electroencephalographic waveform predicted
      by using an EEG model and a nonlinear exponentially weighted least squares
      method, subtracting the predicted EEG waveform from the raw data and extracting
      the evoked waveform. By the use of this method, we have successfully predicted
      the EEG waveform and detected the evoked potential with only a small number of
      averages.

PMID- 1795514
TI  - Four compartment mammillary model applied to the pharmacokinetics of a
      spiroarsorane administered orally to rabbits.
AB  - Rekik et al. dealt with the pharmacokinetics of two spiroarsoranes molecules
      administered intravenously or orally to rabbits. For the intravenous study they
      used an open two-compartment model. For the oral study they admitted that they
      were unable to fit the data to a model. In this paper the plasma concentration
      profile of molecule 2 after oral administration using a four mammillary open
      compartment model is described. This type of model (which requires a fourth
      degree equation) has been previously described. Here it is applied to a concrete
      situation.

PMID- 1795515
TI  - Risk factors evaluation in some cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with limitations of blood fluidity.
      Rheological behaviour of blood in transient flow may result from the internal
      organization, which in turn depends upon many parameters, which may be considered
      as possible elements of a profiling algorithm for diagnostic and prognostic
      values in various pathophysiological states. This study was designed to
      investigate haemorheological parameters in patients being treated for
      hypertension, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarct. On the basis of
      plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, haematocrit, red cell aggregation and
      red cell deformation, the risk was evaluated. In cases of hypertension there was
      a significant rise in plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, red cell
      aggregation and a fall in red cell deformability. In cases of coronary disease,
      plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation was increased, while in patients with
      myocardial infarcts, where the degree of severity is greater it was found that
      there was a significant rise in both plasma and whole blood viscosity.
      Haematocrit values were unaffected in all three groups.

PMID- 1795516
TI  - Hypoglycemic activity of Salvia fruticosa Mill. from Cyprus.
AB  - Salvia fruticosa Mill. has a folk reputation in the eastern Mediterranean region
      as a hypoglycemic agent. In order to confirm this claim, a 10% infusion of its
      leaves was tested, at an oral dose of 0.250 g/kg b.w.t., on normoglycemic rabbits
      and in rabbits made hyperglycemic by alloxan administration. This oral dose
      caused a statistically significant reduction in blood glucose levels in
      alloxanhyperglycemic rabbits, but not in normoglycemic animals, only after
      repeated administrations of the infusion (once a day for 7 consecutive days).
      Instead, the hypoglycemic effect was evoked by single oral doses of infusion in
      both normoglycemic and alloxanhyperglycemic rabbits orally loaded with glucose.
      However, in these animals S. fruticosa infusion did not modify plasma insulin
      levels. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effect of the drug was not evoked in rabbits
      which received the glucose load intravenously. These data strongly suggest that
      S. fruticosa treatment produces hypoglycemia mainly by reducing intestinal
      absorption of glucose.

PMID- 1795517
TI  - Anticonceptive and estrogenic effects of a seed extract of Ricinus communis var.
      minor.
AB  - An ether-soluble fraction of a methanol extract of Ricinus communis var. minor
      seeds administered subcutaneously to adult female rats and rabbits at doses up to
      1.2 g/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively, in divided doses showed anti-implantation
      and anticonceptive activities. Laparotomy performed on Day 10 and Day 15 of
      pregnancy on mated female rats and rabbits treated with the extract did not
      reveal any uterine implantation sites. The animals were protected against
      pregnancy for over three gestation periods and among those that later delivered,
      there was no evidence of abnormality in the pups. In ovariectomized young female
      rats as well as in immature mice, the extract dose-dependently increased uterine
      wet weight. Furthermore, the extract induced premature opening of the vagina,
      increased the number of epithelial cells and cornified cells and decreased the
      leucocyte number in the vaginal smear. The estrogen-like activities exhibited by
      the extract were dose-dependent and the anticonceptive effect may be due at least
      in part to such estrogenic action.

PMID- 1795518
TI  - Long-chain phenols from the bark of Amphypterygium adstringens.
AB  - The hexane extract of the stem bark of Amphypterygium adstringens at a dose of
      100 mg/kg subcutaneously exhibited significant hypocholesterolemic effect on 24-h
      fasted rats, lowering the cholesterol levels by 31%, an effect similar to 15
      mg/kg estrone given by the same route. Column chromatography of the active
      extract allowed the isolation of two mixtures of long chain phenols (Mixture I
      and Mixture II). According to GC/MS analysis, Mixture I contained five alkyl
      phenolic acids and Mixture II three alkyl phenolic aldehydes. Neither of the
      mixtures exhibited significant hypocholesterolemic activity at doses up to 15
      mg/kg subcutaneously.

PMID- 1795519
TI  - Evaluation of root quality of Bupleurum species by TLC scanner and the liver
      protective effects of "xiao-chai-hu-tang" prepared using three different
      Bupleurum species.
AB  - A simple and quick quantitative analysis of saikosaponins a, c and d, the major
      bioactive principles contained in Bupleurum species, by TLC scanner is described.
      Results with Bupleurum kaoi, the species native to Taiwan, showed that the roots,
      rhizomes and aerial parts (leaves and stem) have greater quantities of
      saikosaponins than cultivated B. falcatum var. komarowi and imported B. chinense.
      The liver protective effects of water extracts of "Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang" (XCHT), a
      mixture of seven crude drugs, prepared using roots of the three different
      Bupleurum species and aerial parts of B. kaoi and B. falcatum var. komarowi, were
      evaluated using CCl4-induced toxicity in rats. The acute increase of serum
      transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) levels caused by CCl4 administration (3.0 ml/kg,
      s.c.) was dramatically reduced when treated with XCHT prepared with the roots of
      B. kaoi. The histological metamorphoses such as fatty changes, ballooning
      degeneration, cell necrosis and lymphocyte and Kupffer cell increases around the
      central vein, were clearly decreased by XCHT prepared with B. kaoi. Furthermore,
      water extracts of aerial parts of both B. kaoi and cultivated B. falcatum var.
      komarowi decreased SGOT and SGPT levels and moderately reduced the pathological
      changes.

PMID- 1795520
TI  - Toxicity studies in mice of ethanol extracts of Foeniculum vulgare fruit and Ruta
      chalepensis aerial parts.
AB  - Acute (24-h) and chronic (90-day) oral toxicity studies on the ethanolic extracts
      of Foeniculum vulgare fruit and Ruta chalepensis aerial parts were carried out in
      mice. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while the chronic dosage was 100
      mg/kg per day of extract. All external morphological, haematological and
      spermatogenic changes, in addition to body and vital organ weights were recorded.
      The extracts caused no significant acute or chronic mortality as compared to
      controls during this investigation. The treated male mice gained significant
      weight during chronic treatment while a loss or no significant change in weight
      was noticed in the female mice treated with the same extracts. Haematological
      studies revealed a significant fall in RBC level of R. chalepensis-treated
      animals. Both the extracts failed to show spermatotoxic effects.

PMID- 1795521
TI  - Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala.
AB  - An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the Carib population of Guatemala in
      1988-1989. In general terms, the sample surveyed possessed a relatively good
      standard of living. Results indicated that health services were utilized by the
      population, and that domestic medicine, mainly plants (96.9%) was used by 15% of
      the population. One hundred and nineteen plants used for medicinal purposes were
      collected, of which 102 (85.7%) could be identified; a list of these together
      with the information provided for each plant is presented. The most frequently
      reported plants used as medicine are: Acalypha arvensis, Cassia alata, Cymbopogon
      citratus, Melampodium divaricatum. Momordica charantia, Neurolaena lobata, Ocimum
      basilicum, Petiveria alliacea and Solanum nigrescens. Most of these plants are
      found in the region, but some are brought from the Highlands or outside of the
      country, such as Malva parviflora, Matricaria chamomilla, Peumus boldus,
      Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tagetes lucida. This survey
      demonstrated that the Carib population of Guatemala has survived in a
      transcultural environment of African and native Amerindian beliefs.

PMID- 1795522
TI  - Effects of Croton zehntneri aqueous extracts on some cholinergic- and
      dopaminergic-related behaviours of laboratory rodents.
AB  - The effects of aqueous Croton zehntneri leaf and branch extracts, orally
      administered, on some dopaminergic- and cholinergic-related behaviours were
      studied in rats and mice. The leaf extract did not modify apomorphine-induced
      stereotypic behavior, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and active avoidance/escape
      responses. The branch extract reduced stereotypy but did not interfere with
      catalepsy and active avoidance behavior. Both extracts were capable of increasing
      the tremor induced by oxotremorine.

PMID- 1795523
TI  - Screening for reproductive toxicity in rats for a decoction of Himathanthus
      sucuuba stem bark.
AB  - In order to evaluate the toxic potential of a Himathanthus sucuuba stem bark
      decoction, pregnant rats were treated from day 6 to day 15 of pregnancy with the
      decoction (40 mg per rat, twice a day) or distilled water (1.0 ml, twice a day)
      by gastric intubation. Half of the animals were killed on day 20 of pregnancy
      with the other half allowed to deliver. Maternal and fetal data suggest low
      reproductive toxicity and teratogenic potentiality and suggest that the beverage
      may be safe for human use in the treatment of gastritis and haemorrhoids.

PMID- 1795524
TI  - Toxicity and effects on the central nervous system of a Cerbera odollam leaf
      extract.
AB  - The immediate and delayed toxicity of Cerbera odollam leaf extract was studied in
      mice. Under the experimental conditions adopted, using macroscopic and
      microscopic examinations, Cerbera odollam leaves appeared to be relatively devoid
      of the marked toxicity found in seeds, a common source of poisoning. At doses
      smaller than the maximal dose never lethal (14.5 g/kg i.p.), the leaf extract
      decreased mice spontaneous motor activity significantly, increased the reaction
      time to a thermal stimulus, reduced the duration of pentylenetetrazole-induced
      tonic seizures and mortality, and potentiated sodium pentobarbital-generated
      hypnotic effects.

PMID- 1795525
TI  - Chemopreventive efficacy of a betel leaf extract against benzo[a]pyrene-induced
      forestomach tumors in mice.
AB  - The effect of betel leaf extract and some of its constituents, eugenol,
      hydroxychavicol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, on benzo[a]pyrene-induced
      forestomach neoplasia in male Swiss mice was examined. Betel leaf and its
      constituents decreased the number of papillomas per animal with the maximum
      protection, considering molar dosage, exhibited by beta-carotene and alpha
      tocopherol. Except for beta-carotene, eugenol, hydroxychavicol and alpha
      tocopherol increased the levels of reduced glutathione in the liver while
      glutathione S-transferase activity was enhanced by all except eugenol. Of seven
      sources, Banarasi betel leaves showed the maximum amounts of beta-carotene and
      alpha-tocopherol.

PMID- 1795526
TI  - Radiation-protective and platelet aggregation inhibitory effects of five
      traditional Chinese drugs and acetylsalicylic acid following high-dose gamma
      irradiation.
AB  - High doses of 60Co radiation (4.0-8.0 Gy) in mice, rats and rabbits caused
      increases in rate of platelet aggregation during the first 5 days after
      irradiation. The inhibitory effects of the extracts of five Chinese drug plants
      and acetylsalicylic acid on rate of platelet aggregation were observed in both in
      vitro and in vivo tests, averaging 23-53% in vitro and 46-69% in vivo.
      Antiradiation tests on mice vs. 7.5-8.0 Gy of gamma-radiation, using the plant
      extracts and acetylsalicylic acid as protective agents, increased survival rates
      by 8-50% for the plant extracts and 35% for acetylsalicylic acid.

PMID- 1795527
TI  - Postcoital contraceptive action in rats of a hexane extract of the aerial parts
      of Ferula jaeschkeana.
AB  - The hexane extract of Ferula jaeschkeana aerial parts was studied at an oral dose
      of 25 mg/kg per day for its postcoital effects in pregnant rats. Ovaries of
      treated rats remained in a cyclic state rather than undergoing pregnancy as
      demonstrated by constant ovulation accompanied by newly formed corpora lutea.
      Follicles were present in different stages of development. Uterine
      histoarchitecture of treated rats appeared non-receptive for implantation. No
      decidcoma were observed on day 5 of pregnancy and the luminal epithelium remained
      unresponsive. Uterus was non-oedematous and lumen was considerably wider.
      Administration of the extract caused increases in the protein and glycogen
      content of ovary and uterus, while the activity of acid phosphatase remained
      essentially unchanged and the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased. The
      volume of uterine fluid in the treated rats was increased considerably on day 5
      post coitum. It appears that the histological and biochemical modifications in
      the ovary and uterus of treated pregnant rats do not support the preparation of
      uterus for implantation.

PMID- 1795528
TI  - The isolation of a storage organelle of atractyloside in Callilepis laureola.
AB  - A method has been developed for the preparation of protoplasts from both the
      leaves and tubers of Callilepis laureola, a plant used extensively as a
      medicament by black people in South Africa. The cellular vacuoles from these
      protoplasts were isolated and tested for the presence of the nephrotoxic
      substance, atractyloside, by thin layer chromatography and immunoassay. Both
      methods indicate that the vacuole of C. laureola is the primary site of storage
      for atractyloside in the cells of the tuber.

PMID- 1795529
TI  - The inappropriate use of traditional medicines in South Africa.
AB  - Traditional medicines are culturally very important to the Zulu population of
      Southern Africa. The inappropriate use of herbs has however, resulted in numerous
      fatalities, invariably in children. This paper briefly summarises the belief of
      the Zulu population in traditional remedies, together with an outline of the
      problems at present being experienced in South Africa. A further note on the
      personal impressions and experiences of the authors and description of one such
      toxic herbal remedy, including use, toxic action and research carried out to
      date, are also given.

PMID- 1795530
TI  - From ethnobotanical uses of Strychnos henningsii to antiinflammatories,
      analgesics and antispasmodics.
AB  - Strychnos henningsii Gilg is used in African traditional medicine for the
      treatment of various ailments, including rheumatism, gastrointestinal complaints
      and snake bites. Different preliminary pharmacological experiments are described.
      The results show that some of the reported folk medicinal applications of S.
      henningsii can be at least partially explained by the presence of retuline-like
      alkaloids, whose use could lead to new antinociceptive (antiinflammatory and
      analgesic) and antispasmodic drugs.

PMID- 1795531
TI  - Prolonged infusion of Panax ginseng saponins into the rat does not alter the
      chemical and kinetic profile of hormones from the posterior pituitary.
AB  - The effect of prolonged administration (i.v.) of commercially available Panax
      ginseng extract (PGE) on the kinetic profile of the hormones from the posterior
      pituitary (PP) was studied in male Wistar rats. The rats were infused with 7.36
      mg kg-1 h-1 of PGE for 8 days while the hormones from the PP were pulse-labeled
      at their place of translation in the hypothalamus. The concentration of labeled
      hormones was analyzed after increasing chase time intervals and compared to
      controls which were infused with the same volume of isotonic saline. The study
      revealed: (1) Prolonged administration of PGE prevents the drop in body weight
      during the 48-h period following stereotaxic surgery. At the end of the ginseng
      infusion period body weight increased as seen in controls. (2) The concentration
      of labeled oxytocin, oxytocin-neurophysin, the metabolically converted form of
      oxytocin-neurophysin and arginine-vasopressin-neurophysin per single PP did not
      change under prolonged ginseng administration. (3) The amino acid pattern from
      the ventromedial hypothalamus was not different from controls. From our results
      we conclude that the physiological effect of PGE in the rat is not based on
      changes in the translation, conversion rate or the chemical structure of hormones
      from the PP.

PMID- 1795532
TI  - Studies on the antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa seed (black cumin).
AB  - Filter paper discs impregnated with the diethyl ether extract of Nigella sativa
      seeds (25-400 micrograms extract/disc) caused concentration-dependent inhibition
      of Gram-positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-negative
      bacteria represented by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (but not
      Salmonella typhimurium) and a pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. The extract
      showed antibacterial synergism with streptomycin and gentamicin and showed
      additive antibacterial action with spectinomycin, erythromycin, tobramycin,
      doxycycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, lincomycin and
      sulphamethoxyzole-trimethoprim combination. The extract successfully eradicated a
      non-fatal subcutaneous staphylococcal infection in mice when injected at the site
      of infection.

PMID- 1795533
TI  - Inhibitory effects of quercetin and other flavonoids on electrically-induced
      contractions of guinea pig isolated ileum.

PMID- 1795535
TI  - A medicine-man's implements and plants in a Tiahuanacoid tomb in highland
      Bolivia.

PMID- 1795534
TI  - Endothelium-dependent rat aortic relaxation to the aqueous leaf extract of
      Musanga cecropioides.

PMID- 1795536
TI  - Uses and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae): a compilation. II. The
      subgenus Phyllanthus.
AB  - References to either indigenous uses or the results of controlled assays are
      numerous for species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae). These citations have been
      arranged by subgenus, section, subsection and species and will be published in
      four parts, including (Part IV) analysis, discussion and conclusions concerning
      apparent clustering of some uses or effects within taxa. This paper (Part II)
      covers the subgenus Phyllanthus.

PMID- 1795537
TI  - The world's current situation on development of traditional Chinese medicine and
      its prospects.

PMID- 1795538
TI  - Treatment of AIDS by traditional Chinese medicine and materia medica.

PMID- 1795539
TI  - Curative effect of zhuling polysaccharide injection in debilitated children with
      hypoimmunity.

PMID- 1795540
TI  - Treatment of histamine headache with acupuncture on dazhui (du 14).

PMID- 1795541
TI  - Acupuncture at huatuojiaji (extra 21) points for treatment of acute epigastric
      pain.

PMID- 1795542
TI  - Acupuncture treatment in 96 cases of superior cluneal nerve injury.

PMID- 1795543
TI  - Acupuncture at "yangsheng" point for treatment of voice ailments in 110 cases.

PMID- 1795544
TI  - How to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of auriculo-point seed pressing method in
      the treatment of cholelithiasis.

PMID- 1795545
TI  - Dr. Xu Ruizheng's experience in the treatment of verruca plana (flat wart) with
      acupuncture.

PMID- 1795546
TI  - Clinical application of single acupoint for treatment.

PMID- 1795547
TI  - Medical and health care Qigong (Qu Bing Yang Sheng Gong).

PMID- 1795548
TI  - How to treat tennis elbow with acupuncture?

PMID- 1795549
TI  - What are the common acupuncture methods for treating herpes zoster?

PMID- 1795550
TI  - Destruction of a sub-population of cortical neurones by suicide transport of
      volkensin, a lectin from Adenia volkensii.
AB  - A method for the destruction of a sub-population of neocortical pyramidal
      neurones is described. The technique uses unilateral striatal injections of
      volkensin, a toxic lectin from Adenia volkensii, which undergoes retrograde
      axonal transport from the site of injection to destroy subcortically projecting
      pyramidal cells within the neocortex. Striatal volkensin injections produce a
      significant reduction in the number of large pyramidal neurones of the
      infragranular layer. The selectivity of the lesion was demonstrated by the
      preservation of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA positive cells, considered to be
      cortical interneurones within ipsilateral cortex. The binding of the serotonin 1A
      receptor agonist [3H]-8-hydroxy-2-(n-dipropylamino)tetralin, visualised by
      autoradiography, was reduced in areas showing loss of large cells, indicating
      that these receptors may be present on subcortically projecting pyramidal cells.
      Ricin, another toxin lectin, but effective as a suicide transport agent in only
      the peripheral nervous system, produced local striatal damage but no cortical
      cell loss. The selective destruction by volkensin of neocortical pyramidal
      neurones with subcortical projection targets should aid the neurobiological
      investigation of such cells. Additionally, data obtained using this technique may
      provide insights into the interpretation of biochemical findings in
      neurodegenerative disease in which pyramidal cell loss is a significant feature.

PMID- 1795551
TI  - The internal reference technique in microdialysis: a practical approach to
      monitoring dialysis efficiency and to calculating tissue concentration from
      dialysate samples.
AB  - In microdialysis experiments, 'recovery' estimations are required to calculate
      extracellular concentrations of the compounds determined. Generally, relative
      recovery (RR) is determined in vitro as: RR = cd/cs, with (cd) being the
      concentration of a compound in a dialysate fraction and (cs) its known
      concentration within a sample solution. To determine recoveryin vivo, relative
      loss (RL) was defined RL = (cp-cd)/cp with (cp-cd) being the loss of a compound
      from the perfusate and (cp) its perfusate concentration. RL was determined in
      vitro and in vivo by adding an 'internal reference compound' to the perfusate.
      Here, 14C-labelled lactate was used as the compound of interest. Comparing RL and
      RR in vitro, we found both to be similar. In vivo, however, RL was 34% of RL(in)
      vitro (CSF) and 46% of RL(in) vitro in agar-containing CSF. During ischaemia, RL
      of lactate even decreased to only 35% of the pre-ischaemic control level. We
      conclude that RL and RR represent inverse measurements of 'recovery.' Whereas RR
      can only be determined in vitro, RL can be determined in vivo. We found
      recoveryin vivo to be different from recoveryin vitro. Moreover, recoveryin vivo
      decreased during ischaemia. By means of the measured recoveryin vivo
      extracellular lactate concentrations prior and during ischaemia were calculated.
      The results, therefore, validate the 'internal reference technique' as a
      practical method for estimating recoveryin vivo and for controlling dialysis
      efficacy in vivo even continuously.

PMID- 1795552
TI  - Imaging of fluorescent neurons labelled with fluoro-gold and fluorescent axon
      terminals labelled with AMCA (7-amino-4-methylcoumarine-3-acetic acid) conjugated
      antiserum using a UV-laser confocal scanning microscope.
AB  - This paper describes the implementation of an ultraviolet (UV) laser (Spectra
      Physics 171-18 with 3 lines: 334, 351 and 364 nm in UV) as light source for
      fluorescence confocal scanning microscopy. With this instrument it is possible to
      use fluorophores not previously available for confocal laser microscopical
      imaging of fluorophores such as fluoro-gold and AMCA. In the study we show
      confocal laser microscopical imaging of fluorescent motoneurons labelled by
      retrograde transport of fluoro-gold and AMCA-fluorescent axon terminals labelled
      with antisera against immunogenes as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These two fluorophores may be recorded
      simultaneously or separately by using a filter that suppresses the emission of
      one of the fluorophores. The described instrument should also be useful in
      applications involving detection of monoamines by the Falck-Hillarp technique, as
      well as measurements of cytosolic free calcium by indicators such as Fura-2 and
      Indo-1. Measurements performed in reflected and fluorescence light indicated that
      the resolution along the optical axis improved by about 25% when UV (351 nm) is
      used instead of visible light (514 nm). This figure is close to that expected on
      theoretical basis. There are, however, also serious problems related to the use
      of UV excitation. Firstly, objectives must be selected based on their UV
      transmission properties. Secondly, chromatic aberration may cause a substantial
      focal shift between illuminating and emitted light, calling for a flexible
      instrumental design in order to allow for compensation. As shown here, this
      problem can be circumvented by using reflecting objectives but at a price of
      lower resolution compared with high-aperture refracting objectives.

PMID- 1795553
TI  - Cooling/heating module for tissue chambers and solutions: theoretical
      considerations and practical design.
AB  - We provide a theoretical framework for the estimation of the performance of a
      modular cooling/heating device for tissue baths. The framework can be adapted to
      other designs using Peltier elements for cooling and heating. The design employs
      a Peltier as a heat pump and a flat heat pipe to transport heat to or from a
      'remote' site. In the cooling mode heat from the hot side of the Peltier is
      removed by a heat sink cooled by a fan. The small cross section of the heat pipe
      permits cooling/heating of tissue chambers on microscope stages or in locations
      where it would be impractical to mount a Peltier element. The faces of the heat
      pipe can be used to pre-cool/heat solutions using a simple capillary heat
      exchanger.

PMID- 1795554
TI  - Forward-backward non-linear filtering technique for extracting small biological
      signals from noise.
AB  - A novel and computationally efficient, non-linear signal processing technique for
      reducing background noise to reveal small biological signals is described. The
      signal estimate is formed by weighting the outputs of a set of causal (forward)
      and anti-causal (backward) predictors. The weights used to combine the predictors
      are adaptively determined at each data point to reflect the performance of the
      respective predictor within a short analysis window. The method is specifically
      designed for revealing fast transient signals dominated by noise, such as single
      channel or post-synaptic currents. Markovian and exponentially decaying signals
      embedded in the amplifier noise were extracted using this method and compared
      with the original signals. The results of such simulations demonstrate the
      advantage of this non-linear method over low-pass filtering. Brief pulses
      imbedded in a broad-band amplifier noise can be reliably recovered using our non
      linear filtering technique. Moreover, the kinetics of a single channel and the
      time constant of exponentially decaying signals can be measured with acceptable
      accuracy even when the signals are dominated by noise.

PMID- 1795555
TI  - A rapid binding assay for solubilized dopamine transporters using [3H]WIN 35,428.
AB  - The cocaine analog [3H]WIN 35,428 was used to label digitonin-solubilized
      dopamine transporters from dog caudate nucleus. The assay consists of incubation
      of extracts with the ligand followed by separation of free from bound ligand by
      centrifugation after adding activated charcoal. Specific binding was observed in
      dog caudate but was absent in dog cerebellar extracts. Binding was linear with
      tissue, saturable, and of high affinity (Kd = 16 nM). In competition studies,
      soluble [3H]WIN 35,428 binding was inhibited strongly by mazindol, GBR 12909, and
      (-)-cocaine but only weakly by citalopram, desipramine, and (+)-cocaine; this is
      typical of binding to the dopamine transporter. Compared to assays using [3H]GBR
      12935, (-)-cocaine was relatively more potent, suggesting that the cocaine and
      GBR 12935 binding sites are somewhat different. When soluble extract was
      chromatographed on a wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose column, [3H]WIN 35,428
      binding activity was eluted with N-acetylglucosamine in a manner similar to
      photoaffinity-labeled dopamine transporters.

PMID- 1795556
TI  - The sixth K Prathap Memorial Lecture. Forensic medicine: the changing roles for
      the challenges ahead.

PMID- 1795558
TI  - Detection of Clostridium difficile from an enhancement broth by gas-liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Gas-Liquid chromatography (GLC) was used to detect the presence of isocaproic
      acid produced by Clostridium difficile from 54 stool samples grown in cycloserine
      cefoxitin broth. Isocaproic acid was detected in 12 samples of which 5 were
      confirmed to be Clostridium difficile by culture and biochemical tests. The
      detection of isocaproic acid by GLC together with the presence of presumptive
      colonies on primary selective culture media provides a more rapid laboratory
      diagnosis for Clostridium difficile.

PMID- 1795557
TI  - Diagnostic immunohistochemistry: current applications and future directions.
AB  - In this review, the applications of enzyme immunohistochemistry in diagnostic
      pathology are discussed. Antibodies for diagnostic use are grouped into eight
      categories, viz, antibodies for tumour typing, for lymphocyte antigens, to
      hormones, peptides, amines and hormone receptors, to oncofetal antigens, to
      oncogenes and their products, to cell proliferation antigens, to infectious
      agents and for the study of glomerular diseases. The practical applications of
      these antibodies are reviewed with particular emphasis on the use of antibody
      panels for the identification of anaplastic round cell tumour in adults and
      children and of spindle cell neoplasms. Future directions for immunohistochemical
      techniques include their interphase with molecular biology and their applications
      in immunoelectron microscopy, in in-situ hybridisation procedures, in automation
      of routine staining and in image analyses.

PMID- 1795559
TI  - Nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit.
AB  - A total of 676 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, University
      Hospital, Kuala Lumpur between January 1989 and March 1990. Fifty-one hospital
      acquired infections were recorded, giving a rate of 7.6%. The most frequent site
      of infection was the respiratory tract (41.2%), followed by the urinary tract
      (27.5%). Most of the pathogens were gram-negative bacilli (71%). The three most
      common pathogens were Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
      Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 1795560
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma related antigen in uterine cervical carcinoma.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-Ag), first described by Kato and
      Torigoe in 1977, has been cited by various workers as a serological marker for
      some epithelial neoplasms. The most well-studied is its association with
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In January 1989, we embarked on a prospective,
      multivariate study at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur to assess the
      usefulness of serologically assaying SCC-Ag (using the Abbott RIA diagnostic kit)
      in our patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. We were also interested to
      ascertain whether SCC-Ag is a 'general' marker for all histological types of
      cervical carcinoma or specific for squamous carcinoma. From the time of
      commencement to June 1990, 35 newly-diagnosed and histologically-proven cases
      were entered into the study. Of these, 4 were keratinising squamous carcinoma, 18
      large cell non-keratinising carcinoma, 3 adenosquamous carcinoma, 7
      adenocarcinoma and 3 carcinoma-in-situ. Our preliminary results show that all
      keratinising squamous carcinoma and 1/3 each of large cell non-keratinising
      carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ had positive pre-therapy
      serum SCC-Ag levels (i.e greater than 2 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml being an arbitrarily
      selected 'cut-off' value). In contrast, no adenocarcinoma was serologically
      positive. In addition, keratinising squamous carcinoma had the highest mean pre
      therapy serum SCC-Ag level. The results imply that serum SCC-Ag is related to the
      (1) presence of squamous and not glandular differentiation and (2) degree of
      squamous differentiation.

PMID- 1795561
TI  - Serum prolactin levels in infertile patients with endometriosis.
AB  - Raised prolactin levels have been implicated as a cause for infertility in
      patients with endometriosis. This study was done to investigate if serum
      prolactin levels were significantly raised in infertile patients with
      endometriosis. Serum prolactin levels were studied in 43 infertile patients with
      endometriosis. For controls, 36 infertile patients with normal pelvic findings
      were used. For standardization, blood samples were drawn on day 21 of the
      menstrual cycle. Analysis was done by radioimmunoassay using reagent kits. The
      mean prolactin level in the endometriotic group was 372 mIU/l (range 187-752)
      while that in the controls was 333 mIU/l.(range 124-767). There was no
      statistical difference (t = 1.12). Furthermore the accepted normal level for
      serum prolactin in our population is less than 540 mIU/l. These results show that
      there is no evidence to implicate raised prolactin levels as a cause for
      infertility in patients with endometriosis.

PMID- 1795562
TI  - Autopsy examination of firearm fatalities.
AB  - As general pathologists in Malaysia are required to perform medico-legal
      autopsies, this paper is written with the hope that it may serve as a guide to
      the less initiated. An account of elementary ballistics is included because it is
      essential for understanding the features of wounds produced by firearms. A
      complete autopsy examination including a systematic approach to the injuries is
      advocated. The recognition and interpretation of firearm injuries can often be
      difficult and it is essential that all features of injuries and other relevant
      findings are carefully observed and recorded. Relevant observations,
      documentation and opinions necessary for accurate determination of the true
      circumstances of death are discussed.

PMID- 1795563
TI  - A freeze-dried method for preparation of G6PD reagent tubes.
AB  - Mixed reagents for the Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
      fluorescent screening test were freeze-dried in plastic tubes. The reagents were
      then reconstituted with distilled water and the test was performed in the usual
      way. Initial testing with the freeze-dried mixed reagents gave consistent
      positive reaction to 12 normal blood samples and negative reaction to 9 G6PD
      deficient blood samples. This will enable a laboratory with freeze-drying
      facilities to prepare reagent tubes in bulk. As these tubes can be kept at 4
      degrees C and do not require to be stored at -20 degrees C, a major laboratory
      can prepare these tubes and supply small laboratories for screening purposes.

PMID- 1795564
TI  - A new murine model of aging lung: the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM)-P.
AB  - The senescence accelerated mouse (SAM) has recently been characterized as a
      unique model to investigate age-related disorders, including amyloidosis,
      cataract, osteoporosis and dementia. However, little is known as to the
      properties of the lung in these animals. Tobacco smoke is also associated with
      enhanced loss of elastic recoil and the development of emphysema. We have
      attempted to examine morphological as well as biochemical changes of the distal
      lung in SAM-P/2, as the senescence-prone series and SAM-R/1, as the senescence
      resistant series. The animals were intermittently exposed to tobacco smoke or air
      by Hamburg II machines for 5 weeks. Then both groups of animals were killed for
      histologic and biochemical study. Compared with SAM-R/1, SAM-P/2, even with air
      exposure, showed a higher value of the mean linear intercept without alveolar
      wall destruction. It became even greater due to tobacco exposure with
      emphysematous change. Tobacco exposure accumulated inflammatory cells into
      alveoli in SAM-P/2, but not in SAM-R/1. Oxygen radical generation by those cells
      was also higher in SAM-P/2. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in SAM-P/2
      after tobacco exposure disclosed increases in albumin content, total protein
      content and elastase-like activity. There were decreases in the ratio of elastase
      inhibitory capacity (EIC) to trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC), contents of
      glutathione and total free thiol groups. Moreover, SAM-P/2 showed significantly
      lower EIC/TIC ratio in serum, even with air exposure, than that of SAM-R/1. These
      results indicate that SAM-P/2 can be a good model for the study of natural
      evolution of the aging lung as well as its susceptibility to tobacco smoke in the
      development of emphysema.

PMID- 1795565
TI  - Failure of dietary restriction to enhance cytolytic and chemiluminescent activity
      of peritoneal exudate cells from ageing rats.
AB  - Investigations into the cytolytic activity of peritoneal macrophages from male
      Sprague-Dawley rats (activated in vivo with Corynebacterium parvum) utilised SV40
      3T3 and L-929 target cells in a 72 h [3H]thymidine release assay. The dietary
      restricted rats under test were given a measured amount of food from weaning
      sufficient to maintain their body weights at approximately 50% of age-matched
      controls fed ad libitum. Cytolytic activity was similar in the two dietary groups
      at both 13 and 21 months of age, nor were chemiluminescent responses of
      peritoneal cells to latex or zymosan particles affected by the dietary
      restriction. No differences were seen in the effectiveness of zymosan particles
      opsonised with serum pooled from dietary restricted versus control rats in
      stimulating chemiluminescent responses by standard preparations of peritoneal
      cells, and concentrations of serum C3 and IgG appeared to be unchanged by the
      dietary regime.

PMID- 1795566
TI  - A comparison between hormone levels and T lymphocyte function in young and old
      rats.
AB  - There is growing evidence that changes in hormone secretion during aging can
      alter some functions of the thymus. In order to identify further relationships
      between changes in endocrine and thymic function during aging we measured the
      circulating levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) thyrotropin (TSH)
      thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and determined their relation to a
      number of T lymphocyte functional indices in 20 young (4 months) and 20 old (28
      30 months) Long-Evans male rats. Half of the young and old rats were chronically
      cannulated in order to obtain sequential plasma samples for measuring PRL, GH and
      TSH by RIA. Total T4 and T3 were measured by RIA in the trunk serum of all
      animals. Thymus and spleen cell cultures from each rat were established and used
      to assess the ability of thymocytes to respond to mitogens and lymphokines as
      well as to measure the levels of IL-2 production by splenic lymphocytes. Mean
      plasma GH and serum T4 were significantly lower in old as compared to young rats
      (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001 for GH and T4, respectively), while PRL,
      TSH and T3 did not show significant age changes. Thymic cell number showed a 100
      fold decrease in old as compared to young animals (10.6 +/- 3.0) x 10(6) vs. (898
      +/- 98) x 10(6) cells, respectively) whereas no age change was detected in spleen
      cell numbers. The proliferative response of thymocytes exposed to Con A, IL-1,
      Con A + IL-1 or Con A + IL-2, was consistently higher in young than in old
      animals while the capacity of splenocytes to release IL-2 in response to Con A
      was not statistically different in young and old rats. The age changes in serum
      T4 showed a significant correlation with those in thymocyte count as well as with
      those in IL-1 + Con A- and IL-2 + Con A-induced thymocyte proliferation. Plasma
      GH showed a significant inverse correlation with splenocyte IL-2 release. Our
      results suggest, although do not prove, that the lower T4 and GH secretion that
      typically develops in old rats may play a causal role in some of the changes that
      occur in thymic-dependent functions during aging.

PMID- 1795567
TI  - Age-related changes in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, Se-dependent and -independent
      glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in specific areas of rat brain.
AB  - Oxidative injury of tissues involves both accumulation of damage due to
      persistent oxidative stress and loss of the proper balance of antioxidative
      enzymes. These events may produce a faster rate of tissue senescence. In this
      regard, we have assayed the antioxidative enzyme activities (Cu,Zn superoxide
      dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase), in various areas of rat brain
      (prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, caudate nucleus,
      mesencephalon and lower brain stem) for the age groups of 3, 6, 12, 24 months.
      The results obtained show that the levels of antioxidant enzyme activities
      differed considerably in the various brain parts studied. Furthermore, changes in
      the specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione
      peroxidase did not follow the same pattern as a function of aging. In particular,
      in prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus, superoxide dismutase and glutathione
      peroxidase activities did not change, while catalase activity decreased. In
      parietal cortex and mesencephalon, superoxide dismutase and glutathione
      peroxidase activities increased, but the catalase activity decreased in parietal
      cortex and did not change in mesencephalon. In lower brain stem, the activities
      of glutathione peroxidase and catalase decreased in 3-12-month-old rats. The
      activity of glutathione peroxidase was increased in the hippocampus and was
      decreased in hypothalamus during aging. In this area the catalase activity was
      also significantly diminished.

PMID- 1795568
TI  - Protein kinase C-beta-like immunoreactivity and phosphorylation dependent
      immunoreactivity of neurofilaments in developing, adult and aged rat peripheral
      neurons.
AB  - The localizations of protein kinase C-beta-like immunoreactivity (PKC-beta-LI)
      and phosphorylated neurofilament-like immunoreactivity (PNF-LI) were studied in
      developing (E12-P28), adult (3-month-old) and aged (15- and 30-month-old) rat
      dorsal root (DRG) and superior cervical (SCG) ganglia. A close correlation was
      found between the localization of PKC-beta-LI and PNF-LI in all age groups. PKC
      beta-LI was already present in the rat DRG at the time of the appearance of PNF
      LI (E12) and after E15 both PKC-beta-and PNF-LI were found in the same
      subpopulation of neuronal perikarya. Aging had no effect on the distribution or
      intensity of either PKC-beta or PNF-LI. In the SCG neurons no association was
      observed between immunoreactivity and accumulation of lipopigments, but in the
      DRG neurons, lipopigment accumulation was seen in PKC-beta and PNF-immunoreactive
      large neurons. The results suggest that PKC-beta may regulate the time of
      appearance and phosphorylation state of some forms of phosphorylated
      neurofilaments during development. The results also show that no major change
      occurs in the amount or distribution of PNFs during normal aging.

PMID- 1795569
TI  - Waning cardiovascular responses to adrenergic drugs in conscious ageing rats.
AB  - Blood pressure and heart rate responses to various drugs were recorded in three
      groups of conscious rats at ages 3-, 12- and 26-months to determine whether
      cardiovascular responsiveness changes selectively with age. Basal mean pressures
      were higher while heart rates were lower in 26-month-old rats than in others.
      Phenylephrine, as an alpha-adrenergic agonist, produced significantly smaller
      pressor and bradycardic responses in 26-month-old than in younger rats. By
      contrast, pressor and bradycardic responses to angiotensin did not differ between
      age groups. Depressor responses produced by isoproterenol, as a beta-adrenergic
      agonist, were unaffected by age, but the accompanying tachycardia was
      significantly weaker in 26-month-old than in younger rats. On the other hand,
      combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation with epinephrine elicited pressor
      and bradycardic responses that were significantly smaller in 12- and 26-month-old
      rats than in 3-month-old rats. Thus, our results show that while vascular alpha
      adrenergic and myocardial beta-adrenergic responses diminished with age,
      cardiovascular responses to angiotensin were essentially unaltered. Considered
      collectively these results suggest that ageing impairs responsiveness to alpha-
      and beta-adrenergic stimuli selectively without affecting that to other
      vasoactive drugs probably because as endogenous catecholamines increase with age,
      receptor occupancy also increases and the respective vascular and myocardial
      receptors become saturated.

PMID- 1795571
TI  - [Nutritional support in severe burns].

PMID- 1795570
TI  - [Predictive factors of the persistence of sarcoidosis activity 2 years after
      diagnosis].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis of sarcoidosis is difficult to predict. In general,
      sarcoidosis is considered as chronic when it remains active for over 2 years. The
      aim of this study was to analyze predictive factors in the persistence of
      sarcoidosis activity 2 years after diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred fifty-five
      patients diagnosed of having sarcoidosis over a period of 14 years were included
      in a protocol of prospective study and were followed for at least 2 years.
      RESULTS: Four variables independently related to the persistence of activity of
      the disease at 2 years of diagnosis were identified by means of multiple logistic
      regression analysis: absence of erythema nodosum (relative risk = 23.3),
      confidence interval 95% = 12.7-44.6), age equal to or greater than 40 years of
      age (RR = 7.7, IC = 4.3-13.6), presence of splenomegaly (RR = 21.1, IC = 7, 5
      59.7) and presence of parenchymatous infiltrates in thorax x-ray (RR = 3.5, IC 2
      5.9). CONCLUSIONS: Although the persistence in the activity of sarcoidosis does
      not always have the same clinical repercussion and does not necessarily imply
      treatment, these results may permit a greater approximation to the prognosis of
      the disease and the indication of corticotherapy.

PMID- 1795572
TI  - [Neutrophil anticytoplasmic antibodies in a patient with Wegener's
      granulomatosis: therapeutic implications of its detection and relation to
      clinical activity].
AB  - The case of a patient with a multisystemic process characterized by
      polyarthritis, hemoptysis, leucocytoclastic vasculitis, renal failure and
      ulcerated lesions in the palate and nasal bone is reported. The existence of
      antineutrophil anticytoplasmic antibodies (cytoplasmatic pattern) was proven by
      indirect immunofluorescence with an initial serum titration of 1:1.600. Detection
      of these antibodies permitted the establishment of immunosuppressive treatment
      when the clinical situation of the patient was considered serious (pulmonary
      hemorrhage with progressive diminution of the hematocrit). Four days after the
      initiation of treatment the histopathological results of the palate and nasal
      mucous biopsies were received and were compatible with Wegener's granulomatosis.
      Serial determination of the titers of these antibodies demonstrated a close
      correlation with the clinical biological activity of the process. Indeed, 3 days
      after initiation of the immunosuppressive treatment the concentration of the same
      had reduced to half, something which has not been previously reported. It is
      concluded that high specificity and sensitivity of antineutrophil anticytoplasmic
      antibodies with a cytoplasmatic pattern for Wegener's granulomatosis may
      contribute to the improvement, not only of the diagnosis but also to the
      prognosis, in permitting the immediate initiation of therapeutic measures when
      the clinical situation of the patient thus requires.

PMID- 1795574
TI  - [Reading between the lines].

PMID- 1795573
TI  - [Primary solid hepatic sarcoma. Diagnosis by cytological puncture].
AB  - The clinical case of a 56 year old patient who developed a grafted hepatic
      tumoration on a year after diagnosis of liver cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology is
      reported. Diagnosis of the mass was made by fine needle aspiration punction
      ecographically guided obtaining a cellular block which, upon anatomopathological
      study, revealed the presence of a malignant mesenchymal tumor; a leiomyosarcoma.
      Not only is this type of primary hepatic tumor rare but its appearance on a liver
      of alcoholic cirrhosis is also of interest. It is much more common to find
      primary hepatic tumors of epithelial origin, concretely hepatocarcinomas. The
      value of this finding is discussed with the importance of the ecographically
      guided punction enabling the establishment of a precise histological diagnosis
      being underlined. The prognosis of malignant hepatic mesenchymal tumors is
      commented upon as well as the long survival associated to the same, which, in
      this case, was longer than 18 months.

PMID- 1795575
TI  - [Treatment of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia].

PMID- 1795576
TI  - [Bartter's syndrome: physiopathology, clinical manifestations and treatment].

PMID- 1795577
TI  - [Anemia as a form of presentation of Basedow's disease].

PMID- 1795578
TI  - [Chaos in emergency departments: some solutions].

PMID- 1795579
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of synovial fluid in gouty arthritis].

PMID- 1795580
TI  - [Acute bacterial parotiditis of nosocomial origin].

PMID- 1795581
TI  - [Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 1795582
TI  - [Disease classification: current functions and historical foundations].

PMID- 1795583
TI  - Evaluation of gelatin particle agglutination assay for the detection of anti-PGLI
      antibodies. Comparison with ELISA method and applicability on a large scale study
      using blood collected on filter paper.
AB  - Given the technical difficulties of the ELISA method, a gelatin particle
      agglutination test (MLPA) has been developed recently for the detection of anti
      PGLI antibodies. The purpose of this study was to compare these 2 tests. MLPA was
      found to be less specific than ELISA (91% versus 98%, chi 2 = 66.8, p less than
      0.001). The sensitivity of both tests was of 95% for the diagnosis of
      multibacillary patients. In the case of paucibacillary patients. MLPA was found
      to be less sensitive than ELISA (21% versus 35%, chi 2 = 6.98, p greater than
      0.01). The agreement between the 2 tests for a positive or a negative result was
      satisfying (85% to 100%), except for the weakly seropositive individuals (71%).
      The correlation between OD obtained with ELISA and antibody titre obtained with
      MLPA was statistically significant (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001). Conversely to
      ELISA, MLPA was not applicable on blood samples absorbed on filter paper without
      a serious loss of sensitivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the
      MLPA test can only reliably detect anti-PGLI antibodies in multibacillary cases.

PMID- 1795584
TI  - Soluble interleukin-2 receptors: levels in leprosy, and during and after type 1
      (lepra) and type 2 (ENL) reactions.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with Type 1 (lepra) and Type 2 (ENL) reactions, were assayed
      for SIL-2R in serum--before and after treatment for their acute condition--and
      the results were compared with 10 normal healthy adults and 20 patients of
      leprosy per se. Classification of each subject into different leprosy groups, and
      into various types and subtypes of reactions, was done according to standard
      criteria, prior to inclusion into the study. Detailed statistical evaluation of
      the data revealed significantly higher levels of SIL-2R in all leprosy patients,
      as compared to normal controls, with higher levels in the multibacillary groups
      as compared to the paucibacillary group. SIL-2Rs appeared higher in Type 1
      upgrading reaction than in other forms of reaction, though this was not
      statistically significant. There was no significant change in levels following
      treatment and clinical remission.

PMID- 1795585
TI  - Does Convit vaccine (BCG + Mycobacterium leprae) afford protection against
      biochemical changes in renal brush border membrane in experimental leprosy?
AB  - Renal functional status in Mycobacterium leprae infected mice can be best studied
      by examining the enzymatic status of brush border membrane vesicles from proximal
      convoluted tubule. The role of vaccination in modulation of the renal status
      brought by the disease has been studied using this technique. The characteristic
      marker enzymes of renal brush border membrane--namely alkaline phosphatase,
      leucine aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase decreased significantly
      (p less than 0.01) in due course in M. leprae infection over a period of 9
      months. The combined vaccine (BCG + M. leprae) may have a protective effect on
      renal abnormalities only in the initial stages of infection as indicated by a
      significant rise in enzymatic levels. However, no significant (p greater than
      0.05) protective effect of vaccine was found in a more advanced disease state
      after 9 months in infected mice.

PMID- 1795586
TI  - The susceptibility testing of 13 strains of Mycobacterium leprae to rifampicin
      and the determination of minimal effective dosage.
AB  - By use of the mouse footpad technique, the susceptibility testing of 13 strains
      of Mycobacterium leprae to rifampicin (RFP) and the determination of minimal
      effective dosage (MED) were carried out. Among these strains of M. leprae, 8 were
      obtained from previously untreated multibacillary leprosy patients and 5 from
      relapsed leprosy patients without using RFP previously. The results showed that
      the MED of all strains to RFP were less than or equal to 0.001% FRP in the diet,
      5 strains being equal to 0.001%, 5 less than or equal to 0.0001%, 2 greater than
      or equal to 0.0003% and 1 less than or equal to 0.0003%. The results indicated
      that the MED value of RFP could be lower than that of other reports. Because the
      critical concentration of RFP for assessment of RFP-resistant strains is not well
      established a further study would be worthwhile. The results of the determination
      of sera RFP concentrations in mice administered the RFP diet were identical with
      that of Holmes' report. Five of the 13 strains also showed that the growth of
      bacilli were suppressed by 10 mg/kg RFP using the gavage method.

PMID- 1795587
TI  - Risk of relapse among non-lepromatous patients released from treatment after
      dapsone monotherapy.
AB  - Information on 14,625 non-lepromatous patients released from treatment after
      dapsone monotherapy and followed up to a maximum of 15 years at the ILEP project.
      Dharmapuri, India, was analysed to study the pattern of relapses. The overall
      relapse rate was 5/1000 person years. Males had a higher relapse rate than
      females. The risk of relapse increased with age, number of lesions and duration
      of treatment. The risk for relapse remained constant over several years after
      release from treatment. Even though the absolute risk for relapse after MDT may
      be different, the pattern of relapses and the factors affecting it may be similar
      to what has been shown in this study.

PMID- 1795588
TI  - Immunological upgrading with combined immunotherapy and chemotherapy in a
      lepromatous leprosy patient: a case report.
AB  - Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium w was given, in addition to standard multidrug
      therapy (MDT) to a lepromatous leprosy (LL) patient with a bacteriological index
      (BI) of 6. After 15 months of treatment this patient attained bacteriological
      negativity and clinical inactivity. Histopathologically the patient upgraded to
      borderline-tuberculoid at 12 months, and at 15 months showed features of
      nonspecific infiltration in the dermis. The rapid immunological upgrading seen in
      the patient is highlighted in this paper.

PMID- 1795589
TI  - Is bacteriological examination by skin smear necessary in all paucibacillary
      leprosy patients in mass control programmes?
AB  - Skin smear bacteriological examination results of 11,255 paucibacillary leprosy
      patients from 8 leprosy control units under the National Leprosy Eradication
      Programme (NLEP) in South India and the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the
      Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute (CLT&RI), Chengalpattu, between
      1987 and 1989 were collected and analysed. Only 0.05% of the smears from leprosy
      control units and 2.49% from the OPD of CLT&RI were found to be positive. Not a
      single smear from indeterminate, tuberculoid and pure neuritic types of leprosy
      out of 8263 examined was found positive under field conditions. The relevance of
      carrying out routine bacteriological examination in mass leprosy control
      programmes is discussed.

PMID- 1795590
TI  - ALERT-India 1981-89: nine years' experience of leprosy control in the slums of
      Bombay.
AB  - Bombay has a population of about 8 million people, one-half of whom live in
      slums. In 1981, ALERT-India started its first leprosy control project in N, S and
      T Wards of Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation covering an area of 122 sq km in
      the north-eastern suburbs of Vidhyavihar, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Kanjurmarg,
      Bhandup and Mulund, with a total population of 1,100,000 according to the 1981
      census. In the 9 years of operation, over 12,000 patients have been registered
      and treated and of these 7425 have been released from treatment, having
      satisfactorily completed courses of chemotherapy. However, over 1000 cases are
      still identified every year by house-to-house or school surveys, or by self
      reporting, including a considerable percentage in children. The origin,
      development, staff structure, operational procedure, administration and recording
      system of ALERT-India are described in detail, with emphasis on what has been
      accomplished with purely outpatient facilities, using paramedical workers, all of
      whom have received inservice training from Government recognized training centres
      for their specific tasks. The account includes a brief description of an
      expansion of the organization's work into townships in New Bombay, where
      preliminary surveys in 1988 confirmed the presence of leprosy cases and the need
      for treatment facilities. The discussion addresses: 1, the better use of the
      large volume of statistical information which has been collected by ALERT-India
      during the past 9 years, with emphasis on its value in assessing the impact on
      the control programme and modifying future policy; 2, the need to radically
      examine the present policy of survey, versus an 'education campaign approach'
      with regard to increasing early case-detection and self-reporting; 3, the
      establishment of a central coordinating body for leprosy control in Bombay to
      exchange information, coordinate efforts and formulate a future plan of action,
      the latter in association with the National Leprosy Eradication Programme; and 4,
      the development of a health education resource centre in association with the
      Bombay Municipal Corporation.

PMID- 1795591
TI  - A multi-media approach to health education.

PMID- 1795592
TI  - Experience of multidrug therapy blister-calendar packs in an urban leprosy
      control programme in Bombay.

PMID- 1795594
TI  - Comment: leprosy deformities: experience in Molai, Nigeria.

PMID- 1795593
TI  - Status of the multibacillary leprosy patients treated with combined regimens of 1
      year duration, after a mean follow-up of more than 5 years.

PMID- 1795595
TI  - Comment: a look at world leprosy.

PMID- 1795596
TI  - Reply: recommending drug regimens to smear negative MB cases after prolonged
      dapsone monotherapy.

PMID- 1795597
TI  - Comment: clofazimine-induced lymphoedema.

PMID- 1795598
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides stimulate the hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylethanolamine in intact fibroblasts.
AB  - Addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to [14C]ethanolamine-prelabeled NIH 3T3
      fibroblasts resulted in rapid formation of [14C]ethanolamine from the prelabeled
      cellular phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) pool. After 2-min exposure, 10 microM
      ATP had near maximal effects on PtdEtn hydrolysis. Several other nucleotides,
      including UTP, ITP, and the stable ATP analog adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)
      (ATP gamma S), also had stimulatory effects on PtdEtn hydrolysis with a potency
      comparable to that observed with ATP. The same nucleotides which acted on PtdEtn
      hydrolysis also had similar stimulatory effects on the hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in [14C]choline-labeled cells. In isolated
      membranes, Mg2+ greatly enhanced the stimulatory effects of ATP and ATP gamma S,
      but not of other nucleotides, on the hydrolysis of PtdEtn and PtdCho. Results
      indicate that in isolated membranes, both ATP and ATP gamma S stimulate
      phospholipid hydrolysis by two different mechanisms, but in intact cells only one
      of these mechanisms appears to be responsive to externally added nucleotides.

PMID- 1795599
TI  - Hypothyroidism and thyroxin substitution affect the n-3 fatty acid composition of
      rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of hypothyroidism and of daily treatment for up to 21 days with
      thyroxin (T4, 0.5 micrograms/100 g body weight) on the fatty acid composition of
      total lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine of rat liver
      mitochondria were studied. The fatty acid compositions of hypothyroid and
      euthyroid (control) rats of similar age were compared. The n-6 and n-3
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were affected differently by the hypothyroid
      state. The levels of linoleic (18:2n-6), gamma-linolenic (18:3n-6) and dihomo
      gamma-linolenic acids (20:3n-6) were higher in hypothyroid rats than in controls,
      while the level of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was lower, which suggests an
      impairment of the elongase and desaturase activities. The n-3 polyunsaturated
      fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosapentaenoic (22:5n-3)
      acids, were higher in hypothyroid rats, whereas the linolenic acid (18:3n-3)
      content remained constant. The level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) was
      dramatically decreased in hypothyroid rats, while the levels of C22 n-6 fatty
      acids were unchanged. The differences were probably due to the competition
      between n-3 and n-6 PUFA for desaturases, elongases and acyltransferases. When
      hypothyroid rats were treated with thyroxin, the changes induced by
      hypothyroidism in the proportions of n-6 fatty acids were rapidly reversed, while
      the changes in the n-3 fatty acids were only partially reversed. After 21 days of
      thyroxin treatments, the DHA content was only half as high in hypothyroid rats
      than in euthyroid rats. These results suggest that the conversion of 18:2n-6 to
      20:4n-6 is suppressed in the hypothyroid state which favors the transformation of
      18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795600
TI  - Rapid three-step purification of a hepatic neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase
      which is not the pancreatic enzyme.
AB  - A rat liver cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) was purified 12,600-fold
      by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation exchange chromatography and gel
      permeation high-performance liquid chromatography, with an overall yield of 20%.
      Its properties are compared to those of pancreatic CEH, with which it has
      sometimes been identified. Liver CEH exhibited a single silver stained band
      following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Mr = 66 kDa), was activated by
      0.5-10 mM taurocholate but was strongly inhibited by higher levels of
      taurocholate, which activate pancreatic CEH. Whereas bile salts are known to
      induce formation of a hexamer of pancreatic CEH, in the current study, 0.5 mM
      taurocholate dissociated a multimeric form of liver CEH to monomer. Liver CEH did
      not coelute with pancreatic CEH from cation exchange and chromatofocusing
      columns, exhibited no immunoreactivity with anti-rat pancreatic CEH IgG in
      Western blots, was not inhibited by anti-rat pancreatic CEH IgG and had a
      different amino acid composition from pancreatic CEH. In contrast to liver CEH,
      which is known to be activated by protein kinases A and C, pancreatic CEH was
      unaffected by cofactors for protein kinase A and was inhibited by cofactors for
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 1795601
TI  - Effect of chylomicron remnants on cholesterol metabolism in cultured rabbit
      hepatocytes: very low density lipoprotein and bile acid production.
AB  - The interrelationship between very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and
      bile acid production was studied in primary culture of rabbit hepatocytes.
      Chylomicron remnants (CR) were added to the cultures to study their effect on
      VLDL secretion and bile acid production. After 24 hr preincubation of cells with
      CR (10-50 micrograms protein/mL), intercellular neutral lipid content was
      increased 1.5-4-fold in a dose-dependent manner. Neutral lipid accumulation was
      accompanied by a 70-90% reduction of [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol,
      while no stimulation of [14C]oleate incorporation into cholesteryl esters was
      observed. Incubation of cells with CR increased secretion of free cholesterol,
      triacylglycerol and apoproteins B and E in VLDL. Stimulation of VLDL cholesterol
      secretion was accompanied by a reduction of taurocholic acid synthesis. These
      data demonstrate the existence of an inverse relationship between secretion of
      VLDL cholesterol and bile acid production under conditions of effective uptake of
      triacylglycerol-rich CR by hepatocytes.

PMID- 1795602
TI  - Similarities in surface lipids of chylomicrons from glyceryl and alkyl ester
      feeding: major components.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that the rat chylomicrons are assembled and
      released into lymph similarly regardless of the site (rough or smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum) or pathway (phosphatidic acid or monoacylglycerol) of triacylglycerol
      biosynthesis. For this purpose we determined the lipid class, fatty acid and
      molecular species composition of the choline, ethanolamine, inositol and serine
      phospholipids of lymph chylomicrons during absorption of menhaden, mustard-seed
      and corn oil (monoacylglycerol pathway) or the corresponding fatty acid methyl or
      ethyl esters (phosphatidic acid pathway). The dietary fatty acids were found to
      be incorporated to various extents into different phospholipid classes, the
      proportions of which were not affected by the nature of the dietary fat. The
      chylomicron phospholipids contained 80-82% choline, 8% ethanolamine and 2.5%
      inositol glycerophospholipids, and much smaller amounts of serine and other minor
      phospholipids. Administration of a meal of each dietary fat resulted in a
      retention of approximately 50% endogenous fatty acids in the major
      glycerophospholipids of the chylomicrons. A minimum of 50% of the molecular
      species of the choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids contained at least
      one exogenous fatty acid. No significant discrepancies were found in the fatty
      acid and molecular species composition of the glycerophospholipids between
      chylomicrons from the oil and corresponding ester feeding. It is concluded that
      the chylomicrons arising from the monoacylglycerol (oil feeding) and the
      phosphatidic acid (ester feeding) pathways of triacylglycerol biosynthesis become
      enveloped in surfactant monolayers containing qualitatively and quantitatively
      identical classes and molecular species of phospholipids.

PMID- 1795604
TI  - In vivo determination of triglyceride secretion using radioactive glycerol in
      rats fed different dietary saturated fats.
AB  - Our objective was to determine the relative rates of in vivo triglyceride (TG)
      secretion and the composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in rats fed
      different dietary saturated fats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed
      diets containing 16% corn oil, or 14% butterfat, 14% beef tallow, 14% olive oil,
      or 14% coconut oil plus 2% corn oil for 5 wk. Changes in plasma TG specific
      radioactivity were determined in individual, unanesthetized fasted rats after
      injection of 100 microCi [2-3H]glycerol. Nonlinear regression analysis using a 2
      compartment model was used to determine the fractional rate constant for TG
      turnover in plasma. The plasma TG pool was 33-40% larger with beef tallow than
      with corn, olive or coconut oil feeding (p less than 0.05), and 20% larger with
      beef tallow than with butterfat feeding. The rate of TG secretion into plasma
      (mg/min/100 g body weight) was 60% higher in animals fed beef tallow than corn or
      coconut oil (p less than 0.05) and 26-33% higher in animals fed beef tallow than
      olive oil or butterfat. Differences in VLDL composition (% wt) were also noted.
      Our data suggest that greater TG secretion is the primary factor contributing to
      the larger TG pool with ingestion of beef tallow relative to butterfat, corn or
      coconut oil. These results suggest that different dietary saturated fats have
      unique effects on TG metabolism in rats.

PMID- 1795603
TI  - Compositional changes and apoprotein A-I metabolism of plasma high density
      lipoprotein in estrogenized chicks.
AB  - The effect of estrogen on compositional changes, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I
      metabolism and the morphology of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) were
      investigated in chicks. The administration of 17 beta-estradiol (25 mg/kg body
      weight) to growing male chicks (8-week-old) markedly reduced the concentrations
      of plasma HDL components, except for triglyceride (TG). At the same time, levels
      of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) in plasma were greatly
      elevated. The respective values for TG, TC, PL and protein in HDL were 13.9,
      89.3, 154.1 and 231.7 (mg/dL) in the control, and 39.0, 35.1, 113.8 and 160.0
      (mg/dL) in chicks upon estrogen treatment for one day. In vivo kinetic studies
      showed that the fractional catabolic rate of HDL apo A-I was significantly higher
      (p less than 0.05) in estrogen-treated chicks than in control birds, indicating
      an increased efficiency of HDL removal in the former. The production rate of HDL
      apo A-I also was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in estrogen-treated
      chicks. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by laser
      scanning densitometry of HDL apolipoproteins in estrogen-treated chicks revealed
      a reduction of apo A-I and the occurrence of new apolipoproteins which had been
      absent in HDL of untreated birds. The HDL particles showed that the mean particle
      size of HDL became larger upon estrogen treatment. Particles with diameters
      between 70 and 123 A were predominant in HDL of control chicks, while particles
      with diameters between 97 and 143 A were most abundant in HDL of estrogen-treated
      chicks.

PMID- 1795605
TI  - Geotrichum candidum NRRL Y-553 lipase: purification, characterization and fatty
      acid specificity.
AB  - Lipases from Geotrichum candidum NRRL Y-553 are of interest because of their
      unique specificity for cis-9-unsaturated fatty acids relative to both stearic and
      palmitic acids. The lipases were partially purified by chromatography on Octyl
      Sepharose, AG MP-1 macroporous anion exchanger, and chromatofocusing resin. The
      preparation was found to contain multiple, glycosylated lipases varying slightly
      in pI (pI 4.88, 4.78, 4.65, 4.57 and 4.52) as judged by both activity and silver
      staining. The molecular mass determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis was 64 kilodaltons for the main species, with minor species
      of 60 and 57 kilodaltons present as well. The specificity of the crude lipases
      for hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl esters of oleic vs. palmitic acid was 20
      to-1. The specificity of the purified, partially separated lipases was similar to
      that of the crude preparation. Thus the lipases could be used even in crude form
      for the hydrolysis and restructuring of triacylglycerols on a large scale.

PMID- 1795606
TI  - Lipid hydroperoxide measurement by oxidation of Fe2+ in the presence of xylenol
      orange. Comparison with the TBA assay and an iodometric method.
AB  - Study of the role of hydroperoxides and lipid peroxidation in disease requires
      simple and sensitive methods for direct hydroperoxide measurement. We report on a
      technique for measuring hydroperoxide which relies upon the rapid hydroperoxide
      mediated oxidation of Fe2+ under acidic conditions. Fe3+ forms a chromophore with
      xylenol orange which absorbs strongly at 560 nm, yielding an apparent E560 (for
      H2O2, butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide) of 4.3 X 10(4) M-1 cm-1. The
      assay was validated in a study of liposomal lipid peroxidation and shown to give
      results comparable with those obtained by an iodometric method or by measuring
      conjugated dienes. The assay involving thiobarbituric acid, by comparison,
      underestimates lipid peroxidation and does not measure hydroperoxide per se.

PMID- 1795607
TI  - Effects of perfluorodecanoic acid on de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
      in the rat.
AB  - Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a peroxisome proliferator that causes a dose
      dependent (20-80 mg/kg) increase in hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester
      levels in the rat. We hypothesized that PFDA may cause an increase in the de novo
      synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol in this species, which would explain
      observed effects. The incorporation of 3H2O into tissue lipids was examined 7
      days after rats received vehicle or 20 or 80 mg/kg of PFDA. PFDA treatment
      decreased the rate of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in the live and in
      epididymal fat pad. At a PFDA dose (20 mg/kg) that decreased de novo synthesis of
      fatty acids and cholesterol, there was no effect on the concentration of fatty
      acids and cholesterol in the liver, epididymal fat pads, and plasma. We conclude
      that PFDA induced fatty liver is due to either a decrease in the oxidation of
      fatty acids in the liver, or an impairment of triacylglycerol catabolism and/or
      export from the liver, and is not the result of an increase in de novo synthesis
      of fatty acids and cholesterol.

PMID- 1795608
TI  - The avoidance of scandal--a perennial problem.

PMID- 1795609
TI  - Recent medico-legal problems in haematology.

PMID- 1795610
TI  - GC-NPD and GC-MS analysis of preserved tissue of Bhopal gas disaster: evidence of
      methyl carbamylation in post-mortem blood.
AB  - Twenty-five preserved autopsy blood samples of Bhopal toxic gas exposed victims
      were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with either Nitrogen-Phosphorous
      detector (NPD) or mass spectrometer (MS) for the presence of methyl carbamyl
      valine in terms of valine methyl hydantoin (VMH). 84% of these samples showed a
      positive test for VMH on GC-NPD and the identity of the peaks were further
      confirmed on GC-MS. The concentration of VMH in the gas-affected positive blood
      samples ranged from 2.56 to 51.28 nanomoles. These results indicate entry of
      methyl isocyanate (MIC), one of the constituents of the toxic cloud caused by the
      disaster, into the blood stream of victims who had inhaled gas.

PMID- 1795611
TI  - GC-MS identification of MIC trimer: a constituent of tank residue in preserved
      autopsy blood of Bhopal gas victims.
AB  - Based on the external and internal findings of Bhopal gas disaster victims, it
      was apparent that the gases and particulate matter came out as an aerosol. This
      was possibly the pyrolysed, reformulated, reconjugated suspension of constituents
      of the tank E-610 of Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal, while it was claimed to
      be methyl isocyanate (MIC) only. It was postulated by the manufacturer of MIC,
      that the material inhaled by the victims of the Bhopal gas disaster does not
      cross the lung barrier (UCC press conference on 14th December 1984). It was
      observed that the more the victims ran, the more aerosol they inhaled and the
      fatalities were observed in such victims. The tissues, which were preserved in
      the deep freeze, were randomly selected and analysed by GC coupled with MS (ITD)
      Finnigan MAT, UK. 14 out of 34 autopsy cases showed MIC trimer peak in extracts
      of blood. This was one of the constituents of the aerosol and was also located in
      the tank residue, thereby proving that the trimer had passed the lung barrier.

PMID- 1795612
TI  - The first three years of operation of a forensic psychiatry service.

PMID- 1795613
TI  - Violence by psychiatric in-patients.
AB  - A review of studies on violence by psychiatric in-patients is presented. Violence
      in various settings has been studied and a few general conclusions emerge. The
      assailant is commonly a young schizophrenic. Only few patients are repeatedly
      violent. Persistently violent schizophrenics have been shown to have neurological
      impairments. Violence usually occurs in crowded, unstructured settings. There is
      no agreed definition of assaults and how they should be graded. Although violence
      is common it rarely leads to serious physical consequences. Victims are most
      often nursing staff. Some staff and patients are assaulted more often than
      others. Violence is difficult to predict. Ways of preventing assaultive behaviour
      are discussed. After considering some problems with existing studies, areas for
      further study are suggested.

PMID- 1795614
TI  - De-institutionalization of the mentally retarded: big v. little--a national and
      Florida perspective.

PMID- 1795615
TI  - Assailants' sexual dysfunction during rape reported by their victims.
AB  - Sexual dysfunction is known to occur in a proportion of rapists during the
      assault. The most common dysfunctions are erectile insufficiency and absent or
      retarded ejaculation. The study assessed the incidence and characteristics of
      assailants' sexual dysfunction reported by 50 victims of rape. 20% of victims
      reported that their assailant experienced erectile insufficiency at some point
      during the assault, and a further 12% reported retarded ejaculation or failure to
      ejaculate by their attacker. In attacks where sexual dysfunction occurred, there
      was a higher incidence both of intra-rape violence and commissioning of degrading
      sexual activity and this behaviour was related to the onset of the dysfunction.
      It was felt that the pattern of behaviour reported in those attacks where
      rapists' sexual dysfunction occurred might reflect a typologically distinct
      subgroup of offender. This finding has implications both for the safety of the
      victim during the attack and subsequent offender assessment.

PMID- 1795616
TI  - Some aspects of sex offending--causes and cures?
AB  - Selected aspects of sexual offending are considered against a background of
      general observations about sexuality in contemporary society. It is suggested
      that sexual offending may appear in a variety of guises, that it is more
      realistic to talk about management than 'cure' and that success in management is
      highly dependent upon the professional's capacity to form a non-judgemental view
      and act with this constantly in mind.

PMID- 1795617
TI  - Management of child sexual abuse in Edinburgh, 1982-1988.

PMID- 1795618
TI  - The use of corpses for medical education and research: the legal requirements.

PMID- 1795619
TI  - Suicidal stab wounds of the throat.
AB  - Suicide by stabbing one's throat remains very rare and very few cases have been
      reported in the forensic literature. In such cases, the important distinction is
      between suicide and homicide. The direction of stab wounds, their depth, site and
      number have particular importance in helping to recognize suicide. Suicide when
      attempted by transfixion of the neck in middle aged and elderly adults often
      reveals a definite resolution to kill oneself.

PMID- 1795620
TI  - Sleepwalking and indecent exposure.

PMID- 1795621
TI  - Development and design of a novel in vivo chamber implant for the analysis of
      microbial virulence and assessment of antimicrobial therapy.
AB  - An accurate reflection of the pathogenicity of microorganisms and the therapeutic
      effects of antimicrobial agents on their growth necessitates testing within an in
      vivo environment. We have developed a novel diffusion chamber, incorporating two
      0.22 microns membrane filters, for the growth of in vivo organisms. The chamber,
      which is implanted intraperitoneally into the rat, has an external sampling
      portal. This portal allows multiple and sequential sampling of the microbial
      inoculum without killing the rat, thus significantly reducing the total number of
      animals used in such studies. In addition, the chamber is superior to other
      reported implants since it is well tolerated, reusable, easily constructed and
      can be used within two days of implantation. Staphylococcus epidermidis and a
      toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) producing strain of S. aureus have been
      successfully grown within in vivo chambers, with 10(8)-10(9) organisms per
      millilitre being recovered within 48 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed
      clusters of staphylococci and fibrous material adhering to the inner surface of
      the filters, with numerous phagocytic cells attached to the outer side. Western
      immunoblotting indicated that higher levels of TSST-1 were produced by S. aureus
      grown in vivo as opposed to cells grown in vitro.

PMID- 1795622
TI  - Positive regulator for the expression of Mba protein of the virulence plasmid,
      pKDSC50, of Salmonella choleraesuis.
AB  - A positive regulator was identified within a 2.3 kb fragment of the 6.4 kb mouse
      bacteremia region (mba region) of the virulence pKDSC50 plasmid of Salmonella
      choleraesuis. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed
      that Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the recombinant plasmids of the 2.3 kb
      fragment produced Mba1 protein with a molecular mass of 32 kDa. The recombinant
      plasmids carrying a 4.1 kb fragment, the other part of 6.4 kb region, produced
      Mba2 (32 kDa), Mba3 (70 kDa) and Mba4 (29 kDa) proteins. All three proteins were
      expressed by using the lacZ promoter under isopropyl thiogalactoside induction.
      In contrast to this, Mba3 protein was overexpressed independently of the lacZ
      promoter when the 2.3 kb fragment coexisted either in cis or trans. These results
      suggest that Mba1 is a trans-acting positive regulator for the expression of the
      Mba3 protein of mba region of pKDSC50.

PMID- 1795623
TI  - Adhesin gene of Mycoplasma genitalium exists as multiple copies.
AB  - The structural gene of the 140 kDa adhesin of Mycoplasma genitalium was used to
      probe M. genitalium genomic DNA for gene copy number. Since multiple banding
      patterns were observed, the 140 kDa structural gene was subdivided into 10
      contiguous fragments in size from 165 to 657 base pairs in order to determine
      which parts of the adhesin gene existed as multiple copies. Each fragment was
      labeled by nick translation and used to probe the entire M. genitalium genomic
      DNA. Approximately half the gene was present in single copy while the remaining
      sequences were multiple copied. Both single and multiple copy regions were
      interspersed throughout the structural gene.

PMID- 1795624
TI  - Importance of arginine at position 170 of the A subunit of Vero toxin 1 produced
      by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli for toxin activity.
AB  - Comparison of the primary structures of the A subunits of Vero toxin 1 (VT1),
      Vero toxin 2 (VT2), and two variants of VT2 (VT2vp and VT2vh) and the ricin A
      chain revealed three conserved regions (amino acid residues 51-55, 167-171 and
      202-207 from the N-terminus of VT1). All three regions of the ricin A chain
      corresponded in position to the active site of ricin proposed by X-ray crystal
      diffraction analysis. To determine the relative importance of the conserved amino
      acid residues for toxin activity of VT1, we prepared VT1 mutants with single
      amino-acid substitutions by oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis. A
      total of 22 mutants were prepared to examine 14 conserved residues, and their
      cytotoxicities to Vero cells and inhibitory activities on protein synthesis in a
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate were compared with those of wild-type VT1. Replacement
      of glutamic acid at position 167 by glutamine and of arginine at position 170 by
      leucine reduced both activities drastically. These results suggest that, in
      addition to the glutamic acid at position 167 reported previously, arginine at
      position 170 also plays an important role in the toxin activity of VT1. A
      possible chemical mechanism of the enzymatic (N-glycosidase) activity of VT1 is
      proposed based on the relative activities of various mutants.

PMID- 1795625
TI  - Relevance of inoculation route to virulence of three Salmonella spp. strains in
      mice.
AB  - The virulence of three Salmonella species strains was compared by the i.p. and
      i.v. routes in BALB/c mice. Salmonella choleraesuis, SL2824 (serogroup C1, O
      6,7), was more virulent by the i.v. than i.p. route. A strain of S. typhimurium,
      SL1260 (serogroup B; O-1,4,12) was more virulent i.p. than i.v. while another
      strain, SL3201 (O-4,5,12) was equally virulent i.p. or i.v. The LD50 of each
      strain by either route correlated with the number of bacteria in the liver and
      spleen on day one after inoculation and thus seems determined mainly by initial
      bactericidal mechanisms. The rate of bacterial growth in the liver and spleen was
      independent of inoculation route but differed between the three strains.
      Salmonella choleraesuis multiplied faster than either strain of S. typhimurium.
      Non-virulent aromatic-dependent (aro) derivatives of these strains were tested,
      instead of their virulent ancestors, for survival within peritoneal macrophages
      in vitro. Salmonella choleraesuis SL 2824 aro and S. typhimurium SL1260 aro were
      much more readily killed intracellularly than S. typhimurium SL3201 aro. The data
      indicate that the survival and multiplication of different Salmonella serotypes
      or strains in vivo may depend on different critical properties or mechanisms to
      overcome host defenses.

PMID- 1795626
TI  - Serum TNF alpha in mouse typhoid and enhancement of a Salmonella infection by
      anti-TNF alpha antibodies.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) was detected by the L929 cell assay in
      the sera of mice 1 h after large i.v. inocula of virulent Salmonella typhimurium
      C5. TNF alpha was not detectable in sera from innately susceptible BALB/c mice
      during the course of a lethal infection commencing from a low inoculum, or from
      resistant A/J mice during the course of a lethal or sublethal infection, but only
      1 h after i.v. challenge with large numbers of organisms. Administration of a
      single dose of rabbit polyclonal anti-TNF alpha antiserum on day 1 had no effect
      on the early course of a lethal infection in A/J mice. However, the same
      treatment exacerbated a sublethal infection in A/J mice. Anti-TNF alpha treatment
      did not accelerate the early bacterial net growth rate in the RES. Instead, the
      cfu count in treated mice continued to increase past the point at which the host
      response suppressed a further increase in bacterial numbers (the plateau phase)
      in normal controls. A second dose of anti-TNF alpha antiserum on day 4 together
      with a higher but still sublethal challenge caused a lethal infection in A/J
      mice. The results indicate that TNF alpha is important in mediating the plateau
      phase in a salmonella infection, and its effect may be local.

PMID- 1795627
TI  - Cleavage of chimpanzee secretory immunoglobulin A by Haemophilus influenzae IgA1
      protease.
AB  - Immunoglobulin (Ig)A proteases synthesized by human mucosal pathogens have a
      unique specificity for human IgA and will not cleave IgA from other species. In
      contrast, animal pathogens have not reliably been shown to cleave IgA of the
      animals they infect. This lack of an animal model has prevented an understanding
      of the importance of IgA1 proteases as virulence factors. One strategy to develop
      an animal model would be to identify a species capable of infection by a human
      IgA-producing pathogen whose IgA was susceptible to cleavage by IgA1 protease of
      that bacterium. The chimpanzee can be infected with Haemophilus influenzae and is
      closely related immunologically to man. For these reasons it was sought to
      determine whether chimpanzee secretory IgA (SIgA) is susceptible to cleavage by
      IgA1 protease of H. influenzae. This report shows that chimpanzee SIgA can indeed
      be cleaved at the hinge region by H. influenzae IgA1 protease into Fab alpha and
      (Fc alpha)2.SC fragments. The susceptibility of chimpanzee SIgA to IgA1 protease
      of a human pathogen could serve as the basis of an animal model to determine the
      importance of IgA1 protease in pathogenesis.

PMID- 1795628
TI  - Transmission of viral persistence by transfection of human cultured cells with
      RNA of a persistent strain of echovirus 6.
AB  - A cloned line of persistently infected (PI) human cells has been established with
      a strain of the normally lytic, echovirus 6. All of the cells contained non-lytic
      viral RNA and synthesized defective viral particles. The present study was
      undertaken to determine whether replication of non-lytic viral RNA occurred after
      transfection. Uninfected human WISH cells were transfected with viral RNA
      recovered either directly from persistently infected PI cells or from virus
      particles produced by PI cells. Cytoplasmic extracts were prepared at various
      times after transfection and examined for presence of viral RNA and protein. The
      viral RNA was detected by hybridization of Northern blots of cellular RNA
      extracts with a cDNA clone of wild-type, lytic echovirus 6. Viral proteins were
      isolated by immunoprecipitation with specific anti-viral serum and analysed by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Increased concentrations of viral RNA were
      detectable in cellular extracts at 48 h after transfection. Replicate transfected
      cultures retained viral RNA and produced viral proteins after cultivation for 287
      days. RNA extracts from the transfected cells did not produce cytopathology or
      lytic virus. Thus, conversion of uninfected cells into a persistently infected
      cell line was accomplished by transfection with the non-lytic genome of echovirus
      6.

PMID- 1795629
TI  - Heteroduplex analysis of Salmonella virulence plasmids and their prevalence in
      isolates of defined sources.
AB  - Strains of the Salmonella serovars S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. dublin, and
      S. choleraesuis harbour large plasmids which are required for extraintestinal
      colonization after oral infection of mice. Electron microscopic heteroduplex
      analysis showed that these virulence plasmids share large regions of homology.
      Nine hundred and eighty-six isolates of different origins were analysed for the
      presence of these plasmids by using a cloned fragment of a S. choleraesuis
      virulence plasmid as a gene probe. Virulence plasmids were detected in nearly
      100% of strains isolated from animal organs or human blood. Frequencies of
      detection ranged from 48 to 87% in strains of faecal, food or environmental
      origin. These results suggest that Salmonella virulence plasmids are required for
      systemic infections in humans and livestock.

PMID- 1795630
TI  - Serum dependent expression of Enterococcus faecalis adhesins involved in the
      colonization of heart cells.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown that the adhesive ability of Enterococcus
      faecalis is dependent on the strain and is further modified by growth in serum.
      The data reported here demonstrate that E. faecalis adherence is mediated by
      carbohydrate residues present on the bacterial cell surface. Some of these (D
      mannose and D-glucose) are expressed by strains isolated from both urinary tract
      infections (UTI) and endocarditis (EN) when the cells are grown in brain-heart
      infusion broth (BHIB), and mediate adherence to either urinary tract epithelial
      cells or the Girardi Heart (GH) cell line. Other residues are present only on EN
      strains (D-galactose and L-fucose) and mainly mediate adherence to GH cells.
      These ligands can also be expressed by UTI isolates after growth in serum. D
      galactose-bearing adhesins also seem to be involved in internalization of serum
      grown UTI strains and BHIB or serum grown EN isolates into GH cells.

PMID- 1795631
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against the envelope glycoproteins of La Crosse
      virus.
AB  - Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against the envelope glycoproteins of
      La Crosse virus (LACV) were prepared. Two antibodies immunoprecipitated the 120
      kDa virus attachment protein for vertebrate cells, G1, while five
      immunoprecipitated the 35 kDa G2 protein, whose function is currently unknown.
      Two monoclonal antibodies were obtained that specifically precipitated both G1
      and G2 from [35S]cysteine labeled LACV infected cell lysates. The G2 specific
      monoclonal antibodies had high neutralizing titers when assayed in mosquito cells
      but limited ability to neutralize virus in mammalian cells. The G1/G2 specific
      antibodies neutralized virus infectivity in both vertebrate and invertebrate
      cells at high titers. These results suggest that G2 is involved in the
      interaction of virus with mosquito cells and that G1 and G2 may share a common
      structural epitope relevant to their role as attachment proteins in vertebrate
      and mosquito cells. Monoclonal antibodies directed against G2 or G1/G2 have not
      previously been reported and should be useful tools for characterizing the
      biological functions of these molecules in the divergent micro-environments of
      vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

PMID- 1795632
TI  - Protective activity of Bordetella adenylate cyclase-hemolysin against bacterial
      colonization.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis synthesizes several factors. It has been suggested that one
      of these factors, the adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), directly penetrates
      target cells and impairs their normal functions by elevating intracellular cAMP.
      In the present study, we show that active immunization with purified B. pertussis
      AC-Hly or AC (a fragment of the AC-Hly molecule carrying only the adenylate
      cyclase activity but no toxin activity in vitro) protects mice against B.
      pertussis intranasal infection. Immunization with AC-Hly or AC significantly
      shortens the period of bacterial colonization of the mouse respiratory tract.
      Furthermore, B. parapertussis AC-Hly or AC are also protective antigens against
      B. parapertussis colonization; their protective activities are equivalent to that
      of the whole-cell vaccine. These results suggest that AC-Hly may play an
      important role in Bordetella pathogenesis, in a murine model. If this factor
      plays a similar role in the human disease, its use as a protective antigen could
      reduce not only the incidence of the disease, but also the asymptomatic human
      reservoir by limiting bacterial carriage.

PMID- 1795633
TI  - Blocking of bactericidal killing of Neisseria meningitidis by antibodies directed
      against class 4 outer membrane protein.
AB  - The class 4 protein of Neisseria meningitidis is a highly conserved outer
      membrane protein, closely related to the protein PIII of Neisseria gonorrhoea.
      Monoclonal antibodies SM50 and SM54 raised against PIII also react with class 4
      protein but do not promote complement mediated bactericidal killing of
      meningococci. In addition, mAb SM50 inhibits the anti-meningococcal bactericidal
      activity both of normal human sera and of mAb SM300, directed against a
      protective epitope on the class 1 outer membrane protein. The ability of class 4
      protein to induce such 'blocking' antibodies suggests that its presence in
      experimental vaccines, based on meningococcal outer membranes, may be
      antagonistic to the development of effective bactericidal immunity.

PMID- 1795634
TI  - Contribution of the tdh1 gene of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus to production of extracellular thermostable direct hemolysin.
AB  - Kanagawa phenomenon-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contain two
      copies of the tdh gene (tdh 1 and tdh 2) encoding thermostable direct hemolysin
      (TDH). Previous studies suggested that the tdh 2 gene, but not the tdh 1 gene,
      was responsible for production of extracellular TDH. In this study, a tdh 2
      deficient isogenic mutant of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive strain AQ3815 was
      constructed by a suicide vector-mediated in vivo recombination method. The intact
      tdh 1 gene in the mutant contributed little to Kanagawa phenomenon on Wagatsuma
      agar but produced TDH in broth media, accounting for 0.5-9.4% of total
      extracellular TDH of AQ3815.

PMID- 1795635
TI  - In vitro assay systems for testing photomutagenic chemicals.

PMID- 1795636
TI  - Development of assays for the detection of photomutagenicity of chemicals during
      exposure to UV light--I. Assay development.
AB  - Two complementary assay systems have been adapted for the detection of compounds
      which may form mutagenic photoproducts during exposure to UV light from an Osram
      Ultra-Vitalux sunlamp as used in the evaluation of the effectiveness of sun
      filters. The effects of UVA and of UVB were evaluated. A bacterial plate test
      using Escherichia coli strain WP2 allowed the bacteria, co-plated with test
      chemical in soft agar, to be irradiated with various doses of UV light.
      Mutagenesis was assessed by scoring numbers of tryptophan-independent colonies.
      The chosen reference compound was 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) which was non
      mutagenic alone at the highest dose tested (1000 micrograms/plate). Following
      simultaneous exposure of bacteria to 8-MOP and doses of UV light which alone had
      little effect, large numbers of revertants were scored. Numbers of mutants were
      dependent upon the doses of both 8-MOP and of UV light. The second test system
      involved the exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells to UV light in the presence
      of test chemical to determine the clastogenic effects of photoproducts. Treatment
      with 8-MOP alone up to 50 micrograms/ml was not clastogenic but concomitant
      exposure to non-damaging doses of UV light caused large increases in the
      incidence of chromosome aberrations of all types. Damage was again dependent on
      the doses of both components. Two additional photoactive compounds, para
      aminobenzoic acid and chlorpromazine both show photoclastogenic but not
      photomutagenic properties. These two complementary assay systems take advantage
      of using no-effect levels of UV light as a baseline against which
      photomutagenicity readily can be compared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795637
TI  - Statistical issues arising from mouse micronucleus assay experiments of Ashby and
      co-workers.
AB  - Data from a series of mouse micronucleus assays have been reanalysed to
      illustrate various statistical issues raised by Ashby and co-workers during the
      development of the assay. Most of the statistical points discussed in these
      earlier papers can be explained by the stochastic nature of the data. Reanalysis
      shows that the type of data collected in mammalian micronucleus assays is
      amenable to analysis by standard biometric methods. It is concluded that
      statistical analysis has an important role in the exploration and interpretation
      of data from the micronucleus assay.

PMID- 1795638
TI  - Quantitative correlation of carcinogenic potency with four different classes of
      short-term test data.
AB  - The search for a short-term mutagenicity test to identify potential carcinogens
      has yielded over 100 assay systems, including the Ames test. This paper continues
      the investigation of Travis et al. into the prediction of carcinogenic potency of
      known mouse carcinogens using different classes of short-term toxicologic data.
      We used four classes of short-term test data (mutation, toxicity, reproduction
      and tumorigenicity) from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
      (RTECS) database. We conclude that mutation data alone are poor predictors of
      carcinogenic potency, accounting for only 21% of the observed variability in
      experimentally-determined mouse TD50 values. We further conclude that batteries
      of toxicologic data containing varying types of short-term data are excellent
      predictors of the carcinogenic potency of known mouse carcinogens: four types of
      short-term data account for 82% of the observed variability in experimentally
      obtained mouse TD50 values. By using all available toxicological data, we
      obtained a strong correlation between toxicologic assay results and carcinogenic
      potency of known mouse carcinogens.

PMID- 1795639
TI  - Kinetochore proteins, peripheral location of chromosomes and nuclear budding:
      another look at the genesis of aneuploidy.
AB  - Some chromosomes in the rat do not have detectable levels of kinetochore proteins
      as determined by antikinetochore antibody, which may constitute a mechanism for
      the genesis of aneuploidy. An analysis of three mouse cell lines for the presence
      of kinetochore proteins showed that some chromosomes lacked these proteins, i.e.
      are akinetochoric by this criterion. This phenomenon may contribute to the
      variability of chromosome number that is characteristic of such lines. In some
      cells there appears to be en masse detachment of kinetochores. Several
      kinetochore-bearing chromosomes were also observed to be located peripherally to
      the spindle. These might be associated with the genesis of aneuploidy. In one
      cell line an apparently new phenomenon of nuclear budding was observed. In this
      case, one to several chromosomes appear to be pushed out of the nucleus in bud
      like structures. These were surrounded by a nuclear membrane and appeared to
      detach from the main nucleus. Perhaps these structures eventually break off as
      micronuclei and, hence, would also be associated with the genesis of aneuploidy.

PMID- 1795640
TI  - Evaluation of 10 chemicals for aneuploidy induction in the hexaploid wheat assay.
AB  - This study was a part of an international project sponsored by the Commission of
      the European Communities to evaluate the utility of certain bioassays including
      hexaploid wheat assay to identify potential aneugens. Ten suspect spindle
      poisons, i.e. colchicine (COL), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), chloral hydrate (CH),
      diazepam (DIZ), econazole (EZ), hydroquinone (HQ), pyrimethamine (PY),
      thiabendazole (TB), thimerosal (TM), and vinblastin sulphate (VBL) were tested
      for their ability to induce green and/or white leaf sectors as indicators of loss
      or gain of a chromosome respectively, in Neatby's strain of Chinese Spring wheat
      (2n = 6x = 42). All the chemicals tested in this study, with the exception of CH
      and HQ yielded positive response.

PMID- 1795641
TI  - Single-strand conformation polymorphisms can be used to detect T cell receptor
      gene rearrangements: an application to the in vivo hprt mutation assay.
AB  - Epidemiologic application of the human in vivo hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutation assay requires screening of mutant
      colonies to differentiate independent from clonal origin. Previously, sibship was
      defined by Southern blot analysis of T cell receptor gene rearrangements. We
      report here a more expedient method to determine these rearrangements utilizing
      the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a DNA single-strand conformation
      polymorphism technique. The results are consistent with those obtained by
      Southern blotting in that sibship can be defined easily. A major advantage is
      that cells may be taken directly from the microtiter plate, eliminating the
      necessity to expand the clones and isolate genomic DNA. Cell lines which have not
      undergone receptor gene rearrangements cannot serve as PCR templates and do not
      interfere with this analysis. Furthermore, background from the large number of
      nonmutant lymphocytes present in the well does not hinder the analysis of the T
      cell receptor pattern of a mutant. This technique facilitates rapid screening of
      a large number of clones in a shorter time than Southern blotting, and is useful
      for the study of in vivo mutation and the clonal expansion of mutants in
      populations of T cells.

PMID- 1795642
TI  - Omeprazole: an exploration of its reported genotoxicity.
AB  - Because of its reported ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in the
      gastric mucosa, the safety of omeprazole, a potentially clinically useful anti
      ulcer drug, has been the subject of debate. We have undertaken a detailed
      computer-based study of structural basis of the putative mutagenicity,
      genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in rodents of omeprazole and of its
      sulphenimide, and we conclude that omeprazole is a potential 'genotoxic'
      carcinogen. The analysis is consistent with the possibility that these activities
      are associated with the unstable sulphenimide metabolite.

PMID- 1795643
TI  - Miscoding potential of N2,3-ethenoguanine studied in an Escherichia coli DNA
      dependent RNA polymerase in vitro system and possible role of this adduct in
      vinyl chloride-induced mutagenesis.
AB  - The miscoding potential of N2,3-ethenoguanine (epsilon G), one of the carcinogen
      vinyl chloride adducts to DNA bases, has been evaluated in an Escherichia coli
      DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro system. Epsilon G present in poly(C)
      templates causes incorporation of cytosine (C), uridine (U) and adenosine (A)
      under competitive and non-competitive conditions, and in the presence of either
      Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations, indicating that this modified base still retains the
      coding properties of unmodified G and can also act as A or U. The formation of
      hydrogen bonded pairs between different tautomeric forms of epsilon G and C, U
      and A is proposed. The possible role of epsilon G, along with a role of other
      vinyl chloride adducts in causing of GC----AT transitions, the most frequent
      mutation induced by a vinyl chloride metabolite, is discussed.

PMID- 1795644
TI  - Structure activity-based predictive toxicology: an efficient and economical
      method for generating non-congeneric data bases.
AB  - Starting with the results of the mutagenicity of 100 chemicals, we use CASE, a
      structure activity relational system, to select additional chemicals for
      inclusion into a data base. We demonstrate that a data base consisting of
      approximately 180 carefully selected chemicals is as predictive as the analysis
      based upon 820 'unselected' chemicals.

PMID- 1795645
TI  - Chromosomal assignment of human O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase gene by
      hamster-human somatic cell hybrids.
AB  - Using an in vitro assay to measure O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MT)
      activity in cell extracts from a panel of human-hamster cell hybrids, we were
      able to locate the human MT gene on chromosome 10. Chinese hamster cells have
      little or no MT activity and the presence of human chromosome 10 was a necessary
      condition for MT activity in cell hybrids. In some cell hybrids carrying
      chromosome 10, however, MT activity was not higher than that of hamster cells. As
      an explanation for this result, genetic determinants repressing MT expression
      and/or activity might be present in other human chromosomes carried by MT
      negative cell hybrids. Partial hyperploidy of the hamster karyotype, variable
      activity of the parental human cell lines and changes during subculturing of the
      cell hybrids might also account for the lack of enzymatic activity in chromosome
      10 containing hybrids.

PMID- 1795646
TI  - Micronuclei induction by dichlorvos in the mouse skin.
AB  - Micronucleus (MN) induction in cultured keratinocytes was investigated following
      skin painting of HRA/Skh mice with the pesticide, dichlorvos. Whole skin and
      partially-purified epidermal cells from 5-6 week old male animals were cultured
      for 4 days in vitro after single topical applications of various concentrations
      of dichlorvos in vivo. Appropriate doses, allowing optimum survival of
      keratinocytes, were selected following an initial range-finding experiment. To
      evaluate MN induction in dividing cells, the cytokinesis-block method was
      employed. Results showed statistically significant MN at all dose levels in
      partially-purified epidermal cells and a positive trend with respect to dose from
      51 to 1033 nmol dichlorvos. A significant increase in MN was also detectable in
      cultured cells from whole skin, dissociated within as little as 1 h after
      application of dichlorvos. Although a number of technical difficulties are
      associated with the skin micronucleus method, it has been used successfully in
      this laboratory to detect several skin carcinogens of both high and low potency.
      Since dichlorvos is rapidly absorbed through the skin, and can induce MN in skin
      cells of treated mice, this compound may therefore be considered to pose a
      contact hazard for exposed humans.

PMID- 1795647
TI  - Effects of organotin compounds on mitosis, spindle structure, toxicity and in
      vitro microtubule assembly.
AB  - Di- and tri-methyl, -butyl and phenyl tin, all as chlorides were tested for
      toxicity and spindle disturbances in V79 Chinese hamster cells and for effects on
      in vitro assembly of bovine brain tubulin. The V79 cells were treated for 30 min
      and in general, loss of a stainable spindle could be demonstrated at slightly
      higher concentrations than c-mitosis. Both these effects were observed at low,
      non-toxic concentrations. The c-mitotic activity of the compounds was found to
      increase with increasing lipophilicity and it was best described by a regression
      on both lipophilicity (partition coefficient octanol/water) and loss of spindle
      stain. All compounds showed a concentration dependent inhibition of microtubule
      assembly and all but diphenyltin induced disassembly of preassembled
      microtubules. An effect on the rate of polymerization was suggested for tributyl-
      and triphenyltin. The results further indicate that the inhibition of microtubule
      assembly is through direct interaction with tubulin but does not involve the
      sulfhydryls of the protein. Thus, the organotins seem to act through two
      different cooperative mechanisms, inhibition of microtubule assembly and
      interaction with hydrophobic sites. The latter mechanism might involve Cl-/OH-
      exchange across cellular membranes. Previous studies have demonstrated
      chromosomal supercontraction and aneuploidy in human lymphocytes exposed to low
      concentrations of organotin in vitro and it is suggested that exposure to these
      compounds may increase the risk of aneuploidy in humans.

PMID- 1795648
TI  - Dose-related clastogenic effects induced by benzene in bone marrow cells and in
      differentiating spermatogonia of Swiss CD1 mice.
AB  - Cancer hazard is due to genotoxic events in somatic cells and genetic hazard in
      the strict sense is due to mutagenic events in germ cells. The investigation of
      sensitivity differences between somatic and germinal cells is pertinent to the
      question whether a genotoxic carcinogen is also a germ cell mutagen. Cytogenetic
      damage induced by benzene in mice was evaluated by determining the frequencies of
      chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of male Swiss CD1
      mice. First, the analysis was performed by administering 1 ml/kg (880 mg/kg) of
      benzene as a single oral dose and sampling either cell type after a wide range of
      times (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h) to determine the time of maximum
      response. At this dose benzene showed high clastogenic activity in bone marrow
      cells with a peak between 24 and 30 h. In differentiating spermatogonia the
      frequency of aberrant cells was highest 24 h after treatment. The overall effect
      in spermatogonia was lower than in bone marrow cells. Second, the dose response
      was determined 24 h after treatment with two additional doses of benzene: 0.1
      ml/kg (88 mg/kg) and 0.5 ml/kg (440 mg/kg) for bone marrow cells; 0.25 ml/kg (220
      mg/kg) and 0.5 ml/kg (440 mg/kg) for differentiating spermatogonia. The
      clastogenic effect was dose dependent in both cell types. The frequencies of
      aberrant cells increased in a linear-quadratic manner in bone marrow and linearly
      in differentiating spermatogonia. Furthermore, the per cell damage was higher in
      bone marrow than in spermatogonial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795649
TI  - QSAR prediction of rodent carcinogenicity for a set of chemicals currently
      bioassayed by the US National Toxicology Program.
AB  - A QSAR model based on the combination of two molecular descriptors--estimated
      electrophilic reactivity and Ashby's structural alerts--was used to predict the
      carcinogenicity of 44 chemicals currently bioassayed by the US National
      Toxicology Program. These predictions will be compared with the rodent
      carcinogenicity assay results as the assays are completed.

PMID- 1795650
TI  - Microbial barrier properties of hen egg shells.
AB  - Scanning electron micrographs of shell surfaces revealed a highly fissured outer
      layer with few open pores on brown eggs but many on white eggs. Total removal of
      the cuticle with solvents was difficult but partial removal with surface etching
      was possible using concentrated nitric acid. Staining methods to estimate the
      number of pores were unsatisfactory but it was possible to detect and count pores
      on micrographs, as pore mouths were usually associated with depressions and
      cuticle disruptions. Additionally, porosity could be estimated by measuring the
      distance between pores along fractured edges of samples. Egg shell contents were
      replaced with nutrient agar and incubated in Escherichia coli broth. Colonies
      were subsequently isolated from the agar, indicating that the barrier properties
      of shells and membranes had been compromised. Experiments with isolated inner
      shell membranes showed that these posed no significant barrier to E. coli. The
      exposure of whole intact eggs to E. coli broth followed by seep filtration and
      microbiological analysis of egg contents, indicated that bacteria had entered the
      eggs. The degree of infection was correlated with the pole of the egg in contact
      with the E. coli broth and was attributed to the increased porosity of the blunt
      pole of the egg compared with that of the apex. Similar experiments immersing
      eggs into broth inoculated with a Salmonella strain resulted in contamination of
      the egg contents with this organism.

PMID- 1795651
TI  - The effect of zinc and cadmium ions on Escherichia coli B.
AB  - The effect of the two metal ions Zn+2 and Cd+2 on the viability and activity of
      Escherichia coli B bacteria was studied in experimental conditions. Addition of
      Cd+2 (0.05 ppm) to the incubation medium caused an inhibition of 16 h in the
      culture's growth. In similar conditions and concentrations, Zn+2 did not affect
      the bacterial growth. Only concentrations of 0.5 ppm Zn+2 and more caused growth
      inhibition of 6 h. Accumulation of the metal ions in the E. coli cells has shown
      that there is a linear relation between the concentrations of Zn+2 and Cd+2 in
      the cells and their concentrations in the culture media. On the other hand, a
      decrease in the Cd+2 accumulation was noticed when the concomitant Zn+2
      concentrations were higher in the incubation media. Exposure of E. coli to
      various concentrations of these ions resulted in an increase of the total protein
      and the metal binding proteins amount in the cells. The activity of alkaline
      phosphatase was increased 4-fold in the presence of these ions. Separation of
      protein fractions revealed three protein fractions which contain Zn+2 with MWs of
      80, 40, and 10 kD. Three Cd+2 binding proteins have been separated and their
      molecular weights were 75, 50, and 25 kD. The two high molecular weight proteins
      were able to bind Zn+2. Conclusions from these results may contribute to the
      understanding of events and processes in the natural environment.

PMID- 1795652
TI  - Lipids in yeast cell wall glucans.
AB  - Lipids isolated from glucans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analysed by thin
      layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography.
      Localization of glucan lipid in the polysaccharide net was observed by light and
      electron microscopy. Despite using Manner's method for glucan preparation, the
      residue of acidic lipid occupied a central position in the treated cells.
      Analysis showed the presence of free fatty acids in which a relatively high
      content of vaccenic acid was detected.

PMID- 1795653
TI  - A genetic transformation system for Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - An efficient protoplast transformation system for Streptococcus pyogenes has been
      developed. Efficiencies of up to 7.1 x 10(6) transformants/micrograms DNA were
      achieved, with transformants recovered on selective media in 24-48 h. The system
      was characterized as to optimal protoplasting conditions, effective facilitators,
      dependency on concentration of transforming DNA, plasmid copy number in
      transformants and stability of transformants. Three isolates of S. pyogenes were
      used as recipients, and four plasmids were used as the transforming DNA. Growth
      of S. pyogenes in glycine followed by lysozyme treatment was necessary for
      optimal protoplast formation. The exact concentrations of these protoplasting
      agents which were used varied with each isolate tested. Both polyethylene glycol
      and dextran sulphate were efficient facilitators of transformation, at final
      concentrations of 10%. An inverse relationship between DNA concentration and
      efficiency of transformation was shown. The copy number of the AC-1 plasmid in
      the transformants was shown to be equivalent to that of the wild type S. pyogenes
      (AC-1) (one or two copies per chromosomal equivalent). Approximately 50% of the
      AC-1 transformants were stable after one passage on non-selective media, and 100%
      of those that retained the plasmid were stable for an additional twenty
      generations. Erythromycin resistance encoded on the AC-1 plasmid was inducible,
      and transformants with a constitutive mutant of the AC-1 plasmid were detected by
      growth on selective media. This plasmid may prove useful as a vector as it is
      readily transformed, expressed, and contains at least three unique restriction
      sites which could serve as insertion points for cloned DNA.

PMID- 1795654
TI  - [Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from various clinical specimens and
      their antibiotic susceptibilities].
AB  - In this study, a bacteriological examination was performed in the specimens of
      nose, ear and conjunctiva taken from 135 patients aged between 0-6 years old and
      335 patients aged more than six years old for the isolation of H. influenzae. Ten
      H. influenzae strains were isolated, six of them were type b. Seven isolates were
      from 0-6 years old group (5.2%). All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol,
      three strains were resistant to ampicillin with Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion
      method.

PMID- 1795655
TI  - [Microbial assessment of patients with vaginitis, vaginal discharge and urine
      cultures].
AB  - In 150 patients with the complaint of vaginitis, direct light microscopical
      examination of vaginal discharge specimens and the cultures of vaginal discharge
      and urine have been studied. According to the results of vaginal discharge
      cultures, the most frequent microorganism yielded was E. coli, the following
      Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus being the second and the third
      respectively. Meanwhile, in light microscopical examination, in 5 patients
      Trichomonas vaginalis was seen, while Candida species were the microorganism
      diagnosed in 30 patients. In the urine cultures, again E. coli was the first
      microorganism, and Candida and coagulase (-) Staphylococcus being the second and
      the third frequently seen.

PMID- 1795656
TI  - [Comparison of latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods used for the
      identification of 142 beta-hemolytic streptococci].
AB  - We compared the latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods to identify Group
      A Streptococci (GAS) from throat cultures. In our study all 118 GAS strains
      identified by latex agglutination method were found susceptible to bacitracin,
      115 were found resistant and 3 were susceptible to SXT. All beta hemolytic
      streptococci rather than GAS were found resistant to bacitracin. As a result
      bacitracin method is found valuable in rutin studies in GAS identification.

PMID- 1795657
TI  - [The effects of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on the cellular and humoral immune
      response in mice].
AB  - The effects of a 7 days chemotherapy with ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin on the
      cellular and humoral immune responses in albino mice were studied. The non-toxic
      doses of the drugs (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) were used. The delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reaction to sheep blood cells and skin biopsy were evaluated for
      cellular immune response. The complement fixation method was applied for the
      determination of the humoral immune response. Both drugs increased the cellular
      and humoral immune responses.

PMID- 1795658
TI  - [Plasmid analysis of antibiotic resistant Shigella isolates].
AB  - A correlation between the multiple drug resistance patterns and the plasmid
      profiles given by 70 clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri
      was investigated in this study. The most common plasmids were purified from
      different isolates by electroelution and characterized via restriction
      endonuclease digestions.

PMID- 1795659
TI  - [The histopathological effects of different treatments on lung tissue of mice
      pretreated with cyclophosphamide and steroids in experimental E. coli sepsis].
AB  - The incidence of gram-negative bacteremia is significantly increasing in recent
      years by the wide-spread use of cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs. Although,
      the effective antimicrobial drugs are being used in treatment, the mortality rate
      is still high. In this study, we searched for the histopathological changes
      occurring on lung tissue in E. coli sepsis, and their severity in different
      models. Microscopically, all the specimens were examined by the presence of
      interstitial and peribronchiolar inflammation, congestive atelectasis, and
      emphysema. The differences between the ratios of histopathological changes in
      treatment subgroups were not statistically significant. However, the ratio of
      interstitial and peribronchiolar inflammation and emphysema was significantly
      decreased in mice received cyclophosphamide, when compared with control group.
      Besides, the ratio of peribronchiolar inflammation was significantly increased in
      mice received steroid when compared with control group.

PMID- 1795660
TI  - [The effect of disinfectant substances on various silicon and irreversible
      hydrocolloid impression materials].
AB  - Infection control in dentistry focuses on the prevention of cross-contamination
      among patients, dentists and dental personnel. Difficulties in sterilizing
      impression materials have led to chemical disinfection as an alternative. This
      study evaluated the efficacy of disinfectants on the surfaces of silicon and
      irreversible hydrocolloid materials involved microorganisms. All disinfectants
      used in this study was effective on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans
      for silicon impression material and Candida albicans for irreversible
      hydrocolloid.

PMID- 1795661
TI  - [Intestinal parasites in primary school students].
AB  - Five hundred thirty-one stool samples obtained from primary schools. The age
      range was between 7 and 13 years, 49% of the patients were females an 51% of the
      patients males. In our study it has been observed that the parasite incidence was
      36.9% the predominant parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (12%), Giardia
      intestinalis (9%), Hymenolepis nana (7.1%) Entamoeba histolytica (6%) and
      Trichuris trichiura (2.6%) respectively, we detected six different parasites in
      the primary school students because of bad social status and environmental
      conditions.

PMID- 1795662
TI  - [The use of plasmid profiles for the identification of Streptococcus lactis
      strains].
AB  - In this study, the plasmid contents of Streptococcus lactis strains, isolated
      from whey of white pickled cheese samples which produced using without industrial
      starter culture, were searched. It is determined that strains containing plasmids
      at a range of 1-10 with the molecular weight between 1.8 and 41 kilobases (Kb).
      Six of totally 28 Streptococcus lactis strains were classified into three groups
      according to their identical plasmid contents, and the others were identified as
      different strains.

PMID- 1795663
TI  - [Perspective: new pathogens: Branhamella catarrhalis, Capnocytophaga turleri,
      Corynebacterium group JK].
AB  - Branhamella catarrhalis is an important pathogen of upper and lower respiratory
      tract. According to findings in literature, it mostly causes bronchopulmonary
      infections. Capnocytophaga is a newly recognized genus of the gram negative
      bacilli. In various reports, it has been recognized that capnocytophaga mostly
      causes sepsis. Bacteria of Corynebacterium group JK (CJK) cause many important
      local infections and sepsis.

PMID- 1795664
TI  - [Bacterial classification].
AB  - In this paper, the essential points in classification of bacteria were given. In
      addition, a short history of the classification and the medical importance of the
      bacteria were listed.

PMID- 1795665
TI  - [Reference values and tolerance intervals].
AB  - Statistical aspects of tolerance intervals estimation are considered and
      tolerance coefficients for unilateral and central intervals are derived for
      normally distributed biological variables. The difference between confidence and
      tolerance interval is explained and application to biological and environmental
      monitoring, as well as applications to reference values estimation, are
      exemplified. Tables of unilateral and central coefficients are also produced and
      reported for different sample dimensions, confidence, and tolerance levels.

PMID- 1795666
TI  - [Non-visual effects of light mediated via the optical route: review of the
      literature and implications for occupational medicine].
AB  - Artificial light which now plays an essential role in industrialized society
      differs from natural light both in intensity which is usually lower, and in
      spectrum, which is usually smaller. It is now a well-known fact that the human
      body is able to use luminous stimulation for aims other than sight; the pineal
      gland, though no longer directly sensitive to light as in lower animals, is
      nevertheless the fulcrum of a complex neuro-endocrine system which makes an
      interaction between light and the human body possible by means of the production
      of a number of substances of which melatonin is the most widely investigated.
      Melatonin is secreted at a circadian rhythm characterized by high nocturnal seric
      levels and low diurnal levels. This secretion appears to be correlated not only
      with the intensity of the light but also with its spectrum and time exposure.
      Even though the function of melatonin is still not fully understood, it seems
      possible to assign a mainly modulatory role to the pineal gland and melatonin. On
      the basis of studies performed on the pituitary-gonadal and/or hypothalamic axis
      and the reproductive system in animals, melatonin would appear to affect some
      endocrine functions (i.e., puberty) in man, too. Changes in melatonin secretion
      have been found in psychiatric illness, especially in cyclical affective
      disorders. Melatonin seems to be involved in stress-associated mechanisms,
      probably with an agonistic role, and also in carcinogenesis, where it seems to
      play a role in the growth of several tumors. Melatonin also affects both tumoral
      and cellular immune responses. Lastly, melatonin may be able to reduce the
      symptoms of the Jet Lag Syndrome. The consequences that prolonged and marked
      reduction in daylight exposure for occupational reasons could have on operators,
      especially young people, therefore constitute an interesting subject for
      occupational health; environmental photometry at the work-place, if adequately
      performed, could make a useful contribution to the development of this field of
      research.

PMID- 1795667
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and work activities].
AB  - Human work may be a causative agent in arterial hypertension (A.H.), for example
      through the action of toxic or physical agents such as lead and noise. The
      working environment is also a useful place for A.H. screening and assessment of
      therapeutic compliance. However, new cases of A.H. should be treated and followed
      up in order to avoid increased absenteeism. The choice of therapeutic drugs
      should take account of the type of job (i.e., amount of energy expenditure,
      sensorial charge, hot environment) and the shift, so as to achieve a single daily
      administration (for example using combined drugs). Hypertensive subjects could be
      advised against night work.

PMID- 1795668
TI  - [Markers of fibrogenesis in bronchoalveolar lavage and in serum of workers
      exposed to asbestos].
AB  - The N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen (PIIIP) and fibronectin (FBN), two
      markers possibly implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, were
      determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and in serum of 27 subjects with
      a history of occupational exposure to asbestos, in 10 sarcoidosis patients and in
      7 healthy controls. At the same time, the study of the cell populations and
      asbestos bodies count in BAL were also performed. In BAL of sarcoidosis patients
      the mean concentration of PI-IIIP was higher compared to that of the other two
      groups, and the difference was significant compared with the healthy controls.
      Among the group of asbestos workers, both PIIIP and FBN were significantly higher
      in subjects with radiological signs of pulmonary asbestosis compared with those
      with no signs of asbestosis. On the basis of BAL cytology, the asbestos-exposed
      were divided into two subgroups, with or without signs of alveolitis: the mean
      concentrations of BAL PIIIP was significantly higher in the subgroup with
      alveolitis. Moreover, in this subgroup there was a positive correlation between
      total number of cells and PIIIP, and between the number of asbestos bodies and
      PIIIP in BAL. Serum PIIIP values did not differ significantly among the various
      groups, with the exception of higher values in sarcoidosis patients. The results
      of this study seem to confirm the usefulness of PIIIP and FBN determinations in
      BAL, as indicators of the activity of the fibrotic process which, in particular
      cases, might also assume a prognostic significance.

PMID- 1795669
TI  - [Multiple myeloma and occupational risk factors: a case-control study].
AB  - In order to identify possible relationships between multiple myeloma (MM) and
      occupational factors, a hospital-based case control type study was carried out on
      94 cases of MM and on 188 controls matched for sex, age (S.D. = 2 years) and area
      of residence, suffering from orthopaedic trauma and free of chronic/degenerative
      or tumoral diseases. All jobs done for at least a year in a period of 5-30 years
      before diagnosis were considered. Statistical analysis showed a significant
      correlation between MM and agricultural work (OR 1.82; I.C. 95% 1.03-3.25), which
      agrees with the data in the literature. The etiopathogenetic hypotheses reported
      in the literature are discussed and proposals for further research are made.

PMID- 1795670
TI  - [Toxicity of 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline and 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline to isolated rat
      hepatocytes].
AB  - The toxicity of 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline (4C2NA) and 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline
      (2C4NA) was investigated on isolated rat hepatocytes following 1-3 hours of
      exposure to 0.2 and/or 2 mM of these xenobiotics. The higher of the two
      concentrations appeared to induce a statistically significant loss of cellular
      viability (p less than 0.01 compared to control), judged by Trypan Blue staining,
      after 3 hours of incubation with these substances means = 58, SD = 7%; and means
      = SD = 7%; for 4C2NA and 2C4NA, respectively). Furthermore, both
      chloronitroanilines produced an hepatocellular and microsomal damage demonstrated
      by conspicuous changes in LDH and G-6-Pase activities (p less than 0.01). The
      exposure to 2 mM of both 4C2NA and/or 2C4NA produced a marked depletion of the
      intracellular pool of GSH after 3 hours (13 mM/10(6) and 10 mM/10(6) cells,
      respectively; p less than 0.01). Thus it seems possible that 2C4NA may induce a
      more severe cellular damage than that induced by 4C2NA.

PMID- 1795671
TI  - [Risk of exposure to metals in the production and processing of copper alloys].
AB  - A study was carried out in 3 copper alloy industries: a foundry for scrap of
      various origin producing brass and bronze alloys (foundry A) and 2 foundries that
      used these same alloys (foundries B and C). An environmental investigation and
      biological monitoring of the employees for Pb, ZPP, Cu, Zn, Be, Sb, Mn, Ni and Cr
      were performed in each foundry. The results of biological and environmental
      monitoring showed that the Pb exposure levels were distinctly higher than those
      of the other metals in all 3 foundries. The highest levels of PbA and PbB were
      observed in foundry A, especially during scrap grinding operations, where the
      limit values were exceeded. The environmental concentrations and the levels of
      the biological indicators for all other metals, except Pb, were within reasonable
      limits. Therefore, in the investigated working situations and for the metals
      under study, except Pb, it would appear that a situation exists of exposure to
      "microdoses" which, even though not implying a risk of appearance of the classic
      signs and symptoms of intoxication, raises the problem of the possibility of
      identifying early effects and interpreting the biological indicators. Biological
      monitoring of exposed subjects has shown that the levels of the indicators for
      Cu, Ni and Cr are markedly different from the reference values on a group basis,
      whereas in individual workers the values are generally below the "upper limits".
      A comparison with the "limit values'' was only possible for the biological
      indicators of Pb; for the others, although differences were observed indicating
      that absorption had taken place, no univocal interpretation criteria exist,
      considering also the relatively low mean increases observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795672
TI  - [Increase of nonspecific bronchial reactivity after occupational exposure to
      vanadium].
AB  - A study was conducted to evaluate the level of bronchial responsiveness among
      workers recently exposed to vanadium pentoxide during periodical removal of ashes
      and clinker from the boilers of an oil-fired power station. A total of 11 male
      workers were examined 40-60 hours after the last exposure; male subjects,
      comparable as to age and smoking habits and not exposed to vanadium, were
      randomly chosen among the employees of the same power station as a control group.
      None of the subjects in the two groups had symptoms of bronchial inflammation or
      significant airways obstruction. However, bronchial responsiveness, investigated
      using a methacholine challenge test, was significantly higher in the exposed
      group. It is suggested that exposure to vanadium increases bronchial
      responsiveness even without clinical appearance of bronchial symptoms. The role
      of such increased level of airways responsiveness as a risk factor for chronic
      obstructive lung disease is speculated.

PMID- 1795673
TI  - [Allergic disease caused by squaric acid dibutyl ester: description of 2 cases in
      a work environment].
AB  - The paper describes an episode of contact dermatitis in 4 pharmaceutical industry
      workers. Symptoms regressed after cessation of exposure. Each worker underwent
      clinical investigations with specific patch tests for the products handled. In 2
      subjects there were positive skin reactions to squaric acid dibutyl-ester, a
      substance with powerful allergenic action and consequently rarely used on the
      market. Following elimination of the compound from the production cycle, no
      further cases of dermal symptoms were reported among the operators.

PMID- 1795674
TI  - [Reproductive isolation in Anopheles sacharovi and Anopheles martinius].

PMID- 1795675
TI  - [An experimental infection caused by the Issyk-Kul arbovirus].
AB  - Pathogenic properties of Issyk-Kul virus have been experimentally studied in
      green monkeys, golden hamsters and white mice. The virus was identified in the
      blood and organs of all the animals. Pathohistological studies have revealed
      inflammatory and dystrophic changes in the central nervous system, lungs, liver
      and kidneys. Pronounced immunomorphological changes have been observed in the
      spleen. The virus possessed pantropic properties and caused generalized infection
      in all the animals irrespective of the mode of infection. In monkeys asymptomatic
      infection was accompanied by marked organ damages and virusemia. The presence of
      specific antibodies in the blood indicated a low efficacy of humoral immunity in
      this infection.

PMID- 1795676
TI  - [The results of laboratory and field trials of the action of ektomin on the taiga
      tick].
AB  - Laboratory and field trials of 60% concentrated ectomin emulsion have been
      conducted. Laboratory experiments on the contact of hungry female individuals of
      Ixodes persulcatus (Acarina, Ixodidae) with pesticide in the envelopes made of
      impregnated filter paper have established high imago sensitivity to the
      preparation--LD50 after a 4-hour contact was 1.10(-6) micrograms/cm2. In field
      experiments ectomin ensured a 100% effect of hungry Ixodes persulcatus
      elimination 1-2 days later, with the preparation expenditure no more than 0.05
      kg/hectare. The effect was retained throughout one whole season of I. persulcatus
      activity.

PMID- 1795677
TI  - [The effectiveness of an immunoenzyme test with homologous and heterologous
      antigens in clonorchiasis].
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay with homologous and heterologous antigens has been
      elaborated for the diagnosis of clonorchiasis. 251 blood serum samples from
      patients with clonorchiasis have been studied, as well as 230 samples from
      patients with geohelminthiases obtained from North Vietnam provinces and 299
      samples from Moscow donors. The test sensitivity and specificity were 78.72% and
      94.52%, respectively. The dependence of test sensitivity on the intensity of
      infection has been noted. The calculation of the diagnostic value of enzyme
      immunoassay makes it possible to use it with respect to the level of the
      population invaxon: in low level of invaxon (below 32%) D = 2.11M + 0.06, in
      invaxon level above 32%, D = 1.74M + 0.04. The use of a homologous antigen
      enhances the test sensitivity.

PMID- 1795678
TI  - [The occurrence of trichinelliasis outbreaks among the population of Kherson
      Province in 1986-1988].
AB  - Three outbreaks of trichinellosis have been reviewed in Kherson Province, which
      has so far been safe as regards this infection. The source of infection in two
      cases was pork from small private farms and in one case it was meat of a wild
      boar.

PMID- 1795680
TI  - [The practical aspects of the enterobiasis problem in Lithuania].
AB  - The invasion with enterobiasis in individual groups and antienterobiasis measures
      performed in Lithuania over the 1980-1989 period have been analysed. An overall
      average 10-year infectivity of children with Oxyuris vermicularis was 9.4%. The
      infectivity averaged 17.2% in organized groups of preschool children and 8.1% in
      nonorganized groups of preschool children. According to the data of 1984-1989 the
      infectivity in the pupils of the first-fourth forms averaged 18.4%. The
      infectivity of adults with enterobiasis was considerably lower than in children
      (1.6-2.3% on the average). Sanitary helminthological surveys have been conducted
      to assess the degree of contamination of articles in children preschool
      institutions with invaded matter. An overall index of contamination of the
      articles under study with Oxyuris vermicularis oocysts was 1.1%. So far
      enterobiasis control in the Republic has been focussed on the isolation and
      treatment of the invaded persons, as well as on the sanitary helminthological
      control over the environment. However, the above measures proved insufficient in
      combatting the epidemic process. It has been shown that the morbidity might be
      considerably lowered, provided rules of personal hygiene are strictly and
      constantly observed, the most essential of them being washing of children in the
      evening and in the morning. The struggle against enterobiasis may be effective in
      case all the antiepidemic measures are strictly observed with participation of
      parents and the personnel of the children institutions.

PMID- 1795679
TI  - [The molecular bases of the pathogenesis of malaria and their potential uses in
      developing a combined therapy for the infection].
AB  - Molecular mimicry of a host is essential malaria parasite invasion and spreading
      in a host and it makes self-advantage for the parasite affecting vital organs and
      systems of the latter. It is tempting to assume that monoclonal antibody (MA)
      blocking specific (such as IMAM-I or CD36) and some unspecific (such as C3b)
      receptors of the blood stages of P. falciparum may prevent the malignant course
      of the infection. In our experience pyrazolone derivative not only suppressed
      schizont P. vivax infection but parasitemia too. After ceasing the drug
      administration, fever and parasitemia reappeared. It is of interest to study
      whether MA to the parasite hsp75 kD are able to suppress blood schizogony in P.
      falciparum infection. The prevention with MA to IFN-u the development of
      experimental cerebral malaria has been reported. Principally new approach in
      advancing the therapy of malignant malaria might be inducing agents of TNF
      inhibitors production. The suppressing of the parasite activity by blocking its
      receptors in a host seems to be perspective in the therapy of malignant malaria.

PMID- 1795681
TI  - [The results of a clinical trial of embovin in enterobiasis].

PMID- 1795682
TI  - [The characteristics of the acid-forming function of the stomach in patients with
      duodenal peptic ulcer combined with intestinal parasitoses].
AB  - The paper summarizes the results of the studies of gastric secretion in patients
      with duodenal ulcers alone and in patients with duodenal ulcers accompanied by
      gastric parasitoses. The findings indicate that gastric secretion values in
      patients with duodenal ulcers accompanied by gastric parasitoses tend to
      decrease. The features of gastric secretion in such patients should be taken into
      consideration during their pathogenetic treatment (H2-blockers of histamine
      receptors).

PMID- 1795683
TI  - [The prognosis of the diphyllobothriasis situation in water reservoirs under
      construction (the Adyche and Sakhalin reservoirs)].
AB  - The investigations conducted in the construction area of Adyche and Sakhalin
      water reservoirs made it possible to work out the prognosis for the changes in
      the situation on diphyllobothriasis. In the area of Adyche water reservoir the
      population invasion with D. latum is likely to increase, while in the area of
      Sakhalin water reservoir the situation on D. klebanovskii sp. no. will remain
      unchanged.

PMID- 1795684
TI  - [The search for new antiparasitic agents. 5. The synthesis, acute toxicity and
      anthelmintic activity of methyl 5(6)-[1(2H)phthalazinonyl-4]-1H-benzimidazolyl-2
      carbamate].

PMID- 1795685
TI  - [The search for new antiparasitic agents. 6. The synthesis and study of the acute
      toxicity of halogenated benzamides containing benzophenone or diphenylsulfone
      substitutes at the nitrogen].

PMID- 1795686
TI  - [Lysozyme activity in diphyllobothriasis patients].
AB  - A considerable decrease in lysozime activity has been detected in the serum of
      patients with diphyllobothriasis especially in the early period of invasion. A 13
      20-fold increase in enzyme activity has been found in the urine of patients,
      which disappeared 1 month after treatment, indicating the normalization of the
      immune status after the recovery from diphyllobothriasis. The index of lysozyme
      activity may be used in combination with other tests for the evaluation of the
      treatment efficacy.

PMID- 1795687
TI  - [The morphology of the inflammatory reaction in the parenchymatous organs of mice
      infested with Toxocara].
AB  - The nature and dynamics of inflammatory changes have been studied in the liver
      and lungs of CBA/j mice infected with T. canis oocysts (Moscow and Irkutsk
      strains). It has been shown that in larval toxocariasis of mice two peaks of
      total leukocyte concentration are observed in the peripheral blood, on days 8 and
      13-15 of invasion, which reflects terms of larvae migration via liver and lungs.
      The course of the inflammatory process in the parenchymatous organs of
      experimental animals is 7 days slower than in aseptic inflammation due to 2-4
      fold inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis and 3-fold decrease in bactericidal
      activity. Larval migration of Irkutsk T. canis strain from the liver to the lungs
      and to the brain is 7-10 days slower than in the Moscow strain.

PMID- 1795688
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of the ontogenetic indices in healthy children
      and those with enterobiasis].
AB  - It should be noted that a total number of dysembryogenesis stigmas in an
      individual child must be taken into consideration in the formation of risk
      groups. Children with an increased number of stigmas (more than 7 in one child)
      are thought to be at high risk only of somatic pathology but also of the given
      helminthiasis and should be urgently examined for enterobiasis.

PMID- 1795689
TI  - [Paragonimiasis].

PMID- 1795690
TI  - [A description of a case of Lyme disease in eastern Siberia].
AB  - A typical case of Lyme's borreliosis with classical stage course has been
      described in a 56-year-old male residing in Severobaikalsk. This case confirms
      the possibility of infestation with Lyme's disease in the regions where Ixodes
      ticks are widespread, as they are vectors of both tick-borne encephalitis virus
      and Lyme's borreliosis.

PMID- 1795691
TI  - [A comparison of some malarial mosquito species in their reaction to bacterial
      insecticides].
AB  - Considerable differences have been detected in the sensitivity of various
      Anopheles species to bacterial insecticides. These differences might be
      associated with features in larval nutrition and do not depend on their size and
      taxonomic species position. An. pulcherrimus or An. sacharovi and An. stephensi
      species are suggested as the most suitable test objects for the representatives
      of the given genus.

PMID- 1795692
TI  - [Benefits and risks of hypnotics].
AB  - Rationalisation of the war of hypnotics has recently been under discussion in
      France: a review of the benefits and risks of these substances may therefore be
      useful. Chronic insomnia is a result of multiple factors, among which individual
      characteristics of the personality play an important role. Hypnotic treatment is
      symptomatic; its beneficial influence on sleep progressively vanishes in few
      weeks, while some negative residual effects on daytime functioning (mood,
      alertness, performance, memory impairment) may persist. The main problems posed
      by hypnotic treatment with benzodiazepines are related to tolerance effects
      during the treatment period and to rebound insomnia and withdrawal phenomena
      after discontinuation. Practical issues for the treatment of insomnia, based on
      international consensus, are presented.

PMID- 1795693
TI  - [Sleep in normal aging].
AB  - Sleep in the elderly is characterized by a decrease in the ability to stay asleep
      resulting in a more fragmented sleep. Spindles are less frequent and less ample,
      shorter, without an increase during the night contrary young subjects. Delta
      activity in slow wave sleep is decreased in the 0.5-2 Hz frequency band only. REM
      sleep occurs earlier the first REM period duration increases. The REM sleep
      appearance is almost uniform during the night. REMs density does not increase
      toward the end of the sleeping period. The sleep-wake circadian rhythm is
      advanced (bedtime and morning awakening occur earlier). The temperature rhythm is
      also advanced. The rise in temperature after the nadir begins earlier for females
      and the initial ascent is more rapid. This explains why women wake up earlier and
      sleep for shorter durations than men. The nocturnal and diurnal mean plasmatic
      norepinephrine values increase. The rhythm of cortisol secretion is advanced. The
      GH and melatonin peaks of secretion are decreased. The acrophase of melatonin
      rhythm is occurring later in the elderly. These results suggest a weakening of
      circadian structure in the course of aging and an altered relationship between
      the pacemakers driving melatonin and cortisol circadian rhythms.

PMID- 1795694
TI  - [Movement-related cortical potentials in aged subjects].
AB  - Cortical potentials related to freely-executed voluntary wrist flexion (MRPs)
      were studied in 35 subjects aged 23-80 years. The characteristics of the MPRs in
      aged subjects were determined in comparison data from 14 young subjects aged 23
      40 years. The analysis concerned 3 components of the MRPs: the slow negative
      shifts (NS1 and NS2) before the movement onset and the motor potential (MP). In
      the aged subject, the latencies measured at Cz show a significant lengthening of
      the NS1 and of the duration of NS2 (NS' of Shibasaki et al, 1980). The mean
      amplitude of the NS1 peak at Cz is decreased, and those of N1 (the negative peak
      before the movement) and MP are not significantly different from those of the
      young subjects. The NS2 component in the aged subject (between NS1 and N1) is
      thus increased. In contrast to the young subjects, who present a predominance of
      N1 and MP amplitudes of the contralateral motor cortex over the ipsilateral
      cortex, the aged subjects lose lateralization of these components. Recording of
      MRPs with subdural electrodes (Neshige et al, 1988) shows taht NS1 results from
      the activity of the supplementary motor area and from the ipsi-contralateral
      primary motor cortex. The increase in NS2 might be interpreted as an expression
      of activity coming from other structures to compensate for the reduction in NS1
      in the aged subject and to maintain the level of the motor potential MP.

PMID- 1795695
TI  - [EEG periodic lateralized activities associated with ischemic cerebro-vascular
      strokes: physiopathologic significance and localizing value].
AB  - Eleven cases of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED) with stroke
      (9 cases) or transient ischemic attacks are reported. PLEDs are often associated
      with depression of conscience (81%) or partial pure motor epileptic seizures
      (90%). PLEDs and seizures seem independent on EEG. Ischemic strokes associated
      with PLEDs have some characteristic features: old age, vascular risk factors,
      parieto-occipital areas infarcts and frequent association with TIAs. PLEDs seem
      to be often associated with watershed infarcts. The relations between PLEDs and
      cerebral ischemia are discussed.

PMID- 1795696
TI  - Sensory evoked potentials in herpes simplex encephalitis.
AB  - Flash visual potentials (FEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and
      auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded in a 66-year-old patient
      presenting with clinical, EEG and CT brain scan features of herpes simplex
      encephalitis (HSE). At the time of evoked potential study (10 days after onset of
      the disease) the patient was treated with iv barbiturate on controlled
      respiration (lidocaine and phenytoin were not utilized); core temperature was 37
      degrees C and pupils were dilated and nonreactive. Cortical FEPs were not
      recognizable on 02 lead, whereas they were clearly evident on 01 with normal
      latency of early N1, P1, N2 waves and delayed P2 component. SEPs showed normal
      peripheral and central conduction times, but N20 peak was bilaterally absent with
      unrecognizable (on P3) or delayed (on P4) N33 wave. No ABR (including wave I)
      were found on stimulation of the right ear, whereas delayed wave V with prolonged
      interpeak I-V latency was found on stimulation of the left ear. In conclusion,
      changes in sensory evoked potentials in HSE seem to be caused either by necrotic
      hemorrhagic damage (with the disappearance of some cortical responses), by coma
      (with alterations in middle-latency cortical responses) and by increased
      intracranial pressure (with subsequent ABR abnormalities).

PMID- 1795697
TI  - [Regulatory protein factor CTCF interacts with a segment of the chicken c-myc
      oncogene promotor, capable of changing to a noncanonical conformation].
AB  - To identify the regions in the chicken c-myc promoter that are necessary for the
      binding of a nuclear trans-acting factor CTCF--the potential oncogene activator-
      we used a synthetic analog of the natural binding site that contains three
      correctly spaced CCCTC-repeats that are known to be involved in CTCF-binding. Gel
      retardation experiments failed to detect any CTCF-binding activity with this
      synthetic site. We conclude that GC-transversions made in the regions presumed to
      be invalid, do in fact interfere with the protein binding. The secondary
      structure analysis with S1-nuclease shows the presence of an unusual DNA
      conformation of the CTCF-binding site in the supercoiled plasmids, that can not
      be detected with the artificial construction. The precise mapping of S1 nuclease
      cleavage reveals several hypersensitive sites in the CCCTC-zone. Thus, an altered
      secondary structure may be functionally important for the protein recognition in
      vivo.

PMID- 1795698
TI  - [Detection of autoantibodies against phenylalanyl-, tyrosyl-, and tryptophanyl
      tRNA-synthetase and anti-idiotypic antibodies to it in serum from patients with
      autoimmune diseases].
AB  - Sera of patients bearing autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and systemic
      lupus erythematosus) and sera of clinically healthy donors were examined by ELISA
      for the presence of autoantibodies against tryptophanyl-, tyrosyl- and
      phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. Pure bovine synthetases served as antigens. It was
      shown that in patients with both autoimmune diseases all three enzyme
      autoantibodies were revealed at serum dilution 1/1600-1/3200. Moreover, by means
      of monoclonal antibodies against the same enzymes used for immunoaffinity
      sorption, antiidiotypic antibodies of IgG type against autoantibodies were
      detected. A conclusion has been made that autoimmune diseases are characterized
      by autoimmune response for many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases irrespectively of
      their quaternary structure, intracellular location etc both at the level of
      primary and secondary antibodies.

PMID- 1795699
TI  - [Interaction of trivaline with single-stranded polyribonucleotides].
AB  - Binding of tripeptide H-Val3-(NH)2-Dns (TVP) to polyribonucleotides was studied
      by fluorescence methods, circular and flow linear dichroism, equilibrium dialysis
      and electron microscopy. It was found that TVP binds to poly(U) in monomer, dimer
      and tetramer forms with binding constants of about 10(3), 40, 18.10(4) M,
      respectively. The cooperativity parameter for peptide dimer binding is 2000. The
      peptide forms tetramer complexes with poly(A), poly(C), poly(G) also. The
      formation of a complex between the peptide tetramer and nucleic acid is
      accompanied by a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity. The
      cooperative binding of TVP dimers to poly(U), poly(A), poly(C) is accompanied by
      a dramatic decrease in the flexibility of polynucleotide chains. However, it has
      a small effect (if any) on the flexibility of the poly(G) chain. The observed
      similarity of thermodynamic, optical and hydrodynamic++ properties of TVP
      complexes with single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids may reflect a
      similarity in the geometries of peptide complexes with nucleic acids. Electron
      microscopy studies show that peptide binding to poly(U) and dsDNA leads to
      compactization of the nucleic acids caused by interaction between the peptide
      tetramers bound to a nucleic acid. At the first stage of the compactization
      process the well-organized rod-like particles are formed, each consisting of one
      or more single-stranded polynucleotide fibers. Increasing the peptide
      concentration stimulates a side-by-side association and folding of the rods with
      the formation of macromolecular "leech-like" structures with the thickness of 20
      50 nm.

PMID- 1795700
TI  - [Study of the structural properties of recombinant leukocyte interferon A by
      means of fluorescence polarization, circular dichroism, and differential
      microcalorimetry].
AB  - Human leukocyte interferon-A1 (IFN-alpha A) structure in solution was
      investigated by fluorescence polarization, circular dichroism and scanning
      microcalorimetry techniques. Using gel-filtration it was established that at
      neutral pH values and at concentration not exceeding 0.3 mg/ml IFN-alpha A has a
      dimeric configuration in solution. At pH below 5, IFN-alpha A exists as a
      monomer. Using circular dichroism technique the IFN-alpha A molecule was shown to
      preserve a native structure upon decreasing pH to 3.5. The rotational correlation
      time of IFN-alpha A molecule in dimeric and monomeric form was measured using
      fluorescence of DNS, conjugated with the protein, and fluorescence of tryptophan
      residues. Our data indicate that the shape of IFN-alpha A molecule may be
      approximated by the rigid ellipsoid of revolution with the axis ratio = 4:1. The
      intramolecular melting of IFN-alpha A was studied by scanning microcalorimetry
      and circular dichroism in the acidic pH range. Thermodynamic analysis reveals two
      independent cooperative transitions. These transitions can be explained by
      assuming that the IFN-alpha A molecule consists of two structural domains.

PMID- 1795701
TI  - [Fractionation of eukaryotic DNA in a pulsating electrical field. I. Detection
      and properties of discrete DNA fragments].
AB  - The fractionation of eukaryotic DNA by field inversion gel electrophoresis
      results in the appearance of discrete DNA-fragments. The set of these fragments
      is similar to that of different eukaryotic representatives and consists of
      various chromosomal DNAs, unified by size. The physical properties of DNA
      fragments suggest that they can form multimeric structures due to the presence of
      sticky ends flanking discrete fragments. We suppose that the set of discrete DNA
      fragments results in a specific cleavage of intact nuclear DNA and can reflect
      different levels of chromatin structural organization.

PMID- 1795702
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of changes in chromosomal structural organization
      under the effect of formamide].
AB  - Isolated human metaphase chromosomes were treated with formamide at different (0
      70%) concentrations and examined electronmicroscopically by protein monolayer
      technique. At increasing formamide concentration chromosomes gradually
      decondense, the scaffold becomes more clearly visible, the loops of chromatin
      fibres coming off the central part of chromosomes lose their nucleosomal
      appearance. Electrophoretic analysis of chromosomal proteins data show that
      formamide-treated chromosomes have approximately the same histone content as
      those before treatment, although chromosomes treated with 70% formamide look very
      similar to histone-depleted ones described elsewhere.

PMID- 1795703
TI  - [X-ray structural study of leucine aminopeptidase with a resolution of 4
      Angstroms].
AB  - An X-ray crystallographic structure determination has been carried out on bovine
      lens leucine aminopeptidase at 4.0 A resolution by using a combination of
      isomorphous replacement and solvent flattening. The two heavy atom derivatives
      used were obtained by soaking crystals in ethyl mercury chloride, which bound at
      four sites, and phenyl mercury acetate, which bound at one site in the monomer.
      The electron density map reveals that the enzyme hexameric oligomer, arranged in
      32 symmetry, has a triangular barrel appearance and dimensions, of height 88 A
      and maximal width 118 A in barrel equatorial plane. Each subunit in an elongated
      ellipsoid of approximate length 92 A. Subunits contacts have been described. From
      an analysis of the map each subunit appears to contain some 36% alpha-helix and
      is organized into two distinct globular domains. Direct location of zinc cluster
      and competitive inhibitor binding site are presented.

PMID- 1795704
TI  - [Molecular chaperones: new proteins--new functions].
AB  - A new class of cellular proteins named "molecular chaperones" has been described
      recently. Chaperones prevent from improper interactions either within or between
      polypeptide chains, which could produce incorrect structures. Chaperones assist
      in assembly or disassembly of oligomeric structures and in protein transport
      across membranes. There are three conservative families of chaperones and a few
      unrelated members. Some of them appeared to be stress proteins with yet unknown
      function. Mechanism of action and specificity of chaperone binding are under
      investigation now.

PMID- 1795705
TI  - [Structure and dynamics of proteins].
AB  - The basic structural and dynamical properties of globular proteins are reviewed.
      The knowledge of these properties is necessary for understanding the molecular
      evolution. Special affection is devoted to physical modelling of proteins.
      Special attention is payed to the glassy model.

PMID- 1795706
TI  - [Polymerase chain reaction].
AB  - Principles of the polymerase chain reaction, its modifications and applications
      are discussed. Guidelines for performance of the polymerase chain reaction are
      briefly summarized.

PMID- 1795707
TI  - [Spatial structure of apamin in solution].
AB  - The calculation of the complete spatial structure of the bee venom peptide
      neurotoxin apamin has been carried out by means of a method elaborated earlier.
      It is based on the joint utilization of the molecular mechanics algorithms and
      NMR spectroscopy data. It was established that the molecule backbone conformation
      in solution may be represented as the combination of the beta-turn III (residues
      2-5) and alpha-helical segment (9-18) both separated by the non-standard bend IV
      (5-8). The most probable system of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the
      apamin polypeptide backbone was proposed. Certain amino acid residues have been
      shown to be characterized by the lack of strict determination of the
      conformations of their side chains which may be realized in a few states
      providing approximately equal stabilization of the same form of the main chain.
      The conformational parameters of the proposed apamin structural model are
      appropriate to the NMR spectroscopy data derived from the literature and used in
      the calculations and are not contradictory to other experimental information.

PMID- 1795708
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of vaccinia virus proteins associated with cell
      membranes of infected cells].
AB  - The proteins of vaccinia virus associated with plasma membrane infected cells BHK
      21, p60, p45, p42, p40,p35,p34,p28,p23 were isolated from plasma membranes using
      affinity chromatography, gel-electrophoresis and passive elution. An
      immunochemical characterization was carried out using specific antiserum to these
      proteins. Investigation of temporal regulation of proteins synthesis in infected
      cells showed that proteins p60, p45, p42, p40, p28 were late, and p35, p34, p23-
      early-late proteins. Immunochemical analysis of vaccinia virus mRNA cell-free
      translational products was carried out using specific antiserum. The polypeptide
      precursors of viral proteins were identified.

PMID- 1795709
TI  - [Mechanism of NADH-sensitized formation of DNA breaks during irradiation with
      near UV light].
AB  - NADH-photosensitized in vitro formation of single-stranded breaks in plasmid DNA
      pBR322 depends on both the concentration of the sensitizer and the influence of
      near-UV radiation (320-400 nm). Scavengers and inhibitors of different activated
      oxygen species (sodium azide, sodium benzoate, catalase and superoxide dismutase)
      prevent the formation of breaks in full or partly. The data obtained show that
      hydroxyl radical (.OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are directly involved in the
      induction of breaks. In this process hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays the role of
      an intermediate in the reaction of .OH formation from superoxide anion-radical
      (O2-.) which is the first NAD.H-photogenerated product.

PMID- 1795710
TI  - [Oncogene-directed mutagenesis in vivo. Polyalkylating derivatives of short
      single-stranded polynucleotides, complementary E1-adeno-oncogene, in the
      normalization of adenovirus-transformed rodent cell lines].
AB  - Polyalkylating derivatives of single-stranded polynucleotides (30-200-mers)
      complementary to the long E1 oncogene sequences of simian adenovirus SA7 cause
      inherited normalization of SH2 and G11 cells transformed with adenovirus SA7;
      certain deletions in the integrated proviral E1A oncogene were observed in
      several cases during this process. The transformed cells are indifferent to
      reagents noncomplementary to the E1 region. Thus polyalkylating derivatives of
      single-stranded 30-200-mers act as addressed mutagenes which react in a specific
      way with the integrated complementary DNA sequences of E1 oncogene in transformed
      rodent cells and realize oncogene-directed mutagenesis in vivo. During this
      treatment temporary normalized cells reverting to the initial transformed
      phenotype are also produced.

PMID- 1795711
TI  - [Secretion of periplasmic PhoA protein during its supersynthesis into the medium
      using outer membrane vesicles. Features of chemical composition of the vesicles
      and membranes of Escherichia coli secreting cells].
AB  - E. coli K12802 cells transformed by multicopy plasmid with phoA gene acquire the
      ability to oversynthesize alkaline phosphatase, secrete it into the cultural
      medium, and accumulate the precursor of this enzyme. The dynamics of enzyme
      production and secretion as well as cytomorphological changes revealed the
      existence of a mechanism of selective enzyme secretion into the medium. It is
      characterized by a decrease of enzyme specific activity in periplasm and its
      increase in cultural medium, appearance of numerous local zones of adhesion of
      cytoplasmic and outer membranes, formation of large extracellular outer membrane
      vesicles containing PhoA protein on the cell poles, and their release into the
      medium. We isolated the vesicles and found that they contain PhoA (in dominating
      quantity), several other periplasmic proteins, and matrix proteins of outer
      membranes. By their phospholipid and protein composition, they correspond to the
      fraction of outer membranes which have the largest density and sedimentation rate
      and, apparently, contain no lipoprotein.

PMID- 1795712
TI  - [A molecular model of cooperative binding of Ca2+ with rhodopsin molecules in
      photoreceptor membranes].
AB  - Kinetics of calcium binding by photoreceptor membranes of cattle retina in
      concentration Ca2+ 0.5 and 1.0.10(-5) M in 5 mM tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 37
      degrees C has been studied. Such kinetics is of oscillating nature. Analysis of
      calcium binding process curves by photoreceptor membranes allow to conclude, that
      crystalline areas of rhodopsin (receptor domains) can be formed in the structure
      of photoreceptor membranes. Conformation states and structure of rhodopsin
      molecules Ca-binding sites in receptor domains depend on the presence of Ca2+ in
      the medium. The structure of rhodopsin molecules Ca-binding sites in receptor
      domain formed in the presence of Ca2+ in the medium was proposed. According to
      the Hodgkin and Huxley conception concerning the properties of Na(+)- and K(+)
      channels, the receptor domain with such a structure of rhodopsin molecules Ca
      binding sites can represent the conjugate system of Na(+)- and K(+)-channels.
      Molecular mechanisms of photoreceptor and nerve cells excitation was also
      proposed.

PMID- 1795713
TI  - Antifungal susceptibility testing with dermatophytes.
AB  - The determination of the in vitro activity of antimycotics against dermatophytes
      has for long been considered as irrelevant from a practical point of view.
      Recently, however, this approach has been questioned. Various different tests
      such as agar diffusion test, agar dilution test and broth dilution test can be
      used for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations with
      dermatophytes. A close correlation between in vitro data and clinical outcome
      could especially be demonstrated for the micro dilution test. In future, the
      antimycogram of a dermatophyte isolated from an individual patient should gain
      more and more importance for the selection of the drug to be used and its dosage.

PMID- 1795714
TI  - Intracellular killing of Candida albicans by human neutrophils is potentiated by
      exposure to combinations of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine.
AB  - Combination treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine is synergistic and
      has become clinically useful in the treatment of various forms of systemic
      candidosis. The synergy between these two compounds may be explained in part by
      their combined effect on the interaction between fungal cells and host
      phagocytes. Pretreatment of Candida albicans for 2 h with either amphotericin B
      or 5-fluorocytosine or the two agents in combination did not inhibit or enhance
      phagocytosis by glass-adherent human neutrophils (P greater than 0.05).
      Intracellular killing of pretreated yeast cells was not influenced by antifungals
      alone (P greater than 0.05), but pretreatment of C. albicans with 5.0 mg l-1
      amphotericin B + 10 l-1 5-fluorocytosine or 5.0 mg l-1 amphotericin B + 50 mg l-1
      5-fluorocytosine significantly enhanced the ability of neutrophils to kill the
      number of viable yeast cells intracellularly (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 1795715
TI  - Phospholipase production in morphological variants of Candida albicans.
AB  - The yeast Candida albicans is considered a dangerous opportunist in a compromised
      host. Both phases of growth are thought to be pathogenic, however, evidence
      suggests that the hyphal phase is the more virulent. It has been proposed that
      the increased virulence lies in the ability of hyphae to digest and penetrate
      host tissue, thus enabling access of fungal cells to the deeper tissues. However,
      this one characteristic does not sufficiently explain the organism's success as a
      pathogen. Recently, high-frequency, colonial morphology switching systems were
      described in C. albicans. We obtained some of these variants and tested them for
      the ability to produce extracellular phospholipase(s), a generally accepted
      mechanism of pathogenesis in many microorganisms. Using egg yolk agar plates, we
      showed that all variants produced the enzyme. However, one produced significantly
      more than the others.

PMID- 1795716
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-gold silver staining dot assay for the detection of
      antigenaemia in candidosis.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (Mab), designated 5B2, reacting with cell wall
      mannoproteins of Candida albicans has been purified and coupled to colloidal
      gold. The ability of the gold conjugated Mab to detect C. albicans antigens in
      serum during infection has been assessed in a dot immunobinding assay involving
      an immunogold silver enhancement procedure (GSS). A double blind study was made
      with sera from 140 guinea pigs, including 40 control animals and 100 infected
      intravenously with C. albicans. Sera from infected animals were collected either
      2 days (4 animals), 15 days (9 animals), or 21 days (87 animals) after
      inoculation. The overall sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value
      of the test were 89, 95, and 98%, respectively. However, differences were
      encountered in the ratio of positive tests in relation to duration of the
      infection. Mab-GSS dot immunobinding has also been applied, together with Mab co
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis on successive sera from 2 patients who recovered
      from clinically and mycologically proven episodes of systemic candidosis. It was
      demonstrated that both patients synthesized antibodies against glycoproteins
      sharing the 5B2 epitope, which was initially present transiently in their sera.

PMID- 1795717
TI  - Resistance of Candida albicans to direct lethal miconazole action induced by low
      level miconazole.
AB  - Logarithmic phase cells of Candida albicans are susceptible to physicochemical
      damage by greater than or equal to 2 x 10(-5)mol miconazole resulting in direct
      lethal action (DLA). Stationary phase yeasts are resistant to such action. At low
      levels (i.e. less than 10(-5)mol), miconazole can inhibit synthesis of cell
      membrane components and can also revert DLA-susceptible cells to DLA resistance.
      Reversion was studied in relation to low-level miconazole exposure time. DLA was
      assessed by viable count determinations. Most cells in susceptible cultures
      reverted to resistance within 30 to 60 min of exposure to 2.0 x 10(-6)mol
      miconazole. The rapidity of this shift suggested subtle alterations in existing
      cell membrane material in response to low-level miconazole. Saturation of
      membrane fatty acids might explain the shift.

PMID- 1795718
TI  - Extracellular proteolysis by Mucoraceae in serum-albumin agar tested by the agar
      block method.
AB  - In a preliminary study, three strains of Absidia corymbifera (two strains from
      autopsy material of the lungs and one from the soil of a potted indoor plant in a
      hospital) and one strain of Rhizopus oryzae (from the soil of a potted plant in a
      hospital) were tested for secretory proteolytic activity in serum-albumin agar
      (SAA) with initial pH values of 5.0 and 7.0 by the agar block method and
      subsequent protein staining. Within an incubation period of 5 d/37 degrees C,
      complete proteolysis took place in all the SAA blocks with an initial pH value of
      7.0. The three strains of Absidia corymbifera and the one strain of Rhizopus
      oryzae did not fully proteolyse the SAA blocks with an initial pH value of 5.0.
      On the basis of these observations, it is assumed that there are secretory
      proteases in the causative agents of mucormycosis (zygomycosis) whose optimal pH
      is not in the acid but in the neutral, perhaps in the alkaline range.

PMID- 1795719
TI  - Bacteria accompanying clinical Candida isolates from respiratory secretions and
      the genitourinary tract.
AB  - Clinical specimens of respiratory secretions, urine, and vaginal secretions were
      continuously monitored for Candida species and accompanying bacteria. The
      distribution of the major bacterial species was analysed with respect to the
      presence or absence of Candida co-isolates. Statistically significant differences
      were observed particularly between the distributions of certain aerobic gram
      positive cocci, which tended to be associated with the yeast-like fungi, and
      certain aerobic gram-negative rods, which were found more often in the absence of
      Candida. Likewise, the profile of bacterial isolates as a whole correlated
      significantly with the presence of yeast-like fungi.

PMID- 1795720
TI  - Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by an Exophiala species.
AB  - A 45-year-old woman was found to have cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by an
      Exophiala species. The portal of entry of the fungus remained unknown. Despite
      surgery and antimycotic therapy the patient died from circulation failure. The
      fungus is compared to several related Exophiala species.

PMID- 1795721
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated Penicillium marneffei mycosis in five
      HIV-infected patients.
AB  - Five cases of disseminated Penicillium marneffei mycosis of Thai HIV patients,
      presented between November 1990 and April 1991, have been investigated. All
      patients were male and had bone marrow involvement. They showed mucocutaneous
      lesions with papules predominantly on the faces and upper extremities (5 cases),
      palatal papules (3 cases), and chronic genital ulcer (2 cases). P. marneffei was
      cultured, and the specific tissue form of the fungus was demonstrated
      histopathologically from skin and bone marrow specimens. In future, with
      increasing awareness of mucocutaneous lesions, disseminated penicilliosis in HIV
      infected patients might be diagnosed sooner, thus leading to earlier therapy and
      better prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 1795722
TI  - Mycotic keratitis in Paraguay.
AB  - Patients with corneal ulcer, residing mainly in rural areas of Paraguay, were
      controlled for mycotic eye infections. In 26 cases out of 45 (58%) presence of
      filamentous fungi was observed (Fusarium sp. (11), Aspergillus sp. (5),
      Cladosporium sp. (3), Alternaria sp. (2), Acremonium sp. (1), Curvularia sp. (1),
      culture negative (3)). In 17 cases also pathogenic bacteria were present. Most of
      the patients were farmers and belonged to the low income class. These data
      indicate that mycotic keratitis may be a frequent cause for eye infections in
      developing countries.

PMID- 1795723
TI  - Eradication of Fusarium infection in a leukopenic patient treated with liposomal
      amphotericin B.

PMID- 1795724
TI  - Acremonium kiliense in oesophagus stenosis.
AB  - The aetiological significance of Acremonium kiliense is demonstrated for the
      first time in a human gastrointestinal infection. The mycotic oesophagitis with
      gastro-oesophageal reflux is described. The situation was treated effectively
      with itraconazole and anti-reflux surgery.

PMID- 1795725
TI  - Ocular histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma farciminosum in Egyptian donkeys.
AB  - In this study 19 donkeys suffering from face excoriations below the medial
      canthas and lesions in the lacrymal apparatus were subjected to clinical
      radiological and microbiological investigations. Also histopathological
      examination of biopsy materials from ocular lesions were made. Eleven out of 19
      donkeys (57.9%) showed specific lesions in the lacrymal apparatus. Mycological
      examination revealed the isolation of Histoplasma cells from 10 out of 19
      examined cases. The isolated Histoplasma culture, although not completely
      identical to H. farciminosum, was more related to this than to other Histoplasma
      species. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of marked tissue
      infiltration by lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Also the fungal organism
      appeared as double-contoured yeast cells lying within macrophages and giant
      cells.

PMID- 1795726
TI  - The detergent scrub method for quantitative determination of Malassezia furfur on
      chest and back skin: comparative evaluation of three different media.
AB  - The quantitative determination of Malassezia furfur on normal human skin has been
      considered as difficult until recently. During the last years, however, several
      different media have been described which facilitate the quantification of M.
      furfur. As the efficacy of these media is still controversial, three different
      media were compared analyzing the chest and back of 20 healthy young adult
      volunteers. The highest counts of colony-forming units (CFU) per cm2 were found
      using a medium containing whole fat cow's milk as a major ingredient. At the
      chest the mean count read was 259, at the back 322. The corresponding figures
      related to other media were markedly lower (P less than 0.001). Hence, the use of
      the milk-containing medium for cultivation of M. furfur seems advisable for
      therapeutic trials.

PMID- 1795727
TI  - Tinea pedis in children.
AB  - Tinea pedis is a superficial mycosis, unusual in children. Epidemiological and
      clinical data regarding cases of tinea pedis observed in children over a period
      of 20 years are discussed and some explanation given for the conditions which
      predisposed children to the infection. Clinical features are variable and similar
      to adults. Bullous lesions are more frequently seen in children. Most of the
      cases were seen in children over 10 years of age. Males are more often affected
      with tinea pedis: this is particularly true for 10 to 13 year-old children. As in
      adults, Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently isolated etiological agent.

PMID- 1795728
TI  - Problems caused by new approaches in fungal taxonomy.

PMID- 1795729
TI  - Reevaluation of the teleomorph of the genus Histoplasma by ubiquinone systems.
AB  - Ubiquinone systems of the genus Histoplasma and Blastomyces dermatitidis were
      examined and the relationship between the two genera, Emmonsiella and
      Ajellomyces, was discussed. Ubiquinone systems have been adopted as a useful
      taxonomic criteria at the generic level for fungi. We investigated ubiquinone
      systems of sexual and asexual strains of Histoplasma species and Blastomyces
      dermatitidis. All the strains of the former group had dihydrogenated ubiquinone
      10(Q-10(H2] as the major isoprenologue, while the latter had ubiquinone-10(Q-10).
      From the result, it was concluded that the teleomorph of Histoplasma species
      should be brought back to Emmonsiella.

PMID- 1795730
TI  - Prevalence of superficial mycoses in the Aosta Valley region of Italy from 1984
      to 1989.
AB  - This report represents the results of the culture tests for fungi carried out in
      the Aosta Valley region of Italy from 1984 to 1989. The pathological material
      consisted of cutaneous scales, hair and nails. It was possible to identify 91.8%
      of the isolates: out of these, 36.1% were dermatophytes, 21% were Aspergillus
      spp, 15.6% Deuteromycetes, 15% yeasts and 4.1% members of the family Mucoraceae.
      The resulting data indicate that Microsporum canis was the most wide-spread
      species (73.7%) among the isolated dermatophytes and keratinophilic fungi
      (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and
      Scopulariopsis brevicaulis): 87.5% were isolated from hair and 65.9% from the
      glabrous skin. The high prevalence of M. canis as the cause of dermatomycoses is
      discussed. Lastly the use made of the Regional Hospital's Mycology Department by
      health workers is discussed.

PMID- 1795731
TI  - A new minimal synthetic medium for germ-tube production in Candida albicans.
AB  - A new minimal synthetic medium, with low amount of glucose, without aminoacids,
      vitamins and neutral pH, which induces germ-tubes production in Candida albicans,
      is reported in this work. The results indicate a perfect agreement between the
      germ-tube test performed with the standard method in human or animal serum and
      this test performed in minimal synthetic medium. In this medium the germ-tube
      test for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans can be performed with
      the same formality, time and reproducibility as those in human or animal serum.
      This constitutes an interesting finding because it is easy to prepare, to store
      and is highly reproducible.

PMID- 1795732
TI  - Sporotrichosis presenting as pyoderma gangrenosum.
AB  - A 56-year-old female with an eight-year history of corticosteroid therapy for
      rheumatoid arthritis presented with large, deep, painful ulcers on the left
      buttock and thigh. The lesions appeared typical of pyoderma gangrenosum. Nine
      separate cultures of the exudate grew Sporothrix schenckii. During the course of
      iodide therapy, the patient expired due to Escherichia coli pneumonia. This is
      the third case report of sporotrichosis presenting as pyoderma gangrenosum and
      the first report from China. Sporotrichosis presenting as pyoderma gangrenosum is
      a special form of this disease. It develops quickly and must be treated promptly.
      Only two cases have been reported in the world literature. This is the first case
      reported from China.

PMID- 1795733
TI  - Penicillium verrucosum in feed of ochratoxin A positive swine herds.
AB  - Ochratoxin A contamination of cereal feed grain was monitored during October 1989
      September 1990 by analysis of blood samples from slaughter swine in Sweden. The
      detection of ochratoxin A in swine blood was used as a method to identify swine
      herds fed ochratoxin A contaminated feed. The contamination level of ochratoxin A
      in the blood of the positive herds was in the range 2-45 ng/ml with the mean
      concentration 5.2 ng/ml. Feed samples for mycological analysis were collected
      from both ochratoxin A positive herds (greater than or equal to ng/ml blood) and
      ochratoxin A negative herds (less than 2 ng/ml blood). From the ochratoxin A
      positive herds and the ochratoxin A negative herds 22 and 21 feed samples were
      collected, respectively. No quantitative differences in mould content, as
      determined by colony forming units, were observed between the two groups.
      However, there were differences in the mycoflora. The incidence of storage fungi
      (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in
      feed from ochratoxin A positive herds. Particularly, Penicillium verrucosum was
      found to be significantly more common (p less than 0.001). Altogether 274
      isolates were screened for their ability to produce ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A
      producers were found only within P. verrucosum; 38% of the 63 isolates produced
      detectable amounts of ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A producing isolates of P.
      verrucosum were found in 60% of the feed samples collected from ochratoxin A
      positive swine herds and in one sample (5%) of the feed samples collected from
      the ochratoxin A negative herds.

PMID- 1795734
TI  - Variation in the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas Valley. II. A
      comparison of arboreal and nonarboreal microenvironments.
AB  - For years the medical profession has recognized a relationship between fungal
      airspora and the incitement of respiratory allergies. An evaluation of outdoor
      fungal airspora on an eastern Ohio campus during June 1988 revealed significant
      differences in quality and quantity with respect to microenvironments. Type of
      vegetation, diurnal periodicities, and daily weather conditions affected the
      airspora at each site. Shaded lawns within groves and windbreaks, unshaded lawns,
      and asphalt-covered parking lots presented varying dynamics for fungal spore
      liberation. Unshaded lawns produced airspora most abundantly during morning and
      least abundantly during afternoon. Arboreal sites produced airspora most
      prolifically at midday. A deciduous sycamore grove produced fewer afternoon
      airspora than evergreen pine and arborvitae stands. Evening airspora at all
      vegetated sites increased after experiencing afternoon troughs. Frequently
      encountered molds included Cladosporium spp., brightly pigmented sterile mycelia,
      and Alternaria spp.

PMID- 1795735
TI  - John Francis Busey, MD 1907-1989.

PMID- 1795736
TI  - [The effect of different protein diets on longevity and various biochemical
      parameters of aged rats].
AB  - In this work 23 month old rats were fed for 200 days with different protein diets
      (NT-diet: 19% protein, 72% of animal origin and LP-diet: 8.8% protein exclusively
      of vegetable origin). Some metabolic parameters and lifespan (on the base of a
      50% death-rate) were determined. The relations of the liver free amino acids
      glycine + alanine and tyrosine + phenylalanine + branched chain amino acids and
      the ratio of phenylalanine/tyrosine were determined to be higher in the LP-group.
      Phenylalanine in liver and urea concentrations in liver and serum were lower in
      the LP-group. Furthermore the dopamine or serotonin levels were significantly
      lower in lateral and medial or lateral regions of the hypothalamus respectively
      in LP-diet fed rats. The norepinephrine content was not modified by the diets.
      The median lifespan of 23 month old rats was higher by 24% following LP
      treatment. These results suggest that the protein component (amino acids) of
      different diets may modify metabolic parameters and lifespan of animals by
      mechanisms in which the central regulation may be involved.

PMID- 1795737
TI  - [The determination of protein hydrophobicity. 1. Determination of the
      hydrophobicity of selected cereal and milk proteins using their sodium dodecyl
      sulfate binding capacities].
AB  - The sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) binding capacities of secalin, gliadin and
      gluten in the presence of a very low SDS concentration were determined and
      compared to the SDS binding capacities of bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta
      lactoglobulin, ovalbumin und beta-casein. The SDS binding capacities of endosperm
      proteins determined in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) are very low. Only 0.6 microgram
      .. 0.8 microgram SDS were bound to 500 micrograms of the proteins. This low SDS
      binding capacities do not correlate with the expected hydrophobicity of these
      proteins. In comparison, 500 micrograms of ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and BSA
      each bind 0.5, 5.9 and 13.5 micrograms SDS, respectively. According to literature
      the SDS binding capacities of these proteins are in correlation with the surface
      hydrophobicity determined with cis-parinaric acid using the fluorescence probe
      method. The SDS binding capacities of endosperm proteins increased in the
      presence of 0.1 N acetic acid and consequently 6.2 micrograms .. 6.9 micrograms
      SDS were bound to 500 micrograms of the corresponding proteins. beta-casein
      described as a highly hydrophobic protein binds only 0.9 micrograms SDS to 500
      micrograms of it in phosphate puffer (pH 6.0) and 1.2 micrograms SDS in 0.1 N
      acetic acid, respectively.

PMID- 1795738
TI  - [The determination of protein hydrophobicity. 2. Determination of the of protein
      binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate with the use of the ultracentrifuge].
AB  - The interaction between sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and the proteins bovine
      serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin, respectively, was studied using a synthetic
      boundary cell of an ultracentrifuge. A method for the determination of protein
      bound SDS is described. The SDS binding capacity of BSA is found to be 250 +/- 50
      micrograms SDS per 500 micrograms of BSA. The amount of SDS bound by ovalbumin is
      so low that the procedure cannot be recommended for this protein.

PMID- 1795739
TI  - Naming and identification of tastes in aqueous solutions.
AB  - Several taste substances were tested in aqueous solutions; tannic and tartaric
      acids were found unsuitable as a standard substance for the taste identification.
      Monosodium glutamate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium chloride were often
      identified as salty substances even when the subjects were able to distinguish
      between the tastes. They probably identified the taste as salty owing to the lack
      of proper terms, and unsufficient experience with tasting monosodium glutamate
      and sodium hydrogen carbonate as substances possessing defined tastes different
      from the salty taste.

PMID- 1795740
TI  - Snapshots from a chief resident.

PMID- 1795741
TI  - Steady thoughts. Reflections of Eugene Stead in action.

PMID- 1795742
TI  - Alien corn in the "Big Apple". Part I.

PMID- 1795743
TI  - From HIRMIT to the Cape May Lighthouse. Revascularization reconsidered in very
      high risk patients at the Duke Heart Center.

PMID- 1795744
TI  - The Wake County medical community realizes their dream of a center for health
      education.

PMID- 1795745
TI  - Medicare. Benefits and supplemental coverage.

PMID- 1795746
TI  - Underrecording of child abuse and neglect fatalities in North Carolina.

PMID- 1795747
TI  - Critical incident stress debriefing for emergency service personnel in North
      Carolina.

PMID- 1795749
TI  - In appreciation of the special issue on women's health (October, 1991).

PMID- 1795748
TI  - Hats off to the recovering docs.

PMID- 1795750
TI  - [Spastic movement disorders: non-medicamentous therapies based on
      neurophysiologic principles].
AB  - Lesions of the upper motor neurons cause a spastic syndrome and a central
      paresis. The consequence of these "plus" and "minus" symptoms on locomotor
      function is a spastic movement disorder. Strategies of physical therapy for the
      spastic movement disorders are discussed in relation to research findings in
      neurophysiology and muscle physiology. The main therapeutic technics are
      physiotherapy, functional electrical stimulation (FES) and biofeedback training
      (BFB). Various methodological problems which arise in carrying out and evaluating
      therapeutic studies are described. Valid prognostic criteria are essential in
      order to achieve an optimal use of the different therapeutic procedures. This
      review underlines the need for further research, since some important questions
      remain open.

PMID- 1795751
TI  - [Radial nerve paralysis--causes, site and diagnosis. Analysis of 103 cases].
AB  - The results of a retrospective analysis of 103 patients presenting with a radial
      nerve palsy are reported. Among the traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves the
      radial nerve is the one most frequently affected due to its exposed anatomic site
      with close neighbourhood to the long bones of the arm. Fractures of the shaft of
      the humerus (18%) and proximal radius (12%) are the main causes of traumatic
      lesions (55%). Among the non-traumatic peripheral nerve injuries the radial nerve
      is less frequently affected than the median and the ulnar nerves. The most
      frequent site of radial nerve lesions in these cases is the upper arm (22%), the
      most frequent cause is pressure palsy (21%) during unphysiological deep sleep
      ("Saturday night paralysis").

PMID- 1795752
TI  - [Site and propagation of focal epileptic activity: multichannel MEG/EEG
      analysis].
AB  - Electrophysiological examinations provide the basis for a deeper
      pathophysiological understanding of focal epileptic activity. In addition to
      electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography from field measurements is now
      available for biomagnetic diagnosis. As magnetoencephalography (MEG) is basically
      better suited for the localization of focal epileptic activity than EEG, an
      increase in MEG measurements has taken place over the last years. In this study
      we discuss magnetic source localization which was combined with anatomical 3-D-MR
      images and compared with the results of EEG-registration carried out
      simultaneously and with other investigative procedures of presurgical diagnosis.
      The results of investigation show that simultaneous magnetic field measurements
      over one hemisphere of the skull allow localization of sources both in the
      temporal lobe and in deeper areas of the brain. Furthermore, propagation of
      epileptic activity can be registered not only in neighbouring areas of the
      epileptogenic source but also in regions localized deeper in the temporal lobe.
      This opens new possibilities for presurgical evaluation as well as an
      understanding of partial and generalized epilepsies. The results of investigation
      show primary focal epileptic activity neocortex laterally or surrounding a mesio
      temporal lesion in all investigated patients with partial (temporal, frontal) and
      secondary generalized epilepsies. Furthermore, a pattern of propagation of focal
      epileptic activity which is directed from neocortical-lateral to mediobasal
      limbic brain structures is found in most of these patients.

PMID- 1795753
TI  - [Ictal and interictal 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT studies in temporal lobe epilepsy with
      unilateral EEG focus].
AB  - Ictal and interictal SPECT measurements using 99mTc-HMPAO are helpful in
      localising an epileptic focus. 24 patients (12 women and 12 men; mean age 30
      years) suffering from temporal lobe epilepsies with unilateral EEG foci were
      examined. In all patients a presurgical evaluation including sphenoidal and
      foramen oval electrodes was carried out. The analysis of SPECT measurement was
      done visually and semi-quantitatively, comparing the data with findings in
      healthy persons (10 women and 10 men; mean age 24 years). The etiology of the
      epilepsy was confirmed by histological investigation in 16 cases, and by CT and
      MRI in 8 cases. The findings were gliosis in 6 cases, astrocytoma in 3 cases,
      cysts in 4 cases, and angioma in 3 cases. In 8 cases no pathological findings
      could be detected. In 46% of cases interictal SPECTs exhibited a focal
      hypoperfusion corresponding with the EEG-focus. In ictal SPECTs this could be
      found in 75% of cases. In all 10 patients without morphological findings or with
      gliosis (proved by histological investigations) a hyperperfusion coincident with
      the EEG-focus appeared in ictal SPECTs.

PMID- 1795754
TI  - [Control of serum concentration of anticonvulsants in pregnancy].
AB  - In a prospective study we investigated the serum concentrations and frequency of
      seizures in 38 women with epilepsy in a total of 44 pregnancies. Monthly follow
      up examinations were carried out in cooperation with the risk outpatient unit of
      the Department of Gynecology. Antiepileptic serum concentrations were determined
      using the technique of fluorescence polarisation. At constant dosage, a decrease
      in serum concentration occurred in most cases with a maximum at the 5th and 6th
      month of gestation, regardless of the kind of antiepileptic medication. No
      changes in seizure frequency have been observed. The treatment of epilepsy during
      pregnancy should in any case depend on the course of the illness, rather than on
      laboratory parameters.

PMID- 1795755
TI  - [Ondine's curse with convulsive syncope. Clinical and Doppler ultrasound
      observations].
AB  - In a 31 years old woman with primary alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine's curse)
      and noctural seizures the arterial blood gases, EEG and blood flow velocity in
      the middle cerebral artery were measured before, during and after a phase of
      apnea terminated by a convulsive syncope. The blood flow velocity abruptly
      increased to the 2.5 fold of the initial value with the beginning of the
      convulsions, which is interpreted as a break down of the cerebral autoregulation.

PMID- 1795756
TI  - [Suspected convulsive side-effect of mefloquine (Lariam)].
AB  - A 20 years old female patient with epileptic seizures (bilateral myoclonus and
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures (bilateral myoclonus and generalized tonic
      clonic seizures) since the age of 13 was treated with valproic acid. Eight hours
      after 2 of 3 prophylactic antimalarial treatments with mefloquine generalized
      tonic-clonic seizures occurred. A causal relationship is suggested.

PMID- 1795757
TI  - [Stiff-man syndrome: an immunopathy?].
AB  - The discovery of autoimmune processes in the stiff-man syndrome (SMS) not only
      raises questions concerning the syndrome itself, but may also lead to new
      insights into pathogenetic principles of neurological disorders. Autoantibodies
      against GAD, the GABA synthesising enzyme, may become a helpful (though not
      specific) diagnostic tool, and furthermore may serve as a plausible explanation
      for both the symptoms of the syndrome and the delayed development of type I
      diabetes mellitus. However, it remains unexplained why autoimmunity against such
      widespread inhibitory transmitter systems should induce a syndrome which by
      definition is confined to only a few symptoms, and for which the majority of
      neurological signs are regarded as exclusion criteria. It is therefore
      hypothesised that SMS is part of a broad spectrum of encephalomyelopathies with
      autoimmunity against GABAergic neurones in common, but with a heterotopic
      manifestation. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity may be an extreme
      variant within this spectrum.

PMID- 1795758
TI  - Cyanide sensitive and insensitive bioenergetics in a clonal neuroblastoma x
      glioma hybrid cell line.
AB  - The primary mechanism of cyanide (CN) intoxication is the inhibition of
      metabolism in the central nervous system. We determined the effects of CN on
      several biochemical processes in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells,
      which possess numerous neuronal properties. These cells were not sensitive to a
      high concentration (1 mM) of NaCN, but became sensitive in the presence of the
      anaerobic glycolysis inhibitors sodium iodoacetate (IA) and 2-deoxyglucose (2
      DG):cellular metabolic processes (e.g., DNA, RNA and protein synthesis) decreased
      to about 40% of control due to treatment with 0.5 mM NaCN + 0.05 mM IA and 0.1 mM
      NaCN + 20 mM 2-DG. ATP in cells exposed to 0.01 or 0.1 mM NaCN + 20 mM 2-DG was
      reduced 75% and 100% respectively within one min. Pretreatment of cells with the
      CN antidote cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) (0.06-0.18 mM) for 5 min prevented the
      depression of both [3H]leucine incorporation and ATP synthesis due to 1 mM NaCN +
      20 mM 2-DG in a concentration-dependent manner. A proposed CN antidote alpha
      ketoglutaric acid (disodium salt) also prevented the depression of cellular
      metabolism due to NaCN plus 2-DG. These results indicate that blocking anaerobic
      glycolysis makes NG108-15 cells sensitive to a low concentration of CN. Thus
      NG108-15 cells should be useful to study the mechanisms of neurotoxicity of CN
      and to test antidotes.

PMID- 1795759
TI  - Metallothionein-I induction by stress in specific brain areas.
AB  - The distribution of metallothionein-I (MT) in several areas of the brain and its
      induction by immobilization stress has been studied in the rat. MT content was
      highest in hippocampus and midbrain and lowest in frontal cortex and pons plus
      medulla oblongata. Immobilization stress for 18 hours (which was accompanied by
      food and water deprivation) significantly increased MT levels in the frontal
      cortex, pons plus medulla oblongata and hypothalamus, but not in midbrain and
      hippocampus. The effect of stress on MT levels was specific as food and water
      deprivation along had no significant effect on MT levels in any of the brain
      areas studied. The effect of stress on MT levels was independent of changes in
      cytosolic Zn content; this was generally unaffected by stress or food and water
      deprivation but decreased in pons plus medulla oblongata from stressed rats. The
      results suggest that MT is induced more significantly in the brain areas that are
      usually involved in the response of animals to stress.

PMID- 1795761
TI  - [Operative protocols in traumatologic emergencies: brain trauma].

PMID- 1795762
TI  - [Thoracic trauma].

PMID- 1795760
TI  - Characterization of divalent cation-induced [3H]acetylcholine release from EGTA
      treated rat hippocampal synaptosomes.
AB  - Calcium-naive synaptosomes were used to assess the effects of divalent cations on
      [3H]acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal homogenates. Following
      equilibration with calcium-free buffer (containing 10 microM EGTA), calcium
      reversibly increased [3H]acetylcholine efflux (up to five-fold) while causing no
      measurable efflux of lactate dehydrogenase. When substituted for calcium,
      strontium and barium behaved similarly although barium exhibited three-fold
      greater efficacy. In the presence of elevated potassium, 4-aminopyridine or
      tetraethylammonium, the secretagogue efficacy of calcium (but not barium) was
      markedly increased. The release-promoting effects of both cations were inhibited
      by lanthanum, magnesium, cadmium, and omega-conotoxin but were insensitive to
      nifedipine and cobalt (both 10 microM). In addition, stimulation of muscarinic
      cholinergic autoreceptors substantially inhibited both calcium and barium-evoked
      [3H]acetylcholine release. Taken together, these results indicate that cation
      evoked transmitter release from calcium-naive synaptosomes is subject to normal
      neuroregulatory mechanisms and therefore should be useful for investigating
      presynaptic modulation of neuronal exocytosis.

PMID- 1795763
TI  - [Abdominal trauma].

PMID- 1795764
TI  - [Spinal trauma].

PMID- 1795765
TI  - [Problems in teaching++ emergency care--medical personnel training].

PMID- 1795766
TI  - [Training the military physician].

PMID- 1795767
TI  - [Training critical care nurses].

PMID- 1795768
TI  - [Problems in teaching emergency care: preparation courses for volunteers].

PMID- 1795769
TI  - ["Training the population in first aid"].
AB  - A pilot program of general training in Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (C P R) and
      Basic Life Support (BLS) sponsored by Sicily Regional Administration is
      illustrated. A practical training in Basic C P R and Emergency Care is offerec to
      many categories of population and High School students (aged 14-16 years).

PMID- 1795770
TI  - [Problems in teaching emergency care: particular problems in isolated areas].

PMID- 1795771
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary resuscitation].

PMID- 1795772
TI  - [CPR in newborns and children].

PMID- 1795773
TI  - [Hypovolemic shock].

PMID- 1795774
TI  - [Cardiogenic shock].

PMID- 1795775
TI  - [Brain protection].

PMID- 1795776
TI  - [Operative protocols in emergency medicine. Classification systems].

PMID- 1795777
TI  - [Diagnostic imaging in the emergency department].

PMID- 1795778
TI  - [Clinical protocols in emergency medicine: control of body temperature].

PMID- 1795779
TI  - [Thrombolysis and myocardial infarction].

PMID- 1795780
TI  - Emergency management of life-threatening arrhythmias.

PMID- 1795781
TI  - ["Activation and planning of the intervention"].

PMID- 1795782
TI  - [Emergencies in human migrations: "Military Medicine in the relief activities
      during the Albanian exodus"].

PMID- 1795783
TI  - [Alarms and role of the operative centers].

PMID- 1795784
TI  - [External services].

PMID- 1795785
TI  - [Analysis of a case].

PMID- 1795786
TI  - [The pre-hospital phase of emergencies].

PMID- 1795787
TI  - [Physiopathology in the transportation of the patient at risk].

PMID- 1795788
TI  - [Comfort and safety in ambulance transportation].

PMID- 1795789
TI  - [Hemodynamic monitoring].

PMID- 1795790
TI  - ["Incidents in ports: role of the Capitanerie di Porto"].

PMID- 1795791
TI  - [Activation modality of the Research and Rescue Service of the Italian Military
      Aeronautics].

PMID- 1795792
TI  - [Incidents out of the port area: role of the International Radio-Medical Center].

PMID- 1795793
TI  - [Resuscitation anesthesiologists in sea rescue].

PMID- 1795794
TI  - [Arterial gas embolism].

PMID- 1795795
TI  - [Immersion hypothermia].

PMID- 1795796
TI  - [The role of the Divers Alert Network Europe in underwater emergencies].

PMID- 1795797
TI  - [Burn disease].

PMID- 1795798
TI  - [Emergencies and organ donation].

PMID- 1795799
TI  - [Nuclear, biological, and chemical pollution].

PMID- 1795800
TI  - [Nursing care in emergencies].

PMID- 1795801
TI  - [Territorial organization of a surveillance system for the patient at risk of
      sudden death].

PMID- 1795802
TI  - [Organization problems and treatment of myocardial infarction at descentralized
      hospitals].

PMID- 1795803
TI  - [Systemic thrombolysis with rtPA in acute myocardial infarction: reduction of
      mortality to 2 years].

PMID- 1795805
TI  - [The emergency medical service in the territory of Prato regarding the treatment
      of cardiac pathologies].

PMID- 1795804
TI  - [Systemic thrombolysis with APSAC in a young adult with healthy coronary
      vessels].

PMID- 1795806
TI  - [Fast helicopter ambulance transfer of patients with acute myocardial infarction
      and thrombolytic therapy (rTPA)].

PMID- 1795807
TI  - [Chronopathologic aspects of medical emergencies. Experience at an emergency
      department].

PMID- 1795808
TI  - [Severity and workload in emergencies: preliminary data].

PMID- 1795809
TI  - [Emergencies in alcoholism].

PMID- 1795810
TI  - [Role of an emergency department in the area of a hospital of the historic center
      of Florence].

PMID- 1795811
TI  - [Emergency department and patient transportation service in the local health unit
      40 of Naples: organization level].

PMID- 1795812
TI  - [Experiment of an observation and multidisciplinary intensive care area within an
      emergency department].

PMID- 1795813
TI  - [Internal emergency plan for massive inflow of wounded patients].

PMID- 1795814
TI  - [Operation "Provide Comfort": general aspects of anesthesia and resuscitation
      service].

PMID- 1795815
TI  - [Operation "Provide Comfort": use of techniques of locoregional anesthesia].

PMID- 1795816
TI  - [Operation "Provide Comfort": techniques of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)].

PMID- 1795817
TI  - [Obstetrico-gynecologic emergencies in the experience of operation "Provide
      Comfort"].

PMID- 1795818
TI  - [Organization of the Group of Civil Protection of the Misericordia di Pisa in the
      emergencies of "Albanian refugees"].

PMID- 1795819
TI  - [Example of a nursing emergency model presented by a voluntary health care group
      of Civil Protection of the Misericordia di Pisa in the emergencies of Albanian
      refugees].

PMID- 1795820
TI  - [Assistance intervention procedure in circuit races. Our experience at the motor
      racing track of Monza during the athletic seasons of 1990 and 1991].

PMID- 1795821
TI  - [Pre-hospital care for trauma cases in street accidents: operations of the
      service of medical emergencies of the ULSS of Veneto].

PMID- 1795822
TI  - [Intervention protocol for patients with head injuries].

PMID- 1795823
TI  - [Direct experience with the clinical evaluation of methods of vertebral
      immobilization in primary care and secondary transportation].

PMID- 1795824
TI  - [The use of retrograde intubation in emergencies].

PMID- 1795826
TI  - [Importance of the primary diagnosis (radiography and CAT) in pleuro-pulmonary
      lesions in patients with multiple injuries. Our experience].

PMID- 1795825
TI  - [Experimental spinal injury and its treatment with anti-oxidation substances].

PMID- 1795827
TI  - [Usefulness of echography in abdominal trauma emergencies].

PMID- 1795828
TI  - [Health emergencies in isolated areas. M.A.R.E. project (Medical Assistance
      Resuscitation Emergency)].

PMID- 1795829
TI  - [Intervention of the Group of Civil Protection of the Misericordia di Pisa in the
      disaster of Moby Prince].

PMID- 1795830
TI  - [Prevention and management of emergencies in off-shore stations].

PMID- 1795832
TI  - [Treatment of decompression sickness in Toscana].

PMID- 1795831
TI  - [Prevention and management of incidents in records of deep immersion].

PMID- 1795833
TI  - [The use of hyperbaric oxygenation in emergencies and disasters].

PMID- 1795834
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in emergencies: managerial problems].

PMID- 1795835
TI  - [Toscana region. Global project in case of decompression sickness incidents].

PMID- 1795836
TI  - [Training the population in primary care and other emergency procedures, our
      experience and our evaluation].

PMID- 1795837
TI  - [Theory training of personnel: update publications on neonatal physiology to be
      applied and used by the staff of the division of pediatric heart surgery at the
      Apuano pediatric hospital].

PMID- 1795839
TI  - [Training course for voluntary relief assistants: analysis of the experience at
      the International Red Cross of Massa-Carrara].

PMID- 1795838
TI  - [Practical training of the staff: simulation of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in
      the of the division of pediatric heart surgery].

PMID- 1795840
TI  - ["Drills of civil protection "Lunigiana '90" --technico-operative evaluation and
      analysis of the results].

PMID- 1795841
TI  - [Regional course for physicians on "territorial emergencies": organization and
      preliminary results].

PMID- 1795842
TI  - [The prevention of obstetrical risk: considerations and proposals].

PMID- 1795843
TI  - [Cerebral hemorrhage in pregnancy].

PMID- 1795844
TI  - [Pregnancy and labor in severe respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 1795845
TI  - [Transportation of newborns in Toscana: analysis of technical and organizational
      aspects].

PMID- 1795846
TI  - [Current data on emergencies and pediatric transportation].

PMID- 1795847
TI  - [Deep venous approach in emergency conditions in newborns].

PMID- 1795848
TI  - [Surgical stand-by to invasive diagnosis and intervention cardiology].

PMID- 1795849
TI  - [Emergency admission of the cardiopathic newborn, procedure and technique of
      care].

PMID- 1795850
TI  - [Transfer of cardiopathic newborns waiting for heart transplantation: our
      experience].

PMID- 1795851
TI  - [Multicenter survey on the prevention of infection risk in emergencies].

PMID- 1795852
TI  - [Infection risk in emergencies: the targeted application of the "universal
      precautions" is possible].

PMID- 1795853
TI  - [Infection risk in neonatal resuscitation: proposal of an operative protocol of
      combined therapy with antibiotics and immunoglobulins].

PMID- 1795854
TI  - [Bacteremia at a polyvalent resuscitation unit].

PMID- 1795855
TI  - [Aero-assistance for the isle of Lampedusa: a two-year experience].

PMID- 1795856
TI  - [Experimental use of rescue helicopter during the night: the first Italian
      experience].

PMID- 1795857
TI  - [Transportation during the night with the military anesthesia and resuscitation
      service: importance in urgent transfers].
AB  - The A.A. show a clinic case of a 37 years old person injured by a thunder due to
      a contact with high intensity electric energy, with a lot of scalds of first,
      second and third degree, on 70% of the body surface, in which there was necessity
      of Air-Force to bring the person out of the Region border, and out of the working
      time of the Regional helicopter assistance. The A.A. want you to know the
      importance of S.A.R. in particular weather situations and places that are not
      contemplated by Regional helicopter assistance lous.

PMID- 1795858
TI  - [The rescue-helicopter base of Modena: the achievement].

PMID- 1795859
TI  - [Rescue-helicopter base of Modena. Reflexions and data on a short experience with
      helicopter rescue].

PMID- 1795860
TI  - [Emergency transportation of divers with helicopter-ambulance].

PMID- 1795861
TI  - [Inter-hospital transport of the critical patient].

PMID- 1795862
TI  - [Respiratory monitoring during transportation].

PMID- 1795863
TI  - [Intensive transport unit (ITU); a complete transportation system for the
      critical patient].

PMID- 1795864
TI  - [The activity of transportation carried out by the 31st unit of the Italian
      Military Aeronautics in the field of organ transplantation from 1982 to 1989].

PMID- 1795865
TI  - [Toscana region: experimental phase of rescue with helicopter].

PMID- 1795866
TI  - [One year activity of a medical ambulance in territorial emergencies].

PMID- 1795867
TI  - [Territorial mapping and intervention times of rescue in the U.S.L. 18].

PMID- 1795868
TI  - [Useful criteria for choosing and transforming a commercial vehicle into an
      ambulance: guidelines].

PMID- 1795869
TI  - [Ergonomics and rationalization of the space of the patient area in vehicles for
      rescue: preliminary study and carrying into effect].

PMID- 1795870
TI  - [Proposal for a form to report accidents during transportation of patients in
      ambulances].

PMID- 1795871
TI  - Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation of children in Europe,
      1990.

PMID- 1795872
TI  - Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation in Europe, XXI, 1990.

PMID- 1795873
TI  - Sleep homeostasis in the rat: simulation of the time course of EEG slow-wave
      activity.
AB  - According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, a homeostatic Process S
      increases during waking and declines during sleep. For humans, the time course of
      S has been derived from the changes in EEG slow-wave activity (SWA; spectral
      power density in the 0.75-4.0 Hz range) during sleep. We tested the applicability
      of the model to sleep in the rat. The simulation was based on the vigilance
      states for consecutive 8-s epochs of a 96-h experiment in 9 animals. The level of
      S was made to decrease in epochs of non-REM sleep (NREMS), and to increase in
      epochs of waking or REM sleep according to exponential functions. By optimizing
      the initial value and the time constants of S, a close fit between the hourly
      values of SWA in NREMS and of S was obtained. The biphasic time course of SWA
      during baseline, its enhancement in the initial recovery period after 24-h sleep
      deprivation, and its subsequent prolonged undershoot were present in the
      simulation. We conclude that sleep homeostasis as conceptualized in the two
      process model may be a general property of mammalian sleep.

PMID- 1795874
TI  - Acetylcholine receptors in dissociated nucleus basalis of Meynert neurons of the
      rat.
AB  - Electrical and pharmacological properties of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced currents
      in neurons dissociated from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) of immature (2
      week-old) rats were investigated with the whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp
      technique. At a holding potential (VH) of -50 mV, ACh (10(-4)M) evoked a
      transient inward current mimicked by nicotine (InACh), followed by a sustained
      outward current mimicked by carbamylcholine (ImACh). The KD values were 1.2 x 10(
      4) M for ImACh and 8.7 x 10(-7) M for ImACh. The reversal potential of ImACh was
      close to EK. The ImACh was determined to be elicited via the M2 muscarinic
      receptor, based on the differences in sensitivity to muscarinic antagonists such
      as pirenzepine and AF-DX-116.

PMID- 1795875
TI  - Benzodiazepines do not potentiate GABA responses in neonatal hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Benzodiazepines (midazolam; flunitrazepam) and pentobarbital increase the
      response to exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in adult hippocampal cells.
      We report in this paper that in contrast pentobarbital but not benzodiazepine
      potentiate the effects of exogenous (GABA) in neurons recorded from slices of
      less than two weeks old. This finding suggests that the functional association of
      benzodiazepine and GABAA receptors is changed during early postnatal life.

PMID- 1795876
TI  - The serotonin (5-HT)1A agonist, LY 165,163, induces contralateral rotation in
      unilateral substantia nigra-lesioned rats via dopamine receptors.
AB  - The serotonin (5-HT)1A agonist, LY 165,163 (1-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3
      trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine) , also known as PAPP, has been suggested to
      exert effects via an interaction with dopamine receptors. Thus, in this study, we
      examined its ability to induce rotation in rats sustaining unilateral 6-hydroxy
      dopamine lesions of the substantia nigra, an in vivo model of dopaminergic
      activity. In analogy to the direct dopamine (mixed D1/D2) agonist, apomorphine,
      (0.01-0.63 mg/kg), LY 165,163 (0.16-10.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently elicited robust
      and sustained contralateral rotation. Its maximal effect was comparable to that
      of apomorphine and its duration of action more extended. Rotation elicited by LY
      165,163 (10.0 mg/kg) was resistant to the 5-HT1A antagonist, (-)-alprenolol. It
      was also unaffected by the selective D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (R(+)-7-chloro-8
      hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5,tetrahydro-1H-3-be nza zepine) (2.5 mg/kg) or
      the selective D2 antagonist, raclopride (10.0 mg/kg) when each was administered
      alone. However, upon joint administration they clearly diminished the effect of
      LY 165,163. The dopamine antagonist, haloperidol (D2 greater than D1) also
      reduced the action of LY 165,163. This profile of partial antagonism by mixed D1
      and D2 receptor blockade has been reported previously for apomorphine and
      contrasts to that seen with selective D1 or D2 agonists, the actions of which are
      completely blocked by D1 or D2 antagonists, respectively. In conclusion, the
      present data demonstrate that LY 165,163 exerts pronounced rotation in nigral
      lesioned rats: this reflects a mixed D1/D2 action rather than an activation of 5
      HT1A sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795877
TI  - Distribution of adenosine A2 receptor mRNA in the human brain.
AB  - The distribution of the messenger RNA coding for the recently cloned adenosine A2
      receptor was studied in the human brain using in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. A2 receptor mRNA is exclusively detected in the medium-sized
      neurons of the caudate, putamen and accumbens nuclei but not elsewhere in the
      brain. This highly selective distribution of adenosine A2 receptor mRNA in human
      dorsal and ventral striatum, similar to that of adenosine A2 binding sites
      reported in rodents, suggests a major role in the basal ganglia physiology.

PMID- 1795878
TI  - Carnosine in the brain and olfactory system of amphibia and reptilia: a
      comparative study using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods.
AB  - The pattern of distribution of carnosine-like immunoreactivity and its relation
      to glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity have been studied in two
      lizards (Gallotia galloti and Tarentola delalandii) and in two anuran amphibians
      (Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis) using immunocytochemical techniques.
      Biochemical data obtained by paper electrophoresis show that the dipeptides
      carnosine and homocarnosine are both present in the brain of all the species
      examined. In the central nervous system of both anurans and reptilians, carnosine
      immunoreactivity is localized in glial cells. An important species difference is,
      however, seen in the olfactory system since primary olfactory neurons and their
      processes extending to the olfactory bulb are carnosine positive in reptiles,
      whereas they are not immunostained in anurans. Thus, the cellular distribution of
      carnosine immunoreactivity in reptilians is very similar to that observed in
      birds and mammals and is distinct from that seen in amphibia.

PMID- 1795879
TI  - Transneuronal effects triggered by saphenous nerve injury on one side of a rat
      are restricted to neurones of the contralateral, homologous nerve.
AB  - Transection and regeneration of the saphenous nerve on one side of a rat reduces
      the ability of the contralateral saphenous nerve to evoke plasma extravasation
      following antidromic nerve stimulation. It is proposed that a transneuronal
      signal--that is a signal that passes from injured neurones on one side of the
      body to intact ones on the other via the spinal cord--is involved in triggering
      this response. The present experiments have shown that the influence of this
      transneuronal signal is restricted to neurones of homologous nerves on the two
      sides of an animal, i.e. it passes from saphenous nerve neurones on one side to
      saphenous nerve neurones on the other; its influence does not seem to extend to
      neurones in other nerves, for example ones in either the ipsi- or contralateral
      sural nerves.

PMID- 1795880
TI  - Dual presence of chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity in a population of
      endocrine-like cells and in nerve fibers in the human anal canal.
AB  - Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the presence and
      distribution of chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity in the human anal canal. In
      the anal transitional zone (ATZ), anal duct and anal gland epithelium, a varied
      number of mostly elongated cells strongly stained for CGA, using an antibody
      directed to a highly species-conserved region of the CGA molecule or the
      monoclonal antibody LK2H10. The density of CGA-immunoreactive (ir) cells
      strikingly increased from the ATZ epithelium towards the anal gland epithelium.
      CGA-ir cells possessed single processes running perpendicularly to reach the
      epithelial surface and exhibited basal ramifications that extended parallel to
      the basal lamina. The number of CGA-ir cells in anal glands exceeded CGA-ir cells
      in the crypt-bearing colorectal-type mucosa. The abundant population of CGA-ir
      cells in the anal canal most likely represents a population of specialized
      endocrine or paracrine cells. CGA-like immunoreactivity was also present in
      anocutaneous Merkel cells. A sparse number of vascular and non-vascular CGA-ir
      varicose nerve fibers was present throughout the layers and rostrocaudal
      divisions of the anal canal and in the perianal skin. Proposed functions of CGA
      in neuroendocrine cells and nerves of the anal canal include calcium binding and
      regulation, secretory granule matrix formation, and generation of bioactive
      peptides.

PMID- 1795881
TI  - Abnormal distribution of cathepsins in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded hippocampal sections of brains with early-onset
      and late-onset Alzheimer's disease were studied immunohistochemically with
      antisera against cathepsin D and cathepsin B. In addition to the staining of
      neuronal perikarya, some of the senile plaques visualized by Bielshowsky silver
      staining and some of reactive astrocytes were positively stained with the
      antisera against cathepsin D and cathepsin B in brains with Alzheimer's disease.
      Abnormal localization of cathepsin D and cathepsin B immunoreactivity in neuronal
      perikarya was observed in brains with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. These
      findings demonstrate that the distribution of lysosomal proteases was altered in
      brains with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the primary and/or secondary
      involvement of the lysosomal proteases in the pathological process of Alzheimer's
      disease.

PMID- 1795882
TI  - Suppression of kindled seizure following intraamygdaloid injection of pertussis
      toxin in rats.
AB  - To examine the role of GTP-binding proteins in amygdaloid (AM) kindling,
      pertussis toxin (PTX), which inhibits PTX-sensitive GTP-binding proteins through
      ADP-ribosylation, was injected into the stimulated AM of fully kindled rats.
      Intra-AM injections of PTX strongly suppressed kindled seizures. The significant
      seizure suppression began 2 days after the injection, lasted 4 days, and was due
      to an increase in afterdischarge threshold. The results suggest that PTX
      sensitive GTP-binding proteins in the stimulated site play a significant role in
      the induction of kindled seizures.

PMID- 1795883
TI  - The immunocytochemical distribution of calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin in
      identified neurons of the pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex of the cat.
AB  - The calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin immunoreactivities of the neurons of the
      pulvinar-lateral posterior complex (Pul-LP) were studied in the cat. The neurons
      of the Pul-LP projecting to the cerebral cortex were identified by a retrogradely
      transported tracer injected in the suprasylvian gyrus. Two populations of cells
      were found, a calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive, large-diameter population and a
      parvalbumin-immunoreactive, small-diameter group. The two kinds of cells are
      closely intermingled. The former includes the neurons retrogradely marked, and
      therefore projecting to the suprasylvian gyrus. The latter includes neurons which
      were not retrogradely marked, and therefore presumably intrinsic elements.

PMID- 1795884
TI  - Dopaminergic innervation and binding in the rat cerebellum.
AB  - In the present study, we used an antiserum against dopamine (DA), and specific
      [3H]ligands in order to shed more light on the dopaminergic system of the rat
      cerebellum. The immunocytochemical approach showed that the entire rat cerebellum
      is innervated by DA fibers. All cerebellar layers were found to receive a
      considerable amount of DA afferents but the molecular layer was the most heavily
      innervated. The analysis of [3H]DA and [3H]spiperone binding showed that in the
      rat cerebellum there exists DAergic binding with kinetic parameters similar to
      those reported for the mouse cerebellum. The results of the present study support
      the existence of a DA system in the rat cerebellum.

PMID- 1795885
TI  - Electrical activity of the lateral rectus muscle and abducens nerve during
      unconditioned eye retraction induced by corneal stimulation in the cat.
AB  - Horizontal eye movements, the electromyogram of the lateral rectus muscle and the
      evoked electroneurogram of the VIth nerve were recorded in the alert cat during
      air puff stimulation of the cornea. A burst of activity was observed in the
      lateral rectus muscle following air puff stimulation of the ipsilateral or
      contralateral eye. This activity produced rotational eye movement. The VIth nerve
      produced two volleys of activity that were interpreted as the R1 and R2 parts of
      the reflex. It can be concluded that the lateral rectus muscle participates in
      the ocular retraction following trigeminal stimulation. It is further suggested
      that motoneurons in the main abducens nucleus participate in the corneal reflex,
      permitting several final pathways for conditioned and unconditioned nictitating
      membrane extension.

PMID- 1795886
TI  - Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat
      suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is thought to be a light-entrained
      pacemaker in mammals, inducing a wide range of endogenous circadian events. In
      rat brain, histaminergic (HAergic) fibres are particularly rich in the
      hypothalamus. This prompted an investigation of the influence of bath-applied
      HAergic compounds on the spontaneous electrical activity of SCN neurons, recorded
      extracellularly in the hypothalamic slice preparation. Cells activated by bath
      application of HA (n = 28) outnumbered those inhibited by HA (n = 6). 48% of
      cells tested (n = 28) were unresponsive to HA application. HA-induced activation
      of SCN neurons' discharge rate could be suppressed by the H1-antagonist
      mepyramine, but not by the H2-antagonist cimetidine. HAergic effects were still
      present when synaptic transmission was blocked, indicating a postsynaptic site of
      action for HA within SCN. Due to the anatomical distribution of HA-responsive SCN
      neurons and the independence of HA-effects with respect to circadian time, HA
      seems not to endow a pivotal role within generation and maintenance of circadian
      rhythm. Although data were obtained from SCN deprived of neural input, results
      show clear evidence for a modulatory impact of HA on the spontaneous electrical
      activity of part of SCN neurons.

PMID- 1795887
TI  - Short-term REM sleep deprivation increases acetylcholinesterase activity in the
      medulla of rats.
AB  - Involvement of cholinergic ponto-medullary brainstem mechanism regulating rapid
      eye movement (REM) sleep is known. Recently it was found that though short term
      REM deprivation influenced brainstem neuronal excitability, the activity of the
      brainstem acetylcholinesterase was not affected until after 96 h deprivation.
      Therefore, it was hypothesized that short-term REM deprivation might influence
      acetylcholinesterase in a restricted brainstem region. Results of this study show
      that the enzyme activity increased only in the medulla after 24 and 48 h REM
      deprivation. The flower pot technique was used for depriving the experimental
      rats of REM sleep. Suitable control experiments were conducted to rule out the
      possibility of non-specific effects. Thus, the medullary cholinergic mechanism
      probably is more important for REM.

PMID- 1795888
TI  - Insect tachykinin-like peptide: distribution of leucokinin immunoreactive neurons
      in the cockroach and blowfly brains.
AB  - Antisera were raised against leucokinin I, a cockroach myotropic neuropeptide
      with some resemblance to vertebrate tachykinins. These antisera were used for
      immunocytochemical mapping of neurons and neurosecretory cells in the brains of a
      cockroach and a blowfly species. The leucokinin immunoreactive cells are distinct
      from neurons that can be labeled with antisera against vertebrate type
      tachykinins. It is suggested that leucokinin-like peptides may have roles as
      neurohormones and neuromodulators in the insect nervous system.

PMID- 1795889
TI  - Hyposmolarity-activated fluxes of taurine in astrocytes are mediated by
      diffusion.
AB  - In order to obtain information about the mechanism responsible for swelling
      associated taurine release in astrocytes, the kinetics of taurine uptake in
      cultured astrocytes from mouse cerebral cortex was studied under isosmotic and
      hyposmotic (50% osmolarity) conditions. It was found that the Vmax for the high
      affinity component of taurine uptake was unaffected by exposure of the astrocytes
      to hyposmotic conditions and that the Km value was somewhat increased. Contrary
      to Vmax, the non-saturable component of the uptake was greatly increased (2.5
      fold) after exposure of the cells to hyposmotic media leading to cell swelling.
      In addition to the kinetic characterization of taurine uptake the actual
      intracellular taurine content after incubation (15 min) in isosmotic or
      hyposmotic media with different taurine concentrations (0-100 mM) under Na(+)
      free conditions was determined. At taurine concentrations less than 30 mM
      corresponding to the intracellular content in cells not exposed to taurine,
      exposure to hyposmotic media led to a decrease in the intracellular taurine
      content. At higher external taurine concentrations (greater than 30 mM) the
      intracellular taurine contents were dramatically increased after exposure to
      hyposmotic conditions. The increase in intracellular taurine seen under
      hyposmotic conditions at 100 mM external taurine could be significantly reduced
      by 100 microM DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate). Altogether
      these results suggest that a diffusional process rather than the high affinity
      taurine carrier is involved in the swelling induced increase in astrocytic
      taurine influx and efflux.

PMID- 1795890
TI  - Whole-cell recordings from sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rat spinal cord
      slices.
AB  - Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings (WCR) were made from sympathetic preganglionic
      neurons (SPN) in neonate rat spinal cord slices. SPN were identified
      histologically by filling them with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow contained
      within the patch pipette solution. Current clamp recordings were obtained from
      SPN with a potassium based pipette solution. The cells exhibited many of the
      characteristic properties of SPN seen previously with intracellular recordings in
      both the rat and the cat. However, we found an order of magnitude increase in
      both cell input resistance (950 M omega) and time constant (118 ms) over those
      seen with conventional recordings. We believe these values approximate better the
      situation in intact cells, and will have a vital bearing upon how SPN integrate
      inputs. We conclude that WCR in spinal cord slices provides a powerful tool for
      investigating the cellular properties of SPN.

PMID- 1795891
TI  - Morphological evidence for the maintenance of the cervical sympathetic system in
      aged rats.
AB  - Elements of the cervical part of the sympathetic nervous system have been
      examined quantitatively in four and twenty-four month Wistar rats. The number of
      unmyelinated axons in the cervical trunk had significantly (P less than 0.002)
      increased in the old animals and the number of myelinated axons comprised less
      than 4% of the total number at both ages. The number of neurons in the superior
      cervical ganglion and the density of noradrenergic innervation of two of its
      target organs, the iris and the submandibular gland, were insignificantly
      different at the two ages. These results are consistent with other evidence which
      suggests that the cervical sympathetic system is maintained throughout the adult
      lifespan in rats.

PMID- 1795892
TI  - Circadian changes in arginine vasopressin level in the suprachiasmatic nuclei in
      the rat.
AB  - Arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons were preferentially localized in the
      dorsomedial part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To know the role of AVP
      neurons in the SCN, male rats were kept under a normal light-dark cycle (L-D), or
      under constant darkness (D-D) for 20 days. In L-D condition, AVP levels in the
      SCN showed the circadian change. In D-D condition, the patterns in AVP levels
      showed a free-running rhythm, and an about 12-h shift per 20 days. This result
      suggests that the activity of AVP neurons may be closely associated with the
      endogenous circadian rhythm of the SCN.

PMID- 1795893
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate stimulation of the survival of rat cerebellar granule cells
      in culture is not dependent upon increased c-fos expression and is not mimicked
      by protein kinase C activation.
AB  - The role of c-fos expression and protein kinase C in the survival of cultures of
      rat cerebellar granule cells was investigated. Results from immunocytochemistry
      and immunoblotting suggest that increased c-fos expression is not essential for
      the survival of cells grown in low K+ media in the presence of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) at the critical time point when sensitivity to survival
      requirements develops. In addition the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate failed to bring about survival of cells cultured in low K+ media in the
      absence of NMDA when given chronically, suggesting that protein kinase C
      activation alone is not sufficient to maintain granule cell survival in culture.

PMID- 1795894
TI  - Effects of prenatal stress and ethanol on cerebellar fiber tract maturation in
      B6D2F2 mice: an image analysis study.
AB  - Two studies were carried out to evaluate the role of prenatal stress in the
      outcome of prenatal ethanol exposure on central nervous system maturation in
      offspring. B6D2F1 mice were paid-fed liquid diets containing either 25% ethanol
      derived calories or an isocaloric amount of maltose-dextrin on days 12 to 17 of
      gestation. During this period, half of the dams in each dietary condition also
      underwent two daily one-hour periods of restraint stress. A fifth group, provided
      with lab chow and water ad lib, was left undisturbed throughout pregnancy. At
      birth, all pups were fostered to untreated dams. Neither prenatal ethanol nor
      prenatal stress affected the maturation of cerebellar fiber tracts as indicated
      by membrane lipid staining either on day 32 post-conception or at weaning, nor
      was there an interactive effect of ethanol and stress combined. On the other
      hand, fiber tract maturation was significantly retarded on both days by prenatal
      undernutrition caused by treatment-induced reductions in maternal food intake. In
      the second study, pregnant dams were divided into three groups, all of which were
      fed lab chow and water. One group underwent the same stressing procedure as in
      the first study while a second group was unrestrained but pair-fed to the
      stressed group. A third group was undisturbed and allowed food and water ad lib.
      The offspring of both prenatally stressed and pair-fed dams did not differ from
      each other in terms of cerebellar fiber tract maturation, but both groups
      exhibited immature fiber tract development relative to the offspring of ad lib
      fed dams. These data suggest that alterations in maternal nutritional status due
      to the ethanol and stress treatments can affect cerebellar fiber tract maturation
      in developing offspring.

PMID- 1795895
TI  - Treatment with methylazoxymethanol at different gestational days: two-way shuttle
      box avoidance and residential maze activity in rat offspring.
AB  - Pregnant rats were injected with a single dose of methylazoxymethanol (MAM, 25
      mg/kg) on gestational days 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19 which resulted in various
      degrees of microencephaly. Offspring were tested on a two-way shuttle box
      avoidance and residential maze activity at 60-90 days of age. Rats treated on
      gestational day 19 (GD19) were severely impaired in the acquisition of the two
      way shuttle box task whereas the other groups did not show any significant
      difference from controls. Spontaneous activity measured for 23 hr in the
      residential maze was altered as total, time-course and pattern depending on the
      time of MAM administration: treatment on GD14 prolonged exploratory behavior,
      treatment on GD15 and GD16 increased nocturnal activity, treatment on GD16 and
      GD17 induced changes in locomotion patterns and treatment on GD18 and GD19
      decreased total activity. These findings indicate that treatment with MAM results
      in selective deficits in the acquisition of a shuttle box avoidance and
      alterations of locomotion patterns in the offspring which are dependent on the
      time of administration.

PMID- 1795896
TI  - Comparison of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy between branches of the
      tibial nerve and the biventer cervicis nerve in chickens.
AB  - Delayed neuropathy induced by organophosphorus esters has been reported to be
      more selective for large diameter myelinated fibers, especially in distal
      portions of long nerves. This concept was re-evaluated in chickens by
      quantitatively comparing the effects of the organophosphates tri-ortho-tolyl
      (TOTP) and phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) on two separate nerves, the branch of
      the tibial nerve that supplies the gastrocnemius muscle, and the small cervical
      nerve that innervates the biventer cervicis muscle. Histograms illustrating the
      distribution of myelinated fibers within each nerve showed that the biventer
      nerve is composed of a population of fibers smaller than those within the tibial
      nerve branch. However, the number of myelinated fibers measured per mm2 of
      endoneurium was reduced in both nerves 10 and 15 days after organophosphate
      administration, providing indirect evidence that fiber diameter is not critical
      in determining susceptibility to organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy
      (OPIDN). More direct evidence was provided by fiber diameter histograms of both
      biventer nerves and tibial nerve branches taken from hens that received PSP. In
      comparison to control values, there was a decrease in all fiber sizes in both
      nerves, indicating that factors other than axonal size are important in
      determining nerve fiber susceptibility to OPIDN.

PMID- 1795897
TI  - Olfactory primary neurons as a route of entry for toxic agents into the CNS.
AB  - Reports in the literature suggest that the primary sensory neurons of the
      olfactory system may provide a direct route of entry for agents into the central
      nervous system (CNS). To investigate whether cadmium, a heavy metal which is
      normally excluded from the CNS by the blood-brain barrier, can enter the CNS via
      the olfactory system, rats were exposed either intranasally (unilaterally) or ip
      to 109Cd (1 mumol Cd labeled with 1 microCi 109Cd). Rats were allowed to survive
      7 days, at which point they were euthanized and the kidneys, livers, right and
      left forebrains, right and left olfactory bulbs, and right and left olfactory
      epithelia were removed. Tissues were placed in scintillation vials and
      radioactivity counted. In rats exposed by intranasal instillation, Cd levels were
      significantly elevated in the kidney, liver and ipsilateral olfactory bulb and
      epithelium, but not in the contralateral bulb and epithelium or forebrain areas.
      With the ip exposure, Cd levels were only elevated in the kidney and liver. In a
      second study the protocol was repeated (without ip exposure), but the olfactory
      bulbs and epithelium were washed in EDTA before counting. Cd was still present in
      the bulbs after washing, suggesting that the metal was internal and not bound to
      the external membrane. In the final experiment, both time course and dose effect
      of this phenomenon were explored. Rats were exposed either intransally to 1 mumol
      Cd labeled with 109Cd (1 microCi) and then sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, or 14 days
      or were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mumol Cd labeled with 1 microCi 109Cd and
      sacrificed after 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795898
TI  - Effects of inorganic and triethyl lead and inorganic mercury on the voltage
      activated calcium channel of Aplysia neurons.
AB  - Using conventional two electrode voltage clamp techniques we have studied the
      effects of Pb2+, triethyl lead (TEL) and Hg2+ on voltage-activated calcium
      channels of Aplysia neurons and found that all three metals are potent inhibitors
      at micromolar concentrations. However, the time course of current reduction or
      block and its reversibility vary when comparing Pb2+ to TEL and Hg2+. With
      application of Pb2+ the calcium current decreases immediately and a steady state
      is reached within three to seven minutes, depending upon the concentration of
      Pb2+ (IC50 = 61 microM). The block was easily reversed upon wash out of Pb2+ with
      a time course similar to that of onset. Perfusion with either TEL (5 to 50
      microM) or Hg2+ (5 to 200 microM) resulted only in a small reduction of current
      when the substances reached the cell membrane but with clear reduction within 2
      min. The decrease continued at about the same speed for the total duration of the
      application. Upon washing there was no recovery of the response. At the onset of
      washing the rate of current decline stopped for several minutes, but then the
      current continued to decline at a slower rate in the absence of toxicant. Our
      data suggest that Pb2+ acts by a direct and reversible blockade of the calcium
      channel. In contrast TEL and Hg2+ act slowly and irreversibly to block calcium
      channels at concentrations which do not greatly affect membrane potential or
      resistance. In spite of the slow time course these substances are probably acting
      directly on the calcium channel.

PMID- 1795899
TI  - Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different
      stages of the life cycle: I. Schedule-controlled responding.
AB  - While early development represents a period of particular sensitivity to the
      neurotoxic effects of lead (Pb), much less is known about CNS effects at later
      stages of the life cycle. It is conceivable that old age represents an additional
      period of vulnerability given the neurodegenerative processes that are the
      inevitable accompaniment of advanced age. The experiments described here examined
      that possibility. The effects of prolonged low-level Pb exposures were assessed
      in young (21 day old), adult (8 mon old) and old (16 mon old) F-344 rats
      performing on Fixed-Interval (F1) and Variable-Interval (VI) schedules of
      reinforcement, two behavioral baselines previously shown to be sensitive to Pb
      exposure in young rats. The profile of Pb effects within each age group was
      remarkably uniform across both reinforcement schedules, while the direction of
      effect differed by age group. Pb exposure was associated with shifts toward
      increased VI and FI response rates in both young and old rats. In contrast, adult
      rats exposed to Pb exhibited decreased rates of responding on both FI and VI
      schedules. Both patterns of response rate changes can be indicative of less
      efficient performance. Of the two reinforcement schedules, the FI appeared to be
      the more sensitive, as marginally significant behavioral effects were observed at
      both the 2 and 10 mg Pb/kg/day doses on the FI, while only occurring in response
      to the 10 mg/kg dose of Pb on the VI. The differential pattern of Pb effects
      across age groups does not appear to reflect a rate-dependency phenomenon, but
      its exact basis awaits further investigation. The detection of primarily
      marginally significant response rate changes here as compared to previous studies
      using similar Pb exposure levels suggests that the F-344 strain of rats is less
      sensitive to Pb than is the Long-Evans rat strain.

PMID- 1795900
TI  - Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different
      stages of the life cycle: II. Delayed spatial alternation.
AB  - Since both Pb exposure and aging have been associated with alterations in memory
      functions, this study compared the effects of Pb exposure initiated at early,
      middle and later stages of the life cycle on delayed spatial alternation
      performance. Young (21 day old), adult (8 mon old) and old (16 mon old) rats were
      exposed for a total duration of 8.5 mon to 0, 2 or 10 mg Pb acetate/kg/day (young
      rats) or 0, 1.9 or 9.3 mg Pb acetate/kg/day (adult and old rats) in drinking
      water. These doses were designed to produce equivalent brain Pb concentrations
      across the three age groups. Behavioral testing began after 4 mon of exposure
      utilizing a standard delayed alternation paradigm with delay values of 0, 3, 6, 9
      and 12 sec presented randomly during each experimental session for a total of 40
      sessions. Aging, as expected, was associated with impairments of accuracy, but
      the disruption of accuracy at the 0 sec delay suggested that these were
      performance rather than memory deficits. Pb exposure actually improved delayed
      spatial alternation performance in both young and old animals: accuracy values
      were increased, while error frequencies declined in the two age groups. The
      increases in accuracy occurred primarily at the longest delay value in young
      rats, but were more prominent at short delay values in old rats. This difference
      may have been the result of a ceiling effect, since accuracy for young rats at
      short delay values was already quite high. Delayed spatial alternation
      performance of adult rats was generally unaffected by Pb exposure. A possible
      explanation of the improved performance of young and old Pb-exposed rats is one
      based on response perseveration, i.e., a facilitation of rote alternation
      behavior engendered by the cued alternation training program. The results of this
      study suggest that both early and late stages of the life cycle must be
      considered periods of enhanced vulnerability to Pb-induced behavioral changes.

PMID- 1795901
TI  - Cyanide-induced increases in plasma catecholamines: relationship to acute
      toxicity.
AB  - Cyanide is known to initiate release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells and
      isolated adrenals but the effect of cyanide on plasma catecholamine levels has
      not been reported. The present study demonstrates that cyanide produces marked
      elevation of plasma catecholamines in mice. A sublethal dose of KCN (5 mg/kg, sc)
      significantly increased plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) at 5 min
      after administration, and the elevated levels returned to normal at 15 min. At a
      dose of 10 mg/kg, NE and EPI plasma levels remained elevated over a 15 min
      period. Multiple exposures to sublethal doses of KCN (5 mg/kg, sc, 4 doses at 15
      min intervals) produced a steep, sustained rise in plasma NE and EPI.
      Administration of KCN (15.6 micrograms) directly into the lateral ventricles of
      the brain caused convulsions and respiratory depression, but did not affect
      plasma catecholamine levels. Pretreatment with pargyline did not alter the
      magnitude of the response to KCN. Adrenalectomy prevented the increase in plasma
      EPI and had no influence on plasma NE levels, indicating cyanide acts directly on
      the adrenals to stimulate EPI release. It is proposed that KCN directly
      stimulates the sympathoadrenal axis to increase plasma catecholamine levels.

PMID- 1795902
TI  - Prescribing contraceptives--a challenge for nurses.

PMID- 1795903
TI  - Nursing abroad: a guide for the unwary.

PMID- 1795904
TI  - Nurses and alcohol.

PMID- 1795905
TI  - Out from the bottom of the bottle.

PMID- 1795906
TI  - Unsung heroes. An advocate for aides. Interview by Claire O'Brien.

PMID- 1795907
TI  - Health for a price?

PMID- 1795908
TI  - The future for occupational health nurses.

PMID- 1795909
TI  - Effects of circulatory disturbance on the cochlea.
AB  - In order to determine the effects on the cochlea of circulatory disturbance in
      the basilar artery system, the cochlear action potential (AP) and the cochlear
      blood flow were measured in cats with the artery occluded. The occlusion was
      performed in the basilar, the anterior cerebellar and in the internal auditory
      arteries. During occlusion the decrease in the cochlear blood flow was greatest
      in the internal auditory artery and the least in the basilar artery. While the
      cochlear blood flow showed various levels of decrease depending on the occlusion
      site and the individual animal, the degree of AP alteration correlated with the
      decreased rate in the cochlear blood flow.

PMID- 1795910
TI  - Red cell basic ferritin concentration in sensorineural hearing loss.
AB  - Red cell basic ferritin (RCBF) was measured in 62 healthy subjects with normal
      hearing and 224 patients with different kinds of sensorineural hearing loss,
      compared with serum ferritin, haemoglobin, serum iron and circadian variation in
      the serum iron levels. The results showed that the RCBF concentrations in most
      kinds of sensorineural hearing loss were significantly lower than those in normal
      hearing status. It is conceivable that the RCBF assay can be used to evaluate the
      adequacy of iron stores that are useful in times of urgent iron needs and to
      diagnose relative iron deficiency in those patients with some other normal
      laboratory assays related to iron metabolism.

PMID- 1795911
TI  - Ototoxicity of vancomycin: an experimental study in guinea pigs.
AB  - Vancomycin (V)-a polypeptide antibiotic-is the drug of choice in severe
      infections with multiresistant staphylococcus spp. Due to the multimorbidity of
      the patients receiving V, the interactions with known ototoxic agents and the
      lack of an audiometric documentation, earlier clinical reports of V-associated
      hearing loss must be carefully interpreted. To elucidate this topic, a controlled
      animal study considering nonspecific effects was performed. 40 albino guinea pigs
      with positive Preyer's reflex and normal hearing were used. The hearing function
      was controlled by means of brainstem auditory evoked potentials before and after
      intraperitoneal administration of V (75, 150, 300 mg/kg b.w. for 11-17 days),
      gentamicin (60 mg/kg b.w. for 26 days), neomycin (100 mg/kg b.w. for 17 days) and
      sodium chloride solution. The cochleas were dissected for hair cell counting by
      the surface preparation technique. Additionally, the serum concentrations of V
      were measured. As a result there was no significant difference in hearing loss
      between the controls and the animals treated with 75 and 150 mg V; toxic doses of
      300 mg V led to a certain threshold elevation after click stimuli, but not after
      trapezoid stimuli of 1, 4 and 8 kHz. On the other hand, the aminoglycosides as a
      positive control caused an obvious hearing loss after click and trapezoid
      stimuli, which was correlated to the amount of outer hair cell loss. Renal damage
      could be excluded by histological examination of the kidneys and estimation of
      creatinine in serum. Therefore, treatment with moderate doses of V comparable to
      clinical conditions does not exhibit a specific ototoxicity as compared to the
      aminoglycosides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1795912
TI  - Freeze-fracture studies on vestibular secretory cells and melanocytes.
AB  - The fine structure of dark cells and melanocytes of the crista ampullaris was
      studied by using the freeze-fracture technique. For these studies we used
      normally pigmented guinea pigs, as well as those with experimentally induced
      endolymphatic hydrops. The results suggest the vestibular secretory region to be
      an area of unusually high dynamics. In the experimental animals the cell
      processes of the melanocytes gain closer contact with the dark cells as well as
      with the subepithelial capillaries. There is considerable evidence of secretory
      transfer of different substances, especially ions.

PMID- 1795913
TI  - Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on vestibular habituation in guinea pigs.
AB  - An experiment was carried out to examine the effects of TRH on the acquisition of
      vestibular habituation in guinea pigs. Vestibular habituation was obtained in
      approximately 12 days by vestibular training of unidirectional velocity steps
      imposed 30 times daily for 15 days, and was retained for more than 2 weeks even
      though the daily vestibular training was ceased. When compared with the time to
      attain the maximum level of the vestibular habituation depicted through decrement
      of postrotatory nystagmus between control and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      injection groups, the TRH injection group took significantly longer than the
      control group. Thus the results have shown that the systemic administration of
      TRH could result in the retardation of the acquisition of vestibular habituation.
      This could be due to the depressant action of TRH on the cerebellar neurons.

PMID- 1795914
TI  - Mucosubstance histochemistry of the maxillary sinus mucosa in experimental
      sinusitis: a model study on rabbits.
AB  - The histochemical properties of mucosubstances within the sinus mucosa were
      examined in rabbits affected with experimental sinusitis, induced either by
      blocking the maxillary sinus ostium (occlusion group) or in addition by an
      inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal group). An increase in
      periodic acid-Schiff positive epithelial secretory cells was found, as well as
      regeneration of goblet cells in the epithelium from the 2nd week. The goblet
      cells proved to contain periodate-reactive acid mucins, particularly during the
      early stages, as well as periodate-unreactive, purely acid mucins which were
      prevalent throughout the study. Among the alcian blue positive goblet cells, 0
      40% (usually 5-20%) contained acid sialomucins, while the rest stained positive
      for sulphomucins. The submucosal glands and the large lateral nasal and maxillary
      glands were not histochemically influenced by the induced inflammatory state. No
      obvious difference in the histochemical staining pattern was seen between the two
      groups. A comparative microbiological analysis of the groups was also included in
      the study.

PMID- 1795915
TI  - Histologic evaluation of crushed cartilage grafts in the growing nasal septum of
      young rabbits.
AB  - The evolution of crushed cartilage grafts in a growing nasal septum of young
      rabbits was histologically investigated. Crushing leads to necrosis of the
      greater part of the graft. The characteristic distribution of surviving cells in
      isolated areas at the surface of the graft reflects different mechanical
      properties of the centrally and peripherally located cartilage. The necrotic
      parts are eliminated and replaced by new cartilage formed by surviving
      chondrocytes or perichondrium. The result is a complex structure composed of two
      types of cartilage and of fibrous tissue without any distinct organization, but
      nevertheless capable of growth. However, it lacks strength to transform growth
      into adequate lengthening of the septum. Subsequently, this will lead to the
      development of multiple deviations. It is concluded that crushed cartilage is no
      suitable implant for the reconstruction of parts of the septum which are
      essential in supporting the outgrowth of the nose.

PMID- 1795916
TI  - Wound healing of autologous implants in the nasal septal cartilage.
AB  - The cartilaginous nasal septum of the child is often involved in trauma or
      congenital deformation. In perspective of its role in postnatal growth of the
      midface, the wound healing of septal cartilage in reaction to various surgical
      procedures was studied in young rabbits. It was concluded that (1) elevation of
      mucoperichondrium does not induce significant histologic reactions in the septal
      cartilage and (2) the wound reaction of cut edges includes only a +/- 0.8-mm-deep
      zone and lasts no longer than 2 weeks, resulting in a stump, encapsulated by
      fibrous tissue. Reconnection of separated parts occurs 2 weeks after surgery,
      mostly by merging of the perichondrial layers. Reimplantation of resected
      cartilage does not lead to normalisation of septal growth. This is not caused by
      extensive necrosis, loss of morphological organisation or decreased growth
      potential of the reimplanted cartilage. The essential factor seems to be
      dislocation (duplication, angulation) of the implant versus the non-mobilised
      parts of the septum preventing the growth of the implant to contribute fully to
      the lengthening of the total septum.

PMID- 1795917
TI  - A case study of a 4-year-old perilingual deaf child implanted with an Ineraid
      multichannel cochlear implant.
AB  - In August 1989, we implanted the first young (age 2-4) perilingual deaf child
      with the Ineraid multichannel cochlear implant. The child experienced sudden
      deafness at the age of 3 years 9 months. The time lapse between the onset of
      deafness and the implantation of the electrode array was only 4 months, but
      during that time the child completely stopped talking. Electrically evoked
      auditory brainstem responses were used for diagnosis and follow-up.

PMID- 1795918
TI  - Diketopiperazine-mediated peptide formation in aqueous solution. II. Catalytic
      effect of phosphate.
AB  - The previous paper (I) reported that DKP (glycine anhydride) spontaneously reacts
      with glycine (Gly) or oligoglycines (Glyn) to produce longer oligoglycines
      (Glyn+2). This paper presents that phosphate catalyzes the condensation reaction
      quite effectively. Formation of Gly4 from DKP (0.1 M) and Gly2 (0.1 M) in
      phosphate solution of various concentrations was investigated at a neutral pH at
      41 degrees C. The yields of Gly4 increased almost linearly with the concentration
      of phosphate from 0.06 M to 0.24 M. The yield in 0.24 M phosphate solution was
      approximately one hundred times as high as that in the absence of the phosphate,
      whereas in the case of Gly3 formation from DKP and Gly the effect of the
      phosphate was of ten times lower than in the former case. Orthophosphate was the
      most effective catalyst among the various kind of chemicals tried in the present
      investigation including polyphosphates.

PMID- 1795919
TI  - DNA-strand breaks limit survival in extreme dryness.
AB  - The inactivation of the anhydrobiotic organisms Bacillus subtilis (spores) and
      Deinococcus radiodurans during long-term exposure (up to several weeks) to
      extreme dryness (especially vacuum) is correlated with an increase in the number
      of DNA-strand breaks and other DNA lesions. Survival finally depends on the
      repair of DNA damages. Exposure of anhydrobiotic organisms to extreme dryness
      (e.g. on Mars or in space) for geological times will lead to so extended DNA
      lesions that recovery is extremely unlikely.

PMID- 1795920
TI  - [Analysis of the causes of failure in surgical treatment of cancer of the
      larynx].
AB  - In the years 1985-1990 within the group of 2769 patients operated upon for
      laryngeal cancer in four medical centres (Krakow, Poznan, Warszawa, Lublin), a
      clinical analysis on surgical treatment failures was performed. The most
      significant reasons of failures were: the highly advanced age of patients,
      coexistent diseases, in particular the cardiopulmonary disease; poor information
      of neoplastic diseases (carcinomas) and delayed referral to the doctor; lack of
      consent for surgical treatment; old fashioned diagnostic methods; prolonged
      period of making diagnosis; increasing number of patients with supra-glottic
      localization including the hypo-pharynx and piriform recess; a considerable
      degree of organ ++cancer advancement and substantial clinical advancement; not
      radical excision of neck glands; intra-surgical blood transfusion;
      micrometastases to lymphatic glands; immunity collapse; discontinuance of post
      surgical radiation on affected parts; lack of lymphadenectomy backward from
      accessory nerve ; massive cancer metastases to lymph nodes; high histologic
      malignancy with characteristic carcinous invasiveness; and finally, surgical and
      post-surgical early and late complications ranginy within our material from 25%
      to 29% of surgical patients. Basing on the above mentioned analysis, the authors
      developed indications for surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer.

PMID- 1795921
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of surgical treatment of metastases of laryngeal
      cancer to the lymph nodes].
AB  - The evaluation of surgical treatment results was done to 308 oncological patients
      to whom metastases were formed in lymph nodes between 1980-1984, following the
      previous surgical treatment of the laryngeal cancer. The evaluation included
      among others the following: cancer initial localization: T and N traits; the
      degree of malignancy; surgical radical intervention ; assertion of neoplastic
      cell plugs in vessels; the time of recurrent lymphatic metastases, etc. The
      efficiency of surgical treatment of metastases being formed following the
      previous surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer, measured by the time of 5 years
      asymptomatic life, equalled 33.4% in the discussed material. Moreover, it was
      stated that in the studied group of 308 patients the percentage of deaths was
      increasing in the subsequent years of taking observations (from 1980 to 1984) and
      depended also on patients overall condition, initial cancer localization, the
      degree of neoplastic advancement and on the degree of cancer histologic
      malignancy.

PMID- 1795922
TI  - [The role of the hyoid bone in the act of deglutition after horizontal epiglottic
      laryngectomy].
AB  - Results of ++roentgeno-cinematographic studies of the deglutition act in patients
      after horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy are presented. The analysis of the
      material has been expected to provide an answer to what an extent the removal or
      the preservation of hyoid bone does influence the disorders that involve the
      swallowing. The entire elaborated material comprises 51 deglutition acts, having
      been divided into 3 groups. In the I group of studied subjects it was observed
      that there was a more sizable shortening of the pharynx, as well as a greater
      upward and forward movement of the remaining larynx. In the II group, the pharynx
      was longer by 1 cm, while the analogical movement of the spared larynx was by a
      half worse. The overall observations of other parameters facilitating efficient
      deglutition failed to reveal significant difference in I and II group of the
      studied. However, good deglutition we recorded in cases where the remaining
      larynx was maximally raised upwards to the hyoid bone or to the tongue base .
      These findings authorize us to ascertain that the preservation or the removal of
      the hyoid bone in the course of this procedure is without greater importance for
      the deglutition act rehabilitation. But, it is of more considerable significance
      to elevate the spared larynx upwards to the direct vicinity of the tongue base.

PMID- 1795923
TI  - [Microcomputer-assisted collecting and processing of the data on patients with
      cancer of the larynx].

PMID- 1795924
TI  - [Perioperative preventive use of ciprofloxacin in patients with cancer of the
      larynx].
AB  - In comparative study of patients with laryngeal cancer, perioperative prophylaxis
      with ciprofloxacin was estimated. The drug was administered intravenously 200 mg
      twice daily, for five days to groups of 95 patients. Bacteriological examinations
      performed intraoperatively mostly revealed Gram-positive germs. The intravenous
      form of ciprofloxacin was very effective, resulting in complete healing of the
      operative wound in shorter time than in control groups. The drug has been well
      tolerated and no side effects were observed.

PMID- 1795925
TI  - [AIDS in otolaryngology].
AB  - It's evident nowadays, that the population of AIDS infected people will increase.
      In 88% cases the ENT specialists could be the first contact doctors for HIV
      positive patients. This fact makes necessary for them to know as well as possible
      clinical symptoms, etiopathology and immunology of AIDS. The authors present in
      this paper some of these problems.

PMID- 1795926
TI  - [Otolaryngological surgical procedures and HIV infection].
AB  - The authors present the problem with HIV positive patients which have an ear,
      nose and throat disease. ENT doctors are the group of high risk of AIDS. Up to
      now we haven't got a test useful for early diagnosis in AIDS (specially this
      period between infection and seroconversion+--"serological window"). This fact
      requires special cautions from ENT surgeons++. The authors describe the methods
      of individual prevention from AIDS and, the surgical instruments sterilization.

PMID- 1795927
TI  - [Degree of utilization of hearing aids by adults].
AB  - The amount of use of hearing aids was assessed in 190 adults and 22.6% of them
      used the aid always, 23.7% most of the day, 22.6% every day a little, 20.0%
      sometimes and 11.1% never. The hearing aids were used more by patients with
      profound hearing loss than by patients with moderate loss and more by younger and
      working subjects than by elderly and non-working ones.

PMID- 1795928
TI  - [Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uvula in a 5-year-old child].
AB  - A case of rhabdomyosarcoma embrionale uvulae in 5 years old girl was described.
      The child was treated at the beginning surgically, then chemotherapy was given
      according to schema IRS-III. After 2 years observation the child is in a good
      condition.

PMID- 1795929
TI  - [Study of aging of the organ of hearing using computerized tonal audiometry].

PMID- 1795930
TI  - [Ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of laryngeal tumors].

PMID- 1795931
TI  - [Prof. Jan Laciak].

PMID- 1795932
TI  - Animal models for testing anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of bronchial
      hyperreactivity in asthma.
AB  - In the first part of this review the important role played by the bronchial
      hyperreactivity caused by chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation in asthma is
      described. Deliberately, more emphasis is placed on the role of pro-inflammatory
      eosinophils, alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes and platelets rather than on mast
      cells and neutrophils or the numerous mediators. The reason for this is that, on
      account of the large number of mediators and their multitude of functions and
      interactions in asthma, antagonism of a specific mediator will probably not be
      clinically relevant for optimally effective curative treatment of asthma.
      Inhibition of the infiltration and activation of pro-inflammatory cells is likely
      to be a more successful approach. In the second part, various animal models of
      bronchial hyperreactivity, which could be suitable for testing anti-asthmatic
      drugs, are discussed. Most animal models pay too little attention to chronic
      bronchopulmonary inflammation as the cause of bronchial hyperreactivity in
      asthma. In various models the bronchial hyperreactivity is provoked by a single
      mediator and this leads to selection of specific antagonists which are unlikely
      to be of clinical benefit. Rats appear to have certain advantages over guinea
      pigs as experimental animals for bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 1795933
TI  - Oxytocics for the prevention of post-partum haemorrhages. A review.
AB  - Secale alkaloids, oxytocin and prostaglandins are used to prevent post-partum
      haemorrhage (post-partum haemorrhage defined as blood loss greater than or equal
      to 500 ml). Any oxytocic drug administered in the third stage of labour reduces
      the blood loss with approximately 40% and hence the incidence of post-partum
      haemorrhage from 10 to 6%. Therefore, routine active management of the third
      stage with an oxytocic drug is strongly advocated. Because of the fewest side
      effects oxytocin is regarded as the best drug available at this moment.

PMID- 1795934
TI  - Pharmaceuticals and developing countries: problems and prospects.
AB  - For many decades there was little consensus on the nature and type of
      pharmaceutical policies best suited for developing countries. In the aftermath of
      the Nairobi Conference on the Rational Use of Drugs and the formulation of
      criteria by expert groups convened by the World Health Organization a consensus
      has emerged on many aspects. Infrastructure development and the deployment of
      trained manpower are now perceived as two of the essential requisites for the
      implementation of national pharmaceutical policies. The article reviews selected
      problem areas in the pharmaceuticals sector and proposes strategies to overcome
      them.

PMID- 1795935
TI  - Cost of hospital antimicrobial chemotherapy. A method for global cost
      calculation.
AB  - We will describe the method of cost-identification analysis, which was performed
      in a Dutch hospital during a review of antimicrobial drugs usage. In the present
      Dutch hospital budget system, in-patients' drug costs generate no revenues.
      Efforts to diminish drug costs result in financial benefit for the institution.
      To maximize cost containment, efforts are to be directed to all cost components.
      We chose wholesale purchase prices of antimicrobial drugs and national prices for
      salaries and hospital costs. Global cost comparison shows the most cost effective
      system of intravenous administration. Push injection is the most economic way to
      administer intravenous drugs which do not require dilution or prolonged infusion
      time. For stable solutions, such as metronidazole, ready-to-infuse bags are the
      most economic system. A global cost calculation is listed for commonly used
      antimicrobial drugs for in-patients. A cost comparison is given for vancomycin CP
      and teicoplanin, two antistaphyloccocal drugs, which are probably equieffective.
      The result of global cost comparison contributes to the decision to include new
      drugs into the hospital formulary or to replace older ones.

PMID- 1795936
TI  - Compatibility of bupivacaine and iohexol in two mixtures for paediatric regional
      anaesthesia.
AB  - The compatibility of bupivacaine (0.25% and 0.125% wt/vol) with iohexol 300 mg
      I/ml was investigated. At room temperature bupivacaine does not decompose in
      these mixtures over a period of 24 h. pH Values (7.10 and 7.33), clarity,
      osmolality (370 and 379 mOsm/kg) and buffer capacity (0.035 ml and 0.010 ml
      0.1000 mol/l NaOH per 10 ml) meet requirements for epidural injection. Both
      mixtures are suitable for epidurography.

PMID- 1795937
TI  - What has been accomplished in the way of legislation for nurses. 1904.

PMID- 1795938
TI  - A general presentation of the statutory requirements of the different states.
      1912.

PMID- 1795939
TI  - The eight hour law for pupil nurses in California after one and one-half years
      practical demonstration in a general hospital of one hundred beds. 1915.

PMID- 1795940
TI  - The relation of the private duty nurse to the public as an educator. 1917.

PMID- 1795941
TI  - The present conditions of supply and demand. 1919.

PMID- 1795942
TI  - Main issues in public health nursing. 1922.

PMID- 1795943
TI  - How can general duty be made more attractive to graduate nurses. 1928.

PMID- 1795944
TI  - The three years' course of training in connection with the eight hour system.
      1897.

PMID- 1795945
TI  - The supply and demand of students in the nurse training-schools. 1907.

PMID- 1795946
TI  - How the training school for nurses benefits by relation to a university. 1911.

PMID- 1795947
TI  - Report of the Committee for Approaching Women's Colleges. 1913.

PMID- 1795948
TI  - The training school prospectus and its educational possibilities. 1916.

PMID- 1795949
TI  - The results of organized publicity in interesting the public in nursing. 1919.

PMID- 1795950
TI  - The recruiting of student nurses. 1920.

PMID- 1795951
TI  - The selection of students for schools of nursing and problems of adjustment.
      1930.

PMID- 1795952
TI  - How far are training schools responsible for the lack of ethics among nurses.
      1898.

PMID- 1795953
TI  - How to prepare nurses for the duties of the alumnae. 1900.

PMID- 1795954
TI  - Ethics to be observed between training schools. 1910.

PMID- 1795955
TI  - Nursing ethics and discipline. 1913.

PMID- 1795956
TI  - The purpose and place of ethics in the curriculum. 1916.

PMID- 1795957
TI  - Report of the Committee on Ethical Standards. 1923.

PMID- 1795958
TI  - Teaching of ethics and ethical problems. 1927.

PMID- 1795959
TI  - Interprofessional relationships from the viewpoint of the superintendent of
      nurses. 1929.

PMID- 1795960
TI  - Comparative value of theory and practice in training nurses. 1897.

PMID- 1795961
TI  - Through better selection of students. 1932.

PMID- 1795962
TI  - What we are overlooking of fundamental importance in the training of the modern
      nurse. 1907.

PMID- 1795963
TI  - Factors of elimination in schools for nurses. 1913.

PMID- 1795964
TI  - The responsibility of the university school of nursing to the individual student,
      the hospital, and the community. 1925.

PMID- 1795965
TI  - Preparation of the teacher for the training school. 1910.

PMID- 1795966
TI  - Address. 1929.

PMID- 1795967
TI  - Professional school of trade school? 1929.

PMID- 1795968
TI  - The new epoch in nursing. 1930.

PMID- 1795969
TI  - Training school alumnae associations. 1897.

PMID- 1795970
TI  - A National Association for Nurses and its legal organization. 1896.

PMID- 1795971
TI  - Report of the Committee on Education. 1911.

PMID- 1795972
TI  - Work of women in municipal affairs. 1900.

PMID- 1795973
TI  - The duty of this society in public work. 1904.

PMID- 1795974
TI  - Resolution. 1910.

PMID- 1795975
TI  - The power of the professional press. 1915.

PMID- 1795976
TI  - The importance of securing for the superintendent powers equal to her
      responsibilities. 1911.

PMID- 1795977
TI  - Standardizing agencies and state boards of nurse examiners. 1932.

PMID- 1795978
TI  - The new Scutari. 1933.

PMID- 1795979
TI  - How to help pupil nurses to study. 1915.

PMID- 1795980
TI  - Thirty years of progress in nursing. 1923.

PMID- 1795981
TI  - The training school's responsibility in public health nursing education. 1916.

PMID- 1795982
TI  - Teaching and learning through experience. 1925.

PMID- 1795984
TI  - A uniform curriculum for training schools. 1897.

PMID- 1795983
TI  - Preparation for administrative positions in schools of nursing. 1931.

PMID- 1795985
TI  - Through improvements in the educational process. 1932.

PMID- 1795986
TI  - Directories for nurses. 1897.

PMID- 1795987
TI  - Nursing in the smaller hospitals and in those devoted to the care of special
      forms of disease. 1897.

PMID- 1795988
TI  - Culture care of Philippine and Anglo-American nurses in a hospital context.

PMID- 1795989
TI  - The Culture Care theory and the Old Order Amish.
AB  - This chapter discussed knowledge about culture care and culture context in
      relation to Old Order Amish culture. Leininger's theory of Cultural Care
      Diversity and Universality and Hall's concept of high-context culture were used
      to study culture care of the Old Order Amish. This study provided new findings
      about the culture, especially as related to culture care and high context. These
      findings also are important to guide nurses and other health care professionals
      in providing culture-specific care to the Old Order Amish. Leininger's Cultural
      Care theory has provided a comprehensive theoretical framework to explicate
      embedded care constructs and patterns of daily living within this culture. Hall's
      concepts helped to value and discover the importance of high context within the
      Old Order Amish culture and its relation to the phenomenon of care.

PMID- 1795990
TI  - Culture Care theory with Mexican-Americans in an urban context.

PMID- 1795991
TI  - Culture Care meanings and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth of Ukrainians.

PMID- 1795992
TI  - Culture Care of the Gadsup Akuna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea.

PMID- 1795993
TI  - Culture Care theory for study of dying patients in hospital and hospice contexts.

PMID- 1795995
TI  - Selected culture care findings of diverse cultures using Culture Care theory and
      ethnomethods.

PMID- 1795994
TI  - Culture Care theory and Greek Canadian widows.

PMID- 1795996
TI  - Culture Care theory and uses in nursing administration.

PMID- 1795997
TI  - Looking to the future of nursing and the relevancy of Culture Care theory.

PMID- 1795998
TI  - The theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.

PMID- 1795999
TI  - Ethnonursing: a research method with enablers to study the theory of Culture
      Care.

PMID- 1796000
TI  - Attitudes and values about drug and alcohol use.

PMID- 1796001
TI  - Assessment of the adult client for drug and alcohol use.

PMID- 1796002
TI  - Pharmacology.

PMID- 1796003
TI  - Dysfunctional patterns in families with drug and alcohol problems.

PMID- 1796004
TI  - The adolescent who uses drugs and alcohol.

PMID- 1796005
TI  - Prevention of drug and alcohol problems in the school-age child.

PMID- 1796006
TI  - Health implications of alcohol and other drug use.

PMID- 1796007
TI  - Directed lysis of experimental cancer by beta-carotene in liposomes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to extend the knowledge of the antitumor activity
      of liposomes and to identify, for the first time, the antitumor effect of
      liposomes with the antioxidant beta-carotene. The administration of the
      carotenoid encapsulated in in liposomes has the advantages of quantitation,
      facilitation, and most importantly an increased therapeutic response, resulting
      in the accentuation of regression of carcinoma in the hamster pouch. Tumors
      induced after the application of the carcinogen 7,12
      dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (0.5%) were injected with liposomes composed of
      phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine in a ratio
      of 1:1:1 (large unilamellar vesicles). Tumor-bearing animals were divided into
      four groups, each containing 10 hamsters. The group treated with the liposomes of
      beta-carotene exhibited a significantly lower tumor burden (approx 5,000-fold
      difference) than the control tumor group. Electron- and light-micrographic
      analyses were used to substantiate the gross observations of tumor regression. It
      was noted that the carcinoma cells endocytozed liposomes in increased numbers
      compared with normal mucosa treated with liposomes. In addition, non-tumor
      bearing hamsters injected with beta-carotene liposomes or liposomes alone did not
      exhibit any pathological change to the normal mucosa. An inflammatory infiltrate
      consisting of mononuclear cells, mast cells, and some polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes was noted, and degranulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mast
      cells and eosinophils predominated in the tumor controls (7,12
      dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene treated only). Notably, not all areas of
      degenerating dysplasia or early carcinoma exhibited a dense inflammatory response
      adjacent to the mucosa after the injection of beta-carotene liposomes. The
      results demonstrate a selective nontoxic therapy to regress experimental oral
      cancer.

PMID- 1796008
TI  - Influence of butyrate on lipid metabolism, survival, and differentiation of colon
      cancer cells.
AB  - The present work was designed to study the differentiating effect of butyrate on
      LS174T cells after modification of their lipids with long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)
      supplementation. The LCFAs 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), 20:4(n-6), 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n
      3) bound to added to the media of confluent cells for eight days. The fatty acid
      to-albumin ratio was 3:1. The concentration of fatty acids in the media was 100
      microM. On the last day, half of the flasks were treated with 2 mM butyrate. The
      data indicate that supplementation with polyunsaturated LCFAs having 20-22 carbon
      atoms resulted in a significant reduction in cell density and viability, whereas
      all LCFA supplementation reduced differentiation as measured by alkaline
      phosphatase activity. Butyrate treatment increased the density, viability, and
      differentiation of the tumor cells. The effect of butyrate on differentiation was
      mainly with cells supplemented with 18:1, 20:5, and 22:6. In the absence of LCFA
      supplementation, butyrate reduced the concentration of 22:5(n-6) in the cellular
      lipids. Also, butyrate modified the LCFAs incorporated in cells supplemented with
      18:2 and 20:5, with changes occurring in 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3), and 22:5(n-6).
      Thus the present study suggests an interaction between butyrate and LCFA on
      differentiation and LCFA metabolism of human colon cancer cells.

PMID- 1796009
TI  - High-risk health behaviors associated with various dietary patterns.
AB  - We have previously identified dietary patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female
      normal healthy control subjects in a case-control study of cancer at various
      sites. In this paper we examine the presence, among persons exhibiting these
      dietary patterns, of individual health behaviors that may contribute to risks for
      cancer. Specifically we examine trimming of separable fat from meats, fats used
      in cooking and as additions to foods, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Results
      indicate that men and women differ in possession of these high-risk behaviors.
      Women are more likely to trim fat from meat, consume less alcohol, and have lower
      exposures to smoking. Their dietary patterns are more independent of the fats
      used. Several eating patterns are positively associated with total fat intake but
      differ in their associations with high-risk behaviors. These data suggest that
      assessing risk associated with dietary patterns sheds more light on disease
      relationships than studies of single nutrients.

PMID- 1796010
TI  - Relationship between stool pH and butyrate levels.

PMID- 1796011
TI  - A proposed mechanism for effects of diet on mammary cancer.
AB  - Growth and development of mammary glandular parenchyma appear to be strongly
      influenced by the associated adipose tissue. Because fat is the major form of
      energy storage in the body, any changes in energy balance will be reflected in
      the weight of adipose tissue to a greater extent than in body weight as a whole.
      High-fat diets tend to encourage energy storage and may promote mammary cancer by
      increasing the amount of adipose tissue in the gland. The intimate association of
      adipose and glandular tissue would facilitate the transfer of any growth
      promoting substances, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids,
      estrogens, or other growth factors, from the adipose to the glandular tissue.
      Conversely, low-fat diets or restriction of food intake may decrease the risk of
      mammary cancer by reducing the amount of adipose tissue and thus reducing
      exposure of the glandular tissue to such growth-promoting substances.

PMID- 1796012
TI  - Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of beta-carotene
      and astaxanthin on murine lymphocyte functions and cell surface marker expression
      in in vitro culture system.
AB  - The immunomodulating effects of carotenoids (beta-carotene and astaxanthin) on
      mouse lymphocytes were studied in in vitro culture system by use of assay for
      mitogen responses of spleen cells, thymocyte proliferation, interleukin 2
      production, and antibody (Ab) production in vitro in response to sheep red blood
      cells. Changes of cell surface markers on spleen lymphocytes including Ia antigen
      (Ag), surface immunoglobulin, B220, and Thy-1 Ag were also examined. At a
      concentration of 10(-8) M, carotenoids did not show any significant effect on
      mitogen responses (phytohemagglutinin P and concanavalin A) on murine spleen
      cells, irrespective of the concentrations of mitogens used. Interleukin 2
      production by murine spleen cells was not significantly altered by carotenoids in
      the culture media (10(-7) to 10(-9) M). [3H]thymidine incorporation by B6
      thymocytes was somewhat enhanced in the presence of astaxanthin or beta-carotene
      when cultured in the concentration of 10(6)/ml. At higher concentrations of cells
      (5 x 10(6)/ml), such an effect was not observed. In assays of in vitro Ab
      production in response to sheep red blood cells, B6 spleen cells produced
      significantly more Ab-forming cells (plaque-forming cells, immunoglobulins M and
      G) in the presence of astaxanthin (greater than 10(-8) M) but not beta-carotene.
      Expression of Ia Ag seemed to be moderately enhanced on both Thy-1+ and Thy-1-
      spleen cells in the presence of astaxanthin (greater than 10(-9) M) but not beta
      carotene. The expression of Thy-1 and surface immunoglobulin seemed unchanged
      with the treatment of these carotenoids. These results indicate that
      immunomodulating actions of carotenoids are not necessarily related to provitamin
      A activity, because astaxanthin, which does not have provitamin A activity,
      showed more significant effects in these bioassays and also indicate that such
      actions of carotenoid demonstrated in this study may be difficult to explain only
      by its oxygen-quenching capacity.

PMID- 1796013
TI  - Epidemiology of asthma in childhood.
AB  - The epidemiology of asthma in childhood is undergoing changes in many parts of
      the world. Prevalence, rates of hospitalization and mortality are all on the
      rise. In the United States, urban dwellers and minorities have experienced the
      greatest acceleration in rates. Elsewhere, some countries have experienced large
      increases in asthma morbidity and mortality, while others have not. Inconsistency
      in defining asthma and variations in methodology complicate epidemiologic
      investigation, but recent studies confirm the disturbing trend toward increased
      morbidity and mortality from childhood asthma and offer some insights into
      possible contributing factors.

PMID- 1796014
TI  - Pathogenesis of asthma.
AB  - Asthma is the most common chronic lower respiratory tract condition in children.
      Thus, it is imperative that physicians caring for asthmatic patients understand
      the pathophysiology of asthma and its implications for optimal therapeutic
      management. A precise understanding of asthma pathophysiology has been impeded
      due to the fact that a universally acceptable definition for asthma has been
      difficult to formulate. Clinicians treating asthmatic patients should be aware
      that the airway obstruction present in these individuals is the result of
      multiple interrelated factors. Although bronchial smooth muscle spasm can be
      effectively treated producing rapid symptomatic relief, other factors
      contributing to airway obstruction, such as airway inflammation and edema, need
      to be a major focus of therapeutic strategies for more chronic management. While
      the concepts of reversibility and hyperresponsiveness have been appreciated for
      some time, the idea that asthma should be viewed as an inflammatory lung disease
      (or syndrome) has only recently received appropriate emphasis. In this regard,
      the late phase asthmatic response has provided a convenient model to study the
      biochemical and cellular interactions that contribute to the pathogenesis of
      asthma. Further, these responses will aid in the analysis of the potential
      beneficial effects of various pharmaceuticals as they undergo development and
      testing for use in asthmatic patients.

PMID- 1796015
TI  - Bronchoprovocation in children.
AB  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a major feature of asthma that is
      determined by both genetic and environmental factors. The assessment of BHR can
      be a valuable means of assessing asthma severity and also response to therapy.
      BHR can be measured with a variety of provocative agents including exercise,
      methacholine, histamine, hypotonic and hypertonic saline and cold air.
      Methacholine and histamine challenges have been well studied and standardized.
      They are extremely sensitive indicators of BHR, but this is not synonymous with
      asthma. This requires that the physician interprets the clinical significance of
      test results with caution.

PMID- 1796016
TI  - Management of acute asthma.
AB  - The principal goal of treatment of the acute exacerbation of asthma is the rapid
      reversal of the airway obstruction which is best accomplished by the frequent
      administration of inhaled beta 2-agonists. In addition, the early addition of
      systemic corticosteroids improves the response in patients who incompletely
      respond to beta 2-agonists. If present, hypoxemia should be corrected with
      administration of supplemental oxygen. Close monitoring of the patient's response
      to treatment is essential and if the patient is over 4 years of age and can
      cooperate, this should include peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurement.

PMID- 1796017
TI  - Day-to-day management of asthma.
AB  - Asthma remains a major cause of morbidity and an occasional cause of mortality in
      children despite greatly increased knowledge of its pathophysiology and newer
      improved medications. Management of asthma requires consideration of the two
      components of airway obstruction, spasm of bronchial smooth muscle and
      inflammation resulting in mucosal edema and mucous secretions. The pharmacologic
      alternatives include medications that relax bronchial smooth muscle, prevent the
      release of mediators that induce bronchospasm and inflammation and anti
      inflammatory corticosteroids that can reverse or prevent the inflammatory
      component of asthma. Therapeutic decisions in asthma also require consideration
      of the clinical pattern of disease which can be classified as intermittent,
      seasonal allergic or chronic. Therapeutic strategies for the use of pharmacologic
      agents include intervention measures for reversal of acute symptoms and
      maintenance measures to prevent symptoms. While all patients need available
      intervention measures to reverse acute symptoms when present, only those patients
      with prolonged periods of symptomatology, i.e. seasonal allergic or chronic,
      require pharmacologic agent for maintenance therapy. When evaluation identifies
      environmental factors as clinically important precipitants of asthma, appropriate
      environmental manipulation offers a potentially useful nonpharmacologic approach
      to therapy. The use of injections of allergenic extracts in selected patients
      with appropriate inhalant allergen sensitivity offers an immunologic approach for
      decreasing symptoms in patients with a predominant inhalant allergic component to
      their disease. Success in the treatment of asthma requires careful consideration
      of health care delivery. Available measures, when appropriately delivered to the
      patients when needed, have been convincingly demonstrated to greatly decrease
      morbidity.

PMID- 1796018
TI  - Role of sinusitis in asthma.
AB  - Chronic sinusitis has been suggested to play a causal role in creating
      recalcitrant asthma. However, this hypothesis has never been confirmed in a blind
      placebo-controlled study. Several studies have documented an association between
      abnormal sinus X-rays and asthma in 30-70% of patients, depending on criteria
      chosen for evaluation of the radiologic changes. Asthma is associated with
      inflammation in the lower airways, and the same inflammation might involve the
      sinuses in a parallel fashion. It is now felt that early therapy of this
      inflammation can modify the course of asthma resulting in its amelioration.
      Conversely, delay in institution of this therapy might result in the inflammation
      entrenching airway reactivity. It must be clearly proven in a controlled fashion
      that antibiotic or other therapy of sinusitis will improve the course of asthma
      since such therapy could delay the aggressive management of inflammation.

PMID- 1796019
TI  - Educational programs for children with asthma.
AB  - During the last decade, research on the behavioral aspects of childhood asthma
      has focussed on three goals: (1) learning how families manage asthma at home and
      use health care services; (2) identifying specific problems they encounter in
      managing asthma, and (3) developing and evaluating educational programs to teach
      families to overcome these problems and to manage asthma effectively in the home
      environment. This paper will describe the research findings on the problems
      families face in managing asthma, review the available and evaluated health
      education programs that have been developed to solve them and suggest strategies
      for physicians and other health care providers to incorporate health education
      into routine office care for asthma.

PMID- 1796020
TI  - Smoking epidemiology.

PMID- 1796021
TI  - Alcohol epidemiology.

PMID- 1796023
TI  - Health promotion in the consultation.

PMID- 1796022
TI  - Health promotion and ethnic patients.

PMID- 1796024
TI  - Smoking and research.

PMID- 1796025
TI  - Practical ways to stop smoking.

PMID- 1796026
TI  - Reducing alcohol consumption.

PMID- 1796027
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 1796028
TI  - Dementia and the GP.

PMID- 1796029
TI  - Hypertension--a practice nurse protocol.

PMID- 1796030
TI  - Advances in cardiology.

PMID- 1796031
TI  - Continuing education in practice.

PMID- 1796032
TI  - Recognising depression.

PMID- 1796033
TI  - Psychological therapies.

PMID- 1796034
TI  - Drug treatment of anxiety and depression.

PMID- 1796035
TI  - Withdrawal from tranquillisers.

PMID- 1796036
TI  - Drugs and breast milk.

PMID- 1796037
TI  - Photoreactivity of LY277359 maleate, a 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor
      antagonist, in solution.
AB  - Compound LY277359 maleate undergoes a photoinduced solvolysis reaction in water
      to generate the corresponding hydroxylated product and release chloride. Attempts
      to stabilize a parenteral formulation of the compound led to an investigation of
      possible reaction mechanisms. The data are consistent with a mechanism involving
      homolytic cleavage of the aryl-chloride bond followed by electron transfer to
      give an aryl cation intermediate. The cation thus formed reacts with surrounding
      nucleophiles to give the substituted product. A kinetic expression for reaction
      rate was derived from the mechanism, and various components of the rate constant
      were evaluated experimentally. The reaction is slowed with the addition of
      chloride, presumably via a common ion effect (enhanced retroreaction). In the
      absence of added chloride, the reaction can be described kinetically by an
      initiation term. An inner filter effect is also observed, where increasing
      amounts of the hydroxylated product slow the reaction. Experimental data for
      observed rate constants as a function of starting concentration and light
      intensity are fit with good correlation to an equation describing the filter
      effect. Additional studies evaluated the effects of various structural features
      of the parent compound on the rate of the reaction in glass containers. It was
      determined that reactivity was dependent on two features: (1) the ortho
      positioning of the carboxyl and ether groups, which shifted an absorption band
      above the container cutoff; and (2) the para orientation of the chloro group to
      the ether, which is para activating in the photoexcited state.

PMID- 1796038
TI  - Low molecular weight proteins as carriers for renal drug targeting: naproxen
      lysozyme.
AB  - Low molecular weight proteins (LMWPs), such as lysozyme, may be suitable carriers
      to target drugs to the kidney. In this study the antiinflammatory drug naproxen
      was covalently bound to lysozyme (1:1). Pharmacokinetics of the conjugate,
      naproxen-lysozyme (nap-LYSO), were compared to that of an equimolar mixture of
      uncoupled naproxen with lysozyme in freely moving rats. Similar plasma kinetics
      and organ distribution for native lysozyme and the drug conjugate were observed
      (Clp = 1.2 and 1.1 ml/min; t1/2,beta = 85 and 75 min, respectively). In case of
      the uncoupled naproxen-lysozyme mixture, a monoexponential plasma disappearance
      of naproxen with a t1/2 of 2.8 hr was observed, coinciding with urinary excretion
      of naproxen metabolites (mainly 6-desmethylnaproxen sulfate; 6-DMN-S) between 2
      and 8 hr after injection. Urinary recovery of total metabolites was 59% of the
      naproxen dose. In contrast, after injection of covalently bound naproxen, plasma
      levels of the parent drug were below the detection level, whereas naproxen was
      recovered as 6-DMN-S in urine over a period from 4 to 30 hr. However, only 8% of
      the administered dose was recovered as 6-DMN-S in urine, whereas 50% of the dose
      was recovered as naproxen metabolites in feces. Incubation experiments using
      purified renal tubular lysosomal lysates revealed that naproxen-lysozyme
      degradation ultimately results in a stable naproxen amino acid catabolite,
      naproxen-lysine (nap-lys). Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of this
      catabolyte were demonstrated in isolated perfused rat livers. Further, an
      equipotent pharmacological activity relative to parent naproxen was
      observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796039
TI  - Percutaneous penetration kinetics of nitroglycerin and its dinitrate metabolites
      across hairless mouse skin in vitro.
AB  - The percutaneous penetration kinetics of the antianginal, nitroglycerin (GTN),
      and its primary metabolites, 1,2- and 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate (1,2- and 1,3-GDN),
      were evaluated in vitro, using full-thickness hairless mouse skin. GTN and the
      1,2- and 1,3-GDNs were applied (a) in aqueous solution as pH 7.4 phosphate
      buffered saline (PBS) and (b) incorporated into lipophilic ointment formulations.
      The cutaneous transformation of GTN to its dinitrate metabolites was detected,
      but no interconversion between 1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN was observed. Following
      application of the nitrates in PBS solution, all three compounds exhibited steady
      state transport kinetics. The steady-state flux of GTN (8.9 +/- 1.5 nmol cm-2 hr
      1) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than those of 1,2-GDN (0.81 +/-
      0.54 nmol cm-2 hr-1) and 1,3-GDN (0.72 +/- 0.20 nmol cm-2 hr-1). The
      corresponding permeability coefficient (rho) for GTN (20 +/- 3 x 10(-3) cm hr-1)
      was significantly larger than the corresponding values for 1,2-GDN (1.4 +/- 0.9 x
      10(-3) cm hr-1) and 1,3-GDN (1.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(-3) cm hr-1), which were
      statistically indistinguishable (P greater than 0.05). Further analysis of the
      transport data showed that the differences between GTN and the GDNs could be
      explained by the relative stratum corneum/water partition coefficient (Ks) values
      of the compounds. The apparent partition parameters, defined as kappa = Ks.h
      [where h is the diffusion path length through stratum corneum (SC)] were 19.8 +/-
      2.5 x 10(-2) cm for GTN and 1.91 +/- 1.07 x 10(-2) and 1.81 +/- 0.91 x 10(-2) cm
      for 1,2- and 1,3-GDN, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796040
TI  - Prodrugs of peptides. 11. Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics of N
      acyloxymethyl derivatives of a peptide-like bond.
AB  - Various carboxylic acid esters of the N-hydroxymethyl derivative of N
      benzyloxycarbonylglycine benzylamide, used as a peptide-like model, were prepared
      and their decomposition kinetics studied in aqueous solution and in human plasma
      solutions. These N-acyloxymethylamide derivatives were found to undergo a facile
      decomposition by a pH-independent process in the pH range 4-8.5, the half-lives
      being 1-11hr at 37 degrees C. The cause of this limited stability was suggested
      to be due to the occurrence of an elimination-addition mechanism involving a
      reactive N-acylminium ion intermediate. In alkaline solutions (pH greater than
      10) the derivatives showed a normal ester stability. The ester group in the N
      acyloxymethyl derivatives was readily hydrolyzed by plasma enzymes to yield the N
      hydroxymethyl amide, which subsequently decomposed to the parent amide. The
      results obtained suggest that N-acyloxymethylation of a peptide bond may be a
      useful prodrug approach to obtain derivatives with varying lipophilicities and a
      ready ability to undergo conversion to the parent peptide in vivo. However, the
      stability of the derivatives in aqueous solutions is limited.

PMID- 1796041
TI  - Antimicrobial diterpenes of Croton sonderianus. II. ent-Beyer-15-en-18-oic acid.

PMID- 1796042
TI  - Application of neural computing in pharmaceutical product development.
AB  - Neural computing technology is capable of solving problems involving complex
      pattern recognition. This technology is applied here to pharmaceutical product
      development. The most commonly used computational algorithm, the delta back
      propagation network, was utilized to recognize the complex relationship between
      the formulation variables and the in vitro drug release parameters for a
      hydrophilic matrix capsule system. This new computational technique was also
      compared with the response surface methodology (RSM). Artificial neural network
      (ANN) analysis was able to predict the response values for a series of validation
      experiments more precisely than RSM. ANN may offer an alternative to RSM because
      it allows for the development of a system that can incorporate literature and
      experimental data to solve common problems in the pharmaceutical industry.

PMID- 1796043
TI  - Hepatic disposition characteristics of 111In-labeled lactosaminated bovine serum
      albumin in rats.
AB  - The hepatic disposition of lactosaminated bovine serum albumin (Lac-BSA) in rats
      was studied at the whole body, isolated liver, and isolated parenchymal cell
      levels. After intravenous injection, 111In-Lac-BSA (1 mg/kg) was rapidly
      eliminated from the plasma due to extensive uptake by liver parenchymal cells;
      however, a significant decrease in hepatic clearance was observed at high dose
      (50 mg/kg). In a single-pass, constant infusion experiment in the isolated liver,
      111In-Lac-BSA was continuously extracted. The extraction ratio at steady state
      (Ess) for 111In-Lac-BSA was significantly decreased by coadministrating
      galactose, NH4Cl, or chloroquine, and at low temperature, suggesting that hepatic
      uptake of Lac-BSA proceeds via receptor-mediated endocytosis for
      asialoglycoprotein. Kinetic analysis of 111In-Lac-BSA binding with isolated
      parenchymal cells at 4 degrees C yielded a dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.5 x
      10(-8) M and a value of 3.5 x 10(5) maximal binding sites/cell (Bmax). The
      internalization rate constant (kint) for 111In-Lac-BSA was calculated to be 0.46
      min-1 in liver perfusion experiments using the EDTA-wash method.

PMID- 1796044
TI  - Solution stability of the monoclonal antibody-vinca alkaloid conjugate, KS1/4
      DAVLB.
AB  - A 3-month solution stability study at 5 degrees C of the monoclonal antibody
      vinca alkaloid conjugate KS1/4-DAVLB indicated that phosphate-buffered saline
      solutions at pH 4.5-5.5 had little tendency to lose vinca by hydrolysis, improved
      vinca stability, showed acceptable physical stability, and formed minimal amounts
      of soluble aggregates compared to solutions at pH 6.5-7.4. Hydrolysis and
      aggregation with concomitant loss of stability were accelerated at 30 degrees C
      throughout the pH range investigated. As determined by ELISA, the binding
      properties of KS1/4-DAVLB to tumor antigens were not affected by pH or
      temperature. A formulation suitable for initial clinical trials in cancer
      patients is described.

PMID- 1796045
TI  - Assessment of antiinflammatory agents using 125I-labeled human serum albumin to
      quantify footpad edema volume in the rat.
AB  - Intravenously injected human serum albumin, labeled with radioactive iodine
      ([125I]HSA), accumulates at inflammatory foci in proportion to the volume of the
      exudate, making it possible to quantify the volume of edema. This paper describes
      the use of [125I]HSA to measure edema formation in the carrageenin rat-footpad
      model, both continuously and at a single time point. In assessing
      antiinflammatory agents, the method was shown to be more sensitive than the most
      commonly used technique of thickness measurement. Because anesthetics are known
      to suppress inflammation, the comparative effect of five anesthetic agents on the
      inflammatory response was determined. Ether was the only anesthetic tested that
      did not substantially inhibit the accumulation of edema. The technique overcomes
      many of the limitations of previously used procedures and has the potential to
      become the method of choice when assessing edema in the rat footpad.

PMID- 1796046
TI  - Differences in transport rate of oxytocin and vasopressin analogues across
      proximal and distal isolated segments of the small intestine of the rat.
AB  - The transmural intestinal passage of some oxytocin and vasopressin analogues
      (oxytocin, OT; [Mpa1, D-Arg8]vasopressin, dDAVP; [Mpa1, Tyr (OMe)2,
      carba6]oxytocin, carbetocin; [Mpa1, D-Tyr (OEt)2, Thr4, Orn8]vasotocin, antocin
      II; [Mpa1, D-Tyr (OEt)2, Thr4, desPro7Orn8Gly9NH2]tocinoic acid-NH(CH2)3NH2,
      desPOG-antocin II-NH(CH2)3NH2) was studied using isolated proximal and distal
      segments in the rat. All peptides (measured as peptide-like immunoreactivity)
      displayed a higher transport rate across distal intestinal segments as determined
      by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The smallest peptide, des POG-antocin II-NH(CH2)3NH2,
      was transported at the fastest rate. No correlation of lipophilicity with
      transport rate was observed. Determination of the amount of peptide remaining in
      the mucosal media at the end of the incubation period by HPLC did not reveal any
      visible degradation products. However, the large difference in transport rate
      between [3H]OT and immunoreactive OT indicates mucosal metabolism of this
      peptide. [3H]d-DAVP was distributed in a larger mucosal volume than the
      extracellular space marker [3H]inulin, indicating tissue uptake, but was too low
      (less than 100% of buffer concentration) to make an active transport mechanism
      likely. The differences in peptide transport rates between proximal and distal
      intestinal segments are most likely due to a higher distal paracellular
      permeability despite a decreased absorptive surface area at this region.

PMID- 1796047
TI  - Correlation of the gastric emptying of nondisintegrating tablets with
      gastrointestinal motility.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to correlate the gastric emptying (GE) of
      nondisintegrating tablets with changes in gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Eight,
      healthy, male subjects each received 5 x 7-mm radiolabeled tablets, a
      radiolabeled meal, and a radiotelemetry capsule (RTC). Transit of the
      radiolabeled formulations was followed by gamma scintigraphy and the RTC detected
      contractile activity in the GI tract. The study demonstrated that 7-mm tablets
      can empty from the fed stomach, prior to the onset of interdigestive activity.
      Those tablets that were not emptied during fed activity were retained through the
      period of quiescence associated with the onset of the migrating myoelectric
      complex (MMC) and left the stomach during contractions associated with phase 2
      and 3 activity. The RTC was retained in the stomach and was emptied only by large
      phase 3 contractions commonly termed the "housekeeper" wave. However, in one
      subject, the RTC was retained in the stomach for over 12 hr, during which time
      three distinct phase 3 complexes were monitored.

PMID- 1796048
TI  - In vitro evaluation of sustained drug release from biodegradable elastomer.
AB  - Poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), and their
      copolymers (PLA-CL) with various monomer compositions were synthesized, and their
      properties as matrix for the sustained release of drugs were evaluated. The
      copolymerization technique produced very soft films which incorporated the drugs
      without deterioration of the elastic properties. Cisplatin and MD-805 were loaded
      in the films by casting the polymer solution containing the drugs. Fractions of
      the drugs released from the PLA-CL films were governed by the initial loading,
      the film thickness, and the polymer molecular weight. The drug release profiles
      obeyed the classical Fickian diffusion equation at least in the early stage, but
      significant hydrolytic degradation of the matrix polymers occurred in the later
      stage, influencing the kinetics of drug release. The monomer composition of
      copolymer affected the release profile more strongly than the initial molecular
      weight of the copolymer.

PMID- 1796049
TI  - Intrinsic lymphatic partition rate of mepitiostane, epitiostanol, and oleic acid
      absorbed from rat intestine.
AB  - Mepitiostane (MP), epitiostanol (EP), and oleic acid were administered to the
      jejunal loop of mesenteric vein- and thoracic duct-cannulated rats, and the
      intrinsic lymphatic partition rate (ILPR) of the absorbed compounds was directly
      determined. When 14C-EP was administered to the jejunal loop, recovery of
      unchanged EP in the mesenteric blood and the lymph was 7.9 and 0.03% of the
      administered dose, respectively. In contrast, following administration of 14C-MP,
      recovery of unchanged MP in the mesenteric blood and the lymph was 1.2 and 15.0%,
      respectively. Thus, following passage through the mucosal cell, 99.6% of the
      unchanged EP was partitioned into the blood and 0.4% into the lymph, while for
      unchanged MP, 7.6% was partitioned into the blood and 92.4% into the lymph. When
      14C-oleic acid was administered to the jejunal loop, most of the penetrating
      oleic acid was incorporated into triglycerides in epithelial cells and
      transferred exclusively into the lymph. However, of the unchanged oleic acid,
      only 37.6% was partitioned into the lymph and 62.4% into the blood. The ILPR was
      92.4% for MP, 0.4% for EP, and 37.6% for oleic acid. We conclude that the ILPR
      values indicate the true lymphotropic property of the compounds.

PMID- 1796050
TI  - Structural effects on the binding of amine drugs with the diphenylmethyl
      functionality to cyclodextrins. II. A molecular modeling study.
AB  - Molecular modeling has been used to study the complexation between alpha, beta,
      or gamma-cyclodextrin (CD) and a group of amine compounds having the
      diphenylmethyl functionality. The computer program SYBYL 5.3 and the Tripos force
      field (version 5.2) were used for all the calculations. Three-dimensional
      structures of 13 amine compounds were built individually from their atoms, and
      CDs were built based on the X-ray crystallographic coordinates. The
      diphenylmethyl derivative-CD complexes were constructed and optimized. Based on
      the calculated binding energies accompanying the inclusion process, the preferred
      method of approach of the compounds to the cavities of the CD molecules, and the
      structural effects on the binding between amine compounds and three CDs were
      explored. The calculated binding energies exhibited a good correlation with the
      stability constants obtained from solution calorimetric titrations. The present
      study shows that for similar ligand molecules, the molecular modeling technique
      should enable us to visualize the structure of the inclusion complexes and will
      also assist us in determining the ability of a potential drug molecule to form a
      stable complex with CDs.

PMID- 1796051
TI  - Formulation, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release potassium
      chloride tablets.
AB  - The release of potassium chloride incorporated into hydrogenated vegetable oil
      and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets was studied in vitro. The
      formulations containing 20% hydrogenated vegetable oil and hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose showed a sustained-release profile comparable to that of a
      standard commercially available sustained-release preparation, containing 8 mEq
      potassium chloride embedded in a wax material. The formulated and standard
      sustained-release potassium chloride tablets were compared to a conventional
      enteric-coated potassium chloride tablet in 10 healthy subjects. Mean recoveries
      in 24-hr urine potassium levels from four dosage forms (after subtracting normal
      urine potassium excretion levels) were 76 +/- 32% from hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose, 95 +/- 22% from hydrogenated vegetable oil-incorporated matrix
      tablets, 91 +/- 29% from commercially available sustained-release tablets, and 97
      +/- 13% from enteric-coated tablets. There was no significant difference (P
      greater than 0.05) in the time to reach maximum excretion rates among the three
      sustained-release tablets. No significant adverse effect was experienced with any
      of the preparations.

PMID- 1796052
TI  - Evaluation of "true" creatinine clearance in rats reveals extensive renal
      secretion.
AB  - The renal clearance of endogenous creatinine is widely used to assess glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) and renal function in animal investigations. The objective
      of the present investigation was to evaluate the extent of renal secretion of
      endogenous creatinine in rats and the effect of probenecid, the classical
      inhibitor of organic anion transport, on creatinine clearance. Ten female Lewis
      rats received 3H-inulin (5-muCi i.v. bolus followed by 5 muCi/hr) throughout a 6
      hr period. Three hours after initiation of the inulin infusion, probenecid was
      administered (92.4-mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 0.59 mg/min/kg). Steady-state
      serum concentrations of about 500 micrograms/ml probenecid were achieved. Renal
      clearance was assessed between 1 and 3 hr (control) and between 4 and 6 hr
      (probenecid treatment). A preliminary study in seven rats demonstrated no time
      dependent change in inulin or creatinine clearance between these two study
      intervals. Creatinine clearances were determined by an alkaline picrate assay
      which incorporated Fuller's earth (Lloyd reagent) to remove interfering
      noncreatinine chromogens from serum samples and these values were compared with
      those using a nonspecific picrate assay. "True" clearance ratios of creatinine to
      inulin (Clcr/CLin) were greater than unity (2.33 +/- 0.83, mean +/- SD) and were
      significantly decreased after probenecid treatment (1.26 +/- 0.28, P less than
      0.01). Probenecid had no effect on GFR, as assessed by inulin clearance. Using
      the nonspecific picrate assay, CLcr/CLin was 1.12 +/- 0.41, which was not
      significantly different from unity and which decreased to 0.53 +/- 0.12 after
      probenecid treatment. Therefore, creatinine undergoes extensive renal secretion
      in female Lewis rats.

PMID- 1796054
TI  - Dual-isotope imaging of neutron-activated erbium-171 and samarium-153 and the in
      vivo evaluation of a dual-labeled bilayer tablet by gamma scintigraphy.
AB  - The feasibility of dual-label scintigraphic studies which use the neutron
      activated isotopes erbium-171 and samarium-153 is described. Experimental details
      are provided to correct and minimize the compton scatter contribution of 171Er
      into the lower-energy 153Sm window. The results from this study demonstrate that
      this dual-label procedure is sensitive enough to monitor simultaneously the
      behavior of two discrete regions of the same unit dose in the gastrointestinal
      tract of man.

PMID- 1796053
TI  - Chemical stabilization of a vasoactive S-nitrosothiol with cyclodextrins without
      loss of pharmacologic activity.
AB  - S-Nitrosothiols have been proposed as the endogenous chemical representing the
      vasoactive endothelium-derived relaxing factor, as well as the active cellular
      intermediates responsible for the therapeutic action of organic nitrates. The
      relatively stable analogue S-nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) is a potent
      vasodilator producing less pharmacologic tolerance than nitroglycerin upon
      prolonged administration. The therapeutic potential of this new class of
      vasodilators, however, may be limited by their chemical instability in solution
      (t1/2 of SNAP is 26 hr in 5% dextrose). We examined the usefulness of several
      cyclodextrins (CD) to stabilize this polar compound in solution. At cyclodextrin
      concentrations of 12 mM, hydroxypropyl-beta CD was most effective at stabilizing
      SNAP (t1/2 = 77 hr) when compared to alpha CD (41 hr), beta CD (69 hr), gamma CD
      (36 hr), and beta CD-tetradecasulfate (38 hr). Stability constants for the
      complexation of SNAP with the various cyclodextrins were determined by the
      classical solubility technique and were found to range from 26 to 435 M-1.
      Increased complexation brought about better SNAP stability. Complexation of SNAP
      with cyclodextrins, however, did not decrease the relaxation potency of SNAP as
      determined in an in vitro blood vessel preparation. Cyclodextrin complexation may
      be a useful approach to stabilize labile and polar compounds, such as S
      nitrosothiols, without loss of pharmacologic activity.

PMID- 1796055
TI  - Studies in phlebitis. III. Evaluation of diazepam and phenytoin.

PMID- 1796056
TI  - Interspecies differences in the nasal absorption of insulin.

PMID- 1796057
TI  - Molecular basis of buspirone's anxiolytic action.
AB  - Buspirone has been available in the United States for over four years for the
      treatment of anxiety. It was anticipated this drug would offer certain advantages
      over the established benzodiazepines. In contrast to diazepam, early studies
      found no evidence for the interaction of buspirone with GABAergic mechanisms.
      Behavioural, electrophysiological and receptor binding experiments gradually led
      to the idea that buspirone owes much of its anxiolytic activity to its ability to
      attenuate central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission. Specifically, it appears
      to act as an agonist at presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, particularly in the raphe
      nuclei. Although buspirone also shows an affinity for dopamine D2 receptors,
      where it seems to behave as an antagonist, there is much doubt that this effect
      is related to its anxiolytic action. Even though buspirone and the
      benzodiazepines do not obviously share a common mode of action, the possibility
      is discussed that there is an underlying common mechanism of responsible for
      their antianxiety effects.

PMID- 1796058
TI  - Effect of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and sodium restriction on rat
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - The interaction of thiazide diuretics and furosemide with adrenoceptors was
      investigated in normal rat in vivo by determining the effect of sodium-deficient
      diet alone or combined with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide on adrenoceptors in
      heart, kidney and skeletal muscle. In addition, interaction of diuretics with
      renal adrenoceptors in vitro was investigated. Sodium-deficient diet alone
      retarded growth significantly, and this effect was increased by simultaneous
      treatment with furosemide 10-40 mg/kg body weight and day subcutaneously. No
      consistent alteration was demonstrated in density or affinity of alpha 1-, alpha
      2- and beta-adrenoceptors due to the in vivo treatment. In vitro, furosemide
      inhibited the equilibrium specific binding of radioligands to alpha 1-, alpha 2-
      and beta-adrenoceptors to rat kidney particulate fraction concentration
      dependently. Furosemide increased Kd (equilibrium dissociation constant) and
      reduced Bmax (number of specific binding sites) of the radioligands as determined
      by Scatchard analysis of binding saturation data. The Pseudo-Hill coefficient of
      the inhibition by furosemide of 125I-iodocyanopindolol binding was 1.47,
      indicating a complex interaction consistent with a non-competitive inhibition. In
      conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that sodium deficiency
      alone or with diuretic treatment for one week alters tissue adrenoceptors in the
      normal rat. The pattern of inhibition by furosemide of ligand binding to
      adrenoceptors suggests that furosemide binds to an allosteric site on the
      receptors or to an adjacent macromolecule.

PMID- 1796059
TI  - Long-term (imprinting) effects of transplacental treatment of mice with 3
      methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone on hepatic metabolism of 3
      methylcholanthrene.
AB  - Foetal mice of genotype AhbAhd (responsive to induction of metabolism of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH]) or AhdAhd (non-responsive) were exposed
      transplacentally on gestation day 17 to a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene
      (MC, 5-175 mg/kg) with or without prior treatment on day 15 with beta
      naphthoflavone (beta NF, 150 mg/kg). The mothers were themselves either induction
      responsive [(C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1] or non-responsive (DBA/2). Metabolism of [14C]MC
      by homogenates of livers from the transplacentally-exposed offspring was
      quantified at 9 months of age (first experiment) or 13 months (second experiment)
      with or without prior inducing treatment with MC. The foetal exposure to MC had a
      permanent effect on MC metabolism by the adult hepatic homogenates in both
      experiments. In most instances the effect was positive in direction and small in
      magnitude (15-30%). It was dose-dependent with regard to transplacental MC,
      occurred in both induced (AhbAhd) and non-induced (AhdAhd) individuals, and was
      significant only when the mother and/or the foetus was inducible. beta NF itself
      did not have a positive imprinting effect. In some cases it either reduced or
      potentiated the long-term imprinting effect of MC, depending on the MC dose and
      the phenotype of the mother. These results confirm that transplacental exposure
      to a carcinogenic PAH may permanently alter metabolism of the chemical in later
      life, and indicate that this imprinting action is dependent on induced metabolism
      of the chemical in the mother and/or foetus.

PMID- 1796060
TI  - Interactions between cultured bovine arterial endothelial and smooth muscle
      cells: effects of injury on the release of growth stimulating and growth
      inhibiting substances.
AB  - Dimethylsulfoxide-soluble particles (DSP) from cigarette smoke and ultraviolet
      light caused a low degree (cell death less than 30%) and high degree (cell death
      60-90%) injury to bovine arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in
      culture. Conditioned medium from low degree injured endothelial cells and smooth
      muscle cells generally inhibited DNA synthesis in new smooth muscle cells or
      endothelial cells while high degree injury increased DNA synthesis in new cells.
      Specifically, the growth stimulating activity from endothelial cells was
      decreased after low degree injury but increased after high degree. UV light
      released more growth stimulating substances from smooth muscle cells after both
      low and high degree injury. The release of growth inhibiting substances was
      dependent on both cell kind and degree of injury. In co-culture low and high
      degree DSP injury to endothelial cells inhibited smooth muscle cell
      proliferation, which was in contrast to the effect of conditioned medium from
      high degree injured endothelial cells. Conditioned medium from endothelial cells
      treated with LDL and glucose inhibited DNA synthesis in smooth muscle cells. It
      is concluded that injury to endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells will modify
      the release of growth inhibiting and growth stimulating activity and that this
      release will depend on cell kind as well as degree and kind of the injurious
      stimulus.

PMID- 1796061
TI  - The concentration and temporal relationships of acetaminophen-induced changes in
      intracellular and extracellular total glutathione in freshly isolated hepatocytes
      from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated Sprague-Dawley and Fischer
      rats.
AB  - Fischer rats are more sensitive to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity than
      Sprague-Dawley rats, however, the mechanisms for this enhanced sensitivity remain
      unclear. The susceptibility to hepatotoxicity is determined largely by the
      balance between acetaminophen toxification and detoxification. Since glutathione
      plays a critical role in the detoxification process, it would be of interest to
      compare the effects of acetaminophen on hepatic glutathione homeostasis in the
      Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rat, and relate these effects to cytotoxicity. To this
      end, we measured the sequential changes of intracellular and extracellular total
      glutathione in freshly isolated hepatocytes from untreated and 3
      methylcholanthrene pretreated Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats, both in the
      absence (basal) and presence of acetaminophen. In the basal state, the
      intracellular total glutathione content was significantly (P less than 0.01)
      increased in hepatocytes from untreated Fischer rats. Nevertheless, the
      sequential release of total glutathione into the medium and the sequential
      depletion of intracellular total glutathione were quantitatively similar in
      hepatocytes from untreated Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats. Following exposure to
      acetaminophen, there was a striking dose and time associated depletion of
      intracellular total glutathione in untreated hepatocytes from both rat strains,
      and quantitatively the depletion was similar in untreated hepatocytes from both
      rat strains. This degree of depletion of intracellular total glutathione was not
      associated with acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley hepatocytes,
      whereas significant (P less than 0.05) cytotoxicity was demonstrated in Fischer
      hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796062
TI  - The effect of telenzepine and pirenzepine on salivation from the intact and
      denervated human parotid gland.

PMID- 1796063
TI  - The copper chelating agent tetraethylenepentamine inhibits copper, zinc
      superoxide dismutase activity in rat liver: a possible mechanism for its
      hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 1796064
TI  - Radiopharmaceuticals based on monoclonal antibodies. Radiopharmaceuticals
      Drafting Group and ad hoc Working Party on Biotechnology/Pharmacy.

PMID- 1796065
TI  - [Preprosthetic surgery: preservation of the alveolar process using retained tooth
      roots].
AB  - Atrophy of the alveolar process can be avoided by intentionally preserving dental
      roots in patients with ideal parodontal and pulpar health conditions. This
      article illustrates results with a representative case history.

PMID- 1796066
TI  - [Ibuprofen: an analgesic for our time].

PMID- 1796067
TI  - [Report of 16 cases of Ludwig's angina: 5-year review].
AB  - Ludwig's angina es a bilateral gangrenous induration of the connective tissues of
      the neck and floor of the mouth. It causes rapid airway obstruction and affects
      the submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces. The main causes of infection
      are usually the second and third molars. In severe or difficult cases, an early
      surgical procedure is often necessary. According to our experience on this
      entity, as gathered in five years (16 cases), the process has a dental origin.
      Two deaths were reported. Most cases were treated with crystalline penicillin G,
      metronidazole, dicloxacillin or amykacin; tracheotomy was performed on 12
      patients, four other cases were treated with controlled breathing. The authors
      suggest antibiotic therapy, early surgery when needed, with a careful monitoring
      of airway symptoms to lessen the need of tracheotomy and reduce the death rate.
      Ludwig's angina should by no means go unnoticed in its early stages; early
      diagnosis should always be considered.

PMID- 1796068
TI  - [Metals used in implantology].

PMID- 1796069
TI  - [Pulp tissue response to a glass and silver filings ionomer used as a permanent
      capping material].
AB  - A study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of [glass-and-silver fillings
      ionomer] on the pulp tissue at different times (15, 30 and 60 days). For that
      purpose, 34 premolars were evaluated, on which a basic coating of calcium
      hydroxide was applied previous to their obturation with an ionomer cement (Ketac
      Silver). Dental organs were divided in four groups, namely: untreated control,
      and three groups of 10 premolars which were extracted after 15, 30 and 60 days.
      Results yielded by this research suggest that applying a calcium hydroxide
      coating is not enough to prevent the toxic effect of the glass ionomer on the
      pulp.

PMID- 1796070
TI  - [Experimental models for study of fluorosis].
AB  - In most animal species, acute fluorosis is triggered by the accidental
      consumption of substances with a high content of fluorine, widely used in pest
      control. Fluorine normally concentrates in bones and teeth, and forms nearly
      0.05% of these structures in mature animals, positively contributing to increase
      resistance of enamel to caries and favoring mineralization after eruption, a
      process which increases with age. The present article submits a form of study of
      fluorosis, stressing due warning as to its harmful effects.

PMID- 1796071
TI  - [The orthodontic-prosthetic interrelationship in diagnosis and treatment: report
      of a case].

PMID- 1796072
TI  - [Dental caries: etiology and nature. 1].

PMID- 1796073
TI  - [Fortunes and misfortunes of a metal].
AB  - The history of amalgam (which essentially consists of mercury and silver) is
      briefly reviewed, from its origin through different civilizations. The various
      ways by which silver was extracted during colonial times are mentioned; credit
      for invention of the method, however, still remains unknown. Finally, the study
      lists the purposes for which the amalgam was originally used, mainly for the
      benefit of the mining industry, and only much later introduced into medicine and
      hence onto odontology.

PMID- 1796074
TI  - [Alternative solutions for postoperative pain in teeth with necrotic pulp].
AB  - Both the literature and clinical experience have verified that necrotic root
      canals, with or without periapical lesion, display a confusing response to the
      various tests for pulp vitality. As suggested by clinical and histopathological
      research studies, these lesions are due to a defense reaction from the periapical
      connective tissue, in response to bacterial infections which alter host tissues.
      Diminishing the frequency of postoperative pain in endodontic treatment is
      currently a leading concern, and this study aimed to evaluate the different
      variables involved in root canal therapy, so as to recommend the most suitable
      approach, without losing sight of the main goal at hand: a successful endodontic
      treatment. The present study was performed on 200 necrotic root canals, using
      frontal teeth, upper and lower premolars and molars, both with straight or curved
      canals. Avoiding damage to the periapical regions, the study concluded, is of
      prime importance in lowering the frequency of postoperatory pain. Also, the
      presence of periapical pain is vitally important in the appearance of
      postoperatory pain, and it is in such cases that cleansing must be adopted as a
      routine clinical procedure.

PMID- 1796075
TI  - [Recommendations for basic emergency equipment in the dental office].
AB  - Medical emergencies in the dentist's office are a primary concern for dental
      surgeons. Since each individual therapist is personally responsible for the
      management of those eventualities, they must be properly trained to handle them.
      Prevention is still the most effective method for avoiding them, with clinical
      examination as the prime basis for their management. Some current factors that
      increase the possibility of office emergencies include: a raise in life
      expectancy rates, thus increasing the number of patients with chronic diseases;
      multiple and complex therapeutic regimes; patients under dialysis,
      immunosuppression, transplants, etc. Apart from proper training of the dental
      surgeon in managing medical emergencies, he must have adequate equipment for
      treating such events. This article aims to offer dentists a practical guide to
      emergency equipment, which must always be at his immediate disposal, as well as
      some practical guidelines for the use of drugs and some recommendations regarding
      the organization of such equipment.

PMID- 1796076
TI  - [Habits of abnormal pressure (finger) (6th of 12 articles)].

PMID- 1796077
TI  - [Safety of tooth bleaching].

PMID- 1796078
TI  - [Dental caries: etiology and nature. (2)].
AB  - The present work is a review of the literature covering new concepts on Dental
      Caries and its etiology.

PMID- 1796079
TI  - [Iatrogenic disease in pediatric dentistry. Report of a case].
AB  - The case history of a six-year-old girl who underwent endodontic treatment by a
      non recommended technique. It was decided to perform integral treatment anew,
      this time with techniques and materials adequate for the restoration and renewal
      of temporary dentition.

PMID- 1796080
TI  - [Treatment of Class III malocclusion with the Mollin light wire technique].
AB  - Within the classification of malocclusions, those belonging to class III
      represent a higher challenge to orthodontics, due to the difficulty and duration
      of treatment. This article makes reference to the clinical and radiological
      features of patients manifesting this type of malocclusion. Finally, the case
      history of a patient with this ailment, treated by Mollin's light arches
      technique, is displayed.

PMID- 1796081
TI  - [Analysis of clinical history and oral examination in pediatric dentistry].
AB  - This paper analyzes the importance of clinical data gathered in writing the case
      history of a pediatric patient in the dentist's office, inasmuch as this
      information determines diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The authors suggest
      that in eliciting this information, no technical terms be used, so that the
      person providing the pertinent data may do so in a fully comprehensive manner.

PMID- 1796082
TI  - [Electrophysiological evaluation of occlusal splint treatment of patients with
      temporomandibular joint dysfunction].
AB  - Blink reflex time records were obtained from patients with temporomandibular
      joint disfunction (TMJD), before and after treatment with occlusal splint, since
      blink reflex time helps to study the trigeminal-facial functional relationship.
      Results suggest that the impaired sensory-motor function in the trigeminal-facial
      complex of TMJD patients, may return to normal latency values following such
      treatment.

PMID- 1796083
TI  - [Tarnishing, discoloration and corrosion of dental amalgams in vitro].
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to observe changes occurred on the surface of some
      amalgams commonly found in the national market in order to evaluate tarnishing,
      darkening and corrosion on polished and non-polished surfaces. The method used
      was alternate immersion in bidestilled water, and 50% acetic acid, 14.5% lactic
      acid. A control, for comparative purposes, was not submitted to immersion but
      left in normal environmental conditions.

PMID- 1796084
TI  - [Sugar substitutes in the prevention of dental caries: review of the literature].
AB  - The prevention of dental caries is not only limited to the use of fluorides or
      sealants which, in combination with health education programmes and an
      appropriate oral hygiene, decrease the prevalence of the disease. The partial
      substitution of sucrose with nonfermentable sweeteners in the diet have shown to
      have a caries-inhibitory effect. A literature review regarding sugar substitutes
      is presented. The objective is to identify and describe the different kinds of
      sweeteners, with special emphasis in sugar alcohols like xylitol and sorbitol,
      which have shown to have such caries inhibitory-effect.

PMID- 1796085
TI  - [Cimetidine vs. Ranitidine].

PMID- 1796086
TI  - Processing and quality evaluation of sweet potato chips.
AB  - A study was conducted to develop a process for producing sweet potato chips.
      Sweet potato tubers sliced to 0.5 by 0.5 cm size were dehydrated at 70 degrees C
      for various times (0, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165 min). Determination of the
      moisture content of the dehydrated chips and sensory evaluation of the dehydrated
      and fried chips were carried out to establish optimum dehydration time and
      moisture which corresponded to optimum quality. Blanching the slices in water and
      1% sodium metabisulfite solution respectively prior to the dehydration
      significantly (P greater than 0.05) improved the color and general acceptability
      of the chips over those immersed in water. The process development resulted in
      about 26 to 76% decrease in the ascorbic acid content of the chips. Significant
      changes also occurred in the total and reducing sugars of the chip following
      partial dehydration.

PMID- 1796087
TI  - Determination of iron absorption by rat bioassay. Evaluation of methods of dosing
      59Fe on radioiron absorption from plant diets.
AB  - We studied the potential of an animal model to predict nonheme iron absorption in
      humans and tested a feasible and easy technique of dosing 59Fe to evaluate
      bioavailability of dietary nonheme iron. Plant diets containing about 20 ppm or
      75 ppm iron were the nonheme iron sources with ferrous sulfate (75 ppm) as a
      reference. Radioiron was administered by (a) gavaging in water, 1 h after a meal;
      (b) mixing with the meal; and (c) making a slurry with the meal and gavaging. No
      significant differences were found (P less than or equal to 0.05) in 59Fe
      absorption among the three methods of administering radioiron. Absorption of 59Fe
      was similar to apparent iron absorption for all diets tested, whether the animals
      consumed the same diet as that of the test meal or a different diet. A high
      correlation (r = 0.88) obtained between the apparent iron absorption and 59Fe
      iron absorption for different dosing techniques, indicates that extrinsic iron
      tag administered by any of these methods is valid to measure nonheme iron
      absorption. Apparent iron absorption values determined by rats fed 20 ppm or 75
      ppm dietary iron from plant sources were similar to reported values for humans.
      It is concluded that the normal adult rat is an appropriate model to study iron
      bioavailability of human foods when iron status, maturity, iron intake relative
      to requirement, and method of measurement are similar to the human situation.

PMID- 1796088
TI  - Biological utilisation of pearl millet flour fermented with yeasts and
      lactobacilli.
AB  - Mixed culture fermentation of pearl millet flour with Saccharomyces diastaticus,
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus fermentum
      brought about an improvement in its biological utilisation in rats. Protein
      efficiency ratio, feed efficiency ratio, apparent protein digestibility, true
      protein digestibility, net protein utilisation, net protein retention, protein
      retention efficiency and utilisable protein values in case of pure culture
      fermented pearl millet four were higher than the control. Feeding of the
      fermented products did not bring about physiological, histopathological and
      haematological changes in rats. Chapaties and cutlets prepared from the fermented
      products were organoleptically acceptable.

PMID- 1796089
TI  - Sequential fermentation of pearl millet by yeasts and lactobacilli--effect on the
      antinutrients and in vitro digestibility.
AB  - Sequential culture fermentation by yeasts (S. diastaticus or S. cerevisiae) at 30
      degrees C for 72 hr and then followed by lactobacilli fermentation (L. brevis or
      L. fermentum) at 30 degrees C for 72 h more resulted in a significant reduction
      in phytic acid and polyphenol content of pearl millet flour. Fermentation by S.
      diastaticus and L. brevis combination almost eliminated phytic acid from pearl
      millet flour. The combinations of S. diastaticus with both the lactobacilli
      reduced phytic acid more effectively than those of S. cerevisiae. The products
      fermented by S. cerevisiae and L. brevis and by S. diastaticus and L. brevis
      combinations had the highest protein and starch digestibility (in vitro).

PMID- 1796090
TI  - Effect of supplementary feeding of pregnant women on birth weight of the new
      born.
AB  - A supplementary food mix was prepared from roasted peanut, chickpea and sugar.
      The effect of this food mix on birth weight was tested on a group of rural women
      of low socioeconomic group in few villages in Peshawar District of NWFP. A 100 g
      supplementary food mix providing 16.7 g protein and 520 K.Cal of energy was given
      daily to a group of mothers in their third trimester, until the time of delivery.
      Another group of pregnant women acted as control. The results indicaed a high
      maternal weight gain in the supplemented group. Moreover the birth weight,
      length, head and chest circumference of the new born in the supplemented group
      was also significantly higher as compared to control group.

PMID- 1796091
TI  - Niacin, thiamin, iron and protein status of humans as affected by the consumption
      of tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions.
AB  - The objective of the project was to determine the effects of tea (Camellia
      sinensis) leaf beverage consumption on the apparent utilization of niacin,
      thiamin, and protein in human subjects. During two randomly arranged experimental
      periods of 14 days each, 10 adult female human subjects were fed a constant (same
      foods each day), measured, laboratory-controlled diet. Tea was fed during one
      period while no tea was allowed during the other period. A dehydrated black tea
      infusion product (instant tea, 8 g/subject/day/dry weight basis) was used which
      subjects were allowed to dilute in water. Subjects made complete collections of
      urine and stools. Fasting blood samples were drawn at the end of each
      experimental period. No effects on protein status were demonstrated. Urinary
      thiamin losses were depressed with the use of tea but niacin losses were
      increased. Blood serum concentrations of thiamin diphosphate also were depressed
      during the tea drinking period as compared to values during the non-tea period.
      No significant effect on blood serum levels of nicotinaminde or N'
      methylnicotinamine were found but values tended to be lower during the tea than
      the non-tea period. These results suggest that tea consumption inhibits the
      utilization of thiamin. However, niacin availability was unaffected by tea
      drinking. Because of the decreased availability of thiamin, the need for niacin
      was depressed which caused a greater than expected urinary loss of this vitamin.

PMID- 1796092
TI  - [Avermectins: biotechnological features of the producing strain of Streptomyces
      avermitilis VKM As 1301].
AB  - The monosporic plating of the avermectin-producing strain Streptomyces
      avermitilis VKM Ac-1301 with low activity showed the heterogeneity of the
      population. By selection of natural mutants the authors obtained a strain
      synthesizing up to 60 micrograms avermectin B1 per ml of culture liquid. The
      maximum avermectin yield was observed in the medium containing 7% glucose after
      100-120 h of culture growth.

PMID- 1796093
TI  - [Establishing the effect of electromagnetic energy on the health status of the
      population].
AB  - The significance of the electromagnetic energy in our modern conditions is
      stipulated on the intensity, the spectrum composition and number of sources of
      this physical factor of the environment, constantly increasing nowadays. The
      intensive anthropogenic interference in the settlement system by invasion of this
      new pollutant, leads to the necessity of reporting its effect on the health. On
      the basis of data processed for a period of eight years, reflecting with the
      effect of the electromagnetic field on the organism is estimated the local health
      potential (LHP) of the population for all towns in the country. In territorial
      aspect are clarified the differences of LHP, which have to serve as orientation
      in determining the possibilities of loading the environment, with the treated
      agent, and to be accepted as imperative in the ecological expert examination of
      the settlement environment and its perspectives for good health development.

PMID- 1796094
TI  - [The effect of the acetanilide herbicide Acetochlor on the cardiovascular system
      of white rats].
AB  - A study is performed on the long-term effect of the chloracetanilide herbicide
      "Acetochlor" in doses 21.0; 10.6: 5.5 and 2.6 mg/kg-1 in conditions of 6-month
      oral application and 2-month rehabilitation period on the metabolite processes
      and the balance of the connective-tissue components in the myocardium and aorta
      of male white rats. A complex of biochemical and histological methods are
      performed (activity of succinate dehidrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase, adenosin triphosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, fructoso
      1,6-diphosphatase, level of the thiol groups, soluble globular, elastine,
      collagen fractions, insoluble collagen and elastine, general and sulphated
      glucosamino glycanes). The dose 21.0 mg/kg-1 leads to blocking of the thyol
      groups, inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, adenosin
      triphosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
      activation of lactate dehydrogenase, decrease of the soluble globular, elastine,
      and collagen fractions and increase of the glucoseaminoglycanes in the heart
      muscle and aorta. The changes established in the heart muscle at 10,6 mg/kg-1
      certify for stronger sensitivity of the organ of the aorta wall. The presence of
      single changes in the examined indices, their complete dying out after the
      rehabilitation period and absence of structural changes in the myocardium and
      aorta permit the dose of 5.5 mg/kg-1 to be accepted as not effective in the
      conditions of chronic experiment concerning the cardiovascular system.

PMID- 1796095
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the methods for determining nitrogen dioxide in an
      industrial environment].
AB  - The present work has the purpose to make a comparative evaluation of the
      different types detector tubes--for analysis, long-term and passive for
      determination of NO2 and the results to be compared, with those received by the
      spectrophotometric method and the reagent of Zaltsman. Studies were performed in
      the hall of the garage for repair of diesel buses during one working shift. The
      results point out that the analysing tubes for NO2 give good results with the
      spectrophotometric method. The measured average-shift concentrations of NO2 by
      long-term and passive tubes are juxtaposed with the average-received values with
      the analytical tubes and with the analytical method.

PMID- 1796096
TI  - [The emissions of fiber particles into the atmosphere in the region of an
      asbestos-processing industry].
AB  - Examination is carried out on dust taken from the atmospheric air in the town of
      Sevlievo, where a plant for asbestos products is situated. The concentrations of
      fibre particles are determined by the methods of light and electron microscopy.
      The results are compared with the emissions of fibres in the air of a control
      town. There is a significant contribution of an industrial source of emission in
      the atmospheric pollution by fibre particles. It was proved that the method of
      light-phase contrast microscopy is not suitable for analyses of low
      concentrations of fibres in the air. As only reliable method is that of electron
      microscopy.

PMID- 1796097
TI  - [Clinico-allergological studies of workers in the manufacture of fodder yeasts].
AB  - The authors have examined 161 persons from the production of fodder yeasts. On
      the background of detailed clinical examination are performed
      immunoallergological studies, including skin allergologic tests with series of
      standard allergens and antigens of the produced culture yeasts and determined
      immunoprecipitants in the blood serum. Increased sensibilization is established
      in 34.7% of the examined, as the prevailing cases are with monoallergy. More
      seldom--in 18.8% are established immunoprecipitations with the professional
      allergens. The changed general and specific immunoallergologic reactivity in part
      of the workers is due exclusively to the biological factors of the working
      environment.

PMID- 1796098
TI  - [Occupational damage to the hearing-vestibular sensory system in exposure to
      organic solvents].
AB  - The studies concerning the effect of the chemical agents on the sensory systems
      and in particular the audio-vestibular, attain significant actuality in the
      conditions of rapid development of the chemical industry. Examination is
      performed on 60 workers at the age 30 to 55 years old, in contact with organic
      solvents: benzine, toluene, benzol, acetone, etc., which are above the maximum
      admissible concentrations (MAC). Detailed analyses are made on the anamnestic
      complaints of these category of workers. Purposeful studies are carried out:
      biochemical, fatty profile, lung test, acetone in urine, otoneurological,
      rheoencephalography, etc. Changes in the clinico-laboratory indices are
      established: leucocyte and erythrocyte test, fatty content, in the acetone level-
      in urine, otoneurological changes in the central links of the analysers, etc.
      These changes have stage character depending on the length of service and
      exposure.

PMID- 1796099
TI  - [Damages to the ears, nose and throat in copper production].
AB  - The study embraces 118 workers, engaged actively in the production of copper and
      sulfuric acid with length of service from 3 to 30 years and more in one of the
      largest enterprises for nonferrous metallurgy in this country. A detailed
      examination is performed on the upper respiratory ways and the ears by modern
      professional pathological otorhinolaryngological methods. In 101 workers (85.6%)
      are discovered different diseases of the upper respiratory ways and the ears.
      Very often the pathology is combined. Nearly half of the cases concern injury of
      the nose-gullet (42.4%). Olfactory disturbance is established in 61.9% of the
      examined. Comparatively high is the incidence of the chronic tonsillitis,
      (23.7%). They determine the high per cent of the temporary disability. The
      established during the examination diseases of the upper respiratory ways and the
      ears give grounds to presuppose an unfavourable effect of the factors of the
      working environment and to determine the necessity of carrying out purposeful and
      systematic preventive undertakings.

PMID- 1796100
TI  - [Working conditions and morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity among
      metallurgists from Mill 300 of the Predmet firm--in Debelt].
AB  - Occupational hygienic and medico-statistical study is carried out in shop LOOM
      300 for rolling of steel. The rate of exposure to chemical and dust factor of the
      workers is determined by means of index of exposure after the formula [formula:
      see text] The personal analysis of morbidity with temporary disability shows an
      increase of the basic indices "frequency" and "gravity" during the three year
      period. The per cent of the sick is higher in men, in the workers with higher
      index of exposure and in the younger age groups (up to 40 years old) with short
      labour of service, which certifies, for insufficient adaptation to the new
      working conditions. A conclusion is made, that the progressive increase of the
      indices of morbidity are serious warning for future high rate of morbidity, if
      labour hygienic and medico-preventive measures are not taken.

PMID- 1796101
TI  - [The effect of training with computer equipment on the visual analyzer of 1st
      grade pupils].
AB  - Examination are carried out on 64 school children Ist class from school "104",
      town of Sofia where computer training on mathematics and mother tongue is
      introduced in the frames of pedagogic experiment. The studies are performed
      parallelly at traditional and computer lessons, realized in two variants (with
      one and two school hours daily). In order to establish the functional status of
      the visual analyzer during computer training the following methods are used:
      studying the distance of the nearest point for clear vision (punctum proximum),
      stability of clear vision, threshold of the electric eye sensitivity, critical
      frequency of fusing of the light flickerings. A full preliminary ophthalmological
      examination is made by "Vision test", as well as chronometric control of each
      student to establish the real time of work with computers. Taken into
      consideration are also the data for illumination of the working places in the
      computer studies and class rooms where the traditional school hours are held. The
      analysis of the data received shows that the computer training (1 and 2 computer
      lessons daily) with schoolchildren, Ist class, has no unfavourable effect on the
      functional status of the visual analyzer in the limits of study hours up to 25
      minutes.

PMID- 1796102
TI  - [Changes in the rate and accuracy of information processing in the computer
      training of middle-grade pupils].
AB  - The computer enters more and more quickly the new school. Therefore an important
      problem is the influence of computer training on the velocity and accuracy of
      information processing. For this purpose were examined 28 school-children from VI
      VII class, participating in computer training, computer plays and traditional
      lesion. This activity was carried out in the computer study of the Pioneer
      Palace, Sofia. An electronic determinator with test programme, containing
      preliminary arranged succession of 50 visual stimulants on red, blue, green,
      yellow and white colours, at vas used at 1,2 s. speed. The changes in the
      correct, delayed and wrong reactions were traced. The results as a whole point
      out, that the computer training, on the one hand, has no unfavourable effect on
      the velocity and accuracy of information processing, and on the other hand--forms
      positive psychoemotional adjustment to work.

PMID- 1796103
TI  - [Changes in the rate and accuracy of information processing in the computer
      training of upper-grade pupils].
AB  - The basic activity of the student during the "computer training process" is the
      introduction and processing of information. In the dialogue regime of work,
      between student and computer, the velocity and accuracy of the information
      processing take important place. In this aspect, special attention is given to
      the changes in the indicated indices during the computer lesson, computer plays
      and the traditional training. Studies are carried out on 30 students from classes
      X and XI, educated in vocational school "V. Levski", the town of Pravets. For the
      purpose is used electron determinator with test programme, containing
      consecutively exposure to 50 visual stimulators in red, blue, green, yellow and
      white colours at 1,2 s/speed. The results as a whole show that the most
      favourable results concerning the computer plays, very likely could be explained
      with the diversion effect and the positive motivation adjustment to the activity
      performed. By means of dispersion analysis is established, that only the type of
      activity has an essential effect on the velocity and accuracy of the information
      processing.

PMID- 1796104
TI  - [The health problems related to atmospheric pollution in large industrial regions
      of Bulgaria].
AB  - Epidemiological studies are performed in some towns and large industrial regions
      of the country, in order to establish the changes in the health state of the
      population, due to atmospheric pollutants. The attention is directed to regions
      with national industrial branches, most intensively polluting the atmospheric air
      (metallurgy, chemistry, petroleum-chemistry, cellulose-paper industry) and such,
      where the air pollution is related first of all to transport across the border
      line. The unfavourable effect of the atmospheric pollution on the exposed
      population is proved. It is however, the reason for increased morbidity according
      to a number of nozologics and on first place--of respiratory and allergic
      diseases. Parallel to that are interpreted the results of the performed inquiries
      and paraclinical studies, revealing the presence of prior to the disease changes
      in the population of the examined regions.

PMID- 1796105
TI  - [Experimental data on the biological effect of nickel and lead contained in the
      drinking water acting in combination].
AB  - During one year toxicological experiment on white male rats, receiving
      simultaneously per os nickel in doses 0.005 mg/kg and lead in doses 0.0025 mg/kg,
      equivalent respectively to the recommended by CMEA norms for nickel and hygienic
      norm for lead in potable waters, as well as nickel and lead in doses 0.015 and
      0.01 mg/kg. 0.15 and 0.1 mg/kg, surpassing 3 and 4 times and 30 and 40 times the
      norms or only nickel in doses 0.015 mg/kg, are studied for some sides of their
      biological effect. The following indices are examined: blood sugar
      lactatedehydrogenase, sodium, and potassium in the serum; haemoglobin,
      erythrocytes, reticulocytes and deltaaminlevulinatdehydrase activity in blood;
      glycoso-6-phosphatdehydrogenase in heart. It is already established, that in
      chronic combined oral influence with nickel and lead respectively in doses 0.15
      and 0.1 mg/kg and 0.015 and 0.01 mg/kg is disturbed the carbohydrate metabolism,
      the electrolyte balance and the hemapoiesis, and in doses 0.005 and 0.0025 mg/kg
      no changes are established according to all examined indices. The nickel in doses
      0.015 mg/kg at independent effect also leads to disturbance of the electrolyte,
      reticulocytic and erythrocytic metabolism.

PMID- 1796106
TI  - [The health ecology aspects of assessing the quality of the urbanized
      environment].
AB  - In the conditions of denatured natural environment, rather complex ecological
      setting and constant deterioration of the health and demographic state of the
      population, the working out gives: a formulation of a new methodical approach to
      evaluating the interaction "environment--health", reporting its multifactor
      stimulation; the basic features of the characteristics of the local health and
      demographic potential of the population in the country in territory aspect
      according to the introduced indices: local health potential (LHP), local
      demographic potential (LDP) and territorial health index (THI) with underlined
      negative tendencies in their changes, traced in dynamics; the argumentation of
      the necessity for introducing health and demographic criteria and carrying out
      policy for determining the ecological risk in solving the problems, related to
      the evaluation and improvement of the conditions of the urbanized environment.
      Ecologic-appropriate development of the settlement environment could not achieve
      its purpose, without the formulation and action of criteria, allowing the
      evaluation and control of its effectiveness in conformity with the basic health
      interests of the inhabitants.

PMID- 1796107
TI  - [A soils study in the ecological reserve of Paragalitsa--the Rila Mountains].
AB  - A study is performed on the background content of soil samples from experimental
      platforms in districts of catchment area at different heights from 1400 to 2000
      m.in the ecological reservation Parangalitsa, Rila Mountains. The investigation
      is carried out after 19 chemical indices--cations, anions and 9 heavy metals. The
      generalized statistical data for a period of 2 years characterize the examined
      soils as background pure and this give a contribution to the total ecological
      assessment of this naturally clean district of this country.

PMID- 1796108
TI  - [Sanitary chemical research on the atmosphere in wards for cardiac patients].
AB  - Man passes a greater part of the day-and-night in closed premises. The pollutants
      of the inside air, in quantity and quality are more various than that of the
      atmospheric air, which is due to the additional sources of pollution. The
      investigation performed is part of a complex study and hygienic assessment of the
      environment in the hospital rooms of two cardiological wards in view of the
      prevailing contingent of patients with heart diseases and their specific
      sensitivity to its qualities. The chemical state of the aerial environment was
      traced according to several basic indices: concentration of CO2, ammonia, total
      content of organic substances (oxidizable) and some pollutants, migrating from
      the polymeric materials, used for furnishing of the hospital rooms. The results
      received show the necessity for strictly following the regime of ventilation,
      ensuring the indispensable area for each patient and high light for the rooms. In
      view of economy of time, labour and means it is recommended the determination of
      oxidizability and content of ammonia in the air to be carried out one daily. It
      is also recommended to use synthetic polymer materials in the hospital premises
      subject to enforced sanitary protection, as little as possible.

PMID- 1796109
TI  - [The assessment of physical work capacity and its dependence on the occupational
      and individual risk factors of jobs with hypodynamia and neuropsychic stress].
AB  - The physical work capacity is studied in representatives of 3 professions with
      decreased motor activity and neuropsychic stress: managers in industry (20),
      railway controllers (41) and machine-builders (107). The dependence of the
      physical work capacity on the age, type of work, physical activity during free
      time, and other biometric and individual characteristics on the examined persons
      were studied. The physical working capacity was measured in standard laboratory
      conditions by bicycle ergometer [correction of veloergometer] Lano at submaximal
      rates of loading 50, 100 and 150 watt with duration 2 min each and velocity of
      pedalling 60 r/min. The maximal working capacity (MWC) was measured directly by
      continuous loading increase to refusal. The results pointed out ineffective
      reaction of the cardiovascular system at dosage of physical effort (increase of
      the "normative" values of the pulse rate for respective loading with 5 to 15
      beats/min with all examined groups). The aerobic capacity level is under the
      average, as most unfavourable are its values in the managers from the industry,
      followed by the railway controllers and machine-builders. Hypodynamic during
      work, combined with low physical activity during free time, are basic risk
      factors for the maximal working capacity and the cardio-vascular system. There is
      a dependence of the aerobic capacity on some individual characteristics (age,
      body weight, pulse frequency and blood pressure at rest, etc.).

PMID- 1796110
TI  - [An assessment of the information value of the indices from analyzing cardiac
      variability (ACV)in situations related to neuro-emotional stress].
AB  - A group of 67 students in medicine, sitting for an examination on obstetric and
      gynaecology, were subject to examinations in the periods: before and immediately
      after the examination. Taking into consideration the analysis of the heart
      variability (AHV), the pre-examination period shows more strongly expressed
      stress component, the main constituent of which is the sense of fear. Between the
      performance and the changes in the indices of the analysis of the heart
      variability, reflecting the total functional state, fatigue and distress, no
      specific differences were discovered. The sexual differences were expressed only
      in the way that the stress discomfort in women dies out more slowly than in men.
      A conclusion is made, that the pulse frequency and the indices of the analysis of
      the heart variability, related to the variability, including the combined index -
      CI, reflect more clearly the induced by the examination model emotional
      discomfort, than the indices, obtained from the frequency spectrum of the heart
      rhythm (Czechoslovakia).

PMID- 1796111
TI  - [Changes in the frequency spectrum of the heart rhythm under static muscular
      effort].
AB  - Certain results are gives which show that the frequency spectrum of the heart
      rhythm during the fulfillment of static muscle effort to refusal, distinguishes
      significantly the way in which this test is performed by experienced persons: at
      complete motivation (physiological refusal) and in incomplete motivation
      (psychological refusal). The second type of answer is unwanted in practical
      application of the test in industry, that's why a conclusion is made, that the
      frequency spectrum of the heart rhythm could serve as criterium of correctness
      for putting the test into practice.

PMID- 1796112
TI  - [The potentials for errors in the hygienic assessment of the general vibrations
      in tractors].
AB  - The data for the parameters of the general vibrations in tractors are
      comparatively scanty and contradictory. In the present work are analyzed the most
      frequently met omissions and errors in the measurement and evaluation of the
      general vibrations, as well as the factors, which can effect the intensity of the
      general vibrations; constructive and technological peculiarities, technical
      state, rate of machine amortization, construction, damping qualities, and
      regulation of the seat, motion velocity, relief, type of the performed
      agricultural activity. The necessity for taking under consideration these factors
      in measuring the general vibrations and the hygiene interpretation of the data,
      as well as precise report on the daily, weekly and general exposure, in view of
      defining the total vibration loading, is underlined.

PMID- 1796113
TI  - [The level of mercapturic acids in the urine of workers in the petroleum refining
      industry].
AB  - Examination are carried out on 236 workers from three productions of oil
      processing industry, who are exposed to the effect of hydrocarbons--saturated
      from the ethylene order, saturated (benzine), aromatic and sulphuric compounds-
      sulphur-containing organic, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide. The purpose of
      the study is to establish the risk of exposure to alkylating agents, which are
      potentially cancerogenic and mutagenic. Leading noxa in the production of high
      octane aviation benzine (production "sulfur acidic alkylation", are the sulphur
      containing organic compounds, hydrogen sulphide, and in some working places-
      hydrocarbons (benzine and aromatic); in the production of "Ethylene" and
      "Polypropylene" leading noxae are the saturated hydrocarbons, and the sulphur
      containing organic compounds as well as the unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene
      and propylene). The mercapturic acids in urine are determined after the method of
      Malonova and Bardoday (1983), and the creatinine by the Boringer test. Tobacco
      smoking and taking of drugs is also considered when data processing. A control
      group of 30 persons is also examined. In the workers from the 3 enterprises the
      average values of mercapturic acids in smokers and non-smokers are higher than
      that of the control group. The differences are statistically significant in the
      group of non-smokers. The highest per cent of workers with increased content of
      mercapturic acids (above 8 mumol/mmol creatinine) is established in the
      production of "Polypropylene".

PMID- 1796114
TI  - [The hygienic toxicological evaluation of the viral preparation Mamestrin].
AB  - The preparation "Mamestrine" developed in Bulgaria on the basis of NPV virus is
      meant for control of the Heliothis zea. Experiments are carried out on the toxic
      effect of the preparation, according to the requirements of FAO/WHO for
      assessment of the virus preparations and the acting in this country Bulgarian
      State Standards. On experimental animals (white rats of both sexes, white guinea
      pigs and white rabbits) are studied acute oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity,
      subacute oral toxicity, dermal-irritation, eye-stimulation and skin-sensitizing
      activity, cytotoxicity and activity of the preparation in soils and waters.
      Toxicometric, integral, clinical and laboratory, biochemical and histological
      methods are used. Unrepeated oral application of dose 2.10(9) pol.kg-1,
      unrepeated dermal application of dose 1.10(9) pol.kg-1, in white rats and
      0,4.10(7) pol.kg-1 in guinea pigs and 4 hrs inhalation unrepeated exposure of
      white rats to concentration 1.10(7) pol.m-3 provoke no signs of intoxication and
      lethal issue and are accepted as inoperative. During a 3-month oral application
      of the preparation in doses 1.10(7) and 1.10(9) pol.kg-1 are established no data
      for toxic effect on the organism of experimental white rats of both sexes. The
      preparation "Mamestrine" has no skin-irritative, eye-irritative, eye-stimulative
      and skin-sensitizing activity. There is no cytotoxic effect on animal (kidney of
      monkey) and human (carcinoma of the gullet) cellular cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796115
TI  - Photoinduced electron transfer quenching of excited Ru(II) polypyridyls bound to
      DNA: the role of the nucleic acid double helix.
AB  - In the presence of double helical polynucleotides (sodium poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT)
      or calf thymus DNA), the efficiency of oxidative or reductive electron transfer
      between photoexcited ruthenium(II) chelates Ru(tap)2(hat)2+ or Ru(phen)2+(3)
      (where tap = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, hat = 1,4,5,8,9,12
      hexaazatriphenylene, and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and appropriate cationic
      quenchers (ethidium, Ru(NH3)3+(6), methyl viologen, or M(phen)3+(3), where M =
      Co, Rh, Cr) increases 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to the efficiency of the
      same quenching in microhomogeneous aqueous medium (kq = 0.3-1.8 x 10(9) M-1 s-1).
      The enhancement is more pronounced when the binding constant of the quencher
      (10(3) less than Kb less than 10(6) M-1) is large. Similar trends are found when
      the biopolymers are replaced by sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). The
      accelerated electron transfer process is proposed to be due mainly to the effect
      of accumulation of the reagents in the electrostatic field of the polymer; if
      corrections for this effect are introduced (e.g. ratioing
      [quencher]/[polynucleotide]), the reaction rate becomes essentially independent
      of the polymer concentration. Based upon a model for electron transfer reaction
      of the complexes within a small cylindrical interface around the DNA helix,
      calculations of the bimolecular electron transfer rate constants are computed to
      be 10(3) times smaller when the reactants are bound to the double-stranded
      polynucleotides and decreased mobility of the cationic species is apparent. The
      effect is less pronounced if a simpler polyelectrolyte (PSS) is employed.
      Emission lifetimes of the Ru(II) polypyridyls bound to the DNA (0.32-2
      microseconds, double exponential decays) are discussed as well.

PMID- 1796116
TI  - Butyl conformational reorganization as a possible explanation for the
      longitudinal flexibility of the binding site of bacteriorhodopsin. The azulene
      and C-22 retinoid analogs.
AB  - The UV-VIS absorption data of four bacteriorhodopsin (BR) analogs formed from
      azulene-retinals of varying polyene chain length show that the one-bond-shortened
      to one-bond-lengthened analogs possess comparable opsin shift values to that of
      BR. A two-bond-shortened analog exhibited a much smaller opsin shift. These data,
      combined with those reported for the C-22 retinal analog (Tokunaga et al., 1977,
      Biophys. J. 19, 191-198) were analyzed by molecular modelling and computer
      graphics in terms of a model where conformational flexibility of the appended
      butyl is the controlling factor in determining ease of pigment formation and
      protein/substrate interaction.

PMID- 1796117
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of the hematoporphyrin-sensitized photooxidation of 1,3
      diphenylisobenzofuran in ethanol and unilamellar liposomes.
AB  - The 5 microM hematoporphyrin-sensitized photooxidation of 1,3
      diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) was studied in homogeneous ethanolic solutions and
      in aqueous dispersions of unilamellar liposomes of
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; both the porphyrin and DPBF are embedded in the
      phospholipid bilayer. The rate and quantum yield of DPBF photooxidation were
      found to increase upon increasing the substrate concentration and were higher in
      the liposome system, while they were unaffected by the fluidity of the
      phospholipid bilayer. Time-resolved spectroscopic measurements showed that the
      photooxidation of DPBF in ethanol solution proceeds by a type II O2(1 delta g)
      involving mechanism. In the liposomal vesicles the high local concentration of
      hematoporphyrin (Hp) and DPBF in the phospholipid bilayer (ca 2000-fold higher
      than the stoichiometric concentration) enhances the probability of energy
      transfer from triplet Hp to DPBF with generation of triplet DPBF; hence O2 (1
      delta g) formation can be promoted by both triplet Hp and triplet DPBF. A minor
      fraction of triplet DPBF quenchings appears to generate radical species which
      propagate DPBF damage by chain reaction.

PMID- 1796118
TI  - Repair of near-visible- and blue-light-induced DNA single-strand breaks by the
      CHO cell lines AA8 and EM9.
AB  - The induction of single-strand breaks (SSB) and the kinetics of SSB repair were
      measured in two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines irradiated with monochromatic
      photons of near-visible radiation (405 nm) and blue light (434 nm). The
      radiosensitive and UV-A-sensitive mutant line EM9 is known to repair SSB induced
      by ionizing radiation or 365-nm UV-A more slowly than the parent line AA8. At the
      10% survival level, EM9 cells were 1.7- and 1.6-fold more sensitive than AA8
      cells to 405 and 434 nm radiation, respectively. This sensitivity was not due to
      differences in induction of SSB because AA8 and EM9 cells accumulated the same
      number of initial breaks when irradiated at 0.5 degrees C with either 405 nm (5.9
      SSB per MJ/m2) or 434 nm (5.1 SSB per MJ/m2), as measured by alkaline elution.
      When the cells repaired these SSB at 37 degrees C in full culture medium,
      biphasic repair kinetics were observed for both cell lines. In both phases of
      repair, EM9 cells repaired breaks induced by both wavelengths more slowly than
      did AA8 cells. The t1/2 values for the repair phases for 405-nm-induced SSB were
      3.8 and 150 min for EM9, and 1.5 and 52 min for AA8; the corresponding values for
      repair of 434 nm breaks were 3.7 and 39 min for EM9, and 2.0 and 30 min for AA8.
      Because of this slower repair, EM9 cells left more SSB unrepaired after 90 min
      than did AA8 cells for both wavelengths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796119
TI  - Long persistence of monofunctional 8-methoxypsoralen-DNA adducts in human skin in
      vivo.
AB  - Human skin can be persistently photosensitized by topical application of aqueous
      8-methoxypsoralen plus immediate irradiation with a non-erythemogenic dose of
      wavelengths above 380 nm. Re-exposure of skin thus sensitized to broadband UV-A
      produces phototoxic erythema 72-120 h later. The persistence of the
      photosensitization was demonstrated by phototoxic erythema after re-exposure up
      to 15 days after the first sensitizing irradiation. According to the concept that
      the first exposure induces primarily psoralen monoadducts, we consider this an
      investigation of psoralen monoadduct persistence. In contrast to several earlier
      studies, this sensitive method indicates that psoralen monoadducts may remain in
      human skin in vivo for more than 2 weeks after formation.

PMID- 1796120
TI  - MK-801 can facilitate passive avoidance memory when retention is not present in
      control animals, and can fail to facilitate when it is present.
AB  - The results confirm that NMDA receptor blockade can result in improved retention
      performance of mice in step-down passive avoidance. A series of behavioural
      variations and analyses revealed that memory in the task depended mainly on the
      appearance of the grid that had been associated with shock, rather than on the
      execution of an instrumental response or on the spatial locus of the punishment.
      When the grid was made invisible during retest, retention was never found.
      However, MK-801 did not facilitate retention based on the appearance of the grid.
      In contrast, conditions were found in which, even though control animals showed
      no learning, MK 801 given after the learning trial facilitated retention. Thus,
      the dominant mode of learning and memory in the step-down task is insensitive to
      the drug, whereas the drug raises a weaker or alternative mode to above threshold
      levels.

PMID- 1796121
TI  - Circling induced by intra-accumbens amphetamine injections.
AB  - Microinjections of d-amphetamine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 micrograms/0.5 microliters)
      into the nucleus accumbens caused reliable dose-dependent circling away from the
      side of injection. Injections of l-amphetamine were not effective, ruling out non
      specific effects of pH, osmolarity and the like and also ruling out noradrenergic
      actions as explanations of the behavioral effects. Injections of d-amphetamine
      into the ventral caudate were less potent than those into the nucleus accumbens,
      suggesting nucleus accumbens rather than more dorsal tissue as the site of this
      behavioral effect. These data suggest that asymmetrical activation of the nucleus
      accumbens is a sufficient condition to induce circling behavior and raise
      questions for the commonly accepted view that asymmetrical activation of the
      caudate is a necessary condition for dopamine dependent circling behavior.

PMID- 1796122
TI  - Parametric determinants in pre-stimulus modification of acoustic startle:
      interaction with ketamine.
AB  - Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response is a form of reflex
      modification known to be sensitive to drugs and to subtle procedural
      manipulations. The present study examined the importance of prepulse length and
      prepulse-pulse interval in the expression of prepulse inhibition and its
      modification by the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, ketamine. In
      contrast to a previous report, ketamine disrupted prepulse inhibition at doses of
      5.6 and 10 mg/kg when its short time course was taken into consideration. In a
      second experiment, the amount of prepulse inhibition was found to be directly
      related to prepulse length, with prepulse inhibition produced by shorter prepulse
      durations slightly more sensitive to disruption by ketamine. A third experiment
      examined prepulse-pulse time intervals (30-2000 ms). While prepulse inhibition
      produced by prepulses occurring 60-500 ms before the startle stimulus was
      disrupted by 10 mg/kg of ketamine, prepulses preceding the startle stimulus by
      only 30 ms produced either no effect or slight prepulse facilitation under
      control conditions, and significant prepulse facilitation when ketamine was
      administered. A fourth experiment examined the time course of prestimulus
      modification by continuous lead stimuli, ranging in onset from 15 to 75 ms before
      the startle stimulus. Prepulse facilitation, when observed, tended to occur in
      earlier portions of the session and was enhanced by ketamine. These results
      suggest that prestimulus modification of the startle reflex has important
      parametric and experiential determinants that may influence the effects of drugs.
      Some of these temporal determinants may have relevance to sensorimotor function
      in schizophrenia.

PMID- 1796123
TI  - Effects of increasing the magnitude of an alternative reinforcer on drug choice
      in a discrete-trials choice procedure.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys were trained in a discrete-trials choice procedure and allowed to
      choose between food delivery (1-16 pellets; 1 g/pellet) and intravenous
      injections of cocaine (0.03-0.56 mg/kg/injection; N = 4) or procaine (1.0-10
      mg/kg/injection; N = 4) during daily 3-h sessions. Injections were available as
      the alternative to food. When the amount of food available as the alternative to
      drug was held constant and dose of drug was varied, the frequency of drug choice
      and total drug intake increased in a dose-related fashion for both cocaine and
      procaine. For both drugs, when the amount of food available as the alternative to
      drug was increased and the dose of the drug was held constant, the frequency of
      drug choice and total drug intake decreased. Thus, increases in the magnitude of
      an alternative non-drug reinforcer decreased cocaine and procaine self
      administration. Further, the results suggest that while increasing the magnitude
      of the alternative reinforcer decreased the potency of cocaine as a positive
      reinforcer, the reinforcing efficacy of procaine was decreased. Because drug use
      by humans typically occurs in a context in which other reinforcers are available,
      the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that drug self
      administration by humans can be decreased by increasing the value of alternative
      positive reinforcers. In addition, these results suggest that the extent to which
      drug self-administration is sensitive to this manipulation varies across drugs.

PMID- 1796124
TI  - Initial sensitivity, acute tolerance and alcohol consumption in Fischer 344 and
      Long Evans rats.
AB  - In separate groups of Fischer 344 and Long Evans rats, initial sensitivity and
      acute tolerance to ethanol were determined in a jumping test. Sensitivity
      measurements in each strain were carried out in separate subgroups at ethanol
      doses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g/kg IP. Similarly, acute tolerance was measured in
      different subgroups of each strain using the method of two successive doses of
      ethanol (2 + 0.4 g/kg; 2 + 0.7 g/kg and 2 + 1.0 g/kg, respectively). After
      completion of sensitivity and acute tolerance measurement, acute tolerance was
      then tested in all rats. Based on their acute tolerance values, they were divided
      into three groups: high, medium, and low. Two weeks after the last acute
      tolerance test, six rats from each group (i.e., the six highest and six lowest
      from the high and low acute tolerance groups, respectively, and six from the mid
      range of the medium tolerance group) were tested for voluntary ethanol drinking
      in the limited access model. Long Evans rats had lower initial CNS sensitivity to
      ethanol-induced impairment of jumping performance than Fischer 344 rats. Long
      Evans rats also drank significantly more alcohol than the Fischer 344 but there
      was no significant difference in acute tolerance development between these two
      strains. Moreover, within each strain the rats differing in acute tolerance
      development (i.e., high, medium, and low) showed no difference in alcohol
      consumption. These results suggest that acute tolerance development is not the
      main determinant of differences in ethanol drinking.

PMID- 1796125
TI  - N-desmethyladinazolam pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects following
      administration of 10-50 mg oral doses in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Results of previous studies suggest that N-desmethyladinazolam, the major
      metabolite of adinazolam in man, contributes substantially to psychomotor effects
      and sedation observed following adinazolam administration. Therefore, the
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of N-desmethyladinazolam were explored
      following administration of single oral doses of placebo and solutions containing
      10, 30, and 50 mg N-desmethyladinazolam mesylate in a double-blind, randomized,
      four-way crossover design to 15 healthy male volunteers. Plasma concentrations of
      N-desmethyladinazolam were determined by HPLC. Psychomotor performance tests
      (digit symbol substitution and card sorting by fours and suits), memory tests and
      sedation scoring were also performed following drug administration. N
      Desmethyladinazolam pharmacokinetics were dose independent over this range. Dose
      related performance effects were observed at 1, 2, and 6 h after dosing. Memory
      was likewise affected at 2 h. Psychomotor performance decrements correlated with
      log N-desmethyladinazolam plasma concentrations. Analysis of the relationship
      between percentage decrements in digit-symbol substitution and plasma N
      desmethyladinazolam using the Hill equation revealed a EC50 of 325 ng/ml. These
      results establish the relationship between N-desmethyladinazolam plasma
      concentrations and performance effects; these data will be helpful in assessing
      the contribution of N-desmethyladinazolam to clinical effects observed after
      adinazolam administration.

PMID- 1796126
TI  - Effects of cigarette smoking upon frequencies of EEG alpha rhythm and finger
      tapping.
AB  - Under the influence of nicotine, an increase in EEG alpha frequency as well as
      finger tapping speed has been reported from separate experiments, and it has also
      been shown that tapping and alpha frequencies may correlate in defined
      experimental settings. The present study aimed at the analysis of smoking effects
      using parallel recordings of both EEG and finger tapping. Twelve healthy subjects
      were tested in two sessions (smoking deprivation versus smoking). After smoking,
      both dominant alpha frequency (P less than 0.05) and tapping performance (P less
      than 0.001) were higher than during deprivation. In most subjects, the increase
      of both parameters developed in parallel, and during phases of very stable
      tapping the ratio of alpha and tapping frequencies was close to 2:1. Both
      frequencies correlated during the deprived (r = 0.6108, P = 0.035) as well as the
      smoking (r = 0.7009, P = 0.011) conditions. Results confirm earlier findings
      regarding the effect of smoking upon EEG and tapping, and the parallel changes of
      both parameters may be attributed to the pharmacological properties of nicotine.
      Besides possible peripheral and spinal effects of nicotine, the increase of
      tapping performance parallels the increased frequency of central nervous
      pacemakers.

PMID- 1796127
TI  - Prospective study of factors influencing the development of craving associated
      with smoking cessation.
AB  - There have been few prospective studies of craving following smoking cessation.
      This paper presents findings from a prospective examination of factors associated
      with craving over an 8-week treatment period. Two findings merit attention: (1)
      dependence, as measured by the Dependence Index (DI), was associated with craving
      at 48 h, 4 and 8 weeks post-cessation. The magnitude of the association between
      the DI and short-term craving was, at the least, comparable to that previously
      reported among several biochemical measures of smoke intake; (2) a measure of
      craving obtained 48 h after smoking cessation was associated with treatment
      outcome. Forty-three per cent of participants with low initial craving scores
      were abstinent at a 2-month follow-up compared to only 26% of those with high
      craving scores. The DI was also associated with participants' status at follow
      up. This result is interesting because evidence that craving or other abstinence
      effects are prospectively associated with outcome has been lacking.

PMID- 1796128
TI  - Open field behaviours and spatial learning performance in C57BL/6 mice: early
      stage effects of chronic GM1 ganglioside administration.
AB  - One month intact C57BL/6 mice were treated with GM1 ganglioside for 3 consecutive
      weeks. At 2 months of age, treated and control mice were observed in the open
      field situation and tested for spatial learning in a radial eight-arm maze. The
      results showed that, in the open-field, treated mice displayed less freezing but
      more rearing behavior than control animals. In the radial maze, GM1-treated mice
      made more correct path choices before the first error within each trial than
      control mice. However, this improvement was limited to the first stage of
      training. These results suggest an early stimulating effect of the GM1
      ganglioside treatment which could facilitate adaptive reactions to new
      situations.

PMID- 1796129
TI  - Effect of dexfenfluramine on sleep in healthy subjects.
AB  - The acute effects of dexfenfluramine on nocturnal sleep were studied in ten
      healthy male subjects by means of sleep EEG recordings and ratings of subjective
      sleep quality. Four different dosages (3 mg, 7 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg) were tested,
      administered over a period of 3 days each. Under 15 mg and 30 mg dexfenfluramine,
      only slight effects on sleep were observed: 15 mg led to decreased sleep
      efficiency in the first night of medication, and to reduced percentage of slow
      wave sleep in the first and third night. A significant lengthening of REM latency
      was present in the third night under 30 mg dexfenfluramine, without changes in
      other REM sleep parameters. Daily doses of 3 mg and 7 mg dexfenfluramine did not
      influence sleep, except for a significant REM latency reduction observed in the
      first night under 3 mg. Apart from a transient slight impairment under 30 mg,
      ratings of subjective sleep quality did not mirror any impact of dexfenfluramine.
      The data suggest that therapeutic dosages of dexfenfluramine only slightly
      influence nocturnal sleep, which contrasts with the known impact of other anti
      obesity agents like the amphetamines. Unlike classical antidepressants,
      dexfenfluramine does not reduce REM sleep; in light of a hypothetical link
      between REM sleep reduction and antidepressant action of a drug, dexfenfluramine
      is not expected to have a pronounced antidepressant effect.

PMID- 1796130
TI  - Mood responses of remitted schizophrenics to methylphenidate infusion.
AB  - To investigate the mood response of schizophrenic subjects to psychostimulant
      challenge, 29 neuroleptic-treated subjects (22 with schizophrenia and 7 with
      schizoaffective disorder) in clinical remission received two infusions, one with
      methylphenidate 0.5 mg/kg and the other with normal saline, under double-blind
      conditions. Twenty-five of these subjects were withdrawn from neuroleptics and
      given a second set of double-blind infusions. Infusion mood responses were
      classified as euphoric, neutral, mixed or dysphoric. Subjects were also rated as
      either psychotic symptom activators to the infusion or no change in psychotic
      symptoms. Overall response by mood category was as follows: 35.2% euphoric, 50%
      neutral, 5.6% mixed and 9.3% dysphoric. Mood responses were not correlated with
      sex, methylphenidate plasma levels or diagnostic distinctions between
      schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Although they occurred infrequently,
      dysphoric and mixed mood responses were associated with high rates of psychotic
      activation. Comparing subjects on and off neuroleptics, subjects on neuroleptics
      had more euphoric responses than the same subjects off neuroleptics. This
      increased number of euphoric responses in subjects taking neuroleptics compared
      to off neuroleptics suggests that neuroleptic treatment status may be an
      important factor in assessing psychostimulant use in schizophrenia patients.

PMID- 1796131
TI  - Effects of chlordiazepoxide, morphine and amphetamine on responding suppressed by
      different levels of electric shock in the pigeon are rate dependent.
AB  - In general, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and amphetamine reduce high rates of
      responding and increase low rates (rate-dependent effect). However, unlike CDP,
      amphetamine does not typically increase low rates resulting from suppression of
      responding by noxious stimuli. In the present experiment, key pecking by pigeons
      was reinforced under a random ratio schedule of food presentation. This
      responding was then suppressed by stimuli correlated with electric shocks of
      varying intensity (2 or 4 mA) or reduced by the omission of the food
      (extinction). Treatment with CDP (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3-10.0 mg/kg)
      increased the rate of suppressed responding: lower rates being increased to a
      proportionately greater extent than high rates. d-Amphetamine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg)
      further reduced the rate of suppressed responding: the lower rates being reduced
      proportionately more than the higher rates. Thus the effects of all three drugs
      depended upon the control rates of responding, but the effects of amphetamine
      were the inverse of those of CDP, and morphine. The effects of amphetamine on
      low, suppressed or punished response rates are therefore not an exception to the
      generality of rate-dependency, but a different aspect of the same principle -
      "inverse rate-dependency".

PMID- 1796132
TI  - Bidirectional microdialysis in vivo shows differential dopaminergic potency of
      cocaine, procaine and lidocaine in the nucleus accumbens using capillary
      electrophoresis for calibration of drug outward diffusion.
AB  - Cocaine and two other local anesthetics were applied directly into the nucleus
      accumbens for 20 min by diffusion from a 4 mm microdialysis probe in freely
      moving rats. Cocaine (7.3 mM) increased the extracellular concentration of
      dopamine (DA). Equimolar procaine did also, but was not as potent as cocaine.
      Equimolar lidocaine had no effect. The concentration of these drugs outside the
      probe as measured by capillary electrophoresis in vitro was about 28% of that
      inside the probe, i.e. 72% remained inside. However, an in vivo test showed that
      about 53% cocaine and procaine, and 37% lidocaine remained in the perfusion fluid
      after passing through a probe inserted in the brain. This suggests that in vivo
      about 68 nmol cocaine diffused into the nucleus accumbens (NAC) during the 20
      min. Five conclusions are drawn: (1) this confirms our earlier finding that local
      injection of cocaine increases extracellular DA, but in this case the cocaine was
      infused via the probe without disturbing the animal; (2) the action of cocaine on
      dopamine terminals in the accumbens is independent of local anesthesia; (3)
      procaine may enhance mood by a cocaine-like effect; (4) capillary electrophoresis
      has potential for measuring cocaine levels in small samples and (5) in vitro
      calibrations are of limited value to evaluate in vivo performance of
      microdialysis probes.

PMID- 1796133
TI  - Voltammetric evidence that subsensitivity to reward following chronic mild stress
      is associated with increased release of mesolimbic dopamine.
AB  - Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress caused a decrease in rats'
      consumption of a palatable weak sucrose solution, which was reversed by chronic
      (5 weeks) administration of imipramine (5 mg/kg/day). Dopamine (DA) release in
      the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu) was measured in vivo using
      fast cyclic voltammetry, following electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain
      bundle. Experiments were performed under chloral hydrate anaesthesia 48 h after
      the termination of stress and the final imipramine injection. DA release was
      increased in the NAc of both stressed and imipramine-treated animals; imipramine
      did not normalize the increased DA release in stressed animals. In a further
      experiment, brain slices from stressed animals tended to be subsensitive to the
      inhibition of DA release in the NAc by quinpirole. No changes were observed in
      the CPu in any experiment. We discuss the relationship of these effects to stress
      induced anhedonia.

PMID- 1796135
TI  - [The organism as a body-mind functional unit--consequences for psychosomatic
      medicine].
AB  - Psychosomatic medicine and research has always been more concerned with a broader
      and more integrated perspective on health, illness, and disease. It has attempted
      to study and understand persons in terms of the behaviors of interacting systems-
      the physiology of the organism. In the past 20 years a language has evolved that
      speaks of the organism's functions in dynamic, time-related terms. Both
      phenomenologically and mathematically, functions can be described in terms of
      rhythmus which, with disease, undergo change. In speaking this new language, some
      long-standing conceptual issues fade away, and others are clarified. At the same
      time, these new concepts force the investigator into new ways of designing
      experiments and analyzing data which may extend and modify them.

PMID- 1796134
TI  - Paternal alcohol consumption in the rat impairs spatial learning performance in
      male offspring.
AB  - Pubescent (30 day old) male rats were maintained on an alcohol liquid diet
      containing 35% ethanol-derived calories (ALC) for 39 days or were pairfed an
      isocaloric control diet (PF). The concentration of alcohol in the diet was
      gradually increased to permit adaptation, then stabilized and then gradually
      tapered to prevent an alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Following a drug-free period
      (2 weeks), the males were mated with nontreated females. Offspring were evaluated
      on several developmental indices and on various learning/memory tasks to assess
      functional deficits in adulthood. Offspring sired by ALC-treated males did not
      differ from the offspring of PF males on several developmental parameters
      including body weights, when developmental landmarks appeared, or on tests of
      sensorimotor development. As adults, male offspring groups did not differ on
      tests of activity or on an object exploration/recognition task. However, male
      offspring of ALC-treated males demonstrated impaired acquisition performance
      (days and errors to criterion) on a win-shift spatial discrimination in an eight
      arm radial maze and on a win-stay discrimination (days to criterion) conducted in
      a T-maze at a later age. The radial maze results were replicated in a subsequent
      experiment using different groups of rats.

PMID- 1796136
TI  - [Psychosomatic medicine as the search for the lost living body].

PMID- 1796137
TI  - [Do asthmatic patients have deficits in symptom perception? Quasi-experimental
      and experimental findings on introception of airway obstruction].
AB  - Symptom perception of asthmatic patients was investigated in a quasi-experimental
      and in two experimental studies. Simultaneous ratings and measurements of airways
      obstruction assessed during an inhalative provocation test were correlated in the
      first study, in the two latter studies psychophysical parameters of the
      perception of external flow-resistive loads were determined for asthmatic
      patients and normal controls. These are the main results: 1. Most of the
      asthmatic patients are rather poor in discriminating provoked airways
      obstructions which results in a negative coping with the illness. 2. Asthmatic
      patients are slightly poorer in discriminating flow-resistive loads than healthy
      controls. 3. A distinct tendency of asthmatic patients to dissimulation found in
      the first study could not be confirmed in the two experiments.

PMID- 1796138
TI  - Protein kinase C family and nervous function.

PMID- 1796139
TI  - Regional distribution and properties of an enzyme system in rat brain that
      phosphorylates ppH-47, an insoluble protein highly labelled in tissue slices from
      the hippocampus.

PMID- 1796140
TI  - Molecular and cellular studies on brain calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
      kinase II.

PMID- 1796141
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C phosphorylation pathways: a role for storage of
      associative memory.

PMID- 1796142
TI  - A tale of two contingent protein kinase C activators: both neutral and acidic
      lipids regulate synaptic plasticity and information storage.

PMID- 1796143
TI  - Long-term potentiation: postsynaptic activation of Ca(2+)-dependent protein
      kinases with subsequent presynaptic enhancement.

PMID- 1796144
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor and gastrointestinal pathology.

PMID- 1796145
TI  - Amplification of prostaglandin I2 production by thapsigargin.
AB  - Rat liver cells (the C-9 cell line) are synergistically stimulated to produce
      prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) when incubated in the presence of thapsigargin and
      several recombinant human growth factors or tumor promoters, including basic
      fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin-1
      beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth
      factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), teleocidin
      and aplysiatoxin, but not acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). The production
      of PGI2 by exogenous arachidonic acid in the presence of thapsigargin is not
      amplified. The effects of varying levels of bFGF on PGI2 production in the
      presence of thapsigargin are biphasic: at low levels (0.05 nM) bFGF's effect is
      synergistic; at high levels (24 nM) it is not.

PMID- 1796146
TI  - Effects of Ph CL 28A on eicosanoid synthesis in rat isolated hearts.
AB  - The effects of Ph CL 28A, a derivative of sulphasalazine, on cardiac function and
      eicosanoid synthesis were examined in rat isolated hearts perfused via the
      coronary circulation. Two stimuli for eicosanoid synthesis were used: exogenous
      arachidonic acid (AA) or the calcium ionophore, A23187. Following exogenous AA,
      coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and cardiac developed tension (CDT) increased
      transiently; only the CPP response was diminished by Ph CL 28A. The output of
      TxB2 but not that of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha from the heart after exogenous AA was
      inhibited by Ph CL 28A. The ionophore, A23187, increased CPP with minor changes
      in CDT; Ph CL 28A did not affect either response. The ionophore released 6-oxo
      PGF1 alpha, TxB2 and LTC4 from the heart but only LTC4 output was decreased by Ph
      CL 28A. We conclude that, although Ph CL 28A did not increase output of 6-oxo
      PGF1 alpha from rat heart with either of the stimuli used, its inhibition of the
      output of vasoconstrictor eicosanoids could be of benefit to the coronary
      circulation.

PMID- 1796147
TI  - Action of endogenous prostaglandins on postprandial pyloric motility: a possible
      modulation by fats.
AB  - The involvement of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) and the effect of exogenous
      PGs on the myoelectrical activity of the pylorus were examined for 6 hours after
      a meal in dogs chronically fitted with intraparietal electrodes on the
      gastroduodenal junction. The animals received either a standard meal or a fat
      meal which consisted of canned food added or not (standard meal) with arachis
      oil. The cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin (1 mg/kg) and piroxicam (0.2
      mg/kg) given prior a fat meal significantly increased the frequency of pyloric
      spike bursts but did not modify the pyloric motility associated with a standard
      meal. Synthetic derivatives of PGE1 (misoprostol, 5-10 micrograms/kg) or PGE2
      (enprostil 0.5-1 micrograms/kg) reduced the frequency of pyloric contractions
      after a fat but not a standard meal. It is suggested that both endogenous and
      exogenous prostaglandins may modulate postprandial pyloric motility when fats are
      present in sufficient amount into the meal.

PMID- 1796148
TI  - Effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha on peri-implantation development of
      mouse embryos in vitro.
AB  - The effects of exogenous prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha on the morphology and
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of pre-implantation mouse embryos in vitro
      were studied. A 24-hour exposure from 0.01 to 10 micrograms/ml of PGE2 at the 4
      cell or morula stages had no effect on the morphology of embryos during the 144
      hours in culture. Exposure to 10 micrograms/ml PGE2 at the blastocyst stage
      accelerated and enhanced spreading of the trophoblast in vitro. Embryos treated
      at 0.01 to 10 micrograms/ml PGE2 at various stages all showed a more rapid
      decline in LDH activity from morula to blastocysts. Treatment with 50 or 100
      micrograms/ml PGE2 led to abnormal morphology of embryos in vitro. In contrast,
      continuous treatment with 0.01 to 100 micrograms/ml PGF2 alpha from 4-cell to
      early post-implantation (day 8) had no effect on the morphology of embryos,
      although breakdown of LDH was again accelerated. These results suggest that the
      peak of PGE2 secretion on day 4 of pregnancy in mice may enhance trophoblastic
      outgrowth, and the lower levels of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha secreted earlier in
      pregnancy modulate the development of pre-implantation mouse embryos.

PMID- 1796149
TI  - Effects of ozone on lung mechanics and cyclooxygenase metabolites in dogs.
AB  - To determine if acute exposure to ozone can cause changes in the production of
      cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) in the lung which are
      associated with changes in lung mechanics, we exposed mongrel dogs to 0.5 ppm
      ozone for two hours. We measured pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance
      (Cdyn) and obtained methacholine dose response curves and bronchoalveolar
      lavagate (BAL) before and after the exposures. We calculated the provocative dose
      of methacholine necessary to increase RL 50% (PD50) and analyzed the BAL for four
      cyclooxygenase metabolites of AA: a stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin, 6
      keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PgF1 alpha); prostaglandin E2 (PgE2); a
      stable hydrolysis product of thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2 (TxB2); and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PgF2 alpha). Following ozone exposure, RL increased from
      4.75 +/- 1.06 to 6.08 +/- 1.3 cm H2O/L/sec (SEM) (p less than 0.05), Cdyn
      decreased from 0.0348 +/- 0.0109 TO .0217 +/- .0101 L/cm H2O (p less than 0.05),
      and PD50 decreased from 4.32 +/- 2.41 to 0.81 +/- 0.49 mg/cc (p less than 0.05).
      The baseline metabolite levels were as follows: 6-keto PgF1 alpha: 96.1 +/- 28.8
      pg/ml; PgE2: 395.8 +/- 67.1 pg/ml; TxB2: 48.5 +/- 11.1 pg/ml; PgF2 alpha: 101.5
      +/- 22.6 pg/ml. Ozone had no effect on any of these prostanoids. These studies
      quantify the magnitude of cyclooxygenase products of AA metabolism in BAL from
      dog lungs and demonstrate that changes in their levels are not prerequisites for
      ozone-induced changes in lung mechanics or airway reactivity.

PMID- 1796150
TI  - Separation and quantification of PGE3 following derivatization with panacyl
      bromide by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection.
AB  - Separation of prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) from prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and
      prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was achieved following derivatization with p-(9
      anthroyloxy)phenacyl bromide (panacyl bromide). The eicosanoid esters were
      analysed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric
      detection (excitation 360nm and emission 470nm). Human, rat and mouse adherent
      cells were incubated overnight and the culture medium extracted, derivatized and
      analysed for PG production. PGE2 was detected from biological samples of each
      species tested. PGE2 synthesis was reduced when cells were incubated overnight
      with 5 microM eicosapentaenoic acid. PGE3 was not detectable under these
      experimental conditions. Studies were also undertaken using adherent cells from
      mice, rats and human subjects given dietary fish oil supplements rich in EPA.
      PGE3 production by these cells was not detected although the dietary regimens
      yielded substantial incorporation of EPA into cell membranes and leukocyte LTB5
      production was demonstrable.

PMID- 1796151
TI  - [Rabies--1989].

PMID- 1796152
TI  - [Brucellosis--1989].

PMID- 1796153
TI  - [Trichinosis--1989].

PMID- 1796154
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis in Poland 1986-1989].

PMID- 1796155
TI  - [Helminthiasis--1989].

PMID- 1796156
TI  - [AIDS and HIV infection--1989].

PMID- 1796157
TI  - [Communicable diseases in Poland in 1989 compared with the situation in Europe
      and the world].

PMID- 1796158
TI  - [Measles--1989].

PMID- 1796159
TI  - [Whooping cough--1989].

PMID- 1796160
TI  - [Scarlet fever--1989].

PMID- 1796161
TI  - [Epidemic parotitis (EP)--1989].

PMID- 1796162
TI  - [Influenza--1989].

PMID- 1796163
TI  - [Rubella--1989].

PMID- 1796164
TI  - [Cerebrospinal meningitis and encephalitis--1989].

PMID- 1796165
TI  - [Bacillary dysentery--1989].

PMID- 1796166
TI  - [Food poisoning and food-related infections--1989].

PMID- 1796167
TI  - [Botulism--1989].

PMID- 1796168
TI  - [Viral hepatitis--1989].

PMID- 1796169
TI  - [Tetanus--1989].

PMID- 1796170
TI  - [Diarrhea in children up to 2 years of age--1989].

PMID- 1796171
TI  - [Scabies--1989].

PMID- 1796172
TI  - [Infectious mononucleosis--1989].

PMID- 1796173
TI  - The remote area nurse: problems of preparing for the role.

PMID- 1796174
TI  - Emergency kit for RANs.

PMID- 1796175
TI  - Enrolled nurses have their say: their value needs to be recognised.

PMID- 1796176
TI  - Rural radiography--the facts.

PMID- 1796177
TI  - The paediatric asthma management plan. Thoracic Society of Australia and New
      Zealand.

PMID- 1796178
TI  - Domestic violence.

PMID- 1796179
TI  - Isolation, identification and synthesis of locustamyoinhibiting peptide (LOM
      MIP), a novel biologically active neuropeptide from Locusta migratoria.
AB  - A novel peptide termed locustamyoinhibiting peptide (LOM-MIP) was isolated from
      brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata-suboesophageal ganglion extracts of the
      locust, Locusta migratoria. The primary structure of this nonapeptide has been
      determined Ala-Trp-Gln-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Gly-Trp-NH2. LOM-MIP suppresses the
      spontaneous contractions of the hindgut and oviduct of Locusta migratoria and of
      the hindgut of Leucophaea maderae. This novel peptide is, however, structurally
      different from leucomyosuppressin, a hindgut suppressing peptide isolated from
      Leucophaea maderae heads. LOM-MIP has a Gly-TrpNH2 carboxy-terminal in common
      with APGWamide, a penis retractor muscle inhibiting peptide isolated from the
      snail, Lymnea stagnalis. In addition, it shows carboxy-terminal sequence
      similarities with locust AKH II which ends in AGWamide. No sequence similarities
      were found with other vertebrate or invertebrate peptides. Synthetic LOM-MIP
      showed biological as well as chemical characteristics indistinguishable from
      those of native LOM-MIP.

PMID- 1796180
TI  - Cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine methionine
      responses to feeding in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a syndrome of unknown cause characterized by voluntary
      starvation. Cholecystokinin has been implicated as a neuroendocrine regulatory
      factor in control of satiety. Relatively little information is known about
      gastrointestinal hormone responses to feeding in subjects with anorexia nervosa.
      In the present studies, we examine fasting and postprandial levels of
      cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine
      methionine (PHM) in anorexia nervosa subjects and in control individuals. Results
      of these studies indicate that plasma CCK response to a liquid meal (Ensure Plus)
      in untreated AN subjects was distinctly different from that observed in healthy
      controls, both in terms of temporal pattern of peptide released and the amount of
      CCK secreted into the circulation. Peak levels of CCK release occurred at 30 min
      following meal ingestion in AN patients and at 60 min in control subjects.
      Integrated CCK release in untreated AN patients was approximately twice that
      measured in control individuals. Renutrition therapy was associated with
      reversion of the pattern of CCK release to that observed in control subjects.
      Plasma VIP levels were unchanged following meal ingestion in both control and
      anorexic subjects. In contrast, PHM levels in AN subjects were significantly
      greater than that observed in control individuals. The pattern of PHM release
      following liquid meal ingestion was similar to that observed with plasma CCK;
      namely, peak release of peptide was observed at 30 min which was significantly
      greater than corresponding control values (P less than 0.05). In conclusion,
      these results demonstrate distinctive differences in plasma CCK and PHM levels in
      response to feeding in AN subjects when compared to control individuals. These
      findings suggest that the earlier and greater rise in plasma CCK levels in AN
      subjects following meal ingestion may contribute to the abnormal sensation of
      satiety in this condition.

PMID- 1796181
TI  - CCK and PYY do not participate in the delayed inhibition of pancreatic secretion,
      after stimulation by duodenal oleic acid infusion.
AB  - The role played by CCK in the stimulation of pancreatic secretion by duodenal
      infusion of oleic acid in conscious rats was studied using a potent and specific
      CCK receptor antagonist. CR-1409 did not alter basal secretion, which does not
      require CCK. The three doses of CR-1409 that were used (2, 4 and 8 mg/kg/h)
      suppressed the protein response to duodenal infusion of oleic acid and
      significantly enhanced the delayed inhibition normally observed in control rats (
      81%, -87% and -88% vs. -51% of basal in controls). CR-1409 dose-dependently
      reduced the volume of pancreatic secretion after duodenal infusion of oleic acid
      (0.40 +/- 0.02, 0.36 +/- 0.02, 0.34 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.04 ml/30 min for 2,
      4, 8 mg/kg/h and controls, respectively) and revealed a delayed inhibition of
      volume and a slight reduction of bicarbonate secretion. CCK appears to be
      directly responsible for the protein and also water response to duodenal infusion
      of oleic acid, and to be indirectly involved in bicarbonate stimulation. PYY
      antiserum significantly augmented protein output after duodenal infusion of oleic
      acid (10.75 +/- 1.40, 14.10 +/- 1.60 vs. 8.60 +/- 1.20 mg/30 min, 1 microliter, 2
      microliters and controls), but failed to modify the delayed inhibition: PYY
      modulates the response to duodenal infusion of oleic acid and is not involved in
      the delayed inhibition, which was shown to be also present for volume, but which
      is normally masked by the action of CCK.

PMID- 1796182
TI  - Presence of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in peripheral tissues and central
      nervous system of the pig.
AB  - The distribution of endothelin (ET) peptides in the pig was studied in a variety
      of tissues using selective radioimmunoassays combined with reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of ET-like immunoreactivity
      (LI) were overall relatively low. The highest levels of ET-LI were found in blood
      vessels, cerebral and coronary arteries containing 3190 +/- 910 and 1330 +/- 450
      fmol/g, respectively. Veins generally contained higher levels of ET-LI per tissue
      weight than corresponding arteries. Peripheral sympathetic and sensory ganglia
      contained a higher concentration of ET-LI than the studied central nervous system
      (CNS) areas. In the CNS the highest concentration of ET-LI was found in a non
      neuronal structure, the choroid plexus. The levels of ET-LI were also relatively
      high in the respiratory tract (100-400 fmol/g). In the heart, the endocardium
      contained the highest levels (190 +/- 44 fmol/g). In the kidney, the
      concentration of ET-LI was 3-fold higher in the medulla than in the cortex. In
      the gastrointestinal tract all levels were below 100 fmol/g, except for the colon
      which contained 120 +/- 50 fmol/g. The characterization of ET-LI in extracts of
      some of these tissues revealed that ET-1 dominated in the lung, spleen and
      hypothalamus while ET-3 and ET-1 were present in approximately equal amounts in
      renal medulla and thoracic spinal cord. The HPLC analysis provided no clear-cut
      evidence for significant presence of vasoactive intestinal contractor, ET-2 or
      big ET-1(1-39) in the lung, spleen, kidney, spinal cord or hypothalamus. It is
      concluded that mature ET-1 and ET-3 are the predominant ET peptides in peripheral
      tissues and CNS.

PMID- 1796183
TI  - The importance of gastric secretion in the feedback control of interdigestive and
      postprandial pancreatic secretion in rats.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that pancreatic enzyme secretion in rats is
      stimulated by the diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum or by the
      inhibition of pancreatic proteinases in the intestinal lumen but little attention
      has been paid to the role of gastric secretion in this stimulation. This study,
      carried out on conscious rats with large gastric (GF) and pancreatic fistulas,
      confirms that diversion of pancreatic juice in rats with the GF closed results in
      the progressive stimulation of pancreatic secretion reaching the maximum similar
      to that induced by exogenous CCK. When the GF was kept open, the diversion
      resulted in only small increment in pancreatic secretion and this was accompanied
      by progressive increase in gastric acid outputs. Similar amounts of HCl (25-400
      mumol/h) instilled intraduodenally (i.d.) in rats with the GF open fully
      reproduced the increase in pancreatic secretion observed after the diversion of
      pancreatic juice and this effect was completely abolished by the pretreatment
      with L-364,718, a specific CCK receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with omeprazole
      to suppress completely gastric acid secretion in the diverted state resulted in a
      decline in pancreatic secretion similar to that observed after opening the GF.
      Camostate given in graded doses (6-200 mg/kg) either i.d. or s.c. in rats with
      pancreatic juice returned to the duodenum caused a dose-dependent increase in
      pancreatic secretion, but after opening the GF or after omeprazole this increase
      was reduced by about 50% while after L-364,718 it was abolished. This study
      provides evidence that gastric secretion plays an important role in the
      pancreatic response to diversion of pancreatic juice or inhibition of luminal
      proteinases (but not to feeding) and the elimination of gastric acid reduces this
      response.

PMID- 1796184
TI  - Morphine inhibits TRH-induced gastric contractile activity.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of centrally and peripherally administered
      thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on gastric contractile activity of rats 14,
      21, 28 and adult (greater than or equal to 50) days (D) of age, and the effect of
      morphine pretreatment on that response. Rats were anesthetized with urethane,
      then a tension transducer was implanted on the anterior gastric corpus. Following
      baseline recording, rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal morphine (2 mg/kg).
      TRH (5 micrograms) in saline or saline alone (0.6 microliters) was then injected
      into the cisternum magnum. Additionally, dose response to TRH was examined in 14-
      and 50-day-old rats. Intracisternal TRH induced a dose-related increase in
      gastric contractile activity in both 14- and 50-day-old rats. Higher doses of TRH
      (10 and 30 micrograms) prolonged the response as compared to low doses.
      Peripheral morphine pretreatment blocked the TRH-induced increase in gastric
      contractile activity in all age groups although a higher morphine dose (10 mg/kg)
      was needed to block the effect in 28D rats. Intravenous TRH (5, 10, 30
      micrograms) produced an increase in gastric contractile activity in 14D rats
      which was blocked by vagotomy.

PMID- 1796185
TI  - [Bone densitometry of periapical lesions].
AB  - The aim of the work was to evaluate the bone density of chronic periapical
      lesions in the area of maxillary incisors and canines. Twenty-six radiographies
      were made in a systematic way in patients with periapical lesions and were valued
      using densitometry (0-256), the grey levels by computer and the analysis program
      image (IBAS 2000 Kontron, Germany), taking four values in each periapical lesion
      from the center to the periphery within the same radiography, by using the
      pseudocolor to identify the four areas, always in the same coloration.
      Correlation was proved with significative statistically results between lower
      densitometric values and osteolysis and radiolucency areas.

PMID- 1796186
TI  - [Obturation of lateral canals: necessary therapy or radiological satisfaction?].
AB  - Lateral canals are frequently endo-periodontal pathways. Filling lateral canals
      is not always necessary for a successful root canal treatment. Endo-perio lesions
      are bacterial in origin and lateral canals filling is only necessary when there
      is a chance for bacterial contamination: pulpal necroses, and deep periodontal
      pockets surrounding a lateral canal.

PMID- 1796187
TI  - [Obturation of curved canals: in vitro study of lateral compaction].
AB  - The instrumentation and filling of teeth with curved canals are always difficult,
      therefore, the current study indicates solutions to problems encountered while
      preparing curved canals. The gutta condensation techniques and their ability to
      seal curved canals are also discussed. This study uses endodontic simulators to
      show the incidence of protocols and instrumentation on the ability of the lateral
      condensation technique to fill curved canals. This study, also, evaluate the
      lateral condensation technique combined with the thermomechanical in filling
      curved canals.

PMID- 1796188
TI  - [The Thermafil obturator in endodontics: preliminary study].
AB  - A clinical study involving 25 patients and a total number of 42 canals was
      carried out in the department of Endodontics at the Saint-Joseph University of
      Beirut and in private practice. The use of the Thermafil device seems to be safe
      due to the carrier manufactured with a stainless steel medical grade, covered
      with a layer of gutta-percha alpha phase. The clinical results are satisfactory,
      the technique is simple, fast and efficient, which confirms the results published
      in the literature. More investigations are necessary to a better evaluation of
      the system.

PMID- 1796189
TI  - [Titularization].

PMID- 1796190
TI  - Acetylated low-density lipoproteins promote the release and metabolism of
      arachidonic acid by murine macrophages.
AB  - We studied the effect of acetyl-LDL on the synthesis of eicosanoids by primary
      cultures of mouse-resident peritoneal macrophages. A dosis of 150 micrograms of
      acetyl-LDL proteins promotes a maximal release of arachidonic acid metabolites
      into extracellular medium. This process is very rapid and reaches the maximal
      value about ten minutes after stimulation. The pattern of arachidonic acid
      metabolites released is different from that obtained when the cells are
      stimulated with a phagocytosable particle like zymosan or calcium ionophore
      A23187. The data show that the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cycloxigenase is
      diminished. In an unusual way the amounts of prostaglandin PGE2, 6-keto
      prostaglandin PGF1 alpha and thromboxane TXB2 synthesized are similar.

PMID- 1796191
TI  - Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa: a study of its incidence in various
      disease states.
AB  - The incidence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) was studied in 159 specimens from
      gastric mucosa. Rare in histologically normal specimens (4%), the IM showed the
      highest incidence in patients with gastric carcinoma (75%). Intermediate values
      were observed in chronic atrophic gastritis (25%) and peptic ulcer (21%).
      Histochemical data shows that type complete-IM was most common in benign
      conditions; type incomplete-IM and particularly subtype secreting sulphomucins
      revealed a higher frequence in the mucosa bordering carcinomas.

PMID- 1796192
TI  - [A "plethora", minor and transient, as an immediate cause of a cerebrovascular
      accident].
AB  - Even if the well-known predisposing factors play an essential role in the
      realization of cerebrovascular accidents, in these last years the possible
      importance of the hemoreologic parameters is still a topic under discussion. The
      authors found a significant increase of the considered hemoreologic parameters
      (HT, Hb, RBC) in the patients hospitalized for cerebrovascular accidents compared
      to controls, without differences for gender, even if this increase remained into
      the limits of normal range. Conversely, no significant differences were found
      concerning the considered metabolic parameters.

PMID- 1796193
TI  - [Aids: present and future].
AB  - In few fields of medicine have advances been as dramatic and fast moving as those
      in the field of the Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a lethal
      multisystem disease that has become a major public health problem since its first
      description. Several groups are at increased risk of infection, including
      homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers, hemophiliacs, and recipients of
      transfusions of blood or blood products. In this review current and future
      dimensions of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in women and children are discussed. The HIV
      spread in women of childbearing age and the serious problem of transmission of
      HIV by blood transfusion are stressed.

PMID- 1796194
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and syncope in an adult patient with coarctation of the
      aorta].
AB  - An uncommon case of aortal coartactation in an adult patient treated, since five
      years, for hypertension and faintness is described. The surgical treatment led to
      complete resolution of her symptomatology without drug therapy.

PMID- 1796195
TI  - [Alcohol and idiopathic dilatated cardiomyopathy: a pathogenetic hypothesis].
AB  - In a group of 120 chronic alcoholics, we observed two cases of severe dilated
      cardiomyopathy, fatal within a year, similar to the so called "idiopathic" form,
      among cases of cardiovascular involvement related to alcohol abuse (63.5%) but
      susceptible of improvement following abstention. On the basis of their
      observation we believe that alcohol itself, as has already been demonstrated for
      certain viruses, in the presence of particular genetic factors can cause the
      onset of an immune reaction able to impart an autonomous course which cannot be
      checked even after abstention from alcohol.

PMID- 1796196
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane fluidity in subjects affected with reversible ischemic
      attacks (RIA).
AB  - It is well recognized that in subjects with cerebrovascular disease (CVD),
      changes in hemorheological properties may occur in about 50% of the patients.
      This paper concerns a study on microhemorheological perturbations of the
      erythrocyte membranes in a group of 20 RIA's patients, treated with
      Pentoxifylline. At the admission of the subjects to the study a trend to an
      increased whole blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation was associated to
      alterations of membrane fluidity analyzed by means of the fluorescent probes in
      the patients with respect to the controls. At the end of pharmacological
      treatment and wash-out, our data indicate a clear modification in erythrocyte
      membrane which results improved. Our results underline how the improvement of the
      erythrocyte membrane fluidity, induced by pentoxifylline, is a basic factor of
      blood flow in the microcirculation.

PMID- 1796197
TI  - [A new anti-inflammatory-analgesic-antipyretic, morniflumate, in the treatment of
      chronic recurring bronchitis].
AB  - To assess the therapeutic effects of morniflumate, a new non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drug, a controlled study versus imidazole-2-hydroxybenzoate, both
      combined with amoxicillin, and antibiotic therapy alone was carried out on 60
      patients, aged 18 to 60 with flare-ups of chronic bronchitis. After administering
      morniflumate, all the clinical parameters assessed (objective auscultation,
      cough, expectoration, exertional dyspnoea, chest pain, hyperthermia) had
      improved. The modifications observed in this group were greater and earlier when
      compared to those of the control groups. No significant variations of laboratory
      parameters nor any particular side-effects were reported.

PMID- 1796198
TI  - [The tarsal tunnel syndrome].

PMID- 1796199
TI  - [Seroepidemiologic and behavioral characteristics of a group of HIV-Ab positive
      homosexuals].
AB  - The present study was designed to demonstrate the role of homosexuality in
      transmission of HIV infection. The results, in cases showed by authors, suggest
      that the homosexuality is not significative for transmission in HIV infection.
      Whereas it is significative (56.52%) in transmission of syphilis. The study has
      demonstrated that homosexuals are not disposed very much to the use of sexual
      prevention.

PMID- 1796200
TI  - [Cerebrovascular episodes in chronic liver diseases and terminal nephrotic
      syndrome. A case of amyloidosis associated with paraproteinemia IgA-lambda].
AB  - The authors describe a case of amyloidosis associated with an electrophoretic
      picture, characterized by a monoclonal band with an M component in the alpha 2
      and beta regions, in presence of para IgA-lambda. The case casually discovered in
      the course of a cerebral vascular manifestation and confirmed by bioptic exams,
      had negative results after four years due to an extremely progressive course
      involving intestine, liver and kidney, as a consequence of the extension of
      amyloidosis deposits.

PMID- 1796201
TI  - Acute sublingual nifedipine and adrenergic activation: a chronobiologic attempt
      of optimized administration in healthy subjects.
AB  - Nifedipine has been shown to increase heart rate and plasma catecholamines, due
      to an adrenergic activation. Two healthy male subjects, after a period of
      sinchronization, have self-measured heart rate (HR) every 30 min for two
      consecutive days through a portable, non invasive, automatic device. The data
      were then analysed by means of chronobiologic procedures, to verify their
      personal HR acrophase. Forty-eight hours later, the same subjects repeated the
      trial, assuming 20 mg of sublingual nifedipine just one hour before their
      calculated HR acrophase, and data were analysed at the same way. After drug
      assumption, both HR acrophases and mesors failed to show any modification.

PMID- 1796202
TI  - [Osmotically controlled-release salbutamol versus serial, single administration
      of anhydrous theophylline for control of nocturnal asthma].
AB  - In 30 patients affected with prevalent nocturnal asthma the authors assessed the
      efficacy of salbutamol (controlled release of osmotic type) compared with
      anhydrous theophylline (sustained release). On the basis of morning and evening
      PEF values and the symptoms reported by patients in a daily clinical diary,
      together with the reduced use of bronchodilators aerosols and on the functional
      respiratory parameters registered, both drugs appeared effective in the same
      degree in the control of nocturnal symptoms and were tolerated without any side
      effects.

PMID- 1796203
TI  - Comparison of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function between two
      communities; Tecumseh (US) and Bordeaux (France).
AB  - Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and smoking habits in two adult
      populations, aged 20-59 years, are compared in Tecumseh (Michigan) and Bordeaux
      (France). Personal, demographic, and medical characteristics were ascertained by
      self-administered questionnaires; Forced vital capacity and Forced expiratory
      volume in one second (FEV1) were measured. In Tecumseh, the proportion of smokers
      was higher, people started to smoke earlier and the number of cigarettes per day
      was higher, the differences were significant. The prevalences of respiratory
      symptoms tended to be higher in Tecumseh than in Bordeaux although the
      differences did not reach statistical significance. The age-adjusted odds ratios
      according to smoking and socio-economic status for respiratory conditions, or
      relating FEV1 less than 80% predicted did not differ significantly but tended to
      be greater in Tecumseh. These trends might suggest a greater morbidity and/or a
      greater impact of risk factors in Tecumseh.

PMID- 1796204
TI  - [Consumption of psychotropic drugs in the general population in the Isere
      district].
AB  - At the request of social insurance system, we implement a Public Health research
      on psychotherapeutic drug use in a French county. By telephone interviews we
      carried out a retrospective random survey. 1,330 answers out of 2,000 telephone
      numbers were obtained. 14% of the adults of this county recognize
      psychotherapeutic drug use during the last three months. Those older than 65
      years are three times more user than those less than 65 years, and only
      loneliness has been noticed as other risk factor. Characteristics of use are very
      different between elderly people and young people, and risks of tolerance are
      prevailing in the first group. So we suggest that more research, especially on
      risks of regular use in people older than 45 years, should been conducted.

PMID- 1796205
TI  - [Study of the diffusion of therapeutic progress in a morbidity register.
      Exemplified by rectal cancer in Calvados].
AB  - Recent treatment trends have been studied among 614 rectal cancer cases collected
      in the Digestive Tract Cancer Registry in the "Departement" of Calvados between
      1978 and 1986. Of the 343 cases in which the tumour was resected, the sphincter
      was preserved in 32% of the cases (SP), and 30% had adjuvant radiotherapy (ART).
      The frequency of sphincter preservation (SP) and ART increased significantly
      during the study period. For both SP and ART, generalized use was less frequent
      and implemented later in unspecialized health care centres, even after adjustment
      for confounding. SP was more widely used in females and younger patients.
      Starting in 1984, the generalized use of ART - especially in pre-operative
      therapy - developed considerably, particularly for males and younger patients.
      Distance from the radiotherapy centre did not influence the radiotherapy rate.
      The use of morbidity registry data in assessing health care practices gives us a
      more precise view than hospital series, and provides information that can be
      extremely useful for formulating future guidelines for health care planning.

PMID- 1796206
TI  - [Validation in the French language of an evaluation scale for family functioning
      (FACES III): a tool for research and for clinical practice].
AB  - Valid and reliable scales are necessary to describe the numerous factors
      associated with health status. Multiple studies have shown the impact of familial
      factors, i.e. family functioning (FF) on health indicators. As no scale exists in
      french to assess FF, we performed a study to validate the Family Adaptability and
      Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III, Olson et al.) in french. This scale has a
      high level of validity and reliability and has been widely used. After 2
      translations and back-translations and a pilot study to establish face validity,
      the final version was studied in 976 healthy subjects (457 families) who attended
      a preventive medical center in Nancy, France. Parents and adolescents each filled
      out two 20 item self-administered questionnaires. There were few missing values
      (0-3% per item). Construct validity was assessed by principal component factor
      analysis, which found the same two individualized axes as in the original scale.
      The reliability of the french version was excellent and comparable to Olson's
      scale. This study demonstrates the validity and reliability of a french version
      of FACES III in a french population. It provides researchers and clinicians in
      France with a validated instrument for assessing, in a quantified way, factors
      associated with family functioning that influence health status in adults,
      adolescents and children, particularly those with chronic diseases. This scale is
      especially useful for developing and evaluating health programs.

PMID- 1796207
TI  - [Epidemiological research in rheumatology: current status and prospects].
AB  - Rheumatic diseases are very common and their consequences on both the individuals
      (leading cause of activity limitation between the age of the 18 and 64 years) and
      on society (socio-economic costs) are considerable. However, the epidemiology of
      these diseases remains poorly known. In this paper, a review of the
      epidemiological data for the most frequent rheumatic diseases (including recent
      advances) is followed by an analysis of the specific obstacles to epidemiological
      research in the rheumatology field and by a proposal of possible developments.

PMID- 1796208
TI  - Mutation of immunoglobulin J chi splice sites does not affect the rearrangement
      frequency of J chi segments.
AB  - The rabbit b9 kappa 1 locus contains 5 joining (J chi) gene segments, only two of
      which, J chi 1 and J chi 2, are utilized in assembly of a complete variable
      region gene (as shown by Akimenko, M.-A., Mariame, B. and Rougeon, F. (1986)
      Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 83, 5180-5183). J chi 4 and J chi 5 do not
      rearrange because of deficient recombination signal sequences. The J chi 3 gene
      segment is also not rearranged and has a non-functional splice site. In view of
      the proposed relationship between transcription and rearrangement of
      immunoglobulin genes, we sought to determine whether splicing of the germline
      transcript is implicated in the rearrangement process. We addressed this question
      by introducing mutations in the splice sites of the J chi segments of an
      unrearranged kappa light chain immunoglobulin transgene. Rearrangement was
      analysed by polymerase chain reaction on transgenic spleen DNA. We observed that
      mutation of the splice sites had no effect on the utilization of the J chi gene
      segments, demonstrating that there is no relationship between splicing and
      rearrangement.

PMID- 1796210
TI  - Analysis of the peripheral T-cell compartment in the MHC class II deficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - To analyse the impact of lack of MHC class II expression on the composition of
      the peripheral T-cell compartment in man, the expression characteristics of
      several membrane antigens were examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and
      cultured T cells derived from an MHC-class-II-deficient patient. No MHC class II
      expression could be detected on either PBL or activated T cells. Moreover, the
      expression of MHC class I was reduced both on PBL and in vitro activated T cells
      compared to the healthy control. However, the reduced expression of CD26 observed
      on the PBL of the patient was restored after in vitro expansion. Despite the
      presumably class-II-deficient thymic environment, a distinct but reduced single
      CD4+ T-cell population was observed in the PBL of the patient. After in vitro
      expansion, the percentage of CD4+ cells dropped even further, most likely due to
      a proliferative disadvantage, compared to the single CD8+ T-cell population.
      However, proliferation analysis showed that T-cell activation via the TcR/CD3
      pathway is not affected by the MHC class II deficiency.

PMID- 1796209
TI  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. II.
      Exploration of the IL2/IL2R pathway of T-cell activation.
AB  - We report here on functional aspects of squirrel monkey T cells isolated either
      from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in the presence of accessory cells or
      accessory-cell-secreted cytokines. The T-cell response triggered by polyclonal
      activators was measured through proliferation, T-cell growth factor production
      and transient expression of receptors to growth factors. We also sought to
      delineate mechanisms by which antimitogenic molecules might prevent lymphocytes
      from being able to express "activation antigens" and/or from proliferating. Under
      these conditions, we mainly explored the inducible IL2/IL2R pathway and phenomena
      occurring in lymphocyte "non-activation" in terms of early and late cellular
      events; indeed, defects in the IL2/IL2R pathway represent one of the
      dysregulation events presumed to occur during the acute phase of human malaria,
      disease for which. Saimiri monkeys have been selected as experimental hosts.

PMID- 1796211
TI  - The in vivo antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme in H-2b-compatible
      responder and non-responder mice: is it regulated by its N-terminal peptide at
      the level of antigen-presenting cells?
AB  - We studied the in vivo antibody responses of three H-2b strains, BALB/b, C57BL/6
      and BALB/B x C57BL/6 F1 to various lysozymes, REL and HEL, after priming with
      HEL, REL or the HEL N-terminal peptide. It was confirmed that C57BL/6 is a non
      responder strain to HEL and that BALB/b is responder strain. The C57BL/6 non
      responder trait was associated with HEL or peptide induction of suppressor cells,
      as shown by adoptive transfer experiments. We further demonstrated that the
      suppressor/non-responder trait is dominant in BALB/b x C57BL/6 F1 hybrids and
      that appropriately pulsed macrophages of BALB/b mice can bypass such suppression
      in these F1 mice. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 1796212
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi exoantigens: can those recognized by sera from chagasic
      patients trigger a protective immune response in mice?
AB  - Exoantigens (Ea) of Trypanosoma cruzi released in blood during the acute phase of
      experimental murine infection and recognized as antigens by sera from chagasic
      patients were grouped into two zones: one zone of pI 4-5 (Ea4-5), which had
      components of 35 kDa, 50 kDa and slightly higher than 100 kDa, MW, and another
      zone, of pI 6-7 (Ea 6-7), with Ea of 50 kDa, 66-80 kDa and higher than 100 kDa.
      Immunization of mice with Ea4-5 or Ea6-7 prior to infection induced a protective
      immune response, as judged by levels of parasitaemia which were significantly
      lower than those of controls. Analysis of the immune response by skin test
      revealed that both groups of Ea induced immediate type hypersensitivity, the
      values of which were higher in animals immunized with Ea4-5. These antigens also
      induced specific cellular immunity (delayed-type hypersensitivity). There was a
      direct correlation between intensity of reactivity and the drop in the number of
      blood forms of parasites in these animals. Antibodies able to fix the
      epimastigote surface were also detected by ELISA and the immunofluorescence test
      in mice immunized with Ea4-5 or Ea6-7. There were no qualitative or quantitative
      differences in the antibody induced by the two groups of Ea; the main isotypes of
      these antibodies which recognized Ea expressed on the parasite surface were IgG1
      and IgG2.

PMID- 1796213
TI  - Production of digoxigenin-labelled parvovirus DNA probe by PCR.
AB  - A 560-bp digoxigenin(Dig)-labelled DNA-probe was produced by PCR using a 699-bp
      parvovirus DNA fragment as template with introduction of Dig-dTUP into the PCR
      reaction mixture. It was found to be very important to pay close attention to the
      amount of template employed, the number of cycles used, predenaturation of target
      DNA and optimization of the percentage of dTTP substituted by Dig-DUTP in the
      reaction mixture. The same 560-bp DNA fragment produced by PCR without the
      incorporation of Dig-DUTP in the reaction mixture, was subsequently labelled with
      Dig-dUTP by the random primed labelling method. Both of the Dig-labelled
      parvovirus DNA probes described above showed the same DNA detection level (about
      1 pg), but production of the probe with Dig-DUTP incorporated in the PCR reaction
      mixture was much simpler.

PMID- 1796214
TI  - Use of digoxigenin-labelled probes for detection and host-range studies of tomato
      yellow leaf curl geminivirus.
AB  - We studied the host range of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in some
      agronomically important tomato species. Transmission tests with the natural
      vector Bemisia tabaci from tomato to sweet pepper, eggplant, cucumber, melon,
      zucchini and spinach showed that these species did not develop symptoms and did
      not support viral replication. These species therefore do not constitutive a
      reservoir of the virus and can be cultivated as alternatives to tomato in the
      most affected areas. For host-range studies, we used a quick and sensitive dot
      blot assay employing non-radioactive DNA probes. This technique, developed for
      detecting TYLCV in plant extracts, is easily used for diagnosis. The sensitivity
      of this non-radioactive test was comparable to that of radiolabelled probes.

PMID- 1796215
TI  - Scar skin and dapple apple viroids are seed-borne and persistent in infected
      apple trees.
AB  - The closely related apple scar skin viroid (ASSV) and dapple apple viroid (DAV)
      were identified in whole seeds from infected pome fruits by hybridization of
      extracted nucleic acids with a 32P-labelled ASSV cRNA probe. Viroid amounts were
      greater in seed coats and subcoats than in seed cotyledons and embryos. ASSV or
      DAV was also detected in nucleic acid extracts from infected seeds, cotyledons
      and embryos by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with viroid-cDNA
      specific primers followed by Southern blot hybridization analysis of the
      amplified products with an ASSV cRNA probe. These results indicate that ASSV and
      DAV are seed-borne. ASSV and DAV were also found in the anthers, petals,
      receptacles, leaves, bark and roots of infected trees. The results suggest that
      viroid-infected trees constitute potential sources of the viroid in field spread.
      ASSV and DAV infections have been observed sporadically in commercial orchards in
      the United States and Canada and the infected trees have been eliminated. The use
      of viroid-free sources of seeds, seedlings, rootstocks and budwood should greatly
      reduce the risk of the future spread of the viroid.

PMID- 1796216
TI  - Expression of cauliflower mosaic virus gene I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene I encodes a 40-kDa protein, P1, which is
      thought to be involved in the cell-to-cell movement of the virus. In order to
      investigate its functioning, P1 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      transformed by an expression vector containing CaMV gene I. When produced in
      yeast, PI was 40 kDa in size and not N-glycosylated.

PMID- 1796217
TI  - [A genetic study of the interaction of Piry virus with drosophila].
AB  - Piry virus mutants selected for altered growth properties in Drosophila
      melanogaster have previously been designated agD mutants. This paper presents a
      classification scheme for grouping some of these mutants and also presents the
      characteristics of some members of each group. Analysis, for each agD clone, of
      the mean incubation time at 20 degrees C relative to the mean incubation time at
      28 degrees C (t20,t28), compared to the range of similar data for wild-type virus
      enabled us to define 4 classes of agD mutant: (1) mutants equally affected at
      both temperatures, (2) cold-sensitive mutants in drosophila (csD), (3) heat
      sensitive mutants in drosophila (tsD) and (4) mutants whose mean incubation time
      could not be estimated at either 20 or 28 degrees C. All agD mutants are listed.
      The majority of them were also ts in chicken embryo cells (CEC), and some were
      classified into complementation groups. Some correlations were noted. For
      example, the agD mutants that were ts+ in CEC were frequently (7 out of 12)
      weakly cold-sensitive in drosophila. Those tsD mutants which were also ts in CEC,
      all belonged to complementation group I (L protein). True csD mutants, whose
      divergence of incubation time with wt regularly increased, and which were also ts
      in CEC, all belonged to group I except for one which belonged to group V (G
      protein). Three mutants fell into a distinct sub-class of csD mutants,
      characterized by a defect in the CO2 sensitivity symptom expression below a
      definite temperature. One of these which was further characterized was shown to
      be in complementation group V. Some mutants of the fourth class were examined for
      their fly-invading capacity. This was found to be more-or-less strongly affected.
      Among these mutants, independent of this phenomenon, mutations were assigned to
      L, N and G proteins, suggesting that different physiological defects are
      involved. A comparison was made of the phenotypes in drosophila of some of the
      agD mutants with other members of the vesiculovirus family. The analogy of sigma
      rhabdovirus with tsD mutants is also reported.

PMID- 1796218
TI  - Mycoplasmas and leukaemia.

PMID- 1796219
TI  - Recovery cycle of the cerebral neocortex: preliminary observations in epileptic
      patients.
AB  - The recovery cycle of the amplitude of the potential evoked in the cerebral
      neocortex by paired electrical stimuli of the underlying white matter was studied
      in 5 epileptic patients with intracerebral electrodes chronically implanted
      stereotactically. A reproducible pattern was apparent for the late components of
      the potential (i.e., the peak-to-peak amplitude between the second and the third
      peak, with an average peak latency of 14 and 35 ms, respectively). There was an
      early period of facilitation (5-10 ms interstimulus interval) followed by a
      period of relative or absolute depression (20-100 ms) with recovery at an
      interstimulus interval of about 150 ms. The recovery function of the early
      components of the potential (i.e., the peak-to-peak amplitude between the first
      and the second peak, with an average peak latency of 6 and 14 ms, respectively)
      was variable; recovery was reached at about 150 ms. The responsiveness seemed
      less in the most epileptogenic cortical areas.

PMID- 1796220
TI  - Selectivity of retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy in the treatment of trigeminal
      neuralgia.
AB  - The possibility of obtaining a selective effect on different trigeminal branches
      by glycerol rhizotomy was studied in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
      Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was used to quantify sensory impairment. An
      attempt was made to direct the neurotoxic effect by maintaining the patient's
      head in different positions during and after glycerol injection. The amount of
      glycerol injected varied according to the estimated size of the trigeminal
      cistern and/or to which branch that was involved. The study demonstrated a good
      selective effect on the ophthalmic branch, less selective on the maxillary, and a
      poorly selective effect on the mandibular branch. However, the clinical result
      following glycerol rhizotomy was equal regardless of the affected trigeminal
      branch.

PMID- 1796221
TI  - Anatomic examination of a case of open trigeminal nucleotomy (nucleus caudalis
      dorsal root entry zone lesions) for facial pain.
AB  - Nucleus caudalis dorsal root entry zone lesions (open trigeminal nucleotomy) are
      a surgical procedure which can achieve pain control without major complications
      in the difficult clinical setting of deafferentation-type facial pain. Two
      patients are reported, who had relief of pain, but also experienced neurological
      complications. One patient succumbed to pulmonary complications, which provided
      the opportunity for anatomic analysis of the lesioned area, which is discussed in
      detail. Potential modifications of the surgical technique are suggested.

PMID- 1796222
TI  - Intraoperative calibration of the Patil stereotactic system during computed
      tomography (CT) guided stereotactic procedures--a technical note.
AB  - A method for intraoperative calibration of the Patil stereotactic system is
      described. After adjusting the z and y coordinates, a marker is placed in the
      pivot block and a CT scan is obtained. The presence of the marker in the
      indicator block on the same horizontal line as the target, on the image of the
      target, would indicate that the y and z coordinates adjustments are accurate.
      After the arc is attached with the x coordinate adjusted, a CT scan is obtained
      with the arc vertical and the probe holder at zero angle (from the vertical)
      position. The presence of the middle of the probe holder in the same vertical
      line as the target would indicate accurate x coordinate adjustment. This
      technique, which can be applied also to other stereotactic systems, allows the
      surgeon to check not only the accuracy of the system but also the accuracy of the
      procedure prior to inserting the probe into the brain.

PMID- 1796223
TI  - Computed tomography guided stereotactic thalamotomy using the Brown-Roberts-Wells
      system for nonparkinsonian movement disorders. Technical note.
AB  - A technique is described for stereotactic thalamotomy, using the Brown-Roberts
      Wells (BRW) system and computed tomography (CT) without the need for
      ventriculography. Previous reports have suggested that the BRW system lacks
      sufficient accuracy (compared with ventriculography) for CT-directed functional
      neurosurgery. However, using this method, our findings demonstrate excellent
      clinical accuracy and safety in 12 consecutive patients with nonparkinsonian
      movement disorders.

PMID- 1796224
TI  - A device to aid in the application of stereotactic headframes: technical note.
AB  - It is sometimes difficult to apply the headframes of stereotactic systems in
      awake patients who are lethargic or demented or in patients who are very
      sensitive to the discomfort of local anesthetic injection. A device for external
      stabilization of the stereotactic system during its application to the head is
      described. This device, a modification of the Somi brace, is easy to apply,
      allows for adjustment of the base ring in all planes and provides sufficient
      stability even in obtunded or uncooperative patients. This device simplifies and
      makes more precise the application of the stereotactic headframe and may be of
      considerable utility in stereotactic surgery.

PMID- 1796225
TI  - Immunological analysis of cloned Schistosoma mansoni antigens Sm31 and Sm32 with
      sera of schistosomiasis patients.
AB  - Two immunogenic proteins, Sm31 and Sm32, originating from the gut of Schistosoma
      mansoni were evaluated for their potential as recombinant immunodiagnostic
      reagents. Sm31 and Sm32 cDNA fragments were cloned and expressed in Escherichia
      coli as polypeptides fused to RNA polymerase of bacteriophage MS2. The
      recombinant proteins were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)
      with paired sera of 182 persons from Mali with S. mansoni and S. haematobium
      infections collected before and one year after treatment with praziquantel.
      Pretreatment sera of the study population gave a strong antibody response to Sm31
      and Sm32 in immunoblots of total worm extract with the sera. The sensitivities of
      both western blotting (86%) and ELISA (75%) using Sm31 and Sm32 fusion proteins
      compared well with a single egg count (84%). Chemotherapy resulted in an overall
      decline of egg counts. Posttreatment sera gave significantly lower reactivities
      than the pretreatment sera. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting
      circulating antibodies with recombinant antigens in schistosomiasis.

PMID- 1796226
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum: decline of antibodies against diagnostic
      adult worm antigens (Sm31/32) following praziquantel treatment of mice.
AB  - Mice were infected with 10, 100 or 200 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni or S.
      japonicum and treated between one and two months later with two doses of
      praziquantel. At this time, the animals had high levels of antibodies against the
      adult worm proteins Sm31/32 (schistosome cathepsin B and haemoglobinase).
      Antibody levels were followed up for about one more year by Western blots and
      ELISA using purified Sm31/32. Among the 34 surviving mice perfused at the end of
      the experiments, 14 had between 1 and 4 and one mouse had 8 residual stunted
      worms. In most mice without detectable worms, anti-Sm31/32 antibodies started to
      drop within a few months after therapy. In other animals of this group and in
      those harbouring residual worms, the decrease in titers was not observed or less
      pronounced. Thus, the presence of even one stunted worm was sufficient to induce
      continued high titres of antibodies. Decreasing levels of antibody against
      Sm31/32, however, reflected complete elimination of schistosomes.

PMID- 1796227
TI  - Endemicity, seasonality and focality of transmission of human schistosomiasis in
      3 communities in southwestern Nigeria.
AB  - The pattern of transmission of human schistosomiasis was studied in 3 communities
      in southwestern Nigeria. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in school
      children aged 5-16 years in the 3 communities was 76.2, 70.3 and 66.4%,
      respectively. The percentage of infected children harbouring heavy infections
      (greater than 50 eggs/10 ml urine) in the 3 communities was 75.5, 69.2 and 48.1%
      with a prevalence of visible haematuria among the heavily infected children of
      29.5, 19.4 and 24.3%, respectively. Bulinus globosus, the snail host for S.
      haematobium, was found in all 7 sites sampled. The population density and the
      seasonal fluctuations in density and in prevalence of infection with S.
      haematobium differed markedly among the different sites. B. pfeifferi, the snail
      host of S. mansoni, was encountered in 2 of the 7 sites. The pattern of
      occurrence of infection with S. mansoni differed markedly between the 2 sites.
      The lack of consistency in the transmission pattern as regards both the
      seasonality and focality makes a thorough knowledge on the transmission pattern
      essential for the incorporation of community-based focal mollusciciding into the
      integrated approach to control of schistosomiasis morbidity in this ecological
      complex and highly endemic area.

PMID- 1796228
TI  - Single versus repeated doses of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the
      treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica microfilaremia. Results at 12
      months of a double-blind study.
AB  - In October 1989, 58 apparently healthy Polynesian Wuchereria bancrofti carriers
      in whom microfilarial (mf) density was greater than or equal to 100 mf/ml were
      randomly allocated to treatment groups receiving single doses of either
      ivermectin at 100 mcg/kg or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) at 3 and 6 mg/kg. Six months
      later, half of the carriers initially treated with ivermectin 100 mcg/kg or DEC 3
      mg/kg were given a second similar dose while the rest were given a placebo. By
      day 360 (6 months after retreatment), comparison of adjusted geometric mean mf
      counts per group indicated that (i) among the 3 treatments given once a year the
      DEC 6 mg/kg dose resulted in the highest efficacy, (ii) nevertheless, regarding
      either ivermectin 100 mcg/kg or DEC 3 mg/kg, 2 successive doses resulted in
      higher efficacy than one annual dose and (iii) though no significant difference
      could be evidenced between efficacy of ivermectin 100 mcg/kg and DEC 3 mg/kg
      given twice a year, DEC seemed to sustain the mf reduction for a longer period of
      time. During the 3 days following retreatment, adverse reactions (mild to
      moderate) were observed in 46% of carriers treated with microfilaricidal drugs
      and in 20% of those treated with placebo. These results suggest that single dose
      therapy with either DEC or ivermectin is safe and effective for prevention of
      lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti in French Polynesia. The real
      impact on transmission by the vector, Aedes polynesiensis, of the complete
      negativation of microfilaremia observed during the previous part of the trial in
      carriers treated with ivermectin should be evaluated in a community-based trial
      including entomological study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796229
TI  - Diagnostic values of ELISA-IgG4 as compared to ELISA-IgG and indirect
      immunofluorescence, for the routine diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in the
      South Pacific. Application on capillary blood collected on filter paper.
AB  - For the serodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis, serological assays restricted to
      the detection of specific IgG4 antibodies enhanced the specificity. In French
      Polynesia, Wuchereria bancrofti is the sole human filaria and other pathogenic
      parasites are infrequent. In order to define a simple and cheap serological test,
      we have compared the diagnostic value of indirect immunofluorescence test (IFI
      WBp), ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgG4 assays. The specificity, sensitivity, R.O.C.
      curves of each test have been analyzed. No significant difference was found
      between those 3 tests, except that the reproducibility and the predictive value
      were lower using IFI-WBp than using the two ELISAs. Significant correlation was
      found between IgG and IgG4 anti-Brugia malayi antibody titers (r = 0.512, p less
      than 10(-5)). For large scale seropidemiological studies, ELISA-IgG can be
      performed with finger prick blood absorbed on filter paper, but not ELISA-IgG4.
      In conclusion, ELISA-IgG a less expensive and less time consuming method than
      ELISA-IgG4, can be used for the routine serodiagnosis as well as for
      seroepidemiological studies on bancroftian filariasis in the South Pacific
      islands.

PMID- 1796230
TI  - Cumulative mortality rates in Aedes polynesiensis after feeding on polynesian
      Wuchereria bancrofti carriers treated with single doses of ivermectin,
      diethylcarbamazine and placebo.
AB  - During a therapeutic trial, batches of 672 to 1979 laboratory-bred Aedes
      polynesiensis, the mosquito vector of lymphatic filariasis in French Polynesia,
      were fed on Wuchereria bancrofti carriers one, three and six months after they
      had been treated with either single doses of ivermectin at 100 mcg/kg,
      diethylcarbamazine (DEC) at 3 and 6 mg/kg or placebo. High mortality rates were
      observed during the 15-day period following the blood-meal in mosquitoes fed on
      carriers treated with microfilaricidal drugs and were significantly higher in
      mosquitoes fed on carriers treated with ivermectin than in those fed on carriers
      treated with DEC. Though its intensity decreased with the passage of time, the
      phenomenon was observed in mosquitoes fed on carriers up to six months after
      treatment, especially in those fed on carriers treated with ivermectin. By
      decreasing the number of mosquitoes able to transmit the infection, this lethal
      effect on Ae. polynesiensis might represent an additional advantage of ivermectin
      in lymphatic filariasis control programs.

PMID- 1796231
TI  - Suramin and the time it takes to kill Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - The paper records the numbers of 1-2 mm shotty papules developing in the author's
      skin after 2-day courses of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) repeated every 16 days
      before, during and after a 7.1 G suramin course for cutaneous onchocerciasis.
      Assuming, from biopsy evidence, that each papule represented a dead Onchocerca
      volvulus microfilaria (mf), the number of mfs reaching the skin every 16 days did
      not begin to fall until 96 days after the first full dose of suramin; and only
      reached zero by day 224. The histopathology of nodules excised from Cameroonian
      patients before, and at intervals of 56-335 days after, the start of a 7.1 G
      suramin course, revealed changes in the worms that correlated over time with the
      disappearance of mfs from the skin. Suramin sterilized and killed the male worms
      between days 77 and 105 and, in the females, it adversely affected the staining
      and subsequent development of small morulae from about day 56. It was estimated
      that new embryogenesis ceased about 56-77 days after the first full dose;
      development of the last viable embryos to mfs was complete by about 136 days; and
      the last mfs, perhaps having reduced vitality, emerged from the females by 160
      days and reached the skin within 16-32 days.

PMID- 1796232
TI  - Onchocerca volvulus: in vitro killing of microfilaria by neutrophils and
      eosinophils from experimentally infected chimpanzees.
AB  - Peripheral blood leukocytes from chimpanzees experimentally infected with third
      stage larvae, or with nodular microfilaria (mf) of Onchocerca volvulus, were
      evaluated for their ability to kill nodular mf in vitro. Inoculation of
      chimpanzees with third stage larvae, and prospective follow up, permitted each
      animal to be classified as patent, infected but not patent, or post-patent.
      Neither lymphocytes nor monocytes significantly adhered to, immobilized, or
      killed mf. However, neutrophils or eosinophils killed mf effectively in the
      presence of immune serum. Neutrophil and eosinophil enriched cell preparations
      from control animals were able to kill mf with serum from infected animals, but
      to a significantly lesser degree than when both cells and serum were taken from
      infected animals. Chimpanzees inoculated with mf showed a progressive increase in
      cellular killing of mf after a second inoculation which surpassed that seen with
      animals inoculated with third stage larvae. Antibody-mediated killing of mf by
      neutrophils and eosinophils may be important in the termination of patency in
      this infection.

PMID- 1796233
TI  - The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. XV. Studies with albendazole.
AB  - Ninety-two males, infected with Onchocerca volvulus, from an area of on-going
      transmission in the forest zone of southern Ghana were treated with albendazole.
      31 patients received 800 mg daily x 3, 31 received 1200 mg daily x 3 and 30
      others received 800 mg daily x 7. Albendazole was given as a single daily dose
      with a fatty breakfast. Detailed systemic, ocular and laboratory examinations
      were performed pretreatment and at intervals over one year. Nodules were
      extirpated on days 30 and 60 and examined by histopathology. All the dose regimes
      were well tolerated but were neither microfilaricidal nor macrofilaricidal. The
      main effect was embryotoxicity affecting all intra-uterine stages. The most
      encouraging results were obtained in the 800 mg daily x 3 group in which a
      prolonged suppression of skin microfilarial counts occurred. Controlled studies
      in combination with ivermectin are recommended to determine whether an additive
      effect of the two drugs would result in permanent sterilisation of the adult
      worms.

PMID- 1796234
TI  - Immunohistological and electron microscopic studies of microfilariae in skin and
      lymph nodes from onchocerciasis patients after ivermectin treatment.
AB  - Microfilariae were studied in skin and lymph node biopsies from Liberian patients
      with generalised onchocerciasis 12-78 hours after administration of a single dose
      of 150 micrograms/kg body weight using histology, transmission electron
      microscopy and immunocytological staining with antibodies against an
      immunodominant antigen of Onchocerca volvulus. Most microfilariae in the skin
      appeared morphologically intact and beginning signs of degeneration were seen
      only on the ultrastructural level. The densities of microfilariae in the lymph
      nodes were about thousandfold higher in ivermectin treated patients. More than
      90% of the microfilariae in the lymph nodes showed distinct signs of
      degeneration. Early changes were seen in the muscle cells. The disintegrating
      microfilariae in the lymph nodes were always encircled by eosinophils or
      macrophages or both cells. Immunohistological staining with antifilarial
      antibodies increased the detection of small and disintegrating pieces of
      microfilariae considerably.

PMID- 1796235
TI  - Transmission of Onchocerca dukei by Simulium bovis in North-Cameroon.
AB  - "Wild" Simulium bovis females were collected after they had taken blood on a bait
      oxen with skin microfilariae (mf) of Onchocerca dukei and Onchocerca ochengi.
      Flies ingested O. dukei mf in high numbers (13.1 mf per blood fed fly) but rarely
      mf of O. ochengi (3 mf in 60 flies). In 32 flies dissected 14 to 17 hours after
      the blood meal, a total of 130 O. dukei mf but no of O. ochengi had migrated to
      the thorax. Six to 9 days after the blood meal, a total of 203 third stage larvae
      (L3) were found in 61 surviving flies. Invasive larvae from the head measured
      738.0 x 17.8 microns and resembled those of O. dukei obtained by intrathoracic
      injection of mf in a previous study, but were shorter and thinner than O. ochengi
      L3. Thus, S. bovis can be seen as an efficient natural vector of O. dukei. Its
      role in the transmission of bovine and human onchocerciasis in North Cameroon is
      discussed.

PMID- 1796236
TI  - Seasonal changes in the levels of anti-Dirofilaria immitis antibodies in an
      exposed human population.
AB  - A prospective follow-up study to define seasonal changes in the level of anti
      Dirofilaria immitis antibodies in an exposed human population in Western Spain
      was conducted. Specific antibodies were detected using an enzymelinked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ig M antibodies predominated in Summer, during
      maximal vector activity, while Ig G rose to a maximum in Winter. The sole risk
      factor associated with higher optical densities in the ELISA proved to be age,
      indicating that repeated exposure to the parasite is the rule. It is concluded
      that, for serodiagnosis the endemic or non-endemic nature of the geographical
      area and the season of the year should be considered to define the basal level of
      positivity, and that as well as Ig G, Ig M should always be determined.

PMID- 1796237
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin A on the proliferation of bovine lymphocytes to
      concanavalin A and on the growth of Theileria annulata-infected bovine cells.
AB  - After being inoculated by Hyalomma ticks, the sporozoites of Theileria annulata
      invade bovine lymphocytes, where they subsequently differentiate to schizonts.
      The infected cells are induced to a continuous proliferation which can be
      enhanced by human recombinant interleukin 2 (hrIL-2). In the present study, we
      examined the influence of cyclosporin A (CsA) on the growth of schizont
      containing cells and compared with its effect on bovine peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) responding to Concanavalin A (ConA). In both cell types, the
      proliferation was inhibited in a dose dependent manner, which was not restorable
      in T. annulata-infected cells even after addition of hrIL-2. In contrast, ConA
      blasts were able to undergo a proliferative response provided they were treated
      with high doses of CsA. Both, T. annulata-infected cells and bovine ConA-blasts
      express IL-2 receptors (IL-2R). The binding of radiolabelled hrIL-2 to ConA
      blasts and T. annulata-infected cells was only partially inhibited after
      treatment with CsA. CsA was not toxic for the parasites, since the treated cells
      still contained schizonts which did not show any morphological abnormality.

PMID- 1796238
TI  - Clearance of plasmodium falciparum after reduced single daily doses of quinine in
      asymptomatic children in Guinea Bissau.
AB  - Asymptomatic schoolchildren in Guinea Bissau were given approximately 10 mg of
      quinine/kg body weight once daily during 5 days (n = 15) or 3 days (n = 16) for
      treatment of P. falciparum. Five children had parasitemia on the seventh day of
      follow up. Adverse reactions were reported by 12 children during treatment,
      mainly mild tinnitus, dizziness and vomiting. Single daily doses were less
      effective than the divided doses previously used by us for the same short time
      period and also associated with more frequent adverse events.

PMID- 1796239
TI  - Evidence for widespread asymptomatic Trypanosoma rhodesiense human infection in
      the Luangwa Valley (Zambia).
AB  - The RoTat 1/2 CATT test developed for Trypanosoma evansi was used in comparison
      with other diagnostic tests for the detection of T. rhodesiense infection in the
      northern part of the Luangwa Valley. The human population, the domestic and a
      large number of game animals were positive with the RoTat 1/2 CATT, the Ag-ELISA,
      the IFAT and the radioimmunoprecipitation tests. Human sera from these areas
      precipitated the same trypanosome-antigen components 35S-methionine labelled
      whereas few differences in band patterns were found between individual game
      animals. Surprisingly, however, T. rhodesiense could not be isolated from the "Ag
      ELISA and radioimmunoprecipitation" positive patients from the Musenga and
      Kasyasya localities. The fact that the CATT positive humans were positive in
      antigen detection tests, does indicate that in all probability they carry or had
      been carrying a subpatent infection. These results suggest that the reservoir for
      T. rhodesiense in that region is considerable, comprising the game animals and
      probably to an even greater extent, the human population.

PMID- 1796240
TI  - Immune mechanism facilitating clearance of Trypanosoma gambiense by IgG3 antibody
      from infected host.
AB  - The aggregation of trypansomes, immune adherence to macrophage and protection
      against infection of Trypanosoma gambiense are associated with IgG3 antibody.
      IgG3-mediated clumping trypanosomes are readily dissociated by the aid of
      complement to become free. Dissociation of the clumped trypanosomes in the
      equivalence area released approximately fifty percent of previous bound surface
      antigens. These antigens were capable of binding again to new IgG3 antibody.
      Experiments indicated that complement deposition altered functionally bivalent
      IgG3 antibody in the immune complex into a univalent one. Such event in the
      presence of complement is of great advantage to the infected host in killing
      pathogens in vivo, as it allows more antibodies to attach to surface antigens and
      subsequently initiate complement activity.

PMID- 1796241
TI  - Screening for HTLV-1 in healthy blood donors in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
AB  - Of 1089 healthy blood donors screened for HTLV-1 using ABBOTTS HTLV-1 EIA: 18
      (1.7%) were positive; and 16 (1.5%) were confirmed positive using HTLV-1/11
      Cambridge Biothec Western Blot method. HTLV-1 antibodies were found amongst the
      major ethnic groups, viz. Africans, 11 cases (68.75%) and East Indians 4 cases
      (25%). The mean age of the donors who tested positive for HTLV-1 was 30.75 years;
      and the male to female ratio was 4.3:1.

PMID- 1796242
TI  - Description and performance of an updraft trap for sandflies.
AB  - An updraft trap for sampling sandflies in the field was developed and tested in
      the Marigat area of Baringo District, Kenya. The main components of the trap were
      a 12 cm long plastic drain pipe, 9 V d.c. electric motor, aluminium fan and a
      perspex sandfly collection cage. Comparisons of the updraft trap with a CDC and a
      1 x 1 m polythene sheet coated with castor oil (sticky trap) showed the former
      was more consistent than the other traps in sampling sandflies from animal
      burrows. A total of 1241 sandflies belonging to eleven species were collected.
      Sergentomyia bedfordi, Phlebotomus martini, S. antennatus and P. duboscqi were
      the commonest species comprising 32.5%, 27.0%, 21.1% and 11.3% of the total catch
      respectively. However, the relative proportion of the different species varied
      according to the type of trap used. The CDC trap apparently attracted the known
      vectors of leishmaniases in the area, P. martini and P. duboscqi. Significantly
      more male than female P. martini and S. antennatus were collected by the various
      traps. A significantly higher proportion of female S. bedfordi was captured by
      the updraft and sticky traps while equal numbers of male and female P. duboscqi
      were collected in all traps.

PMID- 1796243
TI  - New method for detachment and quantitation of Acanthamoeba trophozoites in
      culture.
AB  - Trophozoites of two Acanthamoeba polyphaga strains (RYD and 435) were readily
      detached from plastic culture flasks or multiwell plates by 5 min exposure to a
      detaching fluid containing 0.005% of Triton X-100 and 0.05% ammonium sulphate.
      This treatment also led to rounding of cells and thus permitted convenient and
      reproducible counting by either hemocytometer or electronic particle counter. The
      detaching fluid did not impair viability even after exposure up to 1 h.

PMID- 1796244
TI  - Strategies to maintain health in the Third World.
AB  - International cooperation with Third World countries aims at reducing the high
      morbidity and mortality of the population to a tolerable level. The main health
      problems are caused by poverty. Thus, the range of diseases in tropical countries
      can be explained more readily by the socio-economic situation than solely by the
      climate. Health services, in Africa in particular, have had to reduce drastically
      their budgets in the last ten years and now have only approximately 1/1000th of
      the funds usually available in industrialised countries. High population growth
      reduces the resources available per head, increases infection potential and
      worsens living conditions. Control strategies must take account of these
      circumstances in order to achieve the required sustained effect within the
      framework of primary health care. The example of the control of several
      infectious diseases, such as schistosomiasis, pneumonia, malaria and AIDS, is
      used to show that control programmes can be effective but, in the current
      conditions, can hardly be maintained without outside support. In the future,
      diseases caused by environmental problems and new life styles as a result of
      industrialization, urbanization and slum growth will move dramatically into the
      foreground.

PMID- 1796245
TI  - Perinatal epidemiology--a Nordic challenge.
AB  - The focus within perinatal epidemiology has to a large extent been on death and
      survival as the measures of outcome and less so on measures of morbidity. Too few
      studies have related perinatal events to measures of health beyond the infancy
      period, even in the Nordic countries where infant populations may easily be
      followed through time. Medical birth registries have been established in all the
      Nordic countries over the period 1967 (Norway) through 1987 (Finland). Unique ID
      numbers facilitate linkage within and between these registries as well as record
      linkages with other data sets. Although outstanding examples of such research
      exist within perinatal epidemiology, till now we have not taken enough advantage
      of these valuable sources of data. In the Nordic countries three main areas of
      perinatal epidemiology would seem to attract considerable attention in the years
      to come. One area is the study of the association between social factors and
      adverse outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth. Studies based on record linkages of
      health registry and census data have recently revealed associations of a kind and
      magnitude which till now obviously have been disregarded in the Nordic countries.
      Two other areas of research are longitudinal studies where perinatal exposure is
      linked with health effects later in life or in later generations. Such studies
      will be feasible with increasing years of observation of the individuals included
      in the medical birth registries and the possibilities of generation studies will
      open up as our registries age.

PMID- 1796246
TI  - The accordance of diagnoses in a computerized sick-leave register with doctor's
      certificates and medical records.
AB  - A register has been built for planned epidemiological studies of sick-leave,
      containing all cases exceeding 6 days in a population of 184,000, over a period
      of 3 years. The diagnoses were coded from medical certificates. To assess the
      quality of this information this study reviews the medical certificates of 2,364
      cases. In 299 cases the corresponding medical records are reviewed and
      independent diagnoses made. The coding and entering of data into the register is
      correct in 98% of cases. The independently-made diagnoses match exactly the ones
      registered in 50% of cases. When grouping the diagnoses into 39 groups, the match
      on group level is 72%. Ten percentage points of the mismatch are caused by
      specified overlaps between groups. The remaining 18% mismatch is caused mainly by
      different interpretations or unspecific labelling of the disease states, not so
      much by them being obscure in themselves or by doctor covering up unpleasant
      diagnoses.

PMID- 1796247
TI  - Are geographical differences in cardiovascular mortality due to morbidity
      differences or to methodological differences? The project "myocardial infarction
      in Mid-Sweden".
AB  - Geographical variations in cardiovascular mortality have been reported from Mid
      Sweden. IHD mortality for men aged 45-64 was 60% higher in the western part than
      in the east. Mortality from stroke for men aged 45-74 was 73% higher on the west.
      Similar differences were found for women. One possible explanation could be that
      there are no incidence differences but that the mortality differences are due to
      different survival rates or to differences certifying the cause of death. These
      two possible explanations were tested in this study. Data for all patients
      hospitalised during the 10-year period 1972-1981 for myocardial infarction or
      stroke in a high mortality area, the County of Varmland in the west, and a low
      mortality area, the County of Uppsala in the east, were collected. In addition, a
      substudy was performed where the basis for the death certificate diagnosis was
      studied. The western area generally had a higher case fatality rate than the
      eastern. However, a larger proportion of the deaths the eastern area, occurred
      outside hospital, so that the net effect would be that the differences found were
      not large enough to explain the mortality differences. The autopsy rate in the
      western part was lower than in the east but since a larger proportion of the
      deaths occurred in hospital the rank order for IHD and stroke mortality between
      east and west was the same whether all IHD or stroke deaths were counted or only
      those considered the most well documented.

PMID- 1796248
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and occupation in Denmark.
AB  - An analysis was made of the occurrence in Denmark of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among
      men and women by socioeconomic group and detailed occupation, using a linkage
      between cancer registry data on incidence (1970-1980) and census data on industry
      and occupation (1970). No socioeconomic gradient in the risk for non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma was found. Significantly increased relative risks were found in a number
      of detailed occupational groups including female physicians, female family
      workers in retail trade and transport; and male fitters, and gold, silver, and
      electroplate workers in metal industry. Also male cowmen experienced a
      significantly increased risk, whereas the risk was not increased for farming in
      general. Tabulations of clusters of detailed occupational groups suggested that
      groups with potential exposure to infections and chemical agents may experience
      an increased risk for NHL.

PMID- 1796249
TI  - Cancer incidence among Icelandic farmers 1977-1987.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to describe the cancer pattern in a cohort
      of farmers in Iceland and to compare their cancer incidence to that of other
      Icelandic males. This is a retrospective cohort study. The study population was
      obtained from a register at the Farmers' Pension Fund and comprised 5922 men.
      Viewed as a whole the cohort shows a significant lower incidence for all tumours
      than expected. The same is true of SIR for cancer of colon, lung, prostate,
      bladder and other urinary organs with SIR of 47, 41, 71 and 51, respectively.
      However, some etiologic factors may contribute to the increased risk of some
      cancer sites among farmers. There was an excess for Hodgkin's disease SIR 251,
      and for cancer of lips, skin (excl. melanomas), nervous system, non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and leukemia with SIR of 183, 150, 128, 142 and 151, respectively,
      however not statistically significant. The authors suggest that something in
      farmers lifestyle protects them from various kinds of cancer.

PMID- 1796250
TI  - Occupational cervico-brachial disorders among dentists. Psychosocial work
      environment, personal harmony and life-satisfaction.
AB  - The aim of the investigation was to compare dentists with and without
      occupational cervico-brachial disorders with regard to some psychosocial
      variables (work environment, personal harmony and life-satisfaction) and
      professional position. The investigation is based on a questionnaire sent to 143
      randomly selected official dentists in Malmohus District and the Municipality of
      Malmo. Of these, 96 dentists had symptoms while 47 had not. Dentists with
      symptoms showed less satisfaction with their work environment than dentists
      without. Those with symptoms experienced their work load as being more
      unsatisfactory, were more burdened by anxiety, had poorer psychosomatic health
      and less confidence in the future than dentists without symptoms. These
      differences were significant between the groups. It was found that specialists,
      both with and without cervico-brachial symptoms, were more satisfied with their
      psychosocial work environment than general practitioners, especially regarding
      their personal control over their work and the stimulation of their work. The
      specialists also had more self-confidence and experienced less anxiety than
      general practitioners and head dentists.

PMID- 1796251
TI  - Premature deaths among men in a Swedish municipality--social characteristics
      prior to death.
AB  - Premature deaths among 91 men in a Swedish municipality were analyzed regarding
      social class, immigrant status and their contacts with the Social Services
      because of alcohol abuse. Unskilled manual workers were overrepresented (54%
      versus 28% in an age-adjusted male reference group) and self-employed (other than
      professionals) were underrepresented (4% versus 15%). The job situation was,
      however, rather stable and low unemployment (1%) was at hand. The proportion of
      men born in Finland was high (20%). All men in this group belonged to the lowest
      social class. Single men (unmarried or divorced) were overrepresented compared to
      the Swedish group (72% versus 40%). Cardio-vascular disease was a common cause of
      death among the Finnish men (56% versus 36%). Combining medical and social data
      revealed alcohol abuse among 40% of the 91 men (50% among the Finnish and 37%
      among the Swedish men). The most complete information was given by the primary
      health care records where 89% with alcohol abuse were identified, which is a high
      proportion compared to other studies. Only 28% were considered to have alcohol
      abuse according to the Social Services.

PMID- 1796252
TI  - Reproduction and level of intelligence.
AB  - The study was conducted in a representative Swedish rural-urban population sample
      of 3,064 persons. The IQ factor was determined directly by a single well
      established procedure. No systematic association between IQ level and the mean
      number of children was found.

PMID- 1796253
TI  - The need of leadership for motivation of participants in a community intervention
      programme.
AB  - It is important to know if a community intervention programme actually exists.
      The level of programme development depends on the extent of participation. The
      community participation can not be assessed by only using quantitative methods,
      there is also a need even for qualitative evaluation in order to identity details
      about the participation process. The purpose of this paper is to describe
      analysis using data coming from interviews and diaries, demonstrating both how
      people participate in a community intervention programme aimed at preventing
      accidents and why. What is the significance of the leadership in maintaining a
      programme in the long run? The findings show that the leader or leaders are the
      most important factors in maintaining a community intervention programme. The
      study demonstrates the necessity of a leader supporting and stimulating
      participation. There are also some personal reasons why people participate. The
      involvement is very much correlated with the personality of the programme
      adopters. As long as an individual can perceive personal gains from participating
      in the programme, it is of interest to her/him.

PMID- 1796254
TI  - A survey on the use of alternative drugs during pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of alternative drugs during pregnancy. DESIGN: A
      trial including 3 surveys on drug use during pregnancy in maternity centers in
      one area of Finland in 1985-86 (study 1), and a retrospective survey in 2
      maternity hospitals in Finland in 1988 (study 2). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study 1:
      2912 pregnant women (about 94% of pregnant women in the area during the study
      period); 97-88% returned questionnaires. Study 2: 180 out of 181 consecutive
      women giving birth. In study 1, drug use (including drug-like products) in the
      last two weeks was asked by questionnaires around 12th, 28th, and 36th gestation
      weeks. In study 2, women were interviewed 2-3 days after birth asking about any
      drugs used during pregnancy. Due to the method of asking, our studies
      underestimate the level of using alternative drugs. RESULTS: In study 1, a total
      of 97 (3.6%) pregnant women reported use of alternative drugs. Most drugs were
      dietary supplements, and by current knowledge harmless. But a few women had used
      (potentially) dangerous drugs. The users were from the higher social class and
      they had also used pharmaceutical specialties more often than non-users. In study
      2, 14% had used alternative drugs at some time during pregnancy. CONCLUSION:
      Because our surveys showed that alternative drugs are used, possibly with
      increasing frequency, during pregnancy, further studies on safety are needed.

PMID- 1796255
TI  - University Medical School in Tromso, Norway.
AB  - When the University of Tromso in northern Norway was founded in 1968, the region
      suffered from at serious lack of physicians and the health system was not
      efficient. It was believed that the establishment of a medical school would
      improve this situation. Half of the places would be reserved for students from
      northern Norway, and the curriculum would be designed particularly to adapt to
      the needs of society. The curriculum today aims at obtaining early involvement
      with patients by using the integrated model for teaching, which means no
      separation between preclinical and clinical periods and close patient contact
      throughout the whole curriculum. There is full integration between basic sciences
      and clinical medicine according to the organ-system model. Emphasis is put on
      teaching the students a scientific approach involving elective studies and a
      thesis based on independent study. The expectations of the planners of the
      medical school have, in the main, been fulfilled. Of the physicians now
      practising in northern Norway, the proportion who received their education in
      Tromso exceeds that of those educated at the other Norwegian medical schools. In
      addition, there are no serious vacancies in the primary health care service in
      the region.

PMID- 1796256
TI  - [Occurrence of type A and B cholecystokinin receptors in the central nervous
      system].

PMID- 1796257
TI  - [Molecular bases of color vision].

PMID- 1796258
TI  - [Present state of the study of transforming growth factor beta].

PMID- 1796259
TI  - [Neural regeneration and transplantation in mammalian central nervous system].

PMID- 1796260
TI  - [Physiological significance of erythrocyte deformability and its influential
      factors].

PMID- 1796261
TI  - [Effects of panaxatriol ginenoside on interleukin-induced translation of mRNA].

PMID- 1796262
TI  - [Neuroendocrine-immune interaction in aging].

PMID- 1796263
TI  - [Platelet activating factor and cerebral ischemia].

PMID- 1796264
TI  - [Nociceptive modulation by dopamine in the spinal cord].

PMID- 1796265
TI  - [Experimental spinal cord injuries treated by calcium channel blockers].

PMID- 1796266
TI  - [Mechanism and relevant factors of delayed after depolarization in heart muscle].

PMID- 1796267
TI  - [Physiopathologic significance of the glycosylation of low density lipoprotein].

PMID- 1796268
TI  - [Proto-oncogene and pain modulation].

PMID- 1796269
TI  - [Induction and visualization of c-fos oncogene--a new method reflecting the
      functional neural pathways].

PMID- 1796270
TI  - [Advances in the research on gene therapy].

PMID- 1796271
TI  - [Use of transgenic animals in cardiovascular research].

PMID- 1796272
TI  - [Colony stimulating factors and their receptor on structures and functions].

PMID- 1796273
TI  - [Review of study of song learning in birds].

PMID- 1796274
TI  - [Patterns of small intestinal contractions].

PMID- 1796275
TI  - [Radiation protection of recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha and its
      mechanism].

PMID- 1796276
TI  - [Antioxidation mechanism of schizandrin and tanshinonatic acid A and their
      effects on the protection of cardiotoxic action of adriamycin].

PMID- 1796277
TI  - [The pathophysiological role of the platelet activating factor].

PMID- 1796278
TI  - [Renorenal reflexes and hypertension].

PMID- 1796279
TI  - [Eicosanoids and ductus arteriosus].

PMID- 1796280
TI  - [Effects of endotoxins on pathogenesis of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 1796281
TI  - [Effect of repetitive brief ischemia on myocardium].

PMID- 1796282
TI  - [Effect of bile acids on the erythrocyte membranes].

PMID- 1796283
TI  - [Biosynthesis and function of heat shock protein].

PMID- 1796284
TI  - [Sources of error in sonographic diagnosis of the rotator cuff].
AB  - Sonography of the shoulder joint has developed into an established examination
      technique in the diagnosis of periarticular lesions of the shoulder. Sonographic
      diagnosis of the rotator cuff in particular contains a multitude of possible
      errors, which are gone into by this study by means of 149 clinically,
      radiologically and sonographically examined shoulder patients with an average age
      of 50.5 years. Besides errors made by wrong examination technique such of the
      transducer as incorrect adjustment of the equipment, insufficient contact of the
      transducer with the skin and unsuitable choice of the examination plane, there
      are sources of errors in the interpretation of the sonogram caused by lack of
      knowledge about physically caused artifacts and sonoanatomical qualities of the
      shoulder joint. Calcification inside the rotator cuff and the so-called
      "sonographic inhomogeneity of the rotator cuff" are numbered among the sources of
      error particular to the shoulder joint. Most errors in sonographic diagnosis of
      the rotator cuff can be avoided by careful examination of both shoulder joints
      with an exactly tuned ultrasound device, taking into account the sonoanatomical
      and ultrasonic qualities. Radiological examination of the affected shoulder joint
      cannot be replaced by ultrasound.

PMID- 1796285
TI  - [Sonographic imaging of lung emboli. Results of a prospective study].
AB  - From 8/90 to 9/91 the lungs of 100 consecutive patients (35 male, 65 female) were
      examined sonographically. INDICATIONS: 1. tentative diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism by clinical signs (n = 47) 2. only chest pain in breathing (n = 32), 3.
      deep vein thrombosis without signs of pulmonary embolism (n = 21). In 67 cases
      perfusion lung scans ware available. The typical sonographic sign is a wedge
      shaped echo-poor lesion with or without a local effusion. In the first group,
      both methods coincided positively in 28 cases, whereas only the scan detected
      pulmonary embolism in 6 cases. In the second group, 8 cases were found by
      ultrasound, only 3 by scan. 6 patients from the third group showed pulmonary
      embolism sonographically. Multiple pulmonary embolism can be shown by both
      methods in a comparable percentage. False negative findings by ultrasound are to
      be expected in perfusion lesions of nearly one lobe of the lung or more, whereas
      contrariwise small signal embolism causes more often negative scans. Ultrasound
      is a additional, easily available and even alternative method of detecting
      pulmonary embolism, especially in case of doubt or if lung scan is not feasible.

PMID- 1796286
TI  - [Bacterial ileocecitis: a "new" disease].
AB  - In cases of clinical suspicion of an acute appendicitis sonography uncovers
      another disease as the real cause of the symptoms in about one-quarter of such
      cases. Bacterial ileocaecitis is most frequently diagnosed (11.6% of N = 786). In
      special bacteriological stool cultures, Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter
      jejuni were identified, whereas Salmonella enteritidis was a rarer finding. The
      typical sonographic manifestation of bacterial ileocaecitis compared against
      Crohn's disease of the ileocaecal region is described. These two diseases can be
      differentiated against each other by means of sonography; likewise, it is also
      possible to distinguish them from appendicitis. Since stool cultures--which are
      not always prepared if diarrhoea is only mild or completely absent--are received
      relatively late in acute cases, knowledge of the sonographic manifestation of
      bacterial ileo caecitis can help save many an unnecessary laparotomy.

PMID- 1796287
TI  - [Duplex ultrasound measurement of blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery].
AB  - After a successful check of a duplex sonographic instrument in a water-bath, the
      following parameters were measured under standardised conditions in 30 fasting
      patients: blood flow rate in the mesenterica superior artery, maximal systolic,
      end-diastolic and average velocity as well as the vessel diameter. From these
      data the average blood flow rate was calculated. Maximal systolic velocity is on
      the average 134 +/- 22.8 cm/s, end diastolic 20.8 +/- 4.4 cm/s, average vascular
      diameter 7.6 +/- 0.7 mm, median blood flow 639 +/- 153 ml/min. Day-to-day
      variance is for the maximum systolic velocity at 11%, for end diastolic velocity
      at 9.7% and for the average vascular diameter at 2.2%. Postprandially the average
      flow velocity increases from 23.4 +/- 5.6 to 46 +/- 7.4 cm/s. The average
      vascular diameter increases from 7.6 +/- 0.7 to 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm. The median blood
      flow increases one hour after a non-standardised lunch by 126%. To show that
      Duplex sonography also covers pharmacodynamic blood flow changes, the maximum
      systolic, maximum diastolic and average velocity was measured before and 1 hour
      after ingestion of 20 mg nifedipine in 5 subjects. The measured parameters showed
      a significant increase.

PMID- 1796288
TI  - [Sonography of congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract].
AB  - In 12 children aged from 1 day to 15 years with various kinds of congenital
      gastrointestinal anomaly (atresia/stenosis in the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum;
      duplication cyst in the duodenum/Bauhin's valve; ectopic pancreas antropyloric)
      the almost invariably present disturbance of passage was sonographically
      documented and located and, in the cases with concomitant processes of the bowel
      wall, the causative lesion demonstrated. In 3 neonates, the diagnosis including
      complications (meconium peritonitis with calcifications secondary to small bowel
      perforation) had already been accurately made prenatally. Despite the always
      unequivocal ultrasound findings, additional x-ray examinations (only plain in 5,
      only with contrast medium in 1, plain and with contrast medium in 6 cases) were
      performed in all patients to confirm the diagnosis and reassure the operator.
      Comparison of the sonographic with the radiological and, later, with the surgical
      results showed that, in all cases, ultrasound had already provided the
      information essential to the surgical intervention. The results indicate that, in
      future, a substantial reduction of additive x-ray examinations is possible in
      such diseases and that their early intrauterine sonographic documentation should
      be attempted much more frequently.

PMID- 1796289
TI  - [Fasting volume and contractility of the gallbladder after total and subtotal
      gastrectomy with Y-Roux anastomosis. A prospective study].
AB  - Gallbladder volume and contraction after a fatty meal was determined in 14
      patients with gastric cancer before and 3-4 months after gastrectomy (7 total and
      7 subtotal gastrectomies) with Roux-en-Y anastomosis. All patients had an
      increased gallbladder resting volume (p less than 0.001) and 10 of 14 patients (6
      after total gastrectomy and 4 after subtotal gastrectomy) had an increased
      minimal residual volume after fatty meal stimulation (p less than 0.01) in the
      postoperative state, when compared to the preoperative values. It can be
      concluded that gastrectomy is followed by an impairment of gallbladder tone and
      contraction, both possibly increasing the risk of gallstone formation.

PMID- 1796290
TI  - [Sonographic detection of splenic injuries after blunt abdominal trauma].
AB  - During one year 150 patients with blunt abdominal trauma were scanned by
      ultrasound on the day of admittance. In 18 patients a splenic lesion was
      diagnosed by ultrasound. These lesions consisted of 12 splenic ruptures and of 6
      splenic haematomas. The diagnosis was confirmed in 9 cases by laparotomy, in 7
      cases by computed tomography and in 2 cases by sonographic follow-up. In all
      patients ultrasound was used in the follow-up assessment. Emergency sonography
      was not only a reliable diagnostic tool, but was also appropriate as an easy
      follow-up imaging.

PMID- 1796291
TI  - [Acute abdomen in hemorrhage into a twisted pedicled ectopic second spleen in the
      right mesogastrum].
AB  - A woman patient of 25 years of age was admitted with a tumour in the right
      meogastrium that was painful on pressure, the clinical pattern being that of an
      acute abdomen. At exploratory laparotomy we were surprised to find haemorrhagic
      infarction of a second spleen by volvulus of the vascular peduncle. Preoperative
      imaging had not yielded any pointer despite documentation of multiple positional
      anomalies of visceral organs, since the polysplenic status was exceptionally
      located at the right side. If abdominal findings on the right side cannot be
      interpreted quite clearly, differential diagnosis should always consider the
      possibility of unusual embryonal lateral positioning of organs.

PMID- 1796292
TI  - [A standardized technique for ultrasound controlled placement of a central venous
      catheter].
AB  - To reduce the rate of complications and failures in central venous
      catheterisation a technique for ultrasonically controlled puncture of the
      internal jugular vein was standardised. The puncture procedure, including the
      application of local anaesthesia, is continuously observed and guided by real
      time ultrasound. Imaging, control and practising of the puncture are described
      and discussed.

PMID- 1796293
TI  - Fibrinolysis: past and present, a reflection of fifty years.

PMID- 1796294
TI  - Plasminogen activators in epithelial biology.

PMID- 1796295
TI  - Epidermal growth factor and 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate induction of
      urokinase in A431 cells.
AB  - The signal transduction pathways of urokinase (u-PA) in A431 cells, a human
      epidermoid carcinoma cell line, were studied using the inducers EGF and TPA.
      Based on the following observations, we conclude that the two pathways are
      different: (1) The effects are additive; (2) EGF induction of u-PA was not
      compromised either by down-regulation of PKC or selective inhibition of the same
      by H7; (3) 8-Br-cAMP has no effect by itself; however, it inhibits the EGF effect
      and doubles the TPA induction of u-PA; (4) after EGF-induced tyrosine
      phosphorylations are completed, addition of TPA can still induce u-PA, an effect
      that can be blocked by the addition of the tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitor,
      genistein, indicating that the two agents induce different tyrosine
      phosphorylation; (5) in 2-dimensional electrophoresis of 32P-labeled cell
      lysates, inducer-specific differences in the intensity of spots can be observed.
      Some of the spots weakened by genistein (tyrosine phosphorylations) are
      different, depending on the inducer used.

PMID- 1796296
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator and
      inhibitor type 1 production in A549 lung carcinoma cells: treatment of monolayer
      and tridimensional cultures.

PMID- 1796297
TI  - Regulation of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor
      expression by cells of neural origin.

PMID- 1796298
TI  - Plasminogen activator inhibitor in stomach and colorectal carcinomas.
AB  - The content of PAI was measured in carcinoma tissues from the stomach and
      colorectum divided macroscopically into three portions: the central part of the
      carcinoma, the marginal part of the carcinoma containing some normal mucosa, and
      the normal mucosa. The PAI-1 antigen was highest in the central part of the
      carcinoma. On the other hand, no PAI-1 antigen or activity was observed in the
      normal mucosa. The PAI-1 in the carcinoma tissues showed a nonlytic zone with a
      molecular weight of 54 kd by reverse fibrin autography, and this 54 kd band
      reacted with anti-PAI-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) on an immunoblotted nitrocellulose
      membrane. The contents of PAI-2 in the carcinoma tissues were not significantly
      different from those in the normal mucosa of the stomach and colorectum,
      respectively. In both the stomach and colorectal carcinomas, the highest value of
      u-PA/total PA (sum of u-PA and t-PA) was observed in the central part of the
      carcinoma, followed by the marginal part of the carcinoma, and was lowest in the
      normal mucosa. We conclude that increased levels of PAI-1 in malignant tissue of
      the stomach and colorectal tract may serve to modulate extracellular proteolysis
      by u-PA.

PMID- 1796299
TI  - Hormone regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator gene expression and
      plasminogen activator-mediated proteolysis.

PMID- 1796300
TI  - Clinical relevance of the urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activators
      and of their type 1 inhibitor in breast cancer.

PMID- 1796301
TI  - Mechanical determinants of osteoarthrosis.
AB  - The joint is an organ and functions as a mechanical bearing created of biological
      materials. In the joint, as in all connective tissues, there is a relationship
      between mechanical factors and tissue behavior. Therefore, it is not surprising
      that joint health and osteoarthrosis are reflections of both mechanical and
      biological factors. Osteoarthrosis is not a disease, but organ failure caused
      initially by mechanical factors. The biological changes follow. There is no
      habitual pathophysiological cascade. Osteoarthrosis is best thought of not as a
      common final pathway, but as a common end stage. The hypotheses that in
      osteoarthrosis substructural disorganization of the matrix proceeds chondrocytic
      enzyme production, that impulsive loading is an essential factor in the
      progressive cartilage destruction, and that tidemark advancement and horizontal
      cartilage splitting are the primary mechanisms in progressive cartilage loss are
      discussed.

PMID- 1796302
TI  - The collagens of articular cartilage.
AB  - Articular cartilage contains at least five genetically distinct types of
      collagen. Types II, IX, and XI are cartilage-specific and are cross-linked
      together in a copolymeric network that forms the extracellular framework of the
      tissue. Fibrils of type II collagen provide the basic architecture. Type XI, a
      quantitatively minor fibril-forming collagen, is probably copolymerized with type
      II collagen in the matrix. Type IX collagen accounts for approximately 1% of the
      collagenous protein in adult articular cartilage and its molecules exist in the
      tissue covalently linked to the surface of type II collagen fibrils. Its
      suspected functions include regulating fibril diameters and mediating fibril
      fibril and fibril-proteoglycan interactions. Stromelysin, a matrix
      metalloproteinase, was recently shown to degrade type IX collagen. This action
      may cause the collagen network swelling seen in articular cartilage in early
      experimental osteoarthritis, (OA). Collagen type X is restricted to the
      underlying calcified zone of articular cartilage, a zone that exhibits active
      remodeling in joints with OA. Degradation products of the various cartilage
      collagens show promise as molecular markers of joint disease.

PMID- 1796303
TI  - Transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog: a model of
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - Study of the early stages of osteoarthritis (OA) in humans presents numerous
      difficulties, since the patient commonly does not seek medical attention until
      pathologic changes are far advanced and articular cartilage has already been
      extensively lost. Investigators have, therefore, used animal models to obtain
      information about the early changes in articular cartilage, bone, and synovium.
      Among the most widely studied of these models is the cruciate-deficient dog. This
      report validates the cruciate-deficient dog as a model of progressive OA and
      emphasizes that, before full-thickness loss of articular cartilage, OA is marked
      by a phase of cartilage hypertrophy associated with a striking increase in
      synthesis of matrix macromolecules by the chondrocyte (compensatory repair). It
      reviews evidence that some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and
      deafferentation of the unstable limb may accelerate cartilage loss in OA, and
      examines the relationship of synovitis and of changes in subchondral bone to the
      changes in articular cartilage.

PMID- 1796304
TI  - A rational program of exercise for patients with osteoarthritis.
AB  - This report provides a history of exercise therapy, gives background for and
      defines relevant terms, and describes common gross manifestations of
      osteoarthritis (OA). Bias and dogmatism concerning arthritis treatment are
      examined. Treatment using exercise and physical medicine modalities with
      reference to recent pertinent literature is reviewed. Human and animal studies
      demonstrating the efficacy of conditioning and strengthening in the treatment of
      OA are analyzed critically, and methods to enhance compliance and directions of
      future exercise research are discussed.

PMID- 1796305
TI  - [Protective effect of hepatic stimulator substance against experimental acute
      liver failure in mice].
AB  - A hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) was extracted from the liver of male
      weanling SD rats according to the method of LaBrecque. The mice were injected
      with carbon tetrachloride or D-galactosamine to induce hepatic injuries and the
      protective effect of HSS on thus induced hepatic damage was investigated. The
      results were as follows: (1) HSS could suppresses the elevation of sGPT and sGOT
      induced by carbon tetrachloride intoxication in a dose-dependent manner. (2)
      Hepatic histological findings indicated that the degree of CCl4 or D
      galactosamine-induced hepatic lesions could be lessened by HSS. (3) CCl4-induced
      reduction of hepatic mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity could be
      restored by HSS. (4) Insulin-glucagon enhanced the survival of D-galactosamine
      intoxicated mice and stimulated hepatocyte proliferation, thus showing less
      pronounced hepatic damage.

PMID- 1796306
TI  - [Preventive effect of bombesin on alloxan-induced diabetes in rat].
AB  - The effect of bombesin against injury on rat islet B cells was studied in three
      kinds of experiments: (1). In vivo experiment, it was found that preinjection of
      bombesin (50 micrograms/kg, sublingual v.) could effectively prevent an increase
      of plasma glucose and decrease of plasma insulin in diabetic rat induced by
      alloxan (200 mg/kg, s.c.) (2). In vitro experiment, isolated pancreas perfusion
      showed that alloxan-induced (14 mmol/L) perfusion fluid inhibition of insulin
      secretion could be reversed by pretreatment of bombesin (10(-3) mmol/L). (3).
      Investigation on isolated and incubated islets demonstrated that alloxan induced
      decrease of insulin and somatostatin secretion and increase of glucagon secretion
      could be prevented by bombesin. The above-mentioned results suggest that bombesin
      may play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose in diabetic rat
      and have a potent preventive effect against the development of diabetes.

PMID- 1796307
TI  - [Effects of left atrial stretch and carotid occlusion on the single unit activity
      of anterior and posterior hypothalamus in cat].
AB  - The effects of left atrial stretch (AS) and carotid occlusion (CO) on the single
      unit activity of anterior and posterior hypothalamus (AH and PH) were
      investigated in 40 urethan-chloralose-anesthetized cats. A total of 185 units
      with spontaneous discharge were recorded. 46.3% (44/95) of the neurons in AH and
      23.3% (21/90) of those in PH were responsive to AS. Majority of the neurons
      affected by AS exhibited a decrease in firing rate. A few units only showed
      transient response during the onset and release of AS (on-off response). Out of
      the 185 units, 85 units were tested by both AS and CO, and 15 units (17.6%) were
      responsive to both interventions. Among them 11 (73.7%) were inhibited by AS and
      excited by CO. From the results mentioned above, it is suggested that: (1) AS may
      exert an inhibitory effect on the activity of neurons in AH. (2) The activity of
      neurons in PH may be also affected by AS. (3) The inputs from the atrial volume
      receptor and carotid baroreceptor converge on the same neuron of the
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 1796308
TI  - [Effect of leu-enkephalin in striatum on modulating cellular immune during
      electropuncture].
AB  - Zusanli points of rat were used to study the effect of acupuncture on the
      synthesis and release of endogenous leu-enkephalin (LEK) in modulating immune
      function as assayed by T lymphocyte proliferative response, i.e. the lymphocyte
      transformation test (LTT). The results are as follows: (1) LEK level in striatum
      was increased as LTT was enhanced by puncture. The latter effect could be
      inhibited by microinjection of naloxone into striatum. (2) Injection of LEK into
      striatum caused a significant enhancement of LTT, an effect being more powerful
      than did by electropuncture. (3) Following injection of LEK antiserum into
      striatum, electropuncture enhanced LTT was inhibited. The above results
      demonstrate that the LEK plays an important role in modulating cellular immune
      function during electropuncture, through its action in striatum either as a
      neurotransmitter or as a neuromodulator.

PMID- 1796309
TI  - [Role of brain cholinergic system on diuresis and natriuresis induced by volume
      expansion in rats].
AB  - The role of brain cholinergic system on diuresis and natriuresis induced by
      volume expansion was studied in conscious rats. In a series of experiments, the
      diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic responses induced by volume expansion were
      compared in three groups of conscious rats pretreated respectively with
      intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF),
      atropine and hexamethonium. The natriuretic, kaliuretic and diuretic responses
      induced by volume expansion were much less in the animals with icv injection of
      atropine than in the control group with injection of ACSF (P less than 0.01).
      While the group pretreated with icv injection of hexamethonium showed no
      significant decrease in these responses of volume expansion than that of the
      control (P greater than 0.05). Volume expansion produced no change in insulin and
      PAH clearance in both the atropine and the ACSF group. Thus the atropine
      suppressed diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis are independent of changes in GFR
      and RPF. It is inferred from the results of the present investigation that volume
      expansion induced diuresis and natriuresis appear to be due to inhibition of
      water and sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules and regulated by certain brain
      cholinergic system.

PMID- 1796310
TI  - [Changes of ovarian plasminogen activator and inhibitor during gonadotropin
      induced ovulation in rhesus monkeys].
AB  - Changes of plasminogen activator (PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) activity and
      antigen have been investigated during PMSG/hCG induced ovulation in rhesus
      monkeys. It has been demonstrated that the ovarian tissue type PA (tPA) activity,
      which reaches maximum prior to ovulation and declines thereafter, is closely
      related to follicular rupture; significant increases in urokinase type PA (uPA)
      only occurs in granulosa cells after ovulation. Since the secretory activity of
      ovarian PAI-1 reaches its peak level 12-24 h earlier than tPA the rapid decrease
      in PAI-1 activity in the approach of ovulation is correlated with the elevation
      of tPA activity. It is, therefore, suggested that a counterbalance of tPA and PAI
      1 activity within the ovary may play an important role in the ovulation
      mechanism, whereas uPA may be involved in the regulation of corpus luteum
      formation.

PMID- 1796311
TI  - [Spermine inhibition of in vitro fertilizing ability of human spermatozoa and its
      possible mode of action].
AB  - The direct effect of spermine at various concentrations (0.25-8.0 mmol/L) on in
      vitro fertilizing ability of human spermatozoa was evaluated by the penetration
      test of zona-free hamster egg. To study the effect of spermine on capacitation,
      as judged by the rate of penetration, spermatozoa were incubated in BWW with
      various concentrations of spermine for 6 h at 37 degrees C. The hyperactivated
      motility of spermatozoa was markedly inhibited by spermine at a concentration of
      4.0 mmol/L. The penetration rate was decreased proportionally to the dose of
      spermine used. Spermatozoa were incubated in BWW with 0.5 mmol/L spermine for 6 h
      and another 4 h after spermine was washed off with spermine-free BWW. The
      percentage of penetration was comparable to that of the control. Therefore,
      spermine-mediated inhibition of capacitation was reversible. Moreover, exogenous
      dbcAMP (0.5-1.0 mmol/L) or caffeine (10 mmol/L) could antagonize significantly
      the spermine-induced inhibition of capacitation with a correlation coefficient of
      0.990. The content of spermine in fertile men spermatozoa was assayed by HPLC.
      Before capacitation spermine in spermatozoa was 7.05 micrograms/10(7) cells,
      whereas after capacitation it was no longer detectable, indicating that spermine
      may be an inhibitor of in vitro capacitation in human sperm. To study the effect
      of spermine on capacitated sperm, spermine was added to the BWW medium after
      sperm had been preincubated in spermine-free BWW. The persistent presence of
      spermine could interfere with spermatozoa attachment to, binding to and
      penetration into zona-free hamster eggs, which was related to the concentration
      (r = 0.820) used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796312
TI  - [Involvement of locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus in the reduction of
      intragastric pressure induced by ACR stimulation].
AB  - The effect of electrical stimulation of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) on
      intragastric pressure (IGP) was observed on 80 Wistar rats anaesthetized with
      urethan. The main results are as follows: (1) Electrical stimulation of ARC could
      cause an obvious decrease of IGP. (2) The reduction of IGP induced by electrical
      stimulation of ARC was not affected by intracerebroventricular injection of
      naloxone. (3) After lesioning of locus coeruleus or dorsal raphe, the effect of
      ARC stimulation was depressed. The results suggest that the locus coeruleus and
      dorsal raphe nucleus may be involved in the reduction of IGP induced by ARC
      stimulation, but without the involvement of beta-endorphinergic neurons.

PMID- 1796313
TI  - [Effects on respiratory rhythmicity by lesion or focal block in ventromedial
      region of nucleus facialis].
AB  - Experiments were performed on 42 urethane-anesthetized rabbits of both sexes. The
      rabbits were either spontaneously breathing or gallamine paralyzed and
      artificially ventilated. Efferent phrenic nerve activity was recorded with
      bipolar silver electrodes. The experiment results were as follows: Unilateral
      mechanical lesion of focal block by microinjection of lidocaine (2%, 1
      microliter) in the ventromedial region of nucleus facialis (VMNF) consistently
      caused apneustic-type breathing associated with no significant changes in the
      rate of rise of inspiratory activity. The expiratory time (Te) was only slightly
      affected or not changed at all. Some increase in Te was present only when a very
      strong apneustic effect was evoked. Respiratory effects of focal block by
      lidocaine in the region of VMNF were not accompanied by changes in blood
      pressure. No significant changes in respiratory rhythm were observed when
      lidocaine is microinjected in the nearby regions of VMNF. The results suggest
      that VMNF appears to be involved in an inspiratory off-switch mechanism.

PMID- 1796314
TI  - [Regulatory effect of insulin on glucocorticoid receptor in human peripheral
      leukocytes].
AB  - The regulatory effect of insulin on the specific binding power of glucocorticoid
      receptor (GR) of human leukocytes was assessed by the unoccupied receptor sites
      capable of combining with [3H] labelled dexamethasone measured at 3 and 24 h
      after incubation with various concentrations of insulin added to the medium.
      After 3 h incubation the specific binding power with [3H] Dex was decreased by
      23.3 +/- 10.0, 32.2 +/- 13.2 and 54.3 +/- 9.2% (P greater than 0.05, P greater
      than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 as compared with the control value of 100 in the
      absence of insulin) respectively in the presence of 20 mU/L (physiological
      testing concentration), 200 mU/L (physiological upper limit) and 2,000 mU/L
      (pharmacological concentration) insulin in the incubation medium. After 24 h
      incubation the decrease of these values increased respectively to 43.5 +/- 19.0,
      56.1 +/- 20.7 and 80.2 +/- 15.5 (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less
      than 0.01 compared with control). Thus the inhibitory effect of insulin on the GR
      binding power is both dose- and time-dependent, which strongly suggests that GR
      is tonically controlled by insulin concentration change under physiological
      conditions.

PMID- 1796315
TI  - [An experimental study of inhibition on lactation in fluorosis rats].
AB  - The effect of fluorosis on lactation, lactotroph function and ultrastructure were
      studied in lactating rats. The results were as follows: 1) Inhibition of
      lactation in lactating rats with chronic fluorosis was assessed by stunting
      growth of pups and decrease in the amount of milk suckled by pups in 30 min.
      Metoclopramide, a blocker of dopamine receptor, could improve lactation in these
      rats. 2) During chronic fluorosis serum PRL level was decreased, however, PRL
      content in pituitary was increased. Electronmicroscopic examination showed
      accumulation of large mature secretory granules and appearance of extremely large
      abnormal secretory granules in lactotroph cytoplasma. These findings indicate
      that hormone release of pituitary lactotrophs is obstructed in lactating rats
      with fluorosis, and the toxic effect of fluoride is mediated by an enhanced
      function of dopaminergic system in hypothalamus.

PMID- 1796316
TI  - [Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus induced depressive effect on cerebellar
      Purkinje cell responses to mossy and climbing fiber afferent inputs in rat].
AB  - In anaesthetized and paralyzed rats, the effect of dorsal raphe (DR) conditioning
      stimulation on cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) responses to mossy fiber and
      climbing fiber inputs were examined. The main results are as follows: (1)
      Stimulation of cerebral sensorimotor cortex elicits widespread activation of
      mossy and climbing fiber inputs to PCs in contralateral VI and VII lobules of the
      cerebellum and generates two kinds of evoked responses, i.e. the simple spike
      (SS) and the complex spike (CS) responses with respectively a latency 8-25 and 12
      30 ms. (2) These PC responses could be markedly suppressed by stimulation of DR
      at intensities which by themselves were subthreshold for directly affecting PC's
      spontaneous SS and CS activities. (3) This DR-induced depressive effects on
      evoked PC's SS and CS excitations could be attenuated or blocked by systemic
      administration of 5-HT receptor blocker methysergide. These results demonstrate
      that serotonergic fiber input from DR can suppress the efficacy of mossy and
      climbing fiber synaptic action on PC, or decrease the responsiveness of PC itself
      to afferent synaptic action. The findings of this study also suggest that the
      raphe-cerebellar serotonergic fiber afferent system may be involved in some of
      the important neuronal processing in the cerebellum.

PMID- 1796317
TI  - [A study of the mechanism of production of night myopia at low luminance
      environment].
AB  - The mechanism of production of night myopia was investigated in detail by using a
      laser-speckle refractometer. Night myopia begins to appear at the luminance level
      with the emergence of rod (scotopic) vision and increases to a maximum average of
      1.35 D with further decrease of environmental luminance for the completion of rod
      vision. It is demonstrated experimentally that both spherical and chromatic
      aberrations of the eye do not play an important role in the production of night
      myopia. It is therefore concluded that night myopia is posed on the dark focus of
      accommodation of the resting state focus of the eye in the absence of adequate
      stimulus during scotopic vision.

PMID- 1796318
TI  - [Cardiovascular reactions mediated by 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in the spinal
      cord of conscious rats].
AB  - Intrathecal administration (ith) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25
      and 12.5 micrograms/10 microliters) to conscious rats produced a marked dose
      dependent hypertensive effect without significant change in heart rate (HR). Ith
      administration of fluoxetine (10 micrograms/microliters), one of the presynaptic
      reuptake inhibitors of 5-HT, produced a marked increase in the mean arterial
      blood pressure (mABP). This effect could be prevented by a pretreatment with
      cinanserin (25 micrograms ith) as a blocker of 5-HT receptor. It was further
      observed that ith of 8-OH-DAPT (2.5, 5, 10 micrograms/10 microliters), a 5-HT1A
      receptor agonist, produced a dose-dependent increase of mABP and lowering of HR.
      However, ith of 5-HT3 receptor agonist 2-Methylserotonin (25, 50, 100
      micrograms/10 microliters), decreased mABP markedly without change in HR. The
      results indicate that 5-HT in the spinal cord may extra hypertensive effect via 5
      HT1A receptor and a hypotensive effect via 5-HT3 receptor. This gives a possible
      explanation about the conflicting reports concerning the effect of 5-HT in the
      central nervous system on blood pressure.

PMID- 1796320
TI  - [Effect of bile salt in duodenum on gastric myoelectric activity and motility of
      mouse with a preliminary study of its neuromechanism].
AB  - Changes of gastric myoelectric fast wave, slow wave and gastric motility were
      studied after intraduodenal infusion of sodium taurocholate (ST) in an attempt to
      search the concerned neuromechanism. Frequency and total amplitude of the fast
      wave and slow wave of gastric myoelectric activity and of gastric contractile
      wave were recorded every five minutes before and after intraduodenal infusion of
      ST under the background action of various drugs. The frequency and amplitude were
      expressed in percentage change of the respective premedication value. After
      intraduodenal infusion of ST (n = 10) the frequency and the amplitude of fast
      wave and gastric contractile wave were suppressed. Blocking anesthesia of celiac
      plexus, reserpinization and intravenous infusion of carbachol could eliminate the
      inhibition induced by ST, which could be partly eliminated by intravenous
      infusion of propranolol but not affected by phentolamine at all. The results
      demonstrate that intraduodenal infusion of bile salt suppresses the fast wave of
      gastric myoelectric activity and gastric motility, most probably controlled by
      efferent sympathetic adrenergic fibres through beta-receptor.

PMID- 1796319
TI  - [Central neural mechanism underlying pressor response to excitation of locus
      coeruleus in rats].
AB  - Experiments were done on urethane anesthetized, tubocurarine immobilized and
      artificially ventilated rats and the following results were observed: (1)
      Injection of sodium L-glutamate (Glu) into locus coeruleus (LC) could evoke a
      pressor response, but heart rate was not significantly affected; while depressor
      and bradycardia effects were observed when injecting into closely adjacent areas.
      (2) The LC-pressor response decreased after a brain transection caudal to nucleus
      paraventricularis was made but remained unchanged if the transection was rostral
      to the nucleus; The LC-pressor response could also be attenuated by preinjection
      of phentolamine propranolol or atropine respectively into the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla (RVL). The above results suggest that LC-pressor response
      is not only mediated by RVL, but also by nucleus paraventricularis.

PMID- 1796321
TI  - [Effects of GABA and bicuculline on the properties of visual superior colliculus
      neurons in golden hamsters].
AB  - Visual response properties of single neurons in the superior colliculus of golden
      hamsters could be altered by iontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) and its antagonist, bicuculline (Bicu). GABA decreased the responses of
      the superficial cells to stationary flashing stimuli, while Bicu increased the
      responses and suppressed the inhibition exerted by the surround. The number of
      spikes evoked by a moving bar/spot decreased after applying GABA in 76.6% of the
      cells (n = 60) and increased in 90.0% (n = 60) of the cells after Bicu. Similar
      effects on the spontaneous activities were observed. In addition, 65.0% of the 60
      cells recorded have enlarged movement receptive fields after application of Bicu.
      GABA and Bicu have some effects on the orientation selectivity of the collicular
      cells too.

PMID- 1796322
TI  - [The relationship between changes in concentration of blood sugar and period of
      interdigestive myoelectric complex].
AB  - We studied the relationship between changes in blood sugar level and periods of
      interdigestive myoelectric complex (IDMEC) in dogs, and found that the blood
      sugar concentration varied in each phase of IDMEC cycles, being the highest in
      phase I and the lowest in phase III. After intravenous injection of phentolamine
      or propranolol, the cyclic fluctuation of blood sugar level was abolished but the
      duodenal IDMEC still persisted. After vagotomy, blood sugar concentration was
      higher than that in fasting dogs and still showed fluctuations in the IDMEC
      cycle.

PMID- 1796323
TI  - [Relationship between central beta-endorphins and serotonin systems in mechanism
      of hypoxic ventilatory regulation].
AB  - Experiments were performed on anesthetized bilaterally chemodenervated rabbits.
      After giving hypoxic gas mixture (10% O2 in N2) to animals to cause ventilatory
      inhibition, lateral ventricle applications of beta-endorphins (beta-EP)
      antagonist naloxone (Nlx) and agonist ohmefentanyl (OMF) respectively reduced and
      enhanced hypoxia-induced ventilatory inhibition. Meanwhile the level of central
      serotonin (5-HT) was obviously increased more than that before the drug
      administration. Injection of exogenous 5-HT into rabbit lateral ventricle induced
      central beta-EP content to decrease markedly while minute ventilation (VE) was
      returned to control at the same time. The results suggest that beta-EP system in
      CNS is the basic and direct element in the regulatory mechanism of hypoxic
      ventilatory inhibition, and central 5-HT system only acts as a neuromodulator in
      modulating the activity of beta-EP system to indirectly affect ventilatory
      response to hypoxia.

PMID- 1796324
TI  - [A system for intracellular pH recording in cultured cell with ion-selective
      microelectrode].
AB  - An IBM PC/XT compatible microcomputer based system for recording intracellular pH
      with ion-selective microelectrodes is described. The method for making ion
      selective microelectrodes, the designing ideas of the ion-selective
      microelectrode amplifier and method for improving the accuracy of measurement are
      addressed. The performance of the system meets the requirements of experiments.
      Accuracy of measurement, advantages and disadvantages of the system are
      discussed.

PMID- 1796325
TI  - [An unusual association of myasthenia gravis and Parkinsonism in a female patient
      with tuberculous lymphadenitis].
AB  - We report on a female patient who had a tumour below the mandibular, on the right
      side of the neck, aged 70 years. When she was 74 years old easy discomfort
      characterized by trembling of the hands while resting and moving to the target as
      well as a certain stiffness of the neck, appeared. Three years later, at the age
      of 77, she felt fatigue, ptosis, double vision, weakness of the jaws while
      chewing, speech and swallowing disturbances, and weakness of the legs, that led
      to disability. In such state of health the patient was admitted to hospital for
      medical examination. Hypomimia, rigor of the neck muscles, vesting tremor, and,
      above all, clearly marked signs of myasthenic weakness and fatigue of the
      extraocular, masseteric, mimic, and bulbar muscles and those of the limbs, but in
      a lesser degree, were found. With Tensilon test we registered a positive
      response, and by an electrophysiological examination we defined a myasthenic
      decrement under the repetitive stimulus. Biopsy of submandibular tumour and
      histologic analysis indicated tuberculous lymphadenitis. Most symptoms of the
      disease disappeared during the treatment with anticholinesterase drugs and
      amantadine.

PMID- 1796326
TI  - [Nonparasitic true cysts of the spleen].
AB  - Nonparasitic true cysts of the spleen are rare, but not so rare as it has been
      thought. Thanks to the new imaging techniques, first of all ultrasonography, they
      are discovered easily and quickly. Usually, there is only one cyst. Rarely, the
      patient may have the polycystic liver and the kidney, and the pancreatic disease.
      We present four patients with nonparasitic true cysts of the spleen. There were
      three women and one man, 37-years-average age (range from 31 to 45 years). Three
      patients had solitary splenic cysts. In one patient a large dominant cyst and
      many small cysts up to 0.5 cm in diameter were found. All patients suffered from
      left subcostal pain. The size of cysts varied from 6 to 8.5 cm in diameter
      (average size of 7 cm). All patients were treated surgically by splenectomy,
      without complications or mortality. Histological findings revealed lyphangiomatic
      cysts in three patients and epidermoid cyst in one subject. All patients are
      symptom-free so far.

PMID- 1796327
TI  - [An amniotome of our design].
AB  - The author describes amnitom of personal construction. Thanks to curving of
      amnitom in the direction of the passing line, amnitomy is always practicable.

PMID- 1796328
TI  - [Indications for surgical treatment of fractures of the pyramid of the temporal
      bone].
AB  - On the basis of data from literature and personal experience, the authors precise
      indications for surgery of the fractured temporal bone. They suggest that after
      appeasement of neurosurgical phase of the disease operation should only be
      carried out if peripheric paralysis of the facial nerve, conductive deafness and
      otoliquorrheoa, are evident. In addition to these indications they also suggest
      operation in patients with chronic otitis due to injury or if this process
      preceded the injury.

PMID- 1796329
TI  - [Iodine levels in salt for human consumption and aspects of iodine prophylaxis in
      Yugoslavia].
AB  - Iodine content of iodinated salt intended only for human consumption was eyamined
      in samples from all domestic manufacturers (salt mines in: Tuzla, Pag, Ulcinj,
      Ston, Nin, Seca-Portoroz). Sampling was made from commercially available packs (1
      kg) or from food industries (large packs). It was established that iodine content
      of examined samples (57) varied considerably and ranged from 1.8 to 12.2 mg
      iodine/kg salt. Iodinated salt from the Tuzla and Pag salt mines contained iodine
      within the prescribed limits in both small and large packs. Similar finding of
      iodine content was in the small packs of the Ulcinj salt mines, however, their
      large packs (10 kg) had a markedly low level of iodine (1.8-4.7 mg). Lower iodine
      content was also noted in salts (1 kg) from the Nin, Ston and Seca-Portoroz
      mines. Of the 57 examined samples in 70% iodine content was lower than the
      prescribed dose (7.6 mg). In addition, some mines had low iodine content in all
      of the 100% of their respective samples. Ever since iodine prophylaxis was
      introduced in Yugoslavia a number of factors influenced the decrease of iodine
      intake by the organism to a considerable degree. The results of our
      investigations and some epidemiological data indicate that the issue of
      increasing the amount of iodine from the present 7.6 to 15 mg iodine/kg salt
      should be reconsidered. Besides, it is necessary to arrange the systematic
      quality control of iodinated salt.

PMID- 1796330
TI  - [Meningitis in neonates].
AB  - The article deals with retrospective analysis of a seven-year autopsic material
      from the Institute of Pathologic Anatomy in Pristina. The aim of this analysis
      was to define the frequency, morphology and predisposing factors of neonatal
      meningitis. A good knowledge of morphology and predisposing factors in necessary
      in order to detect the disease in time, and thus decrease its frequency and
      death.

PMID- 1796331
TI  - [Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in Vojvodina].
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases in Vojvodina are characterised by high morbidity,
      mortality, apsenteism and invalidism. This epidemiological picture has been
      present for a very long time, showing the trend to constant increase. The follow
      up of absolute values of out-patients' morbidity from cardiovascular diseases in
      general, and especially from ischaemic heart disease, over the period from 1971
      to 1985, it was established that there was a certain regular development which
      could be identified by a logistic curve, i.e. the highest values dominated in the
      middle-of the period and the lower at the beginning and the end of the study.
      This presumption was also confirmed by regression analysis of morbidity
      oscillations in the period from 1961 and 1969 to 1985.

PMID- 1796332
TI  - [Hemodialysis in children and beta 2-microglobulin].
AB  - Retention of beta-2-microglobulin, due to loss of excretory renal function
      inevitably occurs in uremia. A significant correlation between the duration of
      hemodialysis and the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome or destructive cystic
      lesions of bone has been reported. Amyloid deposition has been found to directly
      cause these lesions. This amyloid protein has been identified to be beta-2
      microglobulin. The aim of this report was to study plasma beta-2-microglobulin
      levels in hemodialysed children and to detect clinical manifestations or carpal
      tunnel syndrome and of bone lesions. 12 children aged 9-24 years were studied.
      The average duration of dialysis was 51.9 ae 32 months. Beta-2-microglobulin
      plasma levels were studied before and after hemodialysis treatment. All patients
      were examined for carpal tunnel syndrome using clinical methods including nerve
      conduction studies, and for destructive cystic lesions using X-rays of bone.
      Plasma beta-2-microglobulin concentrations in our patients were found to be
      sevrefold time higher (73.8 ae 22.1 mg/l) than control values (1.6 ae 0.5 mg/l).
      The increase of beta-2-microglobulin concentration during hemodialysis tratment
      was due probably by hemoconcentration. We noted poor correlation between plasma
      beta-2-microglobulin and duration of hemodialysis. Any signs of carpal tunnel
      syndrome was found to our patients. Radiological signs of amyloid osteopathy
      found to be present in 3 children, was not verified by bone biopsy.

PMID- 1796333
TI  - [Acute kidney failure caused by poisoning].
AB  - We present our experience in the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) as a
      result of poisoning. The most frequent cause was acetic acid. Oligoanuric ARF was
      registered in 30 patients. In 34 patients peritoneal dialysis was applied for
      high values of serum urea and creatinine. The most frequent complications
      (oesophagitis, bleeding, mediastinitis, pneumonia, acute abdomen) were also the
      cause of death. After the treatment 31 patients were recovered with the mean
      creatinine clearance of 65.0 ae 27.7 ml/min. Ten patients died during the first 4
      days of hospitalisation because of corrode effect of acid. This mortality of
      24.4% is above the mean mortality registered for all ARF in our centre. In our
      opinion the treatment of ARF due to poisoning requires the team work of many
      specialists. Peritoneal dialysis is more advisable than haemodialysis because of
      bleeding tendency and intraabdominal monitoring.

PMID- 1796334
TI  - [Imported malaria--clinical problems].
AB  - Over the period from 1985 to 1989, 107 patients suffering from malaria were
      treated in the Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade. The
      eradication of malaria in Yugoslavia was carried out in 1960 and all the new
      cases originated from different African countries. Most of these patients were
      Yugoslav citizens working in these countries. Plasmodium falciparum was the cause
      of malaria in most of them. The parasytologic analysis of dense drops and smears
      of peripheric blood revealed it in 81 (75.5%) patients. Taking into account the
      great problem of treatment of malaria resistant to Resorchin (over 50% in our
      patients) the great role of chemioprophylaxix, antimalaric agents and appropriate
      vaccination is emphasized.

PMID- 1796335
TI  - [Mortality in malignant brain tumors in Yugoslavia].
AB  - Malignant tumours of head and neck, as a common group of diseases, is mentioned
      in Yugoslavia for the first time in 1972, where as the american authors have been
      studying this group of diseases as a whole since 1954 (1969). The data about
      death persons of malignant brain tumours (codes 191), of all causes of death
      (codes 000-999), of defined death causes of all the neoplasms (codes 140-209) and
      neoplasms of head and necks (codes 140-149, 160-161, 190-193), according to the
      eighth and ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases,
      Lesions and Death Causes, are based on official data of the Institute of
      Statistics of Yugoslavia for the period 1969-1988 (1988). In the analysis of
      mortality were used the standardized death rates according to the method of
      direct standardization after the world population by Segi (1976), further
      specific death rates according to sex and age, proportions and linear trend
      (1983). The results of these researches have shown that in the period from 1969
      to 1988 there were recorded in Yugoslavia 13687 dead of malignant brain tumours
      in all. The average standardized mortality rate was 2.94 per 100,000 inhabitants;
      it is higher in men (3.59), than in women (2.40). On the basis of the results of
      linear trend it is shown that the average standardized rates of total mortality
      are increasing (y = 2.94 + 0.16x); it is in the males y = 3.59 + 0.23x, in
      females y = 2.40 + 0.12x. Age specific mortality rates are the highest in the
      group 55-64 years (10.37%). In this group the risk of dying is much greater in
      the males (13.63%), than in the females (7.85%).

PMID- 1796336
TI  - [Evaluation of the developmental stage in malignant kidney tumors using computer
      tomography].
AB  - Computerized tomography is precise method in diagnosis staging of malign tumors
      of the kidney. New fast generation of CT machines are precise in dispplaying
      kidneys their vascular structures, fascial envelope and surroundings lumph nodes
      if their are enlarge. Our serias incounted 32 patients and our diagnosis was
      correct 90.6% compare with histologic reports.

PMID- 1796337
TI  - [The role of radiotherapy in combined treatment of chondrosarcoma of the bone].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 32 cases of chondrosarcoma of the bone treated by
      radiotherapy between 1966 and 1986 is presented. In all cases the disease was
      histologically confirmed. With respect to the known prognostic factors this group
      of patients was infavourable (75% in the trunk and the head; 69.5% with high
      histologic grad; 87.5% of high local aggressiveness; the wean patients' age was
      37.9 years). Thirteen patients were preoperatively irradiated, 8 postoperatively
      and 11 received radiotherapy after the biopsy. The treatment was radical
      (symptomatic relief only) in 9 cases. After the treatment 30 patients were on
      follow-up from 4-274 months (Me = 60.8m.). According to the local control 9
      patients responded to therapy (30.0%). The survival rate was 26.6% and disease
      free survival rate was 20.0%.

PMID- 1796338
TI  - Maternal-infant separation at birth among substance using pregnant women:
      implications for attachment.
AB  - The potential for substance use to interfere with initial maternal-infant contact
      and attachment was examined. Data were collected from confidential interviews
      with pregnant women and reviews of the medical charts of these women and their
      infants. Substance users (N = 60) were found to experience significantly (p =
      .03) more maternal-infant separation at birth than nonusers (N = 22), most often
      due to health concerns for mother and/or infant. Substance using mothers scored
      negatively more frequently than nonusing mothers on variables of attachment.
      Reasons for these differences are explored and some strategies for dealing with
      this population in the hospital milieu are suggested.

PMID- 1796339
TI  - Predicting elderly cardiac patients at risk for readmission.
AB  - Elder patients with cardiac disease are at high risk for physical deterioration
      during post hospital recovery and suffer frequent early readmission. It is
      important to identify such patients who frequently need help with discharge
      planning from social workers during their first admission. This study utilized
      computerized data on 628 patients, 238 of whom were readmissions. Question was
      raised as to what factors (functional, psychological, social and environmental),
      differentiated patients who were readmitted from those who were not. Using
      logistic regression, three variables: marital status, presence of coping
      difficulty and age of patients were identified as predictors of readmission
      within three months. Those who were married were less likely to be readmitted.
      Those with coping difficulties and older individuals were more likely to be
      readmitted. The accuracy of prediction, using these three factors, was 61
      percent. Of those patients predicted as not being readmitted, sixty-nine percent
      were correctly predicted, while 39 percent were readmitted. Of patients predicted
      as readmissions, 49 percent were correctly predicted, while 51 percent were not.
      The major limitation of this study was that key physiological determinants of
      readmission were not collected. It is imperative that a valid screening device
      for predicting who is at risk for readmission should include physiological
      preconditions as well as functional and psychosocial data.

PMID- 1796340
TI  - What field instructors of social work students need from hospital field work
      programs.
AB  - Hospital field instructors of graduate social work students can experience
      considerable stress in managing their dual roles as practitioners and teachers.
      This paper looks at the kinds of supports that field instructors need from
      hospital social work departments to help them experience field instruction
      positively. Annual program evaluations completed by field instructors at one
      hospital over a five year period were analyzed. Findings suggest that ongoing
      departmental seminars for field instructors can be critical in supporting them in
      this role well beyond the first year. Implications for retaining field
      instructors and directions for further research are highlighted.

PMID- 1796341
TI  - The community as a strategic site for refining high perinatal risk assessments
      and interventions.
AB  - This paper describes a community-based agency's approach to reducing perinatal
      risk among populations at high medical, familial and environmental risk.
      Following a descriptive analysis of 96 families enrolled in a maternal outreach
      program, a case study illustrates how client-sensitive strategies are applied to
      successfully engage a traumatized population. The intensity and duration of the
      interventions, the extensive outreach efforts to the family and the dedication
      and commitment of the staff are not easily replicated but invaluable in helping
      providers and researchers understand to what extent the impact of severe
      deprivations and risk can be mediated and potential damage to the newborn
      prevented. The paper concludes that community-based agencies in partnership with
      social and clinical researchers from a tertiary care setting provide the key for
      developing more effective, integrated perinatal care by virtue of the critical
      density of hard-to-reach patients who can be followed by providers and clinical
      researchers.

PMID- 1796342
TI  - [Snowboarding injuries].
AB  - This retrospective study includes 59 people treated at our trauma centre for
      snowboard accidents that happened in the 1989 winter season. 22 People were
      severely injured. 2 people died due to a polytrauma. One fracture of the cervical
      vertebrate column was followed by complete hemiplegia. Reasons for these
      accidents were a lack of knowledge how to behave outside the marked alpine
      regions, as well as lack of technical equipment and theoretical education.

PMID- 1796343
TI  - [Dislocation of the peroneal tendon--clinical aspects and therapy].
AB  - During the past 3 years, 22 patients were operated on at the Stuttgart Sports
      Clinic for dislocation of peroneal tendons. 5 patients were operated on after an
      acute injury, while 17 were treated because of a chronic dislocation. Sports
      trauma was the reason in 13 cases (59%). Soft tissue operations were performed 7
      times, and a modification of the Kelly-operation 15 times.

PMID- 1796344
TI  - [Changes in foot dimensions during extreme endurance running].
AB  - 55 (including 13 women) of 110 starters of a 1000-km-ultra long distance run
      reached their goal after 20 days of daily running 50 km. As a consequence of the
      burden of running 500 km the flat feet form is diminished, which might be caused
      by an increased reactive muscular tonus. The increase of foot length and breadth
      measures between the 9th and 16th day, however, demonstrates the opposite effect,
      when a "physiological limit" of circa 500 km is exceeded.

PMID- 1796345
TI  - [Rare causes and differential diagnoses of Achilles tendinitis].
AB  - Especially in sports disciplines involving high uniform stress by running, such
      as all running competitions in athletics, the condition known as achillodynia is
      a much-dreaded lesion. We evaluated an own series of 74 consecutive patients who
      reported pain at the achilles tendon, with regard to etiological aspects. It was
      a remarkable fact that besides the well-known classical reasons (degenerative
      changes in the center of the achilles tendon with spindle-shaped distension,
      aseptic irritated condition of the paratenon, bursitis subachillea mostly
      associated with Haglund's exostosis) numerous other syndromes may seem to be
      achilles tendon pain to individual athletes. To arrive at on-target therapy
      directed etiologically at the root cause of the disease, it will be necessary to
      differentiate them from one another: insertion tendopathies of the achilles
      tendon; metabolic diseases; arthritis and chondropathic disease of the ankle
      joint; hallux rigidus --rotation anomalies; tibia vara; os trigonum impingement
      syndrome --tendovaginitis of the flexor tendon at the retinaculum flexorum;
      stress fractures (calcaneus, fibula, tibia) Diagnosis is assisted, besides a
      detailed and exact clinical examination and an inspection of the sports shoes
      worn by the patient, by a biomechanical analysis of the running behaviour, an x
      ray of the ankle joint, sonographic examination and clarification with the help
      of laboratory examinations, i.e. clinical pathology.

PMID- 1796346
TI  - [Isokinetic measurements in adolescent runners].
AB  - The aim of the investigation was to study the course of the isokinetic parameters
      -peak torque, time range of tension development and fatigue index--in an age
      range from 13 to 19 years and to compare the results with those of competitive
      athletes of the same age specifically trained in running. For this purpose
      measurements of the flexors and extensors in the upper ankle joint, knee and hip
      were taken. The average for the six muscle groups correlated significantly in all
      three parameters not only with the age development but also with the degree of
      training. The individual muscle groups, however, differed widely. An increased
      frequency of injuries by certain ratios of peak torques between flexors and
      extensors was not found. Instead already in the physiological age development
      occurred relations that were connected with an increased frequency of injuries.
      Prospectively this suggests that the time range of tension development has
      additional influence here.

PMID- 1796347
TI  - [Concomitant occult osseous injuries in knee joint injuries].
AB  - In 28 patients with different knee injuries, we documented intraosseous lesions
      by MRI, although on plain X-rays no abnormality had been discovered. The
      intraosseous abnormalities seen by MRI were classified into four categories. 1.
      Cancellous bone oedema: this type of lesion showed a decrease of signal on T1
      weighted images with irregular borders. These irregular areas were located in the
      epiphysis and sometimes even in the metaphysis. On T2 weighted images these areas
      showed an increased signal, which was even better visualised on short time
      recovery sequences. 2. Subchondral fracture with involvement of cortical bone: In
      these cases the involved area even reached the subchondral cortex. The fracture
      line could be visualised on T1- and T2-weighted images. 3. Osteochondral
      fractures: In two patients we found typical osteochondral fractures with a
      minimal displaced small fragment. 4. Subchondral sclerosis: In these cases there
      was a decrease of the signal on T1-weighted images, located directly adjacent to
      the subchondral cortical bone, without a fracture within the cortical bone and
      without any increase of signal on T2-weighted or STIR-images. According to our
      experience, isolated decrease in the signal within the subchondral cancellous
      bone adjacent to the knee joint, with an increased signal in STIR sequences can
      be taken as indirect signs for a traumatic lesion. These intraosseous lesions
      have a high coincidence with ligament injuries of the knee joint.

PMID- 1796348
TI  - [Ultrasound and clinical findings of the patellar ligament after excision of the
      central third for cruciate ligament-plasty].
AB  - The use of a central one-third patellar tendon as a substitute for a damaged
      cruciate ligament has grown in popularity in recent years. 15 patients undergoing
      physical check-ups were examined clinically and with the aid of ultrasound
      imaging on both knees 2 years after the operation. The purpose of this study was
      to demonstrate changes of the patellar tendon after removal of its central third.
      Pain is not reported in the removal area, the clinical examinations show
      identical findings on both patellar tendons, X-ray and ultrasound evaluations do
      not demonstrate any change in patellar position. Sonographically there is an
      increase of cross-sectional diameter over 10% without any obvious intratendinous
      structural change. Our clinical and sonographical results are compared with
      biomechanical and histological observations of animal studies.

PMID- 1796349
TI  - [A complex forearm injury caused by skateboarding].
AB  - Conservative treatment of forearm fractures in children is preferred. However, in
      a few cases an open reduction and internal fixation are required. The case of a
      15-year-old boy with a complex forearm injury following a skateboard accident is
      reported. The surgical treatment of these injuries is presented and the
      indications for open reduction and internal fixation of forearm fractures in
      children are discussed.

PMID- 1796350
TI  - [Lack of fatigue of the musculature in patients after immobilization--a
      paradox?].
AB  - The isometric strength of knee extensors was measured in patients six weeks after
      cruciate ligament surgery over a contraction period of 30 sec. The
      characteristics of the graph obtained form the measurement system were compared
      to the graphs of uninjured knee extensor muscles. Apart from strength reductions,
      as expected for atrophic muscle, the pattern of the strength graph led to the
      impression that these muscles did not fatigue during prolonged contraction. This
      paradoxical phenomenon can be explained by the existence of central inhibitory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1796351
TI  - Severe depletion of cocaine recognition sites associated with the dopamine
      transporter in Parkinson's-diseased striatum.
AB  - The cocaine congener [3H]CFT, also designated [3H]WIN 35,428 (2 beta-carbomethoxy
      3 beta-(4-fluorophenyltropane), labels cocaine receptors associated with the
      dopamine transporter in primate striatum. Autoradiographic distribution of
      [3H]CFT binding (5 nM) in human postmortem control and Parkinson's-diseased
      striatal tissue sections was compared. In control tissue, high and comparable
      levels of [3H]CFT binding were observed in the putamen and caudate nucleus. At
      least 90-99% of total [3H]CFT bound was inhibited by (-)-cocaine (30 microM),
      suggesting that a high proportion of [3H]CFT is specifically bound. In
      Parkinson's-diseased tissue, binding sites for [3H]CFT were reduced by 80% in the
      caudate nucleus and 96% in the putamen. This pattern of depletion parallels the
      previously reported loss of dopamine in these brain regions (Kish, Shannak, and
      Hornykiewicz, New Engl. J. Med., 318:876-880, 1988). In the dorsal caudate
      nucleus of Parkinson's-diseased tissue, a lateral-to-medial gradient of [3H]CFT
      binding was observed, with the lateral caudate more severely depleted than the
      medial caudate. The marked decrease of [3H]CFT binding sites in Parkinson's
      diseased striatum supports the following conclusions: 1) the dopamine transporter
      is localized primarily on presynaptic nigrostriatal terminals; 2) in the caudate
      and putamen, cocaine recognition sites are associated primarily with the dopamine
      transporter; 3) the low level of nonspecific binding of [3H]CFT and the marked
      depletion of [3H]CFT-labeled sites suggest that radiolabeled derivatives of CFT
      or its congeners may be suitable imaging probes for presynaptic dopamine nerve
      terminals.

PMID- 1796352
TI  - Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during
      abstinence from chronic cocaine.
AB  - Rats were treated for 10 days with cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by either 1
      or 10 days of abstinence. On the test day a microdialysis method was performed in
      which dopamine (DA) was added to the perfusate at concentrations above and below
      the expected extracellular concentration (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 nM) to generate a
      series of points that can be interpolated to determine the concentration of no
      net flux, which represents the extracellular DA concentration. The slope of the
      line generated by this method is the in vivo recovery of the dialysis probe.
      After 1 day of abstinence, there was no significant difference in basal DA levels
      in the nucleus accumbens (N ACC) between cocaine treated (4.1 +/- 0.3 nM; mean +/
      SEM) and saline-treated (3.9 +/- 0.2 nM) groups. However, there was a
      significant increase in the slope of the cocaine-treated group (0.91 +/- 0.04 vs.
      0.67 +/- 0.08; P greater than 0.03). After 10 days of abstinence, there were
      reduced basal extracellular levels of DA in the N ACC of the cocaine-treated
      group as compared with saline-treated controls (P less than 0.002). The basal
      extracellular DA concentration in the N ACC was 2.1 +/- 0.3 nM for the cocaine
      group and 3.9 +/- 0.2 nM for the control group. The slopes of the curves were not
      significantly different for the cocaine (0.63 +/- 0.07) and saline (0.64 +/-
      0.09) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796353
TI  - Actions of phosphomonoesters on CA1 hippocampal neurons as revealed by a combined
      electrophysiological and nuclear magnetic resonance study.
AB  - Phosphomonoesters (PMEs), precursors of membrane phospholipids, are found in high
      levels in the developing brain and Alzheimer's disease brain. The present study
      details the neurophysiological and metabolic effects of acute PME elevation on
      the Fisher 344 rat in vitro hippocampal slice. Two abundant PMEs,
      phosphoethanolamine (PE) and L-phosphoserine (PS), reliably altered properties of
      synaptic transmission at the Schaffer collateral/commissural-CA1 cell synapse.
      Specifically, PE reversibly depressed the amplitude of population EPSPs at
      millimolar concentrations but had no effect at micromolar concentrations. PS had
      biphasic effects on population EPSPs, inducing first a reduction followed by an
      enhancement of response amplitude. In contrast to PE, the effects of PS were not
      reversible; population EPSPs were augmented during the wash of PS, and the CA3
      region generated evoked (but not spontaneous) epileptiform discharges. 31P
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed enhanced slice uptake of PS
      compared to PE. There was no significant effect of PE on slice high-energy
      phosphates but incubation with PS significantly lowered slice phosphocreatine
      (PCr) and ATP concentrations. These observations indicate that the slice uptake
      of PS could be energy requiring and the enhanced response amplitude observed at 5
      mM PS also could produce a drain on high-energy phosphates. Possible modes of PME
      action on hippocampal physiology are discussed.

PMID- 1796354
TI  - Dissociative anesthesia and striatal neuronal electrophysiology.
AB  - Compared with results obtained in locally anesthetized, paralyzed rats, the
      dissociative anesthetic ketamine did not alter either the number of spontaneously
      active striatal neurons or the basal firing rate of striatal neurons; 90% of
      these cells exhibited the type I striatal neuron waveform. Chloral hydrate
      anesthesia suppressed both the occurrence and the firing rate of spontaneously
      active type I cells, but did not alter the activity of type II striatal neurons.
      Cortical stimulation preferentially activated type II cells in paralyzed rats and
      in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. Thus, under dissociative anesthesia it is
      possible to study spontaneously active type I striatal neurons. However, a method
      of activation such as cortical stimulation is necessary to study type II striatal
      neurons.

PMID- 1796355
TI  - [ADP in nursing. Computers write nursing care plans. Interview by Kirsten
      Bjornsson].

PMID- 1796356
TI  - [ADP in nursing. Fewer infection with ADP registration].

PMID- 1796357
TI  - [ADP in nursing. System's limitations].

PMID- 1796358
TI  - [ADP in nursing. The electronic record. Interview by Kirsten Bjornnson].

PMID- 1796359
TI  - [ADP in nursing. Passport to patients' data].

PMID- 1796360
TI  - [ADP in nursing. EEC-supported development of new systems].

PMID- 1796361
TI  - [Nursing can and should be measured].

PMID- 1796362
TI  - [An important tool].

PMID- 1796363
TI  - [ADP in nursing. Yes to technology].

PMID- 1796365
TI  - [Personal nursing care--a foreign word].

PMID- 1796364
TI  - [Illness. I am suddenly so sleepy!].

PMID- 1796366
TI  - [Ethics. The right to be different].

PMID- 1796367
TI  - [Only a step on the way].

PMID- 1796368
TI  - [Cooperation. Unnecessary hospitalization. Interview by Kirsten Bjornsson].

PMID- 1796369
TI  - [A cultural theory perspective of clinical nursing and clinical nursing
      research].

PMID- 1796370
TI  - [In the course of affectionate research--opening for the experience encountered
      in nursing].

PMID- 1796371
TI  - [Clinical nursing care. Nausea and vomiting].

PMID- 1796372
TI  - [Danish Council of Nursing. Nominations for what?].

PMID- 1796373
TI  - [Executive Board. Soviet unrest creates uncertainty].

PMID- 1796374
TI  - [Executive Board. Special wage supplement to the first 52].

PMID- 1796375
TI  - [Executive Board. Occupational injury due to cytostatic agents].

PMID- 1796376
TI  - [Executive Board. Danish knowledge about care of the aged arranged by the EEC].

PMID- 1796377
TI  - [Sudan. Mummies in the desert].

PMID- 1796378
TI  - [Albania. Going along in the new labor movement].

PMID- 1796380
TI  - [To be or not to be--nursing instructor].

PMID- 1796379
TI  - [Drug information. A new plastic syringe].

PMID- 1796381
TI  - [Nutrition. Meals are more than food].

PMID- 1796382
TI  - [Cytostatic agents. Pharmacists on the ward].

PMID- 1796383
TI  - [Work environment. When nurses get older].

PMID- 1796384
TI  - [Dissection. Here the dead are embalmed. Interview by Ulla Krag Jespersen].

PMID- 1796385
TI  - [Danish tradition in the EEC].

PMID- 1796386
TI  - [Asylum. Internment without barbed wire].

PMID- 1796387
TI  - [Albania. Hospital Tirana paralyzed by lack of money].

PMID- 1796388
TI  - Are admission plasma fibrinogen levels useful in the characterization of risk
      groups after myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis?
AB  - The aim of our study was to prove or disprove the independent prognostic
      importance of fibrinogen after myocardial infarction. Plasma fibrinogen levels
      were determined on admission in 135 patients with an acute myocardial infarction
      and symptoms up to 4 h (mean: 1.8 h) immediately before starting fibrinolytic
      treatment with 1.5 mio U. streptokinase i.v. All patients were free from other
      diseases which are known to cause elevated fibrinogen levels. Coronary
      angiography was carried out in 87%. During a mean follow-up period of 26.2 months
      31 coronary events could be observed in 26 patients: 18 reinfarctions, 6 cases of
      sudden death, and 7 coronary artery bypass graft surgeries because of new
      symptoms. While plasma fibrinogen levels were higher in smokers than in non
      smokers (3.30 vs 2.94 g/l p = 0.011) and correlated with the number of involved
      coronary arteries (p = 0.08), values were similar in patients with and without
      coronary events during follow-up (3.07 vs 3.16 g/l, p = 0.70). This applied as
      well to univariate analysis as to multivariate Cox's regression model. We
      conclude that plasma fibrinogen levels determined very early in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction do correlate with other important prognostic
      variables, but have no independent prognostic importance.

PMID- 1796389
TI  - Are haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters predictors of preeclampsia in
      pregnancy-associated hypertension?
AB  - The plasma levels of several haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters were
      measured before and after delivery in 61 hypertensive pregnant women of whom 22
      developed preeclampsia, and compared to the results obtained in 42 normal
      pregnant women. In the two last weeks before delivery (D less than or equal to 
      15) tPA antigen, PAI-1 activity, vWF:Ag/FVIII:C ratio, ATIII activity and
      platelet count were found to be significantly different in the hypertensive
      pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Combined all together, an
      association of three of these five parameters were found to be pathological
      (i.e.:tPA:Ag greater than or equal to 19 ng/ml, PAI-1 activity greater than or
      equal to 58 IU/ml, vWF:Ag/FVIII:C ratio greater than or equal to 2.6, ATIII
      activity less than or equal to 73%) in none of the hypertensive women without
      preeclampsia and in only 35% of the preeclamptic group. A positive correlation
      was demonstrated between vWF:Ag/FVIII:C ratio and tPA:antigen levels suggesting
      that both tPA and vWF:Ag could be considered as early indicators of a possible
      micro angiopathy occurring in preeclampsia. However, due to the high dispersion
      of the results, it appears that the investigated haemostatic and/or fibrinolytic
      criteria give only presumptive arguments before assigning risk for preeclampsia
      development among hypertensive pregnant women.

PMID- 1796390
TI  - Low levels of the anticoagulant activity of protein C in patients with chronic
      renal insufficiency: an inhibitor of protein C is present in uremic plasma.
AB  - Twenty-nine of 54 uremic patients had low levels of protein C measured as
      anticoagulant activity, contrasting with normal levels measured as amidolytic
      activity or antigenic concentration. We demonstrate that this discrepancy is due
      to the presence of a soluble plasma inhibitor that interferes specifically with
      the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C. The inhibitor does not
      interfere with other coagulation assays. It is resistant to
      diisopropylfluorophosphate, high temperatures and repeated freezing and thawing.
      It can be dissociated from protein C by anti-protein C antibodies or by dialysis
      in vitro and in vivo. It binds to positively charged resins and can be eluted
      with high salt concentrations without losing its inhibitory capacity. The
      inhibitory effect is correlated with plasma creatinine levels and fluctuates with
      time.

PMID- 1796392
TI  - A method for measuring activated factor VIII in plasma.
AB  - A method is described which enables a quantitative measurement of the
      concentration of activated factor VIII (VIIIa) in plasma. Based on the ability of
      factor VIIIa to accelerate the activation of factor X by factor IXa, phospholipid
      and calcium ions, the course of factor X activation in time is measured using a
      chromogenic substrate. Free factor Xa is able to activate nonactivated factor
      VIII present in a plasma sample, which increases the factor X activation
      velocity, and thus disturbs the measurement of factor VIIIa. Furthermore, factor
      Xa was found to be inactivated by serine protease inhibitors from the plasma
      sample. By adding surplus chromogenic substrate these reactions of factor Xa are
      inhibited and at the same time the rate of substrate conversion is a measure of
      the amount of factor Xa present. Factor X activation and amidolysis of
      chromogenic substrate then take place simultaneously. It is shown that under
      proper conditions the factor X activation velocity is linearly proportional to
      the factor VIIIa concentration. This causes the optical density to increase as a
      parabolic function of time. The concentration of factor VIIIa can be obtained
      from the quadratic coefficient of the equation describing the parabola. The
      method is specific for factor VIIIa in that the extrinsic factor X activator is
      shown to have no influence on the measurement of factor VIIIa in thromboplastin
      activated plasma. We conclude that a sensitive and reliable method for assessing
      factor VIIIa concentrations in plasma has been developed on the basis of
      simultaneous inhibition and measurement of factor Xa by a high concentration of
      chromogenic substrate.

PMID- 1796391
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis and fibrinolysis. Defective urokinase type plasminogen
      activator release.
AB  - In the present study 57 consecutive patients with a first episode of
      venographically proven deep vein thrombosis were investigated to evaluate the
      release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and of urokinase-type
      plasminogen activator (u-PA) in response to DDAVP stimulation as well as the
      resting plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) concentration, comparing this to
      the results obtained in 66 similar patients with a clinical suspicion of
      thrombosis but with a normal venogram. All assays were performed without
      knowledge of the patient's status. Four patients in the deep vein thrombosis
      group (7%) had an absent u-PA antigen response upon DDAVP infusion, while a
      normal response was observed in all control subjects. Patients and controls
      showed similar increases in t-PA antigen level upon DDAVP. High resting PAI
      antigen levels were encountered in 5 patients in the deep vein thrombosis-group
      (9%) and in 6 subjects in the control group (9%). The results from this
      controlled study indicate that a defective release of u-PA may occur in patients
      with deep vein thrombosis and may have pathogenetic significance. Furthermore it
      is concluded that elevation of PAI levels cannot be considered as a specific risk
      factor for venous thrombosis.

PMID- 1796393
TI  - Determination of the mean normal prothrombin time for assessment of international
      normalized ratios. Usefulness of lyophilized plasma.
AB  - To report a Prothrombin Time (PT) as International Normalized Ratio in
      controlling oral anticoagulant therapy, the Mean Normal PT (MNPT) is required. To
      correct for methodological differences in performing the PT test, each laboratory
      should determine its own MNPT for each batch of reagent using fresh blood samples
      from a large number of normal individuals. This would be a laborious procedure.
      Two models for simplified assessment of MNPT were investigated by two
      laboratories in a collaborative study. According to the models, the MNPT of a new
      batch of reagent is calculated, using the PT of a lyophilized control plasma
      measured with the new batch and a reference batch, as well as the MNPT of the
      reference batch obtained with fresh samples. Experimental results were obtained
      with 19 batches of bovine thromboplastin, 4 lyophilized normal control plasmas
      and fresh blood samples of 40 normal individuals. The PTs of the 4 lyophilized
      normal control plasmas were not identical to the MNPT of the fresh normal samples
      and also different from each other. Therefore, the uncorrected PTs of these
      control plasmas cannot be used as MNPT. In general, there was good agreement
      between measured and calculated MNPT, although some control plasmas gave better
      results than others. There were no significant differences between the results
      obtained by both calculation models.

PMID- 1796394
TI  - The autoactivation of factor XII in the presence of long-chain saturated fatty
      acids--a comparison with the potency of sulphatides and dextran sulphate.
AB  - The incubation of purified human factor XII (Hageman factor [HF]) in the presence
      of long-chain saturated fatty acids (FA) like stearate (C-18) or behenate (C-22)
      resulted in a time-dependent increase of amidolytic activity. The HF
      autoactivation progress curves were sigmoidal. The first order rate for the
      initial period was constant; this was followed by a period of decreasing rate and
      a plateau of zero rate. These progress curves were similar to those obtained on
      the incubation of HF in the presence of sulphatide vesicles or dextran sulphate.
      The initial rate of autoactivation of HF was dependent on the FA concentration of
      contact surface and increased with increasing concentration of HF. At constant
      concentration of contact surface and varying concentration of HF, autoactivation
      rates in the presence of behenate, sulphatide vesicles or dextran sulphate
      followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km values for all three contact surfaces
      were above the physiological plasma concentration of HF whereas the catalytic
      efficiency in the presence of behenate (0.034 microM-1s-1) was about 2/3 of that
      in the presence of sulphatide vesicles (0.053 microM-1s-1) and considerably
      higher than that in the presence of dextran sulphate (0.004 microM-1s-1). Long
      chain saturated FA bound to human serum albumin at the high- or low-affinity
      sites are ineffective, whereas the crystalline non-bound stearate or behenate
      provided a potent contact surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796395
TI  - Assays for phospholipid-dependent formation of thrombin and Xa: a potential
      method for quantifying lupus anticoagulant activity.
AB  - Lupus anticoagulants (LAs) are antibodies which interfere with phospholipid
      dependent procoagulant reactions. Their clinical importance is due to their
      apparent association with an increased risk of thrombo-embolic disease. To date
      there have been few assays for quantifying the specific activity of these
      antibodies in vitro and this has hampered attempts to purify and characterize
      these antibodies. Methods for determining phospholipid-dependent generation of
      thrombin and factor Xa are described. Isolated IgG fractions from 7 of 9 patients
      with LAs were found to reproducibly inhibit enzyme generation in these assay
      systems, permitting quantitative expression of inhibitor activity. Different
      patterns of inhibitory activity, based on the relative inhibition of thrombin and
      factor Xa generation, were found, further substantiating the known heterogeneity
      of these antibodies. These systems may prove helpful in further purification and
      characterization of LAs.

PMID- 1796396
TI  - Characterization of genetic defects of hemophilia B of Chinese origin.
AB  - To define the precise genetic defects of hemophilia B of Chinese origin, we have
      used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with direct sequencing to
      analyze the amplified DNA fragments containing the entire coding regions and
      their flanking introns of the factor IX gene from 6 affected individuals. Among
      these patients, two are siblings with normal factor IX antigen level (CRM+) yet
      reduced factor IX clotting activity (28%). Analysis of their factor IX genes
      revealed a G to A transition at nucleotide residue 10394, which causes
      substitution of an arginine for a glycine at amino acid residue 48. This is a
      novel mutation which resides in the first EGF-like domain of factor IX. Studies
      of two other hemophilia B patients with CRMr phenotypes (factor IX antigen level
      less than 35%, and clotting activity less than 1%), demonstrated a distinct
      mutation in each individual's factor IX gene. In one case, a guanine to adenine
      (residue 6365) transition results in replacement of arginine by glutamine at the 
      4 codon of the propeptide of factor IX. In the other, thymine at 6442 was mutated
      to cytosine which causes an arginine for cysteine substitution at residue 23. We
      have also characterized 2 discrete CRM- patients. Both exhibited an identical
      mutation at nucleotide residue 6460 which generates a translation termination
      codon (CGA to TGA) at the 29th amino acid. The mutation created a new NlaIII
      restriction enzyme site which could be used to identify this variant.

PMID- 1796397
TI  - Inhibition of extrinsic pathway inhibitor shortens the coagulation time of normal
      plasma and of hemophilia plasma.
AB  - An increasing amount of evidence suggests that coagulation factors VIII and IX
      play a role not only in the intrinsic but also in the extrinsic pathway of
      coagulation. In this context the influence of the Extrinsic Pathway Inhibitor
      (EPI) on the coagulation time of hemophilia plasma lacking FVIII or FIX has been
      investigated. The coagulation time was measured in a dilute thromboplastin assay.
      Addition of recombinant EPI (rEPI) prolonged the coagulation time of normal
      plasma while the addition of an inhibitory antibody against EPI shortened the
      coagulation time. At low concentrations of thromboplastin the coagulation time of
      hemophilia plasma was prolonged and at all dilutions of thromboplastin, addition
      of anti-EPI IgG normalized the coagulation time of a hemophilia plasma. Analysis
      of 10 individual donor plasma samples and 8 individual hemophilia samples showed
      that addition of anti-EPI IgG shortened the coagulation time more in hemophilia
      plasma than in normal plasma. This illustrates the importance of a powerful
      extrinsic FVII dependent pathway to achieve hemostasis in the case of FVIII or
      FIX deficiency (hemophilia A and B).

PMID- 1796398
TI  - Comparative fibrinolytic properties of staphylokinase and streptokinase in animal
      models of venous thrombosis.
AB  - The thrombolytic and pharmacokinetic properties of staphylokinase were compared
      with those of streptokinase in hamsters with a pulmonary embolus produced from
      human plasma or from hamster plasma, and in rabbits with a jugular vein blood
      clot produced from rabbit blood. In both models, a continuous intravenous
      infusion of staphylokinase and streptokinase over 60 min in hamsters or over 4 h
      in rabbits, induced dose-dependent progressive clot lysis in the absence of
      significant systemic activation of the fibrinolytic system. The results of
      thrombolytic potency (clot lysis at 30 min after the end of the infusion, in
      percent, versus dose administered, in mg/kg) were fitted with an exponentially
      transformed sigmoidal function (formula: see text) and the maximal percent clot
      lysis (c), the maximal rate of lysis (z = 1/4 ac.eb) and the dose at which the
      maximal rate of lysis is achieved (b) were determined. In hamsters with a
      pulmonary embolus produced from human plasma, streptokinase had a somewhat higher
      thrombolytic potency than staphylokinase, as revealed by a higher z value (2,100
      +/- 1,100% lysis per mg/kg streptokinase administered versus 1,100 +/- 330% lysis
      per mg/kg for staphylokinase). In hamsters with a pulmonary embolus produced from
      hamster plasma, staphylokinase had a somewhat higher thrombolytic potency than
      streptokinase (z = 1,600 +/- 440 versus 1,200 +/- 370% lysis per mg/kg).
      Staphylokinase had a higher thrombolytic potency than streptokinase in rabbits,as
      revealed by a higher z-value (950 +/- 350% lysis per mg/kg staphylokinase
      administered versus 330 +/- 39% lysis per mg/kg for streptokinase) and a lower b
      value (0.035 +/- 0.010 mg/kg staphylokinase versus 0.091 +/- 0.008 mg/kg for
      streptokinase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796399
TI  - PAI-1 plays an important role in the expression of t-PA activity in the
      euglobulin clot lysis by controlling the concentration of free t-PA.
AB  - The antigen levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen
      activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were assayed in the plasma and in the euglobulin
      fraction, and their contributions to the euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) and t
      PA activity were analyzed. Total and free PAI-1 levels in both fractions showed
      significant positive correlation with ECLT (p less than 0.001), whereas t-PA
      antigen level did not have a high correlation coefficient with ECLT. t-PA
      activity showed significant negative correlation with ECLT (p less than 0.001)
      and positive correlation with free t-PA level (p less than 0.001), which was
      calculated by the ratio of the concentrations of t-PA-PAI-1 complex and the free
      PAI-1. Thus free t-PA seems to dissolve the euglobulin clot and its concentration
      seems to be controlled by the concentration of free PAI-1. These findings were
      confirmed by the analyses of the effects of C1-inactivator and antibody against t
      PA to regular ECLT and kaolin activated ECLT, the latter of which was only
      inhibited by the addition of C1-inactivator whereas the former was inhibited by
      anti-t-PA antibody.

PMID- 1796400
TI  - Antithrombotic effect of MCI-9042, a new antiplatelet agent on experimental
      thrombosis models.
AB  - The antithrombotic effect of MCI-9042, (+-)-2-(dimethyl-amino)-1-((o-(m-
      methoxyphenethyl)phenoxyl]methyl]ethyl hydrogen succinate hydrochloride was
      investigated in three different experimental thrombosis models in animals.
      Simultaneous injection of serotonin and collagen into the tail vein in mice
      induced acute pulmonary thromboembolic death. MCI-9042 reduced the mortality in a
      dose dependent manner and its ED50 value was 1.9 mg/kg po. Ticlopidine (TCP)
      which is a positive reference compound as an antithrombotic drug reduced the
      mortality at doses of 10 mg/kg po and above. Cyproheptadine (CPH) and ketanserin
      (KTS) which are S2-serotonergic antagonists were also effective on the reduction
      of mortality. In mesenteric arterial thrombosis induced by electric stimulation
      in mice, MCI-9042 prolonged the occlusion time resulted from platelet thrombus
      formation (PD50: 23 mg/kg po). CPH and KTS prolonged the occlusion time as potent
      as MCI-9042, but TCP prolonged the occlusion time only at the high doses of 100
      mg/kg po and above. In experimental arterial thrombosis which generated in
      implanted polyethylene tubing, MCI-9042 reduced the incidence of thrombus
      formation in the tubing and its ED50 value was 18 mg/kg po. TCP was also
      effective in this model with an ED50 of 170 mg/kg po. The present results lead to
      the consideration that serotonin plays a more important role in thrombus
      formation than that conjectured formerly, and suggest that MCI-9042 becomes a new
      kind of antithrombotic drug with S2-serotonergic receptor antagonism.

PMID- 1796402
TI  - Detection of the Glanzmann's thrombasthenia mutations in Arab and Iraqi-Jewish
      patients by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis of blood or urine
      samples.
AB  - Severe Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is relatively frequent in Iraqi-Jews and Arabs
      residing in Israel. We have recently described the mutations responsible for the
      disease in Iraqi-Jews--an 11 base pair deletion in exon 12 of the glycoprotein
      IIIa gene, and in Arabs--a 13 base pair deletion at the AG acceptor splice site
      of exon 4 on the glycoprotein IIb gene. In this communication we show that the
      Iraqi-Jewish mutation can be identified directly by polymerase chain reaction and
      gel electrophoresis. With specially designed oligonucleotide primers encompassing
      the mutation site, an 80 base pair segment amplified in healthy controls was
      clearly distinguished from the 69 base pair segment produced in patients.
      Patients from 11 unrelated Iraqi-Jewish families had the same mutation. The Arab
      mutation was identified by first amplifying a DNA segment consisting of 312 base
      pairs in controls and of 299 base pairs in patients, and then digestion by a
      restriction enzyme Stu-1, which recognizes a site that is absent in the mutant
      gene. In controls the 312 bp segment was digested into 235 and 77 bp fragments,
      while in patients there was no change in the size of the amplified 299 bp
      segment. The mutation was found in patients from 3 out of 5 unrelated Arab
      families. Both Iraqi-Jewish and Arab mutations were detectable in DNA extracted
      from blood and urine samples. The described simple methods of identifying the
      mutations should be useful for detection of the numerous potential carriers among
      the affected kindreds and for prenatal diagnosis using DNA extracted from
      chorionic villi samples.

PMID- 1796401
TI  - A monoclonal antibody, VM64, reacts with a 130 kDa glycoprotein common to
      platelets and endothelial cells: heterogeneity in antibody binding to human
      aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - A new monoclonal antibody (mAb), VM64, reacts with a common antigen on the
      surface of human platelets and vascular endothelial cells (EC). Under nonreduced
      conditions it recognized in immunoblotting a protein of 130 kDa both in platelets
      and EC. VM64 precipitated the same 130 kDa protein from the lysate of surface
      radioiodinated platelets. Electrophoretic mobility of this protein was not
      altered by reduction and differed from the bands precipitated by reference mAb
      against platelet glycoproteins (GP) Ia-IIa, Ib, IIb-IIIa and GMP130. VM64 binding
      to platelets and EC was specific and saturable. The number of binding sites on
      platelets was 9.9 +/- 3.5 x 10(3) per platelet and on the surface of EC monolayer
      -2.40 +/- 0.32 x 10(6) per cell. VM64 also binds to platelets from Glanzmann's
      thrombasthenia patients which lack GPIIb-IIIa. VM64 did not affect platelet
      aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, thrombin and ristocetin. In the monolayers
      of EC from umbilical vein and human aorta, VM64 stained the area at the periphery
      of the cells adjacent to the cell-cell boundaries. In preconfluent cultures
      preferential staining was observed at the active leading margins of the cells.
      Unlike EC cultures from umbilical vein, where all cells were positively stained,
      in aortic EC cultures some unstained or poorly stained cells were constantly
      present, indicating a heterogeneity of EC population related to the expression of
      VM64 antigen. The biochemical characteristics of VM64 antigen, its presence both
      on platelets and EC and typical distribution on the surface of EC suggested that
      this antigen is identical to PECAM (CD31) protein.

PMID- 1796403
TI  - Ascorbic acid increases the thrombogenicity of cellular matrices.
AB  - We have studied the influence of ascorbate on extracellular matrix formation in
      cultured human endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and
      measured the influence of the changed composition of their isolated extracellular
      matrices on their affinity for platelets. When endothelial cells were grown for a
      week in the presence of ascorbate, no influence on proline incorporation in their
      extracellular matrix was found. In accordance, no influence on platelet adhesion
      or aggregate formation on these matrices was detected. When smooth muscle cells
      were cultured in the presence of ascorbate, a strong increase in the amount of
      collagen types I and III in the extracellular matrix was found. When these
      matrices were perfused with whole blood, a significant enhanced increase in
      aggregate formation was observed. No influence was seen on the total coverage of
      the matrix with platelets. When fibroblasts were grown in the presence of
      ascorbate, no significant increase in proline incorporation in their matrix was
      measured. However, an increased adhesion of platelets was seen to the matrices at
      lower shear rates. We conclude that ascorbate feeding has a significant effect on
      endogenous deposited matrices of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and that
      the changed composition had profound effects on platelet interaction with these
      matrices.

PMID- 1796404
TI  - Utility of D dimer in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in outpatients.

PMID- 1796405
TI  - Warning: Simplate II--lack of standardization in standardized bleeding time
      devices--reply.

PMID- 1796406
TI  - Decreased factor XII activity in a child with nephrotic syndrome and
      thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 1796407
TI  - Lupus anticoagulant IgG's (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only, but to a
      complex of lipid-bound human prothrombin.
AB  - Plasmas from 16 patients that were found to be positive both for anticardiolipin
      antibodies (ACA) and lupus anticoagulants (LA) were incubated with liposomes that
      contained anionic phospholipids. In 11 of these plasmas, ACA could be
      cosedimented with the liposomes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas LA activity
      of the remaining supernatant was unaffected. LA activity of purified total IgG
      from 6 patients was measured in three different coagulation tests, using normal
      plasmas from different species. Prolongation of the aPTT, KCT and dRVV clotting
      times was observed only with normal plasma from human origin, not with bovine,
      rat or sheep plasma. Highly purified coagulation factors Xa, Va and prothrombin,
      both of human and bovine origin, were used to establish for two patient IgG's the
      effect of LA on the rate of thrombin formation in the presence and absence of
      lipid vesicles composed of 20 mole% phosphatidylserine and 80 mole%
      phosphatidylcholine. A strong and dose dependent inhibition by LA was observed
      only when human prothrombin was used as substrate in the prothrombinase complex
      in the presence of lipids. No inhibition was found when bovine prothrombin was
      used as substrate. The inhibitory effect observed in the presence of human
      prothrombin was independent of the source of factors Xa and Va, and was not found
      in the absence of lipid. Preliminary binding studies suggest that LA only
      associate with a lipid surface, provided that human prothrombin and calcium ions
      are present. These data indicate that LA are not directed to phospholipids alone,
      but presumably recognize an epitope which becomes exposed upon Ca(2+)-mediated
      binding of human prothrombin to phospholipids.

PMID- 1796408
TI  - Influence on platelet function by heparin in men with unstable coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Ninety-seven men with unstable coronary artery disease (CAD), i.e. unstable
      angina or a non Q-wave myocardial infarction, entered a double-blind placebo
      controlled study with heparin intravenously 30,000-40,000 U daily. Platelet
      function was evaluated as ex vivo aggregation toward collagen and ADP and as the
      platelet inhibitory effect of prostacyclin, before and after 5 days of treatment.
      Heparin increased aggregation induced by ADP 1 microM from 39.6 +/- 3.1% to 52.1
      +/- 4.1% (p = 0.014) and reduced the inhibition of aggregation by prostacyclin
      1.0 ng/ml from 59.6 +/- 3.7% to 39.3 +/- 5.6% (p less than 0.001). No changes
      occurred in the placebo group. Thus, treatment with heparin enhances the platelet
      sensitivity to ADP and decreases the platelet inhibitory effect of prostacyclin
      in men with unstable CAD. Concomitant treatment with acetylsalicylic acid
      abolishes the increased response to ADP, but does not seem to influence the
      interaction between heparin and prostacyclin.

PMID- 1796410
TI  - Antithrombin III: a database of mutations.
AB  - Elucidation of the molecular defects responsible for antithrombin III deficiency
      is proceeding rapidly. In order that a record is kept of the new and duplicated
      mutations that are found, we have compiled a database that we plan to update
      annually. In this, the first report of the database, we list 6 antithrombin III
      locus sequence polymorphisms and 94 recorded mutations causing functional
      deficiency of the protein, 38 of which are novel. As is the case with mutations
      affecting other protein genes, most mutations of antithrombin III involve a CG to
      TG or CA change.

PMID- 1796409
TI  - Effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis of desmopressin in patients undergoing
      total hip replacement.
AB  - Twelve patients undergoing total hip replacement, with regional anaesthesia and
      with dextran infusion for plasma expansion and thromboprophylaxis, were given the
      vasopressin analogue desmopressin (DDAVP) or placebo in a randomized, double
      blind prospective study. In controls (n = 6) we found a prolongation of the
      bleeding time, low factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and a
      decrease in antithrombin III to levels known to be at risk for venous thrombosis.
      Desmopressin shortened postoperative bleeding time, gave an early FVIII/vWF
      complex increase, prevented antithrombin III from falling to critically low
      values and appeared to activate the fibrinolytic system, both by tPA increase and
      PAI-1 decrease. Thus in the controls we found changes in both coagulation and
      fibrinolysis indicating a haemorrhagic diathesis as well as a risk for
      thromboembolism. Desmopressin induced factor changes that possibly reduce both
      risks.

PMID- 1796411
TI  - Inhibitory effect of retinoids on the generation of procoagulant activity by
      blood mononuclear phagocytes.
AB  - Retinoids are known to modulate several functions of mononuclear phagocytes. We
      have studied the effect of retinyl acetate (RAc) and retinoic acid (RA) on the
      production of procoagulant activity (PCA) by human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells stimulated with endotoxin (1 microgram/ml, 4 or 20 h at 37 degrees C). Both
      compounds caused a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of cell-associated
      PCA (from 86 to less than 10% of control in the range of concentration comprised
      between 0.1 and 100 microM). This effect was also observed when the cells were
      exposed to retinoids for 10 min and washed before challenge with endotoxin,
      indicating that it is rapid and irreversible. In contrast, incubation of RAc or
      RA for 3 h at 37 degrees C with cells that have been already stimulated with
      endotoxin (20 h at 37 degrees C) remained without influence on cell PCA. The
      inhibitory action of retinoids was also observed when monocyte-enriched (greater
      than 85%) preparations or highly purified monocyte-derived macrophages (greater
      than 99%) were used instead of whole mononuclear cells. BW755C, an inhibitor of
      cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase, reversed the inhibitory effect of retinoids,
      whereas acetylsalycilic acid, an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase, was inactive,
      suggesting the involvement of a lipoxygenase product. The inhibition of
      monocyte/macrophage PCA production and the subsequent reduction of cell potential
      for fibrin deposition might represent one of the mechanisms whereby retinoids
      exert their antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities.

PMID- 1796412
TI  - In vitro studies of antiphospholipid antibodies and its cofactor, beta 2
      glycoprotein I, show negligible effects on endothelial cell mediated protein C
      activation.
AB  - The effect of sera and purified IgG isolated from plasma of 46 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 9 healthy donors on the endothelial cell
      (EC) mediated protein C activation was investigated. Out of the 46 SLE sera used,
      19 were antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) positive. From 12 patients IgG was
      isolated, of which 6 contained aPL. EC were first incubated with IgG (7 mg/ml) or
      serum (1:1 diluted) for 1 h and then tested for their ability to promote protein
      C activation by thrombin, with the cells either in a monolayer or in a
      suspension. The normal range (mean of control values +/- 2 SD) of protein C
      activation was 80-120%. In contrast to others, we could not detect an inhibition
      of protein C activation by any of the patient IgG's or sera. The recently
      described cofactor for binding of antiphospholipid antibodies to phospholipids,
      beta 2-glycoprotein I, was purified and added to the purified IgG's. A
      combination of these two components did not inhibit the EC mediated protein C
      activation by thrombin. This study suggests that the inhibition of the protein C
      activation, mediated by EC, is not a general mechanism by which aPL related
      thrombosis can be explained.

PMID- 1796413
TI  - Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic plasminogen upon the lysis of thrombi in
      vitro.
AB  - When the rate of lysis of artificial thrombi (prepared from plasma or whole
      blood) was expressed according to the concentration of tissue type plasminogen
      activator (t-PA) or single chain urokinase type plasminogen activator (sc-uPA)
      then bell-shaped dose response curves were obtained, low rates being observed at
      concentrations of activator greater than 500 units/ml. Bell-shaped dose response
      curves were not observed for rate of lysis of artificial thrombi over the
      concentrations of streptokinase tested (SK) or for the lysis of plasma gel clots
      by any of the activators tested. Further investigation indicated that the
      preponderant mechanism for dissolution of thrombi at 500 units/ml of t-PA was by
      activation of the plasminogen within the thrombus (intrinsic) since the
      plasminogen present in the plasma perfusing the thrombus (extrinsic) rapidly
      became depleted. On the other hand, at 50 units/ml t-PA the lysis was observed to
      be due preponderantly to the action of plasmin arising from extrinsic rather than
      intrinsic plasminogen. If "plasminogen enriched" thrombi were prepared in the
      presence of Lys plasminogen (Lys-Plg) faster rates of lysis occurred and bell
      shaped biometric curves were not observed.

PMID- 1796414
TI  - Enhancement of clot lysis in vitro and in vivo with a bispecific monoclonal
      antibody directed against human fibrin and against urokinase-type plasminogen
      activator.
AB  - A hybrid hybridoma (FU1-74), secreting a bispecific monoclonal antibody (bs mAb),
      was obtained by fusion of a murine hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody
      (mAb) specific for human fibrin with a murine hybridoma secreting a mAb against
      urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). The bs mAb (MA-FU1-74), purified to
      homogeneity from mouse ascitic fluid, migrated as a single band with apparent Mr
      150,000 on nonreduced SDS-PAGE and had an affinity for both human fibrin (Ka = 2
      x 10(7) M-1) and for u-PA (Ka = 10(8) M-1) comparable to that of the mAbs
      obtained from the respective parental hybridomas. MA-FU1-74 did not influence the
      enzymatic activity of two-chain u-PA (tcu-PA) towards plasminogen or towards a
      chromogenic substrate. The complex of MA-FU1-74 with recombinant single chain u
      PA (rscu-PA) or with tcu-PA (urokinase) enhanced the fibrinolytic potency of the
      plasminogen activator towards clotted human plasma 20-fold and 5-fold,
      respectively. In a hamster pulmonary embolism model, the rscu-PA/MA-FU1-74
      complex had a 13- to 17-fold increased thrombolytic potency (percent lysis per
      mg/kg u-PA administered) relative to that of rscu-PA. The specific thrombolytic
      activity (percent lysis per microgram/ml steady state plasma level of u-PA
      antigen) of the complex was, however, not significantly different from that of
      rscu-PA. The complex of rscu-PA with the parental anti-u-PA mAb (MA-UK1-3) had
      only a 2-fold enhanced thrombolytic potency relative to that of rscu-PA and had a
      5-fold decreased specific thrombolytic activity. The plasma clearance rates of
      the complexes of rscu-PA with both MA-FU1-74 and MA-UK1-3 were about 10-fold
      lower than that of rscu-PA. In a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model, the rscu
      PA/MA-FU1-74 complex had a 4-fold enhanced thrombolytic potency, an unchanged
      specific thrombolytic activity and 20-fold reduced plasma clearance. In both
      animal models, the rscu-PA/MA-FU1-74 complex did not cause more extensive
      systemic activation of the fibrinolytic system than rscu-PA. It is concluded that
      the bispecific anti-fibrin/anti-u-PA mAb MA-FU1-74 targets u-PA to the fibrin
      clot, resulting in a significantly enhanced thrombolytic potency of the
      plasminogen activator.

PMID- 1796415
TI  - Biochemical characterization of PECAM-1 (CD31 antigen) on human platelets.
AB  - The platelet plasma membrane expresses several membrane glycoproteins with a high
      molecular weight. In this study we have investigated the properties of the CD31
      antigen on platelets and endothelial cells using the monoclonal antibody (MoAb)
      RUU-PL 7E8. Comparative studies revealed that the CD31 antigen, PECAM-1 and
      endoCAM are the same protein. The CD31 antigen was immunoprecipitated with a
      molecular mass of 125 kDa nonreduced and 135 kDa reduced from Nonidet-P40 lysates
      of surface labeled human platelets. The relative position in two-dimensional
      nonreduced/reduced SDS-PAGE and IEF-PAGE, compared to other glycoproteins of
      similar molecular weight, was elucidated. The position of the CD31 antigen was
      clearly distinct from the position of the platelet membrane glycoproteins Ia, Ib,
      IIa, IIb, IIIa and the granule membrane protein GMP-140. Native resting platelets
      bound 7,760 +/- 1,670 molecules/platelet, whereas thrombin-stimulated platelets
      bound 14,500 +/- 3,790 molecules/platelet. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the
      presence of the CD31 antigen on the membrane of both resting and thrombin
      activated platelets. Immunofluorescence studies showed the presence of the CD31
      antigen in the membrane of endothelial cells on sites of cell-cell contact,
      suggesting that the CD31 antigen might be involved in cell-cell interaction. In
      functional studies, MoAb RUU-PL 7E8 did not inhibit platelet aggregation,
      platelet adherence to the extracellular matrix of endothelial cells and purified
      collagen fibrils under flow conditions, nor was any influence found on
      endothelial cell detachment and growth.

PMID- 1796416
TI  - Role of internalization in platelet activation induced by collagen fibers-
      differential effects of aspirin, cytochalasin D, and prostaglandin E1.
AB  - Washed human platelets were stimulated with fibrillar collagen and platelet
      aggregation was prevented by non-stirring conditions. In these samples, electron
      microscopy revealed three fractions of platelets: 1) a majority without contacts
      to the collagen fibers, 2) with focal contacts to collagen, and 3) a small
      fraction of platelets with internalized collagen. All platelets had undergone
      shape change, and exhibited an internal contraction and granule release. However,
      only those with internalized collagen were completely degranulated. The
      internalized collagen was found to be in close contact to the contractile sphere
      in the platelet center, as it was demonstrable with computer assisted 3-D
      reconstruction from serial sections. Aspirin inhibited neither the adhesion to
      collagen nor its internalization by internal contraction. Also it did not impair
      the shape change and degranulation in the platelet fractions that internalized
      collagen. However, aspirin blocked the shape change and internal contraction of
      the other platelets and inhibited the [3H]serotonin release. Cytochalasin D 0.1
      microM also suppressed the internalization of collagen, the shape change, the
      formation of a contractile gel, the degranulation, and the [3H]serotonin release
      in all platelets, whereas the number of platelets that adhered to collagen
      remained unchanged. The same effects were produced by prostaglandin E1. If the
      platelets were stimulated with the TXA2 mimetic, U46619, cytochalasin D at 0.1
      microM had no effect; but at 20 microM it strongly enhanced the degranulation and
      the [3H]serotonin release, although the platelets remained discoid. It is
      concluded that collagen triggers a focal activation of an adherent platelet at
      the site of its initial contact to collagen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796417
TI  - Improved adhesion and proliferation of human endothelial cells on polyethylene
      precoated with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell membrane antigens and
      extracellular matrix proteins.
AB  - Endothelial cell seeding may improve the patency of synthetic vascular grafts
      provided that platelet reactivity of nonendothelialized sites is not increased.
      We have investigated if surface-adsorbed monoclonal antibodies directed against
      endothelial cell membrane proteins and against extracellular matrix proteins
      promote the adhesion and proliferation of cultured human endothelial cells,
      without causing platelet deposition at non-endothelialized sites. Adhesion of
      endothelial cells onto polyethylene coated with monoclonal antibodies directed
      against endothelial cell-specific membrane antigens, integrin receptors and
      glycoprotein CD31 was equal to or higher than adhesion onto fibronectin-coated
      polyethylene. Endothelial cells did not proliferate on these surface-adsorbed
      antibodies. However, pre-coating of polyethylene with mixtures of endothelial
      cell-specific monoclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies directed against
      fibronectin or von Willebrand factor, resulted in relatively high adhesion and
      optimal proliferation. Platelet reactivity of the polyethylene surface was found
      to significantly increase after adsorption of fibronectin, endothelial cell
      specific monoclonal antibody or its Fc fragments. In contrast, adsorption of
      F(ab')2 fragments of endothelial cell-specific monoclonal antibody did not
      promote platelet deposition. Therefore, it is concluded that coating of vascular
      graft materials with mixtures of F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies
      specifically directed against endothelial cells and against extracellular matrix
      proteins may be an effective way to both promote the growth of seeded endothelial
      cells and limit platelet-graft interaction.

PMID- 1796418
TI  - The effect of interleukin-1 on venous endothelium--an ultrastructural study.
AB  - The effect of systemic interleukin-1 (IL-1) on venous endothelium in the presence
      and absence of stasis has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
      Recombinant human IL-1 beta at a concentration of 1 micrograms/kg or saline was
      injected intravenously into rabbits and allowed to circulate for 0.5 or 4.0 h
      after which complete stasis was induced for 1 h in an isolated segment of each
      jugular vein. One vein segment was then excised and the contents examined
      macroscopically for thrombi, while the other segment was fixed for SEM
      examination. When examined by SEM the endothelium from rabbits injected with IL-1
      beta was perturbed with increased surface microvilli, blebs and gaps at cell
      junctions when compared with saline controls. Fibrin deposition was also observed
      after IL-1 beta, as was the adherence of essentially non-activated platelets to
      intact endothelium. However, macroscopic thrombi were not formed in isolated vein
      segments. We conclude that although fibrin strands and platelets were deposited
      on the endothelium, IL-1 is not a sufficiently powerful procoagulant stimulus to
      lead to an occlusive thrombus in acute experiments.

PMID- 1796419
TI  - In vivo recovery and survival of monoclonal-antibody-purified factor VIII
      concentrates.
AB  - In response to reports of discrepant in vitro assays of high-purity concentrates,
      a double-blind crossover study of in vivo recovery and half-life of two brands of
      monoclonal-antibody-purified factor VIII concentrates (Monoclate and Hemofil-M)
      was performed in 23 patients with hemophilia A. In vivo recoveries were close to
      values predicted from the labelled unitage when plasma samples were assayed by a
      one-stage method. When a two-stage assay was used, lower recoveries were
      calculated and the recovery with Hemofil-M was slightly but significantly lower
      than that with Monoclate. The concentrates were re-assayed in vitro by the two
      stage method. Monoclate (which is assayed by the manufacturer using a two-stage
      method) contained 97% of the labelled potency and Hemofil-M (which is assayed by
      the manufacturer using a one-stage method) contained 81% of the labelled potency.
      Differences in in vitro and in vivo assay methods contribute to disparities
      between expected and observed factor VIII recovery. Clearance of Hemofil-M was
      significantly faster than that of Monoclate, but volume of distribution at the
      steady state, mean residence time, and plasma half-disappearance times of the two
      concentrates were not significantly different.

PMID- 1796420
TI  - A rapid and sensitive test for diagnosing heparin-associated thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT) is a severe complication of heparin
      therapy. Its diagnosis is difficult. Conventional assays employ platelet
      aggregometry (PAA) and/or 14C-serotonin release (SRA) which are either
      insensitive (PAA) or require radioactive tracers (SRA). We here describe a newly
      developed sensitive and rapid assay based on visual evaluation of heparin-induced
      platelet activation (HIPA) in microtiter wells. Using sera of 34 patients with
      clinically suspected HAT we found the HIPA assay to be as sensitive as the SRA
      and superior to PAA. The HIPA assay allows investigation of crossreactivity with
      different types of heparins, low molecular weight (LMW) heparins and heparinoids.
      Three patients who required further parenteral anticoagulation and in whom the
      HIPA assay was negative before treatment with the LMW heparinoid Org 10172, were
      treated with this new heparinoid without adverse reactions. We conclude that the
      HIPA assay may be a useful tool for differential diagnosis and therapy in
      patients with HAT.

PMID- 1796421
TI  - Antithrombin-III (AT-III) deficiency spanning four generations.

PMID- 1796422
TI  - Platelet activity in habitual smokers.

PMID- 1796423
TI  - Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and intensity of treatment with oral anticoagulants.

PMID- 1796424
TI  - A selective, copper-mediated reduction in the anti Xa activity of heparin.

PMID- 1796425
TI  - Computerized impedance plethysmography.

PMID- 1796426
TI  - Confirmation of the failure of computerized impedance plethysmography in the
      diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis.

PMID- 1796427
TI  - Aging and tissue plasminogen activator release.

PMID- 1796428
TI  - [One or many--a dilemma even in preventive medicine].

PMID- 1796429
TI  - [Waiting lists].

PMID- 1796430
TI  - [Is 14 a large number? Lessons to be learned from the Halcion issue].

PMID- 1796431
TI  - [Crib death among children born during 1985-1989 at the Rogeland Central
      Hospital].
AB  - 73 cases of sudden, unexpected death in infants were diagnosed as sudden infant
      death syndrome according to the criteria defined by the author. All were born at
      the Rogaland Central Hospital during the period 1985-89, with a total of 19,255
      live births. The total incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was 3.8
      per 1,000 live births. 65 of the dead infants were brought to the hospital, and a
      post-mortem was performed on 59. Most parents were followed up by the author and
      a priest in a bereavement group. The parents of three SIDS infants who had no
      contact with the hospital when the infant died also joined the group. Five more
      SIDS cases were registered when the author received data from the Norwegian
      Medical Birth Registry.

PMID- 1796432
TI  - [Crib death and smoking during pregnancy].
AB  - In this study, perinatal data from 73 children with sudden infant death syndrome
      (SIDS) and 73 matched controls were compared. Birthweight, length and
      circumference of the head were significantly smaller in cases of SIDS. The odds
      ratio for SIDS when mothers who had smoked 1-10 cigarettes per day were compared
      with non-smokers was 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.0-5.7). The odds ratio was
      6.2 (95% confidence interval: 2.8-14.1) when the mother had smoked more than ten
      cigarettes daily during pregnancy. Approximately 40% of all pregnant women still
      smoke during pregnancy. The challenge is to pass on this information in a proper
      way in order to reduce/stop smoking during pregnancy.

PMID- 1796433
TI  - [Breast feeding and smoking--a study at a health center].
AB  - 361 infants were seen at a total of 605 consultations at a child health centre.
      The aim was to study the relationship between breast-feeding practice and
      parental smoking at about six weeks, three months, six months and one year of
      age. The parents were questioned about breast-feeding, cigarette smoking and
      cultural origin. At the respective ages 83, 63, 45 and 15% of the infants were
      breast-fed. The fraction of 58 non-European mothers who breast-fed their children
      was not significantly lower than in our own culture. None of these mothers
      smoked, and their children more often had a home environment not involving
      exposure to tobacco. Compared with infants of non-smoking European women, a
      significantly lower fraction of children of non-European origin were breast-fed
      at six months of age, but not at six weeks and three months. Smoking was common
      in 40% of the mothers when the infant was six months or older. Between six weeks
      and three months after birth the fraction of smoking mothers increased from 28 to
      37%. A significantly lower fraction of smoking mothers than of non-smoking ones
      breast-fed their infants between the age of three months and one year.

PMID- 1796434
TI  - [Epidermolysis bullosa gravis Herlitz. A challenge for a pediatric department].
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa is the collective name for a heterogeneous group of
      inherited disorders characterized by marked fragility of the skin and formation
      of blisters following minor trauma to the skin. The pediatric departments at
      Telemark County Hospital, in Porsgrunn, and at the University Clinic, Haukeland
      Hospital, have cared for two babies subclassified as having the Herlitz type of
      the disease. This type has a very poor prognosis. The article includes a brief
      description of the disease, discusses practical and ethical problems and
      challenges, and describes the departments' attempts to tackle them.

PMID- 1796435
TI  - [Intoxication with tricyclic antidepressive agents in therapeutic doses. Benefits
      of routine blood level measurements].
AB  - Measurement of the level of tricyclic antidepressants in the blood is useful in
      the treatment of affective disorders. We describe four patients, all of whom
      became intoxicated by the recommended therapeutic doses of tricyclic
      antidepressants. The only obvious sign of such gradual intoxication may be
      worsening of the depressive syndrome. Therefore, to enable administration of high
      enough doses without intoxication we recommend routine blood level measurements.
      We present therapeutic ranges and intoxication levels, based on the international
      literature.

PMID- 1796436
TI  - [Prosopagnosia. A rare disorder of visual perception].
AB  - Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological sign, characterized by disturbance of
      recognition of faces. It is important to remember that prosopagnosia can appear
      as a result of a brain injury, and as such may be a major disability to the
      patient. We report a case of a nine year old boy with prosopagnosia due to brain
      injury at the age of 18 months. The main injury was localized to the boy's left
      hemisphere, but his right hemisphere was probably also affected. Most post mortem
      examinations of patients suffering from prosopagnosia show bilateral or right
      sided parietal, temporal and occipetal pathological changes.

PMID- 1796437
TI  - [Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the hard palate].
AB  - Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign, self-healing disease of salivary gland
      tissue and is usually confined to the minor salivary glands of the hard palate.
      It has clinical and histological features that simulate malignancies such as
      mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas. Wrong diagnosis has led to
      unnecessary mutilating surgical procedures. The etiology of the disease is
      unknown, but an ischaemic process is considered most likely. We describe two
      patients with necrotizing sialometaplasia, one with midline and one with
      bilateral symmetrical affection of the hard palate.

PMID- 1796438
TI  - [Cutaneous leishmaniasis].
AB  - Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in certain tropical and sub-tropical regions,
      and is sometimes encountered as an imported disease in Norway. The disease is
      characterized by chronic and painless, but often disfiguring, ulcers that regress
      after some months to years, leaving atrophic scars. Diagnosis is established by
      demonstrating amastigote Leishmania bodies by microscopy of Giemsa-stained smears
      from the periphery of the lesions. This report presents six cases seen in our
      department in the course of the last 14 years.

PMID- 1796439
TI  - [Urethrocystometry].

PMID- 1796440
TI  - [Why do women still smoke while men quit?].
AB  - Norwegian men have reduced their rates of daily smoking, while the overall rate
      of smoking among women has remained unchanged for the last 15 years. The
      prevalence of smoking among adolescent girls has declined. Highly educated women
      are less likely to smoke, compared with women with lower education. Some groups
      of Norwegian women, however, are maintaining their smoking habits. We discuss
      possible explanations of the remaining high rates of smoking among women, and
      suggest strategies to improve the smoking cessation rate among women.

PMID- 1796441
TI  - [How much does unemployment mean for the increased use of disability pensions?].
AB  - In a probably representative material of 363 applicants for a national
      rehabilitation or disability pension it was found that 5.2% had lost their job
      before becoming sick-listed and an applicant for pension, while 3.3% had had
      serious worries about losing their job, but had not actually done so. The author
      suggests that unemployment is a relatively modest factor in the marked increase
      in the 1980s of persons receiving a disability pension, but probably will be much
      more important in the 1990s.

PMID- 1796442
TI  - [Content, function and structure of standardized hospital waiting lists in
      Norway].
AB  - Standardization of hospital waiting lists will improve the quality of information
      on waiting lists, allowing comparison between different hospitals and different
      counties, and a nationwide aggregation. Waiting lists must include all elective
      referrals, and will accordingly allow future planning and surveillance of the
      complete elective hospital activity. A current indication for
      evaluation/treatment in hospital is a prerequisite for waiting list registration.
      The registers must be continuously validated by erasing old referrals. Referrals
      are categorized in relation to hospital departments, sections and levels of care.
      Subgroups comprise medical specialties and diagnostic groups.

PMID- 1796443
TI  - [Grouping and calculated measurements of standardized waiting lists in Norway.
      Definitions and interpretations of waiting lists].
AB  - Waiting list parameters calculated for defined dates and time periods allow
      studies to determine balance between new and completed referrals. The authors
      discuss various sub-groupings of the waiting lists. The main waiting time
      parameter is mean waiting time for the various levels of care in the case of the
      different medical specialties and diagnostic groups. Waiting time is defined as
      the difference between date of first admission to hospital and the date when the
      patient was referred. It is possible to calculate total waiting time for patients
      undergoing out-patient evaluation before in-patient or day-care treatment.
      Aggregated waiting times should exclude control admissions and admissions
      postponed at the wish of the patient.

PMID- 1796444
TI  - [Reports of waiting list data from hospitals to the central registry--a database
      for reducing hospital waiting lists. Minimum dataset of waiting list parameters].
AB  - The governmental regulations concerning registration of waiting lists and
      priority of patients, laid down in July 1990, introduce a "waiting time
      guarantee" which ensures a waiting time not exceeding six months for patients
      suffering from diseases having severe impacts on health. Hospitals that are
      unable to treat these patients within six months are requested to refer them to
      other hospitals before the deadline. All hospitals have to make monthly reports
      of waiting list parameters to a Central Waiting List Register, enabling both a
      nationwide waiting list survey and comparisons between different hospitals and
      different counties. An online communication facility to the central register
      enables searches for and reporting of vacant treatment capacity.

PMID- 1796445
TI  - [Waiting time for treatment in hospital. How can we measure and regulate the
      waiting time?].
AB  - We discuss different measures of waiting time, as well as the factors that
      influence the waiting time, the number of patients accumulated on the waiting
      list, the inflow of patients to the list, the number of patients removed from the
      list without treatment, and the number of patients removed from the list as
      treated. We describe a method for continuous registration and surveillance of
      these factors, and of the waiting time for treated and waiting patients. We also
      present a mathematical model to describe the relation between these factors. This
      model has proved to be a useful tool in predicting waiting time and in estimating
      the treatment capacity required to reach defined goals for waiting time.

PMID- 1796446
TI  - [Sudden infant death in Norway--does bedding play any role?].
AB  - During the last decade the occurrence of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
      has increased in Norway, which now has the highest incidence in Scandinavia. A
      factor which might explain the differences between countries is discussed. Use of
      different kinds of bedding in the different Nordic countries seems to correspond
      to differences in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Temperature
      disturbance has been suggested earlier as a possible aetiological factor and the
      present hypothesis seems to be supported by results showing the effects of
      temperature on the syndrome.

PMID- 1796447
TI  - [Who is responsible for the patient?].

PMID- 1796448
TI  - [Planning for the future--which groups are to be served by the psychiatric
      outpatient departments?].

PMID- 1796449
TI  - [Methadone treatment of narcotic addicts--can it be defended?].

PMID- 1796450
TI  - [The prestige of diseases and medical specialties].

PMID- 1796451
TI  - HLA association of idiopathic Peyronie's disease: an indication of autoimmune
      phenomena in etiopathogenesis?
AB  - HLA typing for class I and class II antigens was done in 52 unrelated patients
      suffering from idiopathic Peyronie's disease. The controversially discussed
      association with the HLA-B7 cross-reacting group could not be confirmed. Marked
      deviations of antigen frequencies were observed for HLA-A1, B8, Cw7, DR3 and DQw2
      compared to healthy local controls. After correction of p-values, A1 (pc less
      than 0.05) and DQw2 (pc less than 0.01) remained significant. A possible
      association of Peyronie's disease with markers of the HLA-A1, B8, Cw7, DR3, DQw2
      haplotype, as first described here, would suggest autoimmunological factors in
      this disorder of otherwise unknown etiopathogenesis.

PMID- 1796452
TI  - Clinical applicability of the immunomagnetic beads technique for serological
      crossmatching in renal transplantation.
AB  - The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate the clinical
      applicability of the immunomagnetic (IM) beads technique for serological
      crossmatching (XM) in renal transplantation. The IM XM were read after various
      periods of incubation, and the results were compared with those obtained by the
      conventional Kissmeyer-Nielsen (KN) technique. A total of 132 sera from 96
      potential recipients were tested against cells from 62 donors. Eight-nine KN T
      cell XM-negative renal allograft transplantations were performed, and the IM XM
      results were related to clinical 3-month follow-up data (incidence of primary non
      function, never functioning grafts, graft losses and rejection episodes). The IM
      technique was clearly more sensitive than KN, and sensitivity increased markedly
      with increasing duration of incubation. KN-, IM+ reactions were predominantly
      found among sera from patients with panel-reactive antibodies (PRA, 2p less than
      0.01), and thus probably caused by HLA antibodies. However, positive IM XM,
      appearing after more than 35 min of incubation, did not influence the overall
      clinical outcome in the observation period. With reading after exactly 35 min of
      incubation, XM results obtained by IM and KN techniques correlated well. Thus, we
      believe, that the IM XM technique will be as safe and effective in avoidance of
      hyperacute rejections as the conventional assay. In the present material, the
      incidence of primary nonfunction was significantly (2p = 0.0023) higher among
      PRA+ recipients compared to PRA- patients. To conclude, we recommended the IM
      technique with reading after exactly 35 min of incubation for easy, fast (70 min)
      and reliable XM, that is always possible to perform using peripheral blood.

PMID- 1796453
TI  - Serological definition of SNA antigen (BW78) by the 11th IHWS serum sets.

PMID- 1796454
TI  - Localization of myosin in the cytoskeleton of brush border cells using monoclonal
      antibodies and confocal laser-beam scanning microscopy.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies binding to the rod portion of brush border myosin were used
      to localize myosin in chicken intestinal brush border cells by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Isolated cells, or cells still attached in a sheet, were
      analyzed by conventional epifluorescence microscopy, which showed that most of
      the immunoreactive myosin is localized in the apical brush border (terminal web),
      and in a basal region. In addition, a weak, diffuse granular and rod-like
      labeling was detected throughout the cell body. Using the laser-scanning confocal
      microscope (White et al., 1987), a more precise localization of the myosin within
      the terminal web and the cell body was obtained. In the terminal web, most of the
      myosin was concentrated in a circumferential ring, below the plasma membrane, and
      the remaining myosin was found in the inter-rootlet area. These two populations
      of myosin were topologically strictly related, since they were found in the same
      optical sections. In the cell body, as well as in the basal region, the myosin
      was found to be associated with the outer limiting membrane of the cell, in a
      cortical location, whereas essentially no myosin was detected in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1796455
TI  - The somatic envelopes around the germ-line cells of polytrophic insect follicles:
      structural and functional aspects.
AB  - The polytrophic ovarioles of three insect species, the fruit fly Drosophila
      melanogaster, the fungus gnat Bradysia tritici, and the honeybee Apis mellifera,
      were compared morphologically and with respect to the cytological organization of
      the peripheral somatic layers. Staining with rhodaminyl-phalloidin revealed
      differences in the organization of the muscle strands of the epithelial sheath
      and the microfilament pattern in the basal part of the follicular epithelium (mid
      vitellogenic stages). Also, the size of the intercellular space between the
      follicle cells differed considerably in the three analyzed species. The basement
      membrane of Drosophila and Bradysia follicles was partially digested using
      purified collagenase. The observed morphological changes indicated that in both
      species the basement membrane of the follicular epithelium plays an important
      role in shaping the follicles. The possible functional significance of the
      species-specific structural differences is discussed.

PMID- 1796456
TI  - Effects of lead on hepatocyte ultrastructure in Carassius carassius (L.) var.
      auratus.
AB  - Subcellular modifications in hepatocytes of Carassius carassius var. auratus
      subjected to 24 hr and 48 hr sublethal acute lead (5mg.1-1) exposure were studied
      by electron microscopy. Cytological alterations were observed after 24 hr of
      treatment and became more evident after 48 hr. Lead induced an increase in
      nuclear heterochromatin and alterations in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
      and Golgi complex ultrastructure. Glycogen granula decreased, and secondary
      lysosomes and lipid droplets increased. Furthermore, intracytoplasmic lumina with
      microvilli-bearing surfaces and numerous autophagic vacuola were observed after
      48 hr of exposure.

PMID- 1796457
TI  - [Detection and possible therapy of granulocyte defects].
AB  - Following a short overview of anatomical distribution pattern and functions of
      neutrophils diagnostic methods of evaluating their different functions are
      summarized. Therapeutic uses for granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor are
      discussed.

PMID- 1796458
TI  - [The clinical case. A cat with chronic diarrhea and emaciation].

PMID- 1796459
TI  - [Fine tissue studies of the nerve supply to the dental pulp in domestic sheep (O.
      ammon aries Linne, 1758)].
AB  - The nerve supply of the pulp was investigated in 17 sheep of various breeds and
      age groups belonging to both sexes, using light and electron microscopy. The
      following results were obtained: The dental pulp of sheep is supplied with
      myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The subodontoblastic plexus of
      Raschkow, as found in man, is absent in sheep. Single axons may be found in the
      predentine between the odontoblasts and near Tomes' processes. The rare
      occurrence of both subodontoblastic nerve fibres and cells of the immune system
      in the ovine pulp is discussed in relation to evolutionary processes, in light of
      the fact that sheep are relatively resistant to caries.

PMID- 1796460
TI  - [The problems of vaccination against chlamydial abortion in sheep].
AB  - Different vaccines used against chlamydial abortion in sheep are described.
      Problems associated with insufficient immunity after vaccination are discussed.
      Reasons for failure of certain vaccine preparations are addressed. Finally new
      developments in vaccine production are introduced which might be useful in
      solving problems still existing in the prevention of chlamydial abortion in sheep
      by vaccination.

PMID- 1796461
TI  - [Listeriosis of lambs, its occurrence in a large sheep flock and experiences with
      a possible immunization].
AB  - There are regional differences in the aetiology of the CNS form of listeriosis;
      whereas in some flocks it is predominantly the adult animals which are affected,
      other units encounter substantial lamb losses with only small numbers of diseased
      ewes. Attempts at treatment are only likely to be successful with the septicaemic
      form of the disease. The evaluation of a vaccine to reduce lamb losses caused by
      listeriosis is problematic. The fact that the live vaccine which is usually
      tested is a highly virulent vaccine, which may under certain circumstances cause
      listeriosis in lambs, makes its further use indefensible in our opinion.

PMID- 1796462
TI  - [The cell count in sheep and goat milk].
AB  - The udder health of 404 sheep from 23 flocks and 397 goats from 15 herds in Lower
      Austria was examined. In order to determine cell levels, the Schalm Test
      (equivalent to the California mastitis test) and a fluoroscopic "Fossomatic" cell
      count appliance were employed. The resultant physiological median levels of
      somatic cell content were established as 71,000 cells/ml for sheep milk and
      415,000 cells/ml for goat milk. Significant factors influencing the cell count
      levels were the milking technique in both species and age in sheep but not in
      goats. The pathogens most frequently isolated as causes of chronic or latent
      mastitis were coagulase-positive and -negative cocci.

PMID- 1796463
TI  - [Chlamydia infections in sheep and goats. With a reference to its significance as
      a zoonosis].
AB  - Infections by Chlamydia psittaci are found worldwide in many species of mammal,
      including man, and birds. Small ruminants are affected mainly with abortion in
      the later phase of gestation. Additionally pneumonia and lesions in other organs
      can be observed. Pathological and clinico-epidemiological aspects of the
      infection with C. psittaci in small ruminants are described and discussed. The
      description of a case of conjunctivitis acquired by one of the authors through
      contact with infectious material alerts to the significance of C. psittaci as an
      agent able to cause zoonotic infections.

PMID- 1796464
TI  - [Which evidence permits a liver cell smear in cattle with metabolic disorders?].
AB  - The technique of liver puncture as described by Holtenius (1961) was assessed
      with regard to its practicability and safety in a preliminary study of 26 cattle
      and a follow-up study of 108 German black pied cattle. The sample material was
      smeared, stained and examined by light microscope. All animals with changes of
      grade 5 had to be slaughtered. Liver puncture is a simple, quick and safe
      technique which supplies useful information about the various stages of hepatic
      fatty degeneration in individual cattle.

PMID- 1796465
TI  - [Enzootic abortion in a goat herd, caused by mixed infection with Coxiella
      burnetii and Chlamydia psittaci. Case report].
AB  - We report on an outbreak of enzootic abortion in a herd of goats with high losses
      caused by mixed infection with Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia psittaci. Both
      agents could be detected by microscopic investigation of smears from afterbirths
      by Gimenez staining and by a capture enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assay
      (Capture ELIFA). Additionally, Coxiella burnetii was isolated from the same
      tissues in BGM cell cultures. Serological investigations with CF, indirect ELIFA,
      and IF tests revealed high antibody titers against both agents in most animals.
      Coxiella antigen was still detected 91 days later in milk samples of two infected
      goats by Capture ELIFA.

PMID- 1796466
TI  - [The occurrence of different forms of ovarian cysts in swine with special
      reference to their effect on the estrus cycle].
AB  - Ovaries of 100 sows with ovarian cysts were collected at the slaughterhouse after
      normal slaughter. The ovarian function was assessed macroscopically and
      representative sections of 55 ovaries were examined histologically. The cysts
      were grouped into the following categories: follicle theca cysts, follicle lutein
      cysts, lutein cysts, blood cysts and mixed forms with concurrent incidence of the
      above cyst forms. Only follicle theca cysts, follicle lutein cysts, lutein cysts
      or blood cysts were found in 24%, 7%, 32% and 10% of animals, respectively. In
      27% of animals the above mentioned forms of cysts occurred concurrently. A large
      number of cysts per animal was found for follicle theca cysts (9.0 cysts per
      animal) and mixed forms (11.0 cysts per animal). Follicle lutein cysts, lutein
      cysts and blood cysts were developed in smaller numbers (3.1, 3.9 and 4.8 cysts
      per animal, respectively). Anestrus occurred only for follicle theca cysts, if
      their number exceeded 7 cysts per animal (13 per cent of the examined animals).
      Blood cysts occurred only during the metoestrus and follicle lutein and lutein
      cysts only during the corpus luteum phase. It is assumed that the cysts regress
      after the 13th day of the cycle, if normal corpora lutea are present at the same
      time. Only follicle theca cysts occurring in large numbers persist and block
      subsequent cyclic activity. There seems to be a particular predisposition for the
      development of cysts when the ovarian cycle is re-initiated after anestrus.

PMID- 1796467
TI  - [Helminth infections in wild boars kept in enclosures in southern Germany:
      severity of infections and fecal intensity].
AB  - To determine the intensity of helminth infection and egg output with regard to
      age and sex of wild boar, stomachs and intestines of 124, lungs of 62, and livers
      of 39 animals from 5 enclosures in Southern Germany were examined. The evaluation
      of the intensity of infection showed 579.4 worms per animal for Hyostrongylus
      rubidus, 510.4 for Globocephalus longemucronatus, 476.9 for Oesophagostomum
      dentatum, 476.9 for O. quadrispinulatum, 254.2 for Metastrongylus pudendotectus,
      176.9 for M. salmi, 140 for Physocephalus sexalatus, 56.9 for M. apri, 45.4 for
      Trichuris suis, and 3.3 for Ascaris suum. 33.6 liver flukes per infected wild
      boar were also found. Additionally 2 metacestodes of Taenia hydatigena on the
      serous liver coat of an adult sow were found. The worm burden with respect to age
      of the animals showed no or only minimal age related differences, whereas a large
      number of O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum was found in adults compared to
      younger wild boars. The evaluation of the intensity of infection with regard to
      sex of the animals showed higher values only for H. rubidus, O. dentatum, O.
      quadrispinulatum and P. sexalatus in males compared to female wild boars. The egg
      output intensity in the samples taken from the rectum was in average 3300 EpG for
      A. suum, 450.4 EpG for Oesophagostomum, 445.9 EpG for Globocephalus, 220 EpG for
      Trichuris, 207.9 EpG for Metastrongylus, 190.8 EpG for Hyostrongylus and 67 EpG
      for Capillaris. The egg output with respect to age showed higher values in
      younger wild boars than in adults.

PMID- 1796468
TI  - [Skin and plumage changes in domestic birds. I. Skin changes].
AB  - This study presents modifications of the common integument and specific
      integumental structures developed during the domestication process of different
      poultry species. These modifications include dewlaps, variations of the comb, ear
      lobes, and wattles, size and form variations of the beak, exuberances of the cere
      and orbital skin, spur defects, loss of the uropygial gland, and crop
      dilatations. Most skin modifications were genetically manifested by exhibition
      poultry, and perpetuated by deliberate selective breeding. Several of the skin
      modifications described severely impair the normal, species-typical way of life
      of the animals concerned. The range of negative influences exerted by some of the
      fancy breed characteristics includes physical disabilities as well as disorders
      in food intake, reproduction, and social behaviour. Additionally, genetic defects
      and pathogenic predispositions can be found.

PMID- 1796469
TI  - [The occurrence of conjunctivitis of unknown etiology in budgerigars
      (Melopsittacus undulatus, Shaw 1805)].
AB  - The present paper describes a previously unrecorded conjunctivitis of unknown
      etiology in the budgerigar. Clinical observation reveals close parallels with
      "cockatiel conjunctivitis". This disease of the cockatiel is often associated
      with respiratory symptoms. Clinical and pathological features, as well as therapy
      of the disease are discussed.

PMID- 1796470
TI  - [Peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a Persian cat--a congenital
      defect].
AB  - In this clinical study, a diaphragmatic peritoneo-pericardial hernia in an eight
      month-old Persian cat is reported. The diagnostic procedure is described, and the
      clinical symptoms and diagnostic possibilities are discussed.

PMID- 1796471
TI  - [Nerve disorders of micturition in the dog. A review of five cases].
AB  - This investigation gives an overview of the etiology and treatment of neural
      micturition disorders, using five clinical cases. Micturition is only feasible
      when there is an unimpeded collaboration between superior control mechanisms and
      peripheral reflex mechanisms. Due to the complex physiology of bladder
      innervation, the loss of individual nerve paths leads to disorders in the
      chronological events of urine emission. The purpose of the present work is to
      demonstrate the symptoms and physiopathological principles which were found to be
      present in specially selected and typical clinical cases. It should be borne in
      mind that the evaluation of the etiology of this commonly occurring paralysis is
      not always as clear as it was in these selected cases.

PMID- 1796473
TI  - The burrowing ASPS genus Atractaspis belongs to a separate family of venomous
      snakes--the Atractaspididae.

PMID- 1796472
TI  - [Chronic active or aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis with copper
      accumulation in a Dobermann. Case report].
AB  - Clinical signs, haematological and biochemical abnormalities as well as the
      pathomorphological and electronmicroscopic findings observed in a 7 1/2 year old
      spayed female Dobermann suffering from chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis are
      described. During almost the whole period of observation the clinical signs were
      nonspecific. The laboratory findings indicated a progressive liver disease. Gross
      findings revealed an atrophic cirrhosis. Histopathologically characteristic
      features of chronic active hepatitis were also seen together with a moderate
      copper accumulation localized in the periphery of the hepatic lobules. There was
      no evidence of cholestasis.

PMID- 1796474
TI  - Systemic haemorrhage in rats induced by a haemorrhagic fraction from Bothrops
      jararaca venom.
AB  - The main haemorrhagic fraction of Bothrops jararaca venom, showing in vitro
      fibrinogenolytic activity and an inhibitory effect on platelets aggregation
      induced by collagan, was studied in rats. Development of coagulopathy and/or
      haemorrhage was studied 2 hr after s.c. injection of batroxobin, B. jararaca
      whole venom and its haemorrhagic fraction. Incoagulable blood, together with low
      fibrinogen levels, were found only in rats injected with batroxobin and whole
      venom; thrombocytopenia alone was detected in rats given s.c. injections of
      haemorrhagin. Intravenous injection of low doses of haemorrhagin (less than 15
      micrograms) resulted in significant thrombocytopenia, without any alterations in
      the blood coagulation mechanism. Severe damage to the vascular endothelium and
      skeletal muscle following s.c. injection of haemorrhagin together with signs of
      systemic haemorrhage in the kidneys, lungs and liver occurred. Levels of factor
      VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen were within the normal range in all
      animals. Serum levels of both whole venom and haemorrhagin were significantly
      correlated. This study confirms that B. jararaca haemorrhagin plays a vital role
      in systemic bleeding.

PMID- 1796475
TI  - Murine lymphocyte proliferation impaired by substituted neosolaniols and
      calonectrins--Fusarium metabolites associated with trichothecene biosynthesis.
AB  - The capacity of Fusarium secondary metabolites associated with trichothecene
      biosynthesis to inhibit murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated and
      compared to that for well known trichothecenes. Activity of these compounds was
      not specific for B and T lymphocytes since they inhibited [3H]thymidine (TdR)
      incorporation in unstimulated, Con A- and LPS-stimulated lymphocytes to the same
      extent. Concentrations of 8-propionyl neosolaniol and 8-butyrylneosolaniol which
      inhibited [3H]Tdr uptake by 50% (ID50s) were 0.95 and 0.34 ng/ml, respectively.
      The ID50 for T-2 toxin was 0.26 ng/ml, indicating that there are minor
      alterations in 12,13-epoxytrichothecene toxicity resulting from the replacement
      of the isovaleryl moiety on C8 of the trichothecene skeleton with other bulky
      acyl groups. ID50 values for 4,15-diacetylnivalenol, fusarenon X, deoxynivalenol
      and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol were 25, 38, 120 and 1800 ng/ml, respectively.
      Comparatively, ID50 values for 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin, 15
      deacetylcalonectrin, and 7,8-dihydroxycalonectrin were 390, 2700 and 2400 ng/ml,
      respectively, indicating that the modified calonectrins had equivalent or less
      toxicity. Lymphotoxicity of trichothecenes thus decreased upon substitution of
      acyl groups at the C8 with keto or hydroxy moieties and was also dependent on the
      nature of substitutions at the C3, C4 and C15 positions. Sambucinol and the
      trichothecene precursor trichodiene, metabolites which do not contain a 12,13
      epoxide, did not inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. The results suggest the need
      for further assessment of occurrence and in vivo toxicity of Fusarium
      metabolites, particularly the substituted neosolaniols and calonectrins.

PMID- 1796476
TI  - Antibacterial effects of different snake venoms: purification and
      characterization of antibacterial proteins from Pseudechis australis (Australian
      king brown or mulga snake) venom.
AB  - Venoms from 30 different snake species were tested in a disc diffusion assay for
      antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A number
      of venoms gave a zone of inhibition against both groups of bacteria, including
      Aeromonas hydrophila, an important pathogen of reptiles and amphibians. Two
      antibacterial components from the venom of an Australian elapid, Pseudechis
      australis (Australian king brown or mulga snake) were purified to homogeneity.
      The proteins, designated LAO1 and LAO2, had potent antibacterial properties
      associated with L-amino acid oxidase activity. Both had native and subunit mol.
      wts of 142,000 and 56,000, respectively. Antibacterial activity correlated with
      enzymatic activity and was eliminated with catalase. LAO1 and LAO2 had 244 and
      113 units of L-amino acid oxidase activity/mg protein, respectively. Compared to
      tetracycline, a drug of choice for Aeromonas infections in humans, reptiles and
      amphibians, the in vitro antibacterial effects of LAO1 and LAO2 were respectively
      70 and 17.5 times more effective (on a molar basis).

PMID- 1796477
TI  - Pro-inflammatory activity of enterolobin: a haemolytic protein purified from
      seeds of the Brazilian tree Enterolobium contortisiliquum.
AB  - The pro-inflammatory activity of enterolobin, a haemolytic protein from
      Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds, was investigated. In doses ranging from 1 to
      20 micrograms/site, enterolobin induced a dose-dependent paw oedema and pleurisy
      in rats. The effect was apparent after 15 min, peaked at 6 hr and decreased 24 hr
      after enterolobin was administered. One hour after the intrathoracic injection of
      enterolobin, the total leukocyte content of the pleural cavity increased
      significantly, mainly due to mononuclear and neutrophil accumulation. At 24 hr,
      although the number of mononuclear and neutrophil cells tended to decrease, a
      great rise in eosinophil counts was noted. Intraperitoneal treatment with the
      dual lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase blockers, BW 755c (25 mg/kg) and NDGA (50
      mg/kg) or the corticosteroid dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) inhibited enterolobin
      induced paw oedema by 35, 38 and 47% respectively, whereas indomethacin (2 mg/kg)
      was inactive. The H1 antagonist, meclizine (25 mg/kg), was also effective against
      enterolobin oedema while the PAF-antagonists WEB 2086 and PCA 4248 (20 mg/kg) did
      not modify the reaction. It was concluded that enterolobin is a potent inducer of
      pleural exudation, cellular infiltration and paw oedema. Furthermore, enterolobin
      induced oedema is partially dependent on lipoxygenase metabolites and histamine,
      while PAF and prostaglandins did not seem to be important in this reaction.

PMID- 1796478
TI  - Thrombin-like activity in snake venoms from Peruvian Bothrops and Lachesis
      genera.
AB  - Venoms from Lachesis muta muta, Bothrops pictus, B. barnetti, B. atrox and B.
      hyoprorus coagulate in vitro canine fibrinogen, and both bovine fibrinogen and
      bovine plasma. B. barnetti and L. muta muta venoms have greater activity on
      canine fibrinogen and B. atrox and B. hyoprorus venoms, a greater activity on
      bovine fibrinogen. Gel filtration showed one peak of coagulant activity in all
      venoms except B. atrox venom which possessed two peaks. The apparent mol. wt of
      these enzymes ranged from 45,000 to 69,000.

PMID- 1796479
TI  - The cDNA sequence of a depressant insect selective neurotoxin from the scorpion
      Buthotus judaicus.
AB  - A 400 nucleotide cDNA clone encoding the depressant insect toxin of the scorpion
      Buthotus judaicus (BjIT2), was isolated. DNA sequence analysis suggests that the
      toxin is a processed product of a precursor composed of: (1) a 21 amino acid
      residue signal peptide; (2) a 61 amino acid region of the mature toxin; and (3)
      an additional Arg-Lys-Lys tail at the carboxy terminus prior to a termination
      codon. Comparison between the precursor polypeptides of BjIT2 and another
      depressant insect toxin derived from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus
      hebraeus (LqhIT2) shows similarities in their hydropathic profiles.

PMID- 1796480
TI  - Prospects, perspectives, and problems of plant genetic engineering.

PMID- 1796481
TI  - Plant genetic engineering.

PMID- 1796482
TI  - Genetic manipulation of male gametophytic generation in higher plants.

PMID- 1796483
TI  - Transient gene expression of chimeric genes in cells and tissues of crops.

PMID- 1796484
TI  - Fundamentals of light-regulated gene expression in plants.

PMID- 1796485
TI  - Genetic manipulation of photosynthetic processes in plants.

PMID- 1796487
TI  - The molecular basis of ethylene biosynthesis, mode of action, and effects in
      higher plants.

PMID- 1796486
TI  - Transfer RNA involvement in chlorophyll biosynthesis.

PMID- 1796488
TI  - Molecular biology of legume vicilin-type seed storage protein genes.

PMID- 1796489
TI  - Gibberellin-binding proteins and hormonal regulation of transcription in cell
      nuclei and chloroplasts of higher plants.

PMID- 1796490
TI  - Haploid plants from tissue culture. Application in crop improvement.

PMID- 1796491
TI  - Potentials of woody plant transformation.

PMID- 1796492
TI  - The enigmatic role of the sympathetic nervous system in chronic pain.

PMID- 1796493
TI  - This and that: the neurotoxicity of carbon dioxide.

PMID- 1796494
TI  - Animal liberation or animal research?
AB  - The first wave of protest against animal research began over a hundred years ago
      and lasted for about 40 years. The present wave of protest has only existed for
      the past 20 years but it is already far more serious, and more violent, than the
      first. In this Special Feature, Mark Matfield reviews the history of the animal
      liberation movement, and predicts that unless the scientific community makes a
      greater effort to inform the public about why animal research is necessary and
      the humane way in which it is conducted, pharmacological and other areas of
      biomedical research could become seriously restricted.

PMID- 1796495
TI  - New developments in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.
AB  - Methodological improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and
      spectroscopy have enabled the application of these techniques to the study of
      functional or dynamic biological processes. Because the techniques are non
      invasive, repeated measurements can be made in the same animal at different time
      points, allowing disease progression and regression to be followed during drug
      therapy. In this review, Markus Rudin, Wolfgang Zierhut, Andre Sauter and Nigel
      Cook illustrate this concept by the use of NMR to evaluate cardiovascular
      function in the rat in various physiological and pathological situations. The
      possibility of using NMR to perform similar studies in both animals and humans
      should lead to the design of preclinical models with an improved clinical
      predictability.

PMID- 1796496
TI  - Substrate-binding sites in acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase is among the most efficient enzymes known. In order to
      provide an explanation for its catalytic and regulatory mechanisms, including the
      high turnover rate, the specific amino acid residues involved in substrate
      binding and hydrolysis need to be identified. In this article, Ferdinand Hucho,
      Jaak Jarv and Christoph Weise describe the topography of the enzyme as deduced
      from protein chemistry studies. One result of this approach is the finding that
      the binding pocket for the substrate's cationic cholinium group appears to be
      hydrophobic rather than anionic.

PMID- 1796497
TI  - Functions and mechanisms of interleukin 1 in the brain.
AB  - Interleukin 1 (IL-1), a cytokine with diverse actions, has been proposed as a
      mediator of both beneficial and detrimental responses to inflammation and injury.
      Many of the actions of IL-1, such as those on behaviour, neuroendocrine function,
      sleep, fever and metabolism, are mediated by the CNS, as described here by Nancy
      Rothwell. IL-1 can be synthesized and act locally within the brain to influence
      neuronal and glial function, and has been strongly implicated in normal brain
      development and responses to brain injury. A number of distinct sites and
      mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain these diverse effects of IL-1
      in the brain, probably involving multiple receptor subtypes and complex
      interactions with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.

PMID- 1796498
TI  - [The DNA content in the epitheliocytes of the oral mucosa in periodontitis
      patients].

PMID- 1796500
TI  - [The dermatoglyphic characteristics of patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The dermatoglyphic studies showing the existence of genetic predisposition to the
      development of coronary heart disease were conducted. Methods based on the
      mathematical theory of pattern recognition were used for multifactorial analysis
      of the material. It was established that complex evaluation of 20 dermatoglyphic
      parameters could be reliable in predicting genetic risk factor in the development
      of this cardiovascular pathology.

PMID- 1796499
TI  - [The cytogenetic effect in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of persons with a
      history of acute radiation sickness as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl
      Atomic Electric Power Station].
AB  - The results of cytogenetic examination of 51 patients with acute radiation
      disease caused by Chernobyl accident show interindividual variability in
      frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in men with the same diagnosis,
      who were first examined 9-38 months after the accident. It is shown that
      possibility to reveal a cytogenetic marker of radiation exposure grows up in
      cases with severe disease.

PMID- 1796501
TI  - [The genetic analysis of hyperandrogenism of different origins in adolescent
      girls and young women].
AB  - The pedigrees of 192 girls aged 14.19 with different forms of hyperandrogenism
      (HA) have been studied. The hirsutism has been taken as a main symptom in
      analysis of pedigrees. The verification of different models of HA inheritance
      allows considering HA to be a multifactorial disease which is inherited as a
      quasi-alternative model. The coefficient of heritability is equal to 0.65-1.0.

PMID- 1796502
TI  - [A phylogenic study of Pinzgau cattle by the methods of immunogenetic analysis].
AB  - Phylogenesis of Pinzgau cattle was studied by the method of cluster analysis.
      Dendrogram of phylogeny of breeds, which participated in creation of Pinzgau
      breed, was built. The low level of genetic differences between modern populations
      of Pinzgau breed was determined.

PMID- 1796503
TI  - [Genetic divergence and allozymic variability in mice of the genus Apodemus s.
      lato (Muridae, Rodentia)].
AB  - Genetic variability of 36 presumed loci was examined in 5 species of subgenus
      Sylvaemus (sylvaticus, flavicollis, microps, falzfeini, ponticus) and in 3
      species of the subgenus Apodemus s. str. (agrarius, peninsulae, speciosus) from
      different geographic regions of the USSR. Taxonomic status and species
      affiliation of A. s. chorassanicus from Turkmenia and A. s. tscherga from Altay
      have been established: the former is identical to A. falzfeini from the Ukraine,
      the latter is identical to A. microps. Genus Apodemus s. lato can be divided into
      two different geni (Apodemus s. str. and Sylvaemus) on the basis of genetic
      distance between them (D = 1,518). Genetic differentiation within subgenus
      Sylvaemus is 0.311, within subgenus Apodemus s. str. is 1,011. The observed
      differences in genetic heterozygosity between species (H varies from 0 to 0.067)
      are, probably, due to the historical events which take place in the formation of
      areas of these species.

PMID- 1796504
TI  - [The genetic polymorphism of the blood proteins in RID-positive reacting cows].
AB  - Cattle herd of Black-and-White, Red and Simmental breeds having positive or
      negative RID-reaction to leucosis was studied as to the polymorphism of serum
      blood proteins in three loci: Tf, Am and Cp. One system of polymorphic proteins
      has been determined as having a higher concentration of homozygotes (Tf) and
      another one as having a higher concentration of heterozygotes (Am) within one and
      the same herd among animals with the positive RID-reaction.

PMID- 1796505
TI  - [The genetic action of ammonium molybdate and cadmium chloride and iodide].
AB  - Ammonium molybdate cadmium iodide and cadmium chloride have been studied in test
      for their genotoxic effect on induction of DNA-cellular bonding, extrasynthesis
      of DNA in spermatozoa of mice as well as in test to estimate a fertility
      criterion of Drosophila males. Ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide and cadmium
      chloride are stated to be able to induce injuries of native DNA in test on
      induction of DNA-cellular bonding and DNA-sex cells of mice and Drosophila
      melanogaster in dominant-lethal test and in experiments on estimation of a
      fertility coefficient of Drosophila males, respectively.

PMID- 1796506
TI  - [The formation of an adaptive genetic system in an inbred strain of Drosophila
      melanogaster selected for high embryonic mortality].
AB  - In prolonged genetic experiment two contrast inbred strains, selected for the
      differences in embryonic mortality have been produced (HEM and LEM). In HEM
      strain the balanced lethal system in 55.0 region (near B1) of chromosome 2 has
      been formed. This system provides a high level of average fitness in the strain,
      despite of the high level of embryonic mortality.

PMID- 1796507
TI  - [Use of the DNA-specific fluorochrome olivomycin for work with cell cultures].
AB  - A high-sensitive, easy and rapid proximate method has been developed to reveal
      mycoplasmas in the monolayer cell cultures using home fluorescent antibiotic
      olivomycin. This method has been used to screen many cell lines with its high
      effectiveness being shown. As based on this method the following control methods
      are worked out: indication of mycoplasmas in animal blood sera, used for the
      cultivation of cell lines detection of contaminant microorganisms of the cell
      cultures (fungi and bacteria) and human ureaplasmas.

PMID- 1796508
TI  - [Dynamics of the cytogenetic effect in re-examined individuals who have
      participated in eliminating the emergency at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant in
      various periods after irradiation].
AB  - The repeat cytogenetic examination of 22 persons who were exposed to acute
      radiation while eliminating emergency at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant has
      revealed interindividual variability in the rate of elimination of radiation
      induced chromosome mutations. The data obtained have confirmed complexity to
      reconstruct individual radiation doses by the results of cytogenetic analysis
      carried out 1-3 years after the ionizing radiation effect.

PMID- 1796509
TI  - [Interspecies mouse-mink hybridomas as producers of mink immunoglobulin].
AB  - The work is aimed at establishing the interspecies mouse-mink hybridomas from the
      fusion of American mink B-lymphocytes with the murine cell line NSO. The
      hybridoma (lime 10-B5) continued to secrete mink immunoglobulin L-chains in the
      culture for 6 months with constant reclonings. The hybridoma clone was
      characterized by a decrease in the secretory activity of cells. The karyological
      study et this clone has not reliably revealed the mink chromosomes in the genome
      of hybrid cells.

PMID- 1796510
TI  - [Expression of the db (diabetes) gene in mice with hereditary load by generalized
      autoimmune pathology].
AB  - A model of genetically determinate diabetes mellitus in hybrid db/db mice with
      hereditary load by generalized autoimmune pathology has been described. The data
      on the character of hormonal-metabolic disturbances permit a conclusion on more
      serious course of diabetes mellitus in mice (C57Bl/Ks x NZB)F2 db/db as against
      (C57BL/Ks x NZW)F2 db/db, that is correlated with expression of autoimmune
      pathology in parent lines of New Zealand mice NZB and NZW. It is stated that
      diabetic syndrome in males proceeds in more serious form than in females.

PMID- 1796511
TI  - [Genotoxic effects of molybdenum and its derivatives in an experiment on
      Drosophila and mammals].
AB  - As a result of research it is established that molybdenum shows the most
      pronounced genetic activity at the early stages of spermatogenesis. Genetic
      effects of molybdenum and its modification by vitamin S are registered in the
      test of dominant lethal mutations. The cytogenetic activity of molybdenum, the
      molybdenic candle-end and its modification by antibacterial preparation have been
      revealed in the cells of mammalian marrow.

PMID- 1796512
TI  - [A method for calculating a coefficient of inbreeding and specific weight of an
      ancestor in an animal pedigree].
AB  - A new method is suggested to calculate an inbreeding coefficient and specific
      weight of ancestor in animal pedigree. It promotes a 10-fold decrease in
      expenditures of labour as against the S. Wright-D. Kislovsky formula.

PMID- 1796513
TI  - [Improvement of selection indices for animals].
AB  - Selection indices should be used taking into account their correlations with the
      selected characters. The method of relative values to determine selection indices
      gives a more reliable evaluation of boars.

PMID- 1796514
TI  - [Cytologic indices of blood in people with a history of acute radiation
      sickness].

PMID- 1796515
TI  - [DNA content in nuclei of buccal epithelial cells in practically healthy people].
AB  - The results obtained have permitted establishing that changes of DNA content in
      epitheliocyte nuclei in practically healthy people can be induced by hormonal
      background in the organism, on the one hand, and by the level of cell
      differentiation in this globe of mucous membrane of the oral cavity, on the other
      hand.

PMID- 1796516
TI  - [A stereoscopic analysis of the centrosome structure in the cells of continuous
      and primary cell cultures].
AB  - A 3D reconstruction of the centrosome region was made based on series of
      semithick sections in tissue culture cells. It was shown that: 1) the total
      number of microtubules attached to the centrosome is about 30-50 of which only
      20% or less run farther than 2 microns away from the centrosome; 2) a certain
      number of short microtubules (less than 1 micron length) is present in the
      vicinity of the centrosome, the majority of them are attached to the centrosome;
      3) many microtubules around the centrosome have no direct contact with either
      centrioles, or other microtubule-convergent structures; 4) the majority of free
      microtubules are comparatively long (more than 1 micron length); 5) almost all
      the microtubules running closer than 2 microns to the centrosome are oriented
      towards it with their proximal ends. The radial distribution of free microtubules
      around the centrosome support the supposition that they may appear as a result of
      their detachment from the microtubule-nucleating centres.

PMID- 1796517
TI  - [Defining the optimal conditions for immunoperoxidase cytochemistry at the
      submicroscopic level].
AB  - The authors tested a number of experimental protocols and chemicals known to
      facilitate permeabilization of tissues to immunoperoxidase markers without
      ultrastructural alterations of the cells to be examined. Monoclonal antibodies
      producing hybridoma lymphomas served as a primary test object. None of the
      procedures employed (i.e., quenching of the fixative aldehydes by some reducing
      agents; cryopermeabilization; treatment by detergents) were shown either to
      intensify stainability or to increase the penetration of immunoreagents into the
      tissue depth. The diffusion efficiency depended only on the marker molecular mass
      and the thickness of the vibratome section incubated. The Elder and coworkers
      (1983) two-step technique has been found superior in the preservation of both
      immunoreactivity and fine structure of the cell.

PMID- 1796518
TI  - [Changes in the amount of 3H-thymidine label in hepatocytes of different ploidies
      in rat ontogeny after a single administration of the isotope].
AB  - Change of 3H-thymidine quantity in mono- and binuclear rat hepatocytes of
      different ploidy was investigated during the first 6 weeks after a single
      injection of isotope to newborn rats. Rates of cell transitions (arbitrary number
      of cells in the time unit) from one ploidy class to another, and coefficients of
      the reducing of hepatocyte proliferative activity with increasing the hepatocyte
      ploidy were calculated on the basis of ideas about the process of
      autoradiographic label "diluting" in the course of the postnatal development as a
      result of polyploidization and ordinary mitotic divisions of hepatocytes. The
      calculated values are close to values of parameters, which were calculated with
      assistance of the model, which describes the process of polyploidization in the
      liver, on the basis of data on the change in the arbitrary number of different
      ploidy hepatocytes.

PMID- 1796519
TI  - [The regulation of DNA repair processes in mammalian cells. II. The repair of DNA
      radiation damage in NIH 3T3 murine cells transformed by the v-myc oncogene].
AB  - The kinetics of repair of the ionizing radiation-induced DNA single- and double
      strand breaks in the normal NIH 3T3 mouse cells and in those transformed with
      virus oncogenes v-myc has been investigated. The incubation of non-transformed
      cells for 18 hours in serum-free medium results in significant decrease in the
      rate of the single-strand DNA breaks repair during the first minutes of post
      irradiation incubation. This effect is absent in transformed cells. The DNA
      double-strand breaks repair is more efficient in transformed NIH 3T3 cells as
      compared to that in the non-transformed ones both after their incubation in the
      medium with 10% fetal bovine serum or without serum. However, more significant
      differences in the rate of elimination of these DNA lesions was found in the
      serum-free medium. Hence, the presence of v-myc sequences in the transformed
      cells prevented from a decrease in the efficiency of DNA repair due to incubation
      of cell culture in serum-free medium. These results agree with the assumption
      that c-myc gene product may be a mediator in regulation of DNA repair by the
      epidermal growth factor. These data also show that the c-myc gene expression in
      an important condition providing a high efficiency of the constitutive DNA repair
      process.

PMID- 1796520
TI  - [Changes in the adhesion between enterocytes in short-term exposures to
      antioxidants and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].
AB  - Ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol acetate, butilated hydroxytoluene, butilated
      hydroxyphenol, and sodium selenite have no influence on the intercellular
      adhesion in colon epithelium of mice. These antioxidants can drop or prevent from
      the increase in colonocyte adhesion induced by a single injection of colon
      carcinogen--1,2-dimethylhydrazine. With a simultaneous instillation of
      antioxidants and the colon carcinogen, the protective effect drops to zero in the
      following line: ascorbic acid--alpha-tocopherol acetate--butilated hydroxytoluene
      -sodium selenite--butilated hydroxyphenol. On instillation of the antioxidants 8
      9 days after single injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, the protective effect
      dropped to zero in the line: ascorbic acid--sodium selenite--alpha-tocopherol
      acetate--butilated hydroxytoluene. The data obtained give rise to a conclusion
      that the investigated effects of antioxidants may correlate with their
      anticarcinogenic actions.

PMID- 1796521
TI  - [The surface characteristics of the erythrocytes in hemolytic disease of the
      newborn].
AB  - Assessment of structural state of the erythrocyte (Er) surface was done in
      accordance with the capability of overmembranous glycoproteins and glycolipids of
      sorbing the vital stain Alcian blue (AB). The extent of AB sorbing by the Er
      surface of healthy infants is nearly 5.51.10(-13) g per cell, whereas in children
      with hemolytic disease of newborns (HDN) under average grave condition, and in
      children with HDN and concomitant diseases this index is seen to reduce
      significantly down to 82.4 and 70.8 per cent, respectively, which may be due
      presumably to the masking of glycocalyx with Er antibodies. A tendency to the
      same change appears in hyperbilirubinemia of vague etiology. There as a true
      increase in AB sorbing with the grave form of HDN (up to 121.8%). This is perhaps
      because of the increase in Er external membrane permeability to stain and because
      of the increased sorbing of the stain by intracellular components.

PMID- 1796522
TI  - [A method of phase-contrast, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy of one
      and the same cultured cells undergoing cryogenic action].
AB  - Cells cultured on glass substrates have been investigated by phase contrast
      method. After freeze-thawing the same cells were stained for identification of
      damage by fluorescent dyes and studied by the phase contrast method, fluorescence
      and scanning electron microscopy. The method has revealed correlations between
      the damage of cell surface and the cell damage manifestation at morphological
      level.

PMID- 1796523
TI  - Exposure of Ankole and crossbred cattle to theileriosis in Rwanda.
AB  - Susceptible Ankole (Sanga: Bos indicus/Bos taurus) and crossbred Ankole x Jersey
      (B. taurus) and Ankole x Sahiwal (B. indicus) cattle derived from a farm in
      Rwanda with no recent history of theileriosis, were infected with Theileria parva
      stocks from Rwanda either by feeding infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks
      on the ears, inoculation of tick derived stabilate or natural exposure to tick
      challenge. The Ankole cattle originated from local stock born and bred in East
      Coast fever (ECF) endemic areas of Rwanda. Disease, followed by spontaneous
      recovery, was observed in 49 of the 72 Ankole cattle after infection with T.
      parva (68%); the other 23 animals (32%) died of ECF. In contrast 21 of the 33
      infected crossbred cattle (64%) died of ECF. It is concluded that the partial
      Theileria tolerance of the Ankole is, to a great extent, genetic. The basis of
      this partial tolerance seems to be their ability to limit the explosive
      multiplication of macroschizonts during the acute phase of the disease.

PMID- 1796524
TI  - An outbreak of trypanosomosis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria.

PMID- 1796525
TI  - Studies on the efficacy of deltamethrin applied to cattle for the control of
      tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in southern Africa.
AB  - The tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) inhabits 11 million km2 of Africa (Greekmore,
      1989) where it is responsible for the transmission of trypanosomosis to man and
      animals. Because of its slow rate of reproduction, with females producing only
      four to five pupae per annum, control of the tsetse fly is the best means of
      controlling trypanosomosis. A number of different methods have been and are used
      but, whilst successes have been achieved, a long term solution has not been
      found.

PMID- 1796526
TI  - Attempted immunisation of crossbred calves (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) by repeated
      natural attachment of ticks Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch (1844).
AB  - Crossbred calves (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) were repeatedly infested with the
      ixodid tick, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The parameters of engorgement, pre
      oviposition period, oviposition period, engorged weight, egg batch weight, and
      per cent hatch of eggs all showed statistically significant differences between
      first to tenth infestation. Only the time to engorgement did not change. It is
      concluded that repeated infestations of this tick stimulate acquired resistance.

PMID- 1796527
TI  - Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola: a causal agent of sow abortions in
      Arequipa, Peru.
AB  - An outbreak of abortions, stillbirths, mummified piglets and neonatal deaths in a
      pig herd in Arequipa, Peru is described. A total of 31 of 240 sows aborted
      between May and September 1988. When sera were examined 12 of 14 had very high
      titres of antibody to canicola PC125 and canicola Hond Utrecht, but there were
      also high titres of antibody to other leptospiral serovars. A detailed
      investigation was made and serovar canicola PC125 was isolated from the urine of
      four sows which had aborted and the kidney of one slaughter pig. Antibodies to
      various serovars of Leptospira were demonstrated in 11 of 17 sows which had
      aborted, two of six sows which had normal litters, nine of 18 boars, four of 39
      slaughter pigs and four of 14 workers on the farm. The outbreak was brought under
      control by treatment and vaccination coupled with a thorough cleaning of the farm
      and control of the wild animal population. It is suggested that the infection was
      brought onto the farm by wild animals and that the disease is more common in
      Arequipa than was previously supposed.

PMID- 1796528
TI  - Effects of work on reproductive and productive performance of crossbred dairy
      cows in the Ethiopian highlands.
AB  - An investigation was made at the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)
      into the possibility of using cows in land cultivation as a means of reducing the
      dependency of smallholder farmers in the Ethiopian highlands on draught oxen
      power, a resource which is in short supply during the peak of the cultivation
      season and usually leads to late planting and poor harvest. A total of 32
      crossbred cows (1/2 Boran-1/2 Friesian) were used in an experiment to determine
      whether cows could be used to cultivate an average smallholder farm of 2.5 ha and
      to assess the effects of work on reproductive and productive performance; 16
      served as a control group and were milked but not worked while the other 16 were
      milked in addition to providing draught power for cultivation. Draught cows were
      provided with extra feed and consumed 7% and 21% more hay and concentrate
      respectively than non-draught cows during a two-lactation cycle. After the end of
      the second lactation there were no significant differences between draught and
      non-draught animals for milk production (1,713 +/- 57.4 compared with [vs] 1,857
      +/- 48.1 kg), lactation length (291 +/- 20.4 vs 277 +/- 18.0 days), calf birth
      weight (29.6 +/- 1.0 vs 29.3 +/- 1.0 kg), number of days open (77 +/- 14.1 vs 83
      +/- 12.9), calving interval (355 +/- 14.5 vs 358 +/- 13.2 days), gestation length
      (278 +/- 1.6 vs 274 +/- 1.4 days) and number of services per conception (1.21 vs
      1.64). The number of hours worked by each pair of crossbred cows was sufficient
      to cultivate the average smallholder farm of 2.5ha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1796529
TI  - Performance and heterosis from crossing local cattle in the Sudan.
AB  - Local Sudanese breeds were crossbred at Ghazala Gawazat Research Station in
      western Sudan to utilise the advantage of heterosis. The breeds involved were
      Kenana (KK), Butana (BB), and Western (WW). Lactation milk yields were 277.7 and
      252 kg/210 days from two teats for BB and WW respectively. Offspring from BB and
      KK sires bred to WW dams had 8.5% and 25% higher lactation milk yield
      respectively, than straightbred WW cows. The percentage heterosis for total milk
      yield was 3.3. The reproductive effectiveness of all breed types was below 100%;
      indicating that most cows did not calve at regular intervals of 365 days. The
      local crosses (Butana x Western [BW]) had an earlier age at first calving and
      shorter calving interval, by 46 and 17% respectively below their respective
      straightbreds. Weaning weights (205-day) were 66.4, 58.5, 69.5 and 64.8 kg for
      BB, WW, BW and KW, respectively. The estimated heterosis for weaning weight was
      10.1 per cent.

PMID- 1796530
TI  - An outbreak of rinderpest on a farm in the suburban area of Kampala, Uganda,
      following introduction of illegally moved cattle.

PMID- 1796531
TI  - [The kidney and life expectancy].
AB  - Basic renal functions are physiologically determined as precisely regulated
      relation between more and less physical events with low energy consumption and
      energy dependent cellular transport mechanisms. All well in ageing as under
      various conditions of renal diseases adaptive processes become biologically
      effective, so that stabilisation of homoostasis is possible up to a loss of 95%
      of normal function. Life expectancy has to be defined under the new conditions of
      renal replacement therapy effective beyond this biologically defined border line.

PMID- 1796532
TI  - [Prognosis in primary glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Appraisal of the long-term prognosis of primary glomerulonephritis at the time of
      diagnosis, i.e. when there are no longitudinal observations, is based on the
      constellation of clinical findings as well as on the morphological changes in
      glomeruli and interstitial renal tissue which can be detected in histological
      examinations of biopsy specimens. A favorable long-term prognosis is to be
      expected with reasonable probability when 1. an isolated proteinuria of less than
      1 g/24 hour and/or erythrocyturia (no cell casts in the sediment) are present in
      normal kidney function (glomerular filtration rate) as well as normal blood
      pressure characteristics, and the renal parenchyma shows normal sonographic
      findings; 2. Only slight mesangial cell proliferations can be detected
      histologically, and interstitial lesions (cell infiltration, fibrosis) are
      absent.

PMID- 1796533
TI  - [Work capacity with long-term therapy of stomach and duodenal ulcers].
AB  - In consequence of newly developed ulcer drugs as H2-blocker and especially the
      ATPase-inhibitor omeprazole there is a rising chance to reduce drastically the
      relapse rate of gastroduodenal ulcers by long term administration of these drugs.
      By this, it is possible to improve significantly quality of life and ability for
      work for periods of years and to repress overt symptomatic chronic ulcer disease
      into a quiescent stage. Incapability for work and early retiring can be
      prohibited. Therefore the prognosis of chronic duodenal ulcer disease is
      significantly improved by long term treatment of ulcer disease using modern ulcer
      drugs.

PMID- 1796534
TI  - [Current aspects of diagnosis and therapy of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Additions to the categorisation of the forms of diabetes, new knowledge about
      genetic facts and facts of immunology concerning heredity, etiology and pathogeny
      of the diabetes are very important for the innovations as well as the utilization
      of screenings for type I an type II diabetes. As for the laboratory examinations,
      the proof of the glucose fixed to the hemoglobin or to the albumin of the plasma
      has become important. The importance of the intensified insulin therapy with the
      technical support of pumps or injection facilities is emphasized with reference
      to the hyperinsulinism as one risk. The therapies with immune suppressive, with
      inhibitors of glucosidase and aldose-reductase and with the transplantation of
      pancreas or Langerhans' cells promise enormous improvements in the course of
      diabetes.

PMID- 1796535
TI  - [Diabetes and driver's license. A commentary].
AB  - The paper reviews some recent articles on hypoglycaemia, and the prevalence of
      road traffic accidents, respectively, as experienced by diabetic patients. Two
      aspects are particularly emphasised: according to recent recommendations, type-1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients are advised to strive for near
      normoglycaemia, which may, in turn, increase their risk of getting hypoglycaemia;
      hence, car driving may become particularly dangerous for insulin-treated
      patients. The recent literature contradicts the widely held belief that insulin
      treated diabetics are more frequently involved in road traffic accidents than the
      average population. However, there are some subpopulations among the type-1
      diabetic patients who may need special safeguards against hypoglycaemia-induced
      road traffic accidents; this issue is being discussed in the paper in more
      detail.

PMID- 1796536
TI  - [Driving capacity of drug addicts].
AB  - When deciding whether a person is fit to drive a vehicle whilst he is in a drug
      induced delirious state of mind, we take into consideration the actual condition
      of the person at the time of driving a vehicle. As a rule, the mere presence of
      drugs in the urine or serum does not give a positive clue as to the ability to
      drive a vehicle. Here one has to take into consideration the effects of the
      respective drug consumed has at whole. In cases of chronic drug abuse or drug
      dependence as well as dependence on methadone-substitutes we have two
      possibilities to judge by: Either we follow the guidelines of the report by the
      Federal Government on "Illness and Driving", in which case drug-dependence
      excludes driving on the whole or we orientate ourselves here again by the actual
      performance of the person at the time of driving, in which case many drug users
      would be declared fit and able to drive. However as far as the legal aspect of it
      goes, it would be contradictory to the law as regards to drinking and driving.
      Naturally the law wil decide in the end which of the two methods are legally
      applicable.

PMID- 1796537
TI  - [Echotomography in the diagnosis of pleural effusion].
AB  - USI of the pleural cavities was performed in 119 patients (65 men and 54 women)
      aged 30 to 90 with different abnormalities. Pleural fluid in 106 patients was the
      leading symptom of the main pathological process, in 13 patients it was a sign of
      pleural disease. USI was combined with routine x-ray methods. Minimum amounts of
      pleural fluid could be clearly visualized by ultrasound scanning. Echo
      tomographic symptoms of free and encapsulated fluid as well as ultrasound signs
      permitted differentiation of pleural thickening and exudate accumulation. A
      program of diagnostic algorithm was worked out for pleural fluid.

PMID- 1796538
TI  - [The effect of intracoronary injections of x-ray contrast media on cardiac rhythm
      and conductivity during different variations of myocardial blood supply].
AB  - A study of the correlation between electrophysiologic effects of intracoronary
      injections of radiopaque agents and anatomical features of blood supply of
      cardiac conduction was carried out in 60 patients with intact coronary arteries.
      Coronary angiography was performed in all the patients. Disorders in cardiac
      conduction and repolarization in the myocardium were observed in intracoronary
      injection of radiopaque agents, which was accompanied by the development of S-A
      bradycardia. A bradyarrhythmic reaction type depends on prevalence of the left or
      right coronary artery in the atrial blood supply and cardiac conduction. The
      bradyarrhythmic effect was more pronounced in injection of a radiopaque agent in
      the right artery than in the left one.

PMID- 1796539
TI  - [Computed tomography symptomatology of liver hemangiomas].
AB  - The paper is concerned with analysis of CT-symptomatology of 72 liver hemangiomas
      in 43 patients. The authors employed standard and dynamic computerized
      tomography. All hemangiomas were divided into 2 groups: under 6 cm and over 6 cm.
      Small hemangiomas were characterized by clear-cut contours and regular density.
      Zones of low density, regular in structure with clear-cut contours were revealed
      by CT in hemangiomas over 6 cm. Morphologically, this zone corresponded to a
      hyaline structure (a hyaline slot) making it possible to differentiate
      hemangiomas from necrotic tumors. In serious cases dynamic CT with visual
      evaluation and plotting of time-density graphs was recommended. Visually
      hemangioma had a picture of contrast medium accumulation, beginning from a focal
      periphery. Graphically the time of appearance of a contrast medium and the time
      of reaching a maximum for hemangiomas is delayed as compared to the same
      intervals of contrast medium accumulation in the liver parenchyma. It tells
      hemangioma graphs from graphs of other tumors, of which intervals coincide with
      those of liver parenchyma graphs.

PMID- 1796540
TI  - [Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of stomach tumors].
AB  - Proceeding from analysis of over 2000 ultrasound investigations (USI) the role of
      this method in the diagnosis of stomach tumors was defined (employed during
      routine investigation of the abdominal cavity and as a procedure with liquid
      filling of the stomach cavity). Ultrasound semiotics of a neoplastic process of
      the stomach was described. USI can be used for screening and specification.
      Various methodological approaches were proposed with regard to purposes to be
      achieved. Routine methods (x-ray and endoscopy) were shown to remain the chief
      methods. USI can be used in doubtful cases or for obtaining detailed information.
      The most valuable are its potentialities in showing details of intraparietal
      changes in endophytic stomach carcinomas which are difficult for diagnosis.

PMID- 1796541
TI  - [Destructive changes in the spine during ankylosing spondylarthritis].
AB  - Destructive changes in vertebral bodies, mainly in the thoracic part, zones of
      rearrangement and pseudoarthrosis are revealed in Bekhterev's disease. These
      changes develop in advanced stages of this disease in the form of subligamentous
      destruction of the anterior surface of vertebral bodies, limited destruction in
      the area of anterior parts in the zone of intervertebral disks, superficial
      destruction of cranial and caudal body plates with shortening of a height of an
      intervertebral disk, deep destruction of adjacent surfaces of vertebral bodies
      with expansion of intervertebral spaces.

PMID- 1796542
TI  - [Computed tomographic symptomatology of lymphedema of the lower extremities].
AB  - CT potentialities in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lower limb
      lymphedema in 40 patients (11 men and 29 women), aged 16 to 56, are illustrated.
      Eighty studies on the limbs were performed to 20 patients with primary
      lymphedema, 6 with congenital lymphedema, 26 with secondary lymphedema, and 28
      with unaffected limbs. The data were statistically processed according to the
      following parameters: leg diameter, skin and subcutaneous fat thickness and
      density, the presence of fibrosis in subcutaneous fat, its localization, shape
      and spreading, fascial thickness. CT permitted objective assessment of disease
      and a right choice of a type of surgical intervention.

PMID- 1796543
TI  - [Radiodiagnosis of echinococcosis of the lungs].
AB  - The paper is devoted to analysis of radio-diagnostic findings of 79 patients with
      parietal round pulmonary formations. All the patients were investigated by x-ray
      and ultrasound, perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs with a postural test was
      performed in 43 of them. Diagnostic x-ray and echographic methods were compared
      and evaluated in terms of defining the origin of pulmonary formations. The origin
      of pulmonary formations was established by x-ray in 50 of 79 patients (63.3 per
      cent) whereas ultrasound findings proved correct in 74 of 79 patients (93.6 per
      cent). Perfusion scintigraphy can be recommended to patients with pulmonary
      echinococcosis only for limited indications when a necessity arises to assess the
      lesser circulatory state in terms of patients' functional operability.

PMID- 1796544
TI  - [Ultrasonography in the combined modality diagnosis of intraocular tumors].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the description of potentialities of radiation
      methods (ultrasound B-scanning, computerized and MR-tomography) in combined
      diagnosis of intraocular tumors. Ultrasound investigation was performed in 62
      patients, 42 of them were subjected to computerized tomography, 18--to MR
      tomography. A leading role of ultrasound investigation was shown in the diagnosis
      of eyeball abnormalities and in the control of efficacy of eye tumor therapy.
      Ultrasound investigation plays a special role in abnormalities, accompanied by
      opacity of eye optic media. Computerized tomography is an adjuvant method of
      investigation to specify tumor spreading beyond the eyeball.

PMID- 1796545
TI  - [X-ray manifestations of fibrous dysplasia of the facial bones].
AB  - The paper is concerned with roentgenological characterization of mono- and poly
      osseous fibrous dysplasia in cranial facial bones of 60 persons of both sexes and
      at a different age, of them 14 persons were under 14. Mono-osseous lesions after
      radical operations were shown to be capable of continued growth of rearranged
      osseous tissue in those cases when the periosteum was not completely removed.

PMID- 1796546
TI  - [Changes in blood rheology during the performance of angiographic studies].

PMID- 1796547
TI  - [The radiodiagnosis of a mucoepidermoid tumor of the thymus gland].

PMID- 1796548
TI  - [An inflammatory stricture of the esophagus].

PMID- 1796549
TI  - [A case of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the lungs].

PMID- 1796550
TI  - [A hematoma of the mediastinum].

PMID- 1796552
TI  - Cell-free translation of American hop latent virus RNA.
AB  - The RNA of American hop latent virus (AHLV) has a molecular size of 7.7 kb
      measured in agarose gels. Translation products of AHLV RNA in rabbit reticulocyte
      and wheat-germ cell-free systems ranged in size up to 200 kD. Time-course
      experiments indicated that a 36 kD peptide, immunoprecipitated by antivirion
      sera, was synthesized early followed by the sequential appearance of peptides of
      increasing Mr. An excess of the amino-acid analogue L-canavanine for arginine
      specifically reduced the quantity of the 36 kD peptide and induced synthesis of a
      38-kD peptide in both rabbit reticulocyte and wheat germ. Translation products
      were not altered by the addition of a reducing agent, and no product appeared to
      be produced due to limitation of tRNA species or by readthrough. Synthesis of
      AHLV RNA-directed peptides was blocked by the cap analogue m7G5'ppp5'G,
      suggesting the presence of a cap structure at the 5' terminus.

PMID- 1796551
TI  - Computer analysis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein:
      functional topogenic domains as signals for transfer and cleavage.
AB  - Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp160 amino acid sequences by
      computer programs that provide information on the possible conformation,
      hydrophilicity, and surface probability was used to identify possible functional
      domains. Amino acid domains that serve as signals for transfer of the polypeptide
      chain through the cell membrane were identified. Stop-transfer amino acid domains
      present in gp160 made possible the identification of the membrane anchorage
      hydrophobic amino acid sequence. The characterization of amino acid domains that
      serve as signals for proteolytic cleavage suggest that gp41 might be cleaved in a
      number of positions in the polypeptide chain, releasing parts of the carboxy
      terminus amino acid sequence from that part of gp41 anchored in the cell
      membrane. The computer analysis deals with the mode of insertion of gp160 into
      the cell membrane by the cellular signal recognition protein system and
      subsequent processing of the gp160 to gp120 and gp41 (and subpeptides). The model
      for the positioning of these peptides is used to predict the organization of the
      processed envelope proteins in the viral envelope. The possible function of
      domains in gp120 and gp41 during the interaction with host cells during virus
      infection is discussed.

PMID- 1796553
TI  - HIV-1 in Ethiopia: phylogenetic divergence from other HIV-1 strains.
AB  - Phylogenetic tree analysis was performed on selected polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR)-amplified and sequenced regions of the gag and env reading frames of
      several Ethiopian and Swedish human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      strains. These regions are considered to be conserved parts of the HIV-1 genome
      and correspond to the p7 of the core (gag) and part of the carboxy terminal of
      the gp41 protein of env respectively. Comparisons were made with all available
      HIV-1 sequences. The tree analysis showed that gag sequences from nine and env
      sequences from four Ethiopian strains all grouped together in separate branches
      distinct from all other sequenced European, North American, and African HIV-1
      isolates. Thus, the Ethiopian strains seem to represent a highly divergent group
      of HIV-1, which might have developed during a relatively early stage of HIV-1
      evolution.

PMID- 1796554
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus coat protein gene.
AB  - cDNA of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus (PSbMV) RNA was synthesized and cloned in
      E. coli. Four overlapping clones that cover the complete PSbMV genome, except the
      extreme 5' terminus, were identified by restriction enzyme mapping, hybridization
      analysis, and partial sequencing. Overlapping cDNA clones covering 1386
      nucleotides of the 3' terminus were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence contains
      one open reading frame (ORF), followed by an untranslated region of 163
      nucleotides and a poly(A)-tract. The deduced amino acid sequence was found to
      include the C-terminus of the predicted RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the coat
      protein. A glutamine-alanine dipeptide was identified as a putative 49-kD
      proteinase cleavage site at the N-terminus of the coat protein.

PMID- 1796555
TI  - [Determination of anti-arrhythmia therapy of ventricular arrhythmias based on
      programmed ventricular stimulation].
AB  - The authors used programmed ventricular stimulation in 38 patients who had during
      Holter monitoring severe ventricular arrhythmias (greater than or equal to Lown
      4a). The group comprised patients with IHD (22x), hypertrophic (11x) and
      dilatating cardiomyopathy (2x). Three patients had no organic heart disease. Nine
      patients were treated at the time of examination with antiarrhythmic drugs. In a
      total of 16 patients it proved possible to provoke ventricular tachycardia (VT)-
      four times permanent ventricular tachycardia, 12x transient ventricular
      tachycardia (NSVT). In the group of treated patients SVT was provoked twice and
      NSVT also twice, always in patients who took amiodarone. Using programmed
      ventricular stimulation the following antiarrhythmic drugs were tested:
      mexiletine, cordarone, ajmaline. The capacity of all tested antiarrhythmics in
      the prevention of VT was comparable. A total of two patients died during the
      investigation, in both cases a sudden death. One suffered from hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, one from IHD. In both on Holter monitoring NSVT episodes were
      revealed. Programmed stimulation provoked in both SVT, both were treated at the
      time of death with tested antiarrhythmics. The authors conclude that programmed
      ventricular stimulation is a suitable method for rationalization of
      antiarrhythmic treatment, the clinical results, however, do not correspond to
      laboratory results. They recommend therefore to use also Holter monitoring of
      patients at risk.

PMID- 1796556
TI  - [Echocardiographic evaluation of asynergy of the left ventricle in the early
      stages of acute myocardial infarct and its value in predicting infarct
      complications].
AB  - The authors report on their experience with the semiquantitative
      echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular asynergy (group of 36 patients
      examined by two-dimensional echocardiography, dividing the left ventricle into 20
      segments) in the early stage of myocardial infarction and its application in the
      prediction of complications of infarction. The authors evaluated asynegry using
      two parameters: RA (range of asynergy and IA (asynergy index) which characterizes
      the grade of ventricular affection. They describe the calculation of these
      parameters. The authors revealed a significant correlation (p less than 0.005)
      between RA or IA and the incidence of decompensation or cardiogenic shock. RA and
      IA values (median values and scatter) in three groups of patients (non
      complicated infarction, complicated infarction and infarction with cardiogenic
      shock and death) give the opportunity of early stratification of patients with
      acute infarction. RA above 50% and IA above 20 indicate that the patients is at
      high risk. On the other hand, RA lower than 25% and IA lower than 5 suggest a
      minor infarction and probably an uncomplicated course of the disease. In the
      investigated group anterior infarctions affected a greater mass of the left
      ventricle than diaphragmatic ones and the higher death rate in this group (20%
      vs. 14%) was consistent with this.

PMID- 1796557
TI  - [Systemic connective tissue diseases--prognostic conclusions of a 30-year study].
AB  - In the course of the last three decades a gradually supplemented group of 627
      patients was subjected to prognostic analysis, incl. 388 with systemic lupus
      erythematosus, 160 with diffuse scleroderma, 51 with dermato- and polymyositis
      and 28 with a mixed connective tissue syndrome. Taking into account the onset of
      the disease, sex, extent of organ affection and therapy as well as the survival
      period and mortality, the conclusions of the statistical evaluation revealed that
      more than 90% of patients survived for more than 5 years: 92.2% with systemic
      lupus erythematosus, 94.3% with diffuse scleroderma 93.3% with dermato- and
      polymyositis and 100% with mixed connective tissue syndrome; a ten-year survival
      was recorded in cca 80% patients (77.6% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 81.1%
      with diffuse scleroderma, 89.7% with dermato- and polymyositis); a 15-year
      survival was recorded still by more than 50% patients (53.4% with systemic lupus
      erythematosus, 58.2% with diffuse scleroderma and as many as 80.0% with dermato-
      and polymyositis). The above data indicate considerable improvement of the
      prospects of these diseases, whereby the more than treble prolongation of
      survival of patients as compared with the previous period is due to effective,
      although not causal immunotherapy, in particular in systemic lupus erythematosus
      and dermato- and polymyositis.

PMID- 1796558
TI  - [The value of the carbohydrate metabolism response for assessment of early
      prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarct without previously detected
      diabetes].
AB  - The authors examined 68 patients with a acute myocardial infarction without
      previously detected diabetes. They evaluated the importance of the relationship
      of the intensity of the stressor, humoral stress response and the response of the
      carbohydrate metabolism for the early prognosis of the infarction. Despite the
      complexity of these relations and heterogenity in the group of these patients,
      the authors confirmed the prognostic importance of hyperglycaemia, cortisolaemia
      and urinary catecholamine levels, and based on their own experience, they
      recommended to follow up these indicators during the first days after development
      of the infarction.

PMID- 1796559
TI  - [The carbohydrate metabolism and stress hormone response during acute myocardial
      infarct in persons without diagnosed diabetes].
AB  - The authors examined 68 patients with a acute myocardial infarction without
      previously detected diabetes. They evaluated some indicators of the humoral
      stress response and the response of the carbohydrate metabolism during a recent
      infarction. They found very complicated interrelations between hormones of the
      stress reaction and indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism under conditions of
      circulatory stress. Despite this they detected some dominating trend and compared
      their findings with data from the literature.

PMID- 1796560
TI  - [The carbohydrate metabolism and stress hormone response in acute myocardial
      infarct--its importance in predicting permanent disorders of glucoregulation].
AB  - The authors examined in a group of 68 patients with a acute myocardial infarction
      (without confirmed diabetes) some indicators of the humoral stress reaction and
      the response of indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism during circulatory
      stress. After three years they re-examined 48 of these patients with special
      attention to their carbohydrate metabolism. Based on the assembled results, the
      authors sought a relationship between findings during the acute circulatory
      stress and the level of the carbohydrate metabolism after three years. In future
      diabetics they found during the period of the acute infarction higher levels of
      immunoreactive insulin, a reduced IRI/blood sugar ratio and a higher excretion of
      urinary catecholamines. In the OGTT performed one week after the infarction they
      found a higher sum of C-peptide, a shift of the peak of IRI secretion and reduced
      IRI/blood sugar ratio. These finding could indicate the development of a
      permanently impaired glycoregulation and lang-term prognosis of these patients.

PMID- 1796561
TI  - [New tests for laboratory diagnosis of spherocytosis].
AB  - The authors evaluated advantages of the glycerol lysis test (AGLT) and its
      modification the "pink" test in the laboratory diagnosis of hereditary
      spherocytosis (HS). Both tests were positive in all examined subjects with HS and
      in some patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and were negative in
      controls and some other haemolytic diseases. As these tests are easy to perform
      and quick, they can be recommended as a supplementary or screening examination in
      hereditary spherocytosis. The "pink" test has, as compared with the ALGT test,
      the advantage that it is simpler.

PMID- 1796563
TI  - [Myelodysplastic syndrome with severe thrombocytopenia and economic aspects of
      therapy].
AB  - On the example of a 66-year-old man the authors describe the atypical course of
      myelodysplastic syndrome of the type of refractory anaemia with dominating
      thrombocytopenia, manifested by massive haemorrhage, mostly into the digestive
      tract. In view of the increasing number of patients with this diagnosis, the
      authors attempted to elaborate the approximate costs of treatment of the
      condition in a medical department.

PMID- 1796562
TI  - [Central venous sepsis in long-term catheterization of patients during intensive
      treatment of acute leukemia].
AB  - The authors evaluate the prevalence of central venous catheter sepsis and
      possible catheter sepsis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukaemia after
      intensive treatment with cytostatics. The group comprises 42 patients subjected
      to 57 catheterizations of a central vein. The period of catheterizations was 18
      89 days, the average period 43 days. Catheter sepsis was revealed in 15 patients,
      i.e. 26.3% of all performed catheterizations, possible catheter sepsis was
      recorded in four patients, i. e. 7.0%. In almost half of the catheter sepses
      (42.1%) the same microbiological finding was recorded in the haemoculture and
      skin smear at the site of insertion of the catheter. Twelve patients were cured
      (21.0%), seven patients (16.7%) from the group of 42 died. To reduce the
      incidence of catheter sepsis it is important in the authors' opinion to make
      available high quality protective materials (Tegaderm plasters) and the entire
      infusion line should be changed daily.

PMID- 1796564
TI  - [Plasmacytoma and support therapy with calcitonin].
AB  - The author describes the excellent effect of two-years therapy of a female
      patient suffering from multiple myeloma, using the calcitonin preparation
      Miacalcic Sandoz. During the two and a half year follow up of the patient only a
      small progression of the bone affection occurred. The patient who on account of
      pain was treated with opiates was unable to walk unaided, now walks does not take
      analgesics.

PMID- 1796565
TI  - [Simultaneous occurrence of Crohn's and Bechterew's disease].
AB  - The author describes a case-history of concomitant manifestation of classical
      Bekhterev's disease (HLA B 27 positive) which preceded by 10 years the detection
      of Crohn's disease of the stomach, terminal ileum and rectum. The author
      discusses the relationship of the two diseases in particular with regard to the
      probable defined extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease. The concurrent
      presence of the two diseases causes difficulties when assessing the humoral
      activity. For ankylosing spondylarthritis with a manifest or silent intestinal
      inflammation 5-aminosalicylic acid is the drug of choice. Early detection of the
      two diseases is important for therapy and prognosis.

PMID- 1796566
TI  - [Orthostatic hypotension in the aged].

PMID- 1796567
TI  - [Food motivation in patients with alimentary obesity].
AB  - A total of 150 patients with alimentary obesity, stage I-IV, were investigated.
      The control group was represented by 60 clinically normal subjects with normal
      body mass. The state of their food motivation was studied by the questionnaire
      method and with the aid of figure scale. It has been established that food
      motivation of obese patients acquires features of a dominant factor in the
      central nervous system activity, that determines both sharp activation of food
      behavior under the influence of stress, and effective release of psychoemotional
      stress after food intake. The degree of food motivation expression in obese
      patients is subjected to specific diurnal fluctuations with a maximal increase in
      the evening, thus evidencing peculiarity of diurnal rhythmic activity of the
      neuroendocrinal system and energy metabolism in alimentary obesity.

PMID- 1796568
TI  - [Effect of diet on serum macroelement levels in patients with alcoholic lesions
      of the liver].
AB  - The content of seven main biometals: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc,
      copper, iron was studied in the blood serum of patients with alcoholic affection
      of the liver verified clinically and morphologically. In contrast to literature
      data, it has been established that the levels of the main elements in the blood
      serum of patients with alcoholic affections of the liver may be normal, and
      concentrations of zinc, copper and iron are even elevated. The initial body mass
      of patients significantly influences the mineral spectrum of the blood serum: the
      levels of zinc and copper in patients with excessive body mass and obesity were
      significantly higher than in those with normal body mass. The content of the main
      elements in the blood serum was not changed in relation to the degree of the
      liver affection and alimentary therapy.

PMID- 1796569
TI  - [Lactase deficiency among representatives of various nationalities of Siberia].
AB  - Some features of lactase tolerance were investigated in representatives of
      varying groups of indigenous population in Siberia-Mansi, Khanty, Nenets,
      Buryats. The indirect method was used to evaluate lactase activity. A total of 92
      subjects were investigated. It was found that 32% of the representatives of the
      Urals population group and 53% of Buryats were capable of lactase assimilating.
      The data obtained correspond to the cultural-genetic hypothesis on the nature of
      lactase tolerance in the representatives of different ethnic groups.

PMID- 1796570
TI  - [Preparation and clinical trial of new dried balanced food products "Unipit" for
      total restorative nutrition].
AB  - Designs of 2 types of dried balanced food mixtures ("Unipit-1" and "Unipit-2")
      intended for complete recovery nutrition of patients with retained and disordered
      digestive function have been validated. The chemical composition of these
      products has been presented. The results of clinical trials have proved the high
      therapeutic effectiveness of "Unipit-1" and "Unipit-2" in rehabilitation of
      neurosurgical patients.

PMID- 1796571
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of amino acid composition of the products for tube
      feeding].

PMID- 1796572
TI  - [Medico-biological substantiation of producing carbohydrate-rich mixtures for the
      nutrition of highly-trained sportsmen].
AB  - Medico-biological requirements for the chemical composition of specialized
      products (mixtures) with high content of carbohydrates have been considered. The
      mixtures are intended for creation of energy reserves and acceleration of
      restoration processes in persons who were subjected to high physical and neuro
      emotional stresses. The chemical composition and fatty-acid content of the high
      carbohydrate nutritional mixture are presented.

PMID- 1796573
TI  - [Use of the pulsimetric method for estimating energy value of food rations for
      miners in deep coal mines].
AB  - Pulsimetry proved to be the most acceptable method for estimating energy
      requirements of miners working under extreme conditions with constantly changing
      ergometric parameters. It has been established that the mean daily energy
      requirements of miners working in deep coal mines under conditions of high
      temperature comprise 3500 kcal. Energy requirements for the main types of the
      physical activity of workers in deep mines have been calculated, basing on basal
      metabolism, metabolic constants for varying activities have been determined.

PMID- 1796574
TI  - [Effect of linseed oil on fatty acid composition of low- and very low density
      lipoproteins, cholesterol and its fractions in the blood serum of albino rats].
AB  - The authors studied the influence of linseed oil, and mixtures of linseed and
      sunflower oils, in varying ratios, on the levels of cholesterol, low- and very
      low-density lipoproteins, high-density cholesterol, free and esterified
      cholesterol, and on the fatty-acid composition of low- and very low-density
      lipoproteins. In experiments on Wistar white rats linseed oil decreased
      cholesterol concentration, and the levels of low- and very low-density
      lipoproteins, as well as affected the fatty-acid composition of lipoproteins.

PMID- 1796575
TI  - [Characteristics of structural changes in the internal organs of animals after
      administration of dried yeast].
AB  - Morphofunctional analysis of the state of internal organs was made in rats which
      received varying amounts of mushroom powder. It has been established that the new
      product induces development of endovasculitis, dystrophy and lympho-histiocytic
      infiltrates of parenchymatous organs. The data obtained have evidenced the
      development of delayed allergic reactions to mushroom powder. A conclusion has
      been made on the necessity of its limited inclusion into food ration.

PMID- 1796576
TI  - [Induction of remission in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1796577
TI  - [Lipid and fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation of sublimated mare's
      milk after its long term preservation using antioxidants].
AB  - Sublimated mare's milk was stored with and without antioxidants during one year.
      The antioxidants quercetin and bisalcophen were introduced before drying in a
      dose of 0.02% relative to milk fat. Lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid
      peroxidation (LPO) parameters (diene and triene conjugates, total lipid
      oxidation) were studied immediately after drying and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months
      of storage. No significant changes were detected in lipid, fatty-acid composition
      and LPO rate after 3 months of dried milk storage without additives. Significant
      deterioration of lipid, fatty-acid composition, increase of LPO and oxidation of
      milk were recorded after 6 months. Addition of quercetin and bisalcophen promoted
      stabilization of fatty-acid composition and prolonged the term of sublimated
      mare's milk storage.

PMID- 1796578
TI  - [A method of determining the levels of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and its
      metabolites].
AB  - A method has been developed for assay of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolite
      desepoxideoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in animal excrements with the use of reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection (218 nm). The
      method includes purification in the mini-column with activated carbon and
      aluminium oxide. The detection limit was 50 ng/g, relative standard deviation-
      0.05-0.1, the degree of toxin isolation--76-89%. DON isolated from Fusarium
      macroceras, strain 579a, cultivated in rice under laboratory conditions, and DOM
      1 obtained as a result of DON incubation with the contents of the beef first
      stomach, were used in the study. The structure of toxins isolated has been proved
      by the mass-spectrometry method. The method developed by the authors was used in
      the study of DON metabolism in vivo in monkeys.

PMID- 1796579
TI  - [The properties of monoclonal antibodies to HIV gag gene proteins].
AB  - Immunization of BALB/c mice with natural purified HIV antigen, fusion of spleen
      cells with myeloma cells and subsequent selection of hybrid clones using
      recombinant gag antigen of HIV gave hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies
      (MCA) to HIV. The immune blotting method demonstrated that 3 clones interacted
      with protein p24 and 4 clones with protein p17 of HIV. Competitive EIA led to a
      conclusion that the resulting MCA detected at least 3 antigenic determinants in
      proteins, products of gag gene of HIV. The potentials of using these MCA for the
      detection of viral antigen in HIV-infected continuous cell lines were
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1796580
TI  - [A comparison of 2 T-lymphoid cell lines persistently infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) with different productive capacities].
AB  - T-lymphoid cell lines (H9/CBL-4 and CEM/CBL-4) persistently infected with HIV-1
      were observed simultaneously for 6.5 months. The virus activity was characterized
      by such parameters as the number of infected cells determined by fluorescent
      antibody technique, the total level of virus--specific protein synthesis
      determined by immune blotting method, and the capacity to infect H9 and CEM
      cells. A comparative analysis of the two cell lines helped define the evaluation
      criteria for high and low productivity cultures. It was shown that a short-term
      virus persistence could exist in high-productivity cultures and long-term
      persistence in low-productivity cultures. The cytopathic activity of virus in
      cultures could be judged by accumulation of virus protein p24 in cell-free
      supernatants, this being one of the factors defining the efficacy of infection of
      H9 and CEM T-lymphoid cells.

PMID- 1796581
TI  - [IgM- and IgG-class antibodies to the hepatitis C virus].
AB  - The test system widely used currently for the determination of anti-HCV permits
      the detection of anti-HCV IgG alone. The data recently published by T. G.
      Wreghitt et al. confirm the probability of the presence of anti-HCV of both IgG
      and IgM classes in sera from hepatitis C patients. Anti-HCV IgM was detected by
      Ortho test with some modifications using an anti-M conjugate in the last stage of
      the experiment. Anti-HCV IgG were detected by regular Ortho test. A total of 46
      patients with different forms of HCV infection and a control group were examined.
      According to the preliminary data, 18 patients were positive in the routine anti
      HCV Ortho test. Among 18 anti-HCV-positive patients, nine had chronic HCV
      infection and the other 9 acute HCV infection. The distribution of IgM and IgG
      anti-HCV in the acute patients was as follows: 4 patients (44.5%) had
      approximately equal titres of IgG and IgM, 3 (33.5%) had predominantly IgG, 2
      (22.2%) mainly IgM. A similar pattern was observed in the group with chronic HCV
      infection. Thus, 5 subjects (55.6%) showed approximately equal ratio of IgM and
      IgG anti-HCV, 2 (22.2%) had mostly IgM and the rest 2 mainly IgG. No anti-HCV in
      the control group was found. The control group consisted of 18 patients with
      chronic liver diseases without markers of HBV or HDV infection, 3 with HAV
      infection, 2 with HBV infection and 5 healthy subjects. The specificity of anti
      HCV IgM test was confirmed by Chiron Western blot analysis using the same
      modification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796582
TI  - [The pathomorphological changes in the organs and tissues of mice with congenital
      pathology induced by the inactivated influenza virus].
AB  - The structural and functional changes in organs and tissues of 30 young mice born
      from mothers treated intravenously with irradiation-inactivated influenza virus
      were studied. A detailed morphological analysis showed that a single inoculation
      of pregnant females with inactivated influenza virus resulted in the progeny in
      morphological lesions in organs and tissues typical of slow influenza infection.

PMID- 1796583
TI  - [An experimental study of ADP-ribosylation inhibitors as anti-influenza agents].
AB  - Tri-substituted benzamide derivatives are described as a new class of antiviral
      drugs. Three compounds (3, N-acetylaminobenzamide, 3, N-butyrylaminobenzamide,
      and 3-methoxybenzamide) protected mice inoculated with influenza type A virus. 3,
      N-acetylaminobenzamide was found to be most active. It is suggested that the
      antiviral effect may be due to the specific inhibitory action of these compounds
      on NAD(+)-dependent ADP-ribosylation.

PMID- 1796584
TI  - [The efficacy of ribamidil in experimental RS-virus infection].
AB  - The antiviral activity of a national analogue of virasol, ribamydil, with regard
      to RS virus infection was studied in tissue culture and in experimental animals.
      In L-41 cell cultures ribamydil in a dose of 60 micrograms/ml or more completely
      inhibited multiplication of RS virus strain Long, in a titre of 4.75 lg CPD50.
      The drug concentrations of 30, 15, and 7 micrograms/ml reduced the virus content
      by 3.75, 2.75 and 2.0 lg CPD50, respectively; ED50 of the drug was 7
      micrograms/ml, the chemotherapeutic index was 71. In cotton rats, RS virus
      infection could be reproduced in 95%. Subcutaneous inoculation of the injection
      form of ribamydil in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight prevented the development of
      infection with RS virus in 100% of the animals.

PMID- 1796585
TI  - [The properties of the particles formed in the reproduction of an acute in vitro
      infection with the tick-borne encephalitis virus adapted to H. plumbeum ticks].
AB  - The properties of virions produced in pig embryo kidney (PEK) cells inoculated
      with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus strain EK-328 which had been passaged in
      white mice and its variant obtained by passages of TBE in H. plumbeum ticks
      (clone 718/574 H. pl.17) were found to be different. The clone 718/574 H. pl17
      virus particles had no hemagglutinating or precipitating activities, greater
      sedimentation and density heterogeneity in sucrose density gradient
      centrifugation, and differences in movements to electrodes in electrophoresis and
      immune electrophoresis. In mixed infection in PEK cultures with EK-328 strain and
      clone 718/574 H. pl17, the infective dose-dependent interference was observed
      which affected the infectious virus titre and the size of cathode antigen
      precipitate.

PMID- 1796586
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies to natural human gamma-type interferon].
AB  - Nine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to natural human gamma
      interferon (IF-gamma) were generated. BALB/c mice were immunized with nonpurified
      IF-gamma preparation synthesized by lymphoid cells of the peripheral blood of
      donors in response to induction with staphylococcal enterotoxin A. For the first
      time somatic hybridization was done with the use of a medium with a high content
      of HEPES which maintained hybridomas viable for a long period of time. Out of 9
      hybridomas, two (-gamma 6.1 and gamma-8.1) were shown to produce MCA with a high
      binding activity in the enzyme immunoassay. The same MCA effectively neutralized
      the biological activity of natural IF-gamma.

PMID- 1796587
TI  - [Testing for the safety, reactogenicity and antigenic properties of a live
      thermostable mumps vaccine made from the Leningrad-3 strain].
AB  - A live mumps vaccine (LMV) from strain Leningrad-3 with a new stabilizer LS-18
      was tested for reactogenicity and antigenic potency. Examinations of vaccinated
      children for vaccination reactions showed its complete areactogenicity and
      safety. LMV induced synthesis of virus-neutralizing antibodies in 78-82% of the
      vaccinees. Determinations of the dynamics, intensity and duration of circulation
      of specific antihemagglutinating, antineuraminidase and virus-neutralizing
      antibodies demonstrated marked antigenic potency of the LMV and established
      production of earliest specific antineuraminidase antibodies in 75% of the
      vaccinees. EIA was found to be the most sensitive test.

PMID- 1796588
TI  - [The isolation and characteristics of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies
      to the structural proteins of the Vnukovo-32 strain of the rabies virus].
AB  - A series of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to glycoprotein and
      nucleocapsid proteins of rabies virus strain Vnukovo-32 was selected as a result
      of fusion of splenocytes from immune BALB/c mice with cells of myeloma line
      Sp2/OAq14, screening and cloning by limiting dilution methods in semi-liquid
      agar. Four hybridomas secreted MCA to glycoprotein in high titres (5.0 x 10(5)
      2.2 x 10(6)) and had marked virus-neutralizing and therapeutic properties. Eight
      hybridomas produced MCA to the nucleocapsid complex: five hybridomas secreted MCA
      of the G class in high titres (2.4 x 10(5)-1.6 x 10(6)) and three hybridomas
      secreted MCA of the M class in low titres.

PMID- 1796589
TI  - [The population structure of the African swine fever virus based on the
      quantitative hemadsorption trait].
AB  - Subpopulation composition of 8 ASFV isolates and variants differing in virulence
      was evaluated comparatively by their haemadsorption capacity. The "quantitative
      haemadsorption marker" was shown to be useful for characterization of the
      strains, virus population phenotypic heterogeneity and structure. The marker
      expression was found to correlate with virulence: attenuated variants had low
      haemadsorption and more subpopulation components with that shift, and vice versa.

PMID- 1796590
TI  - [The expression of the gag precursor of the T-cell leukemia type-I virus (HTLV-I)
      in Escherichia coli cells].

PMID- 1796591
TI  - [A comparison of the methods of fluorescent antibodies and solid-phase
      immunoenzyme analysis in the detection of Marburg virus antibodies].

PMID- 1796592
TI  - [The use of the polymerase chain reaction for the control of latent HIV infection
      in vitro].

PMID- 1796593
TI  - [An immunoenzyme test system based on the measles virus obtained by cell
      cultivation on cytolar-2 microcarriers].

PMID- 1796594
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of different methods for detecting antibodies to
      the mumps virus].

PMID- 1796595
TI  - [The conjugation and microencapsulation of antigens].

PMID- 1796596
TI  - [Construction of phage vector for Bacillus subtilis].
AB  - Recombinant phages phi 105S35 and phi 105S36, derived from phage phi 105DI:1t,
      remain the ability to infect and be lysogenized in the host cell. In the their
      genome there is a 1 kb inset fragment which occurs between the DNA fragments D
      and E resulted from SmaI degested DNA of phi 105DI:1t. But the orientation of
      this insert fragment is opposite in two recombinant phages, respectively. The cat
      gene on this fragment makes the host cell resistant to chloramphenaical. The
      unique BamHI and XbaI sites which were introduced into the genome of the
      recombinant phages provide inserting sites of foreign DNA fragment. DNA from
      these two recombinant phages can transfect protoplast of Bacillus subtilis at
      high frequency. Therefore, phi 105S35 and phi 105S36 are suitable as phage
      vectors in the molecular cloning of Bacillus subtilis.

PMID- 1796597
TI  - [Lung transplantation].

PMID- 1796599
TI  - [Uni- and bilateral lung transplantation: surgical results and experiences of the
      1st year. Vienna Lung Transplant Group].
AB  - Transplantation of the lung has gained increasing importance during the last
      years and is now an established therapy for end stage lung disease. After a 3
      years period of preparation the first single lung transplantation (SLTX) was
      performed at the Second Surgical Department of the University of Vienna in
      November 1989, followed by the first double lung transplantation (DLTX) in April
      1990. Until the end of 1990 11 patients underwent SLTX and 6 DLTX. 7 of the 11
      SLTX patients and 4 of the 6 DLTX patients are at present alive with
      significantly improved lung function and therefore markedly improved quality of
      life.

PMID- 1796598
TI  - [Uni- and bilateral lung transplantation: patient evaluation and selection.
      Vienna Lung Transplant Group].
AB  - Lung transplantation has been available as a therapeutic option for patients with
      end-stage lung disease for only a short period of time. Since this procedure is
      now being successfully performed with increasing frequency in various
      transplantation centers, we must now begin to consider transplantation as a
      therapeutic options in patients with lung diseases unresponsive to medical
      therapy. Physicians are required to know principles involved for determination of
      suitable candidates and operative procedures of choice. We report here our
      experiences of preoperative assessment of patients undergoing lung
      transplantation. Patient selection, indications, contraindications, choice of
      operation, appropriate timing for transplantation and preoperative rehabilitation
      methods are discussed. It is concluded that appropriate recipient selection
      remains an important determinant for the success of this treatment modality.

PMID- 1796600
TI  - [Uni- and bilateral lung transplantation: functional results. Vienna Lung
      Transplant Group].
AB  - At the end of December 1990 11 patients had survived lung transplantation at the
      2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna. In these patients 7 single lung
      (SLTX) and four bilateral lung transplantations (DLTX) were performed. The
      indication for operation in 6 cases was emphysema, in 2 cases mucoviscidosis, in
      2 cases pulmonary fibrosis, and in 1 case secondary pulmonary hypertension,
      following operation of a ductus Botalli. By means of fitness tests, blood-gas
      analysis, pulmonary function tests and ventilation respectively perfusion scan a
      marked improvement of the clinical status of the patients following lung
      transplantation could be shown.

PMID- 1796601
TI  - Dermal metabolism of 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroanisole in single-pass perfused
      rabbit ears.
AB  - 1. 4-Nitrophenol and 4-nitroanisole were applied either dermally or arterially to
      isolated rabbit ears perfused under single-pass conditions with protein-free
      buffer solution. 2. 4-Nitroanisole yielded only phase II metabolites of 4
      nitrophenol. 3. The apparent Vmax values for 4-nitrophenol glucuronidation and
      sulphation were about 20 pmol and 10 pmol/min per cm2, respectively. 4. The
      difference in apparent Km between dermal and arterial drug application is a
      measure of first-pass metabolism by the epidermal layer. 5. The amount of 4
      nitrophenyl conjugate detected after 4-nitroanisole administration was assumed to
      represent O-dealkylation of 4-nitroanisole; the capacity of this reaction was one
      order of magnitude lower than the direct conjugation of 4-nitrophenol.

PMID- 1796602
TI  - Species differences in blood profiles, metabolism and excretion of 14C-propofol
      after intravenous dosing to rat, dog and rabbit.
AB  - 1. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-propofol (7-10 mg/kg) to rat, dog and rabbit, or an
      infusion dose (0.47 mg/kg per min for 6 h) to dog were eliminated primarily in
      urine (60-95% dose); faecal elimination (13-31%) occurred for rat and dog, but
      was minimal (less than 2%) for rabbit. 2. After bolus administration, blood 14C
      concentrations were maximal (8-30 micrograms equiv./ml) at 2-15 min; these
      declined rapidly during the 0-2 h period and thereafter more slowly. Propofol
      concentrations were maximal (4-16 micrograms/ml) at 2 min and the profiles were
      best fitted by a tri-exponential (rat and dog) or bi-exponential (rabbit)
      equation. Duration of sleep ranged from 5 to 8 min. 3. Infusion of 14C-propofol
      in dog gave a blood 14C concentration of 117 micrograms equiv./ml at the end of
      the 6 h infusion period; this declined at a similar rate to that after the bolus
      dose. Propofol concentration on termination of infusion was 13 micrograms/ml;
      thereafter, propofol concentrations declined less rapidly than after the bolus
      dose. Waking occurred about 44 min post-infusion. 4. Propofol was cleared by
      conjugation of the parent molecule or its quinol metabolite; hydroxylation of an
      isopropyl group also occurred in rat and rabbit. Biliary excretion leading to
      enterohepatic recirculation, and in turn increased sulphate conjugation, occurred
      in rat and dog, but not rabbit, resulting in a marked interspecies variation in
      drug clearance and metabolite profiles.

PMID- 1796603
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of nizatidine in dogs and rats.
AB  - 1. Plasma levels of nizatidine and two metabolites (N-desmethyl nizatidine and
      nizatidine S-oxide) were studied in dogs and rats. 2. The time-courses of plasma
      concentration of nizatidine after i.v. and oral administration to dogs well
      fitted a two-compartment model. Absorption after oral administration was rapid,
      and the peak plasma level (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time
      curve (AUC) were proportional to doses. Absolute bioavailability was close to
      100%, indicating that nizatidine has a negligible first-pass effect. 3.
      Nizatidine was eliminated by apparent first-order kinetics after i.v.
      administration to rats, and the elimination in rats was faster than in dogs.
      Bioavailability in rats was 72.4%, indicating a slight first-pass effect in rats.
      4. When plasma clearance (Clp), or volume of distribution (Vd.beta), of
      nizatidine were plotted against animal body weight on a log-log scale, good
      correlations were obtained for rats, dogs and humans. 5. Peak levels (Cmax) of
      two metabolites were reached at 0.5-1.0 h after oral and i.v. administration of
      nizatidine to dogs. The elimination curves of the two metabolites were similar to
      that of nizatidine. Significant relationships were found between doses of
      nizatidine and Cmax or AUC of both metabolites.

PMID- 1796604
TI  - In vitro transformation of dithiopyr by rat liver enzymes: conversion of
      methylthioesters to acids by oxygenases.
AB  - 1. Transformation of dithiopyr by rat liver enzymes in vitro produced the
      corresponding monoacids as the predominant metabolites. 2. Transformations of the
      methylthioester functional groups in dithiopyr to the monoacids were mediated via
      rat liver microsomal oxygenases, and not via esterases. 3. Based on the formation
      of a dithiopyr-glutathione conjugate, the mechanism of monoacid formation is
      believed to proceed through an initial sulphur oxidation of the methylthioester
      group and a subsequent nucleophilic displacement reaction.

PMID- 1796605
TI  - The role of age and sex hormones on the urinary excretion of zenarestat in rats.
AB  - 1. Age-dependent changes in urinary excretion of zenarestat and the effect of
      gonadectomy and androgen treatment were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. 2.
      Urinary excretion of zenarestat scarcely differed between 3-week-old male and
      female rats; it decreased in males from 4 weeks of age, but in females urinary
      excretion of the drug was essentially constant during ageing. 3. Castration of
      male rats at 22 days of age abolished the adult sex difference in urinary
      excretion of zenarestat, while castration at 5 weeks of age produced urinary
      excretion of the drug about half that in females. 4. Ovariectomy of females at 22
      days or 5 weeks of age had no effect on the urinary excretion of zenarestat. 5.
      Treatment of male and female gonadectomized rats with testosterone resulted in
      the urinary excretion of zenarestat characteristic of intact adult male rats.

PMID- 1796606
TI  - Metabolism in vivo of the tropane alkaloid, scopolamine, in several mammalian
      species.
AB  - 1. In vivo metabolism of scopolamine was studied in rats, mice, guinea pigs and
      rabbits. The structures of eight urinary metabolites including unchanged drug
      were elucidated by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.
      Determination of these metabolites was achieved by a g.l.c. method using a semi
      capillary column. 2. The major metabolites in rats were the three phenolic
      metabolites, p-hydroxy-, m-hydroxy- and p-hydroxy-m-methoxy-scopolamine. 3.
      Significant intra-species difference of the metabolism was observed in rabbits.
      Tropic acid was the major metabolite in two rabbits out of three, while the other
      rabbit excreted mainly unchanged scopolamine, accompanied by five metabolites.
      Tropic acid was also the major metabolite in guinea pigs, but was of minor
      importance in mice. 4. The dehydrated metabolites, aposcopolamine and
      aponorscopolamine, were abundantly excreted in guinea pigs, moderately in mice,
      and least in rabbits and rats. 5. Excretion of glucuronide conjugates of
      scopolamine and norscopolamine were high in mice compared with other species. On
      the other hand, phenolic metabolites in rat urine; and tropic acid in rabbit and
      guinea pig urine, were excreted as the free forms. 6. These results indicate that
      scopolamine metabolism is highly species-specific.

PMID- 1796607
TI  - Metabolism of mephentermine in male guinea pigs and male mice.
AB  - 1. Urinary metabolites of mephentermine (MP), after i.p. administration of MP to
      male Hartley guinea pigs and mice, were identified by g.l.c.-electron impact (EI)
      mass spectrometry. Excretion of urinary radioactivity, and metabolites of 3H-MP,
      after i.p. administration, were determined by preparative t.l.c.-liquid
      scintillation counting. 2. About 27% of the radioactivity administered was
      excreted in the 24 h urine of guinea pigs, and 36% dose was excreted in 5 days.
      In mice, about 47% of the radioactivity was excreted in the 24 h urine, and 52%
      in 5 days. 3. Excretion rates of metabolites detected in the 24 h urine of guinea
      pigs were phentermine (Ph, 7.8%), a conjugate of N-hydroxyphentermine (N-hydroxy
      Ph, 3.6%), p-hydroxyphentermine (p-hydroxy-Ph, 1.0%) and its conjugate (2.9%),
      and other metabolites (conjugates of MP and Ph, N-hydroxymephentermine (N-hydroxy
      MP) and its conjugate, p-hydroxymephentermine (p-hydroxy-MP) and its conjugate,
      and N-hydroxy-Ph; less than 1.0%). The rates of excretion for mice were Ph
      (11.7%), conjugates of p-hydroxy-MP (3.1%), Ph (2.7%) and p-hydroxy-Ph (1.6%),
      and N-hydroxy-Ph (1.2%) and other metabolites (conjugates of MP and N-hydroxy-Ph,
      N-hydroxy-MP and its conjugate, p-hydroxy-Ph, and p-hydroxy-MP; less than 1.0%).
      4. These results indicate that MP administered to mice is metabolized mainly to
      Ph and p-hydroxy-MP by N-demethylation and p-hydroxylation of the parent
      compound, and in guinea pigs the primary metabolic reaction of MP is N
      demethylation producing Ph.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796608
TI  - Hydroxylation and glucoside conjugation in the microbial metabolism of the
      diterpene sclareol.
AB  - 1. The microbial metabolism of sclareol (1), a labdane diterpene ditertiary
      alcohol, was studied. Preliminary screening identified a number of microorganisms
      capable of metabolizing sclareol. 2. Preparative scale fermentation of growing
      cultures of Bacillus cereus UI-1477 resulted in the production of seven
      metabolites which have been characterized as 3 beta-hydroxysclareol (2), 2 alpha
      hydroxysclareol (3), 18-hydroxysclareol (4), 2 alpha,18-dihydroxysclareol (6), 8
      alpha,13 beta-dihydroxy-labd-14-en-3 beta-O-beta-D-glucoside (5), 8 alpha,13 beta
      dihydroxy-labd-14-en-18-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), and 8 alpha,13 beta-dihydroxy
      labd-14-en-2 alpha-O-beta-D-glucoside (10) by chemical, enzymic, and spectral
      data, especially 2D-n.m.r. techniques and thermospray liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry analysis.

PMID- 1796609
TI  - Distribution in female rats of an anaesthetic intravenous dose of 14C-propofol.
AB  - 1. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-propofol (9 mg/kg) were administered to female rats
      for measurement of tissue levels of total 14C and propofol from 2 min to 24 h
      post-dose; whole-body autoradiography was studied at 6 min, 2 h and 24 h post
      dose, and also involved 15-day pregnant rats. 2. The blood propofol concentration
      time profile was fitted by a tri-exponential function corresponding to a three
      compartment open model. Data show rapid distribution during the mixing period
      into highly perfused tissues and muscle, comprising the central compartment, and
      slower uptake into less well-perfused skin and adipose tissues comprising the
      deeper compartments. 3. The initial decline in blood propofol concentration was
      associated with redistribution (t1/2 4 min), the second decline (15-240 min post
      dose) was associated with metabolism (t1/2 33 min) and the third decline
      reflected slow depletion of drug from deep tissue compartments (t1/2 6.4 h). 4.
      Blood and brain propofol concentrations on waking (at 7 min post-dose) were 4
      micrograms/ml and 9 micrograms/g respectively; the model shows that, at this
      time, 30% of the dose was lost from the central compartment by redistribution and
      a similar amount by metabolism. 5. Tissue profiles of total 14C and propofol
      diverged for highly perfused tissues (other than brain) because of slow clearance
      of metabolites, accentuated by enterohepatic recirculation.

PMID- 1796610
TI  - Biotransformation of 2-, 3-, and 4-methoxy-amphetamines by Cunninghamella
      echinulata.
AB  - 1. Three methoxyamphetamine analogues have been incubated with Cunninghamella
      echinulata under different environmental and nutrient conditions. 2. The
      biotransformation of 4-methoxyamphetamine was inhibited by cobalt; the carbon
      source and other trace metals had no effect. The rate of biotransformation of 4
      methoxyamphetamine and formation of 4-hydroxyamphetamine was greater in cultures
      incubated on 30 degrees angle brackets rather than flat. 3. Carbon monoxide,
      ethanol and quinidine had a significant effect on methoxyamphetamine metabolism.
      4. Metabolism was influenced by the position of the methoxy side-chain and
      substrate concentration. In day 7 samples the relative order for
      biotransformation was 3- greater than 4- greater than 2-methoxyamphetamine. 5. O
      Demethylation was the major metabolic route in the biotransformation of 4
      methoxyamphetamine but occurred to a lesser extent with 3-methoxyamphetamine, and
      was only a trace pathway with 2-methoxyamphetamine. N-acetylation was a trace
      pathway.

PMID- 1796611
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of Casodex in laboratory animals.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics of Casodex, a novel, non-steroidal antiandrogen, have
      been investigated following single oral and i.v. doses and during daily oral
      dosing to male and female rats and male dogs. 2. The binding of 14C-Casodex to
      rat, dog and human plasma proteins, determined by equilibrium dialysis, was high
      with values greater than 95%; in dog there was evidence for decreased binding at
      concentrations greater than 12 micrograms/ml. 3. Casodex was slowly absorbed over
      prolonged periods and its bioavailability decreased with increase in dose from
      72% and 88% in male and female rats respectively at 1 mg/kg to 10% and 12% at 250
      mg/kg; in dog bioavailability decreased from 100% at 0.1 mg/kg to 31% at 100
      mg/kg. 4. Elimination of Casodex from plasma was slow with terminal elimination
      half-lives of about 1 day in rat and about 6 days in dog. On daily administration
      to rats Casodex accumulates slightly in plasma at 10 mg/kg but not at 250 mg/kg;
      in dog appreciable accumulation (9-12-fold), calculated from the ratio of trough
      plasma concentrations at steady state to those after a single dose, was observed
      at 2.5 and 10 mg/kg, but at 100 mg/kg the accumulation ratio was much lower (4
      fold).

PMID- 1796612
TI  - Absorption, degradation and excretion of benzo(a)pyrene in the cricket (Acheta
      domesticus).
AB  - 1. The absorption, degradation and excretion of 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (3H-BP) was
      examined in the cricket (Acheta domesticus). 2. After 3H-BP injection,
      extractable 3H-BP declined in the internal compartment over a 48 period. 3. When
      3H-BP was deposited on the surface of the insect it penetrated through the
      cuticle, as evidenced by decrease in 3H-BP recovered in surface rinses and
      accumulation of 3H-BP internally. 4. Administration of 3H-BP by topical
      application or injection resulted in a progressive association of radioactivity
      with tissue debris and low-level metabolism to highly polar compounds. Both
      parent compound and highly polar metabolites were detected in excreta. 5.
      Treatment of insects with piperonyl butoxide decreased accumulation of polar
      products in excreta after injection of 3H-BP.

PMID- 1796613
TI  - Maintenance of monooxygenase activities and detection of cytochrome P-450
      mediated cytotoxicity in Mongolian gerbil hepatocyte cultures.
AB  - 1. Hepatocytes were isolated from untreated and phenobarbitone (PB)-treated
      Mongolian gerbils by lobe perfusion. Yields were approx. 20 x 10(6) cells/g liver
      and viability was 95 +/- 1%. 2. PB treatment significantly increased the total
      cytochrome P-450 content, and the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, p-nitrophenol
      hydroxylase and coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities, relative to those of untreated
      gerbils, measured in homogenates of freshly isolated hepatocytes. 3. After 24 h
      in culture the cytochrome P-450 content of hepatocyte homogenates from both
      untreated and PB-treated gerbils was 40-45% that of the corresponding values of
      freshly isolated hepatocytes. This decrease was accompanied by selective losses
      of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme activities. 4. Erythromycin and
      benzphetamine N-demethylase, and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, activities were well
      maintained over 24 h in culture, whilst 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and
      coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities were poorly maintained. In general, the
      stability of the monooxygenase activities measured was improved by BP treatment
      of gerbils. 5. The toxicity of coumarin, precocene I and precocene II to gerbil
      hepatocyte cultures was dose-dependent. Precocene II was significantly more toxic
      to hepatocytes cultured from PB-treated, compared with untreated, gerbils. 6.
      Gerbil hepatocyte cultures would seem to be appropriate for investigating species
      differences in metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity.

PMID- 1796614
TI  - Biotransformation study of para-substituted phenylpiperazines in beagle dogs by
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - 1. Beagle dogs were treated orally (10 mg/kg) with para-chloro-, para-fluoro- and
      para-methyl-phenylpiperazine derivatives, and urine was collected for 72 h after
      treatment. 2. Metabolites were extracted, converted into trimethylsilyl (TMS)
      derivatives and examined by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. The metabolites fall
      into two main groups, N-desphenylated metabolites, which result from N
      desphenylation, and N-phenyl metabolites. 4. Two kinds of hydroxylated
      metabolites were found. Some lost the original para substituent (Cl, F or CH3);
      others retained it. 5. These results are consistent with the NIH shift reaction.

PMID- 1796615
TI  - The use of single sample clearance estimates to probe hepatic drug metabolism:
      handprinting the influence of phenobarbitone on human hepatic drug metabolism.
AB  - 1. Single sample clearance estimates, CL, were calculated for seven drugs
      employed as probes of human hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Clearance
      estimates were calculated in healthy young adult male volunteers either taking no
      pretreatment, or taking phenobarbitone (PB) 100 mg nightly for 3 nights. This
      intermittent regimen (3 nights on, followed by 4 nights off) was repeated for at
      least 3 consecutive weeks prior to challenge with an individual probe. 2.
      Valproic acid was selected as a probe of both peroxisomal and microsomal beta
      oxidase activity; antipyrine, phenytoin, quinidine, and carbamazepine were
      selected as probes of hepatic mixed-function oxidases (MFO), and lorazepam as a
      probe for UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity. 3. Clearances of all probes
      except lorazepam, theophylline and phenytoin were approximately 20-30% faster in
      PB-treated than in control subjects; however, only in the case of carbamazepine
      did the increased clearance approach statistical significance. Neither phenytoin
      nor theophylline clearances were increased by PB. 4. A clearance index (probe CL
      for PB-treated subjects divided by probe CL for untreated subjects) was
      calculated for each probe, and an ordinal transformation of the log of the
      resultant ratio was plotted for each probe giving rise to a 'handprint' of the
      effect of PB on drug-metabolizing activity.

PMID- 1796616
TI  - Structural characterization of the urinary metabolites of iprindole in rat.
AB  - 1. The in vivo metabolism of iprindole in rat is described. Each rat received a
      single dose of iprindole (10 mg/kg) and urine was collected for 48 h. 2. Fourteen
      metabolites of iprindole were isolated from rat urine after enzymic hydrolysis
      and their structures were determined by a computerized g.l.c.-mass spectrometric
      technique, before and after appropriate chemical derivatization. 3. Three
      concurrent metabolic pathways have been identified for iprindole in rat; aromatic
      ring hydroxylation is a minor pathway. 4. This is the first reported
      comprehensive study on the in vivo metabolism of iprindole in rat.

PMID- 1796617
TI  - Urinary metabolites of doxapram in premature neonates.
AB  - 1. Urine samples from 20 premature neonates who received doxapram by i.v.
      infusion were analysed for drug metabolites by g.l.c-mass spectrometry. 2. In
      addition to doxapram, all urines contained at least one metabolite, but the known
      metabolite, 3-ketodoxapram, was detected in only 50% of the samples, and in some
      instances only in trace amounts. 3. Significant inter-individual differences in
      the metabolic pathways of doxapram were observed. 4. A total of six metabolites
      of doxapram were isolated three of which have not been observed previously in
      human or in dog. 5. Appropriate structures for the new metabolites have been
      deduced from their mass spectral fragmentation pathways, and are 1-ethyl-4-[2-(N
      formyl-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)amino)ethyl]-3,3-diphenyl-2- pyrrolidinone (VII), 1
      ethyl-4-[2-(4-morpholin-2-onyl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrro lidinone (IX) and 4
      ethenyl-1-ethyl-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone (X).

PMID- 1796618
TI  - [Determination of lymphocyte subpopulations and their activation status in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with plasma exchange and pulse
      therapy].
AB  - In patients with systemic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and extraarticular
      manifestation treated with plasma exchange or prednisolute-pulse-therapy,
      respectively, and followed by an additional immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide
      we have assessed the lymphocyte subpopulations of the peripheral blood and the
      cells expressing activating markers by means of monoclonal antibodies using
      fluorescence microscopy or fluorescence flow cytometry. Before therapy the
      patients showed a very different level of lymphocyte subpopulations tested.
      During treatment in both groups of patients there was not any uniform tendency in
      CD3, CD4 and CD8 positive cells. The percentage of activated lymphocytes was
      initially elevated and we found significant reduction, mainly in the 4th week
      after starting of therapy. Following in the most cases the level recovered to the
      state before therapy. For the single patients an individual pattern of reaction
      was evident in relation to the initial position before treatment.

PMID- 1796620
TI  - [Coping processes in selected groups of chronically ill patients].
AB  - The concept of coping has gained a central importance in research on chronic
      disease. Underlying methodological aspects are briefly reviewed. This study
      examined the psychological and behavioral correlates of major coping strategies
      used by medically ill patients in dealing with their illness (N = 48 patients
      with myocardial infarction and 48 patients with liver-complaints) during the
      rehabilitation. Coping response was measured by the
      "Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen" by Janke et al. (1985), while other variables
      (psycho-social factors) were tapped by a variety of self-report, test measures
      (Zerssen-Scale-1976-for emotional state) as well as by interview data in a time
      of three years (longitudinal study). Significant differences were found for each
      of the patient-groups. Effectiveness of coping appeared to be negatively linked
      to frequent use of "avoidance" and "resignation" in patients with psycho-social
      strain. The choice of a specific coping strategy is most likely multidetermined
      and depends of the connection with illness-state and is changed over time. The
      knowledge of coping strategy preferences has a very important function for the
      relationship between physician and patient and process of rehabilitation.

PMID- 1796619
TI  - [Initial experiences in nuclear medicine and endocrine diagnosis with captopril
      in unilateral renal artery stenosis].
AB  - This is a report about our first experiences in diagnosis of renovascular
      hypertension using the renal sequence scintigraphy and the examination of
      peripherical renin activity before and 1h after p.o. application of captopril.
      Discriminating indicators for an unilateral artery stenosis are the captopril
      induced delay of the maximum (greater than 1 min) and the lowering of the
      amplitude of one of the time activity curves, the pronounced cortical retention
      of the radiopharmacon at 20 min and the significant increasing of renin after
      captopril. Both methods are an improvement in the detection of renovascular
      hypertension, if the stenosis of the renal artery is more than 50%. If the
      stenosis is only less than 50% you cannot observe changes of the parameters. By
      means of further investigations it is to be proofed, if both methods are able as
      screening tests to fill the niche between clinical suspect and angiography and
      furthermore if they are predictive tests for lowering of the blood pressure by
      angioplasty or surgical correctur of the stenosis.

PMID- 1796621
TI  - [Effect of work load on arteriosclerosis risk factors in employees of 2 Upper
      Silesia industries].
AB  - Investigations were undertaken to estimate various energy expenditure during
      professional work on incidence of hypertension, overweight, obesity,
      hyperuricaemia and hypercholesterolemia in workers of two enterprises in Upper
      Silesia. The study was carried out in 1957 individuals (1392 male, 565 female)
      divided into 5 groups according to the hardness of their work. Serum level of
      uric acid and cholesterol was determined in all investigated subjects. Incidence
      of hypertension, overweight and obesity was estimated. It has been stated that
      incidence of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, overweight and obesity in men
      and hyperuricaemia in both sexes decreased with hardness of the work. The
      incidence of hypertension, overweight and obesity was not related to hardness of
      the work in women. The authors conclude that physical activity associated with
      professional work can be much more in men than in women listed as a preventive
      measure against arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 1796622
TI  - [Kinetic fibrinogen determination with batroxobin (reptilase)].
AB  - A kinetic turbidity-producing method for fibrinogen determination on the basis of
      reptilase reagent (batroxobin) is described. The method, which is in good
      agreement with method by Clauss shows comparable precision, is marked out by the
      possibility of objective photometric measurement. Reagent stability, use of
      undiluted test plasma and single-point calibration are further advantages. The
      method is insensitive to heparin. With regards to FDP it is less disturbed than
      the method by Clauss. In case of adaptation to a modern photometer a clear
      rationalization effect can be achieved.

PMID- 1796623
TI  - [Short summary of physician and federal insurance physician legal rights. I:
      Medical society--federal insurance physician congress].

PMID- 1796624
TI  - [The endocrine system in cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 1796625
TI  - Epidemiology and prognosis of heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and
      has a prognosis similar to that of several malignancies. There are increasing
      trends in both prevalence and incidence rates of CHF which points towards CHF
      becoming a major community health problem. Early detection of CHF is dependent
      upon criteria to define the initial stages of a condition which progresses slowly
      over many years. In western countries the dominant causes of CHF are hypertension
      and coronary heart disease, which account for more than 75% of the cases. Other
      precursors are diabetes and rheumatic heart disease. Independent risk factors for
      CHF are hypertension, smoking, obesity, and psychological stress. Early detection
      of CHF through identification of early symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion,
      treatment of known heart diseases, and treatment of risk factors may prevent its
      progress. Epidemiological data indicate that primary preventive efforts should be
      directed against hypertension, smoking and obesity. A multiple risk factor
      interventional approach seems to yield the best result since these risk factors
      act synergistically.

PMID- 1796626
TI  - [Endothelin level in intensive care patients with cardiovascular diseases--effect
      of the critical illness status].

PMID- 1796627
TI  - [Hemodynamics and metabolic parameters after administration of amrinone in
      patients with coronary heart disease].

PMID- 1796628
TI  - [Different changes in the adrenergic system with nitrendipine and captopril and
      different therapeutic aspects in treatment of hypertension and heart failure].

PMID- 1796629
TI  - [Ibopamine in treatment of mild heart failure, a comparison with
      hydrochlorothiazide].

PMID- 1796630
TI  - [The concept of "silent" heart failure].

PMID- 1796631
TI  - [Reduction of left ventricular function in the rat].

PMID- 1796632
TI  - [Value of diagnostic procedures in heart failure].
AB  - Strategy for the diagnosis of heart insufficiency is directed to the
      accomplishment of distinct therapeutic aims. Main factors for diagnostic
      approaches are pathophysiology and progression of qualitatively and
      quantitatively different disturbances in cardiac performance. Anamnesis and
      clinical investigations are irremissible for the evaluation of congestive heart
      failure. For the detection of noncongestive cardiac insufficiency investigations
      during exercise are often necessary. Ventriculography ist the standard reference
      technique for measurement of the systolic and diastolic ventricular functions.
      For exercise and follow-up investigations non-invasive methods are widely used.
      Accepted methods are two dimensional and Doppler-echocardiography, quantitative
      radiocardiography with single-pass bolus technique, and radionuclid
      ventriculography. We found a good correlation for the measurement of stroke
      volume when comparing impedance cardiography with uniplane ventriculography at
      rest. M-mode echocardiography did not yield sufficiently reliable volumetric
      data. The new imaging methods, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance
      technique, and cine computed tomography are future tools for cardiac output
      measurements.

PMID- 1796633
TI  - [Heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias].
AB  - Treatment of ventricular tachycardias is still a very important problem,
      especially in patients with malignant tachycardias and patients with heart
      failure and ejection fraction (EF) less than 30%. The majority of antiarrhythmic
      drugs have negative inotropic action and may therefore aggravate the arrhythmia
      or the ventricular impairment. The strategy of treatment must be directed toward
      suppression of arrhythmias as well as ventricular function. For this reason the
      treatment requires a close control of heart rhythm and parameters of ventricular
      function by Holter-ECG, ventricular stimulation and signal-averaged
      electrocardiography, as well as EF and exercise testing. In view of the risk of
      aggravation of both heart failure and/or arrhythmia it has been suggested that it
      might be better to treat patients with low EF with alternative non-medical
      treatment methods such as by surgical interventions, implantation of cardioverter
      defibrillators or ablation techniques. Especially in cases after myocardial
      infarction, we need new information concerning the risk stratification and the
      value of the parameters of ventricular function, electrophysiological substrate,
      and trigger mechanisms.

PMID- 1796634
TI  - [Renin, aldosterone and prostaglandins in heart failure].
AB  - In heart failure, neurohumoral factors are important determinants of left
      ventricular function, not only by direct mechanisms on the myocardium, but also
      by indirect effects through modulation of pre- and afterload. In experimental
      models of heart failure, as well as in patients with cardiac dysfunction, it has
      been demonstrated in the early phase of the disease that the sympathetic activity
      and the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide are stimulated. This is
      associated with an increased synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins in the
      kidney, predominately prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 plays an important role
      by its vasodilator and natriuretic properties in preserving renal blood flow,
      natriuresis and diuresis. The stimulation of the secretion of atrial natriuretic
      peptide in relatively moderate heart failure leads to a suppression of the
      activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In more severe heart
      failure vasoconstrictor, sodium and water-retaining mechanisms like the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated with the consequence of an increase
      of systemic vascular resistance, a reduction of renal blood flow, and an
      increased fluid retention. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase, leading to a
      blockade of the synthesis of prostaglandins, leads in early heart failure to a
      dramatic change in renal blood flow with an increase of renal vascular resistance
      and a decrease of renal perfusion which causes renal functional impairment.

PMID- 1796635
TI  - [Synopsis of endocrine and hemodynamic changes in heart failure].
AB  - In contradiction earlier viewpoints, cardiac failure cannot be defined as a
      purely hemodynamic problem nor as only a cardiac problem. On the other hand
      decreased cardiac output (Co), increased filling pressure, increased wallstress
      and myocardial O2-consumption (MVO2) are the cause of many humoral
      counterregulations. Therefore, it is not always certain if the observed
      alterations are the causes or consequences of cardiac failure. The systemic
      counter-regulations will be modulated by desensitized cardiopulmonary
      mechanoreceptors, followed by decreased inhibition of central vasomotoric stimuli
      and endothelial and endocardial function, by altered signal transmission, as well
      as by altered gene expression within the myocytes. Depending on the degree of
      insufficiency, it may be attempted, by increase of the preload and of the
      contractility, to restore the hemodynamic basic situation. Such an attempt is
      based upon increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, stimulation of
      the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) or the increased level of ADH.
      The reduced contractility and response of the myocytes, caused by the
      downregulation of beta 1-receptors and Gs-proteins, as well as by the
      upregulation of Gi-proteins, and the increased afterload with increased MVO2 and
      decreased CO all lead to a vicious circle. There are only some mechanisms that
      are directed against these regulations. The decreased response of the myocardium
      to endogenous catecholamines, the stimulation of ANP-secretion, as well of the
      prostaglandin-secretion are among the favorable regulations. They cause increase
      of natri- and diuresis, improved renal perfusion, vasodilatation, and inhibition
      of the RAAS and ADH-secretion with reduction of true thirst and craving for
      salt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796636
TI  - [Positive inotropic substances--therapeutic perspectives].
AB  - In severe chronic heart failure, myocardial beta-adrenoceptors are downregulated
      and G-proteins inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity are augmented. Because of
      these biochemical changes, all positive inotropic drugs that need cAMP for their
      contractile effects lose their efficacy. Among the positive inotropic drugs used
      today for treatment of heart failure, only cardiac glycosides remain effective
      without development of tolerance as long as enough contractile myocardium is
      left. Controlled studies with phosphodiesterase III inhibitors (milrinone and
      enoximone) have revealed an unfavorable prognosis in these patients in comparison
      to placebo. Thus, these drugs are not indicated in chronic heart failure. In
      higher classes of chronic heart failure, therapy should always be a combination
      of diuretics, digitalis, and ACE-inhibitors.

PMID- 1796637
TI  - [Definition and classification of heart failure].
AB  - The definition of the syndrome of heart failure is dependent upon clinical,
      pathophysiological and biochemical criteria. The interrelationship of the
      contributing factors in a given hemodynamic situation must be clarified by simple
      examination. "Heart failure" implies a condition with insufficient peripheral
      perfusion, despite a normal blood volume, a sufficient or increased filling
      pressure, and intact intrinsic and extrinsic compensatory mechanisms. The cardiac
      output varies with basic illness. The worsening vicious cycle between cardiac
      dysfunction and neuroendocrinal dysregulation in chronic heart failure has to be
      taken into consideration, especially while planning therapeutic strategy. The
      classification of the severity of the disease is based upon simple, clear history
      taking and clinical examination. The conclusions have to be supported by
      radiological and echocardiografic observations. It is difficult to categorize
      patients during early stages of the disease. Prognosis is based on preexisting
      hemodynamic, biochemical, neuroendocrinal, and clinical parameters, as well as
      therapeutic strategy. At the same time, prognosis is dependent on the efficacy of
      the therapeutic regimen in any given situation.

PMID- 1796638
TI  - [Long-term follow-up of physically trained patients with large anterior heart
      wall infarct: comparison with a randomized, untrained control group].

PMID- 1796639
TI  - [Exercise therapy after acute myocardial infarct and heart failure].

PMID- 1796640
TI  - [Endocrine regulation in acute myocardial infarct in relation to presence or
      absence of simultaneous heart failure].

PMID- 1796641
TI  - [ANP plasma level as a marker of disordered diastolic ventricular function in
      patients with collagenoses].

PMID- 1796642
TI  - [Advanced heart failure: possible role of endothelin for renal failure;
      baroreceptor mechanism of vasopressin (AVP) stimulation in advanced heart failure
      and hyponatremia].

PMID- 1796643
TI  - [Arteriosclerosis. Proceedings of the German Society for Cardiac and Circulatory
      Research. Mannheim, 4-7 April 1991].

PMID- 1796644
TI  - [Mannheim and Frankfurt--stations along the path of Franz Volhard (1872-1950)].

PMID- 1796645
TI  - [Interventional cardiology--can medical and economic requirements be united?].
AB  - Interventional cardiology in a private practice might be problematic for the
      following reasons: 1) High-risk patients might be rejected in order to avoid
      complications. 2) The indication for PTCA might be extended to "cosmetic cases".
      3) Over cautious dilatation (residual stenosis greater than 50%) might save time
      and expensive balloon-material. 4) A 24-hour service is unprofitable and might
      therefore not be offered. This, however, is not acceptable according to medical,
      ethical, or entrepreneurial reasons, and it is not the philosophy of the two
      private practices which currently perform PTCA in Germany in Hospital settings.
      From 1986-1990, 6300 PTCA-procedures were performed in our institution: 83% of
      patients had complicated stenoses (type B/C), 48% had multivessel disease, 36%
      had unstable angina, 16% EF less than 40%, and 9.8% were older than 70 years.
      More than 50% came from other hospitals with catheterization facilities. The
      primary success rate was 92.2% (stenoses) and severe complications were rare:
      emergency-CABG 0.3%, in hospital mortality 0.3%. The reasons for this extremely
      low complication rate are: 1) Large experience due to high volume. 2) Continuous
      quality control. 3) Much of the profit is reinvesed in employees and equipment
      hardware. Our example illustrates that economical aspects are not necessarily
      inconsistent with medical aspects. If interventional cardiology will be extended
      to other private practices, however, it seems crucial to: 1) allow benefit also
      to non private laboratories (university, general hospital), 2) establish a
      program of quality control for all institutions.

PMID- 1796646
TI  - [Effect of low density lipoproteins on vascular reactivity].
AB  - Investigations of circulation in humans and various animal models demonstrate
      changes in the reactivity of atherosclerotic arteries. Both attenuation of
      endothelium-dependent vasodilations and enhancement of contractile responses to
      different contractile agonists have been described. Recent in vitro studies
      provide evidence that low-density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulating in
      atherosclerotic arteries are involved in the mechanisms responsible for these
      changes. Perfusion of isolated arteries with native and oxidatively modified LDL
      results in attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilations. Furthermore, oxidized
      LDL impairs dilations to endothelium-independent agonists, and potentiates
      agonist-induced contractile responses. These in vitro observations are in
      accordance with alterations of the reactivity of arteries obtained from
      cholesterol fed rabbits. In these atherosclerotic arteries, contractile responses
      to the same agonists as used in the in vitro studies were enhanced, and
      endothelium-dependent dilations were attenuated. The extent of these changes was
      positively correlated with the degree of intimal atherosclerotic plaques, thus,
      with the regions containing oxidized LDL. Therefore, accumulation of oxidized LDL
      in atherosclerotic arteries may lead to an imbalance of vascular tonus regulation
      which favors inadequate vasoconstriction.

PMID- 1796647
TI  - [Current status of directional coronary atherectomy in interventional
      cardiology].
AB  - Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) was used in 74 patients with an average
      age of 56 years. They were categorized into three different groups depending on
      the indications for atherectomy. Group I included all patients who had
      atherectomy as their primary intervention (n = 26), because they were assumed to
      be unsuitable for PTCA. Group II consisted of patients in whom DCA was used after
      failed balloon dilatation with unsuccessful but uneventful treatment (n = 20).
      Group III (n = 28) included cases where DCA was performed as a "rescue" or "bail
      out" procedure after failed PTCA resulted in critical ischemia (ECG changes,
      chest pain, hypotension, and shock). The target lesions were located in LM 2, LAD
      52, RCA 16, ACVB 4. The mean length of lesion was 8 mm (2-25 mm). The overall
      success rate was 94%. The mean stenosis was reduced from 90.6 +/- 10% to 17.2 +/-
      14.8% in cases with primary success. The presently available follow-up
      angiography (n = 31) showed six restenoses. Major complications occurred in seven
      cases (death: 0, myocardial infarction: 2, CABG within 24 h: 5). Histological
      analysis revealed highly cellular areal as a major characteristics of a coronary
      lesion and also of restenotic tissue. Tissue of the lamina elastica was present
      in 44% and of media in 14%. Thrombus was found only rarely. Ultrastructure showed
      a significant amount of extracellular matrix in the primary coronary lesions and
      isolated smooth muscle cells without gap-junctions. RER, mitochondria were
      typical for the synthesizing type of smooth muscle cell. In restenotic tissue a
      focal high density of smooth muscle cells with increased synthesizing activity
      and gap-junctions was present. Endothelial cells (and macrophages) were found
      only rarely. Furthermore, altered smooth muscle cells from restenotic tissue
      showed a significantly increased migration and proliferation. Our results show
      that DCA is a safe and effective technique that can extend the use of
      percutaneous procedures and provide a promising, nonsurgical option in cases of
      failed PTCA. Histological analysis revealed a proliferative process as a
      characteristics of restenosis development.

PMID- 1796648
TI  - [Prevention of atherosclerosis by enforcing non-smoking behavior].
AB  - Cigarette smoking is the single most important cause for avoidable diseases.
      Malignancies, pulmonary diseases, and the different manifestations of coronary
      artery disease (CAD) are either caused or developed significantly earlier with
      cigarette smoking. Even in the young-adult-age, smokers have more raised lesions
      in the abdominal aorta or in the coronary arteries. The analysis of more than 800
      patients with myocardial infarction at young age showed that cigarette smoking is
      the dominant risk factor up until myocardial infarction. In male patients with
      CAD myocardial infarction is the first clinical manifestation. Therefore, the
      potential for primary prevention is small in traditional medical practice. Based
      on these experiences, we tried to support nonsmoking behavior in the 7th grade in
      school. Knowledge about the cardiovascular system and the acute effects of
      cigarette smoking were taught. In addition, role plays were performed by the
      children to practice rejecting an offered cigarette. With this intervention, new
      onset of smoking could be reduced by 50% over 2 years with a limited (8h)
      educational intervention. Reasons for the onset of cigarette smoking are
      different for boys and girls. The percentage of pupils smoking decreases with the
      increasing social status of the parents. The tobacco industry has recognized that
      children are an important target group as future consumers, and it uses that fact
      in its public relations and advertising strategy. However, the government
      undertakes virtually no efforts to control illegal sales of cigarettes to minors.
      Tax incomes from illegal sales of cigarettes to minors by far exceed the expenses
      for preventive efforts of state agencies. A change of this permissive attitude
      appears warranted.

PMID- 1796649
TI  - [What constitutes a balanced diet?].
AB  - The author cites the influence of both malnourishment and over-nourishment in
      regards to cardiovascular disease. The effects seen in the elderly are
      phenomenal. Individual maximal lifespan has been considerably prolonged; as a
      result, formerly untreatable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders
      (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke) have attained primary significance in
      mortality. The mortality rate has hardly changed, but there is a later occurrence
      of death. The majority of coronary diseases in the former West Germany occur in
      the very old. There has been a constant decrease over the last 10 years in
      mortality from cardiovascular disorders in the age group up to 75 years. This
      entire development does not allow a correlation with nutritional cholesterol,
      namely, its being labeled "non-essential". The author describes the principles of
      a healthy, balanced diet in which, with average physical activity, carbohydrates
      should represent 57.7%, fats under 30%, and proteins 12.3%.

PMID- 1796650
TI  - Cholesterol and coronary disease--outstanding questions.
AB  - Established facts include the role of raised blood cholesterol in causing
      coronary atheroma and that a high dietary intake of saturated fat is a leading
      cause of coronary disease. It is also clear that reduction of
      hypercholesterolaemia in middle-aged males reduces CHD incidence, mostly that of
      non-fatal myocardial infarction. But there are many unresolved questions which
      should lead to a selective and moderate approach to the management of
      hypercholesterolaemia. These include lack of the exact knowledge of how raised
      cholesterol levels lead to atheroma; equivocal evidence of whether reduction of
      hypercholesterolaemia causes regression of atheroma; uncertainty about how far
      cholesterol levels can safely be reduced and whether the cost-benefit always
      justifies action; the fact that reduction of hypercholesterolaemia does not
      reduce total mortality and may increase non-cardiac mortality; and insufficient
      evidence as to whether the same policies for middle-aged men should be adopted
      for woman, the elderly and adolescents.

PMID- 1796651
TI  - [Modification of coronary arteriosclerosis in man by calcium antagonists?].
AB  - Calcium channel blockers may retard development and progression of coronary
      arteriosclerosis in man because of protective effects on membranes, (especially
      the endothelium), relaxation of vessel walls, inhibition of various platelet
      functions, impairment of proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells in
      the vessel wall, and an improvement of vascular cholesterol metabolism. In animal
      trials development of atheromas in large arteries induced by cholesterol-rich
      food and other stimuli of atherogenesis could be successfully retarded by a broad
      variety of calcium channel blockers. Some clinical observations in patients with
      coronary artery disease pointed at positive effects of calcium antagonists in
      coronary arteriosclerosis. To date, the results of three prospective placebo
      controlled trials with calcium antagonists in coronary arteriosclerosis are
      available. In all trials progression of atherosclerosis was assessed by serial
      angiograms: 1) INTACT (nifedipine: 20 mg four times daily; observation period: 3
      years, two coronary angiograms); 2) Study of the Montreal Heart Institute
      (nicardipine: 30 mg three times daily; observation period: 2 years, two coronary
      angiograms); 3) FIPS (Frankfurt Isoptin Progression Study) (verapamil: 120 mg
      three times daily; observation period: 3 years, three coronary angiograms).
      Target variables in these studies were progression or regression of preexisting
      lesions, development of new lesions and the incidence of vessel occlusions. The
      INTACT and the Nicardipine studies preferably included patients in early stages
      of coronary artery disease. The patients of FIPS who were entered into the study
      immediately after coronary bypass surgery suffered from severe, advanced coronary
      artery disease. In the latter study progression of coronary artery disease was
      assessed separately in different vascular regions (bypassed and non-bypassed
      segments) and in the bypass grafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796652
TI  - [Arteriosclerosis research in the animal model and cell cultures].
AB  - Feeding animals a diet of increased cholesterol content gave rise to the feeding
      hypothesis, and balloon experiments were the basis of the injury hypothesis of
      atherogenesis. When analyzing the sequence of events in arterial walls during
      atherogenesis, it turned out that in spite of complex causes and courses of
      stenosing processes in arterial walls the final results were relatively uniform:
      atheromas of fibromuscular proliferates or a mixture of both develop.
      Calcification of the thickenings of arterial walls occurs frequently in the
      progression of the disease. In animal experiments, the development of
      arteriosclerosis can be speeded up with various experimental techniques and
      enables study of the action of drugs to inhibit atherogenesis, as well as
      therapies for restenoses which frequently occur after angioplasty or bypass
      operations. In studies of drug effects the limitations of animal experiments
      become obvious when trying to transfer results obtained in animal experiments to
      the situation in humans. Cultures of cells from human arteries are, therefore,
      necessary supplements. Mass cultures and clone cultures of arterial walls are,
      however, very artificial systems. Therefore, co-cultures of endothelial cells,
      smooth muscle cells, and adventitial tissue have been established which imitate
      the morphology of arterial walls. With transfilter co-cultures, it has become
      possible to produce fibromuscular proliferates in vitro. When oxidized LDL
      particles and monocytes are added to the culture medium, lipid-containing
      proliferates develop.

PMID- 1796653
TI  - [The vein as a transplant: aortocoronary and peripheral venous bypass].
AB  - Femoropopliteal bypass with below-the-knee anastomosis and the use of an
      autogenous saphenous vein yields the best results in longtime patency rate
      compared to the use of other graft materials. With anastomosis above the knee
      equally good results are also found with other graft materials. However, the late
      results show that even the saphenous vein is no perfect vessel substitute.
      Therefore, the indication for operation should be selected mainly for limb
      salvage and rest pain in stages III and IV, and the saphenous vein should be
      preserved for below-the-knee anastomosis. The greater saphenous vein for aorto
      coronary bypass surgery is available in sufficient quantity, harvesting is quick
      and easy, and grafting can be done without great difficulty. The early results
      are good; the late patency rate again shows that the vein is no perfect vessel
      substitute and the results are inferior to those of the arteria mammaria grafts.
      The saphenous vein is the standard graft for aortocoronary bypass surgery and the
      graft of choice for emergency revascularization. The arteria mammaria graft to
      the left anterior descending is the better alternative. However, bilateral and
      complex mammary artery bypass grafting is only justified with comparable low
      operative mortality and morbidity. Because of the grafts disease the recommended
      norms for the surgical treatment of the coronary artery disease should include
      the use of the internal mammary artery on one hand, and appropriate early
      interventions for risk factors, including drug therapy, on the other hand.
      Prophylactic angioplasty of main-stem stenosis for the protection of functioning
      bypasses should also be considered.

PMID- 1796654
TI  - [Long-term results after coronary dilatation].
AB  - The angiographic long-term success of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA) is 80% for all patients with attempted PTCA, and 90% for all
      patients with acutely successful intervention. This long-term success rate
      results from todays acute success rate of more than 90%, even though an
      increasing number of more and more complex stenoses have been dilated during
      recent years, from a rate of restenosis of 20-30% and a success-rate exceeding
      90% in patients who undergo redilatation due to a restenosis. The long-term
      clinical course of successfully dilated patients is considerably influenced by
      the progression of the underlying coronary heart disease, with a development of
      new hemodynamically significant stenoses in some 5% of the patients per year. A
      large percentage of these patients undergo successful redilatation so that
      aortocoronary bypass surgery can again be avoided in the majority of these cases.
      In a minority--mostly patients with multivessel disease - aortocoronary bypass
      surgery can at least be postponed. Successful PTCA results in a long-term
      improvement of cardiac symptoms and vocational status, perhaps even in a
      reduction of the incidence of myocardial infarction of cardiac death. Results on
      latter, derived from retrospective studies, have to be confirmed by prospective
      trials.

PMID- 1796655
TI  - [The role of cytokines and growth factors in rheumatoid joint destruction].
AB  - Cytokines and growth factors are important mediators of inflammation and play a
      major role in both the physiological regulation of bone and cartilage metabolism,
      and in the destruction of joint-related structures. These complex biological
      regulatory events have to be regarded as net effects which are dependent on the
      individual actions of the different cytokines and their corresponding inhibitors
      in the pericellular environment of the cells present in the inflamed tissues.
      These effects can be antagonized on various levels by natural or artificial
      inhibitory molecules. The determination and characterization of cytokines and
      their inhibitors in body fluids and tissues may contribute to a better
      understanding of the basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint
      diseases, and may help to develop better modalities of therapy. The objective of
      the present review is to outline important actions of selected cytokines and
      growth factors on cells and the surrounding matrix of bone and cartilage in
      rheumatoid arthritis. It will focus on interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 inhibitors,
      Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF inhibitors, Interleukin-6 (IL-6),
      colony-stimulating factors (CSF's), Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), growth factors,
      eicosanoids and prostaglandins, all of which are important in the effector phase
      of tissue destruction.

PMID- 1796656
TI  - [Kidney function in therapy with non-steroidal antiphlogistic drugs. A double
      blind cross-over study with diclofenac, indomethacin and piroxicam].
AB  - The effect of piroxicam (1 x 20 mg daily), diclofenac (2 x 50 mg daily) and
      indomethacin (3 x 25 mg daily) on renal function was compared in a double-blind
      cross-over study of 33 patients with various rheumatologic diseases. Individuals
      with preexisting renal impairment were excluded. In 16 patients piroxicam was
      compared with diclofenac. In another group of 17 patients piroxicam was compared
      with indomethacin. Each drug was given for 28 days. The mean inhibition of renal
      prostaglandin E2 by the three drugs was comparable. There was no significant
      alteration of the renal function parameters in any of the drugs. These results
      confirm that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with short (diclofenac,
      indomethacin) but also with long half life (piroxicam) do not decrease renal
      function in individuals without renal impairment.

PMID- 1796657
TI  - [Comparison of three indices for the evaluation of disease activity in systemic
      lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Assessing disease activity in SLE is often difficult due to the multiple organ
      systems involved. Three recent disease activity indices (SLAM, BILAG, and SLEDAI)
      are being increasingly used. Retrospective investigations comparing these indices
      have not been performed. We compared SLAM, BILAG, and SLEDAI in a retrospective
      study of 52 patients with SLE. SLAM and BILAG were found to correlate well with
      one another and with clinicians' evaluations of disease activity (as measured by
      intensity of immunosuppressive treatment). They correlated less well or
      insignificantly with laboratory parameters (ESR, anti-ds-DNA-antibodies). If
      practicability is also considered, SLAM, in particular, appears to be suitable
      for retrospective evaluation of disease activity in SLE.

PMID- 1796659
TI  - [Local excision of early stages of rectal cancer].
AB  - 59 patients with rectal cancer were treated by local excision. In 17 of these
      patients a radical resection was performed afterwards. In one of 21 local excised
      "low risk" T1-carcinomas a recurrence was observed. Five of 11 local treated
      patients with "high risk" tumours developed a recurrence. In the group of the
      radically treated patients two recurrences were seen. Regarding our results the
      local excision of "low risk" T1-carcinomas seems to be justified, if final
      histological workup reveals an adequate margin of healthy tissue.

PMID- 1796658
TI  - [Rathbun syndrome (hypophosphatasia). Clinical aspects: dwarfism and Bechterew
      symptoms].
AB  - We report on a 43-year-old patient with short stature (hyposomia), allegedly the
      result of vitamin-D-resistant rickets, previously treated for ankylosing
      spondylitis. In addition, a uricostatic drug therapy was also necessary because
      of hyperuricemia with gout attacks. Further examinations revealed the accurate
      diagnosis: Rathbun's disease. Hypophosphatasia is a hereditary disorder
      characterized by a deficiency of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase activity
      in serum and tissues with defective bone mineralization, bone deformities, short
      stature, early loss of teeth, and craniosynostosis. In our patient radiographic
      features were spinal hyperostosis, but with syndesmophytes, chondrocalcinosis of
      peripheral joints and intervertebral discs, calcific periarthritis and premature
      closure of skull sutures. Curved ribs and short stature were suggestive of
      rickets. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate the close relations
      between hypophosphatasia and spondylitis ankylosans in respect to radiology and
      clinical symptoms.

PMID- 1796660
TI  - [Status of local excision of local deep rectal cancers with curative intention].
AB  - 103 cases have been analyzed retrospectively to define the indication for local
      extirpation of small and deep-seated rectum carcinomas with curative purpose.
      While pedunculated carcinomatous adenomas can be removed by endoscopic loop
      extraction, the non-sessile polypous carcinomas have to be radically extirpated
      by excision from intestinal wall resection is a promising procedure. Here, the
      transanal access by means of a funnel-shaped, lateral fenestrated glass speculum
      as introduced by Dewey yields better results than the rectotomia posterior.

PMID- 1796661
TI  - [Sacrococcygeal chordoma. Results of radical operation].

PMID- 1796662
TI  - [New perspectives of in vitro kallikrein treatment of human spermatozoa. I. Study
      of the hamster ovum penetration test in relation to different andrologic patient
      groups].
AB  - Whereas the enhancement of motility by Kallikrein is described several times, the
      effect on fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa has not been investigated
      sufficiently yet. This fact induced the authors to start a further investigation
      on 64 patients by the means of zona-free hamster oocytes. The patients were
      differentiated by the parameters density and motility. The sample was divided up
      into two aliquots. Differing from the control the other aliquot was prepared with
      Kallikrein (5 KU/ml) before swim-up and preincubation for one hour at 22 degrees
      C. Comparing the results we found looking at the whole collective (n = 64) a
      significant enhancement of the fertilizing capacity. 34 of 64 patients showed an
      improvement, only 4 patients deteriorated. While the groups normo-, oligo-, and
      asthenozoospermia reached a higher fertilizing capacity under Kallikrein
      treatment (probability of error 2.5%), a Kallikrein application in case of oligo
      asthenozoospermia had no significant influence on fertilizing capacity. A view of
      the whole results leads to the assumption of a direct effect of Kallikrein and to
      the possibility of use for GIFT and IVF procedure.

PMID- 1796664
TI  - [Conization and pregnancy--an analysis of various therapeutic measures for the
      prevention of premature labor].
AB  - In the period under review from 1/6/1980 to 31/3/1990 119 women with a state
      after conisation of the cervix have been delivered. For treatment of a resultant
      cervical incompetence there were used in 46% a cervical cerclage, in 7% a support
      pessary, in 20% the combination of cerclage: pessary and in 27% conservative
      measures. Retrospectively the final gestational week, the proportion prematured
      rupture of membranes, of prematurity and dates of the fetal outcome have been
      examined. The results demonstrate that a selection of patients has to be made
      with state after conisation according to the seriousness of the cervical
      incompetence giving the adequate indication for a conservative or active
      (cerclage and/or pessary) treatment referrend to pregnancy length and the uterine
      cervix findings. A general determination of only one treatment method for
      prophylaxis of therapy with state after cervix conisation is not advisable, be
      cause the results of all examined patient groups--after selection--were not
      significantly different.

PMID- 1796663
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids with reference to long-term
      administration].
AB  - Pharmacokinetic investigations (c0h, c2h, c6h, c24h, AUC24) were carried out both
      in the first and last four days of a treatment cycle in patients of different
      ages, who used oral contraceptives at least for 12 months. 57 women took the
      preparation Trisiston (three-step-formulation with the components 0.03 mg
      ethinylestradiol (EE2) + 0.05 mg levonorgestrel (LNG), 0.04 mg EE2 + 0.075 mg
      LNG, 0.03 mg EE2 + 0.125 mg LNG), 23 subjects used Gravistat (0.05 mg EE2 + 0.125
      mg LNG) and 17 patients were under Certostat, a preparation still in clinical
      evaluation (0.05 mg EE2 + 2.0 mg Dienogest (DNG)). The levels of EE2, LNG and DNG
      were measured by means of radioimmunoassays. Between the concentrations obtained
      after administration of a first and single tablet (earlier investigations) and
      those determined in long-time users during the first 4 days following the tablet
      free interval no qualitative and quantitative differences were observed. Between
      the levels of EE2 and LNG determined in the first and last days of the treatment
      cycle, marked differences were found in patients under the formulations Trisiston
      and Gravistat, but not in those taking Certostat. It is concluded that a cyclic
      and reversible cumulating effect emerges under the influence of LNG-containing
      contraceptives, the mechanism of which cannot be explained solely by the increase
      of carrier protein capacity. It seems possibly due to an alteration of steroid
      metabolism resulting from the interaction between both components.

PMID- 1796666
TI  - [A rare case of bilateral Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor].
AB  - A report is given on a 64 years old woman with androblastoma of both ovaries. We
      treated by bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and VAC-chemotherapy. There has not
      been any evidence for recurrence for two years.

PMID- 1796665
TI  - [Locoregional ascites therapy with cytostatic drugs and immune modulators in
      gynecologic neoplasms].
AB  - 35 ovarian cancer patients with ascites have been treated intraperitoneally with
      mitomycin C or mitoxantrone or interferon beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We
      observed nor or a little bit ascites in 87.5 per cent after TNF and in 66.5 per
      cent after mitoxantrone. In addition we applied a systemic monochemotherapy.
      After mitomycin C or interferon beta only in 40 per cent each an effect could be
      observed. TNF to day is the most effective substance for treating ascites with
      moderate toxicity.

PMID- 1796667
TI  - [Mechanical ileus in pregnancy].
AB  - Mechanical intestinal obstruction during pregnancy is an extremely rare and
      dangerous complication. It refers mostly to small intestine. The cause of
      occurring this complication are previous operations and inflammations and one of
      their results: adhesions. The classical triad of symptoms stomachaches, vomiting,
      stop of fases and stool--are to seen very rarely in there pure form during
      pregnancy. These symptoms while occurring individually often accompany pregnancy.
      The diagnosis of the mechanical obstruction, independently on the size of
      pregnancy and the cause of affection, authorize to operational treatment. Opening
      of the abdominal cavity should be done by inferior medial section. The purpose of
      this operation is removing the cause of obstruction, decompression of the
      intestine, restitution of passage and preventing renewal of obstruction. The
      decision of simultaneous cesarean section must make allowances for the state of
      fetus, neonatal treatment facilities, sizes of the obstruction and general state
      of the pregnant. The cause of closing down the lumen of the intestine are
      adhesions in 60%, and more than a half of obstruction cases refers to the 3rd
      trimester of pregnancy. The death rate of mothers is 10-20% and of fetus 24-31%.
      A favourable prognosis for the mother of the child can be assured only by early
      diagnosis and early operational treatment.

PMID- 1796668
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cervical intervertebral disk displacement].
AB  - The aim of operative treatment in degenerative cervical disc disease is the
      decompression of nerval structures. Generally this can be achieved either by an
      anterior or posterior approach. In our opinion the anterior way seems to be more
      favourable because the protruded vertebral disc can be totally removed in a
      direct approach. Besides this you can get a better survey of the spinal cord and
      the nerve roots. Fusion or not fusion after discectomy is discussed
      controversially. We prefer fusion to avoid pain caused by temporary instability.
      Since 1968 we treated 1,112 patients by this way and we used PMMA for fusion
      instead of a bone graft. No disadvantage of this method could be noticed. The
      results and complications are compared to those reported in the literature.

PMID- 1796669
TI  - Reinnervation of skeletal muscle. A survey.

PMID- 1796670
TI  - [Regeneration of the sciatic nerve in the rat modified by neurotrophic factors].
AB  - In the present study an experimental rat model is presented enabling analysis of
      nerve regeneration in vivo through preformed tissue holes. The tissue space
      allows to bridge a gap about 10 mm. The neovascularization could follow the
      physiological course using the way through the epi- and perineurium in the
      chamber. The regeneration rate was investigated with and without application of a
      mixture of gangliosides showing a significant difference between both groups.
      Gangliosides stimulated the axonal outgrowth and the restoration of well
      vascularized nerve fascicles. Further investigations should examine the effects
      of different neurotrophic substances in the tube.

PMID- 1796671
TI  - Follow-up results of surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome in local anesthesia.
AB  - Of 107 patients (121 hands) operated for carpal tunnel syndrome at the University
      Clinic of Neurosurgery, Graz 99 patients were operated in local anesthesia. 82
      patients (94 hands) came for follow-up examinations. After an average observation
      period of 19 months, the patients judged the postoperative results as follows
      (without regard to possible additional diseases): 78 hands (83%) "excellent" or
      "good", 13 hands (13.8%) "improved," and 3 "unchanged" (3.2%). On the basis of
      these results, the low stress for the patient, and the minimal rate of
      complications due to anesthesia, we recommend local anesthesia for surgical
      treatment of CTS.

PMID- 1796672
TI  - Transposition of the ulnar nerve.

PMID- 1796673
TI  - Spinal subdural hematoma.
AB  - The authors report a case of spinal subdural hematoma in a 51-year-old man who
      experienced a sudden onset of back pain accompanied by vomiting and headache
      without paralysis or paraparesis. CT Scan, myelography and MRI revealed a
      subdural hematoma at the levels of 6th, 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrales.
      Laminectomy allowed the removal of an encapsulated cyst formation filled with
      xanthochromic fluid and some blood clots. The follow-up was uneventful.

PMID- 1796674
TI  - Possible importance for laminitis research of recent studies on substances
      influencing the differentiation of cultured keratinocytes.
AB  - After a survey of the state of laminitis research the authors conclude that none
      of the present concepts of the pathogenesis of laminitis unequivocally explains
      the basic clinical and morphological observations in this disease. There is
      therefore reason to consider the advances that have been made during the last
      decades in respect to the influence of various substances on the differentiation
      of cultured skin keratinocytes. The technique is available for studying hoof
      keratinocytes in a comparable way. Relevant literature on cultured skin
      keratinocytes is surveyed. Some of the results from experimental studies on skin
      keratinocytes have an obvious connection with observations in laminitis, a fact
      which has led the authors to hypothesize that laminitis may be a "multifactorial"
      disease and that it may be provoked by agents stimulating multiplication of hoof
      keratinocytes with consequent reduction of differentiation.

PMID- 1796675
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of low dose calcium chloride infusions during halothane
      anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies.
AB  - The effects of calcium chloride administered at low infusion rates on the
      cardiovascular depression and the blood calcium balance were studied during a
      constant halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. A
      pronounced cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases of all cardiac
      parameters and lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed after
      the initial anaesthetic stabilization period of 30 minutes in the ponies. A
      significant decrease in the total calcium plasma concentration together with a
      constant ionized and complexed calcium fraction was present after the
      stabilization period. Calcium chloride administration at different infusion rates
      (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg/min) induced a dose-dependent increase in mean systemic
      blood pressure, probably due to the observed increase in total peripheral
      resistance. A dose-dependent gradual decrease in heart rate, probably mediated by
      the increased vagal activity, was observed after the calcium infusions. The
      stroke volume increased also in a dose-dependent way. Cardiac output, arterial
      blood gases or packed cell volume were not influenced by the exogenous calcium
      infusions. The observed increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and total
      pulmonary resistance were probably time-related responses. Overall, only the
      effects of the exogenous calcium on the peripheral vasculature, namely a
      vasoconstriction leading to an increase in blood pressure, were present in this
      study. Although LV dP/dt max was not measured in this study, minor positive
      inotropic effects of the exogenous calcium infusions might nevertheless be
      possible since the observed increase in stroke volume could be an indication of
      an increase in the ventricular contractility function. The different fractions of
      the calcium in the plasma (total and ionized & complexed calcium) increased
      during the exogenous calcium infusions but the proportion of the fractions
      remained always constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796676
TI  - Origin and significance of acetylcholine and choline in plasma and serum from
      normal and paretic cows.
AB  - Before the onset of bovine paresis a stage of hyperactivity and hypersensitivity
      was observed in clinical as well as in immunologically provoked cases. By gas
      chromatographic analysis of choline (Ch) in plasma and serum from four
      immunologically provoked cows this stage was verified to be an initial immuno
      cholinergic hyperactivation. In the first hour after antigen challenge with 0.5
      mg nematode AChE there was a very sharp rise in Ch mainly from agonist-stimulated
      and phospholipase mediated phosphatidylcholine (PC) breakdown. A secondary
      massive influx of Ca into cells was mirrored in a 1 mmol/l depression of serum-Ca
      values during the first hours. The hyperagonism mediated Ca-translocation brought
      water into cells, resulting in reduced plasma volume. The generally supposed
      mechanism of secondary, Ca-mediated cell damage and cell death was initiated and
      sometimes resulted in "Downers" with persisting paralysis. All acetylcholine
      (ACh)-stimulated parts from CNS to the periphery are irregularly involved
      explaining the very varied clinical appearance of bovine paresis, and the
      influence on for instance the autonomous nerve system, adrenals and pancreas. In
      the experimental group, ACh in plasma showed a sharp fall within the first hour,
      while there were fairly constant values of serum-ACh in the first four hours,
      possibly indicating some antibody protection. When paresis was established
      between 15-28 hours after challenge the general anergetic state was characterised
      by low ACh-levels. Also in a larger field group ACh-levels were significantly
      depressed in paretic compared to healthy cows. The unexpected finding in this
      group was considerably higher levels of ACh and especially Ch in serum compared
      to plasma. The origin of ACh and Ch had to be blood cells. Preliminary gas
      chromatographic analysis has confirmed ACh-synthesis by leucocytes and an
      integrated immuno-cholinergic system of great importance can be anticipated. The
      general feature of bovine paresis is updated by immune-etiological,
      pathophysiological, blood chemical, clinical-experimental and nomenclature
      considerations. The exact mechanism of pathogenesis is not revealed in this
      investigation, though many circumstances favour an anti-Id mediated hyperagonism.
      Other types of investigations and above all more basic knowledge of distribution
      and functional character of cholinergic components on immune cells are required.

PMID- 1796677
TI  - [Number and maturation distribution of the reticulocytes from six animal
      species].
AB  - With the fully automated reticulocyte analyzer Sysmex R-1000 (Fa. Toa Medical
      Electronics Co., LTD) the reticulocyte count and the reticulocyte ratio of
      rabbit, rat, mouse, mastomys, dog and swine was determined. Simultaneously, the
      reticulocytes were subdivided into 10 maturation classes according to their
      fluorescence intensity. The maturation distribution can be characterized by a
      distribution quotient. Both the maturation distribution as well as the
      distribution quotient are considered to be useful as good indicators of
      erythropoietic activity. The investigation establishes, that the reticulocyte
      count and the maturation distribution of these six species can be determined
      quickly and easily. The distinct differences between the species reflect the
      maturation locus of the reticulocytes, which varies among the species (medullary
      or humoral type of maturation).

PMID- 1796678
TI  - Influence of dietary citric acid and calcium on the bioavailability of orally
      administered chlortetracycline in piglets.
AB  - In a study involving 18 piglets divided into three groups (A, B and C), the
      effects of dietary calcium and citric acid, and feeding technique on
      chlortetracycline bioavailability were examined. Groups of 6 animals received a
      basal diet with either 0.7% (group A) or 1.4% calcium (groups B and C). Citric
      acid was not included in diets of the first experimental period. In the second
      period, either 1.5% (groups A and B) or 3.0% (group C) citric acid was added to
      the diet. In both experimental periods, chlortetracycline was administered once
      intravenously (7.5 mg/kg b.w.) and once orally (30 mg/kg b.w.). After each
      administration, blood samples were taken at regular intervals in order to
      determine chlortetracycline serum concentrations by a microbiological method.
      Following oral chlortetracycline intake, low dietary calcium or citric acid
      addition to the diet produced increased chlortetracycline serum concentrations.
      Chlortetracycline bioavailability was 12.6% at 0.7% dietary calcium, and 9.5% at
      1.4% dietary calcium. Enteral chlortetracycline absorption was improved 65% with
      1.5% or 3.0% dietary citric acid supplementation. An 8-hour delay of feed intake
      following oral chlortetracycline intake did not significantly influence
      chlortetracycline bioavailability.

PMID- 1796679
TI  - An ultrastructural study of vulval myofibroblastoma in a cow.
AB  - A case of myofibroblastoma in a 3-year-old Japanese Black cow is described.
      Raised tumours which formed in the anus and in the labium and vestibulum of the
      vulva during pregnancy were excised surgically. The latter two tumours had dense
      growth of slender spindle cells beneath the epithelium, and fibrous connective
      tissue at the periphery. The anal tumour consisted of abundant collagen and
      sparse numbers of spindle cells. Proliferating cells contained moderate amounts
      of thin filaments with focal densities as well as well-developed rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and desmosome-like structures were
      found between the cells. These cells were distinguishable from leiomyoma cells
      containing abundant thin filaments and poorly-developed organelles. In the
      neoplastic lesions, there was an infiltration of many lymphocytes, plasma cells
      and macrophages.

PMID- 1796680
TI  - Bone biopsy in the horse. 1. Method using the wing of ilium.
AB  - Two hundred and five bone biopsies from the wing of ilium were taken from 52
      growing and 70 older horses. The method was initially evaluated in 4 horses at
      post mortem and then performed in 26 horses under general anaesthesia. The
      technique was later developed for biopsying horses in the standing position under
      local anaesthesia (n = 70 adults; n = 22 foals). The core of the bone biopsy
      consisted of a central cancellous portion between two cortices. This type of
      sample allowed a complete histomorphometrical analysis. An integral part of the
      procedure was intravital bone labelling using fluorochromes with a known interval
      between labels. Potential hazards associated with the use of oxytetracycline
      labels included the onset of diarrhoea and laminitis in some foals. The method
      was simple, safe and efficient for both anaesthetised and standing horses. The
      only difficulties encountered were minor and were associated with blunting of the
      drill bit, scoring of the internal surface of the drill bit guide and occasional
      loss of the distal part of the biopsy core. Post operative complications included
      haematoma formation and skin infections. It was concluded that this technique
      offered a quick and effective method of collecting bone biopsies in horses, which
      facilitated the quantitative assessment of skeletal changes.

PMID- 1796681
TI  - Bone biopsy in the horse. 2. Evaluation of histomorphometric examination.
AB  - The histomorphometrical examination of a series of bone biopsies from the wing of
      ilium of foals and older horses is reported. Biopsies were obtained from 20
      clinically normal horses, which had previously been infused with tetracycline
      intravenously twice at a 7 day interval at a dose rate of 10 to 15 mg kg-1. The
      horses were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 foals (mean age: 4 +/-
      1 months) which were biopsied at 3 different sites in the wing of ilium. Group 2
      comprised 10 older horses (mean age: 91 +/- 63 months) which were biopsied from
      only one site in the left ilium. A systematic evaluation of intra-observer, intra
      core, intra-bone and inter-bone errors was made to investigate parameter
      variations that might affect interpretation of bone biopsies. The measurements
      carried out included cancellous bone volume (Cn-BV/TV), osteoid surface (OS/BS),
      eroded surface (ES/BS), mean wall thickness (W.Th), mean osteoid thickness
      (O.Th), distance between labels (Ir.L.Th) and mineralizing surface (MS/BS). The
      intra-observer variance, the variance between sections, the variance between
      adjacent biopsies and that between right and left sides proved to be smaller than
      the inter-individual variance. The estimate of errors associated with the
      histomorphometrical analysis of bone biopsies is important for correct
      interpretations of changes due to disease.

PMID- 1796682
TI  - Bone biopsy in the horse. 3. Normal histomorphometric data according to age and
      sex.
AB  - Histomorphometrical analysis of bone biopsies from the wing of ilium in 35
      clinically normal horses are reported according to age. The biopsies were
      collected from 20 mixed-bred foals (mean age 6 +/- 1 months) and 15 older horses
      (mean age 73 +/- 62 months). No gender differences were found in the group of
      foals examined, but a significant difference (p less than 0.001) in a number of
      the primary measurements occurred between them and the older horses. The
      parameters which altered with age were the extent of osteoid surface (OS/BS), the
      extent of resorption (erosion) surface (ES/BS), the osteoid thickness (O. Th),
      the mineral appositional rate (MAR), which corresponds to the rate of matrix
      mineralisation and, if no mineralisation defects exist reflects the amount of
      bone laid down per day, and the extent of labelled surfaces (MS/BS). These data
      indicate a much greater rate of bone remodelling in the foals. This was also
      reflected in a number of the derived parameters (i.e. the extent of quiescent
      surfaces [QS/BS] and the activation frequency [Ac.f]).

PMID- 1796683
TI  - Ruminoreticular motility in ewes during pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - The frequency of primary cycle ruminoreticular movements was measured in ten ewes
      during pregnancy and lactation, in three ewes during pregnancy and in two non
      pregnant ewes. The frequency, of one movement every 76 seconds during non
      pregnancy and up to months 2 of pregnancy increased during later pregnancy and
      lactation to a peak of one every 58 seconds during the second month of lactation.
      This increase might explain the increased rate of passage of foodstuff through
      the digestive tract of sheep during pregnancy.

PMID- 1796684
TI  - In vitro binding of Pasteurella multocida cell wall preparations to tracheal
      mucus of cattle and swine and to a tracheal epithel cell wall preparation of
      cattle.
AB  - Outer membrane preparations of various Pasteurella isolates (Pasteurella
      multocida and some other Pasteurella species) from cattle and swine were
      extracted by N-lauryl-sarcosine sodium salt. Capsular extracts were prepared by
      heat treatment. Both preparations bound to epithel cell wall preparations (ECW)
      of trachea from cattle and to tracheal mucus of cattle and swine. Binding was
      demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Distinct high
      adherence values were shown by the greater part of membrane preparations of
      mucoid Pasteurella strains, especially when originating from cattle.

PMID- 1796685
TI  - Antibiotic resistance patterns and pigment production of streptococci of
      serological group B isolated from bovines and humans.
AB  - All 127 streptococci of serological group B isolated from bovines and humans were
      resistant to bacitracin (0.04 U) and gentamicin and susceptible to penicillin. Of
      the bovine isolates examined 10%, 8%, 22%, 2% and 30% were resistant to
      bacitracin (10 U), cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline
      respectively. Of the human isolates 52%, 21%, 38%, 3% and 65% were resistant to
      bacitracin (10 U), cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline
      respectively. Most of the bovine strains were susceptible, most of the human
      strains were resistant to bacitracin and tetracycline. A relation of tetracycline
      resistance to group B streptococcal microcapsule was proposed. Pigmentation
      studies revealed generally a weak pigmentation of bovine and a strong
      pigmentation of human group B streptococci. Antibiotic resistance patterns
      together with the ability to form a yellow to orange-red pigment might be used
      for characterization of individual cultures of group B streptococci.

PMID- 1796686
TI  - Biochemical and serological properties of Streptococcus uberis.
AB  - The Strep-Zym identification system, a combination of 23 enzymatic tests, allowed
      a rapid biochemical characterization of Streptococcus uberis. The biochemical
      profiles of the S. uberis cultures clearly differed from those of S. agalactiae
      and S. dysgalactiae. Serological grouping of S. uberis revealed polysaccharide
      antigens of groups E, G, P and U. Some cultures of S. uberis demonstrated CAMP
      like synergistic hemolytic activities on sheep blood agar and reacted
      specifically with the lectins of Helix pomatia and Dolichos biflorus. The
      occurrence of group polysaccharides, CAMP-like reactivities, and the lectin
      agglutination reactions were obviously not related to each other or to any of the
      biochemical properties. These reactions, possibly of importance as virulence
      factors, might serve as epidemiological markers.

PMID- 1796687
TI  - Selective medium containing fosfomycin, nalidixic acid, and culture supernatant
      of Rhodococcus equi for isolation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
AB  - FNR medium containing fosfomycin, nalidixic acid, bovine blood and culture
      supernatant of Rhodococcus equi was prepared by the present authors, and the
      medium did not inhibit growth of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis but
      completely hampered the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and
      Escherichia coli. The culture supernatant of R. equi facilitated detection of
      suspected colonies of C. pseudotuberculosis due to synergistic hemolysis. Rate of
      isolation of the organisms (from the trachea, larynx and nasal cavity of 16
      slaughtered sheep with caseous abscess in the lung) was higher with FNR, the
      selective medium, than with nonselective medium. The selective medium was thus
      found to be useful for isolation of C. pseudotuberculosis from sheep.

PMID- 1796688
TI  - Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern Norway.
AB  - Ten carcasses and three vertebral columns from north Norwegian dairy goats, which
      had been killed due to clinical signs of severe neurologic disease, were received
      for necropsy. Pathological examination revealed nematodes and nematode ova in the
      central nervous system (CNS) of nine goats. Worms found by gross examination were
      identified as Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960. Focal traumatic
      encephalomyelomalacia, apparently caused by migrating worms, perivascular
      cuffing, eosinophilic leptomeningitis and perineural infiltrations and
      granulomas, could be demonstrated in CNS sections from all 13 animals examined.
      Clinical signs reported were initial pruritus followed by motor weakness,
      lameness, paresis, reduced vision, circling, abnormal head position, bulging eyes
      and scoliosis. The disease occurred from September to January in regions with a
      considerable migrant reindeer population. It was concluded that the reported
      outbreaks of neurologic disease represented seasonal occurrence of cerebrospinal
      elaphostrongylosis caused by Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, the elaphostrongyloid
      nematode of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).

PMID- 1796689
TI  - Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in sheep in northern Norway.
AB  - Pathologic examination of four sheep from northern Norway exhibiting neurologic
      signs of paresis, paralysis and vestibular system disease revealed nematodes in
      the central nervous system (CNS). The worms were identified as Elaphostrongylus
      rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960, the elaphostrongylid nematode of reindeer (Rangifer
      tarandus tarandus). Microscopic lesions found in the CNS were focal traumatic
      encephalomyelomalacia caused by migrating worms, eosinophilic meningitis and
      choroiditis, lymphohistiocytic and nematode granulomas, and perineural
      infiltrations. The disease occurred in November and December 1990, after the
      sheep had been on pasture in areas frequented by considerable numbers of
      reindeer.

PMID- 1796690
TI  - Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma bovis using Tween 80 hydrolysis
      as an indicator of growth.
AB  - Lysis and precipitation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate (Tween 80) was used
      as an indicator of growth in quantitative antibiotic dilution susceptibility
      tests in microtiter plates. This allowed test results to be read after 2 or 3
      days. Antibiotic sensitivity levels obtained with this method were homogenous and
      tightly clustered. No acquired resistance was found among 16 field strains
      isolated in 1990.

PMID- 1796691
TI  - Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography in enzyme fractionation.
AB  - Ribitol dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium butyricum and alpha-mannosidase from
      Lupinus luteus seedlings were fractionated by the immobilized metal ion (Cu2+ or
      Zn2+) affinity chromatography (IMAC) on iminodiacetic acid coupled to Sepharose
      6B. In a single step, ribitol dehydrogenase was purified 10-12 fold with the
      recovery above 80% when using Zn(2+)-Sepharose 6B as the sorbent and decreasing
      linear gradient of pH from 7 to 4. In the same conditions purification of alpha
      mannosidase was less effective (2-3 fold, recovery 60-70%).

PMID- 1796692
TI  - Cathepsin D inhibitor from potato reverses inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in
      wounded skin of rats with experimental diabetes.
AB  - It was found that streptozotocin-induced diabetes is accompanied by increased
      proteolytic activity and decreased collagen biosynthesis in rat skin wounds.
      External application of cathepsin D inhibitor from potatoes normalized the
      proteolytic activity and restored collagen biosynthesis in wounded skin of these
      animals.

PMID- 1796693
TI  - Collagenolytic activity of methylcholanthrene-induced rat fibrosarcoma.
AB  - It has been found that the methylcholanthrene-induced rat fibrosarcoma contains
      an enzyme (probably a cathepsin) which digests type I and type III collagens in
      acid pH. At physiological pH no proteolytic activity against collagen was found.
      It may be concluded that the tumour collagen is degraded mainly by the action of
      cathepsin(s).

PMID- 1796694
TI  - Purification and properties of the heterogeneous subunits of elongation factor EF
      1 from Guerin epithelioma cells.
AB  - Elongation factor EF-1 from Guerin epithelioma was separated into two subunit
      forms EF-1A and EF-1B by chromatography in the presence of 25% glycerol,
      successively on CM-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex. It was shown that EF-1A is a
      thermolabile, single polypeptide which catalyses the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to
      ribosomes, similarly as eukaryotic EF-1 alpha or prokaryotic EF-Tu. EF-1B was
      characterized as a complex composed of at least two polypeptides. One of them is
      EF-1A, the other EF-1C, which stimulates EF-1A activity and protects this
      elongation factor from thermal inactivation.

PMID- 1796695
TI  - Effect of proteases on the activity of enolase from muscle of carp (Cyprinus
      carpio) and pig.
AB  - The treatment of enolase from pig and carp (Cyprinus carpio) with proteases
      resulted in a decrease of enzymatic activity, which depended on the kind of
      protease used. The most active were trypsin and subtilisin. Substrate and
      magnesium ions protected enolase against inactivation. The enolase from pig
      muscle was much more resistant to protease action than this enzyme from carp
      muscle. Some differences in the structure between the two enolases are suggested.

PMID- 1796696
TI  - Formation and removal of DNA adducts in liver of rats treated with
      hepatocarcinogens 2-aminofluorene or 2-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - The level of adducts in DNA of rats treated with 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and 2
      acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) was compared at the times from 1 h till 28 days after
      injection. The highest amount of DNA adducts was observed 12 h after treatment
      with 2-AF and 24 h after treatment with 2-AAF, and reached values of about 18 and
      21 fmol per micrograms DNA, respectively. Participation of the nonacetylated
      form, dG-C8-AF, in the total amount of DNA adducts was only slightly greater in
      rats treated with 2-AF then in those treated with 2-AAF.

PMID- 1796697
TI  - Tightly coupled respiration in rat brain homogenates.
AB  - "Respiratory control", a typical feature of well coupled mitochondria, was found
      to be higher in rat brain homogenate than in isolated mitochondria. This
      observation points to the possibility of studying the coupling between
      respiration and ADP phosphorylation, as well as mitochondrial metabolism,
      directly in homogenates and not in isolated mitochondria, using very small
      samples of brain tissue.

PMID- 1796698
TI  - Human skeletal muscle: participation of different metabolic activities in
      oxidation of L-lactate.
AB  - The pure mitochondrial fraction obtained from human skeletal muscle did not show
      coupled L-lactate (+ NAD) oxidation, but this function could be restored by
      addition of LDH. Thus the "direct", coupled oxidation of L-lactate described
      earlier (Popinigis et al., 1990. International Perspectives in Exercise
      Physiology, Human Kinetics Books, pp. 132-133) should be attributed to
      contaminations.

PMID- 1796699
TI  - Introduction of the glucocorticoid binding sequences into the expression vector p
      delta SVE-CAT and its effect on the CAT gene expression in mammalian cells.
AB  - We have demonstrated that synthetic oligonucleotide representing glucocorticoid
      responsive element (GRE I) of MMTV inserted into the enhancerless early promoter
      of SV40 in p delta SVE-CAT expression vector, enhances transient expression of
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in HeLa and hepatoma cells cultivated in
      the presence of dexamethasone. The following changes in the structure of the core
      sequences (GTTACAAACTGTTCT) of the synthesized GRE eliminated its enhancing
      ability: i, changes in the left end of the core sequences from GTTACAAAATGTTCT to
      TCTTCAAACTGTTCT or to TACTCAAACTGTTCT; ii, the increase of gap between TGTTCT and
      the inverted repeat of this sequence. The above changes did not eliminate
      specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to the synthetic oligonucleotides
      studied.

PMID- 1796700
TI  - Eriochrome black T as a dye for agarose gel electrophoresis.
AB  - We found that it is possible to use eriochrome black T as a dye for agarose gel
      electrophoresis of DNA. The presence of the dye does not change the migration
      rate of DNA and does not influence the electrophoretical picture.

PMID- 1796701
TI  - Isolation and regulatory mechanisms of smooth muscle AMP-deaminase.
AB  - AMP-deaminase from cow uterine smooth muscle has been purified. The enzyme
      activity is regulated by the two cooperating mechanisms: allosteric and
      dissociation--association.

PMID- 1796702
TI  - Participation of membrane skeleton proteins in aggregation of epidermal growth
      factor receptors in A431 cells.
AB  - Polyclonal antibody against alpha-spectrin of chicken erythrocytes was prepared.
      This antibody as well as anti-vinculin and anti-annexin I and II, were used for
      localization of the antigens in A431 cells during translocation of epidermal
      growth factor receptors (EGF-Rs) on cell surface. During aggregation of EGF-Rs
      only spectrin and actin aggregates colocalized with the "capped" receptors in
      adherent as well as in suspended cells. Physiological implication of spectrin
      involvement in EGF-Rs redistribution in A431 cells is discussed.

PMID- 1796703
TI  - Universal significance of adenylate metabolism.

PMID- 1796704
TI  - Alcohol dehydrogenase and its relation to respiratory pathways in lupine root
      nodules.
AB  - Changes in the isoenzymatic patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1)
      accompanying ageing of the lupine root nodules were observed. Ethanol and other
      products of anaerobic metabolic pathways (lactate and malate) are better
      respiratory substrates for bacteroids and symbiosomes (peribacteroid units, PBUs)
      than glucose and pyruvate. It is postulated that fermentative processes in lupine
      root nodule provide energy and substrates for bacteroids.

PMID- 1796705
TI  - Characterization of acyllipid: sterol glucoside acyltransferase from oat (Avena
      sativa L.) seedlings.
AB  - Membranous fractions from leaves of oat seedlings readily convert cholesterol
      beta-D-glucoside into its 6'-O-acyl derivative using endogenous acyllipids as
      acyl sources. Experiments with delipidated enzyme preparations showed that among
      acyllipids present in oat leaves digalactosyldiacylglycerols are evidently the
      best acyl donors in this reaction. Beside of sterol glucosides, the enzyme can
      acylate beta-D-glucosides of several other steroids, although at very different
      rates.

PMID- 1796706
TI  - The effect of pH and ATP on the transport of oleanolic acid monoglycosides into
      isolated vacuoles of Calendula officialis leaves.
AB  - The transport of oleanolic acid and its glycosides (3-O-monoglucuronide F and 3-O
      monoglucoside I) into the vacuoles of C. officinalis leaves was studied. It was
      found that these monoglycosides are transported into the vacuolar space whereas
      free oleanolic acid only binds with the tonoplast. The transport of
      monoglycosides depends on pH of the medium, the optimum pH for monoglucoside I
      and monoglucuronide F being 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Moreover, it was
      demonstrated that the transport of monoglucoside I, in contrast to that of
      monoglucuronide F, depends on ATP at 0.5-2.0 mM concentrations. The presented
      results indicate that different mechanisms underlie the transport of these two
      compounds into vacuoles.

PMID- 1796707
TI  - Hormonal regulation of protein synthesis in the silk gland of Galleria
      mellonella.
AB  - Synthesis of the low molecular mass silk proteins of 24 and 30 kDa in the last
      larval instar of Galleria mellonella starts between 24 and 48 h; synthesis of the
      former protein significantly preceding that of the latter. Posterior silk glands
      (PSG) from day-1 last instar larvae are transiently sensitive in vitro to
      exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), which stimulates transcription of the 24
      kDa protein gene and induces transcription of the gene for the 30 kDa protein.
      The glands from the day -3 last instar larvae are insensitive to this hormone.
      The brain extract acts directly on RNA synthesis in silk gland in vitro at the
      concentration of 0.1 brain equivalent per gland. This factor is protease
      sensitive and thermostable.

PMID- 1796708
TI  - Increase in the expression of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in isolated,
      neonatal rat cardiac myocytes treated with potassium cyanide.
AB  - On treatment of rat cardiac myocytes with potassium cyanide, ATP content
      significantly and rapidly decreased in all experimental groups as compared to
      untreated cells. Contrary to that, the level of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
      increased significantly, depending on the cyanide concentration. Twenty four
      hours after removal of cyanide, myocytes exhibited normal levels of both the
      receptor expression and ATP content.

PMID- 1796709
TI  - Oestrone sulphate sulphohydrolase activity in nuclear envelopes from human
      placenta cell nuclei.
AB  - Procedures for isolation, from human term placenta, of highly purified nuclei and
      nuclear envelopes with a low content of DNA are described. Both fractions contain
      oestrone sulphate sulphohydrolase activity. The enzyme from nuclear envelopes can
      be solubilized with Triton X-100 and, partially, with proteolytic enzymes. It
      does not require Ca2+ and is insensitive to Ag+ and agents reacting with SH
      groups. It is strongly inhibited by millimolar concentrations of sulphites and to
      a much smaller extent by phosphates. Oxidized forms of ascorbic acid, glutathione
      and NAD+ revealed a pronounced inhibitory effect, whereas reduced forms of these
      compounds produced a slight activation. It is proposed that oestrone sulphate
      sulphohydrolase activity in nuclear envelopes from human placenta is not exerted
      by arylsulphatase but represents a specific enzyme.

PMID- 1796710
TI  - Effect of flavones and their metabolites on induction of SOS repair in the strain
      PQ37--E. coli K-12.
AB  - The SOS-Chromotest was used to detect DNA damage induced by two flavones:
      apigenin and luteolin and/or their metabolites. It was found that the compounds
      tested weakly induced the SOS repair system in the strain studied.

PMID- 1796711
TI  - The changes of osmotic fragility of pig erythrocytes induced by organophosphorus
      insecticides.
AB  - Organophosphorus insecticides: methylbromphenvinphos, dichlorvos, malathion and
      methylparathion exert antilytic effects on pig erythrocytes by preventing osmotic
      disruption of membranes in hypotonic saline media. The order of effectiveness is
      the following: methylbromphenvinphos, methylparathion, malathion, dichlorvos.

PMID- 1796712
TI  - An endo-(1----3)-beta-glucanase and a collagenolytic serine proteinase from
      Euphausia superba Dana (Antarctic krill).
AB  - Two digestive enzymes from Antarctic krill: an endo-(1----3)-beta-glucanase and a
      serine proteinase which specifically cleaves native collagen were characterized
      with regard to their specificity and accommodation to acting at low temperatures.
      Their presence in the crustacean digestive apparatus proves that krill is an
      omnivorous organism, and this fact should be considered in estimations of its
      biomass stock.

PMID- 1796713
TI  - Effect of cisplatin on lipid peroxidation in blood platelets.
AB  - Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) at the concentrations of 2-20
      micrograms induces non-enzymatic peroxidation of pig platelet lipids. At low
      concentration (0.1 microgram) it inhibits the enzymatic thrombin-stimulated
      transformation of platelet endogenous arachidonic acid. This drug also reduces
      the activities of platelet enzymes: superoxide dismutase and glutathione
      peroxidase.

PMID- 1796714
TI  - The effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) on the formation of DNA-Pt-DNA
      cross-links.
AB  - The effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cis-DDP) on the formation of
      interstrand cross-links in DNA and in DNA and chromatin complex from leukocytes
      was studied. Following the use of cis-DDP the number of DNA-DNA interstrand cross
      links was elevated with the increase of cis-DDP concentration and elongation of
      reaction time. It was also found that nucleic proteins reduce the quantity of the
      cis-DDP induced DNA-DNA interstrand cross-links in the DNA in nucleoprotein
      complex when compared with the links in the isolated DNA.

PMID- 1796715
TI  - [Effects of tumor promoting herb Wikstroemia chamaedaphne extract on V79 cells
      and WB liver cells: I. Correlation between cellular growth and gap junctional
      intercellular communication].
AB  - A Chinese herb, wikstroemia Chamaedaphen (WC) extract, recently has been shown to
      be a potential tumor promoting agent on uterine cervical carcinoma induced by HSV
      2 or MCA in mice. To determine whether the tumor promoting effects of WC extract
      were mediated through inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication
      (GJIC) with relation to cellular growth, experiments were conducted on Chinese
      hamster V79 cells and rat WB liver cells by utilization of SLDT method for GJIC
      detection and cell growth curve examination, 3H-TdR incorporation, mitotic index
      (MI) and Flow Cytometry (FCM) methods. TPA was used for comparative purpose. WC
      extract inhibited GJIC and stimulated cell growth in a dose (2-200 micrograms/ml)
      and time (0-72 hr)-dependent manner in both cell lines. Both WC extract and TPA
      treatments increased V79 cell growth rate. The average cell doubling-time was
      decreased from 36.5 hr in control V79 cells to 28.2 hr in WC extract (10
      micrograms/ml) and 20.9 hr in TPA (50 ng/ml) treatment by the 3rd day.
      Stimulating effect of both drugs on DNA synthesis of V79 cells was demonstrated.
      The results of FCM and MI indicated that the cell number of M-phase cells was
      increased after drug treatment. It is suggested that (1) tumor promoting effect
      of WC extract might be mediated through inhibition of GJIC: (2) inhibition of
      GJIC is closely correlated with increased cell growth rate and entry of cell
      division cycle.

PMID- 1796716
TI  - [The effects of sodium butyrate (NABT) on fibrillar centres and Ag-staining
      protein of nucleolus of human stomach glandular carcinoma (MGC-803) cells].
AB  - The changes in the ultrastructure of fibrillar centres, morphological type of
      nucleolus, and the content of Ag-nucleolus protein of Sodium Butyrate treated MGC
      803 cells have been studied. It was found that the number of fibrillar centres
      and Ag-staining granules, content of Ag-staining protein of nucleolus were
      decreased, and nucleolar morphological type was changed from reticulated to ring
      shaped in NaBT treated MGC-803 cells. These results indicate that NaBT regulate
      the proliferation and differentiation of cells by inhibiting rRNA synthesis and
      rDNA transcriptional activity.

PMID- 1796717
TI  - [Cellular aspects of in vitro induction of antibody responses of human cells].
AB  - An in vitro system for induction of antibody responses of human cells has been
      established in our lab. B cell enriched fractions from excised human tonsils or
      trauma spleen were cultured for 7-14 days with tetanus toxoid or HBsAg vaccine
      with or without human T cell conditioned medium (C. M.) or a mixture of low
      concentrations of PWM and LPS (MTG). Positive antibody responses could be
      detected in cultures. Cells taken from different culture periods were subjected
      to FACS analysis in order to expound cellular changes during antibody induction
      periods so as to improve the in vitro antibody induction system. The results were
      described as follows: 1. Variations in total percentages of T cells during
      culturing periods seemed to be related its initial percentages. Cells with bigger
      initial percentages tended to decrease first and finally maintained at about 30%.
      While cells with smaller initial percentages tended to increase and finally also
      maintained at 30%. 2. CD4+ Th cells and CD8+ Ts cells from tonsils and spleen
      behaved somewhat differently. In tonsil cell cultures the percentages of CD4+
      cells were often bigger than the percentages of CD8+ cells throughout the culture
      period. However, the inverted proportions of CD4+/CD8+ were shown in spleen cell
      cultures, especially in the culture with C. M. The possible relationships between
      the variations in CD4+/CD8+ proportions described as above and the intensities of
      antibody responses were discussed. Additionally, adding 1-Leucine-Methyl Ester
      showed no effects either on CD8+ or CD4+ cell percentages. 3. B cell (SIg+)
      percentages in both tonsil and spleen cultures were quite stable throughout the
      culture period, about 60% of total cells. CD19, a marker of B cell, was only
      present in part of the cultured SIg+ cells. The significance of the variations in
      CD19+, SIg+ cells was unclear. CD5+ B cells were known as cells secreting
      autoantibodies. Our results showed that these cells consistently maintained a
      relatively low percentage in the whole antibody induction period. 4. The
      reasonableness standard we used for "gating" in FACS analysis was discussed.

PMID- 1796718
TI  - [The study on ultrastructure of gap junction of rat atrial myocytes in primary
      culture].
AB  - We have studied the ultrastructure of gap junction of rat atrial myocytes of
      primary culture in situ embedded by ultramicrotomy. We observed a kind of gap
      junction-associated vesicles (GJAV), a kind of cluster of particles which are
      surrounded by plasma membrane, and a concatenate GJAV complexes (CGJAVC) in some
      big clusters. We found that both of GJAV and CGJAVC are very near the plasma
      membrane at the intercellular space, and at the same time they are usually
      adjacent the assembled GJ. So we infered that they are the pre-body or midproduct
      of the assembled GJ probably. This article analysed these observes and probed
      into the process about how to assemble the gap junction.

PMID- 1796719
TI  - [Hypocrellin A induced photodamage to the fluidity of human erythrocyte membranes
      and membranes of some phospholipid liposomes].
AB  - In this paper, the photodamage of Hypocrellin A to the fluidity of human
      erythrocyte membranes and some kinds of membranes of phospholipid liposomes was
      investigated by measuring the changes in fluorescence polarization of the
      membranes. The results showed that the photosensitization effect of HA caused the
      decrease of membrane fluidity of the phospholipid (DPPC, DPPC/DPPE, phospholipid
      of erythrocyte membranes) liposomes. The DPPC and DPPC/DPPE liposomes were more
      sensitive to the damage than the phospholipid liposomes of erythrocyte membranes.
      To human erythrocyte membranes, the photodamage effect of HA caused its fluidity
      first increased and then, with the increment of illumination time, decreased. To
      spectrin-depleted and trypsin-treated erythrocyte membranes, this kind of change
      in fluidity was inhibited. All of the results indicated that phospholipids and
      proteins play different roles in the photodamage of HA to the fluidity of
      membranes. Membrane proteins, especially spectrin, were the key factor involved
      in the changes of the fluidity.

PMID- 1796720
TI  - [The coexistence of multi-neuroactive substances in neurons of the developing cat
      and chicken retinas].
AB  - An improved post-embedding immunocytochemical technique was used to examine the
      coexistence of multi-neuroactive substances in neurons of young cat and newly
      hatched chicken retinas. We found that two classical neurotransmitters-glycine
      (Gly) and r-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and one neuropeptide, neurotensin (NT) were
      located in the amacrine cells of cat and chicken retinas. Among them, some cells
      contain Gly and GABA (Gly/GABA AC), some cells contain Gly and NT (Gly/NT AC) or
      GABA and NT (GABA/NT AC), and the other cells, a few of them contain Gly, GABA
      and NT (Gly/GABA/NT AC). In addition, two classical neurotransmitters Gly and
      GABA were also located or coexisted in the horizontal cells of cat retina. These
      results indicated that the coexistence of two neurotransmitters or one
      neurotransmitter and one neuropeptide or two neurotransmitters and one
      neuropeptide was presented in neurons of developing can and chicken retinas.

PMID- 1796721
TI  - [Rehabilitation after lumbar intervertebral disk operation].
AB  - 122 patients were admitted 3 months after a lumbar disc operation to a
      rehabilitation clinic. Conservative treatment during the rehabilitation induced a
      decrease of low back pain (70 out of 107 patients), of paresis (30/51 patients),
      and of paresthesia (51/77 patients). More than 20 pre- and post-operative
      variables were tested with a rank-variance analysis regarding a possible
      influence on efficacy of the rehabilitation treatment. The success of the
      conservative treatment measured by improvement of paresis, paresthesia, pain and
      mobility of lumbar spine was influenced favourably by preoperative paresis (p
      less than 0.03). Women showed more often than men an improvement of paresis (p =
      0.006) immediately after surgery. Patients with a preoperative paresis had a
      shorter history of radicular symptoms (p = 0.002), an acute onset was seen more
      often in patients with persistent paresis (p = 0.019). Paresthesia was found more
      frequently before surgery (p = 0.010) and at begin of rehabilitation (p = 0.006)
      in patients with paresis compared to patients without paresis. A statistically
      significant association was also evaluated between decreased lumbar mobility and
      laminectomy (p = 0.007). Patients with L5/S1 disc operation had a longer duration
      of radicular symptoms (p = 0.012), a decreased frequency of paresis (p = 0.040),
      but more often paresthesia (p = 0.001) compared with L4/5 operation.

PMID- 1796722
TI  - Decreased serum osteocalcin levels in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
AB  - Osteocalcin is a 49 amino acid non collagenous bone matrix protein which is
      synthesized by the osteoblasts. The serum levels of osteocalcin have been found
      to be a specific biochemical parameter of bone formation. We determined the serum
      levels of osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and alkaline phosphatase
      as well as the 2 hour fasting hydroxyproline excretion in 26 patients with
      postmenopausal osteoporosis and in 24 postmenopausal control subjects. Serum
      levels of osteocalcin were significantly lower in the patients with
      postmenopausal osteoporosis than in the control subjects (p less than 0.002). In
      contrast, serum levels of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, alkaline phosphatase
      and the 2 hour hydroxyproline excretion in the patients with postmenopausal
      osteoporosis and the control subjects were not statistically different. Our data
      give evidence of a decreased bone formation in patients with postmenopausal
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 1796723
TI  - Bone mass and bone diminution of the axial and peripheral skeleton in normal and
      osteoporotic Austrian females.
AB  - Measurements of bone mass were performed in 133 healthy Austrian women using the
      quantitative computed tomography technique of the lumbar spine and single photon
      absorptiometry of the distal forearm. The data were compared with those of 110
      Austrian females with osteoporotic spine fractures. A significant difference in
      mean bone density of the lumbar spine was observed between normal and
      osteoporotic patients in every decade, whereas forearm measurements showed
      statistical differences in the seventh and eighth decade but not in the sixth
      decade. Compared to age matched controls, bone mass of osteoporotic women showed
      the following diminution: sixth decade: distal forearm: -12.7%, spine: -46.8%;
      seventh decade: distal forearm: -19.0%, spine: -36.7%, eighth decade: distal
      forearm: -15.4%, spine: -33.7%. It appears that postmenopausal osteoporosis
      involves greater loss of bone in the spine in the first decade after menopause
      and slows down after this period, whereas loss of forearm bone mineral density
      (BMD) increases with advancing age.

PMID- 1796724
TI  - [Hemorheologic and clinical changes in ankylosing spondylitis during
      hyperthermia].
AB  - In this controlled study the short- and longterm effects of whole body
      hyperthermia in ankylosing spondylitis were investigated. Longitudinal and cross
      sectional analyses show positive effects: reduction in blood and plasma
      viscosity, normalization of red cell deformability, reduction of analgetics' use,
      increase in motility and subjective improvement of well-being. Clinical and
      rheological changes correlate which might imply (but does not prove) a causal
      relationship between the two.

PMID- 1796725
TI  - [Botulinum toxin A in therapy of craniocervical dystonias and hemifacial spasm].
AB  - 34 patients with focal dystonias (13 with essential blepharospasm, 3 with Meige's
      syndrome, 2 with hemifacial spasm, 16 with spasmodic torticollis) were treated
      with botulinum type A toxin. 4 ng of botulinum type A toxin per eye were applied
      in the M. orbicularis oculi as first injection in the 18 patients without
      spasmodic torticollis. The 16 patients with idiopathic spasmodic torticollis
      received 10 ng botulinum toxin A in the contralateral M. sternocleidomastoideus
      as well as in the ipsilateral M. splenius capitis as first injection. The effect
      was monitored for a time period of at least 6 weeks by two subjective rating
      scores, a visual functional score and a global clinical impression score.
      Patients with blepharospasm showed a distinct improvement already after 4 days
      which lasted for 6 weeks. 75% of the patients with spasmodic torticollis
      experienced a moderate to distinct improvement after 4 days which remained stable
      for 6 weeks. A second injection was performed in 15 (7 blepharospasm, 8 spasmodic
      torticollis) patients 9-11 weeks later with a similar success. All observed side
      effects (weakness; stiffness of local muscles; feeling of dryness of eyes,
      unilateral ptosis) were mild and of transient nature. We suggest therefore
      botulinum type A toxin as treatment of first choice in focal dystonias.

PMID- 1796726
TI  - [Results of treatment of breast cancer with tamoxifen].
AB  - There were 62 cases of mammary carcinoma treated with the antioestrogen
      tamoxifen. The age of the patients ranged from 35 to 75 years. Tamoxifen was
      administered in a daily dosage of 30 mg (3 x 1 tablet). Treatment was carried out
      as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy. Treatment was carried out for 6 months with a
      follow-up period of further 6 months. In the group of patients with mammary
      carcinoma, 23 were premenopausal without metastases after radical mastectomy and
      sterilisation. The remaining 39 in this group were in the menopause with
      metastases which were in some cases untreated and in some cases treated by
      mastectomy, radiation and chemotherapy (CMF-scheme). All Patients were PD in
      relation to further radiation and/or chemotherapy. Karnofsky-index was 60
      minimum. After 4 weeks' treatment with tamoxifen both an improvement in general
      wellbeing and a regression of the focus of the tumour was achieved. A significant
      improvement in wellbeing and tumour status could be established for a total of 48
      cases of mammary carcinoma. Treatment was well tolerated. Only 1 case of side
      effects in the form of vomiting occurred.

PMID- 1796727
TI  - Predictive value of coagulation testing in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
AB  - Severe postoperative bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is still a major
      problem. One hundred and seven patients undergoing uncomplicated coronary artery
      bypass grafting (CABG) were studied. Two groups were formed according to the
      patients' 24 hours postoperative mediastinal blood loss. Patients in group I (n =
      70) had blood loss less than 1000 ml and patients in group II (n = 33) had blood
      loss over 1000 ml. Between the two groups, there were no differences in age, male
      female ratio, number of grafts, by pass-time or heparin-protamine dose.
      Coagulation testing: APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time), PT
      (Prothrombin Time), fibrinogen, D-dim. (D-dimers), bleeding time, MPV (mean
      platelet volume) and platelet count, was done preoperatively (T0), immediately
      postoperatively (T1), 6 hours postoperatively (T2). We were especially interested
      in the predictive value of hemostatic parameters at T0 and T1. We found a slight
      but statistically negative correlation between the platelet count (T0 and T1) and
      the postoperative blood loss.

PMID- 1796728
TI  - The laryngeal mask--Liege experience.
AB  - The laryngeal mask (LM), a recently commercialized device, provides a totally
      patent airway when positioned in the hypopharynx. The major advantages of the LM
      are its ease of insertion, the absence of contact with the vocal cords, and the
      fact that if frees the hands of the anesthesiologist. Contraindications to its
      use result from its failure to seal the airway against regurgitation of gastric
      content. After reviewing the modalities of using the LM, we describe the Liege
      experience with it. Over two months, 107 anesthetics were administered with the
      LM, 80 with spontaneous respiration, 22 with controlled ventilation and 5 where
      the ventilatory mode was changed intraoperatively. 84% of LM were inserted on the
      first attempt, 14% on the second. The use of the LM was unsuccessful three times.
      Only 13% of patients complained of mild pharyngeal discomfort postoperatively. We
      conclude that this device is reliable, easy to use, and causes minimal
      postoperative problems. Its use, for both spontaneous and controlled ventilation,
      is increasing in our hospital.

PMID- 1796729
TI  - Intermittent femoral nerve blockade for anterior cruciate ligament repair. Use of
      a catheter technique in 208 patients.
AB  - The duration of postoperative analgesia following femoral nerve block with a
      catheter technique was studied. Intermittent doses of bupivacaine were given to
      208 consecutive patients presenting for open repair of the anterior cruciate
      ligament, initially 0.5% and thereafter 0.25% 0.4 ml/kg 2-4 times daily.
      Supplementary analgesia with piritramide 0.15 mg/kg I.M. was provided 4-6 hourly
      as required and the number of analgesic demands recorded. Based on the duration
      of analgesia and on the number of analgesic demands required, good or
      satisfactory analgesia was obtained in 88% of the patients. The catheter remained
      an average of 2.8 days in position and no infectious or irreversible neurological
      complications were seen. It is concluded that femoral nerve block using a
      catheter technique, provides safe and reliable analgesia, improves patient
      mobility, has a high patient acceptance and is capable of reducing systemic
      analgesic demand following anterior cruciate ligament repair.

PMID- 1796730
TI  - Continuous measurement of jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation in neurosurgical
      patients.
AB  - Monitoring cerebral oxygen availability and utilization is of the utmost
      importance for patients with brain insults or potentially at risk of brain oxygen
      deprivation. The availability of the continuous measurement of oxygen saturation
      in the jugular bulb questions the value of this parameter as an indicator of
      brain oxygenation. This article reviews the theoretical background and the
      practical aspects of this monitoring. It describes its possible applications to
      neurosurgical patients in the operating theater as well as in the intensive
      therapy unit. Finally, it comments on its main limitations which could impede an
      extensive utilization in clinical practice.

PMID- 1796731
TI  - Latex allergy in a child: report of a case.
AB  - A case of life-threatening anaphylactic shock in a boy undergoing complex
      urologic surgery under combined general and epidural anesthesia is described.
      Latex allergy was suspected and later confirmed by a positive RAST for latex. A
      short review about latex allergy, its diagnosis and prevention is presented.

PMID- 1796732
TI  - Amniotic fluid embolism during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section.
AB  - A survivor of a clinically severe presentation of amniotic fluid embolism during
      cesarean section performed under epidural anesthesia is presented. Some general
      pathophysiologic features of amniotic fluid embolism are discussed in the context
      of presented case: seizures as a first sign of amniotic fluid embolism, heart
      failure and coagulopathy. In addition we discuss the management of the epidural
      catheter in coagulopathy in the presented case.

PMID- 1796733
TI  - Fibrinolytic (rt-PA) therapy for superior vena cava thrombosis in a multiple
      trauma patient.
AB  - An adult multiple trauma patient (head injury with coma, blunt chest trauma, bone
      and pelvis fractures) developed superior vena cava thrombosis which extended to
      the right atrium as a complication of central venous catheterism. Since a four
      day heparin therapy was unsuccessful, the patient was treated with recombinant
      tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), 100 mg over three hours. Thrombolysis
      with rt-PA was not associated with cutaneous or internal bleeding and was
      partially effective (improvement of the clinical picture, disappearance of the
      right atrium thrombus, superior vena cava still occluded). Although our patient
      could have benefited from an additional administration of rt-PA, we did not start
      a second course because the risk of major hemorrhage increases over 100 mg. For
      its relative clot-selectivity rt-PA could be indicated when fibrinolytic
      treatment is required in multiple trauma patient, but safe and more efficacious
      regimens have still to be defined.

PMID- 1796734
TI  - [The blood supply of the cervical esophagus].
AB  - In accordance with former authors the arteries for the cervical esophagus
      originate mainly from the inferior thyroid artery. In a few cases additional
      vessels originated directly from the subclavian artery. After a variable course
      they approach the esophagus in a purely transverse direction. The uppermost
      vessels originating from the inferior thyroid artery may send branches to the
      posterior wall of the trachea and also supply the anterior wall of the esophagus.
      The surgical separation of the two organs is dangerous for the esophagus.

PMID- 1796735
TI  - Microvasculature of the thyroid gland in the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis):
      microvascular corrosion cast/scanning electron microscopy study.
AB  - A thyroid vascular cast of the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) was obtained by
      injection of Batson's No. 17 plastic mixture into the ascending aorta. The cast
      was studied under the scanning electron microscope. It was found that each half
      of the gland is supplied by a large superior and a rather small inferior thyroid
      artery. After plunging into the gland, the arteries divide into smaller branches
      that are the interlobular, intralobular and follicular arteries (afferent
      vessels). The basket-like capillaries arising from the follicular arteries and
      encapsulating thyroid follicles are of large diameter and are arranged in a
      single layer. The follicular side of the capillary casts was observed to contain
      numerous small and some large projecting knobs compatible with the presence of
      fenestrations in the endothelial cells. On the other hand, endothelial nuclear
      imprints were found mainly on the stromal surface of the follicular capillary
      casts. Transfollicular capillaries connecting the adjacent follicular capillary
      networks were also observed. Blood from the follicular capillaries either drains
      into the follicular veins (efferent vessels) or abruptly drains into the
      intralobular veins before proceeding to intralobular and interlobular veins,
      respectively. The interlobular veins are collected into a few small superior, a
      few larger middle and a few even larger inferior thyroid veins. These veins drain
      directly into the laryngeal vein lying adjacent to the deep surface of the
      thyroid gland before joining the jugular vein. Venous valves were identified
      outside the thyroid gland. In addition, the glomerular capillary island of the
      parathyroid gland was often seen at the cranioanterolateral and sometimes at the
      cranioposterolateral aspect of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 1796736
TI  - Immunofluorescent and immunogold replica studies of desmin distribution in
      cultured normal and cardiomyopathic hamster heart cells.
AB  - The architecture of desmin intermediate filament arrangements in cultured
      cardiomyocytes from heart of normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters was studied by
      immunofluorescent light microscopy and immunogold replica electron microscopy.
      Both polyclonal and monoclonal antidesmin antibodies were used in a biotin
      streptavidin system. Immunofluorescent staining of normal and cardiomyopathic
      myocytes for desmin at 5 days in culture exhibited filamentous staining patterns
      with polyclonal antidesmin and a coarse punctate staining pattern with the
      monoclonal antibody. At 9 days in culture, most normal myocytes showed
      filamentous staining with the polyclonal antibody; many of the stained filaments
      were associated with Z lines. With the monoclonal antidesmin, these same cells
      exhibited a very fine 'spotty' staining pattern. These results suggest that the
      arrangements and immunoreactivities of intermediate filaments change during
      normal cardiac myocyte development. In cardiomyopathic cells, this pattern of
      rearrangement and immunoreactivity appears to be delayed or possibly nonexistent.
      The three-dimensional electron-microscopic observation of immunogold localization
      of desmin achieved by a deep-etching replica technique is made on both normal and
      cardiomyopathic cultured heart cells. Abnormalities of desmin filament
      arrangements in cardiomyopathic cells are confirmed.

PMID- 1796737
TI  - Total body bone mineral and pelvis bone mineral content as parameters of bone
      mass in men. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study.
AB  - Total body bone mineral content (TBBM) is a highly discriminating determinant of
      bone mass. We correlated TBBM with pelvis bone mineral content (PBMC) and pelvis
      bone mineral density (PBMD) in 179 normal men, in order to observe whether the
      pelvis is an adequate region of bone mass evaluation. There was a good
      correlation between PBMC and TBBM (r = 927, p less than 0.001), and significant
      correlations between PBMD and TBBM (r = 818, p less than 0.001) and between PBMC
      and PBMD (r = 0.902, p less than 0.001). As the pelvis does not undergo the
      densitometric changes so often observed in the spine, we believe that the pelvis
      is appropriate as anatomic region for bone mass evaluation studies.

PMID- 1796738
TI  - Onset of the constrictive effect of indomethacin on the ductus arteriosus in
      fetal rats.
AB  - The time of onset of the constrictive effect of indomethacin on the ductus
      arteriosus (DA) in fetal rats was assessed by measurement of the caliber of the
      DA after maternal treatment with indomethacin on days 19-21 of gestation. The day
      following overnight mating was regarded as day 0 of gestation. Observation was
      performed by direct exposure of the DA by hand shaving of intact frozen fetuses.
      On days 20 and 21, the DA was significantly constricted 3 h after maternal
      treatment with 1 mg/kg of indomethacin. When the DA was examined at 19 1/2 and 19
      2/3 days of gestation (3 h after indomethacin exposure), it was significantly
      constricted at 19 2/3 days but not at 19 1/2 days. Higher doses of indomethacin
      (10 and 100 mg/kg) induced a significant constriction of the DA at day 19 1/2,
      but not at the beginning of the same day (1.00 a.m.). These results suggest that
      the onset of the susceptibility of the DA to the constrictive effect of
      indomethacin occurs in the first half of day 19 of gestation.

PMID- 1796739
TI  - Fine structure of morphologically well-defined type II neurons in the enteric
      nervous system of the porcine small intestine revealed by immunoreactivity for
      calcitonin gene-related peptide.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing perikarya and axonal processes
      were localized by preembedding electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry in the
      porcine small intestine. Immunoreactive well-defined type II neurons were
      localized in the plexus myentericus, and plexus submucosus externus and internus.
      In some cases, they were found in direct contact to the basal lamina surrounding
      the ganlion, thus being in close apposition to the interstitial space. The
      perikarya are generally larger than the immunogative nerve cell bodies and have a
      typical smooth outline. The electron-microscopic features of the labeled nerve
      processes investigated provide evidence for their axonal nature. These
      ultrastructural observations confirm previous light-microscopic results which
      showed that CGRP-containing nerve cells in the porcine small intestine belong to
      the neuronal population of the type II cells, the processes of which display the
      ultrastructural features of axons. A large number of reactive varicosities show
      synaptic specializations on immunonegative nerve cell bodies, suggesting that at
      least part of the type II neurons have post-synaptic effects on CGRP-negative
      neurons.

PMID- 1796740
TI  - Changes in cellular dry mass during macrophage development.
AB  - Measurements of dry mass were made on developing human macrophages in suspension
      culture using a scanning and integrating microinterferometer. The mean dry mass
      (+/- SEM) of day 0 monocytes of 19 healthy individuals was 53.6 +/- 2.4 pg. There
      was a significant increase in cellular dry mass over the period of culture, mean
      values at 2, 4 and 6 days being 61.1, 79.8 and 110.4 pg, respectively. A
      comparison of the results with those obtained previously by ultrastructural
      morphometry inferred that there is a disproportionate increase in the water
      content of macrophages during development. The technique may have potential for
      investigating changes in mononuclear phagocytes in clinical states.

PMID- 1796741
TI  - Communicating synapses: types and functional interpretation. Exceptions to
      Cajal's neuron theory.
AB  - The neurons of the dorsal periaqueductal nucleus of the mesencephalon and their
      synaptic contacts were observed under a transmission electron microscope. We
      found various types of synapses which constituted an exception to Cajal's neuron
      theory (law of neuron independence). Some of these synapses had an open
      communicating or continuity 'passage' between the presynaptic bouton of a neuron
      (first neuron) and the postsynaptic portion of another neuron (second neuron).
      The 'communicating' passage (located in the synaptosome) is formed by the
      continuity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane, and its limits or rims
      are the reflexion points of the membranes. When only two neurons intervene they
      could be termed 'simple communicating synapses'. We found three types: I =
      communicating axosomatic synapses; II = communicating axodendritic synapses, and
      III = communicating axoaxonic synapses'. When three neurons intervene in the
      synaptic contact, they could be termed 'complex communicating synapses'. In
      these, the first and second neurons form a normal synapse, but the lateral
      portion of the presynaptic bouton of the first neuron also enters into contact
      with a third neuron, with which it establishes an open communicating or
      continuity passage. The points of these passages are collateral to the synapse,
      and may be in the presynaptic or pre-postsynaptic portions simultaneously,
      communicating collaterally with the third neuron. We found a further three types:
      IV = complex communicating axosomatic and dendritic synapses; V = complex
      communicating axoaxonic and somatic synapses, and VI = complex communicating
      axodendritic and double-somatic synapses. It is suggested that communicating
      synapses may constitute an exception to Cajal's neuron theory, representing
      functional states for the acceleration, retardation or modulation of the synaptic
      function. The neurotransmitters would pass en masse through the communicating
      passage and the depolarization wave would pass through the rims without being
      retarded. In the simple communicating synapses, their action would be
      intensifying. In the complex communicating synapses, their action would be
      modulating or retarding, since the collateral communicating passage would
      function as an 'escape valve' through which part of the impulse reaching the
      presynaptic bouton would escape.

PMID- 1796742
TI  - Anatomical partitioning of three multiarticular human muscles.
AB  - To examine neuromuscular partitioning within human muscles, the innervation
      patterns and muscle fiber architecture of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR),
      extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles were
      examined. Consistent patterns of innervation between specimens were found within
      each of the three muscles. The nerve to the FCR clearly innervates three major
      architectural divisions of the muscle. The ECRL is innervated by two different
      muscle nerves. Branches of these nerves innervate at least two distinct
      anatomical subvolumes. However, the subvolumes of the ECRL defined by muscle
      architecture are not totally congruent with those defined by the innervation
      pattern. In the LG, the single muscle nerve branches into two main divisions, and
      these subsequently divide into branches which supply the three heads. However,
      each head does not receive a completely private nerve. These results indicate
      that human muscles are partitioned in a manner roughly similar to the divisions
      of the same muscles in cats and rats, but with less congruency of architecture
      and innervation.

PMID- 1796743
TI  - A new classification of the brachial extensors in Tarsius.
AB  - The muscular system of the tarsier was first described by Burmeister (1846), who
      noted that brachial extensors (triceps complex) have six heads. The first three
      heads, respectively, correspond to the long, lateral and medial heads of the
      triceps brachii muscle in man. The fourth head is the anconaeus and the fifth is
      the dorsoepitrochlearis. Schultz (1984) divided the sixth head into two different
      parts (preaxial and postaxial) from the viewpoint of nerve supply. The present
      study found that the whole sixth head is innervated by the ulnar nerve, and we
      propose that it is recognized as the proximal and distal heads of the (preaxial)
      epitrochleoanconaeus muscle. The proximal head may have developed specially in
      the tarsier in addition to the distal head observed in other prosimians. It is
      thought to support the extension of the elbow joint and contribute to the
      tarsier's effective locomotion.

PMID- 1796744
TI  - Efferent ductules of the boar--a morphological study.
AB  - The efferent ductules of the boar were investigated by means of corrosion casts,
      light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They arise from
      an extratesticular rete and constitute the major, caudolateral part of the
      ascending limb of the caput epididymidis. Ductules may be subdivided into three
      segments: a slightly undulating testicular segment, a highly coiled intermediate
      segment and a moderately coiled epididymal segment. A decrease in diameter is
      particularly marked from the intermediate to the epididymal segment. The
      epithelial transitions from the extratesticular rete to the efferent ductules and
      from these to the epididymal duct are clearly demarcated. The epithelium of the
      efferent ducts consists of principal and ciliated cells. Mononuclear leukocytes
      are found in the basal half. Ultrastructural evidence supports a strong
      absorptive activity of principal cells. Apical protrusions are not considered to
      be a proof of apocrine secretion but rather seem to be artifacts. The nature of
      membrane-bound granules of variable density remains speculative.

PMID- 1796745
TI  - High preovulatory serum luteinizing hormone level is unfavorable to conception.
AB  - Serum estradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of 16 pregnant
      and 58 non-pregnant stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) or
      gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) cycles have been compared with regard to
      their predictive value for achievement of pregnancy. Serum estradiol and
      progesterone pattern of the pregnant and non-pregnant group did not show any
      significant difference. Around the time of ovulation induction by human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) the serum LH values proved to be higher in the non-pregnant
      group than in the pregnant one. In spite of having a permissive function,
      preovulatory serum estradiol and progesterone seem not to have a predictive value
      with regard to pregnancy. Elevated preovulatory serum LH is detrimental for
      pregnancy, therefore the measurement of serum LH beyond hCG administration also,
      and the cancellation of cycles with high serum LH levels shortly before oocyte
      retrieval is recommended.

PMID- 1796746
TI  - Response of gonadotropins to pituitary stimulation with luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone is a more specific than sensitive parameter for the polycystic
      ovary syndrome.
AB  - Gonadotropin response to exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)
      was studied in two groups of patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
      Group I (n = 44) was diagnosed as 'overt PCOS' based on clinical and endocrine
      abnormalities, and the typical ultrasonic picture of multicystic changes in an
      increased amount of ovarian stroma. Group II patients (n = 34), with similar
      clinical and hormonal changes, were classified as 'borderline PCOS' because
      endosonography of the ovaries was not conclusive. Serum gonadotropins were
      followed 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after administration of 100 micrograms LHRH
      intravenously. Plasma LH and the peak ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle
      stimulating hormone (LH/FSH peak) after LHRH were significantly higher in Group I
      and II patients (p less than 0.001) than in controls (n = 11). There was a
      significant positive correlation between LH (r = 0.73 and 0.68, p less than 0.05)
      and LH/FSH ratio peaks (r = 0.61 and 0.68, p less than 0.05) after LHRH, and the
      basal values in each group. However, hyperreactivity of LH and the LH/FSH ratio
      after LHRH (defined as values exceeding the 95th percentile of control values)
      was only present in Group I in 38.6 and 56.8%, and in Group II in 47.1 and 73.5%
      of patients. It is concluded that: exaggerated LH release after LHRH is a typical
      yet not unique feature of PCOS and its sensitivity is inferior to its
      specificity; a higher rate for sensitivity is achieved when the LH/FSH ratio
      after LHRH (instead of LH release alone) is used; and that hyperreactivity of LH
      after LHRH is neither correlated with the plasma concentrations of total
      testosterone, free plasma testosterone or androstenedione, nor with the
      ultrasonic picture of the ovaries as significantly higher (p less than 0.05) LH
      and LH/FSH ratio peaks were found in borderline PCOS patients. While the
      heterogeneity of gonadotropin response to LHRH clearly limits its routine
      diagnostic use, the FSH and LH response is useful in patients with inconsistent
      clinical and ultrasonic features suggestive of PCOS.

PMID- 1796747
TI  - The luteinizing hormone pulsatile secretion: diurnal excursions in normally
      cycling and postmenopausal women.
AB  - While numerous investigations have determined characteristics of episodic
      luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in women, any diurnal LH rhythmicities during
      eugonadal and hypogonadal states have not been accurately addressed. Accordingly,
      blood was sampled at 15-min intervals for 24 h in 45 normally cycling women (16
      early follicular (EFP), 14 late follicular (LFP), 15 mid-luteal phase (MLP)
      women) and in eight postmenopausal women (PMW). Pulse attributes (amplitudes,
      interpulse intervals) determined in the LH secretory profiles were fitted to
      cosinor functions to assess diurnal variabilities. In both eugonadal women and
      PMW, significant (p less than 0.05 or less) diurnal excursions were observed in
      mean LH levels, with maximal acrophase amplitudes occurring in the EFP and MLP.
      While these 24-h swings peaked at comparable times (11.00-17.00) during the
      menstrual cycles, a significant (p less than 0.001) shift in acrophase times to
      early morning hours (05.30) was noted for PMW. Significant (p less than 0.05 or
      less) 24-h periodicities were also found for the LH pulse amplitudes. LH pulses
      were of greater magnitudes during night hours in both cycling women and PMW. A
      slowing of LH pulses (p less than 0.05 or less) was noted during sleep in EFP
      and, distinctly, in MLP women. These observations demonstrate diurnal variations
      in LH secretion and its pulsatile attributes in eugonadal women. Differences in
      time course and magnitude of these diurnal excursions may be explained by
      variations in the sex steroid environments. In turn, steroids may modulate other
      neuroendocrine determinants regulating central time-keepers.

PMID- 1796748
TI  - Oral and injectable long-lasting bromocriptine preparations in
      hyperprolactinemia: comparison of their prolactin lowering activity, tolerability
      and safety.
AB  - Bromocriptine, a D2 receptor agonist, has been widely used in tumoral and non
      tumoral hyperprolactinemia, in reducing both plasma prolactin levels and in
      restoring fertility and/or menses in most patients. In this study a comparison
      between the injectable repeatable and the oral slow release formulations of
      bromocriptine (Parlodel LAR and Parlodel SRO) is reported, with respect to their
      effectiveness, tolerability and safety. Eleven patients with hyperprolactinemia,
      submitted to both treatments, were studied for a period of 1-24 months. Among the
      four patients with macroprolactinoma, three reached normoprolactinemia without
      complaining of side-effects, with both formulations, while the remaining patient
      became intolerant of the oral form after 1 year, and is presently being treated
      with the injectable formulation without presenting any side-effects. Among the
      five patients with microprolactinoma, two patients had a good response to both
      drugs; two patients did not reach normoprolactinemia with the injectable
      formulations, but a progressive decrease of prolactin levels was obtained with
      Parlodel SRO therapy, and the remaining patient was completely intolerant of the
      oral form without complaining of side-effects with Parlodel LAR. Two patients had
      non-tumoral hyperprolactinemia: one was intolerant of both drugs and one
      tolerated both formulations very well. In conclusion, Parlodel LAR and Parlodel
      SRO are very effective compounds in the medical treatment of hyperprolactinemic
      syndromes. The availability of these differing formulations improves the medical
      therapy, allowing a better choice of therapeutic regimen according to the
      effectiveness of, and tolerability to, the different drug formulations. In this
      way also, with poorly tolerant patients, it is possible to choose the better
      tolerated and more effective formulation of the drug.

PMID- 1796749
TI  - Neuroendocrine control in polycystic ovary-like syndrome.
AB  - In this review article evidence is assembled from the neuroendocrinology of women
      with polycystic ovary-like syndrome (PCOS), to argue that the central
      dysregulation of gonadotropin secretion as found in the syndrome is not the cause
      of its development. The increased amplitude of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses is
      explained by an increased pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin releasing hormone
      (GnRH) due to prolonged unopposed estrogen exposure of the gonadotropic cells.
      The increase in pulse frequency cannot be used in the argument because it may be
      the cause for, as well the result of, the pathological status of the ovary. A
      good argument for a pathogenetic involvement of central factors, however, is the
      reversed day/night rhythm in adolescent girls with PCOS. A critical review of the
      literature does not give evidence of involvement of either obesity or
      catecholamines in the central abnormalities. Therefore they cannot cause PCOS via
      central feedback systems. The response of the gonadotropins to progesterone is
      the same as it is in normally cycling women. Androgens exert a variable effect on
      LH secretory patterns, although they do induce the typical change of PCOS in the
      ovaries. This argues for an ovarian rather than for a central cause. Endogenous
      opiates seem to be increased in PCOS. It can be argued that this should suppress
      both LH secretion and adrenal androgen secretion. It should also stimulate
      insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins, thereby binding more IGF with
      less stimulatory action on the theca cells to produce androgens. Therefore
      endogenous opiates do not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS either.
      Studies in PCOS during the recovery from GnRH agonist treatment show that the
      luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) ratio is quite normal
      for some time during the recovery phase. However, PCOS always develops again.
      This therefore does not give a clue either. In pulsatile GnRH stimulation of PCOS
      patients, the LH and FSH secretory patterns completely normalize. However, the
      symptoms of PCOS continue under this stimulation and the clinical pattern does
      not change dramatically. This gives the best argument that PCOS is caused by one
      or more peripheral factors, which may be ovarian in origin, rather than by
      central factors.

PMID- 1796750
TI  - Effect of caffeine on parameters of osteoblast growth and differentiation of a
      mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro.
AB  - The effects of caffeine exposure on bone formation were examined using a chick
      osteoblast culture system. Secondary cultures of normal diploid osteoblasts were
      exposed to chronic doses of 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mM caffeine beginning on day 0
      through day 28. Neither the rate of cell proliferation nor cell number, as
      measured by total DNA, was decreased for any of the doses examined. In contrast,
      osteocalcin levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total calcium levels
      showed a dose-related decrease in cultures treated with caffeine. These
      parameters were significantly decreased at the highest dose of 0.4 mM. The
      reduction in total protein levels ranged from 29 to 66% of control values and was
      independent of dose. In contrast, total collagen levels were more affected by the
      dose of caffeine used. Inhibition of collagen levels was most apparent on days 17
      and 21, time points during the period of active formation of the matrix
      immediately preceding the deposition of mineral. By day 28 collagen levels in
      cultures exposed to the lower doses of caffeine had returned to control levels,
      and only the cultures exposed to the highest dose (0.4 mM) remained significantly
      inhibited with respect to both collagen and mineral. Histochemically, alkaline
      phosphatase and mineral staining of day 28 cultures mirrored the biochemical
      events with the 0.4 mM caffeine exposure. The results indicate that one of the
      effects of caffeine on bone development is to inhibit the formation of a
      competent extracellular matrix during the osteoblast differentiation sequence,
      which results in the inhibition of mineralization analogous to the delayed
      ossification observed in fetal animals after prenatal caffeine exposure.

PMID- 1796751
TI  - Effects of potassium peroxydiphosphate on bone resorption.
AB  - Potassium peroxydiphosphate (KPDP) is a slowly hydrolyzed pyrophosphate analog
      that can release hydrogen peroxide during hydrolysis. We tested its effects on
      the resorption of cultured fetal rat long bones as measured by the release of
      previously incorporated 45Ca, both by direct addition of KPDP to the medium and
      after preincubation of KPDP with large-molecular-weight resorbing factors
      followed by dialysis to reduce the KPDP concentration. With direct addition, KPDP
      at a concentration of 1 mM could inhibit the resortive response to bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS), parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and
      mouse recombinant interleukin-1 (mrIL-1). The response to LPS was partially
      inhibited at 0.3 mM KPDP. Control resorption in the absence of stimulators was
      also inhibited. Potassium pyrophosphate at 1 mM was less effective as an
      inhibitor of bone resorption. The inhibitory effects of KPDP did not appear to be
      due entirely to nonspecific toxicity since partial recovery occurred after it was
      removed. There was no significant decrease in [3H]thymidine or [3H]proline
      incorporation into bones incubated with KPDP at 1 mM for 5 days, but [3H]proline
      incorporation was decreased at 24 h, suggesting that KPDP may have a general
      inhibitory effect on bone cells. When media with and without stimulators of
      resorption were incubated overnight at 4 degrees C with KPDP at 5.8 mM and then
      dialyzed to bring the concentration to below 0.3 mM, the bone-resorbing activity
      of PTH, LPS, and mrIL-1 was completely lost. This may have been due to the slow
      release of hydrogen peroxide; however, preincubation with equimolar
      concentrations of H2O3 caused only partial inactivation of PTH and LPS.
      LPS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796752
TI  - Bone mass is related to creatinine clearance in normal elderly women.
AB  - We determined the relationship between bone mass and age, anthropometric
      variables, creatinine clearance (Ccr), and serum and urine biochemical variables
      in 77 normal white women (aged 41-86, mean = 67) living in their own homes. A
      total of 74 women were postmenopausal. Skeletal status was assessed in all
      subjects by x-rays of the hand with measurement of the mean combined cortical
      thickness (CCT) of the second metacarpal bones. In 53 women, bone mineral content
      of the radial shaft (RMBC) was also measured by single-photon absorptiometry
      (SPA) and lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) was measured by dual-photon
      absorptiometry (DPA). Serum and urine biochemical variables were measured under
      standardized conditions on the sixth and seventh days of a controlled diet. There
      was a strong positive correlation between Ccr and bone mass. Although our
      subjects showed the expected linear decline in Ccr with age, we found that the
      relationship between Ccr and bone mass in the radius and lumbar spine was
      independent of age. On the other hand, the relationship between Ccr and CCT was
      not independent of age. We concluded that the relationship between Ccr and lumbar
      and radial bone mass is probably indicative of a relationship between glomerular
      filtration rate and bone mass, although this requires validation with a
      noncreatinine method for measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Age per se
      does not appear to be a cause of declining lumbar bone mass after the menopause.

PMID- 1796753
TI  - Vitamin D analogs with low affinity for the vitamin D binding protein: enhanced
      in vitro and decreased in vivo activity.
AB  - The affinity of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] and analogs
      with side-chain modifications [MC 903 or calcipotriol, MC 1147 or 24,24-dihomo-1
      alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-16ene-23yne-D3] for the vitamin D receptor and
      the serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) were compared. The affinity of MC 903
      for the receptor from chick and rat duodenum or from human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells or HL-60 cells varied between 60 and 100% relative to the
      affinity of 1,25-(OH)2D3. The relative affinity of 1,25-(OH)2-16ene-23yne-D3 and
      MC 1147 varied for the same receptors between 45-70 and 3.5-25%, respectively.
      The relative affinity of MC 903 for human DBP was 30-fold decreased, whereas the
      two other analogs did not bind to DBP at all even in more than 1000-fold excess.
      The in vitro biologic activity of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated normal human lymphocyte proliferation was markedly inhibited by the
      addition of physiologic amounts of DBP to the cell culture medium. No such
      inhibition was observed when MC 903 or 1147 was evaluated similarly. DBP
      therefore reversed the rank order of the in vitro potency of these analogs.
      Intramuscular injections for 10 consecutive days to vitamin D-deficient chicks
      demonstrated a greater than or equal to 100-fold lower biologic activity of MC
      903, MC 1147, and 1,25-(OH)2-16ene-23yne-D3 compared to that of 1 alpha,25
      (OH)2D3 as evaluated by serum calcium and osteocalcin concentrations, as well as
      by duodenal calbindin D28K and bone calcium content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1796754
TI  - Osteonectin is an alpha-granule component involved with thrombospondin in
      platelet aggregation.
AB  - We previously showed that thrombospondin, a major alpha-granule glycoprotein of
      human platelets, forms a specific complex with osteonectin, a phosphoglycoprotein
      originally described in bone that is also present in human platelets. The storage
      organelles and the function of osteonectin in platelets are still unknown. In
      this study, using electron microscopy in combination with immunogold staining,
      the major storage organelle for platelet-secreted proteins, the alpha-granules.
      Furthermore, osteonectin was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by
      studying normal platelets and the platelets from a patient with gray platelet
      syndrome. Gray platelet syndrome is a rare congenital bleeding disorder
      characterized by a selective deficiency in morphologically recognizable platelet
      alpha-granules and in the alpha-granule secretory proteins. Binding of an
      iodinated antiosteonectin monoclonal antibody to gray platelet proteins
      transferred to nitrocellulose from SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed no band
      corresponding to osteonectin compared to control platelets. Using a polyclonal
      antiosteonectin antibody-based radioimmunoassay, gray platelets contained 0.2 +/-
      0.03 ng osteonectin per 10(6) platelets, which is only 20% of the normal platelet
      content of osteonectin (0.93 +/- 0.16 ng per 10(6) platelets). Study of the
      localization of osteonectin to the surface of human platelets demonstrated that a
      radioiodinated antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody bound specifically to thrombin
      stimulated platelets but not to resting platelets. Binding was concentration
      dependent, saturable (1710 +/- 453 binding sites per platelet, Kd = 1 microM),
      and inhibited by an excess of cold antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody. No
      binding was observed on the surface of thrombin-stimulated gray platelets. To
      gain further insights into the role of osteonectin released from activated
      platelets, the effect of an antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody was tested on the
      aggregation of washed platelets. F(ab')2 fragments from the antiosteonectin
      polyclonal antibody inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the aggregation of
      collagen-stimulated, washed human platelets without affecting collagen-induced
      platelet serotonin release. To characterize the mechanism through which
      antiosteonectin F(ab')2 fragments inhibit platelet aggregation, the expression of
      endogenous thrombospondin (TSP) on the surface of thrombin-activated platelets
      was studied using 125I-labeled anti-TSP monoclonal antibody P10. The endogenous
      surface expression of TSP to thrombin-stimulated platelets was significantly
      inhibited in the presence of antiosteonectin F(ab')2 fragments (6286 +/- 2065
      molecules of P10 per platelet) compared to 11,230 +/- 766 molecules of P10 per
      platelet in the presence of nonimmune F(ab')2 fragments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1796755
TI  - Preexisting bone loss associated with ovariectomy in rats is reversed by
      parathyroid hormone.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that when parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      administration to rats is started immediately following ovariectomy, it prevents
      bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency. In this study, we examined whether
      bone loss induced by ovariectomy could be reversed by parathyroid hormone if
      hormone therapy is started after the bone loss had already occurred. In the first
      experiment, two groups of animals were ovariectomized or sham operated, killed
      after 40 days, and their bones examined to ensure that bone loss occurred. In the
      second experiment, three groups of rats were studied. Group 1 rats were sham
      operated, and rats in groups 2 and 3 were ovariectomized. Each rat in group 3
      received a single subcutaneous injection of 8 micrograms parathyroid hormone
      [hPTH-(1-34); Bachem, CA] per 100 g body weight per day, starting 40 days
      following ovariectomy. Rats in groups 1 and 2 received solvent vehicle, and all
      animals were sacrificed on day 60. Ovariectomized rats had lost an appreciable
      amount of bone 40 days after surgery, as indicated by a significant decrease in
      femoral and vertebral densities and calcium and an over 55% loss of cancellous
      bone in the tibial metaphysis. The loss of bone was reversed by intermittent PTH
      administration. Increased cancellous bone in the parathyroid hormone-treated
      ovariectomized rats was associated with increased trabecular osteoblasts,
      decreased trabecular osteoclasts, and increased serum osteocalcin and urinary
      hydroxyproline. Our findings indicate that parathyroid hormone can substantially
      augment bone mass after the loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency has already
      occurred. The hormone caused positive bone balance in vivo in ovarian hormone
      deficient animals by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption.

PMID- 1796756
TI  - Tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators in bone tissue and their regulation
      by parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The identification of the plasminogen activator (PA) types present in bone and
      the regulation of their activity by parathyroid hormone (PTH) were investigated
      in cultures of fetal mouse calvariae with the use of either a chromogenic
      substrate or a zymographic assay. PA was detected essentially in the tissue
      extracts of the explanted bones, with only 1-2% of the total activity released in
      the surrounding culture media. From their electrophoretic behavior compared to
      PAs of other mouse tissues and from their response to a specific antibody raised
      against the tissue type PA (tPA), two major molecular species, of 70 and 48 kD
      were identified as tPA and urokinase (uPA), respectively, a third minor species
      of 105 kD being likely to correspond to complexes between tPA and an inhibitor;
      the culture fluids, moreover, contained enzymatically active degradation products
      of uPA of 42 and 29 kD. The PA activity of the bone extracts was only minimally
      affected by the addition of fibrinogen fragments to the chromogenic assays. PTH
      induced bone resorption and stimulated in parallel the accumulation of PA in the
      tissue; other bone-resorbing agents, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and prostaglandin
      E2, had similar effects. Densitometric scanning of the zymograms of the bone
      extracts indicated that PTH stimulated only the production of tPA and had no
      effect on that of uPA. However, PTH also enhanced the release of uPA (both the 48
      kD and the 29 kD forms) from the bones into the media. Although inhibiting bone
      resorption, calcitonin had no effect on the PTH-induced accumulation of PA in
      bone or on the release of tPA, but it prevented the PTH-induced accumulation of
      29 kD uPA in the culture fluids. Thus these studies support the view that tPA and
      possibly also uPA may have a role in the physiology of bone; the nature of this
      role remains to be elucidated, however.

PMID- 1796757
TI  - Bone mineral density and mass by total-body dual-photon absorptiometry in normal
      white and Asian men.
AB  - Total body bone mineral density, total body bone mineral mass (TBBM), and bone
      mineral densities (BMD) in seven different regions of the body were measured in
      238 normal men (154 Whites and 84 Asians), age 22-94, using dual-photon
      absorptiometry. Although Asian men had lower TBBM and BMD in all regions (p less
      than 0.05) except the arms, when multiple regression was done with body weight,
      height, and age, no significant differences were found between Asians and Whites
      for bone measurements. Thus lower bone mineral densities and bone mineral mass in
      Asian males compared to White males appear to be due to differences in height and
      weight rather than to ethnic differences. The two groups were combined to derive
      multiple regression equations for TBBM, total-body BMD, and regional BMD. Age,
      weight, and height were significant in the multiple regression equations for
      TBBM, ribs BMD, and legs BMD. Age and weight, but not height, were significant
      for total-body BMD, trunk BMD, spine BMD, arm BMD, and pelvis BMD. Weight, but
      neither height nor age, was significant for head BMD. These reference normal bone
      mineral density and bone mineral mass standards are appropriate for both Asian
      and White males when adjusted for weight, height, and age.

PMID- 1796758
TI  - Tallness versus shrinkage: do women shrink with age or grow taller with recent
      birth date?
AB  - This paper presents evidence that much of the high rate of age-related height
      loss in women reported in cross-sectional studies is actually a cohort effect
      rather than an aging effect. Data from a large cross-sectional study of healthy,
      white American women indicate that there has been a gain in peak adult height of
      1.0 cm per decade for several decades from 1900 through 1965. Data from the HES,
      HANES I, and HANES II studies concur on this point. By contrast, data from a
      longitudinal study of 191 healthy white U.S. women show only a trivial rate of
      decline from peak adult height in the fifth and sixth decades of life. In an
      unselected population, some apparent height loss with age is probably due to
      disease processes, such as vertebral collapse. Caution is needed in using aging
      to interpret differences in height and in height-dependent variables, such as
      bone density, in cross-sectional studies.

PMID- 1796760
TI  - Expression of the osteonectin gene potentially controlled by multiple cis- and
      trans-acting factors in cultured bone cells.
AB  - The cis-acting regulatory elements of the osteonectin gene have been studied
      using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) promoter assay in osteonectin
      expressing and nonexpressing cultured cells. When various stretches of the
      promoter were transiently transfected into fetal bovine bone cells, a positive
      element was detected in the DNA located between bases -504 and 11 (1 being the
      start of transcription) and a negative element between bases -900 and -504. The
      positive element of the promoter also conferred preferential expression of the
      gene, showing more activity in cells with higher levels of osteonectin mRNA
      expression. A 1.2 kb fragment of intron 1 displayed a negative effect on CAT
      expression when inserted 5' to the promoter. An additional regulatory element was
      found in DNA encoding exon 1, which significantly influenced expression of the
      gene in fetal bovine bone cells. Gel shift analysis using positive genomic
      elements located 5' to the start of transcription indicated that one of the
      nuclear proteins that interacts with the osteonectin promoter may be related to
      the transcription factor AP2.

PMID- 1796759
TI  - Gallium nitrate inhibits bone resorption and collagen synthesis in neonatal mouse
      calvariae.
AB  - Gallium nitrate (GN) is an agent used in the treatment of hypercalcemia. To more
      fully characterize the direct actions of GN on bone, we examined its effects on
      medium calcium, medium beta-glucuronidase (beta-GLU), and collagen synthesis in
      control and hormone-stimulated neonatal (4-6 days) mouse calvariae in vitro. GN
      (10 micrograms/ml) inhibited parathyroid hormone-stimulated (PTH; 1 nM) calcium
      release. A 24 h preincubation with 10 micrograms/ml of GN was required for
      complete inhibition; partial inhibition was seen with 12 h preincubation; 1, 3,
      or 6 h was inadequate. A dose-response study showed that with 24 h preincubation,
      5, 3, and 1 microgram/ml of GN inhibited 81, 62, and 0% of PTH-induced calcium
      release. The effects of GN on the release of beta-GLU generally paralleled those
      on the release of calcium except that 10 micrograms/ml of GN stimulated beta-GLU
      release. Collagen synthesis was inhibited 50% by 3 micrograms/ml of GN, whereas
      noncollagen protein synthesis was unaffected. With PTH + GN no further decrease
      was observed. When GN was withdrawn from the medium after 24 h of preincubation,
      the inhibitory effect on calcium release and beta-GLU activity, but not on
      collagen synthesis, persisted through the 72 h of culture. GN also inhibited the
      resorption elicited by thyroxine (1 microM) and interleukin-1 beta (10 nM) but
      not by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (30 pM). Our results indicate that GN is a
      powerful inhibitor of bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvariae even at low
      doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796762
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of corneal allograft rejection in inbred rats].
AB  - Penetrating keratoplasty was performed on inbred rats (DA rat----Lewis rat) and
      the appearance of infiltrating cells in rejection was studied
      immunohistochemically using anti-rat monoclonal antibodies W3/25 (helper T cell),
      OX8 (suppressor/cytotoxic T cell), OX6 (Ia antigen positive cell) and OX42
      (macrophage). In all cells evaluated, infiltration around the graft occurred
      between days 2 and 4. In OX42-positive cells infiltration was most intense in the
      early phase. Rejection occurred on postoperative day 12 +/- 2. Prior to the
      development of rejection, OX6-positive cells and W3/25-positive cells were
      dominant. However, during rejection, OX8-positive cells markedly increased,
      becoming dominant. These changes were not reflected in the peripheral blood.
      During rejection, the endothelial flat preparation was Ia antigen-positive which
      not found in normal cornea.

PMID- 1796761
TI  - The bone-resorbing activity of interleukin-6.

PMID- 1796763
TI  - [Localization of bovine cornea-specific protein in mouse and human eyes].
AB  - Rats were immunized by purified bovine cornea-specific protein (CSP) and anti-CSP
      polyclonal antibody was produced. Localization of CSP in mice and human eyes was
      examined by immunohistochemical methods with light microscopy using this
      antibody. In mice CSP was found in the corneal epithelium, keratocytes, corneal
      endothelium, conjunctival epithelium and lens epithelium. In human eyes CSP was
      found in the corneal epithelium, keratocytes and conjunctival epithelium, but it
      was not found in the lens. These results confirmed a difference in localization
      of CSP between mice and human eyes. It was suggested that the production of CSP
      might be associated with phylogenesis and that CSP might also be associated with
      the development of the cornea.

PMID- 1796764
TI  - [Effect of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate on cultured rabbit keratocytes (the third
      report). The effect on production and secretion of type I collagen].
AB  - We examined the effect of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (P-Asc), a long-acting
      phosphate derivative of L-ascorbic acid, on intracellular distribution and
      production of type I collagen in cultured rabbit keratocytes by an
      immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay. Exposure of 0.1 mM P-Asc for 10
      hours decreased a type I collagen immunoreactivity of the cytoplasm as stained in
      fine granular materials. 0.1 mM P-Asc induced increase of type I collagen level
      in the medium. The results suggested that 0.1 mM P-Asc might increase the
      biosynthesis and secretion of type I collagen in keratocytes and have a
      therapeutic effect on corneal stromal damage.

PMID- 1796765
TI  - [Effects of sutures on rat corneas].
AB  - Cellular infiltration of the suture line was studied immunohistologically after
      rat corneas were sutured with various types of suture materials. The suture line
      was invaded by helper/inducer T lymphocytes, cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes,
      and Ia-antigen-positive cells. Among the invading cells, Ia-antigen-positive
      cells were the most prominent over an extended period of time from immediately
      after suture placement. The helper/inducer T lymphocytes consisted predominantly
      of cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes. The 9-0 silk suture produced a higher
      degree of cellular infiltration than the 10-0 nylon suture or the 10-0 prolene
      suture. There was no marked difference in the infiltration produced by the 10-0
      nylon and 10-0 prolene sutures. After the sutures were removed, the cellular
      infiltration appreciably decreased. More marked invasion occurred with
      interrupted sutures than after the inter-lamellar insertion of suture material.
      These findings indicate that suture materials on the cornea promote infiltration
      of immunocompetent cells and that mechanical stimulation of the suture notch
      enhances such cellular response, which may be involved in graft rejection of the
      corneal transplantation.

PMID- 1796766
TI  - [Detection of dual phase of light response of interphotoreceptor matrix].
AB  - The postnatal development of light-evoked changes in the interphotoreceptor
      matrix (IPM), a complex of the extracellular matrix that surrounds the
      photoreceptors and lies between them and the retinal pigment epithelium, was
      studied by use of a histochemical probe colloidal iron in rats at various
      postnatal days of age. In the dark, IPM constituents distributed uniformly
      throughout the outer segment zone and in the apical region of the inner segment
      zone; this dark pattern of IPM distribution was commonly observed in animals
      ranging from postnatal day 12 to one year. In the light, little changes were
      observed at postnatal day 12, followed by varying light-evoked changes in the IPM
      with increasing ages. At postnatal day 14, the IPM constituents showed a
      distribution towards the basal region of the inner segment zone along with the
      dark pattern. At postnatal day 16, they concentrated in bands at the apical and
      basal region of the outer segment zone, and also in the inner segment zone with
      expansion from the apical to basal region with increasing time after light
      exposure. At age one year, the light-adapted IPM constituents were distributed in
      a manner similar to that on postnatal day 14. The present results confirm the
      light-evoked changes in the IPM as revealed by colloidal iron-recognized IPM
      components and provide evidence for postnatal development of the light-evoked
      changes in the IPM components, whereby the changes appeared earlier and were
      preserved longer in the basal region of the inner segment.

PMID- 1796767
TI  - [Production of anti-33kDa protein monoclonal antibody and organ-specificity of
      33kDa protein].
AB  - We produced monoclonal antibody TS-SC6 specific for 33kDa protein (33K) from
      bovine retina and studied the localization of 33K in mammalian retinas (rat,
      mouse, bovine, guinea pig and human) and pineal gland of rat. An
      immunohistochemical study showed that TS-SC6 reacted with the outer plexiform
      layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL) and rod inner segments (IS) in rat, ONL,
      IS and IS in mouse and guinea pig. It reacted with ONL and rod outer segments
      (OS) in bovine, ONL and OS in human. Immunoreactivity was seen in the pineal
      gland, but there was no immunoreactivity in the central nervous system
      surrounding the pineal gland. Immunoblot analysis was carried out with soluble
      fractions prepared from the retina, pineal gland, cerebrum, liver, kidney and
      intestine of rats. TS-SC6 reacted with 33K of the retina and pineal gland,
      respectively. However, it did not react with soluble fractions from the other
      tissues.

PMID- 1796768
TI  - [Development of image processing system for fundus video-angiography with non
      stroboscopic illumination].
AB  - A new recording system for fluorescein video-angiography using a highly sensitive
      color charge coupled device (CCD) camera was developed. An image processing unit
      installed in a personal computer made it possible to process video signals from
      the camera and/or a video tape recorder. Functions of the unit are on-line and/or
      off-line operations on image data such as smoothing, digital subtraction,
      differentiation etc. Application of the unit improved the quality of images
      observed on a monitor screen. This system enabled observation of the ocular
      fundus with illumination of low intensity, which reduced physical and
      psychological suffering of patients. In addition continuous and whole sequences
      of fundus fluorographs were recorded, without using strong stroboscopic lights.
      Extraction of a clear image from ambiguous records at any moment was possible
      through off-line processing on the stored data. Furthermore quantification of the
      blood flow in any blood vessels was possible by subtracting two successive
      images. With this system, quantitative expression of a slight difference in the
      color of the fundus could be made through calculation of the ratios among R-, G-,
      and B-components of signals at any place. Finally, comparative study of images of
      the fundus with natural color could be made with those of fluorography. These
      features may provide further information on the physiology and pathology of the
      fundus.

PMID- 1796769
TI  - [Effect of intraocular pressure measurement through therapeutic soft contact
      lenses by noncontact tonometer].
AB  - The measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) was compared with and without soft
      contact lenses by a non-contact tonometer. The soft contact lenses examined were
      Plano-T and Plano-B4 therapeutic contact lenses and Breath-O refractive lens.
      Twenty-nine eyes of 18 patients with an IOP ranging from 9 to 48mmHg were
      studied. The measurements of IOP were 19.7 +/- 8.6mmHg with Plano-T and 18.9 +/-
      9.2mmHg with Plano-B4. Both numbers were not statistically different, when
      compared with controls (19.3 +/- 9.8mmHg without lens). There was, however, a
      significant difference significant difference with (44.7 +/- 10.7mmHg) and
      without the Breath-O (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that accurate IOP
      measurements can be obtained through therapeutic soft contact lens by a non
      contact tonometer.

PMID- 1796770
TI  - [Inter-observer agreement tests in cataract epidemiology surveys].
AB  - Inter-observer agreement on cataract diagnosis performed by two examiners was
      evaluated. The classification systems employed were the Japanese Cataract
      Cooperative Epidemiology Study Group System (Jap-CCESGS) and Lens Opacity
      Classification System (LOCS II). Examiner A was a highly trained specialist who
      has been involved in the development of Jap-CCESGS, but had no experience in the
      application of LOCS II. Examiner B had no experience in either system and was
      given explanations about both classification systems a few days before the first
      application. During the first examination, the inter-observer agreement using the
      Jap-CCESGS ranged from 37.5% to 83.3%, and the kappa values from 0.22 to 0.58.
      Regarding LOCS II, they ranged from 39.6% to 68.8% and from 0.18 to 0.29,
      respectively. Before the second examination, there was a training session
      utilizing both slit and retroillumination images of the previous subjects. Inter
      observer agreement and the kappa value obtained from the second examination
      ranged from 70.1% to 93.4% and from 0.42 to 0.50 in the Jap-CCESGS and those in
      the LOCS II ranged from 61.3% to 94.2% and from 0.49 to 0.55, respectively. To
      obtain high grade results in cataract investigations that apply a unified
      classification system, training sessions are required.

PMID- 1796771
TI  - [Rebound nystagmus in normal subjects].
AB  - Rebound nystagmus represents a disorder of ocular movement in patients with
      cerebellar lesions. It was reported, however, that it occurred in normal subjects
      in darkness. Jerk nystagmus, amplitude of 0.5-2 deg and frequency of less than
      2Hz, was evoked after prolonged eccentric fixation and fatigue within about 5 to
      15 seconds in 7 normal subjects of the experiment. The nystagmus increased
      depending on the eccentricity and duration of gaze holding. It also depended on
      the orbital position 10deg left, 0 deg, 10 deg right after eccentric gaze. It is
      suggested that rebound nystagmus resulted from the leaky neural integrator of the
      brainstem, and a shift of the null position in the direction of the eccentric
      gaze. These two components may cause different types of nystagmus by various
      combinations.

PMID- 1796772
TI  - Author and subject index. 1974-1991.

PMID- 1796773
TI  - Allergy to rabbits. III. Further identification and characterisation of rabbit
      allergens.
AB  - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis techniques
      have been employed for analysis of extracts of various rabbit source materials to
      identify rabbit allergens in addition to the already described Antigen R1 (AgR1).
      Urine and dander extracts were found to contain only low levels of AgR1 and its
      presence in urine was as a contaminant due to mode of collection--it was not
      present in urine collected directly from the bladder. Other allergens were only
      recognised by highly rabbit-sensitive individuals, one in particular (Ag2) being
      present in several source materials. Serum albumin proved to be of minor
      allergenic importance and except for dander its presence was only in minimal
      amounts. As both AgR1 and Ag2 are significant components in extracts of fur and
      dust these extracts are therefore most recommended for use in investigations of
      individuals sensitive to rabbits.

PMID- 1796774
TI  - Are deficiencies of prostaglandin-E-mediated immunoregulation involved in
      increased IgE synthesis of atopic mononuclear cells in vitro?
AB  - We demonstrate that spontaneous in vitro immunoglobulin E synthesis of atopic
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be suppressed by the addition of 10(-6)
      M to 10(-5) M prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or PGE2. Impaired suppressor T lymphocyte
      maturation and function in atopic individuals are explained by an insufficient
      transmission of prostaglandin E (PGE) signals during thymic lymphocyte
      differentiation as well as an impaired ability of the atopic immune system to
      activate suppressor T cells by PGE-mediated feed back mechanisms. Decreased
      levels of 6-desaturated PGE-precursor fatty acids in plasma, T lymphocytes,
      monocytes, adipose tissue and breast milk have been observed in atopic
      individuals. These insights might offer a novel approach to the prevention of
      atopic disease by substitution of the atopic pregnant and nursing woman and her
      newborn infant with long-chain omega-6-fatty acids.

PMID- 1796776
TI  - Allergy to limpet.
AB  - Allergy to mollusk has rarely been described. The limpet, belonging to Phylum
      mollusca, is one of the most frequent mollusks in the Canary Islands, as in all
      warm maritime regions. We report two cases of atopic patients who developed
      anaphylactic reactions after ingestion of this mollusk. Type I hypersensitivity
      to limpet antigens was demonstrated by means of immediate skin test reactivity,
      specific IgE determination by RAST, and histamine release test to cooked limpet
      extract. The controls did not react to any of these tests. Allergic activity was
      only found with a cooked limpet extract; this suggests that the offending
      antigen/s may have been released by cooking this food.

PMID- 1796775
TI  - Recurrent wheezing in relation to environmental risk factors in infancy. A
      prospective study of 276 infants.
AB  - Clinical course and environmental factors were recorded in a prospective study of
      276 unselected infants followed from birth to the age of 18 months. The study was
      performed with a questionnaire at the age of 6 and 12 months and a physical
      examination at 18 months. Fifty-nine (21%) of the children had greater than or
      equal to 2 episodes of wheezing before they were 18 months old. A total of 58
      (21%) of the children belonged to the lowest social class V, 182 (66%) were daily
      exposed to passive tobacco smoking at home and/or in daycare, 164 (59%) were
      breastfed greater than or equal to 3 months, 192 (70%) were in daycare, 62 (22%)
      lived in flats and 167 (61%) were in daily contact with furred pets at home
      and/or in daycare. In social class V a preponderance of children were exposed to
      passive tobacco smoking, a majority were living in flats and a minority were
      breastfed greater than or equal to 3 months. Linear logistic regression analysis
      was used for the purpose of assessing the causal effect of environmental risk
      factors on the risk of recurrent episodes of wheezing before the age of 18
      months. The study demonstrated that male sex and daily exposure to passive
      tobacco smoking were significant risk factors with estimated odds ratios 1.9 and
      2.4, respectively. Maternal tobacco smoking seemed to be associated with the
      highest risk. There was a tendency--though not significant--indicating that
      breastfeeding greater than or equal to 3 months had a protective effect.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796777
TI  - Analysis of allergenic components of Bermuda grass pollen by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - A panel of 16 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against Bermuda grass
      (Cynodon dactylon) pollen (BGP) were generated for identification and
      purification of the major allergenic components of the eliciting antigen (Ag).
      Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis revealed that there were at least eight
      antigenic components with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 12 kilodalton (12
      kDa) to 200 kDa. Each of these components has distinct biochemical
      characteristics based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Among them, Cyn d
      Bd67K and Cyn d Bd58K were basic proteins, Cyn d Bd35K consisted of at least four
      isomeric components with isoelectric points ranging from 6.2 to 7.2. The other
      antigens (Cyn d Bd68K, 48K, 38K, Cyn d Bd200K, Cyn d Bd46K, Cyn d Bd25K and Cyn d
      Bd12K) were all acidic proteins. The IgE binding capacity of all these antigens
      was determined with sera from 11 BGP-allergics by using a modified
      radioallergosorbent test. All but one of the antigens (Cyn d Bd200K) were found
      to react with human IgE from sera of BGP-allergic patients. Among those human IgE
      binding molecules, Cyn d Bd35K reacted with allergic sera most frequently (10 of
      11), followed by Cyn d Bd58K (8 of 11) and Cyn d Bd46K (7 of 11) respectively.
      Our results suggest that Cyn d Bd35K, Cyn d Bd58K, and Cyn d Bd46K are major
      allergens of BGP, and the MoAbs we obtained should be valuable tools for further
      purification of these allergens.

PMID- 1796778
TI  - Histamine measurement in whole blood and cell supernatants. A comparative study
      of two different radioimmunoassays.
AB  - Histamine as an important mediator of the allergic reaction has been measured by
      a number of methods both in whole blood and cell supernatants after in vitro
      release. We compared the fluorometric histamine assay with two radioimmunoassays
      and studied detection limit, recovery, cross-reactivity and accuracy in buffer
      based standards as well as the sensitivity after IgE-mediated in vitro release
      from washed cells and whole blood. Our data indicate that the double-antibody RIA
      (Pharmacia) can be used for studies of basophil histamine release in both whole
      blood and cell supernatants. Due to significant cross-reactivity to N-methyl
      histamine it cannot be used for histamine determinations in plasma. The second
      radioimmunoassay using succinyl-glycine as an acylating reagent and monoclonal
      antibodies, which have been raised to acylated histamine, is the most sensitive
      assay without any cross-reactivity with methylhistamine.

PMID- 1796779
TI  - Inhibitory effect of inhalation of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor on
      bronchoconstriction induced by aerosolized leukotriene C4 and thromboxane A2
      analogue in anesthetized guinea pigs.
AB  - Effect of aerosol administration of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (OKY-046)
      on bronchoconstriction induced by aerosol leukotriene C4, histamine and a
      thromboxane A2 analogue (STA2) was studied in anesthetized, artificially
      ventilated guinea pigs in order to evaluate the effectiveness of inhalation of
      OKY-046 on an unfavorable mechanism of secondary release of thromboxane A2. 0.01
      1.0 micrograms/ml leukotriene C4, 25-400 micrograms/ml histamine and 0.033-1.0
      micrograms/ml STA2 inhaled from an ultrasonic nebulizer developed for small
      animals caused a dose-dependent increase of pressure at the airway opening (Pao),
      which is considered to be an index representing bronchial response. Pretreatment
      of the animals with aerosol OKY-046 (0.035 and 0.35 mg/animal) significantly
      reduced the airway responses produced by inhalation of leukotriene C4 and STA2,
      in a dose-dependent manner, while the pretreatment did not affect the histamine
      dose-response curve. These findings suggest that aerosol leukotriene C4 and STA2
      activate thromboxane synthesis in the airway, and inhalation of OKY-046 may be
      useful for preventing the secondary release of thromboxane A2, which is an
      unfavorable mechanism in asthma.

PMID- 1796780
TI  - Single-dose inhaled budesonide in subjects with chronic asthma.
AB  - In 30 stable asthmatics, a comparison was made between the changes in pulmonary
      function (FEV1, FVC, PEF, MEF75, MEF50 and MEF25) hourly for 9 h after a single
      dose of inhaled budesonide 1,600 micrograms, and placebo. All subjects used
      inhaled steroids daily; this medication was, however, withheld 8 days prior to
      the study. For all parameters of pulmonary function, a significant difference in
      favour of budesonide was demonstrated. The effect tended to decrease after 9 h,
      and had abated within 24 h. FEV1 age, sex, smoking habits, or results of an
      inhaled beta 2-agonist reversibility test could not be demonstrated as predictors
      of those subjects to react with the most pronounced responses to budesonide. In
      conclusion, our results demonstrate an effect 3 h after administration of an
      inhaled glucocorticosteroid in adult outpatients with chronic asthma. These
      results parallel previous findings in highly selected asthmatics and after
      systemic administration of glucocorticosteroids. Single-dose administration and
      subsequent monitoring for 8-9 h may therefore prove valuable in evaluating new
      prophylactic agents for the treatment of asthma.

PMID- 1796781
TI  - Medication requirements and house dust mite exposure in mite-sensitive
      asthmatics.
AB  - To better understand the clinical consequences of exposure to house dust mites
      (HDM), we investigated the relationship between treatment requirements to control
      symptoms in mite-allergic asthmatic patients and HDM-allergenic levels in their
      mattresses. This study included 49 asthmatic subjects recruited from an
      outpatient clinic. The protocol consisted of a questionnaire about the number of
      asthma attacks and treatment requirements in the last 3 months. Patients provided
      a sample of house dust collected from their mattresses by a standardized vacuum
      cleaning procedure. Mean antigen P1 equivalent defined as the sum of major
      allergens Der pI and Der fI (Ag P1 Eq) level was 1.34 micrograms/g dust in
      patients who had no treatment, 5.4 micrograms/g dust in patients who took puffs
      of beta 2-agonists only when required and 17.8 micrograms/g dust in patients who
      required daily long-term treatment. Similar relationships were demonstrated
      between mean Ag P1 Eq levels and the number of asthma attacks. These data support
      the clinical role of allergenic exposure in HDM-allergic asthmatics.

PMID- 1796782
TI  - The stomach of the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis).
AB  - The Kafue lechwe is endemic to the Kafue Flats area of Zambia. It is semi-aquatic
      in habit, feeding upon grasses above and below the waterline. The volume of the
      lechwe rumen is 17 L in the male and 14 L in the female. It has strong and
      definite pillars. The interior of the rumen is papillated except in the roof area
      and on the pillars. The omasum has more than 70 laminae which are papillated on
      the reticular end. The anatomy of the lechwe stomach is similar to the stomachs
      of other water dependent grazers such as Bohor Reedbuck, Waterbuck, Uganda Kob
      and Puku.

PMID- 1796783
TI  - Fine structural aspects of postnatal development of feline lung.
AB  - Lung development was studied in late prenatal, 1-, 7-, 14-, and 21-days postnatal
      and adult cats. Cats were born with a few alveoli, and the lungs appeared to have
      patches of primitive air spaces (saccules). The saccules of prenatal kittens were
      thick walled, very cellular, and lined by type II pneumocytes. Eosinophils were
      observed in the septum, intraepithelially, and in the alveolar space of growing
      cats. Secondary septa were flanked by a double capillary network and divided
      saccules into multiple shallow alveoli. Septation was irregular and time
      dependent and not completed by day 231 of postnatal life. Elastic fibers
      accumulated at the tip of the septa, seemingly playing an important role in
      alveolar formation. Type II pneumocytes were located at the base of the secondary
      septa in growing cats, thus strengthening secondary septa to withstand the
      stresses of respiration. Pores of Kohn were not observed in growing cats.

PMID- 1796784
TI  - [Micromorphologic studies of the odontoblasts of sheep in different development
      and maturation stages].
AB  - The fine tissue structure of ovine odontoblasts was studied in various
      developmental and maturational stages. Odontoblasts differentiate from the
      peripherally-located mesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. On the basis of
      cytological parameters, it was possible to divide the odontoblasts into the
      following groups: pre-odontoblasts, juvenile (light) odontoblasts and mature
      (dark) odontoblasts. The three maturational stages of odontoblasts exhibit
      substantial differences with respect to their form and to the number and
      arrangement of their cytoplasmatic organelles. Structural differences in the
      three cell types appear to be closely correlated to the level of cellular
      activity.

PMID- 1796785
TI  - [The fine structure of the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve of sheep and goats].
AB  - In the small domesticated ruminants the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve is
      situated in close relationship to the median line in the middle of the elongated
      medulla. The nucleus is divided by the obex into a rostral and a caudal portion.
      In the sheep, four distinct subnuclei can be recognized, whereas in the dwarf
      goat great variations in the arrangement of cell groups exists. In both animals
      large and medium sized neurons are observed. The large neurons are characterized
      by densely packed small organelles. The medium sized neurons vary between a pale
      and an electron dense type. According to the size and morphology of the vesicles
      three types of synaptic contacts can be differentiated. Synapses of type 2
      contain clear round and flattened vesicles and are partially accompanied by
      subsurface cisterns.

PMID- 1796786
TI  - [Light microscopical studies of glaucoma in the cat].
AB  - In the paper presented, the histological findings in four cats with glaucoma are
      reported by means of HE-stained paraffin embedded sections. To each case a
      clinical anamnesis is given. The authors describe primary glaucomas as well as
      secondary glaucomas of different aetiology. A dysplastic pectinate ligament can
      be identified for the first time in a cat. Clinical and histological findings are
      discussed and compared to the findings in dogs.

PMID- 1796787
TI  - Fine structure of the pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).
AB  - The pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) has been examined by
      light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of
      the pleated type. It consists of 17-18 accordion folds which are joined apically
      by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like
      shape, widest at its base. It is situated over the optic nerve head and extends
      into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and
      drainage vessels and melanocytes. The capillaries are specialized and display
      extensive microfolds on both the luminal and abluminal borders. The endothelial
      cell bodies are thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The
      capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are probably
      structurally important and which often enclose pericytes. The melanocytes which
      are most plentiful in the bridge region and peripherally in the pecten, form an
      incomplete sheath around the capillaries and other blood vessels. These
      melanocytes are also felt to be fulfilling a structural role within the pecten.
      The morphology of the pecten of the red-tailed hawk is indicative of a heavy
      involvement in the transport of materials to the avascular avian retina.

PMID- 1796788
TI  - Development and variation of the lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas in dogs.
AB  - Postnatal development and variation of the bony cranial border of the lateral
      vertebral foramen (LVF) of the atlas was studied in 96 dogs. Developmental
      ossification was investigated in 8 known-aged Miniature Schnauzer pups, after
      each atlas was prepared either as an alizarin-red stained clearing or as a dried
      cleaned bone. Variation was investigated in 63 atlases from mature dogs and by
      study of radiographs from 25 mature dogs of various breeds. The soft tissue
      structures passing through the LVF and attaching to its cranial border were
      dissected in an additional 2 embalmed and 2 fresh cadavers. In 2-week-old pups,
      the LVF was represented by a notch in the cranial margin of the bony arch of the
      atlas, with a cartilage bar completing the foramen cranially. Between 6 and 16
      weeks the bar forming the cranial bony border of the LVF ossified in its
      preexisting cartilage anlage. In mature dogs, the LVF was present in the
      craniolateral aspect of the arch of the atlas and was recognized on lateral
      radiographs. The vertebral artery and vein, and first cervical nerve passed
      through the LVF and the atlantooccipital joint capsule and dorsal membrane
      attached to the cranial border of the LVF. In one dog the cranial border of the
      LVF of the atlas was incompletely ossified bilaterally. This developmental
      variant was compared with variations in man and other mammals, and with proatlas
      neural arch derivatives.

PMID- 1796789
TI  - [The sensitive nerve endings of the clitoris of the sow (Sus scrofa domesticus)].
AB  - Neural receptors of the porcine clitoris were examined using light and electron
      microscopy. Perfusion with ink allowed study of the unique vascular arrangement
      associated with the genital corpuscles. Sensory nerve-endings were generally
      rounded and formed a morphologically and structurally characteristic unit. They
      were composed of a network of primarily non-myelinated nerve fibers and flat
      cells. Between these structures, isolated small blood vessels were embedded
      amongst collagen fibers and amorphous material. An external capsule of variable
      thickness always surrounded the structures. A complex arrangement of vessels in
      the center of the capsule was formed by a subpapillary mesh. The same arrangement
      was seen in the morphologically comparable penile genital corpuscles of the same
      species. Based on the particular arrangement of blood vessels and nerve fibers in
      the genital corpuscles, some authors postulate the presence of a neuro-vascular
      glomerulus.

PMID- 1796790
TI  - Surgical humanitarianism.

PMID- 1796791
TI  - Minimal head injury: is admission necessary?
AB  - The records of 138 patients admitted a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 14 or 15
      following head injury were reviewed to assess the need for hospital observation
      and to determine whether obtaining a normal computerized tomography (CT) scan in
      the emergency department could have avoided admission. GCS was 15 in 103 patients
      (74%) and 14 in 35 (26%). Eighty-three patients were admitted for their head
      injury alone, and 55 had other injuries but would have required admission for
      their head injury. Loss of consciousness was documented in 51 per cent and
      suspected in another 29 per cent and was distributed equally regardless of GCS.
      Seven per cent (5/71) of skull x rays were positive and were associated with CNS
      pathology in three patients. Skull x rays in an additional four patients with
      positive CT findings were negative including a patient with an epidural hematoma
      (EDH). Seventeen per cent (13/75) of CT scans were positive (contusions 5,
      subdural hematoma 3, subarachnoid hemorrhage 2, edema 2, EDH 1). Only the patient
      with the EDH required operative treatment. No patient with a normal CT scan went
      on to develop any neurosurgical problems, and 78 per cent of the patients
      admitted with isolated head injuries were discharged within 48 hours. Significant
      CNS pathology does occur following "minimal" head injuries. Skull x rays are not
      helpful. The use of CT scanning appears to triage those patients requiring
      admission and in hospital observation.

PMID- 1796792
TI  - Changing trends in thyroid surgery. 38 years' experience.
AB  - Although fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid masses has been performed since
      the 1950s, only recently has it become a common method of diagnosing thyroid
      malignancy. To assess the trends in thyroid surgery during the last 38 years at
      this institution, a retrospective study of the total number of cases during 2
      year periods of each decade were reviewed, yielding 509 cases. Results showed
      that the total number of cases and the type of surgical procedure remained stable
      until recent years when FNA was more commonly used. For the 1987-1988 period, the
      total number of cases decreased (from an average of 112 per period in 1950-1981
      to 60 in 1987-1988), but the percentage of cases with carcinoma was markedly
      increased (from 6.3% in 1950-51 to 46.7% in 1987-88). The percentage of total
      thyroidectomies performed increased due to a preoperative pathological diagnosis
      afforded by FNA. A decrease in surgical complications was also seen (from an
      average of 4.5% per period in 1950-1981 to 1.6% in 1987-1988). FNA has been shown
      to reduce the number of patients requiring surgery, increase the percentage of
      carcinoma in operative cases, increase the number of total thyroidectomies, and
      increase the percentage of preoperative pathologic diagnoses.

PMID- 1796793
TI  - Thymic enlargement in children.
AB  - The presence of an anterior mediastinal mass in an infant or child is a
      diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Few papers in the literature specifically
      address subtypes of thymic tumors in the pediatric population and their
      treatment. Our purpose was to determine which children are at significant risk of
      having a malignant thymic tumor. Four children were younger than 18 months old.
      Of these, two (50%) had respiratory distress from tracheal compression although
      all four had benign tumors. Of the 14 older children, only two were symptomatic,
      both of these from myasthenia gravis rather than the size of the mass compressing
      surrounding structures. Four of the 14 masses (29%) were malignant although none
      of the four were symptomatic. Children with benign tumors lived significantly
      longer than those with malignant tumors. The significant incidence of malignancy
      in thymic tumors when the patient is 18 months or older necessitates surgical
      exploration with complete removal of the mass. Children younger than 18 months
      require close follow-up and a trial of corticosteroids. Surgery is necessary if
      the mass enlarges or becomes symptomatic.

PMID- 1796794
TI  - Percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.
AB  - Pancreatic pseudocysts represent a complication of severe pancreatic inflammatory
      disease. Although operative drainage is the cornerstone of therapy for
      pseudocysts, we have undertaken percutaneous catheter drainage in a selected
      group of 28 patients over a six-year period (1982-88). This represents 42 per
      cent of pseudocyst patients managed by the senior author and 1.7 per cent of
      admissions for pancreatitis at the Medical University Hospitals during that
      period of time. There were 26 men and two women with an age range of 26-66 years
      (mean = 42.1). Twenty-six patients had alcohol abuse as the cause of
      pancreatitis; two were due to surgical trauma. Nondilated pancreatic ducts were
      demonstrated in 25 patients. Six had pancreatic ascites associated with
      pseudocysts. Four had previous operative drainage (2 internal and 2 external
      drainage procedures). Five patients received octreotide acetate, a synthetic
      peptide which mimics the action of somatostatin, in an attempt to aid closure of
      external fistulas. The mean length of catheter drainage was 48 days (range 7-210
      days). Eight (29%) patients developed procedure-related complications (1
      pneumothorax, 1 sheared guidewire, six drain tract infections). There was no
      mortality. Successful resolution of pseudocysts was achieved in 26 patients
      (93%). Two patients subsequently had elective caudal pancreaticojejunostomy
      (CPJ), and one lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) to drain obstructed
      pancreatic ducts. One patient has required repeat external drainage. Percutaneous
      external drainage is successful in pseudocyst eradication. When underlying
      pancreatic pathology remains uncorrected, elective surgical decompression of
      obstructed, dilated ducts may be necessary.

PMID- 1796795
TI  - Pathophysiologic effects of biliary shockwave lithotripsy in a canine model.
AB  - At least 10 extracorporeal shockwave lithotripters are under investigation in the
      United States for treatment of biliary stone disease. Few reports, however, have
      documented the potential side effects of this new treatment method. In this
      study, we performed a series of acute and chronic studies in dogs exposed to
      varying numbers of shockwaves directed at the gallbladder wall via a
      transthoracic or transabdominal targeting approach. When shockwaves were directed
      transthoracically, pulmonary hemorrhagic contusions were found which were
      sometimes large in size. When a transabdominal approach was used, however, only
      focal areas of hemorrhage were found in the gallbladder wall and adjacent liver
      with no alterations in postlithotripsy pancreatic or liver enzymes, and normal
      cholecystokinin-octapeptide stimulated oral cholecystograms were obtained 6 days
      after treatment. Biliary shockwaves appear to cause few side effects under normal
      conditions but should be used with caution in patients with potential bleeding
      disorders. Until further studies are performed, lung tissue should be avoided in
      the shockwave beam path during treatment.

PMID- 1796796
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus: immediate and late results.
AB  - The management of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus (SRE) is still somewhat
      controversial, but primary repair, with or without suture line plication, remains
      the backbone of therapy. Although the short-term results of the surgical therapy
      of SRE have been widely published, reports of the long-term follow-up have been
      scarce. The short- and long-term results of the treatment of 18 patients
      presenting with SRE over the sixteen-year period, 1971-1987, are reviewed. The
      general approach has been to perform a primary repair, with or without suture
      line plication, depending on whether, after debridement, the tissues appear
      adequate enough to hold sutures. Fifteen patients underwent primary repair. One
      patient underwent cervical esophagostomy in continuity and exclusion of the
      repair. One was managed with chest tube drainage, while another was treated with
      T-tube drainage of the rupture. Those undergoing surgery within 12 hours of
      rupture are termed "early" (E), all others "late" (L). Eight primary repairs were
      plicated with gastric fundus with six recoveries (three "E", three "L"); three
      with a pleural flap with one recovery (one "L"); and four were not plicated with
      three recoveries (two "E," one "L"). Follow-up with esophagogram in eight of 11
      survivors ranged from 6 weeks to 8 years (mean 28 months). Four patients with
      fundoplication and one without plication had normal esophagography. Two patients
      with fundoplication had stricture in the lower esophagus. In both, the
      fundoplicated segment had been left above the diaphragm. The patient whose repair
      was excluded just above the stomach had stenosis at that level. Three of the 11
      survivors were lost to follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796797
TI  - A prospective evaluation of diversion colitis.
AB  - Numerous case reports suggest that diversion of the fecal stream results in
      nonspecific colitis, with abnormalities ranging from minimal friability to gross
      ulceration. Published reports consist largely of patients with symptomatic
      colitis, and there are scant data suggesting at what frequency diversion colitis
      actually occurs. In an attempt to identify the frequency of diversion colitis and
      any associated etiologic factors, 20 patients scheduled for colostomy closure at
      Grady Memorial Hospital between 8/1/88 and 6/15/89 underwent colonoscopy,
      including the excluded segment, to evaluate for diversion colitis. Colostomies
      were performed for the management of diverticulitis, trauma, cancer, protection
      of an anastomosis, and diversion of fecal fistula. Patients with ulcerative
      colitis or Crohn's disease were excluded. The colon was classified grossly as
      normal or colitis (including easy friability, edema, inflammation, and ulceration
      as colitis). Fourteen of the 20 patients (70%) had findings of diversion colitis
      (DC), while six had a normal exam (NL). Nine biopsies were performed in the DC
      group and all revealed microscopic abnormalities. One of the normal patients was
      also biopsied, revealing mild, nonspecific changes. There was no difference in
      mean age (DC 49.3, NL 48.2), interval from formation of colostomy (DC 9.21 +/-
      7.27 months, NL 2.83 +/- 1.94 months), type of colostomy, or reason for colostomy
      in the two groups. None of the DC patients had symptoms of colitis (mucous or
      bloody discharge, tenesmus, or pain), and one of the DC patients manifested
      symptoms of colitis after colostomy closure. We conclude that diversion colitis
      is a common subclinical problem in patients with a diverting colostomy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796798
TI  - Management options in penetrating rectal injuries.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 54 patients (1976-1989) with penetrating rectal
      injuries was carried out to evaluate the options in management. The diagnosis was
      made on proctosigmoidoscopy in 39 patients and at laparotomy in 15. Three
      patients died within 24 hours from extensive associated trauma (Abdominal Trauma
      Index [ATI] 39.2). In the remaining 51 patients, rectal wound repair was
      performed in seven patients, four without proximal colostomy (mean ATI 16.5) and
      three with colostomy (mean ATI 24.8) without complications. Colostomy and
      presacral drainage with or without repair were employed in 43 patients. Twenty
      one of these patients had rectal washout in addition. The other 22 patients did
      not have this procedure. The incidence of pelvic abscess in these two groups, who
      had comparable mean ATI, was identical (4.7% and 4.5%, respectively). One other
      patient with an extraperitoneal rectal injury had a colostomy alone without
      presacral drainage and subsequently developed pelvic abscess. The overall
      incidence of abscess was three of 51 patients or 5.8%. There were no late deaths
      from sepsis. It is concluded that colostomy (loop or end) and presacral drainage
      are the most important components of rectal injury management. Small and isolated
      rectal or rectosigmoid perforations may be repaired primarily without fecal
      diversion. The value of distal rectal irrigation remains to be proven, but it may
      be indicated in high-energy injuries of the rectum.

PMID- 1796799
TI  - Resection of inferior vena cava tumor thrombi from renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma is an unusual cancer with the propensity to invade not only
      the renal vein but to propagate into the inferior vena cava (IVC) as a tumor
      thrombus. Experience has recently confirmed that MRI will be valuable in
      evaluating the extent of the tumor thrombus. The surgical techniques used to
      remove the thrombus are dependent on the extent of the cancer. For lesions
      involving the infrahepatic IVC, only proximal and distal control of the IVC are
      necessary. For a thrombus involving the intrahepatic IVC, isolation of the
      suprahepatic IVC, hepatic circulation, and infrahepatic IVC or cardiopulmonary
      bypass can be used. For the large thrombus in the supradiaphragmatic IVC or
      atrium, cardiopulmonary bypass either with or without deep hypothermic
      circulatory arrest is appropriate. In a review of 48 cases with renal cell
      carcinoma with IVC tumor thrombi, the tumor thrombus was removed intact in 58 per
      cent and in multiple fragments ("piece-meal") in 42 per cent of the patients.
      Cardiac bypass has been used in 26 cases with 22 undergoing deep hypothermic
      circulatory arrest. The postoperative mortality of 48 cases between 1965 and 1987
      was 4 per cent. Removal of the most complicated and extensive renal cell
      carcinoma tumor thrombi is now technically feasible. In patients with large tumor
      thrombi, however, the ultimate outlook remains poor in the absence of effective
      systemic adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 1796800
TI  - The mediastinal parathyroid.
AB  - Of 573 patients explored for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), parathyroid
      tissue was found in the mediastinum in 64 (11.2%). Age, sex, symptoms, gland
      mass, and pathologic diagnoses did not differ significantly from those of all PHP
      patients. Mean preoperative serum calcium values were higher for patients with
      mediastinal parathyroid tissue than for all patients with PHP, although median
      serum calcium values were similar in both groups. Mediastinal parathyroid glands
      numbered 68, of which 55 (81%) were enlarged, and 13 were normal size. One-third
      (36%) of patients with mediastinal parathyroid tissue underwent more than one
      exploration for PHP. However, 43 (63%) of 68 mediastinal glands were found on
      first exploration of the neck. Sternotomy was carried out in 21 (3.6%) of the 573
      patients with PHP but showed mediastinal pathology in only 15 cases, being
      unsuccessful in 29 per cent. Of the six failed sternotomies, four patients were
      cured by simultaneous or subsequent neck exploration and resection, and two
      remain hypercalcemic. "Culprit" parathyroid glands are those typically enlarged
      and histologically abnormal glands that are credited with causing PHP in a given
      patient. Of 60 patients whose mediastinal glands were culprits, 48 (80%) were
      retrieved on initial or subsequent neck exploration. Localizing studies were used
      in all reoperative patients, and results are evaluated in detail. If neither CT
      scan nor angiogram localized the gland preoperatively, then sternotomy was always
      negative.

PMID- 1796801
TI  - Patterns of utilization of mammography comparison by physician specialties in
      6,000 consecutive mammograms.
AB  - Mammography is regarded as the most important screening test for breast cancer.
      The combination of physical examination of the breast by a physician and
      mammography can result in reduced breast cancer mortality. Evidence is mounting
      that mammography alone can produce similar results. Despite these facts,
      mammography is underutilized in the United States. In an attempt to define the
      utilization of mammography in the Ochsner Medical Institutions, New Orleans,
      Louisiana, the records of 6,000 consecutive patients who underwent mammography
      were reviewed with respect to the specialty of the physician ordering the test.
      The ratio of the number of mammograms ordered by each service to the number of
      eligible patients (women over age 50) visiting that service provided insight into
      the patterns of utilization of mammography in the Ochsner Clinic. This
      information will allow for efficient utilization of time and resources in
      planning continuing education programs geared toward mammographic screening.

PMID- 1796802
TI  - Reductive activation of the corrinoid-containing enzyme involved in methyl group
      transfer between methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin and coenzyme M in Methanosarcina
      barkeri.
AB  - The conversion of methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin to methylcoenzyme M in
      Methanosarcina barkeri is catalyzed by two enzymes: an enzyme with a bound
      corrinoid, which becomes methylated during the reaction and an enzyme which
      transfers the methyl group from this corrinoid to coenzyme M. As in the similar
      methyltransfer reaction in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum the corrinoid
      enzyme in M barkeri needs to be activated by H2 and ATP. ATP can be replaced by
      Ti(III)citrate or CO.

PMID- 1796803
TI  - DNA relatedness among saturn-spored yeasts assigned to the genera Williopsis and
      Pichia.
AB  - Saturn-spored species assigned to the genera Williopsis and Pichia were compared
      from extent of nuclear DNA complementarity. Of the Pichia spp., four were
      recognized as distinct taxa: P. dispora, P. saitoi, P. zaruensis and Pichia sp.
      nov. Among Williopsis spp., the following were accepted: W. californica, W.
      mucosa comb. nov., W. pratensis, W. saturnus var. saturnus, W. saturnus var.
      mrakii comb. nov., W. saturnus var. sargentensis comb. nov., W. saturnus var.
      subsufficiens comb. nov. and Williopsis sp. nov. The new Pichia and Williopsis
      species are described elsewhere. Moderate (36-68%) DNA relatedness was detected
      between the former Pichia sargentensis and varieties of W. saturnus again
      demonstrating that nitrate assimilation is not a reliable criterion for
      separating yeast species.

PMID- 1796805
TI  - Saturnospora ahearnii, a new salt marsh yeast from Louisiana.
AB  - Saturnospora ahearnii, a new, nonhyphal saturn-spored yeast, is described. The
      type strain (NRRL Y-7555, CBS 6121) of this species was isolated from the
      rhizosphere of marsh grass in Louisiana. Comparisons of nuclear DNA
      complementarity showed S. ahearnii to be closely related to S. saitoi, a species
      presently known only from Japan.

PMID- 1796804
TI  - Phylogenetic relationships among species of Williopsis and Saturnospora gen. nov.
      as determined from partial rRNA sequences.
AB  - Phylogenetic relationships among those yeast species that form saturn-shaped
      ascospores and which are assigned to the genera Williopsis and Pichia were
      estimated from their extent of nucleotide sequence divergence in three regions of
      ribosomal RNA. The Pichia species (P. dispora, P. saitoi, P. zaruensis and P. sp.
      nov.) are a closely clustered group only distantly related to Williopsis, and it
      is proposed that they be reassigned to Saturnospora gen. nov. The extent of
      divergence among Williopsis species (W. californica, W. mucosa, W. pratensis, W.
      saturnus and W. sp. nov.) is greater than that previously observed within other
      ascomycetous yeast genera.

PMID- 1796806
TI  - Karyology and hyphal characters as taxonomic criteria in ascomycetous black
      yeasts and related fungi.
AB  - Mycelial development of seventy-three strains of black yeasts and related fungi
      were studied, and numbers of nuclei per hyphal cell were counted. Two main
      patterns were apparent in expanding hyphae, viz. (1) uninucleate expanding hyphal
      cells, septum formation strictly following mitosis, and (2) multinucleate,
      branched, aseptate hyphal tips, septa being formed in a later stage, leading to
      oligo- or uninucleate mature cells. Characteristic genera in the two groups are
      Exophiala and Aureobasidium, respectively. In Zasmidium and in some
      Ramichloridium species all mycelial cells are oligonucleate. The character is
      indicative for relationships at the family level in black yeasts.

PMID- 1796808
TI  - On the false positive urease activity of Yarrowia lipolytica.
AB  - The ability of Yarrowia lipolytica to produce ammonia from urea was found
      variable on some media. The colour change of the indicator in Christensen's urea
      agar was not due to the urease activity of this species but was a non-specific
      alkalization reaction. Rapid urea broth was reliable giving no false positive
      results. It was found that Y. lipolytica is a urease negative yeast species.

PMID- 1796807
TI  - Characterization of new plasmids from methylotrophic bacteria.
AB  - Several tens of methanol-utilizing bacterial strains isolated from soil were
      screened for the presence of plasmids. From the obligate methylotroph
      Methylomonas sp. strain R103a plasmid pIH36 (36 kb) was isolated and its
      restriction map was constructed. In pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs
      (PPFM), belonging to the genus Methylobacterium four plasmids were detected:
      plasmids pIB200 (200 kb) and pIB14 (14 kb) in the strain R15d and plasmids pWU14
      (14 kb) and pWU7 (7.8 kb) in the strain M17. Because of the small size and the
      presence of several unique REN sites (HindIII, EcoRI, NcoI), plasmid pWU7 was
      chosen for the construction of a vector for cloning in methylotrophs.
      Cointegrates pKWU7A and pKWU7B were formed between pWU7 and the E. coli plasmid
      pK19 Kmr, which were checked for conjugative transfer from E. coli into the
      methylotrophic host.

PMID- 1796809
TI  - Production of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate by
      strains of Alcaligenes latus.
AB  - Alcaligenes latus strains can accumulate poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to
      about 85% of cell dry weight. The abilities to store poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate
      (PHV) of three strains of A. latus were investigated. With Na-propionate as PHV
      precursor, strain A. latusDSM 1122 had better PHV accumulation ability than
      strains A. latus DSM 1123 and 1124. Strain A. latus DSM 1123 could store PHV when
      Na-valerate but not Na-propionate served as the PHV precursor. PHB and PHV
      accumulation by A. latus DSM 1124 rapidly increased when propionic acid and
      acetic acid were together added to the fermentor. This increase was not obtained
      in the culture shaker flask and fermentor growing the same strain when Na
      propionate alone served as a PHV precursor.

PMID- 1796810
TI  - Properties of a thermostable nonspecific fructofuranosidase produced by
      Cladosporium cladosporioides cells for hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke extract.
AB  - Thermostable invertase (E.C. 3.2.1.26) and inulinase 2,1-beta-D-fructan
      fructanohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.7) activities were produced by Cladosporium
      cladosporioides grown on sucrose, inulin, yam extract, or Jerusalem artichoke.
      The ratio I (inulinase)/S(invertase) activity was between 0.31 and 0.36. Both
      activities had high temperature optima (60 degrees C) and were stable during
      pretreatment for 4.5 h at this temperature. Whole cells of C. cladosporioides
      were used for batch fructose production from Jerusalem artichoke extract at
      several concentrations. With the highest extract concentration used (260 g total
      sugars/L), total hydrolysis was achieved in 150 min at 60 degrees C. Thin-layer
      chromatography of the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin and Jerusalem artichoke
      extract showed that from the beginning of the reaction, fructose was the only
      product released. This suggests an exoaction mechanism, beta-D-fructofuranoside
      fructohydrolase [E.C. 3.2.1.2.6].

PMID- 1796811
TI  - Immunological and molecular genetic analysis of the cellulase component from
      Penicillium funiculosum.
AB  - Following immunization of rabbits, the antiserum was initially analyzed for
      antiendoglucanase activity using dot-blot ELISA methods. When compared with the
      preimmune serum, the antiserum showed strong response even at 25 ng
      concentration. The specificity of the polyclonal antibodies, raised against the
      partially purified endoglucanase component of Penicillium funiculosum, was
      determined by Ouchterlony double diffusion. Rocket electrophoresis confirmed the
      presence of only two types of antigens in the serum. The two rockets obtained
      were attributable to endo I and the merging of immunologically identical (but
      mobility wise different) endo II and endo III. This antibody preparation was used
      as a probe. The deduced M1 of the cloned E. coli endo I was found to be 58 Kd by
      Western blotting.

PMID- 1796812
TI  - Factors affecting stability of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 mutant cellulase complex
      under saccharification conditions.
AB  - Enzyme stability studies in case of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 mutant have been
      investigated under the conditions used for saccharification of cellulose (50
      degrees C, pH 4.5, 48 h). Avicelase (measure of exoenzymes) and xylanase were
      found to be less stable than CMCase (endoglucanase) and beta-glucosidase.
      Merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) added as a biocide, inactivated avicelase
      and xylanase about 60-70%. Of the antibiotics tested, tetracycline,
      chloramphenicol, and streptomycin sulfate were found suitable as an additive in
      cellulose hydrolysis system. The optimum hydrolysis of alkali-treated (AT)-rice
      straw, AT-bagasse, Solka Floc SW40, and Avicel P.H.101 was observed under shaking
      conditions at pH 4.5, 50 degrees C in CO2 atmosphere. It is suggested, all the
      studied parameters could be used for the evaluation of mutant strains.

PMID- 1796813
TI  - The promotion of molasse alcoholic fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in
      the presence of gamma-alumina.
AB  - Using gamma-alumina pellets, more than threefold increase of the ethanol
      productivity in the fermentation molasse has been obtained in the present work.
      Also, molasse fermentation in the presence of gamma-alumina gave 78.4 g/L
      ethanol, ethanol yield factor 0.44 g/g, and conversion 89.4% at initial sugar
      concentration (ISC) 179.5 g/L, compared to 53.9 g/L, 0.30 g/g and 62.7% in its
      absence, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that gamma-alumina reduces the
      activation energy Ea of fermentation. This inorganic material does not promote
      the fermentation of raisin extract.

PMID- 1796814
TI  - Partial purification and some properties of a hemolymph lectin from Panstrongylus
      megistus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).
AB  - Hemagglutinating activity was studied in homogenates of three embryonic stages,
      and in the hemolymph of most instar larvae and in adult insects of Panstrongylus
      megistus, an important Chagas' disease vector in Brazil. A hemolymph lectin from
      the 5th instar larvae of P. megistus was purified through a biospecific
      adsorption by using formaldehyde-treated erythrocytes. The lectin fraction was
      desorbed with 0.2M D-galactose in 0.15M NaCl. The lectin fraction activity was
      inhibited by L-rhamnose, D-lactose, raffinose, D-galactose, and D-fucose. The
      electrophoretic pattern to native and acidic proteins resolved lectin fraction in
      two main bands with lectin activity. These bands were considered as multiple
      molecular forms or isoforms of P. megistus lectin. Under denaturating conditions,
      isoform 1 showed one band with apparent mol wt (MW) of 64 kDa while isoform 2 was
      resolved in two bands with MW of 64 and 33 kDa.

PMID- 1796815
TI  - In situ expression of messenger RNA of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in
      psoriasis: interleukin-6 involved in formation of psoriatic lesions.
AB  - Psoriasis is a disease of abnormal proliferation and differentiation of epidermal
      cells. Several cytokines released by keratinocytes are implicated as factors
      responsible for this pathological condition of the epidermis. In order to
      elucidate the role of these cytokines in psoriasis, messenger RNA (mRNA)
      expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 in psoriatic epidermis was
      investigated using biotin-labelled complementary DNA (cDNA) of the cytokines.
      Messenger RNA of IL-1 alpha was weakly detected in some normal healthy epidermis
      specimens and more strongly in all the perilesional uninvolved psoriatic
      epidermis specimens. It was also expressed in the transitional zone between
      uninvolved and fully developed psoriatic skin, but was not expressed in lesional
      skin. In contrast, IL-6 mRNA was rarely expressed in normal healthy epidermis,
      but was expressed in perilesional uninvolved psoriatic epidermis, in the
      transitional zone and in the fully developed lesional epidermis, with the maximum
      intensity in the transitional zone. Expression of mRNA of IL-6 receptor showed a
      similar tendency to that of IL-6. It was expressed in psoriatic epidermis, most
      strongly in the transitional zone, but not in normal healthy epidermis. IL-6 was
      demonstrated immunohistochemically in psoriatic epidermis, but IL-6 receptor was
      demonstrated only in the transitional zone. Thus IL-6 and its receptor expression
      correlated well with the formation of psoriatic lesions where IL-1 may initiate
      their expression. IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      psoriasis.

PMID- 1796816
TI  - Cell surface glycoproteins define distinct states of eccrine gland
      differentiation.
AB  - The capability to distinguish eccrine gland cells of the ductal compartment from
      the secretory portion on the molecular level, as well as from epidermal
      keratinocytes and other skin cells, is of importance for the study of eccrine
      differentiation and function. Furthermore, the assessment of differences between
      the cell systems is useful for the characterization of benign and malignant
      neoplasms derived from eccrine glands. In the present study, we analysed the
      expression of four selected epithelial cell surface glycoproteins (gp 80, gp 38,
      gp 115 and gp 200) in eccrine glands using specific monoclonal antibodies. We
      found that the glycoproteins are differentially expressed in the ductal
      compartments and in the secretory portion of the glands, as well as in normal
      epidermis and other skin cells. This permitted the assignment of specific
      phenotypes to cells of the ductal compartment and to those of the secretory
      portion.

PMID- 1796817
TI  - Effect of tumour necrosis factor alpha in vivo on human granulocyte oxidative
      metabolism.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) effectively stimulates the oxidative
      metabolism of human PMN in vitro. Moreover, preincubation of PMN with TNF alpha
      has been shown to result in an altered response of the target cells to subsequent
      stimulation. In the present study the response of PMN to stimulation in vitro was
      investigated in patients with metastasizing malignant melanoma receiving bolus
      injections of recombinant human TNF alpha as therapy. TNF alpha was given daily
      for 5 days. Blood samples were taken prior to TNF alpha administration on days 1
      to 4 and on day 8. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) was used as a
      sensitive measure of granulocyte oxidative metabolism. PMN were stimulated with
      TNF alpha, TNF beta, GM-CSF, PMA, opsonized zymosan and f-met-leu-phe. A
      significant increase in CL responses was detected upon stimulation with TNF
      alpha, TNF beta and PMA from day 1 to day 3, whereas no significant changes were
      observed for the background activity or when GM-CSF or opsonized zymosan were
      used as stimuli. On day 4 all CL responses returned to the day 1 starting level.
      A further significant decrease was observed on day 8 upon stimulation with TNF
      alpha, TNF beta and GM-CSF. In contrast, the effect induced by f-met-leu-phe
      reached a maximum on day 4, but the CL response was found to be at the starting
      level on day 8. The results indicate that TNF alpha induces significant changes
      in PMN response to distinct stimuli in vivo. Moreover, it may be possible that
      continuous daily infusions with TNF alpha induce a hyposensitization of PMN
      oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 1796818
TI  - Epidemiological study of patients with systemic sclerosis in Tokyo.
AB  - We conducted an epidemiological study of systemic sclerosis in the city of Tokyo
      using the records of patients who had been registered to receive free medical
      service for intractable diseases. A total of 636 patients were registered as
      having systemic sclerosis in 1987, and we sent questionnaires to the doctor of
      each patient. The contents of the questionnaires included the patient's name,
      sex, age, occupation, major symptoms, therapy and laboratory findings. We
      received 357 completed replies, and were able to analyse them. Our study
      estimated that at 1 January 1988 the prevalence rate in Japan was between 2.1 and
      5.3 per 100,000. The male/female ratio was 14:1. The ages of the patients when
      surveyed ranged from 17 to 82 years, with a mean age of 51 years, peaking with
      the most numerous group being 50-59 years. The characteristic signs of systemic
      sclerosis were as follows: proximal scleroderma, 75%; sclerodactyly, 91%; pitting
      scars, 49%; short sublingual frenulum, 49%; pulmonary fibrosis, 45%; diffuse
      pigmentation, 45%; and phalangeal contracture, 35%. Raynaud's phenomenon was
      present in 93% of patients, and was the initial symptom in 59% of cases. With
      respect to specific antinuclear antibodies, anticentromere antibody was present
      in 19% and antitopoisomerase I antibody was present in 27%.

PMID- 1796819
TI  - Effect of topical corticosteroids on human sebum production assessed by two
      different methods.
AB  - Topical corticosteroids are widely used in cutaneous diseases. Although their
      mode of action on different skin compartments has been documented, little is
      known about their effects on the human sebaceous gland. We investigated the
      effects of two corticosteroids of differing potency on the excretion of sebum by
      means of two validated techniques: the Sebutape and the Lipometre. This study was
      conducted on the forehead skin of normal healthy subjects. The results obtained
      with both techniques correlated well. The application of both corticosteroids
      during a 4-week period led to a significant decrease in sebum excretion. This
      decrease was more pronounced with the more potent corticosteroid (Dermovate). In
      the light of these findings, it is likely that topical corticosteroids exert an
      anti-proliferative action upon the sebaceous cells in a similar manner to their
      effect in other skin compartments.

PMID- 1796820
TI  - The effect of the proteolytic enzyme savinase on human plantar skin in vitro.
AB  - The effect of the proteolytic enzyme savinase on human plantar skin in vitro was
      examined by light and electron microscopy to elucidate the morphological
      involvement of activated savinase in human epidermis. Light microscopic
      examination of incubated skin fragments demonstrated that the histological
      changes produced by savinase in the epidermis, including the stratum corneum,
      depended upon pH value, enzyme concentration and incubation time. After
      incubation in 0.1% savinase in phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, for 2 h at 35 degrees C,
      the stratum corneum revealed a serrated appearance at the free edges, the viable
      cell layers showed acantholysis, particularly in the suprabasal area. Digestion
      of cytoplasmic components of horny cells was observed by electron microscopy, but
      both cell membranes and desmosomes remained intact. Detachment of basal and
      spinous cells was found in the viable epidermal cell layers. The main cytoplasmic
      changes consisted of the presence of numerous cytoplasmic processes and vesicular
      formations. The results of this study indicate that activated savinase digests
      the intercellular substance in the viable cell layers, but it does not digest
      horny cells without physical rupture of the cell membrane.

PMID- 1796821
TI  - Baseline water loss and cholinergic sweat stimulation in atopic dermatitis: a
      gravimetric measurement of local skin water loss.
AB  - The sweat gland function in atopic dermatitis (AD) and in respiratory atopy is a
      matter of controversy. We examined the baseline water loss and local sweating
      response in non-eczematous back skin of 146 young men: pure AD, AD with
      rhinitis/asthma, rhinitis/asthma alone, non-atopic dermatosis and non-atopic
      healthy. All AD subjects were further divided into the subgroups AD dry and AD
      normal skin. Following injections of saline and a high concentration of
      methacholine (5 x 10(4) mol/l) into separate sites the moisture losses were
      collected into closed pads over a period of 40 min. The baseline water loss was
      significantly increased (P less than 0.001) and median pure sweat loss was
      significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) in AD compared with nonatopic healthy
      individuals. These trends were accentuated in AD dry skin. Respiratory symptoms
      had no appreciable influence on results. A depressed sweating response occurred
      in 30% of AD subjects and 9% of non-AD subjects. An elevated baseline water loss
      value and a depressed sweat loss value coexisted in 22% of subjects with AD dry
      skin compared with 3% of the non-atopics.

PMID- 1796822
TI  - Antibody formation against human collagen and C1q in response to a bovine
      collagen implant.
AB  - The humoral immune response to commercially available bovine collagen implants
      (Zyderm, Zyplast) is characterized in a 45-year-old female patient. Circulating
      anti-collagen antibodies were detected after eight injections of Zyderm and after
      two injections of Zyplast given during a period of 3 years. The specificity of
      these antibodies for bovine and human collagens as well as for the collagen-like
      region of C1q (a subcomponent of the first component of complement), was
      investigated by affinity chromatography. Serum levels of anti-collagen and anti
      C1q antibodies were measured using ELISA. High levels of antibodies to bovine
      collagens, showing a strong cross-reactivity with human collagen type III were
      detected in the patient's serum. Only weak cross-reactivity with human collagen
      type I and IV and no reactivity with type II were observed. In addition, these
      antibodies specifically cross-reacted with the collagen-like region of C1q. The
      antibody levels decreased continuously and disappeared 1 year after cessation of
      treatment. These results demonstrate for the first time the formation of
      autoantibodies upon treatment with a bovine collagen implant. Although antibodies
      to collagens and C1q have been found in various autoimmune diseases, neither
      adverse reactions to the bovine collagen implant nor any other clinical symptoms
      were observed in association with the described antibody response.

PMID- 1796823
TI  - The distribution of IgG subclass autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid analysed by
      immunofluorescence and immunoblotting.
AB  - The distribution of IgG subclasses in bullous pemphigoid (BP) autoantibodies in
      14 BP sera and four biopsies was analysed by immunofluorescence (IF) and
      immunoblotting (IB). Three clones of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to each IgG
      subclass were used. All 14 sera showed linear fluorescence in the basement
      membrane zone with IF, and 240 kDa and/or 180 kDa protein bands in human
      epidermal extract were detected by IB using a polyclonal antibody to total IgG.
      BP antibody in IgG4 subclass was found to be predominant, as it was detected most
      frequently and intensively in all positive sera and lesions studied by both
      techniques. In the IgG1 to IgG3 subclasses, a range of proportions of positive
      sera was obtained among MoAbs to the same IgG subclass in both techniques.
      However, one MoAb could detect IgG1 subclass BP antibody with a high frequency in
      both techniques. No difference in IgG subclass distribution of BP antibodies was
      observed during the course of the disease. In each serum, any IgG subclass of BP
      antibody recognized the identical BP antigen(s). These results suggest the
      predominance of IgG4 subclass and the possible presence of IgG1 subclass in BP
      antibodies.

PMID- 1796824
TI  - Identification of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus on
      thin layer chromatography and immunostaining.

PMID- 1796825
TI  - Effect of topically applied capsaicin on the cutaneous reaction to histamine.

PMID- 1796826
TI  - Photoprotection for individuals sensitive to UVA/visible radiation.

PMID- 1796827
TI  - Signs of systemic disease in localized scleroderma.

PMID- 1796828
TI  - Histological grading and DNA content as predictors of distant metastases in
      squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix with distant metastases can be
      treated by adjuvant chemotherapy. The at-risk patients are those with
      histologically proven metastases, the presence of tumour in paracervical tissue
      and parametrium, evidence of vascular invasion, a great depth of invasion, or
      poor tumour differentiation. Our studies lead us to believe that differentiation
      and DNA content are also important criteria.

PMID- 1796829
TI  - Delivery of very premature infants: does the caesarean section rate relate to
      mortality, morbidity, or long-term outcome?
AB  - A retrospective analysis of obstetric factors influencing mortality and morbidity
      of very premature infants (1500 g, less than or equal to 32 weeks' gestation) was
      undertaken. The study included 275 such infants born in the Department of
      Obstetrics of the University of Tubingen during the period January 1977 to June
      1987. The caesarean section rate of very preterm infants increased from 28%
      during the period 1977-1982 to 87% during the period 1982-1987 (P less than
      0.005), accompanied by an increase in survival rate from 63% to 70%. The
      improvement in survival rate was statistically significant for the group with
      birth weight 751-1000 g (P less than 0.01). The overall mortality rate was 31%
      after caesarean section and 36% after vaginal delivery. Amongst the causes of
      death of the non-survivors, acidosis was more frequent and amniotic infection
      syndrome less frequent in the infants delivered vaginally than in those delivered
      abdominally. The proportion of children with normal development at two years of
      age was significantly (P less than 0.02) greater amongst those born in 1982-1987
      than in those born in 1977-1981. The interpretation of these findings is by no
      means clear but must include the hypothesis that the increased caesarean section
      rate may be incidental and in no way related to the improved outcome.

PMID- 1796831
TI  - [Proceedings of the Swiss Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics, annual meeting.
      Interlaken, 13-15 June 1991].

PMID- 1796830
TI  - Complications of vaginal hysterectomy under "difficult" circumstances.
AB  - Vaginal hysterectomy is less invasive than hysterectomy performed via the
      abdominal approach. The vaginal approach may be made difficult by prior
      conisation, a need to remove the adnexae or marked uterine enlargement requiring
      morcellement. In this retrospective study we have investigated the impact of
      these factors on the incidence of complications in 1912 patients subject to
      vaginal hysterectomy. We have studied the incidence of intraoperative hemorrhage,
      bladder damage, hemorrhage up to 48 h after surgery, hemorrhage up to 14 days
      after surgery, vault abscesses or collections and pelvic peritonitis. In patients
      with prior morcellement, intraoperative hemorrhage was significantly more
      frequent. All other complications were not significantly increased by the
      intraoperative difficulties specified above. Thus even "difficult" vaginal
      hysterectomy would seem to carry low morbidity.

PMID- 1796832
TI  - [Main topic. Emergencies in obstetrics. Introductory remarks].

PMID- 1796833
TI  - [Viral infections and their importance in the perinatal period].

PMID- 1796834
TI  - [Bacterial cervix diagnosis in pregnancy].

PMID- 1796836
TI  - [Septic abortion].

PMID- 1796835
TI  - [Hypertension in pregnancy: classification and significance for pregnancy
      outcome].

PMID- 1796837
TI  - [Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium: pathophysiology, therapy,
      prevention].

PMID- 1796838
TI  - [Surgical treatment of deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium].

PMID- 1796839
TI  - [Therapeutic recommendations for cervical intra-epithelial neoplasms].

PMID- 1796840
TI  - [Endometrial cancer: the value of radio-oncology].

PMID- 1796841
TI  - [Cancer of the vulva].

PMID- 1796842
TI  - [Pathophysiology and prevention of pre-eclampsia].

PMID- 1796843
TI  - [Cancer of the vagina].

PMID- 1796844
TI  - [Basic guidelines for therapy of invasive cervix cancer].

PMID- 1796845
TI  - [Basic guidelines for treatment of uterine cancer].

PMID- 1796846
TI  - [Therapy of ovarian cancer].

PMID- 1796847
TI  - [Duplex ultrasound before and after intracavernous papaverine injection in the
      diagnosis of impotence].
AB  - The study of impotentia coeundi requires separating the organic from the
      psychogenic cause. Arteriogenic impotence falls within the first group and has
      been assessed with the papaverine test, simple Doppler and arteriography.
      Currently, more sophisticated techniques such as the pulsed Doppler permit
      noninvasive assessment of the blood supply to the penile arteries. Intracavernous
      injection of vasoactive substances such as papaverine cause vascular changes.
      Evaluation of these changes permits making the diagnosis of arterial
      insufficiency without recurring to more invasive diagnostic techniques such as
      arteriography. Currently, this invasive technique is only justified in
      revascularization surgery but not for diagnosis. The availability of color
      Doppler facilitates arterial evaluation even further.

PMID- 1796849
TI  - [Response to the editorial comment on the paper Endoscopic Cervicotomy in Post
      prostatectomy Sclerosis of the Neck].

PMID- 1796848
TI  - [Vesico-intestinal fistula caused by endovesical formolization].

PMID- 1796850
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer: a prospective and randomized
      comparison of oral versus intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
AB  - A total of 84 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma underwent
      transurethral resection of bladder tumor. All patients had stage pTa or pT1
      transitional cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ without other concurrent
      malignancies. The patients were assigned to three treatment groups: I. Control
      group-transurethral resection (TUR-BT) discontinued within the study. II. Oral
      BCG group-TUR-BT plus BCG (Moreau). III. Intravesical BCG group-TUR-BT plus BCG.
      Of 9 patients in the control group, 8 (89%) experienced tumor recurrence during a
      mean follow-up of 20 months. Of the 33 patients in the oral BCG group, 13
      patients (39.3%) had recurrence during a mean follow-up of 39 months. Of the 42
      patients in the intravesical group, 8 patients (19%) had recurrence in a 30-month
      mean follow-up. The incidence of complications was higher in the intravesical
      (33.4%) than in the oral BCG group (24.2%). These results showed that
      intravesical BCG is a more effective immunotherapy; however, oral BCG can be
      utilized in patients who do not accept intravesical BCG administration.

PMID- 1796851
TI  - Fournier's disease. Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - We report a case of Fournier's gangrene affecting a 77-year-old man. The patient
      was found to have decompensated diabetes mellitus that had been ignored before
      the onset of the disease. Several authors have described earlier a dramatic,
      explosive disease, leading to severe prostration within a few hours. Most of the
      recent cases, like this patient, have had a more insidious course, with symptoms
      beginning several days before hospitalization. Forty-five days after surgical
      debridement under spinal anesthesia and daily local treatment the scrotum was
      completely healed. The etiology and pathogenesis of this infrequent disease are
      discussed.

PMID- 1796852
TI  - [Alkalinizing treatment as a preventative of recurrent calcium oxalate
      lithiasis].
AB  - Alkalinization of urine does not dissolve calcium oxalate but simply inhibits its
      formation, thus reducing to a high degree the risk of crystallization,
      precipitation and secondary aggregation. Slight alkalinization is the most
      effective inhibitor of many recurrent oxalate stones. The solubility of calcium
      oxalate is always very low and constitutes a different issue of precipitability
      of oxalate radical as calcium salt which can be satisfactorily influenced by
      slightly alkalinizing urine. We discuss the reported results of in vitro studies,
      experiments in animals submitted to oxalate and ethylene glycol overload and the
      clinical results achieved by alkalinizing treatment of recurrent calcium oxalate
      stones.

PMID- 1796853
TI  - [Morphological study of the trigonal epithelium in male hyperestrogenism].
AB  - The histological changes caused by endocrinological action on the female
      epithelium are known and well-documented. These have been described in the
      bladder and attention has been focussed to the anatomo-clinical implications. A
      review of the literature with special reference to organogenetic, clinical and
      hormonal aspects prompted us to consider the cervico-trigonal epithelium as being
      particularly interesting in determining the histological changes arising from
      endocrine action. With hormonal influence as our working hypothesis, a
      morphological study of the trigonal epithelium was conducted in males with
      hyperestrogenism. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of
      new glandular-like structures resembling the female endometrium with clearly
      evident metaplastic etiology and dynamics mediated by hormonal action.

PMID- 1796854
TI  - [Eosinophilic cystitis as a special form of response to mitomycin C. Analysis and
      comments on our cases].
AB  - We analyzed 29 cases of eosinophilic cystitis in a group of 80 patients with
      lower urothelial carcinoma who had been treated with mitomycin-C. Only 6 cases
      (20.7%) had presented symptoms and signs compatible with acute cystitis. The
      remaining patients had been diagnosed histopathologically by routine follow-up
      bladder biopsy. Urine cytology revealed abundant eosinophils in 58.6% of the
      patients with eosinophilic cystitis while urine culture was negative for all
      patients. No patient had a previous history of allergy or asthma. We discuss the
      possible etiopathogenic mechanisms of this rare nosologic entity, the
      relationship to the immune system and the role of the foregoing in the capacity
      to control urothelial carcinoma locally.

PMID- 1796855
TI  - [Trends in kidney cancer mortality in Spain (1951-1985) and review of hospital
      case histories].
AB  - The present study is a descriptive epidemiological study of the mortality trends
      for renal cancer based on the data available for the period spanning 1951 to
      1985. The specific death rates show a rising trend that is more marked in males
      than in females. These have been observed to increase constantly for the group
      aged 60-64 years. The mortality rates by birth cohorts show the cohort effect to
      be less evident in the younger male and female population. A review of 81
      clinical records (1984-1988) of La Fe Hospital in Valencia based on a protocol
      that focussed on selected risk factors showed a higher frequency (33.75%) for the
      group aged 60-69 followed by the 50-59 age group (26.75%) and a higher incidence
      in men (66.67%).

PMID- 1796858
TI  - [Filling defects in the upper urinary tract: update on the etiologic diagnosis
      and review of the specific value of urinary cytology].
AB  - We present 3 cases with upper tract filling defect and exfoliative cytology
      positive for malignant cells in 2 of these cases (micturition and via ureteral
      catheter, respectively). The initial suspicion of urinary tract tumor was
      discarded by subsequent work up in 2 patients who were managed conservatively and
      followed closely. The third patient was submitted to nephroureterectomy. The
      histopathological examination disclosed chronic pyelonephritis and a deposit of
      amorphous mucoid material but no evidence of tumor. We review the etiologies of
      upper tract filling defects and present a useful diagnostic algorithm for the
      study of these conditions and the etiopathogenic and physiopathologic evaluation
      of the false positives in urinary cytology.

PMID- 1796856
TI  - [Paraneoplastic syndromes in urology].
AB  - The paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with malignant urological tumors are
      reviewed herein. Some general aspects of these syndromes are briefly described
      and discussed. Similarly, the different urological tumors in which paraneoplastic
      syndromes have been observed are briefly reviewed. These are very common in renal
      cancer and cancer of the prostate, uncommon in bladder cancer and rare in
      testicular cancer.

PMID- 1796857
TI  - [Controversies over regional lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the penis].
AB  - Epidermoid carcinoma of the penis, although rare, is a very aggressive tumor
      type. The presence or absence of inguinal metastasis is an essential prognostic
      factor. Treatment of these metastases is one of the current controversies in
      urological practice; i.e., when and to what extent lymphadenectomy should be
      performed. Of 24 patients with penile carcinoma, 10 had undergone regional
      lymphadenectomy over the past 8 years at our institution. Following treatment of
      the primary penile tumor, 6 patients had palpable inguinal nodes that persisted
      after treatment with antibiotic and antiinflammatory agents for 6 weeks. Of
      these, 3 had a positive node biopsy. They were submitted to regional
      lymphadenectomy which revealed node metastasis in 5 cases (2 pN3, 2 pN2 and 1
      pN1). The patients with no palpable nodes were closely followed and were
      submitted to lymphadenectomy when these appeared (3 cases). The fatal outcome of
      2 cases (both pN3) prompted us to perform lymphadenectomy prophylactically in the
      last case, a 40-year-old male with pT2G2 N0 penile cancer. This approach is
      advocated in patients under 65 with invasive penile carcinoma (pT greater than 1)
      or a high histological grade of malignancy (G2 and G3).

PMID- 1796859
TI  - [Tumor embolization to the lymphatic vessel structures of the bladder wall (L+).
      Its effect on the course of bladder tumors].
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted in patients with bladder tumors equal to or
      higher than stage T1 to determine the influence on survival of tumor cell
      invasion of the microscopic lymphatic vessels of the bladder wall. Sixty-two
      patients were studied (34 recurrent and 28 primary tumors). Evidence of
      microscopic lymphatic invasion was disclosed following TUR (48 cases) and
      cystectomy (14 cases). Overall and with a mean follow up of 27 months, 25% of the
      patients are alive and tumor free, 51.6% had died from the tumor (90% less than 3
      years following diagnosis). Forty-five percent had lymph node metastasis and
      56.6% node and organ metastases. For a time interval of over 6 months between the
      diagnosis of L + and definitive treatment, there was an 80% mortality versus 43%
      when treatment was concurrent with diagnosis. Finally, survival was much better
      in patients submitted to radical surgery. We can conclude from the present study
      that evidence of tumor invasion of the lymphatic vessels must be routinely sought
      by the pathologist in order to identify those patients with a high probability of
      tumor dissemination.

PMID- 1796860
TI  - [Primary retroperitoneal tumors].
AB  - We report 14 cases of primary retroperitoneal tumor and one retroperitoneal
      papillary cystoadenoma in a patient who had undergone hysterectomy and bilateral
      adnexectomy for uterine myomatosis 15 years before the onset of the clinical
      features that led to the diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumor. For this reason, we
      believe this latter case should be included in this series. We consider any tumor
      mass within the retroperitoneal space (previously described anatomically) to be
      primary retroperitoneal tumors, regardless of their histology or origin,
      excluding lymphomas, renal, upper urothelial, adrenal and pancreatic tumors.
      Although it may often be very destructive and may not significantly improve the
      prognosis, surgery continues to be the best therapeutic option.

PMID- 1796861
TI  - [Treatment of lithiasis during pregnancy].
AB  - We report on 10 pregnant women with renal calculi who presented with fever and
      recurrent renal colic. They were treated with analgesics and fluids. Antibiotics
      were administered to those with fever and/or positive urine culture. Seven were
      submitted to endoscopic maneuvers. A flute tipped (Couvelaire) catheter was
      placed in 4 and a double-J in 3 patients.

PMID- 1796862
TI  - [Cystometry in recurrent urinary stress incontinence].
AB  - To establish the incidence of surgical failure and misdiagnosis, we reviewed the
      post-surgical cystometries and clinical data of 33 patients with recurrent stress
      urinary incontinence following surgical management of this condition. The results
      of the study show that 63.6% were due to failure of the surgical technique.
      However, recurrence after a second procedure is likely due to bladder
      instability. The literature is reviewed and the data compared.

PMID- 1796863
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: effects of phaeanthine, a naturally-occurring
      bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, on chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive parasites
      in vitro, and its influence on chloroquine activity.
AB  - Phaeanthine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid which occurs naturally in Triclisia
      species, was extracted from Triclisia patens (Menispermaceae) obtained from
      Sierra Leone (West Africa). In vitro, phaeanthine was found to be twice as potent
      against a chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (K1), as against a
      chloroquine-sensitive clone (T9-96), with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 365.85
      (+/- 11.41) nM and 704.87 (+/- 81.48) nM respectively. At a sub-inhibitory
      concentration of 80.35 nM, chloroquine resistance was not reversed by
      phaeanthine. Isobolograms constructed from experiments with
      chloroquine/phaeanthine combinations showed antagonism in T9-96 and an additive
      effect in K1. In a 48-hour microtest, phaeanthine at antimalarial concentrations
      showed no cytotoxicity to mammalian (KB) cells in vitro.

PMID- 1796864
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to erythromycin and 4-aminoquinoline
      combinations in vitro.
AB  - Although erythromycin has been reported to be active against Plasmodium
      falciparum in vitro and P. berghei in vivo and in vitro when given alone or with
      chloroquine, it has been difficult to demonstrate a beneficial effect for the
      combination of erythromycin and chloroquine when used for the treatment of P.
      falciparum infections in humans. We developed a seven-day test of parasite
      sensitivity to a 4-aminoquinoline and erythromycin combination in vitro. Eight
      isolates of P. falciparum from the Kenyan coast were culture-adapted and exposed
      to erythromycin with chloroquine or with amodiaquine. The interaction of the
      drugs was evaluated by plotting the concentration of each drug needed to inhibit
      parasite growth. In seven isolates the combination of chloroquine and
      erythromycin was antagonistic; one isolate showed slight synergy The combination
      of amodiaquine and erythromycin was synergistic in three isolates but
      antagonistic in five. An antagonistic interaction may explain why erythromycin
      does not enhance chloroquine treatment of malaria in vivo in Kenya.

PMID- 1796865
TI  - The mode of action of chloroquine. Non-weak base properties of 4-aminoquinolines
      and antimalarial effects on strains of Plasmodium.
AB  - The mode of action of chloroquine was investigated by studying the properties of
      its 7-H derivatives, which retain the weak base properties of the quinolines but
      exhibit low antimalarial activity. Using a specific probe [4-(1-amino
      butylamino)quinoline] it has been shown that weak base properties are sufficient
      to induce concentration of the drug in the parasite's food vacuole. However, the
      chloroquine uptake we measured for the 7-H derivatives revealed a significantly
      low concentration of drug within the parasitized red blood cell--about 1/20 of
      that of chloroquine. Thus, the substitution of the chlorine atom of chloroquine
      by a proton produces a compound which can always be targeted to the parasite's
      food vacuole, but which is less easily taken up by the parasite than is
      chloroquine. Antimalarial activities of 4-aminoquinoline drugs seem to be due not
      only to their weak base properties but also to other characters of these
      molecules. The mechanism of uptake of chloroquine by the parasites is apparently
      linked to structural characters of the quinoline ring, such as the presence of
      the chlorine atom. The importance of the lysosomotropic properties of chloroquine
      has to be reconsidered in the light of this new information.

PMID- 1796866
TI  - Blood eosinophil degranulation and vacuolation in helminthic infection.
AB  - Blood eosinophil degranulation and vacuolation were studied in 21 Nigerian
      medical patients with helminthic infection and in 10 uninfected controls. For
      both patients and controls, 200 blood eosinophils were assessed 'blind' by light
      microscopy for the number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and the loss of specific
      cytoplasmic granules. In the helminth-infected patients (N = 21) the mean
      percentage (+/- S.D.) of eosinophils with one or more but less than 10
      cytoplasmic vacuoles was 0.7 +/- 0.8%, that with loss of less than half of
      specific cytoplasmic granules was 1.6 +/- 1.7%, that with 10 or more cytoplasmic
      vacuoles was 0.1 +/- 0.2%, and that with loss of half or more specific
      cytoplasmic granules was 0.3 +/- 0.6%. There was no significant difference
      between patients and controls (P less than 0.05). We conclude that helminthic
      infection is not associated with blood eosinophil degranulation and vacuolation.
      The finding of large numbers, e.g. 15% or more, of vacuolated and especially
      degranulated eosinophils in patients with helminth-related eosinophilia should
      not be attributed to the helminthic infection alone, but should raise the
      suspicion of eosinophil-mediated host tissue damage.

PMID- 1796867
TI  - Echinococcal disease and mycobacterial infection.
AB  - The clinical and radiological features of five patients with echinococcal disease
      in whom mycobacterial infection was also present are described. Three had
      clinically significant disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (two patients)
      and M. fortuitum-chelonae (one patient), whilst in two others secondary infection
      with M. gordonae had occurred. In all cases the mycobacterium infection was found
      within or close to the anatomical confines of the echinococcal disease, as
      determined clinically, radiologically or histologically, which suggested a
      saprophytic-supportive role of the hydatid cyst for the mycobacterium to survive.
      Mycobacterial disease should be borne in mind in patients with echinococcal
      disease who remain unwell despite apparently effective treatment for the hydatid
      cyst.

PMID- 1796868
TI  - Further studies on the susceptibility of Bulinus africanus to infection with
      Schistosoma haematobium.
AB  - Genetic manipulation of the intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis has been
      proposed as a possible method of reducing the rate at which the parasite is
      transmitted to the final host. This technique is based on the finding that snail
      schistosome compatibility is variable, and that refractory snails could be
      introduced into natural habitats in an attempt to change existing highly
      susceptible populations into non-susceptible ones. In our search for such a
      refractory snail population, offspring from eight different Bulinus africanus
      populations were infected with Schistosoma haematobium, isolated from school
      children in the Nelspruit district. A great variation in minimum prepatent period
      was recorded (33-55 days), while the infected snails surviving that period ranged
      from 22-89%. A significant difference was found between the infection rates of B.
      africanus from Newlands in Natal and those of the other seven populations from
      the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld. The former population could be regarded as
      partially refractory, and none of the other populations proved to be completely
      refractory, to infection.

PMID- 1796869
TI  - Prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin in Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory
      tract and other clinical specimens from 268 patients were tested for sensitivity
      to penicillin, using 1 micrograms oxacillin disks. Eighty-four (31%) of these
      isolates were found to be relatively resistant to penicillin.

PMID- 1796870
TI  - Blood gastrin and pepsinogen responses of native village goats in Malaysia to
      infection with Haemonchus contortus.
AB  - Blood gastrin and pepsinogen responses of native village goats in Malaysia to a
      single dose of 10,500 infective Haemonchus contortus larvae were investigated.
      Both blood values were significantly elevated within a week of infection and
      exhibited a highly significant correlation during the study. The magnitude of the
      blood gastrin response was, however, significantly greater than that of
      pepsinogen during the period that both blood values were elevated. It is
      suggested that blood gastrin assay may be of particular value in the diagnosis of
      chronic haemonchosis in animals harbouring relatively light worm burdens.

PMID- 1796872
TI  - The antimalarial activity of mouse tumour necrosis serum is blocked by purines.

PMID- 1796871
TI  - Severe falciparum malaria and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in
      Zambia.

PMID- 1796873
TI  - The validity of serodiagnosis using a monoclonal antibody against Trypanosoma
      cruzi-specific Mr 25,000 antigen for chagasic patients without cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 1796874
TI  - Identification by isoenzyme patterns of two gene pools of Trichinella nelsoni in
      Africa.

PMID- 1796875
TI  - The seroprevalence of bovine toxoplasmosis in Cordoba, Spain.

PMID- 1796876
TI  - The seroprevalence of ovine toxoplasmosis in Cordoba, Spain.

PMID- 1796877
TI  - Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum in a rice field and a savanna area in
      Burkina Faso: seasonal fluctuations of gametocytaemia and malarial infectivity.
AB  - For a better understanding of the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum in an
      African savanna area, the authors have: (a) defined the real gametocyte reservoir
      in the native population; (b) followed the fluctuations of gametocytaemia
      throughout the transmission period; and (c) measured the infectiousness of
      malarious individuals to mosquitoes. The transversal surveys, in different
      villages of this endemic area, have shown that gametocyte carrier rates decreased
      with age and malaria experience; 10.9% of the whole population were potentially
      infectious to mosquitoes, and of these 73% were children and only 27% were
      adults. The longitudinal studies have shown that the P. falciparum gametocyte
      rate depends on the equilibrium between the gametocyte conversion rates and the
      density of the asexual forms. When there are large numbers of children who become
      carriers of the sexual stage of the parasite and at the same time a small number
      who lose their gametocyte infection, the gametocyte rate increases in the
      population; and vice versa. The circumstances under which gametocytes are
      produced are not well-known. Two factors seem to be important: the level of the
      parasite density and immune mechanisms. The infectiousness of malarious
      individuals was estimated by the 'mosquito infection probability'. The percentage
      of mosquitoes infected after feeding on gametocyte carriers (which may partly
      reflect the infectiousness of a human population to mosquitoes) was multiplied by
      the percentage of gametocyte carriers in the population. This indicated that, in
      this endemic area, 4% of biting mosquitoes would become infected; but this
      theoretical mosquito infection probability is over-estimated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796879
TI  - The effect of defined media, additive nutrients and metabolites on the
      development of the sporogony cycle of Plasmodium berghei in Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected with Plasmodium berghei by feeding
      on parasitaemic hamsters. After the infective blood meal they were separated into
      groups that were maintained on sugar solutions containing different additives.
      The numbers of oocysts developing in the various groups were then compared. When
      either casein, haemoglobin or foetal bovine serum was added to the sugar, the
      yield of oocysts was 1.6-2.1 times higher than that in controls fed only on sugar
      solutions. When either medium 199, Leibovitz's formulated L15 (L15-B) or 'B'
      compounds alone were added, the yield of oocysts was 2.3-2.9 times higher than
      that in the controls. The addition of p-aminobenzoic acid, hypoxanthine,
      methiolnine, or fractions of 'B' had no significant effect on the number of
      oocysts.

PMID- 1796880
TI  - Production of interferon gamma in cultures of whole blood obtained in the course
      of and after healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - Whole-blood cultures from individuals with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to
      Leishmania major, tested under field conditions, showed a good correlation
      between the production of interferon-gamma and total blood lymphocyte
      proliferation (TLP), assayed by response to specific leishmania antigen. A group
      of patients, re-tested on several occasions, converted to positive in both
      parameters of cell mediated immunity (CMI) at the same time. It is suggested that
      the TLP assay and the production of interferon-gamma detect similar CMI activity
      in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. The measurement of interferon-gamma production
      has the advantage over the TLP assay that the supernatants of the cultures can be
      frozen and stored for prolonged periods before the assay is performed. For this
      reason, this could present a suitable method for field studies.

PMID- 1796878
TI  - Comparative determination of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates in
      Afrotropical Anopheles from Kenya by dissection and ELISA.
AB  - The Plasmodium falciparum rate was determined by microscopical examination of one
      salivary gland (three lobes) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of
      the other salivary gland in each of 1580 Anopheles mosquitoes collected from
      western Kenya during both the wet and dry seasons. The sporozoite rate in the wet
      season was much higher than that in the dry season, and the sporozoite rate
      determined by ELISA was generally lower than that determined by microscopy. The
      ELISA gave a positive reaction to circumsporozoite protein in some glands whose
      counterparts did not show the presence of sporozoites by microscopy, thus giving
      an 'overestimation' of the sporozoite rate. This overestimation was greater in
      the dry season than in the wet season, and greater in Anopheles gambiae than in
      An. funestus, but overall it was only 1.2% (19/1580). These results are at
      variance with reports of other workers, who have shown ELISA overestimation of
      the sporozoite rate as high as 30%. Our tests indicated that the ELISA
      sensitivity was 80.6%, its specificity was 98.7%, and its accuracy was 97.5%.

PMID- 1796881
TI  - Monthly variation in natural infection of the sandfly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis with
      Leishmania mexicana in an endemic focus in the Ecuadorian Andes.
AB  - In order to collect information on the role of Lutzomyia ayacuchensis in the
      transmission of leishmaniasis in a newly discovered Andean endemic focus in
      Ecuador, a longitudinal field study was carried out over 13 months. Monthly
      dissections were made of a minimum of 200 anthropophilic sandflies, collected at
      night during the month. A total of 2600 flies was separated from a small number
      of Lu. osornoi, another anthropophilic species in the area, and dissected; 95
      (3.65%) were naturally infected with Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. The
      parasites were always located in the sandfly midgut. The current study revealed a
      marked monthly variation both in natural infections with Leishmania and in biting
      activity of sandflies in the endemic area, demonstrating a high transmission rate
      during the period from the early rainy season to the early or mid dry season
      (February to July).

PMID- 1796882
TI  - Modelling the probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly.
AB  - A simple model is fitted to recent data on tsetse infection rates to estimate the
      probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly. The model is extended
      to accommodate a possible clumping of trypanosomes in host blood.

PMID- 1796883
TI  - In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba
      histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.
AB  - The plant alkaloid, berberine sulphate, inhibited the growth of Entamoeba
      histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis in BI-S-33 medium, and
      induced morphological changes in the parasites. Exposure of E. histolytica to
      berberine caused a clumping of chromatin in the nucleus, and the formation of
      autophagic vacuoles and aggregates of small vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In
      berberine-treated G. lamblia, an irregularly-shaped vacuole appeared in the
      cytoplasm and gradually enlarged during culture. The trophozoites became swollen
      and deposits of glycogen were seen in the cytoplasm. Trichomonas vaginalis was
      also affected by the berberine; autophagic vacuoles increased in number soon
      after exposure, and one large vacuole, which was characteristic of treated cells,
      appeared. These observations demonstrate that, in vitro, this drug was effective
      against E. histolytica, G. lamblia and T. vaginalis. Another alkaloid, coptisine,
      was inactive against the three parasites.

PMID- 1796884
TI  - A simple method for excystation of Giardia lamblia cysts.
AB  - Fresh Giardia lamblia trophozoites were isolated by in vitro excystation of
      purified cysts from the faeces of Saudi patients. The method consisted of mixing
      one part of the cyst suspension with nine parts of 1 N hydrochloric acid, at pH
      2, then culturing the excysted trophozoites in modified TYI-S-33 medium in sealed
      glass vials. During the excystation process most cysts developed a space between
      the trophozoite and the cyst wall, and after several steps of enlargement the
      trophozoite emerged at the posterior end of the cyst. Keeping the cysts at 4
      degrees C for more than 10 days did not affect the excystation process.
      Trophozoites obtained by this method can be cryopreserved and recultured without
      significant loss of activity. This is a simple and rapid method of obtaining G.
      lamblia trophozoites from cysts in stools or from other sources.

PMID- 1796885
TI  - Experimental infection of Libyan sheep with Echinococcus granulosus.
AB  - The growth rate of unilocular hydatid cysts over a two-year period was studied in
      Libyan sheep dosed orally with gravid segments of Echinococcus granulosus taken
      from stray town dogs. Seven of the eight sheep dosed with 20-100 gravid segments
      (say 4000-20,000 eggs) had developed only infertile hydatid cysts after 107-611
      days. Sheep dosed with 1000 gravid segments (say 200,000 eggs) had developed only
      sterile cysts when examined 358 days after dosing. Fertile cysts were recovered
      from the lungs after 428 days, and after 584 days from the liver. Only sterile
      cysts were seen in the heart, spleen and kidneys.

PMID- 1796886
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of praziquantel against cysticercosis of a Taenia
      saginata-like tapeworm (Taiwan strain) in pigs.
AB  - In order to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel against cysticercosis
      in pigs caused by the 'Taiwan Taenia' 16 small-ear miniature pigs were each fed
      with 10,000 or 30,000 eggs. Twelve pigs were treated with praziquantel: three
      were given 100 mg kg-1 on one day, three were given 100 mg kg-1 daily for three
      days, and six were given 100 mg kg-1 daily for five days. Four pigs were used as
      untreated controls. The cure rates observed were 33.3% in the pigs treated for
      one day, and 100% in the pigs treated for three or five days.

PMID- 1796887
TI  - Shade as a means of ecological control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi.
AB  - Species of Biomphalaria are attracted to light and negatively affected by
      darkness. Artificial shading of a breeding-site eliminated a population of B.
      pfeifferi within six weeks. The site was recolonized by eight weeks after the
      shade was removed. The time taken for recolonization suggests that shade acts not
      only by affecting snail behaviour but also indirectly by removing the diatoms
      which are food for the snails. The use of natural shade for ecological control of
      some snail vectors of schistosomiasis deserves, at least, careful consideration.

PMID- 1796888
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of B-2 as a molluscicide in the control of the snail
      intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in South Africa.
AB  - There is a continuous need for the development and evaluation of new, inexpensive
      but highly effective molluscides for the control of freshwater snails acting as
      intermediate hosts of schistomiasis. For this reason B-2 (Hokko Chemical Industry
      Co. Ltd, Japan), also called Phebrol (sodium 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol), was
      evaluated in our laboratory as a candidate molluscicide for the control of
      freshwater snails in South Africa. Bulinus africanus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi,
      intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni
      respectively, were exposed to different B-2 concentrations for 24 and 48 hours.
      An indigenous fish species, Oreochromis mossambicus, which is common in local
      schistosomiasis endemic areas, was also exposed to the molluscicide. The
      calculated values obtained from a probit analysis (LC50, 24 hours: B. africanus =
      2.6 mg 1(-1) and B. pfeifferi = 2.9 mg 1(-1), indicated that these species from
      southern Africa are less sensitive to B-2 than are B. truncatus and B. pfeifferi
      from northern Africa, which in turn are less sensitive than the Oncomelania spp.
      from Japan, China and the Philippines. It is expected that molluscicidal levels
      of B-2 would be harmful to O. mossambicus populations. Although B-2 has a marked
      potential for snail control in South Africa, niclosamide (Bayluscide) remains the
      molluscicide of choice.

PMID- 1796889
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of Dirofilaria immitis recognized by infected humans.
AB  - To help to develop better diagnostic tests for zoonotic pulmonary dirofilariasis,
      seven patients with histologically confirmed pulmonary dirofilariasis were
      evaluated using the immunoblot technique. Six patients exhibited a response to
      the excretory-secretory (AS) antigen proteins with molecular weights of 20-19.5,
      17.5-17 and 14 derived from Dirofilaria immitis adult works. However, when adult
      worm extracts were used as the antigen, there was no qualitative difference in
      antigen recognition between the Dirofilaria patients, other patients with non
      filarial parasitic infections or with lung cancer or tuberculosis, and normal
      individuals. All the sera, not only those of the Dirofilaria patients but also
      those of the non-filarial patients and the controls, strongly cross-reacted with
      the 18-kDa ES antigen. These findings suggest that the ES antigen of D. immitis
      provides a more sensitive antigen than does the adult somatic antigen; but the ES
      antigen and the adult somatic antigen have a common antigenic band at 18 kDa.

PMID- 1796890
TI  - The gonotrophic status of female Aedes aegypti (L.) overnight at the oviposition
      site (Diptera: Culicidae).
AB  - Experimental observations made outdoors in Trinidad provide additional support
      for the assumption that some gravid female Aedes aegypti rest overnight close to
      the container in which each has laid part of her current complement of eggs the
      previous afternoon, and in which she may lay part or the rest of that complement
      the next morning. Some females evidently take more than one blood-meal while
      developing a single batch of eggs.

PMID- 1796891
TI  - Isolation and electrophoretic karyotype analysis of cellular clones of several
      Leishmania species.

PMID- 1796892
TI  - First record of the spiny river crab, Liberonautes chaperi (A. Milne-Edwards
      1887), as second intermediate host of Paragonimus uterobilateralis in Liberia.

PMID- 1796894
TI  - Australian midwifery--past, present and future.

PMID- 1796893
TI  - Foetal life and a legal duty of care.
AB  - Until 1932 in England the right to sue for injuries caused by the fault of
      another was not recognised in the absence of contract. The law of negligence has
      expanded and developed as new facts are presented to the courts of their
      decision. One of the basic elements of the tort of negligence is proof that the
      defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff. The law with respect to those who
      suffer injury who are in being has been clearly defined. However, the law has now
      developed to hold that a child is born with injuries caused by the negligence of
      another whilst the child was in utero has a right to bring an action for
      compensation for those injuries provided the child is born alive. A further
      development in this area of law has been the legal recognition of a claim by a
      child who suffers injuries in utero caused by a negligent act committed against
      the mother at a time when the child was not even conceived provided the child can
      prove a duty of care was owed and that the injuries complained of were caused by
      the alleged negligent act. Thus midwives and other health professional who care
      for and advise pregnant women need to keep in mind that a duty of care may be
      owed to an unborn child or a future unborn child as well as to the pregnant
      women.

PMID- 1796895
TI  - Australian midwifery: opportunities and challenges in the next decade.

PMID- 1796896
TI  - Studies on human erythrocyte glutathione-S-transferase from HbAA, HbAS and HbSS
      subjects.
AB  - The activities of human erythrocyte glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18)
      obtained from 53 subjects of both sexes aged between 5 and 25 years of HbAA (20),
      HbAS (13) and HbSS (20) were determined. The results, expressed in IU/g Hb,
      obtained for the various genotypes were: HbSS = 14.6 +/- 3.4; HbAS = 4.7 +/- 1.1;
      HbAA = 2.7 +/- 0.8. The observed differences were found to be statistically
      significant (p less than 0.001). Kinetic analysis showed similar Michaelis
      constants (Km) of the enzyme irrespective of the genotype, indicating structural
      and functional similarities of the enzyme from the various genotypes. A mean (+/-
      SD) percentage increase of 63.8 +/- 4.9 was obtained for the red cell glutathione
      S-transferase activity in the presence of dithionite, while a mean (+/- SD)
      decrease of 38.8 +/- 1.9% was obtained in the presence of 0.3 mM haemin. These
      findings suggest an increased activation of the enzyme in HbSS and HbAS subjects
      (as compared with HbAA subjects) possibly by an increased generation of
      electrophilic substrates in the red cell of these subjects.

PMID- 1796897
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding for mink proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and its
      comparative analysis with POMC mRNA primary structures from pituitaries of other
      animal species and man.
AB  - cDNA for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) of mink has been cloned and sequenced. A
      comparative analysis of the primary structures of mRNAs coding for
      proopiomelanocortins of eight animal species and man has been performed. The
      analysis has revealed conserved and variable POMC mRNA regions. High variability
      of some of the regions is suggested to be due to the peculiarities of their
      structural organization. A putative mechanism responsible for the mutations in
      variable regions is proposed. A tree of the evolutionary relations of POMC has
      been developed.

PMID- 1796898
TI  - Generation of antibodies against human hsp27 and murine hsp25 by immunization
      with a chimeric small heat shock protein.
AB  - A hybrid protein containing the N-terminal part of the murine stress protein
      hsp25 (amino acids 1 to 110) and the C-terminal part of the human stress protein
      hsp27 (amino acids 111 to 208) was expressed in E. coli using a T7
      polymerase/promoter system. The recombinant hybrid protein was purified and used
      for immunization of rabbits. In contrast to immunization experiments using hsp25
      and hsp27 alone, immunization with the hybrid protein hsp25/27 leads to
      antibodies which can be used for detection of both hsp25 and hsp27.

PMID- 1796899
TI  - Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by thrombin.
AB  - The blood proteinase thrombin was shown to stimulate the migration of porcine
      aortic endothelial cells in vitro. This effect seems to be dependent on the
      receptor binding of thrombin to the target cell. Prostaglandins could mediate
      endothelial cell migration by acting as "second messengers".

PMID- 1796900
TI  - Effect of ascorbic acid on killing of lymphocytes and macrophages by hydrogen
      peroxide.
AB  - The ability of ascorbic acid (AA) to modify the H2O2 (0.6 to 9 mM) toxic activity
      for human lymphocytes (PBMC) and murine peritoneal  macrophages (PM) was studied
      in vitro. 100 microM AA added simultaneously with H2O2 to the cell medium
      enhanced the killing of PBMC but not of PM independently of the presence of
      Fe(2+)-EDTA. Similarly, preincubation of PBMC with 500 microM AA that resulted in
      a 2.5-fold rise in the intracellular level of AA increased their susceptibility
      to both H2O2 and H2O2-Fe(2+)-EDTA. On the contrary, PM preincubated with AA were
      more resistant to the toxic action of the H2O2-Fe(2+)-EDTA system and did not
      reveal any changes of the susceptibility to H2O2 alone. It is suggested that AA
      under certain conditions may have opposite effects on the H2O2-induced cell
      damage related to inflammation.

PMID- 1796901
TI  - Kinetic evidence that the sodium-dependent high-affinity and the sodium
      independent low-affinity dopamine uptake are mediated by one carrier.
AB  - In synaptosomes of the rat striatum the dopamine uptake was measured in a
      concentration range of 0.03 microM to 100 microM. In the presence of sodium the
      uptake exhibited a non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics and in a sodium-free medium the
      uptake kinetics was sigmoid. According to these findings a novel model for the
      dopamine uptake is proposed. Its main assumption is one carrier with two dopamine
      binding sites.

PMID- 1796902
TI  - Cholesterol exchange between human serum isolated lipoproteins. Effect of protein
      concentration.
AB  - The in vitro transfer of radiolabelled unesterified cholesterol from human low-
      and very low- to high-density lipoproteins in the presence of either lipoprotein
      deficient serum or bovine serum albumin has been studied. The rate of transfer
      was faster from LDL (t1/2 = 44 min) than from VLDL (55 min). The presence of 2%
      protein had no effect on the transfer. However, 10% albumin or lipoprotein
      deficient serum reduced t1/2 by 35%, which indicates no specific effect of a
      plasma protein on the rate of transfer of unesterified cholesterol.

PMID- 1796903
TI  - [Changes in vegetative parameters during and after normobaric hypoxic hypoxia in
      newborn rabbits].
AB  - 68 awake spontaneously breathing newborn rabbits were investigated in five
      series; 43 animals were exposed to a hypoxic atmosphere (FiO2 = 0.05) for 3 h
      during the 1st day of life. Heart rate, rectal temperature and intracranial
      pressure were recorded. Arterial blood samples were analyzed for pO2, ASTRUP
      values, glucose and lactate content; O2-saturation was calculated. The vegetative
      situation at the end of the hypoxic period was characterized by low heart rate,
      low body temperatures (less than or equal to 25 degrees C), reduced glucose
      concentration and a lactate acidosis, compensated by low pCO2 (less than 2 kPa).
      At the 2nd posthypoxic day all parameters were normalized. If CO2-gas (FiCO2 =
      0.05) is added to the hypoxic atmosphere (normocarbic pCO2-values in the arterial
      blood), the glucose and lactate content remained on the normal level; the
      diminution of heart rate and rectal temperature was smaller. Under the conditions
      of severe hypoxia in contrast to the adult rabbits the newborns are able to
      maintain their life processes for a longer time, but this fact need not be
      identical with the prevention of posthypoxic brain damage. In the cases of
      normocarbic pCO2-values, the hypoxic tolerance was elevated in the way of
      improved O2-delivery to the tissues.

PMID- 1796904
TI  - [Motion-onset visually evoked potential with nasal and temporal half- and full
      field stimulation].
AB  - The known proportional increase in the amplitude of the pattern reversal visually
      evoked potential (VEP) with increasing stimulus area does not occur for the
      motion-onset VEP. When the stimulus area of the total field (6 degrees x 6
      degrees) is compared to that of the half-field (6 degrees x 3 degrees), the N200
      amplitude of the motion-onset VEP is not changed proportionally but remains
      almost constant. Reducing the pattern contrast beyond the saturation value for
      the motion-VEP yields essentially the same results. Contrary to the pattern
      reversal VEP, the amplitudes of the motion-onset VEP are found to be more
      pronounced for the nasal than for the temporal hemiretina. Our results support
      the notion of a genuine difference between the pattern- and the motion-analyzing
      visual system.

PMID- 1796905
TI  - The molecular basis for tropomyosin isoform diversity.
AB  - The tropomyosins are a family of actin filament binding proteins. In
      multicellular animals, they exhibit extensive cell type specific isoform
      diversity. In this essay we discuss the genetic mechanisms by which this
      diversity is generated and its possible significance to cellular function.

PMID- 1796906
TI  - Mouse coat colour mutations: a molecular genetic resource which spans the
      centuries.

PMID- 1796907
TI  - DNA excision repair in mammalian cell extracts.
AB  - The many genetic complementation groups of DNA excision-repair defective
      mammalian cells indicate the considerable complexity of the excision repair
      process. The cloning of several repair genes is taking the field a step closer to
      mechanistic studies of the actions and interactions of repair proteins. Early
      biochemical studies of mammalian DNA repair in vitro are now at hand. Repair
      synthesis in damaged DNA can be monitored by following the incorporation of
      radiolabelled nucleotides. Synthesis is carried out by mammalian cell extracts
      and is defective in extracts from cell lines derived from individuals with the
      excision-repair disorder xeroderma pigmentosum. Biochemical complementation of
      the defective extracts can be used to purify repair proteins. Repair of damage
      caused by agents including ultraviolet irradiation, psoralens, and platinating
      compounds has been observed. Neutralising antibodies against the human single
      stranded DNA binding protein (HSSB) have demonstrated a requirement for this
      protein in DNA excision repair as well as in DNA replication.

PMID- 1796908
TI  - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: molecular biological aspects.
AB  - A number of roles have been ascribed to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase* including
      involvement in DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation and
      transformation. Cloning of the gene has allowed the development of molecular
      biological approaches to elucidate the structure and the function(s) of this
      highly conserved enzyme. This article will review the recent results obtained in
      this field.

PMID- 1796909
TI  - Sex and the single Y.

PMID- 1796910
TI  - My favorite cells with large chromosomes.

PMID- 1796911
TI  - Maintaining Mendelism: might prevention be better than cure?

PMID- 1796912
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics and distribution of human urinary erythropoietin and
      recombinant human erythropoietin in rats.
AB  - Comparative pharmacokinetic and distribution studies of human recombinant
      erythropoietin (rh-EPO, Epoch, CAS 11096-26-7) and human urinary erythropoietin
      (u-EPO) were performed in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters following
      intravenous administration of rh-EPO were similar to those of u-EPO. With respect
      to the concentrations of radioactivity in the liver reflecting uptakes of
      asialoglycoprotein, there were no differences in the concentrations between 125I
      rh-EPO and 125I-u-EPO. The concentrations of radioactivity in the target organs,
      i.e., bone marrow and spleen in rats given 125I-rh-EPO were very similar to those
      of rats given 125I-u-EPO. These facts are most likely to reflect the similarity
      in pharmacological action.

PMID- 1796913
TI  - The choice of statistical tests.
AB  - The basic principles of statistical analysis and statistical tests are presented.
      Test for the two-sample problem (e.g. comparison of two treatments) are
      extensively explained for qualitative (categorial), quantitative and ordinal
      response variables. As a powerful tool to derive significance probabilities
      independent from distributional assumptions (distribution free tests,
      nonparametric tests) the conditioning principle (conditional significance
      probability) is explained and its application demonstrated by examples. Some
      final remarks concern the role of significance tests in data description, data
      analysis and decisions as well as alternative decision procedures.

PMID- 1796914
TI  - Pharmacological study of nicergoline. Effects on regional cerebral blood flows
      and arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen pressure and pH in rats under cyanide
      induced histotoxic anoxia.
AB  - 1. Effects of nicergoline (CAS 27848-84-6) and two alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
      on changes in the regional frontal cortex and brainstem blood flow (rFCBF and
      rBSBF), as determined by the hydrogen clearance method, PaCO2, PaO2 and pHa, were
      studied in immobilized and ventilated rats under KCN-induced histotoxic anoxia.
      In the control group of rats in the early anoxic phase 3 min after the injection
      of a sublethal dose of KCN (3 mg/kg i.v.), rFCBF became markedly decreased, and
      was associated with a fall in PaCO2, a rise in PaO2 and an elevation in pHa
      (metabolic alkalosis); but rBSBF remained unchanged. Twenty to 30 min after KCN,
      the lowered PaCO2 and the raised PaO2 returned to pre-KCN levels, but pHa
      declined markedly (metabolic acidosis). During this recovery period, the marked
      increases in both rFCBF and rBSBF were produced. These anoxic changes disappeared
      60 min after KCN. Nicergoline (8 and 32 micrograms/kg i.v.) improved the lowered
      PaCO2, the raised PaO2 and the metabolic alkalosis, and also prevented the marked
      decrease of rFCBF in the early anoxic phase. The drug also promoted recovery of
      the raised PaO2, improved the metabolic acidosis, and prevented the marked
      increases in rFCBF and rBSBF during the recovery period. These effects of
      nicergoline as well as those of dihydroergotoxine (32 and 128 micrograms/kg,
      i.v.) were dose-dependent. Phentolamine (128 micrograms/kg i.v.), however, did
      not affect the anoxic changes in rFCBF, rBSBF, or the above humoral factors after
      KCN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796915
TI  - Interactions between calcium entry blocking drugs and carbonic anhydrase.
AB  - The interactions between some of the most common calcium entry blocker drugs
      (CEB) and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) are studied in the present work by
      an electroanalytical approach. The study comprises drugs belonging to the classes
      of phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, benzothiazepines and piperazines. The
      evaluation of the potential inhibitory power towards CA was performed either by
      measuring the speed of CO2 diffusion taking place from a buffered solution of
      NaHCO3, or by monitoring the metabolic activity of yeast cells. The results
      obtained according to both of these procedures have shown that verapamil and
      gallopamil are endowed with a relevant inhibitory power on CA catalytic activity,
      whereas all the other compounds, tested in the same experimental conditions, did
      not show any effect on CA activity.

PMID- 1796916
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of the new dihydropyridine derivative elgodipine.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of elgodipine (IQB-875, CAS 119413-55-7), a new
      phenyldihydropyridine derivative, were studied and compared with those of other
      dihydropyridines. In isolated guinea-pig atria elgodipine, nifedipine and
      oxodipine decreased atrial rate and contractile force and in atrial and
      ventricular muscle fibres shortened the action potential duration (APD) at both
      50% and 90% levels of repolarization, but had no effect on amplitude and Vmax of
      the upstroke or resting membrane potential. They also inhibited the amplitude of
      the slow contractions and decreased the amplitude and Vmax and shortened the APD
      of the slow action potentials elicited isoprenaline (isoproterenol) in K
      depolarized fibres. In isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts elgodipine, oxodipine,
      nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine and nifedipine increased coronary flow and
      slowed conduction time through the A-V node, but they had no effect on
      intraatrial and intraventricular conduction times. In anaesthetized dogs the most
      marked effect of elgodipine was an arterial vasodilator action resulting in a
      decrease in systemic vascular resistance which explained the decrease in systemic
      blood pressure and improved left ventricular systolic performance (cardiac output
      and stroke volume) due to reduction of afterload. As a consequence elgodipine
      also decreased the pressure-rate product. It is concluded that elgodipine exerted
      cardiovascular effects qualitatively similar to those previously described with
      other Ca antagonists of the same class.

PMID- 1796917
TI  - Enhancement of the mutagenicity of anticancer drugs by the calcium antagonists
      verapamil and fendiline.
AB  - The enhancement of the mutagenicity of anticancer drugs by the calcium
      antagonists verapamil (CAS 52-53-9) and fendiline (CAS 13042-18-7) is reviewed.
      Both calcium antagonists enhance synergistically the induction of chromosome
      aberrations (dicentric and ring chromosomes) in cultured human lymphocytes by the
      antitumor agent bleomycin. Since two other calcium antagonists, nifedipine and
      diltiazem, when tested with the same system, did not show this effect, the
      comutagenicity of verapamil and fendiline does not seem to be related with
      calcium antagonism per se. Verapamil furthermore potentiates the induction of
      various chromosome and chromatid aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
      in vitro by the antitumor agent mitomycin C. In bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium)
      verapamil enhances synergistically the induction of gene mutations (frameshifts)
      by several anticancer drugs, including various anilinoacridine derivatives. When
      applied alone, neither verapamil which was tested in each of the three studies
      (human lymphocytes, CHO-cells, and bacteria) nor fendiline, which was tested only
      in human lymphocytes, proved to be mutagenic. To explain the comutagenicity of
      verapamil and fendiline, it is assumed that they prevent the mutagen (e.g.,
      bleomycin) to be extruded from the cell. Consequently, the mutagen would be
      accumulated intracellularly and this would enhance its efficiency.

PMID- 1796918
TI  - Effects of Vaccinium Myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion.
AB  - The effects of Vaccinium Myrtillus anthocyanosides (Myrtocyan, VMA; CAS 84082-34
      8) on arteriolar vasomotion were assessed in cheek pouch microcirculation of
      anesthetized hamsters and in skeletal muscle microvasculature of unanesthetized
      hamster skin fold window preparation. Intravenously injected VMA induced
      vasomotion in cheek pouch arterioles and terminal arterioles with higher
      frequency in smaller vessels. In the skeletal muscle arteriolar networks VMA
      increased vasomotion frequency and amplitude in all vessel orders. The results
      indicate that VMA are effective in promoting and enhancing arteriolar rhythmic
      diameter changes, that play a role in the redistribution of microvascular blood
      flow and interstitial fluid formation.

PMID- 1796919
TI  - General pharmacology of the novel angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
      benazepril hydrochloride. Effects on cardiovascular, visceral and renal functions
      and on hemodynamics.
AB  - The effects of benazepril hydrochloride (CGS 14824 A, CAS 86541-74-4), a novel
      angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, on cardiovascular, visceral and renal
      functions and on hemodynamics, were studied in various experimental animals. Even
      at a high dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. benazepirl hydrochloride had no influence on the
      respiration, heart rate and ECG of normotensive anesthetized cats and, except at
      higher doses, had little effect on the contractile tension of mammalian isolated
      atrium, ileum, trachea, stomach fundus strips, vas deferens or uterus. Benazepril
      hydrochloride even at a high dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. had little effect on
      spontaneous uterine motility, charcoal transportation and gastrointestinal tract
      motility. In addition, it did not cause gastric irritation, alter the secretion
      of gastric and biliary juices, and did not affect the tension of the nictitating
      membrane or the twitch tension of the gastrocnemius muscle in various
      experimental animals. Benazepril hydrochloride had no effect on the blood glucose
      and cholesterol levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats but decreased the
      triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in normotensive rats at a dose of 30
      mg/kg p.o. Benazepril hydrochloride at 3 mg/kg.day s.c. for 10 weeks caused a
      significant decrease in aortic atherosclerosis without reducing
      hypercholesterolemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Benazepril hydrochloride at a
      high dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. showed no effect on the urine volume and urinary
      excretion of electrolytes but decreased PSP excretion in normotensive rats. At a
      dose of 3 or 10 mg/kg.day p.o. for 4 weeks benazepril hydrochloride inhibited the
      increase in the excretion of urinary protein in DOCA/salt spontaneously
      hypertensive rats. It caused hemolysis at concentrations as high as 0.1-1% in
      rabbits, however, even at a high dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. it did not affect red
      blood cell fragility in rats, and, except at a high dose of 10(-4) g/ml, showed
      little effect on the platelet aggregation response induced by collagen or
      arachidonic acid in rabbits. From these results, benazepril hydrochloride is
      considered to be a safe and well-tolerated addition to the therapeutic
      armamentarium of cardiovascular drugs.

PMID- 1796921
TI  - Autoradiographic examination of the organ distribution of 14C-labelled
      pentamidine in rats after intravenous and inhaled administration.
AB  - The organ distribution of 14C pentamidine was studied in Sprague Dawley rats by
      means of whole-body autoradiography following intravenous and inhaled application
      of pentamidine (Pentacarinat, CAS 140-64-7). The distribution time after
      intravenous administration of 5 mg pentamidine per kg rat was 30 min, 6 h, 24 h,
      and 7 days, respectively. The corresponding times after administration of
      aerosolized pentamidine were 30 min and 24 h. The distribution of radioactivity
      was also determined by measuring radioactivity in punch specimens of 100 microns
      sections. Besides renal excretion, the excretion of pentamidine in the bile and
      via the salivary glands was assessed by autoradiography. Further target organs
      included the spleen and the bone marrow. As early as after 30 min no
      radioactivity was detectable in the blood vessels. A lack of radioactivity in the
      brain tissue with accumulation of pentamidine in the meninges suggests that
      pentamidine does not cross the blood/brain barrier. Following intravenous
      administration the lung uptake of pentamidine was relatively low. However,
      increased drug concentrations were recorded in the bronchial system. The
      elimination time of pentamidine from the target organs was long. Lung pentamidine
      concentrations remained almost unchanged for a period of 7 days. After inhaled
      administration high levels of pentamidine were measured in the lung. 14C
      pentamidine was also located in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract, the
      drug stemming from pentamidine ingested or licked off the skin by the animals. No
      further target organs were verifiable. From the pharmacological point of view,
      these studies prove the advantages of pentamidine aerosol in the treatment of
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and provide information on extrarenal
      excretion mechanisms and deep compartments.

PMID- 1796920
TI  - Pharmacokinetic fate of the novel antihypertensive drug naftopidil.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of naftopidil (R,S)-1-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-3
      (1-naphthyloxy)-2 propanol, CAS 57149-07-2) was studied in rats and dogs using
      14C-labeled drug in pharmacodynamically effective doses (oral doses: 5/10 mg/kg
      and intravenous doses: 1/2.5 mg/kg in rats/dogs, respectively). Naftopidil (14C)
      was rapidly and in high extent absorbed in rats and dogs after oral
      administration. The absolute bioavailability of the parent compound amounted to
      9% in rats and indicates a high first pass effect to in part pharmacodynamically
      effective metabolites, as was shown in a previous paper. The parent compound and
      its 14C-metabolites were widely distributed into the periphery, more pronounced
      in the rat than in the dog, as indicated from comparison of the volumes of
      distribution and dose corrected Cmax- and AUC0-infinity-values in plasma.
      Elimination of radioactivity from plasma occurred in rat and dog in a similar
      rate. Tissue distribution studies in the rat showed highest peak-concentrations
      in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (evaluated with contents) due to the
      predominant biliary elimination, followed by liver, adrenals, pituitary and
      Harderian glands, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, adipose tissue, bone marrow, aorta,
      thyroid and lymph nodes. Radioactivity was eliminated from most of the tissues
      within the first 168 h. Highest fractions of the dose were detected--apart from
      the GI-tract--in liver, muscle, skin, blood, and kidneys. After repeated
      administration to rats, accumulation of radioactivity in the 28 tissues examined
      did not exceed factor 9 or factor 5 in most of the tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796922
TI  - Inhibitory effects of the novel anti-aldosterone compound mespirenone on
      adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro.
AB  - Mespirenone (CAS 87952-98-5), the delta 1,2-15 beta, 16 beta-methylene derivative
      of spironolactone, proved to be a potent and quite specific inhibitor of
      adrenocortical mineralocorticoid synthesis in vitro. At 10(-4) mol/l
      concentrations, the production of aldosterone as well as its possible precursor
      18-OH-corticosterone was inhibited more than 40% (p less than 0.01), whereas
      corticosterone was elevated highly significantly. This points to a clearcut
      blockade of 18-hydroxylase on the main pathway of aldosterone synthesis by
      mespirenone. Decrease of 18-OH-progesterone- and increase of 21-deoxyaldosterone
      secretion suggests two additional points of interference on an alternate pathway
      of aldosterone biosynthesis, i.e. 18- and 21-hydroxylation, respectively. Thus,
      mespirenone causes an effective all-around inhibition of mineralocorticoid
      synthesis in rat adrenals. On the contrary, androstendione levels remained
      virtually unchanged indicating that mespirenone exerts no inhibitory effects on
      androgen synthesis. In conclusion, mespirenone, due to inhibition of
      mineralocorticoid synthesis in addition to antagonistic effects on the receptor
      level, is a candidate for the development of a new, potent and specific anti
      aldosterone drug.

PMID- 1796923
TI  - Effects of the new anti-ulcer drug nizatidine on prostaglandins in the rat
      gastric mucosa.
AB  - The effects of nizatidine (N-[2-[[[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]- 4
      thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine , CAS 76963-41
      2), a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on the content of prostaglandins
      (PGs) in the rat gastric mucosa at doses that inhibit basal gastric acid
      secretion were compared with those of two other histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine. Nizatidine did not inhibit basal gastric
      acid secretion at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg but showed dose-dependent inhibition at
      doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg. This drug had no effects on the content of PG in
      the gastric mucosa when subcutaneously administered at doses of 0.4, 10, 30 and
      100 mg/kg once daily for 5 days. Cimetidine and ranitidine administered at doses
      that markedly inhibit basal gastric acid secretion (250 and 100 mg/kg/d,
      respectively) had no effects on the content of PG in the gastric mucosa. On the
      other hand, nizatidine, cimetidine, or ranitidine at concentrations of 1-100
      mumols/l did not inhibit in vitro PGE2 synthesis using sheep seminal vesicle
      microsomes. These results suggest that nizatidine did not affect in vitro PGE2
      synthesis and even doses that markedly inhibit gastric acid secretion had no
      effects on the content of PGs in the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 1796925
TI  - Localization of 14C-nizatidine in the gastric wall of rats.
AB  - Nizatidine (N-[2-[[[2- [(dimethylamino)methyl]- 4-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N'
      methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine , CAS 76963-41-2) has a selective and
      competitive antagonism against histamine H2-receptors. The localization of 14C
      nizatidine to the parietal cells of gastric mucosa which is the effective site of
      nizatidine, was studied. After oral administration of 14C-nizatidine to rats, the
      radioactivity was rapidly distributed at higher levels in the gastric mucosa than
      in the plasma. The mucosal level of nizatidine at 6 h after administration was
      still 63.3 ng/g tissue, being similar to the effective plasma concentrations in
      dogs and man. Nizatidine was confirmed to be retained as an unchanged drug in the
      gastric mucosa, supporting the duration of pharmacological effects of nizatidine.
      The localization of the drug in gastric wall after intraduodenal administration
      was examined by means of microautoradiography. The radioactivity of 14C
      nizatidine absorbed as the fine developed silver granules was widely localized
      into the parietal cells in the mucosal layer through the gastric wall at 30 min
      after administration. Also at 2 h after administration, when the suppression of
      gastric acid secretion was strongest, the silver granules were almost uniformly
      localized all over the gastric wall, but the localization was generally less
      dense than at 30 min.

PMID- 1796924
TI  - Effects of successive doses of nizatidine, cimetidine and ranitidine on serum
      gastrin level and gastric acid secretion.
AB  - Nizatidine (N-[2-[[[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]- 4-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N'
      methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine , CAS 76963-41-2) is a new histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist which shows suppression of gastric acid secretion and antiulcer
      activity. In the present experiment, the effects of single s.c. administration of
      nizatidine, cimetidine and ranitidine on serum gastrin levels were studied in
      fasted rats. Nizatidine at 100 mg/kg increased serum gastrin level 3 h after
      administration, which however, returned to basal level 6 h after administration.
      Cimetidine and ranitidine at respective doses of 250 and 100 mg/kg markedly
      increased serum gastrin levels 3 and 6 h after administration. In a previous
      study, the suppressive effect of nizatidine on basal gastric acid secretion was
      82.8% at a dose of 100 mg/kg s.c. in rat pylrus-ligated model. On the basis of
      these findings, changes in basal gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level
      after withdrawal of nizatidine, cimetidine and ranitidine administered for 14
      consecutive days were studied. One day after withdrawal, nizatidine at 100 mg/kg
      showed a tendency to increase the basal gastric acid secretion. However, 3 and 7
      days after administration, almost no changes were obtained. Cimetidine at 250
      mg/kg showed a tendency to increase the basal gastric acid secretion 7 days after
      withdrawal of the drug. Ranitidine at 100 mg/kg induced no changes in basal
      gastric acid secretion after withdrawal. No obvious influences of all drugs on
      serum gastrin level after withdrawals were obtained. These results indicate that
      consecutive administration of nizatidine may cause only a transient increase of
      gastric acid secretion but no hypergastrinaemia after its withdrawal.

PMID- 1796926
TI  - Pharmacokinetic study in man and bioequivalence of two different nizatidine
      formulations after oral administration.

PMID- 1796927
TI  - Study on the metabolic fate of catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc]. 1st communication:
      absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion after single administration to
      rats.
AB  - Studies on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of 14C-Z-103
      and 65Zn-Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3- aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)
      N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) were performed after oral administration
      to rats. After oral administration of 14C-Z-103 and 65Zn-Z-103, the blood
      concentrations of 14C-radioactivity were 30- to 40-fold higher than those of 65Zn
      radioactivity. The 14C-radioactivity showed a dose-dependent increase of Cmax and
      AUC values in the dose range from 13.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, and remained longer in
      the blood. In contrast, no dose-dependent increase of AUC was observed with 65Zn
      radioactivity, suggesting saturation of absorption at doses more than 30 mg/kg of
      65Zn-Z-103. The major route of excretion of 14C-radioactivity was by excretion
      into the expired air, amounting to 38.8% of the administered dose, while the
      urinary and fecal excretions were low values at 4.1% and 13.3%, respectively. The
      radioactivity remaining in the carcass accounted for 39.3% of the dose. On the
      other hand, in the case of 65Zn-radioactivity, 85.0% of the administered dose was
      excreted into the feces and 10.5% of the dose remained in the carcass. Both 14C-
      and 65Zn-radioactivities were distributed to the whole body, while 14C
      radioactivity showed higher concentrations in the body, and was retained longer
      than the 65Zn-radioactivity. When the plasma and the liver and kidney
      homogenates, from rats received 14C-Z-103, were treated with trichloroacetic acid
      (TCA), the radioactivities in the TCA-insoluble fraction increased as a function
      of time. Following the treatment of the homogenates with protease, the
      radioactivities in the TCA-insoluble fraction decreased. In vitro study was
      showed that L-carnosine of 14C-Z-103 added to the homogenates of liver and small
      intestine was metabolized to L-histidine. The results suggest that the remaining
      radioactivities in tissues and organs caused the incorporation of the metabolites
      of 14C-Z-103 into endogenous high molecular substances.

PMID- 1796928
TI  - Study on the metabolic fate of catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc]. 2nd communication:
      absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion after repeated administration
      to rats.
AB  - After repeated administration of 14C-Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) to rats for
      21 days, the accumulation of radioactivity in the blood and tissues was
      proportional to the number of doses given. Following treatment of the terminal
      blood, plasma, liver and kidney samples with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or
      protease, the radioactivity in these tissues was demonstrated to be TCA-insoluble
      and solubilized by the protease treatment. Thus, the accumulation of
      radioactivity after repeated administration of 14C-Z-103 was considered to be due
      to the utilization of the metabolites of L-carnosine, the constituent of Z-103,
      into a protein. The cumulative ratios of radioactivity excreted into the urine,
      feces and expired air and the radioactivity remaining in the carcass after
      repeated administration of 14C-Z-103 for 21 days were similar to those values
      obtained after a single administration, suggesting that repeated administration
      did not influence the excretion profile of Z-103. During the period of repeated
      administration of non-radioactive Z-103 to rats for 21 days, the fecal content of
      zinc was higher than that in nontreated rats, whereas it returned to the control
      level at 48 h after the final administration. There was no significant difference
      in the urinary concentration of zinc between treated and non-treated animals
      during the period of repeated administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796929
TI  - Study on the metabolic fate of catena-(S)-[mu-N alpha-(3
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc]. 3rd communication: transfer
      into fetus and milk in rats.
AB  - Studies on the transfer into the fetus and the milk were performed after
      administration of 14C-Z-103 and 65Zn-Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]- zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) to rats.
      After oral administration of 14C-Z-103 to pregnant rats, the transfer of
      radioactivity to the fetus was studied by means of whole body autoradiography
      (ARG) and measurement of radioactivity in the fetus. The concentration of
      radioactivity in the fetus was approximately the same as those in the blood and
      the placenta of the maternal animal. The transfer of radioactivity into the milk
      was demonstrated after administration of 14C-Z-103 to lactating rats.
      Radioactivity in the fetus and milk are considered to be due to metabolites of L
      carnosine of Z-103, such as amino acid or protein. The distribution of
      radioactivity in the fetus was also observed after administration of 65Zn-Z-103
      to pregnant rats. However, after administration of non-radioactive Z-103 to
      pregnant rats, the zinc level in the fetus was found to be almost the same level
      as that in the fetus of the untreated rats. The transfer of radioactivity to the
      milk was studied after administration of 65Zn-Z-103 to the lactating rats, and it
      was seen that the concentration of radioactive zinc in the milk was much lower
      than the endogenous level of zinc in the milk at any of the time points
      investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796930
TI  - Study on the metabolic fate of catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3
      aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc]. 4th communication:
      disposition of zinc and amino acids in rats, dogs and monkeys.
AB  - The time course of the zinc plasma concentrations in rats, dogs and monkeys and
      the metabolic fate of L-carnosine were investigated after oral administration of
      Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]
      zinc], CAS 107667-60-7). There was no intradiurnal variation in the plasma
      concentrations of endogenous zinc in rats, dogs and monkeys. The plasma
      concentrations of endogenous zinc in dogs and monkeys were approximately the same
      as that in humans, whereas the plasma concentration of zinc in rats was 2.2-fold
      higher than that in man. After administration of Z-103 to non-fasted dogs at 100
      mg/kg, the plasma concentration of zinc reached Cmax at 0.5 h after
      administration (1.7-fold higher than endogenous zinc level), while the plasma
      concentration was the lowest in comparison with other animal species. After
      administration to fasting rats at 50 mg/kg, the plasma concentration of zinc
      reached Cmax at 1 h after administration (2.5-fold higher than endogenous zinc
      level) and decreased thereafter, returning to the endogenous level at 8 h after
      administration. After oral administration to monkeys at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg,
      the Cmax values were 4.1-fold and 6.8-fold higher than the endogenous level,
      respectively. The Tmax values were achieved at 4-6 h and 8 h after each
      administration, respectively, showing slower absorption in comparison with other
      animal species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1796931
TI  - Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk persons with negative fecal
      occult blood tests.
AB  - Colonoscopy was performed on 210 asymptomatic average-risk persons, aged 50-75
      years, who had negative fecal occult blood test results. Colonoscopy was complete
      to the cecum in 209 subjects. Fifty-three subjects (25%) had adenomas and two had
      cancer. All of the adenomas greater than or equal to 1 cm in size and both
      cancers occurred in subjects aged greater than or equal to 60 years. Fifty-one
      percent of subjects with adenomas and one with cancer had no neoplasms distal to
      the sigmoid-descending colon junction. One subject had a major postpolypectomy
      hemorrhage that stopped spontaneously. Screening colonoscopy, therefore, has a
      high yield for detection of neoplasms in asymptomatic average-risk persons aged
      greater than or equal to 60 years with negative fecal occult blood test results.
      The yield is low in persons aged 50-54 years and intermediate in persons aged 55
      59 years.

PMID- 1796932
TI  - Improved outcomes from tertiary center pediatric intensive care: a statewide
      comparison of tertiary and nontertiary care facilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes from pediatric intensive care in hospitals with
      different levels of resources. DESIGN: Prospective, blinded comparison of outcome
      and care. SETTING: Tertiary (n = 3) and nontertiary (n = 71) hospitals in Oregon
      and southwestern Washington. PATIENTS: All critically ill children admitted with
      respiratory failure and head trauma for 6 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Severity of illness adjusted mortality rates were determined using admission day,
      physiologic profiles (Pediatric Risk of Mortality score) and care modalities were
      assessed daily. The crude mortality rate of the tertiary patients was four times
      higher than for the nontertiary patients (23.4% vs. 6.0%, p less than .0001). In
      the tertiary patients, the numbers of outcomes were accurately predicted by
      physiologic profiles (observed: 30 deaths and 98 survivors; predicted: 29.3
      deaths and 98.7 survivors, z = -.25, p greater than .4). However, for the
      nontertiary patients, the number of the deaths were significantly different than
      predicted (observed: 20 deaths and 315 survivors; predicted: 14.4 deaths and
      320.6 survivors, z = -2.08, p less than .05). The odds ratios of dying in a
      nontertiary vs. a tertiary facility were about 1.1, 2.3, and 8 (p less than .05)
      for mortality risk groups of less than 5%, 5% to 30%, and greater than 30%.
      Patients in tertiary facilities received more (p less than .05) invasive (e.g.,
      arterial catheters) and complex (e.g., mechanical ventilation) care, whereas
      patients in nontertiary facilities received more (p less than .05) labor
      intensive care (e.g., hourly vital signs). CONCLUSIONS: Care of the most
      seriously ill children in tertiary pediatric ICUs could improve their chances of
      survival.

PMID- 1796933
TI  - A familial X;autosome translocation associated with Becker type muscular
      dystrophy?

PMID- 1796934
TI  - Hypoxanthine levels in vitreous humor: evidence of hypoxia in most infants who
      died of sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - Postmortem changes of the hypoxanthine in vitreous humor in humans were
      investigated. Hypoxanthine is formed from hypoxic degradation of adenosine
      monophosphate. Repeated sampling was performed in 13 deceased adults. Keeping the
      bodies at +6 degrees C, the increase of the hypoxanthine levels was estimated to
      3.5 mumol/L per hour when sampling was started more than 12 hours after death
      (range 2.8 to 5.6 mumol/L per hour). Results of hypoxanthine measurements from
      vitreous humor in 73 infants with sudden infant death syndrome, 17 infants and
      children who died sudden violent deaths, and 6 neonates who died suddenly without
      hypoxemia prior to death were corrected according to the expected postmortem
      hypoxanthine increase. The time between death and autopsy was similar in the
      three groups studied. The corrected median hypoxanthine level in the group with
      sudden infant death syndrome was 227 mumol/L, which is significantly higher than
      in the other groups; 22 mumol/L in the group who had violent deaths (P less than
      .01), and 0 mumol/L in the neonate group (P less than .01). The findings seem to
      confirm that sudden infant death is preceded by a relatively long period of
      tissue hypoxia in most cases.

PMID- 1796935
TI  - Chiropractic in Australia.
AB  - This paper analyzes the emergence of professional chiropractic in Australia.
      Drawing on the concept of legitimation, it aims to provide a sociological
      analysis of the evolution of chiropractic.

PMID- 1796936
TI  - Data supporting supplementation of humans with vitamin E.

PMID- 1796937
TI  - A new diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome.
AB  - A new test, called the carpal compression test, consists of application of direct
      pressure on the carpal tunnel and the underlying median nerve. The results of the
      Tinel percussion test, the Phalen wrist-flexion test, and the new test were
      evaluated in thirty-one patients (forty-six hands) in whom the presence of carpal
      tunnel syndrome had been proved electrodiagnostically, as well as in a control
      group of fifty subjects. For the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, the carpal
      compression test was found to be more sensitive and specific than the Tinel and
      Phalen tests.

PMID- 1796938
TI  - Scatter dose from tangential breast irradiation to the uninvolved breast.

PMID- 1796939
TI  - Lung cancer and smoking trends in the United States over the past 25 years.

PMID- 1796940
TI  - Development of sustained achlorhydria in a patient with the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome treated with omeprazole.
AB  - Spontaneous remission of gastric acid hypersecretion in the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome occurs rarely. This study shows the development of gastric secretory
      mucosal atrophy resulting in achlorhydria and loss of pepsin secretion in a 63
      year-old woman with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Reduced secretion began soon
      after starting treatment with omeprazole, and achlorhydria became complete 6
      months later. The patient remains well with normal endoscopy results and is
      achlorhydric 4 years after the start of treatment and 34 months after stopping
      omeprazole. She was not colonized with Helicobacter pylori until 36 months after
      developing achlorhydria. Serum gastrin has increased from 1000 to between 5000
      and 12,500 ng/L (pg/mL), was not suppressible by gastric acidification, and was
      not associated with G-cell hyperplasia. She also has a normal Schilling test and
      normal immunoglobulins, and lacks antibodies to parietal cells or H+, K(+)
      ATPase. Moderate enterochromaffinlike cell hyperplasia is apparent for the first
      time on the latest biopsy sample.

PMID- 1796941
TI  - Breeding ban polarizes California community.

PMID- 1796942
TI  - Gut blood flow velocities in the newborn: effects of patent ductus arteriosus and
      parenteral indomethacin.

PMID- 1796943
TI  - Guidelines for medical technology in critical care. Technology Subcommittee of
      the Working Group on Critical Care, Ontario Ministry of Health.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the current status of technology in critical care medicine
      and to present guidelines for technologies commonly used in Ontario critical care
      units. DATA SOURCES: A computerized search of the medical literature, interviews
      with relevant people and a review of existing guidelines or standards were
      conducted. STUDY SELECTION: Nonrandomized trials and retrospective reviews were
      included because of a paucity of prospective randomized controlled trials. DATA
      EXTRACTION: Technologies were assessed by individual committee members. The
      validity of the technologies was compared with accepted standards when available.
      All published clinical data were used to assess efficacy. DATA SYNTHESIS: After
      review of the data, discussion papers on ventilation, and electrocardiographic,
      hemodynamic and intracranial pressure monitoring were written by committee
      members and then reviewed by the subcommittee as a whole. For each technology an
      attempt was made to match need with the patient classifications of the Working
      Group on Critical Care. Critical care guidelines were then developed through the
      use of the nominal group and Delphi consensus-gathering techniques. The
      guidelines were reviewed by external experts. CONCLUSIONS: These guidelines
      should help in assessing quality assurance and the resources necessary for
      critical care. Also, they should enable health care providers and hospital
      administrators to make better decisions when acquiring critical care technology.
      Since the guidelines represent the current state of knowledge there must be a
      continuing assessment of the technology and review of the guidelines.

PMID- 1796944
TI  - Homophobia among psychiatric residents, family practice residents and psychiatric
      faculty.
AB  - As the number of AIDS cases has continued to increase, psychiatric research has
      focused on the victims of this disease. Little has been written about the
      caregivers and the impact that their attitudes have on patients. There have been
      a few studies measuring attitudes of health care providers to homosexuals and
      AIDS patients, but to the best of our knowledge, none have looked at the
      attitudes of psychiatrists or residents in psychiatry. Psychiatric residents,
      family practice residents and psychiatric faculty in a medium-sized Canadian
      medical school completed a questionnaire measuring attitudes toward homosexuals.
      We report on the results of this questionnaire and comment on the impact of the
      attitudes of health care professionals on the quality of patient care.

PMID- 1796945
TI  - Long-term maintenance therapy with sucralfate.

PMID- 1796946
TI  - Clinical competency ... just one more time.

PMID- 1796947
TI  - Peer review of psychotherapy.

PMID- 1796948
TI  - Potassium in the perioperative period.

PMID- 1796949
TI  - Concerning the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

PMID- 1796950
TI  - Developing Army psychiatry residents' skills in community and combat psychiatry
      by working with infantry commanders.

PMID- 1796951
TI  - What the future holds for E.D. nursing.

PMID- 1796952
TI  - Fluoridation.

PMID- 1796953
TI  - Cervical effacement: variation in belief among clinicians.

PMID- 1796955
TI  - Community care for people with mental handicap.

PMID- 1796954
TI  - Single-injection peribulbar local anaesthesia--a study of fifty consecutive
      cases.
AB  - Peribulbar anaesthesia is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to
      retrobulbar anaesthesia for local anaesthesia in intraocular surgery. The results
      of 50 consecutive single-injection peribulbar anaesthetics performed by the same
      surgeon are reported. A description of the procedure is included. The technique
      produced adequate conditions for surgery in all cases. Only 4% (two cases) were
      considered to have inadequate akinesia five minutes after the injection and
      required additional injections. None of the complications described with
      retrobulbar and other forms of peribulbar anaesthesia were observed. The
      procedure is relatively easy to master. It can be performed by surgeons or
      anaesthetists and can be used in the in-patient or day surgery setting. The study
      shows it to be a safe and reliable alternative to previously described methods of
      local anaesthesia.

PMID- 1796957
TI  - Effect of temperature on red cell ATP.

PMID- 1796956
TI  - Hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes.

PMID- 1796958
TI  - Topical corticosteroid therapy in psoriasis vulgaris.

PMID- 1796959
TI  - Pulmonary embolism due to an indwelling central venous catheter.

PMID- 1796960
TI  - Fructose malabsorption and the irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 1796961
TI  - Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 1796962
TI  - Comments on "Predicting normal tissue injury in radiation therapy".

PMID- 1796963
TI  - HIV infection and visa.

PMID- 1796964
TI  - Chiropractic care of children with nocturnal enuresis: a prospective outcome
      study.

PMID- 1796965
TI  - Avoiding condylar sag.

PMID- 1796966
TI  - Atypical mycobacterial infection of the parotid gland.

PMID- 1796967
TI  - Low dose MTX and NSAID induced "mild" renal insufficiency and severe neutropenia.

PMID- 1796968
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma in a patient with trisomy 8 mosaicism.

PMID- 1796969
TI  - TPN in the postliver transplant patient.

PMID- 1796970
TI  - Capsular genu syndrome.

PMID- 1796971
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 1796972
TI  - Infection and infectious diseases.

PMID- 1796973
TI  - Interhemispheric serotonergic asymmetry reflected in topographic pharmaco-EEG.

PMID- 1796974
TI  - Total body potassium, skeletal muscle potassium and magnesium in patients with
      Bartter's syndrome.

PMID- 1796975
TI  - Medical screening for occupational disease risk is not a control measure.

PMID- 1796976
TI  - Postoperative urinary retention in patients undergoing anorectal surgery.

PMID- 1796977
TI  - Dosage of phenylephrine in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.

PMID- 1796978
TI  - Metabolism of sevoflurane.

PMID- 1796979
TI  - Continuous spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine.

PMID- 1796980
TI  - A simple test for scopolamine mydriasis.

PMID- 1796981
TI  - Implications of lethal anesthetic doses.

PMID- 1796982
TI  - Little risk of hyperosmolar coma following hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary
      bypass.

PMID- 1796983
TI  - Changes in body composition and energy expenditure after six weeks' growth
      hormone treatment.

PMID- 1796985
TI  - Cyclosporine therapy for refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

PMID- 1796984
TI  - A comment on the concept of trans-homosexuality, or the dissociation of the
      meaning.

PMID- 1796986
TI  - Coronary risk-disk.

PMID- 1796987
TI  - Medically unexplained physical symptoms.

PMID- 1796988
TI  - General practitioner prescribing of erythropoietin.

PMID- 1796989
TI  - Achieving EC standards in the transfusion service.

PMID- 1796990
TI  - Heart-rate guidelines for exercise.

PMID- 1796991
TI  - A role for NMR in alcoholism?

PMID- 1796992
TI  - Encourages support of pet overpopulation ordinance.

PMID- 1796993
TI  - Minorities in the health professions.

PMID- 1796994
TI  - Re: 'Hemodynamic and oxygen transport changes following endotracheal suctioning
      in trauma patients'.

PMID- 1796995
TI  - A monophyletic holophyletic archaeal domain versus the 'eocyte tree'.

PMID- 1796996
TI  - Postpartum psychosis and mastitis: a new indication for clozapine?

PMID- 1796997
TI  - Funding of child psychiatry programs.

PMID- 1796998
TI  - Psychosocial factors predicting weight loss.

PMID- 1796999
TI  - Child psychiatry training.

PMID- 1797000
TI  - Anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients.

PMID- 1797001
TI  - Physical activity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1797002
TI  - Industry speaks....

PMID- 1797003
TI  - Coronary angiography in dextrocardia.

PMID- 1797004
TI  - Quick and high-efficiency electroelution of nucleic acid fragments.
AB  - We describe a quick, simple, and inexpensive technique for the electroelution of
      nucleic acid fragments that provides a high yield of DNA by using common
      laboratory components. The quantity of buffer used for the recovery of nucleic
      acid fragments is relatively small, the quality of the DNA recovered is
      relatively high, and more than one electroelution can be carried out at the same
      time.

PMID- 1797005
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorders in Benin: five case reports.
AB  - We report 5 cases of obsessive-compulsive disorders diagnosed among a sample of
      Beninese psychiatric outpatients. This type of report does not support the idea
      that this disorder is very rare in black Africa. Moreover, it appears that the
      clinical and epidemiological characteristics are not really different from those
      described in other continents.

PMID- 1797006
TI  - Attention deficit.
AB  - Attention deficit, among the most commonly diagnosed functional deficits in
      pediatric neurology, is, like epilepsy, most often idiopathic. It can also be a
      symptom of many neuropathologic states. Although a lifelong problem, attention
      deficit is most troublesome during school years, because, like asthma, it is
      highly sensitive to environmental influence. The neurologist can consider
      attention deficit in its own right, apart from hyperkinesis and other associated
      behavior disorders, as a cognitive limitation and handicap to academic progress.

PMID- 1797007
TI  - Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in clinical subtypes of cerebral palsy.
AB  - Twenty-three children with 4 clinical subtypes of cerebral palsy were studied
      using 2-deoxy-2(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography
      (PET). Subtypes included spastic quadriparesis (N = 6), spastic diplegia (N = 4),
      infantile hemiplegia (N = 8), and choreoathetosis (N = 5). FDG-PET images were
      correlated with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Although the
      location of glucose metabolic abnormalities corresponded, in general, to
      abnormalities of brain structure demonstrated by structural imaging studies, the
      distribution of metabolic impairment almost invariably extended beyond the region
      of anatomic involvement. The following observations in specific subtypes of
      cerebral palsy were determined with FDG-PET: (1) In spastic diplegic patients,
      PET revealed focal areas of cortical hypometabolism in the absence of apparent
      structural abnormality; (2) A relatively normal pattern of cortical metabolism
      was observed in most patients with choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, despite marked
      hypometabolism in the thalamus and lenticular nuclei; and (3) In patients with
      infantile hemiplegia, FDG-PET disclosed symmetric cerebellar glucose metabolism
      with absence of crossed cerebellar hypometabolism (diaschisis). This finding is
      contrary to the typical persistence of crossed cerebellar diaschisis in adult
      patients with acquired cerebral lesions and suggests metabolic recovery due to
      developmental plasticity. The possibility that FDG-PET may be clinically useful
      in identifying the cerebral palsy patient with potential learning handicap and in
      the study of functional recovery or sparing following brain injury should be
      explored further.

PMID- 1797008
TI  - Early diagnosis of leukoencephalopathy of acute lymphocytic leukemia by MRI.
AB  - Using repeated computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans, we
      examined 8 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia during remission induction
      therapy between 1988 and 1989. In 3 patients, leukoencephalopathy was diagnosed
      by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. In 1 patient, leukoencephalopathy was
      progressive and irreversible brain damage and mental retardation persisted. In
      the other 2 patients, hyperintense lesions in the periventricular white matter
      were transient and no neurologic sequelae ensued. Magnetic resonance imaging was
      more useful than computed tomography in the early diagnosis and management of
      these acute lymphocytic leukemia patients with leukoencephalopathy.

PMID- 1797009
TI  - Prediction of survival in severely asphyxiated infants.
AB  - There is currently no set of evaluations that allows for the accurate prediction
      of survival or death following severe perinatal asphyxia and the development of
      hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We hypothesized that low cerebral blood flow
      velocity, as determined by Doppler ultrasonography, may predict neurologic
      nonviability in a group of severely asphyxiated infants who exhibited signs of
      severe encephalopathy. Using the staging system of Sarnat and Sarnat, 11 infants
      who had had severe perinatal asphyxia were studied at the time that their
      neurologic examinations met the criteria for stage 3 encephalopathy. Apgar
      scores, cord or initial blood gases and pH, blood pressure, heart rate, and
      electroencephalographic findings were similar between those infants who survived
      (N = 8) and those who died due to cerebral injury (N = 3). Cerebral blood flow
      velocity, however, was significantly lower in those infants who died (3,288 +/-
      884 vs 1,051 +/- 789 planimeter units/min; P less than .005). All infants who
      died had retrograde diastolic blood flow in the common carotid artery. In the
      study group the combination of low cerebral blood flow velocity and retrograde
      diastolic blood flow in the common carotid artery allowed prediction of survival
      and death with sensitivity and specificity of 100% (P less than .006). Following
      perinatal asphyxia and the development of severe encephalopathy, the finding of
      low cerebral blood flow velocity appears to be predictive of neurologic
      nonviability.

PMID- 1797011
TI  - Photosensitive complex partial seizures aggravated by phenytoin.
AB  - A 10-year-old girl is described with pure photosensitive complex partial seizures
      which consisted of a frightening visual phenomenon of seeing "shadow people,"
      then staring blankly with lip smacking and sometimes becoming limp. The seizures
      were triggered by bright sunlight. With the institution of phenytoin therapy, her
      seizure frequency increased dramatically without any clinical evidence of
      toxicity and her phenytoin blood levels were within the therapeutic range.
      Discontinuation of phenytoin led to a return to baseline seizure frequency. The
      mechanism by which antiepileptic drugs may aggravate seizures is still not
      understood; therefore, awareness of this phenomenon is crucial for early
      diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 1797010
TI  - Acute parkinsonian syndrome with demyelinating leukoencephalopathy in bone marrow
      transplant recipients.
AB  - A syndrome of rigidity, bradykinesia, spasticity, and often myoclonus and
      dementia developed acutely in 5 patients who had undergone successful engraftment
      of bone marrow transplants for the treatment of various hematologic diseases.
      Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated widespread changes in white matter; brain
      biopsy disclosed mild demyelination associated with active phagocytosis of
      myelin. One patient, who was not treated, remains severely demented. Patients
      treated with very high-dose methylprednisolone had complete clinical recovery.

PMID- 1797012
TI  - Biotechnology of oilseeds.

PMID- 1797013
TI  - Developments in brewery fermentation.

PMID- 1797014
TI  - The biotechnological development of new food preservatives.

PMID- 1797015
TI  - Manipulation of plant gene expression by antisense RNA.

PMID- 1797016
TI  - The molecular biology of tryptophan synthase: a model for protein-protein
      interaction.

PMID- 1797017
TI  - The production of biotin by genetically modified micro-organisms.

PMID- 1797018
TI  - The influence of biotechnological developments on cheese manufacture.

PMID- 1797019
TI  - Protein folding and its implications for the production of recombinant proteins.

PMID- 1797020
TI  - Genetic transfer applied to traditional sake brewing.

PMID- 1797021
TI  - Islet cells but not thyrocytes are susceptible to lysis by NK cells.
AB  - BB rats develop both pancreatic insulitis and lymphocytic thyroiditis, but
      whereas spontaneous autoimmune diabetes is common, hypothyroidism is rare.
      Splenic natural killer (NK) cells from acutely diabetic (AD) BB rats and from
      athymic nude rats are known to be cytotoxic to rat islet cells in vitro. To
      investigate possible differential tissue susceptibility to lysis by NK cells or
      their cytokines such as cytolysin (perforin) or NK cytotoxic factor (NKCF), we
      used an in vitro 51Cr-release assay to measure the cytotoxicity of splenocytes,
      cytolysin or NKCF against Wistar Furth (WF) and Fischer 344 (F-344) rat islet
      cells, and FRTL-5 F-344-derived and WRT Wistar-derived rat thyrocytes. The
      results demonstrated that spleen cells from AD-BB (RT1u) rats and athymic F-344
      nude (RT11) rats are cytotoxic to WF (RT1u) islets and F-344 (RT11) islets, but
      not to FRTL-5 (RT11) or WRT (class I RT11) thyrocytes. WF and F-344 rat spleen
      cells were not cytotoxic to any of these cells. Thyrocytes are known to express
      class II molecules on their surface in chronic thyroiditis. We found that
      treatment of thyrocytes with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced class II
      expression but did not increase the cytotoxicity of splenocytes against these
      cells. Cytolysin and NKCF were both cytotoxic to islets in a dose dependent
      manner, but FRTL-5 thyrocytes were resistant to killing by these cytokines. These
      findings suggest that islet cells and thyrocytes in vitro are differentially
      susceptible to lysis by NK cells.

PMID- 1797022
TI  - Interleukin-1 beta regulation of islet and thyroid autoimmunity in the BB rat.
AB  - Daily injections of high dose human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)
      accelerated the onset of both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and lymphocytic
      thyroiditis in genetically prone BB rats. In diabetes-resistant BB rats, high
      dose IL-1 beta failed to induce diabetes. Additionally, the presence of
      neutralizing IL-1 beta antibodies in these rats strongly correlated with
      inhibition of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Since low dose IL-1 beta protects diabetes
      prone rats from IDDM, we conclude that IL-1 beta is a potent modulator of
      autoimmune diabetes and thyroid disease in genetically susceptible rats.

PMID- 1797023
TI  - Monoclonal, natural antibodies prevent development of diabetes in the non-obese
      diabetic (NOD) mouse.
AB  - The development of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is mediated by
      T cells of both the CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ phenotypes, while B cells are not
      involved in the effector stage of the disease. We have recently found, however,
      that treatments with heterologous, polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations,
      as well as suppressing the developing B cell repertoire for the first 4 weeks of
      life dramatically reduce the incidence of disease and the severity of insulitis,
      in treated mice. We have further investigated the influence of Igs on the
      development of autoimmunity by testing the effect of polyclonal mouse-Ig or
      monoclonal, natural antibodies derived from normal, neonatal BALB/c mice. We
      found that repeated administration of high doses of polyclonal Ig (of xenogenic
      or isogenic origin), given at birth, inhibits the development of insulitis, as
      well as diabetes. Furthermore, single injections of moderate doses of isogenic,
      natural monoclonal antibodies (mAb) administered at the same age, while failing
      to significantly alter the degree of insulitis, efficiently prevent the
      development of disease. The effect of mAbs was found to be related to V-region
      specificity, as only some mAbs of a given isotype and origin had the observed
      effect.

PMID- 1797024
TI  - Comparative analysis of murine T lymphocyte responses to cartilage proteoglycans.
AB  - Cartilage proteoglycans are large molecules consisting of several sub-regions
      each of which comprises homologous repeating subunits. Comparisons of murine
      primed popliteal lymph node responses to human cartilage proteoglycans in BALB
      and B10 congenic mice showed that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      influences T cell responsiveness to this antigen. H-2k and H-2d were higher
      responders than H-2b. Responses were MHC class II-restricted, and human cartilage
      proteoglycans were cross-reactive with mouse cartilage proteoglycans for a BALB/c
      T cell line. The proportion of proteoglycan-specific T lymphocytes in BALB/c
      primed popliteal lymph nodes was about 45% lower in females than males. These
      results show that in mice both MHC haplotype and sex can determine T lymphocyte
      responsiveness to cartilage proteoglycans. If the same mechanisms apply in humans
      they could be important in determining the HLA-DR haplotype associations and the
      predilection of rheumatoid arthritis for females.

PMID- 1797025
TI  - Alleviation of autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr mice by administration of Ye19.1, a
      monoclonal specific for the lpr T cell antigen, LTA.
AB  - The MRL-lpr murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has provided many
      insights into the pathology of human lupus. The model is characterized by an age
      dependent expansion of a Thy-1+ alpha beta/CD3+ CD4-, CD8- T-cell subset in the
      nodes and spleen. In this study, a lpr T-cell specific monoclonal antibody,
      Ye19.1, was found to bind to a 200 kDa cell surface molecule (termed LTA) which
      has a phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) enzymatic function. The significance
      of this marker in the development of autoimmune pathology in MRL/lpr mice was
      also demonstrated; treatment of MRL-lpr mice with the Ye19.1 Ab was shown to
      retard the development of the autoimmune syndrome and to restore the T cell
      dependent immune response to ovalbumin.

PMID- 1797026
TI  - Specific reactivity of recombinant human PDC-E1 alpha in primary biliary
      cirrhosis.
AB  - The mitochondrial autoantigens recognized by autoantibodies in patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis have been identified as components of related multi
      enzyme complexes, including acyltransferases of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex (PDC), the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCODH),
      the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC), protein X and pyruvate
      dehydrogenase (PDC) E1 alpha and E1 beta. The major autoantigens, PDC-E2, BCODH
      E2 and OGDC-E2, share some sequence homology; the epitopes on these antigens
      appear to be close to, or identical with, the lipoic acid binding site.
      Furthermore, all three antigens share some structural homology. In contrast,
      antibodies to PDC-E1 alpha are present in lower titers, and have been more
      difficult to detect. PDC-E1 alpha also differs from the three major autoantigens
      in that it lacks any covalently bound lipoic acid. PDC-E1 alpha cannot be
      purified in large quantities and becomes unstable in the absence of PDC-E1 beta.
      To address these problems, we have subcloned recombinant human PDC-E1 alpha to
      pGEX, pGEX is a vector which produces a recombinant polypeptide fused to
      glutathione S-transferase. The resultant E1 alpha fusion protein is stable and
      has a low background in immunoassays. Using the recombinant protein, we have
      developed an ELISA that allows rapid and reproducible quantification of
      antibodies to human PDC-E1 alpha. Finally, we demonstrate that a major epitope on
      PDC-E1 alpha is within a 300 amino acid region that contains the enzyme
      functional sites, namely the phosphorylation site and the TPP binding site.

PMID- 1797027
TI  - Changes in IgG glycoform levels are associated with remission of arthritis during
      pregnancy.
AB  - It was found that the percentage of IgG-associated agalactosyl N-linked
      oligosaccharides (G0) falls during normal human pregnancy and rises to values
      higher than before conception following delivery (n = 10, 39-55 days after
      delivery). Serial bleeds from a normal pregnant woman showed a fall in the
      percentage G0 during gestation and a rapid rise post-partum. A similar study on a
      pregnant arthritic woman with a pathologically elevated percentage G0 also showed
      a fall in percentage G0 during pregnancy and a rapid rise post-partum. The
      changes in IgG glycosylation in the pregnant arthritic woman occurred
      simultaneously with the pregnancy-induced remission and post-partum recurrence of
      disease. A further seven pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis were studied
      and analysis of their G0 values pre- and post-partum confirmed the result. In a
      further series of experiments using an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis,
      DBA/1 mice with collagen-induced arthritis were found to have elevated G0 levels
      compared with control mice. The percentage G0 was found to fall simultaneously
      with pregnancy-induced remission to the same value as non-arthritic pregnant
      mice. Post-partum recurrence of arthritis in these mice was also accompanied by a
      simultaneous and rapid rise in percentage G0. Pseudopregnancy did not result in a
      change in the percentage G0, confirming the effect of true pregnancy. Since the
      proportion of agalactosyl IgG is abnormally high in the serum of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis these changes in IgG glycoform levels, or the factors which
      control them, may be related to the mechanisms underlying remission of arthritis
      in humans during pregnancy.

PMID- 1797028
TI  - Two types of autoantibodies to adrenal medullary cells in type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetic patients: prevalence, properties and implications.
AB  - Complement-fixing adrenal medullary antibodies were examined in sera from 170
      (114 Type 1 and 56 Type 2) diabetic patients and normal subjects by indirect
      immunofluorescence methods. Two types of antibodies were detected; one showed a
      homogeneous immunofluorescence pattern (homogeneous-type) and the other a spotty
      pattern (spotty-type) in the cytoplasm of adrenal medullary cells. Both
      antibodies were IgG class and adrenal medulla-specific. The prevalence of the
      homogeneous-type was significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic patients with
      disease duration under 1 year (36%) than in those with duration of 1 year or more
      (1.1%), in Type 2 diabetic patients (1.8%) or in normal subjects (0%; P less than
      0.01). Conversely, the prevalence of the spotty-type was not significantly
      different among all subjects examined (3.6-4.5%). The epitope for the homogeneous
      type is likely to be a glycoconjugate since binding of this antibody was
      abolished after periodate oxidation. The epitope for spotty-type antibody is
      considered to be a peptide since it was trypsin sensitive. Patients who were
      positive for the homogeneous-type were also positive for islet cell antibodies,
      although their antibody titers were not correlated. We conclude that (1) adrenal
      medullary antibodies are of homogeneous-type or spotty-type and the antigenic
      determinants of these antibodies are different, and (2) the prevalence of the
      homogeneous-type is significantly higher in newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic
      patients and its presence is associated with that of islet cell antibodies.

PMID- 1797030
TI  - Examination of the negative alcohol-deprivation effect in the golden hamster
      (Mesocricetus auratus).
AB  - When ethanol-consuming animals are denied access to their ethanol solution for a
      period of days, there is typically a temporary but substantial increase in their
      ethanol consumption when the solution is returned. Golden hamsters are unusual in
      that they actually decrease their consumption of a 7% ethanol solution (v/v)
      under these circumstances. There experiments were therefore undertaken to further
      investigate this unusual negative alcohol-deprivation effect (ADE) in hamsters.
      In Experiment 1, the negative ADE was observed across a wide range of ethanol
      concentrations; adult male hamsters were given access to food, water, and either
      a 7.5, 15, or 30% (v/v) ethanol solution, and when the ethanol solution was
      withdrawn for seven days and then returned, ethanol consumption decreased
      significantly for several days and then recovered. Experiment 2 demonstrated that
      similar negative deprivation effects occur with glucose (15% w/v) and saccharin
      (0.1%) solutions, suggesting that the nutritional and pharmacological properties
      of ethanol do not play an important role in the negative ADE of hamsters. In
      Experiment 3, when hamsters with continuous access to either an ethanol, glucose,
      or saccharin solution were switched to an alternate-days access schedule, their
      intake of solutions decreased substantially, supporting the conclusion that a
      common mechanism accounts for the golden hamster's negative deprivation responses
      to ethanol solutions and to other solutions, both nutritive and nonnutritive.
      Hypotheses relating to the mechanism underlying negative deprivation effects are
      presented and discussed.

PMID- 1797029
TI  - Binding profiles of anticardiolipin antibodies in sera from patients with SLE and
      infectious diseases.
AB  - Inhibition experiments were performed to study the specificity of IgG-class
      antibody, binding to cardiolipin immobilized onto a polystyrene surface, in sera
      from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or infection. Six different
      phospholipids (three anionic: cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic
      acid, and three neutral: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and
      platelet activating factor), lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Minnesota
      (ReLPS), strain Re595 and lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes were used
      as inhibitors, in the form of liposomes. Eight of fifteen SLE sera exhibited
      strong reactivity to phosphatidylserine liposomes; other anionic phospholipids,
      cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid, were less effective inhibitors. The binding
      was inhibited effectively only by cardiolipin in three of the SLE sera, and by
      none of the anionic phospholipids tested in the remaining four SLE sera. In most
      sera from patients with bacterial infections (including syphilis), anti
      cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were inhibited only by cardiolipin, but in some
      cases also by phosphatidic acid. In Gram-negative infections, ACA were inhibited
      by ReLPS more effectively than by cardiolipin. ReLPS also inhibited ACA in two of
      five chlamydial sera. Appreciable inhibition of ACA by phosphatidylserine did not
      occur in infections. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, broad reactivity to
      anionic phospholipids occurred in only about half of SLE sera. This pattern of
      polyreactivity was not seen in infections.

PMID- 1797031
TI  - The amino acid composition of angiotensin alters its ability to reduce alcohol
      consumption in rats.
AB  - The voluntary consumption of alcohol has been shown to be reduced by a variety of
      manipulations which enhance activity in the renin-angiotensin system, including
      the administration of the bovine form of angiotensin II-[Val5]-ANG II. The
      present study investigated the relationship between the amino acid composition of
      angiotensin II and its ability to reduce alcohol intake by administering a number
      of different forms or fragments of the parent peptide. [Ile5]-Angiotensin II
      ([Ile5]-ANG II), two endogenous fragments of angiotensin II [( Des-Asp1]-ANG II
      and [Des-Phe8]-ANG II) were administered subcutaneously in rats across a range of
      doses. [Ile5]-ANG II reduced alcohol intake at all doses tested between 20 and
      400 micrograms/kg while [Des-Asp1]-ANG II reduced alcohol intake only at the 400
      micrograms/kg dose. [Des-Phe8]-ANG II had no effect on alcohol intake at any dose
      tested. Administration of the antagonist [Sar1-Thr8]-ANG II by itself did not
      enhance alcohol intake. While the pressor and dipsogenic properties of these
      fragments sometimes correlated with the reduction in alcohol intake they were not
      a causal factor in decreasing the intake. These results indicate that variations
      in the peptide composition of angiotensin can significantly alter its ability to
      reduce the consumption of alcohol.

PMID- 1797032
TI  - Opioidergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic manipulations and rats' intake of a
      sweetened alcoholic beverage.
AB  - Groups of rats were maintained on a daily regimen of 22 h of water deprivation
      followed by a 2-h opportunity to take either water or a sweetened ethanol
      solution (ES). In one experiment, it was shown that previous morphine (M)
      dependence had no effect on initial daily intakes of fluids. After stable ES
      intakes were achieved, a variety of pharmacological manipulations were assessed
      for their effects on intake of the ES. Nalmefene, an opioid antagonist, dose
      relatedly decreased intakes of ES, and was effective across days of injections.
      Fluoxetine (FX), a serotonergic reuptake inhibitor, also reduced ES intakes dose
      relatedly, and across days of injections, but the reduction was not as great as
      that seen with opioid antagonists. A small dose of M increased ES intakes when
      given in combination with an ineffective dose of FX, just as it does by itself.
      However, M had no effect on ES intakes in combination with an effective dose of
      FX. Pimozide (PIM), a dopaminergic antagonist, dose-relatedly decreased intakes
      of ES and water, and responding for positively reinforcing intracranial
      stimulation (ICS). When given in combination, M blunted PIM's reduction of ES
      intake, but had no effect on PIM's ability to decrease either intake of water or
      responding for ICS. Amphetamine did not reliably affect rats' intakes of ES
      across a range of doses. The data, in addition to previous work, lead to the idea
      that endogenous opioid systems are more salient, with respect to intake of
      alcoholic beverages, than the other tested neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore,
      the collective data suggest that a long-lasting opioid antagonist may be an
      effective pharmacological adjunct to other treatments for alcohol abuse and
      alcoholism.

PMID- 1797033
TI  - Prolactin and cortisol levels following acute alcohol challenges in women with
      and without a family history of alcoholism.
AB  - In a pilot study 5 matched pairs of female social drinkers received both 0.56
      g/kg alcohol and placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Family history
      positive (FHP) women had biological fathers who met criteria for alcohol
      dependence, and FHN women had no relatives who met these criteria. FHP and FHN
      women had BALs about 70 mg/dl 60 min after alcohol. FHP subjects had
      significantly lower prolactin levels 40, 60 and 80 min following alcohol, but
      higher cortisol levels 130 and 150 min following alcohol. No significant
      differences in hormone levels occurred after placebo.

PMID- 1797034
TI  - Ethanol effects on total sialic acid of various brain regions and visceral
      organs.
AB  - These experiments were designed to extend our earlier observations on acute
      ethanol effects on brain sialic acid (SA), an acidic sugar component of membrane
      gangliosides and many glycoproteins. Here, we tested for differential effects of
      ethanol on total sialic acid in various brain regions and for effects on other
      organs, such as liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. Subjects were young
      adult, male rats. The first experiment compared two commonly accepted analytical
      methods for brain SA on peripheral tissues. Consistently higher levels were
      evident with the resorcinol method in all tissues, especially in liver, compared
      with the thiobarbiturate method. Resorcinol-measured levels in the liver and
      kidney were on the order of 350 micrograms/g, wet weight. In the brain of
      controls, the resorcinol method revealed total SA levels to be on the order of
      550-650 micrograms/g in the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and
      hippocampus. Brainstem levels were significantly lower. Ethanol, given IP at 2
      g/kg, seemed to decrease total SA in all brain regions at four hours after
      injection, with statistically significant decreases in the hippocampus and
      brainstem. With 3 g/kg, only the cerebellum showed a significant decrease at four
      hours, compared to saline-injected controls, but the decrease was large (25%).
      Analysis of the other organs showed that, compared to saline-injected controls,
      ethanol decreased SA in the liver. There was a small, but significant, decrease
      in heart SA at four hours after 3 g/kg. In skeletal muscle, ethanol significantly
      increased total SA at 2 g/kg, but not at 3 g/kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797035
TI  - Chronic ethanol consumption alters transbilayer distribution of
      phosphatidylcholine in erythrocytes of Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine.
AB  - Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on transbilayer distribution of
      phospholipids in the exofacial and cytofacial leaflets of erythrocytes from
      chronic ethanol-consuming Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine were examined.
      Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was predominantly located in the exofacial leaflet and
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) located primarily in
      the cytofacial leaflet. Chronic ethanol consumption significantly increased PC
      content in the exofacial leaflet without changing bulk membrane PC composition.
      Ethanol-induced changes in PC distribution were specific for PC and not detected
      in PE or PS. There was also a significant decrease in sphingomyelin in the
      ethanol group. Sphingomyelin is primarily an exofacial phospholipid. The specific
      ethanol-induced changes in the exofacial leaflet are consistent with recent
      studies showing that the exofacial membrane leaflet is more susceptible to
      effects of ethanol as compared to the cytofacial leaflet. Such specificity of
      action provides a new way of viewing how ethanol alters membrane structure and
      function.

PMID- 1797036
TI  - Ethanol's fluidizing effects on RBC membranes from children at risk for
      alcoholism.
AB  - The fluidizing effects of ethanol on membrane fluidity at 37 degrees C have been
      assessed using steady-state anisotropy measurements in both children at high risk
      for developing alcoholism and control children. Erythrocyte membranes were
      labeled with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and fluidity measurements
      recorded by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy for three ethanol concentrations
      -0, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M. The in vitro fluidizing effects of acute ethanol treatment
      by concentration were clearly shown in both groups. However, RBC membranes taken
      from children at high risk for developing alcoholism showed no significant
      differences in baseline membrane fluidity or to the fludizing effects of ethanol.

PMID- 1797037
TI  - The international contribution to the standardization of biological substances.
      II. Biological standards and the World Health Organization 1947-1990. General
      considerations.

PMID- 1797038
TI  - The measurement of staphylococcal protein A by ELISA in immunoglobulin
      preparations.
AB  - Chicken antibodies were used to develop an ELISA for the quantitation of parts
      per-million levels of protein A in the purification of immunoglobulins or
      immunoglobulin-like molecules. Quantitation of protein A in the presence of
      excess human or murine immunoglobulins in this assay was compared with that
      obtained in ELISAs developed with rabbit antibodies specific either to protein A
      or to other molecules. Experiments demonstrate that protein A is bound to the
      immunoglobulins being purified and that this binding affects subsequent
      recognition by the antibodies used for the assay. Because of these effects and
      because fragments of protein A might not be detected in assays which rely on Fc
      binding of protein A, chicken antibodies that bind protein A specifically are an
      advantage for the quantitation of this protein by ELISA. In addition, comparison
      of the effect of different types of immunoglobulins on the protein A standard
      curve suggests that alternatives to including the immunoglobulin under
      purification with the standards can be utilized.

PMID- 1797039
TI  - An alternative to the toxin neutralization assay in mice for the potency testing
      of the Clostridium tetani, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium novyi type B and
      Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon components of multivalent sheep vaccines.
AB  - Potency testing of veterinary vaccines containing clostridial antigens currently
      requires the vaccination of laboratory rabbits followed by the determination of
      specific antitoxin concentration in the rabbit sera by toxin neutralization test
      in mice. ELISAs are described as an alternative method to toxin neutralization
      for the determination of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium
      novyi Type B and Clostridium perfringens Type D epsilon antitoxins. The assays
      were found to be rapid, specific and economical and showed good correlation with
      the toxin neutralization test.

PMID- 1797040
TI  - Comparison between three rapid methods for direct diagnosis of influenza and the
      conventional isolation procedure.
AB  - Besides the rapid diagnostic tests based on influenza A and B antigens
      nucleoproteins detection, which are routinely used, the isolation of influenza
      strains is still required to obtain recent variant isolates for full antigenic
      characterization, in order to up-date the influenza vaccine composition. To
      increase the rapidity and the efficacy of the virus growth, we implemented a
      culture test in 24-well plates by centrifugation of samples on to LLCMK2 cells in
      the presence of trypsin. This test was routinely applied to 331 nasopharyngeal
      swabs collected during the influenza A outbreak in the winters 1988-1989 and to
      962 in 1989-1990. The centrifugation culture assay has been compared with the
      direct detection of NP antigens in the clinical samples by immunofluorescence and
      capture ELISA tests and with the conventional virus isolation by inoculation of
      the samples to embryonated eggs and to LLCMK2 cell cultures. Compared with the NP
      antigen detection tests, the centrifugation culture assay closely correlated (r =
      0.95) and the sensitivity and specificity were also excellent, 93.4% and 99.6%,
      respectively. Compared with the conventional culture assays, the centrifugation
      culture markedly increased the performance (five times) and rapidity (2 days) of
      influenza virus isolation and identification.

PMID- 1797041
TI  - Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Clostridium novyi type
      B alpha toxin.
AB  - Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin was purified to homogeneity and shown to
      have a molecular weight of 200 kD by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      toxin was toxoided and used to produce a pair of non-interfering monoclonal
      antibodies. Their specificity was confirmed by immunoblotting and bioassay. The
      monoclonal antibodies were used to develop an enzyme immunoassay which was more
      sensitive than bioassay, and permitted less than 1 ng/ml toxin to be detected in
      a rapid 10 min assay format. Use of the assay can eliminate the requirement for
      in vivo testing of novyi toxin and toxoid, provided measurements of biological
      activity are not required. Because of its speed and sensitivity, the assay can be
      used to monitor toxin production during fermentation and as an alternative to
      bioassay to measure antigen content during toxoiding and vaccine formulation.

PMID- 1797042
TI  - A simple method to detect contaminating peptides and amino acids in large-scale
      ganglioside preparations.
AB  - A reverse-phase liquid chromatography method was developed to analyse the
      presence of contaminating peptides and amino acids in large-scale
      monosialoganglioside preparations. Samples were hydrolysed under controlled
      conditions and derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate. PTC-amino acids were then
      separated and identified by HPLC. The sensitivity of the method allowed detection
      of a least 50 pmoles of amino acid per mg of ganglioside with excellent
      reproducibility and little or no interference of by-products derived from
      hydrolysis of the glycosphingolipid. The response was consistently linear for
      each amino acid within the examined analytical range. The ease and speed of
      performance make this method a useful tool for rapidly monitoring large-scale
      extraction and purification processes of biologicals obtained from natural
      sources.

PMID- 1797043
TI  - Evaluation of transforming activity of cellular DNAs from different origins by
      NIH3T3 transfection test.
AB  - The NIH3T3 cell transfection test, as first described by Cooper, has been
      optimized, then used to examine the transforming activity of genomic DNA
      extracted from eucaryotic cell lines commonly used for preparing vaccines or
      biopharmaceuticals. Accurate assessment of technical parameters of the test has
      led to improvement in reproducibility, while the demonstration of dose-effect
      relationships has allowed the definition of applications and limits for
      quantitative use. We have performed the direct assessment of transforming
      activity of cellular DNAs from cell lines widely used in biotechnology. In
      particular, we have shown that genomic DNA extracted from Vero, CHO or MRC5
      cells, as well as from human or murine lymphoid cells, has no detectable
      transforming activity on NIH3T3 cells. Lastly, it has been demonstrated that
      acidic pH conditions are sufficient to destroy the major part--if not all--of the
      transforming activity of positive control DNAs.

PMID- 1797044
TI  - Quantitative estimation of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. 5. Comparative assays
      in mice and in guinea-pigs of two diphtheria toxoid preparations.
AB  - Two freeze-dried international reference diphtheria toxoids of different origin
      were compared in biological assays in guinea-pigs and mice under different
      adjuvant conditions. When the antigenic content in the two toxoids was used as
      denominator for determination of relative potency, that is to say quantitation of
      immunogenic power per unit amount of antigen, the design of the animal assay
      proved to have a major influence. Similar observations have been made previously
      also for tetanus vaccines. It is concluded that diphtheria vaccines as well as
      tetanus vaccines can hardly be quantitated unambiguously using the currently
      recommended potency assays in animals. A new scheme for control of toxoid vaccine
      production is suggested, with more emphasis on the control of the bulk purified
      toxoid, which would make the release of final products more simple and rapid.

PMID- 1797045
TI  - Immunogenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen derived from the baculovirus
      expression vector system: a mouse potency study.
AB  - A standard mouse potency test was performed to evaluate the immunogenicity of
      recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) produced in the
      baculovirus/insect cell expression system. Groups of NIH Swiss mice were
      immunized with serial four-fold amounts of either baculovirus-derived HBsAg
      adsorbed to aluminum sulfate or a commercially available yeast-derived
      recombinant HBsAg vaccine preparation. Results from these experiments showed that
      the effective dose of baculovirus- and yeast-derived HBsAg vaccine preparations
      necessary to seroconvert 50% of the animals were similar. The duration of the
      antibody response to HBsAg was studied in mice immunized with the highest doses
      of the two recombinant vaccine preparations 3 and 6 months after injection. No
      decrease in the anti-HBs response was observed 6 months after injection. No
      decrease in the anti-HBs response was observed 6 months after immunization with
      either of the two vaccine preparations. These results indicate that the
      baculovirus-derived recombinant HBsAg could serve as an alternative vaccine
      candidate for hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 1797046
TI  - Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 living attenuated vaccine: stability of markers,
      residual virulence and immunogenicity in mice.
AB  - Five commercial Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccines from different sources were
      compared to the original Elberg Rev. 1 strain, in vitro for classic markers and
      in vivo in mice, for residual virulence and immunogenicity. Because colonies of
      several morphology types (smooth, non-smooth) were isolated from the vaccines,
      representative substrains were purified to study their in vitro and in vivo
      activities either at once (16 strains), or after storage by subculture (12
      strains) and by lyophilization (eight strains) or after passage in mice (six
      strains). After purification, five strains had the characteristic pattern of
      resistance to penicillin and streptomycin of the original strain while 11
      differed by a two-fold dilution or more. A few modifications only occurred after
      storage or passage. Residual virulence--the time taken by 50% of the
      subcutaneously vaccinated mice to eradicate the strain from their spleen--or
      recovery time 50%, and immunogenicity--the ability of the vaccinated mice to
      restrict the spleen count 15 days after a virulent intraperitoneal challenge-
      were compared on eight strains after purification, subculture and lyophilization.
      After purification, one smooth strain out of five had the same activities as the
      original strain and three were as immunogenic but less virulent. One smooth
      strain and the three non-smooth were neither immunogenic nor virulent. Some
      strains which were typically non-smooth after purification recovered a smooth
      phase aspect after subculture, concomitantly with an increase in immunogenicity
      but not in virulence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797047
TI  - Vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus: problems and progress.

PMID- 1797048
TI  - Stimulation of antimycobacterial activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages by
      priming with trehalose dimycolate (TDM).
AB  - We examined the potential of two bacterial immunomodulators, trehalose dimycolate
      (TDM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to stimulate the capacity of mouse peritoneal
      macrophages to control the growth of the intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis BCG. Macrophages were obtained from mice innately susceptible (Bcgs)
      or resistant (Bcgr) to BCG infection. In all mouse strains tested (Bcgr and
      Bcgs), with the exception of BALB/c (Bcgs), TDM was sufficient to elicit
      macrophages with strong antimycobacterial activity in vitro. In BALB/c mice, the
      induction of anti-BCG activity required two signals, TDM and LPS, given in
      sequence. Our data suggest that additional gene(s), besides the Bcg locus,
      control macrophage resistance to BCG.

PMID- 1797049
TI  - The cell mediated and humoral immune response to vaccination with acellular and
      whole cell pertussis vaccine in adult humans.
AB  - The cell mediated immune response (CMI) against pertussis antigens following
      vaccination with the traditional Danish whole cell pertussis vaccine (WC-P) and
      the Japanese acellular pertussis vaccine (A-PV) JNIH-3 was studied in four adult
      human volunteers. Vaccination with the A-PV induced an in vitro proliferative
      response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to pertussis toxin (PT) subunits S2-S4,
      S3-S4 and S5 and the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and a better serological
      response to native PT, detoxified PT (dPT) and FHA than the WC-PV. The induced
      CMI and serological response were followed over a period of 17 weeks, and were
      not seen to decline during this period. Further, an in vitro proliferative
      response to Bordetella pertussis agglutinogen 2 and 3 were demonstrated using
      lymphocytes from recently and not-so-recently pertussis-vaccinated adults.

PMID- 1797050
TI  - Protection against the lethal effect and arthritogenic capacity of Yersinia
      enterocolitica serovar O:3 for mice.
AB  - Protection against the intravenous lethal effect of Yersinia enterocolitica
      serovar O:3 for mice can be achieved by oral immunization with bacteria
      expressing the O:3 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Under similar experimental
      conditions, Ca(2+)-dependent cells are more protective than their Ca(2+)
      independent counterparts, live vaccines are more efficacious than killed ones,
      and parenteral immunization is more efficient than the oral route. Antibodies
      induced by enzyme-treated LPS from an O:3 strain are able to mediate protection
      against challenge with one homologous strain, but they do not prevent induction
      of arthritis.

PMID- 1797051
TI  - Stimulation of human neutrophil phagocytosis of Candida albicans by a beta-glucan
      synthase inhibitor, cilofungin.
AB  - The effect of a lipopeptide antifungal agent, cilofungin, on serum opsonization
      and phagocytosis of Candida albicans yeast phase cells in human neutrophil
      monolayer assays was investigated. Simultaneous addition of fungicidal
      concentrations of cilofungin did not enhance or inhibit phagocytosis of C.
      albicans. Pretreatment of Candida blastospores with cilofungin in the absence of
      serum complement for 1 h did not affect phagocytosis. However, pretreatment of
      blastospores with cilofungin and complement promoted a significant increase in
      ingestion. Pretreatment of neutrophils with cilofungin in serum-free media did
      not affect neutrophil viability. In contrast, pre-exposure of neutrophils to
      cilofungin in the presence of complement inhibited ingestion of blastospores.

PMID- 1797052
TI  - Dynamic histomorphometric evaluation of human fetal bone formation.
AB  - We have evaluated dynamic and static parameters of bone formation in femoral
      metaphyses collected from two human fetuses at 19 weeks of gestation.
      Tetracycline was administered to the mother at set intervals (2-5-2 day schedule)
      before interruption of pregnancy. Labels were distinct and sharply linear,
      suggesting a well organized calcification front at this early stage of
      mineralization. Mineral apposition rate (MAR) was fastest (4.1 +/- 0.3 microns/d)
      in the periosteal (Ps) envelope, and about half that value in the endosteal
      envelopes (endocortical: 2.5 +/- 0.1, cancellous 2.1 +/- 0.1 microns/d). Because
      cellular activities may vary throughout the metaphyseal area, sections were
      arbitrarily separated in 0.75 mm layers starting from the growth plate. Three
      measured parameters decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the physis:
      Ps MAR: 4.9 to 2.3 microns/d, trabecular osteoid thickness: 5.9 to 1.2 microns,
      and cartilage volume (CgV/TV): 5.4% to 1.2%. Others did not vary significantly
      along the metaphysis. Comparison of several static parameters with those measured
      in five autopsy specimens from full-term infants showed that bone and cartilage
      volume, and trabecular thickness increased while osteoid thickness and parameters
      of resorption decreased in the second half of the gestation period. The study
      indicates that fetal bone matrix mineralization is already highly organized at
      mid-gestation, and validates the use of histomorphometry to assess bone
      maturation during early skeletal development.

PMID- 1797053
TI  - Depressed levels of circulating menaquinones in patients with osteoporotic
      fractures of the spine and femoral neck.
AB  - Vitamin K1 functions in the conversion of glutamate residues, present in certain
      bone peptides, into the putatively active gamma-carboxyglutamate form. We have
      shown previously that the circulating levels of vitamin K1 are depressed in
      osteoporotic patients. However, it is known that menaquinones (vitamin K2:MK) may
      be more effective than vitamin K1 in this conversion of the inactive to active
      form of glutamate residues. A procedure for measuring such menaquinones has now
      demonstrated a marked deficiency of MK-7 and MK-8 in patients with osteoporotic
      fractures. It is suggested that estimates of circulating levels of K1, MK-7, and
      MK-8 might provide a biochemical risk marker of osteoporotic fractures.

PMID- 1797054
TI  - On the significance of remodeling space and activation rate changes in bone
      remodeling.
AB  - This paper quantifies the relative contributions of the remodeling space and the
      accumulation of Haversian canals to bone porosity at various ages. It also
      examines the importance of variations in the rate of bone remodeling that occur
      during growth and aging, and as a result of trauma and disease. The dependence of
      the remodeling space (cavities due to resorbing, reversing, and refilling BMUs)
      and the Haversian canal components of porosity on the Basic Multicellular Unit
      (BMU) activation frequency are mathematically formulated. A graph is developed
      using data for the cortex of the human rib which shows the extent to which
      porosity is primarily due to the remodeling space in children, and to accumulated
      Haversian canals in adults. It is shown that the diminution of activation
      frequency between birth and age 35 contributes to the concurrent increase in bone
      volume fraction, and the increase in activation frequency after age 35
      contributes to the subsequent decline of bone volume fraction. An equation is
      derived for determining the time rate of change of activation frequency using two
      fluorochrome labels.

PMID- 1797055
TI  - Histomorphometric study of alveolar bone turnover in orthodontic tooth movement.
AB  - Selected histomorphometric parameters were measured in alveolar bone adjacent to
      rat molars treated with a 40-gram tipping force designed to tip the molar
      mesially and with a sham procedure. Undecalcified parasagittal sections of teeth
      and surrounding tissues were prepared for static and dynamic histomorphometry at
      1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. Initial tooth displacement was assessed by measuring
      differences between groups in the widths of the day-1 periodontal ligaments (PDL)
      at various vertical locations and correlating these using linear regression
      analysis. All parameters were measured in the alveolar bone adjacent to four
      quadrants around the teeth (mesial-distal; occlusalapical). Means and standard
      errors for each parameter in each group were calculated and compared for time-
      and group-specific differences using ANOVA and pairwise comparisons with
      Scheffe's multiple comparison tests. In sham-treated rats, bone resorption
      predominated on the distal alveolar surface, but significant surface-related
      differences between mesial and distal surfaces in bone formation were not
      demonstrated. Time-specific effects in bone resorption were not evident on either
      surface in the shams. These findings suggested that molar distal drift in the
      sham rat is facilitated by resorption in the distal alveolar bone. PDL width
      changes in orthodontically-treated rats were greatest in the mesial occlusal half
      of the root and decayed linearly toward the apex indicating that the greater
      initial tooth displacement occurred in the occlusal half of the root surface.
      Histomorphometric parameters of alveolar bone turnover were also seen to be
      greater in these locations, suggesting that these processes were sensitive to the
      increased tooth displacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797056
TI  - Morphologic features of bone in human osteopetrosis.
AB  - Trabecular bone biopsies obtained from six patients with malignant osteopetrosis,
      one patient with benign osteopetrosis, and two controls were examined by light
      and electron microscopy. Osteopetrotic osteoclasts showed little to no signs of
      active involvement in bone resorption. Ruffled borders and clear zones were
      absent in most cells. In all patients there were large numbers of osteoclasts.
      Numbers of osteoblasts, bone lining cells, and bone marrow stromal cells were
      extremely low in all patients with malignant osteopetrosis. In six of the
      patients a mineralized layer of amorphous organic material lacking collagen
      fibrils was seen covering large areas of the bone or cartilage matrix. We suggest
      that this layer represents a pathological calcification on which subsequently
      organic material has accumulated. The abnormalities in osteopetrotic bone are
      discussed in the light of the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 1797057
TI  - Dose effects on ewe bone remodeling of short-term sodium fluoride administration-
      a histomorphometric and biochemical study.
AB  - The early effects of two doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) on bone remodeling was
      studied in 14 ewes divided into two groups. Group I received orally 1 mg
      NaF/kg/day and group II received a five-fold greater dose. No calcium supplement
      was given. Transiliac bone biopsies and blood samples were taken before treatment
      (T0) and after 45 (T45) days of treatment. Bone fluoride content significantly
      increased in group II. In both groups, a significant decrease of serum calcium
      and phosphorus, and a slight but nonsignificant augmentation in serum parathyroid
      hormone were noted. Osteoid perimeter and area were significantly increased. The
      osteoid width significantly increased in both groups, but was twice higher in
      group II than I. At T45, the osteoblast perimeter increased in both groups.
      Osteoid perimeter was significantly correlated with serum osteocalcin values (r =
      0.74; p less than 0.001) and bone fluoride content (r = 0.64; p less than 0.01).
      The bone formation rate at tissue level tended to increase in both groups.
      Concerning the apposition rate, a decrease was noted which was 1.5-fold higher in
      group II than in I. The increased formation period resulted from a prolonged
      inactive period in group II. These results point out a stimulatory effect of
      fluoride on the birth rate of osteoblasts. However, fluoride prolonged the
      lifespan of osteoblasts that had reduced activity.

PMID- 1797058
TI  - A new direction for osteoporosis research: a review and proposal.
AB  - This article suggests why drugs that only reduce the activity of existing
      osteoclasts or enhance the activity of existing osteoblasts probably cannot cure
      the osteopenias associated with most osteoporoses. Instead they should add only
      limited amounts of bone, which should begin to disappear after treatment stops.
      That behavior depends on these facts. Different threshold ranges of mechanical
      bone strains control gains and losses of bone mass. One threshold controls gains
      by modeling drifts, and a lower one controls losses by remodeling BMUs. A drug
      that does not change those thresholds should limit gains (or losses) of bone
      during indefinitely continued treatment. Success in curing those osteopenias
      should require learning how to change the thresholds.

PMID- 1797059
TI  - Calcium absorption and osseous organ-, tissue-, and envelope-specific changes
      following ovariectomy in rats.
AB  - Because cancellous bone loss occurs following ovariectomy (OVX) in rats, this has
      become a popular model to explore therapeutic modalities for postmenopausal bone
      loss in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine intestinal calcium
      absorption in situ and organ-, tissue-, envelope-, and site-specific changes in
      osseous tissues at six weeks after OVX in rats using chemical, biochemical,
      absorptiometric, microradiographic, and morphometric methods. There were no
      changes in intestinal absorption of calcium, but duodenal weight per length was
      significantly increased in the OVX animals compared with age-matched, sham
      operated controls. There was an increase in wet bone weight, but decreases in
      ash/dry bone weight, total bone Ca, and Ca per ash weight in the OVX animals.
      There were significant decreases in the OVX animals in metaphyseal bone mineral
      content, as determined by photon absorptiometry and metaphyseal cancellous bone
      volume. The perimeter to area ratio of the metaphyseal cancellous bone in the OVX
      animals was increased compared with controls. Endochondral growth rates were
      increased in the OVX animals, attributable to an increased growth plate
      hypertrophic cell size and rate of chondrocyte proliferation. In the OVX animals
      there was an increase in modeling in the formation mode of the periosteal surface
      at the tibio-fibular junction. Increased periosteal modeling in the formation
      mode was also observed in the body of the mandible, suggesting that the changes
      in periosteal bone formation are not strictly coupled with changes in
      endochondral growth. There was an increase in modeling in the resorption mode of
      the endocortical surface at the tibio-fibular junction in the OVX
      animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797060
TI  - [Illness absenteeism more than percentages. Interview by Bjorn Arild Ostby].

PMID- 1797061
TI  - [NSF's first district manager--from a fishing station to a life of shuttling.
      Interview by Kjell Arne Bakke].

PMID- 1797062
TI  - [Harmony].

PMID- 1797063
TI  - [We should have an independent inspection body!. Interview by Bjorn Arild Ostby].

PMID- 1797064
TI  - [NHF and NSF (Norwegian Nursing Assistants' Society and Norwegian Nurses"
      Association)--we can laugh and cry together. Interview by Kjell Arne Bakke].

PMID- 1797065
TI  - [NSF's elected representative to elite series. Interview by Bjorn Arild Ostby].

PMID- 1797066
TI  - Gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in the pre-operative evaluation of soft tissue
      tumors of the extremities.
AB  - We conducted a study of 90 patients with soft tissue tumor in their arms or legs,
      in order to determine the usefulness of scintigraphy with gallium-67 citrate as a
      diagnostic means. All patients had adequate scan images, and tumor tissues had
      been histologically confirmed by surgical resection. The subjects consisted of 19
      patients with malignant tumors, 55 patients with benign tumors, and 16 patients
      with other disorders in which soft tissue tumor-like lesions occurred. When the
      activity of the tumor was more than the activity of the normal region of the
      contralateral extremity, it was estimated to be positive. The positive rate was
      found in 78% (15/19) of patients with malignant tumors, in 25% (14/55) of
      patients with benign tumors and in 31% (5/16) of patients with other disorders.
      Classified by diseases, high positive rates were observed in liposarcoma,
      leiomyosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, neurinoma, extra-abdominal desmoid and
      sarcoidosis. Out of 7 patients in which the activity of the tumor was equal to,
      or higher than that of the liver, 6 patients had malignant tumors and one patient
      was diagnosed as having an abscess. It seemed possible to distinguish between
      liposarcoma and lipoma by means of a gallium-67 scan. Furthermore, the gallium-67
      scan was useful in detecting lesions of sarcoidosis as well as in evaluating the
      response to treatment.

PMID- 1797068
TI  - Experimental analysis of scattered photons in Tc-99m imaging with a gamma camera.
AB  - The amount of scattered photons in a clinical imaging window of Tc-99m was
      experimentally measured by means of a line source with scattering materials and a
      gamma camera. A symmetrical photopeak energy window centered at 140 keV with a
      width of 20% (126-154 keV) was partitioned into several small windows. Energy
      spectra were analyzed to determine the scatter fraction and the attenuation
      coefficient for each window. Line spread functions (LSF) were also obtained to
      characterize the spatial scatter distribution. The results of analysis of energy
      spectra show that scattered photons are included over the symmetric 20% window
      (SW) and scatter fractions increase linearly with the increasing thickness of the
      scattering material in all energy windows investigated. In addition, the results
      for the LSF show that the scatter distribution within the SW is represented as a
      mono-exponential function. Experimental measurements obtained with a phantom and
      a gamma camera simplify accurate quantification of scattered photons. Such
      quantitative analysis of scattered photons is important in developing and
      evaluating a scatter correction technique.

PMID- 1797067
TI  - Assessment of pancreatic blood flow with positron emission tomography and oxygen
      15 water.
AB  - Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) was performed following an intravenous
      bolus injection of 15O-water for the assessment of regional pancreatic blood flow
      in 4 normal volunteers and 11 patients with pancreatic cancer. The regional
      pancreatic blood flow index (PFI) was calculated by the autoradiographic method
      assuming the time-activity curves of the aorta as an input function. The mean PFI
      value was 0.514 +/- 0.098 in the normal pancreas but it was decreased in
      pancreatic cancer (0.249 +/- 0.076) (p less than 0.01), with a concomitant
      decrease in the pancreatic region distal to the tumor. On the other hand, in
      cases with body or tail cancer, the part proximal to the tumor (nontumorous head
      region) had a similar PFI value (0.554 +/- 0.211) to that of normal cases. Thus,
      a PET study with 15O-water permits quantitative assessment of pancreatic blood
      flow which decreased in both pancreatic cancer and concomitant obstructive
      pancreatitis distal to the tumor.

PMID- 1797069
TI  - Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with I-123 IMP SPECT: a
      correction of the microsphere model by global extraction between artery and
      internal jugular vein.
AB  - Quantitative measurements of regional cerebral blood flow with N-isopropyl
      (Iodine 123)p-iodoamphetamine (I-123 IMP) as a microsphere model were performed
      in forty cases. The regional cerebral blood flow values obtained with I-123 IMP
      were slightly underestimated compared with those of Xe-133 inhalation methods (y
      = 0.90x-2.1, r = 0.85, p less than 0.01). After correction by global extraction
      (87%) between the artery and internal jugular vein, which was measured in four
      patients by means of a catheter technique, the underestimation of the values
      obtained with I-123 IMP was improved (y = 1.0x-2.4, r = 0.85, p less than 0.01).
      Several problems in the accurate quantitative measurement of regional cerebral
      blood flow with I-123 IMP are discussed.

PMID- 1797070
TI  - Usefulness of reinjection image for evaluating viable myocardium in the infarcted
      zone on exercise thallium-201 SPECT.
AB  - Reinjection images were obtained in 23 patients with myocardial infarction by the
      additional injection of 37 MBq of thallium-201 after obtaining 4 hour delayed
      images on exercise thallium-201 SPECT (TSPECT). A redistribution index (RI) was
      derived of the changes in perfusion defects between immediate and 4 hour delayed
      images as well as immediate and reinjection images on polar bull's eye maps. The
      RI of reinjection images (46 +/- 27%) was significantly greater than that of 4
      hour delayed images (26 +/- 26%) in patients with myocardial infarction (p less
      than 0.01). Significant redistribution after reinjection occurred in 4 of 9
      patients (44%) without significant redistribution on 4 hour delayed images.
      Improvement in redistribution on reinjection images correlated significantly to
      the small extent of coronary artery disease and collateral development. The
      appearance of redistribution from 4 hour delayed imaging to reinjection imaging
      also might reflect the function of collateral development in the resting state in
      patients without significant redistribution on 4 hour delayed images. It has been
      demonstrated that underestimated viable myocardium on 4 hour delayed images in
      the infarcted zone can be better assessed on reinjection images. This reinjection
      technique is recommended in patients with no or partial redistribution on 4 hour
      delayed images.

PMID- 1797071
TI  - Accumulation and metabolism of [125I]HIPDM in the rat pancreas.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown a high accumulation of [125I]N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'
      (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3- propanediamine (HIPDM) in the human
      pancreas. In this study, the pancreatic accumulation and metabolism of
      [125I]HIPDM were studied in rats to determine the factors influencing its uptake
      by this organ. In biodistribution studies, [125I]HIPDM showed a high uptake by
      the pancreas similar to that by the brain and lungs, both organs with a low
      tissue pH. TLC analysis of pancreatic homogenate after the injection of
      [125I]HIPDM showed that it was metabolically stable in this organ. Moreover, in
      the pancreatic homogenate, the bulk of the radioactivity was recovered from the
      microsomal fraction, and the radioactivity bound to microsomal particles showed
      release that was dependent on the Ca2+ or Mg2+ concentration in the incubation
      medium. These results suggest that the initial pancreatic uptake of [125I]HIPDM
      may be a function of blood flow and governed by the pH gradient hypothesis, while
      subsequent retention may occur secondary to ionic binding within the pancreas.

PMID- 1797072
TI  - Detection of bile leakage into the thoracic cavity by hepatobiliary scintigraphy.
AB  - We report early detection of bile leakage into the thoracic cavity by
      hepatobiliary scintigraphy in a rare case of spontaneous withdrawal of the
      catheter for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage (PTCD). An 81
      year-old man with inoperable carcinoma of the common bile duct was readmitted
      with a 38 degrees C fever and suspected bile leakage from the hepatic biliary
      tree following withdrawal of the catheter for PTCD. While plain X-ray immediately
      after readmission revealed no abnormality in the chest or abdomen, hepatobiliary
      scintigraphy revealed not only bile leakage into the right thoracic cavity but
      also the site of laceration. We conclude that hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a
      simple, non-invasive procedure useful in the early detection and localization of
      bile leakage following spontaneous withdrawal of the catheter for PTCD.

PMID- 1797073
TI  - Hypereosinophilic syndrome appearing as a focal defect on liver scan.
AB  - The case reported here is of a 34-year-old man diagnosed as having
      hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood tests showed a large increase in the number of
      eosinophils and a slight increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline
      phosphatase. In scintigraphy of the liver with Tc-99m-phytate and with Ga-67
      citrate, a focal defect was found in the outer part of the right lobe of the
      liver. Abdominal computed tomography showed a low density lesion in the same
      area. Histological inspection of the biopsy specimen showed heavy periportal
      infiltration with eosinophils. The results suggested that the focal defect seen
      in liver scintigraphy arose from a circulatory disturbance arising from
      infiltration by eosinophils.

PMID- 1797074
TI  - [Thyroid gland and carcinoma of the hypopharyngeal-laryngeal region].
AB  - The thyroid gland harbours many diseases which require a surgical treatment; the
      gland may also be involved by some secondary malignant neoplasms. Such type of
      involvement by laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers is more often due to direct
      extension rather than metastases. In this paper the Authors report their
      experience of tumoral involvement of the thyroid gland in 35 patients with
      laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer observed from 1986 to 1990. All patients had
      an epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx that required an
      hemithyroidectomy (always plus isthmectomy) or an isthmectomy associated to
      laryngectomy. On pathologic examination 5 thyroid specimens revealed tumoral
      involvement in patients with laryngeal neoplasms: 1 case of solitary metastasis
      and 4 cases of direct extension. In patients with hypopharyngeal lesions, on the
      contrary, the gland was, in all cases, undamaged. For this very interesting and
      uncommon finding the Authors agree with Harrison's proposal suggesting total
      thyroidectomy is necessary in case of subglottic lesions while in all the other
      laryngeal and hypopharyngeal lesions the homolateral lobe of the thyroid gland
      and the isthmus should be removed with the specimen also performing a frozen
      section examination of the contralateral lobe. In this study tumoral involvement
      of the thyroid gland appeared to be a very important negative prognostic factor
      and was higher in the subglottic and anterior commissure lesions.

PMID- 1797075
TI  - [Early gastric carcinoma: short and long term results of surgical treatment].
AB  - This paper reports Authors' experience in 58 cases of early gastric cancer
      observed between 1972 and 1990. The diagnosis of E.G.C. was frequently obtained
      in patients with recent dyspeptic symptoms. The diagnostic importance of
      endoscopic procedures, upper gastrointestinal X-rays and endoscopic
      ultrasonography is underlined. The choice of total gastrectomy with the
      standardized dissection of regional lymph nodes in order to treat multicentric or
      upper gastric malignancies v.s. distal gastrectomy for antral lesions is
      discussed. The cumulative survival rate was 84.4%; local recurrence rate was
      4.2%.

PMID- 1797076
TI  - Hydatid disease of the liver: long term results of surgical treatment.
AB  - Many surgical techniques have been used in the management of the hydatid disease
      of the liver. The aim of the treatment should be to minimize the high risks of
      complication and recurrence. The Authors reviewed the records of 33 consecutive
      cases of hydatid disease of the liver surgically treated during a 6 year period
      (1974-1979) to determine complications and long term results (10 years) of the
      different surgical procedures applied. Partial pericystectomy with tube drainage
      was the most common treatment (30/49 cysts) followed by total pericystectomy
      (15/49) and partial liver resection (4 cases). Complication rates were 13.3%,
      6.6% and 0% respectively. There was no perioperative mortality. In 1989 all
      patients were investigated for cystic recurrence: it was possible to study by CT
      scan or abdominal US 23 patients. Only three of them showed an asymptomatic
      recurrent disease. They had undergone partial pericystectomy in 1974 (2 cases)
      and 1977 (1 case) for recurrent hydatid disease of the right hepatic lobe and, in
      one case, even of the rectus muscle. Complication and recurrence rates seem to be
      higher with conservative surgical procedures compared to more radical treatment,
      but indiscriminate application of total pericystectomy or major liver resection
      may be followed by a higher incidence of major postoperative complications and
      mortality. Therefore, total pericystectomy or wedge resection were performed only
      for peripheral cysts since we believe liver resection for hydatid cyst is a very
      radical approach taking into account the type of disease.

PMID- 1797077
TI  - [Primary infarction of the greater omentum: our experience in 3 cases].
AB  - The infarction of the greater omentum is an unusual cause of acute abdominal
      pain. The Authors report their experience in the management of three cases. It is
      stressed that clinical manifestations are those of an appendicitis or
      cholecystitis; therefore, the diagnosis is usually intraoperative.

PMID- 1797078
TI  - [Pain and pancreaticojejunostomy. Considerations on surgical anatomy and
      physiopathology].
AB  - The Authors report the case of a patient who, following a side-to-side Wirsung
      jejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis, became symptomatic again for anastomotic
      obstruction and progression of the pancreatic disease. Results of
      pancreaticojejunostomy are compared to those reported by other Authors.
      Controversies on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy are analyzed as well.

PMID- 1797079
TI  - [Clinical considerations on a case of giant ovarian cysts].
AB  - The Authors report a case of giant ovarian cyst recently observed. The diagnosis
      was quite difficult because the patient refused for long time to undergo clinical
      examination. Following elective surgery a complete recovery was obtained, and at
      six months from the operation the patient is in good health.

PMID- 1797080
TI  - [Ultrasonography and the kidney: a screening method?].
AB  - The Authors retrospectively analyzed 733 hepatic U.S. involving non symptomatic
      urologic patients. The study detected 23 renal cysts, 3 lithiasis (with
      associated hydronephrosis in two) and 3 kidney neoplasms. It is concluded that
      U.S. represents a reliable and useful screening method for renal carcinoma,
      therefore it should be routinely adopted.

PMID- 1797081
TI  - [Original method of the treatment of achalasic megaesophagus with EEA stapler].
AB  - Esophageal sutures require the same general criteria applied for the realization
      of an intestinal suture. The lack of a serous membrane and the particular
      vascularization of the organ, though, make this portion of the gastroenteric
      tract very prone to serious complications. Undoubtedly, the introduction of new
      systems of suture renders easier, faster and more efficacious the work of the
      surgeon. In particular, the Authors stress the advantages that staplers can offer
      for the treatment of achalasic megaesophagus.

PMID- 1797082
TI  - [Report on surgical strategy in reoperation of esophageal achalasia].
AB  - Surgical therapy for achalasia of the esophagus gives good results in only 80-90%
      of cases. Several reasons could be responsible for this 10-20% failure; the most
      frequent causes are inadequate cardiomyotomy and reflux esophagitis. We report
      our experience and our procedure in the management of recurrent achalasia. The
      most important controversies are also discussed.

PMID- 1797083
TI  - Cytogenetic studies in acute promyelocytic leukemia: a survey of secondary
      chromosomal abnormalities.
AB  - A series of 105 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has been
      cytogenetically investigated at the Department of Hematology of the Saint-Louis
      Hospital (Paris) between 1977 and 1990. Sixty-two patients were examined at
      diagnosis, 32 in relapse, and 11 both at diagnosis and in relapse. The typical
      t(15;17)(q22;q12) or variants of this translocation were observed in all but four
      patients. The t(15;17) was the only change in 47 cases at diagnosis and in 21
      examined in relapse. The most frequent secondary change was trisomy 8 (17% at
      diagnosis). More or less complex chromosomal abnormalities in addition to
      t(15;17) were present in six patients at diagnosis, and in 17 patients in
      relapse. Rearrangements of 2q35-q37 and del(11p) were observed only in relapse
      and may thus be nonrandom secondary changes. Cytogenetic studies performed on 19
      patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid did not indicate that this
      treatment induces chromosomal abnormalities.

PMID- 1797084
TI  - Murine radiation myeloid leukaemogenesis: a possible role for radiation-sensitive
      sites on chromosome 2.
AB  - There is a paucity of informative data on the potentially important role of
      specific sites of chromosomal instability in oncogenic processes. Chromosome 2
      deletions and rearrangements are known to characterise radiation-induced acute
      myeloid leukaemia in the mouse. Here we statistically establish a concordance
      between chromosome 2 breakpoint clusters in these leukaemias and chromosome 2
      rearrangements carried at a high in vivo frequency by progeny of irradiated
      haemopoietic cells. Mechanisms of radiation myeloid leukaemogenesis are discussed
      with respect to multiple radiation-sensitive sites encoded on chromosome 2 and
      the possible influence of genomic imprinting on inductive processes.

PMID- 1797085
TI  - DNA methylation changes in the IL-1 (2F) chromosomal region of some radiation
      induced acute myeloid leukaemias carrying chromosome 2 rearrangements.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) arising in irradiated CBA/H mice frequently have
      breakpoints in the F region of chromosome 2. The closely linked cytokine genes
      interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and beta map to this region, and the beta gene is
      deregulated in some AMLs. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques, we
      show here that an 800 kb 2F region encoding IL-1 alpha and beta is not obviously
      rearranged in six leukaemias carrying chromosome 2 abnormalities. However,
      changes in IL-1 region DNA methylation in three leukaemias may be consistent with
      loss of hypermethylated sequences from one chromosome copy. These possible 2F
      region losses are discussed in relation to genomic imprinting and its potential
      role in murine myeloid leukaemogenesis.

PMID- 1797086
TI  - Multiple DNA rearrangements in the BCL2 region in a patient with follicular
      lymphoma.
AB  - A 39-year-old male with follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was repeatedly studied
      with respect to DNA rearrangements with the two probes pFL-1 and pFL-2,
      representing two segments of chromosome 18. The oncogene BCL2, detected by pFL-1,
      was as expected translocated to the J region of the immunoglobulin locus. The
      standard BCL2 translocation was found in three samples, one obtained at
      diagnosis, one ten months later, and one after 5 years. Another translocation was
      found with the probe pFL-2 hybridizing with a region located about 20 kb 3' from
      BCL2. This latter rearrangement was found only in the first biopsy, which was
      obtained at the time of diagnosis, but not in the two later samples, when the
      morphology of the lymphoma was unchanged. No cytotoxic therapy had been given in
      the interval from diagnosis to disappearance of the latter rearrangement. Thus,
      one of the observed translocations (pFL-2) was detected only in the first biopsy,
      while the other (pFL-1) was a clonal marker in all three biopsies. The finding
      suggests that clonal evolution does not necessarily mean clinical progression.

PMID- 1797087
TI  - Characterization of marker chromosomes in Namalva cells by chromosomal in situ
      suppression (CISS) hybridization and R-banding.
AB  - Chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization was used to investigate the
      distribution of material of chromosomes 1 and 5 present in marker chromosomes of
      Namalva cells. The Namalva cell line, established from a Burkitt's lymphoma,
      exhibits a highly variable female karyotype with a large number of marker
      chromosomes. Libraries from sorted human chromosomes 1 and 5 were used to
      delineate material of these chromosomes present in the Namalva karyotype. We used
      the DAB/peroxidase reaction and reflection contrast microscopy for detection of
      biotinylated hybrid molecules. Identification of chromosomes was achieved by
      fluorescent R-banding after CISS hybridization, which allowed the assignment of
      hybridized regions to the particular marker chromosomes. After CISS hybridization
      with a chromosome I library, the normal chromosome I was labelled as well as a
      large marker MI and the long arm of marker M3. Using a chromosome 5 library it
      could be shown that the distal part of the long arm of one chromosome 5 was
      translocated to marker M2. The normal chromosome 5 was completely labelled. The
      present investigation demonstrates the advantage of combining CISS hybridization
      and banding for the identification of complex, rearranged tumor karyotypes.

PMID- 1797088
TI  - Clear cell sarcoma with t(12;22) (q13-14;q12).
AB  - Karyotypic analysis of a clear cell sarcoma revealed a translocation t(12;22)
      (q13-14;q12) as a primary chromosomal change. This case is the third clear cell
      sarcoma cytogenetically analyzed; the two previously reported cases had
      t(12;22)(p11;p11), and a complex karyotype with trisomy 22, respectively.

PMID- 1797090
TI  - Analysis of chromosome band 1p36 alterations by chromosomal in situ suppression
      hybridization with a microclone DNA bank.
AB  - Alterations of the distal portion of chromosome Ip are a recurrent abnormality of
      several types of human cancer. In this study we show that chromosomal in situ
      suppression hybridization with a regional 1p36 DNA bank generated by
      microdissection and microcloning can be employed to detect translocations
      involving 1p36.

PMID- 1797089
TI  - Involvement of 3p deletions in sporadic and hereditary forms of renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 and associated allele losses have been
      reported in the majority of sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCC). On the basis of
      the combined cytogenetic and molecular data, it is reasonable to assume that a
      putative RCC locus, which contributes to tumor development by its loss, is
      located telomerically of the D3F15S2 site. Using H3E4, a D3F15S2-specific probe,
      we have isolated a cDNA clone (cl.4-2), and a sequence comparison revealed that
      the cDNA clone corresponds to the human acyl-peptide hydrolase gene. The gene is
      fairly universally expressed, but in RCC biopsies its expression is severely
      reduced, compared to the normal kidney. Cl.4-2 was used for in situ hybridization
      on metaphase chromosomes prepared from an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed
      lymphoblastoid cell line, derived from a t(3;8) (p14.2;q24.1) carrying member of
      the RCC family described by Cohen et al. in 1979 (N Engl J Med: 301:592-595).
      Carriers of this translocation regularly develop RCC by middle age. We now report
      that D3F15S2 is localized on the telomeric side of the constitutional breakpoint,
      in 3p21. The region of 3p affected by this familial translocation is thus not
      identical with the region of 3p most frequently deleted in sporadic RCC.

PMID- 1797091
TI  - The composition and organization of photosystem I.
AB  - Photosystem I, extensively studied in the past decade, was shown to be homologous
      in all photosynthetic organisms of the higher plants type. Its core complex was
      found to be highly conserved through evolution from cyanobacteria to higher
      plants. The genes coding for the subunits of CCI were isolated and the resulting
      sequences provided information about secondary structural elements. These
      suggested secondary structures enabled the prediction of the topology of these
      subunits in the photosynthetic membrane. Structural studies using both electron
      microscopy and X-ray crystallography, on isolated particles as well as on the
      complexes in the photosynthetic membrane, led to a better understanding of the
      overall structure of CCI. Recently two forms of three dimensional crystals of CCI
      were obtained. These crystals contain all the original components of CCI (both
      protein and pigments); these components have not been altered by crystallization.
      It is expected that a detailed crystallographic analysis of these crystals,
      together with biochemical, spectroscopical and molecular biology studies, will
      eventually lead to the elucidation of the high resolution structure of the
      photosystem I core complex and to the understanding of the exact role and mode of
      action of this complex in the photosynthetic membrane.

PMID- 1797092
TI  - Interaction of epidermal growth factor with vasoactive hormones in the regulation
      of phospholipase A2.
AB  - The interaction of growth factors with their receptors initiates a series of
      intracellular events that are of critical importance in the control of normal
      cell proliferation. In this regard considerable attention has focused on the
      coupling of phospholipase C-gamma to growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. In
      contrast, the interaction of growth factors with phospholipase A2 has received
      less attention, most likely because the arachidonic acid release response has
      been considered to be an accompaniment of phospholipase C activation. Work from
      our laboratory using a well defined model system demonstrated a distinct coupling
      relationship of epidermal growth factor to phospholipase A2. This review focuses
      on the interaction of the epidermal growth factor receptor with phospholipases
      involved in both mitogenic and non-mitogenic responses and discusses their
      possible relation with vasoactive hormones.

PMID- 1797093
TI  - On some of the in organello processes involved in the biogenesis of chlorophyll
      protein complexes.
AB  - The biogenesis and assembly of chlorophyll-protein complexes consist of many
      steps. These are initiated with the transcription and translation of the
      different polypeptide components constituting the complexes. For the nuclear
      encoded subunits the synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm, and they are
      synthesized as precursors, which are later imported into the chloroplast. Within
      the organelle, the precursors are inserted into the thylakoid membranes, as well
      as being processed to their mature forms. The different nuclear- and chloroplast
      encoded subunits assemble together, and bind the pigments and other cofactors to
      form the active pigmented-complex. In the present article, we discuss only the in
      organello processes of the biogenesis. We describe the pathways taken by two
      nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins, the precursor of the main light-harvesting
      chlorophyll-protein of photosystem II (pLHCP) and the precursor of photosystem I
      subunit II (pre subunit II). These polypeptide subunits, that are located in two
      different photosynthetic complexes, differ from each other. While pLHCP is an
      integral membrane protein, which binds pigments, photosystem I-subunit II is a
      peripheral membrane protein, located on the stromal side of the thylakoids, and
      is not predicted to span it. The differences and the common features of the in
      organello biogenesis pathways of these two proteins are discussed.

PMID- 1797094
TI  - Induction of cognitive deficits by immunization with cholinergic cell bodies: the
      influence of age and integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
AB  - We have recently shown that prolonged immunization of young rats for one year
      with cholinergic cell bodies (perikarya, PK) purified from Torpedo electric lobe
      results in the accumulation of IgG in specific brain areas such as the
      hippocampus and induces behavioral deficits in spatial orientation and short term
      memory /1, 7/. We presently studied the rate of development of the cognitive
      deficit in older (12 months old) Sprague Dawley rats which were immunized for
      periods of up to one year with either Torpedo cholinergic PK or adjuvant
      (controls). T-maze alternation and Morris swim maze tests revealed a small
      deficit in the performance of the PK immunized rats after 6 months whereas
      significant deficits were observed after 12 months of immunization. These results
      suggest that the duration of immunization is a more significant factor than the
      age of the animals in the development of the behavioral deficit. In order to
      examine whether permeability of the blood-brain barrier to IgG influences the
      rate of development of the cognitive deficit, we disrupted the blood-brain
      barrier of PK immunized rats by hypercapnia. This treatment repeated weekly for 2
      months was found not to accelerate the rate of appearance of deficits in
      performance of the rats in the T-maze alternation and Morris swim test. These
      results suggest that penetration of IgG via the blood-brain barrier does not
      determine the rate of appearance of the cognitive deficits.

PMID- 1797095
TI  - NMR studies of recombinant active site peptides of the nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor.
AB  - Interactions of ligands with recombinant cholinergic binding sites have been
      monitored by NMR. Monitoring the selective T1 relaxation of the protons of
      acetylcholine, nicotine, d-tubocurarine, and gallamine reveals specific binding
      to peptide constructs containing the alpha 183-204 or shorter sequences of the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo, Human, Chicken, Xenopus, Mouse,
      Calf, and Drosophila. The trend of the KD values of the different ligands shows
      that the binding of the low molecular weight agonists and antagonists is very
      weak to the Drosophila sequence which is different from the vertebrate sequences
      in the N and C terminals. Within the vertebrates, the antagonists d-tubocurarine
      and gallamine display a KD trend different from that of acetylcholine and alpha
      bungarotoxin. Specificity of binding is proven by the fact that atropine, a
      muscarinic inhibitor, binds non-specifically. Temperature dependence indicates a
      fast exchange limit (T1 bound greater than tau bound) for gallamine bound to the
      Torpedo alpha 184-200 sequence. This limit should apply also for the other
      ligands which have weaker binding constants.

PMID- 1797096
TI  - Translation control of gene expression.
AB  - The bacteriophage lambda cIII gene product is an early regulator of the lysogenic
      pathway. The availability of a set of cIII expression mutants allowed us to
      establish the structure-function relationship of the cIII mRNA. We demonstrated,
      using defined in vitro systems, that the cIII mRNA is present in two
      conformations at equilibrium. Mutations that have been shown to lead to cIII
      overexpression were found to freeze the RNA in one conformation (structure B),
      and permit efficient binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Mutations that have
      been shown to prevent cIII translation cause the mRNA to assume the alternative
      conformation (structure A). In this structure, the translation initiation region
      is occluded, thereby preventing 30S ribosomal subunit binding. Translation of the
      cIII gene is regulated by RNaseIII. We have localized the RNaseIII responsive
      element (RRE) to the cIII coding region. We suggest that the regulation of the
      equilibrium between the two mRNA conformations provides a mechanism for the
      control of cIII gene expression. The way in which RNaseIII participates in this
      regulation is as yet unknown.

PMID- 1797097
TI  - Canadian designer drugs.

PMID- 1797098
TI  - Use of tryptophan in combination with other antidepressant treatments: a review.
AB  - In four studies, all carried out more than 20 years ago, the combination of
      tryptophan plus a monoamine oxidase inhibitor was significantly better than
      tryptophan plus placebo in the treatment of depression. However, there is no
      evidence that tryptophan has any clinically significant effect on other
      treatments such as tricyclic antidepressants and ECT. Side effects of the
      combination of tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitors have limited the use
      of this combination. The risk of the serotonin syndrome is small, but it can
      occur. However, rapid cessation of tryptophan seems to avoid any long lasting
      adverse effects of the serotonin syndrome. In situations where enhancement of the
      therapeutic effect of monamine oxidase inhibitors outweighs the risk of adverse
      effects, the combination of tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor is
      clinically useful. As the studies to date have looked at regular depressed
      patients, what is needed now is studies of this combination in therapy resistant
      depression.

PMID- 1797099
TI  - Pursuit eye movement dysfunction in HIV-1 seropositive individuals.
AB  - Studies of smooth pursuit eye movements were conducted in 30 ambulatory drug-free
      HIV-1 seropositive patients who did not yet manifest marked clinical signs of the
      AIDS Dementia Complex. Seropositive patients demonstrated disturbances in pursuit
      eye movements that were correlated with extent of immunosuppression, with
      impairments on neuropsychological tests of fine motor control/speed, and with
      independent clinical staging of the AIDS Dementia Complex. The results provide
      quantitative evidence that oculomotor disturbances are present in HIV-1
      seropositive individuals before the manifestation of marked AIDS Dementia
      Complex. For this reason, and because more severe eye movement impairments have
      been observed in patients with AIDS, quantitative eye movement studies may
      provide a useful neurobehavioral procedure for characterizing and monitoring
      progression of CNS involvement associated with HIV-1 infection from early in its
      course.

PMID- 1797100
TI  - Effect of bromocriptine in patients with apomorphine-responsive erectile
      impotence: an open study.
AB  - An open pilot study was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic effect of the
      dopaminergic agent, bromocriptine (BC), in impotent patients who developed an
      erectile response to the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine. Eight out of 17
      patients reported improvement in ability to obtain an erection; five of these 8
      subjects were able to achieve penetration. The optimum dose of BC was 2.5 - 11.25
      mg/day. A double-blind placebo-controlled study is merited.

PMID- 1797101
TI  - Are the Brown and Harris "vulnerability factors" risk factors for depression?
AB  - The Brown and Harris model of depression holds that certain "vulnerability
      factors"--namely early maternal loss, lack of a confiding relationship, greater
      than three children under the age of 14 at home and unemployment--can interact
      with "provoking agents" to increase the risk of depression. The validity of this
      model has been widely debated, with most of the discussion concerning the
      interactive nature of the model. There has been relatively little attention paid
      to the possibility that the "vulnerability factors" may be risk factors for
      depression. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the four Brown and
      Harris "vulnerability factors" are associated with an elevated risk of
      depression, irrespective of whether they may interact with provoking agents. The
      analysis contained in this paper utilizes power analyses and confidence
      intervals. The findings suggest that the lack of a confiding relationship is
      strongly associated with depression, and that all four of the "vulnerability
      factors" may be associated with an increased risk of depression.

PMID- 1797102
TI  - Effect of iprindole on the metabolism of trimipramine in the rat.
AB  - Major metabolites of trimipramine in young male Sprague-Dawley rats are the
      result of alicyclic and aromatic ring oxidation. The four major urinary
      metabolites have been identified as 10-oxotrimipramine, 2-hydroxytrimipramine, 2
      hydroxynortrimipramine, and 2-hydroxy-10-oxotrimipramine. When iprindole was
      administered to rats prior to trimipramine, the effect on trimipramine metabolism
      was profound. The formation of both 10-oxo metabolites was virtually completely
      inhibited; the production of 2-hydroxytrimipramine was significantly reduced
      while the metabolic formation of 2-hydroxynortrimipramine was increased. It is
      apparent from these preliminary results that metabolic alicyclic and aromatic
      hydroxylations are catalyzed by different cytochrome P450 isozymes and more than
      one P450 isozyme is involved in the aromatic ring oxidation of trimipramine and
      nortrimipramine.

PMID- 1797103
TI  - Excretion of urinary enzymes in female Sprague-Dawley rats in relation to
      cellular compartment, creatinine excretion and diuresis.
AB  - One hundred and one young-adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimatized to
      metabolic cages for 2 days. After that time 24-hour urine was collected at a
      constant cooling temperature of 0-4 degrees C. After gel filtration the enzyme
      activities were determined, and the resulting values were used to calculate 24
      hour excretions. The following reference ranges (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles) were
      determined (in mU/24 h): lactate dehydrogenase 43-181; phosphohexoseisomerase 45
      1445; glutathione-S-transferase 1-299; alkaline phosphatase 27-1239; leucine
      arylamidase 72-377; gamma-glutamyltransferase 1334-9188; arylsulphatase A 59-309;
      beta-galactosidase 76-305; beta-glucuronidase 20-2756; beta-N-acetyl-D
      glucosaminidase 66-491; glutamate dehydrogenase 7-711. There was a significant
      (though not very high) correlation with diuresis for the lysosomal enzymes beta-N
      acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta-galactosidase, and for
      glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoseisomerase and
      alkaline phosphatase. The relation to creatinine excretion was markedly close for
      the lysosomal enzymes beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta
      galactosidase (r = 0.71-0.83), as well as for alkaline phosphatase, leucine
      arylamidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There was a relatively high
      correlation between the excretion of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase,
      arylsulphatase A and beta-galactosidase among themselves (r = 0.63-0.81) as well
      as between leucine arylamidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase (r = 0.75).

PMID- 1797105
TI  - Chemical analysis of gallstones.
AB  - A new promising treatment for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis is
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In order to learn how to interpret the
      computed tomographic (CT) densities of gallstones measured in vivo, our
      radiologists asked the clinical chemistry laboratory to analyse cholesterol,
      bilirubin and calcium in gallstones. No reference methods for the analysis of
      gallstones have been described. A literature search for manageable quantitative
      methods for these analyses was not successful. Among the different X-ray
      diffraction, infrared and chemical analyses described, we could find no well
      documented analyses that have been compared with reference methods or proposed
      reference methods for serum. This finding prompted us to develop chemical methods
      for cholesterol, bilirubin and total calcium in gallstones starting from
      (proposed) reference methods for serum and to investigate the accuracy,
      imprecision and linearity of these methods.

PMID- 1797104
TI  - Assessment of a selected method for creatinine with special emphasis on bilirubin
      interference.
AB  - An HPLC-based method for the determination of creatinine was evaluated, with
      emphasis on interference by bilirubin. The method differed from other procedures,
      in that deproteinization was by ultrafiltration instead of precipitation with
      trichloroacetic acid. This allows a rapid, direct analysis by HPLC with very few
      experimental steps. Analytical results showed linearity up to 5000 mumol/l and an
      average analytical recovery of 100%. Within-day imprecision was 0.8-1.4%, and day
      to-day imprecision was 0.5-2.4%.

PMID- 1797106
TI  - The prognostic value of extracellular matrix component concentrations in serum
      during treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome with extracorporeal CO2
      removal.
AB  - The time-dependent concentrations of hyaluronan, aminoterminal propeptide of type
      III procollagen, and laminin were determined in sera of 16 patients with severe
      adult respiratory distress syndrome during treatment with an extracorporeal CO2
      removal device. Patients were classified according to lung parameters as
      responders (n = 10) and non-responders (n = 6) to extracorporeal CO2 removal. At
      the beginning of treatment strongly elevated serum concentrations of all studied
      extracellular matrix components were found. During the first 6-11 days of
      treatment the concentrations of aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen
      and hyaluronan increased further in non-responders but decreased in the majority
      of responders, while laminin decreased in both groups. No significant
      correlations were found between the serum concentrations of connective tissue
      components and the parameters of lung function. By non-parametric analysis of
      variance, significant differences between responders and non-responders according
      to treatment time could be established. By analysing the time course of the serum
      concentrations of hyaluronan and aminoterminal propeptide of type III
      procollagen, a total differentiation between responders and nonresponders was
      made possible by the trends of these analytes as early as three days after the
      start of treatment. The determination of aminoterminal propeptide of type III
      procollagen and hyaluronan in serum of patients with adult respiratory distress
      syndrome might therefore have prognostic significance in extracorporeal CO2
      removal.

PMID- 1797107
TI  - The reproducibility of urinalysis using multiple reagent test strips.
AB  - Ninety urine samples were examined twice by 3 "observers" (two persons, using
      only visual observation, and one person using a spectrophotometric analyser)
      using multiple reagent teststrips. To determine reproducibility, inter- and intra
      observer agreement were calculated and expressed as Cohen's kappa and as weighted
      kappa. The results show negligible intra-observer differences between the visual
      and spectrophotometric observation. The lack of agreement between inter- and
      intra-observer urinalysis results, using multiple reagent test strips was
      disappointing, considering the simplicity of the test procedure. Further
      improvement of reproducibility, e.g. by enhancing the discoloration of the test
      pads, is necessary. Reproducibility is not improved by using a spectrophotometric
      analyser instead of visual reading of the test strips.

PMID- 1797108
TI  - Application of a new monoclonal antibody for time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of
      human pancreatic phospholipase A2.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, designated 2E1, against human pancreatic phospholipase A2
      was produced by hybridization of myeloma cells with spleen cells of immunized
      BALB/c mice. The hybridomas were screened for antibody production by time
      resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). The antibody was found to belong to subclass
      I of murine IgG. The specificity of the antibody was confirmed by
      immunohistochemistry of pancreatic and other tissues, by immunoblotting of a
      crude aqueous extract of human pancreas and purified human pancreatic
      phospholipase A2 and by TR-FIA. A solid-phase time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay was
      developed by using the monoclonal anti-phospholipase A2 antibody as the catching
      antibody and a polyclonal sheep anti-phospholipase A2 antibody labelled with
      europium as the detecting antibody. The validity of the new TR-FIA of human
      pancreatic phospholipase A2 was confirmed by using it to measure the
      phospholipase A2 concentrations in serum samples from healthy subjects and from
      patients suffering from acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 1797109
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of dibenzazepines and dibenzcycloheptanodienes in body fluids
      and tissues.
AB  - In an attempt to establish a radioimmunoassay (RIA), imipramine and amitriptyline
      immunogens were prepared; desmethyl derivatives were converted into
      hemisuccinates, conjugated with bovine serum albumin and used for rabbit
      immunization. [3H]Amitriptyline (4.3 TBq/mmol) and [3H]imipramine (2.9 TBq/mmol)
      were prepared by catalytic dehalogenation or reductive alkylation. Dibenzazepines
      and dibenzcycloheptanodienes were determined in biological fluids by a direct
      method without deproteinization (lower detection limit of 0.5 microgram.l-1);
      using high-yield methods they were extracted from cell membranes. Assay of
      tricyclic antidepressants in humans showed that these substances disappear from
      plasma much earlier than from cell membranes. Dissociation of the antidepressants
      bound to cell membranes is slow and their plasma concentrations are not
      influenced by standing for 2 h at 4 degrees C. During preparing the membranes for
      binding studies these substances are not removed, and they may affect the results
      of the binding studies.

PMID- 1797110
TI  - Magnesium content of mononuclear cells, erythrocytes and 24-hour urine in
      carefully screened apparently healthy Israelis.
AB  - Twenty apparently healthy Israelis aged 16-52, examined for their history of
      disease and, carefully screened to exclude concurrent infection or medication,
      abuse of alcohol or drugs, and pathological findings on routine laboratory
      estimation, were examined to establish the reference range for the magnesium
      content of mononuclear cells. The magnesium content of mononuclear cells was
      estimated according to modified method of Elin & Hosseini (Clin. Chem. 31 (1985)
      377-380), together with serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg) and erythrocyte
      magnesium content. In 10 subjects, aged 23-37 years, 24 h urinary magnesium (U
      Mg) was also determined. The mean magnesium content of mononuclear cells was
      164.8 fg/cell (SD 28.3 fg/cell). The mean erythrocyte magnesium content was 2.02
      (SD 0.16) mmol/l. The magnesium content of mononuclear cells was significantly
      correlated to U-Mg (r = 0.704, p less than 0.01), suggesting that U-Mg may have a
      potential value as an index of intracellular Mg content.

PMID- 1797111
TI  - Comparison of clinical chemical variables in blood plasma and serum of horses.
AB  - Several clinical chemical blood variables were compared, in order to evaluate the
      differences between Na heparinized plasma and serum samples. Samples from 45
      healthy horses were used. No differences between the two sample substrates were
      found for aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate
      dehydrogenase-isoenzymes, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin,
      cholesterol, urea, total protein, alpha-globulin, gamma-globulin, albumin,
      calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). gamma
      Glutamyltransferase and beta-globulin were significantly higher in heparinized
      plasma than in serum (each p less than 0.05) while magnesium (Mg) was lower (p
      less than 0.05). From the horse group used for the study, thoroughbreds in racing
      condition had significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase, gamma
      glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, P and Mg as well as lower
      Ca and K values than riding horses, irrespective of the sample substrate used. It
      was concluded that expect for gamma-glutamyltransferase, beta-globulin and Mg,
      there was no significant difference between the clinical chemical variables of Na
      heparinized plasma and serum samples.

PMID- 1797112
TI  - Evaluation of a sensitive immunoenzymometric assay for thyrotropin suitable for
      emergency and paediatric use.
AB  - This short communication compares a luminescent-labelled immunometric assay
      (BeriLux) with an enzyme-labelled immunometric assay (NovaPath) for thyrotropin
      determinations. The NovaPath assay lends itself to paediatric use, because it
      only uses 25 microliters sample, and to emergency use, because the main
      incubation can be reduced to 30 minutes. The correlation between both kits was
      acceptable (r = 0.825, n = 167 data pairs) although the NovaPath kit gave lower
      values than the BeriLux it (Median-BeriLux 1.00 mU/l, NovaPath 0.70 mU/l, p less
      than 0.001 = Wilcoxon Test). From 167 sera (range less than 0.01-44 mU/l) 3 gave
      discrepant values, being euthyroid in the BeriLux kit and hyperthyroid in the
      NovaPath kit. All 3 patients were undergoing thiamazole (Favistan) therapy at the
      time of sampling. The coefficients of variation were lower in the BeriLux kit
      (intraassay less than 4.5%, interassay less than 5.5% for the range 0.1-50 mU/l)
      than in the NovaPath kit (intraassay less than 7.5%, interassay less than 12.5%).
      This reflects the larger dynamic range (signal/noise ratio) of the BeriLux kit.

PMID- 1797113
TI  - Characteristics and functional properties of red cells during the first days of
      life.
AB  - In order to evaluate postnatal red blood cell (RBC) properties and whole-blood
      rheology, 36 healthy full-term newborn infants were tested twice (cord blood, 4th
      day blood) for whole-blood flow rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb), RBC count,
      mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb and its concentration, white blood
      cell and platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase, catalase
      and superoxide dismutase. Another 38 healthy full-term newborns were tested twice
      for separation of erythrocytes into fractions of different density. Healthy
      adults were taken as control. The results showed a decreased whole-blood flow
      rate in blood drawn on the 4th day with respect to cord blood. A multivariate
      analysis with flow rate as dependent variable demonstrated a significant positive
      correlation with GSH-Px on the 4th day. The assays of RBC densities showed a
      significant increase in the first 4 days.

PMID- 1797114
TI  - Unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin pigments during perinatal development. III.
      Studies on serum of breast-fed and formula-fed neonates.
AB  - The process of conjugation and secretion of bilirubin was studied in a group of
      healthy, full-term, exclusively breast-fed newborns and a control group of
      exclusively formula-fed infants by means of a reverse-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatographic analysis of bilirubins present in serum. The serum
      concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin, esterified bilirubin, and the
      proportion of diesterified bilirubin (as percent of esterified bilirubin) were
      not significantly different in breast- and formula-fed infants on the 3rd and 5th
      days of life. These data suggest that both bilirubin production and conjugation
      are not different in breast-fed and in formula-fed newborns.

PMID- 1797115
TI  - Effect of blood transfusion on plasma selenium, glutathione peroxidase and
      manganese levels in very low birth weight infants.
AB  - Very low birth weight infants often receive multiple blood transfusions. We
      measured the plasma levels of the trace elements selenium, manganese, and
      glutathione peroxidase in 20 very low birth weight infants prior to blood
      transfusion and then at 24, 48 and 72 h after transfusion. There was no
      detectable change in mean selenium or glutathione peroxidase concentrations after
      transfusion, but the mean (SD) plasma manganese increased from 3.8 (1.5) to 6.0
      (2.3) micrograms/l at 72 h.

PMID- 1797116
TI  - Different patterns of pulmonary sequelae after hyaline membrane disease:
      heterogeneity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - In an autopsy study of 37 infants who suffered from hyaline membrane disease
      (HMD), two distinct patterns of pulmonary lesions could be defined. One pattern,
      characterized by marked interstitial fibrosis in the absence of airway
      abnormalities, was labelled 'interstitial-type' histology. A second type,
      labelled 'bronchiolar-type' histology, showed marked airway lesions and alveolar
      emphysema. Nine patients of each type were analysed. Nineteen other patients had
      a 'mixed-type' histology and were not further studied. Retrospectively, the
      clinical and radiological characteristics of both series were analysed. No
      differences in birth weight, gestational age and initial radiological HMD grade
      could be demonstrated. The pulmonary function of the bronchiolar-type patients
      however was significantly worse at the onset, and these infants needed more
      oxygen and ventilatory support during the first 10 days of life. They all died
      from respiratory failure whereas 4 patients from the interstitial group had non
      pulmonary fatalities. In the bronchiolar group chest X-rays showed atelectasis
      and pulmonary interstitial emphysema in the early stages, and hyperinflation with
      bullae and irregular streaky densities in the later. Patients in the interstitial
      group had no or minor emphysema with more homogeneously spread densities over
      both lungs. We conclude that both types of evolution represent two extremes of
      the bronchopulmonary dysplasia spectrum.

PMID- 1797117
TI  - Higher serum retinol-binding protein concentration in Indonesian neonates in
      Surabaya than Japanese neonates in Kobe.
AB  - The concentrations of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP), prealbumin (PA) and
      vitamin A of Indonesian neonates were compared with those of Japanese neonates.
      The mean serum concentrations of both PA and vitamin A did not differ
      significantly in Indonesian and Japanese neonates. Indonesian neonates had
      significantly higher serum RBP (2.75 +/- 0.87 mg/dl, mean +/- SD) than Japanese
      neonates (1.65 +/- 0.55 mg/dl, p less than 0.01). The molar ratio of vitamin
      A:RBP in Indonesian infants was significantly lower than in Japanese infants (p
      less than 0.02), and this in turn is indicative of increased concentrations of
      retinol-free RBP in the plasma of Indonesian neonates. The results suggest that
      RBP metabolism in Indonesian neonates differs from that in Japanese neonates.

PMID- 1797118
TI  - Polymorphonuclear leukocyte heterogeneity of Fc receptor expression and membrane
      potential in human neonates.
AB  - In order to clarify the relationship among polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)
      related phenomena, i.e. the Fc receptor expression, the ionic condition of the
      plasma membrane and chemotactic response, we determined percentage of EA rosette
      forming PMN (RFN), membrane potential and PMN chemotaxis in 15 neonates. RFN was
      assessed by the whole blood method as well as the purified PMN. Membrane
      potential was examined using the lipophilic fluorescent cyanine dye, 3,3'
      dipentyloxacarbocyanine [di-O-C5(3)] and flow cytometry. Both parameters were
      measured with resting PMN. Numbers of RFN by the two methods have a significant
      correlation (p less than 0.01, r = 0.881, n = 15). Number of RFN by the whole
      blood method had a significant correlation with membrane potential (p less than
      0.01, r = 0.703, n = 14). Furthermore, number of RFN and membrane potential were
      significantly correlated with PMN chemotaxis, respectively (p less than 0.01, r =
      0.781, n = 14; p less than 0.01, r = 0.695, n = 10). When we examined the effect
      of beta-adrenergic agents and prostaglandin E1 on number of RFN, membrane
      potential and PMN chemotaxis, and attempted to confirm the interrelation among
      these parameters, we observed that PMN chemotaxis was markedly depressed so were
      both number of RFN and membrane potential. These findings indicate that impaired
      PMN chemotaxis may in part be related to a decrease in both rosette formation
      capacity of PMN and membrane potential.

PMID- 1797119
TI  - Severity of growth retardation and physical condition at birth in small for
      gestational age infants.
AB  - Ponderal index divides small for gestational age (SGA) infants into two
      categories, based upon proportional and disproportional growth retardation. The
      latter group supposedly suffered from unfavorable intrauterine conditions. The
      aim of the study was investigation of the value of the ponderal index in the
      discrimination of underlying fetal disorders and its dependency upon the severity
      of the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In a cohort of 142 SGA infants we
      found 12 newborns with congenital anomalies; most of the newborns were
      disproportionally small. Fourteen newborns expired in the Neonatal Intensive-Care
      Unit for various reasons, in general not directly related with the IUGR. All of
      them were disproportionally small. The newborns were divided into two groups
      according to the severity of IUGR. Proportionality was independent of this
      severity, indicating that most SGA fetuses remain disproportionally small during
      long-standing IUGR. It is likely, however, that the proportionally small ones
      adjust better to the poor intrauterine conditions, since they all survived.

PMID- 1797120
TI  - Severe intrauterine infection due to Capnocytophaga ochracea.
AB  - A case of severe neonatal sepsis due to intrauterine infection with
      Capnocytophaga ochracea, complicated by hypotension, renal failure and
      disseminated intravascular coagulation, is reported. The role of Capnocytophaga
      as an organism of increasing importance in intrauterine and peripartum infections
      is discussed.

PMID- 1797121
TI  - Lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins AI, AII, B, CII, CIII and E in newborns.
AB  - In this study lipid and apolipoprotein patterns were investigated at birth and
      compared with those of adults. In cord sera, cholesterol, triglycerides, low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol were 38.2, 46.2, 50.5, and 31.9%, respectively, of adult values.
      Apolipoprotein AII, B and CIII were 48.6, 30.6 and 44.5% of adult values, while
      apo AI, apo CII and apo E showed values approaching those of adults (63.4, 73.3
      and 89.7%, respectively). Also cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and LDL
      cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios were lower in newborns. In cord sera, lipids
      were correlated with various apolipoproteins in a surprisingly different way from
      adult sera. HDL cholesterol was not inversely correlated with triglycerides, and
      showed a highly positive correlation with apo E, apo CII and apo CIII, which did
      not correlate with HDL cholesterol in adults. These data supported the presence
      of significant differences in plasma concentrations and composition of
      lipoproteins at birth. Therefore HDL, apo CII, and apo E seem to play a different
      and more important metabolic role in neonatal lipid metabolism.

PMID- 1797122
TI  - Effects of NH4Cl metabolic acidosis on proximal and distal tubular sodium
      reabsorption in newborn infants.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to assess the influence of acute metabolic
      acidosis on proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption in a group of 7 one
      week-old neonates with a mean birth weight of 2,164 g (range: 1,300-3,750 g) and
      a mean gestational age of 34 weeks (range: 28-40 weeks) undergoing an NH4Cl
      loading test. Free water clearance during water diuresis was used to estimate
      separately the proximal and distal sodium reabsorption. In response to NH4Cl
      metabolic acidosis urine flow rate (p less than 0.01) and free water clearance (p
      less than 0.025) increased significantly, and there was a general tendency for
      creatinine, osmolar and sodium clearance to increase without achieving
      statistical significance. The absolute amount of sodium delivered to (p less than
      0.01) and reabsorbed in the distal nephron (p less than 0.01) increased
      significantly in spite of the constant fractional distal reabsorption. The
      enhanced distal sodium reabsorption during acidosis is assumed to be related to
      the acidosis-induced increase in aldosterone production.

PMID- 1797123
TI  - Effects of maternal undernutrition and uterine artery ligation on placental
      lipase activities in the rat.
AB  - Lipase activities measured at pH 4 and 8 were determined in the placentas of rats
      subjected to undernutrition or uterine artery ligation. The fetal lipid content
      following maternal undernutrition was also determined. The placental lipase
      activity (per gram placenta) measured at pH 8 (placental lipoprotein lipase)
      remained unchanged, whilst the activity of the intracellular lipase (per gram
      placenta) measured at pH 4 was significantly less than in the control group (21%
      lower in maternal undernutrition and 16% lower after uterine artery ligation).
      Although placentas and fetuses were significantly lighter in both situations as
      compared to controls (well-nourished or sham operated, respectively), fetal lipid
      content in maternal undernutrition was only reduced to a degree concomitant with
      the decrease in fetal weight. We therefore conclude that the intracellular lipase
      may not have an important role in the provision of free fatty acids in
      undernutrition.

PMID- 1797124
TI  - Effect of fasting on uteroplacental amino acid metabolism in the pregnant sheep.
AB  - In the fed state, the net utilization of most amino acids by the ovine
      uteroplacental unit (defined as uterine uptake minus umbilical uptake) is zero.
      This study was to determine if this is true for the fasted pregnant ewe also,
      when uteroplacental glucose uptake is diminished. Glucose and amino acid
      concentrations were determined in 9 pregnant ewes across the uterine and
      umbilical circulations. Uterine and umbilical blood flows were determined by the
      steady state antipyrine diffusion method, and net uptakes across each circulation
      calculated by application of the Fick principle. Five amino acids were found to
      have a consistently greater uterine uptake than umbilical uptake. In addition,
      glutamate had a negative net umbilical uptake coupled with no net uterine uptake.
      Fasting resulted in an increase in the differences between the respective uptakes
      for all five amino acids. No additional amino acids were found to have disparate
      uptakes than were seen in the fed state. Umbilical glutamate uptake became less
      negative during fasting, but the difference between the uterine and umbilical
      circulations remained unchanged, as the uterine circulation took up glutamate
      during fasting. The umbilical circulation took up alpha-ketoisocaproate 0.626 +/-
      0.18, fed), and the uptake was increased during fasting (1.8 +/- 0.6). These
      findings suggest that the branched chain amino acids and glutamine are utilized
      by the ovine uteroplacenta to a greater degree than are most other amino acids,
      and at increased rates during fasting of the ewe. These amino acids, through
      deamination, may be the source of uteroplacental ammonia production, as well as
      serving as an energy substrate when glucose supply is limited.

PMID- 1797125
TI  - Ovine fetal and maternal glycogen during fasting.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to assess the role of hepatic glycogen
      metabolism in fetal and maternal glucose homeostasis during a prolonged fast in
      the pregnant ewe. A control fed group of 13 ewes and 16 fetuses were compared to
      a 5-day-fasted group of 13 ewes and 17 fetuses, studied at 125 days gestation
      (term = 147 days). Tissue samples were obtained during pentobarbital anesthesia
      and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Protein, glycogen, active phosphorylase and total
      phosphorylase activity were determined. Fetal weight (3.61 vs. 2.86 kg) was
      decreased in the fasted group (p less than 0.001) while fetal hepatic glycogen
      was unchanged (59.8 vs. 52.4 mg/g tissue). Maternal liver glycogen decreased
      during fasting (38.2 vs. 4.0 mg/g tissue, p less than 0.001). Fetal active
      phosphorylase and total phosphorylase did not change between fed and fasted
      states (fed active phosphorylase 398 vs. fasted 441 and fed total phosphorylase
      510 vs. fasted 574 mumol/h/g tissue). The maternal active phosphorylase and total
      phosphorylase decreased between fed and fasted (active phosphorylase 690 vs. 238
      and total phosphorylase 981 vs. 599 mumol/h/g tissue, p less than 0.001). During
      fasting, the pregnant ewe depletes her hepatic glycogen stores, associated with a
      reduction in glycogen catabolizing enzyme activity. The fetus maintains a
      relatively large glycogen catabolizing enzyme activity, a relatively large
      glycogen reserve and substantial phosphorylase activity.

PMID- 1797126
TI  - Bilirubin accumulation by the rabbit choroid plexus in vitro.
AB  - The postnatal development of bilirubin accumulation by the choroid plexus was
      studied in vitro. Choroid plexus of the fourth and lateral cerebral ventricles
      from adult or 1-, 7-, 15- or 21-day-old rabbits were incubated in a potassium
      rich medium with 70 nmol/l of 3H-bilirubin for 5 min. The tissue/medium (T/M)
      ratio for 3H-bilirubin was considerable even 1 day post partum and increased
      during the next 2-3 weeks of life. In adults the 3H-bilirubin T/M ratio returned
      to the level of 1-day-old rabbits. The biliary excreted contrast agent
      iodipamide, added as a transport inhibitor, reduced the 3H-bilirubin T/M ratio in
      the choroid plexus, but to a relatively lesser extent in the 1-day-old rabbits
      than in the older ones.

PMID- 1797127
TI  - Glutathione and related enzyme activity in the 11-day rat embryo, placenta and
      perinatal rat liver.
AB  - Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2; GSSG-R), glutathione peroxidase (EC.1.11.1.9;
      GSHpx) and glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18; GST) enzymatic activities and
      glutathione status were investigated in 11-day embryos and the yolk sac, placenta
      and perinatal liver in rats. It is observed that: (a) levels of GSSG differ
      between the embryo (lower) and yolk sac (higher); (b) GSH concentrations
      increased significantly in fetal livers with respect to the days of gestation; in
      contrast, GSSG hepatic concentrations showed a significant rise with respect to
      time only during lactation; (c) the specific enzymatic activity of both GSHpx and
      GSSG-R were higher in the visceral yolk sac than in the embryo; (d) hepatic GSSG
      R activity increased significantly during gestation. In addition, hepatic GSHpx
      and GST activities showed statistically significant increases over the period
      studied.

PMID- 1797128
TI  - Age-dependent differences in active and inactive renin in the lamb fetus.
AB  - Most studies examining the developmental aspects of renin secretion in fetal
      lambs have focused on measurements of active renin. Data from these studies
      demonstrated age-dependent differences in renin release in vivo and in vitro.
      However, little information is available concerning gestational changes in total
      (active and inactive) renin. Therefore, we have measured the renin concentration
      in plasma, amniotic fluid and various tissues before and after trypsin treatment
      (for total renin) using 7 fetuses at 0.61-0.79 gestation (immature) and 7 fetuses
      at 0.88-0.97 gestation (mature). We found that active and total renin levels in
      plasma and kidney tissues were significantly lower in immature than in mature
      fetuses, while inactive renin levels were not different. We also found that the
      amniotic fluid, the adrenal gland, the placenta and membranes all contained low
      levels of active and total renin that were not different between groups. These
      results suggest that, over the last third of gestation, maturation influences the
      regulation of active renin in the kidney and plasma. The data also indicate that
      the renin concentration in the amniotic fluid, the adrenals, the placenta and
      membranes is regulated differently than that in the plasma and the kidney.

PMID- 1797129
TI  - Perinatal development of inositol synthesis and catabolism in rabbit kidney.
AB  - Inositol influences growth and perinatal development. To investigate the causes
      of the decrease in serum inositol levels during perinatal development, the rate
      limiting enzyme activities in the catabolism and synthesis of inositol, inositol
      oxygenase and glucose-6-phosphate:L-inositol-1-phosphate cyclase (cyclase) were
      measured. The specific activity of inositol oxygenase (uniquely present in the
      kidney) increased 18-fold between the 25th fetal and the 17th neonatal days, and,
      at the same time, the specific activity of cyclase decreased by 50%. Between
      cortex and medulla, there were striking differences in the distribution of
      inositol oxygenase, when compared to the distribution of both cyclase and free
      inositol. Inositol supplementation during pregnancy increased serum inositol both
      in the doe and the fetuses, and tended to increase the inositol concentration in
      organs with relatively low cyclase activity and low free inositol (liver, lung).
      An acute oral inositol load and/or glucocorticoid intramuscularly is administered
      to the pregnant doe did not alter either maternal or fetal inositol oxygenase
      activities. It is proposed that the tissue contents of inositol are in part
      regulated by the rate of the endogenous synthesis. The development of inositol
      oxygenase activity may influence serum inositol concentrations during the
      perinatal period, in addition to the diet.

PMID- 1797130
TI  - Respiratory mechanics in spontaneously breathing term and preterm neonates.
AB  - The compliance (Crs), resistance (Rrs) and passive time constant (tau rs) of the
      respiratory system were determined by the single-breath method (sb) in 24 healthy
      term and preterm newborns. In 22 of them, Crssb was compared to the slope of the
      pressure-volume curve determined by the multiple occlusion technique (mo), which
      is not dependent on the assumption of a linear flow-volume relationship. Crssb
      and Rrs correlated significantly with body weight (kg): Crssb = 0.56 x kg + 1.22
      (r = 0.67); Rrs = -20.1 x kg + 134.6 (r = -0.68). No difference in Crs and Rrs
      between prone and supine positions was found. tau rs was not significantly
      different between premature (0.21 +/- 0.06 s) and full-term infants (0.21 +/-
      0.05 s). Crssb was significantly higher than Crsmo in premature babies (2.27 +/-
      0.41 ml.cm H2O-1 vs. 1.98 +/- 0.47 ml.cm H2O-1. This difference may be explained
      by a continuous braking of expiratory airflow after release of the occlusion, or
      more likely, by a difference in the lung volume at which Crssb and Crsmo are
      measured. However, the difference between Crssb and Crsmo (approximately 15%) is
      in the same range as the intrasubject variability, and is meaningless compared to
      the alterations of respiratory mechanics observed during neonatal ventilatory
      disorders. Therefore, the single-breath method appears to be a suitable and
      noninvasive method to measure respiratory mechanics in nonintubated prematures.

PMID- 1797131
TI  - Human umbilical cord as a possible source of progesterone.
AB  - Homogenates of human term umbilical cord were incubated with 7n-3H-pregnenolone.
      Using a reverse-isotope dilution technique, 3H-progesterone was isolated and
      characterized. The extent of enzymic conversion ranged from 2.5 to 55.4%. The
      results indicate that the cord can be a source of progesterone during human
      pregnancy.

PMID- 1797132
TI  - Effects of pertussis toxin on the erythropoietin-stimulated proliferation and
      differentiation of erythroid-responsive cells.
AB  - Erythropoietin (Ep) stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid
      progenitor cells. We have investigated the possibility that guanyl nucleotide
      regulatory (G) proteins may be involved in Ep signal transduction. Pertussis
      toxin (PT) was found to inhibit Ep-stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation and
      large erythroid colony formation in a dose-dependent fashion, but had no effect
      on small colony formation or on Ep-induced differentiation. PT specifically
      adenosine diphosphate-ribosylated a major protein with an apparent molecular mass
      of 41 kD in erythroid progenitor cell membranes. These findings indicate that the
      transduction of the Ep signal for proliferation could be mediated in the early
      steps by a PT-sensitive G protein.

PMID- 1797133
TI  - Plasma protein binding of theophylline during development in the rabbit.
AB  - The plasma protein binding profile of theophylline was investigated in the rabbit
      during the perinatal and developmental period. The roles of unbound plasma
      theophylline fraction (THu), albumin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and plasma
      bilirubin levels were analyzed. Plasma total protein and albumin levels doubled
      with age from the 1st day of life to maturity (from 3.1 to 5.3 and 1.6 to 3.7
      g/l, respectively). THu, NEFA and bilirubin levels were inversely related to age,
      and decreased from 81 to 37%, 2,136 to 239 microEq/l and 2.4 to 0.20 mg/dl,
      respectively. A linear correlation was shown between THu and albumin, NEFA, and
      bilirubin plasma concentrations. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis,
      including albumin, NEFA and bilirubin values as independent variables, identified
      NEFA as the variable explaining most of the variability in plasma protein binding
      of theophylline. Findings support the need for careful interpretation (with a
      view to therapeutic utilization) of estimates of plasma protein unbound fraction
      of a drug during development. This fact highlights the importance of considering
      not only protein but NEFA concentrations too.

PMID- 1797134
TI  - Maternal hypothyroidism and fetal chondro-osseous development in rats.
AB  - The bone development of rat fetuses from female Wistar rats thyroidectomized
      prior to mating was studied, between 16 and 21 days of gestation. The parameters
      studied in each rat fetus were fetal weight, number of fetuses per litter,
      radiological data and frequency of appearance of ossification centers, diaphyseal
      radiological length of long bones, longitudinal ratio between epiphysis and
      diaphysis of long bones on cleaned and stained limbs, and volumetric tibial
      studies on the same limbs. Our results show a delay of fetal chondro-osseous
      development and a delay of weight increase in fetuses from thyroidectomized rats.
      After onset of fetal thyroid function, the fetal development begins a catch-up
      growth, which is not sufficient to completely overcome development delay prior to
      birth.

PMID- 1797135
TI  - Chromosome analysis of postimplantation stage embryos for studying possible
      causes of developmental abnormalities in nonobese diabetic mice.
AB  - The chromosomes of postimplantation stage embryos of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice
      were analyzed to investigate the causal mechanism of congenital anomalies in
      diabetic pregnancies. Postimplantation stage embryos (day 12 of gestation) in
      diabetic (NOD-DM) and nondiabetic (NOD-N) NOD mice had either a high or low
      incidence of chromosomal abnormalities. A large majority of externally normal
      embryos from NOD-DM and NOD-N mice had low incidences. A high incidence of
      chromosomal abnormalities was found in externally abnormal embryos of NOD-DM and
      NOD-N mice, and in a smaller number of externally normal NOD-N and NOD-DM
      embryos. No control ICR embryo manifested a high incidence of chromosomal
      abnormalities. In the NOD-DM embryos, the chromosomes appeared to be influenced
      by long-term maternal diabetic conditions, while high incidences of chromosomal
      abnormalities in the NOD-N embryos suggested a probable cause by other factor(s)
      (e.g. a genetic predisposition) or by a very mild diabetic condition because the
      NOD-N mice were prediabetic.

PMID- 1797136
TI  - Management of a research group.
AB  - It is generally believed that research and commerce are unique and different
      activities. However, the criteria of good business management can also be applied
      to research programmes, with much benefit to the latter. The objectives of both
      are fundamentally similar: in one case to produce goods and services, in the
      other to produce scientific papers. The most successful goods and services, and
      scientific projects, are those which are closely geared to the desires of
      consumers--whether the latter be the general public or large organisations.
      Science, like business, requires good leadership and good people-management. The
      characteristics of a successful science leader are often remarkably similar to
      those of a business leader. Individuals within any team must be carefully
      selected, adequately briefed, and then allowed to proceed with the job in hand.
      Obtaining resources for scientific research is also very similar to the funding
      of business activities--all come down to competition between different products
      and services. The end product of scientific research--the published paper-
      requires marketing in exactly the same way as a business product. Without such
      marketing the programme is almost always a failure. The effectiveness of a
      research programme must be monitored with the same care as would be devoted to a
      business. If research performance does not reach reasonably defined criteria,
      then resources are generally withdrawn--the equivalent of a bankruptcy in
      commerce.

PMID- 1797137
TI  - Tyrosine kinase activity of internalized epidermal growth factor receptors.
AB  - The functional state of internalized epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors is
      reviewed. It is shown that in A431 cells internalized EGF-receptor complexes
      remain in an undissociated and nondegraded state for a long time. The
      internalized EGF-receptor complexes retain activated tyrosine kinase activity
      capable of autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. It is
      concluded that the activated tyrosine kinase of growth factor receptors is
      translocated from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and that the activated
      state is maintained for long enough to allow phosphorylation of intracellular
      substrates which may be inaccessible to the kinase while the latter is associated
      with the membrane.

PMID- 1797138
TI  - Energy transduction in the myocardial contractile protein system under normal
      conditions and in toxi-allergic myocarditis.
AB  - Energy transduction in purified myocardial myofibrils from normal rabbits and
      those having toxi-allergic myocarditis (TAM) was compared. In TAM a sharp
      decrease in the rate and value of ATP hydrolysis enthalpy released during free
      contraction of myofibrils takes place, and is accompanied by a rise in the amount
      of energy dissipated as heat. It is concluded that, at the early stages of
      shrinkage force generation during myofibril contraction in TAM, a breakdown of
      actin activation of Mg(2+)-ATPase activity for myosin occurs, the character of
      the bonds is changed, and the efficiency of myosin cross-bridge interaction with
      the protomeres of the actin thin filaments is decreased. The contractile process
      becomes wasteful.

PMID- 1797139
TI  - Changes in the responses of the neurons of the sensorimotor cortex to stimulation
      of the hunger centre of the lateral hypothalamus.
AB  - The responses of sensorimotor cortical neurons in hungry and in fed rabbits to
      stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic (LH) hunger centre were studied in the
      presence and absence of food. It was found that in the absence of food the
      response of the sensorimotor cortical neurons to LH stimulation differed between
      hungry and fed animals. No changes in firing rate were observed in 50% of neurons
      in hungry rabbits, and firing was inhibited in 45% of neurons in fed animals.
      Feeding reinforcement changed the nature of neuronal responses to LH stimulation.
      Qualitative changes in the responses to LH stimulation were observed in 77% of
      neurons in hungry rabbits, and in 61% of neurons in fed rabbits. Most neurons
      increased their rate of firing both in hungry and in fed animals.

PMID- 1797140
TI  - Comparative immunochemical analysis of the antigenic structures of the DNA
      binding histone-like HU protein from Escherichia coli and eukaryotic histones.
AB  - The general antigenic structures of the DNA-binding HU protein from E. coli,
      histones H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 from calf thymus, and histone H5 from chick
      erythrocytes were compared in immunoassays with the aid of monospecific
      polyclonal antibodies to the HU protein and the individual histones. A partial
      cross-reaction between the HU protein and antibodies to histones H1 and H5 was
      demonstrated. The reaction titres obtained in a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay
      indicated that the cross-reactions were equivalent to 30% of the reaction with
      homologous antigen for antibodies to H1, and to 20% and 12% (on dilution of HU
      protein in solutions of low and high ionic strength, respectively) of the
      reaction with homologous antigen for antibodies to H5. Cross-reactions between
      antibodies to the HU protein and histones H1, H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 were not
      detected. We suggest that the resemblance between the general antigenic
      structures of the DNA-binding HU protein from E. coli and the lysine-rich linker
      histones H1 and H5 reflects the structure of the binding sites between these
      proteins and DNA, which presumably have a similar DNA-binding pattern and a
      similar functional role.

PMID- 1797141
TI  - Paroxysmal activity in the rabbit visual cortex induced by photostimulation.
AB  - The combination of two epileptogenic factors--rhythmic photostimulation at
      frequencies of 5-6 Hz, and local injury to the visual cortex by freezing--were
      used to induce paroxysmal spike-and-wave type activity in rabbits. This activity
      (5-6 discharges per second) was observed near the injured site, as well as in the
      mirror foci, but it never extended to the frontal cortex. Spike-and-wave
      discharges were also observed in the lateral geniculate body and the superior
      colliculus. Diazepam completely inhibited this epileptic activity, but
      pentylenetetrazol and caffeine potentiated its manifestation. The dominant theta
      rhythm frequency coincides with the main electroencephalogram synchronization
      frequency, and with the frequency of rhythmical photostimulation which was able
      to induce the seizures. These findings are discussed with respect to the theory
      of synchronization of biorhythms in the brain.

PMID- 1797142
TI  - The effect of exposure to impulse X rays on normal and epileptic activity in
      rabbit brain.
AB  - Exposure to X rays (20 impulses of 4 Hz frequency, total dose 0.6-1.1 mGy)
      increased the epileptic activity of a focal area, which was produced in the
      visual cortex of rabbit brain by freezing with liquid nitrogen, and by
      stimulating with flashes of light at frequencies of 5-6 Hz. The number of seizure
      complexes during photostimulation for 5 s increased by 80% compared with the
      initial level, and this effect continued for 15 min. In control animals (with no
      epileptic foci), a decrease was observed in the main frequencies of the delta
      rhythm and the theta rhythm (by 90% and by 10%, respectively) over the cortex as
      a whole. In rabbits with experimental epilepsy, the delta rhythm decreased only
      in the frontal lobes and in the lateral geniculate body (by 30%), whereas the
      theta rhythm decreased only in the visual cortex (by 10%). Possible mechanisms
      for these effects are discussed.

PMID- 1797143
TI  - Spectrokinetic characteristics of two types of fluorescence of refractive
      granules in native individual cells from ascitic tumours.
AB  - The spectrokinetic parameters of two different types of fluorescence of lipid
      containing refractory granules (RG1 and RG2) specific to native single cells from
      rat ovarian tumour and Zaidela ascites hepatoma were studied. With these
      parameters it was possible for the first time to reveal and estimate the
      contribution of fluorescent lipid peroxidation products to the total fluorescence
      band (430-470 nm) of RG1 as well as to reveal another fluorescent component with
      parameters similar to those of NAD(P)H. The phenomenon of 'photoinflammation' of
      RG2 fluorescence under UV light, reported previously for lipofuscin granules, was
      observed in vitro for four retinal derivatives, but only in the absence of their
      contact with air.

PMID- 1797144
TI  - Estimation and comparison of lysosomal and cytoplasmic pH of human fibroblasts
      from healthy donors and patients with lysosomal storage diseases.
AB  - Measurements were made of the pH of cytoplasm and lysosomes of cultured skin
      fibroblasts from healthy donors and from patients with lysosomal storage diseases
      (mannosidosis, Fabry's disease, and Krabbe's disease), and the effects of sucrose
      loading on normal fibroblasts were studied. The cytoplasmic pH of the
      pathological cells did not differ from control values, but the intralysosomal pH
      was significantly higher in sucrose-loaded normal fibroblasts and in cells from a
      patient with mannosidosis and from another with Fabry's disease. The change in pH
      observed accorded with an increase in size of the organelles, owing to
      accumulation of nonhydrolyzable compounds. In fibroblasts from a patient with
      Krabbe's disease, which do not store nonhydrolyzable compounds, there was no
      increase either in intralysosomal pH or in lysosome size. It is suggested that
      the decrease in the pH difference between the cytoplasm and lysosomes in the
      pathological cells leads to inhibition of catabolic processes in lysosomes and to
      some changes in the intracellular transport of these vesicles.

PMID- 1797145
TI  - Immunogenicity of a polypeptide fragment of the streptococcal group A M protein
      conjugated with an acrylic acid N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer.
AB  - Immunization of animals with a polypeptide fragment of the streptococcal group A
      M protein (pep M) conjugated with a synthetic copolymer caused a significant
      increase in the titres of bactericidal type-specific antibodies. In some cases
      bactericidal antibodies to streptococci of other types were also induced.

PMID- 1797146
TI  - Antitoxic properties of a preparation of glutathione S-transferase.
AB  - Pretreatment of rats with a preparation of the cationic form of rat liver
      cytosolic glutathione S-transferase 1-3 h before injection of a dose of N-nitroso
      N-diethylamine equivalent to the LD50 of the drug completely protects the animals
      against the toxic effects of the drug. The mechanism of the protective action of
      glutathione S-transferase is discussed.

PMID- 1797147
TI  - Presynaptic alpha-latrotoxin receptor components interact with protein p65 of
      synaptic vesicle membranes.
AB  - Purified preparations of bovine brain alpha-latrotoxin receptor contain proteins
      of 39 kDa and 65 kDa. Sequence analysis shows that the 65 kDa protein corresponds
      to p65, a synaptic vesicle membrane protein previously identified in rat synaptic
      vesicles, and that the 39 kDa protein is a proteolytic fragment of the 65 kDa
      protein. The 39 kDa and 65 kDa proteins appear in receptor samples because of
      their specific interaction with components of the alpha-latrotoxin receptor. This
      interaction may represent an essential step in perfusion and/or the fusion of
      synaptic vesicle membranes with the plasma membrane of the presynaptic terminal,
      both of which are final steps in the exocytosis of neurotransmitters.

PMID- 1797149
TI  - The UK-USSR medical exchange programme.

PMID- 1797148
TI  - Conjugates of benzidine with a ternary phenol-containing copolymer of N
      vinylpyrrolidone as test antigens for the detection of benzidine in human serum.
AB  - Water-soluble polymeric amide and azo derivatives of benzidine, based on the
      terpolymer N-vinylpyrrolidone-crotonic acid-p-crotonoylaminophenol, which
      possesses adjuvant activity, were synthesized. By means of a double diffusion
      reaction in agar and a complement-binding reaction it was found that immunization
      of rabbits with the benzidine-polymer antigens (with or without complete Freund's
      adjuvant) led to the formation of highly specific antibodies against the hapten
      benzidine. Sera from rabbits immunized with these conjugates of benzidine may
      thus be used for the detection of benzidine in the sera of workers exposed to
      this chemical.

PMID- 1797150
TI  - Electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for the action of PAF in guinea-pig
      myocardium. Relation to the putative membrane signalling processes of PAF.
AB  - The effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on intracellular action
      potentials and isometric contractions of guinea-pig auricle muscle and ionic
      currents of frog atrial trabeculae were investigated. Experiments to study the
      effects of PAF on ionic currents in nerve fibre membrane were performed on frog
      single nodes of Ranvier. 10(-7) M PAF induced a negative inotropic effect
      accompanied by a decrease in amplitude, duration and upstroke velocity of the
      action potential without changes in the resting potential in guinea-pig auricle
      muscle. Wash-out of PAF restored the action potential parameters and contractile
      response after an initial transient positive inotropic effect. By contrast, 10(
      10) M PAF exerted a transient positive inotropic effect followed by a negative
      one, while wash-out of PAF initiated a transient positive effect on inotropism,
      followed by recovery of contractile force. The slow action potentials and
      contractile responses were depressed by 10(-7) M PAF in a depolarizing K-rich
      solution. Histamine (10(-4) M) and 4-aminopyridine (3 mM) inhibited the
      depressant effects of PAF (10(-7) M) on the slow electromechanical responses. PAF
      (10(-7) M) reduced the peak of slow inward Ca current in frog atrial trabeculae.
      Simultaneously, the delayed outward K current was increased by PAF (10(-7) M).
      The present results point to a PAF-induced change in the ratio of sarcolemmal Ca
      and K conductance responsible for the negative inotropic action of PAF in guinea
      pig myocardium which could result from a primary increase in K conductance. The
      specific PAF antagonist U-66985 (1-5 x 10(-6) M) was capable of inhibiting the
      PAF (10(-7) M)-induced negative effects on inotropism and action potentials
      implying membrane signalling coupled by specific binding sites for PAF in guinea
      pig myocardium. Furthermore, pretreatment of the frog atrial trabeculae with BN
      52021 (4 x 10(-6) M) nearly completely prevented the PAF (2 x 10(-7) M)-induced
      alterations in ionic currents. PAF (10(-10)-10(-6) M) was shown to selectively
      reduce the outward K current in nerve fibre membrane which we discussed in
      relation to a possible release of endogenous catecholamines proposed by Camussi
      et al. (1984) to be responsible for the positive inotropic action of PAF.
      However, the positive and negative inotropic action of PAF can be advantageously
      explained by the presence of two distinct PAF receptors in guinea-pig cardiac
      cells, one being linked to the IP3 pathway and the other to the cAMP pathway.

PMID- 1797151
TI  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has no direct effect on rat intracerebral
      arterioles in vitro.
AB  - We examined the effect of platelet activating-factor (PAF) on lumen diameter of
      penetrating intracerebral arterioles (diameter less than 50 microns) dissected
      from rat brains. PAF over a concentration range of 10(-12)-10(-6) M had no effect
      on lumen diameter. However, the arterioles were capable of both vasodilation in
      response to calcitonin gene-related peptide (EC50 = 4.4 nM) and vasoconstriction
      in response to the thromboxane mimetic, U44619 (EC50 = 5.8 nM). We conclude that
      the effects of PAF on the cortical circulation observed in vivo are indirect and
      may be due to PAF-induced changes in other humoral or cellular mediators.

PMID- 1797152
TI  - Experimental atherogenesis and vascular noradrenaline content in NZW rabbits and
      activity of a new nicotinic acid derivative (L 44-0).
AB  - New Zealand White rabbits fed a low-level cholesterol-enriched diet (0.1%) were
      used to study and characterize a possible model of experimental atherogenesis.
      For the determination of the degree of atherosclerosis, more consistent and
      reproducible morphometric methods were used. Simultaneously the influence of
      plasma cholesterol levels on vascular noradrenaline content was studied. The
      effect of a new lipid-regulating drug (0.1% L 44-0, the N-oxide of a nicotinic
      acid derivative) on analyzed parameters was studied as well. This study suggests
      that the low-level cholesterol-enriched diet is atherogenic, with macroscopically
      detectable lesions of atherosclerosis becoming apparent by week 12 of the study.
      The same diet increases the vascular noradrenaline content in the renal artery
      and in the femoral artery and vein; however, it does not influence that content
      in the carotid and mesenteric arteries. L 44-0 counteracts most of the observed
      effects.

PMID- 1797153
TI  - Phospholipid dependence of phospholipase C in rat liver plasma membranes.
AB  - Investigations have been carried out on the lipid dependence of membrane-bound
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in rat liver plasma membranes. For
      this purpose the phospholipid composition of rat liver plasma membranes has been
      modified in two different ways. The first method included enrichment of plasma
      membranes with different phospholipids in the presence of lipid transfer
      proteins, and the second a partial delipidation by means of exogenous
      phospholipases A2 and C and selective enrichment with different phospholipids.
      The results indicated that almost all used phospholipids induced activation of
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C except sphingomyelin.
      Phosphatidylethanolamine and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine were observed to be
      most effective in phospholipase C activation.

PMID- 1797154
TI  - PAF-agonistic and -antagonistic behaviour of new synthetic ether phospholipids.
      II. Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of PAF-induced human
      platelet activation.
AB  - A series of 30 newly synthesised racemic ether phospholipids was evaluated for
      PAF-antagonistic action on human blood platelets in vitro. The chemical structure
      of these compounds was derived from the 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-ethyl-glycero-3
      phosphoric acid 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinium ethylester which was recently
      characterised as a PAF-specific antagonist. Anti-PAF effects were demonstrated by
      means of an aggregation and a binding assay. The inhibition was concentration
      dependent and of competitive type. KB-values for inhibiting platelet aggregation
      in plasma were greater than or equal to 0.3 mumol/l. The most effective
      antagonists were 3-10 times more effective in comparison with the ginkgolide BN
      52021. Structure-activity relationship studies showed the 4-dimethylaminopyridine
      moiety in the 3 position to be the ultimate structural requirement for expressing
      PAF-antagonistic activity. Moreover, a short-chain substituent in the 2 position
      and a distinct distance between the phosphate group and the onium center were
      found to be essential for high PAF-antagonistic activity.

PMID- 1797156
TI  - Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver.

PMID- 1797155
TI  - Targeted delivery and expression of foreign genes in hepatocytes.

PMID- 1797157
TI  - Mechanism and clinical relevance of elevated levels of circulating
      asialoglycoproteins.

PMID- 1797158
TI  - Limitations on the specificity of targeting asialoglycoprotein-drug conjugates to
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 1797159
TI  - Trafficking of the transferrin receptor.

PMID- 1797160
TI  - Liver diseases: targeted diagnosis and therapy using specific receptors and
      ligands.

PMID- 1797161
TI  - Trafficking of asialoglycoproteins and the asialoglycoprotein receptor.
AB  - Thus, the ASGP-R, a liver parenchymal cell-specific receptor, directs the
      receptor-mediated endocytosis of galactose-terminal glycoprotein ligands from the
      circulation into the liver cell, as seen in Figure 3. Following binding at the
      cell surface and internalization, the major pathway of ligand and receptor
      movement in the cell involves trafficking to CURL. Here acidification dissociates
      ligand from receptor, allowing the receptor to recycle back to the cell surface
      and directing ligand on to lysosomal degradation. Alternative routes of ligand
      movement, such as the slow ligand-recycling pathway, have recently been observed,
      and it is tempting to speculate that this occurs by the TGR. There is now ample
      biochemical, kinetic, and morphological evidence to support both rapid receptor
      recycling as well as slow receptor recycling associated with ligand recycling.
      The importance of CURL in the dissociation and segregation of ligand and
      receptors as well as in receptor recycling and of the recently described TGR are
      now evident. In addition, the ASGP-R of the hepatocyte has provided interesting
      parallels and contrasts to other receptor systems that participate in receptor
      mediated endocytosis in liver parenchymal cells (155).

PMID- 1797162
TI  - Mechanism and clinical significance of soluble hepatic cell-surface receptors.
AB  - Transferrin receptors take up transferrin-iron complexes into hepatic cells.
      Although the receptor is not highly expressed in normal liver cells, malignant
      transformation of the cells increases its expression. As part of the expressed
      receptors are released into blood, a significant increase of serum receptors are
      observed in cases of hepatoma. Therefore, measurement of transferrin receptors in
      blood from patients with hepatoma may be useful for estimating the tumor burden
      and determinating therapeutic effects. Asialoglycoprotein receptors are expressed
      strongly in normal liver cells, whereas the expression is decreased in various
      chronic liver diseases and hepatoma. Although the active shedding of the
      receptors clearly occurs in vitro, as does that of the transferrin receptor,
      determination of the significance of these shed receptors in blood will require
      further studies.

PMID- 1797163
TI  - Structural characteristics and regulation of the asialoglycoprotein receptor.

PMID- 1797164
TI  - Ligand structural requirements for recognition and binding by the hepatic
      asialoglycoprotein receptor.

PMID- 1797166
TI  - Lipoproteins and microemulsions as carriers of therapeutic and chemical agents.

PMID- 1797165
TI  - Lipoproteins in biological fluids and compartments: synthesis, interconversions,
      and catabolism.

PMID- 1797167
TI  - Lipoproteins, malignancy, and anticancer agents.

PMID- 1797168
TI  - Acetylated low density lipoprotein and the delivery of immunomodulators to
      macrophages.

PMID- 1797169
TI  - Lipoproteins as carriers for organ-imaging radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 1797170
TI  - In vivo application of lipoproteins as drug carriers: pharmacological evaluation
      of sterylglucoside-lipoprotein complexes.

PMID- 1797171
TI  - Cellular interactions of lipoproteins with the vascular endothelium: endocytosis
      and transcytosis.

PMID- 1797172
TI  - Techniques for complexing pharmacological agents to lipoproteins and lipid
      microemulsions.

PMID- 1797173
TI  - [Social and health care cooperation in North Savo: experiences in Sonkajarvi.
      Interview by Merja Merasto].

PMID- 1797174
TI  - [Cooperation between private and community health nursing care].

PMID- 1797175
TI  - [International research in family dynamics].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to describe the family dynamics of families
      expecting their first or second child. The aim is to describe how mothers and
      fathers differ in their views on family dynamics and what differences there are
      between families expecting their first or second child. The study forms part of
      an international comparison study which is currently under way in the United
      States, Estonia and in the Nordic Countries. In the theoretical part of the study
      family dynamics is examined using the framework developed by Barnhill (1979). The
      study was carried out in the Turku and Rauma regions where a total of 136
      families were involved. The families were clients of maternity clinics and were
      expecting their first or second child. Family dynamics was studied during the
      third trimester of pregnancy. A family dynamics questionnaire and measure
      developed by the Family Research Group in the United States were used in the
      study. Both instruments were based on Barnhill's (1979) conceptual framework of
      the functioning of healthy families. As statistical methods frequencies,
      correlations and the T-test were used. Both mothers and fathers reported moderate
      individuation and flexibility, clear communication, mutuality and role
      reciprocity. Mothers reported more role conflict than fathers who reported more
      isolation, rigidity and distorted communication than mothers. There were no
      significant differences between families expecting their first or second child in
      terms of individuation, flexibility, stability and communication. After
      childbirth the latter reported more isolation and role conflict.

PMID- 1797176
TI  - [The need for care of the elderly and classification of care].

PMID- 1797177
TI  - [The number of elderly is increasing--who will care for them and what
      professional skills are needed?].

PMID- 1797178
TI  - [Patient's autonomy--it can be supported].

PMID- 1797179
TI  - [Losing one's identity].

PMID- 1797180
TI  - [Developing health and social service--cooperation is needed].

PMID- 1797181
TI  - ["She didn't show how busy she was but stopped to listen to us"--report on the
      experiences of families with children suffering from cancer].

PMID- 1797183
TI  - [The support of the organization for career progression].

PMID- 1797182
TI  - [Improving practice--getting confidence by using quality assurance].

PMID- 1797184
TI  - [Changes in the way of life of psychogeriatric patients and the search for care].

PMID- 1797185
TI  - [Experiences in the nursing care of drug addicts].

PMID- 1797186
TI  - [Reorganization of nursing at a maternity ward in West-Pohja's Central Hospital].

PMID- 1797187
TI  - [Patient activities and physical environment].

PMID- 1797188
TI  - [Research and education as a means for growth in nursing competence].

PMID- 1797189
TI  - Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: current
      status of clinical trials and potential future applications.
AB  - Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) was
      one of the first of the myeloid growth factors to become available for clinical
      trials. Phase I studies have demonstrated that the optimal administration is by
      continuous intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injections at doses of 4-5
      micrograms/kg/day. Phase II trials in patients with a variety of malignancies who
      receive rhGM-CSF after standard doses of chemotherapy have demonstrated
      significant reductions of the duration of leucocytopenia. Use of rhGM-CSF after
      high-dose chemotherapy (with or without bone marrow rescue) suggest that this
      agent decreases the time to recovery of a normal blood count and reduces
      infective complications. Results in myelodysplasia and aplastic anemia have been
      less encouraging. The potential value of rhGM-CSF in the treatment of a variety
      of other conditions including AIDS and the leukemias is being tested and the
      early results are discussed.

PMID- 1797190
TI  - Ifosfamide in pediatric oncology.
AB  - Since the number of patients seen in a pediatric oncology center is relatively
      small, it is difficult to perform single drug phase two studies, even on a
      national base. This also probably explains the lack of information on ifosfamide,
      despite the fact that it has now been used for more than 10 years in pediatrics.
      As long as chemotherapy plays such an important role in childhood cancer it
      remains of the utmost importance to determine the role of ifosfamide in the
      treatment of young cancer patients.

PMID- 1797191
TI  - Phase I evaluation of 773U82.HCl, a member of a new class of DNA intercalators.
AB  - The arylmethylaminopropanediols (AMAPs) are a new class of DNA intercalators.
      773U82.HCl is the second of these compounds to enter clinical trial. Significant
      antitumor activity for 773U82.HCl was documented in a variety of murine and human
      tumor models. This phase I study examined a 1-, 2- and 6-hour infusion given
      every 28 days. Thirty-six patients received 58 courses of drug at doses ranging
      from 15 mg/m2 to 980 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity of 773U82.HCl was
      hemolysis noted at 980 mg/m2. Change in color of the plasma and decreases in
      haptoglobin were correlated with drug concentrations of the infusate greater than
      or equal to 3 mg/ml. Clinically significant changes in hemoglobin levels
      requiring blood transfusions did not occur. Neurologic toxicity occurred at 720
      mg/m2 with the most severe neurologic toxicity occurring in a patient with the
      highest peak plasma concentration (4.1 micrograms/ml). With an increase in
      duration of the infusion and amount of fluid administered, the neurologic
      toxicity resolved. Other toxicities included mild nausea and vomiting and a dose
      related phlebitis. Pharmacokinetic studies were completed in 22 patients. The
      mean terminal t1/2 beta was 4.4 h with a mean apparent volume of distribution at
      steady state (Vdss) of 314 l/m2. The mean total body clearance was 72 l/h/m2.
      Peak plasma levels ranged from 0.04 to 4.14 micrograms/ml. Further studies with
      773U82.HCl on this schedule at the doses studied are not recommended. Hematologic
      monitoring for evidence of intravascular hemolysis should be included in future
      studies with 773U82.HCl.

PMID- 1797192
TI  - A new dosage form comprising a suspension of activated carbon particles adsorbing
      aclarubicin: toxicity in mice.
AB  - A new dosage form (ACR-CH), a suspension of small activated carbon particles
      adsorbing aclarubicin, was studied for its toxicity and histopathological effects
      on organs in mice. The 50% lethal subcutaneous dose of ACR-CH was 83.5 mg/kg, a
      value 2.42 times that (34.5 mg/kg) of the aclarubicin aqueous solution. The
      duration of the toxic effects of ACR-CH was prolonged compared with that of the
      aclarubicin aqueous solution. On autopsy there was no remarkable difference in
      macroscopic and microscopic examinations between the two dosage forms.

PMID- 1797193
TI  - A phase II study of epirubicin in breast cancer.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of epirubicin in a phase II trial in breast cancer, as
      well as its cardiac toxicity. The study was carried out on 40 female patients
      with advanced, metastatic, or recurrent breast cancer. The patients were grouped
      into two groups: group I received 30 mg/m2 epirubicin weekly, and group II 90
      mg/m2 epirubicin every 3 weeks. Cardiac monitoring was by ECG, roentgenography,
      echocardiography and endomyocardial biopsies. Clinical results were 35.3% overall
      response in group I, and 50% overall response in group II. No untoward cardiac
      toxicities were encountered. We conclude that epirubicin is an effective agent in
      breast cancer with relatively little cardiac toxicity.

PMID- 1797194
TI  - Dose schedule evaluation of metoclopramide as a potentiator of cisplatin and
      carboplatin treatments of xenografted squamous cell carcinomas of the head and
      neck.
AB  - The potentiating effect of metoclopramide on the tumor growth inhibition of
      cisplatin has been studied on human squamous cell carcinomas xenografted to nude
      mice. In this system, the optimal time interval for intraperitoneal
      administration of metoclopramide was 8 h after intraperitoneal administration of
      cisplatin. The optimal single dose level of metoclopramide in this study was 2
      mg/kg. Metoclopramide enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin at all cisplatin
      doses tested between 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Under experimental conditions
      that gave optimal sensitization of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, there was no
      potentiation of the cytotoxic effect with metoclopramide in combination with
      carboplatin. There is great similarity in the cytotoxic action of cisplatin and
      carboplatin, with the main difference being a much slower rate of formation of
      DNA crosslink formation following carboplatin exposure. Hence the data reported
      here support an important role for the kinetics of formation and reparability of
      DNA damage as part of the mechanism of metoclopramide sensitization of platinum
      containing drugs.

PMID- 1797195
TI  - Risk factors in intermediate and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of adults: a
      need for a new staging system.
AB  - This study included 120 adult patients of intermediate and high-grade non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in clinical stages II, III and IV. They were treated at
      Kasr El-Aini Center of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine (NEMROCK) during the period
      1984-1987, inclusive. All patients were prospectively treated using four
      different chemotherapy regimens: MEVP (31 patients), COPP/M (23 patients), COPP/A
      V (26 patients) and CHOP (40 patients). The clinical characteristics and
      prognostic factors in the four groups were comparable. Fifty percent (59
      patients) of the whole study group attained complete remission (CR). The highest
      CR was achieved with the CHOP regimen (58%) and the lowest was with MEVP (39%);
      the difference was statistically insignificant (p greater than 0.05). One third
      of CR relapsed during the follow-up period and two thirds remained disease-free
      for a median of 5 years and a range of 2 to 6 years. Eleven possible risk factors
      were tested for their correlation with survival. Five factors were identified as
      affecting survival significantly. When these five factors were subjected to
      stepwise regression analysis, only the quality of initial response and
      performance status sustained their prognostic significance. These factors were
      used to classify patients into three risk groups (low, intermediate, and high);
      the 5-year survivals were 79%, 36%, 17% respectively. When the Ann-Arbor staging
      system was used, no significant difference in 5-year survival was detected
      between stages II, III, and IV. The significance of the Ann-Arbor staging system
      as a prognostic indicator is questioned in G2 and G3 NHL. A new staging system is
      proposed.

PMID- 1797196
TI  - DNA interaction with metal complexes and salts of substituted boranes and
      hydroborates in murine and human tumor cell lines.
AB  - A series of metal complexes and sodium salts of substituted boranes and
      hydroborates was shown to have cytotoxicity in murine and human tumor screens.
      Most of these agents were active against the growth of L-1210, Tmolt3 and Hela
      S3. Selected agents demonstrated activity against the growth of monolayer human
      cell lines derived from solid tumors. Interestingly, many of the compounds
      demonstrated even lower ED50 values in the solid tumor than the L-1210 leukemic
      screen. Four compounds, Cu2(m-CH3)3NBH2CO2)4.2(CH3)NBH2COOH (I),
      [Fe3O((CH3)3NBH2CO2)6(CH3OH)3]NO3.CH3CN (II), cis
      [Co(en)2((CH3)3N.BH2CO2)2]Cl.2.5 H2O.0.5 CH3OH (V), and Na(CH3)3NBH2CO2.0.25
      CH3OH (IX) were shown preferentially to inhibit DNA synthesis of L-1210 cells
      with only moderate inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. In preliminary
      studies these agents effectively inhibited the activities of regulatory enzymes
      involved in the purine pathway and nucleoside kinases resulting in the
      suppression of d(NTP) pool levels. The boron derivatives also caused L-1210 DNA
      strand scission. These drugs may act together to inhibit DNA synthesis and induce
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 1797198
TI  - Oral administration of [3H]navelbine in patients: comparative pharmacokinetics
      using radioactive and radioimmunologic determination methods.
AB  - [3H]Navelbine (NVB) was administered orally to two patients. Drug levels in
      biological fluids were monitored by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and direct
      radioactivity (RA) determinations. NVB absorption was rapid: maximum plasma
      concentrations appeared in the first 2 h after oral administrations.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from RIA data were in complete accordance
      with those obtained from i.v. injections. Bioavailability (i.v./po) estimated
      from RIA and RA data averaged 40.6 and 93.0%, respectively. NVB urine excretion
      was low. Fecal excretion remained its main elimination route. Moreover, large
      differences were observed in area under NVB plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)
      values obtained by the two methods, implying intense drug bio-transformations.

PMID- 1797197
TI  - Doxorubicin plus lonidamine: in vivo metabolic effects on the rat heart.
AB  - Lonidamine (LND) is a new drug that interferes with mitochondrial functions,
      thereby inhibiting cellular oxygen consumption and energy metabolism in both
      normal and neoplastic cells. These metabolic actions of LND seem to increase the
      cytotoxic effect of antitumor agents such as doxorubicin (Dx). Dx is a widely
      used antitumor agent, but the specific cardiac toxicity which develops at a
      critical cumulative dose is the major limiting factor in its long term use. So
      far, nothing is known about a possible synergic action of LND and Dx on the
      metabolism of cardiac cells. The purpose of this study was to verify in an
      experimental model in vivo, whether LND could increase the toxicity of Dx on rat
      heart. Groups each consisting of 10 female Wistar rats (weighing 100-150 g) were
      injected ip with a single dose of Dx (10 mg/kg), LDN (50 mg/kg), or Dx plus LND
      and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (ratio LND:DMSO = 1/10). After 24 h, oxygen uptake
      (QO2) and intracellular concentrations of ATP and GTP indices of cardiac
      metabolic impairment, were measured on heart slices in Warburg apparatus and by
      high-pressure liquid chromatography. Dx, significantly (p less than 0.01),
      reduced QO2 (34%) and intracellular concentration of ATP and GTP (32-57%). LND
      alone only partially reduced cardiac QO2 (23%) and intracellular ATP-GTP
      concentration (16-31%). By contrast, the combination of the two agents did not
      enhance Dx-related metabolic cardiac toxicity.

PMID- 1797199
TI  - Antitumor effects of alkylphosphocholines in different murine tumor models: use
      of liposomal preparations.
AB  - Hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC) and its analogs with a longer alkyl chain (C18 and
      C20) were examined for antineoplastic activity in the murine tumor models P388
      leukemia, B 16 melanoma, the mammary carcinoma C3H and Ca 755, and the human MT-1
      mammary tumor in nude mice. The maximum tolerated doses were determined and found
      to be higher in mice than in rats. The toxicity of the alkylphosphocholines
      increases with chain length. The murine mammary carcinoma C3H and the human MT-1
      mammary carcinoma showed response to HPC whereas the classical screening models
      did not respond to the synthetic lipids. Furthermore, HPC showed activity in a
      mitoxantrone-resistant P388 leukemia. Treated/control values between 120 and 160%
      in survival time could be obtained following a daily application of the lipid.
      Examination of the activity of possible cleavage products of HPC gave no
      information about the mechanism of action of the used etherlipids. Liposomes with
      encapsulated mitoxantrone, formed from alkylphosphocholines, cholesterol and
      dicetylphosphate had the same activity against P388 mouse leukemia as the free
      drug. The hemolytic activity of the three lipids tested in vivo was assumed to be
      related to toxic deaths of single animals; hemolytic activity was observed to be
      sometimes independent of schedule and dose.

PMID- 1797200
TI  - Acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 D on the oxygen consumption of
      Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura).
AB  - The effect of two pesticides widely used in Argentina on the oxygen consumption
      of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata was studied. Constant pressure
      respirometers were employed to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption per weight
      unit of animals treated previously with each pesticide, both acute (96 h) and
      chronically (15 and 30 days). Crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate
      insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase
      of oxygen consumption at 0.5 ppm under acute exposure, and at 10 ppb under a
      chronic one. On the other hand, crabs exposed to 2,4 D (an herbicide) did not
      show changes in their consumption after an acute exposure, but those exposed
      chronically did show an increase at low concentration (5 ppm) followed by a
      relative decrease at the highest concentration (50 ppm). The results obtained for
      parathion are in accordance with the abnormal cholinergic excitation that it may
      exert on crustacean nervous system. The effect of 2,4 D was consistent with its
      uncoupler action at respiratory chain level, at low concentrations, while a
      possible Krebs cycle enzymes inhibition might be occurring at higher
      concentrations of that pesticide, as in other crustacean species. The faster
      action of parathion, respect to 2,4 D, is explained by its neurotoxic nature.

PMID- 1797201
TI  - Peripheral glucose and potassium transport after glucose ingestion in normal
      subjects.
AB  - This study was designed to quantify forearm potassium uptake or release in the
      postabsorptive state and after an oral glucose challenge, and if there is
      association of potassium uptake with glucose and free fatty acids (FFA)
      metabolism in peripheral tissues of normal subjects. Nine healthy volunteers (4M
      and 5F) were studied after an overnight fast (12-14 h) and during 3 hours after
      ingestion of 75 g of glucose. The forearm glucose uptake rate reached the maximum
      at 60 minutes (0.985 mg/100 ml forearm.min), declining to the basal levels at the
      end of the 3 h of study. Although heterogeneously in the postabsorptive state,
      potassium moves out of the forearm muscle into the venous blood in normal
      individuals. After glucose ingestion, the potassium release diminished and there
      was also potassium uptake during the last hour of the study. The arterial FFA
      levels decreased significantly after the glucose load. In conclusion, the results
      of this study showed that in peripheral tissues: 1) during the first 2 h after
      the ingestion of 75 g of glucose there was a reduction in potassium release; 2)
      potassium uptake only occurred in the last hour when insulin levels were slightly
      higher, plasma glucose were similar and FFA were lower than in the postabsorptive
      period; 3) there was a clear dissociation between potassium and glucose uptake.

PMID- 1797202
TI  - Phasic activity in the airways smooth muscle.
AB  - In anesthetized cats and rats additional observations were made on the
      oscillations that are usually seen in breathing pressure or flow records. It was
      confirmed that these oscillations have the same properties as those phasic
      responses to vagal stimulation since they interfere with each other. It was also
      confirmed that this type of activity represents a different phenomenon from the
      known tone changes, and that it depends from sympathetic control of the airways
      smooth muscle. The possible determinant role of the mechanical factors as stimuli
      was examined by applying positive or negative pressure pulses at the free end of
      the tracheal cannula and by the study of some other conditions in which there is
      a sudden lung distension. At this respect, pressure, volume and rate of air flow
      in the airways seemed to be all important as stimuli. The initial state of
      tension of the bronchial walls is also important. The obtained results suggest
      that mechanical stimulation is normally effective against a background of
      facilitatory influence from the sympathetic system.

PMID- 1797203
TI  - [Effect of nifedipine on perfusion pressure changes produced by alpha 1
      adrenergic agonists and depolarizing solution in rat hindlimbs].
AB  - The calcium channels blocker, nifedipine (NIF) inhibited in a partial non
      competitive manner the changes in perfusion pressure (delta P) caused by
      noradrenaline (NA) in the rat hindquarters, being the maximum inhibition of 31.0
      +/- 8.3% (n = 5) for NIF 1.10(-5) M. The vasoconstrictor response of K+ 80 mM -
      phentolamine 3.10(-6)M was inhibited with lower concentrations of NIF than the
      one produced by phenylephrine (F) 1.10(-4)M. When the hindquarters were perfused
      with Krebs OCa-EGTA 2 mM NA developed contractile response. The administration of
      Ca 2.5 mM after the intracellular calcium store had been depleted, generated
      vasoconstriction in the presence of F 1.10(-4)M and K+ 80 mM - phentolamine 3.10(
      6)M which were blocked in a 60.4 +/- 5.7 (n = 12) and 91.1 +/- 2.3% (n = 10)
      respectively by NIF 1.10(-5)M. The results suggest that the activation of the
      adrenergic receptor by NA in the perfused rat hindquarters, probably releases
      calcium from intracellular stores and promotes calcium influx through pathway
      scarcely sensitive to NIF. Both mechanisms would be responsible for the partial
      blockade found in our results.

PMID- 1797204
TI  - Mechanisms underlying post-rest potentiation in isolated left rat atria.
AB  - In the isolated rat left atria the influence of rest intervals on the force
      developed by the first post rest beat (PRB) was studied. Under control conditions
      the force developed by the PRB increased (respect to previous steady state at 0.5
      Hz) with the increase of the rest interval until 20 sec of pause and decreased
      with longer intervals. In the presence of caffeine (1 or 4 mM plus high [Ca]0)
      there was a monotonous fall of the PRB as a function of the rest interval. When
      extracellular calcium was replaced by Sr the tension developed by PRB vs. rest
      interval curve rose with a slope lower than the control one and reached the peak
      at 60 sec. At saturation levels of [Ca]0 the PRB tension development did not vary
      up to 20 sec pause but the decreasing phase observed after 20 sec of rest
      interval was still present. At 0.5 mM [Ca]0 the response was similar to control
      curve. The results in the presence of caffeine and strontium suggest that, in rat
      atria, the rest potentiation appears to be dependent on the release of calcium
      from intracellular stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum). This is consistent with the
      hypothesis proposing that longer resting periods provide a longer interval for
      the transfer of Ca from uptake to release sites in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 1797205
TI  - Additive effects of dietary protein and energy deficiencies on diaphysis and bone
      tissue of rat femurs as determined by bending tests.
AB  - The present study was designed to study the effects of diets moderately
      restricted in protein and/or carbohydrate derived calories on morphometric
      parameters (geometric properties) and mechanical performance of both diaphysis
      (structural properties) and cortical bone tissue (material properties) from
      growing rat femurs, as determined by bending tests at low strain rates. Male rats
      aged 30 days were divided in four groups, namely NN = normal protein and energy,
      NPLE = normal protein and low energy, LP = low protein and normal energy, and
      LPLE = low protein and low energy. Each group was fed on a corresponding diet for
      20 days. Both body weight and femoral length were greater in NN and lower in LL
      than in LE and LP groups. Geometrical and structural variables (with the
      exception of wall/lumen ratio) grossly paralleled changes in body weight, while
      material properties showed independent and less significant changes. Therefore,
      the assayed levels of restriction of either plastic or energetic nutrients seemed
      to alter bone biomechanics proportionally to the way it affected bone growth.

PMID- 1797206
TI  - Assessment of vena caval filters.

PMID- 1797207
TI  - LGM (Vena Tech) vena cava filter: clinical experience in 64 patients.
AB  - LG-Medical (LGM) vena cava filters were inserted percutaneously in 64 patients.
      Each case was followed after the filter insertion. Clinical follow-up was
      available in all patients; in 11 patients it was the only form of follow-up.
      Findings were available from autopsies in seven patients, plain abdominal
      radiographs in 42, and duplex sonograms of the insertion vein and inferior vena
      cava (IVC) in 46. A filter was inserted without major complication in all
      patients. The filter failed to open fully in four patients and was tilted in the
      IVC in 15. Recurrent pulmonary embolism was found in two patients (fatal in one),
      and inconsequential filter migration occurred in 11. Introduction vein thrombosis
      occurred in four patients. IVC thrombosis, demonstrated at autopsy or sonography,
      was found in 14 patients (22%) and was symptomatic in six (9%). This report
      suggests that the LGM filter is easy to introduce, and few complications are
      associated with insertion. The rate of caval thrombosis, however, may be higher
      than previously reported.

PMID- 1797209
TI  - Incomplete opening of LGM (Vena Tech) filters inserted via the transjugular
      approach.
AB  - Over a 12-month period, 216 LGM vena caval filters were placed in 216 patients at
      four institutions. The transjugular approach was used in 31 of 216 insertions
      (14%); 185 of 216 filters (86%) were inserted via the femoral route. Incomplete
      opening of filters was encountered in 13 of 31 transjugular insertions (41%) and
      none of 185 transfemoral insertions. Delayed spontaneous filter opening occurred
      in three of 12 cases (25%) of incomplete opening (in which follow-up was
      available) at 5 minutes, 4 days, and 2 months after insertion. One filter opened
      completely after catheter manipulations. Several mechanisms explaining this
      complication are proposed. In its present form, the LGM filter should not be
      inserted via the jugular route. Since the filtering capabilities of the
      incompletely opened LGM device have been shown to be diminished in vitro, it may
      be advisable to place a second filter cephalad to an incompletely opened LGM
      filter.

PMID- 1797208
TI  - Vena Tech vena cava filter: experience and early follow-up.
AB  - Vena caval filters, such as the Vena Tech filter, that employ low-profile
      introducer systems have provided physicians with a variety of options for
      percutaneous placement. From April 1989 to April 1990, 81 patients underwent
      percutaneous placement of the Vena Tech filter at the authors' institution.
      Follow-up has been obtained to evaluate the filter with regard to the prevention
      of pulmonary embolism, the maintenance of caval patency, and mechanical
      stability. Two cases of pulmonary embolism have been seen following filter
      placement. Three cases of caval thrombosis have occurred, with recanalization of
      the cava seen in two of these cases. There have been one broken filter and one
      case of incomplete filter opening. Limited filter tilting and migration have
      occurred, though in no case has filter tilt or migration been clinically
      significant. This experience with the Vena Tech filter suggests that it is safe
      and effective for the prevention of pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 1797210
TI  - Use of the Bird's Nest filter in oversized inferior venae cavae.
AB  - An inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter of greater than 28 mm has been considered a
      contraindication to the intracaval placement of Greenfield, LG-Medical (LGM), and
      Simon nitinol filters, necessitating biiliac placement of these devices. With the
      Bird's Nest filter (BNF), the maximum span of the struts, which immobilize the
      device, is 60 mm; this allows the placement of the BNF in an oversized IVC having
      a diameter of greater than 28 mm. Over a 44-month period, 799 IVC filters (547
      BNF, 136 Greenfield filters, and 116 LGM filters) were inserted. BNFs were placed
      in 18 patients (2.3%) with an oversized IVC (diameter range, 29-42 mm); all
      filters were placed via the femoral route. Patient records were reviewed to
      determine if problems were associated with filter insertion (including insertion
      site femoral vein thrombosis) and to determine the prevalence of filter
      migration, caval thrombosis, and new or recurrent pulmonary emboli (PE) after
      insertion. No difficulties were encountered during insertion. There was no
      documented case of device migration, caval thrombosis, or clinically apparent new
      or recurrent PE. The data suggest that the BNF is the filtering device of choice
      in patients with an oversized IVC.

PMID- 1797211
TI  - Proximity injuries: correlation with results of extremity arteriography.
AB  - The results of 170 emergency arteriography procedures in 142 patients who had
      sustained extremity injuries near major arteries were correlated with the
      findings from a physical examination conducted prior to arteriography.
      Radiographically demonstrable significant arterial injuries, which usually
      required surgical repair, were present at 42 of the 170 injury sites (25%). Major
      physical findings suggestive of arterial injury were noted at 105 of 170 sites
      (62%). Arteriography demonstrated a significant injury in 40 (38%) of these 105
      injury sites, representing 95% of all major arterial injuries. Among the 65
      injury sites without any suggestive major physical finding, only two were
      associated with a significant vascular injury at arteriography (3%) (5% of all 42
      arterial injuries). At each of these 65 injury sites, the decision to perform
      emergency arteriography was based solely on the proximity of the wound to a major
      artery. In spite of this very low yield in the subgroup of 51 patients without
      major physical findings, emergency arteriography is still routinely requested for
      extremity injuries at the authors' institutions. The validity of this policy, a
      possible reason for its development, and its effect on patient disposition are
      examined.

PMID- 1797212
TI  - Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava with Budd-Chiari syndrome: MR
      imaging findings.
AB  - Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a curable cause of a
      primary type of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and vena
      cavography were performed on nine patients with membranous obstruction of the
      IVC. The MR findings were retrospectively analyzed and compared with computed
      tomographic findings in seven patients. The morphologic features of membranous
      obstruction of the IVC on spin-echo MR images were a curvilinear soft-tissue
      membrane (five cases) or an obliterated lumen of a hepatic segment of the IVC
      (four cases) in transverse or sagittal views. The lumen below the obstruction
      revealed flow-related signal (seven cases), intraluminal thrombus (one case), and
      thrombotic occlusion (one case). The hepatic veins were narrow and disoriented
      without connection to the hepatic segment of the IVC just below the diaphragm. On
      T2-weighted images, inhomogeneity with high signal intensity was shown more
      prominently in the hepatic parenchyma in Simson type II or III membranous
      obstruction. Other findings were hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged caudate lobe,
      cirrhotic liver, associated hepatoma, and presence of various collaterals.

PMID- 1797213
TI  - Accuracy of color Doppler flow mapping for evaluation of the severity of
      femoropopliteal arterial disease: a prospective study.
AB  - The usefulness of color Doppler flow mapping for estimating the severity of
      femoropopliteal lesions was compared with that of angiography in 35 patients (70
      extremities). Sonography depicted significant (greater than 40% luminal
      narrowing) arterial lesions in 45 of 47 lower extremities in which such lesions
      were present (sensitivity, 0.96 [95% confidence limits; 0.86, 0.99]). The absence
      of significant segmental stenosis or occlusion was confirmed in 15 of the 23
      normal extremities (specificity, 0.65 [0.45, 0.81]). Occlusions amenable to
      bypass surgery were correctly predicted in 25 of 26 (sensitivity, 0.96 [0.81,
      0.99]) and were excluded in 41 of 44 extremities (specificity, 0.93 [0.82,
      0.98]). Lesions amenable to angioplasty were detected in 16 of 21 instances, with
      overestimation of severity in three lesions that were judged suitable for bypass
      surgery; two lesions were missed. Preangiographic screening with color Doppler
      flow mapping is an accurate method for predicting the presence of femoropopliteal
      artery occlusions amenable to bypass surgery. It is also a sensitive method for
      predicting the presence of peripheral arterial disease.

PMID- 1797214
TI  - Axillary artery thrombosis from handball.

PMID- 1797215
TI  - Recanalization of an occluded aortoiliac bypass graft with Palmaz stents.
AB  - Four tandem Palmaz balloon-expandable vascular stents were used to recanalize the
      completely occluded limb of an aortoiliac bypass graft after failure of
      thrombolysis and conventional angioplasty. The resting peak-systolic pressure
      gradient across the occluded limb was reduced from 68 to 13 mm Hg. The patient's
      rest pain resolved, and the ankle-brachial index rose from 0.54 to 0.78. No
      embolization or stent-related complications occurred. The graft remains patent as
      determined with noninvasive studies obtained 8 months later.

PMID- 1797216
TI  - Ultrarapid urokinase in hemodialysis access occlusion.
AB  - Over a 3-month period, 14 consecutive hemodialysis access occlusions were treated
      with 1-1.25 million IU of urokinase (UK) delivered at a rate of 20,000 IU/min.
      After systemic heparin administration, lytic infusion via the crossed-catheter
      technique was performed with use of pediatric microdrip pumps, with determination
      of success within 1 hour. Patency was established radiographically in 11 of 14
      occlusions, for a 79% immediate success rate. At 285-day mean follow-up, 9% (one
      of 11) remained patent without further radiologic or surgical intervention; graft
      survival was 64% (seven of 11). No significant complications occurred with use of
      ultrarapid UK. The 1-hour outpatient procedure safely allowed for rapid triage
      between surgical and radiologic intervention, minimal catheter manipulation or
      physician dependency, shorter duration compression of any bleeding venipuncture
      sites during UK administration, and greater patient comfort because of shortened
      procedure times.

PMID- 1797217
TI  - Spermatic vein occlusion with hot contrast material: angiographic results.
AB  - Spermatic vein occlusion by means of selective injection of boiling contrast
      material into the spermatic vein was attempted in 175 men with symptomatic
      varicoceles or infertility. Seventy-six patients (43%) returned for follow-up
      venography. Of 115 veins injected, 96 (83%) were totally occluded on the follow
      up venogram obtained at 6 weeks to 2 years after injection. In the latter portion
      of the study, the technique was changed slightly, with injection of larger
      volumes of hot contrast material, resulting in a 91% occlusion rate. Each vein
      that was found patent on the follow-up venogram (19 of 115 [16%]) was assessed
      radiographically, and results were categorized as grade 1, a complete failure in
      which there was no change from the presclerotherapy appearance (nine of 19
      [47%]); grade 2, a failure in which the treated vein was smaller but patent (five
      of 19 [26%]); or grade 3, a failure in which the treated vein was occluded with
      newly developed collateral vessels (five of 19 [26%]). The pretreatment size of
      the spermatic vein and the quantity of hot contrast material injected were both
      statistically significant factors in the treatment outcome.

PMID- 1797218
TI  - Uterine arteriovenous malformations: primary treatment with therapeutic
      embolization.
AB  - Uterine arteriovenous malformations are rare lesions that can cause massive
      vaginal bleeding and spontaneous abortions. The majority are either congenital or
      related to gestational trophoblastic disease. Hysterectomy has been the treatment
      with symptomatic uterine arteriovenous malformations by means of transcatheter
      embolization; three of the lesions were related to gestational trophoblastic
      disease and one was congenital. All were supplied by the uterine arteries that
      were subselectively embolized with particulate material. This resulted in prompt
      cessation of uterine hemorrhage. There were no complications, and one pregnancy
      was achieved. The three other women have normal menstruation and no recurrence of
      bleeding at follow-up 10-48 months after treatment. On the basis of this
      experience and that of others, embolotherapy should be the treatment of first
      choice in these lesions, as it appears safe and effective. Additionally, uterine
      function is preserved in patients who are usually reproductively active.

PMID- 1797219
TI  - Transcatheter management of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis.
AB  - Hemorrhage from rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a potentially fatal
      complication of pancreatitis. Seventeen patients underwent transcatheter
      embolization of 23 arteries for the treatment of 20 arterial pseudoaneurysms
      secondary to pancreatitis. Their records were reviewed retrospectively to
      evaluate the clinical benefit of transcatheter therapy. At presentation, 15 of
      the 17 patients had gastrointestinal, intrasplenic, retroperitoneal,
      intraperitoneal, or postoperative wound bleeding. Transcatheter embolotherapy was
      the sole treatment for 16 (80%) of the 20 pseudoaneurysms in 13 patients. Four
      pseudoaneurysms (20%) in four patients were treated prior to splenectomy.
      Transcatheter therapy was clinically beneficial in all patients. Three patients
      had procedural complications without significant clinical sequelae. Transcatheter
      embolotherapy should be the initial treatment of choice in patients with arterial
      pseudoaneurysms secondary to pancreatitis. Treatment may be definitive or
      facilitate subsequent surgery.

PMID- 1797220
TI  - Biliary strictures in hepatic transplantation.
AB  - Between August 1985 and December 1990, 198 liver transplantations were performed.
      Among 18 patients, 20 biliary strictures were identified, which were categorized
      as anastomotic (n = 6), nonanastomotic central hilar (n = 8), and nonanastomotic
      peripheral (n = 6). Pretransplant disease, hepatic artery patency, presence of
      acute or chronic rejection, and donor cold ischemia times were tabulated for each
      case. Among the six patients with peripheral strictures, three had sclerosing
      cholangitis prior to transplantation. Three patients with nonanastomotic
      strictures experienced chronic rejection. The mean cold ischemia time for
      patients with nonanastomotic strictures was 9.75 hours versus 8.1 hours for
      nonstrictured transplants (P = .025). Balloon dilation was performed in 13
      patients; follow-up longer than 6 months was available for nine patients.
      Dilation was successful in four cases. Among the five failures, only one patient
      has needed surgery. An association was noted between nonanastomotic biliary
      strictures and prolonged donor cold ischemia time, between peripheral
      nonanastomotic strictures and pretransplant sclerosing cholangitis, and between
      nonanastomotic strictures and chronic rejection. Percutaneous balloon dilation
      was found useful in the treatment of the strictured transplant.

PMID- 1797222
TI  - Percutaneous cholecystostomy: does transhepatic puncture preclude a
      transperitoneal catheter route?
AB  - Percutaneous cholecystostomy is now commonly performed for the diagnosis and
      treatment of gallbladder and biliary disorders. The optimal method and route of
      percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter placement, however, remain controversial
      and may depend on the indication for the procedure. The ability to predict
      traversal of the extraperitoneal plane of fixation ("bare area") between the
      liver and gallbladder with a transhepatic approach was investigated. With
      sonographic guidance, 21 transhepatic catheterizations were attempted: 19 in
      cadavers and two in patients who subsequently underwent cholecystectomy. In all
      cases, 8-F or 5-F self-retaining catheters were used. At autopsy or surgery, the
      catheter course and gallbladder puncture site were evaluated. Of 21 punctures, 19
      (90%) were transhepatic and two (10%) were transperitoneal. Among the 19
      transhepatic punctures, eight catheters (42%) traversed the bare area, while 11
      (58%) entered the free gallbladder wall adjacent to the serosal attachment. There
      were four instances of guide-wire dislodgment during catheter placement; all
      occurred following puncture of the free wall of the gallbladder. No guide-wire
      dislodgment occurred when the bare area was transversed. Transhepatic gallbladder
      puncture does not prevent puncture of the free gallbladder surface. However, the
      liver and bare area do seem to provide guide-wire stability during catheter
      placement.

PMID- 1797221
TI  - Delayed gallbladder rupture following percutaneous cholecystostomy.
AB  - Percutaneous cholecystostomy has become an accepted therapeutic alternative for
      high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. However, some authors have cautioned
      that patients with gallbladder wall necrosis and gangrene may not be effectively
      treated by means of percutaneous drainage alone. A case is reported in which
      gallbladder wall necrosis progressed following technically successful
      percutaneous drainage. Spontaneous gallbladder rupture ensued, necessitating
      emergent cholecystectomy. Cholecystography 2 weeks following tube placement and 1
      week prior to rupture showed a markedly abnormal, irregular gallbladder lumen.
      The authors suggest that follow-up cholecystography may be a useful tool for
      evaluating patient response to percutaneous cholecystostomy and for determining
      subsequent patient management.

PMID- 1797223
TI  - Histopathologic study of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.
AB  - A detailed histopathologic analysis of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts was
      performed following liver transplantation in five patients. Gross examination
      revealed that all stents were patent and unchanged in size, shape, and position
      from initial placement. Histologic examination at 4 days revealed an irregular
      luminal surface with liver parenchyma protruding between the stent wires and a
      single, patchy layer of endothelial cells lining the shunt surface. By 3 weeks,
      the stent wires were covered by a pseudointima of granulation tissue, and the
      luminal surface was lined with a contiguous layer of endothelial cells. Excessive
      pseudointimal proliferation resulted in shunt occlusion at 3 months in one
      patient whose shunt was subsequently reopened percutaneously.

PMID- 1797224
TI  - Effect of a metallic balloon-expanded stent on normal rabbit ureter.
AB  - Two-millimeter balloon-expanded Gianturco-Roubin coronary artery stents were
      placed in the 1-mm-diameter distal ureters of five normal rabbits. Retrograde
      pyelograms obtained immediately after stent placement showed no obstruction or
      extravasation of contrast material. Follow-up excretory urograms were obtained
      for each animal between 4 and 17 days, and autopsy was performed between 35 and
      42 days. Findings at excretory urography and autopsy demonstrated severe
      obstruction at the level of the stent in each animal. Histologic examination of
      the resected ureter was performed. In four animals, the stent had penetrated into
      the wall of the ureter and a fibrous reaction had obliterated the lumen. In one
      animal, although the stent was still present within the lumen of the ureter, a
      fibrous reaction within the wall had destroyed the muscle layers and narrowed the
      lumen at the distal end of the stent. It is concluded that the 2-mm Gianturco
      Roubin stent is unsuitable for placement in the 1-mm rabbit ureter.

PMID- 1797225
TI  - Real-time US guidance during renal biopsy in children: a different approach.
      Technical note.
AB  - To minimize procedural failures and complications, a real-time ultrasound (US)
      approach was developed for percutaneous renal biopsy in the pediatric population.
      With use of a 3- or 5-MHz transducer, the medial border of the kidney is
      localized and a line, which parallels the renal axis, is drawn on the skin. The
      lower pole and renal hilum are identified, and lines are drawn perpendicular to
      the long axis. After the patient is sedated, the entry site is selected above the
      lower pole. The transducer is placed on the child's side in an oblique transverse
      plane parallel to the axis of the kidney, the needle is guided into the renal
      cortex, and a specimen is obtained. Sixty-five biopsies were performed in 63
      children. Fifty-five specimens were obtained from native kidneys. Success was
      achieved in all cases with only three minor complications. This approach appears
      to be an easy, safe, and accurate guide for renal biopsy in the pediatric
      population.

PMID- 1797226
TI  - Use of a guard wire during transjugular liver biopsy with the Colapinto needle.
      Technical note.
AB  - The authors describe a simple modification of the Colapinto transjugular biopsy
      needle in which a 0.045-inch stainless steel guide wire is used. The technique
      allows easier and safer passage of the needle through the introducer sheath to
      avoid complications such as sheath puncture and expedite the procedure. The
      technique and successful results in seven patients are described.

PMID- 1797228
TI  - Genomic organization of the rat aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) locus:
      partial analysis reveals divergence from the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase (DDC)
      gene structure.
AB  - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is responsible for the conversion of L
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and L-5-hydroxytryptophan to dopamine and
      serotonin, respectively, which are important neurotransmitters. We characterized
      genomic clones derived from the rat AADC locus by Southern blot and nucleotide
      sequencing analyses to explore the exonal organization of the gene. Our results
      suggest that the rat AADC gene is relatively large, containing at least 12 exons
      and spanning at least 40 kb in the rat genome. In this study, nine exons
      corresponding to 71% of the published cDNA sequence were identified, the smallest
      of which was as short as 20 base pairs (bp). In the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase
      (DDC) gene, the sequences homologous to these nine exons are all present in the
      fourth exon. This implies that either multiple intron sequences have been added
      to the vertebrate AADC gene or alternatively, deleted from the invertebrate gene
      after the divergence of vertebrates and invertebrates during evolution.

PMID- 1797229
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of the Ta25H deletion: evidence for additional deleted
      loci.
AB  - Seventeen linking clones sublocalized to the central region of the mouse X
      Chromosome (Chr) were screened against genomic DNA from male mice carrying the
      tabby-25H (Ta25H) deletion. Two of these linking clones, lambda EM131 and lambda
      EM169, were found to be deleted in Ta25H/Y animals. Genetic mapping through Mus
      musculus domesticus/Mus spretus interspecific backcross progeny, segregating for
      the original tabby (Ta) gene mutation, was utilized to order these markers and to
      define nearest flanking markers to the Ta25H deletion (lambda EM140 and lambda
      EM171). The size of the Ta25H deletion was thus estimated as up to 4.5
      centiMorgans (cM). The order of markers, proximal to distal, was found to be
      lambda EM140/lambda EM131, mouse androgen receptor gene (Ar)/lambda EM169,
      Ta/lambda EM171. A putative CpG-rich island and a highly evolutionarily conserved
      DNA probe were isolated from the DXCrc169 locus which co-segregates with the Ta
      locus in this study.

PMID- 1797227
TI  - Molecular mapping of obesity genes.
AB  - Advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to clone mutant genes from
      mammals. This capability should facilitate efforts to determine the genetic
      factors that control food intake and body composition. In order to identify these
      genetic factors, we have been making use of mouse mutations that cause obesity.
      The basic premise of this approach is to take advantage of the mouse as a genetic
      system for the analysis of genetically complex disorders and to then apply that
      information to the study of human disease. This paper reviews: (1) current
      concepts concerning the control of body weight in man and other mammals; (2) the
      biologic characteristics of the mouse obesity mutations; (3) our progress in the
      use of positional cloning techniques to clone the mouse obese (ob) and diabetes
      (db) genes; (4) an approach to polygenic obesity in mice; and (5) the possible
      relevance of the mouse obesity mutations to human obesity.

PMID- 1797230
TI  - Comparison of interspecific to intersubspecific backcrosses demonstrates species
      and sex differences in recombination frequency on mouse chromosome 16.
AB  - One hundred fourteen progeny from an interspecific backcross between laboratory
      mice and M. spretus were typed for six markers spanning most of mouse Chromosome
      (Chr) 16. Additional maps of 9-10 markers of this chromosome were derived from
      analysis of over 500 progeny from four backcrosses between inbred laboratory
      strains and members of the Mus musculus group, M.m. musculus and M.m. molossinus
      (subspecies). The results of these analyses confirmed the gene order: (CEN)-Prm
      1/Prm-2-Igl-1-Smst-Mtv-6-Gap43-Pit-1(dw)- D21S16h-App-Sod-1-Ets-2-Mx. Maps
      produced from these five crosses were of similar lengths, but recombination in
      several regions was affected by sex of the F1 parent or by the combination of
      strains used in the cross. As reported previously, recombination frequencies were
      elevated significantly at the distal end of the chromosome in a cross using F1
      males. The male map showed significant compression in the interval Smst to Gap43.
      Both male and female intersubspecific maps were expanded near the proximal and
      distal ends of the chromosome relative to the interspecific cross. The spretus
      cross was compressed in the proximal interval, Prm-1-Igl-1-Smst, and was slightly
      expanded in the Smst-Gap43 interval, relative to intersubspecific crosses using
      F1 females. Female intersubspecific maps were expanded about 50% near the distal
      end of the chromosome when compared to the interspecific cross. The expansion or
      compression of maps using different strain or sex combinations has implications
      for the efficient production of high resolution recombinational maps of the mouse
      genome.

PMID- 1797231
TI  - B2-like repetitive sequence from the X chromosome of the American mink (Mustela
      vison).
AB  - In analysis of the repeats from the mink X Chromosome (Chr), we have identified a
      B2-like repetitive sequence of 195 base pairs (bp) flanked by short direct
      repeats of 14 bp. It contains regions homologous to the split intragenic RNA
      polymerase III promoter and a 3' A-rich region followed by an oligo(dA) sequence.
      A feature of the repeat is the presence of a perfect polypyrimidine tract 22 bp
      in length absent from the known Alu- and Alu-like sequences. Alignment of the
      mink B2-like sequence and mouse B2-consensus sequence allowed us to estimate
      their similarity as 55%. The repeat is present in 1-2 x 10(5) copies per mink
      genome and 2-4 x 10(3) copies per X Chr. In situ hybridization analysis
      demonstrated a similar distribution pattern of the B2-like repeat along the
      length of all the mink chromosomes including the X. We also observed the presence
      of mink B2-like hybridizable sequence in the genomes of other Carnivora species.

PMID- 1797232
TI  - The mouse Col2a-1 gene is highly conserved and is linked to Int-1 on chromosome
      15.
AB  - Type II collagen is the major extracellular matrix component of cartilage and
      correct expression of the alpha 1(II) collagen gene is important for vertebrate
      skeletal development. In order to provide the basis for studying the control of
      type II collagen gene expression in embryogenesis and in mouse models of human
      connective tissue disease, the complete mouse Col2-a1 gene has been isolated in a
      single cosmid clone, cosMco1.2, and partially characterized. The gene is
      approximately 30 kb and is highly conserved in exon/intron structure and
      nucleotide and amino acid sequence (greater than 80% homology) when compared with
      the human, rat, bovine and chicken equivalents. A high degree of conservation was
      also found in the 5' flanking region of the rat, human and mouse alpha 1(II)
      collagen genes, including the presence of several G + C and C + T rich, direct
      repeat motifs. The sites of transcription start, termination codon and
      polyadenylation have also been identified. Unlike chicken, bovine and human,
      where polyA attachment is at a single site, for the mouse Col2a-1 gene two
      polyadenylation sites are utilized. Col2a-1 has also been localized by
      interspecies backcross analysis to the central portion of mouse Chromosome (Chr)
      15, approximately 8 centiMorgans (cM) proximal of Int-1 and 18 cM distal of Myc.
      Col2a-1 is therefore included in a linkage group which is conserved on human Chr
      12q.

PMID- 1797233
TI  - Tg (9 HSA-MYC), a homozygous lethal insertion in the mouse.
AB  - Transgenic mice generated with different DNA sequences were surveyed for possible
      homozygous mutant phenotypes. We found an embryonic lethal mutation in the
      transgenic mouse strain (MT-MYC12.4) containing the human c-myc gene. Embryos
      homozygous for the transgene die shortly after implantation. The strain MT
      MYC12.4 carries approximately 50 tandem copies of the recombinant plasmid
      sequence. The 3' flanking sequence has been cloned and analyzed. It contains a
      unique sequence that has been conserved during evolution and maps to Chromosome
      (Chr) 9. This mutant has been designated Tg 9 (HSA-MYC).

PMID- 1797235
TI  - Extended-wear contact lenses: a philosophy for fitting and management.
AB  - The fitting and management of extended-wear contact lenses requires a
      conservative philosophy of patient selection and a structured program of care.
      Because of the increased risk of serious complications, informed consent must be
      obtained before fitting patients with lenses. Fitting philosophies favor hydrogel
      lenses of medium thickness and water content that provide adequate movement.
      Initial lens care is best provided by peroxide care systems. Patients are usually
      fitted in the morning, reevaluated in the afternoon, and allowed to wear lenses
      overnight if there are no contraindications. After reexamination the next
      morning, planned follow-up is usually provided at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 3
      months. If no adverse findings are encountered, patients are seen at 3- to 6
      month intervals thereafter.

PMID- 1797234
TI  - Zinc finger protein genes in the mouse genome.

PMID- 1797236
TI  - Management of corneal abrasions in an extended-wear patient population.
AB  - Contact-lens-related corneal abrasions are a management problem for optometrists
      because of the risk of ulcerative keratitis, particularly from Pseudomonas. Risks
      and causes of abrasions should be identified for extended-wear patients, and
      appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the opportunity for injury. When an
      extended-wear patient presents with an abrasion, the clinician should take a
      careful history, conduct a thorough examination, and provide the necessary
      treatment: discontinuation of lens wear, irrigation of the cornea, use of
      cycloplegia and dilation of the pupil, utilization of the aminoglycoside
      tobramycin to treat the abrasion, no patching, and appropriate use of cold
      compresses and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Follow-up evaluations
      should be provided at 24 and 48 hours and at 3 to 5 days after the injury.

PMID- 1797238
TI  - The quest for disposable contact lenses.

PMID- 1797237
TI  - Assessing the risks of extended wear.
AB  - Risks associated with contact lens wear vary in the literature with respect to
      identity and severity. To more adequately portray these risks, a meta-analysis of
      complications was performed, using (1) contact lens package inserts; (2) reports
      of complications in nonreferral populations of extended-wear patients; (3)
      reports of complications for contact lens wearers seen in emergency rooms; (4)
      reports of corneal ulceration in referral populations of contact lens wearers;
      and (5) studies comparing daily- and extended-wear patients in terms of
      ulcerative keratitis. Total complication rates for extended wear of rigid and
      hydrogel lenses ranged from 7% to 31% of eyes over corresponding mean wearing
      durations of 12 to 22 months. Mean corneal ulceration rates were 0.44% and 0.21%
      per eye per year for the extended wear of hydrogel and rigid contact lenses,
      respectively. The risk of ulcerative keratitis among hydrogel extended-wear
      patients was 4.2 times that of hydrogel daily-wear patients, and rigid lens
      extended wear entailed roughly half of the risk of ulcerative keratitis of
      hydrogel extended wear. When applied to contact lens wearers in the United
      States, these risks indicate an estimated incidence of ulcerative keratitis
      greater than 71,000 cases per year, averaging approximately 1.7 ulcerations
      annually for each eye care practitioner in the United States.

PMID- 1797239
TI  - Informed consent for extended-wear patients.
AB  - Because of the risk of complication posed by extended-wear lenses, contact lens
      practitioners must comply with the requirements of informed consent, which
      obligate the optometrist to communicate these risks to patients. Documentation of
      informed consent can be obtained by using printed agreements that describe the
      risks of wear, instructions for lens care, wearing schedules, and required follow
      up evaluations. In determining wearing schedules for patients, optometrists
      should not recommend more than 7 days (ie, 6 nights) of continuous wear without
      demonstrable benefit to the patient, and informed consent requirements should be
      complied with and adequate documentation retained whenever extended periods of
      wear are contemplated. For wearers of disposable lenses, informed consent is
      necessary because practitioners are not able to inspect lenses prior to wear.
      Patients must be advised to remove lenses if pain, redness, reduced acuity,
      discharge, or photophobia result and to return for examination when these
      symptoms occur. Documentation of this warning and of other aspects of disposable
      lens wear may be provided by a printed agreement.

PMID- 1797240
TI  - Liability for extended-wear contact lenses.
AB  - Because of the risk of serious complication that accompanies the extended wear of
      contact lenses, clinical management should emphasize adequate communication with
      the patient and a systematic program of examination and follow-up. Management
      should be in compliance with informed consent requirements, which obligate
      practitioners to document instructions, findings, warnings, and recall
      examinations. The most likely legal claim is one of negligence, and the most
      common causes of liability are inappropriate patient selection, improper wearing
      schedules, improper management of contact lens-related complications (especially
      corneal abrasions), and inadequate monitoring of ocular health. In determining
      the liability of optometrists, a medical standard of care may be applied.

PMID- 1797241
TI  - A synopsis of extended-wear lenses and lens care regimens.
AB  - The clinical properties of hydrogel and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses for
      extended wear are examined, with emphasis on oxygen permeability and
      transmissibility, so that clinicians may select lenses likely to minimize corneal
      edema or may predict the amount of edema likely with a given lens. Lens deposit
      formation and related problems are also described, as are lens care systems,
      particularly their limitations with respect to preventing infections. The
      advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of lens cleaners are discussed, and
      recommendations for use are provided.

PMID- 1797242
TI  - Microbiological aspects of extended-wear soft contact lenses.
AB  - Corneal ulcers are the most devastating complication associated with extended
      wear soft contact lenses. The increasing prevalence of microbial keratitis
      associated with the wear of these lenses is a major concern for the optometrist.
      Studies of extended-wear and daily-wear contact lens patients strongly suggest
      that extended-wear patients face a greater risk of ulcerative keratitis than
      other cosmetic contact lens wearers. This discussion addresses the potential
      risks of extended-wear, with emphasis on ulcerative keratitis, the likely causes
      for these increased risks, and what the optometrist can do to reduce the risk of
      a microbial infection.

PMID- 1797243
TI  - Complications of extended wear.
AB  - Extended wear has been an attractive modality for many contact lens wearers.
      Despite the associated benefits of convenience and comfort, however, there have
      been many physiological complications reported for hydrogel extended-wear lenses,
      and a lesser number for rigid gas-permeable extended-wear lenses. This review
      describes the physiological as well as the mechanical complications of extended
      wear lenses, for both soft lens and rigid lens materials, including etiology,
      clinical presentation, and management strategies.

PMID- 1797244
TI  - [Value of conventional roentgen diagnosis and angiography in evaluating bone
      tumors].
AB  - Plain film radiographs are the basic imaging method for bone neoplasms, as the
      tumor and its relation to the surrounding tissue are shown in good detail. A
      classification of the destruction patterns enables us to determine the
      aggressivity of the lesion. Other criteria for diagnosis are periosteal reactions
      and calcifications in the surrounding soft tissues. Typical radiographic findings
      enable use to determine the dignity or even to diagnose a specific tumor in
      combination with the clinical settings. In case of a suspect scintigraphic
      finding plain film helps in differentiating metastasis from benign lesions.
      Angiography provides additional information about the extent of vascularization,
      the feeding arteries and venous situation. The pattern of vascular changes allows
      to determine the dignity of the tumor. In addition, angiography displays necrotic
      and the different degrees of vital tumor tissue enabling to define an appropriate
      site for needle biopsy. Short term follow up can be performed by angiography as
      chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may lead to a decrease in vascularization.

PMID- 1797245
TI  - [Value of imaging procedures in diagnosis of cystic pancreatic tumors].
AB  - Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma are rare tumors of the pancreas. While these
      cystic neoplasms neither present any typical clinical symptoms nor cause any
      specific changes in laboratory parameters, great emphasis is laid on imaging
      procedures for the diagnosis of these pancreatic tumors. Tumor size, localization
      and the typical cystic character are well-documented by ultrasound and contrast
      enhanced computed tomography. Furthermore, CT could contribute to distinguish
      between serous and mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas because of typical
      features of both tumors. Angiography presents a further suitable diagnostic
      method, while ERCP findings are rather unspecific and non-homogenous.
      Furthermore, ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy should be carried out in
      unclear cases to confirm the diagnosis.

PMID- 1797246
TI  - [The value of duplex sonography in cerebral ischemia].
AB  - Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI) is a new ultrasound technique for the
      assessment of extracranial arterial disease. This system is a further development
      of conventional duplex systems. The new technique provides a real-time gray-scale
      echotomogram (B-mode) and simultaneously superimposed color-coded Doppler signals
      of intravascular blood flow. The advantages of the DCFI are improved
      identification of vascular structures, faster data acquisition, shorter
      examination time, better characterization of the surface, structure and extent of
      plaques with easier detection of ulcerative lesions or thrombotic material. Due
      to these advantages, the sensitivity for the detection of lesions which may cause
      arterio-arterial embolisms to the brain, is increased. With DCFI, it is possible
      to visualize the extracranial portion of the vertebral arteries. This improves
      the evaluation of the vertebro-basilar circulation. DCFI is a safe and fast
      method in the follow-up procedure of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and
      after carotid endarterectomy. Using DCFI, the interaction between morphology and
      hemodynamics in the extracranial vessels can be analyzed, which is important
      particularly for the understanding of the potential risk of different plaque
      types.

PMID- 1797247
TI  - [Sensitivity of preoperative diagnosis in mesenteric vascular occlusion].
AB  - In a consecutive series the sensitivity of the preoperative diagnostic in acute
      mesenteric vascular occlusion was investigated prosprectively in 62 patients. 22
      patients had an arterial thrombosis, 20 patients a venous thrombosis, 13 patients
      had an embolism, six patients a non-occlusive disease and one patient suffered
      from a dissection of the aorta. All but three patients (95.2%) had a leukocytosis
      with an average of 18,700/nl. The serum lactate was increased in 88.7% of the
      patients. The percutaneous ultrasonography was without any pathological findings
      in 45% of the patients. The x-ray of the abdomen shows signs of an ileus in more
      than half of the patients. The angiography had a sensitivity of 74%.

PMID- 1797248
TI  - Splenic injury: sonographic investigation.
AB  - We report on sonographic findings in 30 patients with traumatic (n = 13) or non
      traumatic (n = 17) splenic injury. An ultrasound (US)-based injury-severity-score
      consisting of three grades was devised and retrospectively applied in all
      patients. Initial sonographic abnormalities included: Intraperitoneal fluid (n =
      10), perisplenic fluid (subcapsular hematoma) (n = 13), intrasplenic fluid (n =
      10), splenic lacerations (n = 7) and intrasplenic flow phenomena diagnosed via
      Doppler-Ultra-sound (n = 3). The final diagnoses were splenic injury due to acute
      blunt traumatic episode (n = 9), chronic traumatic episode (n = 2), infectious
      mononucleosis (n = 2), splenic infarction (n = 14), and various causes (n = 3).
      On the basis of both imaging information and clinical factors, splenectomy was
      performed in 16 out of 30 patients. Five (31%) of these 16 patients were
      initially treated non-surgically but US findings during follow-up examinations
      made splenectomy necessary. Our results have shown that US remains a useful
      technique in identifying and quantifying initial splenic injury as well as
      monitoring the healing progress. Final treatment choices depend furthermore on
      clinical and laboratory assessments.

PMID- 1797249
TI  - [Cerebral MRT in x chromosome linked adrenoleukodystrophy].
AB  - Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare lipid storage disease, characterized among
      other symptoms by a progressive demyelinization of white matter. Changes are well
      demonstrated by MRT: Leukencephalopathy begins symmetrically in the occipital
      lobes of the cerebrum and involves furthermore the splenium of the corpus
      callosum, the nucleus dentatus and the descending tracts. As neurologic signs may
      precede signs of adrenal insufficiency, MRT may be important to suspect the
      diagnosis of ALD, which generally is diagnosed by biochemical tests.

PMID- 1797250
TI  - [MRT and 99mTc-HM-PAO SPECT of the brain in myasthenia gravis].
AB  - Fourteen patients suffering from myasthenia gravis underwent cranial MRI and
      99mTc-HM-PAO SPECT examinations. T2-WI revealed solitary white matter and/or
      basal ganglia lesions in four, multiple lesions in eight patients. The evaluation
      of the rCBF demonstrated a circumscript decrease of cortical perfusion in one
      patient whereas eight patients showed multiple cortical areas of hypoperfusion.
      In the context of an increased incidence of intrathecal immune reaction as well
      as of a constantly impaired cognitive performance of these patients, imaging
      findings might be a correlate of a primary cerebral manifestation of myasthenia.

PMID- 1797251
TI  - [Hemodynamic monitoring in neuro-endovascular interventions].
AB  - We report on the feasibility of hemodynamic monitoring during occlusive neuro
      endovascular procedures. The cerebrovascular reserve capacity as assessed by
      transcranial Doppler sonography was chosen as the hemodynamic parameter. A
      standardized stimulation of cerebral blood flow was achieved by a bolus injection
      of 100 mg acetazolamide (Diamox) i.v. Ten minutes after injection, the middle
      cerebral artery blood flow velocity of 54 arteries in 33 normal persons increased
      by 41% +/- 17.5 (mean +/- standard deviation). The lower threshold value was
      therefore set to 6% increase (mean minus 2 standard deviations). An application
      in a case of endovascular test- and permanent occlusion of an internal carotid
      artery is described.

PMID- 1797252
TI  - Pleural effusions in acute mononucleosis.
AB  - A case of acute infectious mononucleosis with pleural effusions as rare
      complication is reported. This complication is detectable by ultrasonographic
      examination, often performed in the follow-up of affections of liver and spleen
      in infectious mononucleosis. It should also be regarded in the differential
      diagnosis of pleural effusions.

PMID- 1797253
TI  - In vitro differentiation of Wuchereria bancrofti (Filariidae).
AB  - Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae were isolated from blood of infected
      individuals and cultured in vitro under several conditions. RPMI 1640 and TC-199
      media supplemented with fetal or human serum were able to support the
      microfilariae for periods up to 35 days at 37 degrees C (viability greater than
      85%). In contrast, in minimal essential medium the microfilariae did not survive
      for more than 48 h. In cultures kept at 28 degrees C, where viability was much
      lower (approximately 10% on day 15), microfilariae differentiated into type IV
      larvae ("sausage" form). The in vitro maintainance of microfilarial larval forms
      is particularly important in the case of W. bancrofti due to the absence of an
      experimental model for the disease.

PMID- 1797254
TI  - Effect of acute administration of 2,5-hexanedione on nociception in rats.
AB  - Hexacarbon compounds are neurotoxic to man and animals. These substances also
      inhibit various enzymes in vitro, including acetylcholinesterase. Since some
      cholinesterase inhibitors alter nociception we determined the effect of acute ip
      administration of 2,5-hexanedione on nociception in female Wistar rats (75-90
      days old, 170-200 g; 15-17 rats in each group) using a tail-flick apparatus. The
      rats were injected ip with vehicle solution (120 mM NaCl containing 10 mM
      potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) and 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg of 2,5-hexanedione
      in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight. Tail-flick latencies were obtained 10, 30, 60
      and 90 min after drug administration. All doses of 2,5-hexanedione caused
      antinociception (P less than 0.001) but the appearance and duration of the
      analgesia varied according to the dose of the drug. The highest dose tested (800
      mg/kg) caused analgesia from 10 to 60 min, 400 mg/kg caused analgesia at 30 and
      60 min, and 200 mg/kg produced antinociception only at 60 min after drug
      injection (P less than 0.05 for all the above comparisons). These results suggest
      that 2,5-hexanedione induces antinociception in rats. Whether this effect is
      mediated by a cholinergic mechanism is under investigation.

PMID- 1797255
TI  - Globular and asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase in the rat levator ani
      muscle.
AB  - The endplate (+EP) and non-endplate (-EP) distribution of molecular forms of
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was compared in the dimorphic levator ani and
      diaphragm muscles from adult male rats. Enzyme activity was measured by the
      thiocholine method and AChE forms were separated on the basis of solubility in
      sodium phosphate buffer of different ionic strength. For the dimorphic levator
      ani muscle, total AChE activity was 324.6 +/- 18.9 nmol ASCh hydrolyzed min-1
      muscle-1, 90% of which was globular and predominated in the -EP region (78%). The
      asymmetric forms were almost exclusively detected in the +EP region (9%). In
      diaphragm muscle, total AChE activity was 176.7 +/- 11.0 units; 66% was mainly
      globular and located in the -EP region (56%); the asymmetric forms (34%) were
      either in -EP (11%) or +EP (23%) regions. Thus, a greater proportion of globular
      form was present in the dimorphic levator ani muscle than in diaphragm muscle. In
      view of the control exerted by testosterone on dimorphic muscles, it is suggested
      that the greater synthesis of the globular form in the levator ani occurs under
      the trophic influence of testosterone.

PMID- 1797256
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies against human T cells for clinical diagnosis by
      immunohistochemical procedures.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced against human T cell membrane
      antigens. Sixteen Mabs were studied and six were selected for immunohistochemical
      assays on paraffin-embedded tonsil sections. Two Mabs (2D7 and 1E2) specifically
      recognized T-lymphocyte areas in sections of pathological tissues originating
      from lymphoproliferative diseases, and reacted with proteins of approximately 80
      kDa. Most of the Mabs produced thus far are only suitable for immunohistochemical
      assays on frozen section. Only a few Mabs recognize lymphoid markers on paraffin
      embedded sections, a procedure which permits a more extensive and practical
      application of Mabs in clinical diagnosis. These antibodies should be valuable in
      diagnosing T cell-related diseases and their large scale production should reduce
      laboratory costs because all reagents currently available are imported.

PMID- 1797257
TI  - Effect of estradiol implanted in the corticomedial amygdala on the sexual
      behavior of castrated male rats.
AB  - 1. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of beta
      estradiol crystals implanted in the corticomedial area of the amygdaloid body on
      the sexual behavior of castrated male rats. 2. The animals were divided into the
      following groups: group I (N = 9), castrated rats; group II (N = 4), rats which
      had been castrated and stereotaxically implanted with cholesterol, both groups
      being used as controls; group III (N = 6), castrated rats with estradiol
      implants. Latency to the first anogenital exploration, latency to the first mount
      and mount frequency were determined during the pre-castration and post-castration
      phases and after the material had been implanted in groups II and III in 10-min
      observation sessions. 3. There was diminished sexual behavior of the animals in
      group I without spontaneous recurrence within the period observed. Group II
      animals, who had undergone implantation of cholesterol, an inert substance,
      maintained low levels of sexual behavior (post-castration 0.8 +/- 0.7 vs 0.0 +/-
      0.0 and 0.5 +/- 0.5 on the 6th and 9th day after implantation, respectively).
      Group III animals presented a gradual increase in the number of mounts (from post
      castration 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 6.5 +/- 2.7 and 4.1 +/- 1.0 on the 6th and 9th day
      after implantation, respectively) and a decrease of mount latency (from post
      castration 431.2 +/- 55.9 to 226.1 +/- 119.6 and 51.0 +/- 28.9 on the 6th and 9th
      day after implantation, respectively) reaching pre-castration levels on the 6th
      and 9th day after beta-estradiol implantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797258
TI  - Androgen regulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ionic channel in a
      hormone-dependent skeletal muscle.
AB  - The trophic influence of testosterone on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      ionic channel (AChR) was studied in the levator ani (LA) muscle of adult male
      rats (120 days) intact (C) or gonadectomized when 90 days old (G). In the
      indirectly elicited muscle twitch, the LA from G rats was less sensitive to d
      tubocurarine (0.1-1 microM) than control muscles (IC25: C = 0.30 microM, G = 0.46
      microM). In G rats, the amplitude of neurally evoked endplate currents (EPC) was
      reduced by 70%, but the EPC time constant was not changed. Maximal junctional
      binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin in the LA (C: 72.5 +/- 13.2 amol/endplate)
      was reduced by 1.8-fold in LA from G rats, with no change of the association rate
      constant (C: 5.64 +/- 1.29 10(6) M-1 min-1). The results indicate that
      testosterone deprivation reduces the junctional AChR density in the rat LA
      without modifying the binding properties of the receptor.

PMID- 1797259
TI  - Phenthonium induces a transient increase of acetylcholine efflux from motor nerve
      terminals.
AB  - Phenthonium (10-50 microM), a quaternary derivative of 1-hyoscyamine, increases
      the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (2-5 fold) and blocks the
      nicotinic receptor-ionic channel in skeletal muscles. When tested on rat
      diaphragms previously incubated with [3H]choline, phenthonium (50 microM)
      increased the spontaneous release of radiolabelled acetylcholine (ACh) from 11.6
      +/- 6.4 to 110.5 +/- 40.2 x 10(3) dpm/g within 15 min. The effect was transient,
      declining to 24.6 +/- 14.7 after 50 min. Subsequent electrical stimulation still
      in the presence of phenthonium increased the efflux to 164.7 +/- 45.3. The
      fractional release relative to the level before stimulation did not differ from
      controls. Phenthonium (20 microM) did not increase the spontaneous ACh release
      but doubled the efflux induced by nerve stimulation. The present results,
      compared to previous electrophysiological findings, indicate that quantal and
      nonquantal release are increased by phenthonium. They also show that the
      transient effect is not due to ACh depletion in nerve terminals.

PMID- 1797260
TI  - Effects of parathyroid hormone on urinary acidification in the rat.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on urinary acidification
      parameters, thyroparathyroidectomy was performed in normal (TPTX) and in calcium
      supplemented rats (TPTX + Ca2+). Both groups were supplemented with thyroxin.
      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell from 7.79 +/- 0.33 in the control group (C)
      to 4.88 +/- 0.26 ml min-1 kg-1 in TPTX, while net acid excretion fell from 5.65
      +/- 0.22 in C to 3.76 +/- 0.25 mumol min-1 kg-1 in TPTX. Kinetic data of urinary
      acidification obtained by microperfusion techniques in proximal tubules showed
      that the half-time of acidification (t/2) rose from 4.75 +/- 0.24 s in C to 8.97
      +/- 0.64 s in TPTX and persisted elevated in TPTX + Ca2+ (7.40 +/- 0.43 s); in
      the latter group, stationary pH was not significantly different from that of the
      control group. Bicarbonate reabsorption (JHCO3) fell from 2.18 +/- 0.15 in C to
      0.823 +/- 0.082 in TPTX and was 1.53 +/- 0.073 nmol s-1 cm-2 in TPTX + CA2+.
      These data suggest that normal pH gradients depend on normal calcium levels, but
      acidification half-times are dependent on PTH, which also contributes to keeping
      glomerular hemodynamics and acidification rates at normal levels.

PMID- 1797261
TI  - Pioneer axons in the anterior commissure of hamster embryos.
AB  - The existence and the morphological characteristics of pioneer axons in the
      anterior commissure (AC) were investigated in hamster embryos using fluorescent
      carbocyanine crystals implanted into the paleocortex. On embryonic days 12-13
      (E12-E13), a group of tortuous fibers was seen close to the midline. After this
      group of fibers reached the midline on E13.5-E14, pioneer axons were seen in the
      AC, and from E14.5 to E15.5 both pioneers and followers approached the targets,
      the former ahead of the latter by about 500 microns. Arborization took place as
      soon as the followers reached the targets (E15.5-E16). The pioneer cells were
      labeled retrogradely and were seen in the most superficial layers of the
      paleocortex, along the rostrocaudal extent of the hemisphere. The fact that
      pioneers appear only during or after crossing suggests the existence of factors
      either in the midline region and/or in the opposite hemisphere, which selectively
      accelerate the growth of the pioneers or decelerate the growth of the followers.

PMID- 1797262
TI  - Effects of central epinephrine synthesis inhibition on stress-induced prolactin
      secretion in male rats.
AB  - 1. The present study was designed to examine the role of central epinephrine
      pathways in the control of stress-induced prolactin secretion in male adult
      Wistar rats. 2. Intracerebroventricular administration of two epinephrine
      synthesis inhibitors, SKF 64139 (5 and 10 micrograms/rat) and LY 134046 (10 and
      20 micrograms/rat), 6 h before the onset of immobilization stress blocked
      prolactin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Prolactin values before stress
      were about 4.0 ng/ml and increased to almost 50 ng/ml in the control group. SKF
      64139 injection in the higher dose (10 micrograms/rat) induced a complete
      blockade of the stress-induced prolactin release, whereas partial blockade was
      observed after the higher dose (20 micrograms/rat) of LY 134046. 3. Salbutamol
      pretreatment (10 micrograms/rat) completely restored stress-induced prolactin
      secretion in animals receiving a central injection of both epinephrine synthesis
      inhibitors under the same conditions as described above. 4. It is suggested that
      epinephrine pathways in the brain play an important role in the control of
      prolactin release occurring during immobilization stress.

PMID- 1797263
TI  - The possible mechanism of action of IgG antibodies and platelets protecting
      against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
AB  - 1. The role of IgG antibody and platelets in the mechanism of defense against
      Trypanosoma cruzi infection is reviewed. 2. Experimental data showing the
      participation of the different IgG subclasses in the immune lysis and immune
      clearance of the parasites are discussed. 3. The involvement of the platelets in
      the removal of the parasites from the circulation is considered. 4. It is
      suggested that IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies interact with circulating parasites
      leading to formation of microaggregates, activation of C3 and deposition of C3b
      on the immune aggregates followed by adherence of platelets through C3b
      receptors. The immune aggregates would then be taken up by cells of the
      mononuclear phagocytic system.

PMID- 1797264
TI  - Sensitivity of ketogenesis and citric acid cycle to stevioside inhibition of
      palmitate transport across the cell membrane.
AB  - The effect of stevioside, an inhibitor of long-chain fatty acid transport, on
      ketogenesis and on [14C]CO2 production from [1-14C]palmitate (100-300 microM) was
      investigated in the isolated and hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver. Stevioside
      (2.5 mM), a sweet glycoside found in Stevia rebaudiana leaves, inhibited both
      parameters, but had a lower effect on [14C]CO2 production. At 300 microM
      palmitate and 150 microM albumin, for example, ketogenesis was inhibited by
      66.3%, whereas no significant inhibition of [14C]CO2 was demonstrable. These
      results were interpreted to reflect 1) different degrees of saturation of the
      citric acid cycle and the ketogenic pathway and 2) changes in the redox state of
      the mitochondrial NAD(+)-NADH couple which may also occur upon stevioside
      infusion.

PMID- 1797265
TI  - Virulence of Yersinia spp. strains isolated from non-human sources.
AB  - 1. Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii and Y.
      kristensenii from non-human sources were examined for virulence factors. Four of
      these strains were positive for autoagglutination, three were calcium dependent
      at 37 degrees C, three produced lipase, five had the ability to bind Congo red,
      six had pyrazinamidase activity, and two had a 42 MDa plasmid. 2. One strain (Y.
      enterocolitica 0:5) was lethal for mice and had the ability to invade guinea pig
      eyes and HeLa cells. After inoculation of mice by the intravenous route, this
      strain was isolated from the cecum. The spleen, liver, kidneys and lymph nodes
      presented necrosis. After intragastric inoculation, the strain was isolated from
      all of the organs and tissues examined. 3. Three of the remaining strains invaded
      HeLa cells but none caused guinea pig conjunctivitis. 4. After intragastric
      inoculation, all the strains were isolated from the cecum but disappeared between
      days 3 and 6. After intravenous infection, three strains produced necrosis of the
      spleen and were more invasive, eliciting infection in various organs. The
      remaining strains caused hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Peyer's patches and/or
      lymph nodes. 5. These results indicate that Y. enterocolitica 0:5 can be
      considered as virulent as typical European Y. enterocolitica strains. The
      remaining strains perhaps induce a weak immune response independent of virulence
      factors.

PMID- 1797266
TI  - Iodinated soluble adult worm protein preparations of Schistosoma mansoni do not
      induce immediate hypersensitivity reactions but retain other immunogenic
      properties.
AB  - Samples of Schistosoma mansoni soluble adult worm proteins (SWAP) were iodinated
      with 4-15 mumol I/mg protein using iodine monochloride. The capacity to elicit
      immediate hypersensitivity reactions of the iodinated derivatives was compared to
      that of the native SWAP preparations. The degranulation of mast cells from
      infected mice decreased with increasing iodine incorporation and was absent in
      fully iodinated samples containing 15 mumol I/mg protein. The response of guinea
      pigs and humans to the intradermal test with iodinated SWAP also decreased in
      proportion to iodine incorporation, and no responses were obtained with fully
      iodinated samples. No false-positive tests were observed. Antibodies to the fully
      iodinated extracts generated in C57BL/10 mice reacted by ELISA with the
      unmodified proteins and by immunoprecipitation on agar gel. The
      immunoprecipitation pattern suggested that some epitopes were altered by
      iodination.

PMID- 1797267
TI  - Gamma interferon production by lymphocytes from children infected with L.
      chagasi.
AB  - The present study was performed to evaluate the ability of lymphocytes from 18
      children living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) to produce
      gamma-interferon. These children had no previous history of VL and were
      considered to be infected with Leishmania chagasi based on leishmanial
      seroconversion. The gamma IFN levels were determined by radioimmunoassay on
      supernatants of lymphocyte cultures (3 x 10(6)/ml) stimulated with PHA (final
      dilution 1:10) and Leishmania chagasi antigen (10 micrograms/ml). The gamma-IFN
      production by lymphocytes from seroconverting children stimulated with PHA (178
      +/- 151 U/ml) and Leishmania chagasi (47 +/- 77 U/ml) was significantly higher
      than that observed in visceral leishmaniasis. For clinical follow-up, these 18
      seroconverting children were divided into three groups: asymptomatic infection (N
      = 4); self-healing subclinical illness (N = 9), and subclinical infection
      progressing to VL (N = 5). Gamma IFN levels in children with either asymptomatic
      or subclinical infection (65 +/- 85 U/ml) were significantly higher (P less than
      0.003) than those observed in children progressing to VL (9 +/- 6 U/ml). The data
      demonstrate that there is an association between gamma IFN levels and the
      clinical course of Leishmania infection.

PMID- 1797268
TI  - An alternative method for in vitro production of HIV-1-specific antibodies.
AB  - We describe the detection of HIV-1-specific antibody secretion by a 24-h culture
      of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with disrupted
      inactivated whole virus adsorbed onto commercial ELISA microwell plates. The
      method showed high sensitivity and specificity and was capable of accurately
      detecting HIV-1 infection early after birth (9 of the 19 patients were less than
      3 years old) because maternal antibodies do not interfere by giving false
      positive results. No false-positive results were obtained with PBMC from 24 HIV-1
      seronegative asymptomatic individuals and no false-negative results were obtained
      for 10 seropositive adult patients (16-46 years of age). This rapid, relatively
      low cost, simple, highly sensitive and specific assay can be extremely useful for
      the early diagnosis of pediatric AIDS cases.

PMID- 1797269
TI  - Use of the anti-PGL-I antibody ELISA and the Mitsuda reaction in early diagnosis
      of leprosy.
AB  - Cutaneous reaction to the Mitsuda antigen and anti-PGL-I IgM antibodies (ELISA)
      were determined in 134 leprosy patients, 290 household contacts, 52 healthy
      controls and 43 tuberculous individuals. The multibacillary patients did not
      develop cell-mediated immunity (CMI), although they presented high levels of IgM
      (absorbance at 492 nm greater than 0.5). The paucibacillary patients presented
      CMI, although in varying degrees, and IgM levels did not exceed 0.5 absorbance
      units. Most of the contacts (107) showed a Mitsuda-positive test, and 25 of them
      were anti-PGL-I IgM seropositive (absorbance less than 0.5 but greater than
      0.22), although none became ill during the two-year follow-up. Of the 17 Mitsuda
      negative contacts, two exhibited an immunological status of lepromatous leprosy
      (negative Mitsuda test and positive serology; absorbance greater than 0.5) and
      became ill (one borderline lepromatous and one indeterminate leprosy). These
      results show that the immunological status of lepromatous leprosy can appear
      prior to clinical symptoms, and thus serology for anti-PGL-I IgM together with
      the Mitsuda test can be useful in an active search for new preclinical cases
      among high risk populations.

PMID- 1797270
TI  - Production of human monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 peptides.
AB  - Protocols were evaluated in an attempt to produce human monoclonal antibodies
      (HumAb) specific for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The first
      series of experiments involved in vitro immunization of normal human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBL) with peptides C57 (HIV-1 strain IIIB clone BH10 gp 120
      amino acids 324-338: GNMRQAHCNISRAKW) followed by either fusion to mouse/human
      heterohybrids or transformation with Epstein Barr virus (EBV). Using the
      hybridoma technology, three IgM class (lambda light chain) HumAb were obtained.
      In a parallel study, PBL from two HIV-1-infected patients were immortalized after
      in vitro stimulation with fragments of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein
      (recombinant gp120, the PB1 fragment of gp120, amino acids 295-473, or the penv9
      fragment of gp160, amino acids 474-757). Five IgG class HumAb (three IgG2,
      lambda; one IgG1, K; one IgG3, lambda) reactive with the antigens used in the in
      vitro stimulations were obtained.

PMID- 1797271
TI  - The development of tolerance to ataxia and to diuresis induced by ethanol in rats
      is not simultaneous.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine whether behaviorally accelerated
      development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of ethanol on rotarod
      performance paralleled the development of tolerance to ethanol-induced diuresis
      and to determine the effect of pre- and post-training ethanol administration on
      the development of tolerance to both of these effects. Male Wistar rats were
      treated with ethanol (2 g kg-1 day-1, ip) over a period of 5 weeks under one of
      the following schemes: ethanol injections before training (pre-training ethanol
      group) or after training (post-training ethanol group). Control animals received
      0.9% NaCl, ip, after training. The effect of ethanol on diuresis was assessed
      once a week. Data are reported as means +/- SEM of 6 animals. Significant
      tolerance to the uncoordinating effect of ethanol was detected from the 17th day
      of treatment onwards in animals of the pre-training ethanol group (2nd day = 1.7
      +/- 0.6 s vs 17th day = 39.0 +/- 8.1 s, Student t-test for related samples) but
      was not observed in animals of the post-training ethanol group until 34 days of
      treatment (pre-training ethanol group = 56.1 +/- 8.5 s; post-training ethanol
      group = 29.8 +/- 9.6 s vs control group = 12.6 +/- 7.6 s, Newman-Keuls
      test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797272
TI  - Spasmogenic non-cholinergic activity of a digestive gland homogenate of the
      amphibian snail Pomacea lineata Spix 1827.
AB  - The digestive gland of Pomacea lineata, a prosobranch gastropod mollusc
      inhabiting both fresh water and land, does not contain cholinomimetic compounds
      as do the glands of species of Aplysia, marine opisthobranch gastropods, in which
      both acetylcholine and urocanylcholine are present. The only pharmacological
      action detected for the digestive gland of Pomacea was spasmogenic activity of a
      crude homogenate containing 0.1 g tissue equivalents on the snail's own esophagus
      bathed in 10 ml of a physiological solution prepared on the basis of the animal's
      hemolymph composition. The spamodic activity was not blocked by atropine,
      bromylsergic acid diethylamide or anthazoline.

PMID- 1797273
TI  - Neurobehavioral study of the effect of beta-myrcene on rodents.
AB  - Tea prepared from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is used for its supposed
      anxiolytic, hypnotic and analgesic properties in Brazilian folk medicine. beta
      Myrcene, a major constituent of lemongrass, produces analgesia in rodents but
      there is some controversy about whether this action is central or peripheral or
      both. Rats and mice received beta-myrcene, 1 g/kg po in corn oil, or corn oil
      alone 1 h before being evaluated for a series of responses which included
      exploratory and emotional behavior, anxiolytic activity in a plus maze and
      inhibition of conditioned avoidance. No evidence was demonstrable for an effect
      of beta-myrcene on any of these behaviors. Similarly, beta-myrcene had no
      protective effect on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. These data
      suggest that beta-myrcene has no benzodiazepine-like anxiolytic activity and that
      an activity on the central nervous system (antidepressive or antipsychotic) is
      unlikely. Despite the negative results of this study, folk use of lemongrass tea
      may still be justified by its analgesic properties.

PMID- 1797274
TI  - Lipoperoxidation associated with mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in the
      presence of Ca2+.
AB  - Lipoperoxidation was investigated as a step for membrane protein thiol oxidation
      of rat liver mitochondria incubated in the presence of Ca2+ and t
      butylhydroperoxide, by the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive
      substances. Lipoperoxidation occurred only when the incubation medium contained
      125 microM t-butylhydroperoxide (t-buOOH) in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphate
      (Pi). No lipoperoxidation was observed when acetate replaced Pi as permeant
      anion, or when the oxidant was omitted, even at high Ca2+ and Pi concentrations
      (up to 120 microM Ca2+ and 5 mM Pi), conditions under which the mitochondria are
      fully permeabilized. In both cases, ADP protected efficiently against
      permeabilization, indicating the possible involvement of the ADP/ATP carrier in
      the earlier stages of the process.

PMID- 1797275
TI  - Renal water handling evaluated by lithium clearance following adrenergic and
      cholinergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area.
AB  - Male Wistar rats weighing 230-300 g were used to characterize the participation
      of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in
      the control of renal water excretion. Since stimulation of adrenergic or
      cholinergic receptors has no effect on glomerular filtration rate, the
      antidiuresis and significant delay in urinary flow observed after lateral
      hypothalamic stimulation with carbachol (CCh) (0.036 +/- 0.005 to 0.019 +/- 0.003
      microliters min-1 100 g body weight-1) and noradrenaline (Nad) (0.024 +/- 0.005
      to 0.025 +/- 0.004 microliters min-1 100 g body weight-1) are secondary to an
      increase in distal tubular fluid reabsorption (DFR). Data are reported as means
      +/- SEM for ten rats in each group. Tubular water handling measured by lithium
      clearance demonstrated that LHA simulation with CCh (2.8 nmol in 1 microliter)
      and Nad (30.0 nmol in 1 microliter) leads to a significant reduction in proximal
      water reabsorption (CCh, 93.3 +/- 2.6 to 85.4 +/- 1.4%; Nad, 92.7 +/- 0.9 to 88.6
      +/- 1.3%), with a simultaneous and significant increase in fluid reabsorption
      along the post-proximal nephron segments when compared to control (CNa) (CCh, 6.7
      +/- 0.7 to 14.5 +/- 1.1%; Nad, 8.2 +/- 0.8 to 11.4 +/- 1.6%). These effects are
      blocked by muscarinic (atropine, 5 nmol in 1 microliter) and alpha-1
      adrenoceptors (prazosin, 4 nmol in 1 microliter) antagonists. The results
      indicate the effective participation of the post-proximal nephron in the
      antidiuresis occurring after cholinergic and adrenergic LHA stimulation.

PMID- 1797276
TI  - Post-rest contractions of amphibian cardiac muscle.
AB  - Post-rest potentiated contractions have been reported to be more dependent on
      Ca2+ stored in intracellular sites than on transmembrane Ca2+ influx. The
      phenomenon was examined using toad ventricular strips contracting isometrically
      and superfused with Ringer solution. Toad ventricular strips did not present post
      rest potentiation, a fact that may be explained by the reduced volume of the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in the amphibian myocardium. Potentiated post-rest
      contractions were obtained after calcium influx blockade with 10 microM verapamil
      or 2 mM Mn2+ and the slow reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration obtained
      by slowly exchanging the bath fluid was accompanied by a progressive decrease of
      both steady-state and post-rest contractions. These data confirm the observations
      made on other species regarding the post-rest potentiation phenomenon and support
      the suggestion of the dependence of post-rest potentiation on activator calcium
      liberated from intracellular stores.

PMID- 1797278
TI  - Time course of changes in heart rate and sympathetic tone after coronary artery
      ligation in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of heart rate (HR) and
      sympathetic tone occurring after myocardial infarction. Male rats (200-250 g)
      were submitted to ligation of the anterior branches of the left coronary artery
      to produce infarction (INF, N = 26) or to sham surgery (SO, N = 24). Groups of
      animals (N = 6-8) were studied 1,3,7 and 15 days later. A group not submitted to
      surgical procedures was used as control (C,N = 6). Blood pressure and HR were
      measured in conscious unrestrained animals after cannulation of the femoral
      artery. Basal HR and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the C group were 336 +/- 8
      beats/min (bpm) and 110 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively. Similar values were observed in
      SO subgroups. One day after INF, HR increased to 417 +/- 9 bpm and MAP decreased
      to 97 +/- 2 mmHg. While MAP was unchanged for the remainder of the study, HR
      progressively decreased and normal HR values (360 +/- 18 bpm) were observed two
      weeks after INF. The sympathetic tone, which was evaluated from the reduction of
      HR after propranolol (2 mg/kg, iv), was increased during the tachycardic phase
      after INF. HR normalization paralleled the progressive reduction of sympathetic
      tone. The changes in HR after coronary artery ligation in rats seem to reflect
      the degree of sympathetic efferent activity during infarct healing.

PMID- 1797277
TI  - Participation of the median raphe nucleus and central serotoninergic pathways in
      the control of water electrolyte excretion.
AB  - 1. The role of the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and of increased central serotonin
      (5HT) synthesis/release in the mediation of Na+ excretion (UNaV) and K+ excretion
      (UKV) and of urine output (UV) was evaluated for 120 min. 2. Male Wistar rats
      weighing 220-280 g were used in each group of 12-13 animals. The rats implanted
      with a cannula in the MRN were injected with saline (0.5 microliters) or with 5.0
      and 15.0 ng/0.5 microliters kainic acid (KA), an excitatory amino acid (EAA).
      Another group of rats was injected ip with 200 mg/kg saline or tryptophan, the
      initial precursor of 5HT synthesis. 3. Injection of both kainic acid and
      tryptophan led to increased Na+ excretion, but the magnitude and time course were
      different for each treatment. 4. Both KA doses were effective in increasing UNaV
      (0.61 +/- 0.08, mean +/- SEM, and 0.95 +/- 0.19 microEq/min, respectively, vs
      0.27 +/- 0.04 microEq/min for saline at 60 min). The effect on UKV was
      statistically significant with the 15.0 ng dose (0.44 +/- 0.05 microEq/min vs
      0.25 +/- 0.03 microEq/min for saline) at 20 min. 5. Tryptophan administration
      caused an initial gradual increase in UNaV which became steady and significant
      after 60 min (1.02 +/- 0.15 microEq/min vs 0.36 +/- 0.06 microEq/min for saline),
      as well as an increase in UKV (0.58 +/- 0.06 microEq/min vs 0.26 +/- 0.04
      microEq/min for saline) at 60 min and throughout the remainder of the observation
      period. 6. KA-induced MRN stimulation and systemic tryptophan overload
      significantly increased UV at 60, 80 and 100 min (30 to 97% above control
      values).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797279
TI  - Memory modulation by brain benzodiazepines.
AB  - 1. Recent evidence indicates that post-training memory processes are down
      regulated by benzodiazepine/GABA-A systems in the amygdala, septum and
      hippocampus. Habituation and avoidance learning are accompanied by a decrease of
      benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity in the three structures, explainable by a
      release of benzodiazepines. Immediate post-training microinjection of the
      benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil into the hippocampus enhances retention of
      habituation. The post-training administration of flumazenil into any of the three
      structures enhances retention of avoidance learning. 2. The mode of operation of
      these systems was studied in detail in the amygdala using avoidance paradigms.
      The release of endogenous benzodiazepines during and particularly after training
      enhances sensitivity of local GABA-A receptors to muscimol, activation of the
      GABA-A receptors opens chloride channels that can be selectively blocked by
      picrotoxin and by Ro5-4864. Training enhances, and flumazenil reduces,
      sensitivity of the amygdala to the amnestic effect of locally injected muscimol
      by a factor of 100. Post-training intra-amygdala administration of picrotoxin or
      Ro5-4864 enhances retention. 3. These findings suggest that the endogenous
      benzodiazepine/GABA-A mechanisms that down-regulate memory in the amygdala,
      septum and hippocampus are activated in response to the anxiety and/or stress
      associated with each task. Memory lability which occurs in the post-training
      period and characterizes consolidation would thus be a consequence of the brain's
      response to anxiety or stress.

PMID- 1797280
TI  - Human aldrin poisoning.
AB  - Sixteen patients acutely poisoned with aldrin were examined to evaluate a
      possible correlation between serum aldrin and dieldrin levels and clinical
      complaints. The patients were classified as having mild (N = 8), moderate (N = 5)
      or severe (N = 3) poisoning according to clinical symptoms. Concentrations of
      less than 20 micrograms/l were usually associated with mild poisoning, which
      involved complaints such as nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain, whereas
      concentrations of 100 to 200 micrograms/l were considered to represent moderate
      intoxication and were associated with nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain,
      headache, dizziness, and convulsions. Severe or fatal cases were associated with
      levels above 700 micrograms/l. Taken together, these results suggest that serum
      aldrin and dieldrin levels can be used as indicators of clinical prognosis after
      acute poisoning with these insecticides and that convulsions could suddenly occur
      even in the absence of prodromal signs or symptoms.

PMID- 1797282
TI  - Measurement of red blood cell antibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
AB  - The enzyme-linked antiglobulin test (ELAT) was employed to measure the number of
      IgG molecules per red blood cell (IgG/RBC) in 11 patients with autoimmune
      hemolytic anemia (AIHA). All patients with AIHA had high levels of red cell
      associated IgG (110-3, 650 IgG/RBC). The control group consisted of normal
      volunteers (N = 10) and patients with hereditary spherocytosis (N = 1), beta 0
      thalassemia (N = 1), immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura (N = 3) and IgG
      multiple myeloma (N = 4). All control individuals presented low levels of red
      cell IgG (less than 38 IgG/RBC) with the exception of one of four patients with
      myeloma who had a mildly elevated value (50 IgG/RBC). Since the multiple myeloma
      patients had greater than 2 g/dl IgG, the possible nonspecific uptake of IgG onto
      the RBCs of patients with elevated serum IgG values did not interfere with the
      results of ELAT. ELAT proved to be a useful method for accurate quantification of
      the amount of IgG specifically bound on the surface of RBC of patients with AIHA.

PMID- 1797281
TI  - Lactoferrin levels and unsaturated iron-binding capacity in colostrum of
      Brazilian women of two socioeconomic levels.
AB  - The objective of this study was to compare lactoferrin (LF) levels and
      unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) of colostrum from Brazilian women aged
      20-38 years of low (N = 28) and high (N = 15) socioeconomic level. Both groups
      received a similar amount of supplemental iron (25-65 mg/day) during pregnancy.
      We also determined the relationship between LF levels and UIBC, and between these
      components and maternal iron status. Both groups (low and high socioeconomic
      level) showed adequate and similar mean hematocrit (35.0 +/- 1.3% and 35.9 +/-
      1.3%, respectively) and serum ferritin (64 +/- 12 micrograms/l and 57 +/- 12
      micrograms/l, respectively) levels. Furthermore, LF levels (5.7 +/- 0.9 mg/ml and
      5.5 +/- 0.6 mg/ml) and UIBC (3.8 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml and 3.1 +/- 0.3
      micrograms/ml) were not significantly different in the two groups of women, nor
      were they related to maternal hematocrit or serum ferritin. UIBC was
      significantly (P = 0.009), although weakly positively correlated (r = 0.45) with
      LF levels, suggesting that other colostrum ligands may contribute substantially
      to the capacity of colostrum to bind exogenous iron.

PMID- 1797283
TI  - Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in ethyl alcohol-fed rats.
AB  - 1. The course of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis was studied in alcohol-fed
      rats and compared with pair-fed and ad libitum controls. The alcohol-fed rats
      were fed a regular commercial solid diet plus a 32% (v/v) ethyl alcohol-25%
      sucrose (w/v) solution 4 weeks prior to the infection and throughout the study.
      The inoculum was standardized in terms of virulence, age of culture, percentage
      of multicellular fungal units containing 1-3 cells and viability. 2. The extent
      of infection was measured by quantitative counts of fungal units (FU), colony
      forming units (CFU) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from infected pulmonary
      tissue and histopathological examination of the main organs involved. The
      specific humoral response and cell-mediated immunity of the animals were assessed
      by measuring the specific serum antibody levels by counterimmunoelectrophoresis
      (CIE) and by the footpad swelling test (FST), respectively. 3. Alcohol-fed rats
      and pair-fed controls did not differ significantly in mean body weight or the
      extent of disease after 5 and 10 weeks of infection. In contrast, the alcohol-fed
      group when compared with the ad libitum group presented a significantly lower
      mean body weight (301.6 +/- 0.6 vs 389.6 +/- 0.7 g) and a larger number of fungi
      recovered from the lung: 81.1 +/- 4.1 x 10(4) vs 13.4 +/- 8.0 x 10(4) FU; 24.3 +/
      8.6 x 10(4) vs 2.9 +/- 0.5 x 10(4) CFU after 5 weeks of infection. There were no
      significant differences in the specific antibody levels, FST indices,
      histopathological pattern of frequency of disseminated lesions between
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797284
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of acinar cell number and volume in rat pancreas treated
      with dl-ethionine.
AB  - 1. The morphological changes of the pancreas induced by administration of dl
      ethionine were determined for treated rats and for a group of pair-fed untreated
      controls in order to separate the direct effect of dl-ethionine from the effect
      of accompanying reduction of food intake. 2. Adult male Wistar rats were studied
      in 3 groups of 10 animals each: 1) fed ad libitum and treated daily with dl
      ethionine (35 mg/100 g body weight, ip) for 10 days; 2) treated daily with
      vehicle (saline) as group 1 and pair-fed to group 1; 3) treated daily with
      vehicle (saline) and fed ad libitum. Two rats from each group were killed on days
      2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 to characterize the pancreas in terms of morphological
      properties using morphometric analysis. 3. Exposure to dl-ethionine induced a
      progressive and significant decrease in both pancreas weight and acinar cell
      number and volume. Pair feeding induced less pronounced decreases in pancreas
      weight and acinar cell volume. Pancreas weight was 125 mg/100 g body weight for
      dl-ethionine-treated vs 205 mg/100 g body weight for pair-fed controls and 320
      mg/100 g body weight for ad libitum-fed controls after 10 days. Acinar cell
      number (x +/- sigma/square root of n): 175 x 10(6) +/- 28.4 per micron3 for dl
      ethionine-treated vs 221 x 10(6) +/- 17.3 per micron3 for pair-fed controls and
      271 x 10(6) +/- 23.9 per micron3 for ad libitum-fed controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797285
TI  - Inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by mannose and mannan.
AB  - 1. We investigated the possibility that Candida albicans and Escherichia coli are
      interiorized by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages by interacting
      with the same receptor. 2. D-mannose (50 mM), a sugar recognized by mannose
      receptors, reduced the phagocytosis of C. albicans and E. coli to 46% and 38% of
      control values, respectively. The presence of 50 mM galactose or glucose did not
      affect the phagocytosis of either microorganism. However, mannan from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.5 mg/ml) inhibited phagocytosis by 70% for both
      microorganisms. 3. The ingestion of C. albicans and E. coli was reduced by 85%
      and 95%, respectively, in the presence of 10 mM EGTA. 4. These results suggest
      that the mannose receptor, which mediates the recognition of C. albicans by
      macrophages, might also mediate the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli 0111.

PMID- 1797286
TI  - Colorimetric leukocyte adherence inhibition assay: a new auxiliary technique for
      the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
AB  - We describe a modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (LAI) in
      which we propose the use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium
      bromide (MTT) dye which is taken up and reduced by mitochondria. The method was
      tested by screening peripheral blood leukocytes from Schistosoma mansoni-infected
      patients. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients (N = 21) but not from the
      blood of normal subjects (N = 10) failed to adhere to glass in the presence of
      soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP). The non-adherence index (NAI)
      values for schistosomiasis patients were in the range of 11.0 to 72.3 (mean +/-
      SEM = 29.3 +/- 4.3), whereas the values for normal subjects were -56.0 to +2.0 (
      25.9 +/- 7.6) and those for treated patients -59.6 to +4.0 (-19.3 +/- 5.8). Our
      results show that the colorimetric LAI assay can be used as an auxiliary test for
      the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.

PMID- 1797287
TI  - A microcalorimetric assay to measure the reactivity of antigen-stimulated
      mononuclear cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients.
AB  - The reactivity of mononuclear cells (2 x 10(6)/ml minimum Eagle's medium, MEM)
      from normal subjects and from Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients was evaluated
      by microcalorimetry. The results which are reported as heat production (mcal for
      2 x 10(6) cells in 3600 s), were 2,087 +/- 21.3 and 2,497.0 +/- 21.3 for
      mononuclear cells from infected patients (N = 8) under stimulation with S.
      mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble adult worm antigenic preparation
      (SWAP), respectively. The values for cells from normal subjects (N = 8) were 13.7
      +/- 1.1 and 29.3 +/- 3.2 in the presence of the same antigens. Pre-treatment of
      mononuclear cells from patients with 1 mM aminophylline (a cAMP phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor) totally abolished heat production. Cell viability (greater than 95%)
      was not changed after the measurement. The microcalorimetric assay described here
      measures the cellular metabolic activity and we feel justified in suggesting this
      technique as an auxiliary diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Given the sensitivity,
      precision and accuracy of this microcalorimetric assay, we feel it can be used
      for the diagnosis of disease conditions for which a reliable diagnostic method is
      required.

PMID- 1797288
TI  - Inhibitory effect of cimetidine on graft survival of allotransplanted rats
      submitted to an active-passive enhancement protocol.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine whether cimetidine, a type-2
      histamine receptor antagonist, inhibits the immunological enhancement of
      allografted rats achieved by treatment with donor antigen plus anti-donor
      antibody. Groups of rats submitted to this active-passive enhancement protocol
      and treated ip with 30 (APEC 30; Group I; N = 4) or 60 (APEC 60; Group II; N = 8)
      mg/day cimetidine for 14 days had a significantly shorter graft survival (20.2 +/
      5.1 and 11.1 +/- 2.6 days, respectively) than the control group (animals
      submitted to the enhancement protocol and killed on day 72 after transplant when
      the graft was beating normally; APE; Group III; N = 6; P less than 0.05). On the
      other hand, these animals had a significantly longer graft survival than rats
      allotransplanted but not treated for enhancement (ALLO; Group V; N = 5; 8.2 +/-
      0.8 days). The surgical control, consisting of isotransplanted animals, had a
      long-term survival (ISO; Group VI; N = 6; rats killed 120 days after transplant
      with the graft beating normally). Animals treated with cimetidine, but not
      submitted to the enhancement protocol (AC 60; Group IV, N = 4) had a
      significantly shorter graft survival (6.25 +/- 0.5) than the allotransplanted
      animals (Group V). These results indicate inhibition of the suppressor mechanisms
      which participate in this type of immunological enhancement.

PMID- 1797289
TI  - Axon orientation and axo-dendritic polarity of retinal ganglion cells during
      postnatal development in the rat.
AB  - The axon orientation and axo-dendritic polarities of ganglion cells were
      investigated in the retinae of developing and adult rats labeled with retrograde
      tracers. The cells were classified as either regular, if both parameters
      corresponded to those found among the majority of ganglion cells in the retina of
      adult rats, or irregular, if either axon orientation or axo-dendritic polarity,
      or both, failed to follow the norm of adult retinae. The number of regular cells
      declined from 118,000 to the adult value of 63,000 during the first 5 days
      following birth, while the number of irregular cells remained stable at 90,000
      100,000 during this period and declined thereafter to 46,000. These data suggest
      that the geometry of neurites within the retina affect the selective elimination
      of ganglion cells during postnatal development in rats.

PMID- 1797290
TI  - Participation of alpha receptors in the neural control of food intake in pigeons.
AB  - The effects of noradrenaline (NA) on food intake were investigated in 69 satiated
      (food ad libitum) adult pigeons (320-360 g). NA (30 nmol, N = 10, and 80 nmol, N
      = 12, in 1 microliter NaCl) was injected into the right lateral ventricle. Both
      doses caused a significant increase in food consumption; the higher dose caused a
      more prolonged effect. The 30-nmol NA injection induced significant increases in
      the 1st (from 1.6 to 4.5 g) and 6th (19.4 to 25.9 g) hours. The 80-nmol dose
      caused significant increases from the 1st to the 5th hour (1.6 to 6.8, 4.4 to
      8.7, 7.1 to 10.8, 10.1 to 14.1 and 14.9 to 21.0 g). Previous
      intracerebroventricular administration of phentolamine (50 nmol, N = 12), but not
      of propranolol (100 nmol, N = 13) suppressed food ingestion increased by NA
      administration, with identical results to those of the control group (N = 22).
      These results indicate that central adrenergic synapses are likely to be involved
      in the mediation of food intake regulation.

PMID- 1797291
TI  - Substituted pyrazolylhydrazones: a new class of platelet aggregation inhibitors.
AB  - A series of 5-pyrazolylhydrazone derivatives (I) were designed to be mixed hybrid
      isosteres of both BW-755C and CBS-1108 which belong to the class of dual
      cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacological evaluation of some
      members of this series (Ia, 1-formyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-6-nitrobenzene-5-(1
      phenyl-3-methyl-4-nit ropyrazolyl)hydrazone; Ib, 2-formylfurane-5-(1-phenyl-3
      methyl-4-nitropyrazolyl)hydr azo ne;Ic, (E)-2-(formylethenylfurane)-5-(1-phenyl-3
      methyl-4-nitropyrazol yl)hydrazone showed that they inhibit the in vitro platelet
      aggregation of citrated platelet-rich rabbit plasma induced by ADP (5 microM),
      collagen (5 micrograms/ml) and arachidonic acid (100 microM). Compounds Ia and Ic
      at 100 microM concentration showed 49% and 58% inhibition, respectively, of ADP
      induced aggregation. In the arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, compounds Ia
      and Ib at 100 microM concentration fully inhibited platelet aggregation. All
      compounds significantly inhibited the collagen-induced aggregation. In contrast,
      indomethacin (10 microM) showed 100% and 85% aggregation inhibition against
      arachidonic acid and collagen, respectively, and was inactive in the ADP-induced
      aggregation test. These results suggest that the structure-activity relationship
      in this series of compounds is dependent on the hydrazone moiety at position 5 of
      the pyrazole ring and on the distance between the aryl ring and the pyrazole ring
      and that the 2-furyl ring is at the optimal distance for the maximal activity.

PMID- 1797292
TI  - Endotoxin induces eosinophil accumulation in the rat pleural cavity.
AB  - Changes in eosinophil counts after intrathoracic (it) injection of endotoxin
      (LPS) were investigated in Wistar rats (150-180 g). Increasing doses of endotoxin
      (62.5-500 ng/cavity) induced a dose-dependent increase in the number of
      eosinophils recovered from the rat pleural cavity 24 h later. The eosinophilia
      was apparent within 24 h, peaked within 48 h (from 0.76 +/- 0.12 to 3.68 +/- 0.51
      eosinophils x 10(6)/cavity, P less than 0.001) and returned to basal levels 120 h
      after the it injection of endotoxin (250 ng/cavity). Endotoxin (3 ng-4
      micrograms/ml) failed to attract eosinophils in vitro under conditions in which
      PAF-acether induced a dose-related response. These findings indicate that
      endotoxin-induced eosinophil migration in vivo is mediated by a secondary
      mechanism.

PMID- 1797293
TI  - Effect of testosterone on the pressor response to common carotid occlusion in
      gonadectomized conscious male rats with lesion of the median eminence.
AB  - The influence of testosterone on the development of the pressor response to
      common carotid occlusion was investigated in control and median eminence-lesioned
      male rats. In control rats (N = 9), gonadectomy performed 21 days before the
      experiments reduced by 22% (from 51 +/- 2 to 40 +/- 2 mmHg) and treatment with
      testosterone (300 micrograms for 4 days before the measurements) increased the
      initial peak pressor response (from 51 +/- 2 to 57 +/- 2 mmHg) which depends on
      carotid innervation. The maintained response which is of central origin (probably
      ischemic) was less affected. In nongonadectomized rats (N = 6), lesions of median
      eminence (6 days) decreased the initial peak by 19% (from 52 +/- 2 to 42 +/- 3
      mmHg) and the maintained response by 56% (from 32 +/- 2 to 14 +/- 1 mmHg). Sham
      operated rats served as controls. In gonadectomized animals (N = 6) the lesion
      reduced only the maintained response (from 23 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 1 mmHg).
      Testosterone supplementation restored the maintained response but did not alter
      the initial peak. These results indicate that the pressor response to common
      carotid occlusion in male rats is modulated by testosterone and that the
      depression in the maintained response caused by median eminence lesion can be
      reversed by steroid supplementation.

PMID- 1797294
TI  - Function and morphometric evaluation of intrauterine undernutrition on kidney
      development of the progeny.
AB  - Renal function and renal morphometry of the progeny of rats submitted to 50%
      dietary restriction (pair-fed with control group) throughout pregnancy (RT
      group), during the first half of pregnancy (R1 group) or during the second half
      of pregnancy (R2 group) were studied 3 months after birth. Glomerular filtration
      rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) decreased significantly in all groups when
      compared to control (C) (GFR, 4.44 +/- 0.12, 4.04 +/- 0.18, and 4.00 +/- 0.16 vs
      6.87 +/- 0.17, and RPF, 19.06 +/- 0.57, 17.00 +/- 1.14, and 13.31 +/- 0.50 vs
      22.57 +/- 0.67, respectively). Urinary osmolality tended to be lower in the R2
      and RT groups (877.1 +/- 42.36 and 868.0 +/- 42.36 vs 975.1 +/- 38.31 in C), and
      the net acid excretion calculated per ml of GFR was either maintained or
      stimulated (R1 group). A significant decline in the number of glomeruli occurred
      in R1, R2 and RT rats (79.84 +/- 2.08, 62.30 +/- 2.07, and 58.16 +/- 2.31 vs
      99.77 +/- 2.28 in C respectively). The results show that intrauterine
      undernutrition actually caused a deleterious effect on the number of functional
      nephrons.

PMID- 1797295
TI  - Lyme antibodies and Lyme disease: when to measure and who to treat.

PMID- 1797296
TI  - Use of TENS in arthritis management.

PMID- 1797297
TI  - Local intracoronary infusions of bradykinin profoundly reduce the severity of
      ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - Bradykinin in a dose (25 ng kg-1 min-1) which did not alter coronary flow, or
      saline, were infused into a small branch of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane, for 10 min prior to
      coronary artery occlusion and throughout the 25 min occlusion period. The degree
      of inhomogeneity of conduction and epicardial ST-segment changes were measured in
      the ischaemic zone with a composite electrode. In control dogs, coronary artery
      occlusion led to severe arrhythmias with an incidence of ventricular fibrillation
      of 47% and tachycardia of 80% and with a mean of 528 +/- 140 ventricular
      premature beats. In marked contrast, those dogs administered bradykinin had no
      ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia and the number of premature beats was
      significantly less (53 +/- 19). ST-segment changes were also much less in these
      dogs. These results raise the possibility that bradykinin might contribute to the
      protective effects of preconditioning and acts as an 'endogenous myocardial
      protective substance'.

PMID- 1797298
TI  - Differences in inositol phosphate production in blood vessels of normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - 1. Total inositol phosphate formation was measured in labelled femoral and iliac
      arteries and veins of 14 week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age
      matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls, either unstimulated or in the presence of
      noradrenaline. 2. Basal levels of [3H]-inositol phosphates and [3H]
      phosphatidylinositol were significantly enhanced in SHR femoral artery, but not
      in the other 3 vessels, compared with WKY. 3. Noradrenaline stimulated
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis in all four vessels of SHR and WKY. Pretreatment with
      prazosin (10(-7)-10(-6) M) but not with yohimbine (10(-7) M), inhibited the
      noradrenaline-induced inositol phosphate formation indicating an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor-mediated response. 4. In the femoral artery of SHR compared to WKY,
      [3H]-inositol phosphate accumulation induced by noradrenaline (10(-7)-10(-5) M)
      was significantly reduced when expressed relative to basal values although the
      response to higher concentrations (10(-4)-10(-3) M) was not altered. In contrast,
      a significant reduction of inositol phosphates was seen only with 10(-7) M
      noradrenaline when absolute values were compared. In the other three vessels, no
      difference in noradrenaline-induced [3H]-inositol phosphate formation was
      observed between strains. 5. These data suggest that phosphoinositide hydrolysis
      mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors may be reduced in some but not all blood
      vessels of adult SHR.

PMID- 1797299
TI  - Characterization of the biological effects of 2-methylthio-ATP on rat
      hepatocytes: clear-cut differences with ATP.
AB  - 1. In several tissues, 2-methylthio adenosine triphosphate (2MeSATP) is a very
      potent P2y-purine agonist. In rat hepatocytes, 2MeSATP half-maximally activated
      glycogen phosphorylase at 20 nM and was therefore about 25 times more effective
      than ATP (Ka 0.5-0.8 microM). This strong glycogenolytic potency of 2MeSATP
      suggests on its own the presence of P2Y-purinoceptors in liver. 2. Displacement
      of the radioligand ATP alpha[35S] from its receptor however occurred at much
      higher concentrations of 2MeSATP than was anticipated on the basis of its
      glycogenolytic potency. 3. The interaction of 2MeSATP with the receptor,
      characterized with ATP alpha[35S] as radioligand, cannot be considered as a pure
      competitive interaction. 4. 2MeSATP did not share the ability of ATP to
      counteract the effect of glucagon on the adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate
      levels. 5. 2MeSATP barely increased the levels of inositol trisphosphate (IP3).
      6. The glycogenolytic effect of 2MeSATP was completely abolished by pretreatment
      of the hepatocytes with phorbol myristic acetate. 7. It is tentatively concluded
      that 2MeSATP and ATP are interacting with different P2 purinoceptors.

PMID- 1797300
TI  - Endothelium-dependent mesenteric vasorelaxant effects and systemic actions of
      endothelin (16-21) and other endothelin-related peptides in the rat.
AB  - 1. The rat isolated superior mesenteric bed, perfused with Krebs-Henseleit
      solution containing 10 microM indomethacin and precontracted with 100 microM
      methoxamine, was used to study the vasorelaxation produced by some fragments of
      endothelin-1, by two alanyl-substituted analogues, and by human and porcine
      proendothelins. The systemic cardiovascular effects of some of these peptides
      were also studied in anaesthetized rats. 2. Endothelin (16-21) was an endothelium
      dependent vasodilator about 10 times less potent than acetylcholine and its amide
      was about 500 times less potent than the free acid. Human proendothelin-1 and
      porcine proendothelin-1 also caused endothelium-dependent relaxations but neither
      [Ala3,11]endothelin-1 nor [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 produced significant
      reductions in the methoxamine-induced tone. Sodium nitroprusside was
      approximately 200 times less potent than acetylcholine in the presence of the
      endothelium and was the only vasorelaxant to be active after destruction of the
      endothelium by perfusion with 0.3% CHAPS; in the absence of the endothelium it
      was 3.7 times more potent as a vasodilator than in its presence. 3. Porcine
      proendothelin-1 had weak contractile activity in the isolated mesenteric bed but
      porcine endothelin (22-39), endothelin (16-21) and endothelin (16-21) amide did
      not have vasoconstrictor actions. 4. Endothelin-3, [Ala3,11]endothelin-1,
      [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 and endothelin (16-21) all had systemic blood pressure
      effects in the anaesthetized rat. Although endothelin (16-21) did not cause
      vasoconstriction in vitro, it increased mean arterial pressure in vivo but was at
      least 100 times less potent than endothelin-3. Despite causing no vasorelaxation
      in vitro, [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 and [Ala3,11]endothelin-1 induced short
      lived systemic depressor responses which were followed by pressor responses.
      Endothelin-3 was more potent as a systemic depressor agent than as a pressor
      agonist and, as a vasodepressor agent, it was 3-4 times more potent than either
      of the alanyl-substituted analogues. Endothelin-3, [Ala3,11]endothelin-1 and
      [Ala1,3,11,15]endothelin-1 were equipotent vasopressor agents. Porcine endothelin
      (22-39) had no systemic blood pressure effects. 5. This study shows directly that
      the presence of both disulphide bonds is required in the endothelins for them to
      be able to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in the mesenteric vascular bed
      and that this response is mediated by different receptors from those causing
      contraction of the vascular smooth muscle in the mesentery. Vasorelaxation caused
      by endothelin (16-21) and its amide suggests that there is a receptor on the
      endothelium similar to one reported in the guinea-pig trachea. Finally, the
      ability of endothelin peptides to cause systemic vasodepressor responses is not
      related to their ability to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation, at least in
      the mesenteric circulation, and, for endothelin (16-21), its systemic pressor
      response is not likely to be the result of vasoconstriction in the mesenteric
      bed.

PMID- 1797301
TI  - Methylxanthine-induced attenuation of pecking in chickens.
AB  - 1. Apomorphine induced dose-dependent pecking in chickens. 2. The response was
      decreased by theophylline or caffeine in a dose-dependent manner. 3.
      Administration of theophylline or caffeine alone did not exert any effect on
      pecking behaviour. 4. Dipyridamole administration neither induced pecking nor
      altered the pecking induced by apomorphine. 5. Administration of 5-N
      ethylcarboxamide-adenosine to animals caused variable effects on pecking induced
      by apomorphine. The drug did not induce pecking by itself. 6. It is concluded
      that the inhibitory response to methylxanthines may be mediated through blockade
      of adenosine receptors. However, to prove this, more experiments are needed.

PMID- 1797302
TI  - Renovascular hypertension impairs formation of endothelium-derived relaxing
      factors and sensitivity to endothelin-1 in resistance arteries.
AB  - 1. Endothelium-dependent vascular regulation was investigated in mesenteric
      resistance arteries of Goldblatt two kidney-one clip (2K1C) renovascular
      hypertensive rats. 2. Third order branches of mesenteric arteries were dissected
      free and mounted on glass cannulae in an organ chamber. Changes in vascular
      diameter were measured in pressurized and perfused arteries with a video
      dimension analyzer. 3. Acetylcholine evoked endothelium-dependent relaxations
      that were much more pronounced with intraluminal than with extraluminal
      application. In 2K1C rats the relaxation induced by intraluminal, but not
      extraluminal acetylcholine was decreased compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto
      rats (WKY). Increased duration of hypertension further decreased the response to
      intraluminal but not extraluminal acetylcholine. 4. Endothelin-1 and
      noradrenaline caused contractions which were augmented by removal of the
      endothelium. This augmentation was reduced in 2K1C rats compared to WKY; the
      difference was small with noradrenaline but more pronounced with endothelin-1. 5.
      In arteries without endothelium the sensitivity, but not the maximal contraction
      to endothelin-1 was lower in 2K1C rats, while the response to noradrenaline was
      not different in 2K1C rats and WKY. The sensitivity to the peptide was not
      further affected by increasing the duration of hypertension. 6. Thus,
      renovascular hypertension leads to an impaired intraluminal, but not extraluminal
      activation of the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and a decreased
      inhibitory effect of the endothelium against endothelin-1- and noradrenaline
      induced contractions in mesenteric resistance arteries. Furthermore, the
      sensitivity, but not the maximal response of vascular smooth muscle to endothelin
      1 was reduced.

PMID- 1797303
TI  - Investigation of the effects of IVth ventricular administration of the 5-HT2
      agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), on autonomic
      outflow in the anaesthetized cat.
AB  - 1. The effects of IVth ventricular injections of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2
      aminopropane (DOI) on renal, splanchnic and cardiac sympathetic nerve activities,
      phrenic nerve activity, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, femoral arterial
      conductance, tracheal and intragastric pressures were investigated in alpha
      chloralose anaesthetized, neuromuscular blocked and artificially ventilated cats.
      2. Cumulative doses of DOI (80, 160 and 320 nmol kg-1) injected into the IVth
      ventricle caused an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, a fall in femoral
      arterial conductance, an increase in tracheal pressure and a decrease in the rate
      of phrenic nerve bursts but did not affect any of the other variables recorded.
      3. Even after i.v. administration of the peripheral 5-HT2 antagonist BW501C67 (2
      mg kg-1) following the highest dose of DOI there was still a significant pressor
      response, a fall in femoral arterial conductance and small increase in tracheal
      pressure. 4. In control experiments, intravenous infusion of noradrenaline to
      raise blood pressure to the levels obtained during the cumulative doses of DOI
      caused large falls in renal, splanchnic and cardiac nerve activities which were
      all significantly lower than those recorded during the cumulative doses of DOI.
      5. The results of this study provide evidence for a brainstem site of action of
      DOI in producing hypertension and further support the hypothesis that central 5
      HT2 receptors are involved in the control of skeletal muscle and skin vascular
      beds.

PMID- 1797304
TI  - The relationship of KCl- and prostaglandin F2 alpha-mediated increases in tension
      of the porcine coronary artery with changes in intracellular Ca2+ measured with
      fura-2.
AB  - 1. Changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured
      simultaneously with changes in muscle tension by use of the fluorescent Ca2+
      indicator, fura-2, in coronary arterial rings of the pig. 2. Changes in [Ca2+]i
      were measured by monitoring the ratio of fluorescence due to excitation at 340 nm
      (F340) to that at 380 nm (F380). 3. Increases in tension of the porcine coronary
      artery induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) (2-30 microM) and KCl (25
      70 mM) were accompanied by increases in the F340/F380 fluorescence ratio of fura
      2. 4. KCl-induced increases in muscle tension, equivalent to those produced by
      PGF2 alpha, were observed to occur in the presence of a higher [Ca2+]i. 5. Nearly
      complete relaxation of KCl-induced contractions by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was
      accompanied by only a partial reversal of the increase in [Ca2+]i that occurred
      during contraction. 6. Complete relaxation of the PGF2 alpha-contracted coronary
      artery by cromakalim (BRL 34915) was accompanied by a nearly complete reversal of
      the increase in [Ca2+]i caused by the contractile agent. 7. The contractile state
      of smooth muscle is not an indicator of [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i-tension relationship
      is dependent upon the type of pharmacological agent that is used to change muscle
      tension.

PMID- 1797305
TI  - In vitro modulation of the eosinophil-dependent enhancement of the permeability
      of the bronchial mucosa.
AB  - 1. Basolateral to apical albumin flux has been measured in sheets of bovine
      bronchial and tracheal mucosa mounted in vitro. 2. Addition of guinea-pig
      peritoneal eosinophils or neutrophils to the basolateral side of such tissues had
      no significant influence on the transmucosal flux of albumin in either the
      bronchial or tracheal mucosa. 3. Stimulation of eosinophils or neutrophils by the
      calcium ionophore A23187, or by their presentation to an opsonized airways
      mucosa, resulted in a significant increase in the transbronchial flux of albumin.
      This effect was seen after only 60 min incubation of the leucocytes with the
      bronchial mucosa, and was no greater when the contact time was extended to 180
      min. Incubation of bronchial mucosal tissues with 1 mg ml-1 polyarginine for 3 h
      produced a significant increase in albumin flux, but was ineffective at 0.5 mg ml
      1. 4. In contrast to the bronchial mucosa, the tracheal mucosa appeared resistant
      to the effects of stimulated eosinophils and neutrophils. 5. The lipoxygenase
      inhibitor AA-861 failed to influence the ability of eosinophils to augment the
      transmembrane flux of albumin. However, insertion of a Millipore filter mask
      between the eosinophils and the bronchial mucosa significantly inhibited the
      eosinophil-dependent enhancement of mucosal permeability. 6. The broad spectrum
      antiproteinase alpha 2-macroglobulin achieved almost total ablation of the action
      of stimulated eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa. These results suggest that
      proteinases may make a significant contribution to the genesis of epithelial
      injury, whereas leukotrienes do not.

PMID- 1797306
TI  - Adenosine receptors and nucleoside transport sites in cardiac cells.
AB  - 1. Potential mechanisms responsible for the prominent depression of
      atrioventricular conduction by adenosine have been investigated in guinea-pig
      heart. 2. Adenosine A1 receptors and nucleoside transport (NT) sites were
      identified and enumerated in cardiac myocytes, atrioventricular conduction cells
      and coronary endothelial cells in 10 microns sections by autoradiographical
      analysis of the binding of the A1 selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-[3H]
      dipropylxanthine ([3H]-DPCPX) and the NT ligand [3H]-nitrobenzylthioinosine ([3H]
      NBMPR), respectively. 3. Atrioventricular conduction cells were identified by
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and endothelial cells by von Willebrand
      factor immunohistochemistry. 4. Site-specific binding of [3H]-DPCPX, when
      expressed as grains per cell nucleus was significantly higher (30 fold) in
      conduction cells than in surrounding myocytes. [3H]-DPCPX site density on
      endothelial cells in adjacent coronary vessels was not significantly different
      from myocytes. 5. In contrast, autoradiography of [3H]-NBMPR sites in these areas
      indicated that, relative to myocytes, conduction cells and endothelial cells were
      significantly enriched (2 fold and 4.5 fold, respectively) in NT sites. 6. The
      pronounced dromotropic effect of adenosine in guinea-pig heart is correlated with
      a higher density of adenosine A1 receptors in atrioventricular conduction cells
      than in myocytes. The NT capacity of these cells, as estimated by [3H]-NBMPR
      binding site density, is not increased in proportion to A1 receptors.

PMID- 1797307
TI  - Neuroprotective activity of chlormethiazole following transient forebrain
      ischaemia in the gerbil.
AB  - 1. The effect of chlormethiazole, and other drugs which potentiate gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) function on delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus
      has been examined in the gerbil. 2. Chlormethiazole (100 mg kg-1, i.p.) and two
      other drugs previously reported to be neuroprotective (dizocilpine, 3 mg kg-1,
      i.p. and ifenprodil, 4 mg kg-1, i.p.) were all found to prevent neurodegeneration
      of CA1/CA2 neurones in the hippocampus when given 30 min before a 5 min episode
      of bilateral carotid artery occlusion. 3. Chlormethiazole (100 mg kg-1) was
      neuroprotective when given up to 3 h, after the ischaemic episode. 4. Given 1 h
      after the cartoid artery occlusion, chlormethiazole produced significant
      protection against hippocampal neurodegeneration at a dose of 50 mg kg-1, but not
      at 25 mg kg-1. 5. Phenobarbitone (100 mg kg-1, i.p.) and Saffan (alphaxalone, 45
      mg kg-1 plus alphadalone, 15 mg kg-1, i.p.) were not protective when given 1 h
      after the ischaemic episode while pentobarbitone (30 mg kg-1, i.p.) had a modest
      protective effect. 6. Evidence is presented to show that neither the operating
      procedure nor the chlormethiazole administration lowered rectal or cerebral
      temperature. 7. The data suggest that chlormethiazole may be a useful treatment
      in the prevention of neurodegeneration following stroke or cardiac arrest.

PMID- 1797308
TI  - The sources of calcium for carbachol-induced contraction in the circular smooth
      muscle of guinea-pig stomach.
AB  - 1. The action of carbachol on the mechanical activity of circular muscle from
      guinea-pig upper stomach was studied. High concentrations of carbachol (e.g. 10(
      4) M) produced a rapid phasic contraction followed by a smaller, sustained tonic
      contraction. Low concentrations (e.g. 10(-7) M) caused a contraction which did
      not generally show marked distinction between phasic and tonic components. 2. The
      response to 10(-7) M carbachol was very sensitive to 10(-5) M nifedipine as was
      the phasic response to 10(-4) M carbachol. The tonic contraction to the latter,
      however, was only slightly reduced by nifedipine. 3. The carbachol-induced
      contractions remaining in the presence of nifedipine were dose-related and very
      dependent on the presence of external calcium. 4. Carbachol, 10(-7) M, did not
      produce a contraction after 4 min exposure to calcium-free solution whereas 10(
      4) M carbachol did and this was phasic in nature but much reduced relative to the
      control in normal Ca. 5. A phasic followed by a small tonic contraction to 10(-4)
      M carbachol was seen superimposed on the K contracture in tissues depolarized
      with 100 mM K, whereas only a small tonic response occurred for 10(-7) M
      carbachol. 6. In the absence of a functional carbachol-sensitive intracellular
      store, 10(-4) M carbachol was unable to trigger a contraction in calcium-free
      solution. However, when calcium was simultaneously readmitted with carbachol
      after exposure to calcium-free solution, a contraction occurred. 7. Carbachol,
      10(-7) M, did not significantly increase inositol polyphosphate levels, whereas
      10(-4) M carbachol did. The increase with 10-4M occurred rapidly peaking within
      2min and was undetectable after 5 min, in the absence of lithium. 8. It is
      concluded that low concentrations of muscarinic agonist trigger a contraction
      predominantly through a nifedipine-sensitive route whereas higher concentrations
      further utilize intracellular calcium release and a receptor-operated
      extracellular calcium-dependent pathway. The former is probably associated with
      the phasic component and the latter with the tonic one.

PMID- 1797309
TI  - Comparison of the electrophysiological effects of Org 7797, disopyramide,
      mexiletine and propafenone in anaesthetized dogs with myocardial infarcts.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological effects of intravenously administered Org 7797 were
      compared with those of disopyramide (class Ia), mexiletine (Ib) and propafenone
      (Ic) in anaesthetized dogs with 5-6 day-old left ventricular myocardial infarcts.
      2. Org 7797 (0.5 mg kg-1) slowed conduction at all levels of the myocardium as
      shown by increases in St-A, AH, HV and QRS intervals, very modestly prolonged
      atrial and ventricular refractory periods and slightly shortened ventricular
      repolarization. Sinus node recovery time was increased whilst the RR interval was
      unchanged. A higher dose (2 mg kg-1) prolonged RR and rendered 5 out of 8 dogs
      unable to follow an atrial pacing stimulus of mean cycle length 322 ms. 3.
      Electrophysiological changes induced by propafenone (2 mg kg-1) were
      qualitatively similar to those of Org 7797 (0.5 mg kg-1). 4. Electrophysiological
      changes induced by mexiletine (2 mg kg-1) were small or insignificant. The most
      noticeable effect was a modest increase in the St-A interval and a slight
      shortening of ventricular repolarization. A higher dose (8 mg kg-1) additionally
      slowed conduction in the His-Purkinje system and in the ventricular myocardium.
      5. Disopyramide (2 and 5 mg kg-1) prolonged all cardiac intervals including JTc,
      QTc and QT during pacing and prolonged cardiac refractory periods. 6. It was
      concluded that the electrophysiological profile of Org 7797 is more like that of
      the Ic agent propafenone than that of the class Ia and Ib drugs, disopyramide and
      mexiletine.

PMID- 1797310
TI  - Different pharmacological profiles of big-endothelin-3 and big-endothelin-1 in
      vivo and in vitro.
AB  - 1. Human big-endothelin-1 (big-ET-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are equipotent as
      pressor agents and produce a significant change in mean arterial blood pressure
      (MAP) in anaesthetized guinea-pigs (2 nmol kg-1: peak delta MAP: 23 +/- 6 mmHg
      and 26 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively). 2. Unlike big-ET-1, big-endothelin-3 (big-ET-3)
      (10 and 20 nmol kg-1) induces no pressor responses whereas endothelin-3 (ET-3) at
      2 nmol kg-1 induces a significant increase of blood pressure in anaesthetized
      guinea-pigs (peak delta MAP: 27 +/- 5 mmHg) with a shorter duration than ET-1 and
      big-ET-1. 3. Big-ET-1 at concentrations 40 times higher than those required for
      ET-1 (2.5 nM) releases prostacyclin (PGI2) (maximal release: 2.7 +/- 0.8 ng ml-1;
      2.9 +/- 0.9 ng ml-1, respectively) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) (maximal release:
      6.7 +/- 1.3 ng ml-1; 6.8 +/- 1.1 ng ml-1, respectively) from guinea-pig perfused
      lungs. ET-3 (2.5 nM) is also a potent releaser of PGI2 and TxB2 from the guinea
      pig lungs (maximal release: PGI2: 2.4 +/- 1.0 ng ml-1; TxB2: 3.8 +/- 0.6 ng ml
      1). Conversely, big-ET-3 (100 nM) does not increase basal release of eicosanoids.
      4. Phosphoramidon (50 microM), a metalloprotease inhibitor, markedly reduced the
      eicosanoid releasing properties of big-ET-1 (n = 4, P less than 0.01) in guinea
      pig perfused lungs without affecting the release stimulated by ET-1. 5. Our
      results suggest that big-ET-1 is converted to ET-1 via a phosphoramidon-sensitive
      endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) to release eicosanoids. The ECE is present in
      the guinea-pig pulmonary vasculature. Furthermore, our results suggest that the
      ECE activity is specific for big-ET-1 and may not convert big-ET-3 to its active
      metabolite, ET-3.

PMID- 1797311
TI  - L-glutamate diethyl ester and deaminated analogues as excitatory amino acid
      antagonists in rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - 1. The effects of L-glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE) HCl, glutarate diethyl ester
      (GlrDEE) and glutarate dimethyl ester (GlrDME) on depolarizing responses to alpha
      amino-3-hydroxy-5- methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), kainate (Kain), N-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA) and quisqualate (Quis), and spontaneous paroxysmal discharges
      (SPDs) were examined. Experiments were performed on slices of rat cingulate
      cortex using the in vitro grease gap recording technique in nominally Mg(2+)-free
      Krebs medium. 2. GDEE HCl (3-14 mM) caused a concentration-dependent
      depolarization of the d.c. baseline potential. L-Glutamate (0.1-0.5 mM), HCl (15
      mM) and sucrose (30 mM) also depolarized the baseline. GlrDEE (3-12 mM) and
      GlrDME (4-26 mM) had no consistent effect on baseline potential. 3. GDEE HCl (10
      mM) had no effect on depolarizing responses to AMPA, Kain and NMDA, but caused
      potentiation of those to Quis with a dose-ratio of 0.53 (0.44-0.63) (n = 4). In
      two other experiments, where the depolarization of the baseline induced by GDEE
      HCl was large, a depression of Quis response amplitude was observed. 4. GlrDEE
      (10 mM) antagonized depolarizing responses to Kain, and to a lesser extent NMDA,
      with dose-ratios of 2.14 (1.92-2.38) and 1.61 (1.39-1.87), respectively. This
      concentration of GlrDEE had no effect on AMPA responses, but potentiated Quis
      responses, with a dose-ratio of 0.64 (0.58-0.71). 5. GlrDME (10 mM) antagonized
      depolarizing responses to Kain and to Quis, with dose-ratios of 1.66 (1.48-1.85)
      and 1.22 (1.15-1.29), respectively, and had no effect on responses to NMDA. 6.
      The SPDs were inhibited by GDEE HCI (IC50 6.7 +/- 0.37mM), GlrDEE (IC50 5.6 +/-
      0.38 mM) and GlrDME (IC50 10.4 +/- 0.73 mM). 7. In conclusion, there is little
      evidence that GDEE HCI is an antagonist of the postsynaptic excitatory amino acid
      receptors in the rat neocortex, and its effects may result from its contamination
      with Lglutamate and increased osmolarity of the bathing medium at high
      concentrations. The deaminated analogues of GDEE are very weak Kain antagonists.

PMID- 1797312
TI  - Adenosine modulation of potassium currents in postganglionic neurones of cultured
      avian ciliary ganglia.
AB  - 1. Potassium currents in cultured postganglionic neurones of avian ciliary
      ganglia were analysed under whole-cell voltage clamp and their modulation by
      adenosine determined. 2. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (200 nM), and with
      moderate holding potentials (Vh = -40 mV), the steady-state current-voltage (I/V)
      curve was N-shaped over the range from -70 mV to +155 mV. CsCl (1 M) blocked the
      current, indicating that it was carried by K+. If Ca2+ influx was blocked by
      CdCl2 (500 microM) then the outward current was reduced and the N-shaped I-V
      curve lost, indicating the presence of a calcium-activated potassium current
      (IK(Ca)); the remaining current, due to the delayed rectifier (IK), increased
      with depolarization up to about a conductance of 10 nS near + 50 mV. This IK was
      50% activated at about +20 mV and 50% inactivated at about -50 mV. Adenosine (10
      microM) had similar affects on the N-shaped I/V curve as did CdCl2, indicating
      that it blocked IK(Ca). However, adenosine had little affect on the steady-state
      current in the presence of CdCl, indicating that it did not much affect IK. 3. In
      the presence of tetrodotoxin (200 nM), a large inward current occurred for large
      hyperpolarizations from a Vh = -50 mV. This inward rectifying current (IIR) had a
      reversal potential near EK and showed 50% activation at about -130 mV. Adenosine
      (10 microM) reduced IIR, by as much as 50% at large hyperpolarizations beyond -80
      mV. 4. Relaxations of the outward current on hyperpolarization from Vh = -30mV
      were blocked by carbachol (10 microM), had a reversal potential near EK, and an
      I/V curve typical of 1M currents. These currents were little affected by
      adenosine (10 microM). 5. A fast transient outward current, due to depolarizing
      pulses from a large Vh = -110mV was observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (200
      nM). This had the characteristics of an IA current as it could be blocked with 4
      aminopyridine (5 mM) and was 50% activated at about -20 mV and 50% inactivated at
      about -94 mV. The IA current was reduced by 42% at a depolarization of -20 mV by
      adenosine (10 microM). 6. Many neurones possessed a fast transient outward
      current that was blocked by tetrodotoxin (200nM). This current could be blocked
      with 4-aminopyridine (5mM); it therefore has the characteristics of a sodium
      activated potassium current ('K(Na)). This IK(Na) was unaffected by adenosine (1O
      microM). 7. These results are discussed in relation to the role of adenosine in
      blocking Ca2 + channels and thereby modifying calcium-dependent components of K+
      currents.

PMID- 1797313
TI  - Microinjections of 5-HT1A agonists into the dorsal motor vagal nucleus produce a
      bradycardia in the atenolol-pretreated anaesthetized rat.
AB  - 1. The effects of microinjections (100 nl) into the dorsal motor vagal nucleus of
      the 5-HT1A receptor agonists 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT)
      and flesinoxan, the 5-HT2 receptor agonist (+-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2
      aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), the 5-HT3 receptor agonist phenylbiguanide
      (PBG), the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and the excitatory amino acid
      glutamate on heart rate, blood pressure, tracheal pressure and phrenic nerve
      activity were investigated in atenolol-pretreated rats anaesthetized with sodium
      pentobarbitone. 2. Microinjections of glutamate (2.5 nmol) caused decreases in
      blood pressure, heart rate and phrenic nerve activity. In contrast,
      microinjections of 5-HT (1.2 nmol), 8-OH-DPAT (1.2 nmol) and flesinoxan (1.3
      nmol) all caused a bradycardia but had no effect on blood pressure. In addition,
      8-OH-DPAT and flesinoxan caused an increase in phrenic nerve activity. 3.
      Microinjections of DOI, PBG and clonidine had no significant effect on any of the
      variables recorded. None of the drugs used had any significant effect on tracheal
      pressure. 4. These results support the hypothesis that activation of 5-HT1A
      receptors causes excitation of cardiac vagal motoneurones and suggest that these
      receptors are also important in the control of central respiratory drive.

PMID- 1797314
TI  - Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural activation stabilizes smooth-muscle tone
      independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea-pig isolated airways.
AB  - 1. We examined the effect of variations in resting smooth-muscle tone induced
      eicosanoid inhibitors on the direction and magnitude of the non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic (NANC) nervous response in guinea-pig isolated airways. 2. NANC
      responses (in the presence of 1 microM atropine, 10 microM guanethidine) to
      electrical field stimulation (1200 mA; 0.5 ms; 240 s; 3 Hz) were studied in
      guinea-pig isolated airway preparations (n = 4-7) taken from the proximal
      trachea, the distal trachea and the main bronchus. Tissues were treated with
      either the cyclo-oxygenase-blocker, indomethacin (10 microM), or the leukotriene
      receptor antagonist, FPL 55712 (11.5 microM), to modulate the resting tone. 3.
      Depending on the level of resting tone prior to electrical field stimulation,
      NANC activation induced either a contraction or a relaxation converging towards a
      similar level of tone, a 'tonus equilibrium'. This tonus equilibrium displayed an
      increasing level towards the periphery (3 +/- 3 (s.e.mean) % for the proximal
      trachea, 28 +/- 3% for the distal trachea and 54 +/- 4% for the main bronchus, in
      % of maximum active tension). After NANC activation, the tonus returned to a
      level similar to the resting tone. 4. We conclude that changes in resting smooth
      muscle tone not only affect the magnitude but also the direction of the NANC
      response. It is suggested that the NANC nervous system is a stabilizing factor in
      the regulation of airway smooth-muscle tone, independent of eicosanoid factors.
      An increasing contractile component and a decreasing relaxant component of the
      NANC system towards the peripheral airways is indicated.

PMID- 1797315
TI  - Thermogenic and lipolytic effect of yohimbine in the dog.
AB  - 1. Lipid mobilization during a hypocaloric diet may be enhanced by a
      pharmacological approach using alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists since these drugs
      are known to increase sympathetic tone and stimulate lipolysis. Studies were
      undertaken in the dog in order to evaluate the effects of oral yohimbine
      administration (alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) on heat production, metabolic,
      endocrinological and cardiovascular parameters. 2. Acute oral yohimbine (0.25 or
      0.40 mg kg-1) provoked an increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids. The drug
      increased sympathetic nervous system activity as indicated by the increased level
      of plasma noradrenaline. These effects persisted during the entire experimental
      period (4 h). The increase in plasma noradrenaline level was two fold higher with
      the higher dose of yohimbine (0.4 mg kg-1). The plasma adrenaline level was
      increased only with the higher dose. 3. Yohimbine transiently increased plasma
      insulin and the effect was dose-dependent. 4. Yohimbine (0.25 mg kg-1) enhanced
      heart rate and arterial blood pressure. 5. The effect of yohimbine on oxygen
      consumption, carbon dioxide and heat production was determined by indirect
      calorimetry. The drug (0.25 mg kg-1) increased O2 consumption and CO2 and heat
      production 30 min after its administration and the effect persisted over the
      experimental period. The respiratory quotient, rather low in the fasting animals,
      remained unchanged. 6. The present work indicates that thermogenesis and lipid
      mobilization are enhanced during fasting in the dog by alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      blockade. Yohimbine also induced a transient increase in plasma insulin level and
      increased heart rate and blood pressure. The lipid mobilization plus the action
      on thermogenesis observed after yohimbine draw attention to the putative interest
      of a2-antagonists in the pharmacological treatment of obesity during restricted
      calorie intake.

PMID- 1797316
TI  - The long-term effects of the rodenticide, brodifacoum, on blood coagulation and
      vitamin K metabolism in rats.
AB  - 1. The long-term (30 days) effects of a single dose of brodifacoum (0.2 mg kg-1,
      orally) on blood clotting activity and on liver parameters of the vitamin K cycle
      were investigated in rats. Maximal effect on blood clotting activity was seen on
      day one. On day seven blood clotting activity had returned to normal. 2. Liver
      microsomal vitamin KO reductase activity was maximally suppressed (10% of control
      activity) on day one, steadily recovered to about 40% on day 15 to remain at that
      level. The same time course was seen for the number of microsomal warfarin
      binding sites. 3. The persistent inhibition of the vitamin K cycle was also
      verified in vivo; following vitamin K administration (10 mg kg-1, i.v.) on day
      30, the brodifacoum-treated rats accumulated vitamin KO in the liver. 4. Although
      clotting factor synthesis was normal, brodifacoum-treated rats were highly
      sensitive to warfarin. 5. Brodifacoum rapidly accumulated in the liver until the
      saturation of the microsomal binding site. Brodifacoum binding to the target
      prevented its elimination from the liver; liver content on day 30 was not
      different from day 7. 6. The results show (1) an over capacity for the
      hepatocellular vitamin K cycle, (2) a dissociation of the vitamin K epoxidation
      and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, (3) the 'superwarfarin' rodenticides
      to be extremely persistent due to their binding to the target.

PMID- 1797317
TI  - The agonist properties of m-chlorophenylbiguanide and 2-methyl-5
      hydroxytryptamine on 5-HT3 receptors in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - 1. The effects of 5-HT3 selective agonists have been studied in whole-cell
      voltage-clamped N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. 2. Application of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) results in the rapid development of a transient inward
      current at quasiphysiological membrane potentials. This current can be blocked by
      the 5-HT3 specific antagonists BRL 43694 and GR67330. 3. Application of 2-methyl
      5-HT (2-Me5-HT), a 5-HT3 selective agonist, produced a qualitatively similar
      inward current, but with a maximum response only 20% of that produced by 5-HT. 4.
      In the presence of 100 microM 2-Me5-HT, the upper part of the 5-HT dose-response
      curve was shifted to the right but reached the same maximum value as in the
      absence of 2-Me5-HT. 2-Me5-HT appears therefore to be a partial agonist under
      these conditions. 5. The novel 5-HT3 agonist, meta-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG)
      is a full agonist, but has a Hill coefficient (1.5) significantly less than that
      of 5-HT (2.3). 6. Comparison with radioligand binding data show that mCBPG is 100
      times less potent than expected; it may therefore exhibit a high affinity for a
      desensitized state.

PMID- 1797318
TI  - Transepithelial water movement in response to carbamazepine, chlorpropamide and
      demeclocycline in toad urinary bladder.
AB  - 1. Osmotic water movement across toad isolated hemibladders was measured by a
      gravimetric method. 2. The influence of carbamazepine, chlorpropamide and
      demeclocycline on the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced water flow rate was
      examined. 3. No antidiuretic activity due to carbamazepine alone was observed but
      a slight inhibition due to ADH-induced water flow was observed in the presence of
      carbamazepine over a selected dose-range. This was unexpected and is inconsistent
      with data from in vivo studies in man. 4. Chlorpropamide potentiated ADH-induced
      water flow, in keeping with the hypothesis that chlorpropamide sensitizes the
      renal tubules to ADH-induced water flow. 5. Demeclocycline inhibited ADH-induced
      water flow. The mechanism of action remains unclear.

PMID- 1797319
TI  - Dissociation between the effects of zymosan on the systemic and pulmonary vessels
      of the rat.
AB  - 1. Zymosan, an activator of the alternative complement pathway, (2 to 16 mg kg-1)
      injected intravenously via the tail vein of anaesthetized rats, dose-dependently
      increased the vascular permeability of lung parenchyma, as measured by the
      accumulation of 125I-labelled albumin in lungs. 2. Pretreatment of the animals
      with cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin or ketoprofen (3 mg kg-1) or with
      the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, BW755C (40 mg kg-1) abolished the
      vascular permeability changes induced by zymosan (16 mg kg-1). Neither, the PAF
      antagonist, WEB 2086 (10 mg kg-1) nor the antagonist of mast cell amines,
      mepyramine and methysergide (3 mg kg-1) affected the plasma exudation in lungs.
      Zymosan did not induce any accumulation of labelled albumin in lungs of rats made
      leukopenic by rabbit anti-neutrophil serum. 3. Zymosan (16 mg kg-1) increased the
      haematocrit. This increase was not modified by indomethacin but reduced by WEB
      2086. 3. Intravenous injection of zymosan (3 and 8 mg kg-1) in anaesthetized rats
      transiently increased right ventricular blood pressure and pulmonary arterial
      pressure, accelerated respiratory rate and decreased systemic blood pressure. 5.
      WEB 2086 largely reduced the systemic hypotension but did not affect the increase
      of pulmonary vascular resistance. Indomethacin inhibited the increase of blood
      pressure in the right ventricle and the modification of the respiratory rate.
      This drug did not inhibit but increased the systemic hypotension induced by
      zymosan. 6. Zymosan (16 mg kg-1) reduced serum complement haemolytic activity by
      46%. 7. These data suggest that the pulmonary vascular changes induced by
      intravascular complement activation with zymosan in rats are mediated by
      neutrophils and prostanoids while the systemic vascular effects depend mainly on
      PAF.

PMID- 1797320
TI  - Interaction of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion and tyramine with a site
      putatively involved in the striatal vesicular release of dopamine.
AB  - The neurotoxin MPP+ potently inhibited the striatal binding of [3H]-tyramine, a
      putative marker for the vesicular transporter of dopamine, and provoked a massive
      in vivo release of striatal dopamine. Tetrabenazine, an established ligand for
      the vesicular catecholamine carrier, potently inhibited [3H]-tyramine binding,
      tyramine-provoked striatal efflux of dopamine and the fast component of MPP(+)
      induced dopamine release. It is concluded that MPP+ in the striatum, besides
      interacting with additional intracellular targets, avidly binds at a vesicular
      site functionally involved with the outward transport of dopamine.

PMID- 1797321
TI  - Amantadine and sparteine inhibit ATP-regulated K-currents in the insulin
      secreting beta-cell line, HIT-T15.
AB  - 1. The effects of pharmacological agents that potentiate insulin release were
      studied on ATP-regulated K-currents (K-ATP currents) in the insulin-secreting
      beta-cell line HIT-T15 by use of patch-clamp methods. 2. The tricyclic drug, 1
      adamantanamine (amantadine), reversibly inhibited both whole-cell currents (with
      a Ki of 120 microM) and single channel currents in inside-out patches. This
      effect was principally due to an increase in a long closed state which reduced
      the channel open probability. The related compound, 1-adamantanol, in which the
      amino group is substituted by a hydroxyl one, did not inhibit K-ATP currents
      substantially. 3. The alkaloid, sparteine, reversibly inhibited both whole-cell K
      ATP currents (Ki = 171 microM) and single channel currents in inside-out patches.
      4. The results suggest that sparteine and amantadine can block the K-ATP channel
      from either side of the membrane and support the idea that at least part of the
      stimulatory effect of these agents on insulin secretion results from inhibition
      of this channel.

PMID- 1797322
TI  - Inhibitory effects of BAY u3405 on prostanoid-induced contractions in human
      isolated bronchial and pulmonary arterial muscle preparations.
AB  - 1. The thromboxane-mimetic, U46619, was a more potent contractile agonist than
      prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), PGF2 alpha or histamine in human isolated bronchial and
      pulmonary arterial muscle preparations. 2. Human isolated proximal bronchial
      muscles were less sensitive to contractile agents than distal bronchial
      preparations. However, the former tissues developed a greater contractile force
      (Emax) when compared with results obtained in the latter tissues. 3. BAY u3405
      attenuated the contractions induced by U46619, PGF2 alpha and PGD2 in both human
      isolated bronchial and pulmonary arterial muscle preparations. 4. BAY u3405 did
      not alter histamine concentration-effect curves nor the relaxation induced by
      Butaprost (TR4979) in human isolated bronchial muscle preparations. In addition
      BAY u3405 did not modify the relaxation induced by PGI2 in isolated pulmonary
      arterial muscle preparations. 5. The contractions induced by different
      prostaglandins were blocked by BAY u3405, suggesting a common functional site for
      these agents found both on human bronchial and pulmonary arterial muscles.

PMID- 1797323
TI  - BAY u3405 an antagonist of thromboxane A2- and prostaglandin D2-induced
      bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. The novel thromboxane (TX) antagonist, BAY u3405, has been evaluated against
      bronchoconstriction induced by the TXA2 mimetic U-46619, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2),
      5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and histamine in the guinea-pig
      in vivo by use of a modification of the model described by Konzett & Rossler. 2.
      When given intravenously (i.v.) at 30 or 100 micrograms kg-1, U-46619 caused 80%
      maximal bronchoconstriction in most animals. In contrast, PGD2 caused a smaller
      40%-50% maximal bronchoconstriction at the highest dose tested (300 micrograms kg
      1, i.v.). 3. BAY u3405, given intravenously, orally (p.o.) or by aerosol
      antagonized U-46619-induced bronchoconstriction in a dose-related manner. The
      approximate ID50 values were 600 micrograms kg-1, i.v., 1.7 mg kg-1 p.o. and 0.1%
      w/v 20 breaths by aerosol. 4. BAY u3405 had similar inhibitory activities against
      U-46619-induced bronchoconstriction and hypertension suggesting that it had no
      preferential activity on the airways. 5. When given intravenously BAY u3405
      antagonized the bronchoconstrictor effect of intravenous PGD2 with ID50 values
      between 30-100 micrograms kg-1. 6. The action of BAY u3405 (10 mg kg-1, p.o.) was
      long lasting, causing significant inhibition of U-46619-induced
      bronchoconstriction 7 h after dosing. 7. At 1 mg kg-1, i.v., a dose that
      abolished the response to U-46619 and PGD2, BAY u3405 had no effect on histamine
      , 5-HT- or LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction. 8. BAY u3405 potently and
      selectively antagonized U-46619- or PGD2-induced bronchoconstriction in the
      Konzett-Rossler model of guinea-pig lung function. It should therefore prove to
      be a useful tool for defining the role of TXA2- and PGD2 in airway diseases such
      as asthma.

PMID- 1797324
TI  - The change in the threshold for short-term desensitization in isolated smooth
      muscle cells showing an all-or-none response to acetylcholine.
AB  - 1. Isolated smooth muscle cells from guinea-pig taenia caecum were prepared by
      collagenase digestion. The cells showed an all-or-none response to acetylcholine
      (ACh) under our experimental conditions. 2. Desensitized cells showed an all-or
      none response but required a higher concentration of ACh for induction of
      contraction, indicating that the desensitization was due to a change in the
      threshold concentration. 3. In [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-QNB) binding to
      the desensitized cells, KD and Bmax were not significantly different from those
      estimated in the control cells. The competitive inhibition curve for specific
      binding of [3H]-QNB by ACh in the desensitized cells was in agreement with that
      of control cells. 4. The ACh-stimulated increase of the 45Ca2+ influx was very
      rapid and correlated well with the contraction of the cells. The concentrations
      of ACh inducing the maximal 45Ca2+ influx were increased by desensitization. 5.
      These results indicated that although the binding of ACh to the receptor was not
      changed by desensitization, the threshold concentration of ACh for their
      contraction was raised by desensitization, and the 45Ca2+ influx accompanying the
      contraction was shifted to the side of high concentration of ACh. 6. These
      results suggest that the development of short-term desensitization is due to an
      uncoupling of the receptor from the mechanism for initiation of the contraction.

PMID- 1797326
TI  - Furosemide inhibits the centrally-mediated pressor response to clonidine in
      conscious, normotensive rats.
AB  - 1. The effect of furosemide on the pressor response induced by
      intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of clonidine was investigated in
      freely moving, normotensive rats with chronically implanted arterial catheters.
      2. When injected i.c.v., clonidine at doses of 5 and 10 micrograms produced a
      dose-dependent pressor response and a decrease in heart rate. No depressor
      response was induced by clonidine. 3. Systemic (i.v.) pretreatment with
      furosemide (2-10 mg kg-1) increased urine volume and dose-dependently inhibited
      the pressor response to i.c.v. clonidine (10 micrograms), and a long-lasting
      depressor response to clonidine was observed. However, furosemide treatment did
      not alter the bradycardia produced in response to clonidine. 4. The systemic
      treatment with furosemide (10 mg kg-1, i.v.) had no effect on the pressor
      response to i.v. noradrenaline. 5. These results suggest that reduction of body
      fluid volume inhibits the centrally-mediated pressor response to clonidine and
      leads to the hypotensive effect. We also suggest that combined treatment with a
      diuretic increases the hypotensive efficacy of clonidine.

PMID- 1797325
TI  - Response of rabbit ear artery to endothelin-1 during cooling.
AB  - 1. The effects of cooling on the response of rabbit central ear artery to
      endothelin-1 and the role of the endothelium in these effects were studied in 2
      mm long cylindrical arterial segments. 2. Concentration-response curves for
      endothelin-1 (10(-10)-3 x 10(-7) M) were recorded isometrically in arteries with
      and without endothelium at 37 degrees C and during cooling (24 degrees C). To
      analyze further the endothelial mechanisms of the response to endothelin-1 during
      cooling, the effects of this peptide in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine
      methyl ester (L-NAME) (10(-4) M) or meclofenamate (10(-5) M) were also
      determined. 3. In every condition tested, endothelin-1 produced a marked,
      concentration-dependent arterial contraction. Sensitivity of intact arteries to
      this peptide was consistently lower at 24 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. At 37
      degrees C there were comparable responses of arteries with and without
      endothelium, but at 24 degrees C arteries without endothelium showed a higher
      sensitivity than intact arteries to endothelin-1. 4. L-NAME (10(-4) M) increased
      the maximal contraction at 37 degrees C, and both the sensitivity and maximal
      contraction at 24 degrees C of intact arteries to endothelin-1. Meclofenamate
      (10(-5) M) did not affect the arterial response to endothelin-1. 5. Sensitivity
      of arteries with and without endothelium to nitroprusside (10(-9)-10(-3) M) was
      significantly decreased during cooling, and endothelium removal did not affect
      the relaxation to this nitrovasodilator. 6. These results suggest that cooling
      decreases sensitivity of cutaneous arteries (ear artery) to endothelin-1 probably
      by increasing the availability of endothelial nitric oxide.

PMID- 1797327
TI  - Direct effects of adenylyl 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate, a stable ATP
      analogue, on relaxant P1-purinoceptors in smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. Previous results obtained with the rat colon muscularis mucosae, which
      contracts in response to adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), had
      suggested that adenylyl 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate (AMPPCP), a stable
      ATP analogue, acted on P1-purinoceptors rather than, as expected, on P2
      purinoceptors. This possibility has been examined in two tissues in which
      adenosine and ATP both cause relaxation, the guinea-pig taenia caeci and the rat
      duodenum. 2. ATP, 2-methylthio-ATP (2-MeSATP), AMPPCP, adenosine 5'-(alpha,beta
      methylene)triphosphonate (AMPCPP) and adenosine each relaxed the taenia caeci and
      the duodenum, and the order of potency of the nucleotides in each tissue was 2
      MeSATP greater than ATP greater than AMPCPP greater than AMPPCP, indicating that
      these effects were mediated by P2Y-purinoceptors. 3. The P1 antagonist 8-(p
      sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT) (100 microM) did not affect the responses to
      ATP, 2-MeSATP or AMPCPP in either tissue, but inhibited the responses of
      adenosine and of AMPPCP in both tissues. In the duodenum a lower concentration of
      8-SPT caused a parallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curve to
      adenosine and to AMPPCP but to different extents, with AMPPCP being inhibited
      more powerfully than adenosine. A dose-ratio of around 5 was observed for
      adenosine and AMPPCP at concentrations of 8-SPT of 20 microM and 2 microM
      respectively, but Schild analysis resulted in plots with slopes greater than
      unity. In the taenia caeci, however, 8-SPT inhibited adenosine more powerfully
      than AMPPCP, and a range of concentrations (10-20 microM) only caused a two fold
      shift in the concentration-response curve for AMPPCP, although the concentration
      response curve to adenosine was shifted in a concentration-dependent manner and
      Schild analysis gave a pA2 value of 5.13 with a slope of 0.90.4. As has been
      shown in other tissues, including the guinea-pig taenia caeci, ATP (100 microM)
      was rapidly dephosphorylated by enzymes present in the rat duodenum, with less
      than 10% remaining after 20min incubation, whereas AMPPCP (100 microM) was
      resistant to degradation, with greater than 90% remaining at the same time
      point.5. AMPPCP therefore has pronounced but variable agonist actions on P,
      purinoceptors, and appears to act entirely via these receptors on the rat
      duodenum although in the guinea-pig taenia caeci this action is less important
      and it acts largely via P2y-purinoceptors. These Pl-purinoceptor effects of
      AMPPCP are direct and are not due to its degradation to adenosine.

PMID- 1797328
TI  - Sequential release of tumour necrosis factor, platelet activating factor and
      eicosanoids during endotoxin shock in anaesthetized pigs: protective effects of
      indomethacin.
AB  - 1. The effects of indomethacin were investigated on haemodynamics, haematological
      and blood glucose values, and the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF),
      platelet activating factor (PAF) and eicosanoids in anaesthetized pigs receiving
      5 micrograms kg-1 E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over 60 min into the superior
      mesenteric artery. The animals were observed for an additional period of 2 h
      after the termination of LPS infusion. 2. Eight of the 17 animals infused with
      LPS and not treated with indomethacin died within 30 min after the beginning of
      LPS infusion (non-survivors), while the other 9 survived the experimental period
      of 3 h though in a state of shock (survivors). 3. No alterations were observed in
      plasma concentrations of PAF and eicosanoids (thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto PGF1 alpha) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4] in non
      survivors. However, a marked increase was detected in TNF release. A significant,
      though transient, increase in concentrations of PAF, TNF and eicosanoids occurred
      in the survivors. The peak in the concentrations of PAF and TXB2 preceded the
      maximum in TNF values in survivors. 4. Another group of 7 LPS-infused pigs was
      treated with indomethacin (2 mg kg-1, i.v. bolus 60 min before the start of LPS
      infusion, followed by a continuous infusion of 3 mg kg-1 h-1). This treatment
      prevented death and shock despite the high concentrations of circulating TNF and
      PAF. Concentrations of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme products were reduced, whereas LTB4
      release was not affected. The effect of indomethacin on haemodynamic changes
      occurred earlier than on cyclo-oxygenase products.5. In another group of 6 pigs
      indomethacin (2mg kg- 1, i.v.) was given 20-25 min after the start of LPS
      infusion at which time mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) had decreased below
      40mmHg indicating imminent death. This indomethacin treatment immediately
      reversed the hypotension, restored the organ perfusion, delayed the
      haemoconcentration and thrombocytopenia and prevented death. However, TNF and PAF
      concentrations remained elevated. Concentrations of cyclo-oxygenase products
      studied were reduced by the end of the observation period, whereas LTB4
      production was unaffected.6. The decrease in MABP induced by exogenous PAF was
      temporarily prevented by indomethacin.7. These data indicate that the beneficial
      effect of indomethacin in LPS-induced septic shock is related to cyclo-oxygenase
      inhibition as well as to a direct vasoconstrictor property of the drug.

PMID- 1797329
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of amineptine on neurones of the rat substantia
      nigra pars compacta: evidence for an inhibition of the dopamine uptake system.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from substantia nigra pars compacta
      neurones of the rat maintained in vitro in order to study the effects of the
      tricyclic antidepressant drug, amineptine. 2. Amineptine hydrochloride (1-30
      microM) decreased spontaneous firing and slightly hyperpolarized the membrane
      potential. In neurones voltage-clamped at -50 or -60 mV, amineptine produced an
      outward membrane current. These actions were concentration-dependent and were
      completely antagonized by (-)-sulpiride. 3. The amineptine-induced
      hyperpolarization was resistant to tetrodotoxin (1 microM) but it was abolished
      in 0 mM Ca2+ (plus 13 mM MgCl2) solutions. 4. Amineptine (300 nM-30 microM) and
      cocaine (10-30 microM) increased the amplitude and duration of responses to
      exogenously applied dopamine. The effects of dopamine were potentiated about 5
      fold by 10 microM amineptine; this potentiation persisted in calcium-free
      solutions. 5. Cocaine (10 microM) had no additional effect on the dopamine
      induced responses in the presence of amineptine (30 microM). Amineptine (10
      microM) produced no detectable effects in the presence of cocaine (30 microM). 6.
      It is concluded that amineptine acts as a dopamine uptake blocker in slices of
      rat substantia nigra.

PMID- 1797330
TI  - The control of the contraction of myocytes from guinea-pig heart by the resting
      membrane potential.
AB  - 1. The influence of different holding potentials (-120 to -70 mV) on the
      contraction of enzymatically dispersed myocytes from guinea-pig hearts was
      evaluated. Contractions were elicited by repetitive depolarizations to 0 mV at
      0.5 Hz. 2. While ineffective at 140 and 5 mmol l-1 [Na+]o and pipette Na+,
      respectively, depolarization of the resting membrane with the holding potential
      increased myocyte shortening at reduced Na+ gradients ([Na+]o 70 or [Na+]i 10-15
      mmol l-1). Elevated intracellular Na+ after Na(+)-pump inhibition with ouabain 1
      10 mumol l-1 was similarly effective with regard to the inotropic response to
      different holding potentials. 3. At -70 mV holding potential, reduction of [Na+]o
      from 140 to 70 mmol l-1 increased myocyte shortening and induced an inwardly
      directed component of the holding current which peaked at -44 +/- 10 pA and
      declined thereafter in parallel with the inotropic effect. The relation of this
      inward current to [Ca2+]i was confirmed by experiments at high Ca2+ buffer
      capacity where [Na+]o reduction induced a Ni(2+)-insensitive, outwardly directed
      component (36 +/- 15 pA) of the holding current. The observed inward current is
      suggested to reflect the extrusion of [Ca2+]i in exchange for [Na+]o as a counter
      regulatory mechanism which limits the increase of [Ca2+]i. 4. The interventions
      which increased the strength of the contraction also enhanced the transient tail
      current after repolarization, suggesting its close relation to [Ca2+]i. This
      finding confirmed the pattern found with cell shortening. 5. It is concluded that
      under certain conditions, voltage-dependent and Na(+)-dependent Na(+)-Ca2+
      exchange during the interval between the contractions is relevant to the
      diastolic concentration of [Ca2+]i which in turn determines the accumulation of
      Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the magnitude of the subsequent
      contraction.

PMID- 1797331
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine effects on electrically
      stimulated human isolated urinary bladder.
AB  - 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is able to potentiate the contractions induced by
      electrical field stimulation of pieces of human isolated urinary bladder. On the
      basis of available selective 5-HT agonists and antagonists, we have further
      investigated the receptors involved and their site of action. 2. 5-HT produced a
      concentration-dependent increase of the contractile response to electrical field
      stimulation from 0.1 nM to 1 microM. At higher concentrations (up to 100 microM)
      the effect decreased. These activities were mimicked by a variety of 5-HT
      agonists, for which the following rank order of potency was found: 5-HT greater
      than alpha-methyl 5-HT greater than 5-methoxytryptamine greater than 5
      carboxamidotryptamine greater than 2-methyl 5-HT much greater than GR 43175. In
      addition the gastro-prokinetics agents metoclopramide, cisapride and the 5-HT3
      antagonist ICS 205-930 behaved as 5-HT agonists, their EC50 values being 2.3,
      0.3, and 0.5 (microM) respectively. 3. The 5-HT potentiating effect was resistant
      to antagonism by ondansetron (1 microM) and cyanopindolol (1 microM), selective 5
      HT3 and 5-HT1A/1B antagonists respectively. The 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin (1
      microM), spiperone (1 microM) and methysergide (1 microM) also showed a weak
      inhibitory activity. Methiothepin (0.1-1 microM) antagonized only the inhibitory
      effect of 5-HT. Metoclopramide (0.1-1 microM), cisapride (0.01-0.1 microM) and
      ICS 205-930 (0.3-3 microM) all produced a rightward displacement of the 5-HT
      response curve with concomitant reduction of the maximum response. The pA2 values
      calculated were 7.4, 8.5 and 7.0 respectively. The antagonism of metoclopramide
      was receptor specific and was not apparently related to interactions with
      dopaminergic activity since domperidone showed no antagonism of 5-HT, and
      metoclopramide, itself, did not antagonize the potentiating effect of
      prostaglandin F2a.4. The receptor involved in the potentiating effect of 5-HT may
      be located prejunctionally because 5-HT did not potentiate responses to
      acetylcholine (ACh) or electrical field stimulation with the parameters of direct
      muscle excitation. Also, since the 5-HT potentiating effect was blocked by
      atropine, it may be attributed to a release of ACh.5. This study suggests that in
      the human urinary bladder 5-HT causes two opposite effects on the contractile
      response to electrical field stimulation. A potentiating effect at low
      concentrations due to an interaction with an atypical receptor, different from
      the classical 5-HT1, 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 subtypes and an inhibitory effect at greater
      concentrations probably due to an interaction with 5-HT1-like receptors. The
      possibility that this atypical receptor possesses some characteristics of those
      found in other isolated preparations like guinea-pig ileum, rat oesophagus and
      mouse embryo colliculi neurones is discussed.

PMID- 1797332
TI  - Effects of flecainide on isolated vascular smooth muscles of rat.
AB  - 1. The inhibitory effects of flecainide were studied on contractile responses in
      rat isolated aortae and caudal artery and on spontaneous mechanical activity in
      portal vein segments. 2. In rat isolated aorta flecainide, 10(-6) M-5 x 10(-4) M,
      inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the contractile responses induced by high K
      (80 mM) and noradrenaline (NA, 10(-5) M). These inhibitory actions were observed
      when flecainide was added before or after the induced contractions and were
      similar in aortae with or without endothelium. 3. Contractile responses induced
      by addition of Ca to Ca-free high-K solution were also dose-dependently inhibited
      by flecainide (IC50 = 2.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5) M). Moreover, flecainide inhibited the
      contractile responses elicited by NA in rings incubated in Ca-free solution. 4.
      Flecainide also inhibited the spontaneous mechanical activity in portal vein
      segments (IC50 = 6.5 +/- 0.9  x 10(-5) M). 5. Flecainide, 10(-4) M, inhibited
      45Ca uptake stimulated by high K or NA without altering 45Ca uptake in resting
      aortae. 6. These results indicated that in rat isolated aortae, caudal arteries
      and portal veins, flecainide inhibited Ca entry through voltage-operated channels
      and NA-induced Ca uptake as well as Ca release from intracellular stores, thus
      decreasing the availability of intracellular free Ca required for vascular smooth
      muscle contraction.

PMID- 1797333
TI  - Effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on vasodilator responses to
      adrenaline or BRL 38227 in conscious rats.
AB  - 1. Conscious, Long Evans rats, chronically instrumented for the measurement of
      regional haemodynamics, were used to assess responses to 3 min infusions of the
      potassium channel opener, BRL 38227 (1 and 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1) or
      adrenaline (0.05 and 0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1) in the absence and in the presence
      of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 3 mg kg-1 h-1), an inhibitor of
      nitric oxide biosynthesis. 2. In the absence of L-NAME, the low dose of BRL 38227
      caused slight hypotension and tachycardia, accompanied by small increases in
      mesenteric and hindquarters blood flow only. However, there were increases in
      renal, mesenteric and hindquarters vascular conductances. L-NAME had no effect on
      any of these responses. 3. The high dose of BRL 38227 caused substantial
      hypotension and tachycardia. Renal and hindquarters flows did not change
      significantly, but there was a marked increase in mesenteric flow. There were
      only modest increases in renal and hindquarters vascular conductances but a
      substantial mesenteric vasodilatation. In the presence of L-NAME, there was a
      slight reduction of the latter but no other changes in the responses to BRL
      38227. 4. In the absence of L-NAME, the low dose of adrenaline caused slight
      hypotension but a marked tachycardia. There were no changes in renal or
      mesenteric blood flow but a clear-cut increase in hindquarters flow. Renal and
      mesenteric vascular conductances showed only small rises, in contrast to the
      substantial hindquarters vasodilatation. In the presence of L-NAME, there was
      significant attenuation of the tachycardia and of the increases in hindquarters
      flow and vascular conductance in response to adrenaline.5. The high dose of
      adrenaline caused marked hypotension and tachycardia. Renal flow did not change,
      but there was a fall in mesenteric and a marked rise in hindquarters flow. Renal
      vascular conductance showed a slight increase but mesenteric vascular conductance
      did not change significantly, whereas there was a substantial hindquarters
      vasodilatation. In the presence of L-NAME, adrenaline caused an increase in blood
      pressure but no significant change in heart rate; the renal vasodilatation was
      abolished, there was a mesenteric vasoconstriction, and the hindquarters
      vasodilatation was markedly reduced. L-NAME also attenuated the tachycardia
      induced by adrenaline in animals with no cardiac baroreflexes.6. The present
      results indicate that L-NAME-sensitive mechanisms are involved in the vasodilator
      and tachycardic effects of adrenaline. The relative lack of effect of L-NAME on
      responses to BRL 38227 indicates that the changes in the responses to adrenaline
      were not non-specific or due to changes in haemodynamic status caused by L-NAME.
      The results raise the possibility that the 'hypertensinogenic' properties of
      endogenous adrenaline could be amplified when nitric oxide biosynthesis is
      impaired.

PMID- 1797334
TI  - A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist (CGRP8-37) inhibits
      microvascular responses induced by CGRP and capsaicin in skin.
AB  - 1. The effect of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist CGRP8-37
      on responses to CGRP and other mediators was investigated in rabbit dorsal skin.
      2. Blood flow changes at intradermally-injected sites were measured by a multiple
      site 133xenon clearance technique. CGRP8-37 had little effect on blood flow at
      doses up to 0.3 nmol/site, when injected alone, although a significant increase
      in blood flow was observed at the highest dose tested (1 nmol/site). 3. CGRP8-37
      dose-dependently inhibited the increased blood flow induced by human alpha CGRP
      and human beta CGRP, but had no effect on equivalent vasodilator responses
      induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). CGRP8
      37 showed a preferential ability to inhibit alpha CGRP (IC50 0.04 nmol), when
      compared with beta CGRP (IC50 greater than or equal to 0.3 nmol). 4. Capsaicin,
      which selectively activates sensory nerves, caused a dose-dependent increase in
      blood flow when injected intradermally into rabbit skin. The effects of capsaicin
      (0.01-0.1 mumol/site) were inhibited by CGRP8-37 (0.3 nmol/site), with a partial
      but significant attenuation of blood flow induced by the highest dose of
      capsaicin. 5. Oedema formation, induced by intradermal histamine injection (3
      nmol/site), was measured in rabbit skin by the local accumulation of
      intravenously-injected 125I-labelled albumin. Vasodilator doses of CGRP, PGE1 and
      capsaicin potentiated, in a synergistic manner, oedema formation induced by
      histamine. GRP8-37 totally inhibited the potentiating effect of CGRP, partially
      inhibited the synergistic effect of capsaicin, but did not affect PGE1-induced
      responses.6. The results suggest that capsaicin acts to release a rabbit form of
      CGRP in skin and that CGRP8 37 is a useful antagonist for investigating the
      potential of CGRP as a neurogenic mediator of inflammation.

PMID- 1797335
TI  - Differential effects of L-arginine on the inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine
      methyl ester of basal and agonist-stimulated EDRF activity.
AB  - 1. An isolated, buffer-perfused rabbit ear preparation was used to investigate
      the influence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on endothelium
      dependent vasodiltation and modulation of vasoconstrictor responses and vascular
      conductance. 2. Acetylcholine (0.55 pmol-1.6 nmol) caused dose-related
      vasodilatation of preparations constricted by the combination of 5
      hydroxytryptamine and histamine (both 1 microM), with an ED50 = 31.1 +/- 7.8 pmol
      and a maximum dilatation of 69.9 +/- 4.3%. In the presence of 10 microM L-NAME
      the dose-response for vasodilator effects was shifted significantly (P less than
      0.001) to the right (ED50 = 3.07 +/- 1.18 nmol) and there was a significant (P
      less than 0.01) depression of the maximum response (Rmax = 44.3 +/- 4.0%). The
      higher concentration of 100 microM L-NAME completely abolished vasodilatation to
      acetylcholine. L-Arginine (10 mM) did not reverse the inhibitory actions of L
      NAME at either concentration. 3. L-NAME 100 microM, augmented vascular tone
      induced by 1 microM 5-hydroxytryptamine and 1 microM histamine, thus altering the
      characteristics of both pressure/flow and conductance/flow relationships such
      that conductance was reduced at all flow rates. The augmentation of constrictor
      tone was reversed in a concentration-dependent manner by L-arginine (10 microM-10
      mM) and the effect of L-NAME on the conductance/flow relationships was similarly
      reversed by 10 mM L-arginine. The augmentation of tone was endothelium-dependent
      as it did not occur following functional destruction of the endothelium by
      perfusion of the vascular bed with the detergent CHAPS (0.3%) for 150s. 4. In
      conclusion, L-NAME is a potent inhibitor of agonist-induced endothelium-dependent
      vasodilatation. L-NAME reduces vascular conductance in pharmacologically
      constricted preparations and this emphasizes the important role of EDRF in
      vascular regulation. The ability of L-arginine to reverse L-NAME-induced
      inhibition of basal EDRF activity but not L-NAME-induced inhibition of
      agonistinduced endothelium-dependent relaxations suggests that there is
      pharmacological heterogeneity in the mechanisms responsible for the conversion of
      L-arginine to EDRF.

PMID- 1797336
TI  - Effects of the glycine prodrug milacemide (2-N-pentylaminoacetamide) on
      catecholamine secretion from isolated adrenal medulla chromaffin cells.
AB  - 1. Milacemide (2-n-pentylaminoacetamide) is a glycine prodrug which readily
      crosses the blood brain barrier and increases brain glycine and glycineamide. In
      vitro and in vivo studies, with numerous tissues, including adrenal chromaffin
      cells, have clearly shown that the formation of the latter metabolites is
      exclusively mediated by monoamine oxidase B for which milacemide is a substrate.
      2. Milacemide, glycineamide and glycine caused a time- and dose-dependent release
      of catecholamines from bovine isolated chromaffin cells. 3. Milacemide (10(-4) M)
      induced catecholamine release was roughly 30% of that initiated by acetylcholine
      (10(-4) M), the natural secretagogue. 4. The combined effects of milacemide (10(
      4) M) and acetycholine (10(-4) M) on catecholamine secretion from chromaffin
      cells is additive, suggesting that milacemide does not act through the normal
      nicotinic receptor release mechanism. 5. The release of catecholamines from
      chromaffin cells in response to milacemide (10(-4) M) was partially inhibited by
      the selective MAO-B inhibitors (-)-deprenyl (10(-7) M) and AGN 1135 (10(-6) M).
      This indicates that the MAO-B derived metabolites, glycineamide and glycine,
      contribute to the secretion of catecholamines as does milacemide itself. 6. It is
      apparent that release of catecholamines by glycine is mediated by its uptake into
      the cells since [3H]-glycine uptake and catecholamine release showed a highly
      significant correlation (r = 0.96).

PMID- 1797338
TI  - Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral
      conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper- and subsequent hypometabolic state.
AB  - Following cerebral concussion, in which there is no evidence of direct
      morphological damage, cells are exposed to an increase in extracellular potassium
      as well as an accumulation of calcium. This concussion-induced ionic flux most
      likely alters the cellular energy demands thereby modifying metabolic processes.
      To investigate the metabolic changes after cerebral concussion, local cerebral
      metabolic rates for glucose (lCMRglc) utilizing [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose were
      studied in rats (n = 98; 250-300 g) immediately, 30 min, 6 h, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10
      days following a unilateral frontoparietal fluid percussion (F-P) injury (3.7-4.3
      atm). Compared to sham controls, animals exhibited bilateral hypermetabolism
      immediately following brain injury. However, this effect was more pronounced in
      structures ipsilateral to the site of F-P and was especially marked for the
      cerebral cortex (46.6-30.1% higher than control) and hippocampus (90.1-84.4%
      higher than control). By 30 min post-trauma many ipsilateral regions still showed
      evidence of hypermetabolism, although their lCMRglc had subsided. Beginning as
      early as 6 h following injury many regions within the ipsilateral cortex and
      hippocampus went into a state of metabolic depression (16.4-33.7% of control)
      which lasted for as long as 5 days. These results indicate that, although not
      mechanically damaged from the insult, cells exposed to concussive injury
      dramatically alter their metabolic functioning. This period of post-concussive
      metabolic dysfunction may delineate a period of time, following injury, during
      which cells are functionally compromised.

PMID- 1797337
TI  - Interleukin-8 as a mediator of sympathetic pain.
AB  - 1. The hyperalgesic effects of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1
      beta) and carrageenin were measured in a rat paw pressure test. 2. IL-8 evoked a
      dose-dependent hyperalgesia which was attenuated by a specific antiserum, the
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists atenolol and propranolol, the dopamine receptor
      antagonist SCH 23390 and the adrenergic neurone-blocking agent guanethidine. The
      hyperalgesia was not attenuated by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or
      the IL-1 beta analogue Lys-D-Pro-Thr. 3. IL-1 beta-evoked hyperalgesia was
      attenuated by indomethacin and Lys-D-Pro-Thr but not by atenolol or SCH 23390. 4.
      Carrageenin-evoked hyperalgesia was attenuated by atenolol, indomethacin and anti
      IL-8 serum. The effects of atenolol and anti-IL-8 serum were not additive. The
      effects of indomethacin and anti-IL-8 serum were additive: this combination
      abolished carrageenin-evoked hyperalgesia. 5. A new biological activity of IL-8
      is described, namely the capacity to evoke hyperalgesia by a prostaglandin
      independent mechanism. IL-8 is the first endogenous mediator to be identified as
      evoking hyperalgesia involving the sympathetic nervous system. Since IL-8 is
      released by activated macrophages and endothelial cells it may be a humoral link
      between tissue injury and sympathetic hyperalgesia.

PMID- 1797339
TI  - Effects of transient forebrain ischemia and reperfusion on function of
      dopaminergic neurons and dopamine reuptake in vivo in rat striatum.
AB  - To clarify functional changes of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine (DA) reuptake
      during and after ischemia, extracellular DA levels in striatum were determined
      using in vivo brain microdialysis in a 4-vessel occlusion model of male Wistar
      rats with and without pharmacological interventions. Without interventions, the
      extracellular DA levels markedly increased during ischemia, but upon reperfusion,
      rapidly returned to control level. Infusion of tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage
      dependent Na+ channels, was without effect on the DA surge during ischemia, but
      decreased the DA levels after reperfusion to the same extent as in control rats.
      Pretreatment with nomifensine, an inhibitor of DA reuptake, was also without
      effect on the surge, but reduced the rate of DA decline after reperfusion to one
      fifth of the rate without the pretreatment. When nomifensine was administered 40
      min after reperfusion, extracellular DA levels increased to the same extent as in
      control rats. Infusion of high K+ 1 h after reperfusion induced a smaller
      increase in extracellular DA levels than that in control rats. It took 96 h for
      this reduced response to high K+ stimulation to recover after reperfusion. These
      results suggest that the DA surge during ischemia is mainly derived from action
      potential-independent DA release (means dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons),
      although activity of DA reuptake is completely inhibited. After reperfusion, the
      basal function of dopaminergic neurons and activity of DA reuptake rapidly
      recover, but the neurons are functionally disturbed to release less DA in
      response to a given stimulus for several days.

PMID- 1797340
TI  - Quantitative analysis and postsynaptic targets of GABA-immunoreactive boutons
      within the rat trigeminal motor nucleus.
AB  - We have used the post-embedding immunogold labelling method using antibodies to
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to obtain quantitative data on the distribution,
      frequency, postsynaptic targets and ultrastructural characteristics of GABA
      immunoreactive (GABA-IR) boutons in the trigeminal motor nucleus of rats. We have
      also combined this method with horseradish peroxidase tracing to obtain specific
      evidence for termination of some GABA-IR boutons onto identified jaw-elevator
      motoneurones. Twenty-eight percent of all synapses in the motor nucleus involved
      GABA-IR boutons. Seventy-three percent of the GABA-IR boutons formed axo
      dendritic synapses, 13% axo-somatic synapses and 14% axo-axonic synapses. Ninety
      three percent of GABA-IR boutons formed symmetrical synapses. Overall, 58% of all
      boutons contained only flattened vesicles, while 26% contained round vesicles and
      16% a mixture of vesicle types. Measurements of bouton cross sectional area,
      apposition length, and active zone length were obtained from serial
      reconstructions of 15 GABA-IR boutons and 30 unlabelled boutons. In each case
      mean values for GABA-IR boutons were significantly smaller than those for
      nonlabelled boutons.

PMID- 1797341
TI  - Intravenous hypertonic saline induces Fos immunoreactivity in neurons throughout
      the lamina terminalis.
AB  - Expression of Fos, the protein product of c-fos, was studied
      immunohistochemically in the forebrain of rats infused intravenously with
      hypertonic solutions. Intravenous 1.5 or 0.75 mol/l NaCl or 1.2 mol/l sucrose in
      0.15 mol/l NaCl, but not isotonic 0.15 mol/l NaCl, caused increased Fos
      expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and
      throughout the lamina terminalis (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, median
      preoptic nucleus and subfornical organ). These results show that neurons in the
      lamina terminalis are activated by physiological increases in plasma tonicity and
      support an involvement of the lamina terminalis in osmoregulation.

PMID- 1797342
TI  - Two types of neuroplasticities in the kindling phenomenon.
AB  - We stimulated the dorsal hippocampus of the rat with 2 Hz electrical stimulation
      to induce kindling seizures. As we reported previously using cats, pulse-number
      threshold (PNT), the number of stimulating-pulses required for the triggering of
      epileptic afterdischarge, decreased profoundly in the initial stage of the
      kindling process and the behavioral seizure stage (BSS) developed in the later
      stage. After the completion of kindling, a 4 week interval elevated PNT
      significantly compared to the value at the completion of kindling, whereas BSS
      showed no regression. These results suggest that there are two types of
      neuroplasticities which are independent of each other in the kindling phenomenon,
      one is the early-short type which is involved in the susceptibility of epileptic
      focus in hippocampus and the other is the late-long type which is involved in the
      full propagation of kindled seizures to the extra-limbic area.

PMID- 1797343
TI  - The discriminative stimulus effects of neuropeptide Y.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an endogenous peptide which strongly induces food intake,
      is demonstrated to have discriminative stimulus properties when administered
      intracerebroventricularly. Rats rapidly learned to press the appropriate lever
      during training. NPY discrimination was dose-dependent. NPY's discriminative
      stimulus properties were compared to those of two doses of Peptide YY (PYY) and
      24 and 48 h of food deprivation, conditions which also increase feeding. Both
      doses of PYY generalized to NPY, supporting previous findings that PYY has
      effects similar to NPY. Although food deprivation increases feeding in a manner
      similar to NPY, food deprivation did not result in NPY-appropriate responding.

PMID- 1797344
TI  - Evidence for a direct retinal projection to the anterior pretectal nucleus in the
      cat.
AB  - The retinal projections to the anterior pretectal nucleus were investigated using
      the anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids or horseradish peroxidase.
      Both Nissl and myelin stained tissue were used to identify the anterior pretectal
      nucleus and tissue containing labelled terminals was analyzed in each of the 3
      stereotaxic planes. A restricted strip of bilateral terminal labelling was
      identified along the rostral border of the anterior pretectal nuclear
      subdivision, the pars compacta. The labelling was more dense contralaterally and
      extended for approximately three-quarters of the distance along this subdivision.

PMID- 1797345
TI  - Cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the vestibular epithelia.
AB  - Receptor binding studies specific for nicotinic cholinergic receptors have been
      carried out on isolated vestibular epithelia of the frogs Rana catesbiana and
      Rana temporaria. Evidence is presented for the presence of nicotinic-like
      cholinergic receptors specifically associated with the sensory areas.

PMID- 1797346
TI  - Localization of calpain immunoreactivity in senile plaques and in neurones
      undergoing neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - An antibody raised against the calcium activated neutral protease (calpain) was
      used to investigate the possible involvement of this enzyme in the formation of
      plaques and tangles in Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) brain. Our results revealed
      the presence of a number of strongly stained calpain positive neurones in the
      normal human cerebral cortex and a loss of calpain positive cells in ATD brain.
      Furthermore, double staining experiments revealed that calpain immunoreactivity
      was present in cells undergoing tangle formation, and was also present in senile
      plaques. These data suggest that activation of calpain may be an important factor
      in the abnormal proteolysis underlying the accumulation of plaques and tangles in
      ATD.

PMID- 1797347
TI  - LTP-associated EPSP/spike dissociation in the dentate gyrus: GABAergic and non
      GABAergic components.
AB  - The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) leads to
      a change in the firing characteristics of the dentate granule cells. This
      phenomenon, termed EPSP/spike dissociation, is seen in field potential studies as
      a shift to the left of the E-S curve, in which population spike amplitude is
      plotted against pEPSP slope at various stimulus intensities. It has been
      suggested that EPSP/spike dissociation reflects a decrease in feed-forward
      inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we blocked GABA-A neurotransmission in a
      circumscribed area of the DG in urethane-anaesthetized rats by inserting a
      micropipette filled with 8 mM bibuculline methiodide in saline. We then recorded
      E-S curves from 9 such electrodes and from 8 control electrodes before and after
      inducing LTP in the perforant path. Bicuculline prevented the LTP-associated
      leftward shift of the E-S curves. Instead, the E-S curve showed a consistent
      shift to the right at the bicuculline sites after LTP, reflecting potentiation of
      the pEPSP without corresponding increases in the population spike amplitude. The
      results indicate that the EPSP/spike relationship is controlled largely by
      GABAergic input, and that potentiation of the population spike in the DG depends
      largely on a change in the EPSP/spike relationship.

PMID- 1797348
TI  - Inhibition of nociceptive neurons in the shell region of nucleus ventralis
      posterolateralis following conditioning stimulation of the periaqueductal grey of
      the cat. Evidence for an ascending inhibitory pathway.
AB  - Recordings were made from neurons in the ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of
      urethane chloralose-anaesthetised cats, following both noxious mechanical
      stimulation of the integument, and electrical stimulation of the inferior cardiac
      nerve. The effects of stimulating the periaqueductal grey (PAG), or the nucleus
      raphe dorsalis (NRD) on the responses obtained from these units were also
      investigated. Units responding to noxious mechanical stimulation of the
      integument, with inferior cardiac nerve input, were found only around the
      periphery of the posterior half of VPL. Responses elicited from these units by
      electrical stimulation of the inferior cardiac nerve were inhibited following
      electrical stimulation of either the ventral PAG or the NRD. Inhibition following
      PAG or NRD stimulation could still be demonstrated after bilateral section of the
      dorsolateral funiculi at the junction between C3 and C4, although the degree of
      inhibition decreased. Responses elicited from these units by electrical
      stimulation of the anterolateral funiculus were also inhibited following PAG or
      NRD stimulation. These data suggest that PAG or NRD stimulation-produced
      inhibition of these units may be partially mediated by an ascending pathway, in
      addition to the well-known descending spinal pathways in the dorsolateral
      funiculi of the spinal cord.

PMID- 1797349
TI  - Comparative anatomical distribution of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and 5-HT1A binding in
      rat brain--a combined in situ hybridisation/in vitro receptor autoradiographic
      study.
AB  - The present study examined the comparative distribution of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA
      and 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain using a combination of in situ hybridisation
      histochemistry and in vitro receptor autoradiography. 5-HT1A mRNA was visualized
      using a 910 bp cRNA probe synthesised from a BalI-PvuII fragment of the rat 5
      HT1A reetor gene, while 5-HT1A receptors were labelled with the 5-HT1A-selective
      ligand 8-OH-DPAT. In general terms, there was a complementary distribution of
      cells expressing 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and 5-HT1A receptor sites. High levels of
      both 5-HT1A mRNA and 5-HT1A receptors were evident in the hippocampal formation
      (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus), entorhinal cortex, and raphe nuclei and lower levels
      in neocortex and thalamus. Although 5-HT1A mRNA was not expressed in any regions
      which did not also exhibit 5-HT1A receptors, within both the diagonal band and
      the medial septal nucleus mRNA levels were proportionately higher than 5-HT1A
      receptor levels, possibly reflecting receptor transport or a heterogeneity in 5
      HT1A receptor turnover mechanisms. 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and 5-HT1A binding sites
      were undetectable in caudate/putamen and cerebellar regions. The present data
      indicate the synthesis of 5-HT1A receptors both in raphe serotonergic cells and
      anatomically specific serotonergic projection areas, further supporting both a
      presynaptic autoregulatory and postsynaptic modulatory role for this receptor in
      serotonergic transmission.

PMID- 1797350
TI  - The peripheral nociceptive actions of intravenously administered 5-HT in the rat
      requires dual activation of both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor subtypes.
AB  - In 16-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, 5-HT
      (3-96 micrograms/kg, i.v.; n = 6) produced distinct pseudaffective responses and
      a dose-dependent (slope = 17.2 +/- 6.8 s/log10 dose) inhibition of the tail-flick
      (TF) reflex (ED50 = 32.6 +/- 9.2 micrograms/kg). In the same rats, a 1:1
      combination of alpha-methyl 5-HT (a 5-HT2, receptor selective agonist) and 2
      methyl 5-HT (a 5-HT3 receptor selective agonist) (3-192 micrograms/kg, i.v.),
      produced the same profile of pseudaffective responses and also resulted in a dose
      dependent (slope = 34.0 +/- 7.0 s/log10 dose) inhibition of the TF reflex (ED50 =
      88.4 +/- 20.5 micrograms/kg). In contrast, administration of alpha-methyl 5-HT (3
      192 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or 2-methyl 5-HT (3-192 micrograms/kg, i.v.) alone did
      not produce any pseudaffective responses or any change in TF latency from
      baseline. In conscious 16-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, administration of 5
      HT (48 micrograms/kg, i.v.; n = 5), or a 1:1 combination of alpha-methyl 5-HT and
      2-methyl 5-HT (total dose = 120 micrograms/kg, i.v.; n = 5), resulted in a
      passive avoidance behavior assessed in a step-down paradigm (slopes = 139.7 +/-
      58.2 and 154.9 +/- 63.9 s/trial, respectively), and the same profile of distinct
      pseudaffective responses exhibited by the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797351
TI  - Chronic benzodiazepine treatment of rats induces reduction of paired-pulse
      inhibition in CA1 region of in vitro hippocampus.
AB  - Paired-pulse inhibition was studied extracellularly in in vitro hippocampal
      slices from rats sacrificed 48 h or 7 days after 1 week flurazepam (FZP)
      treatment. Population spikes and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
      were recorded with NaCl-containing glass micropipettes in the stratum pyramidale
      and stratum radiatum, respectively, of the CA1 region. Conditioning pulses were
      delivered by stimulating Shaffer collaterals (orthodromic) or the alveus
      (antidromic). Orthodromic test pulses were delivered with interpulse intervals of
      10-200 ms. There was a significant reduction in paired-pulse inhibition in slices
      from treated vs control rats in both the orthodromic-orthodromic and antidromic
      orthodromic paradigms. Reduced inhibition was evident 48 h, but not 7 days, after
      the end of FZP treatment. Furthermore, there was a significant prolongation of
      the half decay time of the field EPSP, without a significant change in the
      initial slope or maximum amplitude. The results may suggest an impairment of
      endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid function in the hippocampus after chronic
      benzodiazepine (BZ) treatment and may provide a basis for a mechanism of BZ
      tolerance.

PMID- 1797352
TI  - Differential blockade of bicuculline and strychnine on GABA- and glycine-induced
      responses in dissociated rat hippocampal pyramidal cells.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of bicuculline (BIC) and strychnine (STR) on GABA- and
      glycine-induced responses were studied in the rat dissociated hippocampal CA1
      pyramidal neurons in whole-cell mode by using the conventional patch-clamp
      technique. Both GABA and glycine elicited inward Cl- currents in a dose-dependent
      manner and had almost the same maximal responses. The half-maximum dose (Ka) and
      Hill coefficient were 6.4 microM and 1.1 for the GABA response, and 74 microM and
      1.5 for the glycine response. BIC and STR antagonized both GABA and glycine
      responses in a competitive manner. The blocking potency of BIC and STR on the
      GABA response was comparable. The half inhibition dose (IC50) was 2.7 microM for
      BIC and 6.7 microM for STR. STR blocked the glycine response about 3,000 x more
      effectively than BIC. The IC50 was 28 nM for STR and 100 microM for BIC. The BIC
      and STR did not have voltage-dependent blocking effects on either GABA or glycine
      responses. Neither GABA nor glycine showed outward rectification in their current
      voltage relationships. The functional role of glycine in the rat hippocampal CA1
      region is discussed.

PMID- 1797353
TI  - Androgen effects on the development of the zebra finch song system.
AB  - In adult zebra finches, males sing and females do not. This behavioral sex
      difference is associated with sex differences in brain regions that control
      singing. Treatment of hatchling females with androgen causes permanent
      masculinization of neuron number in the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA),
      a brain region involved in song. We have re-examined the possible permanent
      effects of androgen on the zebra finch song system by treating male and female
      hatchlings with Silastic implants containing 50 or 200 micrograms 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 200 micrograms of the antiandrogen flutamide. Birds
      were sacrificed as adults and their brains prepared for histological analysis of
      the vocal control nuclei. Some DHT-treated females also received testosterone in
      adulthood. DHT had small, but significant effects on several attributes of the
      female song system, including increases of neuron number in RA and neuron size of
      RA and lateral magnocellular nucleus of the neostriatum (IMAN). DHT had no
      significant effects in males. Flutamide did not demasculinize any measures of the
      male song system but hypermasculinized volume and neuron number in RA. These data
      confirm studies that report few masculinizing effects of androgen on the female
      zebra finch song system. Nevertheless, the modest effects of DHT leave open the
      possibility that masculinization of the song system requires an action of
      androgen, perhaps in synergy with estrogen.

PMID- 1797354
TI  - [The future of anesthesiology in France and trade unionism].

PMID- 1797355
TI  - [Modes of use of central venous catheters in pediatric hematology].
AB  - The authors have studied a population of 51 children in which 63 central venous
      catheters were used for the treatment of leukemias, solid tumors and lymphomas.
      Two groups were isolated: continuous hospitalization (group A) and intermittent
      hospitalization with periodical day care (group B). Mean duration of
      catheterization was 129 days in group A and 176 days in group B (whole
      population: 149 days), with a total of 9,724 days of catheterization. There was
      no significant differences between the two groups concerning infection, bleeding,
      thrombosis or migration. So the authors believe that permanent hospitalization is
      not mandatory for chemotherapy in children with severe malignant diseases.
      Periodical day care therapy allows a near normal life for children and a better
      cooperation from their parents.

PMID- 1797356
TI  - [Problems raised by the administration of a peridural block in patients receiving
      anticoagulant therapy].
AB  - More and more patients likely to get an epidural block are treated with
      anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. An epidural hematoma may be consecutive to
      an injury of the epidural venous plexus. The mechanisms of action of the
      different drugs are reviewed. The bleeding time is not an infallible indication
      of aspirin or other non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs platelet defect. The
      protocol used in our institution for the administration of an epidural block in
      this group of patients is discussed.

PMID- 1797358
TI  - [Metaraminol does not prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia using glucose
      free bupivacaine in the upper dermatomes].
AB  - The effects of metaraminol on the duration of plain bupivacaine spinal
      anaesthesia were investigated in a double-blind study of 80 elderly patients.
      Each patient received a basic solution of 0.5% plain bupivacaine to which was
      added either physiological saline, or 1 mg, 2 mg or 3 mg metaraminol. There were
      no significant differences between the four groups in the mean time from
      injection to recovery from analgesia in the two and four uppermost segments.
      However the addition of metaraminol increased the mean durations of analgesia at
      the L2 level and of the motor block. It is concluded that, in an attempt to
      prolong plain bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in the uppermost segments, addition
      of metaraminol does not appear to be justified.

PMID- 1797357
TI  - [A prospective study of 180 percutaneous catheterizations of the axillary vein
      during resuscitation].
AB  - Central venous catheterization via the axillary vein was performed in 180
      comatose patients with a success rate of 91%. The scarcity of serious nervous
      (none), thrombotic (6%), hemorrhagic (9.4%), infectious (1.8%), or thoracic
      (none) complications, the preservation of cerebral venous drainage, a longer
      distance between puncture site and tracheostomy or intubation tube make this safe
      and easy procedure perfectly convenient for comatose patients.

PMID- 1797359
TI  - [A nicardipine-isoflurane combination in the microsurgery of the middle ear].
AB  - Middle ear microsurgery requires a bloodless operative field, achieved through
      deliberate hypotension techniques. The present work was designed to analyze the
      quality of the deliberate hypotension induced by the combination of isoflurane
      with nicardipine, an injectable calcium channel blocker. Eleven patients, ASA I,
      10 minutes after induction of anaesthesia, received nicardipine as a bolus of 25
      mg renewed every five minutes (maximum 4) and as a perfusion (5 mg/hour). The
      bloodless operative field was excellent in all cases with a 29.7% drop in
      arterial blood pressure after 15 minutes (heart rate: +22.3% after 25 min);
      values then remained stable until nicardipine was stopped; then hemodynamic data
      returned to the preanaesthetic values in 66 +/- 56 minutes. No side effect was
      registered. As a conclusion, deliberate hypotension induced by isoflurane-
      nicardipine combination provides good conditions for middle ear microsurgery.

PMID- 1797360
TI  - [Giant subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum occurring in a
      4-month-old infant recovering from anesthesia following surgery of a cleft
      palate].
AB  - The authors mention the case of pneumomediastinum and major cervico-facial
      thoracic subcutaneous emphysema in a 4 month baby recovering from early surgery
      for a cleft palate, caused by a barotrauma (positive, pressure ventilation).
      After an emergency draining of the two pneumothorax, the situation evolved
      quickly, favourably and with no after effects whatsoever. They insist on the
      necessity of a rapid diagnosis concerning this rare complication (which can
      quickly evolve dramatically) and on the importance of pediatric anesthesia
      facilities.

PMID- 1797361
TI  - [Liability in legal medicine].

PMID- 1797362
TI  - [The history of malignant hyperthermia].

PMID- 1797363
TI  - [A combination of techniques for economizing on transfusions during very bloody
      uncomplicated orthopedic surgery].

PMID- 1797364
TI  - The survival and development rates in mouse embryo cryopreservation.
AB  - A research of mouse embryo cryopreservation was carried out in our department in
      order to establish the clinical service of human embryo cryopreservation. Mouse
      embryos were stored in glass vials using 1.5M propanediol (PROH) or 1.5M dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectants and we used a modified four-step
      equilibration method to minimize osmolarity shock. We divided the 1490 embryos
      into two phases and compared phase 1 to phase 2. After achieving more
      sophisticated handling techniques and more accurate timing of each procedure, the
      survival rate (25% vs 59.8%) and stage advancing rate (5.2% vs 33.5%) were all
      improved in phase 2. The proportion of frozen embryos developing to hatched
      blastocysts was significantly increased from 14.5% to 56.7% in the 4-cell embryo
      groups compared to the 2-cell embryo groups. Two kinds of cryoprotectants were
      used in the 4-cell embryos and the results showed no difference in the post thaw
      survival rate but a better blastocystic development in the propanediol group
      (64.0% vs 41.5%). The results obtained from this study have encouraged us to
      initiate a major clinical trial of the technique in our IVF programs. Two
      pregnancies have been established upon the transfer of cryopreserved embryo and
      two normal healthy infants have already delivered at our hospital.

PMID- 1797365
TI  - Endothelium-dependent production of prostacyclin in human internal mammary
      artery.
AB  - The internal mammary artery (IMA) has become the conduit of choice in coronary
      artery bypass surgery because of superior long-term patency. It had been shown
      that IMA graft could release prostacyclin. Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator
      and also can inhibit platelet aggregation. To determine the role of human IMA
      endothelium in production of prostacyclin, we tested the reactivity of segments
      of human IMA to hypoxia in vitro. Human IMAs were harvested during coronary
      artery bypass surgery. Prostacyclin was measured from fluid in the organ baths by
      radioimmunoassay of its major hydrolytic product 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha.
      Rings (4 mm in length) of IMA, with and without endothelium, were suspended in
      organ baths containing physiologic salt solution. Rings were contracted with
      norepinephrine, and exposed to hypoxia (pO2 35 +/- 5 mmHg) for 15 minutes then
      reoxygenated. In segments with endothelium, hypoxia induced a transient
      relaxation followed by contraction. The transient relaxation was associated with
      a significantly increased production of 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha (from 34.1
      +/- 2.7 pg/ml prehypoxia to 51.6 +/- 6.7 pg/ml during hypoxia, mean +/- SEM, p
      less than 0.05). This transient relaxation was blocked by indomethacin but not by
      NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and free radical scavengers (superoxide
      dismutase, catalase and deferoxamine). However, in segments without endothelium,
      the prehypoxia (14.7 +/- 0.9) and during hypoxia (15.5 +/- 1.4) level of 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha were not increased and were significantly lower than those
      with endothelium. This study demonstrated that endothelium of IMA grafts could
      release prostacyclin either in a basal condition or upon stimulation of hypoxia.
      This ability possibly contributes to its long-term patency.

PMID- 1797367
TI  - Atrophie blanche. A clinicopathological study of 27 patients.
AB  - Twenty seven patients (8 males and 19 females) with atrophie blanche were
      observed in the past 7-years. The mean age at onset was 32 years (ranging from 23
      years to 57 years) and 19 years (ranging from 11 years to 36 years) for male and
      female patient, respectively. The mean disease duration was 2.5 years (ranging
      from 2 months to 16 years) prior to their consultation. Sixty-three percent of
      them had summer exacerbation. Four patients had essential cryoglobulinemia, one
      of whom also developed bilateral iliofemoral artery stenosis one year later.
      Twelve patients also manifested concurrent purpura pigmentosa chronica (PPC)-like
      lesions. The observation of the natural course and clinical morphology, being
      divided into white atrophy-predominant and ulcer-predominant type, led to the
      impression that atrophie blanche and livedo vasculitis are synonyms with the same
      disease spectrum. Furthermore, white atrophy is not ulcer scars but lesions de
      novo suggesting dermal vasculopathy. An attempt was made to explain the
      uniqueness of clinical morphology. First line treatment included local wound
      care, bed rest and low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole. Thirteen patients
      responded to these treatment either at the first attack or the recurrent
      episodes. Heparin (5000 units subcutaneous injection once daily) was effective
      for control of intractable painful ulceration in active stage in 70% of the
      remaining patients.

PMID- 1797366
TI  - Prognostic factors in management of traumatic perforation of colon and rectum.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was made of the prognostic factors and management of
      traumatic perforation of the colon and rectum in 80 patients during the period of
      1980 to 1988 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The total mortality was 11%.
      Morbidity was 18% among the survivors. The mortality was higher in patients with
      old age (50% for those over 60 years old), delayed operation (50% for a delay of
      more than 72 hours), poor nutrition (57%), shock condition before or during
      operation (50%), severe abdominal fecal contamination (35%) and associated
      abdominal injury. We conclude that the surgical procedures for traumatic
      perforation of colon and rectum performed depend upon the patient's condition.
      The prognostic factors in patients with traumatic perforation are patient's age,
      timing of operation, degree of abdominal fecal contamination, injury to other
      abdominal organs and general condition such as nutrition and shock.

PMID- 1797368
TI  - Thoracic actinomycosis--review of 9 cases.
AB  - Nine cases of thoracic actinomycosis treated in the period from 1976 to 1990 were
      reviewed. Among them, 4 cases were children. The clinical symptoms and laboratory
      examinations were non-specific. Chest roentgenographic manifestations including
      nodular (3 cases), infiltrations (4 cases), and infiltrations with pleural
      changes (2 cases) were also non-specific. Chest wall masses were noted in four
      patients. There were no cases correctly diagnosed on admission. The diagnosis of
      thoracic actinomycosis was made from thoracotomy in 6 cases, from culture of
      chest wall mass incisional specimens in 2 cases and from bronchoscopic biopsy in
      1. All the patients received antibiotics, however the varied duration of
      postoperative antibiotics did not change the outcome. No mortality or recurrence
      was noted in our 9 patients with a mean follow-up of 1.9 years (from 2 months to
      6 years.) We conclude that surgical intervention is still the cardinal method for
      diagnosis and treatment. Establishment of the role of postoperative antibiotics
      will need further prospective study. The prognosis of thoracic actinomycosis is
      fairly good.

PMID- 1797369
TI  - [Hematological abnormalities in acute viral hepatitis and acute hepatitis in
      HBsAg carrier].
AB  - Various kinds of hematological abnormalities have been known to occur in liver
      diseases. To understand the hematological changes in acute viral hepatitis, 324
      adults with acute viral hepatitis were studied. Of them, 3 were acute hepatitis
      A, 91 acute hepatitis B, 99 acute non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) and 181 acute
      hepatitis on chronic hepatitis B (AH on CH-B). There were 233 males and 91
      females; age ranged from 16 to 74 years (mean age 39 years.) The results showed
      the incidences of thrombocytopenia (platelet less than 120,000/cmm), anemia (Hb
      less than 12 g% in male and less than 10% in female patients), leukocytosis (WBC
      greater than 10,000/cmm) and leukopenia (WBC less than 4,000/cmm) were 19.3%,
      12.6%, 10.8% and 7.4%, respectively. Patients with AH on CH-B had significantly
      higher incidence of anemia and thrombocytopenia than those with acute B
      hepatitis; other than this, there was no significant difference. Patients with
      anemia, thrombocytopenia or leukocytosis had significantly higher mean levels of
      serum bilirubin and higher proportions of prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting
      that these hematological abnormalities were closely related to the severity of
      hepatocellular damage. In addition, there were 3 cases (0.9%) complicated with
      aplastic anemia. Two were NANB hepatitis and the other was AH on CH-B which was
      seronegative for anti-delta, possibly suggesting NANB virus superinfection. Of
      these 3 cases, 2 died of complications related to aplastic anemia and 1 survived
      with normal hematological findings 148 days later.

PMID- 1797370
TI  - 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with gonadoblastoma. A case report.
AB  - 46,xy pure gonadal dysgenesis is a rare disorder, which is characterized by
      female phenotype, infantile female external genitalia, deficient secondary sexual
      development, hypoplastic uterus and fallopian tubes, and streak gonads. A 17-year
      old female phenotypic patient was admitted due to primary amenorrhea, who also
      had poor breast development, deficient axillary and pubic hairs, and infantile
      female external genitalia. Lymphocyte culture of peripheral blood for chromosome
      study revealed 46,XY normal male karyotype. Endocrine evaluation demonstrated low
      estrogen, high LH and FSH levels, and normal testosterone level of female range.
      According to the high risk of germ cell tumor occurrence in 46,XY gonadal
      dysgenesis, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and total hysterectomy were
      performed. Pathology of the left ovary revealed gonadoblastoma accidentally.
      Thereafter, she received regular hormone therapy and had generally felt well.
      Secondary sexual development was noted one year later.

PMID- 1797371
TI  - [Unusual presentations of angiomyolipoma].
AB  - Angiomyolipoma is an uncommon benign tumor of the kidney. The tumor is composed
      of fat, smooth muscle, and blood vessels. The same pathological entity can appear
      in two clinically different forms, with or without tuberous sclerosis. We present
      two cases of renal angiomyolipomas with unusual manifestations. One was
      associated with tuberous sclerosis and both had the presentation of acute
      abdomen. Case one presented with epilepsy, angiofibroma, subungual fibroma,
      periventricular calcification, and bilateral renal angiomyolipomas. Tuberous
      sclerosis is characterized by these findings. Both cases had spontaneous
      hemorrhage with hypovolemic shock. Massive hemorrhage resulting in shock is
      uncommon and the incidence has been estimated to be about 10 per cent. In fact,
      many angiomyolipomas are clinically occult. The size of the tumor correlates well
      with the presence or absence of symptoms which include microhematuria, flank
      pain, hypertension and urinary tract infection. Abdominal CT is the preferred
      modality for diagnosis of angiomyolipoma. The most important finding is the
      presence of an intrarenal tumor with fat component which is recognized as a
      relative low density on CT. Our patients were hospitalized under the impression
      of angiomyolipoma after the CT study. In addition, the CT defined either the size
      of the tumor or the extension of the hemorrhage. Although many believe that renal
      angiography is not sufficient by itself to establish the diagnosis of
      angiomyolipoma, occasionally it is mandatory in the management of the tumor. The
      management is decided by two factors, the size of tumor and the clinical
      presentation. The attitude of management should include conservative treatment
      with regular follow-up, selective arterial embolization, enucleation, and partial
      or total nephrectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797372
TI  - [Photic maculopathy by low energy laser beam. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of photic maculopathy that developed in a 30-year-old
      laboratory worker after repeated, consecutive exposure to low energy He-Ne laser.
      Pigmented foveal change and a small central scotoma in the right eye with window
      defect on fluorescein angiography characterized this maculopathy. Photochemical
      damage is considered to be the cause of the maculopathy.

PMID- 1797373
TI  - Professor John Grant Buchanan.

PMID- 1797374
TI  - N.m.r. studies of the flexibility of the glycosyl ring in thymidine and uridine
      nucleosides.
AB  - 1H-N.m.r. spectroscopy at various temperatures has been used to investigate the
      flexibility of the glycosyl ring and to calculate the percentage of N- and S
      character in the most favoured conformations in solution adopted by various
      pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides. The position and orientation of substituents
      have a definite and predictable influence on the conformation of the deoxyribose
      ring in these nucleosides. The deoxyribose rings in the nucleosides studied were,
      in general, flexible except for those of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro- and 3'-azido-3'
      deoxy-thymidine and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyl-arabinosyluracil.

PMID- 1797375
TI  - Synthesis of 4- and 5-amino-1-(2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)imidazole
      nucleosides by chemical and biotransformation methods.
AB  - (2-Deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)imidazole nucleosides have been synthesised by
      glycosylation of the sodium salt of ethyl 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate with 2
      deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride. Glycosylation
      of ethyl 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate with 2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranose
      was also achieved enzymically using E. coli, immobilised by ionotropic gelation
      in an alginate gel, with 2'-deoxyuridine as glycosyl donor. 5-Amino-1-(2-deoxy
      beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid 5'-phosphate and 4
      amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)imidazole-5-carboxylic acid 5'
      phosphate were synthesised by phosphorylation of the respective nucleosides and
      examined as inhibitors of phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.21)
      and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase (EC 6.3.2.6), which
      are involved in the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides.

PMID- 1797376
TI  - Synthesis and duplex stability of oligonucleotides containing adenine-guanine
      analogues.
AB  - The nucleosides N6-methoxy-2'-deoxyadenosine (dZ) and 2-amino-9-(2-deoxy-beta
      ribofuranosyl)-6-methoxyaminopurine (dK) have been synthesised and converted into
      5'-O-dimethoxytrityl 3'-(2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidites). These
      monomers have been used in machine DNA synthesis to give a set of
      heptadecanucleotides containing up to three analogue nucleotides. The melting
      transitions (Tm) show that the 17-mer duplexes containing Z.T and Z.C base-pairs
      have closely similar stabilities, as have those containing K.T and K.C pairs.
      They are less stable than the corresponding fully complementary duplexes, but
      more stable than those containing mismatched pairs. This, in the case of dZ, is
      in accord with the amino-imino tautomeric ratio of approximately 1:4 observed for
      the nucleoside in methyl sulfoxide. The application of oligomers containing such
      "degenerate" bases in oligonucleotide probes and primers is discussed.

PMID- 1797377
TI  - Steric and electronic effects in the formation of dihexulose dianhydrides.
      Reaction of racemic sorbose in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and a facile synthesis
      of D-sorbose.
AB  - Treatment of DL-sorbose with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride gave a high yield of
      alpha-D-sorbopyranose alpha-L-sorbopyranose 1,2':2,1'-dianhydride. Similarly a
      mixture of D-fructose and D-sorbose gave a good yield of beta-D-fructopyranose
      alpha-D-sorbopyranose 1,2':2,1'-dianhydride. The formation of these products
      compared to the more complicated mixtures of compounds obtained by treatment of L
      sorbose or D-fructose with hydrogen fluoride, is discussed in terms of
      conformations, and steric and electronic factors.

PMID- 1797378
TI  - Synthesis of 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-allofuranosyl)thymine, 1-(2,3-dideoxy
      beta-D-allofuranosyl)thymine, and 1-(2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hex-2
      enofuranosyl)thymine.
AB  - 1-(2-O-Acetyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucofuranosyl)thymine (1) was converted
      into the 2,2'-anhydro derivative 4 by selective deacetylation, mesylation, and
      treatment with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. Cleavage of the 2,2'-anhydro
      ring in 4 with hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride led to the 2'-bromo (5) or
      2'-chloro (6) derivative, respectively. Dehalogenation of 6 with tributylstannane
      and then debenzoylation gave 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexofuranosyl)thymine (8).
      Isopropylidenation of 8 followed by mesylation, azide displacement, and
      deprotection gave 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)thymine (12).
      Oxidation of 12 with Dowex 1 (IO4-) resin followed by reduction with Dowex 1 (BH4
      ) resin gave 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymine (AZT).
      Catalytic hydrogenation of 5 afforded a mixture of 1-(5,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,3
      dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)thymi ne (13) and 1-(3,5,6-tri-O-benzoyl-2
      deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexofuranosyl)thymin e (7). Reaction of 5 with a Cu/Zn
      couple gave 1-(5,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)
      thymine (15). 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)thymine (14) and 1-(2,3
      dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)thymine (16) were obtained by
      debenzoylation.

PMID- 1797379
TI  - Synthesis of an artificial antigen that corresponds to a disaccharide repeating
      unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type d. A facile
      synthesis of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranoside.
AB  - The synthesis is described of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-beta -D- mannopyranosiduronic acid, corresponding
      to the disaccharide repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus
      influenzae type d, which, after conversion of the p-nitro- into a p-amino-phenyl
      residue, may be attached to a protein to make an artificial antigen for
      immunological studies. The synthesis incorporates a facile route to the 2
      acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranosyl unit.

PMID- 1797380
TI  - Synthesis of 2-deoxy-4-O-alpha- and -beta-D-mannopyranosyl-L-erythro-pentonic
      acids.
AB  - The title compounds, required for the identification of structural features of
      the Bordetella pertussis endotoxin, have been synthesised by condensation of
      benzyl 3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-L-erythro-pentopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O
      benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide and with 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl
      alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide, respectively, thus affording the fully protected
      alpha- and beta-linked disaccharides 7 and 12. Hypoiodite oxidation of the
      reducing disaccharides 9 and 14, obtained by conventional deprotection of 7 and
      12, yielded the title compounds.

PMID- 1797381
TI  - Thio and epidithio derivatives of methyl beta-lactoside.
AB  - Treatment of methyl beta-lactoside with triphenylphosphine-carbon tetrabromide in
      pyridine gave the 3',6'-anhydro-6-bromo-6-deoxy derivative, from which 6-thio
      derivatives were prepared, and methyl 3',4'-O-isopropylidene-beta-lactoside gave
      the 6,6'-dibromo-6,6'-dideoxy derivative. A dibromide was prepared also from
      methyl 4',6'-O-benzylidene-beta-lactoside by bromination with Ph3P-CBr4,
      acetylation, and then treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Various 6,6'-dithio
      derivatives were prepared from the 6,6'-dibromide by nucleophilic substitution
      reactions. Reaction of the 6,6'-dibromide with thiourea led to the 6,6'-epidithio
      derivative and, with potassium tricarbonate, the bridged 6,6'-trithiocarbonate
      was formed. The 6,6'-dibromo derivative underwent selective nucleophilic
      substitution to give a variety of 6'-bromo-6-thio derivatives. Likewise, with
      azide, the 6-azide was formed first, followed by the 6,6'-diazide and the product
      of elimination, the 6-azido-5%-ene. Raney nickel-mediated desulphuration of the
      various 6,6'-dithio derivatives afforded methyl 6,6'-dideoxy-beta-lactoside and
      desulphuration of the 6'-bromo-6-thio derivatives could be accomplished without
      reductive dehalogenation to give methyl 6'-bromo-6,6'-dideoxylactoside.

PMID- 1797382
TI  - [Synthesis of partial structure of complex types of N-glycoproteins].
AB  - Comparable syntheses of beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-[beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)]-alpha-D
      Manp-(1- ---6)-beta-D-ManpO(CH2)8CO2Me and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp
      (1----3)-beta-D-ManpO(C H2)8CO2Me with the glycosyl halide and imidate methods
      were investigated. 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-(2,2,2
      trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-al pha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or
      trichloroacetimidate are suitable glycosyl donors for beta-D-glycoside coupling
      with secondary hydroxyl groups.

PMID- 1797383
TI  - The synthesis of oligonucleotides that contain 2,4-dinitrophenyl reporter groups.
AB  - The synthesis of non-nucleoside-based phosphoramidites that bear the 2,4
      dinitrophenyl group is reported. These labelled phosphoramidites, which have been
      used in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis to attach single and multiple
      dinitrophenyl groups to the 5'-end of oligonucleotides, are entirely compatible
      with the normal oligonucleotide synthesis cycle. Multiple labelling can be
      performed readily in high yield and the resulting oligonucleotides can be
      purified readily by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. The labelled oligonucleotides have
      been detected using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies.

PMID- 1797385
TI  - Transformations of unsaturated acyclic sugars into enantiomerically pure
      norbornene derivatives.
AB  - The C7 acyclic unsaturated-sugar ester 1, derived from L-arabinose, and its
      enantiomer serve as convenient dieneophiles for chirality transfer for synthesis
      of optically pure carbocyclic derivatives through cycloaddition reactions.
      Reaction of 1 with cyclopentadiene may be controlled to give preparative access
      to the 5,6-disubstituted norbornene adducts 4a, 5a, and 7a, according to the
      conditions used. The distribution of the four possible isomeric products from
      this cycloaddition was quantitated, and the effect of substitutional variation on
      the precursor dienophile 1 was also examined. Adducts 4a and 5a were transformed
      into such substituted carbocycles of known absolute configuration as the methyl
      esters (11 and 12) of norbornene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene)-6-carboxylic acid and
      nortricyclane (tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane)-3-carboxy acid in optically pure
      form, specifically through decarbonylation reactions using RhCl(PPh3)3
      (Wilkinson's complex) and [Rh(dppp)2]Cl[dppp = Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2]. The optical
      purity of 12 was established by the use of a chiral lanthanide shift-reagent.

PMID- 1797384
TI  - Application of n-pentenyl glycosides in the regio- and stereo-controlled
      synthesis of alpha-linked N-glycopeptides.
AB  - The N-glycopeptides alpha-Glc-(1----Asn and alpha-Glc-(1----6)-beta-Glc- (1----6)
      alpha-Glc-(1----Asn have been synthesized efficiently from pent-4-enyl D
      glucopyranoside derivatives. The methodology illustrates (a) a novel route for
      formation of the N-alpha-D-glucosyl-asparagine link, and (b) stereo-controlled
      construction of the glycan backbone alpha-Glc-(1----6)-beta-Glc-(1----6)-Glc in
      which the reactivity of each pentenyl glycosyl donor is controlled by an
      appropriate promoter. This strategy minimizes the number of changes of protecting
      groups that is required.

PMID- 1797386
TI  - Structure of the glycopeptidolipid antigen of serovar 20 of the Mycobacterium
      avium serocomplex, synthesis of allyl glycosides of the outer di- and tri
      saccharide units of the antigens of serovars 14 and 20, and serology of the
      derived neoglycoproteins.
AB  - The tetrasaccharide hapten released from the glycopeptidolipid (GPL) antigen of
      Mycobacterium avium serovar 20 has been characterized as O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-D
      rhamnopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-L- fucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)-6-deoxy-L-talos e. Syntheses are reported of allyl
      glycosides of the outer disaccharide unit of this hapten, O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-D
      rhamnopyranosyl)-(1----3)-2-O-methyl-alpha-L-fu copyranose , and also of the
      outer di- and tri-saccharide units of the GPL antigen of M. avium serovar 14, O
      (N-formyl-alpha-L-kansosaminyl)-(1----3)-2-O-methyl-alpha-D-rham nopyranose and O
      (N-formyl-alpha-L-kansosaminyl)-(1----3)-O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-D- rhamnopyranosyl)
      (1----3)-2-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucopyranose. The key steps in the latter synthesis
      involve the preparation of allyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-2-O-methyl-alpha
      L-mannopyranoside as a precursor for the N-formylkansosamine unit, followed
      sequentially by conversion into and use of a trichloroacetimidate as glycosyl
      donor for di- and tri-saccharide formation, O-deacylation, reduction, and N
      formylation. The allyl glycosides, representative of the haptens from both
      serovars, have been converted into neoglycoproteins (NGPs) and their serological
      activities have been compared in the light of the structural relationship between
      them.

PMID- 1797387
TI  - Synthesis of carbohydrate-amino acid conjugates related to the capsular antigen
      K54 from Escherichia coli O6:K54:H10 and artificial antigens therefrom.
AB  - The disaccharides alpha-L-Rhap-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcpA and beta-D-GlcpA-(1----3)
      alpha-L-Rhap bearing amide-linked L-serine or L-threonine, which represent the
      repeating unit(s) of the capsular polysaccharide from E. coli O6:K54:H10, have
      been synthesised. O-tert-Butyl-protected amino acid tert-butyl esters were
      condensed with the corresponding biouronic acid as the 2-acrylamidoethyl or 2
      azidoethyl glycosides. The azido function was replaced by the acrylamido group by
      catalytic hydrogenation followed by N-acryloylation. The tert-butyl groups were
      removed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid to give the target monomers which
      were copolymerised with acrylamide to give neoglycoconjugates that are
      potentially useful for immunochemical studies.

PMID- 1797388
TI  - Synthesis and properties of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 2'----5'- and 3'----5'
      nucleotide dimers and trimers.
AB  - 5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (2), synthesised by the fusion
      method, was used for the synthesis of 2'----5'- and 3'----5'-linked di- and tri
      meric oligonucleotides. The protecting groups used were p-methoxytrityl for HO
      5', tert-butyldimethylsilyl for HO-2',3', and 2,5-dichlorophenyl and 2-(4
      nitrophenyl)ethyl for the phosphate group. The internucleotidic linkages were
      established by the phosphotriester approach to give the fully protected 2'----5'
      dimers (15, 17, and 18) and trimers (27 and 28), as well as the 3'----5' dimers
      (22 and 23) and trimers (31 and 32). Deprotection involved a sequence of steps to
      afford the corresponding free oligonucleotides 21, 26, 30, and 33 isolated as the
      triethylammonium salts in good yields. The new compounds were characterised by
      elemental analysis and by u.v. and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy.

PMID- 1797389
TI  - Approaches to the C-B-A trisaccharide of dihydroaclacinomycin by extending the
      chain from either side.
AB  - Selective benzylation of L-fucal (1) under phase-transfer conditions gave the 3-
      and 4-monoethers 2 and 3, respectively. Two routes, the "tail" or the "head"
      addition are presented, both leading to the target molecule 9, a mimic of the C-B
      A trisaccharide component of dihydroaclacinomycin. Addition of glycals 2 and 3
      respectively, to the acetylated glycal (7) of amicetose used as glycosyl donor
      gave the disaccharide glycals 6 and 8. Alternatively, glucosylation of the 4
      acetate (4) of 2 with the benzyl hex-2-enopyranoside derivative 10 gave the
      disaccharide derivative 11. In the first case, the final glycosylation step
      involves the addition of 10 to disaccharide glycal 8. In the second procedure,
      the disaccharide alcohol 12 is obtained by O-deacetylation of 11, and serves as
      the glycosyl acceptor for glycal derivative 7 to give the C-B-a precursor
      trisaccharide derivative.

PMID- 1797390
TI  - Structure of the glycocalyx polysaccharide of Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973.
AB  - The structure of the exocellular glycocalyx polysaccharide of Pseudomonas fragi
      ATCC 4973, a bacterium implicated in the spoilage of meat, has been determined
      using hydrolysis, methylation analysis and 1D- and 2D-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The
      polysaccharide, which aids in the adhesion of the cells to each other and to the
      meat tissue, has the regular repeating unit ----4)-3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-alpha
      D-Glcp-(1----3)-beta-D-ManpNAc+ ++- (1----4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1----. Random partial O
      acetylation occurred in some preparations of the polysaccharide.

PMID- 1797391
TI  - Synthesis of optically pure di- to tetra-substituted cyclopentanes from sugar
      derived norbornene derivatives.
AB  - The chiral norbornene derivative 2 obtained from Lewis acid-catalyzed reaction of
      an L-arabinose-derived dienophile 1 and cyclopentadiene was oxidized with OsO4
      NaIO4 to the dialdehyde 3, a tetrasubstituted cyclopentane. Mild treatment of 3
      with [Rh(dppp)2]Cl [dppp = Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2] (4) selectively epimerized the
      aldehyde adjacent to the methoxycarbonyl group to give the epi-aldehyde 8. Under
      more vigorous conditions, this group was decarbonylated to give the monoaldehyde
      11, and more strenuous treatment removed the second aldehyde group to give the
      didecarbonylated cyclopentane derivative 5. The structure and optical purity of 5
      was confirmed by its transformation into (1S,2S)-cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic
      acid (7).

PMID- 1797392
TI  - 2,3-Didehydro-2-deoxysialic acids structurally varied at C-5 and their behaviour
      towards the sialidase from Vibrio cholerae.
AB  - 2,3-Didehydro-2-deoxy-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid (5-trifluoroacetyl-Neu2en)
      (3) has been synthesised from Neu5Ac2en (1) by hydrazinolysis, to give Neu2en
      (2), followed by N-trifluoroacetylation. 2,3-Didehydro-2,3-dideoxy-D-glycero-D
      galacto-2-nonulopyranoson ic acid (Kdn2en, 8) and 5-azido-2,3-didehydro-2,3,5
      trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonu lopyranosonic acid (5-azido-5-deoxy-Kdn2en,
      9) have been prepared from the acetylated methyl esters of Kdn (4) and 5-azido-5
      deoxy-Kdn (5) via Zemplen saponification. The behaviour of the above 2,3
      didehydro-2-deoxysialic acids towards Vibrio cholerae sialidase has been
      investigated.

PMID- 1797393
TI  - The synthesis of antibody binding-site probes: a hexasaccharide and two
      pentasaccharides related to the Brucella A antigen and prepared by in situ
      activation of thioglycosides with bromine.
AB  - Two pentasaccharide analogues and a hexasaccharide fragment of the Brucella A
      antigen [----2)-alpha-D-Rhap4NFo-(1----]n have been prepared as their methyl
      glycosides. The pentasaccharide analogues each have two formamido groups replaced
      by hydroxyl groups. Protected derivatives of the three oligosaccharides were
      prepared by in situ activation with bromine of mono- and di-saccharide
      thioglycosides of D-rhamnose and 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose in the presence of
      a glycosyl acceptor and silver triflate as promoter. Reduction of the azido
      groups with hydrogen sulfide, N-formylation with ethyl formate, and
      hydrogenolysis then gave the target pentasaccharide glycosides.

PMID- 1797394
TI  - Synthesis and Ca(2+)-release activity of D- and L-myo-inositol 2,4,5
      trisphosphate and D- and L-chiro-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.
AB  - Partial benzoylation of the 3,4-dibenzyl ethers of D- and L-chiro-inositol
      provided the 1,2,5-tri-O-benzoyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-chiro-inositols. Inversion of
      the free axial hydroxyl group gave a mixture of chiral 1,3,4- and 1,2,4-tri-O
      benzoyl-5,6-di-O-benzyl-myo-inositols [W. Tegge and C. E. Ballou, Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86 (1989) 94-98]. Catalytic hydrogenolysis cleaved the benzyl
      ether groups of the 1,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-5,6-di-O-benzyl-myo-inositols (D- and L-)
      to yield the 1,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-myo-inositols, which were phosphorylated by a
      dibenzyl phosphoramidite method. Removal of all blocking groups gave the pure
      enantiomeric myo-inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphates. Syntheses of the chiro-inositol
      1,3,4-trisphosphates, which are analogs of the myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphates
      having an axial phosphate group at position 1, or analogs of the myo-inositol
      2,4,5-triphosphates having an axial hydroxyl at position 1, were also devised
      starting with the 1,2,5-tri-O-benzoyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-chiro-inositols. In a
      calcium-release assay with saponin-permeabilized rat basophilic leukemia cells,
      the D isomers of both of these analogs had EC50 values of 4 microM, compared with
      a value of 0.17 microM for D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, whereas the L
      isomers had EC50 values of about 100 microM.

PMID- 1797395
TI  - Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain from Klebsiella pneumoniae O1K2
      (NCTC 5055) lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1K2
      lipopolysaccharide was investigated by use of methylation, periodate oxidation,
      partial hydrolysis, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. It was shown to consist
      of a linear chain composed of two disaccharide repeating units, [----3)-alpha-D
      Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----] and [----3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galf
      (1----].

PMID- 1797396
TI  - Fructan chemical structure and sensitivity to an exohydrolase.
AB  - A fructan exohydrolase selective for (2----1)-linked terminal fructosyl linkages,
      isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) stems and leaf sheaths, was
      used to elucidate the chemical structures of several oligomeric fructans
      extracted from liliaceous and graminaceous species. Products released by enzymic
      and mild acid hydrolysis were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of partially
      methylated alditol acetates permitted unequivocal deduction of many linkage
      sequences, first of the hydrolysis products and then of the original oligomers.
      We found that bifurcose, a tetrasaccharide formed by addition of a fructosyl unit
      to O-6 of the central fructose residue of 1-kestose, was a central molecule in
      the generation of the branched, oligomeric fructans of wheat (Triticum aestivum
      L. cv. Fidel). These arise by the extension of both (2----1)- and (2----6)-linked
      chains from the bifurcose branch-point residue. Some of the (2----6)-linked units
      that slowly accumulate in oligomers may arise in vivo from selective hydrolysis,
      by fructan exohydrolases, of (2----1)-linked terminal units at branch point
      residues rather than by the action of (2----6)-specific synthases. Limited
      hydrolysis by specific exohydrolases in vitro coupled with separation of the
      oligomeric products constitutes an effective approach to the sequence analysis of
      complex oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1797397
TI  - Structural investigations of glucans from cultures of Glomerella cingulata
      Spaulding & von Schrenck.
AB  - Methylation analysis, enzymic digestion, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and Smith
      degradation showed that the major extracellular polysaccharide, isolated from
      cultures of the fungus Glomerella cingulata, was a (1----3)-beta-D-glucan with
      side chains of 1-4 (1----3)-linked beta-D-glucose residues attached to position
      6. A (1----6)-beta-D-glucan was produced by the fungus in small proportions.
      Treatment of the (1----3,1----6)-beta-D-glucan (890,315) with greater than 0.05M
      NaOH at greater than 150 degrees, or Me2SO-H2O with a concentration of dimethyl
      sulfoxide of greater than 80%, irreversibly destroyed the highly ordered
      structure responsible for the high viscosity of aqueous solutions. The strong
      shift of the lambda max of aqueous solutions of Congo Red by the degraded glucan,
      the fact that the mol. wt. of the original glucan was approximately 4 times
      higher than that of the degraded polymer, and the suppression of the n.m.r.
      signals for C-3 indicated that the original glucan had a highly ordered
      structure, probably built up from single helices.

PMID- 1797398
TI  - Structural studies of a polysaccharide isolated from the green seaweed
      Chaetomorpha anteninna.
AB  - Extraction of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha anteninna with water, followed by
      fractionation using the copper complex, gave a sulphated heteropolysaccharide,
      [alpha]D27 +84 degrees, that contained arabinose (57.7%), galactose (38.5%),
      rhamnose (3.8%), and sulphate (11.9%). Application of methylation analysis,
      periodate oxidation, and partial acid hydrolysis indicated a branched structure
      with 4-linked arabinose, 4- and 3-linked galactose, and 4-linked rhamnose
      residues. Both the arabinose and galactose residues carried branches.
      Desulphation and analysis of the polymeric product showed that sulphate groups
      were located at C-2 of some of the interior arabinose residues, C-4 of some of
      the non-reducing-end arabisoyl groups, and C-3 of the non-reducing-end galactosyl
      groups.

PMID- 1797399
TI  - The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type
      7B.
AB  - The capsular polysaccharide elaborated by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 7B is
      composed of the following heptasaccharide repeating-units. [formula: see text]
      The identities and modes of linkage of the constituents were established using
      sugar, methylation, and phosphorus analysis, together with 1D- and 2D-n.m.r.
      spectroscopy. The sequence was established from inter-residue n.O.e. data. The
      structure was corroborated by n.m.r. spectroscopy, f.a.b.-m.s., and methylation
      analysis of the oligosaccharides isolated after partial acid hydrolysis of the
      polysaccharide with aqueous 48% hydrogen fluoride. It is suggested that the
      structural basis for the common antigenic formula in the group 7 serotypes of S.
      pneumoniae is the disaccharide element alpha-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1--
      -.

PMID- 1797400
TI  - Relationship between conformation and biological response for (1----3)-beta-D
      glucans in the activation of coagulation factor G from limulus amebocyte lysate
      and host-mediated antitumor activity. Demonstration of single-helix conformation
      as a stimulant.
AB  - The relationship between the conformation of (1----3)-beta-D-glucans in gel or
      hydrated form and the stimulation of two types of biological responses, namely,
      activation of coagulation Factor G from limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and host
      mediated antitumor activity was examined. Both types were activated by the single
      helical conformation, as revealed by high-resolution, solid-state 13C-n.m.r.
      spectroscopy. The potency of activation of Factor G was increased over 100-fold
      by treatment with a NaOH solution which leads to a complete or partial conversion
      from the triple to the single helix. Such a single-helix specific response was
      also demonstrated for the antitumor activity of curdlan, although the distinction
      was less pronounced for branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucans. The presence of the
      single-helix conformation was observed in schizophyllan gel, even though the
      triple helix is the most stable form of branched glucans in aqueous media.

PMID- 1797401
TI  - 13C-n.m.r. studies of the acetylation sequences in partially N-deacetylated
      chitins (chitosans).
AB  - Chitosans obtained under homogeneous conditions of N-deacetylation, with degrees
      of N-deacetylation between 46% and 94%, were depolymerised and their 125-MHz 13C
      n.m.r. spectra have been interpreted. The sequence of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D
      glucopyranose (GlcNAc) and 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (GlcN) residues
      influenced the chemical shifts, and the diad and triad frequencies have been
      calculated. Chitosans that were N-deacetylated under homogeneous and
      heterogeneous conditions gave values for the diad and triad frequencies that were
      consistent with a random arrangement of GlcN and GlcNAc residues.

PMID- 1797402
TI  - Dermatan sulfate of porcine mucosal tissue. n.m.r. observations on its separation
      from heparin with the aid of heparinase, and its degradation by chondroitinase.

PMID- 1797403
TI  - Glycosides of 8-hydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctanal. A synthesis of a new spacer for
      synthetic oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1797404
TI  - Conformational analysis of 1-kestose by molecular mechanics and by n.m.r.
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Models of the trisaccharide, 1-kestose [beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2----1)-beta-D
      fructofuranosyl-(2 in equilibrium with 1)-alpha-D -glucopyranoside], were
      analyzed with the molecular mechanics computer program MM2(87) to ascertain their
      inter-ring torsion angles, primary alcohol side-group orientations, and ring
      puckering. The most striking result was that the modeling predicted and n.m.r.
      spectroscopy corroborated that the central fructofuranose ring takes a different
      form from that previously observed in the crystal. No other studies of
      fructofuranoses have observed that crystallographic form, thus suggesting that
      the 18 hydrogen bonds created upon crystallization of 1-kestose support the ring
      deformation. Because this trisaccharide is too complex for a complete study of
      conformation space, only structures having inter-ring conformations that were at
      energetic valleys in previous studies of the constituent disaccharides were
      analyzed. The model of the model disaccharides, although they were generally
      close to the linkage conformations observed in the crystal structure, differing
      by an average of 19 degrees.

PMID- 1797405
TI  - Proton and carbon chemical-shift assignments for 6-kestose and neokestose from
      two-dimensional n.m.r. measurements.
AB  - The proton and carbon chemical shift assignments of the simplest levan, 6
      kestose, [O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2----6)-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 in
      equilibrium with 1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside], along with another trisaccharide,
      neokestose, [O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2----6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 in
      equilibrium with 2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside], were determined using two
      dimensional (2D) homonuclear and heteronuclear n.m.r. methods. The 1H peak of H-1
      of the glucose residue was determined by its chemical shift. Using H-H coupling
      information to this proton, the chemical shifts of most of the proton signals of
      the glucose moiety were determined. Though the signals from the two fructose
      residues were very close, a NOESY experiment and long-range C-H correlation
      experiments allowed their complete carbon and proton assignment. This work
      completes and corrects literature assignments.

PMID- 1797407
TI  - The stepwise degradation of a glycosylated aldose. A potential method for
      sequencing branched oligosaccharides.
AB  - 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-methylmaltose diethyl dithioacetal (2), obtained under
      mild conditions from N-methyl-hepta-O-methyl-N-p-nitrophenyl-beta-maltosylamine
      (1), was converted into the disulfone 4. Storage of a solution of 4 in aqueous
      tetrahydrofuran gave 1,2-dideoxy-1,1-bis(ethylsulfonyl)hepta-O-methylmalt-1-en
      itol (5). Fragmentation of 5 with aqueous ammonia released 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl
      D-glucose. The degradation procedure has potential for the sequencing of branched
      oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1797406
TI  - Hydrogen fluoride-mediated synthesis of 1-thiotrehaloses involving reaction of D
      glucose with hydrogen sulfide.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide reacted with D-glucose in hydrogen fluoride solution to yield
      preponderantly alpha,alpha-1-thiotrehalose, beta,beta-1-thiotrehalose, and the
      alpha,beta anomer. Conditions were found under which the thiotrehaloses were
      obtained in the respective proportions of 8:5:5.

PMID- 1797408
TI  - Circadian rhythm changes in toxicity of the insecticide dieldrin on larvae of the
      migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides.
AB  - Circadian changes in toxicity of the insecticide dieldrin were documented in the
      larvae (fifth stage) of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides.
      Insects were housed under light (L): dark (D) = 12:12, with L from 0800 to 2000
      h. Topical applications of dieldrin at fixed clock hours, with doses ranging from
      0.1 to 8 micrograms/gm body weight, were carried out in a series of experiments
      on male and female larvae. Twenty-four h after dosing, mortality was recorded to
      quantify the median lethal dose (LD50) values with reference to time of
      treatment. Experiments were performed during February, early and late June, and
      August. Larvae were more susceptible to dieldrin when dosed during the night
      rather than during the day [analysis of variance (ANOVA); p less than 0.05].
      Moreover, female larvae were less susceptible to dieldrin than were male larvae
      (ANOVA; p less than 0.05). Cosinor analysis revealed circadian rhythms in
      susceptibility-resistance to the insecticide in all experiments except no. 2.
      Toxicity was found to be greatest during the nighttime. Cosinor analysis of
      pooled data of the four experiments documented circadian rhythmicity to toxicity
      of dieldrin in female but not in male larvae. Regardless of sex, the timing of
      least susceptibility (greatest resistance and highest LD50 value) to the
      insecticide, dieldrin, was around 1500.

PMID- 1797409
TI  - Contributions made to chronobiology by studies of fiddler crab rhythms.
AB  - One of the classic organisms used in chronobiological research is the fiddler
      crab (genus Uca), an animal unique in that it displays both circadian and tidal
      (i.e., circalunidian) rhythms. The pioneering work on this animal helped produce
      the early evidence for many of the standard properties now recognized for all
      circadian rhythms: near temperature independence of the period, phase lability
      and setability, the light and temperature sensitivity rhythms expressed by phase
      response curves, and the persistence of rhythms in organs isolated from a
      multicellular animal. Importantly, results arising from studies of this crab--and
      a few other organisms--resulted in the development of the exogenous timing
      hypothesis. While philosophically sound, the lack of supporting evidence for this
      hypothesis has resulted in it being discarded by most chronobiologists; but while
      still in its prime, it drew great interest, and therefore grant support, to the
      field in general, stimulated a great deal of research that otherwise might not
      have been performed, and resulted in the discovery of environmental stimuli
      previously unsuspected to influence organisms. As could be expected, continuing
      work with this crab, using modern approaches and statistical techniques, has
      modified earlier findings and interpretations, has revealed new properties, and
      has resulted in the creation of new hypotheses. The review and update is a
      synthesis of 45 years of this work.

PMID- 1797410
TI  - Diurnal changes in psychophysiological variables of school girls: comparison with
      regard to age and teacher's appreciation of learning.
AB  - Ninety-five nonresident girls of a private school volunteered for the study with
      the teachers' help as well as parental consent. Ages were approximately 8, 9, and
      10 years. They were synchronized with diurnal activity from 0730 to 2100 h and
      nocturnal rest. Fatigue, drowsiness, and attention were self-rated using visual
      analogue scales; oral temperature was self-measured and a letter cancellation
      test was performed. Each of these variables was measured at school at 0900, 1100,
      1400, and 1600 h on Mondays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays for two
      consecutive weeks in 1987 (March 30-April 11) and again in 1989 (March 13-25)
      when the youngest group had become 10 years old. According to conventional
      teacher evaluation of learning (learning performance) within each group, three
      subgroups were formed: top third, middle third, and bottom third. Time series
      (more than 50,000 data) were analyzed according to several statistical methods,
      but mainly chronograms with ANOVA. Similar diurnal changes in oral temperature
      were validated for each group and subgroups. The occurrence of a diurnal change
      in self-rated variables (fatigue and drowsiness) and score in letter cancellation
      was age related: no detection in the 8-year-old group (and subgroups) and
      validation (p less than 0.002) in 9- and 10-year-old groups (and respective
      subgroups). A good learning performance was associated with a reduced drowsiness
      in school girls of 9 and 10 years. Age-related, time-of-day differences in
      drowsiness (when detected) as well as learning performance effect were not
      associated with observed duration of sleep. Validated changes in self-rated
      fatigue were close to that of drowsiness. At 0900 h, girls of 9 and 10 years were
      more tired when belonging to the bottom third than top third subgroup. Whatever
      the time of day, self-rated attention was greater in the top than in the bottom
      third for these girls. Differences related to learning performance were validated
      in each grade. However, best scores were recorded for the bottom third in the 8
      year-old group, while best scores were provided by top third subgroups in 10-year
      old girls. It seems that in girls around 8 years of age, critical changes can be
      detected with regard to the (ontogenic?) occurrence of time-of-day differences in
      a set of psychophysiologic variables as well as influential effects of learning
      performance on the same variables. Reported finding are compatible with the
      hypothesis of circadian oscillators working at the level of the cortex of the
      human brain.

PMID- 1797412
TI  - Persistence of cell division synchrony in Spirogyra insignis (Gamophyceae):
      membrane proteoglycans transmitting synchronizing information throughout
      generations.
AB  - Spirogyra insignis shows a long-term persistence of cell division synchrony in
      the absence of the synchronizing Zeitgeber, so that at least six generations are
      involved in the process. This tentatively suggests that a mechanism of
      transmission throughout generations of synchronizing information could maintain
      this synchrony. Apparently, a vital part of the molecular basis of this mechanism
      is a membrane proteoglycan complex. This complex could obtain temporal
      information from a synchronizing Zeitgeber and be transmitted to the progeny by
      distribution of plasma membrane between daughter cells.

PMID- 1797413
TI  - Plant resistance mechanisms to air pollutants: rhythms in ascorbic acid
      production during growth under ozone stress.
AB  - Relationships between ozone (O3) tolerance and leaf ascorbic acid concentrations
      in O3-susceptible (O3-S) 'Hark' and O3-resistant (O3-R) 'Hood' soybean, Glycine
      max (L.) Merr., cultivars were examined with high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). Leaf samples were analyzed at 4 intervals during a 24 h
      period. Soybean cultivars grown in the greenhouse with charcoal filtered (CF) and
      nonfiltered (NF) air showed daily oscillations in ascorbic acid production.
      Highest ascorbic acid levels in leaves during light coincided with highest
      concentrations of photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere at 2:00 p.m. The
      resistant genotype produced more ascorbic acid in its trifoliate leaves than did
      the corresponding susceptible genotype. Under CF air (an O3-reduced environment)
      O3-S and O3-R cultivars showed rhythms in ascorbic acid production. In NF air (an
      O3 stress environment) the O3-R cultivar alone showed rhythms in ascorbic acid
      production. Results indicated that superior O3 tolerance in the Hood soybean
      cultivar (compared with Hark) was associated with a greater increase in
      endogenous levels of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid may scavenge free radicals and
      thereby protect cells from injury by O3 or other oxyradical products. Plants
      defend themselves against photochemical oxidant stress, such as O3, by several
      mechanisms. Experimental evidence indicates that antioxidant defense systems
      existing in plant tissues may function to protect cellular components from
      deleterious effects of photochemical oxidants through endogenous and exogenous
      controls.

PMID- 1797411
TI  - Circadian, weekly, and seasonal variations in cardiac mortality, blood pressure,
      and catecholamine excretion.
AB  - Time of occurrence of cardiac death due to arrhythmia, heart failure, or acute
      myocardial infarction was recorded in 86 elderly subjects, belonging to a group
      in whom circadian and circannual rhythms in blood pressure and urinary
      catecholamine excretion had been studied previously. All patients were retired,
      with no work responsibilities, and lived--closely-supervised in a home for the
      aged--on a routine that provided little differences between weekdays and
      weekends. Cardiac mortality showed a circadian variation, with a peak in the
      early morning hours, coinciding with the circadian peak in systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures. A weekly (circaseptan) variation in cardiac mortality was found,
      with the greatest number of patients dying on Mondays and the least on Thursdays.
      There were seasonal differences in cardiac mortality, with a peak in July and a
      broader peak during the cold season (December to February). The former coincides
      with the circannual peak in diastolic blood pressure, but is unrelated to the
      seasonal variation in norepinephrine excretion. Circadian, circaseptan, and
      circannual variations in cardiac mortality appear to be the expression of time
      dependent, transient risk states for catastrophic cardiac events, which may lend
      themselves to preventive treatment.

PMID- 1797414
TI  - Cytometry and time-dependent variations in peripheral blood and bone marrow
      cells: a literature review and relevance to the chronotherapy of cancer.
AB  - By flow cytometry of individual cells, multiple cell properties can be analyzed.
      Such parameters may be important in relation to cytotoxic treatment of cancer.
      For example, DNA measurements will answer questions regarding cell kinetics.
      Myelosuppression is the major dose-limiting toxicity during cancer treatment.
      Therefore, the study of cell cycle parameters in bone marrow cells is highly
      relevant. However, inattention to the existence and potential importance of
      biological rhythms may introduce artifacts and misleading results. The literature
      of rhythms in hematology is reviewed. Time-dependent variations in hematological
      variables have been extensively studied and rhythms have been described for all
      kinds of blood cells. Also the numbers of hemopoietic stem cells in the bone
      marrow undergo circadian variations. Our group has shown how such variations
      change with aging in mice. The relevance of time sequence studies in aging
      research of hemopoiesis was clearly demonstrated. In animal studies using
      cytometry, our group has demonstrated extensive circadian variations in cell
      cycle distribution of bone marrow cells, especially the DNA synthesis (S-phase).
      In humans a few and rather small time sequence studies of the bone marrow have
      been performed, so far. In this overview the clinical implications of circadian
      rhythms of S-phase variations measured by flow cytometry of human bone marrow
      cells are discussed. Male volunteers were examined every 4 h around-the-clock.
      The data indicated a lower proliferative activity during night, suggesting the
      possibility of reducing the bone marrow toxicity to cancer treatment when taking
      these time-dependent variations into consideration.

PMID- 1797415
TI  - Significance of nonparametric light effects in entrainment of circadian rhythms
      in owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) by light-dark cycles.
AB  - In a total of 12 adult Colombian owl monkeys, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, the
      significance of nonparametric light effects for the entrainment of the circadian
      system by light-dark (LD) cycles was studied by carrying out (a) phase-response
      experiments testing the phase-shifting effect of 30-min light pulses (LPs) of 250
      lx applied at various phases of the free-running circadian activity rhythm (LL
      0.2 lx) and (b) synchronization experiments testing the entraining effect of 24-h
      single LP photoperiods consisting of 30-min L of 80 lx and 23.5-h D of 0.5 lx (sP
      0.5) and skeleton photoperiods consisting of two 30-min LPs of 80 lx, given
      against a background illuminance of 0.5 lx either symmetrically at 12-h intervals
      (PP 12:12) or asymmetrically at 9- and 15-h intervals (PP 9:15). The phase
      response characteristics in Aotus, as evidenced by the phase-response curve,
      generally correspond to those of nocturnal rodents, providing that this
      neotropical simian primate chronobiologically is a genuine nocturnal species.
      When free-running with a spontaneous period close to 24 h (24.3 +/- 0.1 h), the
      PP 12:12 produced entrainment in only two of five owl monkeys, whereas the sP 0.5
      entrained four of them. The PP 9:15, however, brought about stable entrainment of
      the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, feeding activity, and core
      temperature in all animals tested (n = 8). Changes in phase position of the
      activity time with the endogenous rhythm entrained by a PP 12:12, by an sP 0.5,
      or by a PP 9:15 give evidence that both LPs of a skeleton photoperiod contribute
      to the phase setting of the circadian system. When free-running with a
      considerably lengthened spontaneous period (tau greater than or equal to 25.5 h),
      even the sP 0.5 and the PP 9:15 failed to entrain the owl monkeys' circadian
      rhythms, whereas a 24-h photoperiod with a very long LP of 3 h caused
      entrainment. The results indicate that in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, in
      addition to the nonparametric light effects, parametric light effects play a
      significant role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms by LD cycles.

PMID- 1797416
TI  - Intragastric pH and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ranitidine during sinusoidal
      and constant-rate infusions.
AB  - Six patients with healed duodenal ulcer completed two treatment periods with
      continuous i.v. infusion ranitidine. A 25-mg i.v. bolus was followed by a
      constant infusion at 6.25 mg/h or a sinusoidal infusion with infusion rates
      ranging from 3.125 to 9.375 mg/h. The sinusoidal infusion rate was designed to
      match the previously observed circadian changes in basal acid secretion. The peak
      infusion rate occurred at 19:30 h. A pharmacokinetic method was designed to
      predict the resultant plasma concentrations of ranitidine. Intragastric pH and
      plasma ranitidine concentration data were fit to a cosine function to evaluate
      circadian and ultradian rhythms. Plasma concentrations during the sinusoidal
      infusion exhibited a circadian rhythm according to model predictions. Cosinor
      analyses of the mean ranitidine plasma concentration data showed a mesor
      concentration of 237 ng/mL and amplitude of 76 ng/mL (coefficient of
      determination [CD] = 0.98). The acrophase in plasma concentration occurred at
      2223 h, a delay of approximately 2.9 hours from the peak in the infusion rate.
      The constant-rate infusion resulted in a mean plasma concentration of 222 +/- 32
      ng/mL. The 24-h mean intragastric pH values for the sinusoidal and constant
      regimens were 5.4 and 5.1, respectively (p = 0.170). The intragastric pH during
      the constant-rate infusion exhibited a significant circadian rhythm (CD = 0.52).
      The minimum pH (bathy-phase) occurred at 2031 h. No circadian rhythm was present
      during the sinusoidal-rate infusion (CD = 0.08). At the approximate time of the
      peak basal acid secretion, between 21:00 hours and midnight, the mean pH for the
      sinusoidal infusion was 5.77 versus 4.5 for the constant-rate infusion (p =
      0.112). Sinusoidal infusions or alternate methods of increased doses at the times
      of peak acid output may improve around-the-clock control of intragastric pH.

PMID- 1797417
TI  - Temporal variations in transcutaneous passage of drugs: the example of lidocaine
      in children and in rats.
AB  - Because a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and procaine (EMLA cream) is used to
      treat pain in children who are undergoing venipuncture for screening clinical
      presurgery laboratory tests, this study was designed to investigate the influence
      of the time of application of EMLA cream on lidocaine transcutaneous absorption
      in children. The same phenomenon was also studied in rats. Local application of
      EMLA (right and left cubital fossae) was performed 1 hour before venipuncture in
      two groups of children (0.5 g/kg body weight at two sites), at 08:15 or 16.15 h;
      blood samples were performed 1 h later. Two groups of five rats each received 12
      mg/kg lidocaine at 07:30 or 19.30 h by application to the back skin. Blood
      samples were collected 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h after application. Plasma
      lidocaine levels were assayed according to an immunoenzymatic method (Abbott).
      Our data indicate that the lidocaine plasma levels were significantly different:
      higher in the evening for the children or in the morning for the rats. The plasma
      level of the local anesthetics (LA) represents an elimination route and thus may
      be inversely correlated to the skin amount of the LA.

PMID- 1797418
TI  - An appraisal of tidal activity rhythms.
AB  - Organisms of the marine littoral zone experience a much wider range of
      periodicities in their environment than do their terrestrial counterparts. Tidal
      cycles of semidiurnal, diurnal, lunar, and semilunar frequencies may all recur at
      the same locality, in addition to the diel cycle of light and darkness. The
      relationship of endogenous activity patterns to the prevailing geophysical
      variables thus poses problems for the temporal organization of the organism. The
      way in which intertidal animals synchronize their behaviour and physiology to
      such a diversely fluctuating environment, and the efficacy of different
      environmental factors as entraining agents is considered. Evidence pertaining to
      the endogenous control mechanisms, both physiological and behavioural, is
      reviewed, and the organization of the endogenous time-keeping system discussed in
      terms of identifiable oscillators of different frequencies.

PMID- 1797419
TI  - Research for new antichagasic drugs.
AB  - A series of ten 1-[(5-nitrothenylidene)amino]azoles has been synthesized by the
      reaction of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carbaldehyde with 1-aminopyrazole, 1
      aminoimidazole, 1- and 4- amino-1,2,4-triazoles, 1-aminoindole, 1- and 2
      aminoindazoles, 1-aminobenzimidazole and 1- and 2-aminobenzotriazoles. Physical
      data, spectroscopic characteristics and biological properties of all the
      derivatives have been examined. The antiprotozoal activity has been tested
      against Trypanosoma cruzi, comparative to Nifurtimox (Lampit).

PMID- 1797420
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of analogs of a lipid A biosynthetic
      precursor: 1-O-phosphonooxyethyl-4'-O-phosphono-disaccharides with (R)-3
      hydroxytetradecanoyl or tetradecanoyl groups at positions 2, 3, 2' and 3'.
AB  - Two novel analogs of a biosynthetic precursor of lipid A (2) were synthesized.
      The one analog (3) has acyl groups identical to those of 2, and the other (4) has
      tetradecanoyl groups in place of the (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl groups of 2. Both
      3 and 4 possess an alpha-glycosidically-bound phosphonooxyethyl group in place of
      the alpha-glycosyl phosphate group of 2. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited definite
      antitumor activity against Meth A fibrosarcoma and low toxicity in rabbits, as
      the original compound 2 does. The replacement of the hydroxytetradecanoyl groups
      with tetradecanoyl groups barely affected the antitumor activity, but slightly
      enhanced the toxicity in rabbits.

PMID- 1797421
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological activity of sulfate conjugates at 6-position of N
      substituted normorphine derivatives.
AB  - Three pairs of N-substituted normorphine derivatives and the sulfate conjugates
      at the 6-position were tested for the analgesic and antagonistic activities and
      the development of physical dependence in mice. The compounds examined were
      nalorphine, nalorphine-6-sulfate (N-6-S), N-cyclopropylmethylnormorphine (CPN), N
      cyclopropylmethylnormorphine-6-sulfate (C-6-S), N-dimethylallylnormorphine (DMN)
      and N-dimethylallylnormorphine-6-sulfate (D-6-S). The latter two pairs were newly
      synthesized. The analgesic activity of C-6-S and D-6-S was equipotent to that of
      CPN and DMN by the acetic acid writhing test on the s.c. injection, and the
      activity of N-6-S was about 2 times more potent than that of nalorphine. The
      antagonistic activity of N-6-S, C-6-S and D-6-S to morphine analgesia was higher
      than that of the parent compounds by the tail pinch test on i.c.v. injection. A
      withdrawal sign was seen in mice treated chronically with CPN, C-6-S and N-6-S by
      challenge with naloxone, whereas the mice treated with DMN, D-6-S and nalorphine
      showed no such sign. The effect of sulfation at the 6-position on the development
      of physical dependence was not well associated with the effect on agonistic and
      antagonistic activities.

PMID- 1797422
TI  - Studies on antiatherosclerotic agents. Synthesis and inhibitory activities on
      platelet aggregation of 4-aryl derivatives of 7-ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-1
      (2H)-phthalazinone.
AB  - 4-Aryl derivatives of 7-ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone and
      related derivatives were newly synthesized in order to test for their inhibitory
      activities on platelet aggregation. 4-(2-Anisyl) compound and the corresponding 1
      chloro derivative demonstrated significant activity.

PMID- 1797423
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of rat neuromedin U for smooth muscle
      contraction.
AB  - Rat neuromedin U (r-NMU) and its fragment peptide amides were synthesized by
      solid-phase methodology. Using a chicken crop smooth muscle contraction assay,
      the potency of r-NMU and its fragments relative to porcine neuromedin U-8 (p-NMU
      8) was r-NMU: 10.25 +/- 2.88, r-NMU (6-23): 8.01 +/- 1.04, r-NMU (10-23): 2.76 +/
      0.46, r-NMU (13-23): 2.81 +/- 0.52, and r-NMU (16-23): 0.88 +/- 0.19,
      respectively. Two heptapeptides, r-NMU (17-23) and r-NMU (16-22), had a relative
      potency of 0.61 and 0.03 respectively, and elicited maximal contraction at a dose
      of 10 microM to a similar degree to p-NMU-8. The other shorter C-terminal
      fragments did not elicit the maximal contraction or any activity. In a rat uterus
      contraction assay, r-NMU (13-23), but not r-NMU (16-23), at a dose of 4 nM
      retained as high a stimulatory activity as r-NMU itself. r-NMU (17-22) was the
      smallest peptide fragment to elicit the maximal sustained contraction at 10
      microM. These results indicate that the amino acid sequence Phe-Leu-Phe-Arg-Pro
      Arg, corresponding to positions 17 to 22 of r-NMU, may be essential for
      contractile activity. N-terminal peptide segments Tyr-Gln-Gly-Pro corresponding
      to positions 6 to 9, and Ser-Gly-Gly corresponding to positions 13 to 15, appear
      to be of special importance for potent activity.

PMID- 1797424
TI  - Transfructosylation of rebaudioside A (a sweet glycoside of Stevia leaves) with
      Microbacterium beta-fructofuranosidase.
AB  - It was found that a beta-fructofuranosidase produced by Microbacterium sp. H-1
      has potent trans-beta-fructofuranosylation activity from sucrose (donor). By
      means of this enzyme system, rebaudioside A (RA), the second major sweet steviol
      glycoside of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, was subjected to
      transfructosylation, affording a mono-beta-fructofuranosylated product (RA-F) in
      a high yield. The structure of RA-F was elucidated as beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2--
      -6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester of steviol-13-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----2)]-
      [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Some improvement in the
      quality of sweetness was observed for RA-F.

PMID- 1797425
TI  - Evaluation of angelicae radix (Touki) by the inhibitory effect on platelet
      aggregation.
AB  - Quality evaluation of Angelicae Radix (Touki) was discussed referring to its
      inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. No better correlation was observed in
      quality determined morphologically from the above-ground part of Touki and that
      determined by anti-platelet aggregation (APA) effects. Phthalides and adenosine,
      known to be the major components of Touki, were found not sufficient to evaluate
      the Touki quality as regards APA active components have been studied and it was
      concluded that the APA effect of Touki results from the combined action of plural
      components. The importance of determining quality based on the action of total
      extract to meet the purpose for which the substance is to be used was suggested.

PMID- 1797426
TI  - Action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus
      thuringiensis is significantly influenced by coexisting lipids in substrate
      detergent micelles.
AB  - The effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),
      sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol on the activity of phosphatidylinositol
      specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis were studied in
      detail in phosphatidylinositol (PI)/detergent mixed micelles. By addition of PC,
      the enzymatic hydrolysis of PI was significantly stimulated in PI/Triton X-100 as
      well as PI/sodium deoxycholate (SDC) mixed micelles. SM stimulated enzyme
      activity toward PI/Triton X-100 micelles at a lower molar ratio of SM to PI, but
      was rather inhibitory at a ratio higher than 2.0. The enzyme activity became
      significantly lower with an increase of PE or cholesterol in PI/Triton X-100
      micelles. Actually, both PE and cholesterol were intensively inhibitory when
      added at a higher molar ratio to PI in Triton X-100-containing micelles. In the
      system of PI/SDC mixed micelles, not only PC but also SM, PE and cholesterol
      enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of PI. The difference between PI/Triton X-100
      and PI/SDC micelles regarding the effects of these lipids on PI-PLC action, must
      be dependent on the physical state of micelles formed by these detergents and
      lipids.

PMID- 1797427
TI  - Reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline phosphatase-inducing
      activities of Plantago-mucilage A, the main mucilage from the seed of Plantago
      asiatica, and its five modification products.
AB  - Five kinds of chemically modified products were prepared from Plantago-mucilage
      A, the representative mucous polysaccharide isolated from the seed of Plantago
      asiatica L., and their reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline
      phosphatase-inducing activities have been investigated. Both activities were
      markedly enhanced when the mucilage was de-O-acetylated. The products obtained by
      periodate oxidation, controlled Smith degradation, and partial acid hydrolysis
      under the two conditions were not effective. Structural features of the partial
      hydrolyzates were elucidated, and it was shown that these products lost all O
      acetyl groups, all xylose branches and many hexuronosyl arabinose side chains.

PMID- 1797428
TI  - Mode of complement activation by acidic heteroglycans from the leaves of
      Artemisia princeps PAMP.
AB  - The mode of action of the anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans, AAF-IIb-2 and
      IIb-3 which consisted of rhamnogalacturonan core and arabinogalactan moieties,
      purified from the leaves of Artemisia princeps PAMP (Japanese name = Gaiyo) were
      investigated. The anti-complementary activities of AAF-IIb-2 and IIb-3 were
      reduced partially in the absence of Ca2+ ions. A marked consumption of C4 was
      observed to have occurred when serum was incubated with both polysaccharides in
      the presence of Ca2+ ions. AAF-IIb-2 showed more potent C4 consumption than IIb
      3. After the incubation of the serum with AAF-IIb-2 in the absence of Ca2+ ions,
      a cleavage of C3 in the serum was detected by immunoelectrophoresis. AAF-IIb-2
      showed more significant consumption of the complement than IIb-3 when rabbit
      erythrocytes were used in the assay system in the absence of Ca2+ ions. These
      results indicate that AAF-IIb-2 activates the complement via both the alternative
      and classical pathways, whereas IIb-3 mainly activates the complement via the
      classical pathway. The absorption of serum with Protein A-Sepharose results in a
      decrease of the activity of AAF-IIb-2 and IIb-3. However, the decrease of the
      activity was restored by the replacement of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction
      after its recovery from the Protein A-Sepharose. These results suggest that IgG
      dependent mechanisms are both involved in the anti-complementary activity of AAF
      IIb-2 and IIb-3.

PMID- 1797429
TI  - Characterization of a polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial
      system from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera.
AB  - An acidic polysaccharide, named glycyrrhizan GA, was isolated from the stolon of
      Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Reg. et Herd. It produced a single band
      on electrophoresis and a single peak on gel chromatography, and its molecular
      mass was estimated to be 85,000. Glycyrrhizan GA is composed of L-arabinose: D
      galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio
      of 22:10:1:2:1, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups. Part of the
      hexuronic acid residues exist as methyl esters. Methylation analysis, carbon-13
      nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies indicated that its
      structural features include mainly alpha-arabino-beta-3,6-galactan type
      structural units. Glycyrrhizan GA showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system
      potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.

PMID- 1797430
TI  - Evaluation of new pasty-type implantable devices consisting of poly(epsilon
      caprolactone/delta-valerolactone) and Estracyt or estramustine.
AB  - Biodegradable pasty-type copolyesters with a relatively low molecular weight of
      4500 were synthesized by direct copolycondensation of epsilon-caprolactone (CL)
      and delta-valerolactone (VL) in the absence of catalysts to evaluate in vivo
      capabilities of the polymer for implantable controlled release devices in drug
      delivery systems. The devices in cylindrical shape were prepared by the melt
      pressing technique using pasty-type copoly(CL/VL) with 53 mol% CL unit, in which
      Estracyt and estramustine were used as a water soluble and insoluble drug,
      respectively. The degradation and drug release in vivo of the devices were
      examined by subcutaneous implantation in the backs of male rats. The degradation
      of the device was remarkably accelerated by the presence of hydrophilic Estracyt,
      and was slightly suppressed by hydrohobic estramustine. The estramustine release
      profile roughly corresponded to the polymer degradation one. It was found that
      the degradation of the polymer in the device was affected by hydrophilicity of
      the drug. A reasonable release of estramustine from the device was kept for a
      period of more than 20 weeks. Furthermore, the release of the drugs in vivo was
      able to lead to an atrophy of accessory sex organs such as ventral prostates (VP)
      and right-side seminal vesicle (SV), resulting in pharmacological influence.

PMID- 1797431
TI  - Relationship between the biological potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
      and their electronic states.
AB  - The molecular orbital (MO) method, as one approach explaining the structure
      activity of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), was used to understand the
      relationship between the biological activities and electronic state or highest
      occupied molecular orbital (homo) phase symmetry of PCDDs. The structure-activity
      relationship of PCDDs could be explained by the difference between the homo and
      lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (lumo) energy levels (delta epsilon:
      difference of epsilon homo and epsilon lumo) which indicates orbital mixing with
      other molecules. The magnitude of biological activity was consistent with the
      following order: 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD greater than 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD greater than
      1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD greater than 2,3,7-triCDD greater than 2,8-diCDD, with the
      order of decreasing delta epsilon by Huckel MO calculation. Our method can also
      estimate a magnitude of biological activity for PCDDs. The structure requirement
      for high toxicity suggested that the electronic states of PCDDs showed a small
      value difference (delta epsilon) and S1S2 phase symmetry on the homo for PCDDs.
      These results indicate that the electron states of PCDDs, which are based on the
      binding interaction of PCDDs to a cytosolic Ah receptor, play an important role
      in the appearance of their activity.

PMID- 1797432
TI  - Binding characteristics of dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and its metabolites
      to bovine serum albumin as measured by ultrafiltration technique.
AB  - The interaction between 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), dopamine, 3
      methoxytyramine and homovanillic acid and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was
      investigated by the ultrafiltration technique. The apparent binding constants
      were determined assuming the equivalence and independence of the binding sites on
      the BSA molecule. The binding constants were in the range of log K = 2.85 to 3.77
      with 1 to 2 binding sites. The affinity of ligands to BSA strengthened with
      progression of the metabolism in the order of DOPA less than dopamine less than 3
      methoxytyramine less than homovanillic acid.

PMID- 1797433
TI  - Studies on hindered phenols and analogues. V. Synthesis, identification, and
      antidiabetic activity of the glucuronide of CS-045.
AB  - The glucuronide of a new oral antidiabetic agent, (+/-)-5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8
      tetramethylchroman-2-yl- methoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (CS-045) (1), was
      synthesized to confirm the structure of a metabolite in monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) and to examine its antidiabetic activity. The glucuronide also had
      antidiabetic activity in KK-mice.

PMID- 1797434
TI  - Studies on immunostimulating derivatives: synthesis of some pyrrolo[1,2
      c]pyrimidines.
AB  - In a search for potential immunomodulating agents novel pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines
      were synthesized and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic means.
      Unfortunately, most of them were cytotoxic and devoid of effects on T lymphocyte
      lymphoblastic transformation. Furthermore, they were inactive in the locomotor
      activity test in mice.

PMID- 1797435
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of marine algae and a cytotoxic principle of the brown alga
      Sargassum tortile.
AB  - Partition fractions of hexane, CCl4 and CHCl3 from methanolic extracts of marine
      algae were each examined for cytotoxic activities against cultured P-388
      lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cytotoxic activities were found for partition
      fractions of 21 species of seaweed. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the CCl4
      partition fraction from Sargassum tortile, exhibiting the most prominent
      activity, afforded dihydroxysargaquinone (1) and sargatriol (2) previously
      isolated from this alga. The former was evaluated as a cytotoxic principle, and
      the latter, showing moderate activity, was suggested to be an artifact derived
      from 1 during the isolation procedure.

PMID- 1797436
TI  - Presence of protein polymorphism in karasurin, an abortifacient and anti-tumor
      protein, identified with physicochemical properties.
AB  - Karasurin is an abortifacient plant protein isolated from fresh root tubers of
      Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz var. japonicum Kitamrra (Cucurbitaceae). This
      study describes the presence of protein polymorphism in karasurin (karasurin-A
      and karasurin-B) separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Two components showed
      no differences in the molecular weight (ca. 28000), the amino acid composition,
      the neutral sugar content and part of the amino acid sequence. A unique
      difference was observed in their isoelectric points (10.1 for karasurin-A and
      10.2 for karasurin-B). However, modifications of glycosylation or phosphorylation
      were not found. Biological assays for inducing mid-term abortion in pregnant mice
      and inhibition of the growth of BeWo cells gave no significant differences
      between them. The presence of protein polymorphism in karasurin, whose biological
      significance is not yet understood, is a first finding among several
      abortifacient proteins.

PMID- 1797437
TI  - Hematological studies on naturally occurring substances. VI. Effects of an animal
      crude drug "chan su" (bufonis venenum) on blood coagulation, platelet
      aggregation, fibrinolysis system and cytotoxicity.
AB  - During the screening test of the animal crude drug "Chan su" (Chinese name, toad
      cake), the venom of Bufo bufo gargorizans CANTOR (Bufonidae), on blood
      coagulation, platelet aggregation, fibrinolysis system and cytotoxicity, the
      ethyl acetate extract showed promotive action on platelet aggregation and
      remarkable cytotoxic activity on HeLa-S3 cells. Nine kinds of bufadienolides were
      isolated from the ethyl acetate extract by bioactivity-guided fractionation and
      were identified by chemical and spectral analysis.

PMID- 1797438
TI  - Separation and characterization of three positional isomers of dimaltosyl
      cyclomaltoheptaose (dimaltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin).
AB  - A mixture of maltosylcyclomaltoheptaoses (maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrins, G2-beta
      CDs) was prepared from maltose and beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD) through the
      reverse action of Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase. Three positional isomers of
      dimaltosyl-beta CD in the mixture were separated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography on a reversed phase column and a graphitized carbon column. Their
      molecular weights were measured by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and
      the structures were established by methylation analysis, hydrolysis with
      glucoamylase to the known compounds, three positional isomers of diglucosyl-beta
      CD, and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

PMID- 1797439
TI  - Correlation between glycated lipoproteins and fructosamine level in serum.
AB  - The correlation between the level of fructosamine and glycated proteins,
      including glycated lipoproteins, in serum from diabetic and nondiabetic subjects
      was studied. Assay of glycated proteins in serum was performed using an agarose
      gel film electrophoresis with nitroblue tetrazolium coloration. Glycated albumin
      correlated well with the fructosamine level in the diabetics (r = 0.83-0.92, p
      less than 0.01) but showed no correlation with the nondiabetics (r = 0.25-0.26).
      Also, a high correlation between the glycated beta-lipoprotein and fructosamine
      levels was observed in diabetic patients with hyperglycemia and in nondiabetic
      subjects with a high risk of atherogenesis (atherogenic index, low-density
      lipoprotein-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol greater than 2.8) (r
      = 0.51-0.66, p less than 0.01). Nondiabetics with a high level of beta
      lipoprotein, which is well known to cause high atherogenesity, showed a high
      level of glycated beta-lipoprotein similar to that in the diabetic groups with
      hyperglycemia; therefore, the high level of glycated beta-lipoprotein seems to be
      attributable not only to the hyperglycemia-accelerated glycation of beta
      lipoprotein but also to an increase in the level of beta-lipoprotein in serum.
      Consequently, the present results show that the fructosamine level in serum
      reflects not only the glycation of albumin but also that of lipoproteins which
      are known to increase in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1797440
TI  - Change of ras-transformed NRK-cells back to normal morphology by mycalamides A
      and B, antitumor agents from a marine sponge.
AB  - Mycalamide A and mycalamide B, isolated as antiviral and antitumor agents from a
      New Zealand sponge of the genus Mycale, converted the morphology of ras
      transformed NRK-cells to normal morphology at 10 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The
      effect on protein synthesis suggests that these agents converted the morphology
      by preferentially inhibiting the biosynthesis of p21 protein.

PMID- 1797441
TI  - Study of nasal enzyme activity towards insulin. In vitro.
AB  - The possibility of insulin being enzymatically degraded in contact with the nasal
      mucosa has been studied in vitro. The insulin concentration was followed during 3
      h incubation at 37 degrees C with freshly collected human nasal wash, isolated
      enzymes from pig and rabbit nasal mucosal tissue, leucine aminopeptidase and
      microsomal aminopeptidase, respectively. The rate of degradation with human nasal
      wash was found to be less than or equal to 0.02 microgram/min, which indicates
      that less than 0.5% of an intranasally applied insulin dose may be destroyed by
      local enzymes during the time of absorption. The observed degradation was not
      found to be limiting for an intranasal application of insulin.

PMID- 1797443
TI  - Conformational analysis of [n-demethyl-Tyr(OCH3)-3]RA-VII, conformationally
      restricted model approach.

PMID- 1797442
TI  - Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability for mebendazole, an agent for
      human echinococcosis, by preparing solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol.
AB  - The solid dispersion of mebendazole was prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      to enhance the dissolution rate of mebendazole, an agent for the chemotherapy of
      human echinococcosis. The dissolution rate of the solid dispersion increased
      compared with the physical mixture, and also increased with the incorporation of
      an increasing amount of PEG-6000. An extensive improvement of the dissolution
      rate was observed when the ratio of the solid dispersion of mebendazole to PEG
      6000 was more than 1: 2. Furthermore, greater bioavailability in rabbits was
      obtained after oral administration of the solid dispersion compared with the
      physical mixture.

PMID- 1797444
TI  - Davallin, a new tetrameric proanthocyanidin from the rhizomes of Davallia
      mariesii Moore.

PMID- 1797445
TI  - Normotensive Wistar rats differ from spontaneously hypertensive and renal
      hypertensive rats in their cardiovascular responses to opioid agonists.
AB  - 1. The effects of three opioid receptor agonists on the blood pressure and heart
      rate of anaesthetized normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive and renal
      hypertensive rats were measured. 2. Mu agonist morphiceptin i.c.v. induced a
      pressor response and increase in heart rate in hypertensive rats, but hypotension
      in normotensive rats. After intravenous (i.v.) injection, morphiceptin produced a
      hypotensive response in all three groups of rats. 3. In contrast, the delta
      agonist DTLET i.c.v. decreased blood pressure and heart rate in hypertensive
      rats, but increased both pressure and beat rate in normotensive rats. After i.v.
      injections DTLET produced a hypertensive response and increase in heart rate in
      all groups of rats. 4. Kappa agonist U-50, 488H given i.c.v. induced effects
      similar to morphiceptin: an increase in blood pressure and heart rate in
      hypertensive and a decrease in normotensive rats. After i.v. injections U-50,
      488H produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate in all treated groups of
      rats. 5. Pretreatment with naloxone antagonized the activity of morphiceptin but
      prevented only the stimulating effect of DTLET in normotensive rats.
      Cardiovascular actions of U-50, 488H were not blocked by naloxone. 6. The results
      suggest that opioid agonists exert similar changes in cardiovascular function at
      central and peripheral sites in both models of experimental hypertension and
      these effects are different in normotensive rats.

PMID- 1797446
TI  - Renal sodium excretion following systemic infusion of vasoactive intestinal
      peptide in the rat.
AB  - 1. The aim of this clearance study was to examine the renal effects of systemic
      infusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the intact rat. 2. Mean
      arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma electrolytes and haematocrit, glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured
      in a baseline period and following VIP infusion (0.1-1.2 nmol/h per 200 g), as
      well as during a time control study. 3. During infusion of low doses of VIP (0.1
      and 0.4 nmol/h per 200 g), a small increase in fractional and absolute excretion
      of sodium occurred but this did not differ from that occurring in the time
      control group. In the high dose VIP group (1.2 nmol/h per 200 g), significant
      falls occurred in MAP and GFR, and absolute sodium excretion fell (though not
      significantly) from its baseline level. 4. These findings suggest that systemic
      VIP has no net natriuretic effect in the rat, but produces haemodynamic changes
      associated with reduced sodium excretion at high doses. This study does not
      exclude the possibility of direct effects on tubular sodium transport of VIP
      released from renal nerves.

PMID- 1797447
TI  - Neuropeptide Y radio-immunoassay: characterization and application.
AB  - 1. A sensitive and specific neuropeptide Y (NPY) radio-immunoassay has been
      developed. This radio-immunoassay does not detect the NPY-related peptides
      pancreatic polypeptide or peptide YY. NPY extracted from rat plasma using
      sequential C18 sorbent and affinity chromatography co-eluted with synthetic rat
      NPY when applied to high pressure liquid chromatography. 2. The procedure of
      stabilization of platelets followed by high speed centrifugation reduced basal
      values of NPY by 60%, and this may be consistent with removal of platelets that
      release NPY. Administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (0.3
      mg/kg), intravenously, produced a small but significant increase (39%) from basal
      concentrations of NPY. 3. NPY concentrations in young (2-3-month-old) Sprague
      Dawley and Fisher 944 rats were similar; however, NPY concentrations were
      significantly increased (55%) in 2-year-old Fisher 944 rats. Similar to plasma
      concentrations of noradrenaline, NPY levels increase with age.

PMID- 1797448
TI  - Effects of opiates on sodium excretion in the isolated perfused rat kidney.
AB  - 1. A rat isolated perfused kidney preparation was utilized to define clearly a
      renal site of action. The variables measured were perfusate pressure and flow,
      glomerular filtration rate, urine volume, sodium excretion and potassium
      excretion. 2. Dextromethorphan (3 nmol/L) and dextrorphan (10 nmol/L) reduced
      sodium excretion in kidneys from rats on either control or high K+ diet, in the
      absence of any other measured renal effects. Dextromethorphan (10 nmol/L)
      produced a decrease in glomerular filtration rate as well as a decrease in sodium
      excretion. Naloxone (1 mumol/L) inhibited the effect of dextromethorphan on
      sodium excretion but had no effect when administered alone. 3. The levorotatory
      opiates levorphanol and levomethorphan, the kappa agonist ketocyclazocine and a
      range of other opiates had no effect on sodium excretion. 4. The results suggest
      a renal action specific for dextrorotatory opiates. This renal action is
      consistent with earlier binding studies suggesting preferential recognition of
      dextrorotatory opiates.

PMID- 1797449
TI  - Recombinant human interleukin-6 enhances the antiproliferation and
      differentiation inducing effects of retinoic acid in HL-60 human myeloid
      leukaemic cells.
AB  - 1. The effect of recombinant human interleukin-6 on the antiproliferation and
      differentiation inducing actions of all-trans retinoic acid in HL-60 human
      myeloid leukaemia cells was studied in short-term liquid suspension culture. 2.
      Interleukin-6 alone showed no significant effect on HL-60 human myeloid leukaemia
      cells. 3. The addition of interleukin-6 to all-trans retinoic acid-treated
      cultures of HL-60 human myeloid leukaemia cells significantly enhanced the
      desired antiproliferation effect of all-trans retinoic acid. 4. The combination
      of interleukin-6 with all-trans retinoic acid reduced the doses of all-trans
      retinoic acid required to induce the same differentiation of HL-60 cells as
      single agent by between 1.7- and 4.8-fold; that is, the efficacy of all-trans
      retinoic acid in inducing the differentiation of human myeloid leukaemia HL-60
      cells was increased up to 4.8 times by its combination with interleukin-6. 5. The
      combination of all-trans retinoic acid and interleukin-6 could provide an
      effective alternative therapy for elderly myeloid leukaemia patients.

PMID- 1797450
TI  - The level and the persistence of islet cell antibodies in healthy schoolchildren
      are associated with polymorphic residues of the HLA-DQ beta chain.
AB  - Cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA) were determined in a group of non
      diabetic Caucasian schoolchildren (n = 4208). The prevalence rate for ICA
      positivity was 1.05 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval: 0.8-1.4 per cent).
      Analysis of HLA risk factors revealed that HLA-DRB1*03 (p less than 0.01), HLA
      DRB1*04 (p less than 0.01) and HLA haplotypes with non-charged amino acids (non
      Asp) at codon 57 of the HLA-DQ beta (p less than 0.01) chain were significantly
      increased when compared to controls. High levels of islet cell antibodies, i.e.
      Juvenile Diabetes Federation units (JDF units) equal to or greater than 30 JDF
      units were found to be associated with amino acids other than aspartic acid at
      codon 57 of the DQ beta chain molecule. Also the persistence of circulating ICA
      was found to be associated with non-Asp homozygosity of the proband (p less than
      0.03).

PMID- 1797451
TI  - HLA antigens associated with susceptibility to herpes simplex virus infection.
AB  - HLA antigen frequencies in 150 patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus
      infection and 176 normal Iraqi controls were studied. Highly significant
      increased frequencies of HLA-A1, -B5 and -DR1 were found in patients as compared
      to control individuals. The frequencies of HLA-A3 and -A23 were also
      significantly increased in patients. When we subdivide the patients into groups
      according to rate of recurrence of symptomatic infection or ELISA reading of
      antibody titre no preferential association of HLA antigens with any particular
      subgroup is apparent. These results were compared with published findings for
      other ethnic populations and found to be compatible with them.

PMID- 1797452
TI  - The association between HLA-DR3 and antibodies to the nuclear ribonucleoprotein
      La: differences between patients from northern Europe and those from the Indian
      subcontinent.

PMID- 1797453
TI  - Comparison of TestPack Plus Strep A with selective and nonselective culture media
      for detection of group-A streptococci.
AB  - The TestPack Plus Strep A (TPPSA), an immunoassay method, was compared with
      conventional culture methods including nonselective trypticase soy agar with 5%
      sheep blood and selective SXT blood agar for detection of group-A streptococci
      (GAS). A total of 452 throat swabs was evaluated, of which 261 (57.7%) and 191
      (42.3%) were compared with culture using nonselective and selective media,
      respectively. Of 261 specimens evaluated on nonselective media, 71 (27.1%) were
      culture positive for GAS. TPPSA demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.6% and a
      specificity of 94.2% with positive and negative predictive values of 85.5% and
      96.8%, respectively. Of 191 specimens evaluated on selective media, 44 (23.0%)
      were culture positive for GAS. TPPSA demonstrated a sensitivity of 93.2% and a
      specificity of 98.0% with positive and negative predictive values of 93.2% and
      98.0%, respectively. The performance of TPPSA when compared with nonselective and
      selective media demonstrated a similar sensitivity, but a higher specificity was
      seen when compared to selective media. Overall, TPPSA was extremely easy to
      perform, had built-in procedural controls, required minimal technologist time,
      and was easy to interpret. With an accuracy of 93.5% when compared with
      nonselective media and 96.9% when compared with selective media, TPPSA could be
      recommended as a reliable method for detection of GAS.

PMID- 1797454
TI  - Comparison of the bactericidal activity of clindamycin and metronidazole against
      cefoxitin-susceptible and cefoxitin-resistant isolates of the Bacteroides
      fragilis group.
AB  - Time-kill kinetic methodology was used to evaluate the bactericidal activity of
      cefoxitin, cefotetan, clindamycin, and metronidizole against cefoxitin
      susceptible and cefoxitin-resistant isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group.
      Overall, metronidazole was the most bactericidal agent, with all isolates being
      killed with less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml at 24 hr. Clindamycin was the
      next most bactericidal agent, with 20 of 26 isolates being killed with less than
      16 micrograms/ml. Six isolates with clindamycin MICs greater than or equal to 64
      micrograms/ml were not killed at 24 hr, with concentrations as high as 256
      micrograms/ml. Cefoxitin and cefotetan were the least bactericidal agents tested.
      Seven isolates with MICs of greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml to each
      agent demonstrated a lack of killing at 24 hr, with concentrations of the
      respective agent as high as 256 micrograms/ml. At concentrations with either
      agent of 32 micrograms/ml, the remaining 19 isolates were killed at 24 hr. Of the
      six B. fragilis isolates resistant to clindamycin, four were also resistant to
      both cefoxitin and cefotetan. We conclude that in hospitals with cefoxitin
      resistant B. fragilis group isolates, metronidazole would provide appropriate
      therapy.

PMID- 1797455
TI  - Development of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro susceptibility test methods for
      cefixime including quality control guidelines.
AB  - Cefixime was tested in a multilaboratory study to establish susceptibility
      testing interpretive criteria and quality control (QC) guidelines for Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae. Interpretive criteria were established by using triplicate testing
      of 102 representative gonococcal strains. Only a susceptible category was
      proposed for cefixime (greater than or equal to 31 mm and less than or equal to
      0.25 micrograms/ml) because of very rare, resistant isolates. QC ranges [N.
      gonorrhoeae American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 49226] were established using
      multiple GC agar lots, three disk lots, and a number of test replicates
      consistent with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
      M23-T guidelines. Cefixime was stable in GC agar medium for at least 21 days when
      stored at 2 degrees-5 degrees C. Oral third-generation cephalosporins, such as
      cefixime, appear to represent potentially useful clinical alternatives to
      parenteral drugs of the same class for single-dose therapy of gonorrhea.

PMID- 1797456
TI  - In vitro activity of a new cephalosporin ME-1206 compared with other agents.
AB  - The in vitro activity of ME-1206, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that can be
      orally absorbed when converted to an ester, was compared with that of other beta
      lactams. ME-1206 inhibited 50% of the Enterobacteriaceae at 2 micrograms/ml,
      similar to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefixime. It did not inhibit, MIC greater
      than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml, Enterobacter species or Citrobacter freundii
      resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and it was less active than cefotaxime
      and ceftazidime against Serratia marcescens. Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were inhibited by less than or equal to
      0.25 micrograms/ml of ME-1206 inhibited hemolytic streptococci groups A, B, C,
      and G, MIC90 0.06 micrograms/ml, but it did not inhibit enterococci. Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa and other pseudomonads were resistant to ME-1206. MICs and MBCs of ME
      1206 for susceptible species were within a dilution. ME-1206 was not hydrolyzed
      by TEM-1 or TEM-2, but was hydrolyzed by TEM-3 and TEM-5. ME-1206 was hydrolyzed
      by beta-lactamases of Morganella, Proteus vulgaris, and K1 of Klebsiella oxytoca,
      but minimally by the P99 beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae. ME-1206 is
      comparable in in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability to many of the
      current cephalosporins.

PMID- 1797457
TI  - In vitro activity evaluations of cefdinir (FK482, CI-983, and PD134393). A novel
      orally administered cephalosporin.
AB  - Cefdinir, a so-called third-generation oral cephalosporin was tested in vitro
      against over 700 pathogens from patients with bacteremia. Cefdinir was very
      active against the Enterobacteriaceae with a 50% minimum inhibitory concentration
      (MIC50) value range of less than or equal to 0.03-8 micrograms/ml. The enteric
      species having the highest MIC90S (greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml)
      were Citrobacter freundii, and the enterobacters, Morganella morganii, Proteus
      vulgaris, and Serratia marcescens. Cefdinir was generally two- to fourfold less
      active than cefixime, but markedly more potent with a wider spectrum compared
      with older oral cephalosporins, cefaclor or cefuroxime. In contrast to cefixime,
      cefdinir inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (MIC90, 1 micrograms/ml) and other
      staphylococci. Pneumococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae,
      Moraxella catarrhalis, and pathogenic Neisseria spp. (MIC90S, 0.12-0.5
      micrograms/ml) were cefdinir susceptible, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa, oxacillin
      resistant staphylococci and Bacteroides fragilis gr. strains were resistant.
      Cefdinir was generally bactericidal with a minimal inoculum effect at 10(6)
      colony-forming units per spot. Cefdinir beta-lactamase hydrolysis by some
      recently described extended broad spectrum beta-lactamases was suspected.
      Cefdinir exhibited a wide, balanced spectrum for an oral cephalosporin indicating
      possible clinical use against susceptible pathogens in respiratory tract, urinary
      tract, genital and cutaneous infections.

PMID- 1797458
TI  - Oral ofloxacin therapy of infections due to multiply-resistant bacteria.
AB  - We determined the efficacy and safety of orally administered ofloxacin, 400 mg
      twice daily, in the treatment of infections due to multiply-resistant bacteria.
      Patients (n = 99) were treated for 84 infections in 82 patients evaluable for
      efficacy with a bacteriologic response of 71%. Organisms treated included
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39), Staphylococcus aureus (11), Serratia marcescens (9),
      Enterobacter species (7), five each of Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Salmonella,
      Klebsiella, and other organisms. The overall clinical responses was 89%: 28 (90%)
      of 16 osteomyelitis, 10 (83%) of 12 urinary tract infections, and three of three
      bacteremias. Insomnia occurred in 27% and responded to dose reduction. Resistance
      of P. aeruginosa to ofloxacin developed in 15% of isolates. No hepatic, renal, or
      hematologic toxicity developed in spite of long therapy, 283 days. Ofloxacin was
      an effective therapy for lower respiratory, urinary, bone, and soft tissue
      infections due to multiply-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and is effective for
      selected Staphylococcus aureus infections.

PMID- 1797459
TI  - Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from pleural fluid.
AB  - We describe an unusual case of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection that presented as
      a lobar pneumonia and pleural effusion. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from
      the pleural fluid of this patient.

PMID- 1797460
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of 33 clinical case isolates of Xanthomonas maltophilia.
      Inconsistent correlation of agar dilution and of disk diffusion test results.
AB  - Xanthomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen, possibly selected by
      a changing antimicrobial usage and patient population. In the present study, we
      tested the susceptibility of 33 recent clinical case isolates to 12 commonly
      employed antimicrobials. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1:19 ratio) and
      doxycycline were uniformly the most active agents; ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin
      were slightly less active and, along with tetracycline and ceftazidime, more
      variable in their potency. Interestingly, the disk diffusion method routinely
      overstated the activity of ciprofloxacin (12% very major errors, 58% minor
      errors). The present in vitro data and the hitherto accumulated clinical
      experience suggest that in the absence of unequivocal clinical efficacy of
      ciprofloxacin against this increasingly recognized nosocomial pathogen, the
      decision to use ciprofloxacin or any other fluoroquinolone against these
      pathogens should rely preferentially on the dilution susceptibility test method
      results. In contrast, the present study confirms the excellent predictive value
      of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and fleroxacin disks as well as
      the higher (9% minor errors) inhibitory activity of these drugs. Hence, pending
      the elaboration of clinical efficacy data of alternative antimicrobial agents
      against X. maltophilia infections, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains a sound
      therapeutic choice.

PMID- 1797461
TI  - Correlative interpretation of staphylococcal resistance to penicillinase
      resistant penicillins by ceftizoxime disk susceptibility test using Showa disks.
AB  - The Showa disk susceptibility test (Showa Yakuhin Kako Company, Japan) was
      evaluated to discriminate between the strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant
      to penicillinase-resistant penicillins (PRPs) and those susceptible. When we
      tested 129 PRP-resistant and 112 susceptible strains, many PRP-resistant strains
      were interpreted to be false susceptible to methicillin and oxacillin, especially
      when incubated at 37 degrees C. Growth at 30 degrees C and when NaCl was added to
      the medium improved the test reliability for detection of PRP resistance.
      Ceftizoxime disk (30 micrograms) susceptibility test results highly correlated
      with reference PRP resistance when incubated at 35 degrees C. All the PRP
      resistant strains produced no zone of inhibition, whereas all of the PRP
      susceptible strains were categorized as susceptible to ceftizoxime (greater than
      or equal to 22 mm, less than or equal to 3.13 micrograms/ml), for example, 100%
      correlation. It was concluded that the Showa ceftizoxime disk, in replacement of
      PRPs, will provide a reliable, alternative method to predict PRP resistance in S.
      aureus pending reevaluation of the Show PRP disk tests.

PMID- 1797462
TI  - Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the
      levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the Copper T380 Ag IUDS.
AB  - A levonorgestrel-releasing IUD and the Copper T 380Ag IUD were in randomized
      comparison for seven years in five clinics. In two other clinics the randomized
      study was truncated at five years, but use of the Copper T continued. No
      pregnancies occurred to users of either device in years 6 and 7. Cumulative
      pregnancy rates were 1.1 per 100 at seven years for the steroid-releasing and 1.4
      per 100 for the copper-releasing IUDs. Cumulative rates of PID did not differ
      between devices. Infection rates appeared to be lowest during the sixth and
      seventh years of the study. Termination attributable to amenorrhea was the
      principal contributor to differences in cumulative continuation rates between
      devices. At the five clinics that carried the comparative study to seven years,
      cumulative continuation rates were 24.9 per 100 for LNg20 IUD users and 29.4 per
      100 for TCu 380Ag users. Women who used either method for periods of five to
      seven years experienced, on average, marked to mild increases in hemoglobin as
      compared with levels at admission. The Copper T380 family and the LNg20 IUDs
      represent the most effective reversible contraceptive methods yet studied in long
      term randomized trials.

PMID- 1797463
TI  - Two-year comparative trial of the Gyne T* 380 Slimline and Gyne T* 380
      intrauterine copper devices.
AB  - In a randomized trial of the Gyne T* 380 Slimline, the-two year pregnancy rate
      was 0.3 per 100 and the continuation rate was 65 per 100. These rates did not
      differ statistically from those of the standard Gyne T* 380, nor did other
      performance parameters differ between devices by the log-rank test. Women under
      age 30 had lower continuation rates using either device than did women age 30 or
      older at admission because of removals for planned pregnancy. Conception rates
      among those who desired pregnancy were 35 per 100 at one month and 86 per 100 at
      one year.

PMID- 1797464
TI  - A comparative study of 35 mcg and 50 mcg combined oral contraceptives: results
      from a multicenter clinical trial.
AB  - A comparative multicenter clinical trial of two combined oral contraceptives
      (OCs) differing only in the estrogen content (35 mcg ethinyl estradiol versus 50
      mcg mestranol) was conducted at five clinics located in Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sri
      Lanka, Costa Rica and Mexico. The trial was designed to determine the differences
      between Norinyl 1+35 (Syntex) and Norinyl 1+50 (Syntex) in rates and reasons of
      discontinuation, and frequency of selected side effects which might contribute to
      method discontinuation. This report includes analysis of 1698 women, all of whom
      were interval patients (at least 42 days but within 26 weeks postpartum),
      randomly allocated to one of the above OCs between October 1982 and January 1984.
      Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months after admission.
      Significantly more women in the Norinyl 1+35 group (p less than .001) reported
      intermenstrual bleeding (primarily staining and spotting), as well as an increase
      in the occurrence of intermenstrual bleeding compared to women in the Norinyl
      1+50 group. There were no significant differences between the groups for side
      effects with the exception of more women in the Norinyl 1+50 group (p less than
      .05) reporting breast discomfort. The lost to follow-up rate at 12 months was
      19.3% for both the Norinyl 1+35 and the Norinyl 1+50 groups. The total
      discontinuation rate (including women lost to follow-up) at 12 months was 43.5%
      for the Norinyl 1+35 group and 41.0% for the Norinyl 1+50 group. There were no
      significant differences between the two groups for gross cumulative life table
      discontinuation rates (p greater than .05). There were six accidental pregnancies
      attributed to user failure reported during the study period; four in the Norinyl
      1+35 group and two in the Norinyl 1+50 group.

PMID- 1797466
TI  - Serious intestinal complication five years after insertion of a Nova-T.
AB  - This report presents a case of sigmoid perforation five years after insertion of
      a Nova-T. This case illustrates that serious complications of third generation
      IUDs may occur even after several years of intraabdominal location. An IUD, which
      has perforated the uterus, cannot be left in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore,
      removal of a perforated IUD is still a medical indication as recommended by the
      World Health Organization and IPPF International Medical Advisory Panel Meetings.

PMID- 1797465
TI  - The effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on lipids and lipoproteins in two at
      risk populations: young female smokers and older premenopausal women.
AB  - Young women who smoke and women over age 35 are considered to be at high risk for
      cardiovascular complications associated with oral contraceptive use. This study
      evaluated the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on lipid and lipoprotein
      concentrations in 45 high-risk patients before, during, and after 6 months of
      treatment. Neither group showed a significant change from baseline in
      cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol or cholesterol ratios.
      Triglycerides increased and HDL2a levels decreased significantly in both groups
      but returned to baseline after treatment was discontinued, with the largest
      changes in both triglycerides and HDL2a levels occurring at 1 month. The change
      in triglyceride and HDL2a blood levels were within the laboratories' reference
      range. The lipid profile of these patients, therefore, was not worsened
      significantly through 6 months of oral contraceptive use. The young women who
      smoked did have consistently lowered levels of HDL cholesterol and its HDL2a
      subfraction when compared to their elder non-smoking cohort.

PMID- 1797467
TI  - A pilot study of acceptability of RU486 and ONO 802 in a Chinese population.
AB  - RU486 and ONO 802 in combination have been shown to be effective in early
      termination of pregnancy. Anecdotal information suggests that Chinese women have
      been using herbs to induce abortion, believing that such medication and means of
      abortion is less harmful to the body than surgery. Hence, a medical means of
      abortion using RU486 and ONO 802 may be the method of choice for some Chinese
      women. A pilot study involving 42 Chinese women in Hong Kong was conducted to
      explore the reasons for acceptance or refusal of RU486 and ONO 802 as
      abortifacient agents. It was found that more single women chose the medical
      method for abortion, the main reasons being fear of trauma to the body due to
      surgery and the feeling of having undergone menstrual regulation rather than
      having had an abortion with the medical method. Those who refused the treatment
      were worried about the efficacy and side effects of the new drugs and the long
      induction-abortion interval. There were 3 failures in the medical group of 23
      women. All these 23 women were gland they had chosen the medical abortion method.
      Twenty-one out of the 23 women said they would choose the same abortion method
      again. The practice of the use of Chinese herbs was not more common in this group
      of women as compared to women who did not choose this method of abortion.

PMID- 1797468
TI  - Basal and metoclopramide-stimulated prolactin (PRL) serum levels in users and non
      users of a copper intrauterine device (TCu-380 IUD).
AB  - The study was undertaken to analyze the basal and metoclopramide-stimulated serum
      PRL levels in healthy parous women users (group 1, n = 12) and non-users (group
      2, n = 12) of a TCu-380 IUD. All women had regular menses and were studied
      between days 18 to 22 of their cycle; none had lactated nor regularly ingested
      any type of medication during the last six months. After a 10-12 hour overnight
      fast, peripheral venous blood samples were obtained through an indwelling
      catheter at -30, -15 and 0 minutes and at 60, 90 and 120 minutes after oral
      metoclopramide (10 mg). There were no significant differences in serum PRL
      between both groups, in basal levels nor throughout the test, whether analyzing
      the mean values at each sampling time, the sum of PRL levels from 60-120 minutes,
      or the peak levels. No correlation was observed between PRL levels and any of the
      clinical or obstetric characteristics of the women in both groups. Serum
      progesterone was greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/ml in all women. Thus, the use
      of alpha TCu-380 IUD did not induce any significant changes in basal nor in
      stimulated serum PRL levels.

PMID- 1797469
TI  - Antifertility effects of human sperm antigen in female rats.
AB  - The sperm antigens responsible for inducing infertility were identified by
      Western blot technique using sera from an infertile woman with circulating
      antisperm antibodies. The 80 Kda was prepared from human sperm by extraction with
      0.05% sodium deoxycholate in 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.4 and fractionation
      with ammonium sulphate. The supernatant after 40% saturation ammonium sulphate
      extraction was separated by gelpermeation chromatography, using HPLC (Protein PAK
      125 column) and FPLC (superose 12 column) systems. The homogeneity of the protein
      was established by SDS-PAGE and its molecular size was estimated to be 80 Kda and
      its isoelectric point was 4.5. The purified protein upon active immunization in
      female rats caused infertility in 100 percent animals. The data suggest that 80
      Kda human sperm antigen has the potential for use as a contraceptive vaccine.

PMID- 1797470
TI  - [Massive osteocartilaginous allografts in the treatment of articular necrosis or
      loss of substance].
AB  - The problem of articular reconstruction arises increasingly often during the
      treatment of bone tumors because of the progress made in the choice of the
      chemotherapy. The excellent tolerance of osteocartilaginous allografts allows
      extending their indications to common traumatology. The biological,
      immunological, mechanical and clinical studies offer encouraging prospects in the
      field of massive osteocartilaginous grafts. Massive prosthesis are also used more
      and more often in case of recurrence or of prosthesis detachment. They may
      benefit from these techniques by using a sheath made of bank bone. These grafts
      allow increasing the stock of bone, which was so far constantly decreasing on the
      occasion of successive operations.

PMID- 1797471
TI  - [Drainage of the upper urinary tract in gynecologic cancers with renal
      involvement].
AB  - Urinary tract obstruction often occurs during the evolution of gynecologic
      malignancies and its management should be carefully taken in account during
      treatment of the primary tumor. Authors' experience is based upon 154 urinary
      drainages undertaken among 119 patients. Causes of urinary tract obstruction are
      analysed with the different technics of drainage and with the corresponding long
      term follow up. An original technic called "nephroneo-cystostomia" is described.

PMID- 1797472
TI  - [Overspecialization in surgery].
AB  - Surgical specialization is a logical consequence of the evolution of medicine. On
      the other hand, overspecialization appears in a more perverse way; out of 39
      specialist surgeons polled during the latest A.F.C. meeting, 22 think that
      overspecialization is not a good thing. This situation gives rise to several
      reflections: early specialization may lead to poor surgical training and some
      surgeons may be unable to change to a new specialty; overspecialization is an
      invitation to medical overconsumption; the "overall" patient management in
      regions with a poor medical infrastructure may be difficult; finally, the legal
      consequences are still unknown. Thus the changes brought about by surgical
      specialization and overspecialization require thinking about the nationwide
      distribution of health facilities and about our country's surgical policy.

PMID- 1797474
TI  - [Liver transplantation. The Hannover experience].
AB  - Since 1972, 610 liver transplantations have been performed in 520 patients in
      Hannover, including 98 children from the age of 9 months. In 146 cases, the
      indications were nonresectable malignant tumors, in 274 cases benign diseases,
      mainly terminal cirrhoses of various etiologies. The results have been
      considerably improved, with the recipient's general condition being the key
      factor of the prognosis: in elective transplantations, the survival rate after
      one year is 90%, while in complicated or emergent cases, it is only 40-60%. Thus
      early surgery plays an essential part. The quality of life following liver
      transplantation is quite satisfactory, and the patients are very happy as a rule.
      Recurrence of the initial disease reduces the quality of life. Recurrence of
      malignant tumors, in particular, is frequent. Considerable progress was made in
      the surgical technique, including transplantation of a reduced liver in children,
      division of a donor liver in 2 parts, hepatectomy and maintenance of the liver
      deprived condition during several hours to achieve the stabilization of
      hemodynamics, transplantation of auxiliary livers and finally, liver surgery off
      site. Thus the accumulation of many elements of experience in liver
      transplantation has allowed developing new surgical techniques. Like for any
      organ transplantation, the ethical and economical issues must be constantly kept
      in mind.

PMID- 1797473
TI  - [Cardiopexy using the hepatic ligament in the treatment of gastroesophageal
      reflux. Apropos of 200 cases].
AB  - The authors report 200 cases of cardiopexy with the ligamentum teres (Rampal
      Marchal's procedure) associated with a 180 degree posterior fundoplication, in
      the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. 200 patients with severe
      reflux (76% oesophagitis) were operated on with this procedure over a 10 year
      period. Symptoms of reflux disappeared immediately in 99% cases, with healing of
      oesophagitis in 124 out of the 127 patients controlled with endoscopy, and a
      significant increase of inferior sphincteric pressure (from 11 cm H2O to 25 cm
      H2O). Objective controls by post-prandial pHmetry evidenced persistant reflux
      with 10 patients, but 9 of them are totally free of symptoms. Operative mortality
      was 1.5%. Transient dysphagia was observed in 32% cases. All the patients were
      reviewed with a mean follow up of 23 months. 4 clinical recurrences of reflux
      were observed (2%) but no oesophagitis was found on endoscopic controls with
      these 4 patients, and only one had to be reoperated on. Actuarial chance to
      remain free of recurrence was estimated at 97.8% up to 48 months according to the
      Kaplan-Maier's method. Cardiopexy with the ligamentum teres ensures the
      lengthening of the abdominal portion of the oesophagus and anchors the antireflux
      assembly within the pressure environment of the abdomen in a strong and flexible
      way. It seems to be the best procedure for the treatment of GE reflux.

PMID- 1797475
TI  - [Evolution of the assessment of diagnosis of multiple trauma patients and
      orientation in emergency care].
AB  - Emergency care is estimated on the basis of experience at Tours University
      Hospital (20,000 emergencies per year). The study deals with adult patients with
      multiple injuries in relation to the overall activity of the department, from
      1981 to 1989. The accuracy of the diagnosis and the severity criteria are
      essential parameters for an exploitable study. The analysis of the surgical
      parameters shows an overall increase in the severity of bone and visceral
      injuries. The overall increase from 157,686 surgical unit codes (proportional to
      the complexity of the operation) in 1981 to 601,109 in 1988 markedly exceeds the
      increase in the number of patients, from 16,404 to 22,608. Out of about 4,000
      emergent operations per year, 12% involve patients with multiple injuries. The
      consequence of the fourfold increase in these individual treatments, especially
      in light surgery and surgery with a stay in hospital not exceeding 24 hours, is a
      sixfold increase in biological examinations and a threefold increase in
      radiological examinations. The cost of care in the Emergency Department makes up
      to 1% of the general budget of the hospital. In order to achieve a valuable
      control of these structures, a permanent participation of the upstream (SAMU
      Emergency Medical Assistance Department) and downstream (specialist departments)
      medical teams is essential, in order to properly assess the diagnostic and
      therapeutic performances and to obtain the best possible fit between the complete
      evaluation of the lesions and the minimum costs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797476
TI  - [Free forearm flap used in the reconstruction of the cervico-cephalic region. 43
      cases].
AB  - The free neurovascular antebrachial transplant was described by Yang-Guofan in
      1978. In 1981, we brought the description of this free transplant to Europe.
      Forty-three antebrachial grafts were made to reconstruct the cervicocephalic
      extremity. We had various indications: floor of the mouth and base of the tongue:
      18 cases, facial structures: 7 cases, posterior wall of the pharynx: 9 cases,
      rescue surgery for esophagoplasty: 6 cases, mandible: 2 cases (using a bone rod
      taken from the radius), internal aspect of the cheek: 1 case. All grafts were
      revascularized. In 41 cases, the indications were carcinological, the last 2
      cases being benign lesions. The early postoperative mortality included 1 case,
      not related to the nature of the operation (neoplasm). There was no failure of
      free transplants. Surveillance was ensured every half-hour during 12 hours, then
      every 3 hours. Discriminating sensation was recovered in 39 of 43 cases.
      Mandibular bone reconstructions were knit at the 3rd month. The main disadvantage
      of removing this graft is esthetic, as it leaves a considerable scar on the
      forearm. The free antebrachial transplant provides an effective solution to the
      reconstructions of the cervicocephalic extremity, when a narrow, thin, supple,
      reinnervated, compound transplant is needed.

PMID- 1797477
TI  - [Treatment of multiple trauma. Apropos of the presentation by P. Vayre. Session
      of 6 February 1991].

PMID- 1797478
TI  - [Free transplantation using a double vascular bypass in microsurgery. Apropos of
      the presentation by M. Masquelet. Session of 13 February 1991].

PMID- 1797480
TI  - Insulin absorption, glucose homeostasis, and lipolysis in IDDM during mental
      stress.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of mental stress on the absorption kinetics of
      insulin and on glucose homeostasis and lipolysis in insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine IDDM patients were exposed to
      the Stroop color word conflict test (CWT) during 40 min after injection of 125I
      labeled soluble human insulin (10 U) into the abdomen. Adipose tissue blood flow
      (133Xe-clearance) was determined concomitantly to elucidate the importance of
      blood flow for insulin absorption during CWT. The effect of the CWT was followed
      by measurement of arterial levels of catecholamines and as blood pressure and
      heart-rate responses. Lipolysis was measured as arterial glycerol levels, and
      ketone body levels were monitored by determination by beta-hydroxybutyrate.
      RESULTS: Although insulin absorption (residual 125I-radioactivity and plasma free
      insulin levels) and the arterial levels of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate were
      not significantly changed by the CWT, arterial glycerol and norepinephrine levels
      and adipose tissue blood flow were approximately doubled, and epinephrine levels
      increased fourfold. Heart rate increased approximately 35 beats/min and mean
      blood pressure approximately 25 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that
      intense mental stress of 40 min duration does not alter the absorption of
      subcutaneously injected insulin, glucose homeostasis, or ketone body levels in
      patients with IDDM, despite a considerable increase in blood flow and lipolysis.

PMID- 1797479
TI  - Increasing incidence of hypoglycemic coma in children with IDDM.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of hypoglycemic coma in children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) over 8 yr from 1981 to 1988 and to investigate
      the importance of residual beta-cell function of HbA1 levels and other variables
      as risk factors for hypoglycemic coma. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study
      consisted of 155 children with IDDM aged less than 16 yr at study entry. Mean age
      at onset of diabetes was 7.9 yr (range 1.1-15.6 yr). We made a prospective
      assessment of hypoglycemic coma episodes, with a standardized questionnaire, over
      a total observation time of 816.6 person-yr. Three monthly clinical and
      laboratory examinations, which included determinations of C-peptide and HbA1
      levels, were conducted. We compared children with hypoglycemic coma (cases) with
      children without hypoglycemic coma (controls) in a case-control analysis matched
      for diabetes duration. Yearly incidence of hypoglycemic coma, calculated as the
      number of subjects having an attack in 1 yr divided by the cumulative number of
      person-years for that year, was measured. Univariate and multivariate odds ratios
      were calculated from logistic regression. RESULTS: Over the first 4 yr, the
      average yearly incidence was 4.4/100 person-yr compared with 7.4/100 person-yr
      during the later 4 yr (P less than 0.0001). This tendency was accompanied by
      intensification of insulin treatment with an increase in the mean number of daily
      injections and a decrease in mean HbA1 levels. In the case-control analysis,
      absent residual beta-cell function was the most important risk factor for
      hypoglycemic coma (adjusted odds ratio 7.8, 95% confidence intervals 2.0-31.2),
      followed by near-normal HbA1 levels (adjusted odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence
      intervals 1.9-10.5). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of children, improvement of
      glycemic control apparently led to an increase in the incidence of severe
      hypoglycemia. In children with recurrent hypoglycemic coma and undetectable C
      peptide levels, it may be safer to aim for somewhat less tight glycemic control.

PMID- 1797481
TI  - Link between hypertension and diabetes mellitus epidemiological study of Chinese
      adults in Taiwan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the relationship between hypertension and non-insulin
      dependent diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study consisted of a random
      sample of adults aged greater than or equal to 40 yr from the Ta-An district of
      Taipei City and 5 of 12 villages of Taiwan province, which had established
      primary health-care centers since 1984. A total of 11,478 subjects were recruited
      into the survey with a response rate of 65.3 and 72%, respectively. Blood glucose
      and blood pressure levels were measured, and a structured questionnaire was given
      to each participant. Those identified as having diabetes received further blood
      tests for lipids and creatinine and were evaluated for vascular complications.
      RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension among diabetic
      subjects was twice that of nondiabetic subjects (30.6 vs. 16.4%, P less than
      0.0005). Hypertensive subjects had a higher prevalence of diabetes than
      normotensive subjects (10.2 vs. 4.9%, P less than 0.0005). Among hypertensive
      subjects, the prevalence of diabetes was 12.7% for those taking antihypertensive
      drugs and 9.1% for those not taking any drug (P less than 0.05). The prevalence
      of diabetes significantly increased as mean arterial pressure rose, whether the
      subjects were stratified by various factors. Multiple regression analysis,
      including sex, age, body mass index, and other risk factors as independent
      variables, also showed a significant association between diabetes and
      hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that
      there seemed to be a tight link between hypertension and non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes. Family history of diabetes, diabetes duration, diabetes regimen,
      control of blood glucose, and the presence of nephropathy, as attested by
      proteinuria, did not contribute to the risk of hypertension. Further studies are
      necessary to determine whether these two conditions are causally related.

PMID- 1797482
TI  - Intravenous insulin infusion to simulate subcutaneous absorption. Bioavailability
      and metabolic sequelae.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the bioavailability and bioactivity of subcutaneously
      injected insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized block design with six
      male mongrel dogs as subjects. In protocol 1, purified pork insulin was infused
      intravenously to simulate the pattern of appearance in the blood that would have
      been expected from subcutaneous injection. Three intravenous doses (0.05, 0.10,
      and 0.15 U/kg) were infused on separate days in a pattern (0-300 min) designed to
      approximately simulate the absorption rate of subcutaneously injected insulin. In
      protocol 2, interscapular subcutaneous injections of pork insulin at 0.10 U/kg
      were made. RESULTS: Integrated insulin, decrement in plasma glucose, and maximal
      glucose clearance for subcutaneous injection experiments were similar to
      intravenous infusion of equal dose (P greater than 0.10) but significantly
      different from low-dose infusions (P less than 0.025). Similar results were
      observed for hepatic glucose output and glucose uptake. Hypoglycemia elicited
      counterregulatory responses that appeared to be under a threshold differentiated
      at a plasma glucose of approximately 3 mM. Integrated insulin was plotted against
      insulin dose to create dose-response curves for intravenous data. The curve was
      then used to predict the actual appearance rate of insulin in plasma for
      subcutaneous injection. The estimated bioavailability of subcutaneous insulin was
      103.0 +/- 10.5% of the injected dose. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, in dogs,
      insulin delivered subcutaneously in the interscapular area is not significantly
      degraded before absorption, resulting in metabolic effects equal to intravenous
      insulin infusion of equivalent dose.

PMID- 1797483
TI  - Effect of puberty on insulinlike growth factor I and HbA1 in type I diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of puberty on the relationship between glycemic
      control and insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in children with insulin
      dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Simultaneous
      HbA1 and plasma IGF-I levels were determined in 71 prepubertal (Tanner stage I)
      and 112 pubertal (Tanner stages II-V) subjects aged 2.7-17.8 yr. RESULTS:
      Overall, IGF-I levels were positively correlated with both age (r = 0.31, P less
      than 0.001) and Tanner stage (r = 0.32, P less than 0.001) but only weakly
      associated with HbA1 values (r = -0.16, P = 0.025). A strong negative association
      existed between IGF-I and HbA1 levels (r = -0.45, P less than 0.001) in the
      pubertal subjects, but no such association was apparent in the prepubertal
      subjects. Multiple regression analyses disclosed a significant independent
      negative association between IGF-I and HbA1 levels in the pubertal group (P less
      than 0.001) but not in the prepubertal group. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control
      appears to strongly influence IGF-I levels only after the onset of puberty.

PMID- 1797484
TI  - Patterns of glucose and lipid abnormalities in black NIDDM subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We had previously shown two variants among black non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic (NIDDM) subjects in a normoglycemic remission: one with insulin
      resistance and the other with normal insulin sensitivity. This study examined
      whether these two variants exist in the ordinary hyperglycemic black NIDDM
      population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty-two black NIDDM subjects were
      assessed for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (euglycemic clamp), glycemic
      control (fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c), and fasting lipid profiles. RESULTS:
      The distribution of glucose disposal in 30 black NIDDM subjects (body mass index;
      BMI less than 30 kg/m2) was bimodal, which indicated two populations. Eighteen of
      30 subjects (BMI 26.4 +/- 0.5 kg/m2) had insulin resistance (glucose disposal
      3.21 +/- 0.24 mg.kg-1.min-1). Twelve of 30 subjects (BMI 24.83 +/- 1.1 kg/m2) had
      normal insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal 7.19 +/- 0.46 mg.kg-1.min-1). Twenty
      one of the remaining 22 subjects (BMI 33.4 +/- 0.7 kg/m2) were insulin resistant
      (glucose disposal 2.88 +/- 0.21 mg.kg-1.min-1). Fasting serum triglyceride levels
      were lowest in the insulin-sensitive population (0.91 +/- 0.07 mM) and different
      from the insulin-resistant population, BMI less than 30 and greater than 30
      kg/m2, (1.20 +/- 0.10 mM, P less than 0.05 and 1.42 +/- 0.17 mM, P less than
      0.025, respectively). Fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
      were not significantly different among the groups, although it did increase with
      insulin resistance and increasing obesity. Total serum cholesterol levels and
      glycemic control were similar for all three groups. Serum high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in women compared with men.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the hyperglycemic black NIDDM population, two variants exist: one
      with insulin resistance and one with normal insulin sensitivity. This insulin
      sensitive variant represents 40% of subjects with a BMI less than 30 kg/m2.
      Moreover, the insulin-sensitive group has a lower risk profile for cardiovascular
      disease.

PMID- 1797485
TI  - Quality assurance for blood glucose monitoring in health-care facilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the practice of quality assurance (QA) for capillary blood
      glucose monitoring (CBGM) in health-care facilities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Descriptive survey data were collected from a purposive sample of 378 health-care
      providers, who use CBGM and direct CBGM QA programs, from acute- and chronic-care
      facilities in 47 states. Subjects completed a 36-item multiple-choice survey
      about QA practices for CBGM by providers. RESULTS: Only 53.4% of respondents
      reported a multidisciplinary advisory group to assist in decision making for the
      CBGM program. Almost one-third reported no clinical laboratory involvement in
      their QA program. Over 70% of respondents reported inclusion of all clinical
      areas in the CBGM program. Comparison of results of the same patient sample by
      laboratory reference method and CBGM system was done routinely by only 43.6% of
      respondents. Scheduled proficiency testing was reported by 33.4%. Only 5.8% of
      respondents reported the coexistence of a CBGM advisory group, full participation
      of the laboratory, and quarterly proficiency testing. Over 50% of respondents
      reported a patient charge for CBGM. CONCLUSIONS: When survey results are compared
      with regulatory and accreditation standards, it is evident that a wide gap
      exists. Resources to bridge this gap may be scarce in many facilities. Further
      research is needed to determine minimal QA standards for CBGM that provide for
      optimal patient outcomes.

PMID- 1797486
TI  - Copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium status and complications of diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and other indices of
      peroxidative status in diabetic and nondiabetic human subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN
      AND METHODS: Convenience sample of 57 insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic subjects recruited from the diabetes clinic of the University of
      California, Davis, Medical Center and 28 nondiabetic subjects recruited from the
      staffs of the Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition. Individuals
      conducting laboratory analyses were blind to subject group. A fasting blood
      sample was collected from all subjects and appropriately processed for future
      analyses. A 24-h urine collection was obtained in a subset of subjects. RESULTS:
      Hyperzincuria and hypermagnesuria were evident in diabetic subjects compared with
      control subjects. There were no differences in plasma magnesium or whole-blood
      manganese between groups. Plasma copper was higher and plasma zinc was lower in
      diabetic than in control subjects. When data were viewed with respect to specific
      diabetes-associated complications, diabetic subjects with retinopathy,
      hypertension, or microvascular disease had higher plasma copper concentrations
      compared with both diabetic subjects without complications and with control
      subjects. There were no significant differences between control and diabetic
      subjects in erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity or whole-blood
      glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase activities. Plasma peroxide
      concentrations were higher in diabetic than control subjects. CONCLUSIONS:
      Diabetes can alter copper, zinc, magnesium, and lipid peroxidation status.
      Perturbations in mineral metabolism are more pronounced in diabetic populations
      with specific complications. It is not known whether differences in trace element
      status are a consequence of diabetes, or alternatively, whether they contribute
      to the expression of the disease.

PMID- 1797487
TI  - Absorption kinetics and action profiles of subcutaneously administered insulin
      analogues (AspB9GluB27, AspB10, AspB28) in healthy subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The subcutaneous absorption and resulting changes in plasma insulin or
      analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and blood intermediary metabolite concentrations
      after subcutaneous bolus injection of three soluble human insulin analogues
      (AspB9GluB27, monomeric; AspB28, mixture of monomers and dimers; and AspB10,
      dimeric) and soluble human insulin were evaluated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Fasting healthy male volunteers (n = 7) were studied on five occasions 1 wk apart
      randomly receiving 0.6 nmol.kg-1 s.c. 125I-labeled AspB10 or soluble human
      insulin (Novolin R, Novo, Copenhagen); 1st study and 0.6 nmol.kg-1 s.c. 125I
      labeled AspB28, AspB9GluB27 or soluble human insulin (2nd study). Residual
      radioactivity at the injection site was measured over 8 h with frequent venous
      sampling for plasma immunoreactive insulin or analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and
      blood intermediary metabolite concentrations. RESULTS: The three analogues were
      absorbed 2-3 times faster than human insulin. The mean +/- SE time to 50%
      residual radioactivity was 94 +/- 6 min for AspB10 compared with 184 +/- 10 min
      for human insulin (P less than 0.001), 83 +/- 8 min for AspB28 (P less than
      0.005), and 63 +/- 9 min for AspB9GluB27 (P less than 0.001) compared with 182 +/
      21 min for human insulin. delta Peak plasma insulin analogue levels were
      significantly higher after each analogue than after human insulin (P less than
      0.005). With all three analogues, the mean hypoglycemic nadir occurred earlier at
      61-65 min postinjection compared with 201-210 min for the reference human
      insulins (P less than 0.005). The magnitude of the hypoglycemic nadir was greater
      after AspB9GluB27 (P less than 0.05) and AspB28 (P less than 0.001) compared with
      human insulin. There was a significantly faster onset and offset of responses in
      C-peptide and intermediary metabolite levels after the analogues than after human
      insulin (P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The rapid absorption and biological
      actions of these analogues offer potential therapeutic advantages over the
      current short-acting neutral soluble insulins.

PMID- 1797488
TI  - Relationship between habitual physical activity and insulin levels among
      nondiabetic men and women. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether higher levels of physical activity would be
      associated with lower fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in a free-living
      nondiabetic population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted with a Hispanic and non-Hispanic white population of 442 men and 489
      women with normal glucose tolerance (by World Health Organization criteria) in
      two rural Colorado counties. Total physical activity was assessed by a 7-day
      physical activity recall from which metabolic equivalents were estimated.
      Relationships between metabolic equivalents and fasting insulin and C-peptide
      were assessed while considering obesity, age, and other risk factors known to
      influence fasting insulin levels. RESULTS: Among all subjects, univariate
      analyses showed that higher activity levels were associated with lower mean
      fasting insulin and C-peptide levels (P less than or equal to 0.05). Multiple
      linear regression showed that higher activity was significantly associated with
      lower values of log fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in men only (P less than
      0.001) independent of obesity, fat distribution, and age. Men in the highest
      tertile of activity had an adjusted mean fasting insulin level of 59.2 pM and
      fasting C-peptide level of 0.5 nM compared with a fasting insulin level of 72.7
      pM and fasting C-peptide level of 0.6 mM for men in the lowest tertile of
      activity. The magnitude of the inverse association between activity and insulin
      was greatest in older rather than younger men. Physical activity was not
      associated with fasting insulin or C-peptide levels in women in the multivariate
      analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Based on cross-sectional data, we conclude that higher
      levels of habitual physical activity are associated with lower fasting insulin
      and C-peptide levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men.

PMID- 1797489
TI  - Receiver operating characteristic analysis on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and
      fructosamine on diabetes screening.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of HbA1c and fructosamine as alternatives to
      fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for diabetes screening. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted on the above
      tests. Comparison among tests was based on the area under ROC curve of a test.
      World Health Organization criteria for classifying glucose tolerance status of
      the subjects was used. The study consisted of subjects (n = 583) who visited the
      clinic from September to October 1989 and all diabetic cases (n = 36) from
      November 1989 to March 1990, after excluding those less than 40 yr of age or with
      hypoglycemic therapies (469 were normal, 88 with impaired glucose tolerance (
      IGT], and 62 with diabetes). RESULTS: Area under ROC curve of HbA1c was not
      different from that of FPG. Area under curve of fructosamine was significantly
      smaller than that of FPG. For all tests, overall efficacy of a test to detect IGT
      and diabetes was considerably diminished compared with detection of diabetes
      alone. CONCLUSIONS: The discriminating ability of HbA1c is almost the same as
      that of FPG, therefore HbA1c is a good alternative to FPG. Fructosamine is not
      suitable for diabetes screening.

PMID- 1797490
TI  - Altering triglyceride concentrations changes insulin-glucose relationships in
      hypertriglyceridemic patients. Double-blind study with gemfibrozil with
      implications for atherosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether reducing triglyceride concentrations in humans
      reduces serum insulin levels and consider the implications of this for the
      insulin resistance of hypertriglyceridemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Insulin
      and glucose levels were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
      in 14 volunteers who had a range of basal triglyceride levels. A double-blind
      crossover design was used to study active and placebo gemfibrozil and relate
      triglyceride changes to insulin and glucose levels. Diet and weight were kept
      constant. RESULTS: Glucose concentrations during OGTT were the same in both
      treatment periods. Insulin concentrations were reduced in proportion to
      reductions in triglyceride. CONCLUSIONS: Triglyceride reduction in
      hypertriglyceridemic patients is associated with a decrease in serum insulin.
      This does not appear to be a direct effect of gemfibrozil, because it does not
      occur without a sufficient fall in triglyceride levels. Because glucose
      concentration remains the same despite the reduced insulin, the triglyceride
      reduction may result in greater sensitivity to insulin. Treatment of
      hypertriglyceridemia may break a vicious and potentially atherogenic cycle of
      hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia.

PMID- 1797491
TI  - Relationship between cows' milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare age-standardized incidence rates of diabetes in children 0
      14 yr of age and cows' milk consumption in various countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: Ecological correlation study. Only incidence rates from diabetes
      registries carefully validated by the Diabetes Epidemiology Research
      International Study Group were used-Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain,
      Denmark, United States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Canada, France, Israel, and
      Japan. Data on fluid cows' milk consumption in corresponding countries were
      obtained from the International Dairy Federation. RESULTS: Correlation between
      milk consumption and incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was
      0.96. The data fit a linear regression model, and analysis showed that 94% of the
      geographic variation in incidence might be explained by differences in milk
      consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that cows' milk may
      contain a triggering factor for the development of IDDM.

PMID- 1797493
TI  - Visceral afferent neuropathy in diabetic gastroparesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a lack of symptoms in diabetic patients with
      gastrointestinal motility disorders is associated with visceral afferent
      neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated cerebral evoked
      potentials (EPs) after esophageal stimulation in 10 patients with motor
      dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and in 10 healthy control subjects. All
      patients had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (5 men, 5 women, age range 31-60
      yr, diabetes duration 8-36 yr, 10 of 10 with polyneuropathy, 6 of 10 with cardiac
      autonomic neuropathy). Their esophageal and gastric motor disorders had been
      diagnosed by scintigraphy, and gastrointestinal stenosis had been excluded by
      gastroscopy. Only 2 patients had severe symptoms, whereas 6 patients complained
      of minor discomfort (distension, bloating), and 2 patients were symptom free.
      RESULTS: EPs were recorded after electrical stimulation of the esophagus (32 cm
      from the incisors) at intensity just above the perception threshold. All control
      subjects exhibited regular EPs at 0.1 ms/30 mA stimulation intensity. In 6
      diabetic patients, no EPs were detected at 0.1 and 0.3 ms/30 mA, and the
      perception thresholds were significantly elevated. In 4 patients with normal
      perception threshold, EPs of regular shape but decreased amplitude were recorded.
      These patients had mild or severe gastroparetic complaints. CONCLUSIONS: These
      data show for the first time an association between a lack of symptoms in
      diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and visceral afferent neuropathy.

PMID- 1797492
TI  - Effect of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045 on glucose tolerance and insulin
      secretion in patients with NIDDM.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of CS-045, a newly developed thiazolidine
      analogue, on glucose tolerance and insulin response to oral glucose load in
      patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN
      AND METHODS: Nineteen NIDDM patients (mean +/- SD age 48.9 +/- 9.4 yr) whose
      previous glycemic control on diet and/or sulfonylurea (SU) therapy was judged
      stable but unsatisfactory (greater than 7.8 mM) were selected for this study. CS
      045 (400 mg/day p.o.) was given alone or together with the previous SU drugs for
      12 wk. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and after
      CS-045 treatment. RESULTS: The following results were found after CS-045
      treatment. 1) Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c decreased (n = 19, FPG, 11.0
      +/- 2.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 2.7 mM [before vs. after], P less than 0.001; HbA1c, 8.0 +/-
      1.1 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.3%, P less than 0.005), and glucose tolerance markedly
      improved. 2) Fasting insulin (immunoreactive insulin [IRI]) and insulin response
      during OGTT decreased (n = 19, fasting IRI, 77.4 +/- 49.8 vs. 56.5 +/- 24.6 pM
      [before vs. after], P less than 0.05; area under the curve of IRI, 540.3 +/-
      350.5 vs. 426.4 +/- 216.3 pM.h, P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CS-045 is
      effective in improving glucose tolerance without stimulation of insulin secretion
      in NIDDM, suggesting an effect in improving insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 1797494
TI  - Effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin absorption.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of antihypertensive drugs on the absorption of
      subcutaneously injected insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eleven healthy
      volunteers (group 1) were given 1 mg/kg body wt propranolol three times a day
      during 48 h and a single dose on the morning of investigation. Seven other
      healthy volunteers (group 2) were given 10 mg nifedipine 30 min before
      subcutaneous injection of 10 U 125I-labeled soluble insulin. Absorption was
      measured by counting radioactivity externally. In both groups, control
      experiments were conducted under the same conditions without administration of
      propranolol or nifedipine. RESULTS: Propranolol usage was associated with higher
      mean percentages of remaining activity (P less than 0.05 by analysis of variance
      [ANOVA]) than in the control experiment. In the nifedipine experiment, mean
      percentages were significantly lower compared with the control experiment (P less
      than 0.02 by ANOVA). The mean decline in activity of all 30-min periods was 6.8
      +/- 3.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 3.7% for control versus propranolol (group 1) (P less than
      0.05) and 6.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 9.6 +/- 3.2% for control versus nifedipine (group 2)
      (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive drugs can influence insulin absorption.
      Propranolol (a peripheral vasoconstrictor) decreases insulin absorption, whereas
      nifedipine (a vasodilatator) increases insulin absorption.

PMID- 1797495
TI  - Relationship between normal oral glucose tolerance test in women at risk for
      gestational diabetes and large for gestational age infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the glycemic status of pregnant women with a
      normal 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is related to outcome with
      respect to large for gestational age (LGA) infants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      A prospective study of 2631 women was conducted. One hundred seventy-six women
      had an OGTT based either on a 1-h 50-g OGTT (n = 105) or clinical risk factors (n
      = 71). Thirty-three women were diagnosed as having gestational diabetes mellitus.
      RESULTS: Negligible discriminatory capacity for the variables with respect to
      prediction of LGA infants was indicated by the areas under the receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curves for fasting blood glucose, 2-h OGTT blood glucose,
      and the OGTT response curve area for women with a normal OGTT (n = 143). However,
      a statistically significant increased incidence of LGA infants was established
      for both the OGTT-positive and normal OGTT groups (P less than 0.0001).
      Multiparity, a maternal weight greater than or equal to 70 kg, and birth of a
      male infant were other factors associated with a significantly increased
      frequency of LGA infants. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be interpreted as either
      indicating a role for confounding variables, i.e., maternal weight, multiparity,
      and birth of a male infant, or the imprecision of the OGTT in assessing
      physiologically important changes in maternal hyperglycemia.

PMID- 1797496
TI  - New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We compared a new semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria
      (Micral-Test) with a quantitative immunoturbidimetric method. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: This correlation study was performed at a pediatric and medical
      outpatient clinic at a university hospital. Overnight urine samples containing
      less than 200 mg/L albumin from 186 diabetic patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The
      correlation coefficient between the new semiquantitative method and the
      immunoturbidimetric reference method was 0.82. Elevated albumin concentration was
      defined as greater than 20 mg/L albumin in overnight urine, and the prevalence of
      samples with values above this level was 28%. By this definition, the Micral-Test
      assay level greater than or equal to 20 mg/L had a sensitivity of 92.3% and a
      specificity of 82.1%. Of the diabetic subjects, 84.9% were correctly classified
      as having elevated urinary albumin concentration or not. CONCLUSIONS: The Micral
      Test is useful for in-clinic screening for elevated urinary albumin concentration
      and monitoring the development of urinary albumin excretion in the low
      microalbuminuric range.

PMID- 1797497
TI  - Factors determining recall of examination results in diabetic population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine factors influencing recall of examination results after 4
      yr. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At two examinations that were 4 yr apart, a
      diabetic population was asked, "Have you been told that your diabetes has
      affected the back of your eyes, that is the retina?" Participants were informed
      by letter whether they had retinopathy. Subjects in this study included younger
      onset (n = 311) and older-onset (n = 279) diabetic subjects who had retinopathy
      at baseline and did not know it. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of younger-onset and
      29% of older-onset subjects recalled at follow-up that they had been told their
      diabetes had affected their eyes. People in both groups were more likely to
      recall they had retinopathy if they had more severe retinopathy, had more
      symptoms of neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease, had seen an
      ophthalmologist within 2 yr, or monitored their blood glucose more often. In
      addition, younger-onset diabetic subjects with poorer visual acuity or who were
      on a combination insulin regimen and older-onset people taking insulin, having
      more education, or who were younger were more likely to recall they had
      retinopathy. Factors not associated with recall in either group included sex,
      duration of diabetes, proteinuria, glycosylated hemoglobin, and family income.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the need to develop better methods to
      deliver health-care information to people who have diabetes.

PMID- 1797498
TI  - Split-mixed insulin regimen with human ultralente before supper and NPH
      (isophane) before breakfast in children and adolescents with IDDM.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Fasting hyperglycemia is common in patients with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM) treated with twice-daily subcutaneous insulin regimens.
      We postulated that substituting human ultralente insulin for the presupper dose
      of intermediate-acting insulin would improve overnight glycemic control in
      children and adolescents with IDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This 6-mo double
      blind crossover study compared a conventional insulin regimen, a mixture of human
      NPH and regular given before both breakfast and supper (NPH), with a novel twice
      daily regimen in which human ultralente replaced NPH before the evening meal
      (ultralente). This study was comprised of 20 children and adolescents (mean age
      and duration of IDDM 11.3 +/- 2.9 and 2.4 +/- 1.3 yr, respectively) from the
      Youth Clinic of the Joslin Diabetes Center, all of whom regularly performed self
      monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and had been treated exclusively with human
      insulin (mean daily dose 0.75 +/- 0.22 U/kg). Subjects performed SMBG on a
      prescribed schedule with a glucose meter with an electronic memory, and recorded
      results of blood glucose measurements, insulin dosages, and episodes of
      hypoglycemia. Monthly measurements were obtained for height, weight, and HbA1,
      and mean daily insulin dosages and average blood glucose level before breakfast,
      lunch, supper, bedtime snack, and between 0200 and 0300 were calculated.
      Nonfasting serum lipids were measured at entry, crossover, and the end of the
      study. RESULTS: After 3 mo, mean HbA, did not differ significantly (9.1 +/- 1.7
      vs. 9.5 +/- 1.4%, NPH and ultralente, respectively). Mean fasting blood glucose
      was significantly lower on ultralente (9.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 10.3 +/- 2.2 mM, P less
      than 0.05, and blood glucose showed a similar trend (0.05 less than P less than
      0.1) before lunch (8.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 9.8 +/- 2.6 mM. Mean blood glucose before
      bedtime snack was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) on NPH (8.4 +/- 1.9 vs.
      10.0 +/- 2.1 mM) but did not differ significantly before supper or between 0200
      and 0300. On the two regimens, growth and serum lipids were normal and similar,
      and no differences were observed in the incidence or severity of hypoglycemia.
      CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a mixed dose of regular and NPH, a similar dose of a
      mixture of regular and human ultralente insulin before supper caused a modest
      reduction in fasting blood glucose levels but was associated with higher blood
      glucose levels before the bedtime snack. Overall glycemic control, reflected in
      HbA1 values, was not significantly improved.

PMID- 1797499
TI  - Autoimmune thyroiditis in IDDM patients.

PMID- 1797500
TI  - Successful treatment of unusual case of brittle diabetes with sulfated beef
      insulin.

PMID- 1797501
TI  - Postpartum progression of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 1797502
TI  - Hypoglycemia after successful pancreas transplantation in type I diabetic
      patients.

PMID- 1797503
TI  - Role of diabetologist in evaluating diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 1797504
TI  - Patient-oriented educational material on diabetes.

PMID- 1797505
TI  - Inverse association between fish intake and risk of glucose intolerance in
      normoglycemic elderly men and women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of fish intake with the subsequent risk of
      impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus (glucose intolerance). RESEARCH
      DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1971, information about food intake was obtained by the
      cross-check dietary history method on 175 men and women aged 64-87 yr who were
      normoglycemic and free of clinical diabetes. During the follow-up period from
      1972 to 1975, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed annually, and in 59 of
      175 elderly people a diagnosis of glucose intolerance was made at least once.
      RESULTS: In 1971, approximately 60% of the subjects usually ate fish, with a mean
      daily intake of 24.2 g. In fish eaters, the incidence of glucose intolerance was
      significantly lower compared with nonfish eaters (odds ratio [OR] 0.40, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.77). With logistic regression analysis, this
      inverse association could not be explained by taking into account age and sex or
      possible confounding baseline characteristics, such as the prevalence of
      myocardial infarction, body mass index, energy intake per kilogram body weight,
      or intake of carbohydrates (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.93). Baseline characteristics
      of the oral glucose tolerance test and serum triglyceride levels could also not
      account for this result. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in an elderly
      population, the habitual consumption of a small amount of fish may protect
      against the development of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1797506
TI  - Subcutaneous insulin absorption explained by insulin's physicochemical
      properties. Evidence from absorption studies of soluble human insulin and insulin
      analogues in humans.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of molecular aggregation on rates of
      subcutaneous insulin absorption and to attempt to elucidate the mechanism of
      absorption of conventional soluble human insulin in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: Seven healthy male volunteers aged 22-43 yr and not receiving any drugs
      comprised the study. This study consisted of a single-blind randomized comparison
      of equimolar dosages of 125I-labeled forms of soluble hexameric 2 Zn2+ human
      insulin and human insulin analogues with differing association states at
      pharmaceutical concentrations (AspB10, dimeric; AspB28, mixture of monomers and
      dimers; AspB9, GluB27, monomeric). After an overnight fast and a basal period of
      1 h, 0.6 nmol/kg of either 125I-labeled human soluble insulin (Actrapid HM U-100)
      or 125I-labeled analogue was injected subcutaneously on 4 separate days 1 wk
      apart. Absorption was assessed by measurement of residual radioactivity at the
      injection site by external gamma-counting. RESULTS: The mean +/- SE initial
      fractional disappearance rates for the four preparations were 20.7 +/- 1.9
      (hexameric soluble human insulin), 44.4 +/- 2.5 (dimeric analogue AspB10), 50.6
      +/- 3.9 (analogue AspB28), and 67.4 +/- 7.4%/h (monomeric analogue AspB9,
      GluB27). Absorption of the dimeric analogue was significantly faster than that of
      hexameric human insulin (P less than 0.001); absorption of monomeric insulin
      analogue AspB9, GluB27 was significantly faster than that of dimeric analogue
      AspB10 (P less than 0.01). There was an inverse linear correlation between
      association state and the initial fractional disappearance rates (r = -0.98, P
      less than 0.02). Analysis of the disappearance data on a log linear scale showed
      that only the monomeric analogue had a monoexponential course throughout. Two
      phases in the rates of absorption were identified for the dimer and three for
      hexameric human insulin. The fractional disappearance rates (%/h) calculated by
      log linear regression analysis were monomer 73.3 +/- 6.8; dimer 44.4 +/- 2.5 from
      0 to 2 h and 68.9 +/- 3.5 from 2.5 h onward; and hexameric insulin 20.7 +/- 1.9
      from 0 to 2 h, 45.6 +/- 5.0 from 2.5 to 5 h, and 70.6 +/- 6.3 from 5 h onward.
      CONCLUSIONS: Association state is a major determinant of rates of absorption of
      insulin and insulin analogues. The lag phase and the subsequent increasing rate
      of subcutaneous soluble insulin absorption can be explained by the associated
      state of native insulin in pharmaceutical formulation and its progressive
      dissociation into smaller units during the absorption process.

PMID- 1797508
TI  - Skin reactive hyperemia in diabetic patients. A study by laser Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether laser Doppler flowmetry could detect differences in
      the cutaneous response to postischemic reactive hyperemia between patients with
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and nondiabetic controls and
      among subgroups of NIDDM patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We measured the
      cutaneous blood flow on the forearms during the postischemic reactive hyperemia
      test in diabetic patients and nondiabetic controls. Subjects were 25 patients
      with NIDDM from the outpatient clinics of dermatology, ophthalmology, and
      endocrinology and 25 nondiabetic volunteers matched for sex and age. Of the
      patients with NIDDM, 14 had proliferative retinopathy, and 13 were obese.
      Cutaneous postischemic reactive hyperemia test monitored by measuring the
      cutaneous blood flow with laser Doppler flowmetry was used. Peak blood flow (P)
      after arterial occlusion, the time required to reach this peak (Tp) and the ratio
      (K) between these two quantities (K = P/Tp) were measured. RESULTS: In diabetic
      patients, P was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than in nondiabetic
      control subjects. In diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy, K was
      lower (P less than 0.05) than in diabetic patients without retinopathy. Diabetic
      patients with a body mass index (BMI; wt/ht2) less than 25 kg/m2 had a longer Tp
      (P less than 0.002), whereas the control group BMI did not affect this parameter.
      The combination of retinopathy and BMI less than 25 gave the longest Tp values (P
      less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Postischemic hyperemia tests in diabetic patients
      reveal cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the forearm (lower P). Advanced
      retinopathy is associated with functional disturbances (lower K), especially when
      combined with a low BMI (less than 25; longer Tp).

PMID- 1797507
TI  - Symptoms of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans with and without IDDM.
      Factor-analysis approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study allocated the symptoms identified during acute hypoglycemia
      objectively to the autonomic or neuroglycopenic groups of symptoms by the use of
      factor analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-five nondiabetic subjects,
      14 newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and 16 insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients with diabetes greater than 4 yr duration were studied. Acute
      hypoglycemia was induced with insulin (2.5 mU.kg-1 body wt.min-1 i.v.), and
      symptoms of hypoglycemia were recorded with a seven-point scale at regular time
      points throughout the studies. Factor analysis of the symptom scores at the time
      of the acute autonomic reaction with principal component analysis followed by
      Varimax rotation was used to separate those symptoms that might belong to
      neuroglycopenic and autonomic groups. RESULTS: Hypoglycemia was induced to a mean
      +/- SE plasma glucose nadir of 1.3 +/- 0.1 mM in nondiabetic subjects, to 2.0 +/-
      0.3 mM in newly diagnosed diabetic patients, and 1.4 +/- 0.2 mM in patients with
      diabetes of greater than 4 yr duration. The most frequently reported autonomic
      symptoms were sweating, trembling, and warmness, and the most frequently reported
      neuroglycopenic symptoms were inability to concentrate, weakness, and drowsiness.
      Neuroglycopenic symptoms were reported more commonly at the onset of
      hypoglycemia, which was identified by the development of symptoms. Factor
      analysis grouped trembling, anxiety, sweating, warmness, and nausea together, and
      this grouping was labeled an autonomic factor. A second factor was identified
      that included dizziness, confusion, tiredness, difficulty in speaking, shivering,
      drowsiness, and inability to concentrate, which was labeled a neuroglycopenic
      factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the high frequency with which
      neuroglycopenic symptoms occur at the onset of hypoglycemia and the symptoms that
      could be used by an individual patient as a warning of the development of acute
      hypoglycemia, although the rapid reduction of plasma glucose is faster than
      experienced by the ambulant diabetic patient. Factor analysis assisted with the
      allocation of symptoms to either the autonomic or neuroglycopenic groupings, but
      the allocation of some symptoms remained undefined, and care must be taken when
      assessing symptoms such as hunger, weakness, blurred vision, and drowsiness when
      comparing the frequency of autonomic versus neuroglycopenic symptoms. To reduce
      the confusion resulting from the use of different symptom questionnaires in
      studies of hypoglycemia, a sample questionnaire is presented, the development of
      which was assisted by our analysis.

PMID- 1797509
TI  - Effects of combination therapy with glyburide and insulin on serum lipid levels
      in NIDDM patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term effect of combined treatment with insulin and
      glyburide versus insulin alone on serum lipid levels in non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic (NIDDM) patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea therapy.
      RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was a randomized double-blind placebo
      controlled parallel trial with a duration of 325 days. The study was conducted at
      a referral-based endocrinology clinic. Subjects were a sequential sample of 20
      patients with NIDDM with failure to respond to glyburide treatment after at least
      1 yr of adequate glucose control with this therapy. The patients were randomized
      to treatment with insulin and glyburide (IG) or insulin and placebo (IP). Insulin
      was given twice daily to all patients as a mixture of NPH and regular insulins in
      dosages aiming at optimal glucose control. Glyburide or placebo was taken before
      breakfast (7 mg) and dinner (3.5 mg). RESULTS: Mean HbA1c decreased from 11.1%
      (range 9.8-12.9%) before insulin to 9.1% (range 6.8-11.4%) on day 325 (P less
      than 0.001) in IG patients and from 10.3% (range 8.4-13.3%) to 9.0% (range 6.3
      11.8%) (P less than 0.05) in IP patients. In both groups, there was an increase
      in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of approximately 20% lasting throughout
      the study (P less than 0.01). During the first 83 days of the study, there was a
      decrease in serum cholesterol (P less than 0.01) and serum triglycerides (P less
      than 0.05) in both groups. All changes in lipid variables were comparable in
      magnitude and duration in both treatment with insulin and glyburide in NIDDM
      patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure improves lipid metabolism to a
      similar degree as insulin therapy alone.

PMID- 1797510
TI  - Relationship between prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM in a
      population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the prevalence of impaired glucose
      tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) across
      populations of the Pacific Ocean region to assess whether variability in those
      two proportions followed some predictable pattern related to modernization of
      life-style and risk factor levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prevalence
      estimates from studies with 75-g oral glucose loads and World Health Organization
      criteria were age standardized. RESULTS: The linear correlation between IGT and
      NIDDM prevalence was poor (0.22 in men and 0.24 in women), although it was
      improved when the outlying data of Micronesian Nauruans and Australian Aborigines
      were excluded (r = 0.65, P less than 0.01 in men and r = 0.54, P less than 0.01
      in women). However, an epidemicity index calculated as the percentage of total
      glucose intolerance (TGI) made up by IGT (i.e., IGT/TGI) had the strongest
      correlation with NIDDM prevalence (r = -0.81, P less than 0.001 in men and r = 
      0.77, P less than 0.001 in women) and also explained more of its variance, with
      no population having undue influence on the relationship. When IGT/TGI was
      plotted against NIDDM prevalence for the genetically homogeneous rural
      (relatively traditional) and urban (modernized) segments of five Pacific island
      populations, there was a clear tendency for IGT/TGI to decline as the prevalence
      of NIDDM increased in association with worsening risk factor levels. However,
      longitudinal data for the high prevalence population of Nauru demonstrated that
      at least in a stabilizing epidemic, changes in the prevalence of IGT and NIDDM
      may not be easily predictable. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemicity index may be useful
      as an indicator of the potential for higher future NIDDM prevalence in whole
      populations. Populations will probably equilibrate at a certain NIDDM prevalence
      dependent on the strength of their genetic susceptibility to the disease and
      their degree of exposure to adverse environmental risk factors, including modern
      diet, physical inactivity, and obesity.

PMID- 1797511
TI  - Evidence against association between parity and NIDDM from five population
      groups.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a reported positive association between parity
      and the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and
      impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is reproducible in other populations. RESEARCH
      DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the relationship in data from population
      based surveys in four Pacific and Indian Ocean island nations. Women greater than
      or equal to 40 yr of age at the time of the survey, excluding those in whom
      diabetes developed before 40 yr of age, were included in this study of
      Micronesians from Nauru (n = 204) and Kiribati (n = 562), Fiji Melanesians (n =
      390), Fiji Indians (n = 247), and mixed-ethnic Mauritians (n = 1333). Subjects in
      each survey underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and glucose tolerance
      status was ascertained with 1985 World Health Organization criteria. Obstetric
      information and family history of diabetes were determined by interview. RESULTS:
      Age and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted mean parity increased slightly with
      worsening glucose tolerance in only two groups, decreased in one group, and was
      inconsistent in the other two (none were statistically significant). We also
      found an inconsistent relationship between the number of full-term pregnancies
      and the prevalence of IGT and NIDDM, although in each population, there was a
      higher prevalence of NIDDM in the highest parity group (greater than or equal to
      10 pregnancies) compared with the lowest parity group (1-3 pregnancies). In
      logistic regression analyses accounting for age, BMI, and family history of
      diabetes, odds ratio estimates for NIDDM and IGT associated with each pregnancy
      were not significantly greater than unity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that
      there is little if any independent association between parity and the development
      of abnormal glucose tolerance in these populations.

PMID- 1797512
TI  - Comparison of incidence of IDDM in childhood between Estonia and Finland, 1980
      1988.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare nationwide incidence of childhood insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children aged 0-14 yr between Estonia and Finland
      during 1980-1988. For Estonia, which has a population genetically and
      linguistically related to Finland, only limited information was available.
      Finland has the highest incidence of IDDM in the world. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: The registration of all new cases of IDDM in Estonia was conducted by
      the local district pediatricians who reported every newly diagnosed diabetic
      patient to the Republic Endocrinology Centre. Registration of all new cases of
      IDDM in Finland was based on the statistics of the Social Insurance Institution,
      which approves free-of-charge insulin treatment for diabetes. These data were
      validated with one or more additional data sources. The case ascertainment rate
      approached 100% in both countries. RESULTS: The average yearly incidence of IDDM
      standardized for age for the years 1980-1988 in Estonia was approximately 33% of
      that in Finland. Among males it was 11.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.3-12.3)
      per 100,000 in Estonia and 35.1 (95% CI 33.4-36.9) per 100,000 in Finland, and
      among females 10.1 (95% CI 9.2-11.1) per 100,000 in Estonia and 30.4 (95% CI 28.8
      32.1) per 100,000 in Finland. When the two periods 1980-1982 and 1986-1988 were
      compared, the age-standardized incidence in Estonia remained unchanged, whereas
      in Finland it increased approximately 20%. CONCLUSIONS: The data between two
      populations who are ethnically and linguistically similar and live geographically
      close but in a different environment, provides further evidence that both genetic
      and environmental factors are contributing to the risk of IDDM.

PMID- 1797513
TI  - Evaluation of fasting plasma glucose as screening test for NIDDM in older adults.
      Rancho Bernardo Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficiency of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as a
      screening test for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). RESEARCH AND
      METHODS DESIGN: A population-based evaluation was made of FPG as screening test
      for NIDDM in an upper middle-class white community of Rancho Bernardo,
      California. NIDDM was defined by 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (PCPG) level
      greater than or equal to 11.1 mM, the cutoff point recommended by the World
      Health Organization. Participants comprised a population-based sample of 1851 men
      and women 50-79 yr of age that represented 80% of surviving participants surveyed
      between 1972 and 1974 for the Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Those with
      insulin-dependent diabetes were excluded. RESULTS: Analyses were stratified by
      age after logistic regression indicated that FPG and age (but not gender) were
      significantly related to probability of disease. As FPG cutoff points increased,
      sensitivity and percentage of the population to be recalled for confirmation
      decreased, whereas specificity and positive predictive value increased. Negative
      predictive value was consistently in the 90% range. Specificity did not change
      with age. In contrast, at virtually every FPG cutoff point, sensitivity decreased
      with increasing age. For example, at FPG greater than or equal to 6.7 mM,
      sensitivity was 65.6% for those 50-64 yr of age and 40.0% for those 65-79 yr of
      age. At FPG greater than or equal to 7.2 mM, these sensitivities were 46.9 and
      28.5%, respectively. Positive predictive value increased with increasing age,
      reflecting the increasing prevalence of NIDDM with age. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer
      sensitivity with increasing age reflects the fact that the numerator of the
      sensitivity equation is not affected by age (mean FPG did not vary significantly
      between age-groups), whereas the denominator increases with age (mean PCPG
      increased from 6.6 mM for subjects 50-64 yr of age to 8.2 mM for subjects 65-79
      yr of age). Nevertheless, because the clinical significance of increasing PCPG
      with age in older adults is unknown, age-specific screening criteria probably are
      not warranted.

PMID- 1797514
TI  - Multicenter survey of diabetic pregnancy in France. Gestation and Diabetes in
      France Study Group.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical care and outcome of diabetic pregnancy and
      gestational diabetes in France and study their associations with glycemic
      control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter prospective
      survey with systematic collection of clinical and biological data (HbA1c analysis
      in a central laboratory) at five successive examinations and consecutive
      recruitment of women at any stage of pregnancy in 46 specialized centers from all
      parts of France. Pregnancies were followed to the end. There were 483 single
      pregnancies (232 women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM], 78 with
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM], and 173 with gestational
      diabetes mellitus [GDM]), and 11 twin births (8 IDDM, 3 GDM). RESULTS: We
      observed 30 abortions (6%), 8 perinatal deaths (1.8%, 4 IDDM, 4 GDM), and 13
      congenital malformations (3%). In the 11 twin pregnancies, there were 7
      congenital malformations. Premature births and cesarean sections were found very
      frequently (42 and 61% IDDM, 29 and 55% NIDDM, 22 and 32% GDM, respectively). In
      the three groups, birth weight adjusted for gestational age was much greater than
      national reference values. HbA1c levels during the first trimester were
      significantly higher in women who aborted (mean +/- SE 7.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.6 +/-
      0.1%, P less than 0.001) and those who gave birth to malformed infants (6.8 +/-
      0.4 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.1%, P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal mortality was
      slightly higher in diabetic women than the general population (1.8 vs. 1.2%), but
      the prematurity rate was much higher, possibly due to an interventionist policy
      in some centers. Fetal loss and congenital malformations were associated with
      poor glycemic control.

PMID- 1797515
TI  - Multi-phasic Questionnaire profile of alcoholics and related factors.
AB  - Thirty alcoholics treated as inpatients were administered the Multi-phasic
      Questionnaire (MPQ), a short version of MMPI, to study their personality pattern.
      Results showed highest loading on depression (85%) and lowest on anxiety (3%). A
      significant correlation was found between scales of psychopathic deviance and
      hysteria. Age of problem drinking under 35 years and poor PQ level were found to
      be associated with depression and psychopathic deviance. Clinical diagnosis was
      corroborated by the findings of the MPQ. The findings of the present study may be
      utilised to screen adolescents from alcoholic families for preventive measures.

PMID- 1797516
TI  - Agreement between DSM-III and III-R substance use disorders.
AB  - With proposed criteria for DSM-IV substance dependence imminent, an evaluation of
      the impact of changes from DSM-III to DSM-III-R would be informative. Recent
      admissions to St. Louis drug treatment centers were interviewed with the DIS-III
      R, which covers criteria from both systems. Kappa values for system agreement,
      diagnostic overlap and percent positive agreement are reported by substance. The
      DSM-III-R system cast a wider net for dependence than DSM-III for alcohol,
      tobacco and amphetamines. Neither system predominated for cannabis, opioids and
      barbiturates/sedatives/hypnotics. Reasons for differences and implications of
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 1797517
TI  - Reinforcing breath carbon monoxide reductions in chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) usually results from tobacco
      smoking. Smoking cessation slows COPD's progression, but few have studied anti
      smoking treatments in COPD. In 3-month trials we paid lottery tickets during
      daily home visits to still-smoking COPD patients for reductions in breath carbon
      monoxide (CO), a measure of smoke intake. In our first protocol experimental
      patients received 0-3 tickets per day, depending upon the extent of CO reduction
      below pre-treatment baselines; yoked controls received the same number of
      tickets, but not contingent on CO. The protocol produced no change. In a second
      study patients were assigned a post-baseline quit-date, received nicotine gum,
      and were paid up to 5 tickets per night, but only for CO less than 10 parts per
      million (ppm). CO fell sharply as the intervention began, but gradually rose
      again. A third protocol added special reinforcement schedules for those who did
      not quit or relapsed (up to 20 tickets per night for CO less than 10 ppm). Daily
      CO concentrations fell from 27.1 parts per million (baseline mean) to 12.7
      (intervention mean), but rapid increases followed the intervention. Few patients
      stopped smoking, but CO and cigarettes used per day significantly fell during
      Studies 2 and 3. Post-hoc analysis suggested only a small effect from gum.

PMID- 1797518
TI  - Drinking patterns and problems: a comparison of emergency room populations in the
      United States and Spain.
AB  - The association of alcohol consumption and casualties is compared in probability
      samples of two culturally diverse emergency room populations: Barcelona, Spain (N
      = 2972) and Contra Costa County, California (N = 3609). Similar methods and data
      collection instruments were used to breathalyze and interview patients regarding
      self-reported alcohol consumption 6 h prior to the injury, usual drinking
      patterns and alcohol-related problems. Breathalyzer reading was positively
      associated with injury in both Contra Costa and Barcelona, but at the legal level
      only in Barcelona. Self-reported alcohol intake within 6 h prior to the event was
      positively associated with injury only among females in Contra Costa. Frequent
      light drinking was associated with injuries in Barcelona while heavier drinking
      was associated with injuries in Contra Costa. Little association was found
      between social consequences of drinking and injuries in either sample, however,
      the Contra Costa sample reported significantly higher rates of these problems
      than Barcelona, among moderate and high quantity drinkers. Although few
      differences were found between the two samples, findings suggest that usual
      drinking patterns within a culture may influence the association of alcohol and
      casualties, and future studies should explore these differences by type and cause
      of injury.

PMID- 1797519
TI  - Sex differences in the interaction of drinking, positive expectancies and
      symptoms of dependence in young adults.
AB  - Current levels of self-reported drinking amongst young adults predicted scores on
      measures of both positive expectancies for alcohol use and negative alcohol
      effects (symptoms of dependence). No overall sex difference was shown in the main
      effects, but there was a significant interaction effect between sex and alcohol
      consumption on the dependency and expectancy scales. The form of this interaction
      was different for expectancy and dependency scores. There was a cross-over effect
      in the case of expectancy: light drinking females revealed lower levels of
      expectancy than did light drinking males whereas heavier drinking females
      reported higher levels of expectancy than did males at a comparable level of
      consumption. There was a higher proportion of heavy female drinkers in this
      sample than is usually reported. With regard to dependence, the trend in sex
      differences was divergent: whereas males acknowledged increases in symptoms
      concomitant with increases in consumption, comparable female drinkers reported
      relatively little increase in such symptoms. Results were discussed in terms of
      quantity-related concepts of 'utility' of alcohol use and a 'diminished personal
      harm' rationalization associated with the negative effects of alcohol.

PMID- 1797520
TI  - Evaluation of Wistar rats' individual sensitivity to the development of physical
      dependence on morphine.
AB  - Behavioral and physiological indices which could be symptoms of individual Wistar
      rats' sensitivity to the development of physical dependence on morphine, were
      studied. This state was induced in three different ways: (1) by i.p. injection of
      increasing doses of the drug; (2) by i.p. injection of morphine as a reward of a
      rat's visit to a certain compartment of the Y-maze; (3) by voluntary drinking a
      morphine solution. Animals with high sensitivity to the development of dependence
      induced by the first way initially demonstrated intensive ambulation and low
      rearing in the open field and low nociception in the tail flick test. In the
      second case the 'predisposed' animals had initially higher ambulation also in
      comparison with the 'resistant' ones, but did not demonstrate significant
      withdrawal symptoms. The rats imbibing morphine solution exhibited a withdrawal
      syndrome, low level of initial nociception and received more electrocutaneous
      stimuli in the Vogel test. Thus, marked differences of sensitivity to the
      development of morphine dependence are correlated with some initial behavioural
      and physiological indices and may be genetically and neurochemically determined.

PMID- 1797521
TI  - Acute tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine.
AB  - Acute tolerance to cardiovascular effects of nicotine was examined by presenting
      to male smokers a single administration of each of three different doses of
      nicotine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg) or a placebo (0 mg) in a brief series of nasal spray
      boluses to mimic nicotine intake via smoking. Each dose was presented on a
      separate occasion. Changes in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
      finger pulse amplitude (peripheral vasoconstriction) and, in a subsample, plasma
      nicotine concentration were assessed during and after dose administration. Acute
      tolerance to nicotine was determined by comparing responses at ascending plasma
      nicotine concentrations during dose administration with the responses at
      comparable descending plasma concentrations following administration. For each
      nicotine dose, there was substantial acute tolerance to blood pressure, but less
      tolerance to heart rate (except for 0.5 mg), and little tolerance to pulse
      amplitude responses. These findings indicate that cardiovascular adaptation to
      nicotine during cigarette smoking may be rapid but variable in magnitude
      depending on the response being measured.

PMID- 1797522
TI  - The motivation of alcohol dependents to undergo treatment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants and factors
      influencing the motivation of alcohol dependents to undergo treatment. As well as
      exploring the influence of socio-demographic and illness-related variables, the
      study concentrated in particular on the influence of the clients' attitudes
      towards their current life situation, their alcohol problem and the treatment,
      also the influence of specific interventions aimed at increasing their motivation
      for treatment. On the basis of the results obtained in the study from 239 alcohol
      dependent clients, it is shown to what extent these variables are of value as a
      means of predicting and modifying the motivation for treatment. In the motivation
      programme a variety of procedures was applied using a 2 x 2 design: motivation on
      an individual basis and motivation on a group basis were combined with two
      different approaches, one client-centred and one in accordance with the
      principles of cognitive-behavioural therapy. A group placed on a waiting list for
      3 weeks was used as a control group. The clients were allocated to the various
      groups on a random basis. Specific attitudes on the part of the clients and
      aspects of the motivation programme provided significant indicators of the
      clients' likelihood to undergo treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797523
TI  - Is drug use a response to stress?
AB  - The perceived impact of life events on drug use was tested and specifically the
      hypothesis that drug use is a response to stress. Three groups of drug users were
      examined: heroin users, heavy drinkers and smokers. These were compared to non
      drug using controls and the frequency of life events in the lives of each group
      was recorded. Whereas both the heroin and alcohol groups reported more stressful
      life events in their lives, no such difference was found for the smokers when
      compared to their control group. However, the differences between the heroin
      users and their control group on the one hand, and between the drinkers and their
      control group on the other, were found to consist largely of events which were
      consequences of the drug use itself. Furthermore, these two drug user groups
      (alcohol and heroin respectively) apparently experienced less stressful events
      than their control groups when events unconnected with drug use were examined
      alone. Nonetheless, this is interpreted as due to the way these groups perceive
      events rather than as an accurate record of their experiences. The conclusion is
      that heroin and alcohol use act as stress 'buffers', in that they reduce
      awareness of ongoing stressful life events. But in so doing they introduce a lot
      of new stresses which possibly maintain the drug use and therefore ultimately
      increase stress.

PMID- 1797524
TI  - Chemical aversion treatment of alcohol dependence.
AB  - Developments in the application of chemical aversion therapy to the treatment of
      alcohol dependence are discussed. Historical factors leading to the early use of
      chemical aversion therapies are delineated and the theoretical underpinnings of
      chemical aversion interventions are evaluated. Ethical and procedural
      considerations are addressed and an assessment of the efficacy of the therapy is
      attempted. Future research activities that would lead to refinement of chemical
      aversion therapy protocols are highlighted. The effectiveness of chemical
      aversion treatment of alcohol dependence is discussed vis-a-vis production of
      condition alcohol-aversion and treatment outcome.

PMID- 1797525
TI  - Potent substituted-3 beta-phenyltropane analogs of cocaine have cocaine-like
      discriminative stimulus effects.
AB  - Two novel phenyltropane analogs of cocaine, 3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane-2
      beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-COC-31) and 3 beta-(4-methylphenyl)
      tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-COC-32), were evaluated for
      cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats. Two groups of rats were
      trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline using a standard 2-lever
      discrimination procedure with correct-lever responding reinforced under a fixed
      ratio 20 schedule of food reinforcement. One group of rats was used to evaluate
      RTI-COC-31 and the unsubstituted-3 beta-phenyltropane reference compound WIN
      35,065-2 in substitution tests. Another group of rats was used to evaluate RTI
      COC-32. For purposes of comparison, a cocaine dose-effect curve was also
      determined in each group. Both RTI-COC-31 and RTI-COC-32, as well as WIN 35,065
      2, substituted completely for cocaine. RTI-COC-31 was 26.8-fold and RTI-COC-32
      was 6-fold more potent than cocaine for producing cocaine-lever responding. The
      potent cocaine-like effects of the RTI analogs in vivo correspond with their high
      affinities for a cocaine recognition site on the dopamine transporter, providing
      further evidence that this site may mediate behavioral effects of cocaine
      relevant to its abuse.

PMID- 1797526
TI  - T1 and T2 relaxation time estimates and brain measures during withdrawal in
      alcoholic men.
AB  - Twenty-four chronic alcoholic men were investigated with 0.02 Tesla/0.8 MHz
      magnetic resonance imaging on days 7-9 of acute alcohol withdrawal state.
      Estimates of T1 and T2 relaxation times were obtained from the white matter and
      basal ganglia nuclei in an axial section. This section was also used for area
      measurements of intracranial structures using computer-assisted tissue
      classification. The relation between T1 and age was more marked in the alcoholic
      patients than in the control group. Mean values of T1 and T2 did not differ
      between the two groups, but differences in the age dependence of T1 were highly
      significant for all regions. The number of years of drinking was influential to
      T1, but to a lesser extent than age. Lateral ventricular area correlated
      significantly with T1 of the white matter in the alcoholic patients. Using visual
      ratings of the entire intracranial volume the alcoholic patients demonstrated
      wider lateral ventricles and cortical sulci, but there was no increased frequency
      of white matter lesions.

PMID- 1797527
TI  - AIDS among drug users in Europe.
AB  - This study was carried out by the Regional Office for Europe of the World Health
      Organization. It contains information obtained by 31 December 1990 from 31
      countries under the headings: illegal use of drugs; AIDS among intravenous drug
      users; HIV seropositivity among drug users; measures to prevent HIV infection
      among drug users; training programmes for drug workers.

PMID- 1797529
TI  - Pyrexia of undetermined origin in children.

PMID- 1797528
TI  - Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in heroin addicts.
AB  - We examined total cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, high density lipoproteins-
      (HDL) cholesterolemia, apolipoproteins A1 and B, body mass index, albuminemia and
      alanine aminotransferase in 60 heroin addicts. After comparing 23 control
      subjects with the heroin addicts the result was that the latter have
      significantly lower mean values of total cholesterolemia and of HDL
      cholesterolemia and higher values of triglyceridemia. They also have
      significantly higher prevalences of cases of hypocholesterolemia and of hypo-HDL
      cholesterolemia. Within the addict group there is no linear correlation between
      total cholesterolemia and body mass index; there is, however, an inverse linear
      correlation between total cholesterolemia and alanine aminotransferase.
      Therefore, the alterations found in the lipid pattern of heroin addicts are not
      due to malnutrition but hypothetically to liver diseases which are frequent in
      these patients.

PMID- 1797530
TI  - Otitis media in Sudanese children: presentation and bacteriology.
AB  - Two hundred Sudanese children (105 males, 95 females) with otitis media (OM) were
      studied. Their age range was from 3 months to 15 years, with 41.5% being below 2
      years of age. The presenting symptoms included ear discharge in 96% and pyrexia
      in 26.5% of patients. Ear ache and itching were reported in 22.5% and 7.0%
      respectively and impaired hearing in 7.0%. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from
      115 (70.1%) of 164 cultures from children with chronic discharging ears.
      Organisms isolated in order of frequency were: Proteus species, Klebsiella with
      other coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia
      coli. Sixty of 84 (71.4%) cultures from children with acute OM grew pathogenic
      bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella with other coliforms were the
      commonest pathogens. Proteus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less
      frequent but beta-haemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and
      Escherichia coli were the least common. Antibiotic sensitivity results show that
      the majority of isolates from children with discharging ears were sensitive to
      Gentamicin, followed by Co-trimoxazole and Streptomycin. The majority of
      organisms showed poor sensitivity to Ampicillin and Penicillin. The results of
      this study show that cotrimoxazole is the drug of choice for treating children
      with OM.

PMID- 1797531
TI  - Measles control in a rural area in Zimbabwe.
AB  - In the rural district of Chimanimani in Zimbabwe, the Expanded Programme on
      Immunisation (EPI) which started in January 1982 has achieved measles coverage of
      between 50 and 80% in the 12-23 months age group, from 1984 to 1988, through 65
      outreach centres, and 15 static health centres serving 93985 people in 119
      villages. Facility based data as well as community based surveys have failed to
      show serious measles transmission in children under nine months of age, a common
      observation in high population density urban areas in Africa. Instead there has
      been a reduction in measles incidence and age distribution of measles has shifted
      to older children. The lowest measles incidence rate of 0.8 per 100 children
      occurred in the 0-5 months age group and the highest incidence rate of 4.0 per
      100 children in the 48-59 months of age group. Only 7.9% of measles cases
      occurred in children under nine months of age. The high vaccination coverage
      rates were made possible by the post-independence government commitment,
      community involvement and dedicated staff. Our observations support the current
      one-dose 9 months minimum age measles vaccination policy for the low density
      rural areas in the developing countries.

PMID- 1797532
TI  - Childhood liver diseases in Jos, Nigeria: a retrospective histopathological
      study.
AB  - Forty eight needle biopsies of the liver, from children registered in the
      histopathological laboratory of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) were
      reviewed. Liver disease diagnosis was based on histopathological criteria without
      recourse to either clinical, biochemical or microbiological data. Hepatic
      Schistosomiasis (37.5%) and liver cirrhosis (25%) were the most frequently
      diagnosed lesions. There were only two cases of biliary cirrhosis secondary to
      biliary atrisia. Parasitic infestation of the liver was the most common cause of
      childhood hepatic dysfunction. Our results confirm the observations of workers in
      other tropical and subtropical regions, where infection is the commonest cause of
      childhood liver disease. This is in sharp contrast to the findings from European
      countries where neonatal hepatitis or biliary atresia are the most commonly
      diagnosed disorders. This retrospective study provides a good starting point for
      a prospective study, to determine the incidence and severity of childhood liver
      disease in Nigeria. This is a retrospective histopathological study aimed at
      establishing the pattern of liver disease in the paediatric age group in Jos. The
      indication for liver biopsy in all the cases was hepatosplenomegaly with or
      without biochemical abnormality.

PMID- 1797533
TI  - Effectiveness of anticonvulsant therapy in the epilepsies in Nigerian Africans.
AB  - We evaluated the effectiveness of anticonvulsant drugs in 175 Nigerians of whom
      106 were males, who suffer from epilepsy. The mean age at onset of seizures was
      17.5 years and over 60% had seizures for more than one year before the
      commencement of therapy. Partial seizures were encountered in 98 (56%) subjects,
      and generalised seizures in 44%. One hundred and twenty six subjects were on
      single drug therapy and phenobarbital was the single most commonly prescribed
      agent. There was complete seizure control in 30 (17%), more than 50% control in
      another 87 (50%), and poor control in 58 (33%) of them. The factors associated
      with good control were infrequent seizures and monotherapy. The duration of
      seizure, and absence of aetiologic factor were not correlated with good control.
      There was no significant difference between phenobarbital and phenytoin
      effectiveness in seizure control. Adverse drug effects--mainly drowsiness and
      movement disorders--were encountered in 61 subjects. We conclude that the
      currently administered anticonvulsants are effective in 67% of the Nigerian
      patients studied and phenobarbital should remain a major drug because of economic
      considerations, availability and low side effects profile.

PMID- 1797534
TI  - Long distance truck drivers. 2: Knowledge and attitudes concerning sexually
      transmitted diseases and sexual behaviour.
AB  - Three hundred and thirty seven truck drivers, in transit from Mombasa to
      destinations within east and central Africa were interviewed on their knowledge
      on AIDS and sex practices using a pre-defined questionnaire. Nearly all of them,
      99% (3.7/321), had heard of AIDS through mass media and from friends. When asked
      for a definition of AIDS, 87% (336/485 responses) described it as a sexually
      transmitted disease (STD) which causes body wasting and death. The majority were
      aware of the correct risk reducing behaviours: 76% (228/300) knew that use of
      condoms can prevent the transmission/acquisition of STDs but only 32% (90/295)
      had ever used them. This was in spite of the fact that 61% (226/309) admitted to
      visiting prostitutes. Various reasons were given for not using condoms. About 32%
      (34/188) claimed that they did not sleep with prostitutes while 18% (34/188) did
      not see the need for using condoms. Condoms were unavailable to another 18%
      (34/188). The data obtained show a clear lack of correlation between the correct
      knowledge of AIDS and application in the prevention of acquisition and
      transmission of STD.

PMID- 1797535
TI  - Conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine in renal allograft recipients.
AB  - Renal function in five patients who were on a combination of Cyclosporin A (CyA)
      and Prednisone for 2-6 years following renal transplantation, were evaluated, in
      order to consider change from CyA-prednisone combination to conventional therapy.
      (Azathioprine-prednisone combination). This was necessitated by CyA
      nephrotoxicity, its high cost and unreliable monitoring. The maintenance dose of
      CyA ranged between 200 and 400 mg per day. The BUN levels during CyA treatment
      ranged from 6 to 15 mmol/l (normal 3.7-6.7 mmol/l), and plasma creatinine from
      200 to 300 Umol/l (normal 67-107 Umol/l). The serum electrolytes were normal. The
      urine outputs were normal. Rejections were treated by pulses of one gram of
      methyl-prednisolone daily for 3 days. Maintenance prednisolone ranged from 10-15
      mg per day. After tapering off the CyA and eventually stopping it, Azathioprine
      100-150 mg daily with prednisolone 10-15 mg per day were instituted. There were
      significant drops in creatinine and BUN levels after the change over, with
      general well being and good urinary outputs. The patients refused consent for
      renal biopsy to prove CyA histologic toxicity.

PMID- 1797536
TI  - Parameters of normotensive women and women with pregnancy induced hypertension
      (PIH) in Lusaka.
AB  - This paper reports results of a survey of mean arterial pressures (MAP) in a
      population of 125 control patients and 30 cases who developed pregnancy induced
      hypertension. The investigation was carried out to see if MAP would be a useful
      addition to methods used to screen for PIH. More of the cases had elevated MAP
      than did the controls, suggesting that use of this easily obtainable information
      may be helpful in identifying patients at risk for pregnancy--induced
      hypertension. Addition baseline information on the 155 patients and their
      pregnancy outcome is also presented.

PMID- 1797537
TI  - A review of ethical issues in AIDS research.
AB  - Much of the past research in AIDS concentrated in the epidemiology, virology,
      immunology and pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
      However, current research activities incorporates aspects intended to modify
      human behaviour with a view to slowing down the spread. But a more comprehensive
      control of the AIDS epidemic can only be affected when a vaccine and, or
      effective anti HIV drugs are developed. Perspectives into AIDS research will
      therefore involve more vaccine and drug trials. How will these studies be
      conducted? To date there is no satisfactory animal model for HIV, and although
      chimpanzees have shown a promising role as animal models, this role which is not
      very good for the chimpanzees, is not entirely satisfactory for humans because of
      the long-incubation period and natural history of AIDS. Human subjects must
      therefore bear the burden of this research. Unlike in the past when ethical
      considerations in AIDS research in Africa and other developing countries were
      less stringent, these newer aspects, initiate more appropriate ethical issues to
      be instituted. It is also appropriate, to recognize contribution of human
      subjects in developing countries which should determine the pricing policy for
      AIDS drugs and vaccines in future.

PMID- 1797538
TI  - Distance learning for rural medical officers in Kenya: the first pilot project.
AB  - Representatives from the Ministry of Health, the University of Nairobi and the
      Kenya Medical Association arranged a workshop in Nairobi in September, 1987 to
      ensure that policy makers, civil servants, academics and senior members of the
      medical profession would feel fully informed about the purpose and nature of
      distance learning. A further meeting was arranged for the supervisors and tutors
      who would be involved in the pilot project which was designed to validate the
      usefulness of distance learning materials prepared in London and to evaluate the
      organisational and educational aspects of the local system for distance learning.
      Ten rural medical officers, selected by the Ministry, met to be inducted at a
      briefing workshop in Mombasa. The medical officers were invited to study with
      three modules at their place of work during a period of six months and to
      complete a field project during the next six months. They were asked to keep a
      dairy, to use a notebook for critical comments on each module, and to complete
      two questionnaires. Their pre-test performance was compared with post-test
      performance. The results were analysed with a view to improving the modules and
      the local distance learning system.

PMID- 1797539
TI  - Re: Massive lower intestinal bleeding in cholera.

PMID- 1797540
TI  - Electrophysiological characterization of the X-linked recessive bulbospinal
      neuronopathy (XRBSN).
AB  - Detailed electrophysiological analyses including nerve conduction velocity
      measurements of motor and sensory nerves, EMG recordings of a variety of muscles,
      evoked potentials, magnetic brain stimulation, electrophysiological testing of
      autonomic functions, tremor measurements and testing of voluntary movements were
      applied to three patients with X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy
      (XRBSN). All three patients presented with a slowly progressive anterior horn
      impairment, involvement of sensory nerves and posterior columns, but intact
      central descending motor pathways and an essential tremor responding to
      propranolol treatment. The spectrum of electrophysiological findings helps to
      diagnose XRBSN reliably even in sporadic cases.

PMID- 1797541
TI  - Altered motor neuron excitability in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Using standard electrophysiologic techniques motor conduction velocity (MCV),
      motor action potential amplitude (Mmax), minimum F latency (Flat), maximum F
      amplitude (Fmax), F chronodispersion (Fdisp), Fmax/Mmax, and F persistence
      (Fpers) were measured in median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves (N = 60) in
      15 patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM). The results were compared to
      data from 80 nerves in 20 healthy controls. The DM group (mean age = 39.7 yrs,
      mean duration of symptoms = 20.8 yrs) had diminished or absent biceps, triceps,
      knee, and ankle reflexes but retained 4- or better strength (modified MRC Scale)
      in the respective muscles. Thirteen nerves in 6 patients had absent F waves. For
      the remaining 47 nerves, no statistically significant difference was noted in
      parameters primarily related to conduction through peripheral nerve fibers (MVC,
      Flat, Fdisp) or Fmax/Mmax. Fmax, Fpers and Mmax were significant (p less than or
      equal to .02) diminished in all nerve subgroups in the DM patients. The results
      indicate that in DM there is altered excitability of the motorneuron pool. This
      may underlie the early loss of DTR's and produce the characteristic distal
      pattern weakness.

PMID- 1797542
TI  - Sympathetic skin response in scleroderma.
AB  - Examination of the sympathetic skin response (SSR) was performed in 32 patients
      with systemic sclerosis, morphea and mixed connective tissue disease displaying
      scleroderma-like features. The control group consisted of 26 healthy subjects and
      12 patients with other skin diseases and asymmetrical cutaneous changes. Right
      and left median and tibial nerves were stimulated successively and the responses
      were recorded from the palms and soles simultaneously. SSR abnormalities (delayed
      latency, decrease and/or asymmetry of amplitude, absent response) were observed
      in 68.8% of the patients, most frequently in linear scleroderma. An amplitude
      asymmetry of the responses from upper extremities was the most characteristic
      pattern of abnormalities. There was no correlation between the SSR and the
      localization, degree and character (inclurated oedema, atrophy, sclerosis) of
      skin changes, the duration of the disease, symptoms of the disorder of the
      autonomic nervous system symptoms (vasomotor and/or sudomotor) and the changes in
      capillaroscopy. All patients with slow motor conduction and sensor conduction
      velocities (MCV and SCV) had lower SSR amplitude and the patients with prolonged
      skin sensory chronaxy had more often delayed latency. The results revealed
      presence of disturbances of the autonomic nervous system in all varieties of
      scleroderma, both systemic and localized forms, even without any other signs of
      autonomic dysfunction.

PMID- 1797543
TI  - Muscle fiber conduction velocity: dip analysis versus cross correlation
      techniques.
AB  - Among the various techniques in use for computing Muscle Fiber Conduction
      Velocities (MFCV) the Cross Correlation (CCT) and the Dip Analysis (DAT)
      Techniques are the most similar to each other. The CCT has been applied to
      intramuscular and surface EMG recordings, while the DAT has been applied to
      surface recording only. On theoretical grounds the CCT carries higher signal to
      noise ratio than the DAT and therefore should be preferred over the latter. This
      study was designated to test and proved the above for intramuscular recording at
      maximal contractions with real data. In this study 240 subjects had their biceps
      EMG Interference Pattern recorded intramuscularly at maximal isometric
      contraction with two concentric needle electrodes separated one cm from one
      another along and parallel to the muscle fibers. The recording period lasted for
      5.84 seconds. One hundred and sixty nine subjects (70%) showed distinct peaks in
      their cross correlograms, while only in 20 subjects (8%) were dips discernible by
      DAT. While most peaks in the CCT were high, clear and distinct most dips were
      shallow and blurred; also, there were only three cases where dips were detected
      on the DAT but no peaks were detected on the CCT while there were 152 cases where
      the CCT was superior to the DAT. This study verifies the superiority of the CCT
      over the DAT in this specific paradigm. Discussed are suggestions on how to
      improve the DAT by recording and displaying each lead power spectra separately
      prior to the differential amplifications of the EMG sinal from the two channels.

PMID- 1797544
TI  - Cocontraction of the elbow muscles during combined tasks of pronation-flexion and
      supination-flexion.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine if the antagonist activity of the triceps
      brachii (TB) and anconeus (AN) muscles is modulated when the activity of the
      biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR) is modulated by the performance of
      combined tasks and to verify if this behavior is similar at different elbow
      angles. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of BB, BR, AN and TB was recorded for
      normal subjects (N = 6) with surface electrodes during a ramp isometric
      contraction in elbow flexion (F) which was performed alone or combined with 20%
      of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in pronation (P) or in supination (S). Two
      cocontraction ratios, using the EMG root mean square (rms) values of each muscle
      and identified as BB/TB and BR/AN were calculated. The results indicate that for
      low flexion torque levels, the BB/TB ratio is higher for the S-F condition while
      the BR/AN ratio is higher during the pure flexion task. Variations of the EMG
      activity across tasks were significant only for BB (Friedman ANOVA, p less than
      .01) whereas there was no significant change in EMG activity (rms) for TB, BR and
      AN (Friedman ANOVA, p greater than .01). Furthermore, the behavior of both ratios
      across tasks was similar at 50 degrees, 90 degrees and 130 degrees of elbow
      flexion. Thus, for isometric conditions, there appears to be no evidence of
      modulation of EMG activity of elbow extensors while performing combined tasks of
      S-F and P-F. In addition, cocontraction activity during these tasks tends to be
      similar across elbow angles.

PMID- 1797545
TI  - Clinical and electrophysiological assessments in ALS patients.
AB  - Since the relationships between traditional assessments in ALS patients have not
      been defined, three clinical and four electrophysiological assessments were
      performed in a cross-sectional study of 87 ALS patients. The clinical assessments
      produced Norris ALS scores, muscle strength scores and illness durations (DUR).
      The electrophysiological assessments produced scores for motor unit interference
      pattern, denervation potentials, compound muscle action potential, and
      fasciculations. The individual muscle scores were averaged to produce mean
      scores, and Spearman rank correlations were performed on the mean scores. The
      association between Norris ALS and mean muscle strength (MMS) scores is
      significant (p less than .001, rs = 0.84), and these scores are significantly
      correlated with mean interference pattern (0.77, 0.82), mean denervation
      potential (-0.63, -0.70), and mean compound muscle action potential scores (0.55,
      0.60), respectively. Correlations between IP and DP scores (-0.71), IP and CMAP
      scores (0.62), and DP and CMAP (-0.56) scores are also significant. Scatterplots
      of the data and regression lines suggest linear relationships between each of
      these assessments. Illness duration and fasciculation scores are not strongly
      correlated (rs less than 0.55) with any of the other clinical or
      electrophysiological assessments.

PMID- 1797546
TI  - Far-field recording of compound muscle action potentials produced during brachial
      plexus stimulation.
AB  - In 15 normal subjects, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) produced during
      electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus were obtained at a distance (far
      field) from their sources (upper-limb muscles). These far-field CMAPs were
      recorded at the forehead, neck, and tip of the middle finger and were referred to
      a relatively inactive region (contralateral forearm or knee). At the proximal
      recording site (neck or forehead), the far-field CMAPs were generally triphasic
      in appearance when all of the muscles of the upper limb were activated during
      brachial plexus stimulation. The initial component was a negative wave; this was
      followed by a positive component which terminated in a negative potential. At the
      distal recording site (tip of middle finger), the far-field CMAPs usually had a
      biphasic appearance, with an initial positivity followed by a period of
      negativity. The contours of the major components of the far-field CMAPs were
      frequently interrupted by a series of small amplitude negative and positive peaks
      or inflections.

PMID- 1797547
TI  - Differential vasodilator profile of calcitonin gene-related peptide in porcine
      large and small diameter coronary artery rings.
AB  - The vasodilator profile of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was compared in
      large diameter (3-4 mm outer diameter) and small diameter (less than 1 mm outer
      diameter) rings from porcine left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD).
      CGRP relaxed both sized rings in an endothelium-independent manner but was 10 X
      more potent in small compared to large diameter rings. Repeated administration of
      CGRP to small diameter rings did not cause the development of tolerance to its
      effects, whereas in the large diameter rings marked tolerance developed.
      Pretreatment with the CGRP peptide fragment, CGRP-(8-37) antagonised the
      vasodilator effects of CGRP in a concentration-dependent manner, but in large
      diameter rings, the antagonistic potency of CGRP-(8-37) was 10 X less than that
      seen in the small diameter rings. This differing vasodilator profile of CGRP in
      small and large diameter rings of pig LADs may be related to a differential CGRP
      receptor distribution along their length.

PMID- 1797548
TI  - Effects of adenosine on gastric and cardiovascular systems, and ethanol
      ulceration in male and female rats.
AB  - The time course of the effects of adenosine, a vasodilator, on the ulcerogenicity
      of ethanol was studied in male and female rats. Gastric secretory function and
      mucosal blood flow (GMBF), systemic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored
      during the 90-min experimental period. In the male rats, adenosine 7.5 mg/kg s.c.
      (injected at 30 min) increased the GMBF at 45 min and depressed it at 75 min. The
      mean blood pressure was decreased at 45 min and steadily recovered thereafter;
      the heart rate was unaffected throughout the experimental period. The gastric
      secretory volume was elevated at 60 min, with a significant drop in gastric acid
      output at the same time. Ethanol administration from 45 to 90 min produced
      haemorrhagic lesions in the glandular mucosa. The severity of gastric damage was
      markedly reduced by adenosine at 45 and 60 min when the GMBF and the secretory
      volume were increased respectively, but severity was increased at 75 min while
      the GMBF was significantly reduced. In the female rats, adenosine had no effect
      on the secretory function but still had a depressive action on GMBF at the 75th
      min. In these animals, adenosine exacerbated the gastric injury at 60 and 75 min.
      The blood pressure was also decreased at 45 min. In conclusion, adenosine
      produces a different pattern of effects on the ulcerogenic action of ethanol in
      male and in female rats. These differential effects depend on the states of GMBF
      and gastric secretory volume but not on the changes of systemic blood pressure
      and gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 1797549
TI  - Comparison of responses to angiotensin II of dog mesenteric arteries and veins.
AB  - Responses to angiotensin II (AII), arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin (PG)
      I2 were compared in helical strips of dog mesenteric arteries and veins. Arterial
      strips contracted in response to AII, whereas venous strips responded with a
      transient, slight contraction followed by a moderate relaxation. The peptide
      induced responses were abolished by treatment with saralasin, but were not
      influenced by ONO3708, an inhibitor of vasoconstrictor PG actions, or by
      endothelium denudation. Treatment with indomethacin potentiated the contractile
      response of the arteries and reversed the relaxant response of veins to a
      contraction. The concentration of exogenous PGI2 methylester needed to produce a
      tension development similar to that induced by PGI2 released by AII was greater
      in the mesenteric arteries than in the veins. The amount of 6-keto PGF1 alpha in
      the bathing media measured by radioimmunoassay was increased in the arteries and
      veins stimulated by AII. Exogenously applied PGI2 elicited relaxations of similar
      magnitude in the arteries and veins. AA-induced relaxations were greater in the
      veins; indomethacin suppressed the arterial and venous relaxations. The magnitude
      of the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by A23187 was similar in the
      arteries and veins. It appears that the heterogenous responses to AII of dog
      mesenteric arteries and veins are due mainly to the difference in the AII
      receptors responsible for smooth muscle contraction and also to the difference in
      the ability to produce and liberate PGI2. The synthesis and the action of EDRF
      (endothelium-derived relaxing factor) does not seem to differ in the arteries and
      veins.

PMID- 1797550
TI  - An inhibitor of nitric oxide production, NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester,
      improves survival in anaphylactic shock.
AB  - Induction of anaphylactic shock in mice by i.v. antigen challenge (bovine serum
      albumin, 100 micrograms) or i.v. treatment with the mast cell degranulator
      compound 48/80 resulted in 80 and 90% mortality rate, respectively. Inhibition of
      nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from L-arginine by co-injection of the L-arginine
      analog NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 mg/kg) reduced the mortality
      rate by 40 and 20% in the antigen- and compound 48/80-induced shock models.
      Treatment with 60 mg/kg L-NAME reduced the mortality rate by 60% in these shock
      models. This beneficial effect was reversed by addition of L-arginine (120 mg/kg)
      but not D-arginine (120 mg/kg). These results suggest NO production as a possible
      mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock.

PMID- 1797551
TI  - Caffeine-induced Ca2+ release inhibits GABAA responsiveness in rat identified
      native primary afferents.
AB  - It has been shown previously that an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration
      depresses the GABA-A response. However, little attention has been paid to the
      Ca2+ source involved. In the present study, we show that the Ca2+ increase
      triggered by caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from the intracellular pool inhibits
      the GABA-A response, whereas Ca2+ influx through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels
      has no effect on this response.

PMID- 1797552
TI  - Withdrawal of repeated cocaine decreases autoradiographic [3H]mazindol-labelling
      of dopamine transporter in rat nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The in vitro autoradiographic distribution of desipramine-insensitive specific
      [3H]mazindol binding sites (labelling the dopamine transporter) was determined in
      brain sections from rats receiving repeated i.v. infusions of saline or cocaine
      (1 mg/kg, every 12 min for 2 h/day), for 10 days. Brains were removed either
      within 15 min of or 10 days after the last treatment. A marked dorsal-to-ventral
      gradient in [3H]mazindol binding appeared in the striatum with the dorsal caudate
      putamen showing the greatest binding and the medial shell of the nucleus
      accumbens the least. Cocaine-associated changes in [3H]mazindol-labelled dopamine
      uptake sites occurred only in the nucleus accumbens (57 and 66% decrease in the
      lateral core and medial shell, respectively), of animals 10 days after the last
      treatment. Down-regulation of the dopamine transporter in the nucleus accumbens
      by withdrawal of chronic cocaine may be one of the mechanisms involved in
      cocaine's long-term abstinence effects.

PMID- 1797553
TI  - Pharmacological evidence that circumventricular organs may participate in the
      pressor effect of central serotonin.
AB  - The present study was to investigate the role of '5-HT2-like' receptors in the
      circumventricular organs in the pressor response elicited by the central
      injection of serotonin (5-HT) to conscious rats. The increase in blood pressure
      induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) 5-HT (2.5 micrograms) was attenuated
      by intravenous pretreatment will, the peripheral 5-HT2 antagonist xylamidine (100
      or 300 micrograms/kg). A combination of xylamidine with prazosin or a V1
      vasopressin antagonist did not produce a further attenuation in the pressor
      response. Our data suggest that when administered i.c.v., 5-HT increases blood
      pressure by acting on 5-HT2-like receptors located in circumventricular organs as
      well as areas of the brain protected by the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 1797554
TI  - Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the neurologic impairment in rats with
      spinal cord injury: treatment starting 24 h and 7 days after injury.
AB  - The effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or naloxone on
      the neurologic impairment after spinal cord injury was studied in rats with the
      severest neurologic impairment (complete paraplegia, no withdrawal response upon
      tail pinching, and urinary incontinence) 24 h and 7 days after injury.
      Subcutaneous treatment with TRH (2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg per day) once daily for 7
      consecutive days starting 24 h or 7 days after injury improved the neurologic
      function in the rats with cord injury in a dose-related manner, with a minimum
      effective dose of less than 2.5 mg/kg per day in both cases. However,
      subcutaneous treatment with naloxone (40 mg/kg per day) once daily for 7
      consecutive days starting 24 h after injury did not exert any beneficial effects
      on neurologic function. These results indicate that TRH but not naloxone
      treatment starting 24 h and as late as 7 days after injury is effective in rats
      with the severest neurologic impairment following spinal cord injury. Thus, it is
      suggested that the duration of the effectiveness of late treatment with TRH on
      the neurologic impairment in rats with spinal cord injury is more than 1 week,
      while the duration with naloxone is less than 24 h.

PMID- 1797555
TI  - Ca2+ entry blockers inhibit prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced cerebrovascular
      contractile responses in goats.
AB  - We examined the effects of extracellular Ca2+ withdrawal and of Ca2+ entry
      blockers on goat cerebrovascular responses to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2
      alpha). We measured isometric tension in isolated middle cerebral arteries, and
      cerebral blood flow (CBF) in unanesthetized animals. PGF2 alpha produced
      concentration-dependent contractions of isolated arteries. The contractions were
      partially inhibited by incubation in Ca(2+)-free medium (by 63.1 +/- 1.8% without
      ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-a cetate (EGTA), and
      by 82.4 +/- 3.7% with EGTA). The Ca2+ entry blockers inhibited PGF2 alpha
      elicited contraction and relaxed PGF2 alpha-precontracted arteries (nicardipine,
      91.4 +/- 9.8%; nimodipine, 73.1 +/- 2.0%; and verapamil, 50.5 +/- 4.5% relaxation
      of the active tone). Injection of PGF2 alpha into the cerebral circulation
      produced dose-dependent reductions in CBF (34.4 +/- 2.1% after 30 micrograms)
      which were inhibited during infusion of Ca2+ entry blockers (nicardipine 10
      micrograms/min, 14.7 +/- 1.5%; nimodipine 10 micrograms/min, 13.6 +/- 1.3%; and
      verapamil 100 micrograms/min, 13.7 +/- 2.3% of flow reduction). We conclude that
      PGF2 alpha-elicited contraction of goat cerebral arteries is mainly mediated by
      extracellular Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels sensitive to Ca2+ entry blockers.
      The anticonstrictor effects of Ca2+ entry blockers observed in vitro are
      consistent with their inhibitory effect on the PGF2 alpha-induced CBF reductions.

PMID- 1797556
TI  - Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake by flunarizine.
AB  - The effect of different calcium channel blockers was studied on basal and cocaine
      inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Isradipine
      (dihydropyridine calcium antagonist) and diltiazem (L-type calcium antagonist)
      were devoid of effect on [3H]dopamine uptake, while flunarizine (T-type calcium
      antagonist) inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake. Flunarizine inhibition was competitive
      and the inhibitory curve was biphasic with a Hill coefficient of 2.1. The high
      Hill number suggested a mechanism of positive cooperativity between two sites.
      Flunarizine inhibition showed a complex interaction with cocaine inhibition.
      While flunarizine at low concentrations interacts with a distinct site, at higher
      concentrations it interacts with the same site as cocaine. The relevance of this
      finding for the potentiation by flunarizine of cocaine-induced dopamine release
      in vivo is discussed.

PMID- 1797557
TI  - Angiotensin I conversion and coronary constriction by angiotensin II in ischemic
      and hypoxic isolated rat hearts.
AB  - Dose-response curves of angiotensin I (AI, 1.0-1000.0 pmol) and angiotensin II
      (AII, 1.25-1250.00 pmol) were obtained in isolated rat hearts subjected to
      control conditions, mild hypoxia (PO2 = 145 mm Hg), reoxygenation, ischemic
      (perfusion pressure = 35 mm Hg) and reperfusion. Both AI and AII caused dose
      dependent coronary flow (CF) of 26 +/- 3 and 27 +/- 2%, respectively. The effects
      of both AI and AII were substantially attenuated during hypoxia, but were fully
      restored upon reoxygenation. During ischemia, the effect of AII was unaltered
      while the effect of AI was enhanced compared to the control (P less than 0.05).
      This enhancement was reversible on reperfusion. Cardiac conversion of AI,
      calculated from ED50 values for AI and AII, was significantly increased during
      ischemia (P less than 0.05). Infusion of saralasin (0.5-5.0 micrograms/min) did
      not increase CF in any of the groups. We conclude that (1) the coronary
      vasoconstrictive effect of AII is preserved in ischemia but attenuated in hypoxia
      and (2) cardiac conversion of AI to AII is enhanced in hearts injured by
      ischemia.

PMID- 1797558
TI  - Effects of intracisternal endothelin-1 injection on blood flow to the lower brain
      stem.
AB  - The central effects of endothelin-1 (Et-1, 10-30 pmol in 2.5 microliters injected
      intracisternally) have been investigated in the conscious rat. With 10 and 20
      pmol Et-1, no significant change in blood pressure was observed. With 30 pmol Et
      1, mean arterial blood pressure rose by 40 +/- 10 mm Hg with an accompanying
      modest, short-lived bradycardia at 2 min post-injection. Cerebral blood flow [(
      14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography), measured simultaneously with the
      hypertensive response, was markedly reduced throughout the caudal medulla and
      cerebellum (by up to 85%), while significant hyperaemia was evident in a number
      of forebrain structures (e.g. an increase of 78% in sensorimotor cortex). These
      observations have relevance to two distinct scientific areas. Concerning the
      significant effect of Et-1 in central cardiovascular control, these results
      caution against drawing conclusions from ventricular application with knowledge
      only of cardiovascular parameters. These results also illustrate the profound
      effects of Et-1 which is uniquely capable of overriding cerebral autoregulatory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1797559
TI  - Characteristics of precipitated withdrawal from spinal morphine: changes in
      [Met5]enkephalin levels.
AB  - This investigation was carried out to study the development of physical
      dependence on spinally administered morphine, and it was determined if this
      phenomenon is associated with altered levels of [Met5]enkephalin. Morphine was
      infused continuously into the intrathecal space of rats for three or six days. In
      morphine-dependent animals, an intrathecal naloxone challenge produced increased
      reaction to nociceptive stimuli, hypertension, hyperthermia, decreased urinary
      output, and loss of body weight. Chronic spinal infusion of morphine alone failed
      to alter levels of [Met5]enkephalin in sacral and lumbar spinal cord. However, 24
      h after the naloxone challenge, there was a significant increase in spinal
      enkephalin levels in morphine-dependent animals. It is concluded that spinal
      morphine treatment leads to the development of physical dependence. Certain
      characteristics of this phenomenon, as reflected in the naloxone-precipitated
      withdrawal signs, differ from those associated with dependence on systemic
      morphine.

PMID- 1797560
TI  - The effect of acute and chronic LY 277359, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist,
      on the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine neurons.
AB  - In this study, we have examined the effect of acute and chronic administration of
      LY 277359, a putative 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on the number of spontaneously
      active dopamine cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC or A9) and
      ventral tegmental area (VTA or A10). This was accomplished using the standard
      extracellular single unit recording techniques. The acute administration of LY
      277359 (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant increase in the number of
      spontaneously active A10, but not A9, dopamine cells compared to saline controls.
      The acute administration of 10 mg/kg of LY 277359 did not significantly alter the
      number of spontaneously active dopamine cells in either area. In contrast to its
      acute effects, the administration of 0.1 mg/kg per day of LY 277359 for 21 days
      decreased the number of spontaneously active A9 and A10 dopamine cells. However,
      the i.v. administration of (+/-)-apomorphine (50 micrograms/kg) did not reverse
      LY 277359's action, suggesting that the chronic LY 277359-induced reduction of
      dopamine cells was not the result of depolarization block. To test whether
      chronic administration of LY 277359 at a high dose would induce depolarization
      block of dopamine cells, rats were treated with 1.0 or 10 mg/kg LY 277359.
      Interestingly, the chronic administration of 1.0 mg/kg LY 277359 increased the
      number of A10, but not A9 dopamine cells. In contrast, chronic treatment with 10
      mg/kg selectively decreased the number of spontaneously active A10 dopamine
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797561
TI  - In vivo binding affinities of cholecystokinin agonists and antagonists determined
      using the selective CCKB agonist [3H]pBC 264.
AB  - The respective role of central vs. peripheral CCK-B receptors in the recently
      reported anxiolytic effects of CCK-B antagonists remains to be firmly
      established. We therefore investigated the in vivo binding properties of cerebral
      CCK receptors after i.c.v. injection into mice of [3H]pBC 264 ([3H]propionyl
      Tyr(SO3H)-gNle-mGly- Trp-(NMe)Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2), a highly potent, peptidase
      resistant and selective CCK-B agonist. The specific binding of [3H]pBC 264 was
      reversible and saturable. The dose producing 50% receptor occupancy was 25 pmol
      and the Bmax was 0.9 pmol/brain 15 min after injection. I.c.v. administered CCK8
      (ID50 8500 pmol) was 200-fold less potent than pBC 264 (ID50 43 pmol) in
      inhibiting specific [3H]pBC 264 binding; CCK8NS, CCK5 and CCK4 being slightly
      less potent than CCK8. Aminopeptidases play a major role in degrading CCK8 since
      the protected analog pCCK8 or CCK8 in the presence of an aminopeptidase inhibitor
      exhibited higher affinities than CCK8. I.v. administration of pBC 264 (20 mg/kg)
      inhibited [3H]pBC 264 specific binding by about 72%, confirming its ability to
      enter the brain. In contrast, CCK4 was unable to modify [3H]pBC 264 binding. As
      expected, the CCK-A antagonist (L364,718) did not inhibit [3H]pBC 264 binding,
      while at the highest dose used (40 mg/kg i.p.) the CCK-B antagonist (L365,260)
      inhibited binding by 20%. Several hypotheses are discussed to account for the
      very low i.v. doses of CCK4 and L365,260 needed to produce anxiogenic and
      anxiolytic responses, respectively.

PMID- 1797562
TI  - Failure of basic fibroblast growth factor to prevent postischemic neuronal damage
      in the rat.
AB  - It has been reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can increase
      neuronal survival and neurite extension, and that it further antagonizes the
      excitotoxicity of glutamate in in vitro hippocampal neurons. We examined the
      effects of bFGF on neuronal damage after transient forebrain ischemia. Rats were
      subjected to 20 min of cerebral ischemia in a four vessel occlusion model. Thirty
      minutes before induction of ischemia, bFGF (0.3-300 nM) or bFGF (300 nM) with
      heparin was applied to the hippocampal CA1 subfield. Morphological changes in the
      CA1 subfield were evaluated 7 days after ischemia and compared with those in the
      vehicle-injected group. A single injection of bFGF did not prevent postischemic
      neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1, but these results do not rule out an
      effect of bFGF on neuronal damage after ischemia.

PMID- 1797563
TI  - Effects of platelet activating factor on rat platelets in vivo.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) is not able to aggregate rat platelets in vitro.
      Due to the agonist effects of PAF on multiple cells, a possible role of PAF in
      the activation of rat platelets in vivo where different cells may influence each
      other was investigated. The pulmonary microembolization of 51Cr-labelled
      activated platelets was used as in vivo model. This model allowed us to monitor
      platelet behaviour by means of non-invasive methods. In contrast to results
      obtained in vitro, PAF activated rat platelets in vivo. The pulmonary
      microembolization of the platelets was dose-dependent and rapidly reversible.
      About 0.5 microgram/kg PAF caused a half-maximal rise of platelet-bound
      radioactivity in the thorax. Activation of the platelets by PAF was followed by
      extreme desensitization, so that a second injection of PAF did not provoke a
      significant response of the platelets. Platelet function was, however, not
      completely impaired because they still accumulated in the thorax after the
      application of ADP (50 micrograms/kg). That pulmonary entrapment had taken place
      was shown by a 3-fold increase in lung specific radioactivity. This was
      accompanied by a short-lasting thrombocytopenia. The PAF antagonist, WEB 2170 (30
      micrograms/kg), significantly inhibited the microembolization of the platelets
      induced by PAF. Under in vitro conditions leukocytes purified from rat blood and
      activated by PAF were able to induce platelet aggregation. These results
      demonstrate that a PAF-specific activation of rat platelets is achievable in vivo
      which is probably mediated by other cells.

PMID- 1797564
TI  - Inhibition of food intake by omeprazole in the chicken.
AB  - Chickens treated with the H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor omeprazole, to inhibit gastric
      acid secretion, failed to gain weight and showed decreased food intake compared
      with controls. The gastrin antagonist PD134308 reversed the action of omeprazole
      on food intake. Since exogenous gastrin decreased food intake, and since
      omeprazole increased plasma gastrin concentrations, the results suggest that
      elevated plasma gastrin in chicken exerts a satiety effect.

PMID- 1797565
TI  - 5-HT1-like receptors mediate potentiation of cholinergic nerve-mediated
      contraction of isolated mouse trachea.
AB  - While it had no effect on the resting tension of mouse tracheal segments, 5-HT
      (10(-8)-10(-4) M) potentiated concentration dependently the contractions induced
      by electrical field stimulation (EFS). The maximal potentiation was 105 +/- 38%
      and the EC50 value was 1.4 +/- 0.6 x 10(-6) M (n = 6). The responsiveness of
      mouse trachea to acetylcholine was not altered by 5-HT (10(-5) M). The 5-HT1A,B
      antagonist pindolol (10(-6) M), the combined 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor
      antagonist, ketanserin (10(-6) M), or the combined 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist, methysergide (10(-6) M), all partially inhibited the effect of 5-HT
      on the twitch responses. Blockade of 5-HT3 receptors by GR 38032F (10(-6) M) did
      not affect the potentiation by 5-HT. Antagonism of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors by
      ICS 205,930 (3 x 10(-6) M) increased the potentiation of the twitch responses by
      5-HT, this was probably due to a decrease of the baseline EFS-induced twitch
      response by ICS 205,930. Alkylation of the 5-HT2 receptor by phenoxybenzamine (3
      x 10(-7) M) treatment did not significantly affect the potentiation of the twitch
      responses by 5-HT. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, timolol (10(-6) M), and the
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine (10(-6) M), did not influence the
      potentiation of the twitch responses by 5-HT, excluding the involvement of the
      adrenergic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797566
TI  - The putative 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP-93,129 suppresses rat hippocampal 5-HT
      release in vivo: comparison with RU 24969.
AB  - We have compared the ability of the new putatively specific 5-HT1B receptor
      agonist CP-93,129 (3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo[3,2-b] pyrid-5-one)
      and the structurally related mixed 5-HT1A/5-HT1B receptor ligand RU 24969, to
      influence 5-HT release in brain in vivo, using microdialysis techniques in
      chloral hydrate-anaesthetised rats. CP-93,129 (3 or 10 microM, via the dialysis
      perfusion medium) caused a concentration-dependent and methiothepin (10 microM)
      sensitive suppression of ventral hippocampal 5-HT output. The effect of RU 24969
      on 5-HT output was dependent on whether or not the 5-HT reuptake blocker
      citalopram was present in the perfusion medium. Thus, RU 24969 (0.1 microM)
      induced a decrease, or an increase followed by a decrease (1 microM), in 5-HT
      output in the absence of citalopram, but monotonically decreased (1 microM) 5-HT
      release when citalopram (1 microM) was present. CP-93,129 decreased dialysate 5
      HT in either condition. Our findings are consistent with the characterisation of
      CP-93,129 as a 5-HT1B receptor agonist, and may thus represent in vivo support
      for 5-HT1B autoreceptor-mediated feedback control of 5-HT release in the rat
      brain. The 5-HT1B selectivity of CP-93,129, and its lack of 5-HT reuptake
      blocking properties, suggests that the compound compares favourably with other
      purported 5-HT1B receptor agonists.

PMID- 1797567
TI  - CCK-8-related C-terminal tetrapeptides: affinities for central CCKB and
      peripheral CCKA receptors.
AB  - We investigated the binding affinity of new tetrapeptides derived from the C
      terminal sequence of CCK8 to central CCKB and peripheral CCKA receptors. Compound
      1 (Boc-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) showed high affinity for central CCKB receptors (Ki
      4.2 x 10(-8) M, pancreas/cortex ratio = 283). Compounds 2 (Suc-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe
      NH2) and 3 (Suc-Trp-Leu-Asp-Phe-NH2) also exhibited high affinity (Ki 2.7 x 10(
      8) M and 5.6 x 10(-8) M, respectively) but their CCKB selectivity was nearly 50
      times higher (Ki ratio greater than 14,000). Replacement of Met or Leu by other
      amino acids resulted in less effective tetrapeptides.

PMID- 1797568
TI  - Antidiabetic sulfonylureas relax isolated rabbit coronary arteries.
AB  - Antidiabetic sulfonylureas completely relaxed isolated rabbit coronary arteries
      contracted by prostaglandin F2 alpha. The order of potency was glibenclamide
      (EC50 = 4.75 microM) greater than glipizide = glibornuride = tolbutamide =
      chlorpropamide. The drugs also relaxed the contractions induced by 30 mM K+ but
      much less potently. The effectiveness of the drugs as vascular smooth muscle
      relaxants did not correlate with their ability to antagonize the vasorelaxant
      action of cromakalim. Sulfonylurea-induced vasorelaxation probably involves
      mechanisms other than an interaction with ATP-regulated K+ channels.

PMID- 1797569
TI  - Effect of acute lead intoxication on the ultrastructure of neutrophils in the
      peripheral blood of the rat.
AB  - The influence of lead acetate on the ultrastructure of peripheral neutrophils was
      investigated in adult male rats. It was found that a single intraperitoneal
      administration of lead at dose 150 mg Pb/kg b.w. led to ultrastructural changes
      in the neutrophils at 3 and 6 h post injection. At the time of testing the
      exposed population had a mean (+/- SD) blood lead concentration from 206.2 +/-
      24.8 micrograms/100 ml to 75.2 +/- 9.9 micrograms/100 ml compared with a mean
      value of 4.0 +/- 0.7 micrograms/100 ml for the control groups. The
      ultrastructural alterations such as irregular nuclei with deep invaginations,
      plasma membrane pockets, the presence of vacuoles with a heterogeneous material
      and an increasing amount of RER cisternae, were most clearly expressed 6 h after
      lead administration. In addition there appeared sometimes nuclear pockets, and a
      prominent crystalline inclusion placed in the cytoplasmic matrix of some
      neutrophils. No differences in the mitochondrial morphology and cytoplasmic
      granule pattern between exposed and control rats were observed.

PMID- 1797570
TI  - Fourier analysis as a planimetric procedure--application to malignant and normal
      urothelial cells with reactive changes.
AB  - The shape of urothelial cell nuclei in 27 urinary cytological preparations has
      been quantified by means of Fourier analysis. Fourier amplitudes were calculated
      as parameters of the nuclear shape. The T-test and a discriminance analysis
      showed significant differences in nuclear shape between preparations with
      malignant urothelial cells and nonmalignant cells with reactive changes. Only one
      preparation was reclassified false-negatively. No preparation was reclassified
      false-positively. No significant differences were found between normal cells with
      and without reactive changes. Thus it can be concluded that nuclear shape is an
      important criterion for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinomas in urinary
      cytological preparations. Fourier analysis allows the complete reproduction of
      the convex shape of a nucleus and it seems to be useful as an additional
      quantitative procedure in the diagnosis of malignant tumours.

PMID- 1797571
TI  - Relation of the reticuloendothelial function to endotoxin hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The present study was undertaken in rats to clarify whether endotoxin
      hepatotoxicity can be modified by phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial
      system. Pretreatment with cortisone acetate, diethylstilbestrol, methyl
      palmitate, triolein or gadolinium chloride markedly improved the mortality rate
      from endotoxemia and prevented the development of focal random coagulative
      hepatocellular necrosis and the elevation of serum transaminase activities due to
      endotoxemia. Cortisone acetate, methyl palmitate and gadolinium chloride are the
      well-known depressors of reticuloendothelial phagocytic activity:
      Diethylstilbestrol and triolein are the stimulators. This suggests that
      phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system does not relate to not only
      the mortality rate but also the degree of hepatic injury following endotoxemia.

PMID- 1797572
TI  - Carcinogenesis studies with iron oxides.
AB  - Seven different types of iron oxide were examined for carcinogenic properties in
      intratracheal instillation and intraperitoneal injection tests on rats, which
      represent particularly sensitive methods for local carcinogenic effects. The
      total doses lay in the range of maximum tolerance (390/1,530 mg/kg i.t. or 600
      mg/kg i.p.). With one exception, at least 50 male and 50 female Sprague-Dawley
      rats were used per test group, control group and route of administration. Two
      iron oxides were additionally instilled intratracheally in combination with
      benzo[a]pyrene. No carcinogenic effect could be demonstrated for the test iron
      oxides RBW 07105/SV2 (fibrous, magnetic, surface doped with 1.85% cobalt),
      development product Bayferrox AC 5100 M (fibrous, magnetic, bulk doped with 2.1%
      cobalt), Bayferrox 1352 (fibrous alpha-Fe2O3), Bayferrox 920 (fibrous alpha
      FeOOH), Bayferrox 130 (cubic alpha-Fe2O3), Bayferrox 306 (cubic Fe3O4), or
      Brazilian iron ore AC 5031 N (alpha-Fe2O3).

PMID- 1797573
TI  - Stress-induced injury of pig myocardium is accompanied by increased lipid
      peroxidation and depletion of mitochondrial ATP.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms of myocardial lesions
      induced by stress in conscious, intact pigs. The animals were subjected to 24 h
      immobilization, controls were kept in normal conditions. The pigs were killed by
      electric shock and exsanguination. Lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde
      (MDA), conjugated dienes (CDB), fluorescent end products (RF) and adenine
      nucleotides (ATP, ADP) were measured in the left ventricular myocardium which was
      also subjected to histoenzymatic and electron microscopic examination. In
      stressed animals as opposed to the control group, alterations in ultrastructure
      and diminution of mitochondrial ATP have been found, together with augmented
      formation of MDA and CDB reflecting increased free radical generation. These
      changes may be the component of stress-induced myocardial injury.

PMID- 1797574
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of oestrogen receptors in relation to histopathologic
      characteristics of DMBA-induced mammary tumours in rats.
AB  - Experimental DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene)-induced mammary tumours in
      Sprague-Dawley rats are studied. Percentages of the distinct types of
      adenocarcinomas (Stevens et al. 1965) were as follows: type A (poorly
      differentiated), 8.8%; type B (well-differentiated), 65.5%; type C (atrophic),
      15.5% and type D (secretory), 5.4%. 51% of the mammary adenocarcinomas were seen
      to be positive to oestradiol receptors by means of flow cytometry; type A
      adenocarcinomas were found to be the most frequent positive tumours (88.9%
      positive cases) whereas the last adenocarcinomas to appear (type D) were
      negative. These results suggest that the oestradiol-sensitivity of DMBA-induced
      mammary adenocarcinomas decreases as the post tumour-induction period lengthens.

PMID- 1797576
TI  - Demonstration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding sites on the cell surface of
      guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by means of immunogold technique.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide binding sites of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages were
      demonstrated by means of immunogold technique. Resident peritoneal macrophages
      show a strong specific binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharides from E. coli to
      cell surface structures.

PMID- 1797575
TI  - Cross immunoreactivity of aortic kappa-2-elastin with some antibacterial
      antisera.
AB  - Immunological and microbial factors may lead to the formation of atherosclerotic
      lesions. Cross immune reactions between aortic kappa-2-elastin and antisera
      against some antigens of Gram-negative bacteria--Salmonella and Escherichia coli-
      were studied using the dot-immunobinding assay. Positive results were obtained
      with antisera against Salmonella AO, BO, CO, EO, HM and Escherichia coli OK(A).
      Among immunological mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis cross immunoreactivity
      of aortic antigens with antimicrobial antibodies should be taken into
      consideration.

PMID- 1797577
TI  - Planimetry in pathology--a method in its own right besides stereology and
      automatic image analysis.
AB  - Under the term planimetry all possibilities of quantitative morphological
      description of structures at the two-dimensional level which do not require
      densitometry and do not consider the 3rd spatial dimension are subsumed. Because
      planimetry has several advantages with respect to preparation techniques and
      structure recognition compared to stereology and expensive densitometric image
      analysis systems, it seems necessary to give a synoptic description of planimetry
      as a morphometric method in its own right in pathology. This should lead to a
      clinically orientated development in parallel to stereology and densitometry. The
      recent status and advances with regard to the methods of measuring and evaluation
      are discussed.

PMID- 1797578
TI  - Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on the adrenal cortex.

PMID- 1797579
TI  - Cretinism, thyroid hormones and selenium.

PMID- 1797580
TI  - Angiotensin II induces calcium release in a subpopulation of single ovarian
      (granulosa) cells.
AB  - The effects of angiotensin II on cytosolic free Ca2+ ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i)
      were studied in single porcine granulosa cells using the calcium-sensitive
      fluorescent dye fura-2 and high temporal resolution fluorescent videomicroscopy.
      Angiotensin II initiated specific, rapid, transient and topographically organized
      increases in [Ca2+]i in a subpopulation of single swine granulosa cells. The Ca2+
      source for this angiotensin II-mediated [Ca2+]i transient appeared to be internal
      stores, and a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding protein was
      implicated in this receptor-mediated Ca2+ rise. Our single-cell studies also
      revealed a striking functional heterogeneity among granulosa cells, since
      follicle-stimulating hormone-responsive cells were not angiotensin II responsive.
      We conclude that single swine granulosa cells are targets of specific angiotensin
      II action on intracellular pools of Ca2+.

PMID- 1797581
TI  - Acute action of luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of
      mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone synthesis.
AB  - Upon stimulation of Leydig cells with luteinizing hormone (LH) or dibutyryl-3',5'
      cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) at 37 degrees C, two mitochondrial phosphoproteins
      accumulate with the same stimulant dose response as the increased rate of
      testosterone synthesis. The proteins pp32 and pp30 have apparent isoelectric
      points of 6.6 and 6.5 and molecular weights of approximately 32 30 kDa
      respectively, as determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. These two phosphoproteins are not detected in mouse adipose or
      liver cells nor in the total testicular cell population, of which Leydig cells
      constitute a small percentage. However, both proteins are also observed in mouse
      adrenal cells stimulated by ACTH or Bt2cAMP. The appearance of pp32 and pp30 is
      prevented by inhibitors of cytosolic protein translation, indicating that only
      newly synthesized protein is available as a substrate for phosphorylation.
      Proteolytic peptide mapping indicates that both of these mouse Leydig and adrenal
      proteins have structural similarity to pp30 (formerly denoted as ib), the 30 kDa
      mitochondrial phosphoprotein that we have observed previously in peptide hormone
      or Bt2cAMP-stimulated rat adrenal cortex (Pon, L.A., Hartigan, J.A. and Orme
      Johnson, N.R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13309-13316; Alberta, J.A., Epstein,
      L.F., Pon, L.A. and Orme-Johnson, N.R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2368-2372) and
      rat corpus luteum cells (Pon, L.A. and Orme-Johnson, N.R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem.
      261, 6694-6599). Since pp32 is a larger mitochondrial protein of similar primary
      structure to pp30, it is a potential precursor of this protein. Finally, the
      detection of the mitochondrial phosphoprotein pp30 in a third steroidogenic
      tissue type and a third species provides further correlative evidence that the
      production of pp30 may be an integral part of the subcellular mechanism by which
      peptide hormones stimulate steroid hormone biosynthesis.

PMID- 1797582
TI  - Mechanism of action of spironolactone on cortisol production by guinea pig
      adrenocortical cells.
AB  - Studies were done to determine the mechanism(s) of action of spironolactone (SL)
      and of its deacetylated metabolite, 7 alpha-thio-SL, to inhibit cortisol
      secretion by guinea pig adrenocortical cells in vitro. Preincubation of cells at
      37 degrees C with SL or with 7 alpha-thio-SL caused a time-dependent decline in
      subsequent ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion. In the absence of a preincubation,
      neither compound affected cortisol production, indicating the need for production
      of an active metabolite. When the 17 alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor, SU-10'603, was
      included during the preincubation period, neither SL nor 7 alpha-thio-SL
      decreased cortisol secretion, indicating the involvement of the 17 alpha
      hydroxylase in the activation of both compounds. By contrast, neither the 11 beta
      hydroxylase inhibitor, metyrapone, nor the cholesterol sidechain cleavage
      inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, diminished the effects of SL or of 7 alpha-thio-SL
      on cortisol secretion. Preincubation of cells with SL or 7 alpha-thio-SL also
      decreased the conversion of exogenous progesterone to cortisol, but did not
      affect cortisol production from the 17 alpha-hydroxylated substrates, 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycortisol, suggesting that only 17 alpha
      hydroxylation was impaired. In addition, there was a decline in 17 alpha
      hydroxylase activity in microsomes isolated from cells preincubated with SL or
      with 7 alpha-thio-SL, but no change in microsomal 21-hydroxylase or in
      mitochondrial 11 beta-hydroxylase and cholesterol sidechain cleavage activities.
      The results indicate that the direct effects of SL and of 7 alpha-thio-SL on the
      adrenal cortex to decrease cortisol production result from the selective
      inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylation. Since 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity is
      apparently required for the activation of both compounds, suicide inhibition of
      the enzyme may be the mechanism of action.

PMID- 1797583
TI  - Sites of expression and induction of glandular kallikrein gene expression in
      mice.
AB  - In order to provide a foundation for comparison across species of glandular
      kallikrein genes, we have studied the 12 functional mouse genes on the basis of
      expressing cell types, developmental patterns of expression and gene response to
      hormonal induction. We have shown expression of the renal kallikrein gene in the
      female anterior pituitary, the thick ascending limb of renal cortical distal
      tubules, nasal glands of neonatal mice and at varying levels throughout the duct
      tree of major salivary glands of immature and adult mice, except for intercalated
      ducts. This gene did not respond to hormonal induction in salivary glands. The
      other 11 of the 12 genes are expressed in androgen-responsive cells of granular
      convoluted tubules of the submandibular salivary gland from 22 days postnatal,
      when sexual dimorphism of expression first becomes apparent. Expression of these
      genes is induced prematurely in 22-day-old mice by treatment with testosterone or
      thyroxine. In the adult female mouse, estrogens also induce elevated levels of
      expression. One of the glandular kallikrein genes is expressed in Leydig cells of
      the testis as well as the submandibular gland. This study has extended the basis
      for cross-species comparison of glandular kallikrein genes.

PMID- 1797584
TI  - Monensin-resistant LLC-PK1 cell mutants are affected in recycling of the
      adenylate cyclase-stimulating vasopressin V2-receptor.
AB  - The ionophore monensin was found to markedly reduce the rate of return of
      vasopressin V2-receptors to the membrane following down-regulation with
      [Arg8]vasopressin (AVP), as well as hormone dissociation (unloading) from cells
      following ligand binding and internalization in LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells.
      Monensin-resistant LLC-PK1 mutants were isolated and characterized for V2
      receptor recycling. Whilst the MN-41 mutant appeared to be impaired in [3H]AVP
      internalization, the MN-11 and MN-21 mutants exhibited parental V2-receptor
      binding and internalization, but markedly impaired receptor recycling subsequent
      to ligand-dependent receptor down-regulation. Unloading subsequent to ligand
      binding and internalization at 37 degrees C was also much slower in the mutants
      either at 37 degrees C or 23 degrees C. In contrast, unloading subsequent to
      binding at 23 degrees C, or to binding at 37 degrees C in the presence of NH4Cl,
      was comparable in LLC-PK1 and mutant cells implying the active nature of the
      recycling process impaired in the mutants. The mutations conferring resistance to
      monesin thus concomitantly impaired V2-receptor recycling in the mutants. Results
      argue for a monensin-sensitive endosomal/lysosomal pathway for the renal V2
      receptor, representing the first such report for an adenylate cyclase stimulating
      receptor.

PMID- 1797585
TI  - Hormone responsive elements within the upstream sequences of the rabbit whey
      acidic protein (WAP) gene direct chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)
      reporter gene expression in transfected rabbit mammary cells.
AB  - Whey acidic protein gene transcription is induced in the mammary gland under the
      influence of lactogenic hormones: prolactin, insulin and cortisol. The rabbit WAP
      gene has already been isolated and sequenced in a previous work. In the present
      study, we have evaluated the role of the 5' flanking region of the rabbit WAP
      gene in the transcriptional regulation of the WAP gene by using a reporter CAT
      gene. Chimeric genes containing the upstream region of the WAP gene have been
      linked to the bacterial CAT gene and transfected into rabbit primary mammary
      cells. The results reported here show that two regions carrying important
      regulatory elements of the rabbit WAP gene are located between -6300 and -3000
      bp, and between -3000 and -1800 bp upstream from the WAP transcription start
      point, respectively. The contribute to the high level of expression of the rabbit
      WAP gene in the mammary cell.

PMID- 1797586
TI  - Regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis in wild-type and apterous mutant
      Drosophila.
AB  - Juvenile hormone (JH) is a major regulator of insect development and reproduction
      and its titer is determined largely by central nervous system regulation of JH
      synthesis by the corpora allata. To establish the basis for a molecular genetic
      dissection of the neuroendocrine system responsible for modulating JH titer, a
      radiochemical assay was utilized to examine JH synthesis in vitro by the isolated
      corpus allatum as well as the regulation of this synthesis by brain extracts of
      wild-type and apterous mutant Drosophila melanogaster females during reproductive
      maturation. JH production by glands of wild-type females increases in parallel
      with the progress of ovarian maturation, the major product of the adult corpus
      allatum being juvenile hormone 3 bis-epoxide (JHB3). Gland activity appears to be
      regulated by both the availability of JH precursors and the level of terminal
      oxidase(s) in the JH biosynthetic pathway. The brain contains an allatostatic
      factor, that is transmitted to the glands via nervous connections. Allatostatin
      production in the brain appears to be positively regulated by JHB3. Adult corpora
      allata from the mutants ap4 and ap56f synthesize very low levels of JH;
      additionally, brains of ap56f homozygotes lack allatostatic activity.

PMID- 1797587
TI  - Progesterone-induced second messengers at the onset of meiotic maturation in the
      amphibian oocyte: interrelationships between phospholipid N-methylation, calcium
      and diacylglycerol release, and inositol phospholipid turnover.
AB  - The steady-state turnover in phospholipid N-methylation, 1,2-diacylglycerol and
      inositol phospholipids in prophase-arrested Rana pipiens oocytes was compared
      with changes occurring in these pathways immediately following progesterone
      induction of the first meiotic division. Oocytes were preincubated with [3H
      methyl]methionine, [3H]glycerol, [3H]myo-inositol or [3H]arachidonic acid. Ca2+
      efflux was measured in oocytes preloaded with 45Ca2+. Membrane phospholipids and
      cytosolic levels of radiolabeled 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol bis- (InsP2),
      tris- (InsP3), and tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) were monitored immediately following
      induction with progesterone. A transient increase in both N-methylation of
      ethanolamine phospholipids and in [3H]DAG coincides with a release of 45Ca2+ from
      the oocyte surface during the first minute. At least 80% of the total
      phospholipid N-methylation is associated with the plasma membrane. 45Ca2+ and
      [3H]DAG release occur prior to a rise in intracellular InsP3, the latter
      beginning 2-3 min after exposure to the hormone and reaching a maximum by 15-30
      min. Progesterone induces rapid and successive changes in ethanolamine, choline,
      and inositol-containing phospholipids, which represent three of the four major
      phospholipid classes found in membranes. The maintenance of higher levels of DAG
      and InsP3 during the first 90 min might be expected to sustain the previously
      observed increase in protein kinase C activity.

PMID- 1797588
TI  - Analyses of ovine corpora lutea for tumor necrosis factor mRNA and bioactivity
      during prostaglandin-induced luteolysis.
AB  - It has been suggested that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) participates in the
      mechanism of regression of the corpus luteum. We measured luteal expression of
      TNF alpha mRNA and biological activity during prostaglandin-induced luteolysis in
      sheep. Initiation of functional luteolysis was marked by a sharp decline in
      concentrations of progesterone in luteal tissue beginning 4 h after
      administration of luteolysin. Structural regression of corpora lutea was
      manifested by a reduction in glandular weight at 16 h. A luteal cytotoxic factor
      with TNF alpha-like bioactivity was isolated after the decrease in tissue
      progesterone had occurred, but before evidence of luteal resorption. We were
      unable to detect temporal alterations in TNF alpha mRNA in luteal samples by
      classical Northern blot or in situ hybridization analyses. These results imply
      that luteal TNF alpha is derived primarily as a preformed entity from an
      extraovarian source, such as infiltrating leukocytes. These results raise the
      possibility that this cytokine might not be involved in the early stages of
      luteal regression in the ewe, yet could play a secondary role, perhaps in the
      subsequent opsonization and removal of degenerating cells.

PMID- 1797589
TI  - Initial characterization of the four promoters of the human insulin-like growth
      factor II gene.
AB  - The human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene contains four promoters (P1
      P4), which are expressed in a tissue-specific and development-dependent way.
      Analysis of IGF-II mRNAs in different tissues has revealed that promoters P3 and
      P4 are expressed in all fetal and in nonhepatic adult tissues. In adult liver,
      however, the promoters P2, P3 and P4 are completely shut off and another
      promoter, P1, is activated. To obtain more insight in the mechanisms involved in
      the regulation of IGF-II gene expression we have performed an initial
      characterization of the IGF-II promoters employing transient expression of IGF-II
      promoter constructs in Hep3B and HeLa cells. These studies have revealed that
      promoters P1, P3 and P4 are active in both cell lines tested, while no activity
      of promoter P2 could be detected. Employing gel retardation and DNaseI footprint
      analysis we have identified in the three IGF-II promoters a number of elements
      which are bound by nuclear proteins.

PMID- 1797590
TI  - Effect of epidermal and insulin-like growth factors on vectorial secretion of
      transferrin by rat Sertoli cells in vitro.
AB  - Within the seminiferous tubules, the Sertoli cells create an impermeable blood
      testis barrier and an unique intratubular microenvironment that fosters the
      development of spermatozoa. The functional differentiation of spermatozoa
      therefore requires vectorial secretion by Sertoli cells of substances that cannot
      cross the blood-testis barrier. We investigated the role of epidermal (EGF) and
      insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the regulation of
      vectorial secretion of transferrin by Sertoli cells. In order to study the
      regulation of vectorial transferrin secretion, we modified culture conditions in
      the twin chamber culture system to maximise gradients of transferrin secretion.
      Sertoli cells were plated at high density (3-4 x 10(6) cells/well) into chambers
      of near equal volume, cultured at 37 degrees C and maintained in simple, fully
      defined media omitting standard supplements (insulin, EGF, FSH) which affect
      vectorial transferrin secretion. Using this optimised culture system, maximum
      gradients of transferrin secretion occurred between days 2 and 3 of culture with
      preferential secretion (mean ratio 3.7 +/- 0.2) directed towards the apical
      compartment. The transferrin ratio (ratio of transferrin secreted into the upper
      over the lower chamber) was decreased by insulin and FSH but not by retinoic acid
      or testosterone, yet all four stimuli increased total transferrin secretion. IGF
      I and IGF-II were effective at physiological concentrations (ED50 = 1 ng/ml) in
      lowering transferrin ratio and were 100-fold more potent than insulin suggesting
      that insulin effects on vectorial transferrin secretion by Sertoli cells is
      mediated through type 1 IGF receptors. EGF also reduced the transferrin ratio
      (ED50 = 50 ng/ml) as well as stimulating total transferrin secretion. The
      hormonally mediated reduction in transferrin ratio was consistently due to
      enhanced secretion of transferrin into the lower chamber. In the first
      demonstration of a highly polarised response of Sertoli cells to hormonal
      stimuli, the effects of insulin, FSH and EGF on vectorial transferrin secretion
      were effected primarily via the basal membrane of the Sertoli cell and operated
      independent of mechanisms controlling total transferrin secretion. These results
      establish a potential role for epidermal and insulin-like growth factors in the
      paracrine regulation of vectorial secretion by the Sertoli cell, in particular
      the developmental regulation of vectorial transferrin secretion by Sertoli cells.
      These findings also indicate that previous studies which included insulin and EGF
      routinely in culture media have systematically underestimated apically directed
      transferrin secretion.

PMID- 1797591
TI  - The early presence of food-oriented appetitive behavior in developing rats.
AB  - The appetitive behavior of 3- to 6-day-old rat pups was studied by testing their
      ability to direct their ingestive behavior to a restricted food source. We found
      that, from 3 days of age, pups were able to feed efficiently from such a source.
      More specifically, pups that were deprived of nutrition but not of maternal care
      as well as pups that were dehydrated ingested significantly more than nondeprived
      animals, and did so whether liquid diet was spread over the entire floor surface
      beneath them or restricted to a fraction of the floor surface. However, pups that
      had been nutritionally and maternally deprived were not able to direct their
      feeding. The general locomotor activation of pups in this latter group appeared
      to interfere with their ability to direct their behavior to the restricted
      source. These results indicate that from early ages, developing rats possess the
      appetitive competence to guide their behavior and suggest that previous findings
      of poorly directed behavior were a confound of the behavioral activation shown by
      pups tested in a state of maternal deprivation.

PMID- 1797592
TI  - The amniotic sac as scaffolding: prenatal ontogeny of an action pattern.
AB  - Intraoral lemon infusion elicits facial wiping behavior in fetal rats on Days 20
      and 21 of gestation. On Day 19, fetuses tested in a warm saline bath respond to
      infusion but do not express the wiping response. In contrast, fetuses tested
      within the amniotic sac exhibit wiping. Fetal movements after infusion were
      analyzed on Days 19 and 20 in both the bath and amnion environments. Facial
      wiping is assembled from simpler components in both real time (during the 15 s
      after infusion) and developmental time (over Days 19-20 of gestation). In real
      time, the wiping response occurs following a brief period of fetal activity
      comprising head and forelimb movements. After the wiping bout is initiated,
      strokes by left and right forelimbs increase in duration and become synchronized.
      In developmental time, components of the wiping response (forelimb strokes) are
      consistently expressed on Day 19, but other components (head stabilization) are
      lacking when fetuses are tested in bath. The amniotic sac appears to provide
      scaffolding that reduces head movement and promotes paw-face contact, thus
      facilitating facial wiping.

PMID- 1797593
TI  - Cortisol and behavioral responses to repeated stressors in the human newborn.
AB  - This manuscript reports on the effects of stressors repeated at a 24-hr interval
      on three samples of human newborns. In Study 1, newborns meeting criteria for
      obstetric and perinatal optimality experienced either 2 mock Discharge Exams,
      viewed as a type of handling stressor, or 2 Heelstick Blood Draws, viewed as a
      type of nocioceptive stressor. As in a previous study, newborns meeting
      optimality criteria showed habituation of the adrenocortical response to the
      repeated Discharge Exam. The adrenocortical response to the repeated Heelstick
      tended to increase or sensitize. In Studies 2 and 3, samples of newborns with
      more nonoptimal obstetric complication scale scores were examined. These newborns
      failed to show habituation of the adrenocortical response to the Discharge Exam,
      but responded like "Optimal" newborns to the repeated Heelstick. The
      applicability to these data of the Groves and Thompson (1970) Dual-Process Model
      of Habituation is discussed. The results also provided evidence of stability in
      behavioral distress independent of stability in adrenocortical activity. The
      implications of these data for studies using cortisol as an index of the
      physiological basis of early temperament are considered.

PMID- 1797594
TI  - Genetic and maternal influences in rat models of spontaneous and salt-induced
      hypertension.
AB  - Genetic and maternal influences on hypertension were studied by comparing the SHR
      and SS/Jr inbred rat strains and their reciprocal F1 hybrids under identical
      conditions. When raised on a low salt (LS) diet (0.3% NaCl), SHR rats had higher
      systolic blood pressure (SBP) than SS/Jr rats by 9 weeks of age. Direct
      recordings from freely moving rats at 18-24 weeks confirmed this difference.
      Placement on a high salt (HS) diet (8% NaCl) at 5 weeks of age significantly
      increased SBP within 3 weeks in all groups, although the degree of increment was
      significantly smaller in SHR females. Inbred strains had higher SBP than their F1
      hybrids when measured indirectly and directly from arterial cannulae. After
      exposure to HS diet, F1 females reared by SHR dams exhibited larger increments in
      SBP, greater weight loss, and greater debilitation and associated mortality than
      F1 females reared by SS/Jr dams. Differences between inbred strains and F1s
      maintained on LS diet were consistent with dominance for low BP, and differential
      genetic control of hypertension in each inbred strain. F1 differences
      demonstrated that maternal factors affected body weight in weanlings, pressor
      response to HS diet, and associated debilitation.

PMID- 1797595
TI  - The development of exploration and spontaneous alternation in hooded rat pups:
      effects of unusually early eyelid opening.
AB  - Changes in exploratory activity and spontaneous alternation were examined across
      postnatal Days 8-31 in Lister hooded rat pups whose eyelids were surgically
      opened at 6-8 postnatal days. Compared with controls, whose eyes open naturally
      at 14-16 days, the treated animals showed accelerated behavioral development.
      Open-field activity increased more rapidly in the week following surgery, but
      only when all pups in the litter had their eyelids opened, and not when only half
      of the litter was treated. Rearing on the hind paws emerged earlier in treated
      animals, but grooming was unaffected. Pups having unilateral early eyelid opening
      made pivotal circling movements contraversive to the opened eye in an open-field
      arena in the early neonatal period. When tested in a T-maze, treated pups showed
      earlier spontaneous alternation than controls. Possible physiological systems
      underlying such changes are discussed. Our results show that unusually early
      visual stimulation has behavioral consequences, producing a brief speeding of
      some attentional and investigatory behaviors, though such changes may also depend
      upon environmental factors.

PMID- 1797596
TI  - Effects of pirenzepine on acute mucosal erosions, gastric acid and mucosal blood
      flow in the spinal rat stomach.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the effects of varying doses of pirenzepine,
      a selective muscarinic subtype M1 antagonist, on the prevention of acute gastric
      mucosal lesions in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to spinal cord section at
      the C7 level. It was also intended to evaluate the effects of the drug on gastric
      acid output and gastric mucosal blood flow. Pirenzepine 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg every
      2 h all caused a significant reduction in mean total ulcer length (p less than
      0.01) compared to controls. This was associated with a significant decrease in
      acid output (p less than 0.05). There was no significant effect on gastric mucosa
      blood flow as measured by hydrogen gas clearance. These results indicate that the
      protective effects of pirenzepine on gastric mucosa, in the spinal rat model, are
      associated with the acid-inhibitory action of the drug and not on mucosal blood
      flow effects.

PMID- 1797597
TI  - Helicobacter pylori, smoking and gastroduodenitis.
AB  - There is epidemiological evidence of an association between cigarette smoking and
      gastritis. To find out whether the reason for this might be related to the
      presence of Helicobacter pylori, biopsies were taken from the gastric corpus and
      antrum and from the duodenal bulb in 106 consecutive patients referred for
      oesophagogastroduodenoscopy because of epigastric pain. Patients with ulcer
      disease or cancer were excluded. The biopsy specimens were cultured for H. pylori
      and examined histologically for the presence and grade of gastritis and
      duodenitis. Thirty-five percent of the patients were H. pylori-positive and 57%
      had histological gastritis; 37% were cigarette smokers and among these, H. pylori
      was found significantly less frequently than in non-smokers (18 and 45%,
      respectively; 2p = 0.0083). Among patients colonized with H. pylori, gastritis
      was found in 89% compared to 39% in non-colonized patients (2p less than 0.0001).
      In spite of this, 51% of the smokers and 60% of the non-smokers (2p = 0.85) had
      histological gastritic mucosa. No differences in the severity of the gastritis or
      the duodenitis in patients with histologically positive findings could be seen
      when comparing smokers to non-smokers and H. pylori-positive to H. pylori
      negative patients.

PMID- 1797598
TI  - Dose-dependent effects of fentanyl on indomethacin-induced gastric damage.
AB  - Whilst developing a rat model for studies of gastric protection, we noticed that
      the anaesthetic agent 'Hypnorm', containing the opiate fentanyl 0.315 mg/ml and
      the butyrophenone fluanisone 10 mg/ml, was itself protective against indomethacin
      induced damage: unrestrained animals given indomethacin (20 mg/kg) subcutaneously
      had an ulcer score of 9 +/- 1 mm2, compared with 1 +/- 1 mm2 in animals pre
      treated with Hypnorm (0.8 ml/kg) and then given indomethacin (p less than 0.01).
      Further investigation showed this effect to be due to fentanyl-inhibiting gastric
      acid secretion: doses of fentanyl (90 and 180 micrograms/kg) which decreased
      indomethacin-induced damage also caused a rise in intragastric pH from 2.7 +/-
      0.6 in controls to 5.1 +/- 0.8 and 5.0 +/- 0.8, respectively. However, the
      response of fentanyl varied depending on the dose given: fentanyl, 3.6
      micrograms/kg did not affect indomethacin-induced damage, 8 +/- 2 vs. 9 +/- 1
      mm2; fentanyl, 18 micrograms/kg potentiated damage, 15 +/- 4 mm2 (p less than
      0.05), whereas fentanyl, 90 micrograms/kg and 180 micrograms/kg decreased damage,
      2 +/- 1 mm2 and 0.1 +/- 0.1 mm2, respectively (p less than 0.01). Neither the
      butyrophenone haloperidol (8.3 mg/kg) nor the alpha-adrenergic receptor
      antagonist phenoxybenzamine (3 mg/kg) protected against indomethacin-induced
      damage. We conclude that fentanyl affects intragastric pH and can both potentiate
      and protect against indomethacin-induced damage. Furthermore, the potentiation of
      gastric damage by fentanyl occurred at doses similar to those used for human
      anesthesia, so clinical studies are suggested.

PMID- 1797599
TI  - Analysis of serum pre-S antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection in
      relation to the expression pattern of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver.
AB  - Pre-S antigens have been analyzed in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) infection according to the expression pattern of HBV DNA in the
      liver. Pre-S1 and pre-S2 have been identified (1) in all viremic cases with free
      replicative forms of viral DNA irrespective of the simultaneous detection of
      integrated sequences; (2) in 2 out of 3 patients with only integrated HBV DNA,
      and (3) in 19 patients who lacked viral DNA sequences detectable in the host
      genome. The amounts of hepatitis B surface and pre-S antigens were significantly
      higher in high-viremic versus low-viremic patients and correlated with the
      hepatocellular expression of HBV DNA. Conversely, the pre-S-to-hepatitis B
      surface antigen ratios were lower in the presence of viral DNA sequences in the
      liver. In summary, detection and level of pre-S antigens are closely related to
      the hepatocellular expression of viral DNA and seem to reflect reliably different
      stages of the virus life cycle during the course of HBV infection.

PMID- 1797600
TI  - Marked increases of plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in cirrhotic
      patients with portacaval shunts are not associated with alterations of cerebral
      functions.
AB  - Several previous studies have shown that the plasma concentration of gamma-amino
      butyric acid (GABA) is markedly increased in patients with hepatic
      encephalopathy, and it has been suggested that decreased metabolism of peripheral
      GABA might contribute to the cerebral dysfunctions observed. In the present
      study, plasma GABA-like activity was determined by a radioreceptor assay in 21
      cirrhotic patients in whom, at least 2 months prior to the study, portocaval
      shunt surgery had been performed for treatment of recurrent variceal bleeding.
      Compared to 10 healthy volunteers, plasma GABA concentrations were increased in
      all cirrhotic patients, whereas most other amino acids, including those known to
      interfere with the GABA radioreceptor assay at elevated concentrations, were
      within the normal range. Despite an about 3- to 16-fold increase in individual
      GABA concentration, none of the patients showed clinical signs of overt hepatic
      encephalopathy on conventional neurologic (including EEG) and mental status
      examination. Furthermore, when a psychometric test system was used for evaluation
      of intellectual and psychomotor functions, all patients performed within the
      normal range and could not be distinguished from healthy volunteers. The data
      indicate that, at least in chronic liver disease, impaired metabolism of
      peripheral GABA does not lead to cerebral dysfunctions.

PMID- 1797601
TI  - Symptomatic gallstones--a disease of non-smokers?
AB  - Most patients with symptomatic gallstones undergo cholecystectomy. Since smoking
      may influence gallstone formation by depressing prostaglandin synthesis and mucus
      production in the gallbladder, we have examined smoking habits in a group of
      cholecystectomy patients. Two hundred and forty seven of 400 patients (62%)
      responded to a comprehensive postal questionnaire with 'buddy' controls of the
      same age and sex. Patients and controls did not differ significantly in their
      age, weight, past medical history, drug usage or alcohol consumption. Female
      patients had had a mean of 2.4 (SD 1.8) pregnancies, female controls 2.0 (SD 1.5;
      p less than 0.05, paired test). Analysis of smoking habits in 178 female patients
      showed 32% had smoked on average 18.4 cigarettes/day for a mean of 31 years
      whereas 52% of female controls had smoked 16.7 cigarettes/day for a mean of 37.0
      years (p less than 0.001, McNemar's test for matched pairs). 39% of male patients
      smoked (21.7/day, 44.7 years) as compared to 61% of male controls (23.1/day, 46
      years; p less than 0.01, McNemar's test). The influence of number of cigarettes
      smoked, sex and weight were investigated by using a logistic regression. This
      showed evidence of a linear relationship between amount smoked and risk of
      gallstones (chi 2 = 14.4, 1 d.f., p less than 0.001). There was no evidence that
      the effect of smoking differed with age or weight. Symptomatic gallstones is
      predominantly a disease of non-smokers.

PMID- 1797602
TI  - Effect of simethicone on lactulose-induced H2 production and gastrointestinal
      symptoms.
AB  - The results of studies of the effect of simethicone on abdominal gas-related
      symptoms have been contradictory. In a randomized, double-blind cross-over study,
      10 healthy volunteers were given 30 g lactulose and 600 mg simethicone or
      placebo. End-expiratory breath samples were collected and analyzed for H2 and
      gastrointestinal symptoms registered. There were no differences in biochemical
      parameters or symptom score between simethicone and placebo. In contrast to
      previous studies, we used a sufficiently large dose of lactulose to produce
      gastrointestinal symptoms, a higher dose of simethicone and placebo tablets
      containing the same additives as the simethicone tablets. There was no
      demonstrable effect of simethicone on symptoms or intestinal gas production
      caused by carbohydrate malabsorption.

PMID- 1797603
TI  - Course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis in heavy alcohol abusers.
AB  - The course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis was analyzed in 30 heavy alcohol
      abusers. The course of the disease was very similar to that found among non
      drinkers, the only difference being higher mean GGT activity and a higher
      frequency of hepatomegaly among alcoholics. All alcohol abusers cleared the
      infection in the space of 6 months. However, 2 months after admission, they were
      twice as likely to be HBsAg positive as controls. We conclude that alcohol abuse
      has little influence on the course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis.

PMID- 1797604
TI  - Localization ability in infants with simulated unilateral hearing loss.
AB  - This study investigated the feasibility of using a localization task to rule out
      unilateral hearing loss in infants. Fourcorner localization ability was assessed
      in 29 normal-hearing infants (9-20 mo) using four different test stimuli. In
      these same infants, a mild unilateral hearing loss was simulated by occlusion of
      the external auditory canal and the test sequence was repeated. Analysis of front
      back, right-left, and combined errors for each of the test stimuli revealed that
      this type of task may allow detection of unilateral hearing loss as slight as 25
      dB HL.

PMID- 1797605
TI  - Middle latency auditory evoked potentials in temporal lobe disorders.
AB  - Middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MAEP) were recorded in 30 normal
      subjects and in 19 age-matched patients with temporal lobe lesions. MAEP appeared
      to be differentially affected by the specific structures involved within the
      temporal lobe. In the majority of patients with lesions involving the auditory
      area and/or auditory radiation, Na-Pa amplitude was significantly reduced over
      the involved hemisphere. No similar reduction in amplitude was noted in subjects
      with lesions not involving the auditory structures within the temporal lobe. We
      also observed a shift in a Pa latency over the involved hemisphere in patients
      with temporal lobe lesions involving the auditory structures. This latency shift
      was less pronounced than the amplitude reduction. The generators of MAEP in
      humans are discussed according to these findings and to the available literature.
      Normal intersubject variability of the conventional amplitude measures, and the
      occasional myogenic contamination of the response, limits establishing reliable
      criteria for abnormality that can be applied clinically for the diagnosis of
      patients with temporal lobe disorders.

PMID- 1797606
TI  - The timing of the processes underlying lateralization: psychophysical and evoked
      potential measures.
AB  - This article describes a technique to measure binaural integration time. A
      binaural noise with an interaural time difference of 0.8 msec was presented in
      three conditions: alone, with intervening noise that was identical between the
      two ears, or with uncorrelated intervening noise. Both behavioral responses and
      evoked potentials were recorded. When the stimulus was presented in a quiet
      background, it was accurately detected and lateralized with durations as short as
      2 msec. The N1 peak of the evoked potential occurred at approximately 90 msec.
      When the stimulus occurred as a brief change in an ongoing correlated binaural
      noise, a duration of 10 msec was necessary before the sound could be accurately
      lateralized or an evoked potential elicited. The N1 peak occurred at
      approximately 120 msec. When the stimulus occurred as a change in an ongoing
      uncorrelated binaural noise, a duration of 60 msec was necessary for the subject
      to lateralize the stimulus and for an evoked potential to be elicited. The N1
      peak occurred at about 130 msec. These results suggest that a period of
      approximately 60 msec is required to detect the correlation of an ongoing
      binaural noise and that a somewhat shorter period is necessary to track changes
      in a sound source that has already been lateralized. The simplicity of this
      technique makes it an attractive tool for assessing central auditory function.

PMID- 1797607
TI  - Reporting click-evoked and distortion-product otoacoustic emission results with
      respect to the pure-tone audiogram.
AB  - Measurement of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions, elicited primarily using
      click stimuli, and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions is gaining prominence
      as a clinical technique. One proposed application is the estimation of hearing
      levels. In this report, several formats for describing otoacoustic emission test
      results obtained from adult subjects are discussed. Descriptive analyses involve
      comparisons of individual results with normative data obtained from a group of
      normally hearing adults.

PMID- 1797608
TI  - Allowing for real ear venting effects when selecting the coupler gain of hearing
      aids.
AB  - Vents in hearing aids have two major effects on the insertion gain of a hearing
      aid: they let low-frequency sound in without amplification, and they reduce the
      low-frequency gain of sound transmitted through the hearing aid. Their net effect
      on low-frequency gain can thus be either negative or positive. This paper shows
      how to allow for both of these effects. One of the results is that for many
      hearing-impaired clients, there is a range of coupler gain curves which will
      result in the required insertion gain. The tables in this article are arranged to
      enable the user to specify a desired vent, and then determine the allowable range
      of coupler gains that will achieve a desired insertion gain to within a specified
      tolerance. The results of various studies comparing coupler gain and insertion
      gain are also compared and combined. The calculation method outlined in this
      paper can predict low-frequency real ear insertion gain for the individual
      subject with a prediction accuracy (root-mean-square-error) of 3.6 dB.

PMID- 1797609
TI  - Paired comparison judgments for hearing aid selection in children.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using a paired
      comparison technique to select hearing aids for children. The first two
      experiments determined the age at which normal-hearing children and hearing
      impaired children with mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss could
      be expected to meet criteria on a paired comparison task involving judgments of
      auditory clarity. Of 25 normal-hearing children between the ages of 4.0 and 6.4
      yr, five out of five children between 6.0 and 6.4 yr of age passed the auditory
      paired comparison task. Of 10 hearing-impaired children between the ages of 5.5
      and 7.4 yr, five out of five children between 6.5 and 7.4 yr of age passed the
      auditory paired comparison task. In Experiment 3, eight hearing-impaired children
      between the ages of 5.7 and 7.8 yr judged the clarity of seven hearing aids in
      two paired comparison, round robin tournaments. The results showed that
      correlations between the two tournaments were moderate to strong for six children
      and weak for two children. Of the six children with stronger correlations between
      tournaments, correlations between paired comparison judgments and phoneme
      identification scores were moderate to strong for four children and weak for two
      children. When compared with a hearing aid that approximated a standard
      prescription, the hearing aid selected by the paired comparison technique neither
      degraded nor enhanced speech intelligibility. Results from this study indicate
      that a paired comparison technique is feasible for use with hearing-impaired
      children 6.5 yr of age, and occasionally younger, who exhibit mild to moderately
      severe sensorineural hearing loss and are capable of performing the task
      reliably.

PMID- 1797610
TI  - Single-channel versus bilateral multichannel cochlear implant results: a case
      report.
AB  - Pre- and postoperative audiologic findings are compared in a patient who
      underwent three cochlear implant surgeries: an initial single-channel device in a
      recently deafened ear with no residual hearing, followed by a multichannel device
      in a congenitally deafened ear with a severe to profound loss, and subsequent
      explantation of the single-channel device and reimplantation with a multichannel
      device.

PMID- 1797611
TI  - A comparison of electrocochleography recording techniques.
AB  - Dual channel electrocochleography recordings were obtained in 50 ears (25
      patients). The summating potential/action potential amplitude ratios from
      horizontal and vertical recording montages were compared. Our findings show good
      summating potential/action potential ratio agreement between the two recording
      montages when an established normal criterion is used. Further statistical
      analysis may allow us to use the horizontal and vertical montages interchangeably
      to aid in the identification of summating and action potentials.

PMID- 1797612
TI  - [Maternal mortality at the Hospital de Ginecobstetricia del Centro Medico de
      Occidente, IMSS. Review of 5 years].
AB  - This study was carried out in order to know the mortality rate and related
      factors at Hospital de Ginecobstetricia, Centro Medico de Occidente, and to
      analyze the problem and to propose solutions. The files and reports of the
      Maternal Mortality Committee, regarding 74 deaths in a five year period, were
      reviewed. The definitions and classification criteria proposed by tha
      International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, were used. The average
      maternal death rate was 8.01 per 10,000 births. The main death causes were:
      hemorrhage, systemic hypertension, probable pulmonary thromboembolism and sepsis.
      Direct obstetrical deaths, were 82.4%; predictable deaths, 66.2%, and deaths on
      hospital arrival, 39.1%. There was professional liability in 66.2%, and hospital
      liability in 25.6%. These and other data, were analyzed and possible strategies
      to diminish maternal mortality, were proposed.

PMID- 1797613
TI  - [Profile of the membrane potential of mammalian sperm during maturation,
      ejaculation and capacitation].
AB  - The accumulation of lipophilic cation radiolabeled tri-phenylmethyl phosphonium
      (TPMP+) was utilized to determine the resting membrane potential across the
      plasma membrane psi. Washed sperm of mammalian was suspended and incubated in low
      K+ and high-K+ medium and allowed to take up the cation to a steady-state (20 min
      at 37 degrees C). By using this differential, the value obtained was transformed
      at value concentration using the intracellular volume and with these values
      inserted in the Nernst equation, we obtained the psi. During the maturation
      process the psi obtained in sperm cells of caput of the epididymis of New Zealand
      white rabbits was -75(+/-)-3 mV, in sperm cells of corpus and cauda, the psi
      obtained were -60(+/-)-5 and -52 +/- 3.5 mV, respectively. In the ejaculated
      spermatozoa the psi obtained was -69 +/- 2 mV. Finally, during the capacitation
      of human spermatozoa induced by the addition of calcium ions and the ionophore
      A23187 the psi obtained was -35 +/- 4 mV. These changes in the psi are
      significant because when the mammalian sperm cells are under different
      physiological conditions the membrane polarity is modified for the
      hyperpolarization and depolarization observed.

PMID- 1797614
TI  - [Diagnostic value of ultrasound in uterine myomatosis].
AB  - We studied 142 patients with total abdominal hysterectomy for leiomyomata in
      order to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound in this pathology. We
      found wide variations in the diagnostic when as seen from different points of
      view: Clinic, ultrasonographic, trans-operatory and pathological. The ultrasound
      confirmed leiomyomata in 80.28% of case and pathology only in 62%. Ultrasound
      found in 28 cases and uterus with no alterations and this was supported by
      pathology only in 20. In 80% the symptom that brought the patient to the hospital
      was some kind of abnormal bleeding. The chosen treatment was a total abdominal
      hysterectomy in all patients and in 35% it some kind of complementary procedure
      was done for the correction of adnexal pathology or stress urinary incontinence.
      It was seen an elevated incidence of cervical infections with HPV. The positive
      predictive value of this proof was 0.7018 and the negative value was 0.7143.

PMID- 1797615
TI  - [Alternative to bromocriptine (BEC) management in patients with prolactinoma and
      intolerance to oral BEC].
AB  - Currently, the treatment of choice in cases of prolactinoma, is oral
      administration of bromocriptine mesilate, (BEC*), which, in a majority of cases,
      obtains satisfactory results. However, there do exist patients who show a clear
      intolerance to the oral administration of the medication in spite of low doses
      and other strategies. This leaves trans-sphenoidal surgery as the sole
      alternative since access to other dopamine-agonists medications is usually
      limited and the injection preparation of BEC is still in the experimental stages.
      This study follows the case histories of eleven patients who showed a clear
      intolerance to the oral administration of BEC and who would not accept or were
      otherwise disqualified from having hypophyseal surgery. Instead, their cases were
      handled through another alternative, the vaginal administration of BEC. The
      patients involved had an average age of 32 ranging from 26 to 44 years of age.
      All showed an important reduction in prolactinemia levels after the seventh day
      of vaginal administration of BEC. From an initial average high of 121.3 +/- 21.2
      ng/ml levels were reduced after one week to 21.2 +/- 4.7 ng/ml, after ten days to
      14.7 and after one month to 15.7 ng/ml. Patients were kept under observation for
      a twelve month period, during which time a significant reduction was noted in six
      patients, four became pregnant and one, finally rejected vaginal treatment. In
      every case, the bothersome side effects of the medication, which led to use of
      the alternative method of administration, specially the gastro-intestinal
      problems, subsided. This may be an interesting alternative for those patients
      with prolactinoma and evident intolerance to oral BEC.

PMID- 1797616
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis in 350 amniocenteses].
AB  - Between march 1988 and march 1991, 350 amniocenteses were performed as a part of
      the prenatal diagnosis program at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia.
      Cytogenetic diagnosis was obtained in 348 cases (99.4%). A total of ten abnormal
      fetal karyotypes (2.9%) were detected: Down's syndrome, (5) Edwards' syndrome,
      (2) Turner's syndrome, (1) Klinefelter's syndrome (1) and chromosomal
      instability. (1) In addition, one carrier of a Robertsonian translocation, two
      balanced carriers of reciprocal translocations and three cases of true mosaicism,
      were also detected. In the group of patients studied for indications other than
      risk of chromosomopathy, one female fetus affected by congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia, was observed. There were two miscarriages, resulting in a post
      procedural fetal loss of 0.57%.

PMID- 1797617
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography. A randomized study of 3000 patients].
AB  - From January through December, 1990 at Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia Tlatelolco,
      3,000 pregnant women were subjected to ultrasonography at random using a real
      time, B mode apparatus with a 3.5 MHz lineal transducer. Fetal malformation were
      diagnosed, some of which would have passed undetected in the labor room with
      consequent delay of treatment and false raise of perinatal morbidity and
      mortality rates.

PMID- 1797618
TI  - [Sialyltransferase activity in the spermatic membrane and its relation to human
      fertility and sterility].
AB  - Sialyltransferase activity was determined on normospermic men sperm cells
      (greater than 80 x 10(6) sperm/ml and 75% motility) and oligospermic infertile
      sperm cells (less than 20 x 10(6) sperm/ml and less than 20% motility) and
      asthenospermic (greater than 40 x 10(6) sperm/ml and less than 10% motility).
      Sialytransferase activity is quantified by means of the transference of
      radioactivity of CMP-3H-sialic acid toward the exogenous acceptor (asialofetuin).
      The enzyme substrate complexes formed in presence of phosphotungstic acid result
      precipitated insoluble, which was retained on glass fiber filter. The
      sialyltransferase activity decrease in oligospermic sperm cells 62 +/- 3% and in
      the asthenospermic decreased 57 +/- 4% with respect normospermic sperm cells. The
      decrement on sialyltransferase activity in the infertile sperm, permits to assume
      that this enzyme probably participates as a direct cause of its pathology with
      detrimental structural and functional integrity of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 1797619
TI  - [Endothelin: preliminary data on its concentration in normal pregnancies and with
      arterial hypertension].
AB  - A peptide of endothelial origin derived from blood vessels named endothelin with
      vasoactive properties has been recently described. Since pregnancy associated
      hypertension (pre-eclampsia) is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by
      glomerular vasospasm and altered venous capacitance we decided to investigate the
      plasma levels of endothelin contained in patients with preeclampsia and normal
      pregnancy throughout diverse stages of gestation in order to recognize
      differences of peptide concentration that could explain the appearance of
      hypertension. Endothelin was significantly increased in preeclamptic women at
      term; hence, it is possible that it may play a role in the toxemic syndrome.

PMID- 1797620
TI  - [Heterotopic pregnancy. A case report and review of the literature].
AB  - A case reported of simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy, is
      presented, accompanied by a spontaneous abortion, in the 8th week of gestation,
      and 3 weeks later, rupture of left tubal pregnancy. Frequency and etiologic
      factors, as well as diagnostic possibilities are discussed.

PMID- 1797621
TI  - Biphasic changes in phospholipid hydroperoxide levels during renal
      ischemia/reperfusion.
AB  - The involvement of lipid peroxidation in renal ischemia/reperfusion was explored
      by measuring changes in the cortical content of specific primary lipid
      hydroperoxides (using chemluminescent detection with HPLC) following ischemia and
      reperfusion and by correlating the changes in hydroperoxide content with
      measurements of renal blood flow. Phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide concentrations were significantly lowered
      during 30 or 60 min of ischemia (to levels less than 50% of control at 60 min).
      Following 30 min of renal ischemia, reperfusion resulted in a rebound of
      phospholipid hydroperoxide tissue content to levels higher than controls.
      Increased phospholipid hydroperoxide formation was not, however, observed in
      response to reperfusion following long-term (60 min) ischemia. In separate
      animals it was demonstrated that following 30 min ischemia and reperfusion, renal
      blood flow recovers to about 65% of control in 1 h. In contrast, following 60 min
      ischemia and reperfusion, the renal blood flow remains more highly impaired (less
      than 25% recovery for periods up to 24 h). These results imply that phospholipid
      hydroperoxides are produced and accumulate in the kidneys under normal aerobic
      conditions and that lipid peroxidative activity increases during renal
      ischemia/reperfusion to an extent dependent on the degree of local blood
      perfusion.

PMID- 1797622
TI  - Hyperoxic inhibition of newborn rat lung development: protection by deferoxamine.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia markedly inhibits normal lung development
      (alveolarization and respiratory surface area expansion) in immature animals.
      Since (a) hyperoxia results in excess hydroxyl radical (OH.) formation, (b) (OH.)
      is implicated in O2-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA alterations, and (c) both
      OH. formation and its interaction with DNA are Fe++ dependent; chelation of Fe++
      should act to protect against pulmonary O2 toxicity and hyperoxic inhibition of
      lung development. We therefore treated litters of newborn rats with the iron
      chelator Deferoxamine mesylate (DES) (150 mg/kg/day) during a 10-day exposure to
      greater than 95% O2. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that compared to the mean
      airspace size in air control rat pups (Lm = 44.5 microns), hyperoxic exposure
      resulted in a 34% larger mean air space diameter in O2-saline rat lungs (59.5
      microns) versus only an 11% enlargement in O2-DES lungs (51.1 microns*). Lung
      internal surface area (cm2) per 100-g body weight were air control = 4480, O2
      saline = 3570 (decreases 20.3%), and O2-DES = 4125* (decreases 7.9%) (*p less
      than 0.05 versus O2-saline group). DES-treated animals also had significantly
      decreased lung conjugated diene levels during hyperoxic exposure and increased
      lung elastin content (reflective of preserved lung alveolar formation) compared
      to O2-saline rats. These results indicate that DES treatment substantially
      ameliorated the inhibitory effects of neonatal hyperoxic exposure on normal lung
      development.

PMID- 1797623
TI  - Evidence for 21-aminosteroid association with the hydrophobic domains of brain
      microvessel endothelial cells.
AB  - Studies were conducted to demonstrate 21-aminosteroid distribution into the
      hydrophobic or lipid domains of biological membranes, a presumed site at which
      these compounds inhibit lipid peroxidation. Bovine brain microvessel endothelial
      cells (BMECs) were labeled with diphenylhexatriene fluorophores and interactions
      with cell membranes characterized with fluorescence anisotropy and lifetimes. Two
      21-aminosteroids (U-74500A and U74006F) were shown to preferentially alter the
      fluorescence anisotropy and lifetime parameters of the diphenylhexatriene probe
      distributing into membranes throughout the BMECs. Little or no effect of the
      compounds was observed on the fluorescence parameters of the probe localized on
      the surface of BMEC plasma membranes. By contrast, cholesterol used as a positive
      control substantially altered the fluorescence parameters of BMECs labeled with
      either diphenylhexatriene probe. Results suggest 21-aminosteroid-induced changes
      in the molecular packing order and drug: fluorescent probe interactions in
      membrane hydrophobic (or lipid) domains throughout the BMEC. Concentrations of 21
      aminosteroids altering the fluorescence parameters of diphenylhexatriene labeled
      BMECs correspond to those concentrations of 21-aminosteroids effective in vitro
      in inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 1797624
TI  - Degradation of uric acid during autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin induced
      by sodium nitrite.
AB  - The oxidation of oxyhemoglobin produced by sodium nitrite occurs in two stages:
      1) an initial slow phase followed by 2) a rapid autocatalytic phase that carries
      the reaction to completion. The length of the slow phase is extended when uric
      acid is added to the reaction mixture. As the concentration of uric acid
      increases, the length of the slow phase increases until a concentration is
      reached at which the rate of methemoglobin formation is nearly linear until the
      reaction is complete. Further increases in the concentration of uric acid do not
      affect the rate of the reaction in the slow phase. At low concentrations of uric
      acid, where an autocatalytic phase is reached, uric acid is degraded during the
      reaction. At concentrations of uric acid that keep the reaction in the linear
      phase, the uric acid is not degraded. It is concluded that uric acid may protect
      oxyhemoglobin by reacting with HbO2H to yield [HbOH]+ and the urate radical. The
      urate radical may react with a second molecule of HbO2H and become oxidized. At
      higher concentrations, the radical may undergo electron transfer with
      oxyhemoglobin to regenerate the uric acid and form methemoglobin.

PMID- 1797625
TI  - Increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of red blood cells from fish oil
      fed rabbits increases in vitro lipid peroxidation, but decreases hemolysis.
AB  - In view of a possible relationship between fish oil, lipid peroxidation, and
      atherosclerosis, the in vitro lipid peroxidation susceptibility of red blood
      cells (RBCs) from rabbits on conventional (-FO) and fish oil-enriched diets (+FO)
      was investigated. The diet caused substantial increases in the RBC concentrations
      of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in combination with decreases in the
      concentration of oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2). Cumene hydroperoxide
      induced oxidative stress led to increased overall fatty acid peroxidation in +FO
      RBCs compared with with -FO RBCs, as quantitated by GLC fatty acid analysis.
      However, the increased overall susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of +FO RBCs
      was not reflected in increased peroxidation of every individual fatty acid. This
      was observed for endogenous arachidonic acid (20:4) as well as, in separate
      experiments, for exogenously added parinaric acid (PnA). The increased cumene
      hydroperoxide-induced PUFA oxidation in +FO RBCs was accompanied by a lesser
      extent of hemolysis. To account for these observations, it is proposed that the
      increased n-3 PUFA content of +FO RBCs serves as an oxidizable buffer. The
      present data suggest that oxidation of fatty acids can occur until a critically
      low level of intact phospholipid in the RBC membrane is reached, after which the
      membrane destabilizes and hemolysis occurs. At the same time, the PUFA buffer in
      +FO RBCs could also prevent oxidative damage to specific membrane proteins, which
      could also help prevent cell lysis.

PMID- 1797626
TI  - The inhibition of radical-initiated peroxidation of microsomal lipids by both
      alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.
AB  - Rat liver microsomal lipids in hexane solution were exposed to the lipid-soluble
      radical initiator, azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN), and the antioxidant activities
      of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene have been compared. Lipid peroxidation was
      monitored both by conjugated diene formation at 233 nm, and by malondialdehyde
      (MDA) formation in the thiobarbituric acid assay at 535 nm. Diene formation was
      continuous for at least 120 min in the presence of 85 micrograms/ml lipid and 4
      mM AIBN. Both alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene acted as chain-breaking
      antioxidants, suppressing lipid peroxidation and producing an induction period at
      concentrations as low as 0.5 and 8 microM, respectively. When both of these lipid
      soluble antioxidants were present together, the oxidation was strongly suppressed
      and the induction period was the sum of the individual antioxidants, alpha
      Tocopherol and beta-carotene also inhibited MDA generation. In the presence of
      170 micrograms/ml lipid and 8 mM AIBN, beta-carotene exhibited an IC50 of 1.1
      microM and inhibited completely at 15 microM. Using beta-carotene, an induction
      period was observed, although much less pronounced than with alpha-tocopherol.
      Furthermore, beta-carotene inhibited MDA production in a concentration-dependent
      manner and exhibited an IC50 of 50 microM. In addition, added beta-carotene
      delayed the radical-initiated destruction of the endogenous alpha-tocopherol and
      gamma-tocopherol in this system.

PMID- 1797628
TI  - Lipid peroxidation and retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - Using the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, we have established a
      time-related curve for lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) in plasma and have correlated
      the period corresponding to maximal increase with histologic changes in the outer
      retina. Measurement of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) provides a
      convenient assessment of LHP concentration in plasma. Our results demonstrate a
      seven-fold elevation of TBARS at 10 days post-induction which increased to
      fifteen times above normal at 22 days and then fell dramatically to below
      baseline values at 39 days. Structural damage to the retina consisted of a
      reduction in cell number throughout the inner and outer nuclear layers,
      disorganization and loss of photoreceptor segments, and dilation of the basal
      region of the retinal pigment epithelium. The present observations establish a
      correlation between LHP concentration and retinal structure and function. Taken
      together with other reports in the literature showing alterations of protective
      enzymes and antioxidants, it appears that free radicals and lipid peroxidation
      are involved in the etiology of diabetic retinopathy in the STZ rat model. The
      TBARS assay is a simple, sensitive and inexpensive method to monitor changes in
      oxidative status and may prove useful in diagnosis and monitoring of patients
      with diabetes.

PMID- 1797627
TI  - Glutathione dependent metabolism and detoxification of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.
AB  - The involvement of glutathione (GSH) dependent processes in the detoxification of
      4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) was investigated using Chinese hamster fibroblasts and
      clonogenic cell survival. GSH reacted, in a dose-dependent fashion, with 4HNE in
      phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, leading to the disappearance of 4HNE. The addition of
      glutathione transferase activity (GST) facilitated a more rapid disappearance of
      4HNE but the reaction was still dependent on the concentration of GSH. When cell
      cultures were exposed to the reaction mixtures, 4HNE cytotoxicity was also
      reduced in a manner which was dependent on the concentration of GSH. When 2.16-
      or 1.08-mM GSH were incubated in phosphate buffer with 1.08-mM 4HNE in the
      presence or absence of GST, then mixed with media and placed on cells for 1 h,
      the cytotoxicity associated with exogenous exposure to free 4HNE was abolished.
      GSH depletion (greater than 90%) using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was
      accomplished in control (HA1) and H2O2-resistant variants derived from HA1. GSH
      depletion resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity of 4HNE in all cell lines. This BSO
      induced sensitization to 4HNE cytotoxicity was accompanied by a significant
      reduction in the ability of cells to metabolize 4HNE. The magnitude of the
      sensitization to 4HNE toxicity caused by GSH depletion was similar to the
      magnitude of the reduction in the ability of cells to metabolize 4HNE. These
      results support the hypothesis that GSH and GST provide a biologically
      significant pathway for protection against aldehydic by-products of lipid
      peroxidation.

PMID- 1797629
TI  - A further polymorphism of the Gd locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      present among blacks (Nigerians) and apparently absent among Caucasoids: the
      quantitative isoelectrophoretic variation of the Gd+ allele.
AB  - A structural but isoelectrophoretic moderate variation of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity is common among Nigerians (a black population
      exposed to a long-lasting intense Plasmodium falciparum malarial endemia). It had
      never even been searched for among Caucasoids and Mongoloids. In the present
      work, we attempted to ascertain whether this polymorphism exists among
      Caucasoids. With this purpose, two Caucasoid male populations were studied:
      Sardinians and Romans, who respectively did and did not experience an
      evolutionarily effective exposure to P. falciparum. The approach adopted here
      consisted in comparing the variations of G6PD activity observed between brothers
      who certainly received their Gd gene from the same grandparent (hence Gd genes
      identical by descent) with those between brothers who received it (in the Roman
      series) or may have received it (in the Sardinian series) from different
      grandparents. No evidence for common moderate G6PD activity variations
      segregating with the Gd gene was found either in Romans or Sardinians, who have
      both been studied with much larger samples and more sensitive approaches than
      those which detected such type of polymorphism among Nigerians. The upper 95%
      confidence limit of such zero estimates for the frequency of the
      isoelectrophoretic quantitative Gd variant alleles were about 0.04 and 0.025 for
      Romans and Sardinians, respectively. This is the first example of a genetic
      region (the Gd gene with its flanking sequences) apparently monomorphic in a
      major race and with several (four) polymorphic sites in another major race.

PMID- 1797630
TI  - Estimate of the intrafamilial correlation for serum creatine kinase and pyruvate
      kinase in females at risk for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.
AB  - In order to verify the possibility of nonrandom X-inactivation in females
      heterozygous for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies,
      intrafamilial correlations and the heritabilities for serum creatine kinase (CK)
      and pyruvate kinase (PK) were estimated in a large sample of females belonging to
      families with affected patients. The results of the present investigation suggest
      that the apparent intrafamilial correlations for serum CK reported in previous
      studies in DMD families are not related with the presence of the DMD/BMD gene.
      Our data do not seem to support the hypothesis of a gene leading to a
      preferential inactivation of the X-chromosome in females at risk for the
      dystrophin gene.

PMID- 1797631
TI  - Inbreeding in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (Quebec, Canada): a study of Catholic Church
      dispensations 1842-1971.
AB  - Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (SLSJ) is a rather geographically isolated region of Quebec
      which shows a high occurrence of hereditary disorders. It has been suggested that
      high inbreeding might explain this situation. We studied the inbreeding in the
      SLSJ region by 10-year periods from 1842 till 1971 using the Catholic Church
      dispensations. The values of the mean inbreeding coefficient were found to be low
      during the whole period, reaching a peak of 22.94 x 10(-4) during the period 1902
      1911. The values observed in the SLSJ were lower than those found in most regions
      of Quebec and similar to those reported in European populations.

PMID- 1797632
TI  - Human enzyme polymorphism in the Canary Islands. IV. Eastern islands.
AB  - The genetic polymorphism of eight red cell enzymes was analyzed in four
      population samples from the two easternmost islands of the Canary Archipelago. No
      heterogeneity was detected within the islands, but differences between them were
      of the same magnitude as those found between the islands and the Spanish
      mainland. The presence of the African G6PD-A+ and the rare G6PD-Gc alleles seems
      to be a characteristic of all Canarian populations studied.

PMID- 1797634
TI  - Factor B (BF) allotypes and multiple sclerosis in north-east England.
AB  - A significant decrease in the frequency of BF*F allele and an increase of BF*F1
      allele was found in 101 clinically definite multiple sclerosis patients compared
      to 270 normal controls from North-East England. In Dw2 types 41 patients and 60
      controls, only the rare allele BF*F1 showed a significant increase in the
      patients group. For the common BF*S allele a significant increase was found in
      Dw2+ patients compared to the Dw2- patients, but a slight similar increase
      observed in Dw2+ controls did not attain significance. This increase in the
      patient group is attributed to a strong linkage disequilibrium between BF*S and
      Dw2 alleles. No such linkage disequilibrium exists in the normal controls. There
      is a suggestion that the BF*S and Dw2+ alleles are more prevalent in chronic
      progressive patients, implying that in Dw2+ patients BF may influence the
      progression of the disease.

PMID- 1797633
TI  - Population genetics of the Malmo polymorphism of coagulation factor IX.
AB  - The distribution of 1,198 Malmo alleles was examined in 822 men from 16
      indigenous populations and 188 women from 7 of the ethnic groups. Subjects were
      from several European countries, the Mediterranean, East Asia, and the USA (Anglo
      and African-Americans). The frequencies of the rarer (Malmo B) allele were
      approximately equal across Europe, the highest frequencies (0.36) being in the
      French and Anglo-Americans; no population was observed with clearly the highest
      frequency. They diminished slightly at moderate distances from Europe (Tunisia,
      Ethiopia) and greatly at longer distances (East Asia and West Africa). In
      Orientals, the frequencies ranged from 0.07 (East Indians) to 0.03 (the Chinese)
      and from 0.0 to 0.15 in African-Americans. Assuming selective neutrality, the
      data are consistent with the European origin of the 'B' allele when the
      population was small and outward spread.

PMID- 1797635
TI  - Allele frequencies of human complement factor I in a sample from Iwate, northern
      Japan, with the description of geographical cline.
AB  - Serum samples from 270 healthy blood donors of Iwate prefecture, northern Japan,
      were examined for polymorphism of factor I (IF) by using polyacrylamide gel
      isoelectric focusing followed by semidry horizontal electroblotting with enzyme
      immunoassay. In 270 individuals four different patterns were observed, and these
      were controlled by two common alleles, IF*A and IF*B, and one rare allele, IF*A2.
      Allele frequencies were estimated to be 0.1019, 0.8963 and 0.0018 for IF*A, IF*B
      and IF*A2, respectively. The data of IF allele frequencies thus far reported in
      Japan excluding Okinawa Island were compared, and a statistically significant (p
      less than 0.01) geographical cline was detected for IF*A and IF*B alleles.

PMID- 1797636
TI  - Distribution of G1m(1), G1m(2) and G3m(5) allotypes in Aragon.
AB  - The distribution of G1m(1), G1m(2) and G3m(5) allotypes was studied in 700
      unrelated individuals from Aragon (North-East Spain). The Gm haplotype
      frequencies were similar to those reported in French areas next to Aragon.

PMID- 1797637
TI  - A homage to Dr C. G. Pandit.

PMID- 1797638
TI  - Prevalence of HBsAg & anti-HBs in children & strategy suggested for immunisation
      in India.
AB  - The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was studied in sera from 982 children of
      different age groups below 5 yr. HBsAg was detected in 0.9, 2.3, 4.1, 2.3 and 1.6
      per cent children of 0-1, 2-6, 7-12, 13-36 and 37-60 months age groups
      respectively. Anti-HBs in these five groups was noted in 17.0, 12.9, 18.4, 14.2
      and 13.7 per cent children, respectively. The findings suggest that the carrier
      pool is built up in the preschool age group, particularly, below the age of 6
      months. Perinatal transmission and the relative role of transplacental need re
      evaluation. Cost analysis does not permit inclusion of HBV in the Expanded
      Programme of Immunisation.

PMID- 1797639
TI  - Comparison of four techniques of measles diagnosis: virus isolation,
      immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase & ELISA.
AB  - In an attempt to develop reliable, quick, simple and less expensive methods for
      diagnosing measles in rural areas, a study was undertaken in December, 1989, at
      the main health centre in Yaounde, during the measles outbreak, which allowed
      access to 80 per cent of children living in Yaounde. During the epidemic, 120
      cases of measles were detected (clinically diagnosed) among the 1580 children
      examined. The control group comprised 120 children without symptoms of measles.
      Sick and control children were between 6 and 36 months old and comprised 54 males
      and 64 females. Measles was diagnosed by isolation of measles virus by cell
      culture, direct immunoperoxidase (DIP), direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and
      ELISA. Using cell culture, 8 measles virus (7%), 22 herpes simplex virus type 1
      (HSV1), 6 varied enterovirus and 4 adenovirus were isolated in the sick group. In
      the control group, 8 HSV1, 5 enteroviruses and 4 adenoviruses were isolated. By
      DIP and DIF, 36 positive cases were detected (30%) and 84 negative cases in the
      sick group. By ELISA IgM, we found 72 positive cases which confirm clinical
      diagnosis in 60 per cent and 48 negative cases in the sick group. None of the
      three methods (DIP, DIF, ELISA) yielded positive cases in the control group.
      Evidence of the high prevalence of HSV1 during the measles outbreak leads to the
      question whether there is a primo-infection by the herpes simplex virus or a
      reactivation by the measles virus.

PMID- 1797640
TI  - Behaviour change in HIV infected subjects following health education.
AB  - A total of 85 HIV seropositive subjects among consecutive new registrants in the
      STD Department were given health education measures directed to avoiding high
      risk behaviours and also the events with a high potential for transmission of
      infection. The emphasis was on the use of condoms, discontinuing promiscuity,
      abstaining from homosexual acts and avoidance of pregnancy and advice against
      marriage for those contemplating it. The Health Education Programme was delivered
      individually to each subject over two or three sessions, each lasting for 30 to
      45 min. At the time of follow up (one to 24 months) 42 per cent of subjects had
      become non-promiscuous. There was a good compliance on advice against marriage
      and pregnancy. Seven infants born during the follow up period were seronegative.
      The use of condom was not found to be acceptable. The prostitutes comprised the
      most resistant group to education. Among the factors that influenced the
      behaviour change favourably was the absence of earlier STD or a short duration of
      the current STD. Literacy, marital status, awareness of AIDS did not influence
      the outcome of education. The study demonstrated the feasibility of health
      education at individual level in the clinical setting of an STD Department. A
      longer follow-up may indicate the sustainability of behaviour change in the
      subjects.

PMID- 1797641
TI  - Resistant coagulase negative staphylococci from clinical samples.
AB  - Antibiotic susceptibility testing against 17 antibiotics was done on 96 strains
      of various species of coagulase negative staphylococci by Stokes method. Hundred
      per cent sensitivity was found against vancomycin and cefotaxime and about 90 per
      cent against ciprofloxacin, clavulanate potentiated amoxycillin, cloxacillin and
      clindamycin. Strains showed highest resistance against cotrimoxazole (77.08%) and
      tetracycline (64.59%). Clavulanate potentiated amoxycillin was found to be highly
      active against penicillin, ampicillin and amoxycillin resistant organisms. The
      results highlight the importance of antibiotic resistance typing among coagulase
      negative staphylococci species which are increasingly being reported from serious
      clinical infections making empiric therapy and selection of antibiotics difficult
      in these infections.

PMID- 1797642
TI  - Candida antibodies in amniotic fluid.
AB  - Amniotic fluid samples were tested for specific immunoglobulins against Candida
      albicans by indirect immunofluorescence. Nineteen of the 23 samples tested
      contained specific IgA while specific IgG antibodies were detected in only seven
      samples (P less than 0.01). None of the samples contained specific anticandidal
      IgM (P less than 0.001). These 23 samples and a further 30 amniotic fluid samples
      were tested for Candida mannan antigen by latex agglutination. Mannan was not
      detected in any of the samples tested. It is concluded that anticandidal IgA in
      amniotic fluid is naturally occurring.

PMID- 1797643
TI  - False resistance of salmonellae to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in disc
      diffusion method.
AB  - Apparent resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in disc diffusion
      method was found in 14 strains of Salmonella typhi and 2 strains of S. paratyphi
      A grown on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) of one manufacturer. On MHA from another
      manufacturer and on diagnostic sensitivity test agar (DSTA), these 16 strains
      were sensitive to TMP-SMZ. The minimum inhibitory concentration of trimethoprim
      (TMP) assayed by agar dilution method, on DSTA medium for these 16 strains was in
      the range of 0.01 to 0.04 micrograms/ml. Thus, the apparent resistance was a
      spurious result due to the unsatisfactory quality of the batch of MHA of the
      first manufacturer. Presumably the medium contained thymine or its derivatives
      which act as antagonists to TMP and sulphonamide drugs.

PMID- 1797644
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis in pelvic inflammatory disease.
AB  - C. trachomatis seems to be an important causative organism of pelvic inflammatory
      disease (PID) as C. trachomatis antigen and/or antibody was found in 234 (69.85%)
      of 335 patients clinically diagnosed to have PID. Antigen was detected in the
      lower genital tract of 118 (35.22%) patients whereas IgG antibody was present in
      188 (56.11%), of whom 89 (47.34%) had a high titre. Repeat testing of sera of 37
      patients showed a rise in antibody titre in 18 (40%). As the success rate of
      therapy for PID with doxycycline was found to be 80 per cent, early diagnosis and
      treatment may be recommended to prevent further complications of PID.

PMID- 1797645
TI  - Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from patients of respiratory tract disease &
      environmental samples.
AB  - In this preliminary study 45 patients suffering from pneumonia were screened for
      L. pneumophila. Also 17 random environmental samples viz., water from cooling
      system used for air-conditioning units and samples from respirator-humidifier
      were screened. Four of 45 (9%) clinical specimens and 13 of 17 (76%)
      environmental samples showed presence of L. pneumophila. This is the first report
      from India of the isolation on L. pneumophila.

PMID- 1797646
TI  - Clinical & bacteriological profile of neonatal pneumonia.
AB  - In a prospective study of 44 neonates (33 outborn and 11 inborn) with pneumonia,
      the bacteriology of pneumonia was determined by blood culture and serum
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Twenty-nine babies also underwent lung
      aspiration. The lung aspirate was subjected to bacterial culture and CIEP. CIEP
      was done to detect the bacterial antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and
      Haemophilus influenzae. Absence of tachypnoea, found more commonly in low birth
      weight babies, was a poor prognostic sign. Low birth weight babies had a
      significantly higher mortality than babies with normal birth weight. Altogether,
      a bacterial etiology of neonatal pneumonia could be established in 25 cases
      (56.7%). In 10 babies, Strep. pneumoniae antigen was detected in serum and/or
      lung aspirate. Micro-organisms were cultured from blood and/or lung aspirate from
      17 babies. Eleven babies (25%) grew Gram negative bacteria. The common bacteria
      identified in decreasing order of frequency were Strep. pneumoniae, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acinatobacter lowfii, Staph. aureus,
      Pseudoamonas aeruginosa etc. All the Gram negative bacteria as well as
      staphylococci were sensitive to amikacin while only 23.5 per cent was sensitive
      to gentamicin. All staphylococci isolated were sensitive to methicillin.

PMID- 1797647
TI  - Microlevel epidemiological variations in malaria & its implications on control
      strategy.
AB  - Microlevel epidemiological variations in designing malaria control strategies
      were studied. Quantitative and qualitative variations were observed between two
      physiographic zones and between four different ecotypes within the zones of the
      Koraput district. While the peak transmission occurred in rainy season in the 600
      m plateau (Jeypore zone), the same was observed in cold season in 150 m plateau
      (Malkangiri zone). The age specific parasite prevalence indicated a high degree
      of transmission and high level of acquired immunity in top- and foot-hill
      villages of both zones as compared to plain and riverine villages. Transmission
      was perennial in top-hill and foot-hill villages while it was of short period
      (indicated by infant parasite rate) in others. Since the period and intensity of
      transmission vary, an uniform residual insecticidal spray schedule as followed at
      present is not necessary. Majority of fever patients in top-hill villages were
      positive for Plasmodium falciparum and therefore may be treated for malaria
      without slide collection and examination. Evaluations may be done by sample
      surveys. These steps can optimize the malaria control operation in the district.

PMID- 1797648
TI  - Biting periodicity index of Culex quinquefasciatus & its relationship with
      microfilaria periodicity in Pondicherry.
AB  - The biting periodicity index of the bancroftian filariasis vector, C.
      quinquefasciatus, was calculated on the basis of a large longitudinal data base
      and compared with the periodicity index of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti.
      The biting periodicity index of the vector population was 29.78 and found to be
      close to the periodicity index of the microfilariae. The peak biting activity of
      the vector and peak appearance of microfilariae in the peripheral blood occurred
      at about 01.00 h, which accounts for the optimum infection of the vector
      population. The early night biting density of the vector population showed a
      highly significant (P less than 0.0005) linear relationship with all night biting
      density.

PMID- 1797649
TI  - Quantitative structure activity relationship in diphenyl ureas for insect growth
      regulating activity.
AB  - Insect growth regulating (IGR) activity of 29 diphenyl urea compounds was
      determined against the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. The variations
      in the activity of these compounds were analysed with the physicochemical
      substituent parameters and regression analysis. Quantitative structure activity
      relationship (QSAR) studies revealed that the IGR activity was influenced by
      lipophilicity, electron withdrawing effect of the substituents on the aniline
      moiety, the steric effect of the substituents in the acidic moiety and the
      position of substitution. This diphenyl ureas for IGR activity seem to offer a
      successful model for the application of QSAR method in the development of new
      vector control agents.

PMID- 1797650
TI  - Longitudinal study on distribution of Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies at
      different heights in cattleshed.
AB  - Distribution of Ph. argentipes at three levels (level I, 0-0.91 m; level II, 0.91
      1.82 m; and level III 1.82-2.74 m) above the ground in 6 cattlesheds was studied
      during July 1989 to June 1990. Of the 8044 Ph. argentipes caught, 3151 (39.2%),
      3936 (48.9%) and 957 (11.9%) were from levels I, II, and III respectively. Both
      male and fed, half-fed, gravid and unfed female sandflies were found at all the
      three levels and in all the three seasons viz., rainy, winter and summer, of the
      year. The maximum height of occurrence of sandflies was 2.51 m (8.3 ft) above the
      ground level.

PMID- 1797651
TI  - The adhesion phenomenon in filariasis: a preliminary note. 1928.

PMID- 1797652
TI  - Role of faecal leucocytes in the diagnostic evaluation of acute diarrhoea.
AB  - The value of faecal leucocyte examination was assessed in 400 infants with acute
      diarrhoea and 40 normal healthy infants. Enteropathogens were isolated from
      28.75%. Escherichia coli was the commonest (16.5%) followed by Salmonella
      typhimurium (7%), Vibrio cholerae (3.25%) and Shigella flexneri (1.5%). Exudative
      response was observed in 57.1% of stools with Salmonella and 66.6% each with
      Shigella and E.I.E.C. infections. 81.3%, 89.5% and 87.7% of stools from which
      EPEC and ETEC and no enteropathogens respectively were isolated showed minimal or
      no Leucocytic response. The test is useful to recognise probable invasive
      bacterial diarrhoea and to decide the cases in which stool culture could be
      advantageous.

PMID- 1797653
TI  - Maternal airways function during normal pregnancy.
AB  - Forced vital capacity, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, expiratory flow
      rates and V max at different lung volumes were statistically unchanged during the
      course of pregnancy compared to non pregnant control group. There was no
      restrictive or obstructive defects during the course of pregnancy despite the
      added mechanical load to the respiratory apparatus by the gravid uterus.

PMID- 1797654
TI  - Statistical study of the socio-economic factors affecting child immunisation in
      rural areas.
AB  - A sample survey of immunisation coverages in children in the rural areas of
      Varanasi was undertaken to study how the socio-economic status of parents affects
      immunisation of their children. The present state of affairs in immunisation
      programme in India inspite of its established utility and added attempts towards
      its implementation, seems to be unsatisfactory. The entire problem is very
      closely linked with education and socio-economic uplift of the people.

PMID- 1797655
TI  - Smokeless tobacco and premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity.
AB  - The paper compares the prevalence of oral carcinoma and dysplasia in smokeless
      tobacco users and non users. A total of 3205 subjects were studied. Of the
      smokeless tobacco users, 1.96 percent had oral carcinoma compared with 0.36
      percent of non-users. The prevalence of oral dysplasia in the users' group was
      14.4 percent as compared with 6.85 percent in the group of non-users.

PMID- 1797656
TI  - Need for blood bank standards.

PMID- 1797657
TI  - Comparative study of ultrasonography and oral cholecystography in evaluation of
      gallbladder and biliary tract diseases.
AB  - 50 cases, aged between 14-60 years, clinically suspected of gall-bladder and
      biliary tract diseases were evaluated by ultrasonography and oral
      cholecystography. Ultrasound with a preliminary radiograph of gallbladder region,
      proved to be more sensitive and reliable procedure than oral cholecystography.
      Besides providing ancillary information regarding adjacent anatomic structures,
      it also guided the surgeon to decide preoperatively about the mode of surgery to
      be employed. Further, from the present study it can be fairly concluded that
      ultrasound should be used as the primary screening technique for evaluating
      gallbladder and biliary tract diseases, after plain skiagram of the gallbladder
      region, since it is non-invasive, more sensitive than OCG and is devoid of use of
      contrast media and its toxicity.

PMID- 1797658
TI  - Increasing prevalence of high degree resistance amongst Salmonella to different
      antibiotics.
AB  - National Salmonella & Escherichia Centre situated at Central Research Institute,
      Kasauli receives Salmonella strains from all over the country. Eight hundred and
      fourteen Salmonella strains belonging to 14 serotypes received during 1986 were
      studied for antibiotic resistance and Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) with
      regard to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), furazolidone (Fz) and gentamicin
      (G). Resistance to ampicillin was found to be highest (80%) and furazolidone the
      least (0.1%). Similarly a large number of strains (31%) had very high MIC values
      greater than 640 mcg per ml for chloramphenicol, whereas only 3.4% strains were
      found to have MIC values greater than 640 mcg per ml for gentamicin. The present
      findings have been discussed in the light of similar data published from this
      Centre earlier and from other sources in India.

PMID- 1797659
TI  - Hyperfractionation in advanced head and neck cancer.
AB  - This preliminary study was undertaken to observe tumour response and normal
      tissue tolerance to hyperfractionation. This study showed encouraging
      locoregional control rate in advanced head and neck cancer. Responses T4 tumors
      are poor and are prone to recur. This indicates that probably greater dose is
      needed to control T4 disease. We used 7920 cGy for T4 and late T3 status tumour.
      This dose is well tolerated by patients. Control of T4 tumours may further be
      increased by increasing total dose, but in view of inadequate clear cut numerical
      data of tissue tolerance derived by L-Q = Linear Quadratic formula which is still
      under clinical trial, further increase in total dose cannot be overemphasized.
      Longer follow up is necessary to assess the long term control rate and late
      tissue reaction. There is a need of randomized controlled clinical trial to
      compare hyperfractionation and conventional fractionation. In next phase we are
      undertaking randomized study of twice daily, daily and weekly fractionation in
      advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 1797660
TI  - Electroencephalographic response of canine hippocampus to intraventricular GABA.
AB  - The effect of intraventricularly administered GABA on hippocampus was
      investigated by recording its electrical activity after chronic implantation of
      cannulae and bipolar electrode in five male beagle dogs. GABA was introduced in
      40 mg/Kg b. weight so as to exceed its physiological levels in CSF. Recordings
      were made within two hours after microinjection in third ventricle. The
      predominant pattern of EEG depicted synchronization. The progressing
      synchronization of EEG suggests induction of functional lesion which might be
      playing a protective role in the regulation of metabolic behaviour.

PMID- 1797661
TI  - Rational drug therapy--rational prescriber a priority!

PMID- 1797662
TI  - Charter for care of children in hospitals.

PMID- 1797663
TI  - Gentamicin therapy: medical audit.
AB  - In order to evaluate the prescription practices on gentamicin, we screened
      retrospectively the case records of 600 patients admitted to this hospital. Of
      these, 100 received gentamicin, in combination with other antibiotics, as the
      initial treatment. Therapy with gentamicin was considered to be indicated in 71
      cases; 62% were below 1 year. Patients with neonatal septicemia, meningitis,
      serious staphylococcal infections and those who were immunocompromised received
      appropriate treatment with the drug. All the bacteria cultured were sensitive to
      the antibiotic. Gentamicin was unnecessarily prescribed to 29 cases including
      bronchial asthma (n = 7), bronchiolitis (n = 6) and acute gastroenteritis with
      dehydration (n = 8). In most of the latter cases, the use of gentamicin indicated
      the psychologic dependence, of the physician, on the drug. Nine patients showed
      gentamicin-related nephrotoxicity. Formulation of standard treatment guidelines
      and regular medical audits are necessary to improve quality of prescribing and
      avoid misuse of drugs.

PMID- 1797664
TI  - Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in hospitalized children with acute
      diarrhea.
AB  - A total of 498 children, aged 0-14 years, admitted at the B.C. Roy Memorial
      Hospital for Children, Calcutta, were investigated for the occurrence of
      Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. Of the children in the investigation,
      369 suffered from acute diarrhea. Only 8.4% of these children had C. difficile in
      fecal samples and in vitro cytotoxin was demonstrated in 7%. In 27 (7.3%) of the
      patients with acute diarrhea C. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. In
      contrast, among 129 control children not suffering from acute diarrhea, only 4
      (3.1%) harboured C. difficile. Isolation of C. difficile was significantly higher
      in children under one year of age. None of these patients had any history of
      prior antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1797665
TI  - Knowledge amongst adolescent girls about nutritive value of foods and diet during
      diseases, pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - Knowledge about nutritive value of food, diet during diseases and antenatal and
      postnatal period was assessed amongst 152 adolescent school girls. A total of
      23.69 and 55.93% students had incorrect knowledge that pulses and non-vegetarian
      foods should be avoided during later half of the pregnancy. A total of 63.82,
      66.45 and 71.72% of subjects had incorrect knowledge that almonds have more
      nutritive value than groundnuts, fruits are rich sources of calories and desi
      ghee has more nutritive value than vanaspathi, respectively. Majority (90.78%)
      had correct knowledge that obesity is caused due to excess intake of calories
      than required by an individual and low iron content and poor availability of iron
      from food is a major cause of anemia in mothers and children.

PMID- 1797666
TI  - Renal failure in symptomatic perinatal asphyxia.
AB  - The study included seven term newborns developing acute renal failure due to
      symptomatic perinatal asphyxia in early neonatal period. Its diagnosis was based
      on clinical and biochemical indices. Urinary output, serum and urinary sodium,
      potassium and creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were evaluated in all of them.
      All the patients had oliguria not responding to fluid challenge and/or diuretic
      therapy, high serum K, FeNa of greater than 2.5% and RFI of greater than 3
      indicative of intrinsic renal disease. The condition was associated with a very
      high mortality.

PMID- 1797667
TI  - Henoch-Schonlein syndrome in northern Indian children.
AB  - In order to evaluate clinical features and renal pathological findings of Henoch
      Schonlein syndrome (HSS) in northern Indian Children, we studied 47 such cases.
      The mean age at onset was 8.5 yr; sex ratio (M:F) 2.6:1. The clinical features
      were purpuric rash (96%), abdominal pain (64%), Henoch-Schonlein nephritis (51%)
      and arthralgias (47%). Patients younger than 6 yr also showed urticarial rash or
      edema of scalp and extremities. Henoch-Schonlein nephritis (HSN) and abdominal
      symptoms were more common in older cases. The manifestations of HSN were
      asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria (n = 15), acute nephritic syndrome (n =
      6), and nephrotic syndrome (n = 3). The severity of clinical manifestations
      correlated with the renal pathologic findings. On follow up, 29% cases showed
      renal impairment. The prognosis was poor in patients with the acute nephritic or
      nephrotic syndrome and crescents in more than 50% glomeruli. Combination of
      clinical data and renal biopsy findings are important in assessing the long-term
      outcome in cases with HSN.

PMID- 1797668
TI  - C-reactive protein in CNS infection.
AB  - Serum and CSF levels of CRP were measured by radial immunoassay in 99 subjects
      consisting of 20 controls, 34 pyogenic meningitis (PM), 21 tuberculous meningitis
      (TBM) and 24 viral encephalitis (VE). There was significant difference in the CRP
      levels (p less than 0.01) depending on the type of disease in both serum and CSF.
      The initial serum and CSF levels of CRP in patients with TBM was intermediate
      between those of PM and VE and were found to be significantly (p less than 0.001)
      low when compared with three days post treatment levels in children with PM. Both
      serum and CSF-CRP levels were significantly high (p less than 0.001) in patients
      succumbing to death than those who survived. Measurement of CRP in serum and CSF
      is a useful parameter in differentiating partially treated PM from TBM.

PMID- 1797669
TI  - A clinical profile of multidrug resistant typhoid fever.
AB  - Fifty blood culture positive patients of typhoid fever were studied during the
      current outbreak of the disease for their clinical profile. In 39 (78%) cases the
      isolates of S. typhi were resistant to conventional drugs. Children below 2 years
      of age constituted 20% of the total cases and belonged exclusively to the group
      with multidrug resistant typhoid fever (MRTF). The clinical presentation seemed
      to mimic malaria, bronchopneumonia, meningitis, etc. Typhoid hepatitis was
      diagnosed in 2 cases with MRTF. Life threatening complications were seen in 28.2%
      patients and were observed exclusively in MRTF group.

PMID- 1797670
TI  - Hearing assessment by brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in neonates at
      risk.
AB  - In the present study, brainstorm auditory evoked responses (BAER) were recorded
      in 68 at risk neonates discharged from the neonatal ICU of Safdarjung Hospital.
      The high risk group of 35 neonates included 13 neonates with multiple (3-4) risk
      factors and 22 neonates with single risk factors, viz., prematurity (less than 32
      weeks) low birth weight (LBW) (less than 1500 g), hyperbilirubinemia requiring
      exchange transfusion, severe birth asphyxia, craniofacial malformations and
      sepsis with meningitis treated with amikacin for 3 weeks. The remaining 33
      neonates were grouped in the low risk category who had only one of the following
      factors: prematurity (33-36 weeks)/LBW (1500-2000 g), hyperbilirubinemia
      requiring phototherapy, mild/moderate birth asphyxia, or sepsis treated with
      amikacin for 2 weeks. The test was performed at the mean conceptional age of 40.2
      weeks (range 34-44 weeks) and involved determination of threshold of hearing as
      per presence of wave V. A normal response had wave V at 30 dB hearing level click
      stimulus at 50/sec from both ears or to 30 dB hearing level from one ear and 45
      dB hearing level from the other ear. Thirteen neonates of the high risk group
      failed to produce a normal response (5 failed at 30 dB, 6 failed at 45 dB, and 2
      failed at 75 dB hearing level). Forty six per cent of them had multiple high risk
      factors. All the low risk group neonates had normal threshold of 30 dB hearing
      level in the initial screening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797671
TI  - Kala-Azar without hepatosplenomegaly.

PMID- 1797672
TI  - Hypoplastic anemia: a preleukemic state in acute lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 1797673
TI  - Tuberculides: an uncommon manifestation of tuberculosis.

PMID- 1797674
TI  - Prolonged traumatic transient cortical blindness following head injury.

PMID- 1797675
TI  - Prune-belly syndrome in a female.

PMID- 1797676
TI  - Scleredema in a 6-week-old baby.

PMID- 1797677
TI  - Intracranial tuberculoma with cutaneous miliary tuberculosis.

PMID- 1797678
TI  - Cranio-cerebral neuroblastoma.

PMID- 1797679
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

PMID- 1797680
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in siblings.

PMID- 1797681
TI  - Ciprofloxacin--is it going to be the drug of first choice in typhoid fever?

PMID- 1797682
TI  - Acute reversible cerebellar syndrome in enteric fever.

PMID- 1797683
TI  - Palatal paralysis in enteric fever.

PMID- 1797684
TI  - Efficacy of hand washing with soap and water as compared to antiseptic solutions.

PMID- 1797685
TI  - Unusual presentation of a suboccipital lymphangioma.

PMID- 1797686
TI  - Posttraumatic hypocaloric parenteral nutrition--development and clinical
      application.
AB  - The use of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition (HPN) is very common in surgical
      medicine because it allows for a standardized peripheral venous supply of
      nutrients. HPN causes very little stress to the posttraumatically labile
      carbohydrate metabolism-this applies to the use of glucose as well as to sugar
      substitutes: For example, mean glucose concentrations in serum on glucose
      administration of 2-3 g/kg/day are between 5.5 and 8.4 mmol/l. The mean dose of
      amino acids of 1.0-1.2 g/kg/day commonly used in HPN leads to a 50-67%
      improvement in the N-balance compared to an exclusive water/electrolyte supply or
      the administration of 2 g of carbohydrates per kg and day. Even a high caloric
      nutritional therapy leads to no significantly improved N-balances on the first
      posttraumatic days. HPN is recommended after major surgery and severe trauma in
      order to better estimate the individual metabolic reaction to nutritional supply
      prior to any consumption-orientated parenteral nutrition. HPN is also important
      as an adjunct to early-phase enteral nutrition. Its value after moderate surgical
      interventions is questionable because studies have yet to confirm HPN's clinical
      efficacy. HPN should not be used after minor surgery or brief periods of fasting.
      A possible, but as yet uncertified indication for HPN is the longer-term
      nutrition of very obese patients.

PMID- 1797688
TI  - [PEDINFUS computer program for total parenteral nutrition of children].
AB  - The computer program PEDINFUS permits the fast and simple definition of the
      individual nutrient amounts and infusion volumes in accordance with age, weight
      and possible metabolic complications for children up to 18 years. All components
      needed for total parenteral nutrition are taken into account. The conditions
      necessary for the optimal satisfaction of the individual needs of each patient by
      means of combined solutions have thus been created.

PMID- 1797687
TI  - [Are omega-3-fatty acids essential for newborn infants?].
AB  - omega-3 fatty acids have recently been placed into the center of interest because
      of their different effects on fatty acid metabolism as well as on blood
      coagulation. We do not know if omega-3 fatty acids are essential during
      childhood, because it was seen that they may have positive effects on the
      development of the brains of rats and are also present in breast milk. The
      following report presents the recent state of the scientific knowledge. In fish
      and grain oil one can find not only omega-6 fatty acids as e.g. arachidonic acid
      (AA: C 20: 4 omega-6), but also omega-3 fatty acids (e.g.: linolenic acid: C 18:3
      omega-3). They are always in a specific ratio to the other: If there are higher
      concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, one can find less amounts of omega-6 fatty
      acids, and vice versa. The most important representatives of the omega-3 fatty
      acids are metabolites of linolenic acid, such as docosahexaenoic acid: C 22: 6
      omega-3 (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid: C 20: 5 omega-3 (EPA). The beneficial
      influence, especially of DHA, on the postnatal development of the retina and
      brain has been demonstrated in rats and rhesus monkeys. It could be shown that
      the fatty acid composition of phospholipids of red blood cells conforms to that
      of the CNS. Nearly the same values could be achieved in infants with both, a diet
      enriched with fish oil and a feeding with breast milk; this seems to be essential
      especially for preterm infants, who always have a DHA-deficiency.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797689
TI  - [Radiologic and clinical follow-up of central venous indwelling catheters in home
      parenteral nutrition].
AB  - In the course of three weeks we examined 42 patients with central indwelling
      venous catheters for HPN clinically and radiologically for the development of
      catheter-related complications. Mean patient age was 48 years. In total 47
      catheters were implanted. Their mean dwelling time was 37 weeks with the total
      dwelling time of all catheters amounting to 1773 weeks. In 26%, obstruction of
      the upper venous systems was the most frequent clinical catheter related
      complications. However, radiographs showed thrombotic changes on the vessel walls
      and/or catheter tips in 51%. In the total survey, 66% of the catheters dislocated
      from the original application site. Overall, 30% of the catheters dislocated into
      a peripheral vein. The high flexibility of the silicone catheter is probably
      responsible for this high dislocation rate. Malposition of the catheter
      represents a major risk in the development of thrombosis and obstruction of the
      upper venous system. As the catheter is necessary for the patients' survival and
      the position of the catheter can be corrected after placement we think that
      routine chest x-rays should be done at least every four weeks.

PMID- 1797691
TI  - Variable resistance loadings in anaerobic power testing.
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish optimal test conditions for maximal
      anaerobic testing on a frictionloaded bicycle ergometer. Power and work outputs
      of 15 subjects during a 60-s all-out effort were tested under five conditions on
      a specially modified Monark ergometer. Test conditions were produced by altering
      the commencement resistance loading and either holding it constant (0.065C,
      0.075C kg/kg. BW) for the entire duration of the 60-s work test or by reducing it
      by a specific amount to a more manageable load if pedalling rate dropped below 90
      rpm (0.075R, 0.085R, 0.095R kg/kg. BW). Resistance and pedalling rate were
      continuously monitored with power outputs being determined every 100 ms, breath
      by breath oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured and capillary blood lactate (HLa)
      analyzed before and 5 min post each test condition. The test condition with the
      highest initial load (0.095R) produced the greatest peak power (PP). The reduced
      test procedure with the higher initial loads resulted in the greatest mean power
      (MP) and total work outputs (0.095R and 0.085R). Post-exercise blood HLa was not
      significantly different in any test condition. Peak power and MP correlated
      highly with both body weight (r = 0.77-0.85 and r = 0.75-0.83) and lean body
      weight (r = 0.84-0.88 and r = 0.90). During the last 30 s of the test, subjects
      reached between 90-100% of their measured maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). The
      results of this study indicate that for a 60-s maximal all-out effort, a reduced
      test condition with a high initial resistance setting is required to produce the
      highest anaerobic test parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797690
TI  - [Short-term effect of arginine hydrochloride on amino acid concentrations in
      serum of the rat].
AB  - The short-period effect of a parenteral application of arginine hydrochloride on
      the amino acid concentrations was investigated on rats. To enable a judgement to
      be made on the growth hormone stimulated through arginine, 23 amino acids were
      determined from the serum of non-hypophysectomized and hypophysectomized animals
      in each case. A group of non-hypophysectomized rats was used to determine the
      normal values. The second group of non-hypophysectomized animals showed
      reductions in the concentrations of 15 amino acids after arginine infusion in
      relation to the normal values. In contrast to this the hypophysectomized animals
      of the third group showed higher values for 14 of the 23 amino acids after
      infusion with arginine. A direct comparison of the groups of non
      hypophysectomized and hypophysectomized rats after infusion with arginine
      hydrochloride resulted in higher concentrations of 17 amino acids in the group of
      the hypophysectomized animals. These results suggest that the growth hormone has
      an influence on the amino acid level within 30 minutes.

PMID- 1797692
TI  - Control of training in middle- and long-distance running by means of the
      individual anaerobic threshold.
AB  - It was examined in 24 highly trained endurance athletes (middle- and long
      distance runners, triathletes) whether concrete training recommendations can be
      made for endurance training and a speed session program (5 x 1000 m with 4.5-min
      breaks) by means of incrementally graded treadmill exercise with determination of
      the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). The intensities of the different
      training sessions were decided upon using percentages of speed at the IAT and
      controlled by lactate determinations. The endurance runs were differentiated by
      terrain gradation and the speed sessions by climatic conditions. There is a
      significant correlation between the behaviour of lactate during training sessions
      and the IAT or percentages of speed at the IAT determined on a treadmill
      (endurance run flat terrain: r = 0.79, n = 13, p less than 0.01; endurance run
      graded terrain: r = 0.72, n = 20, p less than 0.001; 5 x 1000 m under good
      conditions: r = 0.97, n = 9, p less than 0.001; 5 x 1000 m under poor conditions:
      r = 0.91, n = 7, p less than 0.001). Both terrain gradation (endurance runs) and
      poor climatic conditions (speed sessions) lead to a left shifting of the
      regression line with unchanged slope. Conclusively the IAT determined during a
      treadmill exercise allows a sufficiently precise control of training both for
      endurance runs performed with different intensities and for the 5 x 1000-m speed
      session program. However, the external conditions have to be considered in order
      to provide correct training recommendations.

PMID- 1797693
TI  - Relationship of body size, physique, and composition to physical performance in
      young boys and girls.
AB  - The present study examined the aerobic, anaerobic and strength performance
      characteristics of 52 young boys and girls (mean age 10.8 and 11.1 yrs,
      respectively) on selected laboratory measures. Anthropometrically, the boys and
      girls were similar, with the exception of measures of body fatness. The boys
      demonstrated greater values in maximal aerobic power, anaerobic performance,
      (especially related to body weight), and strength relative to lean body mass.
      Since body size measures, including height, were similar, the functional
      differences could not be attributed to such factors. The significant but low
      correlations between the performance variables failed to support the concept of
      children as "metabolic non-specialists" as proposed by previous authors. In fact,
      the large amount of variance not accounted for could be interpreted as supporting
      the unique contribution of genetic endowment of the effect of habitual activity
      patterns on the performance measures. Canonical correlations indicated a strong
      relationship between selected anthropometric and performance variables (rc =
      .94). For boys, height and weight were strongly related to anaerobic performance,
      whereas weight and thigh volume were strongly related to all performance measures
      for the girls.

PMID- 1797694
TI  - The effects of acute moderate exercise on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly
      obese women.
AB  - The extent and duration of serum lipid and lipoprotein changes were examined in
      12 mildly obese women who walked 45 minutes at 60% VO2max in a laboratory
      setting. A two-factor, 2 x 6 design with repeated measures on both factors was
      utilized. The first factor was condition (exercise and rest) and the second
      factor was time (six times of measurement over a 24-hour period) with treatment
      counterbalanced. The patterns of change in total high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C) [F(5,55) = 5.75, p less than 0.001] and HDL3-C [F(5,55) =
      2.62, p = 0.034], but not HDL2-C [F(5,55) = 1.15, p = 0.346], were significantly
      different between conditions. Relative to baseline and the rest condition, total
      HDL-C tended to rise due to a significant 11.6% increase in HDL3-C immediately
      post-exercise, with values returning to baseline 1.5 hours post-exercise. The
      interaction statistic for triglycerides was significant with trends for a
      decrease in triglycerides at 1.5 and 23 hours post-exercise relative to baseline
      and the rest condition. No significant differences were seen between the exercise
      and rest conditions for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      glucose, or plasma volume. These data indicate that an exercise intensity
      achievable by brisk walking (7.4 kph) is sufficient to evoke significant but
      short-term changes in serum HDL3-C concentrations in women.

PMID- 1797695
TI  - Aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution during maximal work output in 90 s
      determined with various ergocycle workloads.
AB  - The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different workloads on
      the relative contribution of the various energy delivery systems during a 90-s
      ergocycle test. Nine male subjects, 22 +/- 1 (mean +/- SD) years of age and
      weighing 71.4 +/- 6.8 kg, were submitted to a VO2max test, as 10-s test (0.1
      kp/kg) and three 90-s tests at different loads (LO: 0.05, ME: 0.075 and HI: 0.1
      kp/kg) on an ergocycle. No difference was found between peak power output during
      the 10-s and HI tests. No differences were observed in the total work output
      performed during 90 s at different workloads (between 481 and 495 J/kg) as well
      as in the contribution of aerobic and anaerobic pathways to total energy
      production. However, VO2max was reached earlier during the ME and HI tests than
      during the LO test. These results indicate that variation in workload did not
      influence the total work output and the total contribution of aerobic and
      anaerobic systems during maximal 90-s ergocycle performances. However, variation
      in workload had an impact on the relative aerobic and anaerobic contribution at
      various time points. It is concluded that a 90-s ergocycle test with a resistance
      of at least 0.1 kp/kg is required to appropriately assess maximal anaerobic power
      while anaerobic capacity might be measured with workloads as low as 0.05 kp/kg.

PMID- 1797696
TI  - An examination of the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of carteolol during
      different workloads on a bicycle ergometer.
AB  - The influence of 10 mg carteolol/day on the serum concentrations of insulin, C
      peptide, glucagon, free fatty acids, adrenaline, noradrenaline, blood glucose,
      blood lactate levels, on heart rate and systolic blood pressure was investigated
      during different workloads on a bicycle ergometer in a placebo-controlled
      randomised double-blind study involving twelve male volunteers. The subjects
      performed standardized increasing exercises until subjective exhaustion as well
      as three 40-minute endurance exercises of varying intensity, corresponding to a
      lactate concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 mmol/l, 2.5 to 3.5 mmol/l and more than 3.5
      mmol/l in the region of the anaerobic threshold, each exercise being followed by
      one rest day. The most important findings are: --the ISA of carteolol is of
      significance for the influence on the heart rate at rest but plays a minor role
      with respect to the degree of reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure
      under exercise; --carteolol exerts a minor influence on the metabolic parameters
      investigated in this study. This can be partly ascribed to the pronounced ISA of
      carteolol. In the case of endurance exercises, which lead to blood lactate
      concentrations of more than 3 mmol/l, the blood glucose levels showed a tendency
      to decrease. However, this was not statistically significant.

PMID- 1797697
TI  - Test development for the study of physical performance in wrestlers following
      weight loss.
AB  - This study was conducted to develop a testing protocol which would determine the
      extent of upper-body power output decrements in subjects following weight loss.
      Five athletes who had trained via upper-body exercise performed a 6-minute
      variable intensity arm crank test on an isokinetic ergometer before and after a 3
      day, 4.5% body weight loss. Blood samples were drawn from a forearm vein pre- and
      1, 3, and 5 min post-arm cranking for assessment of lactate, pH, hemoglobin, and
      hematocrit. The work performed pre-weight loss was significantly (paired t-test,
      p less than 0.05) greater than that performed post-weight loss. Repeated measures
      ANOVA yielded no significant differences in blood variables; however, pre-weight
      loss lactate values were higher and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and pH values were
      lower than post-weight loss values. It was concluded that a 4.5% body weight
      reduction resulted in performance decrements during this arm crank test. Survey
      information obtained from collegiate wrestlers (n = 14) subsequently tested under
      this protocol indicates the physical demands of this test approximate the
      physical demands of actual wrestling competition. It would therefore be
      appropriate to use this protocol during future testing of wrestlers in weight
      loss studies.

PMID- 1797698
TI  - Erythrocyte free radical scavenger enzymes in bicycle professional racers.
      Adaptation to training.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the influence of endurance training on the
      activities of the scavenger enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)
      and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) measured in erythrocytes from sedentary
      subjects, amateur bicycle racers and in professional bicycle racers who were
      cycling in two real cyclist contests including the top-class race Vuelta a Espana
      (VCE). Under resting conditions the SOD activity was higher (p less than 0.01) in
      cyclists than in controls. The activities of CAT and GSH-Px were higher (p less
      than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively) under resting conditions in
      professional cyclists versus measured both in sedentary subjects and amateur
      cyclists. The enzyme activities were not modified significantly in professional
      cyclists after a bout of exercise of 22 km in 5 hrs, but the SOD activity was
      increased (p less than 0.05) and CAT activity reduced (p less than 0.05) after
      2800 km in 20 days (VCE). The present results shown that aerobic endurance
      training, when at a professional level, produces an increase in the erythrocyte
      activities of the main free radicals scavenger enzymes.

PMID- 1797699
TI  - Analysis of seasonal training volume and working capacity in elite female rowers.
AB  - Preceding the 1988 Olympic Games 6 elite female rowers were regularly subjected
      to an exercise test on a rowing ergometer (REM-test) with a time interval of
      about 5 weeks. Daily training volume was analysed in terms of rowed kilometres
      (RKM) and training time (TOTMIN, rowing and land training). The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the training volume during a season and to study
      possible changes in the working capacity of elite female rowers. The REM-test
      consisted of 3 consecutive blocks: 3 min warming up, 5 min standard load at
      anaerobic threshold and 2 min "all-out". Blood lactic acid concentration (LA) was
      determined for the construction of a LA-power curve. The power at 4.0 mmol/l (P4)
      was estimated as a measure of the aerobic capacity. The "all-out" score was used
      for calculating the maximal power (PM). Results show that both RKM and TOTMIN
      increase (range resp. 40-400% and 20-25%) when compared with the initial value.
      P4 also increases, in parallel with changes in both RKM and TOTMIN, with 8-10% of
      the initial value. PM increases continuously during the season up to 10% of its
      initial value. However, based on maximal heart rate and lactate values, it is
      concluded that PM was maximal in only 15% of the tests. Our data suggests that
      evaluation of training volume in elite female rowers is better done with P4 than
      with PM. The behaviour of P4 shows a parallel with the seasonal changes in the
      training load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797700
TI  - Comparison of different tests of fencing performance.
AB  - Three different procedures to analyse fencing performances were tested. The test
      subjects were ten world class epee fencers from the Swedish national team. The
      procedures involved measurements of reaction time and response time to different
      stimuli. Test 1 measured the lunging performance as a response to a light. Tests
      2 and 3 measured more complex fencing movements as response to a more fencing
      like starting procedure. The results showed that test 3 but not tests 1 and 2
      could differentiate between world class fencers and beginners (p less than
      0.006). The reaction time in test 3 correlated significantly (p less than 0.01)
      with competition success within the group of world class fencers.

PMID- 1797701
TI  - The effects of a supportive knee brace on leg performance in healthy subjects.
AB  - Eight healthy volunteers were fitted with a supportive knee brace (Push Brace
      'Heavy') to one knee for a duration of four weeks wherein they were tested
      before, during and after the application to establish the effect of bracing on
      performance. The tests consisted of isokinetic strength measurement of knee
      flexion and extension, 60 meter dash, vertical jump height and a progressive
      horizontal treadmill test until exhaustion (Vmax) with determination of oxygen
      uptake, heart rate and plasma lactate concentration. Wearing the brace for one
      day, the performance indicators showed a decline compared with the test before
      application (base values). Sprint time was 4% longer (p less than 0.01) and Vmax
      6% slower (p less than 0.01). Peak torque of knee flexion at 60 and 240 deg.sec-1
      was 6% (p less than 0.05) respectively 9% (p less than 0.05) less. Peak extension
      torque at 60 deg.sec-1 was 9% less (p less than 0.05). While wearing the brace
      for four weeks, the test performances were practically identical to their base
      values. After removal of the brace, all test parameters were statistically
      similar to the base values. Heart rate at submaximal exercise levels was even
      lower (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, performance in sports with test-like
      exercise patterns is not affected by the brace tested. Bracing does not "weaken
      the knee" as it is widely believed in sports practice.

PMID- 1797702
TI  - Hydrocolloid dressing versus tulle gauze in the treatment of abrasions in
      cyclists.
AB  - Abrasions in cyclists were either treated with an occlusive hydrocolloid dressing
      or with tulle gauze. The main object of the study was to investigate practical
      questions, e.g: Could the cyclists go on racing without their injuries impeding
      their progress? Medical aspects evaluated in the study were: the healing time and
      the infection rate of the wounds. Twenty-three racing cyclists with 38 abrasions
      were treated with a hydrocolloid dressing and 41 abrasions in 24 cyclists with
      tulle gauze. The results of the study show that the occlusive dressing produces a
      shorter healing time (5.6 days) than the tulle gauze (8.9 days), with smaller
      risks of infection (0% and 10%, respectively) and a longer wearing period per
      dressing. The hydrocolloid dressing also gives more pain relief than the tulle
      gauze (91% no pain during racing with the hydrocolloid dressing, 30% with the
      tulle gauze) and a higher overall comfort (very comfortable to comfortable versus
      uncomfortable to moderately uncomfortable, respectively).

PMID- 1797703
TI  - Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers.
AB  - The changes occurring in specific mood states in response to alterations in
      physical training were assessed in college varsity swimmers. The Profile of Mood
      States (POMS) was administered at regular intervals during training seasons over
      a four-year period to 84 female and 102 male swimmers. It was found that female
      and male swimmers displayed similar mood responses during training in total mood
      as well as the specific moods of depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and
      confusion. Each of these mood states fluctuated correspondingly with alterations
      in training yardage, with the exception of tension, which remained elevated while
      training was being reduced. Tension also was higher (p less than 0.05) in the
      female swimmers in each of the seasons. It is concluded that: 1) changes in
      specific mood states during training are similar between female and male
      swimmers, with the exception of tension, and 2) specific mood factors increase
      and decrease in accordance with alterations in training distance, with the
      exception of tension, which does not decrease in response to reductions in
      training.

PMID- 1797704
TI  - Ten-membered cyclotripeptides. III. Synthesis and conformation of cyclo(-Me beta
      Ala-Phe-Pro-) and cyclo(-Me beta Ala-Phe-DPro-).
AB  - The 10-membered cyclotripeptide cyclo(-Me beta Ala-Phe-Pro) 3 and its
      diastereoisomer cyclo(-Me beta Ala-Phe-DPro-) 4 have been synthesized under mild
      cyclization conditions starting from linear precursors containing C-terminal
      proline. The crystal and molecular structure of the two models has been
      determined by X-ray crystallography. Analysis of the NMR spectra supported by NOE
      data clearly indicates that the conformations found in the crystals are retained
      in solution. Both cyclotripeptides exhibit a cis-cis-trans backbone conformation.
      The two tertiary peptide bonds, at the proline and Me beta Ala nitrogen atoms,
      adopt a cis conformation whereas the CO-NH junctions are trans in both the
      models. The deviations from planarity of the peptide units vary from delta omega
      values of ca. 18 degrees for the Pro-Me beta Ala and DPro-Me beta Ala bonds to
      ca. 7 degrees for Phe-Pro and Phe-DPro bonds. Relevant conformational details of
      3 and 4, as revealed by X-ray and NMR analysis, are reported. Crystals of 3 are
      monoclinic: P2(1), a = 5.317(2), b = 17.059(6), c = 9.514(3) A, beta = 99.18(3),
      Z = 2. The final R and Rw are 0.054 and 0.071 respectively. Crystals of 4 are
      orthorhombic: P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 8.797(2), b = 19.440(9), c = 21.605(10) A, Z =
      8. The final R and Rw are 0.069 and 0.104 respectively.

PMID- 1797705
TI  - Synthesis of human angiotensinogen (1-17) containing one of the putative
      glycosylation binding sites and its hydrolysis by human renin and porcine pepsin.
AB  - The N-terminal heptadecapeptide of human angiotensinogen (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His
      Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-Asn-Glu-Ser-Thr-NH2 ), with the C-terminal carboxyl
      group amidated, was synthesized in order to study the role of Asn-Glu-Ser, a
      putative carbohydrate binding site, on the hydrolysis by human renin. The
      synthesis was performed by fragment condensation using the Honzl and Rudinger
      azide procedure. In our conditions for azide segment condensation, histidine
      racemization was demonstrated to be negligible for most of the condensation
      reactions. Human renin liberates angiotensin I from h-angiotensinogen (1-17)-NH2
      with a Km value of 3.4 x 10(-5) M, at pH 7.3 and 37 degrees being similar to h
      angiotensinogen (1-13), an analog without the carbohydrate binding site. However,
      the Vmax value of 4.1 x 10(-9) mol/G.U. min is one order of magnitude higher.
      Porcine pepsin was demonstrated to cleave preferentially Leu10-Val11 bond and,
      surprisingly, His9-Leu10 as well.

PMID- 1797706
TI  - Design and synthesis of nonpeptide mimetics of jaspamide.
AB  - Jaspamide is a novel metabolite of mixed peptide/polyketide biosynthesis that was
      isolated from sponges of the genus Jaspis, and that has been reported to exhibit
      both insecticidal and antifungal activity. We have evaluated three nonpeptide
      mimetic designs, and have synthesized a nonpeptide mimic of the proposed
      bioactive region to investigate the structure activity relationship. Structural
      investigations of potential mimetics, utilizing molecular modeling in conjunction
      with spectroscopic and crystallographic data, indicate that positioning of the
      critical functional groups in two mimetics corresponds closely to that observed
      in jaspamide, and that the flexibility of mimetic 4 approximates that of
      jaspamide. Initial biological evaluation suggests that lactam mimetic 4 exhibits
      a biological profile similar to jaspamide.

PMID- 1797707
TI  - Conformation and hydrogen bonding of N-formylpeptides: crystal and molecular
      structure of N-formyl-L-alanyl-L-aspartic acid.
AB  - Crystals of N-formyl-L-alanyl-L-aspartic acid (C8H11N2O6) grown from aqueous
      methanol solution are orthorhombic, space group, P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell
      parameters at 294K of a = 13.619(2), b = 8.567(2), c = 9.583(3)A, V = 1118.1A3,
      M.W. = 232.2, Z = 4, Dm = 1.38 g/cm3 and Dx = 1.378 g/cm3. The crystal structure
      was solved by the application of direct methods and refined to an R value of
      0.075 for 1244 reflections with I greater than or equal to 3 sigma collected on a
      CAD-4 diffractometer. The structure contains two short intermolecular hydrogen
      bonds: (i) between the C-terminal carboxyl OH and the N-acyl oxygen (2.624(3)A),
      a characteristic feature found in many N-acyl peptides and (ii) between the
      aspartic carboxyl OH. and the peptide oxygen OP1 (2.623(3)A). The peptide is
      nonplanar (omega = 165.5(6) degrees). The molecule takes up a folded conformation
      in contrast to N-formyl peptides which form extended beta-sheets; the values of
      phi 1, psi 1, phi 2, psi 2(1), and psi 2(2) are, respectively -65.7(6), 152.0(5),
      -107.2(5), 30.9(5), and -150.3(6). The aspartic acid side chain conformation is g
      with chi 1 = 73.1(5). The formyl group, as expected, is transplanar [OF-CF-N1
      CA1 = -4.0(8) degrees]. The presence of the short O-H ... O hydrogen bond emerges
      as a structural feature common to this peptide and several other N-formyl
      peptides. There are no C-H ... O hydrogen bonds in this structure.

PMID- 1797708
TI  - Solid phase synthesis of human growth hormone-releasing factor analogs containing
      a bicyclic beta-turn dipeptide.
AB  - Three analogs derived from the N-terminal 29-residue fragment of human growth
      hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) which contained a bicyclic beta-turn dipeptide
      (BTD) at 7-8, 8-9, and 9-10 positions were synthesized by solid phase methodology
      to ascertain if the beta-turns are important for the biological activity of hGRF
      and also to show the applicability of the BTD unit to solid phase synthesis. All
      three analogs were obtained in good yield and purity indicating that the BTD unit
      can be used in the usual condition of solid phase synthesis. The capacity of
      these analogs to release growth hormone (GH) was tested in an in vitro bioassay
      using rat anterior pituitary cells. All three BTD-containing analogs showed the
      same maximal GH secretion with parallel dose-response curves to that of hGRF(1
      29)NH2, except their relative potencies were very low.

PMID- 1797710
TI  - Conformational analysis of peptide surrogates. Reduced and retro-amide links in
      blocked alanine and in secondary structures.
AB  - We have investigated the conformational effects of modifying the amide link of
      peptides. We studied a reverse amide bond psi [NHCO], a reduced amide bond psi
      [CH2NH] and a retro-reduced bond psi [NHCH2] as surrogates for the amide link
      [CONH] in native peptides. A complete search of the conformational space
      available to residues with these modified links was carried out. The local minima
      and the rotational barriers were described and compared to the minima of the
      native residue. The results are compatible with the available observed structural
      data. These modified links have been incorporated in secondary structure units
      such as beta turns, alpha helices, and parallel and anti-parallel beta sheets. It
      was found that a reduced amide link can lead to stabilised beta turns, while the
      retro modification can be incorporated in stable beta sheets. A significant
      reduction in the stability of alpha helices is caused by the retro links, while a
      reduced amide link results in only a small destabilisation.

PMID- 1797709
TI  - Synthesis of histidine-containing dipeptide affinity-labelling agents. Relative
      inactivation rates of cathepsins B and L.
AB  - Peptidyl diazomethyl ketones and fluoromethyl ketones containing histidine in the
      C-terminal position were synthesized to determine their properties as proteinase
      inactivators. These were examined chiefly with derivatives of Z-Ala-His. The
      protection of histidine during conversion of the C-terminal residue to the
      diazomethyl ketone required unblocking conditions which avoid acid due to the
      lability of this function. This was achievable with a Cbz-imidazole derivative
      since aminolysis provided deblocking without disturbance of the diazomethyl
      ketone function. In the case of the fluoromethyl ketone synthesis using
      fluoroacetic anhydride (Dakin-West procedure), the desired product could be
      isolated without ring blocking. The Z-Ala-His products showed enhanced
      selectivity for inactivation of cathepsin B over L when compared to analogous
      dipeptide inhibitors.

PMID- 1797711
TI  - Synthesis of polyamide supports for use in peptide synthesis and as peptide-resin
      conjugates for antibody production.
AB  - We have synthesized beaded, hydrophilic cross-linked, aminoalkyl
      polydimethylacrylamide supports upon which peptides have been assembled using
      standard Boc or Fmoc chemistry in automated equipment. The resins were prepared
      by the free radical-initiated co-polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N'
      bisacrylyl-1,3-diaminopropane, and a functional monomer which were contained in a
      reverse-phase, detergent-emulsified suspension. The functional monomers used were
      N-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyloxycarbonyl)-allyl-amine (MSC-allylamine), N-acrylyl
      1,6-diaminohexane hydrochloride or N-methacrylyl-1,3-diamino-propane
      hydrochloride. The MSC protecting group was removed by treatment of the resin
      with methanolic base during workup. After coupling of N-alpha-t-butyloxycarbonyl
      alanine (Boc-alanine), amino acid analyses gave resin loading capacities between
      0.15 mmol/g and 1.4 mmol/g, depending on the concentration and composition of the
      functional monomer. The resulting polymers were highly swollen by polar solvents
      including aqueous buffers. Peptides were synthesized on these supports after
      attaching the first amino acid directly or through a cleavable ester linker. When
      the carboxyl-terminal amino acid was coupled as the 4-oxymethylbenzoic acid
      derivative, the peptide could be deprotected and remain attached to the
      hydrophilic polymer since the peptide-benzyl ester bond was stable to HF
      deprotection at 0 degrees in the presence of 10% anisole and 1% ethanedithiol.
      The resulting peptidyl-resin could be swollen in aqueous buffers and injected
      into animals for the production of antibodies.

PMID- 1797712
TI  - Processed forms of neuroendocrine proteins 7B2 and secretogranin II are found in
      porcine pituitary extracts.
AB  - The complete structure of the novel polypeptide 7B2 recently deduced from cDNA
      clones has been reported to be highly conserved in a variety of species. The
      deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein is predicted to be 185 or 186
      amino acids long. While its biological role is still unknown, its occurrence in
      neuroendocrine secretory granules has been largely documented. This report shows:
      (i) that the protein, isolated from a large quantity of porcine pituitary glands,
      does not correspond to the full predicted cDNA structure but, on the contrary, to
      a truncated form; (ii) that the latter could arise from proteolytic cleavage at
      position 150 following pairs of basic residues; (iii) that it contains an extra
      residue at position 100 which is absent in the cDNA sequence; and, finally, (iv)
      that it displays a higher than expected molecular weight on SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. In addition, a copurifying peptide was identified as an NH2
      terminal related fragment of the secretogranin II molecule. Protein sequencing of
      the latter demonstrates (i) that the correct amino terminus of mature porcine
      secretogranin II is an Ala residue and not the previously proposed Gln residue
      and (ii) that this fragment could also arise from proteolytic cleavage at a pair
      of basic residues located within the secretogranin II sequence.

PMID- 1797713
TI  - Neglected fathers in the aetiology and treatment of sexual deviations.
AB  - Current researches in sexual deviations have rightly stressed deficiencies and
      faults in the mother/child relationship, fears of annihilation and an inability
      to achieve separation and independence. As a result of this the role of the
      father in the patient's family structure and in their psychotherapies and
      psychoanalyses has been somewhat neglected, also because the fathers are usually
      described as cold, distant, uninvolved, etc. The author believes that the
      obliteration of the father figure, whether accidental or deliberate, is an
      important part of the psychopathology. It follows that in the late stages of a
      therapy there should be a careful examination of the original establishment of
      the father as a second object, as its internalization is essential for a healthy
      sexual development. The obliteration of the father figure can cause serious
      problems in terms of the understanding of the transference and
      countertransference. The paper includes a clinical description of a case where
      such problems were much in evidence.

PMID- 1797714
TI  - Revised understandings of psychogenic autism.
AB  - The author suggests that, in the light of observational findings from babies, it
      is no longer tenable to postulate a normal autistic phase in infancy, and to view
      pathological autism as a halt at, or a regression to, such a phase. This has been
      a commonly held psychoanalytic view concerning the aetiology of autism, and she
      has subscribed to it. In this paper, the author presents a revision of these
      views, in that she now reserves the term autism to refer solely to pathological
      conditions. Her present view is that autism is a system of protective, but
      alienating auto-sensual aberrations which have developed to deal with an
      infantile trauma of seeming to be wrenched away from a mothering person's body.
      She suggests that in an unduly fused nursing situation, mother and child had felt
      undifferentiated from each other. Thus, the infant had taken it for granted that
      the mother's body was a permanent part of 'its' body. It was an unbearable shock
      when this was found to be not so. The author suggests that autistic reactions to
      this shock are the source of the autistic child's many deficits. Based on
      clinical material presented in her other books and papers, she has attempted to
      describe and conceptualize the protective auto-sensual reactive aberrations which
      develop to deal with this traumatic awareness of bodily separateness.

PMID- 1797715
TI  - Analysing the matrix of transference.
AB  - In this paper, the background experiential states forming the matrix of
      transference are discussed in terms of the interplay of three modes of generating
      experience: the autistic-contiguous, the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive.
      Portions of three analyses are discussed in an effort to illustrate clinically
      some of the ways in which analytic technique is shaped by an understanding of the
      predominant mode or modes of experience forming the context of the transference
      countertransference at any given moment. There is a focus on the ways in which
      the analyst's interventions must often be directed to the contextual level, or
      matrix, of transference (for example, the significance of the way the patient is
      thinking, talking or behaving) before it becomes possible to address other
      interrelated aspects of transference (for example, the unconscious symbolic
      meanings of what the patient is thinking, saying or enacting).

PMID- 1797716
TI  - Encapsulation as a defence against the fear of annihilation.
AB  - Encapsulation is defined as a defence against annihilation anxiety. A theoretical
      orientation concerning the origins of this kind of anxiety is outlined, and the
      causal efficacy of early traumata is emphasized. On this basis, encapsulation is
      conceptualized as an introjective process through which attempts are made to fuse
      and confuse parts of the self with parts of the lost and abandoning object.
      Clinical and case history data from several patients are presented. A number of
      topics for further research are suggested. The literature is reviewed, and the
      current use of 'encapsulation' is linked to earlier work on disavowal,
      foreclosure and resourceless dependence.

PMID- 1797717
TI  - Technical approaches to transference hate in the analysis of borderline patients.
AB  - Transference hate presents a major obstacle to effective analytic work with
      borderline patients. In a subgroup of these patients, the analyst is hated
      relentlessly in a manner that seems unresponsive to interpretation. The
      persistent projective identification of hated aspects of the patient's internal
      world may erode the analyst's ability to maintain his analytic posture and lead
      to various forms of countertransference acting out. A prolonged period of
      containment is required for both patient and analyst before they are likely to
      converge in an 'analytic space' where interpretation will be effective.

PMID- 1797718
TI  - Thinking about thinking: some clinical and theoretical considerations in the
      treatment of a borderline patient.
AB  - This paper addresses a specific aspect of pathological mental functioning in so
      called borderline patients. Analytic work with a borderline man is presented to
      show that an inhibition of, and defences against, the contemplation of one's own
      and others' mental states may be a hallmark of the resistance encountered in a
      number of such patients. It is claimed that the analysis of transference and
      countertransference is a crucial therapeutic factor in tackling this source of
      resistance. In doing this, the paper draws upon a topical notion from philosophy
      of mind and recent ideas from child development studies which help to clarify
      psychoanalytic ideas concerning the nature of the pathology of internal object
      relations underlying feelings of emptiness and social alienation in borderline
      functioning.

PMID- 1797719
TI  - Pseudologia fantastica, dissociation, and potential space, in child treatment.
AB  - Pseudologia fantastica is discussed from the classical viewpoint as a defensive
      effort based primarily on denial and directed towards unacceptable wishes and
      impulses. This view is contrasted with British object relations theory which
      stresses schizoid and dissociative elements and the function of pseudologia
      fantastica in maintaining a viable self. While appearing at times to reflect
      creativity, pseudologia fantastica in fact constitutes a failure of potential
      space. The treatment of an adolescent boy is presented to illustrate the
      technical necessity of providing a holding and containing function which allows
      for the gradual emergence of potential space. As the patient's self develops, the
      treatment may eventually address internal conflicts typical of adolescence.

PMID- 1797720
TI  - The work of hypochondria. A contribution to the study of the specificity of
      hypochondria, in particular in relation to hysterical conversion and organic
      disease.
AB  - The authors present a metapsychological conception of hypochondria. Following
      Freud, they contrast the complaints of the hypochondriac with the belle
      indifference of the hysteric, and they then inquire into the heuristic value of
      hypochondria as an actual neurosis; this leads them to a consideration of
      psychosomatic illness and the importance of the object cathexis in
      hypochondriacal anxiety. In the development of Freud's theory of the drives, the
      explanatory concept of the damming up of ego libido proves insufficient and has
      to be coupled with the notion of primary erotogenic masochism: from this point of
      view, hypochondria can be seen as a form of binding which thus distinguishes it
      from other somatic outcomes. On the basis of three case histories, the authors
      endeavour to show hypochondriacal anxiety not only as a pathological process but
      also as a type of necessary minimum cathexis of the body; this leads to the idea
      of hypochondria as psychical work.

PMID- 1797721
TI  - Logical types and ostensive insight.
AB  - Discrimination of analogic and digital modes in communication allows clearer
      distinction of transference (mutative) and extra-transference interpretation.
      Relying on explicit formulation, Strachey introduces 'implicit' mutative
      interpretation, which is explicitly extra-transferential but transferential as to
      process. Each interpretive verbalization has an analogic impact pertaining to the
      analogic unconscious level of archaic objects, and its emitter--the analyst--is
      its propositional subject. Interpretation can afford to be as explicit as
      possible inasmuch as it retains the metalevel in which the analyst can remain as
      third-party to what he formulates, but it must be gradual in making explicit the
      archaic object he actualizes. It is by 'withholding'--as Strachey says--the
      validation of the archaic relational analogic 'psychic reality' that is the
      referent of interpretive 'mapping', and not be verbal 'mapping' in itself, that
      the 'judgement of reality' underlying ostensive insight comes into play.

PMID- 1797722
TI  - Aspects of the analytic relationship.
AB  - In this article the analysand-analyst relationship is investigated from the
      classical and from the post-classical point of view. This leads to the
      distinction of four fundamental aspects of the analytic relationship: the
      realistic relationship, the working relationship, the transference relationship,
      and the primary relationship. Similarities and differences between these various
      aspects of the analytic relationship are discussed. Examples of confusion about
      the aspects are given. Disagreement about the issue is mentioned. Emphasis is
      laid on one of the four aspects: the primary relationship. Its importance in
      ordinary psychoanalysis has not received the attention it deserves.

PMID- 1797723
TI  - Variations in the analytic holding environment.
AB  - The concept of the holding environment has been used previously to characterize
      the treatment needs of severely regressed patients (Winnicott, 1963b). This
      holding of dependence is contrasted with the holding needs of narcissistic,
      apparently disengaged patients (Modell, 1976). The present paper considers the
      type of holding required by difficult, borderline patients. It is suggested that
      these borderline patients need a holding of their ruthlessness and rage, and also
      of analytic self blame. Clinical vignettes describe the holding of an anxiously
      demanding and of an overtly hateful borderline patient. The patient in a holding
      environment evokes widely divergent countertransference reactions. These range
      from maternal nurturing feelings with extremely dependent patients (usually those
      emerging from profoundly schizoid states), to feelings of annihilation with
      narcissistic patients and of deep self doubt, anger and destructive wishes with
      demanding or hateful borderline patients. In the treatment of narcissistic and
      borderline patients, the holding environment metaphor may help the analyst
      tolerate these difficult countertransference feelings. Clinical examples of each
      type of countertransference reaction are presented.

PMID- 1797724
TI  - Thomas Forrest Main (1911-1990).

PMID- 1797725
TI  - The babel of the unconscious.

PMID- 1797726
TI  - Total knee replacement: surgical technique and instrumentation.
AB  - The surgical technique and instrumentation of four systems of total knee
      replacement, two with intramedullary and two with extramedullary alignment
      systems, are discussed. The differences between the instrumentations, their
      advantages and disadvantages, and the basic "philosophy" of each technique are
      compared in four "crucial" operative stages, determinant for the final result:
      the anteroposterior and distal femoral osteotomies, the tibial osteotomy, and the
      mechanical axis. In expert hands the two systems are equally reliable. In our
      experience, the extramedullary system with the tensor is more versatile. The
      stages are more dependent on the surgeon than on the instruments, and the tensor
      enables the surgeon to control and balance the level of osteotomy and the soft
      tissue release every time. The intramedullary femoral alignment system seems
      simpler: each step is a direct consequence of the previous one, except the first
      step, which is, of course, entrusted to the experience of the surgeon. The fact
      that each stage is predetermined may reduce the chances of error in less skilled
      hands.

PMID- 1797727
TI  - ACL reconstruction: in vivo measurement of patellar tendon graft elongation.
AB  - The implantation of a free autogenous patellar tendon graft is the surgical
      technique that currently offers the best results in anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction. However, numerous aspects regarding both technique and
      postoperative rehabilitation can still be improved. The aim of this study was to
      measure the elongation of the patellar tendon in vivo in the operating room after
      reconstructive surgery, subjecting the knee to normal strain such as passive
      mobilization or anterior displacement of the tibia. Three volunteers were
      studied. Our results were different from those reported in a previous study
      conducted in vivo on a normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In spite of the
      isometric position of the tendon, passive mobilization provoked a progressive
      increase in the elongation of the graft within each cycle of flexion-extension
      and between one cycle and the next. This also occurred during the Lachman test.
      These findings suggest that the graft undergoes a process of tensile adjustment
      when it is first put under strain. Continued elongation once this process appears
      stabilized raises doubts as to the reliability of isometric measuring devices.

PMID- 1797728
TI  - Total hip replacement using the cementless "Bio-direct" femoral component and the
      "CAB 1" self-threading acetabular component.
AB  - The special characteristics of the "Bio-direct" femoral component, which has been
      used in total hip replacement for approximately 7 years, are described. Although
      the current trend is to pair a cemented acetabular component with the Bio-direct
      femoral component, a new self-threading acetabulum (CAB 1) has recently been
      implanted in 12 patients. This new acetabular component is fully illustrated.

PMID- 1797729
TI  - Current trends in conservative treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus.
AB  - Forty-nine fractures treated conservatively with 30 days of immobilization in a
      Desault bandage or a suspension cast (3 cases) are discussed. The diaphyseal
      index was used to check for correlation between the degree of osteoporosis and
      the extent and type of fracture. After an average follow-up of 6.7 months, 67% of
      the 36 patients reviewed had a satisfactory clinical and radiographic result and
      adequate healing, even those with a high degree of osteoporosis. There was no
      significant correlation between the type of fracture (location and degree of
      displacement) and the severity of bone resorption. We would emphasize that 33% of
      the unsatisfactory results were mostly due to the radiographic findings which,
      scored using the Neer system, were rated unsatisfactory even though the
      corresponding results were satisfactory as far as the clinical symptoms and
      signs. In our opinion, proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients should be
      treated conservatively, especially in cases of slight or moderate displacement.

PMID- 1797730
TI  - Immediate multiple osteosynthesis in polytrauma.
AB  - Thirty polytraumatized patients underwent immediate osteosynthesis of two or more
      long bone fractures for a total of 82 operations (plus an additional 14 for
      pelvis, hand, and foot fractures). Since 1983, according to the modern and
      rational concepts of "all at one time treatment", open fractures as well as
      associated closed lesions are stabilized immediately if the patient's general
      condition permits. This type of procedure requires adequate facilities as well as
      availability of and collaboration between teams of specialists, but it is
      inarguably advantageous for the patient (relief of pain, drastic reduction in the
      rate of embolism, improvement of respiratory and circulatory function, only one
      anesthesia), the surgeons (operation technically easier and shorter), and the
      ancillary medical personnel (easier nursing, rapid functional rehabilitation).
      The methods of osteosynthesis should be carefully selected in order to guarantee
      stability, rapid application, and low aggressiveness. The use of plates and
      screws is limited, while external fixation is employed frequently. Interlocked
      intramedullary nailing is adopted with increasing frequency. Review of cases
      treated by this method shows considerable improvement in terms of healing,
      functional recovery, and resumption of social and occupational activity.

PMID- 1797731
TI  - Achondroplasia and lumbar spinal stenosis.
AB  - Achondroplasia is the most common type of rhizomelic dwarfism. The abnormal
      spinal development of the achondroplastic dwarf can result in neurologic damage
      due primarily to the following two syndromes: lumbar spinal canal stenosis and
      thoracolumbar kyphosis. The authors report the cases observed at their
      institution, discussing the diagnosis and operative treatment.

PMID- 1797732
TI  - Hoffa disease.
AB  - Among the causes of anterior knee pain, impingement of portions of the
      infrapatellar fat pad between the femoropatellar and femorotibial articular
      surfaces plays an important role. This disease, first described by Hoffa in 1904,
      has always been fairly obscure. This review of 63 cases delineates the clinical
      features, distinguishing two phases, acute and chronic, and analyzing the
      pathologic changes in the fat pad and the other joint structures involved.
      Treatment of both the chronic and acute phases is described, emphasizing the
      importance of arthroscopy in the chronic phase. The arthroscopic techniques are
      thoroughly described and commented on. Analysis of the results confirms the
      validity of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of this disease.

PMID- 1797733
TI  - The letournel lateral approach for treatment of acetabular fractures.
AB  - The authors report 9 cases of acetabular fracture, 6 recent complex and 3
      inveterate, treated surgically through the lateral incision of Letournel. This
      approach provides excellent exposure of the acetabulum, the iliac wing, the
      posterior column, and the anterior column up to the iliopectineal eminence.
      Nevertheless, the high incidence of often serious complications makes the
      combined anterior-posterior approach preferable for severe inveterate fractures
      of the acetabulum.

PMID- 1797734
TI  - Automated percutaneous lumbar diskectomy according to the Onik method: conclusive
      considerations.
AB  - The Onik method of automated percutaneous diskectomy in the treatment of the
      herniated lumbar disk offers undeniable advantages which we have already
      elaborated in our preliminary studies. Nevertheless, further experience with this
      technique has allowed us to pinpoint several aspects worthy of more attention:
      patient selection and long-term results. The patient selection procedure must
      follow Maroon and Onik's original protocol to the letter in order to single out
      those patients in whom contained disk herniation has caused actual sciatic pain
      and not merely low back pain. Imaging tests such as CT scan, MRI, and myelography
      have proved useful mainly in identifying contraindications for the technique,
      while only intraoperative diskography has been capable of diagnosing the
      contained status of the disk herniation, the basic criterion for selection. We
      reviewed 98 automated percutaneous lumbar diskectomies after a follow-up period
      ranging from 6 months to 2 1/2 years and found the results to be satisfactory, in
      spite of a slight deterioration of the good results at 6-9 months, following
      which there was no further change.

PMID- 1797735
TI  - The ultrastructure of schwannoma and neurofibroma of the peripheral nerves.
AB  - An electron microscopic study of 4 solitary schwannomas and 2 neurofibromas of
      peripheral nerves was performed with the aim of investigating the debated
      histogenesis of the two types of lesion. Our observations confirm that solitary
      schwannoma is composed almost exclusively of cells with characteristics of
      differentiated Schwann cells, thus providing evidence for a neuroectodermal
      origin of the tumor. Analysis of the ultrastructure of neurofibroma shows the
      presence of 3 different types of cells: Schwann-like cells, perineurial-like
      cells, and fibroblast-like cells. Perineurial-like cells were prevalent in our
      observations. These findings as well as the many controversial aspects of the
      origin of neurofibroma could be explained by separating this type of neoplasia
      into two pathological forms: perineurial and interstitial. Moreover, the numerous
      differences between solitary schwannoma and neurofibroma allow us to hypothesize
      a different cellular origin for each tumor. If confirmed by further observations,
      this would explain the difference in the capacity of the two types of neoplasia
      to undergo malignant change, an occurrence almost unknown in solitary schwannoma
      yet relatively common in neurofibroma.

PMID- 1797736
TI  - The tarsal and calcaneal tunnel syndromes.
AB  - This paper concerns 22 cases of compression of the posterior tibial nerve and its
      branches in the tarsal and calcaneal tunnels, all of which were treated by
      surgical decompression. The evaluation of both the operative findings and the
      results after a follow-up period ranging from 4 months to 2 years confirms the
      validity of neurolysis and emphasizes the role of the abductor hallucis muscle in
      the compression of the terminal branches of the posterior tibial nerve in the
      calcaneal tunnel.

PMID- 1797737
TI  - Simultaneous reconstruction in severe degloving injuries of the fingers.
AB  - The reconstruction of degloved fingers often requires tissue coverage from a
      distant donor site, transferred to the defect by means of pedicle flaps. The
      authors propose three main donor areas, depending on the reparative needs of the
      hand: the contralateral upper limb, the abdomen, and the retroauricular-mastoid
      region. The reconstruction techniques described in this paper guarantee
      satisfactory morphological and functional results and are therefore preferred in
      immediate reconstruction of the fingers following degloving injuries.

PMID- 1797738
TI  - Acute lesions of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Clinical and radiographic
      review.
AB  - We reviewed 36 patients who had undergone reconstructive surgery of the ligaments
      of the lateral compartment of the ankle between 1981 and 1986. The follow-up
      period averaged 6 years (range, 3-9 years). Ligamentous lesion was diagnosed by
      clinical examination and contact thermography. Eighty-six percent of the subjects
      reviewed achieved a good result, resuming sports activity and regaining full
      joint stability. Reports in the literature are conflicting: good results have
      been achieved by both conservative treatment and reconstructive surgery. We are
      convinced that surgery offers young athletes a better chance of regaining joint
      stability because it is the only treatment that promotes anatomical healing of
      the ligaments without lengthening or loss of strength. Contact thermography is an
      important means of diagnosis because of its few limitations and low cost.

PMID- 1797739
TI  - Skeletal changes in thalassemia major.
AB  - The authors clinically and radiographically examined 72 patients with homozygous
      beta thalassemia. The clinical data were compared to the degree of osteoporosis
      calculated by Singh's method. The results indicate a high incidence of skeletal
      changes in patients with thalassemia, including lower limb-length discrepancy
      (16.6%), upper limb-length discrepancy (5.5%), axial deviation of the limbs
      (8.3%), osteochondrosis (2.7%), and osteopenia (25%). Based on their
      observations, the authors identify skeletal changes of adulthood (osteopenia) and
      childhood (limb-length discrepancy, axial deviation, osteochondrosis). The
      authors hypothesize that osteoporotic changes are caused principally by
      hyperplasia of the bone marrow, which widens the medullary space and increases
      intramedullary pressure, leading eventually to osteoporosis.

PMID- 1797740
TI  - Rotational disorders in intramedullary fixation of the lower limbs.
AB  - The routine employment of intramedullary fixation in fractures of the femur and
      tibia has led the authors to thoroughly evaluate malunions. With the aid of CT
      scan, precise multilevel quantification of residual rotational deformity was
      possible by comparison with the contralateral limb after fracture healing. The
      results of this study confirm the effectiveness of the method, filling an
      interpretative gap in the literature.

PMID- 1797741
TI  - Snapping hip: a rare form with internal etiology.
AB  - "Internal" extraarticular snapping hip, rare and often misdiagnosed, can cause
      functional limitation of the hip and severe gait disturbances. It is provoked by
      the iliopsoas tendon which catches on the lesser trochanter or the iliopectineal
      eminence, as in the case described in this paper. Standard surgical treatment
      consists in lengthening the tendon, and the authors suggest an inguinal approach.

PMID- 1797742
TI  - Intraluminal projection of descending thoracic aorta and intraaortic balloon pump
      catheter examined by transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing
      coronary artery bypass surgery.
AB  - The thoracic descending aorta (DTA) was examined in 57 patients undergoing
      coronary artery bypass grafting (41 men and 16 women: 63.0 +/- 10.6 years old)
      using two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. An intraaortic balloon
      pump (IABP) was instituted in ten patients. A short-axis view of DTA was examined
      for intraluminal projection from the diaphragm level to the aortic arch level. In
      a frozen-frame image, the area and the height of the projection at each clockwise
      direction was measured. Four patients with preoperative insertion of an IABP
      catheter were excluded from the analysis. Seventy projections were found in 40 of
      53 patients (75.5%), most frequently found at the 3 to 6 o'clock position. The
      tip of the IABP catheter was also located in the area between 3 and 6 o'clock of
      the aortic lumen in 6 of 10 patients. In one case, the area of projection was
      reduced from 1.1 cm2 to 0.7 cm2. In two of four patients with preoperative
      institution of an IABP catheter, projections were found near the catheter tip.
      Both intraluminal projections and IABP catheter tip were most commonly located in
      the same region of the DTA, suggesting a possible dislodging of the projection
      while advancing the catheter. This was demonstrated in one case. The catheter tip
      may damage the aortic intima and/or cause a formation of abnormal projection. We
      conclude that intraoperative examination of DTA in addition to routine monitoring
      can provide useful information which is helpful for minimizing complications at
      the time of insertion of an IABP catheter.

PMID- 1797743
TI  - Studies on the effectiveness of sairei-to on puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis
      in rats.
AB  - In order to assess the effectiveness of sairei-to on nephrosis and to elucidate
      its mechanism of action, we made a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) rat model by a
      single intra-peritoneal injection of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight
      (B.W.) and compared it to the normal controls. Sairei-to was administered in
      various doses (100,200,500 mg/kg B.W.) orally for 8 days after the initial
      injection of PAN. Proteinuria and serum triglyceride levels were significantly
      reduced in the sairei-to-treated groups showed a morphological improvement in the
      kidney over the PAN group. We found 500 mg/kg B.W. of sairei-to to be the most
      effective dose. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was significantly
      elevated in the serum but not changed in the urine of sairei-to-treated groups
      pretreated with PAN. The normal control fed with 500 mg/kg B.W. of sairei-to
      showed a significant increase in serum SOD-like activity. The urinary prostanoid
      levels in the PAN group were lower than those in the normal and sairei-to-treated
      groups. These results support our hypothesis that sairei-to has effects on the
      elevation of SOD-like activity and on the synthesis of prostanoid in PAN-induced
      nephrosis, and that these effects are responsible for the mechanism of action of
      sairei-to.

PMID- 1797744
TI  - Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates
      to various antimicrobial agents.
AB  - Resistance patterns against 23 antimicrobial agents were examined for 42 strains
      of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Thirty-four strains were
      isolated at Hiroshima University Hospital during 1984-1990 and 8 strains were
      collected in Tokushima city in 1986. Overall resistance to the antimicrobial
      agents in clinical use is summarized as follows: methicillin 100%, flomoxef 93%
      (beta-lactams); kanamycin 98%, tobramycin 88%, amikacin 83%, isepamicin 81%,
      gentamicin 60%, dibekacin 64%, arbekacin 0% (aminocyclitol aminoglycosides);
      ofloxacin 31%, TA-167 33% (fluoroquinolones); erythromycin 100%, clarithromycin
      100%, josamycin 71% (macrolides); vancomycin 0% (glycopeptide); tetracycline 43%,
      minocycline 31% (tetracyclines); fosfomycin 93%. The MRSA strains remained
      susceptible to the non-clinical peptide group of antibiotics except for mikamycin
      B: mikamycin A 2%, mikamycin B 69%, nosiheptide 0%, bottromycin A2 0%,
      bottromycin D-1 0%, bottromycin D-2 0%. Since April 1990, the MRSA strains
      isolated at Hiroshima University Hospital showed a tendency to acquire resistance
      to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones and to lose mikamycin B-resistance. As of
      August 1990, none of the MRSA strains isolated at Hiroshima University Hospital
      was resistant to vancomycin and arbekacin.

PMID- 1797745
TI  - Condyloma acuminatum in a 3-year old girl.
AB  - We report the case of 3-year-old girl with condyloma acuminatum. She was brought
      to our clinic with pruritus, painful urination and four discharge and treated
      with electrocautery. Histological examination revealed acanthosis, nuclear
      basophilic inclusions and vacuolar degeneration. In this case, transmission of
      the human papilloma virus might have occurred during close, non-sexual contact
      with the infected mother, and the depressed immune response associated with
      atopic dermatitis appears to have played an important role in the development of
      the condyloma acuminatum infection.

PMID- 1797746
TI  - Reflections on editing a psychoanalytic journal.

PMID- 1797747
TI  - Aggression, rage, and the "destructive instinct," reconsidered from a
      psychobiological point of view.

PMID- 1797748
TI  - Neglected aspects of the superego.
AB  - Topics covered in this essay on neglected aspects of the superego include the
      overemphasis on the harsh superego and the neglect of the range of activities of
      ordinary people that involve issues of moral responsibility; the need for a more
      complete developmental schema for different types of superego and for the benign,
      mature superego; the neglect of the complexities of moral responsibility and of
      the importance of conflicting value systems; the neglect of the central role
      played by the superego in interpersonal relations. Causes of the neglect of the
      superego include a concern with neutrality on the part of the analyst that leads
      to an overemphasis on other analytic perspectives at the expense of superego
      analysis; the assumption that what is moral is self-evident; a lack of
      familiarity with concepts of moral responsibility; and a need for greater
      familiarity with current research studies into moral education and superego
      development. Based on these causes, remedies are suggested for the neglect of the
      superego.

PMID- 1797749
TI  - Mind, brain, and machine: object recognition.

PMID- 1797750
TI  - Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of the very rich.
AB  - Because personal affluence and an alloplastic adjustment tend to go together,
      psychiatric treatment encounters special problems in trying to help the very
      rich. These patients frequently show a strong sense of entitlement and a denial
      of any psychological problem. This creates special treatment problems. They feel
      entitled to the "very best," which includes the "best doctor." If their
      psychological problems cannot be magically erased they will switch psychiatrists
      until they find the "right one." Part of this is a tendency to externalize their
      emotional problems. Problems are thought to be caused by the environment and not
      by intra-psychic conflicts. This encourages the therapist to make environmental
      changes to improve the psychological state. Other special problems that the very
      rich present include the V.I.P. syndrome, excessive concern with litigation,
      their excessive narcissim, and their original emotional neglect by their own
      parents. Many were raised by parent surrogates and have problems in self-esteem.
      All of these special problems make the very rich difficult to treat with
      psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy or psychoanalysis. There are some
      exceptions to this problematic picture in which psychiatric treatment of the very
      rich can work out very nicely for both patient and psychotherapist.

PMID- 1797751
TI  - Sexuality, the Indian extended family, and Hindu culture.

PMID- 1797752
TI  - On Anna Freud. A discussion of personal analytic reactions in the early days of
      psychoanalysis.

PMID- 1797753
TI  - The relationship of Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham.

PMID- 1797754
TI  - The ambivalent relationship of psychoanalysis and creativity: the contributions
      of Suzanne Langer to the formative process of our psyche.

PMID- 1797755
TI  - Egon Schiele and Frida Kahlo: the self-portrait as mirror.
AB  - This article explores the psychoanalytic significance of the self-portraits of
      Egon Schiele and Frida Kahlo. Both artists employed the self-portrait as a
      central means of artistic expression. Their fanatic and prolific focus on
      artistic self-representation exemplifies the manner in which they dealt
      creatively with narcissistic issues. The therapeutic function of the self
      portrait as mirror is examined as well as the part it plays in self-consolidation
      and identity maintenance.

PMID- 1797756
TI  - On teaching today's residents psychoanalytic concepts.
AB  - This article presents a method for teaching a psychoanalytic perspective to
      residents that is built on the biomedical model and progresses in steps of
      increasing complexity. These steps include (1) elaborating the history, (2)
      observing affect, (3) developing empathy, (4) recognizing unconscious processes,
      (5) using the therapist's fantasies, and (6) understanding theory. Each stage is
      associated with tasks for the resident and supervisor and can be related to
      levels of residency training.

PMID- 1797757
TI  - Lateralized rhythms of the central and autonomic nervous systems.
AB  - This paper reviews lateralized ultradian rhythms in the nervous system and their
      unique place in evolutionary development. The rhythmic lateralization of neural
      activity in paired internal structures and the two sides of the central and
      autonomic nervous system is discussed as a new view for the temporal and spatial
      organization of higher vertebrates. These lateralized neural rhythms are integral
      to the hypothesis of the basic rest-activity cycle. Rhythms of alternating
      cerebral hemispheric dominance are postulated to be coupled to oscillations of
      the ergotrophic and trophotrophic states. The nasal cycle is coupled to this
      cerebral rhythm. This lateralized central and autonomic rhythm is discussed in
      relationship to ultradian rhythms of neuroendocrine activity, REM and NREM sleep,
      lateralized rhythms of plasma catecholamines, and other lateralized neural
      events. The relationship of this phenomenon to stress and adaptation is
      postulated. The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing is reviewed as a
      method to alter cerebral activity, cognition, and other autonomic dependent
      phenomena.

PMID- 1797758
TI  - Lateral asymmetry of eye movements in temporal lobe epileptic patients with
      unilateral foci.
AB  - Eye movements in response to visual stimuli (Benton Visual Retention Test) were
      examined in 22 temporal lobe epileptics (TLEs), 10 primary generalized epileptics
      (PGEs), and 20 normal controls. In the normal controls, the percent fixation time
      on the left peripheral figure was higher than that on the right peripheral
      figure, a tendency also found in the PGEs. In TLEs with right-sided foci, the
      percent fixation time on the left peripheral figure was higher than that on the
      right peripheral figure, the direction of asymmetry found in the normal controls
      and PGEs. However, when calculated as laterality indices (the degree of
      asymmetry) TLEs with right-sided foci were significantly more negative than those
      of both the normal controls and PGEs. In TLEs with left sided foci, the percent
      fixation time on the right peripheral figure tended to be higher than that on the
      left peripheral figure, an asymmetry which differed significantly from the normal
      controls, PGEs and the TLEs with right-sided foci. The results here showed that
      TLEs with unilateral foci had distinct eye movements which varied with the
      laterality of the lesion in the direction of functional overactivation of the
      epileptogenic hemisphere.

PMID- 1797759
TI  - Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in fencers.
AB  - Visual evoked potentials were recorded from occipital and temporal leads in the
      two cerebral hemispheres of eight fencers and eight control subjects. The
      stimulus was a checkerboard subtending a small (1 degree) or large (30 degrees)
      visual field. Significant differences in P60, N75 and P100 latency and amplitude
      were found between the two subject groups, especially during the processing of
      the large visual field. In fencers and left-handers shorter latencies were found
      for the large visual field condition, whereas right-handers showed an opposite
      trend. The results give further evidence of special patterns of visual processing
      in athletes, like fencers, in agreement with the literature.

PMID- 1797760
TI  - Human pupillary light reflex and reaction time at different intensity of light
      stimulation (a simple motor reaction to modify the human pupillogram).
AB  - The relations between the parameters of a pupillary light reflex and the reaction
      time to four intensities of light stimulation were studied in 13 normal
      volunteers (mean age 21.7 years). The consensual pupillary reactions to light
      were recorded at an infrared-reflecting pupillograph; the reaction time (RT) was
      recorded by a button pressed with the thumb. All subjects were tested at least
      twice in two blocks of trials: NO-RT-block, where only pupillograms (PGs) were
      recorded; and RT-block, where simple motor reactions were performed and recorded
      on a tape simultaneously with PGs. It was demonstrated that: (1) the intensity of
      light stimulation is a principal factor influencing the parameters of the human
      PG and is not a principal factor influencing the visuo-motor reaction time; and
      (2) A simple motor reaction exerts an inhibitory effect on the PG-amplitude and
      latency and on other PG-parameters. Some implications of probable mechanisms of
      the inhibitory influence of RT-processing on the PG-parameters are discussed.

PMID- 1797761
TI  - Stress induced reversal of a lexical divided visual-field asymmetry accompanied
      by retarded electrodermal habituation.
AB  - An interplay of structural and dynamic process cerebral asymmetries was
      investigated with medical students in a within subject design. Structural
      asymmetries were investigated with a divided visual-field lexical task and
      dynamic asymmetries through the influence of anxiety induced by examination
      stress and compared with a less stressful occasion. The validity of the stressful
      life event was substantiated by measures of non-specific electrodermal responses
      and a frustration-tension subscale from an anxiety questionnaire. The order of
      testing was counterbalanced. Under stress there was a shift in hemispheric
      balance such that a right visual-field advantage gave way to a left visual-field
      advantage. Variations in hemispheric processing were more pronounced in the right
      hemisphere in which performance was enhanced under stress.

PMID- 1797762
TI  - Finger tapping in musicians and nonmusicians.
AB  - Timing plays an important role in perceiving and performing music. Finger tapping
      has been successfully used for analyzing timing processes (Fraisse, 1966, Franek
      et al., 1987, 1988). The aim of this study is to determine differences between
      musically trained and untrained subjects in their ability to follow repetitive
      rhythmic tonal patterns by finger tapping. It has been found previously (Povel,
      1981; Smith, 1983) that time estimation differs among musicians and nonmusicians
      under certain conditions. The results presented here show that motor timing
      revealed by tapping is more accurate in musicians than in nonmusicians.

PMID- 1797763
TI  - Event-related potentials in a lexical stroop task.
AB  - In a reaction time (RT) situation the subjects made word/non-word decisions to
      strings of four letters. The original strings could be either words or non-words
      when read from left to right. Decisions were made for strings resulting when
      reading the letters in a different sequence specified on each trial. The 'non
      word' RT was longer than the 'word' RT, and RT increased further when the
      (correct) non-word decision was made to strings which constituted a word in the
      (traditional) left to right order. Event related potentials (ERPs) following the
      strings were more negative on the left side (the onset of the negativity was
      approx. 240 ms). Motor reactions were preceded by an epoch (700-300 ms before the
      response) where the ERPs of trials with stimulus/response conflict were
      relatively positive. However, the negativity preceding the response (motor
      potential) appeared to be independent of the stimulus/response conflict. 'Word'
      responses were preceded and followed by a positive wave, independent of the motor
      potential. This positivity is considered to be a very late member of the P3
      complex related to lexical memory processes.

PMID- 1797764
TI  - Sex differences in finger temperature response to music.
AB  - A finding of significant sex differences in finger temperature responses to
      stimuli would have implications for a variety of situations in which finger
      temperature changes in combination with other psychophysiological measures are
      employed as indicators of psychological and/or physiological states. In the
      present study, each subject listened to one of two distinct musical selections
      for 3-minutes and 40-seconds after being allowed to adapt for one of five
      durations ranging from 4 to 20 minutes. Females' finger temperatures decreased
      more or increased less than did males' finger temperatures. This finding held no
      matter which music was played and was true for all but the shortest adaptation
      duration. Control data indicated that the sex difference would not have occurred
      in the absence of the music, and thus the results suggest that females' finger
      temperatures decrease more than males' only when stimulation occurs. Possible
      causes of the sex difference are discussed as well as possible implications for
      studies in which finger temperature is employed as a dependent variable.

PMID- 1797765
TI  - Attention tasks and EEG power spectra.
AB  - The authors attempted to observe differences in alpha and beta hemispheric
      asymmetry during a task in which attention was directed toward input from the
      environment (intake task) as opposed to tasks that required that environmental
      events be excluded from the focus of attention (rejection tasks). In comparison
      to resting, both attention tasks caused a shift in alpha asymmetry ratios toward
      increased power on the right, with the greatest effect at temporal leads. The
      only significant difference between attention tasks was a finding of higher alpha
      power during intake than during rejection. Some characteristics of the EEG during
      attention indicate potential clinical utility.

PMID- 1797766
TI  - [SBF's representatives' meeting 1991 (Swedish Midwifery Association)].

PMID- 1797767
TI  - A case for working women.

PMID- 1797768
TI  - Toward a kinder, gentler, and more effective behavioral approach in community
      settings.

PMID- 1797769
TI  - Contingent reinforcement of abstinence with individuals abusing cocaine and
      marijuana.
AB  - Two males diagnosed with cocaine dependence received a behavioral intervention
      comprised of contingency management and the community reinforcement approach.
      During the initial phase of treatment, reinforcement was delivered contingent on
      submitting cocaine-free urine specimens. The community reinforcement approach
      involved two behavior therapy sessions each week. Almost complete cocaine
      abstinence was achieved, but regular marijuana use continued. During a second
      phase, reinforcement magnitude was reduced, but remained contingent on submitting
      cocaine-free specimens. Behavior therapy was reduced to once per week. Cocaine
      abstinence and regular marijuana use continued. Next, reinforcement was delivered
      contingent on submitting cocaine- and marijuana-free specimens. This modified
      contingency resulted in an abrupt increase in marijuana abstinence and
      maintenance of cocaine abstinence. One- and 5-month follow-ups indicated that
      cocaine abstinence continued, but marijuana smoking resumed. These results
      indicate that the behavioral intervention was efficacious in achieving abstinence
      from cocaine and marijuana; maintenance, however, was achieved for cocaine only.

PMID- 1797771
TI  - Behavioral community intervention to reduce the risk of skin cancer.
AB  - Peer leader modeling, posted feedback, posted goals, and a commitment raffle were
      used at two swimming pools to increase behaviors associated with skin cancer
      prevention. During the intervention condition, pool lifeguards modeled the
      protective behaviors by wearing sunglasses, t-shirts, and hats, using zinc oxide
      and sunscreen, and staying in the shade. Children and adolescents (1 to 16 years
      old) increased their use of two or more protective behaviors from a baseline mean
      of 6.5% to 26.9% during the intervention. Adults (older than 16 years) increased
      their protective behaviors from a baseline mean of 22% to 37.95% during the
      intervention. The lifeguards increased their use of all the protective behaviors
      from a baseline mean of 16.7% to 63.5% during intervention. Ways to improve and
      expand this intervention are discussed.

PMID- 1797770
TI  - A technology for program maintenance: programming key researcher behaviors in a
      student housing cooperative.
AB  - Behavioral researchers play critical, but often unanalyzed, roles in the programs
      they develop. Unless they replace their key activities with standardized
      procedures, their continued participation may be essential to program success--a
      situation that is often not only impractical but may be prohibitively expensive
      and disliked by local staff. This study was conducted in a student housing
      cooperative that is dependent on close researcher supervision for its continued
      health and survival. A key activity of the co-op researchers was to provide
      public recognition for good job performance by co-op members. The purposes of
      this study were (a) to replace that idiosyncratic recognition with systematic
      procedures so members, instead of the researchers, would provide public
      recognition to each other for good job performance; and (b) to evaluate those
      procedures by comparing job performance when member-delivered recognition was
      provided and when it was not. When the procedures were in place, job performance
      increased and fines for poor job performance and complaining at meetings
      decreased. This study suggests that procedures can be developed to reduce program
      reliance on the researcher that are effective, inexpensive, sustainable, and
      acceptable to the participants--a first step toward developing a technology of
      program maintenance.

PMID- 1797772
TI  - Interventions to reduce high-volume portable headsets: "turn down the sound"!
AB  - Two studies examined effects of interventions to reduce noise levels from
      portable stereo headphones. Study 1 examined the effectiveness of warning signs
      posted in and nearby public elevators with 567 passengers possessing a portable
      headphone (total N = 7,811). During a 9-day baseline, the mean percentage of
      headphones played at an observer-audible level was 85%. During a subsequent 6-day
      warning sign phase, the mean percentage of audible headphones declined to 59%,
      which increased to a mean of 76% during a second baseline phase (5 days). Study 2
      assessed the impact of a student confederate who lowered his or her observer
      audible headphone volume at the polite request of a second student confederate.
      Of the 4,069 elevator passengers, 433 possessed a portable headset. The mean
      percentage of observer-audible headphones during a 4-day baseline was 85%.
      Subsequently, a 5-day modeling intervention reduced audible volumes to a mean of
      46%. During a second baseline phase of 4 days, the mean level was 77%, and during
      reintroduction of the modeling phase (9 days) the mean level was 42%. The
      modeling intervention was significantly more effective with women (53%
      compliance) than men (29% compliance).

PMID- 1797773
TI  - AIDS prevention: improving nurses' compliance with glove wearing through
      performance feedback.
AB  - A performance feedback procedure was used to increase glove wearing by nurses in
      a hospital emergency room in situations in which contact with body fluids was
      highly likely. Infection-control nurses provided biweekly performance feedback to
      staff nurses on an individual private basis to inform them of the percentage of
      contact opportunities in which they wore gloves. Observations made prior to
      (baseline) and during feedback in a multiple baseline design across 4 subjects
      indicated that substantial increases in glove wearing in target situations
      occurred after implementation of the feedback program and that increases occurred
      across most of the specific situations in which glove wearing was advised.
      Percentage increases in glove wearing ranged from 22% to 49% across subjects. The
      results are discussed in terms of prevention of acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) by use of universal precautions.

PMID- 1797775
TI  - Smoking cessation through functional analysis.

PMID- 1797774
TI  - Selection of target behaviors and interventions: a case of necessary but
      insufficient choices.

PMID- 1797776
TI  - In-home generalization of social interactions in families of adolescents with
      behavior problems.
AB  - The effects of a three-phase family communication program were evaluated. In the
      skill-teaching phase, family members were taught reciprocal social communication
      skills in a clinic setting. During the skill-review phase, each family member
      practiced the skills in their homes with the teacher. During the home-based
      family conference phase, each family was taught to use a structured format to
      resolve current family issues using their newly acquired skills. In-home parent
      youth interactions were observed during a series of 1-hr sessions that involved
      directed and nondirected situations. Evaluation included a multiple baseline
      design across skills during the skill-teaching phase and a multiple baseline
      design across families for the family conference phase. Although the procedures
      of the skill-teaching phase resulted in parent-adolescent dyads learning to use
      the skills in the teaching setting, competent use of the skills in the home was
      not observed until the family conference phase was implemented. These results
      suggest the importance of home-based intervention if changes are to be obtained
      at home.

PMID- 1797777
TI  - Increasing autistic children's daily spontaneous speech.
AB  - We investigated the effectiveness of teaching parents of 3 autistic boys to use a
      time delay procedure to increase their children's appropriate spontaneous speech
      in several naturally occurring daily settings (e.g., saying "good morning" in the
      morning). Generalization across settings and within settings across persons and
      locations was assessed. Variation in the children's spontaneous speech was also
      assessed. In addition procedural errors in the parents' use of time delay were
      calculated. Results indicated that all children increased their daily spontaneous
      speech and generalized their speech to other locations and persons.

PMID- 1797778
TI  - Side effects of therapeutic punishment on academic performance and eye contact.
AB  - The effects of therapeutic punishment delivered following inappropriate behavior
      on the academic responding and eye-to-face contact of 2 persons with
      developmental handicaps was examined using a counterbalanced alternating
      treatment design. Each subject was sequentially taught by two therapists each
      day. While one of the therapists taught the subject, the second therapist stood
      in close proximity directly behind the subject. During baseline, neither
      therapist delivered punishment following inappropriate behavior. During the
      treatment condition, one of the therapists delivered all punishment regardless of
      whether she was teaching or standing behind the subject. The therapist who
      delivered all punishment for 1 subject did not deliver any punishment for the
      other subject. During the last condition, the therapist delivering all punishment
      was reversed for 1 of the subjects. The results indicated that the task being
      taught was mastered by each subject only when the therapist delivering punishment
      was teaching. Data collected also indicated that each subject made more eye-to
      face contact when the therapist delivering all punishment was teaching. Although
      neither therapist had to deliver punishers often, punishment had to be
      administered less often when the therapist teaching the subject was also the
      therapist delivering punishment.

PMID- 1797779
TI  - An analysis of error-correction procedures during discrimination training.
AB  - Mechanisms involved in error-correction procedures during behavioral acquisition
      were examined. Seven developmentally delayed subjects participated in match-to
      sample discrimination training, consisting of three conditions arranged in a
      multielement design. Correct responses in all conditions were followed by praise
      and either food or pennies. In the baseline condition (differential
      reinforcement), an error produced no consequences. In the practice condition, an
      error was followed by repetition of the trial until a correct response occurred.
      In the avoidance condition, an error was followed by additional trials consisting
      of irrelevant stimuli; this condition separated the effects of repeated exposure
      to the same task from those of negative reinforcement, both of which existed in
      the practice condition. All 7 subjects made noticeable progress in the baseline
      condition. However, 5 of the 7 performed better in one of the error-correction
      conditions: 2 performed better in the practice condition, and 3 performed better
      in the avoidance condition. These data indicate that error-correction procedures
      may serve multiple functions and suggest that the practice requirement in this
      study included both avoidance and stimulus control components. More generally,
      the data indicate that additional control procedures should be included in
      acquisition studies to identify the relevant behavioral mechanism(s).

PMID- 1797780
TI  - Peer-mediated procedures to induce swallowing and food acceptance in young
      children.
AB  - Two studies demonstrated a functional relationship between a peer modeling
      procedure and the treatment of feeding disorders with 2 young children. In the
      first experiment, the use of a peer model treatment package was shown to induce
      swallowing in a child with dysphagia who had never swallowed food or liquid. In
      the second experiment, a child who consistently declined food was induced to
      increase food acceptance as a function of the same peer modeling package. In the
      latter experiment, a peer-mediated procedure, consisting of rotated opportunities
      to consume food with a peer, was found to increase consumption more than did
      modeling alone. The first experiment used a multiple baseline design across
      solids and liquids, and the second used a multiple treatment design. The results
      of both experiments are discussed as new and nonaversive treatments for feeding
      disorders of young children who are imitative.

PMID- 1797781
TI  - Assessment of stimuli controlling the requests of students with severe mental
      retardation during a snack routine.
AB  - This study assessed stimuli controlling requests during a snack routine after
      extensive request training with a delayed prompt procedure. During training
      sessions, one of three three-item snack groups was presented to 3 subjects with
      severe mental retardation. Assessment sessions involved (a) training conditions
      (all items were visible), (b) presenting two of three items from a particular
      group, or (c) presenting no items. One subject requested food items when no food
      items were present, 2 frequently requested a missing item when the two other
      items were visible, and all subjects requested visible items. Procedures for
      assessing stimulus control, such as those described in the current paper, should
      lead to a better understanding of the variables controlling behaviors that
      initially appear perplexing and unpredictable.

PMID- 1797782
TI  - [Wegener's granulomatosis: breast localization].
AB  - The case of a 37-year-old patient with a history of Wegener's granulomatosis
      presenting with a right painless breast mass is reported. Breast mammography and
      sonography were poorly contributive and the inflammatory nature of the lesion was
      established by fine needle biopsy.

PMID- 1797783
TI  - Ultrasonography of the salivary glands in the evaluation of Sjogren's syndrome.
      Comparison with sialography.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) was evaluated as noninvasive method to determine salivary
      gland involvement and compared with sialography in patients with Sjogren's
      syndrome (SS) and patients with only objective xerostomia and/or xerophthalmia.
      Patients with complaints of dry eyes and dry mouth but with no objective
      abnormalities served as control group. Ultrasound revealed a decreased parotid
      gland reflectivity in most of the patients with SS, compared with only 2 patients
      in the other group (p = 0.002). Our study suggests that US can be a useful,
      noninvasive method in the diagnostic work-up of patients with sicca complaints.

PMID- 1797784
TI  - [Jaundice secondary to a metastasis of a malignant melanoma at the level of the
      common bile duct].
AB  - A patient presenting with a malignant melanoma of the skin developed obstructive
      jaundice. Ultrasound examination of the upper abdomen revealed dilated bile ducts
      and the presence of a solid mass at the hilum level. There was no evidence of
      biliary lithiasis. The intraluminal location of the mass was confirmed by
      endoscopic cholangiography. Laparoscopy disclosed a 2 cm mass within the wall of
      the common bile duct. Pathological diagnosis was common bile duct wall metastasis
      from malignant melanoma.

PMID- 1797785
TI  - Localized craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in a young girl.
AB  - We consider here the case of a young girl presenting a cystic bone mass in the
      left orbital roof. Although standard X-rays at first were not convincing, the
      findings on the CT examination and the histological aspect of the mass were
      typical of fibrous dysplasia. Although the exact diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia
      can only be made upon precise histological examination, radiological, and more
      specifically CT findings, may indicate this pathology.

PMID- 1797786
TI  - Common hepatic artery aneurysm: diagnosis with duplex sonography and color
      Doppler.
AB  - Hepatic artery aneurysms are uncommon lesions, often with a nonspecific clinical
      presentation and difficult to diagnose before rupture. The authors report a case
      which was correctly diagnosed with non-invasive procedures (duplex sonography and
      color Doppler).

PMID- 1797787
TI  - Spontaneous retroperitoneal renal hemorrhage: imaging and angiographic findings
      in five patients.
AB  - The authors describe one case and report four other of pathologically proven
      spontaneous retroperitoneal renal hemorrhage due to a ruptured hemorrhagic cyst
      (2 cases), a renal cell carcinoma, an angiomyolipoma, and a tubular adenoma. The
      contribution of US, CT, and angiography to the diagnosis is discussed and the
      recent literature is reviewed.

PMID- 1797788
TI  - Occult prostatic abscess detected by transrectal sonography and computed
      tomography. Case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of prostatic abscess in a patient without significant
      clinical manifestation. Transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography
      demonstrated a lesion suggestive of an abscess which was finally confirmed by
      transurethral resection revealing pus.

PMID- 1797789
TI  - Phlebectasia of the external jugular vein: a case report.
AB  - A case of localized dilatation of the external jugular vein, with an irregularly
      thickened wall, enlarging during the Valsalva manoeuver, is presented. It is
      believed to represent a venous aneurysm, which is a rather rare condition.

PMID- 1797790
TI  - Seeing with sound! A medical story only 50 years old.

PMID- 1797791
TI  - [Contribution of the CT scanner to the diagnosis of liposarcoma].
AB  - Analysis of the CT aspect and anatomopathologic correlation of 11 liposarcomas of
      the abdomen and chest enabled definition of CT criteria for diagnosis. Anatomo
      radiologic correlation could be established both for well-defined and poorly
      defined tumors. However, due to the uneasy localization and high recurrence rate
      of poorly defined tumors, the data provided by CT did not improve the prognostic
      rates.

PMID- 1797792
TI  - [Imaging evaluation of an alobar holoprosencephaly with cyclopia].
AB  - A case of an alobar holoprosencephaly with cyclopia diagnosed by prenatal
      ultrasound is reported. At 23 weeks of gestation, abortion was performed. The
      holoprosencephalic aborted foetus was studied as completely as possible. Skull X
      rays, cranial computed tomography, and magnetic resonance images are discussed
      and compared with the necropsy findings.

PMID- 1797793
TI  - The ultrasound aspect of the skin and subcutaneous fat layer in various benign
      and malignant breast conditions.
AB  - In a series of 260 consecutive X-ray mammography examinations in symptomatic
      patients, 25 patients proved to have breast cancer, and 41 had various benign
      breast conditions. In the 66 patients with abnormal mammograms a real-time
      ultrasound examination with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer and a fluid offset
      pad was performed. This paper focuses on the ultrasound aspect of the skin and
      the subcutaneous fat layer in various benign and malignant breast conditions. In
      most of the malignant tumors studied as well as in cases of fat necrosis and
      breast abscesses, the following ultrasound signs were encountered: discontinuity
      of the sharp echogenic subcutaneous specular reflector, thickening of the skin,
      and locally increased echogenicity of the subcutaneous fat layer. In breast
      cancer these signs were seen in some patients with small tumors, in deeply
      located tumors as well as in patients with no skin retraction on clinical
      examination. The differential diagnosis between cancer and benign breast tumors
      cannot be based upon the ultrasound aspect of the skin and subcutaneous fat layer
      alone. X-ray mammography as well as clinical criteria and anamnestic factors
      should be used for the diagnosis of breast abscesses (calor, rubor, tumor, dolor)
      and for the diagnosis of fat necrosis (surgery, trauma).

PMID- 1797794
TI  - [Popliteal cyst with venous compression].
AB  - Baker's cysts can produce pressure on draining lymphatics and veins in the knee,
      producing oedema of the lower leg. These cysts are often mistakenly treated as
      deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 1797795
TI  - Oesophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis with similar lesions in the duodenum.
AB  - Oesophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis is characterized by a segmental or
      diffuse distribution of numerous small outpouchings varying in size from 1 to 5
      mm. Review of previously described cases revealed a significant incidence of
      associated debilitating systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, malignancy,
      alcoholism and tuberculosis. No record could be found in the literature of a
      similar process occurring in other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. A case
      is reported of a severe alcoholic who, on a barium swallow, in addition to the
      changes of oesophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis, presented with a large
      duodenal ulcer and similar outpouchings in the first and second parts of the
      duodenum.

PMID- 1797796
TI  - Small intestinal obstruction caused by extramedullary hemopoiesis and revealing
      myeloproliferative syndrome.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman was admitted with mild intestinal obstruction. Enteroclysis
      showed segmental narrowing with mucosal fold thickening of the proximal jejunum.
      Computed tomography in addition demonstrated enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes in
      the proximity of the diseased intestinal loop. Histological examination of the
      resected intestinal segment showed extramedullary hemopoiesis. Bone marrow
      examination confirmed myeloproliferative syndrome.

PMID- 1797797
TI  - [Desmoid tumor and Gardner syndrome].
AB  - A desmoid tumor was found in a patient with Gardner's syndrome. The tumor was
      visualized by CT before and after contrast injection, by radiographic examination
      of the small bowel, and by sonography. CT demonstrated a heterogeneous mass in
      the left lower abdomen with attenuation values ranging from 23 to 72 HU on native
      scans, enhancing to 123 up to 172 HU after injection of contrast medium. This
      examination also demonstrated the extent of the tumor and its exact dimensions.
      The radiographic examination of the small bowel completed the diagnosis and
      showed no involvement of the small bowel. This diagnosis was confirmed by
      laparotomy.

PMID- 1797798
TI  - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of chondromalacia of the femoropatellar joint.
AB  - In 35 patients suffering from femoropatellar arthralgia, ultrasound of the
      cartilage at the femoral side of the FP joint and double contrast computed
      arthrotomography were obtained. The criteria for chondromalacia in these
      examination techniques are discussed. In US the sharpness of the cartilage-bone
      interface and the relative reflectivity of the quadriceps tendon in comparison to
      the cartilage appeared to be relevant. US seemed to be a very specific technique
      in comparison with double contrast ARCT, but those patients with unique
      degeneration of the cartilage of the patella were missed with US (22%). Because
      US is a non-invasive, cheap and widely available procedure, we believe that US is
      a very useful screening procedure in the approach of the patient suspected of
      chondromalacia.

PMID- 1797799
TI  - Conventional X-ray examination in esophageal cancer: an opinion.
AB  - Double contrast is the best radiological technique for the detection of small
      esophageal cancer. Gastrografin is indicated when a blind mediastinal fistula is
      suspected; in cases of choking or suspicion of a fistula with the airways, a low
      osmotic hydrosoluble Iodium compound must be used. Conventional radiology and
      endoscopy are complementary techniques for the detection of esophageal cancer, as
      some lesions may be missed or misinterpreted by both. The need for endoscopic
      biopsy being incontestable for diagnostic confirmation and characterization,
      radiology presents some advantages over classic esophagoscopy for preoperative
      and the general pretherapeutic staging of esophageal carcinoma: assessment of
      topographical relation with the surrounding organs is possible and with the upper
      esophageal sphincter is easier; appreciation of tumoral extension along the
      longitudinal axis (tumor length, gastric invasion) remains mostly possible even
      in cases of severe stenosis; tumoral extension along the transverse axis
      (kinking, fistula) may be evaluated; detection of a second tumor or concomitant
      pathology distally from a stenosing tumor is mostly possible; moreover radiology
      is important before starting radiotherapy; and finally, previous radiology may
      reduce the (small) risk of endoscopic perforation. Radiology is indispensable or
      indicated in the posttherapeutic follow-up of esophageal carcinoma, as well after
      surgery as after endoscopic interventions, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

PMID- 1797800
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonography and esophageal cancer.
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), performed by means of an endoscope equipped
      with an ultrasound transducer, has been used in the imaging, staging, and follow
      up of esophageal cancer for a decade. Although at first considered as a more or
      less experimental procedure, it emerged in the last six years as a valuable and
      precise tool for the assessment of various upper GI disorders. It is now well
      established that EUS can provide more accurate staging information on upper GI
      pathology than other imaging techniques such as conventional radiology,
      conventional ultrasound, CT, MRI and endoscopy. However, it remains complementary
      to other imaging methods, and is not suited for routine screening purposes. The
      instrumentation, technique, limitations, pitfalls, accuracy, and possible future
      of EUS are discussed, particularly concerning esophageal cancer.

PMID- 1797801
TI  - Endoscopic palliative intubation of inoperable malignant esophagogastric
      obstruction.
AB  - In patients with obstructive tumors of the esophagus and who cannot undergo
      curative surgery, endoscopic palliative intubation can provide a quick relief to
      dysphagia with subsequent improvement of nutritional status. The technical
      success rate is as high as 95%. Broncho-esophageal fistulas can be occluded by
      esophageal prosthesis. The most serious complication is perforation, which
      incidence is 6 to 8%. The other rare complications are bleeding or aspiration
      pneumonia. The overall survival rate is only 6 months, but with a significant
      improvement in the quality of life. Endoscopic intubation is now challenged by
      laser therapy; their specific indications and advantages are discussed.

PMID- 1797802
TI  - Barrett's esophagus and its relationship to cancer.
AB  - The authors present an overview on the current status of Barrett's esophagus.
      Pathogenesis, histological classification, prevalence, and incidence regarding
      relationship to adenocarcinoma frequency are described. The accuracy of
      endoscopic diagnosis and the role of radiology for an optimal high risk patient's
      screening program are discussed according to the author's experience.

PMID- 1797803
TI  - Esophageal cancer.
AB  - The authors invited eminent Belgian specialists to report on their experience in
      esophageal cancer. A summary is given of the most striking features of their
      reports.

PMID- 1797804
TI  - [The value of systematic chest radiographic screening in recruits of the Belgian
      Armed Forces].
AB  - The radiographic chest screening has been applied within the Belgian Armed Forces
      since 1938, to detect tuberculosis. In order to evaluate the actual efficiency-
      and the utility--of this diagnostic method, the authors have made a prospective
      study of the examinations performed during a period of six months. The patients
      in whom a radiologic chest examination would have been performed in every case,
      on the basis of the clinical or anamnestic elements, were ruled out. The
      efficiency of the examination is defined as the number of decisions of disability
      for the armed service, divided by the total number of performed chest
      examinations. We found 72 (24/10,000) cases of disability for a total number of
      30,572 examinations. We found only 9 (3/10,000) cases of tuberculosis and 3
      (1/10,000) cases of malignant lesions. The number of cases of tuberculosis is
      comparable with the rates found in other European studies. The actual efficiency
      of the radiographic chest screening is thus very low.

PMID- 1797805
TI  - Materials for enhancing cell adhesion by immobilization of cell-adhesive peptide.
AB  - Materials to enhance cell adhesion were synthesized by surface integration of
      peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser(RGDS), which is an active-site sequence of cell-adhesive
      proteins. Polystyrene film was glow-discharged and graft-copolymerized with
      acrylic acid. Then the peptide was immobilized to the poly(acrylic acid) grafts
      by using water-soluble carbodiimide. The cell-adhesive activity of the RGDS
      immobilized film increased with increasing amount of immobilized peptide, and
      approached the activity of fibronectin(FN)-immobilized film. The RGDS-immobilized
      film was more stable against heat treatment and pH variation than the FN
      immobilized film. In addition, the RGDS-immobilized film enhanced cell growth
      more strongly than the FN-immobilized film.

PMID- 1797806
TI  - The effect of aluminum ions and sorbitol on collagen and skin: a thermally
      stimulated current spectroscopy study.
AB  - The influence of aluminum ions introduced either directly or with sorbitol, in
      collagen and skin, has been investigated by Thermally Stimulated Current/TSC
      spectroscopy. The intramolecular mobility of collagen has been found to be
      significantly reduced by aluminum ions. The substitution of water molecules by
      aluminum ions on intramolecular hydrophilic sites is suggested to be responsible
      for this evolution. The presence of sorbitol minimizes this effect. The
      intermolecular mobility of collagen is decreased upon introduction of aluminum
      ions in presence of sorbitol. This result can be explained by the interaction of
      sorbitol-aluminum entities with the telopeptidic regions of collagen molecules.
      In skin samples, the intra- and intermolecular mobilities are restored due to the
      combined actions of sorbitol and noncollagenous proteins and other
      macromolecules.

PMID- 1797807
TI  - Synthesis and nonthrombogenicity of polyetherurethaneurea film grafted with
      poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate).
AB  - Synthesis of nonthrombogenic materials without using biologically active
      substances was explored. Poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate) is a water-soluble
      synthetic polymer and activates antithrombin III to exert nonthrombogenicity that
      was dependent on the molecular weight. Polyetherurethaneurea film was plasma
      treated and graft-polymerized with sodium vinyl sulfonate. The graft film showed
      excellent in vitro and ex vivo nonthrombogenicity by suppressing interactions
      with plasma proteins and platelets as well as by inactivating blood-clotting
      factors.

PMID- 1797808
TI  - Apatite formation on the surface of Ceravital-type glass-ceramic in the body.
AB  - Previous studies on surface structural changes in vitro as well as in vivo of
      bioactive A-W-type glass-ceramics and Bio-glass-type glasses showed that the
      essential condition for glasses and glass-ceramics to bond to living bone is
      formation of a bonelike apatite layer on their surfaces in the body. Gross et
      al., however, had explained the bone-bonding mechanism of Ceravital-type apatite
      containing glass-ceramic without mentioning formation of the surface apatite
      layer. In the present study, apatite formation on the surface of one of Ceravital
      type glass-ceramics was investigated in vitro as well as in vivo. An apatite
      containing glass-ceramic of the composition Na2O 5, CaO 33, SiO2 46, Ca(PO3)2 16
      wt%, which was named KGS by Gross et al., was soaked in an acellular simulated
      body fluid which had ion concentrations almost equal to those of the human blood
      plasma. The same kind of glass-ceramic was implanted into a rabbit tibia. Thin
      film x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, and
      scanning electron microscopic observation of the surfaces of the specimens soaked
      in the simulated body fluid showed that Ceravital-type glass-ceramic also forms a
      layer of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite of small crystallites and/or a
      defective structure on its surface in the fluid. Electron probe x-ray
      microanalysis of the interface between the glass-ceramic and the surrounding bone
      showed that a thin layer rich in Ca and P is present at the interface. These
      findings indicated that Ceravital-type glass-ceramics also form the bonelike
      apatite layer on its surface in the body and bond to living bone through the
      apatite layer.

PMID- 1797809
TI  - Physical and blood-contacting properties of polyurethanes based on a sulfonic
      acid-containing diol chain extender.
AB  - Polyurethanes chain extended with N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane-sulfonic
      acid (BES) were synthesized. The effect of the sulfonic acid group on the
      polymers' bulk, surface, and blood-contacting properties was evaluated by
      comparing the BES-based polymers with polyurethanes based on N
      ethyldiethanolamine (EDEA). In addition, the effect of soft-segment polarity was
      addressed by comparing polyurethanes based on polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) (MW
      = 1000) with polymers based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) (MW = 1000). The EDEA
      control samples had physical properties similar to a viscous fluid. The presence
      of the sulfonic acid group dramatically enhanced the degree of microphase
      separation and the mechanical strength of all the polymers. The more polar PEO
      soft segment resulted in polymers which were more phase mixed than the PTMO-based
      polyurethanes. Surface characterization studies revealed that in vacuum, all the
      surfaces were enriched in the polyether soft-segment phase. After 24-h
      equilibration in water, all the surfaces had similar surface polarities
      independent of the SO3H content. The canine ex vivo blood-contacting results
      showed that the sulfonic acid group in the PTMO-based polymers significantly
      reduced the number and activation of the adherent platelets. Fibrinogen
      deposition, however, increased with increasing sulfonic acid content. In
      contrast, platelet and fibrinogen deposition on the sulfonic acid-containing PEO
      based polymers was greatly enhanced.

PMID- 1797811
TI  - Effect of hand mixing tobramycin on the fatigue strength of Simplex P.
AB  - In a recent study, we showed that the presence of gentamicin in Palacos R or
      erythromycin plus colistin in Simplex P bone cement did not significantly
      decrease the fatigue strength of the cement. [J.P. Davies, D.O. O'Connor, D.W.
      Burke, and W.H. Harris, "Influence of antibiotic impregnation on the fatigue life
      of Simplex P and Palacos R acrylic bone cements, with and without
      centrifugation," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23, 379-397 (1989)] However, the
      commercially prepared Palacos R with Gentamicin and AKZ (Simplex P with colistin
      and erythromycin) which were tested are not approved by the FDA for use in the
      United States. Because of this, many surgeons in the United States hand mix
      tobramycin with the cement in the operating room if a case calls for the use of
      antibiotic-impregnated cement. In this study, we determined the effect of adding
      1.2 g of tobramycin to one pack (40 g) of Simplex P powder on the fatigue
      strength of the cement. The effect of centrifugation on the fatigue strength of
      Simplex P with the tobramycin added was also assessed. Simplex P was prepared
      according to the manufacturer's instructions with and without the addition of 1.2
      g tobramycin per 40-g pack and with and without centrifugation. Fifteen specimens
      of each of the four cement preparations were tested in fully reversed tension
      compression fatigue at +/- 15 MPa, 2 Hz. The fatigue strength of the
      uncentrifuged and centrifuged Simplex P was not significantly reduced by the
      tobramycin. Centrifugation significantly increased the fatigue life of Simplex P
      both with and without the addition of tobramycin. The fatigue life of the Simplex
      P with tobramycin was increased by a factor of 8 by centrifugation.

PMID- 1797810
TI  - Protein adsorption from human plasma is reduced on phospholipid polymers.
AB  - Protein adsorption from human plasma was investigated on phospholipid polymers,
      poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate
      (BMA) or glass by radioimmunoassay and immunogold labeling techniques. In the
      present studies the focus was to determine the composition and distribution of
      proteins at the surface of these materials after contact with human blood plasma.
      On all materials, protein adsorption was detected and included identification of
      albumin, IgG, fibrinogen, fibronectin, Hageman factor (factor XII), factor
      VIII/von Willebrand factor, high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) and the
      complement protein C5. The amount of protein adsorbed decreased with an increase
      in the MPC composition and appeared to adsorb to the surfaces in a uniform and
      evenly distributed manner. Therefore, we suggest that MPC moieties play an
      important role in suppression of protein adsorption. From these findings, it is
      concluded that the reduction of protein adsorption at the blood contacting
      surface of phospholipid polymers may result in the inhibition of thrombus
      formation.

PMID- 1797812
TI  - Determination of a metabolite of the herbicide pyridate in drinking and
      groundwater using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric
      detection.
AB  - The main metabolite of the herbicide pyridate is 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6
      chlorpyridazine (CL9673). A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with
      amperometric detection is described for determining CL9673 at residue levels in
      water samples. Sample preconcentration is performed by passage through a C18
      extraction cartridge. A recovery study using tap water samples spiked with CL9673
      at a concentration of 0.1 micrograms/l showed a recovery of 84.8% (coefficient of
      variation 6.2%). The method is suitable for the determination of CL9673 in
      drinking and groundwater.

PMID- 1797813
TI  - Methods for the analysis of thiodiglycol sulphoxide, a metabolite of sulphur
      mustard, in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Two methods have been developed for the analysis of thiodiglycol sulphoxide, a
      metabolite of sulphur mustard, in urine. The first method recovers thiodiglycol
      sulphoxide from urine by extraction from a solid absorbent tube and clean up on
      Florisil. In the second method thiodiglycol sulphoxide is reduced to thiodiglycol
      with acidic titanium trichloride prior to extraction. This method detects
      thiodiglycol, thiodiglycol sulphoxide, and their acid-labile esters, as the
      single analyte thiodiglycol. In both cases the recovered analytes were converted
      to the bis(pentafluorobenzoyl) derivative of thiodiglycol and detected by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative ion chemical ionisation. The
      limits of detection were 1 ng per 0.5-ml sample of urine. Urine from five normal
      human subjects showed low background levels of thiodiglycol sulphoxide in the
      range 2-8 ng/ml. However, a sixth subject was found to be excreting levels of
      thiodiglycol sulphoxide as high as 36 ng/ml. The first method has been used in
      toxicokinetic studies of sulphur mustard and the second method is intended to be
      used for the retrospective confirmation of mustard poisoning in casualties of
      chemical warfare.

PMID- 1797814
TI  - Analysis of 1,1'-sulphonylbis[2-(methylsulphinyl)ethane] and 1-methylsulphinyl-2
      [2-(methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane, metabolites of sulphur mustard, in urine
      using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method has been developed for the detection of 1,1'-sulphonylbis[2
      (methylsulphinyl)ethane] and 1-methylsulphinyl-2-[2
      (methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane, which have been identified as urinary
      metabolites of sulphur mustard in the rat. The two metabolites were reduced to
      the single analyte 1,1'-sulphonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] by treatment of urine
      with acidic titanium trichloride. 1,1'-Sulphonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] was
      readily extracted from urine by passing through a C8 reversed-phase extraction
      column, or by solvent extraction from a solid absorbent tube, and detected by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry using ammonia positive ion chemical ionisation.
      The limit of detection was 2 ng/ml for 1-ml samples of urine. There were no
      background levels of analyte in human or rat urine. If man metabolises sulphur
      mustard by a similar pathway, the detection of these metabolites should
      constitute firm evidence of an exposure to sulphur mustard.

PMID- 1797815
TI  - Determination of serum cortisol by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using
      precolumn sulphuric acid-ethanol fluorescence derivatization and column
      switching.
AB  - An assay method for serum cortisol, using precolumn sulphuric acid-ethanol
      fluorescence derivatization and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with a
      column-switching technique, has been developed. The crude precolumn fluorescence
      cortisol derivative was prepared by the addition of sulphuric acid to serum
      deproteinized with ethanol, and directly injected onto an octadecylsilane-bonded
      silica gel (ODS) precolumn for concentration and purification. After switching
      columns the samples were separated using an ODS analytical column and monitored
      fluorimetrically. When the pH of the mobile phase in the analytical separator
      decreased to 1.85, the emission wavelength of the cortisol derivative changed to
      520 nm (excitation of 365 nm) and the fluorescence intensity increased. Among the
      sulphuric acid-ethanol derivatives of various steroids, cortisol, corticosterone
      and testosterone emitted fluorescence. However, their retention times differed
      from those of the cortisol derivatives (12.5 min). The detection limit of
      cortisol was 0.3 micrograms/dl (signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the fully
      automated column-switching system contributed to good reproducibility and
      recovery.

PMID- 1797816
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)
      and its metabolites N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-ASA, N-acetyl-5-ASA, N-formyl-5-ASA
      and N-butyryl-5-ASA in biological fluids.
AB  - A fast, highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      simultaneous determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and its metabolites N
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-ASA, N-formyl-5-ASA, N-acetyl-5-ASA and N-butyryl-5-ASA
      has been developed using a dynamically modified silica approach on a 40 mm x 4.6
      mm I.D. column packed with 3-microns Hypersil. Plasma proteins are precipitated
      with acetonitrile. After extraction of the acetonitrile into 1,1,1
      trichloroethane an undiluted aqueous phase containing the analytes is obtained.
      The detection limits are in the range 0.002-0.05 microgram/ml in plasma at a
      signal-to-noise ratio of 3 using fluorescence detection.

PMID- 1797817
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of
      hydroxychloroquine and its major metabolites in biological fluids using an alpha
      1-acid glycoprotein stationary phase.
AB  - An enantioselective two-stage off-line assay has been developed for the analysis
      of hydroxychloroquine and its three major metabolites in biological fluids. The
      first non-stereoselective stage of the assay (PRP-1 column) separates and
      quantitates parent drug and metabolites. Fractions containing hydroxychloroquine
      and each of the metabolites are collected manually, evaporated, reconstituted in
      mobile phase and re-injected onto an alpha 1-acid glycoprotein column to separate
      and determine proportions of individual enantiomers. Preliminary results from
      patients samples indicate that the disposition of hydroxychloroquine and its
      major metabolites is enantioselective. p6

PMID- 1797818
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      nefazodone and its metabolites in human plasma using laboratory robotics.
AB  - A quantitative analytical method, using high-performance liquid chromatography
      and ultraviolet detection, has been established for the determination of
      nefazodone (NEF) and its metabolites, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP),p
      hydroxynefazodone (PHN), and hydroxynefazodone (HO-NEF), in human plasma. The
      fully automated, robotic procedure consisted of addition of internal standard
      (aprindine), extraction with butyl chloride, followed by phase separation,
      organic phase evaporation, reconstitution of the residue, and injection onto the
      chromatographic system. The limits of detection for NEF, mCPP, PHN, and HO-NEF
      were 5, 1, 10, and 5 ng/ml, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4. The
      method had a linear range of 10-1000 ng/ml for NEF and HO-NEF, 20-2000 ng/ml for
      PHN, and 2.5-250 ng/ml for mCPP. Correlation coefficients of 0.996 or greater
      were obtained during validation and study sample analysis.

PMID- 1797819
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 3-hydroxykynurenine with
      fluorimetric detection; comparison of preovulatory phase and postovulatory phase
      urinary excretion.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 3-hydroxykynurenine in human
      urine is described. A fluorescent derivative of 3-hydroxykynurenine was prepared,
      based on the reaction of the compound with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride in a basic
      medium. The analytical method for the measurement of the fluorescent compound
      employed a Tosoh ODS 80 column eluted with 10 mM potassium dihydrogenphosphate
      (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile (3:2, v/v) and detection at an excitation wavelength of
      375 nm (10 nm bandpass) and an emission wavelength of 455 nm (10 nm bandpass).
      The column temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C. The detection limit was 3
      pmol (673 pg) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1. The fluorescent derivative of 3
      hydroxykynurenine was eluted at ca. 12.5 min. The technique was applied to the
      analysis of human urine. The total analysis time was ca. 15 min.

PMID- 1797820
TI  - Determination of terfenadine and terfenadine acid metabolite in plasma using
      solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with
      fluorescence detection.
AB  - This work describes the methodology for the analysis of terfenadine and the acid
      metabolite of terfenadine in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography.
      The use of solid-phase extraction allows the use of robotic or manual sample
      preparation for the efficient clean-up of terfenadine and terfenadine acid
      metabolite from plasma. Additional selectivity is obtained through the use of
      fluorescence detection. For terfenadine, the validated quantitation range of this
      method is 10.0-84.2 ng/ml with coefficients of variation of 5.7-30%. For
      terfenadine acid metabolite, the validated quantitation range of this method is
      8.2-500 ng/ml with coefficients of variation of 4.1-24%.

PMID- 1797821
TI  - Stereoselective determination of R(-)- and S(+)-MK-571, a leukotriene D4
      antagonist, in human plasma by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic method that utilizes
      fluorescence detection was developed for the selective and sensitive
      quantification of R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers of MK-571 (1), a potent and specific
      leukotriene D4 antagonist, in human plasma. Racemic 1 was isolated from the
      acidified plasma using solid-phase extraction and the resulting residue was
      successfully reacted with isobutyl chloroformate and R(+)-1-(1
      naphthyl)ethylamine in triethylamine-acetonitrile medium to form the diastereomer
      of each enantiomer. A structural analogue of 1 was used as internal standard. The
      derivatized sample was dissolved in 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane and an aliquot
      was chromatographed on a (R)-urea chiral column using a mobile phase containing
      89% triethylamine-pentane (3:1000, v/v), 10% 2-propanol, and 1% acetonitrile at a
      flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min. The fluorescence response (excitation wavelength, 350
      nm; emission wavelength, 410 nm) was linear (r2 greater than 0.999) for
      concentrations of enantiomers of 1 from 0.05 micrograms/ml, the lowest
      quantitation limit, up to 2.5 micrograms/ml. Intra-day coefficients of variation
      at 0.05 microgram/ml were 2.4% for the R(-)-isomer and 2.0% for S(+)-isomer. The
      corresponding inter-day coefficients of variation for R(-)- and S(+)-1 were 2.6
      and 3.6%, respectively. The utility of the methodology was established by
      analysis of plasma samples from male volunteers receiving single intravenous and
      oral doses of racemic 1.

PMID- 1797822
TI  - Indolic urinary melanogens: separation and identification by gas chromatography
      with selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry of 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole-2
      carboxylic and 5-methoxy-6-hydroxyindole-2- carboxylic acids.
AB  - Two isomeric urinary melanogens, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and
      5-methoxy-6-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, have been separated by gas
      chromatography with selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry. After chemical
      synthesis of one of these two isomers, 5-methoxy-6-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic
      acid, and the establishment of the mass spectrum of its trimethylsilylated
      derivative, a 30-ml sample of a melanotic 24-h urine was adjusted to pH 1 and
      extracted twice with 10 ml of ethyl acetate. The extract was evaporated to
      dryness and the residue derivatized with methyl-8, followed by Tri-Sil/TBT.
      Silylated derivatives were analysed by gas chromatography with selected-ion
      monitoring mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum of the 5-methoxy-6-hydroxyindole
      2-carboxylic acid allowed the determination of the retention times of both
      isomers.

PMID- 1797823
TI  - High-yield two-step chromatographic procedure for purification of fatty acid
      binding protein from human heart.
AB  - A high-yield procedure for the purification of cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding
      protein from human heart (H-FABP) is described. H-FABP was purified by gel
      permeation chromatography on a Sephacryl S-200 column followed by anion-exchange
      chromatography on a Sepharose Q fast-flow column at pH 7.0. At this pH H-FABP
      binds strongly to the column and can be selectively eluted with a salt gradient.
      The two-step procedure showed a high degree of reproducibility. On average 50 mg
      of H-FABP was obtained from 150 g of human heart tissue, which corresponds to a
      recovery of about 50%. Purity was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and
      isoelectric focusing. Binding of oleic acid to purified H-FABP, using the Lipidex
      1000 assay, revealed a maximal binding of 0.75 +/- 0.01 mol fatty acid/mol
      protein and a dissociation constant of 0.19 +/- 0.01 microM.

PMID- 1797824
TI  - Measurement of quinine in filter paper-absorbed blood by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - An adaptation of an existing high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is
      described for the measurement of quinine, within the therapeutic concentration
      range, in whole blood. This method, in particular the use of small blood samples
      which have been dried onto filter paper strips, has advantages for clinical and
      pharmacokinetic studies in the tropics on children with malaria.

PMID- 1797825
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of caffeine, theophylline,
      theobromine and paraxanthine in rat brain and serum.
AB  - Caffeine and its metabolites theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine have been
      determined in rat brain and serum samples by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The recovery, 85-103%, allowed
      quantification by external standard methods. The variability was found to be less
      than 3 and 7% for intra-day and inter-day assays, respectively. The detection
      limit, 1.57 ng of methylxanthines on column, allowed the determination of 62.5
      ng/g or ml in biological material. Rats treated with 30 mg/kg caffeine
      (subcutaneously) were sacrificed at different times (1, 6, 12 and 24 h). Higher
      concentrations of methylxanthines (specially paraxanthine) were observed in the
      striatum than in the rest of the brain, and it was also observed that the
      clearance of methylxanthines was faster in serum than in brain structures.

PMID- 1797826
TI  - Determination of oxidized, reduced and protein-bound glutathione in eye lenses by
      high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection.
AB  - A method for the detection of oxidized, reduced and protein-bound glutathione in
      eye lenses has been developed. Homogenized lens samples are deproteinated with
      acetonitrile and perchloric acid. Protein-bound glutathione is reduced by 1,4
      dithiothreitol. Separation of the different forms of glutathione and
      dithiothreitol is performed by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography with sodium octylsulphate as the ion-pairing agent. The compounds
      are detected amperometrically using on-line-generated bromine, which oxidizes
      thiols and disulphides. In this way two samples can be analysed in triplicate in
      a single day. The lower detection limits are 80 and 48 nmol per gram wet lens for
      reduced and oxidized glutathione, respectively. The amounts of free reduced and
      protein-bound glutathione in calf lenses, determined with this method, are 6.8 +/
      0.4 and 0.96 +/- 0.03 mumol per gram wet lens, respectively. That of oxidized
      glutathione is less than 0.048 mumol per gram wet lens.

PMID- 1797827
TI  - Simple method for the determination of morphine and its active glucuronide
      metabolite in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - A simple method for the simultaneous determination of morphine and its
      pharmacologically active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide in 0.5 ml human plasma
      is described. It is based on the method of Svensson [J. Chromatogr., 230 (1982)
      427 and 375 (1986) 174], but uses only one solid-phase extraction cartridge prior
      to chromatography and only a 20-microliter injection volume. Mean recoveries of
      90 and 85% for morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide, respectively, were obtained,
      the limit of detection being 2 nmol/l (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0).

PMID- 1797828
TI  - Chiral analysis of methadone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method for the chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of
      methadone in plasma has been developed. The method employed organic solvent
      extraction, enantiomeric separation on a Chiral AGP column, and ultraviolet
      absorption detection at 212 nm. The intra-day variation in the quantification of
      methadone enantiomers was less than 9% at the 100 ng/ml level, and the values
      obtained correlated well with those from a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric
      method. Results from patients indicate inter- and intra-individual differences in
      the ratio between l- and d-methadone in plasma during therapy with racemic
      methadone. In one patient, a higher level of d-methadone in plasma was caused by
      both faster elimination and lower bioavailability of l-methadone.

PMID- 1797829
TI  - Determination of the new morpholino anthracycline MX2.HCl and its metabolites in
      biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Methods for determining concentrations of a new morpholino anthracycline MX2.HCl
      and its metabolites in biological samples using reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection are described. The limits of
      detection were less than 1 ng/ml for all compounds after extraction from 0.5 ml
      of plasma using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges and consecutive solvent extraction. The
      recoveries from rat plasma ranged from 72.0 to 89.3%. The peak-height ratio of
      the fluorescence intensities of these compounds versus internal standard showed a
      linear correlation for concentrations up to at least 500 ng/ml in the plasma
      (correlation coefficient r greater than 0.999). The within-day and between-day
      precisions of this assay were in the range 0.8-8.7% (n = 5) and 2.0-3.5% (n = 5),
      respectively. The concentrations of these compounds in the blood and urine can be
      also determined by a slight modification of the extraction procedure.

PMID- 1797830
TI  - Simple and sensitive quantification of anthracyclines in mouse atrial tissue
      using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.
AB  - Anthracyclines are very effective against soft tissue sarcomas, with
      cardiotoxicity being an important side effect after repeated administration. To
      estimate the relative cardiotoxicity of various anthracyclines and their
      metabolites, we developed an isolated mouse left atrium model. To relate an
      effect of doxorubicin, 4'-epidoxorubicin and their four main metabolites
      (doxorubicinol, epidoxorubicinol and the aglycons 7-deoxydoxorubicinon and 7
      deoxydoxorubicinolon) to concentrations in the tissue instead of the incubation
      bath, a method of quantifying the anthracyclines in small tissue samples was
      developed. Atria were homogenized by sonication followed by extraction of the
      anthracyclines with methanol. The extract was directly analyzed by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Recoveries for the
      six compounds tested ranged from 67.5% for 4'-epidoxorubicin to 100.6% for 7
      deoxydoxorubinol aglycon with coefficients of variation of 2-3% at two spiked
      concentrations (0.1 and 1 nmol/mg of tissue). The calibration plots were linear
      (r2 greater than 0.996) over the concentration range tested (0.05-1 nmol/mg wet
      weight). The limits of detection (4-10 pmol/mg of tissue) were low enough to
      allow the determination of the anthracyclines at all relevant tissue
      concentrations.

PMID- 1797831
TI  - Stability of 5-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolites in plasma at -20 degrees
      C. Formation of N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - The stability of 5-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolites has been investigated
      when stored frozen. N-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-5-aminosalicylic acid was formed in
      considerable amounts concomitant with a decrease in 5-aminosalicylic acid in
      plasma samples spiked with 5-aminosalicylic acid as well as in standard solutions
      of 5-aminosalicylic acid buffered with potassium phosphate between pH 5.5 and pH
      8.0 with 4.0 mM glucose added and stored at -20 degrees C. Thus N-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-5-aminosalicylic acid might not, as previously described, be a
      metabolite of 5-aminosalicylic acid but an artifact formed during storage of
      plasma samples. The N-glucoside formed could be quantitatively degraded to 5
      aminosalicylic acid and glucose by adding 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.0
      to the sample prior to the analysis. The metabolites of 5-aminosalicylic acid (N
      formyl-5-aminosalicylic acid, N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid and N-butyryl-5
      aminosalicylic acid) were found to be stable in plasma stored at -20 degrees C
      for at least eight months.

PMID- 1797832
TI  - Plasma level monitoring of D,L-verapamil and three of its metabolites by reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for determination
      of verapamil, norverapamil (M1) and its N-dealkylated metabolites (M2 and M3) in
      plasma. Plasma samples were vortex-mixed, deproteinized and centrifuged. The
      analysis was performed on a C18 reversed-phase column with fluorimetric
      detection. Since the polarity of verapamil and norverapamil differs considerably
      from that of M2 and M3, two different eluents were used for rapid high
      performance liquid chromatographic separation. The eluent for the separation of
      verapamil and norverapamil was acetonitrile-0.07% orthophosphoric acid (33:67,
      v/v), and for M2 and M3 acetonitrile-0.07% orthophosphoric acid (25:75, v/v). The
      high-performance liquid chromatographic assay allowed rapid, sensitive and
      reliable quantitation of verapamil and three of its metabolites in plasma without
      an extraction procedure. The limit of detection was less than 5 ng/ml (plasma)
      for all compounds. No interferences with other commonly co-administered drugs was
      observed. Plasma concentrations of verapamil and its metabolites were determined
      in 21 patients receiving a continuous infusion of verapamil for tachyarrhythmia
      of acute onset. The steady-state plasma concentration data of verapamil and its
      three main metabolites in these patients gave evidence that the plasma
      concentration of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil was primarily
      determined by the extent of the formation of M2.

PMID- 1797833
TI  - Measurement of bumetanide in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and application to bumetanide disposition.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of
      bumetanide in plasma and urine is described. Following precipitation of proteins
      with acetonitrile, bumetanide was extracted from plasma or urine on a 1-ml bonded
      phase C18 column and eluted with acetonitrile. Piretanide dissolved in methanol
      was used as the internal standard. A C18 Radial Pak column and fluorescence
      detection (excitation wavelength 228 nm; emission wavelength 418 nm) were used.
      The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water-glacial acetic acid (66:34:1, v/v)
      delivered isocratically at a flow-rate of 1.2 ml/min. The lower limit of
      detection for this method was 5 ng/ml using 0.2 ml of plasma or urine. Nafcillin,
      but not other semi-synthetic penicillins, was the only commonly used drug that
      interfered with this assay. No interference from endogenous compounds was
      detected. For plasma, the inter-assay coefficients of variation of the method
      were 7.6 and 4.4% for samples containing 10 and 250 ng/ml bumetanide,
      respectively. The inter-assay coefficients of variation for urine samples
      containing 10 and 2000 ng/ml were 8.1 and 5.7%, respectively. The calibration
      curve was linear over the range 5-2000 ng/ml.

PMID- 1797834
TI  - Study of the separation of mouse monoclonal antibodies by pseudobioaffinity
      chromatography using matrix-linked histidine and histamine.
AB  - The selective retention of proteins on matrix-linked histidine has been shown to
      depend on chromatographic conditions: pH, temperature and ionic strength. An
      extension of this study to separate mouse monoclonal antibodies on histidyl
      Sepharose is presented here; the roles of different functional groups such as
      imidazole, primary amine and carboxyl groups are elucidated by using histamine
      Sepharose and histidine linked via the carboxyl group of the alpha-amino acid. We
      separated two monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) from a culture
      supernatant and IgG2b from ascites fluid precipitated with 50% ammonium sulphate.
      The pseudoselective retention of monoclonal IgG1 on the three different matrices
      and IgG2b on histidyl-aminohexyl-Sepharose was achieved at pH 7.4. The purity of
      the final monoclonal antibody preparation determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions proved the
      separation of the monoclonal antibodies (IgG1, IgG2b) from other contaminating
      proteins such as albumin and transferrin. Quantitation of the mouse monoclonal
      antibodies was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PMID- 1797835
TI  - 6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase assay in extracts of cultured human cells
      using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of
      biopterin.
AB  - An assay for 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, the second enzyme in the
      conversion of guanosine triphosphate into tetrahydrobiopterin, has been
      developed. Cell extracts were incubated with enzymatically prepared
      dihydroneopterin triphosphate (80 microM) in the presence of Mg2+ (12 mM), excess
      sepiapterin reductase (EC 1.1.1.153) (2 nmol/min) and NADPH (2 mM). 6-Pyruvoyl
      tetrahydropterin, the product of the reaction, was thus converted into
      tetrahydrobiopterin. After oxidation of the reduced biopterin derivatives in
      acidic iodine solution, biopterin was enriched and separated from the abundant
      neopterin phosphates by solid-phase extraction on a strong cation exchanger.
      Biopterin was then directly eluted on a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic
      column and detected fluorimetrically using excitation at 353 nm and emission at
      438 nm. The biopterin concentrations formed by the coupled enzyme reaction
      increased linearly with incubation times up to 90 min. The assay allows the
      quantification of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase in cultured human cells.

PMID- 1797836
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic detection of pitfalls in porphobilinogen
      deaminase determination.
AB  - Potential pitfalls in the determination of porphobilinogen deaminase activity, as
      well as ways of eliminating these sources of error and determining the activity
      accurately, are discussed. In addition to measurement of the accurate activity,
      the described method (a combination of incubation of homogenate with
      porphobilinogen and high-performance liquid chromatographic separation) can also
      be used to detect enzymic defects in the haem biosynthetic pathway, according to
      the pattern of accumulation of the various porphyrins.

PMID- 1797837
TI  - Improved reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of 32P
      labelled nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate adducts of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons.
AB  - 32P-Postlabelling is a sensitive technique for the detection and analysis of
      carcinogen-DNA adducts. In this paper we describe the development of an improved
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the separation of 32P
      labelled 3',5'-bisphosphates of nucleosides modified by reactive derivatives of
      carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Optimal resolution of the
      major 32P-postlabelled DNA adducts formed by the anti-diol-epoxides of ten PAH
      was achieved using a phenyl-modified silica gel column with a gradient of
      methanol in phosphate buffer at low pH and high ionic strength. Use of a
      radioactivity flow detector coupled to the HPLC apparatus allowed detection of
      subfemtomole quantities of labelled adducts.

PMID- 1797838
TI  - Improved ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      quantification of a wide variety of nucleotides and sugar-nucleotides in animal
      cells.
AB  - An improved method including extraction procedures is presented for the analysis
      of nucleotides in suspension-cultivated animal cells. Quantification was
      performed by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography after perchloric
      acid extraction. It was found that the amount of perchloric acid taken for
      extraction influenced the yield and that cell washing procedures caused
      deterioration of the analysis results for triphosphates. More than thirty
      nucleotides and sugar-nucleotides were separated within 25 min using a Supelcosil
      reversed-phase column (3 microns) with tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate as
      pairing agent and methanol-pH gradient elution. Cultivated hybridoma cells showed
      variations in intracellular nucleotide concentrations as well as relative amounts
      during different growth phases, which could reflect the physiological state of a
      cell culture.

PMID- 1797839
TI  - Determination of debrisoquine and metabolites in human urine by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis has been developed for the
      determination of debrisoquine and its metabolites in the urine of healthy
      individuals (controls) and patients with chronic renal failure. The sensitive and
      specific assay comprises selected-ion monitoring of the drug and the metabolites
      4-hydroxydebrisoquine and 8-hydroxydebrisoquine using guanoxan as the internal
      standard. The limit of detection is ca. 0.2 microgram/ml. The clinical study
      shows that the healthy individuals and patients with chronic renal failure can be
      divided in two groups of extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers,
      respectively. The extensive metabolizers excreted large amounts of 4
      hydroxydebrisoquine and minor amounts of 8-hydroxydebrisoquine. The poor
      metabolizers excreted small amounts of 4-hydroxy metabolite, and no 8
      hydroxydebrisoquine was detected in the urine.

PMID- 1797840
TI  - Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of whole blood
      and plasma samples using on-line dialysis as sample preparation. Determination of
      oxytetracycline in bovine and salmon whole blood and plasma.
AB  - A fully automated technique for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis
      of whole blood and plasma is described. Samples are automatically injected into a
      dialyser where proteins and blood cells are removed. The dialysates are
      concentrated on a small column prior to analysis. This technique is used for the
      determination of oxytetracycline in whole blood and plasma. After dialysis
      oxytetracycline and the internal standard, tetracycline, are retained on a
      polystyrene enrichment column and subsequently separated on a polystyrene
      analytical column by ion-pair chromatography. Using ultraviolet detection 50
      ng/ml can be detected. Validation showed good within-day and between-day accuracy
      and precision. Different oxytetracycline concentrations were found in plasma and
      whole blood. This difference varied between the species.

PMID- 1797841
TI  - Assessment of fatty acids in cardiac tissue as 9-anthryldiazomethane esters by
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for the rapid assessment
      fatty acids in cardiac tissue is described. A level of 50.4 +/- 14.9 nmol fatty
      acids per g wet weight of rat myocardial tissue could be monitored. The content
      of the individual fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4
      amounted to 1.9, 13.5, 0.6, 14.4, 6.1, 6.5 and 7.2 nmol/g wet weight,
      respectively. A comparison of this method with a well established gas
      chromatographic technique yielded good agreement. In contrast with time-consuming
      gas chromatographic techniques, there is no need to isolate (unesterified) fatty
      acids from the other lipid classes with column chromatography or thin-layer
      chromatography, because the derivatizing reagent 9-anthryldiazomethane reacts
      highly specifically with fatty acids.

PMID- 1797842
TI  - Synthesis, characterisation and high-performance liquid chromatography of C6-C16
      dicarboxylyl-mono-coenzyme A and -mono-carnitine esters.
AB  - The synthesis and purification of the mono-coenzyme A and mono-carnitine esters
      of the homologous series of straight-chain even-numbered dicarboxylic acids (C6
      C16) is described. The corresponding 3-hydroxyacyl- and 2-enoyl-CoA esters were
      prepared enzymatically. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      (HPLC) system for the analysis of the intact CoA esters is described and their
      chromatographic behaviour documented. Reversed-phase HPLC systems for the
      analysis of the 4-bromophenacyl derivatives of the dicarboxylyl-mono-carnitines
      and the 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives of the free acids are also described. Some
      preliminary studies of the metabolism of [U-14C]hexadecanedionoyl-mono-CoA by rat
      liver peroxisomes and rat skeletal muscle mitochondria are described illustrating
      the application of these methods.

PMID- 1797843
TI  - Simultaneous determination of gluconolactone, galactonolactone and galactitol in
      urine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: application to galactosemia.
AB  - A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the specific
      evaluation of metabolic by-products in the urine of galactosemic patients and
      based on the simultaneous determination of gluconolactone, galactonolactone and
      galactitol. The procedure involved a lyophilization step and the formation of
      phenylisocyanate derivatives, followed by injection directly into the
      chromatograph. Analytical results showed good selectivity, linearity, precision
      and accuracy. The method enabled the detection of levels as low as 0.05-0.1 ng,
      and compared favourably with other published techniques for the estimation of
      aldonic acids in biological fluids.

PMID- 1797844
TI  - Application of amino acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      phenyl isothiocyanate derivatization to the rapid determination of free amino
      acids in biological samples.
AB  - An amino acid analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
      after precolumn derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate was adapted to the
      determination of free amino acids in plasma or other biological fluids and in
      tissue homogenates. Preparation of samples included deproteinization by 3%
      sulphosalicylic acid, and careful removal under high vacuum of residual phenyl
      isothiocyanate after derivatization. A Waters Pico-Tag column (15 cm long) was
      used, immersed in a water-bath at 38 degrees C. In rat or human plasma,
      separation of 23 individual amino acids, plus the unresolved pair tryptophan and
      ornithine, was obtained within 13 min. Including the time for column washing and
      re-equilibration, samples could be chromatographed at 23-min intervals.
      Variability was tested for each amino acid by calculating the coefficients of
      variation of retention times (less than 1% in the average) and peak areas (less
      than 4% for both intra-day and inter-day determinations). The linearity for each
      standard amino acid was remarkable over the concentration range 3-50 nmol/ml. The
      mean recovery of amino acid standards added to plasma prior to derivatization was
      97 +/- 0.8%, except for aspartate (82%) and glutamate (81%). This method is rapid
      (almost three samples per hour can be analysed, more than in any other reported
      technique), with satisfactory precision, sensitivity and reproducibility.
      Therefore, it is well suited for routine analysis of free amino acids in both
      clinical and research work.

PMID- 1797845
TI  - Determination of a guanosine-malonaldehyde adduct in urine by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with a thiobarbituric acid reaction detector.
AB  - A new method for the determination of a guanosine-malonaldehyde adduct, beta-D
      ribofuranosylpyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one (GMA), in rat and human urine is
      described. The method involves rapid pretreatment using, in sequence, polyamide,
      ion-exchange and reversed-phase cartridges; determination is by means of high
      performance liquid chromatography with a thiobarbituric acid reactor in series
      with a fluorescence detector. This device can quantitatively determine the adduct
      at the sub-picomole level. This rapid, selective and sensitive method is suitable
      for the determination of guanine-malonaldehyde adducts in biological samples,
      such as human and rat urine. A semi-preparative method for the extraction and
      purification of these adducts from rat urine and for their identification by mass
      spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
      detection is also reported.

PMID- 1797847
TI  - Determination of p-chloronitrobenzene in plasma by reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple, accurate and precise isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of p
      chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) in rat plasma. A plasma sample was deproteinized with
      methanol containing the internal standard (p-bromonitrobenzene). The resulting
      methanol eluate obtained after centrifugation was filtered and injected into a
      high-performance liquid chromatograph (50 microliters each). A column packed with
      5 microns octadecylsilane (ODS) spherical particles was used with isocratic
      elution of methanol-water (45:55, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The
      compounds were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm. The retention times
      of p-CNB and the internal standard were 12.5 and 15.5 min, respectively, at a
      column oven temperature of 30 degrees C. The results were linear from 0.05 to 100
      micrograms/ml (r = 0.999), and the detection limit was 0.01 microgram/ml. The
      relative error and the coefficient of variation on replicate assays were less
      than 7 and 10%, respectively, for all concentrations studied. The overall
      recoveries of p-CNB were between 97 and 105%. Plasma samples could be stored for
      up to one month at -20 degrees C.

PMID- 1797846
TI  - Direct determination of codeine, norcodeine, morphine and normorphine with their
      corresponding O-glucuronide conjugates by high-performance liquid chromatography
      with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the
      detection, separation and measurement of codeine and its metabolites norcodeine,
      morphine and normorphine, with their glucuronide conjugates. The glucuronidase
      Escherichia coli type VIIA hydrolyses codeine-6-glucuronide completely and is
      used for the construction of the calibration curves of codeine-6-glucuronide.
      Enzymic hydrolysis of codeine-6-glucuronide depends on the specific activity of
      the glucuronidase applied. Examples are shown of a volunteer who is able to form
      morphine from codeine and one who is unable to do so.

PMID- 1797848
TI  - Column-switching techniques for high-performance liquid chromatography of
      ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in human serum with short-wavelength ultraviolet
      detection.
AB  - Column-switching techniques for high-performance liquid chromatography of two
      acidic drugs, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, in human serum with short-wavelength
      ultraviolet detection are described. The method involved extraction of the
      analyte from acidified serum followed by the chromatographic analysis using
      column switching. Three ODS columns were used each with different mobile phase,
      utilizing the difference of ion-pair formation or of ionization caused by pH
      change. The method offered high sensitivity and selectivity, with short
      wavelength ultraviolet detection at 221 nm for ibuprofen and at 219 nm for
      mefenamic acid. The detection limits were 0.5 ng/ml (2.4 pmol/ml) for ibuprofen
      and 0.1 ng/ml (0.4 pmol/ml) for mefenamic acid using 1 ml of serum, both at a
      signal-to-noise ratio of 3. With some modifications, the principle of the method
      would be applicable to other acidic compounds in biological fluids.

PMID- 1797849
TI  - Determination of buprenorphine by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      fluorescence detection: application to human and rabbit pharmacokinetic studies.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive, precise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic
      assay with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of
      buprenorphine in human, rabbit, pig and dog plasma. It is comprised of only a one
      step extraction procedure with hexane-isoamyl alcohol at pH 9.25 and reversed
      phase chromatography on a muPorasil column. The recoveries of buprenorphine and
      nalbuphine (internal standard) were greater than 90%. Calibration graphs were
      linear over the concentration range 3-300 ng/ml with a coefficient of variation,
      both within-day and between-day, of less than 9% at any level. The limit of
      detection was 1.0 ng/ml of plasma based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Eight
      other clinically used narcotics were investigated to check for potential
      interferences and their analytical conditions. The possible decomposed compounds
      of buprenorphine were also checked for the specificity of this assay. The method
      has been successfully applied to the stability and pharmacokinetic studies of
      buprenorphine. Buprenorphine in plasma did not decompose significantly at -20
      degrees C for four weeks. Pharmacokinetic application in six rabbits and a
      surgical patient revealed that buprenorphine followed a linear three-compartment
      model with two distribution phases. The two distribution and elimination half
      lives and the clearance of buprenorphine were 1.32, 24.8 and 230 min and 224
      ml/min in human plasma, and 0.94, 12.5 and 232 min and 30 ml/min in rabbit
      plasma.

PMID- 1797851
TI  - Simple and fast chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of
      vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid in human urine.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid is described. The method is fast
      despite the great polarity differences between the two acids. Moreover the sample
      pretreatment is quick and it does not need complex or expensive equipment. The
      only requirement is the disposition of two pumps (or at least two eluent
      reservoirs) operated alternatively by means of a switching valve placed before
      the injection device. This makes the method available for most routine
      laboratories.

PMID- 1797850
TI  - Determination of urinary 2- and 3-dechloroethylated metabolites of ifosfamide by
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - In vivo oxidation of chloroethyl side-chains on ifosfamide produces the toxin
      chloroacetaldehyde. Production of this labile metabolite can be indirectly
      quantitated by monitoring the excretion of the residual 2- and 3
      dechloroethylated ifosfamide. Urinary ifosfamide and the two dechloroethylated
      metabolites were extracted into chloroform from alkalinized salt-saturated urine,
      followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation using an
      acetonitrile gradient on a reversed-phase column and ultraviolet detection at 190
      nm. In five patients given 1.6 g/m2 ifosfamide, 11-30% of the dose was excreted
      over 24 h as unchanged drug, 11-21% as 3-dechloroethylated and 3-10% as 2
      dechloroethylated ifosfamide.

PMID- 1797852
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenylacetic acid in
      human plasma extracted with ethyl acetate.
AB  - This paper describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with
      ultraviolet detection for measuring plasma phenylacetic acid. This simple and
      reliable method consists of an acid hydrolysis of conjugated phenylacetic acid
      before extraction with an organic solvent: washed ethyl acetate saturated in
      sodium chloride. The recovery of extraction was estimated by internal
      standardization with phenylpropionic acid, and validated by addition of
      phenylacetic acid standards. A preliminary application to plasma phenylacetic
      acid in patients suffering from depression is described.

PMID- 1797853
TI  - Comparison of gel permeation chromatography, density gradient ultracentrifugation
      and precipitation methods for quantitation of very-low-, low- and high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol.
AB  - Human VLDL, LDL and HDL (very-low-, low-, and high-density lipoproteins) were
      isolated from plasma by gel permeation chromatography with one pre
      ultracentrifugation step. The column effluent was monitored at 280 nm. The
      cholesterol content of the fractions correlated well with fractions from
      sequential ultracentrifugation (VLDL, r = 0.839; LDL, r = 0.924; HDL, r = 0.766)
      or precipitation (LDL, r = 0.975; HDL, r = 0.972) methods. The average
      triglyceride, phospholipid and protein compositions of the separated lipoprotein
      fractions were close to those of the ultracentrifugally isolated fractions
      reported previously. Apolipoproteins A1 and B were determined from fractions to
      confirm the right distribution between different lipoproteins.

PMID- 1797854
TI  - Rapid determination of succinylcholine in human plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorometric detection has
      been developed for the determination of succinylcholine in human plasma.
      Succinylcholine shows fluorescence at 282 nm with an excitation at 257 nm. The
      assay is sensitive, reproducible and linear for concentrations ranging from 100
      ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml of succinylcholine. In a pilot study the plasma
      concentration-time curve showed a triphasic elimination, with half-lives of 0.4,
      1.2 and 8 min, respectively. In a clinical setting, drugs commonly administered
      during anaesthesia did not interfere with the assay. This method provides a
      simple and time-saving alternative to existing methods.

PMID- 1797855
TI  - Thin-layer chromatography of urinary 17-oxosteroids using dansylhydrazine as a
      prelabelling reagent.
AB  - This paper describes a modification of a high-performance liquid chromatographic
      method for measurement of 17-oxosteroids in biological fluids for use with thin
      layer chromatography and fluorometric scanning detection. After extraction from
      urine samples with Separon-C18 microcolumns, free oxosteroids were labelled with
      dansylhydrazine in acetonitrile-acetic acid and chromatographed on silica gel F
      254 plates with the solvent system chloroform-methanol (97:3). Linearity of
      fluorescence detection (Shimadzu CS-9000 densitometer) was obtained between 30
      and 1000 ng.

PMID- 1797856
TI  - Method for detecting the lectin activity of Momordica charantia transferred from
      micro two-dimensional electrophoretic gel on to nitrocellulose.
AB  - A method was devised for detecting both the molecular mass and the isoelectric
      point (pI) of the lectin in the seed extract of Momordica charantia on a
      nitrocellulose membrane. It was associated with the electrophoretic blotting
      technique that produced replicas of proteins separated on micro two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gels. The red blood cell adherence procedure on the blotted
      membrane exhibited only one red spot with molecular mass 107.10(3) and pI 5.3,
      which indicated the lectin activity. Additionally, the lectin appeared to be a
      glycoprotein with mannose and/or glucose, because it was stained by concanavalin
      A-peroxidase staining.

PMID- 1797857
TI  - Determination of methanol in whole blood by capillary gas chromatography with
      direct on-column injection.
AB  - A gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of methanol
      in small-volume whole blood samples. Samples (100-200 microliters) were prepared
      by protein precipitation, with direct injection of the supernatant on a wide-bore
      capillary column. The recovery of methanol and acetonitrile (the internal
      standard) was approximately 90% and did not vary with sample volume. The assay
      was linear from 2 micrograms/ml (the limit of detection) through 1000
      micrograms/ml and was highly reproducible (intra-day coefficient of variation
      less than 2.5%). Assay performance was assessed following exposure of rats to
      methanol. The results indicate that the present procedure is suitable for studies
      of methanol disposition in small rodent species.

PMID- 1797858
TI  - Determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester in plasma by
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A combined assay is described for cocaine and its major metabolites,
      benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. The method uses electrochemical and
      ultraviolet detectors in series. A non-silica column is used with high-pH mobile
      phase. The three compounds are completely separated from other cocaine
      metabolites. The assay has been suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of cocaine
      disposition in animal studies.

PMID- 1797859
TI  - Selective and quantitative isolation and determination of apomorphine in human
      plasma.
AB  - A simple extraction system for the selective and quantitative isolation of
      apomorphine from human plasma is described. Apomorphine and N-n
      propylnorapomorphine were isolated by complex formation between a borate group
      and the diol group of the apomorphines in an alkaline medium, this in combination
      with ion-pair formation. The reproducibility and linearity of this extraction
      method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection is excellent. The absolute mean recovery of apomorphine was 100%, the
      recovery of N-n-propylnorapomorphine was 98%. The detection limit of apomorphine
      in human plasma in the described system is approximately 0.5 ng/ml.

PMID- 1797860
TI  - Sanguinarine levels in biological samples by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the analysis of
      the benzophenanthridine alkaloid, sanguinarine, found in plant extracts. The
      method is demonstrated to be applicable to analyzing samples such as saliva and
      gingival crevicular fluid for sanguinarine following a simple acidified
      methanolic extraction step. The method utilizes an ethyl silane column with
      acidic and basic ion-pairing reagents in the mobile phase with a limit of
      detection of 3 ng of sanguinarine in a sample.

PMID- 1797861
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of iothalamic acid in human
      plasma and urine.
AB  - A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of iothalamic acid
      (IA) in both plasma and urine is reported. After extraction with ethyl acetate,
      IA was determined by strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
      with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The lower limit of detection was 0.5
      micrograms/ml. The average recovery was 73 and 57% from plasma and urine,
      respectively. Linearity was found over the investigated concentration range (up
      to 500 micrograms/ml for plasma and up to 10.0 mg/ml for urine). The
      reproducibility of the technique was good (coefficient of variation less than 6%)
      as was the precision and accuracy (coefficient of variation less than 2.5%). No
      interference from endogenous substances or any of the common drugs tested was
      found.

PMID- 1797862
TI  - Fast determination of ochratoxin A in serum by liquid chromatography: comparison
      with enzymic spectrofluorimetric method.
AB  - A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      low concentrations of ochratoxin A in serum is described. The extraction
      procedure was simple and short, and liquid chromatographic analysis was carried
      out isocratically on a reversed-phase C18 column, with methanol-water-acetic acid
      (30:70:1) as mobile phase and fluorescence detection (excitation at 336 nm,
      emission at 465 nm). The examined concentration range, 5-50 ng/ml ochratoxin, the
      recovery method was 87-94%, compared with 62-67% for the enzymic
      spectrofluorimetric method. The high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      was faster because the extraction procedure was shorter, and more sensitive so
      that small sample volumes could be used.

PMID- 1797863
TI  - Enantiospecific analysis of ketoprofen in plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of
      the R- and S-enantiomers of ketoprofen is described. Facile ketoprofen extraction
      from plasma and derivatization to the diastereomeric S-1-phenylethylamides was
      followed by normal-phase HPLC. The ketoprofen diastereomeric amides eluted within
      8 min. The limit of quantification of the assay was 0.15 mg/l of each enantiomer
      (signal-to-noise ratio = 5).

PMID- 1797864
TI  - Liquid chromatographic analysis of propranolol enantiomers in human blood using
      precolumn derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate.
AB  - A method for the determination of the R-(+) and S-(-) enantiomers of propranolol
      in blood was developed. After extraction with heptane-isopentanol and
      derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate, excess reagent was
      removed using solid-phase extraction. The enantiomers were separated on an
      achiral, reversed-phase, radially compressed column, and detected by fluorescence
      with excitation and emission wavelengths of 260 and 340 nm, respectively. The
      limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. This method was used for pharmacokinetic
      analysis of propranolol enantiomers after administration of immediate-release (80
      mg) or sustained-release (160 mg) racemic propranolol.

PMID- 1797865
TI  - The founding of The Journal of Comparative Neurology.

PMID- 1797866
TI  - Administration or deprivation of nerve growth factor during development
      permanently alters neuronal geometry.
AB  - We investigated whether the administration or deprivation of a neuronal growth
      factor during development can permanently alter the dendritic architecture of
      sensitive neurons. Nerve growth factor (NGF) or NGF antiserum treatment in the
      first 2-3 postnatal weeks markedly affected the survival, size, and dendritic
      arborization of mouse sympathetic ganglion cells acutely. Six months after the
      completion of treatment, the number of surviving neurons, cell body size, and
      higher order dendritic branching had changed considerably from their values at 3
      weeks, suggesting that these parameters remain malleable throughout postnatal
      life. However, the number of primary dendrites, a fundamental determinant of
      organization within sympathetic ganglia, was permanently altered by the neonatal
      treatment protocol. The idea emerging from this study is that NGF influences the
      elaboration of primary dendrites by sympathetic ganglion cells only during a
      critical developmental period. In maturity, NGF acts as a "maintenance" factor
      necessary for normal neuronal function and survival, but neurons lose the
      capacity to respond with wholesale rearrangements of dendritic architecture.

PMID- 1797867
TI  - Different populations of parvalbumin- and calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive neurons
      contain GABA and accumulate 3H-D-aspartate in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal
      cord.
AB  - The colocalization of parvalbumin (PV), calbindin-D28k (CaBP), GABA
      immunoreactivities, and the ability to accumulate 3H-D-aspartate selectively were
      investigated in neurons of laminae I-IV of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal
      cord. Following injection of 3H-D-aspartate into the basal dorsal horn (laminae
      IV-VI), perikarya selectively accumulating 3H-D-aspartate were detected in
      araldite embedded semithin sections by autoradiography, and consecutive semithin
      sections were treated to reveal PV, CaBP and GABA by postembedding
      immunocytochemistry. Perikarya accumulating 3H-D-aspartate were found exclusively
      in laminae I-III, and no labelled somata were found in deeper layers or in the
      intermediolateral column although the labelled amino acid clearly spread to these
      regions. More than half of the labelled cells were localized in lamina II. In
      this layer, 16.4% of 3H-D-aspartate-labelled perikarya were also stained for
      CaBP. In contrast to CaBP, PV or GABA was never detected in neurons accumulating
      3H-D-aspartate. A high proportion of PV-immunoreactive perikarya were also
      stained for GABA in laminae II and III (70.0% and 61.2% respectively). However,
      the majority of CaBP-immunoreactive perikarya were GABA-negative. GABA
      immunoreactivity was found in less than 2% of the total population of cells
      stained for CaBP in laminae I-IV. A significant proportion of the GABA-negative
      but PV-immunoreactive neurons also showed CaBP-immunoreactivity in laminae II and
      IV. These results show that out of the two calcium-binding proteins, CaBP is a
      characteristic protein of a small subpopulation of neurons using excitatory amino
      acids and PV is a characteristic protein of a subpopulation of neurons utilizing
      GABA as a transmitter. However, both proteins are present in additional subgroups
      of neurons, and neuronal populations using inhibitory or excitatory amino acid
      transmitters are heterogeneous with regard to their content of calcium-binding
      proteins in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord.

PMID- 1797868
TI  - Differential immunochemical markers reveal the normal distribution of brain
      macrophages and microglia in the developing rat brain.
AB  - Brain macrophages and microglia play important roles in central nervous system
      (CNS) development, especially during regressive events in which particular
      neuronal and glial constituents are eliminated. The purpose of this study is to
      provide a complete map of brain macrophage and microglia distribution in all
      regions of the neuraxis from birth to sexual maturity. We have utilized
      morphology and immunostaining with the specific antibodies OX-42 and ED1 to
      distinguish between brain macrophages and microglia. Brain macrophages are large,
      round cells, 10-15 microns in diameter, with few or no cytoplasmic processes;
      these cells are ED1- and OX-42-immunopositive. Microglia have small cell bodies
      with numerous, ramified cytoplasmic processes. These cells are OX-42-positive,
      and ED1-negative. We found a specific pattern of distribution of brain
      macrophages, targeting specific cortical and subcortical areas transiently,
      including developing fiber tracts. These cells disappeared completely by the
      third postnatal week. In contrast, OX-42-positive microglia exhibited a gradual
      increase in number and were distributed uniformly throughout gray matter and
      within white matter tracts. These cells remain in the adult CNS, constituting the
      resident microglia population. We suggest that these two distinct phagocytic cell
      populations perform unique functions in the developing brain, including
      remodeling of restricted CNS areas by brain macrophages that is part of a normal
      morphological process.

PMID- 1797870
TI  - Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive axons and terminals in
      the rat and ferret brainstem.
AB  - A survey was made of the density of the cholinergic innervation of different
      parts of the brainstem of the rat and ferret. Sections of rat and ferret
      brainstems were stained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity by
      using a sensitive immunocytochemical method. Adjacent sections were stained for
      acetylcholinesterase activity or Nissl substance. The density of the distribution
      of fine calibre, varicose ChAT-positive axons, assumed to represent cholinergic
      terminals, was categorised arbitrarily into high, medium, or low. A high density
      of ChAT-positive terminals was found in all or parts of these structures:
      interpeduncular nucleus, superficial grey layer of the superior colliculus
      (ferret), intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, lateral part of the
      central grey (rat), an area medial to the parabigeminal nucleus (rat), pontine
      nuclei, ventral tegmental nucleus (rat), midline pontine reticular formation, and
      an area ventral to the exit point of the 5th nerve (ferret). A medium density of
      ChAT-positive terminals was observed in all or parts of: the substantia nigra
      zona compacta (ferret), ventral tegmental area (ferret), superficial grey layer
      of the superior colliculus, intermediate and deep layers of the superior
      colliculus, lateral central grey, area medial to the parabigeminal nucleus,
      inferior colliculus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus
      (ferret), pontine nuclei, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (ferret),
      midline pontine reticular formation, ventral cochlear nucleus, dorsal cochlear
      nucleus, lateral superior olive, spinal trigeminal nuclei, prepositus hypoglossal
      nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, paragigantocellular nucleus, and the dorsal
      column nuclei including the cuneate, external cuneate, and gracile nuclei. A low
      density of ChAT-positive terminals was seen throughout the remainder of the
      brainstem of the rat and ferret, but these terminals were absent from the medial
      superior olive, substantia nigra zona reticulata (rat), and the central part of
      the ferret lateral superior olive. A pericellular-like distribution of ChAT
      positive terminals was observed in the ventral cochlear nucleus and in
      association with some of the cells of the nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of
      the trigeminal nerve. A climbing fibre type arrangement of ChAT-positive
      terminals was found in the substantia nigra zona compacta (ferret) and medial
      reticular formation. In general, the distribution of staining for AChE activity
      reflected that of the distribution of ChAT immunoreactivity in the brainstem,
      except in a few regions where there were also species differences in the
      distribution of ChAT-positive terminals, e.g., in the superficial grey layer of
      the superior colliculus and in the substantia nigra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1797869
TI  - Brain macrophages and microglia respond differently to lesions of the developing
      and adult visual system.
AB  - Traumatic injury in the brain usually results in rapid degeneration of neuronal
      elements and a response by peripherally derived macrophages (brain macrophages,
      BMOs) and resident microglia. One intriguing result of lesions performed in the
      developing brain as compared to lesions of the mature brain is the faster
      resolution of the cellular debris and the absence of significant scarring. The
      purpose of this study was to examine the response of BMOs to induced cell death
      distant to the lesion site and to investigate possible differences in the
      responding phagocytic populations (BMOs versus microglia) following lesions in
      neonates and adults. Ablation of the visual cortex at birth results in very rapid
      retrograde degeneration and removal of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus (dLGN) within a few days. Lesions to the visual cortex of adult rats also
      induce neurons within the dLGN to die, but these cells do so over a much more
      protracted time course. Utilizing differences in morphology and
      immunocytochemical staining with the monoclonal antibodies ED1 and OX-42 to
      distinguish between BMOs and microglia, we found that in the developing CNS, BMOs
      are signalled rapidly and specifically to the location of induced cell death.
      Microglia are not involved in this response. As might be expected, the temporal
      response in the adult is much more protracted. In contrast to the developing
      brain, microglia and not macrophages are the predominant responding cell class
      after the adult lesion. The data suggest that these are distinct populations of
      phagocytic cells that respond to brain damage during development and in the
      adult, which may be critical in modulating the resolution and growth response
      after injury.

PMID- 1797871
TI  - Cytoskeletal components and calibers in developing fish Mauthner axon (Salmo
      gairdneri Rich.).
AB  - In developing axons of many vertebrates, microtubular density is inversely
      correlated with fiber caliber. It is suggested that microtubules are causally
      related to axonal caliber. For this reason, cytoskeletal analysis during
      development of the fish Mauthner axon, which displays a giant caliber, is of
      particular interest. The Mauthner axon originates from the Mauthner cell in the
      medulla and runs in the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis in the spinal cord. At
      embryonic, larval and postlarval stages in trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.), the
      following parameters were measured on conventional electron micrographs of
      Mauthner axon cross sections; axonal caliber, number of microtubules per axons,
      and microtubular and neurofilament densities. Results at each stage point to an
      inverse correlation between axonal caliber (x) and microtubular density (y)
      expressed by the equation y = axb (R = 0.932). Furthermore, three periods of
      Mauthner axon development are identified on the basis of the cytoskeletal
      content: (1) embryonic; the Mauthner axon has small caliber with a high
      microtubule density, (2) elongation period (larval stages); the axon enlarges and
      a transient peak of microtubules, corresponding to the caliber increment, is
      observed, and (3) postlarval; the axon enlarges still further (greater than 500
      microns 2) but has the lowest microtubular content. During this period
      neurofilaments are the main axonal component.

PMID- 1797872
TI  - Effects of hypothyroidism upon the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in male
      and female adult rats: a morphometric study.
AB  - The effects of hypothyroidism upon the structure of the central nervous system of
      adult rats are poorly understood in spite of evidence that the mature brain is
      vulnerable to this condition. Existing developmental studies show that the
      morphological changes induced by thyroid hormone deficiency are related to
      alterations in neurogenesis. We studied the granular layer of the dentate gyrus
      under different experimental conditions of hypothyroidism, because in rodents the
      neurogenesis of the granule cells continues during adulthood. The following
      groups of rats were analysed: 1) control; 2) hypothyroid from day 0 until day 180
      (hypothyroid group); 3) hypothyroid until day 30 and henceforth maintained
      euthyroid (recovery group); and 4) hypothyroid since day 30 (adult hypothyroid
      group). Groups of 6 male rats and 6 female rats were analysed separately. The
      volume of the dentate gyrus granular layer and the numerical density of its
      neurons were evaluated, so we were able to estimate the total number of granule
      cells. Because in the experimental groups the volume of the granular layer and
      the numerical density of its neurons were reduced, the total number of granule
      cells was decreased. In the hypothyroid and recovery groups the alterations were
      identical and more striking than in the adult hypothyroid groups. The total
      number of granule cells displayed sexual differences in all groups studied except
      in the hypothyroid groups. The present results support the view that thyroid
      hormone deficiency interferes with the process of cell acquisition by reducing
      neuronal proliferation and that it also leads to increased cell death. These
      events underlie the irreversible morphological changes observed in the brain of
      hypothyroid rats, either during development or at maturity. The referred
      structural alterations are probably related to the functional deficits observed
      in this condition.

PMID- 1797873
TI  - A title oscillation: Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 1904-1910.
AB  - From 1904 through 1910, the Journal of Comparative Neurology became the Journal
      of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. This article attempts a reconstruction
      of the events behind this title oscillation from archival sources.

PMID- 1797874
TI  - Postlarval growth of the peripheral gustatory system in the channel catfish,
      Ictalurus punctatus.
AB  - The phenomenon of postlarval cell addition to the peripheral nervous system of
      fish has been reported for some sensory systems, but has yet to be characterized
      for the gustatory system. Many fishes, such as catfish, possess taste buds
      scattered across their body surface, and presumably, the number of taste buds
      increases during growth of the animal. The present study was undertaken in order
      to examine the process of growth in the peripheral gustatory system and to
      determine whether the degree of convergence of receptors onto primary sensory
      afferents changes during growth. The recurrent facial nerve of channel catfish
      was used for these studies since this nerve contains no general cutaneous
      components and innervates taste buds along the fish's body surface. Electron
      micrographs were made of cross sections of this nerve taken from individuals
      ranging in size from 5.1 to 39.5 cm standard length. In addition, estimates were
      made of the number of taste buds innervated by this nerve by determining taste
      bud density along selected regions of the flank and fins in large and small fish.
      As catfish get larger, the number of both myelinated and unmyelinated axon
      profiles in the recurrent facial nerve increases, but at a slower rate than the
      number of taste buds innervated by this nerve. Thus, on average, the number of
      taste buds innervated by each fiber increases as the fish enlarges; on average
      there are 2 taste buds per axons profile in small fish and nearly 14 taste buds
      per axon profile in large fish. The rate of addition of new axon profiles to the
      nerve is estimated at roughly 70 per day over the range of sizes studied.
      Although generation of new ganglion cells and axons may contribute to this
      increase, several lines of evidence indicate that axonal branching occurs. In
      addition, the mean axon diameter for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons
      increases during postlarval growth. The finest myelinated fibers (0.2 micron) in
      small animals were significantly smaller than the finest myelinated fibers (0.7
      micron) in larger animals.

PMID- 1797875
TI  - Prenatal descent of rubrospinal fibers through the spinal cord of the rat.
AB  - This study is the first description of the descent of rubrospinal fibers through
      the spinal cord of the rat fetus. Either horseradish peroxidase or wheat germ
      agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate was injected into the spinal cord, at
      different levels and at different gestational ages. At embryonic day 17 (E17)
      fibers from all subdivisions of the nucleus ruber (NR) started their descent
      towards the spinal cord. At E18 fibers from the ventrolateral NR reached the
      lower cervical spinal cord, and those from the caudal NR reached the lower
      thoracic spinal cord. At E19 fibers from the dorsomedial NR and from the
      parvicellular NR had just reached the cervical spinal cord, while fibers from the
      ventrolateral and caudal NR descended to lower thoracic levels. At E21 fibers
      from the dorsomedial NR reached the lower cervical spinal cord. Fibers from the
      ventrolateral and caudal NR completed their descent through the lumbosacral
      spinal cord during the first three postnatal days. During their descent the
      rubrospinal fibers were confined to the white matter of the spinal cord. The
      earliest descending fibers originated in the caudal NR. Fibers from the caudal
      part of each magnocellular subdivision of the NR descended before their rostral
      counterparts. Fibers from the dorsomedial NR only reached the cervical
      enlargement as the fibers from the ventrolateral NR descended through the
      cervical enlargement. The somatotopy of the adult rubrospinal projection reflects
      this sequence; the dorsomedial NR (dmNR) projects to the cervical spinal cord,
      and the ventrolateral NR (vlNR) projects to the lumbosacral spinal cord. In
      general, early descending fibers originated from neurons located caudally and
      ventrolaterally, while later descending fibers originated from neurons located
      progressively more rostrally and dorsomedially in the magnocellular NR.

PMID- 1797876
TI  - Development of the olfactory bulb in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: a
      morphological and quantitative analysis.
AB  - The relationship between olfactory axons and the cells of the olfactory bulb
      during normal development was analyzed to determine whether olfactory afferent
      axons could play a role in the induction of olfactory bulb formation. The
      morphology of the olfactory bulb in Xenopus larvae from stages 26 to 58 and in
      adult frogs was analyzed with light and electron microscopy. Axons were first
      observed beneath the basal lamina of the neural tube at stages 30 and 32; at
      stage 32, neurons in this area of the neural tube began to differentiate.
      Synapses of olfactory axons onto young neuronal processes were observed as early
      as stages 36 and 38. By stage 44, all of the layers of the olfactory bulb were
      present. The basic structure of the mature form of the olfactory bulb was
      apparent as early as stage 48/49 and remained constant throughout late larval
      life and even into adulthood, with only the size increasing. To determine the
      numerical relationship between olfactory axons from both main and vomeronasal
      epithelia and mitral/tufted cells in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, a
      quantitative study was also performed in which the number of olfactory axons and
      the number of mitral/tufted cells were estimated for larval stages (stages 50 to
      58) and adults. The number of axons increased with stage, with a 16-fold increase
      between stage 58 and adulthood. The number of mitral/tufted cells increased with
      stage, with only a 2.3-fold increase between stage 58 and adults. There is a
      correlation between axon number and mitral/tufted cell number during larval
      development that is consistent with the hypothesis that olfactory axons influence
      olfactory bulb development. The convergence ratio of olfactory axons onto
      mitral/tufted cells was 5:1 in larvae and increased to 34:1 in adults; this
      increase probably results in increased olfactory sensitivity in adult frogs.

PMID- 1797877
TI  - The contributors to Volume 1 (1891) of The Journal of Comparative Neurology: C.L.
      Herrick, C.H. Turner, H.R. Pemberton, B.G. Wilder, F.W. Langdon, C.J. Herrick, C.
      von Kupffer, O.S. Strong, T.B. Stowell.
AB  - The concept of a truly innovative "neurology" journal germinated in the mind of
      Clarence Luther Herrick and then flowered, in March of 1891, as the first issue
      of Volume 1 of The Journal of Comparative Neurology. The other parts appeared in
      June, October, and December of the same year. The contributors to this volume,
      and their affiliations, were: C.L. Herrick (University of Cincinnati-UC), C.H.
      Turner (UC), B.G. Wilder (Cornell), F.W. Langdon (Miami Medical College,
      Cincinnati), C.J. Herrick (UC) H.R. Pemberton (Princeton), T.B. Stowell (State
      Normal and Training School, Potsdam), and O.S. Strong of Columbia who translated
      a large paper by Carl von Kupffer, the famous German anatomist. In 1890-91 some
      of these scientists (e.g., Wilder, Langdon, Stowell, von Kupffer) were well known
      and had already made notable contributions in their chosen fields. However,
      several were students (e.g., Turner, C.J. Herrick, Pemberton, Strong), most of
      whom would make important contributions in later years. The founder of JCN,
      Clarence Luther Herrick, by 1891 had an excellent reputation in geology and
      natural science and had already established a successful scientific journal.
      Based on the totality of their contributions, the authors of the papers that made
      up Volume 1 of JCN were a unique group. Textbooks that went through several
      editions came from Wilder, C.J. Herrick, and Strong; the latter is currently
      going into its 9th edition. Structures were named in recognition of the original
      descriptions by von Kupffer and C.L. Herrick, a type of insect behavior
      recognized Turner's discovery, and after their deaths several had university
      buildings, one a scientific club, and one a research award, named in their honor.
      There were also interesting and important links between these nine men. Turner
      and C.J. Herrick were students of C.L. Herrick, and Stowell served as a member of
      the Association of American Anatomists nomenclature committee which was chaired
      by Wilder. C.J. Herrick became a student (for his Ph.D.) of Strong's, and Strong
      became an associate editor of JCN under C.J. Herrick. Of the nine, two practiced
      medicine; Langdon in an academic setting, Pemberton in private practice. The
      lives of the nine scientists whose work made up Volume 1 of JCN are reviewed.
      Many of these individuals were notable, not only for their work in the first
      volume of JCN, but for their larger and enduring contributions in the biomedical
      sciences.

PMID- 1797878
TI  - Projections of the tectospinal tract to the upper cervical spinal cord of the
      cat: a study with the anterograde tracer PHA-L.
AB  - The goal of the present experiments was to re-examine the spinal projections of
      neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat by taking advantage of the
      high sensitivity of the anterograde tracer, phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
      (PHA-L). In seven experiments, multiple injections of PHA-L into different
      regions of the SC labelled a total of 172 axons in the predorsal bundle; yet only
      11 tectospinal tract (TST) axons were found in the upper cervical spinal cord.
      Collaterals emerging from these axons were rare and arose exclusively from TST
      axons with a diameter of less than 1 micron. Individual collaterals had different
      termination zones: some terminated in the lateral part of lamina V and VI after
      taking a dorsolateral course through lamina VII and VIII; others terminated in
      the medial part of lamina VII. One collateral terminated within lamina IX and the
      ventral part of lamina VIII. The combined termination of all collaterals was
      densest in lamina VII and dorsal lamina VIII. A small number of boutons were also
      found in the lateral parts of laminae V and VI, and in lamina IX and immediately
      adjacent regions in lamina VIII. Compared to axons belonging to other spinal
      descending systems, individual TST axons give rise to much simpler intraspinal
      collaterals with relatively few boutons. This feature, together with the relative
      paucity of TST axons, suggests that direct connections from the SC to neurons in
      the upper cervical spinal cord are sparse. Furthermore, our results are
      consistent with electrophysiological studies that show that few, if any, neck
      motoneurons receive monosynaptic connections from TST neurons. Projections to
      neck motoneurons must therefore involve a relay, either through other descending
      pathways, such as the reticulospinal system, or via local segmental interneurons.

PMID- 1797879
TI  - Loss & change: new directions in death education for adolescents.
AB  - The subject of this paper is Loss & change, a preventive health education school
      based program. The program has been developed, in conjunction with teachers, by a
      team of health workers from an Australian community health agency. This program
      is generalist in nature. It explores the losses adolescents experience within the
      context of healthy adolescent development. Based on a primary prevention model,
      it has a strong focus on life, and, as such, is a death education program which
      is different from those which focus on suicide prevention or bereavement support.
      The paper serves as an interim report on a program which is still developing, and
      which may provide some insight into a promising means of support for adolescent
      development.

PMID- 1797880
TI  - Postvention after teenage suicide: an Australian experience.
AB  - This paper describes interventions with students perceived to be at high risk for
      imitative suicidal behaviour in three secondary schools where there had been a
      completed suicide of a student. The method used to gain access to the students
      and the form of intervention used are discussed, as are the implication for the
      future evaluation of postvention techniques after adolescent suicide.

PMID- 1797881
TI  - The family and the unemployed adolescent.
AB  - The present study explores the relationship between adolescent unemployment and
      family functioning. Adolescents and their parents completed the Family
      Adaptability and Evaluation Scales (FACES III) initially when the adolescents
      were in the final year of compulsory schooling, and then again at yearly
      intervals for 2 years. During this time the adolescents had either returned to
      school, or become employed or unemployed. Differences in perceptions according to
      employment group of the adolescent were found for both adolescents and their
      parents, highlighting the effect of an unemployed adolescent on adolescent and
      parent perceptions of family functioning. Unemployed adolescents and their
      parents saw the family as less cohesive at all three times of the study. Parents
      of employed and unemployed adolescents wanted more cohesion, as did unemployed
      males and females, and employed males. Greater dissatisfaction about family
      cohesion was expressed by unemployed adolescents and their parents than by the
      other groups.

PMID- 1797882
TI  - Decision-making competence and self-esteem: a comparison of parents and
      adolescents.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between parents' and adolescents' confidence
      and competence in making decisions. Data were obtained from a survey sample of
      584 adolescents, aged 12-18 years living in Adelaide, South Australia. Data were
      obtained from a sample of 352 parents of the adolescents by means of a mail
      survey. Parents' decision-making self-esteem was related to the self-esteem of
      young adolescents. The relationship was stronger for males than females. There
      was a relationship between mothers' decision-making competence and the competence
      of young female adolescents. Thus, partial support was provided for modelling
      theory in regard to the role of parents in the socialization of decision-making
      skills and confidence.

PMID- 1797883
TI  - Adolescent grandchildren's relationships with maternal and paternal grandmothers
      and grandfathers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to specify older adolescents' perceptions of
      relationships with maternal and paternal grandmothers and grandfathers. Late
      adolescent college students (n = 142) indicated their relationship perceptions of
      each available biological grandparent on Furman and Buhrmester's Network of
      Relationships Inventory. Grandparents were not viewed as major targets of
      intimacy nor were they reported to be the bearers of instrumental aid. However,
      grandparents, regardless of kinship status, were still rated as important
      attachment figures to these older adolescents. In general, granddaughters
      reported better relationships than grandsons, and grandchildren reported more
      optimal relations with grandmothers. Implications for future research efforts are
      discussed.

PMID- 1797884
TI  - The correlation between general disease prevention and prevention of HIV
      contagion among adolescents.
AB  - A representative group of young persons (N = 745), who used the youth clubs in
      Copenhagen were asked to fill in a structured questionnaire. A large group of the
      young had had their sexual debut (N = 367). In respect of this group we found no
      correlation between prevention regarding general health risk factors vs.
      prevention against HIV contraction. It is discussed as to whether this difference
      can be accepted as an expression of the fact that adolescents do not consider the
      risk of AIDS as something that can affect them. Similarly, current problems in
      the chain of knowledge, attitude and behaviour in relation to intervention
      programmes are also discussed, including ethical aspects.

PMID- 1797885
TI  - Routine medical examinations: a problem audited is a problem solved.
AB  - Staff had difficulty in gaining the co-operation of adolescents for routine
      medical examinations in an in-patient unit. This was largely resolved by giving
      more explanation to the adolescent and, in cases of difficulty, calling a meeting
      of other patients and staff.

PMID- 1797886
TI  - Evaluation of the available invasive and non-invasive techniques for diagnosing
      nosocomial pneumonias in mechanically ventilated patients.

PMID- 1797888
TI  - Protection against stress-induced acute gastric mucosal injury by free radical
      scavengers.
AB  - This study investigated whether the free radical scavengers allopurinol (50 mg
      p.o. q.i.d.) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, 500 mg p.o. q.i.d.) influence the
      incidence of stress-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in patients with pelvic
      fractures and hypovolaemic shock. In 177 fully evaluable patients (control n =
      58, allopurinol n = 62, DMSO n = 57), endoscopically proven stress-induced injury
      evolved in a significantly (p less than 0.01) larger number of controls relative
      to either group on active therapy. During the first 3 days after hospitalization,
      13 controls (22%) developed the injury whereas only 2 patients in each of the
      allopurinol (3%) and DMSO (4%) groups had this injury. Of these cases, 8 controls
      (14%) and one patient in the allopurinol group (2%) deteriorated and underwent
      emergency surgery, however 3 of the controls (5%) died in the immediate post
      operative period. The results suggest that oxygen-derived free radicals are
      directly implicated in stress-induced acute gastric mucosal injury and that
      removing them protects against this injury and its complications.

PMID- 1797889
TI  - Continuous positive pressure breathing without and with inspiratory pressure
      support in acute respiratory failure when mean airway pressure is constant.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mean airway pressure (Pawm) may be a major factor for PaO2, functional
      residual capacity, and cardiac output in acute respiratory failure (ARF). To
      clarify effects of inspiratory pressure support (IPS) as a ventilatory mode in
      ARF, we studied patients in ARF either using IPS or continuous positive pressure
      breathing (CPAP) at the same level of Pawm, measuring respiratory and circulatory
      parameters. METHODS: After consent, 10 patients in ARF of moderate severity
      (PaO2:FiO2 205 +/- 108 at positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) 8.7 +/- 3.1
      cmH2O; mean +/- SD) were investigated. Measurements were on day 7.4 +/- 8.4 after
      onset of ARF. IPS was 13.5 +/- 3.9 cmH2O above PEEP. To result in constant Pawm,
      PEEP was reduced for IPS (Pawm IPS 11.1 +/- 3.6 vs. Pawm CPAP 9.9 +/- 3.3 cmH2O,
      ns; PEEP IPS 8.7 +/- 3.1 vs. PEEP CPAP 10.6 +/- 4.3 cmH2O, p = 0.04). Inspired
      concentration of oxygen (FiO2) and the ventilator (Siemens 900 C) were not
      changed for the individual patient. RESULTS: For IPS, tidal volume (VT) increased
      by +31% and respiratory frequency (RF) decreased by -19% (VT IPS 608 +/- 179 vs.
      VT CPAP 465 +/- 141 ml, p = 0.01; RF IPS 21.6 +/- 7.6 vs. RF CPAP 26.7 +/- 8.3
      breaths per minute, p = 0.02). Also, PaCO2 showed a tendency to be lower for IPS,
      not reaching significance (PaCO2 IPS 44.3 +/- 5 vs. PaCO2 CPAP 47.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg,
      p = 0.1). All other parameters were unchanged (expiratory minute volume, PaO2,
      pH, intravascular pressures, cardiac index, stroke volume index (n = 6), systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistances, venous admixture, deadspace (n = 3), oxygen
      consumption and oxygen delivery). WE CONCLUDE: When Pawm remained constant, IPS
      added to CPAP improved VT and RF without improving oxygenation or deteriorating
      circulation in patients with ARF of moderate severity. IPS mainly supports the
      ability to breathe spontaneously in ARF.

PMID- 1797887
TI  - Severe falciparum malaria (21 cases).
AB  - The incidence of severe falciparum malaria is increasing in the developed
      countries and mortality remains high despite progress in intensive care
      management and schizonticide treatment. Many authors emphasize the importance of
      exchange transfusion (EXT) in the most severe cases. We studied 21 cases (34 +/-
      12 years, 6 females; SAPS: 8.4 +/- 3.7) of severe malaria (according to WHO
      criteria) consecutively admitted to ICU between 1985 and 1990: 3 patients
      underwent EXT. Twenty were febrile above 39 degrees C, 10 had cerebral malaria,
      14 hepatic impairment, 8 acute renal failure, 5 pulmonary oedema. Nine patients
      required mechanical ventilation, 1 haemodialysis, 1 intracranial pressure
      monitoring. Mean parasitemia was 13%, 16 patients had thrombocytopenia less than
      50 x 10(9)/l, 3 anemia less than 7 g/dl and 3 leucopenia less than 2.8 x 10(9)/l.
      Nineteen received quinine i.v., 1 mefloquine, 1 chloroquine. Sixteen patients
      received blood products transfusion, 3 were treated by EXT in addition. Twenty
      were cured and discharged from hospital without sequelae (mean stay: 14 days); 4
      had nosocomial infection, 1 a splenic infarction. One patient (17-years-old;
      SAPS: 17; parasitemia: 7.8%) died 12 h after admission from non-cardiogenic
      pulmonary oedema with multi-organ failure. The literature and this study lead us
      to propose EXT in patients with unfavourable evolution after conventional
      treatment rather than in all the patients with a parasitemia above 10% at
      admission. A randomized study to compare conventional treatment in ICU with or
      without EXT is necessary.

PMID- 1797890
TI  - Theophylline and ethylenediamine pharmacokinetics following administration of
      aminophylline to septic patients with multiorgan failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of theophylline and ethylenediamine were examined in 6
      patients with septicaemia and multiorgan failure (MOF). The patients received a
      bolus injection of 4 mg/kg aminophylline. Aminophylline is the ethylenediamine
      salt of theophylline. The clearance of theophylline was reduced in all our
      patients ranging from 10-66% of the value obtained in healthy volunteers. The
      median t 1/2 beta was 18.8 h (range 5.8-25.5) compared to a normal value of 6 h.
      The median clearance of ethylenediamine was 54% of the normal value, while the
      peripheral volume of distribution was increased to 650%. Due to this t 1/2 beta
      was 2.3 (2.0-2.7) h, which is 5 times the normal value of 0.55 h. There was no
      correlation between clearance of theophylline and ethylenediamine. As
      theophylline has a narrow therapeutic range, routine monitoring with measurements
      of serum theophylline is mandatory in patients with MOF.

PMID- 1797891
TI  - Effect of a single inflation of the lungs on oxygenation during total
      extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in experimental respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was modelled in rabbits using pulmonary
      lavage to remove surfactant. The stability of the resulting pressure-volume
      hysteresis of the lungs in vivo was studied with the aid of whole-body
      plethysmography during apnoeic oxygenation made possible by total extracorporeal
      carbon dioxide removal. Systemic oxygen delivery was measured as a function of
      the constant airway pressure during apnoea. In 6 subjects a single brief
      inflation of the lungs to 3.5 kPa resulted in a doubling of both expired lung
      volume (volume above functional residual capacity) and arterial oxygen partial
      pressure at an airway pressure of 0.65 kPa. These rises were well maintained for
      40 min following the inflation. In a further 6 subjects with RDS single
      inflations permitted optimum systemic oxygen transport to occur at the low airway
      pressure of 0.3 kPa, similar to the optimum airway pressure in 6 healthy control
      subjects. Where pressure-volume hysteresis is present in RDS it can be exploited
      during apnoeic oxygenation, and probably during high frequency ventilation, to
      improve oxygenation by the use of infrequent single inflations of the lungs.

PMID- 1797892
TI  - Effect of surfactant replacement on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats.
AB  - The effect of intratracheal surfactant instillation on pulmonary function in rats
      with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was investigated. In those animals
      which developed PCP with severe respiratory failure after administration of
      cortisone acetate s.c. over 8-12 weeks, pulmonary function was improved by
      surfactant instillation. PaO2 values 30 min after surfactant instillation were
      significantly higher compared to pretreatment values and also compared to PaO2
      values of rats 30 min after receiving saline (482.9 mmHg +/- 44.7, 170.7 mmHg +/-
      39.3 and 67.2 mmHg +/- 17.4, respectively). Histological examination showed that
      alveoli of rats with PCP which received no exogenous surfactant are filled with
      foamy edema, whereas after exogenous surfactant alveoli are stabilized and well
      aerated. These results indicate that exogenous surfactant may help patients with
      severe PCP to overcome an acute stage of respiratory distress.

PMID- 1797893
TI  - High frequency jet ventilation and upper tracheal stenosis: a model study.
AB  - A chest-lung model, consisting of a human laryngo-tracheo-bronchial tree cast (4
      or 5 bronchial generations) tightly enclosed in a 100 l rigid box was used to
      assess the potential efficiency of high frequency jet ventilation in patients
      with upper tracheal stenosis. The elasticity of the air in the box stimulated
      normal adult chest-lung compliance. Diaphragms (0.5 or 1.5 cm thick) were
      inserted into the upper trachea to simulate stenoses of 0.7, 1, 1.5 and 1.75 cm
      inner diameter. A rigid injector-catheter (5 mm outside diameter) was directed in
      the axis of the trachea with its tip 2.5 cm beneath the stenosis. The end
      inspiratory alveolar pressure (PA), the end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and the
      tidal volume (VT) were measured at a rate of 100/min and 30% inspiratory to total
      periods ratio. Entrained flow, Vem, measured at the start of air insufflation,
      was compared to that calculated (Vec) from a simple model. For a given setting of
      the ventilator, PEEP, PA--PEEP and VT were approximately linearly related to the
      difference in diameters of stenosis and injector. While PEEP decreased, both PA-
      PEEP and VT increased with increasing diameter of stenosis. When the diameter of
      the stenosis was higher than 1.5 cm no changes in PA--PEEP and VT were observed,
      owing to the narrowest section of the larynx. Vec was always higher than Vem. The
      thickness of the stenosis did not affect the results, and the diameter of the
      stenosis appeared to be the main factor affecting the ventilatory parameters
      under our experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797894
TI  - The accuracy of the Biox 3700 pulse oximeter in patients receiving vasoactive
      therapy.
AB  - The accuracy of pulse oximetry for the prediction of oxygen saturation of
      arterial blood in patients with shock has been hardly studied. This study was
      undertaken to determine if O2 arterial saturation estimated by the Biox 3700
      pulse oximeter (SpO2) with an ear probe could reliably substitute for the
      measurements of O2 saturation (HbO2) with an IL-282 Co-Oximeter in samples of
      arterial blood obtained from 24 caucasian patients. All patients were
      mechanically ventilated and needed vasoactive drugs (dopamine and/or dobutamine).
      Of 24 patients 13 had shock: cardiogenic (n = 6) and septic (n = 7). The mean
      difference between HbO2 and SpO2 was 2.49% +/- 4.24, with a 95% confidence
      interval of 0.7% to 4.3% (p = 0.009). There were clinically important differences
      between both methods since in 9 of 24 patients (37%) SpO2 values were at least 4%
      lower or greater than HbO2. This disagreement was also apparent in patients with
      (6/13, 46%) or without shock (3/11, 27%). To conclude, pulse oximetry is not
      always a sufficiently reliable method to predict HbO2 in patients with or without
      shock treated with vasoactive drugs.

PMID- 1797895
TI  - Severe non-hypoxic bradycardia during disconnection from the ventilator during
      the recovery phase of ARDS.
AB  - Four patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome developed sinus
      bradycardia during weaning procedures with no evidence of hypoxemia. Bradycardia
      occurred immediately after the patients' endotracheal tubes were disconnected
      from the ventilator and most of the time resolved after reconnection. However, 3
      patients eventually deteriorated, requiring advanced life support and for one of
      them, cardiac pacing. The precise mechanism of these bradycardic episodes remains
      unclear but was unrelated to hypoxemia or acid-base disorder.

PMID- 1797896
TI  - Persistent left superior vena cava--an unusual location of central venous
      catheters in children.
AB  - The incidence of central venous catheters inadvertently placed in a persistent
      left superior vena cava (PLSVC) was found to be 1.0% in a pediatric population
      requiring central venous catheterisation. Two well documented cases are presented
      and the possible association of PLSVC with other non-cardiovascular malformations
      is suggested.

PMID- 1797897
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy soon after left heart catheterization--is it safe?
AB  - Puncture of a femoral artery for left heart catheterization is considered a
      relative contraindication for thrombolytic therapy for some days. We treated 9
      patients with systemic thrombolysis who had undergone left heart catheterization
      in the previous hours. Four patients developed a large hematoma, but only 1
      required transfusion. We suggest that thrombolytic therapy can be administered
      soon after left heart catheterization by the femoral approach, provided that
      continuous care can be taken over the puncture site.

PMID- 1797898
TI  - Rigid cervical collars and intracranial pressure.
AB  - The use of a rigid cervical collar is widely recommended for patients with
      impaired consciousness following a head injury. This report suggests that such
      collars may cause significant increases in intracranial pressure in some patients
      and that this should be borne in mind when they are used.

PMID- 1797899
TI  - Hypothermia and air-fluidized beds during toxic epidermal necrolysis management.

PMID- 1797900
TI  - Time-course of respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during mechanical
      ventilation in a case of near-fatal asthma.

PMID- 1797901
TI  - Pulmonary artery catheter placement and temporary cardiac pacing in a patient
      with a persistent left superior vena cava.

PMID- 1797902
TI  - Cisapride in intensive care.

PMID- 1797903
TI  - Myoglobin clearance during acute continuous hemodiafiltration.

PMID- 1797904
TI  - Harvey J. Burkhart a world leader in dentistry.

PMID- 1797905
TI  - Advertising and the dental profession. Retrospective and prospective.

PMID- 1797906
TI  - Dental licensure in the European economic community.

PMID- 1797907
TI  - 1991 Gies Award to Robert J. Nelsen. Citation presented by regent Charles V.
      Farrell.

PMID- 1797908
TI  - Student participation in a state licensure examination.

PMID- 1797909
TI  - [Syphilitic uveitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection].
AB  - Ocular syphilis is rare in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals. We
      think that syphilis should be considered in evaluating such patients presenting
      with uveitis. Most often, ocular syphilis includes retinitis associated with
      anterior or posterior uveitis, sometimes with optic neuritis. Concurrent
      neurosyphilis is frequent and may be more aggressive; it may progress more
      rapidly and cause more atypical signs than in patients without human
      immunodeficiency virus infection. This suggests the need for lumbar puncture in
      the evaluation of coinfected patients. The standard serological tests for
      syphilis (in blood and cerebrospinal fluid) may be nonreactive in human
      immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients. It may be because of the alteration
      of immunologic response of such patients. All coinfected patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus and syphilis should be treated with high-dose intravenous
      penicillin G sodium as recommended for neurosyphilis. We describe two human
      immunodeficiency virus infected patients with ocular syphilis and neurosyphilis.

PMID- 1797910
TI  - [Double-blind study of the comparative action of indomethacin 0.1% and placebo on
      the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier].
AB  - The oral fluorophotometric exploration is able to simultaneously quantify the
      permeability of the blood aqueous (KIN, KOUT) and blood-retinal (PVPR) barriers.
      It is possible to detect the breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier 3 days after
      cataract surgery with this fluorophotometric method. Ocular inflammation is
      responsible for this leakage and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent
      this breakdown. In this paper, we studied the effect of 0.1% indomethacin
      treatment to patients before and after cataract surgery. This double-blind study
      was performed in 34 patients: 18 patients in the indomethacin group and 16
      patients in the placebo group. We showed that the apparent transfer coefficient
      of fluorescein in the anterior chamber (KIN) was statistically lower in the
      indomethacin group (0.0220 +/- 0.0179 hr-1) than in the placebo group (0.0371 +/-
      0.0187 hr-1) on the 3rd postoperative day (p = 0.027).

PMID- 1797911
TI  - [Spontaneous course of retinal detachment with macular hole in patients with
      severe myopia].
AB  - We followed-up without any treatment 17 eyes of 14 highly myopic patients
      affected by a retinal detachment confined to the posterior pole. The follow-up
      ranged from 3 to 92 months (mean follow-up: 4 years). The retinal detachment
      remained unchanged in 12 eyes (70.5%), spontaneously reattached in 3 eyes
      (17.6%), and progressed to the periphery in 2 eyes (11.7%). At the end of the
      follow-up period, 68.7% of eyes retained useful visual acuity. From these data we
      conclude that 1) immediate surgical management is probably unnecessary in a
      number of myopic eyes with retinal detachment confined to the posterior pole and
      2) such detachments likely are traction retinal detachments rather than
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachments due to a macular hole.

PMID- 1797912
TI  - [Fluorophotometry and corneal endothelium].
AB  - The corneal endothelium plays a major part in corneal deturgence and hydratation
      by functioning as a barrier and a pump. Fluorophotometry enables assessment of
      this barrier function because of endothelial permeability to fluorescein. After a
      description of the technique of fluorophotometry, the authors show its interest
      in the understanding of endothelial physiopathology: during aging, in compensated
      or decompensated endothelial dystrophy, during lens and corneal surgery, in irido
      corneal endothelial syndrome and in pharmacology.

PMID- 1797913
TI  - [Treatment of Mooren's ulcer by the combination of periectomy and corticotherapy.
      Apropos of 6 cases].
AB  - In this article, the authors recall the two clinical forms of Mooren ulcer (the
      classical and torpid one, and the inflammatory one), the autoimmune hypothesis
      which is unanimously accepted to explain its pathophysiology and the therapeutic
      problems because of the frequency of recurrences. On the basis of 6 cases (2
      classical forms and 4 inflammatory) studied from 1988 to 1990 in patients with a
      mean age of 35 years all of them black Senegalese, they propose a new kind of
      treatment combining a periectomy and local and systemic corticosteroids. They
      stress the success of such a combination: the healing of the ulcer is rapid (35
      days on average). The inflammatory form heals more rapidly (14 days, number 4)
      than the classical one (4 months, case number 6) without any recurrence one year
      later. They try to propose a pathophysiological explanation for this success: the
      periectomy seems to suppress the cause of the (immunate) conflict and to have an
      autohemotherapic action; corticosteroids seem to be both immunosuppressive and
      anti-inflammatory. The authors would like to extend their experiment to larger
      series.

PMID- 1797914
TI  - [Endothelial effects of the ZB anterior chamber myopic implant during the first
      year. Prospective study with statistical analysis].
AB  - We conducted a prospective study of the corneal endothelium of 31 severely myopic
      eyes (17 patients) corrected by phakic anterior chamber intraocular lens.
      Patients were examined 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after surgical operation.
      In the center of the cornea, we noted a mean cell loss of 5.3% (p = 0.03) at 3
      months, 8.2% (p less than 0.001) at 6 months and 15.5% at 12 months. The maximal
      cell loss was 21.6% at 3 months, 29% at 6 months and 58% at 12 months. The loss
      between 6 and 12 months was significant (p 0.01). In the periphery, the
      endothelial density was slightly lower than the central density (mean: 3.2%). In
      some cases, we saw areas of cellular denuding. It appeared that endothelial cell
      loss can be very different in the two eyes of the same patient, as well as
      between two different patients. Our study showed that the reduction of
      endothelial cell density was progressive with time. Intermittent contact between
      the implant and corneal endothelium was highly suspected, but this mechanism may
      not be the only one involved. The future integrity of these corneas is at stake
      and the problem of explantation of some implants is beginning to be a real one.

PMID- 1797915
TI  - [Spontaneous expulsive hemorrhage after total necrosis of the cornea. Apropos of
      3 cases].
AB  - Three cases of spontaneous expulsive haemorrhage during the year 1990 are
      presented in this publication. They represent the dramatic outcome of an ulcero
      necrotic syndrome of the cornea with disorganization of the anterior segment,
      which is frequent of tropical areas. Only a few cases have been reported in the
      literature. The factors related to their development, could contribute to the
      knowledge of the pathophysiology of expulsive haemorrhages in general. A
      spontaneous haemorrhage is always a very distressing complication. The treatment
      consisted in completing the spontaneous evisceration. The means of prevention are
      tricky. Faced with such a predisposition, an evisceration can be proposed. But,
      it is not well accepted by the patients.

PMID- 1797916
TI  - [Changes in the internal limiting retinal membrane after epiretinal peeling].
AB  - The authors describe the histological features of an extensive epiretinal
      membrane surgically removed from an eye with posterior penetrating ocular trauma.
      A pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the epiretinal membrane were performed.
      Histological preparations revealed a large segment of internal limiting membrane
      (ILM) adherent to the epiretinal membrane. This case report illustrates two
      points: the adherence between ILM and Muller cells is quite weak; removal of
      extensive portions of ILM could encourage rapid re-proliferative phenomena.

PMID- 1797917
TI  - [Macular edema and chronic renal insufficiency].
AB  - The authors report two cases of macular oedema in two patients suffering from
      chronic renal failure. One of the patients, a women aged 36, with a renal
      transplant, presented with intra-retinal macular oedema, caused by a marked
      impairment of renal function. In the second case, the macular oedema, associated
      with papilloedema occurred in a patient aged 56, the day after renal dialysis and
      spontaneously regressed. The mechanism of macular oedema, seems to be related to
      modifications of the osmotic pressure and is probably associated with renal
      dialysis as shown in the second case.

PMID- 1797918
TI  - The relationships between fetal and maternal placental blood flows.
AB  - Individual maternal and fetal flows to 706 placental cotyledons obtained from 9
      chronically catheterized pregnant ewes and their fetuses (gestation age 123-141
      days) were measured. The larger the cotyledon the greater the maternal and fetal
      blood flow to it. Both fetal and maternal flows to larger cotyledons, however,
      tended to be lower when corrected for the weight of the cotyledon perfused.
      Changes in fetal placental flow (dfgc, ml/min/g) occurring within 15 min of
      administration of 15 mg i.v. of captopril to the ewe were dependent on changes in
      fetal placental vascular resistance (dcotfr) and maternal flow (dmgc) according
      to the equation dfgc = 0.123 + 0.185 dmgc - 0.026 dcotfr. Changes in maternal
      placental flow occurring within 15 min of administration of 15 mg i.v. of
      captopril to the ewe were dependent on changes in maternal placental vascular
      resistance (dcotmr) and changes in fetal flow according to the equation dmgc =
      0.483 + 0.496 dfgc - 0.0198 dcotmr. The changes in fetal flow over the next 1.5h
      of treatment with captopril at 6 mg/h were dependent on neither changes in fetal
      placental vascular resistance nor maternal placental flow. changes in maternal
      placental flows over the same time were no longer related to changes in fetal
      flow and depended only to a minimal extent on changes in maternal placental
      resistance. These analyses suggest that treatment of the pregnant ewe with
      captopril may have disturbed the normal relationships between maternal and fetal
      placental circulations.

PMID- 1797919
TI  - The role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the rapid response of the pulmonary
      vasculature of the late gestation sheep fetus to changes in PaO2.
AB  - The effect of removing the input from the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors on
      pulmonary vascular responses to changes in PaO2 was examined in late gestation
      fetal sheep. Blood flow in the left pulmonary artery and driving pressure across
      the pulmonary vascular bed were monitored in chronically prepared fetal sheep at
      126-129 days gestation. Five fetuses had carotid sinus and vagus nerves sectioned
      bilaterally and four were left intact. In normoxia (PaO2 ca. 23 mmHg) pulmonary
      vascular resistance was slightly greater and pulmonary blood flow reduced in the
      denervated group relative to the intact group but these differences were not
      significant. When made hypoxic (PaO2 ca. 14 mmHg), pulmonary blood flow fell and
      pulmonary vascular resistance increased in all fetuses. However, in the intact
      fetuses these changes were significantly more rapid. In all fetuses the
      vasoconstriction was prolonged after their return to normoxia. When made
      hyperoxic (PaO2 ca. 27 mmHg), pulmonary blood flow increased by a similar amount
      in all fetuses. We conclude that in the term fetus the peripheral chemoreceptors
      play no appreciable role in the maintenance of the high pulmonary vascular
      resistance in normoxia, or the fall in resistance produced by a rise in PaO2. The
      chemoreceptors do however initiate the rapid phase of pulmonary vasoconstriction
      in hypoxia.

PMID- 1797920
TI  - Preterm birth in lambs: sleep patterns and cardio-respiratory changes.
AB  - Cardio-respiratory physiology in sleep was examined in eight preterm lambs born
      at 133-135 (134 +/- 1, mean SEM) days of gestation after 3-5 days of pulsatile
      ACTH/TRH infusion, and contrasted with eight lambs born at term (147 +/- 1 days).
      Lambs were instrumented with electrodes for recording electrocorticogram, electro
      oculogram and nuchal electromyogram to define behavioural states, as well as
      carotid arterial catheters for determination of arterial pressure, heart rate and
      arterial blood gases. Compared to full-term lambs, the preterm lambs exhibited
      extended active sleep times, elevated PaCO2 and faster heart rate in all
      behavioural states than full-term lambs; with increasing postnatal age, sleep
      times and heart rate declined. As similar differences are found in preterm human
      infants, the preterm lamb will be a useful model to study the underlying
      physiology of these cardio-respiratory alterations.

PMID- 1797921
TI  - Electrophysiological responses of the fetus to hypoxia and asphyxia.
AB  - To study the effect of transient hypoxia on neural function in utero, we examined
      brainstem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in chronically
      instrumented fetal sheep subject to altered maternal inspired gases. Moderate
      hypoxia without acidosis for 1 h, in 10 fetuses (fetal arterial pH = 7.37 +/-
      0.03, PaO2 = 1.4 +/- 0.27 kPa) caused a transient depression of the later
      components of the evoked potentials. These recovered within 1 h. However, in 6
      fetuses exposed to a second, acidotic, insult 2 days later, associated with a
      higher inspired PCO2 (fetal pH = 7.25 +/- 0.05, PaO2 = 1.17 +/- 0.28 kPa), there
      was greater impairment of the later components of the evoked potentials, with
      significant changes still observable 72 h later. In 4 fetuses a non-acidotic
      hypoxia was repeated instead and in these fetuses no persisting deficit was seen.
      These data suggest that there is a narrow threshold between a degree of
      intrauterine hypoxaemia associated with no sequelae and an insult causing
      persistent cerebral impairment, and that even mild acidosis may contribute to
      this.

PMID- 1797922
TI  - Ontogeny of neurotensin in the fetal sheep.
AB  - Neurotensin (NT) is a regulatory peptide involved in the control of
      gastrointestinal function. We have used the chronically cannulated ovine fetus to
      examine the ontogeny of circulating NT-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in the fetus
      and neonatal lamb. In addition the placental transfer and clearance of NT has
      been determined. NTLI in the ovine fetus circulates at adult concentrations
      during the third trimester of pregnancy and is of fetal origin. NTLI is present
      in the fetal ileum, the richest source of NT, at adult concentrations and in the
      same molecular profile as in the adult. There is a transient increase in
      circulating NTLI at birth, and a small NT response to feeding in the lamb. While
      fetal concentrations of plasma NTLI are generally the same as in the adult and
      originate from the fetus, the fetus clears infused NT(1-13) twice as rapidly as
      the nonpregnant adult indicating a higher fetal production of NT. Thus it appears
      that the mechanisms involved in the production and processing of NT are mature
      some weeks before birth.

PMID- 1797923
TI  - Effect of heat stress on ovine placental growth in early pregnancy.
AB  - Ditocous Dorset ewes were fed to predicted requirements and kept in environmental
      chambers at 21 degrees C (n = 6) or 40 degrees C (n = 5) between days 50 and 75
      of gestation. Ewes were slaughtered and the pregnant uterus was dissected for
      measurement of conceptus weights and in vitro estimations of placental mitotic
      activity. Heat caused a 19% reduction in placental weight but did not affect
      fetal weight. Placental DNA and protein concentrations and protein/DNA were
      similar in both groups. Total placental DNA content was significantly reduced in
      the heated ewes, suggesting a reduction in cell number; however, DNA synthetic
      rate tended to be higher. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that
      fetal growth retardation in chronically heat-stressed ewes occurs in late
      pregnancy as a consequence of a primary reduction in placental growth in early
      gestation.

PMID- 1797924
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of oleic acid in newborn lambs: role of arachidonic acid
      metabolites.
AB  - Oleic acid injection produces acute lung injury and pulmonary hypertension in
      adult animals. In other types of acute lung injury, such as that caused by E.
      coli endotoxin, metabolites of arachidonic acid are important mediators of
      pulmonary hypertension. In order to understand the hemodynamic response of
      newborn animals to oleic acid injection and the contribution of arachidonic acid
      metabolites to that response, we injected oleic acid into awake, chronically
      instrumented newborn lambs. The hemodynamic response of lambs to injections of
      oleic acid alone was compared to their response after pretreatment with either
      FPL57231, a putative leukotriene receptor antagonist, or indomethacin, a
      cyclooxygenase synthesis inhibitor. Oleic acid caused acute pulmonary
      hypertension associated with an increase in protein-rich lung lymph fluid.
      Systemic hemodynamic effects were variable. FPL57231 completely blocked the oleic
      acid-induced pulmonary hypertension while indomethacin significantly attenuated
      the response. Therefore, metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism appear to be
      important mediators of oleic acid-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn
      lambs.

PMID- 1797925
TI  - Main pulmonary artery ligation reduces lung fluid production in fetal sheep.
AB  - Pulmonary hypoplasia is increasing as a cause of neonatal death. To understand
      the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypoplasia, the physiology of fetal lung growth
      must first be understood. Lung fluid production and fetal breathing are primary
      factors regulating lung growth. Interruption of pulmonary arterial flow also
      decreases fetal lung growth. To define the relationship of pulmonary arterial
      flow to other factors known to be important for fetal lung growth, breathing and
      lung fluid production were measured after postductal main pulmonary artery (MPA)
      ligation in fetal sheep. Surgical preparation at 107-116 d gestation included
      placement of vascular catheters and a tracheal catheter connected to an
      intrauterine collection bag for lung fluid. Five fetuses served as monitored
      controls (catheters only), 3 as sham operated controls (catheters and
      thoracotomy), and 7 had MPA ligation. MPA ligation significantly decreased lung
      weights at 131-140 d; mean dry weight (g): MPA ligation--6.7, sham--23.4,
      monitored--22.3. Mean rates of lung fluid production (mL/h) were also decreased
      (d gestation): 116-122 d: MPA ligation--2.2, sham--9.1, monitored--6.8; 123-129
      d: MPA ligation--2.1, sham--9.1, monitored--6.2; 130-136 d: MPA ligation--1.5,
      sham--12.4, monitored--7.7. There were no differences between MPA ligated, sham,
      and monitored fetuses in the incidence or intensity of fetal breathing movements.
      Decreased lung fluid production after main pulmonary artery ligation is most
      likely due to decreased secretion of lung fluid. Pulmonary arterial flow in other
      models of pulmonary hypoplasia which decrease lung fluid production (i.e.,
      oligohydramnios) should also be examined.

PMID- 1797926
TI  - The case for the specialty of medical angiology. European Working Group on
      Medical Angiology.

PMID- 1797927
TI  - Improved healing of small-caliber polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses by induction
      of a clot layer: a review of experimental studies in rats.
AB  - This report reviews our experiments that have been undertaken to test the
      hypothesis whether the induction of a clot layer on the graft surface of small
      caliber polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses might improve their healing.
      PTFE prostheses with a fibril length of 30 microns, PTFE prostheses with a fibril
      length of 30 microns and either impregnated with Chitosan, or pretreated with
      alcohol or mechanically roughened, and PTFE prostheses with a fibril length of 60
      microns (all prostheses: length 1 cm, ID 1.5 mm) were implanted into the
      abdominal aorta of rats and were evaluated from 1 day up till 6 weeks after
      implantation with regard to the presence or absence of a clot layer and with
      regard to the amount of graft healing. All untreated PTFE prostheses were never
      found to be covered with a clot layer and showed poor neoendothelial healing:
      even at 6 weeks after implantation, there were only endothelial cells near the
      anastomotic sides, directly on the graft surface. In contrast, all other PTFE
      prostheses were completely covered with a clot layer upon implantation and
      demonstrated almost complete neoendothelial healing after 6 weeks. Moreover, in
      these prostheses, the endothelial cells were present on a matrix of smooth muscle
      cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that the induction of a clot layer on
      the graft surface of PTFE prostheses improves their healing: the clot probably
      functions as a provisional matrix for the regeneration of arterial wall tissue,
      just as occurs in normal arterial wall repair.

PMID- 1797928
TI  - Natural history of chronic bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion.
AB  - Chronic bilateral ICA occlusion was found in 15 of 3200 patients studied with
      duplex scanning during a six years period. Ten of these patients had a history of
      stroke. Mean follow-up was 28.9 months. Six patients died during follow-up,
      coexisting cardiac ischaemia being the major cause of death. Two patients
      suffered a stroke (one fatal) resulting in an annual stroke rate of 5.5%, three
      patients continued to have TIAs and 5 remained asymptomatic. Chronic bilateral
      ICA occlusion is not always associated with neurological deficit. Coronary
      ischaemia, more than stroke is the leading cause of death in these patients.

PMID- 1797929
TI  - Is cerebral arteriography necessary for decision making in carotid
      endarterectomy?
AB  - The development of ultrasonic diagnostic imaging technics has recently been a
      competitive diagnostic method in cerebral arteriography. Many vascular surgeons,
      based on the high specificity and sensitivity of the ultrasonic imaging technics
      in carotid artery disease, have been performing carotid endarterectomy without
      arteriography with satisfactory results. In the last four years we have performed
      in our Department 62 carotid endarterectomies on 57 patients without using
      cerebral arteriography. In this paper diagnostic ultrasonic imaging and
      transcranial Doppler technics are presented and the immediate results of carotid
      endarterectomy in the above series of patients are reported. From our and other
      authors' experience it is concluded that carotid endarterectomy in patients with
      carotid artery disease is a safe procedure. Larger series of patients are needed
      with a longer follow-up in order that carotid endarterectomy without
      arteriography be accepted by the medical profession as a safe procedure.

PMID- 1797930
TI  - Is it possible to reduce the number of cerebral complications in carotid
      endarterectomy?
AB  - An effort was made to reduce the number of cerebral complications in carotid
      endarterectomy by focusing attention on the perioperative prevention of embolism
      and thrombosis in a prospective series of carotid endarterectomies (group I, n =
      62) performed during a 24 months' period 1982-1984 in Tampere University
      Hospital. Controls were two other series of carotid endarterectomies (group II, n
      = 60, and group III, n = 60) comprising all 120 carotid endarterectomies carried
      out by other trained vascular surgeons in the same hospital during the years 1976
      1984. During the first 30 postoperative days there were no deaths, one stroke and
      one TIA in group I. On the other hand there were three deaths, seven strokes and
      five TIAs in group II and four deaths, two strokes and three TIAs in group III.
      The number of cerebral complications in carotid endarterectomy was significantly
      less in the study group than in the control groups, and thus it was possible to
      reduce the perioperative complications in carotid endarterectomy possibly by pre-
      and postoperative drug treatment and routine intraoperative heparinization.

PMID- 1797931
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy in young adults.
AB  - The results of carotid endarterectomy in 521 patients were analyzed to verify
      whether the early and late outcome in young patients is worse than in older
      patients, such as the results observed in peripheral arterial reconstruction in
      young adults. The patients were subdivided into 3 groups: 105 under 55 years, 397
      aged between 56 and 74 years and 19 over 75 years. Young patients presented less
      risk factors and associated diseases than older ones, with the exception of
      smoking-habit; on the other hand, they presented a higher incidence of early post
      operative thrombosis, myocardial infarction and of recurrent stenosis at follow
      up. This trend has already been observed in other series. Young age and smoking
      habit have also been significantly related with recurrent carotid stenosis. In
      spite of these complications, carotid endarterectomy is indicated in severe
      stenosis or complicated carotid plaques, in young adults, because of a low
      operative mortality and a better trend in the follow-up period; however, the pre
      operative evaluation needs a more accurate study and, when possible, the
      normalization of metabolic risk factors and the elimination of smoking.

PMID- 1797932
TI  - Present role of extraanatomic bypass graft procedures for aortoiliac occlusive
      disease.
AB  - In a retrospective follow-up the long-term results and present role of
      axillofemoral and transverse femorofemoral bypass grafts are evaluated. During
      the period from 1970 until 1989 173 extraanatomic bypass operations were carried
      out on 150 high risk patients. There were 131 axillofemoral and 42 femorofemoral
      bypass grafts. In elective operations the mortality ranged from 5.3% for the
      axillofemoral bypass and 2.4% for the femorofemoral bypass. A five year
      postoperative follow-up showed a cumulative patency rate of 86.82% for the
      femorofemoral bypass, 73.74% for the axillo-bifemoral bypass and 43.18% for the
      unilateral modification. After ten years the results of femorofemoral bypass
      remained unchanged. In contrast nearly every second axillofemoral bypass showed
      one to five graft occlusions. Considering the low operative mortality, the short
      operating time, the late results and the high late mortality independent of the
      surgical procedure on the one hand femorofemoral bypass has presented more and
      more as surgical method of choice in cases of unilateral iliac artery occlusion
      and unilateral branch occlusion of aortoiliac bifurcation grafts as well. On the
      other hand in cases of bilateral occlusive disease in high risk patients
      axillofemoral bypass has been displaced more and more by anatomical surgical
      procedures as endarterectomy or unilateral bypass using retroperitoneal approach.
      Since 1986 axillofemoral bypass has no longer been performed in elective cases.
      Nowadays an indication does exist only for deep wound infection in
      retroperitoneal or inguinal space.

PMID- 1797933
TI  - Iatrogenic vascular lesions. Pathogenesis and treatment: an 18 year review.
AB  - The records of 304 patients operated on for vascular injuries were reviewed; 76
      (25%) of these presented an iatrogenic vascular injury: 13 involved the upper
      limbs, 49 the lower limbs and 14 the neck and trunk. The lesions were due to a
      vascular catheterism in 40 patients, to orthopaedic treatment in 27 patients, to
      general surgery procedure in 3 patients, to urologic surgery in 3 and to
      otorhinolaryngologic surgery in 3. In vascular catheterism the prevalent
      complications were thromboses and embolisms; 3 patients needed an amputation
      after the surgical repair. In orthopaedic surgery, vascular complications were
      linked prevalently to hip surgery, exchange arthroplasty and upper tibial
      osteotomy. In urologic, otorhinolaryngologic and general surgery, vascular
      lesions were prevalently related to haemorrhagic complications, followed by
      incorrect haemostatic manoeuvres. Retroperitoneal fibrosis or previous surgery
      increased the risk of vascular injuries. Delay in treatment was responsible for
      post-operative death or incomplete recovery.

PMID- 1797934
TI  - Hemodynamics and the development of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia of the
      polytetrafluoroethylene graft in dogs.
AB  - To clarify whether or not changes in wall shear stress play a determinant role in
      the induction of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia of polytetrafluoroethylene
      (PTFE) grafts, two experimental models were devised. Based on our previous study
      (J Vasc Surg, 1985), wall shear stress was defined by variation of wall shear
      stress (tau-variation) in one cardiac cycle. In experiment I, PTFE grafts were
      implanted into dogs under conditions of 85.2 +/- 36.2 ml/min of low flow rate
      with 66.7 +/- 31.1 dyne/cm2 of low tau-variation. In experiment II PTFE grafts
      were implanted under conditions of 10.1 +/- 4.6 ml/min of low flow rate with
      120.4 +/- 37.2 dyne/cm2 of moderate tau-variation. The intimal thickness of 581
      +/- 127 microns at one month and 1230 +/- 260 microns at three months
      implantation at the distal anastomosis under an abnormal flow condition in
      experiment I was statistically significant compared with findings in the case of
      124 +/- 36 microns at 1 month and 171 +/- 74 microns at 3 months at the proximal
      anastomosis under an abnormal flow condition in experiment I, and with those of
      164 +/- 68 microns at 1 month and 195 +/- 57 microns at three months at the
      distal anastomosis in experiment II (p less than 0.01). Under a normal flow
      condition, there was no evident intimal hyperplasia at proximal and distal
      anastomotic sites in experiment I. These observations are pertinent evidence that
      change in wall shear stress and not the rate of blood flow is the determinant
      factor related to development of intimal hyperplasia of PTFE grafts at the distal
      anastomosis.

PMID- 1797935
TI  - A case of Buerger's disease with pathology confirmation.

PMID- 1797936
TI  - A new syndrome: the pseudo-entrapment of the popliteal artery and tibial nerve.
AB  - The pseudo-entrapment syndrome is caused by kinking of the popliteal artery and
      vein, and/or of the common tibial nerve, and occasionally of the common fibular
      nerve. The clinical symptoms are similar to the symptoms found in the entrapment
      syndrome. The kinking in pseudo-entrapment is caused by one or more transverse
      fibrous bands, resulting in calf pain and distress. The assessment of this new
      syndrome is made only by Doppler ultrasound being adequate and accurate. The
      treatment is surgical consisting in division and resection of the fibrous bands.
      The results achieved early and late postoperatively are excellent. This syndrome
      is till now not defined, disregarded and underdiagnosed, so that it is justified
      to consider it as a new syndrome.

PMID- 1797937
TI  - Emergency thrombectomy of the inferior vena cava and total colectomy in a patient
      with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative
      colitis, have a greater thrombotic tendency. An effective management of a patient
      with established ulcerative colitis complicated with acute arterial occlusion of
      the right lower extremity and inferior vena cava thrombosis is presented. The
      episodes of thrombosis usually occur in the active phase of the disease. It is
      suggested that in patients with diseases such as UC, predisposing to thrombosis,
      the identification of abnormalities in the coagulation profile may predict those
      particularly at risk.

PMID- 1797938
TI  - Structure and function of lamellar bodies, lipid-protein complexes involved in
      storage and secretion of cellular lipids.
AB  - This review article attempts to present an overview of the occurrence and
      function of lipid storage and secretory organelles: the lamellar bodies.
      Morphologically these organelles vary considerably in size (100 nm to 2400 nm);
      they are surrounded by a membrane and contain multilamellar lipid membranes.
      Lamellar bodies may also contain apolipoproteins and lytic enzymes and have an
      acidic pH, which confers on them a lysosomal character. Under normal
      physiological conditions, the main function of lamellar bodies is the supply of
      extracellular domains with specialized lipid components related to a specialized
      function. The lamellar bodies of the lung epithelium are best investigated in
      their functional and structural features and are the storage form of the lung
      surfactant. They provide a monomolecular lipid film of dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on the surface of lung alveoli to lower surface
      tension necessary for optimal gas exchange and a hydrophobic protective lining
      against environmental influences. Additional cells of the respiratory system such
      as the mucosa of the human nose and the bronchi contain lamellar bodies. Lamellar
      bodies are also found in the gastrointestinal tract, in tongue papillae, oral
      epithelium, and mucosa cells of the stomach. The major phospholipid of lamellar
      bodies in mucosa cells of the stomach is DPPC, providing a hydrophobic protective
      lipid film against the tissue-damaging activities of gastric juice. The
      hydrophobic water-protective barrier of the skin, which consists mainly of
      neutral lipids, however, also originates from lamellar bodies secreted by
      epithelial cells. Lamellar bodies, mainly consisting of DPPC, also occur in
      mesodermal cell layers of sliding surfaces to provide the lubrication of joints,
      of the peritoneum, pericardium, and pleural mesothelium. In certain pathological
      conditions, such as atherosclerosis, Niemann-Pick disease, lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, cholestasis, degeneration of nerves and brain,
      and regeneration of nerves and wound healing, lipid-containing lamellar bodies
      have been observed in various cells, the function of which still remains to be
      elucidated. In early and late lesions of atherosclerotic plaques, lamellar
      bodies, consisting of unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids, are associated
      with the extracellular matrix of the intima. During regression of fatty streaks,
      lamellar bodies are seen intracellularly in macrophages and smooth muscle cells.
      Inherited metabolic disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease type I and type II,
      result in the excessive accumulation of lamellar body-containing cells, for
      example in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphoid tissue. Type I is a deficiency in
      sphingomyelinase and type II is a defect in intracellular trafficking of
      lipoprotein-derived cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1797939
TI  - In vivo regulation of apolipoprotein A-I gene expression by estradiol and
      testosterone occurs by different mechanisms in inbred strains of mice.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that testosterone and estrogen modulate apoA-I gene
      expression and metabolism by different mechanisms that may be influenced by
      genetic factors. Male and female C3H/HeJ (atherosclerosis-resistant) and C57BL/6J
      (atherosclerosis-susceptible) mice (n = 5/group) were castrated (Placebo).
      Castrates were given 17 beta-estradiol (E2) at 0.16 microgram/g (E2L) or 5
      micrograms/g (E2H) body weight per day, or testosterone (Testo) 1 microgram/g per
      day, 14 days after surgery, for 14 days. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations
      (TC) were higher in male Placebo mice than in females. Testosterone altered TC
      and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by gender and strain; however (HDL
      C)/TC ratios and apoA-I concentrations were unaltered. Testosterone did reduce
      HDL particle diameters in both genders of C3H mice only. Low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (LDL-C)/TC ratios remained constant and apoB increased in males only.
      E2L and E2H decreased TC, HDL-C/TC ratios, and apoA-I. Decrements varied by
      strain. HDL diameters decreased in both genders in C3H mice only; however, HDL
      size distributions were altered in both strains. LDL-C/TC ratios increased in all
      groups. E2L mice showed variable responses of apoB, but apoB rose uniformly in
      all E2H groups. Testosterone increased and E2H decreased hepatic apoA-I
      synthesis. ApoA-I mRNA concentrations remained stable in both Testo and E2
      groups. ApoA-I gene transcription varied by strain and gender, but all changes
      were less than twofold. Testosterone did not affect hepatic apoB or LDL receptor
      mRNA, however, E2H increased both mRNAs in males but not in females. On Western
      blotting of liver membranes, E2H had little effect on mouse LDL receptor protein
      mass; by contrast, E2H increased LDL receptor approximately threefold in rats. In
      summary, responsiveness of mouse lipids to testosterone and E2 vary by strain and
      gender. Testosterone and E2 differ in their regulation of apoA-I production
      mainly at the level of translation. Hormones operate at several levels of gene
      regulation, suggesting that complex mechanisms are involved. Mice differ from
      rats and rabbits in their LDL receptor responsiveness to estradiol treatment.

PMID- 1797940
TI  - Characterization of apoA- and apoB-containing lipoprotein particles in a variant
      of familial apoA-I deficiency with planar xanthoma: the metabolic significance of
      LP-A-II particles.
AB  - This study describes a variant of familial apoA-I deficiency associated with a
      moderate risk for premature coronary artery disease. The proband, a 25-year-old
      man of Philippine origin, and his 62-year-old maternal aunt had peripheral
      corneal opacification, xanthelasma, and planar xanthoma; the aunt had coronary
      artery bypass surgery at 61 years of age. Proband's parents and three brothers
      were asymptomatic and apparently healthy. The characteristic apolipoprotein
      features of affected patients were the immunochemically and chemically
      undetectable apoA-I, reduced levels of apoA-II, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoD, and
      normal levels of apoB and apoE; except for negligible levels of high density
      lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (2-3 mg/dl), their plasma lipid profile was normal.
      The apoA-I levels in all five unaffected relatives were more than one SD below
      the normal mean values for their age and sex; the HDL-cholesterol levels of
      proband's unaffected brothers were below the 10th percentile of normal control
      values. Patient's very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein
      (LDL), and HDL contained 1.4, 80.4, and 18.1%, whereas those of control subjects
      contained 2.7, 28.8, and 68.1% of the total apolipoprotein mass, respectively. In
      unaffected relatives, the levels of LP-A-I, but not LP-A-I:A-II, were
      significantly lower than in controls. Neither of the two patients had detectable
      concentrations of LP-A-I or LP-A-I:A-II. Their HDL only consisted of LP-A-II
      particles, the levels of which (7-13 mg/dl) were similar to those of unaffected
      relatives or controls. There was no difference in the lipid composition of LP-A
      II between patients and their relatives. However, LP-A-II from patients contained
      substantial amounts of apoC-peptides and apoE (0.40-0.98 mg/mg apoA-II), whereas
      those from unaffected relatives were free of these minor apolipoproteins. In
      patients, among all four major apoB-containing lipoproteins, only the levels of
      LP-B and LP-B:C were slightly higher than those in controls. Results of this
      study suggest a genetic cause for this variant of apoA-I deficiency characterized
      most probably by autosomal recessive inheritance. It appears that patients are
      likely to be homozygous for a gene present in single dose in the parents and
      brothers of the affected proband.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1797941
TI  - Effect of apolipoprotein activators on the specificity of lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase: determination of cholesteryl esters formed in A-I/C-III
      deficiency.
AB  - Although it is known that plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is
      activated by several apolipoproteins (apo) including A-I, C-I, D, A-IV, and E, it
      is not clear what the physiological importance of having different apolipoprotein
      activators is. One possible explanation is that the activation by different
      apolipoproteins may result in the utilization of different species of
      phosphatidylcholine (PC), leading to the formation of different species of
      cholesteryl esters (CE). In order to determine this possibility, we analyzed the
      molecular species composition of PC and CE in two patients with familial
      deficiency of apoA-I and apoC-III. The LCAT activity, assayed by three different
      procedures, was found to be 36-63% of the control value. The lower LCAT activity,
      however, was due to deficiency of the enzyme rather than the absence of apoA-I.
      The patients' plasma was relatively enriched with sn-2 18:2 PC species reflecting
      the partial deficiency of LCAT activity. The fatty acid composition of plasma CE
      was not significantly different from that of controls. HPLC analysis of labeled
      CE formed after incubation of plasma with [C14]cholesterol showed no significant
      difference in the species of CE synthesized by the LCAT reaction. The transfer of
      pre-existing as well as newly formed CE from HDL to the apoB-containing
      lipoproteins was accelerated compared to control plasma. These results show that
      the absence of apoA-I does not significantly affect either the activity or the
      specificity of LCAT, and that the other apolipoprotein activators can substitute
      adequately for it.

PMID- 1797942
TI  - Isolation and identification of bile salts conjugated with cysteinolic acid from
      bile of the red seabream, Pagrosomus major.
AB  - Bile salts present in gallbladder of wild and cultured red seabream, Pagrosomus
      major, a marine teleost were analyzed. The bile from wild red seabream was found
      to contain two previously unknown bile salts along with two known bile salts,
      taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate. Isolation of each bile salt was
      performed by column chromatography. Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of the
      unknown bile salts showed the molecular ions (M-H)- of m/z 544 and 528 which are
      shifted 30 mass units upfield compared to those (m/z 514 and 498) of taurocholate
      and taurochendeoxycholate, respectively; this is consistent with the presence of
      cysteinolic acid (mol wt 155) instead of taurine (mol wt 125). Enzymatic
      hydrolysis of the bile salts released cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid,
      respectively, and an amino acid that was identified as D-cysteinolic acid by
      direct comparison with an authentic sample. From these results, the bile salts in
      the bile of wild red seabream were identified as the conjugates of cholic acid
      and chenodeoxycholic acid with cysteinolic acid. 1H- and 13C-magnetic resonance
      spectra of the bile salts were also consistent with the proposed structure. The
      cysteinolic acid conjugates were found only in wild and not in cultured red
      seabream; this distinction seems to result from differences in dietary
      cysteinolic acid.

PMID- 1797943
TI  - Regional variation in adipose tissue lipolysis in lean and obese men.
AB  - Biopsies of adipose tissue were obtained from two subcutaneous regions (abdominal
      and femoral) in a sample of 54 men (32 obese and 22 lean subjects). Clonidine
      induced antilipolysis in femoral adipose cells was similar in both groups,
      whereas subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes of obese individuals showed a higher
      alpha 2-adrenergic response than did subcutaneous abdominal adipose cells from
      lean subjects. In addition, epinephrine had a biphasic effect in subcutaneous
      abdominal adipocytes from obese individuals, as it induced antilipolysis at low
      concentrations, and a net lipolytic response at higher doses. In contrast, the
      physiological amine promoted lipolysis in subcutaneous abdominal adipose cells of
      lean subjects. Epinephrine- and clonidine-induced antilipolysis of subcutaneous
      abdominal adipocytes was positively associated with the level of subcutaneous
      abdominal fat measured by computed tomography (CT). Finally, men with a high
      alpha 2-adrenergic response of subcutaneous abdominal fat cells were fatter than
      those with a low alpha 2-adrenergic component. These results suggest that, in men
      with a wide range of body fatness, variations in the lipolytic response of
      subcutaneous abdominal adipose cells to epinephrine appear to involve changes in
      the functional balance between alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 1797944
TI  - Effect of acyl chain unsaturation on the conformation of model diacylglycerols: a
      computer modeling study.
AB  - In a previous modeling study we identified an angle iron-shaped conformation of
      docosahexaenoic acid and showed that an sn-1-stearoyl diacylglycerol (DG) that
      contained an sn-2-docosahexaenoyl group in this conformation could adopt a highly
      regular shape. In the present study we compared the properties of this DG with
      those of sn-1-stearoyl DGs that contained other unsaturated fatty acyl groups in
      the sn-2 position. The major findings were that: 1) sn-1-stearoyl DGs that
      contain polyenoic fatty acids in the sn-2 position can assume regular shapes, and
      2) these shapes differ depending on the location of the double bonds. sn-2
      Polyenoic fatty acyl groups with a double bond sequence that begins close to the
      carboxyl ester bond are associated with one type of regular shape, while sn-2
      polyenoic fatty acyl groups with a double bond sequence that begins toward the
      middle of the chain are associated with another. Such shapes would not have been
      predicted by current ideas relating membrane fluidity to unsaturation. In
      contrast, another finding of the present study, that sn-1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl DG
      can adopt, at best, only a highly irregular shape is in good agreement with the
      results of previous investigators.

PMID- 1797945
TI  - Effect of acyl chain unsaturation on the packing of model diacylglycerols in
      simulated monolayers.
AB  - In a companion study of the effects of acyl chain unsaturation on a series of
      model sn-1,2-diacylglycerols (DGs) we showed that individual DGs could adopt one
      of three energy-minimized conformations depending on the number and location of
      cis double bonds in the sn-2 chain. Here we show that each of these conformations
      promotes a distinct type of packing arrangement in a simulated DG monolayer. One
      conformation, shown by sn-1-18:0 DGs containing an sn-2 22:6(n-3)-, 20:4(n-6)-,
      or 20:3(n-9)- group, determines a regular packing that resembles a known hybrid
      subcell, HS2, of crystalline hydrocarbon chains. The second conformation, shown
      by DGs containing an sn-2 18:0-, 18:2(n-6)-, or 18:3(n-3)- group, determines a
      regular packing that resembles a second known, distinct hydrocarbon subcell, HS1.
      The third conformation, that of 18:0/18:1(n-9) DG, determines a much looser, less
      energetically favorable packing. Stable heterogeneous packings are possible for
      DGs that have similar conformations, but mixed packings of DGs that have
      dissimilar conformations are less stable. These results raise the possibility
      that differences in sn-2 acyl chain unsaturation among membrane sn-1,2
      diacylglycerophospholipids may promote the formation of different domains.

PMID- 1797946
TI  - Effects of specific inhibition of sterol biosynthesis on the uptake and
      utilization of low density lipoprotein cholesterol by HepG2 cells.
AB  - Treatment of HepG2 cells in lipoprotein-deficient media with 4,4,10 beta
      trimethyl-trans-decal-3 beta-ol (TMD) abolished the incorporation of [3H]acetate
      into cholesterol with concomitant accumulation of squalene 2,3(S)-oxide and
      squalene 2,3(S):22(S),23-dioxide, indicating a specific inhibition of
      oxidosqualene cyclase. The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA)
      reductase was affected in a biphasic manner, being inhibited by 30% at low
      concentrations of TMD and stimulated by 30% at concentrations that completely
      shut down oxidosqualene cyclase. Treatment with TMD (greater than 20
      micrograms/ml) doubled the specific binding and internalization of low density
      lipoproteins (LDL) and also enhanced their degradation to a degree comparable to
      that produced by lovastatin, a well-known inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. The
      enhanced binding of LDL to HepG2 cells appeared to occur as a result of an
      increase in the number of binding sites with no change in their binding affinity
      for the lipoprotein. At concentrations that completely inhibited cholesterol
      biosynthesis, TMD did not affect the ability of LDL-derived cholesterol to
      stimulate cholesterol esterification by seven- to tenfold or to stimulate bile
      acid secretion to a lesser degree. However, TMD treatment inhibited overall bile
      acid secretion by 75-85%. The compound had no inhibitory effect on the rates of
      secretion of either apolipoprotein B or of cholesterol by HepG2 cells into the
      culture medium. These data demonstrate that a specific inhibition of the sterol
      branch of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in hepatic cells by TMD is sufficient
      to induce the expression of LDL receptors and that the cholesterol delivered by
      LDL is available for normal metabolic purposes of the cell.

PMID- 1797947
TI  - Dyslipoproteinemia in an inbred rat strain with spontaneous chronic progressive
      nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Rats of the Milan Normotensive Strain (MNS) develop a dyslipoproteinemia that is
      associated with a spontaneous, age-dependent and slowly progressive nephropathy
      characterized by proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia (nephrotic syndrome). We assumed
      that the MNS strain might be a suitable model for studying the features of
      nephrotic dyslipoproteinemia and its relationship with proteinuria,
      hypoalbuminemia, and hepatic apolipoprotein production. Plasma lipoproteins were
      investigated in MNS rats at various ages (4-48 weeks) and in another rat strain
      (Milan Hypertensive Strain, MHS), genetically related to MNS but free of
      nephropathy, that was used as control. In MNS rats, abnormal proteinuria was
      detectable at 20 weeks and increased 2-fold up to 34 weeks with no reduction of
      plasma albumin (compensated stage). During this stage we found increased levels
      of plasma cholesterol (+ 34%), high density lipoprotein-1 (HDL1) (+ 73%), and
      HDL2 (+ 31%) that were positively correlated with proteinuria but not with plasma
      albumin. The later stage (34-48 weeks) (nephrotic stage) was characterized by a
      further increase of proteinuria, moderate hypoalbuminemia (- 25%), a 2-fold
      increase of plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low density lipoprotein (LDL),
      and HDL1, and a 1.2-fold increase of HDL2. In this stage the levels of LDL, HDL1,
      and HDL2 were positively correlated with proteinuria, and negatively correlated
      with plasma albumin. The most striking change in apolipoproteins was a
      progressive increase of the relative content of apoA-I in HDL (in 48-week-old MNS
      rats the A-I/E ratio was 3-fold that found in MHS rats) that was associated with
      a similar increase of plasma apoA-I. None of these lipoprotein changes were
      observed in age-matched MHS rats. At the end of the compensated stage, the
      hepatic levels of A-I, B, A-II, and albumin mRNA were 5.3-, 3.5-, 1.3-, and 2.0
      fold, respectively, those found in age-matched MHS rats. During the nephrotic
      stage, albumin mRNA continued to increase, whereas A-I, B, and A-II mRNAs
      decreased toward the levels found in age-matched MHS rats. Thus, nephrotic
      dyslipoproteinemia in MNS rats starts to develop in the compensated stage before
      the onset of hypoalbuminemia, is characterized by an early elevation of HDL1 +
      HDL2, and is associated with an increased content of hepatic mRNAs of some
      apolipoproteins, especially apoA-I. The slow progression of nephrotic syndrome
      with the long-standing proteinuria and no reduction in plasma albumin renders the
      MNS strain the most suitable animal model for the study of the effect of
      proteinuria on plasma lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 1797948
TI  - Identification and characterization of an acyl-CoA:triterpene acyltransferase
      activity in rabbit and human tissues.
AB  - Rabbit and human tissues contain substantial amounts of an unusual lipid, a fatty
      acid ester of a pentacyclic triterpene, that is a potent in vitro inhibitor of
      acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). A possible origin of the triterpene
      ester is via dietary absorption of plant triterpenes (which have a similar
      structure to the triterpene moiety of the animal triterpene ester), followed by
      fatty acid esterification of the triterpene in animal tissues. To support this
      idea, homogenates of rabbit and human enterocytes and liver are now shown to
      contain an acyl-CoA:triterpene acyltransferase activity (ATAT) which esterifies
      triterpene to a fatty acid. The enzyme activity was stimulated by exogenous
      triterpene and required ATP and coenzyme A when fatty acid was used as substrate;
      ATP and coenzyme A were not required when fatty acyl-CoA was used. ATAT was not
      inhibited by two structurally different ACAT inhibitors, which may indicate that
      ACAT and ATAT are different enzymes. Rat enterocytes and liver contained very
      little ATAT activity, consistent with the finding that rat liver contained very
      little triterpene ester. To establish that triterpene esterification occurs in
      vivo, [3H]triterpene was shown to be incorporated into triterpene ester in
      several organs and tissues from a rabbit given a gastric bolus of the labeled
      triterpene. These data provide support for the hypothesis that triterpene esters
      in animal tissues arise from the dietary absorption of triterpenes followed by
      the esterification of the triterpenes by an enzymatic activity in the animal
      tissues.

PMID- 1797949
TI  - Suppression of interleukin-1 beta and LDL scavenger receptor expression in
      macrophages by a selective protein kinase C inhibitor.
AB  - A human monocytic cell line, THP-1, stimulated with 40 nM phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA), differentiated to macrophage-like cells, and exhibited increased
      expression and release of interleukin-1 beta and expression of acetylated low
      density lipoprotein (ac-LDL) receptors. A selective inhibitor, MDL 29,152 (4
      propyl-5-(4-quinolinyl)-2(3H)-oxazolone) was used to show that this induction
      required activation of protein kinase C. MDL 29,152 acts in the catalytic domain
      of protein kinase C and is at least 200-fold selective for protein kinase C over
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase in THP-1 cells. MDL 29,152 (50 microM) reduced
      levels of interleukin-1 beta mRNA in PMA-stimulated cells by 76% and eliminated
      detectable interleukin-1 beta in the media. Flow cytometric analysis showed that
      48 h after THP-1 activation, approximately 50% of the cells expressed ac-LDL
      receptors, while in the presence of 100 microM MDL 29,152, less than 5% of the
      cells expressed receptors. The relationship between THP-1 differentiation and
      protein kinase C activation was determined by following the expression of the
      cell surface antigen MO-1. Expression of MO-1 antigen increases as monocytes
      differentiate to macrophages. After 48 h of phorbol activation, 90% of the THP-1
      population was MO-1-positive; less than 16% of the population was MO-1-positive
      when 100 microM MDL 29,152 was present. By dual analysis, it was found that
      within the differentiated, MO-1-positive population, only approximately 50% of
      the cells also expressed ac-LDL receptors. Based on these findings, we conclude
      that protein kinase C promotes processes important in THP-1 activation and
      differentiation to macrophage-like cells including interleukin-1 beta expression
      and secretion, ac-LDL receptor and MO-1 expression.

PMID- 1797950
TI  - An enzyme-coupled assay for acyl-CoA synthetase.
AB  - An enzyme-coupled, colorimetric method for the assay of acyl-CoA synthetase is
      described. Acyl-CoA formed from fatty acid and CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase was
      dehydrogenated by acyl-CoA oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide produced was then converted
      into formaldehyde in the presence of methanol by catalase. The formaldehyde
      reacted with a triazole compound, 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole,
      in an alkaline condition to form a purple dye, and the absorbance was measured
      spectrophotometrically.

PMID- 1797951
TI  - Rapid isolation of monosialogangliosides from bovine brain gangliosides by
      selective-overload chromatography.
AB  - A procedure for rapid isolation of monosialogangliosides from purified bovine
      brain gangliosides has been developed. It utilizes the selective difference in
      association between monosialogangliosides and polysialogangliosides for the ion
      exchange resin Q-Sepharose. When the ion-exchange column is overloaded with a
      bovine brain ganglioside mixture in the proper ganglioside to column bed-volume
      ratio, the polysialogangliosides are selectively retained by the column while the
      monosialogangliosides emerge with the void volume without the use of salt for
      elution. With the critical ganglioside to bed-volume ratio (1 g:8.32 ml), and an
      appropriate column bed-height to column radius ratio of 6.9,
      monosialogangliosides are reproducibly obtained in high purity with greater than
      90% yield. The method has been used at both the analytical and preparative scale.
      We call this separation technique selective-overload chromatography.

PMID- 1797952
TI  - Intervention of inappropriate antibiotic use at a university teaching hospital.
AB  - The magnitude of inappropriate antibiotic use is high (52.3%). In the empiric
      treatment group, 41.1 per cent were inappropriate, mostly due to no indication of
      use. In the surgical prophylaxis, 79.7 per cent were inappropriate, mostly due to
      delayed prophylaxis and length more than 3 days. In documented infection, 40.2
      per cent were inappropriate, mostly due to wrong choice and too many drugs.
      Intervention by education decreased the overall inappropriate use, empiric
      inappropriate use and prophylactic use, while there was no change in
      inappropriate documented infection use and inappropriate economic use. We propose
      further interventions by other strategies, repeated education and a wider scale
      of intervention.

PMID- 1797953
TI  - Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults.
AB  - One hundred and fifty-two adult patients with pharyngotonsillitis were enrolled
      in the randomized double blind study to assess the efficacy of Andrographis
      paniculata. The patients were randomized to receive either paracetamol or 3 g/day
      of Andrographis paniculata or 6 g/day of Andrographis paniculata for 7 days. The
      baseline characteristics of the patients among the three groups were not
      different. The efficacy of paracetamol or high dose Andrographis paniculata was
      significantly more than that of low dose Andrographis paniculata at day 3 in
      terms of the relief of fever and sore throat. The clinical effects were not
      different at day 7. Minimal and self limiting side effects were found in about 20
      per cent in each group.

PMID- 1797954
TI  - Tetracycline-induced esophageal ulcer: a condition that probably more common than
      it appears to be.
AB  - Ten cases of tetracycline derivatives related drug induced esophageal ulceration
      were described. Five cases were due to minocycline and another five were due to
      doxycycline. Recumbent posture after drug ingestion was one of the predisposing
      factors. Odynophagia was the main symptom but may not be the presenting symptom.
      The diagnosis was easily confirmed by endoscopy. Single-contrast barium study was
      not sensitive for the demonstration of the esophageal ulcers. The recommended
      treatment includes cessation of the offending drug and symptomatic treatment. All
      recovered without any sequela within 3 to 11 days. The most important measure to
      prevent this condition is to instruct patients to take drugs in the upright
      position with at least 100 ml of water.

PMID- 1797955
TI  - Latex agglutination test for diagnosing cryptococcosis.
AB  - Fourteen cases of systemic cryptococcosis were admitted to Siriraj Hospital
      during 1987 to 1989. These included 5 male and 9 female patients aged 4-65 years.
      The most significant manifestation was cryptococcal meningitis and systemic lupus
      erythematosus was the most common underlying disease. Culture test for C.
      neoformans was negative after 28 days of treatment and the latex agglutination
      test decreased to 1+ agglutination within 49 days of treatment. The latex
      agglutination test may also be positive in other bacterial, fungal, connective
      tissue and malignant diseases. A definite diagnosis must, therefore, rely on
      conventional methods (finding organisms in specimens, culture for the organism).
      The latex agglutination test is valuable for monitoring patients (decreasing
      titer indicates a good response). The disease recurred in 4 cases. In cases of
      cryptococcal meningitis, lumbar puncture should periodically be performed to
      obtain cerebrospinal fluid for mycological study. In addition the patients should
      be observed for symptoms and signs.

PMID- 1797956
TI  - Roentgenographic assessment of skeletal ages of Asian junior youth football
      players.
AB  - Skeletal age of 50 football players participating in the Asian Junior Youth
      Tournament was assessed in an attempt to verify their stated chronological age to
      have a fair competition. Roentgenograms of hand and wrist (Greulich - Pyle
      standards), ilium and ischium were used for evaluation. More than half of the
      players had a bone age over the 16 year age limit of the Tournament and 30
      percent of them had reached the maximum skeletal maturity of 19 years of age or
      over. Skeletal age is a reliable and dependable guide for assessing the physical
      maturity in this age group provided that proper local or international standards
      are set up.

PMID- 1797957
TI  - Vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of vegetarians.
AB  - The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status was determined in 132 healthy vegetarians, age
      range 25-57 years who have been practising vegetarianism for 1-22 years. Sixty
      eight healthy non-vegetarians were chosen as controls. The conventional methods
      to measure the activation coefficient alpha ETK, alpha EGR and alpha EAST were
      applied to assess the vitamin status of B1, B2 and B6 respectively. The value of
      1.25 alpha ETK, 1.5 alpha EGR and 2.0 alpha EAST and above indicate a deficiency
      in the vitamin status. The results showed significantly poorer vitamin B1 and B6
      status in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians, whereas, no significant difference
      in vitamin B2 status was found. None of the non-vegetarians were deficient in
      vitamin B1 but 3 of them (4.4%) were deficient in vitamin B6. On the other hand,
      10 of vegetarians (7.6%) were deficient in vitamin B1; 38 (28.8%) in vitamin B6.
      A high prevalence of riboflavin deficiency was found in 32 (24.2%) of the
      vegetarians; as well as in 15 (22.2%) of the non-vegetarians. Only riboflavin
      status was significantly related with the duration of vegetarianism practiced.
      Vegetarians should be considered as the vulnerable group for vitamin B2 and
      vitamin B6 deficiencies. B-vitamins status should be checked and efforts should
      be made to improve through dietary counselling and nutritional education should
      be included and stress in the health education program in order to improve
      nutritional deficiencies.

PMID- 1797958
TI  - Pap smear examination of patients with leiomyoma.
AB  - The Pap smears of 309 patients with leiomyoma were examined at Siriraj Hospital
      between August 1983 and April 1984. Most of the smears were taken by VCE
      technique (vaginal scraping, ectocervical scraping and endocervical swabbing);
      the remainder, by CE or C only. The patients ranged in age from 23 to 66 years,
      the mean age +/- the standard deviation being 42.1 +/- 7.6 years. The cytological
      diagnoses were: a) 34.0 per cent abnormal smears, 62.4 per cent infection and 3.6
      per cent abnormal cells of the uterine cervix and the endometrium; b) 34.6 per
      cent normal hormonal evaluation, 8.4 per cent high estrogen; and 5.2 per cent low
      estrogen with 51.8 per cent having no hormonal evaluation.

PMID- 1797959
TI  - Group B streptococcal infection in children beyond neonatal period: report of 3
      patients.
AB  - Three patients beyond the neonatal period with group B streptococcal infection
      were presented, including acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, bacteremia
      and septicemia. Serotyping was done in two patients. One was type Ia and the
      other was type III. All patients recovered from the disease.

PMID- 1797960
TI  - Benign cystic teratoma of the parotid salivary gland: report of the first case in
      Thailand.
AB  - An extremely rare case of benign cystic teratoma of the parotid salivary gland is
      presented with a review of the literature. It was found in a 35-year-old Thai
      woman farmer who had had a history of a movable mass at the left parotid gland
      region for about 20 years. The microscopic examination revealed benign cystic
      teratoma of the parotid salivary gland. There is only one reported case in the
      literature, so, this is the second reported case.

PMID- 1797961
TI  - Assessment of serological assays for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infections.
AB  - Many serologic techniques are available for the detection of HIV-1 infection, but
      their diagnostic performances have been reported to vary depending on the testing
      situations. We evaluated eight different serologic assays for detecting HIV-1
      antibody in sera from suspected high risk groups in North and East Africa. These
      included: one ELISA bead assay, three indirect ELISAs, two competitive ELISA
      assays, one gelatin agglutination assay and a recombinant dot-blot assay. A panel
      of 38 HIV-1 antibody confirmed positive human sera and a panel of 60 HIV negative
      sera were tested. All sera yielding discordant results were retested for
      verification of reactivity. Among the different assays evaluated for detecting
      HIV-1 antibody, sensitivities ranged from 0.919 to 0.974 and test efficiencies
      ranged from 94.2-98.9%. All assays failed to detect at least one western blot
      confirmed positive serum; three tests (Organon, DuPont recombinant and Serodia)
      produced only one false-negative result. Five of the eight assays did not produce
      any false-positive results. The Organon viral lysate and the DuPont recombinant
      ELISAs exhibited the best overall performance (test efficiency = 98.9%).

PMID- 1797962
TI  - Hepatitis B infection in Sana'a City, Republic of Yemen. Prevalence among
      pregnant women and materno-foetal transmission.
AB  - A cross-sectional study was carried out on 130 pregnant women, chosen randomly
      from those admitted to the labour ward of Al-Thawra general hospital in Sana'a
      City, Republic of Yemen. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of
      HBsAg among pregnant women and estimate the maternofoetal transmission. The
      prevalence of HBsAg among studied women was 15.4%, however, 6.9% showed
      inconclusive positive results. The materno-foetal transmission was documented in
      50% of positive HBsAg women. Hepatitis B infection among studied women was
      usually acquired after 20 years of age. Logistic regression model with stepwise
      forward selection, demonstrated that maternal age, past history of blood
      transfusion and abortions were contributing factors for +ve HBsAg maternal
      status, while parity and past history of abortions were contributing factors in
      materno-foetal transmission.

PMID- 1797963
TI  - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in bleeder and non bleeder patients with
      hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.
AB  - This study was conducted on 40 patients with schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly and
      oesophageal varices "O.V.". They were divided into two groups: Group A were
      suffering from bleeding O.V and group B were non bleeders. Ten Healthy
      individuals were also included in the study as control group. Plasma fibronectin
      concentration was estimated in each subject using quantitative single radial
      immuno-diffusion technique. The results of the study showed that plasma
      fibronectin concentrations were significantly decreased in both groups of
      patients, bleeders (354.5 Mg/dl +/- 109.2) and non bleeders (307 +/- 103.5)
      compared to the control group (514 +/- 57.9). However, there was no significant
      difference in fibronectin concentration between group A and group B (p greater
      than 0.05). There was insignificant correlation between plasma fibronectin and
      some haemostatic estimations (clotting time, bleeding time and platelet count) in
      the studied groups (p greater than 0.05). Also, there was insignificant
      difference in fibronectin concentration in patients with (312 Mg +/- 116.4) and
      without (368.6 +/- 106.9) liver cell failure.

PMID- 1797964
TI  - Extruded and protruded lumbar discs: combined clinical, histopathological,
      histochemical, immunopathological, histochemical, immunopathological and
      ultrastructural studies.
AB  - A total number of selected 252 patients with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral
      discs (92 extruded and 160 protruded) were operated upon in Neurosurgery
      Department Zagazig University Hospital during the period extended from January,
      1988, to October 1990. In this study we reviewed their clinical and operative
      data. Surgical biopsies were taken from randomly selected 120 patients of them
      (50 extruded and 70 protruded discs) and were subjected to histopathological,
      histochemical and immunopathological studies. Ultrastructural study was performed
      for randomly selected 14 cases (7 extruded and 7 protruded discs). The results
      were compared with 7 normal intervertebral discs obtained from these studies
      showed that there were no differences between extruded and protruded discs at the
      histochemical level. Cell mediated immunity could be added as a factor in the
      pathogenesis of the degenerative process that lead to disc prolapse (in 20% of
      cases with extruded discs and 57.1% of cases with protruded discs). At the
      ultrastructural level 85.3% of extruded discs were prolapsed nucleus pulposus
      while 14.7% were prolapsed annulus fibrosus alone or with nucleus pulposus. All
      protruded discs were prolapsed annulus fibrosus with nucleus pulposus. These
      findings may have an impact on the management of this common problem.

PMID- 1797965
TI  - Fatal complications of acute enteric fevers.
AB  - Eighty eight patients presenting with fatal typhoid complications were studied in
      Abbassia and Embaba fever hospitals during a 4 years period (1987-1991).
      Criterion of inclusion in the study was either positive blood culture in 70 (80%)
      cases or postmortem gross appearance of typhoid fever in 18 (20%) cases. Positive
      blood culture cases included 54 (77%) S. typhi and 16 (23%) S. paratyphi A. Seven
      (10%) cases were resistant in vitro to chloramphenicol. Postmortem examination
      performed in 18 (20%) cases revealed typical typhoid ulcers in ileum, jejunum and
      large intestine. The main clinical picture of 31 toxic, 22 encephalitic or
      meningeal irritating, 15 gastroenteritic, 9 pneumonic, 8 perforated and 3
      haemorrhagic enteric fever cases were discussed. The tetrad of fever, toxic look,
      bronchitic chest, tumid tympanitic abdomen and splenomegaly was a good sign for
      suggestion of typhoid diagnosis.

PMID- 1797966
TI  - The immune status and response to measles vaccine amongst Egyptian infants. A
      preliminary report.
AB  - This study was carried out on 18 infants attending a primary care clinic in the
      Giza Governorate. Following a comprehensive history and physical exam estimation
      of measles antibody titer by neutralization testing was carried out on 10 infants
      prior to vaccination and on 8 infants prior to as well as one month following
      vaccination against measles utilizing the Edmondston-Zagreb strain. Our results
      indicate that at the currently adopted age of 9 months for vaccination, infants
      are susceptible to measles. Good response to vaccination with acquisition of
      immunity was noted despite border-line levels of growth and development. The
      occasional patient with persistent maternal antibodies to measles responded well
      to vaccination.

PMID- 1797967
TI  - Impact of a mental health program on the utilization of the psychiatric clinic in
      sporting students' hospital.
AB  - The evaluation of the multi-sectoral collaborative school mental health program
      conducted in Alexandria from 1987 to 1990 has to be done along various dimensions
      (Seif El-Din et al.). The aim of the present work is to investigate the trend
      change in utilization of the psychiatric clinic in the Students' Hospital
      (Sporting) through comparing pre-program years (1983/84-1987/88) trend with
      program years (1988/89-90/91) trend. The source of information about clinic
      utilization consisted of two registers; one for new cases and the other for
      return visits. The utilization trend of the psychiatric clinic for return visits
      showed an increased rate of referral through program years as compared to pre
      program trend expected rates. Similarly, new visits trend of referral showed the
      same picture except for nocturnal enuresis. These findings lend further support
      for the positive impact of the previously mentioned program on the knowledge and
      detection skills of school physicians. Meanwhile, they highlight the need for
      further concern regarding their skills in management of mental disorders.

PMID- 1797969
TI  - Factors affecting birth weight in Kuwait. Part I, Maternal, dietary and
      socioeconomic factors.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maternal nutrition, vitamin
      supplementation and socioeconomic status on infants birth weight in Kuwait. The
      weight of 1995 newborn Kuwaiti infants was recorded shortly after delivery. Data
      on mothers' bodyweight just before pregnancy, height, weight gain during
      pregnancy and vitamin intake were recorded. Mothers were interviewed to collect
      data in family income, educational level and employment during pregnancy. The
      results show that mean birth weight in Kuwait (3.50 Kg) compares favourably with
      any country. The birth weight was affected by several factors. Maternal body
      weight, height and weight gain during pregnancy were positively correlated with
      birth weight. The results also show that the intake of vitamin supplement during
      pregnancy did not have a significant inference on birth weight. Obese mothers
      consuming a reducing diet delivered babies with birth weight slightly above
      normal. The results show that mothers from high income families had heavier
      babies when compared with a low income group. On the other hand, educated and
      employed mothers were more liable to have slightly smaller babies when compared
      with illiterate or unemployed mothers.

PMID- 1797968
TI  - Comparative study of mothers' knowledge of children immunization before and after
      mass media.
AB  - Past experience about immunization programs calls for continuous monitoring of a
      healthy attitude among users towards vaccination. The aim of this study was to
      assess the effect of health education messages (mass media) on knowledge and
      practice of mothers as regards compulsory vaccination schedule. Data were
      collected from 250 females attending MCH centers during the first half of 1991
      for either vaccinating their children or receiving antenatal care (exposed
      group). These data were compared to the data collected from a group of mothers
      before implementation of the intense mass media campaign on immunization (1983),
      (non-exposed group). There was a significant increase in the mean score of
      knowledge among the exposed mothers. The mass media messages became the main
      source of information among the majority of the exposed group. Females utilizing
      mass media as their main source of information were largely having a satisfactory
      level of knowledge. This study recommends enforcement of mass media educational
      campaigns on childhood immunization as well as reconsideration paid to the nature
      and content of messages.

PMID- 1797970
TI  - A study of depression among Alexandria preparatory school adolescents.
AB  - Using a constructed Arabic version of Children Depression Inventory (CDI),
      screening of a stratified random sample of 1% (1561) of Alexandria Preparatory
      school adolescents was carried out. The prevalence of depressive scorers was
      10.25% of total sample. A sub-sample of depressed scorers (111 pupils) were
      compared with controls (non-depressed scorers) matched on age and sex to study a
      variety of personal, familial, medical and scholastic ecological variables.
      Pupils neuroticism scorers were most predictive of depressive scorers where they
      explained 59.79% of the variance. Other ecological factors including peer and
      sibling relationships, introversive and lie scale scorers and scholastic
      performance explained an additional 14.87% of the variance. Using Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI) and Mother-Father relationship check list, a sub-sample of
      depressed pupils' mothers were compared with controls of non-depressed pupils'
      mothers (42 mothers for each). Results indicated a strong positive correlation
      between pupils, CDI scores and their mothers BDI scores. On the other hand poor
      mother-father relationship was significantly associated with depressive scores of
      pupils. Findings, pointed to the need for reconsideration of school mental health
      program, since the presented medical and social services to depressed pupils were
      very poor.

PMID- 1797971
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of non-prolonged febrile illnesses necessitating fever hospital
      admission.
AB  - Two hundred and seventy patients were studied during a 2 years period in Abbassia
      and Embaba fever hospitals. The duration of illness before admission was less
      than 20 days. Suggestive clinical symptoms and/or signs of each disease were
      stressed. Rapid laboratory investigations include slide typhoid agglutination
      test (98%) in enteric fevers, slide malta agglutination test (86%) in
      brucellosis, urine culture (100%) in urinary tract infection, gram stain of
      C.S.F. in bacterial meningitis (80%), encephalitis (0%) and meningeal irritation
      (0%), high vaginal swab culture (100%) in puerperal fevers, echocardiogram (100%)
      in infective endocarditis, high E.S.R. (100%) and positive C.R.P. (71%) and/or
      high A.S.O. (86%) in rheumatic fever, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (86%) in
      amoebic liver abscess, chest X-ray in pneumonia (100%), pulmonary tuberculosis
      (100%) and pleural effusion (100%), ultrasound of lymph nodes (100%) in
      tuberculous lymphadenitis. Erysipelas and tetanus were diagnosed on clinical
      grounds only.

PMID- 1797972
TI  - Patient satisfaction with hospital services: development and testing of a
      measuring instrument.
AB  - The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing and testing an
      instrument that could be used to measure patient satisfaction with hospital
      services in Kuwait. The instrument, which comprised 57 items, and measured
      satisfaction with 7 specific dimensions of hospital services, was administered to
      493 patients using the interview technique. Statistical analysis showed that the
      instrument yields good response variability. Reliability of the instrument,
      measured in terms of the internal consistency coefficient alpha, exceeded the
      acceptable criterion level, the coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.86.
      Evidence of the construct validity of the instrument was found in significant
      positive correlation between the dimension specific satisfaction scale scores and
      scores for allegiance scale and for overall rating of quality of hospital
      services. Construct validity was further supported by convergent discriminant
      analysis, which showed that correlations between items of all 7 scales and their
      total scale scores were greater than correlations between scale items and the
      total scores of scales they do not represent. Analysis of an open-ended question
      about dissatisfying aspects of hospital services not included on the interview
      was undertaken to examine the instrument's content validity. Results indicated
      that patients identified 11 items, 8 of which were identified more than once, and
      2 of which were not classifiable to the 7 dimensions assessed by the instrument.
      It was suggested to add the 8 items that were identified more than once, and to
      reassess the reliability and validity of the revised instrument. Assessment of
      the test-retest reliability, by comparing scale scores over time, was also
      suggested.

PMID- 1797973
TI  - Forensic determination of pregnancy hormones in human bloodstains.
AB  - When different bloodstains are encountered at the scene of crime, it is possible
      to discriminate those from a pregnant woman from others. Human chorionic
      gonadotrophin, human placental lactogen, total oestriol and progesterone in the
      stains may be determined with radioimmunoassay techniques using commercial kits.
      Only 1 cm2 of bloodstain is needed for the determination of all four parameters,
      which gives information about the state of pregnancy. More than 100 stains of
      blood from women in all stages of pregnancy, normal menstruating women,
      menopausal and post-menopausal women and male subjects, and of menstrual blood
      were analysed. Bloodstains from pregnant women were easy to evaluate with the
      four determinations, only very early pregnancies being undetected. Stains from
      non-pregnant women were negative or below the cut-off level. Two case examples
      are also described.

PMID- 1797974
TI  - Concentration-time profiles of ethanol in capillary blood after ingestion of
      beer.
AB  - Blood ethanol profiles were determined in experiments with healthy volunteers
      after they had drunk beer. When 330 ml of light beer (1.8% w/v ethanol) was
      consumed in 5 min by four men and four women, the average peak blood-alcohol
      concentration (BAC) reached was 8 mg/100 ml (range 2-11). After nine men had
      drunk 660 ml of beer (3.0% w/v or 3.6% w/v ethanol) in 25 minutes on an empty
      stomach, the average peak BAC was 32 mg/100 ml (range 26-44) and 37 mg/100 ml
      (range 23-54) respectively. When the same two beers were consumed by another nine
      men together with a meal, the peak BAC was 24 mg/100 ml (range 20-29) and 28
      mg/100 ml (range 20-39) respectively. The peak BAC occurred earlier when beer was
      ingested together with food; mean 32 min (range 30-50) compared with 41 min
      (range 30-70) with an empty stomach. The rate of disappearance of alcohol from
      blood (beta-slope) was 12 mg/100 ml/h in the fed state and 15 mg/100 ml/h when
      subjects were fasted. The apparent volume of distribution of ethanol (Vd) was
      0.65 l/kg (SD 0.07) for the empty stomach condition but exceeded unity when beer
      was ingested together with food. It seems that part of the dose of alcohol when
      consumed with food never reaches the systemic circulation.

PMID- 1797975
TI  - Blood group frequencies of the population of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
AB  - The results of grouping tests performed on blood samples collected over a five
      year period at the Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre are presented. The
      samples were tested using the ABO, PGM, EAP and GLO blood group systems.
      Phenotypic frequencies and allele frequencies for each system were calculated for
      the two major ethnic groups of the population, the African and East Indian.
      Matching probabilities, which can be used in the interpretation of physical
      evidence in forensic cases, were also calculated.

PMID- 1797976
TI  - Forensic entomo-toxicology.
AB  - Drugs present in a decomposing corpse may be identified through analysis of
      maggots feeding off it. Case reports in forensic entomo-toxicology are sparse and
      the data base is unstructured. Drug concentrations should be measured in residual
      skeletal muscle, the principal food source for fly larvae, as well as in washed
      maggots, and the fly species should be determined. An untested possibility is the
      analysis of puparia or puparial cases which could extend the time frame for
      analysis into years or even into palaeopathology. In deaths indoors, the analysis
      of flies known to have emerged from the corpse is a theoretical possibility. To
      what extent drugs are retained in successive levels of the food chain is entirely
      unknown; drugs might be detectable in beetles feeding off fly larvae.

PMID- 1797977
TI  - Sudden death due to a laryngeal cyst.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman died suddenly at home; her body was found in an armchair in a
      sitting position. Autopsy revealed a laryngeal cyst of a dilated secretory gland,
      located above the vocal cords, which obstructed the glottis, causing asphyxia. A
      review of the literature with forensic implications is given.

PMID- 1797979
TI  - Fathers' involvement in their children's healthcare.
AB  - Fathers' involvement in the routine healthcare of young children was
      investigated, and fathers' relative participation in two tasks, staying home with
      a sick child and taking the child to the doctor or dentist, was assessed. The
      relationships between fathers' involvement in healthcare and several other
      measures, including mothers' employment status, fathers' attitudes toward women's
      rights and roles, the amount of time fathers spent at work, and fathers'
      involvement in housework, were also examined. The subjects were 50 fathers of
      young children in intact, White, middle-class families. Both staying home with a
      sick child and taking a child to the doctor or dentist were usually performed by
      mothers, but when mothers were employed, fathers were significantly more
      involved, regardless of the child's sex. Staying home with a sick child and
      taking a child to the doctor or dentist were positively related to fathers'
      involvement in housework. Fathers' staying home with a sick child was
      significantly correlated with fewer hours at work and liberal attitudes toward
      women's rights and roles; these variables were not related to taking a child to
      the doctor or dentist. Positive correlations between fathers' involvement in
      housework and staying home with a sick child and taking a child to the doctor or
      dentist suggests that fathers' involvement in childcare is viewed as an aspect of
      family work.

PMID- 1797978
TI  - Theodate Smith and Amy Tanner: child savers of Clark University.
AB  - This study is an examination of the contributions of Theodate Smith and Amy
      Tanner to the Children's Institute of Clark University. The institute,
      established in 1909 by Clark's president, G. Stanley Hall, failed to thrive as a
      liaison between child study and child welfare concerns for a number of reasons,
      including Hall's eventual disenchantment with the child welfare movement,
      financial difficulties, and the loss by the institute of Smith and Tanner. Both
      Smith and Tanner, unlike Hall, were sympathetic to child welfare concerns. Thus,
      Smith's death in 1914 and Tanner's departure from Clark in 1918 severed the links
      between the institute and child welfare interests.

PMID- 1797980
TI  - Sex differences, social desirability, masculinity, and the tendency to worry.
AB  - Relationships between worry and sex differences, social desirability,
      masculinity, and femininity were explored in this study. Data were obtained from
      141 undergraduates who answered a questionnaire containing a worry scale, the
      Crowne-Marlowe (1964) Social Desirability Scale, the Bem (1974) Sex Role
      Inventory, the Trait Anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
      (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970), and several demographic items. Women
      reported significantly higher levels of worry than men did, and worry was
      significantly correlated with lower social desirability and with lower
      masculinity but not with femininity. However, multiple regression strategies
      revealed that sex differences in reported worry cannot be accounted for solely by
      variations in social desirability and masculinity. Also, sex differences in the
      tendency to worry were not eliminated by statistically controlling for trait
      anxiety, social desirability, and masculinity simultaneously.

PMID- 1797981
TI  - "When my hamster died, I cried": preschoolers' attributions of the causes of
      emotions.

PMID- 1797982
TI  - Lateral cradling preferences in males: the relationship to infant experience.

PMID- 1797983
TI  - Information integration in an area judgment task: effect of degree of saliency on
      children's perceptual judgment.

PMID- 1797984
TI  - Mediators of relationship stress between middle-aged fathers and their adolescent
      children.

PMID- 1797985
TI  - Vasculature of the fish gill: anatomical correlates of physiological functions.
AB  - The fish gill is a multifunctional organ responsible for respiration,
      osmoregulation, acid base balance, nitrogen excretion, and metabolism of
      circulating hormones. Two or more microcirculatory systems subserve these
      activities and form one of the most complex vascular networks found in any
      vertebrate. In this article the vascular anatomy of the teleost gill and the role
      of gill vessels in mediating physiological function are examined. Vascular
      corrosion replication techniques have been instrumental in resolving the spatial
      organization of gill microcirculation. Variations in the replication procedures
      provide information on the interrelationships between the vascular pathways,
      factors that govern flow distribution, and the physical characteristics of the
      vessels themselves. Anatomically, gill vessels are as diverse as their
      physiological functions. Pillar cells, unique to the fish gill, form the lining
      of the respiratory vasculature and may have substantial metabolic effects on
      circulating hormones. The non-respiratory pathways appear to be lined with both
      typical and unusual endothelial cells, although the fine structure and
      function(s) of these vessels are largely unknown. To date most of the information
      on gill vessels has been derived from descriptive morphological studies. Further
      evaluation of the anatomical and physiological correlations of these tissues is
      predicated upon the application of histocytochemical, morphometric, and other
      quantitative methodologies as well as an examination of gills from fish with
      various evolutionary and environmental backgrounds.

PMID- 1797986
TI  - Microvascular architecture of the elastase emphysemic hamster lung.
AB  - Vascular corrosion casts of normal and elastase-induced emphysemic hamster lungs,
      prepared with a low viscosity resin mixture consisting of Mercox and Sevriton,
      were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Casts were quantitated by
      measuring vascular volume or determining non-alveolar air space using confocal
      laser scanning microscopy. Normal lung casts were characterized by well-organized
      fields of alveoli (about 70 microns in diameter) connected by distinct alveolar
      ducts. Emphysemic lung casts exhibited numerous bullae (often as large as 0.5 mm
      in diameter). The vasculature of the bullae indicated that they were formed by
      destruction of alveolar walls and subsequent coalescence of numerous alveolae.
      Remnants of alveolar walls, consisting of shallow ridges of capillaries, lined
      the bases of the bullae. Vascular volumes expressed as cast volume/total tissue
      volume were calculated at 20% and 12% for uninflated and inflated lungs,
      respectively, for both control and emphysemic lungs. Four months after elastase
      instillation, nonalveolar air space of the emphysemic lungs was increased by 73%
      over controls. These observations indicate that elastase emphysema results,
      initially, in remodeling of the alveolar structure (bullae formation) and loss of
      surface area for gas exchange, rather than from extensive loss of vasculature.
      Vascular corrosion casting is a useful technique for monitoring emphysema both
      morphologically and quantitatively.

PMID- 1797987
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of the capillary loops in the dermal papillae of the
      hand in primates, including man.
AB  - The microvasculature of the skin of the hand in primates, including man, was
      examined by means of scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. In this
      study, the microvascular patterns and structures in different areas of the hand,
      and the changes in vascular patterns that occur with age, have been described.
      The typical structure of the capillary loops in the hand can be observed in the
      ball of the finger of the young adult monkey. The capillary loops were formed out
      of not just one capillary vessel, but two or three vessels. Each capillary vessel
      arose and divided into several branches at the papillae, and these became
      descending limbs. After the loop passed a hairpin turn, the descending limbs were
      1.5 times larger than the ascending limbs in the intrapapillary portion, and they
      became extrapapillary venules. The descending limbs connected with the
      postcapillary venules in the postpapillary portion and with the horizontal
      network. The postcapillary venules fused with each other to form the primary and
      secondary venous arcades. The secondary venous arcades anastomosed with each
      other and flowed into the subpapillary venules, which run along the dermal furrow
      in the fingerprint. Changes in vascular patterns with age could be observed. In
      the infant fingerprint, the vascular systems had not yet differentiated,
      especially the venous system in the dermis. In the old adult finger, the
      capillary loops presented complicated features deviating due to aging.

PMID- 1797988
TI  - Interrelationships of ultrastructure and function in the microvasculature of
      normal and ischaemic myocardium.
AB  - This paper reviews various methods involving electron microscopy that have been
      used to investigate the ultrastructure of the vasculature of the normal and
      diseased heart. Whereas scanning electron microscopy is more commonly employed to
      record surface topography, it can be used to examine freeze-fracture planes
      within the myocardium and, using heavy-metal staining and back-scattered electron
      imaging, to examine large 2-mu-thick resin-embedded sections through the heart.
      The latter technique allows the comparison of structural alterations across the
      wall of the heart and thus accurate definition of the transmural progression of
      pathological processes. Transmission electron microscopy can then be used to
      provide more detailed information from precisely localised regions. Human
      myocardium can be usefully studied up to 12 hours post-mortem provided that
      suitable control material is included. Intravascular tracers including low
      viscosity resin and nuclear track emulsion can be used to determine whether or
      not particular vessels allow flow at the time of fixation, and thus changes in
      the pattern of flow through the microvasculature due to ischaemia and reperfusion
      can be quantified and defined. Particular care is required in the fixation of
      ischaemic tissues because oxygen dissolved in the fixative can lead to the rapid
      formation of oxygen-free radicals on contact with the tissue. This produces
      artefactual reoxygenation damage characterised by membrane disruption and cell
      and organelle swelling, which has previously been attributed to ischaemic injury
      per se. Bubbling glutaraldehyde with nitrogen substantially reduces this
      artefact.

PMID- 1797989
TI  - Formation of a functional endothelium on vascular grafts.
AB  - The lack of a functional endothelial cell lining on artificial polymeric vascular
      grafts severely reduces their effectiveness in replacing small caliber (less than
      6 mm) blood vessels. Techniques have now been developed to transplant autologous
      endothelial cells from one site in the body onto the surface of grafts prior to
      implantation. Pre-clinical animal trials provide evidence that grafts sodded with
      autologous, fat-derived, microvessel endothelial cells exhibit a stable,
      antithrombogenic lining of endothelium. The new endothelial cell lining exhibits
      morphologies identical with endothelium on native blood vessels. The
      effectiveness of endothelial cell sodding techniques in pre-clinical animal
      trials provides support for expanded clinical trials.

PMID- 1797990
TI  - Technique for preparing cross-section transmission electron microscope specimens
      from ion-irradiated ceramics.
AB  - The general techniques necessary to produce a high-quality cross-sectioned
      ceramic specimen for transmission electron microscope observation are outlined. A
      particularly important point is that the width of the glued region between faces
      of the ceramic specimen must be less than 0.2 micron to prevent loss of the near
      surface region during ion milling. A recently developed vise for gluing ceramic
      cross-section specimens is described, and some examples of the effect of glue
      thickness on specimen quality are shown.

PMID- 1797991
TI  - Dry fracturing and cutting techniques for scanning electron microscopy of poly
      vinyl chloride particles: application to internal structure observations.
AB  - Two methods for examining the internal structure of poly-vinyl chloride (PVC)
      particles are described. Very small PVC particles, polymerized by the emulsion
      process, were mounted on an aluminium adhesive tape and pressed with a similar
      tape. Both tapes were then pulled apart so that the specimen was broken in two
      fractions, which were observed by scanning electron microscopy. On the other
      hand, bigger PVC particles manufactured by following the suspension
      polymerization process, were frozen and hand sectioned with a razor blade under
      liquid nitrogen vapor. The results were highly satisfactory. These methods were
      easy to implement, the cost of materials for sample preparation was negligible,
      and they offered the ability to obtain multiple information from a single sample.

PMID- 1797992
TI  - Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy of X-ray multilayer thin film
      structures.
AB  - A simple method for preparing cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy
      specimens and discussions of possible artifacts from specimen preparation and
      observation of x-ray multilayer thin film structures are presented. The specimen
      preparation method employs mechanical grinding and polishing to approximately 20
      microns, followed by ion milling, without dimpling. Artifacts such as
      preferential ion milling and crystallization under the electron beam, as well as
      effects of Fresnel fringes at interfaces, are important factors in interpretation
      of the images. Care in identifying them is required to avoid erroneous results in
      studies of morphology and microstructures within the layers and at their
      interfaces. Example high-resolution TEM results of cross-sectional W/C, Ru/C, and
      Mo/Si multilayers are presented.

PMID- 1797993
TI  - An alkali digestion method to expose connective tissue fibers: a scanning
      electron microscopy study of rat lung.
AB  - Alkali digestion has been used to remove cellular elements of tissues thus
      exposing the underlying connective tissue framework. We studied the action of
      this severe alkali treatment on the delicate tissues of rat lung. The lungs of
      male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with saline to remove blood and then
      inflated by fixation through the airways at 20 cm pressure. Sections of lung 2 x
      5 x 5 mm were immersed in 2.5 M NaOH at 25 degrees C for 6 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h,
      and 72 h. The alkali was changed daily. Tissues were washed to neutral with water
      (24 h), treated with tannic acid (1%, 3h), post-fixed with osmic acid (1%, 3 h)
      and processed for SEM. At 6 h, epithelial cells started to peel off the alveolar
      surface. At 16 h the digestion process was well advanced. At 48 h the cells were
      completely removed revealing the lattice network of connective tissue fibers
      within the alveolar surface. The method allows the complete removal of cellular
      elements of the lung while retaining the very fine 3D structure of the connective
      tissue matrix.

PMID- 1797994
TI  - Shrinkage in tertiary butanol prior to freeze drying.

PMID- 1797995
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure normalcy: the PAMELA Study.
AB  - Although ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is gaining in popularity, it still
      has important limitations in clinical use, particularly for the definition and
      diagnosis of hypertension. Various attempts have been made to calculate 'normal'
      or 'reference' values for ambulatory blood pressure, mostly by 24-h non-invasive
      monitoring in groups of 'normal' subjects. The most appropriate approach,
      however, is to compare 24-h ambulatory blood pressure values and casual or clinic
      blood pressure values in a random sample of a suitably large population. The
      PAMELA Study has been planned to obtain an epidemiological evaluation of 24-h
      ambulatory blood pressure values, and its design is described here. In the city
      of Monza, 2400 subjects aged between 25 and 64 years have been randomly selected
      according to World Health Organization Monitoring Cardiovascular Diseases (WHO
      MONICA) project criteria within sex and age strata. In these subjects, clinic
      blood pressure, random-zero blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure (24-h
      monitoring with SpaceLabs 90207; Redmond, Washington, USA), home blood pressure,
      electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices, cardiovascular risk factors
      and psychological variables are being measured.

PMID- 1797996
TI  - Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has both advantages and disadvantages in
      clinical practice. The structural and functional organ abnormalities associated
      with hypertension are more closely correlated to 24-h blood pressure mean values
      than to clinic or other conventional sphygmomanometric blood pressures.
      Furthermore, an additional relationship can be seen between the incidence and
      severity of these abnormalities and the magnitude of day and night blood pressure
      changes or 24-h blood pressure variability. However, controlled prospective
      studies are still required to demonstrate that ambulatory blood pressure data are
      superior or add to the prognostic value of clinic blood pressure. Moreover,
      ambulatory blood pressure normalcy has not yet been properly defined. This
      suggests caution in the practical use of this technique, which should be limited
      to special groups of subjects (those with a possible alerting reaction to
      conventional blood pressure assessments, in whom home blood pressure measurements
      are unreliable) and should only be used by clinicians with expertise in the
      field.

PMID- 1797997
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and their interactions in hypertensives.
AB  - Numerous intervention trials have demonstrated clear benefits when patients with
      hypertension have been treated with antihypertensive drugs. During the last five
      years, however, community-based studies from Dalby, Gothenburg and Glasgow have
      reported a high remaining risk of cardiovascular (especially cardiac) disease,
      even though the hypertensive patients have been well cared for and their blood
      pressure controlled. There may be several possible explanations for the high
      remaining risk. First, long-standing hypertension may have caused irreversible
      cardiovascular change and atherosclerosis, which contribute to the increased risk
      even when the elevated arterial blood pressure has been reduced to normotensive
      levels. Another possible explanation is that the antihypertensive drugs
      themselves, in addition to their desired and beneficial antihypertensive effect,
      have some adverse effects. Thus, by elevating serum lipoproteins or by lowering
      serum potassium, some agents could increase the risk of cardiovascular
      complications and, to a certain extent, offset the beneficial effects of lowering
      blood pressure. Different drugs may, of course, also differ in their ability to
      prevent cardiovascular disease. In the studies mentioned above, blood pressure
      had not been reduced to strictly normotensive levels. This may be a third reason
      for the high remaining risks. A fourth possibility is that other metabolic
      factors may be implicated, and it may be necessary to tackle other, non
      biological factors, such as smoking, stress and unemployment, in order to reduce
      the excess risk in hypertensive patients. It is clearly necessary to focus on the
      overall risk profile of the patient, including smoking and alcohol habits,
      cholesterol level, diet, weight, etc., rather than the blood pressure level
      alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1797998
TI  - An ultrasonographic method to measure the sensitivity of the baroreflex in
      clinical practice: application to pharmacological studies.
AB  - To determine whether it is possible to assess baroreceptor sensitivity by
      measuring changes in blood velocity in the carotid artery and changes in the
      heart rate, we performed a series of 108 experiments in 19 hypertensives aged 20
      57 years (mean 46.6 +/- 8.6). In each experiment, we took simultaneous
      measurements of carotid artery blood flow velocity (Doppler technique), the
      brachial intra-arterial blood pressure and the heart rate, during a rapid and
      transient increase in blood pressure induced by injections of phenylephrine. We
      then calculated the maximum slope of the regression lines correlating blood
      velocity with the heart period (Trieste method) and blood pressure with the heart
      period (Oxford method). We obtained good accuracy from the Trieste method
      compared with the Oxford method, as assessed by the mean of the sum of the
      squares (difference + 5%, NS). After the administration of 4 mg oral lacidipine
      to 13 essential hypertensives, aged 37-54 years (47.6 +/- 5.3), baroreflex
      sensitivity was not changed, as assessed by either method (Oxford method 10.1 +/-
      5.5 versus 9.8 +/- 6.2 ms/mmHg; Trieste method - 0.57 +/- 0.32 versus - 0.49 +/-
      0.31 ms/Hz). The coefficients of variation for the two methods, calculated for
      the measurements taken before and after the administration of lacidipine, were
      not statistically different (Oxford method 25.0 +/- 18.4 versus 36.2 +/- 16.0;
      Trieste method 36.7 +/- 19.2 versus 39.7 +/- 19.2). The new non-invasive Trieste
      method thus showed the same accuracy and precision as the invasive Oxford method
      in measuring baroreflex sensitivity and can be used in pharmacological studies.

PMID- 1798000
TI  - Metabolic disturbances and antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - Arterial hypertension is frequently associated with metabolic abnormalities.
      Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are found in obese patients, in non
      insulin-dependent diabetics and in some hypertensive patients, irrespective of
      whether the patients are overweight or have diabetes mellitus. Membrane transport
      abnormalities, such as increased sodium-lithium exchange associated with
      hypertension are also significantly related to disturbances in lipid metabolism.
      Increased sympathetic nervous system activity is a well established feature of
      arterial hypertension and this may also affect glucose and lipid metabolism. The
      possibility of these metabolic alterations in the hypertensive patient must be
      taken into account when deciding upon treatment. Attention to diet is mandatory
      and includes advice to reduce energy, salt and saturated fat intakes and to
      increase the intake of less digestible fiber and of potassium; alcohol
      consumption should be limited. Energy expenditure by regular aerobic physical
      exercise should be encouraged and continuous effort is necessary to help patients
      stop smoking. In patients with high blood pressure and abnormalities in lipid and
      glucose metabolism, it is wise to start pharmacological treatment with drugs that
      are known to be neutral in their metabolic effects, such as calcium antagonists,
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or alpha-blocking agents.

PMID- 1797999
TI  - Home blood pressure monitoring: advantages and limitations.
AB  - Home blood pressure monitoring is a useful tool for clinical management of
      patients with hypertension. Its major advantages are the ease with which the
      techniques can be learned, reproducibility of values, sensitivity of measurement
      and availability of normotensive data. In spite of the ability to tell whether a
      subject has normal or abnormal values, because of the lack of prospective
      mortality/morbidity data, home blood pressure monitoring cannot be used to decide
      whether treatment is indicated. The treatment decision must be based on repeated
      clinic blood pressure readings. After that the home blood pressure monitoring can
      be used to exclude individuals who are at risk for side effects due to low out-of
      office blood pressure readings and to precisely monitor the blood pressure
      response to therapy. Home blood pressure monitoring is frequently used to find
      subjects with 'white-coat' hypertension. In our study of borderline hypertension
      in Tecumseh, white-coat hypertension is present in 7.1% of the whole population
      and in 58% of all subjects with elevated blood pressures in the clinic. Subjects
      with white-coat hypertension in Tecumseh appear to be at an increased risk for
      coronary heart disease: they show repeated elevated clinic readings throughout
      their life time, their parents have higher blood pressure, their high-density
      lipoprotein is decreased and insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides are elevated.
      Whereas subjects with white-coat hypertension should not be treated with
      antihypertensive agents, they must be followed and managed through non
      pharmacologic means.

PMID- 1798001
TI  - Evaluation of antihypertensive therapy: discrepancies between office and
      ambulatory recorded blood pressure.
AB  - Non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has proved to be very useful in
      investigating hypertensive patients. So far, almost everything known about this
      technique is based on studies performed in specialized centers. We summarize here
      the results of two trials in which private physicians used ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring to assess the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. The results
      found in this clinical setting were very similar to those observed previously in
      specialized clinics. In the individual patient, the level of ambulatory recorded
      pressure could not be predicted from blood pressure readings taken at the
      doctor's office. Furthermore, the blood pressure response to antihypertensive
      therapy was more reproducible when evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring than by the doctor. It appears, therefore, that non-invasive
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is also useful in everyday practice for the
      management of hypertensive patients.

PMID- 1798002
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure and clinical trials.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring essentially estimates the average value of
      systolic and diastolic pressure from readings that fluctuate with mental and
      physical activity throughout the day. The improved reproducibility of blood
      pressure measurement achieved in this way increases the precision of clinical
      trials and/or reduces the number of subjects needed in a trial. Thus it is
      possible to detect a 5 mmHg diastolic difference between two treatments (with a
      statistical power of 0.9) using less than 20 subjects in a crossover trial.
      Ambulatory monitoring has its limitations. Since it is an averaging process, the
      ability to follow the effect of drugs over short periods of time is strictly
      limited. To overcome this handicap it is necessary to reduce the spontaneous
      variability of blood pressure, which can be done by limiting mental and physical
      activity while the drug action is being monitored. This can be achieved in the
      laboratory but not in freely moving subjects.

PMID- 1798003
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the assessment of antihypertensive
      treatment: 24-h blood pressure control with lacidipine once a day.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring gives a more representative blood pressure
      profile than office blood pressure measurements and is free of any placebo
      effect. It is therefore useful for studying the effect of antihypertensive
      agents. Although ambulatory blood pressure is less variable than office blood
      pressure, spontaneous fluctuations have been found in whole-day blood pressure
      when repeated measurements are taken. In the multicentre Triveneto Study, the
      mean difference between 24-h blood pressure recordings taken 3 months apart in 85
      mild hypertensives was -0.1/-0.7 mmHg and the coefficient of repeatability (2
      s.d.) was 17.3/12.6 mmHg. The corresponding values for office blood pressure were
      -8.7/-2.0 and 29.8/16.5 mmHg, respectively. This reduction in inter-measurement
      variability with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring makes it possible to reduce
      the sample size required to prove the effect of an antihypertensive agent in
      pharmacological trials. However, in the individual subject, the results of
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be considered with caution, as 24-h
      blood pressure averages and profiles are subject to a degree of variability. This
      technique was used in 21 mild-to-moderate hypertensives to test the
      antihypertensive effect of lacidipine given once a day (4-6 mg) versus placebo.
      The drug proved effective throughout the day and night, showing a 24-h effect on
      blood pressure without reflex tachycardia or other intolerable side effects.

PMID- 1798004
TI  - Lessons from the MONICA study in northern Italy.
AB  - Consistent reductions in cardiovascular mortality have been demonstrated in
      recent years in most developed countries. From official mortality data for the
      period 1969-1987, we have recently detected a similar trend in Italy. The decline
      started in the second half of the 1970s and was more pronounced in the northern
      part of the country. To identify the determinants of these trends, the World
      Health Organization Monitoring Cardiovascular Diseases (WHO MONICA) Project was
      set up. There are 39 participating centers spread over 26 countries worldwide. In
      the Brianza area, one of the three Italian areas that joined the project from the
      beginning, two population surveys and 5 years of mortality records have been
      completed. Provisional results and methodological issues of quality control and
      data collection are discussed in this paper, together with the implications for
      prevention and treatment.

PMID- 1798005
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure measurement in the elderly.
AB  - A number of problems relating to clinic measurements of blood pressure may be
      particularly relevant to elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
      First, there are large discrepancies in the blood pressure levels measured by
      these two techniques in the elderly population. Second, while blood pressure is
      universally accepted as one of the most important risk factors for the
      development of cardiovascular morbidity, its predictive value in the individual
      is relatively poor. Clinic and 24-h ambulatory recordings from 318 patients aged
      17-80 years, diagnosed as having isolated systolic hypertension on clinic
      measurement, were compared with reference values determined from 815 healthy bank
      employees. In the isolated systolic hypertension group, mean systolic blood
      pressure by daytime ambulatory measurement was 27 mmHg lower than that recorded
      in the clinic, while diastolic pressure was similar (151 +/- 17/87 +/- 11 versus
      178 +/- 28/84 +/- 9 mmHg). This discrepancy was greater in women than men,
      increased slightly but significantly with age (r = 0.12, P less than 0.05) and
      raised the crucial question as to which of the two measurements might best
      predict prognosis in this population. In a further study of the association
      between electrocardiographic (ECG) voltages and blood pressure measured in the
      clinic and by ambulatory monitoring in 216 patients with isolated systolic
      hypertension, the sum of SV1 + RV5 and the sum of SV1 + RV6 were significantly
      and positively related to systolic pressure both in the clinic and with daytime
      and night-time ambulatory measurement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798006
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive therapy with lacidipine on ambulatory blood pressure
      in the elderly.
AB  - Recent multicenter trials have demonstrated that, in hypertensive elderly people,
      blood pressure control can significantly decrease the rate of cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular events. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has
      proved to be superior to isolated sphygmomanometer blood pressure readings in the
      diagnostic evaluation of hypertension and in assessing the blood pressure
      response to treatment. We used 24-h ambulatory monitoring in a small, double
      blind, randomly-allocated, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of
      antihypertensive treatment with lacidipine given once a day at 2 or 4 mg. In our
      elderly subjects, the lacidipine treatment provided adequate blood pressure
      control both by day and by night with no effect on the heart rate profile.
      Furthermore, after drug therapy, we found a significant reduction in systolic
      blood pressure variability (standard deviation). This study shows that lacidipine
      can provide adequate control of arterial hypertension in the elderly.

PMID- 1798007
TI  - Effects of type of value appealed to and valence of appeal on children's dental
      health behavior.
AB  - Examined the effects of the type of value appealed to and valence of appeal on
      children's intentions to engage in toothbrushing, their self-report of
      toothbrushing frequency, and their plaque level. 98 fifth-grade students served
      as the participants. Slide shows appealed to either health- or socially oriented
      values and also differed with respect to valence (positive vs. negative). A
      control group received a message that provided basic dental health information.
      Group comparisons revealed that children who received the negative social appeal
      showed a significant improvement in plaque level. Only the negative social appeal
      group differed significantly from the control group on the dependent measures.

PMID- 1798008
TI  - Adolescent smoking and perceived vulnerability to smoking-related causes of
      death.
AB  - Tested adolescent smokers' perceptions of risk for smoking-related causes of
      death in comparison to nonsmoking peers. 408 high school Ss (11% regular smokers,
      15% occasional smokers) estimated the likelihood of personal death from cancer,
      emphysema, and stroke. Smokers did not differ from nonsmokers on perceived risks
      for smoking-related deaths. Smokers and nonsmokers perceived the odds of dying
      from cancer as high but, unrealistically, smokers did not view it as higher than
      nonsmokers. Regular smokers who report high exposure to news appear to minimize
      the risks for cancer and stroke deaths. High sensation-seeking tendencies led to
      lower perceived risks for males but not for females. The "invulnerability
      syndrome" is discussed in relationship to adolescents' risk perceptions.

PMID- 1798009
TI  - Risk and resistance factors in the adaptation of mothers of children with cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Examined 35 mothers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) to assess the
      relationship of risk and resistance factors to level of psychological adjustment.
      Dimensions of maternal adaptation, disease severity, family adaptability and
      cohesion, family life stress, and intrapersonal coping style were assessed. As a
      group, mothers evidenced significant levels of general psychological distress,
      and appear to constitute an at-risk population. Multiple regression analyses
      indicated higher levels of maternal distress were associated with increased
      levels of stressful family life events and an escape-avoidance coping style.
      Disease severity, family financial resources, and family adaptability and
      cohesion did not significantly contribute to the regression model.

PMID- 1798010
TI  - Ethnic differences in parenting children in fearful situations.
AB  - Administered Zabin and Melamed's (1980) Child Development Questionnaire in their
      native languages to 20 Haitian, 20 Hispanic, 20 black American, and 20 white
      American mothers in a public hospital setting to inquire how they dealt with
      their children in various fearful situations. The white Americans were
      significantly more likely than black Americans or Haitians to report use of
      modeling and reassurance, whereas Haitians were less likely than the other groups
      to report use of these methods. Conversely, the Haitians were more likely than
      some of the other groups to report use of force in these situations. There were
      no significant differences in the groups' reported use of positive reinforcement
      or in reinforcement of dependency once two culturally inappropriate items were
      removed. The reported differences, especially those involving Haitians, were
      interpreted as reflecting historical and cultural trends.

PMID- 1798011
TI  - Ethical beliefs and behaviors of pediatric psychologists: a survey.
AB  - There is an absence of data concerning the beliefs about and compliance with
      ethical principles of pediatric psychologists. Survey data were collected from
      169 psychologist members of the Society of Pediatric Psychology (Division 12,
      Section 5 of APA) regarding the degree to which they engaged in each of 101
      behaviors and the degree to which they considered each behavior ethical. The data
      were categorized and examined in terms of the APA Ethical Principles. Results
      indicated that pediatric psychologists show significantly different beliefs and
      behavior comparing children, adolescents, and their parents. A "majority belief"
      scale was developed where 80% of pediatric psychologists agreed that a clinical
      behavior was ethical or not ethical. Female pediatric psychologists, compared to
      males, more strongly endorsed the majority belief items (p less than .01). In
      addition, psychologists who graduated from APA-approved graduate programs more
      strongly endorsed the majority belief items than did psychologists from non-APA
      programs (p less than .05). Increased awareness of ethical issues is hoped to
      improve self-regulation by psychologists.

PMID- 1798012
TI  - Children's representations of "everyday" aspects of health and illness.
AB  - Moving beyond a focus on children's conceptions of causation, the study sought to
      (a) identify and evaluate additional dimensions along which young children's
      conceptions of illness might be organized and (b) to discover how young children
      also understand health concepts related to nutrition and routine preventive
      medical examination. 27 healthy preschool children, ages 4-6 were interviewed
      about their conceptions of common illness, knowledge of basic nutrition, and
      understanding of medical procedures and instruments associated with a standard
      pediatric examination. The findings demonstrated that children understand five
      characteristics of illness representations, which have also been identified in
      adults. They include causation, identity, consequence, time line, and cure.
      Associations among illness dimensions, concepts of nutrition, and knowledge about
      routine medical examinations were also found and are discussed in terms of their
      implications for future research.

PMID- 1798013
TI  - Coping with cancer in remission: stressors and strategies reported by children
      and adolescents.
AB  - Thirty-nine school-age children and adolescents with cancer in remission
      completed the Children's Stress Inventory (CSI) and a cancer-related stress and
      coping measure (McCabe & Weisz, 1988) that elicited information about their life
      stressors and coping strategies. Children identified a range of stressors
      including general life and cancer-related stress, but general life stressors
      accounted for the majority of their perceived stress. Children were not
      consistent across cancer-related and non-cancer-related stressful situations,
      except for their use of intrapsychic coping strategies. Compared with school-age
      children, adolescents used more emotion-management and less problem-solving
      coping strategies when faced with cancer-related stressors, but not when dealing
      with non-cancer-related stress. When coping with cancer-related stress, females
      used more emotion-management and less problem-solving strategies than males.
      Findings have implications for refinement of measures and future research.

PMID- 1798014
TI  - Assessment of sex differences in children's and adolescents' self-reported pain
      from venipuncture.
AB  - Examined venipuncture pain and anxiety among 90 male and 90 female children and
      adolescents (5 to 17 years) who were attending a hospital laboratory. The purpose
      of the study was to assess sex differences in pain. Ss reported state anxiety and
      expected pain prior to having venipuncture and sensory and affective pain
      following venipuncture. Analysis of data determined that male and female were
      alike regarding age, state anxiety, expected pain, and perceived sensory and
      affective venipuncture pain. From analysis of pain estimation errors, it was
      found that males were significantly more likely to underestimate pain and females
      were significantly more likely to overestimate pain. These findings were
      discussed in terms of implications for coping research and for clinical practice.

PMID- 1798015
TI  - Differences between high and low coping children and between parent and staff
      behaviors during painful medical procedures.
AB  - Coded behaviors of pediatric oncology patients undergoing bone marrow aspirations
      and lumbar punctures, parents, and medical staff using the Child-Adult Medical
      Procedure Interaction Scale. Children were grouped into high and low coping
      groups for three analyses. Results indicated that adults with the high coping
      children engaged in more coping-promoting behaviors than adults with the low
      coping children. Further, high coping children were more likely to respond with
      coping to coping-promoting prompts. However, both groups of children were more
      likely to respond by coping following coping-promoting antecedents than following
      distress-promoting or adult neutral antecedents. Both groups were more likely to
      respond with distress following distress-promoting antecedents. When interacting
      with children, staff engaged in a higher proportions of giving control to the
      child and apologies than did parents. Also, children were more likely to display
      coping than distress following staff's and parents' nonprocedural talk
      (distraction).

PMID- 1798016
TI  - Liposomes as carriers of cyclosporin A.
AB  - Liposomes prepared from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) and 1,2
      dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) containing cyclosporin A (CsA) were
      reviewed in respect of the amount and localization of associated CsA. It was
      found that DMPG liposomes are capable of binding a much higher amount of CsA than
      those prepared from DMPC. Furthermore, while CsA associated with DMPG was
      embedded within the hydrophobic region of phospholipids, CsA associated with DMPC
      was excluded from the hydrophobic region and was entrapped in the hydrophilic
      region of these liposomes.

PMID- 1798017
TI  - Microencapsulation of pheromone-analogue and measurement of the sustained
      release.
AB  - A model study was conducted to establish 2 feasible production and application
      systems for the long-term, sustained release of pheromone into the atmosphere of
      targeted areas. The desired goal of effective release was set at least half a
      year. 2-Ethylhexyl acetate (EHA) was selected as a pheromone analogue due to its
      similar structure and easier access for quantitative analysis. At first EHA was
      impregnated in wax particles, which were then encapsulated employing the complex
      coacervation of a gelatin-gum arabic system. The release period of EHA through
      the gelatin wall, however, turned out to be too short--only a week at most. As a
      second attempt, a modification of the two-phase emulsion technique was employed
      to encapsulate multiple numbers of wax particles in hydrated networks of gelatin.
      Though the initial release rate of EHA was still too high, 60 per cent of
      encapsulated EHA underwent sustained release over six months after absorbed
      moisture had completely evaporated. A two-step mechanism of mass transfer was
      proposed and the related parameters in terms of the capacity coefficient and
      effective diffusion coefficient were estimated.

PMID- 1798018
TI  - Preparation and in vitro evaluation of salbutamol sulphate microcapsules.
AB  - Microcapsules of salbutamol sulphate were prepared using cellulose acetate
      phthalate as a coating material and by the coacervation phase separation (solvent
      evaporation) technique for obtaining sustained action. Prepared microcapsules
      were evaluated for their drug content, physical properties, release
      characteristics and stability. The effect of coat to core ratio on release
      pattern was studied and it was found that microcapsules prepared with coat to
      core ratio 2:1 were able to retard the release of drug for 12 hours. No
      significant change was observed in drug content and release pattern even after
      storage.

PMID- 1798019
TI  - A new concept for interpretation of first-order release from albumin
      microspheres.
AB  - A release mechanism from a microsphere that consisted of a water-swellable
      polymer and a uniformly dispersed, relatively small number of very slightly
      soluble large-core particles was considered. When the microsphere is dipped in
      release media the polymer swells instantly, and every core particle dissolves in
      the release media in the space between the core particles and the swollen polymer
      to make a saturated solution. It is assumed that Fickian diffusion of dissolved
      core substance between all spaces filled with saturated solution and outer sink
      occurs independent of each other, and release from one entire microsphere is the
      sum of diffusion from all spaces in the microsphere. Then, derived theoretical
      release kinetics is found to be first-order, and the derived first-order release
      rate constant is expressed as a function of the following parameters: radius of
      core particle, radius of the microsphere, solubility of core substance to media
      solution, density of the core particle, and permeability constant of core
      substance in swollen polymer. When rate constants were measured from release
      tests, varying each parameter, the relation between constants and each parameter
      follows the function. The permeability constant, which was calculated applying
      the function on measured rate constants and other known parameters, was in good
      agreement with the permeability constant measured from permeation study of planar
      membrane prepared in similar conditions to when preparing microspheres. These
      results are thought to show the validity of the mechanism and function proposed.

PMID- 1798021
TI  - Studies on the carboxymethyl chitosan-containing liposomes for their stability
      and controlled release of dapsone.
AB  - Stable liposomes containing carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) were prepared and
      characterized. CMC was introduced in the phosphatidyl choline (PC) liposomes by
      different methods; firstly, CMC in a free state in the aqueous phase; secondly as
      a coat (coupled); and finally as a conjugate of dapsone. The stability of
      liposomes was assessed by their disintegration in ethanol and surfactants. Both
      hydrophilic bromothymol blue and lipophilic dapsone were encapsulated in these
      liposomes and their in vitro release studies were carried out at 37 degrees C
      using different media, namely, phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 0.02 N-HCl and 1% mouse
      plasma. The conjugate of dapsone with CMC present in PC liposomes gave the best
      results in its stability as compared to other modified liposomes. The release
      data of dapsone also confirmed the results of the stability studies on liposomes.
      CMC-dapsone conjugate released the dapsone much slower in all three media than
      did PCCMC and PCCMC-coat liposomes.

PMID- 1798020
TI  - Studies on the transport pathway of PBCA nanoparticles in ocular tissues.
AB  - The transport pathway of PBCA nanoparticles through the rabbit cornea and
      conjunctiva was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Nanoparticles were
      produced by an emulsion-polymerization process, purified by a GPC procedure, and
      labelled with rhodamine 6G or propidium iodide as fluorescent laser dyes. The
      stability of the dye label, particle diameter, and zeta potential of the
      nanoparticles were determined. Freshly excised rabbit cornea and conjunctiva were
      incubated with a suspension of labelled nanoparticles for about 30 min in
      standard perfusion cells. After incubation the particles were visualized, due to
      their fluorescent character, using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The
      results show a fluorescence signal inside the cells. In particular conjunctival
      cells showed an uptake of nanoparticles. Fluorescent particles were visually
      observed inside the cells, in what appeared to be vesicles or granules. Thus,
      either endocytosis of the nanoparticles by conjunctival tissue or lysis of the
      cell wall by nanoparticle metabolic degradation products, are possible
      explanations of the data. A fluorescence signal was also observed within corneal
      cells. Only a transcellular pathway was observed. A possible penetration through
      tight junctions was not noticed; moreover, penetration was observed only into the
      first two cell layers and no full tissue penetration occurred.

PMID- 1798022
TI  - Prolonged release terbutaline sulphate microcapsules.
AB  - Terbutaline sulphate microcapsules were prepared by coacervation-phase separation
      induced by solvent evaporation technique. The cellulose acetate phthalate was
      employed as coating material alone and in combination with ethyl cellulose. The
      prepared microcapsules were evaluated for their drug content, particle size
      distribution (microscopic method), flow properties, bulk density and in vitro
      dissolution.

PMID- 1798023
TI  - Preparation of enteric-coated microspheres of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine
      with cellulose acetate phthalate: (II). Effect of temperature and pH on the
      stability and release behaviour of microspheres.
AB  - The in vitro stability (temperature and pH) and dissolution study (pH 7.4
      phosphate buffer solution and pH changed medium) of the enteric-coated
      microspheres containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine (MHV) were examined. The
      MHV microspheres were thermally more stable than the unencapsulated MHV. More
      than 90% of antigenicity was retained in the MHV microspheres for 3 weeks when
      stored at 4 degrees C. The MHV microspheres in pH 1.2 and pH 3.0 medium were more
      stable than the unencapsulated MHV. The MHV enteric-coated microspheres exhibited
      an excellent enteric function to prevent pH-related inactivation. The influence
      of particle size, CAP concentration and span 80 concentration on the MHV released
      from microspheres was also determined. The smaller the particle size, the higher
      the dissolution rate due to the larger surface area of the smaller particle. The
      higher the concentration of span 80 used, the more the greater the amount of MHV
      released. This was attributed to the more porous structure of microspheres
      prepared by the higher concentration of span 80. By increasing the CAP
      concentration, however, the release rate of MHV was decreased due to the larger
      amount of CAP and the more compact structure of microspheres.

PMID- 1798024
TI  - Recent advances in the large-scale production of lipid vesicles for use in food
      products: microfluidization.
AB  - The development of a method for the continuous mass production of liposomes is
      vital for the industrial use of liposomes in food products. The method should be
      mild enough to prevent denaturation of the encapsulated material, and the
      materials used for the preparation of the liposomes should be safe and edible.
      Among the methods available, microfluidization seems to be the most promising.
      Microfluidization consists of processing emulsions under high pressure through an
      apparatus called a Microfluidizer. This apparatus also allows the production of
      another type of lipid vesicle: milkfat-coated microcapsules composed of milkfat
      and emulsifiers. The main advantages of microfluidization include the continuous
      production of large quantities of lipid vesicles without dissolving the
      phospholipids in organic solvents. These vesicles could be used in various food
      products for a variety of objectives. The addition of encapsulated material in
      liposomes or in milkfat-coated microcapsules to cheese milk resulted in a
      retention of 80-90% of the vesicles in the cheese, compared to only 2-4% if the
      material was added directly to the milk in the unencapsulated form. Liposomes and
      milkfat-coated microcapsules could be used as enzyme carriers to accelerate
      cheese ripening, or as carriers for flavouring systems to improve the
      organoleptic properties of low-fat cheeses or to impart distinctive flavours to
      new speciality cheeses. These microcapsules could also be used in food products
      to avoid undesirable side-reactions during food processing, or to supplement food
      products with nutritious additives.

PMID- 1798025
TI  - Patent Briefing.

PMID- 1798026
TI  - Literature Alerts.

PMID- 1798027
TI  - Development of anomalous rectification (Ih) and of a tetrodotoxin-resistant
      sodium current in embryonic quail neurones.
AB  - 1. The developmental expression of an inwardly rectifying current activated by
      membrane hyperpolarization (Ih) and of a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant Na+ current
      (INa(TR)) was studied using freshly dissociated ganglionic quail neurones of
      various embryonic ages. This work was carried out on parasympathetic (ciliary)
      and sensory (trigeminal and dorsal root) ganglion neurones with the whole-cell
      configuration of the patch-clamp technique. 2. In sensory and parasympathetic
      neurones, Ih was activated at potentials more negative than -60 mV and displayed
      strong inward rectification. No sign of time- or voltage-dependent inactivation
      was apparent. Ih was carried by both Na+ and K+ ions and was selectively and
      reversibly blocked by extracellular Cs+. 3. During the development of sensory
      neurones, Ih was observed for the first time between embryonic day 10 (E10) and
      E11 and the percentage of neurones expressing the current increased subsequently,
      reaching a plateau level of about 80% at E14. In the parasympathetic neurones of
      the ciliary ganglion, Ih was already detected at E10 and the percentage of
      neurones possessing the current increased until E16, a stage at which all
      neurones were found to express Ih. 4. In the presence of TTX (1 microM), an
      inward Na+ current, INa(TR), was recorded in sensory neurones after E12. This
      current was activated at potentials more depolarized than -30 mV and its
      amplitude was maximal at +5 mV. INa(TR) showed time- and voltage-dependent
      inactivation. Half-maximal steady-state inactivation was observed at -40 mV. 5.
      INa(TR) was observed for the first time after E12 in sensory neurones and the
      percentage of neurones with INa(TR) increased until E14. Thereafter, 80% of the
      neurones had the current. In contrast, INa(TR) was never observed in the
      parasympathetic neurones of the ciliary ganglion during embryonic development. 6.
      Our results with parasympathetic and sensory neurones suggest that the expression
      of INa(TR) is linked to the phenotype and not to the embryonic origin of a
      neurone.

PMID- 1798028
TI  - The spatial distributions of odorant sensitivity and odorant-induced currents in
      salamander olfactory receptor cells.
AB  - 1. Suction electrode and whole-cell recording were used to record membrane
      currents from defined regions of solitary olfactory receptor cells from Ambystoma
      tigrinum. 2. Under whole-cell current clamp, stimulation of cells with odorants
      activated an inward current in the cilia, an outward current in the soma, and
      induced a membrane depolarization. Clamping the membrane potential at its resting
      value of -70 mV increased the inward ciliary current 5- to 10-fold and abolished
      the outward somatic current. 3. Local odorant stimulation was accomplished by
      ejecting an odorant solution into a steady flow of Ringer solution. A suction
      electrode was used to immobilize a cell in the flow and to record the odorant
      induced somatic current. The amplitude of the odorant response increased
      approximately linearly with the length of cilia exposed to the stimulus, but was
      independent of the length of dendrite exposed to the stimulus, indicating that
      odorant sensitivity is predominantly localized to the cilia. 4. The latencies of
      responses recorded under flow did not vary with the region of the cilia which was
      exposed to the stimulus. Also, the magnitude of the inward ciliary current
      activated by odorants was equal to that of the whole-cell current recorded under
      voltage clamp. These observations indicate that the odorant-induced inward
      current is predominantly localized to the ciliary membrane. 5. Under whole-cell
      current clamp, local application of a high-K+ solution generated an outward
      somatic current when applied to the dendrite, but had no effect when applied to
      the cilia. This indicates that the density of the resting K+ conductance is lower
      in the ciliary membrane than in the dendritic membrane. 6. The results above are
      consistent with the hypothesis that all components of the transduction mechanism
      are uniformly distributed within the cilia, and that the cilia are
      electrotonically compact, even during an odorant-induced conductance increase.

PMID- 1798029
TI  - Cytosolic free Ca2+ during operation of sodium-calcium exchange in guinea-pig
      heart cells.
AB  - 1. Membrane current generated by the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange mechanism was recorded
      in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes using the whole-cell voltage-clamp
      technique and the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was
      monitored using the fluorescent probe Indo-1, applied intracellularly through a
      perfused patch pipette. The reversal potential of the exchanger (ENa, Ca) was
      measured from records of the 2 mM-Ni(2+)-sensitive current and used in an attempt
      to clamp [Ca2+]i at a level determined by the ionic compositions of the external
      and pipette solutions. 2. Measurements of ENa, Ca indicated that [Ca2+]i was
      close to that in the pipette solution when the holding potential was set at the
      ENa, Ca expected for a 3Na+:1Ca2+ exchanger. The measured value of ENa, Ca was
      more positive than the theoretical value when the membrane potential was held
      positive to ENa, Ca and the opposite was true when the holding potential was more
      negative than the expected ENa, Ca. 3. As Indo-1 diffused into the cell from the
      whole-cell clamp electrode, the intensities of the fluorescent signals measured
      at 405 and 480 nm increased with time, with no obvious saturation over a 10-45
      min recording period. However, the ratio of these two signals reached a steady
      level within 5 min after rupture of the patch membrane, when the holding
      potential was set at the expected ENa, Ca of the exchanger. The intensity ratios
      measured using pipette solutions containing 600 and 803 nM [Ca2+] were almost
      equal to the ratios obtained extracellularly from internal solutions of identical
      compositions, but in experiments using pipette solutions having lower [Ca2+] the
      intensity ratios measured in myocytes were higher than those obtained
      extracellularly. 4. If the membrane was depolarized or hyperpolarized, the
      fluorescence ratio either increased or decreased, respectively. These changes in
      the fluorescence ratio were virtually blocked by the extracellular application of
      2 mM-Ni2+. 5. When the concentration of bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'
      tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) in the recording pipette was reduced from 30 to 1 mM, an
      increase in [Ca2+]i was observed during a depolarizing ramp pulse. The Ca2+
      influx estimated by integrating the 2 mM-Ni(2+)-sensitive current during the
      pulse correlated with the increase in [Ca2+]i estimated from Indo-1 using the
      extracellular calibration curve, but the values of the influx determined directly
      from Indo-1 fluorescence were always larger than those calculated from the
      exchanger current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798030
TI  - Extracellular volume decreases while cell volume is maintained by ion uptake in
      rat brain during acute hypernatremia.
AB  - 1. Regulation of brain extracellular and intracellular water content, regarded as
      volume, and electrolytes in response to 90 min of hypernatremia has been studied
      in the cerebral cortex of rats under urethane anaesthetic. 2. Total tissue
      electrolytes and water were partitioned between extracellular and intracellular
      compartments based on measurements made in two series of experiments. In one,
      tissue samples were collected and analysed for total water, Na+, K+ and Cl-. In
      the other, tissue extracellular volume fraction, [Na+] and [K+] were measured in
      situ using ion-selective microelectrodes. 3. Osmotically induced water loss from
      cerebral cortex was less than that predicted for ideal osmotic behaviour,
      revealing a degree of volume regulation, and this regulation was associated with
      net tissue uptake of Na+, Cl- and K+. 4. Total water content was 3.77 g H2O (g
      dry weight)-1 in control cortex and this decreased by 7% after 30 min of
      hypernatremia and then remained relatively stable at this value. Control
      extracellular water content, based on an extracellular volume fraction of 0.18,
      was 0.88 g H2O (g dry weight)-1. Control intracellular water content, estimated
      as the difference between total and extracellular water contents, was 2.89 g H2O
      (g dry weight)-1. After 30 min of hypernatremia, extracellular water content
      decreased by an average of 27% but intracellular water did not change. This
      indicates selective regulation of cell volume. By 90 min the extracellular water
      content had decreased by 47% and the loss in extracellular water content appeared
      to be accompanied by a roughly equivalent increase in intracellular water
      content. The intracellular volume increase, however, was not statistically
      significant. The tortuosity of the extracellular space averaged 1.57 and
      increased to 1.65 during the hypernatremia. 5. Brain extracellular fluid and
      plasma [Na+] were roughly equal in control tissue. Both increased by 30 mu equiv
      (g H2O)-1 as a result of the hypernatremia, although extracellular [Na+] lagged
      behind the plasma value during much of the first 60 min of hypernatremia.
      Extracellular [K+] was homeostatically regulated at 3 mu equiv (g H2O)-1
      independent of changes in plasma electrolytes. 6. Estimates of extracellular and
      intracellular ion content (mu equiv (g dry weight)-1) indicate that extracellular
      Na+, Cl- and K+ content decreased during hypernatremia, by 32, 21 and 42%
      respectively, whereas intracellular ion content increased by 100, 169 and 5%
      respectively. 7. It is concluded that during acute hypernatremia the
      extracellular space decreases in volume through the loss of water and
      electrolytes while the intracellular compartment maintains its water content and
      gains electrolytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798031
TI  - Hypoxic vasodilatation in isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart: an analysis of the
      underlying mechanisms.
AB  - 1. The mechanisms underlying hypoxic dilatation of coronary arteries were studied
      in isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused with physiological salt solution at 37
      degrees C. The hearts were perfused at a constant rate of 3-10 ml min-1; coronary
      perfusion pressure (CPP) and isovolumetric left ventricular pressure (LVP) were
      measured with piezoresistive transducers. 2. Addition of the K+ channel opener
      cromakalim (500 nM) to the perfusate caused a maximal vasodilatation in beating
      hearts, i.e. a decrease in CPP of about 50%. Switching from normal perfusate
      (partial pressure of O2 (PO2), 650-700 mmHg) to hypoxic perfusate (PO2, 9-10
      mmHg) caused a similar vasodilatation. Both of these effects were prevented by 2
      microM-glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Hypoxic
      vasodilatation was accompanied by a marked decrease in LVP, which was reduced by
      56 +/- 22% (mean +/- S.D.) in the presence of glibenclamide. 3. In hearts
      arrested by increasing the K+ concentration of the perfusate to 15 mM, the
      addition of the adenosine-uptake inhibitor dipyridamole evoked a maximal
      vasodilatation and this was inhibited by 76 +/- 7% in the presence of
      glibenclamide. 4. The adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; 5 microM)
      inhibited the vasodilatation induced by dipyridamole by 88 +/- 10%. In contrast,
      hypoxic vasodilatation was unaffected by 5 microM 8-PT. This suggests that
      hypoxic dilatation of coronary arteries is not mediated by release of adenosine
      from cardiomyocytes. 5. In order to test whether release of endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor (EDRF) contributed to hypoxic vasodilatation we blocked EDRF
      synthesis with N omega-nitro-L-arginine (NNA). When applied at a perfusion rate
      of 10 ml min-1 to arrested hearts, 10 microM-NNA increased CPP by 35% and
      prolonged the delay between application of hypoxic solution and half-maximal
      vasodilatation from 52 +/- 9 to 129 +/- 29 s. 6. Under control conditions the
      relation between perfusion rate and the CPP measured in the steady state was
      linear. In the presence of 10 microM-NNA coronary resistance was increased more
      than twofold at low perfusion rates; at perfusion rates between 4 and 10 ml min-1
      coronary resistance decreased progressively. This change in the pressure-flow
      relationship may be responsible for the alterations in the time course of hypoxic
      vasodilatation induced by NNA. 7. In order to test whether changes in energy
      metabolism in coronary smooth muscle cells were responsible for hypoxic
      vasodilatation we blocked glycolysis by replacing the glucose in the perfusate
      with deoxyglucose (DOG).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798032
TI  - Nucleus tractus solitarii lesions alter the metabolic and hyperthermic response
      to central prostaglandin E1 in the rat.
AB  - 1. Given that the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) may regulate the ability of
      brown adipose tissue to evoke non-shivering thermogenesis and that brown fat may
      mediate the rise in whole-body metabolism observed following central pyrogen
      administration, we assessed whether interruption of baroreceptor afferents
      coursing though the NTS would interfere with the ability of prostaglandin E1 to
      evoke a normal fever response profile. 2. Infusion of 150-600 ng of prostaglandin
      E1 (PGE1) into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the conscious rat resulted in a
      rise in core temperature, and also an increase in whole-body metabolic rate,
      brown adipose tissue temperature, arterial blood pressure and heart rate. 3.
      Following bilateral electrolytic lesions to the NTS, resting core and brown fat
      temperatures, metabolic rates, blood pressures and heart rates in the NTS
      lesioned animals were comparable to control rats. However, the PGE1-evoked
      increase in metabolic rate, along with the rise in core and brown adipose tissue
      temperatures and heart rate were attenuated. The pressor response was, however,
      enhanced, possibly due to the demonstrated interference by the lesions with
      normal baroreflex control. 4. The findings suggest that the nucleus tractus
      solitarii region of the rats' brain may be important in mediating the
      thermogenesis evoked by central PGE1.

PMID- 1798033
TI  - Neuroeffector characteristics of sweat glands in the human hand activated by
      regular neural stimuli.
AB  - 1. Intraneural electrical stimuli (0.3-1.2 mA, 0.2 ms) were delivered via a
      tungsten microelectrode inserted into a cutaneous fascicle in the median nerve at
      the wrist in twenty-eight normal subjects. The effects on sweat glands within the
      innervation zone were monitored as changes of skin resistance and water vapour
      partial pressure (WVPP). Regional anaesthesia of the brachial plexus in the
      axilla eliminated spontaneous sympathetic activity and reflex effects. 2. At
      stimulation frequencies of 0.1 Hz each stimulus evoked a transient skin
      resistance reduction, the amplitude of which varied initially but reached a
      steady state of less than 10 k omega after, on average, nine responses. If
      preceded by stimulation-free intervals of 5 min or more, up to fifteen stimuli
      were required before the first response occurred. With higher frequencies
      individual responses started to merge, skin resistance levels decreased
      successively and levelled off around 10 Hz. The total change of resistance (0-10
      Hz) was 101 +/- 46 (n = 9) k omega and the higher the pre-stimulus level, the
      larger the reduction (r = 0.68, P less than 0.05). 3. Stimulus-response latencies
      to the onset of a skin resistance reduction (single stimuli or trains of six
      impulses/20 Hz given at 0.1 Hz) shortened initially but reached steady-state
      values after on average nine to twelve impulses. Average conduction velocity
      between stimulating electrode and skin resistance recording site was 0.78 m/s and
      average time for electrical neuroeffector transfer in sweat glands was estimated
      to be 348 ms. 4. In addition to direct stimulation-induced resistance responses
      there were also small spontaneous reductions of resistance. They were seen in all
      subjects and at all frequencies but were more common in some subjects and
      occurred predominantly at the beginning of stimulation or at changes of
      frequency. They occurred independently at two skin sites in the same subject and
      disappeared during stimulation-free periods and after atropine. 5. With train
      stimulation (six impulses/20 Hz) at 0.1 Hz, each train evoked transient increases
      of WVPP of 1 mmHg or less in some subjects (latency around 1.6 s). After
      averaging weak increases were seen also after single stimuli in two subjects.
      Increases of stimulation current or frequency led to slowly developing sustained
      increases of WVPP concomitant with decreases in skin resistance. 6. Responses in
      skin resistance and WVPP to train stimulation at 0.1 Hz were suppressed in a dose
      dependent way by I.V. injections of atropine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798034
TI  - The efficiency of a flight muscle from the locust Schistocerca americana.
AB  - 1. The efficiency of the metathoracic tergosternal muscle of the locust
      Schistocerca americana was examined by simultaneously measuring work output from
      the muscle and oxygen consumption by the muscle. The work output was determined
      using the work-loop technique in which the muscle is subjected to periodic strain
      and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle. The area of the loop formed by
      plotting muscle force against muscle length over a cycle is the net work output
      for that cycle. 2. The tergosternal muscle is a synchronous, parallel-fibred
      muscle containing two motor units with similar contraction kinetics. The average
      twitch rise time (30 degrees C) was 15 ms, the twitch duration (to 50%
      relaxation) was 26 ms, and the peak twitch tension with both units active was 73
      kN m-2. The maximum mechanical power output during sinusoidal shortening at 20 Hz
      with both motor units active and stimulated once per cycle averaged 37 W kg-1. 3.
      The overall efficiency of the tergosternal muscle averaged 6.4% (range 4-10%)
      where efficiency is defined as the ratio of the net work done (20 Hz sinusoidal
      strain, 1 stimulus per cycle, optimum strain amplitude and stimulus phase) to the
      caloric equivalent of the oxygen consumed. The efficiency was independent of the
      duration of the test period (examined range = 10-30 s) and the same when both
      motor units were active as when only one was stimulated. 4. Stimulating the
      muscle with two stimuli per cycle (interstimulus interval = 6 ms) increased the
      work per cycle by about 13% above that with single stimuli per cycle, but the
      muscle fatigued more rapidly and after 15-25 s the power output was less with two
      stimuli per cycle than with one. The efficiency with two stimuli per cycle was
      slightly less than that with one shock per cycle. 5. The oxygen consumption
      during normal work cycles at 20 Hz with optimum stimulus phase and strain was
      greater by about 15% than the oxygen consumption during isometric contractions at
      the same frequency.

PMID- 1798035
TI  - Extracellular alkalinization evoked by GABA and its relationship to activity
      dependent pH shifts in turtle cerebellum.
AB  - 1. The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on extracellular pH (pHo) was
      investigated in the turtle cerebellum, in vitro, using double-barrelled, H(+)
      selective microelectrodes. Responses evoked by GABA were compared with pHo shifts
      evoked by repetitive stimulation of the parallel fibres. 2. In media buffered
      with 35 mM-HCO3- and 5% CO2, superfusion of GABA (1 mM) elicited an abrupt
      alkaline shift in the molecular layer, which averaged 0.05 +/- 0.02 pH units (+/-
      S.D., range 0.02-0.12 pH units). pHo often recovered in the continued presence of
      GABA, and displayed a rebound acidification upon wash-out. 3. The GABA-evoked
      alkaline shift was blocked by picrotoxin and was mimicked by the GABAA agonists
      isoguvacine and muscimol. The GABAB agonist baclofen did not elicit an alkaline
      shift. Alkaline shifts evoked by stimulation of the parallel fibres were
      unaffected by picrotoxin. 4. In nominally HCO3(-)-free solutions, buffered with
      35 mM-HEPES, superfusion of GABA caused either no pHo change or a slow acid
      shift. In contrast, the alkaline shift evoked by stimulation of the parallel
      fibres became enhanced in HEPES-buffered media. 5. The alkaline shift evoked by
      GABA was accompanied by an increase in extracellular K+ ([K+]o) which averaged
      1.7 mM above baseline. Experimental elevation of [K+]o to a comparable level
      always caused a pure acid shift in the extracellular space. 6. The GABA-evoked
      alkaline shift persisted when synaptic transmission was blocked using 4 mM
      kynurenic acid or saline prepared with nominally zero Ca2+ and 10 mM-Mg2+. The
      alkaline shift evoked by repetitive stimulation of the parallel fibres was
      completely abolished in these media. 7. Although the GABA-evoked alkaline shift
      was blocked in nominally HCO3(-)-free media, substitution of 35 mM-formate for
      HCO3- restored the GABA response. Superfusion of 1 mM-GABA in formate saline
      produced an alkaline shift of 0.040 +/- 0.034 pH units. 8. These results indicate
      that gating of GABAA channels in the vertebrate CNS gives rise to an HCO3- efflux
      which can significantly increase the pH of the brain microenvironment. However,
      this mechanism cannot account for the extracellular alkalinization caused by
      parallel fibre stimulation. Extracellular alkaline shifts capable of modulating
      local synaptic operations may therefore be a consequence of either excitatory or
      inhibitory synaptic transmission.

PMID- 1798036
TI  - Effects of different lighting regimes on daily hormonal and behavioural rhythms
      in the pregnant ewe and sheep fetus.
AB  - 1. We have studied the effect of altering the time of darkness during a 12 h
      photoperiod on the diurnal rhythms of maternal and fetal plasma melatonin and
      prolactin concentrations and fetal breathing movements (FBMs) in the late
      pregnant sheep. 2. Four ewes were exposed to a 'normal' 12 h light-12 h dark
      regime with lights off at 19.00 h. Eight ewes were exposed to an 'altered' 12 h
      light-12 h dark regime with lights off at 11.00 h. FBMs were recorded
      continuously and 2 hourly maternal and fetal blood samples taken during 24 h
      experiments between 120 and 138 days gestation. 3. Plasma melatonin
      concentrations were higher during the hours of darkness in the ewes and fetuses
      in both the normal and altered groups; i.e. altering the time of darkness was
      associated with a shift in the timing of the daily increase in melatonin
      concentrations in the mother and fetus. 4. In the fetuses, the mean 24 h plasma
      prolactin concentration was higher in the altered lighting group (28.8 +/- 6.1
      micrograms/l) compared to the normal lighting group (13.0 +/- 3.9 micrograms/l).
      There was no difference, however, between groups in the daily variation of fetal
      plasma prolactin concentrations, which were higher at 17.00-01.00 h than at 05.00
      19.00 h. Thus, altering the time of darkness did not change the timing of the
      daily plasma prolactin rhythm in the fetus. 5. Under the normal lighting regime
      maternal plasma prolactin concentrations were higher at 17.00-19.00 h (i.e. from
      2 h before lights off) than at 09.00-11.00 h. In contrast, under altered
      lighting, plasma prolactin concentrations were higher at 01.00-07.00 h (i.e. 2-8
      h after lights on) than at 09.00 h. 6. In the normal lighting group the incidence
      (min/h) of FBMs were highest at 16.00-21.00 h and reached a minimum at 05.00
      06.00 h. In contrast, in the altered lighting group the incidence of FBMs was
      lowest at 19.00-20.00 h and reached a maximum at 11.00-12.00 h. 7. The results
      suggest that the light-dark cycle influences the diurnal modulation of FBMs, but
      not the daily variation of fetal plasma prolactin concentrations. The role of
      plasma melatonin concentrations, and evidence for a photo-inducible phase of
      increased prolactin secretion in the fetus, is discussed.

PMID- 1798037
TI  - Human peripheral spatial resolution for achromatic and chromatic stimuli: limits
      imposed by optical and retinal factors.
AB  - 1. The aim of this study was to determine whether optical, receptoral or higher
      order neural properties limit spatial resolution (acuity) in human vision,
      especially in the peripheral regions of the visual field. 2. Both achromatic and
      chromatic stimuli were used, and measures were taken to ensure that the
      resolution estimates were not contaminated by the detection of spatial sampling
      artifacts. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions were measured at retinal
      locations from 0 to 55 deg along the naso-temporal meridian for: (i)
      discriminating the direction of drift of luminance-modulated (black-white)
      sinusoidal stimuli drifting at 8 Hz (achromatic task); and (ii) for detecting
      isoluminant red-green sinusoidal stimuli drifting at 0.4 Hz (chromatic task).
      Achromatic contrast sensitivity functions were also measured along the vertical
      meridian for eccentricities of 8 and 40 deg. Each achromatic function was
      extrapolated to a contrast sensitivity of one (100% contrast) to estimate
      achromatic acuity. Chromatic acuities were obtained by expressing chromatic
      contrast in terms of cone contrasts and using the same method of extrapolation.
      We compared the results with recent data on human optical properties and retinal
      anatomy. 3. Both achromatic and chromatic acuity decline with distance from the
      fovea, but at a faster rate than that dictated by the known optical and/or
      receptoral properties of the human eye. We conclude that, for stimuli of either
      achromatic or chromatic contrast, peripheral spatial resolution is limited by
      post-receptoral mechanisms. Also, chromatic acuity declines more steeply than
      luminance acuity with eccentricity suggesting that there are additional post
      receptoral limitations on colour resolution in the periphery. 4. A clear naso
      temporal asymmetry is seen in the resolution whose dependence is qualitatively,
      but not quantitatively, similar to the Nyquist limits imposed by the asymmetric
      density of human retinal ganglion cells. We discuss the possibility that in
      peripheral vision (beyond the optic nerve head) the spacing of ganglion cells may
      pose a fundamental limit on the resolution of achromatic stimuli, but not
      chromatic stimuli.

PMID- 1798038
TI  - Breathing during prolonged exercise in humans.
AB  - 1. Six normal subjects cycled to endurance or for 60 min at four work rates (WR 1
      4): mean of 34% working capacity (93 watts for 60 min); 43% (120 watts for 56
      min); 63% (177 watts for 37 min); and 84% (233 watts for 12 min), to determine
      how breathing pattern and dyspnoea change during prolonged activity. Four to six
      minutes were allowed to establish steady state and subsequent changes were
      considered to be endurance related. 2. Dyspnoea (Borg scale, 0-10) increased with
      the duration of activity at all work rates. 3. Ventilation (VE) did not change at
      WR1; increased from 44 to 47 l min-1 at WR2; from 60 to 88 l min-1 at WR3; and
      from 111 to 132 l min-1 at WR4. Dyspnoea was significantly and independently
      related to ventilation and duration of activity: dyspnoea = 0.004 VE1.36 time
      0.25 (r = 0.81; partial F 202 and 26 respectively). 4. Inspiratory resistance did
      not increase at any work rate. Dynamic elastance remained constant during WR1,
      WR2 and WR3 but increased from 7.4 to 9.1 cmH2O l-1 during WR4. 5. Peak
      inspiratory pressure did not increase, and the increase in VE was accomplished by
      an increased breathing frequency without change in duty cycle. 6. Duration of
      activity is an important contributor to dyspnoea independent of changes in
      respiratory muscle contractile activity.

PMID- 1798039
TI  - The distribution of static gamma-axons in the tenuissimus muscle of the cat.
AB  - 1. The distribution of static gamma-axons within and among muscle spindles of the
      tenuissimus muscle has been studied in the anaesthetized cat, on the basis of the
      effects on the responses of primary endings when bag2 or chain fibres or both are
      activated by static gamma-stimulation. 2. Locations of spindles were marked for
      subsequent histological analysis using teased, silver-impregnated preparations.
      3. Static effects were classified into: (i) biassing; (ii) driving; or (iii)
      indeterminate categories. 4. Critical correlations established that the biassing
      type was produced by bag2 activity, either alone or in combination with chain
      fibres, whereas the driving type was produced by chain fibres active alone.
      Indirect evidence suggested that indeterminate effects were produced by bag2 and
      chain fibres active together. 5. The static gamma-axons showed some differential
      distribution according to their conduction velocities: faster-conducting axons
      were likely to be more widely distributed among spindles but less likely to
      innervate chain fibres alone than were more slowly conducting axons. 6. The
      results are discussed in terms of their possible functional and developmental
      significance.

PMID- 1798040
TI  - The effect of naloxone on spinal reflexes to electrical and mechanical stimuli in
      the anaesthetized, spinalized rat.
AB  - 1. Previous studies of the effects of naloxone on spinal neural responses have
      yielded disparate results. The reasons for this remain unclear but may relate to
      the diversity of animal preparations used, the route of administration of
      naloxone, the site and modality of the stimuli and the intensity of afferent
      input used. 2. A model requiring little preparative surgery compared to most
      other electrophysiological preparations has now been used to investigate the
      effects of naloxone (1, 10, 20 and 50 micrograms kg-1 I.V.) on single-motor-unit
      flexion reflex responses to alternating mechanical and electrical stimuli in
      spinalized rats, anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose. 3. Naloxone caused a dose
      dependent facilitation of reflex responses to electrical stimuli delivered at
      intensities sufficient to activate either A fibres alone or A and C fibre
      afferents together. The component of the responses presumed to be due primarily
      to activation of C fibres was enhanced relatively more than the A fibre
      component. 4. Responses evoked during high-intensity mechanical pinch stimuli
      were not facilitated by equivalent doses of naloxone. The post-stimulus after
      discharge was, however, enhanced by a similar percentage to the response to high
      intensity electrical stimuli. 5. Lowering the intensity of the mechanical
      stimulus led to a diminished firing rate of the units during the stimulus itself.
      The stimulus was, nevertheless, still noxious. Naloxone was found to have a
      facilitatory effect on this smaller evoked response both during the pinch
      stimulus and during the period of after-discharge. The apparent lack of effect of
      naloxone during the higher intensity mechanical stimulus may be due to neurones
      in the polysynaptic pathway being activated at near-maximal firing rates. 6. We
      conclude that the ability of naloxone to facilitate spinal reflexes is not
      dependent on the nature of the stimulus, at least between electrical and
      mechanical stimuli, but is more a function of the intensity of the applied
      stimulus.

PMID- 1798041
TI  - Multiple actions of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on contractile activation in frog
      twitch fibres.
AB  - 1. The effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on various steps in the
      excitation-contraction coupling sequence, including action potential, charge
      movement and twitch tension, were studied in twitch fibres of Rana temporaria. 2.
      The resting potential of intact fibres in whole muscle bathed in 20 mM-BDM was
      the same as control. The resting potential also remained stable after more than
      100 min in 20 mM-BDM. 3. The action potential was measured in intact fibres of
      fibre bundles with an intracellular microelectrode. Applications of 5 and 7.5 mM
      BDM had no effect on its amplitude, whereas 10 and 20 mM suppressed its amplitude
      by about 4 and 10%, respectively. Increasing concentrations of BDM prolonged the
      half-width and elevated the after-potential of the action potential
      progressively. The action potential was also measured in cut fibres mounted in a
      double Vaseline-gap chamber. Results were similar to those in intact fibres. 4.
      Charge movement was measured in intact fibres of halved muscles with the three
      microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. The steady-state Q-V plot of the total
      charge measured in isotonic tetraethylammonium (TEA) Ringer solution with 20 mM
      BDM appeared to be shifted about 10 mV in the depolarizing direction and to be
      slightly more shallow when compared with the control Q-V plot measured in
      hypertonic TEA Ringer solution with 350 mM-sucrose. After allowing for the
      voltage shift, 20 mM-BDM did not appear to affect the kinetics of both components
      of charge movement, but suppressed the maximum amount of total charge by about
      one-quarter. 5. Charge movement was also measured in cut fibres with the double
      Vaseline-gap voltage-clamp technique. In the presence of 20 mM-BDM, charge
      movement traces resembled those from intact fibres. Twenty millimolar BDM
      suppressed the maximum amount of total charge by about one-quarter, as in intact
      fibres. The steady-state Q-V plots from cut fibres were separated into Q beta
      (early current) and Q gamma (late hump current) components by least-squares
      fitting with a sum of two Boltzmann distribution functions. On average, 20 mM-BDM
      suppressed Q beta and Q gamma in roughly equal proportion, but did not affect the
      individual voltage distributions of Q beta and Q gamma. 6. Twitch tension was
      measured in single intact fibres stimulated extracellularly. BDM effectively
      reduced the peak amplitude, the time-to-peak and the half-width of twitch
      tension. The interaction of BDM with receptors appeared to follow more or less a
      simple 1:1 binding in fibres stretched to sarcomere lengths of about 3.6
      microns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798042
TI  - Action of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on calcium signals in frog cut twitch fibres
      containing antipyrylazo III.
AB  - 1. The effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on the optical retardation and
      myoplasmic Ca2+ signal were studied in twitch fibres of Rana temporaria. The
      myoplasmic Ca2+ transient in response to action potential stimulation was
      monitored in cut fibres containing Antipyrylazo III under current clamp in a
      double Vaseline-gap chamber. 2. In fibres not stretched adequately to suppress
      all the contraction, BDM blocked the movement-related intrinsic optical signal at
      810 nm very effectively. 3. In fibres stretched to sarcomere lengths greater than
      or equal to 4 microns to reduce the contraction to below detectable levels, the
      effect of BDM on the Ca(2+)-Antipyrylazo III signal was studied after correcting
      for the instrinsic signal unrelated to movement. With increasing concentrations
      of BDM, the peak of the Ca(2+)-Antipyrylazo III signal was suppressed
      progressively. Concomitantly, the half-width was prolonged somewhat. On average,
      5, 10 and 20 mM-BDM reduced the peak amplitude to 88, 78 and 54% of control,
      respectively. 4. BDM had no effect on the rising phase or the peak amplitude of
      the retardation signal measured at 720 nm, but suppressed the undershoot in the
      decay phase of the signal in a dose-dependent manner. BDM also had no effect on
      the late pedestal level of the signal. 5. During repetitive stimulation by a
      train of ten action potentials, 10 mM-BDM suppressed the second to the tenth
      peaks of the Ca2+ signal and of the retardation signal more effectively than the
      first peak. Twenty millimolar BDM almost completely suppressed the later peaks of
      both signals such that the signals decayed with a time course similar to that
      elicited by a single action potential. 6. The effect of BDM on the Ca(2+)
      Antipyrylazo III signal was also studied in fibres under voltage clamp; 10 mM-BDM
      lowered the threshold for the Ca(2+)-Antipyrylazo III transient by a few
      millivolts and reduced the steepness of the peak amplitude versus voltage plot
      near threshold. 7. Based on a model used by Baylor, Chandler & Marshall (1983) to
      estimate the net Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, 10 and 20 mM-BDM
      were found to reduce the peak release to 75 and 52%, to prolong the half-width of
      the release waveform to 118 and 147%, and to reduce the peak uptake to 76 and 54%
      of control values, respectively. 8. It is concluded that BDM affects the optical
      retardation and myoplasmic Ca2+ signal monitored with Antipyrylazo III in a dose
      dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798043
TI  - The flow of human blood through capillary tubes.
AB  - 1. The current interpretation of in vivo blood flow is mainly based on the Hagen
      Poiseuille equation, although blood is not a Newtonian fluid. In this paper,
      experimental pressure-flow curves of blood are explained on the basis that the
      viscosity of the blood is the sum of two components, a Newtonian viscosity term,
      N, and an anomalous viscosity term equal to A/(B + D), where A and B are
      constants, and D the shear rate. 2. To a first approximation, blood flow in
      capillary tubes, comparable to that in vivo, can be deduced if the applied
      pressure in Poiseuille's equation is reduced by an effective back-pressure, p,
      equal to 8Al/3R, where l is the length of the capillary tube, and R its radius.
      3. The theory explains the progressive change, from a parabolic velocity profile
      in large vessels, to a flattened profile in small vessels, as observed in vivo.
      4. Experimental evidence is given that p is proportional to the length, and
      increases with decrease of R. The effect of the anomalous viscosity coefficient A
      was studied by varying the haematocrit, fibrinogen level, erythrocyte flexibility
      and temperature. 5. As the tube bore is decreased, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect
      decreases N, but this is offset by an increase of the anomalous component, A.
      This results, at lower pressures, in an increase of the effective blood viscosity
      in small vessels and of the peripheral resistance, and, at higher pressures, in a
      decrease of the effective blood viscosity. 5. Blood flow is proportional to the
      radius to the power n, where n is a variable that increases with increase of A
      and decrease of the applied pressure.

PMID- 1798044
TI  - Independent digit control: failure to partition perceived heaviness of weights
      lifted by digits of the human hand.
AB  - 1. A weight-matching task was used to investigate the ability to estimate
      heaviness when weight lifting was isolated to the extrinsic flexor muscles (or
      portions thereof) that act on the digits of the hand. 2. Subjects matched a
      reference weight (200 g) lifted by a digit on the right with a variable weight
      lifted by the left thumb; a concurrent weight was simultaneously lifted by a
      digit on the right (reference) side. The reference and concurrent weights were
      lifted either by the same muscle (digital portions of flexor digitorum
      profundus), or anatomically separate but functionally related muscles (flexor
      digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus). Anaesthesia of the radial nerve
      and/or posturing of the hand was used to eliminate any small forces generated by
      co-contraction of the extensor muscles of the digits. 3. When the concurrent
      weight was equal to or greater than the reference weight, the perceived heaviness
      of the reference weight increased significantly from control trials (in which no
      concurrent weight was lifted). Although perceived heaviness of the reference
      weight increased progressively as the concurrent weight increased,
      reproducibility (expressed as the coefficient of variation) did not deteriorate
      when a weight was lifted concurrently. These findings were qualitatively similar
      when the reference and concurrent weights were lifted by two digital portions of
      flexor digitorum profundus or when the weights were lifted by flexion of the
      thumb and index finger. Also, anaesthesia of the digits which lifted the
      reference and concurrent weights did not alter the changes in perceived
      heaviness. 4. Perceived heaviness of the reference weight lifted by flexor
      digitorum profundus did not change when subjects lifted the concurrent weight
      with a remote muscle group (ankle dorsiflexors). 5. This study shows that signals
      of heaviness are systematically overestimated whenever more than one portion of
      the extrinsic muscles which flex the different digits are simultaneously active.
      Given that estimates of heaviness are biased by the central motor command, one
      explanation is that when the total motor drive increases, the central nervous
      system is unable to partition precisely the destination of motor commands to
      functionally related 'muscles'.

PMID- 1798046
TI  - Optical mapping of the early development of the response pattern to vagal
      stimulation in embryonic chick brain stem.
AB  - 1. In both intact and slice preparations of vagus-brain stem isolated from 3- to
      8-day-old chick embryos, the spatial pattern of neural responses to vagal
      stimulation and its development were assessed by means of multiple-site optical
      recording of electrical activity, using a voltage-sensitive merocyanine-rhodanine
      dye (NK2761) and a 12 x 12-element photodiode array. 2. The first neural
      responses, viz. fast optical signals (related to the action potential), were
      recorded in the 4-day-old brain stem preparation, and slow optical signals
      (related to excitatory postsynaptic potentials) were detected from late 7- and 8
      day-old brain stem preparations. 3. The evoked optical signals appeared to be
      concentrated longitudinally in the central region of the stimulated side of the
      intact brain stem preparation and in a limited dorsal area in the slice
      preparation. The signal size gradually increased and the response area expanded
      as development proceeded. 4. Based on the above results, we have constructed
      developmental maps of the spatial patterns of the fast and slow optical
      responses. In the maps, the positions of the peak-size regions of the fast and
      slow signals were assessed and we have found that there were differences in the
      location of these areas for the fast vs. the slow signals in the late 7- and 8
      day-old embryonic brain stem preparations. 5. In the maps for the late 7- and 8
      day-old embryonic brain stems, the fast signal response area seems to correspond
      to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the slow response area to the
      nucleus tractus solitarii.

PMID- 1798045
TI  - Force response to rapid length change during contraction and rigor in skinned
      smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli.
AB  - 1. Mechanical transients in fibre bundles of skinned smooth muscle of guinea-pig
      taenia coli at 21-22 degrees C were investigated by recording tension responses
      to length changes of up to 9%, complete within 0.3 ms. 2. The length-force
      relationship, recorded continuously during rapid stretch of a Ca(2+)-activated
      contracted muscle, was linear up to at least 2.5 times the isometric force,
      corresponding to a stretch of about 1%. The slope of the relationship (stiffness)
      increased with the velocity of stretch. 3. During rapid release (about 120 muscle
      lengths s-1) the length-force relationship was linear down to about 50% of the
      initial isometric force, reached at about 80 microseconds after the beginning of
      the release. At lower force the length-force relationship was concave upwards.
      The linear portion extrapolated to zero force at about -0.008 muscle lengths. In
      large releases the length-force plot approached the force baseline under an acute
      angle, and negative force was transiently exerted. 4. When the muscle was
      stretched back to the initial length after a shortening step, force transiently
      rose above the isometric force, but decayed back within a few milliseconds.
      Stiffness at the time of restretch was compared with that in the initial
      shortening step by plotting force vs. length, and was found to be decreased to
      63% within 0.3 ms of a step to zero force. Stiffness decreased further with time
      at zero force, and after 256 ms was about 29% of the isometric value. 5. In
      rigor, caused by the introduction of ATP-free solution during the plateau of
      isometric contraction, fibre tension decreased to about 30% of the active
      tension, whereas stiffness relative to force increased; 82% of the initial
      stiffness in rigor was detected in a restretch immediately after a shortening
      step, decreasing to 59% at 256 ms. When the fibre was activated at suboptimal
      [Ca2+] to cause the same force as in rigor, stiffness was lower than in rigor and
      decreased more after a release. 6. After completion of a release-stretch cycle,
      stiffness was rapidly restored to the same value as in isometric contraction.
      Test stretches at different points in time after completion of the cycle revealed
      that most of the stiffness had been restored within 1 ms of the restretch,
      occurring concomitantly with a decay in force.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798047
TI  - Attenuation of exercise vasodilatation by adenosine deaminase in anaesthetized
      dogs.
AB  - 1. In dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone and artificially ventilated,
      the gracilis muscles were vascularly isolated and perfused at a constant flow of
      28.4 +/- 4.6 ml min-1 (100 g muscle tissue)-1 (99.8 +/- 4.5% of maximum free
      flow, means +/- standard error of the mean (S.E.M.), n = 9). 2. Three to five
      minutes of electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral end of the obturator
      nerve (4 Hz, 6 V, 0.2 ms) resulted in muscle contraction (0.61 +/- 0.14 kg (100
      g)-1 during solvent infusion and 0.56 +/- 0.10 kg (100 g)-1 during intra-arterial
      adenosine deaminase infusion (50 U min-1) and an immediate decrease in arterial
      perfusion pressure from 184.5 +/- 8.1 mmHg to 148.2 +/- 5.7 mmHg (18.7 +/- 3.4%
      decrease) during solvent infusion, and from 193.5 +/- 7.16 to 142.0 +/- 10.2 mmHg
      (25.4 +/- 6.1% decrease) during adenosine deaminase infusion 10 s after the
      commencement of muscle stimulation. After about 5 min of muscle contractions, the
      arterial perfusion pressure decreased to 120.8 +/- 7.8 mmHg (32.9 +/- 5.8%
      decrease) during solvent infusion, and to 152.8 +/- 11.2 mmHg (20.9 +/- 5.3%
      decrease) during adenosine deaminase infusion (i.e. 37.9 +/- 6.2% attenuation of
      the fall in arterial perfusion pressure). The time taken for 90% recovery of the
      arterial perfusion pressure was 72.1 +/- 10.9 s during solvent infusion, and 51.5
      +/- 9.3 s during adenosine deaminase infusion (P less than 0.05). 3. Adenosine (2
      x 10(-3) mol l-1) infusion in the resting muscle during solvent infusion (final
      concentration in arterial blood 1.3 x 10(-4) +/- 6.0 x 10(-5) mol l-1) resulted
      in a 34.8 +/- 7.2% fall in arterial perfusion pressure but a fall of only 7.2 +/-
      1.8% during adenosine deaminase infusion (50 U min-1; P less than 0.05; n = 5)
      indicating that adenosine deaminase infused at 50 U min-1 was more than adequate
      to metabolize endogenous adenosine produced during muscle contractions. 4. These
      data suggest that adenosine contributes about 40% to the sustained-exercise
      vasodilatation under constant high-flow conditions and also in post-exercise
      vasodilatation, but does not contribute to the initiation of exercise
      vasodilatation.

PMID- 1798048
TI  - Muscarinic receptor hyperpolarizes cochlear hair cells of chick by activating
      Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels.
AB  - 1. Electrical responses to extracellularly applied acetylcholine (ACh) and to
      intracellularly introduced substances were studied in isolated short and tall
      hair cells from the chick cochlear organ by a whole-cell voltage clamp technique
      using a patch electrode. These cells were isolated without using proteolytic
      enzymes. 2. Short hair cells generated a transient outward current at -50 mV in
      normal saline in response to puff-applied 100 microM-ACh, when the patch
      electrode was filled with a 160 mM-K+ and 100 microM-EGTA-based intracellular
      medium. The amplitude was 317.1 +/- 97.1 pA (n = 32). When ACh was applied
      ionophoretically, the outward current was generated with a delay of about 10 ms.
      3. The amplitude of ACh-induced current was dose dependent with a KD of 19 microM
      and a Hill coefficient of 1.6 when measured at -50 mV. 4. The ACh (100 microM)
      induced current was suppressed by 1 microM-atropine. ACh-induced current was
      generated in a Ca(2+)-free extracellular medium; however, the second ACh puff in
      the Ca(2+)-free medium generated a much reduced response. ACh-induced current was
      suppressed reversibly by 100 microM-quinine. 5. Intracellular injections of
      guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
      (IP3) or Ca2+ (1 microM) via the patch pipette activated outward currents at -50
      mV. 6. When the internal medium with strong Ca(2+)-buffering capacity (5 mM-EGTA)
      was used, the ACh-induced current was reduced to 39.3 +/- 6.8 pA (n = 4) at -50
      mV (12.3% of the response in the low-EGTA medium). 7. The reversal potential of
      the ACh-induced current was -85.7 +/- 4.2 mV (n = 3) in normal saline containing
      5 mM-K+. The reversal potential was dependent on the extracellular K+
      concentration ([K+]o) and was shifted 57 mV by a 10-fold increase in [K+]o at
      room temperature (20-25 degrees C). 8. These results (points 4-7) indicate that
      ACh induces a K+ conductance by releasing Ca2+ intracellularly, probably by
      activating the pathway of muscarine receptor, G-protein and IP3. 9. Channel
      activities were recorded using cell-attached patch electrodes. Channel activities
      were rarely observed when ACh was applied to the extra-patch membrane, while
      robust channel activities were observed when ACh was included in the patch
      pipette medium. It is therefore suggested that Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels exist
      in the membrane in close vicinity to muscarinic receptor molecules and
      intracellular Ca2+ release sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798049
TI  - Properties of ionic currents induced by external ATP in a mouse mesodermal stem
      cell line.
AB  - 1. ATP was puff applied to cells of a mesodermal stem cell line, C3H10T1/2, and
      the responses were studied by whole-cell patch clamp recording. 2. In 91% of the
      cells (90/99), K+ current lasting for tens of seconds was observed after several
      seconds latency. The current showed outward rectification. In 10% of the cells
      (9/99), ATP induced Cl- current which also lasted for tens of seconds after
      several seconds latency, but showed little rectification. In 6% of these cells
      (5/99), both K+ and Cl- currents were induced by ATP. 3. The K+ current induced
      by ATP was dose dependent, with a Kd of 0.4 microM. The effects of ATP analogues
      were tested at a concentration of 20 microM. ADP and ATP-gamma-S induced the K+
      current, while AMP and adenosine did not. alpha, beta-Methylene ATP produced a
      diminished K+ current. 4. The ATP-induced K+ current was not observed when EGTA
      in the internal solution was raised from 0.1 to 5 mM. In Fluo-3-loaded cells, an
      increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by the application of ATP
      was observed, and the time course was similar to the induced K+ current. Both the
      increase in intracellular Ca2+ and the K+ current were induced by ATP even in
      Ca(2+)-free external solution. Ryanodine (50 microM) in the external solution did
      not affect the ATP response, and application of 10 mM-caffeine alone to the
      external solution did not induce any response. 5. The variance of the steady
      state fluctuations in the course of the ATP-induced slow K+ current was analysed.
      The single-channel conductance was estimated as 2.7 pS at 0 mV with external and
      internal K+ concentrations of 5 and 140 mM respectively. The K+ current was not
      affected by apamin at concentrations of up to 1 microM but was reduced to one
      third by 140 mM-tetraethylammonium (TEA). 6. It was concluded that puff-applied
      ATP has two main effects in the mesodermal stem cells: an increase in the
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration and a succeeding hyperpolarization due to the
      Ca(2+)-activated K+ conductance which is present in this cell. The significance
      of the increase in intracellular Ca2+ caused by ATP is discussed.

PMID- 1798050
TI  - Comparison of initial stages of muscle differentiation in rat and mouse
      myoblastic and mouse mesodermal stem cell lines.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological and immunohistochemical properties during the early
      stages of muscle differentiation were studied in two myoblastic cell lines, mouse
      C2C12 and rat L6, and compared to those in myogenic clonal cells derived from the
      mouse mesodermal stem cell line C3H10T1/2, studied in the preceding paper. 2.
      Mouse C2C12 cells were induced to differentiate to muscle by changing from 10%
      fetal calf serum to 2% horse serum in the medium. Most of the C2C12 cells before
      serum reduction showed ATP-induced slow K+ current. Twelve per cent showed inward
      rectifier K+ current. They expressed fibronectin and Neural Cell Adhesion
      Molecule (NCAM). Small spindle-shaped cells at an early stage of muscle
      differentiation began to appear 24 h after serum reduction. In contrast to cells
      before serum reduction, only 13% of these spindle-shaped cells showed an ATP
      response. Most showed tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant Na+ current and outward K+
      current. Thirty-eight per cent had inward rectifier K+ current. They expressed
      NCAM but not fibronectin. The T-type Ca2+ current was not observed up to the
      latest stage of differentiation investigated. 3. Rat L6 cells in maintaining
      culture medium showed only infrequent ATP responses, but already showed TTX
      resistant Na+ current. No clear T-type Ca2+, inward rectifier K+ or outward K+
      currents were observed. About one-third of the cells did not express fibronectin.
      From these results, L6 cells appear to be at a stage near to but slightly earlier
      than that of C2C12 cells after serum reduction. 4. The properties of the early
      stages of muscle differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells, such as the disappearance of
      ATP-induced K+ current and fibronectin, and the appearance of NCAM, were also
      seen in C2C12 and L6. However, T-type Ca2+ and inward K+ currents, which were
      found in the initial stages of C3H10T1/2 muscle differentiation, were not clearly
      observed in C2C12 and L6. Instead, C2C12 and L6 showed a TTX-resistant Na+
      current which was never observed in C3H10T1/2 cells. 5. The properties of the TTX
      resistant Na+ current were investigated. In L6 cells, it was reduced to 60% by 1
      microM-TTX. It could be evoked by depolarizations to a level above -50 mV with a
      maximum amplitude at around -15 mV. Steady-state inactivation was detectable with
      pre-pulses to -100 mV for 100 ms and reached half at pre-pulses of -78 mV. These
      parameters of inactivation are clearly different from those of the TTX-sensitive
      Na+ current observed in C3H10T1/2-derived mature muscle cells in the preceding
      paper.

PMID- 1798051
TI  - Development of respiratory chemoreflexes in response to alternations of
      fractional inspired oxygen in the newborn infant.
AB  - 1. We studied the reflex respiratory response to breath-by-breath alternations of
      fractional inspired oxygen (FI,O2) in full-term human infants delivered either
      vaginally or by caesarian section at 3-10 h (n = 6), 12-24 h (n = 12), 24-48 h (n
      = 18), 3-4 days (n = 21) and 5-8 days (n = 7) postnatally. 2. Respiration was
      measured by inductance plethysmography (Respitrace) and respiratory variables for
      each breath were calculated on-line by a microcomputer. Test runs (with
      alternations of FI,O2 between 0.21 and 0.16) and control runs (with an FI,O2 of
      0.21) of 50-100 breaths were carried out during quiet sleep. For each respiratory
      variable the magnitude of the reflex breath-by-breath alternation was compared
      between control and test runs. 3. There was little respiratory response during
      control runs at any postnatal age. However, there was a significantly greater
      response to test runs in all infants studied and at all ages. 4. There were no
      significant differences in the degree of alternation during test runs between
      infants of similar postnatal ages delivered by caesarean section and those born
      vaginally. 5. In all infants the magnitude of the respiratory response increased
      with postnatal age, presumably reflecting postnatal increases in the hypoxic
      sensitivity of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. 6. The results indicate
      that in human infants the alternate breath method can be used to detect
      developmental changes in peripheral chemoreflexes between birth and postnatal day
      8.

PMID- 1798052
TI  - Rapid resetting of human baroreflex working range: insights from sympathetic
      recordings during acute hypoglycaemia.
AB  - 1. Human muscle nerve sympathetic activity (MSA), which is governed by
      baroreflexes and involved in blood pressure homeostasis, is increased during
      acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. 2. To elucidate the detailed relationship
      between MSA and blood pressure during hypoglycaemia, 0.15 i.u. (kg body weight)-1
      regular human insulin was given intravenously to eight fasting, healthy
      volunteers. Microneurographic recording of MSA in the peroneal nerve was made
      with simultaneous monitoring of arterial blood pressure by a finger cuff
      (Finapres). The course of MSA and blood pressure was monitored for 30 min before
      and 60 min after insulin injection. In three subjects control recording without
      insulin injection was made for the same duration. 3. Stimulus-response regression
      lines were constructed by plotting diastolic blood pressure against the
      occurrence frequency of MSA for the period of initial rest, the period of maximal
      MSA outflow during hypoglycaemia and the period of glucose counter-regulation.
      The control experiments were analysed for the corresponding periods. 4. The
      stimulus-response line was stable throughout the control experiments, whereas it
      was shifted either to the left or to the right during hypoglycaemia, and
      regularly shifted to the left (i.e. towards a lower blood pressure) during
      glucose counter-regulation, without change of slope. 5. It is concluded that the
      changes in MSA during acute hypoglycaemia are not secondary to baroreflex
      regulation but instead are characterized by acute resetting of the baroreflex
      working range without change of sensitivity.

PMID- 1798053
TI  - Biosynthesis and release of tachykinins from rat sensory neurons in culture.
AB  - A long-term culture system of dissociated rat dorsal root (DRG) and trigeminal
      ganglion cells with high cell density has been developed. Two to 3 weeks after
      plating, the cultures consist of a nearly pure population of sensory neurons,
      which can be kept for more than 2 months in culture. Cultured neurons synthesize
      and release the tachykinins substance P (SP) and substance K (SK, neurokinin A)
      with a time course similar to that observed in vivo. High-pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) analysis of peptides extracted from neuronal cultures and
      synthetic tachykinins revealed identical retention characteristics. Northern blot
      analysis of mRNAs from cultured cells with a specific tachykinin-probe
      demonstrated that the preprotachykinin-gene is expressed in preparations of both
      DRG and trigeminal ganglia cells. Depolarizing stimuli such as high potassium (47
      mM) evoked a peptide release from cultured neurons in a strictly Ca(++)-dependent
      manner. Capsaicin, a compound known to stimulate nociceptive sensory neurons,
      dose-dependently released tachykinins in concentrations as low as 10(-9) M. Only
      total absence of Ca++ ions from the incubation medium abolished the capsaicin
      induced peptide release. Nifedipine, a blocker of voltage-dependent L-type Ca++
      channels, completely blocked the potassium-induced release of SP but did not
      reduce the capsaicin-evoked release. Mediator substances of pain and
      inflammation, such as bradykinin, serotonin, and histamine, triggered the release
      of tachykinins from sensory neurons in vitro. These results clearly demonstrate
      that the neurons characterized express properties similar to those of sensory
      neurons in vivo and provide model systems for detailed studies of the
      biosynthesis and release of neuropeptides as well as the participation of sensory
      neurons in pain and inflammatory reactions.

PMID- 1798054
TI  - Compliance of hippocampal neurons to patterned substrate networks.
AB  - Neuronal growth can be controlled in vitro by plating cells at low density and by
      differential adhesion between the cell and substrate. Primary cultures of rat
      hippocampal neurons were grown in serum-free culture on polylysine-coated glass
      coverslips patterned by selective laser ablation so as to leave grids of
      polylysine with varying linewidths (3, 5, and 10 microns), intersection distance
      (80, 120, and 160 microns), and nodal (intersection) diameter (5, 10, and 20
      microns). Not only did somae strongly prefer the unablated polylysine areas, but
      they also migrated to loci where the local area of unablated polylysine was
      higher. These loci were the nodes, as opposed to the narrow connecting paths, and
      larger nodes, as compared with smaller nodes. Maximum migration to nodes of 88%
      occurred for a combination of 5-microns path width, 20-microns node diameter, and
      80-microns path length. Daily observations indicated active migration to larger
      adhesive areas, which explains the differential compliance.

PMID- 1798055
TI  - Studies of glial lineage and proliferation in vitro using an early marker for
      committed oligodendrocytes.
AB  - The potential of immature glial cells to differentiate into astrocytes (ASs) or
      oligodendrocytes (OLs) has been examined using a monoclonal antibody (007) that
      is specific for OLs in vivo. Cells were dissociated from 2-day postnatal mouse
      cortex and labeled with the 007 antibody 2 hr after plating. The cells which were
      labeled during this single, brief exposure to the antibody retained the antibody
      on their surfaces over the course of the experiments. Cells were double stained
      at various timepoints for residual 007 antibody and either galactocerebroside
      (GC) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Shortly after plating, most 007+
      cells were GC- and none expressed GFAP. These cells were round, although some had
      begun to extend very short processes. After 96 hr, greater than 95% of cells with
      residual 007 on their surfaces also expressed GC. By this time, all the 007+
      cells had several processes of varying lengths extending from their cell bodies.
      Cells expressing both 007 and GFAP were never seen. The 007+/GC+ OLs were not
      induced to differentiate from 007+ bipotential progenitors since they were grown
      in fetal calf serum. These results show that under our culture conditions the 007
      antibody is OL specific. Immunostaining for bromodeoxyuridine, a marker for
      dividing cells, revealed that some 007+ cells were proliferating. The majority of
      these proliferating cells had already extended three or more processes. We
      therefore conclude that immature, process-bearing cells can be committed to the
      OL lineage at times before they express detectable amounts of GC. Since these
      young 007+ OLs are actively proliferating, committed cells can serve as an
      important source of new OLs.

PMID- 1798056
TI  - Regulation of neuronal differentiation in neuron-enriched primary cultures from
      embryonic rat cerebra by platelet activating factor and the structurally related
      glycerol ether lipid, dodecylglycerol.
AB  - Primary cultures enriched in neurons dissociated from embryonic rat cerebra were
      used to demonstrate that platelet activating factor and the structurally related
      ether glycerolipid, dodecylglycerol, are readily taken up in small amounts by
      neurons and that they stimulate the differentiation of neurons. The stimulation
      of neuronal differentiation was observed as a precocious development of axon-like
      extensions which correlated with a concentration-dependent increase in neuronal
      specific enzyme activities. This stimulation of morphological and neurochemical
      factors by either platelet activating factor or dodecylglycerol was almost
      completely abolished by triazolam, a known inhibitor of platelet activating
      factor function. Neither platelet activating factor nor dodecylglycerol at the
      concentrations used to achieve stimulation of neuronal differentiation
      compromised the plasma membrane, as indicated by the lack of leakage of
      cytoplasmic lactic acid dehydrogenase.

PMID- 1798057
TI  - Brain cysteine proteinase inhibitors II: evidence that a 21-kDa papain-binding
      component resembles ras p21.
AB  - A 21-kDa protein extracted from rat or bovine brain at high pH was purified on
      alkylated-papain and shown to have dual ras-like and cysteine proteinase
      inhibitory (CPI) properties. This was demonstrated by its GTP-binding activity,
      cross-reactivity toward pan-reactive ras p21 monoclonal antibody, and inhibition
      of papain. The material eluted earlier than cystatins or kininogens on the
      alkylated papain-affinity column and was devoid of other CPIs based on immunoblot
      analysis. In a second procedure, ras p21s isolated from rat or bovine brain
      membranes by cholate extraction and purified by gel-permeation and hydrophobic
      interaction were shown to act also as potent CPIs, inhibiting rat brain cathepsin
      L, papain, or rat brain cathepsin B with Ki values of 3, 11, and 167 nM,
      respectively. This component cross-reacted with the monospecific anti-ras, but
      not with other anti-CPIs, and represented 3-4% of total GTP binding present in
      homogenates. The specific activity of the purified 21 kDa component was 4.7 nmol
      GTP-gamma-S bound per mg protein. The data support the notion that brain ras p21s
      constitute a separate group of CPIs and are available for regulating some aspects
      of brain protein turnover.

PMID- 1798058
TI  - Internalization of the inhibitor of the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase by
      chicken embryonic retina cells: reversibility of the inhibitor effects.
AB  - Retina cells from 6-day-old chicken embryos were cultured in the presence of an
      125I-labeled protein inhibitor of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:GM3,N
      acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. The cells were labeled and did not lose the
      incorporated radioactivity when treated with 0.125% trypsin or 1 M NaCl at 37
      degrees C for 1 hr, indicating that the iodinated inhibitor was inside the cells.
      Immunostaining procedures using an anti-inhibitor antibody were applied to the
      cells cultured in the presence of the inhibitor after permeabilization of the
      cells. The inhibitor was found inside the round cells virtually devoid of
      neurites, but not in flat glial-like cells or in process-bearing neural cells.
      Also found was an apparent self-recovery effect of the cells for both the anti
      neuritogenic effect and the modification of the pattern of labeled gangliosides
      produced by the inhibitor when the agent was withdrawn from the culture medium
      after the initial period of 20 hr. This recovery was clearly observed 72 hr after
      the removal of the inhibitor.

PMID- 1798059
TI  - Saturable transport of Ca into CSF in chronic hypo- and hypercalcemia.
AB  - To further characterize possible saturable transport of Ca into CSF during
      chronic plasma [Ca] changes, weanling rats were fed diets differing in Ca for 10
      weeks. Transfer coefficients for unidirectional uptake of 45Ca and 36Cl into CSF
      (Kcsf) were determined 3 or 10 min after intravenous tracer injection in
      unanesthetized animals. In rats fed low Ca diet, Kcsfs for 45Ca and 36Cl were
      elevated above control, but the 45Ca/36Cl ratio for Kcsf, a more specific measure
      of Ca transport, was also increased. In animals fed high Ca diet, Kcsfs of both
      radiotracers were not statistically different from control, but the 45Ca/36Cl
      ratio was decreased. Injection of CaCl2 into hypocalcemic rats elevated plasma
      [Ca], depressed 45Ca Kcsf, and returned the 45Ca/36Cl ratio to the control value.
      The inverse relationship between plasma ionized [Ca] and 45Ca Kcsf was fitted to
      saturation kinetics with Km less than or equal to 0.53 mumol/ml, maximal Ca
      influx for the saturable component between 27 and 67 x 10(-5) mumol.g-1.s-1, and
      the passive component of Kcsf less than or equal to 15 x 10(-5) ml.g-1.s-1. We
      conclude that Ca transport into CSF is saturable and this transport is important
      in the regulation of CSF [Ca].

PMID- 1798060
TI  - Phosphorylation of MARCKS (80-kDa) protein, a major substrate for protein kinase
      C in oligodendroglial progenitors.
AB  - We have recently reported a potent mitogenic stimulation of oligodendroglial (OL)
      progenitors by the protein kinase C (PKC) activating phorbol ester, i.e., phorbol
      12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Bhat NR, J Neurosci Res 22:20-27, 1989). The
      present study deals with PMA-induced protein phosphorylation reactions in
      cultured OL progenitors. The phorbol ester induced the phosphorylation of several
      cytosol and membrane-associated proteins, including a major protein with an
      apparent molecular weight of 80 kDa. In both control and PMA-treated cultures,
      phosphorylation level of the 80-kDa protein in cytosol was higher than that in
      the particulate fraction. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases,
      also increased the phosphorylation of several proteins and substantially enhanced
      protein phosphorylation induced by PMA. In vitro incubation of the cell membranes
      with phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol (a physiological activator of PKC) in
      the presence of [gamma 32p]-ATP resulted in an increased phosphorylation of the
      80-kDa protein. The induction of phosphorylation of the 80-kDa protein under both
      in situ and in vitro conditions was subject to inhibition by 1-[5[isoquinolinyl
      sulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine (H-7), a potent inhibitor of PKC. The 80-kDa
      phosphoprotein was identified as the prominent PKC substrate, i.e., myristoylated
      alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein by immunoprecipitation with anti
      MARCKS antibodies.

PMID- 1798061
TI  - Blood clearances of 99mTc-phytate and indocyanine green in carbon tetrachloride
      treated dogs.
AB  - The comparative study of the blood clearances of 99mTc-phytate (99mTc-P) and
      indocyanine green (ICG) was carried out in dogs with hepatic injury induced by
      carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the blood clearance of 99mTc-P or ICG was
      compared with the levels of serum transaminase and bilirubin. The blood
      clearances of 99mTc-P and ICG in dogs decreased with increase in doses of CCl4
      and with elapsed time after CCl4 administration. The decreases were correspondent
      to the increase in serum transaminase activity and bilirubin level. The blood
      clearance test of 99mTc-P in dogs showed a equal degree of sensitivity and a
      higher degree of accuracy for the acute hepatic dysfunction induced by CCl4 as
      compared with the blood clearance test of ICG.

PMID- 1798062
TI  - Application of biological samples treated by wet-digested mineralization to
      cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column reaction
      by 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol.
AB  - To quantify metals in biological samples, we tried to find good conditions for
      wet-digested mineralization of the samples and for separation of metal ions in
      chromatography. A 500 microliters volume of aliquot was transferred to a glass
      tube, and was evapolated at 100 degrees C for 2 hours. A 5.5 ml volume of a
      mixture of concentrated nitric acid-70% perchloric acid (10: 1, v/v) was added
      and heated, consecutively, at 80 degrees C for 12 hours, at 140 degrees C for 2
      hours, at 180 degrees C for 2 hours, and finally at 190 degrees C for 1 hour to
      evapolate the residual acids. After addition of 500 microliters of 10 mM nitric
      acid, the metals were extracted by a suspension mixer (32 r.p.m., 1 hour). One
      hundred microliters of the extracted solution was applied to the chromatographic
      system: cation-exchange column, TSKgel IC-Cation SW (Tosoh Co.); eluent, 0.35 M
      lactic acid-0.35 M sodium lactate (pH 3.0); flow rate, 0.7 ml/minute; column
      temperature, 30 degrees C. After adding a color-forming reagent (100 mg/l 4-(2
      pyridylazo)-resorcinol in 40 g/l Na2CO3; flow rate, 0.7 ml/minute) to the
      effluent, five different metal ions of Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ were
      detected at 520 nm. The peaks were separated in approximately 25 minutes, and
      were quantified even at the 1-10 ppb levels. The present procedures were
      considered to provide simultaneous detection and accurate quantitation of the
      above five metals in the biological samples.

PMID- 1798063
TI  - Chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol in rats.
AB  - In order to study the chronic toxicity of 2, 4, 6-tri-tert-butylphenol (TTBP),
      groups of 40 Slc: Wistar rats of either sex were fed diet containing 0, 30, 100,
      300 or 1000 ppm of TTBP for up to 24 months. Hematological, biochemical and
      histopathological examinations performed periodically revealed slight microcytic
      anemia, changes in some biochemical parameters relating to liver function and
      focal necrosis of liver cells following TTBP administration, and these changes
      observed in females were severer than those in males. No neoplastic responses
      following TTBP administration were noted. Noticeable changes were not observed in
      the 30 ppm group throughout the experimental period. Thus, it was concluded that
      TTBP causes liver injury characterized by focal necrosis with microcytic anemia
      and elevations of serum phospholipids and cholesterol levels presumably occurring
      as secondary effects following the liver injury.

PMID- 1798064
TI  - Advantages of triple therapy with mizoribine, cyclosporine and prednisolone over
      other types of triple and/or double therapy including cyclosporine for renal
      transplantation.
AB  - Mizoribine (Mz) is an analogue of azathioprine (Az) with less hepatotoxicity,
      being extensively used as immunosuppressant in place of the latter agent
      especially in Japan. However, careful comparative studies of mizoribine (Mz),
      cyclosporine (Cy), and prednisolone (Pr) versus azathioprine (Az), Cy and Pr or
      Cy and Pr in renal allotranspalnt patients have not been reported.
      Retrospectively we compared triple therapy with Mz, Cy, and Pr (group I, n = 50)
      to triple therapy with Az, Cy and Pr (group II, n = 13) and/or double therapy
      with Cy and Pr (group III, n = 11) in one-haplotype-identical living related
      renal transplantations performed between Oct. 1984 through March 1989. Initial
      and maintenance doses of Cy in groups I and II were largely two thirds of those
      in group III. Patient and graft survival rates at 3 years in each group are 100%
      and 92% (group I), 100% and 91% (group II), and 91% and 82% (group III). There
      were no statistical differences in patient and graft survival rates between these
      three groups. The incidences of miscellaneous complications were the same in the
      groups. Bone marrow suppression, however, was significantly less in group I than
      in group II (P less than 0.005). Cy related nephrotoxicity was apparently less in
      groups I and II than in group III. Estimated US $5,000 in a year can be saved by
      immunosuppressive treatment in a patient of group I as compared to a patient in
      group III. Therefore, we conclude that triple therapy with Mz, Cy and Pr is
      superior to those with Az, Cy and Pr, and/or double therapy with Cy and Pr.

PMID- 1798065
TI  - DNA-damaging, mutagenic, clastogenic and cell-cell communication inhibitory
      properties of gamma-oryzanol.
AB  - As a part of short-term safety assessment of gamma-Oryzanol, the genotoxic or the
      carcinogenic initiation activity was studied in three genetic toxicity tests and
      the promotion activity was studied in a cell-cell communication inhibitory test.
      gamma-Oryzanol showed the negative response in the bacterial DNA repair test (Rec
      assay), the bacterial reverse mutation tests (Ames test) and the rat bone marrow
      chromosome aberration test. Also, gamma-Oryzanol showed the negative response in
      the metabolic cooperation inhibition test using Chinese hamster V79 cells.

PMID- 1798066
TI  - Spergualin treatment-dependent delayed relapse of mouse T cell leukemia (DL812)
      after chemotherapy.
AB  - A transplantable mouse T cell leukemia, DL 812, is characterized by high
      sensitivity to 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-chloroethyl)-1
      nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) and intensive systemic infiltration. When
      subcutaneously inoculated, DL812 cells invade many organs and cause marked
      splenomegaly without forming local tumors. Disseminated DL812 leukemias are
      clinically completely cured by a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg ACNU,
      but more ACNU-resistant leukemias relapse immediately. A novel antitumor
      antibiotic, spergualin, is effective against various mouse leukemias. The effects
      of its analog with stronger anti-leukemia activity, 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), on
      the relapse of DL812 leukemias after ACNU treatment were investigated. DDD mice
      were subcutaneously inoculated with 10(6) DL812 cells and intraperitoneally
      injected with 1 mg ACNU once on day 11 and with 100 micrograms DSG daily from day
      12 on. The relapses were clinically completely suppressed for at least 30 days.
      Winn assays with spleen cells revealed that host immunity did not play a major
      role in maintenance of the clinical cure. Thus, when DSG treatment was
      discontinued after 15 or 30 daily injections, leukemias relapsed immediately.
      When it was extended to 50 daily injections, permanent cure was attained in 1 of
      15 mice but relapses occurred under DSG treatment in the others. DSG is available
      for combined treatment of the leukemia. The current and previous results suggest
      that DL812 leukemias may serve as a model in study on immunochemotherapy of the
      disease.

PMID- 1798067
TI  - [Susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents, 1989. A
      study mainly focused on imipenem. The Research Group for Testing Imipenem
      Susceptibilities of Clinical Isolates].
AB  - We investigated susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (IPM)
      and other antimicrobial agents at hospital laboratories throughout Japan from
      September to December of 1989. The susceptibility testing was carried out
      according to the 1-dilution or 3-dilution disc technique in which
      susceptibilities are classified into 4 grades: (+++), (++), (+) and (-). IPM
      showed markedly high in vitro activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae,
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus, Bacteroides fragilis and had rather strong activities against
      Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus
      mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter
      xylosoxidans, but was less active to Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative
      staphylococci and Xanthomonas maltophilia. IPM has been found to have activities
      superior to those of other antibiotics tested against E. faecalis, E. cloacae, C.
      freundii, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa and B. fragilis. No antibiotics tested
      showed good activities against MRSA except minocycline.

PMID- 1798068
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin sodium in surgical
      infections].
AB  - A multi-center clinical study was carried out at the first Department of Surgery,
      Okayama University Medical School and its affiliated institutions to evaluate the
      efficacy and safety profiles of intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS)
      in surgical infections, which were mainly biliary tract infections and
      peritonitis. The following results were obtained: 1. The efficacy rate was 72.0%
      in a total of 25 evaluable patients and 81.8% in patients with cholecystitis. 2.
      The efficacy rates in patients with and without underlying diseases were 70.0%
      and 73.3%, respectively, and they were 71.4% in patients with mild or moderate
      infections and 75.0% in patients with severe infections. 3. Bacteriologically,
      the eradication rate was 100% for Gram-positive bacteria and 62.5% for Gram
      negative bacteria, with an overall eradication rate of 78.6%. The eradication
      rate for monomicrobial infections was 71.4% and that for polymicrobial infections
      was 100%. 4. Out of 25 patients, one developed diarrhea as a drug-related adverse
      reaction, and laboratory abnormalities attributable to the treatment were
      observed in 5 patients. None of them was serious, however. 5. The overall
      usefulness rate was 60.0%, and the usefulness for cholecystitis (72.7%) was
      superior to that for cholangitis (33.3%).

PMID- 1798069
TI  - [Clinical study of intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the field of
      obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - We evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular (as a new route of
      administration) imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) in patients with intrauterine
      infections which are typical in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. The
      obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. Twenty-seven patients were treated
      with IPM/CS, 250 mg/250 mg b.i.d. (3 patients), 500 mg/500 mg b.i.d. (22) and
      other dosages (a change in dosing regimen, 2). The duration of treatment ranged
      from 3 to 11 days and the total dosage during an entire course of treatment
      varied from 1.5 to 9.0 g. The drug was suspended in a lidocaine solution and
      administered in the gluteal muscle of the patients. 2. Clinical efficacies were
      excellent in 7 patients (26%), good in 19 (70%) and poor in 1 (4%) and the
      overall efficacy rate was 96.3%. All of the 8 patients who had not previously
      showed improvements with treatment by other antibiotics responded well to this
      drug. 3. Bacteriologically, the clinical efficacy rate was 95.8% (23/24) and the
      eradication rate was 76.2% (16/21). 4. No adverse effects due to the drug were
      observed. As abnormal laboratory test results, transient elevations of GOT and
      GPT were noted in one patient.

PMID- 1798070
TI  - [Clinical study of intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the field of
      obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - The efficacy and the safety of intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS)
      were evaluated in 22 patients with obstetric and gynecologic infections. 0.5
      g/0.5 g of IPM/CS was suspended in a lidocaine solution and administered in the
      gluteal muscle twice a day for 3-7 days. Nineteen patients with intrauterine
      infections were evaluable for the clinical efficacy and 22 for the safety. 1.
      Clinical efficacies were excellent in 6 patients, good in 11 and poor in 2, and
      the efficacy rate was 89.5%. Thirteen out of 14 patients who had not responded to
      treatments with other previously administered antibiotics showed excellent or
      good responses to IPM/CS. 2. Causative bacteria were eradicated in 5 patients,
      decreased in 2, unchanged in 3 and replaced in 3, with an eradication rate of
      61.5%. 3. Among 22 patients treated with IPM/CS, an eruption and general itching
      were observed in 1 patient, but no abnormal laboratory test values were observed.

PMID- 1798071
TI  - [Clinical study of miconazole on deep-seated fungal infections].
AB  - An investigation was made on the efficacy and the safety of miconazole (MCZ) in
      the treatment of deep seated mycosis. The drug was administered through
      intravenous drip infusion at dose levels of 800 to 2,000 mg/day to 21 cases of
      confirmed mycosis for which causative organisms was identified and to 32 cases to
      which other antibiotics considered to be appropriate had been administered at
      febrile stages but had failed to take effect, hence mycoses were strongly
      suspected. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 84.3% (43/51). Treatments were
      "remarkably effective" in 6 cases, "effective" in 37, "not effective" in 8 and
      "indeterminable" in 2. The efficacy rates were 100% (21/21) in the confirmed
      mycosis cases and 73.3% (22/30) in the suspected mycosis cases. The mycological
      efficacies in the cases for which causative strains were identified were:
      disappeared in 14 (66.7%), decreased in 4 (19%), unchanged in 2 (9.5%) and
      unknown in 1 (4.8%), thus the overall disappearance ratio was 70% (14/20). Chest
      X-ray showed the disappearance of shadow in 1 patient and improvements in 14 of
      23 patients examined. Adverse reactions were observed in 5 of the 53 cases
      (9.4%). From these results, MCZ may be considered as a highly useful drug not
      only in the treatment of deep mycosis but also in cases for which mycosis is
      strongly suspected.

PMID- 1798072
TI  - [Biological types and drug-sensitivities of multiple strains of freshly isolated
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].
AB  - Biological studies were done on numbers of methicillin-resistant strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) either clinically isolated at medical institutes
      nationwide and sent to us or isolated and identified by us from samples obtained
      in the year 1990 from patients with various infections. The results of the
      studies are summarized as follows. 1. The origins of the 1,047 strains used in
      our studies included arterial and venous blood samples (6.9%), samples from the
      respiratory tract (43.3%), surgical and dermatological samples (30.2%),
      otorhinolaryngological and ophthalmological samples (3.8%), urological samples
      (7.2%), fecal samples (5.1%) and others (3.6%), thus samples from the respiratory
      tract were the most frequent. 2. The strains were classified according to
      coagulase types into type II (76.4%), type III (2.1%), type IV (15.4%), type VII
      (5.3%) and other types (0.8%), thus type II strains were the most numerous. When
      classified according to their origins, type II strains were found in a
      significantly high frequency in respiratory tract samples, and type IV strains
      appeared to be present at relatively high frequencies in the surgical,
      dermatological, otorhinolaryngological and ophthalmological samples. Some
      coagulase types were found more frequently in samples from some institutes than
      in others, but coagulase type distributions were similar in different localities.
      3. The strains were classified according to their enterotoxin types into type A
      (22.8%), type B (10.5%), type C (54.9%) and other types (11.7%), thus type C
      strains were the most frequent. Significant correlations were observed between
      enterotoxin type C and coagulase type II, and type A and type IV. 4. Defining
      strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of greater than or equal to
      100 micrograms/ml as high MRSA and less than or equal to 50 micrograms/ml as
      moderate MRSA, 94.8% of coagulase type II strains were high MRSA and 78.9% of
      coagulase type IV strains were moderate MRSA, thus coagulase type II strains
      tended to be high in methicillin resistance. 5. MIC50 and MIC90 of vancomycin
      (VCM) against many of these strains of MRSA were 0.78 and 1.56 micrograms/ml,
      respectively, suggesting that VCM has also a potent antibacterial activity
      against recent isolates of MRSA in Japan.

PMID- 1798073
TI  - [Synergistic action of cefodizime and other antimicrobial agents on clinically
      isolated microorganisms. I. Synergistic action with minocycline].
AB  - Since cefodizime (CDZM) shows a broad antimicrobial spectrum and relatively long
      half life in blood, we examined its synergistic action with minocycline (MINO) in
      vitro against Staphylococcus aureus. 1. CDZM in the presence of MINO, most of
      cases 1 MIC showed FIC index greater than 0.5-less than or equal to 2 against
      methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), thus the results suggested a
      synergistic action against S. aureus. 2. CDZM in combination with MINO at 1 MIC
      or sub MIC where therapeutically a favorable efficacy is expected on MINO
      susceptible strains exhibited FIC index less than or equal to 0.5-less than or
      equal to 1, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), thus suggesting a synergistic
      action against MINO-susceptible MRSA strains. Synergism was hardly recognized
      against MINO-resistant MRSA strains, however. 3. Synergism by both drugs was
      produced in MINO-susceptible strains of S. aureus including MRSA where MIC by
      CDZM was high or moderate, but no synergism was demonstrated against MINO
      resistant strains. That is, synergistic action by both drugs was thought to
      depend on antimicrobial activity of MINO.

PMID- 1798075
TI  - [A study on the disc sensitivity test for cefpirome].
AB  - Susceptibilities of 232 strains of 40 bacterial groups to cefpirome (CPR) were
      determined by the 2-fold agar dilution method in parallel with the diameter of
      inhibition zones by the single-disc method under the experimental conditions
      established by Kanazawa. The experiments demonstrated a significant correlation
      between MIC by the dilution method and diameter of inhibition zone in each of the
      conventional assay of over-night (about 16 hours) incubation, the delayed assay
      (about 24 hours incubation), and the rapid assay (about 3-4 or 5-6 hours
      incubation), thus confirming the applicability of the single-disc assay for CPR.
      Analysis of the data obtained by using CPR disc containing 30 micrograms revealed
      the primary regression equation to be: D (diameter, mm) = 26.7-9.2 log MIC
      (micrograms/ml) in the conventional assay, D = 33.8-12.7 log MIC (micrograms/ml)
      in the delayed assay, D = 21.2-6.7 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in 5-6 hours rapid
      assay, and D = 14.8-4.1 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in 3-4 hours rapid assay. The
      range of variations in MICs estimated from the diameter of inhibition zone by the
      disc test was then calculated in comparison with that in MIC determined by the 2
      fold agar dilution test, as a reference for the experimental errors which may be
      involved in the estimation of MIC of CPR by the single-disc assay.

PMID- 1798074
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in patients undergoing hemodialysis].
AB  - The object of this study was to establish the most effective regimen of
      cefodizime (CDZM) for patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis
      (HD). T 1/2 beta of CDZM upon 1 g intravenous administration was 3.50 +/- 0.72
      hours in an on-HD group, and it was 11.26 +/- 3.89 hours in an off-HD group. When
      CDZM was administered consecutively at a dose of 1 g or 2 g only after HD, the
      serum concentration of CDZM was maintained at levels sufficient to exert
      antibacterial activity, and no tendency for accumulation was observed. The most
      effective regimen of CDZM to HD patients, therefore, has been that in which
      concluded to administration was done only after completion of HD, in a dose of 1
      g for mild infections and that of 2 g for severe infections.

PMID- 1798078
TI  - [Amino acid solutions, and their features].

PMID- 1798077
TI  - [Carbohydrate solution with electrolytes for total parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798076
TI  - [Assessment for effects of the nutritional support].

PMID- 1798079
TI  - [Intravenous fat emulsions].

PMID- 1798080
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition--background and explanation of terminology].

PMID- 1798081
TI  - [Multivitamin preparations for total parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798082
TI  - [Current status of trace elements preparations for parenteral use].

PMID- 1798083
TI  - [Precursors of nucleic acids].

PMID- 1798084
TI  - [Preparation of intravenous hyperalimentation solution].

PMID- 1798085
TI  - [The kinds and characteristics of blood accesses].

PMID- 1798086
TI  - [Various methods of catheter cannulation].

PMID- 1798087
TI  - [Initiation and schedule of TPN and rate of infusion in surgical patients].

PMID- 1798088
TI  - [Control in TPN therapy--an outline].

PMID- 1798089
TI  - [Complication of the central vein catheterization].

PMID- 1798090
TI  - [Mechanical complications during total parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798091
TI  - [Character, use and non-use of parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798092
TI  - [Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of catheter related sepsis].

PMID- 1798093
TI  - [Early diagnosis and management of fungal infection].

PMID- 1798094
TI  - [Composition and properties of various formulas for enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798095
TI  - [Enteral nutrition--characteristics, indication, and contraindication].

PMID- 1798096
TI  - [Preparation of enteral feeds].

PMID- 1798097
TI  - [Routes of administration and their applications in enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798098
TI  - [Developments in feeding tubes and enteral feeding pumps].

PMID- 1798099
TI  - [Standard technique for the placement of feeding tube].

PMID- 1798100
TI  - [Time to start enteral feeding, administration schedule and flow rate].

PMID- 1798101
TI  - [Nutritional management on enteral tube feeding].

PMID- 1798102
TI  - [Abdominal complications encountered during enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798103
TI  - [Outline of metabolic management and complications in parenteral and enteral
      nutrition].

PMID- 1798104
TI  - [Complications and their management related to glucose metabolism in nutritional
      care].

PMID- 1798105
TI  - [Metabolic care and disturbance in amino acids and protein metabolism].

PMID- 1798106
TI  - [Parenteral/enteral nutrition and essential vitamins].

PMID- 1798107
TI  - [Disorders of calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism].

PMID- 1798108
TI  - [Acid base balance].

PMID- 1798109
TI  - [Lipid metabolism].

PMID- 1798110
TI  - [Trace elements metabolism in enteral and parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798111
TI  - [Vitamin metabolism in parenteral and enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798112
TI  - [Cholelithiasis: complication associated with total parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798113
TI  - [Intravenous nutrition and tube feeding in patient with cerebrovascular disease].

PMID- 1798114
TI  - [Total parenteral nutrition and forced enteral feeding in patients with
      disturbance of consciousness].

PMID- 1798115
TI  - [Nutritional care in patients with neurosurgical diseases].

PMID- 1798116
TI  - [Nutritional support team].

PMID- 1798117
TI  - [Nutritional support in cardiac failure].

PMID- 1798118
TI  - [Nutritional support in cardiac cachexia].

PMID- 1798119
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in the management of esophagitis and esophageal
      ulcer].

PMID- 1798120
TI  - [Nutritional management for perioperative carcinoma of the esophagus].

PMID- 1798121
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition for esophageal cancer--non-operative case].

PMID- 1798122
TI  - [Sclerotherapy and nutritional support].

PMID- 1798123
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative nutritional management of patients with peptic ulcer].

PMID- 1798124
TI  - [Nutritional management after hemostasis attained in patient with hemorrhagic
      gastric or duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 1798125
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative nutritional management for gastric cancer].

PMID- 1798126
TI  - [Nutritional management for non-operated gastric cancer patients].

PMID- 1798127
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in the surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel
      disease].

PMID- 1798128
TI  - [Combined nutritional management of total parenteral and enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798129
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition for conservative treatment of inflammatory
      bowel disease].

PMID- 1798130
TI  - [Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: nutritional care for surgical patients].

PMID- 1798131
TI  - [Nutritional care for the infants with necrotizing enterocolitis under non
      surgical treatment].

PMID- 1798132
TI  - [Nutritional support in intestinal diseases--operative cases].

PMID- 1798133
TI  - [Nutritional support in intestinal diseases--inoperable cases].

PMID- 1798134
TI  - [Effects of intravenous hyperalimentation for anastomotic leakage and
      gastrointestinal fistulas].

PMID- 1798135
TI  - [Perioperative and nutritional management for short bowel syndrome].

PMID- 1798136
TI  - [Comment on parenteral and enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798137
TI  - [Malabsorption syndrome].

PMID- 1798138
TI  - [Nutrition in patients with acute peritonitis].

PMID- 1798139
TI  - [Perioperative parenteral and enteral nutritional management for colorectal
      cancer].

PMID- 1798140
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in advanced colorectal cancer patients].

PMID- 1798141
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutritional management for hepatitis and hepatic
      insufficiency].

PMID- 1798142
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis].

PMID- 1798143
TI  - [Perioperative nutritional support in patients with biliary tract cancer].

PMID- 1798144
TI  - [Nutritional assessment].

PMID- 1798145
TI  - [Nutritional therapy of patient with advanced biliary tract cancer].

PMID- 1798146
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative nutritional management in patients with obstructive
      jaundice caused by biliary tract disease].

PMID- 1798147
TI  - [Nutritional management of non-operative patients with obstructive jaundice
      caused by biliary tract disease].

PMID- 1798148
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative nutritional management of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 1798149
TI  - [Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 1798150
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative nutritional management of chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 1798151
TI  - [Nutritional management of chronic pancreatitis (pancreatolithiasis)].

PMID- 1798152
TI  - [Metabolic and nutritional management in the treatment of carcinoma of the
      pancreas--in resectable cases].

PMID- 1798153
TI  - [Metabolic and nutritional management in the treatment of carcinoma of the
      pancreas--in unresectable cases].

PMID- 1798154
TI  - [Intravenous and enteral hyperalimentation in acute renal failure].

PMID- 1798155
TI  - [Nutrient requirements--determination of energy requirements].

PMID- 1798156
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in chronic renal failure].

PMID- 1798157
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in multiple organ failure].

PMID- 1798158
TI  - [Nutritional support in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1798159
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in septic patients].

PMID- 1798160
TI  - [Parenteral nutrition in malnutrition (emaciation)].

PMID- 1798161
TI  - [Nutritional support in trauma patients].

PMID- 1798162
TI  - [Nutritional support in burn patients].

PMID- 1798163
TI  - [Practice of intravenous alimentation in obstetrics and gynecology].

PMID- 1798164
TI  - [Anthropometric measurement].

PMID- 1798165
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in otorhinolaryngology].

PMID- 1798166
TI  - [Total parenteral nutrition in urology].

PMID- 1798167
TI  - [Perioperative nutritional support in oral and maxillofacial surgery].

PMID- 1798168
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition support in the plastic and reconstructive
      surgery].

PMID- 1798169
TI  - [Intravenous hyperalimentation for cancer chemotherapy].

PMID- 1798170
TI  - [Significances of nutritional cares in infants and children].

PMID- 1798171
TI  - [Essential equipment for parenteral and enteral nutrition in pediatric patients].

PMID- 1798172
TI  - [Biochemical testing of blood for nutritional assessment].

PMID- 1798173
TI  - [Routes of parenteral and enteral administration in pediatric patients receiving
      nutritional support].

PMID- 1798174
TI  - [Dietary allowance and nutritional assessment in infants and children].

PMID- 1798175
TI  - [Commercially available nutrients for parenteral and enteral feeding in infants
      and children].

PMID- 1798176
TI  - [Indications and selection of patients in nutritional cares in infants and
      children].

PMID- 1798177
TI  - [Measurement of rapid turnover proteins].

PMID- 1798178
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition for low-birth-weight and very low-birth-weight
      infants].

PMID- 1798179
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition for diarrhea in infancy].

PMID- 1798180
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition in children with intestinal disease].

PMID- 1798181
TI  - [Nutritional support in children with hepatobiliary diseases].

PMID- 1798183
TI  - [Nutritional support in children with cancer].

PMID- 1798182
TI  - [Nutritional care after open heart surgery in congenital heart disease].

PMID- 1798184
TI  - [Total parenteral nutrition for infants and children under bone marrow
      transplantation].

PMID- 1798185
TI  - [Parenteral and enteral nutrition for surgical patients in childhood].

PMID- 1798186
TI  - [Nutritional support and fluid therapy in elderly patients].

PMID- 1798187
TI  - [Perioperative nutritional management in geriatric surgery].

PMID- 1798188
TI  - [Biochemical testing of urine for nutritional assessment].

PMID- 1798189
TI  - [Home parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients].

PMID- 1798190
TI  - [Home parenteral nutrition in adult patients].

PMID- 1798191
TI  - [Catheter infections in home parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798192
TI  - [Home enteral nutrition in pediatric practice].

PMID- 1798193
TI  - [Home enteral nutrition in adult].

PMID- 1798194
TI  - [Anticancer therapy with amino acid imbalance].

PMID- 1798195
TI  - [Lipid emulsions contained medium chain triglycerides].

PMID- 1798196
TI  - [Nucleoside-nucleotide mixture].

PMID- 1798197
TI  - [Development of new parenteral and enteral preparations].

PMID- 1798198
TI  - [Immunological examination for assessment of nutrition].

PMID- 1798199
TI  - [Recent instruments and drugs of parenteral and enteral nutrition].

PMID- 1798200
TI  - [Practice of indication for tube feeding].

PMID- 1798201
TI  - [Problem on mixed infusion of TPN solution and other drugs].

PMID- 1798202
TI  - [Nutrient composition of commercial parenteral nutrition solutions and enteral
      feeding products].

PMID- 1798203
TI  - [Scintigraphic assessment of the intestinal absorptive capacity].

PMID- 1798204
TI  - [Nutritional assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis].

PMID- 1798205
TI  - [Indications for the nutritional support].

PMID- 1798206
TI  - [Indices for nutritional assessment with multiple parameters].

PMID- 1798207
TI  - Clinical evaluation of newly developed antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 1798208
TI  - Ascertainment of IgA1 (kappa)-transferrin complex in a case of multiple myeloma
      associated with hypersiderinemia.
AB  - IgA1(kappa)-transferrin complex was ascertained in a case of multiple myeloma
      with hypersiderinemia. On gel filtration, this complex disclosed an orange
      colored protein with two peaks between the 19S and 7S fractions. On
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting analysis, the complex
      migrated at molecular weights of 430 and 700 kD in the non-reducing condition. A
      small amount of free transferrin was detected simultaneously. The complex was
      further separated into monoclonal IgA1(kappa) and transferrin at pH 4.5; these
      recombined at pH 7.2 after incubation (37 degrees C, 2 h). We also showed that
      the pepsin-digested F(ab')2 fragment of IgA1(kappa) combined with the
      transferrin. From these results it can be suggested that monoclonal IgA1(kappa)
      has an antibody activity for the transferrin. Clinically, this complex
      distributed the iron transport to erythroid cells in the bone marrow, resulting
      in hypersiderinemia, anemia, and iron deposits in the liver.

PMID- 1798209
TI  - Sex and age differences in ventricular gradient.
AB  - Sex and age differences of ventricular gradient (G) were analyzed and normal
      ranges were determined in normal Japanese subjects (120 men and 74 women), whose
      resting heart rate was within the range of 65 to 75 beats/min. Women showed a
      larger Z component in AT and a smaller Y and larger Z component in G than men.
      The common trend in age differences was a decrease in Y component of G in both
      men and women. The ranges obtained in the present study can be applied in
      automatic VCG analysis, in particular for the differentiation of primary and
      secondary ST-T changes.

PMID- 1798210
TI  - Two-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood
      lymphocyte subsets in Caucasian and Japanese healthy subjects.
AB  - Two-color immunofluorescence using multiparameter flow cytometry was employed to
      examine the antigenic characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocytes in whole
      blood of healthy Caucasians and Japanese. The CD4/CD8 ratio in Japanese was
      significantly decreased compared with that in Caucasians, because of the
      increased number of CD8+ cells. Although the proportions of suppressor-inducer T
      cells (CD4+, Leu-8+) and helper-inducer T cells (naive T cells) (CD4+, CD45RA-)
      were low in Japanese subjects, there were no differences in the absolute numbers
      of suppressor-inducer T cells and helper-inducer T cells (naive T cells) in
      circulation. The level of activated T cells in Japanese was similar to that in
      Caucasians. NK cells, CD57+, CD8+ cells and CD57+, CD3+ cells were high in
      Japanese. Regarding B cell subsets, CD5+ B cells and activated B cells remained
      unchanged. However, there were slight differences in Leu-8+ B cells and Fc
      epsilon R+ B cells (CD20+, CD23+) between the two groups. Thus, a differing
      influence of racial and environmental background between healthy Caucasians and
      healthy Japanese on human lymphocyte subsets is present in the lymphocyte
      immunophenotype.

PMID- 1798211
TI  - Muscle pathology in polymyalgia rheumatica: histochemical and immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - Immunohistochemical studies were performed on muscle biopsy specimens of
      polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) to evaluate the extent of muscle and peripheral
      nerve involvement. The routine histochemistry revealed a mild variation of fiber
      size, type 2 fiber atrophy and type 2A or 2B fiber deficiency. In 63% of the PMR
      cases small angular fibers, pyknotic nuclear clumps or target-targetoid fibers
      were observed, suggesting neurogenic changes, although abnormalities were mild in
      degree. In immunocytochemical studies, neither major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) class 1 nor class 2 products were expressed on the muscle surface membrane
      of PMR. But regarding intramuscular vessels, MHC class 2 products were distinctly
      visualized. On serial sections, combined deposits of IgG and Clq in perimysial
      arteries were seen in 38% of PMR. These results suggest that arteries of small
      caliber might be involved in immunopathological processes, causing muscle and
      peripheral nerve damage.

PMID- 1798212
TI  - HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) in Tokushima Prefecture--geographical and
      clinical studies in an area between endemic and non-endemic areas of HTLV-I
      infection.
AB  - The geographic distribution and clinical features of patients with HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy (HAM) in Tokushima prefecture were investigated. Nine
      patients were found prior to December 1990. The minimal prevalence was estimated
      as 1.1 per 100,000 in the general population, and 1 per 1,309 in HTLV-I
      seropositive persons. Seven patients were found in the southern district facing
      the Pacific Ocean, but only 1 patient each was found in the northern and western
      districts. The age at disease onset ranged from 15 to 53 yr (average 33 yr). The
      ratio of male to female patients was 1:8. Adult T cell leukemia was associated
      with HAM in 1 patient, and Hashimoto's disease in 2 patients. These cases have
      not been reported previously. The route of transmission of HTLV-I was concluded
      to be vertical in 4 patients and horizontal in 4 patients, but was uncertain in 1
      patient. No evidence of transmission by blood transfusion was found in these
      patients.

PMID- 1798213
TI  - Pharmacotherapy for akinesia following anterior communicating artery aneurysm
      hemorrhage.
AB  - The dopamine system may be involved in three situations: the nigral projection to
      the basal ganglia, the mesocortical projection to the anterior cingulate gyrus,
      or the medial forebrain bundle projection to cortical and limbic sites. Because
      of the close association of dopamine systems with the known neurological
      syndromes of akinesia, we elected to treat a patient with akinesia due to rupture
      of anterior communicating artery (ACA) aneurysm with the dopamine agonist,
      bromocriptine. This case has important implications for the understanding of
      brain/behavior relationships as well as for the development of new therapies for
      patients who have sustained neurological injury.

PMID- 1798214
TI  - Idiopathic acute interstitial nephritis associated with uveitis.
AB  - A case of acute interstitial nephritis associated with uveitis is presented, An
      18-year-old man developed uveitis followed by renal dysfunction. Moderate renal
      dysfunction (sCr 3.0 mg/dl), and increased levels of urinary beta 2 microglobulin
      (over 8,000 micrograms/I) were observed. Renal tissue obtained by open renal
      biopsy revealed severe infiltration of mononuclear cells in the tubulo
      interstitial area. The majority of infiltrating cells were CD4-positive T cells
      demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining, suggesting the involvement of T cell
      mediated delayed hypersensitivity. Corticosteroid was effective against both
      uveitis and renal dysfunction. The possible pathogenesis of this syndrome is
      reviewed from the literature.

PMID- 1798215
TI  - Three cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome complicated with toxic
      epidermal necrolysis.
AB  - Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine have
      been recommended for treatment and prophylaxis, respectively, of Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia (PCP). However, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) occurred in
      three of four patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) during the
      course of treatment or prophylaxis of PCP with these agents. On the other hand,
      14 patients with PCP treated with pentamidine never developed TEN. Because the
      incidence of adverse skin reactions is higher among patients with AIDS than those
      without AIDS, and TEN is a severe, potentially fatal skin reaction, sulfonamide
      containing drugs should be given cautiously to patients with AIDS.

PMID- 1798216
TI  - A case of pelvic lipomatosis presenting with edema of the lower extremities.
AB  - We report a 29-year-old male with pelvic lipomatosis that presented with edema of
      the lower extremities. The patient visited our department because of the marked
      edema of the lower extremities with body weight gain. The pelvic region was
      generally radiolucent on plain abdominal radiogram. Excretory urogram and pelvic
      computed tomography scan revealed compression of the bladder by an adipose tissue
      mass. On lymphograms, lymph vessels were compressed from the inguinal area in the
      common iliac region. The edema of the lower extremities was thought to be caused
      by lymph vessel obstruction.

PMID- 1798217
TI  - Primary erythromelalgia: the role of skin sympathetic nerve activity.
AB  - A 54-year-old man complained of burning pain, warm skin and erythema in his
      extremities. A diagnosis of primary erythromelalgia was made. Microneurography
      was used to clarify the role of skin sympathetic nerve activity in the
      pathophysiology of primary erythromelalgia. The patient showed normal skin
      sympathetic nerve activity but no vasoconstriction response. Aspirin activated
      the skin sympathetic nerve activity and improved vasoconstriction producing
      symptomatic relief. These results suggest that the lack of vasoconstriction
      following vasoconstrictor activity of the skin sympathetic nerves results in
      increased skin blood flow and burning pain.

PMID- 1798218
TI  - Successful treatment of acute right cardiac failure due to pulmonary
      thromboembolism in mixed connective tissue disease.
AB  - Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is characterized as a benign rheumatic
      disease with a favorable response to therapy. When pulmonary hypertension is a
      complication, however, it is often reported to be fatal. A 32-year-old female
      patient with MCTD who had developed rapidly progressive pulmonary hypertension
      and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was admitted to our hospital and was
      successfully treated with corticosteroids and anticoagulants. The failure of
      microcirculation due to coagulopathy is considered to be one of the possible
      entities of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 1798219
TI  - Coronary artery spasm demonstrated by coronary angiography in a patient with
      acute myocarditis resembling acute myocardial infarction; a case report.
AB  - A 59-year-old male with acute myocarditis presenting symptoms resembling acute
      myocardial infarction underwent urgent coronary angiography due to difficulties
      in determining a diagnosis. Coronary artery spasm was demonstrated in the
      proximal right and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The spasm varied
      from time to time and lesion to lesion. But no fixed occluded lesion was
      observed. Predischarge coronary angiography showed no abnormal findings.
      Histological findings of the biopsy specimen from the left ventricle were
      consistent with myocarditis. The findings of this case indicate that a coronary
      artery spasm may aggravate the myocardial damage occurring in acute myocarditis.
      Urgent coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy are important to make the
      diagnosis of myocarditis in patients presenting symptoms resembling acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1798220
TI  - Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis shortly after administration of methimazole for
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - We report a case of myasthenia gravis (MG) which became worse shortly after the
      administration of methimazole (MMI) for hyperthyroidism. The activation of immune
      responses was found during the worsening of MG. The findings suggests the
      possibility that the worsening of MG might be induced by MMI, presumably by its
      immunomodulatory property.

PMID- 1798221
TI  - A case of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy with IgA nephropathy and
      pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1.
AB  - We report a case of HAM/TSP presenting with short stature, mental retardation,
      skin eruptions, uterine and ovarian hypogenesis and nephropathy. Skin erythema
      was noted since from the age of three years old and spasticity of lower
      extremities from elementary school age. Serum calcium level showed 4.1 mEq/l.
      Recombinant human PTH infusion resulted in no response of phosphate excretion.
      The persistent proteinuria prompted renal needle biopsy, which revealed IgA and
      C1q deposits in glomerular mesangium. A diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism and
      IgA nephropathy was entertained. This patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism who
      has a deficient immune system was seized with the early onset of HAM/TSP and IgA
      nephropathy.

PMID- 1798222
TI  - A case of IgM-associated mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with a giant
      paramesangial spherical deposit.
AB  - We report a case of IgM-associated mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
      with microscopic hematuria and renal tubular dysfunction. On electron microscopy,
      a giant spherical deposit was observed in the glomerular paramesangial area.
      Deposition of C3 in the glomerular mesangial areas was not observed by
      immunofluorescence. IgM-associated mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis is
      clinically characterized by nephrotic syndrome, mild proteinuria and/or
      hematuria, tubular dysfunction or renal failure, suggesting that it is considered
      to be a heterogeneous disorder.

PMID- 1798223
TI  - Primary amyloidosis with dry eyes and dry mouth--a case report.
AB  - We report a rare case of dry eyes and dry mouth caused by primary amyloidosis. A
      66-year-old woman with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia died of acute
      respiratory failure. Shirmer's test, gum test, and sialography indicated
      Sjogren's syndrome. Lip biopsy revealed amyloid deposition around the salivary
      ducts. Bence-Jones protein was noted in the urine. At autopsy, amyloid deposition
      was identified histochemically in many organs, mainly on the vessel walls.
      Primary amyloidosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of Sjogren's
      syndrome.

PMID- 1798224
TI  - Hematopoietic factors and hematological diseases.

PMID- 1798225
TI  - Interleukin-2 and its receptor in adult T cell leukemia.

PMID- 1798226
TI  - Cytokines and fever.

PMID- 1798227
TI  - The relationship between clinico-pathological findings and prognosis in diabetic
      nephropathy patients.

PMID- 1798228
TI  - Late complications of diabetes mellitus: risk factors in patients on
      sulfonylureas for more than 10 years.

PMID- 1798229
TI  - Studies on the cause and the treatment of hyporeninemic selected
      hypoaldosteronism in diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 1798231
TI  - A role of mesangial dysfunction in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The pathogenic mechanism of diabetic nephropathy has been extensively
      investigated, and the significance of alteration in glomerular hemodynamics or
      mesangial cell metabolism has been recently clarified. It is expected that in the
      near future these pathologically important alterations can be corrected, and the
      development diabetic nephropathy can be halted.

PMID- 1798230
TI  - Determination of the glycemic threshold for the regression or prevention of
      diabetic microangiopathies, and the insulin injection regimen to establish strict
      glycemic control in NIDDM.

PMID- 1798232
TI  - The pathophysiology and etiology of diabetic osteopenia.

PMID- 1798233
TI  - Pathogenesis and correspondence of diabetic retinopathy--approach from polyol
      metabolism.

PMID- 1798234
TI  - Polyol pathway and diabetic neuropathy: selective preventive effects of an aldose
      reductase inhibitor in experimental diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 1798235
TI  - Macrophage-dependent and B-cell-dependent proliferative T-cell populations in the
      peritoneal exudate cells of immunized mice.
AB  - The antigen-dependent proliferative response of the Ia- T lymphocyte population
      in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of C3H/HeN mice immunized with horse red blood
      cells (HRBC) was examined by determining the uptake of tritiated thymidine
      ([3H]TdR) into the cells in vitro. Both the antigen and accessory cell
      population, which was either macrophages or B lymphocytes that had been prepared
      from the PEC or spleen of unimmunized mice, were necessary for the proliferative
      response of the Ia- T cell population and also the production of IL-2 by the Ia-
      T cells, but the Ia- T cell population could proliferate in the absence of
      antigen and accessory cells, if IL-2 was present. The IL-2-dependent
      proliferation of the Ia- T cells was augmented in the presence of macrophages,
      but not B cells. The Ia- T cells that had been treated previously with anti-IL-2
      receptor (IL-2R) antibody showed no response to IL-2 in the presence or absence
      of B cells, but responded to IL-2 in the presence of macrophages. Direct contact
      of the Ia- T cells with macrophages seemed to be necessary for augmentation of
      the proliferative response of the Ia- T cells to IL-2 because the separation of
      these cell populations by a membrane filter in a Marbrook type culture vessel
      resulted in poor augmentation of the response. Cell-associated IL-1 did not
      participate in the augmentation because paraformaldehyde-treated macrophages did
      not help the response. When the Ia- T cells had been previously treated with
      complement and anti-asialo GM1 antibody, the IL-2-dependent proliferative
      response was not affected, but the augmentation of the response by macrophages
      was blocked. Previous treatment of the cells with anti-L3T4 antibody diminished
      the response to IL-2, but did not affect the augmentation of the response by
      macrophages. Pretreatment of the cells with anti-Thy-1.2-antibody reduced the
      response to IL-2 and the augmentation by macrophages. Therefore, we concluded
      that there are at least two populations, capable of responding to IL-2 in the
      immune Ia- T cell population; one with L3T4 surface antigen and another with
      asialo GM1 antigen. The response of the latter cells, but not the former, to IL-2
      is augmented in the presence of macrophages.

PMID- 1798236
TI  - Comparative biological activities of acellular pertussis vaccines produced by
      Kitasato.
AB  - The quality of 14 lots of acellular pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus (AC-PDT)
      vaccines manufactured by the Kitasato Institute during the period 1987-1990 were
      investigated. The geometric means of HSU, LPU, and BWDU were 0.078, 0.257, and
      7.33 per ml respectively. The potency was higher than 14 IU per ml. These results
      indicated the consistency of the Kitasato AC-PDT vaccines. The antibody response
      to the AC-PDT vaccines was measured in primary and secondary vaccinated mice by
      ELISA. IgG antibody response to FHA and PT was obtained in all immunized mice (P
      less than 0.001) after the primary injection. In contrast, IgG antibody response
      to fimbriae 2 showed a significant titer rise (P less than 0.001) after the
      booster injection. The results indicated that the Kitasato AC-P vaccines
      consisted of protein, PT and FHA as the major antigens, and a little agglutinogen
      as the minor antigen.

PMID- 1798237
TI  - The action of the visceronociceptive neurons in the posterior group of thalamic
      nuclei: possible mechanism of acupuncture analgesia on visceral pain.
AB  - Microelectrode and stereotaxic technique were used to record extracellular
      potentials of the neuron in posterior group of thalamic nuclei (PO). To study the
      action of some neural structures in the brain, we also applied the method of
      conditioning-testing stimulation. We found not only somatic nociceptive but
      visceronociceptive neurons existed in PO. The features of the unit response
      (latency, discharges and its noxious properties) were studied. Stimulation of S1,
      cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, accumbens, amygdala, habenula, VPL, PAG and
      substantia nigra caused inhibition of nociceptive neurons in PO. Owing to emerge
      and recover, the inhibition can be divided into three phases: prompt, continued
      and delayed. All these inhibitions except VPL, Cad and SN (no observation), were
      reversed by Naloxone. Both stimulation of somatic peripheral nerve fibers and
      electroacupuncture of Sanli (S36) on the hind leg of the cat produce suppression
      of nociceptive neuron in PO. The mechanism of inhibition resulted from above
      neural structures of the brain was also discussed.

PMID- 1798238
TI  - Increased serum IgG2b and IgM & IgG1 Fc receptors expressed on tissue mast cells
      in experimental GVHR and HVGR rat models.
AB  - Chronic graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) due to male specific (H-Y) antigen was
      induced by the injection of syngeneic (DA x Lewis) F1 female cells into (DA x
      Lewis)F1 male rats. Chronic host-versus-graft reaction (HVGR) based on major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) (RT1a) occurred when host Lewis (RT1(1)) rats
      were transplanted (DA x Lewis)F1 donor cells (RT1a & RT1I). Chronic GVHR and HVGR
      were activated at fixed periods. The first attacks of the GVHR and HVGR were
      recognized 50-80 days after cell transplantation, but the most intensive attacks
      of both responses were observed 120-175 days after cell transplantation. During
      the most intensive attacks, two rats died from either GVHR or HVGR. Rat
      immunoglobulin assays measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID) showed that serum
      IgG2b rose to 10.600-11.500 mg/ml in the rats that had the advanced GVHR or HVGR.
      The tissue mast cells derived from the loose lymphoid tissues of the medullary
      and subcapsular sinuses have proliferated in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the
      rats. IgM and IgG1 binding Fc receptors expressed on the mast cells were
      demonstrated indirectly using alkaline phosphatase conjugated ant-rat IgM and
      anti-rat IgG1.

PMID- 1798239
TI  - Influence of lead on the host's defence mechanisms (I)--Influence of lead on
      antibody production.
AB  - To clarify the influence of lead on the host's defense mechanisms, antibody
      production in mice pretreated with lead was tested using the hemagglutination
      titer against SRBC (Sheep Red Blood Cells) and HRBC (Hamster Red Blood Cells) as
      indicator and the following results were obtained. 1. When mice were pretreated
      intraperitoneally with lead one day or six days before immunization and then
      immunized with SRBC, which is known as a strong antigen, antibody developed
      smoothly in the first immunization showing the same tendency as that of the
      control group. After the booster immunization, antibody production was markedly
      suppressed in the group of mice pretreated with lead six days before the
      immunization. When mice were immunized with HRBC, which is known as a weak
      antigen, antibody production was very poor in the first immunization, but after
      the booster immunization, the antibody titers rose rapidly in the group
      pretreated one day before the immunization. However, the titers of the group
      pretreated with lead 6 days before the immunization was considerably suppressed,
      showing the same tendency as that of mice immunized with SRBC. 2. When mice
      received intraperitoneally three or six doses of lead before immunization with
      SRBC or HRBC, antibody titer of these groups were somewhat lower than that of the
      control group. 3. When mice were pretreated intravenously with lead one day or
      six days before immunization with SRBC or HRBC, the antibody production ability
      was not remarkably damaged, showing almost the same titer as in the control
      group.

PMID- 1798240
TI  - Possibilities to reduce the unwanted gastric side-effects of orally administered
      indomethacin in the rat.

PMID- 1798241
TI  - [The surgical treatment of toxic goiter and the prevention of its complications
      in light of current concepts of the pathogenesis of the diseases].
AB  - The authors have established in patients with toxic goiter the rough disorders in
      immune status retaining after surgical treatment. Immunocorrection on the
      background of surgical treatment is pathogenetically substantiated and
      contributes to decrease in incidence of the development of postoperative
      hypothyrosis and disease recurrence.

PMID- 1798242
TI  - [The use of ultraviolet-irradiated blood reinfusion in the combined treatment of
      destructive pancreatitis].
AB  - The results of treatment of the patients with acute destructive pancreatitis who
      in the complex underwent reinfusion of the blood irradiated with ultra-violet
      rays were analysed. The given method permitted to improve the results of
      treatment, as it was witnessed by rapid decrease in intoxication, normalization
      of clinical and laboratory indices. The lethality reduced by 1.1%, incidence of
      complications--by 31.2%. In patients with purulent pancreatitis, the treatment
      has proved to be ineffective.

PMID- 1798243
TI  - [The use of an electrolytic solution of sodium hypochlorite in acute suppurative
      diseases of the soft tissues].
AB  - The effect of electrolysis sodium hypochlorite solution (ENaClO) on the course of
      an inflammatory process in 233 patients with purulent pathology of different
      etiology was studied. ENaClO was obtained by means of electrolysis of the
      isotonic sodium chloride solution in the electrochemical cell. It was established
      that ENaClO had a pronounced bactericidal action contributing to acceleration of
      an inflammatory focus clearance of purulent-necrotic masses, stimulation of local
      immunity, activation of reparative processes.

PMID- 1798244
TI  - [The surgical treatment of patients with thyrotoxic goiter].
AB  - The results of operative treatment of 1247 patients with thyrotoxic goiter are
      presented. Thyrotoxic crisis occurred in 0.9%, paresis of the inferior laryngeal
      nerve--in 1.0%, parathyroid insufficiency--in 0.8%, hypothyrosis--in 2.3% of the
      patients operated on. The postoperative lethality was 0.2%.

PMID- 1798245
TI  - [Surgical treatment of complications of insulin-dependent (type-1) diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - In the clinic, within the recent 5 years, the surgical treatment of complication
      of diabetes mellitus were used in 88 patients. Xenotransplantation of islet
      pancreatic tissue was performed in 70 patients, deportalization of pancreatic
      blood flow--in 18. Resulting from the operations performed, a pronounced
      antidiabetic effect (reduction of daily insulin dosage, stabilization of the
      incidence of complications) was noted in the majority of patients. Occasionally,
      the staged combined use of both the methods for surgical treatment of
      complications of diabetes mellitus is possible.

PMID- 1798246
TI  - [The extracorporeal connection of a donor spleen in the treatment of anaerobic
      sepsis].
AB  - In 12 patients with anaerobic sepsis, extracorporeal connection of donor spleen,
      its sections and transfusion of perfusates of xenospleen were used in the complex
      treatment. A positive result--reduction of intoxication, improvement of general
      state, normalization of immunologic indices--has been obtained.

PMID- 1798247
TI  - [Intestinal complications after reconstructive operations on the abdominal aorta
      and their prevention].
AB  - The results of treatment of 1229 patients with diseases of the abdominal aorta
      (AA) have been analysed. Two original methods for prevention of colonic ischemia
      in performance of a reconstructive operation on AA are suggested.

PMID- 1798248
TI  - [The prenatal diagnosis of obstructive uropathy and its course in the postnatal
      period].
AB  - The results of ultrasound investigation of 24 pregnant women at pregnancy term of
      22-39 weeks, who had a developmental anomaly of the urinary system of a fetus
      been revealed, and as well the findings of complex postnatal examination of 24
      children at the age of from 10 days to 12 months are presented. In 62.5% of
      fetuses, obstructive uropathy was revealed, in 37.5%--cystic anomaly of the
      kidneys. At the postnatal period, obstructive uropathy was characterized by
      progressive development of retentive changes in the upper urinary tract requiring
      the operative correction, or by their stable dilation subject to conservative
      treatment.

PMID- 1798249
TI  - [The determination of the bladder orifice reflex in children with vesico-ureteral
      reflux].
AB  - The authors have established the presence of a vesico-ostial reflex providing the
      active obturator function of the vesicoureteral segment in significant change in
      gallbladder pressure. For registration of a vesicoureteral reflex, the authors
      used profilometry. Twenty four patients at the age from 6 to 12 years with
      unilateral vesicoureteral reflux were examined.

PMID- 1798250
TI  - [The prevention of hemophilic arthropathy].
AB  - At the Ukrainian Centre for Hemophilia, from 1980, 123 patients with A and B
      hemophilia and involvement of the large joints have been treated. A programme for
      complex orthopedic-surgical treatment against the background of full-value
      antihemophilic therapy has been developed. Use of the given programme permitted
      to improve the results of treatment and prevent the development of severe
      arthropathy of the knee, ankle and elbow joints with preservation of their
      function in 50% of the patients.

PMID- 1798251
TI  - [The surgical treatment of postburn deformities of the foot and ankle joint].
AB  - The results of surgical treatment of 82 patients with postburn deformity of a
      foot and an ankle joint are presented. For elimination of the deformity and
      contracture, the tightening scars were excised, autodermoplasty of a defect was
      used, in severe contracture of the ankle joint, the Ilizarov's apparatus was
      applied, trophic ulcers of a stump of the foot were closed by means of a
      migrating Filatov's graft. In 80.5% of the patients, a contracture was
      eliminated, the weight-bearing function of a foot improved.

PMID- 1798252
TI  - [The causes of the occurrence of dystrophic pathology of the hand in men].
AB  - Examined were 248 men with dystrophic pathology of a hand. Into the complex of
      examination, the radioimmune studies of the content of sex hormones and
      intracutaneous Rigoni-Gagliani test were included. The hormonal disorders of
      similar direction were revealed: change in tissue sensitivity to the action of
      androgens in Dupuytren's contracture.

PMID- 1798253
TI  - [Treatment methods in joint paronychia].
AB  - The experience with treatment of 69 patients with articular panaritium is
      summarized. At stage I of the disease, a complex of conservative measures was
      administered. As a local treatment in most patients, puncture of a joint was
      employed. At stage II of the disease, the operative intervention is indicated. To
      enhance the effectiveness of necrosequestrectomy in articular panaritium,
      irradiation by means of a CO2-laser was used.

PMID- 1798254
TI  - [The results of pylorus-preserving resection of the stomach].
AB  - The functional results of pylorus-preserving resection of a stomach (PRS) in 68
      patients with gastric ulcer disease were studied. According to the data of
      gastroscintigraphy and hepatoscintigraphy, it was established that number of
      patients with decreased motor-evacuatory function (MEF) of the stomach reduced
      from 31% before the operation to 11% at the long-term period after PRS.
      Duodenogastric reflux was noted in 10% of the patients as compared with 47%
      before the operation. MEF of the stomach normalized within 3-6 mos after the
      operation. Acid-producing function of the stomach after PRS steadily decreased
      until the development of a hypoacidic state. Basal pH of gastric, body at the
      long-term period was 3.39 +/- 0.59. An excellent and good result according to
      Visick scale was noted in 67 (98.5%) patients, a satisfactory one--in 1 (1.5%).

PMID- 1798255
TI  - [The clinical importance of determining lymphocyte succinate dehydrogenase
      activity and the count of large granule-containing lymphocytes in the peripheral
      blood of patients with diffuse toxic goiter].
AB  - In 28 patients with diffuse toxic goiter, the attenuation of activity of
      lymphocytic succinate dehydrogenase and decrease in number of large granule
      containing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was revealed. A degree of these
      changes depended on severity of the course of the disease.

PMID- 1798256
TI  - [Anesthesia after operations on the perineum and distal rectum].

PMID- 1798257
TI  - [A device for local oxygen therapy].

PMID- 1798258
TI  - [A self-retaining urethral catheter for bladder drainage].

PMID- 1798259
TI  - [A method for the intraoperative determination of the level of renal parenchyma
      resection in nephrolithiasis].

PMID- 1798260
TI  - [A method of microepicystostomy].

PMID- 1798261
TI  - [Damage to the recurrent nerve during the performance of a thyroid operation].

PMID- 1798262
TI  - [Methods for controlling the placement of the catheter in subclavian vein
      catheterization].

PMID- 1798263
TI  - [A method for controlling the position of the catheter in the subclavian vein].

PMID- 1798264
TI  - [Spinal anesthesia at a central district hospital].

PMID- 1798265
TI  - [The side effects of conduction anesthesia of the brachial plexus].

PMID- 1798266
TI  - [The use of the porcine spleen in treating bronchial asthma patients].

PMID- 1798267
TI  - [The stimulation of the reparative regeneration of the affected bones in the
      acute and subacute stages of hematogenous osteomyelitis].

PMID- 1798268
TI  - [Experience with the treatment of brain and spinal cord echinococcosis].

PMID- 1798269
TI  - [Single-stage cystectomy and the rectal bladder].

PMID- 1798270
TI  - [S. S. Iudin--an outstanding surgeon of the modern age (on the centenary of his
      birth)].

PMID- 1798271
TI  - [The use of total intravenous anesthesia utilizing klofelin in hypertension
      patients].
AB  - In 30 patients with IIA-IIB stage hypertension operated on for cholelithiasis,
      gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and other diseases, clophelinum was used as a
      component of total intravenous anesthesia. The different methods of its
      administration were assessed. The optimal variant of hemodynamic stabilization
      was noted in programmed clophelinum administration by means of infusator "Vita
      beta" at a dose of 0.75 g/(kg.hr).

PMID- 1798272
TI  - [The application of lymphovenous anastomoses in the treatment of primary
      lymphedema of the lower extremities at the edema stage].
AB  - The experience with clinical observation and surgical treatment of 217 patients
      with primary lymphedema of the lower extremities at stage II, IIIA (stage of
      "dropsy") is summarized. The working classification and developed complex of the
      diagnostic methods used are presented. The indications for the operations of
      creation of the lymphoangiovenous, lymphonodulovenous anastomoses, and as well
      the use of combined operations are considered; their effectiveness in different
      types of lesions of the lymphatic vessels is assessed. The methods for prevention
      of the erysipelatous inflammation recurrence with the use of endolymphatic
      intranodular administration of antibiotics are suggested. A complex of the
      developed measures permitted to obtain a satisfactory result at the nearest
      postoperative period in 74% of the patients, at the period of from 4 to 7 years-
      in 57%.

PMID- 1798273
TI  - Oxygen radicals--an important mediator of sepsis and septic shock.
AB  - There is considerable evidence to implicate aggressive species of oxygen in the
      pathogenesis of organ dysfunction consequent to sepsis and septic shock. The
      inflammatory process appears to participate ubiquitously in this setting. A
      characteristic of inflammation is the involvement of activated neutrophils and
      their generation of aggressive oxygen species. Such species may both directly
      injure cells proximal to the oxidant generating cells, and may inactivate any
      proteolytic mechanisms normally protective against proteolytic injury caused by
      neutrophil elastase and other proteolytic enzymes released during inflammation.
      The offending agent in sepsis is most commonly envisioned as bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide, or endotoxin. Infusion of endotoxin into animals can
      reproduce much of the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock. In addition,
      administration of endotoxin to cultured cells, particularly endothelial cells,
      can cause responses consistent with a sequence of events that occurs in intact
      animals and humans. In both experimental models, it appears that aggressive
      oxygen species are important actors in the scenario eventuating in cell or organ
      injury. Of importance, the toxic consequences of these free radicals probably
      occurs in relatively protected spaces, including microenvironments created by
      close adherence between inflammatory cells and endothelial cells and the cell
      interior. For those reasons, the potential for antioxidants as therapy should
      include consideration of the volume of distribution of such substances. It is
      probably important that antioxidants access excluded spaces including cell
      interiors in order to have their maximum effect in this setting. We have studied
      ina preliminary way the effects of n-acetyl-cysteine, a highly permeable free
      radical scavenger and anti-oxidant, in patients with established ARDS.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798274
TI  - Involvement of free radicals in the pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis:
      potential of treatment with antioxidant and scavenger substances.
AB  - The present work reviews the evidence for an involvement of free radicals in the
      pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis and the potential of treatment with
      antioxidant and scavenger substances. Preliminary results indicate that exposure
      of isolated pancreatic acinar cells to a reaction mixture containing
      hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase, and chelated iron causes cell damage and death
      probably due to generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. It still
      needs to be analyzed which scavengers and antioxidants are able to ameliorate the
      damage due to oxidant stress in cell models. Such knowledge from cellular studies
      might help to plan therapeutical trials to evaluate potentially effective
      antioxidants and scavengers in the experimental animal and in patients with
      pancreatitis. As yet there are no published studies about the role of free
      radicals in animal models of chronic pancreatitis. This fact is probably due to
      the shortcomings of the animal models available. Recent studies presented
      evidence that activation of oxygen-derived free radicals occurs in patients with
      chronic pancreatitis. There is also some evidence that the dietary intake of
      antioxidants may be reduced in patients with chronic pancreatitis. It was
      suggested that such reduction of antioxidant defenses in the face of an increased
      demand due to heightened induction of P450 activities may facilitate lipid
      peroxidation. However, as yet, there is no direct evidence that a reduction of
      dietary antioxidants with a simultaneous increase in P450 activity is the primary
      mechanism which initiates chronic pancreatitis without contribution of other
      factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798275
TI  - The involvement of oxygen radicals in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the involvement of oxygen radicals in
      acute edematous and hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced in
      rats by the CCK-analogue cerulein (5 micrograms/kg/h) and by retrograde injection
      of 5% sodium taurocholate for 30 min, 3.5 h, and 12 h. At the end of the infusion
      and observation time, serum enzymes, conjugated dienes, and malondialdehyde in
      the tissue were measured. Moreover, the tissue samples underwent light
      microscopical examination. In cerulein pancreatitis, an interstitial edema and
      intravascular margination of granulocytes in the pancreatic gland were observed
      after 3.5 h. After 12 h, the histological evaluation revealed a pronounced
      zymogen degranulation, extensive tissue necrosis and migration of granulocytes
      into the tissue. Parallelly, amylase and lipase increased by 15 and 35 times,
      respectively. In contrast, conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde increased in
      cerulein pancreatitis and reached their  highest level after 3.5 h and decreased
      to normal levels after 12 h. The development of the histological damages and
      serum enzyme levels with sodium taurocholate pancreatitis was similar as compared
      to the cerulein pancreatitis, however, the development was faster and more
      traumatic. Already after 3.5 h an extensive zymogen degranulation and cell
      necrosis was observed. Concomitantly, the amylase and lipase levels increased by
      90 and 30 times, respectively. Treatment with superoxide dismutase (100,000
      U/kg/h) and catalase (400,000 U/kg/h) prevented lipid peroxidation and reduced
      zymogen degranulation and tissue necrosis. Tissue edema and inflammatory response
      were not affected in both models of acute pancreatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1798276
TI  - Oxidation of LDL: role in atherogenesis.
AB  - Oxidation of LDL is proposed to accelerate atherogenesis by the following
      sequence of events. LDL accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques, presumably due to
      interaction with intimal proteoglycans. The LDL then undergoes oxidation, and
      aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation such as HNE or other aldehyde products
      derived from lipid peroxidation, induce blocking of lysine residues on apo B.
      This results in its recognition by the scavenger receptor on tissue macrophages
      at sites in which LDL concentrations are low. At sites in which the LDL
      concentration is high, modification with such products induces intermolecular
      cross-linking and particle aggregation. The aggregated, oxidized LDL particles
      are then phagocytosed by tissue macrophages to induce lipid loading of these
      cells and the formation of foam cells, a characteristic of the earliest
      atherosclerotic lesion. By these mechanisms oxidation of LDL accelerates
      atherogenesis.

PMID- 1798277
TI  - Oxygen radicals and atherosclerosis.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that lipids, especially those in low density
      lipoprotein, may be oxidised during the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
      The lipid-laden "foam cells" of atherosclerosis are macrophages, which are known
      to produce oxygen radicals in their microbicidal role. The same process could
      result in oxidation of lipid or lipoprotein in atherosclerosis. In human
      atherosclerotic lesions, many of the macrophage foam cells also contain ceroid,
      an insoluble polymer formed by oxidation of mixtures of lipid and protein. Using
      in vitro systems, we have studied the possibility that macrophages may be
      responsible for the oxidation of lipid and/or lipoprotein. Experiments are
      described in which mouse peritoneal macrophages and human monocyte-derived
      macrophages have been shown to oxidise cholesteryl linoleate, added to the
      cultures in the form of an artificial lipoprotein, with the production of soluble
      oxidised lipids, including oxidised sterols, and, in the case of mouse peritoneal
      macrophages, abundant ceroid. The oxidation was inhibited by radical scavengers.
      Oxidised sterols are cytotoxic. It is thus conceivable that oxidised sterols
      produced by monocyte-macrophages may lead to necrosis and progression of the
      lesion. Possibilities for prevention of this oxidation are discussed.

PMID- 1798278
TI  - Activated oxygen metabolites as regulators of vascular tone.
AB  - Oxygen metabolites have been reported to produce vasoconstriction and/or
      vasodilation in a variety of in vitro or in vivo vascular preparations. Certain
      basic mechanisms appear to contribute to these responses. Hydrogen peroxide can
      produce either vasodilation or constriction via stimulation of prostaglandins.
      The soluble form of guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle, an enzyme which
      produces the intracellular mediator of relaxation cyclic GMP, is also a site of
      action of vasoactive O2 metabolites. Guanylate cyclase is directly activated by
      nanomolar concentrations of nitric oxide (produced by endothelial cells or
      nitrovasodilator drugs) or H2O2 (via its metabolism by catalase). These cyclic
      GMP-mediated mechanisms of relaxation are inhibited by superoxide anion, produced
      from endogenous sources after inhibition of superoxide dismutase or produced by
      pharmacological agents that undergo redox cycling. In addition, O2 metabolites
      may modulate vascular tone via the chemical destruction of physiological
      contractile agents (e.g. norepinephrine) and relaxant agents (e.g. nitric oxide),
      and via injury to cells important for the regulation of vascular tone (e.g.
      endothelium). We have found in a variety of preparations that reexposure to O2
      after a brief period of severe hypoxia produces vascular responses that appear to
      be mediated by intracellular H2O2 generation. Thus, active O2 species may
      contribute to vascular responses in pathophysiological situations associated with
      their formation (e.g. inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion, etc.) and to the
      physiological regulation of vascular tone produced by changes in O2 tension (e.g.
      reactive hyperemia, hypoxic vasoconstriction, etc).

PMID- 1798279
TI  - Involvement of neutrophils in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the small intestine.
AB  - Reperfusion of the ischemic intestine results in injury to the microvasculature
      and mucosal membrane. Inflammatory mediators released as a consequence of oxygen
      radical formation at the time of reperfusion promote neutrophil adhesion and
      emigration in postcapillary venules. Agents that interfere with leukocyte
      adherence afford significant protection against reperfusion injury.

PMID- 1798280
TI  - Role of oxygen radicals in myocardial reperfusion injury: experimental and
      clinical evidence.
AB  - Timely reperfusion with intravenous thrombolytic agents has been shown to reduce
      mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, the magnitude of
      improvement in left ventricular function has always been less than expected.
      Reperfusion in fact causes a specific form of tissue injury, termed reperfusion
      injury, which would subtract from the benefit obtained by terminating ischemia.
      Oxygen free radical generation has been proposed to be a major mechanism in the
      pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. Using an isolated perfused rabbit heart model
      we have demonstrated that administration of oxygen free radical scavengers, such
      as recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) and iron chelators, such as
      deferoxamine, beginning at the time of reperfusion, reduce the severity of
      reperfusion injury, as judged by recovery of ventricular function and high energy
      phosphate metabolism, assessed quantitatively using 31-phosphorus nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using electron paramagnetic resonance
      spectroscopy we have documented a burst of oxygen free radical generation during
      the early minutes of reperfusion and that this burst can be eliminated by
      superoxide radical scavengers, such as h-SOD, hydroxyl radical scavengers, such
      as mannitol, as well as agents that inhibit generation of oxygen free radicals,
      such as the iron chelator, deferoxamine. Taken together these results strongly
      support the role of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of reperfusion
      injury. We have recently completed the first randomized placebo controlled
      clinical trial of a free radical scavenger (h-SOD) in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction, undergoing urgent angioplasty of their occluded coronary
      artery with preservation of left ventricular function as the major study
      endpoint.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798281
TI  - Could treatment with scavengers of oxygen free radicals minimize complications in
      cardiac surgery?
AB  - Cardiac surgical complications may be caused by a plethora of events. Oxygen free
      radicals may participate in the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary bypass and
      myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. The evidence of free radical production
      during bypass is limited, and studies of the effect of free radical scavengers
      even more limited. Experimental work points towards a role of oxygen free
      radicals in reperfusion damage of the ischaemic myocardium, but clinical data are
      lacking. Hitherto the clinical availability of free radical
      scavengers/antioxidants has been scarse. At present more such drugs are becoming
      clinically applicable, and trials on their effect are highly warranted, in
      particular as an adjuvant in myocardial protection.

PMID- 1798282
TI  - The role of oxygen free radicals in organ preservation.
AB  - There is controversy over the role of oxygen free radical-induced damage in
      preserved organs following reperfusion. Furthermore, there has been no definitive
      study that shows a dramatic improvement in organ functions, delayed graft
      functions, or improved longevity in organ transplants with oxygen free radical
      scavenger therapy. However, the presence of glutathione in a new organ
      preservation solution (University of Wisconsin, UW, solution) yields improved
      preservation of the liver and heart. The beneficial effect of glutathione may
      involve in scavenging of cytotoxic products of oxygen metabolism. The results
      discussed here show that glutathione improves liver preservation. Also, it is
      shown that glycine, and amino acid component of glutathione, can also give
      cytoprotection to the rabbit and dog liver tested by either isolated perfusion or
      orthotopic transplantation. Thus, there may be an involvement of oxygen free
      radicals in damage to organs hypothermically preserved and transplanted. The
      injury may occur within the cells or may be due to oxygen within the cells or may
      be due to oxygen free radicals generated in the extracellular environment.

PMID- 1798283
TI  - Oxygen radicals in postischaemic damages in the kidney.
AB  - Oxygen radicals in postischaemic damages in the kidney: M. Wolgast, A. Bayati, O.
      Hellberg, O. Kallskog, K. Nygren and G. Ojteg, Inst. of Physiology and Medical
      Biophysics, University of Uppsala, Sweden; Ischemic acute renal failure is
      characterized by a severe depression of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
      isosthenuria and deficient potassium secretion, whereas the total renal blood
      flow may remain largely intact. As to these symptoms, it would seem established
      that the depression of GFR results from an ischaemia-induced augmented aging and
      hence rejection of tubular cells, which thence blocks the tubular lumen. As
      expected this blockade can be prevented by osmotic diuretics. The isosthenuria
      and the deficient potassium excretion, on the other hand, results probably from a
      medullary ischaemia, the latter due to the action by oxygen-derived free radicals
      in the sense the subsequent damage to the capillary membrane leads to a massive
      extravasation of plasma and consequent intracapillary trapping of red cells. In
      line with this idea, superoxide-dismutase (SOD) or Allopurinol may ameliorate
      these changes. In the recovery phase of postischaemic renal failure, the most
      prominent feature is the blocking of the ascending loop of Henle with
      Tamm/Horsfall-protein which, if not washed-out during the first week, leads to a
      complete degeneration of the nephron. Unfortunately, the process would seem to be
      unaffected by treatment with e.g. osmotic diuretics and SOD or Allopurinol.

PMID- 1798285
TI  - Liver transplantation reperfusion injury. Factors in its development and avenues
      for treatment.
AB  - This work studies some of the advances that have participated in the development
      of the liver transplantation-reperfusion injury. This lesion is a rather complex
      one that probably is not only associated with the production of free radicals,
      but also of other vasoactive substances such as, prostanoids, altered calcium
      related compounds, abnormal coagulation factors, as well as other important
      potentially harmful substances. Our interest since 1975, has resided in compounds
      that modify the xanthine oxidase pathway, such as allopurinol, that might either
      protect from the formation of free radicals or might act through other mechanisms
      such as, purine salvage and production of high energy compounds, among few of
      them. The pharmacological manipulation of the reperfusion injury, will require in
      this way, the use of various substances in the protection of the transplanted
      liver.

PMID- 1798286
TI  - Does antioxidant treatment have a role in liver transplantation?
AB  - Liver transplantation has evolved into a relatively safe clinical procedure for
      end stage liver disease but the success is absolutely dependent on the quality of
      the donor organs. Graft malfunction is an important source of morbidity and
      mortality after liver transplantation so further improvement of organ quality is
      mandatory. Experimental data seem to justify application of antioxidant therapy
      in clinical liver transplantation. According to the mode of action antioxidant
      therapy treatment should be considered for donor and recipient of the graft.

PMID- 1798284
TI  - Free radical ablation for the prevention of post-ischemic renal failure following
      renal transplantation.
AB  - The toxic metabolites of oxygen, including those which are free radicals, have
      been found to constitute a fundamental common pathway of tissue injury in a wide
      variety of disease processes, including injury in many organs resulting from post
      ischemic reperfusion. Research efforts designed to prevent or ameliorate tissue
      injury have therefore centered on the pharmacologic inhibition of free radical
      mediated mechanisms. This approach has particular application to post-ischemic
      renal failure seen in renal transplantation, after a well-defined period of graft
      ischemia, followed by reperfusion.

PMID- 1798287
TI  - Role of oxygen radicals in tourniquet-related ischemia-reperfusion injury of
      human patients.
AB  - In the current study we evaluated effluent blood from extremities of human
      patients undergoing reconstructive surgical treatment which is routinely
      accompanied by upper extremity exsanguination and application of a tourniquet.
      Following tourniquet release (reperfusion), there were immediate increases in the
      plasma levels of xanthine oxidase activity, uric acid, and histamine. Xanthine
      dehydrogenase activity was not detectable. Plasma also contained products
      consistent with the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals, namely hemoglobin
      and fluorescent compounds. Our data indicate in humans that ischemia-reperfusion
      events are associated with the appearance of xanthine oxidase activity and its
      products in the plasma effluent.

PMID- 1798288
TI  - Role of iron and oxygen radicals in hemorrhage and shock.
AB  - This contribution focuses on the role of iron as a critical component in the
      genesis of oxygen radical mediated tissue injury occurring after global ischemia
      associated with severe hypovolemic shock. Conventional colloid or crystalloid
      fluid resuscitation does not adequately protect organs susceptible to reperfusion
      injury. One approach aimed at attenuating such post-trauma reperfusion injury is
      systemic, high dose, iron chelation used in combination with colloid fluid
      replacement.

PMID- 1798289
TI  - Requirement for prooxidant and antioxidant states in T cell mediated immune
      responses.--Relevance for the pathogenetic mechanisms of AIDS?
AB  - The discovery of decreased plasma cysteine and cystine levels and elevated plasma
      glutamate levels in HIV-infected patients has led to intense investigations into
      the role of cysteine in T cell-mediated immune responses. A large body of
      evidence indicates that certain aspects of the T cell response require the action
      of active oxygen derivatives while other aspects of the response require the
      action of antioxidants such as cysteine and glutathione (GSH). The prooxidant and
      antioxidant states may be required sequentially at different times during T cell
      activation. The extremely weak cystine transport activity of T cells together
      with oxidizing metabolites from inflammatory microenvironments appear to be
      important factors that support the prooxidant state. The relatively high cystine
      transport activity of the antigen-presenting macrophages, in contrast, provides
      these cells with a "cysteine pumping" function that allows the antigen binding T
      cells in their vicinity to shift to the antioxidant state. The difference between
      the membrane transport activities for cysteine of T cells and macrophages thus
      appears to be the key element of a mechanism that facilitates both, the
      prooxidant state of T cells and their regulated shift to the antioxidant state.
      When T cells do not receive sufficient amounts of cysteine, the intracellular GSH
      levels and rates of DNA synthesis activity decrease, and the cells may suffer
      from various manifestations of oxidative damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798291
TI  - The importance of oxygen radicals in medicine--recent advances and perspectives.

PMID- 1798290
TI  - Free radicals in chemical carcinogenesis.
AB  - During the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of
      cancer-causing agents, mechanisms of cancer formation and the behavior of cancer
      cells. Cancer is characterized primarily by an increase in the number of abnormal
      cells derived from a given normal tissue, invasion of adjacent tissues by these
      abnormal cells, and lymphatic or blood-borne spread of malignant cells to
      regional lymph nodes and to distant sites (metastasis). It has been estimated
      that about 75-80% of all human cancers are environmentally induced, 30-40% of
      them by diet. Only a small minority, possibly no more than 2% of all cases,
      result purely from inherent genetic changes. Several lines of evidence confirm
      that the fundamental molecular event or events that cause a cell to become
      malignant occur at the level of the DNA and a variety of studies indicate that
      the critical molecular event in chemical carcinogenesis is the interaction of the
      chemical agent with DNA. The demonstration that DNA isolated from tumor cells can
      transfect normal cells and render them neoplastic provides direct proof that an
      alteration of the DNA is responsible for cancer. The transforming genes, or
      oncogenes, have been identified by restriction endonuclease mapping. One of the
      characteristics of tumor cells generated by transformation with viruses,
      chemicals, or radiation is their reduced requirement for serum growth factors. A
      critical significance of electrophilic metabolites of carcinogenes in chemical
      carcinogenesis has been demonstrated. A number of "proximate" and "ultimate"
      metabolites, especially those of aromatic amines, were described. The "ultimate"
      forms of carcinogens actually interact with cellular constituents to cause
      neoplastic transformation and are the final metabolic products in most pathways.
      Recent evidence indicates that free radical derivatives of chemical carcinogens
      may be produced both metabolically and nonenzymatically during their metabolism.
      Free radicals carry no charge but do possess a single unpaired electron, making
      the radical extremely reactive. That such forms may be important in the
      introduction of neoplastic transformation by chemicals from two lines of
      evidence. (1) Various molecules that inhibit the formation of free radicals, many
      of which are termed antioxidants, can inhibit the carcinogenic action of a
      variety of chemical carcinogens. (2) There are relatively specific metabolic
      reactions of certain chemical carcinogens, particularly of polycyclic
      hydrocarbons, for which it has been shown to proceed through free radical
      intermediates. In conclusion, free radical processes with direct effects on DNA
      can be proposed for a variety of human and animal carcinogens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1798292
TI  - Role of reactive oxygen species in biological processes.
AB  - The steady-state formation of prooxidants in cells and organs is balanced by a
      similar rate of their consumption by antioxidants that are enzymatic and/or
      nonenzymatic. "Oxidative stress" results from imbalance in this prooxidant
      antioxidant equilibrium in favor of the prooxidants. A number of diseases are
      associated with oxidative stress, being the basis of a potential antioxidant
      therapy. However, current evidence in clinical research does not show unequivocal
      distinction between causal or associative relationships of proxidants to the
      disease process.

PMID- 1798293
TI  - Reactive oxygen species, antiproteases, and cytokines in sepsis.
AB  - Although the shock syndrome is recognized as a form of "mediator poisoning", a
      plethora of details is hardly converging into a coherent concept of chronological
      and molecular order. As a model for organ failure in septic shock, three
      alternative experimental approaches with a common pathology are presented: When
      galactosamine-sensitized mice receive either lipopolysaccharide or leukotriene D4
      or tumor necrosis factor alpha they develop fulminant hepatitis within few hours
      with a lethal outcome within one day. Detailed pharmacological intervention
      studies allow to conclude that endotoxin-induced leukotriene D4 release induces a
      transient ischemia by the known vasoconstrictive action of this eicosanoid. A
      following reperfusion/reoxygenation phase gives rise to superoxide formation
      which inactivates alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor. Thus a serine protease becomes
      active which is responsible for the processing of a monocytic tumor necrosis
      factor alpha precursor to be released into the circulation after proteolytic
      cleavage. By this sequence the final central mediator of shock and sepsis becomes
      systematically abundant. The concept arising from these studies reconciles
      previously known findings and provides a link between the role of reactive oxygen
      species in inflammation, the balance of proteases and antiproteases in the
      extracellular space and the release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor in
      sepsis and shock.

PMID- 1798294
TI  - The involvement of oxygen radicals in microbicidal mechanisms of leukocytes and
      macrophages.
AB  - Phagocytic leukocytes generate large amounts of reactive oxygen compounds during
      and after phagocytosis of micro-organisms. These compounds are essential for the
      killing of a wide variety of microbes. The enzyme responsible for this process is
      NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase (NADPH oxidase), which utilizes the reduction equivalents
      of NADPH to reduce atmospheric oxygen to superoxide (O2-.). Subsequently,
      superoxide is converted by the leukocytes to other reactive compounds, such as
      hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and N-chloramines (RNCl). Each
      of these compounds has potent microbicidal properties. Under resting, non
      phagocytizing conditions, phagocytes do not produce reactive oxygen compounds.
      However, within 15-30 sec after binding of micro-organisms to cell surface
      receptors, superoxide generation starts. This phenomenon is called the
      respiratory burst. This phenomenon is called the respiratory burst. The
      activation of the NADPH oxidase is caused by the assembly of components of this
      enzyme into an active complex. Under resting conditions, at least three
      components reside in the cytoplasm and at least two are located in the plasma
      membrane. Activation of the NADPH oxidase results in translocation of cytosolic
      components to the plasma membrane and formation of an active enzymatic complex in
      the plasma membrane.

PMID- 1798295
TI  - Inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
AB  - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
      (IBD) of unknown etiology. They are characterized by an activation of intestinal
      mononuclear cells. Cytokines play a crucial role in the regulation of the
      functions of these cells. An increased synthesis of the cytokines interleukin-1
      (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), which
      are primarily synthesized by activated monocytes/macrophages has been described
      in patients with IBD. The synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and of interferon
      gamma (IFN gamma), which are produced by lymphocytes, on the other hand, has been
      found to be decreased. The published data are, however, not quite consistent. In
      patients with IBD there is not only a stimulation of the local cytokine
      production in the gut. The blood levels and the synthesis of the cytokines IL-1,
      IL-6 and TNF alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells are also increased, in
      particular in patients with Crohn's disease. Drugs, which are commonly used for
      the treatment of IBD impair the synthesis of these cytokines in
      monocytes/macrophages.

PMID- 1798296
TI  - Bullying among Australian school children: reported behavior and attitudes toward
      victims.
AB  - The extent of bullying among Australian school children and attitudes toward
      victims of bullying were investigated in a survey of Australian school children
      between the ages of 6 and 16 years (n = 685) and their teachers (n = 32).
      Approximately 1 child in 10 was subjected to peer group bullying. Boys reported
      being bullied more often than girls, who tended to be more supportive of victims.
      With increasing age, there was a slight but significant decline in reported
      bullying; notably, however, attitudes toward victims became less supportive.
      Attitudes toward victims were examined in detail by using a reliable and
      validated 20-item Likert scale. Factor analyses of the children's responses
      yielded three interpretable factors: a tendency to despise the victims of
      bullies; general admiration for school bullies; and avowed support for
      intervention to assist the victim. An understanding of such attitudes is
      desirable for designing effective intervention programs.

PMID- 1798297
TI  - The effect of others' influence, effort, and ability attributions on emotions in
      achievement and affiliative situations.
AB  - In this examination of how attributions and types of situation influence
      emotions, 46 American undergraduates completed a questionnaire consisting of 12
      vignettes that varied according to content, outcome, and attribution. After
      reading each vignette, they indicated how they would feel in the situation
      described. In a second experiment, 27 Finnish undergraduates participated in an
      identical procedure. In both experiments, subjects felt more pride and happiness
      after they attributed a successful achievement to effort or ability rather than
      to others' influence. Attributions of affiliative success did not influence
      emotions. Subjects felt the most shame and guilt after they attributed
      achievement failure to lack of effort, and they felt the least negative emotions
      after they attributed affiliative failure to lack of effort.

PMID- 1798298
TI  - Similarities in attitudes toward interpersonal aggression in Finland, Poland, and
      Spain.

PMID- 1798299
TI  - Handwriting stereotypes for the judgment of depression.

PMID- 1798300
TI  - Force production characteristics of leg extensor, trunk flexor and extensor
      muscles in male and female basketball players.
AB  - Eleven male and nine female basketball players from two teams at the same
      relative competitive level were studied for the force production characteristics
      of their leg extensor, trunk flexor and extensor muscles. As expected, the male
      players demonstrated greater (p less than 0.001) absolute maximal strength in the
      three muscle groups than the females. When the force values were related to body
      weight, the differences became smaller but the male group could still produce
      higher values especially for the trunk flexor (p less than 0.01) and extensor
      muscles (p less than 0.05). The males demonstrated higher (p less than 0.001)
      values than the females for maximal vertical jumping height both in the squat
      jump (41.5 +/- 3.0 and 21.5 +/- 2.4 cm) and in the counter movement jump (43.9 +/
      4.0 and 24.8 +/- 2.5 cm). As expected, the times required to produce the same
      absolute force levels in the isometric force-time curves were significantly (p
      less than 0.001) shorter in the male team than in the female. However, the times
      needed to produce the same relative force levels were also shorter (p less than
      0.05) in the male group. In the whole subject sample the individual values in
      maximal leg extension force correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with the
      vertical jumping height. The present results suggest that the differences
      observed in force production characteristics between the male and female groups
      may not be explained only by the sexual difference but also by the differences in
      the overall volume and/or the type of strength and power training during the
      preparatory training season(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798301
TI  - Anaerobic threshold and performance in middle and long distance running.
AB  - A total of 112 endurance athletes, divided in three groups according to their
      age, were selected considered in this study. Thirtythree randomly subjects (11
      per each age group) were both laboratory--and field--tested for anaerobic
      threshold (AT) determination. The running speed (RS) and heart rate (HR) at which
      AT occurred were highly correlated in the two conditions, with R ranging from
      0.82 to 0.90, with the highest correlation for the oldest group. All the athletes
      participated a series of competition races at various distances, and the
      correlation between RS at AT and actual racing RS was calculated. It was found
      that RS at AT is highly correlated with racing RS for distances from 5 km and
      above, with the highest correlation found in the 10 km race for the 12-18 years
      and the 19-30 years age groups, and for the one hour race for the oldest group.
      Shorter distances (e.g. 800 m) did not show significant correlation with RS at
      AT, and this was particularly evident for the oldest group (R = 0.30).

PMID- 1798302
TI  - Correlations between VO2max and performance times of recreational triathletes.
AB  - Twenty-three recreational triathletes, 16 male and 7 female (mean = 21.7 yrs),
      performed max tethered swim (TS), cycle ergometer (CE), and treadmill run (TR)
      tests prior to participation in a competitive triathlon (0.91 km swim, 40 km
      cycle, 10 km run). The VO2max values on the TS, CE and TR were similar to those
      reported for trained athletes in each sport. As a group, cycling times were
      significantly correlated to both absolute (p less than 0.01) and relative (p less
      than 0.001) cycling VO2max (r = -0.57 and r = -0.78, respectively); running times
      significantly correlated with relative (p less than 0.001, r = -0.84) but not
      absolute (p greater than 0.05) running VO2max; and swimming times significantly
      correlated with absolute (p less than 0.01, r = -0.49) but not relative (p
      greater than 0.05) swimming VO2max. With the exception of absolute swim VO2max,
      the total performance times were significantly correlated to all VO2max values
      when expressed in both absolute and relative values. This study indicates the
      important role a moderately trained individual's aerobic power has in determining
      performances in endurance events such as the triathlon.

PMID- 1798303
TI  - Peak running velocity, submaximal energy expenditure, VO2max, and 8 km distance
      running performance.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to examine (1) if the peak running velocity
      achieved during maximal treadmill testing is related to 8 km distance running
      performance (DRP) and (2) if the relationship between selected physiological
      determinants are consistant for two 8 km races within a competitive season. Seven
      members of a University cross-country team (mean +/- SE) (age, 19.4 +/- 0.5
      years, VO2max 67.0 +/- 1.0 ml/kg/min were tested 2-3 days following a mid-season
      race (Race M) and the season-ending conference championship (Race C). Despite
      similar weather and terrain, Race C (29:22 +/- 1:22 min:sec) was significantly (p
      less than 0.05) slower than Race M (28:31 +/- 0:58 min:sec). However, no
      significant differences (p greater than 0.05) were observed between testing
      sessions for calculated energy expenditure heart rate oxygen consumption and RER
      during submaximal running (248 and 268 m/min), postsubmaximal run lactate, peak
      running velocity, and VO2max. A significant correlation (p less than 0.05) was
      observed for Race M with with calculated energy expenditure during submaximal
      running at both speeds (r = 0.85) and with peak running velocity (r = -0.76).
      Regression analysis revealed that 92% of the total variance for Race M was
      accounted for by calculated energy expenditure during submaximal running and
      VO2max. No significant correlation or regression relationship was observed for
      any variables with Race C. These results suggest that peak running velocity,
      calculated energy expenditure during submaximal running, and VO2max can be
      associated with 8 km running performance. However, the relationship between 8 km
      DRP and the variables measured can differ for two races over a competitive
      season.

PMID- 1798304
TI  - Comparison of energy expenditure in men and women at rest and during exercise
      recovery.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure (EE) of men and
      women at rest and during a 1 h recovery from 30 min of exercise at 40% of VO2max.
      Subjects were five physically active lean men (mean age, % fat, and VO2max = 34.8
      +/- 8.1 years, 8.1 +/- 3.2% and 63.8 +/- 8 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively) and five
      physically active lean women (mean age, % fat, and VO2max = 26.2 +/- 5.1 years,
      17.6 +/- 4.5%, and 50.2 +/- 13.6 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively). Energy expenditure
      (EE) was measured continuously by standard open circuit spirometry for 20 min at
      rest and for 1 h immediately after 30 min of exercise at 40% of VO2max.
      Independent t tests and ANCOVA were used to compare EE of men and women at rest
      and during exercise recovery. EE at rest in the men was significantly greater
      using a t test (p less than .05) than in the women but it was not when the data
      were adjusted with ANCOVA using body weight, VO2max in ml.kg-1.min-1, and percent
      body fat as covariates. The EE during 1 h of recovery was also significantly
      higher in the men using a t test (p less than .05) and after the data were
      adjusted for differences in VO2max (p less than .02). With body weight and
      percent fat as covariates. The EE during 1 h of recovery was also significantly
      higher in the men using a t test (p less than .05) and after the data were
      adjusted for differences in VO2max (p less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1798305
TI  - Effects of active and passive recovery on lactate removal and subsequent
      isokinetic muscle function.
AB  - The effect of active and passive recovery on the removal of accumulated blood
      lactate and subsequent muscle function were tested using five male subjects. The
      experimental protocol consisted of two exercise sessions performed on a
      mechanical brake cycle ergometer at 150% VO2max for 60 seconds. Termination of
      the supramaximal work bouts were followed by a 20 minutes active recovery period
      cycling at 30% VO2max and a 20 minutes passive recovery period sitting quietly.
      Following the recovery modes, isokinetic measures of peak torque, total work
      output and fatigue were evaluated in the dominant quadricep muscle group. During
      the control test, exercise performance was limited to that of isokinetic
      evaluation. The order of the experimental and control tests were randomly
      assigned. Postexercise blood lactate levels prior to the isokinetic muscle test
      were 9.2 and 9.1 mM during the active and passive recovery conditions
      respectively. Blood lactate concentration during the control test was .4 mM prior
      to the isokinetic muscle test. The rate of blood lactate disappearance was
      significantly greater during active recovery (3.5 mM) when compared with passive
      recovery (7.2 mM). Blood lactate concentration during the control test was
      significantly lower (.4 mM) in comparison to both active and passive lactate
      concentrations prior to the isokinetic muscle test. Despite significant
      differences in blood lactate between active and passive recovery conditions,
      there was no difference in isokinetic measures of maximal strength, work output
      and muscle fatigue between recovery modes. Further indication that lactate is
      unrelated to muscle function was the nonsignificant finding in muscle function
      between the control and experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798306
TI  - Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on maximal aerobic performance in a normobaric
      environment.
AB  - Eighteen female physical education students, randomly divided into three groups,
      inhaled 100% O2 for 60 minutes in a hyperbaric chamber. Pressure in the chamber
      amounted to 2.8 ATA. Three days before the hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) all the
      students were subjected to a treadmill test. The first group was retested after
      30 minutes, the second after 3 hours and the third 6 hours after the HBO. The
      first and the second groups of subjects achieved statistically significant
      maximal oxygen consumption after the HBO (14.4 and 10% respectively) and were
      capable of sustaining considerably higher exertion on treadmill (12.8%, namely
      18.1%, both values were significant on the level of p less than 0.05). The
      ventilation efficiency parameters (VEO2 and R) did not differ with any of the
      three groups of subject during the exertion before and after the HBO, although
      after the HBO the exertion was considerably higher.

PMID- 1798307
TI  - Physiological responses of typical versus heavy weight triathletes to treadmill
      and bicycle exercise.
AB  - A physiological comparison of the responses of typical weight (less than 90 kg)
      versus heavy weight (greater than 90 kg) male triathletes to maximal treadmill
      and maximal bicycle exercise was performed to better understand the effects of
      weight on endurance performance. The heavy triathlete group (90.9 +/- 3.2 kg,
      mean +/- SD) had significantly (p less than .01) greater percent body fat (11.9
      +/- 3.6 vs 7.4 +/- 1.8%) while having significantly (p +/- .01) lower VO2max
      values expressed in ml.kg-1.min-1 on both the treadmill (55.6 +/- 4.1 vs 69.9 +/-
      5.5) and bicycle ergometer (51.9 +/- 3.9 vs 60.5 +/- 6.2) than the typical
      triathlete group (66.6 +/- 5.9 kg). Analysis of covariance using body fat as the
      covariate resulted in persistent significant (p less than .02) VO2max (ml.kg
      1.min-1) differences between the groups. Statistically significant (p less than
      .05) differences in running economy existed between the groups (33.7 +/- 2.7 vs
      37.1 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min-1; typical vs heavy). The heavy triathletes also had a
      significantly (p less than .01) shorter treadmill performance time (9.6 +/- 2.3
      vs 13.2 +/- 1.7 min) and significantly (p less than .01) lower power per weight
      ratio on the bicycle ergometer (5.37 +/- 0.48 vs 6.47 +/- 0.59 watts/kg). These
      findings indicate that the heavy triathlete is at a physiological disadvantage
      when competing in endurance events and supports the inclusion of a weight
      category in these events. The reported triathlon results support these
      physiological findings.

PMID- 1798308
TI  - Ventilatory threshold and work efficiency on a bicycle and paddling ergometer in
      top canoeists.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of increasing
      specific (paddling ergometer) and non-specific (bicycle ergometer) work load on
      the parameters at the ventilatory threshold (VT) and on work efficiency (WE)
      during increasing exercise ergometry. When highly trained male canoeists were
      given an unspecific exercise load, the values of %VO2max at VT were close to the
      values characteristic for an untrained population (72.3 +/- 5.3% VO2max). When
      the same subjects were given a specific work load, they produced values typical
      for highly trained athletes (83.4 +/- 2.5% VO2max). Non-specific exercise
      produced WE values close to those of untrained subjects on the bicycle ergometer
      (23.3 +/- 2.1%), and when loading is specific, the groups of working muscles are
      smaller, producing lower WE values (14.7 +/- 3.5%). It was concluded that the
      responses to submaximal exercise intensities in the case of nonspecific loading
      suggests caution in the interpretation of physiological variables which may be
      sensitive to training status. The assessment of VT and WE as supplementary
      characteristics during laboratory measurements, enables us, along with other
      parameters, to ascertain not only the effectiveness of the training process used,
      but also the specificity of a loading apparatus.

PMID- 1798309
TI  - Selection and classification of high school volleyball players from performance
      tests.
AB  - The purpose of this study were to determine the accuracy of general and specific
      tests for identifying the players on freshmen (FR), junior varsity (JV), and
      varsity (VR) teams and the precision of tests to differentiate between starters
      and nonstarters at each level of play. Fifty high school volleyball players were
      tested during the first week of practice for six general and four specific motor
      performance tests. The specific tests included the overhead volley, forearm pass,
      wall spike, and self bump/set test. The general tests included height, weight,
      percent body fat, agility run, vertical jump, and two flexibility maneuvers. VR
      players were significantly better in vertical jump, agility, and all specific
      ball-handling tests than FR and VJ players. The combination of forearm pass,
      overhead volley, vertical jump, and weight correctly classified 68% of the
      players to their team level. The combination of bump-set, height, weight, and
      shoulder flexibility allowed correct classification of 78% of the starters and
      nonstarters. General and specific tests can successfully select and classify high
      school volleyball players.

PMID- 1798310
TI  - The relationship between isometric contraction durations and improvement in
      shoulder joint range of motion.
AB  - Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) flexibility techniques are now
      being used in health and sports related activities, yet it is unclear as to the
      relationship between various isometric contraction time increments and joint
      range of motion. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the
      relationship between a three-second, six-second, and ten-second maximum voluntary
      isometric contraction (MVIC). A modified PNF procedure referred to as the slow
      reversal-hold-relax (SRHR) flexibility technique was employed in the
      investigation. It was hypothesized that longer MVIC time increments used with the
      SRHR flexibility technique would provide greater range of motion (ROM).
      Specifically, the ten-second MVIC was believed to be superior to the six-second
      and three-second MVIC. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the six-second MVIC
      was superior to the three-second MVIC. Sixty subjects, ages 14-57 were randomly
      assigned to one of three treatment groups. Using a Leighton Flexometer, acute
      internal rotation of the shoulder joint was measured in degrees for six trials.
      Three passive stretch trials served as the baseline measurement for each subject
      (trials 1-3). The SRHR flexibility technique was used as the treatment for trials
      4-6. A sixty-second rest interval common to clinical settings was integrated
      between each trial. The hypothesis was not accepted that a positive correlation
      existed between increased MVIC time and greater ROM.

PMID- 1798311
TI  - Skeletal muscle metabolism in the offspring of trained rats.
AB  - To determine the effects of maternal exercise training during pregnancy on
      skeletal muscle metabolism of the progeny, eleven female Sprague-Dawley rats were
      divided into an exercise and a control group. The maternal training group (6) ran
      on a rodent treadmill for 4 weeks prior to pregnancy and daily throughout
      gestation (21 days) at 26.8 m/min, 1 hour/day, 5 days per week. The measurements
      were taken 28 days postpartum. No differences were noted between the sedentary
      and trained maternal animals for succinic dehydrogenase (SDH),
      phosphofructokinase (PFK), and myosin ATPase activities of the soleus, plantaris
      and gastrocnemius muscles. Maternal gastrocnemius SDH and soleus PFK levels were
      significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than levels found in the offspring. The
      liver glycogen of trained maternal animals was significantly higher than that
      found in all other groups. As well it was shown that maternal exercise had no
      effect on any of the aforementioned physiological parameters measured in the
      pups. The results indicate that exercise training during pregnancy does not
      modify the skeletal muscle metabolism of the offspring as observed 28 days after
      birth.

PMID- 1798312
TI  - Relationship of selected body composition and training variables to 17 B
      estradiol in eumenorrheic runners.
AB  - Although the relationships among body composition, training, and physical
      characteristics and 17 B-estradiol (estradiol) have been described in active
      amenorrheic women, little is known about these relationships in eumenorrheic
      women. This study examined the relationship between selected body composition and
      training variables, physical characteristics, maximal oxygen consumption
      (VO2max), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol in eumenorrheic runners. Fifteen
      women (25.8 +/- 0.8 years) running 19.8 +/- 1.8 miles per week were studied
      during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Estradiol and LH were
      determined by radioimmunoassay. Body composition was measured by hydrostatic
      weighing. Age, Ponderal Index, and menstrual cycle length (days) were inversely
      related to estradiol (r = -0.56, r = -0.55, r = -0.52, respectively, p less than
      0.05). A significant relationship (R2 = 0.91; p less than 0.05) was found among
      age, menstrual cycle length, LH (mIU/ml), VO2max (ml/kg/min), weight training
      (hr/wk), miles run per week, height (cm), additional aerobic training (hr/wk),
      relative body fat (%), and Ponderal Index and estradiol (pg/ml). These data
      suggest the midluteal concentration of estradiol in moderately trained
      eumenorrheic runners is the result of a complex interaction of many factors.

PMID- 1798313
TI  - Comparison of sympatho-adrenal activity during endurance exercise performed under
      high- and low-carbohydrate diet conditions.
AB  - Effects of varied carbohydrate (CHO) content in the diet on sympatho-adrenal
      activity to endurance exercise during which blood sugar was kept over a
      preexercise level were studied in five male physical education students. The CHO
      loading was used and consisted of a 7-day low CHO diet (30% CHO, 50% fat, 20%
      protein) followed by a 7-day high CHO diet (70% CHO, 20% fat, 10% protein). The
      results obtained from the present study were as follows: (1) plasma epinephrine
      (E) was almost the same between the low and the high CHO diets before and at 30
      min of the exercise, while plasma norepinephrine (NE) level at 30 min of the
      exercise was significantly higher in the low (959 +/- 98 pg/ml) than in the high
      CHO diet (679 +/- 64 pg/ml) (p less than 0.05); (2) serum free fatty acid (FFA)
      level was significantly higher in the low than in the high CHO diet before (p
      less than 0.05) and at 30 min of the exercise (p less than 0.01); (3) a negative
      correlation was found between muscle glycogen and plasma NE (p less than 0.05).
      In all the subjects, increase in serum FFA accompanied by increase in plasma NE
      was detected in the low CHO diet. In conclusion, sympathetic activity to
      endurance exercise during which blood sugar was kept over a preexercise level was
      elevated more in the low than in the high CHO diet. It was suggested that the
      more elevated sympathetic nervous activity would have resulted from glycogen
      depletion in the working muscle due to the low CHO diet and would have increased
      FFA mobilization from the adipose tissue.

PMID- 1798314
TI  - Comparison of some serum copper parameters in trained professional soccer players
      and control subjects.
AB  - Some serum copper variables were assessed in 19 male professional soccer players
      involved in alternating aerobic-anaerobic physical activity and in a control
      group of 24 male subjects engaged in ordinary physical activity. In the soccer
      player's group, lower serum ceruloplasmin levels and lower serum ceruloplasmin
      biological activity were found than in the control group. Serum copper levels
      were comparable in both groups. Reduction of the levels of ceruloplasmin could
      affect its biological activity, with possible impairment of the physiological
      functions related to this oxidative activity. The results suggest that more
      attention should be paid to serum copper and ceruloplasmin in soccer players.

PMID- 1798315
TI  - Fluid intake during an ultramarathon running race: relationship to plasma volume
      and serum sodium and potassium.
AB  - To assess the relationship between self-selected fluid intake patterns and
      changes in plasma volume and serum electrolytes during prolonged exercise, five
      men completed ultramarathon runs ranging from 50 to 100 km. There was a
      significant relationship between fluid intake and plasma volume changes but no
      changes occurred in either serum sodium or potassium. Subjects who ingested the
      most fluid during the race had a modest hemodilution without any changes in serum
      or potassium. This response may have been influenced by the consumption of
      beverages containing osmotically active solutes such as sodium and glucose.

PMID- 1798316
TI  - The effect of completed nutrition on the athletes' performance.
AB  - The performance capacity, some somatical parameters, the cardiorespiratory system
      and the anaerobic exertion of 92 athletes were studied in the function of
      nutrition. The traditional alimentation was completed partly by a complete food
      and partly by a protein-rich food. In every case in double-blind arrangements
      placebo was also used. The treatments lasted one month each. Between the
      effective and placebo treatments one months interval was kept. The complete food
      contained 40-60 KJ/body mass kg; the protein completion was 0.5-0.7 g
      protein/body mass kg. On the effect of both treatments the performance improved
      in more than the half of the examined persons. The increase of lean body mass
      could be observed mainly after protein treatment. The relative aerobic power
      increased significantly only after complete food treatment. The work-heart-rate
      did not change significantly on the effect of the treatments. The data indicate
      that the traditional alimentation neither qualitatively nor quantitatively can be
      considered optimal in more than the half of the examined athletes.

PMID- 1798317
TI  - Caffeine ingestion during exercise to exhaustion in elite distance runners.
      Revision.
AB  - Caffeine is currently being used as an ergogenic aid by many athletes. The aim of
      this research was to determine whether a large dose of caffeine (10 mg.kg-1)
      taken immediately prior to the start of endurance exercise would have the desired
      effect of increasing endurance performance. Six males, who were not habitual
      caffeine users and who had performed at least two marathons, served as subjects
      in this experiment. They ran on a treadmill at a speed which had been calculated
      would elicit 75% of their VO2max for 45 minutes, after which time the speed was
      increased by two miles per hour till exhaustion. During the caffeine trial the
      athletes ran further than either the control or placebo conditions (p less than
      0.05). Blood lactate values did not change across condition except for the final
      collection period which was significantly higher in the caffeine trial (p less
      than 0.05). As expected there was a significant time effect in all conditions (p
      less than 0.0001). Blood triglycerides after the start of the test were always
      higher in the caffeine condition but this was only significant at the 45 minute
      and end of exercise collection periods (p less than 0.05). The results suggest
      that endurance athletes can use caffeine just prior to exercise rather than one
      to three hours prior to exercise.

PMID- 1798318
TI  - Analysis of strength and endurance in fast twitch skeletal muscle after an acute
      in vitro exposure to an anabolic steroid.
AB  - Forty extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from adult rats were used in an in
      vitro experiment to determine the effects of an anabolic steroid on strength and
      endurance. Experimental muscles, exposed to a 1 x 10(-3) M testosterone
      propionate, were compared in strength and endurance to control muscles.
      Multivariate repeated measures analyses of variance and covariance, and
      univariate pooled variance t-tests showed the control muscles to be significantly
      (alpha less than or equal to 0.025) stronger and more durable than the steroid
      exposed muscles. The results failed to support the notion that steroids enhance
      contractile strength and endurance in skeletal muscle. It is speculated that
      steroids may block important mechanisms of muscle contraction, resulting in a
      decrease in force production.

PMID- 1798319
TI  - Somatotypes of Nigerian power athletes.
AB  - This study comparatively assessed the somatotype characteristics of elite male
      Nigerian power athletes who comprised middleweight boxers (n = 23), weightlifters
      (n = 18) and wrestlers (n = 21), as well as a nonathletic group (n = 19). They
      were aged 24-35 years. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc method were used
      to determine significant differences in the mean somatotype ratings of the
      groups. Among the groups, the nonathletes (4.02) were most significantly
      endomorphic (p less than 0.05). The weightlifters (5.12) and wrestler (5.04) were
      more significantly mesomorphic (p less than 0.05) than the boxers. (3.18) and
      nonathletes (3.06). The wrestlers' and weightlifters' dominance in mesomorphy
      confirms earlier reports on the salience of mesomorphy in performing strength
      related skills.

PMID- 1798320
TI  - Cardiac glycogenolysis in trained and untrained ischemic rat hearts.
AB  - The effect of induced myocardial ischemia on cardiac glycogen utilization was
      investigated in trained and untrained male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following a 12 to
      15 week endurance training program, myocardial ischemia was induced by ligation
      of the left coronary artery. Prior to and at 5 min intervals following ligation,
      affected tissues of five trained and untrained animals were removed, frozen in
      liquid nitrogen, and analyzed for glycogen and lactic acid. The glycogen content
      for both groups declined significantly (p less than 0.05) during the first 5 min,
      38% and 15% for the trained and untrained, respectively, with a concomitant rise
      in the lactic acid of 150% and 40%. Overall, the cardiac lactate in the trained
      hearts was lower (p less than 0.05) than in untrained hearts but the pattern of
      response was the same. During the final 5 min of ischemia, cardiac glycogen rose
      in the trained hearts and declined in the sedentary hearts. The difference
      between the two groups at 30 min was significant (p less than 0.05). The results
      show that trained and untrained rat hearts utilize glycogen differently but
      produce similar quantities of lactic acid during brief periods of myocardial
      ischemia. Similar lactate despite greater glycogen utilization may indicate
      reduced anaerobic stress in the trained rat heart.

PMID- 1798321
TI  - Ankle overuse injuries in soccer players. Morphological adaptation of the talus
      in the anterior impingement.
AB  - The ankle joints of 88 professional soccer players have been studied. The high
      presence of radiographic changes unchained in its great number by impingement
      phenomena among the articular areas, being 59.1% for the right ankle and 52.3%
      for the left one, has been confirmed. These radiographic images seem to indicate
      in the ankle joint the existance of osseous remodeling phenomena to face overuse
      and overstress, having in the major part of cases no clinical translation, so
      that we might denominate them as the "radiographic arthrosis of sportsman". Two
      types of morphological adaptation of the neck of the talus are described to face
      the impingement unchained in it by the anterior articular border of the distal
      epiphysis of the tibia. The Type A, in which changes of the "squatting facet" of
      the talus are detected and Type B characterized by talotibial exostosis.

PMID- 1798322
TI  - Psychological and medical factors associated with pain running.
AB  - This study found that 56% of 370 runners sampled push themselves during running
      until they feel pain. These pain runners were more likely to be male, taller,
      heavier, and younger than nonpain runners. They were also more likely to be
      running for competition and less likely for improved health than nonpain runners.
      Pain runners took significantly more risks when running, and they were
      significantly higher on 17 of 23 medical symptoms than nonpain runners.
      Regression analyses showed that pushing to pain during running was a significant
      predictor of cardiovascular/respiratory, musculoskeletal, and autonomic nervous
      system symptom factors. Pain runners also reported significantly more death
      thoughts and death anxiety on the Dickstein Death Concern Scale than nonpain
      runners. Finally, pain runners did not significantly differ from nonpain runners
      on their running statistics.

PMID- 1798323
TI  - Middle age male distance runners: physiological and psychological profiles.
AB  - This study investigated 4 research questions addressing exercise capabilities and
      psychological characteristics of middle-age (30 to 50 years) male runners.
      Subjects provided an extensive running history, completed the Multidimensional
      Anger Inventory, completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and performed a
      treadmill running test to volitional exhaustion. Another aspect of the study
      compared anticipatory and posttest reactions to the treadmill test experience to
      actual test results. The findings suggest that these runners have common
      personality profiles, that long-term involvement in running and training is
      associated with a positive sense of self, and that lifelong aerobic exercise is
      associated with high cardiovascular fitness. Although the research design does
      not permit causal or predictive conclusions, the study provides valuable
      additional baseline information for physicians and fitness professionals who
      serve middle aged male runners.

PMID- 1798324
TI  - Measurements of fitness. The Canadian experience.
AB  - The history of fitness assessment in Canada is reviewed briefly, with an emphasis
      upon geographic and socio-cultural factors that have influenced the Canadian
      approach to this issue. The current policy continues to be a three-tiered system
      of testing: self-assessment, paramedical testing and detailed medical evaluation.
      At the intermediate level (large-scale representative population sampling), the
      emphasis is upon a combination of physical activity questionnaires and simple
      test procedures that can be applied by a paramedical professional in the
      subject's home. Observations include height, weight, blood pressure, skinfold
      readings, simple tests of muscular force and endurance, a stepping test of
      aerobic performance and the sit and reach test of flexibility. Possible
      modifications to sampling, questionnaires and fitness test procedures are
      discussed in the context of the 1981 and 1988 Canada Fitness Surveys.

PMID- 1798325
TI  - Exercise intensity conversion from a bicycle ergometer to a treadmill.
AB  - In the evaluation of the general functional fitness and/or work capacity of
      subjects for the purpose of exercise diagnostics, physical fitness enhancement in
      untrained healthy subjects or sportsmen and exercise rehabilitation of patients,
      two types of ergometers are generally used: a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill.
      To facilitate the conversion of results of functional examinations made in the
      laboratory to field conditions, where, as a rule, physical activity is performed,
      the intensity of exercise assessed on the bicycle ergometer must be converted to
      that on a treadmill and vice versa. Measurements on a bicycle ergometer and
      treadmill in differently trained groups of men can be supplemented with data from
      the literature to develop a general equation which relates exercise intensity on
      the bicycle ergometer P (W.kg-1) and running speed on the treadmill v (km.h-1) as
      v = 3.544.P +/- 0.625. In the submaximal range of exercise intensities (20-80% of
      maximal aerobic power) this relationship is independent on the training status,
      age, body weight, strength and speed capacity of the subjects examined. The above
      equation may be used in the submaximal exercise intensity range with a maximum
      error of about 12% or less.

PMID- 1798326
TI  - The fitness paradox.
AB  - Fitness represents a delicate balance of physical and mental wellness. Excessive
      training, competition and stress upset that balance, and the athlete experiences
      adverse results. Examples of this paradox are discussed.

PMID- 1798327
TI  - Interaction energy studies on antibiotics nucleoside analogs 2-azaadenine.
AB  - The 2-azaadenine antibiotic is known to be a potent cytotoxic nucleoside analog.
      Evaluation of the interaction energy of this molecule with nucleic acid bases and
      base pairs has been performed using a quantum-mechanical perturbation technique.
      Both in-plane and stacking energies have been computed. These energy values along
      with their sites of association have been compared with the standard energy
      values and spatial positions for the nucleic acid bases during transcription. The
      results have been examined in the light of their biological significance.

PMID- 1798328
TI  - The problem of movelength and turn definition in analysis of orientation data.
AB  - This study examines the analysis of arthropod orientation data. Three problems
      are discussed: (1) dealing with time as it applies to spatial data, (2)
      determining the appropriate movelength to be used in collecting and in analyzing
      data, and (3) defining a turn, to discriminate between "gait noise" and course
      changes. The main objective is to determine the solution to defining the most
      appropriate movelength for comparisons between variables and between species. The
      technique described here for selecting the appropriate movelength that has
      relevance to both the locomotory rate of the animal and its body length, reduces
      variation resulting from lateral translational movements, prevents the use of
      movelengths that lead to artifactual or unrealistic turning values per move, and
      permits comparisons of species and individuals under various stimulus conditions.

PMID- 1798329
TI  - Models for the movement of mono-oriented chromosomes.
AB  - The two contending theories of chromosome movement differ, principally, in the
      location of the motor that powers this motion: Is the motor at the kinetochore or
      is it instead distributed, in the form of "traction fibers", along the
      kinetochore fiber that connects the kinetochore to the pole? Dynamic mathematical
      models are developed for these two opposing theories in the relatively simple
      case of mono-oriented chromosomes. These models are then compared relative to
      their quality of fit to some available data concerning the X-chromosome of the
      grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis. Also, the traction fiber theory is used to
      predict the positions obtained by bi-oriented bivalents and trivalents at
      metaphase equilibrium.

PMID- 1798330
TI  - Spatial patterns and travelling waves in population genetics.
AB  - We consider a reaction-diffusion equation to model a multi-allelic, single locus
      problem. The population can migrate in a homogeneous region and the diffusion
      rates depend upon the genotype. It is shown that if there is an equilibrium point
      with all alleles present and if this polymorphism is stable for the classical
      reaction system then it is also stable for the reaction-diffusion equation. Also
      a simplified model is used to investigate which allele will spread in the two
      allele case. Alleles which are associated with large fitness and small dispersion
      do best.

PMID- 1798331
TI  - The evolution of viruses. Competition between horizontal and vertical
      transmission of mobile genes.
AB  - The transmission dynamics of viruses in a replicating cell population is
      investigated, assuming that viral mutants differ in their efficiencies of
      horizontal and vertical transmission. As a genetic result we find that
      competition between such different viral strategies need not select for
      increasing basic reproductive rates. We illustrate evolutionary trajectories that
      lead to increased viral latency even at the expense of lower basic reproductive
      rates and lower equilibrium abundance. In some cases oscillations in the
      prevalence of different mutants are obtained.

PMID- 1798332
TI  - Optimum timing of muscle activation for simple models of throwing.
AB  - In diverse throwing activities, muscles contract in sequence, starting with those
      furthest from the hand. This paper uses simple mathematical models, each with
      just two muscles, to investigate the consequences of this sequential contraction.
      One model was suggested by shot putting, another by underarm throwing and the
      third by overarm throwing, but all are much simpler than real human movements. In
      each case there is an optimum delay between activation of the more proximal
      muscle and of the more distal one, that maximizes the speed at which the missile
      leaves the hand. If the delay is shorter than optimal, the throw is completed
      sooner and less time is available for contraction of the proximal muscle: it may
      shorten faster, exerting less torque, or through less than its full range of
      movement, and so do less work. If it is longer than optimal, less time is
      available for contraction of the distal muscle, which therefore does less work.
      The optimal delay is in some cases longer than would maximize total work because
      the delay influences the proportion of the work that appears as kinetic energy of
      the missile.

PMID- 1798333
TI  - Human pre-mRNA splicing signals.
AB  - A sample of 764 pairs of human pre-mRNA exon-intron and intron-exon boundaries,
      extracted from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory data bank, is analyzed
      to provide a species-optimized characterization of donor and acceptor sites,
      evaluate the information content of the two signals (found to be about 8 and 9
      bits respectively) and check the independent-base approximation (which holds
      well) and the "GT-AG" rule (to which, a few well-documented exceptions are
      found). No correlation is detected between the strength ("discrimination energy")
      of an actual donor-site signal and that of its corresponding acceptor-site
      counterpart, nor between that of either signal, or the cumulative strength of
      both, and the length of the intervening intron. The discrimination-energy
      distributions of the two signals are determined. Because of the large sample size
      and its single-species origin, the two distributions can be presumed to be
      representative of their underlying genomic counterparts. The size distribution of
      the introns shows a lower cut-off of 70 nucleotides (in essential agreement with
      published experimental results), and apparently no periodicities. A smaller
      sample of mammalian branch sites, taken from the literature, is similarly
      analyzed to attempt a characterization of this rather elusive signal, and
      provides some indication that at least part of the "long pyrimidine stretch",
      usually considered an integral constituent of the 3' splice signal, may be just
      as strongly associated with the branch site, in agreement with recent
      experimental observations. The usefulness of these characterizations for splice
      junction searches is assessed on a test sequence.

PMID- 1798334
TI  - Distribution of differentiated cells in a cell sheet under the lateral inhibition
      rule of differentiation.
AB  - The distribution of differentiated cells among undifferentiated cells was
      investigated assuming the lateral inhibition hypothesis of cell differentiation.
      Computer simulations were undertaken in a planar array of polygonal domains in
      which homogeneous polygons are all competent to differentiate, and immediate
      neighbors of a differentiated polygon exert lateral inhibition of
      differentiation. The simulation showed that the average cell number ratio of
      undifferentiated to differentiated cells is 3.32, when picking a polygon for
      differentiation at random from a hexagonal pattern. The ratio decreased when
      using disturbed polygonal patterns instead of a hexagonal one. A non-random
      sequence of picking polygons also varied cell number ratio values. Our results
      show that if there is no control system as a whole, the lateral inhibition rule
      produced cell distributions whose cell number ratio is around 3. Cell number
      ratios are discussed in regard to observations of epithelial cell sheets.

PMID- 1798335
TI  - Non-linear transmission rates and the dynamics of infectious disease.
AB  - This study considers how non-linearities in the transmission of microparasitic
      infections affect the population dynamics of host-parasite systems in which the
      disease is potentially lethal to the host. Non-linearities can either lead to a
      locally stable or unstable host-parasite equilibrium point, depending on the
      respective contributions of healthy and infected hosts to the functional form of
      the transmission rate. Analysis of the non-linear transmission model results in a
      revealing pair of local stability criteria. Specifically, stability requires
      sufficient total levels of intrinsic growth of the host population and total
      levels of density-dependent transmission. The most stable systems occur when
      increases in the density of healthy hosts result in increases in transmission
      efficiency, and increases in the number of infected hosts result in small
      decreases in transmission efficiency. These appear to be very reasonable
      relationships for directly transmitted microparasites.

PMID- 1798337
TI  - The paradox of the adventurous young and the cautious old: natural selection vs.
      rational calculation.
AB  - Younger people are more adventurous and less willing to reduce the risk to life.
      This seems to be fitness reducing since the gene cannot be passed on if one dies
      before leaving offsprings. However, due to the cumulative nature of knowledge and
      the complementarity of learning and adventurousness, it is shown in a simple
      model that it enhances fitness. Nevertheless, the higher willingness of the old
      to pay to reduce the risk to life may also be due to the rational calculation of
      expected utility maximization. A positive real rate of interest makes
      accumulation of wealth desirable and hence may make the dollar value of life
      increase dramatically until a fairly old age. Even if the lifetime earnings of
      everyone are the same and everyone can lend and borrow at the same rate of
      interest, the old may be willing to pay much more to reduce the risk to life.

PMID- 1798336
TI  - "Runaway" social evolution: reinforcing selection for inbreeding and altruism.
AB  - Kin selection theory predicts that altruistic behaviors, those that decrease the
      fitness of the individual performing the behavior but increase the fitness of the
      recipient, can increase in frequency if the individuals interacting are closely
      related. Several studies have shown that inbreeding therefore generally increases
      the effectiveness of kin selection when fitnesses are linear, additive functions
      of the number of altruists in the family, although with extreme forms of
      altruism, inbreeding can actually retard the evolution of altruism. These models
      assume that a constant proportion of the population mates at random and a
      constant proportion practices some form of inbreeding. In order to investigate
      the effect of inbreeding on the evolution of altruistic behavior when the mating
      structure is allowed to evolve, we examined a two-locus model by computer
      simulation of a diploid case and illustrated the important qualitative features
      by mathematical analysis of a haploid case. One locus determines an individual's
      propensity to perform altruistic social behavior and the second locus determines
      the probability that an individual will mate within its sibship. We assumed
      positive selection for altruism and no direct selection at the inbreeding locus.
      We observed that the altruistic allele and the inbreeding allele become
      positively associated, even when the initial conditions of the model assume
      independence between these loci. This linkage disequilibrium becomes established,
      because the altruistic allele increases more rapidly in the inbreeding segment of
      the population. This association subsequently results in indirect selection on
      the inbreeding locus. However, the dynamics of this model go beyond a simple
      "hitch-hiking" effect, because high levels of altruism lead to increased
      inbreeding, and high degrees of inbreeding accelerate the rate of change of the
      altruistic allele in the entire population. Thus, the dynamics of this model are
      similar to those of "runaway" sexual selection, with gene frequency change at the
      two loci interactively causing rapid evolutionary change.

PMID- 1798338
TI  - A model of morphogenesis for protein secondary structures.
AB  - This paper proposes a model for the expected probability distribution for a
      certain class of biological structures. In particular, a model is derived for the
      distribution of lengths of helices, sheets, turns, and coils as a function of the
      length of the structure divided by the length of the protein it is contained in.
      A fit between the derived lognormal function and the structures for some proteins
      whose three-dimensional structure is known was significant. The fit produces
      fundamental parameters particular to each structure type that are related to the
      underlying structure and its morphogenesis. The importance of the result is that
      a universal mathematical distribution can be used to explain certain protein
      morphogeneses. Also, these fundamental parameters can be used as an aid in
      predicting whether a given sequence is a particular secondary structure or not,
      without a knowledge of its three-dimensional structure.

PMID- 1798339
TI  - Parameter estimating procedures for the Michaelis-Menten model: reply to Tseng
      and Hsu.

PMID- 1798340
TI  - On partitioning the opportunity for sexual selection.

PMID- 1798341
TI  - A procedure for using proton magnetic resonance imaging to determine stereotaxic
      coordinates of the monkey's brain.
AB  - Because of great inter-individual variability in the sizes and configurations of
      monkey brains, consistent intracerebral stereotaxic placements are not possible
      when a general brain atlas is relied upon to derive placement coordinates. We
      describe a procedure that allows the determination of brain atlases for
      individual monkeys using proton magnetic resonance imaging and the translation of
      image coordinates to stereotaxic coordinates. The latter is accomplished by
      chronically implanting glass beads filled with copper sulfate into the skull to
      establish a plane horizontal to the stereotaxic plane and to provide reference
      points for zeroing stereotaxic carriers during intracerebral implants. The
      efficacy of this procedure was confirmed experimentally.

PMID- 1798342
TI  - High sensitivity HPLC assay for GABA in brain dialysis studies.
AB  - The measurement of GABA in brain dialysis experiments involves precolumn
      derivatization of the amino acid with o-phthaldehyde (OPA) in the presence of a
      thiol and subsequent high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection. A method is described which employs an internal standard and
      coulometric preoxidation (+ 0.2 V) to eliminate unconjugated OPA/thiol prior to
      final oxidation (+ 0.4 V) of the derivatized sample. This allows for more
      efficient separation, providing a retention time for GABA of 9-10 min, a
      detection sensitivity of 2 to 5 x 10(-14) mol/sample and chromatographic
      stability for at least 2 weeks of daily use.

PMID- 1798343
TI  - A cooling/heating system for use with in vitro preparations: study of temperature
      effects on newborn rat rhythmic activities.
AB  - We have developed a universal stage that is particularly suitable for use with
      vertebrate and invertebrate in vitro preparations. Based on the Peltier effect,
      the same compact apparatus can be used to cool or heat within a wide temperature
      range (from 5 to 50 degrees C). Due to the use of interchangeable rings, the
      stage is compatible with a wide variety of dishes. We used this system to analyze
      the effects of temperature on the spinal networks that generate fictive
      locomotion in newborn rats. The results showed that these spinal networks can be
      active in a wide temperature range, producing an organized pattern (bursts
      alternating between the right and left sides) even at very low temperatures (15
      degrees C). From 15 to 20 degrees C the period decreased before reaching a
      plateau (between 20 to 30 degrees C).

PMID- 1798345
TI  - A new motor test sensitive to aging and dopaminergic function.
AB  - Neurodegenerative disorders which involve motor impairment is characteristic of
      old age. Although there are a few tests which attempt to assess motor
      incapacities, many have utilized scales which have either a great deal of
      subjective evaluations or are subject to learning-performance complexities. This
      study describes a method able to measure motor impairment of aging rats which is
      subject to dopaminergic influences and has negligible practice effects. The test
      is designed so that rats have to traverse 2 meter beams of 15 degrees inclination
      whose widths 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mm are changed on each test session using a
      table of random numbers. The time ceiling allowed for traversing the 2 m beams
      was established at 120 sec. 3-month-old rats (n = 20) and aged rats (n = 20) with
      a mean age of 26.5 +/- 3.8 months ranging from 23 to 34 months were utilized in
      this study. All young rats traversed the beams, independently of beam width,
      while virtually none of the old rats traversed the 3 and 6 mm beams. However, as
      the beam width increased more and more aged rats ascended the beam. Nevertheless,
      there were always a few old rats who were unable to cross even on the widest
      beam. When young rats were fitted with a lead belt which increased their body
      weight by approximately 40%, they still traversed all beam widths. On the other
      hand, haloperidol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) severely impaired the performance of young
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798344
TI  - Quantitative fluorescence techniques for the determination of local microtubule
      polymerization equilibria in cultured neurons.
AB  - The local control of intracellular microtubule polymerization equilibria has been
      hypothesized to be an important factor in the determination of neurite extension
      and other examples of cellular asymmetry. Provided that the quantum yield of the
      fluorophore remains constant, the combination of fluorescent analogue
      cytochemistry, differential extraction protocols, and quantitative video
      microscopy makes it possible to measure local fractions of cytoskeletal protein
      in polymer, even when it is impossible to resolve individual fibrils of the
      polymer. We have developed appropriate quantitative video microscopic techniques
      for measuring the fluorescence of a fluorescent analogue-injected neurite before
      and after extraction under microtubule-stabilizing conditions. We have used these
      methods to demonstrate that tetramethylrhodamine-n-hydroxysuccinimide tubulin is
      an appropriate fluorescent analogue, allowing us to measure fractions of tubulin
      in polymer locally within PC12 neurites. As would be expected, the fraction of
      tubulin fluorescent analogue in polymer approaches 1.0 in neurites exposed to the
      microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol and is close to 0 in neurites injected and
      extracted in the cold, or extracted under microtubule-destabilizing conditions.
      We have, therefore, developed a tool that allows us to measure microtubule
      polymerization equilibria out the neurites of cells in culture, which will allow
      us to test hypotheses that factors which affect neurite outgrowth do so by means
      of effects on microtubule polymerization equilibria.

PMID- 1798346
TI  - Human cortical asymmetries determined with 3D MR technology.
AB  - A method is described for obtaining clear 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images of
      the cortical surface of the brain in living human subjects. By combining volume
      composite and depth encoded images, we have obtained surface coordinate data that
      resulted in highly repeatable measurements of sulcal lengths and cortical surface
      areas in eight normal adult volunteers. Sulcal lengths were determined for
      specific parts of the Sylvian fissure, central sulcus and frontal operculum.
      Additionally, angles were computed between the anterior and posterior limbs of
      the pars triangularis and the ascending and horizontal limbs of the posterior
      Sylvian fissure. The cortical surface areas enclosed by these limbs were also
      computed. Finally, thirteen non-metric cortical features (e.g., petalias) were
      scored from the 3D MR images. All measurements were compared in right and left
      hemispheres. In addition to corroborating cortical asymmetries reported in the
      literature, we observed previously unrecognized directional asymmetries in the
      length of the anterior limb of the pars triangularis, length of the ascending
      limb of the posterior Sylvian fissure, and position of the lateral end of the
      central sulcus. We attribute the finding of three new directional asymmetries for
      the human cortex, as well as the high repeatability of our measurements, to the
      sensitivity and accuracy of the 3D MR imaging technology that has recently become
      available.

PMID- 1798348
TI  - [Prevention of stress ulcer].

PMID- 1798347
TI  - An in vitro bioassay for neurite growth using cryostat sections of nervous tissue
      as a substratum.
AB  - An in vitro bioassay is described that can be used for studying neurite growth,
      cell adhesion, and cell migration, as well as other cellular behaviors. The
      bioassay, which uses tissue sections as substrata for either dissociated cell
      preparations or explants, offers several distinct advantages over other commonly
      used bioassays. In particular, this bioassay approximates in vivo cellular
      environments, and the preparation of large numbers of tissue sections as
      substrata is relatively straight forward and simple. The method can be employed
      for studying cell behavior on different ages or types of tissue, as a bioassay
      for screening antibodies for their ability to perturb a particular cellular
      behavior, and for assessing the biological activities of growth factors absorbed
      to specific tissue environments. We present a detailed description of the method,
      including the variety of options to be considered at each step in the procedure,
      with an emphasis on using the assay to study neurite growth.

PMID- 1798349
TI  - [Prevention of stress ulcer today].
AB  - This article is an overview about the scientific basis, the development and the
      effects and side effects of the stress ulcer prophylaxis. We analysed
      international publications and reviewed our own patients. According to this
      analysis, we could demonstrate, that stress ulcer prophylaxis, preferable with H2
      antagonists, remains an unconditional necessary tool in patients undergoing
      surgical treatment.

PMID- 1798350
TI  - [Diagnosis of pancreatic lesions: possibilities of cytology].
AB  - The pancreas is relatively inaccessible to conventional methods of study and is
      difficult to investigate because of its anatomic location. Different imaging
      techniques have made it possible to detect tumors with diameters in the range of
      1 cm. Endoscopic methods (lavage and cytologic brush methods) never proved
      successful enough to obtain diagnostic material. Combination among aspiration
      cytology, different X-ray methods, and ultrasound scanning have been reported to
      give astonishingly accurate results: many reports indicate its value. The
      following paper describes our experiences with this method for examination of
      pancreatic lesions and presents our own results.

PMID- 1798352
TI  - [Leading symptom: dysphagia. Intramural pseudodiverticulosis].

PMID- 1798351
TI  - [Proctoscopic Doppler sonography in hemorrhoidal hemorrhage--vascular diagnosis
      and therapy follow-up].
AB  - Painless bright red peranal bleeding is a leading symptom of first and second
      degree hemorrhoid. After having excluded the possibility of bleeding in an upper
      region diagnosis is made proctoscopically, which is generally followed by
      injection therapy. Arterial blood supply can be reliably imaged with the aid of
      20 MHz microvascular Doppler sonography and the success of therapy can be
      verified as well as documented after injecting a sclerosing substance.

PMID- 1798353
TI  - [Rectal cancer with choriocarcinomatous differentiation].
AB  - Extragonadal choriocarcinoma are extremely rare. In the cases reported until now
      most of the extragonadal choriocarcinoma were localized in the stomach. The case
      described in this report is a carcinoma of the rectum with choriocarcinomatous
      elements. The specific biological, clinical and pathological characteristics of
      this carcinoma are discussed.

PMID- 1798354
TI  - [A useful appliance].

PMID- 1798355
TI  - [An appliance for binding the sleeves of the surgical gown].

PMID- 1798356
TI  - [Physical methods in the medical rehabilitation system].

PMID- 1798357
TI  - [The epithelial coccygeal cyst].

PMID- 1798358
TI  - [Suppurative-inflammatory diseases of the hand. The surgical procedure in
      treatment].

PMID- 1798359
TI  - [The use of apparatus-supported physiotherapy in the combined treatment of
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1798360
TI  - [Acute bronchitis].

PMID- 1798361
TI  - [The prevention of hospital infections].

PMID- 1798362
TI  - [The basic principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation].

PMID- 1798363
TI  - [The prevention of postinjection complications].

PMID- 1798364
TI  - [Artificial nutrition in clinical practice].

PMID- 1798365
TI  - [Anesthesia in trauma to the locomotor apparatus].

PMID- 1798366
TI  - [Vegetarian diets, the eating of raw food, fasting and some other "mod" diets].

PMID- 1798367
TI  - [Peony].

PMID- 1798368
TI  - [Methodological recommendations for organizing centralized sterilization
      departments in hospital institutions].

PMID- 1798369
TI  - [A new form for conducting the state exam in nursing].

PMID- 1798371
TI  - [How to assess the nature of a patient's nutrition].

PMID- 1798370
TI  - [Biliary system dyskinesia in children].

PMID- 1798372
TI  - Nontraumatic femur fracture in an oligomenorrheic athlete.
AB  - Exercise-associated amenorrhea is the cessation of menses in a woman following
      onset of training or an increase in training intensity. Its physiologic basis is
      characterized by consistently low levels of gonadotropin and ovarian hormones,
      but the underlying cause of this phenomenon is unknown. Although osteopenia has
      been described in amenorrheic women athletes, it has been primarily a laboratory
      diagnosis. Several recent studies have described a significantly lower bone
      mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine of amenorrheic athletes. Marcus et al.
      also reported an increased number of metatarsal and tibial stress fractures in a
      group of amenorrheic women. We report here the first case of a nontraumatic femur
      fracture in an amenorrheic athlete. A 32-yr-old white female, with four prior
      fibular stress fractures, suffered a left femoral shaft fracture during the 13th
      mile of a half-marathon. The fracture was successfully internally fixed.
      Biochemical studies showed no metabolic abnormality. Bone mineral density of the
      lumbar spine, femoral neck, tibia, and fibula were below the mean for both
      eumenorrheic and amenorrheic female athletes. Exercise-associated amenorrhea is a
      medical problem that may have serious implications for both competitive and high
      intensity recreational female athletes.

PMID- 1798373
TI  - Normalization of the metabolic profile in obese women by exercise and a low fat
      diet.
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the additive effect of exercise and a low
      fat diet on body weight, body composition, and the metabolic profile in four
      obese women who were previously exercise-trained for 15 months. This study
      therefore included regular aerobic exercise for 15 months and a low fat diet plus
      exercise for an additional period of 14 months. After 15 months, mean body weight
      and fat losses corresponded to 6.4 and 8.4 kg, respectively. Significant
      reductions (P less than 0.05) in plasma insulin, cholesterol, apo B, and LDL-C
      were also observed. Following the second part of the study, mean cumulative body
      weight and fat losses were 11.0 and 11.3 kg, respectively. At this time, the
      subjects were still overweight, but their plasma glucose and insulin during an
      oral glucose tolerance test were essentially similar to values obtained in a
      sample of 22 nonobese women. With the exception of plasma apo B and HDL-C levels,
      plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were also comparable to those observed in
      nonobese controls. These results thus indicate that aerobic exercise-training and
      a low fat diet can normalize the metabolic profile of obese women, even if their
      adiposity remains higher than that of lean women.

PMID- 1798374
TI  - Management of suspected iron deficiency: a cost-effectiveness model.
AB  - Iron deficiency is frequent among physically active women. Several diagnostic and
      therapeutic strategies have been advocated. We determined how women's preferences
      for care varied with their risk of iron deficiency and/or anemia. The women's
      strength of feelings (utilities) and management costs were used to assess: 1) no
      evaluation or therapy; treatment based on a 2) complete blood count (CBC) or 3)
      ferritin level; and 4) empiric iron therapy. The analysis was applied to groups
      with differing iron deficiency prevalence. Women (N = 22) were adverse to the
      risk of both anemia and iron deficiency without anemia, and their preferences did
      not correlate with age, running mileage, years of running, or vitamin supplement
      use. Because of women's desire to avoid undiagnosed deficiency, the benefits of
      no evaluation, complete blood count assessment, and, to a less extent, serum
      ferritin decreased as the prevalence of iron deficiency increased. Ferritin level
      was more effective per cost than a CBC. However, empiric therapy had the highest
      effectiveness per cost. These results suggest a strategy that combines both
      patient concerns and the clinical suspicion of disease in choosing management for
      physically active women at risk for iron deficiency.

PMID- 1798375
TI  - Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training.
AB  - Expansion of blood volume (hypervolemia) has been well documented in both cross
      sectional and longitudinal studies as a consequence of endurance exercise
      training. Plasma volume expansion can account for nearly all of the exercise
      induced hypervolemia up to 2-4 wk; after this time expansion may be distributed
      equally between plasma and red cell volumes. The exercise stimulus for
      hypervolemia has both thermal and nonthermal components that increase total
      circulating plasma levels of electrolytes and proteins. Although protein and
      fluid shifts from the extravascular to intravascular space may provide a
      mechanism for rapid hypervolemia immediately after exercise, evidence supports
      the notion that chronic hypervolemia associated with exercise training represents
      a net expansion of total body water and solutes. This net increase of body fluids
      with exercise training is associated with increased water intake and decreased
      urine volume output. The mechanism of reduced urine output appears to be
      increased renal tubular reabsorption of sodium through a more sensitive
      aldosterone action in man. Exercise training-induced hypervolemia appears to be
      universal among most animal species, although the mechanisms may be quite
      different. The hypervolemia may provide advantages of greater body fluid for heat
      dissipation and thermoregulatory stability as well as larger vascular volume and
      filling pressure for greater cardiac stroke volume and lower heart rates during
      exercise.

PMID- 1798376
TI  - Muscle mass effect on arterial desaturation after maximal exercise.
AB  - We measured arterial oxygen saturation before and immediately after randomly
      allocated 6 min of "all-out" maximal arm cranking, treadmill running, and
      ergometer rowing in 10 men and women with a median maximal oxygen uptake of 4.47
      (range 3.22-5.34) 1.min-1. Arterial saturation for oxygen was unaltered after arm
      cranking, but decreased 1.7 (-2.5-6.0) % (P less than 0.05) after running, and
      2.2 (1.0-8.7) % (P less than 0.01) after rowing. Arterial saturation was
      inversely related to capillary blood lactate, which reached 11.8 (7.4-14.0), 12.6
      (8.9-18 2), and 14.3 (12.0-19.3) mmol.l-1 (P less than 0.01), respectively, and
      arterial bicarbonate fell to 15.0 (13.0-23.6), 12.4 (7.2-20.4), and 10.8 (0.0
      12.5) mmol.l-1 (P less than 0.01). Thus, pH decreased to 7.25 (7.22-7.40), 7.17
      (6.95-7.35), and 7.09 (6.84-7.19) (P less than 0.01). When measured immediately
      post-exercise, arterial oxygen tension was unchanged or elevated from rest,
      eliminating the possibility that the arterial desaturation was caused by a
      pulmonary diffusion limitation. The results of this investigation show that
      arterial desaturation associated with maximal exercise takes place in proportion
      to the involved muscle mass, as do deviations in blood lactate, bicarbonate, and
      hydrogen concentrations.

PMID- 1798377
TI  - Red blood cell pulmonary capillary transit time during exercise in athletes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the exercise-induced
      hypoxemia observed in endurance athletes is due to a reduction in the mean red
      blood cell pulmonary capillary transit time consequent to a plateau in pulmonary
      capillary blood volume (Vc) as exercise intensity progresses from moderate to
      heavy levels. Measurements of Vc, mean transit time, arterial O2 tension (PaO2),
      and end tidal-arterial O2 tension difference (AaDO2) were made in 16 subjects
      (mean maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) = 4.90 l.min-1) at rest and during five
      cycle exercise bouts designed to elicit 55, 65, 75, 85, and 95% VO2max. Mean PaO2
      fell from 101 mm Hg at rest to 85 mm Hg during heavy exercise. Mean AaDO2
      increased linearly from one stage to the next and at the highest work rate
      equaled 22.3 mm Hg. Mean Vc failed to plateau with increasing exercise intensity
      and increased on average by 16 ml from one stage to the next. Mean transit time,
      on average, dropped from 1.05 s at rest to 0.46 s at the lowest work rate. Mean
      transit time did not decrease further with increasing exercise intensity (range,
      0.42-0.46 s). We conclude that, under the conditions of this study, the AaDO2
      increases and PaO2 decreases observed in endurance athletes during exercise of
      increasing intensity is not caused by a plateau in Vc and a consequent reduction
      in mean transit time.

PMID- 1798378
TI  - Locomotor-respiratory coupling develops in novice female rowers with training.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that locomotor
      respiratory coupling (LRC), or entrainment of breathing, develops in the sport of
      rowing as a result of training. We prospectively evaluated exercise responses
      over an 8 month training session (October to May) in 12 female subjects who were
      members of the Dartmouth College novice rowing team. Progressive, incremental
      exercise testing was performed on the variable-resistance rowing ergometer
      (Concept II, Morrisville, VT). To relate the pattern of breathing to the
      mechanics of rowing, the catch and finish of each rowing stroke during the last
      30 s of each minute of exercise were marked on the strip chart paper that
      recorded inspiratory flow measured by using a heated pneumotachograph. Age was 18
      +/- 1 yr (mean +/- SE); weight was 67.5 +/- 2.1 kg. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2)
      increased by 10% from October (40.8 +/- 0.6 ml.kg.min-1) to May (P less than
      0.001). Chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis was used to assess whether the
      proportion of inspirations occurring in each of four quadrants of circle plots
      representing repetitive rowing strokes exercise intensities of 100 watts (W) and
      peak VO2 were random or corresponded to a regular pattern of breathing. Although
      5 of 12 subjects demonstrated LRC at exercise of 100 W in October, there was no
      significant change at this submaximal intensity over the training season. Only 2
      of 12 subjects showed LRC at peak exercise in October, but there was a
      significant increase (P = 0.003) in the number of subjects who entrained
      breathing in Jan (10/12) and May (8/12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798379
TI  - Diminished baroreflex control of forearm vascular resistance following training.
AB  - The stimulus-response characteristics of cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of
      forearm vascular resistance (FVR units in mm Hg.min.100 ml.ml-1) were studied in
      14 volunteers before and after 10 wk of endurance training. We assessed the
      relationship between reflex stimulus (changes in central venous pressure, CVP)
      and response (FVR) during unloading of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with lower
      body negative pressure (LBNP, 0 to -20 mm Hg). Changes in CVP during LBNP were
      estimated from pressure changes in a large peripheral vein in the dependent arm
      of the subject in the right lateral decubitus position. Maximal oxygen uptake
      (VO2max) and total blood volume increased with endurance training from 37.8 +/-
      1.4 ml.min-1.kg-1 and 63.6 +/- 2.1 ml.kg-1 to 45.3 +/- 1.4 ml.min-1.kg-1 and 69.3
      +/- 2.8 ml.kg-1, respectively (P less than 0.05). Reflex forearm vasoconstriction
      occurred in response to a reduction in estimated CVP, and the absolute change in
      FVR per unit of CVP was reduced from -5.96 +/- 0.79 to -4.06 +/- 0.52 units.mm Hg
      1 (P less than 0.05) following exercise training but was unchanged from -6.10 to
      0.57 to -6.22 +/- 0.94 units.mm Hg-1 for the time control group (N = 7). Resting
      values for FVR were similar before and after exercise training; however, resting
      estimated CVP was elevated from 9.5 +/- 0.5 mm Hg before training to 11.3 +/- 0.6
      mm Hg after training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798380
TI  - Muscle strength as an indicator of the habitual level of physical activity.
AB  - This study focused on age and physical activity as determinants of muscle
      strength. The study involved 620 women 25-73 yr of age. The five muscle groups
      assessed were: grip, plantarflexors, hip abductors, trunk flexors, and trunk
      extensors. Pearson correlations yielded significant negative correlations of
      muscle strength with age and positive correlations with height as well as
      physical activity. The greatest decremental differences in muscle strength were
      registered in the perimenopausal years between the age decades of 45-54 yr and 55
      64 yr. In stepwise regression analyses age was the strongest predictor of the
      strength of all muscle groups, with smaller contributions to the variance by
      physical activity and anthropometric variables. When the sample population,
      divided by decades of age, was further subdivided by tertiles of physical
      activity, the results of factorial analysis indicated that the main effects due
      to age and physical activity were significant. It was concluded that 1) moderate
      levels of physical activity tend to improve muscle strength even in older women,
      and 2) normative values of muscle strength could serve as an indicator of the
      adequacy of the habitual levels of physical activity.

PMID- 1798381
TI  - Linear kinematics of the men's 110-m and women's 100-m hurdles races.
AB  - Twenty-three male and nine female hurdlers were filmed using three-dimensional
      methods during competition at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials. An entire
      four-step cycle was analyzed, including the clearances of the men's fifth hurdle
      and the women's fourth hurdle. The results showed an increase in vertical
      velocity and a decrease in forward horizontal velocity during the takeoff of the
      hurdle step. The forward velocity was recovered mainly in the second support
      phase after the hurdle. The downward motion of the center of mass (c.m.) was not
      stopped until the second support phase after the hurdle clearance. The peak of
      the c.m. parabola was almost directly over the hurdle in the men, and 0.30 m
      before the hurdle in the women. It was shown that the women used a parabola with
      a larger margin over the top of the hurdle than the men: A lower parabola would
      shorten the hurdle step, and would require the lengthening of the three
      interhurdle steps. It would also make the duration of the airborne phase too
      short, which would not give the legs enough time to prepare for landing after the
      execution of their motions over the hurdle. Therefore, women should not be
      coached to imitate the men's hurdle clearance technique.

PMID- 1798382
TI  - Angular momentum in the men's 110-m and women's 100-m hurdles races.
AB  - Twenty-three male and nine female hurdlers were filmed using three-dimensional
      methods at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials. With respect to the athletes,
      the X, Y, and Z axes pointed to the right, forward, and upward, respectively.
      During hurdle clearance, the X component of angular momentum was negative
      (clockwise rotation in a view from the right). Early in the airborne phase, it
      was associated with the motion of the trail leg. The downward motion of the lead
      leg was produced mainly by transfer of angular momentum from the trail leg,
      rather than by the lifting of the head-trunk. The Y component of angular momentum
      was negative (counterclockwise in a back view of a hurdler taking off from the
      right foot). It was necessary for the abduction of the trail leg. When this
      abduction slowed down, the angular momentum was taken up by the lowering (and
      slight adduction) of the left leg and elevation of the right elbow. The hurdle
      clearance required a positive Z component of angular momentum (counterclockwise
      in an overhead view): The clockwise angular momentum of the right arm as it swept
      backward was not enough to compensate for the larger counterclockwise angular
      momentum required for the forward motion of the trail leg. Our improved
      understanding of the rotations involved in hurdling will be useful for the
      correction of technique defects in individual athletes.

PMID- 1798383
TI  - Sodium-23 imaging of supratentorial lesions at 4.0 T.
AB  - In 27 patients with low and high grade gliomas (n = 17), meningiomas (n = 4), and
      other supratentorial tumors and lesions (n = 6), the results of sodium-23 MR
      imaging with high spatial resolution were compared to CT and proton MRI. The Na
      MR studies were performed with a 4.0-T whole-body MR system and an isotropic 3D
      Flash sequence (TR 70 ms, TE 11 ms), which depicts the long T2 component of
      sodium. All patients tolerated the sodium study at 4.0 T well. The sodium images
      revealed almost all lesions, but the resolution was inferior to that of the
      reference methods. Two small meningiomas did not show up at all in the sodium
      study. Furthermore in one case small hemorrhages and calcifications within one of
      the tumors could not be found. Sodium imaging of the long T2 component did not
      provide any additional information regarding the histology, grading, size, and
      differentiation of the tumor from the surrounding edema which had not already
      been provided by CT or H MRI.

PMID- 1798384
TI  - Sensitivity enhancement in whole-body natural abundance 13C spectroscopy using
      13C/1H double-resonance techniques at 4 tesla.
AB  - In vivo 13C spectroscopy experiments were performed using a whole-body MR system
      at a static field of 4 T. The main goal of the investigations was to evaluate the
      sensitivity increase achievable by means of 13C/1H double-resonance techniques at
      4 T. Spectra from subcutaneous fat as well as muscle glycogen from the lower leg
      were acquired using frequency selective proton decoupling and the polarization
      transfer method SINEPT. With respect to measurements on subcutaneous fat,
      polarization transfer turned out to be more efficient than selective decoupling.
      About a fourfold enhancement in spectral peak intensity for the C = C line
      doublet of the unsaturated fatty acid chain was obtained. Combining polarization
      transfer with decoupling yielded a factor of 6 in signal amplitude. In contrast
      to that, the signal enhancement observed in measurements on the glycogen C-1
      resonance was only around twofold. The lower efficiency is explained by fast T2
      relaxation of the proton transition. A T2 value of about 3 ms was derived from
      the experimental data. Acquisition times as low as 3 min were realized for normal
      level glycogen in human calf muscle, enabling a time resolution adequate for
      dynamic studies on muscle glycogen depletion. Aspects of RF power absorption in
      tissue and the generally higher efficiency make polarization transfer methods
      preferable to selective decoupling in whole-body 13C spectroscopy at 4 T.

PMID- 1798385
TI  - Quantitative study of the susceptibility difference between trabecular bone and
      bone marrow: computer simulations.
AB  - Inherent differences in tissue magnetic susceptibility produce inhomogeneities in
      the static magnetic field which give rise to an additional dephasing of the
      transverse magnetization in gradient-echo images. The enhanced dephasing of the
      signal results in an increase of the apparent relaxation rate 1/T2* and a
      corresponding decrease in signal intensity. These effects have been used to
      explain the regional loss of marrow signal intensity in the appendicular
      skeleton, where in the presence of trabecular bone in the proximal tibia there is
      an enhanced loss of signal compared to the tibial shaft where there is no
      trabeculation. It has been postulated that differences in tissue magnetic
      susceptibility arising due to the marrow--trabeculae interface give rise to
      magnetic field inhomogeneities and a reduced T2*. In this study computer
      simulations are used to determine whether susceptibility differences comparable
      to that between trabecular bone and tissue relate to the reduction of tissue T2*
      and whether the reduction in T2* is also related to the concentration and
      magnitude of susceptibility differences. In addition the effects of the spatial
      distribution of these particulate discontinuities in susceptibility on the
      measured relaxation time T2* are also estimated. This model demonstrates that
      1/T2* increases as the number density and magnitude of such susceptibility
      differences increase. In a pixel of linear dimension L consisting of material
      simulating tissue water, the presence of circular point susceptibility
      differences of dimension 0.001 L with magnetic susceptibility equivalent to
      trabecular bone, 1/T2*, increases at a rate of 1.60 x 10(-2) s-1/N for N ranging
      from 25-2500. Differences in magnetic susceptibility that are less than that
      between soft tissue and trabecular bone are also modeled and the simulations
      demonstrate that differences in magnetic susceptibility, much lower than that
      between trabecular bone and tissue equivalent interfaces, also produce a
      relaxation rate enhancement in gradient-echo images.

PMID- 1798386
TI  - Quantitation of the susceptibility difference between trabecular bone and bone
      marrow: experimental studies.
AB  - In this study we quantify the effects of different relaxation mechanisms on the
      signal intensity in gradient-echo images of tissue such as bone marrow in the
      presence of trabecular bone. The susceptibility difference between trabecular
      bone and soft tissue produces distortions in the magnetic lines of force which
      induce strong inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field. Diffusion of tissue
      protons in such magnetic field gradients produce a shortening of the transverse
      relaxation time T2, while the dephasing of the transverse magnetization due to
      susceptibility differences produces a shortening of the apparent relaxation time
      T2* as demonstrated in gradient-echo images. We have used specimens of dried
      human vertebrae with different bone densities immersed in either saline to
      simulate tissue water or an emulsion of oil and water to simulate bone marrow to
      quantify these relaxation mechanisms in vitro. We have measured the MR relaxation
      times T1, T2, and T2* of protons within the trabecular spaces and correlated
      their variations with trabecular bone density. We have found that in vitro, at
      1.5 T, the relaxation times T1 and T2 do not show significant variations with
      bone density and there are no significant contributions to the transverse
      relaxation rate due to the diffusion of tissue water in the magnetic field
      gradients. However, the relaxation rate, 1/T2*, of saline in the presence of
      trabecular bone increases at a rate of 0.2 s-1/mg/cc due to the dephasing of the
      transverse magnetization in the magnetic field inhomogeneities. Similar bone
      density-related T2* variations were observed for fat protons within the
      trabeculae where the chemical-shift-induced modulations of signal intensity in an
      oil-water emulsion have been separated from the susceptibility-induced relaxation
      effects. In addition, we have verified these effects in vivo and quantified in
      vivo variations in fat and water relaxation rates of bone marrow in the epiphysis
      and diaphysis in the appendicular skeleton of normal volunteers and found that
      both fat and water T2* are shorter in the epiphysis compared to the diaphysis,
      which correlates well with previous observations.

PMID- 1798387
TI  - pH-lactate dissociation in neonatal anoxia: proton and 31P NMR spectroscopic
      studies in rat pups.
AB  - The pH controlling capability of brain of 1-day-old rat pups was investigated
      using proton (1H) and phosphorus-31 (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in
      vivo spectroscopy. Despite significantly high levels of lactate accumulation,
      brain of 1-day-old pups showed remarkable capability of maintaining brain pH
      virtually unchanged throughout 22 min of anoxia. The study supports the concepts
      that lactic acidosis is one of the important factors determining the outcome of
      cerebral anoxia and that the significantly higher pH controlling capability of
      immature brain plays a key role in the higher resistance toward anoxia.

PMID- 1798388
TI  - High-speed STEAM MRI of the human heart.
AB  - High-speed STEAM MR images of the normal human heart were obtained from single
      cardiac cycles using a 2.0-T whole-body system equipped with conventional 10 mT m
      1 gradients. The single-shot 90 degrees-TE/2-90 degrees-TM-(alpha-TE/2-Acq)n
      pulse sequence acquires n differently phase-encoded stimulated echoes. Measuring
      times of 127-254 ms were achieved using a "repetition time" of 3.96 ms in
      conjunction with data matrices of 32-64 x 128 pixels covering a field-of-view of
      250-350 mm. The sequence provides easy access to anatomical short-axis and long
      axis views of the heart by single and double oblique rotation of the image
      orientation. STEAM images resemble the features of spin-echo images with respect
      to chemical shifts, susceptibilities, and flow. Thus, no additional techniques
      are required for the suppression of blood signals. EKG-triggered acquisitions
      demonstrate that slice-selective STEAM sequences using short TM intervals allow
      an unambiguous delineation of those parts of the myocardium that remain
      stationary within the selected plane throughout the entire imaging process.
      Neither spins leaving nor entering the slice defined by the initial 90 degrees RF
      pulses give rise to a stimulated echo and therefore do not contribute to the
      resulting image.

PMID- 1798389
TI  - Proton NMR imaging of cerebral blood flow using H2(17)O.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow was quantitatively mapped by monitoring the cerebral washout
      of H2(17)O using rapid, single-shot proton NMR imaging. H2(17)O acts as a freely
      diffusible contrast agent for proton imaging via its scalar-coupled term,
      enhancing T2 relaxation. Measured values for CBF ranged from 29 to 106 ml/min/100
      g over a range of arterial pCO2 between 23 and 81 Torr.

PMID- 1798390
TI  - Echo-planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes.
AB  - When deoxygenated, blood behaves as an effective susceptibility contrast agent.
      Changes in brain oxygenation can be monitored using gradient-echo echo-planar
      imaging. With this technique, difference images also demonstrate that blood
      oxygenation is increased during periods of recovery from respiratory challenge.

PMID- 1798391
TI  - The stability of proton T2 effects of oxygen-17 water in experimental cerebral
      ischemia.
AB  - The gerbil model of unilateral cerebral ischemia has been used to test the
      temporal and spatial stability of the MRI T2 effects of oxygen-17 water.
      Following unilateral carotid ligation, symptomatic animals were given a single
      large intraperitoneal injection of H2(17)O and the distribution and stability of
      the brain T2 effects were followed with a spin-echo sequence. In contrast to the
      ischemic areas, the perfused tissue shows a marked and prolonged loss in
      intensity with little evidence of diffusion of the T2 effect of 17O into the
      ischemic tissue.

PMID- 1798392
TI  - Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy in the brain of patients with multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - Localized proton spectroscopy was performed in 15 patients with acute or chronic
      multiple sclerosis (MS). Some of the patients were investigated serially, being
      given a total of 22 spectroscopic investigations. Resonances corresponding to
      free lipids were observed in six plaques. This was distinctly seen in two plaques
      at Days 70 and 85 after the occurrence of the plaques. A lesser content of lipids
      in plaques was observed as early as Day 10 and as late as nearly 1 year after
      occurrence. The relative concentration of N-acetyl asparate (NAA) was
      significantly lower in patients than in controls, and the relative concentration
      of choline (Cho) was significantly higher in patients than in controls. These
      differences were most pronounced in older plaques. MR spectroscopic demonstration
      of lipids in a MS plaque probably reflects disintegration of myelin, and a
      decreased NAA/Cho ratio may be related either to gliosis or to axonal
      degeneration, which sometimes occurs in longstanding MS.

PMID- 1798393
TI  - Noninvasive determination of regional cerebral blood flow in rats using dynamic
      imaging with Gd(DTPA)
AB  - A method for the noninvasive, quantitative determination of regional cerebral
      blood flow (rCBF) in small laboratory animals, such as the rat, is described. The
      change in magnetic susceptibility in the vicinity of brain capillaries evoked by
      iv infusion of Gd(DTPA), a paramagnetic agent not crossing the blood-brain
      barrier, is detected as an attenuation of the 1H signal in T2-weighted MRI
      sequences. The reduction of the MR signal intensity after 1 or 2 min of Gd(DTPA)
      infusion correlates well (r greater than 0.95) with the rCBF values obtained
      using the well-established [14C]iodoantipyrine method. At a slice thickness of 3
      mm, the pixel size typically is 0.15 x 0.5 mm2. The clearance rate of Gd(DTPA)
      from blood allows repeated measurements of CBF to be made using this technique
      approximately every 30 min. The experimental results obtained in normal and
      ischemic rat brain have been rationalized within the frame of a two-compartment
      model, allowing the definition of optimal experimental conditions for a given
      CBF: for normal and reduced CBF values (less than 150 ml/100 g/min) the reduction
      in MR signal intensity, measured after 1 or 2 min of Gd (DTPA) infusion,
      correlates closely with the CBF. However, for CBF values greater than 150 ml/100
      g/min, a more reliable parameter would be the time constant of the MR signal
      attenuation during the infusion.

PMID- 1798394
TI  - Tumor bioenergetics and blood flow in RIF-1 murine tumors treated with 5
      fluorouracil.
AB  - Treatment of RIF-1 solid tumors with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 100 or 200 mg/kg, ip)
      caused substantial regression of the tumors, with regrowth initiated on Day 6
      (100 mg/kg) or Day 9 (200 mg/kg). Blood perfusion in the tumor, estimated by
      uptake of 86Rb+, was significantly increased after treatment with 5-FU, while Rb+
      uptake in normal tissues (skin, muscle) was unaffected. The increase in tumor
      perfusion during the first few days following treatment was significantly greater
      in animals treated with the higher dose of 5-FU. Perfusion-dependent 86Rb+ uptake
      returned to control levels by the 9th day after treatment with 100 mg/kg of 5-FU,
      but remained elevated on Days 9-12 after the higher dose. By the 1st day
      following treatment with 5-FU, in vivo 31P NMR spectra of treated tumors
      indicated significantly higher ratios of phosphocreatine to Pi, higher pH, and
      lower ratios of Pi to nucleoside triphosphates compared to untreated age-matched
      controls. These changes persisted for 9 days following the lower 5-FU dose and
      for at least 12 days following the higher dose. Treatment with 5-FU induces
      profound, dose-dependent changes in tumor bioenergetics, which may result, at
      least in part, from changes in tumor perfusion after cytoreduction.

PMID- 1798395
TI  - Fatty-acyl iminopolycarboxylates: lipophilic bifunctional contrast agents for NMR
      imaging.
AB  - New fatty-acyl contrast agents, N3-2'-myristoyloxyethyl-N6-2'-hydroxyethyl-1, 8
      dioxotriethylenetetraamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (MHE-DTTA) and N3,N6-bis(2'
      myristoyloxyethyl)-1,8-dioxo- triethylenetetraamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
      (BME-DTTA) were prepared by sequential alkylation, acylation, and catalytic
      hydrogenation from bis(hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine with satisfactory yields
      (overall 36-46%). The 1:1 gadolinium complexes of the ligands MHE-DTTA and BME
      DTTA were incorporated into liposomes and their relaxivities in vitro were
      determined. The relaxivities of both agents were similar and were greater than
      those of Gd3+ aquoion, Gd(EDTA), and Gd(DTPA) at both 0.23 T and 0.47 T. The
      relaxivities of these two agents increased from the lower to the higher magnetic
      field, indicating a positive field dependence. This is advantageous because of
      the widespread use of high-field (B0 greater than 0.5 T) NMR imaging instruments.
      Stability constants (log K) of Gd(MHE-DTTA) and Gd(BME-DTTA) were found to be
      15.27 +/- 2.21 and 16.78 +/- 0.36, respectively. LD50 of both compounds was
      greater than 0.2 mmol/kg. These stabilities and lower limits of LD50 indicate the
      possible in vivo application of these agents.

PMID- 1798396
TI  - NMR studies of intracellular water at 300 MHz: T2-specific relaxation mechanisms
      in synchronized or EGF-stimulated cells.
AB  - Responses specific to the spin-spin relaxation time (T2) have been observed in
      two time-dependent studies of the intracellular water in normal and transformed
      Syrian hamster fetal fibroblasts. At 300-MHz (7.0 T), the spin-lattice relaxation
      time (T1) was insensitive to several aspects of cellular physiology that produced
      changes in the T2 and the apparent self-diffusion coefficient (Dapp) of
      intracellular water. In normal cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor
      (EGF), T1 was insensitive to time-dependent changes detected by T2 and Dapp. In
      synchronized tumor cells, T1 was insensitive to cell-cycle-dependent changes
      detected by T2. The strongly coupled behavior of T2 and Dapp that was observed as
      a function of time in EGF-stimulated cells indicates that the diffusion of
      intracellular water through inhomogeneous local magnetic field gradients produced
      effects observable in T2. Conformational changes in large intracellular
      macromolecular assemblies such as chromatin or the cytoskeleton may alter the
      magnitude and inhomogeneity of local field gradients, producing responses in T2
      and Dapp only.

PMID- 1798397
TI  - An evaluation of the integrity of the blood-testis barrier by magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - This present investigation was initiated to noninvasively evaluate the usefulness
      of intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-PTDM)-enhanced magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) in assessing the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). The
      intensity of different image slices was measured in pre- and post-Gd-PTDM images
      in rats receiving cytochalasin D or alcohol treatment. It was found that MRI can
      be used to assess the integrity of the BTB and may be a useful tool in the
      evaluation of potentially toxic agents that affect the testis, particularly those
      that affect the BTB.

PMID- 1798398
TI  - Ferrioxamine B derivatives as hepatobiliary contrast agents for magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - Succinyl (SDF), phenylsuccinyl (PSDF), glutaryl (GDF), and phenylglutaryl (PGDF)
      derivatives of desferrioxamine B (DF) have been synthesized. In rats given the
      59Fe(III) chelates of each these ligands at tracer levels, 82-94% of the 59Fe was
      eliminated within 1-2 days. 59Fe given as DF, SDF, and GDF chelates was excreted
      primarily in the urine, while nearly 50% of that given as PSDF and PGDF was
      excreted in the feces. Correspondingly, Fe-DF, Fe-SDF, and Fe-GDF (0.2 mmol/kg)
      produced early, marked renal, but no gastrointestinal magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) enhancement. Fe-PSDF and Fe-PGDF (0.2 mmol/kg) produced marked and rapid
      MRI enhancement of the upper small intestine. In animals with cannulated bile
      ducts, 59Fe from 59Fe-PGDF (carrier added, 0.1 mmol/kg) appeared rapidly in the
      collected bile, but not in the intestinal contents, proving that the contrast
      agent reaches the bowel via the bile. These changes in the excretion and MRI
      enhancement patterns brought about by the presence of a phenyl substituent
      apparently were not related to changes in lipophilicity or protein binding.

PMID- 1798399
TI  - Availability and distribution of psychiatric beds, United States and each state,
      1988.
AB  - The total number of non-Federal and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) inpatient
      and residential treatment psychiatric beds in mental health organizations in the
      United States increased by almost 2 percent between 1986 and 1988, from 267,613
      to 271,923. Excluding VA psychiatric beds in both years, the number of beds
      increased from 240, 739 in 1986 to 246,181 in 1988 (2.3 percent). This was in
      contrast to a 3 percent decrease observed nationally in all non-Federal hospital
      beds (psychiatric and other) during the 1986-88 period. As a result, non-Federal
      psychiatric beds comprised 21 percent of non-Federal hospital beds in 1988,
      compared to 20 percent in 1986. The overall growth in psychiatric beds between
      1986 and 1988 was due to increases in number of psychiatric beds in private
      psychiatric hospitals, separate psychiatric services of non-Federal general
      hospitals, residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children,
      (RTCs), and multiservice mental health organizations, which more than offset
      decreases in psychiatric beds in State and county mental hospitals and VA mental
      health services. Between 1986 and 1988, the national pattern of an increase in
      psychiatric beds was reflected in 30 States, while the remaining 20 States and
      the District of Columbia showed decreases in psychiatric beds. Among the States,
      the availability of psychiatric beds, measured by bed rates per 100,000 civilian
      population, varied considerably in 1988. Thirty States and the District of
      Columbia had 100 or more beds per 100,000 civilian population, while 6 States had
      rates of fewer than 75 beds. Although the number of State and county mental
      hospital beds decreased between 1986 and 1988, these organizations accounted for
      the largest percentage of all psychiatric beds in 1988 (39 percent). The separate
      psychiatric services of non-Federal general hospitals ranked second in number of
      psychiatric beds in 1988, with 18 percent of the total followed by private
      psychiatric hospitals, with 16 percent; VA mental health services, with 10
      percent; residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children with 9
      percent; and multiservice mental health organizations, with 8 percent.

PMID- 1798400
TI  - [Beta-thalassemia: molecular bases, physiopathology, prevention and treatment].

PMID- 1798401
TI  - [Rational bases of current etiopathogenetic therapy of bacterial meningitis.
      Review of the literature and personal experience in 122 pediatric cases].
AB  - Bacterial meningitis is a serious infectious disease, the course of which depends
      on the correct use of antibiotics and an intensive symptomatic and support
      therapy. The presence of microbes and their fractions in the CNS determines
      inflammatory phenomena that lead, through complex mechanisms, to the supportive
      treatment has the purpose of curbing the inflammatory phenomena, reducing
      cerebral oedema and avoiding ischaemia. This therapy makes use of cortisone and
      mannitol. The effectiveness of cortisone in reducing cerebral damage and,
      consequently, the neurological sequelae of the disease has been documented in
      experimental models and in man. After analysing the pathogenetic events of
      cerebral damage and the rationale of the treatment, reference is made to a
      personal therapeutic protocol that includes an aetiological treatment
      (Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/die), a support therapy (dexamethasone 0.2-0.3 mg/kg/die,
      mannitol, water restriction) and a symptomatic therapy (for convulsions, high
      temperature and shock). Both the antibiotic and cortisone are also introduced
      into the spine on the occasion of lumbar injection. 122 children suffering from
      non-tubercular bacterial meningitis, admitted to the Emergency Department of the
      Regina Margherita Infant Hospital of Turin in the period 1984-89, were treated. A
      further 7 patients, admitted for the same pathology, died within a few hours. In
      88% of cases, aetiological agents were found by bacterioscopic and/or cultural
      and/or co-agglutinin on liquor examination (Neisseria meningitidis 47.5%,
      Haemophilus influenzae 20.5%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 15.6%, others 4.1%). The
      patients were treated with support therapy for as long as clinical conditions
      required it and with Ceftriaxone until clinical cure, end of fever and
      normalisation of PRC. In the reported series, 90% of patients were treated for
      from 3 to 6 days. This duration of antibiotic therapy is shorter than that
      reported and recommended in the literature. Therapeutic results were very good
      with 95% cure without neurological sequelae even at 6 month/1 year follow-up.
      Only 6 patients reported sequelae (2 irritative anomalies at EEG, 3 hypoacusis,
      12 psychomotor retardation). The results were also better than those reported in
      the Italian and foreign literature. The Authors are convinced that, in the hands
      of experienced physicians, timely antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, cerebral anti
      oedema and symptomatic treatment will improve the prognosis for bacterial
      meningitis in infancy.

PMID- 1798402
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance and iron overload in thalassemia].
AB  - We assessed the iron load content in 36 beta-thalassemia patients by NMR
      correlating the results with serum ferritin levels. 22 of them were affected by
      beta-thalassemia major on hyper-transfusional regimen (Group A), 4 by beta
      thalassemia intermedia (Group B) and 10 by beta-thalassemia major, who had been
      previously bone marrow transplanted (Group C). In A and C Groups the liver showed
      the lowest signal intensity on spin echo images (p less than 0.01; p less than
      0.06, respectively). A significant correlation between the summation of signals
      obtained from all the examined organs and serum ferritin levels was observed by
      evaluating both all the patients globally (r = 0.78; p less than 0.001) and the A
      and C Group patients. This correlation was confirmed only in the liver both in
      all the patients (r = 0.77; p less than 0.001) and in A and C Group patients,
      when the signals obtained from each organ were evaluated.

PMID- 1798403
TI  - [Anti-gliadin antibodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of celiac disease].
AB  - The study assessed the value of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) as a diagnostic
      test for celiac disease (CD) by examining 219 children: 57 were affected by
      malabsorption syndrome and underwent the first duodenojejunal biopsy; 83
      underwent a secondary diagnostic phase for CD; 44 underwent a challenge test; 35
      controls. Duodenojejunal biopsy was performed in all subjects in the three stages
      of diagnosis for CD. By comparing AGA levels and on the basis of histological
      tests of duodenojejunal mucosa it is possible to confirm the reliability of the
      method as a screening test for use in subjects whose clinical symptoms suggest
      CD. AGA are however less reliable in the second and third stages, that is to say
      in the follow-up of CD, since they do not always reflect the conditions of
      intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 1798404
TI  - [Magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst].
AB  - A patient of 12 suffering from aneurysmal cyst of the ischium was studied with
      traditional radiology, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). The advantages of MRI in the study of this pathology compared to
      traditional radiography and CT are assessed. It was shown that the CT and MRI
      techniques are superior to standard X-ray examinations in anatomic definition and
      in evaluating the lesions's relationships with neighbouring structures and, in
      particular, that MRI is superior to CT in extension.

PMID- 1798405
TI  - [Neonatal infections and premature rupture of fetal membranes].
AB  - The premature rupture of the membranes is still a cause of concern due to the
      related risk of infection and respiratory disorders. The study included sixty-two
      neonates whose mothers had ruptured their membranes for at least 48 hours (group
      A) and 42 neonates with a high risk of infection (low birth weight, prematurity)
      (group B) in order to assess whether antibiotic prophylaxis used in pregnant
      women with premature rupture of the membranes is sufficient to reduce the risk of
      severe neonatal infection. The results obtained show that there is an increased
      frequency of RDS, jaundice and mortality in group A, whereas in group B there was
      a greater frequency of sepsis and urinary tract infections. Antibiotic
      prophylaxis therefore allows the frequency of neonatal infections following the
      rupture of membranes to be reduced, thus enabling the birth to be delayed in
      order to induce pulmonary maturity.

PMID- 1798406
TI  - [Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of gastroesophageal
      reflux].
AB  - Fifteen children with gastro-esophageal reflux took part in a treatment trial
      with a regimen of magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide for 8 weeks period
      (700 mmol/1.73 mq/die). All children were evaluated clinically and underwent a 24
      hour continuous esophageal pH-monitoring both at diagnosis and after 8 weeks of
      treatment. After therapy 12/15 children were cured and 3/15 improved. Moreover
      the total percentage of time during which pH was less than 4, the number of
      reflux episodes and the number of refluxes lasting than 5' recorded during 24
      hour continuous esophageal pH-monitoring were significantly reduced after
      treatment. The Authors conclude that antacids in large quantities are effective
      in medical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux.

PMID- 1798407
TI  - [Epilepsy with laughing seizures, hypothalamic hamartoma and precocious puberty.
      Contributions of MRI, computed EEG topography (CET) and ambulatory EEG (A-EEG)].
AB  - The concurrence of gelastic (laughing) seizures, hypothalamic hamartoma and
      precocious puberty constitutes a well defined epileptic syndrome in children;
      moreover mental retardation, neuropsychological deterioration and behavioral
      disorders have been often observed in these patients. In two cases we studied by
      means of MRI the appearance and the site of the hamartoma (in the posterior part
      of the hypothalamus with extension toward the third ventricle). The EEG study was
      performed by means of repeated recordings, of Computed EEG Topography (CET) and
      of Ambulatory EEG (A-EEG): in both patients during interictal periods paroxysmal
      EEG discharges prevailing in temporal or fronto-temporal regions and slight
      abnormalities of the background activity in the same areas were detected.
      Laughing seizures were recorded in each patient particularly by means of A-EEG:
      in case 1 bursts of high-voltage activity ("theta" waves) followed by depression
      of the background rhythm and by irregular spike discharges located in left
      temporal region were observed; in patient 2 irregular generalised spike
      discharges followed by slow waves or by depression of the background activity
      were seen. The presence of local abnormalities in both patients can support the
      hypothesis that the cortex, especially of the temporal anterior lobe, is involved
      in the origin of the laughing seizures. The significance of the mechanisms of
      secondary generalization as regards the seriousness of the epilepsy and of the
      mental impairment in these patients is also suggested.

PMID- 1798408
TI  - [Transmission of HLA-DR alleles in diabetic children].

PMID- 1798409
TI  - [Projections of the retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus to the structures of the
      thalamoparietal associative system in the rat].
AB  - Afferent connections of LP of the thalamus and parietal area 7 from the
      retrosplenial cortex of rat were investigated by means of the HRP retrograde
      transport. It was shown that neurons of area 29d sent afferent fibres to LP,
      while area 7 received axons from cells of areas 29d and 29c. Those projections
      were ipsilateral. It was found out that connections to the associative cortex
      were more massive than those to the thalamus. Projections from areas 29a and 29b
      were not revealed. Apart from the neocortical input area 7 received afferent
      fibres from the archicortex. Neurons of hippocampal area CA1 were a source of
      those projections.

PMID- 1798410
TI  - [Contribution of antidromic activity, induced by excitation of efferent fibers,
      to massive potentials of the cat spinal cord].
AB  - Biphasic cord dorsum potentials (CDP) were evoked on the cat spinal cord by
      stimulation of the distal stump of a cut ventral root (V-CDP) or peripheral
      nerves (N-CDP) with the cord deafferentation in L5-S1 segments. Measurements of
      their latency and the threshold in the responsible efferent fibres have shown
      that they were produced mainly by the activity of the low-threshold fibres in the
      ventral root. Stimulation of peripheral nerves with cord deafferentation has
      demonstrated a change in the amplitude of the positive presynaptic component of
      the "standard" CDP. Application of double stimuli on dorsal and ventral inputs
      has elicited two maxima of V-CDP depression. This depression is connected with
      developed orthodromic mono- and polysynaptic reflexes in motoneurons. The data
      obtained confirm that the investigated V-CDP is a component part of the
      "afferent" spike of standard CDP evoked by stimulation of intact nerves. Such
      data for main hindlimb nerves of the cat are adduced. A conclusion is drawn that
      integrity of efferents may be determined by analysis of presynaptic spikes of
      CDP.

PMID- 1798411
TI  - [Dendrite orientation in neurons of the reticular brain stem nuclei of a kitten
      after oral deafferentation].
AB  - Deviations in orientation of dendrites in neurons of the reticular brainstem
      nuclei are demonstrated in the Golgi preparations of the brain of 30-day old
      kittens by means of the computerized morphometry. Changes in the density of
      dendrite orientation occurring after bilateral and unilateral lingual nerve
      section are considered with respect to the following afferent inputs: midline
      structures and trigeminal and vestibular nuclei.

PMID- 1798412
TI  - [Orientation tuning of the visual cortex neurons in the cat before and after
      nembutal injection].
AB  - In acute experiments on immobilized cats orientation tuning of 40 neurons in the
      primary visual cortex (field 17) has been studied before and after nembutal
      injection. It was found that the preferred orientation (PO) of half of neurons
      remained constant after injection, while another half of neurons revealed a
      reliable shift of PO (by 53.6 +/- 8.0 degrees on the average) during 1 min-3
      hours. Neurons with constant PO preferred horizontal and vertical orientations
      more often, while neurons with unstable PO had wider distribution of their POs.
      "Stable" neurons had more narrow and selective orientation tuning before and
      after narcotization than the "unstable" ones. After injection of nembutal, the
      width of orientation tuning changed in a half of neurons; this was more often
      expressed in "unstable" neurons (68%), than in the "stable" ones (38%). After
      narcotization the mean background discharge frequency decreased 5.5 times on the
      average in all neurons, while the evoked frequency of discharges--1.5 times.

PMID- 1798413
TI  - [Participation of the adenylate cyclase system in the postsynaptic mechanism of
      heterosynaptic facilitation].
AB  - Changes in the EPSC and Ach-current amplitudes of Planorbis corneus LC-1 and RC-1
      neurons has been comparatively investigated after the influence on their
      adenylate cyclase system in order to reveal postsynaptic mechanisms of the
      heterosynaptic facilitation. Both responses are n-cholinergic and depend on the
      membrane conductivity for Na+ and K+. Application of 5-HT has led to an increase
      of the EPSC and ACh current (in most cases) amplitudes by 100-300%. A negligible
      increase of the EPSC and at the same time a decrease of the Ach-current were
      observed in 30% of cells. It was, probably, a result of different contribution
      made by Na+ and K+ to the activation mechanism of the channel-receptor complex
      conductivity of the nonsynaptic cell membrane. Effects of 5-HT on EPSCs and Ach
      current were imitated by actions of the phosphodiesterase blockers and adenylate
      cyclase activators. Both the blockers and activators depressed the EPSCs and Ach
      current. Thus, activation of the adenylate cyclase system by serotonin has
      promoted development of the postsynaptic mechanisms of heterosynaptic
      facilitation in command neurons of Planorbis corneus.

PMID- 1798414
TI  - [Synchronization of discharges of human motor units during voluntary muscle
      contractions and tonic vibration reflex].
AB  - Cross-correlograms (CCGs) of action potentials of single motor unit (MU) pairs of
      soleus, triceps br. and 1 interosseus dors muscles were plotted. The CCGs of 21
      pairs from 126 pairs studied during voluntary muscle contraction revealed peaks
      at a zero point, the peak width being less than or equal to 5 ms (short-term
      synchronization). During the tonic vibration reflex of the soleus and triceps br.
      muscles there were 12 synchronized MU pairs from 86 studied pairs. The CCGs of MU
      1 and 2 interosseus dors. muscles revealed the synchronization in 4 pairs from 10
      studied pairs. The "strength" of synchronization in all MU pairs was low: usually
      no more than 6% of all impulses coincided above the probability of accidental
      coincidences. The short-term synchronization is, presumably, a result of common
      input to different motoneurons from branches of the last-order premotoneuron
      nerve fibres. The long-term synchronization of MUs was revealed in the CCGs. This
      synchronization is supposedly caused by the muscle fatigue during the experiment.

PMID- 1798415
TI  - [Gaba-ergic mechanisms of regulation of the vascular tone and cardiac activity
      localized in the caudal ventrolateral area of the cat medulla].
AB  - Data showing that GABA (0.5-50 mumols) injections into the neuronal structures of
      the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) being followed with hypertensive
      reactions induced by enhancement of the background activities of the renal and
      inferior cardiac nerves are obtained in acute experiments on cats. Inhibitory
      cardiac influences from the CVLM are realized in asymmetric manner: neuronal
      structures from the left side influence the myocardial contractile activity but
      fail to induce the heart rate changes, while those of the right side
      preferentially control the heart rate. Bicuculline injections into the CVLM
      induce an abrupt fall in the arterial pressure level, attenuate the background
      activities in the peripheral sympathetic nerves, reduce the heart rate and
      myocardial contractile activity. These data evidence that in cats there is a
      tonically active inhibitory GABA-ergic input to depressor neurons within the
      CVLM.

PMID- 1798416
TI  - [Rearrangement of efferent activity of a locomotor generator controlling forelimb
      movements during electric stimulation of descending systems].
AB  - Data on reorganization of the efferent activity parameters of the forelimb
      locomotor generators during electrical stimulation of the descending systems were
      obtained during experiments on immobilized decerebrate cats. It has been found
      that a generator controlling the forelimb locomotor movement is characterized by
      existence of such a stable state when total influence of different descending
      systems on this generator is extremely limited. A conclusion is made that the
      sense of the activity reorganization in the locomotor generator of a forelimb
      under the effect of signals from descending systems brings the motor program to
      such a dynamic relation with a supraspinal inflow which provides sufficiently
      limitation and balancing of the influences of corresponding descending systems on
      the interneuronal nets, determining time and phase characteristics of the
      activity of these generators.

PMID- 1798417
TI  - [Electrophysiological analysis of corticofugal influences on neurons of the
      preoptic area].
AB  - Evoked potentials (EPs) and neuronal responses of the medial (MPO) and lateral
      (LPO) preoptic region (RPO) and adjacent areas of the hypothalamus to stimulation
      of the prefrontal (area 8), cingulum (area 24), periamigdaloideus (RPA) cortex
      and hippocampus (area CA3) have been studied on cats anesthetized with ketamine.
      Cortical areas were selected according to their evolutionary status. It is
      determined that the most pronounced EPs are generated in the RPO to stimulation
      of the periamigdaloideus and cingulum cortex. A close correlation between
      responses of single units and EPs waveforms is shown. The majority of neurons
      responsible for cortical stimuli are located mainly in the basal part of the LPO.
      It is this area of the RPO where the prevalence of initial excitatory reactions
      is observed. The MPO contains much less neurons responding to cortical
      stimulation. In this area of the RPO mainly initial inhibitory reactions are
      registered. For the LPO a ratio between the inhibitory and excitatory reactions
      is 0.6:1, for the MPO the same ratio is 5.8:1. In the area of the RPO adjoining
      the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST) the initial inhibitory reactions prevail
      over the initial excitatory ones too (ratio 4.9:1). In the area of the RPO
      immediately adjoining the nucleus supraopticus the initial excitatory reactions
      are registered and the ratio between the initial inhibitory reactions and initial
      excitatory ones is 0.7:1. In the RPO a pronounced convergence of the stimuli from
      the different cortical areas to the definite cells is found as well. In the RPO
      which is a zone of wide convergence 3/4 of neurons responded to stimulation of
      two and more cortical inputs. The combinations of inputs from the prefrontal and
      cingulum cortex as well as from prefrontal and periamigdaloideus cortex are the
      most frequent types of convergence of different cortical stimuli to the preoptic
      neurons.

PMID- 1798418
TI  - [Reactions of neurons of the preoptic area in the presence of serial cortical
      stimuli].
AB  - Evoked potentials (EPs) and neuronal responses of the medial (MPO) and lateral
      (LPO) preoptic region (RPO) and adjacent areas of the anterior hypothalamus to
      serial (6-300 s) stimulation of the prefrontal (area 8), cingulum (area 24),
      periamygdaloideus (RPA) cortex and hippocampus (field CA3) were studied on
      experimental cats anesthetized by ketamine. Cortical areas were selected
      according to their evolutionary status. Responses of preoptic neurons to serial
      stimulation were grouped into four main types: excitatory, inhibitory, excitatory
      on-off-effect and inhibitory on-off-effect. No pronounced changes in the patterns
      of response reactions were found when frequency of the stimuli increased, only
      intensity of the reactions changed. Neurons responding to serial cortical
      stimulation were located mainly in the central part of the MPO and in the basal
      part of the LPO. These areas of the RPO contained neurons with the most
      pronounced convergence of different cortical stimuli to the same cell. In serial
      cortical stimulation inhibitory reactions developed more frequently than
      excitatory ones (ratio 3.4:1). A gradient of inhibitory reactions to stimulation
      of different cortical areas was observed while comparing them in terms of
      evolution from new to old structures. Prevalence of inhibitory responses over
      excitatory ones was minimal (ratio 1.7:1), when the neocortex (area 8) was
      stimulated and it was more pronounced (ratio 1.9:1) during stimulation of the
      evolutionary intermediate cortex (area 24). That prevalence was still more
      significant (ratio 4.5:1) in case of paleocortical (RPA) stimulation and it was
      the most pronounced (ratio 10.2:1) during stimulation of the archicortex
      (hippocampus).

PMID- 1798419
TI  - [Probable location of synaptic inputs, evoking generation of long-term IPSP in
      pyramidal neurons: model studies].
AB  - A region of possible location of potassium-conducting synapses responsible for
      generation of "slow", or "long-term" IPSPs has been determined in computer
      experiments with the use of neuroscience-oriented software program CRONA on the
      basis of data of measurement of reversal potential of such IPSPs under natural
      experiments. Such geometrical parameters as dimensions of neuronal dendritic
      branches and intracellular potassium concentration have been studied for their
      effect on determination of the above-mentioned region using the results of
      natural experimental studies of interaction of long-term IPSPs with polarizing
      currents. It is shown that synaptic inputs under investigation have non-somatic
      location and the region of their location on apical dendrites is between 110 and
      460 microns from the soma.

PMID- 1798420
TI  - [Changes in the efferent activity of the scratching generator evoked by external
      mechanical force applied to a hindlimb in the decerebrate cat].
AB  - Changes in the afferent inflow appeared with application of the external
      mechanical force to the rhythmically moving hindlimb have been studied for their
      scratching generator activity in decerebrate adult cats. Phasic relationship
      between violent hindlimb transference and efferent activity of the scratching
      generator was opposite to that found earlier during fictitious scratching, which
      is explained by difference between afferent activity during real scratching
      movement and passive movement of the hindlimb in the immobilized animal. Maximum
      redistribution in the relationship between flexor and extensor intensities in
      response to the stimulation corresponds to maximum rate of the violent hindlimb
      transference.

PMID- 1798421
TI  - [Development of electro-excitable properties of spinal cord chick embryo neuronal
      membranes in the process of their differentiation in culture].
AB  - Two types of neurons are distinguished proceeding from their morphology and
      electrophysiological characteristics during early days of development in culture.
      The "mature" cells prove to be motoneurons and die by the 5th-7th days in vitro.
      They possess a sodium and two-component potassium currents. Neuroblasts represent
      another type of cells. They are not able to generate the action potential and
      potassium current consists only of one component. These cells are differentiated
      during cultivation.

PMID- 1798422
TI  - Vascular dementia: in search of answers.

PMID- 1798423
TI  - Genetic and environmental factors determining the development of Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease in Libyan Jews.
AB  - The cluster of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) among Jews of Libyan origin is one
      of the largest in the world. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to account
      for this cluster, the most prevalent but unsubstantiated hypothesis being that a
      transmissible agent was ingested in the form of scrapie-infected sheep brains. It
      has, however, been shown that a modified host protein encoded by the gene
      specifying the scrapie amyloid precursor is critically involved in the
      pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as CJD, Gerstmann
      Strussler-Scheinker syndrome and Kuru. A mutation at codon 200 in the open
      reading frame of this gene has recently been linked to a cluster of CJD patients
      in Slovakia. We examined the prevalence of this mutation among CJD patients of
      Libyan descent in Israel. All patients were found to have the same codon 200
      mutation. These findings implicate this mutation in the high prevalence of CJD
      among Libyan Jews and Sephardic Jews from other Mediterranean countries.

PMID- 1798424
TI  - Survey of Guillain-Barre syndrome in southern Finland.
AB  - All acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) cases identified in the county of Uusimaa
      in southern Finland from 1981-1985 were analyzed. The incidence varied from 0.5
      to 2.1 per 100,000 population. An antecedent event of possible etiologic
      significance was reported in 10% of the cases. Plasma exchange therapy was
      introduced during these years. Less children than expected fell ill, perhaps
      because of vaccinations, but a rise in the incidence of GBS in 1985 occurred
      during a nation-wide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign. A total of 19.4% of
      the patients needed respirator treatment, and plasma exchange therapy was given
      to 27.4% of these patients, among whom the time in respirator was shortened
      compared to equally affected individuals not given plasma exchange. The mortality
      was lower in the recent compared to the earlier period. This may be due to plasma
      exchange therapy.

PMID- 1798425
TI  - A case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - A retrospective case-control study was conducted using 46 patients affected by
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 92 closely matched healthy controls. Cases were
      ascertained through typical clinical and instrumental findings. Putative risk
      factors (bone fractures or major trauma, exposure to domestic animals, surgical
      operations, disease among first degree relatives and others) were investigated
      anamnestically using a standard questionnaire. Using Mantel-Haenzsel estimates of
      the odds ratio, no association was found between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      and the investigated variables.

PMID- 1798426
TI  - Influence of education on aspects of cognitive functions in non-demented elderly
      Nigerians.
AB  - Cognitive function was assessed in 930 elderly Nigerians living in an urban
      community by trained medical students who were blinded to the educational status
      of the subjects. They used a pretested and validated questionnaire. The subjects
      were later evaluated for the presence of dementia according to DSM-IIIR criteria
      by neurologists who then determined the educational status of the subjects. There
      were 361 males and 569 females with a mean age of 58.5 years (SD = 14.8). One
      hundred and sixty-one subjects (17%) with at least 6 years of education performed
      better on all aspects of cognition assessed (p less than 0.001). The differences
      in performance were statistically significant on assessment of general knowledge,
      intelligence, abstract thinking, depth of information and immediate recall (p
      less than 0.001) but not for calculation, orientation, attention and language
      comprehension. Our findings confirm the confounding effect of education on
      cognitive assessment and suggest the possibility of developing a short culture
      free and educationally unbiased instrument for assessing cognitive functions in
      Nigerians.

PMID- 1798427
TI  - Relationship of hospitalized stroke rate and in-hospital mortality to the decline
      in US stroke mortality.
AB  - Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey was used to estimate the
      admission rate and in-hospital mortality for US stroke patients from 1970 to
      1987. Over this period the hospital admission rate increased from 5.0 per 1,000
      population to 5.5 per 1,000, while the in-hospital mortality fell from 18.6 to
      10.0% of discharges. When patients experiencing general or late effects or
      transient ischemic attacks were excluded, the hospital admission rate increased
      from 2.8 to 4.8 per 1,000 and in-hospital mortality fell from 26 to 12% of
      discharges. Admission rates increased from 1970 to 1987 for both hemorrhagic
      strokes and cerebral infarctions, but fell for ill-defined cerebrovascular
      events, presumably reflecting increased use of computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging during this period. Mortality for hemorrhagic strokes decreased
      from 45 to 30% of discharges, mortality for infarctions decreased from 24 to 13%
      and mortality for ill-defined events fell from 24 to 17%. There are several
      limitations with the use of the National Hospital Discharge Survey data to
      estimate changes in hospital admission rates and in-hospital mortality. However,
      these data suggest a greater role for decreasing case fatality in explaining
      nationwide declines in stroke mortality rates than has generally been
      acknowledged.

PMID- 1798428
TI  - Environmental temperature and stroke in a subtropical climate.
AB  - The effect of environmental temperature on stroke occurrence in a subtropical
      climate was studied over a 1-year period by documenting the number of strokes
      (subdivided into cerebral infarct and intracerebral hemorrhage) admitted into a
      district hospital in Hong Kong at different temperatures. There was no
      significant correlation between the number of strokes (or its subtypes) per day
      per temperature category and the environmental minimum or maximum temperature.
      However, an association was present between the occurrence of cerebral infarcts
      and maximum temperature on the day of onset in elderly patients aged 70 years and
      above. Environmental temperature is not a strong risk factor for the occurrence
      of stroke in a subtropical climate.

PMID- 1798429
TI  - Incidence and clinical features of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Rochester,
      Minnesota, 1945-1984.
AB  - The annual crude incidence rate of glossopharyngeal neuralgia per 100,000
      population in Rochester, Minn., for 1945 through 1984, was 0.7 for both sexes
      combined, suggesting that glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a rare disease. There
      were no significant differences between the sexes (p greater than 0.10) in the
      overall age-adjusted (to the total 1980 US population) rates: 1.1 for men and 0.5
      for women. Overall age-specific crude rates increased slightly with age. Our
      results and conclusions, achieved by comparing our data with a large referral
      study at Mayo Clinic, suggest that glossopharyngeal neuralgia is generally a mild
      disease, since mild attacks are not uncommon, the average annual recurrence rate
      for a second episode is low (3.6%), and only one fourth of the cases had to have
      surgery for relief of symptoms. Bilaterality is not uncommon; it was observed in
      one fourth of the patients, all of whom had mild disease.

PMID- 1798430
TI  - Epidemiology and clinical features of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and
      glossopharyngeal neuralgia: similarities and differences, Rochester, Minnesota,
      1945-1984.
AB  - A comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia
      (TN) and glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) in Rochester, Minn., reveals several
      differences. The overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rates were
      significantly higher for TN than for GN (4.7 vs. 0.8 per 100,000 population). The
      TN:GN ratio was increased for both men and women and was 5.9:1 for both sexes
      combined. This ratio is greater than reported in previous non-population-based
      studies. GN is a milder disease than TN, as indicated by the number of episodes,
      treatment, and characterization of pain. The right side is affected more often
      with TN than with GN. Bilaterality was noted less often in TN than in GN cases.

PMID- 1798431
TI  - Evaluation of Parkinson's disease: a new approach to disability.
AB  - Testing the reliability and usefulness of disability scales in Parkinson's
      disease has been the object of a study carried out by 4 neurologists on 48
      patients using 2 rating scales--Hoehn and Yahr staging and Columbia University
      Rating Scale--and 2 disability scales--Northwestern University Disability Scale
      and Extensive Disability Scale, a new scale conceived for this purpose, which is
      more accurate in examining in a different way the physical incapacity and
      handicap of parkinsonian patients in their daily living. The examiners worked in
      pairs and did not discuss their rating scores before the end of the study. As far
      as interobserver agreement is concerned, the results of the disability scales are
      better than those of the rating scales. The Northwestern Disability Scale and the
      new scale are similar in reliability and consistency; however, the Extensive
      Disability Scale has proved to be a better indicator of the functional status. We
      suggest a more extensive employment of disability scales in clinical studies.

PMID- 1798432
TI  - Is dementia of the Alzheimer type a purely genetic illness? A modelling approach.
AB  - In some multiple-case families, dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is very
      likely to be of a genetic origin. Nevertheless, most DAT cases are sporadic and a
      disease with a majority of sporadic cases is usually of environmental origin. Are
      there two different etiologies of DAT? And if so, what is the proportion of
      genetic cases? We describe a model designed to assess the genetic risk in DAT.
      Our basic hypotheses were: (1) DAT could be of either genetic or environmental
      origin; (2) in its genetic form, transmission is of the autosomal dominant type,
      and (3) a proportion (pi) of the population is exposed to environmental risk. We
      have estimated the value of the probability (pi) of being exposed to the
      environmental risk and of the gene frequency (p). These values were highly
      dependent on the model assumptions, but non-inherited cases were consistently
      more frequent than inherited ones.

PMID- 1798433
TI  - A population-based study of migraine headaches in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Case
      ascertainment and classification.
AB  - Using the unique resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project for population
      based studies, we identified 629 Olmsted County, Minn., residents who fulfilled
      the 1988 International Headache Society criteria for newly diagnosed migraine
      over a 3-year period. Over 6,400 patient records from several diagnostic rubrics
      were screened; a substantial proportion of cases had been 'signed-out' to
      diagnoses other than 'migraine headache'. Medical records were reviewed by two
      trained nurses who abstracted supporting data for two neurologists. The
      neurologists determined whether each case met eligibility requirements and
      assigned a headache diagnosis by consensus. The diagnostic criteria offered some
      flexibility and were adapted to retrospective record-based research. Most records
      contained enough information to effectively classify the headache, although
      information on the frequency and duration of attacks proved to be problematic. A
      validation re-abstraction of a 10% sample of cases was undertaken with acceptable
      reproducibility of symptoms and diagnosis. Our study shows that migraine headache
      can be studied retrospectively through existing detailed medical records.

PMID- 1798434
TI  - Electromagnetic field exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 1798435
TI  - Neuroepidemiology around the world. Japan.

PMID- 1798436
TI  - Current Bibliographies of Neuropeptides Prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 1798437
TI  - Identification and characterization of two distinct kyotorphin-hydrolyzing
      enzymes in rat brain.
AB  - We identified and characterized two kyotorphin-hydrolyzing peptidases (KTPases)
      in a soluble fraction of rat brain. When the soluble fraction was chromatographed
      with DEAE-Sephacel, the enzyme activity was resolved into two peaks, which were
      designated as KTPases I and II in their order of elution. KTPases I and II
      accounted for 95% and 5% of the KTPase activity in the soluble fraction,
      respectively. KTPases I and II hydrolyzed kyotorphin with Km values of 22 microM
      and 110 microM, respectively. By gel filtration, Mr values of KTPases I and II
      were determined to be 55,000 and 98,000, respectively. Immunological analyses of
      KTPase II with an anti-enkephalin aminopeptidase antibody indicated that KTPase
      II was identical to an enkephalin aminopeptidase with Mr = 98,000. However,
      KTPase I was a novel peptidase responsible for the major kyotorphin-degrading
      activity in the soluble fraction of rat brain.

PMID- 1798438
TI  - Evidence for thiol-dependent metallo-endopeptidase involved in degradation of
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in glioma cells.
AB  - An endopeptidase generating a peptide comprised of the first five amino acids of
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was isolated form the membranes of
      glioma C6 cells by a procedure including Brij extraction, p-mercuribenzoate
      Sepharose chromatography, and Mono Q high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 64,000. The glial enzyme shows
      a similar inhibitor susceptibility to that of the enzyme of neuronal origin, and
      also to that of endopeptidase-24.15 (EC 3.4.24.15). Angiotensin-converting enzyme
      (EC 3.4.15.11) is suggested to be involved in the secondary cleavage of LHRH by
      the glioma cells.

PMID- 1798439
TI  - [Carotid thromboendarterectomy carried out under continuous cervical peridural
      anesthesia: our experience].

PMID- 1798440
TI  - [Cervical peridural anesthesia in the surgery of the carotid. First experience].

PMID- 1798441
TI  - [Peridural anesthesia in the harvesting of bone marrow: review of a case series
      from July 1990 to June 1991 at the Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of
      Florence].

PMID- 1798442
TI  - [Blood gas changes induced by peridural anesthesia in geriatric patients].

PMID- 1798443
TI  - [Effects of clonidine on shivering during epidural anesthesia].

PMID- 1798444
TI  - [The Crawford needle: indications and limitations].

PMID- 1798445
TI  - [The use of 0,125% marcaine + fentanyl: which are the advantages compared to
      0,25% marcaine?].

PMID- 1798446
TI  - [Prevention of anaphylactic-anaphylactic-like reactions to local anesthetics.
      Results of 3 years of interdisciplinary ambulatory activities].

PMID- 1798448
TI  - [Retrograde venous anesthesia: experience with 30 cases of arm surgery].

PMID- 1798447
TI  - [Retrograde intravenous anesthesia in foot surgery].

PMID- 1798449
TI  - [Retrograde venous anesthesia with a combination of dimepivacaine++ and
      buprenorphine: theoretical suppositions and first experience].

PMID- 1798450
TI  - [Orthopedic surgery of the foot under acupuncture hypo-analgesia with electric
      stimulation. Critical analysis and re-evaluation].

PMID- 1798451
TI  - [Continuous spinal analgesia with microcatheters].

PMID- 1798452
TI  - [Combined epidural and subarachnoid anesthesia: our experience].

PMID- 1798453
TI  - [Combined subarachnoid-peridural block: first clinical evaluations].

PMID- 1798454
TI  - [Continuous subarachnoid anesthesia with ultra fine catheters in geriatric
      surgery].

PMID- 1798455
TI  - [Incidence of headache in the use of the atraumatic Sprotte needle in obstetric
      and orthopedic anesthesia].

PMID- 1798456
TI  - [Criteria for the selection of the spinal needle in young and elderly patients:
      our experience with the incidence of headache after subarachnoid puncture].

PMID- 1798457
TI  - [Prophylaxis with methysergide of headache caused by dural puncture (preventive
      note)].

PMID- 1798458
TI  - [Surgical arthroscopy of the knee. Monolateral subarachnoid anesthesia with
      hyperbaric marcaine and fentanest versus hyperbaric marcaine].

PMID- 1798459
TI  - [Subarachnoid anesthesia in orthopedics with a bupivacaine-fentanyl association.
      Study of 100 cases].

PMID- 1798460
TI  - [Buprenorphine as preanesthetic drug in peridural anesthesia].

PMID- 1798461
TI  - [Block of the brachial plexus via the axilla with nerve stimulation in children].

PMID- 1798462
TI  - [Plexal anesthesia of the arm with electric nerve stimulation].

PMID- 1798464
TI  - [Intra-articular morphine and postoperative analgesia: clinical experience].

PMID- 1798463
TI  - [Femoro-sciatic block with an electric nerve stimulator for the loco-regional
      anesthesia of the knee].

PMID- 1798465
TI  - [Peripheral nerve block in orthopedics and traumatology].

PMID- 1798466
TI  - [Peripheral anesthesia in surgery].

PMID- 1798467
TI  - [Evolution of the anesthetic techniques in ear surgery (considerations on 11,000
      cases].

PMID- 1798468
TI  - [Interscalene block by the Winnie's technique: our experience].

PMID- 1798469
TI  - [Local analgesia and infraorbital block in rhinoplasty operations. Our
      experience].

PMID- 1798470
TI  - [Block of the brachial plexus: our experience in orthopedic surgery of the arm].

PMID- 1798471
TI  - [Usefulness of plexal anesthesia in arthroscopy of the knee. Clinical
      experience].

PMID- 1798472
TI  - [The 3 in 1 block in surgery of femoral fractures in the elderly].

PMID- 1798473
TI  - [Block of the stellate ganglion in the treatment of accidental vascular lesions
      following drug injections].

PMID- 1798474
TI  - [Block of the sphenopalatine ganglion with bupivacaine and methylprednisolone
      acetate in the control of facial pain].

PMID- 1798475
TI  - [Propofol in blended anesthesia in major surgery].

PMID- 1798476
TI  - [Infusion of propofol-ketamine to maintain anesthesia in general surgery].

PMID- 1798477
TI  - [The relationship between propofol consumption and age].

PMID- 1798478
TI  - [The use of propofol in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus:
      description of 2 cases].

PMID- 1798479
TI  - [Propofol and ambulatory general anesthesia in voluntary termination of
      pregnancy].

PMID- 1798480
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia in a program of assisted fertilization].

PMID- 1798481
TI  - [The ketamine-propofol combination in the voluntary termination of pregnancy].

PMID- 1798482
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol-fentanyl].

PMID- 1798483
TI  - [The propofol-diazepam combination as alternative to anesthesia in gynecologic
      celioscopy].

PMID- 1798484
TI  - [Effects of propofol on the myocardial stimulation threshold, in humans].

PMID- 1798486
TI  - [Intravenous anesthesia: induction and maintenance with propofol in continuous
      infusion].

PMID- 1798485
TI  - [Narcoanalgesia with propofol for the anesthesiologic management of elderly
      patients in orthopedic and traumatologic surgery: our experience].

PMID- 1798487
TI  - [Propofol and pain caused by the injection].

PMID- 1798488
TI  - [General anesthesia in spontaneous respiration in severe emergencies with
      continuous intravenous infusion of propofol].

PMID- 1798489
TI  - [Anesthesia with propofol in continuous infusion in patients with infantile
      cerebral paralysis undergoing orthopedic surgery].

PMID- 1798490
TI  - [Ambulatory anesthesia with propofol for the study of the auditive function using
      brain stem evoked potentials, in children].

PMID- 1798492
TI  - [Low-dose propofol in sedation for cataract surgery in loco-regional anesthesia].

PMID- 1798491
TI  - [Propofol for the induction and the maintenance of anesthesia in ophthalmic
      surgery].

PMID- 1798493
TI  - [Anesthesia for MRI].

PMID- 1798494
TI  - [Totally intravenous anesthesia in urologic interventions lasting more than 240
      minutes].

PMID- 1798495
TI  - [Oxygen saturation in the blood at the jugular bulb as index of the
      flow/consumption ratio of cerebral oxygen in total intravenous anesthesia with
      propofol].

PMID- 1798496
TI  - [Evaluation of mental status before and after anesthesia with propofol].

PMID- 1798497
TI  - [Effects of propofol on granulocyte function evaluated with chemoluminescence in
      surgical patients].

PMID- 1798498
TI  - [Propofol as hypnosis inductor in a case of electric cardioversion in a 31-day
      old patient].

PMID- 1798499
TI  - [Propofol as induction and maintenance agent in specialized pediatric surgery:
      our experience].

PMID- 1798500
TI  - [Intravenous anesthesia with propofol in traumatologic surgery].

PMID- 1798501
TI  - [Propofol in the anesthesia of patients at risk of malignant hyperthermia in
      pediatric ophthalmic surgery].

PMID- 1798502
TI  - [The use of propofol in tracheal intubation in the surgery of traumatic lesions
      of the face].

PMID- 1798503
TI  - [Continuous intravenous anesthesia with propofol in diabetic patients in
      ophthalmic surgery of long duration].

PMID- 1798504
TI  - [Totally venous anesthesia with propofol and buprenorphine in major orthopedic
      surgery].

PMID- 1798505
TI  - [Propofol and acute hypovolemia. Experimental study].

PMID- 1798506
TI  - [Propofol for pediatric ambulatory anesthesia in ophthalmology].

PMID- 1798507
TI  - [Repeated intravenous anesthesia in the treatment of the acute phase of
      obstructions of the central airways in children].

PMID- 1798508
TI  - [Ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia after intravenous brifentanyl (a
      new synthetic narcotic)].

PMID- 1798509
TI  - [The use of flumazenil to antagonize the effect of diazepam after bronchoscopy].

PMID- 1798510
TI  - [Continuous infusion of propofol versus thiopentone-isoflurane: comparative study
      of the protection against surgical stress in children].

PMID- 1798511
TI  - [Hemodynamic effect of low-dose propofol in neurosurgical anesthesia with high
      dose fentanyl: comparison with nitrogen monoxide].

PMID- 1798512
TI  - [Comparison of the hemodynamic response to anesthesia induction with 3 different
      induction agents (thiopental, midazolam, and propofol) in candidates for vascular
      surgery].

PMID- 1798513
TI  - [Evaluation of the liver enzyme picture in humans after general anesthesia with
      continuous infusion propofol--preliminary data].

PMID- 1798514
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA): clinical comparison of 2 pharmacologic
      combinations: flunitrazepam-droperidol-fentanyl and propofol-droperidol
      fentanyl].

PMID- 1798515
TI  - [Ambulatory intravenous anesthesia in elderly patients: comparison of 2
      techniques].

PMID- 1798516
TI  - [Propofol-fentanest versus thiopentone-isoflurane: evaluation of the awakening
      phase].

PMID- 1798517
TI  - [The use of respiratory gas filter during low-flow anesthesia].

PMID- 1798518
TI  - [Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes caused by nitrogen monoxide in
      isoflurane anesthesia].

PMID- 1798519
TI  - [Evaluation of cardiocirculatory stability during and after anesthesia with
      isoflurane with invasive monitoring of the SVO2].

PMID- 1798520
TI  - [Comparison of traditional neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanalgesia with low
      concentration isoflurane in patients undergoing general surgery].

PMID- 1798521
TI  - [Changes in jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjO2) during isoflurane
      anesthesia].

PMID- 1798522
TI  - [Mitochondrial changes in the rat liver in hyperthyroidism: a possible
      explanation for halothane hepatitis?].

PMID- 1798523
TI  - [Bacterial contamination of the circular circuit during low-flow anesthesia:
      preliminary data].

PMID- 1798524
TI  - [Comparison of the immune response in patients with breast neoplasms undergoing
      general anesthesia with halothane, ethrane, and forane].

PMID- 1798525
TI  - [Environmental concentration of anesthetic gases in the operating room].

PMID- 1798526
TI  - [Anesthesia with O2-air isoflurane in elderly patients in orthopedics: clinical
      and hemodynamic evaluation].

PMID- 1798527
TI  - [Evaluation of intramucosal gastric pH at various isoflurane concentrations].

PMID- 1798528
TI  - [Induction of inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in low-flow systems:
      comparison of 3 techniques].

PMID- 1798529
TI  - [Proposal of a new clinical parameter for the evaluation of anesthesia level: the
      anesthesia score (A.S.)].

PMID- 1798530
TI  - [Evaluation of atracurium besylate in abdominal surgery in heavy elderly
      patients].

PMID- 1798531
TI  - [Electromyographic evaluation of muscle relaxation in leptonarcosis with
      depolarizing muscle relaxants in bolus].

PMID- 1798532
TI  - [Technique of sedation and analgesia in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided
      oocyte aspiration].

PMID- 1798533
TI  - [Totally implantable system of venous access in patients with AIDS].

PMID- 1798534
TI  - [Comparison of 2 techniques of combined anesthesia as ambulatory short anesthesia
      in long stripping surgery].

PMID- 1798535
TI  - [Transdermal scopolamine reduces nausea, vomiting and sialorrhea in the
      postoperative period in teeth and mouth surgery].

PMID- 1798536
TI  - [A case of double cerebral aneurysm associated with aortic coarctation: problems
      of anesthetic management].

PMID- 1798537
TI  - [Evaluation of suitability for reinfusion of red blood cells recovered and washed
      during endoscopic resection of the prostate].

PMID- 1798538
TI  - [The non-functioning liver transplant: its prediction by monitoring total oxygen
      consumption].

PMID- 1798539
TI  - [The sequence chlorodimethyldiazepam/anexate in the pharmacologic hypnosis of
      patients undergoing peripheral anesthesia in orthopedics and traumatology].

PMID- 1798540
TI  - [Loco-regional anesthesia in the of the carotid].

PMID- 1798541
TI  - [Intraoperative changes in blood lactate during orthotopic transplantation of the
      liver].

PMID- 1798542
TI  - [On-line findings of hemodynamic parameters: intraoperative evaluation during
      hepatic resection on perfused liver (in situ procedure)].

PMID- 1798543
TI  - [The use of urapidil hydrochloride in controlled hypotension in surgery of the
      middle ear].

PMID- 1798544
TI  - [Anesthesia in opioid dependent patients in orthopedic traumatic pathology: our
      experience].

PMID- 1798545
TI  - [The use of Brain's laryngeal mask].

PMID- 1798546
TI  - [Intraoperative diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by the measurement of carbon
      dioxide].

PMID- 1798547
TI  - [Hypotension controlled with trinitroglycerin (NTG) in surgery of the middle
      ear].

PMID- 1798549
TI  - [Changes in the alveolo-arterial difference of 02 in very obese patients
      undergoing surgery].

PMID- 1798548
TI  - [Combined anesthesia in the surgery of pheochromocytoma].

PMID- 1798550
TI  - [Thromboembolic risk in total arthroplasty of the hip].

PMID- 1798551
TI  - [A case of hereditary angioedema undergoing general anesthesia].

PMID- 1798552
TI  - [Monitoring and recovery of postoperative blood loss in hip prosthesis surgery:
      fixed negative aspiration pressure versus controlled aspiration pressure].

PMID- 1798553
TI  - [Controlled hypotension in plastic-reconstructive surgery: urapidil --clinical
      experience].

PMID- 1798554
TI  - [Anesthesiologic approach in interventions of vertebral arthrodesis by the
      Cloward technique: our experience].

PMID- 1798555
TI  - [On line monitoring of SvO2 during combined anesthesia. Preliminary
      observations].

PMID- 1798556
TI  - [Pre-anesthesia in the cardiopathic patient].

PMID- 1798557
TI  - [Anesthesiologic technique for implantation of the automatic implantable
      cardioverter defibrillator (AICD)].

PMID- 1798558
TI  - [The propofol-atracurium combination in general anesthesia for cesarean section].

PMID- 1798559
TI  - [Succinylcholine in bolus followed by continuous infusion: retrospective analysis
      of the incidence of bradyarrhythmia in 1374 general anesthesias for cesarean
      section].

PMID- 1798560
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of single-dose omeprazole on gastric secretion in women
      undergoing cesarean section].

PMID- 1798561
TI  - [Pregnancy and maternity after liver transplantation].

PMID- 1798562
TI  - [Subarachnoid anesthesia in a case of cesarean section in a 27-year old patient
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in the 39th week of pregnancy].

PMID- 1798563
TI  - [The impossible intubation in obstetrics: controversial issues].

PMID- 1798564
TI  - [The anesthesiologic risk and the consent in pediatric anesthesia].

PMID- 1798565
TI  - [Evaluation of the anesthesiologic risk: our experience].

PMID- 1798566
TI  - [Effectiveness and hemodynamic effects of clonidine, meperidine, taurine,
      ketanserin in the therapy of post-anesthesia shivering in patients undergoing ECC
      in moderate hypothermia].

PMID- 1798567
TI  - [The therapy of postoperative shivering: comparison of drugs].

PMID- 1798568
TI  - [Action and effectiveness of nefopam chloride in the control of postoperative
      shivering].

PMID- 1798569
TI  - [In vivo and in vitro resistance behavior of the endotracheal tube].

PMID- 1798570
TI  - [Torsion of the tube in the airway after naso-tracheal intubation].

PMID- 1798571
TI  - [Position of the cuff in naso-tracheal intubation].

PMID- 1798572
TI  - [Predictivity of difficult intubations].

PMID- 1798573
TI  - [Intubation with digital technique or with transillumination for the control of
      the airways in the surgical patient].

PMID- 1798574
TI  - [Laryngo-tracheal stenosis caused by intubation. Videoendoscopic diagnosis and
      therapy].

PMID- 1798575
TI  - [The use of the fibroscope for tracheal intubation in severe cervical instability
      with the Halo cranial traction system].

PMID- 1798576
TI  - [Blind intubation with flexible endotracheal introducer].

PMID- 1798577
TI  - [Flumazenil as a possible antagonist of collateral effects of halothane in
      pediatric surgery].

PMID- 1798578
TI  - [The use of a NSAID in intravenous anesthesia for the intra- and postoperative
      analgesia].

PMID- 1798579
TI  - [Intraoperative monitoring in the clinical reality].

PMID- 1798580
TI  - [Pre-anesthetic medication: usefulness of on line Sa02 in cardiovascular surgery
      with associated pulmonary pathology].

PMID- 1798581
TI  - [Malignant hyperthermia: 2 years of clinical experience at the center for the
      study of malignant hyperthermia of Naples].

PMID- 1798582
TI  - [Immunologic changes in general anesthesia; comparison of 3 anesthesiologic
      methods; loco-regional, inhalation, and total intravenous anesthesia].

PMID- 1798583
TI  - [The use of atracurium besilate combined with halogenated anesthetics (enflurane,
      isoflurane) in gynecologic surgery. Our experience].

PMID- 1798584
TI  - [Cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells during balanced anesthesia with
      isoflurane versus total intravenous anesthesia].
AB  - Using two different anaesthetic techniques, the author have investigated the
      cytotoxicity in process during abdominal surgery. In these investigations, no
      significant differences have been demonstrated in the behaviour of the NK with
      the two techniques adopted. The increase noted in traceable to the mobilization
      of the N.K. of the extra vascular deposits. The increase of the cytotoxic
      activity is probably traceable to the action of the endogenous opiate substances.

PMID- 1798585
TI  - [Temperature of the gases in circuit during general anesthesia for inhalation
      with low flow of fresh gases].

PMID- 1798586
TI  - [General anesthesia in closed circuit with low flow for surgery of intracranial
      aneurysm].

PMID- 1798587
TI  - [The awakening from anesthesia in closed circuit].

PMID- 1798588
TI  - [Plasma proteins as replacement solution during normovolemic intentional
      hemodilution].

PMID- 1798589
TI  - [Oxygen transport and safety hematocrit during hemodilution].

PMID- 1798590
TI  - [Hemodynamic evaluation during preoperative moderate isovolemic hemodilution in
      urology].

PMID- 1798591
TI  - Racial origin and primary renal diagnosis in 771 patients with end-stage renal
      disease.
AB  - A total of 771 individuals with end-stage renal disease treated at one centre
      from 1964 to 1990 were studied. Data on racial origin, gender, age, and primary
      renal diagnosis were analysed. The male: female ratio (468:303) and proportions
      of individuals in different diagnostic groups (renal diagnosis based on European
      Dialysis and Transplant Association (EDTA) groups) were similar to EDTA data for
      the UK as a whole. Racial distribution was Caucasian 79.0%, Indian subcontinent
      (Is-c) 12.7%, Caribbean, 5.6%, African 1.6% and other Asian 1.2%. In Britain
      individuals from the Is-c constitute 2.2% of the general population and those
      from the Caribbean 1.0%. We found differences in the distribution of primary
      renal disease among patients from different racial groups. Adult polycystic
      kidney disease was almost entirely confined to Caucasians (75 to 79 patients).
      Diabetic nephropathy was relatively more common in individuals (especially males)
      from the Is-c. Hypertensive renal disease was relatively more common in those of
      Caribbean descent and in Africans, whilst 'Unknown diagnosis' was most common in
      patients from the Is-c.

PMID- 1798592
TI  - Effect of enalapril on proteinuria and renal function in patients with healed
      severe crescentic glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Five patients (median age 63 years) with severe crescentic glomerulonephritis had
      acute renal failure (median plasma creatinine 930, range 690-1390). Following
      induction of immunosuppressive treatment all patients achieved recovery of
      adequate renal function (median creatinine 440, range 290-570 mumol/l). After 3-6
      months of continuous remission, all patients, despite stable renal function
      developed increasing proteinuria (median 4.4 g/24 h, range 3.2-6.1), and
      enalapril (5-20 mg per day) was substituted or introduced as antihypertensive
      therapy. Immunosuppression was not altered. After 1 year, renal function remained
      stable in four patients and plasma creatinine increased initially in one patient
      before becoming stable: proteinuria was reduced substantially in all patients to
      a median of 0.8 g/24 h, range 0.2-1.3). Patients with severe crescentic
      glomerulonephritis may develop persistent or increasing proteinuria despite
      successful treatment of acute disease. We have used enalapril to reduce
      proteinuria and maintain function in such patients.

PMID- 1798593
TI  - Clinical spectrum of accidental hemlock poisoning: neurotoxic manifestations,
      rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis.
AB  - In the past, hemlock poisoning was only known for its neurotoxic effects; quite
      recently non-neurological features, consisting of rhabdomyolysis and acute renal
      failure, have been also described. Here we report our experience with these
      clinical findings, which we frequently observe in accidental hemlock poisoning.
      Between 1972 and 1990 we studied 18 patients: 17 of them were poisoned by conline
      (an alkaloid of Conium maculatim) in Apulia (Italy), and one by cicutoxin (the
      active principle of water hemlock) in New Mexico (USA). In the non-rapidly-fatal
      cases we tested myoglobinuria, serum muscle enzymes, and renal function. In the
      patients with acute renal failure we performed microscopical examination of
      kidney specimens; immunohistochemistry was carried out to identify myoglobin and
      actin in tubules. Coniine was detected in urine, serum, or tissues. Neurological
      features were present in all of our cases: coniine had a curare-like effect on
      the neuromuscular junction, whereas cicutoxin was convulsant on the central
      nervous system. In addition rhabdomyolysis was noted in the 17 subjects poisoned
      by coniine. Acute renal failure was observed in five patients; it was confirmed
      by histological evidence of tubular necrosis with intratubular deposition of
      myoglobin and actin released by rhabdomyolysis. Our cases seem to be the first
      with histopathologically proven acute tubular necrosis in coniine intoxication.
      In conclusion, in hemlock poisoning neurotoxic manifestations may be accompanied
      by rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis; increased awareness of these
      clinical features is recommended in order to improve the diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedure.

PMID- 1798594
TI  - Effect of fish protein supplementation on aminoacid profile and nutritional
      status in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of aminoacids, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, C3 and C4
      complement, and anthropometric measurements were determined before and after oral
      administration of a new preparation of fish protein in 19 haemodialysis patients
      participating in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
      lasting 6 months. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of aminoacids were measured
      in 24 control subjects. Before fish protein dietary supplementation, serine,
      threonine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine, and
      lysine were lower than in control subjects. Serine, histidine, valine, tyrosine,
      methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine increased after treatment, and
      phenylalanine tended to increase. The ratios of essential: non-essential
      aminoacids and alanine:branched-chain aminoacids (BCAA) became normal, whereas
      valine: lycine and serine:glycine increased significantly and
      tyrosine:phenylalanine was unchanged. Plasma protein concentrations were
      unchanged after treatment. Serum transferrin, triceps and subscapular skinfolds,
      and bodyweight index were slightly reduced in the patients, whereas arm muscle
      circumference was normal. Bodyweight, weight index, and arm muscle circumference
      increased after active treatment. In conclusion, the increase in body weight and
      the return to normal of the plasma aminoacid profile and aminoacid ratios seem to
      indicate that the treatment with this new fish protein preparation may have
      beneficial effects on some of the nutrition-related abnormalities in
      haemodialysis patients.

PMID- 1798595
TI  - Treatment of transfusion-dependent anaemia of chronic renal failure with
      recombinant human erythropoietin. A European multicentre study in 142 patients to
      define dose regimen and safety profile.
AB  - This multicentre study in 142 transfusion-dependent patients with chronic renal
      failure maintained by haemodialysis was performed to establish the appropriate
      dose regimen of rHuEpo and define its long-term safety profile. Only one of 132
      patients eligible for efficacy analysis did not achieve the haemoglobin target of
      greater than or equal to 10 g/dl; this particular patient had folate deficiency
      and overt hyperparathyroidism. Regular blood transfusions were no longer
      necessary in any patients, however five patients needed blood transfusions only
      once, not due to rHuEpo failure: two for iron deficiency and three for
      intercurrent disease. In parallel with the haemoglobin increase a statistically
      significant improvement in quality of life scores was observed. The weekly dose
      required to maintain median haemoglobin between 10 and 10.5 g/dl for 1 year (n =
      79) was 200-225 U/kg, applied as two or three i.v. injections. Mean serum
      ferritin decreased from 1900 to 1300 ng/ml and transferrin saturation from 60% to
      30%; this feature was associated with statistically significant decrease of pre
      study elevated liver enzymes. The treatment had no untoward effect on the outcome
      of renal transplantation (n = 24). Of the 56 patients who experienced
      hypertensive episodes during rHuEpo therapy, 47 had a history of hypertension and
      nine had not. The patient incidence during the first 3 months was 28.9% and fell
      markedly to 4% after 1 year. Only two hypertensive episodes could not be
      controlled and the patients dropped out. Seizures occurred in 11 patients, most
      of them during early treatment; annualised incidence during the first 3 months
      was 7.78 per year vs 2.07 per year for seizures beyond 3 months treatment.
      Clinical presentation, patients' history, haemoglobin pattern, BP recordings,
      brain scan, and EEG indicated that the pathophysiology is multifactorial, with
      emphasis on rate of haemoglobin increase. Therefore a smooth haemoglobin increase
      rate, induced by a conservative starting dose regimen (50 U/kg thrice weekly) is
      recommended, to allow the circulation to adapt to changes in
      haematocrit/viscosity and O2 delivery. The majority of the observed adverse
      reactions were related to rHuEpo's therapeutic effect, i.e. increase the
      haematocrit. The side-effects are therefore largely predictable and can be
      successfully managed.

PMID- 1798596
TI  - Production of prostaglandin E2 by macrophages in uraemia.
AB  - Production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-2, and response to lectin
      stimulation were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from 46
      patients on haemodialysis, 20 patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis, 18 non
      dialysed patients with mild to moderate renal failure, and 52 control subjects.
      Production of PGE2 and responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were decreased in
      cell cultures from patients on dialysis. Similarly, production of interleukin-2
      was significantly reduced in patient groups as compared to control subjects, but
      there was no relationship between production of PGE2 and responses to PHA or
      production of interleukin-2. Addition of exogenous indomethacin did not return
      the response to normal and the patient cultures were not more sensitive to
      exogenous PGE2 than the control cultures. Thus, release of PGE2 does not account
      for the impaired in vitro response of uraemic lymphocytes.

PMID- 1798597
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime and ceftazidime in patients with acute renal
      failure treated by continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis.
AB  - To determine appropriate doses of cefuroxime and ceftazidime for septic patients
      with acute renal failure (ARF) treated by continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis
      (CAVHD), we performed pharmacokinetic studies in patients receiving these
      antibiotics. All patients were treated by CAVHD using Hospal AN69S 0.43 m2
      filters and Fresenius 1.5% peritoneal dialysis fluid at dialysate flow rates (Qd)
      of 1 and 2 l/h. Patients received cefuroxime 500 mg (n = 11) or 750 mg (n = 1),
      or ceftazidime 500 mg (n = 9) i.v. 12-hourly and all studies were done at steady
      state. For cefuroxime, volume of distribution (Vdarea) was 22.8 +/- 3.5 l,
      terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) 12.6 +/- 2.2 h and total body clearance
      (TBC) 22.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min (mean +/- SEM). Mean sieving coefficient (SC) was 0.90
      +/- 0.12 and filter clearances at Qd 1 and 2 l/h were 14.0 +/- 2.3 and 16.2 +/-
      3.4 ml/min respectively. For ceftazidime, Vdarea was 31.1 +/- 6.5 l, t1/2 14.7 +/
      3.3 h, and TBC 24.8 +/- 0.8 ml/min. Mean SC was 0.86 +/- 0.03, and filter
      clearances at Qd 1 and 2 l/h 13.1 +/- 1.2 and 15.2 +/- 1.5 ml/min. Satisfactory
      plasma concentrations of both antibiotics were maintained in all patients during
      treatment. These data suggest that cefuroxime 500-750 mg and ceftazidime 500 mg
      12-hourly are suitable doses for patients with ARF treated by CAVHD.

PMID- 1798598
TI  - Ureteric obstruction in renal transplants: the role of percutaneous balloon
      dilatation.
AB  - With widespread use of balloon dilatation catheters outside the vascular system,
      percutaneous balloon dilatation has become an accepted alternative to surgery.
      Seventeen patients who developed ureteric stenosis following renal
      transplantation underwent 21 transrenal angioplastic balloon dilatations. Fifteen
      patients had lower ureteric strictures (2-22 mm long), and two had multiple
      strictures. The time interval between transplantation and obstruction ranged from
      11 to 1370 days (median 71, mean 228.9 days). Nine patients were treated
      successfully (53%) with no stricture recurrence during the follow-up period,
      which ranged from 3 to 44 months (median 16, mean 17.8 months). In eight of nine
      patients in this group, the stricture impression on the inflation balloon was
      eliminated, and this appears to correlate best with a successful outcome. The
      eight patients who failed balloon dilatation and restenosed, did so within 7-42
      days in seven patients; one patient had late stricturing at 238 days. Serious
      complications occurred in only one patient, who developed an A-V fistula not
      amenable to correction and necessitating transplant nephrectomy.

PMID- 1798599
TI  - Renal transplantation in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a form of Laurence-Moon-Biedl
      syndrome.

PMID- 1798600
TI  - Interstitial nephritis with extensive calcium deposits as a cause of renal
      allograft failure.

PMID- 1798601
TI  - Current approaches in adult asthma: assessment, education and emergency
      management.
AB  - Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by smooth-muscle
      constriction of the airway, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an ongoing
      inflammatory process. Although more common in children, asthma in adults also
      requires careful management to decrease morbidity and mortality. The majority of
      chronic asthma cases have an allergic component; therefore, efforts to identify
      and eliminate environmental triggers may decrease the symptoms of most
      asthmatics. Asthma-education programs based on patient self-management have been
      shown to decrease asthma morbidity. Mastery of the following topics is necessary
      for patient self-management: identifying and avoiding exposure to symptom
      precipitators, using prescribed medications correctly, managing medication side
      effects, and recognizing and responding to exacerbations. Advances in diagnostic
      and treatment modalities include the home use of peak-flow meters to monitor
      respiratory function, and the use of metered-dose inhalers and spacers for the
      delivery of inhaled medication. Inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, administered in
      higher than usual doses, have become the bronchodilators of choice in the
      treatment of acute asthma. Studies have demonstrated that metered-dose inhalers
      can be used for this purpose, even with severe asthma attacks that require
      hospitalization. Systemic corticosteroids are also important in the management of
      acute attacks. Care providers who teach patients about common symptom triggers
      and encourage avoidance techniques, who employ current strategies to enhance
      patients' medication use and patients' recognition of exacerbations, and who
      incorporate up-to-date treatment plans for acute asthma attacks may help reverse
      distressing trends in asthma morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 1798602
TI  - An overview of drug therapy for chronic adult asthma.
AB  - Asthma involves bronchoconstrictor mechanisms, possible abnormalities of airway
      smooth muscles and an inflammatory response. Past emphasis on bronchodilator
      therapy ignored the underlying inflammatory response. Since chronic asthma can
      eventually lead to irreversible airflow obstruction from uncontrolled
      inflammation, current drug therapy stresses both inflammation reduction and
      bronchodilatation. This article discusses the rationale of current pharmacologic
      management for the adult client with chronic asthma and presents a step-care
      approach for management of the disease. Inhaled beta-agonists--effective
      bronchodilators--are the primary drug of choice. Steroids administered via
      inhalation are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents available. Cromolyn
      sodium is useful for prophylactic management of asthma. Theophylline, previously
      the cornerstone of asthma treatment, is now introduced later in the therapeutic
      plan as an additional bronchodilator. Inhaled anticholinergics may be tried as
      adjunctive asthma treatment. With careful assessment, intervention and
      management, health care providers can successfully care for most adult clients
      with chronic asthma.

PMID- 1798603
TI  - The use of restraints in caring for the elderly: realities, consequences and
      alternatives.
AB  - Little has been accomplished over the last 20 years to help free the elderly from
      restraints, either physical/mechanical restraints or chemical. The nation's legal
      and health care systems encourage restraint of the elderly for their "safety,"
      while simultaneously limiting their autonomy, independence and mobility. This
      article reviews pertinent research carried out on the use of restraints,
      addresses the legal and ethical aspects of restraints, and discusses the
      psychological and physical consequences related to their use. Alternative health
      care actions are suggested in place of the use of restraints.

PMID- 1798605
TI  - How can NPs work for a pro-choice future?

PMID- 1798604
TI  - The laws that affect abortion in the United States and their impact on women's
      health.
AB  - Abortion has been a hotly contested political issue since the mid 1960s, when
      states began liberalizing their abortion laws. Recent Supreme Court rulings, such
      as Rust vs. Sullivan, the retirement of two liberal Supreme Court justices and
      the battle over Louisiana's abortion legislation have created new fervor on both
      fronts of the battle. All health care providers who care for women need to be
      cognizant of the current abortion laws and the factors that influence the
      abortion decision. These factors include the different levels of health risk and
      financial implications posed by continued pregnancy or abortion. Historically,
      numerous court cases have influenced women's health care, and reviews of several
      significant cases are provided. The Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services
      decision was the first case that directly challenged the Roe vs. Wade decision.
      The Webster decision enables states to have greater authority in writing their
      own abortion laws. Individual state laws can vary greatly, so it is vitally
      important for providers to know and understand the laws of their state.

PMID- 1798606
TI  - Signal-to-noise ratio at high light intensities in drone photoreceptors.

PMID- 1798607
TI  - Protein kinase C-like immunoreactivity of the ON-type bipolar cell in goldfish
      and mammalian retinas: a useful criterion for subtype identification of isolated
      cells.

PMID- 1798608
TI  - Dendritic contacts between neighboring homologous amacrine cells in carp retina.

PMID- 1798609
TI  - Morphology of retinal ganglion cells that regenerated axons along peripheral
      nerve graft in cats.

PMID- 1798610
TI  - Adaptation to light fluctuations in the frog retina.

PMID- 1798611
TI  - Spatial summation by ganglion cells: some consequences for the efficient encoding
      of natural scenes.

PMID- 1798612
TI  - Receptive fields of P and M cells in the monkey retina and their photoreceptor
      inputs.

PMID- 1798613
TI  - Conductance-decreasing synaptic mechanisms mediating cone input to H1 horizontal
      cells in carp retina.

PMID- 1798614
TI  - The role of the GABA-ergic feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones in
      responsiveness to light stimulus.

PMID- 1798615
TI  - Ethambutol-induced color-blindness in goldfish: a behavioral,
      electrophysiological and morphological study.

PMID- 1798616
TI  - The current syphilis epidemic in New York State.

PMID- 1798617
TI  - The United States syphilis epidemic: reason for optimism (at least for the
      moment).

PMID- 1798618
TI  - Syphilis: a broad initiative to control New York State's epidemic.

PMID- 1798619
TI  - Syphilis: the epidemiology of change.

PMID- 1798620
TI  - Congenital syphilis in New York City: 1985-1990.
AB  - The Bureau of STD Control continues to combat NYC's epidemic of congenital
      syphilis. The demographic profile of this population has remained constant with
      only a clearer identification of previously reported risk factors: most notably
      poor prenatal care and substance abuse. There is a suggestion of a plateau having
      occurred in adult and congenital syphilis, possibly caused by saturation effect
      on the high-risk population. During the period 1989 through 1990, the rates for
      cocaine/crack use have remained relatively constant among mothers infected with
      syphilis. A recent study by the Division of Substance Abuse Services of New York
      State school-age children demonstrated a drop in cocaine use from 14% in 1983 to
      6%. If a similar decline is seen in substance abuse in other age groups, the rate
      of congenital syphilis may diminish.

PMID- 1798621
TI  - Early syphilis in New York City: 1985-1990.
AB  - The resurgence of syphilis since 1986 and 1987 in NYC has been mirrored in other
      major urban centers nationwide. Since 1988, P&S syphilis have declined, but early
      latent and congenital syphilis have continued to increase. A number of features
      characterize this most recent epidemic: Starting in 1987, Brooklyn replaced
      Manhattan as the borough with the most number of cases of early syphilis. The age
      distribution of reported cases has remained constant. Women constitute a growing
      proportion of early syphilis, and in fact, are the majority of cases of EL
      syphilis. As in other parts of the nation, this may be due to diminishing risk
      behavior among male homosexuals and the continuing effect of the cocaine epidemic
      and "drugs for sex," prostitution. The black and Hispanic communities continue to
      be disproportionately infected. Public Health education and control efforts
      should continue to be focused on the communities most affected.

PMID- 1798622
TI  - New York State's syphilis initiative.

PMID- 1798623
TI  - Innovative approaches to syphilis surveillance and control in New York City: 1985
      1990.

PMID- 1798624
TI  - Recommendations of the Metropolitan New York City Area Task Force on Syphilis.

PMID- 1798625
TI  - Renal artery aneurysm in the pediatric patient.

PMID- 1798626
TI  - Isolated iliac artery aneurysm.

PMID- 1798628
TI  - Neural network programming.

PMID- 1798627
TI  - Left renal artery dissection caused by a football injury.

PMID- 1798629
TI  - Confusing labeling of food products.

PMID- 1798630
TI  - The right to leave a hospital against medical advice.

PMID- 1798631
TI  - Lyme disease and infected ticks are spreading throughout New York State.

PMID- 1798632
TI  - Pilot study assesses prostate cancer screening methods in general practice
      setting.

PMID- 1798633
TI  - Rapid creatine kinase-MB assay helps identify victims of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1798634
TI  - [The stromal components of the heart: their development and structural and
      functional characteristics].
AB  - Concepts of the structure, function and development of stromal components of the
      heart based on the author's studies and the literature data are discussed. The
      presence in the heart of stromal components of two generations (provisory and
      definitive) developing from different embryonic rudiments in suggested.
      Histogenetic processes of the stromal development at early stages of heart
      organogenesis are described. A detailed description of chondroid provisory tissue
      and sinusoidal vessels ensuring stromal and trophic functions with respect to
      muscular elements of myocardium is provided. A comparative characteristic of
      chondroid tissue and cartilage is given. Attention is given to stromal components
      which, being derivatives of the provisory stroma, are present in the heart of
      humans and vertebrates, constituting an obligatory part of the united connective
      tissue stroma and blood supply system of the heart. An original scheme is
      proposed reflecting general pattern of the development and interaction of stromal
      heart components of two generations, having different sources of origin.
      Observations supported by an original scheme are made regarding the place of
      stromal heart components in the system of supportive structures of the organism.
      Organ specificity of heart stroma is supposed to be a basis for using aortal
      valval complex of pigs as bioprostheses in modern cardiac surgery.

PMID- 1798635
TI  - [A muscle mutant of Drosophila melanogaster: the electron microscopic study of
      the indirect flight musculature].
AB  - Dominant autosomal mutation l(2)M66 DCS induced in Drosophila melanogaster by
      ethyl-methane-sulfonate was studied. Electron-microscopic studies of asynchronous
      (fibrillar) and synchronous (tubular) muscles in 24-hour old mutants showed
      pathological changes in their fine structure. All systems were affected: the
      fragmentation of the Z-lines, disappearance of protofibrils, degenerative changes
      of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the T-system, the appearance of
      membrane aggregates and lysosomes, the presence of a large amount of glycogen
      were detected. These changes in the ultrastructure of the flight muscles in
      mutants are similar to those observed in the process of physiological
      degeneration of insect muscles.

PMID- 1798636
TI  - [The immunohistochemical detection in the human placenta of proteins related to
      the blood coagulation system].
AB  - Distribution in mature human placenta of plasminogen, pregnancy-associated
      inhibitors of proteases (pregnancy-associated protein A (PAPP-A) and alpha 2-
      pregnancy-associated glycoprotein, and also of not associated with pregnancy
      alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin was examined. Primary monospecific
      antibodies and secondary antibodies labeled with colloid gold were used.
      Plasminogen was detected in the fetal and maternal blood, and also on the surface
      of some placental villi (as thin positively stained rims). Pregnancy-associated
      protease inhibitors were detected in the syncytium of the villi of all
      histological types and also in the fetal and maternal blood. Staining for alpha 2
      macroglobulin was most intensive. This antigen was detected in the maternal and
      fetal blood and on the surface of the villi. alpha 2-antitrypsin was detected in
      the fetal and maternal blood. It has been shown that both free plasminogen and
      its inhibitors are retained on the surface of the placental villi.

PMID- 1798637
TI  - [The effect of pregnant mare's serum and chorionic gonadotropic hormone on the
      capacity of bovine oocytes, matured in vitro, for parthenogenetic activation by
      cycloheximide].
AB  - The effect of chorionic gonadotropic hormone (HG) and pregnant mare serum (PMS)
      on the capacity of cattle oocytes for spontaneous maturation and parthenogenetic
      formation of the female pronucleus was studied in situ and in vitro. HG added to
      the culture medium had no effect, irrespective of the dosage. However, perfusion
      of cow ovaries with HG at a dose of 2 micrograms/ml for 1 h abolished the block
      of meiosis I in 80% oocytes. About 25% oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) and
      telophase II (TII); 30% oocytes acquired the capacity to form female pronucleus
      upon the action of cycloheximide (25 Mg/ml). Perfusion of cow ovaries with PMS at
      a dose of 5 MU/ml for 1 h resulted in elimination of the block of meiosis I in
      95% oocytes; 26% oocytes reached MII and TII, and about 17% oocytes acquired the
      capacity to form female pronucleus.

PMID- 1798638
TI  - [Leukofibrinolysis enhanced by leukocyte adhesion to a clot with antifibrin
      antibodies].
AB  - The possibility of intensifying the thrombolytic action of circulating leukocytes
      was studied in experiments in vitro. Sixty-five cells per unit of gel surface
      adhered to an intact fibrin clot. Treatment of the fibrin clot with fibrinogen
      antiserum increased the number of adhering cells to 863. Immune gamma-fraction
      and purified antifibrin antibodies caused similar stimulation of adhesion (931
      and 716 cells, respectively). In contrast, control serum from nonimmunized
      animals reduced leukocyte adhesion. It is concluded that the fibrinolytic
      activity of leukocytes may be increased.

PMID- 1798639
TI  - [The possible reasons for an increase in the concentration of middle-weight
      molecules in pathology].
AB  - Human plasma and blood were treated by kaolin, thromboplastin, streptokinase,
      phytohemagglutinin, hydrogen peroxide, and Fe2+. An increase in the amount of
      median-mass substances was found after incubation. The obtained data showed that
      activation of limited proteolysis, immunity, and peroxidation could be the cause
      of increase of median-mass substances in pathological conditions.

PMID- 1798640
TI  - [The morphological changes and cytochemical profile of the leukocytes in
      regulatory disorders of glucocorticoid secretion in the postresuscitation
      period].
AB  - It was shown in experiments on dogs who experienced death from blood loss that
      regulation of glucocorticoid secretion changes in phases. The changes are
      characterized by its disturbance in the first 3 days and a tendency to
      restoration 7 days after return to life. Disorders of function of the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal-adrenal system were attended by a change of the intensity of
      metabolic processes in the leukocytes which depended on the duration of the
      circulatory arrest. On the 7th day of the postresuscitation period "dexamethasone
      depression" caused morphological and cytochemical changes of the leukocytes,
      which resembled those in intact animals.

PMID- 1798641
TI  - [The enzyme activity and cationic proteins in the blood cells in the modelling of
      tourniquet shock in rats].
AB  - The activity of red cell enzymes and the cationic protein content in the
      granulocytes were studied in different periods of tourniquet shock. The activity
      of lactic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reduced 3-6 hours
      after removal of the tourniquet; the activity of glutathione reductase did not
      change. The value of the lysosomal-cationic test diminished 6 hours after
      application of the tourniquet and increased 2 hours after its removal. The
      results of the study allow the lysosomal-cationic test to be recommended for
      determining the unspecific resistance in shock.

PMID- 1798642
TI  - [Therapy in the cardiodepressive action of bacterial and toxic shock using the
      regulatory opioid peptide dalargin in rats].
AB  - The author studied the effect of Dalargin, a synthetic analogue of endogenous
      ligands of leu-enkephalin opiate receptors, on the functional condition of a
      perfused isolated heart of male Wistar rats with acute staphylococcal
      intoxication induced by alpha-toxin and a live Staphylococcus aureus culture. All
      the studied indices of heart activity were reduced in the rats of the control
      group and subsequent perfusion of the heart in a working regime (with a
      functioning left ventricle) did not remove the cardiodepressive effect of the
      intoxication. In animals given Dalargin inhibition of functional activity in the
      same periods did not occur. Besides preventing disorders of cardiac activity.
      Dalargin caused a marked cardiotropic effect in the system in vitro when it was
      added to the perfusate in the isolated heart of rats with an already developed
      toxic or bacterial shock--restoration of myocardial functional values was
      encountered.

PMID- 1798643
TI  - [Changes in erythrocyte membrane resistance during the development of endotoxin
      shock].
AB  - The authors studied the changes in the resistance of red cell membranes during
      the development of endotoxic shock in rabbits. Red cell resistance to
      hydrochloric acid, saponins, and osmotic distension diminished. The causes of
      increased sensitivity of the red cells to the altering factors are disturbed
      permeability and activation of peroxidation of the membrane lipids due to the
      direct effect of the endotoxin.

PMID- 1798644
TI  - [The effect of zootoxins on the formation of delayed hypersensitivity].
AB  - The effect of bee venom (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) and the venom of Vipera lebetina
      (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) on the reaction of delayed hypersensitivity was studied in
      experiments on CBA mice. The character and trend of the effect was determined by
      the zootoxin species. The venom of Vipera lebetina completely suppressed the cell
      immune reaction in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and produced an adjuvant effect in a dose
      of 0.05 mg/kg. Bee venom (0.5 mg/kg) failed to cause a suppressive effect and in
      a small dose (0.05 mg/kg) stimulated cellular immunity. The adjuvant properties
      of the venoms were comparable with the effect of Evans' blue dye.

PMID- 1798645
TI  - [The interaction of humoral factors of the blood serum and erythrocytes in
      regulating immunogenesis in vibration-induced lesions].
AB  - Infusion of light red cells of rats subjected to the effect of vibration (RSEV)
      or red cells incubated with RSEV blood serum inhibits in allogeneic recipients
      the development of the humoral immune response (HIR) induced by ram red cells
      (RRC); infusion of heavy red cells intensifies somewhat this process. Retinol
      acetate infusion intensifies the development of the HIR in RSEV and induces the
      secretion of the factor causing the appearance of immunostimulating properties is
      the red cells of intact rats by the splenocytes. The heavy fraction of the red
      cells of these animals possesses marked immunostimulating properties, while the
      light fraction possesses immunosuppressive properties. Tocopherol acetate
      infusion intensifies essentially the development of the humoral immune response
      in RSEV and blocks excretion into the blood of a factor which induces the
      appearance of immunosuppressive properties in the red cells of intact rats. The
      heavy red cell fraction in RSEV who received tocopherol acetate possesses mild
      immunostimulating properties, while the light fraction does not induce a
      immunomodulation effect.

PMID- 1798646
TI  - [The effect of glutathione modulators on the biochemical indices of the blood].

PMID- 1798647
TI  - [Adrenal functional activity and hormone-protein interactions in coarctation of
      the abdominal aorta in rats].

PMID- 1798648
TI  - [The action of regulator peptides with different biological activities on the
      process of fibrin-monomer polymerization and on nonenzymatic fibrinolysis].
AB  - It is shown that preparations of regulatory peptides (RP): interleukin-1,
      thymoptin, and the endogenous nonpeptide opioid salsalinol produce a marked
      depolymerization effect on the fibrin-monomer and display nonenzymatic
      fibrinolytic activity in relation to unstabilized fibrin. Preparations of
      regulatory peptides thymalin and diphensin of rabbits intensify fibrin
      polymerization. A single intravenous infusion of diphensin preparation inhibits
      nonenzymatic fibrinolysis of blood plasma in vivo and in vitro. Repeated
      intramuscular injections of the immunoactive preparation thymoptin intensify the
      fibrinolytic properties of blood plasma in rats.

PMID- 1798649
TI  - [The antioxidant hydroxypyridine-6 as an agent to prevent postresuscitation heart
      damage].
AB  - It was demonstrated in experiments on an intact organism and on an isolated
      isovolemically contracting rat heart that acute fatal blood loss and subsequent
      resuscitation cause depression of the contractile function due to extreme
      activation of lipid peroxidation processes and disturbed heart energy metabolism.
      Preliminary administration of the water soluble antioxidant oxypyridine-6
      significantly reduces the heart functional metabolic disorders in the early
      postresuscitation period and reduces the postresuscitation mortality almost by
      half during the first 60 minutes after restoration to life.

PMID- 1798650
TI  - [The evaluation of the possibility of using a perfluorocarbon emulsion for the
      normothermic perfusion of the isolated heart].
AB  - Complex study of isolated heart preparations according to some electromechanical,
      biochemical, gas transport, and morphofunctional criteria showed that a perfusion
      medium based on an emulsion of perfluorocarbons ensures an essentially better
      survival of a heart perfused in a recirculation regimen than with the
      traditionally used Krebs-Henseleite solution. The analysis shows that the use of
      perfluorocarbon emulsions as a perfusion medium for prolonged storage of isolated
      organs is promising.

PMID- 1798651
TI  - [Blood plasma diene conjugates during the stimulation and inhibition of lipid
      peroxidation in dogs with different forms of healing in experimental myocardial
      infarct].
AB  - In experiments on 45 dogs with a model of normo-, hyper-, and hyporeactive
      myocardial infarction, (MI) lipid peroxidation (LP) was stimulated by ultraviolet
      irradiation of autologous blood and inhibited by alpha-tocopherol acetate. It is
      shown that changes of LP are characteristic of uncomplicated healing of
      normoreactive MI. Hyperactivation of LP in hyperreactive MI and its
      hypoactivation in hyporeactive MI are among the factors of complication of its
      healing by postinfarction aneurysm of the heart. LP modulation consisting in
      bringing its changes in conformity with those in uncomplicated forms of the
      disease facilitates normal MI healing with the formation of a postinfarction
      scar. Antioxidants are indicated in hyperreactive MI, and LP activation by means
      of stimulators is recommended in hyporeactive MI.

PMID- 1798652
TI  - [The role of hyperinsulinemia in the immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis in
      diabetics].
AB  - In chronic insulin overdosage patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      have marked shifts in the values of blood serum lipid spectrum, increased number
      of circulating immune complexes correlating with the increased amount of
      immunoreactive insulin, and considerable shifts of the functional and metabolic
      characteristics of blood monocytes. Chronic overdosage of insulin leads in these
      patients to stable shifts of biochemical and immunological values similar to
      those encountered in patients with ischemic heart disease but without diabetes.
      These shifts persist in stable normoglycemia and predispose to the development of
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1798653
TI  - [The dynamics of the Zn content in the pancreatic islets of rabbits after the
      administration of the diabetogenic agent dithizone].
AB  - The dynamics of changes of the Zn content in the pancreatic islets of rabbits
      after dithizon injection was studied. The amount of this metal in the islets
      reduced due to destruction of the cells and under the effect of high blood plasma
      glucose concentration. The insulin producing cells were devoid of zinc in
      diabetes of long duration with high hyperglycemia.

PMID- 1798654
TI  - [The mechanisms of disordered oxidative metabolism at different stages of acute
      experimental inflammation of the salivary glands].
AB  - Acute purulent sialadenitis was modelled in experiments on rabbits by injecting
      Staphylococcus aureus. Follow-up of the development of inflammation showed an
      intimate relation between changes of the level of gland oxygenation and the
      values characterizing tissue respiration, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid
      peroxidation.

PMID- 1798655
TI  - [The effect of a polypeptide complex isolated from the animal prostate on
      thrombus formation].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of polypeptides, which were obtained from the
      prostate of cattle and were related to the class of cytomedines, on the formation
      of thrombi in the venules of the mesentery in rats. Thrombosis of the venules was
      induced by laser irradiation, the thrombogenesis parameters were measured with a
      TV microscope. Intramuscular injection of the preparation and its local action on
      the mesenteric vessels reduced the time of growth and the size of the thrombi in
      the experimental animals as compared to that in the controls. The obtained data
      are evidenced that the preparation produces an inhibiting effect on the
      thrombocyte-vascular mechanism of hemostasis by increasing the thromboresistance
      of the vascular wall.

PMID- 1798656
TI  - [The general pathophysiology of the nervous system. Section VI. Disorders of the
      dominant relations].

PMID- 1798657
TI  - [Hemorrhagic diathesis: the logic of the diagnostic process (lecture 2)].

PMID- 1798658
TI  - [The regulation of erythropoiesis in anemias and polycythemias].

PMID- 1798659
TI  - [The mechanisms of the tissue-specific regulation of granulocytopoiesis in
      inflammation].

PMID- 1798660
TI  - [The prevention of the development of the collagen-induced microembolic syndrome
      by decreasing the hydrodynamic resistance of the blood with special polymers
      under flow].
AB  - The search for antiaggregatory compounds is undertaken, as a rule, under in vitro
      conditions which do not reflect the dynamics of the real process. The present
      work deals with study of the peculiarities of the development of the collagen
      induced microembolic syndrome and the effect produced on it by hydrodynamic
      resistance reducing polymers under conditions modelling real circulation. The
      authors show the formation of a developed microembolic syndrome under the effect
      of collagen with accumulation of vasoconstrictors in the environment and increase
      of red cell hemolysis. Reduction of blood flow turbulence by the addition of
      solutions of neutral high-molecular linear polymers revealed the inhibiting
      effect of these polymers on the development of intracellular aggregate formation
      and concomitant red cell microhemolysis, which was attended by sharp reduction of
      thromboxane A2 production in the experiment. The authors show the significance of
      hemodynamic conditions in the development of the microembolic syndrome and the
      possibility of preventing it under conditions of modification of the blood flow
      with polymers, which may be of high prophylactic importance.

PMID- 1798661
TI  - [The effect of myelopeptide on the functional activity of the peripheral blood
      leukocytes].
AB  - The authors studied the properties of myelopeptide (MP) which is a stimulant of
      antibody production of bone marrow origin. It is shown that MP possesses marked
      chemotactic activity in relation to polymorphonuclear leukocytes. MP may
      apparently be a regulator of cell activation by anaphylatoxins. MP intensifies
      lysosomal secretion by blood leukocytes. On acting on mononuclears, MP induces
      fibrinolytic activity which is not characteristic of this cell population under
      physiological conditions. A maximal effect is achieved with MP concentration of
      10 micrograms/ml. The possibility of clinical application of MP may therefore be
      expanded because the agent has an effect not only on processes of antibody
      production, but possesses a wider action, being, evidently, a mediator providing
      for immune intensification of cell effector mechanisms of inflammation
      realization, which is important in the management of inflammation in
      immunodeficiency.

PMID- 1798662
TI  - Looking into the crystal ball: positioning ourselves for the year 2000.

PMID- 1798663
TI  - Mentoring in nursing: a historical approach.
AB  - Most nurses today have or have had mentors. Several historical nurse leaders also
      had mentors. Florence Nightingale's mentor gave her the opportunity to work as a
      nurse during the Crimean War. Linda Richards, Mary Adelaide Nutting, and Annie
      Goodrich were all encouraged by their respective mentors to develop
      professionally.

PMID- 1798664
TI  - Cartoon humor in nursing education.
AB  - The use of cartoons and humor in nursing education has had a positive effect on
      learning: Humor promotes group unity, relieves tension, and stimulates creative
      thinking. Cartoons have been used to help nursing students identify and examine
      stereotypes, an important part of their education, because they must provide care
      to many people of different ages and cultural backgrounds.

PMID- 1798665
TI  - The development of a regional nursing history collection: its relevance to
      practice, education, and research.
AB  - The future of nursing may well depend on the study of its history. Because the
      study of history is so important to nurses today, the Nursing History Committee
      was formed to collect, protect, and maintain significant information. The Nursing
      Heritage Foundation, an outgrowth of this committee, established the Nursing
      History Collection at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

PMID- 1798666
TI  - Documenting Lystra Gretter's student experiences in nursing: a 100-year
      comparison with today.
AB  - Lystra Gretter, who graduated from nursing school in 1888, chaired the committee
      that authored the Florence Nightingale Pledge and was instrumental in advancing
      nursing as a profession. As a widow with a daughter to raise, she faced many of
      the problems that nursing students are facing today.

PMID- 1798667
TI  - Identifying problems for clinical research to create a nursing tapestry.
AB  - The dailiness of nursing practice offers an important source of clinically
      relevant research problems. Qualitative field methods familiar to all nurses
      provide tools well suited to studies on nursing practice problems.

PMID- 1798668
TI  - Delivering peptides to the central nervous system: dilemmas and strategies.
AB  - Peptides have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as intact
      molecules so that they can influence the central nervous system. Peptides cross
      by saturable and nonsaturable mechanisms in the direction of both brain to blood
      and blood to brain. Passage of peptides, especially by saturable transport, has
      been shown to be influenced by pharmacological agents and physiological events.
      These findings support the view that peptides or their analogues could be useful
      as therapeutic agents for disorders of the central nervous system. They also
      suggest strategies in approaching therapeutic goals, including manipulating
      transport rates, targeting diseases due to altered BBB-peptide interactions, and
      designing analogues capable of taking advantage of such mechanisms of passage as
      paracellular transmembrane diffusion and brain-to-blood transport.

PMID- 1798670
TI  - Effect of freezing on aggregation of human growth hormone.
AB  - The effect of freezing on formation of soluble and insoluble aggregates of human
      growth hormone (hGH) was studied. The amount of soluble aggregates was affected
      very little by freezing regardless of the cooling rate. In contrast, the
      formation of insoluble aggregates (particulates), as determined by light
      scattering in the 340- to 360-nm range, was found to increase sharply with
      increasing cooling rates. The amount of these particulates was also dependent on
      the pH of the solution. Freezing hGH solutions formulated at pH 7.4 resulted in
      highly scattering solutions, whereas pH 7.8 formulations showed significantly
      less scattering. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the
      freezing phenomenon for protein solutions and suggest that the formation of
      soluble aggregates and insoluble particulates may have different mechanisms.

PMID- 1798669
TI  - Interspecies scaling of clearance and volume of distribution data for five
      therapeutic proteins.
AB  - The clearance and volume of distribution of five human proteins (recombinant CD4,
      CD4 immunoglobulin G, growth hormone, tissue-plasminogen activator, and relaxin)
      in humans and laboratory animals were analyzed as a function of body weight using
      allometric scaling techniques. These proteins cover a 16-fold range of molecular
      weight (6 to 98 kD), are produced by recombinant or synthetic methods, and may be
      cleared by different mechanisms. The analyses revealed that the clearance and
      volume data for each protein were satisfactorily described by an allometric
      equation (Y = a Wb). The allometric exponent (b) for clearance (ml/min) ranged
      from 0.65 to 0.84, the allometric exponent for the initial volume of distribution
      (ml) ranged from 0.83 to 1.05, and the allometric exponent for the volume of
      distribution at steady state (ml) ranged from 0.84 to 1.02. Exponent values from
      0.6 to 0.8 for clearance and 0.8 to 1.0 for volumes are frequently cited for
      small molecules and are expected based on empirical interspecies relationships.
      When the preclinical data were analyzed separately, the preclinical allometric
      relationships were usually predictive of the human results. These findings
      indicate that the clearance and volume of distribution of select
      biomacromolecules follow well-defined, size-related physiologic relationships,
      and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies provide reasonable estimates of human
      disposition. Employing this methodology during the early phases of drug
      development may provide a more rational basis for dose selection in the clinical
      environment.

PMID- 1798671
TI  - Role of paracellular pathway in nonelectrolyte permeation across rat colon
      epithelium enhanced by sodium caprate and sodium caprylate.
AB  - The enhancing effects of 0.25% sodium caprate (C10) and sodium caprylate (C8) on
      the paracellular permeation of seven water-soluble nonelectrolytes (inulin,
      polyethylene glycol 900, mannitol, erythritol, glycerol, thiourea, and urea)
      across the isolated rat colonic epithelium were examined using the Ussing-type
      chamber technique. The paracellular changes were also measured by impedance
      analysis. In both the presence and the absence of enhancers, the permeation
      clearances (Pm) for inulin (12-15 A in molecular radius) to erythritol (3.2 A)
      increased linearly with the increase in their free diffusion coefficients (Dfr),
      showing the existence of a paracellular shunt pathway unrestricted to any
      molecular size. Glycerol (2.9 A), thiourea (2.6 A), and urea (2.3 A) had higher
      clearances than the expected linear values, showing the existence of a restricted
      paracellular or transcellular pathway. Both C10 and C8 increased the
      permeabilities in the two pathways, but C10 was more effective than C8. The
      increase in the permeabilities via the shunt pathway caused by the enhancers was
      greater than that via the restricted pathway, and thus, the two-phase pattern in
      the relationship of Pm and Dfr was similar to that in the absence of enhancers.
      The transcellular permeabilities for urea and thiourea, which were obtained from
      the efflux experiments, were increased by the enhancers. However, the relative
      increase caused by C10 was smaller than that of the paracellular-restricted
      permeabilities. The paracellular changes probably were due to the increase in
      pore area per unit diffusive path length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798672
TI  - Synthesis and the biological evaluation of the structural units of drummondin C.
AB  - Drummondin C (1) is an antibiotic isolated from a bioassay-directed fractionation
      of Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.)T.&G. It showed significant activity
      against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis
      and the acid-fast bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. Two structural units of
      drummondin C, the 8-acetyl-5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromene (6) and 5-acetyl-3
      methyl-filicinic acid (9), were synthesized to determine the relative importance
      of the two substructure portions to the antibiotic activity of the compound. The
      low antimicrobial activity of 6 and 9 demonstrates the necessity of both units
      for the antibiotic activity of drummondin C.

PMID- 1798673
TI  - Development and evaluation of sustained-release ibuprofen-wax microspheres. I.
      Effect of formulation variables on physical characteristics.
AB  - A congealable disperse phase encapsulation method was used to prepare sustained
      release ibuprofen-wax microspheres. Microspheres prepared with paraffin wax, such
      as ceresine and microcrystalline waxes, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as
      dispersant had a tendency to aggregate, but the addition of wax modifiers
      (stearyl alcohol and glyceryl monostearate) greatly reduced aggregation. Optimum
      modifier and dispersant concentrations were 20% (w/w) and 5% (w/v), respectively.
      The particle size distribution of the microspheres was log-normal. An increase in
      modifier, dispersant concentration, emulsification stirring speed, or temperature
      shifted the size distribution toward finer particles. Microcrystalline wax
      required a higher emulsification temperature and produced finer particles than
      ozokerite wax. The recovery of drug from the different microsphere formulations
      varied between 71 and 92%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the single
      components and physical mixtures showed endothermic peaks at the respective
      melting-point ranges. The DSC of the ceresine and microcrystalline wax
      microspheres was similar to rescans of ternary mixtures of components of the
      microspheres with less prominent and lower melting temperatures than individual
      components or physical mixtures.

PMID- 1798674
TI  - 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of the inhibitory effect of
      methylvinylether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer on the alkaline phosphatase of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of PVM/MA copolymer on the alkaline phosphatase (AP) of E.
      coli was investigated. Kinetic studies indicated that enzyme inhibition was
      characterized by a reduction in both the Vmax and the Km. Addition of 1 mM zinc
      or magnesium ions to the reaction prevented inhibition of the enzyme by the
      copolymer. The inhibitory effect of the copolymer on alkaline phosphatase was
      also investigated using 113Cd NMR after exchange of the active center metal ions
      with 113Cd. The resulting Cd(II)6AP exhibited characteristic 113Cd resonances
      reflecting the environment of the A, B, and C metal binding sites of the enzyme's
      active center. Addition of copolymer resulted in a 113Cd NMR spectrum which
      indicated removal of 113Cd from the C site and formation of two distinct forms of
      the enzyme. Possible explanations for the 113Cd NMR results are discussed.

PMID- 1798675
TI  - Improved delivery through biological membranes. LVI. Pharmacological evaluation
      of alprenoxime--a new potential antiglaucoma agent.
AB  - A new site-specific chemical delivery system (CDS) for alprenolol was designed
      and investigated as a potential novel antiglaucoma agent. The effect of this
      compound, alprenoxime (AO), on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of rabbits was
      evaluated after its uni- and bilateral administration. AO produced significant
      reduction of the IOP starting at 30 min and lasting for more than 6 hr after its
      topical administration. Both in rats and in rabbits the i.v. bolus injection of
      AO (6 mg/kg) led to insignificant transient bradycardia, while no activity was
      found after oral or topical administration. Alprenolol (ALP) in a similar dose
      produced a sustained and significant bradycardia for more than 30 min. When the
      beta-adrenergic blocking activity was assessed against isoprenaline-tachycardia,
      the same results were obtained, i.e., AO led to a transient brief activity,
      whereas ALP produced a significant long-lasting beta blockade. These results
      support the potent ocular hypotensive action and the weak systemic beta
      adrenergic blocking and cardiovascular activity of AO: a significant improvement
      in the therapeutic index. This finding recommends alprenoxime as a potent site
      specific antiglaucoma agent with minimal systemic side effects.

PMID- 1798676
TI  - Effect of drug loading and molecular weight of cellulose acetate propionate on
      the release characteristics of theophylline microspheres.
AB  - Microspheres with 40, 50, and 60% drug loading of anhydrous theophylline core
      material were prepared by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Three
      different molecular weights of cellulose acetate propionate were used as
      encapsulating polymers. The geometric mean diameter of the microspheres increased
      with drug loading for all polymers. Dissolution rate for a given particle size
      fraction also increased with drug loading for all polymers. Higuchi/Baker
      Lonsdale spherical matrix dissolution kinetics were followed by narrow particle
      size fractions of the microspheres. A linear relationship between the T-50% (time
      required for 50% of the drug to be released) and the square of microsphere
      diameter was observed with all three molecular weights of the encapsulants. The
      slowest drug release was obtained with the high molecular weight polymer, which
      also produced the smoothest microspheres.

PMID- 1798677
TI  - Mixture experimental design in the development of a mucoadhesive gel formulation.
AB  - The objective of the present study is to apply response surface methodology to
      the design and analysis of composite experiments containing independent
      covariate(s). The approach is illustrated here by the study of viscosity
      characteristics of a polymeric mucoadhesive formulation in multicomponent solvent
      vehicles. The nonaqueous formulation will produce a gel network with significant
      rheological change when in contact with body fluids. The process of water
      inclusion will induce not only solvent compositional change of the mixture but
      also concomitant dilution of the polymer concentration. To study the viscosity
      change over the solvent compositions and polymeric concentrations of interest, an
      experimental design is utilized consisting of a 10-point simplex-centroid lattice
      augmented with three interior points at each polymeric concentration. The contour
      patterns are compared with the experimental data using the variance and lack of
      fit, starting with the Scheffe linear model and building up to the full cubic
      model including the covariate terms. The fitted model provides information needed
      to predict optimum formulations, i.e., initial viscosity of less than 100 cP, but
      yielding rheological profiles commensurate with high degrees of substantivity
      when diluted with water. For illustrative purposes, the Carbopol resins
      neutralized with a 1:1 molar equivalent ratio of triethanolamine in three primary
      solvents, propylene glycol, glycerol formal, and water, were chosen for this
      study.

PMID- 1798678
TI  - Viscometric study of polyacrylic acid systems as mucoadhesive sustained-release
      gels.
AB  - This report describes a novel nonaqueous polymeric formulation that exhibits low
      viscosity fluid behavior for ease of spraying with conventional nebulizer, which
      when sprayed into the nasal cavity, transforms to a high-viscosity gel for
      efficient retention and drug absorption. The transformation occurs because of the
      rheological changes induced by a change in the solvent composition of the
      polymeric formulation in the moist nasal cavity. Such a rheological change would
      then facilitate enhanced residence time of the drug at the site of administration
      in order to avoid drainage losses. This study reports the results of the effects
      of a variety of factors such as solvent composition and polymer concentration on
      the rheological properties of a polyacrylic acid polymer. An attempt to correlate
      viscosity enhancement effects with enhanced and sustained-release behavior of
      propranolol, a drug that undergoes extensive first-pass effects, from such
      formulations via nasal administration in beagle dogs is also described.

PMID- 1798679
TI  - 14C-isomazole disposition in man after oral administration.
AB  - A 50-mg dose containing 50 microCi 14C-isomazole was administered orally to five
      healthy male volunteers. Blood, plasma, urine, feces, and saliva were collected
      and measured for total 14C; in addition, all collections except feces were
      measured for parent drug (ISO) and three metabolites: hydroxyisomazole (OHISO)
      and sulfone (SULF) and hydroxysulfone (OHSULF) analogues. Urine and fecal
      recoveries accounted for 97.0% of the drug administered, with 62.6% excreted in
      urine and 32.4% in feces. Only 47% of the drug recovered in urine could be
      identified, with ISO the largest constituent. Total plasma 14C peaked at 1.5 hr,
      indicating rapid absorption, and produced a mean half-life of 3.7 hr. This was
      similar to the total 14C half-life found in blood (3.1 hr) but longer than in red
      blood cells (1.8 hr) or saliva (1.4 hr), suggesting that different ISO-related
      compounds contributed to the results found in each fluid or tissue. An
      unidentified metabolite(s) composed a large portion of circulating plasma 14C and
      produced the longer half-life encountered in plasma. ISO exhibited a short half
      life (1.35 hr), a high oral clearance (Cls/F; 24.2 ml/min/kg), and some
      extravascular distribution (V beta; 3.07 L/kg). Total 14C in red blood cells and
      saliva related very well to plasma ISO disposition, suggesting preferential
      distribution of parent drug across cellular membranes. The estimated RBC:plasma
      ISO ratio (1.79) confirmed this hypothesis. Saliva may be used as a noninvasive
      means to monitor ISO disposition.

PMID- 1798680
TI  - Chemical and enzymatic degradation of ganciclovir prodrugs: enhanced stability of
      the diadamantoate prodrug under acid conditions.
AB  - We report the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of two hydrophobic prodrugs of
      ganciclovir (3 = dipropionate ester; 4 = diadamantoate ester). Both prodrugs
      undergo hydrolysis showing a pH dependence of kobs = kH+aH+ + ko + kHO-aHO- and a
      pH of maximum stability near pH 5. Only 4 exhibited a shelf life (t90) greater
      than 2 years. Compound 4 reacts significantly slower than ganciclovir in acidic
      media, even though the adamantyl esters provide additional reaction sites (which
      would be expected to increase the rate of degradation) that are distally removed
      from the guanine ring system, offering negligible steric or electronic
      substituent effects. Both 3 and 4 hydrolyzed in tissue homogenate, where kobs
      followed liver greater than intestine much greater than skin. Based on these
      findings of chemical stability, lipophilicity, and acceptable rate of enzymatic
      cleavage by skin esterases, 4 meets several of the criteria required for the
      topical sustained delivery of ganciclovir.

PMID- 1798681
TI  - Interaction of metronidazole with antibiotics containing the 2-aminothiazole
      moiety.
AB  - The mechanism of possible incompatibility between commercially available
      metronidazole parenteral solutions and the injectable aztreonam leading to the
      development of pink color in their intravenous admixtures was studied. It was
      demonstrated that nitrite ions may be produced in metronidazole solutions at the
      time of preparation or during storage by the effects of temperature and light.
      Under acidic pH conditions of admixtures the aminothiazole moiety of aztreonam
      was diazotized by the nitrite ion contributed by metronidazole solutions. The
      diazotized molecule, in turn, reacted with another aztreonam molecule by diazo
      coupling. The resultant pink-colored product was isolated by chromatography and
      its structure was determined by mass spectral and NMR analyses. Other beta-lactam
      antibiotics containing the 2-aminothiazole moiety also react in acidic media in a
      similar manner.

PMID- 1798682
TI  - Liquid chromatographic analysis of the enantiomeric impurities in various (+)
      pseudoephedrine samples.
AB  - An HPLC method has been developed for the separation of four stereoisomers of
      ephedrine using precolumn derivatization with S(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)-ethyl
      isocyanate. The formed derivatives are subsequently separated on a normal-phase
      column and are detected at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. This method was used to
      quantitate the differences in the enantiomeric impurity of various samples of (+)
      pseudoephedrine. The reported method can differentiate between samples of (+)
      pseudoephedrine which differ in their enantiomeric impurity by as little as
      0.02%. Possible racemization of (+)-pseudoephedrine in aqueous solutions was also
      studied. Samples of (+)-pseudoephedrine from various suppliers and, indeed,
      different lots from the same supplier, differed significantly in their degree of
      enantiomeric impurity.

PMID- 1798683
TI  - Evidence for glucuronide conjugation of p-nitrophenol in the Caco-2 cell model.

PMID- 1798684
TI  - Racemization of ibutilide in solution: a factor to consider when choosing to
      develop the racemate or a single enantiomer.

PMID- 1798685
TI  - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of
      diphenhydramine in plasma using fluorescence detection.

PMID- 1798686
TI  - [AIDS risk perception and coping in adolescents].
AB  - The state of research on adolescent sexuality can indicate how to plan and carry
      out AIDS information campaigns. As research results on contraception have shown,
      an information campaign should aim at adolescents with lower capability to talk
      about their sexuality which can have a negative effect on protective behavior
      related to AIDS. On the other hand, the assumption that adolescents are more
      endangered to AIDS because of their frequent change of partners, cannot be
      confirmed. The seriousness of AIDS is classified by adolescents as being very
      high, whereas the personal threat of AIDS is more likely to be low. An infection
      is thought to be self-induced, consequently personal responsibility is
      emphasized. Sexual risk behavior varies depending upon age, family structure,
      sexual experience and norms of peer groups. The adolescents' first sexual
      experience is complicated by the threat of AIDS. Sex education is presented in
      school is viewed by adolescents to be an inappropriate forum for an AIDS
      information campaign.

PMID- 1798687
TI  - [Social therapy with psychiatrically disordered dyssocial adolescents].
AB  - This paper presents different aspects of social therapy with dissocial
      adolescents on a specialized inpatient psychiatric unit. Social therapy works
      through individual therapy but even more through the therapeutic milieu on the
      ward. The therapy process is divided in the resistance, the working through and
      the resolution phase. Social therapy aims on the one side at the compensation of
      deficits in everyday life. Interchange with staff promotes on the other side
      corrective social experiences, that finally function as a model for all human
      relationships of the adolescent. When social therapy succeeds, the adolescent
      doesn't need his acting-out behavior any longer and may concentrate on his age
      specific problems.

PMID- 1798688
TI  - [Systemic viewpoint and psychotherapeutic ethics--four imperatives].
AB  - Systems (e.g. families) tend to reduce the behavioral options of their members (a
      process that is usually called "trivialization"). The task of systemic therapy is
      to help in constructing "realities" that widen the range of possible options in a
      system. This demand is a value-decision as base of an ethics of systemic therapy.
      It is concretized in four ethical "imperatives": (1) Think and act ecologically
      valid! (2) Be aware of the definitions and evaluations that you make! (3) Be
      aware of your personal responsibility! (4) Try to create meaningful differences
      in a respectful way! Following these prescriptions the systemic therapist can
      choose interventions out of a wide range of possible behaviors, and thus has him
      /herself an optimum of choices.

PMID- 1798689
TI  - [Integrated treatment concept for impulsive uncoordinated children].
AB  - There are many children in child guidance showing those behavior problems which
      are said to be symptoms of the discussed MBD-syndrome. They should get help,
      their parents should get advise. Here we present the typical elements of our
      combined therapeutic strategy, which we practise with pupils of primary schools.

PMID- 1798690
TI  - Purification and some properties of Candida albicans DNA polymerases.
AB  - DNA polymerases of Candida albicans were purified to near homogeneity. Three well
      distinguished peaks of DNA polymerase activity (Enzyme I, II and III
      respectively) were obtained by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. This purification
      step was followed by column chromatographies on Sepharose 6B and denatured DNA
      cellulose. The enzymes' molecular mass and biochemical properties, including
      their inhibition by aphidicolin, were studied. Molecular mass was determined by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and
      was found to be 110 kDa for Enzyme I, 80 kDa for Enzyme II and 50 kDa for Enzyme
      III.

PMID- 1798691
TI  - The affinity purification and characterization of a dehydrogenase from
      Aspergillus parasiticus involved in aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis.
AB  - A two step scheme has been developed for the purification of a dehydrogenase from
      mycelia of 84 hours old Aspergillus parasiticus (1-11-105 Wh 1), which catalyzes
      the conversion of norsolorinic acid (NA) to averantin (AVN). The dehydrogenase
      was purified from cell-free extracts using reactive green 19-agarose and
      norsolorinic acid-agarose affinity chromatography. The latter affinity matrix was
      synthesised by attaching norsolorinic acid to omega-aminohexylagarose. The
      purified protein was shown to be homogenous on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. A final purification of 215-fold was achieved. Results of gel
      filtration chromatography indicated the approximate molecular mass of the native
      protein to be 140,000 daltons. The isoelectric point of the protein was about 5.5
      as determined by chromatofocusing. The reaction catalyzed by the dehydrogenase
      was optimum at pH 8.5 and between 25 degrees to 35 degrees C. The Km of the
      enzyme for NA and NADPH was determined to be 3.45 microM and 103 microM
      respectively.

PMID- 1798692
TI  - Purification and properties of alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase from rat liver
      and kidney mitochondria.
AB  - Recently we reported an affinity chromatography method to purify alpha
      aminoadipate aminotransferase (AadAT) activity from rat kidney supernatant
      fraction. Using the same affinity column, we purified AadAT activities from rat
      kidney and liver mitochondria. The physical and kinetic properties such as pH
      optima, Km for substrates, molecular weight, subunit structure, isoelectric pH,
      electrophoretic mobility and inhibition by dicarboxylic acids of mitochondrial
      AadAT were similar to those of the AadAT from rat kidney supernatant fraction.
      These results indicate that AadAT from different subcellular fractions is
      structurally and immunologically identical.

PMID- 1798693
TI  - Purification of recombinant HIV-1 protease.
AB  - A method is described to purify recombinant HIV-1 protease from soluble extracts
      of Escherichia coli. The isolation involves QAE-Sepharose anion exchange
      chromatography, hexyl agarose hydrophobic interaction chromatography, MonoS
      cation exchange chromatography, and Superose 6 size exclusion chromatography.
      Approximately 100 micrograms of protease was obtained from 18 g E. coli paste.
      The protein was judged to be homogeneous due to the presence of a single band on
      a silver-stained SDS polyacrylamide gel.

PMID- 1798694
TI  - High-yield extraction and purification of glutathione reductase from baker's
      yeast.
AB  - Glutathione reductase was extracted from toluene-treated baker's yeast cells by a
      two-stage buffer autolysis method. The yeast cells were treated with toluene for
      1 h at 40 degrees C. After removal of the toluene, the cells were then allowed to
      autolysis in buffer for 72 h at 4 degrees C. The cells were collected and
      resuspended in buffer. A second stage autolysis was carried out for another 96 h
      at 4 degrees C. The enzyme was purified to 786-fold from the second stage cell
      autolysate by using two steps of affinity chromatography with triazine dyes
      (Yellow H-E4G and Yellow H-E6G) coupled to Sepharose CL-4B. By using this
      simplified method, 1.44 mg (165 units/mg) of glutathione reductase was obtained
      from 65 g (wet weight) of yeast cells, equivalent to 80% enzyme recovery.

PMID- 1798695
TI  - Going beyond the code.

PMID- 1798696
TI  - The role of heat-shock and chaperone proteins in protein folding: possible
      molecular mechanisms.
AB  - Recently some heat-shock proteins have been linked to functions of 'chaperoning'
      protein folding in vivo. Here current experimental evidence is reviewed and
      possible requirements for such an activity are discussed. It is proposed that one
      mode of chaperone action is to actively unfold misfolded or badly aggregated
      proteins to a conformation from which they could refold spontaneously; that
      improperly folded proteins are recognized by excessive stretches of solvent
      exposed backbone, rather than by exposed hydrophobic patches; and that the
      molecular mechanism for unfolding is either repeated binding and dissociation
      ('plucking') or translocation of the protein backbone through a binding cleft
      ('threading'), allowing the threaded chain to refold spontaneously. The observed
      hydrolysis of ATP would provide the energy for active unfolding. These hypotheses
      can be applied to both monomeric folding and oligomeric assembly and are
      sufficiently detailed to be open to directed experimental verification.

PMID- 1798697
TI  - Homology modelling and protein engineering strategy of subtilases, the family of
      subtilisin-like serine proteinases.
AB  - Subtilases are members of the family of subtilisin-like serine proteases.
      Presently, greater than 50 subtilases are known, greater than 40 of which with
      their complete amino acid sequences. We have compared these sequences and the
      available three-dimensional structures (subtilisin BPN', subtilisin Carlsberg,
      thermitase and proteinase K). The mature enzymes contain up to 1775 residues,
      with N-terminal catalytic domains ranging from 268 to 511 residues, and signal
      and/or activation-peptides ranging from 27 to 280 residues. Several members
      contain C-terminal extensions, relative to the subtilisins, which display
      additional properties such as sequence repeats, processing sites and membrane
      anchor segments. Multiple sequence alignment of the N-terminal catalytic domains
      allows the definition of two main classes of subtilases. A structurally conserved
      framework of 191 core residues has been defined from a comparison of the four
      known three-dimensional structures. Eighteen of these core residues are highly
      conserved, nine of which are glycines. While the alpha-helix and beta-sheet
      secondary structure elements show considerable sequence homology, this is less so
      for peptide loops that connect the core secondary structure elements. These loops
      can vary in length by greater than 150 residues. While the core three-dimensional
      structure is conserved, insertions and deletions are preferentially confined to
      surface loops. From the known three-dimensional structures various predictions
      are made for the other subtilases concerning essential conserved residues,
      allowable amino acid substitutions, disulphide bonds, Ca(2+)-binding sites,
      substrate-binding site residues, ionic and aromatic interactions, proteolytically
      susceptible surface loops, etc. These predictions form a basis for protein
      engineering of members of the subtilase family, for which no three-dimensional
      structure is known.

PMID- 1798698
TI  - The solution structure and conformational dynamics of tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      and a (Cys69----Asp; Cys101----Arg) analog as examined by IR spectroscopy and
      hydrogen exchange.
AB  - An analog of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was created with Cys69
      and Cys101 replaced with Asp and Arg respectively. We have undertaken a
      comparative study of the solution conformation and dynamics of the native and
      analog molecules using a combination of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and
      hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange kinetics. IR spectroscopic results indicate
      that the analog molecule adopts a gross structure similar to that of the native
      molecule but significant differences in the conformation of the beta-sheets are
      observed. Increased bandwidths observed for several of the amide I components
      also suggest a less rigid structure for the analog molecule. Further, by
      monitoring the frequency shifts of the individual amide I component bands as a
      function of hydrogen exchange, we have enhanced our ability to assign these
      components to individual protein secondary structures, particularly the high
      frequency beta-strand mode. Hydrogen exchange kinetic studies indicate that the
      Asp-Arg analog adopts a looser, more flexible solution structure relative to the
      natural sequence molecule.

PMID- 1798699
TI  - Spectroscopic investigation of structure in octarellin (a de novo protein
      designed to adopt the alpha/beta-barrel packing).
AB  - We present here a spectroscopic structural characterization of octarellin, a
      recently reported de novo protein modelled on alpha/beta-barrel proteins [K.
      Goraj, A. Renard and J.A. Martial (1990) Protein Engng, 3, 259-266]. Infrared and
      Raman spectra analyses of octarellin's secondary structure reveal the expected
      percentage of alpha-helices (30%) and a higher beta-sheet content (40%) than
      predicted from the design. When the Raman spectra obtained with octarellin and
      native triosephosphate isomerase (a natural alpha/beta-barrel) are compared,
      similar percentages of secondary structures are found. Thermal denaturation of
      octarellin monitored by CD confirms that its secondary structures are quite
      stable, whereas its native-like tertiary fold is not. Tyrosine residues,
      predicted to be partially hidden from solvent, are actually exposed as revealed
      by Raman and UV absorption spectra. We conclude that the attempted alpha/beta
      barrel conformation in octarellin may be loosely packed. The criteria used to
      design octarellin are discussed and improvements suggested.

PMID- 1798700
TI  - Conformational equilibria of valine studied by dynamics simulation.
AB  - The conformational probability distribution of a valine residue in the valine
      dipeptide and of the valine side chain in an alpha-helix, as well as the change
      in helix stability for replacing alanine with valine, has been calculated by
      molecular dynamics simulations of explicitly hydrated systems: dipeptide,
      tetrapeptide and 10-, 14- and 18-residue oligoalanine helices. All computed free
      energy differences are means from at least eight separate slow-growth
      simulations, four in each direction and are reported with their root-mean-square
      deviations. Different values for the change in free energy of folding (delta
      delta G degrees) have been calculated with the use of forcefields having an all
      atom and a central-atom representation of methyl groups, etc. The value obtained
      with the all-atom forcefield agrees well with new experimental values (3 kJ/mol =
      0.7 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the most stable valine side-chain rotamer in the
      helix is different for these two representations. The most stable rotamer for the
      all atom conformation is the same one that predominates for valines in alpha
      helices in proteins of known conformation. The lower conformational freedom of
      the valine side chain in the helix contributes 1 kJ/mol to the difference in
      stability computed with the all-atom potential; unfavorable interactions of the
      side chain with helix, even in the most stable conformation, further increase
      delta delta G degrees.

PMID- 1798701
TI  - Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody by CDR-grafting: the importance of
      framework residues on loop conformation.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 425) with therapeutic potential was 'humanized'
      in two ways. Firstly the mouse variable regions from mAb 425 were spliced onto
      human constant regions to create a chimeric 425 antibody. Secondly, the mouse
      complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from mAb 425 were grafted into human
      variable regions, which were then joined to human constant regions, to create a
      reshaped human 425 antibody. Using a molecular model of the mouse mAb 425
      variable regions, framework residues (FRs) that might be critical for antigen
      binding were identified. To test the importance of these residues, nine versions
      of the reshaped human 425 heavy chain variable (VH) regions and two versions of
      the reshaped human 425 light chain variable (VL) regions were designed and
      constructed. The recombinant DNAs coding for the chimeric and reshaped human
      light and heavy chains were co-expressed transiently in COS cells. In antigen
      binding assays and competition-binding assays, the reshaped human antibodies were
      compared with mouse 425 antibody and to chimeric 425 antibody. The different
      versions of 425-reshaped human antibody showed a wide range of avidities for
      antigen, indicating that substitutions at certain positions in the human FRs
      significantly influenced binding to antigen. Why certain individual FR residues
      influence antigen-binding is discussed. One version of reshaped human 425
      antibody bound to antigen with an avidity approaching that of the mouse 425
      antibody.

PMID- 1798702
TI  - Mutagenesis of conserved residues within the active site of Escherichia coli
      alkaline phosphatase yields enzymes with increased kcat.
AB  - The likelihood for improvement in the catalytic properties of Escherichia coli
      alkaline phosphatase was examined using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutants were
      constructed by introducing sequence changes into nine preselected amino acid
      sites within 10 A of the catalytic residue serine 102. When highly conserved
      residues in the family of alkaline phosphatases were mutated, many of the
      resulting enzymes not only maintained activity, but also exhibited greatly
      improved kcat. Of approximately 170 mutant enzymes screened, 5% (eight mutants)
      exhibited significant increases in specific activity. In particular, a
      substitution by serine of a totally invariant Asp101 resulted in a 35-fold
      increase of specific activity over wild-type at pH 10.0. Up to 6-fold increases
      of the kcat/Km ratio were observed.

PMID- 1798703
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis on TEM-1 beta-lactamase: role of Glu166 in catalysis
      and substrate binding.
AB  - Class A beta-lactamases are the major cause of bacterial resistance to beta
      lactam antibiotics. In these active-site serine hydrolases, glutamic acid 166 has
      been hypothesized to act as a general acid-base catalyst. Replacing this residue
      by tyrosine in TEM-1 beta-lactamase yields an enzyme the activity of which is
      substantially lowered and strongly dependent on pH, thus confirming the alleged
      role of Glu166 in catalysis. This substitution also resulted in a spectacular
      change in substrate profile, the mutant enzyme being more active on
      cephalosporins than on penicillins. In fact, the E166Y enzyme behaves much like a
      class C enzyme, with high affinity and low hydrolytic activity towards second and
      third generation cephalosporins. Glu166 therefore seems to play a major part in
      defining the substrate profile of class A beta-lactamases.

PMID- 1798704
TI  - Arginine 220 is a critical residue for the catalytic mechanism of the
      Streptomyces albus G beta-lactamase.
AB  - Residue Arg220 was found to be important for the acylation of the Streptomyces
      albus G beta-lactamase by classical penicillins and cephalosporins bearing a
      carboxylate on C3 or C4. The R220L mutant exhibited strongly decreased kcat/Km
      values for those compounds. Conversely the acylation rates by benzylpenicillin
      methylester and deacetylcephalosporin C lactone were little affected, indicating
      a direct or indirect role of that positively charged residue in the interaction
      of the enzyme cavity with the negative charge of the substrate. Surprisingly that
      residue is not conserved in all class A beta-lactamases but when it is not
      present it can be seen in the known tertiary structures that the guanidinium
      group of another arginine side chain (Arg244) is similarly positioned. The
      mutation affected the behaviour of the enzyme towards cephaloridine much less
      than towards cephalothin. This might represent an example of substrate-assisted
      catalysis where the disappearance of a positive charge on the enzyme is partly
      compensated by the presence of a similarly charged group on one of the substrate
      side chains. All the experimental results are nicely explained by computer
      modelling of the enzyme-substrate interactions.

PMID- 1798705
TI  - Mutations in the FAD-binding fold of alcohol oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha.
AB  - Alcohol oxidase of methylotrophic yeast is an FAD-containing enzyme. When in its
      active form, the enzyme is an octamer and located in the peroxisomes. To study
      the importance of FAD-binding on the activity, octamerization and intracellular
      localization of the enzyme, alcohol oxidase of Hansenula polymorpha was mutated
      in its presumed nucleotide-binding domain, which is formed by the N-terminal
      sequence. Whereas mutations of a glutamic acid residue (E42) reduced the
      stability of the octamer, it hardly affected enzyme activity and expression.
      However, replacements of three conserved glycines (G13, G15 and G18) and a
      conserved glutamic acid (E39) within the fold had severe effects. The mutations
      not only resulted in loss of enzyme activity but in reduced protein levels as
      well, probably due to decreased stability of the mutant alcohol oxidase. However,
      octamerization of the protein still occurred. The existence of inactive octameric
      proteins provides information about the formation pathway of this octameric
      flavoprotein.

PMID- 1798706
TI  - A hybrid of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease and human angiogenin: an external loop
      as a module controlling substrate specificity?
AB  - A comparison of the sequences of three homologous ribonucleases (RNase A,
      angiogenin and bovine seminal RNase) identifies three surface loops that are
      highly variable between the three proteins. Two hypotheses were contrasted: (i)
      that this variation might be responsible for the different catalytic activities
      of the three proteins; and (ii) that this variation is simply an example of
      surface loops undergoing rapid neutral divergence in sequence. Three hybrids of
      angiogenin and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) A were prepared where
      regions in these loops taken from angiogenin were inserted into RNase A. Two of
      the three hybrids had unremarkable catalytic properties. However, the RNase A
      mutant containing residues 63-74 of angiogenin had greatly diminished catalytic
      activity against uridylyl-(3'----5')-adenosine (UpA), and slightly increased
      catalytic activity as an inhibitor of translation in vitro. Both catalytic
      behaviors are characteristic of angiogenin. This is one of the first examples of
      an engineered external loop in a protein. Further, these results are
      complementary to those recently obtained from the complementary experiment, where
      residues 59-70 of RNase were inserted into angiogenin [Harper and Vallee (1989)
      Biochemistry, 28, 1875-1884]. Thus, the external loop in residues 63-74 of RNase
      A appears to behave, at least in part, as an interchangeable 'module' that
      influences substrate specificity in an enzyme in a way that is isolated from the
      influences of other regions in the protein.

PMID- 1798707
TI  - An active single-chain antibody containing a cellulase linker domain is secreted
      by Escherichia coli.
AB  - Single-chain antibodies consist of the variable, antigen-binding domains of
      antibodies joined to a continuous polypeptide by genetically engineered peptide
      linkers. We have used the flexible interdomain linker region of a fungal
      cellulase to link together the variable domains of an anti-2-phenyloxazolone IgG1
      and show here that the resulting single-chain antibody is efficiently secreted
      and released to the culture medium of Escherichia coli. The yield of affinity
      purified single-chain antibody is 1-2 mg/l of culture medium and its affinity and
      stability are comparable to those of the corresponding native IgG.

PMID- 1798709
TI  - The stability of the four-alpha-helix bundle motif in proteins.

PMID- 1798708
TI  - A new family of sugar-inducible expression vectors for Escherichia coli.
AB  - A set of 11 expression vectors was constructed, each of them harbouring a cloning
      cassette under the control of the araB promoter. Some of these vectors enable
      expression of foreign proteins in the cytoplasm, while others include a synthetic
      sequence coding for a very efficient secretion signal sequence. Other features
      are an f1 origin of replication (in plus or minus orientation) and a promoter(up)
      mutation that enhances the already very high level of expression from these
      vectors. With such a versatile vector family, cloning, sequencing and site
      directed mutagenesis can be performed on the same vector, and the level of
      expression can be defined according to the specific constraints of a given
      protein.

PMID- 1798710
TI  - [PAF-antagonists with a phospholipid structure. 1. Phospholipids with hetero
      arene head groups: synthesis, characterization and determination of the action of
      structural elements].
AB  - A series of analogues of platelet-activating factor (PAF) with heteroarene head
      groups have been synthesized, and tested for biological activities on blood
      platelets in vitro. In comparison with PAF most of the structural modifications
      exerted weak proaggregatory effects. The 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium compound did
      not activate platelets but inhibited selectively PAF-induced platelet responses.
      These results point to a crucial role of the distance between the phosphoryl
      group and polar head for expression of PAF-antagonistic properties. Structural
      features of PAF-antagonist have been investigated by two-dimensional proton NMR
      spectroscopy, and proposed a model with three-dimensional structure.

PMID- 1798711
TI  - [The crystallization behavior of chromatographically pure swine insulin].
AB  - Crystallization tests are performed with porcine insulin previously purified by
      single chromatography to produce Lente insulins. The following parameters are
      changed under the test: crystallization temperature, stirring rate, pH of
      crystallization, and the period from the beginning of insulin precipitation until
      the isoelectric point is reached. The effects of these parameters on
      crystallization kinetics, crystal size and crystal size distribution are being
      studied.

PMID- 1798712
TI  - [Comparative bioavailability of fluorouracil and its prodrug, ftorafur, following
      intra-arterial, intravenous and preoral administration].
AB  - The blood-plasma levels in 28 patients, suffering from colorectal cancer with
      liver metastases, which were treated by a cyclic chemotherapy with fluorouracil
      (1) after p.o. and intraarterial (i.a.) administration of 1 or its prodrug
      ftorafur (2), respectively, were compared with those obtained after i.v.
      administration and the pharmacokinetics were calculated. In the case of 1 as well
      as of 2 the i.a. administration has been found to be optimal for distribution
      into the tumor tissue of liver metastases due to lowered blood-plasma
      concentrations. The absolute bioavailability, was 78% for p.o. and 57% for the
      i.a. administration of 1 respectively, and 98% for p.o. and 61% for the i.a.
      administration of 1 (given as 2), Accordingly, p.o. administration of both
      substances leads to therapeutical sufficiently high plasma levels with a steady
      state of css = 2.9 micrograms/ml/tss = 14 min for 1 and css = 3.5
      micrograms/ml/tss = 20 min for 2.

PMID- 1798713
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of bendamustin (Cytostasan) in B6D2F1-mice].
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of bendamustine, (1; Cytostasan), an alkylating
      antineoplastic agent of the N-lost group, was investigated in B6D2F1 mice. After
      i.v. injection of the maximally tolerated dose of 50 mg/kg a rapid decrease of
      the unchanged drug in plasma (MRT 21.9 min) and slowly decreasing levels of mono
      , dihydroxy and beta-hydroxy-1 were observed. Variations of the age of the
      animals as well as of the dose administered did not alter the short MRT of 1. 1
      is excreted via the kidneys to a considerable extent showing a similar metabolite
      pattern in urine as in plasma. The absorption of the drug from the
      gastrointestinal tract is incomplete resulting in an absolute bioavailability of
      about 40%.

PMID- 1798714
TI  - The cytotoxicity of amine-cyanoboranes, amine-cyanoalkylboranes and aminomethyl
      phosphonate cyanoborane adducts against the growth of murine and human tissue
      culture cells.
AB  - The amine-cyanoboranes, the amine-cyanoalkylboranes and the aminomethyl
      phosphonate-N-cyanoborane adducts proved to be active antineoplastic agents.
      These compounds were more effective against single cell cultured cell growth
      rather than solid tumors. The following amine-cyanoboranes, (CH3)2(C18H37)NBH2CN
      (5), (CH3)2NHBH[CH(CH3)2]CN (7) and (CH3)3NB(CN)2.CH3 (10), were the most active
      in vivo and in vitro. A related phosphine-cyanoborane was also very active in
      both in vivo and in vitro model screens. Of the amino-methyl-phosphonate-N
      cyanoborane adducts, (CH3O)2.P(O)CH2N(C2H5)2BH2CN (13) proved to be the most
      active. The amine-cyanoalkylboranes had the poorest in vivo activity; the in
      vitro cytotoxicity, however, was similar to that of other cyanoboranes.

PMID- 1798715
TI  - Influence of anticoagulants on growth and vitamin K production of intestinal
      bacteria.
AB  - The influence of anticoagulants on growth and vitamin K production of intestinal
      bacteria was studied. Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli were grown in
      vitro in the presence of increasing amounts of warfarin, phenprocoumon and
      acenocoumarol. It was found that growth of B. vulgatus was inhibited under
      anaerobic conditions whereas growth of E. coli under aerobic conditions was not
      inhibited. A specific inhibition of vitamin K biosynthesis was not observed in
      either case. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of anticoagulants are
      unlikely to affect growth or vitamin K production of intestinal bacteria.

PMID- 1798716
TI  - [The inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by esters of 4
      aminomethylbenzoic acid (pamba)].
AB  - PAMBA-esters are able to decrease the proliferation of in vitro cultivated
      endothelial cells. PAMBA-hexylester was found to be the most effective one. In
      comparison to PAMBA-ethylester the ethylesters of EACA, 4-amino-benzoic acid, 4
      amidinobenzoic acid and 4-amidino-phenylpyruvic acid were investigated.

PMID- 1798717
TI  - [The production of furocumarin in Apium graveolens L. and Pastinaca sativa L.
      after infection with Sclerotinia slcerotiorum].
AB  - Roots of celery (Apium graveolens) and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) were inoculated
      with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. At the beginning of the infection it is recognized
      that the level of furocoumarins rises but decreasing in the further time.
      Trimethylpsoralene was detected neither dc nor hplc. Sclerotinia grows poorly in
      parsnip. In this the high level of furocoumarins prevents the growth of the
      fungus because the furocoumarins are fungistatic. Obvious Sclerotinia is able to
      stimulate the origin of furocumarins in genetic predestinated plants first at
      time which can explained as reaction against the infection. The infection cannot
      avail to arise the technical useful yield.

PMID- 1798718
TI  - Nitrosourea derivatives of tertiary phosphine oxides.

PMID- 1798719
TI  - Electrochemical determination of small amounts of mitoxantrone in urine.

PMID- 1798720
TI  - [The endotoxin content of sedimentation dust].

PMID- 1798721
TI  - Influence of selected neurodepressing drugs on adenosine uptake and adenosine
      metabolism of endothelial cells.

PMID- 1798722
TI  - Antitussive effect of arbutin.

PMID- 1798723
TI  - [Substances from cyanobacteria--potential virostatics?].

PMID- 1798724
TI  - Structure of ergokonin C, a new carboxysterol antifungal antibiotic from a
      Tolypocladium inflatum mutant.

PMID- 1798725
TI  - [The use of tablets as laboratory diagnostic reagents].

PMID- 1798726
TI  - [The effect of disease states on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. 2. Liver and
      biliary diseases].

PMID- 1798727
TI  - [2-Aminooxazoles as potential H bonding agents in virostatic research. 2. 4,5
      Diphenyloxazol-2-yl-hydrazone].

PMID- 1798728
TI  - Studies in the synthesis of furocoumarins. Part 29: Synthesis of aminomethyl
      psoralen and angelicin derivatives as potential photo-chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - Bromination of 2,7-dimethylfuro[2,3-h]benzopyran-5[H]-one (1a) and 2,5
      dimethylfuro[3,2-g]benzopyran-7[H]-one (2a) with N-bromosuccinimide gave 2
      bromomethyl-7-methylfuro[2,3-h]benzopyran-5[H]-one (1b) and 2-bromomethyl-5
      methylfuro[3,2-g]benzopyran-7[H]-one (2b), respectively. The derivatives 1b and
      2b were converted to 2-aminomethyl derivatives 1 c-h and 2 c-f by treatment with
      the appropriate secondary amine. The structures of 2-bromomethyl derivatives 1b
      and 2b have been confirmed by 13C-NMR spectra.

PMID- 1798729
TI  - [The pharmacokinetics of Oral-Turinabol in humans].
AB  - Disposition and excretion of the anabolic steroid Oral-Turinabol (1;4-chloro-17
      alpha-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-17 beta-hydroxy-3-one) were investigated in male
      volunteers. Following single p.o. and i.v. administration of the tritium-labelled
      compound the plasma concentration courses of total radioactivity (1 and 1
      metabolites) and of the unchanged parent drug as well as the urinary excretion
      were estimated. From these data model independent pharmacokinetic parameters
      based on statistical moments were calculated. 1 is almost completely absorbed
      after p.o. administration of 10 mg per volunteer. Peak concentrations of total
      radioactivity and of 1 in plasma were reached about 3 h p.a. Irregularities
      observed in the plasma level profile following both p.o. and i.v. administration
      of 1 are due to a marked enterohepatic circulation. Orally given 1 is subject to
      a first-pass effect, resulting in a diminished systematic availability. The AUC
      ratio of the unchanged drug and the total radioactivity of 1 : 13 shows the
      predominance of metabolites in plasma. After i.v. administration the disposition
      of unchanged 1 was found biphasically with a terminal half-life of 16 h. 1 and
      its metabolites are preferentially excreted via the kidneys. The urinary total
      radioactivity represented about 60% of the dose following both administrations.
      Due to its affinity to SHBG 1 is able to compete for the protein binding of
      testosterone, resulting in an increased plasma level of non protein-bound
      testosterone.

PMID- 1798730
TI  - [Polysaccharides from Nerium oleander: structure and biological activity].
AB  - A water extraction of crushed leaves of Nerium oleander yielded 2.3% of a crude
      polysaccharide. The main fraction (67%) represents a pectic polysaccharide mainly
      composed of galacturonic acid besides rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. The
      polysaccharide structure was characterized by NMR, mild acid- and pectinase
      treatment combined with GC-MS analyses. In vivo tests for a possible antitumor
      activity did not result in a significant action. Investigation of
      immunomodulating activity brought some indications for mitogenic activity and a
      weak macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Increase of phagocytosis could not be
      doubtlessly assigned to the polysaccharide due to the high amount of endotoxin in
      the homogenous fraction OLE 2.

PMID- 1798731
TI  - [The pharmacist Ludwig Franz Bley (1801-1868) and his influence on the
      development of technology].
AB  - Bley is one of the pharmacists who is nearly forgotten today. His scientific work
      is very extensive and diversified (535 paper in 12 scientific journals). The
      present article gives a short biography and shows Bley contributions in the field
      of technological development (for example using of sugarbeet) in Germany in the
      19th century.

PMID- 1798732
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of some 3-(3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)-2
      styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones.

PMID- 1798733
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some new imidazoles.

PMID- 1798734
TI  - [Comparison of the friability of particulate drug forms with a new friabilator].

PMID- 1798735
TI  - [Improvement of the disolution behavior of problem drugs. 22. Preformulations of
      AR 12463 in absorption models].

PMID- 1798736
TI  - Sublytic doses of streptolysin O-effects on the metabolic fate of procainamide in
      rats.

PMID- 1798737
TI  - The effect of exogenous alpha-elastin on the hydroxyproline content in the chick
      embryos.

PMID- 1798738
TI  - Effect of adenosine analogs on oxygen consumption of endothelial cells.

PMID- 1798739
TI  - A rare kaempferol trisaccharide anti-tumor promotor from Sesbania sesban.

PMID- 1798740
TI  - Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L., Vaccinium vitis idaea L.
      and Vaccinium myrtillus L.

PMID- 1798741
TI  - Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation.

PMID- 1798742
TI  - Hydrated electron formation on laser excitation of P-pyridoxyl amino acids and
      proteins.
AB  - Evidence from a characteristic transient spectrum, its lifetime and quenching by
      N2O demonstrates that XeCl excimer laser excitation of the reduced form of
      pyridoxal 5'-phosphate bound to lysine residues will produce the hydrated
      electron. The phenoxyl-type radical coproduct was also observed. The results
      identify a useful label of protein structures for site-specific electron
      generation which can occur outside the region of light absorption by aromatic
      residues of protein. The results also represent the first observation of hydrated
      electron formation from flash excitation of a vitamin B6 cofactor.

PMID- 1798743
TI  - Hydrated electron formation in nanosecond and picosecond laser flash photolysis
      of hematoporphyrin in aqueous solution.
AB  - Nanosecond (lambda exc = 266, 355 and 532 nm) and picosecond (lambda exc = 355
      nm) laser flash photolysis of hematoporphyrin (Hp) was performed in neutral (pH
      7.4) and alkaline (pH 12) aqueous solution, as well as in the presence of 0.1%
      Triton X-100. The dependence of the yield of photoproduced hydrated electrons (e
      aq) on laser pulse energy was studied over a wide range of energies (0.2 to
      greater than 1000 mJ cm-2). The results show that e-aq are predominantly formed
      in a two-photon process at lambda exc = 266 and 355 nm. One-photon quantum yields
      are higher at lambda exc = 266 nm than at lambda exc = 355 nm. Both one-photon
      and two-photon pathways are less efficient at higher Hp concentration, reflecting
      the influence of Hp self-aggregation. Two-photon e-aq formation is more efficient
      when 30 ps pulses are used for excitation, as compared to 10 ns pulses. No e-aq
      could be detected at lambda exc = 532 nm. Nanosecond pulse-induced transient
      spectra obtained at pH 7.4 are also discussed.

PMID- 1798744
TI  - The mechanism of photosensitization in photodynamic therapy: phosphorescence
      behavior of porphyrin derivatives in saline solution containing human serum
      albumin.
AB  - The phosphorescence properties, especially the dynamic behavior of metal free and
      metal complexed porphyrins, have been studied in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
      containing 0-3% human serum albumin (HSA). 6,7-Bisaspartyl-2,4-bis (1
      hexyloxyethyl)-deutero- porphyrin (DP) and its gallium(III), zinc(II), and
      indium(III) complexes are used as photosensitizers. Upon irradiation, a solution
      of porphyrins containing more than 0.1% HSA shows phosphorescence with a lifetime
      longer than 1 ms. With an increase in irradiation time, phosphorescence
      intensities and lifetimes of porphyrins increase, depending upon their
      concentrations and triplet lifetimes, and approach saturated values close to
      those under deaerated conditions. The experimental results may be interpreted in
      terms of hypoxia induced by photosensitization in a local environment surrounding
      the sensitizer. The hypoxia is caused by the reaction between proteins and
      singlet molecular oxygen generated by photosensitization of porphyrins.
      Phosphorescence behavior of sensitizers in HSA PBS solution gives significant
      information for classifying photosensitizers as to their efficacy for
      photodynamic therapy.

PMID- 1798745
TI  - Metabolism of 5-methoxypsoralen by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Incubation of methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) in the presence of diploid yeast cells
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) before UV-A exposure leads to an incubation-time
      dependent decrease of photoinduced genotoxic effects. The reduction in
      photoinduced genotoxicity is stronger in cells grown in the presence of 20%
      glucose and containing high levels of cytochrome P-450 than in cells grown in the
      presence of 0.5% glucose and containing undetectable levels of cytochrome P-450.
      Inhibition of P-450 activity by specific inhibitors, such as tetrahydrofuran and
      metyrapone, strongly affects the observed decrease in 5-MOP genotoxicity,
      indicating the involvement of P-450 in 5-MOP metabolism. As demonstrated by
      spectrophotometric and chromatographic (HPLC) analysis during incubation of 5-MOP
      with P-450 containing yeast cells, 5-MOP gradually disappears from the cell
      supernatant of the incubation mixture. The reduction in the chromatographic peak
      corresponding to 5-MOP is accompanied by the appearance of a new peak that
      probably corresponds to a metabolite. As shown by the use of P-450 specific
      inhibitors, the metabolite appears to be due to P-450 mediated 5-MOP
      metabolisation. Its UV absorption spectrum suggests an alteration of the pyrone
      moiety of the 5-MOP molecule.

PMID- 1798746
TI  - Structural elucidation of the 8-methoxypsoralen oxidized product that inhibits
      the chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils toward anaphylatoxin
      C5a.
AB  - The chemical structure of the 8-methoxypsoralen oxidized product that inhibits
      the chemotactic activity of anaphylatoxin C5a was determined to be 2,3-dihydro
      2,9-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-7-oxo-7H-furo[3,2-g] [1]benzopyran. Its minimal
      concentration required to obtain the maximum inhibition of C5a des Arg (1 x 10(
      8) M) chemotactic activity is 2.5 x 10(-8) M. Bioactivity of this substance was
      maintained for 2 weeks, stored in a dark room at room temperature under aerobic
      conditions. There is a possibility that this substance may be useful in the
      treatment of immune complex diseases.

PMID- 1798747
TI  - The effect of fluoride on binding and photodynamic action of phthalocyanines with
      proteins.
AB  - Fluoride inhibits chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS)-induced
      photohemolysis when added to dye loaded cells prior to light exposure. The
      mechanism by which F- exerts this effect was studied by measuring the binding of
      phthalocyanine (Pc) to various proteins in the absence and presence of F-.
      Parallel measurements were made of the photodynamic action under these
      conditions. Fluoride reduced the binding to proteins of AlPcS and CoPcS. The
      binding of CuPcS, ZnPcS and H2PcS was not affected. When bound to bovine serum
      albumin and exposed to light, H2Pc, ZnPc and AlPcCl were bleached at a biphasic
      rate. Only the photobleaching of AlPcCl was affected by F-. The effect of F- was
      to inhibit the initial rapid phase without affecting the slower phase. In the
      presence of D2O only the second phase of photobleaching was enhanced, in the
      absence or presence of F-. No effect of F- was observed on tryptophan
      photooxidation or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase photoinactivation by
      AlPcS. Crosslinking of spectrin monomers photosensitized by AlPcS was inhibited
      by F- in parallel with the reduced binding of dye to the protein. It is concluded
      that F- exerts its effect by complexing with metal ligands of Pc. As a result,
      the dye may be released from the protein or the binding mode may be changed in
      such a way that effective photochemistry is prevented. Primary photophysical
      processes of Pc most probably are not affected by F-.

PMID- 1798748
TI  - The effects of plasma lipoproteins on in vitro tumor cell killing and in vivo
      tumor photosensitization with benzoporphyrin derivative.
AB  - The influence of lipoprotein association on in vitro tumor cell killing and in
      vivo tumor photosensitization with benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) has been
      investigated in M-1 tumor bearing mice. The association of benzoporphyrin mono
      acid ring A with either low or high density lipoprotein increased tumor cell
      killing in an in vivo/in vitro cytotoxicity assay performed 3 h post intravenous
      drug administration. Eight hours following photosensitizer injection only low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) mixtures produced significant (P less than or equal to
      0.005) increases in tumor cell killing compared to BPD in unfractionated plasma.
      The efficacy of in vivo photosensitization in the presence of lipoproteins
      correlated with the in vivo/in vitro cytotoxicity. Association of BPD with low or
      high density lipoproteins resulted in delayed tumor regrowth and higher cure
      rates when light exposure (125J/cm2) was performed 3 h post drug administration.
      When light exposure was performed 8 h post-injection only LDL-BPD mixtures led to
      enhanced tumor eradication compared to BPD administered in aqueous solution or
      unfractionated plasma.

PMID- 1798749
TI  - Cholesterol content but not plasma membrane fluidity influences the
      susceptibility of L1210 leukemia cells to merocyanine 540-sensitized irradiation.
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between lipid composition, plasma membrane
      fluidity, expression of dye binding sites, and susceptibility to merocyanine 540
      (MC540)-sensitized irradiation in L1210 leukemia cells. Reducing the cells'
      cholesterol content by exchange diffusion with phosphatidylcholine liposomes or
      by inhibiting its biosynthesis with 25-hydroxycholesterol enhanced plasma
      membrane fluidity, the expression of dye binding sites, and the cells'
      susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation. Conversely, if the cholesterol
      content was enhanced by exchange diffusion with cholesterol:phosphatidylcholine
      liposomes, the cells' susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation was
      decreased. However, contrary to expectations, dye-binding was slightly enhanced
      and plasma membrane fluidity remained unchanged. Growing the cells in fatty acid
      supplemented medium had profound effects on their lipid composition. Cells
      enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids had more fluid plasma membranes. However,
      dye-binding was not significantly affected and photosensitivity was slightly
      reduced. These results suggest that cholesterol is one, but probably not the
      only, determinant of the expression of cellular dye binding sites and,
      consequently, the cell's susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation. By
      contrast, plasma membrane fluidity does not appear to play a major role in the
      regulation of dye-binding site expression.

PMID- 1798750
TI  - Deactivation of singlet molecular oxygen by organo-selenium compounds exhibiting
      glutathione peroxidase activity and by sulfur-containing homologs.
AB  - The bimolecular rate constants (k) of quenching of molecular singlet oxygen 1O2
      (1 delta g) by organo-selenium compounds exhibiting glutathione peroxidase
      activity and by sulfur analogs have been determined by time resolved
      phosphorescence detection of 1O2 in CD3OD and C6D6, with no solvent effect. The
      rate constants of quenching by the Se-containing compounds were found to be
      approximately one order of magnitude higher than those of the S-containing
      homologs. A linear correlation was observed between log k and the Hammett
      constant omega ortho with p = -0.89, the rate constant being higher for molecules
      with an electron-donating substituent and lower for those with an electron
      withdrawing substituent. This observation is consistent with the involvement of a
      charge transfer complex in the deactivation of singlet oxygen.

PMID- 1798751
TI  - Effects of chronic exposure ultraviolet-A including 2% ultraviolet-B on free
      radical reduction systems in hairless mice.
AB  - Chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is known to cause a variety of changes in
      the skin, including wrinkles, pigmented spots and carcinogenesis. To explore time
      dependent changes in several parameters with chronic UV irradiation, we examined
      the molecular changes in connective tissue, intracellular defence enzymes and
      free radical antioxidant substances in hairless mice skin caused by chronic
      exposure to UV-A including 2% UV-B. Connective tissue changes were estimated
      using hydroxyproline and isodesmosine assays as a measure of collagen and elastin
      concentrations, respectively. After 6 weeks irradiation, the insoluble collagen
      and elastin were both substantially elevated, as were the activities of
      glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Continued UV
      irradiation resulted in a steady decline in SOD and lipid soluble antioxidants,
      while the GSH-Px remained elevated, suggesting that SOD and lipid soluble
      antioxidants in the skin may be involved in protecting it from UV damage and
      deteriorate with chronic irradiation.

PMID- 1798752
TI  - Inactivation action spectra of Bacillus subtilis spores in extended ultraviolet
      wavelengths (50-300 nm) obtained with synchrotron radiation.
AB  - Five types of Bacillus subtilis spores (UVR, UVS, UVP, RCE, and RCF) differing in
      repair and/or recombinational capabilities were exposed to monochromatic
      radiations at 13 wavelengths from 50 to 300 nm in vacuum. An improved biological
      irradiation system connected to a synchrotron radiation source was used to
      produce monochromatic UV radiation in this extended wavelength range with
      sufficient fluence to inactivate bacterial spores. From the survival curves
      obtained, the action spectra for the inactivation of the spores were depicted.
      Recombination-deficient RCE (recE) and RCF (recF) spores were more sensitive than
      the wild-type UVR spores in the entire range of wavelengths. This was considered
      to mean that DNA was the major target for the inactivation of the spores. Vacuum
      UV radiations of 125-175 nm were effective in killing the spores, and distinct
      peaks of the sensitivity were seen with all types of the spores. Insensitivities
      at 190 and 100 nm were common to all five types of spores, indicating that these
      wavelengths were particularly impenetrant and absorbed by the outer layer
      materials. The vacuum-UV peaks centering at 150 nm were prominent in the spores
      defective in recombinational repair, while the far-UV peaks at around 235 and 270
      nm were prominent in the UVS (uvrA ssp) and UVP (uvrA ssp polA) spores deficient
      in removal mechanisms of spore photoproducts. Thus, the profiles of the action
      spectra were explained by three factors; the penetration depth of each radiation
      in a spore, the efficiency of producing DNA damage that could cause inactivation,
      and the repair capacity of each type of spore.

PMID- 1798753
TI  - Ferrous ion release from ferritin by ultraviolet-A radiations.
AB  - Ferritin is the principal protein of iron storage (in the Fe(III) state). The UV
      A irradiation of 0.25 microM ferritin solutions (from horse spleen) loaded with
      530 microM Fe(III) induces Fe2+ release in the medium. The initial quantum yield
      is wavelength dependent (phi(365 nm) approximately 2 x 10(-3) but pH and oxygen
      independent. The Fe2+ release reaches a plateau which strongly depends on pH and
      oxygen. The amino acid composition of the apoprotein is not altered by the UV
      irradiation. Addition of formate ions enhances the Fe2+ production, suggesting
      that the ferritin photoreduction involves an electron transfer from an OH-
      ligand. The possible importance of this phenomenon in skin photobiology is
      discussed.

PMID- 1798754
TI  - Evaluation of skin cancer risk resulting from long term occupational exposure to
      radiation from ultraviolet lasers in the range from 190 to 400 nm.
AB  - The relative risk of occupational exposure to radiation from UV lasers was
      estimated using a mathematical model based on both epidemiological data and
      animal experiments. Calculations were performed for the 193 nm ArF excimer laser
      cornea shaping, the 308 nm XeCl excimer laser for coronary angioplasty, and other
      UV lasers in a laboratory environment. The model included the effects of direct
      exposure and exposure to scattered radiation. The results show that for the two
      medical applications the increase in the relative risk is comparable to that of
      one additional day of sunbathing per year. For subjects exposed to UV lasers in a
      laboratory setting, the relative risk may increase to a value comparable to that
      of people with an outdoor profession.

PMID- 1798755
TI  - In vivo 31P NMR study of combined hyperthermia and photodynamic therapies of
      mammary carcinoma in the mouse.
AB  - Although the sequence and time interval effects of combined photodynamic therapy
      (PDT) and hyperthermia tumor treatments have been studied using survival curves,
      tumor regrowth, and cloning assays, the metabolic response to combined treatment
      measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has not yet been
      clarified. In this study, mammary carcinoma in the flank of C3H mice was
      subjected to PDT (12.5 mg/kg Photofrin II, 632 +/- 1 nm at 200 J/cm2) and water
      bath hyperthermia (43.5 degrees C, 30 min) with no delay or 4 h delay between
      treatments. In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy was employed to measure energy
      metabolism and pH of the tumors before and serially after treatment for up to 1
      week. The data revealed significant differences in the time course of high energy
      phosphate levels between treatment combinations, which may reflect the biological
      effectiveness of the combined treatments. Our observations indicate that 31P-NMR
      spectroscopy can be used to evaluate the metabolic response of tumors to
      treatment with combined PDT and hyperthermia.

PMID- 1798756
TI  - Photodynamic therapy: effect on the endothelial cell of the rat aorta.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy
      (PDT) of experimental bladder tumors leads to rapid destruction of the
      endothelial lining within the tumor microvasculature. Endothelial cell death
      during PDT may be a consequence of direct cell injury resulting from retention of
      photosensitizer within the endothelial cell or, alternatively, result from
      intravascular activation of circulating photosensitizer with subsequent indirect
      endothelial damage. In the experiments described here, we investigated the
      possibility that photosensitizer retained within the endothelial cell was
      sufficient to cause endothelial cell injury in the absence of circulating drug.
      The experimental model was rat aorta photosensitized in vivo via the intravenous
      injection of tin(II) etiopurpurin dichloride (SnET2), and subsequent in situ or
      in vitro (in explant culture) light (670 nm) treatment from an argon pumped dye
      laser. Damage to the lining of the aorta was assessed morphometrically by
      determining the areal density of silver stained endothelial cells. Results
      indicate that purpurin SnET2-PDT directly damages the endothelial lining.

PMID- 1798758
TI  - Effects of ultraviolet laser radiation on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
      virus.
AB  - The effects of usual low-intensity continuous (lambda = 254 nm, I = 10 W/m2) UV
      radiation and high-intensity laser nanosecond (lambda = 266 nm, tau p = 10 ns, I
      = 10(9) W/m2) or picosecond (lambda = 266 nm, tau p = 23 ps, I = 10(12) W/m2) UV
      radiation on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (a member of the
      Togaviridae family) were compared. The quantum yields of infectivity
      inactivation, pyrimidine dimer formation and RNA-protein crosslinking were
      determined.

PMID- 1798757
TI  - Wavelength dependency of the rate of iodine catalyzed photoisomerization of
      retinol and retinal.
AB  - In separate experiments, hydrocarbon solutions of the 11-cis isomers of retinol
      and retinal containing catalytic amounts of iodine were irradiated with
      monochromatic light. Changes in absorbance were followed spectroscopically for
      each wavelength of light and measured as a function of time. The curve obtained
      by plotting the change in absorbance (delta A) vs time (t) is a hyperbola, and
      thus the plot of 1/delta A vs 1/t forms a straight line. The half reaction time,
      t1/2, was extracted from this equation, giving a value for each wavelength of
      light. The parameter 1/t1/2 is adjusted to compensate for variation of light
      quanta from the xenon source, and it is plotted vs wavelength. A response
      spectrum is obtained that is a Gaussian. The lambda max is 510 nm for retinol and
      519 nm for retinal. This shows that in the photoisomerization iodine is the
      absorbing species and not the carbocation, which absorbs at 589 nm.

PMID- 1798759
TI  - Detection of porphyrin excited states in the intact bovine lens.
AB  - Previous steady state and time resolved spectroscopic studies on porphyrins have
      shown that the triplet lifetimes of those sensitizers that bind to lens proteins
      are lengthened by several orders of magnitude. Presented here is an extension of
      this experiment to measure these transients in an intact bovine lens. As
      demonstrated by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy and flash photolysis,
      mesotetra (p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) binds to lens proteins. In air
      saturated aqueous solution, TPPS has a triplet lifetime of 2 microseconds. In an
      intact bovine lens the triplet state decayed via biexponential kinetics with
      lifetimes of 0.16 and 1.6 microseconds. In addition to a lengthening of the
      lifetime there was a red shift in the triplet transient spectra of 10-20 nm of
      the porphyrin in the intact lenses.

PMID- 1798760
TI  - Action spectra again?
AB  - Action spectroscopy has a long history and is of central importance to
      photobiological studies. Action spectra were among the first assays to point to
      chlorophyll as the molecule most responsible for plant growth and to DNA as the
      genetic material. It is useful to construct action spectra early in the
      investigation of new areas of photobiological research in an attempt to determine
      the wavelength limits of the radiation region causing the studied response. But
      due to the severe absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by biological samples,
      UV action spectra were first limited to small cells (bacteria and fungi).
      Advances in techniques (e.g. single cell culture) and analysis allowed accurate
      action spectra to be reported even for mammalian cells. But precise analytical
      action spectra are often difficult to obtain when large, pigmented, or groups of
      cells are investigated. Here some action spectra are limited in interpretation
      and merely supply a wavelength vs effect curve. When polychromatic sources are
      employed, the interpretation of action spectra is even more complex and
      formidable. But such polychromatic action spectra can be more directly related to
      ambient responses. Since precise action spectra usually require the completion of
      a relatively large number of careful experiments using somewhat sophisticated
      equipment over a range of at least six wavelengths, they are often not pursued.
      But they remain central to the elucidation of the effect being studied. The
      worldwide community has agreed that stratospheric ozone is depleting, with the
      possibility of a consequent rise in the amount of UV-B (290-320 nm) reaching the
      earth's surface. It is therefore essential that new action spectra be completed
      for UV-B effects on a large variety of responses of human, animal, and aquatic
      plant systems. Combining these action spectra with the known amounts of UV-B
      reaching the biosphere can give rise to solar UV effectiveness spectra that, in
      turn, can give rise to estimates of effect. Preliminary estimates suggest that
      ozone layer depletion may seriously impact such important biological end-points
      as skin cancer, cataracts, the immune system, crop yields, and oceanic
      phytoplankton. So action spectra continue to play a central role in important
      photobiological research.

PMID- 1798761
TI  - Influence of neurotransplantation on rats' behavior with different conditions of
      reinforcement.
AB  - Recently, we have reported a marked rat lateralization in the T-maze choice.
      Embryonic rat tissue from neocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala was
      transplanted into intact rat brains in various combinations: 1) neocortex and
      hypothalamus (Neo + Hyp); 2) hippocampus and amygdala (Hipp + Amyg); 3) neocortex
      and hippocampus (Neo + Hipp); and 4) hypothalamus and amygdala (Hyp + Amyg). Once
      under conditions in which reinforcement was equally qualitative and equally
      probable, rats in all groups chose the T-maze arm contralateral to the side of
      implantation. In a second set of experiments, rats were presented a choice
      between quality and probability of reinforcement. The right arm of the T-maze
      contained a cup of water 33% of the time (high-quality but low-probability
      reinforcement). The left sleeve contained a solution of 0.15% quinine in water
      100% of the time (low quality but high probability of reinforcement). Rats that
      received Neo + Hyp transplants chose the T-maze arm that always contained a drink
      cup with water significantly more often than they chose the arm that always
      contained the drink cup with quinine solution. Rats that received Hipp + Amyg
      transplants chose the arm containing the drink cup with quinine solution much
      more often than the arm that sometimes contained a cup of water. Rats with
      transplanted Neo + Hyp generally were more active than rats with transplanted
      Hipp + Amyg. These data suggest that the behavior of rats can be affected by
      selective transplantation of different brain tissue.

PMID- 1798762
TI  - Blood pressure, heart rate, and regional resistance in behavioral defense.
AB  - Rats were instrumented with arterial catheters and directional pulsed Doppler
      flow probes for measurement of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and blood
      flow in the renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular beds. When tested as
      intruders in a resident-intruder aggression test, subjects responded to resident
      attack with species-characteristic defensive behavior and the "defense reaction"
      pattern of increased heart rate, renal resistance, and mesenteric resistance, and
      decreased hindquarter resistance. Blood pressure was variable, but sustained
      increases in blood pressure were rarely observed. The maintenance of blood
      pressure during species-specific defensive behavior can be contrasted with the
      sustained pressor responses observed in the centrally elicited defense reaction.
      The combination of pulsed Doppler technology and the resident-intruder paradigm
      appears to be a promising method for investigating the mechanisms of
      cardiovascular adjustment to behavioral defense.

PMID- 1798763
TI  - A descriptive study of learned food aversions in radiotherapy patients.
AB  - While animal studies have documented the efficacy of ionizing radiation as a
      conditioning stimulus for food aversion learning, little is known about the
      incidence or nature of aversions that form in cancer patients administered
      radiation therapy. Forty-nine newly diagnosed patients with a variety of cancer
      types were monitored for the duration of their treatment or up to six months.
      Aversions were identified by questionnaires and responses to an experimental food
      administered at stipulated time points. Fifty-nine percent of patients formed new
      aversions after initiating treatment and for 53% of patients, this involved items
      in their customary diet. A wide array of items were targeted, but there was
      direct relationship between exposure frequency and aversion formation. The
      aversions were highly specific (median = 2.5 items/afflicted patient). The onset
      time was approximately 1-2 weeks, and they were transient, generally lasting 1-3
      weeks. There was no evidence of a discrepant incidence among patients treated in
      different sites. Aversion incidence was not significantly associated with age,
      gender or other selected patient characteristics.

PMID- 1798764
TI  - Impact of sex and age on sensory evaluation of sugar and fat in dairy products.
AB  - Ratings of sugar/fat mixtures were examined in eight groups (2 sexes x 4 age
      categories) of healthy, normal-weight subjects (N = 226). The subjects were
      tested immediately before and after a standard lunch. Stimuli were 20 semisolid
      mixtures of soft white cheese or heavy cream containing between 0 and 30 grams of
      fat per 100 g, and sweetened with 1, 5, 10, 20 or 40% sucrose (wt./wt.). The
      subjects briefly tasted the samples; they rated stimulus sweetness, fat content
      and pleasantness, using 9-point scales. Sweetness ratings were a direct function
      of sucrose concentration. Rating of fat content was more accurate in older
      subjects. While palatability was nearly synonymous with sugar content in young
      boys, most groups showed inverted U-shaped preference functions, with optimal
      sucrose level at 10% in females and 20% in males. Stimuli were rated very
      slightly but significantly fatter and sweeter after than before lunch; taste
      preference ratings in the fed condition were sometimes reduced.

PMID- 1798765
TI  - Socio-sexual olfactory preference in female mice: attractiveness of synthetic
      chemosignals.
AB  - Two sesquiterpenic compounds, E,E,-alpha-farnesene and E-beta-farnesene, which
      were previously found as major constituents of the male mouse preputial glands,
      were tested for their attractiveness to female mice. Sexually naive and sexually
      experienced females were given the opportunity to choose between natural stimuli
      and synthetic analogs of preputial chemosignals. Naive females preferred
      investigating the odors of intact males' urine and synthetic farnesenes when
      spiked in high concentration in bladder urine or water over control stimulus
      (water or bladder urine alone). Investigatory preference was not observed when
      synthetic farnesenes were presented to naive females in low concentration, i.e.,
      only twice the natural content in the dominant male urine. However, sexually
      experienced females were clearly able to recognize and prefer samples with
      synthetic farnesenes, even in low concentration. We suggest that those
      sesquiterpenic compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the female recognition
      of sexually mature and socially dominant males.

PMID- 1798766
TI  - Transection of the chorda tympani and insertion of ear pins for stereotaxic
      surgery: equivalent effects on taste sensitivity.
AB  - NaCl and sucrose absolute detection thresholds were determined in rats with
      bilateral transection of the chorda tympani nerve (group CT) and those treated by
      having stereotaxic ear pins inserted into the auditory canal and through the
      tympanic membrane (group EP). Relative to controls, each experimental group had
      deficits in acquisition of the NaCl detection tasks and higher NaCl thresholds,
      but had no significant deficits in the sucrose detection tasks. There were no
      differences between the CT and EP groups on any measure of performance. The
      performance of rats with unilateral CT or EP treatment was identical to that of
      controls for high concentrations of NaCl, but somewhat poorer on near threshold
      concentrations. These results (A) confirm prior reports for a specific role of
      the CT in NaCl detection and (B) indicate that the use of ear pins in stereotaxic
      surgery may disrupt CT function with a resultant decrease in NaCl sensitivity.

PMID- 1798767
TI  - Resocialisation of isolation-reared rats does not alter their anxiogenic profile
      on the elevated X-maze model of anxiety.
AB  - Rats were reared from weaning either in isolation or in social groups for 30 days
      and their behaviour on the elevated X-maze was studied. Isolation-reared rats
      displayed an anxiogenic profile on the X-maze compared to socially reared
      controls. Resocialisation of isolation-reared rats for a further 30 days did not
      reverse this anxiogenic profile, and isolation of the socially reared rats for 30
      days did not produce an anxiogenic behavioural profile, indicating that the
      differences observed may be a result of a permanent developmental change. The
      locomotor hyperactivity induced by isolation was specific to the rearing
      conditions. It remains to be determined what neurochemical events are involved in
      the sustained effects of rearing in isolation.

PMID- 1798769
TI  - Serial spatial reversal learning in rats: comparison of instrumental and
      automaintenance procedures.
AB  - Serial reversals of a spatial discrimination were trained in rats under
      automaintenance conditions, in which food reward occurred regardless of
      responding. This automaintained reversal learning was compared to instrumental
      reversal learning in other rats trained under a similar procedure which required
      responding for reward. In the automaintenance (AU) procedure, rats received food
      after every retraction of a "positive" response lever (S+); retraction of a
      second, "neutral" lever (So) was not paired with food delivery. Responses to the
      S+ were elicited at fairly constant rates during daily 100-trial conditioning
      sessions. Responses to the So occurred early in each session but rapidly
      diminished across trials. When the valences of the levers were reversed,
      responding shifted to the new S+ and diminished on the new So. Criterion for
      reversal was defined as a discrimination ratio (DR) of at least 90% responding to
      the S+ in two consecutive 10-trial blocks. With repeated reversals, acquisition
      of criterion performance occurred with increasing rapidity, reaching an asymptote
      below that required for the original discrimination. A second group of rats was
      trained on a similar instrumental schedule, in which at least one response to the
      S+ was required for food delivery. Response rates in this instrumental (IN) group
      were approximately double those of the AU group. However, ratios of S+ to So
      response rates were similar to those of the AU group, and the serial reversal
      curves generated were qualitatively similar. Thus rats can show improvement
      across serial reversals of a spatial discrimination based entirely on pairings of
      stimulus events (automaintenance), in a manner similar to that observed in
      instrumental procedures, in which reward is contingent upon correct responding.

PMID- 1798768
TI  - Wheel-running activity rhythms in two inbred strains of laboratory rats under
      different photoperiods.
AB  - Wheel-running activity patterns were studied in two inbred rat strains (ACI/Ztm
      and LEW/Ztm) under 24-h light-dark cycles with various photoperiods. The ACI
      strain was characterized by a unimodal activity pattern, whereas the LEW strain
      exhibited a multimodal activity pattern consisting of two activity bouts about 3
      5 h apart. Harmonic spectral analyses and chi square periodograms revealed strain
      specific differences in the characteristic rhythmic components of the activity
      pattern. The ACI strain showed only a strong 24-h rhythm, whereas the LEW strain
      showed additional rhythmic components with periods of 6, 4.8, and 4 h. Except in
      very young rats, these strain specific patterns were not affected by an
      experimental lengthening of the dark period. However, differences between the two
      strains were found in the free-running period and in the mode of entrainment. Our
      results indicate that the multimodal activity pattern of the LEW strain is not
      due to an ultradian bout oscillator, instead it may be the result of a unique
      coupling of multiple circadian oscillators.

PMID- 1798770
TI  - A study of the interrupted REM episode.
AB  - Brief interruptions of REM sleep are considered to be part of the REM episode.
      The maximum allowable duration of such an interruption, which is used to define
      the end of the REM episode, is currently a matter of debate. Making measurements
      on individual REM cycles, inter-REM interval analysis was carried out to
      determine whether the generally adopted 15 minute empirical rule for this maximum
      needs to be extended to 25 minutes as suggested by several including Kobayashi et
      al. Our results show that there is no reason to alter the 15 minute rule and that
      measurements which do not take into account the time-of-night effect may be
      misleading. The proportion of interrupted REM episodes observed in our population
      of healthy adults is high. We have therefore also examined in some detail the
      phenomenology of the temporal evolution of the structure and content of the
      interrupted REM episodes. Both showed a definite change over the night: the
      interruptions in the earlier episodes tend to return the system to slow wave
      sleep while those in the later episodes tend to return it to wake. It is
      hypothesized that these interruptions reflect a measure of REM sleep pressure and
      its interaction with both slow wave sleep and wake pressures.

PMID- 1798771
TI  - Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from
      weaning to maturity.
AB  - Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats had available pure macronutrient diets,
      protein, carbohydrate and fat, from birth to day 77 of age. Analyses of their
      intake of these nutrients, as a function of age, demonstrate that, in both sexes,
      daily protein intake and preference for this nutrient relative to the other
      macronutrients rise steadily from weaning and peak precisely at the time of
      puberty (day 37-44 for females and days 42-49 for males), when there is also a
      peak in body weight gain. This is in contrast to daily carbohydrate intake, which
      peaks 2 weeks after puberty in males, and also to the female and male rats'
      preference for carbohydrate, which remains relatively stable from weaning to
      maturity. These patterns also differ from those observed for daily fat intake and
      fat preference for females and males, which are relatively high during the first
      postweaning week and then decline and remain very low until shortly after puberty
      (day 54), when there occurs a sharp burst in fat intake. Comparisons between the
      females and males reveal a significantly stronger preference for carbohydrate in
      the females, exhibited as early as 23 days of age; a stronger preference for
      protein and fat in the males, evident after day 28; and greater light-period
      feeding of carbohydrate and fat by females compared to males, apparent after
      puberty. Correlational analyses demonstrate that body weight and total kcal
      intake are closely related to daily protein consumption, more strongly in females
      compared to males; are strongly related to daily fat intake only in males; and
      are unrelated to intake of carbohydrate, at any age and in either sex.

PMID- 1798772
TI  - Sensitization of the plasma corticosterone response to novel environments.
AB  - In Experiment 1, ICR Swiss mice were exposed to one of two novel cages for 1, 6,
      or 10 30-min trials. Plasma corticosterone elevations were greater in the more
      novel than in the less novel cage and following the sixth as compared to the
      first and tenth exposures. In Experiment 2, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice and Sprague
      Dawley rats also exhibited significant, though modest, increases in
      corticosterone levels from their first to their sixth 30-min exposures to the
      more novel cage. These findings demonstrate generalization of an apparent
      sensitization of the plasma corticosterone response across the two levels of
      novelty and four strains of laboratory rodents tested here. The transience of the
      effect may explain some earlier inconsistencies in the literature. In Experiment
      3, five daily 30-min exposures to the more novel environment minimally raised
      resting corticosterone levels of ICR Swiss mice. Further, corticosterone levels
      during a first exposure were no greater at 15 or 45 min than at 30 min. These
      results suggest that the increase in corticosterone with repeated exposures
      reflects a true sensitization of the corticosterone response rather than an
      increase in resting levels with repeated exposures or a shift in the time course
      of the corticosterone response.

PMID- 1798773
TI  - Starch flavor: apparent discrimination between amylopectin and amylose by rats.
AB  - Rats given a choice between dilute suspensions of corn amylopectin and corn
      amylose generally preferred amylopectin. The preference threshold for amylopectin
      was lower than the preference threshold for amylose (0.1% and 0.5%,
      respectively). Two sources of evidence indicate that the difference in preference
      for these two types of starch is due to an off-taste component in corn amylose
      rather than to an ability to discriminate between amylopectin and amylose per se:
      1) rats given a choice of purified amylopectin and amylose from potato did not
      show a significant preference, and 2) aqueous extracts of amylose reduce
      preference for water and amylopectin, respectively. Extensive washing of corn
      amylose with ammonia-methanol, water and methanol did not completely remove the
      off-taste of corn amylose. Despite the difference in off-taste, rats trained to
      avoid amylopectin also avoided amylose. It is proposed that starch has two flavor
      components: a component due to starch itself that induces preference, and a
      component due to impurities that reduces preference.

PMID- 1798774
TI  - Self-selecting albino rats exhibit differential preferences for pure
      macronutrient diets: characterization of three subpopulations.
AB  - Analyses of natural feeding behavior in albino male Sprague-Dawley rats
      demonstrate that, when allowed to self-select from pure macronutrient diets
      (protein, carbohydrate and fat), these rats of the same genetic strain can be
      categorized into 3 subpopulations according to either their 24-h or their 12-h
      nocturnal patterns of nutrient intake. A majority of the animals (HC for high
      carbohydrate, 50% of the total population) consumed a diet rich in carbohydrate
      relative to protein or fat, while a smaller population of rats (HF, 30%)
      preferred the fat diet, and an even smaller population (HP, 20%) chose a high
      protein diet. These 3 subpopulations, after a few weeks of maintenance on the
      diets, differed in their body weight, with the HF rats having a higher body
      weight than the HP animals, who tended to weigh more than the lightest HC rats.
      Whereas all subgroups exhibited a similar bimodal distribution of feeding during
      the nocturnal cycle, with peaks during the early and late dark periods, they were
      distinguishable on the basis of their nutrient consumption during specific phases
      of the dark cycle. This difference was most apparent in the early dark phase,
      when the 3 subgroups exhibited exaggerated preferences for the specific nutrient
      that was generally preferred over the 24-h cycle. This is in contrast to the
      middle dark phase, when diet preferences were attenuated or lost, and the late
      dark phase, when most rats were similar in showing an increased preference for
      protein and fat and a decreased preference for carbohydrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798775
TI  - The ability of pigs to control their protein intake when fed in three different
      ways.
AB  - The ability of pigs to control their protein intake was tested in three different
      ways. When pigs were offered access to single feeds of different protein
      contents, at a constant liveweight of 20 kg, they increased their daily feed
      intake as the protein content of their feed was decreased (long-term protein
      intake regulation). When the protein content of their feed was altered daily,
      pigs consumed consistently higher amounts of feed when they had access to a low
      protein feed rather than to a high protein one (short-term protein intake
      regulation). When, finally, they were given a choice between two feeds of
      different protein contents, pigs selected a diet that met their protein
      requirements (as judged by their growth rates and feed efficiencies) and avoided
      excess of protein intake, but only if they had had previous experience of both
      feeds. It is suggested that pigs first need to learn about the feeds that are
      subsequently offered as a choice, before they can make correct dietary choices.

PMID- 1798776
TI  - Facilitation of sexual receptivity in the female rat by C-terminal fragments of
      LHRH.
AB  - Ovariectomized female rats implanted with cannulae directed bilaterally towards
      the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) were primed with estrogen (2
      micrograms) and tested for sexual receptivity before and after infusion of the C
      terminal LHRH fragment, Ac-LHRH5-10. Animals responsive to the Ac-LHRH5-10
      fragment were tested at two-week intervals for responsiveness to other LHRH
      fragments modified in the C-terminal or saline in the following order: LHRH5-10,
      des-Gly6LHRH, LHRH5-9OH, saline, and LHRH7-9OH. The lordosis-to-mount (L/M) ratio
      was used as an index of sexual receptivity. The quality of lordotic posturing and
      the number of proceptive and resistive behaviors were also recorded for each
      test. A one-way ANOVA performed on the difference in L/M between pre- and
      postinfusion tests revealed a significant overall treatment effect. The
      nonacetylated LHRH5-10 fragment and the LHRH5-9OH fragment were effective in
      enhancing the L/M ratio, whereas des-Gly6LHRH and LHRH7-9OH were not. The
      enhancement of sexual behavior by C-terminal fragments of LHRH was associated
      with a lack of proceptive behavior and moderate levels of resistive behavior. The
      results indicate that several C-terminal fragments of LHRH are capable of
      elevating the L/M ratio and suggest that amino acids in positions 6 through 9 may
      be important for this effect.

PMID- 1798777
TI  - The effects of chronic ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation on weight gain in
      rats.
AB  - The effects of chronic stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus and adjacent
      structures on body weight, food intake, and epididymal fat pad weight were
      examined in normophagic rats. Three hours of intermittent low level electrical
      stimulation were delivered three times per week for four weeks; body weight and
      food intake were monitored for an additional ten days after stimulation trials
      had ceased. Animals receiving ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation had the
      shallowest growth curves while stimulation of other structures produced a rate of
      growth that fell between that of the ventromedial hypothalamic and the implanted
      control group. This pattern persisted during the poststimulation phase. Food
      intake, while initially depressed in the stimulated groups, began to approach
      control levels by the third week of stimulation. Efficiency of food utilization
      (weight gain/consumption) was significantly reduced during the first week of
      stimulation in the ventromedial hypothalamic stimulated group. Fat pad weight was
      slightly decreased in this group as well. These findings suggest that chronic
      stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a persistent shift in
      metabolic rate that results in a long-term inhibition of weight gain.

PMID- 1798778
TI  - Effects of nucleus basolateralis amygdalae neurotoxic lesions on some spontaneous
      activities in the rat.
AB  - Drinking, feeding, locomotion and exploratory activity of male Wistar rats were
      assessed after bilateral stereotaxic administration of ibotenic acid in the
      nucleus basolateralis amygdalae. Feeding, drinking and locomotion were measured
      in an activity cage, while exploratory activity was determined in a multiple Y
      maze. In the 24-hour cycle, lesioned animals exhibited unvaried feeding,
      decreased drinking and increased locomotion. Exploration was also increased. The
      results show that this nucleus is not involved in quantitative feeding control,
      while it does exert a significant facilitatory influence on drinking. It also
      exerts an inhibitory influence on exploration and on locomotion.

PMID- 1798779
TI  - The economics of water and salt balance.
AB  - Two environmental features often associated are a shortage of water and an excess
      of electrolytes. We explored the economics of this situation by jointly
      manipulating the instrumental cost of consuming water and the amount of salt in
      the diet of rats. As the dietary salt increased, water intake increased; and as
      water cost increased, water intake fell. Food intake also declined as water cost
      increased, and the rats maintained a minimum ratio of water: salt consumed across
      all conditions. For all diets, as water intake fell, food intake and body weight
      also declined, perhaps defending the ratio of body water to lean body mass. There
      was no evidence that the slope of the demand curve for water changed as a
      function of dietary salt.

PMID- 1798780
TI  - Properties of parametric photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in the rat.
AB  - Wistar rats were exposed to 24-h cycles of sinusoidal varying light intensity at
      various amplitudes (A) and mean intensity (I) levels. The cycle minimum was at
      least 0.1 lux. Food approaches and wheel running activity were continuously
      recorded. Entrainment was observed to light cycles with amplitudes as low as 2
      lux. The success of entrainment increased with A and decreased with I, and loss
      of entrainment was accompanied by relative coordination. In a separate
      experiment, we measured the freerunning period (tau) in constant light at various
      I levels. The tau-illuminance curve was pseudolinear at low I (above 0.1 lux) and
      saturated at high I (above 100 lux). The intensity dependence of tau corresponded
      to the intensity response characteristics of light responsive cells in the rat
      suprachiasmatic nuclei, as published by other authors. It was hypothesized that
      the light responsive cells mediate the parametric effects of constant light and
      of sine waves of light.

PMID- 1798781
TI  - Intraperitoneal injection of cholecystokinin elicits sleep in rabbits.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces food intake and promotes non-rapid-eye-movement
      sleep (NREMS) in rats. The purpose of present experiments was to determine if CCK
      is somnogenic in rabbits; another species in which CCK suppresses feeding. White
      New Zealand rabbits were treated intracerebroventricularly (ICV; 0.05, 0.5 and 2
      micrograms) or intraperitoneally (IP; 2.5, 10 and 40 micrograms/kg) with CCK or
      saline, and sleep-wake activity and brain temperature (Tbr) were recorded for 6
      h. Injections of 10 and 40 micrograms/kg CCK IP elicited a decrease in
      wakefulness and an increase in NREMS during the first hour postinjection. The
      hypnogenic effects were accompanied by a decrease in Tbr. After the IP injection
      of a lower dose (2.5 micrograms/kg) a slight, nonsignificant increase in NREMS
      during the first hour postinjection was followed by a decrease in NREMS. ICV
      injections of CCK had relatively small inhibitory effects on sleep. We conclude
      that circulating, hormone CCK might be a hypnogenic signal with a peripheral site
      of action.

PMID- 1798782
TI  - Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high
      dietary fat.
AB  - In two experiments, 20 2-5-year-old children participated in a series of 8
      conditioning trials to investigate whether they acquired conditioned preferences
      based on the fat content of a food. On different days, each child consumed fixed
      quantities of novelly flavored yogurts that were high or low in fat and energy
      density (220 or 110 kcal/serving). After conditioning, patterns of ad lib
      consumption data provided evidence of caloric compensation in response to the
      energy density differences in the preloads. Children consumed more following the
      low- than the high-fat preloads. Preference assessments, performed pre- and
      postconditioning, revealed conditioned flavor preferences based on fat content:
      children increased their preference for the high-density paired flavor, but no
      change in preference was noted for the low-density paired flavor. These data
      suggest that such conditioned flavor preferences based on energy density may be
      contributing to children's preferences for foods high in dietary fat.

PMID- 1798783
TI  - Short duration of retroactive facilitation of social recognition in rats.
AB  - Adult rats spent less time investigating the same juvenile during a second dyadic
      encounter session. This decrease served as an index for social recognition.
      Social recognition was not influenced by isolating the juveniles for 7 days prior
      to experimentation. Retroactive facilitation of social recognition was observed
      when the two rats were confronted for a longer period of time on a given day by
      multiple testing. However, this facilitation was not observed after a 24-h
      interexposure interval between encounter sessions, even when different housing
      conditions during that time were taken into account, and animals were tested
      during 5 consecutive days. It is suggested that social recognition may be a form
      of short-term memory.

PMID- 1798784
TI  - Scheduled daily exercise or feeding alters the phase of photic entrainment in
      Syrian hamsters.
AB  - Single daily bouts of appropriately timed activity can phase-shift or entrain
      circadian rhythms in rodents maintained in constant dark (DD). Whether this
      apparent feedback of behavioral activity to the circadian pacemaker has any
      adaptive significance in nuclear; circadian rhythms are normally entrained by
      light-dark (LD) cycles, and this may override any effects of activity. To address
      this issue, the phase of entrainment to LD cycles was examined in hamsters
      exposed to a daily exercise schedule (3 h of induced wheel running). Hamsters
      exercised late in the dark showed a significant delay of entrained phase in LD
      (i.e., they became relative "night owls") and lengthening of free-running
      periodicity in DD, compared to controls and hamsters exercised in midlight.
      Hamsters fed in midlight (arousal without wheel running) showed a significant
      advance of LD entrained phase (i.e., they became "early birds"). These
      observations provide the necessary rationale for further examination of the
      functional significance of behavioral feedback for the normal entrainment
      process. In addition, they rise the possibility that the entrained phase of human
      circadian rhythms can be similarly manipulated by behavioral procedures such as
      timed exercise.

PMID- 1798785
TI  - Swing time changes contribute to stride time adjustment in the walking rat.
AB  - Locomotor analysis is a useful tool for assessing normal and disturbed brain
      function. Previous studies have indicated that, during locomotion at walking
      velocities, the rat adjusts its velocity by changes to stride time and length.
      The present work has shown that, in the Sheffield strain rat, changes in stride
      time are achieved by a differential deployment of its two components, stance time
      and swing times. During slow walking, swing time changes provide minimal
      contribution to stride time reductions. At above average stride frequencies,
      however, swing time changes become significant, providing for more than half the
      reduction over parts of the range.

PMID- 1798786
TI  - Nuclear estrogen receptor binding in microdissected brain regions of female rats
      during pregnancy: implications for maternal and sexual behavior.
AB  - Previously, we showed that changes in nuclear estrogen receptor (NER)
      concentrations within large dissections of the preoptic area and hypothalamus of
      pregnant rats might underlie changes in both maternal and sexual behaviors. To
      more precisely localize these biochemical changes, NER concentrations were
      measured in microdissected nuclei within the preoptic area and hypothalamus of
      pregnant rats on days 8, 16 and 22. Results indicated that NER levels changed
      significantly throughout pregnancy and that the magnitude and direction of change
      was site specific. Although a different pattern of change was found in each
      nucleus, NER levels in most preoptic area nuclei were significantly higher by the
      16th day of pregnancy compared to those on day 8, while receptor levels in most
      hypothalamic nuclei did not increase until day 22 of pregnancy. The higher NER
      levels found in preoptic area nuclei of female rats as pregnancy advances can be
      correlated with growing maternal responsiveness during pregnancy, while elevated
      concentrations of NER in hypothalamic nuclei at the end of pregnancy may indicate
      preparation for postpartum estrus.

PMID- 1798787
TI  - Postconditioning recovery from the latent inhibition effect in conditioned taste
      aversion.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted examining the effects of flavor (CS) preexposure
      on the retention of conditioned taste aversion. In Experiment 1, rats received
      preexposure to sucrose solution followed by a sucrose-illness pairing. The
      expected "latent inhibition" effect was obtained when testing occurred after a
      two-day but not an eleven-day training-to-test interval. Experiment 2 extended
      these results by employing five- and twenty-one-day training-to-test interval
      parameters and provided evidence that the stronger taste aversion displayed by
      preexposed subjects following long retention intervals is not attributable to
      differences in training consumption of sucrose solution. This posttraining
      increase in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) suggests that preexposure blocks
      expression of memory.

PMID- 1798788
TI  - Comparison of anti-lipid peroxidative effects of the underground parts of
      Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii in mice.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 to mice led to significant increases of
      thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), free malondialdehyde (MDA),
      lipid conjugated dienes and fluorescent lipid peroxidation products in the liver.
      However, subchronic pretreatment with oral doses of the MeOH extract of either
      the underground part of Notopterygium incisum or that of N. forbesii appreciably
      suppressed the formation of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation products. The
      suppressing potency was more remarkable in the former.

PMID- 1798789
TI  - Ca2+ channel blocking effects of hirsutine, an indole alkaloid from Uncaria
      genus, in the isolated rat aorta.
AB  - Ca2+ channel blocking activity of hirsutine and its pharmacological features were
      studied. Hirsutine (10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M) produced a dose-dependent relaxation
      of the isolated rat aorta contracted by norepinephrine and high K+ concentration.
      This effect was exhibited in the aorta strips with or without the endothelium,
      suggesting an involvement of vasodilative mechanisms not dependent on the
      endothelium. Hirsutine also inhibited the contractions induced by serotonin and
      Ca2+ channel activator YC-170, but not by Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The pA2 value of
      hirsutine was 6.6 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- S.E.; n = 4) in antagonizing cumulative dose
      response curve for Ca2+ in the depolarized aorta strips. It is concluded that
      hirsutine apparently exhibits Ca2+ channel blocking activity mainly through
      inhibition of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx.

PMID- 1798790
TI  - Bioactive principles from the roots of Lindera megaphylla.
AB  - d-Dicentrine was isolated from the root of Lindera megaphylla. It inhibited the
      aggregation of washed rabbit platelets induced by ADP, collagen, arachidonic
      acid, and PAF. It also inhibited the high potassium- and norepinephrine-induced
      contraction of rat thoracic aorta. In rat ventricular cells treated with 3 microM
      d-dicentrine, the action potential duration (ADP50) was prolonged from 59.9 +/-
      11.3 msec to 201 +/- 28.7 msec.

PMID- 1798791
TI  - The possible site of anti-asthmatic action of Tylophora asthmatica on pituitary
      adrenal axis in albino rats.
AB  - The effects of the alcoholic extract, the petroleum ether fraction, and the
      aqueous fraction of the alcoholic extract of Tylophora asthmatica on weight of
      the adrenal gland and its functional activities (as evidenced by its cholesterol
      and vitamin C content, plasma steroid, hydroxyproline content in skin) and
      pituitary-adrenal axis were studied using normal, unilaterally adrenalectomised,
      dexamethasone-treated (steroid suppression of ACTH), and stereotaxically
      hypophysectomised male albino rats. The extracts showed similar actions (i.e.
      stimulation of adrenals as indicated by increase in weight and decrease in
      cholesterol and vitamin C contents). The plasma steroid level was increased but
      skin hydroxyproline level findings were not conclusive. T. asthmatica was found
      to antagonise dexamethasone/hypophysectomy-induced suppression of pituitary on
      activity of the adrenals. It may be concluded that T. asthmatica may act by a
      direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex.

PMID- 1798792
TI  - Hypoglycemic effects of sesquiterpene glycosides and polyhydroxylated
      triterpenoids of Eriobotrya japonica.
AB  - The effects of the constituent sesquiterpene glycosides 1-3 and polyhydroxylated
      triterpenoids 5-6 isolated by MeOH extraction of Eriobotrya japonica were studied
      in genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KS-db/db/Ola) and normoglycemic rats. The
      sesquiterpene glycoside 3 and the polyhydroxylated triterpenoids 5 and 6 produced
      a marked inhibition of glycosuria. Furthermore, 5 and 6 were able to reduce blood
      glucose levels in normoglycemic rats. While there are already some data reported
      on hypoglycemic activity of polyhydroxylated triterpenoids, there are no previous
      data showing hypoglycemic activity of sesquiterpene glycosides.

PMID- 1798793
TI  - Vasodilator effect of olive leaf.
AB  - We studied the importance of the smooth vascular muscle endothelium in the
      vasodilator action of the decoction of olive (Olea europaea) leaf. The decoction
      caused relaxation of isolated rat aorta preparations both in the presence (IC50
      1.12 +/- 0.33 mg/ml) and in the absence (IC50 1.67 +/- 0.16 mg/ml) of
      endothelium. The results indicate that the relaxant activity of the lyophilized
      decoction is independent of the integrity of the vascular endothelium. We also
      showed that oleuropeoside is a component responsible for vasodilator activity
      but, from the results, it seems likely that at least one other principle is to be
      found in the olive leaf which is either a vasodilator itself or else potentiates
      the relaxant effect of oleuropeoside.

PMID- 1798794
TI  - Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in
      menopausal women and ovariectomized rats.
AB  - Remifemin is an ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa (C.r.)
      and is used to relieve climacteric hot flushes. In the present study the effects
      of this preparation on LH and FSH secretion of menopausal women were
      investigated. After an 8 weeks treatment, LH but not FSH levels were
      significantly reduced in patients receiving the Cimicifuga extract. To further
      characterize the endocrinologically active principles of this plant extract, a
      lipophilic extract of C.r. was prepared and subjected to Sephadex chromatography.
      Fractions obtained were tested for their ability to reduce LH secretion in
      ovariectomized (ovx) rats and to compete in vitro with 17 beta-estradiol for
      estrogen receptor binding sites. Three types of endocrinologically active
      compounds were obtained: (1) Constituents which were not ligands for the estrogen
      receptor but suppress LH release after chronic treatment, (2) constituents
      binding to the estrogen receptor and also suppressing LH release, and (3)
      compounds which are ligands for the estrogen receptor but without an effect of LH
      release. It is concluded that the LH suppressive effect of C.r. extracts observed
      in menopausal women and ovx rats is caused by at least three different
      synergistically acting compounds.

PMID- 1798795
TI  - Antiparasitic activity of Annona muricata and Annona cherimolia seeds.
AB  - Methanolic extracts of Annona muricata and A. cherimolia (Annonaceae) seeds were
      tested for antiparasitic activity against E. histolytica, N. brasiliensis, M.
      dessetae and A. salina. The acetogenins isolated from these extracts are found to
      be responsible for the important activity on infective larvae of Molinema
      desetae.

PMID- 1798796
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Crinum augustum and Crinum
      bulbispermum.
AB  - The cytotoxic activity of five minor Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and one flavan
      isolated from Crinum augustum Rox and Crinum bulbispermum Milne were tested on
      human leukemic Molt 4 cells. Whereas the crinine-type alkaloids (6 alpha
      hydroxycrinine, powelline) and the new type augustamine did not even inhibit the
      growth of Molt 4 cells, the lycorine-type alkaloid (pratorinine) and the crinine
      type alkaloid (6 alpha-hydroxybuphanisine) showed a moderate cytotoxic activity
      and the flavan (4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavan) showed an important cytotoxic effect.

PMID- 1798797
TI  - Bicascarosides in fluid extracts of cascara.
AB  - Bianthraquinone glycosides are formed during the preparation and conservation of
      fluid extracts of cascara. Analysis of these preparations has shown that up to
      20% of total amount of anthracene glycosides can be dimerized. These dimers are
      devoid of laxative activity. They are absorbed in the intestine and very slowly
      excreted.

PMID- 1798798
TI  - [Sesquiterpenelactones of Achillea setacea with antiphlogistic activity].
AB  - From the aerial parts of Achillea setacea W. & K. (Asteraceae) the main
      sesquiterpenes were isolated. Their structures were determined by means of 2D-NMR
      and MS as 11,13-dehydrodeacetylmatricarin (1) (= 14-deoxylactucin), rupicolin A
      (2), and rupicolin B (3). These are the first compounds with an alpha-methylene
      gamma-lactone structure isolated from a species belonging to the Achillea
      millefolium aggregate. Achillicin, achillin, 8-hydroxyachillin, 8
      acetoxyachillin, and matricin could not be detected in A. setacea. For both
      rupicolin B and 11,13-dehydrodeacetylmatricarin an anti-inflammatory activity was
      found in the croton oil ear test.

PMID- 1798799
TI  - Analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from Echinacea simulata and E.
      paradoxa roots.
AB  - The constituents of the roots of Echinacea simulata and E. paradoxa were examined
      by HPLC. The major lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds could be identified. E.
      paradoxa contained several ketoalkenynes and proved to have almost identical
      constituents as E. pallida. E. simulata contained alkamides as found in E.
      angustifolia and in addition ketoalkenynes as in E. pallida. Echinacoside was
      found in both species.

PMID- 1798800
TI  - Two new 8-oxotetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids, gusanlung A and B, from
      Acangelisia gusanlung.
AB  - Two new 8-oxotetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids, gusanlung A(1) and B(2),
      together with known isoquinoline alkaloids, berberine and jatrorrhizine, were
      isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Acangelisia gusanlung H. S. Lo
      (Menispermaceae). Their structures were elucidated mainly by spectroscopic
      analysis.

PMID- 1798801
TI  - A new active steroidal saponin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.
AB  - A new active steroidal saponin, anemarsaponin B, was isolated from the rhizomes
      of Anemarrhina asphodeloides. The structure of anemarsaponin B was elucidated as
      26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylfurost-20(22)-ene-3 beta, 26-diol-3-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(1----2)-beta-D-galactopyranoside by chemical and spectral
      studies. Preliminary pharmacological tests showed that anemarsaponin B could
      inhibit PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro.

PMID- 1798802
TI  - [Saponins from Thinouia coriacea].
AB  - The investigation of the stems of Thinouia coriacea Britton (Sapindaceae), an
      ichthyotoxic plant from South Brazil, afforded eight glycosides of oleanolic
      acid. Structures were assigned based on data from partial hydrolysis. 13C-NMR and
      mass spectral procedures as 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (1), 3-O-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside+ ++ (2), 3-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (3), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      (1----3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2 )-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (4), 3-O
      alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4 )]-alpha-L
      arabinopyranoside (5), 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl
      (1----2) [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)[alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (6), 3-O-beta
      D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2 )[beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      (1----4)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (8). Saponin 7 showed the same sugars as 8,
      but the attachment between the sugars could not be elucidated. The same saponins
      were present in the roots, but not in the leaves.

PMID- 1798803
TI  - [Triterpene saponins from the Chinese drug "Daxueteng" (Caulis sargentodoxae)].
AB  - From the chinese drug "Daxueteng" (Caulis Sargentodoxae: Sargentodoxa cuneata
      (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.; syn. Holboellia cuneata Oliv.) (Sargentodoxaceae),
      catechin and two known triterpene saponins, rosamultin (7) and kajiichigoside F1
      (8) have been isolated. Some hitherto unknown reaction products of the saponins
      are described. Both 7 and 8 show haemolytic and in vitro antiviral activity.

PMID- 1798804
TI  - [New triterpenoids saponins from Helianthus annuus].
AB  - Three new bisdesmosidic triterpenoid saponins, helianthoside 1(1), 2(2), and
      3(3), were isolated from the flowers of Helianthus annuus L. and a new
      monodesmoside 4 was isolated after the cleavage of the ester-glycosidic linkages
      of 2 and 3. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 13C-NMR, FAB-MS,
      GC/EI-MS of partially methylated alditol acetates and degradation methods.

PMID- 1798805
TI  - 2'-O-acetylpoliumoside: a new phenylpropanoid glycoside from Orobanche ramosa.
AB  - A new phenylpropanoid glycoside, 2'-O-acetylpoliumoside, as well as two known
      compounds--acteoside and 2'-O-acetylacteoside--have been isolated from the aerial
      parts of Orobanche ramosa. The structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic
      methods and supported by chemical evidences.

PMID- 1798806
TI  - 7-caffeoylloganin: an iridoid glucoside from Cassinopsis madagascariensis.

PMID- 1798807
TI  - Inhibition of taxanes on DNA and protein syntheses of tumor cells.

PMID- 1798808
TI  - Folkloric medicinal plants: Tinospora sagittata var. cravaniana and Mahonia
      bealei.

PMID- 1798809
TI  - [The theory of attachment and contemporary psychoanalysis].
AB  - Bowlby considers attachment as a universal bond. It is based on internal models
      which are often viewed as subject to transmission. Representations of attachment
      nonetheless must be described together with representations of the object.
      Intersubjective relationship can be described on a neuro-biological basis but
      constitution of the Self is also determined by representations and fantasies
      produced by the mother's mental scripts.

PMID- 1798810
TI  - [Metapsychological considerations on the model of attachment of J. Bowlby].
AB  - J. Bowlby's thought may be divided into two different aspects. The first one,
      which has had a fertile function in the history of psychoanalysis, emphasizes the
      influence of the real environment on the infant development and, furthermore, it
      shows that the infant attachment to the mother is based on a mutual instinctive
      behaviour, rather than on the oral drive. The second aspect concerns the
      construction of a new theory radically conflicting with metapsychology. Indeed,
      as Bowlby demonstrates, the latter is based on concepts (e.g. drive) incompatible
      with contemporary biology. Nevertheless, I think that these concepts have been
      misunderstood and that metapsychology is still unreplaceable, although it needs
      further developments. For instance, the possibility to base primitive (pre
      object, pre-representational, pre-drive) relationship on metapsychology,
      preserving the economic viewpoint, may be examined carefully.

PMID- 1798811
TI  - [The outcome of anorexia nervosa: a prospective study of 129 patients evaluated
      at least 4 years after their first admission].
AB  - This is a follow-up study with an interval of 4 to 20 years (mean: 11 years) of
      146 cases of anorexia nervosa of which 129 could be contacted. The investigation
      is based on various measures: BPRS scale, HSCL, a chart of clinical assessment
      made by the examiner (10 items), a global self-evaluation by the patient, a
      clinical interview. Results and factors of prognosis are discussed. Our findings
      stress the importance of good outcome on a long term basis but also the potential
      severity of anorexia nervosa with both a death risk and a risk of chronicity. It
      becomes obvious that the major challenge of anorectic conduct are the residual
      disturbances of the personality. These disturbances are mainly difficulties in
      investing and the antagonism between the objectal inclination of these patients
      and the need to protect their narcissistic balance. A posteriori we understand
      the defensive meaning of the anorectic conduct and its value as a reorganizing of
      objectal relations. The psychopathological significance of this conduct, its
      stakes and its therapeutical consequences are discussed.

PMID- 1798812
TI  - [The conditions of interpretation].

PMID- 1798813
TI  - [Some insights on the history of children's drawings].
AB  - Both children's use of drawings and their interpretation in psychopathology have
      a history and even a pre-history. The author comments on the few drawn documents
      he could gather concerning the latter. He examines the birth of children drawings
      in psychology, psychiatry and education at the end of the XIXth century and the
      turn of the XXth. He finally recalls the first traces of its use by
      psychoanalysis, mainly in France. Some excursi are joined relative to the
      conditions of discovery of pre-historic art, to the relationship between modern
      art and child "primitivism", and to the themes of child drawings within cartoons.

PMID- 1798814
TI  - [The development of attachment according to the temperament of the newborn].
AB  - What is the relation between infant temperament and the quality of attachment to
      the mother at one year? A longitudinal study found that irritable babies develop
      an anxious attachment at one year. However, the study of the mother-infant
      interactions showed that temperament at birth influences the mother's attitude,
      in the sense that she became less sensitive. This in turn may explain the child's
      anxious attachment. During a second study, interventions were made with the aim
      to heighten the maternal sensitivity. When compared to a control group, mothers
      of the first group became more sensitive, and their child developed a more secure
      attachment. These results lead to two theoretical questions. Is temperament
      stable? Can the mother's attitude, which shows through her interactions, modify
      the child's temperament? In this case, temperament should be considered, not as a
      fixed characteristic, but as the emotional organization which can be influenced
      by the environment.

PMID- 1798815
TI  - HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - The seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 515 patients
      consecutively admitted to a state psychiatric hospital in New York City was 8.9%.
      There were 365 patients whose results were individually traceable; the remaining
      150 patients were tested anonymously. Risk factors including parenteral drug
      abuse, male homosexual behaviors, and other sexual behaviors were studied in the
      traceable patients. Logistic regressions indicated that parenteral drug abuse was
      the main risk factor in both males and females. In females, two additional
      factors were significant: sex with parenteral drug users or with partners who
      have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and sex with bisexual men.
      Females with bipolar disorders were particularly likely to report sex with
      parenteral drug users or with partners who have AIDS.

PMID- 1798816
TI  - Studies on the serotonin uptake binding site in major depressive disorder and
      control post-mortem brain: neurochemical and clinical correlates.
AB  - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) uptake sites have been measured using the
      selective high affinity uptake inhibitor 3H-citalopram in post-mortem frontal
      cortex from depressed and matched control subjects. The lateralization of these
      sites was assessed in neurologically normal brain. A lower concentration of 3H
      citalopram binding was found in brains from depressed subjects. A nonsignificant
      trend toward a greater attenuation of 5HT uptake sites was observed in brains of
      bipolar cases in the depressed state. No effect of antidepressant treatment or of
      the age at onset of illness was noted. No difference in the binding capacity of
      the 5HT uptake site was noted between hemispheres of normal brains.

PMID- 1798817
TI  - Spontaneous selective attention in schizophrenia.
AB  - A visual word identification task was used to measure the type of selective
      attention that occurs spontaneously when there are multiple stimuli, all
      potentially relevant, and insufficient time to process each of them fully. This
      task presents two words simultaneously, one above the other, for 200 ms, and
      periodically requires the subject to identify either the upper or the lower word.
      We tested schizophrenic patients, manic-depressive patients, and normal controls
      under a baseline divided attention condition with no predictability and then
      introduced a degree of predictability into the upper location that normally
      results in selective attention to the lower nonpredictable location. In both the
      divided attention and the selective attention conditions, the schizophrenic group
      was just as accurate in identifying words as the other two groups, indicating no
      deficit in the rate of information processing. However, spontaneous selective
      attention under conditions of predictability was abnormal in the schizophrenic
      patients: They paid more attention to the predictable than to the nonpredictable
      source of information, consequently processing different, not less, information
      than normal subjects. Abnormal values on a ratio measure of selective attention
      occurred in 85% of the schizophrenic patients compared with only 30% of the manic
      depressives and 20% of the normal subjects.

PMID- 1798818
TI  - Test-retest reliability of the P50 mid-latency auditory evoked response.
AB  - Attenuation in mid-latency auditory evoked responses (MLAERs) can be used to
      study sensory gating. If paired-click stimuli (S1 and S2) are used, lower
      amplitude in response to S2 vs. S1 (attenuation) is considered evidence for
      intact sensory gating. However, the need for reliable measurements of MLAER
      amplitude and attenuation is a recognized problem. Ten normal volunteers were
      studied six times each. An S1 amplitude test-retest reliability coefficient (r)
      of 0.585 was obtained when means of two recordings were used vs. reliability
      coefficients as high as 0.809 for means of six recordings. Averaging a higher
      number of runs (120 vs. 60) resulted in a reliability coefficient of
      0.677/recording. Similar values were obtained for S1 and S2 latencies.
      Reliability coefficients for S2 attenuation (S2/S1) were not nearly as high (a
      value of 0.138 when means of all six recordings were used). The S1 amplitude as
      measured in this study (with 120 averages) appears to be a reliable
      psychophysiologic measurement, but the S2/S1 attenuation measure is more
      variable, perhaps reflecting a greater sensitivity of the S2/S1 to uncontrolled
      variables in this study. Further research to identify such variables is
      necessary.

PMID- 1798819
TI  - The balance of positive and negative affects in major depression: a further test
      of the States of Mind model.
AB  - The States of Mind (SOM) model provided a framework for assessing the balance
      between self-reported positive and negative affects in a sample of 39 outpatients
      with major depression and 43 healthy control subjects. The SOM model proposes
      that healthy functioning is characterized by an optimal balance of positive (P)
      and negative (N) cognitions or affects (P/(P + N) approximately 0.63), and that
      psychopathology is marked by deviations from the optimal balance. Research thus
      far has focused on the functional significance of cognitive rather than affective
      balance. Within this framework, we hypothesized that patients in untreated
      episodes of major depression would balance their positive and negative affects at
      the same level where depressed patients in other studies have balanced their
      positive and negative cognitions--namely, at P/(P + N) approximately 0.37. Points
      and confidence interval (CI) estimation procedures yielded results (mean = 0.35,
      95% CI = 0.30 - 0.40) consistent with this hypothesis in a sample of 39 depressed
      male outpatients. Correlational analysis indicated that affect balance is
      inversely related to symptom severity as measured by self-report (Beck) and
      clinician-rating (Hamilton) scales.

PMID- 1798820
TI  - Adjustment disorders of sleep: the sleep effects of a major stressful event and
      its resolution.
AB  - Seventy volunteers had 3 nights of sleep recordings during a period of marital
      separation, and 61 returned for repeat studies 1 year later. At that time, the
      divorce was final for 42. Forty of the volunteers were depressed when first
      screened, and 30 were not. Initially all those undergoing marital separation had
      less delta sleep than an age-matched married comparison sample. Delta increased
      at followup for those whose divorce was completed. Rapid eye movement (REM)
      latency was reduced and REM percent was elevated only in the depressed. Among the
      not depressed, those whose divorces remained incomplete at the followup had lower
      delta, higher REM percent, and shorter REM latency than did those whose divorces
      were finalized. This suggests that prolonged emotional stress may put these
      subjects at some risk for a mood disorder.

PMID- 1798821
TI  - Psychosocial risk factors distinguishing melancholic and nonmelancholic
      depression: a comparison of six systems.
AB  - We examined six systems or scales designed to distinguish melancholia from
      residual nonmelancholic depressive disorders in a sample of 305 patients. A count
      of the number of significant psychosocial risk factors showed that a clinical
      diagnosis was the most differentiating (19 significant risk factors), followed by
      the Newcastle index (13), DSM-III (10), and the CORE system (10)--the last
      essentially assessing psychomotor change; Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) (7)
      and an endogeneity symptom scale (2) were the least differentiating. A subsample
      of "composite melancholics" was derived, comprising 138 who met "melancholia"
      criteria for DSM-III, RDC, and CORE, and they were contrasted with residual
      depressives. The composite melancholics were older, had had a briefer depressive
      episode, and differed significantly on 12 risk factors, essentially being less
      likely to report deprivational experiences such as deficient parenting and
      dysfunctional marital relationships. We suggest that such a risk factor strategy
      is of potential use in refining the clinical definition of melancholia.

PMID- 1798822
TI  - Using the family history method to distinguish relatives of patients with
      dependent personality disorder from relatives of controls.
AB  - It has long been established that some psychiatric disorders run in families, and
      as a result, the family history method has become an established part of clinical
      and research psychiatry. Although there is much literature on the Axis I
      disorders, there is relatively little on the personality disorders. There are now
      reports that dependent personality can run in families. This report demonstrates
      that a standardized family history method for the DSM-III personality disorder
      clusters can distinguish relatives of dependent personality disorder patients
      from relatives of normal controls on the anxious personality disorder cluster,
      but cannot distinguish them from relatives of a mixed anxiety/depression group
      who do not have personality disorders. Relatives of the mixed anxiety/depression
      group did show a different pattern from the relatives of the dependent
      personality disorder group when all three personality disorder clusters were
      examined. This is the first such finding reported in the literature. Implications
      for future research are discussed.

PMID- 1798823
TI  - Early life precursors of psychiatric outcomes in adulthood in subjects at risk
      for schizophrenia or affective disorders.
AB  - In the New York High-Risk Project (NYHRP), 186 offspring of schizophrenic,
      affectively ill, and psychiatrically normal parents have been followed
      prospectively from 1971-72 to the average age of 27 years in 1990 with the goal
      of identifying early precursors of later psychopathology. In this report, we use
      path analyses to examine the relationship of several life-history variables to
      three pathological outcomes in the offspring: namely, psychosis, psychiatric
      hospitalization, and psychological dysfunction. The chief direct relationship
      with these outcomes is the effect of having a schizophrenic parent. The latter
      effect is also mediated indirectly by IQ.

PMID- 1798824
TI  - Codistribution of a sensory gating deficit and schizophrenia in multi-affected
      families.
AB  - Because the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia has not generally been an
      adequate phenotypic marker to detect the genes that convey risk for
      schizophrenia, efforts have been directed toward the identification of more
      elementary neuronal dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their families.
      Psychophysiological studies of sensory gating and selective attention suggest
      that defects in these brain functions are present in schizophrenic patients and
      some of their relatives. This study examines one of these defects in sensory
      gating, failure to suppress the P50 evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli.
      Six pedigrees, chosen because of the presence of large sibships containing
      several cases of schizophrenia, were studied. A mathematical model was developed
      to assess the familial association of the P50 defect with schizophrenia. The
      model preserves the quantitative nature of the data and is suitable for use in a
      sample with small numbers of pedigrees comprising many individuals. It is thus
      suitable for the evaluation of putative phenotypes in families to be studied by
      linkage analysis with polymorphic genetic markers. The results suggest that the
      P50 defect is familially associated with schizophrenia.

PMID- 1798825
TI  - Dimensional measurement of seasonal variation in mood and behavior.
AB  - Recent epidemiologic studies have found that the behaviors that characterize
      seasonal affective disorder (SAD) show seasonal variation in 92%-95% of the
      general population, suggesting that seasonal variation in behavior and mood is a
      continuous, dimensional variable extending throughout the general population,
      defined at the upper extreme by SAD. Research into population seasonality will
      require a dimensional measure of seasonal variation in mood and behavior that
      produces a broad, finely graded distribution of seasonality scores sensitive to
      individual differences throughout the entire range of scores. Accordingly, the
      Inventory of Seasonal Variation (ISV) was developed as such a measure. This study
      demonstrated that the ISV has high internal structural validity and is highly
      sensitive to individual differences in seasonality across its entire range of
      scores in the normal population. This latter characteristic is not shared by
      other existing measures of seasonality. Initial external validity of the ISV was
      supported in that the mean of ISV scores of a SAD sample was found to lie at the
      97th percentile of the normal population of scores. Analysis of ISV scores
      revealed that a winter pattern of seasonality was reported by over 95% of
      subjects, a pattern that was more pronounced in women than men, while a summer
      type of seasonality was reported by only 0.6% of the general population.

PMID- 1798826
TI  - Deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that a proportion of younger schizophrenic
      patients have the "deficit syndrome," with persistent "negative" symptoms not
      secondary to factors other than the disease process (e.g., depression). Yet,
      there is scant information on the deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic
      patients. We studied 46 schizophrenic patients over age 45. Seventeen met the
      criteria for the deficit syndrome as described by Carpenter et al. (1988), 20
      were considered definite nondeficit patients, and 9 could not be classified. The
      deficit schizophrenic patients had a significantly higher total score on the
      Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms but similar scores on scales for
      positive symptoms, depressive symptoms, and overall psychopathology as compared
      with nondeficit patients. The deficit patients also had a nonsignificantly
      greater impairment on the Halstead-Reitan Battery. One notable difference between
      our results and those of Carpenter et al. was in the prevalence of deficit
      syndrome. We found the prevalence (37%) to be significantly higher than that
      reported in younger patients (15%). Pending confirmation using larger sample
      sizes, the increased frequency of the deficit syndrome in our study could
      possibly be attributed to aging or a longer duration of illness in our subjects.

PMID- 1798827
TI  - Electroencephalographic sleep and cerebral morphology in functional psychoses: a
      preliminary study with computed tomography.
AB  - We investigated the association between cerebral morphology as revealed by
      computed tomography and sleep polysomnographic findings in patients with
      functional psychoses. The third ventricle-brain ratios, caudate ratios, and
      anterior horn ratios were significantly negatively associated with sleep
      maintenance and were positively correlated with rapid eye movement (REM) latency.
      When the effects of illness severity were covaried out, the relation between REM
      latency and anterior horn ratios remained significant. Disturbances in sleep in
      some patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders may be related to
      dysfunction of forebrain structures, and may be similar to those seen in
      dementia.

PMID- 1798828
TI  - Reversal effect of DM-9384 on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in
      certain regions of the mouse brain.
AB  - The effect of a new cognition enhancer, DM-9384, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo
      1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, on regional acetylcholine (ACh) levels and against
      scopolamine-induced ACh depletion was examined in mouse brain. In addition, the
      effects of DM-9384 were compared with those of oxiracetam, physostigmine and
      tacrine. Independent administration of DM-9384 (1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, PO) or
      oxiracetam (10 or 50 mg/kg, PO) to mice had no effect on the ACh level in the
      hippocampus, frontal cortex, amygdala and striatum. Nevertheless, in all brain
      regions, pretreatment with DM-9384 significantly reduced the depletion of ACh
      induced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, IP) in a nondose-related bell-shaped manner.
      By contrast, oxiracetam attenuated the effect of scopolamine in the hippocampus,
      frontal cortex and striatum but not in the amygdala. Physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg,
      SC) significantly increased ACh levels and reversed the scopolamine-induced ACh
      depletion in all brain regions. Unlike physostigmine, tacrine (10 mg/kg, PO)
      increased ACh levels in the striatum but not in the other regions. Tacrine
      reversed the effect of scopolamine in the hippocampus, amygdala and striatum, but
      not in the frontal cortex. In the present study, DM-9384 more effectively
      inhibited scopolamine-induced depletion of ACh levels than the other agents
      tested. The results obtained indicate that the protective action of DM-9384
      against scopolamine-induced amnesia is due to its ability to reverse the ACh
      depletion.

PMID- 1798829
TI  - Discriminative stimulus effects of inhaled cocaine in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - Squirrel monkeys (N = 4) were trained with food reinforcement to press one of two
      levers after administration of IV cocaine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) or the other lever
      after saline. After training, IV cocaine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related
      increases in the percentage of responses on the cocaine lever (ED50 = 0.15
      mg/kg). Cocaine delivered IM also produced dose-related increases in cocaine
      appropriate responding (ED50 = 0.32 mg/kg), but was approximately half as potent
      as IV cocaine. Similar relative potency relations were obtained for decreases in
      response rates produced by cocaine. Prior to some sessions subjects were placed
      in a Plexiglas chamber and exposed for 60 s to cocaine vapor created with an
      ultrasonic nebulizer. Exposure to vapor from cocaine solutions (1.0-30.0 mg/ml)
      produced concentration-dependent increases in cocaine-appropriate responding and
      decreases in response rates. Exposure to vapor from a 30 mg/ml concentration
      produced virtually exclusive cocaine-appropriate responding. Concentration-effect
      curves for inhaled cocaine were similar to dose-effect curves obtained when
      cocaine was administered by the other routes. The time course of the minimally
      effective concentration of inhaled cocaine was compared to that of the minimally
      effective doses of systemically administered cocaine. Inhaled cocaine had a
      duration of action longer than IV cocaine. The results indicate that inhaled
      cocaine vapor has effects qualitatively similar to those of IV cocaine, and may
      have a duration of action longer than that of an IV cocaine dose producing a
      similar degree of drug-appropriate responding.

PMID- 1798830
TI  - Facilitation and inhibition of feeding by a single dose of amphetamine:
      relationship to baseline intake and accumbens cholecystokinin.
AB  - Amphetamine (AMP) administered in high doses suppresses feeding. However, in low
      doses AMP has been shown to both suppress and facilitate feeding. Further, there
      is some indication of individual differences in the feeding response to low doses
      of AMP. Evidence indicates that AMP's effects on feeding are dopamine-mediated
      and that the nucleus accumbens (Acb) may be an important site of action. Of
      interest here is the fact that CCK terminals exist within the Acb and CCK
      modulates DA activity. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of intra-Acb CCK
      administration as a function of individual differences in the feeding response to
      a low dose of systemic AMP. Results indicate that response to AMP was baseline
      dependent. AMP stimulated feeding in low baseline feeders and suppressed feeding
      in high baseline feeders. Intra-Acb CCK blocked the AMP-induced increase in
      feeding but not the AMP-induced anorexia. In experiment 2, the effects of intra
      Acb CCK administration on baseline feeding were assessed. Intra-Acb CCK
      suppressed baseline feeding, but only when there was a high level of intake. It
      is speculated that Acb-DAergic activity may play a role in the observed feeding
      effects of both AMP and CCK.

PMID- 1798831
TI  - Carbachol infusion into the dentate gyrus disrupts sensorimotor gating of startle
      in the rat.
AB  - Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is the decrease in a startle response that occurs when
      the startling stimulus is preceded by a weaker stimulus or "prepulse".
      Schizophrenic patients exhibit abnormally low levels of PPI when the prepulse
      precedes the startle stimulus by less than 500 ms. A similar deficit in
      sensorimotor gating can be demonstrated in rats after stimulation of D2 dopamine
      (DA) receptors by systemic administration of DA agonists or by infusion of DA
      directly into the nucleus accumbens. We now demonstrate that carbachol infusion
      into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation disrupts PPI in the rat. This
      disruption of sensorimotor gating occurs when the startling stimulus is either
      acoustic or tactile. Carbachol infusion into the neocortex has no effect on PPI.
      While pretreatment with the D2 DA receptor antagonist spiperone reverses the
      disruption of PPI caused by systemic administration of apomorphine, this
      pretreatment fails to reverse the disruption of PPI induced by carbachol infusion
      into the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that pharmacologic stimulation of
      the hippocampus disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat by a mechanism distinct
      from that of DA agonists. Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex is an animal
      model in which pharmacologic stimulation of the hippocampus mimics the deficits
      in sensorimotor gating observed in schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 1798832
TI  - Reward-dependent suppression or facilitation of consummatory behaviour by
      raclopride.
AB  - Rats were presented for 1 h with 0.7%, 7% or 34% sucrose solutions, either
      separately with water as an alternative (two-bottle test), or with all three
      concentrations concurrently available (three-bottle test). In trained animals, 7%
      sucrose produced the highest intakes in the two-bottle test, but 34% sucrose was
      preferred in the three-bottle test. In both tests the dopamine D-2 antagonist
      raclopride (100-400 micrograms/kg) reduced intake of 0.7% sucrose solution, but
      increased intake of 34% sucrose; both effects were apparent during the first 5
      min of testing. In the two-bottle test, intake of the intermediate 7%
      concentration showed both effects: an immediate decrease and a later increase. In
      the three-bottle test, sucrose-naive animals showed a gradual onset of preference
      for 34% sucrose, and enhancements of intake by raclopride were not at first
      immediate; immediate enhancements required three sessions of exposure. Raclopride
      did not alter the consumption of a 0.001% solution of quinine. We consider the
      implications of these results for theories of neuroleptic drug action.

PMID- 1798833
TI  - Triazolam-induced sleep in the rat: influence of prior sleep, circadian time, and
      light/dark cycles.
AB  - Rats entrained to 12-h on /12-h off light schedule and injected with triazolam
      0.4 mg/kg at the mid-point of their activity phase (6 h after lights out:
      circadian time = CT-18) had a stronger hypnotic response than animals free
      running in constant dark injected at the equivalent circadian time. In contrast,
      entrained rats injected 5 h after lights on (CT-5) showed increased wake after
      injection relative to baseline, largely due to REM sleep inhibition. Hypnotic
      efficacy was found to be inversely related to prior accumulated sleep. During the
      6 h before injection, entrained rats injected at CT-18 slept significantly less
      than the free-running rats, which in turn slept significantly less than entrained
      rats injected at CT-5. Taken together, the results suggest that the amount of
      prior sleep was a more important influence on the response to triazolam than
      either light/dark per se or circadian phase. Methodologically, automated sleep
      scoring was found to be an efficient method for examining drug effects,
      particularly when corroborated by concurrent independent physiological variables
      and spectral analysis.

PMID- 1798834
TI  - Differential involvement of CCK-A and CCK-B receptors in the regulation of
      locomotor activity in the mouse.
AB  - The influence of the CCK-A antagonist devazepide and the CCK-B/gastrin antagonist
      L-365,260 on the locomotor activity of mice was studied. Devazepide and L-365,260
      had opposite effects on spontaneous locomotor activity, and on caerulein- and
      apomorphine-induced hypomotility in the mouse. Devazepide in high doses (0.1-1
      mg/kg IP) reduced spontaneous motor activity, whereas L-365,260 at a high dose (1
      mg/kg IP) increased the activity of mice. Devazepide (0.1-10 micrograms/kg)
      moderately antagonized the sedative effect of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg SC) and
      caerulein (25 micrograms/kg SC), whereas L-365,260 (1-10 micrograms/kg)
      significantly potentiated the actions of dopamine and CCK agonists. Concomitant
      administration of caerulein (15 micrograms/kg SC) and apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg SC)
      caused an almost complete loss of locomotor activity in the mouse. Devazepide and
      L-365,260 (0.1-10 micrograms/kg) were completely ineffective against caerulein
      induced potentiation of apomorphine hypomotility. Devazepide in high doses (0.1-1
      mg/kg), reducing the spontaneous motor activity of mice, counteracted the motor
      excitation induced by d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg IP). The CCK agonist caerulein (100
      micrograms/kg SC) had a similar antiamphetamine effect. Devazepide (1-100
      micrograms/kg) and L-365,260 (1 micrograms/kg) reversed completely the
      antiamphetamine effect of caerulein. The results of present study reflect
      apparently distinct role of CCK-A and CCK-B receptors in the regulation of motor
      activity. The opposite effect of devazepide and L-365,260 on caerulein- and
      apomorphine-induced hypolocomotion is probably related to the antagonistic role
      of CCK-A and CCK-B receptor subtypes in the regulation of mesencephalic
      dopaminergic neurons. The antiamphetamine effect of caerulein is possibly linked
      to the stimulation of CCK-A receptors in the mouse brain, whereas the blockade of
      both subtypes of the CCK-8 receptor is involved in the antiamphetamine effect of
      devazepide.

PMID- 1798836
TI  - Alprazolam versus buspirone in the treatment of outpatients with generalized
      anxiety disorder.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of alprazolam and buspirone for treating generalized
      anxiety disorder (GAD) were compared in a 6-week, double-blind, randomized,
      placebo-controlled study of 94 outpatients. Mean daily doses at the end of the
      study were 1.9 mg alprazolam and 18.7 mg buspirone. As judged by the Hamilton
      Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Physician's Global
      Improvement Scale, and other efficacy scales, alprazolam and buspirone were
      similar in efficacy, but more effective than placebo, for treating anxiety and
      depression symptoms in these patients. Clinically important differences were
      noted between drugs in the onset of effect, with alprazolam producing rapid and
      sustained improvement within the first week of treatment and buspirone producing
      more gradual, continuous improvement throughout the study. Significantly more
      buspirone-treated than alprazolam-treated patients failed to complete the study,
      primarily because of side effects or inefficacy. No clinically important
      differences were noted between alprazolam and buspirone in side effects, vital
      signs, or laboratory test results. Alprazolam-treated patients most frequently
      reported central nervous system-related side effects (drowsiness and sedation),
      while buspirone-treated patients most frequently reported gastrointestinal system
      related side effects (appetite disturbances and abdominal complaints).

PMID- 1798835
TI  - Differential sensitivity of CNS regions to acetylcholinesterase inhibition
      following chronic low-dose soman treatment in the rat.
AB  - Several discrete brain regions were analyzed for regional brain sensitivity to
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition following administration of repeated low
      dose soman (39 micrograms/kg, SC; once daily for 5 days). The same brain regions
      were also assayed on days 3 through 7 after the last injection of soman, to
      examine possible recovery of AChE. The observed regional brain sensitivity to
      AChE inhibition can be described in the following order: frontal cortex =
      piriform cortex greater than hippocampus = cerebellum = thalamus greater than
      striatum = hypothalamus. Most brain areas showed only a small recovery from this
      inhibition through the seventh day following the last soman injection. The
      progressive nature of the AChE inhibition during the week of soman administration
      and the failure to find a significant interaction between injection and day
      indicates that tolerance to soman exposure did not develop in this paradigm. The
      protocol described here appears to provide a useful method to study prophylactic
      measures for low-dose repeated soman exposure and evaluation of differential CNS
      inhibition and recovery from AChE inhibition.

PMID- 1798837
TI  - Effects of long-term administration of imipramine on reticular-elicited
      hippocampal rhythmical slow activity.
AB  - All anxiolytics so far tested show a common reduction in the frequency of
      reticular-elicited hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA). The present
      experiments tested whether imipramine, an antidepressant drug which has also been
      used to treat generalized anxiety disorders, shares the common characteristics of
      anxiolytics on hippocampal RSA. Rats implanted with reticular stimulating
      electrodes and subicular recording electrodes received both acute and chronic
      injection of different doses of imipramine. Only relatively high doses (20 and 30
      mg/kg, IP) of imipramine produced a reduction in RSA frequency after a single
      administration. Long-term administration of 20 mg/kg (but not 10 mg/kg, IP)
      imipramine induced an increase in baseline RSA frequency but there was no change
      in the acute frequency-reducing effect of the drug. These results suggest that
      changes in hippocampal RSA reflect different mechanisms of action for chronic
      versus acute treatment with antidepressant. It is possible that, at high doses,
      apparently anxiolytic effects of imipramine may be mediated by similar mechanisms
      to conventional anxiolytic drugs.

PMID- 1798838
TI  - Chronic antidepressant counteracts the conditioned analgesia induced by a context
      previously associated with inescapable shock.
AB  - Rats exposed to a context previously paired with an inescapable shock session
      showed an increase in the paw lick and escape latencies in the hotplate test.
      This analgesic response was clearly reversed following chronic antidepressant
      drug administration. These findings indicate that chronic antidepressant
      treatment can influence the biological processes involved in the inescapable
      shock-induced conditioned analgesia.

PMID- 1798839
TI  - A comparison of the effects of scopolamine and diazepam on working memory.
AB  - Two drug models of memory dysfunction, namely the benzodiazepine and the
      cholinergic models, have emerged from the considerable number of studies which
      have examined drug effects on information processing. The reported impairments
      produced by administration of compounds from these two families appear to be more
      similar than dissimilar, and to date, direct comparisons on traditional memory
      tasks have failed to differentiate the models. This study compared the effects of
      diazepam and scopolamine on tasks associated with separable components of working
      memory. The results indicate that this model also fails to discriminate between
      the drug models; both compounds selectively impaired tasks associated with the
      central executive mechanism and failed to disrupt tasks associated with the
      articulatory loop or the visuospatial scratchpad.

PMID- 1798840
TI  - [Epidural analgesia. A first-line therapy in trauma and thoracic surgery].

PMID- 1798841
TI  - [Hemodynamic repercussion of epidural bupivacaine in thoracic injuries].
AB  - Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of 8 to 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine
      containing 1:200,000 adrenaline administered at the midthoracic level were
      prospectively assessed in 20 patients (aged 45 +/- 16 years) with thoracic trauma
      presenting 6 +/- 2 rib fractures and pulmonary contusion of different extent and
      radiologic density. The study was carried out at comparable evolving times, 24 h
      after trauma, during the second or third day of treatment, and when the
      hemodynamic stability of the patient was achieved. Hemodynamic measurements were
      performed before and 30 min after administration of the analgesic agent using a
      Swan-Ganz catheter. The results indicate that administration of moderate doses of
      epidural bupivacaine at the middle thoracic level in patients with normovolemic
      thoracic traumatism were not followed by alterations in the hemodynamic function
      except for a slight decrease in systemic arterial and pulmonary pressure. The
      mean arterial pressure decreased by 8% (p less than 0.05), the cardiac index
      showed a 4% reduction (p = 0.05), and the mean pulmonary pressure experienced a
      14% decrease (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 1798842
TI  - [Continuous epidural perfusion of morphine and bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy
      analgesia. Comparison between thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia].
AB  - Relief of postoperative pain and the incidence of side effects occurring after
      continuous epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine were evaluated in
      patients undergoing a thoracotomy. We also studied the relevance of a close
      proximity of the epidural catheter to the metameric segment were the pain
      originated. The study involves 17 patients divided into two groups. In one series
      (lumbar group) (LG) the catheter was located at the lumbar region and in the
      other series (thoracic group) (TG) the catheter was localized at the thoracic
      area. The study was carried out during the first 48 hours following surgery.
      Bupivacaine 2% and 0.2 mg/ml of morphine hydrochloride were administered at an
      initial rate of 1.5 ml/h. The total dose required for pain relief was greater in
      LG than in TG (p less than 0.05). There were no significant group differences in
      the hemodynamic and respiratory parameters measured in this study. Only
      respiratory rate was occasionally lower in LG. Three patients presented
      postoperative atelectasis (2 in TG and 1 in LG) and required bronchoscopy. One
      patient of LG complained pruritus and another one of the same group presented
      nausea and vomiting. The epidural perfusion was interrupted in only one patient
      of TG due to the presence of arterial hypotension. The association of narcotics
      and local anesthetics in continuous epidural perfusion was an excellent method
      for achieving pain relief with minimum side effects. We conclude that both
      thoracic and lumbar epidural routes are advisable for post-thoracotomy pain
      relief.

PMID- 1798843
TI  - [Incidence of post-dural puncture headache using the 24G "pencil tip" needle.
      Prospective study in 100 young patients].
AB  - We studied the incidence of headache after dural punction using a "pencil-tip"
      24G needle in 100 patients aged 15 to 55 years (mean 31.4 years) undergoing
      surgical interventions that allowed early physical activity. The study variables
      were age, sex, anesthetic agent, and previous history of headache. All patients
      received 1,500 ml of Ringer lactate during the peroperative period and after 48
      hours the presence of headache was investigated. Headache was not observed in any
      case. We conclude that the pencil-tip 24G needle has been effective in the
      prevention of headache after dural punction particularly in young patients, who
      are traditionally considered to be at risk.

PMID- 1798844
TI  - [Ineffectiveness of arterial pressure measurement and cardiac rate in detecting
      hypoxemia in the postanesthetic period].
AB  - The purpose of the study was to analyze the hemodynamic response to hypoxemia
      induced during the first postoperative hour. We studied 151 patients who
      underwent general anesthesia for elective surgery. Arterial saturation of
      oxyhemoglobin (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and systolic arterial pressure (SAP)
      during respiration with atmospheric air were measured 20 min and 80 min after
      admission at the recovery room. We compared HR and SAP between hypoxemic (SpO2
      less than or equal to 90%) and non-hypoxemic patients (SpO2 greater than 90%) and
      we did not find significant differences. SpO2 failed to correlate with HR or with
      SAP in any of the time samples. This lack of correlation was also observed
      between patients with or without halogenated anesthetic treatment. Our results
      indicate that the possible inhibitory effect of anesthesia on hemodynamic
      response to hypoxemia lasts at least during the first postoperative hour and it
      does not depend on the administration of halogenated anesthetics. We also
      conclude that postoperative hemodynamic stability is not an accurate index of the
      status of arterial oxygenation.

PMID- 1798845
TI  - [Effect of dobutamine on the transport and consumption of oxygen during general
      anesthesia with enflurane].
AB  - We undertook a comparative study on the effects of dobutamine and placebo on
      hemodynamic parameters, O2 transport (DO2), O2 consumption (VO2, and acid lactic
      production during peripheral arterial surgery under general anesthesia with
      enflurane at a constant inspiratory concentration (1.2%). This study involved 18
      patients older than 65 years (9 patients allocated in the dobutamine group and 9
      in the placebo group). The hemodynamic course was monitorized by means of
      noninvasive methods such as the aortic output measured by continuous
      transoesophageal echo-Doppler. After introduction of enflurane into the circuit
      aortic output decreased by 39% in dopamine group and 36% in placebo. Total
      systemic vascular resistances increased by 52% in dopamine and by 48% in placebo
      treatment. DO2 showed a decrease of 39% in dopamine and 38% in placebo group.
      There were no appreciable differences in VO2 among the two groups. Recovery of
      hemodynamic parameters and DO2 was only observed in the dopamine group when the
      drug was perfused at a rate of 4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/kg/min. Dobutamine induced a
      transient increase of VO2 up to 225% of the baseline value. During the
      postanesthetic period VO2 and blood acid lactic were significantly higher in the
      dopamine than in the placebo group (192%, p less than 0.01 and 33%, p less than
      0.05, respectively). The course of hemodynamic parameters, DO2, VO2, and blood
      acid lactic of dobutamine group appear to demonstrate that dobutamine perfusion
      reverts myocardial depression and improves cellular perfusion during general
      anesthesia with enflurane.

PMID- 1798846
TI  - [Bilateral ossification of the earlobes. Addisonian crisis in the postoperative
      period].
AB  - Case report. A 53 year-old male patient was scheduled for surgical resection of
      biliary lithiasis and correction of anal fistula. He had previous history of
      repetitive biliary colics and appendicectomy at the age of 34 with undetermined
      anesthetic complications. Under epidural anesthesia with 270 mg of mepivacaine at
      the L1-L2 level cholecystectomy and fistulectomy was performed with any immediate
      surgical or postoperative complication. Eighteen hours after surgery the patient
      presented clinical signs of shock with systolic arterial pressure between 40 and
      50 mmHg. This clinical situation associated with the finding of hard ear auricles
      with radiologic signs of calcification allowed to suspect the presence of an
      addisonian crisis. Clinical recovery was obtained with corticosteroid therapy: a
      bolus of 500 mg of methylprednisolone followed by 40 mg every 8 hours. The
      postoperative period was therefore uneventful. Examination of suprarenal function
      demonstrated the presence of Addison disease. Calcification of ear auricles is an
      uncommon clinical sign which is associated to local traumatisms, gout, and
      several endocrine diseases. The presence of ear auricle calcification in
      postoperative patients with shock should lead to consider the possibility of
      addisonian crisis.

PMID- 1798848
TI  - [Unexpected heart arrest under epidural anesthesia].

PMID- 1798847
TI  - [Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics].

PMID- 1798849
TI  - [Spinal anesthesia for delivering in a patient with dermatomyositis].

PMID- 1798851
TI  - [An intraoperative complication of tracheostomy: the injury of the innominate
      artery].

PMID- 1798850
TI  - [Postoperative hypotension and enalapril].

PMID- 1798852
TI  - [Photocontrol of the synthesis of chlorophyll a and phycocyanin in the
      cyanobacterium Calothrix crustacea Schousboe].
AB  - Chlorophyll a and phycocyanin synthesis in the cyanobacterium Calothrix crustacea
      Schousboe (ecophene Rivularia bullata) have been studied in white light after the
      application of red and green light pulses. The light quality produces a
      complementary pattern in the pigment synthesis. Chlorophyll synthesis is
      stimulated by red light pulses whereas phycocyanin synthesis is by green light
      pulses. Because the effect of red light on chlorophyll synthesis shows some far
      red photoreversibility, the action of phytochrome is proposed. The green light
      effect on phycocyanin synthesis is only partially reversed by far-red light. This
      reversion is lost after incubation in white light for two hours. The effect of
      green light on phycocyanin synthesis could not only be due to phytochrome since
      theoretically in green light the level of the active form of phytochrome is lower
      than in red light. Thus, the action of a specific green light photoreceptor is
      proposed.

PMID- 1798853
TI  - [Changes in erythrocyte membrane proteins in patients with cirrhosis].
AB  - The serum and erythrocyte membrane proteins of patients with cirrhosis were
      studied. Recent work on abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane resulted in the
      identification of several types of membrane skeleton lesions. The different
      techniques for separation of membrane proteins have been revised and compared.
      These were studied on slabs using the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and discontinuous
      buffer system with a linear concentration gradient of 5-15% (w/v). Serum proteins
      were separated by using continuous buffer system with a linear concentration
      gradient of 4-30%. A decreased in serum and red cell membrane proteins in those
      patients, were observed.

PMID- 1798854
TI  - Effects of in vivo and in vitro exposure to bromocriptine on testicular LH
      receptors and in vitro testosterone production in Syrian hamsters.
AB  - The effects of in vivo and in vitro exposure to bromocriptine (CB-154) were
      studied in testes of Syrian hamsters. In animals treated for two days with CB
      154, a decrease in LH receptors (LH-R) was observed, with a greater decrease
      being measured in hamsters treated for 14 days, when compared with controls.
      Injection of HCG caused, in hamsters treated with CB-154 for 14 days, up
      regulation of LH-R and increased testosterone synthesis in response to HCG
      administration in vitro. These changes were not observed in the two other groups
      of animals. When testis fragments were incubated with CB-154, those incubated
      with a large dose (10 micrograms/ml) had a normal pattern of response to HCG, and
      those incubated with a small dose (1 ng/ml) had a smaller maximum response. These
      actions are similar to those observed in men treated with CB-154. It can be
      therefore concluded that: a) CB-154 has a direct effect on the testes; b) it
      probably is through modulation of LH-R synthesis; c) Syrian hamsters probably
      represent the best model for the study of the effects of CB-154 on the testes;
      and d) the possibility of using CB-154 as an adjuvant of gonadotropin treatment
      in hypogonadism has to be considered.

PMID- 1798855
TI  - Small bowel and colon glucose absorption study in rats by an adaptation of Sols
      and Ponz method.
AB  - An adaptation of the Sols and Ponz method for the study of glucose intestinal
      absorption was developed by considering the special conditions of our line
      research. The glucose absorption was studied in proximal jejunum, distal ileum
      and distal colon in Wistar rat. The main adaptations in the method for successive
      absorptions with intestinal perfusions in vivo were the length of the intestinal
      segment and the change of the pumping system. The results are very similar to
      those obtained with the original method.

PMID- 1798856
TI  - Direct action of ethanol on pituitary prolactin secretion in vitro.
AB  - The effect of ethanol on prolactin release in vitro has been studied in order to
      investigate the direct action of ethanol on pituitary gland of the female rats.
      Animals were sacrificed in diestrus 2 and pituitary glands were incubated in TC
      199 medium containing dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, TRH or cycloheximide
      with or without ethanol. The total amount of prolactin after the incubation
      period was calculated. Alcohol significantly increased the prolactin release in
      all groups. Cycloheximide and dopamine decreased the prolactin synthesis, but
      ethanol reduced the effect of dopamine. It is concluded that part of ethanol
      induced hyperprolactinaemia, is due to a direct action of the alcohol on
      pituitary, affecting release and/or synthesis of prolactin.

PMID- 1798857
TI  - [L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine in the cerebral tissues of the adult rat.
      Effect of hypothyroidism].
AB  - The L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine concentrations in several brain areas
      (cerebral cortex, brain stem, hypothalamus, total brain and hypophysis) in normal
      and hypothyroid rats have been studied. Results show that L-thyroxine values at
      tissue level are inferior in the hypothyroid group, although non-significant with
      respect to the control group, whereas L-triiodothyronine presents values similar
      to the hypothyroid group and its control in all the brain regions studied with
      the exception of hypophysis. These results show that in hypothyroid situations
      exist a compensatory mechanism for maintaining the adequate L-triiodothyronine
      levels in several brain areas, although the serum levels are strongly decreased
      in hypothyroid animals.

PMID- 1798858
TI  - Complement, circulating immunocomplexes and autoantibodies after ionizing
      radiation exposure.
AB  - The short- and long-term effects of whole body irradiation by a single dose (4Gy)
      on some immunological parameters in mice have been studied. The results showed a
      transitory but significant impairment of classical activity of complement, high
      incidence of anti nuclear, anti gastric parietal cells and anti smooth muscle
      autoantibodies, and circulating immunocomplexes in sera on irradiated mice. These
      immunological changes could be related to complications developed as late
      manifestations of radiation effects.

PMID- 1798859
TI  - [Effect of dehydration on CRH and vasotocin in the median eminence of the snake
      Natrix maura].

PMID- 1798860
TI  - [Usefulness and risks of transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      infections].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To define the diagnostic usefulness and the risks of the transtracheal
      aspirate in a group of patients studied at the National Institute of Nutrition in
      Mexico City. DESIGN: It is a retrospective and descriptive analysis of a group of
      patients in whom a transtracheal aspiration (TTA) was performed due to suspicion
      of pulmonary infection. The study period was from 1983 to 1987. PATIENTS: On the
      study period 137 patients were submitted to a TTA; the clinical files of 126 of
      the cases were considered suitable for analysis. RESULTS: The procedure was
      performed because of a suspected bacterial pneumonia in 80% of the cases, and to
      study an interstitial infiltrate or pulmonary nodules in 14% and 6%,
      respectively. In the cases in which a bacterial pneumonia was suspected, the TTA
      had a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 95% when compared against a group
      of clinical, radiologic and microbiological data. Sensitivity increased to 84%
      when the patients who received antibiotics prior to the procedure were excluded.
      The specificity of the sputum's culture was sensibly less in this same group of
      patients. The TTA proved to be of value in five of nine pulmonary tuberculosis,
      two of three pulmonary mycoses and three of seven P. carinii pneumonias. Adverse
      events were noted in 6.3% of the cases; none of them was fatal, and specific
      corrective measures were necessary in only two patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      agree with previous reports related to the usefulness of the TTA on patients with
      a suspected bacterial pneumonia. Our specificity is higher than that seen by
      other authors: we believe this is due to the low incidence of chronic respiratory
      diseases in the patients who attend our hospital. Transtracheal aspirate can be a
      valuable alternative in the diagnosis of non-bacterial pulmonary infections when
      the elective procedures cannot be performed. A modification on the technique is
      proposed to increase its usefulness in patients with interstitial pneumonia.

PMID- 1798861
TI  - Reduced dopaminergic inhibition of thyrotropin release in hyperprolactinemic
      ovulatory women.
AB  - It has been suggested that menstrual irregularities in hyperprolactinemia are
      secondary to an increase in hypothalamic dopaminergic activity via a short loop
      positive feedback of prolactin (PRL). We have studied this question in a
      relatively new syndrome characterized by hyperprolactinemia without derangements
      of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function due to macroprolactinemia
      (abnormal high amounts of big-big PRL). Central dopaminergic activity was
      investigated by the administration of the dopamine antagonist domperidone to
      normal women (n = 7) and women with anovulatory (n = 6) and ovulatory
      hyperprolactinemia (n = 2). The effects of domperidone were evaluated in all
      subjects by the measurements of radioimmunoassayable circulating serum PRL and
      TSH levels. All subjects had a significant increase in serum PRL levels after 90
      min of domperidone administration. Anovulatory hyperprolactinemic subjects showed
      the highest response to domperidone in terms of TSH, whereas normal women and
      women with ovulatory hyperprolactinemia had similar increments in TSH serum
      levels after the administration of the dopamine antagonist. These results support
      the observation that an increase of hypothalamic dopaminergic activity in
      hyperprolactinemia may account in part for the presence of menstrual
      irregularities. The presence of a similar pituitary responsiveness in terms of
      TSH to domperidone in normal and ovulatory hyperprolactinemic women suggests a
      similar hypothalamic dopaminergic activity in both group of subjects. These
      findings might offer an explanation for the coexistence of normal ovulatory
      cycles in spite of hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 1798862
TI  - [Hepatic abscess: image-guided percutaneous drainage. Technique and indications].
AB  - Six patients underwent image-guided percutaneous drainage of liver abscesses at
      the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion (a tertiary care referral center in Mexico
      City) in a seven month period. These patients were closely followed in order to
      evaluate appropriate indications for percutaneous drainage as well as techniques,
      complications and clinical evolution. Our study group included five males and one
      female; their mean age was 44.4 years (28-63) and the mean hospitalization time
      24.3 days (10-34). We found multiple liver abscesses in three patients, and
      solitary abscesses in three, two in the left lobe and one in the right lobe.
      Considering the largest diameter, mean abscess size was 13.7 cm. The most
      important clinical symptoms were: fever, abdominal pain and malaise, and the most
      significant laboratory abnormalities were anemia, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis
      and high alkaline phosphatase serum levels. Etiology could be determined in three
      cases, two were pyogenic abscesses and one amebic. Percutaneous drainage was
      successful in five out of our six patients (83.3%). Complications included one
      subcapsular hematoma, without hemodynamic consequences, and one patient with
      severe upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage who required surgery, but we could
      not entirely demonstrate that the bleeding episode was directly related to the
      percutaneous drainage.

PMID- 1798863
TI  - [Postprandial lipemia in the non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patient.
      Effect of gemfibrozil].
AB  - The postprandial (PP) elevations in triglyceride rich lipoproteins are
      potentially atherogenic. To describe the characteristics of PP lipemia after a
      fat load in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and evaluate the
      response to a fibric acid derivative, seven males with NIDDM were studied for 12
      hours after the ingestion of a fat load (65 g of fat/square meter of body
      surface). Plasma glucose, and triglycerides and cholesterol levels were measured
      in total plasma and in the different lipoprotein fractions. The fat load study
      was repeated after four weeks of treatment with gemfibrozil (GEM) 600 mg x 2. PP
      triglyceridemia correlated significantly with the fasting triglyceride
      concentrations. Basal triglyceride levels diminished significantly with the use
      of gemfibrozil and so did the magnitude of the PP triglyceridemia. Otherwise the
      curve patterns of lipemia were similar before and after the use of the fibrate;
      only the triglyceridemia persisted for a longer period of time. Patients with
      NIDDM may have a significant PP lipemia which is not likely related to the
      diabetes per se as to the increased triglyceride levels frequently observed in
      these patients.

PMID- 1798864
TI  - [Desiccated rattlesnake capsules: a potential source of gram-negative bacterial
      infection].
AB  - The ingestion of rattlesnake powder capsules is frequent in Mexico in view of
      their alleged curative properties in various diseases, among them different
      malignancies. Based on previous reports showing both bacteremia and septicemia in
      patients with malignant diseases ingesting such capsules, we conducted a study to
      evaluate the presence of microorganisms in 16 different preparations of
      rattlesnake powder capsules, obtained in six different cities of our country. We
      found that all the samples were significantly contaminated with gram-negative
      coliform bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter
      agglomerans, E. cloacae, Salmonella arizona and Salmonella of groups B, E4 and G.
      Eighty one percent of the capsules were contaminated with Salmonella sp. The most
      frequent was S. arizona with a natural reservoir in snakes. Contamination was
      probably derived from both the flesh of the snake and fecal contamination during
      the domestic preparation of the powder to produce the capsules. These data,
      together with those previously published regarding bacteremia and septicemia
      derived from the ingestion of the capsules, suggests that there is danger in
      their use.

PMID- 1798865
TI  - [In vitro comparison of ciprofloxacin with other antibiotics against
      multiresistant gram-negative bacilli].
AB  - In 2784 specimens submitted to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the
      Instituto Nacional de Neurologia from May 1989 to January 1990, 140 (5.0%) had
      gram negative bacilli (GNB) resistant to five or more antibiotics. One hundred
      different isolates recovered from urine, tracheal aspirates, blood, cerebrospinal
      fluid, surgical wound infections and other sites were studied. Pseudomonas spp,
      Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli accounted for 86% of
      the total. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests with the NCCLS method revealed 59
      to 67% of isolates susceptible to amikacin, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime.
      Sixteen to 30% were inhibited by piperacillin, cefoperazone and cefotaxime. Less
      than 10% were susceptible to carbenicillin, tobramycin, gentamicin, cephalothin
      and ampicillin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to amikacin and
      ciprofloxacin were determined by broth macrotube dilution in Mueller-Hinton broth
      supplemented with Ca and Mg ions with a 5 x 10(5) cfu/mL inocula. MIC of 16 ug/mL
      or less for amikacin was found in 39% of the isolates; MIC 50 was 32 ug/mL and
      MIC 90 greater than 64 ug/mL. Ciprofloxacin had MIC 50 of 1 ug/mL and an MIC 90
      greater than 4 ug/mL. Higher MICs to ciprofloxacin were seen in Pseudomonas spp.

PMID- 1798866
TI  - [The transfer of critically ill patients].
AB  - Critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit or an emergency ward,
      frequently need to be transported to different areas within the hospital in order
      to perform diagnostic procedures. An increased mortality and morbidity risk has
      been found associated with the transportation of these patients. In order to
      investigate the effect of the intra-hospitalary transport of our patients on
      their clinical status this study was conducted. We studied 12 patients admitted
      to the intensive care unit or the emergency ward; all were on mechanical-assisted
      ventilation and had been stable for at least six hours prior to transportation.
      Blood gas and hemodynamic measurements were obtained before, immediately after
      and thirty minutes after transportation. The most significant changes seen
      immediately in our patients were an increase in PaCO2 (30.8 +/- 7.35 vs 35.6 +/-
      7.49, p less than 0.02) and a decrease in pH (7.36 +/- 0.08 vs 7.31 +/- 0.05, p
      less than 0.02). Patients with higher pH values prior to their transportation had
      the most significant change towards acidosis (r = -0.79). All changes reversed
      thirty minutes after reinstallation of the mechanical ventilation. There was no
      change in the hemodynamic measurements. We conclude that the transportation of
      critically ill patients within a hospital is fairly safe if patients are
      previously stabilized.

PMID- 1798867
TI  - [Usefulness of drug holiday in patients with Parkinson's disease of more than 5
      years of development].
AB  - We studied 15 patients with Parkinson's disease of 40 to 70 years of age; they
      had more than five years of evolution and of using levodopa. They had "on-off",
      "wearing-off" phenomena and dyskinesia. The duration of therapy suspension was
      seven days: they were evaluated daily in the seven days, and every month for six
      months. The Webster and the Hoehn and Yahr scales were used. Only two patients
      did not show significant improvement. Thirteen of fifteen patients showed a
      significant decrease in the Webster scale of up to 8 points. A p value of 0.005
      was found at three months which was maintained until the sixth month with a p
      value of 0.0005; a decrease in this scale was present since the first month.
      There were no complications following therapy withdrawal. There was a decreased
      related to depression in most of them and also there was a levodopa dose decrease
      in seven of them.

PMID- 1798868
TI  - [Results of the participation of resident physicians in the surgical treatment of
      gallbladder lithiasis].
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of resident
      participation in the results of surgical treatment in 1149 consecutive patients
      operated for biliary disease between January, 1980 and December, 1987 at the
      Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran". Patients were divided in
      three groups: GROUP I. 640 cases treated by surgical residents under a senior
      surgeon supervision. GROUP II. 168 patients operated by the chief surgical
      resident. GROUP III. 341 patients treated by senior staff surgeons. Age, sex and
      risk factors were similar between groups. Residents performed more operative
      cholangiograms (p less than 0.05). In general, senior surgeons performed more
      transduodenal sphincteroplasties (p less than 0.05) and other additional
      procedures like appendectomies and gastrostomies during the same surgery. Wound
      infection was more frequent in group III patients (p less than 0.005) but there
      was no significant clinical difference in other postoperative complications like
      intraabdominal abscess, bile fistula, wound dehiscence, intraabdominal bleeding,
      iatrogenic injury of the biliary tract, and residual common duct stone. The
      duration of the in-hospital convalescence period was similar in all three groups.
      The mortality rate for the total series was 2.2%. In group II there were more
      patients affected for acute cholecystitis, and more patients died postoperatively
      (p = less than 0.01). We may consider this difference attributable to the more
      complex patients handled by the chief resident. Mortality rate among patients
      with chronic biliary tract disease was less than 1%. We were not able to
      demonstrate any significant difference in mortality and complication rates
      between those patients operated by residents, chief residents and senior
      surgeons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798869
TI  - [Cost-benefit of the Schilling test using cobalt-57].
AB  - Our purpose in the present publication is to determine the cost-benefit relation
      of the Schilling test used to measure the intestinal absorption of radioactive
      vitamin B12. The 60Co-B12 urinary excretion Schilling test was first reported in
      1953, and five years later it was being performed at the National Institute of
      Nutrition (INNSZ) in Mexico City. It was performed in its original version until
      1969 and from 1970 to 1980, the direct absorption was measured with a whole-body
      counter. For the last nine years we have used the Schilling test with 57Co
      labeled cyanocobalamin. From January 1981 through March 1990, 240 of these tests
      were carried out in 120 patients. The results were tabulated and compared with
      their clinical diagnosis. We analyzed our laboratory and labor costs. An oral
      dose of 0.5 micrograms of vitamin B12 labelled with 18.5 Bq of 57Co is taken by
      the fasting patients and two hours later one mg of standard B12 vitamin is
      injected. Urine is collected for 48 hours and the radioactivity is measured in a
      scintillation counter. Three days later the test is repeated with an additional
      oral dose of intrinsic factor (IF). The total expense is calculated using the
      following factors: the cost of the imported radioactive vitamin, IF capsules,
      parenteral B12 vitamin, syringes, equipment use and its depreciation, laboratory
      material, and salaries for the professional and administrative
      personnel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1798870
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human secretory immunoglobulin A in
      parotid saliva.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the double antibody
      sandwich method, was developed to quantify human secretory immunoglobulin A
      (sIgA) in saliva samples obtained from the parotid gland. The system consisted
      in: coating antibody (anti-IgA) at 2.5 micrograms/mL, enzyme-antibody conjugate
      (anti-IgA-SC-HRP) at 1/40,000 dilution in a 15 min enzyme-substrate reaction.
      Standard curves, prepared with sIgA purified from human colostrum, were
      consistently linear from 10 to 2500 ng/mL, which represents the sensitivity and
      saturation limits of the assay, respectively. This assay has a reproducibility
      ranging from 12% to 20% with samples of different concentration of sIgA, and an
      accuracy ranging from 95.7% to 106.7%, compared to radial immunodiffusion (RID).
      This system was specific for sIgA, since no reaction occurred with exogenously
      added human purified IgG, IgM or albumin, nor with the proteins in the detection
      system. The main features of this ELISA are: a) it is highly specific and
      sensitive for sIgA; b) quantitation of sIgA in parotid saliva samples can be made
      in relatively short time (4 to 5 hours); c) many samples can be run per
      microplate; d) it can be adapted to almost any clinical laboratory at reasonable
      costs and e) it is suitable for automatization. On the other hand, parotid saliva
      is an easy-to obtain sample using the Curby device and represents a non-invasive
      method causing minimum discomfort to subjects. The use of this type of samples,
      together with this ELISA, would allow large-scale screening of sIgA levels, both
      in normal and diseased populations.

PMID- 1798871
TI  - [Effect of the sex of the progenitor on the clinical manifestations of
      neurofibromatosis].
AB  - One hundred and twenty four patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) were assessed
      as whether the individual was a new mutation (68 cases) or born from an affected
      mother (27 cases) or an affected father (29 cases). For each case the clinical
      manifestations were recorded and the patients were grouped in four degrees of
      severity: minimal (1), mild (2), moderate (3) and severe (4). In the group of
      patients born to affected mothers, 33.3% had a degree 3 or 4 of severity in
      contrast with the 20.6% of those born to affected fathers. However the difference
      was not statistically significant. The frequency of the complications and their
      age of onset also suggested that patients born to affected mothers were more
      severely diseased. On the other hand, in the new mutation group, 35.2% of
      patients had degree 3 and 4 of severity. As 54% of our NF1 patients were new
      mutations and we do not know the proportion of paternal or maternal origin of the
      mutation, our results cannot support the hypothesis of a genomic imprinting in
      NF1 resulting in milder clinical manifestations when the gene is inherited from
      the father.

PMID- 1798872
TI  - [Clinical and radiologic study of hereditary diseases of the femoral epiphysis].
AB  - The diseases that involve the proximal femoral epiphysis are an heterogeneous
      group with similar clinical characteristics, so it is important to establish a
      differential diagnosis to bring suitable management and genetic counseling. The
      present study includes 33 patients: eleven with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
      (MED), five with spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (SED), twelve with unilateral
      Perthes disease (PD uni) and five with bilateral Perthes disease (PD bi). The
      clinical study showed that affected relatives and associated clinical
      manifestations were more frequent in the dysplastic patients. The somatometric
      profile of the 17 PD patients was within two standard deviations of the average,
      whereas the dysplastic patients showed short stature. In the radiological study
      all patients had one or both proximal femoral epiphysis affected. All the
      dysplastic patients had other irregular or flattened epiphysis, but only half of
      those with PD showed mild flattening or distal femoral epiphysis. Eight of 29
      patients had a delay in bone maturity, and all patients had mild flattened
      vertebras. We think this study shows the importance of having sufficient clinic
      and radiologic criteria to establish the differential diagnosis in view of the
      heterogeneity of these entities.

PMID- 1798874
TI  - [In defense of a journal].

PMID- 1798873
TI  - [POEMS syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - A 47 years old male with POEMS syndrome is presented. His illness started seven
      months before admission. He was in poor general conditions and had malnutrition.
      He had cutaneous hyperpigmentation, skin changes, hepatomegaly, edema of the
      limbs, quadriplegia, myotatic reflexes abolished, hypotrophy of muscular masses
      and bilateral papilledema. Immunoglobulins IgA and IgM were abnormal. Bone
      scanning showed multiple lytic lesions. The study of bone marrow showed
      megaloblastic changes. Electromyography revealed severe neuropathy and biopsy
      from sural nerve showed severe demyelinization. At first, he showed improvement
      with steroids; nevertheless he died two months afterwards from possible
      bronchoaspiration. The autopsy revealed changes compatible with the clinical
      diagnosis and in addition an adenoma of the hypophysis. We emphasize the
      importance of POEMS syndrome in the differential diagnosis of polyneuropathies.

PMID- 1798875
TI  - [Prevalence of HIV infection and relation with other sexually transmitted
      diseases in a group prostitutes in Chiapas].

PMID- 1798876
TI  - [Carpal tunnel syndrome as a manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 1798877
TI  - [First case in Mexico of human T-lymphotropic virus infection associated with
      blood transfusion in a girl].

PMID- 1798878
TI  - Studies of sleep and temperature in the nursing home.

PMID- 1798879
TI  - Circadian rhythm disorders in sleep-waking and body temperature in elderly
      patients with dementia and their treatment.
AB  - Circadian rhythms in elderly patients with severe dementia and behavioral
      disorders such as wandering, agitation and/or delirium were examined. The
      subjects consisted of 24 patients with dementia (5 with senile dementia of
      Alzheimer's type and 19 with multi-infarct dementia), aged 56-89 (means = 75.5 +/
      8.7) and 8 control patients without dementia or with dementia of slight degree,
      aged 65-81 (means = 75 +/- 5.4). The sleep-wake state of the patients was judged
      every hour by nurses over periods of 1-4 mo and recorded in the form of a sleep
      diary. Oral temperature was recorded for 4-7 consecutive days. For the treatment
      of sleep-wake rhythm disorders, social interaction with nurses was encouraged in
      addition to drug therapy. The patients showed various types of sleep-wake
      disorders such as reversed day-night rhythm or irregular sleep-wake rhythm
      corresponding to a decreased amplitude of the sleep-wake rhythm. Circadian rhythm
      of oral temperature was irregularly disturbed in 59.0% of the patients in the
      dementia group and in only 12.5% of the patients in the control group. The
      effects of treatment by enforcement of social interaction with nurses was
      effective in reducing behavioral problems and sleep-wake rhythm disorder in 30.0%
      of the patients tested. However, body temperature rhythm disorganization remained
      after the treatment. These observations indicate that behavioral disorders such
      as delirium, agitation or wandering in patients with severe dementia might be
      closely related to disrupted biological rhythms of sleep-waking and the autonomic
      system (body temperature).

PMID- 1798880
TI  - Sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling elderly.
AB  - These are the final results of a survey of sleep-disordered breathing, which
      examined objective and subjective information from a large randomly selected
      elderly sample. We randomly selected 427 elderly people aged 65 yr and over in
      the city of San Diego, California. Twenty-four percent had an apnea index, AI,
      greater than or equal to 5 and 62% had a respiratory disturbance index, RDI,
      greater than or equal to 10. Correlates of sleep-disordered breathing included
      high relative weight and reports of snoring, breathing cessation at night,
      nocturnal wandering or confusion, daytime sleepiness and depression. Body mass
      index, falling asleep at inappropriate times, male gender, no alcohol within 2 hr
      of bedtime and napping were the best predictors of sleep-disordered breathing.
      Despite statistical significance, all of the associations between interview
      variables and apnea indices were small. No combination of demographic variables
      and symptoms allowed highly reliable prediction of AI or RDI.

PMID- 1798881
TI  - Periodic limb movements in sleep in community-dwelling elderly.
AB  - The prevalence of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in a randomly selected
      elderly sample is reported. In San Diego, 427 elderly volunteers aged 65 yr and
      over were recorded in their homes. Forty-five percent had a myoclonus index, MI
      greater than or equal to 5. Correlates of PLMS included dissatisfaction with
      sleep, sleeping alone and reported kicking at night. Although statistically
      significant, the strengths of the associations between interview variables and
      myoclonus indices were all small. No combination of demographic variables and
      symptoms allowed highly reliable prediction of PLMS.

PMID- 1798882
TI  - Twenty-four-hour patterns of sleep in depression.
AB  - Alterations of nocturnal sleep have been widely described in affective disorders.
      However, little is known about putative daytime sleep and to what extent daytime
      sleep could interfere with nocturnal sleep. The goal of this study was to
      investigate 24-hr sleep patterns in 12 depressed patients hospitalized for a
      major depressive disorder and in 10 control subjects studied under the same
      experimental conditions. Patients and controls were free to sleep whenever they
      chose, and sleep recordings were performed using the Oxford Medilog System during
      60 hr. Daytime sleep episodes were detected in 50% of the patients and in 60% of
      the controls. Patients took naps at various times of the day, whereas controls
      napped in the early afternoon, during the well-known "postlunch dip". Thus
      daytime sleep prevalence was similar in both groups; however, the biphasic
      distribution of sleep observed in controls disappeared in the patients. Napping
      did not affect subsequent nocturnal sleep in either group.

PMID- 1798883
TI  - Stability of day and night sleep--a two-year follow-up of EEG parameters in three
      shift workers.
AB  - Twenty rotating three-shift workers participated. Night and day sleep in
      connection with work on afternoon and night shifts, respectively, were recorded
      using 24-hour polysomnographic recording techniques. The procedure was repeated 2
      years later. Both day and night sleep showed high significant correlations
      between years for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS-stages 3 +
      4), total sleep time, slow wave energy, in the delta band (obtained via spectral
      analysis) and subjective sleep quality. Stage 2, stage 1, percent waking, sleep
      latency, SWS latency and REM latency were not correlated across years. None of
      the variables showed a significant difference between years. It was concluded
      that core variables of sleep show considerable interindividual stability across
      time and that a 2-year exposure to rotating shift work does not affect sleep in
      experienced shift workers.

PMID- 1798884
TI  - Timed exposure to bright light improves sleep and alertness during simulated
      night shifts.
AB  - Many of the health and safety problems reported by shift workers result from the
      chronic sleep deprivation associated with shorter, fragmented daytime sleep. This
      reduction in the quality and duration of sleep has been attributed to a change in
      the phase relationship between the work period and the circadian system, timing
      the propensity for sleep and wakefulness. This study examined the extent to which
      appropriately timed exposure to bright light would accelerate the circadian
      readjustment of physiological parameters thought to contribute to impaired
      performance in shift workers. A control (n = 7) and treatment group (n = 6)
      underwent a 3-day transition to simulated night work. The treatment group
      received a single 4-hour pulse of bright light (6,000 lux) between 2400 and 0400
      hours on the first night shift and dim light (less than 200 lux) for the
      remainder of the study. The control group received dim light throughout. By the
      third night shift, the phase position of the core body temperature rhythm for the
      treatment group had delayed by 5-6 hours whereas the control group had delayed by
      only 2-3 hours. When compared to the control group, the greater delay in core
      temperature rhythm for the treatment group was associated with significantly
      higher alertness across the night shift and improved sleep quality during the
      day. By the third day sleep, mean sleep efficiency in the treatment group was not
      significantly different from normal night sleep. Similarly, onshift alertness was
      improved relative to the control group. The treatment group did not show the
      typical decline in alertness observed in the control group between 0300 and 0700
      hours. These data indicate that a single 4-hour pulse of bright light between
      midnight and 0400 hours is effective in ameliorating the sleep and alertness
      problems associated with transition to night shift.

PMID- 1798885
TI  - Pattern of snoring in obstructive sleep apnea patients and in heavy snorers.
AB  - We measured respiratory mechanical characteristics during sleep in five heavy,
      nonapneic snorers (HS) and in five obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. In two
      HS and in two OSA patients we obtained lateral pharyngeal cineradiographic images
      during sleep while snoring. Flow limitation preceded all snores in both HS and
      OSA. Pattern of snoring, hysteresis and temporal relationship between
      supraglottic pressure (Psg) and flow rate were different in HS and OSA. Maximal
      flow during snoring was less (p less than 0.05) in OSA (0.18 +/- 0.07
      liter/second) than in HS (0.36 +/- 0.06 liter/second). Linear supraglottic
      resistance during inspiratory snoring was higher, though not significantly, in
      OSA patients (7.11 +/- 3.01 cm H2O/liter/second) than in HS (4.80 +/- 2.83 cm
      H2O/liter/second). We conclude that: 1) Snoring is characterized by high
      frequency oscillations of the soft palate, pharyngeal walls, epiglottis and
      tongue. 2) Flow limitation appears to be a sine qua non for snoring during sleep.
      3) The pattern of snoring is different in OSA and HS. 4) Pharyngeal size during
      snoring is probably larger in HS than in OSA patients.

PMID- 1798886
TI  - Dynamic characteristics of cardiac R-R intervals during sleep and waking states.
AB  - Traditional assessment of cardiac R-R intervals during sleep-wake states uses
      summary statistics such as mean and interquartile range. Such summary statistics
      are less able to provide information about instantaneous or dynamic aspects of
      beat-to-beat control. We examined state-dependent beat-to-beat patterning by
      plotting each cardiac R-R interval against the previous interval (Poincare
      plots). This procedure provides an indication of the probability of occurrence of
      one interval from its predecessor and allows assessment of dynamic properties of
      R-R interval variation. Cardiac R-R intervals were determined over 5-12-minute
      periods of wakefulness (AW), quiet sleep (QS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
      from six cats; each interval was plotted on the y-axis against the previous value
      on the x-axis resulting in an RRn + 1 vs. RRn plot. These plots provided evidence
      that the correlation between an interval and its successor was greater in REM
      than in QS, even though the overall range was greater in REM. The results suggest
      that short-term cardiac control during REM may be influenced by more closely
      regulated mechanisms than suggested by classic concepts.

PMID- 1798887
TI  - Subjective sleepiness ratings: the effects of sleep deprivation, circadian
      rhythmicity and cognitive performance.
AB  - Computerized self-report sleepiness scales were administered before and after
      cognitive testing in a 72-hour sleep deprivation study. The cognitive test
      battery was administered every 2 hours and took approximately 1-1.25 hours. Two
      computerized measures of subjective sleepiness were used, one a visual analog
      scale, the other a Hebrew version of the Stanford sleepiness scale. The results
      indicated that both accumulated sleep loss, circadian and ultradian (2
      cycles/day) factors were significant in determining subjective estimates of
      sleepiness. The extent of the differences between subjective sleepiness ratings
      before cognitive testing and after testing was dependent upon the phase of the
      circadian cycle. These differences were greatest at approximately 0200-0600 hours
      and least around 1000 hours. A second low point occurred at 1800-2000 hours.
      Analysis by complex demodulation of the individual subjects' sleepiness rating
      curves indicated that the amount of variance accounted for by the circadian
      component increased significantly after cognitive testing.

PMID- 1798888
TI  - A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale.
AB  - The development and use of a new scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), is
      described. This is a simple, self-administered questionnaire which is shown to
      provide a measurement of the subject's general level of daytime sleepiness. One
      hundred and eighty adults answered the ESS, including 30 normal men and women as
      controls and 150 patients with a range of sleep disorders. They rated the chances
      that they would doze off or fall asleep when in eight different situations
      commonly encountered in daily life. Total ESS scores significantly distinguished
      normal subjects from patients in various diagnostic groups including obstructive
      sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. ESS scores were
      significantly correlated with sleep latency measured during the multiple sleep
      latency test and during overnight polysomnography. In patients with obstructive
      sleep apnea syndrome ESS scores were significantly correlated with the
      respiratory disturbance index and the minimum SaO2 recorded overnight. ESS scores
      of patients who simply snored did not differ from controls.

PMID- 1798889
TI  - A comparative study of treatments for positional sleep apnea.
AB  - Sixty male patients all with apnea plus hypopnea indices (A + HI) above 12.5, who
      met a criterion of positionality by having two or more times the rate of these
      events during supine sleep in comparison to their lateral sleep rate, were
      randomly assigned to one of four treatments for 8 weeks. All were restudied for
      two nights, one with and one without treatment devices. On treatment more than
      half the patients in each group reduced their A + HI to within normal limits and
      a third remained WNL without the use of devices. Half of those trained to sleep
      in the lateral position with the help of an alarm maintained this learning
      without the alarm as did half of those who were encouraged to learn this sleep
      posture on their own. There is an additive effect for the positional patient from
      wearing a tongue retaining device (TRD) if they continue to sleep in the supine
      position. Factors associated with successful treatment include overall severity,
      severity in the lateral position, weight, weight change, nasal patency and
      motivation to help their condition.

PMID- 1798890
TI  - Bibliography of recent literature in sleep research.

PMID- 1798891
TI  - Imaging and intervention in cardiology.

PMID- 1798892
TI  - Dr Withering's remarkable decoction.

PMID- 1798893
TI  - The language of epidemiology (V): Stratified rates.

PMID- 1798894
TI  - Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): its use in today's cardiology.

PMID- 1798895
TI  - Nuclear cardiology: new perspectives for the 1990s.

PMID- 1798896
TI  - PET scanning in evaluation of ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The question regarding the use of PET for the diagnosis and evaluation of
      treatment of patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease is one of
      defining the proper test. The data available indicate so long as relatively crude
      information is required that thallium (or new technetium labeled agents,
      sestamibi and teboroxime) may provide such information almost as well as PET.
      Examples include simple yes/no answers to questions such as 1) the presence of
      relatively advanced coronary disease or 2) amelioration of same with CABG or PTCA
      or 3) the presence of any viable myocardium bordering an infarct area. It also is
      clear that once more subtle or more precise information is required regarding
      response to therapy, functional significance of coronary stenosis, or extent of
      viable myocardium present that PET technology is superior to that of SPECT and
      therefore should be employed in the evaluation and treatment of patients with
      known or suspected ischemic heart disease. Finally, were cost not a
      consideration, it is clear that PET should be used in all cardiac patients and
      could supplant all currently available conventional radionuclide techniques.

PMID- 1798897
TI  - Utilization of cardiac catheterization facilities.

PMID- 1798898
TI  - [In favor of immunotherapy].

PMID- 1798900
TI  - [Allergenic flora in the Valle de Mexico. Relation to food sensitivity of vegetal
      origin (I)].
AB  - A descriptive analysis was made including the possible plants capable of
      producing an allergic reaction with pollen grains. We worked with 106 species
      from 30 families and 79 genera; only 57 species contributed to the collection
      with prepared pollen grains. In the same manner, morphologic descriptions of the
      pollen grains were conducted. Clinical charts were reviewed, selecting those
      patients who reacted positively to some type of pollen (1101 patients) and to
      some kind of food. This was corroborated by the ingestion of vegetal origin
      foods. The gramineous, leguminous, rosaceae, and solanaceae were the most
      important group of vegetal-originating foods which caused a positive reaction due
      to their ingestion and a skin reaction in 37.52% of the patients.

PMID- 1798899
TI  - [Air-borne allergens and respiratory allergy in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico].
AB  - 138 patients from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, 75 male, 62 female, with an
      average age of 29 years with diagnosis of asthma rhinitis and sinusitis, were
      studied to determine the frequency of aeroallergens involved. Scratch tests were
      carried out with glycerinated antigens, 1:20 w/v Hollister S. The findings show
      house dust mite to be the allergen most frequently present, followed by house
      dust, cynodon d and rye grass.

PMID- 1798901
TI  - [Epidemiology of allergic diseases in the metropolitan area of Monterrey].
AB  - A study was conducted in order to know whether the prevalence of allergic
      illnesses, in an open population, has changed in the last 10 years. For the
      study, 243 families from the Monterrey metropolitan area, were randomly selected,
      using a questionnaire. Of the total number of families studied, 95 were found to
      have some kind of allergic disease, 11.2% of 1207 people interviewed.

PMID- 1798902
TI  - [Update on cholera].

PMID- 1798903
TI  - [Effect of swimming on asthmatic children].
AB  - Thirteen asthmatic children were enrolled in a swimming program during five days.
      Pulmonary function test before and after swimming training was evaluated.
      Training did not change pulmonary function values, and asthmatic children
      improved swimming distance and enhanced swimming ability. No side effects were
      observed during study. After asthma can questionnaires indicated a high degree of
      enthusiasm and acceptance of the program by children and parents.

PMID- 1798904
TI  - [Immunotherapy using Giardia lamblia extract in recurrent chronic sensitized
      urticaria].
AB  - A study of 100 patients with chronic urticaria by Giardia lamblia parasitic
      infection were reviewed. The urticaria had been resistant to antihistamine,
      corticosteroid and antiparasitic therapy. An urticaria evaluation included CBC,
      immunoglobulins M, G, A and E determinations, and stool examination, bile
      drainage and duodenal smear for ova and parasites. A prick test with Giardia's
      allergen 1, 10 and 100 UNP dilutions were realized. We found a 93% improvement in
      clinical symptoms using allergy immunotherapy with Giardia's antigen preparation
      associated to treatment.

PMID- 1798905
TI  - [Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome. Presentation of a case].
AB  - This a case report of a 24 year old black woman who referred to her physician
      recurrent episodes of inferior lip enlargement for a period of two years.
      Remission periods were incomplete, unrelated to any apparent cause and plicate
      tongue. No improvement was seen with medication, including the use of steroids.
      Complementary exams were negative except the biopsy which reported granulomatous
      cheilitis. We conclude that the Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome must be considered
      when confronted with a patient who suffers from lip enlargement and pleated
      tongue, with or without neurological alterations as for example, facial
      paralysis.

PMID- 1798906
TI  - [Allergenic flowers in the valley of Mexico. Relation to food sensitization of
      vegetable origin (2)].

PMID- 1798907
TI  - Integrins and metastases: an overview.
AB  - Metastasis, the major cause of cancer deaths, is represented by a complex,
      multistep cascade of events characterized by the interaction between neoplastic
      cells and host tissue elements (cells and extracellular matrix components). These
      interactions are mediated by specific receptors; among them are members of a
      growing family of heterodimeric cell surface glycoproteins, called integrins. The
      role of integrins along tumor progression key steps, as well as their value as
      diagnostic and prognostic markers are discussed herein. Emphasis on the nature of
      integrin-ligand interaction is given; in particular, concerning the role of
      carbohydrate moieties on the generation of diversity in integrin specificity and
      varying affinity states.

PMID- 1798908
TI  - Fetal antigen 2 in primary and secondary brain tumors.
AB  - Immunohistochemical deposition and distribution of fetal antigen 2 (FA2) was
      examined in normal brain tissue and in primary and metastatic tumors of the
      brain. In normal brain tissue FA2 was exclusively found linearly around the
      vessels, along pia and in arachnoidea. A similar localization was seen in primary
      brain tumors except in gliosarcoma where FA2 was distributed diffusely in the
      sarcoma region and was absent in the glioma region. In metastatic carcinoma with
      tumor stroma a diffuse staining reaction was seen in the stroma and with a
      basement membrane (BM) like staining at the tumor cell/stroma interface.
      Intracytoplasmic FA2 staining of the tumor cells was seen in areas without tumor
      stroma. In metastatic melanoma a BM like FA2 staining was seen around and between
      individual tumor cells. The staining patterns seen in the metastatic tumors were
      in accordance with that of the corresponding primary tumors.

PMID- 1798909
TI  - Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and glycolytic metabolism in three human
      glioma cell lines.
AB  - Three cell lines established from human gliomas were found to differ in the
      capacity to phosphorylate the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase in vitro.
      Phosphorylation in the glioblastoma cell line U-138 was more pronounced than in
      the glioma cell line Hs 683 and in the glioblastoma cell line A-172. All 3 cell
      lines showed similar pyruvate kinase isozyme patterns and expressed about 90% K
      type and 10% M-type subunits. So, differences in pyruvate kinase phosphorylation
      could not be explained by differences in the availability of the appropriate
      substrate, being pyruvate kinase type K. As in gliomas, phosphorylation could
      specifically and almost completely be inhibited by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In
      order to investigate a potential physiological significance of the
      phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase, we have characterized these cell lines for
      several glycolytic parameters. In U-138 cells, the production of lactate appeared
      to be 2 times higher as compared with A-172 and Hs 683 cells under normal growth
      conditions and even 4 times higher under low glucose culture regime. The efflux
      of lactate correlated with the pyruvate kinase phosphorylation pattern in the
      cell lines. In none of the cell lines could the lactate production be stimulated
      by glutamine as additional energy source under low glucose culture conditions.
      The higher glycolytic flux in U-138 cells was not accompanied by higher
      glycolytic enzyme activities. The isozyme patterns of hexokinase, pyruvate
      kinase, aldolase, enolase and lactate dehydrogenase in the cell lines were nearly
      identical and resembled the patterns previously described for solid gliomas.
      However, the isozyme composition of phosphofructokinase in the cell lines
      differed from the situation in gliomas. While in gliomas the expression of L-type
      phosphofructokinase is favored, in the glioma cell lines, we found an increase in
      the expression of C-type subunits.

PMID- 1798910
TI  - Serum phosphohexose isomerase activities in patients with colorectal cancer.
AB  - Pretreatment levels of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) were above the cutoff limit
      of 107 IU/l in 41% of patients with benign intestinal diseases and in 46% of
      patients with colorectal cancer. Sensitivity of PHI was related to the presence
      of distant metastasis and the location of the primary tumor. Patients with rectal
      tumors presented a lower sensitivity than patients with colonic tumors.
      Pretreatment levels of PHI had prognostic value and patients with elevated levels
      of this enzyme showed a shorter disease-free interval in comparison with those
      patients with normal PHI activities. However, the prognostic significance of PHI
      was not independent of Dukes' classification. The present study indicates that
      PHI is not useful in the follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer after
      curative surgery because of its low sensitivity in the diagnosis of recurrences
      (47%) and its low specificity in patients without evidence of disease (76%).

PMID- 1798911
TI  - [Dangers of postischemic cerebral hyperemia].
AB  - The authors draw attention to the danger of the development of hyperaemia because
      of the possible influence of free oxygen radicals during the hypoxic period on
      brain cells. Using radioactive microparticles of 85Sr the authors assessed the
      cardiac minute volume and blood flow through the medulla oblongata, cerebellum,
      subcortical area and cerebral cortex in adult laboratory rats 20 hours after 2
      minute ischaemia induced by positive radial acceleration of 10 G. The results
      indicate an increase of the local blood supply in the investigated parts of the
      brain, although lower than after 8-hour exposure to high altitude hypoxia at 7000
      m.

PMID- 1798912
TI  - Identification of genes determining spontaneous hypertension. Review article.

PMID- 1798913
TI  - Distribution of radioyttrium in tumor bearing nude mice.
AB  - The radionuclide 90Y was produced by the activation of yttrium nitrate in the
      nuclear reactor core, by the reaction 89Y (n, gamma) 90Y. The radionuclide
      obtained was characterized with the help of the absorption curve, decay curve and
      beta - and gamma - ray spectra. A slight admixture cf 89Sr was observed. The
      organ distribution of the radionuclide produced in tumor-bearing nude mice was
      established on the basis of measuring ashed tissues, since fresh as well as dried
      tissues exerted remarkable self-absorption effects. No selective accumulation of
      the radioyttrium in the tumors was observed for subcutaneously located
      osteosarcoma and rectal carcinoma. The highest concentrations were found in the
      lungs, spleen and liver. Thus, our study based on the use of the radioactive
      tracer 90Y does not support a recommendation to use yttrium ions as a tumor
      localizer, which was formerly proposed on the basis of the PIXE technique.

PMID- 1798914
TI  - [Pathophysiologic changes in induced micro- and macroembolisms in the lungs in an
      animal experiment].
AB  - The investigation deals with experimentally induced micro- and macro-embolization
      of the lungs in experiments on rabbits. The main changes occurred at the
      investigated pressures in the right ventricle and a. fem. sin., in the
      respiration rate and blood gases. A considerable rise of the systolic pressure in
      the right ventricle and the corresponding drop of the systemic pressure in
      animals with macroembolization of the lungs is followed not only by an increase
      of the respiration rate but above all by a shift of the pH to the acid side. The
      other components of blood gases suggest rather the development of metabolic
      acidosis. The latter is also indicated in microembolization of the lungs, there,
      however, the pressure changes are not so marked and there is only an increased
      respiration rate.

PMID- 1798915
TI  - [The effect of vagotomy on microembolism and macroembolism formation in the
      lungs].
AB  - The authors were concerned with the problem to what extent bilateral cervical
      vagotomy has an impact on macro- and microembolization. Vagotomy was manifested
      markedly above all by a drop of the respiration rate and rise of the heart rate
      independently on the type of embolization of the lungs. Similar changes of blood
      pressures developed after some delay also after vagotomy. Vagotomy led to a shift
      of the milieu interieur to the alkaline side also in those groups where vagotomy
      was followed by macro- or microembolization. The results are consistent with data
      reported in the literature which draw attention to changes in the respiration
      rate of embolized animals after block of the vagus. Similarly it was found that
      vagotomy does not protect against pulmonary hypertension during embolization.

PMID- 1798916
TI  - [Changes in the laboratory rat during development after parenteral administration
      of the herbicide Zeazin S-40. II. Morphologic findings].
AB  - Influence of Zeazine herbicide on different tissues during acute, subacute, and
      chronic stages was examined, when sublethal doses not exceeding the quantity
      usually used were applied. Structural changes of lung tissue, specially in short
      and medium interval resulted, comprising circulatory, and partially regressive
      changes on alveolocapillary membrane level with special tendency to
      multiplication of collagenous tissue in the long-term stage, without any tendency
      to chronical lesion and change of the function.

PMID- 1798917
TI  - [Computer-assisted analysis of the results of training in internal medicine].
AB  - Analysis of the results of teaching of clinical disciplines has in the long run
      an impact on the standard and value of medical care. It requires processing of
      quantitative and qualitative data. The selection of indicators which will be
      followed up and procedures used for their processing are of fundamental
      importance. The submitted investigation is an example how to use possibilities to
      process results of effectiveness analysis in teaching internal medicine by means
      of computer technique. As an indicator of effectiveness the authors selected the
      percentage of students who had an opportunity during the given period of their
      studies to observe a certain pathological condition, and as method of data
      collection a survey by means of questionnaires was used. The task permits to
      differentiate the students' experience (whether the student examined the patient
      himself or whether the patient was only demonstrated) and it makes it possible to
      differentiate the place of observation (at the university teaching hospital or
      regional non-teaching hospital attachment). The task permits also to form sub
      groups of respondents to combine them as desired and to compare their results.
      The described computer programme support comprises primary processing of the
      output of the questionnaire survey. The questionnaires are transformed and stored
      by groups of respondents in data files of suitable format (programme SDFORM); the
      processing of results is described as well as their presentation as output
      listing or on the display in the interactive way (SDRESULT programme). Using the
      above programmes, the authors processed the results of a survey made among
      students during and after completion of the studies in a series of 70 recommended
      pathological conditions. As an example the authors compare results of
      observations in 20 selected pathological conditions important for the diagnosis
      and therapy in primary care in the final stage of the medical course in 1981 and
      1985.

PMID- 1798918
TI  - [Computerized tomography in neurologic syndromes associated with spinal
      osteochondrosis].
AB  - Clinical and CT findings were compared for 96 patients with neurological symptoms
      of lumbar osteochondrosis. They revealed correlations between the severity of
      clinical signs and the degree of the disk prolapse. This relationship was not
      absolute as there were cases with stable disk prolapse in variable neurologic
      symptoms. Spinal CT proved most effective in differentiation from cancer and
      detailed featuring of degenerative--dystrophic changes for scheduled surgical
      treatment of spinal osteochondrosis.

PMID- 1798919
TI  - [The role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of regional metastases of
      cancer of the esophagus and the proximal part of the stomach].
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) findings were compared with operative ones for 50
      patients with esophageal and proximal gastric cancer. In diagnosis of metastases
      to the upper abdominal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes ST sensitivity reached
      93.3%, specificity 85% and accuracy 90.3%. The best diagnostic results were
      obtained in detection of metastases to the nodes of the celiac trunk branch and
      paraaortal fat (94.2%). Lower CT resolution appeared in diagnosis of perigastric
      node metastatic involvement in the primary tumor location in the proximal
      stomach.

PMID- 1798920
TI  - [Practical recommendations regarding the treatment and prevention of peptic
      ulcer].

PMID- 1798921
TI  - [Efferent therapy in the complex treatment of diffuse toxic goiter].

PMID- 1798922
TI  - [Use of captopril in the treatment of circulatory insufficiency in the acute
      period of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 1798923
TI  - [Premorbid and morbid prognosis factors in myocardial infarction].

PMID- 1798924
TI  - [Multicomponent therapy of severe arterial hypertension in a hospital].

PMID- 1798925
TI  - [Acute disorders of cerebral circulation in arteriosclerotic dyscirculatory
      encephalopathy].

PMID- 1798926
TI  - [Ampicillin with lysozyme in the treatment of acute pneumonia].

PMID- 1798927
TI  - [Significance of total and regional myocardial contractility in determining the
      indications for aortocoronary shunting].
AB  - As shown dy static radionuclide ventriculography and nitroglycerin test used to
      study 72 coronary patients aged 38-65, myocardial function is the essential
      factor for deciding on aortocoronary shunting. Focal destruction ot the
      myocardium responsible for a sharp attenuation of myocardial contractility may be
      indicative of poor prognosis and high risk of aortocoronary shunting.

PMID- 1798928
TI  - [Use of dimephosphon for correction of functional disorders of external
      respiration in pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 1798929
TI  - [Controlled arterial hypotension using nitroglycerin in the complex
      anesthesiological support during operations on patients with brain tumors].

PMID- 1798930
TI  - [Residual choledocholithiasis].

PMID- 1798931
TI  - [Therapeutic tactics in chronic gastroduodenal ulcers complicated by hemorrhage].

PMID- 1798932
TI  - [Characteristics of the outcomes of different clinical forms of iron deficiency
      anemia and various aspects of its ambulatory treatment].

PMID- 1798933
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of insulin preparations "Lente GP"
      and "Insulong" in type 1 diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1798934
TI  - [Trans-urethral laser therapy of chronic cystitis and urethritis in women].

PMID- 1798936
TI  - [Hemangiopericytoma of the maxillofacial region].

PMID- 1798935
TI  - [Myocardial reserve during filtration detoxification in patients with suppurative
      peritonitis].
AB  - Feasibility of measuring functional reserve of the myocardium under functional
      loads simulated by extracorporeal circulation was tried in 36 patients with
      diffuse purulent peritonitis on filtration detoxication. Altogether 49 sessions
      of hemofiltration and filtration exchange plasmapheresis were performed
      controlled by tetrapolar rheography. It is demonstrated that persistent decline
      of systolic and cardiac output, an increase of central blood volume and
      occurrence of a pathological impedance wave in response to pre- and postload on
      the myocardium during extracorporeal detoxication may serve an indication of a
      subclinical myocardial failure. Detection of a reduced myocardial reserve
      suggests restriction of hemodilution in plasmapheresis and infusion therapy or
      lasix administration in postfiltration period.

PMID- 1798938
TI  - [Arteriosclerotic ulcer of the stomach].

PMID- 1798937
TI  - [Lithium carbonate in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1798939
TI  - [Hemosorption in the complex treatment of Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1798940
TI  - [Use of thymoptin and chemotherapy in the complex treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 1798941
TI  - [Effect of ketanserin on central hemodynamics and myocardial contractility].

PMID- 1798942
TI  - [I.E. Diad'kovskii as a physician and philosopher].

PMID- 1798943
TI  - [Prominent scientist, surgeon and teacher (on the centenary of birth of S.S.
      Iudin)].

PMID- 1798944
TI  - [Work environment. Set procedure behind orders].

PMID- 1798945
TI  - [Work environment. Involvement is contagious].

PMID- 1798946
TI  - [Work environment. Different cultures can cause problems].

PMID- 1798947
TI  - [Work environment. Job quality and professional self esteem].

PMID- 1798948
TI  - [Work environment. Committee meetings about toilets].

PMID- 1798950
TI  - [Work environment. Nursing is a good background for environmental work].

PMID- 1798949
TI  - [Work environment. 1992--a long wait].

PMID- 1798951
TI  - [Work environment. When we go into an activity].

PMID- 1798952
TI  - [A good working environment].

PMID- 1798953
TI  - [Work environment. Good work].

PMID- 1798954
TI  - [Work environment. A play about the psychological environment].

PMID- 1798955
TI  - Action of some salicylate derivatives on in vitro platelet aggregation.
      Inhibitory and inhibition antagonistic effects.
AB  - Twenty salicylate derivatives were tested for their antagonistic activity on the
      inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet aggregation. The blocking effect was not
      limited to the salicylate but also characterised some of its substituted
      compounds. The substituant influence did not seem to be related to electronic or
      size parameters. This antagonistic activity of these derivatives decreased as
      concentrations increased, owing to the emergence of their own inhibitory
      activity: several salicylate derivatives showed dual inhibitory and inhibition
      antagonistic activity, with both properties present at the same concentration. A
      mechanism involving dissociated activities on the two enzymatic sites of
      cyclooxygenase is proposed.

PMID- 1798956
TI  - A mathematical model of the kinetics of platelets and plasma hemostasis system
      interaction.
AB  - A mathematical model of the kinetics of platelet-activated blood coagulation is
      presented. Non-linear positive feedbacks due to the action of co-factor Va and
      VIIIa, thrombin-induced platelet activation, the secretion of factor V by
      platelets are taken into account. The intrinsic pathway is shown not to be
      activated in the absence of platelets for small stimulation intensities. The
      activation occurs if initial platelet activation by inductors other than thrombin
      exceeds a threshold value.

PMID- 1798957
TI  - Heparin and the thrombin inhibitor argatroban enhance fibrinolysis by infused or
      bolus-injected saruplase (r-scu-PA) in rabbit femoral artery thrombosis.
AB  - Enhancement by anticoagulation of thrombolysis with infused or bolus-injected
      saruplase (r-scu-PA) has been studied using heparin and the thrombin inhibitor
      argatroban. In a rabbit femoral artery thrombosis model infusion of saruplase (3 
      12 mg/kg, 60 min) caused a dose-dependent thrombolysis. Reperfusion rate after
      infusion of 3 mg/kg saruplase alone was 3/6, reperfusion time 42 +/- 3 min and
      reocclusion rate 2/3; final patency rate at 120 min was 17%. Combination of 3
      mg/kg saruplase with heparin (150 U/kg + 100 U/kg.hr i.v.; 5.3-fold PTT
      prolongation) resulted in a reperfusion rate of 6/6 after a reperfusion time of
      39 +/- 7 min; reocclusion rate was 3/6 and final patency rate was 50%. Argatroban
      (1 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg.hr i.v.; 2.3-fold PTT prolongation) in combination with
      saruplase resulted in a reperfusion rate of 6/6 after 26 +/- 5 min; no
      reocclusion occured and final patency rate was 100% (p less than 0.05 vs
      saruplase alone). Bolus injection of 6 mg/kg saruplase achieved reperfusion in
      5/6 arteries after 15 +/- 3 min, but reocclusion rate was 4/5; final patency rate
      was 17%. Combination of bolus-injected saruplase with heparin resulted in a
      reperfusion rate of 4/6 after 8 +/- 3 min and no reocclusion occured; patency
      rate was 67%. With combination of argatroban and bolus-injected saruplase 6/6
      arteries were reperfused after 8 +/- 3 min; reocclusion was prevented and final
      patency rate was 100% (p less than 0.05 vs saruplase-bolus alone). Systemic
      fibrinogenolysis was more pronounced with bolus injection than infusion of
      saruplase. The results indicate that arterial thrombolysis with saruplase can be
      enhanced by heparin and the thrombin inhibitor argatroban. The bolus injection of
      saruplase resulted in persistent reperfusion when simultaneous anticoagulation
      was performed. Despite less PTT prolongation, enhancement of saruplase-induced
      thrombolysis was more effective with argatroban than with heparin in rabbit
      femoral artery thrombosis.

PMID- 1798958
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of 99m technetium-labeled DD-3B6/22 Fab' for thrombus
      detection.
AB  - Injection of 99mTc-labeled Fab' fragments of the anti-fibrin antibody DD-3B6/22,
      in the baboon, resulted in clear visualisation of both fresh and aged autologous
      thrombi by gamma scintigraphy. Whole body scintigraphy, pharmacokinetics and
      urine analysis showed rapid renal excretion of the conjugate with little
      accumulation of label in other organs. 99mTc-DD-3B6/22 Fab' appears a suitable
      candidate for further investigation as a radioimaging agent for thrombi in
      humans.

PMID- 1798959
TI  - ADP-induced second wave aggregation in platelet rich plasma from
      hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - Platelet aggregation, ATP secretion and thromboxane formation were measured in
      platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich (1%) diet for 3
      months. Addition of ADP (0.6-2 microM) resulted in a clear biphasic aggregation
      in 7/8 cholesterol-fed rabbits. This was not seen in any of the 9 control animals
      kept on a standard diet for the same period of time (P less than 0.01). The
      secondary ADP-induced aggregation was irreversible and was accompanied by
      enhanced ATP secretion and significant thromboxane generation. There was no ADP
      induced thromboxane formation and only a minor ATP secretion at the highest ADP
      concentration studied (20 microM) in control rabbits. These data confirm platelet
      hyperreactivity in hypercholesterolemia and demonstrate for the first time the
      occurrence of an ADP-induced second wave aggregation and granule secretion in
      citrated PRP of rabbits which may be triggered by thromboxane generation.

PMID- 1798960
TI  - Variables influencing the clot lysis assay of streptokinase.
AB  - Clot lysis induced by streptokinase has been studied and the influences of pH and
      the concentrations of plasminogen, fibrinogen and buffer composition
      investigated. Variations in the concentrations of plasminogen strongly effect the
      SK apparent activity, maxima being obtained at different plasminogen
      concentrations linearly dependent on the concentration of fibrinogen. Buffer
      composition and pH also effect the apparent activity and the maxima obtained are
      dependent on the fibrinogen concentration. Analytical conditions are discussed
      and suitable sample and reagent volumes, as well as concentrations of the
      reactants and buffer environment, are suggested.

PMID- 1798961
TI  - The influence of sulfate content and molecular weight of a fucan sulfate from the
      brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome on its antithrombin activity.
AB  - The antithrombin effects of the sub-fractionated fucans with different molecular
      weights and sulfate contents, which were prepared from a fucan sulfate isolated
      from the brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome, were examined for their abilities to
      inhibit thrombin-fibrinogen reaction and amidolytic activity of thrombin, and to
      bind to fibrinogen. The inhibitory effects of the fucans on both fibrinogen
      clotting by thrombin and amidolysis of the protein in the presence of heparin
      cofactor II were improved with increase in their molecular weights and reduced
      with decrease in their sulfate contents. The binding abilities of the fucans with
      almost the same sulfate content to fibrinogen were unchanged independently of
      their molecular weights, although the ability diminished with decrease in the
      sulphate content. These results suggest that heparin cofactor II-mediated
      antithrombin activity of the fucan sulfate is dependent on both its sulfate
      content and molecular weight, and also that the inhibitory effect of the
      polysaccharide on fibrinogen clotting by thrombin may be attributable to the
      steric hindrance by its binding to fibrinogen.

PMID- 1798962
TI  - Effect of PGI2 on platelet binding to partially denuded endothelial monolayer in
      vitro.
AB  - We have developed a new model for the investigation of platelet interaction with
      injured vascular endothelium. This involves the quantitative detection of
      platelet binding to a partially denuded endothelial cell monolayer in vitro.
      Porcine arterial endothelial monolayer, cultured on collagen gel containing
      fibrinogen and fibronectin, was partially denuded and the binding of 51Cr
      platelets was measured. A synergistic increase in platelet binding was observed
      in the presence of fibrinogen and fibronectin. A distinct aggregation of
      platelets along the edge of the denuded area of the endothelial monolayer was
      seen. Prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibited platelet aggregation, although adhesive
      platelets were still present at denuded sites.

PMID- 1798963
TI  - Anticardiolipin antibodies in Grave's disease: relationship with thrombin
      activity in vivo.

PMID- 1798964
TI  - Plasma protein binding and biologic half-life of prostacyclin in steady state
      sickle cell disease.

PMID- 1798965
TI  - Effect of chlorobutanol and DDAVP on whole blood aggregation/clotting.

PMID- 1798966
TI  - Degradation of rDNA hirudin and alpha-human thrombin hirudin complex in liver and
      kidney homogenates from rat.

PMID- 1798967
TI  - Sex-related differences in the relationship between plasma factor VI levels and
      serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins.

PMID- 1798968
TI  - Locally activated coagulation induced by a peripheral endovenous catheter.

PMID- 1798969
TI  - Comparison of the fibrinolytic response to 10 minutes venous occlusion in males
      with and without antecedent of deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 1798970
TI  - Anticoagulant effects of the selective factor XA inhibitors tick anticoagulant
      peptide and antistasin in the APTT assay are determined by the relative rate of
      prothrombinase inhibition.

PMID- 1798971
TI  - Binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled alpha-thrombin to peritoneal mast
      cells.

PMID- 1798972
TI  - Local image filing system in neurosurgery: validity of selective storage of
      radiographic images.
AB  - In an effort to achieve efficient image management in the practice of
      neurosurgery, a clinical data base system was designed and developed to process,
      store and retrieve neuroradiologic image information on hospitalized patients
      with the use of a local image filing system (EFPACS-500, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd).
      Storage and retrieval of radiographic images were studied to quantify existing
      procedures and to evaluate the validity of new technology. One of our hospitals
      (Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience) has annually produced
      approximately 100,000 sheets of film radiographs, resulting in a great deal of
      serious problems, particularly lack of space for storage. In addition, the
      overall averaged ratio of selected key films to total files of radiographs was
      estimated to be 16.3% for hospitalized patients during the past 5 years. It is
      assumed that, by means of digital storage on this selective basis, radiographic
      storage problems can be solved with the use of the current data base system which
      efficiently handles image information involving patient care. In the practical
      view another substantial improvement in this work is the high functionality of
      the system, with which radiographic images coupled with a variety of clinical
      data on patients can be stored in a descriptive fashion.

PMID- 1798973
TI  - Nitrendipine facilitates recovery of cerebral blood flow, EEG and metabolites
      following cerebral ischemia in anesthetized rabbits.
AB  - The effect of nitrendipine, an antihypertensive calcium antagonist, on the
      impairment of cerebral blood flow and EEG observed after 10-min complete cerebral
      ischemia in anesthetized rabbits was compared with those of nicardipine. The
      ischemia was produced by neck tourniquet in combination with hypotension (50-60
      mmHg). Blood flow was measured by hydrogen-clearance method. Transient reactive
      hyperemia was observed immediately after the cessation of ischemic procedure, and
      was followed by a decrease in blood flow in the range of 58-73% of corresponding
      basal values in the total brain, cortex and thalamus. The postischemic decrease
      in blood flow was suppressed when nitrendipine (0.3-1 mg/kg) or nicardipine (3-10
      mg/kg) was given intraduodenally before ischemia. The postischemic decrease in
      total intensity and frequency index in EEG recovered rapidly when nitrendipine
      was pretreated, whereas the recovery of EEG parameters was not obtained by the
      nicardipine pretreatment. These results suggest that the effect of nitrendipine
      and nicardipine on the postischemic cerebral blood flow may be due to the
      inhibition of calcium-induced contraction in cerebral vessels, whereas the
      discrepancy between the effects of these agents on EEG may not be due solely to
      the improvement in cerebral circulation. Furthermore, the improvement in
      postischemic cerebral energy metabolism was confirmed by nitrendipine
      pretreatment (0.3 mg/kg).

PMID- 1798974
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in squamous
      cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: prognostic significance of localization
      pattern of CEA.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was
      investigated with 100 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix in order to evaluate the relationship of the positive pattern of CEA to
      the prognoses of patients with this neoplasm. Positive staining for CEA using
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was noticed in all tumors studied. The
      localization patterns of CEA were divided into the following four types depending
      on the location of CEA-positive areas in cancer nests: central type, surrounding
      type, diffuse type, and focal type. Survival curves based on calculation by the
      method of Kaplan-Meier showed that prognosis of patient was most excellent in the
      disease of central type, which was followed by surrounding type, diffuse type,
      and focal type, in this order. The survival curve for central type was
      significantly better than those for diffuse type and focal type (p less than
      0.05) as assessed by Log rank test. In squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix,
      consequently, prognosis of patient might be favorable when CEA is demonstrated in
      the center part of cancer nests by an immunohistochemical technique.

PMID- 1798975
TI  - Improvement of postoperative hypocalcemia by repeated allotransplantation of
      parathyroid tissue without anti-rejection therapy.
AB  - Long lasting postoperative hypocalcemia, an uncomfortable complication of a
      thyroid operation for hyperthyroidism, was treated with allotransplantation of
      parathyroid tissue. Small pieces of the parathyroid tissue offered from two
      unrelated donors were transplanted to an 18-year-old male with severe
      postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Prednisolone was given for 2 days, but no other
      immunosuppressive drugs were used. The remaining tissue was stored in frozen for
      the repeat transplantation. The functional activity of the frozen tissue was
      determined by the production of parathyroid hormone in the tissue culture medium
      adjusted to appropriate concentration of calcium. Loss of the graft function,
      probably due to rejection, was supplemented with repeated grafting. Hypocalcemia
      was improved by three times of transplantation using frozen tissue (once) and
      fresh tissue (twice). This preliminary trial demonstrates that the tissue
      transplantation of the parathyroid gland is effective to lessen the symptoms and
      medication of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.

PMID- 1798976
TI  - Pharmacological effects of adenosine on canine penile erection.
AB  - We investigated the pharmacological effects of adenosine on canine penile
      erection in vivo. Intracavernous injection of adenosine induced a full erection,
      which was unaffected by hexamethonium and atropine. The erectile response induced
      by adenosine was augmented by intracavernous pretreatment with dipyridamole and
      markedly depressed by theophylline. The erectile response induced by cavernous
      nerve stimulation was also enhanced by dipyridamole and reduced by theophylline.
      The combination of acetylcholine and adenosine, when injected intracavernously,
      induced a full erection, and the effect of these drugs was not additive but
      synergistic. These results suggest that penile erection induced by adenosine is
      due to a direct relaxing effect on cavernous smooth muscle. We propose that
      adenosine plays a cooperative role with acetylcholine and also has a
      physiological role as a neuromodulator in canine penile erection.

PMID- 1798977
TI  - Effects of ethyl 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate on hepatic peroxisomal enzymes
      in rats.
AB  - Effects of ethyl 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate (MCPA) and clofibrate on the
      activities of hepatic lipid metabolizing enzymes in the peroxisomal fraction from
      rat liver were studied, and these drugs were found to potentiate the peroxisomal
      enzyme activity. The results imply that MCPA affects lipid metabolism as well as
      clofibrate.

PMID- 1798978
TI  - Potentiation of acetaldehyde-induced vasoconstrictions by cocaine in isolated and
      perfused arteries.
AB  - Vasoconstrictor responses to acetaldehyde (AA), norepinephrine (NE) and tyramine
      were investigated in isolated, perfused canine intermediate auricular (ear)
      arteries. Single injections of small doses of AA (1-3 mumol) induced a
      vasoconstriction in a dose-related manner and showed no tachyphylaxis. Cocaine
      significantly inhibited tyramine-induced vasoconstrictions, but NE- and AA
      induced vasoconstrictions were rather significantly enhanced.

PMID- 1798980
TI  - [The relationship of the mechanical properties of the dentoalveolar complex to
      the status of the bone tissue in traumatic occlusion].
AB  - The authors have developed a model of traumatic occlusion, simulating a swinging
      functioning overload of the periodontium in dogs; this model is adequate to the
      clinical conditions of occlusion disorders of dentitions. Experiments with 18
      dogs have demonstrated a relationship between change in the biomechanical and
      physical properties of dentoalveolar tissues and the length of traumatic
      occlusion. Experiments have shown a progressive reduction of the ability of
      dental abutment tissues to resist the load and slowed down reparative processes
      in the periodontal tissues in swinging type traumatic occlusion.

PMID- 1798979
TI  - [The effect of periodontal cytomedin on lipid peroxidation and hemostasis in
      spontaneous periodontitis in rats].
AB  - Rats with spontaneous periodontitis develop lipid peroxidation in the blood and
      periodontal tissues, that is associated with hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis
      inhibition, reduced antiaggregation activity of the periodontal tissues.
      Administration of periodontal cytomedin results in normalization of lipid
      peroxidation, blood coagulation, and euglobulin lysis, as well as in increase in
      the activities of periodontal antioxidant enzymes and antiaggregation properties.
      Cytomedin effect on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes was more manifest
      in periodontal tissues than in the blood. Visual examination has shown an
      improvement of the periodontal tissue status, thus indicating good prospects for
      such therapy.

PMID- 1798981
TI  - [The micellar status of saliva].

PMID- 1798982
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens in the oral saliva in galvanism].
AB  - Clostridia perfringens are much more frequently isolated from galvanism patients
      than other microorganisms. This fact should be not omitted by physicians, for
      these bacteria may induce a specific infectious process.

PMID- 1798983
TI  - [Structural changes in human dentin with the use of modern filling materials].
AB  - Changes in human dentin surface structure, effected by potassium oxalate,
      potassium nitrate, calcium hydroxide, were studied by scanning electron
      microscopy. Crystal layers of different structures with complete or partial
      occlusion of the dentin tubes were detected. Complete occlusion was achieved only
      if potassium oxalate was used.

PMID- 1798984
TI  - [The x-ray changes in the bone tissue of patients with different forms of
      periodontitis].
AB  - Analysis of the time course of x-ray changes in the marginal sections of alveolar
      processes in patients with various periodontitis forms has shown a wave-like
      course of bone tissue destruction processes in less than 7 percent of the
      patients and a stable x-ray picture in 80-32.6 percent of patients, depending on
      the initial x-ray shifts. The authors present data on the frequency of rapid and
      slow negative time course of bone changes. The patients were followed up for 4-11
      years or longer. The majority of the patients were young and middle-aged.

PMID- 1798986
TI  - [The effect of stomach diseases on changes in the periodontal tissues].
AB  - A total of 737 subjects, divided into 3 age groups, were examined to
      qualitatively estimate the relationships between gastric diseases and some local
      factors, on the one hand, and periodontal tissue abnormalities, on the other;
      maxillary and mandibular periodontium conditions were assessed separately. A
      contribution of gastric diseases to periodontal condition was revealed, as were
      combined effects of these diseases and local factors.

PMID- 1798985
TI  - [The chemical composition, structure and properties of the enamel of pulpless
      teeth].
AB  - The authors analyze the functional value of pulpless teeth. A pulpless tooth
      retains its structure, shape, and function for a long time and, in authors'
      opinion, effectively performs.

PMID- 1798987
TI  - [An assessment of the state of the internal organs of periodontitis patients].
AB  - Analysis of the visceral status of patients with generalized periodontitis has
      shown that 97% of these patients suffer from visceral diseases, often multiple.
      The structure of visceral diseases, laboratory and immune shifts in these
      patients necessitate a complex approach to the treatment of periodontitis that
      should be regarded as a local manifestation of visceral pathology.

PMID- 1798988
TI  - [The assessment of the reparative potentials in diseases of the oral mucosa].
AB  - Studies of blood and salivary fibronectin levels and the total biochemical status
      have revealed poor reparation potentialities of the body in the patients with
      various diseases of the buccal mucosa coursing along with somatic diseases
      (cardiovascular and gastrointestinal) in the remission stage. Bearing in mind a
      significant role of fibronectin in the reparation processes, the authors suggest
      local fibronectin therapy as part of combined treatment for buccal mucosa
      diseases.

PMID- 1798989
TI  - [The clinical and cytological characteristics of the oral mucosa in Sjogren's
      disease and chronic parotitis].
AB  - Clinical stomatologic and cytologic studies were carried out in 31 patients with
      Sjogren's disease, 12 ones with chronic parotitis, and 5 normal subjects.
      Patients with Sjogren's disease, in contrast to those with chronic parotitis,
      develop clinically manifest signs of dry exfoliative cheilitis, xerostomia,
      atrophic changes in the buccal mucosa; this condition is associated with a very
      high caries intensity and no clinical manifestations of periodontitis or tartar.
      Elevated leukocyte levels in oral washings and oral fluid of patients with
      Sjogren's disease and chronic parotitis point to inflammations in the salivary
      glands, buccal mucosa, and periodontal tissues. Assessment of the leukocyte
      levels may be used for monitoring the disease course and treatment efficacy. A 3
      5-fold enlargement of the deep-layer epitheliocytes, seen on the cytogram of oral
      washings, is characteristic of patients with Sjogren's disease, in contrast to
      those with chronic parotitis or normal subjects. A differentiated estimation of
      the epitheliocyte types in the cytogram of oral washings may be used in the
      diagnosis of Sjogren's disease along with the criteria suggested before.

PMID- 1798990
TI  - [Topographic anatomical prerequisites for the surgical approaches in treating
      inflammatory diseases of the floor of the oral cavity].
AB  - Individual anatomic features of the bottom of the oral cavity and relationship
      between these anatomic features and the mandibular shape and the shape of the
      maxillofacial segment of the head were under study. The author singles out 3
      types of face: narrow, intermediate, and broad. Using objective criteria, he
      analyzes the most effective approaches for the primary surgical treatment of
      purulent wounds in the lower wall of the oral cavity with due consideration for
      the type of the face.

PMID- 1798991
TI  - [A long-term targeted program for the development of a new generation of
      automated laser-computer systems for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of
      stomatological diseases].

PMID- 1798992
TI  - [Acute submandibular lymphadenitis : its treatment and prognosis].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of therapy of 1288 patients with acute
      submaxillary lymphadenitis, discuss the causes of the development of this
      condition, and draw attention to the necessity of improving dental care of the
      population. Comparison of various treatment modalities has demonstrated a high
      efficacy of radical operation combined with physio- and hydroaeroionotherapy. The
      authors present their prediction for the duration of temporary invalidity periods
      because of this condition for the period of up to the year 2000 and the economic
      assessment of this prediction.

PMID- 1798993
TI  - [Intravascular laser irradiation of the blood in treating suppurative-necrotic
      processes of the maxillofacial area].
AB  - The results of investigations evidence a high efficacy of intravascular laser
      irradiation of the blood in the treatment of maxillofacial pyonecrotic processes.
      Such treatment is conducive to improvement of the immunologic reactivity,
      microcirculation, and regeneration. The method is simple, that recommends it for
      outpatient practice.

PMID- 1798994
TI  - [The use of benzonal and saparal in the combined therapy of patients with acute
      inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial area].
AB  - The efficacy of inductors and adaptogens (benzonal and saparal) in combined
      therapy of patients with acute maxillofacial inflammations was investigated.
      These agents were conducive to shortening of the treatment periods and prevented
      complications (chronic osteomyelitis). A sooner recovery of the disordered
      homeostatic constants of the body (microsomal monoxygenase activities,
      acetylation processes, nonspecific resistance, leukocytic index of intoxication)
      was achieved.

PMID- 1798995
TI  - [Diagnostic and treatment methods in patients with acute perforations and foreign
      bodies of the maxillary sinuses].
AB  - Sixty-nine patients with acute perforations of and foreign bodies in the
      maxillary sinuses were treated with the use of new methods for the diagnosis and
      treatment, suggested by the author. Good late results (in 3 months to 8 years)
      were achieved in 48 patients.

PMID- 1798996
TI  - [The treatment of patients with mandibular fractures in the angle area using an
      intraoral monomaxillary device].
AB  - Indication for and the technique of applying an oral monomaxillary device to the
      treatment of mandibular fractures in the corner are described. This device was
      effectively used in the treatment of 27 patients. The technique of the device
      application is simple and non-traumatic, it permits an early start of functional
      physiologic treatment. The authors recommend the device as a simple means of
      treatment of mandibular fractures in the corner.

PMID- 1798997
TI  - [Immunocorrection in the combined treatment of patients with osteomyelitis
      developing following combined injuries to the maxillofacial and craniocerebral
      areas].
AB  - Twenty-one of the forty-two patients with osteomyelitis developing after a
      combined maxillofacial and craniocerebral injury were administered thymogen, an
      immunocorrective drug, as a component of combined therapy; immunologic
      indications for the prescription of such an agent were present in all these
      patients. Depressed T-cellular immunity was the principal disorder of the
      immunologic reactivity of this patient population; they also developed elevated
      counts of NK cells and increased interleukin synthesis by the macrophages, this
      reflecting a high activity of inflammation. Thymogen therapy was conducive to
      normalization of the immunologic and nonspecific reactivity and enhanced the
      treatment efficacy on the whole.

PMID- 1798998
TI  - [New variants of reconstructive mandibular operations preserving the function of
      the masticatory muscles and of the temporomandibular joints].

PMID- 1798999
TI  - [The clinico-anatomical characteristics of the dental arches as an objective
      method for assessing periodontal reserve force].
AB  - A method for the assessment of the reserve force of the periodontium is
      described, based on the estimation of the tooth root square size, degree of well
      atrophy, and tooth mobility. Periodontal strength coefficient was derived and a
      table, based on this coefficient, plotted. This coefficient and the table were
      used to assess the periodontal status of the remaining teeth when planning
      orthodontic treatment and to predict the immediate and late results of treatment.

PMID- 1799000
TI  - [The characteristics of obtaining functional impressions under unfavorable
      conditions of the prosthetic bed of the edentulous mandible].
AB  - The results of treatment of 680 patients with a drastic atrophy of the alveolar
      portion of the toothless mandible evidence the advantages of the method for
      making functional casts, suggested by the authors. This method is based on
      anatomic features of the denture bed, topography and function of the mimic and
      masticatory muscles. Making of a preliminary cast is described in detail, as is
      the preparation of a model, making an individual spoon and the final functional
      cast.

PMID- 1799001
TI  - [The coating of the base of a plate denture by magnetotron spraying].

PMID- 1799002
TI  - [The corrosion resistance of aluminum and aluminum-based alloys studied in
      artificial model media].
AB  - Samples of aluminum and its alloys, designed for orthodontic employment, were
      exposed to 4 media simulating the properties of biologic media. The corrosion
      resistance of the tested alloys was assessed from the degree of aluminum
      migration to simulation media solutions, which was measured by the neutron
      activation technique. Aluminum alloy with magnesium and titanium has shown the
      best corrosion resistance.

PMID- 1799003
TI  - [The physical modelling of the process of dental material wear].
AB  - The regularities of 12X18H9T corrosion-resistant steel wear were studied in
      relation to denture movement rate, pressure, and artificial environment
      characteristics. The factors responsible for steel wear were found to be contact
      pressure magnitude, the interacting crowns relative movement rate and
      acceleration, and salivary composition.

PMID- 1799004
TI  - [The prognosis of dental caries in children].
AB  - Examinations of 496 children aged 4 to 15 have shown that the tests based on the
      individual indexes of caries intensity are the most effective tools for the
      prediction of dental caries in children. The prediction accuracy may be
      essentially improved if a complex of clinical and laboratory investigations is
      carried out to detect the individual factors of dental caries risk in children.

PMID- 1799005
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of the morphological indices of the
      maxillodental system in 7- to 12-year-old children with absent closure of the
      dental arches in the frontal plane].
AB  - The height of permanent teeth crowns was measured and the status of supporting
      tissue studied with the use of a Periotest apparatus (Siemens, Germany) in 95
      children aged 7-12 with physiologic dental occlusion and in 70 age-matched
      children without dental occlusion in the frontal section. The data obtained by
      this apparatus permit a judgement on exercise tolerance of periodontal tissue.
      The size of the vertical fissure between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth
      was measured in the children with abnormal occlusion and analysis of correlations
      and regressions of this parameter with the height of permanent teeth crown was
      carried out. The findings evidence that dental supporting tissue strength changes
      with age, as the maxillodental system develops, and that this characteristic is
      rather low in the children with non-occluding frontal teeth.

PMID- 1799006
TI  - [The effect of laser light on dental caries intensity in children].

PMID- 1799007
TI  - [The carbohydrate-resistant mechanism of the action of caries-prophylactic agents
      on the oral fluid in children].
AB  - Examinations of 176 children administered caries-preventing drugs for 2 years
      have shown that oral irrigation with 0.2% sodium fluoride solution, oral intake
      of fluorine in a dose of 1 mg, or of potassium orotate, or of calcium
      glucerophosphate improved the oral fluid resistance to carbohydrate action.
      Glycolytic enzyme activity of the oral fluid in these children was not augmenting
      during carbohydrate load, whereas in children not administered such preventive
      courses oral intake of 10% glucose solution resulted in essential elevation of
      salivary aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, i.e. intensification of
      glycolytic processes, this leading to the development of acid potential in the
      oral cavity and, consequently, to a higher risk of caries development.

PMID- 1799008
TI  - [The organizational experience and first results of the work of a group for
      comprehensive dental care].

PMID- 1799009
TI  - [Ways to improve orthodontic and prosthodontic care for the population].

PMID- 1799010
TI  - [A concept of the pathogenesis of radiation lesions of the teeth].

PMID- 1799011
TI  - [Stomatological diseases and the level of temporary loss of work capacity in
      miners in contact with trinitrotoluene].

PMID- 1799012
TI  - [Clinical variants of disorders of the sucking function and their relation to the
      health status of the child].

PMID- 1799013
TI  - [Compensatory-adaptive processes in the oral organs and tissues with the wearing
      of removable dentures].

PMID- 1799014
TI  - AIDS-related factors predictive of suicidal ideation of low and high intent among
      gay and bisexual men.
AB  - AIDS-related stressors were studied in relationship to suicidal ideation and
      suicide intent among 778 gay and bisexual men (none with AIDS). Over the previous
      six months, 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation. Subjects who reported
      suicidal ideation (compared to those who did not) were more likely to report
      recent (last 6 months) bereavement of partner, recent ARC diagnosis, and multiple
      close friends with ARC. Suicide ideators were divided by a median split on a self
      report scale of suicide intent into low (n = 105) and high (n = 107) intent
      suicide ideators. News of HIV seropositivity was specifically related to low
      intent suicidal ideation. High intent suicidal ideation was associated with
      having a partner with AIDS or ARC, or multiple close friends with AIDS, or having
      ARC. Generally speaking, while temporally discrete AIDS-related events were
      associated the report of suicidal ideation, ongoing stressors which may more
      greatly challenge adaptational capacities were more associated with high intent
      suicidal ideation.

PMID- 1799015
TI  - Assessing vulnerability to suicide.
AB  - Three hundred members of the American Association of Suicidology (30% of those
      who apparently received the questionnaire) participated in a survey in which case
      histories of two men who had committed suicide and two who had not were
      presented. Respondents assessed the vulnerability to suicide of each man,
      recorded their levels of confidence in their assessments, and provided
      information about themselves. The two men who killed themselves were rated as
      less vulnerable to suicide than the other two men, and as less vulnerable than
      one would expect by chance. Respondent characteristics that predicted to accuracy
      in assessing vulnerability were gender and level of involvement in research. The
      findings are discussed in terms of the limitations of theoretical models as well
      as characteristics of the respondents and nature of the study design.

PMID- 1799016
TI  - Attitudes toward suicide in Japanese and American medical students.
AB  - The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) was administered to two samples of
      medical school students, from Japan (n = 80 males and 20 females) and the United
      States (n = 80 males and 20 females). A MANOVA followed by univariate tests
      indicated significant differences on the Right to die, Normality, and Aggression
      scales between Japanese and United States students, and significant gender
      differences on the Religion and Impulsivity scales. No gender by nationality
      interaction was obtained. An analysis of the individual SOQ items revealed
      substantial differences between Japanese and United States medical students in
      their views on suicide.

PMID- 1799017
TI  - Positive and negative attitudes mediating suicide ideation.
AB  - Both the presence of negative expectancies (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler,
      1974) and the absence of positive reasons for living (Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen
      & Chiles, 1983) have been offered as partial explanations for why individuals
      consider suicide. The independent viability of these two explanations is
      evaluated in three studies that assess: (1) the distinctiveness of the
      nomological networks of measures of these two approaches; and (2) the latent
      variables that might account for any observed distinctiveness and for how two
      relatively independent constructs could both be related to suicide. Results
      obtained from both nonclinical and clinical samples consistently indicate
      distinct nomological nets for measures of "hopelessness" and "reasons for
      living." Results suggest that these measures are both related to suicide because
      measured suicide intent is a bi-factorial construct and measures of hopelessness
      and reasons for living are related to different underlying factors. Suicide
      intent is related to latent variables labelled "neuroticism" and "psychoticism;"
      hopelessness is related to these two factors and to "extraversion;" reasons for
      living is primarily related to psychoticism.

PMID- 1799018
TI  - Media influence on attitudes toward suicide.
AB  - This experiment investigated the effects of viewing films on suicide and violence
      on attitudes toward suicide. Non-suicidal university students were assigned to
      one of three groups: One group was shown a film about suicide, a second saw a
      film about violence, and the third saw a neutral film. Perceptions of the
      appropriateness of suicide and level of emotional arousal were measured by a
      questionnaire administered before and after the films were shown. Both the
      suicide and violent film groups showed increases in arousal scores after viewing
      the films. The results suggest that arousal became linked to cognitions specific
      to film content as a result of viewing the films dealing with suicide and
      violence. Other findings suggest that, for the suicide and violent film groups,
      perceived relations with parents were important predictors of film-induced
      changes in attitudes toward suicide.

PMID- 1799019
TI  - Survivor-victim status, attachment, and sudden death bereavement.
AB  - This research examines the significance of the survivor-victim relationship in
      understanding grief following sudden death bereavement. Data for this study come
      from medical examiner's reports and mailed self-report surveys of survivors of
      suicide and accidental death. In general, the results show that survivor-victim
      attachment is more important than survivor's status in explaining grief
      reactions. Also, suicide survivors experience significantly less emotional
      distress and shock, but greater feelings of guilt/shame and rejection, than
      survivors of accidental death. This paper concludes by directing future research
      to explore more fully the importance of survivor-victim relationships in
      understanding grief following bereavement.

PMID- 1799021
TI  - Suicide and life-threatening behavior.

PMID- 1799020
TI  - Reply to Kim Smith, PhD, on "Teen suicide and changing cause of death
      certification, 1953-1987" (SLTB, 21-3).

PMID- 1799022
TI  - New technologies and telephone hotlines.

PMID- 1799023
TI  - The saga of rhabdoid cells and rhabdoid tumors.

PMID- 1799024
TI  - Correlative light and scanning electron microscopy of intestinal giardiasis,
      cryptosporidiosis, and spirochetosis.
AB  - Cases of intestinal giardiasis, spirochetosis, and cryptosporidiosis were
      examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
      stained tissue sections from which the coverslips were removed and the sections
      coated with gold. The technique is simple and reliably provides excellent
      morphologic detail that is preserved in the deparaffinized 4 microsections. We
      present examples of nine intestinal parasites examined in this manner and compare
      this technique with standard H&E staining and special stains with regard to
      relative costs, turnaround time, labor input, and morphologic preservation.
      Scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct in providing confirmatory
      evidence in the diagnosis of intestinal giardiasis, spirochetosis, and
      cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 1799025
TI  - Skeinoid fibers: an ultrastructural marker of neurogenic spindle cell tumors.
AB  - The article describes novel stromal fibrillar aggregates found in three cases of
      neurogenic spindle cell tumor and eight cases of small intestinal stromal tumor.
      The aggregates were composed of tangles of curvilinear fluffy fibrils with a
      periodicity of from 41 to 48 nm with a staining pattern similar to that of
      collagen fibrils. The overall ultrastructural appearance simulated skeins of
      yarn, hence they are designated skeinoid fibers. No similar stromal fibers were
      found in more than 5000 other tumors studied. Their exclusive presence in
      neurogenic spindle cell tumors suggests the possibility that they are an
      ultrastructural marker for neurogenic spindle cell tumors and that the eight
      cases of small intestinal stromal tumors with skeinoid fibers may be of
      neurogenic origin.

PMID- 1799026
TI  - Myogenic stromal tumor of the male breast (so-called myofibroblastoma).
AB  - A case of a distinctive stromal tumor of the male breast, recently designated as
      myofibroblastoma, is reported. A fascicular clustering of spindle cells with
      intervening hyaline bands was the dominant pattern, but areas of myxoid
      transformation were present. Ultrastructure revealed a large predominance of
      fibroblastlike cells, often containing dispersed or aggregated intermediate
      and/or thin filaments. These cells depicted numerous thin processes encircling
      collagenous bundles. Primitive mesenchymal and typical smooth muscle cells were
      present, but myofibroblasts were not identified. Vimentin was diffusely
      expressed, whereas desmin and muscle-specific actin were detected in,
      respectively, 50% to 60% and 15% to 25% of the cell population. The designation
      of myogenic stromal tumor is, therefore, considered more appropriate.

PMID- 1799027
TI  - Osteoclast origin of giant cells in giant cell tumors of bone: ultrastructural
      and cytochemical study of six cases.
AB  - To clarify the histogenesis of giant cells appearing in giant cell tumors of bone
      (GCTB), an ultrastructural and cytochemical study of six cases was performed with
      both acid phosphatase (ACPase) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACPase)
      as marker enzymes. TRACPase is considered a specific marker for osteoclasts.
      ACPase was demonstrated in the macrophagelike stromal cells, the multinucleated
      giant cells, and the infiltrating macrophages. The enzyme reaction was localized
      in lysosomal dense bodies and Golgi areas. Intense TRACPase activity was
      demonstrated in the multinucleated giant cells, whereas a weak reaction was found
      in the macrophagelike stromal cells. The multinucleated giant cells and
      macrophagelike stromal cells resembled osteoclasts with regard to the subcellular
      localization of TRACPase. The present results suggest that the giant cells in
      GCTB are indeed derived from osteoclasts.

PMID- 1799028
TI  - Interdigitating reticulum cell sarcoma with unusual features.
AB  - A case of interdigitating reticulum cell sarcoma is reported in a cervical lymph
      node of a 67-year-old man who had a previously diagnosed nodular lymphocytic
      lymphoma in the same anatomic location. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells
      contained cylindrical confronting cisternae, and associated benign lymphocytes
      had tubuloreticular structures in their cytoplasm. The patient was treated with
      combination chemotherapy-radiation therapy and is alive and well with no evidence
      of disease approximately 2 years after completing therapy. The clinical and
      pathologic features of previously reported cases of interdigitating reticulum
      cell sarcomas are compared to those of the reported case.

PMID- 1799029
TI  - Neuroblastic differentiation of metastases of medulloblastoma to extracranial
      lymph node: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Extracranial metastases of a poorly differentiated medulloblastoma in a 12-year
      old girl were studied by thin section transmission electron microscopy and
      immunohistochemistry. The primary tumor did not show any differentiation as
      revealed by immunohistochemistry. On the contrary, the metastatic tumor cells and
      their processes disclosed features of neuroblastic differentiation when examined
      ultrastructurally: microtubules, dense core vesicles, and abortive synaptic
      ribbons. Several dystrophic neurites containing altered subcellular organelles
      were also found. Furthermore, few processes contained concentric arrays of paired
      membranes. This report is the first to clearly show the neuronal differentiation
      of extracranial metastases of poorly differentiated medulloblastoma. We speculate
      that metastases of medulloblastomas outside the neuraxis behave analogously to
      medulloblastoma explants cultured in vivo.

PMID- 1799030
TI  - Case for the panel. Thymic tumors.

PMID- 1799031
TI  - Unusual pigmented vesical lesion in a middle-aged woman (UP 1990;14:529-535)

PMID- 1799032
TI  - [New findings on the biotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated during milk
      processing].
AB  - A detailed analysis of biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus, as related to their
      origin and enterotoxigenicity, was performed, using 432 strains isolated from
      bulk milk, milking machines, quarter milk samples collected from mastitic cows,
      and cowherds and milkers. All strains coagulated rabbit blood plasma and produced
      thermonuclease (Tab. I). Human strains differed from bovine ones mostly in the
      production of alpha-haemolysin (94%) and fibrinolysin (66%). Biotypes C1 (35%)
      and C2 (38%) dominated clearly among the strains isolated from quarter milk
      samples. The findings of 13% of biotype A and 8% of biotype D suggest that other
      sources of udder infections than mastitic cows were involved. Almost 19% of human
      strains and two strains isolated from quarter milk samples were identified as the
      recently defined type G. The production of enterotoxins (Tab. III) of was
      associated mostly with strains of human origin (69%) and with biotypes G (35%)
      and A (31%). Three enterotoxigenic strains belonged to the biotype B and one
      strain was not classifiable.

PMID- 1799033
TI  - [Dehydrogenase activity in small intestine mucosa in experimental coccidiosis in
      suckling pigs].
AB  - The activities of 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.30.; HBD) and
      isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.41; ICD) were evaluated
      microdensitometrically in the mucosa of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 19
      conventional piglets infected on the first day after parturition (DAP) with
      oocysts of Eimeria debliecki coccidium (infection dose of 200,000 oocysts). The
      two investigated enzymes are deposited in mitochondria which are dispersed in the
      supra-, para- and infranuclear region of absorption cells (Fig. 1). The synthesis
      of the two dehydrogenases was investigated in the small intestine mucosa in the
      period of 1st to 10th day after infection (DAI). The HBD and ICD activities were
      also followed in the small intestine of four control conventional piglets at the
      age of 2-5 days (Tab. I). The two dehydrogenases could be characterized by a
      topographic gradient; it means that their activity was increasing in the small
      intestine mucosa through duodenum in an aboral direction. The ICD activity is
      higher in the intestinal mucosa of healthy piglets (Figs. 2 and 3), where its
      topic concentration was more marked while the HBD activity is dispersed in
      enterocytes (Fig. 4). In infected piglets the density of the two enzymes was
      demonstrated to decrease already in the starting period of experimental
      infection, and it reaches the lowest values for the first time on DAI 5-6 (Fig.
      5, Tab. II), then on DAIs 9 (HBD; Fig. 6, graph 11)) or 8 (ICD, Fig. 7 and 10).
      In the period of experimental infection no statistically significant
      predisposition to the hypoactivity of target dehydrogenases nor its marked shift
      were observed. Somewhat rapid resumption of synthesis was demonstrated as soon as
      on DAI 8 in ICD (Fig. 8); its activity on DAI 10 in the intestinal mucosa
      corresponded to the 93% activity of this dehydrogenase recorded in the small
      intestine of control piglets. The density of HBD to the same day (DAI 10) reached
      in the intestinal mucosa of infected piglets the values making only 44.7% of
      those demonstrated in the intestinal mucosa of the control group of animals.

PMID- 1799034
TI  - [Water consumption in piglets weaned early at various ages and fed a liquid
      diet].
AB  - Water consumption was recorded in 72 piglets of the Lorge White breed, weaned
      either on the second, sixth, tenth day or on the fourteenth day of age, this
      parameter was followed till the age of four weeks. The piglets were kept
      individually in a thermoneutral zone and they received a milk diet with
      macronutrient content, similar to sow's milk and water content of from 78.47%.
      The diet was offered to suck nine times a day in two-hour intervals. The piglet
      age at weaning was found to influence significantly water intake. Daily water
      ingestion is higher in piglets separated from the sows at a younger age than in
      piglets weaned later on; it reaches as much as 29% in the first group, 26% in the
      second group, 28% and 20% of live weight in the third and fourth groups,
      respectively. If converted to the metabolic weight, the percentage is still
      higher: more than 40% in the first group at the end of the fourth week. Although
      the spans of weaning beginnings were always identical in particular groups of
      piglets (four days), the differences in the water consumption were not the same.
      The differences were smaller between the first and second group, and the third
      and fourth group, in comparison with those between the second and third group.
      This fact confirms previous general statements about the periodization of early
      postnatal life of piglets. The beginning of weaning of the first two groups
      belongs to the "suckling" period, while the beginning of weaning of the other
      groups is within the "weaning" period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799035
TI  - [Feasibility and limitations of the preoperative diagnosis of meningocele].
AB  - The paper is concerned with clinical and x-ray analysis, performed in 10 patients
      (9 women and 1 man) aged 40 to 50, with meningocele, a congenital abnormality.
      The final diagnosis of this disease was made possible only by means of
      transthoracic needle biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid, which was effectively
      performed in 5 patients.

PMID- 1799036
TI  - [Roentgeno-endovascular dilation of aortic coarctation].
AB  - The potentialities of roentgeno-endovascular dilation (RED) of various types of
      coarctation and aortic stenoses were studied in 12 patients aged 9 to 27. RED was
      performed by two Gruntzig's catheters with balloons not less than 7 mm in
      diameter. The main criterion of RED efficacy was a gradient of systolic pressure
      which was on the decrease by 25-40 mm Hg after using one catheter, and by 40-70
      mm Hg after using both catheters. The same method was applied to dilation of
      stenosis of the abdominal aorta. The proposed method is low invasive and most
      effective in patients with aortic segmentation of segmental type, and makes it
      possible to avoid in many cases surgical intervention.

PMID- 1799037
TI  - [The dose-response relationship in the use of hexabrix in angiography].
AB  - The authors present the results of a clinical trial of Hexabrix, a new radiopaque
      low osmolar agent, to be used in visceral catheterization translumbar
      angiography. Hexabrix was shown to reduce the frequency of side-effects by 40% as
      compared to triiodinated agents. The new agent causes no marked reactions in
      intraarterial administration even at a dose over 2 ml/kg. Hexabrix is an agent of
      choice to be used for patients at risk of angiographic investigation (allergy,
      advanced age, a severe general condition).

PMID- 1799038
TI  - [The functional status of the left ventricle in normal conditions. Results of
      multiphase x-ray contrast left ventriculography].
AB  - The main functional characteristics of the left ventricle (LV) were defined using
      a method of multiphase radiopaque left ventriculography. Three groups of indices
      of LV function (energetic LV indices, indices of chamber diastolic function, and
      indices of local motion of the LV walls in the course of a complete cardiocycle)
      were standardized in healthy persons. An original algorithm of analysis of local
      LV myocardial contractility was used. A combined approach to interpretation of
      results of this method was worked out. A standard set of indices, reflecting LV
      function, was defined. Standardized values of these indices, necessary for an
      effective use of this method, were obtained.

PMID- 1799039
TI  - [X-ray-ultrasonic parallels in tumors of the stomach and intestines].
AB  - Combined clinical, radio and ultrasound investigation of 46 patients was carried
      out. It was shown that routine transabdominal UTS could be employed in diagnosis
      of gastric and intestinal tumors but mainly at more advanced stages (T3, T4).
      Potentialities of the method were shown to depend, to a great extent, on a tumor
      site, growth, type, sizes, and spreading, as well as on the resolving power of an
      US diagnostic apparatus. The use of a high resolution apparatus made it possible
      to detect tumor invasion, but topography of a tumor was difficult to define. The
      x-ray or endoscopic method can be used as an adjuvant method of specified
      diagnosis of gastric and intestinal tumors.

PMID- 1799040
TI  - [Computed tomography in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer].
AB  - In order to study the potentialities of computerized tomography (CT) in the
      diagnosis of colorectal cancer and assessment of its spreading, 107 patients
      (subsequently operated on) were investigated. CT of the colon was performed
      against a background of a contrast study per os, CT of the rectum was performed
      against a background of inserting a thin wall latex balloon and rated inflation
      of it with air. Comparison of the results of this investigation with operative
      findings led to a description of CT semeiotics of colorectal cancer, and a study
      of the signs of spreading to various organs and structures as well as of
      metastatic involvement of the regional lymph nodes and liver. The use of CT for
      colorectal cancer in combination with other methods of examination helped choose
      the optimum therapeutic tactics and define the volume of operation.

PMID- 1799041
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of a phlegmon of the retroperitoneal space tissue].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of a combined x-ray study of 36 patients
      with phlegmon of retroperitoneal fat (RF). The x-ray procedure was described,
      potentialities and effectiveness of each method (panoramic polypositional
      investigation of the chest and peritoneal cavity, a contrast study of the G.I.
      tract) were shown. X-ray semeiotics of phlegmon of RF of different sites, the
      main differential and diagnostic signs to distinguish between phlegmon and
      accumulation of gases of other sites and its causes, were described in detail.
      The accuracy of phlegmon detection with these methods was 97.2%; phlegmon was
      detected in 35 of 36 patients.

PMID- 1799042
TI  - [Functional digital subtraction sialography in the diagnosis of salivary gland
      diseases].
AB  - Functional digital subtraction sialography with a water soluble radiopaque agent
      (verografin) made it possible to investigate the structure and functional changes
      in the salivary glands of 26 patients with a minimum injury of the glands. The
      method permitted a decrease in a dose of the agent 4 times as compared to routine
      sialography; the consumption of x-ray film was decreased 5-fold. Digital
      processing of images helped avoid superimposing of the cranial bone components,
      improving the quality of images of the salivary glands. The method is
      indispensable during differential diagnosis, especially at early stages of
      diseases of the salivary glands.

PMID- 1799043
TI  - [Transvaginal echography in the diagnosis of endometrioid cysts of the ovaries].
AB  - Research into the value of transvaginal echography in the diagnosis of
      endometrioid ovarian cysts has shown that this pathology is characterized by the
      presence of a round or oblong formation, filled with small-dotted suspension of
      mean or high echogeneity, by a dense hyperechogenic component of small sizes and
      wall thickening up to 0.2-0.3 cm. The accuracy of diagnosis of endometrioid
      ovarian cysts was 92.3%.

PMID- 1799044
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of malignant non-epithelial tumors of the lung].
AB  - The paper is devoted to analysis of the investigation and treatment of 137
      patients with histologically verified lung sarcoma. X-ray was the chief method of
      primary detection. A classification, singling out 3 types, was developed:
      peripheral (82.6%), central (16%) and disseminated (1.4%). The first one included
      nodular (76%) and pneumonia-like (6.6%) types of changes, the second one-
      endobronchial changes (11%), peribronchial (2.9%) and exobronchial nodular (2.1%)
      changes. The developed roentgenosemeiotics made it possible to diagnose
      malignancy in 72% of the patients, indicating its nonepithelial nature in 36%.

PMID- 1799045
TI  - [Roentgeno-endovascular surgery of hypofunctional ovaries in varicosities of the
      ovarian veins].
AB  - Three degrees of ovarian varicocele in sterile women or women with menstrual
      disturbance were described on the basis of analysis of 62 superselective
      ovariophlebograms. A nonsurgical pathogenetic method for correction of ovarian
      hypofunction in disturbed circulation in the venous region of the pelvic organs
      was developed by cutting off the ovarian vein from the pathological renocaval
      vascular shunt with the help of roentgenovascular intervention. It is based upon
      transcatheter occlusion of the left ovarian vein and directly follows diagnostic
      phlebography. Roentgenoendovascular occlusion of the left ovarian vein was
      performed in 41 patients Ivanissevich's operation--in 8 patients. In 4-18 months
      after intervention, improved results of a clinical picture and functional
      diagnostic tests were observed in 46 patients. Of 19 women with passable uterine
      tubes 14 got pregnant.

PMID- 1799046
TI  - [Characteristics of a print-producing X-ray diagnostic apparatus with a RENA 50-6
      MP microprocessor feeding device].

PMID- 1799047
TI  - [Ischemic heart disease. Status of the coronary arteries and functional status of
      the left ventricle (Lecture)].

PMID- 1799048
TI  - [Current methods of radiologic diagnosis of space-occupying diseases of the
      hepatopancreatoduodenal region].

PMID- 1799049
TI  - [A primary multiple cancer of the lung in conjunction with suppurative
      pneumonia].

PMID- 1799050
TI  - [An isolated bilateral partial anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins].

PMID- 1799051
TI  - [A case of a mega-diverticulum of the stomach].

PMID- 1799052
TI  - [Physiologic pneumoperitoneum].

PMID- 1799053
TI  - [Roentgeno-ultrasonic diagnosis of a brain tumor (oligodendroglioma) in a child].

PMID- 1799054
TI  - [A case of electric injury to the hand].

PMID- 1799055
TI  - [Embolization of the hepatic artery in a spontaneous intrahepatic arterioportal
      fistula].

PMID- 1799057
TI  - Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1990.

PMID- 1799056
TI  - [A case of an intrapulmonary hematoma].

PMID- 1799058
TI  - [The prospects for using extracorporeal detoxication methods in disaster
      medicine].
AB  - A lot of specific injuries caused by catastrophes provoke endogenic intoxication.
      In this situation the application of extracorporal detoxication methods will be
      conditioned by pathogenetical mechanisms of their action. There are indications
      for ED management in mechanical injuries, prolonged squeezing effects, thermal
      injuries, acute poisoning, irradiation injuries, acute infectious diseases, acute
      reactivity state. The experience of 163 operations on 111 wounded in catastrophes
      proves the worth-while character of work in this sphere. 10 variants of
      extracorporal operations including combined methods were applied.

PMID- 1799059
TI  - [A medical registry of the victims at the centers of catastrophes].
AB  - The article discusses the practical significance of medical registry in
      liquidation of catastrophe consequences. On the basis of summarized experience
      the authors propose a conception of statistic registry for cases of disaster
      medicine. They worked out a variant of a record card for the victims of
      catastrophes. There is a principal scheme for formation of registry information
      in aid posts and medical establishments.

PMID- 1799061
TI  - [The use of the forces and facilities of the medical service in organizing
      medical care for the victims in extreme situations].

PMID- 1799060
TI  - [Medical evacuation measures in acute cerebral circulatory disorders in the
      mountains].
AB  - The article gives a brief clinical characteristic of acute cerebral blood
      circulation disorders in mountains. It regards adaptive disorders as a
      manifestation of acute mountainous disease. The authors describe diagnostics,
      first and secondary care, chain of evacuation. Measures of primary prophylaxis
      are also enclosed.

PMID- 1799062
TI  - [The significance of an immunoglobulin A deficiency in the development of drug
      induced lesions of the liver and of immune cholestasis].

PMID- 1799063
TI  - [The detection of persisting viruses in immunocompetent blood cells in cerebral
      arachnoiditis].

PMID- 1799064
TI  - [A rare etiological variant of a disorder in cerebral circulation].

PMID- 1799065
TI  - [The x-ray diagnosis of a pulmonary syndrome in surgical sepsis].

PMID- 1799066
TI  - [The diagnostic value of studying the spontaneous venous pulse of the retina].

PMID- 1799067
TI  - [Experience in using the UZKhF-04-0 ultrasonic phacofragmentizer in a garrison
      hospital].

PMID- 1799068
TI  - [The early detection of narcotic addiction in servicemen].

PMID- 1799069
TI  - [From the reminiscences of an epidemiologist at the front].

PMID- 1799070
TI  - [Group morbidity from angina with a food route of the infection transmission in
      an organized collective].

PMID- 1799071
TI  - [The medical support for the troops of the Western Front in the Battle of
      Moscow].

PMID- 1799072
TI  - [Toxic methemoglobinemia (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 1799073
TI  - [The psychophysiological training of the crew members of multiseat aircraft for
      cooperation in accident situations].
AB  - The article cites the results of the researching work that analyzes the crew
      cooperation in the conditions of an aircraft break-downs which were imitated at
      flight simulator; elaborates psychophysiological recommendations and makes its
      efficiency estimate. The authors state that psychophysiological recommendations
      could relieve routine work embarrassing situations, therefore promoting for
      better professional reliability of flight crews.

PMID- 1799074
TI  - [The contribution of military naval physicians to the development of
      international relations].

PMID- 1799075
TI  - [Ergonomic approaches to raising the efficiency and quality of military medical
      technology].

PMID- 1799076
TI  - [The outfitting of the pharmacy in a division medical battalion].

PMID- 1799077
TI  - [The work of triage-evacuation hospitals].

PMID- 1799078
TI  - [Sexual child abuse: definition, prevalence and sequelae].
AB  - This review focuses on two aspects of research on sexual child abuse during the
      last ten years, namely prevalence and long-term effects. Differing results for
      prevalence (6-62% for female subjects) have been found depending on the concept
      of sexual child abuse (incest vs. extra-familial child sexual abuse, child sexual
      abuse with or without physical contact, child sexual abuse with or without
      violence and sexual actions between adults and children) and depending on the
      method, and features of the subject. Long-term effects are complex (affective,
      somatic, eating and sleeping disorders, dissociations, disorders in interpersonal
      relationships, problems in sexuality and social functioning). The main syndrome
      seems to be a pattern of affective disorders.

PMID- 1799079
TI  - [Memory deficits in alcohol dependent patients in the 1st weeks of abstinence].
AB  - The aim of the study is to analyse memory deficits of alcohol dependents after
      detoxification with regard to the degree of recovery since the beginning of
      abstinence. Four samples include in the whole 168 alcohol dependent in-patients
      of same age and sex. Psychological tests of verbal as well as visual memory with
      retention times of a few seconds to 30 minutes were applicated, among others the
      Auditory-Verbal-Learning-Test, the digit span as well as the Benton-Visual
      Retention-Test. The results show that the performance grows with time of
      abstinence. This increase, however, is nearly finished after seven days. In the
      discussion the idea of a dichotomization of the detoxification development
      concerning the memory performance is encouraged according to which in a first
      stage of about seven days the most pronounced disturbances become less. In a
      second stage lasting weeks cognitive deficits of a minor degree remain. This is
      in accordance with other studies in which however the age was not controlled
      well.

PMID- 1799080
TI  - [Depersonalization and deja vu experiences: prevalences in nonclinical samples].
AB  - According to the relevant psychological and psychiatric literature,
      depersonalization and deja vu experiences are usually viewed as symptoms of
      severe psychiatric or neurological disorders, especially in schizophrenia,
      depression and epilepsy. Studies of these phenomena in non-clinical populations
      are rate. In this article we present the results of several epidemiological
      investigations. On the basis of survey and interview research, quantitative and
      qualitative aspects of both phenomena were assessed, as well as the relations
      with personality variables like emotionality. The results indicate prevalence
      rates up to 80 percent in non-clinical populations. Based on epidemiological
      considerations, the question of differentiation between clinical and non-clinical
      forms of depersonalization and deja vu is discussed.

PMID- 1799081
TI  - [Empirical validation of the "pain intensity" construct].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyse the dimensionality of the construct pain
      intensity. Pain intensity was measured by two different scales, the Pain
      Regulation Questionnaire, subscale "Pain Intensity" (Schermelleh-Engel, 1990),
      and the Hamburg Pain Adjective Checklist (Hoppe, 1985). The data were collected
      from a sample of 103 subjects (71 females, 32 males) with chronic rheumatic pain
      and examined by means of the Classical Latent-Additive Testmodel (CLA-Model) of
      Moosbrugger & Muller (1981, 1982). The results suggested (1) that each of the
      scales can be regarded as homogeneous and (2) that both scales measure the same
      latent construct, which could be identified as pain intensity.

PMID- 1799082
TI  - [Measuring depression of prisoners].
AB  - On the basis of a sample of 125 adult criminal offenders and 66 students, the use
      of the abriged BDI as a depression screening device for felons is explored. The
      investigation confirms the high consistency and item-total correlations of the
      BDI. The factorial validity is doubtful. Only the first factor may be
      reidentified in different samples. A high percentage of offenders had scores at
      or above 8 indicating moderate or severe depression. Since offenders and students
      do not differ in the depression scores, the validity of the cut-off scores (Beck
      & Beck, 1972) may be questioned. The abriged BDI does not correlate with criminal
      or arrest data (e.g. number of offences, sentence length and status of
      imprisonment), but with other self-report measures for the assessment of self
      concept or anxiety. Discriminant validity in respect to related constructs
      (anxiety and self-concept) cannot be expected.

PMID- 1799083
TI  - Health and environmental change in Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 1799085
TI  - Oral health status of teenage schoolchildren in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
AB  - In Papua New Guinea the main dental problem has been periodontal disease and
      related conditions. Dental caries appears to be low in many community groups. The
      aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of dental caries and the
      periodontal health status of teenage schoolchildren in Port Moresby. 200 children
      of mean age 15.4 years were examined from two urban community high schools in
      Port Moresby. 44% of the children examined were caries-free and the average
      decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) score was 1.43, while only 2.5% of the
      children had totally healthy periodontal tissues. 18% of them showed pathological
      periodontal pockets of 4 or 5mm in depth, the remaining children having either
      gingival bleeding, calculus or both. The results indicated that this group of
      children showed a low prevalence of dental caries and a high prevalence of
      periodontal problems. No cases with deep periodontal pockets of 6mm or more were
      found.

PMID- 1799084
TI  - Hepatitis B surface and e antigen seropositivity in mothers and cord blood at
      Port Moresby General Hospital: implications for a control program.
AB  - Analysis of 100 unselected paired maternal and cord blood samples showed 11
      mothers to be HBsAg positive and 6 of these to be also HBeAg positive. 5 cord
      blood samples were HBsAg positive and 3 were HBeAg positive. Assuming a
      protective efficacy rate of 75%, the present plasma-derived hepatitis B virus
      vaccine control program is likely to prevent the perinatal acquisition of the
      hepatitis B virus carrier state in 27 per 1000 children. The addition of
      immunoglobulin prophylaxis would be likely to reduce this by another 5 per 1000,
      but its use does not appear practicable at the present time.

PMID- 1799086
TI  - Getting dental services to the rural 85 percent.
AB  - For the past 30 years the organization of government dental services in Papua New
      Guinea has been modelled on the School Dental Service in New Zealand. Although
      the two most important mouth diseases occur in adults, children have been given
      priority. The dental work has been done by a workforce of less than 200 dental
      officers and dental therapists. Dental services are invisible to the mass of
      Papua New Guineans. Such organization of dental services has been disastrous for
      the oral health of the rural population. The need is urgent to integrate dental
      services within the mainstream health services, doing as much as possible at the
      aid posts, and referring on to health centres only what cannot be done at the
      local level. Both the present cadre of 2250 orderlies in aid posts plus the
      planned new 4750 community health workers by the year 2000 need to be trained in
      basic dental skills. The 2400 aid posts need to be equipped with a kit of basic
      dental materials and instruments, costing about K250 each. Training in basic
      dental care can be done in six weeks, and should take place within the province,
      under conditions as close as possible to real life. The benefits of providing a
      basic dental service at aid posts are obvious--the population coverage will be
      much higher, the range of diseases that are preventable or controllable will
      increase, and many of the deaths that now occur from cancer of the mouth will be
      prevented or delayed.

PMID- 1799087
TI  - A decade of ophthalmic statistics in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - This review is a composite of quarterly reports from an ophthalmologist's clinic
      in Madang over a ten-year period. The aim was to encompass ophthalmological
      practice in this situation quantitatively and qualitatively. It reflects, in the
      author's opinion, the state of ophthalmological services at present offered
      including ancillary services, and comments are made on some of the pathology
      encountered and surgery performed.

PMID- 1799088
TI  - Lung capacity of males from the Ok Tedi region, Western Province, Papua New
      Guinea.
AB  - Ninety-three men, representatives of the Wopkaimin, Ningerum and Awin ethnic
      groups in the Ok Tedi region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, had their
      forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity measured. No
      differences were observed between any of the groups studied, though volumes were
      small and tended to be slightly greater in those living nearer Tabubil and the Ok
      Tedi mine, and in nonsmokers. Mean adjusted volumes were smaller than those for
      other Papua New Guineans and Europeans.

PMID- 1799089
TI  - Some factors affecting acceptance of family planning in Manus.
AB  - This paper examines selected factors affecting the acceptance and delivery of
      modern family planning from health centres in Manus. A survey was carried out of
      mothers attending Maternal and Child Health clinics and a written questionnaire
      was given to health workers. The survey of mothers demonstrated the importance of
      the husband's approval for contraceptive practice and showed that knowledge about
      traditional methods of family planning is widespread. The health workers'
      questionnaire demonstrated a high level of dissatisfaction with the current
      family planning program delivered by health clinics: 45% found the program
      ineffective; 68% wrote that health workers' attitudes discouraged mothers from
      attending for family planning. The perceived and actual benefits and costs of
      children and the role of men should be assessed locally before planning future
      family planning programs. Widespread retraining and motivating of health workers
      is essential if improved coverage is to be achieved through health services. The
      efficacy of alternative methods of delivery of family planning such as local
      community-based and social marketing programs should also be investigated.

PMID- 1799090
TI  - The cost of rural health services in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - In 1988 a countrywide study was conducted on the costs of rural health services
      in Papua New Guinea. 16% of all health centres and subcentres were surveyed.
      Information was collected on physical facilities, recurrent costs, staff time
      allocation, service outputs and quality of services. Wide variation was found in
      the costs of rural health facilities overall, and significant differences were
      found between the costs and outputs of health centres and subcentres. Average
      levels of service output were found to be similar at church and government
      facilities but average levels of utilization by the population were higher at
      church facilities. Despite government policy on extension of preventive health
      care, a strong emphasis was found on curative care. Many facilities were found to
      have significant excess bed capacity. Recurrent financing for transportation and
      maintenance was found to be inadequate.

PMID- 1799091
TI  - Non-identical newborn twins with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Two neonates, one female and one male, with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to
      21-hydroxylase deficiency are described. The inheritance of this disease is
      autosomal recessive. It is of interest that these two babies were non-identical
      twins. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is briefly discussed and some relevant aspects
      of the hormonal control of the development of morphological or phenotypic sex are
      presented. Some of the difficulties encountered following the diagnosis of this
      condition in Papua New Guinea are mentioned.

PMID- 1799092
TI  - Breech presentation and delivery.
AB  - What constitutes proper management for the singleton baby who presents by the
      breech at term has remained one of the most contentious subjects in obstetric
      practice. Perinatal morbidity and mortality are much higher in breech than in
      cephalic presentation. Elective caesarean section has been increasingly used in
      an attempt to improve the perinatal outcome. But caesarean section has immediate
      and late maternal complications. Some of these complications can be catastrophic.
      External cephalic version (ECV) at term, under tocolysis if necessary, will
      reduce the incidence of vaginal breech delivery and the incidence of caesarean
      section. Where ECV fails, the use of a selective management protocol will allow
      trial of breech labour in suitable cases, thus further reducing the incidence of
      elective section. Symphysiotomy may save the life of the baby whose head is
      trapped by disproportion.

PMID- 1799093
TI  - Abuse of the Baby Feed Supplies (Control) Act.

PMID- 1799094
TI  - Polio eradication campaign: a proposal for success.

PMID- 1799095
TI  - [Involvement of the olfactory system in learning and memory: a close correlation
      between the olfactory deficit and the course of Alzheimer's disease?].
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized pathologically by the development of
      numerous neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the
      brain. Recent studies of Alzheimer's disease patients have uniformly shown marked
      impairment on odor recognition. In Alzheimer's disease, brain structures closely
      related to the olfactory bulb (OB) or the olfactory system demonstrate
      significantly histopathological changes. Anatomically, the olfactory bulbs
      project through the lateral olfactory tracts to the olfactory tubercules, the
      pyriform cortex, the cortical amygdala nucleus, and the ventrolateral entorhinal
      area. In addition, the olfactory system is particularly rich in acetylcholine and
      other neurotransmitters, many of which are deficient in Alzheimer's disease.
      Furthermore, increased numbers of NP and NFT in the OB and anterior olfactory
      nucleus have been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These
      findings suggest that there is a close correlation between the impairment of
      olfactory processes and the course of Alzheimer's disease. In animal study, many
      investigators have become interested in the role that olfactory cues play in
      learning/memory. Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats impairs passive avoidance
      and radial-maze task in acquisition. In both working and reference memory tasks
      using a 3-panel runway apparatus, OB-lesioned rats showed a marked increase of
      errors (pushes made on the two incorrect panels of the 3-panel gates located at 4
      choice points). Furthermore, in 3-lever operant task using a delayed matching-to
      lever location procedure, OB lesions decreased significantly the correct response
      in test trials without affecting that in training trials. These findings indicate
      that olfactory bulbectomy leads to severe impairment of memory in rats.
      Interestingly, the appearance of memory impairment is delayed following OB
      lesions. Earlier studies also had shown that the rats do not require olfactory
      cues for efficient performance in some learning task. Judging from these
      findings, the impairment of memory do not attribute solely to olfactory deficit.
      Therefore, it seems likely that the impairment of memory following the bulbectomy
      might be due to secondary degeneration in several areas projected from the OB
      rather than to the olfactory deficit. Unfortunately, investigation of the
      mechanism underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease has been hampered by
      the lack of an animal model. In this context, as reviewed here, since OB-lesioned
      rats show severe impairment of memory with some emotional changes, the olfactory
      bulbectomy syndrome may be a useful model of Alzheimer's disease. Such a review
      inevitably raises more questions than its answers, but it is hoped that it may
      stimulate further investigation in this new field.

PMID- 1799096
TI  - [Drug-induced seizures in taurine-deficient mice].
AB  - Appearances of pentetrazole-, picrotoxin- and strychnine-induced convulsive
      seizures in taurine-deficient mice produced by treatment with guanidinoethyl
      sulfonate (GES), a taurine transport antagonist, were investigated. Mice were fed
      a taurine-free diet and water containing 1% GES from 2 weeks of pregnancy to
      weaning. The same feeding condition was applied to male offsprings from 3 weeks
      of age. At 5 weeks of age, convulsants were administered to some mice and the
      others were sacrificed for determination of brain amino acids concentrations. The
      incidences of both seizure and death for strychnine and death for picrotoxin were
      enhanced by treatment with GES, whereas the latency of pentetrazole-induced tonic
      extensor was prolonged. Significant decrease of brain taurine, asparaginic acid
      and GABA concentrations were observed in mice treated with GES. These results
      suggest that convulsive seizures caused by disinhibition of taurine and GABA
      system are enhanced by deficiency of brain taurine level.

PMID- 1799097
TI  - [Neurochemistry of the hippocampus--molecular expression in neural plasticity].

PMID- 1799098
TI  - [Food--omega 3/omega 6 fatty acid balance--behavior link].

PMID- 1799099
TI  - [The characteristics of the structural-functional state of the erythrocytes from
      homoiothermic and heterothermic animals during hypothermic storage].
AB  - Haemoglobin leakage and permeability for 86Rb and K ions during storage at normal
      and hypothermic conditions have been investigated in the erythrocytes of the
      ground squirrel Citellus undulatus in hibernating, arousing and awake animals, as
      well as in rats. During hibernation, stabilization of the barrier properties and
      a decrease in passive ionic permeability of erythrocyte membrane were observed.
      Preservation of ionic homeostasis of the erythrocytes in hibernating animals is
      favoured by activation of Na(+)-pump. By means of radioautography of
      electrophoregrams of the blood serum proteins, appearance of a rapidly labeling
      low-molecular protein was noted at the beginning of the baut and its
      disappearance before arousal. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the
      role of the blood plasma components in modification of erythrocyte membranes in
      hibernating animals.

PMID- 1799100
TI  - [The isoenzyme composition of liver pyruvate kinase from hens in ontogeny].
AB  - Only one isozyme M2 of pyruvate kinase was found in the liver of hens at all
      stages of embryonic and postembryonic development. No analogue to isozyme L from
      the liver of mammals was found. During embryogenesis and postnatal life, isozyme
      M2 is presented by two forms which differ in pI values. Throughout embryonic and
      postembryonic development, pyruvate kinase is presented by two forms which differ
      in their substrate affinity.

PMID- 1799101
TI  - [The characteristics of cholinesterase distribution in the development of the
      human and mammalian brains].
AB  - Histochemical studies have been made on the distribution of acetyl- and
      butyrylcholinesterases (ACHE and BCHE) in various parts of the human and rat
      brain. Statistical analysis showed that at the 8th week, the highest ACHE
      activity in the human foetus is observed in the intermediate and plexiform layers
      of the cerebral cortex. The highest BCHE activity was found in the ependymal
      layer of various cerebral regions. High BCHE and ACHE activities were noted in
      the dorsal thalamus and epithalamus. In 10-week human foetuses, total high level
      of ACHE and BCHE was revealed in various nuclei of the thalamus and subcortical
      structures of the forebrain (Meynert nucleus, nucleus caudatum). In rats, the
      highest ACHE activity at the 14th day of prenatal life was found only in
      subcortical structures of the forebrain. Accumulation of BCHE activity in some of
      the thalamic nuclei of rats begins at the 10-17th day of postnatal life.

PMID- 1799102
TI  - [A comparative analysis of the functional stability (based on
      electrophysiological criteria) of slices of the suslik and guinea pig brains
      maintained under deep hypothermia].
AB  - The effect of prolonged deep cooling has been investigated in hippocampal and
      septal slices from the brain of hibernating and active ground squirrels, as well
      as of the guinea pigs. The slices were kept at low temperatures (2-4 degrees C)
      for various periods of time (from several hours to 6 days) and were periodically
      tested in a warm (31 degrees C) incubation medium. Hippocampal field potentials
      (mainly of the field CA1) and spontaneous activity of single neurones of the
      medial septum were recorded. Significant differences were observed in the
      recovery of functional activity of the slices after their preparation as well as
      after cooling between experimental groups of animals. Slices from hibernating
      ground squirrels retained their activity for 7-9 days, those from active ones-
      for 6-7 days, whereas slices from guinea pigs did not recover their functional
      activity after cooling for more than 1-2 days.

PMID- 1799104
TI  - [The formation of the segmental projections of the primary afferents of the wing
      and leg in the chick embryo spinal cord].
AB  - A comparative HRP study of formation of connections between primary sensory nerve
      fibers and motoneurones in brachial and lumbosacral cord segments has been made
      on chick embryos between the 6.5th and 10th days of incubation. HRP was applied
      to the cut ends of the appropriate nerves via suction pipettes on isolated
      superfused spinal cord preparation. The first contacts between primary sensory
      collaterals and motoneuronal dendrites were found to appear both in lumbosacral
      and branchial cord segments at the same stage, i.e. at the 7.5-8th days of
      development. This observation does not confirm the widely accepted belief on
      rostrocaudal sequence of development of the spinal cord, indicating that
      exceptions from this developmental gradient are quite possible.

PMID- 1799103
TI  - [The underwater EOG of the frog Rana temporaria to stimulation of the olfactory
      receptors with solutions of fragrances and amino acids].
AB  - Studies have been made on the effectiveness of 16 amino acids and 9 odorants in
      olfactory perception of the frog Rana temporaria. It was shown that the
      effectiveness of amino acids is close to that of odorants. Basic amino acids and
      cysteine were more effective than other amino acids. Sensitivity of the olfactory
      receptors to amino acids in frogs is lower than in fishes.

PMID- 1799105
TI  - [The evolution of the structures of amino acid families].
AB  - Natural amino acids possessing common antiamino acids are divided into groups and
      families according to the genetic code algorithm a-n-n-a (amino acid-codon
      anticodon-antiamino acid). In an attempt to study structural evolution of amino
      acid families, artificial genetic code models were constructed. It is suggested
      that after inclusion of asparaginase and glutamine into the coding system, one of
      the two natural amino acid families is split into two parts ("half-families").

PMID- 1799106
TI  - [Asymmetry in the symmetric structure of the genetic code].
AB  - The genetic code is characterized by hidden symmetry. Amino acids possessing
      common antiamino acids are located symmetrically in the graphic models of the
      code. There is only one exception--apolar amino acids V, M, I, L and F are
      asymmetrically arranged. Asymmetric disposition of these amino acids is
      apparently due to divergence in the course of structural evolution of amino acid
      families as a result of inclusion of new members into the coding system.

PMID- 1799107
TI  - [The dynamics of the electrical activity of the forebrain structures in rats in
      the waking-sleep cycle after electrostimulations of the emotiogenic zones in the
      lateral hypothalamic area].
AB  - One series of ES (multiple priming) of emotion-positive zone (1) ore the
      ambivalent zone (2) of lateral hypothalamus (LH) during one hour in Wistar male
      rats resulted in disorders of the W-S cycle: reduction of deep slow-wave sleep
      down to about 4.7% (zone 1) and down to 0.9% (zone 2), as well as a considerable
      reduction of REM sleep down to 0.8% (zone 1). The results of the analysis of
      bioelectrical brain activity dynamics in the W-S cycle suggest that
      hyperactivation of emotiogenic zones generated by ES is responsible for the
      establishment of paroxysmal states corresponding to the second and the third
      stages of kindling and the disorders of the W-S cycle. Kindling is assumed to
      form due to emotiogenic zones of the brain involved in to this process. The
      longer bursts of hypersynchronous bioelectrical activity in the cortex than in
      the subcortical structures during transient stages of sleep may be in favour of
      more active participation of phylogenetically younger brain structures in the
      process of epileptogenesis.

PMID- 1799108
TI  - [THe age-related characteristics of interhemispheric asymmetry during the
      perception of verbal information by stuttering children].
AB  - Age peculiarities of functional brain asymmetry in perception of emotional
      information of the speech have been revealed. It was shown that the age of 4-7
      years is the most important period in ontogenesis for the age dynamics of
      functional brain asymmetry in perception of emotions. It is in this particular
      age that functional reorganization of perception in stuttering children is
      observed. The revealed disturbances in functional brain asymmetry indicate that
      correction of emotional activity in stutterers should be made during early
      periods of ontogenesis.

PMID- 1799109
TI  - Modelling of structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids.
AB  - The native conformation of a linear biopolymer is, under physiological
      conditions, exclusively determined by the sequence of the side chains. The task
      of predicting the native structure on the sequence basis remains unsolved. In
      this paper we present our attempts to describe and predict conformations of
      biopolymers undertaken at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish
      Academy of Sciences in Warsaw in collaboration with groups of W. Saenger (Freie
      Universitat Berlin, F.R.G.) and S. Neidle (Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton,
      U.K.). The investigations, reviewed below, carried out in recent years by our
      group (A. Rabczenko, P. Herzyk, D. Plochocka, J. Wiorkiewicz-Kuczera, P.
      Zielenkiewicz) resulted in the creation and accumulation of software allowing
      theoretical description of nucleic acids and proteins.

PMID- 1799110
TI  - Haemocyanin of some Oniscidea.
AB  - In the haemolymph of Oniscidea haemocyanin exists mainly in the form of hexamer
      16S (90%); the 5S and 24S components are present in small amounts. Alkaline
      dissociation of the examined 16S haemocyanins is dependent on pH and divalent
      cations (Ca2+,Mg2+). The 16S component consists of 23-24.5% acidic amino acids,
      15-18% basic amino acids and small quantities of tryptophan and cysteine.

PMID- 1799111
TI  - Expression of bacteriophage T4 minor baseplate proteins in the bacteriophage T7
      promoter/RNA polymerase expression system.
AB  - The central part of bacteriophage T4 baseplate is built of several proteins which
      are present in only a few copies per phage particle. Only some of these minor
      baseplate components have been identified previously as distinct protein species
      by biochemical analysis. We have used the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase
      expression system to identify and overexpress the minor baseplate proteins. The
      products of genes 25, 26 and 51 were identified on the autoradiographs after
      selective labelling with [35]S methionine. The overexpression of gene 25 and 51
      products was high enough to make possible undertaking their purification and
      studies of their properties.

PMID- 1799112
TI  - Hydrolytic degradation of juvenile hormones in haemolymph and corpora allata of
      Galleria mellonella (L).
AB  - Hydrolytic rates of juvenile hormones (JHs) I, II and III by the corpora cardiaca
      corpora allata complex (CC-CA) and by the haemolymph of Galleria mellonella
      remain in the same order (III greater than I greater than II in CC-CA and I
      greater than III greater than II in haemolymph) throughout the last larval
      instar. Haemolymph hydrolytic activity shows peak at the end of feeding when 80
      pmol JH I versus 15 pmol JH II is degraded per 1 microliter and minute;
      hydrolysis rapidly declines in the apolysing insects. Hydrolytic rates in CC-CA
      reach a maximum of 240 fmol/pair per min for JH III and 85 fmol/pair per min for
      JH II in pharate pupae. Brain implantations or chilling of freshly ecdysed last
      instar larvae, which are known to elevate JH titer and induce supernumerary
      larval molt, do not affect JH hydrolysis. The results indicate that the dominance
      of JH II in Galleria may be at least partly controlled by preferential hydrolysis
      of homologs I and III.

PMID- 1799113
TI  - Prediction of protein secondary structure by an enhanced neural network.
AB  - Computational model of neural network is used for prediction of secondary
      structure of globular proteins of known sequence. In contrast to earlier works
      some information about expected tertiary interactions were built in into the
      neural network. As a result the prediction accuracy was improved by 3% to 5%.
      Possible applications of this new approach are briefly discussed.

PMID- 1799114
TI  - Escherichia coli O157:H7, a cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic
      syndrome.

PMID- 1799115
TI  - Forty year review of bacterial endocarditis in infants and children.
AB  - From 1950 through 1989 at Tokyo University's Department of Pediatrics, 25
      children were treated for bacterial endocarditis. Twenty-two of these patients
      had previously been diagnosed as suffering from congenital heart disease. Twenty
      one of the 25 patients had positive blood cultures. Streptococcus viridans was
      the most common organism isolated, although the incidence of Streptococcus
      viridans infection has decreased in the last 20 years. In present series only a
      few post-surgical cases with congenital heart disease occurred. There were three
      deaths which all occurred prior to 1965.

PMID- 1799116
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of influenza specific IgA antibody in nasal
      mucus.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of influenza HA specific IgA antibody in
      nasal mucus is described. This assay is very sensitive and only a minute quantity
      of nasal mucus is required.

PMID- 1799117
TI  - Diagnosis of atlantoaxial subluxation in Morquio's syndrome and
      spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita.
AB  - Compression of the spinal cord due to atlantoaxial subluxation was diagnosed in a
      patient with Morquio's syndrome and in another with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
      (SED) congenita by cervical radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The
      patient with Morquio's syndrome, a 15 year old boy, had no neurologic symptoms
      and his somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) was normal. However, MRI
      demonstrated spinal cord compression at C1-C2. In contrast, the patient with SED
      congenita, an 11 year old girl, had neck pain, hyperreflexia and loss of
      vibration sense in both legs. These findings were explained by the absence of P3
      and later waves in SSEP and by compression of the spinal cord observed on MRI.
      Both SSEP and MRI should be used for evaluating disorders in which atlantoaxial
      subluxation might be present.

PMID- 1799118
TI  - Effects of fetal androgen on childhood behavior.
AB  - The effects of fetal androgen excess or deficiency on postnatal behavior were
      examined in 7 males and 14 females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or
      hypoplasia aged 3 to 21 years. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: those
      with androgen excess (A+) comprised a group of 13 patients with classical 21
      hydroxylase deficiency and one with 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency; a normal or
      reduced androgen (a+) group was represented by one patient with late-onset 21
      hydroxylase deficiency and one with congenital adrenal hypoplasia; and a group
      with absent androgen (A-) consisted of 5 patients with a cholesterol side-chain
      cleaving-enzyme deficiency. Behavior was evaluated as male (M) or female (F)
      according to the pattern of play, classification of which was based on data of
      prevalent play in 1,275 preschool and 400 school boys and girls. Play prevalent
      in both sexes was classified as neutral (N). The mothers of the patients were
      requested to check the preferred play during childhood from a randomized play
      list. The androgen excess group showed M or bisexual (M/F) type, whereas all of
      the androgen deficient group revealed F type irrespective of gender. In preschool
      children, coincidence of M or F play type with genetic sex, social sex and
      androgen exposure was 38%, 53% and 90%, respectively, indicating androgen
      dependency of playing patterns. This persisted into school age, although the
      coincidence rate was slightly changed by environmental effects. These results
      suggest that fetal androgen plays a role in the sexual differentiation of the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 1799119
TI  - Ultrasonography of ovary, uterus and breast in premature thelarche.
AB  - We studied 17 girls with the complaint of premature breast development. Enlarged
      breast tissue was confirmed in 15 patients by sonography. Pelvic and breast
      sonography were also performed in these patients. The sizes of most uteri and
      ovaries were within the normal range. Nine of the 15 patients (60%) showed
      follicular cysts in the ovaries. These cysts were ovoid with diameters of up to
      10 mm. No relationship was found between the thickness of breast tissue and the
      ovarian findings. Pelvic sonography was also performed in normally developing
      girls under 6 years of age. Four of 47 girls (4%) showed small follicular cysts
      in the ovaries. In summary a high percentage of patients with premature thelarche
      have relatively large follicular cysts, with normal sized ovaries and uteri.
      Breast sonography is useful to distinguish swollen subcutaneous tissue from
      breast development.

PMID- 1799120
TI  - Surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A) in tracheal aspirates of newborn infants with RDS.
AB  - Human pulmonary surfactant contains four groups of apoproteins, SP-A, B, C and D.
      We determined the concentration of SP-A in the tracheal aspirate of newborn
      infants by a two-site simultaneous immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies, and
      used this assay to assess changes in surfactant in various clinical situations.
      SP-A concentrations were standardized per milligram of albumin in the aspirate.
      The ratio of SP-A/albumin (micrograms/mg) in tracheal aspirates of 18 preterm
      infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), in which samples were obtained
      within 12 hours of birth, was significantly lower (0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram/mg, mean
      +/- S.D.) compared to a group of 20 non-RDS preterm infants of similar
      gestational age (15.8 +/- 7.4 micrograms/mg) (p less than 0.05). None of the RDS
      infants had a SP-A/albumin ratio above 1 microgram/mg within 12 hours of birth,
      but the ratio exceeded 5 micrograms/mg in all samples from non-RDS infants. The
      SP-A/albumin ratio significantly increased, however, at 48 to 72 hours after
      birth in infants with RDS (15.7 +/- 9.5 micrograms/mg). During the recovery phase
      of RDS, no difference was evident in the SP-A/albumin ratio in babies treated
      with artificial surfactant compared to those not treated.

PMID- 1799121
TI  - Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: variability of TcB measurements on the forehead
      with crying.
AB  - We studied the effect of crying and facial expression on TcB readings at the
      forehead in 38 high-risk full-term newborn infants. Our study showed that crying
      and facial expression were significant factors affecting the TcB readings at the
      forehead. We recommend that TcB readings at the forehead should be obtained in a
      quiet condition.

PMID- 1799122
TI  - Factors affecting transcutaneous bilirubin measurement: effect of daylight.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether daylight might affect the
      accuracy and reliability of TcB measurement at the forehead and sternum. One
      hundred and seven full-term newborn infants were divided into two groups. Babies
      in group I (N = 59) were kept near the window which was sometimes directly
      exposed to daylight, and babies in group II (N = 48) were kept on the door side
      of the room which had no direct daylight, during the first week of life. The
      result indicates that daylight is one of the significant factors affecting TcB
      measurement at the forehead, contributing to poor correlation between TcB reading
      at the forehead and serum bilirubin concentrations. We suggest the necessity of
      obtaining TcB readings at the forehead and sternum, at least, in order to improve
      the accuracy and reliability of such measurements in infants.

PMID- 1799123
TI  - Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: effect of postnatal age.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the postnatal age might affect
      the accuracy and reliability of transcutaneous bilirubin measurements. A total of
      576 transcutaneous bilirubin measurements were performed on 336 Japanese full
      term breast-fed newborn infants during the first 12 days of life. We divided them
      into three groups according to postnatal age and studied the effect of postnatal
      age on the accuracy and reliability of TcB measurements. Our study revealed that
      the most reliable site for transcutaneous bilirubin measurements changed from the
      forehead to the sternum with advancing postnatal age (i.e. forehead for 0-3 days,
      chest for 4-5 days, sternum for 6 days and later).

PMID- 1799124
TI  - Successful dantrolene sodium treatment of a patient with myotonia congenita
      (Thomsen's disease).
AB  - A 3 year, 10 month old male with myotonia congenita (Thomsen's disease) was
      placed on dantrolene sodium, which successfully abolished the myotonic
      phenomenon. Dantrolene sodium might therefore be a useful medicine for patients
      with Thomsen's disease who do not respond to other medicines, such as
      carbamazepine (CBZ), with a decrease in the myotonic phenomenon.

PMID- 1799125
TI  - A case of citrullinemia with abnormal messenger RNA for argininosuccinate
      synthetase.
AB  - A male neonate, thus far healthy and fed with breast milk, developed rapidly
      increasing apathy on the third day of life. Sucking became poor and hyperhidrosis
      was present. Hyperammonemia (3,305 micrograms/dl) was noted. He became comatose
      and died on the fourth day. There was a profound derangement of amino acid
      concentration in the body fluids, with highly elevated citrulline levels (4.70
      mumols/ml in serum and 8.47 mumols/ml in urine). Autopsy showed diffuse pulmonary
      bleeding, as the only noteworthy pathological finding. The liver contained no
      detectable argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) activity. The defect of ASS in the
      present case was not due to a reduced amount of ASSmRNA, but its structure was
      found to be abnormal; it was approximately 1.57 kb in length due to a defect of
      about 0.1 kb near the 3' end of the coding region.

PMID- 1799126
TI  - Williams syndrome in one dizygotic twin.
AB  - Williams syndrome is a disorder of unknown etiology with a characteristic facial
      appearance, vascular disease and infantile hypercalcemia. Most cases are
      sporadic. We report the case of a dizygotic male twin with the Williams syndrome.
      This appears to be the first report of twins with only one affected. This
      suggests a mutational event as the cause of Williams syndrome.

PMID- 1799127
TI  - Precocious puberty caused by an hCG-producing tumor of the septum pellucidum.
AB  - A 6 year 9 month old boy with rapidly progressing precocious puberty was
      immunohistochemically and histologically diagnosed as having an hCG-producing
      mixed tumor consisting of choriocarcinoma and teratoma in the septum pellucidum.
      His serum hCG was elevated, but the serum LH was low as determined by LH
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). He did not exhibit a characteristic
      endocrinological pattern, e.g., high basal levels of LH and failure to respond
      with high LH levels to the LH-RH stimulation test using the conventional LH RIA
      method.

PMID- 1799128
TI  - [Towards DSM-IV: recent history, current status and future options].
AB  - The events leading to the publications of DSM-III and DSM-III-R are briefly
      reviewed. The appointment, in 1988, of a work group for the preparation of DSM
      IV, to be published in 1993, represents an attempt to reinsert American
      Psychiatry in the international sphere while, at the same time, perfects the
      document on the basis of clinical research findings, emphasis on the prototypical
      model of operational diagnosis, reduction in the number of Axes, and usefulness
      for different professional and non professional individuals. Some of the changes
      currently under consideration in the different subcommittees of the working group
      are presented.

PMID- 1799129
TI  - [Pathogeny of paranoid delirium].
AB  - Revisiting the old discussion on the intellectual, or emotional genesis of non
      hallucinatory delusions, the author collects the opinion of classical authors on
      this essential subject of Psychiatry. Based on Kraepelin's description of the
      constitutive elements of paranoiac delusion, and relating such descriptions to
      the current advances in Neurobiology--especially Goldar's, on the participation
      of the limbic brain to the dynamics of personality--the author discusses his
      position regarding delirious verbal performances, and intends a subdivision of
      such disorders according to their own pathogenesis.

PMID- 1799130
TI  - [Oral and written affective expression in children of low socioeconomic status].
AB  - Descriptive data on affective expression of 58 children (33 girls and 25 boys) of
      low socioeconomic status (Graffar index), with ages between 8 and 12 are
      presented. Intelligence was assessed by means of Raven Progressive Matrixes Test,
      all subjects exhibiting mean level. Evaluated were the six forms of anxiety and
      the four hostility forms defined by the Gottschalk method of verbal content
      analysis. Hope scores, positive and negative, were also obtained from the same
      verbal samples. The oral sample consisted in speech produced spontaneously during
      5 minutes, in response to a standard instruction, and the written sample
      consisted in brief stories produced under standardized conditions during 15
      minutes. The most frequently expressed form of anxiety was separation anxiety,
      while the most frequently expressed form of hostility was directed outwards
      covert hostility. "Positive" hope was expressed more frequently than "negative"
      hope. Data are discussed in terms of their contribution to the establishment of
      population norms in Spanish-speaking populations for the psychological constructs
      explored. It is concluded that the method of content analysis of verbal behavior
      may represent a useful tool for the study of child psychology in different
      contexts.

PMID- 1799131
TI  - [Offenses related to alcohol consumption in Mexico (1964-1984)].
AB  - Existing data series related to sentences pronounced upon offenders in Mexican
      courts of law are presented in this paper: Offenses committed were either of a
      misdemeanour nature, or of a federal criminal nature. In both types of offenses,
      magistrates discovered that offenders had been under the influence of alcohol
      when committing the misdemeanour or crime involved. Regression and correlation
      analysis were carried out upon such data series, and other variables of an
      economic nature as well. Results show that there exists an almost perfect
      correlation (.90, .96, .97) between both factors.

PMID- 1799132
TI  - [Use of health services in Puerto Rico by persons with mental disorders].
AB  - As part of a major study on the prevalence of mental disorders in Puerto Rico,
      this paper describes the mental health care utilization patterns of persons with
      a DIS/DSM-III disorder within the last year. The main findings of this analysis
      show that (a) There is a high rate of health service utilization, (b) The public
      sector is the main provider of services, (c) People with a DIS disorder tend to
      resort to the non-psychiatric physician, (d) People with alcohol abuse and/or
      dependence tend to use the services of general practitioners while
      schizophrenics, somatizers, and people with cognitive impairment tend to apply
      for the services of mental health specialists. Seeking help from other sources
      such as clergymen or spiritualists does not substitute the use of health
      services.

PMID- 1799133
TI  - [Adolescence and politics].
AB  - Both members of an "Adolescence"/"Politics" equation are analyzed. From the
      political point of view, epistemological difficulties underlying its praxis
      linked to both linear causality, and Gabel's "morbid rationalism", are described.
      The way such difficulties are related to the social disease by means of an
      "institutional narcissism" is also described. It is the author's contention that
      an adolescent's possible choice is conditioned by its "political character"
      (according to Fromm's, and Adorno's use of such expression), and based on
      Merton's typology of responses to anomia. A "revolutionary character" is
      described as being the closest to Merton's "rebel" response, and--as regards a
      social health sense--is considered to be the healthiest possible response.
      Emphasis is placed on teachers' role to help both children and youths in their
      displacement from the authoritarian character to the revolutionary one in view of
      the latter's social importance.

PMID- 1799134
TI  - [The unsaid in the family context and the paradox of desire].
AB  - Through the reading of family discourse, some reflexions on the non said, within
      the family context, and the paradox of desire are proposed. Interpretations are
      based on family discourse by means of clinical practice and, as regards social
      phenomena, on their symbolic representations. The non said--i.e. what is said by
      oneself to oneself, or soliloquy (monologue),--is unlikely to be reduced to a
      linear cause: This is a permanent construction, and destruction work. In its
      paradoxal movement, the non said both nullifies desire, and proclaims it.

PMID- 1799135
TI  - [A new reckoner of Anstey's dominoes test for Argentine subjects].
AB  - In this study, new percentile rules for Anstey's Dominoes Test applied to
      Argentine subjects, living in the city of Buenos Aires, are presented. The test
      was administered to a sample of 2.148 male, and female subjects ranging 12- to 30
      years-old. Percentile ranks for different ages (12-13, 14-15, 16-17, and 18-30),
      and entire population as well were obtained. Eventually, a simple analysis of
      variance was applied to determine the influence of age on the scores thus
      obtained.

PMID- 1799136
TI  - [Mata de Gregorio and the leadership of psychiatry in Latin America].

PMID- 1799138
TI  - Prognostic factors in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Analysis of a
      differential therapeutic approach.
AB  - 144 patients operated on for trigeminal neuralgia between June 1982 and May 1990
      were followed for up to 8 years. 122 patients were treated by retrogasserian
      glycerol rhizolysis and 22 by posterior fossa exploration. The average age was 65
      years. 89 patients were women and 55 men. The 1st branch was principally involved
      in 9 patients, the 2nd in 92 and the 3rd in 43. 32 patients had prior procedures.
      102 of the 122 patients submitted to glycerol injection were rendered pain-free
      (84%). An additional 7 patients were relieved by a supplemental radiofrequency
      procedure, thus achieving an 89% success rate with the percutaneous approach. All
      22 posterior fossa explorations were initially successful. 65 patients of the
      group treated percutaneously had some new postoperative objective and/or
      subjective sensory deficit as well as 13 of the patients operated on by posterior
      fossa exploration. Corneal sensation was decreased after 19 glycerol procedures
      including 3 who had a supplemental radiofrequency coagulation. No corneal
      hypaesthesia was seen after posterior fossa explorations. Kaplan-Meier analysis
      showed that at 5 years 59% of the percutaneous rhizolysis group were free of
      neuralgia and 68% of the patients treated by posterior fossa exploration. A
      number of patient characteristics and surgical factors were analysed for a
      possible correlation with outcome. Intact preoperative facial sensation was the
      most important prognostic factor for an initially successful operative result.
      Some degree of postoperative sensory deficit was the most important factor for
      long-term remission of neuralgia. However, of the 54 patients with a
      postoperative new sensory deficit who were available for long-term follow-up, 13
      complained of persistent disturbing disaesthesias.

PMID- 1799137
TI  - Management of the ruptured intracranial aneurysm--early surgery, late surgery, or
      modulated surgery? Personal experience based upon 468 patients admitted in two
      periods (1972-1984 and 1985-1989).
AB  - The management of the ruptured intracranial aneurysm is studied in two
      consecutive series: an earlier series, including 328 patients admitted from 1972
      through 1984, for which the general attitude was delayed surgery, and a later
      series, including 140 patients admitted from 1985 through 1989, in which selected
      patients were submitted to early surgery and other patients were postponed for
      delayed surgery, according to two main parameters: the clinical status and the
      patient's age. When we compare both series, the overall management results
      demonstrate an improvement of 10% of satisfactory results and a decrease of 10%
      in the death rate in favour of the later series; for the surgical results, the
      figures are respectively 6% and 5% in favour of the later series. The
      relationship between age and outcome shows a considerable improvement: over 50
      years of age, we observed plus 25% of satisfactory results and minus 22% in death
      in favour of the later series. Similarly the relationship between state of
      consciousness and outcome, demonstrated a great improvement; for drowsy and
      stuporous patients the figures are respectively plus 22% and minus 21% in favour
      of the later series. When we consider the later series alone, the patients were
      admitted at 4 intervals of time from SAH (D0-3, D4-6, D7-15, D16 and over). The
      most favourable outcome was observed for those patients admitted late (after D7)
      and already stabilized. Patients admitted early (D0-3) were operated on at four
      intervals of time (D0-3, D4-6, D7-15, D16 and over). The most favourable outcome
      was observed for those patients operated on early (D0-3) or very late (D16 and
      over). For patients admitted early and being under 50 years of age, the results
      were: satisfactory 92%, poor 2.5%, death 5%. The relationship between age and
      outcome shows a very small difference between patients under or over 50 years of
      age. The relationship between level of consciousness and outcome still
      demonstrates an appreciable difference: plus 22% (satisfactory) and minus 7%
      (death) in favour of alert patients. Rebleeding was the cause of disability or
      death in 2.8% of the overall later series and 2.7% of patients admitted early; as
      for vasospasm the figures are respectively 4.2% and 5.4%. These results are
      presented with reference to those of the Co-operative Study. After this
      experience, the author's general attitude for the timing of surgery is neither
      systematic early surgery, nor systematic delayed surgery, but modulated surgery,
      based upon the evaluation of the operative risk: minor risk, major risk,
      intermediate risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1799139
TI  - The cranial nerve vascular compression syndrome: I. A review of treatment.
AB  - The author reviews current literature on microvascular decompression (MVD) for
      treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN), which shows
      that MVD is an effective treatment for these disorders. Although there are
      treatments for TN other than MVD that demonstrate a high rate of success, MVD is
      the only effective long-term treatment for HFS. MVD is also an effective
      treatment for glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN), and recently MVD has been shown
      to be an effective treatment for particular types of vertigo (disabling
      positional vertigo, DPV) and certain types of tinnitus.

PMID- 1799140
TI  - The cranial nerve vascular compression syndrome: II. A review of pathophysiology.
AB  - The various hypotheses regarding the pathophysiologies of trigeminal neuralgia
      and hemifacial spasm are reviewed, and the results of recent physiological
      studies on the pathogenesis of hemifacial spasm are discussed. Evidence is
      presented that strongly supports the hypothesis that the symptoms and signs of
      hemifacial spasm are caused by hyperactivity in the facial motonucleus. Some of
      the contradictions regarding the prevalence of vascular conflicts in the
      cerebellopontine angle and the symptoms of vascular compression are discussed,
      and a hypothesis is presented that assumes that a suitable substrate must be
      present, in addition to vascular compression of the respective cranial nerve
      root, for the symptoms and signs of a cranial nerve vascular compression disorder
      to develop. Finally, it is discussed how this hypothesis can explain some of the
      differences between the disorders that can be cured by microvascular
      decompression of respective cranial nerves.

PMID- 1799141
TI  - Percutaneous twist-drill craniostomy for the treatment of chronic subdural
      haematoma.
AB  - A consecutive series of 65 adult patients with chronic subdural haematoma was
      reviewed to ascertain the efficacy of twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system
      catheter drainage. In all patients but two the percutaneous evacuation of the
      haematoma alone was enough to bring about their recovery. Infections or
      neurological complications were never observed. Pneumocephalus was likewise
      absent in all patients. Therefore this technique should be recommended as the
      "first intention" management of the disease, particularly in elderly patients.

PMID- 1799142
TI  - Primary intracranial arachnoid cyst in the elderly: a survey on 39 cases.
AB  - Thirty-nine cases of primary intracranial arachnoid cyst in the elderly,
      including one case of our own, were analyzed. Clinical characteristics in these
      patients were as follows. (1) The number of patients decreased with age, but
      there were no differences according to sex. (2) Clinical manifestations were
      similar to those of chronic subdural haematoma or normal pressure hydrocephalus
      including dementia, urinary incontinence, and hemiparesis. General symptoms such
      as headache and seizures were also present. (3) Surgery was performed in most
      patients with generally good outcome regardless of operative procedures (capsular
      resection vs. shunt). (4) In some cases of advanced age, disease manifestation
      may have been due to slight head injuries.

PMID- 1799143
TI  - CNS involvement in Ewing's sarcoma. A report of 12 cases.
AB  - Ewing's sarcoma is one of the malignant bone tumours, which occurs in various
      bones of the body. When the spinal column or skull bones are involved, it may
      cause spinal cord compression or brain invasion. In this study, 12 cases of
      Ewing's sarcoma with central nervous system (CNS) involvement are presented.
      Seven of them were male and five female. In seven of the cases tumoural mass was
      located in the spinal column, whereas in the others it was found in the cranium.
      The major complaints were motor weakness in the lower extremities in seven cases,
      and a mass on the cranial vault in four cases. On neurological examination, eight
      of the patients had impairment of movements of the extremities (67%), and seven
      had sensory loss (58%). All except one patient underwent surgery. In seven cases,
      decompressive laminectomy plus subtotal tumour excision was performed, in three,
      craniectomy with grossly total tumour excision, and in one, biopsy. In this
      report, age and sex distribution, complaints, clinical and laboratory findings,
      neurological examination, and histopathology of our cases are reviewed and
      surgical results are compared with others reported in the literature.

PMID- 1799144
TI  - Fracture of the lumbar vertebral ring apophysis imitating disc herniation.
AB  - Three cases of fracture of the lumbar ring apophysis representing type I, II, and
      III are described in detail and the natural history of these fractures is
      discussed. The symptoms of apophyseal fractures are usually low back pain,
      sciatica, tension signs, and neurological deficits, thus imitating the symptoms
      of lumbar disc herniation. Plain radiography and magnetic resonance are often
      inconclusive and computed tomography is essential for the true diagnosis. An
      explanation of the different types of fractures, based on the osteogenesis of the
      human vertebra, is proposed. Recognition of these fractures is essential for
      proper planing of surgery, and apophyseal ring fractures must be suspected when
      children and young adults show signs of lumbar disc herniation.

PMID- 1799145
TI  - The effect of very early cisternal irrigation on basilar artery spasm after SAH
      in the rat model.
AB  - The authors have investigated the effect of very early irrigation of the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space in the haemorrhage rat model of vasospasm.
      Fifteen rats had basilar cistern irrigation with physiological saline for 3 hours
      after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), and fifteen control rats had subarachnoid
      haemorrhage without irrigation of clot. The changes in basilar arteries diameters
      were determined by angiograms obtained from the rats. The post haemorrhage
      angiograms showed significant basilar artery spasm in both groups (P less than or
      equal to 0.0005, t-test). However in the last angiogram the basilar artery
      diameter was found to have the same value measured before subarachnoid
      haemorrhage in the irrigation group whereas no obvious change was observed in the
      control group. In the irrigation group the mean diameter of the basilar artery in
      the last angiogram was 0.412 mm. (0.30 mm to 0.50 mm). None of the animals,
      treated by cisternal irrigation, showed angiographic vasospasm while the latter
      group did (P less than or equal to 0.0005). Animals treated with physiological
      saline irrigation had a median clot grade of 0.40 (range grade 0 to 2); control
      rats had a median grade 2.86 (range grade 1 to 4, P less than 0.001, Mann-Withney
      U test), on the brain stem, indicating significant reduction of clot by lavage.
      In conclusion, performance of experimental physiological saline irrigation at a
      very early time after subarachnoid haemorrhage prevents the arteriographic and
      morphological changes of both acute and late vasospasms.

PMID- 1799146
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of intradural tumours located anterior to the
      cervicomedullary junction by a lateral suboccipital approach.
AB  - Tumours located anterior to the cervicomedullary junction have been most commonly
      approached via one of two routes: anterior/transoral or posterolateral. Each of
      these surgical corridors can pose potential pitfalls. To circumvent these
      problems, a lateral suboccipital approach in conjunction with an upper cervical
      hemilaminectomy has been used. Selecting an appropriate surgical corridor between
      the lower cranial nerves (IX through XII), the vertebral artery, and the
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery has allowed satisfactory tumour removal. A
      three-dimensional picture of tumour location and relationship to surrounding
      neural and vascular structures is obtained preoperatively from computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance. Arteriography is essential to determine the
      origin, course, and relation of each vertebral to the tumour as well as the
      contribution of each vertebral to the basilar. In instances of abnormalities in
      the posterior circulation, evaluation of the carotid contribution to the basilar
      is crucial. The advantages of this approach are several. First, a direct view of
      the anterior surface of the lower brainstem und upper cervical cord is obtained.
      Second, surgery is undertaken in a sterile field in which the dura can be closed
      watertight. Third, neither mastoidectomy nor transposition of the vertebral
      artery is required. The major difficulty is the necessity to operate through
      narrow surgical corridors bounded by the lower cranial nerves, vertebral and
      posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, and the lower medulla and upper cervical
      cord. These structures provide the major obstacles to dissection as well as the
      primary causes of morbidity.

PMID- 1799147
TI  - A probe for simultaneous sampling in stereotactic brain biopsy. Technical note.
AB  - A probe for stereotactic brain biopsy which allows to obtain two different
      samples along a single trajectory tract is presented. It consists of a
      cylindrical stainless steel probe which has two separate grooves. The pieces of
      tissue are shredded from the lesion by sliding a polyethylene cannula that fits
      around the probe.

PMID- 1799148
TI  - Anatomical landmarks of the Rhomboid fossa (floor of the 4th ventricle), its
      length and its width.
AB  - Described are: 1. Length and width values of the rhomboid fossa. 2. Number and
      development of the transverse and oblique striae in the bottom area of the fourth
      ventricle. 3. The course of the facial nerve inside the pons and the medulla
      oblongata. 4. Some fiber tracts and nuclei in the tegmentum pontis and the
      medulla oblongata. 5. A very thick arcuato-cerebellar tract. 6. The results of
      our investigations are compared with descriptions of other researchers.

PMID- 1799149
TI  - Traumatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery in a healthy young male:
      effects on the regional cerebral blood flow.
AB  - The effects of acute right internal carotid artery occlusion in a previously
      healthy young male, was studied over a period of 10 months, with angiography,
      TransCranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and SPECT-rCBF. A clinically observed
      inability to meet increased metabolic demand in the right hemisphere was
      concommitant to a decreased Pulsatility Index (PI) in the right middle cerebral
      artery (MCA). Autoregulation studies showed almost dilatation of the resistance
      vessels in the right middle cerebral artery territory, at rest. A decreased blood
      flow velocity, in the right middle cerebral artery 7 months after the accident,
      suggesting a decreased rCBF, could not be confirmed by SPECT-rCBF studies. This
      finding strongly cautions against interpretation of chronical blood flow velocity
      changes in terms of changes in regional blood flow. The present study shows the
      benefits in the combined use of angiography, SPECT-rCBF, and TCD.

PMID- 1799150
TI  - Intramedullary "holocord" oligodendroglioma: case report.
AB  - Primary spinal cord oligodendrogliomas are rare tumours. Only 3 holocord cases
      have been reported in the literature. We present a primary intramedullary
      "holocord" oligodendroglioma in a 13 year-old male. Scoliosis was the initial
      symptom. Neurological deterioration prompted MRI, which demonstrated the lesion.
      Total removal was achieved. This case shows that meticulous surgery may obtain an
      optimal result in holocord oligodendrogliomas. 2 years after surgery, the young
      patient has made an excellent recovery.

PMID- 1799151
TI  - Intra-operative antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery. A prospective,
      randomized, controlled study on cefotiam.
AB  - In this prospective, randomized and controlled study the effect of cefotiam for
      the prevention of wound infections following trepanations was investigated. The
      main interest was centered on the rate of post-operative bone flap infections
      requiring operative revision. Administration of cefotiam was randomized for
      patients undergoing major craniotomies. The antibiotic was administered
      intravenously in a single dose of 2 g with induction of anaesthesia. Only clean
      or clean contaminated cases were included. Excluded were contaminated cases,
      operations with a transnasal-transsphenoidal approach, shunt-operations and
      patients with any other preoperative infection or antibiotic therapy. Outpatients
      were excluded due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient clinical information.
      From originally 918 consecutive patients operated on 711 fulfilled the entry
      criteria. With regard to age, sex, diagnosis and the site of te trepanation,
      control patients (n = 355) and cefotiam treated patients (n = 356) were shown to
      be comparable. In the various subgroups formed for different primary diagnoses,
      concomitant steroidal therapy and concomitant severe internal medical diseases
      cefotiam treated patients and controls were comparable as well. A highly
      significant difference for bone flap infection could be shown with 0.3% in the
      cefotiam group versus 5.1% in the control group (p less than 0.001). The overall
      rate of post-operative deep wound infections including meningitis and abscesses
      was also significantly (p less than 0.005) different with 3.1% in the cefotiam
      versus 9.0% in the control group. Thus it was concluded that a single dose of
      cefotiam significantly reduces post-operative deep wound infection.

PMID- 1799152
TI  - Epilepsy following brain abscess. The evaluation of possible risk factors with
      emphasis on new concept of epileptic focus formation.
AB  - The study is based on follow-up data of 108 patients treated for brain abscess
      (mean follow-up period 11 years). The overall incidence of epilepsy was 34% (37%
      in supratentorial lesions). The author compared the incidence of several
      parameters between two groups of patients: those presenting, and those not
      presenting with epilepsy after brain abscess treatment. Parameters characterized
      by significantly different incidence in each group were taken into account as
      possible risk factors influencing the development of epilepsy. Sex, age of the
      patient, localisation and size of the abscess are discussed as presumptive risk
      factors modifying prediction to epilepsy. The author presents a new concept of
      epileptic focus formation to explain satisfactorily the results of the study on
      the basis of pathological mechanisms. A protocol, which may be useful to evaluate
      the prediction to epilepsy after brain abscess treatment is proposed.

PMID- 1799153
TI  - Epilepsy in chronic subdural haematoma.
AB  - Out of 130 patients operated upon for chronic subdural haematoma, 9 presented
      with epileptic fits before surgery. 5 patients suffered generalized, and 4
      partial seizures. The early operative results were very good, and follow-up
      lasting for at least 3 years revealed that 7 patients were seizure free, and only
      two of them continued with epileptic seizures. However 7 patients, who did not
      suffer epilepsy before the evacuation of haematoma developed epilepsy within the
      first year after surgery. The overall incidence of postoperative epilepsy was 7%.
      The authors suggest that the capsule of the haematoma plays an important role in
      the incidence of epilepsy after surgical treatment of chronic subdural haematoma.

PMID- 1799154
TI  - Delayed intracranial haemorrhage in patients with multiple trauma and shock
      related hypotension.
AB  - During an 11 year period, 10 cases of delayed traumatic intracranial haematomas,
      following the correction of shock, were discovered. The intracranial haematomas
      were not present on initial computerized tomography (CT) scans after
      stabilization of the vital signs. Skull fractures were found in six patients;
      five of them had epidural haematomas at the site of their skull fracture. Four
      patients developed intracranial haematomas during general anaesthesia for
      extracranial surgery. All the delayed intracranial haemorrhages (seven epidural
      haematomas and three delayed intracranial haematomas) occurred within 12 hours
      after initial resuscitation. Seven out of eight patients made a good recovery
      after surgical removal of their intracranial haematoma. The initial hypotension
      may have acted as a protective mechanism, obscuring the intracranial haemorrhage.
      Awareness of this possibility, and a high degree of suspicion in those patients
      who deteriorate following correction of their shock, is important. We suggest
      that, even with a negative initial CT scan the duration of extracranial surgery
      in the acute period should be as short as possible in patients with suspected
      head injury. If these patients fail to wake up as expected following anaesthesia
      or new neurologic deficits develop, an urgent follow up CT scan should be
      performed.

PMID- 1799156
TI  - Gliomatosis cerebri: bioptical approach and neuropathological verification.
AB  - Gliomatosis cerebri is rarely encountered and its intra vitam diagnosis has
      remained difficult. We present biopsy and autopsy findings in three cases that
      are representative of diffuse glioma, gliomatosis cerebri and diffuse
      glioblastosis, a modification of the subclassification proposed by Zulch31.
      Stereotactic biopsy in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance tomography
      (MRT) is recommended as the diagnostic procedure in suspected cases.
      Immunohistochemical examination with a panel of neuroectodermal markers is
      helpful in the differential diagnosis but has to take into account that reactive
      astrocytes may be closely intermingled with the neoplastic glial cells.

PMID- 1799155
TI  - Transtentorial epidermoid cysts.
AB  - Epidermoid cysts may occur simultaneously above and below the tentorium. Eleven
      patients with involvement of both infra- and supra-tentorial cisterns are
      presented. In two cases the epidermoid, located mainly in the cerebello-pontine
      angle, spread into the middle cranial fossa; in three the epidermoid extended
      from the parasellar cisterns to the posterior cranial fossa; in six patients the
      epidermoid, enlarging the tentorial notch, occupied extensively both cranial
      fossae. The surgical approach was influenced both by the experience of the
      surgeon and by the main extension of the epidermoid. Total removal was feasible
      in two patients only but only one of the eleven patients had a recurrence of the
      epidermoid. The long term results appear to be unrelated to the size of the
      epidermoid and to the choice of approach.

PMID- 1799157
TI  - Surgical treatment of cavernous angioma involving the brainstem and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Five cases of symptomatic cavernous angioma involving the brainstem are reported.
      Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is of greatest value in the diagnosis and for
      surgical indication. All cases were treated by radical extirpation. All of them
      improved postoperatively. The surgical indications for this lesion of the
      brainstem are briefly discussed with a review of the literature, including 28
      previous cases, operated on directly.

PMID- 1799158
TI  - Non-missile penetrating injuries of the spine.
AB  - Non-missile penetrating injuries of the spine accounted for 7% of all spinal
      injuries admitted to this Institute during the last 10 years. Young males were
      most commonly affected and 73% of the injuries involved the upper dorsal und
      cervical spine. They presented with varying degrees of neurological deficit.
      Plains x-rays revealed the bony injury and/or the retained foreign body
      satisfactorily. Myelography (with or without CT scan) was performed in patients
      with progressive neurological deterioration and those not responding to
      conservative therapy. Surgery remained the mainstay of treatment and improved
      neurological function in 7 out of 9 cases. Conservative management resulted in
      complications such as persistent CSF fistula, uncontrolled fulminant meningitis
      and septicaemia, with 100% mortality. Early surgical intervention is, therefore,
      recommended in all penetrating injuries of the spine.

PMID- 1799160
TI  - Changes of plasma thromboxane level in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A study with 11
      dehydro-TXB2 as measuring index.
AB  - Changes of plasma thromboxane level in subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were
      studied clinically and experimentally using 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11 DTX) as
      a measuring index. 11 DTX is a major long-lived metabolite formed from
      thromboxane (TX) B2, and is said to be a more reliable parameter for detecting
      TXA2 production in biological systems. In this clinical study, blood was sampled
      from the cubital vein of 10 SAH patients on the earliest possible day (day 0 or
      1), during the vasospasm predilection period (day 7 approximately 11) and in the
      chronic stage (day 16 approximately 32). Plasma concentrations of 11 DTX and 6
      keto-PGF 1 alpha were measured in clinical cases. A canine SAH model was produced
      by the two haemorrhage methods and blood was sampled from the superior sagittal
      sinus before and on day 4 of the first cisternal blood injection. 11 DTX, TXB2
      and platelet function were examined in each sample. In the clinical studies,
      plasma 11 DTX levels tended to be higher in the early stage of SAH but decreased
      thereafter to the normal or lower level. Plasma concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha tended to decrease mildly during the vasospasm predilection period. In the
      experimental study, neither definite change of plasma 11 DTX level nor
      neurological deficit could be induced by the mimic SAH, while an increase in
      platelet aggregability and narrowing of the basilar artery were observed. 11 DTX
      was inferred to be a more reliable parameter of TX biosynthesis than TXB2.

PMID- 1799161
TI  - Image-directed functional neurosurgery with the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic
      instrument.
AB  - An isocentered system for functional stereotactic procedures with the Cosman
      Roberts-Wells frame and a CT localizer that allows extrapolation of target data
      directly from the CT slice is presented. Based on anatomical landmarks and on the
      scaled corresponding transverse plates of the Schaltenbrand and Wahren atlas, we
      delineate the thalamic and cerebellar nuclei. Twenty three image-directed
      functional procedures were performed in one year on 18 patients (7 with
      Parkinson's disease, 4 with dystonia, 3 persons with essential tremor, 2 patients
      with choreo-athetosis and 2 with de-afferentiation pain). The 23 procedures
      included 19 thalamotomies, two dentatotomies and two stereotactic implantations
      of deep seated brain electrodes. Successful targeting was verified by intra
      operative electrical stimulation and postoperative CT scan. Complete reduction of
      symptoms was observed in 4 persons with Parkinson's disease and in 2 patients
      with essential tremor with significant improvement observed in the rest of the
      patients with the exception of the individual with choreo-athetosis. There were
      no operation-related complications. The reported technique is safer and less
      distressing for patients than previous radiological procedures and it makes image
      directed stereotactic functional neurosurgery available to many units with the
      CRW frame.

PMID- 1799159
TI  - Stereotactic anatomy of the posterior cranial fossa. A study of the
      transcerebellar approach to the brainstem.
AB  - The stereotactic transcerebellar (suboccipital) approach to the brainstem is one
      of the most accessible routes to reach targets located in the pons or in the
      medulla oblongata. Its use requires a perfect knowledge of the stereotactic
      anatomy of the posterior cranial fossa, and a standard reference system related
      to structures of the brainstem itself which can easily be visualized by Nuclear
      Magnetic Resonance. The present work consists in a three-dimensional variability
      study of the human posterior cranial fossa with its main contents, based on the
      investigation of 30 normal specimens (hemifossae). A new stereotactic reference
      system is proposed for the pons and the medulla, comprising three orthogonal**
      planes: the midsagittal plane, the IVth ventricular floor plane and the
      pontomedullary junction plane. A standard "safety access tunnel" was defined for
      the transcerebellar approach to the pons and, with some limitations, to the
      medulla. A complementary investigation, based upon angiographic studies, was
      carried out to define a safe "entry zone" to the posterior cranial fossa of the
      occipital bone beneath the transverse venous sinus.

PMID- 1799162
TI  - Operative treatment of bilateral retrocollis.
AB  - A surgical method for bilateral retrocollis (BR) is presented: Selective
      resection of specific posterior cervical muscles for the treatment of bilateral
      retrocollis is described. The operative procedure includes partial resection of
      the upper part of the trapezius, part of the splenius muscles of both sides, part
      of the semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis muscles of both sides. 15
      cases were treated surgically during 1980-1989. Postoperative follow up (3-10
      years) showed that the abnormal movements were abolished completely or for the
      greater part in 13 patients (87%) while preserving the normal posture and
      mobility.

PMID- 1799163
TI  - Rapid bedside technique for percutaneous ventricular drainage in patients with
      severe subarachnoid haemorrhage. Technical note.
AB  - Using immediate ventricular drainage and aggressive postoperative therapy, poor
      grade patients suffering ruptured cerebral aneurysms could have a greater
      opportunity for meaningful recovery. This treatment protocol is facilitated by
      percutaneous ventricular drainage at the bedside. A simple and less invasive
      technique reported here is particularly useful for neurosurgeons responsible for
      the treatment of severe subarachnoid haemorrhage on an emergency basis.

PMID- 1799164
TI  - The importance of MRI findings for the diagnosis of nontraumatic lumbar subacute
      subdural haematomas.
AB  - Spinal subdural haematoma (SSH) is a rare cause of spinal cord or cauda equina
      compression which occurs mainly in patients with a bleeding diathesis. This
      report presents a case of subacute lumbar subdural haematoma demonstrated by
      magnetic resonance imaging. MRI appears to be more sensitive than myelography and
      CT.

PMID- 1799165
TI  - A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an anti-HIV positive patient.

PMID- 1799166
TI  - Study of immune defence against Trichinella spiralis in BCG treated mice.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to determine the effect of BCG-
      activated macrophages on 2-hour-old newborn larvae (NBL2) of Trichinella
      spiralis. In vitro studies were done by the technique of antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using peritoneal cells of BALB/c mice which had been
      treated with BCG 4-6 days before. No significant differences were found between
      the percentage of mortality caused by cells from treated animals and that
      corresponding to the untreated ones (control mice). The same result was obtained
      when only glass-adherent cell populations only were used. Intravenous
      administration of NBL2 and anti-T. spiralis antibodies to BCG-treated mice
      resulted in the same percentage of infectivity as that corresponding to control
      animals. These results indicate that an increase in the activity of macrophages
      induced by BCG neither alters the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells nor
      plays a direct role in the destruction of NBL2 of T. spiralis.

PMID- 1799167
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations in pediatric age. Definition of reference values by
      flow cytometry.
AB  - In the present paper we have analyzed the age-related changes in the distribution
      and numbers per cubic millimeter of the circulating lymphocyte subpopulations.
      Lymphocyte subsets have been examined by monoclonal antibodies specific for
      surface antigens (namely CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20 and CD57) and flow
      cytometry in lysed peripheral blood of normal neonates (1-3 days old), 1-6 month,
      7-12 month, 1-2 year old babies and 3-5 year, 6-10 year old children and young
      people up to 17 years of age. The results confirm the lymphocytosis at birth and
      at later stages of life and indicate that major changes in the distribution of
      lymphocyte subsets occur during the first two years of life; namely we have
      observed sharp increase of circulating B lymphocytes and prevalence of CD4+ T
      lymphocytes with high CD4/CD8 ratios in babies up to two years of age, compared
      to the values observed in normal adults. Very few CD8+ CD57+ lymphocytes were
      present at birth; cells bearing this phenotype appeared later in life.
      Lymphocytes expressing the CD16 antigen were already present in newborns. The
      authors discuss the functional meanings of the age-related changes observed in
      the distribution and in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes. The presented
      data represent valuable normal ranges of lymphocyte subsets to compare with
      values observed in sick babies or children.

PMID- 1799169
TI  - The effect of prolonged administration of ketotifen on skin reactions.
AB  - 27 patients suffering from respiratory Allergies (asthma and/or rhinitis) were
      studied. They were given 25 micrograms of ketotifen/k/every 12 hours for a period
      of 6 months intradermal tests with house dust and Skin prick tests with D.
      pteronissinus, D. farinae and 7 grass mix were carried out at the start of the
      study, and at 3 and 6 months, at which times no significant reduction in
      induration and erythema was observed.

PMID- 1799168
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during
      high-dose gamma globulin therapy.
AB  - Peripheral lymphocyte subsets (OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8+) were studied by monoclonal
      antibodies in 10 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP),
      before and after high-dose intravenous gamma globulin therapy at a daily dose of
      0.4 g/kg/body weight for 5 consecutive days followed by several boosters every 10
      15 days. A stable increase of platelet count was obtained in 5 patients, whereas
      the other 5 showed a transient improvement of platelet count but then became
      refractory to the treatment. Phenotypic analysis of T cell subsets showed a
      decrease of the OKT4+/OKT8+ ratio following therapy, with non change in the
      percentage of OKT3+ cells. A significant decrease of lymphocyte count and
      platelet associated IgG was shown in 80% of our patients. These data suggest the
      possible long term efficacy of repeated iv IgG inchronic ITP patients through a
      mechanism of specific enhancement of suppressor T cell function.

PMID- 1799170
TI  - Features of autoimmunity in cryptogenic chronic hepatitis.
AB  - The presence of autoantibodies in 125 patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis
      (CH) was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) on standard tissue
      sections and on Hep-2 cells. Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) were found in a high
      percentage of patients without any difference between the anti-HBc positive and
      the anti-HBc negative subsets, but the antiactin pattern, suggestive of
      autoimmunity, was detected only in a small number of cases. Low-titer antinuclear
      antibodies (ANA) were found in CH but also in healthy controls on Hep-2 cells. No
      significant differences were found in the prevalence of SMA and ANA positivity in
      various histologic subgroups of CH. Amongst 37 patients with primary biliary
      cirrhosis (PBC) the use of Hep-2 cells allowed better evaluation of ANA patterns
      and identified the multiple nuclear dots (MND) pattern, unrecognisable on tissue
      sections, in 9 cases.

PMID- 1799171
TI  - Towards a malaria vaccine: what is in sight?

PMID- 1799173
TI  - America 2000 and the academic achievement of deaf students.

PMID- 1799172
TI  - The "new" interleukins.

PMID- 1799174
TI  - Teachers' use of simultaneous communication. Effects on the signed and spoken
      components.
AB  - We examined the correspondence between spoken and signed English when used
      simultaneously by teachers in Australia to determine whether the difficulties
      reported with other systematic sign systems are also relevant for the
      Australasian version. The teachers, all experienced in working with deaf
      students, were found to be more than 90% accurate in reproducing on their hands
      what they were saying, but at some cost to the oral aspects of the simultaneous
      communication. We also discuss the implications of the findings for the use of
      simultaneous communication with deaf students.

PMID- 1799175
TI  - Terminology and methods in the education of the deaf. Questions for the experts.
AB  - As an outsider interested in the methodologies currently used to educate deaf
      children, I have many questions about the ambiguous terminology, continuing
      controversies, and lack of unbiased, scientific research. The questions concern
      issues such as the difference between Deaf and deaf, the feasibility of the
      ASL/ESL proposal, and the disappointing lack of definitive answers and unbiased
      evidence favoring any one particular method.

PMID- 1799176
TI  - The black and deaf movements in America since 1960. Parallelism and an agenda for
      the future.
AB  - This paper traces the political and educational movements of both black and
      hearing-impaired Americans since 1960 and compares their common as well as
      disparate but equally significant experiences. The purpose of the comparisons is
      to identify problems and proven solutions that collectively suggest a strategy
      for the continuing movement of hearing-impaired people. The authors, through
      their ethnicity--three are black and two are white--and personal and professional
      experiences bring divergent but relevant points of view to the question of
      multicultural coalitions and their abilities to effect social change. Four
      principles or suggestions for advancing the agenda of hearing-impaired Americans
      are presented: (1) the need to define the issues that will continue to confront
      hearing-impaired Americans through the year 2000, (2) the need to enlarge the
      membership and participation of existing coalitions, (3) the need to address
      local, vocational, technical, and educational issues, and (4) the need to
      facilitate hearing-impaired networking groups within religious, social, business,
      and cultural organizations.

PMID- 1799177
TI  - Characteristics that contribute to effective simultaneous communication.
AB  - Simultaneous communication (SC) is commonly used in deaf education. Since it is
      not always totally successful, it is important to determine what characteristics
      influence its success. In an earlier study, Stinson, Newell, Castle, Mallery
      Ruganis, and Holcomb (1989) identified a number of characteristics deemed
      important for comprehension, based on interviews with deaf professionals. Our
      study followed up on the earlier study. Three videotapes used in the previous
      study were independently measured and evaluated on the basis of the
      characteristics that had been identified as important. Our study largely
      confirmed the previous findings. What seemed to contribute most to successful SC
      were clear lip movement, fingerspelled support for potentially ambiguous signs,
      eye contact, communication of mood and attitude, modality match, and grammatical
      facial expression. Equally important was the need to match the semantically
      appropriate sign to the particular sense of an English word rather than use a
      superficial one-to-one correspondence. In addition, the results suggest that with
      deletions, the types rather than the number are crucial in determining
      comprehension and comfort. It was also found that the perception of pace does not
      always match actual pace and that the perception of pace can be influenced by
      other factors.

PMID- 1799178
TI  - The prevalence of boredom proneness and depression among profoundly deaf
      residential school adolescents.
AB  - We investigated boredom proneness and depression among 50 profoundly deaf
      residential school adolescents using the Boredom Proneness (BP) scale and a
      version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that has been modified for use
      with deaf subjects. Consistent with previous research, the deaf students had a
      significantly higher incidence of depression than the hearing students. In
      addition, the deaf students were found to be significantly more boredom prone
      than the hearing subjects. The results suggest that deafness not only increases a
      person's vulnerability to mild levels of depression, but also tends to augment
      one's tendency toward experiencing boredom. Implications for educational settings
      and areas for future research are discussed.

PMID- 1799179
TI  - Students' perceptions of communication ease and engagement. How they relate to
      academic success.
AB  - The extent to which students' self-perceptions of communication ease and
      engagement relate to their academic achievement was assessed in a study of 95
      high school students enrolled in a large urban school for the deaf. Four
      dimensions of classroom communication were measured: students' understanding of
      teachers, students' understanding of peers, and positive and negative feelings
      about communication at school. Engagement, the extent students report being
      excited and actively involved in the classroom, predicted only teacher-assigned
      grades when the variance of background variables such as residual hearing and IQ
      was removed. However, communication ease made a significant contribution to the
      prediction of the three standardized achievement test scores, as well as grades,
      when background variance was removed. The results suggest that students are more
      likely to learn if they perceive themselves as being effective in communicating
      and have positive feelings about the communication that occurs.

PMID- 1799180
TI  - Skills needed for teaching hearing-impaired adolescents. The perceptions of
      teachers.
AB  - To date, very little research has focused on the preparation of teachers who work
      with hearing-impaired adolescents. In this study, a survey was developed to glean
      information on what secondary level teachers judge to be the essential
      competencies for working with hearing-impaired adolescents. In addition, the
      questionnaire asked teachers to indicate the degree of training they had received
      in the competency areas. The surveys were returned by 487 teachers. They
      indicated that 18 competencies should be considered essential for teaching
      adolescent students. For 15 of those 18 competencies, however, they indicated
      that there was a significant difference between the importance of the competency
      and the degree of training that they had received in the area. Implications for
      teacher preparation programs and state certification agencies are discussed.

PMID- 1799181
TI  - Using immediate recall to assess language proficiency in deaf students.
AB  - We used an immediate recall paradigm to study the effects of list organization
      and semantic and grammatical features of printed stimuli on working memory
      capacity in deaf students with differing English language abilities. Thirty lists
      of five organizational types (random words, semantically related words,
      semantically paired words, scrambled sentences, and grammatical sentences) were
      presented to two groups of deaf students who differed in their proficiency in the
      English language. The students were required to recall the lists in writing. The
      results indicate that, overall, the students with higher levels of English
      language proficiency recalled significantly more than those with lower levels.
      Additionally, semantic and syntactic organization of the lists had different
      effects on the two groups of students. Semantic pairing aided the low-level group
      significantly more than the high-level group, whereas the syntactic organization
      of the grammatical sentences aided the high-level group significantly more.
      Implications for assessing language ability in deaf students are discussed.

PMID- 1799182
TI  - Insulin resistance and hypertension.

PMID- 1799183
TI  - Effect of angiotensin II on proximal tubular reabsorption in normal humans.
AB  - The effects of angiotensin II (AII) on proximal tubular reabsorption have been
      evaluated in 6 healthy volunteers under normal salt and water balance. One-hour
      clearance periods were performed before, during and after the infusion of pressor
      doses of AII; in 3 of the 6 subjects, the study was repeated with lower doses of
      AII. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were determined
      by the clearances of inulin and PAH, and the fractional excretion of lithium
      (FELi) was considered as an index of proximal sodium reabsorption. The effects of
      AII on the fractional excretion of beta 2 microglobulin (FE beta 2M) were also
      studied. Both doses of AII decreased GFR and RPF and increased the filtration
      fraction (FF); the modifications of these parameters, as well as the reduction of
      FELi and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and the increase of plasma
      aldosterone and of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), were more evident
      with pressor doses of AII, which increased the blood pressure from 129/83 to
      142/95 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). AII did not modify FE beta 2M in either study.
      During AII, FELi decreased less than FENa and both were closely and inversely
      related to the variations of FF, whilst no relationship was present between FE
      beta 2M and FF. These results suggest that, in normal humans, the AII-induced
      rise of FF may be an important factor, even if not the only one, in enhancing the
      proximal reabsorption of lithium and thus of sodium, whilst it does not affect
      the absorption of beta 2M.

PMID- 1799184
TI  - Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in chronic renal failure.
AB  - A depression of the general immune response in uremia is well documented, and
      hemodialyzed (HD) patients present deficient interleukin-2 (IL2) secretion. Since
      soluble IL2 receptors (SIL2R) could affect the immune response through
      interaction with circulating immune cells, we studied the potential relationship
      between SIL2R concentration and lymphocyte subsets in 44 HD patients. HD patients
      present lymphopenia, higher CD4/CD8 ratio. CD16 counts and SIL2R concentrations
      than controls. A significant negative correlation was found between SIL2R
      concentration and lymphocyte count (p less than 0.01), and between SIL2R
      concentration and T4/T8 ratio (p less than 0.01). An increase of SIL2R
      concentration due to abnormal T cell preactivation in HD patients with nonreused
      cuprophan membranes could perhaps contribute to cell immunity impairment through
      IL2 binding and inhibition of T cell activation.

PMID- 1799185
TI  - Influence of therapy with recombinant erythropoietin on serum levels of neopterin
      in hemodialyzed subjects.
AB  - The authors wished to investigate some aspects of the cell-mediated immunity in
      hemodialyzed subjects undergoing a treatment with recombinant erythropoietin
      (rHuEPO). The study was carried out through the dosage of the serum levels of
      neopterin, a substance produced by the macrophages and usable as a marker of
      their state of activation. The results show a significant reduction of the serum
      levels of pteridine already at the second month of treatment with rHuEPO (61 +/-
      9 vs. 95 +/- 12 nmol/l), thus proving a probable inhibitory action carried out by
      erythropoietin on certain cells of the immune system.

PMID- 1799186
TI  - Clinicopathological findings of bucillamine-induced nephrotic syndrome in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - This paper describes pathological and clinical investigations of glomerular
      lesions in bucillamine-induced nephropathy by analyzing biopsy materials from 9
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There was no specific predisposition for
      nephrotic syndrome induced by bucillamine in clinical profiles related to age,
      onset, duration of disease, sex, activity and dose of bucillamine. In light
      microscopic, electron-microscopic and immunofluorescent findings, the
      characteristic changes were similar to those of idiopathic membranous
      glomerulonephritis (MGN). After discontinuance of bucillamine, the nephrotic
      syndrome improved slowly with or without corticosteroid therapy. Results
      confirmed that the most common lesion of nephrotic syndrome associated with
      bucillamine therapy in RA is MGN. We recommend that corticosteroid therapy should
      be restricted to cases with severe proteinuria.

PMID- 1799187
TI  - IgA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
AB  - Sera from 29 children with acute Henoch-Schonlein purpura were tested for IgA
      antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and for IgA rheumatoid factor (RF).
      All sera were negative for IgA ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence, but 13 of 29
      patients had weakly positive results for IgA ANCA when tested using an enzyme
      immunoassay. Sixteen of 29 children were IgA RF seropositive. IgA RF seropositive
      patients had significantly higher titers of IgA ANCA as compared with IgA RF
      seronegative patients (p = 0.0002). Indeed, of the 16 patients who were IgA RF
      seropositive, 13 also had positive tests for IgA ANCA, while none of the IgA RF
      seronegative patients had positive tests for IgA ANCA (p = 0.00001). Removal of
      IgA RF from eight sera by adsorption with immobilized IgG produced comparable
      reductions in the titers of both IgA RF and IgA ANCA. We conclude that IgA ANCA
      is not an important serologic marker in Henoch-Schonlein purpura, but the
      presence of serum IgA RF may produce weak false-positive results for IgA ANCA in
      some patients.

PMID- 1799188
TI  - Atypical features of primary hyperoxaluria in end-stage renal disease.
AB  - Two case histories of patients with end-stage renal disease subsequently found to
      have primary hyperoxaluria are reported. In the setting of renal failure, the
      diagnosis is both difficult, due to diminished oxalate excretion, and important,
      because of frequent graft loss due to oxalate deposition after renal
      transplantation. The diagnosis was obtained by renal and bone biopsies. Plasma
      oxalate levels were normal in one patient and the other patient presented with
      extensive cystic bone lesions. Primary hyperoxaluria should be considered
      whenever nephrocalcinosis and/or nephrolithiasis are associated with end-stage
      renal disease.

PMID- 1799189
TI  - Digital subtraction venography in the diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis.
AB  - Fifteen cases of renal vein thrombosis were seen in patients with nephrotic
      syndrome, both adult and pediatric, and all had kidney biopsies. Six patients
      were found to have membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 3 membranous
      nephropathy, 2 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 2 renal amyloidosis and one
      each minimal change disease and diffuse mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis. The diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis was made in all
      patients by utilizing digital subtraction venography. This method is simple,
      safe, noninvasive and quite efficient.

PMID- 1799190
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of contrast media in high-risk patients with renal insufficiency:
      comparison of low- and high-osmolar contrast agents.
AB  - We have compared the renal effects of ioxitalamate, ioxaglate, and iopamidol in
      patients with chronic renal failure. Sixty consecutive patients with an estimated
      creatinine clearance (ECRCl) less than 60 ml/min were randomly assigned to
      receive either ioxitalamate, iopamidol, or ioxaglate. All patients received 500
      cm3 isotonic saline before the procedure. Serum creatinine and ECRCl were
      estimated before, 1 and 2 or 3 days after the procedure. There was no statistical
      difference between the three groups with respect to age, sex, weight, renal
      function, amount of iodine, and type of procedure. Mean serum creatinine and
      ECRCl remained unchanged after administration of contrast media. No patient had
      nephrotoxicity or acute oliguria requiring dialysis as a result of the
      administration of contrast material. The number of patients with an increase in
      the serum creatinine level greater than 10% from the basal value did not differ
      in the treatment groups. The maximal increases in serum creatinine were 52
      mumol/l (29%) in the ioxitalamate group, 56 mumol/l (18%) in the ioxaglate group,
      and 57 mumol/l (23%) in the iopamidol group (p = NS). Using a population
      carefully randomized and matched for renal insufficiency, we could not show any
      differences in nephrotoxicity between these three contrast agents. Clinically
      serious renal impairment was uncommon in our study, regardless of the contrast
      agent used. However, the interpretation of these favorable findings requires a
      cautionary note. All patients in this study were well hydrated before and after
      uro-/angiography, and none had a recent renal injury or a treatment with a
      nephrotoxic agent that would predispose to injury from contrast
      material.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799191
TI  - Depressed urinary excretion of epidermal growth factor in psoriasis.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) may have a modulatory role in renal growth and
      function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether urinary excretion
      of EGF is altered in psoriatic patients with or without arterial hypertension.
      The glomerular filtration rate was similar in psoriatics as compared with age-
      and sex-matched controls, whereas urinary EGF (microgram/g creatinine) was
      significantly reduced in psoriatics: normotensive subjects, 29.52 +/- 3.51
      (psoriatics) versus 44.31 +/- 1.20 (controls, p less than 0.05); hypertensive
      subjects, 19.67 +/- 3.96 (psoriatics) versus 30.11 +/- 1.52 (controls, p less
      than 0.05). The urinary EGF excretion was lower in males than in females, save
      for hypertensive psoriatics. Urinary EGF correlated inversely with age and
      directly with urinary kallikrein excretion. Urinary kallikrein activity was
      reduced and microalbuminuria increased in hypertensive psoriatics. These
      alterations might suggest that initial deterioration of renal function is present
      in psoriasis.

PMID- 1799192
TI  - Childhood minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a
      continuous spectrum of disease? Pathologic study of 33 cases with long-term
      follow-up.
AB  - Thirty-three children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who underwent kidney
      needle biopsy were reevaluated. The male to female ratio was 2:1, and a
      preponderance of North-African Jewish and Arab origin over Ashkenazi Jewish
      origin was noted. There was a positive correlation between the severity of
      glomerular changes and prognosis among the 10 cases with minimal change disease
      (MCD) and the 23 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). On long-term
      follow-up (mean over 11 years) chronic renal failure developed in none of 10 MCD
      patients, 1 of 12 FSGS patients with mild glomerular sclerosis, 1 of 7 FSGS
      patients with moderate glomerular sclerosis and 3 of 4 FSGS patients with severe
      glomerular sclerosis. Prognosis of patients with mild glomerular sclerotic lesion
      on light microscopy was substantially not worse than the prognosis of patients
      with mild glomerular alterations only on the electron microscopic study (MCD-B).
      Thus, both pathologically and prognostically, there was a continuous spectrum
      from 'pure' MCD (MCD-A) to FSGS with severe glomerular sclerosis. Glomerular
      changes confined to the origin of the proximal tubule ('tip' changes) were seen
      only in 4 patients and did not have a distinct prognostic significance. No case
      of peripheral location of the sclerotic segment within the glomerulus was found
      in our series of FSGS, and therefore no correlation between location of segmental
      sclerosis and prognosis was feasible.

PMID- 1799193
TI  - Pascal's law and the death of Cromwell.
AB  - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British Isles, probably died of the
      complications of recurrent urinary tract infection and obstruction, not of a
      'bastard tertian ague' as claimed soon after his death. Blaise Pascal, a pioneer
      in hydraulics and a contemporary of Cromwell, shortly thereafter accurately
      reported course and historical consequence of his death, an event which seems at
      least partly attributable to the effects of Pascal's law on the Protector's
      kidneys.

PMID- 1799194
TI  - Employment status and ability to work among working-age chronic dialysis
      patients.
AB  - 283 patients, age 18-59 years on chronic dialysis were interviewed about their
      current work status and their ability to work if currently not employed. Only 11%
      of the total sample was currently employed. However, one third of the nonemployed
      patients said they were able to work, and most of these patients had made an
      effort to be employed. Age, race, educational level, health status, and physical
      ability to perform job tasks, recent work experience, and interest in working
      were related to the reported ability to work. Patients who said they were able to
      work were also likely to be rated able to work by the medical director of their
      dialysis facility. The data indicate the importance of helping work-interested
      patients maintain their jobs when they start chronic dialysis treatment.

PMID- 1799195
TI  - Autoimmune adrenalitis, asthma and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
AB  - We report the first case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a patient
      with chronic adrenal insufficiency due to autoimmune adrenalitis. In addition,
      this patient developed extrinsic asthma. The pathogenic implications of
      autoimmune adrenalitis with a long lasting hypocortisolemic state and the
      appearance of immunologically mediated diseases are discussed.

PMID- 1799196
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation following percutaneous renal biopsy.
AB  - Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been reported following
      thrombus formation in various clinical settings. A patient developed DIC due to
      the formation of a large intracapsular hematoma following percutaneous renal
      biopsy. To our knowledge, this complication has not been previously reported. The
      coagulopathy was reversed by surgical removal of the hematoma. This diagnosis
      should be considered in patients with bleeding after renal biopsy.

PMID- 1799197
TI  - Acute renal failure in visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - We describe the case of a 33-year-old male patient with an acute visceral
      leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) associated with an acute renal failure. The
      clinical manifestations were dominated by fever, oliguric renal failure and
      hepatic alterations. Serum C3 and C4 fractions of complement were decreased, and
      a renal biopsy demonstrated an interstitial nephritis with no glomerular
      involvement. The clinical course was favorable with recuperation of renal
      function without sequels.

PMID- 1799198
TI  - The kinetic mind.

PMID- 1799199
TI  - Ambiguity in the psychoanalytic practice.

PMID- 1799200
TI  - The great narcissist: a study of Fitzgerald's Jay Gatsby.

PMID- 1799201
TI  - Some biological underpinnings of the self-image.

PMID- 1799202
TI  - Intimacy in the psychoanalytic relationship: a preliminary sketch.

PMID- 1799203
TI  - Developmental, structural, and clinical approach to narcissistic and antisocial
      personalities.
AB  - The conception of personality disorders (PDs) as distinct units of mental
      disorders is neither precise nor useful. At least some PDs, classified as
      separate units, reflect different behavioral expression of the same personality
      deviation. In this article we describe structural, developmental, and clinical
      continuum between relatively distinct entities of antisocial PD and narcissistic
      PD. The two disorders represent different endpoints sharing a borderline level of
      personality organization and pathological narcissism. We propose a spectrum
      relation for antisocial and narcissistic PD because the disorders tend to co
      occur in the same individual and to run in the same family more often than
      expected by chance.

PMID- 1799204
TI  - Isolation of ribosomal subunits containing intact rRNA from human placenta:
      estimation of functional activity of 80S ribosomes.
AB  - We have elaborated a method for the isolation of ribosomal subunits from fresh
      unfrozen human placenta containing intact rRNA and a complete set of ribosomal
      proteins. Activity of 80S ribosomes obtained by reassociation of 40S and 60S
      subunits in nonenzymatic poly(U)-dependent binding of Phe-tRNA(Phe) was equal to
      80% (above 1.5 mol [14C]Phe-tRNA(Phe) is coupled to 1 mol of ribosomes). The
      activity of 80S ribosomes in poly(U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine was
      tested in a polysome-free protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes.
      About 100 mol of phenylalanine residue was polymerized by a mole of ribosomes at
      a rate of 0.83 residues per minute in this system (2 h, 37 degrees C).

PMID- 1799205
TI  - A method for detecting the expression of a toxic gene in cultured cells.
AB  - We have devised a rapid method for examining the expression of a toxin gene
      following in vitro transfection using a bacterial beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene
      as a reporter gene. Ricin A chain DNA and the lacZ gene, both under the control
      of the immunoglobulin gene promoter and enhancer, were transfected into mouse
      fibroblast cells (L cells). Transient expression of the lacZ gene was detected 2
      days after transfection by histochemical staining of the transfectants with 5
      bromo-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside. Cotransfection of the ricin A chain gene
      resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of lacZ transfectants as the
      expressed toxin killed the cells. A ricin construct with the intervening sequence
      from the human beta-actin gene required 4 days instead of 2 days to produce the
      toxic effect. This is a useful method for examining the expression of toxin gene
      in a cell.

PMID- 1799206
TI  - Fluorescent membrane probes incorporating dipyrrometheneboron difluoride
      fluorophores.
AB  - The spectroscopic properties of a new series of fatty acid analogs in which a
      dipyrrometheneboron difluoride fluorophore forms a segment of the acyl methylene
      chain are presented and their characteristics as fluorescent membrane probes are
      examined. When incorporated as a low mole fraction component in model
      phospholipid membranes, the probes retain the principal characteristics of the
      parent fluorophore: green fluorescence emission with high quantum yield,
      extensive spectral overlap, and low environmental sensitivity. The fluorescence
      quantum yield is typically two to three times that of comparable membrane probes
      based on the nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorophore. The spectral overlap results in a
      calculated Forster energy transfer radius (Ro) of about 57 A. Consequently,
      increasing fluorescence depolarization and quenching are observed as the mole
      fraction of the probe species incorporated in the membrane is increased. Low
      environmental sensitivity is manifested by retention of high quantum yield
      emission in aqueous dispersions of fatty acids. Partition coefficient data
      derived from fluorescence anisotropy measurements and iodide quenching
      experiments indicate that in the presence of fluid phase phospholipid bilayers
      the aqueous fraction of fatty acid is very small. Fluorescence intensity and
      anisotropy responses to phospholipid phase transitions are examined and found to
      be indicative of nonrandom fluorophore distribution in the gel phase. It is
      concluded that the spectroscopic properties of the fatty acid probes and their
      phospholipid derivatives are particularly suited to applications in fluorescence
      imaging of cellular lipid distribution and membrane level studies of lateral
      lipid segregation.

PMID- 1799207
TI  - Use of a fluorescent DNA analog for fluorometric detection of DNase activity.
AB  - The enhancement of fluorescence of the DNA analog poly(d epsilon A) following
      nucleolytic degradation to mononucleotides was found to be a convenient signal
      for studying nuclease, especially exonuclease, activity. This measurement, which
      is simple to obtain and extremely sensitive, detects various kinds of DNases and
      can be applied to the detection of nucleases in the course of protein
      purification. The signal change can be observed continuously during the reaction
      and easily converted to the amount of liberated mononucleotide. The method is
      thus suitable for quantitative and kinetic studies of exonuclease activity.

PMID- 1799208
TI  - Some problems of CD analyses of protein conformation.
AB  - The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of 16 reference proteins were analyzed by the
      Provencher-Glockner method (Biochemistry 20, 31, 1981) with the lower-wavelength
      limit raised from 190 to 235 nm at 5-nm intervals. Fifty-one data points at 1-nm
      intervals were taken between 190 and 240 nm. Variations of the correlation
      coefficients (r) and root-mean-square (RMS) deviations between X-ray diffraction
      results and CD analyses showed no definite trend with shorter wavelength ranges.
      The CD spectra (190-240 nm) were also analyzed by assigning the secondary
      structure of X-ray results according to the Levitt-Greer method (J. Mol. Biol.
      114, 181, 1977) and the Kabsch-Sander method (Biopolymers 22, 2577, 1983). The r
      and RMS values based on the Levitt-Greer assignment were good and comparable to
      those based on the secondary structure given by crystallographers, but the Kabsch
      Sander assignment seemed to give unsatisfactory results. The choice of reference
      proteins remains one of the uncertainties in the CD analysis. The five most
      significant orthogonal spectra (190-240 nm) calculated from the 16 reference
      proteins and those based on another 16 proteins used by Hennessey and Johnson
      (Biochemistry 20, 1085, 1981) were similar to each other, but different in
      intensities. These methods still cannot recognize a failed analysis of unknown
      proteins without X-ray results to check their reliability.

PMID- 1799209
TI  - An apparatus for submerged gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A novel apparatus for submerged gel electrophoresis is described in detail. It
      includes an upper buffer compartment, a lower buffer compartment, and a
      horizontal plate between the two compartments. The horizontal plate is a heat
      exchanger connected to an external heater/cooler. Buffer circulates between the
      two compartments through openings in the horizontal plate. In the upper
      compartment two separated openings are positioned on each side of the horizontal
      plate between the side walls and long vertical barriers. The barriers initially
      direct the flow of buffer and define the electric field on the sides of the upper
      compartment. The electric field is confined essentially into a rectangular box,
      defined on the ends by the end walls, on the sides by the barriers, on the bottom
      by the cooling plate, and on the top by the air. Since the volume of buffer is
      smaller in the electrode compartment than in the reservoir under the cooling
      plate, this design enables formation of a substantially uniform electric field
      without creating too high a current. To enhance uniformity of the electric field,
      anode and cathode consist each of two platinum wires positioned one above the
      other at a distance of 6 mm. The electrodes can be placed parallel to the sides
      and perpendicular to the buffer flow or parallel to the ends and the flow of
      buffer. The stream of buffer in the upper compartment is regulated by two dams,
      perpendicular to the long barriers, on each end of the horizontal plate.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799210
TI  - A colorimetric assay for measuring peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
      using high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - In many peptide hormones and neuropeptides, the carboxy-terminal alpha-amide
      structure is essential in eliciting biological activity. In the present study, a
      rapid and sensitive assay method for the determination of peptidylglycine alpha
      amidating monooxygenase (PAM) activity has been reported. This method is based on
      the monitoring of the absorption at 460 nm of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'
      sulfonyl-Gly-L-Phe-NH2 (Dabsyl-Gly-Phe-NH2), enzymatically formed from the
      substrate 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl-Gly-L-Phe-Gly, after separation
      by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C-18 reversed-phase
      column by isocratic elution. This method is sensitive enough to measure Dabsyl
      Gly-Phe-NH2 at concentrations as low as 1 pmol and yield highly reproducible
      results and requires less than 5 min per sample for separation and quantitation.
      The concentrations of copper and ascorbic acid required for maximal enzyme
      activity were 1 microM and 2 mM, respectively. The pH optimum for PAM activity
      was 5.0 to 5.5. The Km and Vmax values were respectively 3.5 microM and 100
      pmol/micrograms/h with the use of enzyme extract obtained from bovine pituitary.
      By using this method, PAM activity could be readily detected in a single rat
      saliva. The sensitivity of this assay method will also aid in the effort to
      examine the regulation of in vivo PAM activity.

PMID- 1799211
TI  - High-performance anion exchange-chromatography of neutral milk oligosaccharides
      and oligosaccharide alditols derived from mucin glycoproteins.
AB  - High-performance anion-exchange (HPAE) chromatography under alkaline conditions
      (pH approximately 13) has been used to separate neutral oligosaccharides from
      human milk as well as oligosaccharide alditols isolated by alkaline borohydride
      degradation of O-linked glycoproteins having blood group A and H activities. Due
      to the diminished retention times of the alditols compared to their reducing
      counterparts, a very low base concentration (approximately 15 mM) was used in the
      fractionation of oligosaccharide alditols. The method appears to be ineffective
      in fractionation of monosaccharide alditols. Although the retention times
      generally increased with increasing oligosaccharide chain length, linkage of Fuc
      alpha-(1----2) to galactose and by Fuc alpha-(1----3) or Fuc alpha-(1----4) to
      glcNAc may decrease the retention times of both the alditols and the reducing
      oligosaccharides. Branching generally increased the retention times for
      oligosaccharide alditols. The retention times of isomers differing in the
      position of fucose substitution (LNF-1 vs LNF-2) differed greatly while those of
      the linkage isomers LNF-2 and LNF-3 were similar but distinct. Pulsed
      amperometric detection is sensitive at the picomole level both for these
      underivatized oligosaccharides and alditols. On-line desalting with an ion
      exchange membrane has been found to be effective in preparative chromatography of
      these oligosaccharides for NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1799212
TI  - Structural analyses of proteins electroblotted from native polyacrylamide gels
      onto polyvinyldiene difluoride membranes. A method for determining the
      stoichiometry of protein-protein interaction in solution.
AB  - The usefulness of a native gel electroblotting technique in the study of protein
      protein interactions was demonstrated by the determination of the stoichiometry
      of the interaction between interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the alpha subunit of IL-2
      receptor (IL-2R alpha) in solution. Complexes formed between the recombinant
      forms of the two proteins in solution were separated from the noncomplexed
      protein molecules by electrophoresis in a native polyacrylamide gel and the
      protein bands were electroblotted quantitatively onto polyvinyldiene difluoride
      membranes for further structural analysis. The data obtained from sequence and
      amino acid analyses of the blotted proteins provided direct evidence that IL-2
      binds to IL-2R alpha in a 1:1 ratio. This methodology should be applicable to the
      study of other structure/function aspects of protein-protein interactions in
      solution.

PMID- 1799213
TI  - Specific assay for endotoxin using immobilized histidine and Limulus amebocyte
      lysate.
AB  - The LAL test is inhibited or enhanced by many substances. To overcome these
      problems, we have developed a specific endotoxin assay method using an
      ultrafiltration unit, a fluorometric LAL reagent, and immobilized histidine
      (which is a specific adsorbent for endotoxins). This method is composed of two
      steps. The first step is the adsorption of endotoxins. Using immobilized
      histidine, endotoxins are quantitatively adsorbed on the adsorbent, and the
      adsorbed endotoxins are separated from LAL-inhibiting or -enhancing substances by
      the ultrafiltration unit. The second step is the reaction of adsorbed endotoxins
      with the LAL reagent. The endotoxins adsorbed on immobilized histidine are
      directly reacted with the LAL reagent in a filter cup and show enough activity
      for assay. The reproducibility and the accuracy of this method are high, and the
      recovery of endotoxins from a sample solution is more than 95%. The new endotoxin
      assay method using immobilized histidine can be utilized for the determination of
      endotoxins in a solution containing LAL-inhibiting or -enhancing substances such
      as amino acids and antibiotics instead of requiring employment of the more common
      gel-clot technique.

PMID- 1799214
TI  - Preparation of representative homogenates of biological tissues: effect of salt
      on protein extraction.
AB  - A technique for the preparation of representative homogenates of tissues is
      described. For most soft tissues and biological fluids (liver, kidney, semen)
      more than 80% of protein was recovered after homogenization in isotonic buffer.
      With tissues that are harder to homogenize, such as heart, spleen, and skeletal
      muscle, however, only approximately 40-50% of protein was extracted in this
      medium. Inclusion of salt or salt plus detergent during the homogenization
      increased recovery of the protein to levels close to those recorded with soft
      tissues. The increase represented a true recovery and was not an artifact induced
      by salt/detergent. This situation is parallel to previously reported results for
      lipid-rich biological tissues.

PMID- 1799215
TI  - A method for the simultaneous determination of alkylacylglycerol, diacylglycerol,
      monoalkylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, and cholesterol by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - We describe a method for the quantitative analysis of the individual subclasses
      (1-O-alkyl and 1-acyl) of diradylglycerols and monoradylglycerols. These lipids,
      along with cholesterol, were separated from other neutral and polar lipids on
      silica columns and analyzed by normal-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) as their benzoate derivatives. Cholesterylbenzoate,
      alkylacylglycerolbenzoate, diacylglycerolbenzoate, monoalkylglyceroldibenzoate,
      and monoacylglyceroldibenzoate eluted from HPLC in five distinct zones. The
      derivatives of diradylglycerols and monoradylglycerols were further separated
      within each discrete zone on the basis of the total number of aliphatic carbons
      at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Radiolabeled cholesterol and
      dihexadecanoylglycerol were used to monitor recovery. Amounts of synthetic
      alkylacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoalkylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol as low
      as 0.2 nmol per subclass could be accurately quantified. The technique was used
      to determine the content of diradylglycerol and monoradylglycerol subclasses in
      Madin-Darby canine kidney and CFTL-12 mast cells. This method should prove useful
      for the quantitation of lipid second messengers in cultured cells.

PMID- 1799217
TI  - A nondestructive method for peptide bond conjugation of antigenic haptens to a
      diphtheria toxoid carrier, exemplified by two antisera specific to acetolactate
      synthase.
AB  - A method for the preparation of an activated protein carrier is described:
      Protein carboxyl groups are transformed into N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide esters, a
      structure that will react with primary amino groups under amide bond formation.
      Although the activated ester is unstable under aqueous conditions, a significant
      amount of hapten molecules can be bound covalently to the carrier under very mild
      conditions. Ligands can be peptides or other molecules possessing a primary amino
      group. The method avoids the risk of ligand polymerization and no derivatization
      of the ligand prior to conjugation is needed. Residual unreacted ligand molecules
      can therefore be recovered in their native form by size exclusion chromatography.
      The method was used to conjugate two synthetic sugar beet acetolactate synthetase
      (E.C. 4.1.3.18) peptides to diphtheria toxoid. Antibodies were raised against
      both of the conjugates. The specificity of these antibodies against sugar beet
      acetolactate synthetase was verified using immunoblotting, ELISA, and
      immunoprecipitation.

PMID- 1799216
TI  - Sequential use of detergents for solubilization and reconstitution of a membrane
      ion transporter.
AB  - Solubilization and reconstitution of the cardiac sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
      by use of the anionic detergent cholate and its application for reconstitution of
      the exchanger following solubilization with zwitterionic or nonionic detergents
      is described. Solubilization and reconstitution with cholate provided a 32.6-fold
      enrichment of Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity over sarcolemmal vesicles (5.2 to 170
      nmol/mg/s) with 202% recovery of total activity. In combination with asolectin,
      the cholate dilution technique (H. Miyamoto and E. Racker, J. Biol. Chem. 255,
      2656, 1980) offers a rapid and simple means for reconstitution and provides good
      recovery of total and specific Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity. However, the use of
      anionic detergents for solubilization precludes the use of certain
      chromatographic procedures for protein purification. Conversely, nonionic and
      zwitterionic detergents permit effective use of available chromatographic
      techniques, but can be troublesome during reconstitution. We have combined the
      advantages of solubilization with nonionic and zwitterionic detergents with the
      advantages of reconstitution by cholate dilution. Reconstitution of the
      exchanger, after solubilization with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethyl-ammonio]-1
      propanesulfonate (Chaps) or n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside, was accomplished by the
      addition of a cholate/asolectin medium followed by dilution. Na+/Ca2+ exchange
      activity was enriched 30.7-fold with 196% recovery with Chaps and 34.1-fold with
      204% recovery with n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside. The presence of Chaps was found to
      shift the optimal asolectin concentration for reconstitution from 15 mg/ml
      (cholate alone) to 25 mg/ml. In addition, pelleting of proteoliposomes subsequent
      to reconstitution resulted in greatest recovery of total activity when volumes
      were kept below 1.0 ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799218
TI  - Identification of proteins in sequence databases from amino acid composition
      data.
AB  - Having obtained the amino acid composition of a protein, chemists and molecular
      biologists may wish to identify the protein from this data alone. In general such
      data will have errors associated with them and the length of the protein may be
      known only approximately or not at all. In this paper a method is described which
      enables searching of protein sequence databases for sequences or fragments of
      sequences which have a composition similar to the one being sought. Such searches
      are generally quite discriminating as shown by the examples provided. This method
      has been implemented as part of the computer program Scrutineer and is being
      freely distributed. It is simple to use.

PMID- 1799219
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in
      a complex biological matrix.
AB  - Analysis of oligosaccharides in complex biological matrices is hampered by the
      fact that oligosaccharides, closely related in structure, are difficult to
      separate from each other and that conventional detection procedures (refraction
      index and uv detection) are not specific enough for carbohydrates.
      Prepurification of samples by procedures like desalting or gel filtration is
      often used but can lead to the loss of specific oligosaccharides. We have used
      pellicular anion chromatography in combination with a postcolumn reaction for
      reducing carbohydrates based on 4-aminobenzoylhydrazide. This procedure not only
      detected normal mono- and oligosaccharides but N-acetylhexosamines and reducing N
      acetylhexosamine containing oligosaccharides as well. A sensitivity of about 20
      25 pmol for non-GlcNAc containing mono- or oligosaccharides and between 30-50
      pmol for GlcNAc or oligosaccharides with GlcNAc at the reducing side was reached.
      The postcolumn detection was compared with pulsed amperometric detection and
      appeared to be more specific for mono- and oligosaccharides. Except for
      deproteination to protect the column, no further sample preparation was needed
      with this system for our application (urines). In this way pellicular anion
      chromatography in combination with this postcolumn reaction reaction to be a
      sensitive and specific HPLC procedure for analysis of monosaccharides and
      oligosaccharides in complex biological matrices.

PMID- 1799220
TI  - Water-soluble macromolecular fluorogenic substrates for assaying proteinases:
      determination of pancreatic elastase activity.
AB  - Water-soluble macromolecular fluorogenic substrates were synthesized in order to
      develop an easy specific proteinase assay. The validity of this method was tested
      with porcine pancreatic elastase by using its specific peptidic substrate Ala-Ala
      Pro-Ala linked to a hydrosoluble polymer. The octapeptidic sequence FTC-epsilon
      Aca-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Gly-Gly was linked to a water-soluble and neutral poly-L
      lysine derivative. The aminocaproyl residue and the triglycyl sequence were added
      in order to improve the stability of the substrate, and the accessibility of the
      specific sequence Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala to elastase, respectively. The assay is based
      on the quantitative precipitation of the polymeric substrate in isopropanol while
      the released soluble fluorescent peptidic moiety is fluorometrically titrated in
      the supernatant.

PMID- 1799221
TI  - A sensitive radioisotopic assay of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in human muscle
      tissue.
AB  - A radioactive assay for the determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
      activity in muscle tissue has been developed. The assay measures the rate of
      acetyl-CoA formation from pyruvate in a reaction mixture containing NAD+ and
      CoASH. The acetyl-CoA is determined as [14C]citrate after condensation with [14C]
      oxaloacetate by citrate synthase. The method is specific and sensitive to the
      picomole range of acetyl-CoA formed. In eleven normal subjects, the active form
      of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDCa) in resting human skeletal muscle samples
      obtained using the needle biopsy technique was 0.44 +/- 0.16 (SD) mumol acetyl
      CoA.min-1.g-1 wet wt. Total pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDCt) activity was
      determined after activation by pretreating the muscle homogenate with Ca2+, Mg2+,
      dichloroacetate, glucose, and hexokinase. The mean value for PDCt was 1.69 +/-
      0.32 mumol acetyl-CoA.min-1.g-1 wet wt, n = 11. The precision of the method was
      determined by analyzing 4-5 samples of the same muscle piece. The coefficient of
      variation for PDCa was 8% and for PDCt 5%.

PMID- 1799222
TI  - Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity assayed in whole cell lysates using
      synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - Synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry has been used to measure induced and
      constitutive levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lysates of C3H
      10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. Without compromising sensitivity, the method was
      reproducible, eliminated the need to extract metabolites, and made the procedure
      simpler and less time consuming than other methods. Moreover, since the assay was
      tailored to directly measure 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, a metabolite produced by
      several cytochrome P-450s, it may be more generally applicable than dealkylation
      assays, which apparently detect only P-450-IA1.

PMID- 1799223
TI  - Could angiotensin I be produced from a renin substrate by the HIV-1 protease?
AB  - The standard angiotensin I (Ang I) radioimmunoassay for renin activity
      determination is a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis of high renin levels in
      certain cases of hypertension. It depends upon the liberation of Ang I from human
      plasma angiotensinogen. We considered whether a commercially available synthetic
      tetradecapeptide (TDP), Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser,
      would produce authentic Ang I upon incubation with protease from human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This peptide is also known to be cleaved
      by renin at the Leu-Leu bond to yield the decapeptide Ang I. When the TDP is
      incubated with the HIV-1 protease, the peptide is readily hydrolyzed. Product
      formation is linear with respect to time and enzyme concentration. HPLC analysis
      of reaction products showed two new peaks, as one would expect from the cleavage
      of a TDP into a decapeptide and a tetrapeptide. Amino acid analysis of HPLC
      purified peaks confirmed that the HIV-1 protease cleaves TDP at the Leu10-Leu11
      site to produce the desired decapeptide, Ang I. Production of Ang I by the HIV-1
      protease, like human renin, is inhibited in the presence of a protease inhibitor.
      Implications of the discovery of an HIV-1 protease substrate that produces
      authentic Ang I are discussed in light of a screening assay for soluble HIV-1
      protease inhibitors.

PMID- 1799224
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of lipids for the identification of human
      metabolic disease.
AB  - We describe a system for quantitative lipid analysis employing ternary gradient
      high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering
      detection. This technique was applied to extracts of cultured fibroblasts,
      cultured lymphocytes, and leukocytes and to liver and spleen biopsy specimens.
      Separation of nonpolar lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids was
      achieved in a single run. Detection did not depend on the presence of any
      specific chemical reactions, uv absorption, or fluorescence. The sensitivity of
      the technique is well below 200 ng for individual lipids, and many individual
      lipid classes were detected in samples as small as 1 mg of total protein, the
      yield of a single flask of cultured skin fibroblasts. The characteristic stored
      lipids cholesterol ester and sphingomyelin were seen in excess in human
      fibroblast cultures from patients with Wolman's disease and Niemann-Pick disease,
      respectively. A biopsy spleen sample from a patient with Gaucher's disease showed
      a large glucosylceramide peak. This system provides a tool for detecting lipids
      that accumulate in tissues of patients with currently unidentified metabolic
      storage disorders.

PMID- 1799225
TI  - Catalytic hydrogenolysis of poly-iodinated recombinant human insulin-like growth
      factor II (IGF-II): a potentially useful method for the tritiation of IGF-II.
AB  - A method has been developed to prepare, purify, and fully characterize poly
      iodinated insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) which can then be catalytically
      deiodinated to produce IGF-II with its native disulfide bonded structure. This
      method can potentially be adapted to prepare tritiated IGF-II with the use of
      tritium gas in the hydrogenolysis step. IGF-II was iodinated at all three
      tyrosines using lactoperoxidase with a three-fold excess of sodium iodide. The
      iodinated products were purified using reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by
      peptide mapping. The tyrosine-containing peptides generated by pepsin digestion
      were characterized by amino acid sequence analysis. Mono- and di-iodinated
      phenylthiohydantoin tyrosine derivatives were synthesized and used to identify
      the iodination state of the modified tyrosine residues in the sequence analysis.
      Purified poly-iodinated IGF-II was deiodinated by hydrogenolysis, over a
      prereduced palladium (II) oxide catalyst to form IGF-II with its native disulfide
      bonds intact, as shown by peptide mapping.

PMID- 1799226
TI  - Visualization of proteases within a complex sample following their selective
      retention on immobilized bacitracin, a peptide antibiotic.
AB  - A method for the visualization of individual proteases within a complex
      biological sample is described. In a single chromatographic step, proteases can
      be separated from other biomolecules by selective binding to immobilized
      bacitracin, a peptide antibiotic. Following desorption, proteases may be
      separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The application of this
      method is presented in the visualization of proteases secreted by the fungus
      Aspergillus niger.

PMID- 1799227
TI  - Determination of strontium binding to macromolecules.
AB  - An equilibrium dialysis technique for determining the binding of strontium to
      macromolecules is described. The major difficulty to be overcome is that 90Sr has
      a decay product, 90Y, which is also a beta-emitter. The described protocol is
      used to determine the Sr binding isotherm to bovine prothrombin fragment 1. The
      binding is found to be cooperative, somewhat weaker than Ca binding, and to
      involve approximately nine strontium sites. The stoichiometric equilibrium
      constants are determined by nonlinear regression. The procedure should be of
      great utility for many macromolecules that show strontium affinity.

PMID- 1799228
TI  - [Traumatic section of the thoracic aorta: its repair by direct aortic clamping].
AB  - Traumatic section of descendent aorta, severe complication of a thoracic
      traumatism, requires an early recognition and restoration because its high
      mortality rate. Between 1988 and 1990, three patients underwent surgical
      approach, by direct aortic clamping [correction of clamplaje], at our Service. In
      two cases, a heart stoppage appeared during the clamping/unclamping [correction
      of clampaje/desclampaje] maneuvers. One of them had previously
      electrocardiographic abnormalities, suggestive of heart contusion. Two patients
      died, one of them during surgical procedure because an irreversible heart
      stoppage, and the second patient died after 7 days because of a brain hemorrhage.
      One case presented postoperative paraplegia. Respective rates and literature
      about the main factors implicated in the diagnosis and treatment of such
      pathology are reviewed.

PMID- 1799229
TI  - [Arteriovenous fistula in patients with a complicated postphlebitic syndrome].
AB  - An investigation, which goal is to evidencing AV fistulas in patients with a
      complicated postthrombotic syndrome, as well as to determinate the efficacy of
      noninvasive methods used for the study of AV fistulas in such patients, is
      presented. So, patients with a complicated postphlebitic syndrome interned into
      the Instituto de Angiologia were studied. Twenty-five patients were included in
      the study, 9 of these patients (36%) had arteriovenous fistulas,
      arteriographically evidenced. Haemodynamic study do not support the evidence of
      such communications.

PMID- 1799230
TI  - [[Sclerosing therapy in hemangiomas of the tongue].
AB  - Two cases of hemangiomas on the tongue treated by injection of sclerosants
      products (1% Aethoxysklerol), combined with reconstructive surgery, are reported.
      The efficacy of such treatment for hemangiomas located at that level is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1799231
TI  - [The maximum flow-venous capacitance relationship in the detection of deep venous
      thromboses].

PMID- 1799232
TI  - [Diabetic vasculopathy, its relation to hypoglycemic agent use, the time of
      evolution and patient age].
AB  - The present study includes 404 patients with Diabetes Mellitus, admitted into the
      Angiology Service from the Hospital Provincial Docente Manuel Ascunse Domenech,
      Camaguey and from Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, Ciego de Avila. Type of injury,
      level of obstruction at the lower limbs, type of diabetes and treatment received
      for each patient were analyzed. Preliminary conclusions are: no relation was
      found between type of diabetes and level of obstruction; and the second
      conclusion was that patients receiving oral hypoglicemiants presented more
      obstruction, with a significant difference by the square test. Time of disease
      and age of patient had a direct correlation with the presence of vasculopathy.
      Finally, it should be noted that high level of glicemy during a long period of
      time and elderly patients are the main factors implicated in the high incidence
      of vasculopathy in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1799233
TI  - [The relationship between lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation in
      atherosclerotic patients].
AB  - We studied 58 patients with arterial esteno-occlusive disease, 32 diabetics and
      26 nondiabetics. Some parameters of lipid metabolism and platelet function were
      evaluated. We show the correlations founded among these parameters and we offer a
      possible explanation which support this behaviour.

PMID- 1799234
TI  - [Separation anxiety: a new category of anxiety disorders in children?].
AB  - The separation anxiety disorder is defined as an excessive anxiety when the child
      is separated from significant persons. It needs however to be distinguished from
      normal development separation anxiety because of the later age at onset, its
      persistence and general impact. We shall discuss the clinical aspects of this
      disorders, its complications and the issues raised by its outcome. The
      interesting characteristics of separation anxiety disorder are its frequency and
      different treatments available.

PMID- 1799235
TI  - [Psychiatric intervention in a medical hospitalization unit admitting HIV
      positive patients].
AB  - Description of the intervention of psychiatrists with HIV positive hospitalized
      patients. An analysis of 26 cases over a six-months period. Attention is drawn on
      the following characteristics: 1) limited extend of the psychiatrist's
      intervention when the medical team is organized as to allow the patient's
      psychological support (psychologists participating to the "staff", supervision by
      an independent psychiatrist); 2) specificity of the psychiatrist's intervention
      in such a context, which relate to: a) the differential diagnosis between psycho
      organic syndromes and major emotional disorders, b) in difficult cases, the
      definition of the therapeutical scope; 3) necessary search for a more adapted
      support of male patients admitted for psychosocial reasons and especially for
      addicted patients.

PMID- 1799236
TI  - [Training, adaptation and antidepressive agents].

PMID- 1799237
TI  - [Cultural, symptomatological and psychopathological approach of the look].

PMID- 1799238
TI  - [Day care hospitals: illusions and realities].

PMID- 1799239
TI  - [The subject of jealousy in paranoia: Freud's text and its development].

PMID- 1799240
TI  - [The ozone problem].

PMID- 1799241
TI  - [New sun, new dermatology].

PMID- 1799243
TI  - [Environment and atopy. Hypotheses and speculations].

PMID- 1799242
TI  - [Cutaneous immunity and environment].

PMID- 1799244
TI  - [Changes in the flora and cross contact allergy to plants].

PMID- 1799245
TI  - [Skin and chemical risk].

PMID- 1799246
TI  - [Scleroderma and environment. Cutaneous manifestations of toxic oil syndrome].

PMID- 1799247
TI  - [Scleroderma and environment. III. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and L
      tryptophan].

PMID- 1799248
TI  - [Carcinogenic effect on the skin of small doses of radiation in man].

PMID- 1799250
TI  - Human organs--a scarce resource.

PMID- 1799249
TI  - [Infections and skin diseases acquired in swimming pools].

PMID- 1799251
TI  - A preliminary report on ABO incompatible bone marrow transplant.
AB  - Between September 1985 and June 1990, five patients with major and six patients
      with minor ABO blood group incompatibility between donor and recipient underwent
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in the Singapore General Hospital.
      The period to engraftment, rate of recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes,
      granulocytes, and platelets and the incidence of graft versus host disease (GVHD)
      was similar to that observed following ABO blood group compatible marrow
      transplant. Erythroid development and reticulocytosis were, however,
      significantly delayed in patients receiving major ABO incompatible marrow
      transplant.

PMID- 1799252
TI  - Singapore General Hospital's experience in corneal grafting.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 56 corneal grafts that was done in the Singapore
      General Hospital (SGH) between 1980 and 1989. These cases were analysed and it
      was found that there was a male predominance of about 2:1. There was a rather
      even spread among the various age groups except for a slightly higher incidence
      in the 20-29 year age group. There was a drastic drop in the number of grafts
      done after the year 1987 and this was attributed to the reluctance to accept
      donor corneas from Sri Lanka as there was the danger of the AIDS transmission
      through the donor material. The most number of grafts were done for patients with
      infection as a cause for corneal opacities, followed closely by keratoconus.
      There was a high incidence of graft rejection as almost 20 out of the 56
      developed rejection. However, the visual results proved to be good with 27
      obtaining at least 6/12 vision post operatively. This article outlines the need
      for more stringent pre-operative evaluation of both the donor material as well as
      the host patient in order to reduce the incidence of graft rejection and, hence,
      increase the overall success rate.

PMID- 1799253
TI  - Is a corneal transplantation immunologically privileged from graft rejection?
AB  - It has been known that a corneal graft can induce an allograft rejection reaction
      even in such an "immunologically privileged site". Reliable microsurgical
      techniques, together with the availability of inbred or congenic strains and a
      rapidly developing knowledge of its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and
      immune system in general, have made the rat a prime species in which to study the
      immunological events after corneal grafting. This review describes recent
      progress in understanding the immunological mechanisms behind clinical corneal
      graft rejection. The topics discussed include the rat major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) (RT1) antigens and their distribution in the cornea and the role of
      antigen-presenting cells (ARCs) in corneal graft rejection.

PMID- 1799254
TI  - Organ procurement in Singapore.
AB  - Kidney transplantation, an accepted therapeutic intervention for patients with
      end stage kidney failure, was pioneered in Singapore on 8 July 1970 by the
      University Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Singapore. Up to
      1987, an average of 4.7 cadaveric kidney transplants were performed annually. The
      introduction of Sandimmune (cyclosporine) in 1985 significantly increased graft
      survival and consequently created a demand for more cadaveric kidneys for
      transplantation. The rate of cadaveric kidney transplants escalated to 31.3
      kidney transplants annually for the period 1988 to 1990. This increase can be
      attributed both to the appointment of full time transplant coordinators beginning
      April 1986 and the implementation of the Human Organ Transplant Act in July 1987.
      The Human Organ Transplant Act accounted for more than half of all kidneys
      procured for transplantation (55/94) for the period 1988 to 1990.

PMID- 1799255
TI  - The case for using living non-related donors to alleviate the world wide shortage
      of cadaver kidneys for transplantation.
AB  - There continues to be a shortage of kidneys for transplantation even in countries
      with developed cadaver donor programmes. It is becoming clearer that cadaver
      donation will probably never satisfy the demand for kidneys, and living donor
      transplants are bound to play an important role in transplantation, more so in
      developing countries. Living non-related donation played a significant role in
      the early days of clinical renal transplantation, but fell into disrepute partly
      because of the activities of a few individuals and a few transplant centers that
      profited from commerce in human organs. However, it has always been recognised
      that living non-related donor (LNRD) renal transplantation per se was ethically
      acceptable. With the improvement in the results of renal transplantation, the
      persistent shortage has led to a reassessment of LNRD transplantation. Evidence
      indicates that both the public and the profession are in favour of this source of
      donation, although many transplant units are still reluctant to use it. However,
      more and more units, in both the developed and the developing world, are now
      performing such transplants. Where this is done ethically, the results appear to
      be excellent. We strongly believe that spouses, distant relatives and genetically
      non-related individuals who have an enduring relationship should be permitted to
      donate.

PMID- 1799256
TI  - Organisation, operational aspects and clinical experience of National University
      of Singapore Bone Bank.
AB  - The National University of Singapore (NUS) Bone Bank was started in October 1988
      and is the first such bank in Singapore. Two Revco Freezers were installed to
      store bones at -80 degrees C. The NUS Bone Bank Protocol follows the multi-centre
      protocol in USA with Massachusetts General Hospital as the Central Registry. It
      strictly follows the guidelines for banking of musculo-skeletal tissues set up by
      the American Association of Tissue Banks. Strict donor selection is practised
      including screening for Aids, hepatitis, syphilis and infection. It does not
      provide for storage of articular cartilage. Currently, procurement is obtained
      from living donors. Mainly femoral heads have been obtained (63 donors to date).
      One whole tibia, one whole fibula, one lower end of femur have also been
      procured. Bone allograft transplantation has been safely performed in 14
      recipients--mainly spinal fusions (seven cases), Sub-talar joint fusion in
      children (three cases) and packing Giant Cell tumors (two cases). Other cases
      include revision hip surgery (one case) and augmenting of hypoplastic mandible
      (one case). The biggest problem faced by the NUS Bone Bank is lack of donors.
      There is definitely a need for bone allografts in Singapore where such
      transplantation is legal. Presently, there is also a demand for whole bones to
      bridge large bone defects resulting from tumour resection and for reconstructing
      post-traumatic defects. This can only be met if we can procure more whole bones
      especially from cadaveric donors.

PMID- 1799257
TI  - Intraoperative anaesthetic management of the liver transplant patient.
AB  - Orthotopic liver transplantation has become an established method of treating end
      stage liver disease. Anaesthesia for patients undergoing this procedure can be
      complicated because end-stage liver disease is often associated with dysfunction
      of other physiological systems. Rapid haemodynamic, metabolic and coagulation
      changes can occur intraoperatively requiring aggressive haemodynamic monitoring
      backed by on-line laboratory facilities. The increased understanding of the
      pathophysiology of the procedure and the use of dedicated rapid infusion systems
      and intraoperative blood salvage have helped to improve the intraoperative
      management of the liver transplant patient. Co-operation and communication
      between the blood bank, haematology, biochemistry, surgical and anaesthesia
      services are vital.

PMID- 1799258
TI  - An in vitro assessment of human fetal pancreatic islets of Langerhans in culture.
AB  - The human fetal pancreas is a potential source of islets for transplantation into
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients. In this study, 35 human fetal pancreas
      obtained from prostaglandin-induced abortions (12-26 weeks gestation), were
      placed in culture to determine their capacity to secrete insulin over 30 days.
      Culture media were sampled twice weekly for insulin and histology was performed
      serially. Of the 35 pancreases cultured, six were lost due to bacterial
      contamination, five discarded due to undetectable levels of insulin in culture,
      nine are still under study, whilst 15 pancreases have been cultured for one
      month, and insulin studies completed. Three patterns of insulin release were
      observed: (a) progressive decline (n = 6), indicating non-viable tissue at the
      onset; (b) delayed decline, indicating significant tissue damage before organ
      culture (n = 5); and (c) insulin production in vitro over 30 days (n = 4), with
      viable islets detected histologically. Factors such as gestational age and cold
      ischaemia time did not correlate with the pattern of insulin secretion observed.
      This was probably due to a more important variable, not easily assessed, of the
      period of intrauterine (warm) ischemia. These data suggest: (1) that a small
      number of fetal pancreases procured from prostaglandin-induced abortuses do yield
      islets which remain viable in culture over 30 days, and (2) the functional status
      of islets can be monitored in vivo by measuring insulin secretion, thereby
      providing a means of identifying tissue suitable for transplantation.

PMID- 1799259
TI  - Fetal pig pancreas--a preliminary assessment of tissue for transplantation.
AB  - Porcine fetal pancreases (PFP) obtained from 4 pregnant sows were pooled, minced
      into 1 mm3 fragments and studied in organ culture for up to 30 days to determine
      tissue viability and insulin production in vitro. After 7-9 days in culture, some
      of these explants were transplanted into euglycemic, N:NIH-nu(s) nude recipient
      mice, and studied histologically over 69 days following grafting. Using RPMI 1640
      supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum as the culture medium in 90% air/10% CO2,
      it was found that explants were viable with insulin production detected in vitro,
      which was maximal at day 7 (197 +/- 18.9 mU/L, n = 11), and gradually declined
      thereafter. By 22 days, insulin levels were less than 60.1 +/- 28.5 mU/L (n = 6).
      Histology of the explants showed viable tissue with evidence of mitoses present
      in insulin-positive cells at day 16 in vitro. Beyond this time, tissue viability
      diminished. Explants transplanted into euglycemic nude mice did not undergo
      rejection during the observation period of 69 days. Grafts remained viable with
      evidence of an increase in mitotic activity in the endocrine tissue on
      immunoperoxidase staining. These preliminary investigations confirm that
      pancreatic explants from porcine fetuses can be maintained in culture for up to
      16 days. Such explants, when transplanted under the kidney capsule of euglycemic,
      nude mice, did not undergo necrosis, but remained viable, with evidence of
      mitoses in the islet tissue.

PMID- 1799260
TI  - Accessory heart graft as a surgical model in studies of transplantation
      immunology.
AB  - The heterotopic heart graft was examined as a surgical model for in vivo studies
      of transplantation immunology. Two innovations previously described distinguish
      it from an orthotopic heart transplant; its heterotopic, superficial position in
      the neck, and the use of portex cuffs to facilitate anastomoses of donor aorta
      and pulmonary artery to recipient common carotid artery and external jugular vein
      respectively. In this study, few modifications to the original technique were
      required. However, to ensure a high technical success rate exceeding 95%, it was
      found that the use of small donors (less than 200 g) and large recipient rats
      (greater than 230 g) was required. The former minimised the risk of kinking of
      the venous anastomoses, and the latter ensured an adequate luminal diameter of
      the carotid artery to facilitate the cuff anastomosis. With the vena cava and
      pulmonary veins ligated, the transplant served purely as an indicator graft with
      rhythmic contractions discernible by inspection or palpation. This simplified
      monitoring of the graft, with no requirement for ECG or biochemical studies. The
      direction of blood flow was established by angiography as via the aorta to the
      coronary vessels, returned to the right atrium and ventricle and out through the
      pulmonary artery to the recipient circulation. As the accessory heart did not
      provide any life-sustaining function, it could be removed for histological
      studies once rejection had occurred without compromising the survival of the
      recipient animal. This allowed the use of the recipient for further studies on
      its immunological status, including the performance of second grafts.

PMID- 1799261
TI  - Induction of tolerance to vascularised skin allografts using cyclosporin A--an
      experimental study on rats.
AB  - This study investigates the induction of tolerance to vascularised skin
      allografts in a low responder rodent strain combination. Pedicle skin grafts
      based on the epigastric vessels were grafted between Dark Agouti (DA) and Piebald
      Virol Glaxo (PVG) rats (n = 24). An extended treatment protocol of high dose
      cyclosporin A (CyA) (25 mg/kg) spanning nine weeks was used. The mean survival
      time of epigastric skin grafts in the no treatment control group was 7.6 days (n
      = 10). With high dose CyA (25 mg/kg), 5/14 animals died during CyA treatment with
      intact skin grafts. The remaining nine animals enjoyed prolonged graft survival
      throughout the treatment period. Between one and four weeks following cessation
      of CyA, rejection occurred in six of nine animals which could not be reversed by
      pulse CyA treatment. Long term graft survival greater than 200 days was achieved
      in three animals, but two animals went on to reject their grafts at 231 and 238
      days post transplant. Only one animal became tolerant, as confirmed by the
      retention of a fresh donor-specific free skin graft, without the need for further
      CyA. This study confirms the difficulty of tolerance induction to vascularised
      skin grafts, despite using a dose schedule of CyA far in excess of that required
      to achieve tolerance to other solid organ grafts such as hearts.

PMID- 1799262
TI  - A study of the xenogeneic response in an isolated liver perfusion circuit-
      preliminary observations.
AB  - An isolated liver perfusion circuit was developed to study the xenogeneic
      reaction of human blood to porcine liver, and investigate the feasibility of
      using such a system for liver dialysis in fulminant hepatic failure. Three
      experimental groups were studied: a control group where pooled porcine blood was
      perfused through pig liver (n = 12), a xenogeneic group where banked human blood
      was perfused through porcine liver (n = 23), and a modified xenogeneic group
      where decomplemented human blood was perfused through porcine liver (n = 4). The
      following parameters of liver function were assessed: liver function tests, serum
      electrolytes, bile and ascites production. In addition, liver histology was
      assessed at the start and completion of each perfusion experiment. Control
      experiments established that the use of low perfusion pressures (mean inlet
      pressure of 29.5 +/- 7.4 mmHg), and low haematocrit of 20.5 +/- 8.9% (n = 14),
      enabled five hour perfusions to be consistently achieved with maintenance of
      normal acid base and electrolyte balance. Bile production over 5 hours was 18.8
      +/- 8.0 ml in controls (n = 5) and 17.0 +/- 6.7 ml in the xenogeneic (human-pig)
      circuit (n = 11) (NS). Ascites production was 235.8 +/- 157.3 ml/hr in controls
      (n = 5) and 205 +/- 142.0 ml/hr in the xenogeneic circuit (n = 7) (NS).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799263
TI  - Human keratinocyte cell culture for the burns patients--a preliminary report.
AB  - One of the major problems in extensive burns is the relative lack of available
      donor sites for skin grafting. Keratinocyte cell culture in the laboratory was
      carried out successfully in Singapore General Hospital and shows promise as an
      alternative source for skin replacement. Our experience further proved that a
      fibroblast base is necessary for keratinocyte cell culture. It is observed that
      heterogenous cell source can grow concurrently and become confluent. The colony
      forming efficiency from trypsinized skin is about 1-4% in primary cultures and 35
      40% in secondary cultures. The time taken to reach confluency are 20-21 days and
      10-12 days respectively. The thickness of cultured skin is estimated as 0.5 mm (5
      6 layers) under light microscope. The size of the harvested cultured skin is
      approximately one third of the cultured area due to contraction. The expansion
      ratio before shrinkage is estimated to be approximately 6000-fold based on our
      data.

PMID- 1799264
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in immunosuppression.
AB  - Experimental and clinical studies have been carried out to investigate the
      application of a number of monoclonal antibodies which recognise human
      lymphocytes in clinical organ transplantation. Where possible, preliminary
      studies have been carried out using a primate renal allograft model before
      proceeding to clinical pilot studies. The Campath-1 antigen (CDW52) appears to be
      a good target for antilymphocytic therapy; a powerful immunosuppressive effect
      has been demonstrated using both IgM and IgG2b antibodies which recognise this
      antigen. An IgG2b antibody which recognises the IL-2 receptor was shown to be
      immunosuppressive in the primate model but clinical studies have, as yet not
      demonstrated a significant, beneficial effect in preventing rejection. Patients
      who receive antilymphocyte monoclonal antibodies require monitoring of the
      expression of the target antigen, the level of free antibody in serum and the
      development of an antiglobulin response. The current issues in the use of
      antilymphocyte monoclonal antibodies in clinical immunosuppression include
      identification of the optimum target, interaction of the antibody with recipient
      effector mechanisms and methods to avoid or suppress the antiglobulin response.

PMID- 1799265
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent which has dramatically
      improved graft and patient survivals in clinical solid organ transplantation.
      However, CsA nephrotoxicity (NTX) is the most frequent and serious side effect of
      CsA therapy and occurs in a significant proportion of patients. The clinical
      presentation of NTX is that of reduced creatinine clearance, elevation of serum
      creatinine and a disproportionate rise in blood urea. The clinical picture occurs
      as three syndromes, namely acute, subacute and chronic CsA NTX. Regardless of the
      clinical syndrome, the pathoaetiology of NTX is related to decline in renal blood
      flow and increase in renal vascular resistance probably due to CsA induced
      changes in renal haemodynamics. Unfortunately, the dose that yields an optimal
      therapeutic index, namely maximal efficacy with minimal toxicity has yet to be
      defined. Optimal dosing is confounded by not only inter and intraindividual
      variabilities in drug absorption, distribution and metabolism, but also by the
      lack of a clear relationship between drug efficacy and trough CsA level
      monitoring. This paper describes the pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of CsA
      and evaluates various strategies to overcome this toxicity.

PMID- 1799266
TI  - Islet transplantation in Type-I diabetes: current state and prospects.
AB  - Islet transplantation in Type I diabetes mellitus is appealing because of its
      potential for curing the disease, its relative simplicity and the potential for
      immunomodification of the graft so that immunosuppression may be avoided.
      Transplantation of isolated islets is widely used in experimental animals but has
      had little impact clinically. In contrast, vascularised pancreas grafts in
      patients are increasingly successful and this success will inevitably result in
      an even greater shortage of donor organs for islet isolation. Islet grafts can
      cure diabetes in animal models and prevent the development of diabetic
      complications, and in some situations even allografts can be accepted and
      function without immunosuppression. In contrast, vascularised grafts require a
      major operative procedure and continuing immunosuppression. Recurrence of
      autoimmune disease in the grafted islets may also be a problem. The shortage of
      donor tissue may be overcome by the use of xenogeneic islets, perhaps from the
      pig pancreas. The induction of immunological tolerance has been reported for pig
      islet xenografts in mice, and xenogeneic islets also appear to be relatively
      resistant to disease recurrence in a murine model of spontaneous autoimmune
      diabetes. Thus, vascularised pancreas allografts may be most suitable for and
      perhaps be restricted to patients who also need a renal transplant and
      immunosuppression for this, while isolated islet grafts of perhaps xenogeneic
      origin may become a more suitable treatment for patients early in the course of
      their disease if adequate immunosuppressive protocols, ideally resulting in
      immunological tolerance, can be developed.

PMID- 1799267
TI  - Medical problems in dialysis patients awaiting renal transplantation.
AB  - While awaiting renal transplantation, patients with end-stage renal failure
      frequently have to spend a period of time on dialysis. Although dialysis controls
      uraemia, the patient undergoing dialysis still faces problems related to the
      continuing uraemic state such as anaemia, renal bone disease, malnutrition and
      cardiovascular complications. Apart from the problems related to uraemia,
      patients on dialysis are also exposed to problems that are peculiar to the mode
      of dialysis. In haemodialysis, patients face complications related to the use of
      heparin and dialyser related problems such as air embolism and haemolysis.
      Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are exposed to
      complications such as infection, hernias and hypertriglyceridaemia. The
      introduction of hormone therapy with erythropoietin and vitamin D and recent
      advances in dialysate solutions and biocompatibility of membranes in
      haemodialysis and in control of infection and a better understanding of
      peritoneal kinetics in CAPD have helped to overcome some of the problems in
      dialysis patients.

PMID- 1799268
TI  - Techniques of ureteric reimplantation in kidney transplantation and its related
      urological complications.
AB  - Two common techniques of ureteric reimplantation for kidney transplantation, the
      Politano-Leadbetter and the extravesical ureteroneocystostomy are described in
      detail. Correct techniques of donor ureter harvesting, appropriate method of
      reimplantation and judicious use of double J stent are also emphasised so as to
      reduce the urological complications which occurred in about 7% to 15% in most
      series. More than 90% of urological complications are due to urinary fistulae and
      ureteric obstruction which carry a significant morbidity and mortality. The
      causation, diagnosis and management of these complications are reviewed. Early
      diagnosis and early aggressive surgical treatment is the key to a successful
      outcome.

PMID- 1799269
TI  - Myocardial preservation in heart transplantation.
AB  - The current techniques of donor procurement and transplantation provide a very
      low incidence "of non rejection graft failure", following cardiac
      transplantation. Attention needs to be paid to the preservation of organ function
      in the potential donor, in order to maximise the donor availability in an
      environment of perpetual donor shortage. The strategies aimed at myocardial
      preservation in the donor will be methods of protection from the
      pathophysiological changes associated with onset of cerebral injury and brain
      death. The role of various types of cardioplegia, additives and preservation
      fluids need to be investigated to minimise the effects of cardiac ischaemia and
      reperfusion injury. There is evidence to suggest the improvement in long term
      survival with tissue matching in cardiac transplantation. This will need methods
      of prolonging safe ischaemic time for the donor heart so that tissue matching and
      organ sharing can be carried out.

PMID- 1799270
TI  - Pre-liver transplantation management of children.
AB  - Liver transplantation is the accepted treatment for children with end-staged
      liver diseases nowadays. Currently, the five year actuarial survival rate is
      about 80%. In children, the most common indication for transplantation is biliary
      atresia. Due to shortage of donor organs, portoenterostomy is still the initial
      treatment of choice for young infants with biliary atresia. This will enable the
      affected infants to continue growing until a suitable donor organ is available.
      There are a few absolute contraindications to liver transplantation in children.
      Severe irreversible disease in any other organs and poor psychosocial support are
      indications for not performing liver transplantation. Appropriate pre-operative
      assessment and preparations are necessary for a successful transplant. Post
      operative course may be marred by rejection, infections and surgical
      complications. Long term immunotherapy is necessary.

PMID- 1799271
TI  - Biliary atresia: Kasai and liver transplantation.
AB  - Liver transplantation is now a reality in Singapore following the first
      successful liver transplant operation performed in September 1990. It opens up a
      new lease of life for children with biliary atresia who would otherwise
      ultimately die. In the management of biliary atresia, liver transplantation must
      complement the Kasai operation in order that maximum benefits to the patient is
      achieved. A review of both the procedures is presented and a management policy
      for such patients outlined.

PMID- 1799272
TI  - Extraoperative management of the liver transplant patient.
AB  - Advances in liver transplantation have made the procedure an accepted therapeutic
      measure for patients with end-stage liver disease. This report is based on the
      authors experience on the first adult liver transplant in Singapore. The
      anaesthetic management is a challenge as patients are in long-standing hepatic
      failure with derangements of cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, central nervous,
      and haematological systems. Therefore, individual preoperative assessment must
      incorporate a thorough understanding of these pathophysiologic phenomena and
      their interactions with anaesthetic drugs. Similarly, the postoperative care of
      the recipient will require intensive critical monitoring of all vital organ,
      systems and aggressive intervention to support failing organ systems. The
      important early concerns in the immediate postoperative period (less than 72
      hours) include bleeding and graft function. After the first 72 hours, if the
      liver is functioning and the patient is not bleeding, it is a period of repair
      for the organ systems which were damaged prior to or during the transplant
      procedure. Intravenous nutrition is begun, and the immunosuppression maintenance
      dose is established. During the first three weeks, most of the technical causes
      of graft dysfunction, sepsis, and acute rejection become apparent. The
      distinction between rejection and infection continues to be an enigma, and
      requires rapid differentiation as the modes of therapy are totally different. The
      role of anaesthesiologists in the extraoperative care of the liver transplant
      recipient involves awareness and interdisplinary communication.

PMID- 1799273
TI  - Clinical practice and biological effects of keratinocyte grafting.
AB  - Skin grafts can be produced in the laboratory from simple sheets of cultured
      keratinocytes (keratinocyte grafts) or in combination with different mixtures of
      connective tissue components (composite culture grafts). Autologous keratinocyte
      grafts have been used most extensively in patients with major body surface burns
      and have proved life saving. Further attention to clinical factors has improved
      graft take to 50-60% in optimal circumstances although there is some short term
      instability of the graft. Keratinocyte autografts can also be used to treat other
      chronic wounds such as leg ulcers, and surgical excisions. Keratinocyte
      allografts do not survive transplantation but have effects on wound healing by
      the release of growth factors and matrix components. Composite grafts have been
      little used in clinical practice and there are inherent problems with the
      stability of the matrix components in the presence of high levels of wound
      collagenases, but banks of allogenic skin grafts may provide temporary cover in
      burns patients. The roles and clinical indications for keratinocyte grafting are
      now becoming clear following wider clinical experience.

PMID- 1799274
TI  - Renal transplantation in Singapore--a brief historical perspective.
AB  - Renal transplantation in Singapore has been practised for the last 20 years. It
      was prompted by the extreme shortage of haemodialysis facilities in 1970. Because
      of the scarcity of cadaver kidneys, a living related programme was commenced in
      1976. Since then, both programmes have run parallel. The renal transplantation
      programme has been influenced by such factors as importation of cadaver kidneys
      from abroad and living non-related transplantation programme in neighbouring
      countries. The great beneficial effects of Cyclosporin A (CyA), was evident in
      the results from 1986 onwards. It has been necessary to modify and expand the
      legislative rules to encourage and broaden kidney transplantation in Singapore.

PMID- 1799275
TI  - Organ procurement: the role of the transplant coordinator.
AB  - The role of the Transplant Co-ordinator was first established in the United
      States of America in the early 1960s. For the first time an individual was
      appointed with a full-time commitment to increasing the number of donor organs
      made available for transplantation. Simultaneous with the appointment of
      transplant coordinators was the development of Organ Procurement Agencies (OPAs).
      The initial function of the OPAs was to assist with the movement of donor kidneys
      that could not be transplanted in the region of removal. The role of the
      coordinator has developed in two areas, education and organisation of the donor
      and recipient procedures, and has become crucial with the increase of multiple
      organ donation. The OPAs have become national data bases and along with the
      transplant coordinators have developed strong international links in the effort
      to increase organ donation and to avoid wastage of this precious resource.

PMID- 1799276
TI  - Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides as antiviral agents.

PMID- 1799277
TI  - Factors influencing zidovudine efficacy when administered at early stages of
      Friend virus infection in mice.
AB  - Strategies for zidovudine (AZT) administration in retrovirus infection may
      greatly influence treatment efficacy, especially in the case of early
      intervention. Antiretroviral activity of AZT in mice infected with Friend
      leukemia virus (FLV) has been investigated using various experimental protocols.
      Mice were inoculated with FLV and treated with AZT either 1 or 4 h after
      inoculation. A dose/effect relationship of AZT therapy was established for two
      different loads of virus inoculum. The effects of treatment duration (5 or 14
      days) and route of administration (b.i.d. subcutaneous injection or
      administration in drinking water) were also evaluated. In all cases AZT therapy
      suppressed or reduced virus-induced splenomegaly and increased survival time. AZT
      therapy was more effective when started 1 h rather than 4 h after virus
      inoculation. A mutual influence between the dosage of the antiviral drug and the
      virus inoculum size was observed. A 5-day therapy was inadequate to suppress
      infection. AZT therapy led to similar results whether administered subcutaneously
      or in drinking water. The present results suggest that AZT efficacy declines when
      the inoculum size is increased, when the initiation of treatment is delayed and
      when treatment duration is shortened.

PMID- 1799278
TI  - Recombinant human interferon beta ser protects against zidovudine-induced genetic
      damage in AIDS patients.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of zidovudine (ZDV)
      in patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Patients with this
      disease who were non-smokers and on ZDV (1200 mg/day) as their only medication
      for 4 weeks to 7 months were studied. Patients with AIDS who had not received ZDV
      served as a negative control. Whole blood cultures were initiated by conventional
      methods with PHA 1:50 dilution. In addition, for each culture there was an
      untreated control and a recombinant interferon-beta (rIFN-beta)-treated culture.
      The IFN-treated cultures were exposed to 10, 100, 1000, or 10000 units of rIFN
      beta for the entire incubation period. The cells were harvested at 72 h and
      stained with a fluorescence plus Giemsa method which permits the determination of
      the number of division cycles a cell has completed. One hundred metaphases from
      first division cells were scored from each culture for chromosome aberrations
      that were mainly from the chromatid-type, i.e. chromatid, chromosome, and
      isochromatid breaks. The frequency of breaks in the ZDV and no ZDV group was 8.29
      +/- 2.65 and 0.5 +/- 0.29 per 100 cells respectively (P less than 0.05). Cultures
      from ZDV patients that were incubated with 100 and 1000 units of rIFN-beta,
      however, showed a frequency of 1.3 +/- 0.71 and 1.9 +/- 1.08 respectively, which
      was significantly lower than observed in the cultures not exposed to IFN (P less
      than 0.05). At the highest dose of rIFN-beta utilized no aberrations were
      detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799279
TI  - Food cravings in a college population.
AB  - A questionnaire was administered to over 1000 male and female college
      undergraduates to collect self-reports regarding food cravings (defined as an
      intense desire to eat a specific food). Ninety-seven per cent of woman and 68 per
      cent of men reported experiencing food cravings. Chocolate was the most
      frequently reported food craved, especially among women. The majority of subjects
      reported that they indulged their food cravings at least half the time. Females
      tended to respond with more negative affect to indulging their cravings than men.
      Only 32 per cent of women perceived that their cravings were linked to menstrual
      cycles. There was no tendency for an increase in food cravings with dietary
      restraint. The data provided a detailed description of perceptions regarding food
      cravings among college-age adults, but also underscored some of the limitations
      of self-report measures of food craving. In spite of these limitations, however,
      the results challenge several assumptions regarding food craving and highlight
      some promising avenues for future investigation.

PMID- 1799280
TI  - Food cravings in relation to body mass index, restraint and estradiol levels: a
      repeated measures study in healthy women.
AB  - The study considered the nature and extent of cravings in 108 healthy women
      between the ages of 20 and 37 who were tested at four time points over a 2-year
      period. There was substantial consistency over the four widely separated time
      points (3 months-1 year) in the types of foods craved, with chocolate and ice
      cream highest on the list, followed by fatty and spicy foods, and sweets. Women
      with a higher body mass index reported more consistent cravings for salty foods,
      especially those with high flavor intensity. There were no significant
      relationships between dietary restraint and the number, frequency or types of
      cravings. There were also no strong relationships between estradiol levels and
      the number, frequency or types of cravings women reported in the whole sample.
      The data suggest that women have a stable core of foods for which they experience
      cravings, relatively independent of estradiol levels, BMI or degree of dietary
      restraint.

PMID- 1799281
TI  - Food craving, dietary restraint and mood.
AB  - A common assumption is that dieting causes food cravings, probably as a result of
      food energy deprivation. This issue was investigated in a two-phase study. In
      phase one, 206 women completed the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, the
      Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and a food craving scale. A correlational
      analysis showed food craving to be only weakly related to dietary restraint, but
      highly and significantly correlated with external eating, emotional eating and
      susceptibility to hunger. In phase two, ten women who regularly experienced food
      cravings and ten who rarely craved food kept prospective records of their food
      intake, daily mood and food craving episodes. There were few differences in
      eating behaviour, although the cravers tended to consume slightly more daily
      energy than the non-cravers. The cravers had higher ratings of boredom and
      anxiety during the day, and dysphoric mood was prominent prior to the cravings
      themselves. Food deprivation does not appear to be a necessary condition for food
      cravings to occur. Rather, food cravings are closely associated with mood, in
      particular as an antecedent to craving and also as a consequence of craving.

PMID- 1799282
TI  - Chocolate craving and liking.
AB  - Liking and craving for chocolate and related substances were surveyed in a sample
      of University of Pennsylvania undergraduates (n = 249) and their parents (n =
      319). Chocolate was highly liked in all groups, with a stronger liking by
      females. Chocolate is the most craved food among females, and is craved by almost
      half of the female sample (in both age groups). Although this craving is related
      to a sweet craving, it cannot be accounted for as a craving for sweets. About
      half of the female cravers show a very well defined craving peak for chocolate in
      the perimenstrual period, beginning from a few days before the onset of menses
      and extending into the first few days of menses. There is not a significant
      relation in chocolate craving or liking between parents and their children. The
      current motivation for chocolate preference seems to be primarily, if not
      entirely, sensory. Liking for chocolate correlates significantly with liking for
      sweets and white chocolate. The liking for the sensory properties could originate
      in innate or acquired liking based on the sweetness, texture and aroma of
      chocolate, or it could be based in part on interactions between the
      postingestional effects of chocolate and a person's state (e.g., mood, hormone
      levels). Based on correlational data, we find little evidence for a relation
      between addiction to chocolate or the pharmacological (e.g., xanthine-based)
      effects of chocolate and the liking for chocolate.

PMID- 1799283
TI  - Effects of pure sugar vs. mixed starch fructose loads on food intake.
AB  - Using a within-subject design, we gave subjects three different 520-530 kcal
      preloads in the form of puddings in a randomized fashion at weekly intervals. The
      puddings contained either 50 g of fructose or glucose as the sole carbohydrate
      source in a protein and fat mixture, or 50 g fructose plus 15 g of starch. Food
      intake was assessed 2.25 h after the preload was completed. Blood was drawn
      throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose and insulin. When the
      preload contained fructose alone as the sole source of carbohydrate, subjects ate
      significantly fewer calories and less fat than when the preload contained glucose
      alone. When starch was added to the fructose preload, there was no significant
      reduction in calorie and fat intake. Effects on food intake paralleled the rise
      in plasma insulin levels produced by the different preloads. Implications for use
      of fructose as an adjunct to weight control efforts are discussed.

PMID- 1799284
TI  - Intraperitoneal injections of nanogram CCK-8 doses inhibit feeding in rats.
AB  - The satiating effect of intraperitoneal injections of synthetic cholecystokinin
      octapeptide (CCK-8) was tested in non-deprived and 17 h-deprived male and female
      Sprague-Dawley rats that were maintained on pelleted diet and offered evaporated
      milk test meals. At the midpoint of the 12-h diurnal period, 40-160 ng/kg CCK-8
      elicited a dose-related decrease in meal size. At midnight, CCK-8's threshold for
      inhibiting feeding was increased to 80-160 ng/kg in nondeprived and deprived
      rats, respectively. These doses are 25-50 times less than typically required to
      significantly decrease food intake after intraperitoneal injection. No CCK-8 dose
      stimulated nocturnal feeding and no consistent sex difference was observed in CCK
      8's effect. Intraperitoneal injection of ng amounts of CCK-8 may mimic a
      paracrine action of endogenous gut cholecystokinin to signal satiety.

PMID- 1799285
TI  - Pleasantness ratings and consumption of open sandwiches with varying NaCl and
      acid contents.
AB  - The objective was to compare taste-and-spit pleasantness ratings of open
      sandwiches to ratings after ad libitum consumption. In the latter test, open
      sandwiches were ingested one at a time at a laboratory breakfast. Three rye
      breads of different acid and NaCl concentrations (non-sour + normal NaCl, sour +
      low NaCl, sour + normal NaCl) were evaluated with butter or margarine with two
      levels of NaCl (1 or 2 per cent). Subjects (N = 27) rated the samples more
      pleasant after consumption than in taste-and-spit tests. Mean pleasantness
      ratings by sample in taste-and-spit and postconsumption tests correlated with the
      amount of bread consumed (r = 0.63, r = 0.82, respectively). The taste-and-spit
      ratings of individual subjects correlated poorly with the amount of bread
      consumed, only three correlation coefficients out of 27 being significant. Taste
      and-spit pleasantness ratings can perhaps be used to predict the average
      consumption of a product but not consumption by individual subjects. The
      laboratory tests should be developed further to reflect better food acceptability
      in natural conditions.

PMID- 1799286
TI  - Is brain insulin a satiety signal in hibernators?

PMID- 1799287
TI  - Cognitive factors in eating behavior in bulimia.

PMID- 1799288
TI  - Cloning and expression of a Clostridium thermocellum DNA fragment that encodes a
      protein related to cellulosome component SL.
AB  - Antibodies raised against the SL subunit of the Clostridium thermocellum
      cellulosome were used to screen a library of C. thermocellum chromosomal DNA
      fragments constructed in the vector lambda gt11. A DNA fragment that encoded a
      polypeptide that crossreacted with the anti-SL antibodies was isolated and its
      restriction map elucidated. No similarity with other previously cloned DNA
      fragments has been found. The anti-SL crossreacting polypeptide was isolated from
      recombinant Escherichia coli and found to have a mol mass of 37,000 Da and to
      possess low levels of CMCase and Avicelase activity. Using CMC as the substrate,
      a temperature optimum of 55 degrees C and a pH optimum of 6.6 were observed.
      These properties were compared to those of C. thermocellum SL isolated by
      electroelution from an SDS gel, which was also found to possess low levels of
      CMCase and Avicelase activities. In addition, the SL proteins produced in C.
      thermocellum and E. coli were able to interact positively against Avicel with an
      endoglucanase (Ss) purified from the C. thermocellum crude cellulase preparation,
      and with a recombinant protein that crossreacted with anti-Ss antibodies.

PMID- 1799289
TI  - Purification and properties of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria.
AB  - Bilirubin oxidase was purified from a culture filtrate of Myrothecium verrucaria
      Mv 2, 1089 by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographies. The
      purified enzyme had a specific activity of 30 U/mg protein and showed a single
      band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of the general properties of
      this bilirubin oxidase were as follows: the optimum pH for the enzyme reaction
      was 7.5 and the optimum temperature was 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at pH
      ranging from 9.0 to 9.5. The mol wt was calculated to be 61,900-62,700 by SDS
      PAGE and gel-filtration technique. The apparent Km value of the bilirubin oxidase
      was calculated to be 9.4 x 10(-5) mol/L. The enzyme activity was greatly reduced
      by incubation of bilirubin oxidase with Fe2+, Hg+, NaN3, NH+4, and Zn2+. The
      enzyme reaction was inhibited in the presence of Ca2+, Hg+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and BSA.

PMID- 1799291
TI  - Comparison of different strains of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for citric acid
      production from glucose hydrol.
AB  - Four commercial strains and two mutants of the yeast species Yarrowia lipolytica
      were screened using batch fermentation. Strain Y. lipolytica A-101-1.14 (induced
      with UV irradiation) was found to be the most suitable for citric acid production
      from glucose hydrol (39.9% glucose and 2.1% other sugars), a byproduct of glucose
      production from potato starch. The specific rate of total citric and isocitric
      acid production was 0.138 g/g.h, the yield on consumed glucose 0.93 g/g, and the
      productivity achieved was as high as 1.25 g/L.h. All of the tested yeast strains
      were able to utilize only the glucose from the glucose hydrol medium. Thus, some
      residual higher oligosaccharides remained in the process effluent.

PMID- 1799290
TI  - Increased production of thermostable alpha-amylase enzyme by Bacillus sp. TCRDC
      25A with maltodextrins.
AB  - Maltodextrins and hydrolysates of rice and corn flour of varying dextrose
      equivalents (DE) have been used as a carbon source for alpha-amylase enzyme
      production by Bacillus sp. TCRDC-25A. The rate and total enzyme production was
      higher in maltodextrin media than in cornstarch. The enzyme production increased
      with increase in DE up to 45%. The maximum enzyme production of 2390, 2450, and
      2510 DUN/mL was obtained in cornstarch maltodextrins, and hydrolysates of corn
      and rice flours, respectively, in a bench-scale reactor in 40 h.

PMID- 1799292
TI  - [Historical and forensic aspects in obscurity: the execution by crucification].

PMID- 1799293
TI  - [Means for identifying unknown cadavers. A report of experiences from forensic
      practice].
AB  - 98 cases of unidentified corpses found in the region of Frankfurt/M. during the
      period 1981-1986 were investigated. The different methods used in the
      investigation processes were compared. The most important results: 1. The
      condition of the body had very little influence on the time required for
      identification. 2. The estimated ages tended for ages up to 50 years to be too
      low and for ages of 50 years and over too high. 3. Visual recognition of the
      deceased and comparison of finger prints proved to be the most successful methods
      and provided the best results. 4. In more than half of the cases distinguishing
      bodily features, clothing and jewelry were helpful in the identification
      procedure; in 9% of the cases they alone formed the basis of identification. 5.
      Abductions were carried out in only 30% of the cases, 43% of which led to
      conclusive results.

PMID- 1799294
TI  - [Poisoning caused by a paint stripping agents containing dichloromethane].
AB  - It is widely known that inhalation of the solvent dichloromethane can lead to
      severe intoxication. We report on a fatal accident of a 29-year-old painter. He
      had to remove the old chlorocaoutchoucpaint of two overflow pools adjoining an
      empty swimming pool by sand-blasting. After obviously having finished his work in
      the first pool the painter was found dead, lying on the floor of the second pool.
      Later an almost empty 10-kg-canister of a paint stripper (macerating agent) the
      main component of which was dichloromethane was found in the car of the painter.
      Blood samples of the corpse measured by head space gas chromatography and
      electron capture detection showed dichloromethane levels in the range of 513-773
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 1799295
TI  - [Use of polymerase chain reaction of the HLA-DQ alpha system in forensic trace
      analysis].
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used for genetic typing of minute
      amounts of biological stains. This is achieved by in vitro amplification of a
      well-defined and genetically polymorphic human genomic DNA sequence. Using the
      HLA-DQ alpha system, a population study was carried out among 212 unrelated
      individuals of German origin. The usefulness of this system is discussed by
      presenting examples of its application in forensic casework, i.e. the analysis of
      mixed (male/female) body fluids as well as segregation studies on embryonic and
      paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

PMID- 1799296
TI  - [Psychopathologic manifestations of oral administration of endemic nightshade
      plants].
AB  - Psychopathological findings in two cases of oral poisoning with toxins of "Datura
      stramonium" (thorn apple) and "Hyoscyamus niger" (insane roof) are reported.
      Toxicological aspects of voluntary ingestion are discussed as well as the
      forensic importance of criminal poisoning.

PMID- 1799297
TI  - [The structure and nature of the macrophages participating in Wallerian
      degeneration of nerve fibers].
AB  - The nervus ischiadicus in white noninbred rats has been damaged by various means
      and then light- and electron-microscopically the sources of origin of
      macrophages, participating in removal of decay products in the distal part of the
      nerve have been studied. There is a close correlation between the process of
      Wallerian degeneration and aseptic inflammation. In the area of decay of the
      myelinated nervous fibers 4 types of cells have been identified and
      characterized. Three of them are precursors of macrophages, participating in
      removal of the myelin decay products: mononuclear cells of hematogenic origin,
      perineural cells, endoneural fibroblasts. The dynamics of these cells
      transformation into macrophages and into "foam cells" has been followed. The
      fourth type--Schwann cells; they do not directly participate in removal of the
      myelin decay products. They do not die, but, separating from the segments of the
      disintegrated myelin, dedifferentiate, proliferate and form cords, into which
      regenerating axons then grow in. To understand the role of various macrophages in
      the destructive and reparative processes, which develop in the nerves, is very
      important not only for searching definitive approaches in treatment of
      posttraumatic demyelinated processes, but for comprehending the mechanisms of
      certain autoimmune demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 1799298
TI  - [The development and structure of the optic nerve in normal embryos and fetuses
      of the white rat and after x-ray irradiation].
AB  - With the aim to reveal the ionising radiation effect to formation and structure
      of the optic nerve (ON), 55 white rat intact embryos and fetuses and 77
      experimental embryos and fetuses, subjected to x-ray irradiation on the 10th-14th
      day of development, have been studied. The main regularities in formation of the
      ON have been stated under normal conditions. Certain disturbances in formation of
      the ON and in the internal membrane of the optic vesicle (future retina) under
      effect of x-rays in the dose of 2.24 Gy have been detected during the
      intrauterine period of development--folds, rosellas of retina, retardation in
      differentiation of the retina nervous layer, aberration of the ON growth with a
      subsequent reduction, the ON hypo- and aplasia, retardation in formation of
      neural sheaths, absence of intraspace between the sheaths.

PMID- 1799299
TI  - [The morphometric characteristics of the blood microcirculatory bed of the ovary
      and uterine tube in rats with aseptic inflammation and after the use of a carbon
      mineral sorbent].
AB  - Morphometrical investigation of the blood microcirculatory bed has been performed
      using the material from nonpregnant rats. Changes in volumetric density of the
      arterial and venous parts of the microcirculatory bed in the ovary and uterine
      tube after application of the spherical carbonate-mineral sorbent (SUMS-1)
      demonstrate a corregating effect of the sorption applied.

PMID- 1799300
TI  - [The blood microcirculatory bed of the tunica muscularis of the human esophagus
      in postnatal ontogeny].
AB  - The analysis of morphological and morphometrical data of the muscular membrane
      and its blood microcirculatory bed has demonstrated that their development during
      the postnatal ontogenesis advances unevenly. An intensified growth and
      development of the muscular membrane morphological structures, including its
      blood microcirculatory bed occurs from 3 up to 30 years of life. Their maximal
      growth is noted from 12 up to 30 years of age. The stages of intensified
      development of the muscular membrane and its blood microcirculatory bed change
      into stages of retarded growth, where processes of involutive character
      preponderate. This is especially noticeable from 60 and more years of age. The
      stages noticed in the muscular membrane development and its blood
      microcirculatory bed are characterized both by general and topographical
      morphofunctional peculiarities specific for every stage of organogenesis.

PMID- 1799301
TI  - [The anatomy and topography of the lymphoid formations of the human stomach in
      postnatal ontogeny].
AB  - By means of macro-microscopical methods 80 stomachs from persons of various age
      have been studied. In the mucous membrane of the human stomach during all age
      periods of postnatal development the lymphoid tissue is present as diffusely
      scattered lymphocytes, their microaccumulations and lymphoid noduli. Maximal
      amount of the lymphoid noduli is observed during the second mature age. The
      greatest number of the lymphoid noduli per 1 cm2 of the mucous membrane surface
      is revealed in the area of the lesser curvature and in the pyloric part of the
      stomach. Most often the lymphoid noduli are situated in the depth of the lumen
      proper of the mucous membrane, somewhat more seldom--in its more superficial
      parts, in the muscular lamina and in the submucous tela. The lymphoid noduli with
      germinative centers are met beginning from the first childhood up to old age. The
      greatest amount of diffusively scattered lymphocytes is situated near the
      lymphoid noduli and in the deep layer of the lamina proper of the mucous
      membrane.

PMID- 1799303
TI  - [The characteristics of the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes situated along the
      pathway of lymph flow from human lungs at different periods of postnatal
      ontogeny].
AB  - Histological slices of the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes have been stained after
      van Gieson, azur-II eosin, hematoxylin-eosin, silver nitrate impregnation after
      Foot. Certain peculiarities of their structure have been revealed. For
      intersegmental lymph nodes a narrow lumen of the marginal sinus (13.2 +/- 1.3
      mcm), small amount of lymphoid noduli in the cortex (10.8 +/- 1.0 per section)
      are specific. Lobular and portal lymph nodes have a wider lumen of the marginal
      sinus (15.9 +/- 1.6 mcm) and greater amount of the lymphoid noduli in the cortex
      (17.5 +/- 1.6 per section), the latter situating in two or three rows.

PMID- 1799302
TI  - [The interrelations of the lymphatic capillaries with the nerve structures in the
      wall of the small intestine].
AB  - The character of interrelations of nervous structures and the lymphatic capillary
      walls has been studied in cats. Under the light microscope twisted nervous fiber
      terminals of the intestinal neuron dendrites have been revealed around the
      lymphatic capillaries. Electron microscopical investigation has not revealed any
      specialized contacts of the nervous terminals and the lymphatic capillary walls.
      The receptors and terminals of axons do not situate nearer than 10 nm from the
      latter. According to the structure of synaptic vesicles among the axonal
      terminals next to the lymphatic capillary walls cholinergic, adrenergic and
      purinergic ones are described. The influence of the nervous system to the
      function of the small intestine lymphatic capillaries is mediated via the
      precapillary space. The neuromediators from the axonal terminals get into it
      owing to absence of neurolemmocytic membranes around them.

PMID- 1799304
TI  - [The myocytes of the lymphatic vessels].
AB  - Histo- and ultrastructure of myocytes of the lymphatic vessels has been studied
      in some farm animals. Architectonics, amount and interconnection of myocytes in
      the lymphangion wall have been investigated. Communicational and gap myo-myocytic
      contacts revealed give a possibility to suppose that there exists a direct
      connection between myocytes. This is important for conducting electrical
      stimulation from one cell to another. For the myocytes abundance of myofilaments,
      and in some--an essential accumulation of mitochondria are specific; they are
      morphological manifestation of contractile function of myocytes.

PMID- 1799305
TI  - [A comparative study of the regeneration of the striated and smooth-muscle
      tissues of the esophagus].
AB  - By means of electron microscopy and observational histological techniques, using
      a similar experimental model, regeneration of the striated and smooth muscle
      tissues of the esophagus has been studied in rats. During early periods after
      lesion in both muscle tissues destructive-necrotic changes develop. Beginning
      from the 2nd-3d days regeneration processes are observed. The course and
      periodicity of the regenerative processes are specific for the types of the
      muscle tissues studied. Each of the muscle tissues of the esophagus has its own
      source of regeneration. For the smooth muscles those are myoblasts, that convert
      into smooth myocytes, for the striated ones--myosatellites, which after
      activation get out of the muscle fiber. During the restorative process of the
      muscular membrane no tissue interconnections are observed. This also proves
      certain specificity of the striated and smooth muscle tissues of the esophagus.

PMID- 1799306
TI  - [The determination of male somatotypes by the relative percentage of the main
      body mass components].

PMID- 1799307
TI  - [New approaches to the organization of the teaching of a course on histology,
      cytology and embryology in the system for training the modern physician].

PMID- 1799308
TI  - [Coordination and continuity in the teaching of the study of the skin in medical
      institute departments].

PMID- 1799309
TI  - [The teaching aspects of topographical anatomy and operative surgery in a
      pediatrics department].

PMID- 1799310
TI  - [Ibn an-Nafis and his services to the history of the discovery of the pulmonary
      circulation].

PMID- 1799311
TI  - [Development of the immune system in human ontogenesis].
AB  - The lecture presents information on the development of the immune organs in human
      foetus (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsilla, appendix, Peyer's plaques and
      blood) on the basis of literature and author's own data. Phenotypic composition
      of T- and B-lymphocytes in each organ and in the blood are given in both foetus
      and adults. The information presented is valid for the understanding of
      congenital immunodeficiencies and immunological confrontation between the mother
      and the foetus. It is shown that the thymic hormones may be present in the cells
      of some other organs close to the thymus by their origin.

PMID- 1799312
TI  - [Key problems of antitumor immunity and glycoconjugates].
AB  - Two key problems of the antitumour immunity are considered: 1) very rapid
      changing of tumour-associated antigens; 2) tumour immunosuppression. Carbohydrate
      structures of the tumour-associated antigens (mainly glycoconjugates) are
      changing much more rapidly (hours, days) than the clones of antitumour T-killers
      proliferate. It is stated that the fundamental question of the nature of the
      glycoconjugate and endogenous lectin changing is not sufficiently studied. The
      endogenous lectins of the lymphocyte and macrophage surface are an old
      recognizing system responsible for a natural cell resistance to the tumour.
      Stimulation of this system by means of bacterial and syngeneic glycoconjugates is
      a promising direction in the tumour immunotherapy. Concerning the second aspect,
      the data are summarized according to which tumour cells produce inhibiting
      factors, including glycoconjugates, that suppress both proliferation and function
      of lymphocytes and macrophages. Developing the methods of rehabilitation of the
      immune system cells with the use of activating glycoconjugates and cytokines is
      the second important trend in the tumour immunotherapy.

PMID- 1799313
TI  - [Physiologic regeneration of alveolar macrophages].
AB  - Alveolar macrophages (AM) play one of the leading roles in the modification of
      structure, function and behaviour of the respiratory organs cells. The size of AM
      population may determine the expression of the inflammatory and regenerative
      processes in the lung. Restoration of AM population may be brought about by two
      routes from monocytes coming to the alveoli from the circulation with subsequent
      differentiation into AM and as a result of local monocytes and macrophages
      proliferation. AM is a long-living cell population capable for limited self
      maintenance and renewal.

PMID- 1799314
TI  - [Secondary immunodeficiency in Pseudotuberculosis in man and in experiment].
AB  - Surgical material from 55 children, from 2 to 15 years of age with an abdominal
      form of pseudotuberculosis (appendix, lymph nodes, ileum) and the immunogenesis
      organs (lymphoid tissue of the small intestine, lymph nodes, appendix, spleen and
      thymus) of 277 rabbits infected with virulent strains of the Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis I serovar at the dose of 10(8) bacterial bodies were
      investigated. The results testify to the disturbance of all parts of the immuno
      phagocytic system in pseudotuberculosis with the development in some cases of
      secondary immunodeficiency due to the specific damage of the lymphoid tissue and
      the functional deficiency of phagocytes. This probably results from the
      cytotoxicity of the pathogenic factor inhibiting the host defense mechanisms. The
      tendency to pseudotuberculosis exacerbation and recurrence is associated with the
      development of the immunodeficiency.

PMID- 1799315
TI  - [Intercellular contacts in portions of early atherosclerotic lesions of the human
      aorta].
AB  - The ultrastructure of human thoracic aortas collected at autopsy from 16 trauma
      victims aged from 3 to 40 years was investigated. Intercellular contacts were
      found in all aortas examined. The contacting cells localized predominantly in
      aortic areas predisposed to atherosclerosis, i. e. in areas situated around the
      ostia of the intercostal arteries. Most of contacting cells were monocytes-
      macrophages (Mn/Mph) which interacted with foam cell and intimal smooth muscle
      cells (SMCs). Only occasional contacts were formed by lymphocytes and endothelial
      cells. All intimal contacting SMCs were of the synthetic phenotype, i. e. they
      did not contain myofilaments and had well developed endoplasmic reticulum and
      Golgi apparatus. In thickened aortic intima the contacting cells were seen with
      the signs of destruction. The data obtained suggest that the contacts between
      intimal cells may be the consequence of the immune reaction directed to the
      transfer of information, cell cytolysis and utilization of cell debris.

PMID- 1799317
TI  - [Structural adaptation of the placenta in natural hypoxia at moderate and high
      altitude].
AB  - 26 placentas of Kirghiz women from the town of Narin situated at the altitude of
      2020 m above the sea level (moderate altitude), 22 placentas of women from Murgab
      (3600-3800 m above the sea level, high altitude) and 22 placentas of Frunze city
      (760 m, control) women were studied by means of organo--and stereometry using a
      standardized schema. A body weight decrease of newborns and placentas was
      established in the rating: control--moderate--high altitude. "Miniaturization" of
      foetuses is a response to the natural deficiency of oxygen in the atmospheric
      air. Moderate hypoxia has a training effect on the placenta while hypoxia
      associated with high altitude is followed by its dysadaptation. The role of
      placenta in the mechanisms of the foetus development inhibition under the
      conditions of natural hypoxia is suggested.

PMID- 1799316
TI  - [Pathomorphology of spiral uterine arteries, umbilical vessels and placenta in
      disorders of maternal-fetal circulation].
AB  - The comparison of the spiral uterine arteries structure, umbilical vessels and
      placenta is performed in 16 women with normal haemodynamics and in 31 women with
      disturbances of mother-foetus circulation, and the data obtained were compared
      with results of dopplerometry made before the delivery. Three clinical groups are
      distinguished according to the predominant localization of the resistance to the
      blood flow: the first--with the domination of the spiral arteries obliteration
      (lack of gestational changes, hyperplastic arteriosclerosis) with a
      characteristic ultrastructural pathology of the syncytiotrophoblast microvilli,
      rheological disturbances in the intervillous space and large necroses of villi;
      the second--with a predominance of early immaturity of the stroma and capillaries
      or sclerosis and compression of foetal villous capillaries, i. e. with a
      reduction of a capillary bed and increase of the resistance to the blood flow;
      the third--with a predominance of the umbilical arteries narrowing and supporting
      villi and signs of a blood stasis in the foetal veins. Morphologic heterogeneity
      of the mother--foetus circulation disturbances should be taken into consideration
      when choosing obstetric tactics.

PMID- 1799318
TI  - [Effect of low-energy laser radiation on hepatocyte ploidy].
AB  - The effect of two types of low-energy laser radiation (He-Ne and infrared) was
      investigated. Both types had the same effect: stimulation of the liver
      regeneration due to active proliferation of the tetraploid and binuclear
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 1799319
TI  - [Structural analysis of the brain microvessel permeability to metals in bacterial
      meningoencephalitis].
AB  - Concentration of a large group of metals in the blood and liquor of 70 patients
      with bacterial encephalitis is studied by atomic-absorption spectrometry.
      Correlation analysis showed that in patients with brain edema microvessels behave
      in relation to metals as a linear dynamic system. Postmortem light microscopic
      and scanning electron microscopic study of 3 brains found a predominant damage to
      endothelial cells and argyrophilic component of the microvessel basal membrane in
      the brain and cerebellum cortex and basal nuclei. Various degree of the
      structural changes of the microcirculation and the state of the permeability
      results in a nonhomogeneous accumulation of metals in the brain tissue.

PMID- 1799320
TI  - [HIV infections. Problems of morphologic diagnosis].
AB  - Considerable ultrastructural changes in the lymphoid cells of immunocompetent
      organs as well as in the epithelial and stromal cells of the rectum--the organ of
      the first contact with the virus in some cases--are found in HIV-infection. These
      alterations are of a quantitative nature and are the indications of important
      disturbances of the water-salt and protein metabolism. Changes in the lymphocytes
      and plasmacytes of the rectum lamina propria result in the damage to local immune
      defense. The presence of tubuloreticular and tubulo-annular structures in various
      cells of the rectum and lymphoid organs which are clearly seen in the biopsy
      material is most likely a characteristic sign of HIV-infection at its terminal
      stage.

PMID- 1799321
TI  - [Morphologic lung changes in a female patient with Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome].
AB  - Histologic and ultrastructural pulmonary changes in a female with a classical
      Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome are described. Congenital anomalies of the columnar
      epithelium brushes as well as defects acquired in the process of inflammation
      (decreased number and various length of bruches with their orientation
      disturbances, additional doublets and the lack of basal bodies) were revealed at
      transmission and scanning microscopy level. Follicular bronchiectasis, chronic
      pneumonia, dystelectasies, emphysema result from the mucociliary clearance
      disturbance and are of an acquired nature.

PMID- 1799322
TI  - [Necessity of autopsies of patients dying at home].
AB  - Half of death certificates issued by the outpatient departments provide wrong
      information on the cause of death. The suggestion in made on the necessity of
      autopsies of patients dying at home.

PMID- 1799324
TI  - [Formulation of pathologic diagnosis].

PMID- 1799323
TI  - [Formulation of diagnosis, childhood pathology and intrauterine infection].

PMID- 1799325
TI  - [Trace elements of iatrogenic origin].
AB  - Iatrogenic microelementoses are diseases and pathological processes caused by the
      deficiency or excess of trace elements in the body due to medical treatment
      performed for preventive, diagnostic and therapeutical purposes. It is suggested
      to differentiate iatrogenic hypomicroelementoses developing due to the deficiency
      of essential trace elements from those resulting from the excessive intake and
      accumulation in the organs and tissue of both essential and toxic trace elements.
      Examples of both groups of iatrogenic microelementoses are presented.

PMID- 1799326
TI  - Tuberculous otitis media presenting as complications: report of 18 cases.
AB  - Tuberculous otitis media is a rare but treatable disease; delay in its diagnosis
      usually leads to complications. In the last 15 years we have come across 18 cases
      of tuberculous otitis media, which presented various intra- and extracranial
      complications. In the past, tuberculous otitis media had always been considered a
      discrete disease, but it is possible that tuberculosis may coexist or secondarily
      affect an already discharging ear. The following discussion illustrates the
      complications and clinical problems encountered in tuberculous otitis media.

PMID- 1799327
TI  - Paediatric myringoplasty in India.
AB  - In comparison to chronic non-suppurative otitis media, the incidence of chronic
      suppurative otitis media is no less in developing countries. This is due to lack
      of consciousness, low socioeconomic condition, and increased susceptibility to
      upper respiratory tract infection. Thirty-two ears of 20 patients between the
      ages of 5 and 12 years are included in this study who underwent myringoplasty,
      and were followed up for 3 months to 1 year postoperatively. Successful take of
      the graft was 60% in patients of 5 to 8 year age group, and 72.7% in 9 to 12 year
      age group. Postoperative air conduction was elevated up to 10 dB level in all the
      successful ears. In paediatric patients, the tympanic membrane perforation should
      be repaired to reduce the enormous degree of morbidity, and economic and social
      disability which afflict so many hundred thousands of people.

PMID- 1799328
TI  - Myringoplasty in children.
AB  - Our 11 years of experience of myringoplasty in 87 children aged 3 to 14 years
      were retrospectively studied. The children were followed up over a period of 3
      years. Children in the 3-to-12-year-old age group had a success rate of 57.7%.
      Graft-take rate was 100% in children operated on at the age of 13 and 14 years.
      Revision surgery was needed in 33 ears, and ultimate success was achieved in
      88.9%. Within the same period, 38 ears were conservatively treated and 20
      perforations of them were spontaneously closed. The state of the opposite ear and
      the perforation size were not a decisive factor in the results of myringoplasty.
      Children between 7 and 10 years old with small mastoid pneumatization had a
      statistically lower graft-take rate. We concluded that myringoplasty is warranted
      for children 13 years of age and older or children aged 7 to 12 years with large
      mastoid pneumatization.

PMID- 1799329
TI  - The effect of L-menthol stimulation of the major palatine nerve on nasal patency.
AB  - Objective and subjective measurements of nasal patency were made before and after
      L-menthol stimulation of the palatal mucosa (supplied with the trigeminal nerve)
      in 15 normal adult subjects. The stimulation exerted indirect effect on the nasal
      cavity in that all subjects mentioned a cold sensation in their nose and a
      sensation of increased nasal patency, but no influence on nasal resistance to
      airflow was detected.

PMID- 1799330
TI  - The trial of quantitative determination of the lead, chlorine, and sulfur content
      in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cancer of the larynx using
      the X-ray microanalysis method.
AB  - Using own modification of X-ray microanalysis method the authors evaluated the
      lead, chlorine, and sulfur content in the peripheral blood lymphocytes in 20
      patients with laryngeal carcinoma in comparison with 20 healthy subjects of the
      control group. In patients with advanced clinical stages of that carcinoma the
      elevated lead and chlorine content has been stated in above cells whereas that of
      sulfur was decreased. According to the authors' opinion above changes reflect
      functional disturbances of lymphocytes in the patient with laryngeal carcinoma
      related to the decreased detoxicative properties, the intracellular electrolyte
      imbalance, and the enzymatic machinery alterations within that cells.

PMID- 1799331
TI  - [Establishing three dimensional tumors in vitro and the reaction of the
      lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) to the three dimensional tumors].
AB  - In this study, we attempted to develop a technique, by which three-dimensional
      tumors were produced from two cultured head and neck tumor cell lines (Hep2, KB)
      and a colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) using fibrinogen, thrombin, and
      double layered agar system. The three-dimensional tumor was large enough to
      perform the histologic study, which showed no significant histologic difference
      in comparison with the histologic findings of the xenografted tumor on nude mice.
      Furthermore, we applied this assay model to evaluate the antitumor effect of
      lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells on the three-dimensional tumor produced
      by the technique. When tumor cells were cocultured with LAK cells, the damage of
      the three-dimensional structure due to the degeneration of tumor cells was
      observed. These findings suggest that the three-dimensional tumor may be useful
      to evaluate the antitumor effect of LAK cells in term of head and neck solid
      tumors.

PMID- 1799332
TI  - Clinical records: a case report of Wegener's granulomatosis limited to the ear.
AB  - A 12-year-old girl had a 1-week history of left otalgia with hearing loss in May,
      1989. Audiometry showed a conductive hearing loss of 60 dB. The conventional
      medical treatment for acute otitis media was initiated, but the symptoms and
      signs failed to respond this treatment. Four weeks after initial presentation, a
      diagnostic mastoidectomy was performed. The histological findings of the
      granulomatous tissue in the mastoid cavity showed nonspecific granulomatous
      inflammation, infiltrated with multinucleated giant cells. Initial laboratory
      studies revealed elevated ESR, positive CRP and RA, inverted A/G ratio, and
      increased Ig level. She had no other sites of involvement, such as the nose,
      paranasal sinus, pharynx, and larynx, and also no pulmonary or renal involvement
      was indicated. The diagnosis of a limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis was
      made on the above clinical and histological findings and laboratory examinations.
      The patient was then treated with cyclophosphamide, 80 mg/day (2 mg/kg) and
      prednisolone, 60 mg/day. After 1 week her symptoms and general condition were
      dramatically improved. Out-patient follow-up 1 year later showed her hearing
      level was improved to 28 dB, and she continues to do well without evidence of
      recurrence of the disease.

PMID- 1799333
TI  - Congenital middle ear cholesteatoma: report of 3 cases.
AB  - In this report, we presented 3 cases of congenital middle ear cholesteatoma which
      occurred in a 12-year-old girl, a 4-year-old boy, and a 6-year-old boy. In all 3
      cases, there was a whitish mass behind a normal tympanic membrane. Congenital
      middle ear cholesteatoma is not a rare disease. In the early stage, it is
      asymptomatic. But when it progresses, this disorder can destroy conductive
      systems of the middle ear and cause many symptoms. One patient (Case 1) had a
      complaint of hearing impairment. She underwent mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty;
      however, the cholesteatoma recurred. The other 2 patients had no symptoms. The
      abnormal appearance of their tympanic membrane was found by chance at their local
      otologists. We performed tympanotomies and removed cholesteatomas without
      aftereffects. When otologists note an abnormal appearance behind a normal
      tympanic membrane, with or without symptoms, tympanotomy should be done due to
      the possibility of congenital middle ear cholesteatoma.

PMID- 1799334
TI  - A case of pure word deafness associated with Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a long
      term study of auditory disturbance.
AB  - A long-term study of auditory disturbance of a female case who had suffered from
      pure word deafness associated with Landau-Kleffner syndrome was reported. The
      patient developed this syndrome at age 4, and we continued the follow-up until
      she reached 20. The following became clear after the investigation: (1) even by
      the age of 20 her auditory defect had not improved significantly; (2) from an
      early stage she could not identify either vowels or consonant-vowel syllables;
      (3) later she had no difficulty identifying vowels, but her consonant
      discrimination score hardly improved; and (4) her problem in consonant
      identification was unique in that she could discriminate between the voiced and
      voiceless group but had great difficulty identifying the consonants within each
      group. These findings led to the conclusion that the patient is unable to
      recognize short time duration consonants due to an insensibility to loudness and
      a defect in temporal resolution.

PMID- 1799335
TI  - Primary nasopharyngeal paraganglioma: a case report.
AB  - We report a 49-year-old man with a paraganglioma involving the nasopharynx, which
      according to the literature is the fourth case in Japan and the twentieth in the
      world. The initial histopathologic findings of the biopsy specimen from the
      nasopharyngeal tumor suspected a carcinoid tumor. However, the final
      histopathologic diagnosis from the surgically resected specimen was
      paraganglioma, determined by electron microscopy and using several stains, such
      as Grimelius and Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) stains. We wish to add this case
      of "primary" nasopharyngeal paraganglioma to the literature, and to report the
      pathologic findings and clinical course of this unusual case.

PMID- 1799336
TI  - Monomorphic adenoma of the hard palate: report of a case.
AB  - A rare case of monomorphic adenoma of the hard palate in a 69-year-old female is
      presented. Her complaints were a slowly growing mass and occasional pain of the
      palate. The tumor was located in the posterior region of the hard palate, and it
      was approximately 1.5 x 1.5 cm in size. Under general anesthesia, the tumor was
      excised with a wide margin of normal tissue. The palatal bone was intact.
      Histological diagnosis was monomorphic adenoma, basal cell type.

PMID- 1799337
TI  - Teenage pregnancy in South Australia, 1986-1988.
AB  - Teenage pregnancies accounted for 6.0% of confinements and 24.8% of legal
      abortions in South Australia in 1986-1988. The teenage pregnancy rate has
      declined by 28.5% since the early 1970s, associated with a 52.6% decline in the
      confinement rate. The abortion rate rose in the 1970s but fell slightly in the
      1980s; nearly half the teenage pregnancies now end in legal abortion: abortion
      was a more likely pregnancy outcome for younger teenagers and for teenagers
      resident in metropolitan areas. Compared with women confined in their twenties,
      confined teenagers were more likely to be single, primigravid and Aboriginal, to
      have few antenatal visits and to have a medical or obstetric complication during
      their pregnancy. They were less likely to have an induction of labour or an
      elective Caesarean section. They had higher frequencies of preterm deliveries
      (8.9%) and low birth-weight babies (9.3%). The youngest teenagers had the most
      risk factors and the worst outcomes. In the small group of Aboriginal teenagers
      aged 16 years and under, about a third of the babies were low birth-weight or
      premature and one in 12 babies was a perinatal death. Comparison of singleton
      pregnancies of teenagers with women in their twenties all of whom were single,
      Caucasian and primigravid, with 7 or more antenatal visits, showed similarity in
      outcomes. This suggests that being teenage is not in itself a risk factor.
      Continued support and extension of teenage counselling and antenatal care
      services is essential.

PMID- 1799338
TI  - Caesarean section rates, Australia 1986: variations at state and small area
      level.
AB  - The first national study of Caesarean section rates was made possible by
      combining 1986 data from hospital morbidity collections and medicare claims.
      Rates per 100 births, based on the area of usual residence of the mother, were
      calculated for statistical local areas, which were aggregated to statistical
      subdivisions, statistical divisions and States. The rate for mainland Australia
      was 16.9% (Tasmania could not be included). Variations in rates were of the order
      of one and a half- to two-fold. The highest rates were found in Canberra and
      central Brisbane (26.3% and 25.4% respectively). The rates for Northern
      Territory, South Australia, and Queensland were higher than those for other
      States. There were few consistent patterns in the variations. Generally rates
      were highest in the State capital cities and for insured women. This suggests an
      association with the supply of obstetricians and with demand factors such as the
      expectations of obstetricians and consumers.

PMID- 1799339
TI  - Shared antenatal care in Brisbane.
AB  - The prevalence of antenatal care shared between general practitioner (GP) and
      public hospital services in Brisbane, and its acceptability to patients was
      assessed. Responses to questionnaires put to women in the immediate puerperium of
      the public wards of 2 major teaching hospitals are presented. Antenatal shared
      care was undertaken in 54% of pregnancies. Indications of advantages for women to
      undergo antenatal shared-care were identified with convenience of appointment
      time, and decreased travel and waiting time. An important cooperation between GP
      and hospital obstetric services appears to have evolved in the area of antenatal
      care that provide benefits at least for patients' convenience.

PMID- 1799340
TI  - Factors associated with failure to receive antenatal care.
AB  - A community-based case-control study was conducted to characterize pregnant women
      who did not receive antenatal care. 1,274 deliveries over a 1-year period were
      documented by weekly visits to 120 study villages. Eighty five women (6.7%)
      received no antenatal care. By univariate analysis, factors found to be
      associated with failure to receive antenatal care included maternal age, paternal
      age, paternal education, home ownership, availability of toilet, annual income,
      housing condition, gravidity, parity, history of infant death and birth
      intervals. After logistic regression analysis, only paternal age, paternal
      education, parity and lack of toilet in the household were found to be associated
      with failure to receive antenatal care.

PMID- 1799341
TI  - Evaluation of an antenatal education programme: characteristics of attenders,
      changes in knowledge and satisfaction of participants.
AB  - The evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of antenatal education
      programmes has been identified as a priority in improving maternity services in
      Australia. Two hundred and ninety four primiparas completed a brief questionnaire
      in the 3 days following delivery; 82% of the women surveyed attended antenatal
      education classes. Women were less likely to attend if they were single, younger
      than 26 years, had lower levels of education, received care during pregnancy from
      the antenatal clinic and did not have private health insurance. Attenders at
      antenatal education were also more likely to plan on breast feeding, to be
      nonsmokers and to know of a greater number of community organizations to help new
      mothers. However, logistic regression analyses indicated that, with the exception
      of number of community organizations known, these differences were attributable
      to demographic differences between attenders and nonattenders. One hundred and
      forty two women and their partners attending the major provider of antenatal
      education classes in Newcastle were surveyed prior to and following classes.
      Significant increases in knowledge were evident following the programme among
      both women and their partners. Satisfaction with the programme was high as
      indicated by a large proportion of respondents attending all 4 classes, most
      programme components being reported as useful or very useful and only a small
      proportion of respondents experiencing problems with the programme.

PMID- 1799342
TI  - First antenatal visit haematocrit and pregnancy induced hypertension.
AB  - First antenatal visit haematocrit values during the first and second trimesters
      were retrospectively collected from 546 nulliparas with singleton pregnancies.
      The results were analysed for correlation with development of pregnancy induced
      hypertension (PIH) later in pregnancy. It was found that women with higher
      haematocrit values, especially over 0.40, had an increased risk of developing
      PIH. However, there appeared to be no absolute level of haematocrit which had
      sufficient discriminative value to be useful in clinical practice.

PMID- 1799343
TI  - Recurrent miscarriage--outcome after supportive care in early pregnancy.
AB  - One hundred and thirty three couples were investigated at a recurrent miscarriage
      clinic. In their next pregnancy 42 women (Group 1) with unexplained recurrent
      miscarriage were managed with a programme of formal emotional support and close
      supervision at an early pregnancy clinic. Two women were seen in 2 pregnancies
      (44 supervised pregnancies); 86% (38 of 44) of these pregnancies were successful.
      Four of the 6 miscarriages had an identifiable causal factor. Nine women (Group
      2), also with unexplained recurrent miscarriage, acted as a control group. After
      initial investigation they were reassured and returned to the care of their
      family practitioner and did not receive formal supportive care in their
      subsequent pregnancy; 33% (3 of 9) of these pregnancies were successful (p =
      0.005; Fishers Exact Test). Whilst acknowledging that there is a significant
      spontaneous cure rate in this condition, emotional support seems to be important
      in the prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage, giving results as good as
      any currently accepted therapy.

PMID- 1799344
TI  - Study of lupus anticoagulant in pregnant women with recurrent abortion.
AB  - The relation between lupus anticoagulant (LA) and repeated abortions was
      evaluated in a case-controlled study of 50 women with 3 or more unexplained
      spontaneous abortions compared with 50 control subjects who had 2 or more normal
      pregnancies and no previous spontaneous abortion or fetal deaths. LA was detected
      in 5 of 50 cases (10%, 95% confidence limits 1.69% to 18.31%) but in none of the
      50 controls. There was an indication that missed abortions may be more frequent
      in LA positive women. The women who had recurrent abortions but were LA negative
      had prolonged prothrombin time values (though within normal range) compared to
      the control group. LA being a treatable cause of idiopathic recurrent abortion
      should be sought for in women with unexplained fetal losses.

PMID- 1799345
TI  - Ovarian tumours in pregnancy.
AB  - Ovarian tumours associated with pregnancy were reviewed for the period 1982-1991.
      The overall incidence of this complication was 1:653 deliveries; 62.7% of the
      tumours were diagnosed in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. The value
      of routine pelvic examination and ultrasonic scan as a diagnostic aid in early
      pregnancy is emphasized; 25.4% of patients presented as an acute emergency; 23.9%
      of the tumours were incidentally discovered at Caesarean section which underlines
      the importance of examining the ovaries at operation. Benign cystic teratomas
      were the most common ovarian tumours found, followed by serous cystadenomas. The
      incidence of malignant tumours was 4.5%. Whenever an ovarian tumour is found, the
      possibility of malignancy should always be borne in mind. Treatment of ovarian
      tumours in pregnancy should be tailored according to the age of the patient,
      parity, clinical presentation, gestational age and biology of the tumour.

PMID- 1799346
TI  - Amniocentesis in the management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
AB  - A retrospective analysis has been performed of perinatal outcome in 81
      pregnancies in which preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) was managed
      using amniocentesis to diagnose intrauterine infection and lung maturity. Ten
      patients (13%) had a positive Gram stain on microscopy whilst 29 (37%) had a
      positive culture. Forty-one patients (58%) had a mature lecithin:sphingomyelin
      ratio. There was evidence of sepsis in 13 neonates (16%), with a further 16 (20%)
      being colonized. Both Gram stain and amniotic fluid culture were relatively poor
      predictors of neonatal sepsis. For Gram stain the sensitivity was low at only
      15%. Although the sensitivity for culture was higher (69%), the specificity (71%)
      was too low to be clinically useful. It is recommended that a randomized
      controlled trial of amniocentesis in PPROM is needed to define the role of this
      diagnostic test.

PMID- 1799347
TI  - Use of prescription drugs in the first trimester and congenital malformations.
AB  - A prospective survey of prenatal use of prescription drugs in Tasmania yielded
      detailed information on drug exposure, delivery and outcome for 56,037 births
      from 1982 to 1989. First trimester drug use was reported by 30.9% of women, and
      17.9% used only supplements of vitamins and/or minerals; 40% used alcohol during
      the first trimester, and 28.8% smoked cigarettes. There were 1,035 (1.85%)
      congenital malformations, of which 885 (85.5%) were major. The malformation rate
      was not significantly different in the following exposure categories: supplements
      only (1.62%); other pharmaceuticals (1.92%); smokers (1.88%); alcohol users
      (1.89%); and maternal age 35 or more years (1.95%). Adjusting for alcohol use,
      smoking, maternal age and diabetes mellitus, significant associations [expressed
      as adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were found between
      aspirin and hypospadias (3.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 8.8); dicyclomine and phocomelia
      (4.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 19.5); and between oral contraceptive use and pes cavus (9.7,
      95% CI 2.3 to 40.4). Although significant, these associations were based on very
      few cases and no direct supporting evidence could be found from other data
      sources.

PMID- 1799348
TI  - Bromocriptine (Parlodel) for suppression of lactation.

PMID- 1799349
TI  - When predictions don't predict.
AB  - One of the most widespread abuses of statistical methods involves the
      misinterpretation of statistical significance after the application of multiple
      comparisons. This paper highlights the problem by demonstrating 'significance'
      when clearly none exists.

PMID- 1799350
TI  - Preoperative AIDS testing.

PMID- 1799351
TI  - Current problems in health care--government criteria in resource allocation today
      and in the future.

PMID- 1799352
TI  - A survey of women undergoing a pelvic examination.
AB  - This study attempts to evaluate patients' satisfaction with certain aspects of a
      first visit antenatal or gynaecological consultation and the reaction to and
      preferences during a pelvic examination. Embarrassment and apprehension were
      emotions experienced by at least half those surveyed and the speculum examination
      was uncomfortable to more women than the bimanual examination. However, less than
      10% found the pelvic examination worse than they had anticipated.

PMID- 1799353
TI  - 'Erosion' of the uterine cervix; an anachronism.
AB  - The conclusion arrived at after a review of the relevant literature, coupled with
      current knowledge of the morphophysiological changes which take place in the
      transformation zone of the cervix, is that the term cervical erosion is an
      anachronism. The term should therefore be abandoned. More appropriate terms for
      the clinical appearance of the cervix are ectropion or ectopy. The metaplastic
      process and its role in neoplasia is also discussed.

PMID- 1799354
TI  - Severe rhesus isoimmunization detected by cardiotocography performed for
      diminished fetal movements.
AB  - Two cases of rhesus isoimmunization are presented in which the fetus was much
      more severely affected than anticipated and where a sinusoidal pattern found on
      cardiotocography, performed because of absent fetal movements, resulted in
      appropriate and successful management.

PMID- 1799355
TI  - Premenstrual syndrome and spironolactone.
AB  - A double blind placebo controlled randomized cross over study was conducted to
      assess the response to spironolactone by patients suffering from 'Premenstrual
      Syndrome'. Somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms were self-assessed daily and a
      total score was calculated for each symptom for the 14 days prior to
      menstruation. No significant difference was noted for the symptoms assessed on or
      off spironolactone. The levels of oestradiol, progesterone and prolactin showed
      no changes from the first to the second half of the cycle. In those patients who
      did respond to spironolactone, a significant difference in androgen levels from
      the follicular to the luteal phase of the cycle prior to treatment was
      demonstrated. Significant differences in androgen levels from the follicular to
      the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle may therefore be an important determinant
      in predicting those patients with premenstrual syndrome likely to respond to
      spironolactone therapy.

PMID- 1799356
TI  - Puberty menorrhagia due to Bernard Soulier syndrome and its successful treatment
      by 'Ovral' hormonal tablets.

PMID- 1799357
TI  - Placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder.
AB  - The case of a woman with a placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder treated
      by hysterectomy and partial bladder resection is presented. It is emphasized that
      if physicians in an emergency clinic are aware of this rare condition,
      preoperative diagnosis can be made and surgical intervention may be accomplished
      under ideal conditions.

PMID- 1799358
TI  - Total perineal reconstruction after major obstetrical injuries with extensive
      tissue loss: a report of 2 cases.
AB  - Major perineal injuries following obstetrical complications represent difficult
      problems of reconstruction. We describe 2 such patients with perineal injuries
      simulating infantile cloacas. Surgical repair using an abdominoperineal
      pullthrough procedure in 1 patient, and a Bricker loop type of repair in another
      resulted in successful restoration of function in both. The operative details and
      basis for the reconstruction are described.

PMID- 1799359
TI  - Failed suction termination of pregnancy: case reports and review.
AB  - This paper presents two case reports of failed suction termination of first
      trimester pregnancies which occurred at Geelong Hospital over a short period of
      time and thus drew our attention to this very difficult problem. The
      international experience with such failed terminations is then reviewed, with
      discussion of the recognized associations, prevention and management of such
      cases.

PMID- 1799360
TI  - Nipple pain, mastalgia and candidiasis in the lactating breast.
AB  - During lactation, persistently sore nipples or shooting breast pain in the
      absence of local or systemic signs may be symptoms of C. albicans infection of
      the nipples and/or breast ducts. The nipple may be erythematous or fissured, but
      the appearance does not resemble oral or vaginal candidiasis. Case 1 is a woman
      with sore nipples following a course of antibiotics. Case 2 is a woman with
      severe shooting breast pain which was worsened by antibiotic treatment. Treatment
      included topical and oral antifungal treatment for the mother in conjunction with
      an 'anti-candida' diet. The infant's mouth was also treated to prevent
      reinfection.

PMID- 1799361
TI  - A rare case of endodermal sinus tumour of the vagina in an infant.
AB  - A rare case of endodermal sinus tumour (EST) of the vagina in a 1 year 5 months
      old Papua New Guinean female is described and the literature on vaginal ESTs in
      childhood is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 1799362
TI  - Pelvic pain complicating LHRH analogue treatment of fibroids.
AB  - We present these 3 cases to alert others to the possibility of severe pain with
      rapid shrinkage of fibroids occurring during LHRH analogue treatment. We suggest
      management of such events should not be surgical except for vaginal excision of
      prolapsed fibroid polyps.

PMID- 1799363
TI  - Glutathione-dependent fatty acylprotein deacylase.
AB  - Monkey intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) when incubated with reduced
      glutathione (GSH), was found to release covalently bound fatty acids. However
      this activity was greatly reduced with delipidated BBM and nonexistent with heat
      treated BBM. This release was specific for GSH since other thiol compounds such
      as DTT, cysteine, or oxidized glutathione could not do so. There was a
      concentration-dependent increase in deacylation with increasing concentration of
      GSH. Deacylation was pH dependent, and maximum activity was seen at pH 7.5. These
      results indicate that possibly a glutathione-dependent enzyme is involved in
      deacylation of membrane proteins and this may have a role in the turnover of
      fatty acid-acylated proteins.

PMID- 1799364
TI  - Binding of hyaluronan to lysozyme at various pHs and salt concentrations.
AB  - Binding of hyaluronan (HA) to lysozyme immobilized on Sepharose-6B was
      investigated as a function of pH and NaCl concentration. High affinity binding
      (Kd = 1.0-2.0 x 10(-8) M) was observed at pH 7.5 and at 10-50 mM NaCl; the number
      of moles of HA bound to lysozyme was twice as high at 30 mM NaCl as at 10 mM. No
      specific binding was observed at and above 100 mM NaCl. Binding was suppressed in
      the presence of chaotropic agents such as guanidinium chloride and urea. These
      results suggest that binding between HA and lysozyme can occur in the
      extracellular matrix where an electrolyte concentration as low as 50 mM could be
      expected due to ionic exclusion by the highly negative charge concentration
      arising from the polyanions present.

PMID- 1799365
TI  - Competition of homologous substrates, putrescine and cadaverine, in the reaction
      catalyzed by pea diamine oxidase.
AB  - The determination of diamine oxidase activity with the ninhydrin reagent was used
      for monitoring of simultaneous oxidation of two homologous substrates, putrescine
      and cadaverine, which give different colour products (519 and 417 nm). We
      measured the reaction rates of oxidation of both substrates in different
      proportion and compared them with the total reaction rate determined by the
      guaiacol method. The substrates show competition with inhibition constants of
      putrescine against cadaverine of 0.14 mmol.l-1 and cadaverine against putrescine
      of 6.4 mumol.l-1.

PMID- 1799366
TI  - Effect of 17 beta-estradiol and ovariectomy on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism
      in regenerating mouse liver.
AB  - Effect of exogenous 17 beta-estradiol and ovariectomy was determined on the
      activities of some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in regenerating mouse
      liver. 17 beta-estradiol increased liver weight and the activities of these
      enzymes when given after partial hepatectomy whereas ovariectomy, performed 2
      weeks prior to hepatectomy, reduced the activities significantly. Estradiol
      administration to ovariectomized-partially hepatectomized animals restored the
      activities of glycolytic enzymes but not of G6P-DH and malic enzyme. This
      indicates that estradiol acts as a stimulator of growth of proliferating liver as
      it does in target tissue.

PMID- 1799367
TI  - Copper(II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex does activate hydrogen peroxide in
      the presence of biological reductants.
AB  - The reaction of CuII (edta) (edta: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) with hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2) was studied in the pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. CuII (edta) did not
      react with H2O2 in the all pH range examined in the absence of biological
      reductants. CuII (edta), however, could react with H2O2 in the presence of
      biological reductants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine and NADH to give
      thibarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substance, regardless of the pH. From these
      results, it is concluded that CuII (edta) cannot be bound to H2O2 and that the
      change of the redox potential of Cu2+ ion on ligating with edta may cause CuII
      (edta) to be unable to oxidize H2O2.

PMID- 1799368
TI  - Increased glucocorticoid receptors in diphenylhydantoin induced human gingival
      overgrowth.
AB  - A pilot study on the glucocorticoid receptors in normal and pathological
      condition of human gingiva was carried out for a better perception of
      glucocorticoid action in gingiva. Gingival cytosol prepared from normal and
      diphenylhydantoin induced overgrowth was incubated with [3H]dexamethasone with or
      without cold competitor. Results obtained show a single class of receptor in both
      the conditions with no difference in binding specificity. Contrary to this, B-max
      was found to be significantly increased in the overgrown tissue sample compared
      to normal. The increase in glucocorticoid receptors in the gingival pathology is
      discussed.

PMID- 1799369
TI  - Effect of thiolation of amino groups of gelonin on its protein-biosynthesis
      inhibitor activity.
AB  - Gelonin was purified from the dry seeds of Gelonium multiflorum by ammonium
      sulfate fractionation followed by cation-exchange and gel-filtration
      chromatography in order to minimize extraction of non-proteineous material.
      Gelonin was characterized for its purity, homogeneity and molecular weight
      determination by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis respectively. The amino groups of
      pure gelonin were thiolated by a hererobifunctional cross-linking agent, SPDP
      which is used in the design of cytotoxic hybrid molecules. Therefore, an attempt
      has been made to study the effect of thiolation on the ribosome inactivating
      property of gelonin. Thiolation of one amino group resulted in the loss of about
      90% protein synthesis inhibition activity. Further modification of 2-3 amino
      groups further hampered the bioactivity (greater than 95-99.5%) of gelonin,
      suggesting that a 1:1 molar ratio of carrier-toxin conjugate would be highly
      active against the target cells.

PMID- 1799370
TI  - In-vitro selective killing of gonadal cells by a hormonotoxin composed of ovine
      luteinizing hormone linked by a disulfide bond to the ribosome-inactivating
      protein, gelonin.
AB  - With the aim to synthesize a bioeffective hormonotoxin for selective targeting to
      specific cells in the gonads, a single chain RIP was conjugated to oLH with the
      use of SPDP which generated oLH-S-S-gelonin hormonotoxin. Extensive physico
      chemical, immunochemical and biochemical characterization reveal that 1:1 oLH
      gelonin was linked through the alpha-subunit of the oLH. The hormonotoxin
      retained substantial receptor binding and steroidogenic activity in the leydig
      tumor cells. The competitive displacement analysis indicate that the binding
      occurs via the hormone. The presently described hormonotoxin exhibited higher
      receptor binding and cytotoxicity to the target cells than that of others
      reported so far.

PMID- 1799371
TI  - Trehalose transport in yeast cells.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a specific transporter for trehalose.
      Transport is low until after glucose exhaustion in stationary phase, and addition
      of glucose in stationary phase results in loss of transport, an event that is
      reversible when the glucose is removed. The effect of glucose is not competitive
      inhibition: the increase in trehalose transport in stationary phase requires a
      lag time after glucose is depleted; and recovery of transport after glucose
      inhibition requires protein synthesis. Finally, we provide evidence that the
      trehalose transporter is distinct from that for maltose.

PMID- 1799372
TI  - Trehalose-transporting membrane vesicles from yeasts.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a membrane vesicle fraction from yeasts that
      is capable trehalose transport. The kinetics of the transport system were similar
      to those seen in the intact cells. The transport depends on a transmembrane pH
      gradient. If the gradient is collapsed, trehalose accumulated inside the vesicles
      is leaked into the medium. After aging for several days the ability of the
      vesicles to transport was lost. However, transport was partially restored by
      elevating internal pH in the vesicles.

PMID- 1799373
TI  - Phosphorylation of mouse thymocyte CD4 and CD8: regulation of surface expression.
AB  - Murine T cell surface antigens, CD4 and CD8 are phosphorylated in response to
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, but not
      phosphorylated after concanavalin A, Ca2+ ionophore or dibutyryl-cAMP treatment.
      We examined the cell surface expression of both antigens and show that surface
      CD4 on CD4+CD8+ and CD4+CD8- thymocytes is rapidly decreased after PMA treatment,
      while CD8 expression is unaffected. Prolonged PMA treatment, which down-regulates
      protein kinase C, allows CD4 reexpression only in the CD4+CD8- population,
      suggesting that different mechanisms of cell surface antigen expression are
      operating in the two thymocyte subpopulations.

PMID- 1799374
TI  - Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori colonization by sulfated gastric mucin.
AB  - The role of human gastric mucin in mucosal protection against Helicobacter pylori
      colonization was investigated. H. pylori cells were incubated with purified
      intact mucin or its acidic fractions and then examined for their inhibitory
      capacity of H. pylori attachment to erythrocytes. Titration data established that
      the inhibitory activity of mucin was associated with its acidic component as the
      fraction enriched in sialic acid and sulfate showed 16-fold higher inhibitory
      titer than that of the intact mucin. While the inhibitory titer of acidic mucin
      fraction was not affected by the removal of sialic acid, the desulfation led to a
      complete loss of its inhibitory activity, thus pointing towards the importance of
      sulfate ester groups in this process. The results for the first time point
      towards the involvement of sulfomucins in the protection of gastric mucosa
      against colonization by H. pylori.

PMID- 1799375
TI  - Cercal sensory regulation of ganglionic protein metabolism in the field cricket,
      Gryllotalpa africana.
AB  - The effect of cercal deafferentation (cercectomy) on the ganglionic protein
      metabolism of the cricket, Gryllotalpa africana was studied. Significant changes
      in the activities of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glutamate dehydrogenase,
      alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were observed in the
      terminal ganglion following unilateral and bilateral cercectomy.

PMID- 1799376
TI  - Effect of monocrotophos on mono amine oxidase activity in albino rats.
AB  - Monocrotophos inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity both in vitro and in
      vivo in liver, kidney and brain areas of albino rats. In vitro effect was more
      pronounced than the in vivo effect. During in vivo daily treatment with sublethal
      doses of Monocrotophos, the MAO activity was significantly inhibited after 1h to
      7 days of treatments. Later recovery of inhibition was noticed which might be
      attributed to the enhanced absorption of Monocrotophos to protein and fat bodies
      or enhanced metabolic dispositional mechanisms. Brain areas exhibit varied
      responses to Monocrotophos toxicity.

PMID- 1799377
TI  - Biotransformation of nitrendipine in rat, dog, and mouse.
AB  - 14C-Labelled Nitrendipine (Bay e 5009; Baypress, Bayotensin; CAS 39562-70-4) was
      administered by the oral and intraduodenal route to rats, dogs, and mice (oral
      dosing only) to elucidate the biotransformation pathways in these three species.
      The drug was extensively metabolized: 20 biotransformation products were
      identified by comparison with synthetic reference compounds using two-dimensional
      TLC, HPLC, GC/radio-GC, combined GC/MS (EI-, CI-mode), FAB-MS, and 1H-NMR
      spectroscopy. The metabolites identified accounted for approx. 72 to 73% of the
      dose administered in rats and dogs (bile and urine) and 48 to 56% in male and
      female mice (urine only). Based on the structures identified the following
      biotransformation reactions occurred: Dehydrogenation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine
      (primary metabolic step), oxidative ester cleavage as further basic
      biotransformation reaction (also at the dihydropyridine state), hydroxylation of
      the methyl groups in 2- or 6-position as separated and important metabolic
      reaction (at the dihydropyridine as well as pyridine state), reduction of the
      aromatic nitro group (important only in mice) and subsequent acetylation (dog
      only), and glucuronidation as phase II reaction forming ether and ester type
      glucuronides.

PMID- 1799378
TI  - Protective effects of befunolol on hypoxic respiration-induced alterations in
      myocardial energy metabolism of rats.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to elucidate beta-adrenoceptor blocking effects
      of befunolol (BFE 60, CAS 39543-79-8) on changes in the myocardial metabolites
      induced by hypoxic respiration. When rats were subjected to hypoxic respiration,
      a significant increase in heart rate (about 13% increase) and a slight decline in
      mean aortic blood pressure (about 12% decrease) were observed at 1 min and 6 min
      after the onset of hypoxic respiration. The hypoxic respiration also elicited
      decreases in the myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate levels (each 18% decrease)
      and increases in the myocardial lactate (13% increase) and cyclic-AMP (20%
      increase) levels. In contrast, these changes were never observed throughout
      hypoxic respiration when rats had been treated with both reserpine and alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine methylester 20 to 22 h before experiment, suggesting that these
      metabolic alterations are mediated through beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. These
      hypoxic respiration-induced hemodynamic and metabolic changes were found to be
      suppressed by treatment with 1 and 10 micrograms/kg befunolol or 10 micrograms/kg
      propranolol to an appreciable degree. The results demonstrate protective action
      of befunolol, like propranolol, on hypoxia-induced changes in the myocardial
      energy metabolism.

PMID- 1799379
TI  - Single dose toxicity study on catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)
      histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc] in mice and rats.
AB  - The toxicity of Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl) histidinato(2-)
      N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) was evaluated in mice and rats after
      single administration. LD50 values in mice were 1269 mg/kg for males and 1331
      mg/kg for females by the oral route, 220 mg/kg for males and 165 mg/kg for
      females by the intraperitoneal route, and 758 mg/kg for males and 874 mg/kg for
      females by the subcutaneous route. LD50 values in rats were 8441 mg/kg for males
      and 7375 mg/kg for females by the oral route, 405 mg/kg for males and 422 mg/kg
      for females by the intraperitoneal route and more than 5000 mg/kg for both sexes
      by the subcutaneous route. No sex differences were observed. A decrease in
      locomotor activity, ventral posture, crouching, hypothermia and respiratory
      depression were observed in both mice and rats as the main clinical signs. In
      addition to these changes, induration, swelling and crust formation were observed
      at the subcutaneous injection site.

PMID- 1799380
TI  - Repeated dose toxicity studies on catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)
      histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc] in rats.
AB  - Thirteen- and 52-week oral toxicity studies of Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu- [N alpha-(3
      aminopropionyl) histidinato (2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) were
      carried out in rats. In a 13-week repeated dose toxicity study (37.5, 75, 150,
      300, 600 or 1200 mg/kg/d), deterioration of the general condition was observed at
      300 mg/kg/d or more, a decrease in body weight gain at 600 mg/kg/d or more.
      Approximately 40% of the animals were found dead or sacrificed in a moribund
      state at 1200 mg/kg/d. Furthermore, in the 600 mg/kg group changes in urine
      volume, blood urea nitrogen and weight of kidneys were observed, suggesting that
      Z-103 may have had adverse effects on the kidney. No sex difference was noted.
      From these results the no-effect dose level was estimated to be 150 mg/kg/d under
      the conditions of this experiment. In a 52-week repeated dose toxicity study
      (18.75, 37.5, 75 or 150 mg/kg/d), proliferation of small duct and atrophy of
      acinar cells in the pancreas were observed in both sexes of the 150 mg/kg/d
      group. No other dose-related changes were observed throughout the administration
      period. Therefore, the no-effect dose level was estimated to be 75 mg/kg/d under
      this condition.

PMID- 1799381
TI  - Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies on catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3
      aminopropionyl) histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc].
AB  - To evaluate the effects of Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)
      histidinato (2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) on the reproductive
      performance of male and female rats, the general toxicity of dams, and the
      development, physical growth and reproductive performance of the next generation,
      Z-103 was administered to rats prior to, and in the early stages of pregnancy,
      during the period of fetal organogenesis, and during the perinatal and lactation
      periods, and to rabbits during the period of fetal organogenesis at the
      appropriate doses for each study. At the administration of Z-103 prior to and in
      the early stages of pregnancy in rats, no dose-related abnormalities were
      observed in the reproductive performance of either sex. Furthermore, there were
      no death or evidence of teratogenicity or repressive effect on growth in fetuses.
      Administration of Z-103 during the period of fetal organogenesis in rats affected
      the growth of embryos and fetuses at 1200 mg/kg. At 600 mg/kg or less, however,
      there were no death, teratogenicity or repressive effect on growth in fetuses,
      and furthermore, no dose-related abnormalities were observed in growth, physical
      development, behavior and reproductive performance in offspring. Administration
      of Z-103 during the period of fetal organogenesis in rabbits caused a decrease in
      the number of live fetuses at 300 mg/kg suggesting that 300 mg/kg of Z-103 may
      have a lethal effect on fetuses. There were, however, neither teratogenicity nor
      any repressive effect on the growth of fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799382
TI  - Antigenicity studies on catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)
      N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc].
AB  - The antigenicity of Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)
      histidinato(2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) was evaluated using the
      following assay procedures: 1. active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) in guinea pigs.
      2. passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs with serum from guinea pigs
      sensitized with Z-103, 3. delayed type skin reaction (Maximization Test) in
      guinea pigs, 4. passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats with serum from mice
      sensitized with Z-103 and 5. passive hemagglutination (PHA) with serum from mice
      sensitized with Z-103. In each test except for Maximization Test, the sera
      obtained 1 or 6 h (hereinafter designated as 1-h-sera or 6-h-sera) after a single
      oral administration of 500 mg/kg of Z-103 to the unused rats, guinea pigs or
      rabbits, were used as the challenge antigen. 1. ASA in guinea pigs: No
      anaphylaxis reaction was observed in any of the sensitized guinea pigs by
      elicitation with challenge antigen. 2. PCA in guinea pigs: PCA titer of sera from
      all the sensitized animals was less than 1 in elicitation with the challenge
      antigen. 3. Delayed type skin reaction test: No skin reaction was observed in
      sensitized guinea pigs after intradermal injection or dermal application of Z
      103. 4. PCA in rats: PCA titer of sera from BALB/c and C3H/He mice sensitized
      with Z-103 was less than 5 in elicitation with the challenge antigen. 5. PHA
      reaction: When erythrocytes coated with challenge antigen were added to
      sensitized sera, the hemagglutination titer was less than 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799383
TI  - Mutagenicity studies on catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)histidinato(2-)
      N1,N2,O:N tau]-zinc].
AB  - Z-103 (catena-(S)-[mu-[N alpha-(3-aminopropionyl)histidinato (2-)-N1,N2,O:N tau]
      zinc], CAS 107667-60-7) was examined in the bacterial mutation test, a
      chromosomal aberration test with mammalian cells in culture and the micronucleus
      test using male mice. 1. Z-103 did not increase the number of revertants in
      Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA when tested at up to 5000 micrograms/plate in the
      presence or absence of metabolic activation. And Z-103 did not increase mutants
      in Salmonella typhimurium SD 100 (streptomycin dependent strain) or in Salmonella
      typhimurium TM677 (8-azaguanine sensitive strain) when tested at up to 5000
      micrograms/ml in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. 2. The
      chromosomal aberration test was carried out with cultured Chinese hamster lung
      cells (CHL). For the direct assay procedure, the cells were treated with 3.3 x
      10(-4)-3.3 x 10(-6) mol/l Z-103 for 24 or 48 h, after which time chromosome
      preparations were made. For the metabolic activation assay procedure, the cells
      were treated with 1.0 x 10(-3)-3.3 x 10(-6) mol/l of Z-103 for 6 h in the
      presence or absence of metabolic activation, and the chromosome preparations were
      made after a further 18-h incubation in the absence of Z-103 and metabolic
      activation. Z-103 did not cause chromosome aberrations either in the presence or
      in the absence of metabolic activation. 3. The micronucleus test was performed in
      ddY male mice. Z-103 was administered orally to mice at a dose of 400, 200 or 100
      mg/kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799384
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on the mucosal hydroxyproline content of rat gastric lesions
      induced by compound 48/80.
AB  - Extensive gastric mucosal lesions developed in rats after the administration of
      compound 48/80 at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg daily for 3 days. The hydroxyproline
      content of gastric mucosa was significantly increased 4 h after the last
      injection of compound 48/80, and subsequently decreased as the lesions healed.
      Treatment with cimetidine (CAS 51481-61-9) at a dose of 50 mg/kg (twice a day for
      3 days) did not affect either the development or the healing of the compound
      48/80-induced gastric lesions. However, the increase in mucosal hydroxyproline
      content was significantly reduced by treatment with cimetidine. This fact
      suggests that cimetidine might have an inhibitory effect on the regeneration of
      collagen in gastric mucosa.

PMID- 1799385
TI  - [Absorption of swine pancreatic kallikrein in humans].
AB  - Porcine pancreatic kallikrein (PPK), the main component of Padutin, has been used
      in andrology since the beginning of the seventies for the treatment of
      oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. During kallikrein therapy the number of
      spermatozoa increases, and qualitative and quantitative sperm motility is
      improved. In order to investigate the intestinal absorption of PPK in man, a
      clinical study in 26 healthy volunteers was performed. Four of them were given
      single oral doses of 4500 KU (kallikrein units), the remaining 22 subjects
      received 600 KU. Serum and urine samples were collected several times within 24
      h. Seminal plasma was collected 4-5 days before and 8 h after kallikrein therapy.
      Absorbed PPK was determined using a highly sensitive bioluminescence-enhanced
      enzyme immunoassay and a newly developed light-measuring equipment (MTP-reader).
      In both groups (600 KU and 4500 KU) absorption of PPK in serum was found. The
      minimum absorption rates were 0.82% and 0.43%, respectively, of the administered
      PPK, corresponding to an amount of 5 KU per subject. Renal excretion was
      determined to be 0.27% of the absorbed kallikrein and thus plays only a secondary
      role in the elimination of PPK from the blood. Moreover, by gel filtration
      experiments it could be demonstrated that PPK is absorbed in unaltered form and
      is slowly inhibited in the serum, possibly by a1-proteinase inhibitor. According
      to our results, kallikrein is absorbed in unaltered form by the intestine. The
      absorbed amount of PPK is sufficient to exert a possible effect in enzymatically
      active form on the target cells in the male gonads for several hours.

PMID- 1799386
TI  - Inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I catalysed DNA polymerization by
      trans-imidazolium-bisimidazoletetrachlororuthenate(III).
AB  - The tumor-inhibiting metal complex trans-imidazolium
      bisimidazoletetrachlororuthenate(III) (ICR) reacts with DNA and inhibits template
      primer properties for DNA synthesis catalysed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase
      I. The reaction with DNA depends on the aging (half-life 6.8 h) of the aqueous
      solution containing ICR. The kinetics of the reaction with DNA are reminiscent of
      those for cisplatin.

PMID- 1799387
TI  - Anthelmintic activity of some 3-substituted phenyl-1-alkyl or phenyl propenones
      and propenamides.
AB  - In a search for new anthelmintic compounds, a,beta-unsaturated ketones and amides
      were synthetized. Their anthelmintic activity was tested against two
      gastrointestinal worms, a nematode Syphacia obvelata and a cestode Hymenolepis
      nana. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.

PMID- 1799388
TI  - [Immunologic studies of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo
      studies on the stimulation of phagocytosis].
AB  - The activity of phagocytosis was tested in the in vitro granulocyte test and the
      in vivo carbon-clearance-test in the mouse for an extract combination consisting
      of four plant extracts (Echinacea angustifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Baptisia
      tinctoria and Arnica montana). In both immune models, a step by step stimulation
      of the activity of phagocytosis by the addition of the four plant extracts was
      shown with an increase in effectiveness of partially over 50% in comparison to
      the pure Echinacea angustifolia mono-extract. The extract combination showed also
      in both test models a higher efficiency than two other differently composed
      combination preparations and two Echinacea mono-preparations.

PMID- 1799389
TI  - Toxicity of Echinacea purpurea. Acute, subacute and genotoxicity studies.
AB  - Single oral or intravenous doses of the expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea
      (EP) proved virtually non-toxic to rats and mice. After 4 weeks of oral
      administration in doses amounting to many times the human therapeutic dose
      laboratory tests and necropsy findings gave no evidence of any toxic effects in
      rats. Tests for mutagenicity carried out in microorganisms and mammalian cells in
      vitro and in mice all gave negative results. In an in vitro carcinogenicity study
      EP did not produce malignant transformation in hamster embryo cells.

PMID- 1799390
TI  - Interference of C17-spirosteroids with late steps of aldosterone biosynthesis.
      Structure-activity studies.
AB  - Structure-activity relationships concerning the steroidal skeleton as well as the
      C21,17-ring systems could be established while investigating the inhibitory
      effects of 27 different C17-spirosteroids on aldosterone synthesis in vitro. 18
      hydroxylation appeared to be the crucial point of interference with all active
      compounds, whereas impairment of 11 beta- and 21-hydroxylase, respectively, was
      of minor importance, i.e. occurring to a smaller degree and only with a few test
      substances. Inhibition of 18-hydroxylation was associated with the following
      structural features: C21,17-spiro-gamma-lactone ring with 17 beta-O-atom; 3-oxo
      group in combination with delta 4,5-6,7-diene structure or, alternately,
      combination of 3-oxo group or even a bulky 3-O-function, if it protrudes out of
      ring plane in beta-position, and 7a-thioalkyl- or thioacyl- or thiol groups;
      combination of 17-spiro-gamma-lactone and a 3-O-function may result in an active
      compound even without 7a-substituents, provided there are no additional groups
      fixed on the steroidal skeleton. Elimination of an angular methyl group (----nor
      compound), however, is acceptable. On the other hand, inhibitory potency is
      abolished or diminished by the following structural features: 7a-groups
      containing oxidized sulphur (e.g. suphoxy- or sulphonyl groups); bulky 3
      substituents fixed in the ring plane via double bond; 18-alkyl groups; 6 beta
      substituents; 2-substituents in absence of 7a-groups, depending on their
      configuration (e.g. cycle or chain); introduction of a heteroatom at C21, i.e.
      instead of the carbonyl-C-atom. Mespirenone (CAS 87952-98-5), the test substance
      of central concern, possesses favourable structural features finding its
      expression in a correspondingly enhanced inhibitory action.

PMID- 1799391
TI  - Effect of codeine on rat and guinea pig tracheal ciliary beat frequency.
AB  - Codeine, the basic antitussive drug, has generally been thought to impair
      mucociliary function. Using the photodetection method the effect of codeine on
      mucociliary function was studied in rat after local and systemic administration
      and in guinea pig after systemic administration. In vitro rat tracheal ciliary
      beat frequency (CBF) was measured up to 40 min. There was 24.6 +/- 2.5% and 26.6
      +/- 1.6% decrease in CBF after 1 mg/ml and after 10 mg/ml codeine solutions,
      respectively. In vivo codeine was administered in single i.v. doses of 10 and 15
      mg/kg. No statistically significant differences were found in CBF responses,
      although there was a CBF decreasing tendency after the 15 mg/kg dose. The total
      follow-up time was 120 min. In guinea pig, 10 days s.c. codeine administration in
      daily doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg had no effect on CBF. Although codeine was used
      in much higher concentrations than tissues concentrations after therapeutic doses
      of codeine, the effects on CBF were minimal. So it can be concluded that the
      generally accepted ciliostatic effect of codeine is overestimated.

PMID- 1799392
TI  - Pharmacological and microbiological evaluations of potential new long-acting
      local anaesthetics.
AB  - The results of the preliminary pharmacological and microbiological evaluations of
      certain new derivatives of dialkylaminoethyl-phenyl-ether hydrochloride, as
      potential long-acting local anaesthetics, are reported. The guinea pig
      intradermal wheal test was used for determining the activity and duration of
      local anaesthesia (WT). These were assayed at concentrations of 0.5% w/v.
      Lidocaine hydrochloride, 1.0% w/v, was employed as the standard and normal
      saline, 0.9% w/v, as the control. The compounds showed outstanding activity
      profiles and duration of action with no apparent signs of both local and systemic
      side effects. In addition, the results of inhibition of the ciliated protozoan
      Tetrahymena pyriformis mobility by the aforementioned compounds are presented. A
      general relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these
      compounds to inhibit mobility of the whole T. pyriformis cells and the duration
      of anaesthesia was observed. Moreover, derivatives with tertiary or secondary
      butyl substituents in the benzene ring, irrespective of position or number, were
      superior to others and showed prolonged duration of anaesthesia and lower MIC.
      The dependence of both WT and MIC on partition coefficient (log P) of these
      compounds indicates that in both biological systems the anaesthetics interact
      strongly with hydrophobic structures of the T. pyriformis cells membrane
      resulting in fluidisation and loss of ciliary function.

PMID- 1799393
TI  - Evaluation of the mutagenicity of chloral hydrate in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Chloral hydrate (CAS 302-17-0) of greater than 99.4% purity was investigated on
      its mutagenic potential in a series of test systems according to the current EC
      guidelines. There were no indications for a mutagenic potential of chloral
      hydrate.

PMID- 1799394
TI  - [Immunomodulating effect of killed, apathogenic Escherichia coli, strain Nissle
      1917, on the macrophage system].
AB  - The influence of formaldehyde-killed Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (SK 22)
      on macrophages of C57BL/6 mice was investigated in vitro. It has been shown that
      SK 22 activated macrophages derived from bone marrow produced Interleukin-6 with
      high efficiency. In addition, SK 22 stimulated macrophages to secrete tumor
      necrosis factor, as measured by a bioassay. Furthermore, macrophages were
      activated by SK 22 to produce a 3 fold amount of oxygen radicals compared to the
      spontaneous oxygen radical production. In contrast to this finding, the
      phagocytic capacity of these macrophages was only slightly increased. The
      specific lysis of P 815 tumor cells by peritoneal macrophages after coincubation
      with SK 22 was measured using tumor cells prelabelled with radioactive 51Cr. The
      results of the in vitro experiments presented clearly show that the E. coli
      preparation SK 22 is an efficient immunomodulator of the unspecific immune
      system.

PMID- 1799395
TI  - Sex hormones, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 1799396
TI  - Relative protection from cerebral atherosclerosis of young patients with
      homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - It is well known that hypercholesterolemia is correlated with coronary
      atherosclerosis, but no definite information is available on its association with
      cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. We studied 10 young patients (age 3-32 years)
      with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), together with 3 normal
      relatives as healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial Doppler examination, MRI
      and cerebral blood flow by SPECT and 99mTc-HM-PAO were performed on all. Six out
      of 10 patients already had signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease, but all
      patients were free from ischemic brain lesions, as small as detectable at MRI,
      and had normal cerebral blood flow. Two patients presented significant stenosis
      of the carotid arteries at Doppler examination. Young patients with homozygous FH
      have early and clinically evident coronary atherosclerosis, while overt disease
      in the cerebral district is delayed despite the extremely elevated plasma
      cholesterol concentration. This was also confirmed by the autopsy of two
      patients, who died after the study and whose cerebral arteries were totally free
      from atherosclerotic lesions. The age, at which flow-reducing atherosclerotic
      lesions develop in hypercholesterolemic patients, differs with regard to the
      arterial district involved.

PMID- 1799397
TI  - Relationship of skeletal muscle fiber type to serum high density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels.
AB  - We measured the percentage of slow-twitch (ST) muscle fibers in the lateral
      portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle in 41 healthy sedentary male controls,
      35 active male joggers, and 26 male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. We
      then compared these percentages with serum levels of total cholesterol (TC),
      triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and
      apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) found in these 102 middle-aged men. The percentage
      of ST muscle fibers in all men correlated positively with serum HDL-C (r = 0.57,
      P less than 0.001) and with apo A-I (r = 0.60, P less than 0.001) and negatively
      with triglycerides (r = -0.43, P less than 0.001). The proportion of ST fibers in
      joggers (65%; 61-69%, 95% confidence interval) was higher (P less than 0.001)
      than in sedentary controls (48%; 44-52%) or in CHD patients (44%; 39-49%).
      Moreover, 89% of the joggers had a proportion of ST fibers higher than 50%,
      whilst in sedentary controls and in CHD patients these values were 46% and 38%,
      respectively. Positive correlations were found between the percentage of ST
      fibers and both HDL-C and apo A-I in controls (r = 0.33, P less than 0.05 and r =
      0.34, P less than 0.05) and in joggers (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01, and r = 0.40,
      P less than 0.05), respectively. Negative correlations in controls (r = -0.34, P
      less than 0.05) and in CHD patients (r = -0.43, P less than 0.05) were also found
      between the percentage of ST fibers and serum TG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1799398
TI  - Plasma lipoprotein distribution of apolipoprotein(a) in the fed and fasted
      states.
AB  - In order to quantitate the contribution of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)
      apolipoprotein(a) to total plasma apo(a) concentration in the fed and fasted
      states, we have studied a group of 20 male subjects (age 49 +/- 3 years) with
      fasting apo(a) concentrations varying from 39 to 1385 U/l. After a 12-h overnight
      fast, each subject was given a fat-rich meal (1 g fat/kg body weight) and venous
      blood samples were obtained at hourly intervals for 10 h. TRL were isolated from
      bihourly plasma samples by ultracentrifugation (d less than 1.006 g/ml) and
      apo(a) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Total plasma apo(a) concentration did
      not change after the meal. However, TRL apo(a) increased significantly (0 h: 3 +/
      1, 4 h: 30 +/- 7 U/l; p less than 0.001) and 'd greater than 1.006' apo(a)
      decreased (0 h: 267 +/- 56, 4 h: 231 +/- 50 U/l; P less than 0.05). Similar
      postprandial changes were observed in apoB concentration (TRL apo B at 0 h: 10.3
      +/- 1.5, 4 h: 13.6 +/- 1.7 g/l, P less than 0.001, 'd greater than 1.006' apoB at
      0 h: 118 +/- 7, 4 h: 110 +/- 7 g/l, P less than 0.001). In the fasted state 2.0
      +/- 1.0% and in the fed state (4 h postprandially) 16.0 +/- 4.6% of total plasma
      apo(a) was found in the TRL fraction. Eleven subjects had less than 10% of total
      apo(a) in TRL, 5 had 25% or more apo(a) in TRL in the fed state. Postprandial
      increase in TRL apo(a) was significantly correlated (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001)
      with increase in plasma triglycerides. TRL apo(a) concentration in the fed state
      was not correlated with total fasting cholesterol, triglyceride, apo(a) or HDL
      cholesterol concentration. We conclude that in some individuals, TRL apo(a) makes
      a significant contribution to total plasma apo(a) concentration in the fed state.

PMID- 1799399
TI  - Relationships of low density lipoprotein subfractions to angiographically defined
      coronary artery disease in young survivors of myocardial infarction.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) from 36 young post-infarction patients was
      separated by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation to determine the
      relationships of plasma levels and chemical composition of different LDL
      subfractions to the global severity and rate of progression of coronary
      atherosclerosis assessed by angiography. There were marked elevations of the
      cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the very low density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) fraction, whereas the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was
      reduced in the patients compared with 70 healthy population-based controls.
      Plasma total LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were similar. The
      distribution of apolipoprotein B along the LDL density range, viz. the LDL
      particle distribution, was displaced towards the dense LDL region among the
      patients compared with 14 healthy normolipidaemic controls. A preponderance of
      dense LDL particles was associated with elevated plasma VLDL triglyceride
      concentration. The patients had significantly higher plasma concentrations of
      lipid and protein in dense LDL (d greater than 1.040 kg/l), while no group
      differences were found in the light LDL (d less than 1.040 kg/l). However, there
      were no percentage compositional differences in the light or dense LDL between
      patients and controls. Among all constituents of lipoprotein fractions and
      subfractions determined, only the plasma level of triglycerides in both light and
      dense LDL correlated significantly with the angiographic estimates of global
      severity and rate of progression of coronary atherosclerosis, respectively. On a
      percentage composition basis, both light and dense LDL tended to be richer in
      triglycerides in the subjects with a more severe coronary artery disease. Neither
      VLDL or HDL, nor LDL cholesterol were associated with the angiographic scores,
      the plasma LDL triglyceride concentration or the triglyceride enrichment of LDL.
      Although there is ample experimental evidence that triglyceride-enriched LDL
      predisposes to atherosclerosis, the LDL associations with coronary lesion
      severity and progression observed in the present study might not reflect a causal
      mechanism, but merely mirror the atherogenicity of disturbances affecting the
      metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Prospective studies of larger
      groups of unselected patients are needed to corroborate these findings.

PMID- 1799400
TI  - Pathological and angiographic regression of coronary atherosclerosis by LDL
      apheresis in a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - We present the case of a 42-year-old male with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
      who had received long-term low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-apheresis before death
      occurred, presumably from an arrhythmia. He had been treated with double
      filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) for 4 years and selective LDL adsorbent
      plasmapheresis (LAPP) for 2 years and 7 months. During the period of treatment (6
      years and 7 months) he had received a total of 129 sessions of LDL-apheresis.
      Serum total cholesterol of the patient before the treatment was 638 mg/dl and
      during the treatment, the time-averaged values ranged from 336 mg/dl to 411 mg/dl
      for the first 4 years (with DFPP) and from 257 mg/dl to 364 mg/dl for the
      sequential 2 years and 7 months (with LAPP). Coronary angiograms were analysed
      for 13 segments of the coronary arteries using a digitized processing system.
      Analysis documented regression by identifying a reduction in percent stenosis
      from 34% to 20% in the proximal left circumflex artery (LCX), from 78% to 61% in
      the proximal right coronary artery (RCA), and from 92% to 72% in the middle RCA.
      In the other 10 segments analysed no significant regression and no progression
      were observed. The autopsy findings of the step-wise serial sections of the
      native coronary arteries did not record the formation of new and/or typical
      atheroma. In addition, a thickened intima, and an eccentric thickened wall lesion
      rich in collagen fiber were observed, although an accumulation of foam cells in
      the thickened wall lesions was found in some segments. This observation suggested
      scarring of the atheromatous plaque. We confirmed that LDL-apheresis performed
      over a period of 6 years and 7 months induced angiographic regression of coronary
      atherosclerosis in the patient with FH, and found that most of the
      atherosclerotic lesions were changed pathologically into sclerotic lesions rich
      in collagen fiber.

PMID- 1799401
TI  - Hyperthermia induces apoptosis in thymocytes.
AB  - Mild hyperthermia (43 degrees C for 1 h) induces extensive double-stranded DNA
      fragmentation and, at a later time, cell death in murine thymocytes. The cleavage
      of DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments resembles that observed in examples
      of apoptosis including radiation-induced death of thymocytes. Following
      hyperthermia, incubation at 37 degrees C is necessary to detect DNA
      fragmentation, although protein and RNA synthesis do not seem to be required. Two
      protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and emetine, and two RNA synthesis
      inhibitors, actinomycin D and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole,
      do not inhibit DNA fragmentation or cell death in heated thymocytes at
      concentrations which significantly block these effects in irradiated thymocytes.
      We have used this difference in sensitivity to show that the DNA fragmentation
      induced in thymocytes which are irradiated and then heated seems to be caused
      only by the heating and not by the irradiation.

PMID- 1799403
TI  - Clinical pharmacology--the European challenge.

PMID- 1799402
TI  - Sibling influences on adolescent drug use: older brothers on younger brothers.
AB  - This study was designed to examine sibling influences on adolescent drug use. The
      sample was composed of 278 white, predominantly middle-class male college
      students and their oldest brothers. Self-administered questionnaires were taken
      separately by the students and their brothers. The findings indicated that the
      oldest brother's personality and the sibling relationship had an influence on the
      younger brother's drug use. Three hypothesized mechanisms that supported the
      findings, the Personality Influence Mechanism, the Genetic Temperament
      Connection, and the Environmental Reactive Mechanism were discussed.

PMID- 1799404
TI  - Nonuniform size distribution of nascent globin peptides, evidence for pause
      localization sites, and a contranslational protein-folding model.
AB  - Examination of nascent globin peptides accumulating in vitro during globin
      synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates was carried out. A view was supported
      that nonrandom distribution of codons with different usage frequencies in mRNA
      may determine the messenger's translation kinetics. Regions of reduced
      translation of alpha- and beta-globin polypeptide chains were localized, and the
      cotranslational protein-folding model suggested previously was substantiated. An
      active conjunction of synthesis and folding of proteins was proposed as one of
      the main destinations of a translation nonuniformity.

PMID- 1799405
TI  - Phenomenological analysis of the clotting curve.
AB  - A model-independent (phenomenological) characterization of the clotting curve is
      proposed. Three parameters are used to encapsulate the main features of the
      increase in absorbance observed at 350 nm due to the reaction of thrombin with
      fibrinogen that leads to clot formation: (1) the maximum increase in absorbance
      per unit time, delta Am, at the inflection point of the clotting curve; (2) the
      time needed to reach the maximum increase in absorbance, tm; and (3) the clotting
      time, tc, obtained from extrapolation of the slope at tm to the zero absorbance
      baseline. Clotting curves at low fibrinogen concentrations (0.125 divided by
      0.250 microM), well below the Km, where thrombin amidase activity is rate
      limiting with respect to the subsequent aggregation process, have been measured
      under a wide variety of experimental conditions, (i.e., as a function of thrombin
      concentration, pH and temperature) in order to explore the basic response of each
      parameter to changes in solution conditions. Under all conditions examined in
      this study we have observed that tm and tc are linked through a linear
      relationship that appears to be an important invariant property of the clotting
      curve, regardless of experimental conditions. No such clear relationship exists
      between delta Am and tc, with tc being associated with several possible values of
      delta Am and vice versa, depending upon solution conditions. It is proposed that
      tc is strictly dependent on thrombin amidase activity, while delta Am reflects
      properties of the aggregation process leading to clot formation. The clotting
      time shows a pH and temperature dependence that closely resembles that of Km/Vm
      for synthetic amide substrates. Furthermore, tc changes linearly with either the
      inverse thrombin concentration and the concentration of competitive inhibitors of
      fibrinogen binding to thrombin, as expected for the ratio Km/Vm. We show how the
      analysis of clotting curves obtained at different thrombin and inhibitor
      concentrations yields a quantitative measure of KI that is in excellent agreement
      with the value determined independently from steady-state measurements of
      thrombin amidase activity.

PMID- 1799406
TI  - The amino-terminal sequence of the catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase.
AB  - Bovine enterokinase (enteropeptidase) is a serine protease and functions as the
      physiological activator of trypsinogen. The enzyme has a heavy chain (115 kD)
      covalently linked to a light or catalytic subunit (35 kD). The amino acid
      composition showed that the light chain has nine half-cystine residues (four as
      intramolecular disulfides) and that one half-cystine was in a disulfide link
      between the light and heavy subunits. The amino-terminal 27 residues of the S
      vinylpyridyl derivative of the light chain were determined by gas-phase Edman
      degradation. The sequence has homologies with other serine proteases containing
      one or two chains. The homologies suggest that the catalytic subunit has the same
      three-dimensional structure and, therefore, the same mechanism of enzymatic
      action as pancreatic chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase. The presence of the
      conserved amino-terminal activation peptide sequence (IVGG) shows that
      enterokinase must have a zymogen precursor and that the two-chain enzyme arises
      from limited proteolysis during posttranslational processing.

PMID- 1799407
TI  - Recombinant human hemoglobin: expression and refolding of beta-globin from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A plasmid analogous to the one described by Nagai and Thogersen (Nature, 309, 810
      812, 1984) has been constructed for the expression of globins in E. coli.
      Induction with nalidixic acid produces high yields of a fusion protein, NS1-FX
      beta-globin, where NS1 represents 81 residues of a flu virus protein and FX
      represents a blood-clotting Factor Xa recognition sequence, Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg. This
      fusion protein is readily solubilized in 50 mM NaOH and remains in solution when
      the pH is adjusted to 8.6. Under these conditions, the fusion protein is
      hydrolyzed by activated Factor X, giving authentic beta-globin which can be
      folded in the presence of cyanohemin and native alpha-chains to produce a
      tetrameric hemoglobin with the functional properties of natural human hemoglobin.

PMID- 1799408
TI  - Hemoglobin tetramers stabilized by a single intramolecular cross-link.
AB  - A specific intramolecular cross-link was introduced into bovine and human
      hemoglobin by reaction of the deoxyhemoglobin with the dialdehyde, bispyridoxal
      tetraphosphate (bisPL)P4, followed by reduction with NaBH4. The yield of cross
      linked hemoglobin is 80% in both cases, using 1 mol of (bisPL)P4 per mol of Hb.
      The crosslink is confined to the beta chains, where it connects the N-terminal
      residue (valine and methionine, respectively) to a lysine on the other beta chain
      across the central cavity. The stereochemical requirements for the reaction were
      probed by using a rigid analogous cross-linking reagent, as well as with a mutant
      Hb, which has a shorter distance between the residues to which the cross-link is
      attached. Introduction of the cross-link into human and bovine Hb results in a
      five-fold and four-fold reduction in the oxygen affinity and a decrease in the
      Bohr Effect by 1/3 and 1/2, respectively. Oxygenation remains cooperative, albeit
      with a decreased Hill coefficient. The cross-linked hemoglobins are oxidized more
      rapidly to the ferric form, but their resistance to heat denaturation is
      increased. The stability of the link between the beta chains and their hemes is
      10 times greater in both cross-linked hemoglobins that in their native
      counterparts. The possible application of this chemical modification for the
      preparation of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes is discussed.

PMID- 1799409
TI  - A strongly basic protein of the MAP2 family copolymerizes with tubulin and
      induces polymerization.
AB  - The family of microtubuli-associated proteins of approximately 300 kD molecular
      weight (MAP2) from porcine brain was fractionated into components of neutral
      isoelectric point and one polypeptide of strongly basic nature. Both fractions
      are able to induce the polymerization of purified porcine brain tubulin. In the
      case of the fractions of an isoelectric point of 7.2, thick and short tubular
      structures result. Under the influence of the basic protein, extremely long
      tubules of normal diameter of microtubules are produced. This basic MAP2
      copolymerizes with tubulin.

PMID- 1799410
TI  - Thrombin and H64A subtilisin cleavage of fusion proteins for preparation of human
      recombinant parathyroid hormone.
AB  - Human parathyroid hormone, hPTH, an 84 amino acid polypeptide, was produced
      intracellularly in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein, linked to the C-terminus
      of a 15 kD IgG-binding protein. Approximately 100 mg fusion protein was obtained
      per liter fermentation medium. To test the efficiency of two alternative
      enzymatic cleavage methods, two fusion proteins differing only in the linker
      region were constructed. Cleavage of a Phe-Phe-Pro-Arg linker was obtained with
      bovine thrombin and cleavage of a Phe-Ala-His-Tyr linker with recombinant H64A
      subtilisin. Both enzymes yielded the correct N-terminus and cleaved their
      respective linkers quantitatively, although additional internal cleavage sites in
      hPTH were detected and characterized. The linker cleavage conditions were
      optimized and hPTH was purified to homogeneity. Thrombin cleavage resulted in a
      final yield of 5 mg hPTH/L, while H64A subtilisin cleavage was more specific and
      gave 8 mg/L. The purified recombinant product was identical to native hPTH and
      exhibited full biological activity in an adenylate cyclase assay.

PMID- 1799411
TI  - An energetic evaluation of a "Smith" collagen microfibril model.
AB  - An energy minimized three-dimensional structure of a collagen microfibril
      template was constructed based on the five-stranded model of Smith (1968), using
      molecular modeling methods and Kollman force fields (Weiner and Kollman, 1981).
      For this model, individual molecules were constructed with three identical
      polypeptide chains [Gly-Pro-Pro)n, (Gly-Prop-Hyp)n, or (Gly-Ala-Ala)n, where n =
      4, 12, and 16) coiled into a right-handed triple-helical structure. The axial
      distance between adjacent amino acid residues is about 0.29 nm per polypeptide
      chain, and the pitch of each chain is approximately 3.3 residues. The microfibril
      model consists of five parallel triple helices packed so that a left-handed
      superhelical twist exists. The structural characteristics of the computed
      microfibril are consistent with those obtained for collagen by X-ray diffraction
      and electron microscopy. The energy minimized Smith microfibril model for (Gly
      Pro-Pro)12 has an axial length of about 10.2 nm (for a 36 amino acid residue
      chain), which gives an estimated D-spacing (234 amino acids per chain) of
      approximately 66.2 nm. Studies of the microfibril models (Gly-Pro-Pro)12, (Gly
      Pro-Hyp)12, and (Gly-Ala-Ala)12 show that nonbonded van der Waals interactions
      are important for microfibril formation, while electrostatic interactions
      contribute to the stability of the microfibril structure and determine the
      specificity by which collagen molecules pack within the microfibril.

PMID- 1799412
TI  - Characterization of recombinant human renin: kinetics, pH-stability, and
      peptidomimetic inhibitor binding.
AB  - The kinetic behavior and pH-stability of recombinant human renin was analyzed
      using a new fluorogenic substrate based on the normal P6-P3' renin cleavage
      sequence in human angiotensinogen. The design of this fluorogenic substrate makes
      possible, for the first time, direct monitoring of the kinetics of proteolytic
      conversion of prorenin to renin. The pH-stability profile for renin, measured
      with the substrate at 25 degrees C, indicated a broad plateau of stability
      between pH 6.0 and 10.0. Analysis of the pH-activity profile of renin for the
      substrate indicated a minimum Km (approximately 1.8 microM) at pH approximately
      7.4 and a maximum Vm between pH 7.4 and 8.0. The thermodynamics of the binding of
      a novel, soluble, peptidomimetic inhibitor to renin indicated it is possible to
      retain the tight-binding characteristics and enthalpy contributions to binding of
      larger peptide-derived inhibitors, while reducing inhibitor size and entropic
      contributions to binding. A novel derivative of the fluorogenic substrate,
      containing a 3-methyl histidine substitution at the P2 site, was used to test the
      recent hypothesis that renin functions by virtue of substrate-directed catalysis.

PMID- 1799413
TI  - Separation, purification, and sequence identification of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta
      2 from bovine milk.
AB  - Cox and Burk (Eur. J. Biochem., 1991) reported the partial characterization of
      Milk Growth Factor (MGF) which stimulated the migration of fibroblasts. We have
      fractionated the partially purified sample by RP-HPLC and obtained the separation
      of two peaks of activity. The two active components were isolated as pure MGF-a
      and MGF-b by RP-HPLC and preparative SDS-PAGE. The purified MGF-a, consisting of
      a single band by gel electrophoresis and a single peak on an HPLC reversed-phase
      C-4 column, has the same specific activity as TGF-beta 2 in the fibroblast
      migration assay. MGF-a was digested by endoprotease Asp-N and the cleaved
      peptides were analyzed by Edman degradation and plasma desorption mass
      spectrometry (PDMS). The whole sequence of MGF-a determined by automated
      sequenator and PDMS of S-pyridylethylated protein and selected fragments was
      found to be identical to that of TGF-beta 2. MGF-b protein mixture separated by
      SDS-PAGE was electrophoretically transferred onto a Biometra Glassybond membrane,
      and the blotted MGF-b protein was directly sequenced on an automated sequenator.
      The identified 29 amino acids sequence of MGF-b was identical to the amino
      terminal sequence of TGF-beta 1. Our study demonstrates that MGF is composed of
      both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2. TGF-beta 2 (85%) is the predominant form.

PMID- 1799414
TI  - Effects of ozone on airway epithelial permeability and ion transport.
AB  - Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen produced in the atmosphere by
      photochemical reactions involving substrates emitted from automobile engines.
      Outdoor air concentrations as high as 0.4 parts per million (ppm) occur. The
      respiratory tract extracts about 90% of inhaled ozone. From the chemical
      reactivity of ozone, it is expected to attack organic molecules located on or
      near the respiratory surfaces. The airways are covered with a cohesive layer of
      epithelial cells that forms the boundary between the external environment and the
      respiratory tissues. One important role of this epithelial layer is its barrier
      function. Airborne particles that deposit (and dissolve) in the airway surface
      liquid are not readily absorbed, and soluble tissue components are excluded from
      the surface liquid. The epithelium also controls the volume and composition of
      the surface liquid. One important process in this regard is the absorption and
      secretion of ions and water. We have studied the effects of inhalation of ozone
      on the barrier function (permeability to dissolved molecules) and the ion
      transport activity of epithelium using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. All
      our experiments were performed with male Hartley strain guinea pigs. Conscious,
      unrestrained animals were exposed to a concentration of ozone of 1 ppm for three
      hours in controlled environmental chambers in the Health Effects Research
      Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park,
      NC. Such exposures caused a marked increase in the rate of appearance in blood of
      various water-soluble compounds instilled onto the surface of the trachea,
      indicating increased permeability of the airway epithelium. This interpretation
      was supported by electron microscopy, which showed that the tracer molecule
      horseradish peroxidase was present in the intercellular spaces of tracheal
      epithelium from ozone-exposed, but not air-exposed (control), animals. However,
      when the tracheas were excised after ozone exposure and mounted in a tissue bath
      before measurement of permeability, no increase was found. We suggest that the
      effect of ozone inhalation on airway permeability requires the action of
      mediators that are washed out in the in vitro situation. When we exposed animals
      to 1 ppm for 3 hours daily, we found that the increased permeability in vivo was
      no longer demonstrable after the fourth exposure. The mechanisms for this type of
      "adaptation" are not known. The phenomenon recalls the response of human subjects
      to repeated daily ozone exposures. Ozone exposure caused a sharp increase in
      active ion transport by tracheal epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1799415
TI  - On the excess of mental retardation and/or congenital malformations in apparently
      balanced reciprocal translocations. A critical review of the Leuven data 1966
      1991.
AB  - In this report we review 286 reciprocal translocations (rcpt) diagnosed in Leuven
      in the period 1966, mid 1991. They were selected from a total number of 82,000
      patients karyotyped for constitutional reasons. Special attention is paid to: (1)
      the phenotypic effect of de novo reciprocal chromosomal rearrangements and (2)
      the incidence of mental retardation/congenital malformations (MR/CM) in familial
      rcpt. Important conclusions of this study were: 1) The high incidence of MR/CM in
      de novo rcpt, not only in patients with complex chromosomal rearrangements
      (greater than 80%) but also in patients with classical two breaks rcpt (greater
      than 60%). In contrast, the phenotypic effect of normal/mosaic rcpt seems to be
      minimal. 2) The overall incidence of MR/CM in carriers of familial balanced rcpt
      was 6.4%. Interestingly, the incidence of MR/CM problems in rcpt carriers from
      families detected because of reproductive failure was not increased (2.3%).
      However, the risk to find MR/CM in a rcpt carrier was much higher (12.8%) if
      he/she belonged to a family in which the rcpt was detected in an index patient
      with MR/CM.

PMID- 1799416
TI  - Genetic counseling of a couple presenting respectively terminal transverse
      defects and congenital arthrogryposis.
AB  - A 29-year-old woman consulted together with her husband for a problem of
      congenital joint contractures. Clinical findings in the woman were characteristic
      of "amyoplasia congenita". In view of the severe distal limb involvement, the
      possibility of a distal arthrogryposis was also considered. Unexpectedly, the
      husband presented terminal transverse defects, mainly of the feet, suggestive of
      Adams-Oliver syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition with variable expression.
      This discovery significantly altered the counseling given to the couple, i.e.
      they had to be given a high recurrence risk for congenital limb malformations in
      their offspring and rigorous echographic monitoring of future pregnancies was
      advised.

PMID- 1799417
TI  - Fragile sites and spontaneous abortions.
AB  - In this report we present the cytogenetic findings of the expression of fragile
      sites in 10 couples with two or more spontaneous abortions. These findings were
      compared with the results in a control group of 15 subjects with two normal
      offsprings. Individuals of couples experiencing early fetal losses carry fragile
      sites with significant higher frequency, moreover this frequency is markedly
      influenced by the number of spontaneous abortions. Eight fragile sites were
      significantly more expressed in individuals with miscarriages than in the
      controls. These eight fragile sites correspond with cancer breakpoints or sites
      of oncogenes. Hypothesis on the role of oncogene mutations in spontaneous
      abortions is proposed, based on the results of the nonrandom distribution of
      fragile sites on human chromosomes.

PMID- 1799418
TI  - Are some multiple congenital anomalies with mental retardation (MCA/MR) the
      clinical expression of rare autosomal fragile sites?
AB  - A boy with MCA/MR and a fragile site (FS) at 8q22 opens the discussion of a
      possible association between a rare autosomal FS and an abnormal phenotype. The
      child was born after prenatal diagnosis of ureterohydronephrosis. He had facial
      dysmorphia and mental retardation (IQ = 40). The karyotype showed 8q22 FS in 12%
      of the cells obtained after addition of FUdR to the culture medium. No other
      etiologic factor was shown to be responsible for the MCA/MR syndrome. Several
      authors have reported a variety of neurodevelopmental abnormalities and mental
      retardation in individuals with rare FS expressed on chromosomes 2, 9, 10, 16 and
      19. If rare FS predispose to phenotypic abnormalities what are the mechanisms?

PMID- 1799419
TI  - Triphalangeal thumb in Ito's hypomelanosis syndrome.

PMID- 1799420
TI  - One more case of a severe lethal condition resembling the Smith-Lemli-Opitz, type
      II syndrome.
AB  - A male child with a lethal multiple congenital anomaly syndrome of facial
      dysmorphism, ambiguous genitalia, syndactyly and postaxial polydactyly is
      presented. He had findings consistent with the diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz
      type II syndrome. Similar changes were observed in his elder sister, who died
      when she was 2 months old. On the basis of this familial observation the nosology
      of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 1799421
TI  - Lysosomal storage diseases presenting as transient or persistent hydrops fetalis.
AB  - Two cases of beta-glucuronidase deficiency (mucopolysaccharidosis VII), presented
      with fetal hydrops at 20 and 26 weeks of gestation. The enzyme deficiency was
      observed in cultured amniotic fluid cells and in fetal plasma from cord-blood and
      was confirmed after termination of pregnancy. A third case presented with
      transient ascites at 6.5 months of gestation. Mild dysmorphic features at birth
      and gradual neurological deterioration were observed. Deficiency of beta
      galactosidase was documented confirming a GM1 gangliosidosis. Evidence has
      accumulated that fetuses affected by lysosomal diseases, may present with
      transient or persistent hydrops fetalis. The exact frequency is however not
      known. Further diagnostic studies in persistent or transient hydrops fetalis,
      looking for lysosomal and other metabolic diseases, whenever major causes of
      hydrops fetalis have been excluded, are therefore indicated. Amniocentesis and
      cordocentesis should always be performed.

PMID- 1799422
TI  - Scalp defect, nipples absence and ears abnormalities: an other case of Finlay
      syndrome.
AB  - Bilateral absence of nipples is an exceptional defect. We report the second
      family with the association of scalp defect, abnormally shaped ears and absence
      of nipples described by Finlay as an autosomal dominant trait.

PMID- 1799423
TI  - A new association of mental retardation, short stature, unusual face, radio-ulnar
      synostosis and retinal pigment abnormalities.

PMID- 1799424
TI  - X-linked mental retardation with Marfanoid habitus: a changing phenotype with
      age?
AB  - In this report, we present two further examples of X-linked mental retardation
      with Marfanoid habitus. Follow-up data on these two patients reveal that the
      clinical diagnosis of this syndrome is extremely difficult, if not impossible
      before puberty, as the Marfanoid habitus only becomes strikingly evident during
      adolescence.

PMID- 1799425
TI  - Congenital hypoparathyroidism, ocular colobomata, unilateral renal agenesis and
      dysmorphic features.
AB  - A boy with primary hypoparathyroidism and dysmorphic features suggesting a
      partial DiGeorge sequence is presented. Different possibilities of genetic
      counseling are considered in the absence of a definitive etiological diagnosis.

PMID- 1799426
TI  - Neonatal Noonan syndrome with a molluscoid cutaneous excess over the scalp.
AB  - The Noonan syndrome is a multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with variable
      expressivity and autosomal dominant inheritance. We report an observation of a
      newborn with Noonan syndrome and an unusual molluscoid cutaneous excess over the
      scalp that might represent a new skin manifestation in Noonan Syndrome rather
      than a consequence of lymphatic dysplasia.

PMID- 1799427
TI  - On the occurrence of BBB syndrome and hereditary sensory motor neuropathy in the
      same family.
AB  - We report the occurrence of the BBB syndrome and type 1 hereditary sensorimotor
      neuropathy (HSMN) in the same family: both disorders concurred in two brothers
      and a third presented only type 1 HSMN. The clinical findings in this family
      support the idea that the BBB and the G syndromes are variable manifestations of
      the same entity. The hypothesis that the BBB syndrome and type 1 HSMN might
      represent a contiguous gene syndrome is, however, not fully supported.

PMID- 1799428
TI  - Unknown. The combination of vitiligo vulgaris with somatic and psychomotor
      retardation, cleft palate and facial dysmorphism: a distinct entity?

PMID- 1799429
TI  - Particulate contamination in parenterals: current issues.
AB  - Particulate matter may be described as insoluble material(s) inevitably present
      in injectable solutions. Processing conditions for parenteral solutions are
      designed to substantially minimize the absolute amounts of particolate present
      down to around 0.1 micron diameter. It is technically relatively easy and,
      therefore, inexpensive to remove most particulate above 100 microns in diameter.
      Currently it is extremely difficult, and correspondingly expensive, to remove
      material in the 1 micron and submicron ranges. Pharmaceutical injectable
      products, made available at a reasonable cost, must inevitably contain some
      particulate over a range of sizes, from the molecular level to the visible. An
      unfiltered solution could contain, at random, various identities (with differing
      morphologies) of particulate. Filtration affects the size, and numbers, of
      particulate present but, generally, not the randomness of the identities. An
      exception would be in situations where clearly definable particle species such as
      bacteria or intact starch grains are totally removed during the filtration
      process. A parenteral solution may legitimately contain low levels of random
      numbers of random species of particulate without necessarily being "contaminated"
      and, therefore, unacceptable for use. However, it could be argued that a solution
      containing a dominant particulate species is contaminated by that species. The
      particle size distribution of a random number/random identity system is
      characteristic and can be separated from a contaminating species situation.
      Simple statistical methodology for making this critical distinction will be
      reviewed. National compendial limits for particulate in injectable fluids are
      compared, and attention is drawn to the scientific background underlying limits
      published in the USP.

PMID- 1799430
TI  - [Evaluation of beta-cyclodextrins as formulated coadjuvants for improved drug
      solubility].
AB  - Cyclodextrins are known to form inclusion complexes in acqueous solutions with
      various types of organic substance, also a lot of hydrophobic drugs. Drugs/beta
      CD complexes obtained applying different techniques, eventually in solid state,
      usually show an improvement of solubility or at last in dissolution
      characteristics. In the present work, drug-bCD system or interacted products are
      prepared in order to screen different method of preparation in respect to the
      bioavailability increase (evaluated in vitro) and to the feasibility of the
      manufacturing process. From the galenical development point of view the beta
      CD/drug system prepared in different molar ratios were characterized by their
      physico-chemical properties (melting point, thermal behaviour by DSC, moisture
      content, IR spectrum, UV spectrum, equilibrium solubility, dissolution kinetics).
      The applied methods of preparation are well known industrial process as dry
      mixing (simple physical mixture), co-milling, kneading, coprecipitation, freeze
      drying, wet granulation methods. From the obtained in vitro results, it would
      seem that solubility and dissolution characteristics are improved by the drug
      beta CD interaction, applying very common simply economic methods so the choice
      of the preferred manufacturing method will be delayed depending on in vivo
      performance and clinical needs and long term stability studies.

PMID- 1799431
TI  - As regards to the immunosuppressive treatment in kidney transplant. Possibilities
      and limits.
AB  - The Authors deal with the immunosuppressive drugs administered to kidney
      transplant receiving. The point out the complexity of the utilized
      pharmacological schemes, underlining the metabolic and immunologic iatrogenic
      effects brought about by this therapeutic iter, which should not neglect the
      clinical conditions of the patient.

PMID- 1799432
TI  - [The current state and future prospectives on the therapeutic administration of
      peptides and proteins of biotechnological origin].

PMID- 1799434
TI  - Validation of the morphologic end point of necrosis in rat hepatocytes subjected
      to oxyradical damage.
AB  - We have used phase-contrast microscopy to determine a necrotic end point of the
      order of minutes in primary hepatocytes exposed to oxyradicals generated with
      xanthine oxidase plus hypoxanthine. This study examines whether the morphologic
      end point thus determined agrees with other criteria of cell necrosis. When 95
      100% of the cells were shown to be necrotic by our morphologic assay,
      transmission electron microscopy confirmed definitive subcellular evidence of
      cell death, trypan blue exclusion revealed a 92% loss in the ability of cells to
      exclude the dye, and there was a 47% specific release of 51Cr (versus a 50%
      theoretical value). In contrast, the appearance of extracellular aspartate
      aminotransferase activity was relatively slow and did not corroborate the
      morphologic end point. In summary, we have validated the morphologic end point in
      our cell-based assay of oxyradical damage.

PMID- 1799435
TI  - A 63-kDa protein with androgen-binding activity is not from the androgen
      receptor.
AB  - We have found a new protein in the heart of rat and mice that can be selectively
      and covalently labelled with the synthetic androgen analog mibolerone. Binding is
      specific as it can be displaced by excess radioinert ligand. The protein is
      prominently expressed in liver, kidney, and heart, but not in skeletal muscle. It
      is water soluble and found in the cytosol. Under denaturing conditions it has a
      molecular weight of 63,000 and appears on two-dimensional gels with an
      isoelectric point of 6.3. The protein's affinity for androgen is lower than that
      of the androgen receptor and it is about 100-fold more abundant than the receptor
      in the heart. Expression of the protein is not induced by androgen. The presence
      of this protein in testicular feminization (tfm) mice with a genetical defect of
      the androgen receptor rules out that it is the androgen receptor or a portion
      thereof. The biological role of this protein is not yet known.

PMID- 1799433
TI  - Albumin-bound bilirubins protect human ventricular myocytes against oxyradical
      damage.
AB  - Synthetic delta-bilirubin (i.e., bilirubin that is covalently bonded to albumin)
      and, to a lesser extent, bilirubin that is physically adsorbed to albumin
      substantially prolonged the survival of human ventricular myocytes against in
      situ generated oxyradicals. This cytoprotection, manifested at micromolar
      concentrations of either form of bilirubin, surpasses those given by unconjugated
      bilirubin alone, by equimolar levels of albumin (which has some cytoprotective
      activity), by known antioxidants ascorbate, mannitol, or Trolox, and by
      oxyradical scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (24,200 IU/L) plus catalase
      (92,000 IU/L) on the same cells. Our human cell-based data provide the first
      direct evidence that albumin-bound bilirubins, especially delta bilirubin, are
      potent circulating cytoprotectors. The latter may be important in defending,
      among others, the myocardium, which is much less equipped in antioxidant defences
      than for example the liver or intestines.

PMID- 1799436
TI  - Differential modulation of carbonic anhydrase (CA III) in slow- and fast-twitch
      skeletal muscles of rat following denervation and reinnervation.
AB  - Carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) is influenced by neuronal factors in skeletal
      muscles of the rat. CA III protein and its mRNA levels were assessed in slow- and
      fast-twitch muscles after short-term denervation by ligature of the sciatic nerve
      and reinnervation following removal of the sheath tightly fixed around the nerve.
      Significant elevations in the CA III mRNA content of fast-twitch muscles were
      recorded after denervation, but they were cancelled following spontaneous muscle
      reinnervation. No such variations were observed in the slow-twitch soleus muscle.
      CA III specific activity or cytosolic CA III protein content increased in both
      types of muscles after denervation, while a decrease was solely observed in the
      soleus after reinnervation. These results suggest that neuronal mediators may be
      responsible for up and down variations in CA III gene expression and (or) mRNA
      stability in slow- and fast-twitch muscles exposed to identical stimuli.
      Variations of the mRNA and the protein probably reflect, in a time-related
      manner, the well-programmed changes in fiber type of the muscles in the context
      of the denervation-reinnervation model.

PMID- 1799438
TI  - Dependence on neutral salt concentration of the latency phase in the time course
      of hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes by phospholipase A2.
AB  - The time course of the hydrolytic action of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2
      on sonicated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of variable
      NaCl concentrations has been studied at temperatures between 17 and 36 degrees C;
      at these temperatures liposomes are in the gel phase. At a NaCl concentration of
      10 mM, the hydrolysis shows a small and constant lag period of 6-8 min at all
      temperatures within this range. As the temperature is raised into the liquid
      crystalline range, the latency phase lengthens monotonically so that at 36
      degrees C it reaches 55 min. An increase in the NaCl concentration to 1 M makes
      the lag period longer at all temperatures studied, with the exception of the
      phase transition range (near 24 degrees C); within this temperature range, a
      small reduction in the lag time is observed. The increase in the length of the
      latency period at high salt concentrations may be due to screening of the
      negative surface charge generated by the nascent fatty acid which seems to be
      essential for the efficient interfacial binding of the enzyme. In the phase
      transition range of the lamellae, the unfavorable effect of high salt
      concentrations on the electrostatic binding of the enzyme appears to be overcome
      by another type of interaction. Recent findings raise the possibility that this
      interaction could be hydrophobic in nature.

PMID- 1799437
TI  - Simultaneous uptake of galactose and glucose by Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - Azotobacter vinelandii growing on galactosides induced two distinct permeases for
      glucose and galactose. The apparent Vmax and Km of the galactose permease were 16
      nmol galactose/min per 10(10) cells and 0.5 mM, respectively. The apparent Vmax
      and Km of the glucose permease were 7.8 nmol glucose/min per 10(10) cells and
      0.04 mM, respectively. Excess glucose had no effect on the galactose uptake.
      However, excess galactose inhibited glucose transport. The galactosides-induced
      glucose permease also exhibited different uptake kinetics from that induced by
      glucose.

PMID- 1799439
TI  - The interfacial calcium ion concentration as modulator of the latency phase in
      the hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes by phospholipase A2.
AB  - Analysis of the time course of hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
      liposomes catalyzed by porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 at 18 degrees C shows
      that, in the presence of 10 mM NaCl, the length of the latency period in the
      presteady-state phase increases from 3 to 10.5 min when the CaCl2 concentration
      is reduced from 15 to 1 mM. This inverse dependence of the lag period on calcium
      ion concentration is seen more readily at 1 M NaCl, where the induction time
      changes from 13.5 to 42 min by decreasing the concentration of CaCl2 from 15 to 1
      mM. To interpret these results, we took into account the small amount of fatty
      acid that is produced during the latency phases. The fatty acid generates a
      negative surface electrostatic potential and makes the interfacial concentration
      of calcium ions different from the concentration in the bulk solvent. Variations
      in the analytical concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 affect both the interfacial
      calcium ion concentration and electrostatic potential, as estimated theoretically
      from Grahame and Boltzmann equations. According to these estimates, the length of
      the latency period diminishes with the increase of the interfacial calcium
      concentration, but does not show any logical dependence on the change in surface
      electrostatic potential.

PMID- 1799440
TI  - Glucose oxidation by adherent and mechanically detached cultured cells.
AB  - This study examined the effect of mechanical detachment from the growth surface
      on energy metabolism of cultured cells. Oxidation of [1(-14)C]glucose measured by
      production of 14CO2 by adherent neuroblastoma (123 +/- 5 nmol/mg protein per
      minute), glioma (128 +/- 10 nmol/mg protein per minute), and fibroblast (137 +/-
      5 nmol/mg protein per minute) cultures was similar. Removing cells from the
      culture flask by scraping reduced glucose oxidation by 62, 30, and 82% in
      neuroblastoma, glioma, and fibroblast cultures, respectively. Transferring cells
      from a culture flask to a test tube, to control for diffusional surface area, did
      not further reduce glucose oxidation. Detaching cells from the growth surface
      destroyed the extensive process formation and disrupted the normal spatial
      organization on the culture plate. These results indicate that it is essential to
      maintain these aspects of cellular architecture when evaluating metabolic
      properties of cultured cells.

PMID- 1799441
TI  - Isolation and characterization of ferritin from the liver of the rainbow trout
      (Salmo gairdneri R.).
AB  - A method for the purification of ferritin from rainbow trout liver by heat
      extraction and gel filtration is described. The number of iron atoms varied from
      500 to 2000 in purified ferritin. The neutral sugar composition detected was 86
      mol of glucose, 24 mol of fucose, 12 mol of galactose, and 8 mol of mannose per
      mol of ferritin and apoferritin. Release of iron was achieved using low molecular
      weight chelating agents. The order of effectiveness of chelators was
      nitrilotriacetate greater than EDTA greater than citrate. Removal of the iron
      does not imply reduction of Fe3+. The rate of release of iron increased with
      decreasing pH. The slowest release was at pH 7.5. The endogenous chelator is not
      only sulphydrylic but seems to include carbohydrates that participate in the
      binding of Fe2+. Trout ferritin exhibits heterogeneity upon isoelectric focusing;
      four isoferritins with pI values of 4.5 to 4.85 were detected. This heterogeneity
      represents polymorphic, not polymer, forms. The amino acid composition differs
      from that of ferritins from other species. High concentrations of glutamic and
      aspartic acids, alanine, leucine, glycine, and lysine were detected along with
      low concentrations of methionine and cysteine.

PMID- 1799442
TI  - Ion and water distribution in pig lenses incubated at 0 degree C to disable ion
      transport pumps.
AB  - This study was designed to test how extended exposure of lenses to sera with
      different ionic strengths influences the distribution of ions and water in the
      lens. Pig lenses were incubated in cold sera (0 degree C), which were adjusted to
      variable concentrations of NaCl, and their K+, Na+, Cl-, and water contents were
      measured. Incubation at 0 degree C inhibits active transport processes and
      thereby allows equilibration of the mobile ions and water. The hypothesis was
      that lens water content (volume) would follow the ion-induced protein changes
      predicted by a model derived from previous osmotic studies on proteins. As
      expected, exposure of the lens to cold caused a gain of sodium and a partial loss
      of potassium. However, the potassium concentration in the lens remained several
      fold higher than that in the bathing solution (about 41 vs. 1.8-4.6 mM/kg H2O),
      indicating that a portion of the potassium within the cold-exposed lens was not
      free to diffuse. That the water content of the lens showed a negative rather than
      a positive relationship with the concentration of NaCl within the lens was
      explained by the idea that an increase in NaCl within the lens (up to at least
      250 mM/kg H2O) causes a decrease in the osmotically unresponsive water volume
      associated with lens proteins.

PMID- 1799443
TI  - Purpurogallin--a natural and effective hepatoprotector in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Purpurogallin is a plant phenol that is sometimes added as an oxidation retardant
      to fats-oils or to certain fuels or lubricants. However, it was unknown if
      purpurogallin is cytoprotective. Here we examined this issue, both in isolated
      hepatocytes and in vivo. From 0.5 to 2.0 mM, purpurogallin prolongs survival of
      rat hepatocytes substantially against oxyradicals generated with xanthine oxidase
      and hypoxanthine. The protection was dose dependent and surpassed that given by
      such antioxidants as ascorbate, mannitol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
      Trolox, when each was examined at or near its optimal concentration in the same
      system. When 1.5, 3, and 6 mumol of purpurogallin in saline were infused into
      rats with postischemic livers shortly before reperfusion, the mean hepatic
      salvages were 42, 76, and 86%, respectively. Such salvage effects would rank
      purpurogallin highly among the hepatoprotectors known. Over the range of 31 to
      500 microM, purpurogallin inhibited the rate of O2 consumption in the xanthine
      oxidase reaction by approximately 90%, which was 2- to several-fold higher than
      the inhibition elicited by allopurinol over the same concentrations. Thus,
      purpurogallin is an effective natural hepatoprotector that may operate partly or
      principally as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.

PMID- 1799444
TI  - Differences in accumulation and phosphorylation of proteins in vegetatively
      growing and aggregation-competent cells of Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - A comparison of proteins from whole cell lysates of vegetative amoebae and
      aggregation-competent cells by high-resolution two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis coupled with a sensitive silver staining method revealed distinct
      differences. In aggregation-competent cells, 16 proteins present in the
      vegetative amoebae disappeared, and 25 new proteins appeared. A few other
      proteins showed quantitative variation during the transition of vegetative
      amoebae to aggregation competence. Identification of phosphoproteins by in vivo
      labeling with [32P]orthophosphate showed that none of the developmentally
      regulated cellular proteins were modified. Phosphorylation was observed in four
      proteins. One protein was phosphorylated exclusively in aggregation-competent
      cells. The phosphorylation level of two other proteins was higher in aggregation
      competent cells compared with vegetative amoebae. The data suggest that
      phosphorylation of cellular and certain ribosomal proteins may be regulated
      coordinately in Dictyostelium discoideum.

PMID- 1799445
TI  - Mechanisms of photochemotherapy-induced apoptotic cell death in lymphoid cells.
AB  - Previous studies we performed showed that 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with
      ultraviolet A light (photochemotherapy) caused DNA damage and that this caused
      nucleotide depletion in peripheral blood leukocytes, secondary to an active form
      of programmed cell death, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Further studies revealed that
      24 h after exposure to 10 J/cm2 ultraviolet A light and 8-methoxypsoralen (300
      ng/mL), apoptotic cells increased from 3 (control) to 31% (p less than 0.001).
      Ultraviolet A light alone also significantly increased the number of apoptotic
      cells. These morphological changes were confirmed by parallel findings on DNA
      electrophoresis. Treatment with 2 to 5 J/cm2 of ultraviolet A light and 8
      methoxypsoralen caused an approximately 30% increase in cytosolic free calcium
      levels in peripheral blood leukocytes 1 h after exposure. Associated with this
      was a 51% increase in 45Ca2+ uptake over the first 60 min. Similar findings in a
      different lymphoid cell (CCRF-CEM) confirmed the results obtained with peripheral
      blood leukocytes. The use of calcium-free medium prevented a rise in cytosolic
      free calcium and decreased the number of cells undergoing apoptotic cell death.
      Cycloheximide inhibited ultraviolet A light - 8-methoxypsoralen induced apoptosis
      in CCRF-CEM cells; it also decreased calcium levels in control CCRF-CEM cells.
      This study shows that ultraviolet A light - 8-methoxypsoralen caused apoptotic
      cell death in lymphoid cells; this appeared to be associated with calcium influx,
      presumably because of the requirement of endogenous endonucleases for calcium.

PMID- 1799446
TI  - Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston, Massachusetts.
AB  - This study examines the commuter's exposure to six gasoline-related volatile
      organic compounds (VOCs): benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene, o-xylene,
      and formaldehyde. The VOC concentrations to which commuters were exposed in four
      different commuting modes (driving, subway, walking, and biking) in Boston,
      Massachusetts, are compared. The VOC concentrations in participants' homes and
      offices were also measured. Factors that could influence in-vehicle VOC
      concentrations, such as different traffic patterns, car model and vehicle
      ventilation conditions, were also evaluated. Driving a private car was associated
      with higher VOC concentrations and commuting on urban roadways resulted in the
      highest VOC concentrations. The use of car heaters resulted in higher in-vehicle
      VOC concentrations. The longer the subway commuters stayed underground, the
      higher their VOC exposures. The home-to-work car or subway commute represented
      about 10 to 20 percent of an individual's total VOC exposure for these compounds.

PMID- 1799447
TI  - Innovative technologies for contaminated site remediation: focus on
      bioremediation.
AB  - Bioremediation, the process by which hazardous substances are degraded by
      microorganisms, is at the forefront of a larger group of innovative remediation
      technologies being applied at hazardous waste sites worldwide. Although the
      process of bioremediation has been utilized for decades in the field of
      wastewater engineering, its application to soils and groundwater at hazardous
      waste sites is fairly new and still undergoing intensive development. This
      article is intended to provide both an overview of the state of practice of
      bioremediation in hazardous waste remediation operations, and an inventory of
      issues to consider when evaluating the use of this technology for a contaminated
      site. These topics will be the subject matter of a unique Bioremediation
      Satellite seminar to be broadcast on January 9, 1992. The seminar, a joint
      venture between the Air and Waste Management Association (A&WMA) and the
      Hazardous Waste Action Coalition (HWAC), is the first in a series of satellite
      seminars that will deal with innovative hazardous waste remediation technologies.
      The intent of these seminars is to design programs which will make hazardous
      waste practitioners more familiar with innovative remediation technologies so
      that they will consider using the technologies in future clean-up operations.

PMID- 1799448
TI  - Acalculia: an historical review of localization.
AB  - This article reviews the brain localization of calculation disorders (acalculia)
      beginning with Gall's claim in the early 19th century for a "center" of
      calculation. A renewed interest in the subject arose around the time of Henschen
      during the first quarter of the 20th century. A summary of the cases of acalculia
      since Henschen leads to the conclusion that regardless of the functional modular
      nature of calculation ability, there is neither a localized region nor a specific
      hemisphere uniquely underlying the disorder.

PMID- 1799449
TI  - Dot counting by brain damaged subjects.
AB  - In this study, we examine how brain damaged adults (aphasics, right-brain
      lesioned subjects (RBD), and demented subjects) perform a basic education skill:
      determining the cardinality of different sets of objects (dots). The RBD subjects
      encountered more difficulty with the spatial correspondence components of the
      task (correct pointing to the dots), while the aphasics experienced more
      difficulty with the verbal components (the production of the correct number-word
      sequence). The deficit evidenced by the demented patients was less systematic.
      However, qualitative analyses of patients' behavior suggested an organization
      that tended to minimize the impact of their cognitive deficits on the object
      counting task, and an analysis of their counting indicates that the basic
      counting principles proposed by Gelman (1982) and Fuson (1988) may be preserved.

PMID- 1799450
TI  - Enhanced right hemisphere activation in the mathematically precocious: a
      preliminary EEG investigation.
AB  - A preliminary electroencephalographic (EEG) investigation was conducted to
      determine if the pattern of hemispheric activation in mathematically precocious
      youth differs from that of average math ability subjects. Alpha activity at four
      brain sites (frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes) over the left and
      right cerebral hemispheres (LH/RH) was monitored while 12- to 14-year-old, right
      handed males: (a) looked at a blank slide (baseline condition), (b) judged which
      of two chimeric faces was "happier," and (c) determined if a word was a noun or a
      verb. At baseline, the LH of the precocious group was found to be more active at
      all four brain sites relative to that of the average ability group. During
      chimeric face processing, the gifted subjects exhibited a significant reduction
      in alpha power over the RH, primarily at the temporal lobe, while no such alpha
      suppression was observed in the average ability subjects. For noun/verb
      determinations, no significant alpha power reductions were obtained for either
      group. These electrophysiological data generally corroborate the behavioral
      findings of O'Boyle and Benbow (1990a) and support their contention that enhanced
      RH involvement during cognitive processing may be a correlate of mathematical
      precocity. Moreover, the pattern of activation observed across tasks suggests
      that the ability to effectively coordinate LH and RH processing resources at an
      early age may be linked to intellectual giftedness.

PMID- 1799451
TI  - Facts, rules, and procedures in normal calculation: evidence from multiple single
      patient studies of impaired arithmetic fact retrieval.
AB  - This article presents results from multiple single-case studies of brain-damaged
      patients with impairments in retrieval of arithmetic facts (i.e., "table" facts
      such as 8 x 7 = 56). The results provide a basis for exploring the types of
      knowledge implicated in simple arithmetic performance, the internal
      representations for the various knowledge types, the processes operating upon
      these representations, and the ways in which the representations or processes may
      be disrupted by brain damage.

PMID- 1799452
TI  - Integrated versus modular theories of number skills and acalculia.
AB  - This paper contrasts two views of the cognitive architecture underlying numerical
      skills and acalculia. According to the abstract-modular theory (e.g., McCloskey,
      Caramazza, & Basili, 1985), number processing is comprised of independent
      comprehension, calculation, and production subsystems that communicate via a
      single type of abstract quantity code. The alternative, specific-integrated
      theory (e.g., Campbell & Clark, 1988), proposes that visuospatial, verbal, and
      other modality-specific number codes are associatively connected as an encoding
      complex and that different facets of number processing generally involve common,
      rather than independent, processes. The hypothesis of specific number codes is
      supported by conceptual inadequacies of abstract codes, format-specific phenomena
      in calculation, the diversity of acalculias and individual differences in number
      processing, lateralization issues, and the role of format-specific codes in
      working memory. The integrated, associative view of number processing is
      supported by the dependence of modular views on abstract codes and other
      conceptual inadequacies, evidence for integrated associative networks in
      calculation tasks, acalculia phenomena, shortcomings in modular architectures for
      number-processing dissociations, close ties between semantic and verbal aspects
      of numbers, and continuities between number and nonnumber processing. These
      numerous logical and empirical considerations challenge the abstract-modular
      theory and support the encoding-complex view that number processing is effected
      by integrated associative networks of modality-specific number codes.

PMID- 1799453
TI  - A dyscalculic patient with selectively impaired processing of the numbers 7, 9,
      and 0.
AB  - A patient (J.C) had particular difficulties with the numbers 7, 9, and 0 in
      aurally and visually presented calculations. These problems were explained in
      terms of a modified version of the McCloskey, Caramazza, & Basili (1985) model of
      calculation processes. His calculation difficulties were attributed to degraded
      semantic representations of the numbers 7 and 9 and to lost knowledge of rules
      governing calculations involving the number 0. Use of "noncalculation" number
      processing tasks confirmed that his 7/9 problem was not at the level of acoustic
      analysis, the auditory input lexicon, the phonological output lexicon, visual
      analysis, or the orthographic output lexicon.

PMID- 1799454
TI  - Incidental memory for format of presentation of number stimuli: evidence from
      monolinguals and bilinguals.
AB  - Are numerical stimuli represented in an abstract code or is information about
      surface format preserved in memory? Three experiments bearing on this issue are
      reported. All used an incidental recall procedure. Two experiments examined
      memory for numeral versus word format in monolinguals and the third examined
      memory for words in the first versus second language of Spanish-English
      bilinguals. Across all studies, memory for format of number presentation was
      above chance and was as high as 76% under certain conditions. Implications for
      number representation are discussed.

PMID- 1799455
TI  - Theory-based assessment of acquired dyscalculia.
AB  - This article describes a theory-based approach to assessment of acquired
      dyscalculia. A model of the normal cognitive number-processing/calculation system
      is presented, and methods are discussed for characterizing number
      processing/calculation deficits in terms of functional damage to the mechanisms
      specified in the model.

PMID- 1799456
TI  - Prologue to special issue on cognitive and neuropsychological aspects of
      calculation disorders.

PMID- 1799457
TI  - Allotype-linked immune response genes: roles in network control of the immune
      system.
AB  - Studies on allotype-linked immune response genes and related genes are overviewed
      with particular attention to our current results in unique models. Significance
      of actions of various immune response genes in relation to allelic polymorphism
      of molecules in the immune system is discussed. The molecules involve
      immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex and a number
      of cell interaction molecules, many of which belong to the immunoglobulin
      superfamily. Differential roles of V-linked and C-linked immune response genes
      for network control of the immune system, preparing the V structure repertoire,
      controlling antigen presentation and modulating the effector mechanism, are
      suggested.

PMID- 1799458
TI  - Differential expression of migration inhibitory and migration stimulatory factors
      in two lines of mice genetically selected for high or low responsiveness to
      phytohemagglutinin. 1. Migration stimulatory factor(s) from T and B cells of
      immune spleen.
AB  - Expression of the lymphokine migration inhibition factor in two lines of mice
      genetically selected for the high (Hi/PHA) or low (Lo/PHA) response of their
      lymph node cells to phytohemagglutinin was found to be modulated by concomitant
      expression of migration stimulation factor(s) [MStF(s)]. The expression of both
      lymphokines was dependent on genetic character and the immunizing dose of
      antigen. In mice immunized 5 days earlier with 50 micrograms ovalbumin in
      Freund's complete adjuvant (Ova in FCA immune), migration inhibition factor,
      assessed with a sensitive photoelectric method, was well expressed by male spleen
      or lymph node 24-hour culture supernatants of Lo/PHA but Hi/PHA, especially
      female, expressed marked MStF(s) instead. Immunization with 500 micrograms Ova in
      FCA markedly enhanced expression of MStF(s) in Lo/PHA but inhibited it in Hi/PHA.
      MStF(s) of Ova in FCA immune spleens of the two lines were found to derive from
      both T and B cells, B cell activity being greater. Lo/PHA were by far better
      expressors of both T- and B-cell-derived MStF(s) as compared to Hi/PHA (p less
      than 0.01). Spleen cells of mice immunized with FCA alone also expressed MStF(s)
      but to lesser extent than Ova in FCA immune spleens, expression by Lo/PHA B cells
      being significantly higher than in Hi/PHA (p less than 0.05). The MStF(s) of Ova
      in FCA immune spleens was found to be non-immunoglobulin in nature.

PMID- 1799459
TI  - C7*N is a hypomorphic allele of the human complement c7 M/N protein polymorphism.
AB  - Two complement C7 protein polymorphisms exist. One is determined by isoelectric
      focussing whereas the other is determined by the reaction pattern of a monoclonal
      C7-allospecific antibody in an ELISA assay. C7 concentrations quantitated by an
      ELISA based on polyclonal C7-specific IgG and data from functional haemolytic
      assays were compared with the allotypes of both C7 protein polymorphisms. Testing
      a randomly selected Japanese population revealed that not only C7*3 but also C7*N
      is a hypomorphic allele. However, no significant disease association of C7*N or
      C7*M was found in studies of hospitalized patients.

PMID- 1799460
TI  - Binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from leech Hirudo
      medicinalis to serine (pro)enzymes: a comparative thermodynamic study.
AB  - The binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from the leech Hirudo
      medicinalis to serine (pro)enzymes belonging to the chymotrypsin and subtilisin
      families has been investigated from the thermodynamic viewpoint, between pH 4.5
      and 9.5 and from 10 degrees C to 40 degrees C. The affinity of eglin c for the
      serine (pro)enzymes considered shows the following trend: Leu-proteinase [the
      leucine specific serine proteinase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves]
      greater than human leucocyte elastase congruent to human cathepsin G congruent to
      subtilisin Carlsberg congruent to bovine alpha-chymotrypsin greater than bovine
      alpha-chymotrypsinogen A congruent to porcine pancreatic elastase congruent to
      bovine beta-trypsin. The serine (pro)enzyme-inhibitor complex formation is an
      entropy-driven process. On increasing the pH from 4.5 to 9.5, the affinity of
      eglin c for the serine (pro)enzymes considered increases thus reflecting the acid
      pK shift of the invariant hystidyl catalytic residue from approximately to 6.9 in
      the free serine proteinases and bovine alpha-chymotrypsinogen A to congruent to
      5.1 in the serine (pro)enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Considering the known
      molecular models, the observed binding behaviour of eglin c was related to the
      inferred stereochemistry of the serine (pro)enzyme-inhibitor contact regions.

PMID- 1799461
TI  - Studies of the binding activity of phage G13 to synthetic trisaccharides
      analogous to binding structures in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli C
      core saccharide. Correlation between conformation and binding activity.
AB  - Phage G13 binds to the carbohydrate part of lipopolysaccharides from rough
      mutants of Salmonella and Escherichia coli as the first event of infection.
      Equilibrium dialysis inhibition studies with native and synthetic trisaccharides
      as inhibitors suggested that phage G13 recognizes branched oligosaccharides
      having 6-O-alpha- or 7-O-alpha-glycosyl groups with alpha-Man(1----3) [alpha
      Man(1----6)]Man (Man[Man]Man) and alpha-Glc(1----3)-[alpha-Hep(1----7)] alpha
      Hep(1----3) alpha-Hep(1----5)Kdo as the smallest saccharides with inhibitory
      activity (Wollin et al., 1989). Of four synthetic analogues to Man[Man]Man only
      Man(1----3)[alpha-Gal(1----6)]alpha-Man-OMe (Man[Gal]-Man) and alpha-Glc(1---
      3)[alpha-Hep(1----7)]alpha-Hep-OMe (Glc[Hep]Hep) inhibited the binding of
      labelled E. coli C core nonasaccharide ligand to G13 with activities which were
      10- and 15-fold lower than Man[Man]Man. The trisaccharides alpha-Man(1---
      3)[alpha-Glc(1----6)[alpha-Man-OMe (Man[Glc]Mann) and alpha-Man(1---3)[alpha
      Tal(1----6)]alpha-Man-OMe (Man[Tal]Man) showed no inhibition at concentrations 75
      fold higher than Man[Man]Man. Minimum energy conformation calculations of the
      saccharides using the GESA method showed that the 6-O-alpha-Man group in
      Man[Man]Man and the 7-O-alpha-Hep group SL805 pentasaccharide expose their OH-2
      and OH-3 groups in a similar way and these are postulated to be key structural
      features for binding activity. The importance of hydroxy groups at certain
      positions is implied from the fact that both manno- and galacto-isomers are
      active. We also conclude that the O6-C6-C5-O5-C1 region of the 3-O-alpha-glycosyl
      group in the Man[Man]Man trisaccharide, or part of it, is important for the G13
      binding activity.

PMID- 1799462
TI  - Identity elements of Escherichia coli tRNA(Ala).
AB  - Studies using the T7 transcription system revealed that the discriminator base
      A73 and the G20 in the variable pocket play important roles in the Escherichia
      coli alanine tRNA identity. The C60 in the T-loop, which is unique to alanine
      tRNA, was not found to be crucial for alanine identity. Anticodon replacement
      into the valine anticodon UAC did not decrease alanine charging activity, and no
      alanine charging activity was detected in the mutant valine tRNA possessing the
      alanine anticodon UGC.

PMID- 1799463
TI  - Immunomagnetic separation and analysis of non-malignant variants and parental
      malignant mouse lymphoma cells.
AB  - We have devised conditions whereby non-tumorigenic, immunogenic cell variants of
      S49 mouse lymphoma were analyzed and separated from parental tumorigenic lymphoma
      cells. This was carried out using polyclonal antibodies (raised against the
      immunogenic variants) and immunomagnetic beads. The efficacy of the procedure
      depended on the amount of polyclonal antiserum, the immunobead to cell ratio,
      incubation time and the number of repetitions of the procedure. Experiments with
      mixed tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells have resulted in an enrichment of up
      to 200-fold of the non-tumorigenic, immunogenic cells in the population. These
      findings indicate the potential use of this procedure (in conjunction with other
      approaches) to isolate from a population of tumorigenic cells those variant cells
      that might be used to immunize against the parental tumor.

PMID- 1799464
TI  - Evaluation of peptide/metal ion interactions by UV laser desorption time-of
      flight mass spectrometry.
AB  - A relatively recent method developed to determine the molecular weights of intact
      peptides and proteins, matrix-assisted UV laser desorption time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry (LDTOF-MS), has been evaluated as a new means to investigate the
      metal ion-binding properties of model synthetic peptides. A contiguous sequence
      of 25 residues on the surface of the 74 kDa human plasma metal-binding transport
      protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) has been identified as a bioactive
      metal-binding domain. The peptide, (GHHPH)5G, was synthesized and evaluated by
      LDTOF-MS before and after the addition of Cu(II) in solution with 2,5
      dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix. In the absence of added Cu(II), the major
      protonated molecular ion (M + H)+ was observed to have a mass equal to its
      calculated mass (2904.0 Da). In the presence of Cu(II), however, five additional
      peaks were observed at mass increments of approximately 63.9 Da. The maximum
      Cu(II)-binding capacity observed for the 26-residue peptide (5 g-atoms/mol)
      suggested that up to 1 Cu(II) may be bound per 5-residue internal repeat unit
      (GHHPH) within this peptide; several other monovalent and divalent metal cations
      were not bound under identical conditions of analysis. The Cu(II)-binding
      stoichiometry was verified by spectrophotometric titration and by frontal
      analyses of the immobilized peptide with a solution of Cu(II) ions. These results
      demonstrate the ability to verify directly the solution-phase binding capacity of
      metal-binding peptides by LDTOF-MS.

PMID- 1799465
TI  - International cancer update: focus on interferon alfa-2b. Proceedings of the
      symposium held in Cannes, November 1990.

PMID- 1799466
TI  - Evolving modalities of treatment with interferon alfa-2b for Ph1-positive chronic
      myelogenous leukaemia.
AB  - We have administered interferon alfa-2b, alone or in combination with
      chemotherapy, to 126 Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients. Of 71
      early chronic phase (CP) patients (less than 12 months from diagnosis), 41 (58%)
      obtained a complete haematological response (CHR). Daily interferon was more
      effective than intermittent administration. In previously untreated patients, the
      response was significantly influenced by risk status at diagnosis. Thirty-four
      out of 71 (48%) patients improved cytogenetically, the median of Ph1+ mitoses
      declining from 100% to 66% with complete Ph1-suppression in one case. Of 46 late
      CP patients (greater than 12 months from diagnosis), 32 (70%) achieved CHR with
      interferon alone or combined with chemotherapy. All 10 patients with disease well
      controlled by chemotherapy obtained stable CHR with interferon alone. Of 36
      partial responders to conventional chemotherapy, 22 (61%) obtained CHR on
      interferon plus low-dose hydroxyurea. Ph1 mosaicism was reached by 16 (35%) late
      CP patients (median Ph1+ cells 75%). Of nine accelerated phase patients on
      interferon plus chemotherapy, one attained CHR, and two responded partially. At a
      median follow up of 36 months, of 41 CHR patients in early CP, 15 are controlled
      on interferon, 12 have had autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and two
      allogeneic BMT. Blastic transformation (BT) has occurred in eight of 41 CHR
      patients (19%) versus 17 of 30 (57%) non-responders and partial responders to
      interferon. At a median follow up of 22 months, of 32 late CP patients obtaining
      CHR, 26 remain on interferon, one had allogeneic BMT, one had autologous BMT, and
      one developed BT (versus five out of 14 with less than CHR). These studies
      confirm the haematological and cytogenetic efficacy of interferon in CML and
      indicate that the disease status at the start of treatment is critical in
      determining the success of therapy.

PMID- 1799467
TI  - Hydroxyurea versus interferon alfa-2b in chronic myelogenous leukaemia:
      preliminary results of an open French multicentre randomized study.
AB  - In order to compare the effects of interferon versus hydroxyurea for the
      treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), 58 CML patients, having
      received no previous treatment, were randomized into two treatment groups
      (hydroxyurea or interferon) for an open multicentre study from 1 May 1987 until 1
      July 1990. Fifty patients were evaluable: 24 in the interferon group and 26 in
      the hydroxyurea group. Haematological response was obtained in 16/24 interferon
      treated patients and 23/26 hydroxyurea patients. Failure to obtain haematological
      remissions occurred in eight of 24 interferon-treated patients and in three of 26
      hydroxyurea patients. Four interferon-treated patient failures and one
      hydroxyurea-treated failure were due to drug intolerance. Progression occurred in
      one interferon-treated patient and in three patients given hydroxyurea. Fourteen
      of 16 patients in the interferon group and 17/23 in the hydroxyurea group
      continue on study and show no progression.

PMID- 1799468
TI  - alpha Interferon: the potential drug of adjuvant therapy: past achievements and
      future challenges.
AB  - This paper aims to summarize current experience with alpha interferon and provide
      direction for future study. There are four areas in which alpha interferon has
      proven or potential activity: antiviral, premalignant, adjuvant and advanced
      disease settings. The three main viral diseases in which interferon alfa-2b has
      been shown to have activity are chronic viral hepatitis, acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, and human papilloma virus infections. In vitro studies
      suggest that alpha interferon may inhibit transformation of some premalignant
      conditions into malignant disease; e.g., vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. In
      the adjuvant setting, it is possible that a biological response modifier, such as
      alpha interferon, may have a role in helping the immune system to destroy
      residual tumour cells following tumour bulk reduction with radiation or
      chemotherapy. A higher response rate has been seen in patients with small tumour
      bulk compared to those with large tumour bulk (e.g., malignant melanoma, ovarian
      carcinoma), and in patients with early, rather than late, disease (e.g., chronic
      myelogenous leukaemia, hairy cell leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma). This may be due to efficacy in a small tumour bulk setting or due to
      an immunoadjuvant role. In advanced disease, the question is how best to exploit
      the possible synergistic effects between alpha interferon and other therapeutic
      modalities. The optimum dose, schedule and patient populations for combined
      treatment have yet to be determined. The major objective of this paper is to
      determine how best to capitalize upon the current state of knowledge to build for
      future trials of alpha interferon, and to determine whether the existing data
      suggest an adjuvant role for interferon after initial tumour regression.

PMID- 1799469
TI  - Several new approaches to improvement of alpha interferon therapy in chronic
      myelogenous leukaemia.
AB  - Several basic experimental and clinical studies were carried out in an attempt to
      improve the efficacy of alpha interferon therapy for chronic myelogenous
      leukaemia (CML). First, the combined use of hydroxyurea (HU) and interferon (500
      1000 mg daily) in interferon-resistant cases facilitated maintenance of reduced
      leucocyte production, or a reduction in the dose of interferon, although
      suppression of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive clones was not observed in
      most cases. In order to try and decrease the rate of lymphoblastic crisis during
      the course of interferon therapy, we recently added methotrexate (MTX) (10-15 mg,
      weekly) to the treatment protocol. Since then, no lymphoblastic crisis has been
      observed. Second, the in vitro expression of alpha interferon-stimulated gene
      (ISG) mRNA was shown to be markedly decreased in granulocytes of one
      representative interferon-resistant case, compared to that in granulocytes of the
      three interferon-sensitive cases. Interestingly, it was found that the
      transcriptional activity in this case became almost normal when the blood
      granulocytes were controlled by the addition of HU. These findings suggest that
      the in vitro transcriptional assay of ISG mRNA may be clinically useful for
      predicting alpha interferon efficacy. Third, when genetically manipulated, alpha
      interferon-producing NIH/3T3 cells were co-transplanted using diffusion chambers
      into nude mice bearing a CML cell line, KU812, the CML tumour growth was shown to
      be markedly suppressed. This experimental model for alpha interferon replacement
      gene therapy suggests some directions for future studies on interferon therapy.

PMID- 1799470
TI  - A multicentre study of a randomized therapeutic protocol in previously untreated
      patients with Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia: interferon alfa-2b and
      hydroxyurea with or without cytosine arabinoside , preliminary results.

PMID- 1799471
TI  - Interferon therapy for Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients
      relapsing after T-cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 1799472
TI  - Randomized study of chlorambucil (CB) compared to interferon (alfa-2b) combined
      with CB in low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: an interim report of a randomized
      study. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cooperative Study Group.
AB  - Alpha interferon has shown initial promise in the treatment of low-grade non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially with the nodular form of the disease. The
      present study enrolled 70 NHL patients who received either chlorambucil (CB; 10
      mg/day) or CB plus interferon alfa-2b (5 million units (MU)/m2 subcutaneously
      three times a week). Among 63 evaluable patients, similar response rates (62.1%
      and 64.7% respectively) were recorded for the treatment arms. In patients
      receiving no maintenance therapy, those who received interferon alfa-2b during
      the induction phase showed a favourable trend in terms of incidence of relapse
      compared to those who had received chlorambucil alone. During maintenance therapy
      with interferon alfa-2b, no significant differences in the occurrence of relapse
      have yet been seen compared to patients on no maintenance therapy. A longer
      observation period is needed to make a definitive conclusion about the usefulness
      of interferon maintenance therapy and to evaluate further the effects of the
      combined schedule of chlorambucil and interferon induction on the duration of
      remission.

PMID- 1799473
TI  - Interferon alfa-2b in addition to chlorambucil in the treatment of follicular
      lymphoma: preliminary results of a randomized trial in progress.
AB  - One hundred and twenty four patients with follicular lymphoma (32 with Stage III
      and 92 with Stage IV disease) have been randomized to receive chlorambucil alone
      or chlorambucil plus interferon alfa-2b. Responding patients are then randomized
      to receive either interferon alfa-2b maintenance therapy for up to 12 months or
      no further treatment. One hundred and eight patients are evaluable for response,
      the remainder are still receiving initial therapy. Clinical remission (complete
      or good partial remission) was achieved in 42/59 (71%) patients receiving
      chlorambucil alone and in 27/49 (55%) patients receiving the combination (P =
      NS). Preliminary analysis of remission duration shows a trend in favour of those
      patients receiving interferon throughout (P = 0.02). There is no significant
      difference between the groups in terms of survival, at a median follow up of 2.5
      years. Interferon-associated toxicity was minor in most patients but led to
      discontinuation of therapy in six cases. Larger trials with longer follow-up
      periods are needed to confirm the beneficial role of interferon in the treatment
      of follicular lymphoma.

PMID- 1799474
TI  - alpha Interferon maintenance therapy in patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas after cytoreductive chemotherapy with prednimustine and mitoxantrone.
AB  - A combination of prednimustine 100 mg/m2/day orally, days 1-5, and mitoxantrone 8
      mg/m2/day intravenously, days 1 and 2, was administered to 19 patients with
      advanced low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure on or relapse after
      standard chemotherapy. The prednimustine and mitoxantrone (PmM) regimen was
      repeated every 4-6 weeks to a maximum of six cycles. Thirteen patients, achieving
      a complete (4) or partial (9) remission (CR or PR), received two additional
      courses for consolidation followed by interferon alfa-2b 5 million units (MU)
      subcutaneously (s.c.) three times weekly until progression or relapse. At the
      present time, remission duration ranges from 4.5+ to 17.5+ months, with a median
      of 14.5 months. In a historical comparison to unmaintained first remission
      preceding the PmM/interferon trial, a tendency towards a longer period of freedom
      from progression was apparent in the 13 patients receiving interferon maintenance
      treatment during their second PR or CR. These data provided the basis for a
      currently ongoing multicentre study randomly comparing initial chemotherapy with
      PmM versus cyclophosphamide/vincristine (Oncovin)/prednisone (COP) in patients
      with advanced centroblastic-centrocytic and centrocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas,
      followed by a second randomization in CR and PR patients for maintenance with
      alpha interferon versus observation only.

PMID- 1799475
TI  - Role of interferon alfa-2b in the management of patients with advanced cutaneous
      T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 1799476
TI  - Interferon alfa-2b with VMCP compared to VMCP alone for induction and interferon
      alfa-2b compared to controls for remission maintenance in multiple myeloma:
      interim results.
AB  - The present trial was designed to evaluate whether interferon (IFN) combined with
      standard induction chemotherapy and/or interferon remission maintenance treatment
      improve treatment results in patients with multiple myeloma. Up to now 89
      patients have received IFN plus
      vincristine/melphalan/cyclophosphamide/prednisolone (VMCP) as induction therapy,
      and 86 conventional VMCP. The proportion of patients with progressive disease was
      significantly lower (P less than 0.005) under IFN + VMCP as compared to the VMCP
      treatment group. Survival times were significantly longer (P less than 0.02)
      after IFN + VMCP induction therapy than after VMCP alone. In the second phase of
      this investigation, 33 progression-free myeloma patients were assigned to receive
      IFN as maintenance therapy, and 41 patients served as untreated controls.
      Patients maintained with IFN showed a tendency towards increased progression-free
      survival. Haematological side effects were observed significantly more often in
      patients receiving IFN, with more severe haematological toxicity in patients on
      the combined IFN + VMCP regimen and an increased number of patients with mild
      haematological toxicity in the group maintained with IFN. Other side effects,
      such as fever and fatigue, remained within tolerable limits. In conclusion, the
      preliminary results of this current clinical trial indicate significant
      advantages of combined IFN + VMCP induction treatment in terms of reduced disease
      progression and prolonged survival and possible benefits of IFN maintenance
      therapy in patients with multiple myeloma.

PMID- 1799477
TI  - Interferon therapy during the plateau phase of multiple myeloma: an update of the
      Swedish study.
AB  - A multicentre clinical trial was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of
      interferon (IFN) in patients with multiple myeloma. Patients (n = 120) who had
      shown response to conventional intermittent melphalan-prednisone induction
      therapy, and achieved a plateau phase, were randomized at that point to receive
      either interferon alfa-2b in a dose of 5 million units (MU) three times per week
      or no therapy. This report presents the results of an interim analysis, performed
      when the patients had been followed for a median of 20 months. The duration of
      the plateau phase was significantly longer in the IFN arm (59 weeks), compared to
      the no therapy arm (26 weeks). A total of 34 deaths have occurred, 13 in the IFN
      arm and 21 in the no therapy arm. In spite of the high median age of the patients
      studied (70 years), most patients were able to tolerate a full or only slightly
      reduced IFN dose.

PMID- 1799478
TI  - Interferon and dexamethasone in multiple myeloma patients refractory to
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 1799479
TI  - Maintenance treatment of multiple myeloma with alpha interferon versus an
      alternating schedule of alpha interferon and chemotherapy. Greek Myeloma Study
      Group (GMSG).

PMID- 1799480
TI  - Melphalan/prednisone versus melphalan/prednisone plus human alpha interferon
      therapy in patients with multiple myeloma, stages II and III. Myeloma Group of
      Central Sweden.

PMID- 1799481
TI  - Hairy cell leukaemia: the role of alpha interferon.
AB  - Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is a chronic progressive disease of predominantly
      middle-aged men. Alpha interferon has been shown to induce significant responses
      in HCL patients. With interferon treatment the platelet count normalizes first,
      followed by the haemoglobin and neutrophil counts. The number of hairy cells in
      the bone marrow decreases and granulocytic, erythroid and megakaryocytic cells
      increase. Interferon is well tolerated with the most common side effect being a
      flu-like syndrome. A number of HCL patients will develop neutralizing antibodies
      and in these cases the chemotherapeutic agents pentostatin and 2
      chlorodeoxyadenosine should be considered. Preliminary results with these agents
      are promising and further trials are ongoing to confirm their clinical promise.

PMID- 1799482
TI  - Treatment of thrombocytosis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders with
      interferon alfa-2b.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) with
      thrombocytosis (essential thrombocythaemia 19 patients, chronic megakaryocytic
      granulocytic myelosis five, polycythaemia vera six, chronic myelogenous leukaemia
      six) were treated with interferon alfa-2b to reduce the platelet count. The pre
      treatment platelet count was in the range 450-700 x 10(9)/L in eight patients,
      700-1000 x 10(9)/L in eight and above 1000 x 10(9)/L in 20. In the induction
      phase of treatment 22 patients were treated with interferon alfa-2b 3 million
      units (MU) daily subcutaneously for 2 months or until the platelet count returned
      to normal, if earlier. Fourteen patients received 5 MU interferon alfa-2b daily
      in the same way. In the maintenance phase the doses were reduced to 3 MU and 5 MU
      thrice weekly, respectively. Complete response (CR), defined as a reduction of
      platelet count to below 450 x 10(9)/L, was achieved in 78% of patients (within 2
      months of induction in 64%). The platelet depleting effect was dose dependent: CR
      in 2 months in 52% on 3 MU interferon alfa-2b versus 75% on 5 MU. Reduction of
      interferon dose was followed by an increase in platelet count in 39% of patients.
      The white cell count fell by 50% in Philadelphia-negative CMPD. Side effects were
      common, though generally mild, but led to withdrawal of treatment in six
      patients. Three patients suffered cerebrovascular events during treatment and one
      shortly thereafter.

PMID- 1799483
TI  - alpha Interferon therapy in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Treatment of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) varies
      according to the severity of the condition, the patient's age and the phase of
      the disease. The mainstay of treatment is corticosteroid therapy, with
      splenectomy for non-responding patients. For the 5%-10% of patients with
      refractory disease and bleeding problems, intravenous immunoglobulins are often
      used. Danazol achieves a response in about 30%-40% of refractory patients. At our
      centre, we have now treated 13 patients with interferon alfa-2b, all of whom had
      severe steroid-unresponsive ITP of various durations. All patients received 12
      injections of 3 million units (MU) interferon subcutaneously three times a week.
      The platelet count rose significantly in 10 patients after interferon therapy and
      in one patient during therapy. Three patients had a complete response and eight a
      partial response. One complete responder relapsed at 5 months but again responded
      to retreatment with interferon. Responses were similar in splenectomized and non
      splenectomized patients, and platelet-associated immunoglobulin levels remained
      essentially unchanged. Based on a compilation of data from this and other
      studies, the positive response rate (platelets at least 30-200 x 10(9)/L for at
      least 6 weeks) is 69% (22/32 patients). The future role and dosage of interferon
      in ITP remains to be determined and particularly in direct comparison with
      intravenous IgG therapy.

PMID- 1799484
TI  - alpha Interferon treatment of essential thrombocythaemia and other
      myeloproliferative disorders with excessive thrombocytosis.
AB  - The effect of recombinant interferon alfa-2b on platelet count, thrombocytosis
      associated symptoms and marrow fibrosis was studied in 18 patients with
      myeloproliferative diseases and associated thrombocytosis (nine with essential
      thrombocythaemia, three with polycythaemia vera, three with myelofibrosis and
      three with chronic myelogenous leukaemia). A reduction of the platelet count
      below 600 x 10(9)/L was achieved in 94%, and below 400 x 10(9)/L in 77% of the
      patients within 8 to 330 days of treatment. The selective thrombocytosis-reducing
      effect of alpha interferon was maintained for long periods of time in most
      patients without serious side effects. Thrombocytosis-associated symptoms were
      relieved once the number of platelets was reduced to near normal levels. Marrow
      reticulin content was found to be reduced after treatment in two of the seven
      patients studied. Side effects of alpha interferon were flu-like symptoms, which
      usually subsided within 7 days of treatment.

PMID- 1799485
TI  - Interferon alfa-2b in acute- and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukaemia:
      initial response and long-term results in 54 patients.
AB  - Fifty-four patients with Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) (48
      with chronic-phase and six acute-phase disease) were treated with interferon alfa
      2b subcutaneously (s.c.). The starting dose was 4 million units (MU)/m2 body
      surface area daily. It was reduced in parallel with serially determined leucocyte
      counts, and minimal effective doses were given as maintenance after achieving
      remission. Haematological remissions were induced in 22 of the 48 patients (46%)
      with chronic-phase disease. Thirteen patients (27%) revealed partial
      haematological remission and another 13 no response to treatment. No complete
      remission could be induced, although minor or partial cytogenetic responses were
      seen in 16 patients (33%). Moreover, a bcr-abl reduction was detected on Southern
      blot analysis in two patients. In chronic-phase disease, results of treatment
      were influenced by elapsed time after diagnosis, extent of previous treatment and
      interferon dosage. No beneficial effects of interferon were detected in the six
      patients with acute-phase disease. Principal acute side effects were fever and
      flu-like symptoms at the beginning of the therapy, which usually subsided within
      3-7 days. Chronic side effects, especially weakness and neuropathy, were less
      frequent but more severe and necessitated discontinuation of treatment in 10
      patients. In summary, interferon alfa-2b seems to be an effective treatment in
      early chronic-phase CML. Long-term effects on the course of the disease, however,
      must be determined.

PMID- 1799486
TI  - alpha Interferon in the management of essential thrombocythaemia.
AB  - Thirteen patients (mean age 60.7 years; female:male ratio 10:3) with essential
      thrombocythaemia were treated with 3 million units (MU)/day interferon alfa-2b
      subcutaneously (s.c.) for 12 weeks, with all patients requiring a dose reduction
      after 4 weeks. The mean pretreatment platelet count was 1,400 x 10(9)/L and
      megakaryocytes were increased in all cases. Splenomegaly was present in six
      patients and haemorrhagic phenomena were observed in two. Nine patients (69.2%)
      had objective responses, including two (15.4%) complete responses (platelets less
      than 450 x 10(9)/L) which were then maintained with 5 MU interferon twice a week.
      Acute toxicity consisted of flu-like symptoms in 12 patients. Chronic toxicity
      (mainly leucopenia) was observed in nine patients. In conclusion, initial therapy
      and then requiring maintenance therapy at a reduced dose. However, the frequent
      side effects observed make it advisable to use a low dose of interferon alfa-2b,
      and to treat only those patients with significant symptoms and signs of
      thrombocytosis.

PMID- 1799487
TI  - Interferon alfa-2b in stage A untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients.

PMID- 1799488
TI  - Alpha interferon in patients with progressive and/or recurrent Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 1799489
TI  - Alpha interferon in the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinaemia patients.

PMID- 1799490
TI  - Molecular events in B-cell activation and growth: sensitivity to alpha
      interferon.

PMID- 1799491
TI  - The out-patient use of recombinant human interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b in
      advanced malignancies.
AB  - We studied the safety, tolerance, and clinical effects of the combined
      administration of subcutaneous recombinant human interleukin-2 and interferon
      alfa-2b in 54 patients with advanced cancer, for whom no effective standard
      therapy was available. Treatment courses consisted of a 2-day interleukin-2 pulse
      (14.4-18 million units (MU) m2/day), followed by 3.6 up to 4.8 MU/m2/day, 5 days
      per week, over 6 consecutive weeks and interferon alfa-2b at 3 up to 6 MU/m2,
      administered two-three times weekly for 6 weeks. Overall, patients received more
      than 90% of the projected dose of interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b,
      respectively. Of 54 evaluable patients (32 renal cell cancer, 12 melanoma, eight
      colorectal cancer, one B-cell lymphoma, one Hodgkin's disease), four complete
      responses occurred in patients with renal cell carcinoma, and a greater than 50%
      reduction in tumour size (partial response) in six renal cell carcinoma patients
      and one melanoma patient. Moreover, 21 patients (13 renal carcinoma) had stable
      disease. The median duration of response was 19 months (range 16-22 months) in
      complete responders. Clinical responses were associated with a mean peripheral
      blood eosinophil count of more than 1,000/microL (P less than 0.05 versus non
      responders). Systemic toxicities included fever, chills, nausea, anorexia, and
      hypotension limited to WHO grades I and II in more than 80% of patients treated.
      No treatment-related deaths occurred. This combination of subcutaneously
      administered recombinant interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b has significantly
      diminished the side effects normally observed with high-dose intravenous
      recombinant interleukin-2, which requires admission to hospital. It has been
      shown to induce objective tumour regression in out-patients with progressive
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

PMID- 1799493
TI  - [The actual situation in surgical management of occlusive cerebrovascular
      disease].
AB  - We studied 828 cases with occlusive cerebrovascular disease who were admitted to
      our hospital over these 5 years in relation to surgical management. Cerebral
      angiography including digital subtraction angiography was carried out in 770
      cases. Surgical management was carried out in 110 cases; 77 cases of carotid
      endarterectomy (CEA), 18 cases of EC-IC bypass and 15 cases of external
      decompression. The ratio of surgical management was 13. 3% of all cases admitted.
      The mortality and the morbidity were 5.4% and 1.8% respectively. The number of EC
      IC bypass has decreased gradually after the reports of international cooperative
      study concerning with EC-IC bypass in 1985. But the number of CEA has increased
      gradually.

PMID- 1799492
TI  - [Changes in cerebral energy and calcium metabolisms on focal cerebral ischemia].
AB  - Changes of brain tissue calcium in the focal ischemia model of Wistar rat were
      investigated by three different methods; atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
      calcium stain with alizarin red S, and new histochemical method using aequorin, a
      calcium ion sensitive photoprotein. Tissue pH and tissue ATP were concomitantly
      investigated by histochemical method. Rat brain was frozen in situ at 15, 60 or
      240 minutes after left middle cerebral artery was occluded. Coronal brain
      sections of 16 microns thickness was made and the brain slices applied for
      calcium stain and histochemical studies. The residual brain block was applied for
      atomic absorption spectrophotometric study. Tissue calcium content of left
      hemisphere increased from 1.34 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- SEM) (n = 7) to 1. 54 +/- 0.16
      (n = 12), 2.07 +/- 0.12 (n = 9). 1.69 +/- 0.11 (n = 10) mumol/g wet weight after
      15, 60 and 240 minutes respectively. Calcium stain with alizarin red S showed
      that the increase of calcium was observed in the peripheral part of the ischemic
      lesion where ATP was left in a spotty fashion, and calcium deposits disappeared
      with correspondence to exhaustion of ATP. Tissue calcium ion content studied by
      newly histochemical method, showed heterogeneous change. At an early stage of the
      ischemia, the increase of tissue calcium ion was shown only in the peripheral
      part of the ischemic lesion, and it gradually extended to the central part.
      Calcium ion increased in density in an area corresponding to that of the ATP
      decrease. Within the area of calcium ion increase, regional differences were
      noted; a greater increase at the border with the intact area and in the parts
      where ATP was heterogeneously preserved. In the non-ischemic area close to the
      ischemic area, where ATP was preserved with mild acidosis, calcium ion decreased
      more than in the surrounding area where ATP was preserved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799494
TI  - [Effect of occlusion and reperfusion on free fatty acid levels and eicosanoid
      metabolism in a rat model of focal ischemia].
AB  - Focal brain ischemia was induced in rats by inserting a silicone rubber cylinder
      attached to a nylon surgical thread from the common carotid artery into the
      middle cerebral artery bifurcation. Reperfusion was achieved by removing the
      cylinder. In the ischemic area, free fatty acids were measured. Arachidonic acid
      lipoxygenase metabolites: leukotriene C4 (LTC4), and cyclooxygenase metabolites:
      thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha
      (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) were measured during ischemia and after reperfusion. There
      were five ischemia groups. The rats in these groups were killed 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6
      hours after occlusion. In the reperfusion group, rats exposed to 1, 2, 3 and 4
      hours of ischemia were killed 5, 4, 3 and 2 hours after reperfusion,
      respectively. The free fatty acids, which had increased due to occlusion,
      decreased after reperfusion from 1 hour of ischemia. With 2 or more hours of
      ischemia, however, the free fatty acids increased after reperfusion, indicating
      cell membrane destruction. Eicosanoids showed almost the same changes in all
      groups. The eicosanoid level was high only after 1 hour of ischemia and it stayed
      low if the ischemia time exceeded 2 hours and after reperfusion. Therefore, we
      suggested that eicosanoids are not a main cause of tissue damage in the ischemic
      area after 2 or more hours of ischemia.

PMID- 1799495
TI  - [The responses of somatosensory evoked potentials and cerebral blood flow to
      acetazolamide in patients with occlusive carotid disease].
AB  - The correlation between somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes after acetazolamide administration was studied
      in six patients presented with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor completed
      stroke. All patients had no or only localized low density area on computed
      tomography, and severe occlusive disease in the ipsilateral common or internal
      carotid artery on cerebral angiography. In two patients with internal carotid
      artery occlusion, both marked decrease in ipsilateral N20 amplitude and
      prolongation of ipsilateral N20 latency were observed from 5-10 minutes after
      acetazolamide injection. These changes gradually improved and resolved 30-45
      minutes after acetazolamide injection. In these cases, stable xenon CT revealed
      paradoxical rCBF decrease in the territory of the ipsilateral middle cerebral
      artery after acetazolamide injection. Especially, rCBF in the ipsilateral centrum
      semiovale fell to less than 20 ml/100 g/min. The other patients showed no change
      in SEPs and no paradoxical decrease in rCBF after acetazolamide injection. These
      results suggest that SEP test with acetazolamide loading could be valuable to
      evaluate a certain group of the patients with severely disturbed cerebral
      perfusion reserve in the carotid territory and suitable candidate for
      extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass (EC/IC bypass), although further
      investigations is needed.

PMID- 1799496
TI  - [The severity of dementia and brainstem auditory evoked potentials--peak latency
      and interpeak latency].
AB  - We have examined the correlation of dementia severity and brainstem auditory
      evoked potentials. The subjects were 80 patients with dementia (20 males, 60
      females) whose mean age was 80.7 years. Normal controls were 9 elderly subjects
      (2 males, 7 females) whose mean age was 80.4 years. The following parameters were
      measured: peak latencies (I, III and V), interpeak latencies (I-III, III-V and I
      V) and interaural latency differences (V PLDs and I-V IPLDs). As for clinical
      items and sex differences; (1) There were sex differences recognized between peak
      latency of III and V, interpeak latency of III-V and I-V. (2) There was a
      significant difference in interaural differences of V PL Ds between vascular
      dementia and degenerative dementia (dementia of the Alzheimer's type and
      Parkinson's disease). Duration of illness had no correlation with latencies of
      BAEPs. Dividing the patients into three groups according to the severity of
      dementia which are mild, moderate and severe, (3) peak latency of III, V and
      interpeak latency of I-III, III-V, I-V and interaural latency differences of V PL
      Ds prolonged significantly with the increasing severity of dementia. From these
      results, it is suggested that brainstem dysfunction progresses with the
      increasing severity of the dementia.

PMID- 1799497
TI  - [Histochemical and biochemical investigations of monoamine oxidase activity level
      in the brain of the brindled mouse].
AB  - In order to make clear the degree of brainstem affection in Menkes disease, it is
      important to investigate morphological and enzymatic changes of monoamine oxidase
      (MAO)-containing neurons in the brain in this disease. For this purpose, MAO
      activity levels in brain tissue from normal and brindled mice were examined
      histochemically and biochemically. A coupled peroxidatic oxidation method for the
      histochemistry and a rapid microfluorimetric method for the biochemical assay
      were adopted. Animals aged 3 days, 8 days, 13 days, 3 months and 12 months were
      used for the histochemical study. Three-, 7-, and 12-day-old mice were used for
      the biochemical study. Histochemical examinations showed no significant
      differences in the stainability, morphology and distribution of MAO positive
      neurons in the brain between normal and brindled mice at the same age.
      Biochemical assays revealed that MAO activity levels in the brain of the
      postnatal brindled mice rose with age as highly as those in the normal control
      mice. There were no significant differences in them between normal and brindled
      mice at the same age. The results indicate that in Menkes disease in mice the
      brainstem affection, if there is, is not so severe as to influence the morphology
      and enzyme activity of MAO-containing neurons.

PMID- 1799498
TI  - [Effect of aging on P300 in normal subjects].
AB  - The P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) is generated when
      subjects discriminate stimulus events which differ from one another. There are
      many reports about the effect of age on P300 in clinically normal subjects.
      However, these subjects may include individuals with silent cerebral infarctions
      or abnormal periventricular hyperintensity (PVH) on MRI. In this study, we
      completely excluded such subjects using MRI and examined the effect of aging on
      P300. One hundred four neurologically normal subjects (mean age 58.6 years, 55
      men, 49 women) who had no lesions or severe PVH on MRI were selected. An oddball
      stimulus paradigm was employed and ERPs were elicited by presenting a series of
      binaural 1000 (82%) and 2000Hz (18%) tones through headphones. Prolongation of
      P300 latency was significantly correlated with advancing age (p less than 0.001):
      P300 latency increased by approximately 1.7 msec per year of age, with a
      prominent increase after age 60. But there was no significant difference between
      males and females in P300 latency. The significant correlation between age and
      P300 amplitude was observed only at Pz (p less than 0.05). These results indicate
      that there is a gradual mental decline with aging in normal subjects without
      silent cerebral infarctions or PVH.

PMID- 1799499
TI  - [Zinc concentration in the central nervous system in a case of multiple sclerosis
      -comparison with other neurological diseases].
AB  - The possible role of trace elements in a pathogenesis of central nervous system
      (CNS) on degenerative and demyelinating diseases has been suggested. Simultaneous
      measurements of Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration in CNS were undertaken by
      neutron activation analysis in CNS tissues: a patient with multiple sclerosis
      (MS), five patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), five with
      spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD), and five with cerebral infarction (CVD) in
      non-invasive area of CNS as control. Although Zn and Fe concentration were
      present in white matter and gray matter of CNS in each disease, 1) Zn
      concentration showed no special pattern in gray matter among four diseases, but
      decreased more in white matter of MS and ALS than that of CVD (p less than 0.05);
      2) Fe concentration in gray matter of SCD increased more than that in CVD (p less
      than 0.05), but Fe concentration in white matter of CVD was increased more than
      that of ALS (p less than 0.05); 3) Fe concentration of CNS in a patient with MS
      was not notable except for high Fe concentration in caudate nucleus and globus
      pallidus. The demyelinated pathological area in CNS of MS showed a decrease in Zn
      level but no change in Fe level. These results indicate that low Zn concentration
      in CNS tissues of MS seemed to be responsible for CNS demyelination, but not for
      undernutrition due to poor conditions of a patient with MS. It seems that Zn
      might be one pathogenetic factor of MS, but the action of Fe in MS can not be
      ruled out.

PMID- 1799500
TI  - [A case of Fahr's disease associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - We studied a case of Fahr's disease type idiopathic intracerebral calcification
      (Fahr's disease) associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The patient was a
      15-year-old male with a chief complaint of gait disturbance. His family members
      had no similar signs and symptoms. His parents had no consanguinity. He was born
      with the normal perinatal course at 1967. He had repeated episodes of convulsive
      attacks during fever elevation from 2 years and 8 months to 9 years of age.
      Morning stiffness of bilateral hands, and pernio in the auricles, fingers,
      planta, and toes had occurred in every winter, since 6 years old. Swelling and
      pain of the bilateral knee and foot joints appeared, making ambulation difficult
      in 1983 (15 years old), and the patient was admitted to our hospital in July, the
      same year. On admission, congenital anomalies such as epicanthus and high-arched
      palate were noted, and swelling, deformation and contracture of limb joints, and
      Raynaud phenomenon were shown. His ocular fundus showed no arteriosclerotic
      change. He didn't have Albright's sign. Mild mental retardation and bilateral
      pyramidal tract signs were noted, but extrapyramidal tract and cerebellar signs,
      and sensory disturbance were absent. Laboratory findings exhibited markedly
      elevated ESR, positive CRP, RA, and antinuclear antibody. The levels of serum Ca,
      P, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone were normal. Peripheral blood
      study showed microcytic and hypochromic anemia. Anti-DNA antibody was negative.
      Ellsworth-Howard test was positive. Elevated antibody titer to toxoplasma,
      rubella virus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus were not proven. He had
      no chromosomal change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799501
TI  - [A case of brainstem vascular malformation with isolated trochlear nerve palsy as
      the initial symptom].
AB  - We report a 46-year-old, non-hypertensive man who suddenly developed isolated
      right trochlear nerve palsy. His diplopia was most prominent in the left lower
      gaze, and partially alleviated by head tilt to the left or by anteflexion of the
      neck. His CT scans showed a small high density area consistent with a hemorrhage
      in the lateral side of the right mesencephalic tectum. His MRI (T2-weighted
      images) showed a lesion consisting of mixed high- and iso-intensity areas with
      linear low intensity areas. The margin of the lesion was irregular and nodular.
      Cerebral angiography (prolonged injection) showed small feeding arteries (or
      capillaries) in the late arterial phase and dilated draining veins in the venous
      phase. No tumor stain, early draining veins, or capillary brushes were present.
      We thought he had an angioma (vascular malformation). AVM seemed unlikely. Review
      of the literature revealed that trochlear nerve palsy caused by a mesencephalic
      angioma is extremely rare. MRI and cerebral angiography (prolonged injection)
      seemed useful for the diagnosis of angiomas (Vascular malformations).

PMID- 1799502
TI  - [An unusual case of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis accompanied with dural AV
      fistula].
AB  - Benign intracranial hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri is an collective term for
      a number of diverse syndromes characterized by increased intracranial pressure.
      Neither intracranial mass nor ventricular dilatation is observed in this
      disorder. Moreover, the pathogenesis of this syndrome has yet to be determined.
      We report a case of 36-year-old female diagnosed as benign intracranial
      hypertension, who has developed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and dural AV
      fistula during the follow up period. The patient was pointed out to have
      papilledema and elevated intracranial pressure six years ago. Although she was
      examined by both DSA and CT scan, no abnormal intracranial lesions were observed.
      Consequently, she was diagnosed as the benign intracranial hypertension and had
      been followed as an out patient. Three years later, lumboperitoneal shunting was
      performed because of severe headache and visual impairment. Postoperatively, the
      patient had been well for two years. Recently, occipital headache recurred and
      she was readmitted to our hospital. MRI studies demonstrated dilated vessels in
      the right occipital area. Additionally, angiograms revealed not only the superior
      sagittal sinus thrombosis but also the rich network of dural AV fistula adjacent
      to the occlusion. According to those results, the superior sagittal sinus was
      supposed to have the incomplete occlusion or delayed blood flow that were not
      observed by DSA, MRI and CT scan performed previously. Those occlusive change in
      the superior sagittal sinus impeded the CSF absorption and elevated the pressure
      of venous inflow, then the arterio-venous communication has been
      developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799503
TI  - [Spontaneous disappearance of a middle fossa arachnoid cyst--a case report].
AB  - A case of a middle fossa arachnoid cyst which spontaneously disappeared is
      reported. A 16 year old boy visited our out-patient clinic complaining of
      headache after a blunt head trauma by a motorcycle accident. The neurological
      examination was negative except for mild neck pain on the flexion and extension
      of neck. Plain x-ray of skull and neck were negative. CT scan demonstrated an
      arachnoid cyst in the left Sylvian fissure. It was planned to follow up the
      patient by CT scan. After 10 months, he was examined by CT scan, which revealed
      the spontaneous disappearance of the arachnoid cyst and some dilatation of the
      anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The patient did not have any additional
      trauma or infection during the interval between two examinations. Spontaneous
      disappearance of arachnoid cyst was extremely rare as only 4 cases were reported
      previously. The basic mechanism of this natural cure was considered to be rupture
      of outer or inner membrane of arachnoid cyst which would facilitate absorption of
      its content.

PMID- 1799504
TI  - [Spinal reflex].

PMID- 1799505
TI  - [Motor unit discharge].

PMID- 1799506
TI  - [Stimulation of central motor pathways in intact man].

PMID- 1799507
TI  - [Movement-related brain potential].

PMID- 1799508
TI  - [Deformation of brain and stress distribution caused by putaminal hemorrhage-
      numerical computer simulation by finite element method].
AB  - Deformation and stress distribution caused by putaminal hemorrhage in two
      dimensional model brain were analyzed by computer simulation using finite element
      method. The model brain was composed of cerebral cortex, white matter, caudate
      nucleus, lenticular nucleus, thalamus and lateral ventricle. Young's modulus of
      gray and white matter was assumed to be 0.08 and 0.04 kgf/cm2, respectively, and
      Poisson's ratio was 0.47 for both of them. Bleeding of 100 mmHg pressure was
      represented by 4 vectors of force directing anterior, lateral, posterior and
      medial direction from the middle portion of putamen. Calculation of finite
      element method was carried out by a 16-bit personal computer. The calculated
      deformation of brain presented a hematoma cavity elongated from anterior to
      posterior direction at the lenticular nucleus. Mass effect of hematoma was noted
      from displacement of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle and the internal
      capsule. Distribution of stress vector revealed the stress concentration at the
      lenticular nucleus while small stress was noted all over the model brain.
      Strength of principal stress was presented by contour-line and took the shape of
      concentric circles with a center at the putamen. This study suggested that the
      computer simulation by finite element method would be a useful technique to
      analyze the physical phenomenon of brain suffered from intracerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 1799509
TI  - [The effect of glycerol on local cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic
      ischemic cerebrovascular lesions].
AB  - The effect of glycerol on local cerebral blood flow was examined in patients with
      chronic ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). Twelve patients with minor
      completed stroke (10 cases) or transient ischemic attacks (2 cases) were
      subjected to the study (8 males, 4 females, the age ranging 27 to 70 with average
      of 56 +/- 15 years). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with stable xenon
      computerized tomography (Xe-CT). Each patient had 3 sequential Xe-CTs; resting,
      with intravenous administration of 200 ml of glycerol (group A) or lactated
      Ringer's solution (group B), and with intravenous administration of 1 g of
      acetazolamide. The resting CBF, CBF with glycerol, and CBF with acetazolamide
      were 30.4 +/- 1.6 ml/100 g/min (ml), 35.1 +/- 2.6 ml, 44.2 +/- 2.2 ml in group A,
      and 29.9 +/- 2.0 ml, 28.5 +/- 1.9 ml, 45.0 +/- 3.2 ml in group B, respectively.
      Glycerol increased CBF significantly in patients with chronic CVD, and seemed to
      be effective in ameliorating chronic low perfusion state in these patients.

PMID- 1799510
TI  - [P300 as a reflection of a mental set--P300 in the paradigm of Wisconsin Card
      Sorting Test].
AB  - We studied P300 at Pz in Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) paradigm in 16 young
      normals. As it is well known that both the amplitude and the latency of P300 are
      affected by stimulus probability, we recorded P300 in the two different
      experimental conditions; in one condition we changed sorting category implicitly
      after every two successive correct responses of the subject (WCST2 condition), in
      the other condition we changed it tacitly after every five successive responses
      (WCST5 condition). In both conditions P300s were recorded following two types of
      feedback signals respectively; feedback signal of correct response (FC), and
      feedback signal of error response (FE). These experimental conditions were
      controlled by microcomputer. During the experiment the number of FCs and FEs were
      recorded, and frequencies of the feedback signals were calculated respectively.
      Analysis of variance revealed that P300s were more prolonged and more enlarged in
      FE than in FC significantly, and there is no difference between the two
      experimental conditions. The correlations between both the latency and the
      amplitude of P300s and frequency of feedback signals were low and not significant
      except between P300 amplitude and frequency of FE under WCST5 condition. This
      result shows that in WCST paradigm the main factor which affects the latency and
      amplitude of P300 is the meaning of the stimulus. Although WCST has been
      considered to be a test of concept formation, the subject must change or maintain
      his/her sorting category properly following the examiner's feedback declaration.
      From this point of view, WCST can be considered as a test of a mental set, in
      which FC demands maintaining a mental set and FE demands its change.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799511
TI  - [Restoration of circadian rhythmicity after transplantation of the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rats--its conditions for functional recovery and
      long-term survival].
AB  - Whole tissue grafts of day 1 neonatal or day 21 embryonic suprachiasmatic nuclei
      (SCN) in rats transplanted into host's third ventricle restored circadian
      rhythmicity in 8 cases out of 18 SCN-lesioned arrhythmic rats. Restored circadian
      rhythmicity had been observed for maximum 14 months after the transplantation.
      Immunohistochemical staining (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: VIP and
      vasopressin) confirmed the survival of the transplanted SCN tissues within the
      host's third ventricle. This may be the case of the longest-term survival of
      functioning SCN grafts which connected with the host's brain by neurites after
      transplantation. This finding may be a promising support for clinical application
      of neural tissue transplantation. In contrast, rhodamine-labeled SCN cell
      suspension transplanted into host's third ventricle did not restore circadian
      rhythmicity in 24 cases. Histological analysis revealed aggregated donor cells
      attached to the third ventricle and immunocytochemically stained with both VIP
      and vasopressin. Furthermore, rhodamine within the host brain suggested the fiber
      connections between the host and the donor cells. This result indicated that the
      circadian oscillator in SCN may function only based on the structural integrity
      of the SCN.

PMID- 1799512
TI  - [Cerebral blood flow velocity measurements by transcranial Doppler during
      postural changes and walking in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension].
AB  - Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was utilized to estimate the cerebral blood flow
      velocity during postural changes or walking in two patients with idiopathic
      orthostatic hypotension (IOH). The probe of TCD was attached tightly to the
      temporal skull with a headband to measure the flow velocity of middle cerebral
      artery (MCA). The patients' postures were altered passively by a tilting table or
      actively by standing up or walking with their own feet. The TCD study clearly
      demonstrated a complete loss of autoregulation in Case 2 and an incomplete
      impairment of autoregulation in Case 1. In both patients, the blood pressure
      dropped markedly at a standing position, and MCA flow velocity decreased
      accordingly resulting in manifestation of dizziness. In Case 1, the blood
      pressure was elevated during walking, and MCA flow velocity increased leading to
      the improvement of ischemic symptoms. In Case 2, the TCD study was repeated after
      administration of fluorohydrocortisone, a mineralocorticoid agent, which
      ameliorated clinical symptoms. The results, however, indicated no improvement of
      autoregulatory response. The amelioration of symptoms was attributable to the
      elevation of blood pressure levels. Our study indicates the capability of TCD to
      estimate cerebral blood flow alteration during postural changes or walking. The
      TCD appears to be useful for evaluating the autoregulatory response and
      effectiveness of therapy in patients with orthostatism, like IOH.

PMID- 1799513
TI  - [Magnetoencephalographic localization of epileptic foci using a 37-channel
      biomagnetometer].
AB  - The magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded
      simultaneously from 10 normal subjects using a 37-channel biomagnetometer. No
      paroxysmal spikelike waveform was observed in MEG at rest with eyes closed. The
      MEG and EEG were recorded also from 16 patients with primary epilepsy and 24
      patients with secondary epilepsy. The examination proved to be safe for both
      normal subjects and patients with epilepsy. Interictal spikes were observed in 27
      cases during the examination. The percentage of spikes identified in MEG but not
      in EEG was found to be 2. 3% of all spikes. The foci of the spikes identified in
      MEG were localized and determined in 20 cases. In 10 patients with secondary
      epilepsy, the localization of the foci were compared with the lesion demonstrated
      by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) and with the
      findings of EEG. In 6 cases, the foci by MEG were consistent. In the 4 cases
      where the MEG foci did not correspond to the MRI or CT findings, MEG foci were
      supported by the findings of EEG. MEG allows three-dimensional localization and
      enables us to elucidate the propagation of paroxysms. MEG was very useful in
      diagnosing epilepsy.

PMID- 1799515
TI  - [A case of visual allesthesia].
AB  - A case of visual allesthesia is reported. A thirty-year-old right-handed man with
      a right temporo-occipital arteriovenous malformation underwent the surgery for
      extirpation of the lesion. Postoperatively he had left homonymous hemianopsia.
      Approximately 6 months after the surgery, he experienced the initial spell of
      generalized convulsion, followed by the episodes of visual allesthesia. He
      experienced illusory left hemonymous transpositions of objects viewed in the
      right homonymous field. The transposition occurred from normal to the defective
      visual field. The illusory image was palinoptic, persisting for up to several
      minutes after the real object was no longer in view. It was equal in shape with
      the original, and caused monocular diplopia. MRI showed a large area of
      postoperative changes. The lesion was located from the posterior half of the
      middle and inferior gyri of the right temporal lobe to the occipital and a part
      of the parietal cortex. And it extended into the right fusiform and lingual gyri.
      The right lateral geniculate body and the posterior part of thalamus were also
      involved. We speculated that this phenomenon may result from irritation of the
      affected brain and its surrounding areas, since the episode took place following
      the seizure.

PMID- 1799514
TI  - [Temporal profile of the superoxide dismutase and the ascorbic acid in focal
      cerebral ischemia].
AB  - It has been proposed that free radical reactions are involved in ischemic brain
      damage. Since irreversible pathological changes occurs very early phase of the
      focal ischemia and the ischemic brain edema reaches its peak at about 2 days of
      ischemia, the free radical reactions must take place before these changes.
      Superoxide dismutase is a famous enzyme that dismutase superoxide anion, which is
      believed to be one of the initiator of the free radical reactions. If superoxide
      anion plays a pivotal role in the genesis of pathological ischemic brain damage
      and edema, the activity of the enzyme may decrease in the early phase of
      ischemia. Ascorbic acid is also known to be a scavenger of superoxide anion, and
      brain tissue contains it in a high concentration. We investigated the changes in
      superoxide dismutase activity and concentration of reduced ascorbate in focal
      ischemia. Focal ischemia was produced in rats by permanent occlusion of the left
      middle cerebral artery. The animals were decapitated 30 minutes, 4, 24, and 48
      hours after the operation. Middle cerebral artery territory of each cerebral
      hemisphere was homogenized and centrifuged with phosphate buffer. The supernatant
      was divided into two aliquots; one was dialyzed to remove ascorbate and the other
      was not. The SOD activity was measured by electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spin
      trapping method, and the ascorbic acid concentration was measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD).
      Protein concentration was measured by Lowry's method. The enzyme activity was
      expressed as unit/mg protein, and the ascorbic acid concentration was expressed
      as microgram/g tissue. The SOD activity decreased markedly by dialysis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799516
TI  - [An autopsy case of multiple sclerosis with bilateral continuous cystic lesions
      along lateral ventricles and caudate-callosal angles (Wetterwinkel)].
AB  - A 47-year old female had a fever about 39 degrees C of unknown origin for 2 days.
      Soon she developed pain in the bilateral lower extremities followed by gait
      disturbance and vesicorectal disorder. Prednisolone was administered with an
      improvement. However, she developed paresthesia in the upper extremities 1 month
      later, and then gradually paraplegia another 5 month later. Nystagmus, painful
      tonic spasm, facial spasm, and visual disorder also appeared. These symptoms
      repeatedly exacerbated and remitted with administration of prednisolone. We
      examined this patient at age 53, CBC, blood chemistry, urinalysis, ECG and chest
      X-ray were normal. Serum IgG and IgA level were decreased. CSF protein content
      and IgG level were remarkably increased. EEG showed diffuse theta activities. MRI
      studies revealed high intensity signals in the putamen, deep frontal and
      periventricular white matter region. Pulse therapy of methylprednisolone was
      performed effectively for several times. She died of respiratory and heart
      failure 6 years after the onset. Autopsy revealed bilateral continuous cystic
      lesions along the lateral ventricles extending from the frontal tips of anterior
      horns to the occipital tips of posterior, and further, to the temporal tips of
      lateral horns; the caudate-callosal angeles (Wetterwinkel) were more severely and
      widely affected bilaterally. There were also old and fresh demyelinated lesions
      scattered in the cerebral white matter, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
      Although this case is considered to have typical MS from clinical and
      pathological findings, there have been only a few reports of MS with such
      continuous cystic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres as seen in this case.

PMID- 1799517
TI  - [Growth-inhibitory factor].

PMID- 1799518
TI  - [Changes in lumbosacral canal length during flexion and extension--dynamic effect
      on the elongated spinal cord in the tethered spinal cord].
AB  - This clinical research has been conducted to extend the understanding of
      pathophysiological mechanism involved in the tethered cord syndrome. In normal
      individuals, the filum terminale has elasticity similar to the rubber band. This
      allows cephalad or caudad movement of the lumbosacrococcygeal spinal cord while
      the spine is flexed or extended. This is based on the observation that the lowest
      pair of dentate ligaments spans from the T12 and L1 junction of cord segments to
      the dura between the dural exit of T12 and L1 nerve roots, and the spinal cord
      below T12 can freely ascends on flexion and descends in the spinal canal on
      extension of the spine. In 50 healthy human subjects, x-ray films of the
      thoracolumbosacral spine were studied. Lateral films of the spine were taken in
      the neutral, hyperextended and hyperflexed positions. The first group included 10
      individuals whose ages ranged from 27 to 42 years. The distance between the
      middle of the T10 vertebra and L1-L2 interspace was measured. This distance was
      considered to represent the length of the lumbosacral cord segment (L1 through
      coccygeal cord segments). The second group included 40 individuals whose ages
      ranged from 17 to 50 years. The distance between the L1-L2 interspace and S1-S2
      interspace was measured. The distance signified the distance between the caudal
      end of the spinal cord and attachment of filum terminale to the sacrum. There was
      a 3.5% (4.6mm by X-ray films) increase during hyperflexion in the distance
      measured in the first study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799519
TI  - [Cerebral blood flow and CO2 reactivity in patients with transient ischemic
      attack].
AB  - To elucidate the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CO2 reactivity in
      patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA), 10 patients with TIA and 5 healthy
      adults (controls) underwent two consecutive CBF measurements (i.e. the first
      measurement during room air inhalation and the second measurement during 5%CO2
      inhalation). Hemispheric mean CBF was determined by each CBF measurement using
      133Xenon inhalation method. CO2 reactivity was evaluated by analysing delta CBF
      (= mean CBF during hypercapnea-mean CBF at rest) and delta CBF/delta PaCO2. The
      resting mean CBF values in the bilateral hemispheres (i.e. both of the affected
      and unaffected hemispheres) were significantly lower in TIA patients than
      controls (p less than 0.05). Inhalation of 5%CO2 significantly increased mean CBF
      in TIA patients bilaterally, however the mean CBF value during hypercapnea was
      again significantly lower in TIA patients than controls (p less than 0.05). CO2
      reactivity in TIA patients was not significantly different from controls (p
      greater than 0.05). The result demonstrated that TIA patients have a chronic and
      global cerebral oligemia with normal CO2 reactivity. The chronic and global
      cerebral oligemia may develop a transient ischemic neurological symptom by being
      superimposed with local decrease of CBF.

PMID- 1799520
TI  - [Effects of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N-methylbutylamine hydrochloride (bifemelane) on
      deposition of calcium and magnesium in the central nervous system tissues of rats
      maintained on low-calcium diets].
AB  - Since the reduction of calcium (Ca) intake leads Ca and magnesium (Mg) to
      mobilize from their bone pool and to deposit Ca in the soft tissues, especially
      in the central nervous system (CNS) tissues, the effects of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N
      methylbutylamine hydrochloride (bifemelane) on the deposition of Ca and Mg in the
      CNS tissues, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, abdominal aorta and bones were studied
      in rats maintained on low-Ca diets. Thirty-two male, 7-week-old Wistar rats,
      randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 8 rats, were maintained for
      90 days on the following diets: (A) standard, (B) standard with bifemelane (10
      mg/100 g diet), (C) low-Ca, and (D) low-Ca with bifemelane (10 mg/100 g diet).
      Neither the A-B groups' nor the C-D groups' blood chemistry changed. However, Mg
      concentration in the cerebellum showed higher values in the B group than in the A
      group (p less than 0.05). And Mg concentration in pons, cerebellum, spinal cord,
      heart, liver and femur of the D group increased more than that of the C group (p
      less than 0.05-0.01), as determined by inductively coupled plasma emission
      spectrometry (ICP). On the other hand, Ca concentration in the liver was less in
      the D group than that of the C group (p less than 0.05). In general bifemelane
      had a tendency to decrease Ca deposition in the CNS and soft tissues of B and D
      groups. Bifemelane may possibly participate in activating the cerebral metabolism
      and in keeping an adequate Mg level in the CNS and soft tissues.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799521
TI  - [Expression of cytokine genes within astrocytoma cell lines and brain specimens].
AB  - Expression of the Cytokine genes in human astroglial cell lineage was studied.
      Primers for 5 different human cytokine, TNF-alpha, -beta, IFN-gamma, G-CSF and GM
      CSF, were used to analyze messenger RNA transcripts in 5 cultured human
      astrocytoma, one neuroblastoma cell lines and fresh brain specimens by polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR). Three out of 5 unstimulated astrocytomas, U138, U251, U373
      MG and IMR32 neuroblastoma cells expressed TNF-alpha genes. After stimulation
      with IL-1 beta (1000 U/ml) all these cell lines expressed TNF-alpha genes. TNF
      beta genes could not be detected in these cell lines even in the presence of any
      cytokine stimuli. We were able to detect expression of IFN-gamma genes within 2
      astrocytoma cell lines (U87MG and A172), which interestingly did not show TNF
      alpha activity. Constitutive expression of mRNA transcripts of GM -CSF could be
      detected in all astrocytoma and two out of 5 unstimulated astrocytomas, U87MG and
      U138MG, expressed G-CSF genes. After stimulation with IL-1 beta, all cell lines
      expressed G-CSF. In addition, we also examined gene expression of these cytokines
      within 4 human malignant astrocytoma specimens, 2 peritumoral brain and 2
      autopsied normal brains. The results show that tumor and surrounding lesions
      express TNF-alpha (4 of 6), TNF-beta (1/6), IFN-gamma (4/6), G-CSF (3/6) and GM
      CSF (5/6) but not normal brains. One tumor specimen also expresses TNF-beta as
      well as TNF-alpha genes (case 2). From these results, it is suspected that
      astroglial cell-derived cytokines may participate in local immune reactions
      accompanying glioma in the brain.

PMID- 1799522
TI  - [Cauda equina neurinoma associated with intracranial hypertension--case report].
AB  - A case of cauda equina neurinoma associated with intracranial hypertension is
      reported. A 59-year-old female with a history of disturbed orientation was
      admitted. A neurological examination upon admission revealed the disorientation
      and gait disturbance. Superficial sensation under L3 was impaired. A computed
      tomographic(CT) scan presented the enlargement of ventricles and the slightly
      poor description of cerebral sulci. Since the patient had a high fever up to 40.1
      C, meningitis was suspected. Cerebrospinal fluid revealed that cell count was
      only 2/3, while the protein concentration was markedly elevated (389mg/dl). Froin
      reaction was extremely positive and fibrin was observed. Based upon these
      findings, the spinal tumor was considered. Plain lumber film showed the posterior
      scalloping of the L5 and S1 vertebral bodies. Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI showed a high
      signal intensity area at the cauda equina. Diagnosed as a cauda equina tumor, the
      total resection of the tumor was performed via laminectomy of L3-S1. The tumor
      was involved with nerve filaments at the cauda equina. The pathological diagnosis
      was neurinoma. After the operation, her symptoms improved and a CT scan revealed
      the reduction of the ventricular size. However, the protein concentration of
      cerebrospinal fluid did not normalized.

PMID- 1799523
TI  - [Delayed finger opening caused by a midbrain lesion].
AB  - We report a 25 year-old woman with delayed finger opening caused by a midbrain
      lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormal intensity area in the
      left midbrain in the vascular territory corresponding to the mesencephalic
      inferomedian branch and central posteromedian branch of posterior cerebral
      artery. Clinically, she suffered from Weber's syndrome, and in the course of
      recovery, she developed marked delayed finger opening. Her weakness was slight,
      this delayed finger opening was observed only after maximal grip, and she
      required about ten seconds to open her right fingers. She could open and grip her
      fingers easily and quickly in moderate contraction. In the electromyogram, the
      action potentials of flexor digitorum profundus muscle did not disappear promptly
      upon instruction to open her fingers, and they lasted for approximately six
      seconds with gradual decrease. On the other hand, the action potentials of
      extensor digitorum muscle were reciprocally inhibited and increased gradually
      after the decrease of the flexor muscle potentials. The abnormally continuing
      discharges in the flexor muscles were thought to be the cause of her delayed
      finger opening. The phenomenon of delayed finger opening caused by cervical root
      lesions, peripheral nerve lesions, or a brain stem (pons-medulla oblongata)
      lesion have been reported. But, the phenomenon caused by a midbrain lesion, like
      our case, has not been reported. The present case was different from the
      previously reported cases with this phenomenon showing simultaneous discharges
      from both agonistic and antagonistic muscles.

PMID- 1799524
TI  - [Cranial fasciitis of childhood].
AB  - A rare case of cranial fasciitis in a 1-year-old boy arising in the
      temporoparietal bone has been described. In 1990, Lauer and Endinger first
      reported cranial fasciitis, which is a benign subcutaneous tumor of the head
      developing from the deep fascia or the cranial periosteum and showing a
      pathological finding characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts. They
      described this tumor as "cranial fasciitis of childhood" in view of a high
      incident in infants and child. Cranial fasciitis grows rapidly in the scalp
      without pain, but its mean size is 2.5-3cm. Cranial fasciitis is closely related
      a clinical course and pathological findings to nodular fasciitis, which is also a
      benign proliferative fibroblast tumor developing from the subcutaneous muscular
      layers of the trunk and extremities (especially, the forearms), which was
      reported by Konwaler in 1955. However, cranial fasciitis differs from nodular
      fasciitis in that it is associated with the skull bone and, in many cases, the
      tumor destroys the inner and outer table of the skull and adheres to the dura
      mater. Cranial fasciitis should be considered to be a variant of nodular
      fasciitis. Neurosurgeons should be aware of this entity in the differential
      diagnosis of a firm lesion of the scalp in children. A brief review of the
      literature disclosed only 17 cases in the world. This case report is the first
      one of cranial fasciitis in Japan.

PMID- 1799525
TI  - [Cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle--case report].
AB  - The patient, a 25-year-old male, was admitted with a 2-year history of double
      vision and recurrent suboccipital headache. Neurological findings on admission
      revealed nystagmus, double vision in the far field, bilateral abducense palsy,
      weakness in the bilateral legs, hypalgesia and hypesthesia under the L5 level,
      gait disturbance and hypotonia of the anal sphincter. Plain skull X-ray showed
      marked digital impression and disappearance of the posterior clinoid process and
      the dorsum sella. Myelography disclosed a filling defect dorsal to upper and
      midcervical cord. Intraventricular injection of metrizamide outline cystic
      dilatation and caudal migration of the fourth ventricle. Occipital craniectomy
      and laminectomy from C1 to C6 was performed. Operative findings showed thickened
      arachnoid membranes and cystic expansion of the fourth ventricle lying dorsal to
      the cervical cord. Caudal portion of the ventricle was removed, and V-P shunt was
      placed into the fourth ventricle to maintain decompression of the cystic part of
      the fourth ventricle. This patient is considered to represent a case of cystic
      dilatation (or ventricular diverticulum) of the fourth ventricle in Arnold-Chiari
      malformation. We stress that posterior decompression with V-P shunting procedure
      is recommended as the treatment of choice for such Arnold-Chiari type II
      malformation.

PMID- 1799526
TI  - Health technology assessment: a policy-relevant technology diffusion model for
      emerging economies of the Asia and Pacific region.

PMID- 1799527
TI  - Rice in an interdependent world.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to examine the outcome of the increasing need and
      dependence on rice as an essential food, and the potential hazards of this
      trajectory in an interdependent world, and to propose the need for a
      supranational system to guide decisions made in areas of mutual dependency among
      nations. All rice producing countries of the world should be responsible for
      assuring sufficient quantities and qualities of rice for the world's population.
      However, there are hazards related to emphasis on rice yields associated with the
      neglect of overall nutritional needs and also the potential for environmental
      impact given the need for sustainable development. Scientific measurement and
      data analyses of interdependent supranational variables are needed to guide
      policies and practices to insure conditions for life will be favorable for people
      everywhere.

PMID- 1799528
TI  - A foundation president's visit to Vietnam.

PMID- 1799529
TI  - Adsorption removal of benzalkonium chloride by granular activated carbon for
      medical waste water treatment.
AB  - The adsorption removal of benzalkonium chloride disinfectant by granular
      activated carbon is discussed. The adsorption isotherm of benzalkonium chloride
      was expressed by the Freundlich equation. A significant correlation was found
      between the amount of benzalkonium chloride adsorbed in less than 1000 ppm of
      equilibrium concentration and the micropore volume of activated carbon. As for
      the adsorption rate, a change in intraparticle diffusiveness was found with
      increasing adsorption ratio. No significant correlation between the values of
      intraparticle diffusiveness and the properties of activated carbon was found. It
      was concluded that the micropore volume of activated carbon was the dominant
      factor in the adsorption removal of benzalkonium chloride by granular activated
      carbon.

PMID- 1799530
TI  - Induced abortion in eight provinces of China.
AB  - A survey of 12,000 women in eight provinces of China was carried out in 1988. One
      urban and one rural area were selected purposely in each province; data on
      lifetime and recent pregnancies were collected from married women aged 20-44.
      Data on abortions included reasons, gestational age, and complications. During
      the five years before the survey, the number of abortions per 100 live births was
      102 in urban areas and 62 in rural areas. For those with one or more previous
      live births in urban areas, nearly all subsequent pregnancies ended in abortion.
      Also in urban areas, 31% of women with a recent abortion reported the reason was
      contraceptive failure. Over 80% of women are contraceptive users; the high
      abortion rates then reflect relatively low use-effectiveness of contraception and
      that most unplanned pregnancies are aborted.

PMID- 1799531
TI  - Trends in the epidemiology of injuries due to road traffic accidents in Papua New
      Guinea.
AB  - The trends of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) in PNG illustrate a rapidly growing
      problem for developing countries. In this paper data of a time series for twenty
      years are analyzed to ascertain the trends in main indicators and injury rates.
      The relationship of injuries to road users and type of vehicle highlights the
      problems of passengers of utility vehicles and buses. An emerging problem of RTA
      due to use of light coaches for passenger transport is highlighted. The need for
      behavioral interventions and tighter regulations is argued.

PMID- 1799533
TI  - Whose baby is environmental health?

PMID- 1799532
TI  - Mortality trend in a rapidly developing economy in Taiwan. Part II: Life
      expectancy and "potential years of life lost".
AB  - Taiwan has made remarkable economic progress in the last 30 years. The life
      expectancy of its population improved steadily during this period. A male child
      born in 1983 could look forward to 70.4 years of life and a female child to 75.3
      years, gains of 17.5 years and 19.0 years, respectively, since 1950. The
      potential gains in life expectancy of the Taiwan population are also examined if
      the five leading causes of death are reduced or eliminated. In addition, this
      paper discusses the concept of potential productive years of life lost (PYLL),
      examines the leading causes of premature death and shows how this measure can be
      used to target prevention programs and health care planning.

PMID- 1799534
TI  - Solid waste scavenger community: an investigation in Bangkok, Thailand.
AB  - A solid waste scavenger community at On-Nooch dump site in Bangkok was
      investigated. The purpose was to identify the dimensions of the public health
      risk to this group of people and their community due to exposure to hazardous
      conditions from waste materials. A cross-sectional descriptive study utilizing
      field surveys and measurements was performed. The demographic, socioeconomic,
      health related and environmental characteristics of this community were examined.
      Health complaints and injuries were inventoried among scavengers. Prevalence of
      childhood respiratory illness was high especially in those households where
      smoking was present. Intestinal helminthic and protozoan infection in children
      were detected. Six individuals with possible HIV infection and a number of
      Hepatitis B anti-genemia were found among male respondents. An appreciable
      proportion of respondents fell below normal when tested for lung function. Air
      pollution measurements showed acceptable ambient air levels except for
      particulate matters. Water quality was low for both potable and nonpotable water.

PMID- 1799535
TI  - The Korean health insurance program: analysis of financial and cost containment
      measures.
AB  - Cost containment is the major determinant of a successful national health
      insurance system. From this point of view, the financial situation and factors
      influencing the rise of health care costs in the Korean health insurance program
      were analyzed. Current measures of cost containment in use are discussed in terms
      of price cutting and utilization reduction approaches.

PMID- 1799536
TI  - An epidemiologic study on differences in health status between employed men and
      women in Hawaii.
AB  - Differences in health status between employed men and employed women were
      examined. 56,203 participants in a stratified random sample of Hawaii's adult
      population were interviewed during 1981-1986 in the Hawaii Health Surveillance
      Program. Multiple regression analysis controlling for sociodemographic and
      occupational variables showed that although the differences were small, employed
      women reported more health problems than employed men, especially acute
      conditions and those requiring more hospital services. The findings of this study
      indicate a need for further study to understand the nature of the observed
      differences and to develop relevant preventive programs.

PMID- 1799537
TI  - Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health mission to the Socialist
      Republic of Vietnam: assessment of public health education.

PMID- 1799538
TI  - [Sister Gunna--always faithful to the grass roots. Interview by Marit Fonn].

PMID- 1799539
TI  - [Farewell to mercury thermometers].

PMID- 1799540
TI  - [Infection].

PMID- 1799541
TI  - [To be sick in the hospital].

PMID- 1799542
TI  - [Preparation for local wage negotiations].

PMID- 1799543
TI  - [Yes, I have cancer!. Interview by Rolf Sorli].

PMID- 1799545
TI  - [The Lappish patient--a joint responsibility].

PMID- 1799544
TI  - [Employers poorly oriented to chemical substances?].

PMID- 1799546
TI  - [Illness absenteeism].

PMID- 1799547
TI  - [Do community health services win the election?].

PMID- 1799548
TI  - [Nurses get 50,000 crona].

PMID- 1799549
TI  - [New position against intoxication at Haukeland. Interview by Marit Fonn].

PMID- 1799550
TI  - Magnesium and thermoregulation. I. Newborn and infant. Is sudden infant death
      syndrome a magnesium-dependent disease of the transition from chemical to
      physical thermoregulation?
AB  - The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains a leading cause of death during
      the first year. The common epidemiological and pathological data which
      characterize SIDS include the curve for age at death (with 3 months as modal
      age), the stigmata of early maternal intrauterine injury, the seasonal
      predominance in winter, and the absence of an adequate cause of death at autopsy.
      Some data characterize risk factor subgroups: for example low socioeconomic
      level, environmental pollution, stress, and mistakes in baby care. Symptoms
      before death may be lacking, they may be common and non-specific, or rarely they
      may be acute, corresponding to "apparent life-threatening events" (ALTE). SIDS
      may be a magnesium-dependent disease of the transition from chemical to physical
      thermoregulation. This theory originates from a synthesis of our present
      knowledge of SIDS, maternal magnesium status, and thermoregulation in the baby.
      It is consistent with all the epidemiological and pathological prerequisites
      characterizing SIDS. It eliminates the hiatus between relatively minor thermal
      stress and induced lethal thermal stroke. Logical scepticism about the role of an
      implausible lethal superacute magnesium deficiency is no longer justified with
      regard to well established chronic marginal magnesium deficiency. Further
      experimental and clinical research will be interesting, i.e. ex vivo studies on
      brown adipose tissue (BAT) and magnesium deficiency under various conditions of
      thermal exposure. But even now the theory leads to three therapeutic
      consequences: (1) the need to define the importance of magnesium deficiency in
      diagnosis and treatment of ALTE; (2) an assessment of the use of new techniques
      of rewarming (i.e. extracorporeal circulation) in hypothermia cases to
      distinguish cot death from "apparent death"; (3) investigation of the prevention
      of SIDS with magnesium through a blinded and randomized multicentre prospective
      cooperative study of magnesium supplementation in pregnant and lactating women,
      followed not only in the mother, fetus, and neonate at birth, but also through
      the first year of life.

PMID- 1799551
TI  - Fructose precipitates calcium phosphate in the kidneys of female rats fed
      magnesium-deficient diets.
AB  - We have previously shown the synergistic interaction between fructose and
      magnesium (Mg) deficiency on renal calcification of female rats. The purpose of
      the present study was to determine whether the calcification formed in the
      kidneys of female rats fed an Mg-deficient fructose diet is due to phosphate or
      oxalate precipitates of calcium. The rats were divided into two dietary groups:
      fructose without Mg and starch with Mg. Rats were fed their respective diets for
      9 weeks, and 24 h urine was collected for measuring urinary output, pH, Mg and
      calcium (Ca). The rats were then fasted overnight and after decapitation, blood
      was immediately collected for measuring plasma Ca and Mg, and the kidneys were
      removed. Left kidneys were used to determine their Mg and Ca contents, and right
      kidneys were dissected and fixed in neutral buffered formalin. Formalin-fixed
      specimens for microscopy were processed in paraffin using conventional
      procedures. Histochemical analysis was conducted by staining serial paraffin
      sections with haematoxylin, eosin, PAS-Schiff, alcian blue and trichrome. The
      sections were stained by the von Kossa method for calcium phosphate and by the
      silver hydroperoxide method for calcium oxalate. Only calcium phosphate was
      detected in the corticomedullary junction of the kidneys of female rats fed Mg
      deficient fructose. The hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, and hypomagnesuria
      observed in the fructose group may cause calcium phosphate crystallization. A
      possible mechanism for the interaction between magnesium deficiency, fructose and
      oestrogen may be through parathyroid hormone which increases tubular fluid Ca and
      phosphorus (TF[Ca]x[P]). Further studies are required to prove the mechanism
      proposed here.

PMID- 1799553
TI  - Magnesium-deficient myocardium demonstrates an increased susceptibility to an in
      vivo oxidative stress.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated free radical participation in
      magnesium deficiency cardiomyopathy. In this study, we examined the capacity of
      the magnesium-deficient animals to withstand an in vivo oxidative stress. Syrian
      hamsters were placed on either magnesium-deficient diet or a magnesium
      supplemented control diet. Animals from each group also received vitamin E. After
      14 days some of animals were given the catecholamine isoprenaline; 2 days later
      the animals were killed. The severity of the isoprenaline-induced injury was
      assessed by a morphometric analysis. The isoprenaline-induced injury was
      dramatically increased in the magnesium-deficient animals. The addition of
      vitamin E reduced the severity of the injury by 81% in these animals, indicating
      that the injury process was primarily due to an oxidative mechanism. These data
      show that magnesium deficiency increases the susceptibility of the cardiovascular
      system to oxidative stress.

PMID- 1799552
TI  - Low milk fat syndrome and magnesium oxide supplementation.
AB  - The low milk fat syndrome most commonly occurs in dairy cows fed diets with a
      high ratio of carbohydrate to roughage. It is characterized by markedly depressed
      yields of milk fat. Rumen buffers, such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and
      magnesium oxide (MgO), are known to correct the milk fat depression observed on
      restricted roughage rations, although by apparently different mechanisms. The
      mode of action of NaHCO3 can be explained by control of the proportion of ruminal
      propionate via control of rumen pH. Cows fed diets supplement with NaHCO3 showed
      increased feed intake and improved digestibility of dry matter or fibre. The
      mechanism by which Mg increases milk fat concentration may operate at both rumen
      and tissue level. Most studies with MgO have suggested that it acts as a buffer
      or neutralizer in either the rumen or the intestine. During digestion, the
      addition of MgO increases digestibility of dry matter, as does NaHCO3. Among many
      different tissue effects, MgO supplementation increases triglyceride uptake by
      the mammary gland. Feeding MgO tends to increase lipoprotein lipase activity in
      the mammary gland and to decrease the linoleic acid content of milk fat. The
      percentage uptake of triglycerides from lipoproteins and milk fat by the mammary
      gland was greater in cows fed MgO-supplemented rations than in cows fed
      restricted roughage rations. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein concentrations are
      uniquely low in cow plasma compared to other species, but still account for a
      major portion of the arteriovenous difference in plasma lipids across the mammary
      gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799554
TI  - Long term effect of magnesium on lipid metabolism in uraemic rats.
AB  - The long term effects of Mg on serum lipids were examined in uraemic rats.
      Experimental rats were randomized into two groups. Twenty four rats were made
      uraemic by 5/6 nephrectomy, and another 24 control rats were sham-operated. Both
      groups were then randomized into three subgroups. These three subgroups of
      uraemic and control rats received three different diets: a Mg-deficient diet, a
      moderately Mg-supplemented diet, and a highly Mg-supplemented diet. After 12
      weeks on this regimen, all animals were killed. In uraemic rats, serum
      triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were higher than in control rats. These
      lipid levels were further increased in uraemic rats on Mg-deficient diet and were
      decreased in uraemic rats on highly Mg-supplemented diet. These results suggest
      that disturbance of lipid metabolism in uraemic rats is promoted by low Mg intake
      and is ameliorated by high Mg intake.

PMID- 1799555
TI  - Experimental evidence of a potentiation by alpha,beta magnesium L-aspartate of
      the anxiolytic effect of diazepam. Four-plate test in mice and qEEG study in
      primates.
AB  - The anxiolytic dose 50 (AD50) of diazepam was determined in mice in the four
      plate test and the EEG pattern elicited by diazepam was quantified by Fast
      Fourier Transformation in monkeys. The AD50 of diazepam was reduced by 2.7-fold
      after repeated treatment with alpha,beta magnesium L-aspartate. The increased EEG
      fast activity elicited by diazepam at the expense of slow activities was
      reinforced and more long lasting after alpha,beta magnesium L-aspartate
      treatment.

PMID- 1799556
TI  - Magnesium and extinction of dinosaurs. Was magnesium deficit a major cause?
AB  - Chinese researchers have recently demonstrated that, before the extinction of
      dinosaurs, there was an impressive lowering in the magnesium concentration of
      fossil dinosaur eggshell. The structural and functional importance of eggshell
      magnesium--mainly in the cone layer--for embryonic viability and hatchability of
      oviparous species supports the hypothesis that magnesium deficit may have had a
      direct role in dinosaur extinction. Conversely this low magnesium concentration
      seems a questionable marker of magnesium deficit. The natural forces involved in
      the extinction of dinosaurs are more likely to induce magnesium depletion than
      magnesium deficiency. These very interesting preliminary data call for further
      research.

PMID- 1799557
TI  - Can we reduce the death due to cancer in Japan?

PMID- 1799558
TI  - Pseudo velocity profiles in carotid artery through Doppler US signal processing.
AB  - In this paper a new method of obtaining hemodynamic information from spectral
      analysis of continuous wave Doppler ultrasound signals is presented. Some
      considerations of the evaluation of maximum and mean frequencies of the signal
      arising from scattering in the insonated volume are proposed. A new algorithm to
      compute the maximum frequency has been applied. Maximum and mean frequency are,
      respectively, proportional to the maximum and mean velocity in the insonated
      volume. Their application to mathematical models enables an estimate of velocity
      profiles into the vessels. The proposed method offers the possibility of matching
      an accurate evaluation of spectral broadening. In vitro tests and some clinical
      results involving healthy young people, arteriopathic and stenotic patients show
      the potential of the method in evaluating different hemodynamic conditions.

PMID- 1799559
TI  - Non-linear digital filters for extracting crackles from lung sounds.
AB  - A non-linear digital filter system is proposed for automatic extraction of
      crackles which are discontinuous paroxysmal sounds in lung sounds. This system is
      composed of two filters: one is a stationary-non-stationary separating filter and
      the other is a width separating filter. The former separates non-stationary
      signals from stationary ones, using the prediction error for the input. This
      filter can roughly separate the crackles as non-stationary signals. The latter,
      the width-separating filter, performs signal extraction on the basis of the
      interval between the zero-crossing points of the non-stationary signals, simply
      realized by logical algebra. This filter extracts a small-width impulsive signal
      and its succeeding waves; such a waveform is typical of crackles. Crackles can be
      more precisely extracted from the non-stationary signals by this filter. Both of
      the filters are realized quite simply. The high performance of this system is
      shown in processing actual lung sound data.

PMID- 1799560
TI  - Individual custom-designed modelling for the finite element method to be used in
      the forward calculation of a body surface isopotential map.
AB  - Body surface potential maps differ considerably in their pattern even among
      normals, depending upon torso configuration. Thus individualized modelling of the
      heart-torso model is certainly desirable for a forward problem if it can be
      achieved without much effort. In this paper such a heart-torso model which is
      flexible enough to adapt to different body shapes with ease will be reported. As
      its basic structure, the innermost sphere represents the electromotive force of
      the heart, the outermost ellipsoid surface representing the torso surface and
      nine similar ellipsoid surfaces intervening between the two with step-wise
      increasing diameters were considered. We made 98 radiating penetration points for
      the innermost sphere as well as the 10 intervening ellipsoid surfaces. By making
      use of neighboring points of penetration as corners, the heart-torso model was
      divided into 4992 tetrahedral elements for a finite element method calculation.
      Once this basic structure was established, it was found to be very easy to be
      modified in a computer in order to make it fit to individual torso configurations
      quite faithfully by deforming the outermost ellipsoid. Individualized torso-heart
      models were built and their maps were simulated using data obtained from several
      healthy subjects. This paper discusses the results of two individuals, one
      muscular and the other slender, who exhibited considerably different body surface
      potential maps.

PMID- 1799561
TI  - Cepstral analysis of ultrasound in chronic liver disease--a preliminary study in
      the non-invasive evaluation of structural change.
AB  - To evaluate the morphological changes in chronic liver disease non-invasively we
      used the frequency-domain analysis of ultrasound. We assumed that liver tissue is
      a collection of semi-regularly arrayed small scatterers of ultrasound. We applied
      cepstral analysis to ultrasonic waveforms and evaluated the periodicity of
      scalloping of the power spectrum, caused by an interference effect among liver
      scatterers of a given spacing. In a phantom experiment, we could correctly
      measure the space among scatterers of a phantom consisting of a regularly spaced
      distribution of nylon filaments. In an experiment involving a freshly excised
      porcine liver, the distribution of the space among scatterers (SAS) determined on
      cepstral analysis reflected the size distribution of the hepatic lobules. In a
      human study, two statistical parameters, mode and kurtosis, were determined from
      the distribution of the SAS for each patient. In a previous study, we collected
      ultrasonic data during peritoneoscopy with a 10 MHz transducer directly
      contacting the liver and showed that we could evaluate morphological changes in
      chronic liver disease using cepstral analysis. In the present study, we obtained
      data in two ways: with a 3.5 MHz transducer through the abdominal wall and with a
      10 MHz transducer directly contacting the liver during peritoneoscopy. The mode
      and kurtosis of the SAS obtained with the 3.5 MHz transducer were both well
      correlated with the mode and kurtosis of the SAS obtained with the 10 MHz
      transducer. These results suggest that we can evaluate morphological changes in
      chronic liver disease non-invasively.

PMID- 1799562
TI  - An artificial endocrine pancreas--problems awaiting solution for long-term
      clinical applications of a glucose sensor.
AB  - The artificial endocrine pancreas is a feedback controlled system regulating
      insulin delivery on a minute-by-minute basis according to measured blood glucose
      levels. The bedside-type artificial endocrine pancreas has been proven to be
      useful not only as a therapeutic tool for diabetic patients but also as an
      elegant research tool for investigating the pathophysiology of the disease.
      Recently, a wearable-type, closed-loop system has been developed, of which the
      breakthrough was the establishment of a needle-type glucose sensor. However, for
      the long-term clinical use of needle-type glucose sensors, several obstacles
      remain to be solved, such as oxygen dependency, biocompatibility of the membrane,
      etc. The most promising method for the non-invasive determination of blood
      glucose is infrared spectroscopy. The trend in the development of a closed-loop
      glycemic control system which enables perfectly physiological glycemic regulation
      on a long-term basis is directed to an implantable device. Much research is being
      conducted to realize such devices.

PMID- 1799563
TI  - Centralized fetal monitoring with telecommunication.

PMID- 1799565
TI  - Cardiac pacemakers: market at turning point.

PMID- 1799564
TI  - The fetal actocardiogram.

PMID- 1799567
TI  - Adolescents at risk conference: overview.

PMID- 1799566
TI  - Prenatal care and pregnancy outcomes.

PMID- 1799568
TI  - Etiologies of adolescents at risk.

PMID- 1799569
TI  - Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and
      action.

PMID- 1799570
TI  - Problems of alcohol and other drug use and abuse in adolescents.
AB  - In summary, although there has been much progress, alcohol and other drug use and
      abuse in adolescents remains a major medical and public health problem.
      Epidemiological studies of adolescents and young adults provide important
      information about the frequency, quantity, and types of drugs used among these
      populations. A number of theories on causation and initiation of use of alcohol
      and other drugs have been postulated, and each adds important new information to
      the field. Impressive gains have been made in the identification of risk profiles
      which lead to alcohol and other drug use. Although this work has been
      comprehensive in its approach, studying the influences of family and peer
      factors, psychological and biological variables, and environmental and
      demographic characteristics, many questions remain unanswered with regard to the
      distinguishing features of those at risk who progress to problem use.
      Additionally, although treatment programs have been developed specifically to
      meet the special needs of adolescents, treatment outcome studies and better
      assessment procedures to determine which adolescents need which specific types of
      treatment are still needed. Finally, effective physician education strategies are
      needed to ensure appropriate practice behaviors among health care providers, who
      should be an important link in the coordination of efforts as the health care
      community responds to the problem of alcohol and other drug abuse.

PMID- 1799571
TI  - AIDS and adolescence: a challenge to both treatment and prevention.

PMID- 1799572
TI  - Not fear, nor quarantine, but science: preparation for a decade of research to
      advance knowledge about causes and control of violence in youths.
AB  - Both the single case I encountered in the Boston Globe and several sources of
      national data give a picture of young Black males as a group at extraordinarily
      high risk for injury and premature death. It is a consequence of violent behavior
      most often directed toward them by individuals of the same race and of similar
      age. I do not believe, however, that focusing on the behavioral characteristics
      of this subgroup will gain us much in controlling the very high costs in life and
      well-being they incur. Rather, we need to concentrate our attention on the social
      contexts in which these young men grow up, on the quality of housing and public
      schools available to them, on their access to firearms, and on opportunities for
      legitimate employment available to them. This is an urgent, pressing need for
      which there exists no formula for success. Many communities across the country
      are making an effort to find ways of coordinating such needs into a common and
      sustained strategy. We are clearly at the beginning stage of a campaign. In
      morally isolating ourselves from this segment of the population, we confer on it
      the status of being quarantined. Public fear and distrust assume the appearance
      of a rational response. Gradually these young men and their would-be families
      become functionally obsolete in society. As a matter of policy, the environments
      they inhabit are neglected, and, predictably, they deteriorate. It is in this
      sense that our science policy in regard to violence may be ahead of public
      policies that regulate (or fail to regulate) the environments in which violence
      breeds most extensively. The fact that public health, bolstered by the basic
      developmental and sociological sciences, is poised to take on a leadership role
      in combating this modern epidemic is welcome news. Recalling the successes of
      public health campaigns to control infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, may
      only be relevant in providing us with a sense of what constitutes a campaign to
      combat violence. The key actors in this important endeavor appear to be ready for
      a period of intense cooperation and forging of new knowledge. Now that we have
      failed in our effort to meet the 1990 objective for a reduction in violent death,
      the challenge is indeed a weighty one.

PMID- 1799573
TI  - Adolescents at risk: a summation of work in the field--programs and policies.

PMID- 1799574
TI  - Adolescents at risk: new directions.

PMID- 1799575
TI  - Determination of aldosterone in human serum by isotope dilution gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry using a new heptafluorobutyryl derivative.
AB  - The formation of a new derivative of aldosterone with heptafluorobutyric
      anhydride for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. The
      highest and also the most prominent ion of this derivative is observed at m/z
      734. The new derivative is, under the described conditions, reproducibly formed,
      is stable and has good gas chromatographic properties. These characteristics make
      the new derivative extremely suitable for selective, sensitive, precise and
      accurate analysis of aldosterone in serum by GC/MS in association with isotope
      dilution. This is proven by the agreement between the measurement results
      obtained by two laboratories for samples of three batches of lyophilized control
      serum. The sample pretreatment procedures used in each laboratory are described.

PMID- 1799576
TI  - Direct observation of the alkylation products of deoxyguanosine and DNA by fast
      atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - By the methods of fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, thin-layer
      chromatography and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy adducts have been studied
      which are formed by an antitumour alkylating drug thiotepa both in a model
      system, containing only deoxyguanosine (dGuo), and in DNA. Analysis of the model
      reaction mixture (dGuo + thiotepa) by FAB mass spectrometry permitted observation
      of adducts dGuo thiotepa, 2dGuo thiotepa, and also the products of their further
      modification in solution, which occurs by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and
      also by opening of the imidazole ring. In the case of DNA FAB mass spectrometry
      made it possible to characterize adducts of thiotepa with guanosine (Gua) and
      adenosine (Ade) without their preliminary purification. The site of alkylation of
      Gua in both dGuo and DNA is N7, and that of Ade in DNA is N3. The application of
      the results to the study of the molecular mechanism of the antitumour action of
      thiotepa is discussed.

PMID- 1799577
TI  - Silicon membrane interface for the direct analysis of Kathon CG in aqueous
      solutions and cosmetic emulsions.
AB  - An easy determination of Kathon CG, an antimicrobial agent widely used in
      cosmetic and toiletry products, has been achieved by means of silicone membrane
      interfaced mass spectrometry. Low levels of the above preservative (up to p.p.b.)
      could be easily detected in both aqueous solutions and cosmetic emulsions.
      Valuable information has been obtained on the stabilization and decomposition
      processes to which the organic components of Kathon CG are subject. The role of
      magnesium ions, which are present as a stabilizing agent in Kathon CG
      formulation, in these processes has been investigated, leading to the
      identification of some degradation products.

PMID- 1799578
TI  - Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of platinum anticancer agents.
AB  - Quantification and identification of platinum drugs and their metabolites in
      biological samples has always been difficult because these compounds are
      thermally unstable, non-volatile and insoluble. We have demonstrated that
      electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can be a valuable technique for direct
      mass spectral analysis of platinum anticancer agents and for obtaining structural
      information as a result of fragmentation. Full-scan spectra were obtained with
      approximately 10 pmol samples. These results show the potential of applying this
      technique in pharmacokinetic studies of platinum anticancer drugs.

PMID- 1799579
TI  - The electron impact, chemical ionization and fast atom bombardment positive ion
      mass spectra of 1,2-bis(sulfonyl)methylhydrazines.
AB  - A series of bis(sulfonyl)-1-methylhydrazines were analyzed by positive ion
      electron impact (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and fast atom bombardment (FAB)
      mass spectrometry. Since these compounds showed activity against the L1210
      leukemia, an understanding of their mass spectral behavior is important should
      the structural characterization of metabolites be required. FAB proved to be the
      most useful technique, generally providing abundant protonated molecule ion
      peaks, in contrast to the weak peaks observed with CI (ammonia or isobutane) and
      the total absence of molecular ion peaks in the EI mass spectra. In addition,
      utilizing FAB eliminated the problem of thermal decomposition, which was very
      difficult to control under EI and CI experimental conditions. Fragments observed
      in FAB and CI mass spectra were consistent with protonation at the methyl-bearing
      nitrogen. One can locate the R1 and R2 moieties relative to the methyl-bearing
      nitrogen in FAB and CI by assigning that nitrogen as the site of protonation,
      with subsequent elimination of R2SO2H.

PMID- 1799580
TI  - Volatile compounds detected in blood of drunk drivers by headspace/capillary gas
      chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.
AB  - As shown by others, ethanol and methanol appear in the breath of normals, and
      endogenous methanol becomes detectable also in the blood after intake of ethanol.
      In this study I have investigated whether low-molecular-weight volatile organics,
      other than methanol, arise in the blood of drunk drivers who had imbibed
      alcoholic beverages. To this end a method for searching for such compounds in the
      blood is described. It was based on headspace extraction, gas chromatographic
      separation on a DB-WAX capillary, and ion trap detection in the mass range 29-99
      u. Detection limits, as defined by the analyte concentration that gives a signal
      equal to three times the standard deviation of the baseline noise, were estimated
      for the different mass numbers used in the substance search. Given the detection
      limits, presented as mmoles per litre (numbers within parentheses), in every
      drunk driver's blood with more than 10 mmol l-1 of ethanol between seven and nine
      different volatile substances were spotted. These were ethanol (0.15), 2
      propanone (0.015), ethyl acetate (0.0005), 2-butanone (0.006), methanol (1.5), 2
      propanol (0.06), ethanol (0.7), 2-butanol (0.03), and 1-propanol (0.03).

PMID- 1799581
TI  - Assignment of disulphide bonds in synthetic endothelin-1 isomers by fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a 21-residue vasoconstrictor peptide possessing four
      cysteinyl residues at positions 1, 3, 11 and 15, was synthesized by random
      oxidation of a tetrahydro-ET-1. On reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography, crude product was shown to be a mixture of two disulphide
      isomers. A method was developed to determine the disulphide structure of the
      isomers. The method consisted of (a) limited digestion with chymotrypsin, (b)
      cleavage with cyanogen bromide and (c) manual Edman degradation. Through this
      procedure, each isomer afforded specific fragments containing a single disulphide
      bond, which were identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Isomer 1,
      the minor component, afforded a fragment containing Cys 3 and Cys 15, and isomer
      2, the major component, afforded fragments containing Cys 3 and Cys 11. Since
      little disulphide exchange was observed, it could be concluded clearly that the
      disulphide bond pairs in isomer 1 were Cys 1-Cys 11 and Cys 3-Cys 15, while those
      in isomer 2 were Cys 1-Cys 15 and Cys 3-Cys 11 (the same as natural ET-1). The
      procedure was successfully applied to two synthetic analogues, [Gly18]-ET-1 and
      [Pro16]-ET-1.

PMID- 1799582
TI  - Determination of the antidepressant levoprotiline and its N-desmethyl metabolite
      in biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method was
      developed and validated for the determination of the antidepressant levoprotiline
      in blood, plasma and urine and the simultaneous determination of levoprotiline
      and its desmethyl metabolite in urine. Deuterium-labelled analogues were used as
      internal standards. The compounds were isolated from the biological fluids by
      liquid-liquid extraction under basic conditions. Following derivatization with
      perfluoropropionic anhydride, the samples were analysed by capillary column gas
      chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.
      The analysis of spiked samples demonstrated the high accuracy and precision of
      the method. Blood concentrations of levoprotiline down to 0.7 nmol l-1 (1 ml used
      for analysis) could be quantified with a coefficient of variation of 10% or less.
      The method is suitable for use in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of
      levoprotiline in humans.

PMID- 1799583
TI  - Detection of metabolites of toxic alkylmethylphosphonates in biological samples.
AB  - The major metabolites and breakdown products of some toxic organophosphonates are
      their respective alkymethylphosphonic acids. These acids ionize at physiological
      pH and are not amenable to gas chromatographic analysis in their underivatized
      forms. Their detection in biological samples has been difficult because of their
      presence at only trace levels. Existing analytical methods were developed mainly
      for measuring these phosphonic acids in environmental samples and at higher
      concentrations. In this study, we devised a gas chromatographic/mass
      spectrometric method to provide confirmation and quantification of the
      organophosphonic acids of soman (GD), sarin (GB) and GF in blood and urine. This
      report describes the various derivatization conditions that we have studied and
      demonstrates the characteristic mass spectra by different ionization techniques.

PMID- 1799584
TI  - Rapid, automated analysis of 13C and 18O of CO2 in gas samples by continuous
      flow, isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
AB  - A rapid automated method for isotopic analysis of 13C and 18O in CO2 has been
      developed. A variety of gas samples containing CO2 can be swept from serological
      tubes into a helium carrier flow; impurities are separated on a GC column so that
      a pure pulse of CO2 in He flows into the mass spectrometer. Isotopic ratio
      determinations are carried out as the pulse passes through the mass spectrometer,
      allowing a sample to be measured approximately every 4 min. A double, concentric
      needle-probe is used to flush the sample from the tube so that 100% sample
      recovery is achieved, maximizing sensitivity and preventing the possibility of
      fractionation. The precision of the technique, sigma(m-1), is better than 0.2%
      (0.0002 atom per cent excess) for 13C and 0.4% (0.83 p.p.m.) for 18O for 10
      micromol of CO2 at natural abundance. Samples containing only atmospheric
      concentrations of CO2 can also be analyzed.

PMID- 1799585
TI  - The use of negative ion thermospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass
      spectrometry for the determination of bile acids and their glycine conjugates.
AB  - A study was carried out on the negative ion thermospray liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass
      spectrometry of a group of bile acids and their glycine conjugates. The liquid
      chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric experiments were performed using low
      energy collisions on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was found that
      relatively high collision energies and collision gas pressures were required to
      produce fragmentation and that some unusual fragments were produced.

PMID- 1799586
TI  - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry for procaine determination in biological
      samples.
AB  - A simple, rapid and sensitive method for procaine determination is described.
      Isotope dilution mass spectrometry with (15N)procaine as internal standard was
      used. The analysis was performed at 4000 resolution by selected ion monitoring
      with temperature programming. The sample was measured in underivatized form in
      the direct inlet system. The method shows good analytical parameters: linearity
      between 0 and 40 micrograms ml-1, good precision and accuracy. The method was
      applied to the in vitro pharmacokinetic study of the metabolism of procaine in
      liver homogenates of Wistar rats. The method is rapid, permitting about six
      samples to be run per hour. Sensitivity of the method permits analysis at a
      signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1.

PMID- 1799587
TI  - Mass spectral analysis and fragment ion structure of fusarochromanone.
AB  - Fusarochromanone is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium equiseti that is implicated
      in the poultry disease tibial dyschrondroplasia. Electron impact ionization
      tandem mass spectrometry was used to elucidate probable structures of fragment
      ions found at m/z 274, 275, 261, 233, 218 and 191 and for devising an analytical
      rationale for the metabolites of the parent compound. In addition, a sensitive,
      qualitative liquid chromatographic technique using direct injection continuous
      flow fast atom bombardment for the detection of fusarochromanone in corn was
      devised. Analysis was carried out on a hybrid tandem instrument (VG-7070EQ) using
      open tubular columns (75 microns i.d.) with direct-flow open-loop injection. The
      limit of detection of the pure compound was 500 pg in the selected ion monitoring
      mode. A 50 p.p.b. (500 pg injected) of the pure compound added to ground corn
      samples was the lowest detectable amount in a biological matrix.

PMID- 1799588
TI  - [Interconnection of various spatial characteristics of proteins].

PMID- 1799589
TI  - [Analysis of fractal properties of globular protein surfaces by means of small
      angle x-ray scattering].
AB  - The "cube method" [M. Yu. Pavlov, B. A. Fedorov, Biopolymers, 22, 1507, 1983] has
      been used to calculate the intensity of the large-angle X-ray scattering from the
      volumes of several globular proteins. In the logarithmic plots of the scattered
      intensity curves from three of these proteins, there is a linear region at
      scattering angles corresponding to Bragg distances of from about 6.3 A to 21 A.
      This linear region possibly may be due to the fractal properties of the surfaces
      of these proteins on length scoles from 6.3 A to 21 A, and the fractal dimensions
      corresponding to the power-law scattering at these scattering angles have been
      evaluated.

PMID- 1799590
TI  - [Study of the denaturation of the N-terminal fragment of alpha-tropomyosin by NMR
      spectroscopy].
AB  - Heat denaturation of the CN1A fragment (11-127) of alpha-tropomyosin was studied
      by NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that increasing temperature makes the fragment
      go through some discrete states distinguished by the spectrum of tyrosine-60.
      Three of these states are characterized by differences in the compact surrounding
      of the single tyrosine. There is a definite correlation between the observed
      microstates of tyrosine-60 and the realized microstates of the fragment. The
      appearance of different states of tyrosine is suggested to be caused by a change
      in the structure of its environment due to denaturation of other, rather remote
      regions, i.e. by appreciable mutual effects of different regions of the alpha
      superhelix.

PMID- 1799591
TI  - [Photoluminescence band and anti-Stokes emission of native collagen in the
      visible range of the spectrum].
AB  - Photoluminescence (PL) of collagen, phenylalanine and tyrosine has been
      experimentally studied in the range of 400-700 nm. Anti-Stokes emission was
      observed when PL was excited by visible light. Possible participation of an
      excimer in generation of PL was shown. It has been pointed out that phenylalanine
      chromophore plays a dominant role in fluorescence generation of collagen in the
      spectrum visible range.

PMID- 1799592
TI  - [The role of 4-oxyproline in the phylogenetic change of collagen
      thermostability].
AB  - Analysing the data on imino acid content and thermostability of collagens
      distinguished phylogenetically it is shown that one hydroxyproline residue (per
      100 residues) which is localized in the third position of the triplet increases
      thermostability per 0.6 degree in the average. The magnitude obtained exceeds the
      value 4 times (0.16 degree). This happens at the expense of hydroxylated proline
      in the third position.

PMID- 1799593
TI  - [A theoretical model of DNA packaging in the phage head].
AB  - Statistical model of dsDNA packaging to icosahedral bacteriophage capsid is
      presented. The model describes intraphage DNA as a globule, i.e. intramolecular
      liquid crystal. We analyse the free energy of DNA, which has a globulized part
      inside the phage capsid and coil-like tail outside it. Conditions when processes
      of DNA movement into capsid or back are thermodynamically favorable are
      investigated. These processes are not accompanied with any thermal effects. It is
      not "all or none" type process, i.e. intermediate stable states are possible. The
      role of DNA interaction with the capsid inner wall is considered. The essential
      model abilities for qualitative explanation of experimental data are exhibited.

PMID- 1799594
TI  - [Bacteriophage DNA reptation].
AB  - The kinetics of reptation process of dsDNA leaving the phage head is analysed
      theoretically. It is assumed that the process is caused by DNA free energy
      decrease when it is leaving the head (DNA has to be in a globular state) for its
      surroundings where it is transformed into a coil state. For the analysis we have
      used the results of previous paper on equilibrium theory of DNA intraphage
      globule. Three possible cases for the ejection process friction are considered:
      friction in the tail-part channel, that of DNA segments with each other in the
      whole globule volume (it is essential for the collective way of the globule
      decondensation with simultaneous movement of all the loops--the first type way),
      the globule friction with internal capsid surface (it is most essential for the
      decondensation by the way of the globule rotation as a whole "spool"--the second
      type way). The first way would correspond to the greatest ejection time. The
      known experimental data on distinguishing ejection kinetics for phages with short
      and long tail-parts allow us to formulate arguments in favor of realization of
      the second way in nature.

PMID- 1799595
TI  - [Ribosome + protein elongation factors of the ribosomal cycle as a single enzyme.
      Why are protein factors needed?].
AB  - Model of ribosomal cycle with participation of protein elongation factors is
      discussed. According to this model both elongation factors should help to
      ribosome to discriminate substrates versus products of reactions. For aminoacyl
      site it is a discrimination of aa-tRNA versus tRNA, and for peptidyl site
      discrimination of peptidyl-tRNA versus tRNA.

PMID- 1799597
TI  - [Temperature dependence of the conductivity of individual potential-dependent K+
      channels in mollusk neurons].
AB  - Using the patch-clamp method temperature dependences of the chord conductance of
      single potential--dependent slow and fast K+ channels in mollusk neurons were
      studied. Under control conditions (20 degrees C, 0 mV, [K+]o = 1.5 mM and [K+]i =
      100 mM) the conductances of the fast and slow K+ channels were equal to 20-25 pS
      and 30-40 pS, respectively. Besides, the temperature dependences of the currents
      through the K+ channels of lesser conductance (5-20 pS) were studied. Some of
      these channels may be regarded as subtypes of the fast and slow K+ channels named
      above. It was found that for the channels of all types single channel currents
      arise with temperature. However, in the range of 10-20 degrees C an anomalous
      conductance decrease at temperature elevation was observed. For all channels
      except for the fast one at temperatures above 20 degrees C activation energy
      (delta Ea) calculated from the Arrhenius plots of the currents was about 4
      kcal/mol. At the temperatures below 10 degrees C delta Ea was equal to about 12
      kcal/mol. In this temperature range delta Ea had a pronounced potential
      dependency. Temperature dependences of the fast K+ channel conductance were
      opposite to those of the slow K+ channel to some extent.

PMID- 1799598
TI  - [Aggregation of denatured membrane proteins--the initial stage of acid
      hemolysis].
AB  - Influence of some sulfhydryl reagents on kinetics of acid hemolysis has been
      investigated. The results obtained indicate that the mechanism of acid hemolysis
      includes aggregation of some denatured membrane integral proteins, following the
      intermolecular disulfide bond formation. A suggestion is made that in this
      hemolysis-inducing aggregation free SH-groups containing proteins only take
      place.

PMID- 1799596
TI  - [Measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential using the
      fluorescent probe DSM].
AB  - The measurement of transmembrane electric potential of rat liver mitochondria was
      performed with fluorescent probe DSM. In the incubation medium with succinate the
      electric potential was -190 +/- 5 mV. Complete uncoupling caused by CCCP in the
      concentration 0.5 microM decreased the potential to -142 +/- 3 mV. In the partial
      uncoupling with a half of the mentioned CCCP concentration the potential was -158
      +/- 6 mV. DSM influence on oxidation and phosphorylation was not detected.

PMID- 1799599
TI  - [Kinetics of acid hemolysis in an isotonic sugar medium].
AB  - The kinetics of acid hemolysis of human erythrocytes suspended in isotonic
      sucrose media was investigated. Three successive changes on the curve of the
      suspension extinction derivative were discriminated and characterized as changes
      due to morphological transformation, swelling and lysis of the cells. The change
      due to the reversible morphological transformation could develop in two opposite
      directions depending on some conditions. The cell swelling was apparently induced
      by the protonization of hemoglobin with protons entering through the cell
      membrane. The phases of cell swelling and lysis partly covered each other by
      isotonicity, but at higher tonicities they were completely separated. These
      results demonstrate the increased informability of the method applied under such
      conditions.

PMID- 1799600
TI  - [Intensification of lipid peroxidation upon damage to cell membranes].
AB  - It is shown that during sensitized by haematoporphyrin photooxidation
      accumulation of TBA-active products in destroyed cells (human erythrocytes, rat
      thymocytes, pig leucocytes) occurs considerably faster than in the intact ones.
      Similar acceleration is observed in intact erythrocytes after the amount of
      reduced glutathione in it was decreased. It is supposed that the cause of
      intensification processes of lipid peroxidation consists in separation of the
      antioxidant system from the plasma membrane.

PMID- 1799601
TI  - [Use of methods of derivative conductometry and photometry for assessing the
      structure of a cellular suspension].
AB  - Experimental proofs for the possibility of studying the dynamical structure of
      rotatory moving erythrocyte suspension with the methods of derivative
      conductometry and photometry are presented. The amplitude of the recorded
      impulses was proportional to the cell concentration and the angle velocity, and
      strongly depended on the shape of the suspended cells.

PMID- 1799602
TI  - [Change in the immunogenicity of cells and supernatant under the effect of
      ultrasound].
AB  - It has been shown that under the effect of ultrasound of low and middle intensity
      (I = (0.5 divided by 3) W/cm2, frequency 2 mHz) transition of some antigens from
      the cell surface to the surrounding liquid takes place. It has been also found
      that ultrasound-induced immunogenic pattern of the surface antigens is not lower
      than the cells immunogenicity.

PMID- 1799603
TI  - [The theory of individual development (biophysical aspects)].
AB  - Long-term research data which induced the creation of negentropic (thermodynamic)
      theory of individual development are generalized. Attention is paid to the fact
      that the motor activity connected with energetic expenses in vital systems is the
      factor of abundant recreation processes induction providing the very possibility
      of development which is corresponding to their dysequilibrium, laborability and
      adaptive abilities. The negentropic theory enables to realize the mechanisms of
      individual development of both animals and plants. The latter differ in the
      indicated sense from the non-alive systems where working is, on the contrary, the
      factor of entropic dissipation. Attention is paid to a change of negentropic
      trend of development to the entropic one connected with gerontogenesis. Features
      of the negentropic theory of ontogenesis in contrast to the conventional ones for
      biological thermodynamics are analysed (E. Bauer, E. Schroedinger, I. Prigozhin).

PMID- 1799604
TI  - [Assessment of rate constants for isolating a metabolite by a model-independent
      method].
AB  - A model-independent method for estimating an elimination rate constant of a
      metabolite of exogenous substance is suggested as an alternative to known
      methods. The new method (named the initial slope method) uses blood (plasma)
      concentration-time data of both the substance and the metabolite obtained after
      an extravascular impulse input of the substance. The metabolite input is not
      needed substantially facilitating the experiment. The method is based upon the
      assessment of areas under the substance and metabolite concentration-time curves,
      the initial substance concentration, and the initial slope of the metabolite
      concentration-time curve. The method was tested using artificial data generated
      on the basis of a compartment model for the substance and metabolite kinetics. It
      was shown providing nonbiased estimates of a true metabolite elimination rate
      constant irrespective of the structure of the model used to generate data. Other
      methods failed to provide such estimates.

PMID- 1799605
TI  - [Theoretical assessment of the effect of galvanic action on nerves].
AB  - The nerve state is estimated by a reduced Hodgkin-Huxley model X-X2. When
      selecting its parameters solutions of equations of Fokker-Planck and Poisson type
      are used. They model ion diffusion in the electric field under galvanic effect
      when an electrode is located near the nerve. By the method of phase pattern there
      are studied the system stationary state, condition of electroneutrality and
      possibility of achieving autooscillation regime of the nerve excitation varying
      galvanic stimulation parameters, as well as of ionic composition of the medium
      which surrounds the nerve.

PMID- 1799606
TI  - [The effect of atmospheric electricity on the human body].

PMID- 1799607
TI  - [Localized scleroderma (morphea) and septic arthritis. Clinical manifestations of
      Lyme borreliosis seen in El Ferrol].
AB  - Two cases of Lyme's disease seen at El Ferrol (Spain) were described. One of them
      developed a recurrent knee arthritis and the other had a localized sclerodermia
      (morphea) syndrome. Diagnosis was established by means of clinical picture and
      serologic tests (enzyme-linked analysis and/or indirect immunofluorescence
      tests). Joint involvement has often been described in patients diagnosed of
      having Lyme's disease in Spain, however, the relationship between morphea and
      borreliosis is still a matter of controversy. We believe that patients with
      localized sclerodermia and high significant titers of specific antibodies against
      B. burgdorferi should be treated with antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 1799609
TI  - [Sensitivity of yeasts of the genus Candida to new antifungal agents].
AB  - We studied the in vitro activity of cloconazole, sulconazole, butoconazole,
      isoconazole, fenticonazole and ciclopirox, as well other classical antifungal
      agents against 188 Candida spp. strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
      have been determined by dilution-agar technique. Of all the imidazole compound
      tested, isoconazole showed the greatest activity against 186 Candida strains
      isolates (MIC 90%: 4 micrograms/ml). Sulconazole and cloconazole showed their
      best activity against 106 Candida albicans isolates. Butoconazole and isoconazole
      had demonstrated good activity against C. albicans and also were the most active
      agents against 80 Candida spp. isolates. In vitro activity of ciclopirox against
      Candida is close to that of econazole (MIC 90%: 8 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 1799608
TI  - [Tuberculosis and AIDS. Study of 54 patients].
AB  - We present 54 cases of tuberculosis (TBC) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
      (AIDS) that were observed during five years and represent 37% of our AIDS
      patients. TBC was diagnosed before AIDS in 7, after AIDS in 5 and simultaneously
      in 42. Eighty-seven per cent were intravenous drug users (IVDU) and no hemophilia
      cases were recorded. The tuberculin skin test (PPD) showed a reaction greater
      than 5 mm in 43%. Prophylaxis has not been used in any patient. TBC was localized
      in 39% and disseminated in 61%; the lung was the main organ involved. Diagnosis
      was established by culture in 42 cases and by pathology exam in 12 cases.
      Eighteen patients had multiple isolations, while 36 had a single one. Co
      occurrence with other opportunistic infections was observed in 27 cases. Death
      related to TBC was seen in 3 patients, and there were no differences in survival
      between disseminated and localized presentations. Compliance of treatment was
      very low and follow-up was not achieved in large number of patients.

PMID- 1799610
TI  - [Adverse effects of cotrimoxazole in Spanish patients with AIDS and pneumonia
      caused by Pneumocystis carinii].
AB  - We retrospectively analyze the untoward effects due to cotrimoxazole (CMX) when
      this drug was used as initial therapy in 37 Spanish AIDS patients with
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). A total of 46% of patients developed an
      adverse reaction, that was considered severe in 24.3% of cases, and prompted to
      stop CMX therapy in 10.8% of patients. The most frequent untoward effects were
      low white blood cells count (29.7%), skin rash (16.2%) and low platelet count
      (13.5%). The overall compliance and absence of undesirable effects to CMX seen in
      our patients, together with the well established clinical efficacy of this drug,
      allow us to recommend the use of CMX as initial therapy for Spanish AIDS patients
      with PCP.

PMID- 1799611
TI  - [Lower respiratory infections caused by beta hemolytic group A Streptococcus].
AB  - Three patients with beta-hemolytic group A streptococcal pneumonia were
      described. We emphasize the opportunistic pathogenic ability of the microorganism
      in the lower respiratory tract, and we describe the possible pathogenic
      mechanisms as well as the more frequent symptoms and complications.

PMID- 1799612
TI  - [Usefulness of blood cultures from central venous catheters in the diagnosis of
      infection of the catheter tip].
AB  - Central venous blood cultures, obtained through catheters have been used for
      diagnosis of tip infections. We prospectively studied in a consecutive way two
      blood culture techniques. In a group of 23 cases, the first 5 ml of catheter
      solution was discarded, and in the second group of 41 cases the first 10 ml of
      catheter solution and blood were used. Colony counts for true positive samples
      were 100 cfu/ml (median value) with a 95% confidence interval = 5-1000 cfu/ml.
      Test validation showed for all cases, first and second groups respectively:
      sensitivity 60%, 50% and 62.5%; specificity 91.1%, 100% and 94.7%; positive
      predictive values 94.1%, 100% and 93.8%; negative predictive values 73.3%, 85%
      and 64%. This study had a limited utility in the diagnosis of central venous
      catheter tip infections. Our results show that the most sensitive technique is
      culture of initial samples obtained through the venous access, and that a cut-off
      lower than those used in previous studies should be used.

PMID- 1799613
TI  - [Hemorrhagic viral diseases. A health problem?].

PMID- 1799614
TI  - [The genus Proteus. Pathogenic and epidemiologic aspects].

PMID- 1799616
TI  - [Pneumatocele in a patient with HIV infection].

PMID- 1799615
TI  - [Toxic clinical picture and genital cellulitis].

PMID- 1799617
TI  - [Sensitivity of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumanni complex and Acinetobacter
      lwoffi to common antibiotics].

PMID- 1799618
TI  - [Antifungal activity of nitroxoline].

PMID- 1799619
TI  - [Assignment of strains of the mesophilic Aeromonas group isolated from feces to
      their corresponding hybridization groups (genus, species)].

PMID- 1799620
TI  - [Multiresistant Salmonella typhi. An imported case].

PMID- 1799621
TI  - [Heterogeneity of strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated during an outbreak
      of listeriosis among adults in Valencia in 1989].

PMID- 1799622
TI  - [Hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacter cloacae].

PMID- 1799623
TI  - [Costal osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A rare microorganism for
      an unusual disease].

PMID- 1799625
TI  - [Brucella and bilateral psoas abscess].

PMID- 1799624
TI  - [Clindamycin in cerebral toxoplasmosis].

PMID- 1799626
TI  - [Myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis].

PMID- 1799627
TI  - Interaction of flavin mononucleotide with dimeric and tetrameric forms of muscle
      phosphorylase beta.
AB  - Interaction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) with dimeric and tetrameric forms of
      rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase beta has been studied under the conditions
      when allosteric activator binding sites are saturated by AMP (1 mM AMP; pH 6.8;
      17 degrees C). Simultaneous use of schlieren optical system and photoelectric
      scanning absorption optical system of analytical ultracentrifuge Spinco, model E,
      makes it possible to register the oligomeric state of the enzyme and calculate
      the degree of saturation of individual oligomeric enzyme forms by FMN. The
      apparent association constant for the equilibrium dimer in equilibrium with
      tetramer decreased with increasing FMN concentration. The microscopic
      dissociation constants for the complexes of dimeric and tetrameric forms of
      glycogen phosphorylase beta with FMN have been found to be equal to 10 and 79
      microM, respectively.

PMID- 1799628
TI  - Wobble position modified nucleosides evolved to select transfer RNA codon
      recognition: a modified-wobble hypothesis.
AB  - While recognized that some wobble exists in the base pairing of the first base of
      the tRNA anticodon with the third of the codon, specific base modifications have
      evolved to select particular codons. This modified-wobble theory would be
      exemplified by a single codon recognition imposed on the anticodon by
      modification of the tRNA wobble position nucleoside.

PMID- 1799629
TI  - Sequence of a new tRNA(Leu)(U*AA) from brewer's yeast.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a new tRNA(Leu)(anticodon U*AA) from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae which could recognize exclusively the UUA codon has been determined.
      Its primary structure is:
      pGGAGGGUUGm2GCac4CGAGDGmGDCDAAGGCm2(2)GGCAGACmUU*AAm1GA++ + psi
      CUGUUGGACGGUUGUCCGm5CGCGAGT psi CGm1A(orA)ACCUCGCAUCCUUCACCA. This tRNA has a
      large extraloop and contains 15 modified nucleotides. So far it is the third
      isoacceptor tRNA for leucine in yeast. It has 61% homology with
      tRNA(Leu)(anticodon m5CAA) and 63% homology with tRNA(Leu)(anticodon UAG), the
      two other known yeast tRNAs(Leu).

PMID- 1799630
TI  - A comparative Raman spectroscopic study of cholinesterases.
AB  - We report Raman spectra of various cholinesterases: lytic tetrameric forms (G4)
      obtained by tryptic digestion of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from
      Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus, a PI-PLC-treated dimeric form
      (G2) of AChE from T marmorata, and the soluble tetrameric form (G4) of
      butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) from human plasma. The contribution of different
      types of secondary structure was estimated by analyzing the amide I band, using
      the method of Williams. The spectra of cholinesterases in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)
      indicate the presence of both alpha-helices (about 50%) and beta-sheets (about
      25%), together with 15% turns and 10% undefined structures. In 20 mM phosphate
      buffer (pH 7.0), the spectra indicated a smaller contribution of alpha-helical
      structure (about 35%) and an increased beta-sheet content (from 25 to 35%). This
      shows that the ionic milieu profoundly affects either the conformation of the
      protein (AChE activity is known to be sensitive to ionic strength), or the
      evaluation of secondary structure, or both. In addition, we analyzed vibrations
      corresponding to the side chains of aromatic and aliphatic amino acids. In
      particular, the analyses of the tyrosine doublet (830-850 cm-1) and of the
      tryptophan vibration at 880 cm-1 indicated that these residues are predominantly
      'exposed' on the surface of the molecules.

PMID- 1799631
TI  - Overexpression of L7/L12 protein with mutations in its flexible region.
AB  - Using restriction enzymes and polymerase chain reaction, three mutated forms of
      L7/L12 proteins with deleted 38-46, 44-52 and 38-52 residues were obtained. These
      mutant proteins were isolated in a preparative scale and were shown to bind to
      ribosomes and to affect ribosomal function.

PMID- 1799632
TI  - The three-dimensional structure of the aspartyl protease from the HIV-1 isolate
      BRU.
AB  - The crystal structure of the aspartyl protease encoded by the gene pol of the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, isolate BRU) has been determined to 2.7 A
      resolution. The enzyme, expressed as an insoluble denatured polypeptide in
      inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli has been renatured and crystallized. It
      differs by several amino acid replacements from the homologous enzymes of other
      HIV-1 isolates. A superposition of the C alpha-backbone of the BRU protease with
      that of the SF2 protease gives a roots mean square positional difference of 0.45
      A. Thus, neither the denaturation/renaturation process nor the amino acid
      replacements have a noticeable effect on the three-dimensional structure of the
      BRU protease or on the detailed conformation of the catalytic site, which is very
      similar to that of other aspartyl proteases.

PMID- 1799633
TI  - Regeneration of native ovalbumin conformation disrupted by citraconylation.
AB  - Ovalbumin was reacted with a 960-fold molar excess of citraconic anhydride, and
      91% of the epsilon-amino groups, representing 18 of the 20 lysine residues, were
      citraconylated. As detected by fluorescence and far-ultraviolet circular dichroic
      (CD) measurements, the modified protein displayed significant disruption of the
      native conformation. Treatment at pH 2.2 for 5 h resulted in the hydrolysis of 10
      of the 18 citraconyl groups, but when subjected to the acid conditions for 12 h,
      all 18 modifying groups were removed. Electrophoretically, the 5-h and the 12-h
      acid-treated proteins were homogeneous and showed decreasing anodic mobility at
      pH 8.3; indeed, the anodic mobility of the 12-h acid-treated protein was
      identical to that of the native protein. Similarly, the 12-h acid-treated protein
      possessed conformational properties almost indistinguishable from the native
      protein. These properties included similar emission fluorescence spectra and far
      ultraviolet CD spectra, similar resistance to undergoing helix-to-coil transition
      at pH 12.2, and identical urea unfolding curves, and thus identical urea
      transition mid-point of about 8.0 M. These observations indicate that the protein
      with all the epsilon-amino groups regenerated by acid treatment has the same
      conformational stability as the native ovalbumin.

PMID- 1799634
TI  - Modified oligonucleotides in rabbit reticulocytes: uptake, stability and
      antisense properties.
AB  - We have investigated the behaviour of antisense oligonucleotides in rabbit
      reticulocytes. Both backbone-modified oligomers (methyl-phosphonate and
      phosphorothioate analogues), anomers of nucleotide units (alpha) and
      oligonucleotides linked to various ligands (intercalator, polylysine, dodecanol)
      were tested with respect to cellular uptake and inhibition of protein synthesis.
      Oligonucleotides added at an external concentration of 10 microM slowly entered
      the cell up to a concentration of a few hundred nanomolars. A large fraction of
      phosphorothioate analogues was found to be associated with the membrane. alpha-,
      methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate analogues remained intact during the
      incubation with reticulocytes although the latter were partly dephosphorylated.
      Antisense oligonucleotides were targeted against three different sites of the
      rabbit beta-globin mRNA: the 5' end of the message, the initiator AUG or the
      coding sequence. No specific effect on beta-globin synthesis was observed with
      any of the investigated compounds.

PMID- 1799635
TI  - Calpain 1-protein kinase C complex: effect of calpain inhibitors after
      dissociation.
AB  - A calpain 1-protein kinase C (PKC) complex was isolated from rabbit skeletal
      muscle by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-sepharose and by
      strong anion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. Calpain 1 and kinase
      activities were then dissociated on a phenyl-Sepharose matrix using gradients of
      decreasing ionic strength. The purified PKC obtained corresponded to conventional
      PKC and was recognized by a monoclonal antibody specific for alpha and beta
      isotypes. Leupeptin, calpain inhibitor II, and the more selective calpain
      inhibitors calpeptin and MDL 28170 did not block the activation of the purified
      PKC by Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine.

PMID- 1799636
TI  - HPr polymorphism in oral streptococci is caused by the partial removal of the N
      terminal methionine.
AB  - HPr is a small phosphocarrier protein of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar
      phosphotransferase system involved in the transport and phosphorylation of
      sugars. It has recently been reported that streptococci possess two forms of HPr
      having identical biochemical properties. In this communication, we show by N
      terminal amino-acid sequencing and by ion-spray mass spectroscopy that these two
      forms differ by the presence or the absence of the N-terminal methionine.

PMID- 1799637
TI  - Macrophage activity in asbestos related diseases.
AB  - This paper indicates some immunological aspects of asbestos-related diseases and
      especially concerns the activity of macrophages--cells of immunological
      surveillance. Macrophages establish a very important population of cells which
      initiate or suppress specific immune response; they are responsible for effective
      T-cell activation, express antitumour activity. The process of lung fibrosis
      generated by the inhalation and deposition of asbestos fibres is also closely
      related to macrophage activity. An open question which is still to be resolved
      concerns asbestos-induced fibrosis; it may arise as a consequence of tissue
      injury and repair or change collagen synthesis. Another question is, to what
      extent macrophages may be protective cells and when they become undesirable?
      Since their overstimulation or damage in the case of chronic exposure to asbestos
      dust may be the reason of the increased release of inflammatory mediators,
      reactive oxygen intermediates which may in turn cause tissue injury, fibrosis or,
      in final effect, cancer. If so, we could then say that lung response (expressed
      by e.g. alveolar macrophage activity) to chemical insult may cause further damage
      to this tissue.

PMID- 1799638
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes of patients with
      malignant neoplasms.
AB  - G6PD activity in erythrocytes was examined in 129 people with malignant neoplasms
      (83 males, 46 females). In all these subjects G6PD activity in erythrocytes was
      markedly higher than in the controls. Tumour surgery resulted in decreased
      activity of that enzyme in the erythrocytes. The controls were 53 healthy persons
      (38 males, 15 females) not exposed occupationally to carcinogens.

PMID- 1799639
TI  - Case-referent study on skin cancer and its relation to occupational exposure to
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. II. Study results.
AB  - The study was performed on a group of 376 males suffering from skin cancer and on
      two control groups, 752 males each, matched according to age. Referents were
      randomly sampled from the general population as well as from hospital wards and
      dermatological out-patient clinics. The analysis of occupational exposure to
      different products containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced data
      which indicated an increased risk of skin cancer in persons exposed to mineral
      oils (odds ratio = 1.46; 95% confidence interval; 1.06-2.05). In the case of
      exposure to sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons other than mineral oils,
      no significant increase in skin cancer risk was noted.

PMID- 1799640
TI  - Cancer mortality among male workers in the Polish rubber industry.
AB  - The rubber industry, acknowledged by the International Agency for Research on
      Cancer (IARC) to be a cancer risk technology is, because of difficulty in
      identifying causal factors, the subject of intensive epidemiological studies in
      many countries. In the presented study, cancer risk in the rubber industry was
      evaluated on the basis of long-term observation (1945-1985) of a cohort of 6978
      male workers employed in a rubber goods factory, predominantly engaged in
      producing rubber footwear. The reference group was the general male population of
      Poland. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), calculated by means of the person
      years method, were used in the evaluation of death risk. The observation of a
      whole cohort indicated an excess of cancer, in general (approx 12%), lung cancer
      (approx 40%) and gallbladder cancer (approx fourfold). In the subcohorts,
      distinguished according to peculiarities of individual production sections,
      cancer risk of the large intestine and larynx was significantly increased. The
      highest cancer risk was found in compounding, mixing, milling and vulcanizing
      sections. Hence, beta-naphthylamine, benzidine and solvents (benzene) were used
      in technological processes in the past, bladder cancer and leukemia were
      considered as most specific for the rubber industry. In the cohort observed, the
      risk of death from bladder cancer was significantly increased only in those who
      had been employed during the years 1945-1953, namely during the period when beta
      naphthylamine was in use. No excess of deaths from leukemia was observed.

PMID- 1799641
TI  - Factors influencing the death risk from cardiovascular diseases of men of working
      age in Poland. I. Plan and methods of the study.
AB  - The objective of this work was to present the plan and methods of an
      epidemiological study of the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases in males
      and females of working age exposed to risk factors related to this group of
      diseases. The survey covered random samples of the general population, 20-64
      years of age, living in areas of two regions (voivodeships) as well as families
      of all the decreased from cardiovascular diseases, coming from the same areas.
      Data on risk factors characteristic for this group of diseases in the general
      population and in the decreased were obtained. The method of assessment of death
      risk in persons exposed to given factors is presented. In the method, a
      standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was used. Organization of the study and its
      results will be discussed in Section II of this work.

PMID- 1799642
TI  - Occupational exposure in operational radiology.
AB  - Measurements of dose-rate on the body surface of workers engaged in operational
      radiology permit the assessment of average annual effective dose equivalent, and
      dose equivalents in eye lenses and in hands. Measurements were made in 20
      hospitals in the course of different operations in which x-radiation was used.
      Individual values of annual effective dose equivalent ranged from about 0.1 to
      about 45 mSv. In the majority of cases this did not exceed 5 mSv at the current
      workload. For the eye lens, the respective dose equivalent range was from 0.01 to
      about 70 mSv; only in one case, due to the engagement of a totally inappropriate
      operating procedure, could the eye dose reach 1.9 Sv per year. The individual
      values of the dose equivalent to hands ranged from 0.5 to 140 mSv.

PMID- 1799643
TI  - Database on individual cases of acute poisonings.
AB  - A database on individual cases of acute poisonings has been established at the
      Clinic of Acute Poisonings, Institute of Occupational Medicine. About 3,000
      patients yearly are admitted to the Clinic and the mean period of stay is 3-4
      days. On the basis of the RDBMS Professional Oracle a method has been designed to
      prepare, update and select data about the Clinic's patients. The system has been
      established with a view of developing research on diagnostics and treatment of
      acute poisonings. Previously, such a study was highly time and effort consuming.
      Moreover the retrospective material was often inadequate for a detailed analysis.
      Now, the computer storage of data, makes their utilization more effective and
      efficient.

PMID- 1799644
TI  - Changes in brain bioelectrical activity (EEG) after repetitive exposure to an
      organo-phosphate anticholinesterase. II. Rat.
AB  - Effects of repetitive exposure (ten times in a period of two weeks) to
      chlorphenvinphos (CVP), at daily doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p., were studied
      in adult male Wistar rats of imp-DaK stock. It was found that 3 hrs after the
      last exposure, the cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the blood and brain was close
      to 50% of the control value in the 0.5 mg/kg group and less than 50% in the 1.0
      mg/kg group. In both groups, normalization of ChE activity in plasma took less
      time than in erythrocytes, and the normalization of ChE activity in erythrocytes
      proceeded faster than in the majority of the brain areas studied.
      Electrophysiological investigations revealed a retardation of age-related
      epileptic-like cortical activity. This effect, however, was present only in the
      1.0 mg/kg group, and only in the period of decreased ChE activity in the brain.
      Spectral analysis revealed an increase in 1-4 Hz activity in the cortical EEG of
      the 0.5 mg/kg group and heightened theta activity (4-7 and 7-9 Hz bands) in the
      hippocampal EEG of the 1.0 mg/kg group. The later effects were detected after a
      time sufficient for full normalization of ChE activity and manifested themselves
      most clearly in the presence of an acoustic stimulus associated with pain. The
      above results are in agreement with earlier observations on rabbits exposed
      repetitively to CVP. Data from both species suggest that, in the case of
      repetitive exposure to CVP, neither plasma nor erythrocyte ChE activity is a
      reliable indicator of toxicity, and that such exposure to this OP may lead to
      changes in EEG outlasting the period of lowered ChE activity in the blood and
      brain.

PMID- 1799645
TI  - [The melanoidin-containing preparation MIGI-K from mussels and its
      characteristics].
AB  - The physico-chemical properties of preparation MIGI-K from mussels are given.
      Some characteristics of melanoidin fractions of MIGI-K are presented, their
      similarity to standard melanoidin is revealed. The given data on biological
      activity of the preparation permit to consider MIGI-K as immunomodulator.

PMID- 1799646
TI  - Cardiovascular implant calcification: a survey and update.
AB  - Calcification of cardiovascular prosthetic implants is a common and important
      problem. This review provides an update based upon the Conference on
      Cardiovascular Implant Calcification held as part of the 13th World Congress of
      the International Society for Heart Research, 1989. A variety of cardiovascular
      prostheses are affected clinically by calcification, including bioprosthetic
      heart valves, aortic homografts and trileaflet polymeric valve prostheses. In
      addition, experimental studies have demonstrated calcification of artificial
      heart devices in ventricular assist systems in long-term calf studies. The
      pathophysiology of this disease process is incompletely understood. A common
      element between the various types of cardiovascular implant calcification is the
      localization of calcific deposits to devitalized cells and membranous debris.
      Prevention of cardiovascular implant calcification by either biomaterial
      modifications or regional drug therapy (controlled release) is being
      investigated.

PMID- 1799647
TI  - Biocompatibility assessment: application of fluorescent probe response (FPR)
      technique.
AB  - An in vitro test procedure capable of discriminating effectively between intact
      and membrane-damaged cells has been developed. This procedure utilizes
      fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide as fluorescent probes. The properties
      of the probes and the collapse in the selective cytoplasmic membrane permeability
      barrier of the damaged cells ensure the principal feature of the test procedure,
      that functional cells fluoresce bright green, but membrane-damaged cells
      fluoresce bright red. Investigations with natural rubber, silicone and acrylic
      polymers confirmed the suitability of the procedure to distinguish between
      materials on the basis of cytotoxicity.

PMID- 1799648
TI  - In vitro studies on biocompatibility of hyaluronic acid esters.
AB  - The biocompatibility of semisynthetic polymers formed from hyaluronic acid esters
      has been studied using fibroblast cultures. The polymers, added to the culture
      medium, used either in powdered form or as thin membranes, behave as inert
      materials. The cells used in the experiments grow normally in the culture dishes.
      With regard to adhesiveness the cells were not able to spread on the biomembranes
      and tended to form isolated clusters of round cells. Human fibronectin, placental
      collagen (type I-IV) and fibrin could be stratified on biomembranes. When these
      molecules reacted with the biomaterial the film became suitable for fibroblasts
      spreading and growth.

PMID- 1799649
TI  - Correlation of cytotoxicity, filler loading and curing time of dental composites.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that dental resin composites tested in cell culture
      produce cytotoxic effects on human gingival tissues. In this study, the cytotoxic
      potential of resin composites on primary human gingival fibroblast cultures was
      evaluated, based on inhibition of cellular protein synthesis measured by [35S]
      methionine incorporation. Both resin content and percentage of monomer conversion
      were considered as potential causes of cytotoxicity. Three resin composites were
      selected to provide a range of filler content from 45 to 86 wt%. Duplicate sample
      discs (1 mm thick x 10 mm diameter) of each composite were polymerized for 15, 30
      and 60 s, followed by heat (110 degrees C, 10 min), and the degree of monomer
      conversion for each sample group was measured using Fourier transform infrared
      spectrophotometry. Identically fabricated discs were placed into 35 mm culture
      dishes with gingival fibroblasts and incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. The cell
      monolayers then were labelled at 24 h with [35S] methionine, washed and
      solubilized; then incorporated radioactivity was quantitated by liquid
      scintillation spectrometry. For each composite, as the percentage of monomer
      conversion increased, cellular toxicity decreased. In comparing different
      composites having similar monomer conversions, it was found that the filler/resin
      ratio was not the only factor determining the composite's relative toxicity.

PMID- 1799650
TI  - Covalent immobilization of proteins on to the surface of poly(vinyl alcohol)
      hydrogel.
AB  - Covalent immobilization of cell-adhesive proteins such as collagen and
      fibronectin on to the surface of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel was investigated by
      using diisocyanates, polyisocyanates, and cyanogen bromide. It was found that 0.5
      and 12 micrograms/cm2 of collagen were immobilized on to the surface by using
      hexamethylene diisocyanate and cyanogen bromide, respectively. The big difference
      in the graft amount between the two methods was ascribed to the different
      reaction media employed for the surface modifications; toluene for the reaction
      with hexamethylene diisocyanate and water for the reaction with cyanogen bromide.

PMID- 1799651
TI  - Biodegradation and antitumour effect of adriamycin-containing poly(L-lactic acid)
      microspheres.
AB  - Adriamycin-containing poly (L-lactic acid) microspheres were prepared to develop
      a slow-releasing and long-acting adriamycin delivery system. An almost constant
      release of adriamycin from the adriamycin-containing poly(L-lactic acid) was
      achieved in Tris buffer and adriamycin disappeared within 20 d. Adriamycin was
      not detected in serum for up to 14 d, when the suspension of the adriamycin
      containing poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres was injected into lung parenchyma,
      the femoral muscles of rabbits or the peritoneal cavity of mice. However,
      adriamycin remained in the rabbit muscles for up to 10 d under formation of scar
      tissue. When free adriamycin was added to P815 tumour cells in culture, the cell
      survival rate decreased with the exposure time. The treatment with the adriamycin
      containing poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres showed a higher survival rate for
      mice bearing P815 tumour cells than with free adriamycin. In addition, the
      systemic side effects were insignificant when the adriamycin-containing poly(L
      lactic acid) microspheres were given to mice instead of free adriamycin.

PMID- 1799653
TI  - Improved nerve regeneration through piezoelectric vinylidenefluoride
      trifluoroethylene copolymer guidance channels.
AB  - Piezoelectric materials generating electrical charges in response to mechanical
      strain may be used to stimulate axonal regeneration following nerve injury.
      Tubular nerve guidance channels were extruded from a vinylidenefluoride
      trifluoroethylene copolymer using a melt-extrusion process. Unlike
      vinylidenefluoride homopolymer, the copolymer does not need mechanical stretching
      to achieve a dipole-containing crystal structure, enabling the fabrication of
      complex piezoelectric devices. Selected tubes were rendered piezoelectric in a
      high voltage corona poling apparatus. Crystal structure changes induced by poling
      were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry. In contrast to unpoled
      samples, poled ones displayed a sharp endothermic peak and a greater heat of
      transition at the Curie temperature, indicative of an increase in crystal order
      and size. The piezoelectric output of poled tubes was characterized using a laser
      monitored deflection system interfaced with a charge amplifier and oscilloscope.
      Poled tubes generated significant voltages in response to slight mechanical
      deformations. The magnitude of electrical output was independent of the poling
      polarity. Unpoled tubes showed no electrical output. Positive, negative and
      unpoled vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer tubes were used to repair
      a 10 mm gap in transected sciatic nerves of adult rats. Nerves regenerated in
      positively poled channels had a significantly greater number of myelinated axons
      than those regenerated in unpoled channels 4 wk post-implantation. Negatively
      poled channels contained an intermediate number of myelinated axons. We concluded
      that piezoelectrically active vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer
      tubes significantly enhance nerve regeneration as compared to chemically
      identical, unpoled tubes and that the polarity of the corona poling procedure
      used to fabricate piezoelectric materials may play a role in determining
      biological responses.

PMID- 1799652
TI  - Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution.
AB  - Surface films formed on titanium specimens immersed in electrolyte solutions (pH
      4.5, 5.2, 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 1 h, 1 d, 30 d, and/or 60 d, were
      characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform
      infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) to understand the reaction
      between titanium and inorganic ions. For comparison, the surface of Ti-6AI-4V and
      Ti-50Ni were also characterized. XPS data revealed that calcium phosphates were
      naturally formed on these specimens. In particular, compared with the calcium
      phosphates formed on the titanium alloys, the calcium phosphate formed on
      titanium immersed for 30 d in the solution with pH 7.4 was more like
      hydroxyapatite. The compositions of the calcium phosphates formed on the
      specimens changed with the immersion time and the pH value of the solution. The
      spectrum obtained using FTIR-RAS from titanium immersed in the solution with pH
      7.4 for 60 d was similar to that obtained from carbonate-containing
      hydroxyapatite. The results indicate that a calcium phosphate similar to apatite
      is naturally formed on titanium in a neutral electrolyte solution in 30 d. In
      regard to titanium being a biomaterial, we found this to be an intriguing
      property. It is possible that this calcium phosphate is responsible for the
      resulting biocompatibility of titanium.

PMID- 1799654
TI  - Biocompatibility of particles of GORE-TEX cruciate ligament prosthesis: an
      investigation both in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - This research was to determine the biocompatibility of simulated wear particles
      from a GORE-TEX cruciate ligament prosthesis using in vitro and in vivo
      techniques. Exposure of normal human synovial fibroblasts and primary mouse
      peritoneal macrophages to the particles revealed no cytotoxicity, as determined
      by lactate dehydrogenase release, but beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was
      released from macrophages at high concentrations, showing inflammatory potential.
      This was not seen when the particles were injected into mouse knees, where no
      adverse reactions were observed. These simulated wear particles were shown to be
      biocompatible using these in vitro and in vivo systems.

PMID- 1799655
TI  - Cell behaviour on polymer surfaces grafted with non-ionic and ionic monomers.
AB  - Following exposure to corona discharge, a polyethylene film was graft polymerized
      with different water-soluble monomers such as acrylamide (non-ionic), acrylic
      acid (anionic), 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulphonic acid (anionic), styrene
      sulphonic acid sodium salt (anionic) and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide
      (cationic). Attachment and proliferation of HeLa S3 cells were studied for
      grafted surfaces with different zeta potentials and contact angles. The
      polyethylene surface graft polymerized with styrene sulphonic acid sodium salt
      exhibited high cell attachment and protein adsorption, whereas the cells did not
      adhere to the 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulphonic acid graft-polymerized
      surface, although both surfaces had high negative zeta potentials. Graft
      polymerization of acrylamide reduced the zeta potential of surface close to zero
      and rejected the cell attachment. The polyethylene surface became highly cell
      adhesive through graft polymerization of the cationic N,N-dimethylaminopropyl
      acrylamide monomer, but too much grafting killed the attaching cells. Once the
      cells attached to a surface without being killed, they could proliferate at the
      same growth rate, whatever their surface zeta potential.

PMID- 1799657
TI  - Platelet-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that the response of granulocytes to stimulation is
      increased by the presence of platelets. Using an assay based on counting
      aggregates with a Coulter Counter, we found that heparinized or citrated platelet
      rich plasma directly caused aggregation of isolated granulocytes. Platelets
      themselves were frequently present within the granulocyte aggregates. The degree
      of aggregation depended on the platelet:granulocyte ratio, and increased over a 2
      -5 min period of mixing, with a slower increase thereafter. Aggregation was
      calcium-dependent, increased by stimulation of the platelets with ADP or collagen
      but not serotonin, and only slightly reduced by a thrombin inhibitor (hirudin, at
      concentrations up to 0.9 U/ml). A similar adhesive interaction in vivo might be
      relevant to thrombotic and ischaemic pathology.

PMID- 1799656
TI  - The catalytic role of anionic phospholipids in the activation of protein C by
      factor Xa and expression of its anticoagulant function in human plasma.
AB  - Phospholipids bearing a proportion of anionic species such as phosphatidylserine
      are necessary to promote the anticoagulant potential of the protein C pathway.
      Factor Xa (200 or 350 pM) was found to activate protein C in a thrombomodulin
      independent reaction requiring only phospholipids in Al(OH)3,-adsorbed plasma
      resupplemented with physiological concentrations of protein C (70 nM) and protein
      S (130 nM). All experiments were performed in the presence of an excess of
      hirudin. The activity of activated protein C was assessed by the survival of
      factor Va. The optimal phospholipid concentration range was 5 to 25 microM with a
      proportion of phosphatidylserine of 50% (mol/mol) resulting in a half-life of
      factor Va of 7.5 min in the absence of protein S and 4.2 min in its presence. Dns
      EGR-Xa, an inactive derivative of factor Xa, behaved as an apparent protector of
      factor Va. When replacing factor Xa, thrombin at 10 nM was not an efficient
      protein C activator in the absence of purified human placenta thrombomodulin. In
      the presence of 100 pM activated protein C, factor Va half-life was 2 min in the
      absence of protein S and 1.1 min in its presence in the above optimal
      phospholipid concentration range. The presence of protein S allowed reduction of
      phospholipid requirements. Annexin-V (placental anticoagulant protein-I), a
      potent phospholipid antagonist, fully protected factor Va from degradation by
      phospholipid-dependent mechanisms. Factor Va was partially protected in the
      plasma of a patient having experienced thrombosis associated with lupus-like
      anticoagulant and anti-phospholipid auto-antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1799658
TI  - Tissue factor pathway inhibitor with high anticoagulant activity is increased in
      post-heparin plasma and in plasma from cancer patients.
AB  - This study was performed in order to separate plasma fractions of tissue factor
      pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the basis of TFPI's heparin binding properties. A
      main goal was to look for differences in anticoagulant effect of the TFPI
      fractions from plasma. Normal plasma and plasma with increased amounts of TFPI
      were used; plasma from cancer patients and post-heparin plasma (plasma drawn 5
      min after heparin injection). Heparin affinity chromatography separated plasma
      TFPI into four fractions with increasing heparin affinity: the flow-through
      fraction, a low affinity fraction eluting at less than 0.3 M NaCl, an
      intermediate affinity fraction eluting at 0.3-0.55 M NaCl and a high affinity
      fraction eluting at 0.55-1.0 M NaCl. These fractions corresponded partly to the
      three TFPI activity fractions obtained by gel filtration. In plasma from cancer
      patients, the two fractions with intermediate and high heparin affinity were
      increased three- to four-fold, compared to normal plasma. The TFPI activity in
      these two fractions eluted with low-molecular-weight (35-60 kD) on gel
      filtration. In post-heparin plasma an even larger increase in the fraction with
      high heparin affinity was found; compared to that in normal plasma it was
      increased 14-fold. TFPI was purified to 0.72 U/mg protein in this fraction (about
      43-fold compared to normal plasma TFPI). The anticoagulant effect of TFPI,
      relative to the chromogenic substrate TFPI activity, was greater in plasma
      fractions with high heparin affinity than in the other plasma TFPI fractions, and
      it was five-fold greater than the anticoagulant effect of recombinant TFPI. Thus,
      plasma TFPI is heterogenous in heparin affinity and in anticoagulant
      potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799659
TI  - Use of factor VII-deficient beagles bred by artificial insemination to evaluate
      mechanisms of thrombosis associated with prothrombin complex concentrates.
AB  - Artificial insemination with frozen semen was used to breed beagles homozygous
      for a deficiency in clotting factor VII, with plasma concentrations of 2-3% of
      normal adult beagle pooled plasma. The factor VII-deficient beagles were used to
      determine if factor VII activity has a role in the thrombogenic activity of
      prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) containing factors II, IX and X by
      evaluating changes in selected indicators of thrombogenicity. No differences were
      seen between the responsiveness of the factor VII-deficient and normal beagles,
      indicating that the thrombogenic activities of PCCs are mediated via effects on
      the intrinsic clotting system.

PMID- 1799660
TI  - The site of activation of factor X by cancer procoagulant.
AB  - Cancer procoagulant (CP) is a cysteine proteinase found in a variety of malignant
      cells and tissues and in human amnion-chorion tissue. It initiates coagulation by
      activating factor X. However, the amino acid sequence of the substrate protein
      that determines the cleavage site of cysteine proteinases is different from that
      of the serine proteinases that normally activate factor X, such as factor IXa,
      VIIa and Russell's Viper Venom (RVV). Therefore, it was of interest to determine
      the site of cleavage of human factor X by CP. Purified CP was incubated with
      purified factor X and the reaction mixture was electrophoresed on a 10% Tris
      tricine SDS-PAGE gel. The proteins were electroeluted on to a polyvinylidene
      difluoride (PVDF) membrane, and stained with Coomassie blue. The heavy chain of
      activated factor X was cut out of the PVDF membrane and sequenced with an Applied
      Biosystems 477A with on-line HPLC. The primary cleavage sequence was Asp-Ala-Ala
      Asp-Leu-Asp-Pro-; two other secondary sequences Ser-Ile-Thr-Trp-Lys-Pro- and Glu
      Asn-Pro-Phe-Asp-Leu were found. The penultimate amino acid on the carbonyl side
      of the hydrolysed amide bond plays a critical role for the recognition of the
      cleavage site of cysteine proteinases. These data indicate that the penultimate
      amino acid for the primary cleavage site of factor X by CP is proline-20 and for
      the secondary sites, proline-13 and proline-28. This is in contrast to arginine
      52 that determines the specificity of the cleavage by normal serine proteinase
      activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799661
TI  - Differential effects of divalent cations on fibrin structure.
AB  - Calcium, a divalent cation, serves as a cofactor for several reactions of the
      haemostatic cascade and causes concentration-dependent enhancement of fibrin
      fibre size and fibrin structure. We have evaluated the ability of magnesium and
      zinc to influence fibrin assembly and structure. 20 mM magnesium shortened the
      lag phase prior to turbidity development and increased the fibre mass/length
      ratio (0.28 to 1.23 x 10(13) Da/cm) in a purified fibrin-thrombin system. In
      plasma clotted with thrombin, 20 mM magnesium increased fibre mass/length ratios
      from 0.60 to 1.65 x 10(13) Da/cm. Fibrinopeptide B release was not required for
      expression of magnesium's effect since lag phase shortening and increased fibre
      mass/length ratios occurred when clotting was initiated with batroxobin. In all
      cases, magnesium effects were similar to effects seen with calcium. In the
      purified system, zinc exerted effects at concentrations as low as 5 microM. At 10
      microM, zinc shortened the period prior to turbidity rise from 15.3 to 2.3 s. The
      final fibre size increased from 0.30 to 1.16 x 10(13) Da/cm over the same
      concentration range. Zinc caused similar alterations in gels clotted with
      batroxobin. The lag phase shortened from 38.3 to 15.3 s, and the fibre
      mass/length ratio increased from 0.49 to 1.47 x 10(13) Da/cm as zinc
      concentration increased from 0 to 10 microM. The addition of zinc to citrated
      plasma at concentrations as high as 100 microM had no appreciable impact on
      fibrin assembly or structure. To avoid possible effects of citrate, zinc was
      added to fresh non-anticoagulated plasma. At concentrations as high as 100
      microM, zinc had no effect on thrombin-induced clot formation or
      structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799662
TI  - Thrombus resistance to lysis and reocclusion after thrombolysis: the role of
      platelets.
AB  - Thrombolytic therapy reduces the mortality rate in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction. However, thrombolytic agents, which are primarily directed toward the
      lysis of fibrin, fail to achieve reperfusion in at least 20% of patients and an
      early reocclusion occurs in up to 25% of cases. The role of platelets in both
      thrombus resistance to lysis and early reocclusion is demonstrated by
      experimental and clinical observations. Platelets and the fibrinolytic system
      interact in numerous ways. Platelet activation can potentiate or inhibit the
      fibrinolytic process. The activation of the fibrinolytic system has been found to
      induce either an activation or an inhibition of platelet function. In animal
      models it has been shown that platelet-rich thrombi are resistant to lysis, and
      that platelets and fibrin still accumulate on lysing thrombi during effective
      thrombolysis. One of the most attractive strategies to optimize thrombolytic
      therapy is adjunctive treatment with pharmacological agents which inhibit
      platelet function.

PMID- 1799663
TI  - Whole blood granulocyte aggregation in vitro in dialysis-dependent patients.
AB  - Whole blood granulocyte aggregation in vitro was measured in 17 haemodialysis
      (HD) patients, 18 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, and
      30 age-matched normal controls. Granulocyte aggregation was significantly
      increased in dialysis-dependent patients compared to controls (P less than 0.001)
      and was statistically significantly higher in CAPD patients compared to HD
      patients (P less than 0.01). [CAPD patients, median (range): 56.5 (44-71)%; HD
      patients: 53.0 (32-67)%; Controls; 42.5 (33-56)%.] Since granulocyte
      hyperaggregability has been linked with the pathogenesis of ischaemic vascular
      disease, abnormal granulocyte activity in dialysis-dependent patients may be of
      many factors contributing to their increased cardiovascular morbidity.

PMID- 1799664
TI  - Treatment of the severe bleeding episode in type III von Willebrand's disease by
      simultaneous administration of cryoprecipitate and platelet concentrate.
AB  - A severe, life-threatening bleeding episode in a 24-year-old woman suffering from
      type III von Willebrand's disease was treated by large doses of cryoprecipitate
      with unsatisfactory results. Bleeding ceased and the bleeding time normalized
      only after concomitant administration of platelet concentrates. In the treatment
      of von Willebrand's disease patients possessing platelets with absent or
      insufficient von Willebrand factor activity the administration of plasma
      concentrates together with platelets appears to be justified.

PMID- 1799665
TI  - Hematopoietic stem cells: concepts, assays, and controversies.
AB  - Mature cells of the hematopoietic system, including B and T lymphocytes, have a
      limited life span and must be continuously replenished by differentiation from
      immature precursors. The stability of the hematopoietic system depends on the
      maintenance of a pool of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. During the past 30
      years, the development of quantitative assays for stem cells and their progeny
      has led to an explosion of information concerning the stages of differentiation,
      regulatory factors and receptors, and characterization of surface markers.
      Nevertheless, there remain many controversies about the properties of cells in
      the stem cell compartment. The degree of heterogeneity within the stem cell
      compartment is unknown. The detailed mechanisms for regulation of stem cells are
      uncertain. Finally, the factors which control the recruitment of quiescent stem
      cells are unknown and controversial.

PMID- 1799666
TI  - B cell commitment.
AB  - Multipotential stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of
      cell types including B lymphocytes. The development of B cells from
      multipotential progenitors has been the subject of numerous studies and many
      aspects of this transition are well characterized. However, the initial genetic
      events which commit a stem cell to follow the B lineage developmental pathway
      have not yet been discovered. In this review we examine diverse experiments which
      may lead to increased understanding of the important first steps in the
      commitment process.

PMID- 1799667
TI  - Mouse models for human hematopoiesis.
AB  - The successful engraftment of human hematopoietic cells into immune-deficient
      mice offers a novel approach to characterize the developmental program of human
      hematopoiesis. While it is not yet possible to achieve high level engraftment of
      all human lineages, several methods have been developed to successfully engraft
      human lymphoid cells and reconstitute partial immune function. In addition to
      mature cell types, there is evidence that progenitors and perhaps stem cells can
      engraft the murine bone marrow. Recent work suggests that provision of exogenous
      human cytokines significantly increases the level of human cell engraftment and
      stimulates the development of multiple lineages. Progress has been made to
      establish animal models of human hematopoietic disease such as leukemia,
      autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. One major challenge for the future will be
      reconstitution of mice with the entire human hematopoietic system.

PMID- 1799668
TI  - Molecular interactions between stromal cells and B lymphocyte precursors.
AB  - Long term culture techniques, cloned stromal lines, recombinant cytokines and
      monoclonal antibodies have provided powerful experimental tools for studying bone
      marrow functions. Rapid progress has been made in characterizing large reticular
      stromal cells in bone marrow that provide a nurturing microenvironment for B
      lymphocyte precursors. It is now clear that they have differentiation potential,
      that they can respond to inflammatory episodes and that they can make at least 12
      regulatory cytokines. Pairs of cell adhesion molecules have also been defined
      which participate in B lymphopoiesis. These include CD44, hyaluronate, VLA-4 and
      a VCAM-like protein.

PMID- 1799669
TI  - Cytokine regulation of hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation is likely
      to be controlled by the local concentration of both inhibitory and stimulatory
      cytokines. A newly described regulator of early haematopoietic cells called mast
      cell growth factor, stem cell factor or kit ligand (referred to here as the Sl
      factor) has been described. This factor is the gene product of the murine Steel
      locus and is the ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene, the product of the murine W
      locus. The effects of Sl factor on primitive hematopoietic cells suggest that
      this growth factor is a major stimulator of basal hemopoiesis. Further, data
      indicates that Sl factor acts in synergy with virtually all of the later acting
      growth factors to enhance the proliferative and differentiative potential of
      these cells.

PMID- 1799670
TI  - Hematopoiesis and models of immunodeficiency.
AB  - This review focuses on recessive mutations at three loci whose gene products play
      critical roles in the development and regulation of the murine immune system.
      These mutations are: severe combined immunodeficiency (scid), osteopetrosis (op),
      and motheaten (me). The scid mutation blocks differentiation of functional T and
      B lymphocytes and interferes with DNA repair processes in multiple cell lineages.
      The normal gene product at this locus performs a critical function during antigen
      receptor gene rearrangement as well as during repair of double stranded DNA
      damage. Homozygosity for op causes impaired development of osteoclasts and other
      macrophage lineage cells. The op mutation is within the macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (Csfm) structural gene. Deleterious alleles at the me locus
      affect lymphoid as well as myeloid cell populations, causing severe
      immunodeficiency accompanied by systemic autoimmune disease. Determination of the
      product of the wild type allele at the me locus and the mechanisms by which
      mutations at this locus disrupt the immune system may reveal important new
      immunoregulatory processes.

PMID- 1799671
TI  - On the action of RH 5849, a nonsteroidal ecdysteroid agonist, on a cell line from
      Chironomus tentans.

PMID- 1799672
TI  - Oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol: a sclerotizing precursor for cockroach
      ootheca.
AB  - The oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, one of the sclerotizing precursors
      for the tanning of the ootheca of cockroach Periplaneta americana, is reported
      for the first time. Mushroom tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation of 3,4
      dihydroxybenzyl alcohol generated the corresponding quinone which was found to be
      unstable and readily transformed to produce 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as the
      stable product probably through the intermediary formation of a quinone methide.
      Phenoloxidase isolated from the left collateral gland of P. americana also
      catalyzed this new reaction. When the enzymatic oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl
      alcohol was performed in the presence of a test protein such as lysozyme, the
      reactive species formed, caused the oligomerization of test protein. Similar
      studies with collateral gland proteins, failed to generate oligomers, but
      produced insoluble polymeric proteins. The probable fate of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl
      alcohol for the tanning of cockroach ootheca is discussed.

PMID- 1799673
TI  - Quinone and quinone methide as transient intermediates involved in the side chain
      hydroxylation of N-acyldopamine derivatives by soluble enzymes from Manduca sexta
      cuticle.
AB  - Proteins solubilized from the pharate cuticle of Manduca sexta were fractionated
      by ammonium sulfate precipitation and activated by the endogenous enzymes. The
      activated fraction readily converted exogenously supplied N-acetyldopamine (NADA)
      to N-acetylnorepinephrine (NANE). Either heat treatment (70 degrees C for 10 min)
      or addition of phenylthiourea (2.5 microM) caused total inhibition of the side
      chain hydroxylation. If chemically prepared NADA quinone was supplied instead of
      NADA to the enzyme solution containing phenylthiourea, it was converted to NANE.
      Presence of a quinone trap such as N-acetylcysteine in the NADA-cuticular enzyme
      reaction not only prevented the accumulation of NADA quinone, but also abolished
      NANE production. In such reaction mixtures, the formation of a new compound
      characterized as NADA-quinone-N-acetylcysteine adduct could be readily witnessed.
      These studies indicate that NADA quinone is an intermediate during the side chain
      hydroxylation of NADA by Manduca cuticular enzyme(s). Since such a conversion
      calls for the isomerization of NADA quinone to NADA quinone methide and
      subsequent hydration of NADA quinone methide, attempts were also made to trap the
      latter compound by performing the enzymatic reaction in methanol. These attempts
      resulted in the isolation of beta-methoxy NADA (NADA quinone methide methanol
      adduct) as an additional product. Similarly, when the N-beta-alanyldopamine
      (NBAD)-Manduca enzyme reaction was carried out in the presence of L-kynurenine,
      two diastereoisomers of NBAD quinone methide-kynurenine adduct (= papiliochrome
      IIa and IIb) could be isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799674
TI  - Efficient transfection of mosquito cells is influenced by the temperature at
      which DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitates are prepared.
AB  - Transient expression of a heat-shock protein-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      (hsp-CAT) recombinant plasmid was used to define the parameters that influence
      transfection of cultured mosquito cells using DNA-calcium phosphate
      coprecipitates. The efficiency of the calcium phosphate procedure was strongly
      influenced by the growth state of recipient cells, and by the temperature at
      which the coprecipitate was prepared. Under optimal conditions, which included
      formation of the DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitate at 50 degrees C,
      transfection frequencies were up to tenfold higher than those obtained using the
      previously described polybrene procedure.

PMID- 1799675
TI  - Digestive proteinases of larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea:
      characterization, distribution, and dietary relationships.
AB  - Proteinases and peptidases from the intestinal tract of fifth-instar larvae of
      Heliothis (= Helicoverpa) zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) were characterized
      based on their substrate specificity, tissue of origin, and pH optimum. Activity
      corresponding to trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, and leucine
      aminopeptidase was detected in regurgitated fluids, midgut contents, and midgut
      wall. High levels of proteinase activity were detected in whole midgut
      homogenates, with much lower levels being observed in foregut and salivary gland
      homogenates. In addition, enzyme levels were determined from midgut lumen
      contents, midgut wall homogenates, and regurgitated fluids. Proteinase activities
      were highest in the regurgitated fluids and midgut lumen contents, with the
      exception of leucine aminopeptidase activity, which was found primarily in the
      midgut wall. Larvae fed their natural diet of soybean leaves had digestive
      proteinase levels that were similar to those of larvae fed artificial diet. No
      major differences in midgut proteinase activity were detected between larvae
      reared under axenic or xenic conditions, indicating that the larvae are capable
      of digesting proteins in the absence of gut microorganisms. The effect of pH on
      the activity of each proteinase was studied. The pH optima for the major
      proteinases were determined to be pH 8.0-8.5 for trypsin, when tosyl-L-arginine
      methyl ester was used as the substrate; and pH 7.5-8.0 for chymotrypsin, when
      benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester was used as the substrate.

PMID- 1799676
TI  - Superoxide dismutase in the anal gills of the mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti:
      its inhibition by alpha-terthienyl.
AB  - The anal gills of the mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti were shown to possess
      superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity, which increased with the maturation
      of the larvae from instar 1 to instar 4. This enzyme was highly inhibited upon
      treatment of the larvae with alpha-terthienyl (2,2':5,2"-terthiophene) and
      subsequent exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light. Inhibition also occurred with
      treatment of the crude enzyme extract in a similar fashion. Exposure of the
      enzyme to the ultraviolet light alone or the treatment of the enzyme with alpha
      terthienyl in darkness could not manifest this inhibition. This finding adds a
      new dimension to the complex mechanism(s) proposed for the photodynamic toxicity
      of alpha-terthienyl.

PMID- 1799677
TI  - Ecdysteroid-stimulated synthesis and secretion of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-rich
      glycopeptide in a lepidopteran cell line derived from imaginal discs.
AB  - Hormone-regulated processing of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was studied in an insect
      cell line derived from imaginal wing discs of the Indian meal moth, Plodia
      interpunctella (Hubner). The cell line, IAL-PID2, responded to treatment with 20
      hydroxyecdysone with increased incorporation of GlcNAc into glycoproteins.
      Cycloheximide and tunicamycin counteracted the action of the hormone. In
      particular, treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone resulted in the secretion of a
      5,000 dalton N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-rich glycopeptide by the IAL-PID2 cells.
      Accumulation of this peptide was prevented by the use of teflubenzuron, a potent
      chitin synthesis inhibitor. A glycopeptide of similar molecular weight was
      observed in imaginal discs of P. interpunctella treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone
      in vitro, under conditions that induce chitin synthesis. Although the function of
      the 5,000 dalton glycopeptide is not known, we believe that the PID2 cell line is
      a promising model for molecular analysis of ecdysteroid-regulated processing of
      aminosugars by epidermal cells during insect development.

PMID- 1799678
TI  - Spatial and temporal distribution of pheromone biosynthesis-activating
      neuropeptide in Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera using RIA and in vitro bioassay.
AB  - A [3H]-PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide) analog was
      synthesized, and binding of the radioligand to a specific PBAN-antiserum was
      achieved. The inhibition of binding of the radioligand by unlabeled PBAN, several
      PBAN analogs, and other competitors was studied and a specific radio-immunoassay
      was developed. Using this radioimmunoassay we found PBAN-like immunoreactivity in
      methanol extracts of hemolymph and neural tissues from females. Higher levels of
      PBAN-like immunoreactivity in extracts of brain-suboesophageal ganglion
      complexes, corpora cardiaca, thoracic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia were
      observed during the 4-5th h scotophase when compared to the PBAN-like
      immunoactivity levels during the 6-11th h photophase. On the other hand, the
      concentrations of PBAN-like immunoreactivity, in the terminal abdominal ganglion
      were higher during the photophase relative to minimal levels observed during the
      scotophase, indicating an accumulation before the onset of pheromone production.
      These differences in concentrations of PBAN were also reflected in the
      stimulation of in vitro pheromone glands, whereby significant stimulations were
      obtained by scotophase and photophase brain extracts, scotophase thoracic ganglia
      extracts, and photophase terminal abdominal ganglia extracts. No detectable
      levels of PBAN were found in hemolymph extracts during the sampling periods.

PMID- 1799679
TI  - Development of continuous cell lines from the egg parasitoids Trichogramma
      confusum and T. exiguum.
AB  - Although numerous insect cell lines have been developed over the past three
      decades, few of these have been from the order Hymenoptera. This report describes
      two new continuous cell lines from trichogrammid wasps. The extremely small size
      of these insects has made physiological and biochemical studies difficult. Now,
      with the development of the cell lines, a limitless supply of biologically active
      material is available for a wide variety of basic biological studies. The
      Trichogramma confusum and T. exiguum cell lines (designated IPLB-Tcon1 and IPLB
      Tex2) were characterized by chromosome and isozymes techniques. Evidence of their
      utility is shown by morphological response to the developmental hormone, 20
      hydroxyecdysone. The morphological change in IPLB-Tex2 is accompanied by an
      induction of highly contractile cells which indicates this cell line may be
      composed of myoblast cells.

PMID- 1799680
TI  - Large scale sequencing projects using rapidly prepared double-stranded plasmid
      DNA.
AB  - We have developed a simple rapid plasmid DNA mini-preparation method which yields
      DNA of sufficient quality to be used in large scale sequencing projects. The
      method, which is a modification of the alkaline method of Birnboim and Doly
      (1979), requires less than two hours. We have eliminated the use of organic
      extractions, RNase digestion and alkaline denaturation of the DNA for annealing
      of the primer. The proportion of supercoiled plasmid DNA obtained is close to
      100%. Greater than 80% of the clones yield at least 500 bp of sequence
      information per primer. The sequencing reactions from these double-stranded
      templates can be done on both strands using the universal and reverse sequence
      primers with the usual two reactions per primer, one to read close to the primer
      and one to read far from it. Thus, each clone yields at least 1 kb of sequence
      information. The preparation of the templates and the sequencing reactions can be
      done in less than three hours so that the sequencing gel can be run the same day.

PMID- 1799681
TI  - Co-polymer tracts in eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and organellar DNA.
AB  - Large variations in DNA base composition and noticeable strand asymmetries are
      known to occur between different organisms and within different regions of the
      genomes of single organisms. Apparently such composition and sequence biases
      occur to fulfill structural rather than informational requirements. Here we
      report the wide occurrence of a more subtle biasing of DNA sequence that can have
      structural consequences: an increase or a suppression of the number of long
      tracts of two-base co-polymers. Strong biases were observed when the DNA
      sequences of the longest eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and organellar entries in the
      GenBank data base (totaling 773 kilobases) were analyzed for the number of
      occurrences of tracts of the two-base co-polymers (A,T)n, (G,C)n, and (A,C)n as a
      function of tract length. (The expression (A,T)n is used here to denote an
      uninterrupted tract, n nucleotides in length, of A and T bases in any proportion
      or order, terminated at each end by a G or C residue.) Characteristic differences
      are also observed in tract biases of eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic organisms.

PMID- 1799682
TI  - Sequence and structure of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Glycine max.
AB  - The gene encoding a key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia
      lyase (PAL), was cloned from soybean (Glycine max). The purpose was to obtain a
      molecular probe to study the organization of this gene family in soybean and to
      examine novel regulatory mechanisms present in the anthocyanin biosynthetic
      pathway of this system. A soybean genomic library was constructed in the
      bacteriophage vector lambda Charon 35. A PAL cDNA clone from Phaseolus vulgaris
      was used in screening the library, and two PAL genes were isolated. One gene was
      sequenced entirely and analyzed by sequence homology to the PAL2 gene of
      Phaseolus vulgaris. Genomic analysis indicates that PAL sequences of Glycine max
      exist as a small gene family consisting of only two to three members. The
      representative PAL gene sequenced (PAL1) has a coding region of 2142 basepairs
      divided among two exons. The single intron is 1519 basepairs and splits the 131st
      codon.

PMID- 1799683
TI  - Sequencing of selected regions of the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus
      that completes the sequence from JH through the delta constant region.
AB  - Much of the nucleotide sequence between the start of the joining region and the
      end of the immunoglobulin heavy chain delta gene has already been determined.
      However, two gaps existed in potentially functionally important regions in this
      sequence: the region between the 3' end of the joining region and the heavy chain
      enhancer region and that between the enhancer and the mu constant region. We have
      determined the nucleotide sequences of these regions. The 734 bp between the
      joining and enhancer regions contained no additional joining regions. The 4525 bp
      region between the heavy chain enhancer and the mu constant region contains the
      mu switch region, which consists of pentameric repeats. Approximately 60% of
      these repeats are GGGCT and GAGCT. With the determination of these sequences, the
      entire region of the heavy chain locus starting upstream of the joining region to
      downstream of the last exon of the delta constant region (a total of more than 29
      kb) has now been sequenced.

PMID- 1799684
TI  - 5' LTR complete nucleotide sequence of Chinese hamster intracisternal A-particle.
AB  - Retrovirus like sequences homologous to mouse IAP are present in Chinese hamster
      genome (Lueders K.K. and Kuff, E.L., 1981, 1983, Servenay et al., 1990). Murine
      IAP long terminal repeats (LTRs) can function as effective promoters in different
      cell types (Horowitz M. et al., 1984, Howe, C.C. et al., 1986). Thus CHO IAP
      sequences could act as retrotransposons in the cellular genome, and in this way
      affect the expression of other genes at the target sites. We had sequenced
      previously a Chinese hamster IAP genomic region corresponding mainly to the gag
      gene and including 57 nucleotides of U5 5' LTR (Servenay et al., 1988). In this
      paper, we present the 5' LTR complete nucleotide sequence of the Chinese hamster
      IAP element and its comparison with those of mouse and Syrian hamster.

PMID- 1799685
TI  - [The effect of long-term group education for obese women in a public health
      center].
AB  - In order to improve maintenance of weight reduction, a long-term (5 month) weight
      reduction class for obese women consisting of repeated group learning three times
      a month in areas of dietary regimen and practice of physical exercise, and self
      help group activities was conducted at a health center. Maintenance of achieved
      weight reduction was studied six months and one year after completion of the
      class. The results are as follows. 1) Among 30 alumni, percentages of rebound,
      regaining weight of more than half of reduction during the class, were 18% at six
      months and 48% at one year after the class. These results appear to indicate the
      difficulty in maintaining weight loss. 2) However, when changes were studied in
      terms of fat mass and lean body mass, rebound of fat mass, regaining fat mass of
      more than half of reduction, was very small--only 5%, through the follow-up
      periods--while lean body mass increased gradually. These results indicate very
      good maintenance of fat mass reduction, and from the view point of the objective
      of weight reduction which is principally fat mass reduction, this objective was
      supported. 3) The attendees were divided into two groups, diet group and exercise
      group. There were almost no differences in the follow-up results for weight
      maintenance between the two groups. This can be attributed to the fact that since
      the combination of dieting and exercise was emphasized in both groups, with
      moderate energy restriction and balanced food intake in the dietary regimen and
      aerobic walking for exercise in addition to the classroom learning, instructions
      for lifestyle changes were rather similar for both groups.

PMID- 1799686
TI  - [Pre-project evaluation of a government based international family planning co
      operative project--from a survey at project site in Colombia].
AB  - A government based international co-operative project for family planning was
      formulated between Japan and Colombia. A baseline survey was carried out at the
      project site in northern Colombia as a pre-project evaluation. A total of 330
      households were sampled and the housewives were interviewed concerning family
      planning. Births averted by the existing government program were estimated
      employing Bongaarts prevalence model. In addition, background and conditions
      leading to inability to receive family planning services were analyzed. The
      results showed that of total births averted, government programs contributed
      around 50% reflecting the apparent insufficiency of the services in reaching
      women in their forties and teens. Educational attainment and place of birth on
      the part of the woman, household income, discussion of number of children desired
      between husband and wife were among the most important factors for women wishing
      contraception practice but not being able to receive family planning services.
      Based on this analysis, a service program was mapped out to meet the need of
      residents of the project site.

PMID- 1799687
TI  - [Relation of the difference between blood pressure before and after 5 minutes'
      rest to blood pressure status one year later in an epidemiological setting].
AB  - The relationship of the difference between blood pressures before and after 5
      minutes' rest (before minus after) to resting blood pressures one year later was
      studied on 439 subjects, aged 35 to 44 years, not being treated for hypertension,
      in an epidemiological setting. Multiple regression analysis was applied to
      systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) separately. Both the resting
      SBP level and the SBP difference were significant predictors of the resting SBP
      one year later in both sexes. For resting DBP one year later, the resting DBP
      level and DBP difference were found to be significant in females. Multiple
      logistic analysis was used to identify the factors which predict development from
      normotension to above borderline hypertension one year later. The SBP difference
      as well as the resting DBP level were significant predictors in males. These
      findings suggest that BP difference between before and after 5 minutes' rest may
      be an important indicator of subsequent BP status, and therefore there would be
      value in measuring blood pressure before as well as after rest with particular
      attention to BP difference.

PMID- 1799688
TI  - [Introduction and evaluation of the international training program for primary
      health care in Thailand].
AB  - Since 1987 the international training course on primary health care (PHC) in
      Thailand has been offered six times by the ASEAN Institute for Health
      Development, Mahidol University, Thailand. The main objective of the training was
      to enhance the understanding of Japanese and Thai students and junior health and
      social scientists regarding health problems in Thailand, their social, economic
      and political backgrounds and PHC activities. The course content consisted of
      lectures regarding the health care delivery system and the PHC activities
      including on-site visits, field visit to urban and rural areas and small group
      discussions on the health problems in these areas, home stay at the rural
      village, and discussion on health and social development in Thailand. The
      training course was evaluated by the participants both at the end of the course
      and after one year. Almost all of the participants reported that they were
      provided with valuable experiences by the course. After one year, all of the
      participants that responded to the evaluation questionnaire stated that their
      attitude to social problems had been influenced by the training.

PMID- 1799689
TI  - [A study of smoking cessation education in a multiphasic screening setting].
AB  - A study of the effectiveness of individual anti-smoking advice was conducted on
      male smokers visiting a human dock. The intervention group (169 male smokers)
      were shown photographs depicting the health hazards of smoking with an
      explanation by tape recorder and headphone. Controls (187 male smokers) did not
      receive this instruction. In the intervention group, immediately after the
      instruction, and in the control group, approximately 60% expressed a desire to
      stop or decrease their smoking. Six months later there was no significant
      difference in the two groups in the proportion that stated that they were not
      smoking (8.9% in the intervention group and 5.9% in the control group). Some
      subgroups in the intervention group, such as those whose smoking index was less
      than 400 and those who had attempted to quit smoking in the past, had
      significantly higher quit rates than corresponding subgroups in the controls.
      Smokers who restricted their smoking in certain locations such as public areas
      had high quit rates in both groups. Standardized quit rates were utilized,
      adjusted for current age, age of smoking initiation, smoking index and past
      experience in smoking cessation. Immediately after receiving the education, the
      proportion that regarded smoking as a risk factor in gastric cancer, gastric
      ulcer, chronic bronchitis and as having a harmful effect on the fetus, was
      significantly larger in the intervention group (about 50-70%) than in the
      controls (about 30-60%). More than 90% of each group regarded it as a risk factor
      in lung cancer, and about 60% in myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1799690
TI  - [Effects of Tohoku Shinkansen noise on living environment of school children-
      changes with the increase of the maximum train speed].
AB  - The maximum train speed of the Tohoku Shinkansen was increased from 210 to 240
      km/h in March 1985. In order to determine the effects of the expected increase in
      noise level on the living environment of school children, a longitudinal study
      was carried out in an elementary school near the Tohoku Shinkansen line in
      Saitama prefecture comprising noise measurements and social surveys of the school
      children and their mothers using a questionnaire. The results were as follows: 1.
      When measured 25 meters away from the railroad track, the noise level increased
      from 73 to 76 dB (A)along the inbound track, while it increased from 77 to 78 dB
      (A)along the outbound track. 2. The maximum noise level in a classroom when an
      outbound train passed at a speed of 216 km/h was 67 dB(A). 3. In the school
      environment the most pronounced effects of the Shinkansen noise were annoyance
      and listening disturbance, with the percentages reporting such significantly
      increasing after the speed-up. 4. In the home environment the most pronounced
      effects of the Shinkansen were annoyance, structural vibration, television
      interference, and listening disturbance. However, the percentages of these
      complaints did not show any significant change after the speed-up. 5. Among those
      living near the railroad track there were significant differences between
      children and their mothers in the percentages reporting annoyance, television and
      radio listening interference, and structural vibration, with the percentages for
      the mothers being higher than their children. These results indicate that
      disturbances in listening has especially increased in the school environment
      after the speed-up and that the increase in both noise levels and number of train
      passages have contributed to increasing disturbance.

PMID- 1799691
TI  - [The effect of 4'-galacto-oligosacchraide on sodium and potassium in growing
      rats].
AB  - The effect of 4'-galacto-oligosaccharide (4'-GL), fed at the 5% dietary level on
      sodium (Na) and potassium (K) absorption was investigated during four 3-day
      balance periods (days 15 and 17, 30 and 32, 45 and 47 and 60 and 62) of a 62-day
      feeding course in young male rats. The results obtained were as follows: 1) A
      decrease in urinary volume excretion and an increase in fecal weight were
      observed in the 4'-GL group, but growth rate was not affected by 4'-GL
      administration. 2) Fecal Na excretion, expressed either in milligrams or as a
      percent of intake, was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the 4'-GL
      group during the second (days 30 and 32) and third (days 45 and 47) balance
      periods. 3) Urinary K excretion, expressed either in milligrams or as a percent
      of intake, was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the 4'-GL group during
      the second and third balance periods. 4) While differences in Na and K retention
      between the two groups were not significant, a tendency for decreased Na
      retention and increased K retention was observed in 4'-GL group. 5) Rats fed the
      4'-GL diet had heavier cecal weight, decreased Na concentration and increased K
      concentration in the cecum, than rats fed the control diet. 6) While no
      significant difference was found in Na or K concentration in plasma between the
      two groups, Na/K ratio in plasma was lower in the 4'-GL group.

PMID- 1799692
TI  - [Treatment compliance and subjective well-being among post-stroke patients].
AB  - The quality of life (QOL) and the factors that influenced it were studied in
      patients suffering from stroke. QOL was studied at 2 separate levels: 1)
      compliance with the advice of a physician, 2) subjective well-being. A patient
      with high QOL was defined as a person with both high compliance to the advice of
      a physician and high subjective well-being. Subjects were selected from persons
      who participated in rehabilitation at health centers and welfare centers, and
      members of a stroke patient. The following results were obtained. 1) When
      compared to results obtained from other research for the general population,
      subjective well-being in stroke patients was lower among men and those 69 years
      of age or under. Compliance with advice of a physician was higher for either sex
      and all age groups in the interviewees than in the general population. 2) Factors
      which were related to compliance differed from those related to subjective well
      being. Compliance with the advice of a physician was higher among those
      interviewees having the shortest time elapsing since the occurrence of stroke,
      high social support and low psychological adaptation to the stroke experience.
      Among social support network members, relatives figured prominently among factors
      related to compliance. Among interviewees, subjective well-being decreased with
      depression, high degree of impairment in activity of daily living, and when three
      years or greater had elapsed since the stroke. Among these factors the
      relationship between depression and subjective well-being was the strongest.

PMID- 1799693
TI  - A pathogen-induced wheat gene encodes a protein homologous to glutathione-S
      transferases.
AB  - Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) shows local, induced resistance against the
      plant-pathogenic fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici following exposure to
      the nonpathogen E. g. f. sp. hordei. The onset of this resistance has been shown
      to be correlated with the activation of putative defense genes, and cDNA clones
      representing transcripts of induced genes have been obtained (P. Schweizer, W.
      Hunziker, and E. Mosinger, Plant Molecular Biology 12:643-654, 1989). We have
      cloned and sequenced a gene corresponding to one of these cDNAs, WIR5. Sequence
      analysis indicated that this gene contains three exons and encodes a protein of
      229 amino acids. S1 mapping showed that transcripts homologous to this gene are
      at least 20 times more abundant in leaves infected 14 hr earlier with E. g. f.
      sp. hordei than in control leaves. Sequence comparison showed that the WIR5 gene
      product is highly homologous to glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs; EC 25.1.18) of
      maize. This, together with the fact that the intron positions of both the wheat
      gene and the maize GSTI gene are conserved, suggests that the cloned pathogen
      induced gene, named GstA1, encodes a wheat glutathione-S-transferase.

PMID- 1799694
TI  - Cloning and characterization of cDNA of avirulence gene avr9 of the fungal
      pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, causal agent of tomato leaf mold.
AB  - A race-specific peptide elicitor from Cladosporium fulvum induces a
      hypersensitive response on Cf9 tomato genotypes. We have hypothesized that the
      avirulence of fungal races on Cf9 genotypes is due to the production of this
      elicitor by an avirulence gene, avr9. To obtain cDNA clones of the avr9 gene,
      oligonucleotide probes were designed based on the amino acid sequence determined
      previously. In northern blot analysis, one oligonucleotide detected an mRNA of
      600 nucleotides in tomato-C. fulvum interactions involving fungal races producing
      the elicitor. A primer extension experiment indicated that the probe hybridized
      to a region near position 270 of the mRNA. The probe was used to screen a cDNA
      library made from poly(A)+ RNA from an appropriate compatible tomato-C. fulvum
      interaction. One clone was obtained corresponding to the mRNA detected by the
      oligonucleotide probe. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone encoded the
      avr9 elicitor. By isolating longer clones and by RNA sequencing, the primary
      structure of the mRNA was determined. The mRNA contains an open reading frame of
      63 amino acids, including the sequence of the elicitor at the carboxyterminus. A
      time course experiment showed that the avr9 mRNA accumulates in a compatible
      tomato-C. fulvum interaction in correlation with the increase of fungal biomass.
      The avr9 gene is a single-copy gene that is absent in fungal races which are
      virulent on tomato Cf9 genotypes. Possible functions of the avirulence gene are
      discussed.

PMID- 1799695
TI  - A new family of plant antifungal proteins.
AB  - Plant seeds contain high concentrations of many antimicrobial proteins. These
      include chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, proteinase inhibitors, and ribosome
      inactivating proteins. We recently reported the presence in corn seeds of
      zeamatin, a protein that has potent activity against a variety of fungi but has
      none of the above activities. Zeamatin is a 22-kDa protein that acts by causing
      membrane permeabilization Using a novel bioautography technique, we found similar
      antifungal proteins in the seeds of 6 of 12 plants examined. A polyclonal
      antiserum was raised against zeamatin and was used in immunoblots to confirm the
      presence of zeamatinlike proteins in these seeds. N-terminal amino acid
      sequencing was carried out on the antifungal proteins from corn, oats, sorghum,
      and wheat, and these sequences revealed considerable homology with each other.
      Interestingly, these N-terminal sequences are also similar to those of thaumatin,
      a pathogenesis-related protein from tobacco, and two salt stress-induced
      proteins. These results indicate that zeamatin is not unique but is a member of a
      previously unrecognized family of plant defense proteins that may include some
      species of pathogenesis-related proteins.

PMID- 1799696
TI  - The Fusarium solani-induced expression of a pea gene family encoding high
      cysteine content proteins.
AB  - Two pea genes, pI39 and pI230, which are specifically induced by two forma
      specials of Fusarium solani, encode closely related proteins with predicted
      molecular masses (Mr) of 8.2 and 8 kDa, respectively. Both proteins contain a
      signal sequence and are cleaved to mature proteins of Mr 5 kDa as indicated by an
      in vitro translation system. The mature proteins contain about 17% cysteine
      residues and have the potential to form four disulfide bonds. The two proteins
      share extensive homology in their signal sequences but much less homology as
      mature proteins. The cysteine residues of the mature proteins are highly
      conserved, suggesting functional importance. Southern hybridization suggests
      these genes belong to a multigene family. The relative accumulations of mRNA
      levels indicate that the two genes are expressed somewhat differentially. In both
      the compatible (susceptible) and incompatible reactions between F. solani and pea
      tissue, pI39 mRNA accumulates more slowly than pI230 mRNA and accumulates to
      relatively high levels after 24 hr of inoculation. The increase in accumulation
      of pI230 mRNA occurs within 6 hr and thus correlates with an initial suppression
      of the growth of both the compatible and incompatible pathogen, which is
      cytologically observable at 6 hr. pI39 and pI230 belong to a distinct class of
      pathogenesis-related proteins characterized previously, which are associated with
      and thus may contribute to nonhost resistance in plants.

PMID- 1799697
TI  - A lipopolysaccharide mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum that uncouples plant from
      bacterial differentiation.
AB  - The Tn5-containing fragment from a non-nodulating mutant of Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum, strain ML142, was introduced into B. japonicum strain 61A101c by
      marker exchange to construct strain JS314. Strain JS314 failed to nodulate
      several soybean varieties tested. However, on a few varieties nodulelike
      structures were induced to a frequency of 54% of the plants inoculated. The
      ultrastructure of these nodules was studied in detail by light and electron
      microscopy. The nodules were devoid of internal bacteria, possessed central
      vascular tissue (unlike the lateral vascular tissue of a normal nodule), and
      exhibited localized cell death of epidermal cells. Study of the cell surface
      polysaccharides of strain JS314 revealed that the exopolysaccharide of this
      strain was identical to that of the wild type. However, the lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) of strain JS314 showed gross differences from that isolated from the wild
      type strain. Specifically, the LPS of strain JS314 appeared to lack the high
      molecular weight LPS I form, strongly suggesting that the LPS lacks the O-chain.
      Glycosyl-composition analysis showed that the LPS of mutant JS314 lacked 2,3-di-O
      methylrhamnose, 3-O-methylrhamnose, fucose, and quinovosamine. These results
      indicate that LPS I in B. japonicum is essential for bacterial infection of
      soybean, but is not required to initiate plant cortical cell division, an early
      plant response to infection.

PMID- 1799698
TI  - Positive regulators of opine-inducible promoters in the nopaline and octopine
      catabolism regions of Ti plasmids.
AB  - The noc and occ regions of nopaline and octopine Ti plasmids in Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens contain genes for the catabolism of nopaline and octopine,
      respectively. We investigated the transcriptional organization and regulation of
      both regions. The noc region of pTiC58 contains two nopaline-inducible promoters,
      and one octopine-inducible promoter was identified in the occ region of pTiAch5.
      All three promoters are positively regulated in trans by constitutively expressed
      genes localized at the right end of the regions. The DNA sequence analysis of
      these parts revealed genes coding for related proteins (35.6% identity). The two
      polypeptides share significant similarity with a family of other positive gene
      regulators, and both contain a protein motif ("LysR" signature) that is
      characteristic for the DNA binding domain in these polypeptides. These proteins
      are the only Ti plasmid functions necessary for the activation of the opine
      induced promoters. We propose the names nocR and occR for the regulator genes in
      the noc and in the occ regions.

PMID- 1799699
TI  - Transcription of the octopine catabolism operon of the Agrobacterium tumor
      inducing plasmid pTiA6 is activated by a LysR-type regulatory protein.
AB  - Agrobacterium tumefaciens incites crown gall tumors on plant hosts by conjugally
      transferring a discrete fragment of oncogenic DNA. In addition to oncogenes, the
      transferred DNA contains genes that direct the synthesis and exudation of opines,
      which are used as nutrients by the bacteria. The bacterium contains one or more
      operons of Ti plasmid-encoded genes that are required for the internalization and
      utilization of opines, and transcription of these catabolic genes is induced by
      cognate opines. Here we localize the gene required for regulated expression of
      the octopine degradative operon of the pTiA6 plasmid to a 2-kb fragment of Ti
      plasmid DNA. The protein encoded by this DNA positively regulates the
      transcription of the catabolic operon in the presence of octopine. In addition,
      it negatively regulates its own gene in the presence or absence of octopine. The
      sequence of this gene was determined and analysis of the inferred protein
      sequence indicates that the gene encodes a member of the LysR family of
      prokaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins.

PMID- 1799700
TI  - Mutants of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virA gene exhibiting acetosyringone
      independent expression of the vir regulon.
AB  - Hydroxylamine-induced mutations in the virA gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
      that do not require the plant phenolic-inducing compound acetosyringone for vir
      regulon induction were isolated. The isolation was based on the activation of
      both virB::lacZ and virE::cat fusions by mutant virA loci in the absence of
      acetosyringone. Three of these virA(Ais) (acetosyringone-independent signaling)
      mutants were characterized. All three mutants expressed a virB::lacZ fusion at
      high levels in the absence of acetosyringone. One virA (Ais) mutant, virA112,
      exhibited vir gene expression in the absence of inducing monosaccharides and
      acidic growth conditions, both of which are normally required for vir gene
      induction. The phenotype of the virA112 mutant resulted from a glycine to
      glutamic acid change near His-474, the site of VirA autophosphorylation.

PMID- 1799701
TI  - Sequence and analysis of the nodABC region of Rhizobium fredii USDA257, a
      nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean and other legumes.
AB  - We cloned and analyzed nodABC from Rhizobium fredii USDA257. These genes are
      thought to have common functions in initiation of nitrogen-fixing nodules by all
      rhizobia. In USDA257, they were located in a 9.2-kb EcoRI fragment that was not
      closely linked to either of two copies of the regulatory gene, nodD. nodABC was
      present in a 3,094-base pair (bp) sequenced region, which also included a
      consensus nod-box promoter. The three open reading frames contained 654, 642, and
      1,239 bp, respectively, and encoded deduced proteins of 21.9, 23.4, and 44.7 kD.
      The sequence of the nodABC region of USDA257 was generally homologous with
      corresponding regions from other rhizobia, but it diverged significantly in the
      5' non-translated region and in the 3'terminus of nodC. nodC was not
      translationally coupled to nodSU, as in another soybean symbiont, Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum, and the deduced NodC protein was the shortest of any such proteins yet
      described. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 9.2-kb EcoRI fragment confirmed that
      nodA, nodB, and nodC are essential for nodulation of soybean, but failed to
      identify other linked nod genes. Daidzein, a major isoflavone from soybean roots,
      was the most potent of nine tested flavonoids in activating a plasmid-borne
      nodC::lacZ fusion. The 9.2-kb fragment complemented nodA-, nodB-, and nodC-
      mutants of R. meliloti to the Nod+ phenotype on Medicago sativa, M. truncatula,
      and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Nodule numbers, percentage of nodulated plants,
      and shoot dry weights, however, were considerably less than in plants inoculated
      with mutants complemented with nodABC from R. meliloti.

PMID- 1799702
TI  - Repetitive sequences with homology to Bradyrhizobium japonicum DNA and the T-DNA
      of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are closely linked to nodABC of Rhizobium fredii
      USDA257.
AB  - We have detected strong homology between a 9.2-kb EcoRI restriction fragment from
      Rhizobium fredii USDA257 that contains nodABC and eight additional EcoRI
      fragments in DNA digests from this organism. A series of repetitive sequences
      responsible for this hybridization lies within a 0.95-kb HindIII/SalI subfragment
      about 1-kb upstream of nodA. This subfragment also hybridizes to multiple
      restriction fragments from nine other strains of R. fredii, but only one is
      common to all strains. The 0.95-kb subfragment does not hybridize to genomic DNA
      from 17 other strains of fast-growing rhizobia, but there is weak homology to two
      fragments from Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. We sequenced 2,432 base pairs (bp) of
      the region encompassing the repetitive sequences. It contains 65 separate 8- to
      11-bp inverted and direct repeats, as well as two large open reading frames
      (ORFs) that overlap on opposite strands. ORF1 reads in the same direction as
      nodABC, contains 1,071 bp, and encodes a 40.6-kD protein. It has 74% sequence
      homology to an ORF within the T-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and similar
      homology to a series of repetitive sequences from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. ORF2
      (981 bp) reads in the opposite direction, encodes a 34.7-kD protein, and has
      partial identity with a second ORF from A. rhizogenes. We could detect no
      poly(A)+ nodule transcripts with homology to ORF1 and ORF2. The eight sets of
      repetitive sequences found in other EcoRI fragments of the genome were cloned
      from USDA257 on separate cosmids. Some of these cosmids appear to overlap, and
      two have fragments with homology to nifKDH.

PMID- 1799703
TI  - Peri-operative documentation.
AB  - Nursing care plans are not widely used in operating theatres in the UK. Sharon
      Swatton looks at why this is, and why she feels there is a need for change. She
      describes the implementation of perioperative nursing care plans, based on the
      Roper, Logan and Tierney model, in her hospital.

PMID- 1799704
TI  - Theatre nursing as a profession.
AB  - In constantly looking forward to new ideas, techniques, procedures and structures
      in nursing, it could be that we lose sight of our origins. Ann-Carol Carrington
      provides us with a brief outline of the history and development of the operating
      theatre, and the role of the nurse within the theatre.

PMID- 1799705
TI  - Will I forget?
AB  - Returning to nursing can be a worrying time. Is it worse for someone returning to
      the 'stress' environment of the operating theatre? Caroline Whitehead writes of
      her experience of returning to theatre nursing after a break of three years in
      which she completed a BA(Hons) degree.

PMID- 1799706
TI  - How to write a theatre care study.

PMID- 1799708
TI  - A spectrum of opportunities.

PMID- 1799707
TI  - Plastic surgery in Sheffield--an Australian trainee's view.
AB  - A common misconception by those that have not worked with us, and sorry to say
      even some of our colleagues in other specialties, is that plastic surgery is
      unimportant and is all cosmetic surgery, aimed at making vain people look as if
      they have just walked off a movie set in Hollywood. This is not so. Most people
      just want to look normal and fit in with their peers. Cosmetic surgery is
      beginning to be more socially acceptable and openly talked about in Australia.
      Even our Prime Minister's wife has done a story in a magazine about her recent
      face-lift. Years ago this would never have been talked about openly.

PMID- 1799709
TI  - Excision of squamous cell carcinoma of forehead.
AB  - By the time 77-year-old Mr Mack was admitted to the plastic surgery ward, the 10
      week-old recurrent swelling on the right side of his forehead was about 6 cm in
      diameter and cystic in appearance. Histologically confirmed as a squamous cell
      carcinoma, the growth did not appear to be fixed to the underlying bone, but nor
      was it fully mobile which suggested that the malignancy may have spread to the
      deep fascia. Red and shiny on top, two or three discharging puncti were evident.

PMID- 1799710
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia--a pharmacy service.

PMID- 1799712
TI  - The case for preoperative visiting.

PMID- 1799711
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia--an anaesthetist's view.
AB  - The perception of pain is highly subjective, being influenced by physical,
      emotional and cultural factors. The inadequate management of postoperative pain
      has been widely documented over the last 40 years.

PMID- 1799713
TI  - A waiting list initiative for varicose vein surgery in Bristol.

PMID- 1799714
TI  - Theatre nursing in Australia.
AB  - A herniorraphy is the same wherever it is carried out, in any part of the world.
      If that was all our job was about, as some would have us believe, then life would
      be simple indeed. However, it never ceased to amaze me how many different ways
      there were to carry out the same job. In Adelaide we 'wet-set' our instruments,
      in Darwin we had small pre-packed trays which were set on trolleys sideways, and
      in Perth we had pre-sterilised boxes of instruments which we laid out on trolleys
      ourselves.

PMID- 1799715
TI  - 'Protection of staff from body fluids'.

PMID- 1799716
TI  - Swabs: the forgotten item of nursing care?
AB  - Swabs are items used every day in every operating room where invasive procedures
      are performed. How often do scrub nurses hand surgeons swabs, and how often is
      thought given to their shape, size and composition and their suitability for use
      inside our patients?

PMID- 1799717
TI  - Introducing patient controlled analgesia--the Gloucester experience.
AB  - Patient Controlled analgesia is being given more and more consideration as a
      method of post-operative pain relief. John Wells describes how it was introduced
      in Gloucester and considers the need for a multi-disciplinary team to oversee and
      evaluate its effective use.

PMID- 1799718
TI  - Perioperative nursing. A review of the literature.

PMID- 1799719
TI  - Where are we today?
AB  - In February 1991, I posted 388 anonymous questionnaires to NHS operating
      departments. Two hundred and forty-two departments completed and returned them-
      which represented a 62.3% return.

PMID- 1799721
TI  - Pre-operative visiting. A step by step guide--Part 1.

PMID- 1799720
TI  - A survey of theatre nurse's knowledge and ability in cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation. Part 1--The pilot study.
AB  - Theatre nurses are often faced with the problem of taking life-saving action when
      their patient suffers a cardiac arrest in theatre. This may happen when neither
      the anaesthetist or surgeon are immediately available to help--for example
      before, during or after some local anaesthetic procedures. In the first paper of
      this two part series, Jim Nelson described a pilot study he undertook which looks
      at the theatre nurse's skills and knowledge of this subject.

PMID- 1799722
TI  - AIDS update.

PMID- 1799723
TI  - The question of the operating department.
AB  - Why are there so many reports and studies of operating departments? Lewin,
      Oxford, National Audit Office and the Bevan Report, all covering much the same
      thing--organisation, staffing and management of operating departments. Why are
      there so many investigations regarding the operating theatre? Obviously because
      of its importance, the capital cost of the buildings and the high nursing
      expenditure. Why is there so much examination of the staffing of operating
      departments? Because of staffing difficulties, general everywhere in the nursing
      profession but, owing to the nature of the work, these are exacerbated in the
      operating department. There are also senior nurses and general managers who do
      not understand the need for nurses in the operating department. Again why? Is it
      because they know little about the complexities of operating department nursing
      and believe that by putting others in the operating department there will be more
      nurses available for work on wards and other departments? Who will take over the
      work in the operating department if nurses move out?

PMID- 1799724
TI  - A survey of theatre nurse's knowledge and ability in cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation. Part II--Main study.
AB  - The survey was carried out in the operating department of a London teaching
      hospital. The operating department consists of eight theatres complete with
      adjoining recovery area and a Theatre Sterilising Services Unit.

PMID- 1799725
TI  - Care planning in theatre. The wider issues.

PMID- 1799726
TI  - A little light on leadership.

PMID- 1799728
TI  - 1992--and beyond.

PMID- 1799727
TI  - Pre-operative visiting. A step by step guide--Part 2.

PMID- 1799729
TI  - Recent preoperative myocardial infarction increases the risk of surgery for
      unstable angina.
AB  - Patients with postinfarction angina undergoing surgery for unstable angina face
      an increased risk of operative mortality. Between January 1982 and December 1987,
      clinical, angiographic, and operative data was collected prospectively in 588
      unstable patients with a prior myocardial infarction within 30 days of surgery
      (MI) and 5951 unstable patients without preoperative damage (NONMI). MI patients
      were characterized as being older (age greater than or equal to 70 years: MI,
      19.7%; NONMI, 11.6%; p less than 0.001) and having more left ventricular
      dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%: MI, 34.8%; NONMI,
      26.4%; p less than 0.001). Semi-elective surgery was performed in 82.0% of NONMI
      patients while 76.9% of MI patients underwent urgent surgery. Operative mortality
      was increased in MI patients (MI, 11.1%; NONMI, 4.0%; p less than 0.001) which
      was related to the extent of preoperative MI (non-Q wave, 8.3%; Q wave, 17.5%; p
      less than 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified preoperative
      MI as an independent risk variable of operative mortality for unstable angina.
      Separate multivariate analyses were performed to identify the independent
      predictors for MI and NONMI patients. The multivariate predictors of operative
      death for MI patients were left ventricular dysfunction, reoperative coronary
      surgery, nonuse of the internal mammary, age, transmural MI (relative risk 2.11
      vs non-Q wave infarction) and left main stenosis. For NONMI patients, the
      independent variables were urgent operation, left ventricular dysfunction,
      reoperation, female gender, left main stenosis, and age. The results of this
      study indicate that recent preoperative MI adversely influences the surgical
      results in patients with unstable angina. Alternative treatment strategies are
      warranted for high risk patients, particularly those with transmural MIs and
      impaired ventricular function.

PMID- 1799730
TI  - Anomalous origin of the left anterior descending artery from the pulmonary
      artery.
AB  - An extremely rare congenital abnormality is reported in which the anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) originates from the pulmonary trunk. The
      clinical presentation, angiographic findings, and surgical treatment are
      discussed. This is the only reported case where surgical treatment included
      ligation of the LAD with internal mammary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 1799731
TI  - Surgical techniques for hypertrophic left ventricular obstructive myopathy
      including mitral valve plication.
AB  - We currently treat idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic valvular stenosis using a
      combination of techniques, including septectomy for milder forms of the disease
      and mitral valve replacement for advanced forms of the disease, especially when
      mid-cavitary obstruction or mitral valve incompetence is present. To prevent
      systolic anterior movement with possible impingement upon the hypertroph, we
      recently have plicated the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve with interrupted
      sutures. These techniques have proved successful in providing physiologic and
      symptomatic relief for patients suffering from idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic
      stenosis.

PMID- 1799732
TI  - Technical considerations for myocardial protection during the course of coronary
      artery bypass reoperation: the impact of functioning saphenous vein and internal
      mammary artery grafts.
AB  - New technical challenges involving the delivery of cardioplegia during the course
      of coronary artery bypass operation continue to be presented to the surgeon.
      Functioning saphenous grafts at reoperation that are at risk for distal
      embolization, are managed by altering the standard cardioplegia delivery
      techniques. Management of patent internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts depends
      upon the status of the native circulation and coronary collateral. The
      reoperation may be performed with a fibrillating heart, standard cardioplegia
      with a clamped mammary graft, or cardioplegia delivered during simultaneous
      circulatory arrest. Myocardial temperature measurements, during the course of
      more complex operations, are useful in choosing the appropriate technique for
      myocardial protection.

PMID- 1799733
TI  - The surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia rather than
      pulmonary stenosis.
AB  - We examined the pertinent surgical features of the anatomy of 56 hearts having
      tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia instead of stenosis, or malformations
      with pulmonary atresia closely related to tetralogy. We took particular
      cognizance of the pulmonary arterial supply in 15 hearts in which this was
      derived through systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries, dissecting, as far as
      possible, the bronchopulmonary segmental distribution of the collateral arteries
      compared to the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries in 11 of these hearts. Two of
      the hearts had absence of intrapericardial pulmonary arteries, so that a solitary
      arterial trunk left the base of the heart. Evidence of an atretic subpulmonary
      infundibulum was found in 40 of the hearts, while such an infundibulum was
      lacking in the remainder. The pulmonary atresia was muscular in 43 hearts, valvar
      in 11, while the pulmonary trunk was absent in the other two hearts. In the
      hearts with collateral arteries, on average 2.6 collaterals were found in each
      case, varying from two to five per case. Only one of these arose from a
      brachiocephalic artery, the others all arising from the descending aorta. The
      distribution of collateral arteries in two cases was remarkably reminiscent of
      the arrangement of bronchial arteries. As far as could be judged, 16.5
      bronchopulmonary segments on average were supplied in each heart, 5.1 exclusively
      by collateral arteries, 11.8 by intrapericardial pulmonary arteries and an
      average of 0.64 segments per case having a shared supply.

PMID- 1799734
TI  - Hemostasis of intractable bleeding from aorta and left ventricle.

PMID- 1799735
TI  - Platypnea-orthodeoxia: an unusual indication for surgical closure of a patent
      foramen ovale.
AB  - Platypnea-orthodeoxia is an infrequently reported clinical form of position
      dependent dyspnea and oxygen desaturation. There are several diverse etiologies
      for this syndrome. This case report of a patient with platypnea-orthodeoxia is
      the first known presentation of a case secondary to a patent foramen ovale and
      idiopathic hemidiaphragm paralysis. A major problem with this disease is the
      clinical recognition of its existence. Full recovery is possible with proper
      assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, appropriate noninvasive diagnostic
      tests, and corrective surgery in selective cases.

PMID- 1799736
TI  - An approach to reoperative median sternotomy.

PMID- 1799738
TI  - Percutaneous removal of a Gianturco coil from the pulmonary artery with use of
      flexible intravascular forceps.
AB  - Inadvertent migration of a stainless steel coil to the right lower lobe pulmonary
      artery occurred during a varicocele embolization procedure. A percutaneous
      technique and flexible intravascular forceps were used to retrieve and remove the
      coil.

PMID- 1799737
TI  - The ninth annual meeting of the Society for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Chicago,
      IL, April 13-17, 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1799739
TI  - LGM vena cava filter: objective evaluation of early results.
AB  - One hundred one LG-Medical (LGM) vena cava filters were placed in 97 patients at
      four institutions. Placement was a complete technical success in 90% (91 of 101).
      In 6% of attempts, LGM filter insertion was complicated by incomplete opening of
      the filter. Pulmonary embolism after filter placement was not definitely
      demonstrated in any patient. The probability of inferior vena cava patency was
      92% at 6 months after filter insertion. Thrombosis at the insertion site was seen
      in eight of 35 patients (23%) evaluated with duplex ultrasound or venography.
      Thrombus was observed in 37% of filters at follow-up examination, with cephalic
      extension of thrombus above the filter in 20% of all patients examined. Filter
      migration (greater than 1 cm) was seen in 12%; significant angulation was
      observed in only one patient (2%). In vitro experimentation demonstrated that
      incomplete opening of the LGM filter during placement can be avoided, in part, by
      brisk retraction of the insertion cannula. The low-profile introducer system of
      the LGM filter allows increased alternatives in selecting the site for filter
      insertion. The low-profile system also makes outpatient filter placement a
      possibility. No significant difference in the prevalence of thrombosis at the
      insertion site following LGM filter insertion was noted compared with previous
      results reported for percutaneous transfemoral placement of the Greenfield
      filter. The nonopaque sheath does not permit careful localization prior to filter
      deposition. Modification of the LGM filter to include a radiopaque sheath is
      suggested.

PMID- 1799740
TI  - Clover leaf inferior vena cava filter: in vitro evaluation of filter deployment
      and comparison of emboli-capturing ability.
AB  - A new self-centering stainless steel inferior vena cava filter (clover leaf
      filter) that can be delivered percutaneously through a 10-F catheter has been
      developed. The filter is loaded into an angiographic catheter as a set of
      straightened wires that are mechanically deformed into a predetermined clover
      leaf shape when the device is delivered. The filter can be deployed easily and
      effectively into the simulated vena cava. Emboli-capturing efficiency of the new
      filter was compared in vitro to that of the Greenfield and Bird's Nest inferior
      vena cava filters. All three filters captured all large 5 x 100-mm, potentially
      fatal emboli. The clover leaf filter captures more of the smaller (5 x 20-mm and
      3 x 20-mm) emboli than the Greenfield filter and less than the Bird's Nest
      filter.

PMID- 1799741
TI  - Simon nitinol vena cava filter: preliminary observations and suggested procedural
      modifications.
AB  - Overall our experience with the SNF confirms that it is an easily placed
      percutaneous IVC filter. However, some technical difficulties were experienced in
      filter placement. In most cases, the problems resulting from these procedural
      difficulties were minor. A significant complication did occur in one case,
      necessitating placement of a second filter. These difficulties should be noted
      and, when appropriate, circumvented by use of the modifications of the insertion
      procedure described here.

PMID- 1799743
TI  - The middle mesenteric artery: an unusual source for colonic hemorrhage.
AB  - To the authors' knowledge, colonic hemorrhage from anomalous ventral aortic
      mesenteric arteries has not been described previously. They report a case in
      which a middle mesenteric artery with unusual vascular distribution supplied a
      splenic flexure hemorrhage in a 62-year-old man. Although this is a rare anomaly,
      a thorough understanding of the middle mesenteric artery may have important
      diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 1799742
TI  - Thromboembolic phenomena in clinical angiography: role of materials and
      technique.
AB  - Interactions between blood and iodinated contrast agents and syringes and
      catheters are discussed with regard to clot formation and thromboembolic
      phenomena in angiography. Syringe and catheter materials are, to varying extents,
      contact activators of coagulation, whereas contrast agents inhibit coagulation
      and platelet aggregation. Current understanding of these phenomena is surveyed,
      and the implications for clinical angiographic technique are discussed.

PMID- 1799745
TI  - Percutaneous catheter drainage for malignant pericardial effusion.
AB  - Ultrasound (US)-guided and fluoroscopically guided pericardial catheter placement
      was performed in 12 patients with known underlying malignancy who had clinical
      and radiographic evidence of a significant pericardial effusion. US guidance
      facilitated placement of a 22-gauge needle by means of a subxyphoid or
      transthoracic approach. The tract was subsequently dilated over a wire under
      fluoroscopic guidance with placement of either an 8.5- or 10-F catheter. This
      technique successfully established pericardial drainage in all patients with
      excellent symptomatic relief. Cytologic findings were positive for malignancy in
      10 of the 12 patients. Radiologically guided pericardiocentesis allowed safe,
      rapid stabilization of the condition of patients with symptoms from pericardial
      effusion. This resulted in excellent palliation in patients with terminal disease
      and improvement in the clinical status of other patients so that additional
      therapies, such as sclerosis with tetracycline or surgical placement of a
      pericardial window, could be performed on an elective basis.

PMID- 1799744
TI  - Safety and efficacy of a spring-propelled 18-gauge needle for US-guided liver
      biopsy.
AB  - Two hundred three liver biopsies were performed on 114 patients suspected of
      having diffuse liver disease. More than one-half of the biopsies (107 of 203)
      were performed in liver allografts. Biopsies were performed under ultrasound (US)
      guidance with use of a spring-propelled 18-gauge cutting needle. Half of the
      biopsies were performed in patients with abnormal coagulation studies, decreased
      platelet counts, or both. The left lobe was chosen for biopsy over the right lobe
      in the majority of cases (112 vs 91). Sufficient tissue for diagnosis was
      obtained in 197 cases (97%). Four complications (2%) occurred that required
      treatment: one vasovagal reaction and three episodes of bleeding. All bleeding
      complications occurred in patients with coagulopathy. There was no difference in
      safety or efficacy between biopsies of native and transplanted livers; similarly,
      there was no difference in safety or efficacy between biopsies of the left and
      right lobe. Pain occurred less frequently with biopsies of the left lobe. US
      guided biopsy with a spring-propelled 18-gauge needle is safe and efficacious in
      the diagnosis of diffuse liver disease.

PMID- 1799746
TI  - Percutaneous management of localized emphysematous pyelonephritis.
AB  - The authors report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis that was successfully
      treated with radiologically guided percutaneous drainage. This case illustrates
      that in certain patients with focal abnormalities, functioning renal tissue can
      be salvaged and emphysematous pyelonephritis can be eradicated with a combination
      of antibiotics and radiologically guided percutaneous drainage.

PMID- 1799748
TI  - Thrombin-soaked coils: estimation of thrombin dose.
AB  - Thrombin-soaked coils have been used as embolic agents for the treatment of
      various conditions. Intravascular injection of thrombin also has been used for
      thrombus formation; however, the effects of high doses of intravascular thrombin
      may be detrimental. In an in vitro experiment, the dose of thrombin associated
      with transcatheter use of thrombin-soaked steel coils was estimated. The 8 mm x 5
      cm, 0.038-inch coils absorbed an overall average dose of 38.4 U (USP) of thrombin
      when soaked in a solution of 10,000 U of thrombin per 10 mL of saline. The same
      size coils absorbed an overall average dose of 71.6 U of thrombin when soaked in
      a concentration of 20,000 U of thrombin per 10 mL of solution. Maximum single
      coil absorbed doses were 45.6 and 88.2 U for 1,000 and 2,000 U/mL, respectively.
      A plateau in thrombin absorption occurred after 1 minute of soaking. Absorption
      of thrombin was maximized by soaking the coils in a vertical orientation; almost
      no thrombin was absorbed when the coils were soaked in a horizontal position.

PMID- 1799747
TI  - CO2 gas perfusion: improved efficiency and safety with sapphire-probe laser
      ablation of human artery.
AB  - CO2 gas has been proposed as a new perfusion medium for laser angioplasty. To
      compare CO2 gas with conventional saline perfusion, 146 fresh specimens of normal
      and atheromatous human artery were irradiated with a neodymium: yttrium-aluminum
      garnet laser with a sapphire probe in flowing whole blood in an experimental
      circulation-occlusion model. The dimensions of the ablation crater and the extent
      of the surrounding tissue damage were measured microscopically. Significantly
      better ablation of atheromatous plaque was achieved with CO2 perfusion than with
      saline perfusion: mean ablation areas were 5.0 mm2 versus 2.8 mm2, respectively
      (P = .001, Student t test). In contrast, the ablation areas on normal vessel wall
      were identical (mean, 3.4 mm2) with the two perfusion media. Moreover, CO2 gas
      functioned as a negative contrast agent and facilitated direct monitoring of the
      laser recanalization procedure. On an experimental basis, CO2 gas perfusion seems
      to improve the efficiency and safety of laser ablation in human arteries.

PMID- 1799749
TI  - A surgical approach to vascular disease.

PMID- 1799750
TI  - Urokinase infusion: feasibility of monitoring for complications in a non
      intensive care setting.
AB  - In an effort to more effectively use critical care facilities and to reduce
      costs, during a 2 1/2-year period, the condition of 32 patients who received 37
      local intraarterial urokinase (UK) infusions was monitored in a non-intensive
      care unit (ICU) setting. Techniques of infusion, mean total dose of lytic agent
      used (1.7 million IU), and mean duration of infusion (22 hours) were similar to
      those reported previously in series of patients monitored in the ICU. Complete
      lysis (no angiographically detectable residual clot within the treated segment)
      was achieved in 28 of 37 infusions (76%). Major complications occurred during two
      infusions (5.4%). In 33 of the 37 cases, systemic heparin was administered during
      UK infusion. No cases of pericatheter thrombosis were encountered. At the
      authors' institution, patients can be safely monitored during local UK infusion
      in a non-ICU setting without compromising effectiveness of therapy. This approach
      has resulted in enhanced cost-effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy and more
      effective use of critical care facilities.

PMID- 1799751
TI  - Multilevel infusion catheter for use with thrombolytic agents.
AB  - A new multilevel infusion catheter for administration of thrombolytic agents is
      described that provides near equal flow distribution through each of four
      infusion ports. Advantages of the catheter include fluoroscopically visible
      infusion length markers, small size (4.7 F), and secure positioning of the
      catheter within the occluded segment of graft or vessel. This catheter was used
      for infusion of urokinase in the treatment of 20 peripheral vascular occlusions.
      Complete or near complete thrombolysis was achieved in all cases.

PMID- 1799752
TI  - Relative cost-effectiveness of urokinase versus streptokinase in the treatment of
      peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - A retrospective case control study of 271 patients with peripheral arterial
      occlusion (PAO) who were treated with urokinase (UK) or streptokinase (SK) at two
      clinical centers, Alexandria Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic, was performed.
      The primary objective was to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of
      thrombolytic therapy with SK or UK in the treatment of PAO. A secondary objective
      was to identify factors to which any major differences in cost-effectiveness
      between these two agents could be attributed. All available patients hospitalized
      at the two centers for PAO who underwent treatment with UK or SK from 1979 to
      1987 were included. Therapeutic success was defined as complete clot lysis or
      partial clot lysis judged to be of clinical benefit by the attending physician,
      with no major bleeding or other serious complication such as renal insufficiency
      or death. Success rates with UK were higher than those with SK at both centers.
      The advantage with UK could not be explained by baseline patient characteristics.
      A cost-effectiveness ratio--dollars expended on medical care for up to 2 days
      after infusion per therapeutic success--was calculated for each of the
      treatments. Overall, at Alexandria Hospital, $10,700 was expended per therapeutic
      success with UK therapy compared with $14,500 for successful SK therapy. At the
      Cleveland Clinic, differences were more pronounced, with $15,000 expended per
      therapeutic success for UK treatment and $46,400 per success for SK treatment.
      Support for preference of UK therapy is provided by the consistency of results in
      favor of UK cost-effectiveness for subgroups of patients that were determined
      according to site of occlusion and type of therapy following lysis. The cost
      effectiveness of UK was not dependent on the definition of patient costs
      associated with PAO.

PMID- 1799753
TI  - Thrombolysis for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis.

PMID- 1799754
TI  - Preoperative uterine artery embolization in cervical pregnancy.
AB  - Cervical pregnancy often results in massive hemorrhage following curettage.
      Performance of uterine artery embolization before curettage is reported in three
      consecutive cases of cervical pregnancy. All patients had a successful outcome
      without significant hemorrhage.

PMID- 1799755
TI  - Safety and efficacy of transcatheter embolization of axillary and shoulder
      arterial injuries.
AB  - The authors performed 13 transcatheter embolizations (TCEs) within the axilla and
      shoulder in nine patients with major trauma to one or more vessels in these
      regions. Indications for TCE included active hemorrhage, pseudoaneurysms,
      arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) caused by penetrating trauma, and a postsurgical
      AVF. Embolizations were performed within branches of the subclavian, axillary,
      and brachial arteries in nine male patients aged 20-38 years. All procedures were
      performed with use of either Gianturco coils or Hilal wires, with or without
      gelatin sponge pledgets or autologous clot. Nine of 11 procedures in eight
      patients resulted in successful treatment of active bleeding, pseudoaneurysms,
      and AVFs, thus enabling avoidance of surgery. After two embolizations in the
      ninth patient, TCE failed to occlude an AVF, necessitating surgical treatment.
      Only one complication (asymptomatic pulmonary embolization with Gianturco coils)
      was encountered in this series. No neurologic sequelae occurred. The authors'
      experience demonstrates the safety and efficacy of TCE in the nonsurgical
      management of axillary and shoulder hemorrhage and vascular injuries secondary to
      penetrating trauma and surgical complications.

PMID- 1799756
TI  - SCVIR 1991 annual meeting notes.

PMID- 1799757
TI  - Diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease.

PMID- 1799758
TI  - Extensive thromboembolic disease of the hand and forearm: treatment with
      thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - Six patients with extensive hand and forearm thromboembolic disease were treated
      by means of intraarterial infusion of urokinase, with good clinical results. Four
      significant complications occurred, including a possible stroke. Embolization of
      pericatheter thrombus was a possible etiologic factor in this case. Antegrade
      brachial artery puncture should be used in the setting of prolonged upper
      extremity thrombolytic therapy to avoid the cerebral vasculature. Thrombolysis is
      an effective technique for tissue salvage in cases of inoperable hand thrombosis.

PMID- 1799759
TI  - Heparin supplementation of nonionic contrast agents.
AB  - Diatrizoate has been widely used clinically for many years and has been effective
      in inhibiting clot formation in catheters and syringes. The authors attempted to
      determine the amount of heparin required to raise the anticoagulant potency of
      ioversol, iohexol, or iopamidol to that of diatrizoate. The anticoagulant potency
      of ioxaglate was also examined. One hundred eighty glass syringes containing
      unmodified diatrizoate, unmodified ioxaglate, or a nonionic contrast agent mixed
      with incremental amounts of heparin were contaminated with venous blood from 10
      healthy volunteers. The syringes were then repeatedly disturbed to simulate the
      frequent handling that occurs during an angiographic procedure. The weights of
      the clots in the syringes at 30 minutes were plotted against heparin levels and
      indicated that, for the average sample studied, the "diatrizoate-equivalent"
      heparin level for ioversol, iohexol, or iopamidol was less than 1.5 U (USP) of
      heparin per milliliter. An additional margin of anticoagulation is probably
      desirable. The 97.5 percentile of the distribution of the diatrizoate equivalents
      in the population was estimated to require a heparin dose of 3.5 U/mL.

PMID- 1799760
TI  - Percutaneous placement of a balloon-expandable intraluminal graft for life
      threatening subclavian arterial hemorrhage.
AB  - A balloon-expandable intraluminal graft was percutaneously deployed in the left
      subclavian artery of a 43-year-old woman. This graft was made of a stainless
      steel, 30-mm Palmaz balloon-expandable iliac stent completely covered with a thin
      coat of silicone. The procedure was successful in managing and preventing life
      threatening hemorrhage as a large-bore catheter was removed from the subclavian
      artery via its subcutaneous tunnel. Surgical repair of the high brachial-axillary
      sheath insertion site was required after percutaneous deployment of the graft.
      However, the grafting procedure succeeded in obviating a thoracotomy. At follow
      up of 6 months, despite diminution in brachial pulse volume recordings, the
      patient is asymptomatic at rest. She experiences mild fatigue with extremes of
      upper extremity exercise and declines angiographic follow-up and further
      intervention.

PMID- 1799761
TI  - Hematoma formation after diagnostic angiography: effect of catheter size.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of catheter size on the development of hematomas
      after catheterization. Four hundred ninety-nine patients who underwent routine
      diagnostic angiography were randomized to receive either 5-F or 7-F catheters.
      Small hematomas were more frequent in the 7-F catheter group (P less than .05);
      however, there was no difference in the frequency of larger hematomas between
      groups. Compression time was slightly but significantly (P less than .001) longer
      in the 7-F group. When catheter size; duration of the procedure; and patient age,
      weight, blood pressure and coagulation status were considered as independent
      variables, patient weight was the most accurate predictor of hematoma formation.
      The authors conclude that catheter size does not affect the development of a
      clinically significant hematoma after diagnostic angiography and that other
      factors such as patient weight are more important in this regard.

PMID- 1799762
TI  - Popliteal artery entrapment: findings at MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can noninvasively demonstrate the anatomic
      relationships between the popliteal artery and the muscles within the popliteal
      fossa, making it an ideal screening test for popliteal artery entrapment prior to
      angiography or surgery. The authors describe a patient with bilateral type II
      popliteal artery entrapment in whom the anomaly was diagnosed in the asymptomatic
      extremity with MR imaging.

PMID- 1799763
TI  - Young Investigator Award. Raman spectroscopy of human atherosclerotic plaque:
      implications for laser angioplasty.
AB  - Raman spectroscopy is a specialized technique that permits highly specific
      identification of specimens, in contrast to fluorescence spectroscopy with which
      analysis of arterial tissues generates spectra that are broad and featureless,
      with little difference seen between normal artery and atheroma. Various plaque
      types and the contributions of different arterial fluorophores were studied to
      determine if Raman spectroscopy could function as a potential guidance modality
      for laser angioplasty. Arterial specimens obtained at atherectomy and post mortem
      were studied in air and while immersed in blood. One hundred fifty-six Raman
      spectra were collected from arterial specimens and chromatographic samples of
      collagen, elastin, cholesterol, beta-carotene, and L-tryptophan. Analysis showed
      both fatty and fibrous atherosclerotic plaques to have characteristic spectral
      peaks at 1,002, 1,154, and 1,516 cm-1, while the Raman spectrum of normal vessel
      was featureless. Spectral peaks of beta-carotene were nearly identical to those
      of fatty plaque. The arterial fluorophores collagen, elastin, cholesterol, and L
      tryptophan were non-contributory. The Raman spectrum of fatty plaque immersed in
      a blood field was also detectable, suggesting that this technique may be useful
      for in vivo plaque recognition.

PMID- 1799764
TI  - Evaluation of the inferior vena cava with intravascular US after Greenfield
      filter placement.
AB  - An animal model was used to evaluate the utility of intravascular ultrasound (US)
      imaging of the inferior vena cava (IVC) following Greenfield filter placement.
      Ten Greenfield filters were placed in the IVCs of five sheep and three dogs.
      Experimentally induced thrombi were injected into four filters at the time of
      placement. Intravascular US and cavography were performed 4 weeks after filter
      implant. The imaging studies were evaluated for demonstration of filter position,
      orientation, and leg distribution, as well as prediction of caval wall
      penetration by filter hooks. Experimentally induced and spontaneous intrafilter
      thrombi were also imaged. Findings were compared with those of postmortem
      examination. Exact filter position and orientation were most simply and
      accurately demonstrated on radiographs. Filter leg distribution and extent of
      intrafilter thrombus were best evaluated on intravascular US images. The
      prevalence of caval wall penetration was underestimated with both studies. The
      results of this animal study suggest that the information about the IVC provided
      at cavography and intravascular US following Greenfield filter placement may be
      complementary.

PMID- 1799765
TI  - Use of angiographic needles with or without stylets: pathologic assessment of
      vessel walls after puncture.
AB  - There is controversy as to whether angiographic needles without stylets produce
      more arterial damage than those with stylets. Iliac arteries from 15 fresh human
      cadavers were punctured 56 times with either an 18-gauge angiographic needle with
      a stylet or one without a stylet (28 punctures with each needle type). These
      puncture sites were serially sectioned and examined microscopically. Each needle
      tract was evaluated for margin irregularity, shape of puncture, and approximation
      of edges. No statistically significant differences in arterial wall changes were
      found. The authors' data suggest that the choice of beveled needle use in
      angiography can probably be made on a basis other than concern for differences in
      vessel wall damage secondary to the presence or absence of a stylet.

PMID- 1799766
TI  - Nonselective and semiselective catheters for renal artery evaluation:
      experimental study.
AB  - Abdominal aortography is widely used for evaluation of potential renal donors and
      for patients with renal failure or hypertension in whom a renal artery ostial or
      polar branch stenosis is suspected. It would be desirable to use a catheter that
      consistently enables good bilateral renal artery and polar branch visualization
      without opacification of overlying mesenteric vessels. Existing and newly
      designed catheters were compared to determine the optimal design necessary for
      these studies. An in vitro model of the abdominal aorta and its branches was
      made, and dye dilution densitometry was employed for quantitative evaluation.
      Semiselective catheters demonstrated significantly increased renal artery
      opacification with decreased mesenteric opacification in this in vitro model.

PMID- 1799767
TI  - A safe route for deep pelvic biopsy with distention of the iliacus muscle.
AB  - To avoid bowel perforation during deep pelvic biopsy, the authors describe a
      technique in which the iliacus muscle is distended by injecting it with a
      solution of lidocaine and saline. This muscle distention causes sufficient bowel
      displacement to allow safe advancement of biopsy needles as large as 14 gauge
      through the distended muscle belly to the region of interest.

PMID- 1799768
TI  - Compact contrast material bolus with a new 5-F angiographic catheter.
AB  - The conventional pigtail catheter was compared with the 5-F Tennis Racquet
      catheter for abdominal aortography with digital subtraction angiography.
      Resulting aortograms were judged on the basis of the quality of aortic
      opacification and renal artery visualization. The authors concluded that the
      Tennis Racquet catheter produces a more compact contrast material bolus, and its
      use is associated with acquisition of superior abdominal aortograms.

PMID- 1799769
TI  - Retained anchoring suture after removal of a Cope-loop drainage catheter: use of
      the retract-and-cut method.
AB  - A method is described for managing retention of the anchoring suture within the
      tract after a Cope-loop drainage catheter has been removed. In the authors'
      experience, the overwhelming majority of such strings can be extracted by sliding
      a dilator over the suture and using gentle manipulation at the site of adherence.
      However, in 12 patients, this technique was not successful. In these patients,
      the retract-and-cut method was used: The suture is pulled taut and cut at the
      surface, allowing it to retract into the tract. This provided a safe and simple
      solution for this complication.

PMID- 1799770
TI  - Prospective randomized trials of laser angioplasty.

PMID- 1799772
TI  - Unwitting authorship: the role of scientific journals in detection and
      sanctioning.

PMID- 1799771
TI  - Special requirements for subspecialty training in vascular and interventional
      radiology. Residency Review Committee for Radiology.

PMID- 1799773
TI  - Vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation: pathways and chemical
      modulation.
AB  - The purpose of this review has been to summarize the information learned in the
      past few years regarding the mechanisms responsible for smooth muscle contraction
      and relaxation and to relate this information to the vasoconstrictor and
      vasodilator agents used by the interventional radiologist. Because this review
      can only provide an overview of what is known about these processes, the reader
      is directed to the references cited below. This reference list contains review
      articles that will provide in-depth information about the topics presented
      herein.

PMID- 1799774
TI  - Antegrade selective catheterization of femoral vessels with a 4- or 5-F catheter
      and safety wire.
AB  - A method of antegrade catheterization of the superficial femoral artery or
      femoral bypass grafts with a 4- or 5-F catheter and safety wire is described.
      This method has advantages of smaller size and the use of torque wires when
      compared with previously described methods.

PMID- 1799775
TI  - Radiologic insertion of Hickman catheters in HIV-positive patients: infectious
      complications.
AB  - Ninety-six patients undergoing radiologically guided placement of 104 Hickman
      catheters were grouped according to their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      serologic status. Infectious complications were categorized according to their
      severity (local or systemic) and time of occurrence (periprocedural or late). The
      number of infectious complications per 100 indwelling catheter days was
      calculated. Among the 14 catheter placements in 13 HIV-positive patients, two
      systemic infections occurred, resulting in a 14% overall infection rate and 0.18
      infectious complications per 100 indwelling catheter days. The remaining 83 HIV
      negative patients underwent 90 Hickman catheter placements. Nine infectious
      complications (10%) were noted in the 90 catheters, translating into 0.19
      infectious complications per 100 indwelling catheters days. These results suggest
      no significant (relative risk [RR] of 1.4 and .95) difference in infectious
      complication rates encountered in HIV-positive patients compared with the general
      population. This supports the clinical usefulness of Hickman catheter placement
      in HIV-positive patients, although many additional HIV-positive patients must be
      evaluated to achieve an acceptable level of statistical confidence.

PMID- 1799776
TI  - Transhepatic cannulation of the inferior vena cava.
AB  - Problems frequently develop in maintaining central venous access in patients who
      require long-term total parenteral nutrition. The authors describe transhepatic
      placement of a silicone rubber catheter into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in a
      patient with thrombosis of the superior vena cava, infrarenal IVC, and the great
      veins. The technique and potential complications are described.

PMID- 1799777
TI  - Posttraumatic intrahepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm: treatment with direct
      percutaneous puncture.
AB  - The authors describe a patient with a posttraumatic intrahepatic false aneurysm.
      In this case, transcatheter embolization was not possible because of previous
      right hepatic artery embolization. To avoid the morbidity associated with
      surgery, direct percutaneous puncture of the pseudoaneurysm was performed under
      fluoroscopic guidance to permit embolization with Gianturco coils. Direct
      percutaneous embolization of intrahepatic aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms can be a
      safe and effective alternative to surgery when transcatheter techniques are not
      feasible.

PMID- 1799778
TI  - Guide wire traversal test: retrospective study of results with fibrinolytic
      therapy.
AB  - The validity of the guide wire traversal test as a predictor of the outcome of
      selective fibrinolytic infusion therapy was investigated. A retrospective
      analysis of 51 consecutive urokinase infusions at the authors' institution
      revealed that the initial attempt at guide wire traversal of clotted vessels was
      successful in 36 patients and unsuccessful in 15. In those 15 patients in whom
      the initial guide wire traversal was unsuccessful, urokinase was infused proximal
      to the occlusion for 2-8 hours. In 10 of these 15 vessels, either guide wire
      traversal (n = 7) or complete lysis with only proximal infusion (n = 3) was then
      achieved. Final results for this group of 15 patients were similar to those found
      in the group of 36 patients in whom initial attempts at guide wire traversal were
      successful (chi 2 contingency analysis, P greater than .8). There were no
      statistically significant differences between these two groups with regard to
      ages of the grafts, duration of vessel occlusion prior to treatment, infusion
      times, or patient gender composition. These data indicate that failure to
      traverse a clotted vessel with a guide wire does not preclude successful
      urokinase fibrinolytic therapy in a substantial percentage of patients.

PMID- 1799779
TI  - Thrombectomy with the transluminal endarterectomy catheter (TEC) system:
      experimental study and case report.
AB  - The transluminal endarterectomy catheter (TEC) system was employed as a
      percutaneous rotational mechanical thrombectomy device in 1-week-old thrombi in
      five dogs (five thrombosed polytetrafluoroethylene grafts and four thrombosed
      native superficial femoral arteries). Luminal patency was restored in all vessels
      with no angiographic evidence of significant distal embolization. The TEC
      catheter was also successfully used for recanalization of the superior vena cava
      in a patient with superior vena cava syndrome.

PMID- 1799780
TI  - Urokinase-mediated thrombolysis: a dose-response relationship in cats. Work in
      progress.
AB  - A cat model was developed to study thrombolytic agents. The infrarenal aorta was
      surgically exposed, all side branches were ligated, and both ends of the segment
      were occluded. After preformed clot was injected into the segment, proximal flow
      was restored and a distal stenosis was created. Urokinase was infused at rates
      varying from 4,000 to 250,000 U/h. Amount of remaining clot was quantified every
      15 minutes with cine angiography. Pre- and postinfusion measurements of
      prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and levels of
      fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products were obtained. A graph of thrombolysis
      rate versus infusion rate was obtained yielding maximal thrombolytic activity at
      126,000 U/h and 90% of maximal activity at an infusion rate of 70,000 U/h. Levels
      of fibrin degradation products did not change. Prothrombin, partial
      thromboplastin, and thrombin times increased with increasing infusion rates,
      leveling off at 100,000 U/h, while fibrinogen levels decreased, with a plateau at
      50,000 U/h.

PMID- 1799781
TI  - Aspiration thromboembolectomy of an acute renal artery occlusion with the
      Hieshima coaxial catheter.

PMID- 1799782
TI  - Comparison of nonsubtracted digital angiography and conventional screen-film
      angiography for the evaluation of patients with peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - Recently, x-ray equipment manufacturers have produced systems capable of
      generating nonsubtracted digital angiograms (NSDA) of the arteries of the lower
      extremities with a high-resolution 1,024 x 1,024 matrix. One such system was
      compared with conventional screen-film angiography (CSFA) for the evaluation of
      peripheral vascular disease. Both NSDA and CSFA were performed prospectively in
      an identical fashion on 47 patients. The images were evaluated, and diagnostic
      adequacy (ie, information sufficient to direct subsequent therapy) and a variety
      of image quality attributes--vessel opacification, correct timing, complete
      anatomic coverage, and ease of reading--were compared. CSFA and NSDA provided
      similar diagnostic information. NSDA was judged superior to CSFA with regard to
      timing (P less than .001). CSFA was judged superior with regard to anatomic
      coverage (P less than .001) and ease of reading (P less than .01). NSDA is a
      promising method for evaluating patients with peripheral vascular disease.
      Further work is needed to provide more complete anatomic coverage and to improve
      the quality of the hard-copy images.

PMID- 1799783
TI  - Angiographic assessment of arterial outflow: predictive value of a new
      classification system.
AB  - A prospective study with 4 years of follow-up involving 127 consecutive
      symptomatic patients (60.6% with claudication, 39.4% with critical ischemia) who
      underwent aortobifemoral bypass surgery is described. A new grading system for
      the classification of arterial outflow was applied to determine its usefulness in
      predicting the outcome of surgery. Preoperative angiograms were numerically
      scored according to the arterial outflow status at the level of main segmental
      involvement. Higher scores corresponded to worse outflows. Outflow scores ranged
      between 1 and 10 with a mean of 3.6 +/- 0.24. The main comparison was between
      patients with scores of less than 5 (group A, n = 80) and patients with scores of
      5 or more (group B, n = 47). Better outflow was associated with higher
      postoperative mean increases in the ankle-brachial index (ABI) (group A, 0.35 +/-
      0.03; group B, 0.17 +/- 0.04; P less than .001) and transcutaneous oximetry
      (PtcO2) (group A, 15.4 mm Hg +/- 1.8; group B, 8.4 mm Hg +/- 3.0; P = .01). At 4
      year follow-up, group A had higher cumulative rates of patency (98.3% vs 78.0%, P
      less than .001), symptomatic relief (84.0% vs 23.3%, P less than .001), and
      palliation (67.0% vs 19.9%, P less than .001). In conclusion, angiographic
      outflow, as evaluated with the system described, successfully helped predict
      postoperative increases in ABI and PtcO2 and the cumulative rates of graft
      patency, symptomatic relief, and palliation.

PMID- 1799784
TI  - Embolization of a prosthetic mitral valve leaflet: localization with
      intravascular US.
AB  - The authors describe a case in which a leaflet from a mitral valve prosthesis
      embolized to the right external iliac artery. Intravascular ultrasound proved
      useful in locating the valve fragment prior to and during surgery, allowing for
      its removal.

PMID- 1799785
TI  - Choledochal cysts: role of noninvasive imaging, percutaneous transhepatic
      cholangiography, and percutaneous biliary drainage in diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Choledochal cysts are an uncommon anomaly of the biliary system; findings include
      cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tree, intrahepatic biliary tree, or
      both. In the past 7 years, 13 patients with choledochal cysts have been seen at
      the authors' institution for evaluation and presurgical intervention.
      Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was performed in 13 patients.
      Sixteen percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) procedures were performed in 11
      patients, computed tomography was performed in six patients, and ultrasound was
      performed in two. PTC proved to be an important imaging modality because of its
      superior ability to define the cyst anatomy, site of biliary origin of the cyst,
      and extent and detail of both extrahepatic and intrahepatic disease, that is,
      intraductal strictures and calculi. PBD proved valuable in preoperative
      intervention, as an aid in surgical reconstruction, and in postoperative care.
      The role of these two modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with
      choledochal cysts, in addition to clinical aspects of the disease, is discussed.

PMID- 1799786
TI  - Simplified T-tube replacement with two-piece retrievable catheters.
AB  - A new two-piece T tube has been developed for easy reinsertion over a guide wire,
      usually without the need for tract dilation. It is introduced as a single unit
      over a removable introducer cannula and is formed in situ within the common bile
      duct by manipulation of guiding sutures. The self-retaining T configuration is
      maintained by a suture-locking device. The T tube can be easily retrieved,
      repositioned, or exchanged. It can be modified distally with either a long limb
      or a "T loop" to provide internal biliary drainage via the T-tube tract. These
      low-profile catheters improve the safety of tube replacement through immature
      tracts (n = 6) and have also been introduced through transhepatic tracts (n = 6).
      Thirty-three catheters have been placed in 21 patients without significant
      complications.

PMID- 1799787
TI  - A 5-year experience with 307 CT-guided renal biopsies: results and complications.
AB  - Three hundred four patients with diffuse renal disease underwent 307 consecutive
      percutaneous biopsies with use of nonenhanced computed tomographic (CT) guidance
      and the 14-gauge Vim Silverman needle. Satisfactory tissue for histopathologic
      diagnosis was obtained in 100% of cases. Precise data collection before and after
      the last 241 biopsies enabled diagnosis of 18 hemorrhagic complications (7.5%).
      The conditions of five patients stabilized without intervention. Thirteen
      patients received blood transfusions, and one required therapeutic embolization.
      One death occurred in a patient with advanced systemic lupus erythematosus. Two
      nonhemorrhagic complications were fevers after biopsy, both of which resolved
      without sequelae. Review of medical records revealed increased hemorrhagic
      complication rates in dialysis patients, female patients, patients who underwent
      left-sided biopsies, and patients pretreated with 1-deamino-8-D-arginine
      vasopressin to reverse uremic platelet dysfunction. No complications were
      associated with biopsies in 14 pediatric patients (younger than 16 years) and 10
      renal transplant recipients. Risk of hemorrhagic complications had no correlation
      with patient age (when older than age 16 years) and 10 renal transplant
      recipients. Risk of hemorrhagic complications had no correlation with patient age
      (when older than age 16 years), creatinine level, hematocrit, pathologic features
      of resultant biopsy specimen, or whether the patient was admitted solely for the
      biopsy.

PMID- 1799788
TI  - RI Manager, a microcomputer program for analysis of data from recombinant inbred
      strains.
AB  - RI Manager is a microcomputer program for storage and analysis of genetic mapping
      data from recombinant inbred strains. The program rapidly identifies
      statistically significant linkage between known loci and a newly described locus,
      and it facilitates rapid evaluation of alternative map orders for linked loci.

PMID- 1799789
TI  - In memoriam Dorothea Bennett 1929-1990.

PMID- 1799790
TI  - In situ analysis of centromeric satellite DNA segregating in Mus species crosses.
AB  - In situ hybridization of biotin-labeled mouse major satellite DNA clone pMR196
      was applied to Mus domesticus and Mus spretus chromosomes (Chr). The same
      karyotypes were counterstained with distamycin A-DAPI to identify AT-rich
      heterochromatin. Chromosomes from the laboratory mouse, C57BL/6Ros (BL/6; M.
      domesticus) were uniformly labeled at the centromere except for the Y, while
      chromosomes from the divergent Mus species M. spretus showed little or no
      hybridization. Differences between Mus species in copy number of the major
      satellite DNA sequence were used to identify chromosomes of M. domesticus and M.
      spretus in their F1 hybrids and to discriminate domesticus and spretus
      centromeres in backcross progeny. The distribution pattern of heterochromatic
      regions demonstrated by distamycin A-DAPI counterstaining was comparable with
      that of in situ hybridization with pMR196, suggesting that A-T rich
      heterochromatin in M. domesticus is mainly constructed by the pMR196-related
      sequence. The in situ technique was used to examine segregation of domesticus
      centromeres in backcross progeny obtained by mating F1 hybrid females with M.
      domesticus or M. spretus males. The segregation of centromeres did not deviate
      from the expected among the backcross progeny from C57BL/6Ros males, whereas
      chromosomes with M. domesticus centromeres were prone to appear in the progeny
      from backcross matings by M. spretus males.

PMID- 1799791
TI  - Methylation status of CpG-rich islands on active and inactive mouse X
      chromosomes.
AB  - Single copy probes derived from CpG-rich island clones from Eag I and Not I
      linking libraries and nine rare-cutter restriction endonucleases were used to
      investigate the methylation status of CpG-rich islands on the inactive and active
      X chromosomes (Chr) of the mouse. Thirteen of the 14 probes used detected CpG
      rich islands in genomic DNA. The majority of island CpGs detected by rare-cutter
      restriction endonucleases were methylated on the inactive X Chr and unmethylated
      on the active X Chr, but some heterogeneity within the cell population used to
      make genomic DNA was detected. The CpG-rich islands detected by two putative
      pseudoautosomal probes remained unmethylated on both the active and inactive X
      Chrs. Otherwise, distance from the X Chr inactivation center did not affect the
      methylation profile of CpG-rich islands. We conclude that methylation of CpG-rich
      islands is a general feature of X Chr inactivation.

PMID- 1799792
TI  - Genetic mapping of the t-complex region on mouse chromosome 17 including the
      Hybrid sterility-1 gene.
AB  - t-haplotypes occupy a region on chromosome (Chr) 17 which slightly overlaps the
      ends of the T-H-2 interval. The wild-type form of this 14 centi-Morgan (cM)
      region was mapped in a multilocus backcross (C57BL/10-T x C3H)F1 x C57BL/10 using
      15 DNA probes on Southern blots of the DNA extracted from 53 animals which were
      recombinants in the T-H-2 interval. Each recombinant was also progeny-tested to
      ascertain its Hybrid sterility-1 (Hst-1) genotype by crossing to PWB/Ph, a Mus
      musculus-derived inbred strain. The limit of resolution of the cross was 0.27 cM.
      The map distances have been determined for the DNA loci in the T-H-2 interval and
      the Hst-1 gene was mapped in close vicinity to the D17Rp17 locus.

PMID- 1799794
TI  - Encyclopedia of the Mouse Genome I.

PMID- 1799793
TI  - Mouse chromosome 1.

PMID- 1799795
TI  - Mouse chromosome 8.

PMID- 1799796
TI  - Mouse chromosome 9.

PMID- 1799797
TI  - Mouse chromosome 10.

PMID- 1799798
TI  - Mouse chromosome 11.

PMID- 1799800
TI  - Mouse chromosome 12.

PMID- 1799801
TI  - Mouse chromosome 13.

PMID- 1799799
TI  - Mouse chromosome 2.

PMID- 1799802
TI  - Mouse chromosome 14.

PMID- 1799803
TI  - Mouse chromosome 15.

PMID- 1799804
TI  - Mouse chromosome 16.

PMID- 1799806
TI  - Mouse chromosome 18.

PMID- 1799805
TI  - Mouse chromosome 17.

PMID- 1799807
TI  - Mouse X chromosome.

PMID- 1799808
TI  - Mouse DNA clones and probes.

PMID- 1799809
TI  - Mouse chromosome 3.

PMID- 1799812
TI  - Mouse chromosome 4.

PMID- 1799813
TI  - Mouse chromosome 5.

PMID- 1799816
TI  - Acute glaucomas: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an uncommon disorder that must be diagnosed and
      managed quickly and effectively to prevent visual loss. Several conditions may
      appear as an acute angle-closure glaucoma and must be recognized since, in
      certain cases, treatment may be different from that required for an acute angle
      closure attack. Once an acute angle-closure attack has been successfully managed
      through medical treatment, a laser iridotomy is indicated to prevent an attack
      from recurring.

PMID- 1799815
TI  - A new look at an old disease.
AB  - Despite 200 years of effort, much about glaucoma remains a mystery, and numerous
      critical questions remain unanswered. Are there subgroups of primary open-angle
      glaucoma, with different etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations, and
      prognoses? What criteria should be adopted for important diagnostic tests, such
      as automated perimetry, to reduce the likelihood of variability? Is medical
      management of the disease truly efficacious? Should laser trabeculoplasty become
      the initial surgery of choice? Current answers to these and other important
      questions are reviewed in this survey of the many new research efforts exploring
      this old disease.

PMID- 1799817
TI  - Diagnosis and management of primary open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Primary open-angle glaucoma offers a significant diagnostic and management
      challenge for primary care providers. Uncertainty clouds the definition of the
      disease, its prevalence, the sensitivity and accuracy of the clinical tests used
      for its diagnosis, the efficacy of antiglaucoma medications, the compliance of
      patients with these drug regimens, the appropriate use of follow-up examinations,
      and the use of surgical techniques in lieu of medical management. This discussion
      addresses these many vexing issues for the purpose of assisting primary care
      providers to better diagnose and manage glaucoma patients.

PMID- 1799814
TI  - Mouse chromosome 7.

PMID- 1799818
TI  - Standards of care when diagnosing or treating the glaucomas.
AB  - Negligence claims against ophthalmologists alleging failure to diagnose glaucoma
      have resulted in legal precedents with important clinical ramifications for
      optometrists. These cases have established that tonometry should be performed as
      a routine eye health procedure, regardless of patient age, and that suspicious
      findings, such as elevated intraocular pressures, should be communicated to the
      patient as required by the doctrine of informed consent. When treating patients
      with glaucoma medications, drugs should be selected that minimize the risk of
      injury or adverse effects, and, unless clearly contraindicated, a topical route
      of administration should be used for initial efforts at medical management.

PMID- 1799819
TI  - Surgical management of glaucoma.
AB  - Surgery plays an important role in the treatment of glaucoma. For the angle
      closure glaucomas, surgery is the primary mode of treatment to restore the normal
      route of aqueous out of the eye. For the open-angle glaucomas, surgery is usually
      a secondary treatment modality, indicated after medical therapy fails to halt
      glaucomatous damage or does not reduce the intraocular pressure to an acceptable
      level for an individual's eye.

PMID- 1799820
TI  - A clinical approach to computerized perimetry.
AB  - Computerized perimeters have increased the precision with which visual fields may
      be tested. The purpose of this paper is to present considerations for properly
      performing automated perimetry. Selecting the correct perimeter to complement
      specific practices is discussed, and various test strategies available on
      automated perimeters are reviewed. Selection of the appropriate program to
      provide the clinician with the information needed is essential. A step-by-step
      discussion as to proper performance of automated perimetry includes factors that
      should be considered so that consistency between visual field examinations can be
      maintained. Confounding variables, such as the learning effect, pupil size, and
      various ocular pathologies, are discussed with respect to their effects on
      automated perimetric results.

PMID- 1799821
TI  - Optometric care of patients with age-related cataracts.
AB  - As the geriatric population has increased in size, so has the number of patients
      developing age-related cataracts. This paper discusses a variety of clinical
      topics as they relate to the diagnosis and management of age-related cataracts.
      Particular emphasis has been placed on the importance of patient communication in
      the optometric care of cataract patients.

PMID- 1799810
TI  - Mouse map of paralogous genes.

PMID- 1799822
TI  - Cataracts and co-management: a clinicolegal view.
AB  - Optometrists frequently diagnose and manage patients with age-related cataract.
      During the period before surgery, patients must be warned concerning the
      deleterious effects of the cataract on vision, and an appropriate eye health
      assessment must be performed to rule out the presence of coexisting disease. When
      optometrists refer patients to ophthalmologists for cataract surgery, if the
      surgery is negligently conducted, the optometrist is not responsible for the
      patient's injury unless the surgeon was not selected with due care. Optometrists
      who co-manage patients during the postoperative period should develop protocols
      for examination and communication with the surgeon because joint liability can
      result, involving both practitioners.

PMID- 1799823
TI  - Traumatic injury to the lens.
AB  - Concussive trauma to the eye produces characteristic rosette cataracts,
      dislocation of the lens, and numerous associated ocular injuries. The mechanism
      of injury is a traumatic shock wave that progresses through the eye, causing
      insult to both anterior and posterior structures. Appropriate diagnosis and
      proper management of traumatic cataract is necessary to restore vision and
      prevent sight-threatening complications. Traumatic cataract may also result from
      penetrating injury, retained foreign bodies, electric shock, and radiation.
      Luxation and subluxation of the lens are additional complications of ocular
      trauma that require careful management. Surgical extraction is often the
      treatment of choice for post-traumatic cataractous or dislocated lenses.

PMID- 1799824
TI  - Drug-related cataract.
AB  - Associations between drug therapy and development of lenticular changes have been
      documented in the literature. Drugs most frequently implicated include
      corticosteroids, phenothiazines, miotics, gold, amiodarone, and allopurinol. The
      reported clinical observations on these agents are described, and similarities
      and differences between these drugs in regard to location of opacities and
      possible pathogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 1799825
TI  - Presurgical evaluation of patients with cataracts.
AB  - To evaluate a patient properly for cataract surgery, a thorough history must be
      taken, visual acuity must be measured, and eye health must be assessed.
      Specialized testing may include ophthalmic ultrasonography, glare or contrast
      sensitivity testing, and estimation of postoperative acuity, which requires use
      of a potential acuity meter or an interferometer. For patients with dense or
      mature cataracts, macular integrity must be carefully evaluated with techniques
      such as ophthalmoscopy or posterior pole biomicroscopy, color perception, two
      light discrimination ability, Maddox rod test, perception of entoptic phenomena,
      and electrophysiological testing. Specular microscopy must also be performed to
      evaluate the corneal endothelium. Criteria for referral should be adopted by all
      optometrists to aid patients in determining when surgery is advisable.

PMID- 1799826
TI  - Pupillary dilation for aphakic patients, pseudophakic patients, and patients with
      cataract.

PMID- 1799827
TI  - Something new under the sun.
AB  - Ultraviolet radiation can exert adverse acute and chronic effects on many ocular
      tissues, including the lens. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet B wavelengths has
      been linked to cortical cataracts, and posterior subcapsular cataracts have
      likewise been associated with the chronic effects of ultraviolet radiation.
      Aphakic patients require protection from the injurious effects of ultraviolet
      radiation, and clinicians must be familiar with the transmittance guidelines for
      ultraviolet-protective eyewear and prescribe lenses that absorb injurious
      wavelengths.

PMID- 1799828
TI  - Cataract surgery and postoperative follow-up.
AB  - Cataract surgery has undergone enormous change in the last 20 years. This paper
      discusses the basic methodologies, advances in microsurgical technique, and major
      trends involving four methods of cataract extraction: planned extracapsular
      cataract extraction, phacoemulsification, pars plana lensectomy, and
      intracapsular cataract extraction. Surgical methodology is also reviewed in
      relation to common, immediate postoperative complications.

PMID- 1799829
TI  - Complications of cataract and implant surgery.
AB  - Cataract surgery was once a procedure that required several days of
      hospitalization and months of recuperation. It can now be performed in 15 minutes
      or less in an ambulatory surgical center. Complete visual rehabilitation may
      occur as soon as 3 weeks postoperatively with virtually no limitations in
      lifestyle. Correspondingly, the risks and complications associated with the
      procedure have slowly dwindled. This paper discusses the most prevalent, as well
      as the most significant, early and late problems encountered with cataract and
      implant surgery. General guidelines for management are offered.

PMID- 1799830
TI  - Liability for the treatment of anterior segment eye disease.
AB  - About 25% of large professional liability claims against optometrists involve
      misdiagnosis of anterior segment anomalies, most notably corneal abrasions
      (especially secondary to contact lens wear), tumors of the lid (principally basal
      cell carcinoma), pigmentary and angle-closure glaucoma, and, less commonly,
      anterior uveitis. Treatment of anterior segment eye disease is an infrequent
      cause of litigation involving optometrists. Potential causes of litigation
      include mismanagement of corneal abrasions and ocular foreign bodies, side
      effects of topical and systemic steroids, and adverse effects of glaucoma
      medications. In determining an optometrist's liability for care, a medical
      standard of care will be applied.

PMID- 1799831
TI  - Treatment of dry eye with punctal plugs.
AB  - Dry eye syndrome is a common finding for which treatment with artificial tears
      and sterile ointments is often satisfactory. In cases that do not respond to
      conventional therapy, it may be necessary to employ punctal plugs. Following
      dilation of the lower and upper puncta, temporary collagen implants are inserted,
      and the patient is asked to return within a few days for reevaluation. If dry eye
      symptoms have been significantly diminished, silicone plugs may be inserted in
      the lower puncta and the patient monitored for about a month before determining
      if occlusion of the upper puncta is also necessary. Extrusion of plugs and
      foreign body sensation are the most common complaints accompanying the procedure.
      Although intra-canalicular plugs have been developed to achieve semi-permanent
      occlusion, no controlled studies have yet been performed to determine their
      efficacy.

PMID- 1799832
TI  - Management of corneal abrasions.

PMID- 1799833
TI  - Eight corneal clinical challenges for primary care optometrists.
AB  - Since the cornea is an avascular tissue and does not possess its own elaborate
      system of defenses, its response to insulting agents is multifactorial and varies
      according to the immune response of the host, the virulence of the infecting
      organism, and the site of infection. An overview of clinical conditions with
      different etiologies is presented here, with a discussion of the various
      responses of the corneal tissue to a variety of ocular pathogens.

PMID- 1799834
TI  - Corneal dystrophies.
AB  - Corneal dystrophies are inherited (usually autosomal dominant) disorders
      involving virtually every layer of the cornea. They result in opacities of
      various sizes and shapes that primarily affect the central cornea relatively
      early in life. Diagnosis is most often based on clinical appearance and careful
      biomicroscopic examination to assess the corneal layer(s) that are affected.
      Because most dystrophies are slowly progressive, visual acuity is often minimally
      affected for much of an individual's lifetime. Dystrophies are not associated
      with any prior corneal inflammations or systemic disease. This paper is a
      discussion of the most commonly encountered dystrophies affecting the epithelium,
      Bowman's membrane, stroma, and endothelium. The optometric management of many of
      these dystrophies may, at times, present a challenge to the clinician. Treatment
      may range anywhere from a simple therapeutic contact lens to referral for
      penetrating keratoplasty.

PMID- 1799835
TI  - Herpetic keratitis.
AB  - Herpes simplex and herpes zoster cause a wide range of acute and chronic corneal
      disease. The primary care clinician should be aware of the varied presentations
      of these two viruses. This paper presents the clinical features and treatment
      options that are available.

PMID- 1799836
TI  - Corneal foreign body removal and treatment.
AB  - Corneal foreign bodies are a frequent source of ocular trauma. Patients
      presenting with corneal foreign bodies deserve careful evaluation to determine
      the degree of injury. This article reviews the instrumentation and procedures
      used for removal of corneal foreign bodies and rust rings, as well as appropriate
      follow-up care. Optometrists, as primary eye care providers, should be
      comfortable with the treatment and management of this common corneal injury.

PMID- 1799837
TI  - Medical management of anterior uveitis.
AB  - Anterior uveitis is frequently caused by systemic disease, and it is appropriate
      not only to diagnose the iritis but also to determine, if possible, the
      underlying condition. Although diagnosis of an anterior uveitis is usually
      straightforward, medical management occasionally is not. Satisfactory treatment
      may be achieved in many cases with cycloplegics and topical corticosteroid
      therapy, but the management protocol must be tailored to suit the patient.
      Frequent assessment of the patient is required during the 2- to 3-week period
      usually required for resolution of an anterior uveitis.

PMID- 1799838
TI  - Episcleritis and scleritis.
AB  - Episcleritis and scleritis are two common inflammatory disorders encountered by
      primary care practitioners. Although episcleritis is a self-limited disease that
      usually resolves within 2 to 3 weeks, severe symptoms may require the use of
      topical steroids or, in recalcitrant cases, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
      (NSAIAs). Scleritis is a painful, generalized inflammation of the eye that is
      often associated with systemic disease. The necrotizing form of scleritis is the
      most serious, requiring aggressive treatment with NSAIAs and systemic steroids.
      Significant sequelae of scleritis include uveitis, glaucoma, cataract, and
      retinal detachment.

PMID- 1799839
TI  - Dermatologic conditions of the eyelids and face.
AB  - As public concern increases about the effects of light radiation and skin cancer
      of all types, the primary care optometrist becomes increasingly involved in
      screening for dermatologic changes of the face, eyelids, and periorbital area.
      Often faced with a lesion of unknown identity, the optometrist is concerned with
      both identifying that lesion and assessing its potential for malignancy,
      particularly in the increasingly litigious environment surrounding health care.
      Compounding the difficulties of recognition are multiple variations in
      morphologic features, which contribute to frequent misdiagnoses. The main
      purposes of this paper are to: (1) expand the optometrist's knowledge of
      characteristic features of dermatologic lesions, (2) present the differential
      diagnoses of similar or mimicking lesions, (3) improve the recognition of
      characteristics that suggest malignancy or malignant transformation of precursor
      lesions, and (4) enhance awareness of individual risk factors for the development
      of skin cancer.

PMID- 1799840
TI  - [Diagnostic value of the routine thoracic image].
AB  - A considerable part of the amount of diagnostic medical radiation exposure to the
      population in the industrial nations is due to chest x-rays. We correlated
      diagnostic gain and medical indication for the screening procedure in 1000
      patients referred. In fact, in only 270 patients a specific indication was given,
      and in only 136 cases were there pathologic findings. Our results suggest a more
      restrictive policy in indicating the procedure. We give proposals for
      optimization.

PMID- 1799841
TI  - [Side effects of percutaneous radiotherapy in the area of the thorax: cardiac
      toxicity of mantle field irradiation].
AB  - Radiation-induced cardiotoxicity is a factor not to be neglected, especially
      after mediastinal irradiation in Hodgkin's disease and Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma.
      Caused by primary and secondary radiation lesions, cardiopathy may develop up to
      several years after treatment. Clinically, acute pericarditis is prevalent. To
      reduce cardiac long-term side effects, adequate radiation technique is crucial.
      Diagnosis and therapy in radiation-induced cardiopathy are presented.

PMID- 1799842
TI  - [Radiogenic pneumopathy--synopsis of roentgen image and electron microscopy
      findings].
AB  - Radiation-induced pneumapathia is one of the most frequent complications after
      radiotherapy to the chest and occurs especially after radiation of bronchial
      carcinoma (frequency 40-70%, using 50 Gy). The broad ranges of reported frequency
      indicate differences in defining the degree of radiation-induced damage (clinical
      picture, plain film, and lung function parameters). This study is to compare
      plain film findings with electromicroscopy in order to correlate radiological
      signs with the underlying histo-morphological process.

PMID- 1799843
TI  - [Asbestosis in the thoracic roentgen image].
AB  - Asbestos is a silicate fiber that may cause asbestosis 20-30 years after
      exposition. Asbestosis is characterized by pulmonary fibrosis, thickening of the
      pleura and calcified pleuraplaques. In addition, asbestosis may lead to bronchial
      carcinoma or mesothelioma. As patients are rarely referred to rule out
      asbestosis, and chest films are obtained for other clinical questions, it is
      important for the radiologist to recognize the typical plain film findings. These
      typical signs are illustrated in the following manuscript.

PMID- 1799844
TI  - [Lung involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: results of studies with high
      resolution computerized tomography].
AB  - The report covers experience of high resolution computerized tomography
      examinations of eight patients suffering from pulmonary manifestations of
      Wegner's granulomatosis. Classification of the lesions according to Murata's
      scheme is of no diagnostic benefit. The only findings that are diagnostic are
      cavitary lesions. Cavitation was found in five cases in this series.

PMID- 1799845
TI  - [Erectile dysfunction. Current diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Today the cause of erectile dysfunction can be evaluated by multidisciplinary
      diagnostics. Currently, medical treatment, external devices, operative procedures
      and self-injection of vasoactive drugs are used for therapy. We can therefore
      offer effective therapeutic options with a low risk, providing an acceptable
      solution for the patients.

PMID- 1799846
TI  - [Color duplex sonography of the penis--examination technique and clinical
      results].
AB  - 40 patients with suspected vasculogenic impotence were examined with color duplex
      sonography. Penile vascular anatomy was mapped and peak velocity was determined
      in both cavernosal arteries before and after intracorporeal injection of 15 mg
      papaverine and 0.5 mg regitine. A peak velocity exceeding 25 cm/sec was
      considered normal. In 20 patients the results could be compared with internal
      iliac angiography as the gold standard. In 18 of 20 patients, color duplex
      sonography and angiography led to identical evaluation of penile blood supply.
      Two false-negative findings were due to significant lesions of the internal iliac
      and pudendal artery with extensive collaterals to the penile arteries. One color
      dulex finding was false positive. Color duplex sonography is a sensitive and non
      invasive method for evaluation of arteriogenic impotence. Only angiography,
      however, can delineate proximal arterial lesions. It remains indispensible if
      revascularisation is planned.

PMID- 1799847
TI  - [Technique and value of digital subtraction angiography in erectile dysfunction].
AB  - Arteriography of penile arterial supply is of decisive importance in the
      diagnostic evaluation of arteriogenic impotence. Technique and results of penile
      arteriography by means of high-resolution DSA in 26 impotent men are reported. In
      comparison to direct serial angiography on large-scale films, high-resolution DSA
      with 1024(2)-matrix provides the advantages of reduced investigation-time and
      reduction of contrast media load. Additional detailed views in different
      projections can be easily obtained. In 15 of 26 patients (mean age 54.9 years) a
      total of 34 steno-occlusive vessel changes were found (57.7%). 65.4% showed
      anatomic variations. In all patients, DSA provided clear vascular diagnosis.
      Thus, additional large-scale serial filming never became necessary. Results are
      comparable to those reported by other authors. In conclusion, high-resolution DSA
      can completely replace large-scale serial angiography in the evaluation of penile
      arterial supply.

PMID- 1799848
TI  - [Conventional roentgen diagnosis of induratio penis plastica].
AB  - The therapeutic decision in the management of Peyronie's disease depends on the
      confirmation or exclusion of inflammatory activity. Plain films of the penis in
      mammographic technique demonstrate the presence of fibrotic or calcified areas,
      in which conservative treatment is not more effective. In twelve out of 32
      patients, we found calcifications of various size.

PMID- 1799850
TI  - [Radiotherapy of induratio penis plastica].
AB  - Radiation therapy of Peyronie's disease should be performed early, especially in
      young patients with pain. Patients with extensive fibrosis or calcifications
      should be excluded from radiation therapy. To avoid late sequelae, low single
      doses with a total dose of 20-32 Gy are recommended. Radiation therapy of
      Peyronie's disease is successful in up to 50-70% of all cases. In the majority of
      the remaining cases, at least progression can be positively influenced. Compared
      with other conservative therapeutical concepts, radiation therapy is immediately
      effective, shows almost no side-effects, and is inexpensive.

PMID- 1799849
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography of children's thorax].
AB  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the pediatric chest was performed in 53 patients.
      All examinations were performed using a 1.0 and 1.5 Tesla superconducting MR
      imager. 80% of the children were examined using anesthesia with a ventilation of
      20% inspiration and 80% expiration. After performing the MR examination in 55% of
      the cases an operation was performed. In 29 patients anomalies of the
      brachiocephalic trunc were found. In four patients MR detected a doubled aortic
      arch, in four patients we found a dilated arch. In eight children a dilated
      pulmonary artery was diagnosed. In combination with eight tracheobronchoscopy, MR
      imaging proved to be the diagnostic method of choice for the evaluation of
      anomalies of the mediastinum. New developments like fast imaging techniques and
      3D acquisition promise a further diagnostic improvement in the mediastinum.

PMID- 1799811
TI  - Comparative map for mice and humans.

PMID- 1799851
TI  - [Testicular seminoma--goal volume, dosage and technique of external
      radiotherapy].
AB  - External radiation in stage I (Royal Marsden system) seminoma is given to para
      aortic lymphnodes with total doses between 26 and 30 Gy. In stage IIa/IIb
      additional treatment of ipsilateral iliac nodes up to 30 Gy (stage IIa) and 36 Gy
      (stage IIb) is recommended. In patients with bulky abdominal disease (stage IIc)
      whole abdominal irradiation with doses between 25 and 30 Gy followed by a small
      field to encompass residual masses (15-20 Gy) can be offered as primary
      treatment. Prophylactic supradiaphragmatic irradiation is not advocated.

PMID- 1799852
TI  - [Controversies in local therapy of early prostatic cancer].
AB  - We are comparing the long-term results of radical prostatectomy and percutaneous
      radiation therapy. The validity of these comparisons is hampered by changing
      selection criteria for radical prostatectomy, variations in endpoint reporting
      and statistical methods of data analysis, shortcomings of retrospective studies
      (the only prospective study has many problems associated with its design,
      analysis and reporting), simultaneous hormone therapy, influence of patient and
      tumor factors as concurrent mortality and variability of the natural history of
      the prostate cancer. Complications of both treatment modalities are different and
      often not well reported. Long-term outcome is similar and one may conclude that
      the two treatment modalities produce the same good success in controlling early
      disease. Unresolved issues concern the proper timing of hormonal therapy
      (simultaneous or sequential, pre- or postirradiation), the relevance of positive
      posttreatment prostatic biopsies as to prognosis and therapeutic decision-making
      and the indications of adjuvant radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 1799853
TI  - [Interstitial therapy with 125 iodine seeds of prostatic cancer in elderly men].
AB  - We report on the interstitial treatment of prostatic cancer with 125-iodine-seeds
      and additional plastic orchiectomy done without staging-lymphadenectomy to enable
      a minimal invasive procedure in old men. First results from three years appear
      promising.

PMID- 1799854
TI  - [Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer with special reference to
      the problem of local recurrence].
AB  - For a longer period of time the question of indication for adjuvant postoperative
      radiotherapy of the rectal cancer has been discussed and handled in practice with
      a lot of controversy. The lymphnode status plays a very important role as an
      prognostic indicator for the development of the disease. This already has been
      shown in large collections of patient data. According to our opinion, this
      evidence should lead to an increase of indication of the adjuvant postoperative
      radiotherapy. After the introduction of the computer-aided planned, small volume
      four-field-technique, the former problem of an additional significant damage
      through adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy are no longer of importance. The life
      quality of living of the patient with progressive disease often shows much
      earlier and decisive decrease by local failure comparing a metastatic disease to
      the liver and lung with few symptoms over a long period of time. Our radiation
      therapy on 135 patients in Dukes stage B2 to C2 has shown a rate of only 7.6%
      local failure and in Dukes stage B an even minimaly better outcome with 5.6%
      compared to stage Dukes C, which expectedly shows the worst result (12.7%). The
      median followup of 20.4 months corresponds about to the critical 2-years period.
      Comparing these excellent results with the literature, one has to notice that the
      5-year survival rate according to the actuarial method of Kaplan-Meier in our
      group is as low as 27.6% (compared to the rate of about 60% in the literature).
      We explain this difference with the specific age structure and the relatively
      high rate of distant metastasis in our patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799855
TI  - [Comparison of CT and plain tomography in hilar and lung processes].
AB  - A group of 100 patients including 46 patients with suspected bronchogenic
      carcinoma and 54 patients with suspected lung metastases was evaluated by
      conventional plain tomography. Patients with preoperatively suspected T4- or N3
      categories were excluded. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by surgery and
      histology. In addition, patients with lung metastases were controlled by follow
      up chest x-rays (median follow-up time 1.5 years). The diagnosis of plain
      tomography was true positive in 70% and false in 30%. CT was true positive in 57%
      and incorrect in 43%. Tumors or metastases were detected with both methods when
      more than 5 mm in diameter, lesions smaller than 5 mm were overlooked with CT and
      tomography. Plain tomography an CT did not detect lymph nodes metastases smaller
      than 1.0 cm.

PMID- 1799856
TI  - [Value of computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in
      diagnosis of tumorous processes of the bronchial system].
AB  - In the evaluation of the local and regional spread of tumors of the bronchi, CT
      and MR provide similar information. CT seems to be the method of choice for the
      routine work-up, because of the higher spatial resolution, the better
      availability, and the lower costs. MR should be used if an infiltration of the
      heart is suspected. MR can used if the relationship of the tumor to the
      neighboring structures should be visualized other than in the transverse plane
      preoperatively.

PMID- 1799857
TI  - [Anatomic markers of the thorax and mediastinum].
AB  - A basic Survey of thoracic gross anatomy is given. The particular importance of
      the spacial relationship of the organs (Thymus, esophagus, heart, lungs), the
      tubular systems (vessels, bronchi) and their variations is stressed. The
      lymphatic pathways of the lungs and their surroundings are analyzed. Selected
      axial cuts illustrate the topographic peculiarities of mediastinum and pleural
      spaces.

PMID- 1799858
TI  - [Digital thoracic radiography--a comparison of digital and analog imaging
      techniques].
AB  - New analog and digital imaging techniques for the chest became available in
      recent years. In this study conventional film/screen radiography was compared
      with slit technique ('AMBER'), storage phosphor radiography and digital image
      intensifier radiography by phantom exposures and patient examinations. Because of
      its low spatial resolution, quality of digital image intensifier radiography was
      insufficient for chest imaging. The slit technique demonstrated the highest image
      quality, especially in the fields of the mediastinum and the thoracic wall. In
      comparison to conventional film/screen radiography, storage phosphor radiography
      had advantages in the mediastinal field. Digital techniques are connected to new
      possibilities of image post-processing, storage and transfer. For difficult
      conditions of exposure (emergency unit) over- or underexposed images can be
      avoided by these new digital techniques. The combination of slit- and storage
      phosphor-technique did not increase image quality.

PMID- 1799859
TI  - Attachment style and the structure of romantic love.
AB  - Three studies (N = 337) explored adult attachment processes. Studies 1 and 2
      examined differences between secure, avoidant and ambivalent people in the
      concept of romantic love, and Study 3 examined differences between the three
      groups in actual experiences in ongoing love relationships. Study 3 explored
      relationships from the point of view of both partners, and examined differences
      among attachment groups in perceptions of both actual and ideal relationships.
      Findings indicated that secure people put more emphasis on intimacy than avoidant
      and ambivalent people, and that their relationships were characterized by high
      intimacy and congruence of real-ideal and self-partner loves. The romantic
      relationship of ambivalent people was characterized by their failure to realize
      their desire for a warm and secure love. Avoidant people experienced less
      intimacy than secure people, but more commitment than ambivalent people in their
      relationships. They were found to underestimate partners' love and to want less
      intense love than secure and ambivalent people.

PMID- 1799860
TI  - Toward an assessment of social identity: the structure of group identification
      and its effects on in-group evaluations.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to explore relations among different aspects of group
      identification and their effects on in-group evaluations. Two aspects of
      identification were differentiated, namely, identification with the group
      membership (IDgroup) and with other group members (IDmember). The first of these
      was assumed to be further divided into its cognitive and affective subcomponents.
      An identification scale was developed and administered to students of a Japanese
      vocational school. Factor analyses in Studies 1 and 2 distinguished IDgroup and
      IDmember, but the cognitive and affective components of the former were not
      separated. Experimental studies concurrently undertaken confirmed many of the
      predictions and contentions by social identity theorists. Of particular
      importance was the result from Study 1 that members with low IDgroup deprecated
      the in-group when their negative social identity became salient, whereas those
      with high IDgroup (but not IDmember) did not. Both theoretical and applied
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 1799861
TI  - Empathy, effectiveness and donations to charity: social psychology's
      contribution.
AB  - Charity organizations often use mailed requests to solicit donations from the
      public. This is not an efficient way to raise large amounts of money. The
      challenge addressed in this study was to use social psychology's knowledge of
      helping processes to make mailed requests more effective. Two constructs were
      identified as possibly useful: empathy and perceived effectiveness of helping.
      These were manipulated in a field experiment in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (two
      levels of empathy, two of need extent, and two of need persistence--the last two
      factors operationalized perceived effectiveness). Letter soliciting donations to
      a well-known charity were mailed to a random sample of 2648 people in Perth,
      Western Australia. Manipulations of the three variables were embedded in the
      letters. The two effectiveness manipulations produced significant main effects,
      whereas the empathy manipulation was ineffective. We argue that social
      psychology's knowledge of helping processes is too confined to narrow,
      theoretical, laboratory-based phenomena to be directly and immediately applicable
      to the practices of charities.

PMID- 1799862
TI  - Adolescent health behaviour and similarity-attraction: friends share smoking
      habits (really), but much else besides.
AB  - Smoking habits and related attitudes were assessed in a sample of 4059 11- to 16
      year-olds who also identified their best friends from among their fellow
      respondents. Subjects' responses were directly collated with those of their
      friends and indicated a clear covariation of smoking status (controlling for sex
      and age) as anticipated from previous research in which adolescents have been
      asked to report on the smoking habits of their friends. Such covariation,
      however, was not specific to smoking habits, but generalized to related measures
      of attitude and normative beliefs, alcohol use, health locus of control, school
      performance, spending habits and socio-economic status. Similarities on these
      other attributes were much the same, whether or not friends shared each others'
      smoking habits. It is concluded that these data argue against a simplistic view
      of unidirectional 'peer group influence' and invite an interpretation of
      friendship choice based on multiple dimensions of similarity.

PMID- 1799863
TI  - The effect of aging on endoneurial blood flow, hyperemic response and oxygen-free
      radicals in rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Electrophysiologic abnormalities and reduced energy metabolic rate develop in
      aging nerves. We investigated the effects of aging on nerve blood flow (NBF) in
      Fischer rats aged 2, 12, 24 and 30 months. NBF regressed negatively with
      increasing age and this decline was associated with an increase in nerve vascular
      resistance. Twenty minutes of nerve stimulation resulted in an increase in blood
      flow by about 50% in adult animals and did not decline with increasing age. As
      indices of oxygen free radical activity, we measured conjugated dienes,
      hydroperoxides, and norepinephrine from 2 to 30 months. There was a gradual
      decline with increasing age of all indices. We conclude that NGF declines with
      aging due to reduced microvascular caliber. These vessels retain their hyperemic
      response and oxygen free radical activity is less with increasing age.

PMID- 1799864
TI  - Mannose 6-phosphate potentiates insulin-like growth factor II effects in cultured
      human neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and mannose 6-phosphate (man-6-P) bind to
      distinct sites on the same receptor. In the present study, we examined the
      effects of man-6-P on the growth promoting effects of IGF-II on SH-SY5Y cultured
      human neuroblastoma cells. Man-6-P alone increased cell number and neurite
      outgrowth by approximately 50%; as previously observed, IGF-II increased cell
      number and neurite outgrowth by approximately 110 and 30%, respectively. However,
      when cells were grown in the presence of both ligands, cell number increased by
      330% and neurite outgrowth by 130%. These results suggest that man-6-P can
      potentiate the known growth promoting effects of IGF-II on human neuroblastoma
      cells. Furthermore, they indicate that the IGF-II/man-6-P receptor may serve as a
      means of integrating distinct growth promoting signals in neuronal cells.

PMID- 1799865
TI  - Magnetic fields associated with anoxic depolarization in anesthetized rats.
AB  - We have performed simultaneous measurements of the DC-magnetoencephalogram (DC
      MEG) and DC-electrocorticogram (DC-ECoG) in rats (n = 6) subjected to 90 s of
      reversible anoxia. The onset of major shifts of electric and magnetic signals
      occurred at 52 +/- 18 (S.D.) and 68 +/- 14 (S.D.), respectively, and reached a
      peak at 83 +/- 27 and 102 +/- 19 (S.D.) s, respectively, after termination of
      mechanical ventilation. DC-ECoG signal deflections were always associated with DC
      MEG deflections. The time of onset and peak signals in both DC-MEG and DC-ECoG
      changes caused by asphyxia were highly correlated (r + 0.83, 0.94; P less than
      0.05, 0.001; respectively). Our observations suggest that the non-invasive
      technique of DC-MEG is reliable and may provide insight into the mechanisms of
      anoxic cerebral depolarization.

PMID- 1799866
TI  - Separate ultrastructural distributions of neurophysin and C-terminal glycopeptide
      within dense core vesicles in rat neural lobe.
AB  - The distribution of the neurohypophysial prohormone products neurophysin and C
      terminal glycopeptide within dense core vesicles were investigated at the
      ultrastructural level using quantitative immunogold labeling of rapidly frozen
      rat neural lobes. In vasopressin vesicles, gold particles after labeling for the
      glycopeptide were found significantly closer to membrane (chi = 16 nm) than were
      particles after labeling for neurophysin (chi = 32 nm). This distribution
      supports a previous histochemical localization of glycopeptide to the rim of
      vasopressin vesicles and suggests there is morphological segregation of
      prohormone products within the vesicle.

PMID- 1799867
TI  - Double-label analyses demonstrating the non-coexistence of enkephalin and glycine
      in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.
AB  - Enkephalin immunocytochemistry was combined with either glycine
      immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of high-affinity glycine uptake to examine
      for colocalization of enkephalin and glycine in amacrine cells of the larval
      tiger salamander retina. A total of 995 enkephalin-immunoreactive amacrine cells
      were visualized in double-label preparations. None of the enkephalin-labelled
      cells was observed to co-label for markers of glycinergic activity.

PMID- 1799868
TI  - Temperature dependence of hypoxia-induced calcium accumulation in gerbil
      hippocampal slices.
AB  - Microfluorometry was used to investigate temperature dependence of hypoxia
      induced intracellular calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slice. When
      slices were superfused with hypoxic medium at 37 degrees C, 35 degrees C, 33
      degrees C or 31 degrees C, latencies of acute increase of calcium accumulation,
      which was accompanied by a large negative shift of extracellular DC potentials,
      were delayed in a dose-dependent manner: mean latencies in field CA1 were 130 s,
      182 s, 232 s and 277 s after hypoxia, respectively. This retardation in calcium
      accumulation may be involved in the mechanisms by which hypothermia diminishes
      ischemic injury.

PMID- 1799869
TI  - Kindling-induced potentiation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to hippocampal
      dentate granule cells. I. Effects on linear and non-linear response
      characteristics.
AB  - Epileptiform activity is known to alter both excitatory and inhibitory circuits
      within the network of neurons that comprise the hippocampal formation. In the
      present experiment, kindling-induced alterations in the functional properties of
      the rabbit perforant path-dentate circuit were analyzed using non-linear system
      analytic procedures. System input consisted of a random train of impulses applied
      to the perforant path. System output was the perforant path-granule cell
      population spike amplitude evoked by each impulse in the train. The results of
      non-linear systems analysis were compared with the results from twin impulse
      analysis of kindling-induced alterations within the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
      Compared to twin impulse procedures, non-linear systems analytic procedures
      revealed a reduced duration and magnitude of kindling-induced inhibitory
      interactions to interstimulus intervals of 10-200 ms. The increased magnitude of
      inhibitory interactions did not decay to prekindled magnitude until 16 weeks
      postkindling. In contrast, kindling-induced potentiation of the population spike
      had decayed within 10 weeks of the last stage 5 seizure. Despite the decay of
      electrophysiological responses to prekindled levels, only a few kindling
      stimulations were required to evoke fully kindled seizures. Thus,
      electrophysiological alterations within the first synaptic relay of the
      hippocampal trisynaptic circuit, the dentate gyrus, cannot explain the long
      duration of the kindling effect.

PMID- 1799870
TI  - Kindling-induced potentiation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to hippocampal
      dentate granule cells. II. Effects of the NMDA antagonist MK-801.
AB  - The effect of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801 on the
      early development of kindling-induced potentiation was examined in the rabbit
      hippocampal dentate gyrus. MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) was administered 2 h before each
      daily kindling stimulation was applied to the perforant path. This treatment
      continued for the first 10 days of kindling. MK-801 depressed the growth of the
      afterdischarge duration and suppressed development of behavioral seizures. MK-801
      did not block kindling-induced potentiation of either the perforant path-dentate
      granule cell population spike or excitatory postsynaptic potential. Random
      impulse train stimulation and non-linear systems analytic techniques were used to
      examine kindling-induced potentiation of presumed GABAergic recurrent inhibitory
      circuits. Both the magnitude and duration of kindling-induced response
      inhibition, to the second of each pair of impulses within the train, were reduced
      in rabbits pretreated with MK-801. These results suggest that MK-801
      differentially affects kindling-induced potentiation of excitatory and inhibitory
      circuits within the rabbit hippocampal dentate gyrus.

PMID- 1799871
TI  - Parvalbumin immunoreactivity reveals layer IV of monkey cerebral cortex as a
      mosaic of microzones of thalamic afferent terminations.
AB  - Correlative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used
      to study the pattern of staining for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV)
      in the primary visual area (area 17) and area 3b of the first somatic sensory
      area of the monkey cerebral cortex. A conspicuous feature of the light
      microscopic staining pattern is the presence of focal aggregations of
      immunoreactive terminal-like puncta within the major thalamic recipient layers
      (IV and VI). At the electron microscopic level these aggregations of puncta are
      found to be immunoreactive terminals most of which form asymmetric synapses,
      principally on dendritic spines and, to a lesser extent, on dendritic shafts.
      Outside the aggregations, most PV-immunoreactive terminals form symmetric
      synapses. Correlative observations in the present and other studies indicate that
      the aggregations of PV-immunoreactive terminals forming asymmetric synapses arise
      from thalamic afferent fibers while those forming symmetric synapses arise from
      intrinsic gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. The aggregations of PV
      immunoreactivity in layers IV and VI form microzones of preferred thalamic
      afferent terminations which may contribute to the formation of functional columns
      based upon focussed thalamic inputs.

PMID- 1799872
TI  - Alterations in calmodulin content and localization in areas of rat brain after
      repeated intermittent amphetamine.
AB  - To assess whether calmodulin (CaM) could have a role in the behavioral
      sensitization induced by repeated intermittent amphetamine, CaM content was
      determined in several brain areas from rats repeatedly administered saline or
      amphetamine. Rats were treated with amphetamine using an escalating dose paradigm
      and withdrawn for either 4 weeks (withdrawn group) or 30 min (non-withdrawn
      group). CaM content was measured in cytosol and 100,000 x g membrane fractions
      from striatum, limbic forebrain, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and
      cerebellum. In the withdrawn group, CaM was significantly increased in both
      striatal membranes and cytosol and in the mesolimbic membranes from amphetamine
      treated rats. There were no changes in CaM in the medial prefrontal cortex,
      hippocampus or cerebellum. In the non-withdrawn group, there was no significant
      change in CaM in striatal or mesolimbic fractions but CaM was significantly
      decreased in cytosol of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus as compared
      to saline controls. This decrease could be related to the tolerance that has
      developed to the amphetamine after the repeated treatments. In the withdrawn
      group, challenge with a low dose of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) elicited a
      translocation of CaM from membranes to cytosol in the striatum and limbic
      forebrain of rats repeatedly treated with amphetamine, but not in saline-treated
      rats. Our findings that the change in CaM occurs in striatum and limbic
      forebrain, requires time after treatment to develop and exhibits persistence
      after withdrawal correlate with known characteristics of behavioral sensitization
      to amphetamine. These results suggest that CaM could contribute to neurochemical
      events underlying behavioral sensitization to amphetamine.

PMID- 1799873
TI  - Hypertension and hyperglycemia in experimental stroke.
AB  - Both diabetes mellitus and hypertension are risk factors for stroke and also
      influence prognosis following stroke. Experimentally, hyperglycemia augments
      cortical infarct size in stroke models where collateral circulation exists, and
      infarct size in hypertensive rats is larger than in normotensive strains. Whether
      the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia is altered in the setting of hypertension
      has not previously been studied experimentally. The effect of hyperglycemia on
      infarct size in spontaneously hypertensive rats was examined in this study. Focal
      neocortical cerebral ischemia was induced by tandem right common carotid and
      middle cerebral artery occlusion. Preischemic hyperglycemia had no influence on
      infarct volume whether the duration of postischemic hyperglycemia was transient
      or prolonged. Although hyperglycemia increases infarct size in cortical stroke
      models where collateral circulation is available, this study demonstrates the
      effect can be modified by the presence of underlying hypertension.

PMID- 1799874
TI  - Action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the isolated photosensory pineal
      organ.
AB  - The effect of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), its agonists (muscimol, baclofen)
      and antagonist (bicuculline) on pineal ganglion cells of the luminosity type were
      studied in the isolated, superfused pineal organ of the rainbow trout,
      Oncorhynchus mykiss. Extracellular recordings revealed that GABA added through
      the superfusion medium caused a clear alteration of the activity of projecting
      neurons, which transmit luminosity responses to the brain. Spontaneous discharges
      of ganglion cells were predominantly suppressed by GABA (33 neurons out of 48),
      but 10 neurons were clearly excited. Similar effects were observed after addition
      of muscimol, but not of baclofen. Bicuculline reversed the GABA and muscimol
      induced inhibition or excitation. In 4 neurons of the luminosity type, GABA
      caused bidirectional, inhibitory and excitatory responses depending on the state
      of light- or dark-adaptation. These observations suggest a role of a GABAergic
      mechanism in the generation and transmission of luminosity responses in the trout
      pineal organ. It appears that GABA participates in the modulation of light
      sensitivity during light- and dark-adaptation processes and that this action is
      mediated by GABAA receptors.

PMID- 1799875
TI  - Genioglossus EMG activity during rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized
      guinea pig.
AB  - The electromyograph (EMG) activity of the left anterior digastric and the
      genioglossus muscles was studied in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs under 3
      separate jaw movement paradigms. The first paradigm has been previously named
      spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements. These jaw movements occur 1-2 h after the
      onset of ketamine anesthesia. After spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements began, a
      single dose of apomorphine caused a new, second jaw movement paradigm to occur,
      apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements. The final paradigm, cortically-evoked
      rhythmic jaw movements, was elicited by electrical stimulation of the masticatory
      area of the cerebral cortex. Genioglossus EMG activity was complex and highly
      variable in spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements; however, apomorphine-induced jaw
      movements were characterized by simultaneously occurring rhythmic EMG bursts of
      approximately 230 ms duration in both the digastric and genioglossus muscles. In
      4 of 5 animals, genioglossus muscle activity onset preceded digastric muscle
      activity onset by approximately 20 ms. These results support the hypothesis that
      apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements are an analog of lapping in the awake
      animal. In cortically-evoked rhythmic jaw movements, both digastric and
      genioglossus EMG activity were time-locked to the cortical electrical
      stimulation, with an onset latency of approximately 11 ms for the digastric EMG
      activity and of 16 ms for the genioglossus EMG activity. These results support
      the hypothesis that both trigeminal and hypoglossal motoneuron pools are closely
      coupled in certain coordinative movement patterns.

PMID- 1799876
TI  - Spatial learning, discrimination learning, paw preference and neocortical
      ectopias in two autoimmune strains of mice.
AB  - NZB and BXSB mice were given a battery of behavioral tests including paw
      preference, water escape, Lashley III maze, and discrimination learning. Their
      brains were then evaluated for cortical ectopias. The incidence of ectopias was
      40.5% in NZBs and 48.5% in BXSBs. In the NZB strain left-pawed ectopic mice (both
      male and female) had the fastest swimming time in the water escape test, while
      right-pawed ectopics were the slowest. The same findings were obtained for left-
      and right-pawed ectopic BXSB males, but not for the females. However, on
      discrimination learning the BXSB males had the exact opposite pattern: right
      pawed ectopics were the best learners while left-pawed ectopics were the worst.
      Male BXSBs and both male and female NZBs were manifesting autoimmune disease at
      the time of testing, while female BXSBs were not, suggesting that autoimmunity is
      a necessary background condition for the differential expression of ectopias and
      paw preference upon learning processes. The finding that the left-pawed ectopic
      BXSB mice, who were the poorest learners in the non-spatial discrimination
      learning test, learned best in the spatial water escape test is in agreement with
      the Geschwind hypothesis that pathological events during brain development may,
      in some instances, produce superiority of function.

PMID- 1799877
TI  - [Effects of dietary omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on levels of long chain
      polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes].
AB  - C18:2 omega 6/C18:3 omega 3 ratio was lowered in the diet of Elderly subjects.
      This was done by the replacement of usual sunflower oil by rapeseed oil or by
      supplementing soybean oil. This diet modification induced an increase of EPA
      (C20:5 omega 3) and DHA (C22:6 omega 3) in red cell phospholipids. The omega 6
      fatty acids (C18:2 and C20:4) were slightly modified. Therefore, dietary C18:2
      omega 6/C18:3 omega 3 ratio, seems to play an important role in the determination
      of membrane highly unsaturated fatty acid levels.

PMID- 1799878
TI  - [Cellular phospholipases A2, structure-function relationship].
AB  - Two PLA2 are involved in cell signaling and in phospholipid homeostasis in
      mammalian cells. The first one is a 14 kDa protein whose cDNA was cloned in 1989.
      This enzyme exhibits a strong homology with pancreatic PLA2 but is more related
      to type II PLA2. This PLA2 is secreted by different tissues in response to
      inflammatory processes. Their main function seems to be the hydrolysis of
      membranes of altered cells or of bacteria and the stimulation of lipid mediator
      synthesis. The first cDNA of an another important PLA2 group was cloned in 1991.
      The protein deduced is a 88 kDa cytoplasmic protein. It is involved in cell
      signaling by stimulating the production of free fatty acids and of their
      oxygenated products. These products might in turn either activate transducing
      proteins or stimulate membrane receptors.

PMID- 1799879
TI  - [Arachidonic acid distribution and release in human and rat blood platelets:
      importance of transacylases].
AB  - Human platelets release about 5 fold more arachidonate than rat platelets when
      they ar triggered with a high dose of thrombin. Total arachidonate content of the
      phospholipids was not significantly different between the two species. In
      contrast, phosphatidylcholine (PC) from human platelets exhibited twice more
      arachidonate than PC from rat platelet and opposite arachidonate contents were
      found in phosphatidylethanolamine. Moreover, rat platelet PC was very rich in
      disaturated species, primarily dipalmitoyl whereas high levels of oleate and
      linoleate were present in human platelets PC. The differences in the fatty acids
      content of the two species are the result of CoA-independent and CoA-dependent
      transacylase activities which are more efficient in rat than in human platelets
      and could account for the low level of arachidonate released from rat platelets.

PMID- 1799880
TI  - [Role of lipid mediators in allergic reactions].

PMID- 1799881
TI  - [Dystrophin expression in skeletal muscles in endurance-trained hypo-hyperthyroid
      and growth-hormone treated rats].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronic muscular exercise,
      thyroid status and growth hormone administration on skeletal muscle dystrophin
      expression. Relative abundance of dystrophin (quantity in arbitrary units/50
      micrograms of protein) was measured by immunoblotting and densimometry. Our
      results indicate that relative abundance of dystrophin in slow-or fast-twicht
      muscle was not modified by chronic muscular exercise (5 weeks), thyroxine
      administration (4 weeks), antithyroid drug treatment (6 weeks) or growth hormone
      administration (6 weeks).

PMID- 1799882
TI  - [Protection against radical peroxidations in cerebral aging in cerebral
      capillaries and microvessels].
AB  - Systemic injection of substances that generate free radicals into the rat induces
      deleterious alteration of various tissues (as demonstrated by the production of
      conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde) but only has a slight effect on the brain.
      This shows that the blood-brain barrier has important protective properties. In
      fact the cerebral capillaries and microvessels have superoxide dismutase,
      glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities higher than those found in the
      rest of the cerebral tissue during aging. These activities vary little, except
      for catalase which decreases. But, curiously, the concentrations of Mn, Cu, and
      Zn are not related to enzymatic activity, although the micro-elements are
      necessary for the activity of superoxide dismutase. On the other hand, during
      aging, the capillaries and cerebral microvessels undergo extensive modifications
      at the level of the polyunsaturated fatty acids: for example, the concentration
      of arachidonic acid decreases by half.

PMID- 1799883
TI  - [Intestinal humoral immunity and digestive opportunistic infections associated
      with AIDS].
AB  - The infectious diarrhea in AIDS is principaly due to Cryptosporidium. The study
      of the inflammatory and humoral immunity proteins reveal a high exudative
      enteropathy associated with an IgA, IgG and IgM intestinal immune response.
      However, this barrier of defence is not sufficient to eradicate the infectious
      agent.

PMID- 1799884
TI  - [Giardia intestinalis: transmission electron microscopy study of in vitro
      excystation].
AB  - The in vitro excystation process in Giardia intestinalis was studied by
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Untreated cysts served as controls. The
      excystation process was monitored by examination of organisms after the in vitro
      induction and at several times during the incubation phase. The control cyts had
      a thick wall, made of microfibrils, that appeared not to contain any weak areas.
      The peritrophic space extended between the cyst wall and the organism
      peripherally, the space was delimited by a thin cytoplasmic layer, "the outer
      cytoplasmic envelope" that subtended the cyst wall. During the in vitro
      incubation, the trophozoite cytoplasm retracted from the wall; thus, the
      peritrophic space became progressively larger. The outer cytoplasmic envelope
      detached from the cyst wall, then broke up forming numerous small vesicles lodged
      between the wall and the organism. The tight arrangement of the wall
      microfibirils was lost. Electron-dense vacuoles appeared in the peripheral
      cytoplasm of the trophozoite. The organism emerged through the posterior end of
      the cyst, leaving behind the empty husk. Emergence was followed by cell division.
      The possible interrelationships of biochemical and mechanical factors affecting
      the process of excystation are discussed in light of the present TEM findings.

PMID- 1799885
TI  - [Influence of brief high intensity exercise on plasma adrenaline and
      noradrenaline levels].
AB  - This study was conducted to determine catecholamine response to maximal intensity
      exercise of a few seconds' duration. To do this, epinephrine (E) and
      norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured during Force-Velocity Test. Blood
      samples were taken at the end of each sprint. Compared to rest (E0 = 77.4 +/- 3.8
      pg/ml), the E concentration significantly increased after the first sprint (E2 =
      109.8 +/- 14.7 pg/ml) and after the last one (E8 = 126.9 +/- 19.4 pg/ml) which
      correspond to the exhaustion state of our subjects. NE concentration doubled
      after the first sprint (NE2 = 589.1 +/- 94.7 pg/ml) and remained at this level
      until the end of the test. E2 seems to have been a stress reaction to an
      unfamiliar test. E8 may represent the "exercise plus exhaustion" stimulus on the
      stimulation of the adrenal gland (AG). This would suggest that stimulus intensity
      plays a role even when duration is very brief, although the time factor seems to
      limit the response of AG. The evolution of NE suggest that the brief duration of
      the sprints may limit the adatation response of NE to energy demands.

PMID- 1799886
TI  - [The interstitium and the interstitial fluid of the lung].

PMID- 1799887
TI  - [Coronary disease of transplanted heart: prevalence, angiographic and
      etiopathogenetic aspects].
AB  - Progressive coronary artery disease is the most important factor influencing late
      mortality after heart transplantation. The aim of the study was to evaluate
      prevalence and clinical and angiographic findings of accelerated atherosclerosis
      in cardiac transplanted patients. During the first 5 years of the Heart
      Transplant Clinical Program at Policlinico S Matteo, Pavia, 81 patients underwent
      156 coronary angiographies. The immunosuppressive therapy was based on
      cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroids; in some patients a reduced
      immunosuppressive schedule was started because of the presence of adverse
      effects. Coronary angiographies were performed in 68 patients after 1 year, in 40
      patients after 2 years, in 19 patients after 3 years and in 18 patients after 4
      years. The presence of coronary artery disease was defined by the angiographic
      occurrence of any decrease in the luminal diameter (including minor
      irregularities): according to these criteria coronary artery disease was found in
      29 angiographies, performed in 13 patients, with a prevalence of 16% (13/81). An
      evaluation of the annual incidence showed respectively 14.7% at 1 year, 22.5% at
      2 years, 31.5% at 3 years, 22.2% at 4 years. Coronary artery disease involvement
      was predominantly monovascular (56%) after 1 year and with a multivessel
      expression in the following years (2-vessel disease 33%, 3-vessel disease 50%).
      The major clinical problems in the transplanted patients with coronary artery
      disease were 3 deaths, related with heart failure in 2 cases and with sudden
      death in 1 case, and a new transplantation procedure in 2 patients. Prevalence
      and incidence of coronary artery disease observed after heart transplantation in
      this population were similar to those reported by other Authors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799888
TI  - [Circadian rhythm of arterial blood pressure and heart rate in patients with
      heart transplantation: a longitudinal study before and after transplantation].
AB  - This investigation is designed to study the circadian rhythm (CR) of blood
      pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in heart transplanted patients (HTP). The
      research was performed on 10 heart failure patients (HFP), IV NYHA class, who
      underwent heart transplantation (HT) because of a primary congestive
      cardiomyopathy. The 24-h BP and HR monitorings were performed by means of a non
      invasive method in pre-operative stage, over the 4 post-operative days, 6 and 12
      months after surgery. ANOVA and Cosinor method validated the occurrence of a
      statistically significant CR in HFP. Over the 4 days after HT, the Serial Section
      Analysis did not show a 24-h periodicity of BP and HR: 6 months after HT, the BP
      and HR CR was not validated as well. One year after HT, the BP and HR CR was
      statistically detected. A significant difference between HTP and the clinically
      healthy subjects was validated only for the mean value of HR. In our opinion, the
      consolidation of the BP and HR CR 1 year after HT might be regarded as a clinical
      feature of a reacquired matching of cardiac function with vascular activity.

PMID- 1799889
TI  - [Effects of benazepril, a new ACE inhibitor, in effort angina pectoris].
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-ischemic efficacy of 2 different
      doses of benazepril (B), a new ACE-inhibitor, 10 and 20 mg, given per os. Fifteen
      male patients gave informed, written consent; they were aged 40-67 years, with
      stable effort angina pectoris and were randomly given, in double-blind condition,
      a tablet containing B 10 mg, B 20 mg or placebo (PL), once a day, according to a
      3 x 3 latin square design. Bicycle exercise tests were performed on the same day,
      2 and 10 hours after the last drug intake. B 10 mg and B 20 mg, in patients with
      stable effort angina, compared to placebo, increased ischemic threshold and
      decreased ischemic ST depression at maximal work, after 2 hours but not after 10
      hours. In conclusion B 10 mg and B 20 mg showed anti-ischemic activity 2 hours
      after drug intake.

PMID- 1799890
TI  - [Noninvasive determination of anaerobic threshold: validation of an automatic
      computerized method].
AB  - The Authors propose a computerized method in order to automatically detect the
      anaerobic threshold by the analysis of ventilatory parameters (VE, VO2). The
      algorithm calculates all possible linear fits and the relative standard error of
      the relationship between VE and VO2 beginning from the first set of 4 data
      (excluding the first 2 min of exercise) and increasing of 1 pair of data until
      peak exercise. Subsequently the program chooses the line that fits the greatest
      number of data with the smallest error. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (SA
      Ve) is then calculated as the point at which the relationship between VE and VO2
      is no more linear (i.e. when the VE measured gets over of 2 standard errors the
      calculated value on the basis of the regression formula). During the first phase
      of the study the method was validated against invasive AT determination by
      arterial lactate concentration (SA La) in 14 patients (7 athletes, 7 healthy
      sedentary subjects) during a symptom-limited ergospirometric test (in supine
      position, 10 W/min until exhaustion). Subsequently we studied the method
      repeatability in 20 men (10 normals, 10 patients with congestive heart failure
      who performed 2 ergospirometric tests on separate days. The results showed a good
      correlation when comparing each other the VO2 (SA Ve 26.88 +/- 4.24, SA La 25.95
      +/- 3.88 ml/kg/min; r = 0.88) or the onset time (SA Ve 11.8 +/- 2.42, SA La 11.61
      +/- 1.8 min; r = 0.91) of anaerobic threshold determined by the 2
      methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799892
TI  - [Echocardiography-guided endomyocardial biopsy].
AB  - We have performed 20 echocardiography-guided endomyocardial biopsies in 16
      patients, totalling 98 bioptic samples. In each case fluoroscopy was available to
      supplement the echocardiographic findings. The right ventricle was biopsied in 17
      cases, the left ventricle in 3. All 3 left ventricular biopsies and 14 out of 17
      right ventricular biopsies were satisfactorily guided by echocardiography. An
      adequate echocardiographic window was not obtained in 3 cases of right
      ventricular biopsies and the procedures were carried out under fluoroscopy. In 5
      cases (25%), totalling 10 samples, echocardiography showed a somewhat different
      position of the bioptome from that suggested by fluoroscopy, thus guiding a
      significant repositioning of it. Finally, in one patient, echocardiography
      promptly visualized a severe pericardial effusion, due to cardiac perforation,
      thus allowing its immediate drainage.

PMID- 1799891
TI  - [Follow-up using echocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography of patients
      after excision of intracardiac myxoma].
AB  - From November 1968 to May 1990, 56 patients, 19 male and 37 female (mean age 49
      +/- 14 years) underwent excision of an intracardiac myxoma (M). M was located
      into the left atrium in 48 (86%), the right atrium in 6 (11%), and the right
      ventricle in 2 (3.5%). Operation consisted of excision of the tumor together with
      its base of attachment. There were 2 early (3.5%) and 2 late (3.7%) deaths.
      Actuarial survival at 20 years is 91 +/- 4%. Non-invasive reevaluation has been
      carried out in 44 patients (84%), 39 with left atrial M, 4 with right atrial M,
      and 1 with right ventricular M. 2-D echocardiography ruled out tumor recurrence
      in all patients and showed, in those with left atrial M, a reduction in the size
      of the atrial chamber; on the contrary, left ventricular systolic diameter,
      diastolic diameter and ejection fraction were unmodified. In 7 patients (15.9%) a
      residual mild mitral insufficiency was disclosed. In 34 patients 24-hour
      electrocardiographic monitoring reevaluation showed a low incidence of major
      supraventricular arrhythmias, late postoperatively (short runs of paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachycardia in 3 patients, and atrial ectopic rhythm in 1). All
      these patients had undergone tumor excision by biatrial approach. Based on our
      results, we conclude that excision of intracardiac myxomas is curative and long
      term survival is excellent. Non-invasive reevaluation of patients by 2-D
      echocardiography and 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring is mandatory in
      order to promptly disclose possible complications, particularly tumor recurrence
      and arrhythmias.

PMID- 1799893
TI  - Effect of heroin and morphine on cardiac performance in isolated and perfused
      rabbit heart: evaluation of cardiac haemodynamics, myocardial enzyme activity and
      ultrastructure features.
AB  - In the present study the effects of heroin and morphine administration on cardiac
      function, myocardial enzyme activity and cardiac ultrastructure features have
      been evaluated in isolated and perfused rabbit hearts. In 24 male rabbits the
      hearts were excised and immediately perfused in a retrograde non recirculating
      Langendorff apparatus. Successively, heroin 1 x 10(-5) or 1 x 10(-4) M or
      morphine at 1 x 10(-4) M were individually administered in 18 rabbits for 45 min.
      In 6 rabbits, used as controls, the isolated hearts were perfused with perfusion
      fluid for the same time. At the end of perfusion period the hearts were removed
      and histology was studied. During the perfusion period, creatine phosphokinase
      (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, heart rate (HR), derivative of
      intraventricular pressure time ratio (dP/dt) and changes in systolic ventricular
      pressure (SVP), diastolic ventricular pressure (DVP) and in coronary blood flow
      (CBF) were also evaluated. At the end of perfusion period no significant changes
      in CPK, LDH, HR, dP/dt ratio, SVP, DVP and CBF in comparison with basal values
      were observed in all groups. Histological specimen were characterized by slight
      derangements in atrial and ventricular structure both after heroin and after
      morphine administration. In conclusion our data suggest that alterations
      following opioids administration might rather be related to a systemic action
      involving only indirectly the heart.

PMID- 1799894
TI  - [Role of noninvasive diagnosis in cardiac echinococcosis: pulmonary embolization
      from right atrial localization].
AB  - We report the case of a young woman died of pulmonary embolism from a hydatid
      cyst of the right atrium. Cardiac involvement in hydatid disease is rare,
      particularly when it is intracavitary and not intramyocardial. The role of
      invasive and noninvasive techniques, such as echocardiography, computed
      tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance, is discussed.

PMID- 1799895
TI  - [Electrocardiographic monitoring of myocardial ischemia during coronary
      angioplasty correlated with results of the procedure].
AB  - In 24 patients 2 leads Holter monitoring was performed during percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of left anterior descending (17
      patients), right coronary artery (6 patients), left circumflex (1 patient). In 20
      patients (83%) significant ST segment deviations were recorded in the lead CM2 or
      RV. The following characteristics of ST segment deviation were analyzed during 7
      +/- 3 successive occlusions: time to onset, maximal ST shift, slope to
      development, time to onset and slope of ST segment normalization. In 17 patients
      with successful PTCA the slope of ST segment normalization increased
      progressively from the first to the third-fifth inflation and then was constant.
      The improvement in ST segment normalization velocity was correlated (p less than
      0.01) with the reduction of the diameter and with improvement of sectional area
      of the dilated vessel. The maximal ST segment normalization slope was correlated
      (p less than 0.01) with the diameter and the area of the residual stenosis.
      Continuous electrocardiographic recording, during PTCA, for evaluation of ST
      segment normalization velocity is a promising approach for monitoring the
      immediate result of coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 1799896
TI  - [Anaerobic threshold in the evaluation of heart function in patients with rate
      responsive pacemaker].
AB  - It is very difficult to evaluate the ability of carrying out physical exercise in
      patients with rate responsive (RR) pacemaker (PM). However, the anaerobic
      threshold (AT) proved to be a useful parameter in the evaluation of cardiac
      function. The AT can be easily reproduced and not influenced from emotional
      aspects of both the patient and the physician, moreover being under maximum and
      then easy to achieve. Aims of our study were: to evaluate if the cardiopulmonary
      stress test can represent a method to be used for a more correct rate responsive
      pacemaker programming; to compare the data obtained of 3 rate responsive
      pacemakers steered by different sensors. We have studied 24 patients, of whom 10
      with Activitrax (A), 8 with Meta (M), and 6 with Phymos MPT (P) pacemakers.
      Patients were submitted to symptoms limited cycloergometer stress test at 2
      different settings: fixed rate at 70 b/min; increasing rate at until 85% of
      maximum heart rate for each patient, with range 0 + 10 W/min. Gas exchange data
      were continuously collected using an automated system (Medical Graphic System
      2001) based on Whipp and Wasserman's method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799897
TI  - [Cardiovascular adaptation during cycloergometric exercise test in insulin
      dependent diabetics with or without autonomic cardiopathy].
AB  - Sixty patients with type I diabetes mellitus underwent an ergometric stress test
      (EST) to evaluate the relationship between cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and
      hemodynamic changes during EST. All patients were divided into 2 groups: in the
      Group A were included 26 patients (mean age 43 +/- 9 years) with impairment of 2
      or more autonomic tests according to Ewing (patients with CAN) and in the Group B
      were included 34 patients (mean age 38 +/- 13 years) without CAN. The EST was
      symptom-limited and performed with load increases of 25 W every 3 min. No
      positive EST were observed in both groups. Heart rate (HR) at rest and systolic
      blood pressure (SBP) at maximum common workload were significantly higher in
      Group A than in Group B. Moreover, a significant linear correlation was found
      between a CAN score and SBP x HR product at rest and at maximal workload. These
      findings are correlated with increased sympathetic activity due to a
      parasympathetic impairment. The data show the relationship between hemodynamic
      changes during EST and the Ewing test used in the diagnosis of CAN.

PMID- 1799898
TI  - [Transdermal nitroglycerin in stable effort angina. I. Therapeutic effect and
      duration of the action of a single dose. Comparison with placebo and isosorbide
      dinitrate].
AB  - To assess the efficacy of 2 doses of a transdermal system for nitroglycerin, 10
      and 20 mg (NTTS 10 and NTTS 20) and isosorbide dinitrate 40 mg (ISD 40) on
      exercise tolerance test, a double-blind within patients placebo (PL) controlled
      study was performed: 12 male patients, aged 47-71 years, with stable effort
      angina, with fixed ischemic threshold, received, according to a 4 x 4 latin
      square design, NTTS 10, NTTS 20, ISD 40 and PL, at 7.00 am on 4 consecutive days.
      Bicycle exercise tests were performed 4 and 12 hours post-dosing, after which the
      systems were removed. NTTS 10 and 20 and ISD 40 increased significantly ischemic
      threshold, anginal threshold and decreased maximal ST depression at the fourth
      hour. Only NTTS 10 and NTTS 20 showed antiischemic activity after 12 hours.
      During exercise, at the fourth and twelfth hour, there was no significant
      difference in rate-pressure product between placebo and NTTS 10 and 20 and ISD
      40. Therefore the antiischemic activity of these drugs was not related to a
      decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption. In conclusion, in comparison with PL,
      NTTS 10, 20 and ISD 40 had antiischemic and antianginal activity at the fourth
      hour, while at the twelfth hour this activity was observed only after NTTS 10 and
      20, without differences between the 2 doses.

PMID- 1799899
TI  - [Transdermal nitroglycerin in stable effort angina. II. Administration of
      continuous high doses and alternate high-low doses. Absence of tolerance].
AB  - Aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different schedules of
      nitroglycerin (N), given by means of transdermal therapeutic system (TTS):
      continuous (20 mg patch at 8.00 am and at 8.00 pm NTTS/c) and high/low doses
      therapy (20 mg patch at 8.00 am and 10 mg at 8.00 pm NTTS/a), respectively.
      Eighteen volunteers, gave informed, written consent; male patients, aged 57 +/- 2
      years, with stable effort angina pectoris, were randomly given, in double-blind
      condition, NTTS/c, NTTS/a or placebo (PL), each for 1 week period, according to a
      3 x 3 latin square design. Bicycle exercise tests were performed on the first and
      on the last day of each period of the study, 12 hours after the last patch.
      NTTS/c and NTTS/a increased ischemic threshold and decreased the ischemic
      depression ST at maximal common work, compared to placebo, without differences
      between tests performed at 1 and 7 day. In conclusion, NTTS/a showed antiischemic
      activity after 7 days, so no tolerance was observed in those patients.

PMID- 1799900
TI  - [Mental stress and ambulatory monitoring of arterial pressure].
AB  - The aim of this study was to validate the use of arithmetical mental stress
      testing as an indicator of an abnormal subject's response to stress in general.
      For this purpose 82 males (mean age 31 +/- 7 years, mean body surface area--BSA-
      1.76 m2), free from cardiovascular disease, underwent mental stress testing. In
      the sample examined we found 13 so-called reactive subjects, (mean age 32 +/- 7
      years, mean BSA 1.8 +/- 0.1 m2), who during the test showed increases in mean
      blood pressure (greater than 20%) greater than mean values of the whole sample
      (17.8%). In any case blood pressure was higher than 150/100 mmHg. These data were
      compared with those of 15 subjects (mean age 32 +/- 4 years, mean BSA 1.77 +/-
      0.1 m2) randomly selected among those, whose mean pressure increases were not
      higher than 17.8% (mean increase within sample). The 2 groups underwent blood
      pressure ambulatory monitoring and submaximal bicycle test. In reactive subjects,
      values of systolic (PAS) and diastolic pressure (PAD) were significantly higher
      than in controls (p less than 0.001) during blood pressure ambulatory monitoring,
      with a greater variability of such values as can be seen from the higher standard
      deviation (PAS 121 +/- 19 mmHg vs PAS 113 +/- 13 mmHg; PAD 82 +/- 11 mmHg vs PAD
      75 +/- 10 mmHg). During ergometric testing, blood pressure trend was similar in
      the 2 groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799901
TI  - [Ventricular volume and coronary flow].
AB  - This study aimed at investigating the role of ventricular volume (VV), left
      ventricular pressure (LVP) and myocardial contractility in causing changes in
      coronary flow (CF), in the absence of autoregulation. Changes in VV and,
      consequently, in LVP and myocardial contractility were induced in 5 anesthetized
      dogs using an extracorporeal circulation including a heart-lung machine. Left VV
      was changed in steps of 10 ml, from a lowest value of 10 ml to a maximum value of
      70 ml and back, by introducing and subtracting different volumes of water in and
      from a latex balloon placed in the left ventricle. In order to suppress any
      interference by autoregulatory mechanisms, the experimental manoeuvres were
      performed in the presence of complete coronary vasodilation obtained with
      dipyridamole. Each increase in VV was accompanied by an increase in diastolic LVP
      which was in turn responsible for a greater development of pressure by the
      myocardial contraction, thus producing an increase in systolic LVP. Then, the
      pressure developed by the myocardial contraction, considered as the difference
      between systolic and diastolic LVP, decreased when the ventricle was dilated to
      60 and 70 ml. Diastolic CF decreased only starting from a ventricular volume of
      60 ml, varying independently of the changes in diastolic LVP. In addition, the
      amplitude of the coronary flow reduction in systole was found to change together
      with the pressure developed by the myocardial contraction with which showed a
      significant linear correlation. During the reduction in VV, a progressive fall of
      diastolic LVP occurred without any significant difference with respect to the
      phase of increased volumes; on the contrary, systolic LVP, at each ventricular
      volume, was lower than in the previous phase. Also diastolic CF, when the volume
      was progressively reduced, was lower than in the previous manoeuvre. The
      amplitude of the systolic flow reduction and the pressure produced by the
      contraction both decreased when the ventricular volume was reduced showing a
      significant linear correlation. The reduction of the pressure produced by the
      contraction is likely to be due to a loss of contractility after the ventricle
      was expanded more than 3 times its resting volume. It is concluded that changes
      in ventricular pressure do not influence phasic CF directly and that diastolic CF
      decreases only following extreme ventricular dilation. Finally, systolic flow
      reduction is seen to depend on the myocardial contractility and not on the levels
      reached by the pressure inside the ventricle.

PMID- 1799902
TI  - Aldosterone-secreting adenoma and dysautonomic failure: the challenging
      association of 2 extreme conditions.
AB  - This is the first published report describing the association between primary
      aldosteronism and chronic idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The clinical
      history of a 57 year old man with incapacitating postural hypotension and
      severely symptomatic supine hypertension, is described. A possible occupational
      etiology of postural hypotension, with regard to a prolonged exposure to cutting
      oils, is considered. The intriguing pathophysiologic aspects of this unique
      association are discussed. The Authors suggest that, although supine hypertension
      is common in chronic idiopathic orthostatic hypotension, a careful examination of
      the adrenal glands is advisable in these patients, to rule out the presence of an
      associated adrenal adenoma.

PMID- 1799903
TI  - Effects of pericardiectomy on canine pulmonary blood volume during hypervolaemia.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the effect of the pericardium on the
      pulmonary blood volume response to intravascular volume loading. DESIGN: Changes
      in pulmonary lung volume were measured from radioactive counts over the lung
      during radionuclide ventriculography. Baseline measurements, and repeat
      measurements after infusion of 21 ml.kg-1 of the dog's own blood, were made both
      before and after a pericardiectomy. SUBJECTS: Ten closed chest, anaesthetised
      dogs were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Prior to and following
      pericardiectomy, volume loading produced equivalent and significant increases in
      left atrial, mean pulmonary artery, and right atrial pressures (all p less than
      0.05). Before pericardiectomy, radionuclide lung counts increased from 1606(SEM
      348) to 1870(402) with volume loading, corresponding to a 16% rise in lung counts
      from baseline (p less than 0.05). Following pericardiectomy, a similar volume
      load did not result in a significant rise in lung counts [1588(245) to 1697(255),
      9%, p = 0.16], but was accompanied by an increase in left ventricular diastolic
      volume, from 39.7(6.6) to 58.7(6.4) ml, p less than 0.05, and a decrease in
      systemic vascular resistance index, from 122,600(14,600) to 86,600(10,000)
      dynes.s.cm-5 x kg, p less than 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the concept
      that removal of the pericardium is accompanied by reduced pulmonary blood volume
      overload in response to intravascular volume loading. The mechanism appears to be
      related to improved left ventricular diastolic filling, perhaps the result of
      diminished ventricular interaction, and to redistribution of excess intravascular
      volume from the pulmonary to the systemic circuit.

PMID- 1799904
TI  - Pretreatment with the iron chelator desferrioxamine fails to provide sustained
      protection against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine whether the potent iron chelator
      desferrioxamine, previously shown by our laboratory and others to cause acute
      limitation of infarct size, would provide sustained protection against myocardial
      ischaemia-reperfusion injury. DESIGN: Anaesthetised dogs underwent a 2 h
      transient coronary artery occlusion. After surgical preparation, each dog was
      randomised into one of two groups receiving either desferrioxamine or equivalent
      infusion of saline. Infusion of desferrioxamine was initiated 30 min before
      occlusion at an initial dose of 10 mg.kg-1 for the first hour of the protocol,
      followed by a maintenance dose of 1.5 mg.kg-1.h-1 throughout the remainder of the
      ischaemic period and the initial 4 h of reperfusion. The animals were
      reanaesthetised the following day and killed 20-24 h following reperfusion.
      Variables measured included heart rate and arterial pressures; regional
      myocardial blood flow; urinary iron content; and infarct size. In addition, %
      wall thickening in the ischaemic-reperfused myocardium was assessed by
      echocardiography in a limited number of animals. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: 12
      mongrel dogs weighing 22(SEM 4) kg were used, n = 6 in each group. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Both groups were equally and severely ischaemic during coronary
      artery occlusion. Desferrioxamine caused a modest and transient reduction in mean
      arterial pressure during the ischaemic episode, but had no effect on heart rate
      or myocardial blood flow. As expected, urinary iron content was significantly
      higher in treated animals v controls, at 465(SEM 107) v 55(23) micrograms, p less
      than 0.01, indicating that desferrioxamine effectively chelated free iron.
      However, it failed to exert a significant cardioprotective effect: infarct size
      did not differ between control and treated groups [54(4)% v 58(5)% of the
      myocardium at risk], and wall thickening was similar throughout occlusion and
      reperfusion in control and desferrioxamine treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Despite
      substantial reduction in infarct size previously observed at 4 h following reflow
      with the same dose and regimen of desferrioxamine treatment, results of the
      present study indicate that desferrioxamine did not provide sustained protection
      against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. We therefore conclude that
      desferrioxamine delays--but does not prevent--myocyte necrosis in this canine
      model.

PMID- 1799905
TI  - Influence of storage volume on functional recovery and metabolism of explanted
      hearts following cold cardioplegia: studies in the rat.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to characterise the metabolic and functional
      recovery after extended periods of hypothermic storage of hearts in varying
      volume of oxygenated cardioplegic solution. DESIGN: Explanted rat hearts were
      arrested with and stored in 5, 10, or 100 ml of oxygenated (95% O2: 5% CO2) St
      Thomas's Hospital cardioplegic solution No 2 (STH) at 4 degrees C for 5 or 10 h.
      The isolated working heart model was used to determine the cardiac functions and
      the degree of functional recovery was expressed as a percentage of the prearrest
      value. Groups of hearts (n = 6) were rapidly freeze-clamped immediately after
      arrest, at end of storage, or after 30 min reperfusion for quantitation of the
      high energy phosphate content. SUBJECTS: 84 Male albino Wistar rats weighing 280
      to 320 g (heart weight = 1.25 g) were used. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All
      hearts in the three different volumes of STH recovered 80% or more [mean 90 (SEM
      3)%] of their prearrest aortic output after 5 h storage but after 10 h, recovery
      was significantly reduced [23(7)%] with no significant difference among groups.
      During 5 h storage the phosphocreatine content of the hearts rapidly declined
      from 33.2(3.1) to 5.0(0.2) mumol.g-1 dry wt in the 5 ml group but only to
      16.7(1.2) mumol.g-1 dry wt in the 100 ml group. Similarly ATP preservation was
      improved in the latter group (81% v 63%, p less than 0.02). Extending the storage
      time to 10 h resulted in a further decline in high energy phosphates (ATP +
      phosphocreatine) to 30% of normal values in the 100 ml group and to 9% in the 5
      ml group (p less than 0.01). While the total nucleotide pool did not decrease the
      major catabolite was inosine monophosphate (IMP) which comprised 46% of the
      nucleotide pool in all groups. The extent of cardiac function recovered was
      correlated inversely with tissue IMP (R = 0.859) and positively with ATP (R =
      0.835) but showed no significant correlations with the postischaemic ADP, AMP, or
      phosphocreatine. CONCLUSIONS: Increased storage volume of oxygenated cardioplegic
      solution is superior in the preservation of ATP and phosophocreatine content in
      donor hearts with full recovery of cardiac function after the first 5 h of
      hypothermic (4 degrees C) storage.

PMID- 1799906
TI  - Prevention by DV-7028, a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, of the formation of
      coronary thrombi in dogs.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the role of 5-HT derived from activated
      platelets in the formation of intracoronary thrombi in dogs. DESIGN: Canine
      coronary thrombi were produced by inserting a small catheter filled with collagen
      powder into the endothelial-injured partially occluded left anterior descending
      coronary artery. The effects of intravenous DV-7028, a selective 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist (bolus of 0.1 mg.kg-1, followed by 0.3 mg.kg-1.h-1 by infusion), and
      intravenous aspirin (1 mg.kg-1, followed by 3 mg.kg-1.h-1) in this experimental
      thrombus model were examined. SUBJECTS: 43 dogs of either sex were used. In
      experiment A, DV-7028 (n = 12) or saline (n = 11) was given. In experiment B,
      aspirin (n = 10) or saline (n = 10) was given. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: DV
      7028 significantly reduced the formation of coronary thrombi by 51% and
      attenuated the decrease in coronary blood flow without affecting systemic blood
      pressure and heart rate. There was a significant relationship between the
      thrombus weight and the decrease in coronary blood flow (p less than 0.005).
      Aspirin failed to prevent the formation of coronary thrombi. CONCLUSION: The
      results suggest that 5-HT is involved in the platelet thrombosis and that
      inhibitory effect of DV-7028, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, on coronary thrombus
      formation was superior to that of aspirin.

PMID- 1799907
TI  - Decrease in sulphated glycosaminoglycans in aortic dissection--possible role in
      the pathogenesis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate alterations in sulphated
      glycosaminoglycans in aortic dissection. DESIGN: Aortic fragments were taken from
      10 patients within the first 3 d after onset of symptoms of aortic dissection and
      from nine age matched patients with no aortic disease. Sulphated
      glycosaminoglycans were analysed and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis
      and densitometry after degradation with specific enzymes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The amount of chondroitin sulphate was similar (7.14 v 7.60 mg.g-1 of
      dry tissue, n = 10, p greater than 0.5) in patients with dissection and in the
      control group. Total sulphated glycosaminoglycan content was decreased (11.51 v
      14.26 mg.g-1 of dry tissue, n = 10, p less than 0.001). This difference was due
      to heparan sulphate (1.79 v 2.48 mg.g-1 of dry tissue, n = 10, p less than 0.05)
      and mainly to dermatan sulphate (2.58 v 4.18 mg.g-1 of dry tissue, n = 10, p less
      than 0.001). The ratio of 6-/4-sulphated disaccharides after chondroitinase ABC
      digestion was increased in the affected group. No correlation between these
      biochemical results and a histological evaluation of mucoid content was found. On
      the other hand, a significant increase in chondroitin sulphate could be observed
      related to aging. CONCLUSIONS: The diminution in sulphated glycosaminoglycans and
      its possible relationship with fat, collagen, and other extracellular matrix
      molecules could lead to a weakness in the aortic wall related to the dissection.

PMID- 1799909
TI  - Comparative significance in systolic ventricular interaction.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to measure the systolic coupling between the
      ventricles and to determine the relative importance of ventricular interaction in
      the pressure development of each ventricle. DESIGN: Acute studies were done in
      dogs to measure the changes in right and left ventricular pressures (dPr, dPl)
      caused by sudden changes in left ventricular pressure (dPl') with release of an
      aortic constriction, and sudden changes in right ventricular pressure (dPr') with
      release of a pulmonary artery constriction, respectively. The instantaneous cross
      talk gain [dPr/dPl' (Klr) or dPl/dPr' (Krl)] was calculated during the ejection
      phase. The potential systolic pressure generated by the contralateral ventricle
      was evaluated as the cross talk gain multiplied by the contralateral systolic
      developed pressure. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: Studies were done in eight random
      source dogs (12-18 kg), anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: The maximal Klr was lower than the maximal Krl, at 0.09 (SD
      0.05) v 0.25 (0.06), and the mean Klr also was lower than the mean Krl, at 0.04
      (0.02) v 0.10 (0.03), p less than 0.05. The potential right ventricular pressures
      developed by the left ventricle [maximum 10.3(5.6), mean 4.8(2.7) mm Hg] were not
      significantly different from the potential left ventricular pressures developed
      by the right ventricle [maximum 8.8(2.7), mean 3.4(0.7) mm Hg]. However, the
      ratio between the potential transmitted pressure and the measured developed
      pressure was greater in the right ventricle [maximum 39.0(21.1), mean 17.8(8.9)%]
      than in the left ventricle [maximum 11.1(7.1)%, p less than 0.05; mean 3.9(1.5)%,
      p less than 0.01]. This suggests that about 20-40% of the right ventricular
      systolic pressure may result from the left ventricle and about 4-10% of the left
      ventricular systolic pressure may result from right ventricle. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although the pressure coupling was greater in right to left ventricular
      interaction, right ventricular pressure generation may be more dependent on the
      left ventricle. Systolic ventricular interaction may be more important for right
      ventricular systolic function. Further, the parameters of right ventricular
      systolic function currently used may be considerably affected by the left
      ventricle.

PMID- 1799908
TI  - In vivo correlation of myocardial metabolism, perfusion, and mechanical function
      during increased cardiac work.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the in vivo interaction and regulation of
      myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and pump function in an open chest canine model
      using a combination of potentially non-invasive and clinically useful techniques.
      DESIGN: To assess potential regulatory mechanisms and the interaction of
      myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and contractile function responses during
      changes in cardiac workload, noradrenaline (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was infused
      and hypoxia was produced by increasing the inspired ratio of nitrogen to oxygen
      to produce a PaO2 of 2.6-4.0 kPa in separate interventions. SUBJECTS: Nine
      mongrel dogs of either sex, age 2-5 years, weight 8.5(SD 2.2) kg, were studied in
      separate interventions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Myocardial perfusion was
      determined using 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measured washout of
      deuterium oxide from the left ventricle interpreted with a one component Kety
      Schmidt exponential model. High energy phosphate bioenergetics were determined by
      31P NMR measurements of the phosphocreatine/ATP ratio. Redox state was estimated
      by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorometry expressed as percent change from
      the baseline, normalised to maximum response measured at 100% inspired N2.
      Mechanical function was evaluated using heart rate X systolic blood pressure and
      oxygen consumption measurements. During both noradrenaline infusion and hypoxia,
      mechanical function increased significantly from control values: heart rate X
      systolic blood pressure = 1.9(SD 0.5), 3.6(0.1), and 2.6(0.4), respectively;
      oxygen consumption = 0.9(2), 1.6(0.1), and 1.2(0.6) ml.min-1.100 g-1. Myocardial
      perfusion increased to support the increased workloads, from 87(10) to 131(20),
      and from 60(12) to 182(14) ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. ADP, estimated by the
      phosphocreatine/ATP ratio, did not change during noradrenaline infusion [2.4(0.2)
      to 2.4(0.7)], but decreased during hypoxia [2.4(0.4) to 1.7(0.5)]. Redox state
      decreased during noradrenaline infusion, from 100% to 84(0.7)%, and increased
      during hypoxia, from 100% to 140(10)%. CONCLUSIONS: Similar changes in workload
      induced by different physiological stimuli are associated with different
      biochemical responses even though changes in perfusion are similar. The data
      suggest that myocardial function is regulated by different biochemical mechanisms
      under different physiological conditions, ie, there is probably no universal
      regulator of myocardial function. It is now possible to evaluate potential
      metabolic regulators of myocardial function in an in vivo animal model.

PMID- 1799910
TI  - Dosing considerations in the pediatric patient.
AB  - Pediatric patients experience unique differences from the adult population in
      pharmacokinetic parameters and, consequently, require individualized dosing.
      Medications useful in pediatric medicine often lack a therapeutic indication and
      dosing guideline for this population. In addition, the absence of an available
      pediatric dosage form for some medications increases the potential for dosing
      errors and may produce serious--sometimes fatal--complications in young patients.
      It is important to select an appropriate medication and dose based on
      individualized pharmacokinetic considerations: one must evaluate a patient's age,
      size, and level of organ maturity, and not simply administer a "small adult"
      dose. Thus specific dosing guidelines and useful dosage forms for pediatric
      patients need to be developed in order to optimize therapeutic efficacy and
      limit, or prevent, serious adverse side effects.

PMID- 1799911
TI  - A comparative evaluation of two transdermal nitroglycerin delivery systems: Nitro
      Dur versus Transderm-Nitro. The Collaborative Investigation Group.
AB  - A paired-comparison, multicenter study examined differences in patient and
      physician preferences for two transdermal nitroglycerin delivery systems, Nitro
      Dur Transdermal Infusion System and Transderm-Nitro Transdermal Therapeutic
      System. For two weeks, 72 patients with angina pectoris wore both transdermal
      nitroglycerin patches simultaneously, each patch delivering half of each
      patient's need for nitroglycerin. (Each patch delivers nitroglycerin to the skin
      at a rate of about 0.02 mg/cm2 of patch per hour.) The patients and their
      physicians were then asked to rate the patches and to express their preferences
      with respect to eight patch characteristics: size, color, comfort, ease of
      application, adhesiveness, ease of removal, appearance, and associated
      redness/irritation. On each of the patch characteristics, significantly more of
      the patients expressed a preference for Nitro-Dur. Of the 67 patients who rated
      the patches overall, significantly more preferred Nitro-Dur (47 patients) than
      Transderm-Nitro (17 patients). Physician evaluations were also significantly
      biased in favor of Nitro-Dur. Treatment side effects included headache in 17
      patients, application-site reactions in seven, nausea in four, dizziness in
      three, and fatigue in two. It is concluded that Nitro-Dur has greater patient
      acceptance than Transderm-Nitro and thus treatment compliance may be higher with
      Nitro-Dur than with Transderm-Nitro.

PMID- 1799912
TI  - Randomized comparison of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in patients with
      uncomplicated gonorrhea.
AB  - Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin with excellent in vitro
      antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase
      producing strains. A single, 1-gm, intramuscular dose has previously been shown
      to be effective in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. A randomized,
      multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a lower,
      500-mg dose of cefotaxime in comparison with ceftriaxone 250 mg, the standard
      treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea. One hundred forty-two patients were
      enrolled and 115 were evaluable. Bacteriologic eradication rates were 95% in the
      cefotaxime group and 100% in the ceftriaxone group (P = 0.119). Adverse events
      that were possibly related to the study drug occurred in 3% and 8% of patients in
      the cefotaxime and ceftriaxone groups, respectively. Cefotaxime 500 mg appears to
      be a safe and cost-effective alternative to ceftriaxone 250 mg for the treatment
      of uncomplicated gonorrhea.

PMID- 1799914
TI  - The use of human insulin derived from baker's yeast by recombinant DNA
      technology.
AB  - Human insulin has gradually replaced animal insulin as the therapeutic agent of
      first choice among insulin-dependent and insulin-requiring patients with
      diabetes. Like animal insulin, human insulin manufactured by several different
      methods is available in Regular, NPH, Lente, and 70/30 (NPH/Regular)
      formulations. The most recently developed method of manufacturing human insulin
      uses recombinant DNA technology with baker's yeast as the host cell [rDNA HI
      (BY)], offering potentially limitless supplies of insulin structurally identical
      to that made by the human pancreas. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the
      extent of insulin absorption, the glucose-lowering effects, and the clinical
      effects on glycemic control and on incidence of hypoglycemia with rDNA HI (BY)
      are similar to those observed when patients are treated with semisynthetic human
      insulin (ssHI). Dose-for-dose transfer of patients from ssHI to rDNA HI (BY) is
      therefore appropriate. It is standard practice to recommend that any change in
      insulin be conducted under medical supervision.

PMID- 1799913
TI  - Transfer of patients with diabetes from semisynthetic human insulin to human
      insulin prepared by recombinant DNA technology using baker's yeast: a double
      blind, randomized study.
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, 12-month study was
      conducted to determine if patients with diabetes could be transferred safely and
      effectively from semisynthetic human insulin (ssHI) to human insulin produced by
      recombinant DNA technology using baker's yeast as the host cell [rDNA HI (BY)].
      Sixty-five patients who ranged in age from 19 to 67 years and who had been on a
      stable dose of NPH or Lente ssHI with or without Regular ssHI participated. Forty
      three were transferred randomly to rDNA HI (BY) and 22 continued on ssHI.
      Evaluation at both six and 12 months of treatment indicated no statistically or
      clinically significant differences between the ssHI and rDNA HI (BY) groups with
      regard to the mean changes from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin, total daily
      insulin dose, or body weight. In addition, the proportions of patients who had
      episodes of mild or moderate hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or
      other clinical experiences related to diabetes or treatment were similar in the
      ssHI and rDNA HI (BY) groups. No pattern of unexpected retinal changes occurred,
      nor were there any remarkable changes in human insulin antibody binding or in
      mean or individual yeast antibody values in either group. These results show that
      patients with diabetes can be safely and effectively transferred from
      semisynthetic human insulin to human insulin produced by rDNA technology from
      baker's yeast with no change expected in the insulin dose.

PMID- 1799915
TI  - Comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin V potassium in the
      treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. The Cefpodoxime
      Pharyngitis Study Group.
AB  - Ninety-three patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to
      Streptococcus pyogenes were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of cefpodoxime
      proxetil orally with food every 12 hours or 250 mg of penicillin V potassium
      orally on an empty stomach every six hours. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in
      30 cefpodoxime-treated and 33 penicillin-treated patients. After 10 days of
      treatment, S pyogenes was eradicated from the throat culture in 29 of the 30
      cefpodoxime-treated patients and in 30 of the 33 penicillin-treated patients.
      Twenty days after treatment termination, infection recurred in one patient of
      each treatment group. Clinical cure or improvement was found in 97% of the
      patients in each group. Adverse medical events occurred in nine of the 48
      cefpodoxime-treated patients and in four of the 45 penicillin-treated patients;
      these were probably related to the study drug in seven and two patients,
      respectively. The most common adverse events were nausea (in three cefpodoxime
      and one penicillin patient) and diarrhea (in three and two). No patient showed
      colitis related to Clostridium difficile. No clinically significant abnormal
      laboratory test results were found in either treatment group. It is concluded
      that cefpodoxime proxetil is as effective and safe as penicillin V potassium in
      the treatment of pharyngitis due to S pyogenes.

PMID- 1799916
TI  - Brodimoprim versus amoxicillin in the treatment of acute sinusitis.
AB  - A new dihydrofolate inhibitor, brodimoprim, was compared with amoxicillin in the
      treatment of acute sinusitis in a general practice controlled study. Eighty adult
      outpatients with acute sinusitis were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg of
      brodimoprim once daily or 750 mg of amoxicillin thrice daily for seven to 10
      days. The mean duration of treatment was 9.2 days in the brodimoprim group and
      9.1 days in the amoxicillin group. In most patients the symptoms of sinusitis had
      disappeared by day 5 of treatment. The reduction in symptom scores was more
      marked in the brodimoprim-treated patients than in the amoxicillin-treated
      patients. Bacteriologic examinations after treatment were performed in 20
      patients of each treatment group. At completion of treatment, the causative
      pathogen had been eradicated in 14 of 20 patients treated with brodimoprim and in
      12 of 20 patients treated with amoxicillin. Treatment side effects were reported
      by two brodimoprim-treated patients (skin reactions) and by six amoxicillin
      treated patients (gastrointestinal distrubances or skin reactions). The results
      indicate that brodimoprim is safe and effective in the treatment of acute
      sinusitis in adults.

PMID- 1799917
TI  - Evaluation of cephalosporins/cephamycins with antianaerobic activity by
      integrating microbiologic and pharmacokinetic properties.
AB  - When evaluating antimicrobial agents, in vitro microbiologic activity and
      pharmacokinetics are important factors, but these data are usually not assessed
      simultaneously. The purpose of the study was to compare cefoxitin, cefotetan,
      ceftizoxime, cefotaxime (CT), desacetylcefotaxime (DACT), and CT/DACT (1:1 ratio)
      by integrating their microbiologic activity against clinical isolates of
      Bacteroides fragilis with their pharmacokinetic properties. Minimal inhibitory
      concentrations (MIC) were determined by the agar dilution method. Steady-state
      serum concentration--time profiles were simulated for 2-gm doses in a 70-kg
      patient using ADAPT software and pharmacokinetic data from published studies.
      Serum protein binding (%) of each agent was also obtained from published studies
      and used to calculate the unbound serum concentration--time profiles. As
      estimates of pharmacodynamic activity, time below the MIC (T less than MIC) and
      percentage of the dosing interval below the MIC (% INT less than MIC) were
      calculated for individual isolates using total and unbound serum concentrations.
      Data analysis included MIC50, MIC90, range, breakpoint susceptibility, and
      analysis of variance for T less than MIC and % INT less than MIC (Scheffe post
      hoc test, P less than 0.05). The MIC90 of cefotetan was at least a twofold
      dilution lower than the other agents. However, using unbound (pharmacologically
      active) serum concentrations, T less than MIC and % INT less than MIC for
      ceftizoxime (at a simulated eight-hour dosing interval) were significantly
      smaller than with the other antibiotic regimens. Integration of in vitro and
      pharmacokinetic data may provide additional information to assist in the
      evaluation of antimicrobials. For B fragilis from our institution, the
      pharmacodynamic profile of unbound ceftizoxime is superior to the other
      antianaerobic cephalosporins/cephamycins tested.

PMID- 1799918
TI  - Tolerability of iron: a comparison of bis-glycino iron II and ferrous sulfate.
AB  - The tolerability of supplemental iron in the chelated form of bis-glycino iron II
      was compared with that of ferrous sulfate in a randomized, double-blind, cross
      over trial. Both iron formulations were prepared to deliver 50 mg elemental iron
      in each capsule; the capsules for both formulations were identical in appearance
      and weight. Each supplement was taken once daily before breakfast for two weeks.
      The incidence and severity of adverse side effects were not statistically
      different for the two preparations. However, of the 38 women evaluated, 14 (37%)
      experienced moderate-to-severe side effects only while taking the sulfate
      formulation compared to eight (21%) who experienced similar side effects only
      while taking the chelate formulation; the remaining 16 women had the same symptom
      profile with both preparations. This tendency for the chelate to be better
      tolerated was observed for the symptoms of bloating, constipation, and nausea. In
      addition, a significant (P less than 0.05) number of women preferred the chelate
      to the sulfate formulation. This preference appeared to be related to the lower
      number of side effects experienced with the chelate.

PMID- 1799919
TI  - Comparison of the counterregulatory hormone response to semisynthetic human
      insulin and purified porcine insulin in normal subjects and patients with type I
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The counterregulatory hormone responses to semisynthetic human insulin and
      purified porcine insulin were compared in 20 healthy volunteers (ten men and ten
      women) and 16 patients (8 men and 8 women) with type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
      In both groups blood glucose fell to similar levels following insulin
      administration; no difference in counterregulatory hormone response or
      hypoglycemic awareness was noted when comparing human to porcine insulin.
      However, when men were compared to women, significant differences were noted in
      basal glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone levels, as well as in
      norepinephrine, prolactin, and cortisol responses to hypoglycemia. These
      differences could not be attributed to insulin species, different doses of
      insulin, or degree of hypoglycemia. These findings suggest that hormonal response
      to and awareness of hypoglycemia are similar in healthy subjects and patients
      with IDDM following administration of human and porcine insulin and that hormonal
      responses in men and women should be studied separately to avoid confusion in
      interpreting results arising from differences in sex.

PMID- 1799920
TI  - Impact of transfer from animal-source insulins to biosynthetic human insulin
      (rDNA E coli) in patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Six hundred forty-eight patients (50.5% men; 49.5% women) with diabetes mellitus
      on animal-source insulin therapy for at least five years were studied. In this
      patient population, approximately 68.7% had Type I insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus and 31.3% had Type II noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
      nonetheless requiring insulin therapy. Patients were voluntarily transferred from
      animal-source insulin to biosynthetic human insulin derived by recombinant DNA
      technology from genetically altered Escherichia coli [human insulin (rDNAE coli)]
      and were monitored regularly thereafter. At a mean interval of 14 months after
      transfer to human insulin (rDNAE coli), these patients had gained 0.8 kg in body
      weight (P less than 0.01). There was a significant decline in systolic (P less
      than 0.01) but not in diastolic blood pressure. Insulin requirements while on
      animal-source insulin averaged 47.6 +/- 22.9 U/day (mean +/- SD); this
      requirement was not significantly different after transfer to human insulin
      (rDNAE coli) (47.0 +/- 21.2 U/day). The distribution of regular and modified
      insulin types prescribed did not change after patients were transferred from
      animal-source insulin to human insulin (rDNAE coli). However, a significant
      increase in the number of insulin injections from 1.79 +/- 0.59 to 1.96 +/- 0.61
      injections/day was observed (P less than 0.001). Fasting glucose levels declined
      significantly from 202 +/- 87 mg/dl on animal-source insulin to 178 +/- 66 mg/dl
      on human insulin (rDNAE coli) (P less than 0.001). Postprandial glucose levels
      (at two hours) also declined from 227 +/- 83 mg/dl to 212 +/- 80 mg/dl.
      Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 9.57 +/- 2.01% while taking animal
      insulin to 8.97 +/- 2.00% on human insulin (rDNAE coli) (P less than 0.001) Serum
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels insulin (rDNAE coli). Serum high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) levels increased from 54.2 +/- 15.1
      mg/dl on animal insulin to 57.2 +/- 15.5 mg/dl on human insulin (rDNAE coli) (P
      less than 0.001). These data demonstrate that transfer of patients from animal
      source insulins to human insulin (rDNAE coli) was associated with: (1) an
      improvement in glycemic control parameters; (2) a slight increase in the number
      of insulin injections in some patients, but no overall alteration in insulin
      requirements; and (3) no adverse trends in indicators of cardiovascular risks,
      such as serum lipids. Indeed, overall cardiovascular risk may have declined not
      only as a result of improvement in glycemic control, but also owing to a
      reduction in systolic blood pressure and an elevation in HDL-cholesterol levels.

PMID- 1799921
TI  - Treatment of pneumonia: new strategies for changing pathogens.
AB  - Changes in the etiologic agents that cause pneumonia pose new challenges for
      empiric antimicrobial therapy. Ofloxacin is a new oral quinolone antibiotic with
      good to excellent activity against many of the usual and atypical pulmonary
      pathogens. Clinical trials have demonstrated high clinical and microbiological
      cure rates with ofloxacin and comparable efficacy to standard antibiotics used to
      treat pneumonia. Compared with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin provides greater
      bioavailability, extended inhibitory concentrations in the blood, similar
      activity against gram-negative pathogens, better activity against gram-positive
      bacteria, in vitro activity against atypical pathogens, renal elimination, and a
      lower potential for interactions with theophylline and caffeine. These advantages
      suggest that ofloxacin should be the first-choice quinolone when Staphylococcus
      aureus is suspected, when higher and prolonged serum and tissue concentrations
      are needed, and when the patient is also receiving theophylline. In addition, the
      substitution of a potent oral antibiotic such as ofloxacin for intravenous agents
      may enable some hospital patients to continue their therapy as outpatients, thus
      reducing health-care costs.

PMID- 1799922
TI  - Quinapril versus enalapril in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, quinapril and enalapril, were
      evaluated for comfort, safety, and efficacy in the treatment of mild-to-moderate
      hypertension. After a four-week placebo period, 53 hypertensive outpatients
      (diastolic blood pressure, 95 to 115 mmHg), aged 31 to 66 years, were randomly
      assigned to received 10 to 20 mg of quinapril or enalapril daily for 12 weeks.
      Two hours after the first dose of each drug, sitting and standing systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures were reduced significantly from baseline values; these
      reductions were maintained for the 12 weeks of treatment, with no significant
      between-group differences. No changes in heart rate were noted. Treatment was
      discontinued in three quinapril-treated patients and in one enalapril-treated
      patient because of treatment side effects. It is concluded that both quinapril
      and enalapril are safe and effective in the treatment of mild-to-moderate
      hypertension.

PMID- 1799923
TI  - Milestones in clinical pharmacology. Therapy for hypertension.

PMID- 1799924
TI  - Recent advances in the chronopharmacology of the cardiovascular system. Part 2.
      Blood pressure regulation, hypertension, and drug treatment.

PMID- 1799925
TI  - Recent advances in the chronopharmacology of the cardiovascular system. Part 2.
      Blood pressure regulation, hypertension, and drug treatment.

PMID- 1799926
TI  - Circadian rhythm of blood pressure: internal and external time triggers.
AB  - Diurnal blood pressure (BP) fluctuations are superimposed by a 24-h rhythm with
      usually lower levels during the night and higher levels during the day. In
      contrast to other rhythmic bioparameters, the diurnal BP rhythm is largely
      dependent on activity and sleep rather than on clock time. This has been
      demonstrated by the BP characteristics after shifted sleeping and working phases,
      during transition from sleep to wakefulness, and by the influence of sleep and
      activities on the 24-h BP curve during normal daily routines. Whereas the
      circadian rhythm of BP is predominantly governed by external time triggers,
      endogenous rhythmicity can only be detected by time microscopic analysis or in
      conditions where effects of external time triggers are almost excluded.

PMID- 1799927
TI  - Circadian blood pressure rhythm in primary and secondary hypertension.
AB  - Circadian blood pressure variability was recorded in patients with primary
      hypertension and with different forms of secondary hypertension using ambulatory
      24-h blood pressure measurement. A group of 20 patients with different forms of
      secondary hypertension was compared with a matched group of patients with primary
      hypertension. Although the mean 24-h blood pressure was not different between the
      two groups, the patients with secondary hypertension had significantly higher
      systolic blood pressure during sleep and higher systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure in the early morning, compared with the primary hypertension group. This
      nocturnal blood pressure fall was then investigated in various groups of patients
      with different forms of secondary hypertension and compared with normotensives
      and patients with primary hypertension. Patients with mild primary hypertension
      (n = 152) and with severe primary hypertension (n = 30) had the same blood
      pressure fall (14-16 mm Hg systolic and diastolic) during the night (23:00-05:00
      h) as normotensives (n = 20). However, in patients with renoparenchymal
      hypertension (n = 29), renovascular hypertensions (n = 20), hyperaldosteronism (n
      = 6), and hyperthyroidism (n = 14), the nocturnal blood pressure fall was
      significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced. One patient with coarctation of the
      aorta and nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and elevated blood
      pressure had a normal circadian blood pressure profile with a normal nocturnal
      blood pressure fall. The heart rate decrease during the night was equal in all
      patient groups. Ambulatory blood pressure measurement allows blood pressure
      recording under everyday conditions, including nighttime. In primary hypertension
      the blood pressure variability exhibits the same circadian variation as in
      normotension, showing a marked nocturnal fall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799928
TI  - PHARMFIT--a nonlinear fitting program for pharmacology.
AB  - A new program is presented for nonlinear fitting of data from pharmacological and
      chronobiological investigations. It contains functions for calculating data from
      ligand-binding studies and competition experiments, for the analysis of dose
      response curves, for pharmacokinetic calculations, and for cosine analysis of
      harmonic and overlapping rhythms. In addition, it is possible to implement
      general equations by the user. The program allows data exchange with most
      spreadsheet, database, and graphics presentation programs, and accepts data from
      two widely used ambulatory 24-h blood-pressure monitoring systems. The fitting
      procedure uses the Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm. It calculates the weighted or
      the unweighted fit together with a great variety of statistics for estimation of
      goodness of fit. A graphics module permits graphical presentation of the fitted
      curve. Moreover, fitting of data to different models can be compared for the most
      likely fit and model discrimination statistics for improvement of further
      experiments are provided. To demonstrate the chronobiological application of the
      fitting program PHARMFIT, the analysis of telemetric heart rate data from rats is
      presented.

PMID- 1799929
TI  - Effects of different once-a-day medications on 24-hour blood pressure recordings
      in hypertensives.
AB  - Compliance with antihypertensive treatment can be increased by using medications
      that are taken only once daily. There is, however, concern as to whether the
      efficacy of such drugs is sufficient to cover 24 h. Ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring (ABPM) is an ideal technique to assess the effect of this kind of drug
      and to determine over- or undertreatment. In this study three drugs were examined
      as once-a-day preparations. Thirty-six patients were treated with three different
      doses of bisoprolol, as an example of the beta 1-selective beta-blockers; 12
      patients were treated with a combination of the AChE-inhibitor enalapril and
      hydrochlorothiazide; eight patients were treated with nifedipine once per day, a
      new galenic form of nifedipine, as an example of the calcium-channel blockers. In
      each group we saw a significant downward shift over the entire 24-h curve. Our
      results also show that using 24-h blood pressure monitoring devices can help
      establish an appropriate dose, avoid over- and undertreatment, and control the
      total burden of the patient.

PMID- 1799930
TI  - Chronopharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of nifedipine.
AB  - Circadian phase dependency in pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects on blood
      pressure and heart rate of different galenic formulations of nifedipine
      (immediate-release, sustained-release, and i.v. solution) were studied in healthy
      subjects or in hypertensive patients. Pharmacokinetics of immediate-release but
      not sustained-release and i.v. nifedipine were dependent on time of day:
      immediate-release nifedipine had higher Cmax (peak concentration) and shorter
      tmax (time-to-peak concentration) after morning than evening application, and
      bioavailability in the evening was reduced by about 40%. Circadian rhythm in
      estimated hepatic blood flow as determined by indocyanine green kinetics may
      contribute to these chronokinetics. A circadian time dependency was also found in
      nifedipine-induced effects on blood pressure and heart rate as monitored by 24-h
      ambulatory blood pressure measurements. In conclusion, the dose response
      relationship of oral nifedipine is influenced by the circadian organization of
      the cardiovascular system as well as by the galenic drug formulation.

PMID- 1799931
TI  - Chronopharmacology of captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension: morning
      versus evening dosing.
AB  - Blood pressure follows a strong circadian rhythm in normotensive people and in
      patients with primary hypertension. This may have several implications for
      antihypertensive therapy, including the time of dosing. For this reason we
      studied the influence of different dosing times on the antihypertensive effect
      over 24 h using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). We studied 13 male
      patients with moderate hypertension with controlled blood pressure over 12 months
      under a fixed combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide. The dosage of the
      combination therapy was then halved and given as one evening and then as one
      morning dose, each for 3 weeks. The combination therapy given twice daily showed
      a good 24-h antihypertensive effect after 12 months of treatment. During the
      following 6 weeks the mean 24-h blood pressure did not increase under half
      dosage, irrespective of whether under evening or morning dosing. However, mean
      daytime values (systolic and diastolic) of ABPM were significantly higher with
      evening dosing when compared both with full dosage and with half dosage given in
      the morning. The mean arterial blood pressure over 24 h showed the same
      differences as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, whereas heart rate was not
      significantly different between the three therapeutic regimens. ABPM seems to be
      an ideal method for chronopharmacological investigations under everyday
      conditions. Our study demonstrated significant differences in daytime blood
      pressure but not in 24-h blood pressure between morning and evening dosing of a
      fixed antihypertensive combination therapy.

PMID- 1799932
TI  - Chronobiologic evaluation of drug efficacy in hypertension.
AB  - Time-associated variations of blood pressure became accessible due to the modern
      development of pressure monitoring technology. The data collection and analysis
      should be standardized and formulated. Time-associated changes of pressure were
      evaluated not only by nonparametric and conventional but also by parametric and
      rhythmometric estimation. The reference data (chronodesms) are essential to
      define the deviant magnitude of pressure. This chronobiologic approach became
      feasible to quantitate the efficacy of antihypertensive agents in hypertensives.

PMID- 1799933
TI  - Chronopharmacology and therapeutic drug regulations.

PMID- 1799934
TI  - Binding position of azathioprine with bovine serum albumin determined by
      measuring nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time.
AB  - The interaction between azathioprine (AZ) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is
      mainly due to hydrophobic binding according to the dependence of the binding
      constant on the ionic strength obtained by equilibrium dialysis. The binding
      constant and partition coefficient of AZ were smaller than those of warfarin,
      phenylbutazone and ibuprofen. Little variation in the proton chemical shift of AZ
      was observed whether there was an absence or presence of BSA (7.25 x 10(-5) M).
      The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of AZ decreased in the presence of BSA to 6
      22%. The spin-spin relaxation rate (1/T2) of AZ increased 16-24 times for the
      methyl group and the imidazole ring and 8-13 times for the purine ring in the
      presence of BSA. The ratio of the spin-spin relaxation rate of the free AZ to the
      bound AZ ((1/T2)b/(1/T2)f) of the methyl group and the imidazole ring was 2-3
      times larger than that of the purine ring. The binding of AZ to BSA was concluded
      to be mainly at the methyl group on the imidazole ring of AZ.

PMID- 1799935
TI  - Structure and synthesis of nectrisine, a new immunomodulator isolated from a
      fungus.
AB  - The structure of a novel immunomodulator, nectrisine (1), has been elucidated on
      the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Its absolute stereochemistry
      was predicted on the basis of the dibenzoate chirality rule and finally confirmed
      by a synthesis from D-glucose.

PMID- 1799936
TI  - Beta-lactam antifungals. II. Enantiocontrolled synthesis of (2R,5S)-2
      hydroxymethyl-1-carbapenam, the carba-analog of a clavam antifungal.
AB  - (2R,5S)-2-Hydroxymethyl-1-carbapenam (3), the carba-analog of an antifungal beta
      lactam (2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)calvam (1), was synthesized in an
      enantiocontrolled manner, starting from the coupling reaction of an optically
      active phthalimido-acetate (3S,4S)-4 and an allylsilane 7, followed by removal of
      the phthalimido group that was crucial for asymmetric induction. Hydroboration,
      protecting-group interconversion, and cyclization gave 3 stereoselectively.

PMID- 1799937
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of new 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives.
AB  - New 2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3(4H)-one derivatives possessing (4-phenyl-1
      piperazinyl)alkyl moieties at the 2-position were synthesized and tested for
      calcium antagonistic and calmodulin antagonistic activities. Antihypertensive
      effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats were also evaluated. In general, these
      compounds were rather weak calcium channel blockers, although, in contrast, many
      of them had moderate to potent calmodulin antagonistic activity, and 2-[3-(4-(4
      fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-2H-1,4-benzothiazin -3 (4H)-one derivatives
      45, 74 and 75 showed potent antihypertensive effects.

PMID- 1799938
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of new 2-substituted 1,4-benzoxazine
      derivatives.
AB  - A series of new 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives (XI, XII) possessing (4-phenyl-1
      piperazinyl)alkyl moieties at the 2-position and related compounds (XIII) were
      synthesized and tested for calcium antagonistic, calmodulin antagonistic and
      antihypertensive activities. Various compounds had in vitro calmodulin
      antagonistic activity superior or comparable to that of trifluoperazine. Among
      these compounds, tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-b] [1,4]oxazine derivatives such as 51,
      53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 73 and 75 showed potent antihypertensive effects in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats. Optical isomers of 51 were also synthesized and
      evaluated biologically. No differences in biological activities were seen between
      the enantiomers.

PMID- 1799939
TI  - Agents for the treatment of overactive detrusor. I. Synthesis and structure
      activity relationships of 1,1'-biphenyl derivatives.
AB  - A series of 1,1'-biphenyl-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diesters were synthesized and
      examined for their inhibitory activity on guinea-pig detrusor muscle contraction
      at electrical field stimulation in vitro. Among them, 6-isopropyl 2-methyl 3
      hydroxy-5-methyl-2'-nitro-(1,1'-biphenyl)-2,6-dicarboxylate, FR75513 (8a) was one
      of the potent compounds (IC50 = 3.3 x 10(-6) g/ml). This compound (8a) exhibited
      a strong inhibitory activity on detrusor contraction after intravenous
      administration in anesthetized rats (ID50 = 0.04 mg/kg).

PMID- 1799940
TI  - Studies on antiulcer drugs. I. Synthesis and antiulcer activities of imidazo[1,2
      alpha]pyridinyl-2-oxobenzoxazolidines-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxaz ines and related
      compounds.
AB  - A series of imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyridinyl-2-oxobenzoxazolidines (4a-i), -3-oxo-2H
      1,4-benzoxazines (5a-q), their thio-analogues (4j-p and 5r-t) and 5,6,7,8
      tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-alpha]pyridinyl derivatives (8 and 9) were synthesized and
      tested for anti-stress ulcer activity in rats. Several compounds were found to be
      more active than the reference compounds, zolimidine, cimetidine and sucralfate.
      Among them, compound 4e, 5i and 5l also exhibited potent protective activity
      against ethanol-induced gastric lesion. The synthesis and structure-activity
      relationships of these compounds are discussed.

PMID- 1799941
TI  - Biologically active constituents of Arnebia euchroma: structure of arnebinol, an
      ansa-type monoterpenylbenzenoid with inhibitory activity on prostaglandin
      biosynthesis.
AB  - Three phenolic compounds were isolated from the roots of Arnebia euchroma as
      inhibitors of in vitro prostaglandin biosynthesis. Two known compounds were
      identified as shikonofurans and des-O-methyllasiodiplodin. The other new compound
      was named arnebinol and its structure was elucidated as a novel ansa-type
      monoterpenylbenzenoid derivative.

PMID- 1799942
TI  - Biologically active constituents of Arnebia euchroma: structures of new
      monoterpenylbenzoquinones: arnebinone and arnebifuranone.
AB  - Two quinonic compounds, arnebinone and arnebifuranone, were isolated from the
      roots of Arnebia euchroma and their structures were elucidated on the basis of
      spectral evidence. Arnebionone is a monoterpenyl-benzoquinone in which the
      monoterpene moiety forms a fused ring to the benzoquinone. Arnebifuranone is
      another monoterpenylbenzoquinone with a furan ring containing side chain which is
      bonded to the benzoquinone at the head carbon of C10 moiety originating from the
      geranyl moiety of geranylhydroquinone.

PMID- 1799943
TI  - An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from
      the root of Astragalus mongholicus.
AB  - An acidic polysaccharide, designated as AMon-S, was isolated from the roots of
      Astragalus mongholicus BUNGE. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel
      chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 7.6 x 10(4). It showed
      significant reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon
      clearance test. It is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid:
      D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 18:18:1:1, in addition to small amounts
      of O-acetyl groups and peptide moiety. A part of the hexuronic acid residues
      exist as the methyl esters. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic
      resonance and periodate oxidation studies enabled elucidation of its structural
      features and revealed mainly alpha-arabino-beta-3,6-galactan type structural
      units.

PMID- 1799944
TI  - The effects of coexisting lipids on the action of Bacillus thuringiensis
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C toward liposomal substrate.
AB  - The hydrolytic activity of phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PI
      PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis was studied in detail toward mixed liposomes
      consisting of PI and one of other phospholipids and cholesterol. Among PI
      liposomes, small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) were the most sensitive to PI-PLC;
      the enzymatic hydrolysis of PI in SUV was not less than 10-fold that in large
      unilamellar vesicles (LUV) or in multilamellar vesicles (MLV). Thus, in a survey
      of the effects of coexisting lipids on PI-PLC activity, PI-SUV was used.
      Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was stimulative for the enzyme activity toward PI-SUV at
      any molar ratio of PC to PI. Also, the effects of the addition of sphingomyelin
      (SM), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cholesterol on the enzymatic hydrolysis
      of PI were studied in detail on the basis of concentration of total lipids or PI.

PMID- 1799945
TI  - Effect of enzymatic sulfation on biochemical and pharmacological properties of
      catecholamines and tyrosine-containing peptides.
AB  - Substrate specificity of a novel sulfotransferase produced by Eubacterium A-44
      isolated from human feces has been studied. Phenolic drugs, catecholamines, were
      good acceptors of this bacterial enzyme. With regard to dopamine, sulfation
      mostly occurred at the 4-aromatic hydroxy group. We also investigated the effects
      of enzymatic sulfation on pharmacologically active phenolic compounds. Sulfation
      of phenolic compounds generally led to inactivation (e.g. tyramine and Leu
      enkephalin), with the exception of cholecystokinin (CCK) and some
      gastrointestinal peptides. Proteolytic hydrolysis in vitro did not occur at the C
      terminal of the sulfated tyrosine residues of peptides such as Leu-enkephalin and
      kyotorphin. These results suggest that the sulfation by bacterial enzyme plays an
      important role in detoxification, activation and stability of phenolic compounds
      in the human body.

PMID- 1799946
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in horses after intravenous,
      intramuscular or oral administration.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CAF) and its metabolites, dimethylxanthines,
      were examined in horses administered 2.5 mg/kg of CAF intravenously (i.v.),
      intramusculary (i.m.), or orally (p.o.). The plasma samples were extracted by
      Extrelut and the concentrations of CAF and metabolites were determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a short column. The
      pharmacokinetics of CAF after bolus i.v. injection were described by the
      assumption of a two-compartment model, and those of CAF after i.m. or p.o.
      administration were done by the assumption of a one-compartment model. The
      biologic half lives of CAF were 15.5, 18.6, and 16.4 h after administering i.v.,
      i.m. and p.o., respectively. The extent of the bioavailability of the p.o.
      administration was determined as 1.04 times the dose. The differences in
      pharmacokinetic parameters were not statistically significant among
      administration routes. A straight correlation existed between the logarithms of
      body weights of different species of animals and those of their biologic half
      lives of CAF. Therefore, the biologic half life of CAF in an animal might be
      predictable as a function of its body weight.

PMID- 1799947
TI  - Multiple and irreversible binding of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) to human
      serum albumin and its effect on warfarin binding.
AB  - Irreversible bindings of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) to human
      serum albumin (HSA) were investigated in a pH 7.4 buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl at
      various molar ratios (cis-DDP/HSA) up to 60 over a 14 d period (37 degrees C).
      The metal binding seemed to reach a plateau when incubated at less than 10 times
      excess of cis-DDP. As the molar ratio increased, the reaction rate was relatively
      fast within the first day, followed by a moderate increase in the metal binding.
      When incubated at 60 times excess of cis-DDP, the metal bound as much as 20 mol
      per mol of HSA in 14 d. Fluorescence quenching of the metal-bound protein
      suggested that the tryptophan residue was gradually exposed to a hydrophilic
      environment as the metal binding increased. Furthermore, cis-DDP cleaved
      disulfide bonds at the ratio of 1 mol of disulfide bond per 5.3 mol of the metal
      binding. It was therefore suggested that the metal binding also occurred at
      several sites other than the disulfide bond. Warfarin binding to the metal-bound
      protein, examined by fluorescence changes, also decreased with increasing metal
      binding or cleavage of the disulfide bonds. Thus, cis-DDP bound to multiple sites
      in addition to the lone sulfhydryl group (Cys-34), suggesting that massive
      conformational changes of the protein took place.

PMID- 1799948
TI  - Enhanced rectal absorption of insulin in rabbits from hollow-type suppositories
      containing insulin and glyceryl-1-monooctanoate.
AB  - The absorption of two kinds of insulin (from porcine or bovine pancreas) from the
      rectum of rabbits after the administration of hollow-type suppositories
      containing insulin and glyceryl-1-monooctanoate (GMO) as an absorption-enhancing
      agent was investigated. Two types of suppositories were employed: type I
      containing insulin in an aqueous solution (approx. 25 IU/mg/100 microliters
      citric buffer solution at pH 3.0) in the cavity of the suppository and GMO mixed
      with a base material (Witepsol H-15), and type II containing insulin in a
      crystalline form in the same amount as in type I. Without GMO, the insulin and
      glucose levels in plasma were unchanged, whereas a marked increase in the plasma
      levels of insulin and a decrease of glucose concentrations were found following
      coadministration of insulin and GMO by the type I suppository. Similar
      enhancement of rectal absorption of insulin was obtained from porcine and bovine
      sources. In the case of the crystalline insulin, despite the use of the same
      amount of GMO, porcine insulin was more efficiently absorbed than bovine insulin
      by the type II suppository. GMO enhances the absorption of insulin in an aqueous
      solution or a crystalline form, and the dissolution rate of insulin may be an
      important factor in the rectal absorption of insulin.

PMID- 1799950
TI  - Antifungal activity of fumaric acid in mice infected with Candida albicans.
AB  - An examination was made on the effect of fumaric acid on an experimental systemic
      candidiasis. Male ICR mice were innoculated into the tail veins with 10(6) yeast
      cells of Candida albicans and treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of
      fumaric acid at the dose of 40 mg/kg/d. The results indicated that the
      administration of fumaric acid was effective in prolonging the survival of
      animals after the fungal challenge and prevented one-fifth of the treated animals
      from dying of candidiasis.

PMID- 1799949
TI  - Purification and some properties of inducible lysine decarboxylase from Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus.
AB  - Inducible lysine decarboxylase from Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ 3627 was purified
      to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The enzyme displayed a molecular
      weight of 531000 by gel filtration and 79000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme required pyridoxal phosphate as a
      cofactor, and the pH optimum was 5.5. The Km value for L-lysine was 3.2 mM, and
      the enzyme was inhibited by 6-aminocaproic acid and alpha-fluoromethyl analogs of
      cadaverine. delta-Hydroxylysine and S-aminoethyl-L-cysteine was active as
      substrates to a lesser extent than L-lysine. The amino-terminal amino acid
      sequence was determined to be Met-Asn-Ile-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu. These properties were
      compared with those of other bacterial lysine decarboxylases.

PMID- 1799951
TI  - A spider toxin binding protein from bovine brain: its purification and N-terminal
      amino acid sequence determination.
AB  - A 60kDa spider toxin binding protein from bovine brain was solubilized with
      digitonin and purified up to 5800-folds over starting crude homogenate. The
      purification procedure entailed DEAE-cellulose, concanavalin-A affinity, 1
      naphthylacetyl spermine affinity and high performance liquid chromatography. The
      purified protein owned a very high affinity for ligand 125I-JSTX-3 binding Kd
      15.6nM and Bmax 6.5nM. The amino acid composition of the protein was determined.
      The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis yielded a unique sequence: NH2-X-Pro
      X-Val-Tyr-Phe-Lys-Glu-Gln-Phe-Leu-Asp-Gly-Asp-X.

PMID- 1799952
TI  - Immobilization of yeast and the function of immobilized yeast.
AB  - Hansenula anomala, which catalyzes an asymmetric reduction, was immobilized in
      bulk or spherical crosslinked polymers. The catalytic activity of the yeast for
      enantio-selective reduction of 3,8-dioxo-4-methoxycarbonyl-9-methyl-delta 4(10)
      octalin (lab) was severely affected by the immobilization conditions, such as the
      crosslink density, and by hydrophobicity of polymers and other components used
      for immobilization, oxygen concentration in the medium, etc. In some immobilized
      systems, the ratio of resulting enantiomers was inverted from that in a free
      yeast system.

PMID- 1799953
TI  - KNI-102, a novel tripeptide HIV protease inhibitor containing
      allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic.
AB  - HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing allophenylnorstatine [Apns; (2S,3S)-3-amino
      2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid]-Pro (syn diastereomer) as a transition-state
      mimic were established to be potent and highly selective. Z-Asn-Apns-Pro-NHBut
      (KNI-102) is the only tripeptide exhibiting substantial anti-HIV activity and may
      be of minimum size for potent, selective inhibition of HIV protease. Ready
      availability due to its simple chemical structure and stability should make it
      valuable for studies of the development of metabolically stable anti-AIDS drugs.

PMID- 1799954
TI  - Synthesis of the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside derivatives of the specific binding
      peptide part of CD4.
AB  - The 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside derivatives of the specific binding peptide part of
      CD4 to HIV envelope protein gp120 were synthesized.

PMID- 1799955
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 1799956
TI  - Update: etiology, diagnosis and management of hemorrhagic endovasculitis of the
      placenta.

PMID- 1799957
TI  - Managing congenital hand malformations and deformities.

PMID- 1799958
TI  - Dietary recommendations for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 1799959
TI  - Understanding multiple sclerosis: new immunologic insights and prospects for
      specific therapy.

PMID- 1799960
TI  - Indications and techniques for renal, pancreas, and liver transplantation.

PMID- 1799961
TI  - Hemochromatosis: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - What then are the lessons to be learned about prevention and treatment of
      hemochromatosis? Early diagnosis is essential. The best indicator would be
      testing of serum iron and total saturation followed by a serum ferritin if
      elevated. Once these indices are abnormally high, MRI and or a liver biopsy
      should confirm the stage of the iron over-loaded state. If indeed the patient is
      not iron-overloaded (normal liver biopsy in the face of high saturation and
      ferritin level) phlebotomies should be performed until these indices are normal
      and then maintained at a normal level. This should entail four to six
      phlebotomies a year. Family members should also be screened and managed in a like
      manner. HLA typing may be a partially helpful screening device. The abnormal gene
      is closely linked on chromosome 6 with HLA histocompatibility loci. Now, by means
      of HLA typing, we can identify heterozygote carriers and homozygous (abnormal)
      among first degree relatives of patients with hemochromatosis. Unfortunately, HLA
      typing can only be used within a given family and cannot be used to screen the
      general population. It is estimated that 70% of hemochromatoics have the antigen
      HLA-A3; however, so does 28% of the (well) general population. Patients with
      unexplained cirrhosis, arthritis, liver disease, diabetes, impotency,
      cardiomyopathy and neurological symptoms should be screened in a like manner.
      Routine health practice profile chemistries must include a serum iron and iron
      saturation, and if high followed by a serum ferritin. Once diagnosed, therapy
      must be maintained with phlebotomy for the life time of the patient.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799962
TI  - The effect of ketone bodies on nitrogen metabolism in skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. The ketone bodies, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, inhibit glycolysis
      thereby reducing pyruvate availability which leads to a marked inhibition of
      branched-chain amino acid metabolism and alanine synthesis in skeletal muscles
      from fasted mammalian and avian species. 2. The rate of glutamine release from
      skeletal muscles from fasted birds is increased at the expense of alanine in the
      presence of elevated concentrations of ketone bodies because of an increase in
      the availability of glutamate for glutamine synthesis. 3. Ketone bodies inhibit
      both protein synthesis and protein degradation in skeletal muscles from fasted
      mammalian and avian species in vitro. The mechanisms involved remain unknown. 4.
      Inhibition of amino acid metabolism and protein turnover in skeletal muscle by
      ketone bodies may be an important survival mechanism during adaptation to
      catabolic states such as prolonged fasting.

PMID- 1799963
TI  - Buffalo thyroglobulin.
AB  - 1. Buffalo thyroglobulin is the major iodoprotein of buffalo thyroid with a
      sedimentation coefficient of 19 S and an apparent molecular mass of 685 kDa. 2.
      The protein is rich in iodine (1-2%) and thyroxine bound iodine (75%), unlike
      thyroglobulins of other mammalian species. 3. As a glycoprotein, it has the same
      sugar residues as noted for other thyroglobulins, and the total carbohydrate
      content varies from 8.41 to 9.61%. 4. Amino acid composition of buffalo
      thyroglobulin is similar to other species. However, the protein has 2% more
      proline than other mammalian thyroglobulins. 5. Glutamic acid is the sole N
      terminal amino acid of buffalo thyroglobulin, in contrast to aspartic acid or
      asparagine for several other species. 6. The quaternary structure of the protein
      appears to be comprised of eight non-identical subunits.

PMID- 1799964
TI  - Effects of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins on ribosomes from Musca
      domestica.
AB  - 1. Ribosomes from M. domestica larvae were isolated and their susceptibility to
      the action of several ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plants was
      tested. 2. Ribosome-inactivating proteins inhibited, to different extents,
      phenylalanine polymerization by ribosomes. 3. Analysis of RNA from RIP-treated
      ribosomes showed the appearance of an aniline-cleavable rRNA fragment resulting
      from the N-glycosidase activity of the RIPs. 4. The release of adenine from
      saporin 6-treated M. domestica ribosomes was demonstrated by h.p.l.c. analysis.

PMID- 1799965
TI  - Purification, characterization and comparison with mammalian SCP2 of a chicken
      SCP2-like protein.
AB  - 1. Three proteins have been isolated from chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver that
      bind antibodies directed against authentic rat sterol carrier protein2 (SCP2) and
      have similar molecular mass to the three major immunoreactive rat liver proteins
      (12 kDa, 30-36 kDa, 55-60 kDa). 2. Bile from both chicken and rat contains the
      high molecular mass immunoreactive species. 3. The chicken 12 kDa SCP2-like
      protein purifies similarly to rat SCP2 but the homogeneous chicken SCP2-like
      protein is dissimilar in amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid
      sequence. 4. The activity of chicken SCP2-like protein differs from rat SCP2 in
      that it was consistent with fusion (transfer of both polar surface and non-polar
      core lipids) rather than transfer of polar lipids only.

PMID- 1799966
TI  - Comparative aspects of microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase
      activities in musk shrew (Suncus murinus), Mongolian gerbil (Meriones
      unguiculatus), harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) and rat.
AB  - 1. The cytochrome P-450 content (0.75 +/- 0.13 nmol/mg microsomal protein) in
      musk shrew (suncus, Suncus murinus) liver microsomes was lower than that (1.30 +/
      0.26) in rat liver microsomes, but it is approximately the same level as in the
      Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus, 1.18 +/- 0.14), harvest mouse (Micromys
      minutus, 1.11 +/- 0.02) and rat. 2. The hydroxylation activity (based on
      cytochrome P-450) of medium-chain fatty acids (otanoic, decanoic, lauric and
      tridecanoic acids) is much higher in suncus, Mongolian gerbil and harvest mouse
      than in rat, with the exception of the activity of decanoic and tridecanoic acids
      in Mongolian gerbil. 3. This suggests that cytochrome P-450 species catalyzing
      the hydroxylation of medium-chain fatty acids are present in these laboratory
      animals in higher concentrations. 4. The aminopyrine N-demethylation activity
      based on microsomal protein or cytochrome P-450 in suncus is significantly lower
      than that in rat, but the N-demethylation activity in Mongolian gerbil and
      harvest mouse is approximately 1.7-2.0-fold greater than that in rat.

PMID- 1799967
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase from Echinococcus multilocularis: purification and
      characterization.
AB  - 1. Kinetic and physical parameters of purified alkaline phosphatase from
      Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes, livers of infected gerbils and control
      animals were determined. 2. Km value for p-nitrophenyl phosphate was about 0.05
      +/- 0.02 mM for the three enzymes. 3. Vmax values were 357 +/- 67 nmol/min/mg
      proteins for metacestode enzyme, and 6.7 +/- 1.1 and 6.7 +/- 0.8 nmol/min/mg
      proteins for liver enzyme of infected and control animals, respectively. 4. Mr
      and pI were different for the parasite and hepatic enzyme. 5. The parasite enzyme
      was less sensitive to the elevation of temperature than hepatic enzyme. 6. The
      isatin inhibition was a competitive inhibition type for parasite and
      uncompetitive type for host liver enzyme.

PMID- 1799968
TI  - Partial purification and isoelectric focusing patterns of the buffalo (Bubalus
      bubalis) and the Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) glutathione transferases.
AB  - 1. Glutathione transferases from the liver, lung and kidney tissues of the
      buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) were
      partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel
      filtration. 2. Liver tissue contains the highest enzyme activity when compared to
      the lung and kidney tissues. 3. The activity in cattle is higher than that in the
      buffalo. 4. Isoelectric focusing separates the activities into the acidic, near
      neutral and basic fractions. 5. The focused patterns are different for each of
      the tissues and in each of the species investigated.

PMID- 1799969
TI  - Digestion of bacteria and the role of midgut lysozyme in some insect larvae.
AB  - 1. Lysozyme is absent from tissues other than the midgut in the drug-feeding
      larvae of Musca domestica (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Muscidae) and in the fruit
      feeding larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Tephritidae),
      whereas in the detritus-feeding larvae of Trichosia pubescens (Diptera,
      Nematocera, Sciaridae) lysozyme is only found in the hemolymph and in the fat
      body. 2. A. fraterculus larvae have a midgut region with a luminal pH of 3.4, and
      display a pepstatin-inhibited acid proteolytic activity which has a spec. act.
      (7.2 U/mg protein) similar to that of M. domestica. 3. The midgut lysozyme from
      M. domestica and A. fraterculus is more active (high ionic strength) at pH 3.5
      than at pH 6.0, the contrary being true for a midgut chitinase. 4. The results
      suggest that the adaptations to digest bacteria in insects are similar to those
      in vertebrate foregut fermenters, and that these characteristics were probably
      present in the Cyclorrhapha ancestor, but not in the Diptera ancestor.

PMID- 1799970
TI  - Correlation between low-temperature immunosuppression and the absence of
      unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in murine T cells.
AB  - 1. Studies were performed to determine if the inability of murine T cells to
      provide primary helper function at low temperature (27 degrees C) could be
      correlated with their inability to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). 2.
      In the absence of exogenous oleic acid (18:1), splenocytes responded to a T
      dependent (TD) Ag (trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, TNP-KLH) at 37
      degrees C but not at 27 degrees C. The addition of 150 microM 18:1 almost
      completely restored plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to TNP-KLH at 27 degrees
      C but markedly suppressed PFC responses to the TD Ag at 37 degrees C. 3. During
      incubation at 27 degrees C, B cells converted 3- to 5-fold more stearic acid
      (18:0) to 18:1 and showed a greater accumulation of monounsaturated phospholipid
      molecular species than did T cells. 4. Following incubation in the presence of a
      rescuing dose of 18:1 (150 microM), both B and T cells accumulated large amounts
      of dioleoyl PC. 5. It is proposed that the absence of 18:1 synthesis in T cells
      is responsible for the unique low temperature susceptibility of this lymphocyte
      population.

PMID- 1799971
TI  - Comparative electrophoretic studies of third antennal segments of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - 1. Intact third segments of Drosophila antennae, where the sensilla involved in
      chemoreception are located, have been isolated. 2. Homogenates from flies
      differing in age and sex have been subjected to denaturing and non-denaturing
      electrophoresis. 3. Comparison of the polypeptide patterns shows differences
      related to developmental changes as well as specific female and male features
      pointing out sexual dimorphism, especially in adult flies. 4. These results also
      suggest that the technique of isolation as well as the comparative studies of
      third antennal segments should be useful for further investigations on Drosophila
      chemoreception.

PMID- 1799972
TI  - The intracellular distribution and activities of phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase isozymes in various tissues of several mammals and birds.
AB  - 1. The intracellular distribution and/or activities of phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase isozymes were determined in liver, kidney, gastrointestinal mucosa,
      adipose, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, lung and heart of fed and fasted
      rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens and pigeons. 2. Liver and kidney of all
      species contained the highest enzyme activity/g. 3. Carboxykinase activity/g
      gastrointestinal mucosa of rabbits was quite high compared to the low activity in
      guinea pig and rat mucosa and essentially undetectable activity in chicken and
      pigeon mucosa. 4. Activity/g was high in rat brown adipose. 5. Low carboxykinase
      activity/g was found in skeletal muscle of all species and in white adipose of
      guinea pig, rabbit and rat although activity was undetectable in white adipose of
      chicken and pigeon. 6. Carboxykinase activity was essentially undetectable in
      brain, spleen, lung and heart of all species.

PMID- 1799973
TI  - Myosin heavy chain isoforms in white, red and ventricle muscles of barbel (Barbus
      barbus L.).
AB  - 1. Actomyosin extracts of trunk, heart, and head muscles from barbel (Barbus
      barbus L.) were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study their
      myosin heavy chain composition. 2. Four heavy chain isoforms were found: trunk
      white, trunk red, and ventricle muscles yielded one heavy chain typical of the
      muscle type; head muscles devoid of red fibers displayed two heavy chain
      isoforms, the slow migrating one corresponding to the trunk white muscle type. 3.
      The electrophoretic mobility of red and ventricle myosin heavy chains related to
      that of white isoforms appeared highly modified by the glycerol content of the
      gels.

PMID- 1799974
TI  - Comparative studies on the platelet-derived growth factor-A and -B gene
      expression in human monocytes.
AB  - 1. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and -B gene expression was studied in
      human monocytes. 2. Resting monocytes constitutively transcribed both PDGF-A and 
      B genes. When monocytes were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
      transcription rates of both genes were increased in a similar fashion. 3.
      Consistent with the transcription rates, resting monocytes constitutively
      expressed both PDGF-A and -B mRNAs. After LPS stimulation, the PDGF-A mRNA level
      increased gradually, while the PDGF-B mRNA level increased markedly and then
      decreased rapidly. 4. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that
      resting monocytes expressed only short PDGF-A mRNA species (representing exons I
      V + VII), but LPS-stimulated monocytes expressed long PDGF-A mRNA species
      (representing exons I-VII) as well. Both resting and LPS-stimulated monocytes
      expressed only one PDGF-B mRNA species (representing exons I-VII). 5. Together
      these observations indicate that expression of PDGF-A and -B genes is
      differentially regulated at the levels of mRNA splicing and mRNA accumulation in
      monocytes, while transcription of both genes seems to be similarly controlled.

PMID- 1799975
TI  - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3): comparison of subcellular localization of
      the third isozyme that dehydrogenates gamma-aminobutyraldehyde in rat, guinea pig
      and human liver.
AB  - 1. Subcellular fractionation of rat, guinea pig and human livers showed that
      aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolizing gamma-aminobutyraldehyde was exclusively
      localized in the cytoplasmic fraction in all three mammalian species. 2. Total
      gamma-aminobutyraldehyde activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase was found to be ca
      0.41, 0.3 and 0.24 mumol NADH min-1 g-1 tissue, respectively in rat, guinea pig
      and human liver, with more than 95% of activity in the cytoplasm. 3. Partially
      purified cytoplasmic isozyme from rat liver showed similar chromatographic
      behavior and kinetic properties to the E3 isozyme isolated from human liver. 4.
      The rat isozyme was insensitive to disulfiram (40 microM) and to magnesium (160
      microM) and had Km values of 5 microM (pH 7.4) for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, 7.5
      microM (pH 9.0) for propionaldehyde and 4 microM (pH 7.4) for NAD.

PMID- 1799976
TI  - Ontogenesis of transthyretin gene expression in chicken choroid plexus and liver.
AB  - 1. Chicken liver transthyretin cDNA hybridizes strongly with choroid plexus
      transthyretin mRNA from chickens, pigeons, quails and ducks. 2. In the chicken at
      hatching the choroid plexus has reached 70%, total brain 30%, and liver 5.8% of
      their organ masses in adults. 3. The proportion of transthyretin mRNA in total
      RNA is 0.45-times the adult value in the choroid plexus of the chicken at
      hatching. 4. In the liver at hatching, the proportion of transthyretin mRNA in
      total RNA is 1.1-times the value in adult chickens. 5. The pattern of maturation
      of transthyretin gene expression in chicken liver is comparable to that in
      precocial, but differs from that in altricial mammals.

PMID- 1799977
TI  - Lipogenesis depending on sexual maturity in female Japanese quail (Coturnix
      coturnix japonica).
AB  - 1. Lipid biosynthesis in the liver as well as transport into the follicles in
      Japanese quail were investigated depending on sexual maturity at 5, 7, 9 and 11
      weeks of age. Lipogenesis of the liver and incorporation of lipid into the
      follicles were determined by administering [1-14C]sodium acetate. 2. Body weight
      increased up to 9 weeks of age, whereas the weight of the liver and follicle did
      not alter after 7 weeks of age. 3. Fatty acid synthesis in the liver was at its
      highest at 7 weeks of age. Incorporation of 14C into non-saponifiable lipid and
      glyceride-glycerol fractions in the liver was not influenced by aging. 4. The
      labelled fatty acids in the follicle increased linearly as the birds became
      sexually mature.

PMID- 1799979
TI  - A comparative study of the biological properties of some venoms of snakes of the
      genus Bothrops (American lance-headed viper).
AB  - 1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, alkaline
      phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase,
      phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 26 samples of
      venoms from 13 species of Bothrops were determined, and the Sephadex G-75 gel
      filtration patterns for some of the venoms also examined. 2. The results show
      that while there are considerable individual variations in the biological
      activities of many of the Bothrops venoms tested, there are some common
      characteristics at the genus and species levels. 3. The differences in the
      biological properties of the Bothrops venoms tested can be used for the
      differentiation of most Bothrops species examined.

PMID- 1799978
TI  - Vitellogenin diversity in tropical lizards (Anolis pulchellus): identification
      and partial characterization.
AB  - 1. Three size-classes of vitellogenin polypeptides were detected by
      electrophoretic and radiolabeling techniques in 32Pi-labeled plasma of
      vitellogenic female lizards but not in male animals. Based on their apparent Mr,
      the polypeptides were designated as VTG-226-201K, VTG-169-153K and VTG-116-123K.
      2. Structural differences were found between VTG-169-153K and VTG-116K by partial
      proteolysis with S. aureus V8 protease and radiolabeling techniques. 3.
      Autoradiography of a 3-10% native gradient gel revealed three different species
      of VTG in 32Pi-labeled plasma of stimulated males: VTG-I (Mr = 850,000), VTG-II
      (Mr = 750,000) and VTG-III (Mr = 610,000). By 2D PAGE, it was shown that VTG-169K
      and VTG-116K are components of VTG-I, while VTG-153K and VTG-116K comprise VTG
      III. These results suggest an oligomeric structure for native VTG. 4. Amino acid
      analysis, 32Pi incorporation, electrophoretical behavior and Mr estimation
      demonstrated homology between VTG-116K and the S1-lipovitellin from the lizard
      egg. 5. These results strongly indicate an unusual multiplicity of VTG forms in
      tropical lizards when compared to other egg-laying vertebrates.

PMID- 1799980
TI  - Phospholipase B-like activity in rabbit brain membranes.
AB  - 1. Phospholipase B-like activity was found in rabbit brain membranes. 2. The
      activity was greatly enhanced by 0.025% (w/v) Triton X-100 and was inhibited by
      both Ca2+ and Mg2+. 3. With increasing pH of the reaction mixture, the activity
      was augmented. 4. The characteristics of the enzyme activity possibly suggest
      that phospholipase B in rabbit brain may be distinct from those previously
      reported.

PMID- 1799981
TI  - Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from chicken erythrocytes.
AB  - 1. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD) has been purified to homogeneity
      from chicken erythrocytes by anion-exchange, immobilized metal affinity and size
      exclusion chromatography. 2. Molecular properties (amino acid composition,
      molecular mass, subunit composition and spec. act.) of the chicken enzyme are
      similar to those of a bovine erythrocyte Cu,Zn SOD. 3. The chicken and bovine
      enzymes are immunologically similar since antisera raised against each enzyme are
      cross-reactive.

PMID- 1799982
TI  - Influence of pregnancy, lactation and environment on haematological profiles in
      Danish landrace dairy goats (Capra hircus) of different parity.
AB  - 1. Haematological analysis was performed in young and adult non-pregnant, non
      lactating, early and late pregnant, early mid- and late lactating Danish landrace
      goats from five herds. The purpose was to determine whether their levels are
      significantly different in these states and the effect of age and parity on the
      changes. 2. The haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, number of erythrocytes
      and leukocytes were higher in 8-12 month old non-pregnant and 1-2 year old
      pregnant goats than in adult pregnant and lactating goats of over 2 years of age.
      Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and the number of erythrocytes decreased
      in late pregnancy and early lactation. 3. At the same time mean corpuscular
      volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin
      concentration slightly increased. 4. The changes were directly proportional to
      parity, more in pluriparous than in primiparous goats. 5. After parturition the
      former group of parameters increased and the latter decreased. 6. There was an
      increase in the number of total leukocytes close to and after parturition due to
      neutrophils and lymphocytes and it was more pronounced in the first lactation
      than in pluriparous goats. 7. There were significant differences in many
      parameters between goats from different herds (within similar physiological
      states).

PMID- 1799983
TI  - Influence of pregnancy, lactation and environment on some clinical chemical
      reference values in Danish landrace dairy goats (Capra hircus) of different
      parity--I. Electrolytes and enzymes.
AB  - 1. Plasma calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium and potassium
      concentrations, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline
      phosphatase and creatine kinase activities were determined in young and adult non
      pregnant non-lactating, early and late non-lactating pregnant and early, mid- and
      late non-pregnant lactating Danish landrace goats in five herds. The purpose was
      to determine the influence of pregnancy and lactation on the levels of these
      parameters and the effect of age and parity on the changes. 2. Calcium,
      phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate
      aminotransferase decreased in late gestation. Magnesium and creatine kinase
      decreased in early lactating goats but increased in subsequent lactation periods.
      Sodium and potassium fluctuated little during pregnancy and lactation. Calcium,
      magnesium and potassium profiles were inversely, while phosphorus was directly,
      proportional to parity. 3. There were significant differences in most ions and
      enzymes between goats of different herds (within the same physiological state).
      4. The transferases and creatine kinase were higher in young goats than in old
      ones, while alkaline phosphatase was unpredictably high or low in individual
      goats. 5. Alterations in the level of plasma electrolytes and enzyme activities
      occur due to pregnancy and lactation and the degree depends on age and parity,
      influenced also by environment.

PMID- 1799984
TI  - Influence of pregnancy, lactation and environment on some clinical chemical
      reference values in Danish landrace dairy goats (Capra hircus) of different
      parity--II. Plasma urea, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, glucose and total
      serum proteins.
AB  - 1. Plasma urea, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol and total serum
      proteins were determined in Danish landrace goats from five herds in early and
      late gestation, during lactation and in dry goats. The purpose was to determine
      if there are sustained alterations in the levels of these parameters due to
      pregnancy and lactation and whether the changes are dependent on age, parity and
      environment. 2. Urea, creatinine and bilirubin were higher in young non-pregnant
      goats than in others. Urea decreased in goats at early and mid-lactation directly
      proportional to parity so that the higher the parity the more the decrease. 3.
      Creatinine was higher in young and adult non-pregnant goats than in others. There
      was an increase in late lactation that was greater in goats of higher parity than
      in others. 4. Bilirubin was higher in the mid-lactation stage, much more in goats
      of higher parity than in others. 5. Glucose concentration was lower in pregnant
      than in lactating goats and increased during lactation. The decrease during
      pregnancy was greater in higher parity goats than in others. 6. Plasma
      cholesterol and total serum proteins increased during lactation directly
      proportional to parity. 7. There were significant differences in biochemical
      parameters between goats from different herds (within similar physiological
      states). 8. Sustained alterations of these biochemical parameters occur during
      pregnancy and lactation in goats; the magnitude of changes depends on age and
      parity, and varies between herds.

PMID- 1799985
TI  - IFRA and the dermatologist.

PMID- 1799986
TI  - Airborne contact dermatitis: an update.
AB  - This review is an update of a previously published one on airborne-induced
      contact dermatoses. Because reports in the literature often omit the term
      'airborne', 12 volumes of Contact Dermatitis (July 1985-April 1991) were
      screened, and the cases cited were classified as to history, lesion locations,
      causative agents, and other factors. The number of reports of airborne dermatoses
      has increased considerably in recent years.

PMID- 1799987
TI  - Nickel concentrations in fingernails as a measure of occupational exposure to
      nickel.
AB  - The nickel concentration in fingernails from 2 groups of people occupationally
      exposed to nickel was determined. In one group, comprising 83 persons moderately
      exposed to nickel, the mean +/- standard deviation (SD) was 29.2 micrograms/g +/-
      56.7 micrograms/g and the median 13.8 micrograms/g (range 0.926-396
      micrograms/g). In the other group, comprising 51 persons heavily exposed to
      nickel, the mean +/- SD was 123 micrograms/g +/- 289 micrograms/g and the median
      29.9 micrograms/g (range 1.95-1770 micrograms/g). Both levels were significantly
      different from the normal nickel concentration in nails (p less than 0.001). The
      difference between the 2 levels was also significant (p less than 0.001). No
      correlation between the nickel concentration in fingernails and the duration of
      exposure could be demonstrated. It was concluded that the higher the nickel level
      in the fingernails, the greater is the possibility that the person is
      occupationally exposed to nickel. Nail analysis is suggested as a measure of
      occupational exposure to nickel.

PMID- 1799988
TI  - Sequential order of skin responses to surfactants during a soap chamber test.
AB  - Differences in the response of distinct layers of the skin to surfactants were
      probed using a modification of the Frosch and Kligman soap chamber test. Soap and
      other surfactant-containing cleansers were applied to the skin for 2 consecutive
      days. Transepidermal water loss showed that the stratum corneum is readily
      damaged even by a mild insult when no erythema is induced. A more severe
      treatment, such as 24-h exposure to a 5% soap solution, induced the maximal level
      of barrier damage but a submaximal level of erythema. Even 2 days of exposure to
      5% soap does not elicit a maximal erythema response. These results suggest that
      the stratum corneum is more readily damaged than the dermis, which is not
      unexpected because the stratum corneum is the initial point of contact between
      surfactant and skin. Furthermore, this study indicates that for discriminating
      among mild products, when a small degree of irritation is induced, the most
      effective measure is stratum corneum damage assessed by evaporimetry. However,
      for evaluating more irritating products, erythema is probably the more
      discriminating evaluation technique.

PMID- 1799989
TI  - Late phase allergic reaction of the skin to ethyl alcohol.

PMID- 1799990
TI  - Eyelid dermatitis due to cocamidopropyl betaine in a hard contact lens solution.

PMID- 1799991
TI  - Contact dermatitis from spectacle frames and hearing aid containing diethyl
      phthalate.

PMID- 1799992
TI  - Primula photodermatitis in Israel.

PMID- 1799993
TI  - Ethylenediamine contact dermatitis.

PMID- 1799994
TI  - Frequency of allergic reactions to methyldibromoglutaronitrile (1,2-dibromo-2,4
      dicyanobutane) in The Netherlands.

PMID- 1799995
TI  - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with a portable home humidifier.
AB  - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immunologically mediated inflammatory
      disorder of the pulmonary parenchyma which has been traditionally associated with
      the inhalation of organic dusts (farmer's lung, pigeon breeder's disease) and a
      variety of simple chemical compounds. More recently, the disease has been
      reported in association with the inhalation of aerosolized droplets in home and
      office settings. In Connecticut, the home and office, rather than the farm or
      factory, are the most common, although frequently unrecognized, environmental
      settings in which HP develops. We report here a case of a young, healthy woman
      who developed severe HP associated with the use of a portable home ultrasonic
      humidifier. This clinical entity should be suspected in the patient with a
      "recurrent viral illness" or "recurrent pneumonia." A review of the clinical and
      laboratory findings of humidifier-induced HP are discussed in relation to its
      pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

PMID- 1799996
TI  - Diagnostic nasal endoscopy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery: an update and
      review of complications.
AB  - Diagnostic nasal endoscopy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery are relatively
      new techniques that have expanded our understanding of sinus physiology and the
      etiologies of sinus pathology. Diagnosis at an early stage of chronic sinus
      disease demonstrates that pathological changes are often limited to the
      osteomeatal complex and the anterior sinus group. Early disease refractory to
      aggressive medical management usually responds to surgical treatment. Surgery in
      this setting is most often performed under local anesthesia, without nasal
      packing, with an immediate improvement in the patient's symptoms, and with
      minimal risk of complications.

PMID- 1799997
TI  - Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography--an indispensable tool in valve
      reconstruction and congenital anomalies.
AB  - Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with color flow mapping has become an
      excellent tool for evaluating valve reconstruction and correction of congenital
      anomalies intraoperatively. From February 1990 to September 1990 we have utilized
      TEE intraoperatively in 14 consecutive patients. Their ages ranged from 25 to 77
      years, with a mean age of 58.7 years. There were eight males and six females.
      Twenty-one pathological entities were identified intraoperatively: mitral
      regurgitation due to posterior leaflet pathology in four; anterior leaflet
      pathology in four; annular dilatation in two; left to right shunt at the atrial
      level in five (two with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage); aortic
      regurgitation in two; and one patient each with ostium primum septal defect,
      Ebstein's anomaly, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOC), and aortic
      stenosis. Based on intraoperative TEE findings, corrective procedures included
      quadrangle resection posterior leaflet with Carpentier ring in four, chordal
      shortening and chordal transfer anterior leaflet in four, flexible Duran ring for
      annular dilatation in two, closure of all atrial septal defects (ASD) with
      pericardial patch in secundum and sinus venosis type (ligation of small anomalous
      vein in one), and Dacron patch in primum type, myomectomy for HOC and
      reconstruction of the tricuspid annulus with Duran ring in Ebstein's anomaly. Two
      patients with associated coronary artery disease had coronary bypass grafting
      done. Following mitral valve repair TEE demonstrated trivial to no mitral
      regurgitation in eight (seven with repair) and mild regurgitation in one patient.
      All patients with closure of the ASD had an intact septum. The gradient in HOC
      was reduced significantly and there was satisfactory anatomical reattachment of
      the tricuspid annulus in Ebstein's anomaly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1799998
TI  - Recommendations on HIV education, counseling, and testing for women.

PMID- 1799999
TI  - Is the jury system or the contingency fee system wrong?

PMID- 1800000
TI  - Medical malpractice 1991: uncovering useful data.

PMID- 1800001
TI  - Cooling off after exercise.

PMID- 1800002
TI  - A novel synthetic vitamin D3 analogue, 2-beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-calcitriol (ED
      71): its biological activities and pharmacological effects on calcium metabolism.
AB  - A novel vitamin D3 analogue, [2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-calcitriol: ED-71] showed
      a similar Ca-regulating activity as calcitriol in the in vivo and in vitro Ca
      mobilization test and ex vivo intestinal Ca absorption assay using vitamin D
      deficient rats. The differentiation-inducing activity of ED-71 in mouse myeloid
      leukemia cell line (WEHI-3 cell) was slightly less than that of calcitriol. ED-71
      distributes predominantly in plasma as an intact form and its half-life plasma
      was twice as long as that of calcitriol. Further study revealed that the higher
      binding potency of ED-71 to plasma-specific vitamin D-binding protein (DBP)
      compared with that of calcitriol accounts for its stability in the blood
      circulation. The pharmacological effect of ED-71 for the animal models with
      osteoporosis seemed to be better than that calcitriol. These results suggest that
      ED-71 should become a valuable therapeutic long-acting drug for patients with
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 1800003
TI  - The noncalcemic analogue of vitamin D, 22-oxacalcitriol, suppresses parathyroid
      hormone synthesis and secretion.
AB  - OCT, a non-calcemic analogue of 1,25(OH)2D3 has been found to have a more potent
      activity than that of 1,25(OH)2D3 regarding cell differentiation and
      immunopotentiation activity, and to prolong the average life span of MRL/l mice.
      Recently, we found that OCT effectively suppressed the secretion and synthesis of
      PTH without inducing hypercalcemia. In primary cultures of bovine parathyroid
      cells, OCT was capable of suppressing PTH release in a dose-dependent manner. OCT
      was also active in vivo, and, like 1,25(OH)2D3, decreased the pre-pro(PTH) mRNA
      levels. In a group of rats with CRF, daily administration of OCT, 8 ng i.p. for 2
      weeks returned PTH levels to normal without changes in serum calcium. Preliminary
      results in dogs with CRF indicated that after the administration of OCT 5
      micrograms i.v., N-terminal PTH decreased by 76% without changes in Ca. In
      conclusion, OCT may provide a unique contribution to the treatment of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 1800004
TI  - Metabolism and transporting system of 22-oxacalcitriol.
AB  - The binding potencies of OCT to chick intestinal calcitriol receptor and vitamin
      DBP were approximately 1/8 and 1/600 of the respective values of calcitriol. OCT
      is circulating mainly as an intact form bound to chylomicrons and/or
      lipoproteins. Intravenously injected [3H]-OCT to normal rats was quickly
      decreased from blood and rapid excretion of OCT as a glucuronate into bile was
      observed. However, significant amounts of radioactivities were recovered in the
      intact form in liver and intestine even after 24 h. The separation of calcemic
      and immune and/or differentiation activities may be derived from the rapid
      turnover and the nonspecific transporting system.

PMID- 1800005
TI  - Effect of alendronate (bisphosphonate) in animal models of hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 1800006
TI  - The importance of non-vitamin D-mediated calcium absorption.
AB  - In rapidly growing neonatal rats, the intestine is insensitive to vitamin D, and
      Ca absorption is solely mediated through a non-energy-dependent process. Changes
      in Ca absorption associated with pregnancy and lactation are qualitatively
      similar in vitamin D-replete and vitamin D-deplete rats. Moreover, in vivo
      studies in man and the rat have demonstrated that the bulk of Ca absorption is
      accomplished in the ileum, a segment with limited capacity for active Ca
      absorption and is relatively insensitive to the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D. In patients with intestinal bypass operations the degree of Ca malabsorption
      and bone mineral loss is proportional to the length of ileum, not duodenum or
      proximal intestine, removed. Bile salts and lactose are examples of agents which
      can augment vitamin D-independent ileal Ca absorption through the intercellular
      pathway.

PMID- 1800007
TI  - Bisphosphonates increase serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating
      renal production of the hormone.

PMID- 1800008
TI  - Calcium as an intracellular signal for cell proliferation response. Studies on
      IGF-II induced DNA synthesis in Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts.

PMID- 1800009
TI  - Effects of parathyroid hormonal peptides on the gut.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown PTH to be an effective relaxant of smooth muscle
      throughout the mammalian tract. Recently, we found PTHrP to be equally as potent
      and effective on the gut as PTH, and we hypothesized that PTHrP, rather than PTH,
      might be the natural ligand for the gut receptors which mediate GI smooth muscle
      relaxation. To approach this question, we asked whether rat GI tissue expresses
      mRNA for PTHrP. Using selective reverse transcription and PCR we have found PTHrP
      mRNA in smooth muscle throughout the rat GI tract and in gastric and colonic
      mucosa as well. Our findings support the idea that PTHrP can be produced by GI
      tissues and that it may function there as an autocrine or paracrine factor. One
      of its actions may involve regulation of GI muscle tone.

PMID- 1800010
TI  - Regulation of skeletal remodeling by parathyroid hormone.
AB  - PTH is responsible for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and normocalcemia.
      Secretion of PTH is stimulated or suppressed by perturbations in the serum
      calcium level. The calciotropic effects of PTH are mediated primarily by bone,
      where PTH-stimulated remodeling may release calcium to the extracellular fluid,
      and by the kidneys, where calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion are
      increased. The effects of PTH in bone are bipolar: including regulation of
      multiple cell types, especially, both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and
      stimulating both bone formation (anabolic effects) and bone resorption
      (catabolic) effects. The purpose of this review is to discuss the available data
      regarding PTH-regulated bone remodeling, the role of second messengers produced
      by polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, the possible role of G proteins in regulating
      this reaction, and the biologic effects of activating this system. Greater
      insight into the complexities of parathyroid hormone-regulated bone remodeling
      are still required.

PMID- 1800011
TI  - Ciclosporin and calcium: implications for drug action, interactions and toxicity.

PMID- 1800012
TI  - The role of bone in the regulation of systemic acid-base balance.

PMID- 1800013
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of calbindin-D28k, calbindin-D9k and parvalbumin
      in rat kidney.
AB  - Possible sites involved in active Ca2+ transport were traced by means of
      immunocytochemical detection of calcium-binding proteins (CaBP) in the mammalian
      kidney. Antisera were raised in rabbits against calbindin-D28k from chick kidney
      and calbindin-D9k from bovine intestine and parvalbumin from rabbit muscle. In
      the rat kidney, parvalbumin and calbindin-D9k were co-localized in the loops of
      Henle and distal convoluted tubule. In the collecting duct their presence was
      restricted to the intercalated cells. In all responsive cells parvalbumin and
      calbindin-D9k were present exclusively along the basolateral membrane. Calbindin
      D28k was only present in the outer part of the cortex, where it was localized in
      the distal convoluted tubule and in the connecting tubule. In these cells
      calbindin-D28k was evenly distributed through the cytosol. Calbindin-D28k, unlike
      parvalbumin and calbindin-D9k, could not be demonstrated in the loops of Henle or
      collecting duct.

PMID- 1800014
TI  - Effects of thiazides on epithelial calcium transport.
AB  - Our study clearly demonstrates that the thiazide diuretics stimulate calcium
      absorption in vitro. This effect can be separated from all other known effects of
      the diuretic on membrane transport.

PMID- 1800015
TI  - Calciotropic hormones and pain.

PMID- 1800016
TI  - Therapeutic trial of hematological disorders with intermittent administration of
      high-dose 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.
AB  - Aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome were successfully treated with an
      intermittent administration of high-dose 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3, an active
      analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This effect was considered to be through
      the differentiation-inducing and immunomodulatory actions of 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3. The only adverse effect was hypercalciuria which was
      controllable by decreasing the dose.

PMID- 1800017
TI  - Influences of cigarette smoke inhalation on pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in
      rats.
AB  - The influences of cigarette smoke inhalation on the pharmacokinetics of
      cimetidine administered orally and parenterally were investigated in rats using a
      smoking machine. The animals were exposed to two kinds of cigarette smoke, low-
      or high-nicotine.tar, inhaled for 10 min immediately after oral (50 mg/kg),
      intraperitoneal (25 mg/kg) or intravenous (10 mg/kg) administration of
      cimetidine. The plasma level after cimetidine was administered orally was lower
      in the absorption phase in the two cigarette smoke inhaling groups than in the
      non-smoking control group, and was particularly marked in the high-nicotine.tar
      cigarette smoke inhaling group. In contrast, no significant difference was found
      in cimetidine plasma level between the cigarette smoke inhaling groups and the
      non-smoking control group when administered intraperitoneally or intravenously.
      These results suggest that cigarette smoke inhalation may cause a suppression or
      a delay in cimetidine absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and that the
      degree of influence is dependent upon the content of nicotine.tar in the
      cigarette smoke.

PMID- 1800018
TI  - The effects of atropine on pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rabbits.
AB  - The effects of atropine on serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of
      theophylline were studied in six rabbits (2.07 +/- 0.11 kg). Theophylline serum
      concentration was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. After i.v.
      administration of aminophylline 12.5 mg/kg, i.m. atropine 1 mg/kg decreased
      significantly the maximal serum concentration of theophylline from 23.6 +/- 1.1
      to 19.6 +/- 1.1 mg/l, and increased that of theophylline at the time of 6 and 8
      hours after injection. After i.v. aminophylline administration without or with
      atropine, the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline calculated using a one
      compartment open model were: K (elimination rate constant) = 0.23 +/- 0.03, 0.19
      +/- 0.02/h; t1/2 (half life) = 3.04 +/- 0.40, 3.66 +/- 0.40 h; Cl (clearance) =
      0.26 +/- 0.04, 0.23 +/- 0.03 l/kg/h, respectively (P less than 0.01). But there
      was no significant variation in modification of volume of distribution (Vd). The
      results suggested that there is a significant drug interaction between atropine
      and theophylline.

PMID- 1800019
TI  - Decrease of beta-endorphin in the brain of rats following nitrous oxide
      withdrawal.
AB  - beta-Endorphin levels in the whole rat brain were not changed during acute (25
      min) or chronic (48 h) exposure of rats to N2O. However, a significant decrease
      of beta-endorphin was found in the whole brain, brain stem and subcortex during
      the withdrawal from chronic exposure to N2O. It has been suggested that decrease
      of beta-endorphin levels during N2O withdrawal could be ascribed to unspecific
      stress accompanying drug withdrawal. Decrease of central beta-endorphin during
      N2O withdrawal might have a significant modulatory effect on transmitter balance,
      neuronal excitability and corresponding withdrawal behaviour. Furthermore, the
      decrease of beta-endorphin levels in the whole brain during N2O withdrawal might
      contribute to the postanaesthesia N2O-excitatory syndrome in humans. This might
      explain the known therapeutic effect of the opioid drug, meperidine on the
      excitatory N2O withdrawal phenomena during recovery from N2O anaesthesia in man.

PMID- 1800020
TI  - Total versus unspecific binding: standardization and optimization of receptor
      ligand binding assays.
AB  - Intra- and interassay imprecision was evaluated in 3 in vitro ligand binding
      assays using different types of filtering devices, glass fiber filters and
      variations in methodology. In the [3H]-spiroperidol test, the already low
      unspecific binding seemed to be dependent on the type of filters employed,
      whereas in the [3H]-ketanserin- and [3H]-GR 65630-binding tests, differences were
      within the range of the normal variabilities. However, in the latter test, which
      is problematic owing to the high unspecific binding of [3H]-GR 65630, it was
      found that although the percentage of specific binding was fairly constant on
      different sheets, large differences in the absolute amounts of total and
      unspecific binding were observed on consecutive sheets in the same experiment.
      Thus, it is critically important to filter samples for total and unspecific
      binding together on the same filter sheet for the calculation of specific
      binding. Under these precautions, highly reproducible results for IC50-values in
      the screening of potential 5HT3-receptor ligands were obtained in spite of using
      rat entorhinal cortex, a relatively large area with suboptimal 5HT3-receptor
      density. In contrast, when using rat area postrema, which is optimal with respect
      to receptor density, more than 10 times the number of rats is necessary for a
      competition experiment due to the small size of this brain part. Since IC50
      values for both areas compare favorably, entorhinal cortex should be used for
      ethical reasons and to minimize costs.

PMID- 1800021
TI  - Evaluation of phagocyte functions, inflammatory lymphokine activities and in
      vitro antibody synthesis in patients with active and chronic pulmonary
      tuberculosis.
AB  - In fourteen patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TBC) (seven active and seven
      chronic cases) non-specific immunity and B cell function were evaluated.
      Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) and monocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing
      were depressed to a different extent regardless of the disease status.
      Additionally, determination of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor and
      leukocyte inhibitory factor activities indicated a reduced production of these
      two lymphokines. This may also explain the impairment of phagocyte functions.
      Furthermore, the frequency of T cell subsets was slightly modified except for the
      increased number of CD25+ cells. The in vitro antibody response was analysed in a
      plaque-forming cell system using pokeweed mitogen (PWM) as a polyclonal activator
      and purified protein derivative (PPD) as a specific antigen. Results show that in
      patients with active TBC the anti-PPD antibody response was markedly enhanced,
      while in both groups of patients PWM-induced antibody synthesis was normal. These
      findings indicate several immune deficiencies related to phase activity which
      occur during the course of the disease.

PMID- 1800022
TI  - Neonatal brain parameters: outstanding tails of normal distribution.
AB  - Previous studies were concerned with distribution curves of values of brain
      parameters (weight, DNA or cell number, and protein) in a population of 720
      neonatal rats. These values followed normal distribution curves, and the tails of
      such curves, with values in excess of two standard deviations (SD) above (right
      hand) or below (left hand) the mean (X), were statistically significant. In the
      present work a larger sample (1,948) of neonatal rats, with particular reference
      to those whose brain parameters exceeded three SD above or below X, respectively,
      was examined. Such occurrences are rare; they are somewhat skewed with respect to
      numbers expected in the tails of a normal distribution curve. For DNA the highest
      deviations from X were for 'maximal' brain, +3.62 SD (right tail); and for
      'minimal' brain, -4.33 SD (left tail). Further study suggested that one of the
      factors increasing the maximal values might be a lower number in the litter, and
      one of the factors decreasing the minimal values was a lower maternal weight at
      conception. Thus the factors affecting maximal and minimal brains are not the
      same. The occurrence of such individuals with maximal or minimal values of
      neonatal brain parameters is of particular interest if these parameters are
      correlated with behavioural performance.

PMID- 1800024
TI  - The relation of temperament and behavior disorders in a preschool clinical
      sample.
AB  - This study reports on the putative role of temperamental traits in the
      development of psychiatric disorders in preschool children. The study utilized
      the Behavior Screening Questionnaire and Dimensions of Temperament Survey on 55
      clinically referred preschoolers (43 boys and 12 girls). The results indicated
      that children with a low score on the Behavior Screening Questionnaire
      (indicating low psychopathology) were found to have a significantly lower
      activity level and lower distractibility, but had a higher score on rhythmicity.

PMID- 1800023
TI  - Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered
      children.
AB  - This study of attention-deficit-disordered children revealed that females were
      more frequently retained in school and evidenced greater impairment on spatial
      memory tasks. Moreover, there was a trend for girls to be older at the time of
      referral. With age, the girls evidenced more severity across a wider array of
      measures, including cognitive functioning, poorer academic achievement, and more
      problems with peers.

PMID- 1800025
TI  - Suicidal behavior among psychiatric inpatient children: an estimate of
      prevalence.
AB  - The prevalence of suicidal behavior among pre-adolescent child psychiatric
      inpatients has been estimated to range between 18 and 80 percent of the inpatient
      population. This study is a chart review of the documentation of suicidal
      behaviors displayed by 45 consecutive child psychiatric inpatient admissions.
      According to the Pfeffer Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale, 31 percent of the
      sample had recently engaged in some form of suicidal behavior and 9 percent had
      made a life-threatening attempt.

PMID- 1800026
TI  - The magnitude of concurrent psychiatric disorders in hospitalized substance
      abusing adolescents.
AB  - Data regarding the concomitant occurrence of substance abuse and other
      psychiatric disorders in an inpatient treatment program for adolescents is
      presented. Comparison with three other similar studies reveals that conduct and
      mood disorders appear to be the most prevalent concurrent diagnoses of inpatient
      adolescent substance abusers.

PMID- 1800028
TI  - The progress of stomatology.

PMID- 1800027
TI  - Prenatal stress and childhood psychopathology.
AB  - The documentation of levels of prenatal maternal stress and anxiety of four
      populations of severely emotionally disturbed children and adolescents was
      retrospectively reviewed to examine their relationship to the later development
      of childhood psychopathology. Significantly more of those children were born to
      unmarried mothers who had not planned to become pregnant, felt unhappy about
      being pregnant, lived in family discord, emotionally rejected being pregnant, and
      experienced significantly more physical problems than would be expected by
      chance. This study supports the hypothesis that chronic prenatal stress adds both
      physiological and psychological risk factors to the later development of
      childhood psychopathology.

PMID- 1800029
TI  - Bacterial translocation and multiple system organ failure in bowel ischemia and
      reperfusion.
AB  - Portal circulation was reduced to 50-60% for one hour by partial occlusion of the
      superior mesenteric artery for the purpose of studying the relationship between
      reperfusion injury, bacterial translocation and multiple system organ failure.
      Forty dogs were divided randomly into four groups, and 1 x 10(10)/kg E. coli
      O111B4 were fed to each animal 12 hours before operation. Group I constituted the
      controls, in which sham operations were performed. The experimental procedure was
      completed in all the animals of the other three groups. Rubia yunnanensis, an
      anti-oxidant, was given to group III. Amikacin was given to group IV. The results
      showed that group II was characterized by bacteremia, hypoxemia, and hypotension
      as compared with group I. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the whole
      blood were markedly lowered and malondialdehyde (MDA) values significantly
      elevated in group II after reperfusion compared with group I. Plasma levels of
      anaphylatoxin C5a and B2 (TXB2) were significantly raised in group II beginning
      with the reperfusion when compared with groups I, III and IV. Pathological
      changes in the intestine, liver and lung were remarkable only in group II,
      including acute necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, granulocyte infiltration,
      hemorrhage and edema of the lung, degenerative changes of myocardial and hepatic
      cells, and bacterial invasion of the blood, liver and lung. These results
      suggested that bowel ischemia and reperfusion may promote gut barrier failure and
      bacterial translocation, then contribute to the development to multiple system
      organ failure (MSOF) by allowing bacteria or endotoxin normally contained within
      the gut to reach the portal and systemic circulations where it fuels the septic
      process. Oxygen free radicals, anaphylatoxin and thromboxane may be potential
      factors in the development of gut barrier failure and MSOF.

PMID- 1800030
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibody
      against Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - Eight strains of sonicated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) were pooled as group
      antigen to detect the serum IgG antibody to H. pylori in patients with various
      gastroduodenal diseases and subjects at health check-up. The enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay method used had a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 87%,
      and a positive predictive value of 96%. The prevalence of serum IgG antibody to
      H. pylori was 19.0% in patients with Type A gastritis, 76.0% in patients with
      Type B gastritis, 91.5% in duodenal ulcer, and 92.9% in gastric ulcer. Moreover,
      the prevalence of serum IgG antibody to H. Pylori in newborns was 53% (probably
      acquired from mother), in children below 10 years old was 25%. The detection rate
      gradually rose to 70% with the increase of age, but decreased to 40% in those
      over 70 years of age.

PMID- 1800031
TI  - Relationship between left ventricular end-diastolic compliance and abnormal
      Doppler mitral filling in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - Left ventricular end-diastolic compliance (LVEDC) and transmitral flow velocities
      were measured in 19 patients with coronary artery disease associated with
      hypertension and 10 normal subjects by LV catheterization and pulsed-Doppler
      echocardiography. LVEDC was much lower in the patient than in the normal subjects
      (P less than 0.01). The data showed that abnormal Doppler diastolic function such
      as elevated late diastolic peak flow velocity (PVA) and decreased LVEDC occurred
      in the patients at the same time. In addition, the negative correlation of PVA
      with LVEDC observed in normal controls but not in patients suggested that in
      patients with impaired diastolic filling, factors other than the decreased LVEDC
      itself must also participate in the development of diastolic dysfunction.

PMID- 1800032
TI  - Location of myocardial infarction and its surface cardioelectric representation.
      An experimental study.
AB  - In order to explore the relationship between the different location of myocardial
      infarction (MI) and reflections of pathognomonic Q potentials on the body
      surface, an experimental study was carried out in 28 dogs. The results were (1)
      in 27 of a total 28 dogs after MI formation, abnormal Q maps appeared; (2) right
      ventricular MI, posterior wall MI and some lateral and apical MI are prone to
      miss abnormal Q potentials in the conventional 12-lead ECG; and (3) the MI
      location and relative size diagnosed through electrocardiographic peak mapping
      (EPM) correlated to acute MI in dog ventricles fairly well. The unexpected Q map
      reflections of right ventricular MI provide new clues for improving our automatic
      diagnosis system after further correlative studies. The results strongly support
      the feasibility of the application of EPM in clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 1800033
TI  - Serum-free culture system for L-CFU assay on acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
      cases.
AB  - A completely serum-free culture system for L-CFU assay in vitro on 5 cases of
      acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is reported. Several agents were tested for
      the requirement of L-CFU assay in order to substitute the animal or human serum
      in the conventional culture medium. The results showed that fraction V of bovine
      serum albumin (2 x 10(-4) mol/L), iron saturated human transferrin (400
      micrograms/ml), insulin (1 U/ml), and cholesterol (20 micrograms/ml) were
      indispensible components for the growth of ANLL L-CFU. Colonies of larger size
      could be obtained by adding 2-mercaptoethanol. HTB9-CM as the source of growth
      stimulating factor was used in all experiments. This method is useful for the
      study of L-CFU proliferation regulated by the human hemopoietic growth factors
      and the standardization of L-CFU assay.

PMID- 1800034
TI  - Preliminary observation of continuous albendazole therapy in alveolar
      echinococcosis.
AB  - Fifteen cases of alveolar hydatid disease were treated with albendazole in the
      dosage of 20 mg/kg/d x 30 days for 12-60 courses. All cases were followed up 1-5
      years (average 38 months) by ultrasonic scanning of liver and chest X-ray films.
      One patient whose hepatic lesion was converted into fibro-calcific after
      treatment was apparently cured. Twelve patients were symptomatically improved:
      jaundice (4 cases) and hemoptysis (2 cases) disappeared, with reduction in size
      of lesions in the liver and lung. Two patients in the late stage of disease with
      huge and extensive nodular masses in both lobes of the liver were not improved.
      Evidently, albendazole is effective in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease.
      Early diagnosis and early treatment are to be emphasized.

PMID- 1800035
TI  - Differential disruption of simple drawing movements in patients with unilateral
      brain lesion.
AB  - In examining the ability of patients with unilateral brain lesion to copy simple
      drawings of a house and a human face, 18 apoplectic patients confirmed by CT
      scanning were studied. We found that their drawing of a house was inferior to
      that of a face in 19 tests (90.5%) of 17 patients (94.4%). Marked differences
      existed in nearly 90% of these tests. No difference was found between the right
      hemisphere and left-hemisphere group, except that more patients of the right
      hemisphere group showed contralateral neglect, but in the house drawings only.

PMID- 1800036
TI  - Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on acute experimental traumatic head
      injury in cats.
AB  - The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on early acute traumatic head
      injury in cats were evaluated by continuous intravenous infusion of TRH (2
      mg/kg/h) or saline (2 ml/kg/h) for four hours, beginning one hour after injury.
      The results showed that TRH, administered intravenously, significantly increased
      the mean arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, decreased
      intracranial pressure, alleviated brain edema, and reduced the mortality rate.
      These effects promoted the recovery of neurologic function following traumatic
      head injury. Because of the significant central action and the ability to
      antagonize many pathophysiological effects of endogenous opioids or exogenous
      opiates except their analgesic effects, TRH and its analogues have broad
      prospects in the treatment of patients with CNS injuries or shock.

PMID- 1800037
TI  - Intramedullary pressure changes in proximal femur before and after treatment of
      congenital dislocation of the hip. Evaluation of the development of the femoral
      head.
AB  - Thirty-four hips were observed radiographically to see the development of the
      femoral head. The intramedullary pressure was measured in the proximal femur
      before and after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hips. The
      intramedullary pressure in the avascular femoral head decreased more obviously
      than that in the normal head after treatment. A term of "IMP subtraction value"
      was put forward as an objective index for evaluating the development of the
      femoral head after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.

PMID- 1800038
TI  - Comprehensive assessment of long-term postoperative continence in pediatric
      imperforate anus. Clinical, manometric and contrast studies.
AB  - 109 patients with imperforate anus were followed up postoperatively for 5 to 28
      years. Postoperative continence was evaluated by anorectal manometry, barium
      enema and clinical symptoms. A comprehensive assessment system, combining the
      clinical and objective systems was designed which can reflect postoperative anal
      continence function completely and objectively. It is useful for determining the
      causes of incontinence and its treatment.

PMID- 1800040
TI  - Parkinson's disease in China. Coordinational Group of Neuroepidemiology, PLA.
AB  - An epidemiological study on the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease
      (PD) was carried out in 29 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in this
      country in 1986. The survey was conducted in 117 areas, and 566 patients with PD
      were found among 3,869,162 persons examined, giving a point prevalence for men
      and women of 16.9/10(5) and 12.4/10(5), with the highest prevalence after the
      fifth decade of age. The disease was most prevalent in the southern part of
      China, especially in Hunan and Guangxi provinces. The incidence was 1.5/10(5)/yr
      in 1986. Both the prevalence and incidence of PD in China are lower than those in
      the white race and Japanese.

PMID- 1800039
TI  - Radiographic manifestations and pathologic basis of parosteal osteosarcoma.
      Analysis of 17 cases.
AB  - The authors reviewed the radiographic manifestations of 17 cases of parosteal
      osteosarcoma, with pathologic correlation in 15. There were two types of
      parosteal osteosarcoma radiologically. The majority of cases were type I with
      uniformly dense masses which had regular borders. They often adhered to the
      cortex and showed no evidence of soft-tissue invasion which correlated with low
      grade pathologic malignancy and a relatively benign clinical course. Type II
      involved the bone, soft-tissue and the medullary cavity. These lesions were
      poorly differentiated and frequently accompanied by metastatic lesions.

PMID- 1800041
TI  - Effect of panaxatriol ginsenoside on interleukin-6 mRNA translation.

PMID- 1800042
TI  - Selective arterial embolization in orthopaedic pathology. Analysis of long-term
      results.
AB  - 9 patients with tumorous and tumor-like skeletal lesions are examined; the
      patients were treated by selective arterial embolization, therapeutic, adjuvant
      and palliative, with follow-up ranging from 2 to 10 years. For therapeutic
      purposes 12 cases were constituted by aneurysmal bone cyst of large size and
      which was difficult to treat surgically (pelvis: 5; spine: 3; limbs: 4). For the
      purposes of assisting the excision procedure, selective arterial embolization was
      used in 2 patients with giant cell tumor of bone, the first localized in the
      right iliac wing and the second in the sacrum; in one patient with
      retroperitoneal teratoma and in 1 with hemangiopericytoma of the soft tissues of
      the thigh. Furthermore, in 3 patients with inoperable multiple bone metastasis,
      selective arterial embolization was used in order to relieve pain as palliative
      SAE. The authors emphasize that complete healing of aneurysmal bone cyst is
      possible, with no recurrence after more than 10 years; they also stress the role
      played by selective arterial embolization as an adjuvant particularly in the pre
      surgical treatment of large giant cell tumor of bone.

PMID- 1800043
TI  - Hemangioma of the hand.
AB  - The authors describe the anatomopathological and clinical findings of 24 cases of
      benign hemangioma of the hand. The instrumental methods used to diagnose
      hemangioma are discussed, and MRI imaging is given particular importance in the
      preoperative evaluation of the site, size, extent, and relationship with the
      surrounding tissues and any multiple locations of the vascular tumor. This
      evaluation is essential to perform a wide resection of the tumor, which is the
      only means of avoiding recurrence. After an average follow-up of 33 months (14
      54) recurrence was observed in 7% of the cases treated.

PMID- 1800044
TI  - Acetabular loosening in cemented arthroplasty of the hip. Relationship with
      atrophic arthrosis.
AB  - Between 1976 and 1982, 126 low friction arthroplasties were implanted in primary
      arthrosis of the hip. The displacement rate or acetabular loosening related to
      the type osteoblastic response to the disease were studied. The hips were
      subdivided into three groups based on the radiographical aspect observed prior to
      implant. The atrophic type revealed a greater incidence for this type of
      complication (27.3%) whereas cases classified as normotrophic revealed a 5.6%
      incidence and hypertrophic a 6.1% incidence. The authors conclude that the type
      of bone response in primary arthrosis plays an important role in the occurrence
      of acetabular mobilization, and that osteoblastic response may be considered to
      be of prognostic value together with other well-known factors in the evolution of
      this type arthroplasty.

PMID- 1800045
TI  - The results of the surgical treatment of breakage of the rotator cuff.
AB  - Sixteen patients affected with rotator cuff tears were treated by surgical repair
      and anterior acromioplasty, using superior of anteromedial approaches. The
      authors believe that acute and chronic massive ruptures causing significant
      functional failure must be surgically treated. Good results may be obtained if
      impingement signs of arthropathy are absent at surgery.

PMID- 1800046
TI  - Surgical synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the results
      obtained in a controlled study.
AB  - The authors report the long-term results obtained after 2 and 4 years in a
      controlled study conducted on surgical synovectomies performed in articular and
      extra-articular regions in rheumatoid arthritis. Out of a total of 157 patients
      submitted to surgery between 1977 and 1987 admitted to the study were 82 patients
      with bilateral symmetric localizations, but who had been submitted to synovectomy
      only unilaterally. The collection and interpretation of data showed that
      synovectomy is truly effective and that clinical improvements is not related to a
      spontaneous regression in the rheumatoid process. Surgery must be performed when
      the degree of osteocartilaginous deficit is absent or moderate. It does not avoid
      local recurrence, but it does obtain an antalgic effect, better joint excursion,
      and a slowing down in the destructive osteocartilaginous processes.

PMID- 1800047
TI  - Elastic intramedullary osteosynthesis for the treatment of metaphysodiaphyseal
      non-union of the femur and tibia.
AB  - Elastic osteosynthesis is capable of producing the biomechanical conditions
      required to reconvert mature fibro-cartilaginous tissue interposed in the non
      union in bone tissue. Theory is confirmed by a retrospective study of 54 patients
      affected with nonunion of the femur and tibia treated with elastic
      osteosynthesis.

PMID- 1800048
TI  - Corrective tibial osteotomy for genu recurvatum by callus distraction using an
      external fixator.
AB  - Genu recurvatum due to an osseous abnormality is a condition that rarely requires
      surgical intervention. When necessary, the operative solution usually considered
      is an opening wedge osteotomy using bone graft and plate fixation. The donor site
      (usually the iliac crest) has a well reported morbidity with a further procedure
      being required to remove the plate. We report two cases treated by a
      hemicorticotomy and callus distraction (hemicallotasis) of the tibia using an
      external fixator. Correction was performed under supervision as an out-patient.
      Hospital stay was short, the morbidity of the donor site was eliminated, further
      procedures for removal of the plate were unnecessary and mobility of both the
      patient and his joints was maintained throughout the period of treatment.
      Satisfactory correction of the deformity was obtained in both cases.

PMID- 1800049
TI  - Two cases of cuneiform subcapitate osteotomy in the outcome of severe
      epiphysiolysis of the hip.
AB  - The authors describe two cases of subacute epiphysiolysis with severe slipping
      submitted to corrective subcapitate osteotomy of the femur with an anterior
      approach. The patients were followed-up after approximately 7 years, and
      satisfactory results were observed: movement in flexo-extension was preserved
      with mild limitation of intrarotation. The accuracy of the osteotomy during
      surgery is emphasized in order to avoid necrosis of the femoral head, and
      hypercorrection in valgus to avoid shortening.

PMID- 1800050
TI  - Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with free grafting of the
      patellar tendon: surgical technique.
AB  - A free graft taken from the patellar tendon with a proximal and distal bone plug
      is used for the treatment of lesions of the anterior cruciate ligament; the
      authors emphasize the graft harvest procedure, the preparation of the graft, and
      its fixation, and specify that for the latter they prefer to anchor the traction
      wires of the neoligament to a proximal and a distal cortical screw.

PMID- 1800051
TI  - Osteoporosis in patients affected with thalassemia. Our experience.
AB  - The authors examine 72 patients affected with homozygous B-thalassemia; The study
      was conducted by clinical-hematological and radiologic examination. The Singh
      method is used to compare clinical data with the degree of osteoporosis. The
      results indicate that there is a high frequency of osteoporotic abnormalities in
      thalassemia. The authors postulate that osteoporotic lesions are principally
      caused by hyperplasia of the marrow, the overactive bone marrow widening the
      medullary space and the increased intramedullary pressure causing osteoporosis.

PMID- 1800052
TI  - Bone pulsating metastasis due to hypernephroma.
AB  - Bone pulsating metastasis due to hypernephroma is an exceptional occurrence. The
      authors present one case of bone pulsating metastasis due to hypernephroma
      localized in the proximal tibia. The primary renal lesion was located by
      ultrasonography and confirmed by CT scan.

PMID- 1800054
TI  - [Diagnosis of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy with multiplex polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR)].
AB  - As a simple and efficient molecular-biological method is widely used in gene
      diagnosis of hereditary diseases. Multiplex PCR with 9 pairs of primers developed
      by Chamberlain et al is able to simultaneously amplify 9 loci in the gene for
      Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy thus to detect the intragenic deletions.
      Here we report on the results of studies on 17 cases of DMD/BMD with multiplex
      PCR. Of 17 DMD/BMD 8 deletions (47 percent) have been detected. The deletions are
      concentrated on 6.5-8.0 Kb area of the cDNA map as well as the area detected by
      probe 7 and 8. These results is similar to those obtained by Chamberlain et al
      from more than 200 cases, and indicate that since the high mutation loci of
      DMD/BMD are common in Chinese and Europeanese the primers we used in present
      studies are applicable to diagnosis of DMD/BMD in China. Because of the
      simplicity of the multiplex PCR technique it will find more widely application in
      the diagnosis of DMD/BMD as well as of other inheritable diseases.

PMID- 1800053
TI  - Use of the Ilizarov apparatus in one case of severe congenital dysmetria of the
      leg with agenesis of the foot.
AB  - The authors present one case of severe congenital dysmetria of the leg with
      agenesis of the foot which was treated by the Ilizarov method. After a clinical
      and radiographic description of the case, the type of surgery used to create a
      new foot and the results obtained are discussed.

PMID- 1800056
TI  - [Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy--reported a family with 5 cases].
AB  - Five cases of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy in four generations of a family
      was reported. It is a rare form X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy. The
      distinctive features of this disease are: Firstly, early contractures of elbows
      and achilles tendons and posterior cervical muscles are revealed. Secondly,
      muscle weakness is more proximal (scapulo-humeral) in the upper limbs and distal
      (anterior tibial and peroneal muscle) in the lower limbs. Thirdly, there is no
      calf pseudohypertrophy. Fourthly, myocardial involvement with cardiac conduction
      defects is frequent and important features. The CPK level is usually slightly
      raised. In our report, the EMG and muscle biopsies showed a mixed pattern of
      neurogenic and myogenic changes.

PMID- 1800055
TI  - [A variant form of Guillain-Barre syndrome: a study of clinical and pathology of
      sural nerve biopsy].
AB  - This study reported four cases of variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS).
      Clinical features showed muscle fasciculation, Fisher Syndrome, GBS with family
      Leber's disease and idiopathic dysautonomia. There were oligoclonal protein in 3
      patients and elevation of protein of CSF in 4 cases. The neurogenic lesion of
      limb muscle was confirmed by EMG and NCV in all patients. The sural nerve biopsy
      was characterized by inflammatory demyelination. The diagnosis and pathogenesis
      were discussed.

PMID- 1800057
TI  - [Dysautonomia in Guillaine-Barre syndrome: a clinical analysis of 62 cases].
AB  - In present paper, 62 cases of dysautonomia out of 115 patients with GBS. In the
      clinical manifestations of the dysautonomia, the disorder of heart was most
      (85.48%), the second was abnormality of the blood pressure and the digestive
      tract (both 37.1) and the abnormality of sweat and sexual dysfunction would not
      take less (30.65% and 17.74% respectively). It was also found that there were the
      facial flushing (4.84%) and abnormal pupilla (6.45%). The sexual dysfunction was
      firstly reported. Dysautonomia in GBS was higher in young adults (less than 20
      years) (P less than 0.01) and that in the severe cases (P less than 0.01). The
      mortality of patients of GBS with dysautonomia was higher (P less than 0.01). The
      pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of GBS were discussed.

PMID- 1800058
TI  - [The examination of pyruvate and erythrocyte transketolase activity in the blood
      of patients with chronic alcoholic nervous disease].
AB  - To study the laboratory and mechanism of chronic alcoholic nervous disease
      (CAND), we have examined pyruvate and erythrocyte transketolase activity (E-TKA)
      in the blood of 20 patients with CAND with normal subjects as controls Then, they
      were treated with vitamin B. The results were: 1. the level of pyruvate in the
      blood of the patients with CANE was higher than that of the controls. The E-TKA
      in the blood of the patients with CAND was lower than that of the controls. There
      was significant difference in both the two indexes between the two groups, 2.
      After treatment, the syndromes of the patients were obviously relieved. The
      pyruvate and E-TKA in the blood of the patients returned to normal. It proves
      that: 1. the vitamin B in the body of the patients with CAND was lower than that
      of normal people. 2. the pyruvate and E-TKA in the patients' blood may be taken
      as laboratory indexes of the CAND. 3. The examination of E-TKA may be preclinical
      diagnosis to CAND. 4. CAND is mainly caused by vitamin B deficiency.

PMID- 1800059
TI  - [Spectrin extractabilities from erythrocyte membranes in patients with myotonic
      dystrophy].
AB  - Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, spectrin
      extractabilities (SE) were determined after spectrins were removed from
      erythrocyte membranes by low ionic strength and chelating agent. The SE from red
      cell membranes was significantly reduced with respect to matched controls in 13
      myotonic dystrophy patients, 81.3 +/- 7.2% and 54.2 +/- 9.1% (m +/- SD),
      respectively (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences between
      the patients and controls in molecular weights and amounts of spectrin as well as
      Band3 protein. Our results are consistent with the concept of membrane defect
      affecting erythrocytes in this disorder.

PMID- 1800060
TI  - [Diagnostic role of axillary skin biopsy in Lafora's disease].
AB  - Skin biopsies from axilla were examined in seven patients with manifestations of
      progressive myoclonic epilepsy. In seven chronic epileptics with general tonic
      clonic seizures receiving antiepileptic drugs and in five normal adults (one is
      patient's father), who served as controls. In three patients with progressive
      myoclonic epilepsy, typical PAS-positive lafora bodies were found in the cells of
      the eccrine duct. Axillary skin biopsy might be a convenient method for
      diagnosing Lafora's disease.

PMID- 1800061
TI  - [Effect of the human leukocyte angiotensin II-like substance (LATII-LS) on
      isolated rabbit carotid arteries].
AB  - The presence of angiotensin II-like substance (LATII-LS) in the human leucocytes
      was identified by means of immunofluorescence technique. And the LATII-LS
      PURIFIED purified by high-power liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of LATII
      LS on isolated rabbit carotid arteries showed a definite vasoconstrictive
      character. It was surmised that this would play a role in causing the cerebral
      vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 1800062
TI  - [Stroke and thyroid hormones].
AB  - The levels of thyroid hormones were determined by RIA in 65 cases in with stroke,
      in which 42 cases showed low T3 levels (64.6%). The rates of abnormal T3 and rT3
      were much higher in hemorrhage group (72.5%) than those in infarction group
      (52%). T3 and rT3 abnormalities were apparent in the acute stage compared to
      those in the chronic stage (P less than 0.01), and closely correlated with size
      of lesions, that is, size of lesions had negative correlation with T3 and T3/rT3
      but positive correlation with rT3 when the volume of hemorrhage was more than 30
      ml or the area of infarction more than 20 cm2. Determination of T3 and rT3 levels
      in patients with stroke may be helpful in assessing the severity and prognosing.

PMID- 1800063
TI  - [Acid-base imbalance in acute cerebrovascular diseases].
AB  - Ninety cases of cerebral hemorrhage or infarction confirmed with CT scans were
      reported. Blood specimens were taken within 4 to 24 hours after the onset of the
      strokes for blood gas analysis. The results showed that respiratory alkalosis
      occurred in all patients with cerebral hemorrhage or embolism, while the
      metabolic acidosis accompanied only those with severe cerebral infarctions or
      intracerebral hematomas rupturing into the ventricles small local infarcts caused
      only hypoxemia or no changes at all. It seemed likely that the blood acid-base
      changes were closely related to the nature and the size of the lesions. It was
      suggested that since hyperventilation caused by cerebral lesions might be the
      main factor that give rise to respiratory alkalosis, it would be of great
      importance to maintain the acid base balance in the acute stage of the stroke
      with proper dehydration therapy and oxygen administration.

PMID- 1800064
TI  - [Risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage. A case-control study].
AB  - In case-control study of 53 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage diagnosed by CT
      scan. Significant risk factors were chronic alcoholism (P less than 0.05),
      history of hypertension, fundus arteriosclerosis, aorta atherosclerosis,
      electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, high blood triglycerides, hyperviscosity,
      hyper-plasma viscosity, hyperfibrinogenemia and increased VWF (P less than 0.01
      or P less than 0.001). After principal component analysis hyperviscosity,
      hypertension, coronary heart disease, ECG abnormalities, chronic alcoholism, and
      increased VWF were selected as primary risk factors (accumulative contributed
      rates 59.84%). Alcoholism, EXG abnormalities, aorta atherosclerosis correlates
      significantly with haemorheology.

PMID- 1800066
TI  - [Clinical significance of quantitative studies of cell nucleus in lymphocytes of
      the cerebrospinal fluid in leukemia].
AB  - The nuclear content, area and perimeter of the nucleus of lymphocytes in the
      C.S.F. were determined quantitatively by means of image analysis technique. 26
      cases of central nervous system lymphocytic leukemia (CNLL), and 8 suspected
      cases were studied, other 56 cases who did not have leukemic and neoplastic
      diseases and had normal C.S.F. lymphocytes were taken as a control. Our data
      showed that all the mean nuclear content (MNC), mean nuclear area (MNA), mean
      nuclear perimeter (MNP), and the maximum and minimum nuclear contents of the 2
      groups of former patients were obviously higher than those of the contral (P less
      than 0.01). These results presented suggestion that the image analysis technique
      can be used for differentiating the leukemic lymphocyte from normal one
      especially in suspected cases, and thus the diagnosis of CNLL might be improved.

PMID- 1800065
TI  - ["Top of the basilar" syndrome].
AB  - Three cases of "Top of the basilar" syndrome are reported. The clinical
      manifestations included the consciousness disturbance, pupillary and oculomotor
      abnormalities. One of the 3 cases got cortical blindness. It is emphasized that
      the possibility of the TOB syndrome should be considered when unconsciousness
      arose suddenly, accompanied by lid, pupil and oculomotor disturbances without the
      motor and sensory disturbances. Usually, a bilateral symmetric butterfly
      hypodensity could be found in the thalamus on CT scan. In addition. It was
      valuable findings that the infarct lesions have been shown in the mesencephalon,
      pons, cerebellum, occipital and medial temporal lobe on CT scans.

PMID- 1800068
TI  - [Diagnostic value of pulsed Doppler ultrasonography in atherosclerosis of the
      carotid arteries. A report of 200 cases].
AB  - An analysis of ultrasound imaging characteristics and carotid bloodflow
      parameters in 200 cases of carotid atherosclerosis was made. A high-resolution
      dual-function ultrasound image displaying instrument was used. It was found that
      the pulsed Doppler ultrasonography was useful and accurate to help diagnose the
      presence of extracranial carotid atherosclerotic plaques with narrowing of the
      carotid arteries. The ratios of the calibres of the internal carotid arteries and
      the common carotid arteries (IC/CC) could be taken as one of the specific
      indicators in determining those arteries showing calibre stenosis greater than
      50%. Authors suggested that the features of carotid atherosclerosis plaques as
      identified in the Doppler ultrasonography could be divided into 4 types: 1.
      coarse type;2. soft type;3. hard type; and 4. mixed type.

PMID- 1800067
TI  - [Kindling effect in models of epilepsy induced by clinrats].
AB  - In order to create chemical kindling effect model of epilepsy, fifty-six adult
      male SD rats were used in this experiment, and randomly divided into five groups.
      An intramuscular injection of various subthreshold dose of CL (0.50, 0.75, 1.00,
      1.25 mg/kg) was given repeatedly per 3.5 days in the I-IV groups, V group
      received injections of normal saline of the same volume as control. ECoG and EHG
      were recorded by telemetric method through electrodes chronically implanted in
      the cortex and hippocampus. The behavior of them was observed at the same time.
      The results of experiments showed that: 1. CL can lead to the typical behavior,
      ECoG and EHG of epilepsy. So it is an effective chemical kindling agent of
      causing epilepsy, and hippocampus was more than cortex to CL. 2. The relationship
      between the seizure stages induced by CL various dose groups and the mean
      injection times had a linear correlation through linear regressive processing (r
      value: 0.9276-0.99732). The difference comparison of linear regressive intercept
      of various groups was significant (P less than 0.05), respectively. It is
      indicated that the more the dose of CL increase, the less the injection times of
      reaching seizure stages. 3. 24 rats of the experimental groups 46 rats had
      reached kindling criterion through 40 times injection of CL. The difference
      comparison between I, II and III, IV groups of kindling rats was quite
      significant (P less than 0.01), respectively. 4. The mean persistence time of all
      kindled rats was 113.42 days. The longest persistence time of them was 224
      days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800069
TI  - [Acute pandysautonomia].
AB  - 39 years old woman with onset of faint, numbness of the extremities was reported.
      Special test of autonomic functions, endocrinology, biochemistry and nerve biopsy
      were carried out. The diagnosis of acute pandysautonomia was made. Clinically it
      is characterized by dilated pupils, non-reactive pupils, orthostatic hypotension,
      positive noradrenaline infusion test and negative sweating test with atropine.
      These changes suggested the disturbance of generalized sympathetic post
      ganglionic nerve. In other hand defective salivation and lacrimation, lower
      values of the ratio between the R-R interval, constipation and rapid constriction
      of pupils with pilocarpine were considered as evidence of failure of
      parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve.

PMID- 1800070
TI  - [Clinical early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis].
AB  - We examined 37 tuberculous meningitis, 30 active pulmonary tuberculosis, and 31
      nontuberculous disease patient's CSF and serum antitubercular antibody IgG with
      polymerized OT as an antigen by the method of ELISA, respectively. It is shown
      that there is of a specificity to the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. We
      also reexamined the serum antitubercular antibody daily, as well as CSF
      antitubercular antibody, and CSF routine and biochemical indexes weekly for 16
      tuberculous meningitis inpatients ill no more than five days. It was found that
      CSF antitubercular antibody became positive five days earlier than self serum
      antitubercular antibody, seven days earlier than typical tuberculous meningitis
      CSF. It is shown that the positive of the CSF antitubercular antibody may be used
      as the basis of the early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. Through
      antitubercular therapy and monthly re-examinations of the above indexes, it was
      found that CSF and serum antitubercular antibody became negative earlier than the
      recovery of CSF routine and biochemical indexes, and so the examination of CSF
      and serum antitubercular antibody has some reference value to determine curative
      effects and prognosis.

PMID- 1800071
TI  - [EEG studies in female adolescent delinquents. Quantitative and visual analysis].
AB  - Quantitative analysis and visual interpretation on spontaneous brain electrical
      activity were both undertaken in 41 female adolescents and 55 normal controls.
      Delinquent group had higher abnormal rate of electrical encephalogram (EEG) than
      normal group. Spectral power analysis showed that the power of fast activity was
      increased in central region and the power of all bands (1-30 Hz) was generally
      decreased in occipital region in delinquents. It indicates that synchronization
      of EEG in female delinquents may be weak. The results of multi-variate
      discrimination analysis suggest the possibility of discriminating two groups with
      quantitative EEG data.

PMID- 1800072
TI  - [Ultrasonic effect on the isolated neuronal membrane amplifies blocking of an
      entering sodium current by lidocaine].

PMID- 1800073
TI  - [Conjugates of bovine serum albumin with polyalkylenoxides--a new type of
      transport means: transfer of dihydroriboflavin ethers in mitochondria].

PMID- 1800074
TI  - [Features of developing resistance during combined use of antineoplastic agents,
      causing multiple drug resistance].

PMID- 1800075
TI  - [Molecular hybridization using parallel complementary probes].

PMID- 1800076
TI  - Treatment of urinary infections.

PMID- 1800077
TI  - The efficacy of norfloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections in
      Tikure Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AB  - The efficacy of norfloxacin 400 mg every 12 hours for 7 days was prospectively
      and openly studied among patients with urinary tract infection. Enrolled were 30
      patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. 23 patients completed the
      study and were evaluated for efficacy and tolerability with urinary infections
      defined as a bacterial count of at least 10(5) bacterial per ml of urine. Follow
      up urine cultures at 14-21 days and 4-6 weeks post-treatment were done. 21 of 23
      were cured and this was a cure rate of 91%. There were no clinical adverse
      effects which necessitated cessation of treatment. In vitro test studies were
      carried out to compare the activity of norfloxacin with commonly used
      antimicrobials as well as to observe its activity against other organisms which
      are not normally urinary pathogens. In this aspect of the study, norfloxacin was
      found to be superior to eleven other antimicrobials with which it was compared.
      This study showed that drug is very active against urinary and enteric pathogens.

PMID- 1800078
TI  - Dysuria in infancy and childhood: an analysis of 42 children presenting in the
      paediatrics outpatients department.
AB  - Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the only pathology found among 42 children
      presenting at the paediatric outpatient department with pain or straining on
      micturition. 18 (42.9%) had cystourethritis proven bacteriologically. 3 of these
      had gonococcal urethritis and were all males aged less than 3 years. Four had
      vasical schistosomiasis. No definite diagnosis could be made in 24 (57.1%) cases.
      Only secondary symptoms of gross haematuria, urethral discharge and cloudy urine
      were of diagnostic value, others were not. Children without these specific
      secondary symptoms predominate and may or may not have urinary tract pathology.
      Urinary leucocyte count on native urine is a useful screening test to identify
      those to be further investigated.

PMID- 1800079
TI  - Evaluation of culture media and antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter
      pylori.
AB  - Isolation of Helicobacter pylori on artificial culture is hampered by the lack of
      reliable and cheap media. In this study, three different types of culture media
      were evaluated for isolation of H. pylori from clinical specimens. These media
      included: Modified Thayer-Martin (MTM), Skirrow's campylobacter agar and
      chocolate agar. Modified Thayer-Martin agar was superior in isolation to others
      with an isolation rate of 47% (31/66). The size of colonies on this media were
      larger and clearly defined. Growth was detectable after 4 days of incubation,
      with a maximum growth after 7 days. Thirty one strains of H. pylori isolated from
      cases were tested against ten antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin,
      erythromycin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, colistin, kanamycin, sulpharazole
      and metronidazole) in Mueller-Hinton agar, to determine the minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC). H. pylori was very susceptible to most drugs but resistant
      to nalidixic acid.

PMID- 1800080
TI  - Aerobic and facultative bacterial isolates from blood cultures of children with
      clinically diagnosed septicaemia.
AB  - A total of 120 sets of blood cultures were performed aerobically from 60 children
      with clinically diagnosed septicaemia at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Out
      of these, 36 (30%) sets from 19 (31.7%) patients yielded bacterial growth while
      84 (70%) sets from 41 (68.3%) were negative. Salmonella typhimurium was the most
      frequently isolated bacteria (63%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%).
      Salmonella typhimurium isolates were mostly multi-antibiotic resistant, most of
      them only sensitive to amikacin and cefotaxime, while all were resistant to
      ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, the most frequently used antibiotic in this
      hospital.

PMID- 1800081
TI  - Mortality in high risk patients with tick-borne relapsing fever analysed by the
      Borrelia-index.
AB  - Clinical findings on 25 patients with a high spirochaetemia are presented. The
      diagnosis was established by demonstration of Borrelia spirochaetes in the thick
      blood smear and a Borrelia-index was estimated to calculate the density of the
      spirochaetemia. Causes of death were septicaemia (3x), severe spirochaetemia in a
      neonate (1x), and successive relapses in complicated cases without adequate
      treatment (2x). The results show a positive correlation between the degree of
      spirochaetemia and severity of complications and the Borrelia-index shows to have
      a prognostic value.

PMID- 1800082
TI  - Human serum sensitivities of Trypanozoon isolates from naturally infected hosts
      in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.
AB  - Of 235 Trypanozoon stocks isolated from naturally infected hosts in northeastern
      Zambia and tested by the Blood Incubation Infectivity Test (BIIT), 176 came from
      man, 37 from wild-caught tsetse, 11 from wild animals and 11 from domestic
      livestock. Of those from man, 2 gave unexpected, human-serum-sensitive (HSS)
      reactions on first testing; all 15 stocks from tsetse in the northern area
      (Kampumbu) were strongly serum-resistant (HSR) while 22 other infections, from
      tsetse in the southern area (Kakumbi), gave 1 equivocal, 11 positive and 10
      negative test responses. HSR Trypanozoon infections were found in a bushbuck, a
      warthog, in a giraffe (for the first time) and in a "sentinel" goat, used to
      monitor SS transmission in a small SS endemic village.

PMID- 1800083
TI  - Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (1987
      1989).
AB  - In Ethiopia, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia was reported to be uncommon. A clinical
      analysis of 327 (4.8%) pre-eclamptic and 21 (0.3%) eclamptic patients in 6766
      deliveries at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa was made. Out of 327 pre
      eclamptics, there were 52 (15.9%) cases of mild, 142 (43.4%) cases of moderate
      and 133 (40.7%) cases of severe pre-eclampsia. Among patients with pre
      eclampsia/eclampsia, 78.2% had no antenatal care and only 39.3% of women from the
      total number of deliveries were unbooked. There were significantly high frequency
      of low birth-weight babies of patients with severe pre-eclampsia (mean +/- SD)
      2154 +/- 506gms compared to the mean birth-weight of babies from the total number
      of deliveries 3112 +/- 461gms). In both pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients, the
      perinatal mortality rate was 165 per 100 deliveries. This was a significantly
      higher rate than the total rate (28 per 1000 deliveries). These data suggest that
      this condition is more common in Ethiopian patients than presently appreciated
      and antenatal care among other factors remains to be one of the cornerstones in
      the prevention and control of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

PMID- 1800084
TI  - Diabetes mellitus. I: Routine plain abdominal radiography.
AB  - The plain abdominal radiographs of 43 consecutive diabetic patients were studied.
      Disordered bowel motility which was unrelated to the severity of the diabetes
      mellitus occurred in 76.7% while artheriosclerosis occurred in 65%. Only 7% (3
      patients) had pancreatic calcification; of these, one was a complication of
      urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium). All the patients with
      pancreatic calcification were above 45 years of age and had had diabetes mellitus
      for more than 7 years. This study shows that pancreatic calcification is uncommon
      among Nigerian diabetics, so plain abdominal radiography should be limited to
      patients who are above 45 years and who have had the illness for more than 7
      years.

PMID- 1800085
TI  - Profound and total deafness in Owerri, Nigeria.
AB  - Profound and total hearing loss is a health hazard of concern in the developing
      countries. This is because of the fact that facilities for proper diagnosis and
      the resources for improving the education and psychosocial problems of the
      victims are scarce and limited. In a prospective two-year study of this "hidden
      handicap" in Owerri, Nigeria, 128 patients were found to be totally deaf. Sixty
      six males and sixty two females were affected. The peak prevalence was amongst
      those below 10 years of age with 80 patients. Febrile convulsion was the
      commonest cause being responsible for 23.43% of all patients. Poor health
      education, ignorance, and inaccessible health facilities were identified as
      contributing factors. An awareness of hearing preservation programme through a
      well planned primary health care and a co-ordinated audiological services is
      advocated. This will help in the prevention and reduction in the incidence of
      this menacing handicap.

PMID- 1800087
TI  - The dynamics of epidemiology and impact on the control of diseases: a review.
AB  - This paper describes the relationship between epidemiology and other desciplines
      including medical and social sciences both of which are expanding in scope. As a
      discipline, epidemiology is not only growing in scope as well but also developing
      new techniques of establishing facts about disease causation and interventions
      demonstrating how prevention programmes could be carried out for the benefit of
      communities from the burden of disease. Further, the effects of epidemiological
      findings in the developed North on the control of diseases and the lack of this
      in the poor South is described. The need for interdisciplinary approach in
      finding disease prevention solutions is emphasized.

PMID- 1800086
TI  - A comparative study of the commonly used nutritional assessment tools for primary
      health care.
AB  - This is a community-based, cross-sectional study of the three commonly
      recommended nutritional assessment tools, namely, weight for age (as the Road to
      Health Chart), weight as a percentage of standard weight for height (as the
      Thinness Chart), and mid-upper arm circumference (as the Shakir strip). The study
      was done in the Igbo-ora Community of Oyo-State. Done on 204, one to four year
      old children, the study shows that all the methods show high levels of
      correlation with each other's classification of the children. Compared with the
      Thinness Chart and the physicians standardised clinical assessment, the
      epidemiological usefulness of the Shakir strip as one point screening tool for
      severely malnourished children can be improved by the use of 13.5cm rather than
      the 12.5cm previously recommended at the cut-off point for individuals patient
      intervention. This cut-off is therefore recommended for the use of the Shakir
      strip in this locality for the situations where its use is found appropriate.
      Compared with the other assessment methods, the borderline class interval of the
      Thinness chart as currently recommended appears too wide. Far too many children,
      apparently normal even by weight for age, were classified in the borderline
      category by that instrument. It is therefore recommended that the interval should
      also be narrowed down for a more adequate use of that instrument in this
      locality.

PMID- 1800089
TI  - Headache: its values as a pointer to disease.

PMID- 1800088
TI  - Rickets of prematurity: a case report.
AB  - A case report is given, and an attempt made to summarize our knowledge about this
      disorder. An extremely premature infant (birth weight 750 grammes) developed
      progressive rickets resulting in fractures despite phosphate, calcium and
      calciferol (vitamin D) supplementation. The patient had mild respiratory distress
      syndrome but later developed broncopulmonary dysplasia. Initial biochemical
      evidence of rickets occurred by the 6th week of post-natal life (or 31 weeks post
      conceptional age). Although the serum levels of vitamin D or 1-alphahydroxy
      vitamin D were not determined, it is assumed that the levels of the active
      metabolite was probably low since clinical, biochemical and radiologic cure of
      the rickets occurred following its usage.

PMID- 1800090
TI  - Headache: pattern and features as experienced in a neurology clinic in Tanzania.
AB  - Patients with recurrent headaches accounted for 319 (20.6%) of all new referrals
      to the neurology clinic over a two-year period. Of these, 47 (34%) had migraine,
      38 (27%) psychogenic disorders (non-migrainous) and 18 (13%) post traumatic
      headache. Others included 16 (11%) vascular-muscular contraction, 11 (8%)
      muscular contraction and 9 (7%) were miscellaneous. Recurrent headache was found
      commonly in young patients of both sexes. However, migraine was more common in
      females. Common migraine was about 4 times as frequent as classical migraine.
      Headache due to psychogenic disorders was part of a symptom complex of anxiety
      states in 17% and 8% neurotic depression. Over two thirds of patients experienced
      severe headaches. This was common in the younger age group. Whereas a half of the
      patients experienced warning symptoms, over two thirds had precipitating factors.
      About a third of patients with migraine and psychogenic disorders associated
      witchcraft with their headaches while a half of those with psychogenic disorders
      expressed fear of having a brain tumour.

PMID- 1800091
TI  - Sinusitis in Sudanese patients: a clinical review.
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out to show the pattern of sinusitis in
      Sudanese patients. Patients with sinusitis were 32% of all patients with nasal
      diseases. Sinusitis affected males more than females. The highest incidence of
      the disease was at ages 21-30 years. The maxillary sinuses were the most affected
      by sinusitis followed by the ethmoid and frontal sinuses respectively. The
      disease was rare in the sphenoid sinuses. Bacteriological review showed that
      Staphylococci, Streptococci and E. coli were the commonest causative organisms
      isolated in culture. Medical treatment by the appropriate antibiotics,
      antihistamines and local decongestants cured the majority of patients.

PMID- 1800092
TI  - HIV and acute peripheral facial nerve palsy.
AB  - Between April and December 1989, 32 consecutive patients referred to the
      neurology clinic with acute peripheral facial paralysis were studied. Patients
      with traumatic facial palsy, parotid gland disease, otitis media and meningitis
      were excluded. Each of the patients selected had HIV test done by ELISA and the
      positive ones confirmed by Western blot. 8 (25%) of the patients tested positive
      for HIV antibodies. Their mean age was 34 +/- 13 years with an age range of 15-53
      years. 4 (50%) of the 8 seropositive patients had generalized lymphadenopathy,
      one herpes zoster, one generalized pruritic rash, two of the patients were
      asymptomatic. The seroprevalence of HIV antibodies in patients with acute
      peripheral facial paralysis is much lower than that reported in other African
      countries.

PMID- 1800093
TI  - Implication of altered pulmonary function in pneumonectomy for tuberculous
      destroyed lung.
AB  - Twelve patients undergoing pneumonectomy for tuberculous destroyed lung were
      studied to determine the value of preoperative spirometry in the assessment of
      their pulmonary reserve, and prediction of their postoperative morbidity.
      Preoperatively, the mean functional losses (as percentage of predicted values)
      were 44.5% of FVC, 54% of FEV, and 44% of PFR. No significant alteration occurred
      in FVC, FEV1 or PFR post-pneumonectomy. All patients were in Class 1 (NYHA) pre-
      and postoperatively. It is concluded that operability in these patients cannot be
      based on broncho-spirometry. The assessment of preoperative clinical
      (symptomatic) stage and the cardiovascular status appears to be the major
      determinants of pulmonary functional results.

PMID- 1800094
TI  - The effects of fresh palm wine on human gastric acid secretion.
AB  - The effect of fresh palm wine on gastric acid secretion was studied using human
      volunteers. Basal acid output for seven subjects used for the study with palm
      wine was 1.05 +/- 0.14 mMol/hr (mean and SEM). Peak acid output following the
      administration of 200 ml of the palm wine was 1.21 +/- 0.20 mMol/hr, and was not
      statistically different from the basal. Basal acid output for six subjects used
      for the study with ethanol (a constituent of palm wine) was 0.95 +/- 0.13 mMol/hr
      and following the administration of 200 ml of 5% ethanol the peak acid output was
      5.85 +/- 0.32 mMol/hr. This peak acid output was higher in the ethanol group than
      the palm wine group (p less than 0.001). Fresh palm wine is not ulcerogenic as
      might be thought despite its content of ethyl alcohol (5%).

PMID- 1800095
TI  - Changes in dental caries experience of 12-year olds in low fluoride urban and
      rural areas of Tanzania.
AB  - This report is a 2-year follow-up of a baseline study conducted in Tanzania in
      1984. 377 and 448 twelve-year old primary school children were examined in Dar es
      Salaam (urban) and rural areas respectively. The same criteria and examiners were
      employed to replicate conditions in 1984 as closely as possible. The mean DMFT
      score has remained stable over the 2-year period in both the urban (1984: 0.67
      (s.d. 1.20); 1986: 0.64 (s.d. 1.32) and rural (1984: 0.51 (s.d. 1.07); 1986: 0.40
      (s.d 0.93) areas. However, a significant decrease in the mean DMFS score in Dar
      es Salaam from 1.19 (s.d. 2.71) in 1984 to 0.81 (s.d. 1.96) in 1986, and in rural
      areas from 0.78 (s.d. 1.98) in 1984 to 0.48 (s.d. 1.44) in 1986 was observed. In
      1986 significantly fewer children with caries had more than 5 involved surfaces
      in both urban and rural areas than in 1984. In the two areas the difference in
      caries prevalence observed between 1984 and 1986 affected different surfaces
      types to varying extents. The results do not support the finding that caries is
      increasing in all developing countries.

PMID- 1800096
TI  - Occurrence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and leuconostoc-like organisms in Lagos,
      Nigeria.
AB  - A total of 91 catalase--negative Gram-positive coccal isolates obtained from 245
      clinical specimens in Lagos were characterized. Ten (11.0%) of the isolates were
      vancomycin resistant, they fermented glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose,
      mannose, mannitol, ribose, salicin, sorbitol, arabinose and xylose with acid
      production. One of the isolates produced in addition gas inclusive and ethanol,
      thus identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The ten vancomycin-resistant Gram
      positive coccal organisms (VRGPC) showed variable sensitivity patterns to
      penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, streptomycin,
      chloramphenicol, cloxacillin and co-trimoxazole. The possible role of Leuconostoc
      spp. and VRGPC in clinical infections in hospital setting is still to be defined.

PMID- 1800098
TI  - A study of occlusal anomalies and tooth loss in children aged 13-15 years in
      Nairobi.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty one African children aged 13-15 years were examined for
      specific intra- and inter-arch malocclusions and tooth loss. The children were
      from 6 schools randomly selected from 154 primary schools in Nairobi. Overall,
      47% of the children were found to have malocclusion, the most frequently
      encountered anomaly being crowding. Some of the anomalies showed prevalences
      which differed markedly from those previously reported for American and British
      Caucasians of comparable age-groups. Nineteen per cent of the children had
      missing teeth due to caries, 5.6% due to extractions as part of orthodontic
      treatment and 13% due to other reasons. The mean number of permanent teeth
      missing due to caries was 0.2, orthodontic treatment 0.1 and due to other reasons
      0.2. Almost all the teeth lost as a result of caries were molars and those due to
      orthodontic indications were premolars. No teeth were recorded as missing due to
      periodontal disease or trauma. The study indicated a need to exercise caution in
      trying to relate the numerical values for prevalence of malocclusions in current
      textbooks to the present population. The results also showed that the proportion
      of permanent teeth lost was small.

PMID- 1800097
TI  - Oral yeast flora of a population in an area of Tanzania bordering an AIDS endemic
      zone.
AB  - Mouth swabs from 1,288 individuals in the North Mara region of Tanzania were
      cultured for yeasts. Subjects were randomly selected from rural and urban areas,
      and a group of food handlers were also studied. Yeasts were cultured from 407
      (31.6%) and Candida albicans from 141 (10.9%) subjects. A wide variety of other
      yeast species were also identified.

PMID- 1800099
TI  - Diabetes mellitus. II: Routine chest radiography.
AB  - Chest radiographs of 43 consecutive diabetic patients were evaluated with a view
      to determine their role as a routine investigation of patients with diabetes
      mellitus. 22 (51.2%) patients had normal chest radiographs. The remaining 21
      patients had 61 abnormalities found in their chest radiographs. 26 (42.6%) of
      these were significant abnormalities while 35 (57.4%) were non-significant. Of
      the former, 42.3% were due to cardiomegaly while in the latter group, aortic
      unfolding was the main finding. Radiological abnormalities were more commonly
      observed in patients aged 40 years and over, than in those below, with a ratio of
      3:1. Chest radiographs corroborated clinical diagnosis in 19 of the 21 cases in
      whom abnormalities were observed. This study shows that routine chest radiograph
      in diabetic patients is useful in those with clinical symptoms and in older
      diabetics above the age of 40 years.

PMID- 1800100
TI  - Acute renal failure following the use of herbal remedies.
AB  - Acute renal failure (ARF) complicated the use of traditional herbal remedies in
      six adult patients seen at Kenyatta National Hospital in a 2-year period (August
      1984 to August 1986). This comprised 10.9% of all the cases of ARF and 24% of the
      cases of ARF due to medical causes. All the patients were oliguric and the period
      of oliguria in the four patients who survived ranged between 19-57 days (mean
      26.3 days). Five of the patients had evidence of fluid overload. The blood urea
      nitrogen and serum creatinine were elevated in all the patients. The serum sodium
      was normal in all, while the serum potassium was elevated in 2 cases. Identity of
      the herbal medication was unknown in all the cases. The indication was abdominal
      pain in 4 cases, infertility and abdominal pain in one and prophylaxis against
      witchcraft in the other. All the patients were started on haemodialysis, two of
      them having had periods of peritoneal dialysis for 12 and 16 days. Two patients
      died. Of the four surviving patients, follow up has been carried out for 8, 6, 5
      and 4 months. At four months follow up the creatinine clearance in the 4
      surviving patients have been 54, 63, 51 and 43 ml/min.

PMID- 1800101
TI  - Neonatal Borrelia infections (relapsing fever): report of 5 cases and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Tick borne relapsing fever is an endemic disease in Sengerema district, Mwanza
      region, Tanzania, East Africa. Five cases of neonatal relapsing fever occurring
      in this endemic area are described. Two neonates showed signs of septicaemia,
      clumping of spirochetes (Borrelia index is uncountable) in the thick blood smear
      and they died the day of admission. Two neonates showed severe spirochetaemia
      (Borrelia index: 3). The neonate treated with low dose penicillin died, the other
      neonate, treated with erythromycin, survived. One neonate had only a mild
      spirochetaemia (Borrelia index is 0.5) and responded well to penicillin
      treatment. Jaundice was seen in four of the five cases, three of them died. Only
      twenty cases of neonatal relapsing fever were previously reported. Findings are
      discussed in comparison with those of former reports on relapsing fever in the
      literature. Based on the fact that in a relatively short time (1 year), 5 cases
      of neonatal relapsing fever were diagnosed in an endemic area in East Africa, we
      conclude that neonatal relapsing fever is probably underdiagnosed.

PMID- 1800102
TI  - Multiple criteria decision-making for the resolution of conflicting ergonomic
      knowledge in manual materials handling.
AB  - The ergonomic design of manual materials handling tasks typically utilizes one or
      more of three approaches; biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical.
      Unfortunately, a comprehensive design is rarely obtained because of the
      difficulty of resolving the conflicting guidelines and criteria for each of the
      three approaches. This paper describes a methodology utilizing the multiple
      criteria decision-making (MCDM) process for resolving this conflict. This
      approach calculates the ratio of the contribution from each type of stress to an
      overall stress level as determined by the unacceptability of this stress to the
      user. An example is presented to demonstrate this technique.

PMID- 1800103
TI  - Implementation of double-pulsed holography in evaluation of whole-body vibration.
AB  - This study used a unique holographic technique to evaluate the effects of
      vibration on soft tissues and bones. It was possible to record forced whole-body
      vibration in humans by holograph interferometry using a double-pulsed ruby laser.
      The study investigated the manner in which the muscles of the back and vertebral
      column are affected by vibrations applied to the human buttocks in the sitting
      position. The subject was exposed to vibration at two frequencies: 40 and 60 Hz
      (vertical Z axis). Transmission of the vibrations along the subject's back was
      recorded by means of double-pulsed holography and electromyography. Evaluation of
      the vibration pattern showed that the vibrations are transmitted along the back
      all the way up to the neck and head. The pattern of vibration in the muscles of
      the back and vertebral column showed that the greatest effect was exerted on the
      lumbar region of the back and the area of transition between the thoracic and
      cervical regions.

PMID- 1800104
TI  - Effects of whole-body vertical shock-type vibration on human ability for fine
      manual control.
AB  - The effects of vertical (z-axis) whole-body shock-type vibration on the ability
      for fine manual control were examined. The amplitudes and frequency of the shocks
      was varied, but a constant frequency-weighted acceleration of 1.25 m/s2 r.m.s.
      was maintained. The examination of the shock's effects was carried out using an
      experimental system that simulated the actual workplace of earth-moving
      machinery. Control was measured using a first-order pursuit tracking-test, in
      which a seated subject was asked to use both hands to direct a cursor on a
      monitor using a steering wheel. Although the magnitude of shocks (peak amplitude
      of 6-10 m/s2) and the number of shocks per unit time (shock cycle of 10-40 s)
      were varied, and two types of shock (symmetric and asymmetric) used, no shock
      effect could be found by calculating an integrated square of tracking error
      during the whole exposure time. The tracking error only increased significantly
      during the moments that the subjects were exposed to a symmetrically shaped shock
      that reached the highest peak value (for the experiment) of 10 m/s2. The results
      suggested that shocks with peak amplitudes below defined value induce no evident
      effect on the steering of vehicles.

PMID- 1800105
TI  - Time-of-day effects of alcohol intake on simulated driving performance in women.
AB  - There is a circadian propensity for sleepiness in the early afternoon
      (contrasting with an alertness peak early evening) which potentiates the sedating
      effects of alcohol. However, little research has been done to examine these
      effects on driving performance. Four units of alcohol (95 ml of 40% spirit) or
      placebo were given double blind, with a snack to two groups ('early afternoon'
      and 'early evening') of 12 young women, at either 1310 h or 1810 h. Blood alcohol
      levels (BACs) were estimated by breathalyser. BACs were within the UK legal
      driving maximum. Subjects underwent 40 min of monotonous motorway driving in a
      car simulator. Self-ratings on sleepiness and alcohol effects showed a
      significantly greater impact of alcohol in the early afternoon relative to the
      early evening. Whilst neither time of day nor alcohol affected lateral corrective
      steering movements, alcohol significantly increased the average following
      distance and the variability in this distance, especially during the early
      afternoon. In some subjects from the early afternoon group, this impairment
      seemed to be to dangerous levels following alcohol.

PMID- 1800106
TI  - Human information processing during physical exercise.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate how conditions of physical exercise affect
      human information processing. Sixteen subjects performed two information
      processing tasks (perception and decision) during two exercise conditions
      (endurance vs interval protocols) and during two control conditions (rest vs
      minimal load protocols). The control conditions required subjects either to
      perform the information processing tasks under resting conditions or while
      pedalling a bicycle ergometer at a minimal workload. Workload during the exercise
      protocols consisted of a fixed percentage of the subject's maximal workload. Each
      40 min protocol consisted of five consecutive stages: practice, baseline, warming
      up, exercise, and cooling-down, during which heart rate and ratings of perceived
      exertion were determined. In the perception task subjects had to identify a
      briefly presented row of three letters. In the decision task subjects had to
      indicate which of the outer numbers in a row of three digits was the larger.
      Results indicated that the two control protocols did not influence cognitive task
      performance; however, in the exercise protocols, increments in physical workload
      improved performance on the decision task and reduced performance on the
      perception task, while decrements in physical workload reduced performance on the
      decision task and improved performance on the perception task. Changes in mental
      task performance were not evident within protocol stages; only after stage
      transitions did changes in mental performance occur. We discussed possible
      theoretical approaches to explain these results and concluded that models
      advanced in the context of dual-task methodology seem most promising.

PMID- 1800108
TI  - Biomechanical evaluation of heavy tool-handling in two age groups of firemen.
AB  - The biomechanical load of a rescue-clearing task (lifting a power saw from the
      floor up to the ceiling level) was evaluated with six older (47 +/- 5 years) and
      seven younger firemen (32 +/- 2 years). The mean dynamic compressive force at the
      L5/SI disc was 5998 N for the older subjects and 6392 N for the younger subjects.
      The peak torques for the back and knee extensions were about equal for the two
      groups of the subjects. The younger subjects had a significantly higher movement
      speed in the knee extension than the older subjects (89.1 +/- 25.7 vs. 35.3 +/-
      11.5 degrees/s, p less than 0.001). The results showed that lifting a power saw
      produced a high load on the musculoskeletal system, and that the load was not
      influenced by age.

PMID- 1800107
TI  - Effects of visual guidance on the reduction of impacts during landings.
AB  - While a common view is that vision is essential to motor performance, some recent
      studies have shown that continuous visual guidance may not always be required
      within certain time constraints. This study investigated a landing-related task
      (self-released falls) to assess the extent to which visual information enhances
      the ability to reduce the impacts at touchdown. Six individuals performed six
      blocked trials from four height categories in semi-counterbalanced order (5-10,
      20-25, 60-65, and 90-95 cm) in vision and no-vision conditions randomly assigned.
      A series of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were carried out separately on
      each dependent variable collapsed over six trials. The results indicated that
      vision during the flight did not produce softer landings. Indeed, in analysing
      the first peak (PFP) a main effect for visual condition was revealed in that the
      mean amplitude was slightly higher when vision was available (F(1,5) = 6.57; p
      less than 0.05), thus implicating higher forces at impact. The results obtained
      when the time to the first peak (TFP) was applied showed no significant
      differences between conditions (F(1,5) less than 1). As expected, in all cases,
      the analyses yielded significant main effects for the height categories factor.
      It appears that during self-initiated falls in which the environmental cues are
      known before the event, visual guidance is not necessary in order to adopt a
      softer landing strategy.

PMID- 1800110
TI  - Quantifying variation in physical load using exposure-vs-time data.
AB  - Variation has in recent years become an important concept in the analysis of
      loads on the locomotor system in occupational life. Studies of controlled
      variation in isometric exercise have concentrated on the effects of introducing
      pauses at regular intervals into an otherwise constant load. A complete
      description of the cyclic character of such regimens requires a set of three
      parameters. We suggest the use of the set mean load/cycle time/duty cycle. The
      design of laboratory studies should more often be based upon the activity
      patterns found in occupational life. In studies observing exposure, the variation
      concept introduces problems concerning how to define and how to quantify
      'variation'. It is shown that present methods (APDF analysis and contraction
      frequency analysis) individually fail to pick up important aspects of variation.
      A new method for exposure variation analysis (EVA) is proposed. Examples are
      presented of EVA performed on vocational EMG registrations.

PMID- 1800109
TI  - Quantifying exposure in occupational manual tasks with cumulative trauma disorder
      potential.
AB  - A method of describing the musculoskeletal loads in the hand and wrist during
      manual tasks is presented. A profile of twelve factors is used to quantify the
      exposure of applicable soft tissues to modes of loading suggested as being
      related to a number of chronic, work-related musculoskeletal disorders such as
      chronic muscle strain, tenosynovitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. These factors
      include estimates of tendon loads and movement, frictional work done on the
      tendon sheaths, and muscle activation determined using electromyography. The
      response of these measures to changes of force, repetition, and posture was
      studied using eight conditions of a simulated task utilizing a pistol grip tool.
      Measures of tendon frictional work and dynamic electromyographic activity best
      paralleled the injury outcomes of an epidemiological study using similar task
      definitions (Silverstein et al. 1986). This field-usable system is being used
      currently to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure and
      musculoskeletal disorders.

PMID- 1800111
TI  - Oxygen consumption during fire suppression: error of heart rate estimation.
AB  - Ten male firefighters were tested on a treadmill to determine their heart rate
      (HR) x oxygen consumption (VO2) relationship. These men then performed a
      simulated fire suppression protocol during which HR and VO2 were measured
      simultaneously by a portable physiological monitoring system. Average VO2 in the
      simulated setting was 31.0 +/- 7.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 at a HR of 176 +/- 9 bpm. This
      VO2 was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) less than the VO2 that would
      have been predicted by treadmill testing (38.9 +/- 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) at a
      corresponding HR. Fifty-nine per cent of this variability could be accounted for
      by regression analysis. Firefighters worked on average at 73 +/- 10% VO2 max with
      a range of 54% to 88%. There was a significant (-0.82; p less than or equal to
      0.05) inverse relationship between performance time of the fire suppression
      protocol and the relative intensity of VO2 max at which the firefighters worked.
      These findings indicate that the prediction of energy expenditure from HR is not
      straightforward in fire suppression settings. Furthermore, the relative intensity
      of work firefighters self-select is variable and should be considered as an
      additional physiological determinant of work behaviour.

PMID- 1800112
TI  - Structural organization of kinetoplast DNA and its compaction in the in vitro
      model system.
AB  - Electron microscopic studies of Leishmania gymnodactyli cells lysed at hypotonic
      conditions showed that the structures identified as kinetoplast DNA have the
      appearance of loose accumulations of crossed and sometimes branched rod-like
      structures 100 to 200 nm long and 20 nm thick. The compaction of isolated
      kinetoplast DNA (kpDNA) caused by interaction with synthetic tripeptide-
      dansylhydrazide trivaline--was also studied. The analysis of the structures
      arising at different steps of compaction showed that the minicircles are
      compacted forming rod-like structures where minicircle double-stranded DNA
      segments are closely associated side by side in a manner which was earlier
      described for initial compaction stages of "triple rings". These rod-like
      structures resemble in their appearance the structures found in lysed cell
      preparations obtained according to Miller's method. Branching of rod-like
      structures can be the consequence of minicircle catenation. In vitro compaction
      is completed with the formation of a compacted network, its diameter being 3 to 6
      times smaller as compared with the initial one.

PMID- 1800114
TI  - Three-dimensional identification of endosomes in macrophages by a replica
      scraping method.

PMID- 1800113
TI  - The spatial organization of the cytoskeleton in crayfish stretch receptor.
AB  - An electron microscopic study of the cytoskeleton of the crayfish stretch
      receptor was carried out. Longitudinal sections of the sensory neuron axons and
      dendrites showed wave-like arrays of microtubules with a period of about 5
      microns. Transverse sections showed that the microtubules displayed no regularity
      in the arrays. In oblique sections, transverse and longitudinal views of
      microtubules (or shorter and longer segments of microtubules) alternated yielding
      a festoon-like pattern. The data obtained indicate that the cytoskeleton of the
      stretch receptor has a helical structure in which all the microtubules, the major
      cytoskeletal components, are arranged in parallel helices that are in register
      along the length of axons and dendrites. The helical organization of the
      cytoskeleton is probably responsible for the banded appearance of sensory axons
      and primary dendrites as seen in the polarized light. Decrease of contrast and
      disappearance of the banding during stretch of the receptor muscle are supposedly
      due to the desynchronization of the helical trajectories of the microtubules and
      to the decrease of the helical amplitude.

PMID- 1800115
TI  - A 220 kDa coelomocyte aggregating factor involved in Holothuria polii cellular
      clotting.
AB  - Agglutinating molecules are released by Holothuria polii coelomocytes. In our in
      vitro system we observe that release depends on the number of coelomocytes but it
      seems not to be time- and temperature-dependent. The factor responsible for
      agglutination was isolated from an Edds isotonic solution coelomocyte suspension
      medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion
      exchange chromatography; it had a molecular mass of about 220 kDa on an sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The purified factor agglutinates sea cucumber
      coelomocytes suggesting that it could be involved in the first phase of clotting
      events.

PMID- 1800116
TI  - Effect of epithelial denudation, inflammatory mediators and mast cell activation
      on the sensitivity of isolated human airways to methacholine.
AB  - In asthmatics, both the continuous release of mast cell-derived inflammatory
      mediators and damage of the airway epithelium may be related to the degree of
      bronchial responsiveness. We therefore evaluated the effect of inflammatory
      mediators and mast cell activation on the cholinergic responsiveness of strips of
      human bronchioles with and without epithelium. Cumulative concentration-response
      curves to methacholine were generated from strips with or without epithelium
      before, during and after incubation with threshold doses of either methacholine
      (3 x 10(-7) M, controls), histamine (3 x 10(-7) M), the thromboxane A2 analogue,
      U46619 (10(-9) M), prostaglandin (PG) D2 (3 x 10(-7) M), PGF2 alpha (3 x 10(-7)
      M), leukotriene (LT) C4 (10(-9) M), or anti-human immunoglobulin E (24.4 +/- 4.0
      micrograms.ml-1). Strips without epithelium were 1.6 times more sensitive to
      methacholine than strips with epithelium (-log EC50:5.76 +/- 0.04 vs. 5.97 +/-
      0.04, P less than 0.0001). The average contraction in response to identical doses
      of anti-IgE in strips without epithelium was 3 times greater than the contraction
      in strips with epithelium (P less than 0.05). Threshold concentrations of
      histamine, U44619 and PGD2 caused a similar non-parallel leftward shift of the
      concentration-response curve of strips with or without epithelium to methacholine
      (P less than 0.05). Together, epithelial denudation and low levels of mediators
      caused a 4.0- to 9.1-fold increase in sensitivity based on the -log EC10 and a
      1.8- to 3.0-fold increase in sensitivity based on the -log EC50.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800117
TI  - Pharmacological properties of a novel class of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of six representative members of a novel class of 5
      HT3 receptor antagonists is described. The compounds are esters and amides of
      benzimidazolone-1-carboxylic acid with a basic azabicycloalkyl moiety (compounds
      1-3) and their respective ethyl derivatives (compounds 4-6). In isolated
      preparations (rabbit heart and guinea pig ileum) all compounds antagonized the 5
      HT3 receptor-mediated effects of serotonin, with potencies comparable with those
      of the reference compounds, ICS 205.930 and GR 38032F (-log IC50 9.30-11.9 and
      6.8-8.20, in heart and ileum, respectively). In the anaesthetised rat, all agents
      potently inhibited the Bezold-Jarisch reflex whether given i.v. or i.d. I.v.
      administration of compounds prevented cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs (ID50
      ranging from 3.7 to 147 micrograms/kg). All agents accelerated gastric emptying
      of solids in rats (ED50 about 10-160 micrograms/kg i.p.). In addition, compounds
      4 and 5 were able to stimulate 5-HT4 receptors in the isolated guinea pig ileum,
      as well as enhance contractile activity in the Heidenhain gastric pouch of dogs,
      showing clearcut prokinetic properties.

PMID- 1800118
TI  - Neuroprotective properties of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rodent models of focal
      and global cerebral ischemia.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists have been shown to inhibit the
      activity of hippocampal, cortical, and dorsal raphe neurons. We tested urapidil
      and a new 5-HT1A agonist, CM 57493 [4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-(2-cyanoethyl)
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ], for their neuroprotective activity in models of
      focal and global cerebral ischemia in rodents. After middle cerebral artery
      occlusion (MCA-0) in mice, the infarct size was reduced dose dependently by both
      urapidil and CM 57493. In MCA-occluded rats, CM 57493 (1 and 5 mg/kg) reduced the
      cortical infarct volume by 30% and application of 10 mg/kg CM 57493 led to a 40%
      reduction in the cortical infarct volume. The striatal damage could not be
      influenced by CM 57493 treatment. Furthermore, 1 and 5 mg/kg CM 57493
      significantly reduced the neuronal damage within the CA1 sector of the rat
      hippocampus after 10 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 7 days of recovery.
      Measurement of cerebral and rectal temperature revealed that the neuroprotective
      effect of CM 57493 was not caused by a hypothermic effect. We assume that the
      neuroprotective activity of 5-HT1A agonists is mediated by an inhibitory action
      on neurons.

PMID- 1800119
TI  - Interactions of magnesium and chloride ions on tone and contractility of vascular
      muscle.
AB  - Replacement of extracellular chloride ions ([Cl-]o) by other anions, on
      contractility and the effects of extracellular magnesium ions ([Mg2+]o) on
      spontaneous mechanical activity, as well as on agonist-induced responses of rat
      aorta and portal vein, were studied. Replacement of [Cl-]o with acetate (Ac-) or
      isethionate (Ise-) ions resulted in an increase and decrease, respectively, of
      the spontaneous mechanical activity frequency in portal vein; the amplitudes of
      the spontaneous mechanical activity were attenuated by Ac- and Ise- substitution.
      Withdrawal of [Mg2+]o in Cl(-)-containing media resulted in elevation of tension
      development in rat aortas, whereas a similar maneuver in media with Ac- or Ise-,
      substituted for [Cl-]o, resulted in abrogation of this tension development. Use
      of disulfonic stilbene anion-channel blockers, DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'
      stilbene disulfonate, 400-600 microM) and SITS (4,4'-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano
      2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid, 400-600 microM), failed to influence either
      spontaneous mechanical activity or basal tone of rat portal portal vein or
      aortas. Incubation of DIDS or SITS in Mg(2+)-free media also failed to influence
      mechanical responses to withdrawal of [Mg2+]o. Use of the Cl- cation transport
      inhibitor bumetanide (30-80 microM) also failed to alter spontaneous mechanical
      activity or basal tone in either the presence or absence of [Mg2+]o. Ac- and Ise-
      substitution attenuated norepinephrine- and K(+)-induced contractile responses in
      portal vein and aorta, Caffeine-induced contractions of aortas were potentiated
      by withdrawal of [Mg2+]o in Cl(-)-containing media but inhibited in Ac(-)- or
      Ise(-)-substituted solutions. In the presence of [Mg2+]o, substitution of foreign
      anions resulted in alterations in the agonist contractile dose-response curves;
      EC50s were increased whereas maximum tensions were depressed. Withdrawal of
      [Mg2+]o amplified these effects. Substitution of Ac- or Ise- for [Cl-]o in the
      presence or absence of [Mg2+]o depressed contractions induced by Ca acetate in
      aortas and portal vein. These results suggest that: (1) Cl- plays an important
      role in regulating spontaneous mechanical activity, basal tone, and contractility
      in rat aorta and portal vein; and (2) Cl- probably physiologically mediates some
      of the effects and actions of [Mg2+]o on intracellular release of and influx of
      Ca2+ in these smooth muscles.

PMID- 1800120
TI  - Oxyntomodulin and its (19-37) and (30-37) fragments inhibit histamine-stimulated
      gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat.
AB  - Oxyntomodulin, a hormone released from jejuno-ileum and composed of the glucagon
      sequence extended by a C-terminal octapeptide displays original tissue
      specificity for the gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to compare the
      effect of oxyntomodulin on histamine (0.4 mg/kg per h)-stimulated gastric acid
      secretion in the conscious rat to that of three of its fragments: oxyntomodulin
      (19-37) produced from oxyntomodulin by enzymatic cleavage, oxyntomodulin-(30-37)
      corresponding to the molecular difference between oxyntomodulin and glucagon and
      oxyntomodulin-(32-37) produced during proglucagon processing to glucagon. The
      metabolic clearance rate (MCR) in the anesthetized rat was evaluated for each
      peptide. Oxyntomodulin, oxyntomodulin-(19-37) and oxyntomodulin-(30-37) inhibited
      the histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion dose dependently. The dose
      response curves for oxyntomodulin and oxyntomodulin-(19-37) were parallel. The
      potency of oxyntomodulin (19-37) (ED50 approximately 70 pmol/kg) was the same as
      that of oxyntomodulin (ED50 approximately 35 nmol/kg) after correction of the
      curve for the MCR (two-fold higher for the fragment). Although the dose-response
      curve for oxyntomodulin-(30-37) was not entirely parallel to that of the two
      other peptides, its maximal inhibition (at 15 nmol/kg) was the same as that of
      oxyntomodulin-(19-37). Thus, oxyntomodulin-(30-37) was an efficient as the longer
      molecules but approximately 150-fold less potent than oxyntomodulin. The MCR for
      oxyntomodulin-(30-37) was approximately 250 fold higher than that of
      oxyntomodulin, partly explaining the difference in potency. The (32-37) fragment,
      which is naturally released from the endocrine pancreas, was devoid of
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800121
TI  - Pertussis toxin attenuates postsynaptic actions of neuropeptide Y on the guinea
      pig uterine artery.
AB  - The mechanisms by which neuropeptide Y (NPY) mediates its postsynaptic actions on
      the guinea-pig uterine artery, were investigated by incubating arterial segments
      in culture medium containing pertussis toxin (PTX). Arteries were incubated with
      0, 0.25 or 1 microgram.ml-1 PTX for 24 or 48 h. Arterial segments incubated in
      culture medium without PTX showed the three postsynaptic responses to NPY which
      were reported previously in uncultured arteries: NPY further contracted segments
      which were precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha; NPY reduced the maximum
      relaxations produced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); and NPY produced a
      rightward shift in the VIP concentration-response curves. PTX attenuated the
      three actions of NPY on the uterine artery to different degrees. PTX also reduced
      the magnitude of contractions produced by prostaglandin F2 alpha, but did not
      affect contractions produced by 0.126 M KCl, or relaxations produced by VIP in
      the absence of NPY. These data indicate that all postsynaptic actions of NPY on
      the uterine artery, and contractions produced by prostaglandin F2 alpha, are at
      least partly mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding proteins. It is
      not clear whether these multiple actions of NPY are mediated by one, or more than
      one, GTP-binding protein.

PMID- 1800122
TI  - Endotoxin stimulates endothelin release from cultured epithelial cells of guinea
      pig trachea.
AB  - We examined the release of endothelin from cultured epithelial cells of guinea
      pig trachea in response to treatment with endotoxin, using a sandwich-enzyme
      immunoassay. Cultured epithelial cells released endothelin in a time-dependent
      fashion (3, 6, 12, 24 h), and endotoxin (4-40 micrograms/ml) significantly
      increased endothelin release. Endotoxin (4-10 micrograms/ml) showed no
      cytotoxicity against epithelial cells. These results suggest that guinea-pig
      airway epithelial cells are capable of producing endothelin and this peptide may
      be related to the pathophysiological effects of endotoxin.

PMID- 1800124
TI  - Stimulation of miniature end-plate potential frequency by fluoride may involve
      activation of protein kinase C.
AB  - NaF caused a dose-dependent rise in miniature end-plate potential (MEPP)
      frequency at the frog neuromuscular junction. The effects on MEPP frequency of
      both NaF and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were
      rapidly reversed by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor polymyxin B (2 microM).
      Theophylline augmented the response of MEPP frequency to TPA. It is concluded
      that the effect of fluoride on MEPP frequency may be through activation of
      phospholipase C and consequent PKC stimulation, and that the synergistic
      interaction of NaF and theophylline is consistent with such a mode of action.

PMID- 1800123
TI  - Potencies and stereoselectivities of enantiomers of huperzine A for inhibition of
      rat cortical acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - The stereoselectivities and mechanisms of the inhibition of rat cortical
      acetylcholinesterase by the enantiomers of huperzine A were determined. (-)
      Huperzine A was the more potent enantiomer with a Ki value of 8 nM. (+)-Huperzine
      A inhibited the enzyme 38-fold less potently with a Ki value of 300 nM. Racemic
      huperzine A was about two-fold less potent than the more active isomer, (-)
      huperzine A. The mechanism of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase for all three
      drugs was of the mixed linear competitive type.

PMID- 1800125
TI  - Novel sites for phenylalkylamines: characterisation of a sodium-sensitive drug
      receptor with (-)-[3H]emopamil.
AB  - (-)-Emopamil ((S)-emopamil, (2S)-2-isopropyl-5-(methylphenethylamino)- 2
      phenylvaleronitrile hydrochloride) is a Ca(2+)-antagonistic phenylalkylamine
      which also blocks serotonin (5-HT2) receptors and has antiischemic properties.
      The (-)-[3H]emopamil tissue distribution profile of specific binding is in
      striking contrast to that observed for (+)-[3H]PN 200-110 or (-)
      [3H]desmethoxyverapamil: (-)-[3H]emopamil labels membrane fractions from guinea
      pig liver much greater than adrenal gland greater than kidney approximately lung
      approximately ductus deferens approximately brain approximately skeletal muscle.
      Binding to liver membrane was saturable (KD = 12.8 nM, Bmax = 35 pmol/mg of
      protein), stereoselective, reversible (K-1 = 0.22 min-1 at 25 degrees C) and
      inhibited by tetraethylammonium (IC50: 1.8 mM) greater than Li+ (IC50: 12.5 mM)
      approximately Na+ (IC50: 13.6 mM) and [NH4+] (IC50: 79.3 mM) but not by Rb+, Cs+
      or K+. The high-affinity liver membrane binding sites have a pharmacological
      profile that is distinct from the phenylalkylamine receptor domain of the voltage
      dependent L-type Ca2+ channel. Similar sites exist in brain and other tissues,
      albeit with a lower density. Amiodarone, butoprozine and amiloride derivatives
      bind with high affinity whereas 1,4-dihydropyridines do not interact at all. It
      is suggested that the novel phenylalkylamine site is linked to a sodium-dependent
      carrier or transport system.

PMID- 1800126
TI  - Thrombin signalling in U937 human monocytic cells is coupled to inositol
      phosphate formation but not to thromboxane B2 synthesis nor to inhibition of
      adenylate cyclase: distinct differences in thrombin signalling between U937 cells
      and platelets.
AB  - The blood coagulation factor, human thrombin has been shown to have chemotactic
      and mitogenic effects on mononuclear phagocytic inflammatory cells. In the
      present study, we have used the U937 human monocytic cell line to explore the
      signal transduction mechanisms utilised by thrombin in these cells. In U937 cells
      differentiated into a macrophage-like phenotype, thrombin stimulated the
      formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and the mobilisation of intracellular
      Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) via a mechanism which was partially sensitive to pertussis toxin.
      Thrombin failed, however, to evoke thromboxane (Tx) B2 synthesis in the
      differentiated cells. In contrast, the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L
      methionylleucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) stimulated TxB2 synthesis under conditions
      where it evoked increases in IP3 formation and [Ca2+]i mobilisation, via a
      pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism, comparable in extent to those mediated by
      thrombin. Thrombin also failed to cause inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding
      protein (Gi)-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in U937 cell
      membranes. These results indicate that U937 cells express receptors for thrombin
      which are in part coupled via a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide
      binding protein to phospholipase C activation, the formation of IP3 and the
      mobilisation of [Ca2+]i. However, the failure of thrombin to stimulate TxB2
      synthesis or cause Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase in U937 cells
      contrasts with its effects in human platelets and other thrombin-responsive
      cells. These results suggest that the thrombin receptor or receptor-effector
      coupling mechanism(s) in mononuclear cells is functionally distinct from the
      thrombin receptor or receptor-effector coupling mechanism(s) present in other
      thrombin-responsive cells.

PMID- 1800127
TI  - Gliclazide: a general free radical scavenger.
AB  - Free radical mechanisms have been implicated in diabetic microangiopathy. Agents
      that scavenge free radicals may be beneficial. We assessed the scavenging ability
      of two sulphonylureas, gliclazide and glibenclamide, in vitro. The assay which
      employs o-dianisidine sensitised by riboflavin can be used to distinguish between
      superoxide scavengers and general scavengers. The former species lead to an
      augmentation while the latter has an inhibitory effect. The drugs were added in
      final concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/ml. The percentage
      inhibition (mean +/- S.D.) for each concentration of gliclazide respectively was
      11.0 +/- 2.5%, 20.8 +/- 2.9%, 31.4 +/- 2.2% and 47.2 +/- 0.8%. Glibenclamide had
      no scavenging effects. The results demonstrate that gliclazide is a powerful
      general free radical scavenger in vitro. We postulate that this scavenging
      quality of gliclazide may be important in diabetes.

PMID- 1800129
TI  - A new human male diploid cell strain, TIG-7: its age-related changes and
      comparison with a matched female TIG-1 cell strain.
AB  - A new human diploid cell strain, TIG-7, which has the male karyotype, was
      established and characterized. Isozyme and histocompatibility typing of the cell
      strain was performed. The average in vitro life span of the cells is 73
      population doublings. Changes in cell volume, doubling time, saturation density,
      the efficiency of cell attachment, plating efficiency, and relative DNA content
      were examined during in vitro cellular aging. Hydrocortisone slightly prolongs
      the life span of the cell strain when the hormone is administered to the cultures
      during middle passages. The age-related changes in the parameters of TIG-7 are
      not appreciably different from those of the previously established TIG-1 cell
      strain. These results show that this cell strain is useful for research on
      cellular aging; further profit is anticipated from research using a combination
      of these two sexually different cell strains.

PMID- 1800128
TI  - Inhibition of high-affinity [3H]L-proline binding to rat brain membranes by 2
      amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid.
AB  - L-Glutamate and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid [corrected] (AP-7) (10(-9) to
      10(-6) M), a competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist, inhibit
      approximately 60% of [3H]L-proline binding to rat membranes from midbrain. In
      hippocampal membranes, AP-7 inhibits proline binding by 80%, while in cerebellar
      membranes AP-7 had little effect. These results are indicative of the possible
      neuromodulatory role of proline in the central nervous system, possibly through
      the NMDA receptor(s).

PMID- 1800130
TI  - The waste-product theory of aging: simulation of metabolic waste production.
AB  - A mathematical model of cellular metabolism is used to relate the rates of cell
      division and waste production to the concentrations of oxygen and glucose in the
      medium in which a normal diploid cell culture is grown. The metabolic model in
      tandem with an earlier waste-content model based on the waste-product theory of
      aging provides a unified cell-culture model with which population size and
      intracellular waste content can be calculated. Population size is measured by the
      number of population doublings which have been achieved. After suitable
      adjustment of parameters in the metabolic model, maximum values of population
      size are calculated numerically with the use of the unified model. Results show
      that the population maxima are related in a plausible way to the oxygen and
      glucose concentrations. The effects of temperature changes and contact inhibition
      of growth are also simulated. Small changes in the cell-division and waste
      production rates can cause transformation to unlimited growth in the waste
      content model, but the unified model is not correspondingly sensitive to changes
      in the oxygen and glucose concentrations or to changes in temperature.

PMID- 1800131
TI  - Applications of chaos theory to the molecular biology of aging.
AB  - New developments in the field of chaos theory can help us describe in detail many
      hitherto unexplained natural phenomena. Some of the developments of this theory
      can be applied to molecular gerontology to complement existing techniques used in
      this field. Thus, there is the potential of better description, quantification,
      and manipulation of some aging mechanisms.

PMID- 1800132
TI  - Age-related changes in the plasma membrane proteoglycans of rat kidney glomerular
      cells.
AB  - In a previous in vivo study, we showed that the glomerular cells of rat kidney
      synthesize both peripheral and integral plasma membrane proteoglycans. The
      present work focuses on the age-related changes in these cell membrane
      proteoglycans. The peripheral proteoglycans in "adult control" rats aged 3 months
      were found to be heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate, with
      heparan sulfate being the main glycosaminoglycan. The integral membrane
      proteoglycans contained mainly dermatan sulfate plus less amounts of heparan
      sulfate. The relative proportions of the glycosaminoglycans in the integral
      membrane proteoglycans changed between 1 and 3 months. In addition, the degree of
      sulfation increased in both families of proteoglycans, and this was associated
      with an increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the peripheral proteoglycans.
      The nature and relative proportions of the glycosaminoglycans forming the
      proteoglycans, did not change with age, after 10 months, and neither did the
      amount of glycosaminoglycans. But, the degree of sulfation of both peripheral and
      integral membrane proteoglycans decreased. De novo synthesized proteoglycans from
      24-month-old rats had a higher overall charge than did those at other ages, owing
      to the presence of sulfate and carboxylic groups. We conclude that, as for
      glomerular basement membrane proteoglycans, biochemical alterations affect the
      glomerular cell membrane proteoglycans with aging.

PMID- 1800133
TI  - Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal biokinetics in aging Wistar rats.
AB  - Biokinetic parameters of plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxal (PL)
      disposition were studied in male Wistar rats aged 8 and 27 months kept from
      weaning on a purified diet containing 250 g casein and 6 mg pyridoxine.HCl per
      kg. Baseline plasma PLP concentration was lower in the older animals (514 +/- 56
      nmol/L for young and 317 +/- 124 nmol/L for old animals), whereas baseline plasma
      PL concentration did not differ between age groups (average 235 nmol/L for both
      young and old animals). We hypothesized lower baseline plasma PLP in the older
      animals was caused by an increased PLP elimination rate, a decreased PLP
      synthesis rate, or a combination of these processes. Observations from earlier in
      vitro experiments suggest age-related changes occur in vitamin B-6 metabolizing
      enzyme activities. In the in vivo experiments described here no age-related
      difference in plasma PLP elimination rate nor in plasma PLP synthesis rate was
      observed to explain the observed decrease in plasma PLP concentration with age.

PMID- 1800135
TI  - Uric acid content of Drosophila decreases with aging.
AB  - Free uric acid concentrations declined with aging in male Oregon R Drosophila
      melanogaster by 59% or more between 0 and 50 days of adult age. Free xanthine
      concentrations increased between 0 and 5 days of age and declined by 75% between
      5 and 50 days of age. Xanthine oxidase activity was maximal for newly emerged
      flies and then declined rapidly reaching a minimum at 9 days of age. After 9 days
      of age xanthine concentrations may be the limiting factor for the production of
      uric acid by xanthine oxidase in aging fruit flies. Declining uric acid
      concentrations may represent a loss of antioxidant potential in aging Drosophila.

PMID- 1800134
TI  - Effect of aging on cold tolerance and thyroid activity in CBA/Ca inbred mice.
AB  - Relationships between cold tolerance, serum levels of thyroxine (T4), thyronine
      (T3), and thyrotropine (TSH), and thyroid morphometry have been investigated in
      male CBA/Ca inbred mice at various ages through their life span. From the data
      obtained it appeared that there was an age-related decrease in cold tolerance up
      to 18 months of age which was followed by an increase, the age effect being most
      apparent in relation to cold resistance and cold tolerance during the recovery
      period following cold exposure. The age-related changes in cold tolerance
      appeared to be associated with changes in the serum concentrations of T3, T4, and
      TSH. In contrast to the T3 serum levels which showed a decrease at 36 months, the
      thyroxine contents showed a perceptible decrease from the age of 12-18 months
      onwards. A similar pattern was observed for the TSH levels, with a peak at 21
      months, followed by a decline at 30 months. A relationship with age between serum
      T4 level and thyroid weight was indicated together with structural changes in the
      thyroid gland, particularly during senescence, for example the size and number of
      thyroid epithelial cells had become enlarged by 30 months of age.

PMID- 1800136
TI  - [The combined use of acupuncture and antidepressants for managing the
      spondylogenic lumbosacral pain syndrome].
AB  - The effects of antidepressants amitriptyline and pyrazidol on the analgesic
      action of acupuncture in patients with lumbosacral radiculitis was studied by the
      double blind control method. The combined use of acupuncture with antidepressants
      was shown to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment, to increase on the
      average by 5-6 hours the duration of analgesia within 24 hours after each
      procedure, to reduce the duration of the treatment on the average by 4-5 days,
      that indicates the expediency of clinical use of the proposed combination.

PMID- 1800137
TI  - [The adequacy of a new method for assessing the vestibular protective effect of
      biologically active substances].
AB  - The effects of some neuropsychotropic agents on changes in pain sensitivity in
      albino male rats under the action of complex accelerations were investigated. It
      was found that administration of drugs with the antimotion-sickness activity-
      scopolamine, phenamine, phenibut prevented the development of analgesia with the
      opiate component, the use of low-effective and non-effective with respect to
      suppression of vestibulo-vegetative disturbances agents--diazepam, ephedrine,
      haloperidol failed to exert such an effect.

PMID- 1800138
TI  - [The study and analysis of the protective properties of a neocortex extract that
      enhances body resistance to hexenal].

PMID- 1800139
TI  - [The M-receptor stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in the isolated
      rabbit heart].
AB  - The activating effect of a M-receptor agonist carbachol on phosphatidylinositol
      metabolism under perfusion of the isolated rabbit heart with 32Pi was shown. An
      increase of the inclusion of 32P in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and
      phosphatidylinositol-4-diphosphate was found. Simultaneously there was detected
      an elevation of the levels of products of hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids-
      inositol-1,4-diphosphate and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate. There was noted the
      blocking action of carbachol on the contractile activity of the heart that
      manifested itself in a lowering of the systolic pressure in the left ventricle
      and a slowing of the contraction rate.

PMID- 1800140
TI  - [The effect of microencapsulation on the pharmacological activity of theophylline
      and euphylline].

PMID- 1800141
TI  - [Stimulants of the pentose pathway of glucose oxidation as protective agents in
      renal ischemia].

PMID- 1800142
TI  - [The experimental effect of the copolymer of 1-vinyl-3-methyl imidazole iodide
      with maleic acid diethyl ester on blood coagulability].
AB  - The antiheparin activity and acute toxicity of the copolymer of 1-vinyl-3-methyl
      inidazol iodide (VMII) with diethyl ether of maleic acid (DEMA) were
      investigated. It was shown that the injection of DEMA group to the molecule of
      VMII polymer was adequate for storage of a high antiheparin activity of the
      polymer with the structure. This composition of the copolymer has a low acute
      toxicity and high selectivity to heparin in the blood. Thrombocytopenia effect is
      absent.

PMID- 1800143
TI  - [The effect of heparin on the process of colony formation from bone marrow
      mononuclears in a diffusion chamber].
AB  - In the experiments on Wistar rats to whom heparin was injected intravenously in
      the tail vein in doses of 50, 100 and 250 U, there were studied the colony
      forming ability of the hemopoietic cells, the precursors of the bone marrow, and
      the colony-stimulating activity of the plasma of the heparinized animals 1, 3, 6,
      12 and 24 hours after the drug administration. Heparin was found to increase the
      proliferative activity of the committed myelopoietic cells-precursors on a
      diffusion microchamber (GM-CFUdc) stimulating the mononuclears and elevating the
      level of the colony-stimulating activity of the plasma of the experimental
      animals.

PMID- 1800144
TI  - [Ferakril--a local-action hemostatic].
AB  - The data of the preclinical and clinical study of feracryl, a local hemostatic,
      are presented. The drug's hemostatic activity, acute, subacute and chronic
      toxicity, anesthetic effect as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities
      were studied. The results of the clinical trial of the drug are given.

PMID- 1800145
TI  - [The antiamnesic properties of antidepressants].
AB  - The experiments on albino rats demonstrated that antidepressants pyrazidol,
      imipramine, incazane, moclobemide and to a lesser degree azaphen reduce the
      amnesic effects of electroshock and scopolamine in the rats with the acquired
      conditioned reaction of passive avoidance. The studied antidepressants decrease
      also the disturbing action of alcohol on the learning of rats of the conditioned
      reaction of active avoidance.

PMID- 1800146
TI  - [The anticoagulant and lipolysis-stimulating activity of polysaccharides from
      marine brown algae].
AB  - The search for the compounds inducing release of lipoprotein lipase in the blood
      flow was made in the series of sulfated polysaccharides of brown sea algae of the
      Japanese Sea--fucoidanes. The effects of the substances on the blood
      coagulability were studied. Single intravenous injections of the substances were
      followed by the combined but independent anticoagulant and lipolysis-stimulating
      effects. Fucoidane isolated from Pelvetia wrightii possessed the greatest
      lipolysis-stimulating activity along with a weak anticoagulant effect. The degree
      of the pharmacological effects of the studied compounds did not depend on the
      degree of sulfation of macromolecules of the polysaccharides. In contrast to
      heparin fucoidanes exhibited the maximum effect on lipolysis later, 120-180
      minutes after the intravenous injection.

PMID- 1800147
TI  - [The antihypoxic action of carnitine chloride].
AB  - D, L-carnitine chloride antihypoxic action was studied. Carnitine chloride (100
      200 mg/kg) was found to increase mouse life expectancy under different
      experimental models of hypoxia both at acute and chronic administration.

PMID- 1800148
TI  - [The effect of acetylcysteine on the antioxidant system in an experimental toxic
      lesion of the liver].
AB  - The liver damage by CCl4 in albino rats was followed by a drastic activation of
      lipid peroxidation processes and suppression of most components of the
      antioxidant system. The administration of acetylcysteine to the affected animals
      exerted the positive effect which manifested itself in a decrease of lipid
      peroxidation products content in the blood plasma and liver and in the partial
      normalization of the antioxidant protection system.

PMID- 1800150
TI  - [The slowing of the extinction of a conditioned reaction and the antiamnesic
      action of arginine vasopressin and des-glycine-(8-arginine) vasopressin].
AB  - In the experiments on mice there were analysed the effects of arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) and its analogue des-glycine-arginine-vasopressin (DG-AVP) on
      the extinction of the conditioned reaction of passive avoidance and the
      reproduction of memory trace in amnesia caused by detaining the animal in the
      dangerous section of the unit after electrocutaneous stimulation. An increase of
      resistance of the conditioned reaction to a sharp extinction at systemic
      administration of AVP and DG-AVP was shown.

PMID- 1800149
TI  - [The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of antiphlogistic complexes with
      glycyrrhizic acid].

PMID- 1800151
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of amphotericin pharmacokinetics in the skin and
      subcutaneous fatty tissue when used dermally and by phonophoresis].
AB  - During the combined use of the ointment with amphotericin B and ultrasound after
      1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours there was detected a higher content of the drug in the
      skin and the subcutaneous fatty tissue as compared with the epicutaneous
      application of the ointment without ultrasound. The drug contents in the
      insonified and non-insonified samples increased by the 3rd hour after the
      application except the insonified skin, where the maximal values were noted after
      1 hour; subsequently (after 24, 48 and 72 hours) amphotericin B concentration
      gradually decreased. It remained significantly higher in the insonified samples
      than in the non-insonified ones. The data ground the expediency of using the
      ointment with amphotericin B in combination with ultrasound in candidosis that is
      one of the ways of increasing the effectiveness of treatment of this disease.

PMID- 1800152
TI  - [Digoxin--an active antiepileptic agent].
AB  - A new pathogenetically grounded approach to the treatment of resistant forms of
      epilepsy is proposed. Digoxin suppresses the activity of experimental
      epileptogenic foci produced in the hippocampus of animals (frogs and rats) and
      also convulsions induced by corazol, bemegrid or electroshock. The antiepileptic
      and anticonvulsant activity of the drug was confirmed during its clinical testing
      on 20 children with grave forms of epilepsy which were resistant to the known
      antiepileptic drugs. The positive therapeutic effect was obtained in 42% of the
      cases.

PMID- 1800153
TI  - [The effect of nitrosorbide, korinfar and obzidan on the hemodynamics of patients
      with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis based on the data acute drug trials].
AB  - The data obtained during the complex clinical and instrumental investigation of
      the hemodynamics in patients with the syndrome of portal and pulmonary
      hypertension against the background of acute drug tests with nitrosorbide,
      corinfar and obsidan, are presented. By using modern ultrasound and rheographic
      techniques, the degree and the relationship of portal and pulmonary hypertensions
      in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver are evaluated, the
      criteria of their early diagnosis are characterized. There was shown a positive
      action on the renal blood flow of nitrosorbide, an improvement of the pulmonary
      hemodynamics in patients with diseases of the liver against the background of
      corinfar exerting no influence on the hepatic blood flow. Obsidan induced a
      significant decrease of both portal and pulmonary hypertensions, normalization of
      the total hemodynamics thereby producing the greatest positive effect.

PMID- 1800154
TI  - [The characteristics of the embryotoxic action of kalipsol].
AB  - The effect of calipsol on the course of pregnancy and the embryonal development
      in albino rats was studied. It was found that single injections of the drug in a
      dose of 200 mg/kg on the 7th or 8th day of pregnancy induced no disorders in the
      pregnancy course and the embryonal development. At the administration in a dose
      of 40.0 mg/kg on the 11th, 13th, 15th days of pregnancy calipsol was shown to
      exert a marked embryolethal action and at the administration on the 7th, 9th,
      11th days of pregnancy in doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the number of
      fetuses with hemorrhages into the internal organs.

PMID- 1800155
TI  - [The acute toxicity of dipidolor (piritramid) against a background of irradiation
      and the use of cytostatic preparations].

PMID- 1800157
TI  - [The history of the Department of Pharmacology of the 1st Moscow Medical
      Institute (1930-1956)].

PMID- 1800156
TI  - [The evaluation of the efficacy of carbamazepine and valproic acid in the alcohol
      postintoxication syndrome based on ethanol and acetaldehyde kinetics and the
      content of biogenic monoamines].
AB  - The effects of carbamazepine and valproic acid on disturbances of behaviour,
      elimination of ethanol, acetaldehyde from the blood, the contents of adrenaline,
      noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and histamine in
      the brain and blood in alcoholic postintoxication syndrome were studied on male
      albino rats. Carbamazepine and valproic acid were shown to reduce the behavioural
      manifestations of the syndrome, to increase elimination of ethanol and
      acetaldehyde, to normalize the levels of the mediators in the brain tissues,
      particularly in the thalamus.

PMID- 1800158
TI  - [The dissimilar effects of the single and prolonged administration of melatonin
      on the hypnogenic action of hexenal in mice in relation to the dose and the time
      of day].
AB  - At the acute administration the pineal hormone melatonin depending on the dose
      (0.01-10 mg/kg) potentiated the hypnogenic effect of hexenal (hexobarbital
      sodium) in mice both in the daytime and at night. When low doses of the hormone
      were chronically administered in the light phase of the day, there was noted a
      decrease of the duration of barbiturate anesthesia. A similar result was found
      during its round-the-clock evaluation against the background of 0.1 mg/kg of
      melatonin (a single dose) in the late daytime hours and on the contrary a sharp
      enhancement of hexenal action before switching on the light. The relationship
      between the circadian fluctuations of the hypnogenic effect of barbiturates and
      the periodical character of the epiphysis activity is suggested.

PMID- 1800159
TI  - [Drug derivatives of xanthine].
AB  - The data on the pharmacological effects of xanthines and their use in
      pharmacotherapy, particularly, in regulation of cellular hemostasis to correct
      disorders of microcirculation are summarized. The possible mechanisms of
      hemostasis regulation by xanthines and the most promising ways of search for new
      antiaggregation drugs in this series are considered.

PMID- 1800161
TI  - Fuch's heterochromic cyclitis.

PMID- 1800160
TI  - [Immunodepressants used in immune system pathology. II. Methotrexate,
      vinblastine, antilymphocyte serum and prednisolone].

PMID- 1800162
TI  - Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis: a reappraisal of the clinical spectrum.
AB  - The varying clinical appearance within a group of 103 patients with Fuchs'
      Heterochromic Uveitis (FHU) is discussed. Bilateral cases accounted for 7.8% of
      patients. Cataract was found in 80.2% of cases after 8.8 years mean follow-up,
      and glaucoma affected 26.2% of patients. The most important diagnostic criteria
      are the typical pattern of iris atrophy and depigmentation, the characteristic
      intraocular inflammation, and complicated cataract. These are described in
      detail. The correct diagnosis of FHU is important because it affects future
      management and prognosis. The presence or absence of macroscopic heterochromia is
      not a helpful component of the ocular examination and should play little part in
      diagnosis. FHU does not necessarily present in its classical form, and may first
      resemble acute anterior uveitis or pars planitis. The syndrome may be the end
      stage of a number of different conditions.

PMID- 1800163
TI  - Glaucoma in Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis: aetiology, management and outcome.
AB  - A study of glaucoma in a cohort of 103 patients with Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis
      (FHU) is reported. Twenty-seven patients (26.2%) had glaucoma. Half of these had
      glaucoma on presentation. The risk of development of glaucoma after presentation
      with FHU is 0.5% per year, falling substantially after 15 years follow-up. Causes
      of glaucoma include inflammation with peripheral anterior synechiae, rubeosis,
      lens-induced angle closure and recurrent spontaneous hyphaema, but most patients
      had chronic open angle glaucoma. Cataract surgery may precipitate glaucoma. Most
      patients were managed medically. The failure rate of glaucoma drainage surgery
      was 55.5%, and 5-Fluorouracil is to be recommended as an adjunct to surgery.

PMID- 1800164
TI  - Isolated peripheral nerve sheath tumours of the orbit.
AB  - Fifty-four cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumours within the orbit are
      reviewed. Benign neurilemmomas or neurofibromas occurred in 93% of patients and
      had an equal incidence. There was a family history or other signs of systemic
      neurofibromatosis in one-quarter of those with solitary neurofibromas, but in
      none of the patients with neurilemmoma. Symptoms and signs were generally those
      of an orbital mass lesion and pain or sensory loss was unusual, occurring more
      frequently with malignancy. Within the orbit, most peripheral nerve sheath
      tumours affect the first division of the trigeminal nerve and extension of some
      tumours through the superior orbital fissure limits their surgical resection.
      Despite incomplete resection of some tumours, with up to 23 years follow-up there
      have been no recurrences requiring further surgery. A postoperative sensory
      deficit occurred in only 32% of patients with benign neurilemmomas and 72% with
      neurofibromas.

PMID- 1800165
TI  - Intraocular pressure asymmetry in a population tested with the Pulsair non
      contact tonometer.
AB  - Intraocular pressure asymmetry as measured by noncontact tonometry (NCT) was
      analysed in a population of 874 individuals aged over 50 years. In both males and
      females the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured in the right eye exceeded that of
      the left. Pressure asymmetry followed a normal distribution in a population
      subgroup known to have normal fields, discs and pressures. The 95% confidence
      intervals for the equation R IOP--L IOP in normals were 0.63+ or -5.46 mmHg when
      the mean of four pulses per eye were used to calculate the IOP, increasing to
      0.80+ or -6.56 mmHg for two pulses per eye (thus expanding the limits by 20%).
      The range of asymmetry for NCT in normals therefore exceeds that reported for
      Goldmann applanation tonometry. Asymmetry was greater in females than males.
      Knowledge of the normal range of IOP asymmetry in each sex will help glaucoma
      screeners using NCT in their decision as to when to refer. A minimum of four
      pulses per eye should be used to assess the IOP when screening.

PMID- 1800166
TI  - A randomised double blind trial comparing the treatment of episcleritis with
      topical 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) Aminothiazole Hydrochloride 0.1% (CBS 113A)
      and placebo.
AB  - A randomised double blind trial of 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) Aminothiazole
      Hydrochloride 0.1% (CBS 113A) versus placebo was carried out in 43 eyes with
      episcleritis. Our results show that CBS 113A is effective in reducing the signs
      of conjunctival and episcleral inflammation in mild episcleritis within the first
      week of administration of the drug (Day 3: Total Score p = 0.0013, Conjunctival
      Injection p = 0.017, Episcleral Injection p = 0.0018 and Day 7: Total Score p =
      0.01, Conjunctival Injection p = 0.014, Episcleral Injection p = 0.027). CBS 113A
      was not effective against severe episcleritis. No significant side effects were
      found apart from a stinging sensation. There was no effect on intraocular
      pressure. The potential use of this new drug is discussed.

PMID- 1800167
TI  - Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - This study determined the presence of interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6),
      tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumour necrosis factor beta (TNF beta),
      interferon gamma (IFN gamma), transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF beta 2) and
      fibroblast proliferation activity (FPA) in vitreous aspirates from eyes
      undergoing vitrectomy for the treatment of retinal detachment complicated by
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) or uncomplicated retinal detachment (RD).
      Cadaveric vitreous from normal subjects were used as controls. The results showed
      that IL-1 and IL-6 predominated in vitreous from eyes with PVR or RD, and that
      concentrations of IL-6 greater than 20 pg/ml were more frequently found in PVR
      than in RD (p = 0.031) or control specimens (p = 0.006). Low levels of TNF alpha
      were observed in 4/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes with RD and 1/15 control vitreous,
      and small concentrations of TNF alpha were seen in 3/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes
      with RD and 2/15 control vitreous. IFN gamma was detected in 12/18 eyes with PVR,
      but only in 5/15 eyes with RD (p = 0.048) and 6/15 control specimens. TGF beta 2
      was present in all vitreous samples at concentrations ranging from 100 to 4,500
      pg/ml with no significant differences among the three groups. Control vitreous
      possessed the greatest FPA when compared with vitreous from eyes with PVR (p =
      0.031) or RD (p = 0.048). These observations provide further evidence that
      cytokine-mediated pathways of inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of
      PVR and point to the possible involvement of IL-1, IL-6 and IFN gamma in cellular
      interactions leading to chronicity.

PMID- 1800168
TI  - Primary or secondary anterior chamber lens implantation after extracapsular
      cataract surgery and vitreous loss.
AB  - Whilst an anterior chamber lens implant (AC IOL) can be implanted during
      extracapsular cataract extraction with vitreous loss managed by anterior
      vitrectomy, lens implantation as a secondary procedure may avoid complications.
      We reviewed 47 consecutive cases of vitreous loss, 37 managed with primary and 10
      with secondary AC IOLs. There was no significant difference in the level of final
      visual acuity but, as expected, it was reached earlier in the primary group (p
      less than 0.001). In the secondary group post-operative astigmatism was less
      marked (p less than 0.05) and the AC IOL haptic feet were correctly sited in the
      angle more frequently (p less than 0.05). Primary implant patients experienced
      more recurrent attacks of anterior uveitis (p less than 0.01) although the
      incidence of cystoid macular oedema and retinal detachment did not differ
      significantly. The results suggest that correct AC IOL positioning is more likely
      with a secondary procedure and that post-operative complications are fewer.

PMID- 1800169
TI  - Long-term follow-up of and underlying medical conditions in patients with
      diabetic exudative maculopathy.
AB  - Recent reports of risk factors for and survival of patients with diabetic
      retinopathy do not include exudative maculopathy as a separate entity. We
      therefore studied a group of hypertensive Type II diabetic subjects with
      exudative maculopathy (n = 26) compared to a carefully matched hypertensive
      diabetic comparison group without retinopathy (n = 26) over seven years. Diabetic
      maculopathy patients had higher mean diastolic blood pressure (101.6 +/- 14
      versus 94.8 +/- 10 mmHg, p less than 0.05), serum cholesterol (6.65 +/- 2.2
      versus 5.9 +/- 1.31 mmol/l), HDL2 subfraction levels (0.46 +/- 0.23 versus 0.32
      +/- 0.18 mmol/l) and a higher prevalence of hyperlipidaemia (54% versus 35%)
      compared to the comparison group. After seven years, the maculopathy group showed
      a strikingly higher prevalence of renal failure and nephrotic syndrome (42%
      versus 8%, p less than 0.05) and of macroproteinuria (58% versus 15%, p less than
      0.01) compared to the comparison group. Mortality and cardiovascular disease
      event rate was 12% and 38% in the maculopathy and 15% and 31% respectively in the
      comparison group. We conclude that although mortality is not significantly higher
      in diabetics with exudative maculopathy, proteinuria, renal failure and nephrotic
      syndrome may be associated features on long term follow-up. Hypertension and
      hypercholesterolaemia may also be risk factors in the development of diabetic
      maculopathy.

PMID- 1800171
TI  - The reproducibility of biometry and keratometry measurements.
AB  - Axial length and corneal curvature are entered into formulae to calculate
      intraocular lens power for cataract surgery and the absolute measurement of
      fundus structures such as neuroretinal rim area in glaucoma. The reproducibility
      (coefficient of variation, CV) of biometry and keratometry was investigated by
      taking five measurements of thirty phakic eyes. Although both techniques were
      found to be highly reproducible (CV less than 1%), keratometry was the more so.
      However, a clinically significant difference was noted between the first and the
      mean of five readings for both biometry (0.15 +/- 0.05 mm) and keratometry (0.05
      +/- 0.03). Taken together, these errors would result in a postoperative
      refractive error of 0.65D using the SRK formula. Measurement errors were just as
      likely to occur with short or long eyes. Similar results were found when the
      analysis was performed on three measurements of both axial length and corneal
      curvatures. We recommend taking the average of three biometry and keratometry
      readings to improve the reliability of the techniques, and to increase the
      accuracy of calculating intraocular lens power and fundus structure dimensions.

PMID- 1800170
TI  - Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in cataract: summation and inhibition of
      visual performance.
AB  - Patients exhibiting uniocular cataract often report an improvement in vision on
      closing their cataractous eye. Such qualitative evidence suggests the presence of
      binocular inhibition--the converse of binocular summation (that is the normal
      superiority of binocular over monocular vision). To quantify the extent of
      inhibition in cataract, binocular and monocular visual acuity and contrast
      sensitivity were measured in 28 patients. Twelve patients showed binocular
      inhibition for visual acuity whilst 11 showed inhibition for contrast sensitivity
      measured at four cycles per degree (c.deg-1). Contrast sensitivity for 8 c.deg-1
      targets was further recorded in a subset of 14 patients in whom seven showed
      inhibition. In patients who demonstrated inhibition, the mean decrement in
      performance for visual acuity was 13%. For contrast sensitivity at 4 and 8 c.deg
      1 the mean decrement was 25% and 32% respectively. The clinical significance of
      these findings is discussed with respect to the assessment of visual function and
      management of the cataract patient.

PMID- 1800172
TI  - Comparative analysis of three prospective trials of multifocal implants.
AB  - A clinical analysis of best cases four to 12 months postoperatively was made to
      assess the function of 47 3M multifocal implants, 40 Iolab multifocal implants
      and 24 AMO multifocal implants. Overall 86 (79%) eyes could see 6/12 and N6
      unaided. The multifocal function for each lens worked well for distance,
      intermediate and near in the majority but an increase in depth of field was at a
      cost of reduced resolution efficiency. The 3M lens was associated with symptoms
      of poor optical quality in 29.8% and with an inability to read N5 with correction
      in 17%. The Iolab lens provided better reading vision but less good distant
      vision than the other types and was associated with symptoms of poor optical
      quality in 15%. Many of these had a pupil diameter greater than 3.5 mm. The AMO
      lens gave a poorer unaided reading vision than the other lens types but had the
      lowest incidence of optical symptoms.

PMID- 1800173
TI  - Laryngeal and ocular granulation tissue formation in two Punjabi children: LOGIC
      syndrome.
AB  - Two unrelated children, both born in the United Kingdom of Punjabi Muslim
      parents, developed within months of birth, nodules in the larynx, conjunctiva and
      nailbeds. Currently the younger female child, aged five, is developing skin
      papules while the elder boy, now aged 15, is debilitated by oral, oesophageal and
      tracheal granulation tissue formation. Numerous biopsies of the affected tissues
      have revealed subepithelial granulation tissue formation of unknown aetiology.
      Extensive haematological, biochemical and bacteriological investigations were
      uninformative as to the cause. Treatment with steroids, dapsone, antituberculous
      drugs, and local excision failed to control the disease. No description of this
      condition exists in the international medical literature available to us.

PMID- 1800174
TI  - Ophthalmological screening for von Hippel-Lindau disease.
AB  - Forty seven individuals (from 16 kindreds) without prior evidence of retinal
      haemangiomas underwent full ophthalmological assessment as part of a
      comprehensive screening programme for Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ten were known
      to be affected on the basis of non-ocular involvement and 37 were at 50% risk of
      having the abnormal gene. Seventeen angiomas were detected in 14 individuals (six
      affected patients and eight at risk relatives). Regular detailed ophthalmological
      assessment is important for all patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and for
      relatives at risk of inheriting the abnormal gene.

PMID- 1800175
TI  - Mast cell hyperplasia in atopic keratoconjunctivitis. An immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - Immunohistochemical staining of conjunctival biopsies from four normal subjects
      and five patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) was performed, using a
      monoclonal antibody to human mast cell tryptase. A massive hyperplasia of mast
      cells in the patients with AKC was demonstrated. The mean mast cell density in
      the normal patients was 55.6/mm2 and in the patients with AKC, 172/mm2. The
      appearance of large numbers of mast cells in the conjunctival epithelium of AKC
      patients was also demonstrated. The possible pathophysiological significance of
      these findings is discussed.

PMID- 1800177
TI  - Review of a series of disc lens implants.
AB  - A consecutive series of 380 patients (431 eyes) implanted with the Pearce
      Lasadisc Lens are reviewed, of which 225 patients (255 eyes) underwent detailed
      assessment. The operative technique for implanting the disc lens is described and
      the importance of superior capsular bag fixation is discussed. Postoperatively
      89.9% of eyes achieved a best corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better. Five
      (1.2%) of the implants were removed; three due to lens decentration causing
      visual problems, one after dislocating into the anterior chamber, and one after
      causing pupil block glaucoma. One implant dislocated into the vitreous.

PMID- 1800176
TI  - Periorbital necrotising fasciitis.
AB  - Three cases of periorbital necrotising fasciitis are described, one occurring in
      a three-year-old child. The cases in adults required debridement of necrotic
      tissue, in one of whom there was extensive disease involving the face and orbital
      fat. It is probable that the early stages of this condition are under-recognised;
      the importance of early signs and intensive treatment of this life-threatening
      disease are illustrated.

PMID- 1800178
TI  - Disappearance of ocular malignant melanoma on computerised scan after spontaneous
      necrosis: clinical, radiological and pathological features.
AB  - An 82 year old patient was lost to follow-up having been diagnosed both
      clinically and on CT scan as having a right choroidal malignant melanoma. Twenty
      months later she presented with a painful right proptosis, dense cataract and
      raised intraocular pressure. A second CT scan showed orbital cellulitis with no
      evidence of the previous mass. Following enucleation histopathological
      examination revealed that the tumour had undergone total spontaneous necrosis.
      The implications of the CT scan findings are discussed. Five cases of necrosed
      choroidal malignant melanoma producing proptosis in the absence of extrascleral
      tumour extension have now been described.

PMID- 1800179
TI  - The value of plain radiography in suspected intraocular foreign body.
AB  - Patients presenting to an eye casualty department with a history of exposure to
      high velocity particles often undergo radiological investigation to rule out
      clinically undetected intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). We reviewed the
      indications for and the results of X-rays performed in our eye department over a
      five year period to determine the effectiveness of such screening. Our results
      suggest that most of the X-rays are performed needlessly and that radiological
      investigation could be restricted to those patients with clinical evidence of
      penetrating ocular and orbital trauma and patients with subconjunctival
      haemorrhage.

PMID- 1800180
TI  - A randomised placebo-controlled trial of topical cysteamine therapy in patients
      with nephropathic cystinosis.
AB  - Five patients with nephropathic cystinosis were evaluated to assess the ability
      of topical cysteamine to clear corneal cystine crystals. All patients were
      randomised to receive topical cysteamine 0.2% six times a day in one eye with
      normal saline in the other eye as a control. All five patients showed some
      improvement in visual symptoms (photophobia, blepharospasm and visual acuity)
      together with an improvement in corneal crystal density. Three of these also had
      an improvement in Snellen visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.

PMID- 1800181
TI  - Monitoring macular degeneration.

PMID- 1800182
TI  - Optic disc pallor measurement.

PMID- 1800183
TI  - Antenatal maternal factors and optic nerve hypoplasia.

PMID- 1800184
TI  - Unchanged levels of keto bile acids in bile after cholecystectomy.
AB  - Cholecystectomy has been hypothesized to cause increased levels of potentially
      harmful secondary bile acids due to prolonged exposure of primary bile acids to
      intestinal bacteria. In the present study, we analyzed duodenal bile of the same
      patients before and after cholecystectomy for keto bile acids and hydroxy bile
      acids. The ratios of individual keto bile acids to their corresponding precursor
      hydroxy bile acids were not significantly different before and after
      cholecystectomy. Keto bile acids constituted 2.5 +/- 1.3 and 2.2 +/- 0.9 mol% of
      hydroxy bile acids in duodenal bile. 3 alpha-Hydroxy-12-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acid
      derived from deoxycholic acid was the main keto bile acid in bile contributing 80
      mol% to total keto bile acids. There was a strong positive correlation between 3
      alpha-hydroxy-12-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acid and its precursor deoxycholic acid in
      bile (r = 0.88; p less than 0.0005). Our findings prove that 7 weeks after
      cholecystectomy the percentage of keto bile acids in bile as compared to hydroxy
      bile acids is not increased.

PMID- 1800185
TI  - Electromagnetically generated extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and adjuvant
      combined oral litholysis for therapy of symptomatic gallbladder stones.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to evaluate effectivity, problems and adverse
      effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) using a newly developed
      electromagnetic biliary lithotriptor (Lithostar Plus, Siemens, Erlangen, FRG) for
      the treatment of selected patients presenting with symptomatic
      cholecystolithiasis. In addition to generally accepted criteria for the selection
      of patients, gallbladder contractility was established and pigment stones were
      excluded by computed tomography (CT). 80 out of 486 patients (63 females, 17
      males, mean age 36, range 17-76 years) were selected for ESWL using a
      standardized diagnostic program. 62 out of 80 patients participating in the study
      had solitary concrements (diameter 23.3 +/- 6.4 mm) while in 18 patients 2 or 3
      stones (diameter below 10 mm) were observed. Stone fragmentation was achieved
      after an average of 1.35 treatment sessions (range 1-3) in 78 (97.5%) patients.
      No clinically relevant adverse effects were observed. Immediately after ESWL,
      ultrasound revealed misleading results with regard to stone fragmentation. 98.7%
      of patients (n = 77) were seen for follow-up investigations 3, 6 and 9 months
      after ESWL, and 82% at 12 months. A total of 40 (53%) patients became free of
      stones. Subgroup analysis showed that 68% of the patients were free of stones
      (stone diameter 10-20 mm), 54% (20-30 mm) and 33% (multiple stones),
      respectively. We therefore conclude that ESWL should be restricted to highly
      selected patients presenting with small (10-20 mm) solitary concrements.

PMID- 1800187
TI  - Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in strongyloidiasis.
AB  - Small bowel bacterial growth was studied in patients with strongyloidiasis, and
      the results were compared to controls. We concluded that in strongyloidiasis
      there is small bowel bacterial overgrowth, and so it should be considered in the
      pathogenesis of some of the gastrointestinal manifestations and complications of
      strongyloidiasis.

PMID- 1800186
TI  - Antral Helicobacter pylori-like organisms in different states of gastric acid
      secretion.
AB  - The frequency of Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) infestation in antral mucosa and the
      presence of gastritis were investigated in different states of gastric acid
      secretion. Biopsies were stained by the Warthin-Starry technique and hematoxylin
      eosin. Antral H.p. was found in similar frequencies in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
      (n = 17; profound acid hypersecretion, associated with duodenal ulcer disease in
      most cases) and the same number of age-matched controls (35% in each group)
      whereas H.p. could be detected in 31 out of 33 duodenal ulcer patients (94%). The
      incidence of H.p. infestation in H2-blocker refractory reflux oesophagitis was
      low (24%). Treatment of peptic lesions with omeprazole (drug-induced
      hypochlorhydria) led to a reduction or disappearance of H.p. in 7 out of 10 H.p.
      positive patients whereas none of 19 primarily H.p.-negative patients became
      infected with H.p. during prolonged omeprazole therapy. It is concluded that (1)
      development of duodenal ulcers (as in gastrinomas) does not necessarily require
      H.p., and (2) at least in some patients H.p. is reduced in antral mucosa by
      omeprazole.

PMID- 1800188
TI  - A double-blind trial of a celandin, aloevera and psyllium laxative preparation in
      adult patients with constipation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel laxative preparation,
      composed of celandin, aloevera and psyllium in patients with chronic
      constipation. Thirty-five men and women were randomized to receive capsules
      containing celandin-aloevera-psyllium, or placebo, in a double-blind trial
      lasting 28 days. Symptoms in the last 2 weeks of the treatment period were
      compared to those in the 14-day pre-trial basal period. In the celandin, aloevera
      and psyllium group, bowel movements became more frequent, the stools were softer
      and laxative dependence was reduced. In the placebo group, all these parameters
      were unchanged. Abdominal pain was not reduced in either group. The results of
      this study show that the preparation is an effective laxative in the treatment of
      constipation.

PMID- 1800189
TI  - Prolonged (24-hour) manometric recording of rectal contractile activity in
      patients with slow transient constipation.
AB  - A periodic motor activity, named the rectal motor complex, has been recently
      described in the healthy human rectum. We studied the rectal contractile activity
      for 24 h by a low compliance manometric system in a group of 10 women with slow
      transit constipation. Analysis of the 24-hour manometric recordings showed that
      these subjects: (1) had overall scarce rectal motility; (2) display few rectal
      motor complexes (average, 3.3 +/- 1.3/subject/24 h) which are irregularly
      distributed over time, and (3) respond weakly to ingestion of a standard meal
      (average duration of the motor response 19 +/- 6 min). The observations suggest
      that an underlying neuropathic process may be involved in the pathogenesis of the
      impaired rectal motility in patients with slow transit constipation.

PMID- 1800190
TI  - Touch and breaking bad news.

PMID- 1800191
TI  - Medical decision making by general practitioners and specialists.

PMID- 1800192
TI  - Factors influencing general practitioners' referral decisions.
AB  - This paper presents some findings from a small scale qualitative study of
      referral decision making conducted in south-east Northumberland in 1988-89. The
      study was prompted by an interest in variability in referral rates and the view
      that existing studies had not attempted to understand referral from the
      perspective of those involved in making the decisions. Our findings suggest that
      such understandings are crucial in the analysis of referral decisions and in any
      policy making initiatives designed to influence the pattern of referring.

PMID- 1800193
TI  - A study of the relationship between patients' attitudes and doctors' prescribing.
AB  - Questionnaires were given to 139 appointment attenders and 141 open access
      attenders prior to consultations at one general practice. These enquired about
      patients' attitudes toward common illness and its treatment. Data on prescribing
      were obtained from the general practitioners after the consultation. The results
      suggested that two sets of attitudes were present in the sample: a preference for
      self care and a preference for drug treatment. They did not suggest that open
      access attenders were more in favour of drug treatment than appointment
      attenders. Although the issuing of prescriptions was broadly in line with
      patients' attitudes, the only attitudinal statement significantly associated with
      doctors' prescribing behaviour was one reflecting a preference for drug
      treatment. A logit analysis showed that the effect of patients' attitudes was
      apparent for open access attenders but not appointment attenders. The data lend
      support to the hypothesis that doctors are more aware of the pressure to
      prescribe than of the preference for self care.

PMID- 1800194
TI  - Treatment, seizure-free periods, and educational achievements: a follow-up study
      among children with epilepsy and healthy children.
AB  - The medical situation (seizure-free periods, use of medicine, medical
      supervision) of a group of 136 epileptic children was investigated at the age of
      11. One hundred and nine of these children were individually matched with 109
      children without chronic illness and their educational achievements were
      compared. We came by these groups via their family doctors or their
      schools/teachers respectively. We followed-up their medical and educational
      situation 5 years later. In this way we have been able to establish long-term
      trends regarding the medical situation and the educational achievements of the
      children. From the data it appeared that between half and two-thirds of the
      children were seizure-free for 5 years or longer. One-quarter, however, seemed to
      be therapy resident and still had seizures. At the age of 16, four out of 10
      children were no longer under the supervision of any health care provider; five
      out of 10 did not use antiepileptic drugs anymore; but 20% of them still had
      seizures. There was no evidence of such improvements in the educational careers
      of these children: their educational levels stayed behind those of the controls.

PMID- 1800195
TI  - Asthma and stigma.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to all asthmatics between the ages of 18 and 60
      identified from a rural family practice in Southwestern Ontario. The
      questionnaire measured various attitudes concerning asthma and was used to
      identify those respondents reporting high levels of pessimism or stigma in
      relation to their condition. Seven respondents were then interviewed in depth,
      using interpretive research methods, to explore the experience of their condition
      and to attempt to clarify the concept of stigma in asthma. The conclusion of the
      study was that, for the respondents interviewed, stigma was not a major theme in
      their illness experience and seemed much less important than the current
      literature and the initial questionnaire results suggested.

PMID- 1800196
TI  - Behavioural contracting as a tool to help patients achieve better health.
AB  - Behavioural contracting is an intervention technique in which a client signs an
      agreement to make certain behaviour changes within a specified time, usually with
      explicitly defined rewards for adherence or success. Contracting is being
      increasingly used by health professionals to assist patients in making beneficial
      life style changes. This paper presents data on the outcome of behavioural
      contracting interventions to lower serum cholesterol and to increase exercise
      activity. Of 223 primary care patients enrolled in a health promotion programme,
      179 met with the project health educator to improve their cardiovascular risk
      profile; 144 of these were classified as having 'high cholesterol' and 51 signed
      contracts to adopt the American Heart Association guidelines diet within a 3
      month period. Everyone was encouraged to sign a contract to engage in aerobic
      exercise three times per week; 96 did so. The results indicate that contractors
      achieved greater beneficial health changes than non-contractors, and that the
      group which fully met their contract obligations experienced the greatest health
      benefit of all (either a lowering of cholesterol or a decreased exercising heart
      rate).

PMID- 1800197
TI  - Teaching counselling skills to fourth-year medical students: a dilemma concerning
      goals.
AB  - Advocacy of communication skills training in medical curricula is common, but
      this paper highlights some paradoxes which become apparent when such training is
      instituted. Fourth-year medical students completed a standardized questionnaire
      measure of empathy, before and after intensive training in counselling and
      communication in general practice. Low rates of empathetic responding were shown,
      and no increase occurred after training. The results are discussed in terms of an
      emerging dilemma within medical education and practice, namely the conflict
      between the traditional view of the doctor as problem-solver and recent evidence
      of the health benefits of a more patient-centred style of medical practice.

PMID- 1800198
TI  - Establishment of research in primary health care in Greece. Experiences of Greek
      Swedish collaboration.
AB  - The last few decades have seen great changes in health care and medical care in
      Greece, as well as in the Greek university system. A new law on health care and
      medical care has come into force, a new university hospital and new health
      centres have been built, and a faculty of medicine has been established at
      Heraklion in Crete. People are speaking of a change of paradigm. Simultaneous
      with the introduction of the new national health care system, the Department of
      Family and Social Medicine (DFSM) in Crete started a major project on public
      health, known as the Primary Health Care and Nutrition Programs (abbreviated as
      PPD). The purpose was to chart the state of health and living conditions of the
      Cretan population in the period 1986-1990. Cooperation in research and training
      began between DFSM and the Dalby Health Sciences Centre, Lund University in 1987.
      This was natural since there was a shared interest in research into family
      medicine and social medicine. In addition, a new Health Care Act had come into
      force in Sweden in 1982. The establishment phase of primary health care started
      in Sweden at the end of the 1960s. In the 1970s health centres were established,
      along with research and training in family medicine, in a way that is comparable
      in many respects to the situation in which Crete found itself a decade later.
      This paper concerns the organization and implementation of PPD and the research
      cooperation between Greek and Swedish institutions. This can be seen as an
      expression of the internationalization of research for which the two universities
      have striven.

PMID- 1800199
TI  - The relationship between general practitioners, hospital consultants and
      community nurses when caring for people in the last year of their lives.
AB  - The general practitioners, hospital consultants and community nurses who had
      cared for a random sample of people who died were asked about their relationships
      with the other professional groups and for their views and experiences of
      specialist domiciliary terminal care services. Many of the general practitioners
      and the nurses were critical of hospital communication over discharge. The most
      frequent criticism made by community nurses of general practitioners was that
      they did not ask for nursing help early enough for people who were dying. This
      may be because many general practitioners regarded the community nursing services
      as overstretched. General practitioners were rather less enthusiastic than the
      other two professional groups about specialist medical or nursing domiciliary
      terminal care services. They were, however, more convinced of the helpfulness of
      these services if they had some experience of them.

PMID- 1800200
TI  - Attitudes towards care of the dying: a questionnaire survey of general practice
      attenders.
AB  - In order to determine the views of General Practice attenders on death and dying,
      a survey was conducted using a questionnaire with nine questions on aspects of
      death and dying. There were 4117 respondents with an average age of 36.4 years,
      who attended 10 general practices. A control group of 100 patients was employed.
      There was a stated preference for management by the General Practitioner and a
      wish to die in the home. An honest approach by doctors was called for and the
      greatest fear concerning death was that of leaving the family. A subgroup of
      people who stated that they had close personal experience of death or dying,
      amplified most of these findings.

PMID- 1800201
TI  - Opportunistic screening for hypercholesterolaemia with participants selected by
      the general practitioner. Inclusion and drop-out rate.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate a method for opportunistic
      hypercholesterolaemia screening in primary care. At Lyckeby Primary Health Care
      Centre in Southern Sweden, where six general practitioners provide care to a
      population of 15,706 inhabitants, screening of patients aged 25-59 years was
      integrated with regular case-finding for hypertension. The specific
      characteristic of the programme was that the general practitioner adjusted, from
      day to day, the inclusion rate to actual resources. The study evaluated
      implementation during 3 years; after this time, 27 per cent of the target
      population was included. The included portion of those who visited the centre was
      48% between ages 40 and 59 years, and 20% of those between 25 and 39 years.
      Compliance with the follow-up protocol differed according to age and risk group.
      The reattendance rates were better for those aged 40-59 years compared to the
      younger. It is concluded that opportunistic screening is most feasible in ages 40
      59 years, while for younger people traditional population strategies may be
      preferable. If integrated with regular case-finding and treatment follow-up for
      hypertension, which are long well established components of general practice, no
      extra resources are needed for implementation.

PMID- 1800202
TI  - The effect of self-administered faecal occult blood tests on compliance with
      screening for colorectal cancer: results of a survey of those invited.
AB  - To determine the relative importance of health beliefs and the characteristics of
      different methods of faecal occult blood screening in predicting acceptance of
      the test a self completed questionnaire was offered to 590 patients registered
      with a practice in an Oxfordshire market town. The patients were an age-sex
      stratified random sample of those who had been offered screening as part of a
      trial in which one of three different faecal occult blood screening tests, two of
      which were self-reported, had been offered. The overall adjusted response rate
      was 70.1%. Those who complied with the test had more positive attitudes to the
      implications of a positive test, to treatment and to the value of screening in
      general. The experience of a close relative or friend with bowel cancer was
      associated with an increased likelihood of compliance [odds ratio = 15.2 (9.4
      24.3)]. Three were marked differences between the tests in the proportions of
      patients finding them 'messy' or 'disgusting' (Haemoccult 72.0%, Coloscreen
      48.0%, Early Detector 55.4% chi 2 Haemoccult vs. self-reported = 5.05 P less than
      0.05), and the odds of finding the procedure disgusting were significantly higher
      among patients who did not complete the test [odds ratio 6.9 (3.1-15.5)].

PMID- 1800203
TI  - Prevention of lifestyle-related disease: general practitioners' views about their
      role, effectiveness and resources.
AB  - An interview survey of GPs working within one district health authority was
      carried out in order to examine their views on the prevention of lifestyle
      related disease. The 48 doctors (89%) who took part considered that prevention
      was an important part of their work, but were cautious about their effectiveness
      and over achieving change in many of their patients. Many expressed considerable
      concern about their ability to cope with the anticipated workload and the
      conflict with curative work, particularly when considering numbers of staff that
      could be made available. The views of the doctors in this study reflect
      uncertainty about their ability to carry out effective prevention of lifestyle
      related disease for the general population. This uncertainty is not unexpected
      given that the important risk factors are widely distributed in the population,
      and greatly influenced by social norms. This has important implications for the
      planning of health promotion activities. Although additional resources and skills
      for the organization and conduct of health education work are also required, this
      need must be dealt with alongside the concerns expressed by the doctors in the
      study. These problems might be addressed by a coordinated district strategy for
      the prevention of lifestyle-related disease, developed in conjunction with other
      agencies responsible for public health, and with community groups.

PMID- 1800204
TI  - The International Balint Federation: past, present, and future.
AB  - In the past 40 years the doctor's role in family medicine has been transformed by
      Michael Balint. Britain, his adopted country, was the birthplace of this change.
      Psychoanalysts, who led the original seminars at the Tavistock Clinic in London,
      conveyed psychotherapeutic skills to those doctors already established as general
      practitioners. The Balint movement later became world-wide. Leaders now include
      psychologists and Balint-trained family doctors. Everyone has broader ideas about
      patient-centred medicine, the doctor-patient relationship, and training-cum
      research. Many groups are devoted to trainees and to medical students. The
      original dependence of family doctors on psychoanalysts has been converted by
      Michael Balint into interdependence, and he helped preserve the art of medicine
      by making the art more scientific. The International Federation is devoted to the
      sharing of experiences, reviewing of ideas, and the continued development of the
      Balint philosophy.

PMID- 1800205
TI  - When plagiarism becomes research.
AB  - There are three possible levels of analysis in clinical research. Primary
      analysis deals with the original analysis of research study data. Secondary
      analysis is a reanalysis of the original data, either to address the original
      question through better techniques or to address a new question using old data.
      Meta-analysis is a statistical analysis of many studies done to summarize a body
      of literature. Meta-analysis is particularly helpful in an area in which original
      research studies have produced conflicting results because it enables analysis of
      the impact of study characteristics upon the end result. The family practitioner
      as a consumer of research needs to become familiar with the technique of meta
      analysis because it is appearing with increasing frequency in the medical
      literature. Still somewhat controversial, meta-analysis requires a rigorous
      approach to ensure its validity: this editorial is written to assist the family
      practitioner in an understanding of the meta-analytic technique and point out
      important features that need to appear in any published meta-analysis.

PMID- 1800206
TI  - Statistical power in single subject trials.
AB  - A controlled single subject trial compares the efficacy of a new treatment with a
      control treatment in an individual patient. The treatments are administered in a
      double-blind, randomized, multi-crossover sequence of periods. During the trial
      response measures are obtained from each treatment period and form the basis for
      the statistical evaluation. Similar to the situation in clinical trials using
      groups of patients the statistical power is dependent on sample size, variability
      of responses, magnitude of the differential treatment effect and the level of
      statistical significance. In addition, the randomization procedure is of
      importance and power estimations show that a pairwise random allocation of
      treatment periods is more powerful than an unrestricted randomization. Since a
      single subject trial is a time consuming approach, the total number of treatment
      periods, the sample size, is restricted in order to make such trials feasible.
      Accordingly, less rigorous statistical requirements and power must be accepted.
      The consequence is an increased risk of both Type I and II errors. However, in
      comparison with the trial and error approach frequently applied in clinical
      practice, the controlled single subject trial may improve the certainty of
      therapeutic decisions in the individual patient.

PMID- 1800207
TI  - Costing consultations in general practice: towards a standardized method.
AB  - The cost of a consultation with a general practitioner forms an integral part of
      many economic evaluations. If resources are to be allocated efficiently it is
      necessary to provide accurate costings. Despite this, the research literature
      lacks any established method for costing consultations. This paper reviews some
      of the approaches used in previous studies, considers some of the issues involved
      in costing consultations, and provides some guidelines to follow when costing
      general practitioner consultations.

PMID- 1800208
TI  - Measuring functional status in family practice.

PMID- 1800209
TI  - Development of the 17-item Duke Health Profile.
AB  - The 17-item Duke Health Profile (DUKE) was developed as a refined version of the
      63-item Duke-UNC Health Profile (DUHP) using a methodology based upon a balanced
      clinical and statistical rationale. The result is a brief, valid functional
      health measure with 10 scales that compares well with the MOS Short-form and the
      COOP Charts. In addition to the five constructs (ambulation, emotional symptoms,
      activities with friends or relatives, health perception, and pain) which are
      measured by all three of the instruments, the DUKE quantitates cognition, social
      self-esteem, confinement, and somatic symptoms other than pain.

PMID- 1800210
TI  - Assessing the functional status during an asthma attack with Dartmouth COOP
      charts. Validity with respect to the change in asthma.
AB  - The functional status of patients was determined during an acute attack of asthma
      requiring medical intervention. Patients were recruited during two months from
      general practice: all 28 patients consulting for an acute asthma attack were
      invited to take part: four refused or were withdrawn from follow up. Matched
      control patients with asthma, not suffering from an acute attack were selected
      from the practice file. Patients were investigated directly after the initial
      intervention and exactly 14 days later: respiratory symptoms, peak expiratory
      flow rates and functional status were recorded. In all cases the intervention
      resulted in the relief of symptoms and a return of peak expiratory flow to the
      normal predicted range for age, sex and height. After the 14 days, patients had
      no longer evidence of an exacerbation of their asthma. During the attack, there
      were indications of reduced physical and psychological functions, and reduced
      daily and social activities. A difference was found in the functional profile of
      asthmatics with an asthma attack and asthmatics without an asthma attack. After
      14 days, the functional status of all the dimensions had improved. There was no
      evident correlation to the change in functional status and peak expiratory flow
      rates. An asthma attack hampers the patient in his daily functioning--not only
      physically, but also in social functioning and feelings. There are indications
      that the recuperation in terms of functioning takes longer than the symptoms to
      disappear or the peak expiratory flow to return to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800211
TI  - Functional status in the treatment of heart failure by captopril: a multicentre,
      controlled, double-blind study in family practice.

PMID- 1800212
TI  - Do we know how to influence patients' behaviour? Tips to improve patients'
      adherence.
AB  - This paper discusses the importance of achieving patients' compliance with a
      health care provider's recommendations. It includes a summary of the different
      approaches and meanings given by different researchers to the term compliance.
      Different methods of measuring compliance are described. The aim of the paper is
      to provide health care professionals, especially physicians, with the necessary
      background information to interpret compliance studies and, more importantly, to
      present different strategies that have been proved to be effective at improving
      patients' compliance (adherence) with medical recommendations.

PMID- 1800213
TI  - [Atmospheric pollution and its principal damage to human health].

PMID- 1800214
TI  - [Pregnancy toxemia. A multidisciplinary problem].
AB  - Gestational hypertensive disease is an important health problem whose real
      incidence in Mexico remains unknown. The estimate is one case of eclampsia per
      thousand pregnancies. The knowledge about its etiology is still scarce, hence the
      treatment provided is mainly symptomatic.

PMID- 1800215
TI  - [The etiology of digital clubbing].

PMID- 1800217
TI  - [Hemophilic arthropathy. The therapeutic approaches in the clinical picture of
      hemophilia].
AB  - The ambulatory treatment of hemophilic arthropathy decreased the amount of
      replacement therapy with factor VIII from 3,220,000 U in 1984 to 2,217,700 U
      (32%) in 1988. Radioactive synovectomy diminished the number of hemarthroses in
      97 per cent. Intraarticular dexamethasone reduced bleeding episodes and improved
      joint function in 48 per cent. These procedures for hemophilic arthropathy
      allowed to integrate the patient into society and diminished transfusion risks.

PMID- 1800216
TI  - [Rheumatic fever. The clinical profile of a persistent disease].
AB  - Clinical and social aspects of patients with rheumatic fever that were studied in
      the Internal Medicine Department of the "Instituto Nacional de Pediatria" during
      the last decade were analyzed. Variations observed in the clinical profile all
      around the world and the sudden and unexpected outbreak of the disease in the
      United States made this revision necessary so that the pediatrician remains
      actualized and aware. Damage to the heart is as always a major concern.
      Laboratory and radiological tests necessary to sustain the clinical diagnosis and
      those needed for further evaluation are discussed. To mention some social aspects
      regarding this group is essential because of the great difference between our
      patients and those recently seen in the United States.

PMID- 1800218
TI  - [Ferritin in the cerebrospinal fluid as an early indicator of neuromeningeal
      involvement in patients with malignant lymphoma].
AB  - In order to evaluate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin could be useful
      to determine early infiltration of central nervous system (CNS) in patients with
      malignant lymphoma, the ferritin concentration was measured in 30 previously
      untreated patients with malignant lymphoma without evidence of neurologic
      infiltration. Six patients showed elevation of CNS ferritin 2 to 6 months after
      clinical and cytologic diagnosis of CNS involvement was confirmed. Twenty-four
      patients with normal CSF ferritin did not show involvement of CNS 6 to 23 months
      after the study was done. Measurement of CNS ferritin appears to be important in
      the early detection of CNS involvement of malignant lymphoma and should be
      included in the clinical evaluation to detect patients at high-risk to develop
      this complication and prophylaxis could be done to avoid it.

PMID- 1800219
TI  - [A cryolesion study of the cervix uteri].

PMID- 1800220
TI  - [Captopril reduction of albuminuria in type-II diabetics with diabetic
      nephropathy].
AB  - This study was to search if captopril (C) reduces albuminuria in a group of type
      II diabetics with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Eleven type II diabetics with DN and
      hypertension, with albuminuria over 0.30 g/L/24th, fasten blood glucose under 250
      mg/dL, serum albumin over 3 g/dL, without infection, cardiac failure or diuretic
      treatment, were treated with C for six months, as the only treatment for
      hypertension and albuminuria. Every month, albuminuria in a 24h urinary
      collection, medium arterial pressure (MAP), serum creatinine and fasten blood
      glucose were measured. Ten women and one man with 60 (50-70) years of average age
      (0 to 100th percentile), with 18 (8-35) years of diabetic disease, and 4 (1-7)
      years of clinic hypertension were studied. Before the treatment with C they had
      albuminuria of 6.9 (0.7 to 12.5) g/L/24h, MAP of 119.7 (93.2 to 139) mmHg, serum
      creatinine of 2.2 (0.7 to 7.5) mg/dL and glucose of 168 (78 to 250) mg/dL. After
      6 months with C, they had albuminuria of 3.5 (0.2 to 9.6) g/L/24h (p less than
      0.01), MAP of 113.4 (92.9 to 132.4) mmHg (p = 0.5), serum creatinine of 2.3 (0.5
      to 6.4) mg/dL (p = 0.23) and glucose of 133 (87.5 to 239) mg/dL (p = 0.32). The
      MAP showed a predictive relation over albuminuria (p = less than 0.004). During
      the six months of study, C reduced albuminuria in type II diabetics with
      hypertension and diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 1800221
TI  - [Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery].

PMID- 1800223
TI  - [The indications and requests for laboratory examinations].

PMID- 1800222
TI  - [Cancer of the larynx].

PMID- 1800224
TI  - [The treatment of the child with diarrheic disease. III. The treatment of
      dehydration].

PMID- 1800226
TI  - [Sleep and its disorders].

PMID- 1800225
TI  - [The tobacco habit among the workers in a general hospital. A survey report].
AB  - Survey among the workers of a general hospital to investigate how may of them
      smoke by means of a closed questionnaire given to 1092 Subjects. Smoking habit
      was positive in 678 (62.1%) and negative in 414 (37.9%); statistical difference
      was significant p 0.01. The rate for nocturnal workers was 80.0 in comparison
      with those of the morning and evening with 55.81 and 62.38 respectively. Men
      smokers had 66.79 of rate and women 57.55 with no statistical difference.
      Cigarette was the most common form of tobacco consumption, pipe and cigars were
      very rate. The most important number of smokers were 31-40 (65.4% and 21-30
      (62.7%) years old, very few under 21 but among these 63% were smokers. Smoking
      habit was more common in the groups of high schooling [correction of scolarity].
      Physicians were an important group of smokers, 61.6 per cent of 284 use to smoke
      while working in the hospital. Other characteristics of smokers are discussed and
      it is concluded that is necessary to take action to get a tobacco free hospital.

PMID- 1800227
TI  - [Comparative study of hemostasis in the aorta and peripheral veins of patients
      with atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries].
AB  - A total of 127 male patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb
      arteries, stages I-IV, aged 43-76 years, were investigated. Thrombogenic
      potential in the blood from the upper, and lower limbs of patients was higher
      than in normal subjects, that was evidenced by elevation of blood platelet
      aggregation capacity, increased content of thrombocytic factor 4, fibrinogen
      concentration, and a rise in the level of soluble complexes of fibrin monomers.
      These changes were attended by the lowering of anticoagulant activity (a decrease
      in antithrombin III level) and fibrinolysis. The thrombogenic potential in the
      blood from the aorta was significantly higher than in the venous blood: increased
      intravascular spontaneous platelet aggregation, fibrinogen concentration, and
      significant rise in antithrombin III activity). Antithrombogenic potential of the
      vascular wall in patients is substantially lower as compared to that in normal
      subjects.

PMID- 1800228
TI  - [Coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of erythrocytes in varying stages of
      rheumatic fever with minimal activity].
AB  - Lowered, as compared to the normal, coagulation activity of hemolyzed and intact
      red blood cells was recorded in rheumatic fever patients with minimal activity of
      the process in the presence of hypercoagulation syndrome detectable in the
      plasma. This activity is low-dependent on the degree of chronic circulatory
      insufficiency (CCI), and has a tendency to further lowering but not rising under
      the effect of the treatment conducted. Aggregation activity of red blood cells in
      patients with CCI of 0-I degree is lowered, in those with CCI of IIA and IIB-III
      degree--elevated, and it is highest in patients with CCI of IIB-III degree.
      Fibrinolytic activity of red blood cells recorded in normal subjects is lost in
      all the groups of patients, regardless of the observation period, with appearance
      or elevation of fibrinolysis inhibitors in them. Erythrocytic hemostasis
      alterations detected at varying stages of the course and treatment of rheumatic
      fever may be conducive to the reduction or growth of overall plasma-erythrocytic
      coagulation potential thrombophilia.

PMID- 1800229
TI  - [Hemostatic status in patients after surviving myocardial infarction].
AB  - Hemostasis system parameters were studied in 97 male patients who survived
      myocardial infarction, before and after single dosed bicycle exercise; the
      control group consisted of 38 normal subjects. The results of the study have
      evidenced that thrombogenic changes in hemostasis are precursors of coronary
      heart disease exacerbation. The authors have recommended the analysis of
      hemostasis parameters under conditions of single dosed bicycle exercise for the
      prognosis of complications at the polyclinical stage of rehabilitation.

PMID- 1800230
TI  - [Inhibitors of plasminogen activators].

PMID- 1800231
TI  - [Current views on the process of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and the action
      of natural anticoagulants].

PMID- 1800232
TI  - [Thrombocyte aggregation, induced by fibrin-monomer and its disturbances in
      intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 1800233
TI  - [Informative value of donor and recipient blood compatibility tests by
      erythrocyte antigens].

PMID- 1800234
TI  - [Status-metric method of predicting antibody-production in specific immunization
      of donors].

PMID- 1800235
TI  - [Quantitative determination of protein impurities in hemoglobin solutions using
      immunoenzyme analysis].

PMID- 1800236
TI  - [Rheologic properties of erythrocytes of the hemostatic system in patients with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia].
AB  - Disturbed erythrocytic rheology revealed in ALL patients with hypocoagulative
      shifts is suggested to trigger DIC syndrome. Combined treatment enhanced
      erythrocytic aggregation, viscosity and reduced deformability. Nevertheless, the
      patients improved, hemorrhagic complications attenuated, hemostasis underwent
      positive changes. The shifts are thought a defense reaction. A correlation exists
      between rheologic abnormalities and ALL severity.

PMID- 1800237
TI  - [A uniform technique of one-stage factor VIII:C assay in cryoprecipitate and its
      concentrates. Part II (according to the results obtained by the group of the
      "Hemostasis Pathology Commission)].

PMID- 1800238
TI  - [Oxygen regimen characteristics of an isolated heart during its perfusion with
      human erythrocyte suspension, prepared in glugicir solution, after short and long
      storage periods].

PMID- 1800239
TI  - [Cells with numerous chromosomal aberrations detected in inhabitants of the
      Chernobyl region].

PMID- 1800240
TI  - [Blood transfusion-induced complications during plasmapheresis in donors].

PMID- 1800241
TI  - [Bleeding duodenal angioleiomyoma in Willebrand's disease ].

PMID- 1800242
TI  - [Erythrocyte damage in toxicogenic disseminated intravascular coagulation
      syndrome induced by viper poison].
AB  - Total number of red blood cells, their acid resistance, deformability and
      fragmentation were studied in rats after intramuscular injection of a semilethal
      dose of viper poison. It was shown that most significant changes in the above
      parameters took place 120 min after the poison administration: diminution of red
      blood cell number, disappearance of high-resistant red blood cells, increase of
      fragmentary cell number, lowering of deformability.

PMID- 1800243
TI  - [Free radical oxidation of red blood cell membrane lipid structures as a trigger
      mechanism of an increase in red blood cell membrane permeability during blood
      coagulation in vitro].
AB  - The study of venous blood samples from 50 clinically normal subjects has shown
      that free radical oxidation of red blood cell membrane lipid structure induced by
      the blood sample contact with atmospheric oxygen serves a trigger rising the
      membrane permeability during blood coagulation in vitro. Activation of endogenous
      phospholipase A2 is a process dependent on the increase of intraerythrocytic
      concentration of calcium ions.

PMID- 1800244
TI  - Defining family caregivers of the elderly: implications for research and public
      policy.

PMID- 1800245
TI  - Cognition of caregiving tasks: multidimensional scaling of the caregiver task
      domain.
AB  - This research investigates the distinctions caregivers use in thinking about home
      care tasks. A sample of 52 adult child caregivers sorted 25 cards with caregiving
      tasks printed on them into different piles based on the similarity of the tasks.
      Multidimensional scaling of the aggregate proximity matrix for the items showed
      three dimensions in the caregiver task domain: type of impairment (physical vs.
      cognitive-emotional), location of caregiving (within home vs. outside home), and
      response to parental incompetency (autonomy-fostering vs. guardianship).
      Respondents' statements support the dimensionality of the domain.

PMID- 1800246
TI  - Stability and change in the informal task support network of frail older persons.
AB  - This study examines predictors of stability and change in composition, size, and
      intensity of help of the informal task support networks of frail elders and their
      primary caregivers. The sources of data are the 1982 and 1984 National Long Term
      Care Surveys and the companion 1982 Informal Caregivers Survey. There was
      slightly more stability than change in the size and composition of family task
      support networks. We found little evidence that shifts in network composition
      were in the direction of including more distant kin. Changes in network size and
      intensity of help occurred in response to changes in health and functional status
      of the frail older person, but not in response to the level of burden of the
      primary caregiver.

PMID- 1800247
TI  - Adult children as caregivers: egocentric biases in judgments of sibling
      contributions.
AB  - This study examined filial caregivers' views of their own and their siblings'
      costs and contributions to the care of their parents. The respondents viewed
      their siblings' responses to the parents' needs as remarkably similar to their
      own, in spite of there being no actual similarity. Despite these perceived
      similarities, however, respondents perceived their siblings as contributing less
      than themselves, gaining less satisfaction, feeling freer to alter their
      caregiving, and being resistant to increasing their relative contributions. In
      order of importance, the extent of contact between the siblings, their feelings
      of closeness, the extent of parents' needs, their gender, the extent of resources
      spent, and personal regard for their siblings were significant predictors of
      these egocentrically biased perceptions. As expected, these egocentrically biased
      perceptions were important predictors of personal regard for their siblings.

PMID- 1800248
TI  - Assessment of the attitudes of family caregivers toward community services.
AB  - Previous research has not taken into account the influence of attitudinal
      variables on the use of community services by dementia caregivers. The Community
      Service Attitude Inventory (CSAI) was developed to provide a measurement tool to
      further understanding of community service use by family caregivers. Testing of
      the CSAI revealed five distinct components of family attitudes toward use of
      community services.

PMID- 1800249
TI  - Caregiving and multigenerational families.
AB  - This paper examines the possibility that the extension of traditional family
      household boundaries foreshadows an expanded caregiving system as family lines
      grow longer. An original study of 25 four-generation families, mapping all linear
      and lateral members, offers findings that confirm evidence found in a literature
      review. One primary caregiver, either a spouse or daughter, generally shoulders
      responsibility for members in adversity. A caregiving system encompassing more
      than two generations in direct descent was not discernible. Problems in caring
      for the oldest old are noted.

PMID- 1800250
TI  - Impact of family conflict on adult child caregivers.
AB  - Family conflict is an overlooked yet potentially critical component of the
      caregiving experience. In a study of 100 adult child caregivers, 40% were
      experiencing relatively serious conflict with another family member, usually a
      sibling. Most conflict arose because the relative failed to provide sufficient
      help. Path analysis revealed that caregivers experiencing family conflict had
      significantly higher perceived burden and poorer mental health than did
      caregivers without conflict, even when quality of the caregiver's relationship
      with the parent, extent of caregiver tasks, income, gender, and age were taken
      into account.

PMID- 1800251
TI  - Employment and caregiver strain: an integrative model.
AB  - This study examines a multifactorial model of caregiving strain and its effects
      in a sample of 341 employed caregivers, using a LISREL framework to estimate path
      coefficients. Work disruptions associated with caregiving significantly affected
      caregiving strain and the perceived likelihood of job termination. Work
      interference was in turn affected by the care recipient's level of impairment and
      the perceived adequacy of the support received. Respondents with more flexible
      job responsibilities reported lower levels of work interference than did other
      respondents.

PMID- 1800252
TI  - Effect of an incontinence training program on nursing home staff's knowledge,
      attitudes, and behavior.
AB  - To test a behavioral approach for urinary incontinence (UI), 166 staff in four
      nursing homes participated in a quasi-experimental study that measured knowledge
      and attitudes about UI and compliance with toileting protocols. The intervention
      group (N = 96) showed a slight increase in knowledge; their attitudes remained
      positive over the four testing times. Compliance with the more critical component
      of the toileting protocol was only 72%, although evidence existed that the
      protocol reduced UI. Results are discussed in terms of the sociocultural
      environment of nursing homes.

PMID- 1800253
TI  - Factors differentiating hospital transfers from long-term care facilities with
      high and low transfer rates.
AB  - This paper examines the factors that account for differences among nursing homes
      in terms of the rates at which they transfer patients to hospitals. Data from
      nursing staff and charts were collected on the 286 most recent transfers from 10
      nursing homes. Discriminant function analyses indicated that from relatively
      equivalent patient populations, high-rate facilities tended to transfer the more
      chronically ill, physically frail patients; patients with infection (a
      potentially treatable condition within the long-term care facility); and to make
      transfers because of lack of resources such as a lab and X-ray equipment. Lack of
      IV therapy, while a frequently cited primary nonmedical reason for transfer, did
      not discriminate between high- and low-transfer-rate facilities.

PMID- 1800254
TI  - Perceptual dysfunction in hemiplegia and automobile driving.
AB  - Sixteen post-stroke, hemiplegic patients, who requested that they be allowed to
      return to driving, were extensively evaluated by a physiatrist, psychologist,
      occupational therapist, and driver training specialist. After they completed a
      driver training program, the patients were divided into three groups based on
      their driving program success and follow-ups. Significant differences in the
      psychological test results were found between Group I (those who drove without
      any difficulty) and Groups II and III (those who drove limited distance or who
      failed driver training). Results suggest that patients with significant cognitive
      and perceptual problems who take training and limit their driving can be safe
      drivers when they return to driving.

PMID- 1800256
TI  - Health promotion for older people: all is not well.
AB  - The changing nature of disease risks and functional health status with aging
      suggests the need to focus health promotion efforts in the older population where
      they will be most effective in reducing morbidity, mortality, and disability.
      However, there is little consensus in the literature regarding the efficacy of
      various health promotion practices and the appropriate target groups within a
      diverse older population. Careful research on and thoughtful application of
      findings to this older population are needed to ensure the effective use of
      limited health promotion resources.

PMID- 1800255
TI  - Nutrition goals for older adults: a review.
AB  - Elderly people are generally identified as being at particular risk of poor
      dietary intake and nutritional problems and are thus a high-priority target group
      for nutrition education. In this paper, specific goals of nutrition education for
      older adults and high-risk groups within the elderly population are discussed
      through a review of three crucial areas: (1) current knowledge of the eating
      patterns, nutrient intake, and supplement use of older adults; (2) existing
      information on the multiple influences (physical, behavioral, and socioeconomic)
      on the eating habits of older adults; and (3) the potential benefits and likely
      efficacy of dietary and life-style changes in this age group.

PMID- 1800257
TI  - Caregiver activity on respite and nonrespite days: a comparison of two service
      approaches.
AB  - Use of time was examined among female caregivers of dementia patients who used
      home care (n = 20) and day care (n = 20) respite services. Assessment of
      caregiver activity during respite and nonrespite days revealed significant
      program differences in the amount of caregiving time and overall differences in
      the amount of noncaregiving time. Use of respite time was also examined.
      Significant predictors of willingness to continue care were identified. Ratings
      of program satisfaction were very high.

PMID- 1800258
TI  - Comprehensive community-based mental health outreach services for suburban
      seniors.
AB  - An outreach program to deliver mental health services to mentally ill older
      adults has been developed in Baltimore County, Maryland. Incorporating prevention
      and early intervention strategies, this program targets persons aged 60 and over
      with late-onset or previously undiagnosed psychiatric histories. Services are
      provided through a novel one-third/one-third/one-third delivery schedule in
      senior centers, in community mental health centers, and in seniors' homes.

PMID- 1800259
TI  - Arguments for assisted suicide.

PMID- 1800261
TI  - [Autonomic regulatory disorders of the sinus rhythm in the pathogenesis of
      cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in vibration- induced disease].
AB  - As a result of the sinus cardiac rhythm (SR) analysis in the medical examination
      of 47 healthy persons along with 55 and 105 patients with respectively 1st and
      2nd degrees of the disease caused by local vibration,--dysregulatory vegetative
      disorders were revealed, which participated in the formation of the
      cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy nonspecific syndrome. Studies of the SR wave
      structure absolute values both at rest and in the active ortho test dynamics in
      VD patients revealed a marked suppression of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
      influences on the rhythm with shifting of the SR-determination to the humoral
      metabolic level and lowered activity in stimulation response. The sequence and
      degree of manifestations of the dysregulatory disorders corresponded to the
      vibration disease stage and reflected generalization of the pathologic
      development.

PMID- 1800260
TI  - [Reflexotherapy in the complex correction of psychosomatic disorders in patients-
      participants in emergency work at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].
AB  - The article contains an analysis of current medical techniques in the
      reflexotherapy (acupuncture in combination with needle application therapy) of
      the psychosomatic syndrome in 96 patients who had participated in the Chernobyl
      disaster control. The contributors worked out a set of biologically active points
      and areas, and described the peculiarities of the acupuncture therapeutic
      effects.

PMID- 1800263
TI  - [Use of the sum of molecular radicals in regression analysis for predicting the
      toxicity and MPEL of organophosphorus compounds].
AB  - The sum of the organophosphorous compounds' radicals, as calculated with the Free
      Wilson technique, provides the most informative descriptor in toximetric indices
      calculations for these substances in correlation-regression analysis. The
      resulting formulae can be used in the planning procedures for experimental
      activities in hygienic standards of these substances and working area MAC's
      elaboration.

PMID- 1800262
TI  - [Effect of chemical factors on the state of the organ of vision].
AB  - The article contains the results of the author's original studies and review of
      relevant medical literature on the influences of individual chemical substances
      on the eye. Analysis is given of the effects of benzene, aniline dye vapours,
      sulfur compounds and spirits on the anterior parts of the eye (chronic
      blepharitis++, conjunctivitis, decreased sensitivity of the cornea).

PMID- 1800264
TI  - [Study of the reproductive function in albino rats after inhalation of 4,4'
      diaminodiphenyl ether of resorcin].
AB  - The article contains experimental data on the morphofunctional state of gonads in
      male rats after chronic inhalation of diamine P, and on the state of
      embryogenesis after inhalant introduction of diamine P into pregnant rats in
      threshold-level concentrations. Results of the study revealed that, in chronic
      inhalant introduction at 29.3 and 4.2 mg/m3, diamine P demonstrated gonadotoxic
      properties, which was proved by the higher percentage of dead spermatozoa and
      spermatogonium diseases. The changes in the gonads' state reflected the
      pathological processes caused by diamine P in the animals due to the general
      toxicity properties of the substance. The embryotoxic effect of diamine P in
      inhalations at 5 mg/m3 (close to the threshold levels of total toxicity) was not
      statistically relevant.

PMID- 1800265
TI  - [Improving expert evaluation of work capacity in occupational diseases].

PMID- 1800266
TI  - [Correlations between various indicators of microelement metabolism and physical
      work capacity of blacksmiths].
AB  - Through correlation analysis, direct and proved interrelationships were
      established between the copper and iron exchange indices on the one hand, and the
      blood serum general protein levels and vitamin C sufficiency on the other. The
      blood serum copper levels and ceruloplasmin activity correlated with the blood
      serum alpha-globulins, whereas gamma-globulins were found in correlation with the
      hemoglobin concentrations, peroxidase and ceruloplasmin activity levels. Physical
      working capacity in blacksmiths was found interrelated with the direct and
      indirect trace element exchanges: hemoglobin in the blood, blood serum iron
      levels, peroxidase activity and copper content in blood cells.

PMID- 1800267
TI  - [Supplementary criteria of evaluation of health status in selecting the personnel
      for work in coal mines].
AB  - 200 newly-engaged young miners were medically examined in an outpatient
      department. The routine examination techniques were supplemented with studies of
      the changes after 2 minute-long inhalations of 0.6% acetylcholine chloride and
      mine dust (78 mg/m3), hemodynamics and electrocardiography indices, as well as
      the indices of the immunologic and hormonal state. Established was diversified
      manifestations of the respiratory tract's response to the aerogenic irritations,
      combined with deviations in the immunologic state indices. The studies provide
      basis for further improvements in the preventive examination techniques for
      workers in coal-mining industries.

PMID- 1800269
TI  - [Structural characteristics of the vestibular analyzer after exposure to low
      frequency vibration].

PMID- 1800268
TI  - [Morphofunctional analysis of structural elements of the cornea after exposure to
      CO2 laser].
AB  - In the dynamics of a chronic experiment and after it, the state of the cornea and
      blood circulation in the uveal tract were investigated, along with the
      morphological studies of the occipital areas of the brain (area 17) and
      calculations of the thermal processes in the cornea tissues. Results of the
      complex studies confirmed that opacification of the cornea was not induced by the
      damaging heat effect of the CO2-laser irradiation with the energy of illumination
      at 4.2 x 10(-2) Wt.cm-2 in 120 day-long period.

PMID- 1800270
TI  - [Mechanisms of biological effect of industrial vibration on spermatogenesis].

PMID- 1800271
TI  - [Biochemical evaluation of metabolic disorders in the tissues of the locomotor
      system in patients with occupational diseases caused by physical stress].
AB  - A group of patients with occupational disease and female sewing-machine operators
      were medically examined with a broad set of biochemical techniques aimed at the
      detection of metabolic disorders in the locomotor system tissues. Noninflammatory
      dystrophic changes were found. The muscular component was dominating in
      comparison with the osseous one in the genesis of the degenerative dystrophic
      processes, which manifested in the clinical course. Laboratory manifestations
      were revealed related to the lowered energy supply and oxygenation of the
      skeleton muscles in patients with neuromuscular and osteo-muscular++ syndromes.
      The metabolic disorders were diagnosed at the early stages of myalgia.

PMID- 1800272
TI  - [Analysis of combined effects of noise and heating microclimate on various
      indicators of the status of the human body].
AB  - Experimental study was performed to establish the characteristics of a complex
      action of noise and heating microclimate on some physiological and
      psychophysiological indices. The affecting factors were registered on one of the
      three possible levels: for noise--65, 80, 95 dBA; for temperatures--23 degrees,
      28 degrees, 33 degrees C in 90 min. after which the recuperation process was
      registered for 30 min. Practically healthy male volunteers, aged 19-28, were
      involved in the study. It was established that the types of the physiological and
      psychophysiological dynamics' indices differed not only in the chart elements,
      but also in the characteristics of the factors' interaction, which confirmed
      inadvisability of using average indices of the functions studied. At all levels,
      the combination of the factors, their interaction were close to the additive
      type. This should be taken into account in the standardization procedures.

PMID- 1800273
TI  - [Growth hormone for Turner's syndrome].
AB  - Short stature is a prominent feature of Turner's syndrome. Various anabolic
      steroids and estrogens have been used, but the recent availability of
      biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) has led to its clinical evaluation in
      this syndrome. 10 girls with the syndrome, aged 5-13.8 years (mean 10.8), were
      treated with recombinant hGH. Height after 12 months of treatment was
      significantly greater than before treatment. The accelerated growth velocity
      after 1 year of treatment continued for longer periods. Girls who completed 3
      years of treatment have exceeded their untreated expected adult height. No
      adverse reactions were noted and compliance was good. These results indicate that
      hGH is useful for accelerating growth velocity in patients with Turner's
      syndrome. Therapy that normalizes height during childhood may have important
      psychologic effects, and is likely to influence the child's self-image and peer
      relationships.

PMID- 1800275
TI  - [Congenital afibrinogenemia with bleeding, bone cysts and antibodies to
      fibrinogen].
AB  - Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare hereditary disorder which has been described
      in only 150 families. The main clinical manifestations include spontaneous
      bleeding into the skin and into the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.
      Skeletal manifestations are seldom reported. Laboratory findings include
      coagulation disorders corrected by administration of plasma, cryoprecipitate or
      fibrinogen. Development of antibodies to treatment with fibrinogen is rare. We
      report congenital afibrinogenemia in a 25-year-old man with rare complications
      which included skeletal manifestations such as bone cysts, and the development of
      antibodies to fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels could only be maintained in the
      normal range by continuous infusion of cryoprecipitate, but not by bolus
      injections.

PMID- 1800274
TI  - [Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia with steatorrhea and malabsorption].
AB  - In a family in which the father was the mother's uncle, 3 of the 7 children were
      affected by a syndrome of malabsorption with various clinical symptoms. Diarrhea
      appeared in 2 of the children at birth, and in the third child at six months. The
      diarrhea led to failure-to-thrive, muscular wasting and abdominal swelling.
      However, the children improved spontaneously over the years. During childhood all
      3 had manifest steatorrhea. Serum cholesterol was between 39 and 100 mg/dl, while
      triglycerides were normal to high. Reevaluation during the past year revealed
      areflexia, deficiency of vitamins A and E and of apoproteins A and B, and
      prolonged PT time in 2 of the children. Electron and light microscopy of small
      intestinal biopsies revealed vacuoles in the enterocytes. Electrophysiological
      tests revealed major disturbances in sensory conduction and brain-stem function.
      These cases differ from those described in the literature. Although in
      hypobetalipoproteinemia, 1 of the parents would be expected to be heterozygous
      and have low serum levels of APO B, in this family the parents had normal levels.
      Their children had low levels of serum APO A, while in patients with
      hypobetalipoproteinemia the levels are normal. There is a report of a case of
      deficiencies of both apolipoproteins, but the patient was asymptomatic, had
      chylomicronemia after a prolonged fast, and lower cholesterol levels than our
      patients. 8 other cases of apolipoprotein deficiency have been reported with
      biochemical characteristics similar to those of our patients, but with retention
      of chylomicrons in the small intestine.

PMID- 1800276
TI  - [A decade of experience with home total parenteral nutrition].
AB  - Between August 1980 and October 1990 we treated 36 patients with home total
      parenteral nutrition (HTPN) with a cumulative treatment duration of 92 years.
      They included 14 females and 22 males ranging in age from newborn to 75 years,
      with a mean of 38 +/- 21. The 4 commonest indications for HTPN were short bowel
      syndrome (mainly due to mesenteric occlusion (50%), inflammatory bowel disease
      14%), motility disorders (14%) and malabsorption (11%). All-in-one nutritional
      mixtures utilizing the big-bag technique were used for all patients. Broviac or
      Hickman catheters were implanted in 35 patients and an infusion port in 2.
      Infusions were administered during the night for 8-12 hours with a volumetric
      pump. 14 patients are still receiving HTPN (39%) while in 8 it was discontinued
      as they can maintain their nutritional status by the gastrointestinal route
      (22%). 14 patients have died (39%), 3 from HTPN-related causes (2 of sepsis and 1
      of liver failure). Catheter-related sepsis was 0.42/year of HTPN. Other common
      complications were metabolic bone disease, deranged liver function and
      cholecystolithiasis. 80% were able to return to work, school, or housekeeping
      activities, or at least to take care of themselves and cope with HTPN unaided.
      Social rehabilitation was full or partial in 72% and only 29% were house-bound
      and needed major assistance. Patients with a poor life quality tended to be older
      and suffer from intestinal diseases as a manifestation of a systemic disorder,
      such as atherosclerosis or malignancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800277
TI  - [Treatment of androgenic alopecia with topical minoxidil].
AB  - Minoxidil, a vasodilator, was first marketed in 1979 as an oral antihypertensive.
      Since hypertrichosis occurred as an adverse effect in most patients treated, a 2%
      topical solution was developed for use in men with androgenic alopecia. It was
      approved by the American Food and Drug Administration and by the Israel Ministry
      of Health. A follow-up of 30 cases treated with the preparation is presented.
      Efficacy of treatment was assessed by hair counts in a marked area on the balding
      scalp, as well as by subjective evaluations of patients and physicians. The
      treatment was beneficial in 63%: balding was slowed in most, while in a minority
      hair density actually increased. However, in only 6.6% was dramatic cosmetic
      improvement achieved.

PMID- 1800278
TI  - [Treatment of flail chest].
AB  - We present our experience in the treatment of 82 patients with flail chest (FC).
      They were evaluated according to the number of fractured ribs, which apparently
      correlates with the degree of lung contusion. Treatment methods compared were
      oxygen mask therapy, epidural analgesia, continuous positive airway pressure
      (CPAP), intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) plus positive end respiratory
      pressure (PEEP), and high frequency ventilation (HFV) plus PEEP. Oxygen therapy
      alone was not effective in those with more than 5 fractured ribs, while CPAP was
      effective in those with up to 10 fractured ribs. No significant difference was
      found between IMV and HFV. The purpose of respiratory support in FC is to reduce
      atelectasis and the resulting shunt, and to improve removal of mucus from
      airways. The patients were discharged without compromise in respiratory function,
      despite persistence of FC. We conclude that the primary mechanism of respiratory
      impairment in FC is not the mechanical disturbance, but rather the degree of lung
      contusion suffered.

PMID- 1800279
TI  - [Balloon mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy].
AB  - A 26-year-old woman with severe pliable mitral stenosis underwent successful
      balloon mitral valvuloplasty at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy. The
      indication for intervention was severe shortness of breath during most daily
      activities, despite combined beta-blocker and diuretic treatment (FC III, NYHA).
      After use of a 2 x 19 bifoil balloon there was significant clinical and
      hemodynamic improvement. Shortness of breath disappeared, the mean mitral valve
      diastolic gradient decreased from 24 to 7 mmHg and the mitral valve area
      increased from 0.8 to 1.8 cm. There were no complications of the treatment, and
      estimated radiation exposure of the fetus was less than 0.2 rad. Subsequent
      abdominal ultrasound examination revealed normal fetal functioning. 2.5 months
      after mitral dilatation delivery was normal. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty may
      safely be used instead of surgery as a palliative procedure for relief of
      symptoms in pregnant women with severe pliable mitral stenosis.

PMID- 1800280
TI  - [Cutaneous myiasis].
AB  - Modern air travel facilitates the importation of tropical diseases. We saw a 24
      year-old man who returned from South America with cutaneous myiasis caused by
      larvae of the human botfly Dermatobia hominis. The larvae were expressed by
      pressure from 2 lesions, on the neck and the loin, and the pockets were
      disinfected with alcohol. They closed and healed completely with a day.

PMID- 1800281
TI  - [Injury to the neck--past and present].

PMID- 1800282
TI  - [The abdominal aortic graft and ureteric obstruction].

PMID- 1800283
TI  - [Conduction defects and arrhythmias as complications of the pulmonary artery
      (Swan-Ganz) catheter].

PMID- 1800284
TI  - [Psoriatic arthritis].

PMID- 1800285
TI  - [The pathological gait].

PMID- 1800286
TI  - [Adverse effects and complications of topical ocular anesthetics].

PMID- 1800287
TI  - [Coronary artery aneurysms].

PMID- 1800288
TI  - [Malignant melanoma of the mucosa of upper aerodigestive tract].

PMID- 1800289
TI  - [The patient's autonomy: a privilege or a responsibility].

PMID- 1800290
TI  - [Hunger disease].

PMID- 1800291
TI  - [New aspects of the pathophysiology of angina pectoris].

PMID- 1800292
TI  - [Startle disorders].

PMID- 1800293
TI  - Emergent features in visual display design for two types of failure detection
      tasks.
AB  - Visual display design for dynamic systems may be helped by exploiting emergent
      features that allow subjects to easily distinguish different states of the
      system. Three different types of displays were compared--two object displays and
      one separated display--each in a version that had a salient emergent feature that
      distinguished normal and failed states and in a version that did not have such an
      emergent feature. Subjects monitored for global and local failures
      simultaneously, which presented demands similar to integrated and separated
      tasks, respectively. Displays with salient emergent features supported superior
      global failure detection and may also have helped local failure detection. An
      object display with a salient emergent feature supported both types of failures
      better than or at least as well as the other displays. This advantage was
      attributed to the fact that the display had a salient emergent feature rather
      than to the fact that it was an object display. This research shows that emergent
      features can be effectively exploited to support tasks involving both integration
      of information and attention to individual data sources.

PMID- 1800295
TI  - Intracoronary stents.

PMID- 1800294
TI  - A controlled investigation of in-field attenuation performance of selected
      insert, earmuff, and canal cap hearing protectors.
AB  - A field study assessed the actual spectral noise attenuation achieved by 40
      industrial workers wearing four different hearing protection devices (HPDs) while
      on the job. The effect of two different HPD fitting procedures (subject fit vs.
      trained fit) on attenuation performance over two three-week periods of protector
      use was determined. Subjects were retrieved from their workplaces without prior
      knowledge of when they were to be tested and were not permitted to readjust the
      fit of their HPDs. Attenuation data were then collected using psychophysical
      procedures testing real ear attenuation at threshold. Statistical analyses
      indicated that the earplugs' attenuation significantly improved when training for
      proper fitting was used, whereas the earmuff and the ear canal cap were
      relatively insensitive to the training effect. The training was most effective
      for a slow-recovery foam plug over the three-week period. Results confirmed that
      laboratory protocols designed to simulate workplace influences on attenuation may
      not be relied on to yield reasonable estimates of field protection performance of
      HPDs, particularly for earplugs; however, the laboratory results were much better
      predictors of field protection for the earmuff. This study also demonstrated that
      the labeled manufacturers' noise reduction ratings (NRRs) substantially
      overestimated the actual field attenuation performance.

PMID- 1800298
TI  - Phase analysis of radionuclide ventriculograms in patients with coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Phase analysis of radionuclide ventriculograms were performed in eighty patients
      with coronary artery disease (CAD) and in sixteen healthy subjects. The phase
      image in the normal group revealed a homogeneous pattern and a narrow bell shaped
      histogram. In forty one patients with CAD whose Left ventriculogram showed
      hypokinetic segments, phase image was abnormal in twenty six revealing well
      demarcated areas of contraction abnormality and a histogram showing broad base
      with multiple peaks. The mean phase angle and the standard deviation (S.D.) of
      phase histogram of the abnormal segments was significantly different from normal.
      Eighteen patients with CAD had akinetic segments. Phase analysis was abnormal in
      all. Six patients with CAD had dyskinetic segments. It is concluded that phase
      image analysis is very useful in detecting segmental wall motion abnormalities.

PMID- 1800296
TI  - A correlative study of the functional class and hemodynamic status following
      intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - An attempt was made to correlate the NYHA Functional class with the hemodynamic
      status of 196 patients at an average of 21.2 months following the intracardiac
      repair of tetralogy of Fallot. 171 patients were in Functional class I (87.2%), 9
      in class III (4.5%), 5 in class II (2.5%) and 11 in class IV (5.6%). Right and
      left heart catheterisation and cardiac angiography revealed the hemodynamic
      status of these patients to be excellent in 92 (46.4%), good in 37 (18.8%),
      satisfactory in 6 (3.0%) and unsatisfactory in 61 (31.6%). Whereas all patients
      in Functional class II, III and IV had unsatisfactory hemodynamic findings,
      patients in Functional Class I were hemodynamically heterogeneous and included
      excellent (53.8%), good (21.6%), satisfactory (3.5%) and unsatisfactory (21%)
      groups. The surgical technique did not seem to determine the functional status.
      While early reoperation is advisable for patients with functional disability,
      caution is necessary in considering reoperation for patients in Functional class
      I who have hemodynamic findings which are classified as unsatisfactory.

PMID- 1800297
TI  - Functional status after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 1800299
TI  - Left ventricular mass in normal Indian population.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to ascertain the distribution of the left
      ventricular mass in normal adult Indian population and to establish the upper
      limit of the same. Four hundred and eighty normal subjects (men = 310; women =
      170), in the age group of 18 to 60 years were screened echocardiographically, to
      estimate the left ventricular mass. The left ventricular mass in men was found to
      be 124 +/- 32 gm whereas in women it was 93 +/- 37 gm. The upper limit of the
      left ventricular mass (mean +/- 2 SD) was found to be 189 gm and 167 gm, for men
      and women respectively. The left ventricular mass in both men and women
      correlated with the body weight (r = 0.51, p less than 0.001; r = 0.22, p less
      than 0.001), height (r = 0.27, p less than 0.001; r = 0.22, p less than 0.01),
      and the body surface area (r = 0.49, p less than 0.001; r = 0.27, p less than
      0.001), whereas it was found to be independent of age (r = 0.01, p = NS; r =
      0.10, p = NS). In men alone the diastolic blood pressure influenced the left
      ventricular mass (r = 0.27, p less than 0.001), otherwise the left ventricular
      mass was independent of systemic blood pressure variations within the normal
      range. The left ventricular mass in the present study differs significantly from
      the Western population.

PMID- 1800300
TI  - Prognostic value of profound ST segment depression during treadmill stress test
      in coronary heart disease: nine years follow-up study.
AB  - To define the prognostic significance of profound ST segment depression (greater
      than or equal to 3mm) during exercise test, 106 patients of definite coronary
      heart disease enrolled in a prospective study were followed for up to 9 years.
      Group A (56 patients) had profound (greater than or equal to 3mm) ST segment
      depression (3.56 +/- 0.74mm) and Group B (50 patients) had less than 3mm ST
      segment depression (1.23 +/- 0.35mm, P less than 0.01) during treadmill testing.
      Group A patients tolerated exercise for a lesser duration in comparison to group
      B patients (7.22 +/- 3.35 vs. 10.18 + 4.07 minutes, p less than 0.01). At the end
      of the study, 21 (37.5%) group A patients either died or underwent coronary
      artery bypass surgery as compared to 8 (16.0%) group B patients (p = 0.02). The
      difference in the incidence of cardiac deaths between the two groups was not
      statistically significant (19.6% in group A and 14.0% in group B). However,
      sudden deaths were significantly more common in group A as compared to group B
      patients (10 of 11 (90.9%) vs 4 of 7 (57.1%), p = 0.02). These data suggest that
      profound ST segment depression (greater than 3mm) during treadmill stress test
      indicates an adverse long term prognosis with the risk in particular, of sudden
      cardiac death.

PMID- 1800301
TI  - Morphometric analysis of coronary lesions in patients with unstable angina--an
      arteriographic study.
AB  - In 100 patients with unstable angina and 50 patients with stable angina
      qualitative morphology of coronary artery lesions were compared by angiography.
      The mean age of the patients was 51 years. In the unstable angina group, 50
      patients had rest angina, 32 had crescendo angina and 18 had denovo angina; 31
      patients had single vessel disease, 33 had two vessel disease, 34 had triple
      vessel disease and 2 had left main disease. 'Angina-producing' artery could be
      identified in 90 out of 100 patients. Ten totally occluded vessels were excluded
      from analysis. Lesions causing diameter stenosis of greater than 50% could be
      categorised to one of the following groups: a) Concentric stenosis (18 vessels),
      b) Type I eccentric lesion (asymmetric narrowing with smooth borders and broad
      neck--20 vessels), c) Type II eccentric lesion (asymmetric narrowing with narrow
      neck and overhanging irregular edges--47 vessels), and d) Multiple irregularities
      (15 vessels). Lesions in 9 vessels showed an associated thrombus. It appears that
      Type II eccentric lesions are frequent in patients with unstable angina; they
      probably represent ruptured atherosclerotic plaque or partially occlusive thrombi
      or both.

PMID- 1800302
TI  - A parallel group randomised comparative study of felodipine and nifedipine in
      hypertension.
AB  - We compared the antihypertensive effects and tolerability of a new calcium
      channel antagonist felodipine with nifedipine in an open randomised parallel
      group study in 49 patients with moderate hypertension (diastolic blood pressure
      105-120 mm Hg). After two weeks run in period felodipine 5 mg and 10 mg once
      daily was compared with nifedipine 10 mg tid for an active treatment period of 4
      weeks. Twenty three patients (mean age 42 +/- 10 years) received felodipine 5 mg
      once daily for first 2 weeks and 10 mg once daily for subsequent 2 weeks. Twenty
      six patients (mean age 45 +/- 9 years) received nifedipine 10 mg tid for 4 weeks.
      The mean reduction in supine diastolic blood pressure in two groups was 17 +/- 6
      mm Hg (nifedipine) and 19 +/- 8 mm Hg (felodipine) (p = NS). The goal diastolic
      blood pressure of less than or equal to 90 mm Hg was achieved in 31 percent
      (nifedipine group) and 43.5 percent (felodipine group) of patients (p = NS). Side
      effects were common with both drugs; however, the tolerability was better with
      felodipine than with nifedipine. In conclusion felodipine was as effective as
      nifedipine and had the advantage of once a day dosage.

PMID- 1800303
TI  - Aluminium phosphide poisoning: haemodynamic observations.
AB  - Haemodynamic measurements were made on 25 patients with aluminium phosphide
      poisoning. There was severe hypotension (mean arterial pressure 62.7 +/- 19.3
      mmHg) and reduction in cardiac output (2.13 +/- 0.9 lit/min/m2). However, the
      systemic vascular resistance was only moderately elevated (2050 +/- 732
      dynes/m2). The right atrial pressure was increased but the pulmonary artery and
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were normal, even in patients with pulmonary
      oedema. Thirteen patients (52%) who died had a lower cardiac output (p less than
      0.05). Saline infusion significantly improved haemodynamics in some patients. Its
      judicious use early in the course of treatment may be beneficial.

PMID- 1800304
TI  - Immunologic parameters in infective endocarditis: a prospective study.
AB  - To evaluate the role of immunoglobulins, complement, circulating immune complexes
      (CIC), heart antibodies (HAb) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in infective
      endocarditis, we studied 28 consecutive patients before and after therapy.
      Statistically significant elevation was seen in IgG (p less than 0.001) and IgA
      (P less than 0.001) level prior to initiation of therapy as compared to a control
      group. Following drug treatment a fall was noted in IgA (P less than 0.01) and
      IgM (p less than 0.01) level as compared to basal values. Low C3 levels were seen
      in those with renal involvement (p less than 0.05). CIC levels estimated by 4%
      PEG precipitation assay were found to be elevated in 64% of patients. Patients
      with shorter duration of illness (less than three months) had higher levels of
      CIC containing IgG (P less than 0.005), IgA (P less than 0.05) and IgM (P less
      than 0.05), as compared to those with a longer duration. Initial CIC levels did
      not predict the clinical course and were found to be of no value in prognosis,
      although an improvement in congestive heart failure was associated with a rise in
      C3 (P less than 0.05) and IgM (P less than 0.05) containing CIC and an overall
      clinical improvement with a rise in IgA (p less than 0.05) containing CIC. There
      was no statistically significant difference in CIC level, for the entire group
      studied, before and after therapy. Patients who had rheumatoid factor in their
      initial serum sample demonstrated a fall in IgG, IgA and IgM containing CIC and a
      rise in C3 with therapy. The converse was true for those who lacked RF.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800305
TI  - Serum lipid and lipoprotein fractions in bengal gram and biochanin A induced
      alterations in atherosclerosis.
AB  - Serum lipids and lipoproteins were studied in rabbits fed on egg yolk
      supplemented diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. Bengal gram and synthetically
      pure isoflavone Biochanin A have been used as lipodiatic agents in this study.
      Rabbits were divided into four groups: Group A were fed on egg yolk supplement
      alone to form the positive control group, Group B were fed with 40 gms of
      overnight soaked bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), Group C were fed with 50 mgs of
      Biochanin A fortnightly, Group D was negative control group fed on pelleted
      laboratory feed. Serum samples were taken every month and total cholesterol,
      triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were estimated. The other lipoproteins like LDL
      cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol were obtained by calculations. The Group B and C
      showed a significant decrease of their lipids and lipoprotein in comparison to
      Group A thereby indicating the lipodiatic effect of these two substances.
      However, HDL cholesterol showed an increase in these two groups thereby proving
      that an increased HDL cholesterol has a protective effect on the atherosclerotic
      process.

PMID- 1800306
TI  - Rhabdomyoma in infancy-report of a successfully operated case.

PMID- 1800307
TI  - Accessory mitral valve tissue causing subaortic stenosis: a case report.

PMID- 1800308
TI  - Echocardiographic identification of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary
      venous drainage--a report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two neonates with infradiaphragmatic type of total anomalous pulmonary venous
      drainage are reported in whom complete diagnosis was obtained by cross sectional
      (2D) echocardiography with Doppler and color flow mapping. Visualisation of a
      dilated venous channel draining into the portal venous system and separate from
      inferior vena cava and descending aorta in the subcostal view indicates
      infradiaphragmatic site of drainage of pulmonary veins in a patient with total
      anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Doppler and color flow imaging help in
      defining the direction of blood flow and presence of turbulence in the common
      venous channel.

PMID- 1800309
TI  - Morphological and functional characteristics of rat steady state peritoneal
      dendritic cells.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) are present in lymphoid organs and also in many non-lymphoid
      tissues. In this study, DC in the steady state peritoneal cavity of rats were
      identified morphologically and functionally. Approximately 1% of the peritoneal
      cells are DC. On cytocentrifuge preparations these cells had the same
      characteristics as lymph node and spleen DC: they had an irregular outline, all
      were strongly MHC class II positive and had acid phosphatase activity in a spot
      in a juxtanuclear position. Also ultrastructurally, peritoneal DC were similar to
      DC isolated from lymph node and spleen. Enrichment of peritoneal DC, using
      overnight culture and a Nycodenz gradient, resulted in a highly purified DC
      fraction. Functionally, peritoneal DC appeared to be very potent antigen
      presenting cells, far more potent than peritoneal macrophages, which had an
      inhibitory rather than an accessory function.

PMID- 1800310
TI  - Population dynamics of natural killer cells in the spleen and bone marrow of
      normal and leukemic mice during in vivo exposure to interleukin-2.
AB  - By quantitative and functional methods, changes were assessed in NK(ASGM-1+) cell
      numbers and NK cell-mediated lytic function of the spleen and bone marrow of mice
      bearing a tumor of hemopoietic origin (FLV-induced erythroleukemia) for 9 days +/
      simultaneous administration of indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml drinking water) +/
      rIL-2 (3x/day, 12 x 10(3) Units/injection) during the last 4 days of tumor
      bearing. Recombinant IL-2 alone during the last 4 days of tumor-bearing increased
      both the NK(ASGM-1+) cell numbers (p less than 0.001) and the functional activity
      (24-fold) of the spleen. In the bone marrow, however, no change in the numbers of
      NK(ASGM-1+) cells was observed relative to untreated tumor-bearing mice, but the
      NK cell-mediated lytic activity of that organ was augmented 30-fold. The
      continuous presence of indomethacin from the onset of tumor-bearing prior to rIL
      2 treatment during the last 4 days of tumor-bearing, further boosted both the
      already high, rIL-2 driven numbers of NK(ASGM-1+) cells in the spleen (p less
      than 0.01), as well as splenic NK cell lytic function (2-fold). In the bone
      marrow, continuous presence of indomethacin prior to and during the terminal 4
      days of co-administration with rIL-2 increased 3-fold the numbers of NK(ASGM-1+)
      cells relative to that of the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice given rIL-2
      alone, and resulted in lytic activity of that organ which was 140% of that of the
      rIL-2 treated, tumor-bearing mice. The results indicate that under the combined
      influence of indomethacin and rIL-2, the production of NK(ASGM-1+) cells was
      augmented in the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice, export of immature NK(ASGM
      1+) cells from the bone marrow was increased, and import of immature NK(ASGM-1+)
      cells by the spleen was increased. The increased NK(ASGM-1+) cell numbers in each
      organ was reflected in increased lytic function.

PMID- 1800311
TI  - Postnatal development of murine spleen cell proliferative responses induced by
      interleukin 2 or phorbol ester and calcium ionophore A23187.
AB  - To determine the kinetics of the ontogeny of polygenically controlled
      proliferative responses, spleen cells from 5, 10 and 20 day-old mice, previously
      identified as high (B10.PL-Thy-1a, AKR.M) and low (C3H.A) responders were tested.
      Cells (10(5)) were simulated in vitro with human recombinant IL-2 (35 U), a
      mixture of either IL-2 (0.7 U) and 13-myristate 12-acetate phorbol (5 ng) or
      phorbol and calcium ionophore A23187 (5 ng). Two parameters were assessed;
      proliferation measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and the synergistic effect
      expressed as a synergism coefficient (SC): the ratio of proliferation induced by
      a mixture to the sum of proliferations induced by each component alone. At the
      age of 5 days, all three strains, regardless of stimulation, produced similar
      proliferation and showed no synergistic effect (SC = 1.0). At the age of 10 days,
      proliferation of high responder cells was 3-5 times higher than that of the low
      responder, but only high responders displayed marginal synergistic effect (2
      greater than SC greater than 1.5). At the age of 20 days, proliferative responses
      of the high responders increased somewhat and a definitive synergistic effect
      became clearly demonstrable (SC greater than 3.0). This effect increased further
      after the age of 20 days to reach the level of SC greater than 5.0 in adult high
      responders. The delay in expression of synergistic effect was due to a
      substantial proliferation induced by phorbol alone in 10 day-old animals. The
      available data allow the conclusion that phenotypic strain variation in
      proliferative responses is first detectable at the age of 10 days and becomes
      fully developed only after attaining the age of 20 days or more. Since the
      magnitude of proliferative responses was not associated with frequencies of IL-2R
      alpha + cells it seems that differences in responsiveness can not be attributed
      to the induction of IL-2R alpha chain, and they may reflect intrinsic abilities
      of cells to proliferate.

PMID- 1800312
TI  - Analysis of K. pneumoniae by monoclonal antibody: immunohistochemical detection
      of K. pneumoniae surface antigen injected into mice and rats.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody Kp62 recognized surface antigenic determinants of some
      strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antigen recognized by Kp62 was demonstrated
      on the bacterial surface using immunoelectron microscopy. Kp62 reacted with K.
      pneumoniae No. 1 or K. pneumoniae B 5055 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the
      same bacteria. However, Kp62 was not inhibited by the LPS from Escherichia coli
      (E. coli) O111:B4 and E. coli O55:B5. Thus, Kp62 might be a useful monoclonal
      antibody to detect K. pneumoniae and LPS from K. pneumoniae. The possibility to
      visualize the localization of K. pneumoniae LPS injected into animals using
      immunohistochemical methods with this monoclonal antibody was examined. It was
      possible to detect the injected LPS in the spleen of mouse and rat with the
      monoclonal antibody to K. pneumoniae. In order to detect the early events taking
      place in the spleen after intravenous injection of LPS, time course of LPS
      distribution in mice and rats was studied. After 30 min, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h LPS
      localized in the marginal zone (MZ) in mice and rats, although the degree of LPS
      positive cells varied. The cells responsible for trapping the injected LPS
      appeared to be marginal zone macrophages. The early trapping of LPS by marginal
      zone macrophages was thought to be important for the following immune responses
      to the injected LPS. Interestingly the antigenic determinant on the injected LPS
      appeared to last long on or within the cells in the spleen from the injected
      animals. Such a remaining antigen might be important for the continuous
      stimulation of B cells by the LPS. With respect to the distribution of red pulp
      (RP) and white pulp (WP), we found the varied distribution of LPS between mouse
      and rat, and SPF and conventionally fed (Conv) animals. For example, LPS-positive
      cells in RP of rat were scarce, while significant degree of LPS-positive cells
      were observed in mice. And in WP, LPS-positive cells were observed in Conv DA
      rats, but not in mice or SPF-fed Wistar rats. These results may suggest that the
      mode of antigen processing may be different in the spleen of rat and mouse or
      even among the different strain of rats and previous sensitization to the LPS (or
      the similar antigenic determinants) may lead to the different distribution of LPS
      in the spleen. The monoclonal antibody specifically raised against K. pneumoniae
      was shown to be very useful to follow the fate of LPS derived from K. pneumoniae
      using immunohistochemical method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1800313
TI  - Development of antibody-forming cells in follicles of lymph nodes of mice after
      continuous antigenic stimulation.
AB  - It was the purpose of the present study to test a hypothesis on the direct
      differentiation of newly formed memory B cells into antibody-forming cells (AFC)
      in the follicles of lymph nodes. AFC may develop in follicles when mobile antigen
      is present at the moment that such memory B cells have completed their
      differentiation under influence of immune complexes trapped on follicular
      dendritic cells (FDC). In order to study whether the simultaneous presence of
      mobile antigen and immobilized immune complexes on FDC alters the normal
      distribution of AFC in lymph nodes, different immunization protocols with the
      thymus-dependent antigens trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet haemocyanin (TNP-KLH)
      and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used. Results confirm that, provided that
      mobile antigen and immobilized immune complexes are present simultaneously, AFC
      that are normally found in the medulla of the lymph node may also develop in the
      follicles.

PMID- 1800314
TI  - Apoptosis fashions T and B cell repertoire.

PMID- 1800315
TI  - Rise in thymocyte number and thymulin serum level induced by noise.
AB  - A high level of noise is known to induce important changes in the immune system.
      In this work, the effect of sound stress on the circulating level of thymulin and
      on the cellularity of the thymus gland was studied. The experiments were done in
      RK mice exposed to a noise level of 100 dB for a period of 1 h. Following the
      noise exposure, the animals were bled at different times for thymulin titration,
      or killed in order to evaluate the number of cells and the weight of each thymus.
      The results indicate that young mice exposed to the stressor stimulus show an
      increase in serum thymulin titre, and at the same time they show an increment in
      thymus weight and in thymocyte number compared to control. These results support
      a new argument in favour of the theory of a central nervous system control on the
      thymus function.

PMID- 1800316
TI  - The weak calcemic vitamin D3 analogue 22-oxacalcitriol suppresses the production
      of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral mononuclear cells.
AB  - The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and its analogue 22
      oxacalcitriol (OCT), which was reported to have very weak bone resorbing
      activity, on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was
      investigated. Mononuclear cells (MNC; 10(6)/ml) were incubated in 5% FCS/RPMI
      1640 medium containing 1 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or
      absence of 10(-8) M 1,25(OH)2D3 or 10(-8) M OCT for up to 96 h. Both 1,25(OH)2D3
      and OCT suppressed TNF-alpha release by LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells, from
      the early to late stage of the incubation period, while neither 1,25(OH)2D3 nor
      OCT shifted the peak time point of TNF-alpha release clearly. MNC (10(6)/ml) were
      incubated with 1 microgram of LPS in the presence of various concentrations of
      1,25(OH)2D3 or 10(-8) M OCT for 48 h. 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced TNF-alpha levels of LPS
      stimulated MNC culture supernatant at 48 h in a dose-dependent manner. The half
      maximal dose (ED50) for this suppressive effect was 3.7 x 10(-9) M. OCT decreased
      TNF-alpha levels of culture supernatant at 48 h with a half-maximal dose of 7.8 x
      10(-11) M, which indicates that it is approximately 50 times more potent than
      that of 1,25(OH)2D3. These results indicate that OCT may be applicable as an
      immunosuppressive agent with limited calcium metabolic activity.

PMID- 1800317
TI  - IL-1 alpha inhibits lymphocyte migration into a site of chronic inflammation.
AB  - The effects of murine recombinant IL-1 alpha (muIL-1 alpha) on lymphocyte
      migration in the mouse have been investigated. Continuous infusion of muIL-1
      alpha had marked effects on patterns of lymphocyte migration into a site of
      chronic inflammation, inflammatory exudate and spleen; the numbers of lymphocytes
      migrating to the inflamed tissue and spleen were reduced in a dose-dependent
      manner. The number of lymphocytes in the blood of muIL-1 alpha-treated animals
      was increased in a dose-related manner. The decrease in numbers of lymphocytes
      present in the chronically inflamed site may either be due to a direct inhibitory
      action of muIL-1 alpha or reflect an increased rate of cell migration through the
      inflamed tissues accompanied by a more rapid return to the circulation. These
      findings suggest that IL-1 alpha may act not only as an inflammatory cytokine,
      but also as a modulator with anti-inflammatory activity during chronic
      inflammation.

PMID- 1800318
TI  - Properties of human pre- and post-implantation embryo-associated immunosuppressor
      factor(s).
AB  - Embryo-associated immunosuppressor factor (EASF), a factor detected by its
      suppressive property on the concanavalin A (ConA) stimulated lymphocyte
      proliferation assay, was purified from human embryo growth media of in vitro
      fertilized ova (pre-implantation source) and from pregnancy sera (post
      implantation source) as 3 fractions, CM-1, CM-3 and CM-6, the immunosuppressive
      properties of which were studied. The results show that, (i) the 3 fractions of
      EASF from both sources suppressed ConA- and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation, suggesting that they have suppressive effects on both T
      and B cells; (ii) all 3 EASFs were suppressive when added at the early phase of
      ConA-supplemented cultures; (iii) CM-1 of both sources were suppressive when
      added to PWM-supplemented cultures between 24 and 48 h; and (iv) CM-6 of both
      sources showed an irreversible immunosuppressive effect on PWM-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation, demonstrating that some similarities exist in the
      immunosuppressive property of EASF from the 2 sources. On the other hand, (i) CM
      6 of pre- and post-implantation EASF were immunosuppressive when added to the PWM
      supplemented cultures at 24-48 h and 0-16 h, respectively; and (ii) the CM-6
      fraction of pregnancy sera, but not the CM-6 fraction of embryo growth media,
      possessed an irreversible immunosuppressive effect on ConA-supplemented cultures.
      This active process by which EASF affects T cell and B cell functions directly
      may be one of several responses by which the maternal immune response against the
      fetus is prevented.

PMID- 1800319
TI  - Induction of heat shock proteins in lymphocytes increases with mitogen
      stimulation.
AB  - The effect of the growth state of a cell on the ability of hyperthermia to induce
      the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) was studied in resting and
      concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated lymphocytes. Hyperthermia induced the synthesis
      of hsp 110, hsp 90, hsc 70, and hsp 70 in both resting and ConA-stimulated
      lymphocytes, and ConA-treatment induced the synthesis of the hsp 90 and hsc 70 at
      normal temperature. The induction of the synthesis of hsp 110 and hsp 70 by
      hyperthermia was 3- to 6-fold higher for lymphocytes cultured with ConA for 12
      and 24 h than in non-stimulated lymphocytes. Thus, lymphocytes induced to undergo
      proliferation showed a greater response to hyperthermia than resting lymphocytes.

PMID- 1800320
TI  - Diagnostic value of specific IgA antibodies in AIDS patients with Toxoplasma
      infection: a bicentric evaluation.

PMID- 1800321
TI  - Rediscovering the Bhore Committee report.

PMID- 1800323
TI  - Rural health services.

PMID- 1800322
TI  - Bhore Committee (1946) and its relevance today.

PMID- 1800324
TI  - The prematurity paradox of the small Indian baby.

PMID- 1800325
TI  - Dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 1800327
TI  - Pediatric cardiology--Part I.

PMID- 1800326
TI  - Improved methods for determining vitamin A status.

PMID- 1800328
TI  - Perinatal circulatory physiology.

PMID- 1800330
TI  - Evaluation of cardiac murmurs in children.

PMID- 1800329
TI  - The neonate with congenital heart disease: diagnosis and management.
AB  - In the neonate cyanotic lesions as well as acyanotic lesions (left to right
      shunts and critical obstructions) manifest in several ways and identification of
      such lesions is critical in this age group. Evaluation of various presenting
      signs and symptoms along with various investigational modalities available which
      includes oxygen saturation, echocardiography along with conventional
      electrocardiography and chest roentgenography and the newer axial views of
      cineangiocardiography have made it possible to arrive at a precise diagnosis in
      defining all of the intra and extracardiac anomalies. This allows one to make
      full assessment of the presenting problem and offer appropriate management.
      Anatomical correction of severe defects is possible at present time with very
      little morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 1800331
TI  - Fetal echocardiography: a review.

PMID- 1800332
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in India: an IJP survey.

PMID- 1800334
TI  - Latex agglutination test: an adjunct to the laboratory diagnosis of pyogenic
      bacterial meningitis.
AB  - Gram stain, culture and latex agglutination test (LAT) of cerebrospinal fluid
      were performed in 50 patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from pyogenic
      bacterial meningitis. Using all the three techniques, an aetiological diagnosis
      was made in 27 (54%). Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and H.
      influenzae were the infecting organisms in 21 cases (44%). There were 12
      additional cases in which LAT was the only clue to the diagnosis as compared to
      conventional techniques. Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from one case of
      anaerobic meningitis. It is concluded that LAT is an adjunct to conventional
      techniques in the diagnosis of pyogenic bacterial meningitis, where the latter
      tests fail.

PMID- 1800333
TI  - Blood lead levels of children with pica and surma use.
AB  - Blood lead levels of 253 Delhi children were estimated by dithizone method. In 82
      (controls) children with no symptoms mean blood lead level was 9.6 micrograms/dl
      (+/- SD 6.8: median 10 micrograms); only 6 had high levels between 30-33
      micrograms/dl. In 88 children with pica, the mean blood lead level was 23.0
      micrograms/dl (+/- SD 13.82; median 17 micrograms) which was significantly higher
      than the control; 26 had high levels between 30-92 micrograms/dl. Sixteen
      children with pica and surma-use and 46 children suspected of lead poisoning
      showed lead level patterns like the pica group. However, 21 surma-using children
      without pica resembled the control group. Children with pica were significantly
      more anemic than the controls and showed higher prevalence of abdominal
      neurological symptoms. Because, in India, blood lead cannot be estimated in most
      of the hospitals, it is suggested that children with severe pica, anemia,
      abdominal-neurological symptoms and exposure to surma or lead, be suspected of
      lead poisoning, kept in lead-free environment with corrected nutrition, and be
      given a short cautious therapeutic trial with oral penicillamine.

PMID- 1800335
TI  - Wheezy baby syndrome--a possible sequelae of neonatal meconium aspiration
      syndrome.
AB  - Forty children aged 5 months to 3 years and suffering from wheezy baby syndrome
      (WBS) were evaluated to find out the prevalence of neonatal meconium aspiration
      syndrome (MAS) from the birth records. Twelve (30%) babies with WBS were detected
      to have a history of MAS at birth, significant enough to require a neonatal ICU
      admission. In contrast, only 2% of the 50 control non wheezy babies aged 6 months
      3 years had a history of neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome (p less than
      0.001). There was no significant difference in mean number of wheezing spells
      over six months in the neonatal MAS positive and MAS negative groups (3.4 vs.
      3.2, p greater than 0.05). Family history of atopy was present in 64.3% of
      wheezing subjects with normal birth records, while none had such history in
      babies with neonatal MAS. The results of the present study suggested an
      association between neonatal MAS and subsequent wheezing.

PMID- 1800336
TI  - Neonatal septicaemia among inborn and outborn babies in a referral hospital.
AB  - Neonatal sepsis was studied among one hundred neonates (50 hospital born and 50
      outborn babies) over one year period. The incidence of neonatal septicaemia was
      15.5 per 1000 live births in the hospital. Among outborn babies it accounted for
      6.1% of total pediatric admissions and 43.7% of sick neonates referred from
      outside. Low birth weight and prematurity were important predisposing factors in
      both the groups. Blood culture was positive among 32% of outborn and 34% of
      inborn babies. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter
      were the common causative organisms. All isolated organisms were sensitive to
      Gentamicin whereas 75% of them were resistant to Ampicillin. Mortality among
      outborn neonates (32%) was much higher in comparison to (10%) hospital born
      babies. Early identification of high risk antenatal cases and neonates and
      appropriate referral can bring down mortality and morbidity from neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 1800337
TI  - Extramedullary involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relation to
      therapy.
AB  - Extramedullary involvement (EMI) of various body sites was studied by doing CSF
      cytology anu FNAC of testes and lymph nodes in 82 children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Forty-five patients had received no therapy (group
      I) and 37 had been diagnosed and treated earlier and were now in remission (36)
      or relapse (group II). EMI was documented in 48.9% and 32.4% of patients of group
      I and II respectively. EMI was seen more frequently in patients with FAB-L 2
      subtype (66.6%) as compared to FAB-L1 subtype (34.6%) in group I. Lymph nodes and
      testes were commonly involved in group I and II patients respectively. Successful
      remission after complete chemotherapy was achieved in 82.5% of group I patients.
      However, successful remission rates were 95.2% in patients without any evidence
      of EMI versus 68.4% in those with EMI. These differences were also observed when
      response to therapy was analysed separately for patients with FAB-L1 and FAB-L2
      subtypes.

PMID- 1800338
TI  - Spectrum of pediatric urolithiasis in western India.
AB  - Of 1,211 patients with urolithiasis treated at this institution over a nine years
      period, there were 77 (6.4%) pediatric cases. The commonest age group was 6-10
      years (55.8%). Male:female ratio was 7.6:1. Hindus constituted 72.7% of the
      patients. There was no significant seasonal variation. The commonest site was
      urinary bladder (67.5%). The upper: lower urinary tract stone ratio was 1:2.85.
      Majority belonged to the lower-middle or poor income groups having a cereal based
      diet with minimal or poor protein intake. The common constituents of stones were
      calcium (98.7%), oxalate (87%), phosphate (84.4%) and uric acid (76.6%). Of all
      these, uric acid had the richest concentration (grade of ++ or more) in 93.2%.
      Only 4 stones (5.2%) were "pure": calcium oxalate--3 and calcium phosphate--1;
      whereas 73 (94.8%) were mixed stones. Of these, 9 (11.7%) were "predominant"
      mixed stones, with only one constituent having rich concentration (grade of ++ or
      more) and all others being either trace or +. The rest 64 (83.1%) were
      "heterogenous" mixed stones having rich concentration of more than one
      constituent.

PMID- 1800339
TI  - Seip-Berardinelli syndrome.

PMID- 1800340
TI  - Giant cystic meconium peritonitis.

PMID- 1800341
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation and child morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 1800342
TI  - Visual evoked responses in tuberculous children on ethambutol therapy.
AB  - Visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded in 47 children, aged 3-13 years with
      tuberculosis, treated with ethambutol (20 mg/kg/day) as a part of the
      antitubercular regimen. VERs were evoked by monocular whole field stimulation,
      the stimulus being provided by a black and white checker-board pattern reversed
      every 560 msec and recorded before the commencement, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of
      therapy and between 3 to 6 months after stopping the drug. In the first 6 months
      of therapy the mean values of latency ranged from 92.8 to 101.3 msec in the 3 to
      less than 6 years age group and 88.5 to 100.3 msec in children 6-13 years of age.
      Between 6-12 months of therapy the mean values of latency were between 93.3 to
      101.0 msec in the 3 to less than 6 years age group and 96.0 to 101.5 msec in the
      older group. Between 3-6 months after stopping therapy the means of latency
      ranged from 92 to 96 msec. The differences were not statistically significant at
      any point of time. Thus, children do not seem to be at greater risk for
      developing ethambutol inducted optic damage as compared to adults. Ethambutol in
      the above stated dose may, therefore, be recommended for inclusion in
      antitubercular chemotherapy in pediatrics without undue fear of subclinical
      toxicity.

PMID- 1800343
TI  - Neonatal mortality patterns in an urban hospital.
AB  - Neonatal mortality rate is perhaps the most reliable indicator of the perinatal
      outcome. An assessment of perinatal outcome can be made through knowledge of
      causes of death. This study was carried out to evaluate the neonatal deaths in
      our hospital. Live births (n = 7309) and deaths (n = 328) during a 6 months
      period were retrospectively analyzed. These were grouped into non-preventable and
      potentially preventable causes of death. The single most important factor
      contributing to the mortality was respiratory distress (29.3%) followed by sepsis
      (24.4%) and birth asphyxia (16.2%). The non-preventable causes of mortality
      (e.g., lethal congenital malformations, extremely low birth weight) accounted for
      10.4% of the total mortality. The idealized neonatal mortality rate was 4.6/1000
      live births, while the salvageable death rate was 40.2/1000 live births. The
      mortality increased significantly if the birth weight fell below 2 kg. The
      salvageable deaths could perhaps be prevented through better antenatal and
      intranatal care, ventilatory support and prevention of sepsis.

PMID- 1800344
TI  - Drug resistance pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A total of 404 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from
      pus, CSF, blood and sputum of various hospitalized cases were analyzed. The
      resistance pattern of these strains were gentamicin (51.8%), erythromycin (80.1%)
      and co-trimoxazole (89.6%). All these strains were sensitive to vancomycin. The
      isolation rate was maximum from various surgical specialties (General surgery
      28.5%; Neurosurgery-16.3% and Cardio-thoracic unit-10.5%) followed by Children
      Ward, Premature Nursery and Gynecology Ward, respectively. Use of cloxacillin
      needs to be restricted since vancomycin, the drug of choice is not available in
      our country.

PMID- 1800345
TI  - Accidental poisoning in south west Maharashtra.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of accidental poisoning (oral and parenteral) in
      children admitted to the Pediatric Ward of Krishna Hospital and Medical Research
      Centre, Karad over the past five years (1984-1988) was done. Overall incidence of
      accidental poisoning in children was 1.8% (oral 1%, parenteral 0.8%). Mean age of
      children was 6.5 years, with male-female ratio 2:1. Oral poisoning was more
      common in children below 5 years whereas parenteral poisoning was common in
      children above 5 years. Kerosene oil was the commonest oral poison (30%). Oral
      poisoning was more common in summer (61%) and parenteral in the rainy season
      (51%). Rural children were more commonly involved than urban children (ratio
      being 5:2). Gastrointestinal symptoms were commoner with oral poisons. No
      mortality was noted with oral poisons; 3% children died due to snake bite.

PMID- 1800346
TI  - Growth hormone response to clonidine in obese children.
AB  - Basal and stimulated serum growth hormone (GH) levels after exercise, insulin
      induced hypoglycemia (IIH) and oral clonidine were evaluated in 20 (16 M, 4 F)
      normal statured obese (body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/M2)
      children. Basal serum GH levels (mean +/- SEM, 2.0 +/- 0.38 ng/ml) were not
      different from basal levels in non-obese children. The mean peak levels were 3.16
      +/- 1.17 ng/ml, 2.15 +/- 0.36 ng/ml and 3.15 +/- 1.12 ng/ml (+/- SEM) after
      exercise, IIH and oral clonidine, respectively. The positive responses (peak
      level of serum GH greater than 7 ng/ml) were seen in 10% with exercise, in 10%
      with clonidine and in none with IIH test. These observations suggest that GH
      response to oral clonidine is subnormal in obese children.

PMID- 1800347
TI  - Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA levels in preterm and small for date newborns.
AB  - Forty preterm [14 small for gestational age (SGA), 26 average for gestational age
      (AGA)] and 40 term (10 SGA and 30 AGA) babies were tested for immunoglobulins
      (Ig), G, M and A levels. IgG levels increased with gestational age from 922.00 +/
      14.00 mg/dl at 34 weeks to 1827.33 +/- 184.09 mg/dl at 40 weeks. Mean
      immunoglobulins were lower in SGA babies. IgG was 1029.59 +/- 122.80 mg/dl in SGA
      preterm babies and increased to 1262.00 +/- 200.0 mg/dl in 2 kg babies. IgM and
      IgA although increased with higher birth weight but rise was not statistically
      significant. More care to avoid infections in preterm and SGA babies, with lower
      immunoglobulin levels and less resistance, is recommended.

PMID- 1800348
TI  - Pyogenic meningitis: sonographic evaluation.
AB  - Forty infants with proven pyogenic meningitis were evaluated by real time cranial
      sonography. A spectrum of sonographic abnormalities was observed which included
      echogenic sulci, focal or diffuse increase in parenchymal echoes, ventriculitis,
      ventriculomegaly with or without aqueductal block, subdural collection,
      parenchymal infarcts, abscess and subdural empyema. There were two infants with
      normal sonogram while encephalomalacia was seen in another two patients. An
      excellent correlation was observed between clinical profile, cerebrospinal fluid
      biochemistry and sonographic findings.

PMID- 1800349
TI  - Ultrasonic evaluation of intra-abdominal abscesses.
AB  - This study describes the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of abdominal
      abscesses in children. A total of 41 abscesses were encountered in 36 patients
      (21 boys and 15 girls). The youngest patient was 1-month-old. Abscesses were
      localised at various sites (hepatic, renal, perirenal, paracolic, appendicular,
      pelvic, psoas, subphrenic, parietal), and of varied sonographic patterns
      (complex, anechoic, hypoechoic and containing uniform low level echoes). Most of
      them had irregular walls.

PMID- 1800351
TI  - Nutrition, health and psychosocial profile of institutionalized children.
AB  - A study was undertaken to assess the health, nutrition and psychosocial profile
      of Institutionalized children in four States--Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
      Karnataka and West Bengal. A sample of 3,822 children from 70 institutions in 6
      18 years age group formed the subjects of the study. It was observed that the
      destitute children were mainly taken care of in three types of institutions, viz,
      Voluntary, Government Aided and Government run institutions. Calorie deficiency
      and deficiency of Vitamins and minerals characterized the diets of these
      children. In general, there was no deficit of protein in their diets. Growth
      wise, these children were retarded both in height and weight compared to
      standards. However, they fared better in comparison to their age and sex
      counterparts in the rural and urban poor. Psychosocial profile of these children
      indicated that the prevailing environment in the institutions is less conducive
      for intellectual stimulation but not so for the development of skills of self
      help, locomotion, socialization and imagery.

PMID- 1800350
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in childhood epilepsy.
AB  - One hundred and seventy children of chronic seizures with strong clinical
      suspicion of an underlying intracranial lesion as its cause were studied by
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Maximum number of patients were between 6-12
      years, males outnumbering females. Structural abnormalities were seen in 158 of
      the 170 patients. The study revealed tuberculoma as the commonest lesion in this
      series (n = 64) followed by cysticercosis (n = 27). Three patients were seen to
      have glioma. An interesting finding was disappearing lesion in 6 children. MRI
      proved to be an excellent modality in demonstrating and characterising the
      intracranial lesion.

PMID- 1800352
TI  - D-penicillamine.

PMID- 1800353
TI  - Severe urticarial eruption in an infant.

PMID- 1800354
TI  - Galactosemia.

PMID- 1800355
TI  - Hydrops of the gall bladder in a child with Wilson's disease: a rare association.

PMID- 1800357
TI  - Cholelithiasis associated with a variant of annular pancreas.

PMID- 1800356
TI  - Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis complicating pyogenic meningitis.

PMID- 1800358
TI  - Alstrom syndrome.

PMID- 1800359
TI  - Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in children.

PMID- 1800361
TI  - Hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia as a cause of persistent upper airway obstruction in
      acute bacterial tracheitis.

PMID- 1800360
TI  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis.

PMID- 1800362
TI  - Turner's syndrome in a neonate.

PMID- 1800363
TI  - Congenital lymphangiomatosis of greater omentum.

PMID- 1800364
TI  - Parental attitudes to pediatric intravenous procedures.

PMID- 1800365
TI  - An approach to disorders of hemostasis in the newborn.

PMID- 1800366
TI  - Emergency tips.

PMID- 1800367
TI  - Antibiotic usage in community-acquired pneumonia: results of a survey in 288
      departments of internal medicine in German hospitals.
AB  - In 1989 a survey was conducted in 800 medical departments of university hospitals
      and large to small teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the Federal Republic of
      Germany and West Berlin to gather information on the usage of antibiotics for the
      treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. A total of 288 (36%) questionnaires
      could be evaluated. In cases of non-life-threatening pneumonia, the therapy
      specified was mostly correct, although macrolides as the treatment of choice were
      stated only rarely (11%). However, patients with life-threatening pneumonia were
      most often (50%) treated with new beta-lactam antibiotics or beta-lactam
      antibiotics in combination with aminoglycosides (43%). Thus, atypical pathogens
      causing pneumonia were not covered by most therapeutic regimens.

PMID- 1800368
TI  - Induced abortion: microbiological screening and medical complications.
AB  - Preoperative cervical screening of 1,193 women undergoing first-trimester induced
      abortions yielded Chlamydia trachomatis in 11.7%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 0.8%,
      Mycoplasma hominis in 22.1%, Ureaplasma urealyticum in 10.1%, herpes simplex
      virus in 0.9% and Group B streptococci (GBS) in 2.9%. C. trachomatis and N.
      gonorrhoeae were especially frequent among teenagers. A total of 2.2% (26 women)
      developed postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and 0.9% (13 women)
      endometritis. PID developed significantly more often in untreated chlamydia
      positive (22.7%), M. hominis-positive (8.1%) and GBS-positive (6.1%) women than
      in women without these microbes (0.5%) (p less than 0.05). Prompt treatment of
      the chlamydia infection before or in connection with the abortion procedure
      significantly decreased the likelihood of developing chlamydial PID from 22.7% to
      2.1% (p less than 0.001). The study confirms the importance of preoperative
      screening for chlamydia and suggests screening for M. hominis and GBS as well.
      The results of screening should be available before the abortion, allowing
      patients to be treated pre- or peroperatively.

PMID- 1800369
TI  - The effect of ceftriaxone on the anaerobic bacterial flora and the bacterial
      enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract.
AB  - The normal flora of the intestinal tract, mainly consisting of anaerobic
      bacteria, protects the host against colonization by pathogenic microorganisms.
      Antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone may influence the colonic microflora and
      as a consequence, the protective effect. Ten healthy volunteers received 1 g of
      ceftriaxone intramuscularly for five days. This resulted in a significant
      decrease (p less than 0.05) of the mean cultural counts (+/- SEM) of total
      anaerobes from 10.67 (0.11) (prior to treatment) to 9.02 (0.45) and 8.97 (0.46)
      at days 3 and 5, respectively (during treatment). After treatment (days 10 and 15
      19), the cultural counts of anaerobes returned to 10.17 (0.16) and 10.44 (0.18),
      respectively. Bacterial enzymes may serve as an indicator of protective
      microflora. beta- aspartylpeptidase and deoxycholate hydrolase activity was
      determined in faecal supernatants of the volunteers and compared with anaerobic
      culturing. Both enzymatic activities show a significant correlation with the
      total number of anaerobes present at day 3 of deftriaxone treatment. At day 5 and
      8 only beta-aspartylpeptidase showed significant correlations with cultural
      counts of total anaerobes, Bacteroides spp. or bifidobacteria. At day 15 to 19
      (ten to 14 days after treatment) beta-aspartylpeptidase showed only a significant
      correlation with the number of Bacteroides spp. This indicates that changes in
      the indigenous bacterial flora during and shortly after treatment with
      ceftriaxone can be monitored by determination of beta-aspartylpeptidase. Recovery
      of the intestinal flora is difficult to assess in this manner.

PMID- 1800371
TI  - Beta-lactamase production in Branhamella catarrhalis isolated from lower
      respiratory tract secretions in Danish children: an increasing problem.
AB  - Findings in specimens from the lower respiratory tract of children were reviewed
      retrospectively in order to assess the rate of Branhamella catarrhalis and beta
      lactamase production. B. catarrhalis was isolated in 139 of 756 samples (18.4%)
      in 1986 and 211 of 723 samples (29.2%) in 1989. Beta-lactamase production was
      found in 55.6% of B. catarrhalis strains in 1986 and 80.1% in 1989 (p less than
      0.001). Prevalence of beta-lactamase in B. catarrhalis has now reached the same
      level in Europe as in the USA.

PMID- 1800370
TI  - Peripheral oxygen availability within skeletal muscle in sepsis and septic shock:
      comparison to limited infection and cardiogenic shock.
AB  - In 40 intensive care patients, tissue oxygen partial pressure distribution within
      skeletal muscle was measured in order to estimate peripheral oxygen availability.
      In septic patients with multiple organ failure (n = 20) mean skeletal muscle pO2
      was abnormally high (48.8 +/- 8.5 mmHg, p less than 0.001) in contrast to
      patients with limited infection without sepsis (28.3 +/- 5.9 mmHg, n = 10). Mean
      muscle pO2 also discriminated between septic and cardiogenic shock (22.6 +/- 6.9
      mmHg, p less than 0.001). The characteristic pattern of oxygen availability in
      septic patients--but not in patients with limited infection--was high skeletal
      muscle pO2 high whole body oxygen delivery and low whole body oxygen extraction,
      which was not influenced by the type of pathogenic agent of sepsis. In our
      patients in severe stage of sepsis, we did not observe local skeletal muscle
      hypoxia due to microcirculatory disorder. High mean skeletal muscle pO2 suggested
      reduced oxygen consumption within tissue rather than reduced oxygen transport to
      tissue in sepsis.

PMID- 1800373
TI  - Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from immunocompromised patients using tissue
      culture.

PMID- 1800374
TI  - Arthritis in Mediterranean spotted fever.
AB  - Although arthralgia is a common complaint in Mediterranean spotted fever, frank
      arthritis is very unusual. We report two cases of this condition during the
      course of Mediterranean spotted fever. Synovial fluid was inflammatory in both
      patients and the disease resolved after doxycycline therapy. Immunofluorescence
      test for Rickettsia conorii in synovial fluid was negative, suggesting a reactive
      arthritis.

PMID- 1800372
TI  - Infections and other illnesses of children in day-care centers in Helsinki. II:
      The economic losses.
AB  - The economic consequences of illnesses among children in day-care centers (DCCs)
      were estimated in Helsinki during a one-year period, 1985-1986. The municipal
      DCCs took care of altogether 14,882 children at the end of 1985. In terms of
      money value in 1990, the total loss due to illnesses among all DCC children was
      $22,485,000 (1 US dollar = 3.80 FIM). Nearly half (46%) of this loss was caused
      by illnesses among children under three years of age, although these represent
      only 20% of the children in day care. The losses were $3,535 per child place in
      use among children under three years of age and $1,012 among older children.
      Economic losses due to the guardian's absence from work totalled $1,623,
      deficient utilization of DCCs $1,254, visits to a physician $169, hospitalization
      $221, paid care of children at home $219 and antibiotic courses $12 per child
      place in use for those under the age of three years. The corresponding figures
      for older children were 541, 248, 95, 51, 73 and 4 dollars per child. More than
      90% of illnesses and costs were caused by infectious diseases. Because the costs
      due to illnesses among children under three years of age were more than three
      times as high as those for older children, preference should be given to home
      care and family day care for younger children and efforts should be made to find
      out how to build healthy DCCs for them.

PMID- 1800375
TI  - Water- and airborne Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica isolated from
      human blood.
AB  - The isolation of Francisella tularensis from human blood is extremely rare in
      Europe. We here describe two cases of septicemia caused by F. tularensis biovar
      palaearctica, where the causative bacterium was isolated from blood. One of our
      patients had ingested contaminated water; the other was probably infected by
      inhalation of contaminated dust. The isolation of the causative organism was
      essential for initiating the appropriate antibiotic treatment, which led to a
      rapid improvement. Since the responsive agent rarely is isolated from tularemia
      patients, blood cultures should be drawn more often in order to improve the
      diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 1800377
TI  - Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime, cefdinir,
      cefetamet, ceftibuten, loracarbef, cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime, cefaclor and
      cefadroxil.
AB  - The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and
      ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible
      to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In
      addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in
      their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus
      vulgaris, Providencia spp., Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of
      these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC50 equal to or below 2 mg/l)
      against Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. and Morganella
      morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the
      Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas
      spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except some
      Acinetobacter species against cefdinir and Pseudomonas cepacia against
      ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for
      cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef,
      cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are
      only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci
      are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to
      established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic
      streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
      milleri and Streptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir,
      cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as
      resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens like Haemophilus spp.,
      Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to
      cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral
      cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak against Listeria
      spp., Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522). Bordetella
      pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in
      antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime,
      cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the
      fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal
      streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.

PMID- 1800376
TI  - Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from a skin lesion in a patient with granuloma
      annulare.

PMID- 1800378
TI  - In vitro activity of cefpodoxime and ten other cephalosporins against gram
      positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including beta
      lactamase producers.
AB  - Cefpodoxime, the deesterified part of the orally available cefpodoxime proxetil,
      is active against most Enterobacteriaceae with MIC50 of 0.06 to 2 mg/l. Only
      Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii strains show MIC50 of 4 mg/l.
      Coagulase negative staphylococci have a MIC50 of 2, while Staphylococcus aureus
      strains have a MIC of 4 mg/l. In comparison to other orally available
      cephalosporins cefpodoxime is slightly less active than cefixime and cefotiam
      against gram-negative bacteria but more active than cefuroxime, cefaclor, and
      cephalexin. Against staphylococci the activity of cefpodoxime is comparable to
      that of cefotiam and cefuroxime and superior to cefaclor and cephalexin, while
      cefixime does not have sufficient activity against these species. Like all
      cephalosporins cefpodoxime has no activity against enterococci.

PMID- 1800379
TI  - Cefpodoxime: comparative antibacterial activity, influence of growth conditions,
      and bactericidal activity.
AB  - The antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime, the active metabolite of the new
      cephalosporin ester cefpodoxime proxetil, in comparison to cefixime, cefotiam,
      cefuroxime, and cefotaxime was determined against a broad spectrum of freshly
      isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Cefpodoxime was
      demonstrated to be inhibitory at concentrations of less than or equal to 1 mg/l
      against 90% of strains of Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae,
      Escherichia coli (beta-lactamase- negative strains), Klebsiella spp., Serratia
      spp., Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp., and Salmonella spp.
      This antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime was generally superior to that of
      cefuroxime and similar to that of cefixime. Cefpodoxime was active at less than
      or equal to 1 mg/l against 50% of the members of beta-lactamase-producing
      Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter spp.,
      and Morganella morganii. Cefpodoxime proved to be highly inhibitory against group
      A, B, and G streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90 less than 0.015
      mg/l). The MICs of cefpodoxime and those of the other cephalosporins were less
      than 2 mg/l for greater than or equal to 90% of the strains of Staphylococcus
      aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with the exception of cefixime which had
      no activity with MICs below 8 mg/l against these bacteria. Pseudomonas spp.,
      Acinetobacter spp., and Enterococcus spp. were resistant to cefpodoxime. The
      antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime was only to a minor degree influenced by
      different growth conditions with the exception of high inoculum sizes against
      some beta-lactamase producing strains of gram-negative bacilli.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800380
TI  - Comparative in vitro activity of cefpodoxime against anaerobes other than
      Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - To assess the in vitro activity of cefpodoxime against anaerobic respiratory
      tract and oropharyngeal pathogens 77 strains belonging to 18 gram-negative and 7
      gram-positive species were studied by means of agar dilution tests. For
      comparison cefuroxime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and clindamycin
      were also tested. Cefpodoxime was found to be active at concentrations of less
      than or equal to 0.125 mg/l against Prevotella oralis, Prevotella buccalis,
      Prevotella bivia, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Bacteroides corporis,
      Bacteroides gracilis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium naviforme and
      Propionibacterium acnes. Prevotella oris, Prevotella buccae, Fusobacterium
      nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, and Ruminococcus bromii were
      inhibited at concentrations of less than or equal to 1 mg/l and Prevotella
      denticola, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas
      gingivalis, Bacteroides pneumosintes, and Peptostreptococcus micros at
      concentrations of less than or equal to 4 mg/l. Strains of Veillonella parvula
      were inhibited by cefpodoxime at 0.25-8 mg/l, and single strains of
      Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Peptostreptococcus magnus showed MICs of 32 and
      64 mg/l, respectively. The results obtained warrant the use of cefpodoxime in
      therapy of anaerobic and mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections of the upper and
      lower respiratory tract and similar infections not involving Bacteroides
      fragilis.

PMID- 1800381
TI  - Interpretive criteria of antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests with
      cefpodoxime.
AB  - The interpretation of disk susceptibility testing with 30 micrograms cefpodoxime
      disks was evaluated on the basis of regression line analyses and preliminary MIC
      breakpoints of 2 and 4 mg/l. Using the DIN-58940 method, zone diameters up to 23
      mm are resistant, 24 to 26 mm moderately susceptible, and 27 mm or more
      susceptible. The respective data for the NCCLS method are: up to 21 mm, 22 to 23
      mm, and 24 mm or more.

PMID- 1800383
TI  - Simplified cross-infection control: a study of cost, time and patient flow in
      Antigua.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the factors, such as cost of imported dental
      materials, time spent on cross-infection control procedures and the limited
      number of dental instruments, that determine the suitability of cross-infection
      control methods in a government dental clinic in a developing country. During the
      6-month study period, 510 adult patients received extraction treatment, the mean
      treatment time for each patient being 8-9 min. In each session, it was found that
      every 1-1 1/2 hours, instruments had to be autoclaved again for the treatment of
      further patients, but patient-flow was maintained. Between patients, a hand
      washing time of 20-25 s with chlorhexidine was recorded. Every 1 1/2-2 hours a
      new pair of gloves had to be used. Work surfaces were disinfected with either 1
      per cent chlorine or 2 per cent glutaraldehyde. Extraction of 22 teeth per
      session was completed within the available working time of 3-3 1/2 hours at a
      cost for materials of US 50 cents per patient. These cross-infection control
      procedures were deemed suitable for use in the Government Dental Clinic.

PMID- 1800382
TI  - A 3-year community-based periodontal disease prevention programme for adults in a
      developing nation.
AB  - A field trail of a community programme for improving periodontal health of adults
      was carried out in a geographically remote, unsophisticated rural population in
      the South Pacific islands of Tonga. The 3-year project (1986-89) involved three
      village communities, each with a population of approximately 1200. Village N
      received supplies of toothbrushes and toothpaste without charge, health education
      (videos, talks, posters) and periodic dental scaling (ultrasonic). Village K
      received the same as N except that dental scaling was not provided. Village E
      received none of the services provided to the villages N and K. Baseline and
      final examinations of 20-44-year olds showed that unsupervised self-care promoted
      at the community level, when supplemented with periodic removal of subgingival
      calculus, significantly improved periodontal health. Improvement was age
      dependent.

PMID- 1800384
TI  - Dental public health and infection control in industrialized and developing
      countries.
AB  - Infection control has long been a concern for dentistry but attention has been
      placed on it internationally by all health disciplines, prompted by the AIDS/HIV
      pandemic. Guidelines to eliminate cross-transmission of infectious pathogens in
      the dental health care setting have been established by the FDI and many national
      and private dental organizations. However, getting providers to comply with
      guidelines is a difficult task. Education, peer and social pressure, regulation
      and litigation are some of the factors which influence compliance. Chief dental
      officers can either act as a liaison among the various organized dental groups in
      their country or they may be the primary spokesperson for dental health. In
      either case, they need to champion the cause for infection control standards.
      They need to be flexible in establishing guidelines to fit individual
      circumstances, base recommendations on available resources, and be sensitive to
      the powerful social, political, and psychological forces behind the public and
      professional response to the AIDS pandemic.

PMID- 1800385
TI  - Multiple medication: problems of the elderly patient.
AB  - Elderly persons are apt to receive multiple drugs for many diseases. Prescribers
      should take extra care in persons aged over 65-70 years, and especially the very
      old. The main problem of the elderly is the unpredictability of their response to
      drugs. Self-medication with both prescribed and over-the-counter drugs worsens
      this problem. Drug actions may be altered by impairment of the liver, kidneys and
      brain, or acute illness, or both. Unwanted (adverse) drug reactions often produce
      rapid and unduly severe illness in the old. Some antibacterial antibiotics like
      the sulphonamides are best avoided. Taking many drugs together promotes adverse
      interactions between the drugs. Drugs with a narrow therapeutic ratio, such as
      warfarin, digoxin, the aminoglycosides, and many antiarrhythmic drugs, cause
      clinical problems. Old persons respond more abruptly to drugs like
      benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, and antiparkinsonian drugs. Anaesthesia given
      on top of psychotropic drugs may damage the central nervous system. The elderly
      brain is more sensitive to induction agents and short-acting intravenous
      anaesthetics, like alfentanil and midazolam; the elderly liver is more easily
      damaged by inhalational anaesthetics like halothane. The overall benefit:risk
      ratio should be judged for every drug in each patient. Wherever possible, drug
      treatment should be avoided. If drugs are given, safe drugs with broad
      therapeutic ratios and tissue- or receptor-specific actions are preferable. Drug
      doses are usually, but not always, reduced. Benefit from a drug should be
      assessed early. Severe unpredictable adverse reactions need immediate cessation
      of the drug and prompt patient support. The practitioner should frequently review
      the patient's continuing need for drugs.

PMID- 1800386
TI  - Diagnosis of secondary caries and crevices adjacent to amalgam.
AB  - Teeth with Class II amalgam fillings (n = 77) were mounted in blocks in
      approximal contact and radiographed. Fifteen dentists examined radiographically
      the gingival area of the fillings/teeth and 2 weeks later they examined the teeth
      visually and by probing. The diagnoses were then validated by the authors using
      stereomicroscopic examination of the fillings/tooth surfaces and longitudinal
      sections of the teeth. The teeth were divided into three groups: fillings without
      failure (controls), fillings with secondary caries and fillings with crevices.
      The rate of false positive diagnoses (secondary caries) was reduced from 12 to 3
      per cent when the radiographical examination was supplemented with 'clinical'
      findings; similarly, the rate of secondary caries detection and detection of
      crevices increased from 47 to 64 per cent and 8 to 47 per cent, respectively.
      Clinical examination in addition to radiographical interpretation improves the
      quality of secondary caries diagnosis. The results indicate that the diagnosis of
      small, secondary, caries lesions is uncertain, and that many crevices are wrongly
      diagnosed as secondary caries.

PMID- 1800387
TI  - Orofacial neoplasms: global epidemiology, risk factors and recommendations for
      research.
AB  - This publication is an abstract of FDI Technical Report No. 36, which was
      accepted by the General Assembly in Singapore in September 1990. The parent
      document, available on application to 64 Wimpole Street, summarizes the
      epidemiological evidence leading to the conclusion that malignant neoplasms of
      the mouth and associated structures are a major and growing public health
      problem, worldwide. Knowledge on risk factors is summarized and recommendations
      are made for research priorities and preventative strategies in which the key
      role and responsibility of the dental profession is emphasized. The present
      version contains most of the original document pertinent to squamous cell
      carcinoma of the oral mucosa--the major neoplasm of concern--and all the final
      recommendations.

PMID- 1800388
TI  - Transdermal monotherapy with mepindolol BIO TSD in patients with stable angina
      pectoris. Placebo-controlled, crossover investigation of a new therapeutic
      concept with 12-hours overnight application.
AB  - 10 patients (6 females and 4 males with an average age of 75 years) with stable
      angina pectoris were treated transdermally with mepindolol in a balanced,
      randomized, controlled, crossover study to compare the anti-ischemic effects of
      12-hour overnight, and 24-hour applications. The number of angina pectoris
      attacks, the oral nitrate consumption and the ischemic parameters in 24-hour ECG,
      i.e. episodes of manifest (MMI) and silent (SMI) myocardial ischemia, the total
      duration of ischemia and 24-hour heart rate profiles were investigated. Both
      application schemes showed typical systemic beta blocker effects in all patients
      and significant clinical efficacy. A dose/effect relationship and a time/effect
      relationship between the two different application schemes were demonstrated
      across all the parameters investigated. Systemic and local tolerance of the
      therapy was good. 2 patients showed transient, mild skin irritation, but only
      during one phase of the study. Premature discontinuation was not necessary in any
      cases. There were no relevant changes in the clinical-chemistry. The new
      therapeutic concept of 24-hour treatment for a. pectoris with 12-hour overnight
      transdermal applications showed both good clinical efficacy and a good safety
      profile.

PMID- 1800389
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of 7-methoxytacrine following the single dose
      administration in healthy volunteers.
AB  - 7-methoxy-tetrahydroaminoacridine (7-MEOTA) is a new reversible cholinesterase
      inhibitor. Forty-eight young male volunteers divided into six dosage groups were
      included into a single-dose pharmacokinetic study with either oral (p.o.) or
      intramuscular (i.m.) administration. The dose of 7-MEOTA was 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg body
      weight p.o. or 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg body weight i.m. in the respective six dosage
      groups. The plasma levels data were fitted to an open one-compartmental model.
      The compound showed cholinomimetic adverse effects in 2 subjects with the blood
      levels exceeding 1,500 micrograms/l. The red blood cells levels paralleled those
      in plasma and were 2.5 times higher. The tmax was 4 hours and 1 h, t1/2 8.7 +/-
      3.9 hours and 6.5 +/- 5.8 hours in case of p.o. and i.m. administration,
      respectively. The apparent clearance (D/AUC) was 5 times higher following p.o.
      administration, reflecting the differences in bioavailability.

PMID- 1800390
TI  - Ulcer relapse rates following initial treatment with bismuth subnitrate as
      compared with cimetidine respectively.
AB  - As part of an open clinical trial, 18 out of 23 (78%) patients were treated with
      bismuth subnitrate (3 x 700 mg/d) and 15 out of 25 (60%) patients were treated
      with cimetidine (1 x 800 mg/d) to cure peptic ulcers linked with H. pylori, as
      ascertained following an endoscopic examination. All patients underwent continued
      observation after complete healing on completion of four weeks of acute
      treatment. In order to determine the effect of the initial treatment on the rate
      of relapse, all patients were asked to return for a check-up to establish any
      relapse, 6 and 12 months following completion of treatment. Gastroduodenoscopy
      was performed where a recurrent ulcer was suspected. An immediate control
      examination was carried out if acute symptoms occurred between the controls. In
      cases of suspected ulcer recurrence, and endoscopic examination was carried out
      and biopsy specimens were taken in order to detect H. pylori by biochemical and
      histological tests. In the bismuth group, three relapses (17%) were
      endoscopically verified 19 to 34 weeks after completion of treatment; 2 patients
      showed H. pylori positive results. Of the cimetidine group, 6 patients (35%)
      suffered a recurrent ulcer from the 9th to the 34th week following completion of
      the acute therapy. Five out of the six patients were H. pylori-positive. A
      comparison of relapse rates between the two groups was of no statistical
      significance. Compared with the initial H2 receptor antagonist treatment, there
      was a distinctly lower relapse rate in patients who were initially treated with
      bismuth subnitrate.

PMID- 1800392
TI  - Heparin-induced hyperkalemia: a prospective study.
AB  - Heparin is frequently used for the prophylaxis and treatment of deep venous
      thromboembolism and it induces hypoaldosteronism leading to hyperkalemia, an
      uncommon adverse effect. In an intensive prospective drug monitoring study, 154
      inpatients at the Internal Medicine Unit of Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago,
      Chile, received heparin in the period between March and November 1990. Mean age
      of the patients was 65.8 +/- 12.9 years and 56.5% were female. Twenty-one (13.6%)
      patients developed heparin-induced adverse reactions. Thirteen events were
      hyperkalemia, 7 ecchymoses and 1 hematuria. The monitoring team and attending
      physicians have agreed to classify 9 heparin-induced hyperkalemia cases as
      probable and the other 4 as possible. No adverse reaction was fatal but 8 of the
      patients had severe hyperkalemia. Almost all reactions were dose-related.
      Hyperkalemia was more frequent in patients with diabetes mellitus, metabolic
      acidosis and long-term heparin therapy. The frequency of hyperkalemia did not
      correlate with age, sex, renal impairment or with previous use of anti
      inflammatory drugs, heparin or aspirin.

PMID- 1800391
TI  - A simple non-invasive procedure for the investigation of cytochrome P-450 IIIA
      dependent enzymes in humans.
AB  - Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol (6 beta OHF) is a specific marker of the induction
      of the cytochrome P-450 IIIA. Often, the production of 6 beta OHF is expressed
      from 24-h urine collection as the ratio 6 beta OHF/17-hydroxycorticosteroids or
      even better 6 beta OHF/free cortisol in order to adjust for minor day to day
      variation in adrenal cortisol production. A 24-h urine collection is a non
      invasive method applicable to clinical studies in adult man, but more difficult
      to realize in newborn and infants. Therefore, we have tested the validity of a
      single urine sampling for the determination of the 6 beta OHF/free cortisol ratio
      as a clinical test to estimate cytochrome P-450 IIIA enzyme activity. Urinary 6
      beta OHF and free cortisol have been measured in 19 healthy volunteers by high
      performance liquid chromatography methods using the same extraction procedure. A
      good correlation was found between 6 beta OHF/free cortisol ratio in morning
      urine samples and in 24h-collections (r = 0.899). Thus, a morning spot urine
      sampling is a simple procedure that may be helpful for investigations on
      cytochrome P-450 IIIA enzyme activity in humans, particularly in newborn and in
      children.

PMID- 1800393
TI  - New bioavailability parameters to compare the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in
      dosage forms.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, Cmax and tmax have been used to represent
      the rate and extent of absorption of drugs from dosage forms in comparative
      bioequivalence testing. None of these parameters gives a direct indication of how
      long the drug concentration is maintained above an acceptable level e.g. minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) or the minimum effective concentration (MEC). This
      is clinically important in evaluating the onset and duration of a therapeutic
      effect obtained from a test dosage form in comparison to the reference dosage
      form. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of a
      bioavailability parameter which relates the time that the drug concentration in
      the systemic circulation is maintained above a certain level (te) and the first
      time that the blood concentration exceeds this level (to). Two methods were used
      to calculate the time that drug levels are maintained above a certain minimum
      level. The proposed parameters proved to be valuable when the efficacy of
      erythromycin was used as an example. Although some problems, such as undefined
      MIC/MEC may arise, te and to can be used along with the conventional
      bioequivalence parameters to obtain a better indication of the clinical efficacy.

PMID- 1800394
TI  - Controlled clinical trial of nifedipine alone and in combination with dilazep in
      patients with angina pectoris.
AB  - The present study was performed to see if the combined treatment with nifedipine
      and dilazep offers any advantage over monotherapy with nifedipine alone in angina
      of effort. Thirty-three patients out of 40 with classical stable angina of effort
      completed this double-blind, randomized, parallel design comparative clinical
      trial. Both nifedipine alone (15-60 mg) and in combination with dilazep (50 mg)
      three times a day produced a significant reduction in angina attacks, consumption
      of nitroglycerin tablets and increased exercise tolerance. There was, however, no
      difference in the reduction in these parameters between the two groups. There was
      no significant reduction in blood pressure both systolic as well as diastolic and
      rate pressure product both when nifedipine was given alone and when it was given
      in combination with dilazep. Laboratory data did not reveal any dysfunction of
      liver, kidney and hemopoietic system. The results obtained show that there was no
      beneficial effect of adding dilazep to nifedipine therapy in the treatment of
      angina pectoris.

PMID- 1800395
TI  - Open-loop feedback control of serum bentazepam concentrations and Bayesian
      estimation in multiple dosage regimens in patients.
AB  - The time course of serum levels of bentazepam was studied in 10 patients
      receiving anxiolytic agent orally at a dose of 25 mg on multiple dosage regimens
      with dosage intervals of 8 and 12 h. Using the methods of "open-loop feedback
      control", no linear regression programs and Bayesian estimation, it was possible
      to establish the best estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters corresponding
      to the single-compartment model for each patient from all their data relating to
      the serum levels obtained after the first dose and after multiple dosing with
      different regimens. The application of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there
      were only statistical differences for the absorption constant, determined with
      and without Bayesian estimation. However, no statistically significant
      differences were found on comparing the experimentally obtained serum levels with
      the corresponding theoretical values calculated independently for each patient
      from the parameters established with and without Bayesian estimation. As
      population pharmacokinetic parameters of bentazepam, the following were
      established: Ka = 2.330 +/- 0.665 l/h; Vd = 1.209 +/- 0.546 l/Kg and Ke = 0.160
      +/- 0.118 l/h, corresponding to a mean value for the elimination half-life of
      4.33 h.

PMID- 1800396
TI  - Secular trends in social class and sex differences in adult height.
AB  - Trends in social class and sex differences in adult mean height in Great Britain
      since the turn of the century were investigated using data from parents and
      offspring in the 1946 and 1958 British birth cohort studies (n = 50,000). There
      has been an increase of 1.09 cm per decade in the mean height of men but only
      0.36 cm per decade in the mean height of women. On average men from non-manual
      origins were 1.97 cm taller than men from manual origins and the figure for women
      was 1.61 cm. Trends in class differences in height for those born between the
      beginning of the century and 1958 have been small; fluctuations have occurred
      over the period but were unsynchronized for men and women.

PMID- 1800397
TI  - Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the middle-aged
      population of three areas in Finland.
AB  - The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was
      determined in a random sample of the population aged 45-64 years in three areas
      of Finland. The two-hour oral glucose tolerance test was repeated in subjects
      whose first test suggested abnormal glucose tolerance. In the final
      classification, based on the results of the two tests, the age-standardized
      prevalence of diabetes, according to the WHO criteria was 5.7% (95% confidence
      interval (CI): 4.3-7.1) in men and 4.6% (95% CI: 3.6-5.0) in women. The
      prevalence of IGT was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.1-4.1) in men and 5.1% (95% CI: 3.9-6.3) in
      women. Among those aged 55-64 years the prevalence was 6.9% in men and 7.5% in
      women. The prevalence of diabetes and IGT were not different between the three
      areas. The age-specific mean values of fasting and two-hour blood concentrations
      and the 90th percentiles of the blood glucose distributions were also not
      different between the areas. The prevalence of IGT and diabetes increased with
      age more steeply among women than men. The median of fasting blood glucose did
      not change, but the 90th percentile increased with increasing age. The entire
      distribution of two-hour blood glucose shifted towards higher values with ageing,
      but the major increase was seen for the 95th percentile. The majority of the
      diabetic subjects were aware of their condition. The awareness was better among
      men than women.

PMID- 1800399
TI  - Occupation and osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee: a register-based cohort study.
AB  - A register-based cohort study was performed to investigate if men and women in
      certain occupations with high physical workload had increased risks of developing
      severe symptomatic osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee, resulting in hospital
      care. The study population consisted of 250,217 people from the 1980 census, in
      blue-collar occupations, who had reported the same occupation in the 1960 and
      1970 censuses. The study population was followed for hospital care for
      osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee during 1981-1983 by linkage to the Swedish
      Hospital Discharge Register. Different blue-collar occupations were classified as
      high or low with regard to exposure to forces acting on the hip and knee and the
      frequencies of the outcomes were compared. Male farmers, construction workers,
      firefighters and some food processing workers had an excess risk of
      hospitalization due to osteoarthrosis of the hip. Male farmers, construction
      workers and firefighters also had increased risks of osteoarthrosis of the knee.
      Female mail carriers had an excess risk of osteoarthrosis of the hip, and female
      cleaners, of osteoarthrosis of the knee. The findings support the hypothesis that
      heavy physical work load contributes to osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee.

PMID- 1800398
TI  - Increased hip-fracture incidence in the county of Ostergotland, Sweden, 1940
      1986, with forecasts up to the year 2000: an epidemiological study.
AB  - The incidence of hip fractures in the county of Ostergotland in Sweden has
      increased dramatically from 1940 to 1986, mainly due to an increase in age
      specific incidence of trochanteric fractures. The increase is most pronounced in
      people over 80 but is present even in age groups down to 50 years. If the age
      specific incidence rates continue to increase, and the population of the elderly
      grows in accordance with the forecast, there will be 70% more hip fractures in
      the year 2000 than in 1985.

PMID- 1800400
TI  - Prediction of end-stage renal disease patient population in Japan by system
      dynamics model.
AB  - A prediction of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population in Japan from 1980
      to 2000 was made using a system dynamics model based on previously published
      estimates. It is estimated that the ESRD population will be 145,750 (1111 per
      million population (pmp)) by the year 2000, if renal transplantation gradually
      increases and finally reaches 3000 (22.9 pmp) per year by 2000. This number is
      approximately 1.8-fold greater than the 1987 ESRD population (80,075). On the
      other hand, the projected number of people with ESRD could be 157,350 (1199 pmp)
      if the promotion of renal transplantation is unsuccessful until 2000 and the
      number of renal transplants is 800 (6.1 pmp) per year up to that time. In
      conclusion, the promotion of renal transplantation requires urgent attention to
      ensure adequate suppression of any future increase in the ESRD population in
      Japan.

PMID- 1800401
TI  - Alcohol consumption and non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis: a case-control study.
AB  - We carried out a hospital-based case-control study to assess the association of
      both the daily amount and the duration of alcohol intake with the risk of
      developing non-cirrhotic chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis) in 121 chronic
      hepatitis patients diagnosed by laparoscopy and liver biopsy, and in 242 matched
      'controls' randomly selected from inpatients of the same hospital. Alcohol intake
      was quantified in all subjects using a standardized questionnaire administered by
      two doctors unaware of the aim of the study. The odds ratio (OR) for chronic
      hepatitis was estimated by conditional logistic regression and increased
      exponentially from 1.0 for non-drinkers to 11.4 for daily alcohol intake of 325 g
      or more. Considering duration of alcohol consumption from up to 10 to up to 30
      years, the ORs for chronic hepatitis consistently decreased for the daily alcohol
      intake categories of 25-50 g (from 74.1 to 0.7 respectively), 75-100 g (from
      149.7 to 0.7 respectively) and 125 g or more (from 212.0 to 1.8 respectively).
      Our results suggest the existence of a dose-dependent individual susceptibility
      to the damaging effect of alcohol on the liver.

PMID- 1800402
TI  - Ulcerative colitis in Zagreb, Yugoslavia: incidence and prevalence 1980-1989.
AB  - We present a ten-year incidence of ulcerative colitis in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. The
      study included both outpatients and inpatients regardless of the extent and
      severity of the disease. The mean annual incidence rate was 1.5 per 100,000
      inhabitants for the period of 1 January 1980 through 31 December 1989. There was
      no increase in the incidence of ulcerative colitis during the study period. A
      prevalence rate estimate of 21.4 per 100,000 inhabitants was based on July 1985
      official estimated population. The results confirm the low frequency of
      ulcerative colitis in central Europe.

PMID- 1800404
TI  - Methodological issues in diarrhoeal diseases epidemiology: definition of
      diarrhoeal episodes.
AB  - A review of the diarrhoeal disease literature reveals considerable variability in
      the definition of diarrhoeal episodes. The use of various definitions of
      diarrhoea and episodes leads to misclassification, affects the estimates of the
      disease burden in communities and reduces comparability of the findings from
      different studies. This study is an attempt to validate the definition of
      diarrhoeal episodes using prospectively collected community-based surveillance
      data. In comparative validation analyses, three or more loose stools or any
      number of loose stools containing blood in a 24-hour period seemed to be the best
      definition of diarrhoea. Three intervening diarrhoea-free days seemed to be the
      optimum to define a new episode. The implications of using differing definitions
      and the importance of using a validated definition are discussed.

PMID- 1800403
TI  - Evaluation of a standardized survey design proposed for use in epidemiological
      research on AIDS.
AB  - A Monte Carlo model simulating actual populations was employed to evaluate the
      precision in estimation of a standardized sampling method proposed by the Global
      Programme on AIDS of the World Health Organization, for general use in collecting
      population-based data on HIV seroprevalence. It appears that in real populations,
      where there is likely to be 'pocketing' of infection, the proposed methodology
      will generally fail to provide estimates accurate to within 1% of the true
      population value. However, if the primary objective of a particular survey is to
      construct confidence intervals that include the true population HIV
      seroprevalence rate, then this survey method appears to be a reasonable choice.
      This study also suggests that selection of only one adult per household improves
      the precision of resulting estimates. However, since selection of only one adult
      per household would require that more households be visited, any gain in
      precision would need to be weighed against the likely increase in cost of
      household visits.

PMID- 1800405
TI  - Prognostic indicators and risk factors for increased duration of acute diarrhoea
      and for persistent diarrhoea in children.
AB  - To identify the prognostic indicators and risk factors for increased duration of
      acute diarrhoea and for occurrence of persistent diarrhoea (i.e. acute episodes
      lasting longer than 14 days) in children under three years, a systematic sample
      (3690) of patients attending a large treatment centre in Bangladesh was analysed
      using multiple regression, logistic regression and stratified (Mantel-Haenszel)
      analysis. Significant prognostic indicators or risk factors for increase in
      duration of acute diarrhoea, after adjusting for confounders, include bloody or
      mucoid diarrhoea, concomitant signs of chest infection, presence of vitamin A
      deficiency signs, decreased weight for age, routine use of contaminated surface
      water, lack of breastfeeding and increasing age; presence of rotavirus or
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae 01 in stool had negative
      association. In logistic regression and stratified analysis these factors, except
      for lack of breastfeeding and age, were also found to be risk factors or
      prognostic indicators of persistent diarrhoea. Policy implications of these
      findings for programmes to reduce morbidity and mortality from persistent
      diarrhoea include development of effective vaccines against dysentery-causing
      Shigella, programmes to prevent vitamin A deficiency, protein energy malnutrition
      and acute respiratory infections in children, and long-term programmes to provide
      clean water for all day-to-day needs.

PMID- 1800406
TI  - Accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre
      school children in demographic and health surveys.
AB  - In the context of the Demographic and Health Surveys program (DHS), data were
      collected on diarrhoeal diseases in childhood and related treatment patterns. In
      this paper we assess the accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of
      diarrhoea in 19 national DHS surveys and discuss the implications for health
      interview surveys in developing countries. It is concluded that there is under
      reporting of diarrhoea if the recall period is longer than 2-3 days, whereas
      there may be over-reporting of very recent or current diarrhoea in most DHS
      surveys. Reporting errors appear to vary considerably between countries, which
      affects the comparability of survey results. A second and related issue, that is
      addressed in this paper, is the reporting of treatment practices by duration of
      diarrhoeal episode. There were no major differences in reported treatment
      patterns between children with diarrhoea that terminated in the last two weeks
      and children with current diarrhoea of at least two days' duration. The
      implications of the findings for retrospective surveys on childhood morbidity and
      treatment patterns are discussed.

PMID- 1800407
TI  - An epidemic of waterborne Shigella gastroenteritis in Kibbutzim of western
      Galilee in Israel.
AB  - In an epidemic of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis, probably waterborne, 1216
      people were affected within three weeks, 302 of them members of communal
      settlements, the kibbutzim. A descriptive study of the epidemic in six affected
      kibbutzim in the area showed that the highest rates of diarrhoea occurred in a
      kibbutz that received its drinking water solely from the allegedly contaminated
      well. People at high risk within the kibbutzim were temporary visitors from
      Europe and the US (the volunteers), children aged 1 to 5 years, adult women, and
      children and their mothers in kibbutzim where the sleeping arrangements for the
      children was in 'children's houses'.

PMID- 1800408
TI  - The epidemiology of trachoma in central Tanzania.
AB  - Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and data are
      needed on the epidemiological characteristics of active and residual disease in
      hyperendemic areas. This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of
      trachoma in Central Tanzania. Active, inflammatory disease peaks in pre-school
      children, with 60% showing signs of trachoma. Evidence of past infection,
      scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity, rose with age. In this population, 8%
      of those over age 55 had trichiasis/entropion. Females of all ages had more
      trachoma than males, with a fourfold increased risk of trichiasis observed in
      females. Women who were taking care of children appeared to have more active
      disease than non-caretakers. Clear evidence of clustering of trachoma by village,
      and within village, by neighbourhood was found. Clustering persisted even after
      accounting for differences in distance to water, local religion, and proportion
      of children with unclean faces. These findings have important implications for a
      trachoma control strategy.

PMID- 1800409
TI  - Postulated epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.
AB  - Mycobacterium ulcerans infection occurs in closely defined areas throughout the
      world, mostly in the tropics. Whenever it occurs there is a relationship with
      rain forest and this relationship is apparent in Gippsland, Australia which is
      not tropical but which contains isolated pockets of relict warm temperate rain
      forest. Human infection follows rain forest disturbance; it is postulated that
      the mycobacterium is carried into draining lacustrine systems where it multiplies
      over a period of months or years and is then disseminated in aerosol from to re
      infect its ancestral home and incidentally to infect man.

PMID- 1800410
TI  - Determinants of vaccination in an urban population in Conakry, Guinea.
AB  - A community survey was conducted in 1989 in Conakry, Guinea to determine reasons
      for low vaccination coverage. Some 377 children aged 12-23 months and their
      guardians were studied, of whom 204 (54%) had vaccination records. According to
      their records 19% of children were fully and correctly vaccinated. Thirty-nine
      incompletely vaccinated children (19% of those with records) had sufficient
      documented contacts with health services to be fully vaccinated, but at least one
      immunization opportunity was missed. Multivariate analyses were conducted to
      identify factors associated with receipt of first dose
      diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus/oral polio vaccine (DPT/OPV) and with completion of
      the DPT/OPV series. Factors determining initiation of the series included
      maternal education (assessed by ability to speak French), household possession of
      a television, maternal age less than 35 years, child's birth in hospital, and,
      for non-French speakers, the mother considering vaccination to be affordable.
      Factors determining completion of the DPT/OPV series, among children who began
      vaccination, included maternal education, employment, and past positive
      experience with vaccination services (short waiting times, not having been turned
      away from vaccination, and not knowing a child with a post-vaccine 'abscess').
      Vaccination coverage can be substantially increased in Conakry by improving
      health services to avoid missed opportunities, following the vaccination schedule
      correctly, reducing waiting times and avoiding abscesses.

PMID- 1800411
TI  - Model-based comparisons of measles immunization strategies using high dose
      Edmonston-Zagreb type vaccines.
AB  - The World Health Organization has recently made a new recommendation for measles
      immunization in areas with very high rates of transmission. The new policy will
      involve a switch to the high potency Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) vaccine (a strain
      with improved efficacy in the presence of maternally-derived, specific antibody),
      targeting immunization at six-month-old infants. We present a mathematical model
      of measles transmission that can be used to assess the likely impact of cohort
      immunization on the incidence of infection using the new strain of vaccine. Data
      requirements of the model are discussed, with special reference to the critical
      issue of age-specific vaccine efficacy. Currently available information on
      seroconversion rates achieved with the new strain are summarized. Results are
      presented which endorse the new WHO recommendations, predicting considerable
      benefits, in particular, to those most at risk of measles morbidity and
      mortality. Furthermore, integration of E-Z with the third diphtheria, pertussis,
      tetanus (DPT) dose at three-four months should be considered as an alternative
      option, particularly if combined with some additional coverage at nine months of
      age.

PMID- 1800412
TI  - Influenza: relation of mortality to morbidity parameters--Netherlands, 1970-1989.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the number
      of influenza-like illness (ILI), weekly registered by the general practitioners
      (sentinel stations), and the monthly overall influenza mortality in people over
      60 years of age, provided by the Dutch Statistical Bureau during the period July
      1970 to June 1989. The quantitative impact of influenza-morbidity is expressed by
      three summary parameters, calculated from the 52 (53) weekly ILI-figures per
      season-year, (i) their sum (i.e. global extent of an epidemic), (ii) their
      standard deviation, and (iii) their maximum (i.e. peak number of ILI during an
      epidemic). In the analysis influenza A subtype is also included. These four
      parameters are mutually compared with respect to their predictability for yearly
      total influenza mortality in the 19 season-years available. In most cases, the
      standard deviation and the peak number of ILI are more powerful for prediction of
      mortality, than the global extent of the epidemic. The peak number of ILI is of
      special interest. It is particularly useful for estimating the effect on current
      influenza mortality during an ongoing epidemic. From the model it is possible to
      calculate a threshold (of weekly ILI) beyond which mortality increases
      proportionately more than the number of illness episodes. By using the peak value
      of morbidity it is possible to calculate the minimal impact of epidemic
      mortality. This study indicates that the weekly number of influenza-like
      illnesses has a certain prognostic value for the real impact of influenza. An
      electronic surveillance system could detect immediately the threshold above which
      influenza mortality increases more than proportionally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1800413
TI  - Using general practitioners to measure community morbidity.
AB  - Randomly-selected patients drawn from randomly-selected General Practitioners
      (GPs) (two-stage cluster sample) were compared with a sample of the general
      population, who had visited a GP, selected using close approximations to standard
      household survey methods (area probability) of the Australian Bureau of
      Statistics. If GP patients drawn in this way resemble a random sample of the
      Australian community who have recently used GP services, then confidence should
      increase in this much cheaper method as a source of morbidity statistics.
      Interviews focused upon each person's last visit to the GP, with questions about
      reasons for attending, diagnoses and treatments, and various demographic items.
      In univariate analyses of 22 demographic items, 17 consultation items and 27
      diagnoses and treatments, only five items were differently distributed between
      the GP patients and the area sample. Pairs of data items were also similar in the
      two groups. Items were examined using multidiscriminant analysis, to determine
      those that discriminated between the two groups and to calculate predicted group
      membership on the basis of these items. This analysis correctly classified only
      56.7% of study subjects into their true group (GP patient or area sample) when
      based on items that were differently distributed between the groups, and 53.3%
      when all items were used, indicating that discrimination was only slightly better
      than chance. This result increases the confidence with which GP patients can be
      used to estimate levels of morbidity in the community if random selection is used
      to select GPs and if their patients are also randomly selected.

PMID- 1800414
TI  - Voices from the grassroots.
AB  - We evaluated the opinion of health workers and the cost effectiveness of report
      forms from which health statistics in Thailand are compiled. A consortium of
      health workers designed and tested questionnaires to allow grading of opinion
      with regards to time spent, reliability, relevancy, duplication and the possible
      value of 37 forms ranging from maternal and child health, disease surveillance,
      outpatient department attendance etc. Out of 8041 health centres and rural
      hospitals, 787 were randomly selected to receive the questionnaires, some 54%
      participated. The grades were summed such that the highest score reflects highest
      utility. The ratio between utility and time spent on each item was computed. Mean
      time spent on health information was 53 man-hours per month. Utility score
      correlates well with time spent (Rp 0.058, P = 0.002). However, utility/time
      ratio has a negative statistically significant correlation with time spent (Rp = 
      0.63, P less than 0.0001). The occasional report requested by administrators has
      the lowest utility/time ratio. We concluded that peripheral health workers can
      help in the actual design and performance of research relating to health
      information. Time spent on health information is high. As time spent increases
      the cost-effectiveness tends to decrease.

PMID- 1800415
TI  - Positive bias of the combined effect of risk factors estimated by marginal
      aetiological fractions.
AB  - The method of aetiological fractions is a commonly used epidemiological technique
      which attributes a certain fraction of each event of interest to a risk factor.
      An unrecognized property of this method is that when marginal analyses are done,
      the combined fraction attributed to the risk factors can be considerably
      overstated, particularly for prevalent risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco.
      In this paper a practical example of this problem is given. Theoretical bounds on
      the bias are derived and evaluated for a range of relative risks that are typical
      for alcohol and tobacco. It is shown that the overstatement can be quite
      substantial.

PMID- 1800416
TI  - Risk factors for cervical cancer: comments on attributable risk calculations and
      the evaluation of screening in case-control studies.

PMID- 1800417
TI  - Validity of case-control studies and randomized controlled trials of screening.

PMID- 1800418
TI  - A criterion for low birthweight.

PMID- 1800419
TI  - Sunlight and breast cancer incidence in the USSR.

PMID- 1800420
TI  - Early life experience and adult cardiovascular disease: longitudinal and case
      control studies.
AB  - It has been postulated that experiences early in life influence cardiovascular
      risk in later adult life. This article considers 15 longitudinal and four case
      control studies which, directly or indirectly, have examined the hypothesis
      concerning the prenatal and childhood origins of adult cardiovascular disease.
      Criteria laid down by Bradford Hill were used to assess whether these
      epidemiological studies provided sufficient evidence for a causal relation
      between experiences early in life and subsequent cardiovascular risk. No
      consistent dose-response relationship was found between the index of early life
      experience and adult cardiovascular disease. The relationships were usually non
      specific with the index of early life experience being correlated with several
      causes of death, not only cardiovascular disease. The formulation of the
      hypothesis varied between the studies. Most reports dealt inadequately with the
      fact that the relation between adult cardiovascular risk and early life
      experience was confounded by persisting social and economic disadvantage. Overall
      these studies do not provide strong support for the hypothesis that experiences
      early in life determine the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. While
      future epidemiological studies may resolve this issue, the very nature of the
      hypothesis presents methodological problems that may prove to be insurmountable.
      Further progress in this field urgently requires the formulation of a clear and
      specific hypothesis.

PMID- 1800421
TI  - Cancer and non-cancer controls in studies on the effect of tobacco and alcohol
      consumption.
AB  - A comparison of risk estimates using controls with other cancers versus controls
      with acute diseases unrelated to tobacco and alcohol consumption in the study of
      the effect of these two factors has been performed using data on tumours of the
      oral cavity and pharynx from an ongoing case-control surveillance programme in
      Northeastern Italy. Similar results were obtained using either type of controls:
      as compared to never smokers, moderate smokers (less than or equal to 14
      cigarettes/day) showed age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 5.2 (95%
      confidence interval (CI): 2.9-9.2) when using cancer controls and 5.8 (95% CI:
      3.3-10.1) when using non-cancer controls. Similarly, those who had smoked for 40
      years or longer showed ORs of 7.4 (95% CI: 4.0-13.6) and 8.8 (95% CI: 4.9-15.6),
      respectively, using cancer and non-cancer controls. For moderate drinkers of
      alcoholic beverages (21-34 drinks/week) and heavy drinkers (greater than or equal
      to 84 drinks/week) the ORs, as compared to individuals who drank less than 21
      drinks/week, were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0-3.6) and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2-4.0) and 10.6 (95%
      CI: 5.5-20.6) and 11.4 (95% CI: 6.0-21.4) using cancer and non-cancer controls,
      respectively. The same comparability of ORs for tobacco- and alcohol-related
      variables using either type of controls was observed when separate analyses of
      the two sexes were performed. The close similarity between cancer and non-cancer
      controls in studies on tobacco- and alcohol-related risks may be exploited when
      the choice of other types of controls would increase the costs and the
      feasibility of the study, and thus hamper its statistical power.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800422
TI  - Modelling the analysis of breast cancer screening programmes: sensitivity, lead
      time and predictive value in the Florence District Programme (1975-1986).
AB  - Statistical indicators of early efficacy were estimated in the Florence District
      Programme where breast cancer screening has been carried out since 1970. Analysis
      of screen-detected and interval cancer data by means of statistical modelling
      using GLIM allowed us to estimate the mean sojourn time (1.91 and 3.97 years in
      40-49 and 50-69 year old women respectively), sensitivity (about 90% for those
      aged 50-69) and predictive value at the prevalence screening test (about 100%).
      Results were compared with estimates of the same parameters in the Health
      Insurance Plan and Swedish Two County studies.

PMID- 1800423
TI  - Alcohol and breast cancer risk: a case-control study from northern Italy.
AB  - From May 1982 to June 1985 a hospital-based case-control study of diet and breast
      cancer (214 cases and 215 controls) was conducted in Milan in northern Italy, an
      area where wine consumption is widespread. The study used a detailed diet
      questionnaire to obtain an estimation of total calories as well as major micro-
      and macro-nutrient intake. The data thus allowed an investigation of the role of
      alcohol in breast cancer risk, adjusting for other dietary factors, in particular
      total energy intake. We found positive associations between breast cancer risk
      and total caloric intake (chi 2 trend = 6.05, P = 0.014) but no effect for the
      other nutrients, when adjusted for total caloric intake. The relative risk of
      breast cancer, for women reporting more than 24.35 g/day of alcohol consumption
      (highest quintile), was 2.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-3.9) when adjusted
      for non-dietary risk factors for breast cancer and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.0-3.3) when
      adjusted for non-alcohol caloric intake. The relative risks were moderately
      elevated (50% or less) for low levels of consumption and comparable to those
      recorded in most American studies. This finding provides further support for a
      moderate association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk, even
      when allowance is made for potentially relevant nutrients.

PMID- 1800424
TI  - Invasive cervical cancer and intrauterine device use.
AB  - Although the hypothesis that intrauterine device (IUD) use might promote cervical
      cancer has been considered since the introduction of IUDs in the early 1900s,
      previous studies are inconclusive. Data collected in interviews with 481 invasive
      cervical cancer cases and 801 general population controls from Birmingham,
      Chicago, Denver, Miami and Philadelphia were used to address this issue. These
      data were analysed to determine the relationship between IUD use and the risk of
      cervical cancer, with consideration of the type of IUD (copper and inert) and
      duration of use. A non-significant reduced risk of cervical cancer was associated
      with copper IUD use, indicated by an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.6 (95% Cl: 0.3
      1.2), but virtually no effect was found for inert IUD use (OR = 1.1, 95% Cl: 0.9
      1.7). Decreased risk with increased duration of copper IUD use supports a
      possible protective effect of copper IUD use on the development of invasive
      cervical cancer.

PMID- 1800426
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of
      the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx.
AB  - This study presents a comparative risk pattern for cancer of the oral cavity,
      pharynx and larynx, in relation to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption
      based on data from case-control studies conducted in Korea Cancer Center
      Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The risk of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
      rose for current smokers and declined for ex-smokers. In males the odds ratios
      (ORs) for these sites rose with duration of smoking and number of cigarettes
      smoked per day. The relationship is strongest for laryngeal cancer. The risk for
      all sites was elevated linearly as amount and frequency of alcohol intake
      increased. Heavy drinkers, i.e. males who drank 90 g ethanol daily had an
      approximately 15-fold risk of cancer of the oral cavity, an 11-fold risk of
      pharyngeal cancer and an 11-fold risk of laryngeal cancer compared with non
      drinkers. Alcohol drinking was a much stronger risk factor for cancer of the oral
      cavity than cancer of the pharynx and larynx. Alcohol was a much weaker risk
      factor for laryngeal cancer than cigarette smoking. Cancer of the oral cavity,
      pharynx and larynx also showed an interaction between smoking and alcohol,
      suggesting a synergistic effect.

PMID- 1800425
TI  - Risk factors for epithelial ovarian tumours of borderline malignancy.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted on 91 cases with histologically-confirmed
      borderline ovarian tumours and 237 control subjects in hospital for acute non
      gynaecological, hormonal or neoplastic disease. Women reporting three or more
      births, compared to nulliparae, had a relative risk (RR) estimate of 0.6, but
      this finding was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2
      1.4). The risk of borderline tumours increased, although not significantly, with
      later age at first birth: compared to women reporting first birth at age 24 or
      before, the RRs were 1.3 and 1.7 in those reporting respectively their first
      birth at age 25-29 and 30 years or more. No significant relationship emerged
      between borderline ovarian cancer and age at menarche, menopausal status and
      lifelong menstrual pattern. Cases tended to report a later age at menopause than
      controls, but the trend in risk was not statistically significant. Nine cases
      (9.9%) and 68 controls (24.9%) reported oral contraceptive use: compared with
      never users the multivariate RR for ever users was 0.3, and the risk dropped with
      duration of use to 0.2 in users for two years or more (chi 2 (1) trend = 12.70, p
      less than 0.001). This study provides epidemiological evidence of a pathogenetic
      continuum between borderline and invasive ovarian tumours.

PMID- 1800427
TI  - Incidence and survival rates during a two-year period of intracerebral and
      subarachnoid haemorrhages, cortical infarcts, lacunes and transient ischaemic
      attacks. The Stroke Registry of Dijon: 1985-1989.
AB  - The age- and sex-specific incidence and survival rates over two years of
      intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhages, cortical infarcts, lacunes and
      transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) in a town of 140,000 inhabitants, are reported.
      During the five years, (1985 to 1989), 984 patients suffering from first stroke
      were registered by the Dijon Stroke Registry. The diagnosis was established by a
      CT-Scan in 88% of cases. Intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) account for 8.8% of
      strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhages (SH) for 1.5%, cortical infarcts (CI) for
      45.6%, lacunes for 16.7%, TIA for 15.8%, and 11% were undetermined. The annual
      average incidence rates per 100,000 are 13.4 for ICH, 2.0 for SH, 69.0 for Cl,
      30.0 for lacunes and 25.5 for TIA. The survival rates for the acute stage (up to
      four weeks) differ between ICH and SH (46% and 67%), and the other types of
      strokes: 77% for Cl, 90% for lacunes and 98% for TIA. The survival rates of
      unclassified stroke are similar to ICH rates. At two years, survival rates of
      lacune and TIA are the highest. The divergences between public hospital based
      data and population-registry data are discussed. A population registry is
      necessary for studying the natural history of stroke.

PMID- 1800428
TI  - Development of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food,
      energy and nutrient intake in Denmark.
AB  - Foods to be included in a Danish self-administered semiquantitative food
      frequency questionnaire were identified from food tables developed, together with
      data collected, for the survey 'Dietary habits in Denmark, 1985'. The
      questionnaire was to be used in a prospective study on diet, cancer and health,
      and the aim was to rank individuals with regard to intake of 19 different
      nutrients considered of prime importance in human carcinogenesis. The
      questionnaire for the dietary survey included 247 foods and recipes. From
      stepwise multiple regression analyses with the intake of each of the 19 nutrients
      as the dependent variable and the intake of the 247 foods and recipes as
      independent variables, the foods in the models explaining 90% of the between
      person variability were considered for the final questionnaire. All relevant
      analyses were performed for the study group as a whole, for men and women
      separately, and in each gender for subgroups of energy intake. Taken together,
      the models explaining 90% of the between-person variability identified a total of
      74 foods or recipes, which were important predictors of the intake of one or more
      of the nutrients considered. A few foods were excluded and a few foods were added
      to the final questionnaire based on common biological background information, and
      on information on foods providing important amounts of given nutrients, but which
      failed to contribute to regression analyses. The 92 foods and recipes, which were
      included in the final questionnaire provided altogether 81% of the average total
      supply of the nutrients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800429
TI  - Validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire developed in
      Denmark.
AB  - In 1989, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire, including 92 food
      items and 40 portion-size photographs, was validated against two times seven days
      of weighed diet records. A total of 144 subjects, aged 40-64 years, from the
      general population in Copenhagen were included. Correlations between mean calorie
      adjusted intakes from the two-week diet records and the food-frequency
      questionnaire ranged from 0.27 for vitamin A to 0.71 for calcium. In general,
      higher correlation coefficients were observed for men than for women. On average,
      about 70% of subjects were classified in the same (+/- 1) quintile in the food
      frequency questionnaire and the diet records. Of those subjects belonging to the
      lowest quintile, estimated from the diet records, 42% fell in the same quintile
      and 68% into the lowest two quintiles in the food frequency questionnaire.
      Findings were similar for the upper tail of the distribution. Gross
      misclassification, observed in the highest and lowest quintile, was found for 4%
      and 7% of the subjects, respectively. It is concluded that this food frequency
      questionnaire is a useful instrument for categorizing individuals according to
      their intake of nutrients and energy.

PMID- 1800430
TI  - A multicentre study of coagulation and haemostatic variables during oral
      contraception: variations with geographical location and ethnicity. Task Force on
      Oral Contraceptives--WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research
      Training in Human Reproduction.
AB  - A comparative study of the effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC) on
      coagulation and fibrinolytic variables using standardized laboratory technique
      and methodology has been performed in Dublin (Ireland), Salvador (Brazil),
      Santiago (Chile) and Singapore. Of 777 entrants to the study, 622 were randomly
      allocated to receive one of four different OC formulations. The remainder did not
      opt for OC. The progestogenic component was levonorgestrel (LNG) in three of the
      OC formulations and norethisterone acetate (NEA) in the fourth. Results for the
      three LNG user groups were pooled. The changes in haematological variables
      observed over 12 months in the LNG and NEA users were examined in relation to the
      changes seen in the women not on OC. Women in Salvador differed markedly from
      those in the other three centres, in showing no acceleration of the prothrombin
      time and no increase in either fibrin plate lysis or plasminogen following the
      use of OC. After adjusting the findings in OC users for those in non-users,
      significant differences in response between centres were also detected for
      activated partial thromboplastin time (accelerated only in Dublin and Santiago),
      factor VII activity (increased mainly in Salvador and Santiago) and fibrinogen
      (for which the most marked changes were an increase in Dublin and a decrease in
      Salvador). This variability between centres in the effects of OC on coagulation
      and fibrinolysis suggests that OC administration in different populations may not
      carry equal thrombotic risks.

PMID- 1800431
TI  - A method for estimating alcohol-related liver cirrhosis mortality in Japan.
AB  - In Japan, per capita alcohol consumption increased sharply during the post World
      War II period followed by an increase in cirrhosis mortality. The prevalence of
      alcoholic cirrhosis among hospitalized patients also increased, from 11% in 1969
      to 18% in 1985. Despite an increase in the percentage of drinkers among young
      women, over 80% of women in Japan are still abstainers or light drinkers. Thus,
      female cirrhosis mortality rates can be used as a proxy measure of non-alcohol
      related cirrhosis mortality rates to estimate alcohol-related cirrhosis deaths
      among Japanese men. Employing this method, we conclude that two-thirds of
      cirrhosis deaths among men between 24 and 85 years of age and half of all
      cirrhosis deaths were attributable to alcohol. Two factors are probably
      responsible for the differences in proportional morbidity and proportional
      mortality of alcohol-related cirrhosis: differences in survival rates between
      alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis patients and detection bias toward post
      hepatic cirrhosis. The synergistic effect of alcohol on viral hepatitis may in
      part explain excess cirrhosis deaths among Japanese men.

PMID- 1800432
TI  - Changes in smoking and drinking behaviour before and during pregnancy in Italian
      mothers: implications for public health intervention. ICGDUP (Italian
      Collaborative Group on Drug Use in Pregnancy).
AB  - Cigarette and alcohol use before and during pregnancy were studied in 4966
      Italian women who delivered single liveborn infants. Using a standardized
      questionnaire mothers were interviewed in the early postpartum period about
      pregnancy-related events. Data are part of the Drug Use in Pregnancy (DUP) Study,
      an international epidemiological co-operative survey conducted under the auspices
      of the World Health Organization, in 22 countries during 1989-1990. Italian
      pregnant smokers were women under 30 years of age with a middle-school education
      or less, and drinkers were 30 years of age and more with more than a middle
      school education. When pregnancy was confirmed, most of them cut down smoking and
      drinking but more so for smoking than drinking: 12% stopped smoking and 6%
      stopped drinking. Less than 1% gave up both. The more the mother smoked during
      pregnancy the lower was the infant's birthweight and the association between
      reduced fetal growth and higher smoking level persisted after controlling for
      confounding variables. Only smoking habits were associated with delivery of small
      for-gestational age babies. A large proportion of Italian women use alcohol and
      cigarettes before and during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy is an important
      preventable risk factor for the delivery of a small-for-gestational-age child.
      Thus it may be worth campaigning more vigorously to encourage women to give up
      smoking during pregnancy.

PMID- 1800433
TI  - Children's exposure to smoking.
AB  - Exposure to smoking and the attitudes of other people have, in many studies, been
      associated with an increase in smoking through childhood and adolescence.
      Previous studies which have examined the relative influence of parents, siblings
      and friends on young people smoking do not show the same pattern of results,
      indicating that parents and siblings who smoke may or may not have an influence
      above or beyond that of friends. In this study, the extent to which these sources
      of exposure influence young people is examined. A related hypothesis which is
      tested in this study is that the amount of exposure to smoking may be a factor
      which influences young people to smoke independent of the particular source of
      the influence. The pattern of results suggests that the source of the influence
      is more important than the extent of influence among friends and family members.
      In particular, the influence of friends' smoking was evident at ages 9 to 15
      years to the exclusion of the parental example of smoking. Parental smokers may
      lead their children to try smoking but it seems unlikely that this is related to
      them smoking at a later age. While peer influence may result in smoking, the
      influence of parents or older people smoking may be becoming a disincentive in
      this time of changing attitudes to smoking.

PMID- 1800435
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of sudden infant death syndrome in Leningrad:
      anthropometric findings in victims.
AB  - Some 155 victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) who were officially
      registered in Leningrad in 1983-1986 entered the study. Body weight and length at
      birth and at death were analysed. The highest relative risk for future occurrence
      of SIDS was associated, in the neonatal period, with proportionally decreased
      weight and length in respect to gestational age. The greatest relative risk of
      SIDS in postneonatal life was also associated with low weight and length, but
      weight lagged behind length. Infants who died from SIDS may be characterized as
      having evidence of intrauterine growth retardation present at birth, and which
      does not disappear postnatally.

PMID- 1800434
TI  - The relation of maternal weight to the blood pressures of Gambian children.
AB  - The objective of the study was to relate blood pressure levels in children to
      their mother's weight in pregnancy. The blood pressures of 675 children aged from
      one to nine years in three villages in rural Gambia were measured. They were
      matched to antenatal clinic data which had been collected from all pregnant women
      in the three villages since 1980. Among children under eight years of age those
      born in the dry season had the highest blood pressures and were heavier. Their
      blood pressures were positively related to body weight and to mothers' weight at
      six months of pregnancy. These relationships were independent of mothers' age and
      parity, birthweight, gestational age, and placental weight. Among older children,
      aged eight and nine years, those born in the rainy season had the highest blood
      pressures. Their blood pressures were not related to their mothers' weight at six
      months of pregnancy. Rather they were inversely related to mothers' weight gain
      in the last trimester. An interpretation of these findings is that among young
      children differences in blood pressure are largely determined by rates of
      maturation. However, the long-term effects of adverse intra-uterine influences
      which elevate blood pressure become apparent in older children.

PMID- 1800436
TI  - Another look at the black-white gap in gestation-specific perinatal mortality.
AB  - In the US, black infants born near or at term experience higher mortality than
      white infants. To extend our understanding of black-white differences in the
      relative advantages of growth (measured by birthweight) for gestational age, we
      compared race-specific rates of perinatal mortality by deviation in grams from
      the median birthweight for four categories of gestation (35-36, 37-38, 39-41, and
      42-43 weeks). We also used race-specific standards to examine the difference
      between the median birthweight and the optimum birthweight (i.e. birthweight with
      the lowest mortality). The data, which were derived from vital records for
      singletons delivered in the US from 1983-1984, comprised 24,626 fetal and
      neonatal deaths among 5,157,197 white infants and 5973 fetal and neonatal deaths
      among 926,678 black infants. At all deviations from the median birthweight, black
      infants had relatively better survival at 35-36 weeks of gestation. This
      advantage was reversed among infants with gestations of 39-41 and 42-43 weeks.
      The optimum birthweight for black infants with gestations greater than or equal
      to 37 weeks was closer to their median birthweight than was that for white
      infants. For black infants with gestations of 39-41 weeks, the optimum
      birthweight was 187g (95% confidence interval (CI): 150-234) greater than the
      median birthweight (3289g); for comparable white infants the optimum birthweight
      was 397g (95% CI: 366-431) greater than the median birthweight (3487g). To reduce
      the black-white gap in perinatal mortality, we need a better understanding of
      aetiological relations between gestation, growth, and mortality.

PMID- 1800437
TI  - Perinatal mortality in Shanghai: 1986-1987.
AB  - The incidence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal mortality in
      Shanghai during 1986-1987 are examined using data from a multi-site study
      conducted in 29 hospitals. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 14.96 per
      1000 births. The mortality rates of antepartum fetal death, intrapartum fetal
      death and early neonatal death were 5.97, 2.06 and 6.94 per 1000 births,
      respectively. The perinatal mortality rates increased in winter and late spring.
      Male neonates were 1.5 times more likely to die than females. Low birthweight and
      preterm infants had 15 to 80 times higher risk of perinatal death. Higher parity,
      multiple pregnancy, and maternal age greater than or equal to 35 years were the
      risk factors for perinatal mortality. Asphyxia, cord complications, and
      congenital malformations were found to be the major causes of perinatal deaths.
      Comparison of mortality rates between Shanghai and the US suggests that the
      shortage of advanced technology in perinatal care (e.g. neonatal intensive care
      units) is a major obstacle to the reduction of perinatal mortality in Shanghai.

PMID- 1800438
TI  - The decline in winter excess mortality in The Netherlands.
AB  - In most countries, numbers of deaths rise considerably during the winter season.
      This winter excess in mortality has, however, been declining during recent
      decades. The causes of this decline are hardly known. This paper attempts to
      derive a number of hypotheses on the basis of a detailed description of trends in
      winter excess mortality in the Netherlands. Numbers of death by age, cause of
      death, and month of death for the period 1953-1988 were analysed by log-linear
      regression. There was a 50% reduction in winter excess mortality between the
      1950s and 1970 followed by a much smaller reduction in later years. The decline
      in winter excess for total mortality can largely be attributed to parallel
      declines for a number of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Excess
      mortality decreased for winter months without influenza epidemics as well as for
      those with epidemics. The results suggest that the decline in winter excess
      mortality in the Netherlands can only partly be explained by decreases in
      influenza-associated mortality. It is argued that the role of the introduction of
      central heating is minimal and that a fundamental role is played by factors
      closely related to socioeconomic progress.

PMID- 1800439
TI  - Does low-level lead exposure increase risk of death? A mortality study of
      newspaper printers.
AB  - This exploratory study examined the mortality experience of a cohort of newspaper
      printers in order to investigate the effects of low-level exposure to lead. In
      this industry, historic lead exposure levels have been below the current US
      permissible exposure level (PEL) of 50 micrograms/m3. The study population was
      1261 typesetters, employed in 1961 and followed until the end of 1984; this was a
      cohort of convenience, assembled as a comparison for a different study.
      Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using New York City
      comparison rates. The all-cause SMR was 0.74, and was significantly different
      from 1.00. Other statistically significant deficits were deaths from
      arteriosclerotic heart disease (SMR = 0.63) and non-malignant diseases of the
      respiratory system (SMR = 0.57) and digestive system (SMR = 0.65). These can be
      attributed to the comparison bias known as the healthy worker effect. The SMR for
      cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was 1.35, on the edge of statistical significance
      (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.82). When the cohort was stratified by
      years of union membership, a surrogate for length of exposure, only one cause of
      death was significantly elevated. For those printers employed for 30 years or
      more, the CVD SMR was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.18-2.31; p = 0.002). No significant
      excesses were seen for any other cause of death in any exposure stratum. Several
      studies of workers with much higher levels of lead exposure have reported
      elevated CVD risk. These findings suggest the possibility that lead exposure at
      levels below the current US PEL may also be associated with CVD mortality.

PMID- 1800440
TI  - Specificity of association in analysis of mortality and inference on causality.
AB  - Specificity of association between putative risk factor and disease under study
      is important to inference on causality. Nevertheless many studies investigate
      mortality of a single disease without comparison with a control. Age-standardized
      proportional mortality ratios make single disease studies into case-control
      studies and thus demonstrate whether or not associations are disease specific.
      Comparison of disease-specific with all-cause mortality experiences of whole
      populations classified by exposure, clearly distinguishes between exposures
      associated with more death and with earlier/younger death, thereby overcoming an
      important limitation of the familiar standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Smoking
      is associated with more death from lung cancer (lifetime cause-specific
      proportions, never 1%, light 6%, moderate 8% and heavy 12%) and with
      earlier/younger death from ischaemic heart disease (never 35%, light 34%,
      moderate 32% and heavy 29%).

PMID- 1800441
TI  - Behavioural risk factors among young adults in small areas with high mortality
      versus those in low-mortality areas.
AB  - A community-based cross-sectional survey of behavioural risk factors for
      premature mortality was carried out on a group of 354 adults aged 25-44 from
      previously identified high-mortality 'black-spots' in Dublin who were compared
      with 333 others from low-mortality areas. In the black-spot areas, 50.9% of
      respondents were current smokers versus 28.5% in low-mortality areas and 14.6%
      took 'sufficient' exercise versus 31.4% in low-mortality areas. People living in
      black spots were also less likely to make 'healthy' dietary choices than those in
      low-mortality areas. There is a higher prevalence of behavioural risk factors for
      premature mortality among young adults living in electoral wards/district
      electoral divisions (DEDs) with high standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) from
      all causes than among those in areas with low SMRs. A health promotion programme
      aimed at increasing exercise levels, reducing smoking and encouraging healthy
      eating should be aimed at young adults in DEDs with high SMRs.

PMID- 1800442
TI  - A new method of estimating prevalence of injecting drug use in an urban
      population: results from a Scottish city.
AB  - Using modelling techniques derived from behavioural ecology, unnamed identifier
      data from a variety of partial samples of injecting drug users [IUDs] were used
      to estimate the prevalence of this population in Glasgow during 1989. The model
      yielded an estimate of 9424 [95% confidence interval +/- 2460] which represents a
      prevalence rate of 15 per 1000 population aged 15-55. The estimated male:female
      ratio was 2.64:1 and the modal IDU aged 20-24. These figures should facilitate
      assessment of the service requirements of this group and provide a basis from
      which the number of IDUs infected with HIV and the number likely to progress to
      AIDS can be determined. As the methodology required to facilitate reliable
      prevalence estimates utilizes relatively easy to obtain information it could be
      repeated in other urban centres where drug injecting is known to occur.

PMID- 1800443
TI  - [Exploration of the determining factors of costs in a health sector].
AB  - The study is about the variability of expenses between different village of the
      administrative division of ICS (Health Catalan Institute), and the influence are
      over this variations who have the indicative factors of accessibility and needs.
      The used design is ecologic, and the statistic unit for the study is the people
      treated by the same physician. We used two models of multiple regression and
      study the relation among variables with pharmaceutic expenses and derivation
      (hospitalization level), that means 30% and 50% respectively of the whole cost.
      In the pharmaceutic expenses, the distance and elderly are the factors that
      better explains the variability. In the derivation expenses the explication
      factor is the number of people by physician. The offer of and access to health
      services and determinants of their utilization. The discussion is about this
      results with the concepts of supply and need, as well as about some limitations
      of the study.

PMID- 1800444
TI  - [Geographic differences in mortality from digestive tumors in Spain, 1980-1984].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to analyze the geographical distribution of eight
      gastrointestinal (GI) cancer sites in Spain, during the 1980-1984 period. Data
      for deaths attributed to each cancer site were obtained from Spain's National
      Institute for Statistics (INE). Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) were
      calculated for each GI cancer site, using the International Classification of
      Diseases (ICD) 9th revision. Statistical tests were performed to determine
      whether SMR's were statistically significant. The mortality distribution for
      cancers of the oropharynx and oesophagus showed a similar pattern, which might
      suggest some common risk factor in their etiology. Stomach cancer presented high
      SMR's in the northern central areas (Meseta). Colon, rectum and pancreas cancer
      sites emerged with irregular patterns though high SMR's were more often observed
      in developed areas within the country.

PMID- 1800445
TI  - [Cost-benefit analysis of fluoridating the public water supply of the city of
      Malaga].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the cost-benefit of the program of
      fluoridation of the public water supply in the city of Malaga. Marginal benefits
      and the rate cost/benefit were the two parameters used to evaluate the cost
      benefit. We have considered all the information available about similar
      experiences performed in other countries and about the particular aspects of the
      city in which this program was going to be set up. The cost of fluoridation per
      inhabitant per year and the effects of the cost of fluoridation on the price of
      the water supplied were also estimated. The program for the fluoridation of the
      public water supply in Malaga is profitable from the first year, as for each
      peseta spent we will benefit 2.10 pesetas. After 20 years of public water
      fluoridation the net benefit of this program will reach between 519 and 5,300
      millions pesetas.

PMID- 1800446
TI  - [Tobacco and leukemia].
AB  - Although some epidemiological studies have published findings supporting the
      hypothesis that smokers are at a higher risk of developing leukemia, the causal
      relationship between tobacco and leukemia has not been considered conclusive due
      to the weak association found, to the lack of a dose-response relationship and to
      the inconsistencies found throughout the different studies. However, most of
      these studies were not specifically designed to establish the tobacco-leukemia
      relationship and therefore their capacity to evaluate this hypothesis is rather
      limited. This hypothesis could be supported by the fact that tobacco causes
      cancer in sites which are not in direct contact with tobacco smoke. Likewise, the
      presence of benzene and radioactive compounds would provide some biologic
      plausibility to the hypothesis that tobacco could be a cause of leukemia.
      However, since the etiology of leukemia is not well understood, the small excess
      risk detected may be confounded by some uncontrolled factor.

PMID- 1800447
TI  - [A new approach to public health. Strategies for its implementation].
AB  - Public Health System accepts "New Public Health" only in a theoretical way, since
      in the practice essential modifications to get "Health For All-2000" aims are not
      implemented. It is necessary to look "bridge-heads" that permit to introduce
      changes gradually to reorganize Health Services. In the present article,
      different alternatives are analyzed, all of them giving priority to the
      programmes that consider Health as a natural resource. These programmes can be
      "Governmental Programmes" so Health policies coming from the Health Department
      can be assumed by the others Public Administration Departments.

PMID- 1800448
TI  - [Mortality and potential years of life lost in Madrid].

PMID- 1800449
TI  - Numerical evaluation of the invasion of closely related cell lines into collagen
      type I gels.
AB  - Cells were seeded on top of a reconstituted collagen gel layer, and their
      migration into the gel was evaluated as an assay for invasive behavior. The
      method was standardized by measuring the depth of migration of each cell in a
      defined volume of the gel. We developed a microscope stage, controlled by a
      computer program. This semiautomatic counting method allowed precise vertical
      localization of each cell in a collagen gel with an error of less than 0.1
      micron. To test the discriminative power of the assay, we used cell lines which
      were known to be invasive or noninvasive in other assays. Closely related
      variants of 2 cell families were chosen: (1) one family derived from a mouse
      mammary gland (NMuMG), and (2) one derived from a mouse T cell lymphoma (BW5147).
      The assay could discriminate between invasive and noninvasive variants of related
      cell lines within the same family. The profile of the number of cells in each
      layer of the gel provided additional discrimination between the different cell
      lines. Furthermore, the assay allowed direct microscopic observation of cells
      migrating in the collagen gel. The present standardization makes the collagen
      assay suitable for semiautomatic testing of the invasive phenotypes in cell
      populations from the same as well as from different cell families.

PMID- 1800450
TI  - Hemodynamic considerations in organ and tissue patterning of B16 melanoma
      systemic metastasis and colonization.
AB  - Several populations of the mouse B16 melanoma that are highly metastatic from
      subcutaneous transplants but differ in growth characteristics were compared with
      regard to systemic site patterning of visible metastasis, as well as colonization
      effected by intracardiac injection of tumor cells. In all cases, metastasis
      proceeded in two stages, initially to the lungs and secondarily from lung
      metastases to systemic sites. The relative ranking of systemic site involvement
      by secondary-stage metastasis was basically similar for all tumor cell
      populations; the overall hierarchy was: kidneys greater than brain greater than
      adrenals and ovaries greater than pancreas greater than mesentery. Colonization
      patterns resulting from intracardiac injection were also generally comparable but
      differed from metastasis patterning in that the kidneys and brain were poorly
      colonized while the bones were frequent sites of colonization. Enumeration of
      fluoresceinated tumor cells or microbeads trapped in various sites following
      intracardiac injection revealed a ranking of initial involvement that differed
      markedly from colony formation. These results indicate that the hemodynamics of
      blood flow is not a critical determinant of colonization patterning. Based on the
      colonizing behavior of microbead-bound tumor cells, the frequent metastatic
      involvement of the kidneys and brain appears to result from selective trapping of
      large multicell tumor emboli within arteries in those organs. The occurrence of
      metastasis in other systemic sites is, like colonization, not readily explained
      by hemodynamics.

PMID- 1800451
TI  - Effects of endothelial cell treatment on 13-HODE and prostacyclin synthesis and
      its correlation with tumor cell-vascular endothelial cell adhesion.
AB  - Adhesion of tumor cells to vascular endothelial surfaces is one of the key steps
      in metastatic dissemination. Several factors are believed to be implicated in the
      regulation of the adhesive properties of tumor cells. We show that the adhesion
      of five different tumor cell lines, all of them of human origin, to human
      umbilical vascular endothelial cells (ECs) significantly increases following
      pretreatment of ECs with the cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor,
      whereas tumor cell/EC interactions remained unchanged after incubation with
      interferon-gamma. Significant augmentation in tumor cell adhesion was also
      observed when ECs were treated with the lipoxygenase inhibitors salicylate and
      the compound BW755C. In all cases, increased tumor cell adhesion was concomitant
      with significant decreases in the EC levels of linoleic acid, lipoxygenase
      derived metabolite 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE). On the contrary,
      pretreatment of the EC monolayers with aspirin did not result in any changes
      towards tumor cell adhesion. These results suggest that tumor cell/EC interaction
      is modulated, at least in part, by intracellular levels of 13-HODE and is
      independent of prostacyclin (PGI2) production by the ECs.

PMID- 1800452
TI  - Inverse correlation between fibronectin mRNA levels and the metastatic potential
      of two murine mammary adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The ability of cells to metastasize is thought to be related with the loss of the
      capacity to synthesize and secrete fibronectin (FN). We found that primary
      cultures from 2 murine adenocarcinoma tumors, M3 of moderate metastasizing
      ability and the highly metastasizing MM3, had a dramatic difference in the
      immunohistochemical expression of FN. It was shown, as assayed by the S1 mapping
      technique that, while total FN mRNA was fairly abundant in M3 cells, it was
      almost undetectable in MM3 cells. This difference is not due to a significant
      deletion of the FN gene in MM3 cells.

PMID- 1800453
TI  - The cargo cult syndrome.

PMID- 1800454
TI  - Referral and screening patterns at a clinic for anxiety disorders; implications
      for the planning of clinical studies.
AB  - During a two year period (1988-1990), 302 patients who were referred to our
      anxiety disorder clinic were evaluated and diagnosed according to a screening
      procedure which will be described. Of these initial referrals, 171 met a DSM-3-R
      diagnosis of panic disorder (with or without agorophobia) or generalized anxiety
      disorder; 81 patients (27% of the initial referrals) participated in a double
      blind placebo controlled clinical trial with a dropout rate of 12%. The
      implications for the planning and design of referral and screening strategies at
      research oriented specialized clinics are discussed.

PMID- 1800455
TI  - Values, superego, adolescence and suicide.
AB  - We are noticing a decline in ideological and societal values among our youth and,
      at the same time, seeing an increase in anger, violence and extremism in their
      behavior. To better understand these developments, we turn to superego theory.

PMID- 1800456
TI  - Anticholinergic challenge and cognitive functions: a comparison between young and
      elderly normal subjects.
AB  - Challenges of the central cholinergic function with anticholinergic agents have
      been shown to produce disruption of cognitive performance in young normal people.
      The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of a low dose of scopolamine
      in young and elderly subjects and to determine which cognitive functions are most
      sensitive to disruption by anticholinergics in an elderly population. Scopolamine
      (0.2 mg) and placebo were given to 12 normal elderly subjects (mean age 64.1
      years) and 14 young subjects (mean age 26.7 years) and neuropsychological tests
      were designed to measure the functions of verbal memory, praxis and language.
      Scopolamine significantly impaired new learning in the elderly as measured by
      Selective Reminding Test (SRT) (p less than 0.04) and SRT delayed recall (p less
      than 0.05), but had no effect in the young subjects. Following the
      anticholinergic challenge, the elderly people also showed significantly poorer
      performance in all tests used for the praxis function. Results suggest a role of
      the cholinergic neurotransmission in verbal memory and constructional praxis. The
      language function was not impaired in the elderly and is not affected by
      anticholinergic agents.

PMID- 1800457
TI  - Ideology and budgeting.
AB  - Israel has undergone rapid change and development during the last few decades,
      and extraordinary advances have been made in the field of psychiatry. At the same
      time, however, it is this progress that has outdated certain methods and styles
      of public service planning. Universal accessibility to good treatment is put at
      risk by the centralized planning that is more concerned with bed utilization and
      less so with community services, now the heart of the psychiatric system. While
      general health services are undergoing reorganization, progress has been slow in
      the restructuring of the psychiatric system.

PMID- 1800458
TI  - Integration of cultural elements in the therapeutic milieu of a psychiatric day
      care unit.
AB  - For comprehensive understanding of a patient's mental crisis, a thorough
      knowledge of his cultural context is valuable, as this affords reciprocal
      translation of the patient's and therapist's codes. Elucidation of the cultural
      context belongs to the domain of clinical anthropology. In our Day Care Unit we
      utilize an ethno-psychiatric approach. The anthropologist employs the life-cycle
      method and a health/illness questionnaire. The former consists of a chronological
      narration of the patient's life events as rendered by him. Integration of this
      anthropological material with the anamnestic data is time saving, in that it
      furnishes the therapist with the opportunity to determine the focus of dynamic
      therapy already in an early phase of the treatment. The aim of the health/illness
      questionnaire is to discover the patient's conception of sickness in general and
      of his mental illness in particular. The information gathered by this
      anthropological tool guides the therapist in planning the appropriate treatment
      strategy, while at the same time it may predict the patient's compliance.

PMID- 1800459
TI  - Optimal antibody-radionuclide combinations for clinical radioimmunotherapy: a
      predictive model based on mouse pharmacokinetics.
AB  - A theoretical comparison was made of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) dosimetry estimates
      for eight radionuclides (90Y, 105Rh, 131I, 153Sm, 186Re, 188Re, 198Au, 211At)
      conjugated to IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab antibody forms. Antibody pharmacokinetics,
      derived from a nude mouse animal model were combined with appropriate physical
      data and S values to evaluate absorbed dose to a 0.5 kg centrally located tumor,
      total body and kidney. Radioimmunoconjugates of F(ab')2 with 90Y, 153Sm and 186Re
      were predicted to be the most promising for RIT.

PMID- 1800460
TI  - Radioimmunodetection of human colon cancer in nude mice by a new monoclonal
      antibody A7 against human colorectal cancer.
AB  - The in vivo localization of a monoclonal antibody A7 against a human colorectal
      cancer was studied in nude mice bearing human solid carcinomas, to evaluate
      potential applications of this antibody for radioimmunodetection of cancer. The
      tissue distribution of 125I-labeled A7 MoAb at 3 days after i.v. injection into
      mice bearing five different kinds of human solid tumors revealed a high uptake
      ratio by colon cancer, mammary cancer, and glioblastoma. In contrast, the uptake
      ratio by murine colorectal cancer (Colon-38) was extremely low. In
      immunoscintigraphic studies, HCT-15, one of the human colon cancer, was clearly
      visualized with 111In-DTPA-A7 MoAb. Glioblastoma was also imaged with the same
      extent. These results suggest that A7 MoAb would be applicable to the in vivo
      radioimmunodetection of colon- and mammary-cancer, and of glioblastoma.

PMID- 1800461
TI  - Correlation of immunoreactivity and polymer formation to DTPA modification of a
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The protocol used for coupling of monoclonal antibodies with mixed anhydride of
      DTPA for subsequent radiolabeling with indium-111 affects the integrity of the
      immunoreactivity of the antibody preparations. To analyze the effect of minor
      methodological variations on coupling characteristics, a two-step addition of
      DTPA to antimyosin antibody with gentle mixing was compared to a single addition
      with vigorous stirring. The molar ratios of DTPA to antibody were also varied.
      The polymer formation was assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity was assessed
      by solid phase radioimmunoassay using human heart myosin as the antigen. The
      immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the two-step, gentle-mixing
      method where polymer formation was evident. The one-step, vigorous-stirring
      method of DTPA incorporation produced no polymerization and no loss of
      immunoreactivity.

PMID- 1800462
TI  - The effects of glutathione depletion on the biodistribution of Cu(PTSM) in rats.
AB  - The tissue retention of radiocopper afforded by intravenous injection of the
      proposed blood flow imaging agent, 62Cu-labeled copper(II) pyruvaldehyde bis(N4
      methylthiosemicarbazone) [Cu(PTSM)], is thought to result from reductive
      decomposition of the copper(II) complex by intracellular sulfhydryls (e.g.
      glutathione, GSH). To determine if the tissue uptake and retention of this tracer
      adequately measures perfusion in tissues containing altered GSH concentrations,
      the biodistribution of copper-67 labeled Cu(PTSM) was determined in GSH-depleted
      rats. Despite treatment to induce relatively large reductions in tissue GSH
      levels, it was found that only very small changes in the biodistribution of
      copper-labeled Cu(PTSM) occurred in the treated rats compared to untreated
      controls.

PMID- 1800463
TI  - Biodistribution study of a monoclonal antibody specific to link proteins from
      human cartilage.
AB  - We report the use of monoclonal antibody 6F3 prepared against link proteins from
      human articular cartilage to elucidate the distribution of these glycoproteins
      within connective and other tissues. By immunohistochemical analysis, we showed
      that only the Fab fragment could reach the antigenic site in human articular
      sections. Cross-reactivity of the antibody 6F3 with link proteins purified from
      rat articular cartilage allowed us to carry out a biodistribution analysis in
      vivo in the rat. The time course of whole blood and plasma showed maximal
      activity 6 h after the 20 micrograms i.v. injection of [125I]Fab-6F3. Urinary
      excretion seems to be a high route of elimination. Moreover, we noticed no
      radioactive uptake across the blood-brain barrier. A significant fixation of
      labeled antibody Fab-6F3 was observed in noncartilaginous connective tissues such
      as aorta, skin and lung. As expected, specific and increased radioactivity was
      observed in all cartilage tissues, this increase was significantly higher 6 h
      after the [125I]Fab-6F3 injection than in the other connective tissues.

PMID- 1800465
TI  - Spiperone: a receptor ligand and/or a granular uptake tracer?
AB  - The accumulation of [3H]spiperone and [3H]dopamine was measured in striatum and
      pituitary gland slices of rat. Contrary to [3H]dopamine, [3H]spiperone storage
      was similar in striatum and pituitary gland. In addition, [3H]spiperone
      accumulation was not diminished by reserpine and tetrabenazine. These data show
      that spiperone is not subject to the granular uptake/storage mechanism and
      suggest that spiperone and its derivatives are specific ligands for dopamine
      receptors only.

PMID- 1800464
TI  - Radioimmunolocalization of human colonic cancer xenografts; aspects of extensive
      purification of monoclonal anti-CEA-antibodies.
AB  - Tumour-to-normal tissue ratios of i.p. injected 125I-labelled monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs), reacting with CEA were determined in nude rats xenografted
      with human colonic cancer cells (LS 174 T). Two MAbs, I-38S1 and II-16, reactive
      with the GOLD 1-epitope on CEA were tested. MAb I-38S1 was also tested after
      additional purification using anion exchange chromatography (thereafter named AEC
      38). In the external activity measurements, MAb AEC 38 showed significantly
      better tumour-to-liver ratios than did MAb II-16 on all 4 days after injection.
      MAb I-38S1 gave intermediate ratios but was significantly better than II-16 only
      on day 3. The mean tumour-to-blood ratios were 3.0, 2.6 and 1.5 and the mean
      tumour-to-liver ratios were 6.6, 4.8 and 3.5 for MAbs AEC 38, I-38S1 and II-16
      respectively. Gamma camera registrations in 3 animals on 4 days showed good
      imaging properties for all three MAbs and the patterns of tissue uptake were
      consistent with those seen in the external measurements. Furthermore,
      histopathological and immunohistochemical determinations were performed, showing
      that MAb II-16 gave about the same spatial binding as the previously analysed MAb
      I-38S1. The results indicate that additional purification of MAbs using anion
      exchange chromatography may potentiate tumour uptake in this model.

PMID- 1800466
TI  - Children in kindergarten through high school should receive sex education in the
      schools.

PMID- 1800467
TI  - Common features associated with spinal-anesthesia-induced hypotension: a
      retrospective study.
AB  - A retrospective study investigated features common to 85 documented cases of
      spinal-anesthesia-induced hypotension. Low preoperative systolic blood pressure
      and anemia were the most predictive features. Physical status was less important,
      with the exception of emergency surgeries. An association was found between
      preoperative medication--especially narcotics--and hypotension. Other variables
      found to have a high frequency among hypotensive patients were known preexisting
      pathologic conditions, increasing concentrations of anesthetic used at the time
      of surgery, and increasing levels of anesthesia achieved. The study is weighted
      toward obstetric/gynecologic cases.

PMID- 1800468
TI  - Combining epidural fentanyl and lidocaine for postoperative pain.
AB  - Fifteen patients undergoing total hip and total knee replacement were studied
      prospectively to evaluate postoperative pain relief provided by an epidural
      infusion of fentanyl citrate, with and without lidocaine hydrochloride, and
      changes in arterial flow to the lower extremities. The patients were randomly
      placed in three groups: group 1 received epidural fentanyl, 5 micrograms/mL;
      group 2 received epidural fentanyl, 5 micrograms/mL with 0.75% solution of
      lidocaine; and group 3 received epidural fentanyl, 5 micrograms/mL with 1.0%
      solution of lidocaine. All patients received 1.5% solution of epidural etidocaine
      hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:200,000 for intraoperative anesthesia. No
      clinical evidence of deep vein thrombosis, tachyphylactic reaction to lidocaine,
      orthostatic hypotension, or motor block was demonstrated in any patient. The
      addition of lidocaine to the epidural fentanyl infusion did not improve pain
      relief or allow a decrease in the rate of infusion. Patients in all groups had
      improved arterial flow to the lower extremities 24 hours postoperatively.

PMID- 1800469
TI  - Realistic expectations of laboratory testing.
AB  - The ordering, reviewing, and interpreting of laboratory tests require recognition
      and familiarity with the concepts of normal values, sensitivity, specificity,
      predictive values, and prevalence. The significance of these test properties in
      clinical decision-making is explained.

PMID- 1800470
TI  - Defends manpower report.

PMID- 1800471
TI  - Improper drug usage.

PMID- 1800472
TI  - Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection.

PMID- 1800473
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 1800474
TI  - Tracing the roots of Borrelia burgdorferi.

PMID- 1800475
TI  - Bits of wisdom for new graduates.

PMID- 1800476
TI  - Milk quality assurance and dairy practitioners.

PMID- 1800477
TI  - Effects of endothelin-1 on epicardial coronary tone, coronary blood flow, ECG-ST
      change and regional wall motion in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of intracoronary-administrated endothelin-1 on coronary hemodynamics
      and regional myocardial function were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs.
      Epicardial coronary diameter (CoD) and coronary blood flow (CBF) were measured by
      a sonomicrometer of 10 MHz piezoelectric crystals and an electro-magnetic flow
      probe on the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). Regional wall motion was
      sonomicrometrically measured at regions supplied by the LCX and left anterior
      descending artery (LAD) and electrocardiograms were recorded. Endothelin-1,
      administered as a bolus injections into the LCX via an intracoronary cannula, in
      a dose-dependent manner reduced COD and CBF. The extent of the reduction of COD
      and CBF at a dose-dependent manner reduced COD and CBF. The extent of the
      reduction of COD and CBF at a dose of 300 pmol was 12.3 +/- 1.5% (P less than
      0.01) and 86 +/- 5% (P less than 0.01), respectively, of the control. The extent
      of CBF reduction and deterioration of systolic wall motion were linearly related
      with the dosage of endothelin-1. ST-elevation (lead II) and fatal ECG
      abnormalities, including complete atrioventricular block or ventricular
      fibrillation, were observed with doses above 60 and 100 pmol, respectively.
      Coronary angiography revealed that filling defects of dye were propagated from
      the third or distal branches to those of more proximal arteries when the doses of
      endothelin-1 were cumulatively infused into the LCX. Accordingly, lethal
      myocardial ischemia induced by endothelin-1 is produced by critical obstruction
      of rather small coronary vessels.

PMID- 1800479
TI  - Electron microscopic changes and edema after nine hours' perfusion of isolated
      canine hearts.
AB  - In a comparative study, we investigated whether or not removed and non-beating
      hearts could be preserved in vitro by continuous perfusion with oxygen-carrying
      solutions (blood, perfluoro-carbon emulsion) and simultaneous substitution with
      specific substrates. We used 18 mongrel dogs subdivided into 2 groups (1st group:
      perfluorocarbon emulsion; 2nd group: blood); the perfusion time was 9 h. In
      addition to parameters to control the medium of the perfusion solution, we
      measured parameters that would allow us to assess the success of the extended
      perfusion. These parameters were high-energy phosphates and, in particular,
      electron optical analysis. At the end of the perfusion period, electron optical
      analysis revealed a mild and reversible ischemic reaction by the myocardial cells
      in both groups. However, statistical analysis showed (1) a significant increase
      in the ischemic reaction for both groups over the perfusion period (P = 0.02),
      and (2) a significant, even more pronounced ischemic reaction in the
      subendocardial myocardium (P = 0.025). It should be noted that distinctly
      interstitial edema developed during the perfusion period and that this would
      appear to be a fairly critical problem with extended continuous isolated heart
      perfusion.

PMID- 1800478
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of vasoconstrictor responses of isolated and perfused
      human umbilical arteries.
AB  - Using the cannula inserting method, we studied vascular responses of isolated
      human umbilical arteries to several vasoactive substances. ACh did not produce a
      vasodilation in non-constricted preparations but induced only a vasoconstriction.
      Histamine and 5HT produced strong vasoconstrictions in a dose-dependent manner.
      Epinephrine and norepinephrine in large doses induced only a slight
      vasoconstriction. The ACh-induced vasoconstriction was markedly suppressed by
      atropine and slightly, but significantly, suppressed by methylsergide. The
      vascular responses to ACh were not influenced by removal of the endothelium by an
      intraluminal bolus injection of saponin. These results suggest that the
      endothelium has no muscarinic receptors in the umbilical arteries, although
      cholinergic vasoconstrictor mechanisms may be partially involved in the
      regulation of umbilical circulation, and that human umbilical arteries exhibit
      different pharmacological responses from those of vessels of other organs.

PMID- 1800480
TI  - A pathologic analysis of the outcome following heart-lung transplantation: an
      autopsy study of 22 recipients.
AB  - Between 1987 and 1989, twenty-two patients who received combined heart-lung
      transplantation were autopsied at La Pitie Salpetriere Hospital in Paris. With
      the exception of two recipients who survived for 2 months and 4 months,
      respectively, the majority of the patients died in the early postoperative period
      (the mean survival was 20.1 days). At autopsy, five patients showed acute cardiac
      rejection of a minor grade. Perivascular and peribronchiolar mononuclear cell
      infiltrates suggesting acute pulmonary rejection were seen in three patients.
      Obliterating bronchiolitis, which might be indicative of chronic rejection, was
      observed in four patients who had longer survival rates, and one of these four
      had died of obliterating bronchiolitis. Rather than allograft rejection, the
      major causes of death were (1) perioperative hemorrhage, (2) infections (mainly
      respiratory infections and occasionally mediastinitis), (3) diffuse alveolar
      damage (the so-called adult respiratory distress syndrome and/or pulmonary
      organizing edema), and (4) multiple organ failure. The present study suggested
      some of the reasons why the survival rate following heart-lung transplantation is
      much poorer than after isolated heart transplantation. Hemodynamic or respiratory
      problems causing perioperative multiple organ failure as well as pre-existing
      complications of the recipients, such as "cardiac cirrhosis," may play an
      important role in the prognosis of heart-lung transplantation.

PMID- 1800481
TI  - Impaired forearm vasodilatation by acetylcholine in patients with hypertension.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine if vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine
      or sodium nitroprusside are altered in subjects with essential hypertension. In
      patients with essential hypertension (mean BP; 121 +/- 4 mmHg, n = 14) and age
      matched control subjects (mean BP; 88 +/- 3 mmHg, n = 10), the forearm
      vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were examined.
      The brachial artery was cannulated with a cannula through which drugs were
      locally infused. During the drug infusions, forearm blood flow was continuously
      measured using plethysmography. Basal forearm vascular resistance was higher in
      patients with essential hypertension than in control subjects (27.5 +/- 3.8 vs
      13.8 +/- 1.7 units, P less than 0.01). The increases in forearm blood flow or
      decreases in forearm vascular resistance in response to the infusions of
      acetylcholine were smaller in patients with essential hypertension than in
      control subjects (P less than 0.01). However, the increases in forearm blood flow
      or decreases in forearm vascular resistance in response to the infusions of
      sodium nitroprusside were similar for the 2 groups. These results may suggest
      that the endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response to acetylcholine in the
      forearm resistance arteries is impaired in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 1800482
TI  - Prolonged atrial activity due to delayed conduction in the atrium of patients
      with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between the duration of electrical atrial
      activity and intra-atrial conduction time to determine whether the prolonged
      atrial activity was due to delayed conduction in the human atrium. The study
      included 15 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and 15 control
      patients. The duration of atrial electrical activity was measured by selecting a
      minimum electrographic amplitude of 50 microV. In patients with PAF, the duration
      of atrial activity was prolonged in proportion to the delay of interatrial
      conduction time from the high right atrium to the coronary sinus as the coupling
      interval of premature extrastimuli was decreased. Both the fragmented atrial
      activity zone and the interatrial conduction delay zone were wider in patients
      with PAF than in control patients. It is concluded that assessment of the
      duration of atrial activity with a minimum amplitude of 50 microV is useful in
      evaluating human atrial vulnerability since it reflects the atrial conduction
      delay in patients with PAF.

PMID- 1800483
TI  - Access to health care for children and adolescents.

PMID- 1800484
TI  - Evaluation of contact dermatitis using the TRUE patch test.
AB  - Patch testing is a dermatological diagnostic procedure for contact dermatitis
      utilizing selected allergens. It has been suggested that suspected cases of
      contact dermatitis cannot be definitively diagnosed without a patch test.
      Physicians have avoided the use of patch testing for a variety of reasons, chief
      of these being inconvenience and inconsistency. The TRUE patch test (Pharmacia
      AB, Uppsala, Sweden) offers a test modality that circumvents these problems.
      Background information on the TRUE test is presented along with two studies
      demonstrating its efficacy.

PMID- 1800485
TI  - Survey underscores changing attitudes of young physicians.

PMID- 1800486
TI  - The Florida HIV dental case.

PMID- 1800487
TI  - Arkansas HIV/AIDS report 1983-1991.

PMID- 1800488
TI  - Failure to diagnose myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1800489
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Combined pancreas and renal transplant with acute
      cellular rejection.

PMID- 1800490
TI  - Mortality of diabetes: changing pattern.

PMID- 1800491
TI  - Mortality events amongst non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients in
      Orissa.
AB  - In a study over one year, it was observed that mortality amongst hospitalised
      patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIBDM) was nearly 20%.
      Those dying within 24 hr were classified as group A, between one day and one week
      as B, between one week and one month as C, and those after one month as D. There
      were 31 patients each in groups A and B, 14 in C, and 4 in D. The mean age at
      death was 61 years in the first three groups. The prevalence of cerebro-vascular
      accident as a terminal event was similar i.e. 32.2, 35.5 and 35.7 per cent in
      groups A, B and C respectively; 48% of patients in group A suffered from
      ischaemic heart disease. Diabetic ketoacidosis was equally prevalent amongst
      groups A, B and C. Infection was significantly more common in group B (45.2%)
      than A (P less than 0.05). Nephropathy was observed in 57% of patients in group C
      as compared to 22.5% in A (P less than 0.02). Cerebrovascular accident and
      infection were the major causes of mortality in groups B and C (80.7% and 71.4%),
      whereas ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accident accounted for 80% of
      deaths in group A.

PMID- 1800492
TI  - Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - To assess the pathogenesis of the gastro-duodenal mucosal lesions in rheumatoid
      arthritis, 36 patients, consisting of 23 (group I) receiving non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and 13 (group II) on alternative forms of treatment,
      were examined by fibreoptic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Ten (43%) of 23
      patients receiving NSAIDs showed mucosal damage in the form of erosions or a
      definite ulcer crater, compared to only one (8%) of 13 in group II (p less than
      0.05). There was no correlation between the duration of illness and the incidence
      of mucosal lesions. These findings indicate that the high incidence of
      gastroduodenal mucosal abnormalities seen in rheumatoid arthritis is related to
      the use of NSAIDs and not to the underlying disease process.

PMID- 1800493
TI  - Antithrombin III in liver disorders.
AB  - Biological and immunological antithrombin III was studied in 26 patients of viral
      hepatitis including 6 with encephalopathy, and in 11 patients with cirrhosis of
      liver. There was a significant reduction in both biological and immunological
      activity of antithrombin III in all the groups of liver disorders studied. There
      was a good correlation between biological and immunological activity of
      antithrombin III (P less than 0.05). Further, there was a significant inverse
      correlation between immunological activity of antithrombin III and SGOT/SGPT (P
      less than 0.01) as well as serum bilirubin (P less than 0.001), signifying the
      prognostic value of antithrombin III in hepatitis. Biological activity on the
      other hand did not show any relation with the hepatic enzymes or bilirubin
      elevation. The antithrombin III levels appeared to decline in direct proportion
      to the degree of hepatic necrosis, probably due to reduced synthesis.

PMID- 1800494
TI  - Myocardial infarction in the young.
AB  - Coronary angiography was done in 88 patients of myocardial infarction (MI) less
      than 40 years of age (Group I) and the results were compared with an equal number
      of patients with MI over 40 years (Group II). Severity of coronary stenosis was
      evaluated by a coronary index (CI) which determined the extent of myocardium at
      jeopardy. The severity of coronary artery disease increased with age (CI in Group
      I = 6.2; Group II = 8.4). Normal coronaries (16% vs 5.7%) and single vessel
      disease (41% vs 23%) were common in Group I. Smoking was the commonest risk
      factor in both groups, its prevalence being higher in Group I (66% vs 42%) while
      the prevalence of diabetes was lower (4.5% vs 21.5%).

PMID- 1800495
TI  - Early experience with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in unstable
      angina.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was done in 13 of 105 patients
      with unstable angina, 10 of whom were males. Diagnostic coronary angiography
      revealed single vessel disease in 10 cases and two vessel disease in 3 cases; the
      degree of stenosis varied from 70-90%. Only a single major coronary artery was
      dilated. Immediate angiographic success was achieved in 12(92.3%) cases. The
      success rate at the time of discharge from hospital was 10 (76.9%) cases.
      Immediate complications encountered were acute myocardial infarction in 2 cases,
      they refused coronary artery bypass grafting and unsuccessful dilation in 1 case.
      No death occurred during the hospital stay. During follow-up of 6-9 months, 8
      patients were symptom free (66.6%), 2 patients required repeat percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty and 2 patients died. In conclusion,
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may be undertaken relatively
      safely in unstable angina, it leads to substantial improvement in symptoms during
      the early follow-up period. This therapeutic approach is highly beneficial
      particularly in single vessel disease.

PMID- 1800496
TI  - Effect of acute ingestion of tobacco on gastric mucosa. An endoscopic study.
AB  - One hundred patients with non ulcer dyspepsia with history of chronic tobacco
      chewing were examined endoscopically to assess the effect of tobacco ingestion on
      the gastric mucosa. Gastric erosions were seen in 20 patients in the fasting
      state. The remaining 80 patients in whom gastroscopy did not reveal erosions were
      subjected to repeat gastroscopy after tobacco ingestion. In 40 patients,
      endoscopy was repeated 30 minutes after 200 mg of tobacco ingestion (Group I) and
      in another 40 patients endoscopy was repeated 1 hour after 400 mg of tobacco
      ingestion (Group II). Eleven patients (27.5%) in Group I and 19 (47.5%) in Group
      II developed gastric erosions. Erosions were observed mainly along the lesser
      curvature, and in the fundus and the body of stomach. Gastric pH, determined
      after tobacco ingestion, was 2.4 +/- 0.43 in patients with erosions and 3.0 +/-
      0.67 in patients without erosions. It is concluded that tobacco ingestion
      produces dose-dependent damage to the gastric mucosa as seen on endoscopy. Hence,
      history of tobacco ingestion should always be asked for in patients with gastric
      erosions.

PMID- 1800497
TI  - Copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Estimation of copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium was done in plasma,
      erythrocytes and urine of twenty patients with chronic renal failure of diverse
      aetiologies. Twenty normal individuals formed the control group. Significant
      plasma hypozincaemia and hypozincuria was observed in uraemic patients, though
      the concentration of zinc in erythrocytes was significantly higher than in
      controls. The copper content of the erythrocytes was significantly higher in
      patients when compared to controls, while the reverse was true for its excretion
      in the urine. The increased level of copper in the erythrocytes showed a
      correlation with increasing severity of renal failure. Significant hypocalcaemia
      was seen in the erythrocytes and plasma of uraemic patients, though magnesium
      level was elevated. Urinary excretion, however, of both calcium and magnesium
      were markedly reduced in these patients. The magnesium levels in plasma and urine
      showed a significant correlation with the severity of renal failure.

PMID- 1800498
TI  - Anaerobic threshold as a measure of physical work capacity.
AB  - Fifty healthy subjects underwent incremental exercise on a treadmill. Anaerobic
      threshold (AT) and maximum oxygen consumed in litres per minute (VO2 max) were
      measured. VO2 max (mean +/- SD) in males and females was 2.71 +/- 0.5 and 2.014
      +/- 0.4 L/min respectively. AT as a percentage of VO2 max predicted was 58 in
      males and 56 in females. These values were comparable to Western studies.
      Anaerobic threshold is the most sensitive indicator of exercise performance.

PMID- 1800499
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse syndrome and associated thoracic skeletal abnormalities.
AB  - Clinical characteristics of 60 (41 males, 19 females) patients with
      echocardiographically proven mitral valve prolapse were analysed, with special
      interest in the associated thoracic skeletal abnormalities. There was a male
      preponderance (2.2:1) and 91.7% of patients were symptomatic--atypical chest
      pain, palpitations, exertional dyspnoea and easy fatiguability being the major
      symptoms. Sixty seven percent had an asthenic body habitus, and 55% had high
      arched palate. Thoracic scoliosis (55%), straight back syndrome (50%), flat chest
      (46.7%), and pectus excavatum (20%) were seen in association with the condition,
      with 81.7% having any one or combination of these features. Lateral chest
      radiography showed pancaking of heart shadow in 48.3%. Isolated non-ejection
      systolic click(s) was the major cardiac auscultatory finding (61.7%), while 60%
      showed pansystolic prolapse on echocardiography. Electrocardiographic ST-T-U
      changes in the inferior and/or lateral chest leads were seen in 46.7%, while
      16.7% had cardiac arrhythmias. None had infective endocarditis, heart failure or
      cerebral embolic events. The findings corroborate the view that thoracic skeletal
      anomalies may be regarded as non-auscultatory features of this syndrome.

PMID- 1800500
TI  - Contrast computed tomography in epilepsy with special reference to intracranial
      ring or disc enhancing lesions.
AB  - We report the results of computed tomography (CT) in 170 patients who developed
      seizures. Localized signs could be demonstrated by neurologic examination in
      23.5%. CT findings were normal in 64 patients (37.6%). The commonest abnormality
      was a focal ring or disc enhancing lesion in 66 patients (62.3%) followed by
      calcification (18 patients; 16.9%), cerebral atrophy (9; 8.5%), vascular lesions
      (7; 6.6%), tumours (4; 3.8%) and congenital hydrocephalus (2; 1.9%). The
      occurrence of abnormal CT was higher (74.3%) in patients with partial seizures.

PMID- 1800502
TI  - Statistics for clinicians. 7. Interval data (III).

PMID- 1800501
TI  - Comparative bioavailability of slow release diclofenac (Voveran SR) with enteric
      coated tablet and internationally used Voltaren Retard.
AB  - The objective of the study was to compare the enteric coated diclofenac sodium
      (Voveran), the slow release formulation developed in India (Voveran SR) and the
      internationally marketed formulation Voltaren Retard. Ten healthy volunteers were
      administered 100 mg each of the three formulations in a three-way crossover
      fashion. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours following administration of
      the drug; plasma levels of unchanged drug were determined by gas chromatography.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters for the three formulations were compared. The extent
      of the drug available from the three formulations was the same as the mean AUC
      values were not significantly different. Cmax and MRT values for the two slow
      release formulations were comparable but were significantly different from the
      values obtained with the enteric coated formulation. Tmax values for the two slow
      release formulations were similar while the enteric coated tablet had faster time
      to peak. Voveran SR is comparable to Voltaren Retard and has the distinct
      advantage of a slow release formulation in that its Cmax is much lower and levels
      are maintained over 12 hours and detectable upto 24 hours. This slow release
      formulation will offer clinical advantages of better compliance, relief of early
      morning symptoms and better tolerability over long term usage.

PMID- 1800503
TI  - Effective medical communication. Accessing medical literature: from personal
      communication to online databases.

PMID- 1800504
TI  - Carotid sinus massage.

PMID- 1800505
TI  - Important facts in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1800506
TI  - Extensive CT scan abnormality in Wilson's disease.
AB  - A case of Wilson's disease with extensive white matter hypodensity, including in
      the basal ganglia, on CT scan is presented. Such extensive CT scan abnormality
      has not been described in Wilson's disease.

PMID- 1800507
TI  - Vivax malaria causing priapism.
AB  - We report a 14 year old boy who had priapism induced by vivax malaria. The onset
      was latent and course was protracted, refractory to anti-malarial and
      conservative treatment, but satisfactory detumescence was achieved after surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 1800508
TI  - Lithium toxicity--a risk factor for neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - We report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Lithium toxicity might
      have predisposed to the development of the syndrome in our patient. The patient
      had hyperthermia, extrapyramidal rigidity, disturbance in autonomic function and
      raised serum CPK level.

PMID- 1800509
TI  - Thalamic haemorrhage due to tuberculous arteritis.
AB  - A young adult presenting as subarachnoid haemorrhage, which was proved to be a
      thalamic haemorrhage on CT scan, with evidence of tuberculous arteritis, is
      reported.

PMID- 1800510
TI  - Lumbar canal stenosis presenting with bladder and bowel symptoms.
AB  - We report a 50 year old man with lumbar canal stenosis proved on myelography, who
      presented with hesitancy, constipation and numbness in the "saddle area", with
      mild and transient lumbago and no claudication. His symptoms improved over
      several months after surgery.

PMID- 1800511
TI  - Hypertensive primary intraventricular haemorrhage.
AB  - A case of hypertensive primary intraventricular haemorrhage is reported. The
      patient recovered with conservative management. To the best of our knowledge,
      there has been no previous report of this rare entity in Indian literature.

PMID- 1800512
TI  - Hypopituitarism following snake bite.
AB  - A patient who developed hypopituitarism after viperine envenomation is described.
      Thrombosis as a part of disseminated intravascular coagulation may have been the
      cause. Hypopituitarism should be suspected in such cases especially when there is
      associated acute renal failure.

PMID- 1800514
TI  - Prescribing a vitamin pill.

PMID- 1800513
TI  - Oral versus axillary temperature.

PMID- 1800516
TI  - Bruising after venepuncture.

PMID- 1800515
TI  - Cerebral malaria in pregnancy.

PMID- 1800517
TI  - Occult rupture of spleen.

PMID- 1800518
TI  - Exercise induced ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 1800519
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of ethyl carbamate as the
      xanthylamide derivative in Italian aqua vitae (grappa) samples.
AB  - A selective reaction of ethyl carbamate (urethane) and methyl urethane
      (urethylane), as internal standard, with xanthydrol was effected to detect
      urethane after extraction from Italian aqua vitae (grappa) samples. The
      xanthylamides formed were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in
      the selected ion monitoring mode on an apolar DB 5 silica column. The linearity
      of the method was tested from 10 to 1000 micrograms/l, with a detection limit of
      1 micrograms/l.

PMID- 1800520
TI  - Purification of ovalbumin and lysozyme from a commercial product by recycling
      isotachophoresis.
AB  - The aim of this work was to test the suitability of using recycling
      isotachophoresis (RITP) for the purification of ovalbumin (OVA) and/or lysozyme
      (LYSO) from a commercial OVA product containing LYSO and conalbumin (CAL) as
      major proteinaceous impurities. The search for suitable electrolyte systems and
      spacers was carried out by capillary isotachophoresis. RITP was performed in a
      recycling free-flow focusing apparatus in the batch mode with immobilization of
      the advancing zone structure via a controlled counterflow. Typically 700 mg of
      the commercial product were processed within 2 h. Enhancement of the sample load
      was achieved by a feed of sample under counterflow control. The collected
      fractions were analysed separately for conductivity, pH and ultraviolet
      absorption, and selected fractions were characterized by analytical capillary
      electrophoretic methods. All three proteins could be separated and fractionated
      using suitable spacers. Depending on the chosen conditions either OVA or LYSO
      could be purified in amounts larger than milligrams per hour (OVA 300 mg/h; LYSO
      10 mg/h). The instability of CAL in solution prevented its isolation in the
      investigated configurations.

PMID- 1800521
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of dinitroaniline
      herbicides in soil and water.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous
      determination of the dinitroaniline herbicides dinitramine, ethalfluralin,
      trifluralin, pendimethalin and isopropalin in soil and surface water is reported.
      The soil was extracted with diethyl ether and analysed without any clean-up. The
      water was analysed after purification and concentration on a C18 cartridge. The
      average recoveries were in the range 89-104%. The detection limits for the five
      herbicides were 0.02 mg/kg in dry soil and 0.5 micrograms/l in surface water.

PMID- 1800522
TI  - Determination of calcium ions tightly bound to proteins.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive procedure is described for the determination of calcium
      ions tightly bound to proteins using high-performance gel filtration
      chromatography, followed by the destabilization of the protein conformation and
      fluorimetric analysis with Quin-2. With this method, contaminating, unbound
      calcium can be eliminated simultaneously and one can determine the content of a
      calcium ion in a protein utilizing less than 200 pmol of the protein.

PMID- 1800523
TI  - Hydrophobicity of beta-lactam antibiotics. Explanation and prediction of their
      behaviour in various partitioning solvent systems and reversed-phase
      chromatography.
AB  - beta-Lactam antibiotics tend to undergo self-association in hydrophilic organic
      solvents, which leads to a strong dependence of their experimentally observable
      log P values on the partitioning conditions. As a result, most of the earlier
      obtained log P values for beta-lactam antibiotics cannot be applied as a common
      hydrophobicity measure, but they proved to be linearly related to each other and
      to a large body of reversed-phase chromatographic data. The retention of
      cephalosporins on reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns is complicated by
      silanophilic interactions. However, under elution conditions that eliminate these
      silanophilic interactions, good correlations with log P data are observed, and a
      unified hydrophobicity scale for 90 penicillin and cephalosporin compounds could
      be evaluated. The Hansch and Leo additive scheme was shown to be valid for the
      calculation of hydrophobicities for penicillin and cephalosporin C-6(7)
      substituents, but it failed when applied to the prediction of cephalosporin C-3
      substituent hydrophobicities. The hydrophobic increments for the sixteen most
      common cephalosporin C-3-substituents were empirically evaluated from literature
      data, and a simple equation was derived for an overall beta-lactam antibiotic
      hydrophobicity calculation. The proposed scale is valid for predicting the
      partitioning of most beta-lactam antibiotics in both hydrophilic and lipophilic
      organic-water systems, although it should be used with caution when applied to
      antibiotics containing additionally charged side-chains.

PMID- 1800524
TI  - Determination of picomole amounts of lipoxins C4, D4 and E4 by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A method for the sensitive determination of the sulphopeptide lipoxins (LXs) C4,
      D4 and E4 by high-performance liquid chromatography with subsequent
      electrochemical detection is described. The best results were obtained when the
      analysis was carried out with the solvent system methanol-water-trifluoroacetic
      acid (66:34:0.008, v/v/v). The acquired half-wave potentials were different for
      all investigated compounds: +1.18 V for LXC4 +1.3 V for LXD4 and +1.25 V for
      LXE4. The detection limits of LXC4, LXD4 and LXE4, based on a signal-to-noise
      ratio of 3:1, were found to be 200-700 fmol. Although sulphopeptide lipoxins
      possess a high molar absorptivity, electrochemical detection still is three times
      more sensitive than ultraviolet detection.

PMID- 1800525
TI  - A simple method for isolation of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
      samples for PCR.
AB  - A simple method of processing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections
      for DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. In this
      procedure, deparaffinized sections are readily subjected to DNA isolation simply
      by boiling and the released DNA can be directly employed for PCR. The method
      allows analysis of single-copy genes or viral sequences at least up to 300 base
      pairs long in one working day. This method is particularly useful in analysing
      retrospective materials when the simplicity and low cost of the assay are
      preferable. Furthermore, the simplicity of the procedure reduces the risk of
      contamination.

PMID- 1800526
TI  - Microwave irradiation-accelerated in situ hybridization technique for HIV
      detection.
AB  - High frequency irradiation generated in a common household microwave oven was
      used to establish an in situ hybridization technique for rapid detection of HIV
      sequences in infected cells. A biotin-labeled DNA probe was subsequently detected
      either by an alkaline phosphatase-based colorimetric reaction or by fluorescence.
      When compared to standard hybridization procedures with radioactive or
      nonradioactive probes, microwave energy-mediated hybridization results in equal
      sensitivity and diminished background. The main advantage of this method,
      however, is the drastic reduction in time, allowing completion of the whole
      procedure, from sample preparation to hybrid signal visualization, within one
      hour. In addition to HIV detection, the approach described can be applied for the
      diagnosis of other viral infections and may stimulate the development of nucleic
      acid hybridization techniques based on microwave irradiation.

PMID- 1800527
TI  - Visualization of a luteovirus in the vector aphid's body by two gold
      immunolabelling techniques: a comparative study.
AB  - Two gold immunolabelling techniques using electron microscopy were compared to
      examine the in situ localization of a luteovirus, potato leafroll virus (PLRV),
      inside its main aphid vector, Myzus persicae SULZ. With Gildow's technique, virus
      particles were labelled prior to fixation, embedding by injecting PLRV-specific
      IgGs into the living aphids. This facilitated the detection of extracellular
      particles located between the basal lamina and plasmalemma by trapping them in
      aggregates. The heavy coating of particles by antibodies and gold indicated good
      labelling sensitivity. Isometric virus-like particles were also observed inside
      the cytoplasm, but they were non decorated because the cell membrane prevented
      labelling reagents from entering the cell. With the second technique, ultrathin
      sections were immunolabelled after fixation-embedding. Since PLRV lost its
      antigenicity when aphid tissues were normally treated for electron microscopy,
      the successful application of this technique required fixation in 4% formaldehyde
      before embedding in Lowicryl at low temperature; it was also necessary to use
      PLRV-specific monoclonal antibodies to eliminate non-specific reactions. In these
      conditions, all intra- and extra-cytoplasmic virions present on the surface of
      sections were surrounded by gold particles, but the antibody coating was not
      discernible, and, because the resin limited the access of markers to antigens,
      the inner virus particles were not labelled. In conclusion, both techniques must
      be applied on the same material to give complementary information.

PMID- 1800528
TI  - Characterization of the lymphoproliferative diseases in the skin by DNA analysis.
AB  - Various samples from lymphoproliferative diseases in the skin were analyzed by
      Southern blotting technique with probes from the T cell receptor gene,
      immunoglobulin genes, and human T cell leukemia virus-I genome. Samples were
      taken from 10 mycosis fungoides (MF) patients, 1 parapsoriasis en plaque patient,
      10 Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) patients, 1 cutaneous T cell lymphoma
      (CTCL) patient, 4 lymphomatoid papulosis (LP) patients, 4 B cell lymphoma
      patients, and 2 actinic reticuloid (AR) patients. In MF, the monoclonality of the
      T cells became detectable first in the skin when plaques develop to tumors then
      in lymph nodes, and finally in the blood lymphocytes, indicating this disease
      develops from local (skin) malignancy to systemic malignancy. In parapsoriasis en
      plaque, no monoclonality was detected in any sample. We could distinguish
      cutaneous ATL from the carrier state by detecting the T cell monoclonality and
      HTLV-I integration with these probes. One patient with CTCL showed detectable T
      cell monoclonality; 1 out of 4 patients with LP did the same. Four samples from
      patients with B cell lymphoma revealed detectable monoclonal rearrangement of
      immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. In AR, no monoclonality was detected
      in any sample. From these data, we conclude that DNA analysis is useful in
      determining the monoclonality, cell origin, and distribution of monoclonal cells
      from skin samples.

PMID- 1800529
TI  - Dinitrochlorobenzene treatment of verrucae plana.
AB  - In a purely clinical, unbiased study, 50 patients with verrucae plana were
      treated with dinitrochlorobenzene for 1-24 weeks, keeping half the lesions as
      controls. The results were statistically insignificant when the treated patients
      were compared to the control group.

PMID- 1800530
TI  - Effects of cepharanthin on neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and reactive
      oxygen species generation.
AB  - The effects of cepharanthin on inflammatory parameters such as neutrophil
      chemotaxis, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, were
      examined. Cepharanthin significantly decreased the levels of O2-, H2O2, and OH.
      generated by neutrophils. H2O2 and OH. generated in a cell-free, xanthine
      xanthine oxidase system were also reduced in the presence of cepharanthin.
      However, the drug did not affect neutrophil chemotaxis or phagocytosis. The
      present study indicates that cepharanthin is an effective ROS scavenger, exerting
      its anti-inflammatory action by reducing the potent ROS species excessively
      generated in tissues and organs, especially at the sites of inflammation.

PMID- 1800531
TI  - Unilateral dysplastic nevi associated with malignant melanoma.
AB  - A case of dysplastic nevi associated with malignant melanoma was reported. The
      case was characterized by unilateral distribution of dysplastic nevi. Multiple
      dysplastic nevi were observed only dorsally on the patient's left upper quadrant.
      To the best of our knowledge, the report of this form of dysplastic nevi is the
      first in Japan. In addition, dysplastic nevus cell nests were present in
      histologic contiguity with intraepidermal proliferation of melanoma in the radial
      growth phase. Histological evidence suggested that the melanoma in our case had
      probably been derived from the context of dysplastic nevus.

PMID- 1800532
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the skin with generalized metastases: electron microscopic and
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - A 62-year-old woman with numerous (more than 50) tumors between 25 and 75 mm in
      diameter disseminated over most of her body surface is reported. Biopsied tissue
      specimens demonstrated that the tumors consisted mainly of spindle-shaped cells
      with nuclear pleomorphisms and relatively high mitotic rates. They were
      irregularly arranged; they sometimes mimicked storiform- and palisading-patterns.
      Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were positive for muscle
      specific actin, desmin, and myosin, but negative for S-100 protein. Electron
      microscopy confirmed myofilaments and dense patches in the cytoplasm. The
      metastatic potential of such leiomyosarcoma of the skin is indicated.

PMID- 1800533
TI  - Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma: an unusual case with papular lesions.
AB  - A 63-year-old Japanese woman with multiple annular lesions on the bilateral
      abdomen developed numerous papules on the upper part of the back and forearms. A
      skin biopsy specimen taken from a papule showed the findings of annular
      elastolytic giant cell granuloma.

PMID- 1800534
TI  - Two cases of diaper area granuloma of the adult.
AB  - Two cases of diaper area granuloma are reported. Patient 1, a 34-year-old man,
      had multiple reddish-purple nodules over the diaper area of the right part of the
      genitocrural region. Candida albicans was not detected from the lesion.
      Histological examination of the nodule showed acanthosis and dense infiltrates.
      The granulomas became smaller and flatter after the control of urination. Patient
      2, a 28-year-old man, had two large decubitus lesions and multiple nodules over
      the diaper area of the gluteal region. The decubitus became smaller and the
      granulomas disappeared after the lesion was kept clean. Because these granulomas
      resemble granuloma gluteale infantum, but occurred in adults rather than in the
      aged or infants, we propose to call this condition "granuloma gluteale
      adultorum." We suggest that these granulomas may represent an inflammatory
      reaction to the irritation of urine or feces. It is, therefore, of great
      importance to treat and prevent this condition by controlling the flow of urine
      and keeping the region clean.

PMID- 1800535
TI  - Chalazion coexisting with dacryolithiasis.
AB  - A 41-year-old woman presented with a painless hard subcutaneous nodule in the
      right upper eyelid. The lesion was diagnosed clinically as pilomatricoma and
      removed surgically. Histological examination disclosed a granulomatous lesion
      composed mainly of mononuclear cells with a foamy appearance and multinucleated
      giant cells with some admixture of granulocytes, plasma cells, and lymphoid
      cells. Lipid droplets and dilated ductal structures containing an eosinophilic
      fibrillar substance were observed in and around the granulomatous lesion. In
      addition, an intraductal dacryolith was seen near the granulomatous lesion. We
      finally diagnosed this case as chalazion; the coexisting dacryolithiasis was
      considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chalazion.

PMID- 1800536
TI  - A case of idiopathic vulvar calcinosis: the first in Japan.
AB  - Idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum is a rare condition of unknown etiology. As
      counterparts of this male disorder, only two female cases have been reported. We
      report a third case, the first of its kind, in Japan. Histochemical stains
      revealed acid mucopolysaccharide (acid-MPS) within the calcinosis and many
      infiltrated mast cells near it; these might histogenese the calcium deposition.
      Immunohistochemically, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and keratin
      stains revealed no positive cells near the calcium depositions.

PMID- 1800537
TI  - Dentistry's image.

PMID- 1800538
TI  - Malpractice.

PMID- 1800539
TI  - August JADA.

PMID- 1800540
TI  - Posterior composite restorations. Where and how they work best.
AB  - Despite its increased use, composite resin is still technique-sensitive. The
      authors offer correct placement steps and indicate where these restorations will
      do well.

PMID- 1800541
TI  - Planning interactive implant treatment with 3-D computed tomography.
AB  - Treatment planning for dental implants presents special challenges to the
      dentist. The authors review the conventional radiographic and non-radiographic
      methods for the assessment of the implant site. A new dental interactive
      treatment planning program under development at the University of Alabama School
      of Dentistry Department of Periodontics is described.

PMID- 1800542
TI  - Tooth bleaching: its effect on oral tissues.
AB  - After investigating the literature, we suggest these guidelines for tooth
      bleaching: If bleaching solutions of high concentration are used, prevent
      accidental exposure of gingival tissues to the solutions by use of a rubber dam.
      If using lower concentrations of bleaching solutions, avoid long-term exposures
      to gingival tissues. To maintain pulp vitality, keep bleaching time and
      temperatures to a minimum. Check teeth for exposed dentin and enamel fractures.
      Advise patients that thermal sensitivity may occur after the bleaching procedure
      and may persist for several days. Prescribe premedication with an anti
      inflammatory drug, when necessary. Avoid bleaching the cervical area of the tooth
      by covering the area with a base to avoid cervical resorption. Avoid dentin
      exposure by noting that abrasive bleaching techniques can remove significant
      amounts of enamel. Take special care when bleaching enamel--especially near the
      cervix of the tooth, where the enamel is thin.

PMID- 1800543
TI  - Oral cancer growth factor found.

PMID- 1800544
TI  - Infratemporal space pathosis mimicking TMJ disorders.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of pain in the face and dysfunction of the masticatory
      system is complex. Although most diagnoses are readily made, common symptoms can
      occasionally belie more serious diseases. Each patient was originally treated for
      TMJ dysfunctions and subsequently was diagnosed as suffering from pathosis of the
      infratemporal space.

PMID- 1800545
TI  - Dental cements: are they the weak link?

PMID- 1800546
TI  - Spending for dental care since 1980: smaller pieces of a growing pie.

PMID- 1800547
TI  - Why don't the problems just go away?

PMID- 1800548
TI  - Doctors, dentists and other health professionals.

PMID- 1800549
TI  - Waiving copayment. A look at state laws.

PMID- 1800550
TI  - The child-psychoanalytic play interview: a technique for studying thematic
      content.
AB  - Child psychoanalysts have long viewed play as a reflection of children's inner
      lives and have used the themes children represent in play for diagnostic and
      therapeutic work. Given the central role children's play has for clinical work,
      few studies have addressed play empirically. This paper presents a technique for
      studying the thematic content of children's play as it emerges during a play
      session with a child analyst. We report the steps involved in developing this
      investigative technique and describe the interobserver agreement among four rates
      using the technique with videotaped play sessions. Implications for future
      research using such an approach are discussed.

PMID- 1800551
TI  - The New York Psychoanalytic Civil War.
AB  - The goal of this contribution is to give an overall survey of the analytic
      schisms in the New York area from 1934 on. The general background, laying the
      groundwork for potential schisms, is described. There were several major schisms
      in the New York area. The first related to Horney's departure from the New York
      Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. There were multiple splits in this group
      which eventuated in a psychoanalytic facility at the New York Medical College, as
      well as the establishment of the William Alanson White Institute. Then there was
      the establishment of a psychoanalytic training facility at Columbia University,
      one at the Downstate Medical Center, and another at the New York University
      School of Medicine. The various factors that played a role in the splits are
      discussed. Finally, there is a discussion of why psychoanalytic schisms take
      place.

PMID- 1800552
TI  - The art of psychoanalysis: on oscillation and other matters.

PMID- 1800554
TI  - The relevance of the analyst's character and attitudes to his work.
AB  - This paper is intended to sensitize analysts to the role of their character in
      analytic technique. The relation of character to countertransference, its role in
      analytic style, in the introduction of parameters, and in transference neurosis,
      will be elaborated. The problem of matching and of accounting for our failures
      will illustrate the complex meshing of character with more traditional factors.

PMID- 1800553
TI  - On the efficacy of psychoanalysis.
AB  - In this study we critically review the formal research literature pertinent to
      the outcomes of psychoanalysis and the factors influencing these outcomes. Our
      inquiry was conducted from a psychoanalytic perspective. We found the research
      yield consistent with the accumulated body of clinically derived psychoanalytic
      knowledge, e.g., patients suitable for psychoanalysis derive substantial
      therapeutic benefit; analyzability and therapeutic benefit are relatively
      separate dimensions and their extent is relatively unpredictable from the
      perspective of initial evaluation among seemingly suitable cases. The studies all
      contain clinical and methodological limitations which are no more substantial
      than in other forms of psychotherapy research, but they have not substantially
      advanced psychoanalytic knowledge. This raises challenges for the further
      development of formal research strategies native to psychoanalysis.

PMID- 1800555
TI  - A sadomasochistic transference: its relation to distortions in the rapprochement
      subphase.
AB  - The development of a rageful sadomasochistic transference early in an analysis is
      presented. We describe key interventions that foster its resolution and offer a
      reconstruction of the patient's early life, focusing on difficulty in the
      rapprochement phase. We believe that the intense and difficult to manage
      sadomasochistic transference was linked to a repudiation of both preoedipal and
      oedipal triangulation, resulting in the perpetuation of a hostile dependent
      mother-child dyad and in the patient's unconscious belief that sadomasochistic
      interactions were the only means of establishing and maintaining a close
      relationship.

PMID- 1800556
TI  - The analyst's use of clinical data, and other issues of confidentiality.

PMID- 1800557
TI  - The appeal cycle in early mother-child interaction: nature and implications of a
      finding from developmental research.
AB  - The appeal cycle was observed and delineated through research on mother-child
      interaction during the second year of life. As a repeated, circumscribed unit of
      developmental interaction, it is conceived to be an agent of developmental
      process and psychic structure formation. The appeal cycle has four phases: the
      adaptational phase, the distress phase, the appeal phase, and the interactional
      phase. The progression from the adaptational into the distress and appeal phases
      evidences the child's separation anxiety and failure of self-regulation in
      response to the experimentally induced attenuation of the mother-child
      relationship. A successful interactional phase reestablishes the relationship,
      regulates and restores the child's emotional equilibrium, and enables a return to
      self-regulation and adaptation. Because the interaction reinforces the functions
      and structures being developed through identification with the mother, the
      interactional phase is conceived to be an instrumental event in the mediation of
      psychic structure formation. The appeal cycle is discussed in comparison with
      similar phenomena in earlier phases of development and with other studies
      addressing development during the first two years of life. Directions for future
      research are noted.

PMID- 1800558
TI  - Do child feeding practices change due to diarrhoea in the Central Peruvian
      Highlands?
AB  - This study assessed feeding practices in relation to diarrhoea among 2,599
      children, aged 0-3 years, in the highlands of central Peru. A high prevalence of
      diarrhoea was observed, with 18% of the children ill with diarrhoea the preceding
      day. With few exceptions, the presence of diarrhoea did not alter the types of
      foods actually offered to young children. Caretakers, however, reported that
      children with diarrhoea should be given different foods. Appetite for breastmilk
      was reported by mothers to remain normal for children with diarrhoea; however,
      appetite for nonhuman milk and solid food was reported to decrease substantially.
      Since data on amounts of food consumed were not collected, whether the total
      nutrient intake was reduced due to decreases in amounts of food consumed can not
      be determined from this study. The major findings are that although mothers
      report reducing the types of foods offered to their sick infants, in actuality
      the types of foods offered vary little during illness. However, because mothers
      are quite concerned about the lack of appetite among young children, they may be
      particularly amenable to changing feeding practices following diarrhoea episodes.
      The promotion of improved complementary foods and feeding practices during and
      after diarrhoea may be an ideal method by which to improve weaning practices in
      Peru.

PMID- 1800559
TI  - Association of parents' education and fathers' occupation with prevalence of
      diarrhoea among children less than five years of age in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - A nationwide survey was undertaken in April 1987 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
      and a questionnaire was administered to 1,656 mothers having children less than 5
      years of age. The number of mothers with 1-3 children less than 5-years old was
      1,535 and with more than 3 children was 129. The literacy rate of fathers was 70%
      and of mothers was 26.3%. Incidence of diarrhoea was significantly associated
      with fathers' occupation (p = 0.0011) but no significant association was found
      between the incidence of diarrhoea and parents' education.

PMID- 1800560
TI  - A study of the bacterial and parasitic causes of acute diarrhoea in northern
      Jordan.
AB  - The prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diarrhoeagenic agents in 200 patients
      suffering from acute diarrhoea and reporting to hospitals and health centres in
      northern Jordan, and in controls was determined. One or more bacterial or
      parasitic enteropathogens was isolated from 79 patients (39.5%). Prevalence rates
      for these pathogens was as follows: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 9%;
      enteropathogenic E. coli, 9%; Salmonella spp. 7%; Campylobacter spp, 5.5%;
      Yersinia enterocolitica, 4.5%; Shigella spp, 4%; Aeromonas spp, 3.5%;
      enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens, 2%; Vibrio spp, 2%; and Plesiomonas
      shigelloides, 0.5%. Both Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica were detected
      in 2% of the stool samples examined. Although the determination of the aetiologic
      role of the identified enteropathogens was complicated by more than one factor,
      the data collected will serve as a baseline for future studies of the subject.

PMID- 1800561
TI  - 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death.
AB  - The worst flood in the history of Bangladesh affected millions of people in 1988.
      To determine morbidity and mortality during the flood, we investigated the causes
      of illness in 46,740 patients and causes of death in 154 persons while providing
      medical relief services in 72 flood affected upazilas (sub-districts). Diarrhoea
      was the most common illness (34.7%), followed by respiratory tract infections
      (17.4%). Watery diarrhoea was the most common type (47%) of diarrhoea and the
      most common cause of death for all age groups except those above 45-years of age.
      Respiratory disease was responsible for 13% of all reported deaths; only 7% of
      these were associated with acute respiratory tract infections. Accidental deaths
      accounted for 9.7% of the reported deaths: 5.8% of those were due to drowning, a
      figure twice as high as that reported previously. Our study suggests that floods
      have influenced the distribution of disease and death among the affected
      population.

PMID- 1800562
TI  - Campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) associated
      gastroenteritis in Turkish children.
AB  - From May 1989 to April 1990, stool specimens of 677 children less than 15-years
      old who were admitted to the Hacettepe University outpatient department of
      Pediatrics with acute enteritis were collected to search for four common enteric
      pathogens: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and enterohaemorrhagic
      Escherichia coli (EHEC). At least one of the three bacteria was detected in 107
      (15.8%) of the patients. Campylobacter was found in 72 (10.6%) of the samples.
      Shigella and Salmonella spp. were isolated in 26 (3.8%) and 11 (1.6%) children
      respectively. EHEC was not isolated from any of the stool samples. None of the
      100 healthy children examined as a control group yielded any of the four
      pathogens in their stools. Campylobacter should be considered as an important
      aetiological agent of diarrhoeal diseases in Turkey, where EHEC is not a common
      pathogen.

PMID- 1800563
TI  - Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infections in Bangladeshi children: clinical
      and microbiological features.
AB  - Escherichia coli isolated from 389 children, less than 1-year of age with
      diarrhoea, were analyzed for the presence of Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)
      by their pattern of adherence to HeLa cells. EAggEC were isolated from 58 (14.8%)
      children either as a sole pathogen or in combination with other enteric
      pathogens. In 60% of these children EAggEC infection occurred in the second half
      of infancy (7-12 m). Thirty-eight of 47 children having EAggEC as a sole pathogen
      had watery diarrhoea along with vomiting (87%) and dehydration (74%). In
      contrast, 9 of the 47 cases had mucoid diarrhoea with infrequent vomiting and
      dehydration and frequent abdominal pain. Children infected with EAggEC were
      successfully rehydrated with oral rehydration solution (ORS) alone. Seventy-one
      percent of the EAggEC strains were resistant to more than three antibiotics. It
      was evident by phage pattern that various EAggEC strains were present in the
      population. The results indicated that infections with EAggEC may have a role in
      the development of diarrhoea among children less than 1-year of age in
      Bangladesh.

PMID- 1800564
TI  - Childhood diarrhoea in rural Nigeria. I. Studies on prevalence, mortality and
      socio-environmental factors.
AB  - This population-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence, mortality,
      and socio-environmental determinants of diarrhoeal diseases in children less than
      5-years of age in a rural area of Akoko North, Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of
      856 households with children less than 5-years old were randomly selected for the
      questionnaire and observational investigations. A two-week prevalence rate of the
      diseases among the children was 8.1%. The rate was highest among children 0-11
      months old and slightly higher among the boys than girls. The infant mortality
      rate was 102/1000 and the mortality rate in less than 5-year old children was
      62.1/1000 in the area. The majority of these deaths took place in the homes and
      health centres and were never reported. Social and environmental factors
      including dirty feeding bottles and utensils, inadequate disposal of faeces and
      household refuse, and poor storage of drinking water were found to be
      significantly related to the high incidence of the diseases. Educational
      interventions recommended for the control of the disease focused on these
      factors.

PMID- 1800565
TI  - Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in
      Singapore.
AB  - Serogrouping of 506 Shigella strains isolated in Singapore from 1986 to 1990
      showed that Shigella flexneri (60.3%) was the most common, followed by S. sonnei
      (33.6%), S. boydii (3.2%) and S. dysenteriae (3%). Of the 23 Shigella serotypes
      identified, the predominant ones were S. flexneri types 2a and 1b, S. boydii
      types 1 and 5, and S. dysenteriae types 1 and 3. More than 80% of the Shigella
      species were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, and the incidence of
      multiresistance was particularly high in S. flexneri strains. Due to the high
      incidence of antimicrobial resistance, the susceptibility pattern of Shigella
      strains should be determined for treatment purposes.

PMID- 1800566
TI  - Role of Vibrio mimicus protease in enterotoxigenicity.
AB  - Recently, we have purified and characterised a metalloprotease produced by Vibrio
      mimicus. The role of V. mimicus protease (VMP) in fluid accumulation (FA) in
      rabbit ileal loops (RIL) was investigated. Although live cells or crude VMP
      prepared from cell-free culture supernatant showed activity in RIL, the purified
      VMP failed to induce FA in the RIL. When VMP in crude preparation was inactivated
      by preparing the fraction in the presence of EGTA (Ethyleneglycol-bis [beta
      aminoethylether]-N, N, N1, N1,-tetraacetic acid), a chelating agent for Ca2+
      (EGTA-crude), or treatment with phosphoramidon (a metalloprotease inhibitor), the
      preparation became negative in RIL assay. Again, the EGTA-crude induced FA in RIL
      when retreated with 2mM CaCl2 after elimination of EGTA. The results show
      evidences of attribution of VMP in RIL activity. These observations, therefore,
      suggest that the protease produced by V. mimicus may play a potential role in
      enterotoxigenicity.

PMID- 1800567
TI  - Definitions for diarrhoea.

PMID- 1800569
TI  - Bibliography on diarrhoeal diseases.

PMID- 1800568
TI  - Clinical and autopsy findings of a six-year old girl with malnutrition, amoebic
      colitis and peritonitis.

PMID- 1800570
TI  - Between public and private: a half century of Blue Cross and Blue Shield in New
      York.

PMID- 1800571
TI  - Capture and culture: organizational identity in New York Blue Cross.
AB  - This article explores the changing corporate culture of New York's Blue Cross and
      Blue Shield plan in its first fifty years. As the plan grew, corporate culture
      evolved over four sequential phases: the plan first had the character of an
      experiment, then that of a movement, a business, and, most recently, a corporate
      agglomerate. Accompanying this evolution has been an identity crisis, as the need
      to adapt to a turbulent environment has challenged the plan's settled
      understanding of its core values, namely, voluntarism, community, and
      cooperation.

PMID- 1800572
TI  - The public presentation of Blue Cross, 1935-1965.
AB  - I explore the public presentation of Blue Cross, examining in detail the
      political, cultural, and institutional messages that shaped its advertising. Blue
      Cross advertisements had the twin purpose of attempting to increase the number of
      its own subscribers while criticizing the idea of a national health insurance
      policy. These twin aims did structure the Blue Cross campaigns but may well have
      worked at cross-purposes.

PMID- 1800573
TI  - Seeking common ground: a history of labor and Blue Cross.
AB  - In recent years, voluntary health insurance costs have become a major source of
      friction in labor-management negotiations. What was once a "fringe" has led to
      job actions, strikes, and intensive bargaining. We examine the history of labor's
      participation in New York Blue Cross from the 1930s to the recent past and show
      that labor's participation in the plan was crucial to Blue Cross's success in the
      plan's early decades. By the late 1950s, serious tensions developed over rate
      increases and the participation of labor in Blue Cross governance. Ultimately,
      the issue was one of the control over what was provided by the plans and who
      would pay for the costs of care. We posit that labor was never able to achieve an
      important role in the control of the third-party payer, and in the antilabor
      environment of the 1980s this proved detrimental to labor's interests.

PMID- 1800574
TI  - Sharing governmental authority: Blue Cross and hospital planning in New York
      City.
AB  - Hospital planning in New York has been since the 1930s an intensely political
      process with high stakes. The leaders of Blue Cross and their allies used the
      hospital planning process in the city and the state as a means to extend and
      protect corporate authority in what they took to be the public interest. When
      Blue Cross was established in the 1930s, its leaders used the mechanisms of
      formal planning as part of their solution to pressing problems in the
      organization and distribution of hospital services. In the decade after World War
      II, Blue Cross had an immense impact on hospital planning in New York as a result
      of its growth and its underwriting policies. Conflicts between Blue Cross and
      state regulators beginning in the 1950s led to a new formulation of the politics
      of planning. Blue Cross became a partner with the state in regulating hospitals.
      The state and Blue Cross behaved as co-regulators until the 1980s. The
      interpretation in this paper revises the earlier accounts of health politics in
      New York by Law (1976) and Alford (1975).

PMID- 1800575
TI  - Empire and the business of health insurance.
AB  - I examine the development of privately provided insurance since World War II,
      giving special attention to Empire Blue Cross, and argue that the competition
      between employers and unions for the loyalty of workers after the passage of the
      Taft-Hartley Act helped diffuse private health insurance benefits already favored
      by federal policies. For-profit insurers did not challenge the privileged status
      of Blue Cross plans because they recognized the political benefits that the plans
      offered and because they did not wish to offend the plans' sponsors. A relatively
      easy and profitable business, health insurance has been greatly disturbed by the
      system inflation accompanying the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid programs.
      Now self-insurance and various managed-care schemes are major threats. The future
      may bring consolidation and the strengthening of pools, just the opposite of
      today's system fragmentation.

PMID- 1800576
TI  - New York's Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 1934-1990: the complicated politics of
      nonprofit regulation.
AB  - The story of New York Blue Cross is one of complex interaction with state and
      federal regulators and also with hospitals, the medical profession, commercial
      insurers, and the public, who make up the regulatory environment. Negotiation,
      cooperation, and adaptation among parties whose goals and assumptions were partly
      parallel characterize the relationships. As we can see from New York Blue Cross's
      origins and its role in the development and administration of certificate-of-need
      legislation, Medicare, insurance practice and regulation, and hospital rate
      setting, this story does not represent the capture of government by a special
      interest, nor the gradual souring of a public interest organization, nor
      disinterested and distant government regulation.

PMID- 1800577
TI  - Looking backward: Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield as an object of historical
      analysis.

PMID- 1800578
TI  - Rhetoric and reality in the intellectual jet stream: the export to Britain from
      America of questionable ideas.

PMID- 1800579
TI  - Caring through personal assistance policy: a response.

PMID- 1800580
TI  - Who's going to do the dirty work? Essay review.

PMID- 1800581
TI  - Natural human interferon-alpha augments interleukin-2 production by a direct
      action on the activated IL-2-producing T cells.
AB  - The production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by Concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated
      peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from normal human donors was enhanced by
      natural human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). The mechanism of the action of IFN
      alpha on IL-2 production was studied further using cloned human leukemic T-cell
      lines, which produce IL-2 spontaneously and/or after mitogen stimulation. It was
      found that IFN-alpha alone did not stimulate IL-2 production, but increased it in
      the activated cells. The ability of IFN-alpha to increase IL-2 production was
      abrogated by the treatment of IFN-alpha preparations with specific anti-IFN-alpha
      antibody, and the induced IL-2 activity was completely inhibited by monoclonal
      antibody against human IL-2. We suggest that the augmentation by IFN-alpha of IL
      2 production in the activated T cells may be one of the mechanisms attributable
      to the immunotherapeutic action of IFN-alpha.

PMID- 1800582
TI  - The porcine family of interferon-omega: cloning, structural analysis, and
      functional studies of five related genes.
AB  - We report the molecular characterization of the porcine IFN-omega multigenic
      family which appears to comprise six to seven loci. Five of these loci were
      cloned and sequenced, revealing two pseudogenes (psi PoIFN-omega 1 and -omega 2)
      and three genes with an intact reading frame (PoIFN-omega 3, -omega 4, and -omega
      5) that could encode preproteins of 179-190 amino acids including a putative
      signal peptide of 23 residues. By comparison of porcine IFN-omega coding
      sequences to those of known mammalian counterparts, it appeared that porcine
      sequences contain an in-frame five-codon deletion (between positions 113 and 117)
      in a region of relatively high sequence variability. In vitro transcription and
      translation of the three potentially functional reading frames gave rise to
      proteins with antiviral activity, showing that the porcine-specific deletion does
      not abolish the biological activity. Comparative analysis of flanking sequences
      revealed unique features of the 3' untranslated region of IFN-omega 4 gene: It
      contained a consensus estrogen-responsive element (ERE) in the vicinity of an
      extensive A-T-rich sequence known to serve a specific regulatory role in the
      expression of many genes involved in the inflammatory response. This finding
      suggests that the expression of the functional members of the porcine IFN-omega
      family may be mediated through different mechanisms. The expression of these
      genes was studied by Northern blot analysis of mRNAs from pig conceptus (days 14
      20). Five bands of poly(A)+ RNAs hybridized with an IFN-omega probe provided the
      stringency was low, suggesting that a distinct family of IFN-omega-related genes
      were expressed by porcine trophoblastic cells during early gestation.

PMID- 1800583
TI  - Lymphocytic 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is insensitive to dsRNA and
      interferon stimulation in autoimmune BB rats.
AB  - The interferon (IFN)-dependent 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase),
      which produces 2',5'-oligoadenylates from ATP, was analyzed in homogenates of
      isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from BB and Sprague-Dawley rats, man,
      sheep, and beagle dog. In all the examined species, the 2-5A synthetase was
      expressed constitutively and showed sensitivity differences to poly(I:C)
      (synthetic dsRNA). The 2-5A synthetase activity in the absence of poly(I:C) was
      high in the BB and Sprague-Dawley rat where only 2-5A dimers were synthesized.
      With the notable exception of PBL homogenates from BB rats, increasing poly(I:C)
      concentrations resulted in an increased 2-5A synthetase activity leading to the
      production of higher 2-5A oligomers, predominantly the octamer. Diabetes
      resistant, diabetes-prone, and diabetic BB rats were indistinguishable in that
      their 2-5A synthetase was insensitive to poly(I:C). Preincubation of PBL from BB
      and Sprague-Dawley rats with up to 1,000 U/ml rat IFN elicited a moderate
      increase of 60% in the activity level of 2-5A synthetase. In contrast,
      preincubation of human PBL with human IFN-alpha led as expected to a 300%
      increase in 2-5A activity. Thus, the BB rat was markedly different from the other
      species in producing only the biologically inactive 2-5A dimers and in having a
      high basal 2-5A synthetase activity, that was unaffected by poly(I:C). We believe
      that these factors per se or together may render the BB rat more susceptible to
      virus attacks and/or may create a background that will facilitate the development
      of autoimmune processes.

PMID- 1800585
TI  - Economic credentialing. A new twist in hospital appraisal processes.

PMID- 1800584
TI  - Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a synthetic gene for the
      type-I trophoblast interferon ovine trophoblast protein-1: purification and
      antiviral activity.
AB  - Ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) is a unique, Type I, trophoblast interferon
      (IFN) that possesses potent antiviral activity and is thought to be primarily
      responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep. To provide sufficient
      amounts of protein for detailed studies, a synthetic gene for oTP-1 was designed
      and assembled in Escherichia coli, subcloned into a yeast expression plasmid, and
      used to overproduce recombinant oTP-1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant
      oTP-1 was purified from soluble yeast extract using sequential ion-exchange and
      molecular sieve chromatography. Recombinant oTP-1 purified in this fashion
      exhibited potent antiviral activity (0.6 x 10(8) U/mg) similar to native oTP-1.
      This expression system will enable production of large quantities of soluble,
      biologically active, and correctly processed recombinant oTP-1. Furthermore, the
      synthetic gene construct facilitates introduction of mutations for ongoing
      structure/function studies of this unique, Type I, trophoblast IFN.

PMID- 1800587
TI  - Delay in 911 emergency medical rescue. The status of liability for municipalities
      and government employees.

PMID- 1800586
TI  - Conflict of interest and informed consent in industry-sponsored clinical trials.

PMID- 1800589
TI  - "Let's kill all the lawyers": what did Shakespeare mean?

PMID- 1800588
TI  - Consent for the legally incompetent organ donor. Application of a best-interests
      test.

PMID- 1800590
TI  - Re: February, 1991, JMAG legal page, "Georgia Supreme Court strikes down
      'wrongful birth, action," by Robert N. Berg.

PMID- 1800591
TI  - Of consistency and of honor.

PMID- 1800592
TI  - Smooth muscle tumors of the appendix and colon: a collective review of the world
      literature.
AB  - In this collective review, we compiled all reported cases of smooth muscle tumors
      of the colon/appendix in the world literature from 1959 to 1989. Our goal was to
      make more accurate conclusions about these tumors based on our increased data
      pool.

PMID- 1800593
TI  - Smooth muscle tumors of the rectum and anus: a collective review of the world
      literature.
AB  - In this collective review, we have compiled all the reported cases of smooth
      muscle tumors of the rectum/anus in the world literature from 1959 to 1989. Our
      goal was to increase the data pool of smooth muscle tumors by adding these new
      data to that previously collected from 1881 to 1959. We increased the pool for
      leiomyomas from 89 to 148 and that for leiomyosarcomas from 54 to 215. By doing
      this, we hoped to make more accurate conclusions about smooth muscle tumors based
      on this increased data pool. Some interesting findings included three cases in
      small children that were found in our recent review: a 2-year-old with a
      leiomyoma and two small infants, aged 12 days and 36 days, with leiomyosarcomas.
      Again, the findings were probably consistent with an increased data pool. We were
      also able to find several more cases involving the anal region. We found the
      highest incidence of leiomyomas to have increased by a decade from the 40-49 year
      age group to the 50-59 year age group, while among leiomyosarcomas, there was
      about equal incidence among the 50-59 and 60-69 age groups. We doubt that these
      represent actual changes in the demographics, but rather that these latter
      findings are more accurate based on the greater quantity of cases available to
      us. As a further example, we found no appreciable sex difference; however, we did
      find more cases reported in females. From our increased data pool, we were able
      to find 16 more cases that were described as dumbbell-shaped, compared to one
      that was reported before 1959. Palpable mass, hemorrhage, and pain/discomfort
      continued as the most common symptoms reported at presentation. With regard to
      size, the majority of leiomyomas were found to be less than 5 cm in diameter,
      closely followed by those 5-9 cm. The majority of leiomyosarcomas were 5-9
      centimeters at discovery. Most cases of leiomyoma were treated by excision, while
      most cases of leiomyosarcoma were treated by abdominoperineal resection, a
      finding consistent with old data. We hope that this paper thoroughly reviews
      pertinent information about leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas of the rectum/anus
      and, in doing so, serves to refresh a few memories, stimulate others, and teach a
      few.

PMID- 1800595
TI  - The practice outcomes of a course in flexible sigmoidoscopy for primary care
      physicians.
AB  - A mail survey of 430 participants in a 2-day course on flexible sigmoidoscopy
      presented over the past 6 years was conducted to determine the extent to which
      flexible sigmoidoscopy was subsequently utilized in physician practice. Eighty
      percent of respondents performed the procedure in their practices on a regular
      basis. Two-thirds of the patients underwent sigmoidoscopy for screening. The
      course in flexible sigmoidoscopy appears to potentiate the motivation of primary
      care physicians to incorporate complete colorectal cancer screening in their
      practice.

PMID- 1800594
TI  - Metastasis of malignant smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract:
      pattern and process.

PMID- 1800596
TI  - The continuing saga of the Medicare/Medicaid anti-kickback provisions: "safe
      harbors" or "dangerous minefields?".

PMID- 1800597
TI  - Current diagnosis and therapy of soft tissue sarcomas.
AB  - Soft tissue sarcomas are a difficult group of cancers to treat and require a
      multimodality approach. The ideal surgical procedure should obtain adequate
      resection margins and also attempt to spare limb function. Radiation therapy has
      a prominent role in preventing local recurrence of the tumor postoperatively.
      Other methods of delivering radiation therapy are currently being explored to
      achieve maximum benefit and minimize treatment complications. The role of
      postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy has yet to be defined, and ongoing clinical
      trials are in progress. As further advances in clinical and investigational
      sciences are uncovered, it is hoped that ultimately the best combination of
      treatments for this tumor will be found.

PMID- 1800598
TI  - A new microcomputer software system evaluation paradigm: the medical perspective.
AB  - The new fourth-generation software has enormously eased the burden of computing
      for users, but they have also created a confusing, difficult problem in software
      evaluation and selection. Therefore it is argued that a sound and complete
      evaluation paradigm is a key element in an efficient and effective software
      system design and use process. While much has been written about software
      evaluation in general, in the medical field, the guidances and recommendations
      previously provided are too general to be of practical use. Considering also the
      other weaknesses of conventional evaluation paradigms we have decided to develop
      a more adequate one which will have a solid theoretical framework, specific
      guidances, strict and well-defined taxonomic space, and a fair ranking approach.
      In the present paper we will therefore introduce our new evaluation paradigm and
      show its applicability in evaluation and selection of medical software systems
      according to their usability.

PMID- 1800599
TI  - An assessment of the radiological module of NEONATE as an aid in interpreting
      chest X-ray findings by nonradiologists.
AB  - NEONATE is a prototype of an expert system for the Newborn Intensive Care Unit
      developed at the Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. A
      pilot study was undertaken to see if the addition of radiological frames to the
      NEONATE software could aid attending Neonatologists to interpret chest X-ray
      films. A set of radiological frames was created from rules generated by a
      radiologist. The performance of these radiological frames was compared to the
      performance of other radiologists using the Kappa statistic to measure agreement.
      There is a good agreement between the computer's decisions and the radiologists'
      decisions. The radiological frames were also tested to see if they help
      physicians who are not trained in radiology. A system that compares the
      residents' interpretation and the computer's interpretation to a gold standard
      interpretation was developed. It shows that the computer helps the first and
      second year residents, but not the third year residents. This article suggests
      that NEONATE's interpretation of chest X-ray findings are close to the
      radiologists' interpretations. While NEONATE's radiological frames help novice
      physicians in reaching better chest X-ray interpretation, the current study
      suggests that they are not likely to help a Neonatologist.

PMID- 1800600
TI  - Experience using the CQI model in health care management.
AB  - This article describes practical applications of the Continuous Quality
      Improvement (CQI) concept applied to management of the Information Services
      Departments of a health care institution. The article is valuable for two
      reasons: (1) it is valuable as a successful application of CQI in an award
      winning information services division of an award-winning health care
      institution, and (2) since the work of the information services function is so
      complex, has major interdependencies with many other functions throughout the
      entire organization, and is driven by fast-paced change, successful use in that
      function can be a model for other major functions of the hospital.

PMID- 1800601
TI  - A distributed approach to integrated inquiry and display for radiology.
AB  - Picture archive and communications (PACS) systems should be flexible and modular
      in design so that new advances in storage, computation, and display technology
      can be introduced into the system without a significant redesign of existing
      software. The acquisition, storage, and management of radiologic images must be
      carefully integrated with a radiology information system. Our architecture is
      based on a four-level data model: (1) patient information, (2) examination
      information and reports, (3) image information, and (4) instances of images. The
      PACS being developed at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology within the
      Electronic Radiology Laboratory consists of three primary components: application
      clients, database servers and image servers. One type of application client is an
      image-capable workstation that supports a radiology image viewing application.
      The application client queries the database server for information regarding
      patient and examination data in response to user-level requests. The database
      server responds to the request by retrieving the appropriate patient demographics
      and examination information, along with a pointer to the image/instance data from
      a central database. The client then uses the image data pointer to query the
      image server for the actual pixel data. The image server responds by transmitting
      the pixel data to the requesting application client or a designated auxiliary
      display device. Other clients act as image data acquisition nodes. Queries to the
      database servers are made via a library of callable subroutines. Software
      integrity is maintained throughout the system by dynamically loading software
      from a code-control database. Inquiry and display transactions, supported on a
      local-area network (Ethernet), have been measured and analyzed. Results and
      observations are presented.

PMID- 1800602
TI  - A random allocation system with the minimization method for multi-institutional
      clinical trials.
AB  - This paper describes the random allocation system used to perform precise and
      rapid treatment assignments in multi-institutional clinical trials. This system
      is based on sophisticated randomization procedures, according to Pocock and
      Simon's minimization method and Zelen's method for institution balancing. The
      major advantage of randomized treatment assignments with this system is to
      balance treatment numbers for each level of various prognostic factors over the
      entire trial and at the same time balance the allocation of treatments within an
      institution. Therefore, the randomized treatment assignments by this system can
      prevent degrading of the statistical power of a particular treatment factor. This
      system is designed to run on a small-sized notebook computer and therefore can be
      set up beside a telephone for registration, without occupying a large space. At
      present, this system is conveniently being used in two clinical trials.

PMID- 1800603
TI  - The compromised host and pulmonary infiltration: a prospective study.
AB  - If immediate sputum examination does not result in a diagnosis, broad spectrum
      antibiotics should be administered while awaiting cultures. Three days later, if
      the patient deteriorates and has a negative hemoculture, bronchoalveolar lavage
      should be done before open lung biopsy or antifungal drugs are considered. We
      have demonstrated that rational empiric therapy in immunosuppressed patients with
      pneumonia is beneficial. Diagnostic tests must be performed so that treatment can
      be modified later when the etiological agent has been identified.

PMID- 1800604
TI  - Induction of labor using intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel: the outcome.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 3 mg
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel applied intracervically for the initiation of
      cervical ripening before the induction of labor. All patients were required to
      have an initial Bishop score of 4 or less. The 3 mg PGE2 gel was found to be an
      effective method of cervical ripening in primigravida and multigravida with a
      success rate of 76 and 86.8 per cent after the first application to 96.4 and 97.4
      per cent after third application respectively. The mean induction to delivery
      time was 22 hours in primigravida and 13 hours in multigravida. The mean
      amniotomy to delivery time was 6 hours and 4 hours in primigravida and
      multigravida respectively. However, the incidence of cesarean section was not
      improved as expected and there was one instance of uterine hyperstimulation. The
      only serious complication was one uterine rupture that occurred in multigravida
      with the prolonged use of oxytocin.

PMID- 1800605
TI  - Follow-up of protective antibody level after post-exposure vaccination with
      purified tissue culture rabies vaccine (PCEC) small doses intradermally.
AB  - Twenty-nine vaccinees, 18 males, 11 females, aged 2-61 years (median 12 years)
      received PCEC intradermally for post-exposure prophylaxis during February to May
      1989. Twenty-one cases received 4 sites of 0.1 ml ID on days 0, 3, 7 and 1 site
      ID on days 28 and 90. Four cases received 4 sites ID on days 0, 3, 7 and 1 site
      on days 14 and 28. The other 4 cases got the different schedules of ID by the
      poor compliance. Blood specimens were taken from these vaccinees at 2, 6 or 7, 9,
      12 and 16 months after the initial dose. Neutralizing antibodies were measured by
      standard mouse neutralization test used WHO rabies antiserum as reference. All 65
      tested sera showed positive neutralizing antibody. The GMT of antibodies at
      months 2, 6 or 7, 9, 12 and 16 were 17.68, 2.01, 1.56, 0.88 and 0.56 IU/ml
      respectively. Mild itching at injection sites was reported in 3 cases and low
      fever with malaise in 1 case.

PMID- 1800607
TI  - Male sexual behavior as risk factor in cervical cancer.
AB  - Risk factors of male sexual behavior for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix were studied in Thai women at Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,
      using an unmatched case-control design. A total of 93 case husbands and 169
      control husbands were recruited in the study. Case husbands are prone to have
      more sexual partners than the control and have an age of first sexual intercourse
      earlier than the controls. More husbands of cases than of controls had history of
      prostitute visits in their life with the odds ratio of 9.42. Prostitute visit is
      a main risk factor, irrespective of whether the husband had a history of sexually
      transmitted diseases or not. Condom use in sexual intercourse with prostitutes
      seemed to have a protective effect for their wives in decreasing risk of cervical
      cancer. This study supports the infectious and venerally transmitted character of
      cervical cancer and indicates that the other measure of preventing and
      controlling cervical cancer in women is to educate and prevent men from having
      high risk sexual behavior.

PMID- 1800606
TI  - Primary peritonitis in childhood nephrotic syndrome: a changing trend in
      causative organisms.
AB  - Three hundred and forty-seven children with primary nephrotic syndrome were
      analysed retrospectively, there were 55 episodes of peritonitis in 35 patients.
      Bacterial agents were identified in 60 per cent of the 55 episodes. Gram-positive
      cocci and gram-negative bacilli were found in equal numbers, with a definite
      increasing trend of gram-negative bacilli over the last 4 years. There was no
      predisposing factor of peritonitis regarding age, sex and renal pathology in
      relation to the development of peritonitis.

PMID- 1800608
TI  - A correlation of clinical performance on written test and standardised patient.
AB  - The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between written
      responses and actual performance on a patient with a sore throat. The written
      test was in a format of modified essay question. The standardised patient was a
      medical student who had chronic recurrent pharyngotonsillitis. The study subjects
      were residents in the Department of Medicine who were not aware of the study
      objective. The 37 residents were asked to complete the written test and 18 of
      them were randomly selected for actual performance assessment. The standardised
      patient saw the selected residents during their usual service hours. The
      information obtained from the standardised patient, medical records and
      prescription slips were analysed. The results revealed: 1) Thirty per cent of the
      information actually performed were not recorded. 2) Thirty-four per cent of the
      actions described in the written test were not actually performed, most of these
      actions were unnecessary and superfluous. 3) There was a good correlation between
      written responses and actual performance on a standardised patient.

PMID- 1800610
TI  - Tuberculous brain abscess.
AB  - We report a case of tuberculous brain abscess. He developed neurological symptoms
      inspite of 6 months treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. His condition improved
      after surgical excision of abscess and short-course chemotherapy. Routine
      staining of pus is simple and a very useful technique to detect this entity.

PMID- 1800609
TI  - Promotion of vasectomy in Thailand.
AB  - Though vasectomy plays an important great role in the national family planning
      program, its popularity has been very low in the past requiring a lot of
      promotion. During the promotion phase of 1972 to 1984, various methods were used
      with the stress on mobile vasectomy campaign. However, after 1984, there was
      evidence of deceleration of vasectomy rate. In this phase, non-scalpel vasectomy
      has been promoted including the training courses for physicians in provincial
      hospitals and local health centers. It is expected that vasectomy will gain
      better acceptance in the future.

PMID- 1800611
TI  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with upper airway obstruction: a case report.
AB  - A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a previously healthy 13-year-old Thai
      girl presenting with right sixth cranial nerve palsy and severe upper airway
      obstruction was reported. Cranial nerve palsy later disappeared spontaneously but
      the patient developed multiple pulmonary nodules and cavity leading to pulmonary
      insufficiency. Her course was complicated with septicemia which limited the use
      of corticosteroid and cytotoxic drugs. She finally expired with pseudomonas
      sepsis in addition to pulmonary and liver involvement. This is the first case of
      lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a child ever reported in Thailand. Lymphomatoid
      granulomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of upper airway
      obstruction with pulmonary nodules and cavity and multi-organ involvement in
      children.

PMID- 1800612
TI  - Effects of some trace elements on platelet function in rats.
AB  - The present study portrays the effects of some elements, namely: iron, zinc,
      copper, magnesium and gold, on platelet count, PCV and platelet aggregation, 60
      minutes following administration of the metal salts. Marked thrombocytopenia was
      encountered in rats treated with ferrous sulphate while the platelet count was
      significantly changed with the other elements tested. The PCV was significantly
      increased following treatment with ferrous sulphate and large dose of gold
      chloride, but was insignificantly altered with the other elements. As regards
      platelet aggregation, all metals tested, with the exception of magnesium caused
      significant inhibition of platelet aggregation was only significantly impaired
      following treatment with iron and gold, but was insignificantly altered following
      treatment with zinc and copper. On the other hand, treatment with magnesium
      resulted in enhancement of both ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation. The
      mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed.

PMID- 1800613
TI  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria in school children in a rural area, Egypt.
AB  - Forty hundred and fifty urine samples collected from school children in a rural
      area were screened for the presence of significant bacteriuria. The incidence of
      asymptomatic bacteriuria was found to be 7% with Predominance in females (11%)
      than in males (3.6%). From the total bacterial isolates E. coli were isolated in
      18% of cases, Co-agulase positive staphylococci in 30%, co-agulase negative
      staphylococci in 15%, streptococcus pyogenes in 6%, Klebsiella species in 9% and
      enterococci in 21% of cases. There was no difference between the incidence of
      asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) in younger children than in older ones. We
      recommended a routine screening for ABU among school children for the early
      diagnosis and management of such cases.

PMID- 1800614
TI  - The use of saliva for the detection of IgG and anti-bodies against rubella virus:
      comparison of indirect ELISA and antibody capture immunoassay.
AB  - Serum and saliva specimens, collected simultaneously from 26 normal adult
      females, were tested for IgG and IgA antibodies to rubella virus by indirect
      ELISA and antibody capture assays. Antibody capture assays were found to be more
      sensitive than indirect ELISA for the detection of IgG and IgA antibodies in
      saliva samples whereas both assays were similar in sensitivity for the detection
      of IgG and IgA antibodies in serum samples. Comparison of the results obtained
      from serum and saliva samples showed that by an indirect ELISA test 13 out of the
      22 seropositive subjects were also positive for antibodies in their saliva. So
      this test had 9 false negative results, whereas by an antibody capture assay 18
      out of 22 seropositive subjects were also positive for antibody in saliva. Thus
      there were only 4 false negative results. Further comparison of results derived
      from testing serum and saliva are needed before recommending the use of saliva
      alone for detection of antibodies to rubella virus.

PMID- 1800615
TI  - Study on the pathogenicity of some Nocardia spp isolated from tap water of
      Ismailia City, Egypt.
AB  - All actinomycetes isolated from canal water, Ismailia water plant and tap water
      were identified into 5 genera. All Nocardia isolates were identified into 3
      species. Two of which, Nocardia transvalensis and Nocardia otitidus-caviarus were
      recorded in tap water. These species are pathogenic for human kind and animals.
      The pathogenicity of these isolates was tested on Swiss Albino mice. Symptomatic
      changes and death of mice inoculated with Nocardia suspension were recorded. The
      main symptoms were erythema, enduration and inflammation together with abcesses
      and an increase in the size of the spleen (spleenomegally). It is concluded from
      these experiments that: i) All Nocardia species isolated from tap water are
      pathogenic, at least for mice, ii) these isolates could present health hazards to
      human kind and needs an urgent investigation.

PMID- 1800617
TI  - The course of pregnancy among mothers above 35 years and its outcome in Kafr-El
      Zayat.
AB  - A group of pregnant mothers above 35 years old were collected from the MCH centre
      in Kafr-El Zayat during a period of 10 months (82). A control group of mothers
      aged 20-30 years old were also selected during the same period (62). Those with
      specific diseases from both groups were excluded. During the repeated visits of
      those mothers to the MCH centre they were subjected to complete history taking,
      physical examination plus urine analysis & haemoglobin levelling. A special visit
      was performed by the researcher to the mothers on 7th day after labour to report
      on the outcome of labour. The present study revealed significant differences
      between mothers over 35 years and those of 20-30 years in the course of
      pregnancy, labour and their outcomes where the former group showed greater
      tendency to be at a higher risk.

PMID- 1800616
TI  - Adult diet as a factor affecting biology of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi
      (Diptera: Psychodidae).
AB  - The effects of adult nutrients on egg retention, immature development and adult
      survival of P. papatasi, the important vector of leishmaniasis in Egypt were
      investigated. The tested nutrients were distilled water, overripe fig fruits,
      guinea pig blood, sucrose solution and alternative meals of blood and sucrose.
      Egg retention was observed in females irrespective to the type of offered
      nutrient (r = 0.21) but higher proportion (47%) of blood fed females had retained
      eggs. Duration of the life cycle was higher for the progeny of fig fed females (P
      less than 0.05) and mean generation time was longer for sucrose fed females (P
      less than 0.05). Such nutritional effect on life cycle was observed only for pre
      oviposition periods and no extend effect on larval or pupal durations. The
      survivorship rates for eggs through adults were similar (P greater than 0.05). It
      is estimated that the population would increase by Ca. 15, 11, 10 and 7 folds if
      the mother female was fed blood, sucrose, fig or distilled water respectively.
      The mean life time differed significantly (P less than 0.05) among females fed on
      different nutrients with the highest co (life expectancy at emergence) value
      (14.98 +/- 2.75 days) for sucrose fed females. Males fed on distilled water, fig
      fruits or sucrose solution were with similar longevities P greater than 0.05). In
      respect to leishmania transmission, the calculated expectancies for female life
      beyond the infective age indicated that blood-sucrose fed females have higher
      capability than those fed on sucrose blood or blood alone.

PMID- 1800618
TI  - The impact of partial termination of food subsidy programme on food consumption
      pattern.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the public opinion towards the possible
      replacement of ration cards by cash payment and to investigate the effect of
      partial termination of food price subsidy programme on food consumption by
      families from different income brackets. A purposive sample of 300 families from
      Alexandria Governorates were interviewed to assess the attitude of the consumer
      towards the possible termination of current food subsidy programme. After one
      year, during which the subsidy programme was reduced, a follow up sample of 240
      were interviewed. The results show that a large proportion of the families prefer
      the continuation of the current programme (80-81.2%), meanwhile, around 90% of
      them believed that subsidized foods do not reach the target group. The data show
      that subsidized meat and poultry are consumed by high income families while
      frozen subsidized fish was mostly consumed by poor families. The partial
      termination of the subsidy programme forced the families to reduce their
      consumption from sugar, tea, oil, and rice. During the second phase of the study.
      However the results show that high income families were least affected by the
      partial termination of the subsidy programme.

PMID- 1800619
TI  - Study of the opinion and level of knowledge about AIDS problem among secondary
      school students and teachers in Alexandria.
AB  - The level of knowledge and the opinion about HIV/AIDS problem of 571 students
      (179 females, 392 males) and 211 teachers (85 females, 126 males) were assessed
      using an interview-questionnaire. The results explored the little priority given
      to sex education in Egyptian schools in addition to the very minor role of
      schools as source of knowledge (about AIDS problem) for students and teachers who
      revealed much interest towards the problem and wanted to know more about it,
      reflecting the need for urgent organized health educational programme.

PMID- 1800620
TI  - In vitro effects of trace elements on blood clotting and platelet function. A-
      Iron, copper, and gold.
AB  - The present in vitro study of the effects of iron on the blood coagulation
      mechanism in rats showed that addition of ferrous sulphate to pooled rat plasma
      resulted in inhibition of blood coagulation, as shown by prolongation of the
      clotting parameters tested, an effect which was dose-dependent. In vitro addition
      of ferrous sulphate to rat PRP in doses of 2-5 mg/ml significantly decreased
      platelet aggregation in response to ADP, while collagen-induced aggregation was
      significantly diminished in presence of the higher doses of ferrous sulphate (4-5
      mg/ml). Also, preincubation of ferrous sulphate with thrombin or with pure
      fibrinogen indicated that iron could produce decrease of thrombin activity as
      well as impairment of fibrinogen clottability. In vitro addition of copper
      sulphate (300-1000 micrograms/ml) elicited an anticoagulant effect, though
      thrombin time was markedly shortened with all tested concentrations of copper
      sulphate. Addition of copper sulphate to PRP produced inhibition of platelet
      aggregation in response to PRP produced inhibition of platelet aggregation in
      response to ADP and to collagen. Preincubation of copper sulphate with thrombin
      resulted in slight enhancement of thrombin activity followed by inhibition, while
      preincubation of copper sulphate with pure fibrinogen caused only minimal
      impairment of fibrinogen clottability. Also, addition of gold chloride in doses
      of 50-500 micrograms/ml to plasma in vitro produced a dose-dependent progressive
      prolongation of all clotting parameters tested, the effects reaching a maximum
      after 30 min. incubation. Further the in vitro addition of gold chloride to rat
      PRP resulted in marked inhibition of platelet aggregation in response to both ADP
      and collagen. In addition, preincubation of gold chloride with thrombin or with
      pure fibrinogen showed that gold exerted an antithrombin action and prolonged the
      fibrinogen clotting time indicating impaired fibrinogen clottability.

PMID- 1800621
TI  - A study of the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of a Saudi Arabian
      community towards the problem of brucellosis.
AB  - The present study included 337 patients, presenting to Asir Central Hospital with
      fever of more than two weeks duration, or symptoms associated with brucellosis
      but without fever. Of the 337 subjects examined for knowledge about methods and
      means of transmission of brucellosis, 309 (92%) were ignorant while only 28 (8%)
      appeared to possess some knowledge as to the source, type of animal contact and
      presentation of illness. None of the 337 subjects was able to link the disease
      with a microbial infection. The most important common practices associated with
      brucellosis included raw milk consumption, close animal contact and the
      slaughtering and disposal of wastes. Illiteracy, ignorance and faulty behaviours
      emphasize the importance of health education of the community, to raise the KAP
      standard of the full spectrum of brucellosis in the community would be valuable
      in its prevention and control.

PMID- 1800622
TI  - Impact of price hike on bread consumption in Egypt.
AB  - The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of price hike on bread
      consumption pattern. A purposive sample of 300 families was selected to represent
      low, middle and high income families. Bread consumption pattern was investigated
      including purchase of balady and french bread, daily percapita share from each
      type, number of left over loaves, methods of handling excess bread and consumers
      suggestions to improve bread quality. The data was collected over two phases, in
      the first phase the price of a loaf of bread was 2 P.T. The follow up data was
      collected after the price of a loaf of bread was increased to 5 P.T. The result
      show that balady bread was more frequently purchased by low income families,
      while french bread was consumed at a relatively higher rate by high income
      families particularly during the second phase of the study. The increase in the
      price of bread did not have any effect on the quantity purchased or on the number
      of left over loaves. However, the results show that there was a limited reduction
      in the quantity of bread wasted. The majority of the sample families accepted the
      present price of bread. However when given the choice, they preferred to reduce
      the weight of a loaf rather than increasing the price.

PMID- 1800623
TI  - A prospective study of morbidity pattern and nutritional status of a group of
      healthy newborns during their first year of life in a rural area near Alexandria.
AB  - The present work was planned to study morbidity pattern and nutritional status of
      a group of healthy new borns in a rural area near Alexandria (Abbis II, VIII
      villages) through a prospective follow up approach. Eighty two infants were
      followed up for 12 months. Each infant was subjected to 15 visits within the
      first year of life. Morbidity was recorded either from mother's history, records
      from rural health centres or detected by the researcher and expressed as
      morbidity risk exposures based on a tested scoring system. Anthropometric
      standards issued by WHO were used to classify the children's length for age,
      weight for age and weight for length in terms of a cut off point of 2 SD below
      the median of that of the reference. Gomez classification was used to diagnose
      undernutrition and Waterlow system was used to diagnose growth stunting.
      Socioeconomic status of infants' families was also assessed. Results indicated a
      high prevalence of morbidity risk exposure, growth retardation and under
      nutrition with a tendency for gradual increase towards the end of the follow up.
      The results also proved that diarrheal diseases were still the most common
      illness among infants followed by respiratory tract infections. Investigation of
      the effects of socioeconomic status on morbidity risk exposure proved its
      significance at the end of the follow up. The results also illustrated a
      significant effect of morbidity risk exposure on the nutritional status at the
      end of the first year.

PMID- 1800624
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of active pulmonary
      tuberculosis.
AB  - This study evaluates the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis antigen. Twenty seven of the 35 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
      had positive serology with an antibody titre of 10 nineteen of them had positive
      serology with an antibody titre of 100. All the 27 patients with positive
      serology were either smear or culture positive or both. Twenty six of the 35
      control group had negative serology and 9 had positive serology with an antibody
      titre of 10. The test has a sensitivity of 77.14% and a specificity of 74.29%.

PMID- 1800625
TI  - In vitro effects of trace elements on blood clotting and platelet function. B-
      Zinc and magnesium.
AB  - The in vitro effects of zinc and magnesium salts on blood coagulation mechanism
      and platelet aggregation were studied on rat plasma. Addition of zinc sulphate to
      pooled rat plasma in a range of concentrations (0.3-1 mg/ml) caused a dose
      dependent significant prolongation of recalcification, prothrombin and partial
      thromboplastin times. These effects reached a peak after 30 minutes while the
      thrombin clotting time was not significantly altered and was even shortened in
      the presence of highest concentration of zinc tested (1 mg/ml). Incubation of
      thrombin with zinc sulphate (150 micrograms/ml) for up to 30 minutes did not
      affect significantly the action of thrombin. Incubation of the same
      concentrations of zinc sulphate with fibrinogen produced non clotting of
      fibrinogen after 0-minutes. Addition of rising concentrations of zinc sulphate to
      rat PRP produced inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. On the other
      hand, collagen-induced aggregation was insignificantly inhibited in the presence
      of zinc. In contrast, in vitro additions of rising concentrations of magnesium
      sulphate (2-5 mg/ml) to pooled rat plasma exerted no effect on recalcification
      time immediately after addition (0-minutes), but after 5 minutes following
      incubation it produced significant shortening of recalcification time in all the
      doses tested. The prothrombin time showed a general trend of shortening, maximal
      after 5-minutes incubation. The results of partial thromboplastin times revealed
      clotting before addition of calcium chloride. The thromboplastin time also showed
      progressive shortening with rising concentrations of magnesium sulphate. When
      thrombin solution was exposed to magnesium sulphate (2.5 mg/ml) no effect on the
      activity of thrombin was seen for up to 30 minutes. Fibrinogen solution similarly
      exposed to the same concentration of magnesium sulphate did not show any
      significant effect on its clottability with thrombin for up to 30 minutes.
      Magnesium sulphate in the range of doses tested significantly enhanced platelet
      aggregation of PRP in response to both ADP and collagen, and the responses
      observed were not dose dependent. The mechanisms underlying the effects of these
      two metals on blood clotting and platelet aggregation are discussed.

PMID- 1800626
TI  - Sodium chloride-induced hypergastrinaemia in rats.
AB  - In this study the effect of Nac1 on plasma immunoreactive gastrin was
      investigated. I.P. administration of sodium chloride (0.9%) in a dose of 1
      ml/kg.b.w. for 7 days in rats, produced a significant rise in level of sodium ion
      in plasma. This hypernatraemia was also accompanied by significant rise in values
      of plasma immunoreactive gastrin. The mechanism(s) of this sodium chloride
      induced release of gastrin is discussed.

PMID- 1800627
TI  - Branhamella catarrhalis and respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Branhamella catarrhalis, a Gram negative diplococci, is gaining increasing
      recognition as a respiratory pathogen. In this study 40 sputum samples were
      collected from patients with acute or chronic lower respiratory tract infections
      and 15 samples from healthy controls. Each sample was examined for the isolation
      and identification of B. catarrhalis and other respiratory pathogens. From the
      control group 3 strains of B. catarrhalis were encountered: two of these were of
      low number in the collected sample and the third was found in a sample containing
      low number of leukocytes and more than 10 BSE cells/HPF which indicate that the
      sample was just saliva. From the cases of this study B. catarrhalis was isolated
      from 7 sputum samples. It was of the same frequency of isolation as the other
      known respiratory pathogens, more in old age, smokers and ex-smokers and all the
      strains were in mixed infections. B. catarrhalis isolated in this study were
      susceptible to cephalosporin regardless of the production of Beta-lactamase.

PMID- 1800628
TI  - An epidemiologic study of Papanicolaou smear data at Ain-Shams University
      hospitals.
AB  - This study is designed to find out the association between some risk factors for
      cancer cervix and the sensitivity and specificity of pap smear test. Data from
      the Cyto-Diagnostic Unit of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Ain-Shams
      University are used. Women included in the study are those, who have had both
      cytology and directed biopsies irrespective of the cytology results. 757 women
      from 1981-1989 met that criteria and data for them are retrieved from computer
      files. It is found that there is association between age of women (P less than or
      equal to 0.05 for sensitivity and specificity), parity (P less than or equal to
      0.05 for sensitivity, P greater than 0.05 for specificity), age at marriage (P
      less than 0.05 for sensitivity, P greater than 0.05 for specificity), and
      duration of marriage (p greater than 0.05 for sensitivity, P less than 0.05 for
      specificity), and the sensitivity and specificity of Papanicolaou smear.

PMID- 1800629
TI  - Starfish saponins, part 46. Steroidal glycosides and polyhydroxysteroids from the
      starfish Culcita novaeguineae.

PMID- 1800630
TI  - The large-scale isolation of bryostatin 1 from Bugula neritina following current
      good manufacturing practices.
AB  - A novel process was designed for the large-scale isolation of bryostatin 1 from
      the bryozoan Bugula neritina L. in order to obtain multigram quantities of highly
      pure material for formulation studies, preclinical toxicology, and clinical
      trials in cancer patients. Multigram quantities of bryostatin 1 were obtained
      from a collection of approximately 10,000 gallons of wet animal. A phorbol
      dibutyrate (PDBu) receptor binding assay and hplc with photodiode array detection
      were used for the design, validation, and control of the isolation process.

PMID- 1800631
TI  - Chemical studies on Mexican plants used in traditional medicine, XXI.
      Ratibinolide II, a new sesquiterpene lactone from Ratibida latipalearis.
AB  - Ratibinolide II, a new eudesmanolide, and the known flavanone hispidulin have
      been isolated from Ratibida latipalearis. The structure elucidation of the new
      compound was unequivocally established by spectral and X-ray crystallographic
      analyses.

PMID- 1800632
TI  - Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activity and cytotoxicity of
      flavonolignans isolated from Hydnocarpus wightiana seeds.
AB  - Flavonolignans isolated from Hydnocarpus wightiana seeds, namely hydnowightin,
      hydnocarpin, and neohydnocarpin, demonstrated potent hypolipidemic activity in
      mice, lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels at 8 mg/kg/day ip.
      Hydnowightin demonstrated the best lipid-lowering effect of the three compounds.
      Good anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity was demonstrated by
      hydnocarpin in mice in vivo. The other two derivatives were not as active in
      these screens. Cytotoxicity against the growth of murine and human tissue
      cultured cells was shown. All three compounds were moderately active against
      murine L-1210 leukemia growth. All three compounds demonstrated good activity
      against the growth of human KB nasopharynx, colon adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma,
      and HeLa-S3 uterine growth. Hydnocarpin was the only compound of the three which
      was active against glioma growth. Hydnocarpin and neohydnocarpin demonstrated
      significant activity against Tmolt3 leukemia cell growth.

PMID- 1800634
TI  - New antimicrobial filicinic acid derivatives from Hypericum drummondii.
AB  - Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the hexane extract of the stems and leaves of
      Hypericum drummondii has afforded four new filicinic acid derivatives: drummondin
      D, isodrummondin D, drummondin E, and drummondin F. The structures of these
      compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. All compounds possessed
      strong antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus
      aureus and Bacillus subtilis and the acid fast bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis.

PMID- 1800633
TI  - Two new trichothecenes from Fusarium sporotrichioides.
AB  - Two new trichothecenes, 8-n-pentanoylneosolaniol and 8-n-hexanoylneosolaniol,
      were isolated from corn grits cultured with Fusarium sporotrichioides. The
      structures of these compounds were elucidated using gc-ms, nmr, X-ray
      crystallography, and other spectroscopic techniques. Seven known trichothecenes
      were also isolated, and the relative cytotoxicity of these nine trichothecenes in
      cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells was determined.

PMID- 1800635
TI  - Cytotoxic norditerpene lactones from Ileostylus micranthus.
AB  - Three new compounds 2-4 and two known compounds 1 and 5 have been isolated from
      the cytotoxic fraction of an extract from a New Zealand mistletoe, Ileostylus
      micranthus. Compounds 1-5 are shown to be norditerpene lactones and have strong
      cytotoxicity. The compounds are proposed to have been assimilated by the
      mistletoe from the host tree, Podocarpus totara.

PMID- 1800636
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxylated flavones and related compounds as
      potential inhibitors of the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck.
AB  - An array of hydroxylated flavones and related compounds was synthesized and
      evaluated for inhibition of the in vitro protein-tyrosine kinase activity of
      p56lck, an enzyme that is thought to play a key role in mediating signal
      transduction from the CD4 receptor during lymphocyte activation. In general, the
      most active compounds had hydroxyl groups on both the A and C rings. At least two
      hydroxyl groups were required for good inhibitory activity, and the relative
      positions of these groups played an important role in determining potency.
      Compounds without hydroxyl groups were inactive as inhibitors.

PMID- 1800637
TI  - New cytotoxic lupane lactones from Kokoona ochracea.
AB  - Three new compounds, ochraceolides A, B, and C, were isolated from nonpolar
      extracts derived from Kokoona ochracea stem bark. Based on spectroscopic data,
      their structures were determined to be the closely related lupane lactones: 3
      oxolup-20(29)-en-30,21 alpha-olide, 20,29-epoxy-3-oxolupan-30,21 alpha-olide, and
      3,6-dioxolup-20(29)-en-30,21 alpha-olide. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited significant
      cytotoxic activity with cultured P-388 cells (ED50 values of 0.26 and 0.53
      microgram/ml, respectively) but were at least tenfold less active with a variety
      of human tumor cell lines. Compound 2 was weakly active with cultured P-388 and
      KB-3 cells (ED50 values of 7.8 and 5.2 micrograms/ml, respectively), but no
      significant activity was observed with other human cancer cell types (ED50 values
      of more than 20 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 1800638
TI  - Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents of the roots of Eurycoma longifolia.
AB  - By bioactivity-directed fractionation, five cytotoxic constituents have been
      characterized from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia collected in Kalimantan,
      Indonesia. Four canthin-6-one alkaloids, namely, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, 9
      methoxycanthin-6-one-N-oxide, 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one, and 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one
      N-oxide, and one quassinoid, eurycomanone, were found to be cytotoxic principles.
      Each of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of cell lines comprising a
      number of human cancer cell types [breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, lung, melanoma,
      KB, and KB-V1 (a multi-drug resistant cell line derived from KB)] and murine
      lymphocytic leukemia (P-388). The canthin-6-ones 1-4 were found to be active with
      all cell lines tested except for the KB-V1 cell line. Eurycomanone was inactive
      against murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) but was significantly active against
      the human cell lines tested. Two additional isolates, the beta-carboline
      alkaloids beta-carboline-1-propionic acid and 7-methoxy-beta-carboline-1
      propionic acid, were not significantly active with these cultured cells. However,
      compounds 5 and 7 were found to demonstrate significant antimalarial activity as
      judged by studies conducted with cultured Plasmodium falciparum strains. The
      structures of the novel compounds 2-4 and 7 were established by spectral and
      chemical methods.

PMID- 1800639
TI  - Inhibition of tumor-promoter-enhanced 3H-choline incorporation into cellular
      phospholipids by phloroglucinol derivatives from Mallotus japonicus.
AB  - The MeOH and CHCl3 extracts of the pericarps of Mallotus japonicus showed
      potential anti-tumor-promoter activity. Seven constituents of the CHCl3 extract
      and two derivatives from the most abundant constituent, mallotojaponin, markedly
      inhibited the incorporation of 3H-choline into phospholipids of C3H101/2 cells
      enhanced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter.

PMID- 1800640
TI  - Studies on the biological activities of rare phenylpropanoids of the genus
      Pimpinella.
AB  - Several rare phenylpropanoids of the genus Pimpinella were tested for biological
      activity. Compounds with epoxy groups have a negative effect on the growth of
      plants, and they also show insecticidal and acaricidal activities.

PMID- 1800641
TI  - Acetylanonamine, a new secopyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio anonymus.
AB  - A new secopyrrolizidine alkaloid, acetylanonamine, was isolated from Senecio
      anonymus. The structure was established by high resolution nmr (1H-1H COSY and 1H
      13C HETCOR), ms, comparison of these spectral data with those of anonamine, and
      synthesis of 1 from 2.

PMID- 1800642
TI  - Methylpendolmycin, an indolactam from a Nocardiopsis sp.
AB  - Methylpendolmycin, a new indole alkaloid with an N-methylisoleucine moiety
      incorporated in the nine-membered indolactam ring, has been isolated from an
      actinomycete culture of Nocardiopsis. Methylpendolmycin exhibited inhibition of
      phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C. Its structure was assigned on the
      basis of spectroscopic data.

PMID- 1800643
TI  - A novel perlactone from the Caribbean sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus.
AB  - The Caribbean sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus contains a perlactone,
      plakinidone, that was identified by interpretation of spectral data. Plakinidone
      is the first natural product that incorporates a six-membered perlactone ring.

PMID- 1800644
TI  - Cyclosporin in the management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
AB  - Three patients with polymyositis refractory to conventional steroid and
      immunosuppressive treatment, but responsive to cyclosporin A, are described. In a
      fourth patient cyclosporin A was used as a first line drug in combination with
      steroids in the treatment of life-threatening dermatomyositis. Cyclosporin A in
      the management of polymyositis/dermatomyositis requires formal assessment of its
      costs and benefits compared with conventional treatments.

PMID- 1800645
TI  - Painful intraorbital meningiomas.
AB  - Three cases are reported of meningioma involving the orbital apex presenting with
      either progressive or episodic retroocular pain. In two cases pain was steroid
      responsive and in one of these patients this led to an initial diagnosis of
      orbital pseudotumour. Pain preceded visual loss and other symptoms by many months
      and these cases illustrate the importance of full investigation and where
      necessary surgical exploration in cases of apparent orbital inflammatory disease
      with an atypical or progressive course.

PMID- 1800646
TI  - Late onset globoid cell leukodystrophy.
AB  - A 29 year old male with onset of globoid cell leukodystrophy at age 14 is
      described. This is the first case of enzymatically confirmed globoid cell
      leukodystrophy with onset of symptoms after the age of ten. This patient is
      unique because of the late onset and slow progression and extends the clinical
      spectrum of globoid cell leukodystrophy.

PMID- 1800647
TI  - Disturbances of C-fibre-mediated sensibility in lumbosacral disc disease.
AB  - In nine patients with chronic lumbosacral disc disease and radicular symptoms
      clearly restricted to one leg, C-fibre-mediated sensibility was measured by
      determination of the thresholds for heat pain and warmth on the foot, ipsi- and
      contralaterally to the nerve root compression. The thresholds were compared with
      the values for 19 healthy subjects. In the patients the warmth threshold was
      increased in the ipsilateral dermatome and normal in the contralateral dermatome.
      In contrast, the heat pain threshold was near normal ipsilaterally but was
      clearly decreased contralaterally. These findings are discussed with respect to a
      possible pain sensitisation resulting from nerve root compression.

PMID- 1800648
TI  - Neurocysticercotic versus idiopathic epilepsy: a comparative study of 175
      patients.

PMID- 1800649
TI  - Angiostrongylus cantonensis abscess in the brain.

PMID- 1800650
TI  - Posterior fossa dermoid cysts and the Klippel-Feil syndrome.

PMID- 1800651
TI  - Visual failure following subarachnoid haemorrhage from rupture of an anterior
      communicating artery aneurysm.

PMID- 1800652
TI  - Hemifacial spasm due to pontine infarction.

PMID- 1800653
TI  - Suxamethonium is contraindicated in the Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 1800654
TI  - Bulimia in a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy.

PMID- 1800655
TI  - Non tumoural aqueductal stenosis with intermittent course. Case report after a
      six year follow up.

PMID- 1800656
TI  - Magnetic stimulation in Bell's palsy.

PMID- 1800657
TI  - Multiple spinal epidural metastases.

PMID- 1800658
TI  - Sphenoidal electrodes in localising temporal epileptic focus, in association with
      CT, MRI and SPECT.

PMID- 1800659
TI  - Transient entrapment neuropathy of the posterior interosseous nerve in violin
      players.

PMID- 1800660
TI  - A predominantly cervical form of spinal muscular atrophy.

PMID- 1800661
TI  - Clonazepam for palatal myoclonus.

PMID- 1800662
TI  - Limiting and repairing the damage in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 1800663
TI  - Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim or Paracelsus 1493-1541.

PMID- 1800664
TI  - Outcome following resective surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: a prospective
      follow up study of 102 consecutive cases.
AB  - The long term outcome has been assessed in a consecutive series of 102 cases
      undergoing resective temporal lobe surgery because of medically intractable
      epilepsy. Patients were followed prospectively for a median of 61 months.
      Actuarial statistics were used to measure the temporal patterns of remission and
      stability of outcome over prolonged periods of observation. The probability of
      achieving one year remission was 57% by one year, 70% by two years, and 77% by
      seven years. Once a patient was in one year remission the probability of
      remaining seizure free was 90%. This rose to 94% after two consecutive years of
      being seizure free. The majority of patients who remit following surgery have
      done so by two years of follow up. Outcome at the end of the second post
      operative year is a good predictor of long term prognosis.

PMID- 1800665
TI  - Syncope or seizure? The diagnostic value of the EEG and hyperventilation test in
      transient loss of consciousness.
AB  - In a prospective study of consecutive patients (age 15 or over) with transient
      loss of consciousness 45 patients had a history of seizure and 74 patients had a
      history of syncope. All patients had an EEG, ECG, laboratory tests and a
      hyperventilation test and were followed for an average of 14.5 months.
      Epileptiform activity in the interictal EEG had a sensitivity of 0.40 and a
      specificity of 0.95 for the diagnosis of a seizure. Epileptiform activity nearly
      doubled the probability of a seizure in doubtful cases. If no epileptiform
      activity was found, this probability remained substantially the same. The
      hyperventilation test had a sensitivity of 0.57 and a specificity of 0.84 for the
      diagnosis of syncope. A positive test increased the probability of syncope half
      as much in doubtful cases. A negative test did not exclude syncope. Laboratory
      tests were not helpful except for an ECG which was helpful in elderly patients.

PMID- 1800666
TI  - Treatment related fluctuations in Guillain-Barre syndrome after high-dose
      immunoglobulins or plasma-exchange.
AB  - Since the introduction of plasma exchange as a treatment for Guillain-Barre
      syndrome (GBS) patients, treatment related fluctuations have been found to occur
      in about 10% of the patients. These fluctuations are considered additional
      evidence of the beneficial effect of plasma exchange. In this report the
      occurrence of such treatment related fluctuations is described in the 147
      patients who took part in the Dutch Guillain-Barre trial comparing high dose
      intravenous immunoglobulin with plasma exchange. Six of 72 patients in the plasma
      exchange group and eight of 74 in the immunoglobulin group showed such
      fluctuation. These results support the biological effect of immunoglobulin. More
      general use of immunoglobulin should await the full analysis of the Dutch GBS
      trial which is in progress.

PMID- 1800667
TI  - Human quadriceps strength and fatiguability in patients with post viral fatigue.
AB  - Quadriceps isometric strength, activation and fatiguability were measured in 11
      patients with symptoms of fatigue three months after glandular fever or a
      glandular fever-like illness. Predicted normal and lower limits of normal muscle
      strength were calculated from height and age. These measures and the fatigue
      index were compared with a group of healthy students of similar age. Two of the
      patients were unable to activate fully their muscles. After allowing for this
      inhibition the group mean (SD) strength was 104 (22%) of predicted. Although
      there was no significant difference in the fatigue index between the patients and
      the control group, there was a trend for the patients to show less fatigue than
      controls. There was no difference in the muscle results for those patients who
      were found to have Epstein-Barr virus infections and those who did not. The
      feelings of weakness and fatigue experienced by the patients could not be
      explained by either physiological muscle fatigue or lack of effort.

PMID- 1800668
TI  - Impairment of vasomotor reflexes in the fingertips of leprosy patients.
AB  - A method is described for eliciting fingertip vasomotor reflexes by inspiratory
      gasp and contralateral hand cold challenge. The results of the two tests are
      reproducible on replicate testing and, when taken together, have proved reliable
      for detection of impairment of autonomic reflexes in 10 newly registered leprosy
      patients who did not have any obvious deformity. Similar, but less severe,
      impairment of vasomotor reflexes was noted in a group of 10 fully treated,
      apparently cured ex-leprosy patients, none of whom showed clinically obvious
      neuropathy. Both the new patients and the ex-patients were significantly
      different from healthy contacts and from healthy Europeans, who were
      indistinguishable by this test. Evidence is presented suggesting that impairment
      of these vasomotor reflexes is mainly due to damage to the efferent pathway in
      the peripheral nerves. The method might prove valuable for investigation of early
      nerve damage in new patients or during reversal reactions in leprosy at a stage
      before irreversible damage is done.

PMID- 1800669
TI  - Neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease in non-demented parkinsonian
      patients.
AB  - Two patients with levodopa-responsive Parkinson's syndrome had numerous cortical
      and striatal senile plaques and some neurofibrillary tangles at necropsy. In
      addition neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra were severely
      depleted but there were no Lewy bodies or other neuropathological changes to
      account for parkinsonism. Neither patient was demented. These pathological
      findings have not previously been described as a cause of Parkinson's syndrome
      without associated dementia of Alzheimer's disease type.

PMID- 1800670
TI  - A new approach in the assessment of motor activity in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Motor activity was recorded continuously with a wrist-worn activity monitor for
      almost six days in nine patients with different predominant manifestations of
      Parkinson's disease and 10 normal subjects. The indices of diurnal motor activity
      decreased with the progressive worsening of hypokinesia and rigidity. With this
      monitor and a simple diary it was possible to determine the contribution of a
      moderate resting tremor and choreiform dyskinesias to the motor activity level,
      and to monitor their variability.

PMID- 1800671
TI  - Diagnosis of motor neuron disease by neurologists: a study in three countries.
AB  - Ninety four neurologists in the United Kingdom, China, and West Germany responded
      to two structured questionnaires. The first assessed the diagnostic weighting
      assigned to a number of symptoms, signs, and clinical investigations ascertained
      from classical descriptions and case notes of patients with motor neuron disease
      (MND). The second tested the likelihood and consistency of diagnosis in a series
      of case summaries representing the clinical data of 10 patients with clinically
      and pathologically documented motor neuron disease. There was a wide measure of
      agreement concerning the common clinical features of the disease, especially
      regarding fasciculation of the tongue, fasciculation associated with weakness
      seen in more than one limb, and dysphagia. In the case summaries, however, there
      was clear variation in the ranked likelihood of the diagnosis of MND and in the
      consistency of diagnostic behaviour in the different groups of neurologists.
      These findings support the need for internationally agreed criteria in the
      diagnosis of MND. Any such criteria will need to be tested against a standardised
      data set to establish their validity.

PMID- 1800672
TI  - Lower motor neuron degeneration and familial predisposition to colonic neoplasia
      in two adult siblings.
AB  - A previously unreported association between a familial predisposition to colonic
      neoplasia and familial adult onset lower motor neuron (LMN) degeneration is
      reported. Two brothers presented at the ages of 53 and 44 years with multiple
      colonic adenomata and invasive colonic carcinoma respectively. Subsequently both
      developed a virtually identical pattern of motor neuron disease of progressive
      muscular atrophy type. At presentation both had LMN weakness affecting
      predominantly the upper limb and neck muscles. The disease progressed rapidly to
      involve the lower limb and bulbar musculature and both brothers died after a 15
      month course. Necropsy was performed on one brother and showed pathological
      changes confined to the LMNs with no evidence of involvement of the pyramidal
      tracts or motor cortex. The combination of these diseases in two brothers may be
      of importance in the search for genes responsible for familial motor neuron
      disorders. It is suggested that a genomic search should be directed initially to
      the vicinity of known colon neoplasia genes, particularly 5q, 17q and 18q.

PMID- 1800673
TI  - OSHA lead standard.

PMID- 1800674
TI  - The chiropractic and me. Whither? Whether?

PMID- 1800675
TI  - Managing the quality and conduct of epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 1800676
TI  - Overview of good epidemiologic practices.
AB  - The results of epidemiologic research are increasingly being used by those who
      establish health policy in the private and public sector. To increase the
      contribution such information might make to the decision-making process, a number
      of organizations have made recommendations for improvements in epidemiologic
      practices. ERIC, the Epidemiology Resource Information Center, a pilot project of
      the Chemical Manufacturers Association, has developed "Guidelines for Good
      Epidemiology Practices." This document provides recommendations regarding
      organization and personnel; facilities, resource commitment, and contractors;
      protocol; review and approval procedures; study conduct; communication of study
      results; archiving of study materials and data; and quality assurance. Although
      intended for use by those in the private sector who conduct environmental and
      industrial epidemiology, it should have utility for the entire profession.

PMID- 1800677
TI  - Guidelines for Good Epidemiology Practices for Occupational and Environmental
      Epidemiologic Research. The Chemical Manufacturers Association's Epidemiology
      Task Group.
AB  - The Guidelines for Good Epidemiology Practices (GEPs) for Occupational and
      Environmental Epidemiologic Research address the conduct of studies generally
      undertaken to answer questions about human health in relationship to the work
      place or the environment. The GEPs propose minimum practices and procedures that
      should be considered to help ensure the quality and integrity of data used in
      epidemiologic research and to provide adequate documentation of the research
      methods. The GEPs address the process of conducting individual epidemiologic
      studies and do not prescribe specific research methods. The Guidelines for Good
      Epidemiology Practices propose minimum practices and procedures in the following
      areas: I. Organization and Personnel II. Facilities, Resource Commitment, and
      Contractors III. Protocol IV. Review and Approval V. Study Conduct VI.
      Communication VII. Archiving VIII. Quality Assurance Although the Guidelines for
      Good Epidemiology Practices will not guarantee good epidemiology, they do provide
      a useful framework for ensuring that all research issues are adequately
      addressed. This framework is proposed as a first step in improving epidemiologic
      research practices through adherence to sound scientific research principles.
      Appendices provide an overview of standard operating procedures, a glossary of
      terms used in the Guidelines, and suggested references on occupational
      epidemiology methods.

PMID- 1800678
TI  - Three basic principles for improving epidemiology: an industry view.
AB  - Three principles are presented that will improve the quality of epidemiologic
      studies now being done. These principles are: (1) that outcome foreknowledge
      should be disclosed and discussed; (2) that key data in the study should be well
      understood to include what influences it and its inherent variability; and (3)
      that detailed exposure characterization, whether it be occupational or personal
      risk factors, should be an integral part of all studies. The quality of
      epidemiologic studies resides in meticulous planning and execution, because not
      considering important confounders or poorly measuring an effect can mask or
      magnify associations.

PMID- 1800679
TI  - Enhancing the quality of epidemiologic studies.
AB  - Three principles can improve epidemiologic studies (1) Conduct open scientific
      review of research protocols and final reports, (2) Disseminate study results to
      all appropriate parties, and (3) Incorporate new scientific methods into the
      research and utilize expertise from other disciplines. The procedures we describe
      are used within the Industrywide Studies Branch of the National Institute for
      Occupational Safety and Health to implement these principles.

PMID- 1800680
TI  - Importance of the study protocol in epidemiologic research.
AB  - The overall quality of an epidemiologic research project depends on how well both
      the design and execution phases of the project have been accomplished. The
      written prestudy protocol, by serving as a bridge between these two project
      phases, plays a pivotal role in determining the success of the total research
      effort. The study protocol can contribute to improved observational research in
      four key areas. Arguments are presented for enhancing the scientific integrity of
      observational studies and for providing better study documentation, efficiency,
      and communications, all through careful prestudy planning.

PMID- 1800681
TI  - Better quality studies through review of protocols.
AB  - The importance of a protocol is well recognized by scientists whose work is
      governed by good laboratory practices. Epidemiologists have used protocols for
      many years but have not always reaped the full benefits. Until relatively
      recently, there has been little consensus among epidemiologists about what
      constitutes a good protocol and, consequently, expectations of the pre-study
      review process may not be fulfilled. This paper examines some of the benefits to
      be derived from a good protocol and the importance of prestudy review. Our
      experience suggests that peer review cannot substitute for a competent principal
      investigator supported by a strong study management team. If such a study
      management team exists, the most important contribution of the external peer
      reviewer should be to ensure the impartiality of the study.

PMID- 1800682
TI  - Improving the conduct of epidemiologic studies: an introduction to quality
      principles.
AB  - The process of conducting and ensuring the quality of epidemiologic studies has
      received little attention in the published literature. In concert with the
      variable nature of observational research, this has created a perceived need for
      guidelines relating to the conduct and reporting of epidemiologic studies.
      Amendments to two recent government regulations stipulate that epidemiologic
      studies should be carried out in accordance with as yet unspecified guidelines.
      Yet, guidelines alone will not improve the quality of epidemiologic studies. A
      more comprehensive approach is envisioned with reference to specific quality
      improvement principles used in industry.

PMID- 1800683
TI  - Quality assurance and quality control in toxicology: how might these concepts
      apply to epidemiology?
AB  - Quality assurance and its distinction from quality control are defined in
      operational terms. The historical development of standards for scientific
      research supporting commercialization of materials leading to the current Good
      Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards is briefly outlined. The application of GLPs
      to toxicology studies and experience in the use of these standards over a broad
      range of activities is also presented. This background information provides a
      common starting point for consideration of the development and application of
      similar standards for epidemiological studies.

PMID- 1800684
TI  - Quality assurance for epidemiologic studies.
AB  - Quality assurance (QA) has been successfully applied to scientific disciplines
      such as toxicology. Experience gained in the application of QA and quality
      control (QC) through a formal program of compliance with Good Laboratory Practice
      (GLPs) regulations has been beneficial in toxicology and can be used to develop
      and implement a similar program in epidemiology. We focus here on the specific
      ways in which GLP-mandated quality assurance can be adapted and used in
      epidemiology and on the consequent benefits of this effort.

PMID- 1800685
TI  - Issues in data sharing and access: an industry perspective.
AB  - Epidemiologic data sharing and access, and information sharing and access, are
      complex issues with no consensus within the industrial community. The purpose of
      this paper is to provide an introduction, as well as some personal perspectives,
      to the issues of data access and sharing. These perspectives include a discussion
      of types of data sharing, advantages and barriers to openness, and alternatives
      that lower the need for sharing of the raw data.

PMID- 1800686
TI  - Data pooling in occupational studies.
AB  - Summarizing epidemiologic data from multiple studies can be accomplished either
      by a meta-analysis of published findings or by pooling data and performing new
      analyses of enlarged data sets. Meta-analysis is relatively easy and inexpensive
      to perform but usually is restricted to examination of overall risks. Data
      pooling offers a more direct approach for subcohort analyses and for estimation
      of dose-response relationships. The advantages of pooling data from multiple
      studies of workers with similar exposures pertain primarily to enlarged study
      bases and a greater potential for evaluating statistically stable dose-response
      relationships than can be accomplished by meta-analysis. Valid methods for data
      pooling that are developed for cohort mortality studies of relatively large
      worker populations ultimately can be applied to studies of other health outcomes
      using different study designs.

PMID- 1800687
TI  - The effect of airborne lead particle size on worker blood-lead levels: an
      empirical study of battery workers.
AB  - Theoretical models and experimental data suggest that the particle size
      distribution of lead aerosols should affect the lead dose absorbed by exposed
      workers. In the present study, 44 workers in five major operations in a high
      volume, lead-acid battery plant were studied for the influence of lead aerosol
      size on lead-in-blood (PbB) levels. A multiple linear regression analysis based
      on particle size assumptions made in the model used by the Occupational Safety
      and Health Administration to help select the permissible exposure level (PEL) for
      lead showed no improvement in prediction of PbB over that already present without
      any consideration of particle size. The use of the American Conference of
      Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) regional size-selective criteria also
      failed to improve the prediction of PbB. However, when deposition models
      developed by Heyder et al were used in which the lead aerosol was separated into
      alveolar and extra-alveolar fractions, corresponding to what is considered
      respirable and ingestible lead, the coefficient of determination (R2) associated
      with the fractionated lead particulate increased approximately 25% over that
      attributable to only the total lead concentration. In addition, the deposition
      model, which closely matched the ACGIH reference worker criteria, resulted in
      ratios of the coefficients for the respirable to ingestible lead contributions to
      PbB that appeared to agree with experimental data, suggesting approximately a 10
      to 1 ratio in absorption efficiency of the lung versus the gastrointestinal
      tract.

PMID- 1800688
TI  - Work coding: beyond SIC and SOC, BOC and DOT.
AB  - Traditional coding schemes for occupational health related factors (eg, SIC, SOC,
      CAS) are structured similarly as hierarchical, exclusive, and exhaustive systems.
      Each is limited to information of one particular type (eg, industry) and,
      therefore, the relationships implicit in the coding scheme are limited. This
      study empirically determined that "natural" coding schemes used by occupational
      health professionals do not share these characteristics but are more akin to
      semantic network data bases. There is therefore a need to re-evaluate how
      occupational data are to be coded.

PMID- 1800689
TI  - Five-year follow-up study of adolescents with intact and restored dentitions:
      personality traits.
AB  - The personality traits of 66 of a sample of 70 adolescents aged 19-21 years were
      re-examined after 5 years by means of a personality inventory (KSP). A total of
      15 subjects had intact dentitions (group I), while 13 subjects had had some
      fillings in their teeth since the first examination (group FI), and 38 subjects
      had restored dentitions at both examinations (group F). The findings of this
      study are in agreement with those of the earlier study of Kampe, Edman and Molin
      (1986). On both occasions the subjects with restored dentitions had higher scores
      on the Somatic Anxiety and Muscular Tension scales. The differences were more
      pronounced for the female subjects. With regard to muscular tension, there was a
      significant interactive effect, with higher values for the female subjects in
      group F. Individuals with high scores for the Clinical Dysfunction Index (DiII
      and DiIII) also had the highest scores on the Somatic Anxiety and Muscular
      Tension scales, thus confirming the validity of the muscle palpation. The
      hypothesis of a correlation between personality factors and dental-filling
      therapy was neither accepted nor rejected. The subjects in group F had the
      highest scores on both occasions on the Somatic Anxiety and Muscular Tension
      scales, although the subjects in group FI had the lowest scores. Further studies
      are required, and another 5-year follow-up study of this material could be
      conclusive.

PMID- 1800690
TI  - Five-year longitudinal study of adolescents with intact and restored dentitions:
      signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction and functional recordings.
AB  - Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and functional
      recordings were re-examined in subjects, 19-21 years of age, 5 years after the
      first examination. Thirty-seven subjects had restored dentitions at both
      examinations (group F), 13 subjects with previously intact dentitions had had
      fillings in their teeth during the follow-up period (group FI), and 14 subjects
      had intact dentitions at both examinations (group I). In agreement with the first
      examination, the subjects with restored dentitions had a higher degree and
      frequency of TMD than the subjects with intact teeth. Most of the symptoms were
      mild, but more severe symptoms were reported by the subjects in group F, and
      female subjects in group F had more signs than male subjects. The subjects who
      had received fillings during the follow-up period (group FI) constituted a group
      intermediate between group F and group I with regard to signs and symptoms of
      TMD. Frequent parafunction and more attrition were more common in group F.
      Together with the finding of increased muscle tenderness, this indicates more
      functional activity in restored dentitions. Correlation analysis did not reveal
      any relationship between occlusal factors and TMD. The findings of this study are
      consistent with those of the earlier investigation. Dental filling therapy
      appears to be an aetiological factor in TMD worthy of more consideration and more
      extensive research.

PMID- 1800691
TI  - Evaluation of the level of residual monomer in acrylic denture base materials
      having different polymerization properties.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of residual monomer in acrylic
      denture base materials having different polymerization properties. The
      investigation included a conventional-type acrylic cured under heat and pressure,
      as well as a pour-type resin polymerized by an injection-moulding technique at
      room temperature and under pressure. It was found that the residual monomer
      content ranged from 0.22-0.54% in pour-type resin, and from 0.23-0.52% in
      routinely used resins when the specimens were analysed by high performance liquid
      chromatography. These findings revealed that there were no significant
      differences between the two types of acrylic in terms of their residual monomer
      content.

PMID- 1800692
TI  - Time frequency distributions of TMJ sounds.
AB  - For analysis of time-varying signals such as the TMJ sounds, it is often
      desirable to know how the frequency components change with time, using methods of
      time-frequency analysis. The aim of this study was to compare two of the most
      familiar methods for energy density representation with a newly developed
      technique. The sounds were recorded with a microphone fastened to the subject's
      forehead, transformed to the time-frequency domain and displayed as 3D- and
      contour plots using spectrogram, Wigner distribution (WD), and the reduced
      interference distribution (RID) to display their time-frequency energy
      distributions. The spectrogram resolved only the low-frequency components. The WD
      provided higher resolution but also exhibited strong interference between
      components. The RID gave a detailed representation of the TMJ signals' relative
      energy distribution in the time and frequency domains, with a great reduction in
      the interference or cross terms. The RID therefore appears to be most useful in
      the application of time-frequency distributions in classification of TMJ sounds.

PMID- 1800693
TI  - Swallow thresholds using dentures made on different types of articulator.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether edentate subjects achieved
      different performance when using dentures constructed on different articulators.
      A cross-over experimental design was employed to evaluate these swallow
      thresholds using complete dentures constructed on the hinge and free plane
      articulators. Seven subjects completed the study. Swallow threshold tests were
      performed 3 months after the insertion of dentures. The overall particle size
      distribution achieved with the dentures constructed on free plane articulators
      was significantly better at the end of the 3-month period (P less than 0.01 to P
      less than 0.0001), but significantly more strokes were used to achieve this
      success rate (P less than 0.04). A questionnaire revealed that the subjects had a
      preference for the denture constructed on the free plane articulator. It is
      concluded that patients performed better with dentures constructed on the free
      plane articulator.

PMID- 1800694
TI  - Tooth contact patterns in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction.
AB  - The occlusal tooth contact patterns in patients with temporomandibular
      dysfunction and normal subjects were studied under a range of conditions using a
      newly devised radiotelemetry system. The patterns in the patient group were
      completely different from those in the control group. During rest or work, the
      patients showed higher values for total number and time of tooth contacts, as
      well as several contacts of extended duration. Moreover, many of the tooth
      contacts during swallowing were plural contacts in the patient group. These
      results suggest that patients with temporomandibular dysfunction exhibit
      increased tonus of jaw-closing muscles, which is probably due to occlusal
      disharmonies and psychological stress.

PMID- 1800695
TI  - Occlusal abnormalities, pericranial muscle and joint tenderness and tooth wear in
      a group of migraine patients.
AB  - Seventy-two migraine sufferers, whose attacks normally begin during or soon after
      waking from sleep, were compared with 37 age- and sex-matched controls to
      establish whether signs of mandibular dysfunction, occlusal discrepancies and
      known clenching or grinding habits were any more frequent among the former group.
      Temporomandibular joint tenderness or pain history, masticatory muscle tenderness
      and known clenching or grinding habits were found to occur at significantly
      increased levels in the migraine sufferers, with two-thirds of these patients
      reporting a parafunctional habit. Occlusal abnormalities, including non-working
      side or protrusive interferences and slides of greater than 1 mm to the
      intercuspal position, were found to occur at similar frequencies in the two
      groups. Assessment of wear of the occlusal surfaces also showed no difference,
      suggesting that any nocturnal habit with a role in migraine is more likely to be
      clenching in nature. In conclusion, evidence was found to support an aetiological
      role for nocturnal tooth clenching or grinding in migraine characterized by
      attacks that start predominantly during sleep or soon after waking, but no
      evidence of a link with occlusal factors was found in these patients.

PMID- 1800696
TI  - Parapulpal pins and their effects on the fracture resistance of pin-retained
      cores.
AB  - The bending characteristics of various parapulpal pins, the retention of a
      parapulpal pin in different core buildup materials, and the fracture resistance
      of pin-retained cores were investigated in an in-vitro study. In amalgam and
      composite cores, the use of parapulpal pins produced an increase in fracture
      resistance. The highest fracture resistance values were observed in amalgam
      cores, and the lowest fracture strength was exhibited by cores of glass ionomer
      cements (GICs) containing metallic particles. The different parapulpal pins and
      their flexural rigidity had little effect on the fracture resistance of the pin
      retained cores. For extensive pin-retained cores it appears advisable to use GICs
      with restraint and, particularly in the case of large-scale bridge
      reconstructions, only after critical examination of the loading conditions.

PMID- 1800697
TI  - Longitudinal study on forces transmitted from denture base to retainers of lower
      free-end saddle dentures with Aker's clasps.
AB  - The aim of this study was to make a longitudinal analysis of the forces
      transmitted from denture base to retainers of lower free-end saddle dentures with
      Aker's clasps using a newly developed transducer. The experimental apparatus
      consisted of two components, a metal framework and a denture base embedded with a
      force-detecting unit. This device was the transducer, which could detect changes
      in lateral and vertical forces transmitted from denture base to retainers at the
      same time. Forces were measured on several separate occasions from the insertion
      of new dentures to about 4 months afterwards. The result are summarized as
      follows: (i) the maximal mean value of vertical forces transmitted from denture
      base to retainers was decreased after 1 week of insertion of new dentures, then
      increased and reached a constant level (about 10N) 4-6 weeks after the insertion
      of new dentures; (ii) there were large differences in the maximal mean value of
      lateral forces between subjects.

PMID- 1800698
TI  - Alleged health effects of electromagnetic fields: misconceptions in the
      scientific literature.
AB  - Occupational or residential exposures to electromagnetic fields or microwaves
      have been alleged to result in health problems, including leukemia, other
      cancers, and reproductive mishaps. Several recent articles and editorials in the
      medical and scientific literature have presented misconceptions regarding the
      alleged effects. Some misleading or illogical statements were challenged in
      letters-to-the-editor. Additional unsubstantiated or invalid assertions contained
      in subsequent responses to some of the letters have been addressed in this paper.
      The articles in question included a case report concerning acute myelogenous
      leukemia, an editorial regarding the safety of magnetic resonance imaging,
      commentaries suggesting a link between exposure to video display terminals and
      reproductive mishaps, and several reviews of a book written for a lay audience.

PMID- 1800699
TI  - Exposure of fertile chicken eggs to microwave radiation (2.45 GHz, CW) during
      incubation: technique and evaluation.
AB  - A multi-mode cavity constructed of 22-gauge perforated galvanized steel with a
      horn irradiator was used to expose chicken embryos to microwave (MW) radiation
      during incubation. The MW exposure system was placed within an environmental
      chamber. Mean +/- standard error of mean (SEM) power level was 3.6 +/- 0.02
      mW/cm2 and mean egg specific absorption rate was 0.8 mW/g per mW/cm2. Mean
      temperature of the MW-exposed eggs was 37.5 +/- 0.9 degrees C as monitored by a
      Luxtron fluoroptic thermometer. Non-irradiated eggs were incubated at 37.5 +/-
      0.1 degrees C and 55% relative humidity. There was no significant different in
      percent fertile eggs hatched between eggs exposed to MW radiation during
      incubation or eggs incubated conventionally (82.9% and 87.7%, respectively).

PMID- 1800700
TI  - Metabolic profile of tripelennamine in humans.
AB  - Volunteers were injected im with 100 mg of tripelennamine (pyribenzamine).HCl
      dissolved in saline. Timed urine was collected. Tripelennamine and its
      metabolites were identified by GC/MS. Amounts of free tripelennamine excreted in
      the 0-2-, 2-4-, 4-8-, 8-12-, and 12-24-h urine samples were found to be 0.30,
      0.56, 0.17, 0.21, and 0.0%, respectively, of the administered dose. In the same
      time periods, total tripelennamine (free plus conjugated) amounts were found to
      be 0.92, 1.20, 0.96, 1.30, and 1.31%, respectively, and total amounts 2-[alpha
      hydroxybenzyl(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine(alpha- hydroxytripelennamine)
      plus an unidentified metabolite were found to be 0.16, 3.35, 3.06, 7.46, and
      8.85% of the dose, respectively.

PMID- 1800701
TI  - Absorption of flurbiprofen through human buccal mucosa.
AB  - The absorption of flurbiprofen through human buccal mucosa was studied after 25
      mL of a 2.5-mg/mL solution (pH 4) of the drug in a cosolvent mixture (ethanol
      95%:glycerin:propylene glycol:0.3 M sodium acetate buffer, 10:40:30:20) was held
      and circulated in the mouth for 5 min in a "buccal absorption test." The results
      were compared with those obtained after oral administration of 25 mL of a
      solution (pH 7) of sodium flurbiprofen having the same concentration. Twelve
      subjects participated in the crossover study. After the buccal treatment, mean
      Cmax and Tmax values were 0.751 micrograms/mL and 41 min, respectively. Average
      Cmax and Tmax values after the oral treatment were 10.8 micrograms/mL and 32 min,
      respectively. Mean dose-corrected AUCs were 0.0854 and 0.811 (micrograms.h/mL)/mg
      for the buccal and the oral treatments, respectively. The absorption kinetics
      after the buccal treatment were evaluated using the Exact Loo-Riegelman Method
      (ELRM). Buccal plasma flurbiprofen concentration-time data for 11 subjects were
      very well fitted by reconstructed curves using ka and the lag-time obtained from
      ELRM analysis of the buccal data and the disposition parameters obtained from the
      oral data. These results strongly support the concept of intrasubject constancy
      of flurbiprofen disposition parameters. Analysis, by ELRM, of the plasma
      concentration-time data obtained after the buccal treatment indicated first-order
      absorption, with a mean ka value of 3.9 +/- 2.2 h-1. This value was significantly
      different (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.02) from the ka after oral
      treatment (7.89 +/- 5.2 h-1), obtained from the triexponential fitting of the
      oral plasma data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800702
TI  - Circadian rhythms in theophylline disposition: simulations and observations in
      the dog.
AB  - A constant-rate iv infusion of aminophylline approaching steady state in four
      dogs was used to investigate a circadian rhythm in theophylline disposition. A
      significant circadian rhythm (p less than 0.05, group cosinor analysis) was
      observed for serum theophylline concentrations and for the urinary excretion
      rates of theophylline and 3-methylxanthine. The phase relationship of the
      observed circadian rhythms in urinary pH to circadian changes in serum
      theophylline concentrations were supportive of a circadian rhythm in renal
      clearance of theophylline. Computer simulations indicated that circadian changes
      in serum theophylline concentration and urinary excretion of theophylline and its
      metabolites could be accounted for by a circadian rhythm in theophylline renal
      clearance and metabolism to 3-methylxanthine. A circadian rhythm in theophylline
      volume of distribution could not be totally dismissed as potentially having some
      effect on disposition. The timing of food intake is hypothesized to play a role
      in synchronizing the observed rhythm in serum theophylline concentrations.

PMID- 1800703
TI  - Relative lipophilicities, solubilities, and structure-pharmacological
      considerations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase
      inhibitors pravastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin.
AB  - The apparent octanol-water partition coefficients (Po/w) and aqueous solubilities
      for four 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors
      [pravastatin, lovastatin (mevinolin), mevastatin (compactin), and simvastatin
      (synvinolin)] were compared. Pravastatin is highly hydrophilic compared with
      lovastatin, mevastatin, or simvastatin. Pravastatin is clinically used as the
      active hydroxy acid, while the other three compounds are administered as prodrug
      lactones which, over a period of time, convert in vivo to their respective active
      hydroxy acid forms. The order of the Po/w values of the hydroxy acid forms was
      pravastatin much less than mevastatin less than lovastatin less than simvastatin
      at each pH evaluated, with approximate ratios of 1:25:75:200, respectively. The
      relative order and the ratios of partition coefficients for the lactone forms
      were similar to those for the hydroxy acid forms. In addition, lovastatin,
      mevastatin, and simvastatin are virtually insoluble in water, with solubility
      values ranging from 0.0013 to 0.0015 mg/mL at 23 degrees C. In comparison,
      pravastatin is hydrophilic, as demonstrated by the greater than 100-fold greater
      solubility of its lactone form (0.18 mg/mL). The greater hydrophilicity of
      pravastatin may explain its reported lower permeation into nonhepatic cells and
      the selectivity with respect to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis.

PMID- 1800704
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and rectal bioavailability of hydrocortisone acetate.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydrocortisone after rectal
      administration of a hydrocortisone acetate foam was determined. Endogenous
      hydrocortisone was suppressed by dexamethasone administration. Plasma levels were
      compared with those observed after iv and oral administration. Only a very small
      part of the rectal dose (100 mg) was absorbed; the mean absolute bioavailability
      was 2%. There was substantial intersubject variability. Maximum hydrocortisone
      levels were reached after 2 h and averaged 35 ng/mL. These levels were 10-fold
      lower than those obtained after oral administration of a fivefold lower dose (20
      mg) of hydrocortisone in the same subjects.

PMID- 1800705
TI  - Synthesis, antitumor activity, and nephrotoxicity of the optical isomers of 2
      aminomethylpyrrolidine(1,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylato)platinum(II).
AB  - The optical isomers of 2-aminomethylpyrrolidine(1,1-cyclobutane-
      dicarboxylato)platinum(II) (DWA2114, 1), which has potent antitumor activity
      against various tumors, were synthesized. They were examined for antitumor
      activity against Colon 26 carcinoma in a sc-iv system, and changes in urinary
      protein and sugar levels in drug-treated mice were used as an index of
      nephrotoxicity. In their effect on tumors, (+)-(S)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine(1,1
      cyclobutanedicarboxylato++ +)platinum(II) (6b) was more potent than the
      enantiomer 6a in that the effective dose of 6b was smaller than that of 6a; but,
      both drugs exhibited potent antitumor activity. On the other hand, a distinct
      difference between 6a and 6b was shown in their nephrotoxicity. Isomer 6b induced
      a great increase in urinary protein and sugar levels in mice, whereas 6a caused
      no increase in these levels.

PMID- 1800706
TI  - Brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid distribution of a zidovudine chemical
      delivery system in rabbits.
AB  - Improved brain delivery of zidovudine (AZT) was shown to occur after iv dosing of
      a chemical delivery system (CDS) for the modified deoxynucleoside. Specifically,
      administration of a 25-mg/kg dose of 5'-[(1-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-3
      yl)carbonyl]-3'-azido-3'-deoxyt hymidine (AZT-CDS) generated higher and more
      sustained levels of AZT in brain tissue of rabbits than did dosing with AZT
      itself. The significant increase in the area under the AZT brain concentration
      time curve occurred with lower AZT present in the systemic circulation and with
      similar AZT levels in cerebrospinal fluid. These results, as well as previously
      published reports examining AZT-CDS in mice, rats, and dogs, indicate that this
      delivery system may be beneficial in the treatment of AIDS-related
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 1800707
TI  - An assessment of methods for sampling blood to characterize rapidly changing
      blood drug concentrations.
AB  - The accuracy of different blood sampling methods used to characterize rapidly
      changing blood drug concentrations was examined both in vitro and in vivo. It was
      shown in vitro that blood sampling methods based on the fraction collection
      principle failed to characterize a "square wave" change in drug concentration,
      and there was a 9-16-s delay before achieving 95% of the expected drug
      concentration. Varying the catheter size and length did not improve the response.
      This observation is consistent with laminar and/or turbulent flow producing
      dispersion and mixing of blood of different drug concentrations in the catheter.
      A sampling method (flush and withdrawal) was developed to minimize these effects.
      In vivo studies showed that peak blood drug concentrations obtained using this
      method after an iv bolus of a drug were approximately 25-28% higher than those
      simultaneously obtained by methods based on fraction collection principles. It is
      concluded that blood sampling methods based on fraction collection principles can
      produce significant errors in measured blood drug concentrations. The error is
      greater the greater the rate of change of the blood drug concentrations.

PMID- 1800708
TI  - Interfacial dehydration by anesthetics: an electrocapillary study of surface
      charge density of adsorbed monolayer.
AB  - We have proposed that anesthetics destruct the hydration shell of macromolecules
      irrespective of lipid membranes or proteins. These macromolecular structures are
      supported by the hydrogen-bonded matrix of water molecules. A loss of this
      support destabilizes the membranes and proteins. The disordered structures are
      suboptimal for the assigned biological functions, and anesthesia may ensue. We
      postulated that the dehydration is prompted mainly by the decrease in the
      interactions of the surface charges with the water dipole. To prove or disprove
      the above hypothesis, this study measured the effect of volatile anesthetics
      (chloroform, halothane, and enflurane) on the surface charge density in adsorbed
      monolayers by an electrocapillary method. The oil phase was methylisobutylketone
      (MIBK) with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The aqueous phase was 0.1 M
      NaCl. The anesthetics decreased the surface charge density, and the effect
      paralleled the clinical anesthetic potency. At concentrations that induce
      surgical stage anesthesia in 50% of the population, these anesthetics reduced the
      surface charge density by 5%.

PMID- 1800709
TI  - Multiple-dose acetaminophen pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Four different treatments of acetaminophen (Tylenol) were administered in
      multiple doses to eight healthy volunteers. Each treatment (325, 650, 825, and
      1000 mg) was administered five times at 6-h intervals. Saliva acetaminophen
      concentration versus time profiles were determined. Noncompartmental
      pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared to determine whether
      acetaminophen exhibited linear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. For doses less
      than or equal to 18 mg/kg, area under the curve (AUC), half-life (t1/2), mean
      residence time (MRT), and ratio of AUC to dose for the first dose were compared
      with the last dose. No statistically significant differences were observed in
      dose-corrected AUC for the first or last dose among subjects or treatments. Half
      lives and MRT were not significantly different among treatments for the first or
      the last dose. Statistically significant differences in t1/2 and MRT were noted
      (p less than 0.05) among subjects for the last dose. A plot of AUC versus dose
      for the first and the last doses exhibited a linear relationship. Dose-corrected
      saliva concentration versus time curves for the treatments were superimposable.
      Thus, acetaminophen exhibits linear pharmacokinetics for doses of 18 mg/kg or
      less. Plots of AUC versus dose for one subject who received doses higher than 18
      mg/kg were curved, suggesting nonlinear behavior of acetaminophen in this
      subject.

PMID- 1800710
TI  - An evaluation of the antibacterial activities of combinations of sulfonamides,
      trimethoprim, dibromopropamidine, and silver nitrate compared with their uptakes
      by selected bacteria.
AB  - Modifications of antibacterial activity have been demonstrated using combinations
      of two antibacterials from trimethoprim, sulfonamides (sulfadiazine,
      sulfamerazine, and silver sulfadiazine), silver nitrate, and dibromopropamidine
      isethionate, either formulated in a cream base or dissolved in peptone water. The
      creams were evaluated using the agar cup diffusion method in isosensitest agar.
      The peptone water solutions provided fractional inhibitory concentrations for
      combinations of the antibacterial substances. The test organisms were Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial uptakes of
      antibacterial combinations, determined by either an HPLC assay method or an
      atomic absorption method, combined with dry cell weight determinations, indicated
      that enhancement of activity of the antibacterial combinations against P.
      aeruginosa (two strains) and E. cloacae were related to marked increases in the
      bacterial uptake of the chemical agents. Decreases in activity were related to
      decreased uptake of either dibromopropamidine and/or silver ions. The effect of
      the trimethoprim and the sulfonamides was shown to depend on their effect on
      bacterial folate synthesis. It is suggested that partial blockade of the folate
      synthetic pathway leads to an effect on cell permeability which results in
      increased uptake of antibacterials. Dibromopropamidine isethionate also has an
      effect on cell permeability which produces an increased bacterial uptake of a
      second antibacterial present in the medium. These findings provide further
      explanation of how subinhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfonamide
      combinations are synergistic against a wide range of bacteria even when certain
      bacteria are resistant to either member of the combination.

PMID- 1800711
TI  - Optimization of cosolvent concentration and excipient composition in a topical
      corticosteroid solution.
AB  - Physicochemical factors involved in the development of a topical solution of a
      novel corticosteroid, tipredane (1), are described. A cosolvent system consisting
      of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), propylene glycol, and water was used to
      dissolve the concentration (0.1% w/w) of 1 required for the formulation. The
      solvent mixture was also nonirritating to the skin. Buffering agent, antioxidant,
      and metal-chelating agent were required to stabilize the drug. Solubilities of
      hydrophilic and lipophilic excipients were ensured by careful adjustment of their
      concentrations, as well as that of PEG 400. Two formulations, one containing
      potassium citrate and the other tromethamine as the buffering agents, were
      identified. Upon storage, sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant used in the
      formulation, oxidized to form K2SO4 in the formulation containing potassium
      citrate. Potassium citrate decreased the solubility and resulted in the
      precipitation of K2SO4 by exerting a common ion effect. Lowering of the
      concentrations of potassium citrate, sodium metabisulfite, and PEG 400 ensured
      the solubility of K2SO4 formed. There was no such precipitation of K2SO4 in the
      formulation buffered with tromethamine, thus indicating that tromethamine is a
      good buffering agent in cosolvent systems.

PMID- 1800713
TI  - Biophase equilibration times.
AB  - Various methods for describing how quickly a drug equilibrates at the biophase
      are proposed. The biophase equilibration time (BET) is the time it takes the
      biophase drug level to reach a given percentage (p) of its predicted steady state
      in a drug administration that leads to a steady-state condition. The time to
      reach biophase equilibrium may be defined as the BET value for p = 95, and the
      50% biophase equilibration time is obtained when p = 50. Biophase equilibration
      profiles (BEPs), obtained by plotting p versus BET, give a dynamic representation
      of the approach to equilibrium and may serve as an indicator of the rate of drug
      delivery to the biophase. A pharmacodynamic system analysis method is proposed to
      determine BETs and BEPs from the biophase conduction function. The approach is
      demonstrated using pharmacodynamic data from the CNS effect of amobarbital
      evaluated by an aperiodic analysis of EEG recordings. The relevance of the BET
      and/or BEP principles in optimal computer-controlled drug infusion, drug design,
      and evaluation of targeted drug delivery is discussed. Both vascular and
      extravascular drug administrations are considered in the analysis.

PMID- 1800712
TI  - Prolongation of antipyretic action and reduction of gastric ulcerogenicity in the
      rat by controlled-release granules of bermoprofen, a new nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug.
AB  - While bermoprofen [(+-)-10,11-dihydro-alpha,8-dimethyl-11- oxodibenz[b,f]oxepin-2
      acetic acid], a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), has potent
      antipyretic and analgesic activities with a short biological half-life, it shows
      ulcerogenic activity as a side-effect like other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs. A bermoprofen preparation was specially designed to prolong its duration
      of action and to reduce its side effect. Immediate-release granules (IRGs) were
      prepared by coating particles of Nonpareil 103 with bermoprofen. The IRGs were
      also coated by spraying a film solution composed of ethylcellulose and
      hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3:2), and, thereby, three kinds of retard-release
      granules (RRGs) were obtained with the coating amounts of 1.5, 2.5, and 4%. Peak
      plasma bermoprofen levels were seen 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h after single oral
      administrations of IRG, RRG(1.5%), RRG (2.5%), and RRG(4%), respectively, in
      rats. The potency order in ulcerogenic activity was RRG(1.5%) greater than IRG
      greater than RRG(2.5%) greater than RRG(4%) after a single oral dosage in rats.
      Then, IRG and RRG(4%) were mixed (in the ratio 3:7, which was calculated from
      their simulated plasma bermoprofen profiles) in order to get fast onset and long
      duration of antipyretic action. These mixed granules [i.e., the sustained-release
      granules (SRGs)] exhibited a falt plasma bermoprofen profile, and longer lasting
      antipyretic and lower ulcerogenic activities in rats in comparison with IRG or
      bermoprofen. From these results, it is suggested that a bermoprofen SRG
      preparation has more durable therapeutic activity and lower side-effects as a
      NSAID.

PMID- 1800714
TI  - Regiospecific deuteriation and tritiation of various drugs using a homogeneous
      rhodium trichloride catalyst.
AB  - The deuteriation and tritiation of a number of drugs containing carboxyl, amide,
      aralkylamine, and anilide functional groups have been investigated using
      homogeneous rhodium trichloride as a catalyst. Good incorporation of deuterium
      was observed and the regiospecificity for ortho exchange was very high for most
      of the drugs studied. Similarly, with tritium, good incorporation (specific
      activities) and regiospecificities were achieved in many cases. Satisfactory
      results were also obtained from the small number of heterocyclic-containing drugs
      that were included in the present study.

PMID- 1800715
TI  - Increasing the in vitro bile acid binding capacity of diethylaminoethylcellulose
      by quaternization.
AB  - Diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE-cellulose) was quaternized with methyl iodide
      (DEAE-cellulose-CH3I), and its in vitro binding capacity for sodium glycocholate,
      at room temperature, in water, Tris-HCl buffer (0.0015-0.0050 M, pH 7.0), and
      aqueous NaCl (0.0025 M) was determined by reversed-phase HPLC. Quaternization
      increased the in vitro bile salt binding capacity of DEAE-cellulose. On a molar
      basis, the binding capacity was greater than that of cholestyramine, a
      cholesterol-lowering agent. Increasing the ionic strength of the medium decreased
      the binding capacities, as expected if ionic interactions are important. However,
      conversion of DEAE-cellulose-CH3I to its chloride form did not change the binding
      capacity. The bile salt binding capacity of DEAE-cellulose-CH3I was similar for
      both sodium cholate and sodium glycocholate.

PMID- 1800716
TI  - Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of nifedipine
      and its photodecomposition products from pharmaceutical preparations.
AB  - A rapid (5 min), accurate, and precise (SD 0.51%) analytical method involving 1H
      NMR spectroscopy for determination of nifedipine and its photodecomposition
      products in pharmaceutical preparations is described. Analysis of commercial
      samples by 1H NMR and USP NF XVII procedures has indicated a maximum difference
      of 1.0%. The 1H NMR method is recommended for analysis of nifedipine since it
      provides sufficiently accurate results, together with a unique spectrum as a
      confirmatory identification of nifedipine, its photodecomposition products, and
      other impurities.

PMID- 1800717
TI  - Methods for the assessment of the stability of tablet disintegrants.
AB  - To allow assessment of the long-term stability of tablet disintegrants, two
      mechanisms for their functionality (i.e., water uptake and swelling force
      generation) were monitored. Three disintegrants, alginic acid, sodium starch
      glycolate, and crospovidone, were used to establish the methodology. The water
      uptake and swelling force methodologies developed were reproducible, thus
      allowing for the evaluation of the effect of time, temperature, and humidity on
      these properties of disintegrants. The data obtained suggest that the process of
      water uptake and swelling force generation was essentially a two-step process.
      Initially, water entered the pore space in the powder bed; there was a definitive
      lag time before a swelling force was generated. In the stability evaluation of
      alginic acid and sodium starch glycolate, samples were stored for 1-year. Above
      30 degrees C and 75% relative humidity, the swelling force performance of alginic
      acid was markedly affected. Changes seen with sodium starch glycolate were much
      less marked.

PMID- 1800718
TI  - Reaction of sodium amoxicillin with Cu(II) ion in a methanolic medium.
AB  - The present article considers several physicochemical aspects of the complexation
      reaction of sodium amoxicillin and Cu(II) ion in a methanolic medium. Analysis of
      spectrophotometric data demonstrated the formation of two complex species with
      amoxicillin:Cu(II) ion mole ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. Stability constants (beta) and
      molar absorptivities at 610 nm (epsilon) of the complexes (20 degrees C) in
      methanol were calculated simultaneously by a computer program on the basis of
      absorbance data obtained at 610 nm. The values thus calculated for the 1:1
      complex were as follows: log beta 1 = 5.48 +/- 0.21 L.mol-1, epsilon 1 = 70 +/- 2
      L.mol-1.cm-1. The values for the 2:1 complex were as follows: log beta 2 = 8.98
      +/- 0.17 L2.mol-2 and epsilon 2 = 138 +/- 4 L.mol-1.cm-1. The amoxicillin:Cu(II)
      ion complexes were quite stable over time.

PMID- 1800719
TI  - Nonidentity of the steady-state volumes of distribution of the eliminating and
      noneliminating system.

PMID- 1800720
TI  - Replacing a broken facing on a removable partial denture.
AB  - A technique for using a denture tooth to replace a broken facing on an RPD is
      described. The technique is simple, inexpensive, and easily accomplished in the
      dental office with minimum time.

PMID- 1800721
TI  - Adhesive properties of several impression material systems: Part II.
AB  - The effect of saliva contamination on the tensile adhesive bond strengths of four
      impression adhesive systems, (1) polysulfide, (2) polyether, (3)
      polyvinylsiloxane, and (4) condensation silicone impression adhesive, was
      studied. Standard acrylic resin tray samples of 1-inch square surface were made.
      Tray surfaces were contaminated with saliva either before or after the
      application of tray adhesives. Tensile tests were performed with a Universal Load
      testing machine. The tensile adhesive bond strengths of contaminated tray surface
      and contaminated adhesive were compared with a group of control. Contamination of
      all impression adhesives resulted in significantly lower bond strength. Except
      for the polyvinylsiloxane and polysulfide impression adhesive systems, saliva
      contamination of tray material significantly decreased adhesive bond strengths.
      Impression trays should be tried in the mouth, rinsed, and dried before adhesive
      is applied.

PMID- 1800722
TI  - Effects of strain rate on the behavior of elastomeric impression.
AB  - The effects of strain rate on the ultimate tensile strength, ultimate elongation
      at fracture, and elastic recovery of five commonly used elastomeric dental
      impression materials were studied. Each specimen was prepared by standard mixing
      techniques, placed for setting in a standard ASTM mold, removed, trimmed, and
      mounted in an Instron testing unit. Tensile load was applied and plotted on a
      load versus displacement curve as the specimen was stretched axially until
      rupture. Five specimens of each material were tested, respectively, at strain
      rates of 100, 200, and 500 mm/min crosshead speed. Specimens were then removed,
      reassembled, and measured with an electronic caliper to assess the elastic
      recovery; measurements were repeated after 1 minute, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 24
      hours. Findings of this study indicated that (1) polysulfide materials exhibited
      the greatest amount of deformation, and the lowest tensile strengths of the
      materials studied; (2) higher tensile strengths were observed with higher strain
      rates; and (3) polysulfide materials showed the greatest amount of elongation at
      rupture, with the highest values occurring at the higher strain rates.

PMID- 1800723
TI  - Twin-tables technique for occlusal rehabilitation: Part I--Mechanism of anterior
      guidance.
AB  - Anterior guidance and the condylar path have been considered independent factors.
      In a recent study, it was revealed that the anterior guidance influenced the
      working condylar path and even changed when the lateral incisal path deviated
      from the optimal orbit. This supports the hypothesis that anterior guidance and
      condylar path are dependent factors. When setting anterior guidance, it is
      recommended to set the working condyle so that it moves straight outward along
      the transverse horizontal axis. The angle of hinge rotation created by the
      angular difference between anterior guidance and condylar path assists the
      posterior disclusion, but is not solely responsible. The anatomy of the cusps is
      created by establishing the appropriate form of the posterior cusps aligned to
      the condylar path so that it also contributes to posterior disclusion. Posterior
      disclusion is crucial in controlling harmful lateral forces. The molars must
      disclude slightly more than the deviation in the condylar path to avoid occlusal
      interferences.

PMID- 1800724
TI  - A comparison of the abrasiveness of six ceramic surfaces and gold.
AB  - A type III gold alloy and six different ceramic surfaces were secured in an
      abrasion machine opposing extracted teeth to determine their relative
      abrasiveness and resistance to wear. The rankings of restorative materials from
      least abrasive to most abrasive were: gold alloy, polished; cast ceramic,
      polished; porcelain, polished; cast ceramic, polished and shaded; porcelain,
      polished and glazed; cast ceramic, cerammed skin shaded; and cast ceramic,
      cerammed skin unshaded. The ranking of materials from most wear-resistant to
      least wear-resistant was: gold alloy, cast ceramic cerammed, cast ceramic
      cerammed and shaded, porcelain polished, porcelain glazed, cast ceramic polished
      and shaded, and cast ceramic polished.

PMID- 1800725
TI  - The effect of methyl methacrylate reinforcement with silane-treated and untreated
      glass fibers.
AB  - Previous research has shown that methyl methacrylates can be reinforced with
      various types of fibers and fillers. Glass-fiber reinforcement has been somewhat
      successful; however, surface treatment techniques are difficult to perform in the
      dental office. This study suggests that glass fibers can be pretreated with a
      silane coupling agent to obtain a chemical bond between the fibers and the
      acrylic resin. Transverse strength of one methyl methacrylate was tested after it
      was filled with either untreated or silane-treated glass fibers. Samples with
      untreated fibers tested weaker than samples without fibers. Samples with silane
      treated fibers tested stronger, but the differences in strength were not
      statistically significant. The variances among samples with treated fibers were
      high. The procedures described in this study show promise of potentially
      practical techniques for strengthening provisional fixed partial dentures.

PMID- 1800726
TI  - Shear bond strengths of resin luting cements to laboratory-made composite resin
      veneers.
AB  - Retention problems have been reported with the clinical use of indirect
      microfilled resin veneers. This study used 24-hour shear tests to assess the bond
      strengths of such a resin veneer compared with other veneer types. The effect of
      different resin luting cements and resin veneer surface treatments were analyzed
      to elucidate factors by which retention could be increased. The six resin luting
      systems investigated showed a range of bond values. Debonding occurred primarily
      at the veneer/cement interface. G-Cera material produced the weakest bonds to
      Isosit-N resin. Surface treatment of Isosit-N veneers resulted in bond strength
      changes. Sandblasting reduced the force required for bond failure; Special Bond
      resin increased it slightly. Improving retention of prefabricated resin veneers
      proved difficult. Etched hybrid resin veneers delivered higher bond strengths
      than micro-filled resin veneers but not significantly. Etched porcelain veneers,
      however, provided consistently the strongest bond strengths with cohesive, as
      opposed to adhesive, bond failure.

PMID- 1800727
TI  - Mechanical properties of three composite resins for the inlay/onlay technique.
AB  - The present study measured the diametral compressive strength, flexural strength,
      and modulus of elasticity of composite resins used in inlay/onlay systems. The
      effect of additional curing also was determined. SR-Isosit material had the
      highest diametral compressive strength, and SR-Isosit-Dentin material had the
      lowest flexural strength. The SR-Isosit composite resins had lowest elastic
      modulus and Estilux posterior C VS resin the highest. A negative correlation was
      found between diametral compressive strength and elastic modulus of the
      materials. It was concluded that the additional curing of Brilliant resin did not
      result in improved mechanical properties. For Estilux resin, additional curing
      increased flexural strength and modulus of elasticity.

PMID- 1800728
TI  - Resistance to torsional forces of various post and core designs.
AB  - This in vitro study investigated the resistance of various post and core designs
      to torsional forces. Cast gold, parallel-sided, serrated post and cores were
      cemented in extracted teeth. The test groups were made up of the following
      designs: controls without an antirotational feature, keyway form, coronal flare
      form, auxiliary pin form, a cervical collar form, and included a tapered post
      group. The specimens were mounted on an Instron Universal testing machine and a
      torsional force was applied to the core using a lever arm until failure. All the
      antirotational features tested elevated resistance to torque. Failure occurred
      through fracture of the tooth, the cement, or an optional auxiliary pin. The
      cervical collar was the most favorable design, embracing resistance and reducing
      tooth fractures.

PMID- 1800729
TI  - Fracture durability of restored functional cusps on maxillary nonvital premolar
      teeth.
AB  - Palatal cusps of nonvital maxillary premolar teeth were restored with a coronal
      radicular restoration of posterior composite resin (Occlusin), amalgam (Tytin),
      or cermet (Chelon-Silver). Mean fracture strength values were: 370 lb for intact
      premolar teeth, 266 lb for amalgam, 215 lb for posterior composite resin, and 132
      lb for cermet. From this in vitro study it can be suggested that for selected
      endodontically treated maxillary premolar teeth, the dentist can use acid-etch
      retained posterior composite resin or pin-retained high copper amalgam material
      for a definitive coronal-radicular restoration. The use of cermet for this
      purpose is contraindicated.

PMID- 1800730
TI  - A longitudinal clinical study of bonded fixed partial dentures: the first 5
      years.
AB  - Etched-metal, composite resin-bonded, fixed partial dentures, as described in the
      early 1980s, gained an immediate application and popularity in restorative
      dentistry. This initial report presents the results of the first 5 years of a 10
      year longitudinal study of these restorations. A total of 71 fixed partial
      dentures, ranging in use from 13 to 65 months, that were placed at the University
      of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry using consistent design
      parameters and restorative techniques have been analyzed. The results of this
      initial report indicate: (1) bonded fixed partial dentures are technique
      sensitive; (2) optimal success requires meticulous attention to procedural
      detail; (3) anterior bonded fixed partial dentures do not appear to need routine
      180-degree-plus circumferential retainer preparation for predictable success; (4)
      posterior bonded fixed partial dentures appear to require 180-degree-plus
      circumferential preparation for predictable success; (5) for single-tooth
      posterior replacements or single-to-double tooth anterior replacements, bonded
      fixed partial dentures are a viable alternative to conventional fixed partial
      dentures when intact abutments exist; and (6) most failures occurred within the
      first year.

PMID- 1800732
TI  - A reevaluation of the axis-orbital plane and the use of orbitale in a facebow
      transfer record.
AB  - A fundamental assumption in prosthetic dentistry is that the axis-orbital plane
      usually will be parallel to the reference horizontal. Most articulator systems
      have incorporated this concept into their designs and use orbitale as the
      anterior reference point for transferring the vertical position of the maxillae
      to the articulator. The position of the maxillary cast is expected to be in the
      same vertical position as the maxillae with the subject's head oriented in the
      esthetic reference position. However, the use of orbitale in conjunction with an
      articulator whose design assumption places the axis and orbital indicator
      parallel to the horizontal reference will result in a substantial mounting error.
      This article examines the cause and correction of the mounting error that results
      from the use of orbitale as the anterior reference point of a facebow transfer
      record made to an axis-orbital designed articulator.

PMID- 1800731
TI  - Stereophotogrammetric analysis of abutment tooth movement in distal-extension
      removable partial dentures with intracoronal attachments and clasps.
AB  - This study applied the three-dimensional measurement technique of
      stereophotogrammetry to measure abutment tooth movement under occlusal loading as
      a function of intracoronal attachment and clasp design. Six distal-extension
      removable partial denture designs were studied: (1) RPI-mesial occlusal rest,
      proximal plate, buccal I-bar; (2) cast circumferential clasp; (3) P.D. locking
      semiprecision attachment; (4) Thompson dowel nonlocking semiprecision attachment;
      (5) McCollum precision attachment; and (6) Stern G/L precision attachment. The
      movement in microns was determined by computer analysis. The Thompson dowel
      semiprecision attachment generated the most abutment movement in a gingival
      direction. The clasp-retained designs generally had less total movement than the
      attachment designs. Clasps and attachments for the abutment teeth adjacent to the
      distal-extension bases generally moved more than the abutment teeth.

PMID- 1800733
TI  - Denture adhesives--pH and buffering capacity.
AB  - Aqueous solutions of some denture adhesives will produce a pH below the critical
      pH of hydroxyapatite. This article measured the pH of selected denture adhesives.
      The pH and buffering capacity were established for 10 readily available denture
      adhesives. The pH was determined from samples in dilutions of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30,
      and 1:40 denture adhesive to deionized water. A glass pH electrode coupled to a
      pH meter was used for pH determination. Six of the 10 denture adhesives tested
      had pH values below the critical pH of hydroxyapatite. This pH was maintained for
      the 2-hour duration of the testing. Prolonged contact of denture adhesive and
      tooth substances may dissolve hydroxyapatite crystals. Samples of denture
      adhesives to determine buffering capacity were prepared in a ratio of 1:20 by
      weight of denture adhesive to deionized water. Another series of samples was
      prepared in a ratio of 1:20 by weight of adhesive to freshly cannulated
      submandibular saliva. The pH was determined at the 24-hour time interval. Samples
      were then titrated with 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of
      phenolphthalein. The same denture adhesives demonstrated low pH values at the 2
      hour and 24-hour time intervals. These samples tended to be well buffered. It is
      recommended that denture adhesives with low pH values not be used in an
      environment with natural teeth or remnants of natural teeth.

PMID- 1800734
TI  - Management of oral mucositis during local radiation and systemic chemotherapy: a
      study of 98 patients.
AB  - Oral mucositis is among the complications of head and neck irradiation and
      systemic chemotherapy. To determine whether or not mucositis could be prevented
      or reduced in intensity by using Kamillosan Liquidum as an oral rinse, 98
      patients were placed on study protocols. Twenty patients who were treated with
      radiation therapy and 46 patients who received systemic chemotherapy participated
      in prophylactic oral care with Kamillosan oral rinse. Thirty-two patients were
      treated therapeutically after mucositis had developed. Sixteen patients receiving
      chemotherapy were treated therapeutically and prophylactically with Kamillosan
      oral rinse during repeated cycles of chemotherapy. Only one of the 20 patients
      who had had radiation therapy developed grade 3 mucositis in the final week of
      treatment. Thirty-six of the 46 patients undergoing chemotherapy did not develop
      clinically noticeable mucositis. It appears that resolution of mucositis is
      accelerated by Kamillosan rinse. Prophylactic oral care appeared to modify the
      oral environment favorably and maintain tissue integrity.

PMID- 1800736
TI  - Production of accurately fitting full-arch implant frameworks: Part I--Clinical
      procedures.
AB  - The production of a full-arch metal casting that seats passively on multiple
      implant fixtures is technically a considerable undertaking. Despite the most
      meticulous attention to detail, this procedure may be impossible to obtain every
      time with the resources presently available. This article describes possible
      errors and makes recommendations as to how the clinical steps can, through
      careful clinical procedures, be controlled. The question of whether to cast in
      one piece or in multiple sections that are soldered is discussed.

PMID- 1800735
TI  - The use of visible light-cured resin system in maxillofacial prosthetics and
      neuro-orthopedic surgery.
AB  - The use of visible light-cured (VLC) resin was evaluated in contrast to more
      traditional chemical-cured resins for reconstruction of the spine in experimental
      rats. Such procedures are used to reconstruct vertebra in humans following
      corpectomy for neoplastic destruction of the spine. Numerous disadvantages exist
      in the use of chemical-cured resins, including excessive heat generated during
      the polymerization, cytotoxic effects of the nonpolymerized monomers on adjacent
      tissues, increased risk of infection due to impaired immunity, and distortion
      problems with the polymers. A new visible light-cured resin, Triad, was tested
      for use in maxillofacial prosthetics and for vertebral body replacement in neuro
      orthopedic surgery. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of the VLC resin
      system as a bone implant material. The results of this study have shown the VLC
      resins underwent polymerization without substantial exothermic reaction and the
      biologic testing indicated that they are nontoxic and biocompatible. Some of the
      advantages noticed by using VLC resin are accuracy of fit and ease of fabrication
      and manipulation.

PMID- 1800737
TI  - Predictive value: a model for dentists to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic
      tests for temporomandibular disorders as applied to a TMJ scale.
AB  - The predictive value model for assessing the accuracy of diagnostic test results
      in the individual patient with a temporomandibular disorder is described. The use
      of predictive values to help the clinician ascertain the degree of confidence to
      be placed in diagnostic test results is illustrated. The predictive value model
      is used to study the accuracy of the TMJ Scale as a diagnostic tool. For all base
      rates between 0% and 100%, the predictive values of the TMJ Scale result in a
      gain in accuracy in confirming or excluding a diagnosis of a temporomandibular
      disorder. The TMJ Scale provides the dentist with improved accuracy of diagnostic
      decisions regarding the presence of temporomandibular disorders throughout the
      entire range of base rates found in clinical practice. Application of the
      predictive value model helps the dentist avoid serious diagnostic errors that
      could place both the patient and dentist at unnecessary risk.

PMID- 1800738
TI  - Denture stomatitis and ABO blood types.
AB  - To determine the interrelation between ABO blood types of denture wearers,
      denture plaque accumulation, and denture stomatitis, 442 denture wearers were
      studied using a simplified culture method, which is convenient to use in the
      dental office. The degree of plaque accumulation and the occurrence of denture
      stomatitis varied depending on the blood type of the patients. Especially in
      blood group O compared with other types, both denture plaque accumulation and
      denture stomatitis were found to be higher or more severe. These results suggest
      that the ABO blood group is one of the etiologic factors of denture stomatitis
      and that denture wearers of blood group O are more susceptible to denture
      stomatitis.

PMID- 1800739
TI  - The effect of laser irradiation on oral tissues.
AB  - Lasers have been proposed for numerous dental applications. Research on laser
      irradiation of enamel has demonstrated structural changes that resulted in a
      decrease in acid dissolution of the enamel. Dentin irradiation produced changes
      in surface morphology that improved bonding of restorative resins. This article
      reviews the studies of the effects of laser irradiation on oral tissues.

PMID- 1800740
TI  - X-linked (recessive) hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta: a prosthodontic,
      genetic, and histopathologic report.
AB  - A 16-year-old white girl requested esthetic restorations for her teeth. She was a
      manifesting heterozygote for the X-linked recessive form of amelogenesis
      imperfecta with hypomaturation defect. Lyonization theory states that in the
      somatic cells of female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly
      inactivated early in development. Therefore, females who are heterozygous for a
      given X-linked gene will be mosaic with varying proportions of cells in which
      only one of a particular pair of alleles is active. This mosaicism produced by
      lyonization ensures considerable phenotypic variability in the clinical
      expression of X-linked disorders. Histologic examination of the patient's
      extracted third molars demonstrated the expected lyonization effect. The patient
      received six porcelain laminate veneered crowns to restore her maxillary incisor
      and canine teeth. This article represents the first reported use of such
      restorations to alleviate the cosmetic and functional handicaps that accompany
      this genetic disease.

PMID- 1800741
TI  - Dimensional accuracy of denture resin cured by microwave energy.
AB  - Microwave processing has several time-saving advantages over conventional
      processing of denture base resins. Little is known about the adaptation of bases
      processed by microwave radiation to the cast and the mouth. Comparisons were made
      in five regions of the palate and ridge. The microwave-processed denture bases
      had equal or better dimensional accuracy than conventionally processed bases.

PMID- 1800743
TI  - Making a tongue protector.

PMID- 1800742
TI  - An impression technique for osseointegrated implants.

PMID- 1800744
TI  - Surveyor attachment for milling guiding planes.

PMID- 1800745
TI  - Developments in transcutaneous blood gas monitoring: a review.
AB  - Transcutaneous measurements of oxygen (tcPO2) and carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) are
      useful in the intensive care unit because they provide continuous and non
      invasive estimation of arterial blood gases. In patients with compromised
      peripheral blood flow the cutaneous values will reflect the haemodynamic changes
      as blood is shunted away. They have been increasingly used in a variety of
      clinical situations, such as assessment of skin flap viability, drug evaluation,
      prediction of wound healing and selection of amputation level in peripheral
      vascular disease. From a review of available literature it appears that
      transcutaneous monitors have found another application as indicator of local
      tissue perfusion.

PMID- 1800746
TI  - Technical and clinical aspects of capnography in neonates.
AB  - This article reviews the current literature on the uses of capnometry and
      capnography as applied to neonates. The first part addresses the technical
      aspects and principles of the measurements, including definitions. The features
      of available carbon dioxide analysers are discussed and factors known to
      influence their accuracy are highlighted. In the second part of this paper, in
      vivo studies in neonates are reviewed, with particular emphasis on understanding
      why the accuracy of end-tidal CO2 measurements differs among studies. This is
      attributable to various factors: aspiration flow rate, the sampling site (whether
      distal or proximal) and the type of capnometer. The critical limitation of their
      overall accuracy in the presence of lung disease is discussed. Potential
      applications are considered, as are the current limitations of transcutaneous
      monitoring. We conclude that capnometry with capnography is a potentially useful
      tool to arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) monitor infants with normal lungs.

PMID- 1800747
TI  - A general software package for the handling of medical images.
AB  - PICS (portable imaging computer software), is a software system designed for
      handling and processing a variety of types of medical image. It has been designed
      to satisfy the following criteria: (a) the software should be portable between
      different items of hardware with minimal alteration; (b) there should be a simple
      operator interface to enable use by inexperienced users, while avoiding the need
      for experienced users to be directed through tedious menu trees; (c) the
      programming environment should enable simple integration of new data handling
      protocols. To meet these requirements the software was written in FORTRAN using
      structured subroutine organization. The software has basic image handling and
      processing facilities and contains a comprehensive set of nuclear medicine
      clinical protocols. Other facilities include alignment of images from different
      modalities with display of superimposed images and ability to handle, analyse and
      display three-dimensional data sets. Data transfer programs have been written to
      capture data from gamma camera, CT, MRI, ultrasound and radiographs by converting
      the images to a common data format. The system provides a hospital with a central
      digital image handling resource, enabling investigation of the value of digital
      image processing in potential clinical applications.

PMID- 1800748
TI  - An evaluation of the accuracy of flow measurements using magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI).
AB  - A study was undertaken to examine the accuracy and precision of the measurement
      of flow by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with consideration to the equipment
      and patient related parameters that might be encountered in vivo. For this
      purpose, test objects were devised consisting of PVC tubing, in which the
      internal diameter simulated the size of the arteries in the body. The design of
      the test objects ensured that steady laminar flow was obtained in the sections
      being imaged. The calibration study suggests that, using MRI, flow can be
      measured in vitro with systematic error of better than 7.0 +/- 5.0% and random
      error of better than 7.5%. In general, flow measurements obtained from MRI were
      found to correlate well with the known flows. However, the results indicated that
      there are prerequisite conditions for the validity of the measurements, such as
      the selection of appropriate flow pulse sequences and velocity limits.
      Measurements taken at vertically 40 mm away from the isocentre of the magnetic
      field were significantly different (p less than 0.01) from that at the isocentre.

PMID- 1800749
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the Philips 5306B electronic blood pressure monitor.
AB  - A patient-recorded home blood pressure series using an electronic manometer is
      used increasingly to provide a representative sample of blood pressure (BP) and
      to avoid frequent office visits and office rises in BP. Few of the many available
      electronic manometers have undergone rigorous testing and validation against a
      standard mercury manometer. We have evaluated fully the commonly used Philips
      5306B electronic manometer against a Hawksley random zero mercury manometer
      employing a randomized, single-blind, crossover design and statistical analyses
      that have been validated previously. Although correlation coefficients greater
      than 0.9 were achieved for both systolic and diastolic pressure, the electronic
      manometer gave systolic and diastolic readings that differed from the mercury
      manometer by greater than or equal to +/- 5 mmHg in some 33% of patients and by
      greater than or equal to +/- 1- mmHg in some 18% of patients. Thus, in common
      with most electronic manometers, the Philips 5306B needs to be improved to
      correlate more closely with the standard mercury manometer to enhance its
      clinical usefulness.

PMID- 1800751
TI  - Moderate and mild mental retardation in the Martin-Bell syndrome.
AB  - A survey of children attending schools for the moderately or the mildly mentally
      handicapped has shown that two out of 25 boys and two out of 22 girls with
      idiopathic moderate mental retardation had the Martin-Bell syndrome, while none
      of 75 boys and one out of 51 girls with mild mental retardation were FRAXA
      positive. Consideration of these figures along with published studies suggests
      that 7% of moderate and 3.8% of mild idiopathic mental retardation in boys, and
      2.5% of moderate and 3.3% of mild idiopathic mental retardation in girls may be
      due to the Martin-Bell syndrome.

PMID- 1800750
TI  - Compliance with standards versus safety.

PMID- 1800752
TI  - The psychometric properties of the Behaviour Assessment Record (the BAR
      schedule).
AB  - Two hundred and forty-seven completed Behaviour Assessment Records (BAR) for
      people with learning difficulties living in hospital, community residential
      facilities or the family home were subjected to item analysis and factor
      analysis. The instrument as a whole proved to be highly internally consistent,
      although the corrected item-total correlation coefficients suggest the redundancy
      of some items on individual sub-scales. Factor analysis produced a two-factor
      solution accounting for 32.9 and 10.8% of the variance. These factors were named
      Personal self-care and Use of public amenities. Summative scales based upon these
      factors were highly internally consistent. Comparisons are made between the
      internal consistency and factor structure of the BAR and those of similar
      measures of adaptive behaviour, such as the Social Training Achievement Record
      (Sturmey et al., 1988), the Pathways to Independence Checklist (Walsh & McConkey,
      1989), and the Adaptive Behavior Scale (Nihira, 1969a, b, 1976).

PMID- 1800753
TI  - Mental retardation and WAIS-R difference scores.
AB  - This article explores the psychometric properties (reliabilities, standard
      deviations and measurement errors) of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised
      (Wechsler, 1981) subtest difference scores. The sample consisted of 290 subjects
      with IQ less than 80. Results demonstrated less than satisfactory difference
      score reliability and disproportionate measurement error. Nevertheless, neither
      property was so inadequate as to render cautious profile interpretation
      impossible. The tabled values can help clinicians working with developmentally
      delayed clients interpret differences between subtest scores based on
      statistically reliable discrepancies.

PMID- 1800754
TI  - Balanced chromosomal translocations and mental illness.

PMID- 1800755
TI  - Threat to autologous blood donors.

PMID- 1800756
TI  - Etiology of cancer.

PMID- 1800757
TI  - Asthma in the 1990s.

PMID- 1800758
TI  - Physician certification.

PMID- 1800759
TI  - Missed case of congenital syphilis.

PMID- 1800761
TI  - The uninsured and patient dumping: recent policy responses in indigent care.
AB  - This article discusses the uninsured population and the phenomenon known as
      "patient dumping"--the transfer of a patient from one hospital (typically a
      private hospital) to a public hospital because of the patient's lack of insurance
      or inability to pay. The uninsured are the most vulnerable to patient dumping.
      The growth of patient dumping, a profile of the uninsured who are most likely to
      be a minority, and an analysis of federal and state policy responses to patient
      dumping are all discussed. The need for reform of the American health care system
      is highlighted and the Canadian health system is suggested as an alternative
      model.

PMID- 1800760
TI  - The effectiveness of labetalol compared to hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive
      black patients.
AB  - Labetalol and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were compared for their efficacy in
      controlling hypertension of blacks in a prospective, double-blind study. Sixty
      one adult patients with mild to moderate hypertension (standing diastolic blood
      pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and less than or equal to 114 mm Hg)
      were randomly selected to receive either labetalol 100 mg twice daily (n = 30) or
      HCTZ 25 mg twice daily (n = 31). The study was divided into two phases: a 4-week
      placebo run-in phase, during which all previous antihypertensive medication was
      discontinued, and a 12-week drug treatment phase. Labetalol and HCTZ doses were
      titrated to 400 mg twice and 50 mg twice daily, respectively, during the first 6
      weeks of the drug treatment phase for those patients not achieving blood pressure
      control (standing diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg and a decrease of
      10 mm Hg from baseline) on initial dosages. By the end of the 12 weeks of drug
      administration, patients on labetalol experienced a mean decrease of 10 mm Hg in
      standing diastolic blood pressure compared to a mean decrease of 10.1 mm Hg in
      patients on HCTZ. No differences were observed between the two treatment groups
      in reductions of either standing blood pressure or heart rate. While 19 of 30
      patients on labetalol (63%) achieved blood pressure control at some point during
      the study with a mean daily dose of 568 mg, 18 of 31 (58%) HCTZ-treated patients
      achieved control with a mean daily dose of 72 mg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1800762
TI  - Abdominal trauma revisited.
AB  - This article retrospectively reviews 258 consecutive abdominal trauma admissions
      who required laparotomy from July 1985 to June 1989 at a level one urban trauma
      center to define the population at risk, the patterns of injury, and the
      resulting morbidity and mortality. The findings were compared with a series of
      252 abdominal trauma patients reported in 1974 by one of the authors. The
      majority of injuries in this series were gunshot wounds (GSWs) (47%), followed by
      stab wounds (SWs) (43%) and blunt abdominal trauma (10%). Males predominated, and
      96% of patients were black. Major vascular system injury was the primary cause of
      death. Prompt evaluation, resuscitation, and operative intervention are mandatory
      in all abdominal GSW patients. More than half of those patients with major
      vascular system injury did not present in shock but had a high associated
      mortality.

PMID- 1800763
TI  - Electrolyte disorders and renal dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      patients.
AB  - A total of 81 Latino and African American patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) in an innercity hospital were studied retrospectively to
      determine the frequency of electrolyte disorders and renal dysfunction in this
      syndrome. Of these 81 patients, 28.4% had hyponatremia, 17.3% had hypokalemia,
      and 4.9% had hyperkalemia without renal failure. Five (6.2%) patients had renal
      failure; four of these were Latino. The results confirm that electrolyte
      abnormalities are a common feature of AIDS and that Latino patients are also
      susceptible to AIDS-associated nephropathy.

PMID- 1800764
TI  - The accuracy of confrontation visual field test in comparison with automated
      perimetry.
AB  - The accuracy of confrontation visual field testing was determined for 512 visual
      fields using automated static perimetry as the reference standard. The
      sensitivity of confrontation testing excluding patchy defects was 40% for
      detecting anterior visual field defects, 68.3% for posterior defects, and 50% for
      both anterior and posterior visual field defects combined. The sensitivity within
      each group varied depending on the type of visual field defect encountered.
      Confrontation testing had a high sensitivity (75% to 100%) for detecting
      altitudinal visual loss, central/centrocecal scotoma, and homonymous hemianopsia.
      Confrontation testing was fairly insensitive (20% to 50% sensitivity) for
      detecting arcuate scotoma and bitemporal hemianopsia. The specificity of
      confrontation testing was high at 93.4%. The high positive predictive value
      (72.6%) and negative predictive value (75.7%) would indicate that visual field
      defects identified during confrontation testing are often true visual field
      defects. However, the many limitations of confrontation testing should be
      remembered, particularly its low sensitivity for detecting visual field loss
      associated with parasellar tumors, glaucoma, and compressive optic neuropathies.

PMID- 1800765
TI  - The production of a bispecific anti-CEA, anti-hapten (4-amino-phthalate) hybrid
      hybridoma.
AB  - A standard hybridoma fusion technique was used to produce a monoclonal antibody
      capable of binding both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the hapten 4-amino
      phthalate. A hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) sensitive anti-CEA
      hybridoma and KLH-phthalate immunized spleen cells were hybridized to yield
      clones producing bispecific monoclonal antibodies. The desired bispecific
      antibody was identified using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
      radio-immunoassay. The resultant hybrid-hybridoma or "tridoma" was subcloned and
      expanded to yield a stable population. Bifunctional antibody was then isolated
      from the various possible recombinants by ion exchange chromatography. This
      general method may be used to produce bispecific monoclonals against a wide
      variety of tumor associative antigens and reagents for immunodetection or
      treatment.

PMID- 1800766
TI  - Nutritional status and umbilical hernia in Nigerian school children of different
      ethnic groups.
AB  - The relationship between nutritional status and umbilical hernia was assessed
      among Hausa and Yoruba school children in rural areas of Kwara State, Nigeria.
      The prevalence of umbilical hernia in the rural school pupils was 19.4%. The
      Yoruba school children had a higher prevalence rate of 22.0%, while the
      prevalence rate for Hausa pupils was 16.9%. The association between umbilical
      hernia and primary school class was statistically significant. More school
      children suffering from protein energy malnutrition presented with umbilical
      hernia. The association between umbilical hernia and nutritional status was weak.
      The school health component of the national primary health program should be
      intensified to screen school children regularly for umbilical hernia. The school
      health environment of rural Nigerian schools should be improved through
      government efforts.

PMID- 1800767
TI  - Successful introduction of an intravenous line insertion team at a municipal
      hospital.
AB  - An intravenous line insertion and blood drawing team was introduced as a pilot
      project in a large municipal hospital in the New York City. The program
      successfully accomplished the goals of reducing house staff workload, improving
      house staff morale and patient care, and increasing available time for house
      staff education.

PMID- 1800768
TI  - Diagnosis and management of pseudotumor cerebri.
AB  - This article reviews the diagnosis and management of pseudotumor cerebri. Signs
      and symptoms of the syndrome are reviewed along with current recommended
      treatment. If the diagnosis is made early in the clinical course of patients with
      the disorder, minimal morbidity is incurred.

PMID- 1800769
TI  - Host response during successful engraftment of fetal xenogenic astrocytes:
      predominance of microglia and macrophages.
AB  - Grafting of fetal rabbit brain fragments into the brains of newborn mice results
      in the successful establishment and migration of xenogenic astrocytes in the
      majority of recipients. This can be demonstrated by the use of Tp-GFAP1
      monoclonal antibody which binds with rabbit, but not with murine glial fibrillary
      acidic protein. In the first phase, donor astrocytes are found in more than 80%
      of recipients 3 and 4 weeks after grafting. In the second phase, there is a
      decline and disappearance of donor astrocytes by the tenth week. We have recently
      demonstrated that the decline and disappearance of donor astrocytes was co
      incident with infiltration of T cells into the brain, compatible with T-cell
      mediated graft rejection. In the present studies, we wished to characterize the
      types of host cells responding during the period of graft success, in the first 4
      weeks after transplantation. It was found that responses by microglia,
      macrophages, and astrocytes occurred promptly and were sustained throughout this
      period. Host responses occurred at the graft site and at sites of migration.
      Examination of sham transplanted control mice revealed responses by the same
      types of cells. No expression of donor Ia antigen was observed, and the
      expression of Ia antigen by the host was variable and of low magnitude. T cells
      were rarely present in transplanted brains during this period. Taken together
      with previous findings, the present studies demonstrate a clear difference in the
      host response in the brain at the time when xenogenic astrocytes migrate and
      survive compared to the period when they disappear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1800770
TI  - Correlation between morphological and biochemical effects of ethanol on
      neuroblast-enriched cultures derived from three-day-old chick embryos.
AB  - We have shown that ethanol exposure during embryogenesis affects a variety of
      parameters of neuronal growth. In this study we examined the direct effects of
      ethanol exposure on developing neuroblasts in culture. Neuroblast-enriched
      cultures derived from 3-day-old whole chick embryos were grown in the presence of
      ethanol at doses ranging from 12.5 to 50 mM from culture day 3-14. Cholinergic
      and GABAergic phenotypic expression were both significantly reduced following
      ethanol exposure as assessed by the activities of choline acetyltransferase and
      glutamate decarboxylase, respectively. Morphometric analysis of the growth
      patterns showed significant differences between control and ethanol-treated
      cultures. Control cultures exhibited the characteristic pattern of growth
      consisting of neuronal aggregation with neuritic arborization, i.e., neuritic
      bundles and fasciculation. Cultures grown in ethanol from culture day 3 consisted
      of aggregates that measured significantly greater in size than those observed in
      control cultures. In addition, in ethanol-treated cultures, the primary pattern
      of neuritic bundles was replaced by a complex network of individual neurites
      radiating from the central aggregate, forming a defined "neuritic field."
      Morphometric analysis revealed that both neurite number and neurite length were
      significantly reduced in ethanol-treated cultures. The biochemical data confirm
      earlier reports from this laboratory suggesting that ethanol exposure during
      early embryogenesis alters the normal neuronal pattern of phenotypic expression.
      In addition, we have presented evidence in this study that ethanol alters the
      morphological growth patterns of developing neurons. Although ethanol does not
      alter the ability of these cells to aggregate, there is a significant alteration
      in neuritic outgrowth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800771
TI  - Epidermal growth factor exerts neuronotrophic effects on dopaminergic and
      GABAergic CNS neurons: comparison with basic fibroblast growth factor.
AB  - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been
      described to exert neuronotrophic effects on central nervous system neurons in
      culture. To study the selectivity of trophic actions of these growth factors,
      neurotransmitter-identified populations of embryonic rat mesencephalon were used.
      At 20 days in vitro, EGF (3 ng/ml) promoted survival and neurite outgrowth from
      these neurons. The neuritogenic effect of bFGF (3 ng/ml) was, however, more
      robust. Quantitative analysis with the neurofilament monoclonal antibody RR97 and
      ELISA confirmed the differential response, bFGF being 2-2.5 times more effective
      at all concentrations tested (ED100: 3-10 ng/ml for both EGF and bFGF). At 10
      days in vitro, EGF displayed no trophic activity--even at 30 ng/ml. Treatment of
      mesencephalic cultures with EGF (3 ng/ml) for 20 days stimulated [3H]dopamine and
      [14C]GABA uptakes about 4-fold. While bFGF (3 ng/ml) also stimulated GABA uptake
      some 4-fold, dopamine uptake was increased almost 20-fold. Thus, EGF is also
      capable of enhancing the transmitter traits of selected central neuronal
      populations; however, the actions of bFGF appear to preferentially address
      dopaminergic cells.

PMID- 1800772
TI  - Temporal changes in edema, Na+, K+, and Ca++ in focal cortical stroke: GM1
      ganglioside reduces ischemic injury.
AB  - Cortical focal ischemia in the rat was induced by middle cerebral artery
      occlusion (MCAo) together with permanent occlusion of the ipsilateral common
      carotid artery (CCAo) and a temporary (1 hr) occlusion of the contralateral CCA.
      By using a defined cortical tissue sampling procedure at 3, 6, 24, 72, 96, and
      120 hr after the MCAo + CCAo, patterns of edema and ion (Na+, K+, and Ca++)
      changes in a primary and three peri-ischemic cortical areas are described. Ionic
      imbalances and edema formation have distinct patterns, are time dependent, and
      are different when comparing primary and peri-ischemic areas. Calcium increases
      to "neurotoxic" levels appear temporally independent of edema formation, reaching
      magnitudes 20 times greater than basal levels in the primary infarct area. Na+
      increases correlate with increases in water, while K+ losses do not appear to be
      directly related to edema formation of Na+ and Ca++ increases. K+ losses are only
      significant in the primary infarct area. Rats treated with GM1 ganglioside (10
      mg/kg, i.m.) daily showed significant reductions in edema, Na+ and Ca++
      increases. These ganglioside effects were evident as early as 24 hr after the
      ischemic injury. Ca++ increases, which was maximal at 72 hr after the ischemic
      injury, was reduced by greater than 50% in GM1-treated animals. The mechanism by
      which GM1 is an effective neuroprotective agent may be evidenced by its effects
      on Ca++ influx/efflux processes in injury.

PMID- 1800773
TI  - Molecular cloning of NILE glycoprotein and evidence for its continued expression
      in mature rat CNS.
AB  - The NILE glycoprotein is a rat neuronal cell adhesion molecule which has been
      reported to be very similar in structure, function, and distribution to the mouse
      L1 glycoprotein. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the NILE
      message (5,208 nucleotides) and the deduced amino acid sequence of the NILE
      polypeptide (1,257 amino acids). The predicted NILE protein is 96% identical to
      L1 at the amino acid level, confirming that the two molecules are homologues. The
      sequence information shows that NILE is a transmembrane molecule with an
      extensive ectodomain and a much smaller cytoplasmic domain. The extracellular
      portion of the molecule contains six immunoglobulin C-2 type domains followed by
      five fibronectin type III repeats. These two structural motifs are characteristic
      of several other cell adhesion molecules. The cytoplasmic tails of NILE and L1
      are identical to each other and distinct from the cytoplasmic regions of all
      other cell adhesion molecules except Ng-CAM and neuroglian. Several possible
      sites for phosphorylation are present in the cytoplasmic tail of NILE. Antisera
      were produced against two NILE-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins containing
      distinct segments of the NILE polypeptide: the cytoplasmic domain and the segment
      containing fibronectin type III repeats. Immunoblots with these antisera and
      Northern blots with a NILE cDNA probe indicate that NILE continues to be
      expressed in most areas of the mature rat brain. This contradicts previous
      immunofluorescence data, which suggested that NILE was substantially down
      regulated in maturing nerve fiber tracts. This raises the possibility that NILE
      could be masked in situ by interactions with other cell surface molecules.

PMID- 1800775
TI  - [The appearance of "lambda" and "panda" sign on Ga-67 scintigraphy in
      sarcoidosis].
AB  - The lesions of sarcoidosis generally show relatively high Ga-67 uptake and the
      usefulness of scintigraphy using this agent in the evaluation of lesion activity
      is well known. In this report, we assessed characteristic uptake of Ga-67 in
      intrathoracic lymphnodes, the shape of which resembled the Greek letter Lambda
      (Lambda sign) and a symmetrical accumulation in bilateral lacrimal and salivary
      glands which resembled a Panda face (Panda sign) in patients with sarcoidosis.
      Our review of Ga-67 scans obtained from 15 patients with sarcoidosis and 1,779
      patients with other disorders during the past 3 years revealed that the
      simultaneous presence of both Lambda and Panda signs was specific to patients
      with sarcoidosis and was not found in patients with various other disorders,
      although one of these signs might be observed in patients without sarcoidosis.
      When Lambda-like sign was observed, chest radiogram or CT was necessary for the
      differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Panda sign was observed frequently among
      patients who had previously received irradiation of the neck. Our results
      confirmed that sarcoidosis must be suspected when both Lambda and Panda signs
      were observed.

PMID- 1800774
TI  - [Clinical application of Tc-99m HMPAO labeled leukocyte imaging in inflammatory
      disease].
AB  - A radionuclide imaging with Tc-99m HMPAO labeled leukocyte was performed in order
      to determine its clinical usefulness in inflammatory disease. The mixed leukocyte
      isolated from 40 ml of whole blood containing 5 ml of acid citrate dextrose A and
      7 ml of 6% hydroxyethyl starch was incubated with 370 MBq (10 mCi) of Tc-99m
      HMPAO at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. Because the labeling efficiency of Tc-99m
      HMPAO labeled leukocyte was 60.2 +/- 6.3%, the procedure of washing Tc-99m,
      leukocyte with 5 ml of physiological saline was necessary before intravenous
      injection, in order to remove the unlabeled Tc-99m HMPAO. The recoveries of Tc
      99m leukocyte in the blood after intravenous injection were 41.1 +/- 6.7% at 5
      minutes, 33.4 +/- 2.1% at 30 minutes, and 27.2 +/- 3.4% at 2 hours after
      injection. Moreover, the labeled leukocyte was not stained with trypan blue.
      Therefore, the biological activity of the Tc-99m leukocyte was maintained as that
      of In-111 oxine labeled leukocyte. In the 39 patients with clinical suspicion of
      inflammatory disease including 15 patients with acute and chronic infectious
      disease where both Tc-99m leukocyte and Ga-67 citrate imagings were performed,
      the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for infectious disease were 47%, 100%
      and 79% with Tc-99m leukocyte, and 67%, 79% and 74% with Ga-67 citrate. These
      results suggest that Tc-99m HMPAO labeled leukocyte imaging is promising for
      evaluating inflammatory disease because of the much higher specificity, the ready
      availability of Tc-99m HMPAO, the good image quality, and the lower radiation
      dose to the patient.

PMID- 1800776
TI  - [A study on crosstalk correction in dual energy acquisition of 123I-MIBG and
      201TlCl in myocardial SPECT].
AB  - In the simultaneous dual energy acquisition, energy spectrums of two
      radionuclides crosstalk each other and this phenomenon is a cause of the poor
      quality of images. In order to obtain the image of high quality in dual energy
      acquisition of 123I-MIBG and 201TlCl, a crosstalk correction method was
      originated. The crosstalk from 201Tl to 123I window (R1) and the crosstalk from
      123I to 201Tl window (R2) were determined by the cardiac phantom studies. R1 and
      R2 showed almost constant value throughout the myocardial wall. The crosstalk
      correction was performed using R1 and R2. After the crosstalk correction, the
      defect region placed in the cardiac phantom was detected more clearly both in
      visual interpretation and in quantitative analysis. The crosstalk correction
      method with R1 and R2 was applied to some clinical cases. By the crosstalk
      correction, the quality of image was improved and a false defect caused by
      crosstalk disappeared in a clinical case. The crosstalk correction was considered
      to be useful for improving the quality of image on dual energy acquisition.

PMID- 1800777
TI  - [A case of idiopathic aseptic osteonecrosis of the patellae: repeat study of Tc
      99m HMDP bone scintigraphy in a reparative phase].
AB  - A 37-year-old woman entered our hospital because of bilateral knee pain. Tc-99m
      HMDP bone scintigram demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral patellae
      and cold lesion in the center and left lateral segments of the left patellae, so
      called doughnut pattern. Trephine biopsy was performed to prove bilateral
      idiopathic asepct osteonecrosis of the patellae. The knee pain subsided and a
      bone scan 5 months later demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral
      patellae more widely than initial scan. We report the usefulness of Tc-99m HMDP
      bone scintigraphy to observe a reparative phase of idiopathic asepct
      osteonecrosis of the patellae.

PMID- 1800778
TI  - [Effect of age on visualization of right atrium by thallium-201 myocardial
      scintigraphy].
AB  - With Thallium-201 (Tl) myocardial scintigraphy, right atrial (RA) myocardium has
      been visible in the disease involving the right side of the heart. We have found
      RA visualization in the elderly patients without the evidence of right heart
      disease. Therefore, we studied the relation of age to the RA visualization with
      Tl myocardial scintigraphy performed at rest. Planar images of 291 patients
      without valvular or congenital heart disease were read by two observers and
      classified into the three by the degree of RA visualization; RA 0 = not
      visualized, RA 1+ = moderately visualized, RA 2+ = intensely visualized. The
      results were as follows: 93.1% of under 50 y.o., 77.8% of fifties, 86.7% of
      sixties, 50.5% of seventies and 36.7% of over 80 y.o. showed RA 0. 6.9% of under
      50 y.o., 22.2% of fifties, 8.3% of sixties, 46.5% of seventies and 36.7% of over
      80 y.o. showed RA 1+. None of under 60 y.o., 5.0% of sixties, 3.0% of seventies,
      and 26.6% of over 80 y.o. showed RA 2+. In conclusion, RA visualization in Tl
      myocardial scintigraphy, suggesting right heart overload, may increase with
      aging.

PMID- 1800779
TI  - [Bone metastases in breast cancer and its risk factor--follow up study by bone
      scintigraphy].
AB  - Breast cancer is considered to often involve bone metastasis. Early detection and
      treatment of bone metastasis are essential in improving the prognosis of this
      disease. In 47 patients with bone metastasis confirmed with bone scintigraphy, we
      examined the appearance time of bone metastasis; bone metastasis was frequently
      observed with the progress of stage, but no association with the appearance time
      was found. Age was not associated with the incidence of bone metastasis but was
      found to be closely related to its appearance time. That is to say, patients with
      breast cancer below 40 years of age showed relatively early bone metastasis. Bone
      scintigraphy is required every 6 months at least for 3 years after the operation.
      In patients over 40 years of age, on the other hand, bone scintigraphy is
      required only once a year but has to be continued for 5 years or more, because
      they often show relatively late bone metastasis.

PMID- 1800780
TI  - [Non-invasive assessment of the left ventricular pressure to volume relationships
      during ejection period using a single cardiac probe system and tonometric
      measurement of radial arterial pressure].
AB  - The left ventricular (LV) pressure to volume relationships are very sensitive
      parameters for the evaluation of the LV function. For measurement of LV pressure
      in an entire cardiac cycle, an invasive method is always needed. However, on the
      assumption that the LV pressure is similar to that of aorta and radial artery
      during ejection period, we have developed a new system for simple and non
      invasive assessment of the LV pressure to volume relationships. The LV volume is
      estimated by ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography using a single cardiac probe
      system and the data were collected every 10 msec. The radial arterial pressure
      was measured simultaneously every 10 msec by a tonometry system. These data were
      transferred to the personal computer through RS-232c cable. Then the pressure to
      volume curves during ejection phase was generated automatically. Emax was
      calculated from these curves. Moreover, the new parameter called the ejection
      rate of change of power (ERCP) can be calculated. These parameters are very
      useful for the evaluation of the effect of the drugs on the LV performance.

PMID- 1800781
TI  - [Study of some parameters to calculate regional cerebral blood flow with
      microsphere model using N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine].

PMID- 1800782
TI  - [Radionuclide cardiac study by using newly developed multi-crystal gamma camera
      (SIM-400) and cardiac phantom].

PMID- 1800783
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy in ankylosing spondylitis].

PMID- 1800784
TI  - [Studies on free thyroxine measurement by equilibrium dialysis radioimmunoassay
      kit].

PMID- 1800785
TI  - [Progress of environmental health nursing].

PMID- 1800786
TI  - [Home environments and nursing research].

PMID- 1800787
TI  - [Experimental nursing research of environmental health].

PMID- 1800788
TI  - [Modifying the environment to decrease use of restraints].

PMID- 1800789
TI  - [Feminism pedagogy in nursing education].

PMID- 1800790
TI  - [The interaction between preschool children in pain and nurses: how do children
      cope with pain].

PMID- 1800792
TI  - [The approach to the English monograph: to challenge your translation, to
      discover your mistakes (10)].

PMID- 1800791
TI  - [Meanings of patterns of nursing care for acute schizophrenic patients].

PMID- 1800793
TI  - Effects of genistein on ATP induced DNA synthesis and intracellular
      alkalinization in Chang liver cells.
AB  - Extracellular ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) produces a dose-dependent elevation
      of DNA synthesis concomitantly with raised intracellular pH (pHi) in quiescent
      monolayer Chang liver cells. Genistein produces a dose-dependent suppression of
      ATP-induced DNA synthesis without affecting cell viability (dead cell index
      approximately 5%) or pHi elevation. The results suggest that (a) mitogenesis and
      pHi are not imperative correlates and (b) genistein is effective in inhibiting
      DNA synthesis whether due to growth factor or "non-growth factor" stimulation.

PMID- 1800795
TI  - Action potential shortening and negative inotropic effects of a novel potassium
      channel opener, NIP-121, as compared with cromakalim in guinea pig ventricular
      myocardium.
AB  - The potencies of NIP-121, a new potassium channel opener, to shorten action
      potential duration and to decrease the contractile force was examined using
      isolated guinea pig right ventricular free wall and papillary muscle
      preparations, respectively; and they were compared with those of cromakalim. NIP
      121 was about 10 times more potent than cromakalim with respect to both effects.
      This potency ratio in cardiac muscle was about the same as that observed in rat
      aorta and portal vein. These cardiac effects of both agents were antagonized by
      glibenclamide.

PMID- 1800794
TI  - Enhancement of endogenous prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) generation in vivo by a
      phenolic anti-inflammatory agent in the rabbit.
AB  - Angiotensin II (i.v.) increased the plasma level of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha from 241 +/
      60 pg/ml (n = 8) to 612 +/- 108 pg/ml (n = 8) in anesthetized rabbits, which was
      further significantly increased by pretreatment with a phenolic anti-inflammatory
      agent, MK-447, to 1007 +/- 218 pg/ml (n = 8). MK-447 alone did not affect the
      level. The level of thromboxane B2 was not affected by these treatments. These
      results suggest that MK-447 may selectively enhance the PGI2 level by acting as a
      tryptophan-like cofactor of PG endoperoxide synthase.

PMID- 1800796
TI  - Regulations of male-dominant P-450Md mRNA in rat liver by hormonal factors and
      xenobiotics.
AB  - Male-dominant P-450Md mRNA was undetectable in the livers of newborn rats. In
      female rat livers, the mRNA appeared at 17 days of age and then decreased to very
      low levels in the adult periods. The level of P-450Md mRNA in female rats was
      increased by phenobarbital or dexamethasone treatment, whereas the level in the
      males was depressed by methylcholanthrene. Hypophysectomy decreased the level of
      P-450Md mRNA in male rat livers, and continuous infusion or twice-daily
      injections of growth hormone to hypophysectomized rats caused further suppression
      or clear restoration, respectively, of the mRNA level.

PMID- 1800797
TI  - Some new observations on caffeine-induced rhythmic hyperpolarization in frog
      sympathetic ganglion cells.
AB  - Unstimulated bullfrog sympathetic ganglia were studied in vitro by intracellular
      and extracellular recording methods. In 80% of the cells impaled with K citrate
      microelectrodes, caffeine caused initial hyperpolarization (ICH) followed by
      rhythmic membrane hyperpolarization (RMH). Four different patterns of rhythmicity
      were observed, the most common being a regular beating pattern. RMH frequency
      depended on both caffeine and Ca2+. Tetraethylammonium reduced RMH amplitude, but
      did not affect frequency. Caffeine effects on cyclic AMP are not responsible for
      RMH since neither dibutyryl cyclic AMP nor phosphodiesterase inhibitors elicited
      RMH. However, the anion in the microelectrode filling solution is critical to
      both the incidence and amplitude of RMH, the order of effectiveness being:
      citrate much much greater than glutamate, acetate and chloride. In cells impaled
      by electrodes filled with K thiocyanate or K iodide, caffeine also caused large
      amplitude hyperpolarizing oscillations of membrane potential, suggesting that the
      effectiveness of citrate is not due to Ca2+ chelation. High gain extracellular DC
      recording revealed no sign of caffeine ICH, RMH or any hyperpolarizing effects.
      The absence of signs of caffeine hyperpolarization with extracellular recording
      has several interpretations, and these are discussed.

PMID- 1800798
TI  - Angiotensinogen excretion in rat urine: effects of lipopolysaccharide treatment
      and sodium balance.
AB  - Rat urine was found to contain a component showing cross-reactivity with antibody
      against rat plasma angiotensinogen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of rat urine revealed antigenic bands corresponding to the
      molecular weights of plasma angiotensinogen. The urinary angiotensinogen
      excretion in 8 rats, determined by direct radioimmunoassay, was 2.70 +/- 0.21
      micrograms/day. Induction of acute inflammation in rats by injection of
      lipopolysaccharide caused about a 7-fold increase of urinary angiotensinogen
      excretion in the 24 hr after injection, with a concomitant elevation of plasma
      angiotensinogen. Neither sodium depletion nor loading by a low- or high-sodium
      diet altered the urinary excretion of angiotensinogen. These results suggest that
      the angiotensinogen present in rat urine is derived from that in plasma, although
      the level of excretion is too low to have any influence on the plasma level of
      angiotensinogen.

PMID- 1800799
TI  - The effect of cimetidine on adaptive cytoprotection by mild irritant dose of HCl
      in the rat gastric mucosa.
AB  - While cimetidine (CIM) is strikingly effective in inhibiting gastric acid
      secretion, its effect on the defensive mechanisms of the gastric mucosa has been
      controversial. The aims of the present study were to test if administration of
      CIM at an antisecretory dose is protective against acid-induced injury and to
      assess its effect on adaptive cytoprotection induced by non-necrotizing
      concentrations of HCl in rats. A dose of 100 mg/kg of CIM was administered once,
      or twice a day for 5 days intraperitoneally. To study the effect of CIM on HCl
      induced damage, 0.6 N HCl was given orally one hour after the last administration
      of CIM. To study the effect of CIM on adaptive cytoprotection, 0.35 N HCl was
      given orally one hour after the last administration of CIM. Fifteen minutes
      later, 0.6 N HCl was given orally. Thirty minutes after the administration of 0.6
      N HCl, the stomach was removed and ulcer indices were calculated. Pretreatment
      with CIM did not prevent 0.6 N HCl induced gastric damage. Prior administration
      of 0.35 N HCl significantly reduced ulcer indices caused by 0.6 N HCl. Short or
      long term treatment with CIM did not have significant effects on the reduction of
      ulcer indices. These results suggest that CIM at an antisecretory dose neither
      acts as a protective agent nor modulates the protective process of the gastric
      mucosa.

PMID- 1800801
TI  - Differential sensitization to ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine
      after repeated administration to mice in activity cages of different sizes.
AB  - We have demonstrated that repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) 1-2
      mg/kg, s.c. in a tilting-type round activity cage with a diameter of 20 cm (20 cm
      cage) at 1-7 day intervals produces progressive enhancement of the ambulation
      increasing effect (AIE), showing sensitization (reverse tolerance) in mice.
      However, almost no sensitization was observed when mice had been pretreated with
      the same doses of MAP but confined in a narrow environment repeatedly. In this
      experiment, changes in the sensitization were investigated in mice after repeated
      pretreatments with MAP at 2 mg/kg at 3-4 day interval for 4 times in activity
      cages of 5 different sizes (5, 10, 15, 30 and 40 cm in diameter) in comparison
      with that of in the 20 cm-cage. AIE obtained after MAP in the 5- and 10-cm cages
      was not enhanced, whereas AIE was significantly enhanced in the cages of more
      than 15 cm in diameter. There was no significant difference in the enhanced AIE
      among the 4 groups that received the same pretreatment repeatedly in the cages of
      15, 20, 30 and 40 cm in diameter. The present results suggest that in accordance
      with the all-or-none law, development of the sensitization is affected by the
      size of the activity cage in which the animals have repeatedly experienced the
      acute drug effect.

PMID- 1800800
TI  - Effects of gomisin A on hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4
      dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats.
AB  - We examined the effects of gomisin A on tumor promotion in the liver after a
      short-term feeding of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-MeDAB) to rats,
      compared with the effects of phenobarbital. Male Donryu rats were fed ad libitum
      a diet containing 0.06% 3'-MeDAB and 0.03% or 0.01% gomisin A or water containing
      0.05% phenobarbital. Gomisin A and phenobarbital did not cause any proliferative
      and neoplastic lesions by themselves in 40 weeks of feeding. Altered foci in the
      liver increased with a peak at 12 weeks after the rats were fed 3'-MeDAB. Gomisin
      A decreased the number of hepatic altered foci such as the clear cell and
      basophilic cell type foci in the early stages. Phenobarbital enhanced neoplastic
      alterations so that the number and size of the foci were much larger in the
      phenobarbital-combined group than in the 3'-MeDAB-control group. Thus,
      phenobarbital acted as a promoter of cells initiated by 3'-MeDAB; on the other
      hand, gomisin A showed a weak suppressive effect on tumor promotion.

PMID- 1800802
TI  - Problems of subject inclusion in psychiatric research: observations from research
      with psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - In a recent study of psychiatric disturbance and decision making behaviour, it
      was observed that a significant number of psychiatric inpatients experienced
      difficulties in addressing themselves to the experimental tasks at hand. Despite
      the large number of studies that have used psychiatric inpatients as subjects,
      little, if any mention has been made of these difficulties. The following report
      describes the difficulties that have been observed in the above research project,
      and examines their possible implications for clinical assessment, research, and
      for clinical investigations and evaluation of treatment regimes (e.g.
      effectiveness of particular drug therapies), which use psychiatric inpatient
      populations as subject sources.

PMID- 1800803
TI  - Cultural influences on depression: a new methodological approach and its results.
AB  - Transcultural research into psychopathology has often failed to produce a
      systematic body of findings concerning the relationship between culture and
      psychopathology. In this paper an attempt is made to overcome this problem by
      examining the relationship between culture and depression in terms of a
      theoretical task. Japanese and Australian depressed patients were given measures
      of depression and decision making. The relationship between specific variables
      associated with depression and those associated with decision making was
      investigated. Results showed that those depression variables which influenced
      decision making for Japanese patients were different to those for Australian
      patients. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for
      psychiatric diagnosis and understanding the relationship between culture and
      depression.

PMID- 1800804
TI  - Types and characteristics of short-term course of depression after delivery:
      using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale.
AB  - In order to clarify the prevalence and clinical features of so-called "maternity
      blues" and the relationship with depression after delivery, we conducted a
      prospective study on 220 mothers using the Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale
      (ZSDS) 4-7 days after childbirth and again one month after childbirth. Their
      physical condition during their pregnancy had been evaluated earlier. As in a
      previous epidemiological study conducted in Japan, we classified subjects with a
      ZSDS score of 60 and over as a high scoring group. Eighteen mothers (8.18%) fell
      into this group ("maternity blues" group) in the one week post-partum evaluation.
      Comparing the ZSDS scores one month after childbirth with the earlier scores, in
      10 women (4.5%), their scores decreased from 60 and over to below 60 (a
      "maternity blues" core group), and in 8 women (3.6%), their scores were still
      over 60 (a prolonged "maternity blues" group). Eleven (5.0%) out of the 202 women
      whose scores at one week after childbirth were below 60 showed a high score (60
      and over) one month after childbirth (a potential depression group). All in, 191
      women scored below 60 in both evaluations. Although we could divide the subjects
      into 4 groups as described above, we could not find any clinical symptoms to
      distinguish between the 3 groups with "maternity blues" or depression in the
      evaluation one week after childbirth. However, one finding suggests that these
      three groups may have different features.

PMID- 1800805
TI  - Concordance rate between clinical and DIS diagnoses: a cross-cultural comparison.
AB  - Concordance rates between clinical and DIS-generated diagnoses were compared
      using data sets from Fukuoka University in Japan and Neuropsychiatric Hospital at
      the UCLA. An overall concordance rate of 35% between standard clinical diagnosis
      and DIS-Lifetime diagnosis was discovered in both samples. Next, concordance
      rates were analyzed by diagnostic category, and differential concordance rates
      among major diagnostic categories were found in both samples. The highest
      concordance rates were found in anxiety disorders and major depression. The
      lowest concordance rates were found in dysthymic disorder and schizophrenia. The
      Fukuoka sample contained more patients with anxiety disorders and major
      depression, while the UCLA sample has more patients diagnosed as dysthymic
      disorder and adjustment disorder. Future directions in cross-cultural psychiatric
      research are also suggested.

PMID- 1800806
TI  - Symptoms and social adjustment of schizophrenic patients as evaluated by their
      family members: a cross-cultural psychiatric study between offshore islands and
      an urban city.
AB  - We conducted a comparative study of symptoms and social adjustment of
      schizophrenic patients on offshore islands and one urban region in Japan. In the
      evaluation of symptoms and social behavior by family members, no differences were
      observed between the two regions. Looking at social adjustment in the two
      regions, no differences were observed by family members either in the performance
      level or in the expectation level of socially expected activities. However, on
      the offshore islands, the expectation level of socially expected activities by
      family members was significantly higher than the level of self-accomplishment set
      by schizophrenic patients themselves. As for leisure activities, both family
      members and patients on the islands evaluated the level of performance to be
      significantly higher than in the urban region, and the level of satisfaction of
      the patients themselves was also higher on the islands. Considering both these
      findings and Japanese traditional views of work and leisure, it is believed that
      on the islands patients are required to engage in more productive activities and
      less leisure activities than in the urban region. Further it seems that patients
      on the islands compared to patients in the urban region may have greater
      difficulty in social adjustment.

PMID- 1800807
TI  - Sex concordance in proband-relative pairs with schizophrenia.
AB  - Sex concordance rates were investigated in 278 schizophrenic probands, who had at
      least one first-degree relative with schizophrenia, in order to find out whether
      the illness affects the same sex more often than the opposite sex when two close
      relatives become ill. No such unusual concordance rates were found in proband
      relative pairs with schizophrenia. When 118 of the 278 probands were examined who
      had at least one parent with schizophrenia, the morbidity risk for schizophrenia
      in siblings of the same sex as the schizophrenic probands was significantly
      higher than that found in siblings of the sex opposite that of schizophrenic
      probands.

PMID- 1800808
TI  - Supportive psycho-educational intervention for schizophrenics' families:
      influencing family dynamics.
AB  - I conducted supportive psycho-educational intervention for the families of
      schizophrenics, mainly to the mothers, and investigated the influence on the
      patients' mode of treatment and their symptoms 9 months later. In accordance with
      Motooka, the mothers were classified into the three categories of narcissistic
      type, symbiotic type and dependent type. The influence of the interventions
      varied with the difference in types. Only the patients whose mothers belong to
      the dependent type showed a significant improvement 9 months after the
      interventions. From these results I consider that the narcissistic type cases
      need to be given psychotherapeutic family intervention from the early stage of
      treatment, while symbiotic type cases need supportive psycho-educational
      intervention in the presence of both parents and dependent type cases merit
      supportive psycho-educational interventions to the mothers.

PMID- 1800809
TI  - Follow-up study of camp marathon group psychotherapy for adolescents with
      emotional disturbances.
AB  - Every summer since 1972, the Department of Psychiatry at Fukuoka University has
      been holding the Camp Marathon Group Psychotherapy (MGP) for adolescents with
      emotional disturbances. This time we conducted a follow-up survey on 114 camp
      attendees from 1978 to 1985. Questionnaires were mailed out and we received 56
      replies, that is a response rate of 49.1%. The average observation period of the
      follow-up was 4 years. The results were as follows: Thirty-six cases or 64.3%
      were making satisfactory progress at the time of the survey. Eight or 14.3%
      showed no change or showed worsening conditions. Seven or 12.5% cases developed
      into schizophrenia. Based on these results, we studied roughly what role MGP
      plays in the therapy of adolescents with emotional disturbances.

PMID- 1800810
TI  - Diagnostic reliability and significance of irregular beta patterns.
AB  - We designated EEGs with marked and irregular beta waves in basic patterns as
      "irregular beta patterns" on the basis that these patterns are related with
      particular symptoms such as dysphoria, irritability and autonomic symptoms and
      they implicate choice of therapeutic agents. Because of good response to
      antiepileptic agents in patients with "irregular beta patterns" along with EEG
      characteristics, we hypothesized that the prevalence of "irregular beta patterns"
      is higher in epileptics than in other psychiatric patients. In the present study,
      we tested this hypothesis, investigating actual frequencies of these patterns
      among different diagnostic categories for all patients whose EEG were recorded in
      all the first-visit patients to the Outpatient Clinic, Department of
      Neuropsychiatry of the Tokyo University Hospital during one year period of 1986.
      Before starting this investigation, we checked the interrater reliability for
      these patterns. Therefore, two studies are reported here. In Study 1, five raters
      judged 98 EEG recordings blindly (43 epileptics and 55 healthy subjects). As a
      result, the generalized Kappa of 0.473 was obtained, indicating our agreement
      level was moderate or fair. This result lends support to our contention that
      irregular beta patterns are reliably judged. In Study 2, we judged the EEG
      recordings (137 schizophrenics, 62 affective disorders, 43 epileptics and 55
      healthy controls) and calculated the prevalence rate of "irregular beta patterns"
      among the diagnostic categories. The results show that the prevalence rates of
      "irregular beta patterns" among psychiatric disorders and normal controls were
      13% (18/137) in schizophrenics, 11% (7/62) in affective disorders, 14% (6/43) in
      epileptics and 4% (2/55) in healthy controls. These rates did not differ
      significantly among the three disorders. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported.
      The clinical significance of these patterns is discussed.

PMID- 1800811
TI  - Deviate N200 component of event-related potentials in shuchaku-seikaku, a
      premorbid personality of depression.
AB  - Twenty-one healthy subjects with Shuchaku-Seikaku (SS), a premorbid personality
      of depression, and 44 control subjects were tested for event-related potentials
      using the auditory odd ball paradigm. A higher percent of the N200 component was
      evoked by frequent task-irrelevant stimuli in the Shuchaku-Seikaku (81.0%)
      subjects than in the controls (45.5%). The mean amplitudes in the 50-100 ms
      latency range for task-relevant rare stimuli were smaller; whereas, the
      amplitudes in the 100-200 ms range for task-irrelevant frequent stimuli and the
      amplitudes in the 200-260 ms range for both stimuli were larger (shifted to
      negative direction) in the SS subjects than in the controls. The evidence
      suggests that the fully automatic detection process, which is assumed to be
      correlated with mismatch negativity, is hypoactivated and that a contrarily
      controlled or conscious mismatch process, which may be N2b, is hyperactivated in
      SS.

PMID- 1800812
TI  - Epileptic seizures in the 4p- syndrome: report of two cases.
AB  - We report ictal phenomena in two patients with the 4p- syndrome captured on
      simultaneous video-EEG monitor. One patient, diagnosed as having partial
      epilepsy, had complex partial seizures and hemiconvulsive status epilepticus.
      This was associated with more severe mental retardation. The second patient was
      diagnosed as having the West syndrome and exhibited tonic spasms with a cluster
      formation. We conclude that various types of epileptic seizures may occur in
      patients with the 4p- syndrome, including grand mal and myoclonic seizures.

PMID- 1800813
TI  - Morphological changes of blood vessels in the brain with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Morphological changes of microvessels in the cerebral cortices of Alzheimer's
      disease and control brains were examined. From several parts of the brains, all
      of the vessels in blocks of tissues were isolated with ultrasound treatment and
      mesh filtration, and were observed by light microscopy. The results obtained were
      as follows: There was no difference between the relatively large arteries of the
      brains with Alzheimer's disease and the control brains. However, in the
      Alzheimer's brain irregular shapes of blood vessels and degenerated smooth muscle
      cells of a single layer were observed in the terminal arterioles. In the
      capillaries, focal constrictions and irregular shapes were observed. In addition
      to these changes, the nuclei of endothelial cells were irregular and unclear.
      These findings seem to indicate that the degeneration of microvessels in the
      brain of Alzheimer's disease might have occurred at the terminal arterioles and
      the capillaries.

PMID- 1800814
TI  - Event-related potentials in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type, multiinfarct
      dementia and Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We investigated event-related potentials (P300) in three types of demented
      patients. Fourteen patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT), 15
      with multiinfarct dementia (MID), 8 with Parkinson's disease with dementia and 29
      normal controls participated in this study. We measured the latencies of N100 and
      P300 at Pz after odd-ball paradigm stimulation. N100 peaks were within the normal
      range in all patients. However, P300 peaks were significantly delayed in all
      demented patients. There were no statistical differences in the mean latencies of
      P300 in each demented group. P300 latencies were found to be negatively
      correlated with Hasegawa's dementia scale. These results suggest that regardless
      of its cause dementia has similar influences on the P300 latency and P300 may be
      a useful means to assess the degree of dementia.

PMID- 1800815
TI  - Observations of microvessels in the brain with Alzheimer's disease by the
      scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Microvessels in the brain with Alzheimer's disease and those of a control group
      were observed by means of the scanning electron microscopy. There were no
      morphological differences between the relatively large arteries in Alzheimer's
      disease and those of the control. Remarkable differences existed in terminal
      arterioles and capillaries. In Alzheimer's brain, the terminal arterioles
      frequently had focal constriction and smooth muscle cells with an irregular shape
      and arrangement, and the capillaries also showed an irregular abluminal surface
      and irregular constriction and dilatation along their paths. In the control
      brain, there were no changes such as those observed in Alzheimer's disease. The
      findings suggest that diffuse neuronal loss in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex might
      be induced by circulatory disturbance through the changed microvessels.

PMID- 1800816
TI  - Methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the medial frontal cortex of freely
      moving rats.
AB  - The effect of methamphetamine (MAP) on the efflux of endogenous dopamine (DA) in
      the medial frontal cortex of freely moving rats was evaluated by a microdialysis
      technique. The injection of MAP at 4 mg/kg, i.p., increased the extracellular
      levels of DA and decreased the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      significantly. Although the changes were smaller than those observed in the
      striatum, the direction and time course were similar. MAP increases the efflux of
      DA in the medial frontal cortex.

PMID- 1800817
TI  - Comparison of kindling at short interstimulus intervals in acutely and
      chronically prepared rabbits.
AB  - For the purpose of contributing methodologically to experimental research on
      epilepsy, we investigated whether a difference exists in kindling development
      between acute and chronic preparations using identical species of animals,
      kindled brain tissues, stimulus intervals, and intensities. Seizure-threshold
      stimulations repeatedly applied at 5-min intervals to the unilateral visual
      cortex in rabbits completed the generalization of epileptiform discharge trains
      after the 11th-24th trials in the acute preparations concomitantly with an
      increase in the afterdischarge duration and the development of independent
      discharges, whereas they induced no kindling phenomena even with 50 trials in the
      chronic preparations. These results indicate that there is an extreme difference
      in kindling susceptibility between acute and chronic preparations, resulting,
      presumably, from multifactorial dissimilarities in these experimental conditions.

PMID- 1800818
TI  - Kindling-induced neuronal plasticity in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 in acutely
      prepared rabbits: unit activity analysis.
AB  - To elucidate kindling-induced neuronal plasticity single cell discharge analysis,
      responses consisting of action potentials orthodromically elicited in the dorsal
      hippocampus CA1 by a single electric shock to the neighboring region were
      serially observed before, during and after kindling i.e. the repetition of
      stimulus trains applied to the same hippocampal region in acutely prepared
      rabbits. Eventually, the orthodromic unit response with identical amplitudes,
      which were regarded as a single cell origin, gradually increased in the firing
      rate at the interictal stages during and after the kindling. Further, an
      inhibitory period following the unit responses, during which no spontaneous unit
      activity appeared, was remarkably prolonged during and after the kindling. Both
      the increase of the unit responses and the prolongation of the inhibitory period
      irreversibly lasted for hours once they occurred. Such unit activity analysis
      confirms kindling-induced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity.

PMID- 1800819
TI  - Reducing pregnancies among minors.

PMID- 1800820
TI  - Use of chemotherapy in the management of advanced head and neck cancers.

PMID- 1800821
TI  - [Biochemical indicators of coronary arteriosclerosis].
AB  - In 251 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, plasma levels of lipids,
      lipoproteins, apoproteins and nonlipid risk factors as fibrinogen, fibrinolysis
      time, glucose and uric acid in blood were correlated with the incidence and
      severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). There were significant differences
      between CAD group and controls and between men and women with CAD with respect to
      the mean lipid values. Among the nonlipid risk factors fibrinogen concentration
      in CAD patients was significantly higher than in controls. In univariate analysis
      in men, score for the severity of atherosclerosis was strongly related to the
      apoB and LDL concentration, less to the HDL and fibrinogen levels and to ratios
      of total cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL. In women severity of the disease correlated
      with apoB, fibrinolysis time, fibrinogen and triglyceride levels. By stepwise
      multivariate analysis, in both men and women, apoB was selected as the best
      discriminator between CAD patients and controls. The results of the study
      indicate that the levels of apoB may be a more accurate predictor of the severity
      of CAD than the other biochemical risk factors. The presented data also suggests
      an association between increased fibrinogen concentration, reduced fibrinolytic
      capacity and CAD. The values of apoB and fibrinogen as indicators of
      cardiovascular risk should be assessed in prospective studies.

PMID- 1800822
TI  - [Cardiogenic shock. Surgical reperfusion and myocardial revascularization].
AB  - Emergency coronary bypass for cardiogenic shock has been associated with a high
      operative mortality. From February 1986 through October 1989, 40 patients with
      acute myocardial infarction were operated. Ten pts (25%) were in shock despite
      intensive treatment (intra-aortic balloon pump in 4, catecholamines in 10). Seven
      pts. required cardiopulmonary resuscitation before operations. After operations
      66% of the patients required catecholamine support and 60% were treated with
      intra-aortic balloon pump. There were three (30%) hospital deaths (one in the
      operating room due to acute cardiac failure). Follow-up (100%),(mean 26 months)
      revealed one late death--39 months after operations. In functional class I were 2
      patients, II--one, and III--two pts. One pt is in group IV (transplant
      candidate). Myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock can produce a
      mortality rate in excess of 85%. Contemporary medical management has had little
      effect on mortality, hence effective surgical therapy has evolved for this
      lesion.

PMID- 1800823
TI  - [Surgical reperfusion and myocardial revascularization in patients with
      cardiogenic shock].

PMID- 1800824
TI  - [Carotid sinus syndrome diagnosed by transcutaneous cardiac pacing].
AB  - The diagnostic usefulness and safety of non-invasive heart stimulation has been
      tested on 20 persons with full symptomatic cardiodepressive type of carotid sinus
      syndrome. The estimation of the cardiodepressive syndrome has been conducted on
      the grounds of electrophysiological tests of the heart with the method of
      endocavitary stimulation introduced by Stryjer and adopted by us for non-invasive
      heart stimulation. Massage of the carotid sinus was performed during sinus
      rhythm, during transesophageal atrial stimulation and during transcutaneous
      ventricle stimulation. In 17 persons massage of the carotid sinus caused sinus
      node inhibition. In this group carotid sinus massage during atrial stimulation
      revealed a group of 10 persons with only sinus node inhibition (type A) and a
      group of 7 persons with the coexistence of sinus node inhibition and an AV III
      block (type C). Only in 3 persons massage of the carotid sinus merely caused an
      AV III block (type B). Massage of the carotid sinus during transcutaneous
      ventricle stimulation showed retrograde AV conduction suppression in type B and C
      of the carotid cardiodepressive syndrome. To recapitulate the obtained results,
      it can be assumed that electrophysiological estimation of the carotid sinus
      syndrome is also possible and safe with the non-invasive method. Such procedure
      can also facilitate the selection of patients for permanent stimulation of AAI
      type for the type A syndrome or DVV for types B and C.

PMID- 1800826
TI  - [Aneurysm of the atrial septum diagnosed by trans-esophageal echocardiography].
AB  - We report an uncommon case of atrial septal aneurysm associated with mitral valve
      prolapse. A 28 year old woman was studied with transthoracic and transesophageal
      echocardiography (TEE). Transthoracic echocardiography suggested mitral valve
      prolapse. TEE with color mapping was performed. Atrial septal aneurysm and mitral
      valve prolapse was found. The study has shown that TEE can evaluate accurately
      some of the anatomic features of atrial septal aneurysm and color flow mapping
      can provide accurate information about the blood flow in the lesion. We believe
      that TEE may be the safest and most accurate investigative technique for
      diagnosing this rare lesion.

PMID- 1800825
TI  - [False tendons in the left ventricle--an independent arrhythmogenic factor?].
AB  - To assess if the presence of false tendons (FT) in the left ventricle can be an
      independent factor increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in apparently
      healthy subjects, we examined 38 persons aged 18-60 years in whom during
      echocardiographic examination we accidently found FT in the left ventricle. No
      other echocardiographic disorders were present. Physical examination, ECG and
      stress ECG showed no symptoms of heart disease. The only ischaemic heart disease
      risk factor was smoking in 20 persons (in 6--more then 20 cigarettes daily). 24
      hours Holter monitoring revealed single supraventricular complexes in 9 persons
      (34.7%). We found ventricular arrhythmias in 6 persons (15.8%): 4 (10.5%) had
      single, unifocal ventricular complexes, 1 (2.6%) had more (up to 6 in one minute)
      ventricular complexes, and 1 (2.6%) had some ventricular couplets. We observed no
      ventricular arrhythmias in stress ECG. We conclude, that in apparently healthy
      subjects with FT the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias is not higher, then in
      the normal healthy population.

PMID- 1800827
TI  - [Utilization of digitalis therapy].

PMID- 1800829
TI  - [Echocardiography from the gastric fundus. Description of new projections].
AB  - Two new transgastric echocardiographic views obtained using the transesophageal
      probe are described. The first one (RVOT-MPA view) presents RVOT, pulmonic valve
      and proximal MPA. The second one (LVOT--Ao view) shows ascending aorta, aortic
      valve, LVOT, perimembranous area and anterior part of the trabecular septum,
      mitral valve with its attachment to the anterior papillary muscle and LA. The
      latter view corresponds to the standard subcostal view. Repeatability and
      applicability of these two scans were investigated on 25 pts: 10 with valvular
      heart disease (including 2 after valve replacement and 1 intraoperative study), 3
      VSD, 2-TF, 2-ASD II, 5 with aortic aneurysm (including 1 after surgery), 3 after
      MI. RVOT-MPA view was obtainable in 76% pts, whereas LVOT-Ao view in 84% pts.
      This latter scan appeared to be very helpful in detecting VSD--either isolated
      perimembranous or malalignment in TF. In one pt with TF the detailed anatomy of
      RVOT, MPA and pulmonic arteries could be clearly imaged in fashion resembling
      standard echocardiographic subcostal short axis view. Left ventricular--right
      atrial communication was also readily appreciated in one of the pts. This view
      confirmed also some other informations, previously achieved by means of TEE
      planes (eg thrombus in LAA, aortic intimal flap protruding into LVOT). RVOT-MPA
      projection did not reveal more anatomical data than standard TEE planes in the
      investigated group. However, it should be useful in diagnosing subpulmonic VSD
      because of its similarity to the corresponding view available with newer TEE
      probes which provide longitudinal scans of the heart. The results presented
      proved usefulness of the new echocardiographic views, particularly in detecting
      VSD and more complex heart defects.

PMID- 1800828
TI  - [The minimum one should know about arterial diseases].

PMID- 1800830
TI  - [Dilated cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents. Diagnostic problems,
      clinical course and prognosis].
AB  - The clinical profile of 19 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy from 2 to 18
      years old (mean age 13.4 +/- 4 years) was reviewed to detect any factors that
      might be predictive for their survival. Follow-up study ranged from 5 to 105
      months (mean 39 +/- 33 months). All patients received digitalis + diuretics, 12
      were managed with immunosuppression, 16 with antiarrhythmics. There were 12
      survivors and 7 nonsurvivors: the 1-year mortality was 21.2%, the 2-years
      mortality was 35.8%. All deaths were within first 2 years. In 12 patients who
      survived 2 years, significant improvement was noticed in 9 cases. Endomyocardial
      biopsy was performed in 16 patients. Four of them with histological diagnosis of
      myocarditis survived and in 3 of them a considerable improvement was noticed.
      Half of 12 patients with nonspecific histological findings died (p less than
      0.05). There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in
      all following parameters: the incidence of severe heart failure (NYHA class III
      IV) and severe ventricular arrhythmias (Lown III-IV), relative heart volume,
      echocardiographic LVDD, haemodynamic parameters--CI, LVEF, LVEDP, LVEDVI.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and haemodynamic
      data are nonpredictive for survival. The most dangerous period are the first two
      years of illness. In long term, improvement was noticed in half of patients.

PMID- 1800832
TI  - [Norman J. Holter--"father" of ambulatory ECG monitoring].

PMID- 1800831
TI  - [Verapamil and nifedipine limit hemodynamic changes in pulmonary circulation in
      rats with hypoxia].
AB  - The effect of hypobaric hypoxia on right ventricular pressure, right ventricular
      mass and hematocrit was assessed in Wistar rats divided into 4 groups. Group I
      comprised 20 control animals, kept in normal conditions. Groups II, III and IV
      consisted of 34-40 rats each at the beginning of the experiment. The animals were
      exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (380 mmHg, 10-12% O2, temperature 22
      degrees C) 8 hours a day, 6 days a week, for 5 consecutive weeks. In group II no
      medication was given, in group III verapamil (Isoptin-Knoll) was administered in
      the drinking water at 30 mg/kg body mass/day, and in group IV nifedipine
      (Corotrend--Siegfried) was applied at 6 mg/kg body mass/day. Control animals were
      injected with i.p. nembutal (35 mg/kg) and then a polyethylene cannula was
      inserted in the right ventricle via external jugular vein, with consecutive
      measurement of right ventricular pressure. Hematocrit was measured in the
      arterial blood. After the animals had been sacrificed, the heart was isolated,
      right ventricle was excised and its mass was assessed as the ratio to mass of
      left ventricle-interventricular septum block. In groups II, III and IV right
      ventricular pressures were measured on days 10, 20 and 30 of the exposure to
      hypoxia. The hematocrit and ventricular mass were obtained at termination of the
      experiment. In the control group, mean right ventricular pressure was 28.5 +/-
      3.5 mmHg, hematocrit 43.4 +/- 1.75% and right/left ventricular mass ratio was
      0.267 +/- 0.03.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800833
TI  - [How do I treat arrhythmia? Questionnaire response to prominent Polish
      specialists].

PMID- 1800834
TI  - [Psychic health--tasks of care. The status of psychiatric/psychic health care].

PMID- 1800836
TI  - [Standards in psychiatric nursing. Report on first experience].

PMID- 1800837
TI  - [My experiences with primary nursing].

PMID- 1800835
TI  - [Emphasis in psychiatric nursing: the continuing education towards psychiatric
      specialty at the Essen Educational Center of the German Society of Nurses].

PMID- 1800838
TI  - [Introduction of electronic data processing into nursing. An insoluble problem or
      chances for further development?].

PMID- 1800840
TI  - Vision screening: a dilemma for schools.

PMID- 1800839
TI  - Encourage healthy lifestyles.

PMID- 1800841
TI  - AIDS/HIV articles published in selected professional health journals: 1981-1990.
AB  - Journals from five professional associations were reviewed to determine the
      response to AIDS/HIV in their journal: Association for the Advancement of Health
      Education (AAHE) and Journal of Health Education; American College Health
      Association (ACHA) and Journal of American College Health; American Public Health
      Association (APHA) and American Journal of Public Health; American School Health
      Association (ASHA) and Journal of School Health, and the Society for Public
      Health Education (SOPHE) and Health Education Quarterly. The project posed the
      following questions: 1) How many articles on AIDS/HIV were published in the
      selected journals during the 10-year period from 1981 through 1990?; 2) What
      types of articles were published during the period, such as editorials,
      recommendations, guidelines, and research?; and 3) What approaches were shown
      effective in changing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior? The first article
      appeared in 1984; 239 articles were published in the five journals reviewed. Each
      journal devoted at least one entire issue to AIDS/HIV. The articles were
      categorized as either applied (43.9%) or data-based (56.1%). Since most articles
      with a research focus did not include pretest and posttest measurements, it
      proved difficult to determine the most effective methods for changing knowledge,
      attitudes, and behavior. Evaluation methods that assess the effectiveness of
      interventions in changing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior are needed.

PMID- 1800843
TI  - HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among high school students in the
      United States: results from a national survey.
AB  - The Secondary School Student Health Risk Survey measured the prevalence of sexual
      intercourse and illegal drug injection among a national probability sample of
      U.S. high school students and assessed their HIV-related knowledge and beliefs.
      Ninety-nine (81%) of the 122 selected schools and 8,098 (83%) of the eligible
      students participated. Nearly all high school students knew the major modes of
      HIV transmission. Three percent reported injecting illegal drugs, and 1% reported
      sharing needles used to inject drugs. In addition, 59% of students reported
      having sexual intercourse and, of students who reported having sexual
      intercourse, 40% reported having four or more sexual partners. HIV-related
      knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among high school students suggest the need for
      school-based HIV education programs that help young people acquire the knowledge
      and skills to adopt and maintain behaviors that reduce risk of HIV infection and
      other related health problems.

PMID- 1800842
TI  - Self-reported eating disorders of black, low-income adolescents: behavior, body
      weight perceptions, and methods of dieting.
AB  - This study identified black, low-income adolescents who thought they had anorexia
      nervosa or bulimia nervosa, identified behaviors common to those who thought they
      had the disorders, and compared their actual and perceived body weight as well as
      methods of dieting. Of the 1,930 students in grades 7-12 who participated, about
      12% thought they might have an eating disorder. These students also reported
      having food-related behaviors similar to individuals with eating disorders and
      which differed significantly from those reported by their peers. Gender was more
      likely to affect food behavior than age. Though most students were within their
      expected weight range, those with self-reported eating disorders perceived
      themselves to be heavier more often than their peers and when their actual
      weights were compared, they were more likely to weigh more. Of those who had
      dieted to lose weight, fasting was the most frequently reported restrictive
      method used.

PMID- 1800844
TI  - One hundred years old and fitter than ever: school nursing in Britain.

PMID- 1800845
TI  - Preliminary report of the Colorado School Vision Screening Interdisciplinary Task
      Force.

PMID- 1800846
TI  - Intracellular recording of light responses from visually identified ganglion
      cells in the rabbit retina.
AB  - In this report electrophysiological recordings were made from fluorescently
      labeled ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. Using a retinal strip preparation,
      cells in the ganglion cell layer were stained following a brief application of
      the fluorescent dye acridine orange to the bathing solution. Through an
      epifluorescence microscope the tip of a recording microelectrode could be
      positioned near a cell of interest. Extracellular recordings from ganglion cells
      showed that good recovery of light responses was obtained following a brief
      exposure of the retina to fluorescent light (400-440 nm excitation). The rate of
      recovery, however, depended upon the prevailing background light level. Large
      acridine orange-stained cell bodies in the peripheral retina were impaled under
      visual control by micropipette electrodes filled with either Lucifer Yellow or
      the fluorescent dye pyranine. When stained intracellularly, all possessed an axon
      identifying them as ganglion cells. The majority (approximately 80%) of the cells
      recorded intracellularly were identified physiologically as either ON-center or
      OFF-center brisk ganglion cells. The other cells encountered were ON-OFF
      directionally selective ganglion cells.

PMID- 1800847
TI  - Optimization of glass microelectrode properties by response surface methodology.
AB  - Glass microelectrodes filled with electrolyte solutions are standard tools for
      electrophysiological studies. However, for any given application, there are
      limitations to the properties of the microelectrode, such as impedance and shank
      length, that can yield satisfactory results. The trial and error approach in
      pulling electrodes with the desired properties can be time consuming. The use of
      a response surface procedure which allows the experimenter to change more than
      one factor at a time and therefore determine the desired puller condition more
      efficiently is demonstrated. Also, design improvements for the World Precision
      Instrument, Model PUL-1, Microelectrode puller, used in this study are suggested.

PMID- 1800848
TI  - Interactive program for spectral and area analysis of compound action potentials
      of A-fiber and C-fiber.
AB  - An interactive program was described to correct the baseline wandering of the
      compound action potentials (CAPs) of C-fiber, to calculate the area and the peak
      amplitude of CAPs, and to analyze their spectral distribution. Using this
      program, we found the optimal bandpass of the filter for recording CAPs to be
      from 10 Hz to 3 kHz.

PMID- 1800849
TI  - Measurements of the extracellular potassium concentrations in the isolated rabbit
      retina with different kinds of potassium-sensitive microelectrodes.
AB  - When the dark-adapted isolated rabbit retina has been superfused from one side
      with a plasma-saline mixture containing 3.5 mM potassium, the extracellular
      potassium concentration within the dark-adapted retina was significantly higher
      (4.5-6.1 mM) than the potassium of the superfusate, when measured with an
      electrode filled with Corning 477317. The substantial difference between the
      [K+]0 of the perfusate and the [K+]0 within the retina is difficult to explain
      and could be an instrumental artefact. To probe this possibility measurements
      have now been repeated using 2 different K+ electrodes, one filled with Corning
      477317 and the other filled with a valinomycin-based ion exchanger. With the
      latter electrodes there was practically no gradient between the [K+]0 in the
      retina (3.2-4.0 mM) and the potassium concentration of the superfusate. It is
      thus evident that the earlier enigmatic values for [K+]0 relate to the use of
      Corning 477317-filled K+ electrodes. When, however, changes in [K+]0 were induced
      by a light stimulus, the measured magnitudes of change in [K+]0 were the same
      with the 2 types of electrode.

PMID- 1800850
TI  - Purification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) from normal bovine brain.
AB  - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was purified from normal bovine brain by a
      modification of the procedure used to isolate vimentin in order to avoid
      contamination by other cytoskeletal components: vimentin, neurofilament triplet
      proteins, tubulin and actin. GFAP is thought to be separated from vimentin in the
      DE cellulose column chromatography step. The three other major proteins were also
      separable through ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatographies. A
      purified 49 kDa polypeptide was estimated to be GFAP from peptide mapping and
      subsequent immunoblotting analysis. We obtained 4.4 mg GFAP/1 g bovine brain
      white matter in less than 3 days. The polyclonal antibody raised against purified
      GFAP was able to detect 49 kDa GFAP by immunoblotting analysis. This isolation
      method is simpler and more rapid than previous methods.

PMID- 1800851
TI  - The in vivo microdialysis recovery of dopamine is altered independently of basal
      level by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the active
      neurotransmitter processes of release and uptake affect the in vivo microdialysis
      recovery of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (N ACC) of the rat. The in
      vivo recovery for DA was established for rats which had received either
      unilateral infusions of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 micrograms)
      or vehicle (0.2 micrograms ascorbate). In the quantitative dialysis method used
      (point of no net flux method), DA is added to the perfusate at concentrations
      above and below the expected extracellular concentration (0, 5, 10 and 20 nM) and
      DA is measured in the dialysate from the brain to generate a series of points. A
      linear fit is performed, the slope of which is the in vivo recovery of the
      dialysis probe. The in vivo recovery of the 6-OHDA group was 30 +/- 3% which was
      significantly lower (P less than 0.002) than the in vivo recovery of the control
      group which was 60 +/- 3% (mean +/- SEM; n = 6/group). The zero intercept of this
      regression is the point of no net flux, which is the extracellular concentration
      of DA independent of the probe sampling characteristics. The extracellular DA
      concentration for the 6-OHDA group was 7.8 +/- 1.1 nM, which was not
      significantly different than the control group which was 6.9 +/- 0.7 nM.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800852
TI  - Multiple spike-train analysis using mutual interval matrix.
AB  - The principal-component approach is applied to the analysis of sequences of
      neuronal action potentials (spike trains). Multiple spike trains are represented
      as a sequence of vectors of mutual interspike intervals and are considered to be
      part of the trajectory of a dynamic system. The trajectory matrix is decomposed
      into a number of 'basic spike patterns' and their relative magnitudes by singular
      value decomposition. The representation provides a convenient framework for
      analysis of dynamic relations and cooperation between neurons in an observed
      network. Examples of applications to simulated and cerebellar data are presented.

PMID- 1800853
TI  - Single-unit recording in the ventral cochlear nucleus of behaving cats.
AB  - A method is described for single-unit recording in the ventral cochlear nucleus
      (VCN) of behaving cats. Five cats were implanted with titanium head-restraint
      devices and acetal plastic recording chambers. The recording chamber directed
      microelectrodes through the cerebellum and into the VCN. Electrophysiological
      recordings were obtained from isolated VCN units while the cats engaged in an
      auditory discrimination task. The task required the cats to discriminate changes
      in the temporal pattern of a series of tone or noise bursts. Cats initiated the
      testing sequence by depressing a lever, and obtained food by releasing the lever
      when the pattern of stimuli changed from one 200-ms burst/s to four 50-ms
      bursts/s. Stimulus features (i.e., frequency, level, duration) were manipulated
      to characterize the physiological responses of VCN units. Preliminary data
      suggest that peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) and rate-level functions
      (RALVs) obtained from behaving cats are similar to those previously described in
      anesthetized and decerebrate cats when units are tested with tones in quiet
      backgrounds. However, in comparison to anesthetized and decerebrate cats, units
      obtained in behaving cats demonstrate a more sensitive rate representation of
      stimulus level when tested in continuous background noise.

PMID- 1800854
TI  - Cross-correlation analysis of multi-unit EMG recordings in man.
AB  - This paper discusses the measurement of synchrony between 2 multi-unit EMG
      recordings. The suitability of a number of previously described indices of
      synchrony is reviewed. A new index of synchronisation is proposed. This index is
      independent of the number of units contributing to the correlogram but is
      dependent upon their firing frequency and upon the bin width of the correlogram.
      The autospectral density function calculated from each multi-unit record is used
      to estimate motor unit firing rates. The relationship between the frequency of
      firing and the chosen index of synchronisation is reciprocal such that if the
      firing rate is doubled, the index is halved. This may be explained if the
      proportion of events that is synchronized remains constant and is independent of
      the firing rate. It is argued that this in turn indicates that the proportion of
      common and non-common sources driving the neurons also remains unchanged in these
      experiments. In these circumstances, and to take into account changes in unit
      firing that may be present in different recordings, it is convenient to normalize
      an experimentally determined index E/M at a frequency f to some standard
      frequency fs. The problem of superimposition of spikes that occurs as the
      contraction strength is increased is discussed.

PMID- 1800855
TI  - Coincident recording and stimulation of single and multiple neuronal activity
      with one extracellular microelectrode.
AB  - This paper describes how an extracellular microelectrode may be used to stimulate
      neurons with brief, rectangular pulses and afterwards directly record the
      resultant activity. Two obstacles are the stimulus artifact lingering in the
      electrical circuitry and transient tip potentials (TTPs) arising from ion
      depletion at the electrode-tissue interface. Electronic switching between the
      stimulus source and the recording amplifier eliminates direct stimulus artifact
      from the electrical circuitry, although high but acceptable switching artifact
      remains. TTPs revert with time constants that are prominent in the desired
      recording (0.1-1 ms) and can reach 50 mV when more than 1 microA passes through a
      typical electrolyte-filled micropipette (for example 2-4 M omega, filled with 3 M
      NaCl, and placed in 0.1 M NaCl). They are always negative when cations flow into
      the tip, they are accompanied by a rise in microelectrode impedance, and they
      increase as a function of the resting electrode impedance, the duration and
      amplitude of applied current, and the dilution of the external electrolyte. TTPs
      were substracted by differential recording and stimulation through matched
      micropipettes (one in the brain and one in contiguous electrolyte) and in
      addition were reduced by pressure ejection of electrolyte. Directly elicited
      spikes (single or multiple) were detected about 0.5 ms after delivery of a
      rectangular stimulus pulse in the cerebellar cortex of pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats. Typically, 3-4 units could be excited by less than 3 microA cathodal
      currents at any recording site. All-or-nothing properties, thresholds, and
      refractoriness to a second pulse within 2-4 ms verified the neuronal nature of
      the recorded signals. Complex wave forms, probably generated synaptically, were
      also seen. The technique of coincident extracellular recording and stimulation
      can be used as a universal search stimulus during microelectrode penetrations
      through the brain and in determining threshold-distance relations for
      extracellular stimulation. Where cell penetrations are unstable, it might be
      usefully substituted for intracellular technique in testing a neuron's behavioral
      or physiological influences or in exploring a cell membrane's response to drugs
      (in terms of excitability rather than voltage and impedance).

PMID- 1800856
TI  - A slim needle-shaped multiwire microelectrode for intracerebral recording.
AB  - The construction of a needle-shaped multiwire microelectrode is described. It can
      be made with simple mechanical tools. The presented electrode assembly consists
      of 12 insulated nichrome wires (core diameter 25 microns) which are embedded in
      epoxylite resin. The straight-cut wire tips are aligned lengthwise and have a
      relative spacing of 150 microns. Outer dimensions vary from 100 x 180 microns at
      the level of the 1st electrode channel, to 100 x 100 microns at the level of the
      12th channel at the tip. The configuration of this electrode was determined by
      its application: the laminar analysis of evoked potentials in the cortex of the
      rat. However, the number of channels, the diameter of the (nichrome) wire which
      determines the surface area of these channels, and the channel spacing can be
      easily adjusted during construction to meet other experimental requirements, such
      as the recording of single-unit activity. The electrode which is composed of
      biocompatible materials is suited for the study of field potentials and multiple
      unit activity, in both acute and chronic experiments, and can be used repeatedly.
      To demonstrate the performance of the electrode assembly, a depth profile of
      field potentials is presented, accompanied by the corresponding current source
      density distribution. The potentials were recorded in the somatosensory cortex of
      the rat following stimulation of the median nerve under ketamine anesthesia.

PMID- 1800857
TI  - Dynamic monitoring of [11C]diprenorphine in rat brain using a prototype positron
      imaging device.
AB  - The present work tests the feasibility of using the most recently developed
      positron emission tomograph detector technology to image positron-emitting
      radioligands in small experimental animals. A prototype imaging device, using two
      opposing multicrystal, high-resolution (approximately 4 mm) block detectors of
      bismuth germanate to produce a 2-dimensional image in the centre of the field of
      view, is described. To evaluate the probe's potential as a non-invasive
      experimental tool, the dynamic regional distribution of the established opiate
      receptor ligand, [11C]diprenorphine was determined in rat brain following
      intravenous injection. The distribution of counts in the images was consistent
      with the localisation of diprenorphine binding sites and the specificity of the
      signal obtained was confirmed by administration of non-radioactive diprenorphine
      and naloxone. Although the signal-to-noise ratio was reduced compared with data
      obtained by post mortem dissection, the dynamic data acquisition capabilities of
      the system demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring the kinetics of ligand
      binding in individual animals and encourages further design of a small-diameter
      detector system with tomographic capabilities.

PMID- 1800858
TI  - Analysis of rat EEG using autoregressive power spectra.
AB  - The main objective of this paper is to make the auto regressive (AR) power
      spectrum estimation method accessible to electrophysiologists and present some
      typical applications. The AR method is explained, choices of various parameters
      are explored and examples from the analysis of rat hippocampal EEG are given. We
      also provide the pseudocode for the computation of the AR coefficients and the AR
      spectrum. We compare the results from the AR method to the FFT-based power
      spectrum method and demonstrate the superiority of the AR method. We also show
      the differences in the spectra of the EEG of alcohol-preferring (P) and non
      preferring (NP) rats in the baseline condition when no alcohol is infused. We
      found a statistically significant difference in peak theta frequency which was at
      6.96 Hz for the P rats and at 7.74 Hz for the NP rats. There were also other
      observable differences in the shape of the spectra of the EEG of the P and NP
      rats.

PMID- 1800859
TI  - [Seasonal variations of lipids and arterial pressure].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The presence of a seasonal variation in serum lipids and blood
      pressure is often described in the literature. METHODS: With the aim of analyzing
      this seasonal influence blood pressure and lipid (total cholesterol and
      cholesterol corresponding to different lipoprotein, triglycerides and AI and B
      apolipoprotein families) values were studied over 12 months in 36 normotense
      healthy males (mean age 36 +/- 6 years), a third of whom presented diverse base
      lipid alterations. A variance analysis of the relative intraindividual values (to
      study monthly differences) was carried out and a Student's t test was performed
      for the absolute values and grouped into two periods (summer and winter) and
      according to two categories (normal and hyperlipemic). RESULTS: No significant
      modification was observed in any of the parameters studied with the exception of
      the intrapersonal variation coefficient of the triglycerides which was
      significantly higher in the hyperlipemic individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In the
      population studied no seasonal modification was observed in blood pressure or
      different lipid concentrations analyzed. The slight variation of temperature
      observed and the elevated sunstroke in Spain in addition to the youth of the
      population studied may explain the lack of seasonal variation.

PMID- 1800860
TI  - [Nontraumatic cerebral hematoma in young adults: a study of 42 cases].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular disease has particular features in young adults (15
      45 years). In this context, non-traumatic intracranial hematoma (NTICH) has
      received little attention. Therefore, its analysis has been attempted focusing on
      etiology, localization and short term prognosis. METHODS: 42 patients aged 15-45
      years who were admitted because of NTICH were evaluated. 41 variables were
      analyzed with chi-square method and Fischer's exact test. RESULTS: The
      localization of hematoma was as follows: basal ganglia/thalamus in 59%, lobar in
      19%, posterior fossa in 12%, pure intraventricular in 2 cases and multiple in one
      case. The most common etiology was hypertension (HT) (32%), followed by
      arteriovenous malformations (12%), oral anticoagulants (10%), chronic alcohol
      abuse (10%), coagulation disorders and one central nervous system arteriopathy;
      12 cases were idiopathic. On the basis of etiology two groups were distinguished:
      15-30 years (no case with hypertension) and 30-45 years (HT as the leading
      cause). Survival was 89%. CONCLUSIONS: NTICH in young adults has a heterogeneous
      etiology. On the basis of the most common cause two groups can be considered:
      from 15 to 30 years (arteriovenous malformation) and from 30 to 45 years (HT).
      High blood pressure at the time of stroke is correlated with previous HT. The
      short term life prognosis is better than that of NTICH in general series.
      Deterioration of consciousness in the acute phase and oral anticoagulation are
      poor prognostic factors.

PMID- 1800861
TI  - [Early detection of dyslipidemias. Is the isolated determination of total
      cholesterol efficient?].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the percentage of individuals
      with hypoalphalipoproteinemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia which would not
      be detected if only total cholesterol were included in the initial detection of
      dyslipemia. METHODS: Five hundred forty-one individuals participating in a study
      concerning factors of cardiovascular risk were included in the present study
      which consisted in a survey on risk factors and a medical examination. The
      population studied was divided according to the concentration of total
      cholesterol (TC) in desirable concentrations (5.2 mmol/l), intermediate (5.2-6.2
      mmol/l) and elevated (6.2 mmol/l). The concentrations of cholesterol bound to
      high density lipoproteins (cHDL) less than 0.9 mmol/l and of triglycerides (TG)
      greater than 2.3 mmol/l were considered as high risk. RESULTS:
      Hypoalphalipoproteinemia would not be detected in 2.9% of the population studied
      (IC 95%: 1.5%-4.3%) and isolated triglyceridemia in 2.4% (IC 95%: 1.1%-3.7%) if
      the cHDL and the TG were only determined in the individuals who had high or
      elevated CT concentrations and two or more cardiovascular risk factors.
      CONCLUSIONS: These data support the efficacy of CT as the only test for initial
      detection of dyslipemia and question the convenience of initial quantification of
      cHDL and triglycerides in all cases as some authors request.

PMID- 1800862
TI  - [Lipids and arterial pressure: joined but not synchronous?].

PMID- 1800863
TI  - [Treatment of homozygotic familial hypercholesterolemia with continuous apheresis
      of low density lipoproteins].
AB  - A boy of 8 years 4 months of age was diagnosed as having homozygotic familial
      hypercholesterolemia and commenced treatment with an apheresis technique of low
      density lipoproteins. This procedure consists in the extracorporeal elimination
      of low density lipoproteins by fixing the same in a cellulose column with dextran
      sulphate. Each session lasts between 90-150 minutes and is carried out weekly.
      Prior to initiation of the treatment, the total plasmatic concentration of
      cholesterol was 24 mml/l (930 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein ligated cholesterol
      22.6 mmol/l (876 mg/dl) and high density lipoprotein ligated cholesterol 0.98
      mmol/l (38 mg/dl). Following 8 weeks of treatment total cholesterol and low
      density lipoprotein ligated cholesterol were 10 mmol/l (394 mg/dl) and 8.6 mmol/l
      (335 mg/dl) respectively upon commencing the treatment and 4.7 mmol/l (184 mg/dl)
      and 3 mmol/l (118 mg/dl) upon completion of the same. This is the first time in
      Spain that treatment with this technique has been used in homozygotic familial
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 1800865
TI  - [Arterial hypotension. An unusual form of Guillain-Barre syndrome presentation].

PMID- 1800864
TI  - [Portasystemic shunt in the treatment of gastropathy caused by portal
      hypertension].
AB  - Gastropathy by portal hypertension constitutes the second cause of digestive
      hemorrhage in these patients following esophagogastric varices. Beta-blocker
      drugs seem efficient in treatment as occasionally does therapeutic endoscopy. The
      case of a patient with chronic liver disease with upper digestive hemorrhage is
      presented. The patient did not respond to medical treatment with beta-blockers
      nor to endoscopy (thermic and sclerosant). Portocaval anastomosis was performed
      with no posterior hemorrhagic relapse. The use of shunt surgery has been
      suggested in this pathology given the rarity of its presentation in patients with
      this type of operation. The satisfactory evolution of the patient seems to
      confirm this hypothesis.

PMID- 1800866
TI  - [Septic arthritis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in a patient with liver
      cirrhosis].

PMID- 1800867
TI  - [Medical problems of cocaine: neurological complications].

PMID- 1800868
TI  - [Chylous ascites, chylothorax and cancer of the stomach].

PMID- 1800870
TI  - [The protein study: a valuable exploration].

PMID- 1800869
TI  - [Association of mixed connective tissue disease and erythema nodosum].

PMID- 1800871
TI  - [Therapeutic attitude in Cushing's disease associated with empty sella turcica].

PMID- 1800872
TI  - Mini-dose intrathecal morphine for post-cesarean section analgesia.
AB  - Dose-response relationship of mini-dose intrathecal morphine (0.025-0.125 mg) for
      analgesia after Cesarean section was studied. Sixty-three patients were randomly
      divided into six groups by the following intrathecal morphine injection: group 1
      (0 mg), group 2 (0.025 mg), group 3 (0.05 mg), group 4 (0.075 mg), group 5 (0.1
      mg), and group 6 (0.125 mg). The selected dose of morphine mixed with 2 ml 0.5%
      hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg) was administered intrathecally to induce spinal
      anesthesia. The mean analgesia duration in each group was 3.6 +/- 2.0, 10.6 +/-
      7.1, 17.3 +/- 13.8, 25.6 +/- 7.5, 33.9 +/- 10.1, and 39.5 +/- 11.9 h respectively
      (mean +/- SD). In morphine groups, duration of analgesia was significantly longer
      (p less than 0.05) than control group (0 mg), and the first 24 h pain scores were
      also lower (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, a significant linear dose-response
      relationship between analgesic duration and the dose of intrathecal morphine was
      revealed (y = 3.28 + 295.5x, r2 = 0.64, p less than 0.05). Among morphine groups,
      analgesic quality was significantly better in patients in groups 4-6 than those
      in group 2 and 3 (p less than 0.05), so as in the proportion of effective
      analgesia in the first 24 h (p less than 0.01). Neonatal condition was not
      adversely affected by such mini-dose of intrathecal morphine. The most common
      maternal adverse effect observed was pruritus, and its incidence was
      significantly greater in groups 3-6 than in the control group (p less than 0.05).
      However, no significant difference was observed among all morphine
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800873
TI  - [Rediffusion system and cuff pressure of Brandt's endotracheal tube].
AB  - During anesthesia increase of the endotracheal cuff pressure might be caused by
      anesthetic gases used, especially nitrous oxide (N2O), which easily diffuses into
      the cuff. In 1983, Brandt developed a blocking system which is called Rediffusion
      System. The principle of Rediffusion System is to make use of an enlarged pilot
      balloon to facilitate the removal of nitrous oxide which has diffused into the
      cuff during anesthesia. This study was designed to test and verify the function
      of Brandt tube's Rediffusion System during anesthesia using nitrous oxide as an
      anesthetic. Twenty four patients (age 19-82 yr; ASA physical status I-III) who
      underwent surgery under general anesthesia were allocated into three groups. For
      endotracheal intubation, in group I (n = 11) and group II (n = 5), Mallinckrodt
      Brandt tubes respective of internal diameter (ID) = 7 mm and ID = 8 mm were used,
      and in group III (n = 8) Portex Blue-line tubes with ID = 7 mm was used.
      Anesthesia was maintained with N2O, isoflurane, and oxygen and the FiN2O was kept
      around 50%. The cuff pressure was measured at the intervals of 30 min for 3 h.
      There were no significant differences of initial cuff volumes between group I and
      group II, but the initial cuff volumes of Portex blue-line tube were
      significantly larger than Brandt tubes at desired pressure level. Cuff pressures
      increased as the duration of anesthesia lengthened in all types of endotracheal
      tubes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800874
TI  - The laryngeal mask airway--clinical experience.
AB  - The laryngeal mask airway (LMA), a new type of airway, when it is inserted
      blindly into the hypopharynx forms a seal around the larynx and allows easy and
      convenient spontaneous or controlled positive pressure ventilation. A clinical
      application of the LMA to 70 surgical patients in our hospital have been
      evaluated. LMA was successfully applied to 68 (97%) patients who all received
      general anesthesia with unobstructed controlled ventilation. The patency of the
      airway did not change throughout the course of anesthesia. There were 2 patients
      whose airway was obstructed at the first attempt due to downfolding of
      epiglottis; in one of them the obstruction was confirmed by flexible fibreoptic
      laryngoscopy. Subsequent placement was successful in these 2 patients. Insertion
      failure was seen in 2 patients respectively due to small mouth and excessive
      salivation. The placement of LMA does not require laryngoscopy and there is no
      fear of misplacement in the esophagus. It becomes obvious that the LMA would
      substantially gain a place in the armamentarium in anesthesia and we think that
      its use would be of interest to anesthesiologists.

PMID- 1800875
TI  - [Changes in arterial pressure and heart rate during laryngeal mask insertion in
      hypertensive patients: comparison with endotracheal intubation].
AB  - The pressor response associated with laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation may
      be harmful to patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertension or
      cerebrovascular disease. The Brain laryngeal mask airway can be inserted blindly
      and avoid the need for laryngoscopy. Our preliminary study compared the pressor
      response of tracheal intubation (T group) with that of laryngeal mask insertion
      (L group) in 19 and 33 hypertensive patients respectively. We also divided the
      patients of L group into sub-groups I (n = 16) and II (n = 17). All patients in T
      group and sub-group I were induced with fentanyl, thiopentone and succinylcholine
      while in subgroup II patients were induced with the same dosage of thiopentone
      and succinylcholine without fentanyl. The changes of blood pressure and heart
      rate exhibited a similar but attenuated pattern of response with laryngeal mask
      insertion in comparison with tracheal intubation. We also found no significant
      difference in pressor response between sub-group I and sub-group II in L group.
      In sum, laryngeal mask insertion may therefore offer some advantages over
      tracheal intubation in the anesthetic management of hypertensive patients in whom
      less pressor response is of particular concern.

PMID- 1800876
TI  - [Incidence of venous air embolism in parturients during cesarean section with
      regional anesthesia].
AB  - The purpose of the study is to probe the situation of venous air embolism (VAE)
      and the accompanying complications occurring in Chinese parturients in Taiwan
      during Cesarean section. Sixty ASA physical status class I-II parturients who
      were subjected to cesarean section under regional anesthesia were evaluated. The
      sensor of the Doppler device was placed on the anterior chest to detect the
      rumbles of air when it came to pass, and simultaneously the signs and symptoms
      following VAE were observed. Our results demonstrated that the usual or normal
      Doppler heart sound changed in 38 parturients out of 60 (63.3%), and the
      alteration occurred very often when the uterus was being incised (81.6%), or
      sutured (97.4%), and concurred strong correlation with such signs and symptoms
      such as chest tightness or precordial pain (78.9%), shortness of breath (60.5%),
      and change of heart rate or blood pressure (86.8%). The method of anesthesia
      (spinal or epidural block) did not have effect on the occurrence of VAE, but
      different surgical approaches and different positions in which the patients were
      posed during operation did apparently bring about VAE of variable degree.
      Besides, supplying of oxygen could mitigate the symptoms produced by VAE.
      Consequently, the application of Doppler monitor during Cesarean section can
      detect VAE earlier and more efficiently and thus provides information timely
      treatment.

PMID- 1800877
TI  - Effects of high-dose fentanyl combined with diazepam on patients after coronary
      artery bypass graft surgery.
AB  - High-dose fentanyl has become a popular anesthetic agent for cardiac anesthesia
      because of its cardiac stability. Little attention has yet been paid to the
      relationship between the dose and problems during the early postoperative period.
      This study was designed to investigate whether higher doses of fentanyl combined
      with diazepam would influence the early-stage of postoperative conditions.
      Sixteen patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
      surgery were studied. All of them had adequate cardiac performance, and were
      randomly divided into two groups, 9 in Group I and 7 in Group II. Group I
      received fentanyl (less than 100 micrograms/kg) combined with diazepam (less than
      0.2 mg/kg). In Group II the doses of both drugs were greater than that used in
      Group I. The cardiovascular changes, the maximal infusion rates of dopamine,
      nitroglycerin (NTG), and sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) were observed. Meanwhile,
      the awakening time from anesthesia, the time of extubation, and the duration of
      stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) were also recorded. The results showed that
      there were no significant differences between both groups regarding the factors
      studied except the maximal infusion rate of Nipride and the awakening time of
      post-anesthesia. We suggest that higher doses of fentanyl combined with diazepam
      can reduce the dosage of vasodilator but do not prolong the time of extubation
      and stay in ICU.

PMID- 1800878
TI  - [HTLV1 and coinfections].
AB  - After reminding the epidemiology of the HTLV1 infection the authors sum up the
      actually recommended diagnosis procedure. --Case finding by ELISA, confirmation
      by WESTERN-BLOT and/or RIPA (anti-gag and anti-env specificities), or even PCR
      which makes specific diagnosis of HTLV1/2. --Or if possible directly by PCR which
      has helped some authors to find provirus in seronegative people. Coinfections
      caused by HIV and by Strongyloides are the best documented. As a rule, HTLV1
      seems to have rather a worsening effect on evolutiveness and on seriousness of
      the clinical picture caused by mixed infections, than the contrary (possibly for
      lack of experience and owing to slow evolution of HTLV1 pathology). Several
      mechanisms have been proposed concerning coinfections with HTLV1 and HIV (in
      vitro studies). --Immortalization of CD4 lymphocytes infected with HTLV1 by
      stimulating both IL2 and its receptor, and by activating lymphocytes with
      translocation of the replicating factor NF k B in the nucleus, on a promoting
      sequence of HIV-LTR by stimulating its replication. --The product of HTLV1 tax
      gene would also have a transactivating effect on the provirus HIV-LTR
      replication. And finally infection with HTLV1 may facilitate HIV by inducing CD4,
      molecule expression in non-expressing cells. In Strongyloides modulating effects
      of HTLV1 on the immune response would facilitate and predispose Strongyloides
      stercoralis multiplication. As far as other coinfections are concerned (caused by
      viruses, by parasites: such as malaria, filariasis, trypanosomiasis or by
      bacteria), epidemiological convergence (risk factors, and geographic
      distribution) on the one hand, and immunological dysregulation induced by the
      other, on the other hand, would be of varying importance. In conclusion, these
      data ask more questions than they answer. But it seems to be established that
      detection of HIV and Strongyloides should performed in every case HTLV1 carries
      and vice versa.

PMID- 1800879
TI  - [Infected, diaphyseal pseudoarthroses of limbs. Therapeutic problems in 17 cases.
      (Orthopedic-traumatology service of the University Hospital Center of Brazzaville
      Congo].
AB  - Seventeen cases of infected pseudarthrosis have been registered between 1987 and
      1991 in the Orthopaedic Ward of the University Hospital of Brazzaville (Congo).
      They are distributed as follows: eleven cases located in the leg, three in the
      humerus, and three others in the femur. Their analysis was especially concerned
      with the etiological aspects of the different cases, and with their specific
      therapeutic strategies. The authors' conclusion points to the urge to take
      deterrent steps to ward off the awful complications of the disease.

PMID- 1800881
TI  - [The secret of healers (Brazil)].
AB  - The Bresilian civilization presents a mixing of cultures (african, european,
      amerindian ... ) who are original but complicated in a socio-economical context
      of a developing country. Psychiater and anthropologist, the author tries to
      inquire into the secret of traditional practitioners. He thinks that they play a
      prominent part in the individual medicine near the official medicine and they
      will be precious assistants in the Bresilian Health System after a complementary
      formation in the Hospital.

PMID- 1800880
TI  - [Surgery of the thyroid gland in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania].
AB  - The authors on the results of 116 surgical interventions against thyropathy. The
      indications were: hyperthyroidy (18.10 p.c.), diffuse goiter (10.34 p.c.)
      thyreonodules (71.55 p.c.). Contrary to what was written in this series,
      Basedow's disease was the main etiology in hyperthyroidies. Thyreonoduls are
      predominant in thyropathology with 12.05 p.c. of cancers. These cancers develop
      themselves on 72.72 p.c. of already existing goiter; that is uncommon; they are
      essentially papillary carcinoma forms. The seriousness of compressive forms is
      underline and is responsible for two deaths in this series.

PMID- 1800882
TI  - [Neonatal bacterial infections in the tropical zone].
AB  - One thousand and ten miscellaneous samples collected from infected newborns, were
      tested at the bacteriology laboratory of A. Royer Children's Hospital from 1983
      to 1991. These samples included 471 blood cultures, 114 pus of various origins,
      410 cerebrospinal fluids and 15 urines. One bacteria or bacterial soluble
      antigens were detected in 294 samples (29.2%). Positivity percentage was 29.2%
      for septicemia, 68.4% for suppurations, 17.8% for meningitidis and 33.3% for
      urinary tract infections. Altogether, we isolated 156 enterobacteria (53%), 14
      Gram negative bacilli (4.7%) and 124 cocci (42.1%) among them 19 streptococci (A,
      B, C) and 25 pneumococci. Three major species were identified: S. aureus (25.8%),
      Klebsiella spp (19.7%) and Escherichia coli (14.6%). The most efficient
      antibiotics against all strains were AKN, CTX, CRO and GEN.

PMID- 1800883
TI  - [Diagnostic problems with cerebral vascular accidents in Gabon].
AB  - This retrospective study covers a period of eleven years (1977-1988). It concerns
      365 patients who developed a cerebrovascular accident or stroke and originated
      from different provinces of Gabon. The authors report their experiences in order
      to emphasize the diagnostic problems and the need of computerized tomography.

PMID- 1800884
TI  - [Current aspects of malaria in expatriates in the Central African Republic].
AB  - This survey was carried out on 35 cases of malaria, having occurred during a
      period of 4 months in a population of expatriates living in a zone III of
      chloroquino-resistance. So, the authors can recall actual frequency of non
      typical forms of this endemia. They underline the sensitivity of orange acridine
      test and its interest in the biological diagnosis of the forms offering a low
      parasitemia. The survey demonstrates once again the limits of the recommended
      chemoprophylaxis and the remarkable efficiency of halofantrine, while suspecting
      a possible coming up of a resistance.

PMID- 1800885
TI  - [Poisoning by ingestion of ditakh (Senegal)].
AB  - In regard to food poisoning as a result of the eating of non edible fruit, we
      have noticed the particular case of a well-known fruit in Senegal: the DITAKH
      (woloff local name). It would appear that some trees produce poisonous fruit and
      others perfectly safe edible fruit. Following a description of the habitat and
      morphological and physical characteristics, the authors wonder whether or not
      they should consider, because of the edible/non edible characteristics of
      Detarium, the existence of two different species or two different varieties.

PMID- 1800886
TI  - [Echographic diagnosis of hepatic abscess (General Referral Hospital, Gbadolite,
      northern Zaire)].
AB  - The two most important liquefying liver diseases are the pyogenic and the amoebic
      liver abscess. The clinical, pathomorphological and ultrasonographic evolution is
      of some regularity. So a classification in three stages is of practical
      usefulness. The ultrasonographic characteristics of those stages for the two
      forms of liver abscess are presented as well as their specific treatment.

PMID- 1800887
TI  - [Chronic diarrhea since returning from Black Africa. "Think of tropical sprue"!].
AB  - Tropical sprue is a diagnosis about which we have to think when we are confronted
      to a patient back from overseas. We examined a young man back from Central
      African Republic where he got diarrhoea which keeps going on in France, with
      alteration of his general condition and stigmata of malabsorption. Taking
      advantage of such observation, the authors report on the present knowledge about
      that disease peculiar to tropical zone. Biological elements of malabsorption are
      associated to partial emaciation of villi of small intestine. As a matter of
      fact, diagnosis is made by elimination. Its pathogenesis remains unknown and is
      linked to some troubles of intestinal microbism of which exact causes has not
      been yet put into evidence. An easy treatment by tetracycline and folic acid is a
      true diagnosis test, as general condition is set up again, as well as villi
      intestinalis.

PMID- 1800888
TI  - [Prevalence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a target
      population in the Republic of Djibouti].
AB  - The Prophylaxis Center of the Republic of Djibouti reports a prevalence
      investigation about AIDS seropositivity from January to May 1991 at risk people:
      the "street" prostitutes and "bar" prostitutes in Djibouti town. This serological
      investigation confirmed by WESTERN-BLOT technique shows the quick-growing of AIDS
      seropositivity in Djibouti.

PMID- 1800889
TI  - Alterations of the LPS determine virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in guinea-pig
      subcutaneous chambers.
AB  - The virulence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      strain Gc40 was studied in vivo using the guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber model.
      Survival of variants D1, D2, D4 and D5 was assessed by viable counts made on
      chamber fluid at various times after inoculation. Chemotactic effect was measured
      by counts of white cells in the chambers. Differential cell counts and
      assessments of the location of the gonococci were made on Giemsa-stained smears
      of chamber fluid. Sensitivity of the variants to normal guinea-pig serum was
      determined by in vitro bactericidal assays. D1 and D5 had relatively high Mr LPS
      which was shed in the medium, were serum resistant, produced intense infections
      and were mainly extracellular. Large number of damaged white cells were present.
      D2 and D4, had low Mr LPS which was poorly shed in the medium, were serum
      sensitive and produced low grade infections. D2 was the least infective and was
      seen mainly inside neutrophils. Collectively the data indicates that the type of
      LPS on the gonococcal surface and possibly the amount of shed LPS strongly
      influence the fate of gonococci in vivo, in an environment in which antibodies,
      complement and phagocytic cells are freely available. This may be decisive at
      some stages of the human infection.

PMID- 1800890
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and expression of an extracellular hemolysin gene of
      Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - The extracellular hemolysin (AHH1) gene of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC7966 was
      cloned into Charomid9-28 in Escherichia coli DH1, and its complete nucleotide
      sequence determined. Escherichia coli carrying this gene expressed an
      extracellular heat-labile hemolysin for rabbit red blood cells. The minimum size
      of the coding region of the 2.6 kilobase-pair BamHI-SphI fragment was subcloned
      into pUC118 and pUC119, selecting for hemolytic activity. The nucleotide sequence
      of this region contained a single open reading frame of 1734 base pairs,
      corresponding to a protein of 577 amino acid residues (63,658 daltons). A
      consensus promoter sequence was present upstream of the AHH1 open reading frame.
      Maxicell analysis of [35S]methionine-labelled proteins in E. coli CSR603 carrying
      the AHH1 plasmid suggested that AHH1 gene codes for an approximately 60,000
      dalton polypeptide. By colony DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, the AHH1 gene was
      detected in 43 of 62 hemolysin-producing strains of A. hydrophila (isolated from
      various sources and areas) and in all 43 hemolysin-producing strains of A.
      salmonicida (isolated from fish). Three hemolysin-negative strains of A.
      hydrophila did not react with the AHH1 probe, whereas three non-hemolytic A.
      salmonicida strains hybridized with the probe.

PMID- 1800891
TI  - The repair of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced DNA adducts in hypersensitive
      Chinese hamster mutants: lack of repair of UV induced (6-4) photoproduct
      correlates with reduced repair of adducts at the N2 of guanosine.
AB  - UV sensitive Chinese hamster mutants belonging to ERCC groups 1, 2 and 6 together
      with one cross-link- and one X-ray-sensitive mutant have been examined for
      sensitivity to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) and the ability to repair 4NQO
      adducts at the N2 and C8 of guanosine. Despite the fact that all of the mutants
      examined were hyper-sensitive to 4NQO there was little difference between the
      mutants V-H1, V-H4, V-C4 and UV61 and the parental cell lines as regards the
      ability to remove these lesions from bulk DNA. The UV5 and UV20 mutants were both
      defective in the ability to remove N2 guanosine adducts yet repaired the C8
      guanine adduct as normal. The fact that the mutants V-H1, V-H4, V-C4 and UV61 are
      4NQO sensitive but repair the above adducts suggests that either some other
      lesion(s) is responsible for increased toxicity in these mutants, or that some
      regions of the genome may not be repaired as effectively as bulk DNA in these
      mutants, or that the quality of the repair is less than in the parental cells.
      Clearly the inability to remove UV induced pyrimidine dimers and the (6-4)
      photoproduct associated with the UV5 and UV20 mutants correlates with the
      inability to repair 4NQO-N2 guanosine adducts. However, mutants capable of (6-4)
      photoproduct repair but not dimer repair (VH-1 and UV61) can repair this lesion.
      Hence it is possible that the same domains in these repair proteins are required
      for the recognition of (6-4) photoproduct repair and 4NQO-N2 guanosine
      adducts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1800892
TI  - Mutational specificity of gamma-rays differs for the same target in plasmid DNA
      and double-stranded (RF) M13 bacteriophage DNA.
AB  - In the lacZ alpha gene of a pUC plasmid a 144 bp insert was cloned as target for
      mutagenesis. Irradiation of the plasmid in a diluted aqueous solution by 60Co
      gamma-rays under oxic conditions leads to a very specific mutation spectrum. The
      predominant type of mutation was a C/G to A/T transversion (29 out of 47 mutants)
      whereas C/G to G/C transversions were found 7 times and C/G to T/A transitions 10
      times. Only one frameshift could be observed which was a deletion of an A/T base
      pair. The mutations were not randomly distributed along the mutation target but
      show a strong preference for a certain DNA sequence in which two thirds of the
      mutations were scored. In this DNA area a hotspot (24 of the 47 mutants) for
      mutagenesis was located and within 6 bp next to this hotspot another seven
      mutations were scored. The mutation spectrum in the same mutation target as part
      of double-stranded (RF) M13 phage was published before. In both systems the
      mutational hotspot is located at the same site, but the predominant type of
      mutation is different. In the M13 system the C/G to G/C transversion was the most
      important event.

PMID- 1800893
TI  - The use of genetically engineered V79 Chinese hamster cultures expressing rat
      liver CYP1A1, 1A2 and 2B1 cDNAs in micronucleus assays.
AB  - We have undertaken a comparative study of the bioactivation of a panel of
      promutagens by V79 Chinese hamster cells genetically engineered to metabolic
      competence. In vitro micronucleus assays of the test agents in V79 cultures in
      the presence of an Aroclor induced rat S9 yielded positive results. In the
      genetically engineered cell lines, benzo[a]pyrene was metabolized specifically by
      the 3-methylcholanthrene inducible rat liver CYP1A1 (cell line XEM2) whereas
      cyclophosphamide increased the micronucleus frequency only in cultures expressing
      the phenobarbital inducible CYP2B1 (SD1). Following exposure to the mycotoxin
      sterigmatocystin, elevated frequencies of micronucleated cells were recorded in
      XEM2, SD1 and XEMd-MZ (expresses the isosafrole inducible CYP1A2) cells. The
      aromatic amine 2-amino-anthracene elicited a weak response in the cell line XEMd
      MZ which expressed CYP1A2. This response was enhanced when this cDNA was
      expressed in a V79 variant cell strain which also possessed endogenous
      acetyltransferase activity. Upon exposure to tobacco particulate matter, a
      greater induction of micronuclei was observed in the XEM2 cell line compared to
      V79 cultures, implicating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in addition to direct
      acting compounds as causal agents in the genotoxicity of tobacco particulate
      matter. The cytokinesis blocked in vitro micronucleus assay provides a faster,
      simpler alternative to metaphase analysis, and kinetochore labelling techniques
      enable the discernment of both structural and numerical chromosome changes. The
      inclusion of metabolically competent test strains in the in vitro micronucleus
      assay therefore creates a powerful system for detecting genotoxins and may be
      extended to elucidate both mechanisms of bioactivation and modes of genotoxic
      insult.

PMID- 1800894
TI  - Inter-laboratory ring trial of in vitro DNA repair tests using rat hepatocytes:
      further testing and conclusive remarks.
AB  - The results of the extension of a collaborative study for the detection of
      chemical-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes in vitro are presented in this
      report. Three coded compounds, i.e. 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulphonate, hydrazine
      sulphate and sodium dichromate, were tested for DNA repair synthesis by seven
      different laboratories, either using autoradiographic procedures or the liquid
      scintillation counting technique. Inter-laboratory standardization was
      intentionally not requested in order to investigate the validity of each study
      design under routine conditions. 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulphonate was clearly
      positive in most laboratories; sodium dichromate was generally positive, while
      the results on hydrazine sulphate were contradictory.

PMID- 1800895
TI  - Noscapine-induced polyploidy in vitro.
AB  - The conditions under which noscapine causes high levels of polyploidy in vitro in
      human lymphocytes were investigated to try to determine its mode of action and to
      assess whether it was likely to be a genotoxic hazard when used as an antitussive
      agent. Irrespective of duration of treatment or type of medium, there seemed to
      be a threshold for polyploidy induction between 15.0 and 30.0 micrograms/ml and a
      maximum between 100.0 and 150.0 micrograms/ml noscapine. High levels (10.0-20.0%)
      of noscapine-induced polyploidy were never found with 4 h treatments or with RPMI
      1640 medium plus 15% (v/v) foetal calf serum; the use of Iscove's modified
      Dulbecco's medium and 24 h treatments were needed. The reasons for these
      observations seemed to be the faster cell division and greater sensitivity of
      cells grown in Iscove's medium. There was conflicting evidence about the
      mechanism of polyploidy induction by noscapine; either spindle damage or cell
      fusion remain as possibilities. The need for prolonged exposure and the precise
      nutritional requirements suggest that a short exposure, albeit at high
      concentration, in the upper gastro-intestinal tract is unlikely to be a hazard
      for humans. Furthermore, evidence of a threshold at approximately 20
      micrograms/ml plus the virtual elimination of noscapine-induced polyploidy by
      microsomal metabolism (S9 mix) together with published metabolic data imply that
      the low-level systemic exposure after absorption may well not be hazardous. We
      conclude that the use of noscapine in cough mixtures does not pose a significant
      potential hazard for humans.

PMID- 1800896
TI  - Role of genotoxicity assays in the regulation of chemicals in The Netherlands:
      considerations and experiences.
AB  - This paper discusses genotoxicity testing and data interpretation as applied in
      The Netherlands in the context of the regulation of chemicals. Guidelines were
      first formulated in 1981 and their use evolved in practice, on the basis of
      increasing experience at the national and international levels. The distinction
      between in vitro assays to detect intrinsic genotoxic properties and in vivo
      assays as a subsequent phase to show the realization of this potential in an
      intact organism has always been a cornerstone of the Dutch approach. Several
      critical aspects of the use of short-term genotoxicity tests in sequential
      schemes are discussed, such as their predictivity for carcinogenicity, the
      limited database concerning the performance of short-term in vivo assays, the
      relevance of devising separate strategies to test for possible carcinogenicity
      and germ cell mutagenicity, and the use of short-term tests to discriminate
      between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. Examples are given of how short
      term tests contributed to the toxicological evaluation of chemicals in The
      Netherlands.

PMID- 1800898
TI  - Inhibitory effects of furocoumarins in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 on the
      mutagenicity of dictamnine and rutacridone, promutagens from Ruta graveolens L.
AB  - Eight furocoumarins differing in their basic structure and substitution pattern
      (angular, linear, dihydrofuran type) were tested for their ability to reduce the
      mutagenic potency of dictamnine and rutacridone, two alkaloids present in
      extracts from Ruta graveolens L. Both compounds need metabolic activation by S9
      mix in order to exhibit mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The
      furocoumarins used in this study did not show any mutagenicity either with or
      without S9 mix within the dose range tested. However, all the furocoumarins were
      able to inhibit the mutagenicity induced by dictamnine as well as by rutacridone
      in a dose-dependent manner. Imperatorin turned out to be the most efficient
      inhibitor. The inhibitory effect is probably due to the inactivation of the
      cytochrome P450 enzyme complex which prevents the activation of the promutagens.
      This is indicative of the desmutagenic character of the furocoumarins. However,
      there is also some evidence that the reduction of the mutagenicity induced by
      dictamnine might be caused to a small extent by a mechanism which possibly
      depends on the competition with furocoumarins for the same sites in the DNA
      molecule.

PMID- 1800897
TI  - Evidence of genotoxic damage in human cataractous lenses.
AB  - Lens epithelial fragments (tags) recovered from individuals during routine
      cataract extraction have been assessed for cellular changes reflective of
      genotoxic damage. A high percentage of tags exhibited a population of
      micronucleated and polyploid cells. The presence and number of micronuclei (MN)
      in the epithelia of cataract patients appears to be independent of age and sex.
      However, a large number of MN in the epithelial cells of some individuals
      strongly suggests a history of compromised genomic integrity. While the study was
      not designed to define the role of DNA damage in the development of cataracts or
      to monitor human populations at risk of exposure to exogenous
      mutagens/cataractogens, the potential of the methodology to address each is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1800899
TI  - On the rodent bioassays currently being conducted on 44 chemicals: a RASH
      analysis to predict test results from the National Toxicology Program.
AB  - We use a method of relative potency comparisons to rank the potential strength of
      44 compounds being tested in rodent carcinogenicity bioassays. All of our
      previous hazard evaluations have been for human conditions where great numbers of
      simultaneous and serial exposures may act in combination to produce a neoplasm
      comprised of 2(20) to 2(30) cells commonly expected to derive from a single
      precancerous cell. For human exposures, we have always assumed an initiated
      target tissue containing at least one transformed but subcarcinogenic cell per
      organ. Thus, for man we have focused on empirical correspondences that may help
      to index the monoclonal growth of a particular cell lineage during cancer
      expansion. In contrast to humans, initiation of target tissues in animals
      subjected to National Toxicity Program (NTP) bioassays may not be a given
      condition, because of extensive precautions taken to minimize exposures to
      contaminates in food, water and cage environments. For this evaluation, we used
      categorical assignments of 'unlikely', 'possible' and 'probable' carcinogens
      adapted from NTP tests. Our rank ordering, of compounds according to maximum
      doses tested in male mice and male rats, is coded accordingly to the three
      outcomes taken from the NTP tests, but the magnitude of potency depend completely
      upon our particular method of comparing toxicological data. We have attempted to
      demonstrate that a relative potency based analysis of a diversity of
      toxicological data may be useful for rank ordering potentially hazardous
      compounds to be tested by the NTP and for range-finding of their effective test
      doses to be administered during chronic test protocols.

PMID- 1800900
TI  - Genotoxicity in mouse lymphoma cells of chemicals capable of Michael addition.
AB  - Over the past several years, we have been evaluating the mutagenicity and
      clastogenicity of compounds capable of Michael-type reactions. These compounds,
      including acrylamide, several acrylate and methacrylate esters, vinyl sulfones,
      and phorone, have been evaluated using TK+/- -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells.
      Mutagenic chemicals induced increases in the number of small colony tk- deficient
      mutants. This suggested a clastogenic mechanism which was confirmed by
      demonstrating increases in aberrations and micronucleus frequencies in cultured
      cells. Vinyl sulfone was found to be the most effective chemical mutagen with
      induction of genotoxic effects at concentrations as low as 0.25 microgram/ml. The
      other compounds also produced positive results, but at higher concentrations.
      Since these compounds are known to deplete glutathione, phorone, a model
      glutathione depleter, was examined and found to produce similar effects as the
      other compounds in mouse lymphoma cells. These results suggest that the direct
      acting Michael-type reaction has activity relevant to producing a genotoxic
      effect. Since acrylamide has been found to be a potent germ cell mutagen, this
      mechanism may be also relevant in the induction of heritable mutagenic risk.

PMID- 1800901
TI  - The effects of pilocarpine nitrate upon the mitotic index of mouse bone marrow
      cells.
AB  - Aneuploidies are the most common chromosomal causes for spontaneous abortions and
      constitute a major part of genetic disorders among the neonates. Aneuploidy
      producing agents (aneugens) pose serious genetic hazards to the human population.
      Therefore, testing for aneuploidy induction should be part of the requirement in
      drug safety guidelines. The aneugenic potential of pilocarpine nitrate, an
      alkaloid drug used as an ophthalmic solution was screened by chromosome analysis
      studies in the bone marrow cells of mice. Using the technique developed by Miller
      and Adler (1989) we evaluated changes in the mitotic index (MI), induction of
      chromatid contraction and spreading (C-mitoses) and decrease of anaphase
      frequencies as indicators of the aneuploidy inducing potency of the drug.
      Concentrations of pilocarpine nitrate of 4, 8 and 12 mg/kg body weight were
      administered intraperitoneally to mice. Colchicine-treated and water-treated
      animals formed the positive and negative controls. The data obtained in the
      cytogenetic analysis of both dose-response and time-response studies showed a
      significant induction of C-mitotic effects in the mouse bone marrow. The positive
      results indicated that the drug is a potential aneugen and should be further
      evaluated.

PMID- 1800902
TI  - Strong influence of the exposure medium on mutagenicity in the Ames test: 7
      methylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide.
AB  - We have previously shown that the activity of the ionized mutagen, 1
      hydroxmethylpyrene sulphate, is strongly enhanced in Salmonella typhimurium TA98,
      when KCl is present in the exposure medium (50-fold at a concentration of 125 mM
      KCl) and that the halogen ion is responsible for this effect. Here we show that
      KCl has the opposite effect on the activity of the lipophilic mutagen, 7
      methylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, (10-fold decrease at a concentration of 125
      mM) and that K+ accounts for this influence. Many other solutes also decreased
      the mutagenicity of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, but to a smaller extent
      than the K+ salts. The stability of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide did not
      appear to be altered in the presence of KCl (t1/2 approximately 12 min), as
      determined from mutagenicity experiments in which the test compound was added to
      the exposure medium at varying times before the bacteria. Furthermore, the
      influence of the exposure medium was significantly stronger in strain TA98 than
      in strain TA100. Taken together these findings argue for an influence of the
      medium on the bacteria rather than on the test compound. Parallel studies with
      other mutagens indicate that exposure in distilled water enhances the
      mutagenicity of many compounds. Exposure in distilled water, in combination with
      some other modifications, led to a 400-fold increase of the assay sensitivity
      towards 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, as compared to the usual plate
      incorporation assay.

PMID- 1800903
TI  - Heated fats. Part 3. Biological effect and effect of heating and tempering oils
      on fatty acid composition of liver, heart and serum lipids of rats.
AB  - The study deals with the biological effect caused by changes in fats during
      heating. The study includes feeding experiments and extraction of serum, liver,
      and heart from the animals tested. The biological study reveals that animals fed
      heated oil showed retardation of growth, poor efficiencies, rough, greasy mottled
      coats, and shortened life span.

PMID- 1800904
TI  - [High pressure extraction of marjoram. 1. Sensory characterization of marjoram
      oleoresin by profile analysis].
AB  - A flavour profile analysis has been developed for the evaluation of carbon
      dioxide extracts of marjoram. On the basis of the commercial quality of various
      proveniences of marjoram a first flavour profile was established. Components
      which decisively influence the flavour were examined for the determination of
      relevance factors. The taste profile is the basis for the calculation of the
      quality coefficient as measure of the sensory quality. The expert profile as a
      theoretical model is based on optimum intensities of individual taste components.
      Differences from the expert profile are considered by corrected intensities and
      lead to a decrease of the quality coefficient. The method used for the
      development of a high pressure extraction technology is quite suitable for the
      characterization of marjoram extracts as well as for the evaluation of commercial
      marjoram samples.

PMID- 1800906
TI  - Effects of sodium metabisulphite, hydrogen peroxide and heat on aflatoxin B1 in
      lafun and gari--two cassava products.
AB  - Sodium metabisulphite and hydrogen peroxide alone or in combination with heat (50
      70 degrees C) were found to be effective in degrading aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in
      lafun and gari. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 3% in the aqueous
      phase gave a 12.5% degradation of aflatoxin B1 in lafun and at 50 degrees C,
      degradation levels of 25% and 50% were obtained with 6.0 and 9.0% H2O2,
      respectively. When sodium metabisulphite was applied during the production of
      gari (a fermented cassava product heated to 50-70 degrees C during production)
      AFB1 degradation levels were found to be 65.8%, 60.9%, 41.5% and 36.6%,
      respectively, for sodium metabisulphite levels of 1.0%, 0.8%, 0.5% and 0.3%.

PMID- 1800905
TI  - [Residues of organochlorine pesticides, PCB's and chlorophenols in fish from
      commercial ponds and fish hatcheries from the waters in the area of Frankfurt
      (Oder)].
AB  - Fishes from fish-hatcheries, lakes and the river Oder in the area of the former
      district Frankfurt (Oder) were analysed for organochlorine pesticides (HCB,
      aldrin, HCH-isomeres, DDD, DDE, DDT, endrin, toxaphen and dieldrin),
      polychlorinated biphenyles and penta- and tetrachlorophenole. A clean up
      procedure using acidic digestion mixture has been compared with a column
      extraction-procedure followed by column chromatography on aluminia. Furthermore
      the simultaneous determination of the organochlorine pesticides, PCB's and
      chlorophenoles by acidic silicagel-extraction is described. The identification
      and quantification was realized by packed-column and capillary-gaschromatography
      including electron-capture-detection. The investigations show, that the
      permissible levels were only reached up to 2 to 10% with exception of toxaphen
      and pentachlorophenole. Average 50% of the toxaphen- and pentachlorophenole
      values were found near the tolerance levels settled for these substances. The
      application of both substances in the area of the former German Democratic
      Republic until today can be regarded as a reason for this. The results of our
      investigations are comparable to last publications on fish contamination in the
      area of the previous Federal Republic of Germany.

PMID- 1800907
TI  - [Total amitraz residues in bee honeys].
AB  - A total of 330 bee honey samples was analysed in 1986-1990, and the results are
      reported. Analysis was performed according to the method for the amitraz total
      residue determination by hydrolysis and steam distillation as described. 60% of
      the honeys were practically not contamined (total residue content amounting to
      0.01 mg/kg), 8.5% of the honeys contained more than 0.05 mg/kg. Maximal values of
      0.2-0.5 mg/kg were stated. 54% of the rape-honeys contained more than 0.01 mg/kg,
      19% more than 0.05 mg/kg.

PMID- 1800908
TI  - Hormonal effects on triacylglycerol secretion of rat liver.
AB  - The influence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, and prednisolone on the
      triacylglycerol (TG) secretion rate of rat liver was determined in vivo under
      different nutritional conditions (non-fasting, 10 and 16 h fasting,
      respectively). It was possible to estimate the triacylglycerol secretion rate by
      the Triton method without regard to fasting intervals. The subcutaneous
      administration of hormones was followed in all cases by changes of lipid
      parameters. Variations of secretion rate were found only by applications of
      norepinephrine, insulin, and prednisolone. Frequently, but not always, a change
      of free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in serum, that means a change of FFA
      mobilization in adipose tissue, was accompanied by an alteration of the TG
      secretion rate and in some cases by a change of TG concentration in serum in the
      same direction. We suggest that under these conditions the hormonal effect on TG
      secretion is realized by influence on the mobilization of FFA in adipose tissue.
      If the enhancement of FFA in serum is not followed by an increase of TG
      secretion, the elevated FFA influx into the liver is possibly used for oxidation
      or synthesis of phospholipids too. The role of nutritional factors was especially
      seen in 16 h fasting animals in which no rise of TG secretion rate was observed
      in spite of high FFA levels. In some cases reduced serum TG concentrations were
      observed without preceeding decreases of TG secretion rate out of the liver.
      Probably this effect is caused by increased clearance of serum TG.

PMID- 1800909
TI  - Effect of free fatty acids on the flavour of frying oil.

PMID- 1800910
TI  - Developmental profile of plasma proteins in human fetal cerebrospinal fluid and
      blood.
AB  - Total protein, alphafetoprotein, albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin,
      transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels were measured in samples of human fetal and
      neonatal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (97 cases), obtained between 12 and 41 weeks
      of gestation. In 39 of these cases (13 to 40 weeks gestation) plasma was also
      available for comparative analysis. CSF was collected from lateral ventricles in
      the first half of gestation and from the lumbar region in the second. Since these
      CSF samples were obtained from different sites, the protein levels in the lateral
      ventricle (early) samples could not be compared directly with those in the lumbar
      (later) samples. However, the mean protein levels in the lumbar samples were
      lower than those in the ventricular samples, which is in accord with the decline
      in CSF protein levels described in maturing animal fetuses. Despite a wide
      scatter of results, particularly in the first half of gestation, significant
      decline in the level of CSF alphafetoprotein was demonstrated during both first
      and second halves of gestation, and of albumin and prealbumin in the second half.
      No sex differences were found except for ceruloplasmin in lumbar CSF later in
      gestation, when males had higher levels than females. In fetal plasma, protein
      levels increased with increasing gestation apart from alphafetoprotein and
      prealbumin which both declined progressively. CSF/plasma ratios were dissimilar
      for different proteins, and changed with increasing gestation. These findings
      support the concept that the human fetal blood brain barrier matures early.

PMID- 1800911
TI  - A primary demyelinating disorder of young cattle.
AB  - The clinical signs and neuropathological changes are described in six Limousin X
      calves that, at about one month after birth, showed signs of blindness,
      nystagmus, rotation of the eyes, opisthotonos, hyperprotraction of the forelegs
      and, in one case, apparent seizures. Pathologically there was necrosis of the
      optic chiasma and focal areas of myelin sheath vacuolation or demyelination in
      certain areas of the brain, especially in the cerebellar peduncles. In one
      animal, kept alive for 7 months, there was remyelination by Schwann cells of some
      demyelinated axons in the focal cerebellar lesions, while other axons remained
      demyelinated. There was no evidence of oligodendrocyte remyelination. The cause
      of the condition was not determined but a genetic association is likely.

PMID- 1800912
TI  - The site of the lesion causing hearing loss in bacterial meningitis: a study of
      experimental streptococcal meningitis in guinea-pigs.
AB  - The pathological basis of hearing loss in bacterial meningitis was investigated
      using an animal model of Streptococcus suis meningitis. Forty guinea-pigs were
      infected after their hearing had been assessed by brain stem auditory evoked
      potentials. In 17 animals, it was possible to repeat the procedure at the onset
      of meningitis; this included one animal with subclinical disease. Fifteen animals
      showed evidence of hearing loss, which on subsequent histological examination was
      found to be associated invariably with suppurative labyrinthitis. The remaining
      two animals without hearing loss had normal cochleas. It is suggested that
      cochlear sepsis rather than eighth cranial nerve involvement by meningeal sepsis
      is primarily responsible for hearing loss in bacterial meningitis, and that
      bacteria enter the cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct and not the internal
      auditory canal. The tissue within the lumen of the cochlear aqueduct may act as a
      barrier against invasion by micro-organisms, and haemolytic streptococci could
      cause lysis of this barrier by the exotoxins they produce.

PMID- 1800914
TI  - Nutrition reviews' one-half century: an appreciation.

PMID- 1800913
TI  - Vascular factors in the neurotoxic damage caused by 1,3-dinitrobenzene in the
      rat.
AB  - Using a 3 x 10 mg/kg dose schedule of 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) over two days in
      Fischer rats, we have found the following changes in vascular function and
      structure during the early phase of the symmetrical brain stem lesions. 1. Marked
      increase in cerebral blood flow generally but especially in the inferior
      colliculi, from 6 h after the final dose of DNB. 2. Increasing incidence of
      petechial haemorrhages in inferior colliculi, cerebellar roof, vestibular and
      superior olivary nuclei from 12 h. 3. Focal leakage of horseradish peroxidase and
      many sleeve-like arteriolar haemorrhages seen in vibratome sections and by
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in these regions from 12 h. 4. Periarteriolar
      oedema and protein leakage present in step-serial sections in these regions from
      12 h, with astrocyte swelling and occasional small infarcts. These changes
      suggest that the vascular bed may play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      these lesions, perhaps in parallel with early astroglial damage. They are
      discussed in relation to (i) the known presence of xanthine oxidase in the
      vascular bed of the brain and the likelihood of "useless redox cycling' with free
      radical generation from this enzyme's interaction with nitroheterocyclic
      compounds, and (ii) the possible role of free radical damage to endothelial cells
      in this intoxication and in the analogous lesions of natural and experimental
      Wernicke's encephalopathy.

PMID- 1800915
TI  - Seafood safety. Highlights of the Executive Summary of the 1991 report by the
      Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products of the Food and
      Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.

PMID- 1800916
TI  - Is carbohydrate converted to fat in humans?
AB  - A noninvasive, stable-isotopic method was developed for measuring de novo
      synthesis of fatty acids in humans. After a carbohydrate load was given to non
      overfed, nonobese men, de novo hepatic lipogenesis was found to be insignificant.

PMID- 1800917
TI  - Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in foodstuffs, urine, and milk: physiological
      implications.
AB  - Tryptophan can react chemically during food processing or physiologically to form
      1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline which on nitrosation forms a
      mutagen(s).

PMID- 1800918
TI  - Importance of zinc for hormone binding and signal transduction: limiting
      mechanisms in zinc deficiency?
AB  - Zinc markedly increases the binding affinity of human growth hormone to human
      prolactin receptor protein. This observation supports physiological evidence that
      zinc plays a role in plasma membrane function, in the binding and transduction of
      signal molecules.

PMID- 1800919
TI  - Succinylcholine in open eyes.

PMID- 1800920
TI  - Capsulotomy for ECCE.

PMID- 1800921
TI  - Perfluoro-octane in the treatment of giant retinal tears with proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Giant retinal tears complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) pose one
      of the more complex problems in vitreoretinal surgery. The authors developed a
      technique using perfluoro-octane, a temporary vitreous substitute that is heavier
      than water, combined with vitrectomy, scleral buckling, fluid-gas exchange, and
      direct manipulation of the retina to treat these cases. Ten eyes with giant
      retinal tears and grade D-1 PVR or worse were treated. In all eyes, the retina
      was successfully reattached at the end of surgery. Nine of the ten retinas
      remained attached after 6 months of follow-up. Five eyes required a total of six
      reoperations for epiretinal membrane formation without retinal detachment. The
      one eye in which the retina did not remain reattached developed severe recurrent
      PVR and iris neovascularization. Visual acuity improved in 8 of 10 eyes. Final
      visual acuity was 20/400 or better in 8 of 10 eyes, and 20/80 or better in 4
      eyes.

PMID- 1800922
TI  - Management of retinal detachment with choroidal coloboma.
AB  - Seventeen eyes with retinal detachment secondary to retinal breaks in the
      colobomatous area were managed by vitrectomy procedures. Endodrainage was done
      through the break in the colobomatous area, with simultaneous fluid-air exchange.
      Endolaser photocoagulation was performed along the colobomatous margin
      posteriorly, while the anterior portion was treated by transscleral cryopexy.
      Silicone oil was then exchanged with air. In nine cases, the silicone oil had to
      be removed for complications such as emulsification, glaucoma, and keratopathy;
      in three of these eyes, oil removal resulted in recurrent retinal detachment. At
      the 2-month follow-up visit, there was 100% anatomic success, and 12 eyes (70.6%)
      recovered visual acuity of 10/200 or better. Of the 11 eyes with follow-up of
      more than 6 months, in 9 (81.8%) the retina remained reattached at last-follow
      up, and in 6 eyes (54.5%) a visual acuity of 10/200 or better was obtained.

PMID- 1800923
TI  - Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity. The Cryotherapy for
      Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.
AB  - In the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP),
      4099 infants weighing less than 1251 g at birth underwent sequential ophthalmic
      examinations, beginning at age 4 to 6 weeks, to monitor the incidence and course
      of ROP. Overall, 65.8% of the infants developed ROP to some degree; 81.6% for
      infants of less than 1000 g birth weight. As expected, ROP incidence and severity
      were higher in lower birth weight and gestational age categories. Black infants
      appeared less susceptible to ROP, of all severity categories, than nonblack
      infants. The timing of retinal vascular events correlated more closely with
      postconceptional age than with postnatal age, implicating the level of maturity
      more than postnatal environmental influences in governing the timing of these
      vascular events. These results include the current incidence of various severity
      stages of ROP found in the United States and provide new insight into the
      development of ROP.

PMID- 1800924
TI  - Acquired ocular toxoplasmosis. A fluorescein angiography study.
AB  - A 31-year-old man exhibited a bilateral deterioration of vision over the course
      of 1 week. The right fundus showed the picture of a central vein occlusion, and
      the left of a disseminated choroiditis. Indirect immunofluorescent testing
      indicated a titer of 1:2048 for toxoplasmosis. Fluorescein angiography revealed a
      hitherto unique picture of isolated choroidal occlusions but neither a central
      vein occlusion nor a disseminated choroiditis. Using only specific
      antitoxoplasmotic therapy, the patient regained full visual acuity on both sides.
      The original findings and the results of a 14-year follow-up are presented.

PMID- 1800925
TI  - Diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma.
AB  - The authors describe two children who presented with atypical posterior uveitis
      and who were subsequently diagnosed as having diffuse infiltrating
      retinoblastoma. A review of these two cases and 26 previously published cases was
      performed to assess the epidemiology, presenting signs, and usefulness of
      diagnostic tests. In contrast to typical retinoblastoma, results of histologic
      analysis showed that only 4 of the 28 cases with infiltrating lesions contained
      calcium. Computed tomography scans and ultrasonography were not particularly
      helpful and many eyes required an anterior chamber paracentesis to establish the
      correct diagnosis. A systematic approach to the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrating
      retinoblastoma is presented.

PMID- 1800926
TI  - Uveal melanoma in teenagers and children. A report of 40 cases.
AB  - A review of 3706 consecutive patients with uveal melanoma revealed that 40
      patients (1.1%) were age 20 years or younger at the time of diagnosis. The
      youngest patient was age 6 years but the majority of patients (78%) were between
      15 and 20 years old. The tumor occurred in the iris in 5 cases (12%) and in the
      posterior uvea in 35 cases (88%). The mean largest tumor dimension and thickness
      was 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. In all cases, the diagnosis of uveal melanoma
      was suspected before referral, and misdirected treatment was avoided. The tumor
      was initially treated by enucleation in 24 cases (60%), local resection in 7
      (18%), plaque radiotherapy in 3 (8%), and observation in 6 (15%). Secondary
      treatment was required in 7 cases in the form of enucleation (4 cases), ablative
      laser (1 case), plaque radiotherapy (1 case), and exenteration (1 case). The mean
      follow-up period was 68 months (median, 48 months) from the time of treatment,
      and only one patient died of metastases (from a massive ciliochoroidal melanoma
      33 months after treatment). The remainder of the group of young patients are
      alive and healthy. Cumulative survival rates show that 96% of young patients with
      uveal melanoma survive at the 5-year period.

PMID- 1800927
TI  - Uveal melanoma and pregnancy. A report of 16 cases.
AB  - A review of 3706 consecutive patients with uveal melanoma over a 17-year period
      revealed that 16 patients (0.4%) were pregnant women at the time of diagnosis.
      The mean age at presentation in this group was 30 years and the mean months of
      gestation at the time of diagnosis of the posterior uveal melanoma was 6 months.
      Seven of the sixteen tumors were active uveal melanomas at the initial
      examination and were treated immediately, while the remaining nine tumors were
      initially diagnosed as suspicious choroidal nevi or dormant choroidal melanomas,
      seven of which grew into active melanomas during the course of the pregnancy,
      necessitating therapy. The tumors were managed by enucleation in 10 cases, plaque
      radiotherapy either during or after pregnancy in 4 cases, and observation in 2
      cases. Histopathologically, the melanomas did not differ appreciably in cell
      type, mitotic activity, and other features when compared with a matched group of
      tumors in nonpregnant women. All of the patients who elected to carry the
      pregnancy to term (14 cases) delivered healthy babies with no placental or infant
      metastases. The 5-year survival rate using the life table method in these
      pregnant women with posterior uveal melanoma is 71% and is similar to the
      survival of nonpregnant women with posterior uveal melanoma reported in other
      series.

PMID- 1800928
TI  - Keratoconus associated with floppy eyelid syndrome.
AB  - Floppy eyelid syndrome is a recently described entity, which characteristically
      involves overweight individuals. The characteristic findings are an upper lid
      that may be readily everted, tarsal laxity, and diffuse papillary conjunctival
      changes. The cause of floppy eyelid syndrome is believed to be a mechanical
      disorder due to the eversion of the lids while sleeping. The cause of keratoconus
      remains uncertain. There are strong proponents to a mechanical etiology for this
      disease. The authors report five cases of floppy eyelid syndrome with concomitant
      keratoconus. One patient with bilateral keratoconus had bilateral symmetric
      floppy eyelid syndrome. The other four patients had asymmetric keratoconus and
      floppy eyelid syndrome. In all four patients, the keratoconus was significantly
      worse in the eye with the more severe case of floppy eyelid syndrome. In
      addition, these four patients all gave a history of sleeping with their head
      facing predominantly on the side with the floppy eyelid syndrome and keratoconus.
      Two patients with keratoconus and floppy eyelid syndrome were able to undergo
      successful contact lens rehabilitation of their keratoconus after treatment of
      the floppy eyelid syndrome.

PMID- 1800929
TI  - Topical cyclosporine in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
AB  - In a placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial, the authors evaluated the
      effects of topical 2% cyclosporine on 20 patients with vernal
      keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Nineteen patients were male and one was female.
      Patients ranged in age from 5 to 19 years (mean, 9.7 years). Symptoms of itching,
      tearing, photophobia, discharge, and foreign body sensation were evaluated and
      recorded at weekly intervals for a period of 6 weeks. There was a statistically
      significant decrease in the conjunctival hyperemia, papillary hypertrophy,
      punctate keratitis, and Trantas' dots in the group of patients treated with
      cyclosporine but not in the group treated with placebo. No adverse effects and no
      detectable levels of cyclosporine were noted in the blood in the cyclosporine
      treated group. Cyclosporine appears to be safe and effective for the short-term
      treatment of VKC.

PMID- 1800930
TI  - A retrospective study of disposable extended-wear lenses in 100 patients.
AB  - A retrospective evaluation of 100 patients who wore disposable extended-wear
      contact lenses is presented. The patients were selected at random and were fitted
      with one of three lens brands approved for extended wear. There were 37 males and
      63 females in the study. The mean age was 40.1 years (range, 14 to 76 years).
      Sixty-seven of the patients wore nondisposable extended-wear soft contact lenses
      before being fitted with disposable lenses. Complications were noted and included
      two instances of infectious ulcerative keratitis and six cases of peripheral
      corneal infiltrates. It is believed that the rate of complications is due to the
      ongoing hypoxic effect of prolonged use of extended-wear or other contact lenses
      and may be improved by providing a greater variety of lens fitting parameters.
      Disposable extended-wear lenses may be a reasonable means of vision correction in
      the appropriately selected patient and with proper follow-up. At the same time,
      caution should be exercised in the fitting and wear of disposable extended-wear
      lenses.

PMID- 1800931
TI  - Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis
      with topical ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity
      against most aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topical
      ciprofloxacin (3 mg/ml) was used to treat bacterial keratitis caused by
      methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in two patients. Both
      corneal ulcers had been previously treated with other antibiotics without
      success. Topical ciprofloxacin was curative in both cases. The authors recommend
      the use of topical ciprofloxacin for methicillin-resistant S. aureus keratitis.

PMID- 1800932
TI  - Posterior chamber intraocular lenses after extracapsular cataract extraction in
      patients with aniridia.
AB  - Visual rehabilitation of patients with aniridia and progressive cataract is a
      challenging clinical problem. Reduced corneal transparency, limitations of iris
      support, and decreased zonular integrity may make extracapsular cataract surgery
      difficult. Four patients with familial aniridia had substantial visual
      improvement after successful extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with
      implantation of capsular-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOLs).
      In one patient, it was combined with trabeculectomy to treat chronic open-angle
      glaucoma. Posterior chamber IOLs can be safely implanted in the aniridic eye
      normalities in the anterior segment.

PMID- 1800933
TI  - Is chronic intraocular inflammation after lens implantation of bacterial origin?
AB  - In an effort to better understand the cause of chronic intraocular inflammation
      after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, both scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy were used to compare 1 anterior chamber, 1 iris-fixated, and
      3 posterior chamber IOLs removed for this condition between 2 and 16 months after
      implantation with 8 IOLs explanted for other reasons (decentration in 4 cases,
      bullous keratopathy in 4 cases). Colonization with non-slime-producing, as well
      as slime-producing bacteria (1 case) in the presence of a thin membranous
      structure of cellular origin (multinucleated giant cells and macrophage-like
      cells) was demonstrated on all of the 5 IOLs explanted from inflamed eyes.
      Neither bacteria nor membranous structures could be identified on the IOLs
      removed because of dislocation or from eyes with bullous keratopathy. These
      observations indicate that bacterial colonization and the consequent host
      response may be characteristic features of many otherwise unexplained cases of
      intraocular inflammation after IOL implantation.

PMID- 1800935
TI  - Low-dose cyclosporine therapy of granulomatous optic neuropathy and orbitopathy.
AB  - Four patients with granulomatous disease of the anterior visual pathway presented
      with optic neuropathy between July 1986 and February 1987, secondary to an
      orbital pseudotumor (n = 1) and sarcoidosis (n = 3). All but one became resistant
      to corticosteroid therapy, and all were subsequently treated for 1 to 2 years
      with low-dose cyclosporine alone or in combination with tapering doses of
      prednisone. Two patients experienced pronounced recovery of visual function, and
      visual function was stabilized in the other two; in one of these, magnetic
      resonance imaging showed substantial regression of intracranial lesions. Steroid
      induced complications of uncontrolled hyperglycemia (n = 2) and obesity (n = 4)
      were controlled with cyclosporine. The authors conclude that low-dose
      cyclosporine is a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in ocular
      granulomatous diseases.

PMID- 1800934
TI  - Aicardi syndrome. A clinicopathologic case report including electron microscopic
      observations.
AB  - Aicardi syndrome is characterized by infantile spasms, agenesis of the corpus
      callosum, severe mental retardation, and a characteristic chorioretinopathy with
      lacunar defects. The authors report on a 2-year-old girl with congenital
      hydrocephaly who was found unresponsive by the baby-sitter and died shortly
      thereafter. At autopsy, the histopathologic findings, which were confined to the
      brain and eyes, were found highly characteristic of AIC. The main abnormalities
      included agenesis of the corpus callosum, micropolygyria, bilateral papillomas of
      choroid plexi, bilateral microphthalmia, bilateral hypoplasia of the optic
      nerves, bilateral colobomas of the juxtapapillaris choroid and optic disc,
      bilateral total retinal detachment with dysplastic rosettes and chorioretinal
      lacunae with focal thinning, and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and
      choroid. A detailed histopathologic study of the ocular findings and the brain
      anomalies is presented. The results of scanning electron microscopy of the
      chorioretinal lacunae demonstrated peculiar papillary proliferations of the
      retinal pigment epithelium in both eyes.

PMID- 1800936
TI  - Intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the bony orbit.
AB  - Epidermoid cysts originating within the diploic space of the bony orbit are rare.
      The authors retrospectively studied four patients with an intradiploic epidermoid
      cyst of the orbital bones to investigate the clinical and the computed
      tomographic (CT) findings. The clinical presentation was dependent on the
      location of the slowly expanding epidermoid cyst. The sphenoid bone was involved
      in three patients and the frontal bone in one patient. Proptosis caused by
      intraorbital extension of the mass was the most common presenting sign. The
      findings on high-resolution CT scans appeared to be specific for intradiploic
      epidermoid cysts. The typical sclerotic margin, which is diagnostic of
      intradiploic epidermoid cysts, can be demonstrated by CT scans with a bone window
      setting.

PMID- 1800937
TI  - Congenital dacryocele. A collaborative review.
AB  - Fifty-four cases of congenital dacryocele from several medical centers were
      reviewed retrospectively. There was strong female preponderance (73%) and
      unilateral involvement (88%). Lacrimal sac contents could be expressed by local
      massage through the puncta in 21% of cases. Probing and irrigation were done
      under general (27.8%) or local (55.6%) anesthesia, while in other cases (16.7%),
      the cyst resolved before intervention. Recurrence of the dacryocele occurred in
      10 patients (22%) after probing. Nasal cysts were visualized in six cases.
      Marsupialization of nasal cysts was necessary in four cases. In one center, after
      conservative therapy, 80% of cysts resolved spontaneously and 20% developed
      dacryocystitis. Surgical intervention is indicated in cases of dacryocystitis,
      cellulitis, breathing difficulty from large nasal cysts, recurrent dacryocele,
      and lack of its resolution after a short trial of digital massage.

PMID- 1800938
TI  - [The age dependence of traumatically induced bone remodeling as studied in the
      bone scintigram].
AB  - Two independent groups of patients were studied by bone scintigraphy to
      demonstrate age-dependent changes in the appearance time of fractures: 83
      patients with 123 fractures of the spine showed neither by multiple regression
      analysis nor by separation into two subgroups (younger and older than 55 years) a
      clinically significant difference by scintimetric evaluation. A second group of
      162patients with multiple trauma demonstrated no age dependence of the rate of
      additional bone lesions shown by scintigraphy. Instead a clear dependence on the
      site of the lesion and the time after trauma was found: fractures of the shafts
      of long bones and fractures of the pelvis and spine showed up significantly later
      than fractures in the neighbourhood of the distal joints. 12-14 days after a
      trauma all fractures may be detected with a high accuracy independently from the
      fracture site (except for fractures of the skull which did not show up at all in
      most cases). Thus, the differences in the appearing time of fractures are not age
      but site-dependent.

PMID- 1800939
TI  - [A comparison of MRT and SPECT findings in patients with cerebral
      microangiopathy].
AB  - Lacunar infarctions and periventricular hypodensity are assumed to be typical CT
      patterns of cerebral microangiopathy (MA). In 17 patients with such findings and
      in 6 controls without any signs of central nervous system disease cranial CT, MRT
      and 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT were employed. Seven patients with CT findings of minor MA
      demonstrated in comparison to controls no significant difference. In 10 cases
      with CT findings of pronounced MA periventricular rCBF was significantly reduced
      compared to controls. rCBF of temporal and parietal cortex was not diminished
      compared to controls. In 14 patients studied with MRT deep white matter lesions
      were found which appeared solitary, multiple or confluent. Employing 99mTc-HMPAO
      SPECT, cerebral MA revealed rCBF reduction in periventricular brain tissue by
      cerebellar standardization.

PMID- 1800940
TI  - [The 32P-test in the diagnosis of intraocular melanoma--an obsolete study
      method?].
AB  - Results of the 32P uptake test for the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma in 41
      patients are reported. The sensitivity was 80%, the specificity 86%, if a count
      rate ratio of more than 1.4 between tumor and normal tissue was considered as
      pathological. Ratios between 1.4 and 1.6 ought to be considered as equivocal in
      which case specificity increases to 90%. The 32P uptake test still remains a
      method of clinical relevance in the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma.

PMID- 1800941
TI  - Vascular graft infection: detection by 123I-labeled antigranulocyte antibody
      (anti-NCA95) scintigraphy.
AB  - A total of 40 scintigraphic examinations were performed after vascular
      reconstructive surgery in 27 patients in whom there was a clinical suspicion of
      vascular graft infection. Whole-body gamma camera images were obtained at 4 and
      24 h after i.v. administration of 111 MBq 123I-labeled antigranulocyte antibody
      Anti-NCA95. Scan results were interpreted without clinical information and were
      subsequently correlated with computed tomography. Prosthetic vascular graft
      infection was confirmed in 9 patients and excluded in 18 by surgical findings,
      bacteriology and/or clinical course. Scintigraphy revealed true-positive results
      in 16 of 40 and false-negative results in 1 of 40 examinations. True-negative
      results were found in 19 and 16, false-positive results in 4 and 7 examinations
      at 4 and 24 h p.i., resp. The sensitivity was calculated to be 94% for both early
      (4 h) and late (24 h) images whereas the specificity was 83% and 70%, resp. In
      all cases the application of the murine antibody was safe and no side effects or
      complications were noted. Limitations of this diagnostic procedure are
      accumulations of granulocytes in hematomas which may be observed in the non
      complicated early course following reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 1800942
TI  - Quantitative 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy for determination of maxillary sinus
      drainage following Caldwell-Luc surgery.
AB  - Nine maxillary sinuses of 8 patients who had undergone Caldwell-Luc surgery (CWL)
      were injected with 100-125 microCi 99mTc-DTPA in 0.2 ml from the gingivo-buccal
      sulcus, passing through the canine fossa window. Sinus half-emptying times and
      percent contribution of the natural ostium (NO) and the naso-antral window (NA)
      to the clearance from the sinus were calculated, using time-activity curves as
      well as the activity of cotton wool plugs placed into the middle and lower
      conchae. Mean half-emptying times in patients in whom the mucosa had been removed
      were shorter than those in patients in whom it had been left in place. In the
      former group percent drainage through the NO was higher than that through the NA
      whereas in the latter group the opposite was the case. These findings are
      consistent with the thesis that if the mucosa is retained, the cilia continue
      their sweeping action towards the NO but if it is removed the NA gains importance
      in the drainage. This method is promising for the evaluation of maxillary sinus
      drainage following CWL.

PMID- 1800943
TI  - Left ventricular dysfunction and blood glycohemoglobin levels in young diabetics.
AB  - Left ventricular function including regional wall motion (RWM) was evaluated by
      99mTc first-pass and equilibrium gated blood pool ventriculography and
      glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) blood levels determined by a quantitative column
      technique in 25 young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without
      clinical evidence of heart disease, and in healthy controls matched for age and
      sex. Phase analysis revealed abnormal RWM in 19 of 21 diabetic patients. The mean
      left ventricular global ejection fraction, the mean regional ejection fraction
      and the mean 1/3 filling fraction were lower and the time to peak ejection, the
      time to peak filling and the time to peak ejection/cardiac cycle were longer in
      diabetics than in controls. We found high HbA1c levels in all diabetics. There
      was no significant difference between patients with and without retinopathy and
      with and without peripheral neuropathy in terms of left ventricular function and
      HbA1c levels.

PMID- 1800944
TI  - Analog of neuropeptide FF attenuates morphine abstinence syndrome.
AB  - The octapeptide FLFQPQRFamide (neuropeptide FF or F8Fa) may play a role in opiate
      dependence and subsequent abstinence syndrome. Previously, NPFF precipitated
      opiate abstinence syndrome, while IgG from NPFF antiserum attenuated subsequent
      naloxone-precipitated abstinence signs in dependent rats. The peptide desamino
      YFLFQPQRamide (daY8Ra) was synthesized as a possible NPFF antagonist. At a dose
      of 600 ng ICV, daY8Ra significantly attenuated (p less than 0.001) the number of
      abstinence-like signs subsequently induced by 10 micrograms NPFF ICV, suggesting
      that daY8Ra does have antagonist activity against NPFF. Pretreatment of morphine
      dependent rats with the same dose of daY8Ra also significantly attenuated (p less
      than 0.001) the abstinence signs subsequently precipitated by 10 micrograms
      naloxone ICV. Pretreatment with 600 ng of NPFF itself, or of NPFF modified at the
      N-terminal only (daY9Fa), failed to attenuate subsequent naloxone-precipitated
      abstinence, suggesting that the C-terminal modification is critical for NPFF
      antagonist activity. It should be noted, however, that higher doses of daY8Ra (2
      micrograms or more) can precipitate some abstinence signs in a manner similar to
      NPFF.

PMID- 1800945
TI  - Processing of TRH precursor peptides in rat brain and pituitary is zinc
      dependent.
AB  - The enzymes responsible for the posttranslational processing of precursor
      proteins to form alpha-amidated peptide hormones require the availability of
      several cofactors, including zinc, copper and ascorbate ions. Major changes in
      the availability of these cofactors, as well as the rate of hormone precursor
      conversion to active hormone, occur during neonatal development, aging and
      caloric restriction. The effects of 6 weeks of a zinc-deficient (ZD1) diet, pair
      feeding (PF) and partial zinc deficiency (ZD6) compared to a control diet on the
      enzymatic cleavage and processing of prepro-TRH to form TRH have been studied in
      the hypothalamus, brain, and pituitary of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that TRH was
      the major TRH-IR component of the hypothalamus, brain and pituitary. The effect
      of zinc deficiency on the TRH-Gly-IR HPLC profile of rat brain was to reduce
      selectively the are of the peaks for TRH-Gly and other low molecular weight pro
      TRH peptide fragments with a C-terminal Gly compared to the corresponding TRH-Gly
      IR peaks of the control group. We conclude that the processing of prepro-TRH to
      form TRH is zinc dependent via posttranslational processing enzymes such as
      carboxypeptidase H.

PMID- 1800947
TI  - Evidence for vasopressin production in the human gastrointestinal system.
AB  - In the present study we performed immunohistochemical examination of segments
      from the human gastrointestinal system for the presence of cells containing
      vasopressin (VP) and vasopressin-associated human neurophysin (VP-HNP). VP
      immunoreactivity was found in crypt cells of the stomach and small intestine, and
      in mononuclear cells within the lamina propria and submucosa. VP-HNP was
      demonstrated in the crypt and lamina propria regions of the small intestine, and
      was colocalized with vasopressin in crypt cells. This colocalization indicates
      local vasopressin synthesis by these cells and raises the possibility that they
      may perform an endocrine or exocrine function in the human gastrointestinal
      system.

PMID- 1800946
TI  - Mechanism of noncholinergic excitation of canine ileal circular muscle by
      motilin.
AB  - In the isolated perfused canine ileal segment, exogenous motilin infused for 9
      min, at concentrations from 10(-10) M and 10(-8) M, increased circular muscle
      motility concomitant with inhibiting tonic VIP release, maximum at 10(-8) M. Both
      effects increased with increasing motilin concentrations. Atropine 10(-7) M
      pretreatment did not alter these responses. Naloxone 10(-7) M pretreatment
      eliminated both the increase in motor activity and the inhibition of VIP levels.
      Thus the nonmuscarinic neural pathway responsible for motor activation by motilin
      probably involves the stimulation of release of opiates, which in turn inhibit
      the release of VIP. Reduction of tonic inhibition of the muscle by continuous VIP
      release may in part account for increases in motor activity induced by motilin.

PMID- 1800948
TI  - Human pheochromocytoma cells studied in culture contain large amounts of DSIP
      like material.
AB  - Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP)-like immunoreactive (LI) material has been
      detected in nine different human pheochromocytoma tumors by immunocytochemistry.
      In primary tumors subjected to indirect immunofluorescence a variable number of
      tumor cells (25-75%) showed positive cytoplasmic labeling after incubation with
      DSIP antiserum. Tumor cells grown in culture were strongly labeled by the DSIP
      antiserum with DSIP-LI concentrated to cell bodies. Electron microscopic
      immunocytochemistry (immunogold labeling) of pheochromocytoma cells demonstrated
      DSIP-LI over the dense core of secretory granules. The presence of DSIP-LI in
      several HPLC fractions from conditioned culture media indicates secretion of DSIP
      LI from cultured pheochromocytoma cells. The observations suggest that DSIP-LI is
      synthesized and stored in secretory granules before release. The different HPLC
      profiles from each of the tumors may reflect differences in processing or
      turnover of DSIP-LI in pheochromocytoma cells.

PMID- 1800949
TI  - Colocalization of endothelin, vasopressin and serotonin in cultured endothelial
      cells of rabbit aorta.
AB  - The localization and colocalization of endothelin-1, arginine-vasopressin and
      serotonin in the endothelial cells of rabbit aorta in primary culture were
      investigated by preembedding and postembedding immunocytochemistry. These three
      substances were localized in the same population of cells, where they appeared in
      high proportions (greater than 60%). These findings indicate: 1) that the cell
      population is heterogeneous, and 2) that these substances are colocalized in some
      of the cultured endothelial cells. Double labeling in single cells has
      demonstrated the simultaneous presence of 1) endothelin and vasopressin, 2)
      vasopressin and serotonin, and 3) endothelin and serotonin. The immunolabeling
      dominated in the cytoplasmic matrix.

PMID- 1800950
TI  - Proteolytic conversion of oxytocin by brain synaptic membranes: role of
      aminopeptidases and endopeptidases.
AB  - The proteolytic conversion of oxytocin and vasopressin by purified rat brain
      synaptic membranes was studied at 37 degrees C and physiological pH 7.4. The
      formed peptide fragments were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography
      and characterized by amino acid analysis. When oxytocin was incubated with
      synaptic membranes, either C- or N-terminal fragments were found. The most
      abundant were [Cyt6]oxytocin(4-9), [Cyt6]oxytocin(3-9), [Cyt6]oxytocin(2-9),
      oxytocin(1-8) and oxytocin(1-7). In contrast, only C-terminal fragments, [Cyt6
      Arg8]vasopressin(4-9), [Cyt6-Arg8]vasopressin(3-9) and [Cyt6-Arg8]vasopressin(2
      9), were found by incubating [Arg8]vasopressin. The formation of C-terminal
      oxytocin and vasopressin fragments was inhibited by the aminopeptidase inhibitors
      amastatin and bestatin, while the formation of oxytocin(1-7) and (1-8) was
      inhibited by the divalent cations Hg(2+) and Zn(2+). The formation of oxytocin(1
      7) was also partially prevented by the endopeptidase inhibitor phosphoramidon.
      The formation of both C- and N-terminal fragments was inhibited by o
      phenanthroline. The results suggest that, while [Arg8]vasopressin is metabolized
      only by membrane-bound aminopeptidases, oxytocin is also metabolized by membrane
      bound endopeptidases.

PMID- 1800951
TI  - Age-related increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat thyroid and
      circulation.
AB  - Elevated calcitonin levels in thyroid gland extracts and in plasma accompanied by
      C-cell hyperplasia are frequently found in old rats, in particular those raised
      in laboratory conditions. In parallel with calcitonin, we demonstrate here that
      the thyroidal content and plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related
      peptide (i-CGRP) significantly increase with age in rats (p less than 0.0001).
      C18 Sep-Pak-extractable i-CGRP level in plasma was 35% of the total i-CGRP. Gel
      permeation chromatography and rp-HPLC studies revealed a number of immunoreactive
      molecular forms of CGRP and only 40-50% of the acid-extracted immunoreactivity
      was coeluted with the synthetic CGRP(1-37). The i-CGRP level measured in plasma
      was highly correlated with the thyroidal content of CGRP (p less than 0.001) and
      also with the age of the rat (p less than 0.001), suggesting an age-related
      increase of contribution of CGRP from thyroid gland into the circulation.

PMID- 1800952
TI  - Anticoagulant activity of a peptide boronic acid thrombin inhibitor by various
      routes of administration in rats.
AB  - The peptide boronic acid analog Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH (I) is a potent and
      selective inhibitor of thrombin. The objective of this study was to determine
      whether I is active orally or when administered by alternative transmucosal
      routes. The measured effect was the time for clotting of plasma after initiation
      with thrombin. With this assay there was a narrow window from no measurable
      effect to the maximal effect, a clotting time greater than 300 seconds.
      Intravenous I at a 0.15 mg/kg dose in rats, a nasal 0.45 mg/kg dose, and 3 mg/kg
      doses administered orally, colonically, or rectally all produced maximal effects.
      Therefore, although bioavailability cannot be estimated, it is demonstrated that
      this peptide analog was absorbed by each of these routes.

PMID- 1800953
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of DSIP-like immunoreactivity in the
      hypothalamus of the rat.
AB  - The distribution of delta sleep-inducing peptide immunoreactivity (DSIP-IR) was
      studied in the rat diencephalon. Varicose nerve fibers exhibiting DSIP-IR were
      found throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus, most frequently in the hypothalamic
      arcuate nucleus and in the adjoining median eminence and pituitary stalk. This
      innervation provides a basis for the involvement of DSIP in neuroendocrine
      regulation at the hypothalamic level. In the hypothalamus, DSIP-IR innervation
      was also observed close to the third ventricle and within the mamillary complex.
      Despite pretreatment with colchicine, no evidence of immunoreactive cell bodies
      containing DSIP-IR could be found.

PMID- 1800954
TI  - Amino acid sequence of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from the crayfish,
      Orconectes limosus: emergence of a novel neuropeptide family.
AB  - The primary structure of the major form of CHH from sinus glands of the crayfish,
      Orconectes limosus, was determined by manual Edman microsequencing. It is a 72
      residue peptide with a calculated Mr of 8400 Da. In the number of residues, it is
      identical to the CHH of Carcinus maenas and very similar to MIH (moult inhibiting
      hormone) of Homarus americanus. All three peptides have pGlu as N-terminus in
      common, and Val-NH2 is the C-terminal residue in Orconectes and Carcinus CHH. Six
      Cys residues occupy identical position in the three peptides. There is a 61%
      sequence identity with Carcinus CHH, and an 81% identity with Homarus MIH.

PMID- 1800955
TI  - Syntheses, structures and anorectic effects of human and rat amylin.
AB  - Amylin, a 37-residue polypeptide with a single disulfide bond originally isolated
      from the pancreas of type-II diabetic patients, has been shown to cause
      peripheral insulin resistance and to attenuate the inhibition of hepatic glucose
      output by insulin. We have also shown that amylin is present in the rat
      hypothalamus and that it inhibits food intake by rats. In order to further
      investigate the anorectic properties we synthesized both human and rat amylin by
      the solid phase method and purified to homogeneity in an overall yield of 10-20%.
      Structural analyses indicated that human amylin exhibited predominantly a beta
      sheet structure at both acidic and alkaline pH, whereas no ordered structure was
      evident in the case of rat amylin. Intrahypothalamic injection of rat amylin
      resulted in a potent dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the food intake by rats
      adapted to eat their daily ration of food in an eight-hour period. Human amylin
      was less effective as an anorectic agent. Furthermore, rat amylin completely
      blocked the potent orexigenic effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY). These
      investigations show that there is a fundamental difference in the secondary
      structures of human and rat amylin and that rat amylin is a potent inhibitor of
      both basal and NPY-induced feeding by rats.

PMID- 1800956
TI  - Possible involvement of protein kinase C in mediating gastrin-induced response in
      rat colonic epithelium.
AB  - We examined the potential role of protein kinase C in signal transduction induced
      by gastrin's stimulation of rat colonic epithelium. Protein synthesis
      ([35S]methionine incorporation into protein) and enzyme activity (decrease in the
      cytosolic activity) were measured following epithelial stimulation with gastrin.
      Gastrin (10 nM) increased [35S]methionine incorporation into protein to 265%
      above maintenance level. The effect of gastrin was comparable to the stimulation
      induced by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA), a strong activator of protein
      kinase C. The increase in protein synthesis induced by gastrin was totally
      abolished by 1-(5-isoquinolinyl)-2-methylpiperazine, an inhibitor of protein
      kinase C activity. Gastrin also decreased the cytosolic activity of the enzyme,
      an index of its activation and subsequent translocation to other cellular
      compartments. Therefore, we conclude that gastrin may be acting through a protein
      kinase C mechanism.

PMID- 1800957
TI  - Degradation of adipokinetic hormone family peptides by a circulating
      endopeptidase in the insect Manduca sexta.
AB  - The hemolymph (blood) of the Lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta contains an
      endopeptidase that metabolizes the nonapeptide Manduca adipokinetic hormone. In
      contrast to the situation in other insects, where the major site of inactivation
      is the Malpighian tubules (excretory organs), in Manduca the capacity of the
      hemolymph to metabolize adipokinetic hormone is comparable to that of the
      Malpighian tubules. The hemolymph enzyme cleaves Manduca adipokinetic hormone
      (pGlu-Leu-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Ser-Trp-Gly-NH2) to give the fragment pGlu-Leu-Thr-Phe
      Thr. Other fragments were not positively identified. The enzyme is present in the
      plasma and not in hemocytes, and occurs at similar levels in the hemolymph of
      larvae, pupae and adults. The enzyme is inactivated by boiling, has a neutral pH
      optimum (7.0-7.5), and an estimated molecular weight of 66 kDa. The enzyme was
      strongly inhibited by inhibitors of metalloprotease activity (EGTA and 1,10
      phenanthroline), but not by serine protease inhibitors. The enzyme was capable of
      metabolizing a number of AKH family peptides with varying sequences around the
      presumed site of cleavage. An accurate assessment of enzyme kinetics was not
      possible with the assay method used, but the enzyme was not saturated at a
      substrate concentration of 10 microM, and the value of Km must be at least 1
      microM. It is possible that the enzyme may represent a low affinity system of
      peptide removal rather than the principal means of inactivation.

PMID- 1800958
TI  - Transplantation of fetal growth hormone-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons
      into the ventricular system of adult MSG-treated rats.
AB  - Fetal (17-18 days of gestation) mediobasal hypothalamic tissue (MBH) was
      transplanted into the third ventricle of adult, male rats which had been treated
      neonatally with monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG treatment caused a marked
      reduction of growth hormone-releasing factor-like-immunoreactive (GRF-i)
      perikarya in the arcuate nucleus and GRF-i fibers in the median eminence (ME), as
      compared to littermate controls. When normal fetal MBH was transplanted into the
      third ventricle of MSG recipients, numerous GRF-i perikarya were located within
      the graft four weeks following surgery. GRF-i fibers in the ME of MSG-treated
      rats were enhanced when MBH grafts were in close contact with the ME, but not
      when transplants were located dorsally or rostrally in the third ventricle
      without making contact with the recipient's ME. Fetal cerebral cortex, which was
      grafted as a control tissue, did not contain GRF-i neurons. These
      immunohistochemical results suggest that grafted fetal GRF-i perikarya may
      contact the recipient's ME to increase the content of GRF previously depleted by
      exposure to MSG.

PMID- 1800959
TI  - Effects of intracoronary infusion of the vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist
      [4Cl-D-Phe6-Leu17]VIP in the awake dog.
AB  - Intracoronary infusion of [4Cl-D-Phe6-Leu17]VIP caused modest significant
      inhibition of the coronary vasodilation produced by intraarterial VIP, but did
      not significantly inhibit serotonin-induced coronary vasodilation. In addition,
      infusion of [4Cl-D-Phe6-Leu17]VIP did not result in significant changes in
      baseline coronary resistance, heart rate or left ventricular dP/dt. These
      findings demonstrate that [4Cl-D-Phe6-Leu17]VIP is a competitive antagonist of
      VIP-induced vasodilation in the canine coronary circulation, but fail to
      demonstrate a significant role for VIP in the regulation of resting coronary
      vasomotor tone, and do not support the hypothesis that VIP is a mediator of
      serotonin-induced coronary arteriolar dilation.

PMID- 1800961
TI  - Problems in the diagnosis and investigation of aortic stenosis.

PMID- 1800960
TI  - Human mast cell proteases hydrolyze neurotensin, kinetensin and Leu5-enkephalin.
AB  - Purified mast cell carboxypeptidase cleaved the C-terminal leucines from Leu5
      enkephalin (Leu-ENK), neurotensin (NT), and kinetensin (KT), with Km values of
      36, 16, and 15 microM, and kcat values of 44, 51, and 53 s-1, respectively. To
      better predict potential in vivo hydrolysis products generated by mast cell
      proteases, these peptides were incubated with released skin mast cell
      supernatants. Leu5-enkephalin was hydrolyzed only by carboxypeptidase. Kinetensin
      was cleaved by tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase to yield KT(1-3), KT(1-7),
      KT(1-8), KT(4-7), and KT(4-8), the last two peptides by the concerted action of
      two of the proteases. NT(1-11) and NT(1-12) were generated from neurotensin by
      chymase and carboxypeptidase, respectively.

PMID- 1800963
TI  - A five year audit of the role of parathyroid hormone assays and thallium
      technetium isotope subtraction scanning in the preoperative investigation of
      primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - An audit has been performed of the value of parathyroid hormone assays and
      thallium-technetium isotope scanning in the pre-operative investigation of 67
      hypercalcaemic patients referred for surgery over a 5 year period. Parathyroid
      hormone assay by region-specific technique was found to have a diagnostic
      sensitivity of 75% (n = 52) whilst the more recent assay for the intact molecule
      was 97% sensitive (n = 34). Thallium-technetium isotope scanning was only 64%
      sensitive overall (n = 59), due in part to the small size of adenomata now being
      referred for surgery. This study confirms the role of the intact parathyroid
      hormone assay but questions that of thallium-technetium isotope scanning in
      standard protocols of investigation for hypercalcaemia.

PMID- 1800964
TI  - Doppler echocardiography in elderly patients with ejection systolic murmurs.
AB  - Thirty-nine elderly patients, mean age 77 years (range 65 to 96), with ejection
      systolic murmurs were studied to evaluate the functional significance of these
      murmurs. Subjects were evaluated clinically, by 2-D echocardiography, and by a
      full Doppler echocardiography study. Good quality Doppler signals were obtained
      in 35 subjects. Mitral regurgitation was found to be the only significant
      valvular lesion in 6 patients (17%). Doppler gradients in systole across the
      aortic valve were less than 30 mmHg in 28 subjects (80%) and were considered not
      significant. Gradients of greater than 30 mmHg representing significant aortic
      stenosis were found in 7 subjects (20%). The clinical sensitivity in detecting
      significant aortic stenosis was 44% and specificity was 81%. Doppler evidence of
      significant aortic stenosis was found in a substantial proportion of these
      elderly subjects. Neither clinical assessment nor 2-D echocardiography can be
      relied on to exclude this condition.

PMID- 1800965
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase deficiency due to long-term heparinization presenting as
      severe hypertriglyceridaemia in pregnancy.
AB  - A case of severe hypertriglyceridaemia presenting in the third trimester of
      pregnancy in a woman on long-term heparin prophylaxis is described. The
      hypertriglyceridaemia was attributed to impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich
      lipoprotein particles secondary to heparin-induced reduction in the activity of
      the lipolytic enzyme, lipoprotein lipase.

PMID- 1800962
TI  - Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

PMID- 1800966
TI  - Angioma serpiginosum: a simulator of purpura.
AB  - We describe two patients with angioma serpiginosum who had both undergone a
      variety of haematological tests for investigation of purpura, but in whom careful
      examination of the skin demonstrated abnormal blood vessels rather than
      extravasated blood. Recognition of vascular disorders which simulate purpura may
      avoid unnecessary investigations.

PMID- 1800967
TI  - Absenteeism and sickness absence.
AB  - The majority of time lost from work as a result of absenteeism is classified as
      due to sickness although only a small proportion of the total can be regarded as
      a result of unfitness for work for medical reasons. An occupational health
      service assists a business in minimizing absenteeism by promoting an early return
      to work, assists general practitioners and hospital specialists in tailoring
      return to work packages, and assists employees by liaising with both management
      and their medical specialists to facilitate a return to normal work.

PMID- 1800968
TI  - Partial splenectomy for massive splenomegaly secondary to Gaucher's disease.
AB  - A 16 year old girl with Type 1 Gaucher's disease presented with massive
      splenomegaly, hypersplenism and abdominal discomfort. Traditionally hypersplenism
      has been treated with splenectomy, but this results in a high incidence of
      overwhelming sepsis and accelerated sphingolipid deposition in both liver and
      bone. A 90% partial splenectomy was therefore performed leaving a fully
      vascularized inferior segment of the spleen and resecting 5.8 kg of splenic
      tissue. The patient made an uneventful recovery with a marked improvement in her
      haematological parameters and general condition.

PMID- 1800969
TI  - Intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to amyloidosis of the colon in association with
      an intestinal plasmacytoma.
AB  - A case of large bowel pseudo-obstruction due to colonic amyloidosis associated
      with an intestinal plasmacytoma is described. The association of an intestinal
      plasmacytoma with massive local amyloid deposition has not to our knowledge been
      previously reported.

PMID- 1800970
TI  - Hypoglycaemia and atrial flutter.

PMID- 1800971
TI  - Ventricular fibrillation in the Antarctic: an unexpected event.

PMID- 1800972
TI  - Fluconazole-associated acute adrenal insufficiency.

PMID- 1800973
TI  - Changes in AVP following aggressive diuretic therapy of severe congestive cardiac
      failure in elderly patients.

PMID- 1800975
TI  - Self-care plans for asthmatics.

PMID- 1800974
TI  - A request for IVF treatment.

PMID- 1800976
TI  - Testing hearing in childhood.

PMID- 1800977
TI  - H. pylori and gastroduodenal disease.

PMID- 1800978
TI  - Day surgery.

PMID- 1800979
TI  - HRT clinics.

PMID- 1800980
TI  - Preparing for the MRCGP.

PMID- 1800982
TI  - Mini clinics in general practice.

PMID- 1800981
TI  - Shared-care.

PMID- 1800984
TI  - The eye in diabetes.

PMID- 1800983
TI  - Improving self-management.

PMID- 1800985
TI  - Care of insulin-dependent diabetics.

PMID- 1800986
TI  - Second-line drugs for arthropathies.

PMID- 1800987
TI  - Confirmation of CVS mosaicism in term placentae and high frequency of
      intrauterine growth retardation association with confined placental mosaicism.
AB  - About 2 per cent of specimens from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) analysed
      either on direct preparation of cytotrophoblast cells or after culture of
      mesenchymal stroma reveal confined placental mosaicism (CPM), most commonly
      involving chromosomal trisomy. A significantly higher rate of prenatal loss (22
      per cent) as well as the presence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has
      been reported among pregnancies with CPM. To evaluate more precisely the effect
      of these aneuploid cell lines confined to the placenta on intrauterine fetal
      growth and fetal survival, we have studied 34 term placentae from pregnancies
      with CPM diagnosed on CVS and confirmed identical mosaicism in 17 of these
      placentae. There was a direct correlation between a high number of aneuploid
      cells present at CVS and a high likelihood of their detection in term placenta.
      Also, the proportion of aneuploid cells in the mosaic term placentae correlated
      with that observed in CVS specimens. Among 17 gestations with confirmed CPM at
      delivery, there were six cases of IUGR identified, five in liveborns and one
      associated with intrauterine death.

PMID- 1800988
TI  - First-trimester genetic diagnosis in multiple pregnancy: principles and potential
      pitfalls.
AB  - Both the principles of first-trimester genetic diagnosis in multiple pregnancy
      and the special considerations required to avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls
      are presented. The experience consisted of 65 cases of twins and one case of
      quadruplets. Dichorionic twins were recognized by sonography in 54 cases.
      Transabdominal aspiration was generally preferred to transcervical for obtaining
      chorionic tissue, although in two cases both approaches were used. Diagnostic
      error following erroneous sampling was reported in 3 out of 54 sets of
      dichorionic twins (5.5 per cent). When like-sex dichorionic twins cannot be
      differentiated by cytogenetic or DNA polymorphism studies, amniocentesis should
      be recommended to confirm the reliability of the result on chorionic tissue.

PMID- 1800989
TI  - An approach to preimplantation diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia.
AB  - Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it was possible to amplify a single
      copy fragment of the beta-globin gene from 2-32 human embryonic cells obtained
      from arrested preimplantation embryos. For the detection of beta-thalassaemia
      mutations, allele specific priming of the PCR using nested primers was employed
      using approximately 10 pg of DNA from individuals known to carry these mutations.
      This approach was successful in detecting the presence or absence of five Asian
      Indian beta-thalassaemia mutations that were selected for this study. In spite of
      meticulous precautions against contamination, false-positive amplification was
      observed, a problem that will have to be overcome before this approach can be
      used in clinical practice.

PMID- 1800990
TI  - Trophoblast-like cells sorted from peripheral maternal blood using flow
      cytometry: a multiparametric study involving transmission electron microscopy and
      fetal DNA amplification.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against trophoblast (GB17, GB21, and GB25) and
      flow cytometry were used to sort trophoblast-like cells (TLCs) from peripheral
      blood of pregnant women. Sorted TLCs were processed for electron microscopy and
      fetal DNA amplification of the Y-specific sequences from mothers carrying male
      fetuses. At the ultra-structural level, most of the nucleated cells had the
      morphology of leucocytes, suggesting maternal contaminants, and we did not find
      the characteristic features of the free intervillous trophoblast cells.
      Nevertheless, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed an amplification of
      Y-specific sequences in two out of three samples of sorted TLCs. These results
      suggest that besides the maternal leucocytes, sufficient trophoblast nucleated
      fetal cells can be obtained using cell enrichment by sorting. This sensitive
      method holds promise for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal sex and if
      sufficient Y(positive) nuclei are found, for the diagnosis of selected numerical
      chromosome abnormalities.

PMID- 1800992
TI  - Intraplacental sonolucent spaces: incidences and relevance to chorionic villus
      sampling.
AB  - Detailed ultrasound examination of the placentae from 293 consecutive women
      requesting first-trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS) showed evidence of
      intraplacental sonolucent spaces with varying density in 42.3 per cent of these
      placentae. Their presence, however, did not complicate the subsequent course of
      these women's pregnancies. Their prime significance relates to CVS, where
      inadvertent entry into these areas can lead to bleeding and contamination of the
      villus specimens with blood. A search for these spaces should be made before
      sampling, and when present, they should be avoided wherever possible.

PMID- 1800991
TI  - On a non-invasive approach to prenatal diagnosis based on the detection of fetal
      nucleated cells in maternal blood samples.

PMID- 1800993
TI  - Recurrent congenital chylothorax.
AB  - Congenital chylothorax is an uncommon but well-described condition. Recurrent
      congenital chylothorax is extremely rare. Yancy and Spock (1967) reviewed 31
      reported cases of spontaneous chylothorax which occurred in the first 2 months of
      life and noted that male infants were affected twice as commonly as females. Two
      other cases of recurrent congenital chylothorax in male offspring (Defoort and
      Thiery, 1978; Reece et al., 1987) led to the suggestion of possible X-linked
      recessive inheritance. We describe a case of recurrent congenital chylothorax in
      which two consecutive female infants in a sibship were affected. The underlying
      cause of this disorder remains unknown. Inheritance as an X-linked recessive is
      not possible and this case is suggestive of autosomal recessive inheritance. The
      case also serves to emphasize the need for caution in counselling for recurrence
      risks when the underlying aetiology of the disorder is unknown.

PMID- 1800994
TI  - The relation between phonetics and phonology.
AB  - It is the goal of this paper to consider how phonetics may interface with
      phonology. The role phonetics plays in phonological analysis is considered with
      respect to features, segments, phonological processes, and the abstractness of
      phonological solutions. Phonetic evidence is reviewed concerning the feature
      [strident] that questions the defining properties of this feature, its place in
      the distinctive feature framework, and its role in the analysis of natural
      classes for fricatives. The extent to which a sound segment is analyzed as a
      single unit or a cluster is considered with reference to prenasalized stops in
      Moru. The phonetic data are neutral with respect to the unitary or complex status
      of such segments, suggesting that the decision is more properly a phonological
      one. Phonetic evidence for the phonological process of neutralization is
      reviewed. Acoustic analysis of word-final devoicing in German, Polish and Catalan
      provides support for the reality of the process of neutralization in phonological
      solutions. Finally, phonetics helps provide a set of constraints or limiting
      conditions on the abstractness of phonological solutions. While phonetics cannot
      inform phonology about the appropriateness of a particular underlying form, there
      should be some phonetic transparency between the underlying form and its ultimate
      phonetic instantiation.

PMID- 1800995
TI  - The role of phonetics within the study of language.
AB  - Phonologists have often held that phonetic 'substance' is more or less unrelated
      to phonological 'form'. This view rests on assumptions about the phonetic domain
      that are highly questionable on empirical grounds. Evidence is reviewed
      suggesting that very few phonetic properties of vowels fail to serve the
      linguistic function of preserving and enhancing distinctiveness. Accordingly,
      much of what has been considered to be purely phonetic is also phonological in
      character: that is to say, the domains of phonetics and phonology overlap
      significantly. Finally, several well-known criticisms of the program of phonetic
      explanation in phonology are discussed and rejected.

PMID- 1800996
TI  - Flavor-calorie relationships: effect on weight gain in rats.
AB  - The effects of flavor variety, caloric density variety, and inconsistency of
      flavor-caloric density relationships on caloric intake and weight gain were
      studied in 36 young male rats. Lab chow was diluted with cellulose to produce
      three foods that differed in caloric density while having identical nutritional
      composition. High-density (HD) food contained 3.33 kcal/g; mid-density (MD) food
      contained 2.64 kcal/g; low-density (LD) food contained 2.06 kcal/g. These foods
      were flavored with nonnutritive powders and were used in four different feeding
      regimens. For 15 days, group FLAV ate MD with one of 3 flavors added daily in a 3
      day rotation. Groups DENS and NOVEL rotated daily among LD, HD, and MD. One of
      three flavors was added to each food. For group DENS, LD always contained one
      flavor, MD always contained another flavor, and HD always contained the third
      flavor. For group NOVEL, flavor-density pairings were not consistent. A control
      group, CONT, ate only MD with a single flavor. Weight gain was greatest in group
      NOVEL. Neither density variety nor flavor variety alone enhanced weight gain
      relative to control. In a subsequent experiment, group NOVEL did not display a
      preference for a glucose-paired flavor. These results suggest that reduced
      orosensory control of energy balance induced by uncoupling of flavor-calorie
      relationships contributes to weight gain.

PMID- 1800997
TI  - Effects of prenatal antiandrogen treatment on masculinization and defeminization
      of guinea pigs.
AB  - Gonadectomized (gdx) guinea pigs which had received the antiandrogen flutamide
      prenatally were tested for female-typical and male-typical sexual behavior in
      adulthood. In tests for lordosis behavior, gdx males and females were injected
      with estradiol benzoate and progesterone. Prenatally flutamide-treated females
      showed a longer mean lordosis response than control females. This was true
      whether they were given either a high or a low dose of EB. No male ever showed a
      lordosis response. In tests for male-typical sexual behavior, gdx adult males
      were treated with testosterone propionate and tested with stimulus females. The
      prenatally flutamide-treated males showed significantly decreased levels of
      ejaculation, a lower intromission rate and a decreased percentage of mounts which
      included pelvic thrusts, when compared to control males. Mount rate and rate of
      pericopulatory behavior did not differ between the flutamide and control males.
      The fact that prenatal administration of flutamide increased female-typical
      behavior in adult females suggests that the female guinea pig is normally
      partially defeminized by androgens in utero. The male guinea pig appears to be
      resilient to attempts to block defeminization with prenatal antiandrogens.
      However, some aspects of masculinization can be blocked.

PMID- 1800998
TI  - Habituation and sensitization to an electrical shock in the crab Chasmagnathus.
      Effect of background illumination.
AB  - The escape response of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus, elicited by an
      electrical leg-shock, wanes as a consequence of repeated stimulation, and the
      decrease persists after a 24-h rest interval. Results concerning stimulus
      specificity in within- and between-sessions habituation strongly indicate that
      neither motor fatigue nor sensory adaptation nor damage can account for the
      response waning, which thus meets the major criteria of habituation. A comparison
      between the escape response habituation to leg-shock and that to a shadow passing
      overhead discloses clearcut differences. The shock curve shows an initial hump
      positively related to stimulus intensity, suggesting that a shock-induced
      sensitization along with habituation subserves the response curve. The curve
      asymptote is remarkably high and, unlike the initial waning portion, not greatly
      affected by treatment changes, hinting that the response may be the combination
      of an escape response and a basal one (an undirected burst of activity). The
      waning portion is higher when shocks are given in dark than when given in light,
      but this effect is not considered as an extra eliciting-stimulus-induced
      sensitization, since the reactivity enhancement depends necessarily on the
      darkness-shock concomitance, regardless of prior exposure to darkness.
      Accordingly, the hypothesis that crab habituates not only to a shock but to a
      complex stimulus (shock + background illumination) is put forward and discussed.

PMID- 1800999
TI  - Does snatching frequency really indicate food ingestion in the Nile tilapia?
AB  - The fitness of the snatching frequency as an indicator of food intake in Nile
      tilapia fingerlings, Oreochromis niloticus (L), was studied. Five groups of four
      individuals each were used after a two-day starvation period. The hierarchical
      rank among individuals in the same group was registered. Food in the form of tiny
      pellets (ranging from 1.30 to 1.95 mm in diameter) was offered, and the
      individual snatching frequency was observed during a 20-min period. The animals
      were then sacrificed for evaluation of stomach contents. It was concluded that
      snatching frequency is not a good parameter to indicate individual food intake in
      this species when fed as a group with pellets crushed into tiny particles. This
      raises a problem for investigations that require evaluation of the cumulative
      effect of competition on food intake, such as growth or conversion efficiency
      studies. Furthermore, a very low correlation between snatching frequency and food
      intake was shown in the third hierarchical rank. It is suggested that the
      linearity assumed in such hierarchies should be reconsidered.

PMID- 1801000
TI  - Relationship between agonistic behaviour and propensity to develop excessive
      drinking and chain manipulation in pigs.
AB  - Consistent individual differences in animals' responses to different stressful
      situations may indicate the involvement of a single behavioural and neurological
      mechanism across these situations. Two replicate groups of sixteen food
      restricted pigs were subjected to a group feeding competition test where group
      members were required to compete over a food source. All agonistic interactions
      were scored and ranked dominance scores were calculated. The pigs were
      subsequently put into two different forms of restrictive housing (restraint or
      loose), with half of the pigs food restricted. No housing effects were found.
      Only food restricted pigs developed excessive drinking and chain manipulation,
      but large individual differences existed. Pigs ranked high in dominance score
      were found to significantly increase their drinking levels over the experimental
      period of three months, having significantly higher drinking levels than low
      ranking pigs in the second and third month. No significant relationship was found
      between ranked dominance score and levels of chain manipulation. The present
      results suggest that in pigs differences in the propensity to develop forms of
      excessive drinking under restrictive housing and feeding conditions are related
      to agonistic tendencies in a group feeding competition test. These data also
      suggest that excessive drinking and chain manipulation are at least in part based
      on different behavioural and presumably neural mechanisms.

PMID- 1801001
TI  - Learned food aversions: a family study.
AB  - This study aimed to establish the reliability of prevalence estimates and various
      reported features of food aversions in the general population, explore
      relationships between aversions and selected individual characteristics,
      especially a familial association, and to assess the dietary implications of
      aversions. One hundred families comprised of 416 6-76 y/o individuals completed a
      questionnaire eliciting health, demographic and dietary information. A history of
      aversions was reported by 37.5% of subjects and 26.3% had current aversions. The
      prevalence was comparable in males and females through age 20 when the
      female:male ratio increased to about 2:1. A stable and higher level of aversions
      was observed in subjects 11-40 y/o compared to those younger or older. The mean
      onset of first aversions was about 16 years, and the mean duration was
      approximately 11 years. High protein foods were the most common target. The
      majority of aversive foods were rated as familiar and previously pleasant.
      Correlations were noted between aversions and medication use, food allergy and,
      in adults, BMI. The principal new finding was a significant familial association
      for aversions.

PMID- 1801002
TI  - Comparison of morphine tolerance in body temperature and luteinizing hormone
      secretion.
AB  - Small doses of morphine induce a hyperthermic response that does not change with
      repeated injections, whereas higher doses induce a hypothermia that changes to
      hyperthermia with repeated treatment. Experiment 1 confirmed these results in
      ovariectomized rats, using 6 repeated injections of morphine at 5 or 30 mg/kg.
      Using the same treatment regimen. Experiment 2 showed that the low dose of
      morphine induced a transient suppression of LH levels followed by a
      hypersecretion, and that repeated injections did not affect this response. The
      high dose (30 mg/kg) of morphine initially induced a sustained suppression of LH.
      Following the sixth injection of the high dose, subjects showed an intact or
      exaggerated suppression of LH, but an accelerated recovery to control levels.
      Experiment 3 extended the phase of repeated treatment of the high dose to 12 days
      and replicated the results of Experiment 2.

PMID- 1801003
TI  - Effects of maternal stress during pregnancy on forced swimming test behavior of
      the offspring.
AB  - It has been reported that gonadal steroids modulate brain and behavioral sex
      differentiation during development. Prenatal maternal restraint also alters
      development by affecting gonadal steroid levels in the fetus. Prenatal maternal
      restraint of animals decreases sex differences for sexual behavior, locomotion,
      aggression, etc. In recent work on animal models, we reported that, like humans,
      laboratory rats show sex differences in depression. From the present study,
      performed on Sprague-Dawley rats, we conclude that: 1) there are sex differences
      for depression in two different animal models (swimming-induced immobility and
      natatory tests); 2) there are also sex differences in open-field behavior; 3)
      prenatal maternal restraint decreases sex differences for depression but does not
      affect sex differences in open-field behavior; 4) prenatal maternal restraint
      affects female but not male behavior in the two depression tests used. These
      results suggest that: 1) sex differences reported in animal models of depression
      are under the control of gonadal steroids during prenatal brain development; 2)
      stress during early phases of development increases the risk for depression in
      adulthood.

PMID- 1801004
TI  - Aggression by a female rat cohabitating with a sterile male: termination of
      pseudopregnancy does not abolish aggression.
AB  - At the end of that time, each female was assessed for aggressiveness toward an
      unfamiliar female intruder once each week for 3 weeks. Those females displaying a
      high level of aggression had their male cagemate changed. For half of the
      females, the new male cagemate was a castrated male with a testosterone implant.
      For the other half, the new cagemate was a castrated male without a testosterone
      implant. Replacement males had been subjected to surgery 9 weeks previously.
      There were no differences in the aggressiveness of females of the two groups on
      any of 3 subsequent weekly tests of aggression. In a 3-h evaluation of male
      sexual behavior, none of the 9 castrated males without testosterone replacement
      displayed sexual activity with an estrogen/progesterone primed ovariectomized
      female, but 6 of 9 males with testosterone replacement did. Reanalysis of the
      aggression data comparing the females whose males had no testosterone replacement
      and females housed with the 6 males that were sexually active also revealed no
      differences in aggression over the 21-day test period. Since pseudopregnancy is
      known to last 13 days, these results indicate that the continuous presence of
      pseudopregnancy is not required for maintenance of aggression by a female
      cohabiting with a sterile male.

PMID- 1801005
TI  - Pharmacological blockade of blood pressure and heart rate increases following
      milk ingestion in 15-day-old SHR and WKY rat pups.
AB  - The effects of hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker, on blood pressure (BP) and
      heart rate (HR) responses to milk ingestion were assessed in awake, 15-day-old
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive progenitor strain,
      Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) using two methods of milk delivery. SHRs had larger
      increases in BP compared to WKYs, but WKYs exhibited larger increases in HR
      following milk ingestion from an anesthetized dam. BP responses to milk ingestion
      from a tongue cannula were also larger in SHRs. Administration of hexamethonium
      prior to milk delivery resulted in a drop in BP following milk ingestion in both
      milk delivery situations for each strain. The results suggest that SHRs exhibit
      exaggerated sympathetic activation to milk ingestion compared to WKYs, and that
      in both strains, cardiovascular responses to feeding are modulated by the
      presence of the dam.

PMID- 1801006
TI  - Sleep changes in fasting rats after chronic glycerol feeding.
AB  - Species which do not enter torpor during fasting and which were efficiently able
      to spare their body proteins during the first two phases of fasting (which are
      commonly comprised of 3 successive phases) also increase their daily amount of
      slow-wave sleep (SWS) during the first two phases. Since in fasting animals the
      ability to spare proteins was reported to be improved when they were previously
      fed with a diet enriched with glycerol, it was supposed that, after such a diet,
      food-deprived rats would increase their daily quota of SWS. In addition, the
      tolerance to food deprivation, defined as the time elapsed to reach the end of
      phase II, should also be improved since this tolerance is known to be critically
      modulated by protein utilization. The daily proportions of wakefulness (W), SWS
      and paradoxical sleep (PS) were thus studied in Wistar rats after 16 weeks of
      feeding (i.e., when they were 27 weeks old) with an enriched glycerol diet. These
      daily W and sleep state proportions were then evaluated until the middle of
      fasting phase II (MII), i.e., when protein catabolism in the rat appears to be at
      its lowest level. The rats were able to tolerate more than 5 weeks of food
      deprivation, which represented an increase of 123% of the fasting tolerance
      previously reported in rats of the same age but which were fed normally before
      fasting onset. At MII the daily proportion of SWS was significantly (vs. fed
      state, p less than 0.01) increased (due to an increase in the daily mean episode
      duration), at the expense of W (due to a lowering in the daily occurrence of W
      episodes).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801007
TI  - Effect of Buddhist meditation on serum cortisol and total protein levels, blood
      pressure, pulse rate, lung volume and reaction time.
AB  - Serum cortisol and total protein levels, blood pressure, heart rate, lung volume,
      and reaction time were studied in 52 males 20-25 years of age practicing
      Dhammakaya Buddhist meditation, and in 30 males of the same age group not
      practicing meditation. It was found that after meditation, serum cortisol levels
      were significantly reduced, serum total protein level significantly increased,
      and systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse rate significantly reduced.
      Vital capacity, tidal volume and maximal voluntary ventilation were significantly
      lower after meditation than before. There were also significant decreases in
      reaction time after mediation practice. The percentage decrease in reaction time
      during meditation was 22%, while in subjects untrained in meditation, the
      percentage decrease was only 7%. Results from these studies indicate that
      practising Dhammakaya Buddhist meditation produces biochemical and physiological
      changes and reduces the reaction time.

PMID- 1801008
TI  - Tropical photoperiods affect reproductive development in the musk shrew, Suncus
      murinus.
AB  - The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether reproductive
      development in male musk shrews (original stock from Guam Island, 13 degrees N
      latitude) could be altered by small, ecologically relevant changes in
      photoperiod. In the first experiment, effects of changes in photoperiod
      equivalent to those seen between the 2 solstices on Guam Island (90 min) on
      reproductive maturation were investigated. The results showed that a 90-min
      difference in photoperiod had a significant effect on weights of various androgen
      sensitive target tissues. Furthermore, there was little evidence that the
      preweaning photoperiod had an effect on the response to the postweaning
      photoperiod. In the second experiment, effects of changes in photoperiod
      equivalent to those seen between the equinoxes and solstices on Guam Island (45
      min) on reproductive maturation were investigated. The results showed that both a
      decrease and an increase in photoperiod by 45 min had a significant effect on
      weights of various androgen-sensitive target tissues. Overall, these results
      suggest that animals living close to the equator can potentially use small
      changes in day length to alter or time reproductive function.

PMID- 1801009
TI  - Olfactory learning and odor memory in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained on a series of 9 tasks, each of which required discrimination
      among 8 different and unique odors. Discrimination accuracy improved across
      successive problems and, by the end of training, most rats made few errors after
      their initial exposure to each new odor. Despite the number of stimuli to be
      discriminated, this acquisition of a learning set was not appreciably different
      from that demonstrated in an earlier study that used only 2 odors per task. In
      subsequent retention tests, most rats also showed excellent memory for odors used
      in prior problems.

PMID- 1801011
TI  - Neonatal undernutrition and self-grooming development in the rat: long-term
      effects.
AB  - The effect of neonatal undernutrition on six different self-grooming components
      was examined in male rats during the pre- and postweaning periods. Rats underfed
      by the maternal nipple-ligation procedure before weaning did not exhibit
      significant score differences in the various self-grooming measurements. In
      contrast, after weaning they showed a significant increment in the duration of
      face-washing, head-washing, fur licking and body-scratching. In all cases, the
      total postweaning self-grooming activity was significantly increased in the
      formerly underfed rats. Present data suggest that neonatal undernutrition may
      presumably interfere with the sequential maturational processes of central and/or
      peripheral mechanisms underlying some components of self-grooming behavior.

PMID- 1801010
TI  - Infantile (handling) stimulation and behavior in young Roman high- and low
      avoidance rats.
AB  - The effect of infantile handling stimulation on exploratory and emotional
      behavior of Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) weanling rats
      was investigated. Postnatally handled and nonhandled, 4-week-old males and
      females from both psychogenetically selected lines were exposed to a hexagonal
      tunnel maze, including an illuminated central arena. Postnatal handling increased
      exploratory behavior and decreased emotional reactivity as expressed by increased
      entries into the central arena and a reduction in defecations in both lines of
      rats. These effects were more pronounced in the RLA/Verh rats. In agreement with
      earlier studies using nonselected adult rats, the females of both lines
      (especially those from the RHA/Verh line) were more sensitive than males to the
      positive influences of early stimulation.

PMID- 1801012
TI  - Spontaneous motor activity during the development and maintenance of diet-induced
      obesity in the rat.
AB  - More than 80% of most daily spontaneous activities (assessed in an Omnitech
      activity monitor) occurred during the last hour of light and 12 h of the dark
      phase in 8 chow-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty additional rats were,
      therefore, monitored over this 13-h period to assess the relationship of activity
      to the development and maintenance of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a diet high
      in energy, fat and sucrose (CM diet). Nine of 20 rats became obese after 3 months
      on the CM diet, with 71% greater weight gain than 10 chow-fed controls. Eleven of
      20 rats were diet resistant (DR), gaining the same amount of weight as chow-fed
      rats. Neither initial activity levels nor initial body weights on chow (Period I)
      differed significantly across retrospectively identified groups. After 3 months
      on CM diet or chow (Period II), as well as after an additional 3 months after CM
      diet-fed rats returned to chow (Period III), there were significant inverse
      correlations (r = -.606 to -.370) between body weight at the time of testing and
      various measures of movement in the horizontal plane. There was no relationship
      to dietary content nor consistent correlations of body weight or diet group to
      vertical movements, an indirect measure of ingestive behavior. Patterns of time
      spent in the vertical position were significantly different for DIO vs. DR rats
      in Period III, however. Thus, differences in food intake and metabolic
      efficiency, rather than differences in nocturnal activity, are probably
      responsible for the greater weight gain in DIO-prone rats placed on CM
      diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801013
TI  - Bright light effects on body temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior.
AB  - The immediate psychophysiological and behavioral effects of photic stimulation on
      humans [bright light (BL) of 5K lux or dim light (DL) of 50 lux] were assessed in
      male subjects (N = 43) under four different conditions. For one condition the
      same subjects (N = 16) received alternating 90-min blocks of BL and DL during the
      nighttime h (2300-0800 h) under sustained wakefulness conditions. A second
      condition was similar to the first except that subjects (N = 8) received photic
      stimulation during the daytime hours. For the third and fourth conditions
      different subjects received either continuous BL (N = 10) or continuous DL (N =
      9) during the nighttime hours. For the nighttime alternating condition body
      temperature decreased under DL but either increased or maintained under BL. For
      the continuous light condition, body temperature dropped sharply across the night
      under DL but dropped only slightly under BL. Sleepiness was considerably greater
      under DL than under BL, and the difference became larger as the night progressed.
      Similarly, alertness, measured by EEG beta activity, was greater under BL, and
      nighttime performance on behavioral tasks was also generally better. There were
      no differential effects between BL and DL on any measure during the daytime.
      These data indicate that light exerts a powerful, immediate effect on physiology
      and behavior in addition to its powerful influence on circadian organization.

PMID- 1801014
TI  - Yohimbine and naloxone: effects on male rat sexual behavior.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of yohimbine (2 mg/kg) and naloxone (5 mg/kg),
      separately and in combination, on copulatory behavior in male rats. In Experiment
      1, yohimbine evinced decrements in intromission frequency, ejaculation latency,
      and copulatory efficiency, whereas naloxone administration was followed by an
      increased ejaculation latency, and the combination of yohimbine plus naloxone was
      without effect. In Experiment 2, yohimbine evinced decreases in intromission
      frequency, ejaculation latency, copulatory efficiency in the first, but not
      subsequent, copulatory series, as well as a decreased latency to sexual
      exhaustion. Further, treatment with yohimbine alone, naloxone alone, or yohimbine
      plus naloxone was followed by a reduction in the number of ejaculation prior to
      sexual exhaustion. Thus, at the doses tested, no synergistic effects were
      observed for the combination of yohimbine plus naloxone.

PMID- 1801015
TI  - Importance of vaginocervical stimulation for the formation of maternal bonding in
      primiparous and multiparous parturient ewes.
AB  - The importance of vaginocervical stimulation for the formation of the maternal
      bond between a ewe and its lambs was investigated by studying the ability of
      artificial mechanical vaginocervical stimulation to induce adoption of an alien
      lamb after the selective bond with the ewe's own lambs had been formed. Results
      showed that for both multiparous and primiparous ewes, 5 min of mechanical VCS
      (using a hand) was effective in inducing complete acceptance of an alien lamb (6
      48 h old) between 6.5 and 7.5 h postpartum in the majority of animals (8/10
      multiparous, 8/9 primiparous) without interfering with the bond between the ewe
      and its own lambs. In a second group of multiparous animals, 6 out of 7 animals
      were also induced to completely accept an alien lamb between 26.5 and 27.5 h
      postpartum. It was found that the most critical aspect of the VCS was pressure
      on, and stretching the neck of, the cervix. Results show that VCS is not only
      important for the stimulation of maternal behavior, but also for the formation of
      the selective maternal bond. The ability of VCS to trigger the formation of a new
      maternal bond extends for at least 27.5 h post-partum.

PMID- 1801017
TI  - Change in meal size, number and duration after neural isolation of liver and with
      TPN.
AB  - The abundant neural connections between the liver and hypothalamus suggest that
      the liver contributes to spontaneous food intake (SFI) regulation. This
      hypothesis was tested in rats after total liver denervation (TLD) and infusing
      TPN. A sham operation (SO) or TLD was performed in Fischer rats, placed in
      metabolic cages fitted with an Eater Meter to measure SFI, meal number (MN), size
      (MZ), and duration (MD). Rats had free access to chow and water. After 22 days, a
      jugular catheter was placed and normal saline continuously infused for 10 days
      (days 22-32). Then TPN-100, providing 100% of rats daily energy needs, was
      infused for 3 days (days 32-35). During the post-SO/TLD and postjugular
      catheterization periods and during TPN-100, SFI was the same in SO controls and
      TLD group. However, TLD rats had decreased MZ and MD (interpreted as early
      satiety) and increased MN (interpreted as increased hunger) to maintain the same
      SFI as control rats. Although total SFI was not influenced by TLD, it
      significantly affected feeding pattern, suggesting that the neural isolation of
      the liver from the brain produces altered hypothalamic regulation of not only the
      onset of feeding, but also satiety.

PMID- 1801016
TI  - Prenatal stress feminizes juvenile play patterns in male rats.
AB  - Sexually dimorphic rough-and-tumble play patterns were compared in male and
      female rats derived from control mothers and mothers stressed from days 14-21 of
      pregnancy. Animals were weaned into groups of 8 consisting of 2 males and 2
      females from each treatment. Play in the home cage was recorded at 25, 28, 31,
      34, 37 and 45 days of age and was most intense on day 31. The overall level of
      play was significantly higher in control males than in females or stressed males.
      Control males showed higher levels of the pinning component of rough-and-tumble
      play than females or stressed males. No play partner preferences were detected in
      any group. In adulthood, a higher percentage of stressed than control males
      displayed the female lordotic pattern. No deficits in ejaculatory behavior
      occurred in the stressed males. Since maternal stress alters patterns of plasma
      testosterone in male fetuses, the data suggest that the sexual differentiation of
      social play begins during prenatal ontogeny in the rat. The present results show
      that sexually dimorphic behaviors displayed before puberty are incompletely
      masculinized in prenatally stressed males, a finding similar to that reported for
      a number of adult behaviors.

PMID- 1801018
TI  - Cold tolerance and metabolic heat production in male C57BL/6J mice at different
      times of day.
AB  - Nine-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to three-hour cold stress tests
      (partial restraint at 6 degrees C) at 9:00 a.m. or at 1:00 p.m. Tests were
      repeated three times at two-week intervals at the same time of day. Body
      temperature was measured by colonic thermoprobe, and metabolic heat production
      was measured by indirect calorimetry during each test. All mice showed
      habituation to repeated cold exposures (an improvement of cold tolerance across
      tests) due to an increase in metabolic heat production. The levels of metabolic
      heat production were similar during morning and afternoon testing; however, mice
      tested in the afternoon had consistently poorer cold tolerance, which indicated
      increased heat loss. Increased heat loss in mice of similar body weight and
      presumably similar body composition, suggests that there is less effective cold
      induced skin vasoconstriction during the afternoon. We hypothesize that the
      compromised skin vasomotor response during the afternoon cold exposure results
      from competing effects of vasodilation due to local autoregulation stimulated by
      a circadian reduction of cardiac output during the sleep phase, and
      vasoconstriction due to the cold stress.

PMID- 1801019
TI  - The effect of physical restraint on IL-1 beta- and LPS-induced fever.
AB  - The stress of physical restraint has been shown to cause an elevation in the body
      temperature of rats. In this study, we compared the febrile responses of
      restrained and unrestrained animals to the injection of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1
      beta) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that, prior to injection, the body
      temperature of the restrained animals was about 1 degree C higher than that of
      the unrestrained rats. The restrained rats showed significantly smaller increases
      in body temperature in response to the injection of either pyrogen than did the
      unrestrained animals.

PMID- 1801020
TI  - Dieting and pain sensitivity: a validation of clinical findings.
AB  - To validate findings of a reduced pain sensitivity in anorexia and bulimia
      nervosa, the effects of dieting on somatosensation (especially pain sensitivity)
      were investigated in healthy young women. One group of subjects (n = 11) received
      a calorically reduced balanced diet for 21 days, while the other group (n = 14)
      continued to eat normally. The fasting state induced in the dieting subjects was
      comparable to that of eating disorder patients, since the dieters showed a
      reduction of the body mass index, a decrease in triiodothyronine and an increase
      in beta-hydroxybutyric acid plasma levels. However, neither the thresholds of
      pain, warmth, cold and vibration sensitivity nor the peripheral skin temperature
      changed systematically under the diet. Therefore, the reduced pain sensitivity in
      eating disorder patients is apparently not a mere effect of fasting, but a true
      pathological feature.

PMID- 1801021
TI  - Amniotic-fluid ingestion enhances morphine analgesia during morphine tolerance
      and withdrawal in rats.
AB  - Ingestion of placenta and amniotic fluid has been shown to enhance opioid
      mediated analgesia in rats produced by morphine injection, footshock,
      vaginal/cervical stimulation, and during late pregnancy. The present study was
      designed to investigate the effects of amniotic fluid ingestion on the
      characteristics of morphine dependency and withdrawal. Tail-flick latencies in
      Long-Evans rats were determined before and after repeated daily injections of
      morphine sulfate. It was found that ingestion of amniotic fluid after
      establishment of the morphine dependency, coupled with an injection of an
      otherwise ineffective dose of morphine, enhanced analgesia in morphine-dependent
      rats, and reversed hyperalgesia seen during withdrawal from morphine dependency.

PMID- 1801022
TI  - Endogenous circadian rhythm in the photoperiodic ovarian response of the
      subtropical sparrow, Passer domesticus.
AB  - Groups of photosensitive female house sparrows have been kept under night
      interruption and intermittent light cycles for a period of 6 weeks. The night
      interruption cycle consisted of a basic photophase of 6 h and 1 h
      photointerruption of the dark phase in the 24 h cycle at different points.
      Ovarian growth was stimulated under cycles in which photointerruption of the dark
      phase was made 10 h after the onset of basic photophase. The intermittent light
      cycles consisted of 2 L:2 D, 3 L:3 D, 4 L:4 D, 8 L:8 D and 12 L:12 D besides two
      control groups held on 7 L:17 D and 17 L:7 D. Ovarian response was observed only
      in 2 L:2 D, 3 L:3 D, 4 L:4 D, 12 L:12 D and 17 L:7 D cycles. The results of both
      the experiments are consistent with an avian external coincidence model and
      indicate that circadian rhythmicity is involved during the initiation of the
      female avian reproductive system.

PMID- 1801023
TI  - Behavior patterns of cold-resistant golden spiny mouse Acomys russatus.
AB  - Nesting behavior and food storage were studied in a cold-resistant (CR)
      population of the golden spiny mouse, Acomys russatus, in Southern Sinai at an
      altitude of 1600 m. CR-mice, in contrast to cold-sensitive (CS) ones, built nests
      in which they stored food. Such mice were found to be winter-solitary. These
      results show that food supply is an essential parameter for the survival of CR
      mice during winter. Therefore, it is suggested that food supply rather than
      energy conservation was the main driving force in the selection of a solitary
      behavior pattern of CR-mice.

PMID- 1801024
TI  - Measures of phototaxis and movement detection in the larval salamander.
AB  - In this investigation, we describe two precise tests of visual function that
      integrate quasinatural situations with time-lapse video recording and infrared
      computerized monitoring of activity to assess movement detection and phototaxic
      tendencies, respectively. Four groups of larvae from A. punctatum, A. tigrinum,
      A. mexicanum, and a mutant albino axolotl were tested in an alley containing
      light and dark halves and lined with infrared sensors to monitor their phototaxic
      response. A. punctatum showed no phototaxic tendency, while the other three
      groups displayed a strong negative phototaxic response. Enucleation of the eyes
      in mutant albinos eliminated the negative phototaxis. Visual detection of motion
      was tested by videorecording the behavior of A. punctatum, A. mexicanum, and the
      mutant albino axolotl larvae while they explored a large bowl with 6 small vials
      on the perimeter, one of which contained white worms. A. punctatum rapidly
      approached the worm vial and engaged in intense predatory behavior. A. mexicanum
      responded to the presence of worms very slowly and rapidly lost interest. Albino
      axolotls displayed no visual recognition of the worms. The results indicate that
      visual function can be precisely determined in larval salamanders utilizing
      behavioral measures consistent with the animal's natural tendencies.

PMID- 1801025
TI  - Continuous recording of locomotor activity in groups of rats: postweaning
      maturation.
AB  - A method was developed for continuous recording of locomotor activity in ten
      groups of rats housed in standard plastic cages under controlled lighting
      conditions. An inexpensive pressure transducer detected movements in the cage,
      and a light resistor monitored the lighting. The output voltages from the sensors
      were digitized, integrated for 5 s, and stored for off-line analysis. The data
      from separate cages were averaged for the detection of statistical differences
      between the experimental groups. The method was applied to study maturational
      changes after weaning. Wistar rats were recorded from 21 to 62 days of age under
      12/12 h light/dark cycle. The cumulative activity distributions of the pups of 4
      and 5 weeks of age differed significantly from those of 7-9 weeks, or older.
      Differences between the rats aged 8 or 9 weeks and the older adults were less
      consistent, but still detectable. The cumulative activity distributions of the
      males and females did not differ significantly from each other.

PMID- 1801026
TI  - An extremely simple procedure for the analysis of circadian and estrous
      periodicity.
AB  - A method for the analysis of circadian and estrous periodicity based on immediate
      visual inspection of the data is described. The method involves the calculation
      of two statistics, P (the period of the oscillations in the data) and h (an index
      of homogeneity of P). The sampling distribution of both statistics is examined
      and critical values for significance tests are presented. A computational
      algorithm for use with large data sets is also presented. The method is intended
      to be not a substitute for traditional methods of time series analysis but an
      alternative strategy to be used in cases where a rapid and simple determination
      of periodicity is desired.

PMID- 1801027
TI  - [Current status and future prospect of schizophrenia].

PMID- 1801028
TI  - [Clinical study of intractable mental diseases].

PMID- 1801029
TI  - [Post-graduate education of psychiatry and official certification of
      psychiatrists].

PMID- 1801030
TI  - [Classification of non-paranoid type schizophrenia--discussion on a
      psychopathological view of linguistic differences and relationship].

PMID- 1801031
TI  - [Apprehension on proposal for treatment of "refractory mental patients" in the
      report of a Research Group of the Ministry of Welfare].

PMID- 1801033
TI  - Greed: a psychoanalytic perspective.

PMID- 1801032
TI  - The birth of a baby during psychotherapy: a perspective from self psychology.

PMID- 1801034
TI  - Mothering and fathering processes in the psychoanalytic art.

PMID- 1801035
TI  - Incest "rediscovered".

PMID- 1801036
TI  - The dynamics of narcissism in marriage.

PMID- 1801037
TI  - Mary Shelley as Frankenstein.

PMID- 1801038
TI  - Conrad's dream of a common language: Lacan and "The secret sharer".

PMID- 1801039
TI  - "One's effort to find a little truth": Ethel Schwabacher's artistic and
      psychoanalytic odyssey.

PMID- 1801040
TI  - Validation of the Derogatis Stress Profile using laboratory and real world data.
AB  - The Derogatis Stress Profile (DSP) is unique among the numerous measures of
      'stress' in that it incorporates the interactional model of Lazarus and Folkman
      in a multidimensional structure. Derogatis has studied the psychometric
      properties of the DSP but its validity has not been demonstrated in the 'real
      world' nor has it been related to psychophysiological data. The present
      investigation was aimed at testing the validity of the DSP in these two areas.
      Forty-three men between the ages of 18 and 30 years completed the DSP, the Daily
      Hassles Scale (DHS), the Life Experiences Survey (LES), the Profile of Mood
      States (bipolar form), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI). Participants
      were exposed to stressors in a laboratory setting as well as in the field while
      their heart rate was being monitored. Results supported the validity of the DSP,
      in part. The correlation between the DSP and JPI anxiety scores was significant
      as was the correlation between the DSP and the daily depression scores. The
      correlation between the Total Stress Score (TSS) of the DSP and DHS was
      significant as were the correlations between the TSS and LES scores. Moreover,
      the DSP scores were related to heart rate reactivity both in the laboratory and
      in the field.

PMID- 1801041
TI  - The patients' perceptions of chronic disease and its management: psychosomatics,
      holism and quality of life in contemporary management of childhood asthma.
      Applied Psychology Research Group.

PMID- 1801042
TI  - Essential hypertension: hostility, psychiatric symptoms and marital stress in
      patients and spouses.
AB  - Scores on self-report questionnaire measures of hostility, psychiatric symptoms,
      marital dissatisfaction, and assertion discomfort/behaviour were compared for
      male (n = 26) and female (n = 25) patients with essential hypertension and their
      spouses, and matched normotensive controls. Correlations and factor analysis
      revealed clinically meaningful associations between elevated psychiatric
      symptoms, hostility, and assertive behaviour. These differed for male and female
      patients, especially regarding assertive behaviour. The findings suggest that
      communication training might be helpful for a sizeable proportion of married
      patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 1801043
TI  - Parallel Visual Information Processing Test. An experimental assessment of
      alexithymia.
AB  - A novel clinical and experimental situation has been created, based on the
      psychopathological concepts of 'pensee operatoire' and alexithymia and the
      contribution of recent trends in cognitive science as to the dual skills of the
      brain hemispheres: the Parallel Visual Information Processing Test. This test was
      validated in more than 100 subjects, and revealed that holistic visual attention
      is reduced during logical task performance; this impairment appeared to be
      typical of patients with poor fantasizing ability and operative behavior. Such
      findings are consistent with some authors' theory according to which there is a
      functional commissurotomy in alexithymic and psychosomatic patients.

PMID- 1801044
TI  - Study of the work of a community medical emergency service with psychosomatic and
      psychiatric patients.
AB  - The study aims to: (a) assess the incidence of functional/psychosomatic (FP) and
      psychiatric (P) calls to the Community Emergency Medical Service (during the
      night, week-ends, public holidays, when the primary care physicians are not on
      duty) and to determine the type of response provided; (b) highlight the
      diagnostic, relational, therapy and assistance problems involved in an approach
      to these patients at an emergency call level by a young, nonspecialist physician.
      The study data show that the quantitative importance of FP and P patients, as
      noted in the literature, is equally valid for emergency. But the study also
      highlights the numerous difficulties these patients cause to nonspecialist
      physicians. Liaison psychiatrist activity should find excellent growth potential
      in this new direction.

PMID- 1801045
TI  - Personality and psychological distress in legal abortion, threatened miscarriage
      and normal pregnancy.
AB  - A sample of 208 pregnant women (78 before the voluntary termination of pregnancy,
      63 admitted to hospital because of a threatened miscarriage, 67 at the outpatient
      clinic for a routine antenatal visit) performed a personality test (EPI) and two
      tests to evaluate psychological distress (SCL-90 and GHQ). The women who were
      about to abort exhibited a higher level of psychological distress which was also
      related to an underlying personality structure with neurotic traits. The group
      with a threatened miscarriage exhibited an intermediate level of psychological
      distress but a structure of personality similar to the antenatal group.

PMID- 1801046
TI  - Application of psychoimmunotherapy in patients with alopecia universalis.
AB  - Mental stress and immunological abnormality have recently been listed as causes
      of alopecia universalis. This disease is difficult to treat with only ordinary
      pharmacotherapy. Thus, from the standpoint of psychoneuroimmunology, stress was
      relieved by relaxation and image therapy, and administration of small doses of a
      strong immunosuppressant was effective, leading to clinically favorable results.
      In addition, changes were recognized in the subpopulation of peripheral
      lymphocytes and in beta-endorphin before and after relaxation and image therapy.
      The treatment of alopecia universalis favorably changed the subpopulations of T
      cells. A patient suffering from alopecia is always under stress. Alleviating this
      stress facilitates recovery of immunological competence. Our method was effective
      in 5 of 6 cases with refractory alopecia universalis.

PMID- 1801047
TI  - Psychiatric treatment strategies for patients at risk of dying suddenly.
AB  - This paper outlines the development of psychiatric treatment approaches to
      certain patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias which may affect
      outcome, both psychological and, at times, medical. Three cases sketches which
      illustrate psychiatric management strategies are presented. One case history
      indicates how lack of adherence to such treatment contributed to a negative
      outcome. Emphasis is placed on an integrated approach to psychiatric treatment
      which is individualized for each patient. The importance of close liaison with
      cardiologist, selective psychotherapy, stress management skills and family
      involvement is highlighted.

PMID- 1801048
TI  - Alexithymia and perceived symptoms: criterion validity of the Toronto Alexithymia
      Scale.
AB  - The associations between alexithymia and somatization, perceived symptoms and
      subjective health, were investigated in a population sample of 2,297 middle-aged
      Finnish men. A modified translated version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)
      was used to assess alexithymia. A graded and statistically significant
      relationship was observed between the TAS score for alexithymia and self-reported
      recent symptoms. The alexithymia score, adjusted for age, smoking and
      socioeconomic status, was also positively associated with the MMPI
      hypochondriasis index and inversely with perceived level of health. One of the
      factors of the TAS appeared to have a weak but significant correlation with a
      variety of diagnosed disorders that previously have been considered
      psychosomatic.

PMID- 1801049
TI  - Chance as an explanatory factor in evolutionary biology.
AB  - Darwinian evolutionary biology has often been criticized for appealing to the
      notion of 'chance' in its explanations. According to some critics, such appeals
      exhibit the explanatory poverty of evolutionary theory. In response, defenders of
      Darwinism sometimes downplay the importance of 'chance' in evolution. I believe
      that both of these approaches are mistaken. The main thesis of this paper is that
      the term 'chance' encompasses a number of distinct concepts, and that at least
      some of these concepts serve essential explanatory functions in evolutionary
      biology. This claim is defended by way of an historical survey of the major
      concepts of 'chance' in the history of evolutionary biology, especially the
      concepts used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin, and Sewall Wright. An
      examination of their biologies shows how the concepts of 'chance' used cohere
      with their major scientific objectives and methods. These concepts survive and
      continue to function as important explanatory factors in contemporary
      evolutionary biology. Examples of such usage are given, and the explanatory
      status of 'chance' assessed.

PMID- 1801050
TI  - [Hippocrates and the principle of congruence (essay reviews)].

PMID- 1801051
TI  - Sex and the medieval physician. Essay reviews.

PMID- 1801052
TI  - The management of asthma in the community: problems of compliance with treatment.

PMID- 1801053
TI  - The management of chronic renal failure: ten unanswered questions.

PMID- 1801054
TI  - Comparative trial of norfloxacin and macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin
      (Macrodantin) in the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.
AB  - Eighty-eight women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection (at least
      four attacks in the preceding 12 months) were randomized to take either
      norfloxacin 200 mg at night (45 patients) or macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin 100
      mg at night (43 patients) for 12 months. A decrease in the number of symptomatic
      attacks while taking this prophylaxis was observed in 94 per cent of the patients
      and this improvement was maintained during the 6 months following the end of
      prophylaxis in 69 per cent. The mean interval between symptomatic episodes while
      taking prophylaxis was 7.2-fold and 6.9-fold greater, respectively, than in the
      12 months before starting prophylaxis. There were only nine breakthrough
      infections during 74 patient-years of prophylaxis, four in patients taking
      norfloxacin (two enterococci, one Staphylococcus epidermidis, one Escherichia
      coli), and five in those taking macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin (four E. coli,
      one Klebsiella pneumoniae). Adverse events caused four patients taking
      norfloxacin (8 per cent) and seven taking macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin (14 per
      cent) to stop prophylaxis. Norfloxacin had a marked suppressive effect on the
      coliform part of the faecal flora, with no emergence of resistance. Thus,
      norfloxacin appears to be an excellent alternative agent to macrocrystalline
      nitrofurantoin for the prevention of recurrent urinary infections.

PMID- 1801055
TI  - Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in patients under the age of 40 years
      and the long-term prognosis.
AB  - Among patients with ventricular fibrillation outside hospital seen by our mobile
      coronary care unit between 1967 and 1988, 28 were aged less than 40 years (range
      12-39, mean 28). Coronary artery disease was present in 11 (39 per cent) and was
      the most common single cause, although none of these patients was aged less than
      28 years. Of 15 patients with cardiac disease, only four (27 per cent) had
      previously sought medical advice. Nineteen patients (68 per cent) collapsed
      without preceding symptoms. Survival to reach hospital was significantly
      associated with bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early defibrillation.
      Eleven patients (39 per cent) survived to hospital discharge, of whom seven
      remain alive after 2 1/2 to 21 1/2 years, five without symptoms. Thus, as
      demonstrated for older patients, coronary artery disease is an important cause of
      sudden death in this age group, and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
      early defibrillation are important for survival. Most of these patients collapse
      without warning and are not already known to have cardiac disease.

PMID- 1801056
TI  - Patterns of insulin dependence in an African diabetic clinic.
AB  - Analysis of the age of onset of diabetes amongst insulin-treated patients in a
      large African diabetic clinic revealed a bimodal type of distribution, 23 per
      cent having an age of onset before 30 years and 77 per cent with onset at greater
      than or equal to 30 years of age. All 66 of the young insulin-treated group (21.7
      +/- 4.8 years (mean +/- 1 SD)), and a random selection of 50 older insulin
      treated patients (49.7 +/- 10 years), were studied. The older group were better
      controlled (HbA1 8.4 +/- 1.7 per cent vs. 10.8 +/- 2.6 per cent, p less than
      0.001), on lower doses of insulin (49 +/- 23 vs. 71 +/- 23 u/day, p less than
      0.001) and had higher body mass index (26.0 +/- 5.6 vs. 21.8 +/- 3.5, p less than
      0.001). Serum C-peptide (0.24 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.10 nmol/l, p less than
      0.0001), and C-peptide/glucose ratio (2.57 +/- 2.65 vs. 0.56 +/- 0.98 nmol/mmol x
      10(2), p less than 0.001) were very significantly higher in older patients.
      Patients with later onset disease thus had better preservation of pancreatic
      function, higher body mass index and better glycaemic control on lower doses of
      insulin. These features suggest that older insulin-treated patients could in fact
      be 'Type 2' or non-insulin dependent patients, and the condition may be
      controllable with diet and/or oral hypoglycaemic agents, at least in some.

PMID- 1801058
TI  - Neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study.
AB  - A prospective study of the neurological manifestations in all patients with
      systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) was conducted between February 1985 to January
      1989. Excluding herpes zoster infection of peripheral or cranial nerves, post
      herpetic neuralgia and migraine, 36 neurological episodes occurred in 33
      patients. The presenting symptoms were mental confusion (10), psychosis (five),
      seizures (six), focal neurological deficit (three), coma (two), headache (five),
      blurring of vision (three), neuropathy (one) and myelopathy (one). Of these
      manifestations, only eight episodes were due to primary involvement by SLE:
      psychosis (two), seizure (two), multiple cerebral infarcts (one), papillitis
      (one), neuropathy (one) and myelopathy (one). Infection was the most common
      secondary cause of neurological episodes: all 10 episodes of mental confusion
      (fungal seven, pyogenic two, tuberculous one, nocardial one); two of six seizures
      (tuberculous one, pyogenic one); all five headaches (tuberculous meningitis
      three, cryptococcal meningitis two). The other secondary causes included steroid
      psychosis (two), hypertensive encephalopathy with seizure (one) and hypertensive
      retinopathy (one). Three of five cases of focal neurological deficit were due to
      macrovascular disease rather than to vasculitic infarction. We concluded that
      cerebral psychosis was a relatively rare presentation in our patients with SLE.
      In patients who presented with a neurological problem, especially mental
      confusion, efforts should be made to ascertain the underlying cause, especially
      if this may be an infection.

PMID- 1801057
TI  - Failure of dietary protein and phosphate restriction to retard the rate of
      progression of chronic renal failure: a prospective, randomized, controlled
      trial.
AB  - Ninety-five patients (63 male, 32 female), age 45 +/- 2 years (mean +/- SEM) with
      chronic renal failure of varied aetiology were randomized to receive either a
      conventional low protein diet (0.6 g/kg/day protein, 800 mg phosphate; n = 33), a
      low phosphate diet (providing approximately 1000 mg phosphate plus an orally
      administered phosphate binder, minimum protein intake 0.8 g/kg/day; n = 30) or to
      control (minimum protein intake 0.8 g/kg/day, no phosphate restriction; n = 32).
      Patients were reviewed for a minimum of 6 months before randomization and were
      withdrawn from the study if plasma creatinine exceeded 900 mumol/l, plasma
      phosphate was greater than 2.0 mmol/l or at the onset of uraemic symptoms.
      Following randomization patients were studied for an average of 19 +/- 3 months.
      Mean plasma creatinine rose from 398 +/- 33 to 600 +/- 50 mumol/l. Dietary
      protein intake was estimated at 0.69 +/- 0.02 g/kg/day in the low protein group,
      1.02 +/- 0.05 in the low phosphate and 1.14 +/- 0.05 in the controls, phosphate
      intake was 815 +/- 43, 1000 +/- 47, and 1315 +/- 57 mg/day, respectively. Urinary
      urea excretion and protein catabolic rates were significantly reduced (p less
      than 0.01) only in those on protein restriction, at 213 +/- 9 mmol/24 hours and
      0.71 g/kg/day, respectively. Phosphate excretion was significantly lower (p less
      than 0.05) in both the low protein group (17.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/24 hours) and the low
      phosphate group (18.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/24 hours) compared to controls. Changes in
      body weight, muscle mass and serum transferrin, albumin and immunoglobulins were
      comparable between the groups. Mean blood pressure following randomization was
      150/89 +/- 3/1 (low protein), 148/87 +/- 3/1 (low phosphate) and 146/87 +/- 3/1
      (controls). Progression of renal failure was analysed by rate of all of
      creatinine clearance (ml/min/1.73 m2/month), by rate of deterioration derived
      from reciprocal plasma creatinine against time plots (1/mmol/year) and to assess
      individual patient's response to treatment by two phase linear regression
      ('breakpoint') analysis of reciprocal plasma creatinine/time plots. Progression
      was analysed only in patients seen for at least 3 months following randomization.
      The rate of fall of creatinine clearance was not significantly different between
      the groups (ANOVA): 0.56 +/- 0.08 ml/min/1.73 m2/month (low protein, n = 28),
      0.44 +/- 0.07 (low phosphate, n = 23) and 0.69 +/- 0.11 (control, n =
      27).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1801059
TI  - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis: a report of four cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Four patients with infective endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans seen at the National Taiwan University Hospital between
      January 1985 and December 1990 are reported. There were two men and two women
      with a mean age of 40 years. Three had had a xenograft replacement, the other one
      had prolapse of mitral valve. Carious teeth were noted in two. The most common
      presenting symptoms were fever, cough, dyspnoea, and weight loss and the duration
      of symptoms before diagnosis varied from 2 weeks to 2 months. Peripheral stigmata
      of endocarditis were not present in any patient. Laboratory investigation
      revealed haematuria and anaemia in three patients, and elevated erythrocyte
      sedimentation rates in all four. None had leucocytosis. Echocardiography was
      performed more than once for each patient and vegetation was demonstrated in only
      one. Blood culture became positive after 7-10 days of incubation. One of the
      isolates was resistant to penicillin. The diagnosis was delayed due to the
      indolent clinical course, non-specific presentation, and the slow growth of the
      organism. However, all patients were cured clinically and bacteriologically after
      6 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy which included penicillin, cefamandole,
      chloramphenicol, or aztreonam, with or without an aminoglycoside. All patients
      were free of evidence of recurrence after 6-25 months of follow-up.

PMID- 1801060
TI  - Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in the acute phase of antigen-induced arthritis in
      rabbits.
AB  - Arthritis induced in hyperimmune rabbits by the intra-articular injection of the
      specific antigen was associated with a fall in circulating platelet number that
      lasted up to 60 days. Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin and econazol
      at doses that significantly decreased thromboxane levels in the synovial fluids
      reduced the arthritis-related thrombocytopenia in the acute phase of arthritis. A
      similar inhibition was seen when L-655,240, a specific Thromboxane A2 antagonist,
      and BN 52021, a Platelet Activating Factor antagonist were used. The results
      suggest that both thromboxane and PAF are involved in the mechanisms leading to
      thrombocytopenia in this experimental model of arthritis.

PMID- 1801061
TI  - Effects of pure enantiomers of flurbiprofen in comparison to racemic flurbiprofen
      on eicosanoid release from various rat organs ex vivo.
AB  - The effects of oral treatment of rats with pure enantiomers of flurbiprofen in
      comparison to racemic flurbiprofen on ex vivo release of eicosanoids from gastric
      mucosa, jejunum, lung, brain and clotting whole blood were investigated. With the
      S(+) enantiomer and the racemate dose-dependent inhibition of release of
      cyclooxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism in all tissues tested was
      observed, while release of leukotriene (LT) C4 was inhibited in gastric mucosa,
      but not in jejunum and lung. On the other hand, the R(-) enantiomer inhibited
      cyclooxygenase in the various tissues less potently and to a variable degree with
      no significant effect in the jejunum. The R(-) enantiomer had no effect on LTC4
      release from any of the tissues investigated. Furthermore, the effect of a high
      dose of 25 mg/kg of the S(+) enantiomer on release of cyclooxygenase products
      from the various tissues was much longer lasting than that of an identical dose
      of the R(-) enantiomer. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of the flurbiprofen
      enantiomers and/or organ specific cyclooxygenase activities could underly these
      results. The more potent cyclooxygenase inhibition by the S(+) enantiomer
      correlates with its higher anti-inflammatory activity and gastrointestinal
      toxicity. On the other hand, both enantiomers have been shown previously to be
      almost equally effective analgesics. Inhibition of brain cyclooxygenase might
      contribute to this effect.

PMID- 1801062
TI  - Effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid on the
      induction of oviposition in vivo and in vitro in oviparous lizards.
AB  - Gravid females of four different species of oviparous lizard were treated in vivo
      with varying doses of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostaglandin E2 or
      arachidonic acid (AA). In contrast to previous studies examining birds and
      viviparous lizards, no dosage induced oviposition in any of the treated females.
      All females, however, did exhibit behaviors associated with oviposition. Intact
      oviducts removed from gravid females and placed in organ culture did oviposit
      when treated with 30 or 100 ng PGF2 alpha/ml of culture media. Arachidonic acid
      at similar concentrations also was effective in stimulating birth. These data
      suggest that prostaglandins can stimulate oviposition in oviparous lizards but
      further suggest that their action may be inhibited by oviducal innervation until
      just prior to natural birth.

PMID- 1801063
TI  - Inhibitory effects of a novel PAF antagonist E6123 on anaphylactic responses in
      passively and actively sensitized guinea pigs and passively sensitized mice.
AB  - The effects of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, E6123, on
      anaphylactic responses in guinea pigs and mice were investigated. E6123 inhibited
      i.v. antigen (Ag)- or inhaled Ag-induced bronchoconstriction in passively and
      actively sensitized guinea pigs after oral administration at 3 and 10
      micrograms/kg, respectively. E6123 inhibited Ag inhalation-induced airway
      hyperreactivity in guinea pigs after oral administration at 30 micrograms/kg.
      E6123 protected mice from anaphylactic death with an ED50 value (p.o.) of 7
      micrograms/kg. The inhibitory effects of E6123 described above were very potent
      compared to those of the PAF-antagonists WEB2347 and Y-24180. The present results
      suggest that E6123 may be beneficial for the treatment of asthma, a condition in
      which PAF is assumed to be involved.

PMID- 1801064
TI  - Thromboxane and prostacyclin generation by human umbilical veins after thrombin.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) and Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production induced by thrombin in
      human umbilical veins (HUV) was studied. Successive stimulations of HUV segments
      were performed with and without restoration of arachidonic acid (AA). Thrombin
      consistently stimulated the production of both substances. The magnitude of the
      increment declined with progressive stimuli. The addition of exogenous AA could
      restore the production of TXB2 but not that of PGI2. These results suggest that
      sustained stimulation of AA release may lead to an imbalance in the TXA2/PGI2
      ratio perhaps through an effect of unknown products of AA oxidation on PGI2
      synthase.

PMID- 1801065
TI  - Contractile effects of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 on the circular and
      longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig isolated colon.
AB  - The mechanical effects of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2, mainly 16,16-dimethyl
      PGE2, on circular and longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig isolated proximal
      colon were investigated. In circular muscle strips, PGE2 100 nM produced an
      initial contraction followed by relaxation, while 16(R)-methyl PGE2 and 16,16
      dimethyl PGE2 (1 nM - 1 microM) produced sustained contractions. In longitudinal
      muscle strips, PGE2 and 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 produced only contractions.
      The contractile responses of both muscle strips to 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 were not
      influenced by atropine or tetrodotoxin, indicating that these analogues act
      directly on the muscles, but were eliminated by the omission of extracellular Ca
      ions or in the presence of 1 mM lanthanum ions. However, verapamil, a Ca channel
      blocker, did not block the contractile response to the methyl analogues in
      circular muscle strips, although it completely inhibited the contractile response
      of longitudinal muscle strips. These results suggest that the contractile effect
      of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 on the circular muscle may be due to an increased
      influx of Ca ions mainly via receptor-sensitive and partly voltage-sensitive Ca
      channels, while the contractile effect of the analogues on the longitudinal
      muscle may be due to an increase in influx of Ca ions via voltage-sensitive Ca
      channels.

PMID- 1801066
TI  - Calcium channel blockers and prostaglandin generation by gastric surface
      epithelial cells.
AB  - We investigated the effects of calcium channel blockers on generation of
      prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha by gastric mucosal surface
      epithelium. Surface epithelial cells (SEC) isolated from rat gastric mucosa were
      incubated with either verapamil (1 or 10 micrograms/ml), diltiazem (2.5 or 25
      micrograms/ml) or nifedipine (2.5 or 25 micrograms/ml) for 30 min at 37 degrees C
      in calcium containing or calcium-free medium. Verapamil (both doses)
      significantly increased PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha generation by the surface
      epithelial cells but only in calcium containing medium. Diltiazem did not affect
      PG generation in calcium containing nor calcium-free medium. Nifedipine 25
      micrograms/ml decreased PGE2 but increased 6-keto PGF1 alpha generation. The
      inhibitory effect of nifedipine on PGE2 generation was abolished in calcium-free
      medium, while the calmodulin antagonist did not affect verapamil-induced increase
      in PG generation.

PMID- 1801067
TI  - [An elevated prevalence of subclinical pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus
      erythematosus].
AB  - Lung function was prospectively studied in a group of non-selected systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) female patients who consecutively came to our Lung Function
      Laboratory. There was no previous history of smoking in any patient nor there was
      clinical and/or radiographic evidence of lung affectation prior to the diagnosis
      of SLE. Some respiratory lung function abnormalities were observed in 17 patients
      (65%). The most frequent functional anomaly was the alteration in carbon monoxide
      transfer (DLCO), which was present in 10 cases (38%). On the other hand, a
      restrictive ventilatory failure was observed in 8 patients (31%) and a
      obstructive ventilatory failure in 6 other (23%). Out of these, 3 patients (12%
      of the total number of cases) presented bronchial hyperreactivity, which could
      also be confirmed in a patient presenting a mixed ventilatory failure. Isolated
      air entrapment could be observed in 2 patients, which could indicate disfunction
      of small airways in these cases. There was no correlation between functional
      respiratory failure and clinical activity of SLE, duration of the disease, other
      organ involvement, treatment and/or serum antibodies. Given that a great number
      of these functional lung anomalies (42%) exist in the absence of any clinical and
      radiological anomalies and that an important subgroup of patients are responsive
      to bronchodilators, we consider that the systemic evaluation of lung function
      must be obliged in the clinical treatment of SLE patients.

PMID- 1801068
TI  - [The long-term results of ethanehydroxydiphosphonate treatment in Paget's disease
      of bone].
AB  - Long-term results after ethanohydroxy diphosphonate treatment (EHDP) using a dose
      of 5/7.5 mg/kg/day over a 2 to 18 months period (x = 6.8) in a group of 45 cases
      of Paget disease, out of which 24 (53%) are male, are presented. An exam was
      programmed before and after treatment (12, 24 and 60 months). A clinical
      remission occurred in 75% of patients which lasted for at least 5 years in 51% of
      them. The average reduction of alkaline phosphatase levels was approximately 50%
      of baseline values (p less than 0.001) maintained with small variations up to the
      end of the study. There was no relapse in the last control performed in 49% of
      cases and 9 of them are from a 5 year follow up. On the contrary 11 patients
      (24%) did not show biochemical relapse however none of the characteristics
      analyzed permit the prediction of the type of response. The doses do not
      significantly influence the intensity either. We have observed scarce radiologic
      modifications although two patients showed a discrete improvement in the first
      revision and a worsening at different stages of their evolution was evidenced in
      two more cases. Altogether, these results confirm the long-term efficacy of
      treatment with EHDP at low doses at which it presents few adverse effects. The
      possibility of an structural deterioration advises to avoid its use in those
      cases with lytic lesions in load-bearing bones.

PMID- 1801069
TI  - [Causes and factors of diarrhea in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a
      hospital of Mexico City].
AB  - One hundred and sixty-four AIDS patients were studied; in 70 of them (42.7%) an
      agent capable of producing diarrhea was identified either by bacteriology,
      histopathology, or both procedures. It was observed that homosexuals and
      bisexuals present diarrhea sooner and with a higher frequency than heterosexuals.
      Cryptosporidium (35.7%) was the most frequently isolated agent. The most useful
      study was the coproparasitoscopic series. In 27 patients (38.6%) 2 or more agents
      (pathogens or opportunist) were isolated. An statistical correlation was
      demonstrated between the presence of diarrhea and the existence of agents able to
      produce it. The convenience of using special methods, because of their efficacy
      or cost, to evidence other pathogenic or opportunistic agents is also discussed.

PMID- 1801070
TI  - [Peritoneal mesothelioma and complete auriculo-ventricular block as late
      complications in Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - A patient who had been successfully treated of Hodgkin's disease (nodular
      sclerotic type) with mediastinal radiotherapy and polychemotherapy, suffered an
      acute pericarditis immediately after radiotherapy and a complete atrial
      ventricular block 14 years later. Five years later she presented refractory
      hemorrhagic peritonitis. Necropsy study showed a peritoneal mesothelioma (in non
      radiated area) and diffuse subpericardial fibrosis. Complete A-V block is a very
      rare late complication of mediastinal radiotherapy and mesotheliomas (almost
      exclusively in irradiated areas), also. We have not found any reports on other
      cases of peritoneal mesotheliomas not attributable to radiotherapy as second
      neoplasia in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 1801072
TI  - [A 73-year-old woman with a greyish pigmentation of the face].

PMID- 1801071
TI  - [A clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma].
AB  - Pheochromocytomas are often unnoticed, and diagnosis is performed on autopsy
      examination, or more rarely it is noticed during surgery or abdominal exam for a
      different reason. In many of these patients the lack of hypertension is a
      characteristic feature. We contribute a singular case of a patient with
      pheochromocytoma found by chance during an abdominal exam and which in spite of
      secreting noradrenaline, did not provoke hypertension or other symptoms. We
      review literature on this stage form of presentation and the different physio
      pharmacological hypothesis which could condition the absence of clinical
      manifestations. We discuss the preoperative management in patients without
      hypertension.

PMID- 1801073
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus on an atheroma plaque].

PMID- 1801074
TI  - [Primary normotensive hyperaldosteronism: a silent form of Conn's syndrome].

PMID- 1801075
TI  - [Local anesthesia in scorpion stings].

PMID- 1801076
TI  - [Paget's disease and chronic lymphatic leukemia].

PMID- 1801077
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy].

PMID- 1801078
TI  - [Partial status epilepticus secondarily generalized by imipenem].

PMID- 1801080
TI  - [Scapulohumeral arthritis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae].

PMID- 1801079
TI  - [Magnesium, the 4th drug in asthma treatment?].

PMID- 1801081
TI  - [The control of vectors and intermediate hosts at the Pedro Kouri Institute of
      Tropical Medicine].

PMID- 1801082
TI  - [The external and internal morphology of the intermediate hosts of Fasciola
      hepatica].
AB  - The main morphological traits of Fossaria cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella,
      the two intermediate hosts of fascioliasis in Cuba, were studied. Differences may
      be seen regarding some aspects of the external morphology, as well as in the
      internal morphology, mainly in the reproductive system. The radular teeth have
      differences which are rather intangible, not allowing for their taxonomic
      isolation on the basis of this criterion alone. These studies suggest to take
      into account several criteria in order to determine the taxonomic position of
      each species.

PMID- 1801083
TI  - [The biological control of Fossaria cubensis, the intermediate host of Fasciola
      hepatica, in 2 localities with different control agents].
AB  - A control was carried out on Fossaria cubensis, intermediate host of Fasciola
      hepatica, in two localities, by means of 2 different control agents. In one of
      them Helisoma duryi was used due to its ecological advantages as compared with
      the intermediate host (higher growth rhythm and lower generational time), and in
      the other Tarebia granifera was used, which has biological and ecological
      advantages upon most mollusks (ovoviviparous, parthenogenetic, longer life cycle
      and higher growth rhythm). In both localities an effective control was seen with
      the remarkable decrease of the host density after the introduction of the
      competitive agent.

PMID- 1801084
TI  - [The characterization of Biomphalaria orbignyi Paraense, 1974, a mollusk of
      medico-epidemiological importance recently reported for Cuba].
AB  - The conchological, anatomical and radular characteristics of Biomphalaria
      orbignyi are described, as well as the morphometric ratio between maximal height
      and maximal diameter, in which the regression coefficient value is 0.9. The life
      tables of Biomphalaria orbignyi shows a life range (L phi = 10.37) much higher
      than in the rest of the species available in Cuba; the value of k = 0.17 is
      similar to that of Biomphalaria havanensis. It has 2 reproductive peaks at middle
      age. Differently from other species of the genus, it has lower mortality at early
      ages and the highest peak is seen when it reaches the adult stage, which means it
      is a strong species. The zymograms that have been obtained confirm this species
      is different from B. havanensis. Since there are no marked differences on an
      individual basis, its correct identification requires to take into consideration
      every biological and ecological evidence available.

PMID- 1801085
TI  - [A morphometric study of the juveniles of 4 populations of Tarebia granifera
      under laboratory conditions].
AB  - The morphometric comparison and the reproduction dynamics were carried out for
      newborn Tarebia granifera individuals from 4 populations of progenitors. A
      significantly high difference was found in the morphometry of the juveniles,
      which was lower in the adults. The population of the Jibacoa brook had a higher
      number of newborn. That indicates that his morpho is the most adequate when
      choosing this species as a control agent.

PMID- 1801086
TI  - [The role of Marisa cornuarietis as a biological control agent and its economic
      and epidemiological implications].
AB  - It was determined that M. cornuarietis, a mollusk which has been used as agent
      for the biological control of the schistosomiasis hosts, may be a plague for rice
      fields. Each mollusk can consume 0.3 g of this plant in 24 hours, accounting for
      the destruction of 0.015 m2 of a rice field. On the other hand, it was observed
      that B. glabrata shows preference for the consumption of M. cornuarietis faeces.
      This fact favors the vector's growth and reproduction rate and at the same time
      decreases its mortality.

PMID- 1801087
TI  - [A comparison of the growth of 2 species of Pomacea from the Antilles area useful
      as an agent to control tropical diseases].
AB  - A comparative study was made on the growth of 2 Pomacea species (P. glauca and P.
      paludosa) of the Caribbean area. The occurrence of ecological differences
      reflected on the growth parameters is noted. These discrepancies may be
      influenced by differences in the physical-chemical and environmental status of
      the localities under study, but a clear-cut ecological difference between both
      species can be observed. Growth parameters (K and L phi), as well as the growth
      curves, suggest they are slow-growing species with a long life range. Differently
      from intermediate hosts, which are fast-growing species with a short life range,
      Pomacea species may keep stable populations in permanent bodies of water. It
      means an important advantage as biological control agents.

PMID- 1801090
TI  - [The infective capacity of the nematode Romanomermis culicivorax Ross et Smith,
      1976 (Rhabditida: Mermithidae) in mosquito larvae of the species Anopheles
      albimanus Wiedemann, 1821 (Diptera: Culicidae) under natural conditions].
AB  - An experimental study was carried out in two natural breeding sites of Anopheles
      albimanus Wiedemann, 1821 in Havana City, in order to test the effectiveness of
      the nematode Romanomermis culicivorax Ross and Smith, 1976. In one of the
      breeding sites fresh preparasiticals from eggs recently hatched in cultures were
      applied at a 10:1 dose, a mean infestation rate being found of mean = 3 with a 97
      +/- 0.86% mortality. The second breeding site was treated with preparasiticals 30
      hours after their obtention, and a decrease was seen in the larva infestation
      levels mean means = 1.1 and 76 +/- 0.76% mortality rate.

PMID- 1801091
TI  - [Valvuloplasty or mitral commissurotomy. The viewpoint of a surgeon].

PMID- 1801089
TI  - [The introduction of the larvivorous fish Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1895)
      (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), a bioregulator of culicids in oxidation ponds
      and contaminated drainage ditches on the Isla de la Juventud].
AB  - The larvivorous fish Poecilla reticulata, internationally known as mosquito larva
      bioregulators, was introduced in 2 oxidation ponds and 2 ditches containing
      polluted waters (sewage) without the presence of other fish species, in Isle of
      Youth, Cuba, in order to control the larva populations of the Culex
      quinquefasciatus mosquito Say, 1823 in these its main breeding sites. After 2.5
      months, such reservoirs were free of mosquito larvae. The fish settled within one
      year, reaching enough density to be used in other aquatoria.

PMID- 1801088
TI  - [The pilot project results of applications of the biolarvicide Bacillus
      sphaericus 2362 on mosquito breeding grounds of the town of Santa Cruz del Norte
      (La Habana Province)].
AB  - The effectiveness of the Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 in liquid formulation,
      at a 10 ml/m2 dose, was tested in 157 breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus
      mosquitos, 2 breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles albimanus and
      1 breeding site of Aedes taeniorhynchus, consisting of 1 river, 2 oxidation
      ponds, 1 pond, 4 dams, 2 microdams and 150 pits. The results reached with the
      application of 1800 1 of biolarvicide show its effectiveness. Within 24 hours of
      treatment, mortality rates were 100%, in a wide range of ecological conditions,
      its permanence up to 5 months in breeding sites without stream and innocuousness
      for other hydrobionts. DPGs in humans, having shown considerable reductions,
      confirm the advantages and potentialities of using this method under tropical
      conditions.

PMID- 1801092
TI  - [Primum non nocere: the end of CAST-II. Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial].

PMID- 1801093
TI  - [Cardiovascular pathology and the partial autopsy. The experience at the
      Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez of Mexico].
AB  - There is no doubt autopsies are still a powerful source of medical information.
      At the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Mexico 50% of deaths are autopsied.
      About half are limited cardiothoracic studies. Since no previous evaluation of
      the utility of the information obtained from those limited necropsies, we decided
      to test how well they allowed for a good clinical and anatomical correlation of
      main disease and a cause of death, as well as their potential to respond clinical
      questions relevant to the case. We analyzed the medical and autopsy records from
      50 cases and determined autopsy type (limited or total), age, sex, main disease
      and cause of death. It was also included a list of questions made by the
      attending physician who asked for autopsy. Twenty-six cases corresponded to
      limited autopsies. In 96.1% there was a good anatomical and clinical correlation
      of main disease. In 69.2% the cause of death had also a good correlation and in
      92.3% of the cases the clinician's question were answered appropriately. Based in
      our results we support the idea that cardiovascular limited autopsies are an
      alternative way to obtain useful information, when otherwise, total autopsies
      result expensive or difficult to obtain.

PMID- 1801094
TI  - [The midterm (6 years) clinical results of the Carpenter-Edwards supra-annular
      bioprosthesis].
AB  - We present here the clinical results with a second-generation porcine
      bioprosthesis, the Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular valve (CESA). Two-hundred and
      twenty-two CESA bioprostheses were implanted in 189 patients during a four-year
      period (from 1984 to 1987), either as an isolated procedure or associated to
      mitral or tricuspid repair. The mid-term clinical results have been evaluated
      after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years, being 96% complete. There were 16 in
      hospital deaths (8.4%) and 6 late, potentially valve-related, cardiac deaths
      (1.1% patients/year). Overall, 86.7 +/- 2% of the patients were free from cardiac
      death at 6 years (95.1 +/- 2% of the patients surviving the operative period).
      Linearized rates of valve related complications were the following: 1.4%
      patients/year for thromboembolism (including valve thrombosis), 0.5%
      patients/year for treatment-related hemorrhage and 0.7% patients/year for
      endocarditis. We did not found any case of either intrinsic or extrinsic valve
      failure, unrelated to infection of thrombosis. Two patients were reoperated, one
      because of valve thrombosis and the other due to prosthetic valve endocarditis
      (reoperation rate of 0.3% patients/year). When lethal and nonlethal valve-related
      complications (including in-hospital deaths) were considered all together, 75.8
      +/- 8.4% of the patients remained alive and free of morbid events at 6 years.
      When patients were grouped according to the valve replaced (aortic, mitral and
      multiple), best results were found with patients submitted to isolated aortic
      valve replacement. We conclude that the CESA bioprosthesis has an excellent mid
      term clinical performance. However, longer follow-up is necessary to know if
      improvement in valve design and manufacturing results in increased valve
      durability.

PMID- 1801095
TI  - [Severe disorders of auriculoventricular conduction after aortic valve
      replacement. A postoperative electrophysiological study in 36 patients and the
      long-term follow-up].
AB  - Cardiac conduction defects (CD) are common in patients with aortic valve
      diseases. Several studies have suggested that the occurrence of complete heart
      block at the time of valve replacement is related with preoperative conduction
      defects and with other factors like calcium deposits, aortic gradient or poor
      left ventricular function. We evaluated 36 patients undergoing isolated aortic
      valve replacement in 29 of them, combined mitroaortic in four, isolated mitral
      valve replacement in two and subvalvular myectomy in one. In all of them an
      electrophysiologic study was done at the postoperative period. In group 2 (with
      preoperative CD) patients were older (mean age +/- SEM; 56.57 +/- 8.90) than in
      group 1 (without CD) (45.64 +/- 14.79) (p less than 0.02). Surgical times were
      higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.005). The
      site of block was distal to the His bundle in 59% of patients in group 1 and in
      47% in group 2 (p-NS). Complete AV block occurred in 70.5% of patients in group 1
      while was of 36.8% in group 2 (p less than 0.05). Severity of conduction defects
      was unrelated with the type of valve disease, aortic valve calcification or
      gradient or with poor left ventricular function. Preoperative conduction defects
      were not responsible of more severe postoperative conduction defects. On late
      follow-up permanent pacemakers were unnecessary in 33% of patients in group 1 and
      in 75% in group 2 (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801096
TI  - [The importance of the echocardiographic diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm of the
      mitral septal leaflet in infectious endocarditis of the aortic valve: the
      surgical implications].
AB  - Mycotic aneurysm of the septal leaflet of the mitral valve is an infrequent
      complication associated with aortic infective endocarditis. The most probable
      mechanisms implicated on its formation are two: the lesion induced by regurgitant
      jet striking on septal mitral leaflet and the direct spreading of infection
      through the fibrosa inter-valvular. We describe the preoperative diagnosis of
      mycotic aneurysms of the septal mitral leaflet by two-dimensional
      echocardiography and color flow mapping in 2 patients. Surgical management will
      depend on the anatomic characteristics of the aneurysm and its hemodynamic
      repercussion. Careful echocardiographic search for mycotic mitral aneurysms
      should be performed in cases of aortic valve endocarditis, in view of its
      important prognostic implications.

PMID- 1801097
TI  - [Reabsorbable banding. Our initial experience].
AB  - Since May 1989 we have been using a reabsorbable 3 mm, polidioxanona band for
      pulmonary banding instead of the dacron one. This procedure was performed in 5
      patients with ages between 33 to 230 days. The diagnoses were atrioventricular
      canal in one case and ventricular septal defect in the other 4 cases. One of them
      also had vascular ring with right aortic arch, left patent ductus arterious and
      aberrant subclavian artery. All the patients were in a poor condition. Subsequent
      reoperations performed in short, medium, and long term were uncomplicated, and
      the technique had the added benefit of avoiding the need for pulmonary
      reconstruction. A close ECO Doppler follow-up is necessary to determine the best
      moment for definitive correction. We think that this new technique makes the
      banding a reliable and complications free procedure and its place should be
      reevaluated in the light of the current tendency for early complete correction.

PMID- 1801098
TI  - [Pressure half-time and mitral stenosis: life, blossoming and...death?].

PMID- 1801100
TI  - Dopamine deficiency in the weaver mutant mouse: an animal model of
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
AB  - The dopamine system in weaver mutant mice, a model of cerebellar atrophy, was
      studied. Dopamine levels of 6-week-old weaver mice were 37%, 44%, 34%, and 41% of
      levels in age-matched controls in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, septal region
      and striatum, respectively. Noradrenaline levels did not differ from controls.
      This study shows that weaver mice have specific deficiencies in the dopamine
      system.

PMID- 1801099
TI  - A vehicle for the evaluation of hydrophobic compounds in cell culture.
AB  - A vehicle for testing hydrophobic compounds in cell culture has been evaluated on
      human breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and human lung (A 549) cancer cells. The
      cytotoxicity of the vehicles was evaluated on the basis of cell viability using
      the hemocytometric trypan blue exclusion method and cell surface morphology using
      scanning electron microscopy. Dimethylacetamide, absolute ethanol and
      polyethylene glycol 400 were evaluated as vehicles for solubilizing various
      hydrophobic compounds. The compounds were found to be most soluble in
      dimethylacetamide but this solvent was extremely cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells.
      Similarly, 1% absolute ethanol solubilized the compounds in culture media at a
      concentration of 10(-5)M, but was also cytotoxic. 0.1% absolute ethanol in the
      culture media was non-cytotoxic but was unable to solubilize these hydrophobic
      compounds. Polyethylene glycol 400 was found to be too viscous to use alone.
      However, upon optimizing the ratio of absolute ethanol and polyethylene glycol
      400, a mixture of 45% absolute ethanol plus 55% polyethylene glycol 400 at a
      final concentration of 0.1% was used as vehicle solubilized the hydrophobic
      compounds (10(-5)M) in growth media and non-cytotoxic on all the cell lines
      tested. In conclusion, a vehicle containing a mixture of 45% absolute ethanol
      plus 55% polyethylene glycol 400 at a final concentration of 0.1% of the growth
      medium was found to be ideal for testing various hydrophobic compounds in cell
      culture.

PMID- 1801101
TI  - Aromatic ring oxidation of N-n-butylamphetamine is enhanced in the rat by prior
      treatment with quinidine.
AB  - Prior administration of quinidine is known to reduce aromatic oxidation of
      amphetamine and its analog methoxyphenamine by inhibiting the cytochrome P450IID6
      results in isozyme. In contrast, it is now shown that prior administration of
      quinidine results in a significant increase in the aromatic oxidation of N-n
      butylamphetamine in rat, suggesting that the P450IID6 isozyme is not involved in
      this metabolic reaction.

PMID- 1801102
TI  - Time dependent effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on hepatic ultrastructure
      in rats.
AB  - The present study demonstrates that MPA treatment may alter liver ultrastructure
      in rats. This was seen as a slight cytoplasmic vacuolization in light microscopy.
      In electron microscopy the most striking findings were the increase in the size
      of hepatocytes, the volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the number
      of mitochondria. Minor changes in mitochondrial size and structure, and SER
      outline were also obtained. The amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum was
      decreased and bleb formation was common. The effect of MPA on liver
      ultrastructure was time-dependent. The main changes were found in rats receiving
      MPA daily for seven days. Most of the observed changes disappeared within 17 days
      after the cessation of the regimen. MPA induced alterations in liver morphology
      may partly be due to induction phenomenon although the hormonal property of MPA
      also may play some etiological role.

PMID- 1801103
TI  - Phenytoin prevents epinephrine-induced arrhythmias through central nervous system
      in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The authors investigated the effect of phenytoin through the central nervous
      system on epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in halothane-anesthetized dogs. The
      arrhythmogenic dose (AD) of epinephrine during halothane anesthesia was
      determined in the presence of phenytoin (1 mg/kg), vehicle, and saline, which
      were administered directly into the cisterna magna. Phenytoin increased the AD of
      epinephrine as compared with vehicle or saline. The cerebrospinal and plasma
      concentration of phenytoin during the arrhythmias were 23.6 and less than 0.5
      micrograms/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in AD between
      the vehicle and saline groups. The same dose of phenytoin (1 mg/kg) administered
      intravenously did not affect the AD of epinephrine, and the plasma concentration
      of phenytoin during the arrhythmias was 1.2 micrograms/ml. These findings
      suggested that phenytoin exerts a protective effect against halothane-epinephrine
      arrhythmias through a central mechanism and that the central nervous system may
      be involved, at least in part, in the myocardial sensitization by halothane.

PMID- 1801104
TI  - Effects of chronic diabetes on vascular responses of basilar artery and aorta
      from rabbits with alloxan-induced diabetes.
AB  - The influences of chronically diabetic states on contraction and relaxation
      responses of the isolated basilar artery and aorta to various vasoactive agents
      were examined in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits with 2 years duration. There
      were no significant differences in the reactivities of basilar artery to
      norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and KCl between age-matched
      control and diabetic rabbits. Maximal contractions of aorta with endothelium in
      response to NE and 5-HT were significantly enhanced in case concentration
      response curves for NE and 5-HT-induced contractions in the aorta without
      endothelium from diabetic rabbits were not different from those from age-matched
      control rabbits. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations in both the basilar artery and
      aorta from diabetic rabbits were significantly attenuated compared with those
      from age-matched control rabbits. However, no differences were observed in
      concentration-response curves for sodiumnitroprusside-induced relaxations in both
      the basilar artery and aorta between diabetic rabbits and age-matched control
      rabbits. These results indicate that chronic diabetes induces an specific
      enhancement in the contractile responses to NE and 5-HT in aorta and an
      attenuation in the endothelium-dependent relaxation in both the basilar artery
      and aorta. These results further demonstrated that the cerebral artery is
      resistant to diabetes of 2 years duration as compared with the peripheral artery.

PMID- 1801105
TI  - Effect of calcitriol infusions on serum aluminum in vitamin D-depleted rabbits
      fed an aluminum-supplemented ration.
AB  - Three dosages of calcitriol (10, 30 and 60 IU/day) were given to rabbits by
      subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The purpose was to compare the dosages
      with regard to their putative effect in elevating serum aluminum levels by
      mechanisms such as enhancing intestinal absorption, diminishing renal excretion,
      or others. To establish uniform levels of endogenous calcitriol and its
      precursors, all rabbits had been depleted of vitamin D. The depletion was
      demonstrated by their serum calcidiol and calcitriol levels declining to
      unmeasurable levels, following the regimen of a vitamin D-free diet. The 8
      rabbits were then placed on an aluminum-supplemented (aluminum lactate) ration.
      The amount of feed (and aluminum) consumed was determined at daily intervals.
      Serum aluminum levels were determined at intervals during the 7 days on this
      regimen. In a second test, the same 8 rabbits received the same regimen but in
      addition were infused with 10, 30 or 60 IU calcitriol per day. It was found that
      the aluminum-fed rabbits receiving 60 IU/day and 30 IU/day calcitriol infusions
      showed statistically significantly elevated serum aluminum levels as compared to
      their levels without calcitriol (p = 0.0208 and p = 0.434, respectively). Rabbits
      receiving pumps delivering 10 IU/day while receiving the aluminum-supplemented
      ration showed no rise in serum aluminum with time or treatment during the 7 day
      study. Likewise rabbits receiving aluminum-supplemented rations without
      calcitriol showed only an early minimal rise in mean serum aluminum which
      returned to the pre-test level by the end of a week in spite of continued
      consumption of aluminum-supplemented rations.

PMID- 1801106
TI  - [Carcinological amputation of the rectum: upper third. Restoration with
      colorectal anastomosis].

PMID- 1801107
TI  - [Controlled artificial ventilation (intermittent positive pressure). Elements of
      patient surveillance].

PMID- 1801108
TI  - [Introduction of nurses].

PMID- 1801109
TI  - [A patient in multipurpose resuscitation. Admission by the nurses].

PMID- 1801110
TI  - [Shock: hemodynamic study].

PMID- 1801111
TI  - [Mechanical ventilation].

PMID- 1801112
TI  - [Care of intubated patients and patients with tracheotomies].

PMID- 1801113
TI  - [Resuscitation in 1991].

PMID- 1801114
TI  - [Weaning from mechanical respiration].

PMID- 1801115
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency].

PMID- 1801116
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency: technic for extrarenal purification].

PMID- 1801117
TI  - [Hip luxation: treatment with continuous traction].

PMID- 1801118
TI  - [Multiple purpose resuscitation service in the hospital].

PMID- 1801120
TI  - [Blood group determination].

PMID- 1801119
TI  - [Carcinologic amputation of the rectum. Tumor of the middle third: Low colorectal
      anastomosis].

PMID- 1801121
TI  - [Ideas on bacteriology].

PMID- 1801123
TI  - [Septic shock and multivisceral failure].

PMID- 1801122
TI  - [Endogenous flora--source of infections. How to prevent auto-infections?].

PMID- 1801124
TI  - [Ethics and resuscitation].

PMID- 1801125
TI  - [Carcinologic amputation of the rectum. Tumor of the inferior third: abdomino
      pelvic amputation].

PMID- 1801126
TI  - [Various modes of artificial ventilation].

PMID- 1801127
TI  - [Carrying out the investigation].

PMID- 1801128
TI  - [Dilatation of the renal arteries].

PMID- 1801130
TI  - [Surgery of the renal arteries. Nursing care].

PMID- 1801129
TI  - [Surgical technics].

PMID- 1801131
TI  - [Diseases of the renal arteries].

PMID- 1801132
TI  - [Pediatric surgery. Experiences of children in day hospitals].

PMID- 1801133
TI  - [Consequences of renal ischemia].

PMID- 1801134
TI  - [Renal stenoses and hypertension].

PMID- 1801135
TI  - Chemotherapy of CNS-trypanosomiasis: combination chemotherapy with a 5
      nitroimidazole (MK 436), an arsenical (Cymelarsan) and suramin.
AB  - A detailed study of the combined effect of suramin, MK 436 (5-nitroimidazole) and
      Cymelarsan (melaminylthioarsenate) was investigated in the murine CNS
      trypanosomiasis model. Using a combination of Cymelarsan and MK 436 without
      preliminary suramin, complete cures were obtained with a 2 day treatment of 15.0
      mg/kg MK 436 and 5.0 mg/kg Cymelarsan. If the MK 436 was reduced to 10 mg/kg then
      4 consecutive daily treatments were required. If the Cymelarsan was reduced to
      2.5 mg/kg either a 3 day treatment in combination with 15.0 mg/kg or a 4 day
      treatment with 10 mg/kg MK 436 was necessary. Utilizing the single suramin (20
      mg/kg) dose followed by combined MK 436/Cymelarsan a 2 day treatment with 10
      mg/kg (or twice daily 5.0 mg/kg) MK 436 and 2.5 mg/kg Cymelarsan gave complete
      cures. Maximum cure rate for suramin followed by a one day treatment with 15
      mg/kg MK 436 and 5.0 mg/kg Cymelarsan was 4/6 mice, indicating that a one day
      treatment regimen might be possible with slightly increases dose rates of the two
      trypanocides. A two day treatment period for CNS-trypanosomiasis is therefore
      feasible with the dose levels used in these experiments provided a combination
      chemotherapeutic regimen of suramin, MK 436, Cymelarsan are employed.

PMID- 1801137
TI  - Intermediate hosts of Paragonimus in the eastern Amazonic region of Ecuador.
AB  - A study was done to determine the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus mexicanus (P.
      peruvianus, P. ecuadoriensis) in the northeastern amazonic region of Ecuador. The
      first intermediate host belongs to the molluscan family Hydrobiidae, similar to
      the findings reported in other parts of Latin America. One of 2350 specimens of
      the hydrobiid snail Aroapyrgus colombiensis examined was found to be naturally
      infected with rediae containing microcercous cercariae of Paragonimus, this being
      the first naturally infected first intermediate host reported in Ecuador. The
      crustacean family, Trichodactylidae, was found as the second intermediate host of
      paragonimiasis, this being the first time reported in Ecuador. The freshwater
      crab Zilchiopsis ecuadoriensis was found to be heavily parasitized by Paragonimus
      metacercariae.

PMID- 1801136
TI  - Inhibition of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica by purine nucleoside analogs
      and actions of natural nucleosides.
AB  - The effects of the nucleoside analogs tubercidin, nebularin, formycin B and 3'
      deoxyinosine on axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica were tested. Both
      tubercidin and nebularin showed pronounced inhibitory action, 50% of growth
      inhibition (IC50) being obtained at 0.14 and 0.82 microM, respectively. Formycin
      B and 3'-deoxyinosine were essentially inactive or weakly active at
      concentrations above 10 microM. Natural nucleosides, including adenosine,
      inosine, guanosine, thymidine, uridine and cytidine caused no significant effects
      at concentrations of 0.01-1 microM, however, significant inhibitory action was
      observed at or above 10 microM with cytidine and thymidine. The exploration of
      cytotoxic nucleosides as antiamebal drugs is of continued interest.

PMID- 1801138
TI  - Effect of repeated targeted mass treatment with praziquantel on the prevalence,
      intensity of infection and morbidity due to Schistosoma intercalatum in an urban
      community in equatorial Guinea.
AB  - A longitudinal community-based study was carried out in order to evaluate the
      impact of repeated selective population chemotherapy with praziquantel on the
      epidemiology of an urban focus of Schistosoma intercalatum in the city of Bata,
      capital of the Continental Region of Equatorial Guinea. Three surveys were
      undertaken in January of 1988, 1989 and 1990, determining parasitological
      prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity and applying repeated targeted
      mass treatment. One dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) was given one
      week after treatment with mebendazole (100 mg every 12 hours for 3 days). A
      reduction of the overall prevalence by S. intercalatum of 69.9% and 79.3% in the
      first and second year respectively was found. Persons showing high parasite
      burden suffered a reduction of 95.7%. The cure rate (no more eggs in stool) was
      between 90% and 98.9%. A significant decrease of signs and symptoms was observed.
      No important side effects were detected. This study shows the positive action of
      praziquantel in reducing prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity due to
      S. intercalatum, above all in the case of a high human population participation
      response. Cure rates obtained being similar to the ones observed using the same
      drug in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.

PMID- 1801139
TI  - The value of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of human
      trichinosis.
AB  - Sera were collected from proven cases of trichinosis and other helminthic
      infections and examined for IgG and IgM antibodies by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG-ELISA was positive in 68.75, 100, and 100% of
      cases on 23rd, 50th, 57th day of infection while IgM-ELISA was positive in 12.50,
      85.71, 93.33% respectively. In the group with parasitic infections other than
      trichinosis 20.93% were positive by IgG-ELISA and strong cross-reactivity was
      prominent with intestinal capillariasis. With IgM-ELISA, positivity in the group
      with other parasitic infections was 9.30%. It was suggested that sera should be
      examined not before 1 month after infection to achieve maximum sensitivity for
      serodiagnosis of human trichinosis.

PMID- 1801141
TI  - A temporary focus of savanna species of the Simulium damnosum complex in the
      forest zone of Liberia.
AB  - Savanna species of the Simulium damnosum complex, the major vectors of the
      blinding savanna type of onchocerciasis, were considered to be rare in Liberia,
      until the dry season of 1988. In 1988 they became a serious nuisance, biting
      people at the Bong iron ore mine within the rain forest zone. S. damnosum s.str.
      and S. sirbanum were found breeding, in association with S. adersi a non man
      biting savanna species, in a stream emerging from the mine's tailings pond. The
      local forest species were extremely rare in this stream. The water of the stream
      was characterized by an increased hardness and higher temperatures in comparison
      with those of natural watercourses in the area. The mass occurrence of flies was
      probably related to expansions of the tailings ponds, when rich nutrition was
      provided for the blackfly larvae by the decaying forests submerged by the rising
      water levels. The phenomenon did not recur in 1989 when only a few savanna flies
      were caught, and none were seen in the dry season of 1990. Although it is not
      known why the artificial environment of the tailings ponds was so attractive for
      the savanna species the events clearly demonstrated that savanna flies seasonally
      invading the area, possibly aided by the northeasterly harmattan winds, can
      become established in the rain forest zone if suitable conditions are met. No
      infections with Onchocerca volvulus were found in more than 1000 flies caught by
      vector collectors but, after experimental infection with the local forest strain,
      a few parasites developed to the infective stage. As yet there is no evidence
      that the occurrence of savanna flies in the rain forest zone of Liberia was of
      epidemiological significance.

PMID- 1801140
TI  - The embryogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus over the first year after a single dose
      of ivermectin.
AB  - Adult Onchocerca volvulus, extracted from nodules before, and at intervals of two
      weeks to 12 months after, a single 150 micrograms/kg dose of ivermectin, were
      examined longitudinally and by sequential transverse sections. The mean number of
      male worms per nodule fell, and the proportion of nodules with no male worm rose,
      within two weeks of ivermectin and remained so for 12 months. In female worms, at
      intervals after ivermectin, the percentages of the length of the lower genital
      tracts occupied by embryos at each stage of development, or by degenerating ova,
      embryos and microfilariae (mfs), were recorded: (a) in un(re-)inseminated worms
      whose original embryogenesis was continuing and in those in which it was
      completed; and (b) in worms, reinseminated post-ivermectin, in which a new
      embryogenesis had begun. The results indicated that: (a) the time needed for the
      zygotes of O. volvulus to develop to mfs is 8-12 weeks; (b) nearly 40 percent of
      females had not resumed mf production by 12 months after treatment; (c) many
      intrauterine mfs had not degenerated within the first two weeks of ivermectin;
      (d) some of the last embryos to mature to mfs did not degenerate but accumulated
      temporarily in the anterior uteri 8-16 weeks after ivermectin.

PMID- 1801142
TI  - Immunity to Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in mice and the induction of cross
      protection with O. lienalis.
AB  - Inbred CBA/Ca mice were vaccinated with Onchocerca volvulus or Onchocerca
      lienalis microfilariae (mf) and challenged 100 days later with the homologous or
      heterologous parasite. There was a major reduction in mf recoveries from
      immunised animals compared with controls when the sensitising and challenge
      infections were both of O. volvulus mf. Resistance was manifest within one week
      of challenge, and rose from an 87% reduction in recoveries on day 7 to a 96%
      reduction on day 15. Similar results were obtained for homologous sensitising and
      challenge infections with O. lienalis mf. Protection afforded by sensitisation
      with the heterologous parasite was also high, although the expression of
      resistance appeared to be delayed. Vaccination with O. lienalis mf led to a 45%
      level of cross-protection against O. volvulus at 7 days after challenge, which
      rose to 94% by day 15. Vaccination with O. volvulus mf stimulated cross
      protection against O. lienalis at levels of 49% and 80% as measured 7 and 15 days
      after challenge. It is concluded that the mouse model may be of value in
      analysing immune responses directed against O. volvulus mf and that the cross
      protection between Onchocerca species is an advantage that should be exploited in
      characterising the antigens involved.

PMID- 1801143
TI  - Urinary schistosomiasis in the Sichili Health Zone, Western Province, Zambia.
AB  - The distribution of Schistosoma haematobium in the Sichili Health Zone in the
      Western Province of Zambia was studied by performing cross-sectional surveys in
      Mwanalulenga (n = 493), a cluster of rural settlements along the Namakala stream
      and the Machili river, Mulobezi (n = 114), a semi-urban settlement along the
      Mulobezi river; and school-based surveys in Mulauli (n = 85), a small rural
      settlement along the Machili river, and in Sichili (n = 199), along the Namakala
      stream. The S. haematobium infection was assessed by the urine filtration
      technique. Prevalences ranged from 20.6 to 87.1%, 23.8% of all people were
      heavily infected (greater than or equal to 50 eggs per 10 ml of urine).

PMID- 1801144
TI  - A case of lingual and palatine localization of a viscerotropic Leishmania
      infantum zymodeme in Sardinia, Italy.
AB  - An autochthonous case of leishmaniasis of tongue and palate is reported from
      Sardinia, Italy. The parasite isolated from the lingual lesion was typed through
      the electrophoretic analysis of 14 isoenzymes and it was identified as Leishmania
      infantum zymodeme MON 27.

PMID- 1801145
TI  - Absence of serological markers of infection with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in
      domestic animals in a sleeping sickness focus in south Congo.
AB  - A total of 33 domestic animals living in close contact with man in a human
      trypanosomiasis focus in South Congo were examined parasitologically and tested
      for serological markers of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. 84.8% of the
      animals presented detectable T. congolense parasitaemia. The high rate of
      seropositivity observed with CATT (81.8%) contrasted with the low seroprevalence
      found with ELISA (less than 13%). None of the 33 plasma samples showed lytic
      antibodies when analysed by immune lysis test against 10 distinct T. b. gambiense
      predominant variable antigen types (LiTat 1.1 to 1.10). The results demonstrate
      the lack of specificity of CATT, and to a lesser extent ELISA, in detecting T. b.
      gambiense infection in animals. The seropositivity may be due to cross-reaction
      with certain T. congolense antigens. The absence of serological markers specific
      to T. b. gambiense confirms the parasitological data which estimate the
      prevalence rate of animals infected with Trypanozoon as less than 1% in the
      region.

PMID- 1801146
TI  - Malaria in Africa: the need for economic analysis.

PMID- 1801147
TI  - The economic cost of malaria in Africa.
AB  - Although malaria is the major health problem in Africa, there is little research
      on its economic impact. This study adapts a framework for assessing the economic
      costs of illness to available data on malaria. Direct costs of illness are the
      costs of treatment and control activities, and indirect costs are the value of
      lost time due to morbidity and premature mortality. Direct costs were estimated
      by applying the average estimated health systems costs per case to the number of
      cases. Indirect costs were assessed by multiplying adult output per day times the
      estimated productive time lost through both adult and childhood cases. As data
      are not available to assess the economic impact of malaria in Africa as a whole,
      four case studies were performed on countries or regions for which needed data
      could be found. The four sites (Rwanda, Solenzo medical district of Burkina Faso,
      Mayo-Kebbi district, Chad, and Brazzaville, Congo) were chosen to illustrate the
      diversity in kinds of data which can be used (aggregate national health
      statistics versus household surveys) and in locations (urban versus rural). Costs
      were calculated for the recent past and were projected to 1995 based on recent
      epidemiological trends. Estimates for all sub-Saharan Africa were derived from
      the averages of these sites. In 1987, a case of malaria cost $9.84 (in 1987 US
      dollars)--$1.83 in direct costs and $ 8.01 in indirect costs. As the average
      value of goods and services produced per day in Africa was $0.82, this cost is
      equivalent to 12 days of output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801148
TI  - Malaria and health in Africa: the present situation and epidemiological trends.
AB  - The World Health Organization does not give any data on the malaria situation in
      Africa in its regular reports because of the "insufficiency and irregularity of
      reporting". Estimates on the total number of cases and the number of deaths vary
      considerably. They range from 35 million to 189 million per year depending on
      whose figures one uses. An intensive search of the literature using computer
      based systems identified more than 1000 titles on the epidemiology of malaria.
      Out of them and from other sources finally 426 articles were used to describe the
      current malaria situation and observable trends in Africa. Major findings were
      that malaria is responsible for about 40% of fever cases, mortality is about 5
      per 1000 per year, case fatality ranges from 2% to 24%. Admissions for malaria
      account for 20% to 50% of all admissions in African health services although only
      8% to 25% of persons with malaria visit health services. Self-treatment is more
      common in urban areas (more than 60%) but an increasing number of people use some
      form of self protection in rural areas (2% to 25%). The resistance of malaria
      parasites to chloroquine and other drugs is widespread. Chloroquine resistance
      has reached a prevalence of about 30% at the RII level in most countries. Malaria
      incidence shows annual growth rates of 7.3% for Zambia, 10.4% for Togo, and 21.0%
      for Rwanda. The data for Burkina Faso show a downward trend of--14.7% during the
      years from 1973 to 1981. Since then malaria incidence is increasing at 11.0% per
      year. Hospital data reported from Zambia indicate that mortality is rising 5.2%
      per annum in children and 9.7% per annum in adults. Reasons for the increase of
      malaria and its role for development are discussed.

PMID- 1801149
TI  - Economic cost of malaria in Rwanda.
AB  - Although malaria is widely recognized as a major public health problem in much of
      Africa, its impact on a specific national or regional economy has proved
      difficult to assess. This paper demonstrates the kind of analysis possible given
      available national aggregate statistics on epidemiology and economic indicators,
      the type of data most readily available. An economic model which applies the
      average cost of malaria per case to the known number of cases in Rwanda for 1989
      estimated the total cost to be $ 2.88 per capita (in 1987 US dollars). Of this
      cost, $0.63 per capita represents the direct cost of treatment, including care of
      outpatients and hospitalized cases in both government and private facilities, as
      well as self-treatment. The other $ 2.25 per capita represents the indirect costs
      of productive time lost to malaria morbidity in adults and to care for sick
      children, and the cost of lifetime earnings lost through premature malaria
      mortality. The average output per day of the Rwandan economy was $0.83 in 1989.
      Thus, the per capita malaria cost equals 3.5 days of production or 1% of GDP. The
      average cost of each of the 1,722,271 reported malaria cases in 1989 was $11.82:
      $2.58 in direct and $9.24 in indirect cost. The direct cost per case is equal to
      160% of the per capita budget of the Ministry of Health. Economic and
      epidemiological projections to 1995 yield an increase in malaria cases to over 4
      million at a cost of $7.11 per capita. Direct costs are projected to rise over
      200% due to increasing costs of drugs and supplies to treat increasingly drug
      resistant cases. Indirect costs, which are tied to a declining economy, are
      projected to rise by just over 100%. By 1995, malaria is projected to cost 2.4%
      of the Rwandan GDP, exacerbating an already serious impact.

PMID- 1801150
TI  - Estimating the direct and indirect economic costs of malaria in a rural district
      of Burkina Faso.
AB  - Comprehensive estimates of the direct economic costs of malaria should include
      not only the costs of care at established health facilities, but also other
      expenditures, such as travel and out-of-pocket costs of drugs. They should
      include all episodes of illness, whether or not the patient attended a health
      facility. Also, the indirect economic costs, which are based on the value of time
      lost due to illness, consider seasonal variations in the marginal product of
      labor according to the agricultural season. A 1985 representative survey of 626
      households in Solenzo medical district, Burkina Faso, provided household data on
      health service utilization, expenditures, and agricultural production with which
      to implement these refinements. Numbers of malaria deaths and cases were
      estimated by adjusting survey totals according to monthly patterns of reported
      malaria deaths. The marginal product of labor was valued according to typical
      activities in each of three agricultural seasons: brewing millet beer during the
      maintenance period (January-February), growing cotton during the cash crop season
      (March-April), and growing millet and sorghum during the food crop season (May
      December). The resulting values were $0.28, $1.09, and $0.55 per day,
      respectively. Cost per case averaged $5.96 and cost per capita $1.15. Indirect
      cost due to mortality was the largest cost component ($0.79 per capita), followed
      by direct costs incurred by the user (e.g. transportation costs and drug
      purchases, $0.22 per capita). Direct costs paid by providers were small, only
      $0.04 per capita. A household survey provides the necessary data for more
      comprehensive population-based estimates of costs of malaria.

PMID- 1801151
TI  - Proceedings from the 9th workshop of the German Tropical Pediatrics Association
      of the German Pediatric Society, coincident with the 6th symposium of the Working
      Group on Interdisciplinary Research in Tropical Medicine. Heidelberg, 18-20
      January 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1801152
TI  - Amocarzine investigated as oral onchocercacidal drug in 272 adult male patients
      from Guatemala. Results from three dose regimens spread over three days.
AB  - The clinical investigations with three types of a three days regimen of
      amocarzine permitted to adjust the fixed dosing to the body weight related dosing
      and subsequently the administration of amocarzine from fasting state to drug
      intake after food. The main objective to reach a dose with predictable and
      sustained absorption was achieved, and this in turn proved to be onchocercacidal
      and safe. A combined clinicopharmacokinetic study showed enhancement and
      consistency of amocarzine absorption after food. Quantitative assessment of the
      urinary excretion confirmed the presence of the N-oxide metabolite, which
      qualitatively was visible by a urine colorimetry. This assay proved useful for
      drug monitoring. Ultrasonography of onchocercal skin nodules detected changes
      within the nodules following amocarzine therapy. Histology after nodul-ectomy at
      four months post-therapy showed that 57% of the female worms were dead, 24%
      necrobiotic, and 19% alive; male worms were more necrobiotic. Skin microfilariae
      were reduced within one week to about 10% of the initial level and after one year
      they remained at about 20%. Skin punch biopsies on day 5 showed that most
      microfilariae were dead or moribund. Ocular reduction of microfilariae was also
      observed, although it was slower than in the skin. The visual acuity improved
      within the one year's observation time. Ocular and clinical tolerability was
      good, with one exception of neurological disturbance, which was fully reversible.
      Sequential testing of the liver function showed average values within the normal
      range. In conclusion, a repeat low dose regimen of amocarzine (3 mg/kg twice
      daily post-prandially for three consecutive days) was well absorbed with
      predictable plasma levels, macro- and microfilaricidal with good local and
      systemic tolerability in patients with moderate to heavy onchocerciasis.
      Amorcarzine is recommended for further clinical investigations, particularly in
      females and juveniles. Urine colorimetry and nodular ultrasonography are
      recommended for optional monitoring of amocarzine.

PMID- 1801153
TI  - Onchocercacidal effect of three drug regimens of amocarzine in 148 patients of
      two races and both sexes from Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
AB  - The objective of this multidisciplinary clinical investigation was to test
      whether amocarzine was absorbed effectively and safely in patients of two races
      and either sex infected with Onchocerca volvulus while living in the holoendemic
      area of Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. The prerequisite for a systemic
      onchocercacidal effect is the regular absorption of orally administered
      amocarzine. Single dosing after overnight fasting proved to produce irregular
      absorption of amocarzine, although some microfilaricidal effect was achieved. A
      pilot study with repeated low dose and postprandial administration of amocarzine
      showed a regular and predictable absorption with acceptable tolerability and a
      microfilaricidal effect lasting up to one year post-therapy. Since amocarzine and
      its major N-oxide metabolite are coloured agents, urine colorimetry was used to
      assess the urinary excretion of the N-oxide qualitatively. For the postprandial
      drug regimens plasma concentrations of amocarzine and its metabolite were
      determined at two selected time points in patients of two races and either sex;
      the results showed no major differences. Excision of onchocercal nodules was
      performed four months post-therapy. The pooled results of the histologic analysis
      of 100 patients with the same drug regimen read under blinded condition showed
      that 65% of the adult female worms were dead, 20% necrobiotic and 15% alive. The
      male worms were fewer and mainly necrobiotic. Control worm populations in
      Esmeraldas without chemotherapy showed that on the average 81.5% were alive and
      18.5% dead. Amocarzine was also microfilaricidal producing a reduction of skin
      dwelling microfilariae to about 10% of the initial value within the first week
      after start of therapy and lasting for half a year at a 20% level. The reduction
      of ocular microfilarial was slower and reached 35-40% after one year. The general
      tolerability was acceptable to good. Reversible dermal reactions were usually
      mild and peaked as a rash in 57% of the patients on day 6. No prohibitive ocular
      intolerance was observed. Mild and reversible dizziness peaked on day 4 in 74% of
      patients. A positive reversible Romberg sign was found in 12 patients on day 4.
      Amocarzine, the first oral micro- and macrofilaricidal agent administered as a
      low dose repeat regimen (3 mg/kg twice daily and postprandial for three
      consecutive days) can be recommended for oral onchocercacidal therapy in adult
      patients. Clinical trials in juveniles should be encouraged.

PMID- 1801154
TI  - Influence of food related to dose on the pharmacokinetics of amocarzine and of
      its N-oxide metabolite, CGP 13 231, after oral administration to 20
      onchocerciasis male patients from Guatemala.
AB  - Twenty male patients from Guatemala infected with Onchocerca volvulus received a
      3 mg/kg oral dose of amocarzine twice daily for three days. The patients were
      randomly assigned to the sequence fasting/non-fasting and non-fasting/fasting for
      the morning administration on days 1 and 3. All other doses were given after food
      intake. Blood samples on days 1 and 3 and urine fractions from days 3 to 5 were
      collected for the determination of the unchanged drug and of its N-oxide
      metabolite, CGP 13 231. The absorption of amocarzine and CGP 13 231 was slower
      and sustained for longer time in fed patients than in fasting ones. The mean AUC
      of amocarzine was significantly higher (about 20%) in fed patients. No
      significant difference was found for CGP 13 231. The relative improvement of
      bioavailability of amocarzine due to food was less prominent than previously
      obtained after a high dose of 1200 mg which demonstrated a bioavailability
      improvement of a factor of three. Therefore, saturable dose dependent absorption
      processes are likely to be involved for the administration in fasting conditions.
      Conversely, the concentrations of amocarzine in fed patients after 150 and 1200
      mg were dose proportional, thus indicating linear kinetics. The cumulative
      urinary excretions of CGP 6140 ranged from 0.1 to 3.8% of the daily dose. Those
      of CGP 13 231 ranged from 31 to 64%. This total excretion was larger than that
      previously recorded in fasting patients after a single oral dose. The present
      results confirm the improvement of the bioavailability of the drug administered
      after food intake.

PMID- 1801155
TI  - Concentrations of amocarzine in plasma of 71 Ecuadorian patients of two different
      races receiving 3 mg/kg b.i.d. and 5 mg/kg o.d. oral postprandial doses for 3
      days.
AB  - The possible influence of sex, race and of postprandial administration conditions
      (either immediately after the end of meal or one hour later) on the plasma
      concentrations of amocarzine and its N-oxide metabolite, CGP 13 231, was
      investigated. 71 Ecuadorian patients (48 males and 23 females) of two different
      races (Indio and Negro) infected with Onchocerca volvulus participated in the
      study. The concentrations were measured on day 3 at times 3 and 6 h after
      postprandial administration in the morning of a treatment with either a dose of 5
      mg/kg of amocarzine once daily (12 patients) or 3 mg/kg twice daily (59 patients)
      for 3 days. The concentrations of unchanged drug and of CGP 13 231 measured after
      the 5 mg/kg treatment were in the low range of those expected from dose
      proportionality by the comparison with the 3 mg/kg. After the 3 mg/kg dose, no
      significant difference in concentration of both compounds were detected between
      the male and female patients between Indio and Negro patients, between the
      administration immediately after food intake and one hour later. The only
      detected difference (P = 0.05) was that between Indio and Negro patients for the
      concentrations of CGP 13 231 at time 3 h. This difference was not confirmed at
      time 6 h. Therefore, the administration of amocarzine either immediately or one
      hour after food intake appeared to produce reproducible absorption conditions
      which were not influenced by sex and race.

PMID- 1801157
TI  - Use of an ophthalmologic ultrasoundscanner in human onchocercal skin nodules for
      non-invasive sequential assessment during a macrofilaricidal trial with
      amocarzine in Guatemala. The first experiences.
AB  - Ultrasonography of onchocercal skin nodules was performed with an ophthalmologic
      real time linear scanner with a B probe of 10 MHz. A clinical trial in Guatemala
      with amocarzine (CGP 6140)--a new oral macrofilaricidal compound--investigated
      three repeat dose regimens and one placebo control group, each group consisting
      of six patients. Onchocercal nodules were scanned before treatment and on day 10,
      30 and 60 after start of amocarzine. A total of 28 treated and 8 additional
      untreated nodules were analysed and compared with the histologic findings
      following nodulectomy at day 60. Of the 28 treated nodules, 21 were of
      onchocercal origin and seven were lymph nodes. The correlation between
      ultrasonography and histology was good in 25 patients, but did not match in
      three. In 20 out of 21 treated nodules a progressive ultrasonographic change over
      two months was seen. Of the eight additional untreated nodules, five were of
      onchocercal origin, one was a lymph node, one an epidermoid cyst and in one only
      fibrous tissue was detected. The ultrasonography correlated well to histology in
      seven nodules but not in one. In five onchocercal nodules no change was observed
      over two months. For initial control purposes six nodules were excised around day
      10, four were of onchocercal origin and two were lymph nodes. The correlation was
      good in four. The present results indicate that an ophthalmologic real time
      linear scanner can be used in the bidimensional mode as a non-invasive method to
      assess sequentially the events in superficial onchocercal nodules following
      chemotherapy with amocarzine. This is the first objective non-invasive method
      permitting sequential assessment of the content of onchocercal nodules and it is
      far superior than subjective sequential manual palpation.

PMID- 1801156
TI  - Microfilaricidal effect of amocarzine in skin punch biopsies of patients with
      onchocerciasis from Latin America.
AB  - Skin punch biopsies were performed in 54 selected patients with onchocerciasis
      participating in a clinical trial with amocarzine (CGP 6140) in Ecuador and
      Guatemala. Skin snipping for counting microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus was
      done before treatment (day 0) and day 4 and 8 following start of the therapy
      which consisted of 3 mg/kg amocarzine postprandially twice daily for three
      consecutive days. The mean microfilarial skin density has been reduced by 45% on
      day 4 and 95% on day 8. Skin punch biopsies were taken on day 5, within 1 cm from
      the snip site on the iliac crest. Histopathologic examination revealed that the
      vast majority of the microfilariae in the upper as well as in the deeper dermis
      were degenerated or necrotic, surrounded often (57%) by minute foci of fibrinoid
      change of the collagen. There was usually slight, less frequently moderate
      eosinophilic, lympho-plasmocytic and initial histocytic inflammatory reaction in
      the vicinity. Microfilariae were frequently (69%) found at the dermal-epidermal
      junction and in the epidermis. Occasionally (7%) intra-epidermal microabscesses
      were noted. Microfilariae were detected also in the lumen of some dermal
      lymphatic vessels. Therefore it is concluded that amocarzine showed marked
      microfilaricidal effects in the skin of patients with onchocerciasis as evidenced
      histologically by mainly destroyed or moribund microfilariae which induced a mild
      to moderate inflammatory cell reaction.

PMID- 1801158
TI  - Longterm follow-up of onchocerciasis patients in Latin America after treatment
      and retreatment with amocarzine. Preliminary results.
AB  - Amocarzine has been reported to have onchocercacidal effects. Four months
      posttherapy the majority of adult worms were dead or moribund. The effect of skin
      microfilariae lasted up to one year as reflected by markedly reduced
      microfilaridermia. Since the duration of the onchocercacidal effect of amocarzine
      beyond one year was unknown and since such an effect may influence the planning
      of future control strategies, efforts were made to follow-up the already treated
      amocarzine patients for a second year. The present study from Latin America
      showed that various amocarzine drug regimens produced a prolonged reduction of
      microfilaridermia at the end of the second year following the initial therapy,
      the best levels were about 7-17% of the initial parasite load in the skin for
      some three days amocarzine regimens. Such an effect occurring in a transmission
      area of onchocerciasis in Latin America provides additional, although indirect,
      evidence of a macrofilaricidal effect of amocarzine. Similar experiences of a
      prolonged amocarzine effect on skin microfilariae has also been observed in West
      Africa (Ghana, Mali). Preliminary results of retreatment schedules at the start
      of the third year post-initial therapy showed that simplified postprandial dose
      regimen of one or two days were well tolerated. It is premature at the time of
      this report to judge upon their ultimate efficacy, but they had significantly
      reduced levels of moderate microfilaridermia.

PMID- 1801159
TI  - Fine structure of microfilariae in the skin of onchocerciasis patients after
      exposure to amocarzine.
AB  - Transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the effects of
      amocarzine (CGP 6140) on the fine structure of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae
      (mf) in skin biopsies from patients treated orally in Guatemala or
      transepidermally exposed in Liberia. After 6-10 hours exposure to the drug most
      mf did not show any alterations and only a few mf contained increased numbers of
      vacuoles in the cytoplasm and clefts between cuticle and hypodermis. At 20-48
      hours after treatment most of the mf showed distinct signs of damage. Most
      frequently seen was disintegration of the cytoplasm of the afibrillar portion of
      the muscle cells. Some mf showed also disintegration of the myofilaments and of
      the internal structure of the mitochondria in the muscle cells. Other signs were
      progressive separation of the cuticle from the hypodermis, increase of
      intracellular vacuoles and clefts and in some mf condensation of the cytoplasm.
      The type and the site of the morphological alterations were the same after both
      forms of amocarzine administration. The degree of morphological changes increased
      with the length of time of exposure to the drug. Microfilariae with morphological
      alterations were nearly always surrounded by adherent host cells, mostly
      eosinophils and macrophages.

PMID- 1801161
TI  - [Mortality indicators in a small community].
AB  - The death rates have been much used in Public Health thanks to the ease in
      obtaining them. But our Primary Health Care Teams encounter the obstacle of a low
      denominator in that the populations of the basic health areas are small and the
      rates appear unstable. This means that they are often not produced in those cases
      where the calculation might be of use. We present our experience in the
      calculation of these indicators for the community of San Matias de Taco on
      Tenerife Island. It is a small township in very deteriorated surroundings and
      with very low socio-economic conditions. The death rates, which we have
      calculated, and the life expectancy show clearly the existence of a community
      with a health level much below that of the province as a whole. We have resorted
      to the use of a few large age groups and to the calculation of mean values over
      long periods of time. We Believe that methodology employed may be useful in
      Health care Centres.

PMID- 1801160
TI  - [Epidemiological course of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Spain
      (1951-1986)].
AB  - A study has been made of the death rate due to Rheumatic Fever (R.F.) and
      Rheumatic Heart Disease (R.H.D.) in Spain (1951-1985) as well as the disease rate
      due to Rheumatic Fever (1951-1988). It has been found that the death rate due to
      R.F. and R.H.D. has clearly decreased over the past 20 years, whilst it is
      important to note that disease rate due to R.F' has shown a noticeable increase
      over the past 10 years. And on comparing the death rate due to R.F. in Spain and
      in the United States, one finds that the U.S. death rate began to drop prior to
      that in Spain, it currently being minimal in both countries. Stress is placed on
      the need to increase the control of streptococcus infections, specially throat
      infections, in our environment.

PMID- 1801163
TI  - [Cardiovascular mortality in Spain].

PMID- 1801162
TI  - [Habits and alcohol consumption among Saragossa student population].
AB  - Since the drinking of alcoholic drinks is an important health problem, in order
      to draw up health education programmes, we must know the diverse factors that
      characterize the consumption of alcohol in our region. A survey was carried out
      on 1,404 student from Secondary Schools and University in the city of Zaragoza,
      by means of a questionnaire "ad hoc" given to sample groups for a period of time
      lasting from February to March 1989. The consumption of alcohol by young people
      is characterized by a very notable increase in consumption, when the percentage
      of consumers drinking in excess is high. In terms of the type of alcoholic drink
      consumed, those preferred are spirits, then beer, and thirdly wine, and, of
      course, certain of consumption are influenced by socioeconomic conditions.

PMID- 1801165
TI  - [Assessment of the demand for and use of health services by rural population of
      the Province of Salamanca. Survey by personal interviews].
AB  - This study falls within the framework of the Community epidemiological studies
      and has the aim of ascertaining the demand for and use of health care services on
      the part of the rural population in Salamanca through the use of a Health Survey
      taken on a representative sample thereof. Surveys based on personal interviews
      are a useful method for obtaining data in epidemiological research and are a fast
      way of obtaining direct, up-to-date health data, making it possible to ascertain
      data such as demand for and use of services without excluding that sector of the
      population not normally making use of the health care services (the
      underprivileged). Herein, we provide a description of the data which, when
      analyzed, can aid us in defining some of the needs and problems to be given
      priority and to be solved by the Health Care System and in rationally forecasting
      the future demand for health care services, which is the essence of Health Care
      Planning. According to the results obtained, the greatest demand is for primary
      care, falling within the 71% percentile, with the main reason for seeking medical
      advice being the request for prescriptions. Only 7% of the demand at the level of
      primary care reach the hospital level, which gives one an idea of the functional
      importance of Primary Care in our Health Care Systems.

PMID- 1801164
TI  - [Epidemiological approach to acute poisoning in Asturias].
AB  - Two hundred and twenty cases of acute overdoses are revised using a specific
      protocol. We have found a larger number of cases of overdoses to exist in women
      (62.73%), at an average of 32 years of age, the typical deviation being that of
      15.8. Intentional overdoses are predominant (80%), 55.1% using benzodiazepines.
      The abuse of one sole drug (67.3%) is greater in comparison to combining drugs
      sole drug (67.3%) is greater in comparison to combining drugs with alcohol
      (10.2%). The treatment most often used was stomach pumping (49.5%), being
      effective in 76.1% of the cases Hospitalizations total 16.8%, with 30% remaining
      in observation. A comparison of our study is made with available Spanish sources,
      demonstrating: a) The smaller number of acute overdoses. b) The increasing
      importance of the acute overdoses caused by benzodiazepines and derivatives of
      opium, thus the interest in the use of antidotes such as Naloxone and Flumazenil
      which improve the prognosis of these patients. In our series in particular, there
      is a 0% death rate.

PMID- 1801166
TI  - [Rn 222 levels at the "Las Caldas de Besaya" spa in Cantabria].
AB  - 222Rn levels in the water and air of the Las Caldas de Besaya spa have been
      analysed during a year period. The measured values are high in the indoor air of
      the spa with maximum concentrations of 10(4)Bq/m3. The dose equivalent for
      patients and workers resulting to exposure of these radon levels were calculated
      and compared with the derived from the mean natural radiation.

PMID- 1801167
TI  - [The resident in family and community medicine views his specialization. II].
AB  - A questionnaire was submitted to the third year residents of Family and Community
      Medicine. Its aim was to know their opinion, respecting the different aspects of
      their specialty. We obtained a high rate of response (49.5%). The majority of
      residents are male and 37 por 100 had finished their degree before joining the
      program. The fact of choosing a residence in the Family and Community Medicine
      program is related to the place obtained in the ranking of Internal Resident
      Doctors and to the lack of vacancies in fields thought to be more interesting.
      About a third of those polled state that their main reason for choosing Family
      and Community Medicine is vocational. If one compared their preference for the
      specialty before and after the resident period, this increased. Still, the
      specialty's allure is low. The majority prefer working in Public Medicine and in
      tasks related to medical care and the urban milieu. We put forward some
      suggestions that could improve this situation.

PMID- 1801169
TI  - [Information systems in health planning].
AB  - This article sets out the idea behind the Health Information System, as a tool
      for applying health policies and for intersectoral decision-making. The elements
      and development of the Health Information System are discussed, with special
      reference to the basic data which must be contained with a view to health
      planning. Finally there is a reflection on the adjustment of information needs to
      the decision-making levels.

PMID- 1801168
TI  - [Trends and predictions of AIDS in Spain].

PMID- 1801170
TI  - [Need for dosage control in conventional radiological examinations: analysis of
      absorbed dose and equivalent effective dose in thoracic and bone radiological
      examinations].
AB  - 581 patients referred to the Radiology Department of the University Hospital in
      Cadiz took part in a dosimetric study. 56.69 per 100 underwent chest X-rays and
      43.20 per 100 had some type of bone X-ray examination. We have established the
      Dose Absorbed by the patient at the point of incidence of the direct beam and at
      other points of interest, such as bone marrow, eyeball, thyroid, ovaries and
      testicles. We also calculate the Equivalent Effective Dose (EED).

PMID- 1801172
TI  - [Extent of advertising of tobacco and alcoholic beverages in a sample of Spanish
      weeklies].
AB  - Advertising undoubtedly influences our daily habits. In this sense, the promotion
      of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages is no exception, being a potential stimulus
      for their use. For the purpose of studying different aspects of the cigarette and
      alcoholic beverage advertising which appeared in a sample os Spanish weeklies was
      taken, these being six of the weeklies having one of the largest circulations,
      three of which were aimed mainly at women readers, while the other three were
      general information magazines. The advertising of these two products represents a
      significant percentage of the total advertising printed in the magazines studied
      (11%). The promotion of alcoholic beverages widely surpasses that of cigarettes
      (by 7 to 1). With regard to the groups of alcoholic beverages, whisky in the
      leading beverage advertised. The topics to which reference is made in the
      advertising slogans are widely varied, are lacking in informative elements and
      are limited to means of persuading one to identify with said product. Marked
      differences are observed between the magazines of providing general information
      magazines and those preferably aimed at women with regard to the amount and
      content of the advertising of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. The
      methodological differences arising on studying the advertising-use relationship
      are discussed. Lastly, a number of activities for contradicting the effect of the
      massive advertising of cigarettes ald alcoholic beverages appearing in our
      weeklies are proposed.

PMID- 1801171
TI  - [Clinical-epidemiological assessment of bacterial meningitis in the province of
      Cordoba (1983-1989)].
AB  - 533 cases of bacterial meningitis diagnosed in the province of Cordoba over a
      period of seven years are analyzed. 53.7% of the cases are in males, with 71.2%
      of the cases being detected in children under 14 (p less than 0.001). Greater
      incidence has been observed in Cordoba city than in the province, with a direct
      relationship being between morbidity and population density. The months with
      lower average temperature account for 45.6 por 100 of all the diagnosed cases of
      meningitis. By etiology, 51.9% were meningococcal meningitis, followed by
      meningitis produced by unknown germs (35.3%) and by H. influenzae. The illness
      developed in 91.3% of cases to a cure, with sequelae in 4.1% and death in 4.4%.
      Meningitis produced by H: influenzae was what caused most sequelae and that
      produced by S. pneumoniae was the most lethal. Isolated N. meningitidis presented
      100% sensitivity to penicillin and cephalosporins, H. influenzae 91.7%
      chloramphenicol and only 28.3% to penicillin.

PMID- 1801173
TI  - [The patient register. A useful instrument as a source of health information?].
AB  - The aim of the present study is to analyze the degree of compliance of the
      obligation to note variables in the Patients' Register (L.R.E.) as well as the
      coincidences between these and those included in the Clinical Histories. To This
      end a sample (24%) has been taken of all admissions registered in the L.R.E.
      during 1986. Later 5% of these cases were selected at random and the correlation
      between the details (Clinical History and Patients' Register) was analyzed. A
      high degree of compliance was observed (98-99%) for most of the variables,
      especially those of an administrative nature. The overall percentage of losses
      for the definitive diagnosis was 11.6% due to a number of different reasons. The
      greatest discrepancies were found in age (5.8%) and in the definitive diagnosis
      (5.1%). The results show that the L.R.E. represents and acceptable source of
      health information, bearing in mind the habitual proportions of losses and
      eligibility.

PMID- 1801174
TI  - [Physical examinations of school children: follow-up of detected problems].
AB  - A study of prevalent sensorial pathology (visual and/or auditive) is carried out
      among first-year primary school students in Zaragoza city by means of a follow-up
      of those cases with possible pathologies detected during the School Health
      Campaign of 1986-87. The questionnaire sent out gathered the following
      information: sex of the child examined; prior information in the family about
      possible problem detected; existence of family history of sensorial pathologies;:
      child's awareness and manifestation of problem's existence; final solution of the
      problem detected; place where solution was given; confirmation of the diagnosis
      given by the school inspection teams, treatments prescribed; specialists
      consulted and need for later revision of the sensorial problem. We received 403
      valid questionnaires which make up the final sample, on which computerised
      statistical processing was carried out by means of the chi square test with a 5
      por 100 error margin to check the dependence of all the variables contained in
      the questionnaire. Systematically performed health inspections promote infant
      health and prevent illness. Their value resides not so much in the extent that
      they note possible pathological cases, a task which might be taken on by Primary
      Health Care, but in the fact that they provide indices of results which when
      studied and analysed indicate the prevalence thus giving a starting point for
      more specific programmes to be developed.

PMID- 1801175
TI  - [Medical and psycho-technical examination centers in the prevention of traffic
      accidents: 1480 examinations carried out at the Spanish Red Cross Center in
      Valencia].
AB  - The centres for medical and psycho-technical examinations in the prevention of
      traffic accidents: 1480 examinations carried out in the Spanish Red Cross Centre
      (Valencia). The centres for medical and psycho-technical examinations are
      included within the field of primary accident prevention, as they participate in
      the selection of drivers. In this study, we analyze the results of 1480
      examinations of applicants for different types of driving licences (first-time
      and renewals) who applied to this centre during the first quarter of 1989. To
      this end we have followed the regulations in force set out in Royal Decree
      2272/85. Thus, 90.13% were declared TOTALLY FIT, 8.65% PARTIALLY FIT and 1.22%
      UNFIT to drive. By age groups these percentages vary: in those under 50, there
      were 95.76% TOTALLY FIT, 4.04% PARTIALLY FIT and 0.2% UNFIT; in the group between
      50 and 70 years of age and those over 70, the numbers of TOTALLY FIT drop (86.15
      and 49.04%) while those PARTIALLY FIT (12.19 and 41.35%) and UNFIT (1.66 and
      9.61%) increase. Our results show these centres to be useful for selection and
      for the detection of disabilities and illnesses which may lead to the restriction
      or cancellation of a driving licence. On the other hand, they should be totally
      integrated in the Health Education and Health Protection systems.

PMID- 1801176
TI  - [Diet and health].

PMID- 1801177
TI  - [Hospital Federations in Europe].
AB  - The Hospital Federations are voluntary associations with non-lucrative ends which
      join Hospitals together and whose aim is to defend the interests of the Hospitals
      and their role in society. We study the situation about Hospital Federations in
      Spain, in the rest of the member States of the European Community and in
      Switzerland. There are Hospital Federation in West Germany, Luxembourg, The
      Netherlands, Switzerland, France and Belgium. The Federation has a unitarian
      character in Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and Switzerland whereas there
      are several Federations in France and Belgium. There are not Hospital
      Federations, or they have a very minimum role, in the U.K., Denmark, Portugal,
      Italy, Ireland and Greece. In this article we analyse the conditions under which
      a Hospital Federation could be formed in our country which would join a large
      percentage of hospital beds together in Spain.

PMID- 1801178
TI  - [Blood use in Spain].

PMID- 1801179
TI  - [Health education in occupational safety].
AB  - This article develops a theoretical model on Health Education on an interesting
      subject in the workplace: the labor accidents. It is critical considering the
      Health Education as a strategy based only on information and directed to the
      individual, and proposes a new conception of Health Education as an
      interdisciplinary task of environmental design very closely related with Health
      Promotion and work organization. This model is very useful to guide the actions
      of Health Education and shows a practical case: the intoxication with CO some
      firemen of the Madrid Council.

PMID- 1801180
TI  - [An approach to display screens].
AB  - The effects of display screens on users is studied in the light of the European
      Council Directive, regarding pregnancy, skin, visual functions, muscle and
      skeletal system and stress. The design of a questionnaire which may be a useful
      aid, together with the ophthalmic examination and a appropriate ergonomic design
      of both working elements and environment will be essential resources for greater
      satisfaction at work.

PMID- 1801181
TI  - [User opinions based on complaints filed].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The analysis of complaints is a way to know the users satisfaction on
      a health center. METHODS: We analyzed 270 formal patient complaints, made at Pino
      Montano Health Centre (Seville) from 1986 to 1989. RESULTS: Complaint rates was
      315.55 per 100,000 persons-years. This rate was higher than such observed in
      other studies. 75.5% of complaints were related to organizational or structural
      problems. CONCLUSIONS: With this analysis we can overtake the acceptability of
      health system overall or to highlight some structural problems in the
      organization and to discover areas of dissatisfaction with the medical quality.

PMID- 1801182
TI  - [Diagnosis of depressive syndromes in primary health care. A study using CET-DE
      (short version)].
AB  - A study has been carried out of the local prevalence of depressive syndromes
      among users of health clinics in three rural towns of the Autonomous Community of
      Castilla-La Mancha, by the application, following inclusion and exclusion
      criteria, of a psychometric filter scale (CET-DE, short form) and later
      psychiatric interviews to confirm the diagnosis and the validity of the scale. A
      local prevalence of 17.67% of depressive syndromes has been obtained among users
      and prevalence among the general public has been estimated at 6.59%. The scale
      has had a sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 0.58, hence we conclude that
      it be considered useful in surgeries of Primary Health Care doctors (PHC). At the
      same time the possibility of using Chemists' Dispensaries for this type of
      studies is moot.

PMID- 1801183
TI  - [Nevus and malignant cutaneous melanoma].
AB  - Epidemiological studies have revealed that both non-dysplastic benign naevi and
      dysplastic naevi, as well as large or small congenital naevi are potentially
      forerunners of malignant skin melanoma (M.S.M.). A studied is presented based on
      the review of the clinical histories of all the cases of malignant skin melanoma
      diagnosed (247 cases) by the Dermatology Department of the University Hospital in
      Valencia from 1977 to 1987. The variables taken into consideration (naevi
      existing prior to the M.S.M., family history of neoplasias and types of growths,
      were processed using the SPSS-PC+ statistical package. Forty-two percent of the
      patients stated the existence of a lesion of the naevi prior to the onset of the
      malignant skin melanoma (M.S.M.), results differing from those obtained in other
      series being found which could probably be due to geographical an ethnic
      characteristics of the different places where said studies were made. With regard
      to the types of growths, it has been found, with a significance of p less than
      0.05, that the malignant nodular melanoma (M.N.M.), the superficial spreading
      melanoma (S.S.M.) and the unclassifiable melanoma (U.M.) take root more
      frequently on a naevus than the rest of the growths. Seventy-three percent of the
      patients had no family history of neoplasias, this suggesting that the onset of
      this neoplasm was conditioned more by environmental factors (exogenous factors)
      than by a genetic influence (endogenous factors).

PMID- 1801184
TI  - [Retrovirus HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in populations at risk. Estremadura].
AB  - In order to know the frequency and distribution of the human immunodeficiency
      viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) in Estremadura, a seroepidemiological study
      is carried out during 1989 in a population sample of 756 persons at risk. In the
      global sample, no case of HIV-2 infection is detected, with the frequency of HIV
      1 infection being 47.49%. The sample includes 633 persons addicted to parenteral
      drugs with a HIV-1 frequency of 43.28% and 123 people exposed to the remaining
      forms of HIV infection, sexual contact with patients or carriers, those receiving
      blood derivatives, those with multiple transfusions and the offspring of parents
      at risk with seropositivity of 69.10%. The greatest frequency of HIV-1 infection
      in the drug-addict population is found in the age group of 20-29 years, with
      multiple addictions, male. It is associated with different forms of infection by
      Hepatitis B virus in 78.08% of the global sample, in 77.52% of the addicts and in
      80% of the non-addict population. Due to the sample's characteristic of a high
      prevalence of HIV-1; the significance of the absence of HIV-2 is increased. These
      results also suggest that the AIDS syndromes and the AIDS Related Complex
      (A.R.C.) will be found in Estremadura in the coming years associated with HIV-1
      infections, while in our opinion the epidemiological vigilance of HIV-2 infection
      should be maintained in spite of the results obtained, with combined HIV-1/HIV-2
      immuno-enzymatic techniques being introduced into the screening tests.

PMID- 1801185
TI  - [Age and sex distribution of sexually transmitted diseases in Valladolid. A study
      of 5076 cases].
AB  - The age and sex distribution of 5,076 cases of S.T.D. dealt with between 1982 and
      1988 at the Dermatological Dispensary of the Territorial Social Welfare Service
      in Valladolid are studied. The maximum frequency of S.T.D. (24.1% of cases)
      corresponded to the age group between 21 and 25 years, which was also the period
      for maximum prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (26.3%), Gardnerella vaginalis
      (30.7%), Candida albicans (27.4%) and acuminata condyloma (33.4%). Syphilis
      (19.9%), Chlamydia trachomatis (27%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (24.6%), Mycoplasma
      hominis (25.0%), Trichomonas vaginalis (23.0%) and genital herpes had maximum
      prevalence in the group between 26 and 30 years. Women were affected at younger
      ages than males. 16.9% of women with some S.T.D. were between 16 and 20 years of
      age, while only 6.5% of males with S.T.D. were in this age-group (p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 1801188
TI  - Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLAS) is a unique clinical syndrome with
      features of recurrent thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia. It
      is associated with a false positive test for syphilis, a prolonged partial
      thromboplastin time (PTT), a positive test for lupus anticoagulant (LA), and
      anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLA). A case report illustrating some of the
      clinical and laboratory abnormalities and therapeutic dilemmas is presented. The
      literature is then reviewed.

PMID- 1801186
TI  - [An epidemiologic study of brucellosis in the province of Valencia (1943-1989)].
AB  - We have carried out an epidemiological study of Brucellosis in Valencia, studying
      the evolution of morbidity through this disease from 1943 to 1989. On the other
      hand, and for the period 1985-1988 we have carried out a study researching the
      distribution of the illness by sex, age-groups, professions, etc., basing
      ourselves on the epidemiological surveys corresponding to the 516 cases of
      Brucellosis declared in this period. We highlight the fact that the dominant
      mechanism of indirect contagion (mainly through consumption of fresh cheese and
      untreated milk) constrains the epidemiological pattern of this illness in our
      area. Thus we believe it is important to maintain and increase the sanitary and
      hygienic controls of the foods involved in the transmission, mainly the
      production and distribution of unfermented fresh milk and cheese.

PMID- 1801187
TI  - [Vaccination coverage of school children].
AB  - The results of an immunization coverage survey among first grade schoolchildren
      (six-year old) in public and subsidized schools of the Sant Marti district of
      Barcelona (Spain) are shown. Vaccination coverage is assessed by immunization
      cards or other valid documents and through the computerized immunization register
      of the City. Estimated vaccination coverage is 76% for measles, 65.9% for rubella
      and 65.9% for mumps. Up to 74.7% of the children have received five doses of
      polio vaccine, and 83.5% at least four doses, while 72.5% have received five
      doses of D.T.P. or D.T. and 83.4% four doses. Slight differences among the four
      neighborhoods in the district are seen, probably related to socioeconomic level
      and to the pattern of use of health services.

PMID- 1801189
TI  - Psychiatric side effects of non-psychiatric drugs.
AB  - Many drugs prescribed for somatic diseases are capable of causing psychiatric
      symptoms in patients, especially in the elderly, the demented and probably in
      those who already suffer from a mental illness. In this study a random sample of
      drugs listed in the PDR was reviewed. In 65% of the drugs the manufacturer lists
      potential psychiatric side effects.

PMID- 1801190
TI  - RBRVS.

PMID- 1801192
TI  - [Health and the family].

PMID- 1801191
TI  - Additional services available for South Dakota Medicaid eligible children under
      the EPSDT Program.

PMID- 1801193
TI  - [The promotion of the family as an expression of its defense and of its
      development. On the road of family rights].

PMID- 1801194
TI  - [The importance of the family in the health universe].

PMID- 1801195
TI  - [Drug addicts in the family].

PMID- 1801196
TI  - [Attending to terminal patients and support for the family].

PMID- 1801197
TI  - [The sleeping posture and the risk of sudden infant death].

PMID- 1801198
TI  - Trials and tribulations in the search for genes causing neuropsychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 1801200
TI  - Linkage analysis of schizophrenia: challenges and promise.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting nearly 1 per cent of the
      general population. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that genetics
      plays a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia. The inheritance pattern
      appears complex, similar to that of other common conditions like heart disease.
      To uncover a causal genetic factor, researchers have recently begun to apply a
      linkage analysis strategy to schizophrenia. Early results suggest that there are
      many challenges facing scientists who undertake schizophrenia genetics research.
      While one study has shown significant linkage of schizophrenia to a region on
      chromosome 5, several other studies have not found linkage to this area. The
      likelihood that there are several major genes predisposing to the illness and
      uncertainties about inheritance patterns and diagnostic boundaries are potential
      difficulties to overcome. Many more families need to be studied, and creative
      complementary research strategies pursued, to achieve the potential success
      offered by a genetic linkage approach.

PMID- 1801199
TI  - X-linkage and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment.
AB  - Genetic-epidemiological data and linkage studies with chromosomal markers are
      reviewed from the vantage point of X-linked inheritance. The results overall
      suggest that a gene predisposing to manic depression (bipolar affective illness)
      localized on the X-chromosome may exist in a subgroup of bipolar cases. However,
      in light of conflicting findings and methodological uncertainties in studying a
      disorder with unclear phenotype and complex inheritance, this issue is not yet
      closed. Additional research, including new linkage data and extension and re
      evaluation of published data, is required to further our understanding of this
      intriguing hypothesis.

PMID- 1801201
TI  - Refining phenotype characterization in genetic linkage studies of schizophrenia.
AB  - A definitive replicable genetic linkage for a major locus underlying the
      susceptibility to schizophrenia has not been identified to date. Although there
      are several possible explanations for the failure to find linkage in
      schizophrenia, one major problem is that the range of phenotypic expressions of
      the genes for schizophrenia has not been clarified. A more refined understanding
      of the various phenotypic expressions of a gene related to schizophrenia would
      enhance the power of studies designed to detect a genetic linkage with a major
      chromosomal locus and would benefit other strategies for understanding the
      etiology of schizophrenia. The genes for schizophrenia may be frequently
      expressed in relatives of schizophrenic patients, although with less severe
      symptoms than those of chronic schizophrenia. Two series of findings support this
      notion. Nonschizophrenic relatives of schizophrenic patients demonstrate an
      increased incidence of nonpsychotic schizophrenia-like symptoms and traits, and
      they manifest deficit performances on several different laboratory tests of
      neurocognitive functioning. A more refined phenotypic expression of a
      schizophrenia-related gene may thus be indicated by personality traits and
      subclinical neurocognitive deficits. These personality traits and neurocognitive
      deficits are considered here as possible aids in the identification of affected
      cases in genetic linkage studies of schizophrenia. Terminology for different
      indicators of neurocognitive deficits is introduced, and the relative utility of
      personality traits and indicators of neurocognitive deficit for genetic linkage
      studies is discussed. As specific examples, schizophrenia-related personality
      traits that are unrelated to affective symptoms and performance deficits on tasks
      of eye tracking and continuous attention are considered for strategies for
      broadening phenotype characterization without reducing the specificity of
      affected case identification.

PMID- 1801202
TI  - Can women remember how many children they have borne? Data from the east
      Caribbean.
AB  - The number of births reported by 786 women of native ancestry on the 1954 census
      of St. Barthelemy, French West Indies, was compared to the number of births
      registered to these same women in the records of vital events. The magnitude of
      the difference between the two numbers was related to a woman's parity and
      marital status, but not to her age or literacy. In general, the agreement between
      the two numbers was very high, with the mean of reported parities within 5 per
      cent of the mean of registered births for all age groups except one, where the
      difference was 5.6 per cent. The women of St. Barthelemy were well able to
      remember the number of children they had borne. It appears likely that the
      discrepancies between reported parities and registered statistics in previous
      studies are the result of cultural misunderstandings in questionnaires, or
      perhaps sample decay, rather than of women's memory loss.

PMID- 1801203
TI  - Infant mortality in a Mexican-American community: Laredo, Texas, 1950-1977.
AB  - Published infant mortality rates (IMR's) for Mexican-American populations
      frequently are lower than expected given the socioeconomic status (SES) of these
      populations. It has been speculated that this is due to bias or incompleteness in
      Mexican-American vital statistics. In this paper an extensive genealogical data
      base constructed from Catholic church records and civil records for the border
      city of Laredo, Texas is used to study this problem. The infant mortality
      probabilities (IMP's) since 1950 are compared to conventional IMR's, both based
      strictly on the population at risk defined by baptisms, in which the deaths are a
      proper subset of the denominator, and these are compared with IMR's calculated in
      the usual way from aggregate civil records of births and infant deaths for
      Laredo. We find that when these data are used, the IMR's for the most recent
      years are about twice the conventional rates computed from registered vital
      statistics.

PMID- 1801204
TI  - Fetal loss and contraceptive acceptance among the Bhopal gas victims.
AB  - The rates of fetal loss and family planning acceptance among Bhopal gas victims
      from 1984 to 1989 were compared to those of a control group. In all, 136 eligible
      women in the affected area and 139 women in the control area were interviewed.
      Care was taken to ensure that these women had conceived at least once during the
      previous five years. The The fetal loss rate among the gas-affected women was
      abnormally high (26.3 per cent) compared to that of women in the control area
      (7.8 per cent). Family planning acceptance in both areas was similar, with most
      women using permanent methods. In the case of temporary methods, the percentage
      of use was higher in the gas-affected area.

PMID- 1801205
TI  - Abortion in Canada: religious and ideological dimensions of women's attitudes.
AB  - This paper examines a number of demographic and sociocultural factors (e.g., age,
      marital status, family size, religion, religious assiduity, sex-role ideology) as
      predictors of women's attitudes toward abortion, using data from the Canadian
      Fertility Survey of 1984. The findings suggest that women's abortion attitudes
      are to a greater extent based on ideological positions. It appears that anti
      abortion stance affects those women who are religious, presumably by increasing
      the relationship between their general sex-role ideological stances and abortion
      attitudes. Abortion attitudes also vary according to a woman's education, her
      size, and province/region of residence.

PMID- 1801206
TI  - Prenatal screening for neural tube defects: perceptions of potential recipients.
AB  - The interpretation of prenatal screening and follow-up diagnostic testing for
      neural tube defects is relatively complex and presents unusual demands in terms
      of informed utilization by pregnant women. Such demands could impact
      differentially on individuals of different socioeconomic status or cultural
      values. Accordingly, a two-part questionnaire, interrupted by presentation of
      educational material on neural tube defects and prenatal screening, was presented
      to female sophomore medical students and to reproductive-age women whose children
      were served at Howard University Hospital. Student subjects favored prenatal
      testing, whereas clinic subjects were divided on testing both before and after
      reading the educational material. Both groups anticipated prenatal screening in
      future pregnancies, but clinic subjects were ambiguous about the need for
      diagnostic follow-up after the determination of high maternal serum alpha
      fetoprotein. Clinic subjects were more hesitant than students to employ abortion
      as a means of intervention and did not distinguish between spina bifida and
      anencephaly in this regard.

PMID- 1801207
TI  - Mortality transition among the Wends of Serbin, Texas, 1854-1884: changes in
      pattern of death from parochial records.
AB  - Investigating cause of death is important in the study of mortality. Most
      studies, however, deal with aggregate national samples and rely on civil death
      certificates filled out by physicians. Little or no research has been done using
      parochial burial registers for individual-level cause of death. This article
      investigates causes of death between 1854 and 1884 among the Wends of Serbin,
      Texas, a nineteenth-century European immigrant community. The goal is: (1) to
      show that data pertaining to individual cause of death extracted from parochial
      records can contribute to knowledge about historical mortality patterns at the
      community level, (2) to determine if an epidemiological transition occurred in
      this population, and (3) to identify changes in disease patterns over time.
      Changes in the pattern of disease for the entire population as well as for the
      subpopulation under one year of age are analyzed.

PMID- 1801210
TI  - Sex selection technology utilization: further implications for sex ratio
      imbalance.
AB  - A survey of 242 undergraduates assessed attitudes toward use of sex selection
      technology and the choice of sex of first- and second-born offspring among
      potential users. Of our sample, 31 per cent endorsed use of sex selection
      technology, with the small subsample of nonwhites more accepting of utilization
      than were whites. There was a significant preference for first-born sons among
      all potential users, but nonwhites indicated a stronger preference than did
      whites. Students from rural areas were more desirous of boys than were urban
      residents. The desire for gender balance within the family documented in earlier
      studies did not manifest itself. Choice of gender of second child was independent
      of preference for first-born, with 54 per cent of the potential users desiring
      sons as both first and second children.

PMID- 1801208
TI  - The one-person household in Latin America: a brief note.

PMID- 1801209
TI  - On the convergence of Das Gupta's model of fertility projection.
AB  - A regression model expressing the age-specific fertility rates at a given point
      of time as a variable dependent upon the same at the preceding points of time has
      been developed by Das Gupta for purposes of fertility projection. The model,
      judged by the values of the multiple correlation coefficients, appears to work
      very well with the U.S. data set, and it also produces limiting values of the
      fertility rates when the projection is carried far into the future. The
      conditions of convergence of such a model have been determined in this paper
      according to which the model's usefulness for purposes of long-term projection of
      fertility rates appears to be severely restricted.

PMID- 1801211
TI  - [The minor narcotic analgesics. Weak opioides].

PMID- 1801212
TI  - [Care of the mouth].

PMID- 1801213
TI  - [Clinical aspects of asthma].

PMID- 1801214
TI  - [Fact sheet on asthma].

PMID- 1801215
TI  - [Treatment of asthma].

PMID- 1801217
TI  - [Asthma patients: education planning used by the nursing personnel].

PMID- 1801216
TI  - [Asthmatic crisis. Case report].

PMID- 1801218
TI  - [Asthma: definition and epidemiology].

PMID- 1801219
TI  - [The Pain Center].

PMID- 1801220
TI  - [Hydroactive dressings. Therapeutic interest in a new class of dressing].

PMID- 1801222
TI  - [Asthma: physiopathology].

PMID- 1801221
TI  - [Nurses and suicide].

PMID- 1801223
TI  - [Surgical treatment of uterine myoma (conservative myomectomy)].
AB  - As many as 56 patients with uterine myoma underwent conservative myomectomy. In
      40 patients (group I), it was performed by laparotomy and in 16 (group II)
      ++trans-cervically under the control of hysteroscopy. The group I patients' age
      amounted on the average to 33.2 +/- 0.6 years, in group II, it was 46.3 +/- 0.8
      years. Before operation the size of the uterus ranged from 6 to 32 weeks of
      pregnancy. Uterine incisions were made with regard to the site of myomatous nodes
      and the architectonics of the myometrium and vessels. To additionally
      strengthen++ sutures on the uterus, use was made of containing which provided for
      more favourable conditions for the formation of the scar on the uterus. Every
      second patient of the reproductive age manifested menstrual function improvement
      and 4 women conceived. The data obtained point out that the carrying out of
      conservative myomectomy is desirable in different age groups. The choice of the
      surgical technique is dependent on the primary site of myomatous nodes, their
      dimensions, the patient's age and concomitant extragenital pathology.

PMID- 1801224
TI  - [Pathogenetic role of prolactinemia in multiple sclerosis].
AB  - RIA and rosette formation were employed to measure the content of prolactin and
      lymphocyte populations in the blood of 26 men and 36 women suffering from
      multiple sclerosis (MS). Hyperprolactinemia was discovered to be attended by a
      decline of the T lymphocyte count, whereas hypoprolactinemia was marked by the
      impairment of the ratio of active to total "rosettes". In addition, 16 MS women
      suffering from persistent galactorrhea-amenorrhea and 40 parturients and
      lactating women with MS were examined with a special purpose in view. A
      relationship was demonstrated between exacerbation and development of MS and the
      status of ++immuno-endocrine regulation.

PMID- 1801226
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in the treatment of patients with hypertension].
AB  - The authors discuss the results of the use of plasmapheresis in multimodality
      treatment of patients with stage II essential hypertension. At present the
      prevalence, ever increasing accessibility and relative simplicity of
      plasmapheresis make it possible to use it for the treatment of essential
      hypertension. Analysis of the data obtained shows the high efficacy of
      plasmapheresis in essential hypertension. Since plasmapheresis turned out
      effective in combination with drug therapy and alone as well, it is concluded
      that plasmapheresis is not only an approach to overcoming resistance to
      hypotensive therapy but also an independent treatment modality that exerts a
      considerable effect on the immunologic and hemorheologic blood properties. The
      above-indicated allows recommending plasmapheresis for the treatment of patients
      suffering from essential hypertension, since it may lead to a long-term decrease
      of arterial pressure, to the enhancement of the sensitivity to hypotensive drugs,
      to the diminution of drug requirements, thereby ameliorating the course and
      prognosis of the disease in patients suffering from essential hypertension.

PMID- 1801225
TI  - [Use of pyelomanometry and roentgenological and television uroscopy in
      determining the time for nephrostomy closing].
AB  - To evaluate objectively the degree of the urodynamics recovery in patients with
      nephrostomy in the postoperative period and to determine the optimal times of
      removing the nephrostomy drainage tubes, a ++video-urodynamic study was carried
      out. It consisted in combined antegrade X-ray TV ++pyelo-ureteroscopy and ++trans
      fistula pyelomanometry. To measure the degree of the effect of retroperitoneal
      pressure on urodynamics, intraperitoneal pressure was also evaluated. The
      volumetric rate of the perfusion of the radiographic contrast substance ranged
      from 1 to 7 ml/min. As many as 108 patients with nephrostomy were examined within
      different times after the operation. Urodynamics was regarded as recovered, if
      the difference between pelvic and intraperitoneal pressure did not exceed 12 cm
      H2O, with the volumetric rate of perfusion being different. In 76/108 patients
      (70.4%), adequate passage of urine in the ++upper urinary tract was determined,
      which allowed one to attempt nephrostomy closing. In 32/108 patients (29.6%), the
      results of the study were viewed as unsatisfactory which required continuation of
      the draining of the pelvi-calyceal system by the nephrostomic drainage tubes.
      Repeated investigation carried out after 5-10 days revealed the normalization of
      the urodynamic characteristics. No complications were recorded after the
      nephrostomic drainage tubes were removed.

PMID- 1801227
TI  - [Roentgeno-endovascular dilatation and recanalization of the arteries in
      thrombosis and other occlusive diseases].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of 143 ++roentgeno-endovascular dilatations (RED)
      made in 89 patients during 1986-1990. RED of stenoses and occlusions of the iliac
      and femoral arteries over a length of less than 10 cm is feasible practically in
      all the patients. This intervention is safe and well tolerated by patients. As
      for RED of occlusions of the femoral arteries over a length of more than 15 cm
      beginning from the arterial ostium, the authors recommend that a popliteal access
      to the femoral artery be employed. Otherwise the passage of the occlusion area in
      the antegrade direction is impossible. At the same time in order to prevent
      thromboembolic complications, it is necessary to carry out intra- and
      postoperative anticoagulant therapy. Extended occlusions of the femoral arteries
      can be subjected to RED in cases where calcinosis of the arteries and thrombotic
      component are lacking in occlusion. RED of renal artery stenosis can be used as a
      method of choice in the treatment of vasorenal hypertension. RED is likely to be
      used for the management of stenoses of unpaired visceral arteries.

PMID- 1801229
TI  - [Laser treatment of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Helium-neon laser therapy of patients suffering from mixed and nephrotic
      glomerulonephritis demonstrated hypotensive, diuretic and fibrinolytic activity
      boosting clinical effects. The use of the new treatment method seems to be
      justified, since all the patients given laser therapy manifested pronounced
      resistance to the pathogenetic therapy carried out previously (glucocorticoids,
      cytostatics, hypotensive and diuretic drugs). The presence of diverse effects and
      lack of complications suggest a broader-scale use of laser therapy in nephrology.
      At present the authors are analyzing the ++patho-chemical bases of the
      therapeutic efficacy of laser therapy of patients suffering from chronic
      glomerulonephritis. The results will be reported in the next paper.

PMID- 1801228
TI  - [Endoscopic treatment of patients with benign non-epithelial tumors of the
      esophagus, stomach and duodenum].
AB  - The authors discuss the results of endoscopic removal of benign nonepithelial
      tumors (BNET) in 45 patients. The data on the character of the process, the site
      of BNET, its size, rate of the growth, complications, obtained during endoscopy
      and histological examination of the biopsy material are of definite importance in
      the choice of the treatment method for BNET. Electric excision alone was used for
      endoscopic removal of BNET. No complications were recorded. No relapses were
      revealed within the observation periods from 1 to 14 years. Endoscopic treatment
      is feasible and tolerable; it does not require the long patient's stay at the
      hospital. In part of patients, the endoscopic technique can be employed under
      ambulatory conditions.

PMID- 1801231
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical course and surgical tactics in odontogenic
      suppurative mediastinitis].
AB  - Odontogenic purulent mediastinitis arising with higher frequency in young males
      after mandibular periodontitis, is characterized by a rapid progression of
      intoxication and respiratory disorders. To achieve an immediate effect and avoid
      tracheostomy ameliorating the prognosis, it is necessary to perform early and
      adequate drainage of the purulent foci. The above form of mediastinitis should be
      preferably managed by bilateral transcervical drainage of the anterior and
      posterior mediastinum with addition of antibacterial therapy against ++non
      clostridial anaerobic microflora as well as of passive and active immunization.

PMID- 1801230
TI  - [Effect of therapeutic plasmapheresis on rheological properties of blood in
      patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - Patients with angina pectoris, functional classes III-IV, were examined for
      changes in the rheological blood properties (red blood cell aggregation ratio,
      fluidity limit, apparent viscosity, electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells,
      fibrinogen, total plasma protein and ADP, induced platelet aggregation) under the
      effect of continuous plasmapheresis (PA). PA was established to produce a
      selective effect on the rheological blood properties depending on the initial
      level of its disorders. The most remarkable clinical effect was produced by PA in
      patients with initially high characteristics of hemorheology. The first PA
      session ameliorated hemorheology at the expense of the plasma component, reduced
      high platelet aggregation whereas the repeated sessions largely affected red
      blood cell function.

PMID- 1801233
TI  - [Economic problems of diagnosis of cancer of the stomach].

PMID- 1801232
TI  - [Immunologic mechanisms in the development of chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 1801234
TI  - [Characteristics of postgraduate training of physicians].

PMID- 1801235
TI  - [Effectiveness of captopril (tensiomin) in the long-term treatment of arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 1801236
TI  - [Characteristics of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic bronchitis
      examined by Doppler echocardiography].

PMID- 1801237
TI  - [Clinical significance of the indicators of cellular and humoral immunity in
      chronic hepatitis].

PMID- 1801239
TI  - [Clinical syndromes and surgical treatment of cholangiolithiasis].

PMID- 1801238
TI  - [Various interrelations between the nature of gastric changes and the time of
      scar formation in stomach ulcers].

PMID- 1801240
TI  - [Effectiveness of local use of urea in the treatment of suppurative wounds].

PMID- 1801241
TI  - [Combined treatment of cancer of the upper third of the esophagus].

PMID- 1801242
TI  - [Prognostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus].

PMID- 1801243
TI  - [Acute gastric dilatation syndrome in stroke].

PMID- 1801244
TI  - [Use of semisynthetic human insulins in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1801245
TI  - [Characteristics of pulmonary blood flow in biliary dyskinesia].

PMID- 1801247
TI  - [Status and development of the kidneys in the late periods after surgical
      treatment of vesico-renal reflux in children].

PMID- 1801246
TI  - [Anti-reflux biliary-digestive anastomosis including the gallbladder in the light
      of long-term results].
AB  - The authors provide the long-term results of cholecysto-digestive + anastomoses
      in 59 patients operated on for nontumorous diseases. The gallbladder anastomosed
      with the upper parts of the alimentary tract preserved reservoir and
      concentration functions, ability for visualization during
      cholecystocholangiography. The discrete pulse mechanism of bile secretion via the
      bile diverting anastomoses and their antireflux function eliminated the risk of
      chronic pancreatitis and terminal cholangitis. The recovery of deranged liver
      functions and excretory functions of the pancreas were traced during the
      postoperative period within 2 to 21 years.

PMID- 1801248
TI  - [Cooperation of therapists and pediatricians in detecting familial oxalate
      nephropathy].

PMID- 1801250
TI  - [Multiple primary carcinomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 1801249
TI  - [Complete atrioventricular block in systemic scleroderma].

PMID- 1801251
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical course of Cushing's syndrome in adenocarcinoma
      of the adrenal cortex].

PMID- 1801252
TI  - [Lu Sin--physician, writer and philosopher].

PMID- 1801253
TI  - Experimental study of atlas injuries. I. Biomechanical analysis of their
      mechanisms and fracture patterns.
AB  - Understanding injury mechanisms is important for the prevention, diagnosis, and
      treatment of spinal injuries. Using 10 fresh cadaveric human spine specimens of
      occiput to C3, clinically similar injuries of the atlas (C1) were produced with
      high-speed (4.4 m/sec) axial compression. The traumatic event was biomechanically
      monitored. The resulting injuries were studied with radiography, computed
      tomography, and a multidirectional instability test. The average compressive
      failure force was 3,050 N for specimens impacted in neutral posture (n = 437) and
      2,100 N for those in extended posture (n = 282). Corresponding values for the
      impulse were 34.9 Nsec (n = 8.3) and 17.6 Nsec (n = 1.8). Average instability for
      both groups, as measured by the neutral zone and range of motion, increased by
      90% and 44%, respectively, in flexion-extension and 20% in lateral bending, but
      not in axial rotation. These findings confirm the clinical observations.

PMID- 1801254
TI  - Experimental study of atlas injuries. II. Relevance to clinical diagnosis and
      treatment.
AB  - Atlas injuries were produced in vitro and evaluated by radiographic examinations
      and anatomic studies from a clinical viewpoint. Ten cadaveric human upper
      cervical spine specimens were subjected to a high-speed axial impact. Injuries to
      the atlas consisted of six bursting fractures, two ruptures of the transverse
      ligament, one four-part fracture without a prominent bursting, and one posterior
      arch fracture. The major soft tissue injury involved the transverse ligament.
      There were five bony avulsions and three midsubstance tears. In this study,
      computed tomographic examinations clearly demonstrated the sites of fracture and
      bony avulsions of the transverse ligament. The best diagnostic tool for function
      of the transverse ligament was determined to be the atlantodental interval on
      flexion radiographs. Axial traction force reduced a bursting fracture of the
      atlas ring. The in vitro atlas injury model gives useful information for clinical
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 1801255
TI  - Transections of the C1-C2 joint capsular ligaments in the cadaveric spine.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical function of the C1-C2
      capsular ligaments. Physiologic torques of up to 1.5 Nm were applied to human
      fresh cadaveric specimens (C0-C1-C2-C3) in three dimensions, and the three
      dimensional motion of C1 relative to C2 was recorded. Two groups of cadaveric
      specimens were used to study the effect of two different sequential ligamentous
      transections. In the first group (n = 4), the transection of the left capsular
      ligament was followed by transection of the right capsular ligament. In the
      second group (n = 10), the transection of the left capsular ligament was preceded
      by transection of the left and right alar and transverse ligaments. The greatest
      changes in motion occurred in axial rotation to the side opposite the
      transection. In the first group, left capsular transections resulted in a
      significant increase in axial rotation range of motion to the right of 1 degree.
      After the right capsular ligament was transected, there was a further significant
      increase of 1.8 degrees to the left and 1.0 degree to the right. Lateral bending
      to the left also increased significantly by 1.5 degrees after both ligaments were
      cut. In the second group, with the nonfunctional alar and transverse ligaments,
      transection of the left capsular ligament resulted in greater increases in range
      of motion: 3.3 degrees to the right and 1.3 degrees to the left. Lateral bending
      to the right also increased significantly by 4.2 degrees.

PMID- 1801256
TI  - Cineradiographic motion analysis of atlantoaxial instability in os odontoideum.
AB  - Cineradiography was used to study six patients with os odontoideum. Atlantoaxial
      kinematics was analyzed with the relative motion of the atlas on the axis. In all
      cases, the tracing of the anterior arch was straight in the sagittal plane,
      whereas the posterior arch moved in two different configurations: straight and S
      shaped. In cases of S-shaped configurations, the anterior translation occurred in
      the neutral position. Such translation could threaten the stability of the
      atlantoaxial complex fixed with posterior wiring because circumferential wires
      allow the laminas to rotate in the sagittal direction. In patients with os
      odontoideum, pathomechanics of the atlantoaxial joint should be examined with
      cineradiography in order biomechanically to determine the soundest fixation.

PMID- 1801257
TI  - Screw fixation of odontoid fractures and nonunions.
AB  - Surgical treatment of odontoid fractures has usually been carried out by C1-2
      arthrodesis rather than by fracture fixation. An alternative treatment of
      compression screw fixation was used to treat selected acute odontoid fractures
      and nonunions. Ten patients were operated on. A variety of lag-screw types were
      used to compress and secure the fracture. Screw placement was considered
      excellent in five cases; in four, the screw tip protruded through the
      posterosuperior cortex of the dens by 1-3 mm. One patient died as a result of
      multiple injuries 2 days after surgery. In all other cases, including four cases
      of odontoid pseudarthroses, the fractures achieved solid union. It was concluded
      that screw fixation can be used for the successful treatment of selected odontoid
      fractures and nonunions.

PMID- 1801258
TI  - Incidence of subaxial subluxation in patients with generalized rheumatoid
      arthritis who have had previous occipital cervical fusions.
AB  - A retrospective study of 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was undertaken to
      determine the incidence of subaxial subluxation after upper cervical fusions.
      Fifty-five patients had isolated axial subluxation and underwent atlantoaxial
      fusion. Twenty-four underwent occipitocervical fusion for atlantoaxial
      subluxation and superior migration of the odontoid. The two groups were
      comparable in age, duration of disease, and time to follow-up (atlantoaxial
      fusion, 65.4 months; occipitocervical fusion, 72.6 months). Fusion rates were
      comparable: 80% atlantoaxial fusion and 90.1% occipitocervical fusion. Of the
      occipitocervical fusion patients, 36% developed subaxial subluxation requiring
      surgery at an average of 2.6 years after fusion. Of the atlantoaxial fusion
      patients, 5.5% developed subaxial subluxation requiring surgery after an average
      of 9 years after fusion. No patient with atlantoaxial fusion developed superior
      migration of the odontoid. Subaxial subluxation requiring surgery developed early
      in patients after occipitocervical fusion. This was not true of atlantoaxial
      fusion. Early atlantoaxial fusion seemed to prevent the development of superior
      migration of the odontoid. When occipitocervical fusion is necessary and early
      subaxial subluxation is present, longer fusions or occipitocervicothoracic fusion
      should be strongly considered.

PMID- 1801259
TI  - Fusion of the occiput to the upper cervical spine. A review of 37 cases.
AB  - This is the first report of a large series of patients undergoing preoperative
      traction to reduce spinomedullary compression from cranial settling. In all
      cases, an attempt was made to reduce the malalignment with Gardner-Wells or halo
      traction before posterior fusion. One patient required an anterior
      retropharyngeal decompression of the odontoid performed as a one-stage procedure
      at the time of the posterior operation, and two required subsequent anterior
      transoral-transpharyngeal resection of the odontoid. From 1974 to 1989, 37
      patients underwent posterior occipital cervical arthrodesis. All cases presented
      with neurologic deficit, and most had signs of brain stem compression, such as
      L'hermitte's sign or Ondine's curse. The most common cause of basilar impression
      was rheumatoid arthritis, neoplastic destruction, previously failed C1-C2 fusion,
      or Down's syndrome. Mean postoperative follow-up was 2 years and 10 months; the
      patients with less than 2 years' follow-up were followed until successful fusion.
      Eight of 9 patients with L'hermitte's sign or Ondine's curse and 10 of 12
      patients with intractable occipital pain were relieved of their symptoms after
      reduction and triple-wire stabilization-fusion. Eighteen of 25 patients with long
      tract signs improved after surgery. Interestingly, 14 (93.3%) of 15 patients with
      myelopathy improved when successful preoperative reduction of their deformity
      occurred, whereas only 4 (40%) of 10 patients with fixed basilar impression
      improved (chi 2 = 8.57, P = .014). Symptoms such as Ondine's curse, L'hermitte's
      sign, intractable occipital headache, and myelopathy are usually relieved by
      skeletal traction and posterior fusion without need of an additional transmucosal
      anterior procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801260
TI  - Experimental cervical spondylosis in the mouse.
AB  - A reproducible experimental model of cervical spondylosis in mice was established
      by means of detachment of the posterior paravertebral muscles from the vertebrae
      and resection of the spinous processes along with the supraspinous and
      interspinous ligaments. Mechanical instability in the cervical spine elicited by
      this surgical intervention accelerated the process of intervertebral disc
      degeneration, and when extended over a 6-12-month period, induced cervical
      spondylosis in the mice. The pathologic findings in the cervical intervertebral
      discs of this experimental model varied: proliferation of cartilaginous tissue
      and fissures in the anulus fibrosus, shrinkage of the nucleus pulposus,
      herniation of disc material, and osteophyte formation. The availability of this
      experimental model should be valuable for biochemical and biomechanical
      understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis.

PMID- 1801261
TI  - Failure of halo vest to prevent in vivo motion in patients with injured cervical
      spines.
AB  - Forty-two patients with cervical spine injuries immobilized in halo vests were
      studied prospectively to determine in vivo vertebral segmental motion. Lateral
      radiographs taken in the supine and upright positions within 5 days of injury
      demonstrated intervertebral motion. At noninjured levels, the positional change
      accounted for an average 3.9 degrees of angulation with the greatest motion
      occurring between the occiput and C1 (8.0 degrees). At the injured levels,
      sagittal plane angulation averaged 7.0 degrees and translation averaged 1.7 mm
      between the two positions. Fracture site motion did not correlate with either the
      fracture type or the injury level. Fracture site motion greater than 3 degrees of
      angulation or 1 mm of translation was observed at 35 (77%) of 45 injured levels.
      When treating patients who have unstable cervical injuries with halo vests,
      supine and upright radiographs should be obtained. If excessive motion is
      present, alternative methods of treatment should be considered.

PMID- 1801262
TI  - Blunt injuries to the extracranial cerebral vessels associated with spine
      fractures.
AB  - Injury of the extracranial carotid or vertebral artery with associated spine
      fractures is a rare but documented entity. In this article, four cases are
      examined in which patients suffered axial fractures after motor vehicle accidents
      and subsequently were found to have pathology in one or more of the extracranial
      arteries. Misdiagnosis is a common complication because symptoms from this are
      often attributable to closed head injury. Early detection and treatment, however,
      are essential. As many as 40% of the cases reported have permanent neurologic
      deficit. Although cerebral angiography remains the diagnostic gold standard,
      other modalities (eg, transcranial doppler and magnetic resonance angiography)
      continue to be examined. The treatment of these lesions remains controversial. A
      variety of surgical procedures may be applicable depending on the time between
      the injury and the onset of symptoms, the location of the vascular injury, and
      the rapidity of diagnosis. Anticoagulation therapy appears to play a large role
      in the management of patients with injury of the extracranial carotid or
      vertebral artery.

PMID- 1801263
TI  - Strength and kinematic response of dynamic cervical spine injuries.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the biodynamic strength and localized
      kinematic response of the human cervical spine under axial loading applied to the
      head. Intact ligamentous fresh human cadaveric head-neck complexes were subjected
      to dynamic compressive forces with a custom-designed electrohydraulic testing
      device at varying rates. The structure included the effects of anterior and
      posterior cervical spine muscles with a system of pulleys, dead weights, and
      spring tension. Localized kinematic data were obtained from retroreflective
      targets placed on the bony landmarks of the specimen at every level of the spinal
      column. Input forces, accelerations, displacement, and output generalized force
      histories were recorded as a function of time with a digital data acquisition
      system at dynamic sampling rates in excess of 8,000 Hz. High-speed photography at
      1,000-1,200 frames/sec also was used. Pathologic alterations to the head-neck
      complex were evaluated with conventional radiography, computed tomography, and
      cryomicrotomy. In all specimens, cervical spine injuries occurred as a result of
      impact. Compressive forces recorded at the distal end of the preparation
      indicated large-duration, short-magnitude pulses in contrast to short-duration,
      high-amplitude input waveforms at the head, suggesting decoupling characteristics
      of the head-neck system. Cervical vertebral body accelerations were consistently
      smaller than the accelerations recorded on the head. Kinematic data demonstrated
      temporal deformation characteristics as well as a plausible sequence of spinal
      deformations leading to injury, which were correlated with the pathoanatomic
      alterations documented with the post-test computed tomographic and sequential
      cryomicrotome sections.

PMID- 1801265
TI  - Does the angle of the computed tomographic scan change spinal canal measurements?
AB  - Computed tomographic scanning at 0 degrees, 10 degrees, and 20 degrees was used
      on two human cadaver cervical spines to determine whether altering the scan angle
      affects spinal canal measurement. Maximum anteroposterior diameter, cross
      sectional area, and transverse diameter were determined by digitization of the
      scans. Both spines exhibited a regular sinusoidal pattern of variation in
      anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area, with less of a pattern for
      transverse diameter. The maximum values occurred around the discs in the normal
      spine, moving to just below the pedicle in the spondylotic spine. Minimum values
      were at the pedicle in the normal spine and near the discs in the spondylotic
      spine. Changing the computed tomographic scan angle to 10 degrees in either a
      cephalad or caudad direction had a negligible effect on the pattern or absolute
      values for any dimension in either spine. Changing the angle to 20 degrees in
      either direction significantly and irregularly altered both the pattern and
      values of anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area in both spines. There
      was little effect on transverse diameter. It was concluded that comparison of
      different scans should be interpreted with caution unless the change in
      angulation is 10 degrees or less.

PMID- 1801264
TI  - Nerve root recovery in complete injuries of the cervical spine.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with complete quadriplegia were reviewed. Twenty-two
      underwent surgery, and 14 did not. There were 11 burst fractures and 3 extension
      fracture-dislocations, which were treated with anterior decompression and rigid
      plate fixation. There were 22 flexion injuries that were treated with posterior
      stabilization using Kirschner-wire tension band fixation, Harrington compression
      hooks, or Halifax laminar hooks. The non-operative group was treated with
      skeletal traction with skull tongs for 6-12 weeks followed by the application of
      a hard collar or halo vest for 3 months. Of the 22 patients who underwent
      surgery, 32% descended one level and 18% two levels. In the nonoperative group,
      only one patient descended one level. It is concluded that the heretofore
      pessimistic outlook regarding complete quadriplegia is unwarranted and that a
      more aggressive approach may result in a better functional outcome.

PMID- 1801266
TI  - Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical myelopathy.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging using T1-weighted sagittal images was performed on 81
      postoperative patients with cervical myelopathy. Cord compression was observed
      after surgery in 32 (40%) of the patients. Compression was demonstrated in the
      decompressed area in 9 patients, at the upper or lower edge of decompression in
      11 patients, and at adjacent levels of fusion in 11 patients. The remaining
      patient had cord compression in both the decompressed area and at the adjacent
      level. From their operative results, cord compression was proved to be
      functionally innocuous in 13 (41%) patients and the cause of neurologic
      deterioration in 3 (9%); it was not clear whether or not the compression was
      innocuous in the remaining 16 (50%) patients.

PMID- 1801267
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging study on spinal cord plasticity in patients with
      cervical compression myelopathy.
AB  - Spinal cord plasticity in 55 patients with cervical compression myelopathy was
      assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, by which the transverse area of the
      spinal cord was measured at the site of maximum compression before and after
      surgery and compared with the conventional modalities of computed tomographic
      myelography. A high correlation (r = 0.901, P less than 0.01) was observed
      between the preoperative measurements of magnetic resonance imaging and computed
      tomographic myelography. The preoperative transverse area was in good correlation
      with the preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (r = 0.466, P less
      than 0.01). In most patients with a spinal cord area of less than 0.45 cm2, the
      clinical results were poor despite considerable morphologic restoration of the
      spinal canal obtained after decompression surgery, reflecting an irreversible
      pathology developed in the spinal cord.

PMID- 1801268
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging for stenosis and subluxation in Klippel-Feil syndrome.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging and radiographs in neutral flexion and extension were
      used to evaluate 20 pediatric Klippel-Feil patients for subluxation and stenosis.
      Radiographs showed subluxation of 5 mm or greater in 5 (25%) of the 20 patients
      for an incidence of 25%. Magnetic resonance imaging documented stenosis of 9 mm
      or less below C1 in 5 (25%) of the 20 patients. Cord abnormalities were
      discovered in three (12%) of the patients: one hydromyelia with Arnold-Chiari I
      malformation and diplomyelia in two. The incidence of stenosis and subluxation
      was higher than the literature would suggest in this pediatric population.
      Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool and should be used to evaluate
      Klippel-Feil patients for cord abnormalities and cord compression.

PMID- 1801269
TI  - Modified anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction.
AB  - The surgical management of tumors at the cervicothoracic junction is hindered by
      various anatomic structures. Standard approaches to the cervical or thoracic
      spine provide inadequate exposure. An approach to the cervicothoracic junction
      that provides exposure from C3 to T4 is described. The approach allows extensive
      bony resection, spinal cord decompression, correction of deformity, spinal
      reconstruction, and stabilization. Four patients with tumors metastatic to the
      cervicothoracic junction underwent this surgical approach. All had significant
      kyphosis and neck pain unresponsive to nonsurgical treatment. After surgery,
      neurologic function improved in three patients and remained normal in one. All
      patients had relief of neck pain and reduction of kyphosis.

PMID- 1801270
TI  - Anatomic considerations for plate-screw fixation of the cervical spine.
AB  - A cadaveric study was done to investigate the variability of interfacet distances
      from C3 to C7, to learn pedicle morphology at C7-T2, and to determine potential
      dangers of plate-screw osteosynthesis technique of the cervical spine. Twenty-two
      cadavers were dissected from C2 to C7 to expose the lateral masses and nerve
      roots. The interfacet distances from the center of the lateral mass to the next
      lateral mass from C3 to C7 vary widely among different individuals, ranging from
      9 mm to 16 (average, 13 mm). A new plate design is necessary to better
      accommodate the differences in interfacet distances among different patients and
      different levels. The second part of the study involved 11 dissected cadaveric
      specimens of the cervicothoracic junction. The pedicle entry point was 1 mm
      inferior to the midportion of the facet joint for C7, T1, and T2. The medial
      angulation averaged 34 degrees at C7, 31.8 degrees at T1, and 26.5 degrees at T2.
      The mediolateral and superoinferior outer pedicle diameters were 6.9 mm and 7.5
      mm at C7, 8.5 mm and 9.5 mm at T1, and 7.5 mm and 10.7 mm at T2, respectively.
      The mediolateral inner diameter averaged 5.18 mm, 6.4 mm, 5.5 mm for C7, T1 and
      T2, respectively. The pedicle distances (from the entry point to the posterior
      vertebral body line) measured 9.1 mm, 9.9 mm, and 10.4 mm for respective levels.
      The margins for error are small when using pedicle screws at these levels. If a
      pedicle screw must be used at C7, T1, and T2, one must have precise knowledge of
      the entrance point, diameters, and 25-30 degrees medial direction.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801271
TI  - Anatomic comparison of the Roy-Camille and Magerl techniques for screw placement
      in the lower cervical spine.
AB  - The Roy-Camille and Magerl techniques for screw placement in the lower cervical
      spine were compared under simulated operating room conditions. Three surgeons
      with varying years of spine surgery experience participated. The anatomic
      morbidity risks of each screw insertion technique were evaluated by anatomic
      dissection and radiographic examination. The spinal cord and vertebral arteries
      were not threatened by either method. Analysis of the pooled data revealed that
      the Roy-Camille technique had less risk of nerve root injury, nerve roots placed
      "at risk" for injury, and errors in "zone" of placement. The Magerl technique had
      less risk of facet joint violation. A learning curve was observed. Once the
      surgeons gained experience with the two techniques, there were no longer any
      statistically significant differences among them. The number of years of spine
      surgery practice did not influence the morbidity risk of either technique. The
      surgeons' ability to aim the screws was identical in the axial plane, but
      consistently less accurate in the sagittal plane for the Magerl screws because of
      the normal prominence of the cervicothoracic junction. Thorough familiarity with
      the regional anatomy and practice in the anatomy laboratory are recommended
      before performing these techniques in patients.

PMID- 1801272
TI  - Cervical spine strength after facet injury and spine plate application.
AB  - Although metallic plates are used for cervical spine stabilization, few
      biomechanical studies have been done to evaluate their efficiency. A previous
      study indicated that one half of the facet joint may be destroyed before
      compromise in strength occurs. Isolated motion segments in which one half of the
      facet joint was resected bilaterally were used. A two-hole Roy-Camille plate was
      attached bilaterally with 3.5-mm-diameter, 16-mm-long screws and the construct
      loaded in shear. Failure occurred at 415.6 N by fracture through the screw holes
      of the damaged joint, compared to a failure load of 699.6 N in specimens without
      screws and plates but in which 75% of the joint had been destroyed. Results were
      significant at the 95% confidence level. A second group of specimens using C2-3-4
      and C5-6-7 was tested after 50% facet resection and application of a three
      segment plate. Failure again occurred by fracture through the screw hole at the
      damaged joint. We conclude that, if significant facet destruction is present,
      screw holes for plate application further weakens the bone. The desired
      biomechanical stability may not be present.

PMID- 1801273
TI  - Fusion rates in multilevel cervical spondylosis comparing allograft fibula with
      autograft fibula in 126 patients.
AB  - Surgical fusion results are presented from a retrospective study of 126
      consecutive multilevel discectomy and vertebrectomy cases for spondylosis to
      evaluate fusion rates using autograft and allograft fibula strut graft for
      reconstruction. The nonunion rate was high in both groups: 27% of the autograft
      group and 41% of the allograft group. The nonunion rate increased with increasing
      numbers of motion segments fused. Age and sex were not significant factors.

PMID- 1801274
TI  - Social Security for state-sector workers in the People's Republic of China: the
      reform decade and beyond.

PMID- 1801275
TI  - Lower extremity percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: multifactorial analysis of
      morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 1801276
TI  - [Health visiting. Hearing loss in young children can easily be overlooked].

PMID- 1801277
TI  - [History--hunting for old books].

PMID- 1801278
TI  - [Food--the risk of malnutrition].

PMID- 1801279
TI  - [Work environment. Visible problems can be solved].

PMID- 1801280
TI  - [Heart transplantation].

PMID- 1801281
TI  - [To feel pain].

PMID- 1801282
TI  - [Organization--build nursing homes. Interview by Lars Peter Bergqvist].

PMID- 1801283
TI  - [Research--Doctor in health. Interview by Grethe Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1801284
TI  - [Continuing education--our knowledge should not get lost. Interview by Grethe
      Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1801285
TI  - [Work environment--old-fashioned supervision. Interview by Lars Peter Bergqvist].

PMID- 1801286
TI  - [Cross-professional--help for self-help].

PMID- 1801287
TI  - [New ideas in practice].

PMID- 1801289
TI  - Countdown to RBRVS: mastering new CPT codes may mean increased Medicare
      reimbursement.

PMID- 1801288
TI  - [Human rights of demented patients].

PMID- 1801290
TI  - The physician's guide to medical waste regulations--Part III.

PMID- 1801291
TI  - AIDS commission includes 'pie-in-the-sky' hopes with solid recommendations.

PMID- 1801292
TI  - Renal transplantation in children: experience of 23 years at the children's renal
      center of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
AB  - This report describes a 23-year experience with renal transplantation in infants,
      children, and adolescents at the Children's Renal Center of the Division of
      Pediatric Nephrology at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. One
      hundred ninety-four transplants have been performed in 162 persons. Patient and
      graft survival is illustrated and is similar to that from other US centers. The
      data suggest an enhanced graft survival in transplants from living, related
      donors and from cadaveric donors after introduction of cyclosporine A as the
      primary immunosuppressive agent. The data for infants and small children are
      similar to that reported for adolescents and adults. Thus, all infants, children,
      and adolescents with chronic renal failure are potential candidates for renal
      transplantation. The timing of the transplant appears more critical than in the
      adult due to the need to consider growth and developmental milestones as well as
      the level of renal function. It is recommended that the counsel of a pediatric
      nephrologist be sought early in the course of any renal disease where progression
      to end-stage renal disease is probable.

PMID- 1801293
TI  - The Ilizarov technique in the treatment of osteomyelitis.
AB  - Seventy-five patients with bone infection have been treated at The University of
      Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB) with the Ilizarov external fixator.
      Multiple deformities were present in many patients. Thirty-four patients had
      infected nonunions, 22 were short, 18 were angulated, 15 needed joint fusions, 12
      had open fractures, 10 had segmental defects, 5 had knee problems and equinus
      deformities, 4 had rotational problems, 2 had hip problems, and 1 had a
      translational problem. The average number of deformities per patient was 1.71.
      Problems with the device include length of therapy (6.8 months average time in
      device), pin tract infection (superficial, 41.3%; deep, 2.7%), pain (narcotic
      use, 2.7 months average), and device adjustment. Successful results were obtained
      in a high percentage of cases. The infection was arrested in 92.0% of the
      patients and the deformities were corrected in 85.1%. We found that the Ilizarov
      fixator was effective in the reconstruction of difficult deformities that result
      from osteomyelitis.

PMID- 1801294
TI  - A new intravascular membrane oxygenator to augment blood gas transfer in patients
      with acute respiratory failure.
AB  - The IVOX (intravascular oxygenator) is an intracorporeal, hollow-fibre membrane
      oxygenator and carbon dioxide (CO2) removal device. The IVOX is surgically placed
      into the vena cava via a femoral or jugular venotomy. Oxygen (O2) is pulled
      through the hollow fibers by a vacuum pump controlled by a flow meter. There is
      no extracorporeal circulation of blood. Gas exchange occurs as the patient's
      blood flows over several hundred hollow fibers. Inlet and outlet gas conduits
      exit a small skin incision for inflow of O2 and outflow of CO2. Studies in sheep
      and humans show that the IVOX can support approximately 30% of gas exchange
      requirements. The position of the IVOX in the vena cava does not affect
      hemodynamics or cause thromboembolic complications. It can remain in place for up
      to 22 days without affecting hematologic or blood chemistry parameters. The IVOX
      is currently undergoing clinical trials at selected medical centers in patients
      with acute respiratory failure.

PMID- 1801295
TI  - Multidisciplinary treatment of facial skin cancer.
AB  - Skin cancer incidence is increasing rapidly. We outline the indications for and
      advantages of diagnostic techniques and treatments, including curettage and
      electrodesiccation, surgical excision, Mohs' micrographic surgery, cryosurgery,
      radiation therapy, interferon injection, and photodynamic therapy. We describe
      our interdisciplinary treatment protocol for skin cancer treatment and emphasize
      avoidance of the sun and early treatment of photodamaged skin. This treatment
      includes oral retinoids, topical tretinoin (Retin-A), 5 fluorouracil, and
      chemical peels performed with trichloroacetic acid or phenol.

PMID- 1801296
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea is diagnosed with the use of polysomnography by
      documenting repetitive periods of upper airway closure during sleep. Apneic
      episodes can compromise gas exchange and disrupt the sleep pattern. The challenge
      to the clinician is to suspect this diagnosis when evaluating the awake patient.
      The history of loud snoring plus daytime hypersomnolence or multiple awakenings
      during sleep justifies ordering a polysomnogram. The importance of diagnosing
      obstructive sleep apnea is underscored by the resolution of its sequelae with
      effective medical or surgical treatment.

PMID- 1801297
TI  - Recent advances in clinical cardiac electrophysiology.
AB  - Management of patients presenting with significant cardiac arrhythmias depends
      greatly on the initial clinical assessment; underlying cardiovascular disorders
      must be evaluated because they often are the substrate or trigger of arrhythmias.
      Electrophysiologic testing may be used to guide therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs
      or with devices such as the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator; in
      selected patients, arrhythmias may be ablated surgically or with percutaneous
      catheter techniques. Advances in clinical cardiac electrophysiology have resulted
      in successful therapy or cure of many patients with symptomatic or life
      threatening cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 1801298
TI  - Decision making methodology in bioethics: an introduction.

PMID- 1801299
TI  - Toward a methodology for moral decision making in medicine.
AB  - The failure of medical codes to provide adequate guidance for physicians' moral
      dilemmas points to the fact that some rules of analysis, informed by moral
      theory, are needed to assist in resolving perplexing ethical problems occurring
      with increasing frequency as medical technology advances. Initially,
      deontological and teleological theories appear more helpful, but criticisms can
      be lodged against both, and neither proves to be sufficient in itself. This paper
      suggests that to elude the limitations of previous approaches, a method of moral
      decision making must be developed incorporating both coherence methodology and
      some independently supported theoretical foundations. Wide Reflective Equilibrium
      is offered, and its process described along with a theory of the person which is
      used to animate the process. Steps are outlined to be used in the process,
      leading to the application of the method to an actual case.

PMID- 1801300
TI  - Casuistry as methodology in clinical ethics.
AB  - This essay focuses on how casuistry can become a useful technique of practical
      reasoning for the clinical ethicist or ethics consultant. Casuistry is defined,
      its relationship to rhetorical reasoning and its interpretation of cases, by
      employing three terms that, while they are not employed by the classical
      rhetoricians and casuists, conform, in a general way, to the features of their
      work. Those terms are (1) morphology, (2) taxonomy, (3) kinetics. The morphology
      of a case reveals the invariant structure of the particular case whatever its
      contingent features, and also the invariant forms of argument relevant to any
      case of the same sort: these invariant features can be called topics. Taxonomy
      situates the instant case in a series of similar cases, allowing the similarities
      and differences between an instant case and a paradigm case to dictate the moral
      judgment about the instant case. This judgment is based, not merely on
      application of an ethical theory or principle, but upon the way in which
      circumstances and maxims appear in the morphology of the case itself and in
      comparison with other cases. Kinetics is an understanding of the way in which one
      case imparts a kind of moral movement to other cases, that is, different and
      sometimes unprecedented circumstances may move certain marginal or exceptional
      cases to the level of paradigm cases. In conclusion, casuistry is the exercise of
      prudential or practical reasoning in recognition of the relationship between
      maxims, circumstances and topics, as well as the relationship of paradigms to
      analogous cases.

PMID- 1801301
TI  - Violating confidentiality to warn of a risk of HIV infection: ethical work in
      progress.
AB  - The old literature on whether medical confidentiality may be breached to warn a
      spouse of a risk of contracting syphilis from his/her partner - a deep and rich
      literature - has become relevant once again in the context of HIV infection and
      AIDS. This paper examines the reasoning and method employed in: the Catholic
      approach centered around the patient's (property) right to the secret; a
      (generic) model of justice, utilizing minimal principles of non-aggression and
      restitution; and an approach involving the elimination of unstable alternatives:
      the view that public health officials, but not the spouse, may/must be notified;
      and, that maintaining that the physician is at liberty to disclose but is not
      obliged to do so. The theory and method behind confidentiality turns out to be
      deeper than you might have anticipated.

PMID- 1801302
TI  - An outcomes model of medical decision making.
AB  - In the traditional 'fix-it' model of medical decision making, the identified
      problem is typically characterized by a diagnosis that indicates a deviation from
      normalcy. When a medical problem is multifaceted and the available interventions
      are only partially effective, a broader vision of the health care endeavor is
      needed. What matters to the patient, and what should matter to the practitioner,
      is the patient's future possibilities. More specifically, what is important is
      the character of the alternative futures that the patient could have and choosing
      among them so as to achieve the best future possible, with the ranking of
      outcomes determined by the patient's preferences. This paper describes the fix-it
      model, presents and defends the outcomes-based model, and demonstrates that the
      latter is useful in developing normative conceptions of informed consent and
      decision making and in establishing a basis for societal involvement in the
      decision making process. Finally, several shortcomings of the model will be
      acknowledged.

PMID- 1801303
TI  - The place of human values in the language of science: Kuhn, Saussure, and
      structuralism.
AB  - The current paradigm in medicine generally distinguishes between genetic and
      environmental causes of disease. Although the word "paradigm" has become a
      commonplace, the theories of Thomas Kuhn have not received much attention in the
      journals of medicine. Kuhn's structuralist method differs radically from the
      daily activities of the scientific method itself. Using linguistic theory, this
      essay offers a structuralist reading of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific
      Revolutions. Our purpose is to highlight the similarities between these
      structuralist models of science and language. In part, we focus on the logic that
      enables Kuhn to assert the priority of perception over interpretation in the
      history of science. To illustrate some of these issues, we refer to the
      distinction between environmental and genetic causes of disease. While the
      activity of scientific research results in the revision of concepts in science,
      the production of significant differences that shape our knowledge is in part a
      social and linguistic process.

PMID- 1801304
TI  - The need for teaching philosophy in medical education.
AB  - The dearth of philosophical contributions to medicine has recently been discussed
      in a series of articles in this journal. The present article focuses on
      physicians' lack of training in philosophy as a part of the explanation of the
      scarcity of works in philosophy of medicine. In section I I outline two
      philosophy courses which would be reasonable additions to the medical school
      curriculum required of all medical students. In section II I suggest two other
      philosophy courses as electives in a medical education. All four courses are in
      the fields of epistemology and metaphysics, and so will help others see the
      relevance to medicine of philosophical fields other than ethics.

PMID- 1801305
TI  - Gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee MHC class I loci.
AB  - Sixty-five DNA sequences from human and chimpanzee major histocompatibility
      complex class I loci were searched for statistical evidence of past gene
      conversion. Twenty-four potential conversions were detected; they were
      distributed across both variable and conserved portions of the gene, and involved
      both classical and non-classical loci. The majority spanned less than 100 bp,
      comparable in length to the conversions observed in spontaneous mutations in
      mice. Both within-locus and between-locus conversions were observed. Certain
      areas of the antigen recognition site appear to have been the target for multiple
      conversion events. The implications of these findings for the evolution of the
      class I multigene family are discussed.

PMID- 1801306
TI  - Hetero- and homozygosity of MHC class II gene products in systemic lupus
      erythematosus. The Members of the Deutsche Multizentrische SLE-Studie.
AB  - An analysis of HLA class II antigens in 356 white patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) showed that all HLA-DR and -DQ homozygous and heterozygous
      combinations appear with frequencies expected from the observed gene frequencies.
      HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3 gene frequencies were both increased in SLE, as were the odds
      ratios of all DR2 and DR3 hetero- and homozygous combinations. HLA-DR2/C4AQ0
      heterozygotes were also not increased over expected values. Therefore, gene
      complementation at MHC loci does not contribute to susceptibility to SLE, but
      rather one or two MHC allele(s) in linkage with HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3.

PMID- 1801307
TI  - Polymorphism of HLA-DRw52-associated DRB1 genes as defined by sequence-specific
      oligonucleotide probe hybridization and sequencing.
AB  - We have used group-specific DNA amplification and sequence-specific
      oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) hybridization to study DRB1 sequence polymorphisms
      associated with DR3, DRw11(5), DRw12(5), DRw13(w6), DRw14(w6) and DRw8 alleles.
      Group-specific amplification of DRw52-associated DRB1 alleles was achieved using
      a 5' amplification primer designed to hybridize with a first hypervariable region
      (HVR) sequence common to all known alleles in this group, together with a 3'
      intron primer. Prospective SSOP typing of DR3, DRw11, DRw12, DRw13, DRw14 and
      DRw8 alleles was performed in 318 individuals, including 124 patients, 46 family
      members and 148 unrelated marrow donors. Among the 395 DRw52-associated DRB1
      alleles tested in our study, a subtype corresponding to the previously defined
      alleles DRB1*0301-2 (DR3), DRB1*1101-4 (DR5), DRB1*1201-2 (DR5), DRB1*1301-5
      (DRw6), DRB1*1401-2 and 1404 (DRw6), and DRB1*0801-4 (DRw8) could be assigned in
      all but 6 individuals (1.9%) tested. In addition to the 22 known alleles, we
      identified two new DRw6-associated alleles, DRB1*13.MW(1) and DRB1*14.GB(1).
      DRB1*13.MW typed serologically as DRw13 and was identical to DRB1*1301 except at
      codon 71 where AGG encodes arginine instead of GAG encoding glutamic acid.
      DRB1*14.GB represents a DRB1*1402 variant whose sequence at codon 86 encodes
      valine (GTG) instead of glycine (GGT). These results demonstrate that SSOP
      methods represent an efficient and precise approach for typing DRB1 alleles and
      for identifying potential novel variants previously unrecognized by conventional
      typing methods.

PMID- 1801309
TI  - Association of HLA-DQw2 with Chinese childhood asthma.

PMID- 1801308
TI  - HLA-DR2-DRB1 allele frequencies in DR2-positive black Americans with and without
      systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 1801310
TI  - Genetic susceptibility linked to DR4 haplotypes in diabetes of type-1a or
      associated with polyendocrinopathies (type-1b). The Diabetes Study Group from
      West France.

PMID- 1801311
TI  - The HLA-Bw75 subtype of B15: molecular characterization and comparison with
      crossreacting antigens.

PMID- 1801312
TI  - DRw9-DQw9 haplotypes and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chinese subjects.

PMID- 1801313
TI  - Natural anti-snake venom proteins.
AB  - The resistance of several animals to snake venom has been reviewed. Some general
      concepts are introduced to allow the comparative evaluation of the resistance of
      different animals studied by different investigators. The purification and
      properties of several factors isolated from the serum of different animals by
      some researchers are described: Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Omori-Satoh et al.,
      1972); Vipera palaestinae (Ovadia et al., 1975, 1977); Sigmodon hispidus
      (Pichyangkul and Perez, 1981); Didelphis virginiana and Didelphis marsupialis
      (Menchaga and Perez, 1981; Moussatche et al., 1979, 1980, 1981; Perales et al.,
      1986, 1989a,b); Neotoma micropus (Garcia and Perez, 1984); Erinaceus europaeus
      (de Witt and Westromm, 1987); Herpestes edwardsii (Tomihara et al., 1987);
      Dinodon semicarinatus (Tomihara et al., 1988); and Philander opossum (Domont et
      al., 1989). The protective antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic factors have some
      common characteristics: they are acid proteins with isoelectric points ranging
      between 4.0 and 5.4; their molecular masses vary from 52 to 90 kDa, with one
      exception of 780 kDa; none has proteolytic activity; their pH and
      thermostabilities are high and they seem to be glycoproteins. No precipitation
      lines are formed between the neutralizing proteins and the venoms upon
      immunodiffusion, indicating that the serum protective factors are not
      immunoglobulins. The possible mode of action of the antineurotoxic factor
      isolated from Vipera palaestinae by Ovadia et al. (1977) is shortly discussed as
      well as the possibility that the antihemorrhagic factors may act by a similar
      mechanism.

PMID- 1801314
TI  - Poisonings from flesh of the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus may be due
      to trimethylamine.
AB  - The flesh of the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, especially in fresh
      condition, is toxic to both dog and man. Analysis of the toxic fractions
      indicates the presence of large amounts of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) but no
      other substances that could be directly responsible for the poisoning. The
      symptoms appear to be due to an acute trimethylamine (TMA) poisoning arising from
      intestinal reduction of TMAO to TMA. TMA stimulates contraction of the guinea-pig
      ileum (antagonized by atropine but not hexamethonium). Low concentrations of TMA
      increase contraction of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, whereas
      higher concentrations cause blockade.

PMID- 1801316
TI  - Isolation of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the 'armed' spider Phoneutria
      nigriventer.
AB  - Three neurotoxic fractions, lethal to mice, were isolated from the venom of the
      spider Phoneutria nigriventer, by gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography
      (Phoneutria toxins 1, 2 and 3). These toxins have mol. wts in the range 6000
      9000, and have different amino acid compositions and N-terminal amino acid
      sequences. The toxins also differ in the lethality and signs they cause in mice
      after intracerebro-ventricular injection. The median LD50 being respectively for
      the whole venom, toxins 1, 2 and 3, 47 +/- 5 micrograms, 45 +/- 4 micrograms, 1.7
      +/- 0.7 micrograms and 137 +/- 10 micrograms/kg mouse. Toxins 1 and 2 induce
      excitatory symptoms in mice and toxin 3 a flaccid paralysis with an ED50 of 40 +/
      5 micrograms/kg mouse as measured also by intracerebro-ventricular injection.
      The presence in the venom of a non-neurotoxic, smooth muscle active peptide is
      also described.

PMID- 1801315
TI  - DNase activity in Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms: quantification of activity
      and identification of electrophoretic variants.
AB  - DNase activity of Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms from the genera Bothrops,
      Crotalus and Lachesis was quantified by an enzymodiffusion method on agarose/DNA
      gels containing ethidium bromide. The reaction is detected as a ring lacking
      fluorescence when gels are visualized under u.v. light. Electrophoresis of non
      fluorescent areas demonstrated DNA degradation. All of the venoms had DNase
      activity, B. schlegelii being most active. Venoms from B. schlegelii and B. asper
      induced an inner hyper-fluorescent ring in addition to the external non
      fluorescent ring, probably caused by the formation of complexes between DNA and
      highly basic proteins present in these venoms. In order to study the number of
      electrophoretic DNase variants, venoms were separated by analytical isoelectric
      focusing on polyacrylamide minigels, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose
      paper and the paper was placed over an agarose gel containing DNA. Then the
      agarose gel was stained with ethidium bromide and the bands of DNase activity
      were visualized under u.v. light. All the venoms tested, as well as commercial
      DNase showed several bands with DNase activity. The majority of venom DNase
      variants have basic pIs although bands with acidic pIs were also present in B.
      godmani and L. muta venoms. No major differences in the DNase electrophoretic
      pattern were observed between individual venoms of adult B. asper specimens nor
      between lyophilized and frozen venoms.

PMID- 1801317
TI  - Comparison of the physiological effects in rabbits of gaboon viper (Bitis
      gabonica) venoms from different sources.
AB  - The cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic effects of B. gabonica venoms
      obtained from specimens originating from Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Uganda and
      Tanzania were examined in anaesthetized rabbits. Intravenous injection of all
      venoms (0.125-2.0 mg/kg) induced hypotension. Nigeria venom was the least potent
      in this respect. Following doses of all venoms there was a brief bradycardia and
      a transient increase in respiratory rate and depth. At high doses (greater than
      or equal to 1.0 mg/kg), all venoms induced severe ST depression and T wave
      inversion. In addition, Togo venom, and to a lesser extent Tanzania and Ghana
      venoms, were potent in inducing extrasystoles. None of the venoms produced any
      significant changes in haematocrit, plasma proteins or arterial blood gas and pH
      levels. All venoms increased blood glucose and lactate levels by 1.3-2.1 fold and
      2.2-4.0 fold respectively while the respiratory quotient remained unchanged. Togo
      venom was significantly (P less than 0.05) more lethal than the other venoms. The
      pattern of haemorrhage observed at post-mortem was the same for all venoms with
      the heart, ureters, adrenals, kidneys, lungs, stomach and intestines being the
      most affected. When combined on a subspecies basis, the results suggest that
      there are no significant differences in the physiological effects of venoms
      representing B. g. rhinoceros (West African gaboon viper) and B. g. gabonica
      (East African gaboon viper).

PMID- 1801319
TI  - Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider (Steatoda nobilis) in southern
      England.
AB  - A young woman was bitten on the shoulder by a female Steatoda nobilis spider, in
      Worthing on the south coast of England. She noticed intense radiating pain, local
      sweating (indicating parasympathetic stimulation) and feverishness. This
      immigrant species from the Canary Islands has established itself along the south
      coast of England in recent years. Like the related Mediterranean species S.
      paykulliana, S. nobilis may be of medical importance and deserves further study.

PMID- 1801318
TI  - Effects of chemical modification on enzymatic and toxicological properties of
      phospholipases A2 from Naja naja naja and Vipera russelli snake venoms.
AB  - The effects of chemical modification with 4-NN-dimethyl amino azo benzene-4'
      isothiocyanate on various biological activities of phospholipases A2, NN-XIII
      PLA2 from Naja naja naja and VRV-PL-VIIIa from Vipera russelli snake venoms were
      investigated. Modification of the enzymes resulted in significant reduction of
      lethal, hemolytic, anticoagulant and enzymatic activities. The Km value of the
      modified enzymes was increased. The modified enzymes failed to induce edema in
      the foot pads of mice and were non-lethal up to 16 mg/kg body weight. However,
      considerable myotoxicity was retained, suggesting that the toxins have multiple
      sites for biological activities. The aggregated form obtained from modified NN
      XIII-PLA2 exhibited decreased enzymatic activity and increased toxicity compared
      to the modified monomer. This aggregated form did not show
      pyrophosphatase/phosphomonoesterase activity in contrast to the aggregated form
      obtained from the native NN-XIII-PLA2 molecule.

PMID- 1801321
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and structure analysis of a cDNA encoding an alpha insect
      toxin from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus.
AB  - A approximately 370 base pair cDNA encoding the alpha insect toxin Lqh alpha IT
      of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus was cloned and sequenced. The
      deduced amino acid sequence for the putative mature polypeptide is identical to
      the protein sequence determined chemically (Eitan et al., Biochemistry 29, 5941,
      1990). A 19 amino acid signal peptide precedes the 64 amino acid long toxin. Two
      additional amino acid residues that do not correspond to the purified toxin are
      found at the COOH-terminus and may imply post-translational modification. The
      signal peptide region in the present clone differs obviously from that encoding
      the depressant insect toxin LqhIT2 derived from the same venom, but strongly
      resembles the leader peptide sequence of an alpha-mammal toxin from the scorpion
      Androctonus australis.

PMID- 1801320
TI  - Frequency-dependent neuromuscular blockade by textilotoxin in vivo.
AB  - The effect of stimulation frequency on the timecourse of neuromuscular blockade,
      following the administration of textilotoxin (20 micrograms/kg) or beta
      bungarotoxin (50 micrograms/kg), was examined in the interdigital muscles of the
      hindlimb in anaesthetized mice. While the time of death was variable,
      neuromuscular blockade of the interdigital muscles occurred at the same time as
      respiratory failure with both textilotoxin and beta-bungarotoxin only at
      stimulation rates of 0.5 Hz and above. Textilotoxin (50 micrograms/kg) produced
      an increase in the heart rate prior to death but no change in the shape of the
      electrocardiogram.

PMID- 1801322
TI  - Biochemical and pharmacological similarities between the venoms of newborn
      Crotalus durissus durissus and adult Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnakes.
AB  - A comparative study was performed with the venoms of newborn Crotalus durissus
      durissus, adult Crotalus durissus terrificus and adult Crotalus durissus durissus
      snakes. Venom of newborn specimens of C.d. durissus is very similar to that of
      adult specimens of C.d. terrificus, since they have strong lethal and myotoxic
      activities, and weak proteolytic, hemorrhagic and edema-forming effects, in
      contrast to venom of adult specimens of C.d. durissus. In addition, the two
      former venoms have high amounts of the neurotoxic complex crotoxin, whereas venom
      from adult C.d. durissus has a low concentration of crotoxin. Electrophoretic
      analysis corroborates the strong similarities between the former two venoms. It
      is concluded that venom of newborn C.d. durissus contains high concentrations of
      crotoxin and low amounts of hemorrhagic and proteolytic components, and that a
      drastic ontogenetic change takes place in the venom composition of this
      subspecies.

PMID- 1801323
TI  - Antivenoms: a list of hyperimmune sera currently available for the treatment of
      envenoming by bites and stings.

PMID- 1801324
TI  - Neutralization of myotoxic activity of Bothrops venoms by antisera to purified
      myotoxins and to crude venoms.
AB  - A phospholipase myotoxin (MOO-1) and a non-phospholipase myotoxin (JSU-5) were
      studied for their antigenic cross-reactivity and neutralization by different
      antisera. Antisera against JSU-5 and MOO-1 reacted equally with both myotoxins in
      ELISA assays. The specificity of these antisera was also similar, recognizing the
      same 14,000-18,000 mol. wt components in the venoms of Bothrops jararacussu,
      Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops neuwiedi and Bothrops pradoi. Using creatine kinase
      assays, JSU-5 myotoxicity was completely neutralized by B. jararacussu antivenom
      or anti-JSU-5 antibodies and partially neutralized by B. moojeni antivenom or
      anti-MOO-1 antibodies. MOO-1 myotoxicity was completely neutralized by antisera
      against JSU-5 and MOO-1 and B. jararacussu antivenom, and only partially
      neutralized by B. moojeni antivenom. B. jararacussu venom induced high titres of
      antibodies against purified myotoxins. This antiserum completely inhibited the
      myotoxicity of the homologous venom and significantly reduced the myotoxicity of
      the remaining myotoxin-containing venoms. It is suggested that B. jararacussu
      venom is a good immunogen to induce antibodies against myotoxins present in the
      venoms of the different species of Bothrops.

PMID- 1801325
TI  - Cross-neutralizations of phospholipase A2 neurotoxins from snake venoms.
AB  - Rabbit antisera were produced against several purified phospholipase A2
      neurotoxins from snake venoms. The neutralizing and cross-neutralizing capacities
      of these antisera were evaluated using mice. In all except one case, homologous
      antisera neutralized the lethal effects of the neurotoxins. In several instances,
      antisera that exhibited strong ELISA cross-reactivity (MIDDLEBROOK and KAISER,
      Toxicon, 27, 965-977, 1989) were also capable of cross-neutralizations.
      Homologous antisera neutralized elapid neurotoxins much more effectively than did
      heterologous antisera. With the crotalid neurotoxins, homologous and heterologous
      antisera had similar neutralization potentials. These observations further define
      the immunological relatedness of the phospholipase A2 neurotoxins and suggest
      that common neutralizing epitopes exist within subgroups of these toxins.

PMID- 1801326
TI  - Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red-necked keelback
      snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus).
AB  - After a bite by the aglyphous red-necked keelback snake Rhabdophis subminiatus a
      complete defibrinogenation syndrome with severe hemorrhagic diathesis developed
      in a 25-year-old man. In vitro studies showed that the venom gland extract of the
      snake contains a very active prothrombin (Factor II) activator. The thrombin
      generated is inhibited neither by antithrombin III nor the antithrombin-III
      heparin complex. The venom gland extract stimulated also the tissue plasminogen
      activator; however, it did not cause direct activation of plasminogen, protein C,
      Factor X or direct degradation of fibrinogen.

PMID- 1801327
TI  - Neutralization of kinin-releasing enzymes from viperid venoms by antivenom IgG
      fragments.
AB  - The activities of kinin-releasing enzymes in the venoms of Vipera xanthina
      xanthina, V. lebetina obtusa, V. aspis aspis, V. lebtina schweizeri, V. ammodytes
      ammodytes and V. berus berus were determined using a specific radioimmunoassay
      for kinin. The kinin-releasing activities of all the viperid venoms measured in
      vitro were neutralized, to varying extents, by two commercially available
      monospecific antivenoms in the form of F(ab')2 (Zagreb) and Fab (TAb)
      immunoglobin fragments, indicating a high degree of cross-neutralization of those
      enzymes.

PMID- 1801328
TI  - Human envenomation by the South American opisthoglyph Clelia clelia plumbea
      (Wied).
AB  - A 4-year-old girl was hospitalized 10 hr after having been envenomated by a 1.4 m
      Clelia clelia plumbea, a colubrid. Although the patient exhibited pronounced
      edema and local hemorrhage, she did not manifest systemic symptoms. Because the
      attending physician viewed the case as a possible Bothrops bite, anti-Bothrops
      antivenom (FUNED) was administered. All local symptoms disappeared gradually over
      a period of 3 days.

PMID- 1801329
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of caudoxin and notexin; two
      monomeric phospholipase A2 neurotoxins.
AB  - Two monomeric neurotoxic phospholipases A2 have been crystallized and their
      diffraction properties characterized. Crystals of caudoxin (from the venom of
      Bitis caudalis) and notexin (from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus) were
      grown at neutral pH, in the absence of calcium ion, and diffract to a resolution
      of 2.3 and 1.6 A, respectively.

PMID- 1801330
TI  - Global inequalities in cancer care.

PMID- 1801331
TI  - The metabolic effects of quinine in children with severe and complicated
      Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Dar es Salaam.
AB  - Quinine is widely used for the treatment of severe and complicated malaria,
      although resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum may occur. The drug has been
      incriminated as a cause of hypoglycaemia in some malaria patients. To determine
      if quinine has untoward metabolic effects during treatment of severe and
      complicated malaria we have studied the effects of quinine on blood glucose and
      intermediary metabolites, serum insulin, C-peptide, plasma glucagon and non
      esterified fatty acids in 97 children with severe malaria in Dar es Salaam. All
      patients responded clinically. No patient developed hypoglycaemia while on
      quinine therapy given as 10 mg/kg in 10 ml/kg of 5% dextrose infused over 4 h
      every 8 h. Endogenous insulin secretion, as reflected by C-peptide levels,
      increased after 4 h but insulin levels did not change significantly. Blood
      lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and plasma glucagon
      all fell appropriately during treatment. We conclude that quinine, when
      administered at the recommended dose and rate, does not disrupt blood glucose
      homeostasis, and is still the drug of choice for severe and complicated malaria
      in children.

PMID- 1801332
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of quinine in young and elderly subjects.
AB  - The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of quinine was investigated by
      comparing its kinetic behaviour in 12 young healthy adults and 8 healthy elderly
      subjects after a single 600 mg oral dose of quinine sulphate. Peak plasma quinine
      concentration and the time of peak concentration were similar in the young and
      elderly subjects. The mean oral clearance of quinine was found to be
      significantly decreased in the elderly (P less than 0.05, 0.062 litre/h/kg vs
      0.084 litre/h/kg) as compared to the young. This was accompanied by a significant
      increase in the mean elimination half-life of quinine in the elderly group (18.4
      +/- 5.7 [standard deviation] h vs 10.5 +/- 1.6 h, P less than 0.05). There was no
      significant difference in the renal clearance of quinine between the young and
      the elderly (P greater than 0.05). However, elderly subjects excreted 16.6 +/-
      3.7% of the dose as unchanged quinine in the urine and this was significantly
      greater (P less than 0.005) than the amount excreted by the young (11.2 +/-
      2.5%). The results of this study indicate that the elimination processes for
      quinine are impaired in normal elderly subjects. The clinical significance of
      these findings is unknown, but they indicate the need for caution in the
      administration of quinine to elderly patients.

PMID- 1801333
TI  - Comparative trial of oral versus intramuscular chloroquine in children with
      cerebral malaria.
AB  - One hundred and thirteen children aged 12 years or less with cerebral malaria in
      Accra, Ghana were treated with chloroquine either with a low dose regime of 3.5
      mg/kg 8-hourly intramuscularly, or orally by nasogastric tube, in a standard
      regime, both to a total of 25 mg/kg body weight. There was no obvious difference
      in outcome in the 2 treatment groups. The overall mortality of 5.3% (5.9% and
      4.4% in the oral and intramuscular treatment groups respectively) was similar to
      that seen 10 years ago in this hospital. The average parasite clearance time had
      increased to 61 h, compared to 41 h noted 10 years ago. The incidence of
      hypoglycaemia (3%) was very low compared to studies in other malaria endemic
      areas. The reason for this is not clear but it could have contributed to the low
      mortality. Neurological deficits were seen on day 14 in 7.8% of patients.
      Parasitaemia recurred within 14 d in 22% of surviving patients, confirming the
      presence of RI/RII chloroquine resistance in Accra.

PMID- 1801334
TI  - Reversal of chloroquine resistance of 'wild' isolates of Plasmodium falciparum by
      desipramine.

PMID- 1801335
TI  - Activity of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors on the hepatic stages of
      Plasmodium yoelii yoelii in vitro.
AB  - The effects of the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors proguanil and
      chlorproguanil, their active metabolites cycloguanil and chlorcycloguanil, and
      pyrimethamine, against the hepatic stages of Plasmodium yoelii yoellii were
      investigated in cultured BALB/c mouse hepatocytes. Proguanil was inactive at
      concentrations of 10(-8) M, whereas the other compounds were fully active at this
      and lower concentrations. Chlorcycloguanil was the most active compound and
      almost completely inhibited schizont development in concentrations as low as 10(
      12) M.

PMID- 1801336
TI  - Bromo-deoxyuridine is not incorporated into DNA of malaria parasites.

PMID- 1801337
TI  - Presumptive diagnosis of malaria results in a significant risk of mistreatment of
      children in urban Sahel.

PMID- 1801338
TI  - Prolonged infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a semi-immune patient.

PMID- 1801339
TI  - Increased cerebrospinal fluid protein and lipid peroxidation products in patients
      with cerebral malaria.
AB  - Membrane lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species leading to increased
      capillary permeability is considered an important event in the pathogenesis of
      severe malaria. A significant decrease in plasma albumin and increases in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in 73
      patients with cerebral malaria, compared to values in 23 control patients. The
      greatest effect was noticed in the most severely ill patients. The ratio of CSF
      protein to plasma albumin was increased in the patients compared to the controls,
      and in fatal cases of cerebral malaria compared to non-fatal cases. Brain
      necropsies showed oedema, fibrin deposits and mononuclear cell infiltration. It
      is proposed that cerebral oedema due to enhanced permeability of vascular
      endothelium induced by increased lipid peroxidation plays a crucial role in the
      causation of cerebral malaria.

PMID- 1801340
TI  - Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Amazonian
      Brazil, and the significance of a negative Montenegro skin-test in human
      infections.
AB  - The clinical and epidemiological features of 62 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis
      due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, from Para State, Amazonian Brazil,
      are discussed. The parasite, isolated in hamster skin and/or blood-agar culture
      medium, was in each case identified by both biological characteristics and a
      monoclonal antibody specific for promastigotes of L. (L.) amazonensis. Of the 62
      patients, 46 (74.2%) presented with a single cutaneous lesion, and on no occasion
      was evidence found indicating metastatic spread to either the naso-pharyngeal
      mucosae or the viscera. Recent claims that this parasite may be responsible for
      both mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and typical visceral leishmaniasis are
      discussed. Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) proved highly efficient in the
      treatment of all patients. Of the 62 patients examined by the Montenegro skin
      test, only 32 (51.6%) gave a positive reaction. The significance of this finding
      is considered and the hypothesis made that the parasite itself may induce an
      immunoinhibition. Field studies amply confirmed the role of Lutzomyia
      flaviscutellata as the major sandfly vector of L. (L.) amazonensis in Amazonia.

PMID- 1801341
TI  - Experimental dual infection of Leishmania in Phlebotomus langeroni (Diptera:
      Psychodidae).

PMID- 1801342
TI  - Chagas disease in north-west Argentina: infected dogs as a risk factor for the
      domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - The association between household seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs and
      children and T. cruzi infection rates in domestic Triatoma infestans was
      investigated in 1988-1989 in the rural community of Amama, north-west Argentina,
      where house spraying with residual pyrethroids was carried out in 1985. Three
      years after spraying, a greater reduction of the average T. cruzi prevalence rate
      in dogs (from 83% to 40%) than in children (from 48% to 30%) was accompanied by a
      substantial decrease in vector infection rates from 51%-63% to 21%. At a
      household level, in homes with or without seroreactive children, the percentage
      of infected T. infestans was 4.5-4.7 times higher when seroreactive dogs were
      present (27.1%-34.8%) than when they were not (5.8%-7.7%; stratified relative
      risk [RR] = 4.58). The contribution of seroreactive children to bug infection
      rates was not significant (RR = 1.29). The combined effect of both seroreactive
      dogs and seroreactive children fitted equally well with additive or
      multiplicative transmission models. Bug infection rates showed an increasing
      trend with the number of seroreactive dogs and an inverse association with the
      age of the youngest seroreactive dog. Our study supports the hypothesis of a
      causal association between the presence and number of infected dogs and increased
      levels of T. cruzi transmission to domestic T. infestans.

PMID- 1801343
TI  - A modification of Diamond's medium for the axenic culture of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - The use of casein hydrolysate in Diamond's axenic culture medium TPS-1 in
      replacement of trypticase allowed good growth of the trophozoites of Entamoeba
      histolytica. This modified medium also supported growth of trophozoites preserved
      for 16 months in liquid nitrogen. Considerable labour and cost of serum can be
      saved by using 5% instead of 10% bovine serum in combination with this modified
      medium.

PMID- 1801344
TI  - Evaluation of specific serum anti-Giardia IgM antibody response in diagnosis of
      giardiasis in children.
AB  - Diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis infection is usually made by examination of
      stool specimens and/or by more invasive methods such as microscopy of duodenal
      juice or small bowel mucosal biopsies. Serological diagnostic methods have been
      developed but have not been evaluated in children. In this study specific anti
      Giardia immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG and IgA antibody titres were measured by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Giardia parasites were sought in jejunal
      mucosal biopsies and in faeces from 72 children in The Gambia, West Africa; 50
      jejunal biopsies, 271 stool samples and 95 serum samples were examined for
      evidence of Giardia infection. As a diagnostic test, a raised specific anti
      Giardia IgM antibody titre (greater than or equal to 1:800) had a sensitivity of
      63% and specificity of 93%, with a positive predictive value of 85% and a
      negative predictive value of 81%. There was poor correlation between positive
      microscopical identification of Giardia and elevated specific anti-Giardia IgG or
      IgA antibody titres in children on admission to the study. Elevated serum anti
      Giardia IgM, however, was correlated well with active Giardia infection and may
      prove useful in epidemiological studies of giardiasis in developing countries.

PMID- 1801345
TI  - Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV-positive patients from Nairobi.
AB  - Sera from 94 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1,
      together with 86 controls, attending the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi were
      examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using enzyme immunoassay and latex
      and dye tests. 54% had Toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) by dye test.
      22% of the HIV-positive group had IgG levels in excess of 180 units/ml
      (approximating to a dye test titre of 1:1300) compared to 1% of the HIV-negative
      group. There was no correlation between high levels of IgG and clinical stage of
      HIV disease or features indicative of active toxoplasmosis. It is proposed that
      the elevated serum IgG is a reflection of early Toxoplasma reactivation, not
      necessarily associated with disease.

PMID- 1801347
TI  - Levels of the schistosome circulating anodic and cathodic antigens in serum of
      schistosomiasis patients from Brazil.
AB  - Serum levels of 2 schistosome circulating antigens, the circulating anodic
      antigen (CAA) and the circulating cathodic antigen (CAA), were determined in
      persons infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. Sensitive monoclonal
      antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure levels of
      the 2 antigens. The study group consisted of 38 individuals with intestinal
      schistosomiasis, and 20 persons with the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Age
      and intensity of infection were comparable for the 2 groups. CAA was detected in
      65.5% of all patients' sera and CCA was found in the serum of 82.8% of all
      patients. CAA levels correlated well with the egg output, as determined by
      duplicate Kato-Katz smears; CCA was significantly positively correlated with egg
      output in patients with intestinal schistosomiasis only. Whereas no significant
      difference was found between CAA titre in patients with intestinal
      schistosomiasis and those with the hepatosplenic form, a significantly higher CCA
      titre was found in patients with hepatosplenomegaly compared to patients with
      intestinal schistosomiasis.

PMID- 1801346
TI  - Effect of praziquantel on the distribution of interstitial collagen types I and
      III and basement membrane collagen types IV and V in murine hepatic
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - The effect of specific chemotherapy (praziquantel) on liver function tests and on
      the distribution of collagen types I, III, IV and V was studied by indirect
      immunofluorescence in Swiss albino mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
      Treatment was started at 7 and 12 weeks after infection. Groups of treated and
      non-treated mice were killed 14 and 20 weeks after infection. Reduction in the
      amount of collagen and improvement of liver function were observed, especially
      when treatment was initiated early (7 weeks after infection), while collagen type
      III almost disappeared during the period of observation (13 weeks after
      treatment). The results indicate the importance of early specific treatment for
      schistosomiasis.

PMID- 1801348
TI  - Induced larval motility: a possible viability test for embryonated Ascaris
      lumbricoides ova.

PMID- 1801349
TI  - Prevalence and symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis infections in a Peruvian
      shanty town.
AB  - The prevalence and symptoms of pinworm infection were determined in a shanty town
      in Lima, Peru. In 206 families, pinworm infection rates were highest in primary
      school age children (42%). Approximately one-fourth of pre-school children and
      secondary school-age children were infected with pinworms. Two examinations
      detected 74% of patients who were positive after 5 examinations. Symptoms often
      attributed to pinworm infection, such as perianal itching enuresis, and teeth
      grinding, occurred in a similar proportion of infected children (15%, 17%, 13%,
      respectively) and non-infected subjects (11%, 13%, 11%, respectively). Enuresis
      was more common in primary school-age children with high pinworm egg counts than
      in their non-infected contemporaries. 52% (28/54) of children under 5 years old
      became reinfected within 6 months of effective treatment. In a community where
      water is scarce and hand washing is infrequent, the high rate of perianal itching
      is probably an important source of faecal-oral contamination. The low morbidity
      and high reinfection rate make routine treatment of pinworm infection in third
      world countries a low priority, except when clinically indicated.

PMID- 1801350
TI  - Quantitative post-mortem study of Opisthorchis viverrini in man in north-east
      Thailand.
AB  - The results of an autopsy study of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in 181
      accident subjects in northeast Thailand are presented. The age-prevalence
      profiles were similar whether determined by faecal examination for parasite eggs
      or by recovery of worms from the liver. The prevalence increased rapidly with age
      and reached a plateau at 70-80% in adults. The overall prevalence estimated by
      faecal examination was 69.2%, while that measured by worm recovery was 79.2%. The
      average intensity of infection, as indicated by eggs per gram of faeces, rose
      with age and became relatively stable in groups over 20 years of age. Worm burden
      also increased rapidly with age, reaching a peak in the 31-40 year groups and
      slightly declining in the 2 oldest age groups. Fluke distribution between
      individual subjects was highly dispersed; most people harboured no or low worm
      burdens (0-200 worms) while a small group of subjects (16.5%) carried 66% of the
      total worms recovered. The distribution of flukes within the liver appeared to be
      homogeneous. The results of the present study were similar to those from field
      studies, and possible mechanisms that generate these observed patterns of
      infection are discussed.

PMID- 1801351
TI  - Seroprevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infection in a Uruguayan rural human
      population.
AB  - Serological tests using hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) are useful as a primary screen
      for detecting asymptomatic infections due to Echinococcus granulosus in human
      populations. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed with whole
      sheep HCF was used to determine the prevalence of hydatid antibodies in a rural
      human population in Uruguay. In order to eliminate cross-reactions with sheep
      proteins in HCF, 1% normal sheep serum was added to each human serum before
      testing. ELISA seropositives were further tested using the double diffusion test
      (DD5) and confirmed where possible by ultrasound and X-ray examination. Serum
      samples were obtained from 420 individuals inhabiting rural areas in the
      Department of Paysandu (160), Rivera (21) and San Jose (239). An overall
      seroprevalence of 1.24% was obtained. Two of 17 seroreactors were subsequently
      proven to have hydatidosis. These results confirm and extend previous studies
      indicating an unusually high prevalence of E. granulosus infection in the
      Uruguayan population.

PMID- 1801352
TI  - Evaluation of a rapid dot-ELISA as a field test for the diagnosis of cystic
      hydatid disease.
AB  - A rapid dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) was developed as a
      field test for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus
      granulosus. The 30 min test was based on the detection of antibodies to antigen B
      of hydatid fluid and was carried out using 50 microliters of whole blood in a
      field assessment in the Turkana region of north-west Kenya. Initial laboratory
      studies showed antigen B to be preferable to crude cyst fluid, with 94%
      sensitivity and 90.3% specificity for Echinococcus infections. The field test was
      rapid, inexpensive and simple to perform and is considered to be a useful back-up
      to ultrasound scanning.

PMID- 1801353
TI  - Estimating prevalence of community morbidity due to intestinal helminths:
      prevalence of infection as an indicator of the prevalence of disease.
AB  - The rational design of helminth control programmes for endemic areas requires
      that the limited resources be focused on the communities in greatest need. The
      process of locality-targetting would be facilitated by a simple, inexpensive
      method of assessing morbidity at the community level. This paper describes how a
      simple model of the distribution of infection in human populations can use
      infection prevalence data to predict the proportion of heavy, and potentially
      clinically significant, infections in a community. Analysis of observed data for
      Ascaris lumbricoides indicates that the risk of clinical ascariasis increases non
      linearly with the prevalence of infection. The predicted prevalence of morbidity
      is low up to approximately 60% prevalence of infection, but increases very
      rapidly thereafter. Analyses of data for Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma
      mansoni, S. haematobium and the hookworms suggests qualitatively similar
      patterns. The application of the model in predicting resource requirements for
      control is illustrated using infection prevalence data for A. lumbricoides in
      Brazil.

PMID- 1801354
TI  - One year evaluation of immunogenicity conferred by a Chinese hamster ovary cell
      recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in a French Polynesian newborn immunization
      programme.
AB  - In 1988, a hepatitis immunization programme, using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cell recombinant vaccine, was implemented for newborn children in the Austral
      archipelago (French Polynesia). Three different schedules were used: (i) 4
      vaccine doses at months (M) 0, M1, M2 and M12; (ii) 3 vaccine doses at M0, M1,
      M6; and (iii) 3 vaccine doses at M0, M1, M2. Results at the one year follow-up
      may be summarized as follows. Of 197 infants who received one or more doses of
      CHO-recombinant vaccine, (i) none was an HBsAg carrier; (ii) 89.5% had anti-HBs
      antibody titres greater than 10 miu/ml; and (iii) 95.9% had seroconverted for at
      least one of the 2 antibodies studied (anti-HBs or anti-pre-S2). After 2 doses
      (M0, M1), anti-HBs seroconversion rate and geometric mean titre were,
      respectively, 82.6% and 98.47 miu/ml. After 3 doses, seroconversion rates and
      geometric mean titres were, respectively, 91.1% and 200.59 miu/ml using schedule
      M0, M1, M2, and 100% and 1253.4 miu/ml using the M0, M1, M6 schedule. None of the
      7 vaccinated neonates born to HBsAg/HBeAg positive mothers was found to be an
      HBsAg carrier. These preliminary results indicate that, in field conditions,
      vaccination with a CHO-recombinant vaccine resulted in high immunogenicity.

PMID- 1801355
TI  - Simultaneous injection of hepatitis B and measles vaccines.

PMID- 1801356
TI  - The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella typhi in Qatar: epidemiology
      and therapeutic implications.
AB  - Multiresistant Salmonella seems to be a growing problem in Qatar and its
      treatment remains problematic. Of 100 Salmonella bacteraemias that occurred
      between 1 October 1989 and 30 September 1990, 30 were caused by S. typhi
      resistant to one or more of the conventional antibiotics usually recommended for
      the treatment of typhoid fever (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim
      sulphamethoxazole). Of those, 25 (83%) were acquired by patients during visits to
      the Indian subcontinent. Two patients with isolates sensitive to ampicillin were
      successfully treated with amoxicillin, 6 paediatric patients were cured with
      cefotaxime, and 20 adult patients responded favourable to ciprofloxacin. A 9 year
      old boy failed initial therapy with cefuroxime but responded well to
      ciprofloxacin. One adult patient was treated successfully with a combination of
      ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. We conclude that cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin can
      serve as first line therapy for typhoid fever in areas where multi-resistant
      Salmonella is prevalent.

PMID- 1801357
TI  - Factors reducing mortality in typhoid ileal perforation.
AB  - A retrospective study of 42 patients treated surgically for typhoid ileal
      perforation found the mortality to be 24%. The study suggested that general
      peritonitis was the main cause of death in typhoid ileal perforation. However,
      the high mortality was significantly improved by adequate preoperative
      rehydration. The combination of chloramphenicol/gentamicin/metronidazole was
      superior to other antibiotic regimes. No mortality was recorded with this triple
      drug therapy.

PMID- 1801358
TI  - Acute diarrhoeal diseases in infants aged below six months in hospital in
      Calcutta, India: an aetiological study.
AB  - In a prospective 2-year study, 218 infants aged less than 6 months admitted to a
      children's hospital in Calcutta with acute diarrhoea and 102 infants (control
      group) from the out-patient department of the same hospital with similar age, sex
      and socio-economic composition as the diarrhoea patients, were concurrently
      investigated for enteropathogenic agents in the faeces. Enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and enteroadherent E. coli constituted
      the 3 types of diarrhoeagenic E. coli most frequently (57.4%) detected in the
      faeces of diarrhoeic infants either as a sole pathogen or in association with
      other microorganisms. Other enteropathogens detected were rotavirus,
      Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella typhimurium and Aeromonas hydrophila. The
      frequency of detection of various aetiological agents was 72%; in the remaining
      28% an infectious aetiology could not be determined. The study suggests that
      diarrhoeagenic E. coli plays a major role in the causation of acute diarrhoea in
      infants aged under 6 months in Calcutta.

PMID- 1801359
TI  - Acute pericarditis in Mediterranean spotted fever.

PMID- 1801360
TI  - Density-dependent timing of defaecation by Triatoma infestans.
AB  - Defaecation timing of the Triatominae vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi directly
      affects the transmission probability of Chagas disease to mammal hosts.
      Experimental studies with fifth instar nymphs of Triatoma infestans showed that
      defaecation time was negatively affected by blood meal size and positively
      affected by starvation period and bug initial weight. Since blood meal size and
      starvation period are both density-dependent, low density domestic populations of
      T. infestans would represent a higher transmission risk than high density
      populations. As low density populations could occur in recently reinfested houses
      after control using insecticide, vigilance activities should be reinforced to
      protect the human population at the highest risk of disease transmission.

PMID- 1801361
TI  - The use of lemon essential oil as a sandfly repellent.

PMID- 1801362
TI  - A home nutritional rehabilitation programme in a Peruvian peri-urban shanty town
      (pueblo joven).
AB  - In a peri-urban shanty town located in Lima, Peru, a nutritional census of
      children 0-3 years old revealed a number of second and third degree malnourished
      children. In order to treat these children a home-based nutritional
      rehabilitation (HNR) programme was developed utilizing available community health
      staff. The programme focused on individual and group maternal education, home
      based therapy such as oral rehydration solution for diarrhoea, periodic growth
      monitoring, and a strong trust relationship between mother and health
      professional. There was one death and four (7%) hospital admissions among the 54
      HNR children. These morbidity and mortality rates were similar to those achieved
      by more traditional programmes in Bangladesh, India, and Guatemala. NHR can
      provide an inexpensive, reproducible method useful for the treatment of
      malnourished 'third world' children in peri-urban slums.

PMID- 1801363
TI  - Risk factors for high diarrhoea frequency: a study in rural Zimbabwe.
AB  - Diarrhoea morbidity data were collected prospectively over 22 months from a
      cohort of young children living in a deprived community in rural Zimbabwe.
      Despite the general high prevalence of diarrhoeal disease, there was considerable
      individual variability in attack rates. Risk factors associated with high
      diarrhoea frequency were therefore sought by a questionnaire study on feeding,
      environmental, educational and socio-economic factors. This was supported by
      observation of living conditions, and water and sanitation facilities.
      Surprisingly, no association was found between diarrhoeal morbidity and any of
      these factors, suggesting that other factors such as individual hygiene behaviour
      or individual susceptibility to diarrhoea may play a role in determining the
      observed differences in diarrhoea rates in this community.

PMID- 1801364
TI  - Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: a study in Lombok, Indonesia.
AB  - Sixty-five mothers from Balai Lua, Central Lombok, Indonesia were given soap and
      an explanation of the faecal-oral route of diarrhoea transmission. This very
      simple health message was repeated and reinforced fortnightly when mothers were
      also asked whether any members of their family had suffered from diarrhoea over
      the previous 2 weeks. Children of these mothers experienced an 89% reduction in
      diarrhoea episodes compared to a control period before the intervention.

PMID- 1801365
TI  - Health status of the mother: is it an overlooked risk factor for diarrhoeal
      disease in children?

PMID- 1801366
TI  - Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village.
AB  - Trachoma is prevalent in many arid areas but data assessing the relationship
      between water use and trachoma are very scarce. This study compared 18 families
      having one or more active trachoma cases among the children with 16 trachoma-free
      families in the same village with respect to water use. Potential confounders
      such as family size, distance to water source, socio-economic indicators, and
      hygiene behaviour were assessed in the 2 groups. The families with trachoma were
      found to use significantly less water per person per day for washing children
      than did the control group (P = 0.033) with no evidence of confounding by the
      other measured variables. Low amounts of water for washing were also associated
      with unclean faces and impetigo in the children. If such a relationship can be
      substantiated it might provide the basis for effective and cheap interventions
      against trachoma.

PMID- 1801367
TI  - Severe anaemia in pregnancy: a problem of primigravidae in rural Zaire.
AB  - Haemoglobin levels were measured in 2950 pregnant women attending antenatal
      clinics in Kimpese, Bas Zaire. 72% were suffering from moderate anaemia
      (haemoglobin (Hb) 7-11 g/dl) and 3.7% from severe anaemia (Hb less than 7 g/dl)
      at their first visit, before receiving any haematinics or anti-malarial
      prophylaxis. Haemoglobin levels rose with both increasing parity (P less than
      0.001) and age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that parity was significant
      but age was not. The fall in haemoglobin early in the second trimester was
      greatest in primigravidae and diminished with successive pregnancies until the
      fourth. One in 6 primigravidae approached labour with a haemoglobin level less
      than 7.7 g/dl. Thick blood smears were examined from 379 women who presented in
      the first and second trimester. 70% of primigravidae had malaria parasitaemia,
      compared with 13% of multigravidae (P less than 0.001). Early malaria prophylaxis
      in the first 2 pregnancies is an important primary health care objective if the
      contribution of malaria to the significant fall in haemoglobin in the second
      trimester is to be averted.

PMID- 1801368
TI  - Extended use of the microhaematocrit capillary specimen in Third World blood
      banks.

PMID- 1801369
TI  - Chronic Gaucher's disease masquerading as tropical splenomegaly syndrome in a
      Nigerian woman.

PMID- 1801370
TI  - Auto-allergy, sunshine and the skin with special reference to pemphigus.

PMID- 1801371
TI  - Bacteriological studies on snakes.

PMID- 1801372
TI  - [The effect of hyper- and hypothermia on induced telomeric chromosome fusion].
AB  - After administration of colcemid and 5-BrdU in the cell culture, the cells pass
      through the first interphase to delay in mitosis. Then the cells overcome the
      colcemid blockade, and polykaryocytes with micronuclei are formed. The second
      interphase in followed by the second mitosis, during which dicentric chromosomes
      are observed. These dicentrics are the result of telomeric chromosome fusion. The
      action of hyperthermia (40 degrees C) during the whole period of colcemid and 5
      BrdU treatment or that of the hyperthermia (40 degrees C) only during the first
      17 hours (the first interphase and the first mitosis) lead to the increased
      frequency of dicentrics. Under condition of hypothermia (34 degrees C) the
      frequency of dicentric formation decreases. Changes in cultivation temperature
      during the latest 25 hr of colcemid and 5-BrdU action (the second interphase and
      the second mitosis) exert no influence on the dicentric formation frequency.
      Because there are no dicentrics in cells during the metaphase of the first
      mitosis, it is supposed that the temperature--sensitive period may be the latest
      steps of colcemid blockade, i.e. the period of formation of micronuclei.

PMID- 1801373
TI  - [The cytoskeleton of the Mauthner neurons in the guppy after returning from an
      orbital flight].
AB  - The ultrastructural investigations of the Mauthner neurons (M-cells) of P.
      reticulata were performed on the return of the fishes after a two weeks orbital
      flight, the M-cells of fishes from different control groups being simultaneously
      examined. The structure of M-cells from the experimental fishes was shown to be
      severely damaged. The changes involved the synaptic apparatus, postsynaptic
      areas, mitochondria and other organelles of the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
      Particular changes were seen in the neuronal cytoskeleton. While in the M-cells
      of intact fishes these were seen as evenly distributed microfilaments and
      neurofilaments, in the M-cells of experimental fishes the cytoskeleton looked as
      alternating bundles of condensed filaments. The first indications of cytoskeleton
      damage appeared in M-cells of the guppy from transport control group and
      strengthened in fishes from the group of synchronous control. Thus, the data
      obtained give us a possibility to suggest that the return on the Earth and
      following readaptation after a prolonged flight at conditions of microgravity and
      consequent disfunction of vestibular apparatus may result in the damage of
      central neurons receiving vestibular afferentation (such as M-cells). That, in
      turn, may be a cause of functional disorders of the central nervous system,
      including the nerve centres maintaining the organs of motion. These facts are
      necessary to take into consideration when more prolonged cosmic flights are
      planned.

PMID- 1801374
TI  - [The effect of prolonged hypothermia on the structure and function of the neurons
      of surviving slices of guinea pig and suslik hippocampus].
AB  - Hippocampi of the guinea pig and ground squirrel were used to examine the
      neuronal structure of CA1 and CA3 field in surviving slices incubated in warm
      chamber to rehabilitate the functional activity; then the slices were subjected
      to a prolonged cooling under zero temperatures. It was shown that the structure
      of the guinea pig hippocampal slices, first of all of the neuronal cytoskeleton,
      was disturbed at 1.5 h warm incubation. A further 1 h cooling in a refrigerator
      resulted in a significant swelling of synapses, dendrites and their organelles.
      In 24 h the structure was severely damaged. It was determined for the first time
      that the ground squirrel hippocampal slices revealed in the same conditions a
      high tolerance to both warming and long-term cooling. Even after 5 days in a
      refrigerator the neurons and dendrites could be clearly seen in slices, nearly
      intact ultrastructure of their cytoskeleton, synapses and organelles was
      preserved. A correlation was found between the structural integrity and the
      functional activity of hippocampal slices. It was suggested that the cytoskeleton
      may play a crucial role in maintaining the neuronal structure under conditions of
      both heating and cooling of the hippocampal slices. These data are useful to
      further elaborating appropriate methods for prolonging the term of incubation and
      to neurobiological investigation of surviving brain slices.

PMID- 1801375
TI  - [The circahoral rhythm of the functional activity of rat adrenocorticocytes].
AB  - Functional manifestations of biological ultradian rhythms in the adrenal cortex
      were first confirmed on the cytologic level. The cycle of the ultradian rhythm in
      the cells of the adrenal cortex fascicular zone consisted was determined to
      involve three phases: accumulation of lipids, delipoidization, and the rest
      period. A definite volume of cells and their nuclei, certain nuclear-cytoplasmic
      relations, the number of liposomes and mitochondria on the square unit are
      characteristic of each phase. The activity of cells is especially high during the
      second phase which is characterized by the increase in nuclear sizes and nuclear
      cytoplasmatic relations, by the decrease in cell volume and in the number of
      liposomes in their cytoplasm; this is indicative of the rised synthesis and
      secretion of hormones. It is underlined that the cell volume increases when
      liposomes are accumulated in the cytoplasm to decrease upon their disappearance.

PMID- 1801376
TI  - [The characteristics of the course of mitosis in polykaryons formed during cell
      fusion].
AB  - A new method of cell fusion is proposed utilizing treatment with 15% solution of
      DMSO in serum before and after PEG treatment. With such treatments in SPEV cell
      culture a higher rate of cell fusion was obtained than that with other known
      methods of cell fusion. In the first wave of mitoses (0.5-4 h) mainly
      asynchronous division of nuclei, premature chromosome condensation and formation
      of telophase-like nuclei were observed in polykaryons. In the period of the
      second wave (14-20 h), mitoses were mainly synchronous and completed with
      cytokinesis. Micronuclei were formed frequently as a result of such mitoses.
      After the first wave of mitoses the number of polykaryons with pycnotic
      chromosomes sharply increased, and after the second wave of mitoses the number of
      polykaryons with pycnotic nuclei increased. The results obtained allow to
      conclude that heterophasic condition of the fused cells is one of the causes of
      pathological mitosis of polykaryons and of their death.

PMID- 1801377
TI  - [The effect of Mg-ADP on the structural state of actin in the F-actin-myosin
      subfragment-1 complex].
AB  - Using polarized microfluorometry techniques, a study was made on the orientation
      and mobility of fluorescent probes 1,5-IAEDANS and rhomadin-phalloidin, located
      in various parts of actin, muscle fibers free of myosin, tropomyosin and troponin
      (ghost fibres) being used. It was found that the binding of a myosin subfragment
      1 (S1) to actin induced changes in polarized fluorescence of the fibers. The
      analysis of these data showed that the formation of actin-S1 and actin-S1-ADP
      complexes in a muscle fiber resulted in a decrease in the angle between the thin
      filaments and the emission dipole of phalloidin-rhodamine, as well as in an
      increase of the mobility of this dye. In the experiments with the 1,5-IAEDANS
      label the angle of emission dipole increased, while the mobility of the label
      decreased. These changes were smaller in the presence of Mg-ADP than in its
      absence. It is assumed that the changes in actin monomer structure occur when a
      myosin head interacts with actin. These changes are expressed as those in
      orientation and mobility of large and small domains of actin in thin filaments.
      The domain orientation in actomyosin complex changes, influenced by Mg-ADP. The
      data obtained allow to propose the involvement of interdomain motions of some
      parts of actin monomer in the mechanisms of muscle contraction.

PMID- 1801378
TI  - [The ghost muscle fiber with thin filaments reconstructed from nonmuscle actin--a
      model for studying the cytoskeleton using polarization microfluorimetry].
AB  - In muscle fibers which are free of myosin, tropomyosin and troponin thin
      filaments were reconstructed from muscle and non-muscle G-actin modified with 1,5
      IAEDANS. Using polarized microfluorimetry it was shown that actin in such
      filaments maintained the ability to respond to conformational changes during
      actin interaction with subfragment of myosin (S1). The models of muscle fibers
      with reconstructed from non-muscle actin thin filaments are supposed to use for
      investigation of mechanisms of cell cytoskeleton functions with the help of
      polarized microfluorimetry.

PMID- 1801380
TI  - [The cytochemical study of polysaccharides in coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis.
      I. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans in Sarcocystis muris sarcocysts].
AB  - An electron microscope study of sulfatized glycosaminoglycans (SG) was made for
      cyst stages of S. muris. The polysaccharides were detected in the submembranous
      and subwall layers of the sarcocysts, in addition to the ground substance and
      septae. Moreover SG were discovered in the cyst stages themselves--metrocytes,
      intermediate cells and merozoites (gamonts). SG were discernible as electron dark
      spots in vacuoles of the metrocytes. SG shaped as granules were scattered in the
      cytoplasm of both intermediate cells and merozoites. More granules of SG were
      seen in the cytoplasm of the merozoites compared to the intermediate cells. Thus,
      the quantity, localization and structure of SG are seen to follow the process of
      differentiation in muscle cysts of S. muris.

PMID- 1801381
TI  - [Venous thromboembolism and malignancy].

PMID- 1801379
TI  - [The effect of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta on the repopulation of bone
      marrow colony-forming cells in mice subjected to the action of radiation and
      burns].
AB  - The radioprotective and restorative (therapeutic) effects of human recombinant
      interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on the population of bone marrow CFU-S of mice,
      subjected to either sublethal doses of ionising irradiation itself or the same
      irradiation in combination with thermal burn, are investigated. Both the effects
      of the agent are registered under both in vitro and in vivo irradiation in semi-,
      syn- and allogeneic animals. If the irradiation was combined with thermal burn,
      the "therapeutic" effect of the agent was demonstrated at irradiation dose equal
      to 3.06 Gy rather than to 6.12 Gy. If the bone marrow cells were irradiated in
      vitro in dose 3.06 Gy with the following heat shock at 42 degrees C for 10-20
      min, the "therapeutic" effect of IL-1 beta was seen only if it was added to cells
      before rather than after irradiation. The radioprotective effect of IL-1 beta is
      maintained under in vitro, as well as in vivo conditions in the allogeneic system
      of transplantation of the CBA donor bone marrow to the C57BL mice.

PMID- 1801382
TI  - [Deep-vein thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism as a sign of malignant
      disease].
AB  - In five meticulously controlled investigations, the question of whether deep
      thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism may be signs of occult cancer was raised.
      One investigation was considered to be of doubtful value on account of selection.
      In two other investigations, an increased risk for cases of cancer was found
      among patients under the age of 50 years in whom suspicion of thrombophlebitis
      was confirmed and among patients with verified suspicion of pulmonary embolism.
      Two investigations reveal that the risk of cancer is particularly great if no
      risk factor for deep thrombophlebitis (so-called idiopathic deep
      thrombophlebitis) was found. In one of these investigations, problems concerning
      blinding were, however, present and the possible solution is not commented upon.
      On the present basis, arguments exist for a paraclinical investigation of
      patients with idiopathic deep thrombophlebitis or with pulmonary embolism.
      Investigation is probably only necessary in other patients with deep
      thrombophlebitis if symptoms suggestive of cancer are present and patients under
      the age of 50 years should be offered outpatient control in view of the
      possibility of cancer.

PMID- 1801383
TI  - [Pneumococcal vaccination of splenectomized patients. Recommendations based on a
      10-year experience].
AB  - In 1978, pneumococcal vaccination in splenectomized patients over the age of two
      years was introduced in Denmark. Since then, no cases of pneumococcal bacteraemia
      or meningitis have occurred in splenectomized children. Prior to introduction of
      vaccination, infections of this nature occurred with an incidence of
      approximately 4%. We have investigated the duration of the vaccine-induced
      increase in antibodies in splenectomized children and adults and, on this basis,
      we recommend that all children vaccinated in the age group 2-14 years should have
      pneumococcal antibodies measured five years after vaccination because the
      antibodies in a number of the children will have decreased to such an extent that
      revaccination is necessary. All patients who were over 14 years on vaccination
      should, until further notice, have the pneumococcal antibodies measured after ten
      years although we have found that 2, 5, 7 and 10 years after vaccination, the
      antibody level had only decreased to 71, 69, 70 and 63% of the antibody
      concentrations obtained by pneumococcal vaccination.

PMID- 1801384
TI  - [Shigella sonnei. An epidemic in a day-care institution].
AB  - Epidemics caused by dysentery bacteria among children and adults in day
      institutions are rare in Denmark. The course of an epidemic of this type is
      reviewed. Thirty children and six adults went on holiday to a deserted farmer's
      cottage under primitive conditions in the southern Swedish woods. Immediately
      prior to this holiday, two of the adults had had serious gastrointestinal
      infections during a hiking trip in South America. Shigella sonnei was
      subsequently demonstrated in the stools from a total of 11 children but not in
      the adults. Three cases of intrafamilial infection occurred. Prior to
      commencement of the school year in late summer 1988, treatment of the
      asymptomatic bacterial carriers was carried out. Treatment such as this cannot be
      recommended as a rule and should, therefore, be discussed with the Medical
      Officer of Health when accumulated cases of Shigella sonnei dysentery occur.

PMID- 1801385
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of ear diseases in general practice. A controlled trial
      of the effect of the introduction of middle ear measurement (tympanometry)].
AB  - The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear in general practice could be
      rendered optimal by employing tympanometry (measurement of the pressure in the
      middle ear) which is already known from specialist practice. This was
      investigated by means of a controlled investigation with cooperation between
      general practice, otologists and the health services in the County of Vejle.
      Following randomizing among 20 general practitioners, ten were trained in
      tympanometry (the test group) while ten did not change their principles for
      diagnosis and treatment (control group). The criteria for inclusion in the
      investigation were the findings of indications for otoscopy in children under the
      age of 16 years. During a period of 12 months, parallel registrations of the data
      were made in the two groups and 3,166 children with an average age of 3.4 years
      were included. The clinical course showed statistically significant differences
      (p less than 0.05) between the groups as regards diagnosis and treatment: acute
      otitis media was found in 8.4% in the control group and 2.6% in the test group.
      Secretory otitis media (glue ear) was found in 14.2% in the control group and in
      25% in the test group. Correspondingly, penicillin was prescribed for 7.6% in the
      control group and 4.1% in the test group. The otologists performed tubulation of
      the tympanic membrane in 0.9% in the control group and 3.2% in the test group.
      Continued investigations are necessary to elucidate whether tympanometry should
      be part of the daily routine in general practice.

PMID- 1801386
TI  - [Treatment with the Otovent device in tubal dysfunction and secretory otitis
      media in children].
AB  - In the present study, the effect of Otovent was evaluated in the treatment of
      secretory otitis media. One hundred children aged three to ten years, suffering
      from tubal dysfunction and secretory otitis media were randomized to either two
      weeks autoinflation, using Otovent, or randomized to a control group.
      Tympanometry was performed on admission and either observation or Otovent
      treatment for two weeks. After two weeks of autoinflation, tympanometry was
      improved in 65%, unchanged in 33% and deteriorated in 2% of the ears. In the
      control group, the middle ear pressure was improved in 15%, unchanged in 71% and
      deteriorated in 14% of the ears. We conclude that Otovent could be the first
      choice as the treatment of tubal dysfunction and secretory otitis media.

PMID- 1801387
TI  - [Duration of breast feeding].
AB  - A longitudinal prospective study was performed to investigate the total duration
      of breast-feeding. Three hundred and sixty six mothers were followed-up until
      three years after delivery. At three months, 73% were breast-feeding, at six
      months 52%, at one year 20% and 1% breast-fed more than three years. Correlations
      were found between duration of breast-feeding and maternal age, education and
      social class. Mature mothers who lived under good socioeconomic conditions breast
      fed for longer periods than those who were less fortunate in these respects.
      Mothers who had breast-fed an older child usually breast-fed the next child for a
      similar period. Breast-feeding has become popular: only 1% did not want to breast
      feed at all and 89% of mothers intended to breast-feed their children for six
      months or more. Solid food was most frequently introduced when the infants were
      four months old. At six months 4% were still exclusively breast-fed. Even though
      the mothers now breast-feed longer than previously, only 39% succeeded in breast
      feeding for as long as or longer than they had intended.

PMID- 1801388
TI  - [Homicides in Copenhagen in 1984-1989 compared with the period 1959-1983].
AB  - During the years from 1959 to 1983 the Copenhagen homicide rate doubled. This
      increase was due mainly to an increase in the number of "accidental" homicides
      committed by alcohol intoxicated males, who were only slightly acquainted with
      their victims. The rate of homicide committed by schizophrenic persons increased
      by a factor 5, increasing from 1-2 cases every five years to 1-2 cases every
      year. During the 1980's, the annual homicide rate has been stable. In the
      investigation of homicide from 1984 to 1989, however, the tendency towards more
      homicides of accidental type was confirmed. Furthermore, the rate of female
      homicide increased. During the years from 1984 to 1989 the average number of
      homicides committed in Copenhagen by schizophrenic persons remained in the order
      of 1-2 per year.

PMID- 1801389
TI  - [Benign pancreatic glucagonoma and recurrent pulmonary embolism with fatal course
      in a 36-year old man].
AB  - A case of glucagonoma of the pancreas, without necrolytic migratory erythema, but
      accompanied by lethal pulmonary embolism in a 36 year old man is presented. The
      pathology, epidemiology and treatment of the glucagonoma syndrome is briefly
      described.

PMID- 1801390
TI  - [Severe prolonged hypotension after the first dose of enalapril in a patient with
      essential hypertension].
AB  - A case of severe and prolonged hypotension following intake of 10 mg enalapril in
      a patient with slight hyponatraemia is described. Despite administration of
      isotonic NaCl and treatment with dopamine infusion, it did not prove possible to
      maintain a stable blood pressure. Adrenaline and ephedrine were required
      intravenously on repeated occasions on account of symptom-producing hypotension
      with a systolic pressure as low as 60 mmHg. On account of the increasing use of
      ACE-inhibitors, it is recommended that the specific antidote, angiotension II,
      should be registered in Denmark and should be available in all hospitals.

PMID- 1801391
TI  - [Malignant neuroleptic syndrome--a possibility for early diagnosis].
AB  - A 17-year-old man developed the malignant neuroleptic syndrome and recovered
      after the neuroleptic drug was discontinued. When the treatment with the
      neuroleptic was resumed four weeks later, an elevated serum creatine kinase level
      was found without any other symptoms of the malignant neuroleptic syndrome. The
      neuroleptic was discontinued and the serum creatine kinase level was normalized.
      In both episodes, serum creatine kinase level was followed daily. The elimination
      of creatine kinase followed a first order kinetic, indicating that release of the
      enzyme to the blood stopped as soon the neuroleptic was discontinued. In the
      second episode, the increase in serum creatine kinase level was found before the
      symptoms of malignant neuroleptic syndrome appeared. This opens a possible way to
      early diagnosis and in that way prevention of severe symptoms.

PMID- 1801393
TI  - [Mammography--yes or no].

PMID- 1801392
TI  - [Possible cross hepatotoxicity between tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressive
      agents].
AB  - The case is reported of a patient in whom acute hepatitis was induced first by a
      tricyclic antidepressant (dothiepin) and then by a tetracyclic antidepressant
      (mianserine). This observation does not confirm previous suggestions that the
      tricyclic ring is responsible for liver toxicity. However, this theory cannot be
      rejected as the mechanisms causing toxic hepatitis from tricyclic and tetracyclic
      antidepressants may well differ. The basis of this hepatoxicity is thus still
      unexplained. A spateine test was performed and this revealed that the patient was
      a normal metabolizer.

PMID- 1801394
TI  - [Can hospital specialists be independent?].

PMID- 1801395
TI  - [Wrong statement on natural medicine].

PMID- 1801396
TI  - [Publication of negative test results].

PMID- 1801397
TI  - [Gitadyl is not an alternative to ibuprofen in osteoarthrosis].

PMID- 1801398
TI  - [Gitadyl versus ibuprofen].

PMID- 1801399
TI  - [Postoperative urinary retention].

PMID- 1801400
TI  - [Myths about homosexuals and HIV-testing].

PMID- 1801401
TI  - [Treatment of granulocytopenia in Felty's syndrome].

PMID- 1801402
TI  - Tighter welfare regulations proposed for colony hens.

PMID- 1801403
TI  - Snails and snail farming: an introduction for the veterinary profession.
AB  - In the past veterinary interest in snails has been confined to their role in the
      transmission of disease; nowadays the trend to keep these animals in captivity-
      for food, for study, as 'companion animals'--means that the profession is
      increasingly likely to be consulted about their health, welfare or conservation.
      An understanding of the biology of snails is an important prerequisite to work
      with them. Land snails are hermaphrodite and have a complex reproductive system;
      other organs also show special adaptations. Management methods vary considerably
      and farmed snails can be maintained under extensive or intensive conditions.
      Methods for handling and transporting them are important considerations. There is
      little published information on the diseases and pathology of snails but
      suboptimum environment, poisons, nutritional deficiencies, predators and
      parasites are known to cause, or contribute, to their mortality.

PMID- 1801404
TI  - Observations on the output of nematode eggs in faeces and on the subsequent
      pasture infestation with third stage larvae produced by a herd of farmed red deer
      (Cervus elaphus).
AB  - More than 2900 faecal samples and 200 herbage samples were examined from January
      1986 to January 1989 during a study of the host/parasite relationships of the
      gastrointestinal nematodes of a herd of farmed red deer in Surrey. The pattern of
      faecal egg output from the hinds appeared to conform to a tri-modal distribution
      with peaks during spring, the periparturient period and late summer. Third stage
      larvae were present on the herbage during every month. The new generation
      appeared in June but levels of larvae remained low until the autumn. The
      implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the farming of red
      deer.

PMID- 1801405
TI  - A bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease-like syndrome in moose (Alces alces):
      investigations on the central nervous system.
AB  - A disease of unknown aetiology has been observed in moose. The animals showed
      signs of a bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease-like syndrome, and central
      nervous disturbances. Brains from adult female moose were investigated by means
      of histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, virology, and
      bacteriology. The results indicate that the nervous signs were not associated
      with a spongiform encephalopathy. The lesions suggest a viral aetiology, although
      all the virological investigations have so far proved negative.

PMID- 1801406
TI  - Necrotic cellulitis in turkey breeders.

PMID- 1801407
TI  - Anal and perianal transmissible venereal tumour in a bitch.

PMID- 1801409
TI  - Broken bones in hens.

PMID- 1801408
TI  - Cost of veterinary medicines.

PMID- 1801410
TI  - Postponement of veterinary nursing diploma examination.

PMID- 1801411
TI  - Salmonella in terrapins.

PMID- 1801412
TI  - Nematodirus helvetianus epidemiology.

PMID- 1801413
TI  - [Borderline states: the evolution of the concept and clinical practice].

PMID- 1801414
TI  - [The diagnosis of stomach cancer in patients hospitalized in nononcological
      hospitals].

PMID- 1801416
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the combined treatment of the neurological
      manifestations in osteochondrosis of the cervical spine].
AB  - The authors analyze treatment results of 123 patients with neurological
      manifestations of cervical osteochondrosis. Complex treatment was used medical
      and surgical. In 110 patients hyperbaric oxygenation was used and it is suggested
      that in the complex treatment of such patients it proved rather effective. Use of
      hyperbaric oxygenation is indicated in treatment-resistant forms of cervical
      osteochondrosis and may also be an additional test for indications of surgical
      interventions.

PMID- 1801415
TI  - [The time necessary for establishing a morphological diagnosis in patients with
      inoperable lung cancer].
AB  - The authors analyze the time period necessary for morphological diagnosis in 100
      consecutive patients with inoperable lung cancer admitted for treatment to the
      Department of pulmonology and tuberculosis of the Szczecin Medical Academy from
      1989 through 1990. The following methods were used: cytological examination of
      sputum, bronchoscopy, fiber bronchoscopy, transthoracic biopsy by a thin needle,
      biopsy of the metastatic focus and cytological examination of the pleural cavity
      fluid. The causes of inoperability were: tumour histobiology variants (anaplastic
      small-cell cancer), cardiovascular failure and technical in operability. The
      diagnosis was established in all patients averagely within 16 days of hospital
      stay. More frequently the diagnostic material was obtained by means of
      bronchoscopy, then cytological examination of the sputum and transthoracic
      biopsy. In some patients without symptoms it is expedient to carry out diagnostic
      procedures in outpatient condition which is of economic importance.

PMID- 1801417
TI  - [The action of electroacupuncture with the use of the omega potential on the
      general condition and work capacity of students].

PMID- 1801418
TI  - [The pathogenesis and treatment of infectious-toxic shock].
AB  - The kallikrein-kinin and coagulation systems of the blood and histamine were
      examined in 56 patients with infectious-toxic shock. Severe shock was
      characterized by high histaminemia, excessive activation of prekallikrein along
      with low compensatory activity of kallikrein and histamine inhibitors. Changes of
      the coagulograms evidence manifestations of the PIC-syndrome. Tests of the
      kallikrein-kinin system may serve as an index of fibrinolytic blood processes.

PMID- 1801419
TI  - [Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a female patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus].

PMID- 1801420
TI  - [Anaphylactic shock developing after the intravenous administration of sodium
      thiosulfate].

PMID- 1801421
TI  - [The history of the activities of the People's Commissariat of Public Health of
      the Ukraine in the period of famine 1932-1933 (based on data from archival
      documents)].

PMID- 1801422
TI  - [The problems of the study of burial sites in historical medical practice].

PMID- 1801423
TI  - [Immunity disorders and the increased fatigability syndrome in the residents of
      the city of Kiev].
AB  - A clinical and immunological study is presented of 1030 practically healthy
      persons inhabiting Kiev from the moment of the Chernobyl accident. It was
      established clinically that during the last 5 years more frequent became acute
      respiratory viral infections, exacerbation of existing infection foci, appearance
      of complaints of reduced working capacity, somnolence apathy, increased
      fatiguability, worsening of memory, periodic subfebrility and oth. This symptom
      complex was determined as the "increased fatiguability syndrome". It was
      characterized immunologically by different changes showing most frequently a
      reduction of the functional activity of natural killers. The authors analyze
      different variants of immunological disorders in this group of subjects and give
      practical recommendations on using immunotropic drugs. They emphasize the
      importance of a service of clinical immunology in Ukraine able to organize
      special services to the population.

PMID- 1801425
TI  - [The current concepts of the role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of
      respiratory organ diseases].

PMID- 1801424
TI  - [The T- and B-immunity systems in patients with digestive organ diseases and
      exposure to internal radiation].
AB  - Results are reported of an immunological examination of 534 patients with
      digestive diseases and 130 healthy persons. 282 patients subjected to radiation
      effects showed a marked and persistent T-lymphocytopenia, B-lymphocytosis,
      reduction of the content of T-helpers, T-suppressors, dysimmunoglobulinemia
      characterized by reduction of IgG content and excessive IgA secretion. These
      changes were observed during the period of exacerbation and remission requiring
      the use of immunocorrective agents.

PMID- 1801426
TI  - [The function of the air-blood barrier in lung diseases].

PMID- 1801427
TI  - [Folk medicine and modern pharmacology].

PMID- 1801428
TI  - [Current concepts of diabetic glomerulosclerosis].

PMID- 1801429
TI  - [The clinical and pharmacological significance of drug binding by blood plasma
      proteins in the mother-placenta-fetus system].

PMID- 1801430
TI  - [The effect of helium-neon laser radiation on enzyme activity].

PMID- 1801431
TI  - [The use of obzidan and metoprolol in patients with supraventricular systolic
      tachyarrhythmias].
AB  - Having analyzed the electrophysiological mechanisms and state of humoral
      regulatory substances in 87 patients with paroxysmal disorders of the cardiac
      rhythm the authors determined the antiarrhythmic action of two beta-blockaders:
      obsidan and metoprolol. They found a reduction of the sinus node function under
      the effect of obsidan and to a lesser degree under the effect of metoprolol.
      Metoprolol produced a high antiarrhythmic effect, particularly in
      supraventricular tachycardias with participation of abnormal conduction pathways.

PMID- 1801432
TI  - [The diagnostic significance of the binding capacity of immunoglobulins with
      amino acids in torpid rheumatism].
AB  - The authors studied the binding capacity of immunoglobulins (Ig) in torpid
      rheumatism. An increase was established of the binding capacity of IgG with
      glutamic acid and arginine and reduction of the binding capacity of IgM with
      serine. The degree of increase of the binding capacity of Ig with amino acids was
      2.2 times higher than increase of the Ig level which may be a more sensitive
      index of activity of the rheumatic process.

PMID- 1801433
TI  - [The effect of prazosin and korinfar on the central hemodynamics and liver blood
      flow in hypertension patients (based on 2-dimensional Doppler echography)].

PMID- 1801434
TI  - [The effect of the chemical composition of the bile and calculi on the
      morphological changes in the gallbladder].
AB  - The authors carried out a morphological study of the gallbladder wall, as well as
      the bile and concrements by the method of infrared spectroscopy in 54 patients (9
      men, 45 women) operated on for cholelithiasis. A certain relationship was found
      between the morphofunctional state of the gallbladder wall and biochemical
      composition of the bile and concrement. This allows to use infrared spectroscopy
      for evaluation of the morphofunctional state of the gallbladder wall.

PMID- 1801435
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidant system in acute
      pancreatitis and cholelithiasis].

PMID- 1801436
TI  - [Current concepts of paroxysmal heart rhythm disorders: their mechanisms and new
      achievements in diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 1801437
TI  - [The sonotherapy of patients with postvagotomy gastric stasis].
AB  - A comparative analysis is presented of the effect of sonic waves and drug
      treatment of 31 patients with postvagotomy gastrostasis. The motor gastric
      activity was evaluated by clinical data and electrogastrography. It was
      established that the effect of sonic waves (frequency: 2.5 kHz, sound stream
      intensity 0.66 Wt/cm2 2 times daily per 10-15 min. for 3-10 days) favour rapid
      restoration of the motor activity of stomach and intestines and are a favourable
      background for the reduced probability of development of pulmonary and cardio
      vascular complications that facilitates the postoperative period in this category
      of patients.

PMID- 1801438
TI  - [The regulation of hydrolytic processes in the small and large intestines].
AB  - A study is presented of the effect of different modifiers (analogues of natural
      food) on the rate of starch hydrolysis in the small and large intestine. Revealed
      were different changes of the activity of amylase and glycyl-l-leucin-dipeptidase
      under the effect of B vitamins, Enzaprost F., cimetidine, obsidan, prednisolone,
      dopamine, ethaden, ethanol. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the
      reactions of changes of the enzymatic activity were of the same direction.

PMID- 1801439
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy of the demyelinating process in recurrent
      experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].
AB  - Using the scanning microscope the author showed on a model of recurrent allergic
      encephalomyelitis morphotopographic relationship of CNS tissues from viewpoint of
      dynamics of development of pathological disorders the possibility of primary
      location of the process at the level of hypothalamic structures leading to
      disorders of the higher regulating mechanisms of metabolism. Demyelinization of
      conducting system as a partial manifestation of the above pathology is realized
      via disturbance of the unity of the morphofunctional system: capillary-glia
      neuron.

PMID- 1801440
TI  - [The use of a method of mathematical analysis in studying the permeability of the
      hemato-encephalic barrier in bacterial meningoencephalitis].
AB  - The authors studied the blood-brain barrier permeability in 70 patients depending
      on the severity and terms of bacterial meningoencephalitis. It was shown that
      employment of the probability-statistical analysis of quantitative content of
      metal in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid allows to evaluate the working regimen
      of the blood-brain barrier from initial manifestations of functional
      insufficiency to failure of barrier compensation systems.

PMID- 1801441
TI  - [The effect of sermion on brain function in diabetics].
AB  - The vasoactive drug sermion was used for the treatment of patients suffering of
      diabetes mellitus with clinical manifestations of central neuropathy. A course of
      sermion treatment effected positively the clinical course of neuropathy also
      confirmed electroencephalographically and by the parameters of visual and
      somatosensory evoked potentials of the brain. Results indicate the possibility of
      using sermion in the treatment of brain affections in patients with diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 1801442
TI  - [Liver function in diabetics with secondary sulfanilamide resistance (based on
      the data from dynamic hepatobiliary scintigraphy)].
AB  - Dynamic hepato-bilio-scintigraphy was performed in 43 patients with diabetes
      mellitus. An analysis of results showed that characteristic of patients with
      diabetes mellitus is a reduction of the detoxicating and bile excretory function
      of the liver which was most pronounced in patients with insulin-dependent type in
      the condition of secondary sulfanylamide resistance. Typical of diabetes mellitus
      disorder of the gallbladder function was its hypotonia and dyskinesia.

PMID- 1801443
TI  - [Telethermography in the examination and treatment of patients with acute
      respiratory viral infections].
AB  - Results are reported of thermographic examination of 51 patients with acute
      respiratory viral infections. It was established that the patients showed an
      increase of the radiation temperature of the skin of the nose, floor of the
      auricle, in the projection of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and increased
      submaxillary lymphatic nodes independent of the etiological factor and disease
      severity grade. Hyperthermia of the nose on thermograms was more frequently
      observed in patients with rhinitis. Informative were differences in the
      temperatures between the external auditory meatus and the lobule of the ear which
      decrease in the acute period of the disease in accordance with its severity. In
      most convalescents normalization of the thermal picture of the face coincides by
      terms with clinical convalescence while hyperthermia of the neck is maintained
      for a longer time.

PMID- 1801444
TI  - [The significance of the count of small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood in
      the early diagnosis of mononucleosis and other viral diseases].

PMID- 1801445
TI  - [The use of lateral central electroanalgesia in patients with borderline mental
      disturbances].
AB  - Results are reported on the use of lateral central electroanalgesia (current
      frequency: 1500-2000 Hz) in 59 patients with borderline mental disorders
      characterized by frequent protracted attacks. It was found that maximum reduction
      of psychopathological symptoms was observed in patients with somatic and
      senestopathic hypochondriac subdepressions, hypoparanoid structures of
      hypervaluable level in the limits of small progredient schizophrenia and atypical
      cyclotomy.

PMID- 1801446
TI  - [Changes in the kallikrein-kinin system of patients with erythematous and
      hemorrhagic forms of erysipelas].
AB  - The state of the kallikrein-kinin system of the blood (KKS): kallikrein (KK),
      prekallikrein (PK), general arginine-esterase activity (GAEA), alpha 1 inhibitor
      of protease (IP) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (MG). The initial period of the
      disease was characterized by an increase of the level of KK, GAEA, IP and MG and
      a reduction of PK. It was established that the maximal activation of KKS develops
      in patients with the erythematous form of erysipelas during the first days of the
      disease, with the hemorrhagic form--on the 2 week. During convalescence KKS
      indices showed the reverse dynamics but did not reach normal levels in most
      patients. It is suggested that there is a relationship of the "rapid" form of KKS
      activation with formation of erythematous erysipelas, the "slow"--with
      hemorrhagic erysipelas. It is recommended to use the KKS indices, primarily KK
      activity for prediction of hemorrhagic erysipelas at the early prehemorrhagic
      stage.

PMID- 1801447
TI  - [The efficacy of rehabilitative treatment in patients with a history of
      myocardial infarct complicated by a heart aneurysm].
AB  - Two-year follow-up of 65 patients with myocardial infarction complicated by an
      aneurysm of the aorta using unifactorial mathematical analysis revealed signs
      allowing before returning of the patients for working activity to single out
      groups with a reduced working capacity lasting two years after myocardial
      infarction. The prognosis of reduction of the working capacity in patients with a
      history of myocardial infarction complicated by an aneurysm of heart depended on
      the presence of stenocardia before or after myocardial infarction and arterial
      hypertension. It was established that the initial values of threshold loads (at
      the level of 50 Wt) were important in determining the long-term working
      prognosis.

PMID- 1801448
TI  - [The effect of pelotherapy on the indices of T- and B-system immunity in patients
      with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - The state of the T- and B-systems of immunity were evaluated in 137 patients with
      infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis. Peloidin phonophoresis was used in group I;
      intramuscular injections of humisol were used in group II; subcutaneous
      injections of torfotum were used in group III. The control group did not receive
      mud preparations. It was established that peloidin, humisol and torfot produced a
      distinct increase of the cellular immunity indices. The effect of mud
      preparations on the humoral immunity is less significant and is confirmed only by
      a clear reduction of immunoglobulins G in groups I and II. The most rapid
      restoration of immunological indices was noted in case of peloidin phonophoresis.

PMID- 1801449
TI  - [Brief definitions of concepts in medical ethics. 17. Patients' rights].

PMID- 1801450
TI  - [The cancer patient in science and society].
AB  - The 2nd Dresden hematonocological meeting, organized by the Department of
      hematology and oncology of the Medical Academy "Carl Gustav Carus" and by the
      Tumorzentrum Dresden, focused ethical and anthropological topics. Death and
      dying, care and health prevention in modern oncology as well as the broad field
      of supportive care were discussed. The goal of the meeting was to find long time
      concepts of a patient oriented medical care in cancer patients. This will only be
      possible in interdisciplinary structures including philosophers, theologians,
      clinicians and general practitioners. The rapid progress of medical development
      in Eastern Germany must not forget this goal.

PMID- 1801451
TI  - [Quality of life: discourse and dialog].

PMID- 1801452
TI  - [Fantasies and parables as media in psychotherapy].
AB  - Over the last twenty-two years I have developed a new concept of psychotherapy
      and self-help (Positive Psychotherapy), which has been worked out from a
      transcultural point of view. I am interested in this transcultural aspect as a
      result of my own transcultural situation (Germany and Iran). Equally important is
      my interest in oriental stories as resources and communication aids, as
      instruments in my field of specialization, psychotherapy. An additional factor
      has been the connection between the wisdom and intuitive thoughts of the Orient
      and the new psychotherapeutic methods of the West. In my work I have tried to
      explain the universal significance of the transcultural aspect, to systematize
      the contents of the transcultural problems, and to show its significance for the
      development of conflicts. With this aspect in mind, I also had another aim,
      namely to develop a concept for conflict-centered therapy. Different
      psychotherapeutic methods can be integrated into this short-term therapy
      according to the indications.

PMID- 1801453
TI  - [Behavior therapy oriented group therapy for anxiety disorders in
      neurorehabilitation].
AB  - The following are the experiences we have made with a group therapeutical care of
      patients suffering from anxiety disorders during neurorehabilitation. After
      individual analysis of content and background of anxiety disorders the patient
      receives a coping in group therapy process focussing on the main issue of anxiety
      on psychic consequences, knowing the background of the manner of anxiety and
      origin and elaborating long time strategies to cope anxiety. Our two years
      experiences show, that especially group therapy leads to facilities and economy
      of the therapeutical process.

PMID- 1801454
TI  - [Illness, anxiety and the physician. An example from neurology and
      neurorehabilitation].
AB  - There are rationally treatable fears arising from the acute situation (especially
      in rehabilitation patients) as well as the irrational anxieties of the mainly
      endogenous depressive. In the condition which we have come to call "concomitant
      depression", especially in neuro-rehabilitation, we can find both types of fear
      and anxiety, often in the same patient with mutual overlapping. In dealing with
      the fears of the incurably ill patient it is essential to know the phase-related
      progression in order to give empathy and help in entering the further phases at
      the appropriate times. It is important to know the "typical anxieties of the
      elderly" and to take them into account in concomitant psychotherapy, whereby
      group therapy has proved to be especially useful. On the other hand, the
      anxieties of the doctors themselves have to be dealt with, which opens a wide
      field for psychodynamic supervision and the Balint-groups. Apart from
      psychodynamic components there should however be a distinctly defined teaching
      program for the health profession, as well. On the therapeutic sector, we have to
      mention the organismic therapies, which have a good anxiolytic quality (therapy
      by hypnoid states and/or relaxation). Anxiety is by no means the only known
      contra-productive psychodynamic factor, but it is a point of onset for a
      desirable integrative approach in medicine, as a counterbalance against present
      tendencies towards over-specialisation, which at time can be counter-productive
      and detrimental to the patient. To achieve this, psychotherapy has to leave its
      ivory tower in order to radiate into all medical disciplines. It is not our task
      to eradicate anxiety in its pathological overflow by therapy; but to recognize
      and acknowledge it as an existing human dimension, thereby preventing it from
      turning into counter-productive moxiousness. Essential in this process are self
      reflexion, empathy, training and systematic application of therapeutic techniques
      in efficient combination.

PMID- 1801456
TI  - [Effect of nutrition on the structural and functional organization of
      thrombocytes].
AB  - Measurements were made of the composition of fatty acids contained by platelet
      lipids in practically healthy persons depending on the diets. Both the amount of
      essential fatty acids in the diet and their appurtenance to the omega-6 or omega
      3 families were established to influence the composition of platelet fatty acids.
      The conclusion is drawn about the necessity of taking into consideration that
      diet influence while using platelet as a test system for estimating physiological
      and pathological conditions of the body.

PMID- 1801455
TI  - [Phospholipid thrombocyte activating factor, its analogs and antagonists:
      prospects of their use in medicine].
AB  - Experimental data on the biological activity of phospholipid platelet-activation
      factor (PAF), its structural analogs and antagonists are discussed. The prospects
      of the use of PAF and PAF antagonists in medicine are under consideration. The
      conclusion is drawn that PAF antagonists may serve the basis for the development
      of highly potent drugs of new generation.

PMID- 1801457
TI  - [Mathematical depiction of the kinetics of thrombocyte aggregation].
AB  - A study was made of a model of platelet aggregation in shear flow taking into
      account the kinetics of intercellular fibrinogen bond formation limited by the
      turning time of the doublet of collided platelets. The energy curve for two
      platelets was calculated. One fibrinogen bond was sufficient to form a doublet
      stable in the flow. The equation for the rate of single platelet disappearance
      with regard to the kinetics of intercellular fibrinogen bond formation, the
      stochastic character of bond distribution on the contacts of collided platelets,
      hydrodynamically controlled time of their interaction was derived. Approximation
      of the obtained dependencies for the platelet aggregation rate by Hill's equation
      was suggested and its parameters were determined. A qualitative criterion for
      kinetic behavior of the system of aggregating platelets was introduced.

PMID- 1801458
TI  - [Physiological variants of functional and biochemical indicators of
      thrombocytes].
AB  - The reported data of the latest 5-7 years point to a high reactivity of human and
      animal blood platelets depending on the physiological status (age, sex, season,
      time of the day, diet, physical and psychoemotional tension and so forth) and in
      disease (cardiovascular diseases, intoxication and others). In view of this fact
      platelets (in physiology and pathology) may serve as a highly sensitive and
      convenient test system not only for hemostatic blood potential estimation but
      also for the determination of physiological and pathological shifts in other
      systems of the body.

PMID- 1801459
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of monoamine oxidases of the brain and
      thrombocytes].

PMID- 1801460
TI  - [The locomotor-contractile system of thrombocytes--an optimal model for studying
      the physiological motor and contractile processes in the effector systems of the
      non-muscular cells].
AB  - The authors suggest a concept according to which the cytoskeleton and contractile
      proteins of platelets are the locomotor-contractile system playing a role of the
      effector apparatus of hemostatic function of these cells. Demonstrate the role of
      the contractile structures in leukocyte phagocytosis.

PMID- 1801461
TI  - [The role of thrombocytes in blood coagulation disorders in infectious
      pathology].
AB  - Platelets play the leading role in circulatory disorders seen in patients with
      infectious diseases. Endotoxinemia leads to platelet activation which shows up by
      the transformation of platelet forms from disk-shaped to spheroidal and by
      changes in aggregation and secretion. The degree of those changes correlates with
      the disease gravity. Experimental endotoxinemia (in vivo and in vitro
      experiments) demonstrated the same changes in the morphofunctional properties of
      platelets together with a possibility of correcting circulatory disorders by
      blockers of prostaglandin biosynthesis, such as indomethacin++, trental and
      emoxipine.

PMID- 1801462
TI  - [Status of the thrombocytic-vascular component of the hemostasis system in the
      population of the Far North].
AB  - As many as 141 residents of an urbanized region of the Far North (92 patients
      with coronary heart disease [CHD] and 49 normal persons) and 75 persons (57
      natives and 18 newcomers) living in one of rural settlements in the Far North
      were examined for the thrombocytic-vascular component of the hemostasis system
      measured by the levels of stable metabolites of prostacyclins and thromboxane A2.
      Some characteristics of the coagulation component of the hemostasis system were
      also analyzed. All the persons examined were males aged 40-59 years. The
      prostacyclin/thromboxane ratio in the normal northerners did not differ from that
      in residents of Siberia. The patients with CHD living in the Far North for a long
      time demonstrated a greater shift of homeostatic balance toward increase of blood
      proneness to intravascular platelet aggregation, which strongly increases a risk
      of thrombotic complications. The natives living in the rural region of the Far
      North manifested a high prostacyclin generative activity and hypocoagulation
      changes in the plasma component of the hemostatic system.

PMID- 1801463
TI  - [The role of adhesive proteins and membrane interactions in the processes of
      thrombocyte aggregation].
AB  - The reported data concerning the role of fibrinogen in platelet aggregation are
      reviewed and compared to the authors' experimental data obtained by electron
      microscopy and cytochemical techniques. Using fibrinogen and fibrinogen
      antibodies bound to colloidal gold, it has been shown that the presence of
      fibrinogen bridged between the adjoining cells is not necessary for primary
      platelet microaggregation stimulated by ADP or thrombin. The formation of direct
      interplatelet contacts resembling "pentalaminar membranes" has been shown to
      participate in that process. Some mechanisms are proposed to explain the enhanced
      adhesiveness of the activated platelet surfaces. Redistribution of phospholipids
      in the membrane bilayer leading to the exposure of negatively charged
      phospholipids may underlie that phenomenon. The clustering and internalization of
      "occupied" membrane receptors may also contribute to the formation of close
      contacts between platelets stimulated by primary agonists in the presence of
      exogenous fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins.

PMID- 1801464
TI  - [Kinetics of cellular response. Signal transduction in the second messenger
      system].
AB  - The author proposes a functional model of the cell as a set of the simplest
      functional blocks each of which consists of a cellular signal receptor, a system
      of signal transmission in the chain of secondary intermediaries and an element
      whose numerical value characterizes the cellular response. The steady-state
      approximation of the dependence of the cellular response on the concentration of
      an activator and inhibitors was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.
      Mathematic criteria for the existence were defined. Analysis was made of the
      properties of the maximal signal enhancement mode, of the signal enhancement lack
      mode, and of the intermediate and bifurcation modes. Equations were derived,
      connecting the experimentally observed parameters of the concentration
      dependencies with the parameters of the simplest functional blocks.

PMID- 1801465
TI  - [Functional state of thrombocytes in Yersinia infection].
AB  - As many as 94 patients with yersiniosis were examined for the morphofunctional
      status of platelets (aggregation, disaggregation, endo-exocytosis and platelet
      forms). The data indicate that platelet from patients with yersiniosis possess a
      high ability for aggregation and a low ability for disaggregation. According to
      the experimental and clinical data, emoxipine can restore disturbed function of
      human platelets.

PMID- 1801466
TI  - [Indicators of erythro- and immunopoiesis in the development of autoimmune
      disease induced by graft vs host reaction].
AB  - Erythropoiesis and immunity are evaluated in (C57BL/6xDBA/2) F1 mice with immune
      complex glomerulonephritis induced by GVHR as compared to the genetically
      determined models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Elevated content of serum
      blood antinuclear antibodies, polyclonal activation during early disease periods,
      immune complex deposition in kidney tissues indicate the presence of the
      autoimmune syndrome in (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1 mice, similar to that in mice with
      genetic lupus nephritis. The findings of a decrease of CFUs on days 5 and 8 at
      early times of disease, a reduction of hematocrit in combination with the
      enhancement of stem cell proliferation on the 6th-7th month of disease, an
      increase of the absolute leukocyte count and relative monocyte count in the
      peripheral blood of diseased mice may attest to the depression of stem cell
      differentiation in erythropoiesis and to the enhancement of stem cell
      differentiation in granulocyto-monocytopoiesis, that needs, however, further
      research and confirmation.

PMID- 1801468
TI  - [Functional properties of B-lymphocytes of patients with a B-cell variant of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic glomerulonephritis].
AB  - The common features of the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and
      chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) have been shown as a result of a comprehensive
      study of the functional properties of B cells. Both CLL and CGN are accompanied
      by the appearance and accumulation of different types of activated B cells
      characterized by high spontaneous proliferation and/or Ig secretion; or
      sensitivity to T cell growth and differentiation factors; or capacity for Ig
      secretion; in mitomycin C treated B cell cultures (i.e. without previous
      proliferation). The present data may be useful in the integral evaluation of B
      cell function in health and in immunopathologies (lymphoproliferative and
      autoimmune/immune complex diseases).

PMID- 1801467
TI  - [Evaluation of the activity of cytokine genes--a new diagnostic test in
      immunology].
AB  - The increased level of IL-1 mRNA was discovered in neutrophils of patients
      suffering from pollinosis for a long time and responding poorly to specific
      immunotherapy. Moreover, neutrophils from patients with exacerbation of
      pollinosis responded to stimuli less than cells from healthy donors. In
      remission, the activated neutrophils from pollinosis patients and healthy donors
      had the same levels of IL-1b mRNA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression was
      unchanged in neutrophils of pollinosis patients. Changes in the status of cells
      from patients were detected with a simple procedure of dot hybridization.
      Peripheral blood cells were used as available material. This allows one to hope
      that the approach can be used for analyzing the patients' immune status in
      choosing the treatment course as well as for controlling the treatment effect.

PMID- 1801469
TI  - [Mechanisms of regulation of immunoglobulin E synthesis].
AB  - The recent data on the mechanisms of the regulation of IgE synthesis in man and
      homocytotropic IgE-Ab in animals are reviewed. The role of cellular and humoral
      antigen-specific and nonspecific factors in their synthesis, the significance of
      different immunomodulating factors (x-ray exposure, injection of
      immunomodulators, changes in erythropoiesis and so forth) in the synthesis of IgE
      Ab are analyzed.

PMID- 1801470
TI  - [Causes of development and the role of immunodeficiency in trauma].
AB  - The authors provide evidence for a concept of pathogenetic heterogeneity of
      posttraumatic immunodeficiency, analyze the causes and mechanisms underlying the
      development of cellular, combined or humoral immunodeficiency having different
      (sano-, genetic or pathogenetic) influence) in trauma. Cellular immunodeficiency
      marked by suppression of cellular effector functions is considered as a
      sanogenetic factor stimulating reparation processes and protecting from infection
      via humoral immunity activation. Combined immunodeficiency with suppressed
      humoral and cellular effector functions forms a pathogenetic basis for infectious
      complications of trauma. Humoral immunodeficiency marked by suppression of
      humoral effector functions and activation of cellular effector functions
      underlies inhibition of reparation processes and autodermograft lysis after
      autoplasty.

PMID- 1801471
TI  - [Erythroid immunosuppressor cells (Er suppressors) and their role in the
      regulation of immunity].
AB  - It is a review of works concerning the new mechanism of immunoregulation by
      immature erythroid cells (Er-suppressors). Er-suppressors producing humoral
      activity were shown to be capable of inhibiting B cell proliferation, production
      of immunoglobulins and humoral immune response both in mice and man. By certain
      characteristics Er-suppressors seem to be an logous to natural suppressors
      described by many authors. It is common knowledge that natural suppressors play a
      substantial role in the regulation of early stages of lymphocytopoiesis.
      Erythropoiesis disturbances may lead to the appearance at the periphery of
      immature precursors from bone marrow and to the suppression of B cell
      proliferation in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Detection of Er
      suppressors in the patients' peripheral blood by immunofluorescence with
      monoclonal antibodies allows one to study their role in autoimmune and
      lymphoproliferative diseases and secondary immune deficiencies and to elaborate
      new methods of the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

PMID- 1801473
TI  - [Dependability of the immune system and the problem of secondary immunologic
      deficiency].
AB  - Based on the own materials and reported data the author defines the reliability
      of the immune system, regards possible mechanisms that ensure the reliability.
      Acquired immunodeficiency is viewed as the result of a decrease of the
      reliability of the immune system. The author defines the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, bases the clinical and laboratory criteria for
      diagnosing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Describes the principles of
      the treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 1801472
TI  - [Immunosuppressor activity of B-cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia. Their possible role in the pathogenesis of the disease].
AB  - The data presented indicate that B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia (CLL) may produce suppressive factors capable of inhibiting T and B cell
      proliferation and Ig secretion. Two factors with the molecular weight 65-75 KDa
      (SBF1) and 15-25 KDa (SBF2) have been characterized. SBFs are primarily produced
      by B cells with a low flow density. There is a reverse dependence between the
      capacity of leukemic B cells for spontaneous Ig secretion and their ability for
      the production of suppressive factors. The autocrine and paracrine pathways of B
      cell regulation in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are
      discussed.

PMID- 1801474
TI  - [Interactions of circadian biorhythms of the immune and endocrine systems in
      mice].
AB  - The original and reported data on circadian biorhythms of the immune and
      endocrine systems are summarized. A hypothetic scheme of the circadian
      organization of lymphocyte redistribution, proliferation and metabolism in mice
      is provided, interactions of circadian biorhythms and circadian fluctuations of
      functional activity of the immune system are demonstrated. It has been shown that
      circadian rhythms of the immunologic parameters are dependent on the regulative
      influence of hypophyseal hormones, glucocorticoids, and thymic endocrine factors.
      Interactions of the immune and endocrine systems in different phases of the
      circadian cycle have been specified.

PMID- 1801475
TI  - [Immunologic correction in the treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis of
      long tubular bones in children].
AB  - Children suffering from chronic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones were compared
      for the action of the immunomodulating drug tactivin injected subcutaneously and
      endolymphatically. The study was carried out in 57 patients staying in hospital.
      The patients were distributed into the following groups: 18 patients entered a
      group where tactivin was injected subcutaneously, 9 patients made up a group
      where the drug was administered endolymphatically, and a reference group included
      30 patients treated by conventional methods. On admission the patients
      demonstrated secondary immunodeficiency characterized by the lowering of the
      absolute and relative T lymphocyte count, a decrease of functional activity in
      blast transformation of lymphocytes, and dysimmunoglobulinemia. The use of
      immunomodulation with tactivin whatever the route of administration promoted a
      more uneventful course of the postoperative period, a decrease of suppurations of
      the postoperative wounds, reduction of the patient's hospital stay, a decrease in
      the dose of antibacterial drugs required for continuous treatment, and
      enhancement of the efficacy of antibacterial therapy. The use of tactivin
      endolymphatically brings about rapid normalization of the count of T, T active
      and B lymphocytes, an increase of the indicated parameters to the lower limit of
      normal on subcutaneous injection. As for the reference group, these parameters
      continue a progressive lowering.

PMID- 1801476
TI  - [Human heredity in the XXI century].

PMID- 1801477
TI  - [Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity and the functions of
      immunologically competent cells].
AB  - The authors summarize the data on the interrelationship between cytochrome P450
      dependent monooxygenase system activity in immunocompetent cells and their
      functional properties, provide the results of experimental research showing an
      important role this enzyme system plays in macrophages and lymphocytes and the
      influence of immunoactive substances on their activity. The data amassed support
      the immunomodulating effects of cytochrome P450 inducing substances. In a
      majority of cases their action manifests itself in the suppression of different
      functions of immunocompetent cells. The role of Ah-receptor and other biochemical
      mechanisms in the development of those effects is discussed. Emphasis is laid on
      the fact that the high sensitivity of the immune system to the action of
      xenobiotics and the diversity of their influences on immune responses depend to a
      large measure on the activity of the enzyme systems metabolizing antibiotics.

PMID- 1801478
TI  - [The glycolipids of the causative agent of tularemia].
AB  - Up to 10 glycolipids were detected in F. tularensis with the use of thin-layer
      chromatographic techniques. These glycolipids were slime antigens of F.
      tularensis membrane. Attenuated F. tularensis strains were found to have defects
      in their glycolipid composition: in the vaccine strain glycolipid 8 was replaced
      by more polar lipid 8-a; the avirulent strain had only two glycolipids, and one
      of them was not typical for virulent strains. Considering that glycolipids
      differed from entero-bacterial Vi-antigen in their physical-chemical and
      biological properties, the suggestion was made that the use of the symbol "Vi" to
      denote the surface substances of F. tularensis should be abolished.

PMID- 1801479
TI  - [The intestinal microflora and acid-forming function of the stomach in peptic
      ulcer patients with Helicobacter pylori bacteriosis].
AB  - Seventeen duodenal ulcer patients were examined. H. pylori were detected in all
      the patients by histological and bacteriological methods. Changes in the enteric
      microflora, manifested by a decrease in the number of lacto- and bifidobacteria
      and by an increased level of opportunistic microflora, were established.
      Cimetidine treatment and the suppression of the acid-producing function of the
      stomach augmented enteric dysbacteriosis and H. pylori contamination of the
      gastric and duodenal mucosa.

PMID- 1801480
TI  - [Microbial colonization and succession on the faucial mucosa in newborn infants
      rooming in with their mothers in a maternity hospital].
AB  - The formation of microflora on the laryngeal mucosa in newborn infants during the
      first 5 days of their life was studied in one of the maternity hospitals of
      Moscow. In this work modern methods of the isolation and identification of
      aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were used, and the results thus obtained
      were computer-processed. In the maternity hospital of the "mother-child" type the
      microbial colonization of the laryngeal mucosa by normal and opportunistic
      microorganisms was noted in newborn infants. A wave-like course of the formation
      of laryngeal microflora, indicative of microbial succession occurring in the
      child, was revealed. The attempt to establish the cases of microbial interference
      between the species colonizing the laryngeal mucosa revealed that it was very
      rarely observed in 5-day-old newborns. This feature was seemingly the cause of
      low resistance of the larynx to colonization in newborn infants, which determined
      frequent colonization of their laryngeal mucosa with Staphylococcus aureus and
      Klebsiella.

PMID- 1801481
TI  - [The characteristics of the contact of proteolytic strains of Proteus mirabilis
      and Klebsiella pneumoniae with enterocytes in vivo].
AB  - The relationships of opportunistic P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, both having
      proteolytic properties, with enteric cells in white mice have been studied on a
      ligated intestinal loop, used as an experimental model, by electron microscopy.
      This investigation has shown that the strains under study are capable of damaging
      the membrane of the jagged edge of enteric cells at the distance of the spread of
      proteolytic metabolites. This damage is reversible, presenting as compensatory
      protective reaction of the cells.

PMID- 1801482
TI  - [The role of the plague-control service in preventing and eliminating the
      epidemic manifestations of the most dangerous infectious diseases in the USSR].

PMID- 1801483
TI  - [The epidemiological patterns of pseudotuberculosis in Khabarovsk Territory].
AB  - Materials on the epidemiological characterization of pseudotuberculosis at the
      Khabarovsk Territory taken as a whole and in individual settlements, as well as
      on the evaluation of epizootic situation in natural foci of infection and foci
      created by human activities, are presented. The results of laboratory studies of
      vegetables, washings from environmental objects, soil specimens, material taken
      from rodents are demonstrated and the characterization of the virulent properties
      of isolated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains is given. Two periods (1976-1982
      and 1983-1989) were distinguished by their main epidemiological features. The
      most important feature of the second period is the shift of the seasonal
      morbidity rise to the middle of summer, which is explained by activation of the
      mechanism of transmission of this infection due to the supply of early vegetables
      infected in local vegetable stores. An essential role of wild and synanthropic
      Muridae as the reservoir of infection is shown; these rodents and the soil
      maintain the circulation of the infective agent accumulating in the most
      favorable habitat, vegetable stores. The regularities established in this work
      contribute to the improvement of epidemiological surveillance.

PMID- 1801484
TI  - [The immune status of the population of the Crimea to the tick-borne encephalitis
      virus].
AB  - The immune status of the Crimean population with respect to tick-borne
      encephalitis (TBE) virus has been studied. The results of the study confirm the
      existence of natural foci of TBE in the Crimea. The most active and potentially
      dangerous foci are located in forests of the mountain area of the peninsula. The
      study has revealed that humans are mainly exposed to the risk of contacting TBE
      virus infection during their work and rest in the forest.

PMID- 1801485
TI  - [The immunogenicity of mono- and associated vaccines made from strains of
      opportunistic bacteria].
AB  - In experiments on white mice the immunogenic potency of two variants of combined
      vaccines prepared from strains of opportunistic bacteria was compared with that
      of monovaccines used as the components of the combined vaccines. All the vaccines
      under study were found highly immunogenic. Decrease of monovaccine share in the
      combined vaccine did not reduce the immunogenic potency to any of the strains. An
      8- to 16-fold increase in the level of specific antibodies in the colostric
      lactosera of cows immunized with combined vaccines was observed, and the survival
      rate of newborn calves increased 3- to 4-fold.

PMID- 1801486
TI  - [The heterogeneity of the alveolar macrophages of guinea pigs immunized
      subcutaneously with a vaccinal strain of Yersinia pestis].
AB  - The study of alveolar macrophages obtained from guinea pigs at different periods
      after the subcutaneous immunization with Y. pestis vaccine strain has revealed
      the heterogeneity of these macrophages in their bactericidal activity with
      respect to Y. pestis and in their resistance to the cytopathic action of this
      microorganism, as well as in the content of lysosomes and in the expression of
      receptors on the cell surface. The study has shown that subcutaneous immunization
      does not lead to the redistribution of subpopulations and to changes in their
      digestive activity.

PMID- 1801487
TI  - [The localization and distribution of the antigen of the fixed rabies virus in
      the central nervous system of animals studied by the fluorescent antibody
      method].
AB  - The immunofluorescent study of cryostatic sections of the main structures of the
      brain of animals infected with fixed rabies virus, strain CVS, was carried out by
      the direct modification of the fluorescent antibody method. Definite regularities
      in the distribution of rabies virus antigen after the intracerebral distribution
      of rabies virus were established. The antigen could be detected mainly in neurons
      of the cortex, the hippocampus major, subcortical formations and was absent in
      the truncal formations of the brain and the cerebellum. After the peripheral
      inoculation of the virus the maximum accumulation of the antigen was noted in the
      truncal and cerebellar structures, less antigen could be detected in subcortical
      and other formations of the brain. These features should be taken into account in
      the laboratory rapid diagnosis of rabies. The advantages of the method of
      cryostatic tissue sections over traditional imprints on glass slides give ground
      to recommend the method of cryostatic sections for the rapid diagnosis of rabies.

PMID- 1801488
TI  - [The use of immunoenzyme analysis in the laboratory diagnosis of plague].
AB  - The possibility of using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the early diagnosis of
      pneumonic plague was studied in experiments on monkeys. EIA was shown to be more
      effective than the passive hemagglutination test. The diagnostic value of blood
      serum samples was found to be higher than that of nasopharyngeal mucus samples
      taken from the sick animals. The conclusion on the suitability of EIA for the
      early laboratory diagnosis of this disease was made.

PMID- 1801489
TI  - [The effect of immunotherapy with cell-free vaccines made from the antigens of
      opportunistic microorganisms on the dynamics of DNA antibody formation].
AB  - The sera of patients subjected to immunotherapy with staphylococcal vaccine and
      with multicomponent vaccine (i.e. the mixture of the antigenic preparations of
      Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli)
      were studied by the method of the enzyme immunoassay on the basis of cattle
      spleen DNA. Immunotherapy with staphylococcal vaccine was given to patients with
      dermal diseases, chronic obstructive bronchitis and pulmonary abscess.
      Multicomponent vaccine was introduced to patients with the infectious allergic
      form of bronchial asthma, moderate or severe. Immunotherapy with both
      preparations under study was shown to produce no accumulation of antibodies to
      native and denatured DNA.

PMID- 1801491
TI  - [The adhesive properties of bacteria of intestinal origin].
AB  - Differences between strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia and lactobacilli, as
      well as some pathogenic bacteria of enteric origin (Escherichia, Shigella,
      Campylobacter), in their capacity to adhesion to rat enteric and colonic cells
      have been shown in vitro. The strains under study have been found to possess more
      pronounced adhesiveness with respect to colonic cells, which is indicative of
      their higher receptive capacity in comparison with enteric cells. In the absence
      of normal microflora lactobacilli and Escherichia exhibit increased adhesiveness
      with respect to enteric cells. Escherichia enterotoxigenic strains, Yersinia
      enterocolitica and Salmonella typhimurium virulent strains, Campylobacter jejuni
      clinical isolates possess more pronounced capacity for adhesion to enteric cells
      of Peyer's plaques than to other types of epithelial cells, which may be of
      importance in the pathogenesis of these infections.

PMID- 1801490
TI  - [An immunoenzyme test system for the detection of antibodies to Campylobacter].
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of antibodies to bacteria of the
      genus Campylobacter in human blood serum has been developed. The system is based
      on the use of ethanol-treated C. jejuni and C. coli whole cells as antigen. The
      study of sera obtained from healthy donors in this assay has made it possible to
      establish the value of the tentative diagnostic titer: 320.

PMID- 1801492
TI  - [The effect of vaccination on local immunity indices; the determination of
      antimeningococcal antibodies in saliva].
AB  - Local immunity characteristics were studied in 130 young males; of these, 80 had
      been immunized with group A meningococcal vaccine. In nonstimulated saliva,
      collected prior to vaccination, then on days 7, 14 and 30 after vaccination, the
      levels of IgA antibodies to group A meningococcal group-specific polysaccharide
      (PS-A) were determined in the enzyme immunoassay, and secretory IgA and IgA, IgG,
      IgM were determined by Mancini's method. The study revealed that after the
      parenteral administration of group A meningococcal vaccine an increase in the
      concentrations of SIgA and IgA antibodies to PS-A occurred. The manifestation of
      changes in local immunity characteristics in response to meningococcal vaccine
      depended on the initial level of IgA antibodies to PS-A.

PMID- 1801493
TI  - [The dynamics of the humoral immune response to mycobacterial antigens in mice].
AB  - The main regularities of humoral immune response to mycobacterial antigens have
      been studied in experiments on BALB/c mice immunized with live and
      thermoinactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis. As shown in this study,
      the maximum level of serum antibodies to mycobacterial antigen is achieved in two
      weeks after immunization irrespective of the dose and viability or mycobacteria,
      then follows a decrease in the antibody level. The absence of uniformity in the
      dependence of primary immune response and the formation of immunological memory
      on the dose and viability of mycobacteria has been demonstrated.

PMID- 1801494
TI  - [Natural resistance factors in brucellosis].
AB  - A higher level of the opsono-cytophagous capacity of the blood and the
      quantitative content of lysosomal cationic proteins in polymorphonuclear
      neutrophils in the blood of Fischer rats in comparison with the corresponding
      characteristics in normal guinea pigs has proved to be conductive to more active
      elimination of the infective agent from the body of the animals after their
      infection with brucellosis. The indices characterizing the activity and intensity
      of the phagocytosis of brucellae by polymorphonuclear neutrophils of the blood in
      combination with the determination of the amount of cationic proteins in these
      cells permit the objective characterization of the level of nonspecific
      resistance to brucellosis.

PMID- 1801495
TI  - [Parasitic diseases: the problems new and old].

PMID- 1801496
TI  - [The epidemiology of HIV infection].

PMID- 1801497
TI  - [The genetic control of the virulence factors in Bacillus anthracis].

PMID- 1801498
TI  - [The translocation of the intestinal microflora and its mechanisms].

PMID- 1801499
TI  - [K. N. Tokarevich and the study of leptospiral infection in the USSR (on the 90th
      anniversary of his birth and the achievements of his creative work)].

PMID- 1801500
TI  - Epidemiologic aspects of exogenous progestagens in relation to their role in
      pathogenesis of human breast cancer.
AB  - This review focuses on epidemiologic studies of the relationship between breast
      cancer risk and exogenous progestagens, as present in oral contraceptives,
      injectable contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Subsequently, it will
      be discussed whether the present findings are consistent with one of the
      hypotheses that have been postulated for the role of hormones in breast cancer
      pathogenesis. The relationship between oral contraceptives and breast cancer is
      still controversial. Several studies have found that prolonged oral
      contraceptives use at young ages is associated with increased risk to develop
      breast cancer at an early age, i.e. before age 35. None of these studies,
      however, has been able to attribute the increased risk to specific formulations
      of oral contraceptives, or to the progestagen content of the preparations. This
      may be largely due to the fact that there is no good method to calculate
      progestagen potencies of different formulations. There are no reliable data
      regarding the effect of progestagen-only oral contraceptives on breast cancer
      risk. Studies conducted so far included only few women who used these
      preparations exclusively and for an extended period. Use of injectable
      contraceptives, mainly depot-medroxy-progesterone acetate, may slightly increase
      breast cancer, but current findings are inconclusive. There is suggestive
      evidence that the addition of progestagens to estrogen replacement therapy may
      increase breast cancer risk over that associated with exposure to estrogens
      alone. However, the data are not sufficient to warrant any recommendation about
      changes in clinical practice, and more studies of estrogen-progestagen
      replacement therapy are needed to settle this issue. It is argued that the
      "unopposed estrogen" hypothesis for breast cancer is not consistent with the
      known effects of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. The
      "estrogen plus progestagen" hypothesis seems to be more consistent with current
      epidemiologic findings. This hypothesis predicts that prolonged exposure to
      estrogens alone carries a slightly increased breast cancer risk, whereas the
      combination of estrogens and progestagens increases the risk much more. Future
      studies will show whether the "estrogen plus progestagen" hypothesis can indeed
      explain the effects of oral contraceptives and estrogen-progestagen replacement
      therapy on breast cancer risk.

PMID- 1801501
TI  - Steroid receptors in mammary tumours of the cat.
AB  - The capacity of steroidal regulatory influence on benign and malignant mammary
      tissue in cats was investigated. Estrogen, progestin, and (in some cats) androgen
      receptor levels in the cytosol were measured by a multiconcentration dextran
      coated charcoal method in non-affected mammary tissue (NAMT) and in benign and
      malignant mammary lesions from 34 cats. Receptor levels less than 5 fmol/mg
      protein were considered negative. Since 3 out of 4 NAMT samples had low-positive
      estrogen receptor and progestin receptor levels, we considered specimens in which
      tumour cells were intermeshed with NAMT separate from "pure" tumour specimens.
      The variation in estrogen receptor expression between the different tissues was
      moderate, there being 9/17 malignant lesions (without NAMT) estrogen receptor+ as
      compared with 6/6 benign lesions (without NAMT) (p less than 0.05). The variation
      in progestin receptor expression was greater (p less than 0.02), with only 5/17
      malignant lesions-(without NAMT) progestin receptor+ as compared with 6/6 benign
      lesions (without NAMT). The difference in progestin receptor levels between these
      2 groups was also statistically significant. In 5 cats metastases were also
      assayed and 2 had a low-positive estrogen receptor level, whereas 1 had a low
      positive progestin receptor level. Two of 9 malignant lesions (without NAMT) had
      positive androgen receptor levels. Comparison of the steroid receptor expression
      of human and feline mammary cancer indicates that estrogen receptor and progestin
      receptor levels are lower in the latter. This may indicate that loss of steroid
      hormone dependency occurs at an earlier stage of the disease in feline mammary
      cancer than in human breast cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801502
TI  - Sex steroids and growth factors in mammary cancer.
AB  - We have studied the effect of mitogens on the proliferation of the human breast
      cancer cell line MCF7 under growth factor-defined culture conditions. Under these
      conditions MCF7 cells showed the strict hormone dependence that has been
      established in vivo (in nude mice). E2, insulin or insulin-like growth factors
      were found to be essential mitogens for these cells. E2 synergistically
      stimulated proliferation in combination with suboptimal doses of these growth
      factors. This latter combination of mitogens could be important for in vivo
      growth regulation of hormone-dependent breast tumours. Synthetic progestins used
      in oral contraceptives slightly inhibited proliferation induced by estrogen
      alone. On the other hand, in combination with low concentrations of insulin these
      progestins synergistically stimulated proliferation, but only at pharmacological
      concentrations. This effect seems to be due to cross-reactivity of these
      compounds or their metabolites with the estrogen receptor. The effects of the
      progestins on the MCF7 cell line indicate that the use of these compounds at high
      concentrations may be unfavourable, but do not support a role for them in
      stimulating breast tumour proliferation at the low plasma concentrations that are
      reached in oral contraceptive users.

PMID- 1801504
TI  - Plasticity and function of brain corticosteroid receptors during aging.
AB  - The actions of adrenal corticosteroids on the brain are critical for the
      maintenance of homeostasis. These actions are mediated by two receptors:
      mineralocorticoid (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), which are co
      localized in hippocampal neurons. Our research has shown that MR- and GR-mediated
      effects restore disturbances in homeostasis, but they do so via an opposite mode
      of action. The MR-mediated effect increases cellular responsiveness to excitatory
      stimuli, controls the sensitivity of the stress response system and affects
      behavioural strategies. GR activation suppresses excitability raised by
      excitatory stimuli, controls feedback action and promotes information storage.
      These observations have led to the concept that a change in balance of
      hippocampal MRs and GRs affects the set point of homeostatic control, which may
      change the susceptibility to stress. Aging is defined as a period with decreased
      ability to maintain homeostasis, increased lability of the hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal (HPA) axis following stress, and impaired behavioural adaptation. The
      present contribution examines age-induced changes in HPA activity in the rat in
      the context of hippocampal MRs and GRs, and structural features of the
      hippocampal neurons. The new data demonstrate that depending on the individual
      animal and the rat strain; 1. The level of ACTH, or corticosterone, or both is
      increased; 2. Binding capacity of MR is decreased, but that of GR is unchanged,
      decreased or resistant to down-regulation; the decrease in MRs is consistent with
      increased stress responsiveness of the HPA axis, and 3. The hippocampal structure
      shows regional differences in cellular degeneration during over- and
      underexposure to corticosteroids and stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801503
TI  - The glucocorticoid hypothesis of brain aging and neurodegeneration: recent
      modifications.

PMID- 1801505
TI  - Aging and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, with special reference
      to the dog.
AB  - Aging affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system in various
      ways. It affects the receptors for glucocorticosteroids in the limbic system, the
      hypothalamus and the pituitary; the basal and stress-induced secretion of
      proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and glucocorticoids; and the neuronal
      integrity, especially in the hippocampus. The homeostatic actions of
      glucocorticoids occur through the glucocorticoid and the mineralocorticoid
      receptors. It has been hypothesized that the balance between these two receptors,
      which are co-localized in the hippocampus, determines the basal HPA activity and
      the magnitude of the response to challenges. Feedback actions of glucocorticoids
      are mediated via glucocorticoid receptors in the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
      In aged rats many changes in the binding capacity of the mineralocorticoid
      receptor and glucocorticoid receptor and in the regulation of the HPA activity
      have been reported, but the findings often seem contradictory. The only
      consistent finding has been that the binding capacity of mineralocorticoid
      receptor in the hippocampus is reduced. The number of glucocorticoid receptors
      may be increased, reduced or unchanged in senescent rats. In old dogs the
      receptor changes were largely confined to mineralocorticoid receptor, there being
      a 60% reduction in the binding capacity in the limbic system, but glucocorticoid
      receptor was unchanged in all brain regions. Senescent dogs also had an increased
      basal secretion of ACTH, and of cortisol. The old dogs had exaggerated responses
      to stress and to administered corticotropin-releasing hormone, but the
      termination of the response by the feedback mechanism was unchanged.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801506
TI  - The gene encoding proopiomelanocortin in the dog.
AB  - The regulation of the synthesis of ACTH in the dog is of interest for studies of
      the physiology of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis as well as for studies of the
      pathogenesis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Despite this broad
      interest the nucleotide sequence encoding ACTH and its precursor
      proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is not known, nor is it clear whether there are
      differences in POMC mRNA from the anterior lobe or the intermediate lobe of the
      normal pituitary or from pituitary tumours causing ACTH excess. Following the
      preparation of a cDNA library from the canine intermediate lobe of the pituitary
      gland, the part of the mRNA that is translated into the proopiomelanocortin
      prohormone was amplified using a polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis
      revealed the highest homology with the porcine mRNA sequence. Translation in a
      single reading frame revealed highly homologous areas in the amino-terminal,
      carboxy-terminal, and ACTH part of the prohormone, whereas a high diversity was
      noticed at the sequence preceding ACTH and the beginning of beta-lipotropin.
      Northern blot analysis disclosed the presence of a POMC mRNA of approximately
      1300 nucleotides. There were no size differences between the anterior lobe,
      intermediate lobe, and pituitary tumour derived POMC mRNA. The highest expression
      levels of POMC mRNA as related to the expression of the gene encoding
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were found in the intermediate lobe of
      the canine pituitary gland. It is concluded that excessive production of ACTH by
      pituitary tumours is not caused by relatively high expression levels or
      alterations in the size of mRNA.

PMID- 1801507
TI  - Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines.
AB  - Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is among the endocrine
      changes that occur during the acute-phase response to infection or inflammation.
      These responses have been ascribed to the release of endogenous cytokines. In the
      present paper a number of studies on effects of interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin
      2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor on the hypothalamus
      pituitary-adrenal axis are discussed. In addition some recent data from our
      laboratory on acute and chronic administration of cytokines are presented. Our
      data show that continuous infusion of rats with IL-1 elicits a long-term
      activation of adrenal corticosterone (B) production, suggesting that this peptide
      is a mediator of the effect of infection or inflammation on the activity of the
      hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Although there is still controversy
      concerning the site of action of cytokines on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
      axis, there is consensus that acutely administered IL-1 increases plasma ACTH and
      corticosterone levels through activation of hypothalamic CRH neurons. On the
      other hand, it is possible that during prolonged treatment IL-1 activates the
      hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis via a rapid effect on hypothalamic CRH
      neurons and via a delayed effect which results from a direct stimulation of
      pituitary and/or adrenal cells.

PMID- 1801508
TI  - Morphological, immunohistochemical and functional homologies between pituitary
      folliculo-stellate cells and lymphoid dendritic cells.
AB  - Lymphoid dendritic cells and pituitary folliculo-stellate cells have many
      morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics in common. They both have a
      stellate morphology, they are specifically detected by the presence of MHC class
      II determinants as well as the Ca(2+)-binding protein S100, they also produce the
      cytokine interleukin 6. A panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against murine
      and rat macrophages and/or dendritic cells was used to study the presence of
      dendritic and folliculo-stellate cells in the mouse and rat anterior pituitary.
      In the mouse pituitary stellate cells are detected with a monoclonal antibody
      against the dendritic cell aminopeptidase, but these cells display no S100
      protein immunoreactivity. In the rat pituitary there were many S100 protein
      positive folliculo-stellate cells as well as a few macrophage-like cells, whereas
      stellate cells that express MHC class II markers were found in both mouse and rat
      anterior pituitaries. The present data suggest of a homology between lymphoid
      dendritic cells and pituitary folliculo-stellate cells, or at least a subgroup of
      the latter cells.

PMID- 1801509
TI  - Role of hypothalamic catecholamines in aging processes.
AB  - Defects that develop in the hypothalamic area of the brain are believed to
      initiate many declines in body functions in aging rats and mice. The decreases
      found in hypothalamic norepinephrine and dopamine are particularly important
      since they lead to reduced gonadotropic hormone secretin and cessation of estrous
      cycles in female rats and a decrease in testosterone secretion in male rats,
      lower GH and somatomedin (IGF-I) secretion and reduced protein synthesis,
      diminished thyroid hormone secretion and lower body metabolism, higher PRL
      secretion and development of numerous mammary and pituitary tumours, and reduced
      immune competence. The reduction in hypothalamic norepinephrine and dopamine
      activity is believed to be due to damage and loss of neurons owing to toxic
      products formed during metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine; to the damaging
      effects to neurons produced by the chronic action of estrogen, PRL, and
      indirectly by adrenal glucocorticoids; and to changes in enzymes responsible for
      synthesis and metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine. When old rats are given
      drugs that elevate norepinephrine and dopamine, most of the above and other
      decrements of aging are delayed or reversed, and length of lifespan may be
      prolonged. Decreases in hypothalamic norepinephrine and dopamine have also been
      reported in elderly human subjects, but it is unknown whether these are related
      to declines in body functions.

PMID- 1801510
TI  - [How thick is the glycocalyx of human erythrocytes?].
AB  - The aim of the experiment was to determine the thickness of the glycocalyx of
      human erythrocytes of the blood group A. For that purpose, the distance between
      the electron dense contrasted lipid layer of the plasmalemma and gold sol
      particles loaded with Helix pomatia lectin was determined. The mean thickness of
      the glycocalyx under this conditions was 5.9 nm.

PMID- 1801511
TI  - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by the
      organophosphorus insecticide methylparathion in the central nervous system of the
      golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
AB  - The toxic effects of the organophosphorus pesticide methylparathion are primarily
      caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the central nervous
      system, whereas the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase and poisoning
      symptoms is unclear. The presumed different effects of methylparathion on
      acetylcholinesterase in various regions of brain and spinal cord suggest
      differences in the distribution of molecular enzyme forms. In the present work,
      the in vitro and in vivo effects of methylparathion on acetylcholinesterase and
      butyrylcholinesterase were studied in whole brain homogenates of golden hamsters
      with biochemical methods. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase activity was
      determined in regions of the nervous system by quantitative histochemistry
      (microdensitometry). Biochemically, very low IC50 values of the hydrophilic and
      lipophilic fractions of both enzymes were measured. Analysis of the time course
      of enzyme inhibition revealed maximum inhibition 45 min after methylparathion
      application. Using microdensitometry different degrees of acetylcholinesterase
      inhibition were found in various areas of the brain. The highest inactivation was
      observed in the Substantia nigra and in thalamic nuclei; in several regions of
      the cerebellum, the inhibition rate was comparatively lower. In conclusion,
      methylparathion acts as an potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and
      butyrylcholinesterase in the hamster nervous system. The region-specific
      different inactivation of acetylcholinesterase might be caused by the existence
      of multiple forms of the enzyme in various brain regions.

PMID- 1801512
TI  - Electron-spectroscopic imaging--a method for analysing the distribution of light
      elements in mammalian cells and tissues.
AB  - Electron-spectroscopic imaging (ESI) represents a method which is based on
      electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and renders possible to image the
      spatial distribution of light and medium-weight elements, i.e. especially of
      biologically relevant elements. In the present study, the validity of the method
      for biological problems was investigated by analysing the time-dependent,
      subcellular distribution of titanium following treatment with the cytostatically
      active compound titanocene dichloride in the liver, which is known to be the
      organ where titanium mainly accumulates following therapy with titanocene
      dichloride, and in 3 xenografted human tumours which are known to be sensitive to
      the antitumour action of titanocene dichloride. In all cases, it was shown that
      titanium primarily accumulates in the nuclei of hepatocytes and tumour cells and
      that it is thereafter incorporated into cytoplasmic lysosomes. Interestingly,
      phosphorus is always enriched together with titanium. These results give
      remarkable hints to the cellular mode of action of titanocene dichloride and,
      moreover, qualify the ESI technique to be a valuable method for investigating the
      subcellular distribution of endogenously present or exogenously light and medium
      weight element.

PMID- 1801513
TI  - [Histochemical study of carbohydrate metabolism in fetal membranes].
AB  - By means of histochemical methods, we investigated the location of carbohydrates
      and the carbohydrate metabolism in the fetal membranes. It was shown that the
      often extremely intense vacuolisation of the trophoblast cells is based on the
      excessive accumulation of glycogen. Perhaps the reason, that glycogen could not
      be shown up to now, is that it lies in an undetectable state. From our enzyme
      histochemical results, we conclude that out of glycogen, lipids, phospholipids,
      also mucopolysaccharides and collagen for the extracellular matrix are
      synthetized. Furthermore we assumed, that glycogen is partly depolymerized and
      transported towards the amniotic epithelial with a liquid flow. After uptake by
      the fibroblasts, it is used for the further production of extracellular matrix.
      The carbohydrate component of glycoproteins and proteoglycans were classified by
      the use of lectin-binding-studies. The amniotic epithelial cell does not only
      release glycoproteins and proteoglycans on the apical cell surface but also into
      the intercellular space. These substances are probably related to the
      intercellular liquid flow. 3H-labelled glucose passed through this intercellular
      space and transcellular through the amniotic epithelium.

PMID- 1801514
TI  - Detection of proinsulin, C-peptide, insulin-A-chain, and glicentin in pancreatic
      islet cells of early human fetogenesis.
AB  - The presence of C-peptide, proinsulin, insulin-A-chain, and glicentin in human
      fetal pancreatic cells by using the PAP-technique was investigated and the
      results obtained compared with the occurrence of insulin or glucagon
      immunoreactive cells. In pancreatic sections obtained from 10 weeks old human
      fetuses we could identify cells reacting with antibodies directed against C
      peptide, proinsulin, and insulin-A-chain. The majority of the cells were found in
      the duct epithelium and their number increased from the 10th to 14th week forming
      clusters near the ducts. The number and localization of the cells correspond
      exactly to the insulin positive cells. The presence of proinsulin and insulin-A
      chains is a further proof of biological activity already in an early step of
      fetal development. The presence of glicentin-positive cells in the 10th week of
      gestational age as well as cells reacting with glucagon antibodies provide
      evidence for active glucagon biosynthesis. The number of these cells increased
      markedly in the 14th week of gestational age.

PMID- 1801515
TI  - Proteoglycans in the notochord sheath of lampreys.
AB  - The distribution of proteoglycans in the sheath and epithelial cells of the
      lamprey notochord had been studied using electron microscopy on material stained
      with the dye cupromeronic blue (CMB). CMB-precipitates, which indicate the
      presence of sulphated proteoglycans, were found in the inner collagenous but not
      the outer "elastica externa" regions of the notochord sheath. Precipitates were
      also found in the zone of the basement membrane of the notochord epithelial
      cells, in intercellular spaces within the notochord epithelium, and in
      intracellular spherical bodies of the epithelial cells. These results indicate
      that the proteoglycans in the notochord sheath are produced by the notochord
      cells. The combined presence of sulphated proteoglycans and collagen type II in
      the notochord sheath parallels the situation found in the cartilage of higher
      vertebrates.

PMID- 1801516
TI  - Histochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase in gills and opercular
      epithelium of seawater- and freshwater-adapted killyfish (Fundulus heteroclitus).
AB  - Gills and operculum of seawater- and freshwater-adapted killyfish (Fundulus
      heteroclitus) were stained histochemically for carbonic anhydrase (CA). In the
      seawater-acclimatized specimens, CA was found predominantly in the chloride cells
      which were considerably larger than in the freshwater-adapted ones. Within these
      cells, the reaction products were concentrated in the apical parts of the
      cytoplasm. In contrast, chloride cells of freshwater-adapted fish were not, or
      only faintly, stained both in gills and opercular epithelium. Reaction products
      for CA were seen additionally in the cytoplasm of the outer respiratory cells
      lining the lamellae of gills both in seawater- and freshwater-adapted fish.

PMID- 1801517
TI  - Histochemical and biochemical studies of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I) in
      laboratory rodents.
AB  - Different from other proteases the halide- and thiol-dependent lysosomal
      dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I, cathepsin C, EC 3.4.14.1.) was not thoroughly
      analysed up to now. Therefore, using complementary methods of catalytic
      histochemistry and biochemistry, DPP I was studied in many rat and mouse organs
      and compared with DPP II, another lysosomal protease, whose biochemical and
      histochemical behaviour is known. Continuous (kinetic) fluorometric measurements
      revealed Gly-Arg naphthylamine (NA) as the substrate with the highest rate of
      hydrolysis in which, however, also microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase may
      participate. A more specific substrate appeared to be Pro-Arg-NA; Gly-Phe-NA, and
      Ser-Tyr-NA were inferior substrates. The Km values were 0.1 mmol/l and 0.2 mmol/l
      for Gly-Arg-NA and Pro-Arg-NA. The optimal substrate concentration was between 1
      and 2.5 mmol/l and the optimal pH value between 5 less than or equal to pH less
      than or equal to 5.5. The highest reaction velocity was measured with cacodylate
      or phosphate buffer. Chloride ions and thiol reagents increased the rate of
      hydrolysis, but an absolute chloride or thiol dependence was not found.
      Formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde inhibited DPP I depending on the type and
      concentration of aldehyde. The DPP I activities in rat and mouse organs varied
      species-dependently and were highest in the extraorbital gland, liver, jejunum,
      and kidney. In many of the organs, DPP I activity differed considerably from that
      of DPP II. For catalytic DPP I histochemistry and localization of the enzyme in
      lysosomes and secretion granules freeze-dried celloidin-mounted cryosections
      incubated with Gly-Arg-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine in the presence of Fast Garnet
      GBC or Fast Blue B were the method of choice in comparison with other tissue
      pretreatments, Pro-Arg-MNA as substrate and other coupling agents. Use of thiol
      reagents and chloride ions did not improve the histochemical results. Using this
      method DPP I was visualized in many cells of rat and mouse organs where its
      existence was not yet known before. At many sites, DPP I and DPP II distribution
      patterns differed considerably. In conclusion, a histochemical chromogenic method
      is now available, which allows the reliable detection of DPP I as was already
      possible for DPP II using an MNA substrate.

PMID- 1801518
TI  - The human maxillary artery reinvestigated: I. Topographical relations in the
      infratemporal fossa.
AB  - The topographical relations of the human maxillary artery (IM) in the
      infratemporal fossa were studied in 102 individuals of both sexes. In the
      majority of the cases (55.4%), the artery was found in a lateral position to the
      lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPTER). In most of these specimens,
      the IM ran also lateral to the inferior alveolar, lingual and buccal nerves (type
      LA, 37.2%), whereas in 16.1% only the buccal nerve crossed the IM laterally (type
      LB). In 4.6%, the artery occupied a medial position to the LPTER. With respect to
      the branches of the mandibular nerve, an IM, passing deep to the LPTER, was lying
      either lateral to its main sensory branches (type MA, 1.9%) or coursing lateral
      to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, but medial to the buccal nerve (type
      MB, 23.8%). In 4.9%, the artery, running medial to the LPTER and the buccal
      nerve, was found to pierce the inferior alveolar nerve (type MC). In 7.4%, the IM
      was running medial to both the inferior alveolar and buccal nerves, but lateral
      to the lingual nerve (type MD), and in 3.9% the IM passed deep to all the
      branches of the mandibular nerve (type ME). Besides those common anatomical
      patterns, seven specimens showed different variations of the mandibular nerve. In
      about one third of the individuals, an asymmetric position of the IM to the LPTER
      (LM or ML) was present. None of the four cephalometric parameters and the two
      cephalic indices recorded in 55 individuals showed a significant correlation to
      the actual position of the IM (lateral or medial).

PMID- 1801520
TI  - Dilatation and closing anal reflexes. Description and clinical significance of
      new reflexes: preliminary report.
AB  - The present communication describes new reflexes which are called 'dilatation and
      closing anal reflexes', and discusses their clinical significance. The study
      comprised 21 healthy volunteers and 15 incontinent patients (7 with partial fecal
      incontinence and 8 with urinary stress incontinence). The technique comprised the
      introduction into the rectal neck of a balloon-tipped catheter. The balloon was
      inflated with air in increments of 10 ml up to 50 ml, and the EMG response of the
      external and urethral sphincters to balloon inflation and deflation was recorded.
      A new device called 'switch inflation' apparatus was used to inflate the balloon
      simultaneously with switching of the EMG apparatus. Rapid rectal neck inflation
      and deflation evoked external anal and urethral sphincter contraction. Slow and
      gradual inflation or deflation did not initiate the response. The anesthetized
      external anal sphincter did not respond to the stimulus, while the saline
      infiltrated sphincter responded. The latency of the reflexes was recorded. In
      fecal incontinent patients, the external anal sphincter, on rapid rectal neck
      inflation or deflation, showed lower EMG activity and longer latency than in
      normal volunteers; the external urethral sphincter responded as in normal
      volunteers. In urinary stress incontinent patients, the external anal sphincter
      responded normally for both rectal neck inflation and deflation. The external
      urethral sphincter showed lower EMG activity and prolonged latency than normal on
      rectal neck inflation; it did not respond to deflation. The dilatation and
      closing reflexes seem to play a role in fecal and urinary continence as well as
      in fecal sampling. Detectable changes in latency or amplitude of the evoked
      response indicate a defect in the reflex pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1801519
TI  - A case of dextrocardia with normal situs.
AB  - We report here a case of dextrocardia with normal situs in an 81-year-old man who
      died from non-pulmonary causes. Removal of the chest wall revealed a large, but
      otherwise anatomically normal, left lung occupying the entire left hemithorax and
      extending across the midline to overlap the left border of the heart which was
      positioned in the right hemithorax. The gross anatomy of the heart was normal
      save its position and the presence of only 2 pulmonary veins. Dissection of the
      heart showed all chambers in their classically described position, and there were
      no valvular defects. The anatomy of the great vessels was also normal. The right
      lung was hypoplastic and lay posterior to the heart. This lung lacked any lobular
      structure, but the presence of carbon particles throughout it suggested that it
      was capable of normal inflation.

PMID- 1801521
TI  - Microscopic and functional anatomy of the ileal papilla and caecocolonic valve in
      the rat.
AB  - In the rat, topographic and X-ray studies of the caecum and ascending colon,
      together with microscopic anatomic observations of the ileal papilla and
      caecocolonic valve, showed that junction structures contribute to prevent the
      backflow of the caecal content into the ileum and to direct the ileal content
      within the caecum whatever the various positions of the caecum in the abdominal
      cavity.

PMID- 1801523
TI  - The anterior ligament of the human malleus.
AB  - The authors have studied the anterior ligament of the malleus (ALM) from a
      morphological and embryological point of view. Classical textbooks of anatomy
      stress the correlation between the ALM and the anterior pin of the sphenoid and
      define the ligament as a residual of Meckel's cartilage. This study demonstrates
      the y-shaped form of the ligament, one arm of which reaches the capsule of the
      temporomandibular joint and the other the pin of the sphenoid bone. Meckel's
      cartilage pilots the fibres of the ligament itself. Several clinical implications
      may be hypothesised on the basis of this study.

PMID- 1801522
TI  - Three-dimensional ultrastructure of human tendons.
AB  - The three-dimensional ultrastructure of human tendons has been studied. Epitenon
      and peritenon consist of a dense network of longitudinal, oblique and transversal
      collagen fibrils crossing the tendon fibres. The internal structure of tendon
      fibres is also complex. The collagen fibrils are oriented not only longitudinally
      but also transversely and horizontally. The longitudinal fibrils do not run only
      parallel but also cross each other forming spirals (plaits). These fibril bundles
      are bound together by a three-dimensional collagen fibril network of endotenon.
      In the myotendinous junction the surface of the muscle cells form processes. A
      network of tendineal collagen fibrils fills the recesses between the muscle cell
      processes penetrating the basement membrane of these processes. This complex
      ultrastructure of human tendons most likely offers a good buffer system against
      longitudinal, transversal, horizontal as well as rotational forces during
      movement and activity.

PMID- 1801524
TI  - Innervation of the pulp-predentin border zone of the cat following denervation
      and reinnervation.
AB  - Under general anesthesia the inferior alveolar nerves of 8 cats were transected
      unilaterally and the cut ends reapposed. Two of these animals were, under general
      anesthesia, perfused with fixative 2 days later and 6 animals 12 or 15 weeks
      later, and the crowns of the mandibular canine teeth were prepared for
      ultrastructural examination. The distribution of axons at the pulp-predentin
      border and in the predentinal tubules was measured on the operated and control
      sides. In unoperated teeth the innervation at the pulp-predentin border
      paralleled that in the predentinal tubules being denser more coronally. The axons
      at the pulp-predentin border had disappeared by 2 days after denervation but had
      returned by 12 weeks and later with a density and distribution similar to that of
      the control sides.

PMID- 1801526
TI  - Paraterminal ligaments of the distal phalanx.
AB  - The paraterminal ligaments of the distal phalanges have been studied by
      dissection. They are a normal feature of all distal phalanges in both the hand
      and foot, and connect the paraterminal spines and paraterminal tubercles of the
      distal phalanx on both sides. Branches of the proper palmar digital artery and
      nerve pass under the ligament to reach the matrix of the nail, which they supply.

PMID- 1801525
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of the myocardial interstitial space after physical and
      chemical fixation. A light-microscopic study on the left ventricle of canine
      hearts.
AB  - The interstitial space, separated into tissue clefts and interstitium within
      bundles of myocytes of left canine ventricle, was investigated qualitatively and
      morphometrically after using different methods of fixation following aortic cross
      clamping and 10 min of ischemia at 5 degrees C. In frozen sections, the size of
      tissue clefts is significantly lower than in semithin sections after immersion
      fixation. The interstitium within bundles of myocytes shows similar values
      independent of the fixation technique (r = 0.83). This constancy permits a free
      choice between the two fixation techniques, there being no loss of information
      from the material investigated.

PMID- 1801527
TI  - Computerized tomographic determination of the cranial volume of the dog applied
      to racial and sexual differentiation.
AB  - The volume of the cranial cavity of 70 dogs (35 males and 35 females) has been
      determined in two breeds, the galgo greyhound and the pointer, by radiological
      techniques (computerized tomography; CT) and biostatistical methods. Each head
      was submitted to a complete series of transverse tomographic sections taken
      perpendicularly to the basilar plane, every 5 mm and with a thickness of 5 mm.
      There is a clear difference between the breeds and the two sexes, with a minimal
      confidence of 99.95%. The application of the method to fit zootechnical and/or
      osteoarcheological needs is emphasized.

PMID- 1801528
TI  - Accessory oculomotor nuclei of man. II. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal: a
      Nissl and Golgi study.
AB  - The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) is an important premotor centre related
      to the control of eye and head movements. The aim of the present research was to
      draw a detailed picture of the cytoarchitecture of the human INC, in particular
      taking into consideration the morphological features of the neurons and their
      functional implications. Within the neuronal population, two groups of cells were
      identified: one group (the most substantial) was made up of small and medium
      sized neurons showing different soma shapes and both light and moderate
      basophilia. The second group consisted of a limited number (about 25%) of large
      cells dispersed throughout the whole INC, showing polygonal soma and intense
      basophilia. The hypothesis that these large cells represent a different cellular
      population inside the INC is advanced. On the basis of the dendritic emergence
      pattern, two types of cells were identified: multipolar and fusiform cells. The
      multipolar cells (59%) had small to large nerve cell bodies giving off 2-3
      dendrites radiating in all directions. Dendrites and axons were often seen
      spreading outside the INC. The fusiform cells were small or medium sized and two
      dendrites emerged from the opposite poles of their elongated perikaryon. Their
      dendrites and axons always lay inside the INC. The fusiform cells were
      interpreted as neurons carrying out a mainly local integrative function, while
      the multipolar cells could also probably carry out an important projective role.
      The structural data reported are in agreement with the functional studies
      indicating the INC as both an integrative and a projective center.

PMID- 1801530
TI  - New approaches to the treatment of early Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 1801529
TI  - Arterial supply of the oral mucosa.
AB  - In 15 human heads, bilateral injection through the common carotid artery was
      carried out in order to find out whether there are any more or less distinctly
      limited segments of the oral mucosa supplied by certain arterial branches that
      would represent the nutritive pedicles of the respective segments. It seems that
      the gingiva libera of the buccal side in the region of the upper molars and
      premolars represents such a segment. In spite of small anastomoses between the
      right and left sublingual arteries, one half of the sublingual mucosa may also be
      considered as a segment. The same refers to the mucosa of one half of the hard
      palate. Even smaller units of varying extent of the palatine mucosa may be
      differentiated as distinct vascular areas. For the majority of the oral mucosa,
      however, no limitations of vascular segments with distinct arterial pedicles
      could be discovered.

PMID- 1801531
TI  - Possible mechanisms underlying the special vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - Endogenous or exogenous agents may account for the special vulnerability of
      dopaminergic neutrons. The present paper deals primarily with the possible role
      of toxic quinoid metabolites of catechols formed by autoxidation. The study of 5
      S-cysteinyl adducts of these metabolites may provide clues to underlying
      mechanisms. In addition these adducts may serve as markers of Parkinson's
      disease.

PMID- 1801532
TI  - Metabolic biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Enzymic systems involved with metabolism of foreign chemicals, xenobiotics, have
      been studied in Parkinson's disease. Enzymes involved with sulphur oxidation and
      methylation are under-active. Cysteine levels are high and sulphate levels low.
      Differences in the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase-B are evident.
      Pathways involved with N-methylation of pyridines are different from controls
      leading to a rise in potentially toxic N-methylated derivatives.

PMID- 1801533
TI  - Progression and survival in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder and no permanent cure has ever been
      documented. The clinical onset, which usually occurs at an age of 55-65 years, is
      probably preceded by a preclinical period of two or more decades. The progression
      rate of the disease is extremely variable in different patients; in individual
      patients on the other hand, the progression of motor symptoms is fairly constant.
      The tremor-dominant type of the disease usually has a more favourable prognosis
      than the hypokinetic type. Onset at an older age may be associated with a faster
      progression rate and the development of cognitive failure. In natural conditions,
      the average duration of Parkinson's disease is 10 years, although with a
      considerable range. The disease shortens life expectancy, which can be restored
      at least partially by treating patients with levodopa and other modern drugs. The
      highest benefit in increasing life expectancy is obtained when the treatment is
      initiated at a relatively early stage of the disease.

PMID- 1801535
TI  - What has PET told us about Parkinson's disease?
AB  - From 1983, when dopaminergic structures were visualized for the first time in the
      human brain by positron emission tomography (PET) and onwards about 120 PET
      studies on Parkinsons disease have been listed in MEDLINE. With 18F-fluorodopa
      presynaptic dopamine insufficiency can be demonstrated in PD. By using 11C
      nomifensine the dopamine reuptake sites can be visualized with PET. These results
      indicate that the striatal dopaminergic terminals are relatively preserved in PD
      as compared to the extreme reductions of dopamine in this region post mortem.
      Radiolabelled D2-agonists indicate a slight increase in these binding sites in de
      novo PD and no marked reduction in more advanced disease. 11C-selegiline have
      been used to demonstrate the intracerebral MAO-B inhibition by therapeutic doses
      of this drug. 11C-L-dopa and PET have demonstrat the rapid striatal
      decarboxylation of therapeutic doses of L-dopa also in advanced PD and a rough
      estimate of the striatal dopamine concentration inducing an "on-response" has
      been obtained. These contributions of PET to PD research are discussed in the
      article.

PMID- 1801534
TI  - Subclinical damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system by MPTP as a model of
      preclinical Parkinson's disease: a review.
AB  - The study of subtle changes in motor and cognitive function after exposure to
      MPTP might serve as a guide to the very earliest stages of Parkinson's disease.
      Studies in nonhuman primates and man exposed to MPTP who remained asymptomatic or
      recovered completely are reviewed. The question of the relationship between the
      degree and extent of damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system and changes in
      motor and cognitive (behavioral) function is addressed. What guidance they
      provide in the study of subclinical or preclinical Parkinson's disease is
      discussed.

PMID- 1801536
TI  - Optoelectronic movement analysis in Parkinson's disease: effect of selegiline on
      the disability in de novo parkinsonian patients--a pilot study.
AB  - New opto-electronic camera systems permit easy quantification of the motor
      performance during natural acts in freely moving humans. We used a simple test
      movement (PLM test) to quantify the disturbance in the postural (P), locomotor
      (L) and manual (M) part of the body movement and the coordination of the
      different movement phases into a smooth motor act. The test movement time was
      used to quantify the overall performance. With this technique we have measured
      the effects of selegiline on the degree of parkinsonism in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled pilot study of 5 de novo patients with Parkinson's disease.
      There was a clear trend that selegiline was superior to placebo in reducing the
      test movement time.

PMID- 1801537
TI  - Oxidative stress as a cause of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The cause of dopamine cell death in Parkinson's disease remains unknown. Present
      interest centres on the possible involvement of a toxin mediated mechanism such
      as that produced, by MPTP. In post-mortem studies there is evidence in the
      substantia nigra for an on-going toxic process involving increased lipid
      peroxidation, altered iron metabolism and impairment of mitochondrial function at
      the level of complex I. Although the precise relationship between these
      biochemical changes is not known, present evidence points to oxidative stress as
      an important factor contributing to neuronal loss. Altered mitochondrial function
      and increased iron levels may not initiate Parkinson's disease but rather act to
      accelerate cell death. Future strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
      should be aimed at preventing oxidative stress and stopping or slowing the
      progression of the underlying pathology.

PMID- 1801538
TI  - Monoamine oxidase, dopamine and Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Four aspects about monoamine oxidase (MAO; E.C. 1.4.3.4) are of obvious interest
      in relation to Parkinson's disease and its treatment with the irreversible and
      selective MAO-B inhibitor L-deprenyl and are discussed in this review: 1) To what
      extent the two forms of MAO are of importance for the deamination of dopamine and
      to what degree MAO localised inside and outside of dopaminergic nerve terminals
      contributes 2) The kinetics of the MAO-protein, i.e. the rate of recovery of MAO
      after irreversible inhibition. 3) To what extent MAO may be changed as a
      consequence of the pathophysiological processes. 4) To what extent MAO may be
      involved as a force in the pathophysiological processes.

PMID- 1801539
TI  - Experience with selegiline and levodopa in advanced Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We compared the results of treatment with selegiline (deprenyl, Eldepryl) in 17
      patients with advanced Stage 4 Parkinson Disease (PD) who were on levodopa (as
      Sinemet) with 65 Stage 2 or 3 patients with early PD who were also on levodopa.
      The first group consisted of 17 patients with advanced Stage 4 PD without
      response fluctuations ("wearing off" or "on off" phenomena). Their mean age was
      72.1 +/- 7.5 years, their mean duration of PD was 7.4 +/- 3.2 years. The second
      group consisted of 65 patients with Stage 2 or 3 PD who had recently been started
      on levodopa. Their mean age was 63 +/- 12.1 years, their mean duration of PD was
      7.4 +/- 3.2 years. The mean dose of selegiline was 10.0 +/- 1.8 mg per day (range
      5-20 mg). The mean duration of treatment was 1.5 +/- 0.8 years. During the four
      years of observation 55.3 +/- 8.0% of the Stage 2 or 3 patients improved while
      only 14.3 +/- 13.5% of the Stage 4 patients improved. This difference was
      significant (p less than 0.05). During this time 22.0 +/- 6.7% of the Stage 2 or
      3 patients worsened and 60.7 +/- of the Stage 4 patients worsened. This degree of
      worsening was significant (p less than 0.05). Adverse effects were minor and
      reversible. Our observations suggest that selegiline is more effective (higher
      percent of patients improving, lower percent of patients worsening) when it is
      added earlier with patients on levodopa than when it is added later.

PMID- 1801540
TI  - Selegiline as a primary treatment of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In order to investigate the efficacy of selegiline as a primary treatment in
      Parkinson's disease (PD), we carried out a placebo controlled, double-blind
      prospective trial. Fifty-four de novo patients with PD were randomized to receive
      either selegiline (10 mg/day) or matching placebo. We continued the monotherapy
      until the initiation of levodopa therapy became necessary. The disability of the
      patients was evaluated with three different rating scales at baseline, after 3
      weeks, 2, 4, 8, and 12 months, and every 4 months thereafter. Fifty-two patients
      were eligible for the final analysis: 27 in the selegiline group and 25 in the
      placebo group. The median duration of time without levodopa was 545 +/- 90 days
      in the selegiline treated patients and 372 +/- 28 days in the placebo treated
      ones (p = 0.03). The disability of the patients was significantly milder in the
      selegiline than in the placebo group up to 12 months. More patients showed
      symptomatic improvement in the selegiline than in the placebo group. However, the
      symptomatic effect alone did not explain the prolongation of the time without
      levodopa in the selegiline treated patients. Selegiline was well tolerated and no
      severe side effects were encountered.

PMID- 1801541
TI  - Selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients: the French selegiline multicenter
      trial (FSMT).
AB  - The French selegiline multicenter trial was conducted in 1990 to test the
      possibility to improve disability of de novo parkinsonian patients (P.P.) during
      the first three months of treatment with selegiline (S) (10 mg/day) monotherapy.
      93 P.P. were included in this double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled,
      clinical trial, in which 13 centers participated. Both parallel groups were
      followed up from inclusion (D0) to D30, D60 and D90. Drug efficacy was judged
      with Hoehn and Yahr (HY), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Unified
      Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Schwab and England scores, decision to
      introduce levodopa and selfassessment. Biological and clinical parameters (cardio
      vascular, weight, side-effects reports) were assessed for tolerability. 84 P.P.
      (38 P, 46 S) were evaluable for efficacy at D90. When considering the main
      parameters, S appears superior to placebo: HY scores (p less than 0.001), global
      UPDRS scores (p less than 0.001) and UPDRS subscores: mental (p less than 0.001),
      daily living activities (p less than 0.01), motor activities (p less than 0.01).
      Depressive scores (HDRS) are significantly improved only at D90 (p = 0.005).
      Levodopa therapy was introduced in 45% of the cases in S groups versus 18.4% in P
      group. Global impression of efficacy was largely in favor of S; failure was noted
      in half of the cases in P group and only in 1/5th of the cases in S group. Side
      effects were rare and minor. S 10 mg/day monotherapy is statistically superior to
      placebo in improving de novo P.P. during the first three months treatment. Motor
      symptoms rapidly improve; mood is only modified after 3 months. S appears to be
      well tolerated. S may be considered as a good candidate for the initial treatment
      of P.P.

PMID- 1801542
TI  - Deprenyl's effect at slowing progression of parkinsonian disability: the DATATOP
      study. The Parkinson Study Group.
AB  - Studying a cohort of 800 mildly-affected parkinsonians, the North American
      DATATOP* project has concluded that progression in disability can be attenuated
      by the use of deprenyl, 10 mg/day. Interim results of this controlled clinical
      trial were reported after participants received treatment for an average of 12
      months. The study found that deprenyl treatment almost halved the risk of
      reaching a stage of Parkinsonism at which the start of levodopa treatment becomes
      imperative for lessening disability. In addition to this study end-point, other
      ratings supported an improved clinical outcome from the chronic deprenyl (DP)
      regimen. The 34 investigators conducted clinical evaluations both while subjects
      received medication and after a 4-week wash-out. Though some subjects experienced
      mild symptomatic improvements of Parkinsonism from DP, these effects were
      insufficient to account for the DP-treated group's delay at reaching the study
      end-point. In addition to DP, this placebo-controlled double-blind study also
      assessed the possibility of protective effects from another antioxidative
      strategy, a 2,000 I.U./day regimen of alpha-tocopherol. To date, results of the
      latter trial have not been reported. Monoamine oxidase type-B (MAO-B) metabolism
      of dopamine generates hydrogen peroxide and, thereby, an oxidative stress on the
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron. The inhibition of MAO-B by DP may have been
      the means by which progression of Parkinsonism was attenuated, although other
      mechanisms are also tenable. DATATOP has pointed to the potential for arresting
      the progression of Parkinson's disease, and has provided an unparalleled
      opportunity to study the clinical course and neurochemical indices of untreated
      Parkinsonism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801543
TI  - Nigral degeneration in Parkinson's disease in relation to clinical features.
AB  - Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) shows a
      topographical organisation where the lateral part of the SN is more affected.
      This is--due to projection of the lateral SN mainly to the putamen--reflected in
      more complete loss of dopamine content in the putamen than in the caudate
      nucleus. Of the parkinsonian symptoms rigidity and hypokinesia are associated
      with neuronal loss in the lateral substantia nigra and the resulting dopamine
      loss in the putamen. Neuronal mechanisms other than degeneration of the
      nigrostriatal system seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of tremor.
      Cognitive impairment and dementia in PD is related to dysfunction of the cortical
      cholinergic system, especially in the frontal cortex. The brain dopaminergic
      system, however, contributes as a subcortical component to cognitive impairment
      in PD. Clinical studies have shown that selegiline may slow down the progression
      of PD. We studied postmortem samples of patients treated with selegiline and
      levodopa and those with levodopa alone. The number of medial nigral neurons was
      significantly higher in the selegiline group. Treatment with selegiline might
      retard the death of nigral neurons, but further studies are needed to confirm the
      preliminary findings.

PMID- 1801544
TI  - Selegiline hydrochloride and cognition.
AB  - Selegiline HCl, 10 mg per day has been reported to improve attention and episodic
      memory in Parkinson's disease and early Alzheimer's disease. Selegiline also
      improves motor reaction times in Parkinson's and subjective feelings of increased
      vitality, euphoria and energy. At doses of between 10 and 40 mg a day it has also
      been shown to improve depression particularly when psychomotor retardation is
      prominent and anxiety minimal.

PMID- 1801545
TI  - New strategies in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Over recent years I have been studying whether dopamine agonist treatment alone,
      or in early combination with levodopa, might institute a better long-term
      treatment in Parkinson's disease than levodopa alone. Indeed, early combination
      of levodopa with bromocriptine, pergolide or lisuride has indicated that this
      kind of treatment results in better management of Parkinson's disease with fewer
      fluctuations in disability, especially end-of-dose disturbances and dyskinesias,
      than treatment with levodopa alone. Furthermore, similar results were obtained by
      using lisuride in combination with selegiline and levodopa. However, during long
      term treatment the changes in parkinsonian disability were equal in all treatment
      groups with or without selegiline. Thus, the possible efficacy of selegiline in
      slowing down the progression of Parkinson's disease requires further
      investigations. As a new treatment strategy it appears advisable to initiate the
      dopaminergic treatment in early Parkinson's disease by using initially selegiline
      and a dopamine agonist and by adding levodopa when the therapeutic response is
      insufficient. Another alternative would be to start with selegiline alone, then
      add a dopamine agonist and, finally, levodopa.

PMID- 1801546
TI  - Study to establish normal values for portal vein blood flow in children using a
      duplex ultrasound system.
AB  - Portal vein blood flow in healthy children was measured using a duplex ultrasound
      system consisting of a B mode linear scanner and a single Doppler transducer.
      Portal blood flow volume (PBFV) correlated with age, height, weight and body
      surface area. Increases in PBFV with age were greater in boys than girls. A
      correlation was noted between the diameter of the portal vein and PBFV (r =
      0.89). However, the maximum portal blood flow velocity (Vmax) did not correlate
      with age, height, weight or body surface area. Increases in PBFV in accordance
      with physical development was thought to depend mainly on widening of the portal
      vein and not on acceleration of portal blood flow velocity. The formula for
      calculating PBFV by multivaliate statistical analysis is as follows: PBFV(ml/min)
      = 30.1 x age(yrs) - 1.07 x height(cm) = 3.31 x weight(kg). Portal vein flowmetry
      using a duplex ultrasound system may be useful for evaluation of the hepatic
      circulation in children.

PMID- 1801547
TI  - Management of suppuration in regional lymph nodes secondary to BCG vaccination.
AB  - We describe 50 patients with suppurative regional lymphadenitis following
      intradermal BCG vaccination. For non-drained suppurations we performed needle
      aspiration in twenty-three patients (aspiration group). Of the remaining 27
      patients (drainage group) 16 had spontaneous drainage and 11 incisional drainage.
      In the drainage group, 17 patients were followed up conservatively. Ten patients
      from the drainage group and 3 patients from the aspiration group (drained after
      needle aspiration) accepted total surgical excision to terminate the drainage.
      Twenty of twenty-three patients in the aspiration group recovered after needle
      aspiration. Average period of cessation of drainage and healing of wound was 7.5
      weeks in patients with drainage (spontaneous and incisional). Healing was
      complete after total surgical excision of draining suppurations in all of 11
      patients. We concluded that simple needle aspiration was sufficient for the
      treatment of suppurating but non-drained BCG lymphadenitis. For suppurating lymph
      nodes that were surgically (not recommended) or spontaneously drained, a more
      invasive procedure, total surgical excision, was proposed to terminate the long
      and disturbing drainage period.

PMID- 1801548
TI  - Human leukocyte antigens in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - An association of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with idiopathic nephrotic
      syndrome (INS) in childhood was studied to characterize the immunogenetic
      background. We determined the class I antigens using the microlymphocytotoxicity
      test as well as class II antigens (DRB, DQB, DQA) and class III antigen
      (complement 4) using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 36
      children with INS. In the current study, neither the single allele in HLA class I
      antigen nor the single gene frequency in the class II region was significantly
      increased, in contrast to the results in Caucasian INS patients in whom a genetic
      predisposition to the HLA system, especially to HLA B8, DR3, and DR7, has been
      frequently reported. Also, in our data, the frequency of deletion of complement 4
      gene was not different from that of the controls. These data suggest that there
      is a difference in immunogenetic background between Caucasian and Japanese INS
      patients as far as HLA is concerned.

PMID- 1801549
TI  - Caroli's disease: scintigraphic and radiographic findings.
AB  - Caroli's disease is a rare congenital anomaly of the liver. Since new diagnostic
      techniques for the evaluation of hepatic disease have been introduced, the number
      of reported cases of Caroli's disease has been gradually increasing. This report
      describes the case of a 13 year old girl with nausea, vomiting, fever and
      hepatomegaly. The diagnosis of Caroli's disease was established by
      ultrasonography and CT scan. The complications and management are discussed. The
      important points in management are to relieve symptoms and to conduct regular
      examinations by ultrasonography for the early detection of hepatobiliary
      carcinoma.

PMID- 1801550
TI  - Giant hydroureteronephrosis associated with primary obstructed megaureter.
AB  - The case is presented of a four year old boy with a large left abdominal mass.
      The patient was diagnosed as having a left giant hydroureteronephrosis due to a
      primary obstructed megaureter, based on the findings of ultrasonography,
      micturating cystourethrography, excretion urography, computed tomography and
      percutaneous antegrade pyeloureterography. Diuretic renography showed that the
      obstruction was partial. Since a static renal scintigram indicated that renal
      function on the affected side was moderately well preserved, ureteroplasty is
      planned.

PMID- 1801551
TI  - Congenital hydrocolpos combined with unilateral renal agenesis.
AB  - Herein we report an infantile case of congenital hydrocolpos combined with left
      renal agenesis which presented with an abnormal mass protruding from the vaginal
      introitus. The diagnosis was made shortly after birth by ultrasonography and
      confirmed by other radiologic diagnostic methods. This case highlights the value
      of ultrasonography in diagnosing hydrocolpos and determining the coexistence of
      renal anomalies.

PMID- 1801552
TI  - Two siblings with autoimmune neutropenia of infancy.
AB  - We report two siblings with autoimmune neutropenia of infancy. Patient 1 was
      hospitalized for viral gastroenteritis at 5 months of age, when his absolute
      neutrophil count was 684/mm3. Absolute neutrophil counts ranging from 0 to
      930/mm3 continued but normalized spontaneously at 25 months of age. Patient 2, a
      younger brother of patient 1, had prolonged high grade fever at 5 months, when
      his absolute neutrophil count was 138/mm3. Absolute neutrophil counts ranging
      from 96 to 1,078/mm3 continued for the following 9 months. Antineutrophil
      antibodies were detected in the patients' sera. Our cases are siblings and each
      case was independently affected, since the diagnoses were made at 5 months of age
      and the interval between the diagnoses was 23 months. Autoimmune neutropenia of
      infancy is comparatively rare, so that we think that the disease in these
      siblings was due to a genetic abnormality.

PMID- 1801553
TI  - The potential role of cytokine-mediated vascular endothelial activation in the
      pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease.
AB  - Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness of infancy and early childhood
      characterized by diffuse vasculitis. Although the disease is generally self
      limited, up to 30% of untreated patients with KD may develop coronary artery (CA)
      abnormalities. The acute phase of KD is characterized by marked activation of the
      immune system leading to increased cytokine production by immune effector cells,
      the induction of activation antigens on their vascular endothelium and the
      generation of lytic antibodies directed against vascular endothelial cells (EC)
      stimulated with cytokines. Treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG)
      usually rapidly reduces acute clinical symptoms and prevents CA abnormalities.
      Immunologically, successful IVGG treatment is associated with decreased
      lymphocyte activation, reduced cytokine secretion and the loss of cytokine
      induced expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium. The
      association between improvement of clinical symptoms with the reduction of
      cytokine secretion, and reversal of EC activation supports a role for immune
      mediated injury to cytokine induced EC antigens in the pathogenesis of this
      disorder.

PMID- 1801554
TI  - Immunological abnormalities in Kawasaki disease with coronary artery lesions.
AB  - A review of our previous immunological studies on Kawasaki disease (KD) was
      undertaken. The results showed that peripheral blood macrophages/monocytes, T
      cells and B-cells become activated during acute KD in terms of numerical changes
      in immunocompetent cells, expression of activated antigens on the cell surfaces
      and cytokine production. Also, during acute KD with coronary artery lesions
      (CALs) the numbers of macrophages/monocytes are increased. In addition, both the
      increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and shed intercellular adhesion
      molecule-1 in serum are more evident in KD patients with CALs than in those
      without. Our results further suggest that the main characteristics of the
      pathogenesis of KD are increased numbers of peripheral blood
      macrophages/monocytes with the secretion of monokines by these activated cells,
      and the expression of adhesion molecules on immunocompetent cells. These immune
      responses develop more vigorously in KD patients with CALs.

PMID- 1801555
TI  - Immunological abnormalities and endothelial cell injury in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile disease causing vasculitis, which may lead
      to as severe a complication as myocardial infarction. This disease is
      characterized by marked activation of the immune system, including elevation of
      various cytokines, polyclonal B cell activation, and decrease of CD8+ cells. The
      high levels of cytokines induce adhesion molecules and a new antigen on
      endothelial cells. As a result, the immune cells bind to the endothelium and the
      activated immune cells produce cytotoxic antibodies against the new antigen on
      the endothelial cells. Thus, the activated immune system is involved in the
      endothelial cell injury. IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) therapy suppresses the
      activated immune system and reduces the endothelial cell damage.

PMID- 1801556
TI  - Heat shock protein as a predisposing and immunopotentiating factor in Kawasaki
      disease.
AB  - Local inflammatory reactivation of a previous BCG inoculation site is a specific
      and early manifestations of Kawasaki disease (KD). It is postulated that the
      erythematous changes at the BCG site are part of a generalized activation of the
      immune system, and that molecules cross-reacting between the infectious agent
      involved and mycobacterial BCG antigens contribute to the inflammatory process.
      To detect the cross-reacting molecules, the antibody responses to mycobacterial
      antigens were examined in 21 patients by IgG-immuno-blotting using acute and
      convalescent phase sera. Markedly increased levels of antibody against
      mycobacterial 65kDa protein were detected in all convalescent but in none of the
      acute sera. Since the antibodies detected are also directed to recombinant 65kDa
      heat shock protein (HSP65), HSP65 may be related to the initial phase of KD.
      Moreover, peripheral lymphocytes from convalescent KD patients proliferated in
      culture in the presence of HSP65, suggesting the sensitization of lymphocytes to
      HSP65, and gamma delta TCR(+) T cells in the peripheral blood were increased in
      half the KD patients. Thus, HSP65 is a potent factor involved in activation of
      the immune system, and consequent endothelial damage in the initial phase of KD.

PMID- 1801558
TI  - Effect of intravenous gamma-globulin on neutrophil function in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - The effect of intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) on the neutrophil count and
      neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) of patients with Kawasaki Disease (KD) was
      investigated. Forty patients with KD were enrolled in the study. Ten patients
      were treated with 100 mg/kg/day of gamma-globulin for five days (GG 100 group)
      and 14 patients were treated with 400 mg/kg/day of gamma-globulin (GG 400 group)
      for five days. These patients also took aspirin. Sixteen patients were treated
      with aspirin alone (ASA group). The neutrophil counts were significantly lower in
      the GG 400 and GG 100 groups than in the ASA group, three days, and one and two
      weeks after the start of treatment. Neutrophil CL of the GG 400 and GG 100 groups
      was significantly lower than in the ASA group one and two weeks after the start
      of treatment. In the in vitro study, gamma-globulin had a dose-dependent
      suppressive effect on the neutrophil CL in the early stage. Albumin had similar
      effects. The suppressive effect of gamma-globulin on CL was not specific. These
      findings suggest that IVGG is effective in reducing the production of active
      oxygen which is considered responsible for the vascular damage in the early stage
      of KD.

PMID- 1801557
TI  - Etiological role of phagocytes in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - The numbers of immature neutrophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood are
      increased in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. These phagocytes contain toxic
      granules and vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Phagocytes are primed and activated to
      release active oxygen species, lysosome enzymes and chemical mediators, which
      injure cultured endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. One of the
      possible factors causing cardio-vascular complications in Kawasaki disease is
      these activated phagocytes. Some microbial agents or their products such as
      toxins may activate neutrophils and monocytes, but the real cause remains
      unknown.

PMID- 1801559
TI  - Inhibitory effects of high doses of intravenous gamma-globulin on platelet
      interaction with the vessel wall in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - Clinical effects of high-dose gamma-globulin therapy in Kawasaki disease have
      been evaluated from the viewpoints of its inhibitory effects on platelet adhesion
      and thrombus formation on the vessel wall. Platelet adhesion to the
      subendothelium is the fist step of thrombosis as well as platelet interaction
      with the vessel wall, which can be observed experimentally by Baumgartner's
      method. Twelve patients with Kawasaki disease treated with intact intravenous
      gamma-globulin (IVGG) showed decreased platelet adhesion in contrast to ten
      patients treated with only aspirin (ASA) or flurbiprofen (FP). Addition of intact
      IVGG to normal blood in Baumgartner's method also resulted in decreasing platelet
      adhesion and thrombus formation; however, other pepsin-treated IVGG caused
      enhanced platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Moreover, pretreatments of the
      vessel wall with both types of IVGG showed effects similar to those of addition.
      In conclusion, high-dose therapy with intact IVGG has inhibitory effects on
      platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Although the mechanism of the effects
      is not yet clear, some competitive inhibition between intact IgG and adhesive
      protein such as von Willebrand factor is suggested, and Fc receptors of the
      platelet membrane and Fab and Fc receptors of the subendothelium of the vessel
      wall may have some role in the interaction.

PMID- 1801560
TI  - Intravenous gamma-globulin for Kawasaki disease.
AB  - We studied the effect of gamma-globulin (IVGG) and aspirin (ASA) on the
      development of the coronary artery lesions (CAL) of Kawasaki disease (KD) in
      three different protocols. Within 29 days of the onset of KD the
      echocardiographic evidence of CAL had developed in 39-42% of the patients in the
      ASA group, but only in 13.7-20.8% of the patients treated with IVGG (200 or 400
      mg/kg X 5). In long-term follow-up observation of CAL of these patients the
      evidence of CAL in both the ASA and the IVGG group regressed gradually; however,
      the residual rate of CAL was significantly low in the IVGG group at all times up
      to 24 months after onset. These facts suggest that when using IVGG for KD, we
      should select a dose of intact gamma-globulin, 1,000 mg/kg or more in total, to
      prevent the occurrence of CAL. We have demonstrated not only a significant
      reduction in the occurrence of CAL in patients treated with IVGG but a reduction
      in the residual rate of CAL for two years as compared with those treated by ASA.

PMID- 1801561
TI  - Intravenous gamma-globulin treatment in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - A multicenter randomized controlled study was carried out to assess the
      effectiveness of different, doses and kinds of gamma-globulin in Kawasaki
      disease. Gamma globulin lowered the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities.
      The effect of gamma-globulin was dose dependent. The intact type was more
      effective than the pepsin treated type. To establish the indications for gamma
      globulin, a study was made of patients who received neither gamma-globulin nor
      indomethacin and who, within nine days of onset of illness, satisfied at least
      four of the following criteria: (1) WBC: more than 12,000/mm; (2) platelet count:
      less than 35 X 10(4)/mm; (3) CRP: more than 3+; (4) Hct: less than 35%; (5)
      albumin: less than 3.5 g/dl (6) age: 12 months or less; (7) male sex. This
      prospective study is continuing. Of 143 children, 73.4% received gamma-globulin,
      and only two demonstrated small dilatations of the coronary arteries in children
      who did not receive gamma-globulin. These guidelines seem satisfactory to
      establish the indications for gamma-globulin in Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 1801562
TI  - Cognitive appraisal, self-efficacy, and cigarette smoking behavior.
AB  - In the context of a nicotine-fading/self-monitoring cigarette smoking cessation
      program, three groups were compared: high self-efficacy, low self-efficacy, and a
      no-treatment control group. Self-efficacy strength was enhanced by manipulating
      cognitive appraisal using the guidelines of Goldfried and Robbins (1982).
      Furthermore, throughout the study, self-efficacy values were correlated with
      various indices of smoking activity. Yet no between-group differences in
      abstinence rates at end of treatment, 1-month, and 6-month follow-up periods were
      found.

PMID- 1801563
TI  - The production of smoking urges through an imagery manipulation:
      psychophysiological and verbal manifestations.
AB  - This study examined physiological (heart rate, skin conductance, and finger
      temperature) responses and self-reported urges elicited by an imagery procedure
      designed to produce smoking urges. Sixty-six cigarette smokers were instructed to
      imagine vividly four audiotaped imagery scripts; two of the scripts contained
      explicit descriptions of smoking urge situations (urge scripts) while the other
      two were devoid of explicit urge content (neutral scripts). Physiological
      responses were monitored throughout each imagery trial and subjects rated the
      vividness of their image and intensity of their urge to smoke at the termination
      of each trial. Subjects reported significantly stronger urges to urge scripts
      than to neutral scripts. Urge scripts also produced increases in heart rate and
      higher tonic skin conductance levels than neutral scripts. These results suggest
      that the imagery procedure may have considerable potential in the study of the
      structure and function of drug urges. The theoretical implications of the data
      are discussed.

PMID- 1801564
TI  - Relationships between weight and caloric intake of men who stop smoking: the
      Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.
AB  - Data from 6,569 middle-aged men in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
      were analyzed to determine whether the weight change associated with smoking
      cessation resulted primarily from appetite or metabolic alterations. The appetite
      hypothesis attributes weight gain to an enhanced appetite and subsequent increase
      in caloric intake. The metabolic change hypothesis attributes weight gain to a
      metabolic alteration and subsequent decrease in basic caloric needs. Caloric
      intake and weight changes were tabulated for men who quit smoking and were
      compared to similar changes in men who continued smoking over 12 months. The
      difference between caloric intake changes in men quitting smoking versus men
      continuing smoking, controlled for weight change, was attributed to the metabolic
      change hypothesis. Men who quit smoking consumed 103 calories per day less (95%
      confidence interval = 29 to 177) than men who continued smoking with similar body
      weight changes. The decrease in caloric intake attributed to smoking cessation
      was proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked prior to cessation
      [corrected].

PMID- 1801565
TI  - Validity of the Body Image Detection Device.
AB  - The construct of body image distortion has occupied a central role in
      conceptualization of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. However, measurement of the
      construct has been problematic despite introduction of several varied measurement
      techniques. One new technique is the Body Image Detection Device (BIDD), which
      includes a measure of perceptual body image distortion (BPI) and subjective
      ratings of relative weight (SRI). The current study sought to examine the
      validity of the BIDD. In general, the SRI showed moderately favorable validity,
      while the validity of the BPI was not supported in this population.

PMID- 1801566
TI  - Impact of a hospital smoking ban: changes in tobacco use and employee attitudes.
AB  - The authors investigated the impact of a complete smoking ban on 349 employees of
      a cancer treatment center. A questionnaire administered approximately 4 months
      after the ban was initiated queried smokers on the impact of the ban on their
      smoking habits, their experience of withdrawal symptoms during the workday, and
      changes in work habits. A separate questionnaire asked nonsmokers about changes
      in the work environment. Results showed that few smokers quit while a majority
      decreased their consumption. Withdrawal symptoms were a problem in less than half
      the smokers, but those reporting signs of physical dependency on nicotine tended
      to smoke more before and after work and reported negative changes in work
      performance. Nonsmokers in general reported positive effects on the work
      environment.

PMID- 1801567
TI  - Smoking cessation program preferences associated with stage of quitting.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to report results from three exploratory studies
      which examined smoker preferences for cessation program attributes associated
      with stage of quitting. Study 1 was a telephone survey of 205 randomly selected
      smokers, in "precontemplative," "contemplative," and "ready-for-action" stages of
      quitting, who were queried about their preference for a wide variety of cessation
      program attributes. Study 2 entailed a computer-assisted telephone interview of
      218 smokers in the same three stages of quitting. Interview data were used for
      multiattribute utility analysis of (a) preference for specific program
      attributes, selected partially on the basis of Study 1 results; and (b)
      preference for six different types of cessation programs, evaluated through
      computer simulations. Study 3 replicated Study 2 procedures using a smaller mall
      intercept sample which allowed in-person interviews and the use of display
      materials. Results suggested that there are limited but potentially significant
      differences among smokers in the three stages concerning program attribute
      preferences (e.g., use of self-help vs. facilitator-led programs, inclusion of
      relaxation techniques, quitting cold turkey, strategies for gaining social
      support). Nonetheless, there were no statistically significant differences among
      the three subgroups in level of preference for the six types of programs
      evaluated. Implications of these preliminary results are discussed.

PMID- 1801568
TI  - Distressed binge eaters as a distinct subgroup among obese individuals.
AB  - This study was conducted to examine the degree to which binge eating and
      psychological distress among obese adults are associated with a variety of
      behavioral patterns and competencies that could substantially affect weight
      control. Subjects were 167 obese people who sought help in a long-term cognitive
      behavioral treatment program. Subjects were divided into three groups depending
      on their level of psychological distress and severity of binge eating. Subjects
      were also assessed on coping style, subjective distress, weight history, and
      exercising and eating patterns. Results demonstrated substantial differences
      between those reporting relatively few problems with binge eating or
      psychological distress as opposed to those with noteworthy problems in both. The
      presence of either severe binge eating or psychological distress was associated
      with problems in regulating food-related behavior and, more generally, to
      problematic coping styles. These findings support the importance of in-depth
      assessment when treating obesity, more intensive treatment for some subgroupings,
      and long-term studies that incorporate comprehensive pretreatment process measure
      of eating style and psychological distress.

PMID- 1801569
TI  - Familial and personal drinking histories and measures of competence in youth.
AB  - Based on self-reported family histories, a sample of 1,270 adolescents were
      categorized into one of three groups: a) family history of alcoholism (FHA), b)
      family history of heavy drinking (FHHD), and c) family history symptom free
      (FHSF). These subjects were assessed on 26 measures tapping intra- and
      interpersonal competence at three points in time. Results of repeated measures
      (test time) ANOVAs revealed that FHA subjects (as compared to the two other
      groups) exhibited greatest levels of stress due to their inability to get along
      with others and the lowest level of attachment to their parents. Over the three
      test times, FHA subjects appeared to maintain an inappropriately low level of
      social orientation and display decreases in self-efficacy, goal directedness, and
      the level of trust and respect for their parents. Children of heavy-drinking,
      nonalcoholic parents also exhibited low levels of school achievement motivation
      and social orientation. The alcohol/drug use pattern of the subject was found to
      be associated with more measures of competence than was family drinking
      background. Examination of the relationship of varying levels of substance use
      and competence measures by age group revealed that deficits are not static during
      the span of adolescence through young adulthood.

PMID- 1801570
TI  - Exposure to smoking-relevant cues: effects on desire to smoke and topographical
      components of smoking behavior.
AB  - The effects of exposure to two classes of smoking-relevant cues (environmental;
      negative affect) on desire to smoke and smoking topography were evaluated. Sixty
      chronic smokers were randomly assigned to one of six groups in a two-way ANOVA
      design in which the salience of environmental cues and presence of negative
      affective cues were manipulated. This was followed by a 20-minute interval during
      which ad libitum smoking was videotaped in an unobtrusive manner. Results
      indicated that the experimental manipulations differentially influenced ratings
      of desire and topographical components of smoking behavior. Implications are
      raised regarding the role of cue reactivity in the maintenance of smoking
      behavior.

PMID- 1801571
TI  - Nonassociative mechanisms in preferences for alcoholic flavors: differences
      between sons of alcoholics and sons of nonalcoholics.
AB  - We studied nonassociative processes in the development of preferences for wine
      flavors in high- and low-risk groups for alcoholism. Twenty college-age sons of
      nonalcoholics had greater "Liking" ratings for red wine flavors to which they had
      20 prior exposures in the laboratory than flavors to which they had been exposed
      five times or zero times. Fourteen sons of alcoholics did not show this mere
      exposure effect. The results indicate differences between high- and low-risk
      groups for alcoholism in the nonassociative process by which preference for
      particular alcoholic flavors is established.

PMID- 1801572
TI  - Psychosocial and psychopathology differences in hospitalized male and female
      cocaine abusers: a retrospective chart review.
AB  - While considerable amounts of psychological and pharmacological data have been
      collected on male substance abusers in public treatment facilities, relatively
      little information is available about the psychosocial characteristics of men in
      private treatment settings and of women presenting for substance abuse treatment.
      The present study reviewed the records of 100 male and female cocaine abusers
      admitted to a private substance abuse treatment program between 1987 and 1989.
      Patterns of cocaine use and levels of impairment were found to be similar for men
      and women, with male cocaine abusers more likely to abuse additional substances.
      Male cocaine abusers were employed more frequently than women and held higher
      status jobs despite equivalent levels of education. Female cocaine abusers were
      more likely to be diagnosed with concurrent psychiatric disorders and were more
      likely to report family histories of substance abuse. Both groups produced
      elevations on MMPI scales indicating depression, anxiety, paranoid features, and
      acting-out tendencies. These data suggest that while male and female cocaine
      abusers show similarities on some measures, there are significant gender
      differences that may have implications for both research and treatment.

PMID- 1801573
TI  - Influence of personality attributes and daily moods on bulimic eating patterns.
AB  - Relationships among personality attributes, mood states, and eating patterns were
      examined in a nonclinical sample of females with bulimic symptomatology and binge
      eaters. Thirteen subjects in each group completed trait measures of depression,
      anxiety, hostility, and locus of control. Subsequently, they self-monitored
      affect and eating patterns over a 20-day period. Greater state depression,
      anxiety, and hostility all were associated significantly with subsequent daily
      binge eating, and with purging for bulimic subjects. The association of binge
      occurrence with state anxiety and hostility was significantly greater for
      bulimics than for binge eaters. Locus of control and trait hostility were
      important in influencing reactivity of binge eating to daily moods. As trait
      hostility and externality increased, reactivity of binges to negative mood states
      also increased.

PMID- 1801574
TI  - Agreement between two measures of drug use in a low-prevalence population.
AB  - The present study examined the agreement between two measures of prevalence of
      drug use in the community: self-report and specific pharmacological analyses of
      urine samples. The data were collected in the context of a random community
      survey of health practices and attitudes. A random 20% of the households
      participating in the health study were targeted for biochemical assay. Compliance
      with urine delivery was relatively high at 79%. Urine samples were screened
      qualitatively for cannabinoids and benzodiazepines using the enzyme multiplied
      immunoassay technique (EMIT) (Syva Diagnostics, Palo Alto, CA). Screening for
      pharmaceuticals used a standard thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique.
      Agreement between the self-report and biochemical assay estimates of prevalence
      was statistically significant (p less than .05). While self-report of substance
      use is not a perfect measure of consumption, it remains a relatively economical
      and reasonably accurate method of obtaining estimates of substance use in
      community samples.

PMID- 1801575
TI  - Gambling and pathological gambling among university students.
AB  - Students from six colleges and universities in five states in the U.S. (New York,
      New Jersey, Oklahoma, Texas, and Nevada) were surveyed concerning their gambling
      behavior and the rate of pathological gambling. Type of gambling varied by state,
      with students in the northeast and Nevada gambling more than students in Oklahoma
      and Texas. Over 90% of males and 82% of females had gambled. One third of the
      males and 15% of females gambled once a week or more. Rates of pathological
      gambling ranged from 8% in New York to 4% in Nevada. The incidence of
      pathological gambling was high among males, Hispanics, Asians, and Italian
      Americans (compared with among other whites), students with non-traffic arrests,
      those with parents who have gambling problems, and those who abuse alcohol and
      other drugs. Pathological gambling was only weakly correlated with age, religion,
      lower grade point average in school, overeating, living in neighborhoods that are
      "poorer than most," family income, and parental drug use. It was not correlated
      with academic year in college, marital status, parental occupation, parental
      alcohol, and bulimic behavior. The implications of the findings for further
      research and social policy are discussed.

PMID- 1801576
TI  - Childhood sexual experience and bulimia.
AB  - The relationship between childhood sexual experiences and bulimia was examined.
      Sixty-three females completed the Bulimia Test (BULIT) and the Sexual Events
      Questionnaire. BULIT scores were positively correlated with greater numbers of
      sexual experiences, experiences with adults and relatives, and negative responses
      of fear or shock at the time of the sexual experience. A multiple regression
      analysis indicated that fear/shock was a significant predictor of BULIT scores,
      accounting for 44% of the variance. Additional analyses indicated that bulimics
      reported a greater number of fear reactions following their sexual experiences
      and were less likely to have told anyone about their experiences.

PMID- 1801577
TI  - Personality traits and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in alcoholic women.
AB  - Twenty-nine women, sent to an inpatient treatment facility for rehabilitation and
      social training after treatment for heavy alcohol abuse, were compared with 29
      female students of pharmacy or medicine with regard to platelet monoamine oxidase
      (MAO) activity and extraversion-impulsivity and anxiety-proneness personality
      traits. The alcoholic females were found to have slightly lower platelet MAO
      activity than the controls, the difference being considerably smaller than that
      previously found between male alcoholics and male controls. The personality
      pattern of the female alcoholics is in line with that previously found in
      alcoholic males. Thus, the female alcoholics were characterized by high anxiety
      proneness, impulsive acting-out behaviour, sensation seeking, social withdrawal,
      and a hostile attitude.

PMID- 1801578
TI  - Interpersonal and intrapsychic goal-related conflict reported by cigarette
      smokers, unaided quitters, and relapsers.
AB  - Current cigarette smokers not actively trying to cut down (n = 38), recent
      relapsers (n = 40), and successful self-initiated quitters (n = 36), matched on
      age, gender, and smoking background, completed questionnaires retrospectively
      assessing (a) the degree of conflict among important personal goals and the goal
      of smoking cessation, and (b) the level of perceived social hindrance from
      significance others vis-a-vis their efforts to quit smoking. Results indicated
      that unaided quitters, in contrast to current smokers and relapsers, recalled
      significantly less goal-related interpersonal interference and significantly
      lower levels of intergoal conflict. The findings are considered to provide
      support for a social/cognitive perspective on the process of self-managed smoking
      cessation.

PMID- 1801579
TI  - The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and the inherited risk for
      alcoholism.
AB  - The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) (Cloninger, 1987c) was
      administered to four groups of young men. The first group was composed of
      nonalcoholic sons of male alcoholics with extensive multigenerational family
      histories of male alcohol abuse. The second was made up of nonalcoholic men with
      alcoholic fathers. The third group was composed of nonalcoholic men with no
      family history of alcoholism, taken from the general population. The fourth group
      contained male undergraduates with no family history of alcoholism. There were no
      significant differences between the mean scores obtained by members of all four
      groups on the three major subscales of the TPQ.

PMID- 1801580
TI  - Alcohol content variation in the assessment of alcohol consumption.
AB  - Most investigators have not adequately accounted for the alcohol content of
      different beverages when assessing alcohol consumption. Considerable research has
      assessed consumption in terms of the number of standard drinks. A problem with
      standard drink measures is that different distilled spirits, wines, and malt
      beverages vary considerably in alcohol content. State-to-state and brand-to-brand
      variations in the strength of different malt beverage brands are provided, as
      malt beverage alcohol contents are not contained on labels due to federal and
      state regulations. Ignoring alcohol content variation when estimating consumption
      can produce a large amount of error. Alcohol consumption should be assessed in
      terms of the number, size, and alcohol content of beverages.

PMID- 1801581
TI  - Regulation of human cardiac myosin heavy chain gene expression by thyroid
      hormone.

PMID- 1801582
TI  - Regulation of cardiac muscle function in the hypertensive heart.

PMID- 1801583
TI  - Hemodynamic response of conscious rats and dogs to the protein kinase C inhibitor
      staurosporine.

PMID- 1801584
TI  - Role of phosphatidylinositol turnover in the contraction of the rat aorta.

PMID- 1801585
TI  - Reduced aortic and arteriolar growth by captopril in normotensive and renal
      hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1801586
TI  - Structure and function of the adrenergic receptor family.

PMID- 1801588
TI  - Role of contractile agonists in growth regulation of vascular smooth muscle
      cells.
AB  - There is now clear evidence demonstrating that contractile agonists such as
      angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin are potent hypertrophic agents for
      cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, there is circumstantial
      evidence supporting a role for these factors in mediation of smooth muscle cell
      hypertrophy in hypertensive animal models as well as in maintenance of
      contractile mass in normotensive animals. At least part of the hypertrophic
      effect of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin appears to involve a
      generalized increase in protein synthesis since the synthesis of most if not all
      proteins is increased to some extent. However, in addition, these agonists also
      stimulate large selective increases in the synthesis and content of a number of
      cytoskeletal and smooth muscle cell specific contractile proteins, including
      smooth muscle alpha-actin. The latter result is quite exciting since it suggests
      that contractile agonists may play an important role in regulation of
      developmental growth and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle as well as in
      modulating the contractile mass of smooth muscle tissues in accordance with
      functional demands. Observations that agonists increase expression of smooth
      muscle alpha-actin mRNA show that hypertrophy is not regulated solely at the
      translational level, although it remains to be determined whether changes are
      mediated transcriptionally and/or post-transcriptionally. In any event, further
      examination of the mechanisms whereby contractile agonists alter expression of
      these proteins should provide important insight regarding how these factors act
      as hypertrophic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801587
TI  - Potassium channel activators in vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 1801589
TI  - Calcium dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction.
AB  - The experimental results discussed from our laboratory as well as from numerous
      other laboratories investigating the regulation of smooth muscle contraction
      have, in our opinion, clearly demonstrated that a simple Ca2+ dependent switch
      (MLC phosphorylation) cannot completely explain all of the mechanical and
      energetic findings. We and others have demonstrated that stress can be developed
      in the complete absence of increases in MLC phosphorylation, that crossbridge
      cycling rate can be regulated independent of changes in MLC phosphorylation, that
      Ca2+ can directly influence both stress and crossbridge cycling rate, and that
      protein kinase C can, apparently, directly initiate the development of stress
      supported by a specific population of crossbridges characterized by
      unphosphorylated MLC, low cycling rates, and weak binding characteristics. This
      information combined with the wealth of material demonstrating the important
      function played by the Ca2+ and calmodulin dependent MLC kinase is consistent
      with the hypothesis that there are two Ca2+ dependent regulatory systems acting
      in parallel in smooth muscle. One of these is the Ca2+ dependent MLC
      phosphorylation-dephosphorylation system responsible for the rapid development of
      stress and the second is a hypothesized Ca2+ dependent system responsible for the
      slow development of stress as well as the maintenance of previously developed
      stress. This second system has a higher Ca2+ sensitivity than that for MLC
      phosphorylation and may be activated by protein kinase C. The total stress
      attained by smooth muscle is activated by protein kinase C. The total stress
      attained by smooth muscle is the result of these two regulatory systems acting in
      concert. Although we believe the available information is consistent with this
      hypothesis of two regulatory systems functioning in parallel, it is by no means
      the only possibility. Early work from our laboratory and the recent work by the
      Somlyos and their colleagues and Kubota et al. suggest the possibility of a
      regulated MLC phosphatase which might functionally alter the Ca2+ sensitivity of
      the contractile filaments. Kerrick and Hoar and Nishimura and van Breemen have
      published data which imply a role for MgADP in latchbridge kinetics. These
      findings, as well as the discovery of several thin filament protein components
      which have been proposed as regulatory units, must all be taken into account in
      the final answer to the question: How does Ca2+ contract smooth muscle?

PMID- 1801590
TI  - Clinical and molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21
      hydroxylase deficiency.

PMID- 1801591
TI  - Molecular genetics of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 1801592
TI  - [A whole-blood micromethod to determine lymphocyte subsets in capillary blood,
      comparison with other methods of indirect immunofluorescence].
AB  - Six lymphocyte antigens were detected with monoclonal antibodies in 0.2 ml
      capillary blood by a whole blood micromethod. After the lysis of erythrocytes of
      one drop of blood the remaining cells were layered on slides and were stained by
      indirect immunofluorescence. The relative and absolute counts of the lymphocyte
      subsets were of normal value and did not differ from the counts of flow cytometry
      and of slide and tube tests.

PMID- 1801593
TI  - [Production of monoclonal antibodies in serum-free medium in dialysis tubing].
AB  - A simple procedure for the production of pure monoclonal antibodies (mab) in
      dialysis tubing has been used. Hybridomas which produce pancreatic islet cell
      reactive monoclonal antibodies were grown in dialysis tubing containing serum
      free medium. The dialysis tubing was inserted into a flask with medium containing
      7.5% foetal calf serum. The flask was placed on a roller and medium was changed
      every two days. The optimal time for harvesting the mab could be shown to be
      after 10 days of culture with a 4 fold increased immunoglobulin concentration in
      comparison to a conventional hybridoma culture. Immunoglobulin concentrations up
      to 110 mg/l and cell yields of 1.3 x 10(6)/ml have been obtained. The low
      concentration of contaminating low molecular weight proteins in the supernatant
      facilitated or saved purification of mab.

PMID- 1801594
TI  - Activity of B-cell lineage system in the cord blood of newborns.
AB  - To evaluate the B cell lineage system in newborns we estimated IL-4 (BCGF/BSF-1)
      production by lymphocytes isolated from the cord blood and its influence on
      antibody synthesis. Undertaken experiments were performed in two groups of
      newborns: stressed newborns mainly with perinatal infection and full-term healthy
      neonates, comparing to peripheral blood of adults as control. Results revealed 1)
      the significantly higher percentage of mature B cells (B1) in cord blood of
      stressed newborns, 2) the significantly higher IL-4 production comparing to full
      term neonates, 3) diminished IgG and IgA synthesis in vitro by allogenic
      activated B cell blasts in the presence of supernatants from cultures of PHA
      stimulated lymphocytes isolated from cord blood of stressed newborns. Induction
      of IgM synthesis by these active supernatants was significantly higher in
      stressed newborns than in the other examined groups. We suggest that
      immunoregulatory mechanisms, which control the production of IL-6 (BCDF/BSF-2)
      are still not completely mature at birth.

PMID- 1801595
TI  - [Effect of IgG on the primary or secondary induced antibody synthesis].
AB  - The effect of IgG as a ligand for Fc gamma receptors on the sheep erythrocytes
      induced synthesis of IgM and IgG antibodies was studied. The IgG preparations
      used in these experiments had different effects depending on their IgG1 content.
      The effects on a primary or secondary induced synthesis of antibodies was not
      comparable. The IgG preparations were effective in monomeric as well as in
      aggregated form.

PMID- 1801596
TI  - [Immunochemical determination of human thiol protein disulfide oxidoreductase in
      cell and tissue homogenates by competitive EIA].
AB  - Different monospecific antisera against thiol-protein disulfide oxidoreductase
      (TPO, EC 1.8.4.2, protein-disulfide isomerase, EC 5.3.4.1) were raised in rabbits
      by immunization with purified human TPO and characterized by means of Laurell and
      immunoblot techniques. A competitive anti-TPO-EIA with insolubilized TPO has been
      used to determine this enzyme in cells and tissue homogenates. The assay shows a
      sensitivity of 1.2 ng/ml and a specificity of about 99%. The TPO content in
      relation to the total protein was found to be: in pancreas 0.65%, liver 0.45%,
      spleen 0.12%, placenta 0.16%, tonsils 0.06% and lymph nodes 0.03%.

PMID- 1801598
TI  - Determination of ethaverine and papaverine using ion-selective electrodes.
AB  - Ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes for the opium alkaloids
      papaverine and ethaverine are presented. The electrode membranes contain ion
      pairs of the alkaloids with the anionic counter ion tetraphenylborate. The
      detection limits for all electrodes were approximately 2 x 10(-6) mol dm-3 at pH
      5.0 in 100 mmol dm-3 buffered solutions and the measured slopes were close to the
      values theoretically expected. The selectivity coefficient observed for the
      ethaverine-tetraphenylborate electrode is 10(-1.1) with respect to papaverine.
      The suitability of the membranes for single-use electrodes is discussed.

PMID- 1801597
TI  - [Investigations of the immunomodulatory effect of cyanobacterial extracts].
AB  - Resulting from the knowledge that cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are able to
      produce pharmacologically active substances the aqueous extracts from several
      cyanobacteria species and strains (Microcystis aeruginosa, Synechocystis
      aquatilis, Oscillatoria redekei, Anabaena flos-aque, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,
      Oscillatoria rubescens, Oscillatoria tenuis) were tested for their
      immunomodulating activity. Extracts from Oscillatoria redekei 051, Oscillatoria
      tenuis 01 and Synechocystis aquatilis 428 caused an immunosuppression. They
      inhibited not only the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into mitogen stimulated
      lymphocytes but reduced also the number of plaque-forming cells of mice as shown
      by hemolysis-plaque-assay. Only extracts from Oscillatoria redekei 051 did not
      show any cytotoxic effects in lymphocyte cytotoxic test. This may be an evidence
      for a specific action on the proliferation of lymphocytes.

PMID- 1801599
TI  - Plastic membrane ion-selective electrode for the determination of denatonium
      benzoate (Bitrex).
AB  - A poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane ion-selective electrode for the
      determination of the denatonium ion based on the denatonium salt of
      tetraphenylborate is described. The response characteristics of the electrode for
      the denatonium ion and for several quaternary ammonium compounds were studied.
      The potentiometric determination of denatonium benzoate in rapeseed oil in the
      range 1-10 ppm agreed to within +/-5% of the spiked amounts. The application of
      the electrode to the titrimetric determination of several quaternary ammonium
      compounds using sodium tetraphenylborate as the titrant is also described.

PMID- 1801600
TI  - Determination of chloride at picogram levels by molecular fluorescence in a
      graphite furnace.
AB  - Chloride was determined at nanogram levels by adding excess of indium to the
      sample introduced into a graphite furnace and measuring the laser induced
      molecular fluorescence of indium chloride. The diatomic molecules of indium
      chloride were excited by a pulsed dye laser at 267 nm and fluorescence was
      measured at 359 nm. The effects of various parameters including amount of indium
      added, furnace thermal conditions and presence of concomitants were also studied.
      A linear calibration in the range of 0.025-1.25 ng and a detection limit of 17 pg
      of chloride were obtained under optimum conditions. The analytical usefulness of
      the method was checked by determining the chloride content in National Institute
      of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials 1571a and 1571b Orchard
      Leaves.

PMID- 1801601
TI  - Application of a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin with macroreticular support to the
      determination of trace amounts of cadmium and lead in non-saline waters.
AB  - The chelating poly(dithiocarbamate) resin with macroreticular support is shown to
      be effective for the preconcentration of cadmium and lead from non-saline waters.
      The retained ions can be eluted efficiently in 5 ml of 8 mol dm-3 nitric acid
      from 1-20 cm columns of resin. Poly(dithiocarbamate) resin is used for
      preconcentration in the determination of cadmium and lead by flame atomic
      absorption spectrometry. The common ions present in non-saline waters do not
      interfere. The sensitivity was 0.10 micrograms l-1 of Cd and 0.73 micrograms l-1
      of Pb. The detection limits were 0.03 and 0.34 micrograms l-1 for Cd and Pb,
      respectively. The cadmium and lead concentration rages, determined in mineral and
      tap waters, were between 0.1 and 0.8 micrograms l-1 and between 0.7 and 16.9
      micrograms l-1, respectively.

PMID- 1801602
TI  - Indirect spectrophotometric determination of micro-amounts of Tin(II) in the
      presence of Tin(IV) and in dental gels.
AB  - A method for determining microgram amounts of tin(II) in synthetic samples
      containing tin(IV) and in dental gels has been developed. The procedure involves
      the oxidation of tin(II) with iron(III) in hydrochloric acid and
      spectrophotometric determination of the resulting iron(II) as a FerroZine
      complex.

PMID- 1801603
TI  - Identification of N-formylnorcocaine and N-benzoylnormethylecgonine in illicit
      cocaine.
AB  - Gas chromatographic determination of the acidic and neutral components of illicit
      cocaine indicated the presence of one or more common components in different
      samples. Isolation and examination of the spectroscopic properties of the major
      impurity indicated it to be N-formylnorcocaine. The material was compared with
      authentic material synthesized from norcocaine. N-Benzoylnormethylecgonine was
      also found to be present in illicit cocaine.

PMID- 1801604
TI  - Simultaneous kinetic determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the
      stopped-flow technique.
AB  - A stopped-flow method for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and
      norepinephrine, two catecholamines with a wide spectrum of biological activity,
      is proposed. The method is based on the oxidation of these compounds with 1,10
      phenanthroline-iron(III) complex, which is monitored by measuring the initial
      rate of change of the absorbance of the ferroin formed at 510 nm. The difference
      in kinetic behaviour between the two species was exploited by applying a modified
      version of the proportional-equation method for the resolution of epinephrine
      norepinephrine mixtures at the micrograms ml-1 level over the ratio range 1:10
      10:1, with an error of less than 5% and an average precision of about 2.5%. The
      method was successfully applied to the determination of the two catecholamines in
      pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 1801605
TI  - Ion-pair extraction and determination of copper(II) and zinc(II) in environmental
      and pharmaceutical samples.
AB  - Copper and zinc were extracted from salicylate solution into Aliquat 336
      dissolved in toluene and determined in the organic phase spectrophotometrically
      using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol. The determination of copper and zinc was also
      carried out titrimetrically or by atomic absorption spectrometry after stripping
      the metal ions from the organic phase. The method permits the determination of
      copper and zinc in environmental and pharmaceutical samples. The standard
      deviation and relative standard deviation are 0.052 micrograms and 0.69%,
      respectively, for copper and 0.041 micrograms and 0.60%, respectively, for zinc.

PMID- 1801606
TI  - Voltammetric behaviour of morphine at a glassy carbon electrode and its
      determination in human serum by liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection under basic conditions.
AB  - The electrochemical oxidation of morphine was studied at pH values of between
      7.00 and 12.00 by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at a planar glassy
      carbon electrode. The peak potential was dependent on pH over the range 7.00
      9.75; it was independent of pH above the latter value, indicating a pKa value of
      9.75. The peak current was found to be independent of pH, ionic strength of
      phosphate buffer (0.02-0.1 mol dm-3) and percentage of acetonitrile (0-40% v/v).
      The oxidation was found to occur in three steps; these are considered to result
      from a one-electron oxidation of the phenoxide group, followed by a one-electron
      loss from the oxidation product, pseudomorphine, and finally a two-electron loss
      from a tertiary amine group. A simple method of analysis by high-performance
      liquid chromatography was developed which employed a column packed with a
      reversed-phase, pH-stable, octadecylsilane-modified silica. Separation was
      achieved with a mobile phase containing 20% v/v acetonitrile in 0.05 mol dm-3
      phosphate buffer, pH 11.0. Amperometric detection was carried out with an applied
      potential of +0.45 V versus Ag-AgCl. The detection limit was 1.24 x 10(-13) mol
      of morphine injected. The detector gave a linear response from 1.2 x 10(-12) to
      4.0 x 10(-10) mol of morphine injected. The extraction method required 0.5 ml of
      serum, and no solvent evaporation was needed. The recovery of morphine was 80.9%.
      The method gave a linear response to at least 15.0 x 10(-7) mol dm-3.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801607
TI  - Amperometric enzyme electrode for theophylline.
AB  - An amperometric biosensor for theophylline, based on the recently isolated enzyme
      theophylline oxidase, is described. The enzyme is entrapped, together with a
      ferricytochrome C cofactor, within a polymeric (Nafion) coating. The anodic
      detection (at +0.4 V versus Ag-AgCl) is facilitated by the addition of a redox
      mediating hexacyanoferrate(III) ion. The influence of various experimental
      variables is described. The limit of detection is 2 x 10(-6) mol dm-3
      theophylline, with linearity prevailing up to 3 x 10(-4) mol dm-3. The fast
      response and wash times permit rapid flow-injection measurements, with a
      frequency of 180 samples h-1 and a relative standard deviation of 3.0-4.0%.
      Prospects of using this electrode for clinical diagnostics are discussed.

PMID- 1801608
TI  - The effect of cancer on semen quality after cryopreservation of sperm.
AB  - The results of cryopreservation of sperm from cancer patients were
      retrospectively reviewed in an effort to better understand the relationship
      between semen quality and the presence of different kinds of cancer. The semen
      analysis results for 146 patients referred to our infertility center for sperm
      banking over a 2-year period were examined. These patients were divided into
      three groups according to their diagnosis: group I, prevasectomy controls; group
      II, patients with lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease; and group III, patients with
      testicular cancer, e.g., seminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, or teratocarcinoma.
      The seminal parameters assessed included sperm count and prefreeze and postthaw
      motility and velocity. For these parameters, significant decrease from control
      values (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01) was seen in groups II and III. The
      specimens from group I patients retained good motility and velocity after
      thawing. Our results indicate that semen quality is adversely affected by the
      presence of cancer in the body.

PMID- 1801609
TI  - First observations on enzymatic activity and protein content of vesicles
      separated from rat epididymal fluid.
AB  - Fluid of rat cauda epididymidis was obtained by flushing the duct with 0.25 mol l
      1 sucrose in 0.01 mol l-1 Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4. The fluid was centrifuged at
      600 x g for 15 min and the sperm free supernatant was centrifuged at 47,000 x g
      for 1 h. The sediments observed with the electron microscope consisted of a
      heterogeneous population of membrane-bound vesicles similar to those seen in the
      intact organ. In the sediment containing the vesicles the activity of beta
      galactosidase was mostly unavailable for the substrate showing a high degree of
      latency: the activity became soluble after a treatment with 0.5% saponin. The
      activity of N-acetyl-galactosaminadase instead, was mainly available for the
      substrate and soluble in buffer containing 0.6 mol l-1 KCl. It was then inferred
      that beta-galactosidase is located inside vesicles with no or little affinity for
      the membrane, while N-acetylglucosaminadase is bound to the external surface of
      vesicles. Supernatants and precipitates from suspensions of vesicles in buffered
      0.5% saponin were analysed for proteins by gel electrophoresis. The
      electrophoretic patterns of the sediments were very different from those of
      supernatants and showed a number of bands greater than that of the latter. The
      vesicles are believed to arise from the epididymal epithelium, but their
      physiological role is unknown.

PMID- 1801610
TI  - The effects of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) on general toxicity and
      gonadotoxicity in rats.
AB  - This study was set to determine if there is a correlation between the general
      toxic effect and the gonadotoxic effect of DBCP on male rats. Groups of male rats
      were injected with a single dose of DBCP (50 mg kg-1) dissolved in
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Twenty four hours, one and four weeks post injection
      animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for enzymes' and hormones' assays.
      Organs were weighed and testes were taken for histological examination and sperm
      counts. The results showed that DBCP at a dose of 50 mg kg-1 had a general toxic
      effect expressed by reduction in body and liver weights and reduced activities of
      serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic
      transaminase (SGPT). These changes show a tendency to revert to normal values
      with time. On the other hand, gonadotoxic effects increase in severity with time.
      The weight of testes and epididymides were reduced, sperm counts decreased and
      histological damage advanced, and FSH and LH blood levels increased 4 weeks post
      injection. It seems that in rats the gonadotoxic effect of DBCP is dissociated
      from the general toxic effects.

PMID- 1801611
TI  - Immunomagnetic separation of antibody-labelled from antibody-free human
      spermatozoa as a treatment for immunologic infertility. A preliminary report.
AB  - A method is described where superparamagnetic polymer microspheres coated with
      monoclonal antibodies are used to isolate antibody-labelled from antibody-free
      spermatozoa in male autoimmune infertility. Autoimmune sperm samples or antibody
      free spermatozoa adsorbed with antisperm-antibodies from sera were incubated with
      microspheres coated with a specific monoclonal antibody to murine
      immunoglobulins, after their preincubation with mouse anti-human IgG and IgA.
      Using a magnet, the microsphere-labelled spermatozoa were separated from the
      samples. Immunobead binding was performed before and after the treatment in order
      to detect changes in the percentage of antibody-bound spermatozoa. After the
      immunomagnetic separation, approximately 50% of the IgA-labelled spermatozoa was
      isolated while no difference was demonstrated when antisperm antibodies of IgG
      class were involved. The evaluation of sperm motility and membrane integrity
      after treatment seemed to indicate that the technique did not have any relevant
      effect on sperm characteristics. The fact that only a partial success in
      separation of IgA-bound spermatozoa and no success for IgG-labelled sperm was
      obtained indicates that the method needs to be improved before its clinical
      utilization might be postulated.

PMID- 1801612
TI  - Effects of progesterone administration on follicle-stimulating hormone and
      prolactin release in estrogen treated eugonadal adult men.
AB  - In order to investigate the modulatory effect of steroids on FSH secretion in
      vivo, we studied 16 human males, aged 51-81 years, affected by prostatic
      carcinoma. They were given estradiol or E2 plus progesterone (P), added at
      different times during E2 treatment. Daily blood samples were collected in order
      to determine LH, FSH, and PRL levels; moreover, blood samples were collected at 2
      h intervals for 12 h on the day of P administration. We observed the expected
      biphasic effect on LH secretion, whereas daily basal FSH levels, during E2
      treatment, decreased gradually and progressively from the first day until the end
      of the study. FSH levels exhibited, after P administration, wide fluctuations,
      with peak levels observed from 2 to 6 h after P in 4 of 6 patients studied (at 72
      h during E2 treatment). A clear trend toward FSH increase was also observed in 3
      out of 5 patients in whom P was administrated 96 h after starting E2
      administration. In this case, FSH increases were delayed, becoming evident
      between 8th and 10th h after P injection. Finally, during E2 administration basal
      PRL levels showed a progressive increase, which was significant in all three
      groups. In conclusion, these data confirm the biphasic effects of estrogen
      administration on LH secretion in eugonadal adult human males; while estrogens
      alone showed an inhibitory effect on FSH secretion, the addition of P induced
      also a positive action, resulting in a clear FSH peak in some patients tested.
      The time course of E2 and P administration seems to be critical for the hormone
      response pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801613
TI  - Virulence characteristics of male genital tract Escherichia coli isolated from
      semen of suspected infertile men.
AB  - The role of Escherichia coli isolates from the semen in the etiology of male
      infertility, was investigated in this study. Several possible virulence factors
      of E. coli, such as possession of O antigens or certain K antigens (K1, K5), the
      type of fimbriae, resistance to antimicrobial drugs and adherence studies to
      various mammalian sperm cells were examined. It was found that out of 181 E. coli
      isolates 76.4% belonged to four different urinary serotypes: O1, O2, O4 and O6
      (5.7%, 7.5%, 17.0% and 46.2%, respectively). The predominant fimbrial phenotype
      (81.2%) was T1F+/P-, while 15.8% showed also the possession of P fimbriae
      (T1F+/P+). No isolate was found with the T1F-/P+ phenotype. The possession of
      antigens K1, K5 was found to be low (12% only). A relatively high level of
      adherence to different mammalian sperm cells was found among E. coli isolates.
      43% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to doxycycline (the drug of choice)
      and additionally, most of these were resistant also to ampicillin. We suggest
      that there is a close subpopulation of E. coli which possess certain virulence
      properties and have the potential to adhere to sperm cells and to colonize on
      other target tissues in the male genital tract. Such virulent may cause
      asymptomatic male infertility and may be termed male genital tract (MGT)-E. coli.

PMID- 1801615
TI  - New members and associates of the American Psychological Association.

PMID- 1801616
TI  - Formulation-based psychotherapy research: some further considerations.

PMID- 1801614
TI  - Neurobehavioral outcomes in diseases of childhood. Individual change models for
      pediatric human immunodeficiency viruses.
AB  - The growing incidence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children is a major public health problem.
      Current research emphasizes treatments for ameliorating deleterious effects on
      the child's neurological and behavioral development. This article outlines
      approaches to the assessment of individual change that may provide alternatives
      to more traditional approaches to the assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes in
      children with chronic diseases. These approaches provide more precise
      conceptualizations of changes that lead directly to statistical designs and
      measurement strategies for assessing effects of HIV-1 and AIDS on development.
      Such assessments can be superimposed on current clinical trial methodologies to
      evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral interventions designed to
      improve quality of life in HIV-1 infected children.

PMID- 1801617
TI  - The proof is in the pudding: a commentary on persons.

PMID- 1801618
TI  - The case formulation approach: issues of reliability and validity.

PMID- 1801620
TI  - Person's description of psychotherapy outcome studies does not accurately
      represent psychotherapy outcome studies.

PMID- 1801619
TI  - Psychotherapy models and outcome research.

PMID- 1801621
TI  - [Carcinoma of the breast: instrumental imaging diagnosis].

PMID- 1801622
TI  - [Treatment of breast carcinoma in Italy].
AB  - Treatment of breast cancer has been submitted to a deep revision in the last
      years. Conservative surgery plus radiotherapy is increasingly adopted as the
      standard method of treatment for small tumors of the breast. Nevertheless the
      diffusion of this therapy is slackened by the lack of Oncologic Centers, mainly
      Radiotherapy Departments, in Italy. A survey of breast cancer treatment in Italy
      was done and the Author concludes that only a larger diffusion of Oncologic
      Institutions, mainly in southern Italy, can offer breast cancer patients the
      possibility to be cured according to modern and reliable treatment protocols.

PMID- 1801623
TI  - [Radiotherapy and breast cancer. A review of the literature].
AB  - Breast cancer is the commonest neoplastic disease in women; radiotherapy is
      frequently used in patients with breast cancer. In the past decade, most
      attention has been devoted to conservative treatment of early (Stage I-II) breast
      cancer. Informations derived from the literature, about results, cosmesis, risk
      of relapse, and the various problems of combining radiotherapy with different
      surgical approaches and with chemotherapy, are presented and discussed. Recent
      data about post mastectomy irradiation and treatment of locoregional relapses,
      and about the role of radiotherapy in treating locally advanced and inflammatory
      breast cancer, are also presented and discussed.

PMID- 1801624
TI  - [Determination and significance of hormone receptors in breast carcinoma].

PMID- 1801625
TI  - [Medical treatment of breast carcinoma].

PMID- 1801626
TI  - [Role of reconstructive surgery after surgical treatment of breast carcinoma].

PMID- 1801627
TI  - Whole DNA genome typing.

PMID- 1801628
TI  - Analysis of prognostic factors in 274 consecutive episodes of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa bacteremia.

PMID- 1801629
TI  - Defect of opsonophagocytic function in burned patients: reversal by transfusion
      of normal plasma or by cell wall-active antibiotics.

PMID- 1801630
TI  - Pseudomonas immunoglobulin therapy in patients with Pseudomonas sepsis and septic
      shock.

PMID- 1801631
TI  - Comparison of different typing methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801632
TI  - Vaccine potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate).

PMID- 1801633
TI  - The first clinical trial of immuno's experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      flagellar vaccines.

PMID- 1801634
TI  - Clinical evaluation of an octavalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa conjugate vaccine in
      plasma donors and in bone marrow transplant and cystic fibrosis patients.

PMID- 1801635
TI  - In vitro and in vivo functional activities of monoclonal antibodies reactive with
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup 6 lipopolysaccharides.

PMID- 1801636
TI  - Therapy of established experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections with oral
      ciprofloxacin and five human monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide
      antigens.

PMID- 1801637
TI  - Protective effect of cytokines in mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

PMID- 1801638
TI  - Enhancement of nonspecific resistance against microbial infections with special
      reference to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by chemically synthesized lipid A
      subunit analogs.

PMID- 1801639
TI  - Drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with special reference to new
      quinolones.

PMID- 1801640
TI  - beta-Lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801641
TI  - Clinical perspectives of quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801642
TI  - Chromosome organization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801643
TI  - Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801644
TI  - Phospholipase C: molecular biology and contribution to the pathogenesis of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1801645
TI  - Molecular approach to Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin: structure, activation
      mechanism and phage conversion.

PMID- 1801646
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: biosynthesis of alginate as
      a virulence factor.

PMID- 1801647
TI  - Alginate in infection.

PMID- 1801648
TI  - Cross-colonization and routes of infection assessed with a DNA probe.

PMID- 1801649
TI  - Immunology of the chronic lung infection.

PMID- 1801651
TI  - A review of the recent progress in treatment of patients with diffuse
      panbronchiolitis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Japan.

PMID- 1801650
TI  - Inhibition of normal and malignant cell proliferation by pyocyanine and 1
      hydroxyphenazine.

PMID- 1801652
TI  - The role of proteases in Pseudomonas infections in burns: a current hypothesis.

PMID- 1801653
TI  - The ultrastructure of congenital naevocytic naevi. III. Morphological variability
      of melanosomes.
AB  - In congenital naevocytic naevi (CNN), the ultrastructure of melanosomes has been
      demonstrated only in a few case reports. In the present study, five defined skin
      levels were systematically compared by electron microscopy in five giant and
      seven medium-sized CNN. The ages of the patients ranged from 5 days to 29 years.
      Six common acquired naevocytic naevi (ANN) served as controls. Melanosomes were
      classified morphologically into several groups. Epidermal melanosomes were normal
      in all cases. In 10 of the 12 patients, the morphology and size of dermal
      melanosomes corresponded well with those in ANN, although in four young children
      (up to 4-years-old) a few enlarged or atypical forms were found. On the other
      hand, two new-born babies showed rather different, grossly enlarged dermal
      melanosomes of various shapes and some unusual internal features. They were seen
      focally even in lower dermal layers and in naevus cells in subepidermal sweat
      ducts. We conclude that dermal naevus cells in CNN of new-borns, at least in some
      cases, may contain melanosomes with unusual morphological variations. This does
      not necessarily indicate malignant transformation.

PMID- 1801654
TI  - Defects in antioxidant defense and calcium transport in the epidermis of
      xeroderma pigmentosum patients.
AB  - A comparative study of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase,
      glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase was undertaken in two families
      with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and in healthy controls of corresponding skin
      phototypes. Epidermal blister roofs obtained from the XP patients revealed
      significant decreases in catalase, thioredoxin reductase, and superoxide
      dismutase, but glutathione reductase was unaffected. In addition, keratinocytes
      established from XP patients contained a significantly higher than normal
      intracellular calcium concentration compared with control cells from a
      corresponding skin type. Keratinocytes established from an XP obligate
      heterozygote revealed intermediate levels of calcium between XP homozygotes and
      controls. Previously high intracellular calcium has been shown to compromise the
      redox status of keratinocytes by allosteric inhibition of the thioredoxin
      reductase/thioredoxin electron transfer system. In XP homozygous keratinocytes
      from sun-exposed epidermis, the intracellular concentration of reduced
      thioredoxin was decreased to 50% compared with these cells from unexposed skin.
      Taken together, the results from this study indicate that the epidermis in XP
      patients lacks effective defense against free radicals and peroxides. In addition
      to the well-established defect in the normal rates of unscheduled DNA repair,
      these findings provide an even better explanation for the multiple cutaneous
      neoplasms in these patients.

PMID- 1801655
TI  - Effects of tiflucarbine as a dual protein kinase C/calmodulin antagonist on
      proliferation of human keratinocytes and release of reactive oxygen species from
      human leukocytes.
AB  - Various studies have suggested that calmodulin (CaM) is involved in the
      pathophysiology of psoriasis. Protein kinase C (PKC) is also accepted as playing
      a regulatory role in cell proliferation as well as in inflammatory processes.
      Therefore, we investigated the effects of the known CaM antagonist tiflucarbine
      (BAY/TVX P 4495) on two cellular systems related to the major clinical symptoms
      of psoriasis: proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes (HaCa T cell line)
      and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from human polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMNL). Tiflucarbine inhibited both cellular responses in a dose
      dependent manner. Furthermore, tiflucarbine directly affected PKC, and may thus
      be considered to be a dual PKC/CaM antagonist with putative antipsoriatic
      activity. The effects of tiflucarbine on the different parameters were compared
      with those of the structurally unrelated dual PKC/CaM inhibitor W-7 and those of
      the potent PKC inhibitor staurosporine. The potencies of all three compounds were
      found to be in the same range as their PKC-inhibiting potency. Our data indicate
      that PKC, rather than CaM, may play a regulatory role in the release of ROS as
      well as in keratinocyte proliferation. Therefore, inhibition of PKC in general
      might have a therapeutic benefit in psoriasis.

PMID- 1801656
TI  - Response of scleroderma fibroblasts to various growth factors.
AB  - Abnormal growth regulation in lesional skin fibroblasts may be related to
      scleroderma pathogenesis. We report on the abnormal response of cultured
      fibroblasts derived from sclerotic lesions to various growth factors. We
      investigated the responses of skin fibroblasts (10 strains) and normal
      fibroblasts (9 strains) to the growth factors as PDGF, TGF-beta 1, EGF and basic
      FGF. Experiments were conducted during the proliferation and confluent stages.
      PDGF, EGF and basic FGF stimulated fibroblast growth during the proliferation and
      confluent stages, but the response of scleroderma fibroblasts was significantly
      lower than that of normal fibroblasts. TGF-beta 1 slightly stimulated confluent
      fibroblast growth and inhibited proliferating fibroblasts, and the response of
      scleroderma fibroblasts exceeded that of normal fibroblasts. The decreased
      response to growth-stimulating factors observed in scleroderma fibroblasts
      suggests that cultured fibroblasts derived from scleroderma lesions were already
      senescent because they have been activated by growth-stimulating factors and
      repeatedly divided in vivo. Thus, abnormal growth regulation of skin fibroblasts
      may be partially related to the pathogenesis of scleroderma.

PMID- 1801657
TI  - Psoriasis and psoriasiform eruptions associated with propranolol--the role of an
      immunological mechanism.

PMID- 1801658
TI  - Oxidative activity associated with a network of dendritic cells in the human
      epidermis.

PMID- 1801659
TI  - Effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol on growth of human
      hair outer root sheath keratinocytes in vitro.

PMID- 1801660
TI  - Stability of anthralin in liposomal phospholipids.

PMID- 1801661
TI  - The effect of limb oedema and compressive bandaging on postural vasoconstriction
      in humans.

PMID- 1801663
TI  - [Morphologic criteria for assessing of the etiology of birth trauma and
      dyscirculatory damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in the perinatal
      period].
AB  - The stages of the pathology examination necessary for establishing the diagnosis
      of the delivery trauma are considered. The emphasis is laid on the importance of
      studying the area of periostal congestion, the character of the skull bone
      dislocation and symptoms of the brain compression for the conclusion about the
      genesis of the intracranial lesions as well as for the evaluation of delivery and
      the quality of the obstetric help. It is shown how, by means of rules established
      by the author, it is possible to predict the location of the intracranial
      haemorrhages before opening the skull. It is stated that revealing delivery
      traumatic damages is necessary for a diagnosis of the delivery trauma.

PMID- 1801662
TI  - Use of a surface recovery technique to evaluate percutaneous absorption of 5
      methoxypsoralen in humans.

PMID- 1801664
TI  - [Intrauterine and postnatal pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency of infants].
AB  - The autopsy material of 15 children aged from 2 months to 3 years from the zonal
      group of increased risk of the ecologic pathology, acquired immunodeficiency and
      viral infections was assessed morphologically and clinically. Decreased number of
      T-cells (T4, T8), an increase of the level of serum IgA, IgE and immune
      complexes, HIV-antibodies (4 cases) were found in the patients. The method of the
      molecular hybridization by means of virus-specific 32P-DNA probes was used.
      Bronchopneumonia was the cause of death. Severe deficiency of the organs and
      cells of the immune system, alternative-proliferative lung inflammation, mainly
      in the form of pneumonitis and alveolitis, were found. The latter differed either
      individually or as a result of the predominant infectious agent (RNA- or DNA
      viruses, pneumocysts, bacterial flora, fungi). Considerable immunity dysfunctions
      enhanced the intensity of the specific features in pneumonia morphology.

PMID- 1801665
TI  - [Pathogenesis of infant pneumonia].
AB  - Basing on morphofunctional study of 101 autopsy cases of children under one year
      of age, the role of premorbid background, congenital and acquired
      immunodeficiencies is shown in the onset of pneumonia. The scheme of the
      pneumonia development is suggested.

PMID- 1801666
TI  - [Rational morphologic classification of disorders of placental maturation].
AB  - Existing morphologic classifications of placenta immaturity are analyzed on the
      basis of stages of the placenta villi normal histogenesis. 6 variants of its
      pathologic immaturity are distinguished: mesenchymal, embryonal, intermediate and
      differentiated villi, variant of chaotic sclerotized villi, variant of precocious
      villi maturation. These variants result in the foetal hypotrophy or its death at
      all stages of its antenatal development. 2 variants comprise a relative placenta
      immaturity: variant of a dissociated development of kotiledons and that of
      deficiency of terminal specialized villi. They occur in both risk groups of
      newborns and in normal pregnancy. Revealing of the above variants allows one to
      determine the time of the antenatal damage of developing placenta.

PMID- 1801667
TI  - [Morphology of the chorion based on biopsy in threatened spontaneous abortion].
AB  - 70 chorion biopsies (CB) were studied morphologically under the conditions of a
      spontaneous abortion. Within the first trimester of the pregnancy the diagnosis
      of progressing, regressing and non-perspective pregnancy proved possible. The
      comparison of the histological examination of biopsies, endometrium scrapes and
      placenta with clinico-biochemical results indicates an important diagnostical and
      prognostical value of CB helpful in choosing corrective therapy for conservation
      of the pregnancy under a favourable prognosis.

PMID- 1801668
TI  - [Morphogenesis of bronchiectasis in children of preschool age].
AB  - Surgical material from 24 children aged 2-6.5 years was investigated for studying
      morphological features and morphogenesis of bronchiectatic disease (BED)
      associated with lung immaturity. Leading role in the development of BED belongs
      to the deficiency of the lung defense at the time of the disease onset and
      premorbid background. Purulent-destructive alterations of the lung are the basis
      of grave persistent recurring BED.

PMID- 1801669
TI  - [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in children].
AB  - An analysis of 4 cases of the thrombotic thrombocytopenia in children of 4 to 10
      years of age is performed. The disease was characterized by fever, purpura,
      headache and abdominal pains, arterial hypertension, microangiopathic haemolytic
      anemia, thrombocytopenia, increase of blood urea and serum creatinine, micro
      haematuria and proteinuria. The duration of the disease was from 4 days to 7
      months. Anuria, gangrene of the ears, scrotum, penis and soft tissues of legs and
      feet were registered in a 5-year-old patient with a fulminant disease. The cause
      of death of other patients was heart failure with acute lung oedema, brain
      haemorrhages and haemorrhagic pancreonecrosis. The diagnosis of the thrombotic
      thrombocytopenia was confirmed by the finding in the autopsy material of
      thrombotic microangiopathy of small arteries, veins, arterioles, venules and
      capillaries in kidneys and other organs and tissues. Kidney damage in fulminant
      disease is complicated by segmentary cortical necrosis, in a more prolonged
      disease--by glomerulosclerosis or mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 1801670
TI  - [Myocardium of the isolated rat heart in postischemic cardioplegic normothermic
      reperfusion].
AB  - Rat myocardium and phenomenon "no reflow" were studied histologically,
      morphometrically and electron microscopically under the conditions of
      normothermic pre- and postischemic perfusion of the isolated heart with solutions
      of various osmolality containing K+ 30 mmol/l. The Langendorff model was used.
      Cardiomyocyte swelling is regarded as a possible factor in the development of
      phenomenon "no reflow". Pre-ischemic perfusion with a hyperpotassium solution
      prevents the myocardium ischemic contracture; postischemic reperfusion enhances
      the myocardium vacuole degeneration and contractural damage of the right
      ventricle cardiomyocytes. An increase of the cardioplegic solution osmolality
      results in the mosaic damage of the left ventricle, a decrease of contracture
      surface of the right ventricle. Its myocardium resistance to the
      ischemic/reperfusion damage under the condition of the normothermic heart
      reperfusion, including that with the hyperpotassium solutions, is found greater
      as compared to the left ventricle.

PMID- 1801671
TI  - [In the dying cell secretory protein diffuses through the membranes into the
      cytosol].
AB  - Anti-horseradish peroxidase IgG (a-HRP) secreting hybridoma lymphoblasts grown
      subcutaneously in recipient mice have been studied light and electron
      microscopically 30-120 min following capitation of the animals. Conventional HRP
      DAB immunocytochemical staining was performed for demonstration of a-HRP which in
      the living cells was restricted to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the
      perinuclear cisterns, the Golgi apparatus and some microvesicles. 30 min after
      death in a number of the cells a-HRP began to invade the cytosol leaving,
      however, the nucleus and mitochondrial matrix free of the secretory marker. 30 to
      90 min later staining intensity became similar in all cellular structures thereby
      making an impression of overall a-HRP spreading throughout the cell. In the light
      of these findings and the data obtained by other investigators a conclusion is
      made on the diffusion of macromolecules across intracellular membranes as a
      result of considerable post-mortem disturbances in membrane permeability.

PMID- 1801672
TI  - [Analysis of morphologic classifications of testicular lesions in male
      sterility].
AB  - An analysis of the authors' own data based on the examination of 697 testis
      biopsies is given. The material is subdivided into two groups depending on the
      presence or absence of germ cells: 1) hypospermatogenesis and 2)
      aspermatogenesis. Hypospermatogenesis is related to any tubule changes resulting
      in the under-production of spermatozoa. Criteria of tubule changes and a method
      for determination of the hypospermatogenesis degree are given. Insolvency of some
      existing histologic classifications is shown.

PMID- 1801673
TI  - [Echomorphologic parallels in the ultrasound examination of the placenta].
AB  - Results of the ultrasound and morphological examination of the villous chorion of
      women with physiological pregnancy (34 cases) and with late pregnancy toxicoses
      (280 cases) were compared. A gradual decrease of the chorion acoustic density in
      physiological pregnancy correlates with a development of the compensatory
      adaptive reaction (CAR) on the tissue level and serves a favourable prognosis for
      the pregnancy outcome. In patients with late pregnancy toxicosis, alterations of
      the chorion echogenicity occur at different periods of the pregnancy and reflect
      the CAR disturbances facilitating the development of various forms (stages) of
      the placenta insufficiency. The results obtained indicate possibilities of
      placentography use for a differential approach to the choice of methods and terms
      of delivery in late pregnancy toxicoses.

PMID- 1801674
TI  - Progestogens: an occasional review.
AB  - Progestogens are drugs which share the ability to stimulate the progesterone
      receptor, but differ in many other aspects. Some of their uses include the
      regulation of menstrual bleeding, protection of oestrogen-primed endometrium,
      contraception and as anticancer therapy. However, progesterone physical and
      psychological side-effects and potentially adverse metabolic effects including
      lipoprotein changes must be considered. An understanding of these differences
      will permit appropriate prescribing of these drugs for gynaecological and medical
      disorders.

PMID- 1801676
TI  - Urodynamic investigation in the management of incontinent women.
AB  - One hundred and sixty-eight women presenting to a Urinary Incontinence Clinic
      were studied. Only 52% had a urodynamic diagnosis that supported their clinical
      signs and symptoms. The response rates to various modalities of treatment for
      each urinary disorder are described. Fifty-one percent achieved a complete
      response with the treatment selected, 27% had a partial response, and 10% did not
      respond or deteriorated. Twelve percent of patients were lost to follow-up.

PMID- 1801675
TI  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) necessitating therapeutic midtrimester
      abortion: a case report.
AB  - A 35-year old multiparous lady was admitted at 19 weeks of pregnancy with rapid
      onset of dyspnoea which progressed to grade III in 2 months. She was diagnosed as
      a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). She had a vital capacity of 1.25
      l, 46.5% of predicted and PaO2 of 60 mmHg at rest, dropping to 35 mmHg on mild
      exercise testing. She did not respond to prednisolone 40 mg daily given orally
      for one month. In view of lack of improvement, therapeutic abortion was carried
      out at 24 weeks by abdominal hysterotomy combined with tubal ligation. Subsequent
      to termination of pregnancy, her clinical status and pulmonary function improved
      markedly and she had only grade I dyspnoea 30 months later without
      corticosteroids. Effect of pregnancy on interstitial lung disorders especially
      IPF is not yet clear because of extreme rarity of their association. Therapeutic
      abortion should be seriously considered in patients who cannot increase their
      oxygen consumption 3 times normal without uncorrectable hypoxaemia.

PMID- 1801677
TI  - Obstetric performance in the elderly Malaysian primigravida.
AB  - The obstetric performance of 240 elderly primigravida delivering at the
      University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between January 1987 and February
      1990 was compared with a random group of 250 young primigravida delivering during
      the same time period. The incidence of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes
      mellitus, preterm delivery, antepartum haemorrhage and malpresentation was all
      increased in the elderly primigravida group. The incidence of caesarean section
      in the older group was 40.4% compared with 6.8% in the younger (p less than
      0.001). Recent studies suggest that the perinatal mortality in women who delay
      having their first baby until after the age of 35 is not significantly different
      from the rest of the obstetric population. However, in our own population of
      elderly primigravida, although not quite reaching statistical significance the
      perinatal mortality rate of 46 per 1,000 is three times that of primigravida aged
      20-25. This may reflect our low induction rate (7.5%) and assisted vaginal
      delivery rate (8.3%) in those women in this high risk group who are allowed to
      labour. The implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 1801678
TI  - Grandmultiparity in Malaysian women.
AB  - Grandmultiparity is an ill defined term, but it is generally believed that
      increasing parity after the fifth delivery increases the risks of child bearing
      for both the mother and fetus. Four hundred seventy-seven women aged less than 35
      years of parity 5 and above who delivered during one year period at the
      University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur were studied. There were 406 women of parity 5
      and 6 and 71 women of parity 7 and above. The 2 groups as a whole comprised 7.5%
      of the obstetric population for that year. Obstetric performance in the 2 groups
      of grandmultipara was compared with 1,135 women, aged 25 to 34 years, having
      their second baby during the same period. Women of parity 7 and above were
      significantly more likely to be from lower socioeconomic groups, and suffer from
      anaemia, hypertension and pre-eclampsia. They were also significantly at risk of
      preterm delivery and delivering infants weighing less than 2.5 kg. In addition,
      the perinatal mortality rate was significantly greater in the highly parous group
      (Para greater than 7) than in women of parity 5 and 6 or the control group. Apart
      from a significant increase in the incidence of anaemia, women of parity 5 and 6
      had a similar obstetric performance and perinatal outcome to that of the control
      group. We conclude that grandmultiparity per se is not an obstetric risk factor
      until after the seventh delivery. These findings have implications for those who
      plan the provision of obstetric services for the community.

PMID- 1801679
TI  - Intra-cervical prostaglandin E2 gel in management of dead fetus in utero.
AB  - During a two and a half year period at this institution, prostaglandin E2 gel was
      administered intra-cervically in the treatment of 74 cases of dead fetus in
      utero. Delivery was achieved in all 74 cases. The mean interval from induction to
      delivery of the fetus was 17.6 hours with a mean total dosage used of 5.2 mg.
      Seventy percent of the patients spontaneously expelled the fetus and placenta
      completely. Gastrointestinal side-effects were minimal with no medication needed.
      Oxytocin was used in 17 (23%) patients mainly to expedite the expulsion of the
      fetus. Intra-cervical administration appeared to result in fewer side-effects and
      was more cost effective than vaginal prostaglandin therapy for the treatment of
      dead fetus.

PMID- 1801680
TI  - Catecholamines in experimentally growth-retarded rat fetus.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the sympathoadrenal system in rat IUGR
      fetuses prepared by the Wigglesworth method. Samples were obtained on day 20 of
      gestation. In the amniotic fluid, concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and
      particularly epinephrine (E) were significantly higher in IUGR fetuses than in
      normally developed fetuses (NE: p less than 0.05, E: p less than 0.01). L-Dopa
      and three catecholamines in the adrenal glands were decreased in IUGR fetuses.
      The mol ratios (L-dopa: dopamine: NE: E) were 1: 4: 35: 63 in IUGR fetuses and 1:
      5: 39: 87 in normal fetuses. The ratio for epinephrine to L-dopa was
      significantly lower in IUGR fetuses (p less than 0.05). Adrenal
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activities showed no difference between
      the two groups. From these results, adrenal epinephrine synthesis in IUGR fetuses
      was thought to be normal. Because of the depletion of adrenal epinephrine in IUGR
      fetuses, the plasma epinephrine concentrations were significantly lower after
      acute hemorrhagic shock (p less than 0.01). However, the plasma concentrations of
      dopamine and norepinephrine were significantly higher (dopamine: p less than
      0.01, NE: p less than 0.001) in IUGR fetuses. These findings suggest that the
      hypersecretion of adrenal epinephrine is a protective response to chronic stress
      and the decrease of adrenal epinephrine may be a causative factor for the reduced
      reserves in the defense mechanism of IUGR fetuses.

PMID- 1801681
TI  - The production mechanism of amniotic fluid dopamine in rats.
AB  - The production of dopamine in amniotic fluid was studied using Wistar rats. The
      dopamine concentrations in the amniotic fluid increased significantly between
      each day of gestation from day 18 to day 21, and a marked increase was observed
      during the last two days. The concentrations of dopamine in the fetal plasma,
      however, did not change with the gestational age. There was a significant
      increase in the fetal plasma L-dopa, which is the precursor of dopamine, without
      any changes in maternal plasma L-dopa levels during late gestation. Dopa
      decarboxylase (DDC) activity was also measured in the fetal rat kidney from
      gestation day 17 to day 21. DDC activity, which was low on day 17, increased with
      advanced gestation. DDC activity on day 21 was 0.68 nmol/mg tissue/h, about 13
      fold higher than on day 17. These results suggest that fetal plasma L-dopa may be
      converted to dopamine by fetal kidney DDC, and that the dopamine is voided into
      the amniotic cavity in fetal urine.

PMID- 1801682
TI  - Changes in plasma levels of lipid peroxide and vitamin E during pregnancy.
AB  - The present study was undertaken in order to determine the changes in blood
      levels of lipid peroxide and vitamin E during pregnancy. 1. The man plasma level
      of lipid peroxide was 0.89 +/- 0.13 nmole/ml for non-pregnant women, while in
      pregnant women it was increased as the progressed pregnancy reaching 2.71 +/-
      0.29 nmole/ml at full term. 2. The mean plasma, red cell and platelet levels of
      vitamin E were 6.6 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml, 3.55 +/- 0.38 micrograms/ml packed cell
      and 99 +/- 25 micrograms/g protein for non-pregnant women, while in pregnant
      women the levels changed as the progressed pregnancy becoming 15.5 +/- 0.9
      micrograms/ml, 2.43 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml packed cell, and 244 +/- 19
      micrograms/g protein at full term. It was shown in this study that during
      pregnancy the plasma level of lipid peroxide increased while the levels of
      vitamin E which inhibited the formation of lipid peroxide, increased in plasma
      and platelets, but decreased in red cells.

PMID- 1801683
TI  - EGF rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation in cultured endometrial cells.
AB  - Recent increasing evidence suggests that EGF has a role in modulating the
      differentiated functions of human endometrial cells in an autocrine/paracrine
      fashion. To explore the signal transduction pathway of EGF in endometrial cells,
      we used cultured human endometrial cells to examine whether EGF induces tyrosine
      phosphorylation. EGF phosphorylated the 175 kDa protein on tyrosine residues
      within 10 seconds of stimulation. EGF induced tyrosine phosphorylation at as low
      as 0.1 ng/ml with the maximal effect occurring at 10 ng/ml. Estradiol was shown
      to enhance the phosphorylation by EGF in this system. These results thus suggest
      that tyrosine-phosphorylation might be an important step in the signal
      transduction of EGF in human endometrial cells. Furthermore, the observed
      stimulatory action of estradiol on tyrosine-phosphorylation by EGF might provide
      a clue in the elucidation of the cellular mechanism of estrogen action in
      endometrium.

PMID- 1801684
TI  - Serial changes of serum CA125 levels during menstrual cycles.
AB  - Serial changes of serum CA125 levels during 32 menstrual cycles were examined in
      32 healthy young women (19-21 years of age) charting basal body temperature (BBT)
      and measuring serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Analysis of BBT charts and
      serum progesterone levels revealed that the 32 menstrual cycles could be
      classified into either an ovulatory cycle with a sustained BBT temperature
      increase for at least 10 days (type I: 9 cycles), an ovulatory cycle with a
      sustained BBT temperature increase for less than 10 days (type II: 17 cycles), or
      anovulation (type III: 6 cycles). All 32 cycles exhibited basal CA125 levels of
      less than 35 u/ml throughout the cycle, except during the period of menstruation.
      At menstruation, 7 of the 9 cycles of type I showed a marked, transient elevation
      of CA125 levels from previous basal levels (a mean net increase). On the other
      hand, 12 of 17 cycles of type II showed only a slight elevation of CA125 levels
      during the period of menstruation. None of the 6 cycles of type III showed any
      apparent increase in CA125 levels during the period of menstruation. The mean net
      increase of CA125 levels during the period of menstruation in the cycles of type
      I was significantly higher than that of the cycles of type II (p less than 0.05)
      and type III (p less than 0.05). These results imply that a transient elevation
      of serum CA125 levels during the period of menstruation occurs in cycles with
      ovulation, and the levels of elevation seem to be closely associated with the
      duration of the sustained BBT temperature increase.

PMID- 1801685
TI  - Ginseng and common pregnancy disorders.

PMID- 1801686
TI  - An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of human interleukin 3 in
      serum.
AB  - A sandwich enzyme immunoassay was developed for measuring human Interleukin 3 (IL
      3) in human and animal sera. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were raised
      against the recombinant human protein. These have been used to develop an
      immunoassay which can detect down to 10 pg/ml of human IL-3. The assay involves a
      polyclonal rabbit antibody coupled to a solid phase and a mouse monoclonal
      antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the detection antibody. Unlike the
      classical bone marrow assay and other cell line based bioassays for IL-3, the
      immunoassay was specific for the cytokine showing no or only negligible cross
      reactivity with IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating
      factor (G-CSF) and GM-CSF. The assay does not exhibit interfering matrix effects
      when used for the estimation of human IL-3 in serum samples.

PMID- 1801687
TI  - Highly specific and highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to human
      interleukin 3 (IL-3) and human erythropoietin (EPO) in serum.
AB  - Two versatile, rapid, easy-to-perform and highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays
      (ELISAs) were developed for the detection and quantification of antibodies to
      human IL-3 and human EPO in serum samples from both man and laboratory animals.
      These one-step assays are based on the "inverse sandwich" principle, where
      antibodies present in the sample linked both the solid phase antigen bound to a
      microtiter plate and the free antigen, which had been covalently coupled to
      horseradish peroxidase. The limits of detection are lower than those of the
      neutralization bioassays; antibodies to IL-3 and to EPO were detected at
      concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively. No cross-reactivity
      with related proteins and no interfering matrix effects were observed when used
      for the estimation of antibodies against rhu IL-3 and rhu EPO in serum samples of
      various species. Thus both assays were used without modification for the
      screening of antibodies in serum samples from both man and animal during
      treatment with these hematopoietic hormones.

PMID- 1801689
TI  - The use of GM-CSF in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 1801688
TI  - In vitro and in vivo effects of rh GM-CSF in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
AB  - 70% of patients with newly diagnosed and 50% of patients with relapsed acute
      myeloid leukemia (AML) can achieve a complete remission with intensive
      chemotherapy. However, the treatment-associated mortality can be as high as 30%
      increasing with age, previous chemotherapy and intensity of chemotherapy. GM-CSF
      was first applied in 36 patients with high risk AML after chemotherapy to reduce
      the time of critical neutropenia. The early death rate was significantly lower in
      the GM-CSF group compared to 56 patients of a historic control group with similar
      risk factors and identical chemotherapy (p less than 0.009). The rate of complete
      remissions was also significantly higher in the GM-CSF group (p less than 0.09).
      More recently, GM-CSF was used as a priming agent 24 h prior to start of
      chemotherapy. 25 patients have entered the study up to now. The cell biological
      effects of GM-CSF in vivo include an immediate increase of leukemic blasts and of
      normal myeloid cells in the peripheral blood with a median of 2.0, an increase of
      cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle in bone marrow biopsies, an increase in
      DNA polymerase activity, an increase in Ara-C cytotoxicity and immunophenotypic
      changes compatible with differentiation of leukemic blasts along the pathway of
      normal myeloid progenitors. GM-CSF has a dual effect on normal and leukemic
      myeloid cells. It can be safely applied in patients with AML. Prospective
      randomized trials have to be performed to establish its role in reducing
      treatment toxicity and in improving the overall treatment results.

PMID- 1801690
TI  - Dose intensification of chemotherapy in solid tumours with the use of recombinant
      human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.

PMID- 1801691
TI  - Preclinical and clinical evaluation of interleukin 3.

PMID- 1801692
TI  - Clinical evaluation of erythropoietin (EPO) in oncology.

PMID- 1801693
TI  - Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rh
      GM-CSF) in patients with lymphoid malignancies receiving unpurged or mafosfamide
      purged autografts.

PMID- 1801695
TI  - Influence of combined treatment with interleukin 1 and erythropoietin or GM-CSF
      and erythropoietin on the regeneration of hemopoiesis in the dog after total body
      irradiation--a preliminary report.

PMID- 1801694
TI  - Optimizing autologous blood donation by recombinant human erythropoietin (rhu
      EPO) and interleukin 3 (IL-3).
AB  - The transfusion of autologous blood protects surgical patients from both the
      transfusion transmitted diseases (AIDS, posttransfusion hepatitis) and the
      immunosuppressive effects of homologous blood. Nevertheless, the use of
      autologous blood is still unsatisfactory, mainly because of the elaborated
      logistics, organization and technique required and the often insufficient amounts
      of autologous blood gained. Today, the major growth-factors of erythropoiesis are
      available as recombinant analogues. In the studies reviewed here, we investigated
      the effects of rhu-EPO and IL-3 on perioperative erythropoiesis in two canine
      models of acute isovolemic hemodilution. Different therapeutic concepts are
      compared with respect to preoperative changes in hematocrit, the volume of
      autologous blood gained and the duration of postdilutional anemia.

PMID- 1801696
TI  - Bone marrow obtained during hip surgery: a novel source for studies of
      hemopoiesis in human long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC).
AB  - Studies with human bone marrow cells are often impaired by the poor quality of
      sternal aspirates due to varying numbers of contaminating blood cells before
      enrichment procedures and insufficient progenitor cell yields. In this study we
      report on experiments performed with human bone marrow cells isolated from a)
      spongiose bone fragments collected during hip surgery in patients with
      osteoarthritis or b) sternal aspirates. After Ficoll-Histopaque density gradient
      centrifugation absolute cell numbers were always lower in the samples obtained
      from sternal aspirates. However, both sources proved to yield the same
      proportions of the respective myeloid cell populations. Human long-term bone
      marrow cultures (LTBMC), semi-solid agar assays (CFU-GM day 14), and 3H-thymidine
      incorporation assays proved the comparability of the two bone marrow sources.

PMID- 1801697
TI  - Development of a rapid, highly sensitive, non-radioactive assay system for
      hematopoietic growth factors.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop non-radioactive cell line proliferation
      assays. The human leukemic cell line TF1 (Kitamura et al., 1989) was used for the
      determination of the specific biological activity of recombinant human (rhu)
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and rhu Interleukin 3
      (IL-3) by a simple and economical fluorometric assay with a sensitivity similar
      to the measurement of 3H-thymidine uptake. The TF1 cell line responds to rhu IL
      3, rhu GM-CSF and to a lesser extent to rhu Erythropoietin (EPO) and mast cell
      growth factor (MGF), but not to rhu G-CSF. It is dependent upon rhu GM-CSF for
      survival in culture. For the proliferation assay 1 x 10(4) TF1 cells were
      incubated with 20 ng - 0.256 pg rhu GM-CSF or rhu IL-3 at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2
      in humidified atmosphere. After 48 h the cells were washed twice with PBS and
      were incubated with 4-Methylumbelliferyl-heptanoate for 60 min. Fluorescence was
      determined on a Titertek Fluoroskan II (Flow Lab.), and results were given as
      fluorescence units using a 355 nm excitation filter and a 480 nm emission filter.
      The developed assay showed an interassay variability lower than 15%. The
      sensitivity of the proliferation assays in the same range as the thymidine
      incorporation assays.

PMID- 1801698
TI  - The ubiquitin-activating enzyme is required for lysosomal degradation of cellular
      proteins under stress.
AB  - ts85, a cell-line that harbors a mutant thermolabile ubiquitin-activating enzyme,
      E1, fails to degrade short-lived proteins at the restrictive temperature
      (Ciechanover, A., Finley, D., and Varshavsky, A. (1984) Cell 37, 57-66). It is
      not known whether the ubiquitin system is also involved in the degradation of
      long-lived proteins. In the present study we show that upon shifting the mutant
      cells to the restrictive temperature, there is no change in the rate of
      degradation of long-lived proteins. In contrast, shifting the wild-type cells
      (FM3A) to the high temperature is accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the rate of
      proteolysis of this group of proteins. This heat-induced accelerated degradation
      can be completely inhibited by NH4Cl and chloroquine. Similarly, exposure of the
      cells to starvation, a stimulus that activates the autophagic-lysosomal pathway,
      has no effect on the degradation of long-lived proteins in the mutant cells
      following inactivation of E1. Under the same conditions, the degradation rate in
      the wild-type cells increases almost 4-fold. A revertant of the ts85 cells
      behaved in a similar manner to the wild-type cells. Analogous results were
      obtained using a different cell line that also harbors a thermolabile E1 (ts20)
      (Kulka, R. G. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15726-15731). Cycloheximide and 3
      methyladenine, inhibitors of formation of autophagic vacuoles, suppress the heat
      induced accelerated degradation in the wild-type cells. Taken together, the
      results suggest that: 1. heat stress induces enhanced degradation of
      intracellular proteins, 2. the process occurs most probably in autophagic
      vacuoles, 3. activation of ubiquitin is required for enhanced degradation to
      occur, and 4. the activation is involved most probably in formation of the
      autophagic vacuoles.

PMID- 1801699
TI  - Post-translational arginylation and intracellular proteolysis.
AB  - Cellular proteins may be designated to fast degradation by their N-terminal amino
      acids, and especially a N-terminal arginine residue should have an extremely
      destabilizing effect on cytosol proteins. We investigated the post-translational
      arginylation of cytosol proteins and especially of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
      by the cytosolic enzyme arginyl transferase by incubation with radioactive L
      arginyl-tRNA and isolation of ODC with our monoclonal antibody. Arginylated ODC
      had a specific radioactivity 8600 times that of the bulk of cytosolic proteins
      and Edman-degradation of this ODC showed that the post-translational arginylation
      occurred only at the L-amino-end of the enzyme. The inhibitor of
      arginyltransferase, L-Glutamyl-L-Valyl-L-Phenylalanine, increased the half-life
      of ODC in cultured hepatocytes from 39 min to more than 90 min. This post
      translational arginylation of ODC and also of other cytosol proteins is
      reversible. At least 25 different cytosol proteins in addition to ODC can be
      arginylated in hepatocytes, and at least 15 different proteins can be arginylated
      in Dictyostelium discoideum. The arginylated proteins are much more rapidly
      degraded by cellular proteinases, especially by calpains, than those cytosolic
      proteins which are not arginylated.

PMID- 1801700
TI  - Effects of oxidants on protein breakdown in skeletal muscle.
AB  - Oxidants have been found to increase protein breakdown in erythroid cells. In
      skeletal muscle, phenylhydrazine decreased by 24-28% rates of protein
      degradation. Both H2O2 (5 mM) and glucose oxidase (0.2 U/ml) decreased by 82-88%
      rates of proteolysis only in skeletal muscles pretreated with sodium azide (0.25
      mM) to inactivate endogenous catalase. Thus, the effect of various oxidants on
      protein breakdown may differ depending on the cell or tissue type.

PMID- 1801701
TI  - Genetic differences in turnover of glycogen phosphorylase in broiler and layer
      chickens.
AB  - Specific labelling of glycogen phosphorylase with the precursor of the cofactor
      has allowed definition of the turnover parameters of the enzyme in the pectoralis
      of rapidly growing broiler chickens, and slowly growing layer chickens. Selection
      for rapid growth rate in broilers has resulted in a lower rate of turnover of
      phosphorylase, but the difference between rates of synthesis and degradation is
      maintained, which contrasts markedly with the age-dependent coalescence of the
      two values in layer chickens.

PMID- 1801702
TI  - Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on autophagic activity in isolated
      rat liver cells.
AB  - The effect of various adrenergic agonists on autophagic sequestration--measured
      as the transfer of electroinjected [3H]raffinose from cytosol to vacuoles of the
      autophagic pathway--was investigated. Epinephrine and other agonists with alpha
      effects inhibited sequestration through a specific alpha 1-adrenergic, i.e.
      prazosin-sensitive, mechanism. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol also
      inhibited sequestration, but by a non-beta-specific (propranolol-insensitive)
      mechanism. All sequestration-inhibitory agents suppressed overall autophagic
      lysosomal proteolysis. The inhibitory action of the adrenergic agonists on
      protein metabolism was not specific to the autophagic pathway since protein
      synthesis was suppressed as well. However, intracellular levels of ATP were not
      adversely affected, ruling out the possibility that the agonists might be
      generally cytotoxic.

PMID- 1801703
TI  - Targeting specific proteins for lysosomal proteolysis.
AB  - A class of cytosolic proteins has been identified that are degraded faster (have
      shorter half-lives) in human diploid fibroblasts deprived of serum. In RNase A, a
      model protein used for these studies, a pentapeptide comprising amino acids 7-11,
      Lys-Phe-Glu-Arg-Gln or KFERQ, is responsible for its enhanced degradation. The
      cytosolic proteins that are degraded faster during serum deprivation are
      recognized by an antiKFERQ antibody and, therefore, probably contain variations
      of the KFERQ motif. These cytosolic proteins are degraded in lysosomes. Transport
      into lysosomes in vitro is stimulated by ATP and the heat shock cognate protein
      of 73 kDa (hsc73).

PMID- 1801704
TI  - Proteolysis of defensive proteins in peritonitis exudate: pathobiochemical
      aspects and therapeutical approach.
AB  - Peritonitis exudate reveals strong proteolytic activity which is paralleled by
      deficient opsonic capacity and high concentrations of lysosomal proteinases
      (elastase and cathepsin B). Lysosomal serine and cysteine proteinases (elastase,
      cathepsins B, L) were shown to degrade immunoglobulin G(IgG) and seem to be at
      least partially responsible for the observed proteolytic inactivation of IgG in
      peritonitis exudates. Intraabdominal serum application seems to restore opsonic
      activity by substitution of opsonins and proteinase inhibitors.

PMID- 1801705
TI  - Compartmentalized transport, modification, and sorting of yeast vacuolar
      hydrolases.

PMID- 1801706
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human
      endothelial cells.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cells undergo morphological and functional changes at sites
      of cell-mediated immune responses which may serve to promote the pathogenesis of
      inflammation. These changes, described as "endothelial cell activation" can be
      invoked by a variety of cytokines which include interleukin I (IL-1), tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We report here on the
      regulation of the plasminogen activator (PA) proteolytic system by human
      recombinant TNF alpha in short term cultures (less than 4 passages) of human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). TNF alpha treatment of HUVECs enhanced
      the production of 55 kDa urokinase (u) PA activity and uPA antigen by fourfold,
      in a concentration dependent manner (5-100 U/ml), following a 24 h treatment as
      determined by PA zymography and micro-ELISA assays, respectively. This response
      was specific for uPA since, no change in extracellular tissue type PA activity
      and tPA antigen levels were noted under analogous conditions. A similar 4-fold
      increase in the de novo synthesis of [35S]-methionine radiolabeled uPA was
      observed by immunoprecipitation following a 24 h TNF treatment. The induction of
      uPA by TNF was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide implying the
      necessity of RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. The effect of TNF could not
      be prevented by the addition of IL-1 neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, it is
      unlikely that TNF acts through the induction of IL-1 secretion. Time course
      studies using PA zymography indicate that within 8 h after TNF exposure, a 2-fold
      increase in uPA activity above untreated basal levels was observed. Upregulation
      of extracellular uPA production in HUVECs following TNF treatment suggests yet a
      new aspect of cellular and interstitial PA regulation in endothelium during
      inflammation and angiogenesis.

PMID- 1801707
TI  - Proteinase-protein inhibitor interaction.
AB  - Until recently, the "substrate-like" "canonical" inhibition by the "small" serine
      proteinase inhibitors, and the product-like inhibition by the carboxypeptidase
      inhibitor, provided the only models for protein inhibitor-proteinase
      interactions. The recently published structures of cystatin/stefin-papain
      complexes and of hirudin-thrombin complexes reveal novel modes of interactions of
      only partial substrate-like character. Despite considerable progress in
      understanding the native-cleaved transition of the serpins, the mechanisms of
      their interaction with their cognate serine proteinases is still a matter of
      conjecture.

PMID- 1801708
TI  - The proteasome of Drosophila and features of the evolutionarily conserved PROS
      gene family.

PMID- 1801709
TI  - Sequence comparison among subunits of multicatalytic proteinase.
AB  - The cDNAs for a number of multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) subunits have been
      cloned, characterized, and their primary structures have been determined. The
      mechanism for how MCP demonstrates its multicatalytic nature, especially protease
      activities, however, is still obscure, since no sequences similar to known
      protease sequences can be found in the sequences of MCP subunits thus far
      determined. To explain this fact, we propose a structural model for MCP: MCP
      consists of two classes of subunits, structural and catalytic, and the structural
      subunits constitute a "test-tube"-like container in which the other catalytic
      subunits sit and react with substrate. Most of the observations thus far obtained
      can be explained easily by this hypothesis, although various other possibilities
      are not excluded.

PMID- 1801710
TI  - The multicatalytic proteinase (prosome, proteasome): comparison of the eukaryotic
      and archaebacterial enzyme.
AB  - Proteasomes isolated and purified from rat muscle tissue and from the
      archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum have a very similar size and shape, but
      the subunit composition is less complex in the archaebacterium as compared to the
      eukaryotic particle. The archaebacterial enzyme contains a catalytic site with
      chymotryptic specificity, which is inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors and
      clearly differs from the eukaryotic particle which has a minimum of three
      catalytic sites for peptide bond hydrolysis of a yet undefined mechanism.

PMID- 1801711
TI  - Probing the specificity of the bovine pituitary multicatalytic proteinase complex
      by inhibitors, activators, and by chemical modification.

PMID- 1801712
TI  - Purification of the multicatalytic proteinase from the nucleus and cytoplasm of
      chicken red blood cells.
AB  - We have purified the multicatalytic proteinase from the nucleus and cytoplasm of
      chicken red blood cells. Both enzymes have an Mr of 700 kDa and can be separated
      into 8-10 bands (22-32 kDa) on 1D-SDS-PAGE.

PMID- 1801713
TI  - Nomenclature of calcium dependent proteinase.

PMID- 1801714
TI  - Immunolocalization of the calpains and calpastatin in human and bovine platelets.
AB  - The structure of human platelets differs from that of bovine platelets in that
      human platelets have a surface-connected canalicular system that bovine platelets
      lack. Platelets are one of the richest known sources of the calpains, and the
      calpains have been implicated in many of the specific cleavages of cytoskeletal
      and surface-receptor proteins that occur during platelet activation and
      aggregation. Several studies have reported that human platelets are rich in mu
      calpain and contain less m-calpain, whereas bovine platelets contain principally
      m-calpain and almost no mu-calpain. The immunolocalization studies reported here
      show that calpastatin is distributed throughout the cytosol of both human and
      bovine platelets and that calpain is located throughout the interior of human
      platelets. Calpain in bovine platelets is located primarily in alpha-granules,
      however. Because bovine platelets contain predominantly m-calpain and because
      alpha-granules are translocated to the platelet surface during activation, bovine
      m-calpain may be responsible for the specific cleavages of platelet surface
      proteins such as glycoprotein Ib that occur during platelet activation and at
      extracellular Ca2+ concentrations high enough to activate m-calpain.

PMID- 1801715
TI  - Calpain and kininogen mediated inflammation.
AB  - On the basis of previous findings that N-acetyl nonapeptide from the human
      calpain I large subunit has chemotactic activity for neutrophils, more than 30N
      acetyl and unmodified peptides which have N-terminal amino acid sequences of the
      large and small subunits of calpains I and II were synthesized and their
      chemotactic activity was estimated. In addition to the above N-acetyl nonapeptide
      from the calpain I large subunit, an unmodified nonapeptide from the calpain II
      large subunit and several N-acetyl peptides of different lengths from the small
      subunit showed chemotactic activity. Furthermore, when calpain was incubated with
      either high molecular weight or low molecular weight kininogen, kinin liberation
      occurred with simultaneous inhibition of calpain by kininogen. These data suggest
      that chemical mediators generated from the calpain-kininogen system may
      participate in migration and accumulation of neutrophils to the inflammatory
      locus.

PMID- 1801716
TI  - Calpastatins: biochemical and molecular biological studies.

PMID- 1801717
TI  - Molecular diversity of erythrocyte calpastatin.
AB  - According to the difference of molecular masses estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, calpastatins are classified into two types, i.e. muscle type
      (110 kDa) and erythrocyte type (70 kDa). Muscle type calpastatin contains four
      internally repetitive sequences (Domains 1-4) and one nonhomologous sequence on
      the amino-terminal side (Domain L), whereas erythrocyte type lacks Domains L and
      1. By immuno-blot analysis, chicken erythrocytes, nucleated cells, were found to
      contain muscle type calpastatin. In avian erythrocytes, diminution of the
      calpastatin molecule as in mammalian erythrocytes was not observed.

PMID- 1801718
TI  - Demonstration of three calpains in the matrix of rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Three distinct Ca(2+)-activated proteolytic activities could be proven in rat
      liver mitochondria. The proteolytic activities detected in the presence of Ca2+
      are different in the two mitochondrial soluble compartments, the matrix and the
      intermembrane space. Strikingly three Ca(2+)-activated proteolytic activities
      (M1, M2 and M3) appear in the matrix whereas the intermembrane space contains
      only two such activities. These proteolytic activities are similar to the
      calpains already described in the cellular cytosol with regard to their optimal
      pH and inhibition profiles. The Ca2+ requirements for activation of M1 and M2
      correspond to those of the micromolar and millimolar Ca(2+)-requiring
      proteinases, whereas the concentration of Ca2+ required to activate M3 is an
      intermediate value.

PMID- 1801719
TI  - The expression of cathepsin B and other lysosomal proteinases in normal tissues
      and in tumors.
AB  - The mRNA for the lysosomal proteinases cathepsins B, D, H, L, and S are broadly
      distributed in normal rodent tissues. Although total cathepsin mRNA levels
      generally parallel the protein catabolic activity of the tissues, the expressions
      of the individual enzymes do not appear to be linked. Thus, the relative
      proportions of the individual messages are found to vary from tissue to tissue.
      Further evidence for the independent regulation of lysosomal proteinase
      expression is derived from observations of selective increases in mRNA levels for
      individual proteinases in rodent tumors. Only cathepsin B mRNA is elevated in a
      highly metastatic murine B16a melanoma and in a Walker-256 rat carcinosarcoma,
      while Moloney murine sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblasts express increased mRNA
      for cathepsins B, D, and L and normal levels for H and S. To address the
      regulation of cathepsin B expression, the mouse cathepsin B gene and its 5'
      upstream region were cloned. The gene has 10 exons and 9 introns spanning about
      20 kilobases. The 5'-upstream region and exon 1 are GC-rich with several
      potential Sp1 binding sites. TATA and CAAT motifs adjacent to the transcription
      start site are not evident. These properties are characteristic of mammalian
      "housekeeping" genes. B16 melanoma cells contain three cathepsin B transcripts of
      2.2, 4.0 and 5.0 kilobases. The two larger messages, which were not found in
      normal tissues, contain unusually long 3'-untranslated regions resulting from the
      alternative cleavage and polyadenylation of the 3' end of the cathepsin B pre
      mRNA in B16 melanomas. As all three messages encoded normal preprocathepsin B,
      cathepsin B secretion by melanoma cells is probably due to posttranslational
      mechanisms and not to alternative splicing or gene mutation.

PMID- 1801720
TI  - Gene structures of rat cathepsins H and L.
AB  - The gene structures of rat cathepsins H and L have been determined. Cathepsin H
      gene spans more than 21.5 Kbp and comprises more than 12 exons. On the other
      hand, cathepsin L gene spans 8.5 Kbp and comprises 8 exons. In both genes, two
      intron insertion positions are conserved at the amino acid level. Both enzymes,
      therefore, diverged from a common ancestral gene. In the 5'-upstream region of
      the cathepsin L gene, no TATA box, one CAAT box and some SP-1 binding sites
      exist, common with other lysosomal enzyme genes. Furthermore, two AP-2 binding
      sites exist: a promoter under the control by the tumor promoter (TPA) and cAMP,
      and a cAMP response element (CRE). These results suggest that the cathepsin L
      gene expression is controlled by these factors.

PMID- 1801721
TI  - The malignant phenotype and cysteine proteinases.
AB  - Expression, membrane association and secretion of both cathepsin B and cathepsin
      L have been associated with the malignant phenotype of murine B16 melanomas. Only
      native forms of the two enzymes were found in the lysosomal fractions, whereas
      both native and latent forms were found in the membrane fractions. Brief exposure
      to acid pH induced secretion of only native forms of both cathepsin B and
      cathepsin L and a concomitant reduction in membrane-associated activities. Thus,
      the pericellular acidification associated with malignant tumors may provide
      optimal conditions for proteolysis by the cysteine proteinases in terms of their
      enhanced stability and their induced release in native forms not requiring
      proteolytic activation.

PMID- 1801723
TI  - Degradation of cartilage matrix components by the cysteine proteinases,
      cathepsins B and L.
AB  - Rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes are able to secrete both the precursor and mature
      forms of cathepsins B and L. When these two cysteine proteinases were added to a
      native cartilaginous matrix near neutral pH they were found to release and
      degrade both the proteoglycan and collagen components. One cleavage site in the
      proteoglycan monomer was found to be near the amino terminal globular domain.
      Collagen types II, IX, and XI in the matrix were also released and partially
      degraded. Ultimately these proteinases act as matrix depolymerases as they
      attacked the regions which are involved in collagen crosslinking. We conclude
      that these enzymes may play a role in matrix destruction as seen in arthritis.

PMID- 1801722
TI  - Detection of cathepsin B in tumor cytosol and urine of breast cancer patients.
AB  - In order to evaluate the role of cathepsin B (CB) as a proteinase involved in
      mammary tumor progression and its potential role as a tumor marker, we have
      measured the CB activity in cytosols of breast cancer tumor tissue using Z-Arg
      Arg-AMC as the substrate and found a 23fold increase when compared to distantly
      located breast tissue from the same patient. In addition, urine of breast cancer
      patients under adjuvant chemotherapy was screened for CB immunoreactivity with a
      sandwich type enzyme immunoassay which revealed significant interindividual
      differences in concentrations with some urines containing immunoreactivity
      comparable to healthy controls. The urines were also investigated for CB activity
      but no differences between patients and controls were observed. However, urine
      contains thiol activatable proteinases causing substrate hydrolysis, which is to
      a varying extent inhibited by E-64 or Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2.

PMID- 1801724
TI  - Increase in catheptic activity and appearance of phagocytes in the white muscle
      of chum salmon during spawning migration.
AB  - The mode of existence of cathepsins B and L in the white muscle of chum salmon
      was examined immunohistochemically with specific antibodies against cathepsins B
      and L. Cathepsins B and L were clearly demonstrated to be present in macrophage
      like phagocytes near/in the muscle fibers in the white muscle. In particular,
      numerous phagocytes were observed around the necrotic muscle fibers. Therefore,
      the high cathepsin activity is considered to be brought about by the phagocytes
      appearing in the white muscle. It is probable that the phagocytes in the muscle
      are inferred to take such a part in the destruction of muscle fiber associates
      with the drastic physiological change such as sexual maturation and/or starvation
      of the fish during spawning migration.

PMID- 1801725
TI  - S-S bridges of cathepsin B and H from bovine spleen: a basis for cathepsin B
      model building and possible functional implications for discrimination between
      exo- and endopeptidase activities among cathepsins B, H and L.
AB  - Bovine spleen cathepsin B contains 7 disulfide bridges. Using different chemical
      and enzymatic cleavage methods we isolated fragments representing the individual
      disulfides: Cys14-Cys43, Cys26-Cys71, Cys62-Cys128, Cys63-Cys67, Cys100-Cys132,
      Cys108-Cys119, and Cys148-Cys252. A similar line of approach was applied to
      determine the S-S bridges of bovine spleen cathepsin H: Cys23-Cys66, Cys57-Cys99,
      Cys157-Cys207, and Cys212-Cys5A, where Cys5A is located in the propart portion of
      the procathepsin H chain. On the basis of the knowledge of the S-S bridges of
      cathepsin B a novel sequence alignment of papain and cathepsin B has been
      proposed. This enabled us to construct a reasonable 3D-model of cathepsin B and
      propose the region (a 18 residue insertion between Glu89 and Gly90 of papain)
      responsible for the carboxypeptidase activity of cathepsin B functioning as a
      "closure". A similar approach was applied to explain the aminopeptidase activity
      of cathepsin H. A general model of steric regulation of accessibility of the
      preformed "endopeptidase-like" binding cleft by distant parts of the polypeptide
      chain of the proteinases discussed is proposed as a factor determining the mode
      of binding and thus cleavage of polypeptide substrates.

PMID- 1801726
TI  - Co-localization of ras gene products and cathepsin L in cytoplasmic vesicles in v
      Ha-ras-transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - Subcellular localisation of Ha-ras gene products (p21) and cathepsin L was
      investigated by immunocytochemical studies. Western blotting analysis by using v
      Ha-ras p21 deletion-insertion mutants indicated that NCC-RAS-001 and -004
      monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes within amino acids 126-140 and 146-165,
      respectively, of Ha-ras p21. Indirect immunofluorescent studies using these
      antibodies showed that ras p21 is distributed in patch-shaped structures in the
      cytoplasm. Cathepsin L whose activity is effectively inhibited by p21s in vitro
      was found in the regions where p21s are concentrated. These p21-concentrated
      regions may be derived from endosome-like vesicles because they are also labeled
      with Lucifer Yellow. The co-localization of p21 and cathepsin L in cytoplasmic
      vesicles was also confirmed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 1801727
TI  - Regulation of cystatin C activity by serine proteinases.
AB  - The effect of four human serine proteinases on the human cysteine proteinase
      inhibitor, cystatin C, has been studied in vitro. Neutrophil elastase in
      catalytic amounts was observed to rapidly cleave cystatin C at neutral pH,
      thereby giving rise to a modified form of the inhibitor lacking the N-terminal
      Ser1-Val10 decapeptide. The two other leukocyte serine proteinases, cathepsin G
      and neutrophil proteinase 4, did not catalytically hydrolyse cystatin C bonds.
      Neither had the seminal plasma serine proteinase, prostate-specific antigen, any
      effect on cystatin C. The physiological implications of neutrophil elastase
      catalysed modification of cystatin C are discussed, and recent findings
      indicating that this reaction also occurs in vivo are reviewed.

PMID- 1801728
TI  - Gene mapping of human cathepsins and cystatins.
AB  - Chromosomal locations of human cathepsin B, stefin A and kininogen have been
      determined. Using techniques of somatic cell hybrids and polymerase chain
      reaction, cathepsin B has been mapped to 8p22, stefin A to 3cen-q21, and
      kininogen to 3q26-qter. Comparing this data with currently available mapping
      loci, it can be concluded that many members of cathepsins are dispersed in
      different chromosomes, whereas members of the cystatin family are restricted to
      only two human chromosomes, 3 and 20.

PMID- 1801729
TI  - The human cystatin gene family: cloning of three members and evolutionary
      relationship between cystatins and Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitors.
AB  - Three genes from the human cystatin gene family have been isolated from a
      bacteriophage lambda library containing Hind III digests of human genomic DNA.
      The cloned genes were identified with three DNA probes each containing exon 1,
      exon 2 and exon 3 of the CST1 gene for cystatin SN. The genes, which we name
      CST2B, CST4, and CST5, are 6.8 kb, 5.4 kb and 12.5 kb in size, respectively.
      Statistical analysis of DNA sequence homology elucidated that the second and
      third exons of cystatin (family II) genes and three cystatin (family II) gene
      like segments in the kininogen (family III) genes are significantly homologous to
      the gene segments coding for the inhibitory domains of Bowman-Birk type
      proteinase inhibitors.

PMID- 1801730
TI  - Steady-state cystatin mRNA levels in chicken tissues in response to estrogen.
AB  - A full length cDNA clone coding for the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, chicken
      cystatin, was used to hybridize to RNA extracted from various tissues of the hen
      during several well defined stages of the 25 h ovulatory cycle. Measurements were
      made immediately after egg-laying (ovulation), 6 h prior to ovulation (estrogen
      surge), and 16 h prior to ovulation (minimum estrogen levels). Cystatin was
      expressed in all tissues examined, being most abundant in lung, followed by
      brain, heart, oviduct, pectoral muscle, and liver in decreasing order. There were
      no significant differences in the cystatin mRNA levels at the three different
      time points for any of the tissues examined, and no differences in the 0.95 kb
      size of the message. Pharmacological doses of estradiol administered to immature
      female chickens decreased the steady-state cystatin mRNA levels as analyzed by
      Northern blots. There were no differences in the pattern of expression in the
      different tissues between rooster and hens. Our data suggest that estrogen has no
      direct effect on the regulation of cystatin expression in chicken tissues.

PMID- 1801731
TI  - Molecular mechanism of inhibition of cysteine proteinases by their protein
      inhibitors: kinetic studies with natural and recombinant variants of cystatins
      and stefins.
AB  - Natural and recombinant variants of the cysteine proteinase inhibitors chicken
      cystatin and human stefin B were characterized by determination of their
      inhibition constants for papain, actinidin and human cathepsins B and H. The
      individual contributions of the three contact regions to the binding energy of
      the chicken cystatin-papain complex were calculated as 36% for the N-terminal
      segment, 51% for the first and 13% for the second hairpin loop. Removal of the N
      terminal contact region of chicken cystatin resulted in a 10000-fold lower
      affinity for papain. In contrast, stefin B remained a tight-binding inhibitor of
      papain and actinidin without its N-terminal segment. Affinity of stefin B for
      papain was only slightly affected by exchange of the residue predicted to bind in
      the S2 subsite of papain. The essential contribution of the first hairpin loop to
      inhibitor binding was confirmed by the 240-fold lower affinity for papain of a
      Val48----Asp mutant of stefin B. Inhibition of cathepsin B by stefins A and B is
      slow-binding. Binding of stefin B, not of stefin A, follows a two-step mechanism
      involving a slow isomerisation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex.

PMID- 1801732
TI  - Recombinant Q53E- and Q53N--chicken egg white cystatin variants inhibit papain,
      actinidin and cathepsin B.
AB  - A cloned synthetic gene coding for (AEF S1M M29I M89L) chicken egg white cystatin
      was modified site-specifically at position Q53 by cassette mutagenesis. Two
      recombinant variants were isolated from a pIN-III-ompA E. coli expression system
      and purified by Cm-papain affinity chromatography. The mutations at the position
      53 were confirmed by amino acid composition and amino acid sequence analysis of
      the appropriate tryptic peptides. The complexes of both cystatin variants, the
      Q53E- and Q53N-variant with papain, display Ki values similar to those determined
      with native chicken cystatin. However, the Ki values of the complexes with
      actinidin are hundredfold and with cathepsin B three hundredfold higher than with
      the native chicken cystatin. The different inhibition kinetics of these variants
      compared to wild type chicken cystatin emphasizes the specificity of single amino
      acid substitutions for optimal contacts between the binding segments of enzyme
      and inhibitor.

PMID- 1801733
TI  - Deletion of the carboxy terminal part of stefin B does not have a major effect
      for binding to papain.
AB  - Determination of crystal structures of chicken cystatin and human stefin B
      complexed with papain revealed a novel model of protease inhibition and also
      structural differences between two cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) families.
      According to the 3D alignment, stefins have an extension of 9 amino acids on
      their carboxy terminus in comparison with cystatins. The extension was not
      expected to make a major contribution to interaction with the enzyme. A deletion
      mutant of stefin B, corresponding in length to the carboxy terminal sequence of
      chicken cystatin, was constructed by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
      This (C3S, delta 89-98) human stefin B, 10 amino acids shorter, inhibited papain
      with a Ki of 0.012 nM which is comparable to the Ki of 0.03 nM for authentic,
      nondeleted recombinant stefin B. This finding thus confirms the tertiary
      structure-based alignment.

PMID- 1801734
TI  - Tight-binding inhibition of cathepsin S by cystatins.
AB  - Human cystatins A, B and C were purified, and their inhibition efficiency was
      tested with the cysteine proteinase cathepsin S. Cathepsin S was strongly
      inhibited by cystatins A and B in the subnanomolar range and by cystatin C in the
      picomolar range. Two steps of inhibition of cathepsin S by the cystatins which
      involve slow binding are discussed.

PMID- 1801735
TI  - Oryzacystatins as the first well-defined cystatins of plant origin and their
      target proteinases in rice seeds.
AB  - Two cystatins occur in mature seeds of the rice, Oryza sativa L. japonica, which
      are named oryzacystatin I (OC-I) and oryzacystatin II (OC-II). These are highly
      homologous to each other and are significantly homologous to cystatin superfamily
      members of animal origin, especially to family-2 cystatins. However, both lack
      disulfide bonds as in the case of family-1 cystatins (stefins). Each of OC-I and
      OC-II thus seems to be chimerical of family-1 and family-2 cystatins, and we
      propose that a new category such as "phytocystatin" be opened for these cystatins
      of plant origin. For specificity it was observed that OC-I inhibits papain 100
      times more efficiently than cathepsin H, whereas, OC-II inhibits cathepsin H 100
      times more efficiently than papain. A cysteine proteinase, named oryzain alpha,
      exists in germinating rice seeds. cDNA cloning studies have disclosed that two
      other related species, named oryzain beta and gamma, are also present. In respect
      to the amino acid sequence, oryzain alpha and beta are homologous to papain and
      oryzain gamma is homologous to cathepsin H. These observations suggest the
      possibility that either or both of oryzain alpha and beta are target enzymes of
      OC-I and oryzain gamma is a target enzyme of OC-II.

PMID- 1801736
TI  - An E. coli expression system which detoxifies the HIV protease.
AB  - Based on a variety of independent assays, the expression of HIV (human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1) protease in living bacterial cells results in
      their loss of viability. Although the mechanism is not proven, we have observed
      degradation of cellular proteins in E. coli expressing large amounts of active
      HIV protease. In order to avoid the loss of viability, we devised an expression
      system in which the viral protease is fused to beta-lactamase and is rapidly
      secreted to the periplasmic space, thus reducing its duration in the cytosol.
      Furthermore, we find the periplasmic form of the protease is soluble and
      enzymatically is several-fold more active than enzyme recovered from
      intracellular aggregates. The question of whether the viral protease may be toxic
      to infected cells is discussed.

PMID- 1801737
TI  - The HIV-1 gag precursor is processed via two pathways: implications for
      cytotoxicity.
AB  - All retroviruses studied thus far contain proteases which process viral
      precursors to liberate the structural and enzymatic proteins of the viral capsid.
      We have examined the processing of the Gag precursor of HIV-1 which is composed
      of the viral structural proteins. Our results indicate that Gag is processed via
      two pathways: an expected membrane-associated pathway which gives rise to virions
      and a cytoplasmic pathway in which processed viral proteins accumulate in the
      cytoplasm. The presence of an active protease in the cytoplasm of infected cells
      is a potential source of toxicity. A comparison of the extent of cytoplasmic
      processing in lytically infected cells compared with that in cells which are not
      killed by the virus demonstrates a close correlation between cytoplasmic
      processing and cell killing.

PMID- 1801738
TI  - Inhibition of the retroviral HIV-proteinase impairs maturation to infectious
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - Newly developed inhibitors block the aspartic-type retroviral proteinase of the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at nanomolar concentration. The viral
      proteinase is responsible for the processing of viral encoded proteins. Applied
      to HIV infected cell culture, these inhibitors exhibit antiviral effects. The
      detailed analysis of these antiviral effects demonstrated that the synthesis of
      viral particles is only minimally decreased while the rate of infectious HIV
      particles is substantially reduced. The lack of infectivity is due to a failure
      in particle maturation which again is caused by the inhibition of the viral
      proteinase.

PMID- 1801739
TI  - Regulation of human renin and angiotensinogen genes.
AB  - We have constructed pUCSV0cat with low background of chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and pUCSV3cat (positive control), both
      containing a SV40 polyadenylation signal 5' to the CAT-coding gene and to the
      SV40 promoter, respectively. Using this modified pUCSV0cat, we found that human
      embryonic 293 cells have the ability to activate the promoter of the human renin
      gene. In addition, we identified the cis-acting sequences responsible for cell
      specific expression of the human angiotensinogen gene in its 5'-flanking region.

PMID- 1801740
TI  - Zymogen activation specificity and genomic structures of human neutrophil
      elastase and cathepsin G reveal a new branch of the chymotrypsinogen superfamily
      of serine proteinases.
AB  - On the basis of amino acid sequences inferred from the genes encoding human
      neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G, it is likely that both are synthesized as
      precursors containing N- and C-terminal peptide extensions. We show that these
      extensions are removed about 90 min after onset of synthesis of these proteins in
      the U937 cell line. Removal of these extensions causes activation of the
      proteinases, and it is likely that the N-terminal extension of each enzyme serves
      as a zymogen activation peptide. Elastase and cathepsin G are, therefore,
      transiently present as zymogens, presumably to protect the biosynthetic machinery
      of the cell from adventitious proteolysis. Zymogen activation results from
      cleavage following a glutamic acid residue, a specificity opposite to most other
      serine proteinase zymogens. The specificity is likely to be shared, however, by
      neutrophil proteinase 3, rat mast cell proteinase II, and most members of the
      granzyme group of proteinases present in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granules. The
      conservation in zymogen activation specificity between these leukocyte proteinase
      homologs is mirrored by the preservation of a discrete genomic organization. This
      suggests that most of the leukocyte serine proteinases evolved from a common
      ancestor distinct from the main branches of the chymotrypsinogen superfamily of
      serine proteinases.

PMID- 1801741
TI  - Expression and characterization of recombinant second domain variants of human
      mucus proteinase inhibitor (MPI).
AB  - The second, carboxyterminal domain of human mucus proteinase inhibitor (MPI)
      represents a strong antagonist of trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucocyte elastase.
      To modulate the inhibitory specificity and chemical stability of this domain,
      mutants have been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis of a cDNA fragment
      encoding for the carboxyterminal half of the inhibitor, followed by expression in
      E. coli. Inhibition assays with the purified recombinant domains revealed the
      possibility to create variants for potential pharmaceutical use.

PMID- 1801742
TI  - Inhibitory characteristics and oxidant resistance of site specific variants of
      recombinant human antileukoproteinase (ALP).
AB  - Tandem gene plasmids were constructed and used to express inactive proteins
      equivalent to human antileukoproteinase (ALP) and the variants [Leu73]-ALP and
      [Leu73, 82, 94, 96]-ALP in E. coli K12. After extraction, refolding, and
      purification, highly pure and active inhibitors were obtained in good yields.
      Inhibitory constants for human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G were found to
      be similar. The variants in which methionines were exchanged for leucines were
      shown to be more resistant to inactivation by oxidizing agents than native ALP.
      As oxidizing conditions exist at sites of inflammation, these ALP variants are
      promising candidates for therapies involving suppression of elastase-mediated
      injury.

PMID- 1801743
TI  - Variants of human seminal acrosin inhibitor (HUSI-II) which inhibit human
      leukocyte elastase.
AB  - A cDNA coding for human seminal inhibitor II was fused to the ompA-gene leader
      peptide for the expression in E. coli. The secreted protein is biologically
      active and correctly processed. Inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase were
      constructed by site-directed mutagenesis.

PMID- 1801744
TI  - Elastase inhibitor from mammalian neutrophil cytosol.
AB  - Bovine, pig and horse leukocyte elastase inhibitors represent the first example
      of functionally active intracellular serpin. Sequence analysis yields data
      indicating that the reactive site encompasses P1-P'1 Ala-Met sequence. Oxidation
      of swine (as well as equine) inhibitor reduced its association rate constants kon
      with the tested enzymes (by at least 1 order of magnitude). However in case of
      bovine inhibitor, only a slight reduction has been observed for human neutrophil
      elastase but not for chymotrypsin or pancreatic elastase.

PMID- 1801745
TI  - Variability of acrosin inhibitors in boar reproductive tract.
AB  - A new acrosin inhibitor with a relative molecular mass of about 8000 was isolated
      to apparent homogeneity from ejaculated boar spermatozoa. The inhibitor is
      effective against boar acrosin and bovine trypsin. It interacts with polyvalent
      antibodies against the acrosin inhibitor from boar seminal plasma, but differs
      from all known acrosin inhibitors in its amino acid composition and N-terminal
      sequence.

PMID- 1801746
TI  - Construction and cloning of recombinant rat trypstatin variants and their
      expression as fusion proteins in E. coli.
AB  - A synthetic master gene coding for rat trypstatin was designed, assembled of
      eight oligonucleotides, ligated into the cloning vector pUC8 and cloned in E.
      coli. In addition to the expected product DNA sequencing revealed the presence of
      several gene variants. The gene coding for (-1M F44G) rat trypstatin was mutated
      to a wild type form (-1M) rat trypstatin by cassette mutagenesis. For the first
      expression experiments the E. coli pEx31 system was used. After SDS-PAGE analysis
      fusion proteins were detected consisting of the N-terminal part of MS2
      polymerase, a linker region and of the appropriate rat trypstatin variant. These
      fusion proteins were synthesized in amounts as high as 25% of total E. coli
      proteins.

PMID- 1801747
TI  - Probing the distance between the two binding sites of hirudin for its interaction
      with the active site and the fibrin(ogen)-binding site of alpha-thrombin.
AB  - The interaction of delta (Ser50)-hirudin with alpha-thrombin has been
      investigated. Deletion of Ser50 of r-hirudin caused a 2.7 fold increase of the Ki
      for its complex with alpha-thrombin. Determination of the rate constants kon and
      koff for complex formation showed that this effect was mainly due to a change in
      koff.

PMID- 1801748
TI  - Influence of yeast proteases on hirudin expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Recombinant desulfatohirudin variant 1 is efficiently expressed and secreted from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chemical analysis of the secreted hirudin compounds
      revealed the presence of the full-length hirudin molecule as well as two
      degradation products that lack the C-terminal and in addition the penultimate
      amino acid, respectively. To eliminate the yeast proteases possibly involved in C
      terminal hirudin proteolysis, we disrupted either the structural gene for
      endoprotease yscA (PRA1) or the gene encoding carboxypeptidase yscY (PRC1). Both
      isogenic mutant strains secreted significantly higher amounts of full-length
      hirudin as compared to the parental strain. This suggests an involvement of
      carboxypeptidase yscY in hirudin proteolysis, since both protease disruptions
      lead to a lack in yscY activity; a yscA mutant accumulates the inactive yscY
      precursor. However, the strain devoid of protease yscA yielded significantly
      lower titers of total hirudin than the strain lacking yscY, but containing yscA.

PMID- 1801749
TI  - A group of novel latent serine proteinases degrading myosin heavy chain in fish
      muscle.
AB  - Through a study on thermal degradation of fish jelly products, the existence of a
      group of latent trypsin-like serine proteinases was demonstrated in fish muscle.
      These proteinases share common properties in existing as latent forms (being
      activated by heating around neutral pH in the presence of NaCl), having trypsin
      like serine proteinase properties and showing strong myosin heavy chain degrading
      activity. This group of proteinases could be classified into four subtypes
      according to the intracellular localization (sarcoplasmic and myofibril
      associated types) and the optimum temperature range (50 and 60 degrees C types).

PMID- 1801750
TI  - Two forms of prolyl endopeptidase with different activities.
AB  - Prolyl endopeptidase, an enzyme exhibiting high specificity towards the Pro-Xaa
      bond, is thought to play an important role in the metabolism of biologically
      active peptides. We have purified the enzyme from pig muscle and observed
      significant differences in its kinetic behavior as compared to the extensively
      studied serine proteases, such as chymotrypsin. Thus, pH-dependence of, and
      kinetic deuterium isotope effects on, the rate constants indicated that the
      enzyme has two forms, which exhibit different activities and interconvert with
      changing pH. It can be concluded that a general base/acid-catalyzed acylation
      step is rate-limiting in the lower pH range, and an isotopically silent step,
      probably a conformational change preceding the acylation dominates the reaction
      in the physiological pH range.

PMID- 1801751
TI  - Biological and clinical relevance of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator
      (uPA) in breast cancer.
AB  - Tumor cell invasion and metastasis is a multifactorial process, which at each
      step may require the action of proteolytic enzymes such as collagenases,
      cathepsins, plasmin, or plasminogen activators. An enzymatically inactive
      proenzyme form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) is secreted
      by tumor cells which may be converted to an enzymatically active two-chain uPA
      molecule (HMW-uPA) by plasmin-like enzymes. Action of proteases on pro-uPA may
      generate the enzymatically active or inactive high-molecular-weight form of uPA
      (HMW-uPA). Some proteases (plasmin, cathepsin B and L, kallikrein, trypsin or
      thermolysin) activate pro-uPA by cleaving the peptide bond Lys158 and IIe159.
      Other proteases (elastase, thrombin) cleave pro-uPA at different positions to
      yield enzymatically inactive HMW-uPA. HMW-uPA may be split into the enzymatically
      active LMW-uPA and the enzymatically inactive ATF (amino terminal fragment). ATF
      may be cleaved between peptide sequence 20 and 40 within the receptor binding
      domain of uPA (GFD). Such impaired ATF does not bind to uPA-receptors. Action of
      the bacterial endoproteinase Asp-N from Pseudomonas fragi mutant on pro-uPA or
      HMW-uPA, however, generates intact ATF which efficiently competes for binding of
      HMW-uPA or pro-uPA to receptors on tumor cells. High uPA-antigen content (pro
      uPA, HMW-uPA, or LMW-uPA) in breast cancer tissue (not in plasma) indicates an
      elevated risk for the patient of recurrences and shorter overall survival. Thus
      pro-uPA/uPA-antigen content in breast cancer tissue serves as an independent
      prognostic parameter for the outcome of the disease. Cathepsin D is also an
      independent prognostic factor for recurrences and overall survival. High content
      of cathepsin D in breast cancer tumors is, however, not correlated with elevated
      levels of pro-uPA/uPA indicating that synthesis and release of cathepsin D and
      pro-uPA/uPA are independent events.

PMID- 1801752
TI  - Activation of the plasminogen activator system in a keratinocyte cell line
      (HaCaT) by alkyl sulfates.
AB  - A human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was analysed for plasminogen activator
      activity. By immuno-capture and immuno-inhibition studies we obtained evidence
      that HaCaT cells synthesize and secrete urokinase-type plasminogen activator
      (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA). Zymographic analysis by using fibrin agar
      indicator gels indicated that part of the PA activity in culture supernatants of
      the HaCaT line is complexed with putative PA inhibitors (PAI). Alkyl sulfates of
      different chain length were found to have a strong stimulatory effect on PA
      activity in HaCaT culture supernatants. Our findings are discussed in view of the
      known skin-irritating effects of alkyl sulfates in vivo.

PMID- 1801753
TI  - Proteolytic digestion of non-collagenous basement membrane proteins by the
      hemorrhagic metalloproteinase Ht-e from Crotalus atrox venom.
AB  - Hemorrhagic toxin e (Ht-e), a metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the
      Western Diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus atrox, digests laminin and nidogen, both
      in their isolated forms and when present in a purified soluble complex. The only
      common site of cleavage by Ht-e of isolated nidogen and nidogen when complexed
      with laminin is at amino acid residue 336 in the amino terminal domain.
      Additionally, nidogen in complex with laminin is also cleaved at sites 322, 351
      and 840 as determined by sequence analysis and site 953 as proposed from the
      molecular mass of a digestion product. Isolated nidogen, on the other hand, was
      cleaved at amino acid residues 75, 336, 402, and 920, as determined by sequence
      determinations and approximately at residues 296, 478, 625 and 702 as proposed
      from the molecular mass values of the generated polypeptide chains. Products from
      the proteolytic cleavage of the A and B2 chains of laminin were observed with the
      sites of cleavage determined to be at position 2666 in the laminin A chain and
      position 1238 in the laminin B2 chain. The laminin digestion products were
      identical regardless of whether nidogen was present in a complex with the laminin
      chains.

PMID- 1801754
TI  - Synthetic and endogenous inhibitors of snake venom metalloproteinases.
AB  - The venoms of most Crotalidae snakes contain metalloproteinases which are the
      agents responsible for the production of venom-induced hemorrhage via proteolytic
      destruction of capillary basement membranes. Prevention of hemorrhage by
      administration of antiserum is generally not totally effective against damage at
      the site of envenomation. Therefore, we have investigated alternate methods for
      the alleviation of hemorrhage by inhibition of the proteolytic activity of the
      hemorrhagic toxins. The first approach involves the synthesis of carboxyalkyl
      peptide inhibitors in which the peptide moiety is modeled on the substrate
      specificity of the toxins. With this approach we have determined that the
      carboxypentyl group for interaction with the active site Zn+ +ion is most
      effective. Also, longer peptide moieties enhance the inhibitors' activity giving
      Ki's in a range of 10(-6) M. Our second approach to hemorrhagic toxin inhibition
      was to search for the presence of endogenous inhibitors against the toxins in the
      venom. From the crude venom we have isolated several pyro-glutamate containing
      peptides, two of which are relatively good inhibitors of the toxins. The
      isolation and characterization of the endogenous toxin inhibitors as well as the
      synthetic inhibitors may ultimately serve as a basis for new, effective
      treatments against venom-induced hemorrhage.

PMID- 1801755
TI  - Plasma membrane proteases: introductory remarks.

PMID- 1801756
TI  - Characterization of hepsin, a membrane bound protease.
AB  - Hepsin is a membrane bound protease of 51 kDa present in mammalian cells. It
      contains a stretch of hydrophobic sequence of 27 amino acid residues in its N
      terminal region. By employing fluorescent immunostaining of cells and western
      blot analysis of the various cell subfractions, the catalytic subunit (carboxyl
      terminal half) of hepsin is found at the cell surface. The hepsin gene is
      expressed in most tissues of a young adult baboon, particularly in the liver at
      high levels.

PMID- 1801757
TI  - Metalloendopeptidase activity in urine of rodents.
AB  - The brush border membrane of mice and rats contains a phosphoramidon-insensitive
      metalloproteinase, meprin (neutral endopeptidase-2; NEP-2). The role of meprin is
      unknown, but we have shown that urine from these species contains insulin B chain
      degrading activity that is due to a phosphoramidon-insensitive
      metalloendopeptidase. By enzymic and immunological criteria, it is likely that
      this activity is due to meprin, and introduces the possibility that this enzyme
      may have a role in urinary function.

PMID- 1801758
TI  - Structure, function and membrane anchoring of carboxypeptidase M.

PMID- 1801759
TI  - Olfactory identification deficits in HIV infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Impaired odor identification is described in a number of CNS
      disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects the CNS in a large
      percentage of patients. To evaluate whether impaired olfaction may indicate CNS
      disease, the authors measured odor identification in patient groups defined along
      a continuum of progressive immunodeficiency and in a comparison group. METHOD:
      Most of the 42 HIV-infected patients in the study were outpatients in a clinic
      specializing in treatment of HIV-infected individuals. The comparison subjects
      were 37 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals who were recruited from hospital
      and medical school personnel. Ten of the patients were HIV-seropositive but had
      no symptoms, 24 had clinical evidence of immunocompromise, and eight had HIV
      dementia. All subjects were given the University of Pennsylvania Smell
      Identification Test, which presents common odorants and requires the subject to
      identify the odor from a four-item word list. The data were analyzed by using
      analysis of variance after arc-sine transformation and Scheffe post hoc analysis.
      RESULTS: All patients scored significantly lower on the Smell Identification Test
      than did the comparison subjects. The patients with HIV dementia had
      significantly lower scores than did the other two groups of patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, impaired olfaction might serve as a marker of early CNS
      HIV involvement. Future studies should attempt to match comparison and
      experimental populations for socioeconomic status and HIV risk behavior.

PMID- 1801760
TI  - Stability of refraction during four years after radial keratotomy in the
      prospective evaluation of radial keratotomy study.
AB  - The Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy Study is a nine-center clinical
      trial of a standardized technique of radial keratotomy in 435 patients who had
      simple myopia with a preoperative refraction between -2.00 and -8.00 diopters. We
      studied the stability of the refractive error during four years after surgery for
      each of 341 eyes first operated on that had a single surgical procedure. Between
      baseline and two weeks after surgery, all eyes became less myopic; between two
      weeks and three months, 161 eyes (59%) lost 1.00 D or more of the initial effect;
      and between three and six months, 266 eyes (95%) had a stable refraction with
      less than 1.00 D change. The change from six months to four years was less than
      1.00 D for 246 eyes (72%). There was 1.00 D or more decrease in surgical effect
      (increased minus power) for 13 eyes (4%), and 1.00 D or more increase in surgical
      effect (decreased minus power) for 82 eyes (24%). Eyes with larger amounts of
      preoperative myopia and smaller diameter of the clear zone were more likely to
      have an increasing effect of the surgery. The duration of this continued
      increasing effect of the surgery is unknown.

PMID- 1801762
TI  - Methanol poisoning in a 6-week-old infant.

PMID- 1801761
TI  - Changes in the postenteropathic form of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in
      children.
AB  - An analysis was made of clinical and laboratory findings in children with the
      diarrheal form of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) treated at The Children's
      Hospital, Birmingham between 1970 und 1987. From 1982 the rate of referral
      increased, the prodromal illness more often consisted of bloody diarrhea, and the
      mean age at presentation doubled from 2 to 4 years. For patients with a good
      outcome there was an excess of males in the period 1970-81, and females in the
      period 1982-87. Moreover, in the years 1982-87 the disorder was distinguished
      from that of the earlier time by a positive correlation between adverse outcome
      and both neutrophil leukocytosis and a higher hemoglobin concentration at
      presentation. Prognostic scores obtained by logistic regression analysis were
      specific for each period. From July 1983 stool samples were analyzed for
      verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and neutralizable verotoxin.
      Positive results were obtained in 39% of cases. The nature of HUS has changed and
      the new form of the disorder is associated with VTEC infection.

PMID- 1801763
TI  - A steroid stupor in a surgical ward.
AB  - In the development and management of a steroid-induced stupor, in a 17-year-old
      man, the dose and route of administration of steroid medication were felt to be
      important aetiological factors. A co-ordinated plan of management involving the
      physician, surgeon and psychiatrist is needed in such cases.

PMID- 1801764
TI  - Radiolucent prosthetic gel.
AB  - The successful use of silicone breast implants is complicated by their
      interference with mammography. We have evaluated clinically available implant
      filling materials and found that a new Bio-Oncotic gel approximates the
      radiolucency of normal breast tissue. Silicone implants completely obscure areas
      of the breast in mammography. Recently proposed as a filler material, peanut oil
      is significantly more radiolucent than normal tissue. Physiologic saline solution
      compares favorably as a tissue-density-simulating substance. However, saline's
      lack of lubricating properties results in leakage, making it less than optimal.
      Bio-Oncotic gel is biologically compatible. We conclude that this gel is the most
      appropriate filler for breast prostheses. Clinical studies are indicated.

PMID- 1801765
TI  - Survey on the use of pulmonary scintigraphy and angiography for suspected
      pulmonary thromboembolism in the UK.
AB  - A survey of UK radiologists in 360 acute hospitals was undertaken to assess the
      current use of pulmonary angiography and radionuclide lung scanning in the
      investigation of suspected pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Replies were received
      from 340 (94%) hospitals, of which 48 (out of 50) were teaching hospitals or
      centres which perform cardiothoracic surgery. Lung scintigraphy was provided by
      200 (59%) hospitals and angiography by 120 (35%), with 99 (29%) providing both.
      Twenty-two hospitals which could undertake angiography had not performed more
      than one angiogram for suspected PTE in the preceding 3 years. Average numbers of
      lung scans performed in each hospital were 21.8 per month, in contrast with an
      average of 4.1 angiograms (including digital subtraction angiography) per year
      performed for suspected PTE over the previous 3 years. The total number of V/Q
      lung scans performed for the diagnosis of PTE per year was approximately 47,000
      compared with 490 pulmonary angiograms.

PMID- 1801766
TI  - Dopaminergic activity and idiopathic edema.

PMID- 1801767
TI  - Post partum eclampsia and acute renal failure; treatment with prostacyclin. Case
      report.

PMID- 1801768
TI  - Catatonia unexpectedly reversed by midazolam.

PMID- 1801769
TI  - Oral anticoagulant drugs.

PMID- 1801770
TI  - What if Americans ate less fat? A quantitative estimate of the effect on
      mortality.
AB  - Americans consume an average of 37% of their energy intake as fat. Many
      authorities recommend restricting fat intake to 30% of energy intake to reduce
      the rates of coronary heart disease and perhaps of cancers of the breast, colon,
      and prostate. Based on the assumptions that underlie those recommendations, we
      estimated the effect of this dietary change on mortality. If all Americans
      restricted their intake of dietary fat by reducing consumption of saturated fat
      and accompanying dietary cholesterol, the corresponding reductions in serum
      cholesterol levels could reduce coronary heart disease mortality rates by 5% to
      20%, depending on age. If the relationship between dietary fat and cancer is as
      strong as has been observed in some studies, the proportional effects on
      mortality from fat-related cancers could be even greater, although the absolute
      effects--given the lower mortality rates--would be smaller. Overall, if the
      assumptions are correct, about 42,000 of the 2.3 million deaths that would have
      occurred in adults each year in the United States could be deferred. This 2%
      benefit, equivalent to an increase in average life expectancy of 3 to 4 months,
      would accrue chiefly to people over the age of 65 years. If recent concerns about
      the possibly harmful effects of cholesterol lowering on mortality from
      noncardiovascular causes--which mainly affect younger persons--are valid, these
      relatively modest benefits would be overestimates of the actual effect.

PMID- 1801771
TI  - Consensus by default?

PMID- 1801772
TI  - Family therapy for anorexia nervosa in adolescence: a review.

PMID- 1801773
TI  - Are we mortgaging the medical profession?

PMID- 1801774
TI  - Jealousy: the pathology of passion.
AB  - Emotions may be rooted in biology but the process of cultural construction gives
      those emotions form and a language for their expression. The changing
      construction of jealousy in Western societies has transformed a socially
      sanctioned response to infidelity into a form of personal pathology which is the
      mere outward expression of immaturity, possessiveness and insecurity. This is a
      history of the stripping away of social, ethical and finally interpersonal
      meanings from an experience, to leave it as a piece of individual
      psychopathology. Fidelity and jealousy are constructed as they are because of the
      nature of the social and economic realities which drive our culture. The erosion
      of the area of human experience which could be identified with normal jealousy
      leaves the boundary between the pathological jealousy of psychiatry and normal
      experience increasingly problematic.

PMID- 1801775
TI  - Use of computer graphics simulation for teaching of flexible sigmoidoscopy.
AB  - The concept of simulation training in endoscopy is now well-established. The
      systems currently under development employ either computer graphics simulation or
      interactive video technology; each has its strengths and weaknesses. A flexible
      sigmoidoscopy training device has been designed which uses graphic routines--such
      as object oriented programming and double buffering--in entirely new ways. These
      programming techniques compensate for the limitations of currently available desk
      top microcomputers. By boosting existing computer 'horsepower' with next
      generation coprocessors and sophisticated graphics tools such as intensity
      interpolation (Gouraud shading), the realism of computer simulation of flexible
      sigmoidoscopy is being greatly enhanced. The computer program has teaching and
      scoring capabilities, making it a truly interactive system. Use has been made of
      this ability to record, grade and store each trainee encounter in computer memory
      as part of a multi-center, prospective trial of simulation training being
      conducted currently in the USA. A new input device, a dummy endoscope, has been
      designed that allows application of variable resistance to the insertion tube.
      This greatly enhances tactile feedback, such as resistance during looping. If
      carefully designed trials show that computer simulation is an attractive and
      effective training tool, it is expected that this technology will evolve rapidly
      and be made widely available to trainee endoscopists.

PMID- 1801776
TI  - The medical malpractice crisis--reflections on the alleged causes and proposed
      cures: discussion paper.

PMID- 1801777
TI  - The evolution of breast cancer treatment.

PMID- 1801778
TI  - Object relations and self-reported AIDS self-care behavior.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between object relations and AIDS self-care
      behavior among 509 urban college students. The literature indicates that maturity
      of object relations is related to comfort in interpersonal relations and to
      taking responsibility for self-care. These concepts are widely accepted by
      psychoanalytic psychologists but have rarely been tested empirically. Object
      relations, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory,
      was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention
      Survey of Thomas and to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's
      HIV Infection Prevention Scale. Knowledge about AIDS correlated with self
      reported sexual risk behavior, and with a low level of self-reported social
      behavior aimed at preventing AIDS. Implications of these findings for public
      health education policy are discussed.

PMID- 1801779
TI  - Exposure to high tension power lines and childhood leukaemia: a pilot study.

PMID- 1801780
TI  - The Brown Kelly-Paterson or Plummer-Vinson syndrome: an old score finally
      settled.

PMID- 1801781
TI  - Potential focus of fetuses unprotected against rubella.

PMID- 1801782
TI  - Cocaine-induced mesenteric ischemia.

PMID- 1801783
TI  - Mechanisms of X-ray-mediated protooncogene c-jun expression in radiation-induced
      human sarcoma cell lines.
AB  - c-jun is a protooncogene associated with neoplastic transformation and is
      transcriptionally induced by ionizing radiation. To examine the possible
      mechanisms of radiation-induced c-jun transcription, we analyzed RNA from human
      tumor cell lines RIT-3 and STSAR-5 following x-irradiation in the presence of
      protein kinase inhibitors, or the absence of serum and calcium. Protooncogene c
      jun expression increased several fold following irradiation of these radiation
      induced human sarcoma cell lines. The expression of c-jun was not altered
      following irradiation in conditioned medium containing serum as compared to that
      of cells in serum free medium. Depletion of PKC by prolonged TPA treatment
      resulted in inhibition of c-jun expression. In addition, nonspecific protein
      kinase inhibitors, staurosporin and H7 attenuated c-jun expression, whereas the
      analogue of ATP (sangivamycin) did not. Furthermore, the selective inhibitor of
      cAMP dependent protein kinase HA 1004 did not alter radiation-mediated c-jun
      induction. These data indicate that ionizing radiation exposure results in c-jun
      induction which is dependent upon the activation of PKC. Protein kinase C
      activation and the subsequent expression of the protooncogene c-jun by ionizing
      radiation may further define the molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced
      neoplastic transformation.

PMID- 1801784
TI  - Hip fractures in elderly patients taking benzodiazepines.

PMID- 1801785
TI  - Steroid-induced catatonia.

PMID- 1801786
TI  - Nifedipine-induced depression.

PMID- 1801787
TI  - Spontaneous abdominal arteriovenous fistulae.

PMID- 1801788
TI  - Effectiveness of geriatric medical services.

PMID- 1801789
TI  - Maximum myocardial blood flow and angioplasty.

PMID- 1801790
TI  - Reciprocity and licensure by credentials--European style.

PMID- 1801791
TI  - Guidelines for patients.

PMID- 1801792
TI  - Silicone nipple shield.

PMID- 1801793
TI  - Use of simvastatin plus cholestyramine in the treatment of lysosomal acid lipase
      deficiency.

PMID- 1801794
TI  - Epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation: an unproven methodology for
      management of lower extremity ischemia.

PMID- 1801795
TI  - More on Desert Storm.

PMID- 1801796
TI  - Immediate functional benefits after controlled reperfusion during surgical
      revascularization for acute coronary occlusion.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that contractile dysfunction that often develops
      after acute coronary occlusion despite emergency revascularization can be avoided
      by careful control of the composition of the initial reperfusate and the
      conditions of the reperfusion. Between January 1987 and May 1989, 31 consecutive
      patients with acute coronary occlusion (90% resulting from percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty failures) were reperfused during emergency
      myocardial revascularization according to one of two different protocols. In 23
      patients the reperfusate was normal blood given at systemic pressure
      ("uncontrolled reperfusion"); in eight patients the ischemic segment was
      reperfused during the first 20 minutes with a regional blood cardioplegic
      solution (substrate-enriched, hyperosmotic, hypocalcemic, alkalotic, diltiazem
      containing) at 37 degrees C at a pressure of 50 mm Hg. Thereafter total bypass
      was prolonged for an additional 30 minutes before extracorporeal circulation was
      discontinued ("controlled reperfusion"). Assessment of regional contractility
      (echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography), electrocardiographic evidence
      of myocardial infarction, release of creatine kinase and isoenzyme of creatine
      kinase, and hospital mortality was performed. Regional contractility was
      quantified with a scoring system from 0 (normokinesis) to 4 (dyskinesis). Data
      are expressed as mean +/- standard error of the mean. Both groups were well
      matched for age, sex, and the distribution of the occluded artery. In the
      controlled-reperfusion group there was a greater prevalence of previous
      infarctions (63% versus 43%), additional significant stenosis (1.3 +/- 0.2 versus
      0.8 +/- 0.2), and cardiogenic shock (38% versus 17%) compared with the
      uncontrolled-reperfusion group. Furthermore, the interval between coronary
      occlusion and reperfusion was significantly longer in the controlled-reperfusion
      group (4.0 +/- 0.5 versus 2.3 +/- 0.3 hr; p less than 0.05). Regional
      contractility returned to normal in all patients treated by controlled
      reperfusion (wall motion score = 0.8 +/- 0.3, normokinesis = 0, slight
      hypokinesis = 1). In contrast, regional contractility remained severely depressed
      after uncontrolled reperfusion with normal blood (score 2.5 +/- 0.2; p less than
      0.05), with only four of 23 patients with a score less than 2 (2 = severe
      hypokinesis). Postoperatively enzymes and electrocardiographic changes were
      similar in both groups. One patient died of mitral insufficiency in the
      controlled-reperfusion group, despite complete recovery of wall motion in the
      angioplasty-related artery. Conversely, the four of 23 deaths after uncontrolled
      reperfusion occurred in patients who sustained infarct in the area of the
      coronary occlusion (mortality 13% versus 17%). In conclusion, these preliminary
      clinical results indicate that immediate recovery of segmental contractility can
      be achieved after acute coronary occlusion if the initial reperfusion is
      controlled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1801797
TI  - Invited letter concerning: immediate functional benefits after controlled
      reperfusion during surgical revascularization for acute coronary occlusion.

PMID- 1801798
TI  - A quality improvement management model for renal care.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for applying the theory
      and tools of quality improvement (total quality management) in the renal care
      setting. We believe that the coupling of the statistical techniques used in the
      Deming method of quality improvement, with modern approaches to outcome and
      process analysis, will provide the renal care community with powerful tools, not
      only for improved quality (i.e., reduced morbidity and mortality), but also for
      technology evaluation and resource allocation.

PMID- 1801799
TI  - Use of intrathecally administered morphine in the treatment of postoperative pain
      after lumbar spinal surgery: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study.

PMID- 1801800
TI  - The effect of anesthesia on visual acuity.

PMID- 1801801
TI  - Comparison of the analgesic requirements of patients whose acute pancreatitis was
      diagnosed before and after death.

PMID- 1801802
TI  - Histologic and hormonal evaluation of the ovarian function.

PMID- 1801803
TI  - Delayed miniplate osteosynthesis for mandibular fractures.

PMID- 1801804
TI  - Determinants of FRC.

PMID- 1801805
TI  - Simultaneous epiglottitis in siblings.

PMID- 1801806
TI  - Outcome studies.

PMID- 1801807
TI  - Dred Scott revisited.

PMID- 1801808
TI  - Ticlopidine, a new anti-thrombotic drug.

PMID- 1801809
TI  - Optimal iodine-131 dose in Graves' disease.

PMID- 1801810
TI  - First aid training.

PMID- 1801811
TI  - Research funding.

PMID- 1801813
TI  - Propranolol overdose.

PMID- 1801812
TI  - Fatal cerebral haemorrhage after snake bite.

PMID- 1801814
TI  - Emergency treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses.

PMID- 1801815
TI  - Spongiform encephalopathy in a Scottish cat.

PMID- 1801816
TI  - Duration of human singleton pregnancy. Points for discussion.

PMID- 1801817
TI  - Flumazenil & coma.

PMID- 1801818
TI  - Octreotide is cost-effective therapy in diabetic diarrhea.

PMID- 1801819
TI  - Bone mineral measurements in children.

PMID- 1801820
TI  - Verapamil in major depression?

PMID- 1801821
TI  - Medical Research Council.

PMID- 1801822
TI  - But was the procedure really necessary?

PMID- 1801823
TI  - DNR orders.

PMID- 1801824
TI  - A unified hypothesis for three cardinal features of HIV immunology: authors'
      reply.

PMID- 1801825
TI  - A new syndrome of congenital hypoparathyroidism, severe growth failure, and
      dysmorphic features.

PMID- 1801826
TI  - [Otoplasty. Results and complications with a modified Mustarde's technique].
AB  - In order to investigate the results obtained after surgical treatment of
      prominent ears with a modified method basically derived from the technique of
      Mustarde 340 patients had been interrogated and 150 had been examined
      postoperatively. In 91.4% of the cases the patients themselves and in 84.7% the
      surgeon was satisfied by the postoperative result. Recurrence was observed in 17%
      and was due partly to the intermittent use of a resorbable suture material. In
      some cases recurrence consisted in a slight asymmetry, that was not really
      disturbing and did not need a further correction. A fundamental advantage of our
      surgical method is the fact that the cartilage has not to be destroyed, so that
      ugly and unnatural rims are avoided as well as some further postoperative
      complications (otohematoma, perichondritis, pain and sensibility to the cold).
      Revision surgery even by another technique is always possible because the
      cartilage is left intact.

PMID- 1801827
TI  - Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin is increased in human alveolar macrophages by phorbol
      myristate acetate or lipopolysaccharide and released from these activated
      macrophages by glucocorticoid.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages were obtained from 23 patients and the effects of phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and dexamethasone (DEX) on the
      proportion of cells with intracellular alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), and
      concentrations of ACT in the culture medium were studied in vitro. The alveolar
      macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage at autopsy or from resected
      lungs at operation and were cultured in suspension for 3 days in medium
      containing PMA, LPS, DEX, PMA+DEX, or LPS+DEX. Both PMA and LPS significantly
      increased the percentage of macrophages with intracellular ACT. Dexamethasone did
      not increase the number of ACT-positive cells and significantly suppressed the
      increase induced by PMA or LPS, releasing ACT into the culture medium. The
      release of ACT from macrophages may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects
      of corticoids.

PMID- 1801828
TI  - Morphometry, densitometry and pattern analysis of plastic-embedded histologic
      material from urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - An image analysis method of grading histologic sections of bladder carcinoma was
      tested. The method was new in four respects. First, for fixation of the biopsies
      a coagulant fixative was used. Second, 2-microns plastic sections were used to
      ensure the reproducibility of nuclear imaging. Third, a new stereologic approach
      was used for calculation of the nuclear volume and DNA content. Fourth, for the
      classification rule the morphometric, densitometric and texture features were
      used in concert. The IBAS 2000 instrument was used for the measurements. Texture
      analysis of the chromatin patterns was performed using Markovian texture
      features. Using discriminant analysis, of 22 parameters, 2 morphometric, 2
      densitometric and 3 texture features were selected for the classification rule.
      With them, 89% of the bladder carcinomas were correctly classified into the three
      grades. All grade III tumors were classified correctly. Among the features
      tested, the densitometry of the DNA had the highest F values. All of the grade
      III tumors and 45% of the grade II tumor group had DNA histograms indicating
      aneuploidy. This study showed that plastic-embedded material is well suited to
      morphometry and densitometry and can be used for quantitative grading of bladder
      carcinoma.

PMID- 1801829
TI  - Some fundamental aspects of morphometry in clinical pathology, demonstrated on a
      simple, multipurpose analysis system.
AB  - The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the value of morphometry, (2) to fix
      a set of parameters suitable for analyzing diagnostic problems, and (3) to create
      a general strategy for data storage and for user-friendly data management. The
      intrinsic value of morphometry lies in the fact that in contrast to other
      morphologic methods, it permits the presentation of findings in the form of
      numbers. The following set of morphometric parameters, in the broad sense of the
      term morphometry, is standard in our laboratory: planimetric parameters (shape
      descriptors), parameters of the gray value histogram (descriptors of the general
      gray value distribution), texture parameters (descriptors of the correlation
      between various image segments), invariant moments (descriptors of the size and
      localization of textural image segments) and densitometric parameters. The
      introduction of morphometric procedures into the daily routine is facilitated if
      data registration and evaluation are performed separately. Original data
      generated by direct measurement are primary or raw data, which are stored as
      such. In a separate, second step these raw data are used to compare more or less
      complex morphometric parameters, which are called "secondary data". A system
      designed for separate data registration and evaluation can easily be adapted to
      new methodologic developments. For instance, primary data on objects (gray
      values, coordinates of the contour) measured one time in the past can be reused
      at any other time for computing new features from these data. This procedure is
      comparable to the possibilities in immunohistochemical staining: new
      immunohistochemical stains can be applied to newly prepared sections of old
      tissue blocks.

PMID- 1801830
TI  - Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of hyperplastic and neoplastic follicular
      nodules of the thyroid. A morphometric study.
AB  - The differentiation of hyperplastic nodules, follicular adenomas and follicular
      carcinomas from fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology smears may be difficult. To
      better define the diagnostic criteria, we studied the morphometric parameters of
      nuclear area (NA), nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear roundness (NR) in single
      cells and cell aggregates. In addition, we quantitated the percentage of touching
      or overlapping nuclei (NO) and the percentage of extent of nuclear area of
      overlap (NAO) in cellular aggregates. We measured cellular samples from FNA
      aspirates obtained from 20 hyperplastic nodules, 21 follicular adenomas, 5
      encapsulated follicular carcinomas and 22 invasive follicular carcinomas, all of
      which were subsequently confirmed by histologic examination. Cellular aggregates
      provided the maximum diagnostic information. Stepwise discriminant analysis
      revealed that nuclear size, nuclear roundness and the percentage NAO allow
      optimum differentiation of hyperplasia, adenomas and carcinomas. Clearly, all of
      the poorly differentiated carcinomas (large NA, low NR, high NO and NAO) could be
      reliably diagnosed. Discriminant analysis allowed the differentiation of
      carcinoma from adenoma in 20/22 carcinomas (91%) and all 21 adenomas (although 2
      adenomas were called hyperplasias and 3 hyperplasias were called adenomas).

PMID- 1801831
TI  - Nuclear DNA analyses in archival material from primary malignant melanoma. A
      pilot study.
AB  - In 28 cases of malignant melanoma, paraffin-embedded specimens were analyzed in
      order to determine the reliability of ploidy results. The material consisted of
      thin and thick melanomas. The results indicate that useful prognostic information
      may be obtained in this kind of material by means of DNA measurements, provided
      that the analysis is performed on morphologically identified tumor cells. The
      value of DNA measurements in malignant melanomas may, however, not be as clear as
      has been reported for several other tumors.

PMID- 1801832
TI  - Comparison of nuclear DNA content in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma.
AB  - The DNA patterns obtained from 23 primary malignant melanomas and 35
      corresponding metastases were compared and found to differ in many cases. In
      eight cases the primary tumors and their metastases had a ploidy type I
      ("euploid") DNA pattern. One case had a type I primary tumor and both type I and
      type II metastases. Five cases had type I primary tumors and ploidy type II
      ("aneuploid") DNA pattern metastases. In five cases the primary tumors and
      corresponding metastases were type II, and in another four cases the primary
      tumors were type II, whereas the metastases were type I. We interpret these data
      as indicating that malignant melanomas (more often than adenocarcinomas) are
      composed of genetically heterogeneous tumor sublines that frequently give rise to
      heterogeneously composed metastases. Since we sometimes observed a change in the
      DNA content in malignant melanomas, it seems to be more difficult to obtain
      prognostic information from DNA analysis in malignant melanoma as compared to the
      more stable adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 1801833
TI  - High-resolution and contextual analysis for the diagnosis of fine needle
      aspirates of breast.
AB  - A study was undertaken to confirm earlier work on a smaller number of patients
      that had suggested that medium-resolution contextual analysis complements high
      resolution individual cell analysis for cytomorphometric classification of fine
      needle aspirate smears of breast. The objectives of this study were to improve
      and verify the method. Sixty-one biopsy-confirmed hematoxylin and eosin-stained
      aspirate smears of breast were restained using the Feulgen technique. Individual
      nuclei were digitized at a resolution of 0.25 micron. Features describing size,
      shape, density and texture were extracted from the images. Individual cell
      analysis correctly classified 84% of cases, contextual analysis correctly
      classified 70% of cases, and the combined use of both techniques resulted in 87%
      classification accuracy. However, if fibroadenoma cases are excluded, the
      combined correct classification rate is 93%. Geometric and densitometric features
      contributed most to correct classification in individual cell analysis, while the
      most important contextual feature was the number of clusters per scene. We
      conclude that the addition of quantitative measures of smear patterns, termed
      "contextual analysis," improves automated classification schemes.

PMID- 1801834
TI  - Digital cell image analysis of Ewing's sarcoma.
AB  - We analyzed the lesional tissue in Ewing's sarcoma by means of a cell image
      processor computing 15 nuclear parameters in order to quantify the morphologic
      variability of the tumor cell nuclei. To this end we combined 32 cases (350-400
      Feulgen-stained nuclei analyzed per case) in a data file, which was then
      subjected to principal component and canonical analyses. We found considerable
      heterogeneity within the cell nucleus population of Ewing's sarcomas. Indeed,
      after the arbitrary subdivision of the file into two cell classifiers (CC1 and
      CC2 cell types) on the basis of the first canonical function, the 32 Ewing's
      sarcomas showed a great deal of variability in the proportion of CC1 and CC2 cell
      nucleus types. The nuclei of the CC1 type had a more finely textured chromatin
      when compared to the CC2 type, the nuclei of which exhibited a more granular
      chromatin pattern. Additionally, these 32 Ewing's sarcomas were characterized by
      three distinct DNA histogram types. Eight tumors displayed a diploid
      nonproliferating DNA histogram pattern (type A), 11 a diploid proliferating (type
      B) and 13 an aneuploid (type C) DNA histogram profile. We found a highly
      significant relationship between these DNA histogram types and the CC1:CC2 cell
      type percentage ratio. The eight Ewing's sarcomas with a type A DNA histogram
      contained a significantly higher proportion of CC1 cell type nuclei as compared
      to the 13 tumors with a type C DNA histogram, which contained a great proportion
      of CC2 cell type nuclei.

PMID- 1801835
TI  - Determination of the rate of DNA synthesis of human tumor cells obtained by fine
      needle aspiration. Comparison of flow cytometry and an immunoperoxidase method
      for the detection of thymidine analogue incorporation.
AB  - Two methods of detecting thymidine analogue incorporation by lymphoma, leukemia
      and myeloma cells obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) are described. In one
      method, cells which have been incubated with the thymidine analogue
      iododeoxyuridine (IDURD) were exposed to primary monoclonal anti-IDURD antibody
      and a fluorescein-labeled linking antibody. The fluorescence of the antibody
      labeled cells, which had synthesized DNA and incorporated the analogue, was
      detected by flow cytometry (FCM). In a second method, the cells that incorporated
      the analogue were detected on glass slide Cytospin preparations by an
      immunoperoxidase (IP) technique. The IDURD labeling index (LI), as determined by
      both FCM and IP staining, was compared to the percentage of cycling (S + G2/M)
      cells as determined by acridine-orange FCM. The data indicate that the IP method
      is reliable and correlated strongly with FCM determination of LI, percentage S
      phase and lymphoma grade. Given the low cost and wide availability of IP
      technology, the IP method may be desirable for laboratories wishing to supplement
      cytology reports with cell cycle data.

PMID- 1801836
TI  - [The hygienic situation of the central drinking water supply in the former East
      Germany--an evaluation of the annual reports on water hygiene from 1984 to 1989].
AB  - In the former GDR an annual report on the situation in the field of communal
      hygiene had to be elaborated and submitted to the minister of public health. One
      part of this was the report on the hygienic situation in water supply, worked out
      by the Reference Laboratory for Water Hygiene in Bad Elster. After the political
      changes in autumn 1989 it became possible to analyse these reports as a whole. In
      this paper the reports from 1984 to 1989 are interpreted. The results of the
      laboratory measurements and field controls by the State Sanitary Inspectorates
      are shown in 17 graphics and compared to the bacteriological and chemical limits
      in drinking water standards. Special issue is drawn on the estimation of the
      number of inhabitants concerned by reduced drinking-water quality or any
      hazardous situations. The special problems of the different districts are
      compared in some graphics. The hygienic safety of the central drinking-water
      supply units is assessed basing on the results of the field controls by the State
      Sanitary Inspectorate. The Sanitation of the central drinking-water supply
      facilities in the new federal countries of the FRG is connected with the solution
      of a variety of technological problems, particularly the improvement of the water
      treatment techniques and the restoration of the pipe systems. The use of surface
      waters from extremely polluted rivers generates a high hygienic risk and requires
      the sanitation of the rivers. The high number of existing protection zones in the
      catchment areas for drinking-water is a valuable precondition to ensure the
      hygienic safety of the drinking-water supply in the new federal countries.

PMID- 1801837
TI  - Effect of sulfur dioxide inhalation on the respiratory tract of the rat.
AB  - In order to study the initial effect of SO2 exposure by electron microscopy,
      Wistar rats were subjected to the gas for 8 hours at a concentration of 800 ppm.
      A gradient of decreasing damage was observed in the tracheobronchial tree in
      peripheral direction. The trachea epithelium showed the most severe lesions
      represented by groups of detached cells, necrotic cells and disappearance of
      cilia and goblet cells. The entire apical surface was composed of short
      protrusions. A complementary ultracytochemical chromatin labelling method could
      demonstrate a gradient with a decreasing labelling rate of epithelial cells
      towards the peripheral airways. The cytochemical findings may indicate an
      increased mitotic and metabolic activity of epithelial cells surviving in a
      region of marked morphological damage as a response to high SO2 concentration.
      This nuclear activity seems to decrease in peripheral parts of the respiratory
      tract along the gradient of decreasing morphological damage.

PMID- 1801838
TI  - [Asbestos content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid].
AB  - The concentration and size distribution of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) asbestos
      fibers (AF) longer than 2 microns was determined by analytical transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM). The concentration of asbestos bodies (AB) was measured
      by TEM and light microscopy (LM). The study group consisted of 110 patients. 27
      patients had no occupational asbestos exposure, 44 patients had occupational
      exposure to asbestos but no asbestos related disease and 39 patients had asbestos
      related diseases, either asbestosis (n = 34) or malignant mesothelioma of the
      pleura (n = 5) following long time asbestos exposure at the working place.
      Occupational asbestos exposure was reflected by increased asbestos fiber
      concentration in the BAL samples. Mean fiber concentration and size was different
      between the groups, but the scatter was large.

PMID- 1801839
TI  - A comparative study on involvement of tPA activity in ovulation induced by hCG
      and GnRH agonist in hypophysectomized rats.
AB  - A GnRH agonist (5-50 micrograms) is capable of inducing ovulation in PMSG-primed
      hypophysectomized immature rats, as is the case in hCG-induced ovulation, but 2-4
      h earlier than hCG. GnRH-induced ovulation is effectively blocked by the
      concomitant administration of the GnRH-antagonist which failed to interfere with
      hCG-induced ovulation, indicating that GnRH and its agonists do not share a
      receptor with LH/hCG. Like hCG, GnRH is also capable of inducing tissue type
      (tPA), but not urokinase type (uPA) PA. The plasminogen activator activity in
      ovarian homogenates and the granulosa and theca-interstitial cells increase in a
      time-dependent manner, reaching maximum levels just prior to ovulation. Similar
      to hCG, GnRH also increases tPA activity in cumulus-oocyte complexes in a time
      dependent fashion.

PMID- 1801840
TI  - Immunophenotyping of 515 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China.
AB  - Using cell surface markers and a panel of monoclonal antibodies, 515 cases of
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were immunophenotyped. T cell type ALL (T
      ALL), non-T cell type ALL (Non-T-ALL) including common ALL (C-ALL), Null-ALL and
      B cell type ALL (B-ALL) were found. These major subtypes of ALL were further
      divided according to their phenotypes in detail. It was noticed that the
      phenotypes of these subtypes of ALL reflected basically the phenotypes of normal
      T or B cells at various differentiation stages or certain population of
      lymphocytes. The diagnosis of cell lineage was more precise when based on
      immunophenotyping than morphological description. The combination of
      morphological and immunological classification can improve the diagnosis of acute
      leukemias. In addition, it was observed that the immunophenotyping was relevant
      to clinicopathologic features, responses to therapy and prognosis of ALL
      patients. The incidences of major subtypes of ALL, the age distribution of ALL
      subsets and male sex bias with T-ALL in Chinese are discussed.

PMID- 1801841
TI  - Double-edged limit of total fertility rates.
AB  - In this paper we present the accurate estimation of total fertility rates, prove
      the theorem of upper and lower bounds of double-edged limit and provide the
      formulas of upper and lower bounds of total fertility rates. Based on these
      estimations and statistical data, we calculate the upper and lower bounds of the
      double-edged limit for 46 countries including China. Furthermore, we describe the
      positive growth rate, negative growth rate and zero growth rate of population
      development. These results are of great importance for us to control population
      not only in theory but also in practice.

PMID- 1801843
TI  - Inhibited neoplastic phenotype by the c-Ha-ras antisense RNA.
AB  - A 2.0 kb fragment DNA plasmid which expresses antisense to the upstream first
      exon of c-Ha-ras oncogene was transfected into Ha-ras transformed cell lines, GCM
      3T3 and REF-4.3. The transfection leads to the inhibition of malignant behaviour,
      shown by decreasing of growth speed, colony forming ability on soft agar,
      tumorigenicity in nude mice and increasing of differentiation degree. In GCM-3T3
      cells the lung metastasis frequency became much less (from 60% to 12.5%) after
      the transfection and the expression of ras oncogene product, and p21 protein was
      obviously decreased in the transfected cells. This work has first shown the
      inhibitory effect of antisense RNA on neoplastic behaviour in China.

PMID- 1801842
TI  - Paradoxical effect of a GnRH agonist on steroidogenesis in cultured monkey
      granulosa cells.
AB  - In this study we demonstrate: (i) The GnRH agonist exerts a direct dose-dependent
      stimulative effect on the aromatase activity and progesterone production in
      cultured monkey granulosa cells; (ii) the stimulative effect on steroidogenesis
      can be completely blocked by concomitant treatment with a GnRH antagonist,
      suggesting that the actions of GnRH are mediated through stringent stereospecific
      recognition sites; (iii) in addition to the stimulative effect, the GnRH agonist
      in the presence of gonadotropins also exerts an inhibitory effect, even though
      the peptide by itself is more effective in the stimulation of steroidogenesis,
      and the stimulation of gonadotropin on steroidogenesis could be gradually
      restored by decreasing the concentration of the GnRH agonist in the culture; and
      (iv) paradoxical effect can also be observed in the presence of cAMP-inducing
      agents, suggesting that the inhibitory action of the peptide on gonadotropin
      induced steroidogenesis is localized at a step distal to the stringent
      recognition sites.

PMID- 1801844
TI  - Effect of a 30 kD protein from tectal extract of rat on cultured retinal neuron.
AB  - For the first time we have shown here that the constituent from tectal extract
      (Te) which can support and promote the survival and growth of the retinal
      ganglion cell is a 30 kD protein. (i) Using MTT colorimetric microassay to
      measure the optical density for the survival and growth of the cultured retinal
      neuron, it was found that the optical densities for the experimental cultures
      with either Te, or its 10-30 kD fraction, or its greater than or equal to 30 kD
      fraction were 2-4 times that of the control culture without Te (P less than
      0.01). This indicated that experimental cultures were more active in growth. (ii)
      The retinal neurons cultured on Te Phast gels showed that large retinal neurons
      (greater than 18 microns) grew only on the gel region containing the 30 kD
      protein. The retrograde prelabelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for retinal
      ganglion cells indicated that these surviving neurons grown on Te Phast gel were
      HRP positive, i.e. retinal ganglion cells. (iii) The retinal explants cultured
      with 30 kD gels at a close distance of 1 mm apart revealed that many neurite
      outgrowths, up to 400 microns, extended from the retinal explants towards 30 kD
      gels, and that many individual cells and tissue masses migrated out from the
      explants and grew onto 30 kD gels. They were stained anti-neuron specific enolase
      and anti-Thy 1.1 positive, indicating they are retinal ganglion cells. Therefore,
      we concluded that the 30 kD protein is the neuronotrophic factor in the tectal
      extract specific for retinal ganglion cells.

PMID- 1801845
TI  - Study on reproductive endocrinology of human placenta--culture of highly purified
      cytotrophoblast cell in serum-free hormone supplemented medium.
AB  - A new method of long-term culture of cytotrophoblast cells in serum-free medium
      has been developed. Cytotrophoblast cells were isolated with cold trypsin and
      purified by unit gravity sedimentation through BSA density gradients. The cells
      were cultured in the FD medium with supplement of EGF, insulin, transferrin and
      sodium selenite. They could survive over three weeks. The results showed that
      both EGF and insulin stimulated hCG and progesterone secretion and that sodium
      selenite elevated hCG output but not progesterone secretion. Transferrin produced
      synergistic effect with EGF and insulin on hCG and progesterone secretion but it
      was ineffective when used alone. This study demonstrates that the four growth
      factors mentioned above are essential for the survival of cytotrophoblast cells
      in vitro. It is therefore suggested that EGF, insulin and selenium may possibly
      be involved in the regulation of hCG and progesterone secretion in the human
      placenta.

PMID- 1801846
TI  - Small intestinal cytochromes P450.
AB  - Small intestinal cytochromes P450 (P450) provide the principal, initial source of
      biotransformation of ingested xenobiotics. The consequences of such
      biotransformation are detoxification by facilitating excretion, or toxification
      by bioactivation. P450s occur at highest concentrations in the duodenum, near the
      pylorus, and at decreasing concentrations distally--being lowest in the ileum.
      Highest concentrations occur from midvillus to villous tip, with little or none
      occurring in the crypts of Lieberkuehn. Microsomal P4503A, 2C8-10, and 2D6 forms
      have been identified in human small intestine, and P450s 2B1, possibly 2B2, 2A1,
      and 3A1/2 were located in endoplasmic reticulum of rodent small intestine, while
      P4502B4 has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from rabbit intestine.
      Some evidence indicates a differential distribution of P450 forms along the
      length of the small intestine and even along the villus. Rat intestinal P450s are
      inducible by xenobiotics--with phenobarbital (PB) inducing P4502B1, 3
      methylcholanthrene (3-MC) inducing P4501A1, and dexamethasone inducing two forms
      of P4503A. Induction is most effectively achieved by oral administration of the
      agents, and is rapid--aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was increased within 1 h
      of administration of, for example, 3-MC. AHH, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase
      (ECOD), and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) have been used most frequently
      as substrates to characterize intestinal P450s. Dietary factors affect intestinal
      P450s markedly--iron restriction rapidly decreased intestinal P450 to beneath
      detectable values; selenium deficiency acted similarly but was less effective;
      Brussels sprouts increased intestinal AHH activity 9.8-fold, ECOD activity 3.2
      fold, and P450 1.9-fold; fried meat and dietary fat significantly increased
      intestinal EROD activity; a vitamin A-deficient diet increased, and a vitamin A
      rich diet decreased intestinal P450 activities; and excess cholesterol in the
      diet increased intestinal P450 activity. The role of intestinal P450 in toxifying
      or detoxifying specific xenobiotics has been clearly demonstrated to only a
      limited extent. However, elevated intestinal P450 levels have been indirectly
      linked to gastrointestinal cancer. Intestinal metabolism of 2,2,2
      trifluoroethanol produces intestinal lesions with consequent systemic bacterial
      infection.

PMID- 1801848
TI  - Human exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and risk of cancer.
AB  - Most of the evidence for the carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD) in humans has centered around whether it causes malignant lymphomas
      (ML) and soft-tissue sarcomas (STS). A critical review of the literature
      indicates that the evidence does not support a causal role for TCDD in the
      etiology of ML. For STS, the evidence does not specifically incriminate TCDD
      either, although there is room for doubt. Cancers of other sites, particularly of
      the respiratory system and thyroid which were found to be statistically
      significantly in excess in either of the two largest studies of combined cohorts
      of occupationally exposed workers, were identified as candidate tumors for which
      a possible etiological role of TCDD might need investigation in future studies.

PMID- 1801847
TI  - Evaluation of the sensory irritation test for the assessment of occupational
      health risk.
AB  - Many occupational exposure limits (OELs) are based on irritation. A sensory
      irritation test has been developed based on trigeminal nerve stimulation in the
      nasal mucosa of rodents which results in a decreased respiratory frequency. The
      RD50, the concentration inducing a 50% decrease in the respiratory rate, was
      proposed for the assessment of OELs. The reproducibility within one laboratory
      appeared to be satisfactory, but interlaboratory differences may be larger. Intra
      and interspecies differences were inconsistent. Other effects (pulmonary
      irritation, toxicity) may interfere with trigeminal nerve stimulation. The
      effects of mixed and repeated exposures (the occurrence of "sensitization" and
      "(cross-)tolerance") are evaluated. Severe toxicity was observed in animals
      exposed below the RD50 for some compounds. A quantitative evaluation with respect
      to human data was not possible. The suitability of the test for the assessment of
      an OEL is doubted. The best purpose will be as an upper range-finding study for
      subacute or chronic toxicity experiments.

PMID- 1801849
TI  - Familial symphalangism syndrome transmitted through five generations.
AB  - We report on proximal symphalangism of the four last fingers, transmitted through
      five generations of an African family. Intrafamilial variations of the disorder
      are due to the heterogeneity of associated anomalies. This familial trait
      resembles multiple synostosis disease, however, it is not restricted to
      synostoses and appears to be more generalised. To our knowledge this is the first
      report of a familial trait associating proximal and distal symphalangism. The
      distribution of elementary anomalies in this family suggests a link in their
      pathogeny and raises the question of embryological equivalence for some of them.
      Symphalangism seems to be a symptom of a more generalised disorder, the
      comprehension of which requires a better coordination of clinical, embryological
      and genetic data.

PMID- 1801850
TI  - Pre- and postnatal growth retardation--severe mental retardation--acral limb
      deficiencies with poorly keratinized nails. Another example of a distinct
      syndrome of inherited intrauterine dwarfism?
AB  - In this report, we further delineate an autosomal recessive syndrome with
      prenatal growth retardation, severe postnatal growth failure, profound mental and
      motor retardation, characteristic face and acral limb deficiencies with poorly
      keratinized nails and hypoplastic distal phalanges.

PMID- 1801851
TI  - Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation (Cross syndrome): the mixed pattern
      of hair pigmentation as an important diagnostic sign.
AB  - The present report describes two female siblings of mixed ancestry (Cape
      Coloured) with consanguineous parents as further examples of Cross oculocerebral
      hypopigmentation syndrome. The mixed pattern of hair pigmentation as an important
      diagnostic sign is emphasized.

PMID- 1801852
TI  - Increased head circumference and facial cleft as presenting signs of the nevoid
      basal-cell carcinoma syndrome.
AB  - We report a child with nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) who showed an
      enlarged head circumference and cleft lip/cleft palate as sole signs of this
      syndrome at birth. Careful follow up and re-evaluation of this patient enabled us
      to diagnose the syndrome. Moreover, inspection of her father and sister indicated
      that they were also affected. An updated review of reported cases indicates that
      facial cleft occurs in approximately 5% of NBCCS patients. Various aspects of the
      disease and general measures for its monitoring and treatment are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 1801853
TI  - The fetal phenotype of partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q22---
      4qter).
AB  - A slightly malformed female fetus with partial trisomy 4q due to a maternal
      balanced translocation t(1;4)(q44;q22) is reported. This fetus presented some of
      the typical facial features and internal malformations associated with pure
      partial trisomy 4q indicating that chromosomal diagnosis is needed to confirm the
      reality of the malformative syndrome.

PMID- 1801854
TI  - Forecasting correct sodium balance in hemodiafiltration procedures involving
      infusions.
AB  - Four patients, stable on acetate hemodialysis (AHD), were switched to acetate
      free biofiltration (AFB) which differs from AHD and bicarbonate hemodialysis
      (BHD) in that the dialysate contains no buffer, which is given intravenously as a
      hypertonic (1/6 M) Na bicarbonate solution. Within the 1st month the patients
      developed thirst and hypertension attributed to a positive Na balance. The aim of
      this investigation was to check this (1) by a study based on the predictable
      changes induced in the body compartments of 13 patients by the infusion and
      ultrafiltration (UF) of a hypertonic solution and (2) by direct determination and
      calculation of 28 Na mass balances in BHD and AFB. The theoretical model
      indicated that infusion of 4.87 liters of a 166.7 mEq/l Na bicarbonate solution
      and UF of the same amount caused a positive balance of 233 mosm of Na. The Na
      mass balances showed a relationship between Na transmembrane gradient and loss or
      gain of Na in both methods (p less than 0.0001). The slopes of the regression
      lines were not significantly different but there was a highly significant
      difference between the y axis intercepts (p less than 0.0001), which indicates
      that the same Na transmembrane gradient that gives no net change of Na in BHD,
      induces a net gain of 240 mosm (120 mEq of Na) in AFB and that to obtain the same
      Na balance dialysate Na should be reduced by about 8 mEq/l in AFB. These data are
      the same as the theoretical forecast which could be extended to all
      hemodiafiltration methods in which solutions of any tonicity have to be infused,
      in order to correctly predict the Na balance.

PMID- 1801855
TI  - Simple models for description of small-solute transport in peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The convective component in the general description of transport of solutes
      across the peritoneal membrane can be expressed as SQuc, where S is the sieving
      coefficient, Qu is the ultrafiltration flow rate, and c is the average
      concentration in the membrane (c = (1-F)cB + FcD, where cB and cD are blood
      plasma and dialysate solute concentration, respectively). F is a weighing
      function dependent on Qu, S, and the diffusive mass transport coefficient KBD. In
      this study a class of simple models of solute transport was considered in which S
      = 1 (justified for small solutes) was chosen, and F was selected as follows: F =
      0 (as in the S = 1 (justified for small solutes) was chosen, and F was selected
      as follows: F = 0 (as in the widely used model of Garred and coworkers), F = 0.5
      (theoretically justified model), F = 0.33 (theoretically justified for a high
      ultrafiltration period), and F = 1 (for convective transport from dialysate to
      blood). For all these models the estimation of KBD from clinical data can be
      performed with the aid of linear regression. The simple models were compared with
      the Pyle-Popovich model which takes into account the general expression for
      convective solute transport, for both the accuracy of the KBD determination
      (using linear regression) and the accuracy of theoretically calculated dialysate
      to plasma concentration ratios (D/P) to experimental D/P. Clinical evaluation of
      the new models was carried out in 28 6-hour dwell studies in 21 nondiabetic
      patients using 2 liters of hypertonic (glucose 3.86%) dialysis fluid. The
      differences between the simple models were small from the clinical point of view
      for urea, creatinine, glucose, and potassium, whereas for sodium the predictions
      were not satisfactory for any of the models. For urea and creatinine the model
      with F = 0.5 yielded the best fit of theoretical predictions to experimental
      data. For glucose and potassium small but systematic deviations of theoretical
      D/P from experimental D/P were observed for all simple models. The protein
      transport could be satisfactorily described by a model in which F = 1, as shown
      for total protein.

PMID- 1801856
TI  - Evaluation of the in vitro production of tumour necrosis factor by monocytes in
      dialysis patients.
AB  - Modification of the cellular immune response in uraemia is partly responsible for
      the increased susceptibility to infection found in dialysis patients. In order to
      study this further we have evaluated the in vitro production of tumour necrosis
      factor (TNF) by peripheral-blood monocytes (PBMCs) to stimulation by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from dialysis patients with end-stage renal failure. The
      patients were subdivided into two groups according to the type of dialysis: those
      undergoing haemodialysis (HD; n = 12) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD; n = 18). Results were compared with those of controls taken from
      healthy laboratory staff (n = 7). The experiments show that the secretion of TNF
      by of TNF by PBMCs in response to LPS is significantly augmented in patients
      undergoing HD when compared to those on CAPD (81.3 +/- 38.7 vs. 18.2 +/- 13.3
      U/ml, mean +/- SD, p less than 0.001) and controls (81.3 +/- 38.7 vs. 18.1 +/-
      6.6 U/ml, p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference between the
      CAPD group and controls. In vitro production of TNF fell slightly following a
      single HD session (81.3 +/- 38.7 U/ml before HD and 50.5 +/- 28.7 U/ml after HD,
      p less than 0.05). We conclude from this study that TNF release from PBMCs is
      augmented in patients with chronic renal failure receiving chronic HD but not in
      a similar group receiving CAPD, in vitro. TNF release, however, is suppressed
      immediately following a single HD session. We suggest that HD rather than uraemia
      per se up-regulates monocyte secretion of TNF in vitro and that this is not an
      immediate response to activation by membrane polymer.

PMID- 1801857
TI  - Combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion in the treatment of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism of uremic patients.
AB  - Hyperparathyroidism and its related symptoms such as bone pain, soft-tissue
      calcifications and pruritus often get worse during dialysis treatment. We have
      treated 12 cases among 170 patients on regular dialysis by using coated charcoal
      (150 g/cartridge) in combination with standard hemodialysis. During a 6-month
      treatment period, without changing medical therapy and diet regime, the patients
      reported a marked relief from pruritus. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels changed
      from 552 +/- 86 to 364 +/- 62 pg/ml (p less than 0.001) compared to the
      pretreatment period, Plasma PO4(3-) changed in the same period from 6.9 +/- 1.8
      to 4.6 +/- 1.5 mg/dl (p less than 0.005). The results obtained indicate a
      relationship between PTH, serum plasma PO4(3-) levels and pruritus. The mechanism
      which may be involved is that hemoperfusion removes PTH excess by absorption. Our
      treatment reducing PTH levels resulted in a marked relief from pruritus and other
      symptoms, suggesting that patients in this condition, before undergoing surgical
      parathyroidectomy, may be usefully treated with this therapeutic modality.

PMID- 1801858
TI  - Plasma exchange and hemoperfusion in iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis is a life-threatening disease. Plasma exchange and
      hemoperfusion are the available means of detoxication. Both methods were applied
      repeatedly to 4 patients with iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis, and the efficacy of
      these treatment methods was compared. Thyroxine plasma levels were decreased by
      33%, while the calculated body stores were reduced by 18% during plasma exchange.
      Hemoperfusion was less effective. With both methods, a rebound of plasma levels
      was seen. Improvement of the clinical condition was delayed for 1 week after
      discontinuation of treatment. One patient died, probably because detoxication was
      discontinued too soon after the thyroid hormone levels had normalized. Plasma
      exchange by using albumin (120 g/4,000 ml = 30 g/l) as replacement fluid is
      superior to that by using fresh-frozen plasma (2,000 ml/4,000 ml), since less
      thyroxine is administered (19 vs. 160 nmol).

PMID- 1801859
TI  - Effect of high hematocrit and high blood flow rates on transmembrane pressure and
      ultrafiltration rate in hemodialysis.
AB  - Removal of prescribed ultrafiltration volumes in hemodialysis requires knowledge
      of both the ultrafiltration coefficient of the dialyzer and the average
      transmembrane pressure (TMP) in the dialyzer. While it has been a fairly common
      practice to assume that the TMP is constant along the length of the dialyzer, it
      actually decreases linearly from a maximum value at the blood inlet to a minimum
      value at the blood outlet. In the past, ignoring the difference between arterial
      and venous TMPs when calculating the dialysate pressure setting did not result in
      significant errors in ultrafiltration volume. However, with the introduction of
      erythropoietin therapy and the trend toward high-efficiency dialysis, increases
      in hematocrit and blood flow rate have led to axial variations in TMP which, if
      ignored, can lead to inaccurate fluid removal. The goals of this paper are to
      provide an understanding of how high hematocrits and high blood flow rates affect
      TMP and ultrafiltration rate, and to provide simple guidelines for ensuring
      accurate fluid removal. Sample calculations are given on the last page for easy
      reference.

PMID- 1801860
TI  - [Polyunsaturated fatty acids and atherosclerosis].
AB  - The major aspects of the antithrombogenic and antiatherogenic effects of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been outlined. After briefly relating on
      the biochemistry, the essentiality concept has been defined. Some of the many
      evidences of their effects both on men and animals have been reported. Eicosanoid
      metabolism is discussed and eicosanoid compounds derived from omega-6 and omega-3
      fatty acids are compared with regard to their effects concerning atherosclerosis.
      Considerations about the correct amount of PUFA are reported as tentative
      strategies for a cardiovascular protective diet.

PMID- 1801861
TI  - Synthesis of some 5-azaflavones.
AB  - Within a plan of researches concerning drugs with anti-ulcer activity, a series
      of 5-azaflavones has been prepared. In this first communication we report the
      relevant synthesis obtained by cyclization of appropriate beta-diketones in HCOOH
      at the boiling point. The beta-diketones have been obtained by Claisen
      condensation, starting from methyl 3-hydroxypicolinate and from appropriate
      aromatic or heterocyclic methylketone, using NaH as base.

PMID- 1801862
TI  - Evaluation of factors influencing ampoule secondary particulate contamination. A
      strategy for its reduction in small volume parenterals.
AB  - In this paper, we evaluated the influence of some glass ampoules characteristics
      that are critical as far as secondary particle contamination (visible and sub
      visible) of small volume parenterals. Following characteristics were considered:
      snap-opening system (colour-break scoring and o.p.c.); break-point strength (high
      and low); dimensional characteristics (three types D1, D2, D3). According to the
      proper statistical design, 18 different batches of 2 ml ampoules filled with
      water for injection were manufactured; then sub-visible and visible particulate
      contamination generated on snap-opening the ampoules were examined. Sub visible
      particle counting was performed by the light-blockage method and visible
      particles counting by the membrane-filtration method. With regard to sub-visible
      particles, statistical analysis showed significant interactions of break-point
      strength with both ampoule dimensional characteristics and the type of snap
      opening system. Break-point strength seems to have the greatest influence on the
      level of particulate contamination. Differences in ampoule snap-opening systems
      and dimensional characteristics exert a significant effect on the level of
      particle contamination only at high break-point strength. With regard to visible
      particles generated on snapping the ampoules, data are consistent with the
      findings of sub-visible particulate contamination. Ampoules manufactured
      according to DIN dimensional characteristics and with an o.p.c. snap-opening
      system provide the lowest particle burden.

PMID- 1801863
TI  - [Robotic analytics].

PMID- 1801864
TI  - Effects of growth factors on the differentiation of neural crest cells and neural
      crest cell-derivatives.
AB  - During neurulation, neural crest cells migrate to many regions of the body to
      give rise to a wide variety of cell types. Many premigratory neural crest cells
      are pluripotent, their potency for differentiation being gradually restricted as
      they migrate along definite pathways and interact with factors present in the
      microenvironment. Effects of growth factors on these cells have been discussed in
      the present review. Mediation of growth factors in differentiation varies with
      the cell type. Growth factors exert a direct influence on the differentiation of
      neural and other related neural crest-derived tissues such as endocrinal tissues
      but evidence for such influences on neural crest-derived mesenchymal tissues is
      limited. For example, NGF, BDNF, and other factors present in neural tube
      extracts and glioma cell conditioned medium are essential for the differentiation
      of sensory neurons. Similarly, NGF, insulin, IGFs and possibly other undescribed
      factors are necessary for the differentiation of sympathetic neurons. IGFs also
      enhance the proliferation of mesenchymal derivatives of both neural crest and
      mesodermal origin. Glucocorticoid-mediated differentiation of neural crest
      derived chromaffin endocrine cells that are ontogenetically closely related to
      sympathetic neurons can be inhibited by NGF, and chromaffin cells can be induced
      to express the neuronal phenotype by NGF. Some growth factors, such as NGF, act
      on neural crest- and not on placodally-derived neurons, whether the former are
      sensory or sympathetic. Placodal sensory neurons possess NGF receptors, but only
      display a limited response to NGF, perhaps because of low affinity of the
      receptors. Other growth factors, such as BDNF, selectively act upon sensory
      neurons, whether neural crest- or placodally-derived. Although extracellular
      matrix products play a role in initiating the differentiative process, signals
      from growth factors are necessary for the establishment of the functionally
      competent phenotype of neural crest-derived neurons, a situation that does not
      apply for neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells. It is interactions with ECM
      components deposited by epithelia that govern the differentiation of mesenchymal
      derivatives. Growth factors do effect proliferation of mesenchymal derivatives
      and inhibit mesenchymal differentiation. Although direct involvement of single
      growth factors in transformation o f one mesenchymal phenotype to another has not
      been reported so far, their localization at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal
      interactions in palate teeth and mandible, and the ability of excess growth
      factors to interrupt normal development is suggestive of their possible
      involvement. One group of growth factors, BMPs, can influence differentiation of
      cartilage, including those of neural crest origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1801865
TI  - Localization of a nervous system-specific class II beta-tubulin gene in Xenopus
      laevis embryos by whole-mount in situ hybridization.
AB  - A neural-specific beta-tubulin mRNA is expressed in the developing central
      nervous system shown by whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments. Of special
      interest is the fact that from the late blastula (stage 9; Nieuwkoop and Faber,
      1967; Hausen and Ribesell, 1991) until the early neurula (stage 13) the signal
      can be found not only in the presumptive neural plate but also in the presumptive
      epidermis. Later in development (from stage 13) the specific mRNA becomes
      restricted to the presumptive brain and spinal cord area. The results are
      discussed in the context of predisposition and (pre)determination.

PMID- 1801866
TI  - Dose and time-dependent mesoderm induction and outgrowth formation by activin A
      in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - We examined the quality of mesoderm induced by the action of activin A on the
      Xenopus presumptive ectoderm when various concentrations and treatment times were
      employed. The minimum concentration of activin A to induce mesodermal tissues was
      inversely proportional to its treatment time. The explants differentiated into
      different types of mesodermal tissues, from ventral-type to dorsal-type depending
      on the concentration of activin A and its treatment time. To confirm whether
      activin A has a role in establishing axial organization, activin A was injected
      into the blastocoel of late blastulae. About 70% of the injected embryos formed
      secondary tail-shaped outgrowths in which muscle and neural tube differentiated.
      The amount of activin A to form secondary outgrowths was 0.5-2.5 pg, roughly
      consistent with the amount estimated from in vitro experiments. As we have
      detected almost the same amount of activin homologue in the early embryos
      (Asashima et al., 1991a), we speculate that activin A may be the natural
      mesodermal inducer, and that it is responsible for establishing axial
      organization in the Xenopus embryo.

PMID- 1801867
TI  - Localization of tubulin mRNA during ascidian development.
AB  - In ascidians determination of the nervous system is known to occur at the
      gastrula stage, when the chorda-endoderm and ectoderm come in contact. In situ
      hybridization with beta-tubulin cDNA showed that tubulin transcripts were
      concentrated in presumptive neural cells at the early gastrula stage and
      continued to increase in these cells throughout neurulation. In the young larvae,
      the tubulin transcripts were also detectable in the adhesive papillae cells, in
      mesenchyme cells, muscle cells and button cells. The results suggest that
      expression of tubulin mRNA could be used as a marker for neural determination at
      early stages and, at later stages, as a marker for all cell types that elaborate
      many microtubules.

PMID- 1801868
TI  - Cell cycle-dependent behavior of microtubules in hybrids of mouse oocytes and
      blastomeres.
AB  - The behavior of microtubules was studied in hybrids formed between mouse oocytes
      arrested in metaphase II or activated parthenogenetically and mouse embryo
      interphase blastomeres. In all cases the interphase blastomere's network of
      microtubules disassembles rapidly after fusion with oocytes. Introduction of
      interphase cytoplasm and nuclei to metaphase oocytes during fusion induces the
      polymerization of new microtubules in the cytoplasm and in the meiotic spindle.
      The degree and the duration of this facilitated polymerization of microtubules
      was positively correlated with the volume of blastomeres used for fusion. The
      blastomere nuclei induce the formation of microtubular frames, which become more
      evident when the chromatin undergoes premature condensation. Finally, spindle
      like structures are formed around the prematurely condensed chromosomes. In
      hybrids activated around the time of fusion, the blastomere nuclei undergo
      pronuclear-like transformation. These hybrids develop an interphase network of
      microtubules typical for activated oocytes. These results are discussed with
      regards to the cell cycle control of microtubule behavior.

PMID- 1801869
TI  - Further investigation on nuclear transplantation in different orders of teleost:
      the combination of the nucleus of Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica) and the
      cytoplasm of Loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus).
AB  - The nucleus of a blastula cell from Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica, family
      Cichlidae, order Perciformes) was transplanted into an enucleated egg of Loach
      (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, family Cobitidae, order Cypriniformes). From among 3747
      nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid (NCH) eggs two NCH larval fish (0.05%) were obtained;
      one died on the 6th day and the other died on the 12th day after the operation.
      Morphological examinations showed that both NCH larval fish had developed
      normally with an opened mouth except they could not take food after complete
      utilization of their egg yolk on the 5th day of development. The possible
      mechanisms for obtaining such inter-order NCH larval fish are discussed. This is
      the first report indicating that inter-order NCH larval fish can be obtained in
      spite of their evolutionary divergence.

PMID- 1801870
TI  - EGF and TGF alpha influence in vitro lung development by the induction of matrix
      degrading metalloproteinases.
AB  - Remodeling of the extracellular matrix by matrix-degrading metalloproteinases
      (MMPs) has been implicated in the early morphogenesis of branched organs. Growth
      factors such as EGF and TGF alpha are known to regulate the expression of MMPs in
      a variety of systems. We therefore examined the effects of EGF, TGF alpha, and
      collagenase upon in vitro branching of the embryonic lung. Lung rudiments from
      11.5 day post coitum mice underwent extensive growth and repetitive branching
      during a 3-day period in organ culture. Lungs treated with EGF or TGF alpha were
      larger than controls, yet displayed fewer branches along with markedly dilated
      end buds which lacked clefts, indicating that these growth factors inhibit normal
      lung branching. Addition of purified mammalian collagenase to lung cultures
      similarly inhibited epithelial branching and produced end bud enlargement. In
      addition, gelatin-substrate enzymography of the conditioned medium from EGF- and
      TGF alpha-treated lungs revealed a marked induction of a metalloproteinase
      activity which most likely corresponds to the 72kDa type IV
      collagenase/gelatinase which degrades basement membrane collagens. Lungs
      maintained in the presence of both TGF alpha and TIMP, a specific inhibitor of
      MMPs, branched repeatedly and displayed normal, narrow end buds as seen with
      controls, suggesting that TIMP is capable of preventing or reversing the observed
      growth factor mediated effects upon lung branching. Taken together, these results
      provide evidence that the growth factors EGF and TGF alpha guide lung
      development, at least in part, by inducing the expression of matrix-degrading
      metalloproteinases.

PMID- 1801871
TI  - Molecular and morphologic changes during the epithelial-mesenchymal
      transformation of palatal shelf medial edge epithelium in vitro.
AB  - The fate of the medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells during palatal fusion has been
      proposed to be either programmed cell death or epithelial-mesenchymal
      transformation. Vital cell labeling techniques were used to mark the MEE and
      observe their fate during palatal fusion in vitro. Fetal mouse palatal shelves
      were labeled with Dil and allowed to proceed through fusion while maintained in
      an organ culture system. The tissues were examined at several stages of palatal
      fusion for the distribution of Dil, presence of specific antigens and
      ultrastructural appearance of the cells. The MEE labeled with Dil occupied a
      midline position at all stages of palatal fusion. Initially the cells had keratin
      intermediate filaments and were separated from the underlying mesenchyme by an
      intact basement membrane. During the process of fusion the basement membrane was
      degraded and the Dil-labeled MEE were in contact with the mesenchymal-derived
      extracellular matrix. In the late stages of fusion the Dil-labeled MEE altered
      their cellular morphology, had vimentin intermediate filaments, and were not
      associated with an identifiable basement membrane. Dil-labeled cells, without an
      epithelial phenotype, remained present in the midline of the completely fused
      palate. The data indicate that the MEE did not die but underwent a phenotypic
      transformation to viable mesenchymal cell types, which were retained in the
      palatal mesenchyme.

PMID- 1801872
TI  - Gene transfer into intact vertebrate embryos.
AB  - Intact chick embryos at 40 h incubation were transfected in vivo with chimeric
      vectors expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under different
      promoter sequences. The cationic lipid, dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS)
      used as the transfecting agent had no noticeable toxic effects on embryonic
      development. CAT activity was monitored 48 h post-transfection on homogenates of
      embryos dissected free of all annexes. Of the various constructs tested, those
      containing the AP-1 response element linked to CAT (TRE-tk-CAT) gave high
      expression and consistent enzyme responses within groups. Co-transfection
      experiments in which embryos were exposed simultaneously to a CAT vector
      containing the cAMP response element and to a vector expressing the catalytic
      subunit of protein kinase A showed that the promoters of the introduced genes can
      be regulated by their respective transacting factors. This method may therefore
      represent a general tool for introducing genes into intact vertebrate embryos at
      precise developmental times.

PMID- 1801873
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of bovine placental retinol-binding protein.
AB  - An immunogold staining method was used in combination with epipolarization
      microscopic detection to demonstrate the presence of bovine placental retinol
      binding protein in bovine extraembryonic membranes. Amnion, chorion and allantois
      were fixed in Bouin fixation fluid and embedded in polyethylene glycol 1500.
      Sections (5 mm) were cut and transferred onto Digene silanated slides and
      immunostained using rabbit antiserum raised against bovine placental retinol
      binding protein followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG labeled with 1 nm gold. Gold
      particles after silver enhancement were viewed and photographed under
      epipolarization microscopy. Epithelial cells of all three membranes (i.e.
      amniotic ectoderm, chorionic trophectoderm, and allantoic endoderm) were
      immunoreactive, while mesodermal cells, collagen, and blood cells were not. These
      data, together with our previous observation that these three placental membranes
      synthesize and secrete retinol-binding protein, indicate that epithelial cells
      lining the amnion, chorion and allantois are the major sources of this protein.
      The presence of retinol-binding protein in placental membranes and their fluids
      may be indicative of an important role for retinol in placental differentiation
      and development.

PMID- 1801874
TI  - Steiner Prize to Victor Ling.

PMID- 1801875
TI  - Multicenter vs single center phase II evaluation of 4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin
      in advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 1801876
TI  - Sclerosing B-cell lymphoma of the mediastinum: entity or non-entity?

PMID- 1801877
TI  - A clinical dilemma: estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with a
      background of primary breast cancer.
AB  - It is common practice to forego the prescribing of estrogen replacement therapy
      (ERT) for patients with a history of breast cancer. The consequences of estrogen
      deprivation particularly cardiovascular morbidity and osteoporosis are reviewed
      in the context of the potential risks of ERT in patients with prior breast
      cancer. The published data regarding breast cancer risks with oral contraceptive
      use and ERT in healthy women is reviewed. The rationale for a clinical trial of
      ERT in breast cancer patients, the proposed appropriate patient group and
      positive end points for assessing benefit of ERT in the population are presented.
      Lack of reliable clinical data makes ERT in breast cancer patients an unresolved
      clinical dilemma.

PMID- 1801878
TI  - Activity and toxicity of 4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin in patients with advanced
      breast cancer.
AB  - Based on our previous Phase I study indicating good tolerability of the drug, we
      have evaluated therapeutic activity and acute and subacute toxicities associated
      with repeated courses of the new anthracycline 4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin (I
      Dox) at the maximum tolerated dose (80 mg/m2) every three weeks. Thirty-three
      patients (31 evaluated for activity and 32 for toxicity) with relapsed (11 cases)
      or advanced breast cancer at presentation (22 cases) were treated with 108 cycles
      (median 3, range 1-7) for a median cumulative dose of 240 mg/m2. We observed no
      complete and 11 (35%) partial responses. Minor response was documented in 5
      additional patients. The most frequent and severe toxicity was hematological. In
      47% of the cycles and 34% of the patients I-Dox administration was associated
      with WHO grade 4 neutropenia. Severe neutropenia was more frequent after repeated
      cycles. Similar cumulative toxicity was observed for thrombocytopenia and anemia.
      In three patients (7 cycles) fever and possible infection occurred during
      neutropenia and required oral antibiotics. Extra-hematological side-effects were
      limited to mild/moderate nausea lasting for a few hours and mild fatigue lasting
      1-7 days. Alopecia or oral mucositis were minimal or absent in the majority of
      patients. One case of potential reversible cardiac toxicity was observed after
      240 mg/m2 I-Dox in a patient with preexistent cardiac risk factors. In view of
      the reported activity, good general tolerability, and selective hematological
      toxicity, I-Dox should be evaluated at higher than the conventionally defined
      maximum tolerated dose in combination with recombinant human hemopoietic growth
      factors.

PMID- 1801879
TI  - Incidence and prognostic significance of blood lymphocyte clonal excess in
      localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Despite elaborate staging procedures, a substantial number of patients with
      localized NHL experience dissemination after local therapy, indicating that
      current routine methods are insufficient to detect tumour spread. We have used
      flow cytometric clonal excess (CE) analysis of peripheral blood in conjunction
      with routine staging procedures to study the occurrence of occult leukaemic
      spread in patients with localized NHL stages I, IE and IIE. CE in peripheral
      blood was a rare finding, identified in only 11% (14/130), and slightly more
      frequent in low-grade NHL, 20% compared to high-grade NHL, 7%. There was no
      correlation to any of the other major prognostic factors studied. Occult tumour
      spread would suggest an increased risk of relapse and possibly a decreased
      survival after local therapy. Among 93 patients given only local treatment there
      was an increased risk of relapse in those with low-grade malignant lymphomas and
      CE, which was not found in patients with high-grade malignant lymphomas and CE.
      CE in peripheral blood had no influence on survival in either of the histologic
      groups. A tentative explanation is that circulating lymphoma cells represent
      indolent populations irrespective of the histology of the primary tumour. The
      malignant nature of such a lymphoma spread might not be obvious during this
      rather limited follow-up of a median 34 months. The clinical interpretation is
      that the existence of CE in peripheral blood in patients with localized high
      grade NHL should have no influence on the choice of therapy. In localized low
      grade lymphoma the same therapeutic attitude which applies to widespread disease
      might be considered.

PMID- 1801880
TI  - Comparative results of two intensive treatment programs for childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia: The Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster and Dana-Farber Cancer
      Institute protocols.
AB  - We analyzed two of the most successful trials for childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia, from the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group (BFM) and the Dana-Farber
      Cancer Institute (DFCI), to determine their similarities and differences and
      suggest ways to improve future treatments. Protocol ALL-BFM 81 (n = 611) was
      conducted between 1981-1983 in 37 centers in West Germany and Austria; Protocol
      DFCI 81-01 (n = 286) was conducted between 1981-1985 in seven centers within the
      United States. The BFM study used a risk score, based on peripheral lymphoblast
      count, liver size, and spleen size at the time of diagnosis to assign patients
      into one of the three treatment arms. The DFCI study classified patients into two
      groups: standard risk patients (age 2-9 years, with white blood count less than
      20,000/mm3, and with no T-cell markers, mediastinal mass, nor central nervous
      system disease), and high risk patients (all others). Both studies involved
      intensive chemotherapy, although treatment strategies, cumulative drug doses and
      cranial radiation protocols differed. Study populations in the two trials were
      comparable with respect to age, sex, white blood count and proportion of patients
      with T-cell markers at the time of diagnosis. Using DFCI risk group criteria, 37%
      of BFM and 38% of DFCI patients were classified as standard risk. Median follow
      up times were 6.8 years and 6.1 years, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1801881
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil 5-day infusion in the
      therapy of advanced gastric cancer: a phase II trial.
AB  - Fifty-six patients with measurable or evaluable advanced gastric cancer were
      treated with cisplatin, 100 mg/m2 in continuous infusion of 24 hours, and 5
      fluorouracil, 1000 mg/m2/day (by continuous 5-day infusion) every 4 weeks. Three
      patients were found ineligible for the study. A response rate of 41% (22/53) was
      obtained (95% confidence interval: 28%-54%), with a median duration of remission
      of 10.2 months and an overall median survival time of 10.6 months. Leukopenia and
      thrombocytopenia were mild. Nausea and vomiting were common, and 23.5% of the
      patients had grade 3 stomatitis. Peripheral neuropathy and renal insufficiency
      increased with the number of cycles, representing the cumulative dose-limiting
      toxicity. This study indicates that the combination of cisplatin plus 5
      fluorouracil is synergistic or at least has additive antitumor activity. We think
      that this association of 2 drugs should be considered for further phase III
      clinical trials.

PMID- 1801882
TI  - Cisplatinum and prednimustine, an active regimen for advanced epithelial ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - 80 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma were treated for 6 months
      with cisplatinum and prednimustine following initial surgery. Response to
      treatment was assessed by second-look surgery. The objective response rate was
      69% with 38% achieving a complete response for up to 55 months. The toxicity of
      this regimen was acceptable. Statistically, de-bulking or partial de-bulking had
      a significant beneficial effect on the likelihood of a complete response. The
      best survival figures were associated with maximum de-bulking. The combination of
      cisplatinum and prednimustine is a new and active regimen for operable advanced
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 1801884
TI  - Phase II trial of oral carmofur in advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas and with no prior
      exposure to chemotherapy were treated with HCFU. This drug was administered
      orally at a dose of 300-500 mg/m2 in 6-week cycles with a 2-week interval between
      the cycles. One partial response was observed and 7 patients showed stable
      disease. The median survival of the 31 patients was 8.3 +/- 5.4 months (range 1.3
      20.3 months). The toxicity was moderate.

PMID- 1801883
TI  - Immuno-chemotherapy of advanced colorectal cancer with alpha-2a interferon and 5
      fluorouracil. Immunopharmacological studies.
AB  - Twelve patients with metastatic colorectal cancer received alternating cycles of
      low immunomodulating doses of alpha-IFN + 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-FU alone.
      Hematological, biochemical and physical evaluation showed that both treatment
      cycles were well tolerated. However, transient fever and moderate flu-like
      symptoms were observed following alpha-IFN administration. Treatment with 5-FU
      alone produced long-lasting inhibition of CD8+ T lymphocytes, but did not depress
      NK activity (NKA). Combined treatment with alpha-IFN produced a short-term
      increase of NKA and antagonized the effect of 5-FU on CD8+ cells on day 5 of the
      cycle. Parallel studies on in vitro models showed antiproliferative effects of 5
      FU on PHA-stimulated MNC and confirmed the preferential inhibition of CD8+ cells.
      Pretreatment with alpha-IFN did not reverse the effect of 5-FU on CD8+
      lymphocytes, but partially protected MNC from the toxic effects of the drug. This
      was presumably due to the cytostatic effects induced by alpha-IFN on MNC before
      exposure to the cycle-specific antineoplastic agent. This investigation suggests
      that alpha-IFN could play a positive role in immuno-chemotherapy of colorectal
      cancer through multiple mechanisms not entirely related to direct antitumor
      effects of the agent.

PMID- 1801886
TI  - Transient cerebral dysfunction after treatment with moderately high-dose
      methotrexate.

PMID- 1801885
TI  - Phase II study of ACNU as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were entered in a phase II
      study of ACNU as first-line treatment. ACNU was given at a dose of 100 mg/m2 i.v.
      every six weeks. In 30 evaluable patients we observed partial responses lasting 5
      and 8 months in 2 patients with liver metastases, and stable disease in 4
      patients. The toxicity mainly consisted of leuco- and trombocytopenia. We
      conclude that in this dose and schedule ACNU has only very limited activity in
      metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID- 1801887
TI  - Treatment of a cystic liver metastasis by intralesional injection of mitomycin C.

PMID- 1801888
TI  - Pharmacokinetic analysis of coronary sinus retroinfusion in pigs. Ischemic
      myocardial concentrations in the left circumflex coronary arterial area using
      metoprolol as a tracer.
AB  - Myocardial availability of drug, using metoprolol as a tracer, in acutely
      ischemic myocardium in the area of the left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery was
      compared following standard intravenous (IV) administration and after coronary
      sinus retroinfusion. Seven open-chest farm pigs were subjected to a 21-minute
      occlusion of the LCX coronary artery. All animals received simultaneous IV
      tritium-labeled metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) and unlabeled metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg)
      retrogradely into the coronary sinus. The drug administration was started after 1
      minute of coronary artery occlusion and continued for 5 minutes. Intravenously
      administered metoprolol resulted in a higher peak plasma concentration of
      metoprolol (382 +/- 52 nmol/l) than coronary sinus retroinfusion (276 +/- 47
      nmol/l). The nonischemic myocardial metoprolol concentration was of similar
      magnitude (393-454 pmol/g), whether infused IV or into the coronary sinus.
      Coronary sinus retroinfusion, however, resulted in a substantial accumulation of
      metoprolol in the ischemic myocardium (2887-5863 pmol/g). Coronary sinus
      retroinfusion resulted in a pronounced and specific accumulation in the ischemic
      myocardium in the territory of the LCX coronary artery.

PMID- 1801889
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of the D- and L-isomers of sotalol on normal myocardium.
AB  - This study investigated the hemodynamic effects of the D-isomer of sotalol in
      open-chest rats and compared this to the action of the L-isomer and the racemic
      DL-sotalol. Hemodynamic and additional isovolumic maximum measurements were
      registered at the end and 5 minutes after an intravenous infusion period of 7
      minutes. DL- (1 and 2 mg/kg) and L-sotalol (2 mg/kg) caused a significant
      reduction in the heart rate and in the indices of contractility during and after
      infusion. D-sotalol (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg), however, decreased the contractility
      only transiently after very high doses at high plasma concentrations. Thus, while
      the effects of the beta-blocking L-isomer were comparable to those of DL-sotalol,
      only a slight and transient hemodynamic action of comparable doses of D-sotalol
      was found. These findings may be of significance for the proposed use of the D
      isomer as a class-III antiarrhythmic agent.

PMID- 1801891
TI  - Is the antianginal action of trimetazidine independent of hemodynamic changes?

PMID- 1801890
TI  - The effects of calcium antagonists on extracellular potassium accumulation during
      global ischaemia in isolated perfused rat hearts.
AB  - The effects of equipotent concentrations of diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine
      upon the accumulation of extracellular potassium [K+]out and the left ventricular
      pressure (LVP) were studied during global ischemia in isolated perfused rat
      hearts. Measurement of [K+]out and LVP were performed in two series of
      experiments. Diltiazem (2 x 10(-6), 3 x 10(-6), and 10(-5) M), verapamil (3 x 10(
      8), 10(-7), and 3 x 10(-7) M), and nifedipine (3 x 10(-8), 10(-7), and 1.5 x 10(
      7) M) were able to slow, in a concentration-dependent manner, the initial rate of
      rise of [K+]out without affecting the final plateau value of [K+]out reached at t
      = 5 to t = 10 minutes. Notably, at the lowest concentrations, which slightly
      influenced LVP diltiazem, verapamil, and to a lesser degree nifedipine, were
      still able to slow the rise in [K+]out. In addition, after preperfusion with low
      calcium media [( Ca2+] from 1.8 to 1.3 or 0.9 mM), inducing similar negative
      inotropic effects as those of the calcium antagonists, the rise in [K+]out was
      not significantly influenced. Our data indicate that the ability to slow the rise
      in [K+]out is a specific characteristic of calcium antagonists that is
      independent of their negative inotropic effects.

PMID- 1801892
TI  - Can nutritional factors enhance hyperinsulinemia leading to coronary heart
      disease?

PMID- 1801893
TI  - Lack of effect of perindoprilat, an angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitor,
      during coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in the anesthetized dog.

PMID- 1801894
TI  - Calcium-sensitizing inotropic agents in the treatment of heart failure: a
      critical view.
AB  - Interventions that augment the contractile state of the heart are associated
      with, or caused by, alterations in Ca2+ exchange in heart muscles. New inotropic
      agents have been developed that increase the sensitivity of the myofilaments to
      Ca2+. To examine the effect of calcium-sensitizing agents on force development,
      we measured systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i)
      and constructed [Ca2+]i-force relationships in normal (n = 6) and myopathic human
      hearts (n = 10). Using the bioluminescent calcium indicator aequorin, we found
      that the diastolic [Ca2+]i was 225 +/- 52 nM in normal muscles, whereas in
      myopathic muscles diastolic [Ca2+]i was significantly higher at 361 +/- 68 nM.
      Calcium-sensitizing agents that shift the [Ca2+]i-force relationship toward lower
      [Ca2+]i increase the diastolic force of myopathic hearts significantly more than
      in normal human hearts. This leads us to the conclusion that inotropic agents
      that increase the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ further impair
      relaxation in myopathic hearts, resulting in a reduced contractile reserve and
      diminished active force production.

PMID- 1801895
TI  - New approaches to the treatment of hypertension.
AB  - In the past, therapy of hypertension has not provided protection against coronary
      heart disease. The possible reasons are multiple and likely will never be fully
      ascertained. Nonetheless, numerous changes in therapy can be made that should
      reduce coronary risk. These include more careful monitoring of the blood pressure
      with particular care for control of high levels during the early morning hours;
      attention to all alterable risk factors with care to avoid worsening of other
      risks with antihypertensive drugs; adroit use of nondrug therapies; and, when
      drugs are used, the pressure should be lowered slowly and only to a level that
      avoids coronary hypoperfusion.

PMID- 1801896
TI  - The level at which blood pressure should be treated.
AB  - The large multicenter trials of treatment in mild to moderate hypertension have
      shown unequivocally that the risk of stroke is reversed. The impact of treatment
      on ischemic heart disease is more debatable. Since there is no discontinuity in
      the risk of different levels of blood pressure, any advice about the level of
      pressure to treat must be arbitrary. The British Hypertension Society Guidelines
      recommend a sustained diastolic pressure of 100 mmHg or more over a 3- to 4-month
      period. This empirical advice is based upon subgroup analysis of the MRC and
      Australian Therapeutic Trials that suggests most of the benefit in treating the
      mildest degrees of hypertension occur in this group of patients. The role of
      newer classes of agent, such as ACE inhibitors or calcium-channel blockers,
      cannot be fully assessed in the absence of proper end-point trials. Whilst
      reasons for using these agents as first-line therapy have been put forward, these
      remain speculative in the absence of such trials. The much greater cost of newer
      agents in the context of universally cost-constrained health services also has to
      be borne in mind before recommending their widespread use as first-line therapy.

PMID- 1801897
TI  - Effects of oxyfedrine on regional myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Medical treatment of angina pectoris is largely based on the use of beta-blocking
      agents, calcium antagonists, and nitrates. Oxyfedrine, an amino ketone derivative
      and partial agonist at beta receptors, has been shown to have potent antianginal
      properties and to increase coronary blood flow in normal and ischemic myocardial
      regions in experimental studies. We assessed the effects of intravenous
      oxyfedrine on regional myocardial blood flow, using positron emission tomography
      (15-oxygen water), in six patients with chronic stable angina, positive exercise
      tests, and documented coronary artery disease. Myocardial blood flow was measured
      in all patients before (baseline) and 10 minutes after the intravenous
      administration of a single bolus (0.11-0.13 mg/kg) of oxyfedrine. Compared to
      baseline, heart rate and systolic blood pressure remained almost unchanged after
      the administration of oxyfedrine. Mean baseline myocardial blood flow was 0.90 +/
      0.15 ml/g/min in areas supplied by arteries with significant coronary stenosis
      and 1.08 +/- 0.19 ml/g/min in areas supplied by nonstenotic coronary vessels (p
      less than 0.05). After the administration of oxyfedrine, myocardial blood flow
      increased significantly in both the regions supplied by stenotic vessels (by 25%;
      from 0.90 +/- 0.15 to 1.20 +/- 0.31 ml/g/min; p = 0.002) and in areas supplied by
      angiographically normal coronary vessels (by 22%; from 1.08 +/- 0.19 to 1.38 +/-
      0.49 ml/g/min; p less than 0.05). The results of this study indicate that in
      patients with coronary artery disease, intravenous oxyfedrine significantly
      increases regional myocardial blood flow, both in areas supplied by critically
      obstructed vessels and in areas supplied by normal or less severely narrowed
      coronary arteries.

PMID- 1801898
TI  - Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and both plasma and myocardial
      levels of clentiazem, a new benzothiazepine calcium antagonist, in anesthetized
      dogs.
AB  - We evaluated the relationship between the cardiovascular effects of clentiazem
      (TA-3090), a new 1,5-benzothiazepine calcium antagonist with high lipophilicity,
      and both its plasma and myocardial concentrations. Anesthetized, open-chest dogs,
      instrumented for hemodynamic data recording and blood sampling, were divided into
      three groups treated with 15, 50, or 200 micrograms/kg of clentiazem,
      respectively, as an intravenous bolus. At the end of the protocol (240 minutes),
      myocardial samples were tested for clentiazem. The results indicated that the
      peripheral and coronary vasodilatory effects of clentiazem were dose dependent
      and closely related to its plasma concentrations. It was also observed that the
      minimal effective plasma concentration was in the range of 15-20 ng/ml. Sustained
      negative chronotropic effects were recorded at the highest dose only and were
      best related to the amount of clentiazem detectable in the myocardium, suggesting
      that myocardial clentiazem retention is a major factor governing its depressant
      cardiac impact.

PMID- 1801899
TI  - Covalent fixation of polymer-linked benzene hexacarboxylate onto human
      haemoglobin.
AB  - The reaction of human deoxy and oxyhaemoglobin with a macromolecular effector,
      monomethoxypolyoxyethylene-linked benzene hexacarboxylate, in the presence of a
      water soluble carbodiimide, produces under defined conditions, the same
      conjugates preferentially acylated at the two valines beta 1. The oxygen affinity
      of both these conjugates is decreased by approximately 5-fold compared with that
      of native Hb (at pH 7.2, in 0.05 M Tris buffer, 25 degrees C, P50: 20.1 and 20.7
      Torr versus about 4 Torr for Hb). This difference appears to be due to an
      overstabilization of the T state probably together with a decrease of the oxygen
      affinity of the R state. Addition of IHP to the conjugate solutions does not
      influence the P50 but addition of IHP to the reaction mixtures before the
      coupling limits the substitution of Hb by the macromolecular effector, to 20%
      (instead of 100% in absence of IHP). The cooperativity curve is shifted to the
      right with an Nmax of 3 at about 90% oxygen saturation, which corresponds to a
      potential release of 48% of oxygen at pH 7.2, 25 degrees C, between 100 and 40
      Torr, compared with 40% for blood. Such kinds of conjugates especially those
      obtained from oxyhaemoglobin which are easily prepared, could be of a great
      interest as non-diffusing oxygen carriers in transfusional and perfusional
      fluids.

PMID- 1801900
TI  - Structure of spherical viruses.
AB  - This review summarizes some of the results obtained from the crystal structure
      determination of viruses. The structural similarities of viral coat proteins is
      discussed, as well as some structural results related to the regulation of viral
      disassembly.

PMID- 1801901
TI  - Determination of the Mark-Houwink equation for chitosans with different degrees
      of deacetylation.
AB  - The values of k and alpha in the Mark-Houwink equation have been determined for
      chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation (DD) (69, 84, 91 and 100%
      respectively), in 0.2 M CH3COOH/0.1 M CH3COONa aqueous solution at 30 degrees C
      by the light scattering method. It was shown that the values of alpha decreased
      from 1.12 to 0.81 and the values of k increased from 0.104 x 10(-3) to 16.80 x
      10(-3) ml/g, when the DD varied from 69 to 100%. This is due to a reduction of
      rigidity of the molecular chain and an increase of the electrostatic repulsion
      force of the ionic groups along the polyelectrolyte chain in chitosan solution,
      when the DD of chitosan increases gradually.

PMID- 1801902
TI  - Structural changes in poly(D-alanine).
AB  - Investigations are reported on the possibility of the direct transformations from
      alpha-helices to beta-sheets in poly(D-alanine) by heating and the immersion into
      formic acid, and were concluded that intrahelical hydrogen bonds in the alpha
      helix were stable, while interhelical interactions in the alpha-helix crystal
      were weakened, and beta-sheets did not transform directly from alpha-helices, but
      grew from random coils.

PMID- 1801903
TI  - Effect of pressure on the sol-gel transition of gelatin.
AB  - The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the sol-gel transition of gelatins were
      studied in the concentration range 1.5-12.5% under high pressures up to 300 MPa.
      The gelatin gels were stabilized by pressure: the pressure-induced elevation of
      melting temperature, (dT/dP)m, was 3.89 x 10(-2), 3.17 x 10(-2) and 2.92 x 10(-2)
      K/MPa for gelatins of Bloom No. 60, 225 and 304, respectively. The enthalpy,
      entropy and volume changes accompanying the gel formation were calculated from
      the Eldridge-Ferry plots and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The volume changes
      of gelation were estimated to be -25.7, -20.8 and -18.3 ml/mol of cross-links for
      gelatins of Bloom No. 60, 225 and 304, respectively, which were almost
      independent of pressure. The kinetic process of gelation was suppressed under
      high pressure, indicating the positive activation volume of gelation. These
      volume changes were discussed in terms of the characteristic hydration modes of
      cross-linking junctions of gelatin gels, comparing them with those of native
      collagen.

PMID- 1801904
TI  - Stereochemical effects of non-ionic methylphosphonates on nucleotide
      conformations.
AB  - The preferred conformations of deoxyribo and ribonucleoside 3'-methylphosphonates
      are analysed by minimizing the conformational energy as a function of all the
      major parameters including the sugar ring for both the S- and R-isomers. The
      results show that neither the substitution nor the nature of the diastereomer
      affects significantly the preferred conformations compared to the naturally
      occurring nucleoside 3'-phosphates. The preferred range of C3'-O3' bond torsions
      or the phase angles of pseudorotation (P) of the sugar are unaffected. The chiral
      substitution on the phosphate always adopts a conformation distal to the
      secondary C3' carbon atom in the minimum energy conformational state. Further, it
      introduces certain restrictions on the preferred range of P-O3' torsions
      depending on the methylphosphonate configuration. Methylphosphonate, especially
      the S-isomer, renders the normal gauche- range of P-O3' bond torsions responsible
      for the stacked helical duplexes to be energetically unfavourable besides
      introducing a high energy barrier between trans and gauche conformations.
      Therefore it is suggested that duplexes with S-methylphosphonate may favour
      extended phosphodiester conformations. These factors explain the observed lower
      melting temperature as well as the downfield shifts in the 31P signals in
      duplexes containing the S-isomer.

PMID- 1801905
TI  - Tandemly repeating peptide motifs and their secondary structure in Ceratitis
      capitata eggshell proteins Ccs36 and Ccs38.
AB  - Evidence from amino acid composition, Fourier transform analysis of primary
      structure and secondary structure prediction suggests a tripartite structure for
      Ceratitis capitata eggshell proteins Ccs36 and Ccs38, which consists of a central
      domain and two flanking 'arms'. The proteins, apparently, contain tandemly
      repeating peptide motifs specific for each domain of the tripartite structure.
      The central domain of both proteins, which exhibits extensive sequence homology
      with the corresponding domains of Drosophila melanogaster proteins s36 and s38,
      is formed by tandem repeats of an octapeptide-X-X-X-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z- (where X = large
      hydrophobic residue and Z = beta-turn former residue) and its variants. It is
      predicted to adopt a compact, most probably twisted, antiparallel beta-pleated
      sheet structure of beta-sheet strands regularly alternating with beta-turns or
      loops. The central domains of Ccs36 and Ccs38 share structural similarities, but
      they are recognizably different. The 'arms' of the proteins presumably serving
      for protein and species-specific functions differ substantially from those of
      Drosophila melanogaster. In Ccs36, the C-terminal 'arm' is formed by, almost
      precise, tandem repeats of an octapeptide-Y-X-A-A-P-A-A-S- (X = G or S), whereas
      the N-terminal 'arm' contains repeats of the octapeptide -Z-Z-Z-A-X-A-A-Z- (X =
      Q, N or E and Z a beta-turn former). In both 'arms' alpha-helices are predicted,
      alternating with beta-turns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801906
TI  - 13C-n.m.r. analysis of some sulphate derivatives of chitosan.
AB  - Positions of substitution with sulphate in three water-soluble sulphated
      derivatives of chitosan were analysed by 13C n.m.r. The structures of N
      acetylchitosan 3,6-O-disulphate, sodium chitosan N-, 6-O-disulphate, and sodium
      chitosan 6-O-monosulphate were confirmed.

PMID- 1801907
TI  - [Pathology of the placenta. VII, Inflammation of the placenta].
AB  - A general account of routes of infection is followed by reference to
      localisations of placental infection. The most common routes of infection are
      transmembrane, transdecidual, haematogenico-maternal, and haematogenico-foetal.
      Intra-uterine infections with placental involvement may be caused by several
      types of pathogens, with particular reference being made to listeriosis,
      tuberculosis, and lues, while virus infections may be associated with rubella and
      cytomegaly and protozoonosis with toxoplasmosis. Unambiguous morphological traces
      are left in the placenta merely by few of these "specific" infections. A possible
      pathogen, therefore, can be rarely concluded from the type of inflammatory
      placental involvement. Reference is also made to "villitis of unknown aetiology",
      an aetiologically obscure, probably haematogenico-maternal infection of the
      placenta. Introduction of this term to histological routine diagnosis is
      recommended. This account of placental inflammation is completed by explanations
      on relationships between inflammation and impaired maturation of the placenta as
      well as between inflammation and intervillous fibrin deposition or chronic
      disorders of intervillous circulation.

PMID- 1801908
TI  - [The diagnostic value of "dysplastic" changes in the prostate].
AB  - The technique of serial section was used in systematic investigations of
      prostates obtained from 450 individuals who had died at the age of 40 to over 80
      years. This was done, with a view to clearing up the precancerous potential of so
      called dysplastic lesions (intraductal dysplasia, prostatic intraepithelial
      neoplasia). All accompanying pathomorphological findings were recorded, at the
      same time, with the totality of data being jointly evaluated and statistically
      processed by computerised methods. So-called dysplastic alterations were
      recordable from 57% of all cases (26% to 80%), with incidence rates growing along
      with advancing age and statistical security depending on age at large. Slight
      dysplasia was recorded from 41% of all cases, with an average of 2.6 foci (10
      foci maximum) to one prostate. Severe dysplasia was recorded from 42% of all
      cases, with an average of 3.8 foci (24 maximum) to one prostate. The area of 90%
      of all foci was up to 4 mm2 (16 mm2 maximum in cases of slight dysplasia and 60
      mm2 in severe cases). Dysplasia was localised in the posterior region of the
      organ in 60% of all cases and was detected in the central region in 8% maximum.
      Carcinoma was identified in 133 cases, with 114 of them (86%) being associated
      with dysplasia. Dysplasia was also detected in 45% of cases without carcinoma.
      Severe dysplasia was present in 79% of all carcinoma cases and in 26% of no
      carcinoma cases. Slight dysplasia, on the other hand, was recordable form 7% of
      carcinoma cases and 19% of no-carcinoma cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801909
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigation of autoantibodies to nerve fibers in
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The immunofluorescence technique was used to trace auto-antibodies to neural
      structures in the blood serum of 180 patients with various cardiomyopathies and
      20 healthy probands (controls). Incubation of cryostat slices of heart, kidney,
      spinal cord and medulla oblongata of Wistar-rats or of cell cultures of embryonal
      spinal cord with the blood serum of patients with cardiomyopathies resulted in
      immunofluorescence of nerve fibres and neuronal perikaryon. The controls were
      negative. The question remained unanswered for the nature of the involved
      antigen. Neurohistochemical findings suggested auto-antibodies in sera of
      patients to be orientated to cholinergic endings. The authors suggest the
      immunomorphological approach as practicable for revealing auto-antibodies in
      neurohistological studies.

PMID- 1801910
TI  - [Acceleration of muscle regeneration by nucleotide administration. Experimental
      morphometric studies].
AB  - Morphometric studies of the peroneus longus muscle as well as of the soleus
      muscle were performed 20, 40 and 60 days after crush injury of sciatic nerve and
      continuous administration of nucleotides. 96 female Wistar rats were used in the
      experiments. Under ether anesthesia a crush injury was performed on the right
      sciatic nerve. 53 rats were injected daily with nucleotides (uridine
      monophosphate [UMP], cytidine monophosphate [CMP] or UMP plus CMP [UMP/CMP],
      respectively), and 43 control animals were given injections of saline.
      Morphometric studies of right peroneus longus and soleus muscles were performed
      with the aid of a semiautomatic technique to measure muscle fibre diameters.
      After 20 days there were no differences between mean muscle fibre diameters. 40
      days after the beginning of the experiments semiautomated morphometry revealed an
      increase of type II fibre diameters in the UMP/CMP group. There were enlargements
      of type II fibres in the UMP and the CMP group after 60 days. At the same time
      larger diameters of type I fibres were found in the UMP/CMP group (trend) and in
      the UMP group. In conclusion the results presented here indicate, that the
      administration of nucleotides possibly represents a new opportunity for the
      treatment of traumatic nerve and muscle lesions.

PMID- 1801911
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as a component of massive fibrosis in cases of
      chronic pneumoconiosis. An autopsy study of 79 cases.
AB  - Histopathological analysis of massive fibrosis (MF) in lungs obtained from 79
      patients with chronic pneumoconiosis revealed evidence of pulmonary alveolar
      proteinosis (AP) in a surprisingly high proportion of the cases (73%), suggesting
      that AP may be a usual constituent of MF in chronic pneumoconiosis. AP is not a
      specific morphological counterpart responsible for acute silicosis. In order to
      explain the occurrence of AP in MF, several hypothetical mechanisms are proposed
      and discussed.

PMID- 1801912
TI  - [The problem of aneurysma dissecans in an example of an aorta "pseudoduplex"].
AB  - Dissecting aneurysms of the aorta, taking a chronic course are rare. We describe
      a case of a female patient who died at the age of 75 years. The left intercostal
      and lumbar arteries and the left renal artery originated from the aneurysmatic
      cleft in the aortic wall whereas the corresponding right hand-side arteries
      originated from the proper aortic lumen. The proximal part of the left common
      carotid artery was compressed by the aneurysm. The dissecting aneurysm extended
      into the left common and external iliac arteries. It became obvious from the
      history of the patient and repeated x-rays of the chest, that the aneurysm had
      existed 35 months before death. Our case is similar to that published by Busse in
      1906. No such cases have been published in recent years. This is an indication of
      the acute fatal outcome of most of the dissecting aneurysms of the aorta.

PMID- 1801913
TI  - Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas. Clinical, morphological, and
      immunohistochemical findings.
AB  - Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas, formerly also termed branchial cyst, is an
      extremely rare tumor of uncertain histogenesis. Our case, that of a 53-year-old
      man, is the fourth to be described. Fluid aspirated from the cyst exhibited a
      very high concentration of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA; 5000 ng/ml), and a
      high level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9; 187 U/l), suggesting a
      diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. However, the serum CEA and CA 19-9 levels
      were only slightly elevated (5.5 ng/ml and 125 U/l, respectively). Histologic
      investigation revealed a cyst lined by squamous epithelium with closely
      associated lymphoid tissue, without cellular atypia. Numerous lymphocytes, mainly
      T cells (UCHL1 positive), were present in the lining epithelium. The lymphoid
      tissue surrounding the lining epithelium was composed of germinal centers and T
      regions. Epithelial cords contiguous with the squamous epithelium lining the cyst
      radiated out through the lymphoid tissue towards the pancreatic parenchyma, which
      suggests that lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas is a true pancreatic cyst.
      Since the excretory ducts of the normal pancreatic tissue and some of the
      epithelial cells lining the cyst were immunoreactive for CEA and CA 19-9, it can
      be concluded that CEA and CA 19-9 in the cyst contents are probably produced by
      cells derived from the exocrine pancreas. The histogenesis of lymphoepithelial
      cyst of the pancreas remains unclear, but it is probable that it derives from the
      duct system of the pancreas.

PMID- 1801914
TI  - Rhabdomyomas of female genital tract. Report on two cases.
AB  - Studies were conducted by means of optical light and electron microscopy into two
      cases of rhabdomyoma of a fetal type in the vagina of a patient, 42 years of age,
      and in the ectocervical region of a patient aged 39 years. Both cases were
      similar to one another for optical and ultrastructural features and revealed high
      maturity of the rhabdomyomatous cells in tumors. A review of the literature would
      reveal the cases presented to be the 20th case of a vaginal tumor and the 3rd
      case of ectocervical tumor so far described as rhabdomyomas of the female genital
      tract.

PMID- 1801915
TI  - [Leprosy: dimorphous variant].
AB  - A dimorphous variant of leprosy in a male from Cuba, 33 years of age, is reported
      in this paper. The case was characterised by granulomatous epithelioid cell
      reaction and histiocytic reaction with so-called Virchow cells, as established by
      lymph node biopsy. The histopathological findings are described, and their
      relations to immunity are discussed.

PMID- 1801916
TI  - [Pathophysiognomy of organs. A concept in pathology].
AB  - The term of pathophysiognomy is to describe the conditioning exercised by the
      structure, position, and function of an organ on the characteristic configuration
      of a pathological process and, as the case may be, even upon the possibility of
      its development.

PMID- 1801917
TI  - [Contribution of pathologic anatomy and forensic medicine to a theory of suicide
      in Germany from 1870 to 1933].
AB  - Alarming suicide records encouraged the community of science-oriented medicine in
      the last third of the 19th century to pay more attention to the suicide
      phenomenon and, in the context of pathological anatomy, to try to identify causes
      as well as possible approaches to prophylaxis and therapy. Hopes were not
      satisfied for specific morphological findings from suicide cases, as may be seen
      from various research results reported in this paper. Nevertheless, this approach
      had to it social potentials helpful in reducing bias and sanctions against
      suicides. However, attempts failed to enlarge scientific and social effectiveness
      by closer coordination of scientific research with efforts to control suicide at
      psychic and social levels and in public life. Science-oriented medicine actually
      retreated to biological factors, even before the first world war, and thus left
      the people concerned exposed to social degradation and marginalisation, as
      suicide continued to be considered an inescapable fate.

PMID- 1801918
TI  - Developmental regulation of calmodulin gene expression in rat brain and skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Three different calmodulin genes that encode the identical protein have been
      identified in the rat (Nojima, 1989); however, calmodulin gene expression at the
      various stages of tissue differentiation and maturation has not been previously
      determined. We have quantitated the content of mRNAs encoding calmodulin in the
      developing brain and skeletal muscle using RNA blot analysis with three specific
      cDNA probes. Our results show that five species of calmodulin mRNAs: 4.0 and 1.7
      kb for CaM I, 1.4 kb for CaM II, and 2.3 and 0.8 kb for CaM III are detectable at
      all ages in the brain as well as in skeletal muscle but exhibit a tissue-specific
      developmental pattern of expression. The comparison of the temporal pattern of
      calmodulin gene expression with both mitotic activity, as demonstrated by cyclin
      A mRNA levels, and differentiation and maturation of specific brain or muscle
      regions is consistent with calmodulin involvement in development.

PMID- 1801920
TI  - An ATP-binding membrane protein is required for protein translocation across the
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AB  - The role of nucleotides in providing energy for polypeptide transfer across the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is still unknown. To address this question,
      we treated ER-derived mammalian microsomal vesicles with a photoactivatable
      analogue of ATP, 8-N3ATP. This treatment resulted in a progressive inhibition of
      translocation activity. Approximately 20 microsomal membrane proteins were
      labeled by [alpha 32P]8-N3ATP. Two of these were identified as proteins with
      putative roles in translocation, alpha signal sequence receptor (SSR), the 35-kDa
      subunit of the signal sequence receptor complex, and ER-p180, a putative ribosome
      receptor. We found that there was a positive correlation between inactivation of
      translocation activity and photolabeling of alpha SSR. In contrast, our data
      demonstrate that the ATP-binding domain of ER-p180 is dispensable for
      translocation activity and does not contribute to the observed 8-N3ATP
      sensitivity of the microsomal vesicles.

PMID- 1801919
TI  - Epidermal growth factor-stimulated calcium ion transients in individual A431
      cells: initiation kinetics and ligand concentration dependence.
AB  - The A431 epidermoid carcinoma cell line responds to epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      stimulation with a number of rapid changes, including alterations in free
      cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i). At the single cell level, these
      changes in [Ca2+]i are known to proceed after a clear lag phase subsequent to EGF
      stimulus (Gonzalez et al., 1988). The present study explores the dependence on
      EGF concentration of this early [Ca2+]i signal. High levels of EGF (9.0-4.3 nM)
      produce a [Ca2+]i spike followed by an elevation of [Ca2+]i above basal levels.
      The time of initiation of the spike varies from 5 to 9 s at the high dose and
      from 8 to 32 s at the low dose in cells that respond. A lower level of EGF (1.5
      nM) produces [Ca2+]i oscillations with no prolonged elevation over basal [Ca2+]i.
      The initiation of response at this [EGF] ranges from 20 to 410 s. Intermediate
      stimulus levels generate [Ca2+]i responses that are kinetic admixtures of these
      limiting responses. A simple model based on the enzymatically amplified signal
      cascade from ligand binding through Ca2+ release or influx is examined. The model
      predicts a prolonged lag phase followed by a rapid increase in the [CA2+]i signal
      that compares favorably with the data reported here.

PMID- 1801921
TI  - Molecular cloning of a second form of rac protein kinase.
AB  - A novel serine/threonine protein kinase (termed rac-PK) has recently been
      identified and cloned from cDNA libraries derived from the human cell lines MCF-7
      and WI38. A second form of this protein kinase, termed rac protein kinase beta,
      has been identified from cDNAs derived from the same cell lines. These two
      closely related forms show 90% homology, although the beta form with a predicted
      Mr 60,200 has a carboxyl terminal extension of 40 amino acids in comparison to
      the alpha form. This extension has a high serine content with 11 serine residues
      in the last 30 amino acids. The beta form of the protein has been shown by both
      in vitro translation and bacterial expression to be approximately 5000 Da larger
      than the alpha form. rac protein kinase beta is encoded by a 3.4-kb transcript
      and the alpha form is encoded by a 3.2-kb mRNA. Using gene-specific probes both
      transcripts were detected in all cell types analyzed, although levels of
      expression were different for the two forms. The catalytic domain of rac protein
      kinase beta shows a high degree of homology to both the protein kinase C and
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase families, and hence rac protein kinases
      appear to represent a new subfamily of the second messenger serine/threonine
      protein kinases.

PMID- 1801922
TI  - Ca2+ inhibits guanine nucleotide-activated phospholipase D in neural-derived
      NG108-15 cells.
AB  - We have investigated the regulation of phospholipase D (PLD) activity by guanine
      nucleotides and Ca2+ in cells of the NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma line that
      were permeabilized with digitonin. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue guanosine-5'
      O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) caused a nearly sixfold increase (EC50 = 3
      microM) in production of [3H]phosphatidylethanol (specific product of the PLD
      transphosphatidylation reaction). Other GTP analogues were less effective than
      GTP gamma S, and guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) inhibited PLD activation by
      GTP gamma S. Both basal and GTP gamma S-stimulated PLD activities were
      potentiated by MgATP and Mg2+. Adenosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) and ADP also
      potentiated the effect of GTP gamma S, but non-phosphorylating analogues of ATP
      had no such effect. The activation of PLD by GTP gamma S did not require Ca2+ and
      was independent of free Ca2+ ions up to a concentration of 100 nM (resting
      intracellular concentration). Higher Ca2+ concentrations (greater than or equal
      to 1 microM) completely inhibited PLD activation by GTP gamma S. It is concluded
      that elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations may negatively modulate PLD
      activation by a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, thus affecting receptor-PLD
      coupling in neural-derived cells.

PMID- 1801923
TI  - Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids modulate the adhesion
      of tumor cells to endothelium via regulation of protein kinase C.
AB  - 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12[S]-HETE) and 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic
      acid (13[S]-HODE), lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and linoleic
      acid, respectively, previously have been suggested to regulate tumor cell
      adhesion to endothelium during metastasis. Adhesion of rat Walker carcinosarcoma
      (W256) cells to a rat endothelial cell monolayer was enhanced after treatment
      with 12(S)-HETE and this 12(S)-HETE enhanced adhesion was blocked by 13(S)-HODE.
      Protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine, calphostin C, and 1-(5-isoquinoline
      sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, inhibited the 12(S)-HETE enhanced W256 cell
      adhesion. Depleting W256 cells of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol 12
      myristate-13-acetate abolished their ability to respond to 12(S)-HETE. Treatment
      of W256 cells with 12(S)-HETE induced a 100% increase in membrane-associated PKC
      activity whereas 13(S)-HODE inhibited the effect of 12(S)-HETE on PKC
      translocation. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that in
      W256 cells 12-HETE and 13-HODE were two of the major lipoxygenase metabilites of
      arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, respectively. Therefore, these two
      metabolites may provide an alternative signaling pathway for the regulation of
      PKC. Further, these findings suggest that the regulation of tumor cell adhesion
      to endothelium by 12(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE may be a PKC-dependent process.

PMID- 1801924
TI  - Phorbol ester-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization requires a heavy metal
      ion.
AB  - The cell-permeant heavy metal chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2
      pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine(TPEN) was found to counteract phorbol ester-induced
      actin reorganization in PTK2 and Swiss 3T3 cells. By using fluorescence and the
      higher resolution technique of photoelectron microscopy to monitor actin
      patterns, 15-min pretreatment with 25-50 microM TPEN was found to dramatically
      reduce actin alterations resulting from subsequent phorbol ester treatment in
      PTK2 cells. Similar results were obtained with Swiss 3T3 cells using 50 microM
      TPEN for 1.5 h. Phorbol ester-induced actin alterations are thought to depend on
      activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In contrast to the phorbol ester effect,
      the PKC-independent actin cytoskeletal disruption caused by staurosporine and
      cytochalasin B was unaffected by TPEN pretreatment. TPEN did not block phorbol
      ester-induced activation of PKC in Swiss 3T3 cells, as observed by the
      phosphorylation of the 80K PKC substrate protein (MARCKS protein). TPEN also did
      not inhibit partially purified PKC from Swiss 3T3 cells in an in vitro PKC
      specific commercial assay. To establish that the effect of TPEN is the removal of
      metal ions and not some other nonspecific effect of TPEN, a series of transition
      metal ions was added at the end of the TPEN pretreatment. The results indicate
      that the transient but dramatic phorbol ester-induced reorganization of the actin
      cytoskeleton in cultured cells depends on an interaction of PKC with a heavy
      metal, probably zinc.

PMID- 1801925
TI  - A growth factor for cardiac myocytes is produced by cardiac nonmyocytes.
AB  - Cardiac nonmyocytes, primarily fibroblasts, surround cardiac myocytes in vivo. We
      examined whether nonmyocytes could modulate myocyte growth by production of one
      or more growth factors. Cardiac myocyte hypertrophic growth was stimulated in
      cultures with increasing numbers of cardiac nonmyocytes. This effect of
      nonmyocytes on myocyte size was reproduced by serum-free medium conditioned by
      the cardiac nonmyocytes. The majority of the nonmyocyte-derived myocyte growth
      promoting activity bound to heparin-Sepharose and was eluted with 0.75 M NaCl.
      Several known polypeptide growth factors found recently in cardiac tissue, namely
      acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic FGF (bFGF), platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and transforming growth
      factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), also caused hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in a dose
      dependent manner. However, the nonmyocyte-derived growth factor (tentatively
      named NMDGF) could be distinguished from these other growth factors by different
      heparin-Sepharose binding profiles (TNF alpha, aFGF, bFGF, and TGF beta 1) by
      neutralizing growth factor-specific antisera (PDGF, TNF alpha, aFGF, bFGF, and
      TGF beta 1), by the failure of NMDGF to stimulate phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis
      (PDGF and TGF beta 1), and, finally, by the apparent molecular weight of NMDGF
      (45-50 kDa). This nonmyocyte-derived heparin-binding growth factor may represent
      a novel paracrine growth mechanism in myocardium.

PMID- 1801926
TI  - Subcellular distribution of the alpha subunit(s) of Gi: visualization by
      immunofluorescent and immunogold labeling.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of the alpha subunit(s) of Gi has an obvious bearing
      on the ability of this protein to interact with receptors and targets and on its
      potential to serve in still unexplored capacities. In this study, we have
      examined the distribution of Gi alpha by means of light and electron microscopy.
      The cells employed were mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, normal rat kidney fibroblasts, rat
      C6 glioma cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and human 293 kidney
      fibroblasts. By indirect immunofluorescence, two patterns of Gi alpha were
      evident. The more prominent was that associated with phase-dense, cytoplasmic
      structures exhibiting a tubule-like morphology. A similar distribution was noted
      for mitochondria, indicating attachment to a subset of microtubules. The second
      pattern appeared as a diffuse, particulate fluorescence associated with the
      plasma membrane. By immunogold labeling and electron microscopy, two populations
      of Gi alpha were again evident. In this instance, labeling of the plasma membrane
      was the more prominent. Gold particles were most often evenly distributed along
      the plasma membrane and were concentrated along microspikes. The second, less
      abundant population of Gi alpha represented the subunit (or fragments) within
      lysosomes. Specificity in immunolabeling was confirmed in all instances by
      immunotransfer blotting, the use of antibodies differing in specificities for
      epitopes within Gi alpha, the absence of labeling with preimmune sera, and the
      decrease in labeling after preincubation of antisera with appropriate peptides.
      These results support the proposal that several populations of Gi alpha exist:
      those evident within the cytoplasm by immunofluorescence, those present at the
      plasma membrane, and those evident within lysosomes by immunogold labeling.

PMID- 1801929
TI  - Carbohydrate histochemistry of amyloid plaques in Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome.
AB  - Prion proteins and sulfated glycosaminoglycans are known to be components of PAS
      positive amyloid plaques in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler
      syndrome, and kuru. Using a panel of fluorescein labeled lectins the terminal
      carbohydrate residues of amyloid plaques in two patients with Gerstmann
      Straussler syndrome were investigated. Amyloid plaques in both cases had binding
      sites for wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin with high affinity for N
      acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. Binding of other lectins was weaker and showed
      differences between the two cases. In situ digestion studies and dot blot
      experiments were performed to clarify the question if lectins preferentially bind
      to the carbohydrate moiety of the prion protein or to plaque-associated sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans. The results indicate that lectin binding is most likely
      attributed to the carbohydrate moiety of the prion protein rather than to
      glycosaminoglycans within the plaques.

PMID- 1801930
TI  - Neuromedin B-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the green frog (Rana esculenta
      L.).
AB  - Three rabbit polyclonal antisera, originally developed against neuromedin B and
      highly selective against ranatensin subfamily molecules, were used to study the
      distribution of neuromedin B-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Rana
      esculenta. Immunopositive cell bodies were observed in several brain regions,
      including medial and lateral septal nuclei, nucleus of the diagonal band of
      Broca, medial amygdala, ventral striatum, ventromedial and posterior thalamic
      nuclei, nucleus of the periventricular organ, posterior tuberculum, dorsal,
      lateral and ventral hypothalamic nuclei, optic tectum, mesencephalic tegmentum
      and central rhomboencephalic gray. A dense network of immunopositive fibers was
      also distributed in defined regions of the frog brain, i.e. in the medial
      pallium, septum, amygdala, ventral thalamus, preoptic area and posterior
      hypothalamus. The results of the present study, taken with available molecular
      biology data, indicate that the naturally occurring antigen is probably
      represented by a ranatensin/litorin-related antigen.

PMID- 1801927
TI  - Extracellular signal-regulated kinases: ERKs in progress.

PMID- 1801928
TI  - Differential responses of p56lyn and p53lyn, products of alternatively spliced
      lyn mRNA, on stimulation of B-cell antigen receptor.
AB  - We previously cloned a lyn cDNA-encoding 56-kd Src-like protein-tyrosine kinase,
      p56lyn. Anti-Lyn antibodies raised against a sequence of 95 amino acids (Arg-25
      to Ala-119 of p56lyn) recognized two species of the protein, p56lyn and p53lyn.
      V8 proteinase analysis showed that p53lyn differs only slightly from p56lyn.
      Analysis of mRNA from B lymphocytes by the polymerase chain reaction indicated
      the presence of two forms of alternatively spliced lyn mRNA. Nucleotide
      sequencing of the corresponding cDNAs revealed that these two forms of lyn mRNA
      differ in the presence and absence of a 63 nucleotides sequence near the 5'
      terminus of the coding region; 21 amino acid residues (Pro-23 to Arg-43 or Val-24
      to Pro-44) of p56lyn were tentatively concluded to be missing in p53lyn. On cross
      linking of the membrane-bound IgM (mIgM) on the surface of B lymphocytes, the
      kinetics of down-regulations of the two Lyn proteins demonstrated to be
      associated with the mIgM antigen receptor were found to be different. This
      observation suggests that the amino terminal proximal sequence of the Lyn protein
      is important for determining its mode of interaction with mIgM.

PMID- 1801932
TI  - Oviduct ampullary epithelium contributes a glycoprotein to the zona pellucida,
      perivitelline space and blastomeres membrane of sheep embryos.
AB  - Previous studies have identified a glycoprotein (sOP 92) that is secreted by
      sheep oviductal epithelium and subsequently becomes associated with developing
      embryos. The objective of this study was to more definitively demonstrate the
      localization of this protein in the oviductal epithelium of cycling ewes and in
      the embryos (developmental stage ranging between 1 and 8 cells) by using the
      light and electron microscopic immuno-gold techniques. In the oviduct, sOP 92 was
      present only in nonciliated cells of the ampulla but not in the isthmus. No major
      differences in signal intensity, in its organ or intracellular distribution were
      observed between the postovulatory and the luteal phase of the cycle. At the
      embryonic level, sOP 92 uniformly covered the surface of the zona pellucida and
      permeated its width. Moreover, the protein was present in the perivitelline space
      and on the blastomeres membrane but not in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. These
      observations suggest that a marked regional difference in sheep oviduct
      secretions exists and confirm that there is a close association of these
      secretions with the developing embryos.

PMID- 1801931
TI  - Cyclosporin A, effect on cytoskeleton and glycosaminoglycans in human gingival
      fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical and biochemical evaluation.
AB  - The effect of Cyclosporin A (CyA) in culture of human gingival fibroblasts was
      assessed. Extracellular and intracellular glycosaminoglycans decrease in treated
      cells. The ratio of non sulphated over sulphated GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
      increased only in the medium. Cytoskeleton organization of treated fibroblasts
      was also studied by immunohistochemical means and by ultrastructural
      observations. Minor alterations were documented in the structure and distribution
      of cytoplasmic organelles. The organization of tubulin and vimentin filaments did
      not change in Cy A treated cells either. This study confirms the capability of
      Cyclosporin A to induce alterations of GAG production and synthesis with no
      interference in cytoplasm organization. Normal pathway GAG secretion is
      suggested.

PMID- 1801933
TI  - Nucleolar organizer regions in dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the large
      bowel.
AB  - Using a silver staining technique (AgNOR technique), we have investigated the
      nucleolar organizer-associated proteins (NORs) in formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded specimens of 20 large bowel adenocarcinomas, 10 tubular adenomas with
      low grade dysplasia and 10 villous adenomas with high grade dysplasia; the mean
      number of small NOR (SN), large NOR (LN) and total NOR (TN) was determined for
      each case. A significant difference (P less than 0.001) in the mean number of SN
      and TN was found when adenocarcinomas were compared with the adenomatous lesions;
      in addition, low grade and high grade dysplasia, present in tubular and villous
      adenomas respectively, could be clearly differentiated by this procedure. It may
      be suggested that the significant increase of AgNOR counts encountered in high
      grade dysplasia strongly supports the idea that morphological nuclear changes may
      reflect the severity of malignant potential of dysplasia in large bowel adenomas.

PMID- 1801934
TI  - Factors involved in drug interference on enzyme activities of three mitochondrial
      populations from rat hippocampus.
AB  - The maximal rate (Vmax) of some mitochondrial enzyme activities related to energy
      transduction (citrate synthase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate
      dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome
      oxidase) and amino acid metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate
      transaminase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) are evaluated in non
      synaptic ("free") and intrasynaptic mitochondria from brain hippocampus. The
      different mitochondrial populations were isolated from rat subjected to single
      i.p. treatment with saline solution, almitrine (30 mg/kg) and delta-yohimbine (10
      mg/kg). In control rats, the mitochondrial populations exhibit different
      enzymatic patterns. Acute treatment with almitrine decreases cytochrome oxidase
      activity in intra-synaptic mitochondria, while acute treatment with delta
      yohimbine decreases succinate dehydrogenase activity in both types of free and
      intra-synaptic mitochondria. NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity is also
      decreased by acute treatment with almitrine ("free" and "synaptic" mitochondria)
      and delta-yohimbine (synaptic mitochondria only).

PMID- 1801936
TI  - TMD assessment using the Sassouni analysis. 1.

PMID- 1801935
TI  - Lysosomotropic agents induce morphological and functional changes in human muscle
      cells in vitro.
AB  - We studied the distribution of lysosomes in differentiating human muscle cells in
      culture treated with propranolol, leupeptin and chloroquine. Chloroquine treated
      cells showed a significant vacuolization and an increase of the lysosomal
      apparatus as assessed by cytochemical analysis of the lysosomal enzyme acid
      phosphatase and by acridine orange staining. At electron microscopic level, an
      increase of lysosome-like bodies and disorganization of the contractile apparatus
      were demonstrated in multinucleated myotubes. These alterations observed in
      cultured muscle cells suggest that lysosomotropic agents may be harmful.

PMID- 1801937
TI  - The mandible's connected to the temporal bone, the temporal bone's connected to
      the....

PMID- 1801938
TI  - Relationship between orthodontics and TMJ.

PMID- 1801939
TI  - Diagnosing an orthodontic patient using three different analyses. 2. A surprising
      result.

PMID- 1801940
TI  - Simplified approach in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and odontostomatognathic
      (OSG) examination.
AB  - Malpractice lawsuits due to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and
      odontostomatognathic (OSG) injuries following dental therapy are increasing.
      Therefore, dentists and their staff must know how to screen patients to determine
      pre-existing conditions. Anatomical and physiological considerations are
      presented. Three major steps such as taking a good history, examining the patient
      carefully, and establishing adequate records are discussed in detail.

PMID- 1801941
TI  - TMD assessment using the Sassouni analysis. 2.

PMID- 1801942
TI  - Computed tomography in cortical bone abnormalities of the temporomandibular
      joint, a pictorial essay.

PMID- 1801943
TI  - Rotated maxillary molars and their contribution to crowding and malocclusion.

PMID- 1801944
TI  - Finishing orthodontic cases, Part 1.

PMID- 1801945
TI  - Mechanisms of avian imprinting: a review.
AB  - Filial imprinting is the process through which early social preferences become
      restricted to a particular object or class of objects. Evidence is presented
      showing that filial preferences are formed not only as a result of learning
      through exposure to an object, but also under the influence of visual and
      auditory predispositions. The development of these predispositions is dependent
      upon certain non-specific experience. There is little evidence for an
      endogenously affected sensitive period for imprinting. It is more likely that the
      end of sensitivity is a result of the imprinting process itself. Similarly, it is
      now firmly established that filial and sexual preferences are reversible.
      Evidence suggests, however, that the first stimulus to which the young animal is
      exposed may exert a greater influence on filial preferences than subsequent
      stimuli. The learning process of imprinting is often regarded as being different
      from conventional associative learning. However, the imprinting object itself can
      function as a reinforcer. Recent studies have attempted to test predictions from
      an interpretation of filial imprinting as a form of associative learning. The
      first results suggest that 'blocking' may occur in imprinting, whilst there is no
      evidence for 'overshadowing'. Social interactions with siblings and parent(
      surrogates) have been shown to affect the formation of filial and sexual
      preferences. The influence of these interactions is particularly prominent in
      sexual imprinting, making earlier claims about naive species-specific biases
      unlikely. Although auditory stimuli play an important role in the formation of
      social attachments, there is little evidence for auditory imprinting per se.
      Auditory preferences formed as a result of mere (pre- or postnatal) exposure are
      relatively weak and short-lasting. Exposure to visual stimuli during auditory
      training significantly improves auditory learning, possibly through a process of
      reinforcement. It is becoming increasingly clear that filial and sexual
      imprinting are two different (although perhaps analogous) processes. Different
      mechanisms are likely to underlie the two processes, although there is evidence
      to suggest that the same brain region is involved in recognition of familiar
      stimuli in both filial and sexual imprinting. There is little evidence for a
      direct role of hormones in the learning process of imprinting. Androgen
      metabolism may be a factor constraining the development of a predisposition in
      the chick. Research into the neural mechanism of filial imprinting in the chick
      has revealed that a restricted part of the forebrain (IMHV) is likely to be a
      site of memory storage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1801946
TI  - Of mice and kin: the functional significance of kin bias in social behaviour.
AB  - 1. Sharing recent ancestry (kinship) increases the degree of genetic similarity
      between individuals, where genetic similarity could mean anything from sharing a
      particular allele to sharing an entire genome. 2. Genetic similarity can
      influence behavioural and other responses between individuals in a number of
      ways, discriminatory and non-discriminatory. All are likely to result in kin
      bias, because of the correlation between genetic similarity and kinship, but only
      some should be regarded as involving kin discrimination. 3. Non-discriminatory
      kin bias could arise through close relatives sharing, for instance, physical
      characteristics (such as those influencing competitive ability), thresholds of
      behavioural response or requirements for particular resources. 4. Discriminatory
      kin bias could arise through the direct perception of genetic similarity between
      individuals (direct similarity discrimination) or the use of cues likely to
      correlate with genetic similarity (indirect similarity discrimination--of which
      kin discrimination is one form). Alternatively, it could arise incidentally
      through mistaken identity or discrimination at some other level, such as species
      identification. 5. Experiments with laboratory and wild house mice have revealed
      kin bias in a number of contexts, including (a) parental and infanticidal
      behaviour, (b) sexual development and behaviour and (c) investigatory behaviour
      and passive body contact among juveniles and adults. 6. While kin bias in mice
      has been interpreted as evidence for kin discrimination, there are several
      problems with such an interpretation. These include (a) pronounced and complex
      effects of familiarity on discrimination, (b) a high risk of error-proneness in
      the indirect cues used in apparent kin discrimination and (c) weak and easily
      disrupted kin bias effects in certain contexts. 7. Consideration of social
      structure and discriminatory responses within populations of wild house mice
      leads to an alternative explanation for some kin bias in terms of incidental
      discrimination based on social group membership. 8. Several results from
      laboratory experiments suggest incidental discrimination is a more parsimonious
      explanation than kin discrimination for some intrasexual kin bias in behaviour.
      However, kin or direct similarity discrimination appears to be the most likely
      explanation for other aspects of intrasexual kin bias and for intersexual kin
      bias.

PMID- 1801947
TI  - Differentiation of neuroblastoma cells: a useful model for neurobiology and
      cancer.

PMID- 1801948
TI  - Mammalian extinctions in the late Pleistocene of northern Eurasia and North
      America.
AB  - The 'mass extinctions' at the end of the Pleistocene were unique, both in the
      Pleistocene and earlier in the geological record, in that the species lost were
      nearly all large terrestrial mammals. Although a global phenomenon, late
      Pleistocene extinctions were most severe in North America, South America and
      Australia, and moderate in northern Eurasia (Europe plus Soviet Asia). In Africa,
      where nearly all of the late Pleistocene 'megafauna' survives to the present day,
      losses were slight. Ruling out epidemic disease or cosmic catastrophe, the
      contending hypotheses to explain late Pleistocene extinctions are: (a) failure to
      adapt to climatic/environmental change; and (b) extermination by human hunters
      ('prehistoric overkill'). This review focuses on extinctions in northern Eurasia
      (mainly Europe) in comparison with North America. In addition to reviewing the
      faunal evidence, the highly relevant environmental and archaeological backgrounds
      are summarized. The latest survival dates of extinct species are estimated from
      stratigraphic occurrences of fossil remains, radiocarbon dates, or association
      with archaeological industries. The Middle and Upper Pleistocene (ca. 700,000
      10,000 BP) in northern Eurasia and North America was a time of constantly
      changing climate, ranging from phases of extensive glaciation in cold stages, to
      temperate periods (interglacials). In the Lateglacial (ca. 15,000-10,000 BP),
      during which most extinctions occurred, there was a major reorganization of
      vegetation, mainly involving the replacement of open vegetation by forests. These
      changes were more profound than earlier in the Last Cold Stage, but similar in
      nature to vegetational changes that took place at previous cold
      stage/interglacial transitions. The archaeological record shows that humans have
      been present in Europe since the early Middle Pleistocene. The arrival in Europe
      ca. 35,000 BP of 'anatomically modern humans', with their technologically more
      advanced upper palaeolithic industries, was a 'quantum leap' in human history.
      Extinctions occurred throughout the European Pleistocene, but until the late
      Pleistocene most losses were replaced by the evolution or immigration of new
      species, and most of those lost without replacement were small mammals. In marked
      contrast, extinctions without replacement in the late Pleistocene were almost
      entirely confined to the largest mammals (greater than 1000 kg) and some medium
      large species (100-1000 kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1801949
TI  - The cytological prediction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in
      colposcopically directed biopsies.
AB  - The tissue sections and preceding cervical smears of 1262 women who had
      colposcopic cervical biopsies were reviewed and the reports correlated. Close
      correlation between the cytological and histological findings, to within one
      histological grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), was noted in 86%
      of cases. However, the biopsy was negative, or contained evidence of wart virus
      infection only, in 24% of cases where dyskaryotic cells had been observed in the
      cervical smear. Of particular concern was the fact that negative histological
      findings were recorded in 13% of cases where the smear contained cells showing a
      moderate dyskaryosis and in 1.26% of cases where the smear showed severe
      dyskaryosis. This suggests that colposcopically directed biopsies do not always
      reflect the underlying pathological changes in the cervix. Management of these
      cases is discussed. In 45 women with a normal cervical smear prior to biopsy,
      histology revealed seven cases of CIN 3 and one case of invasive squamous
      carcinoma. This indicates that referral for colposcopy is advisable whenever
      there is clinical suspicion of cancer, even if the cervical smear report is
      normal.

PMID- 1801950
TI  - Out-patient peritoneal lavage cytology in the detection of residual epithelial
      ovarian cancer.
AB  - Peritoneal lavage fluid cytology was performed in 87 out-patients with
      histologically proven epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing primary management. A
      total of 246 peritoneal lavages were attempted, usually with temporary cannulae
      (n = 229). From these, 184 samples were obtained, of which 156 (85%) were
      suitable for cytological analysis. The sensitivity of peritoneal lavage fluid
      cytology in 67 patients with known residual disease was 57% whereas serum CA 125
      levels were elevated in 58 (87%). Pre- and post-treatment peritoneal lavage fluid
      cytology had prognostic value, but this was less than that of serum CA 125
      measurements.

PMID- 1801951
TI  - Rapid cervical cytology screening.
AB  - 2030 Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears were submitted for rapid screening
      prior to routine screening; 30 seconds were allowed for each slide, and those
      thought to be abnormal were identified. The results were compared with those of
      conventional screening. All severe and moderately dyskaryotic cases were detected
      by the rapid technique, as were the majority of mild dyskaryosis and borderline
      cases. When a laboratory has a backlog it may be worth rapid-screening all slides
      in addition to routine screening, so that patients most at risk can receive
      prompt treatment.

PMID- 1801952
TI  - Fine needle aspiration of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule.
AB  - A case of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule (umbilical metastasis) is described from a
      primary adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon. Needle aspiration cytology made
      the diagnosis which was confirmed by immunocytochemical localization of CEA,
      B72.3, EMA, and cytokeratin in the tumour cells. Extensive mucus production in
      the tumour cells was demonstrated by alcian blue and mucicarmine stains.

PMID- 1801953
TI  - Exogenous lipoid pneumonitis due to Vicks Vaporub inhalation diagnosed by fine
      needle aspiration cytology.

PMID- 1801954
TI  - Trends in cesarean section deliveries in Canada.
AB  - Recent trends in cesarean section deliveries in Canada were explored using 1970
      1988/89 hospitalization data from Statistics Canada's morbidity data base. The
      rate in Canada increased from 5.8 cesarean sections per 100 hospital deliveries
      in 1970 to 19.5 in 1988/89 and paralleled the increase in rates seen in the
      United States, which went from 5.5 to 24.7 during the same period. Canada had the
      second highest rate among the countries studied and in the last year of the study
      the Canadian rate was almost double that of the United Kingdom. Provincially the
      rates were highest in Newfoundland (23.3) and lowest in Manitoba (15.5). Cesarean
      sections were more frequent among women aged 35+ (27.3 per 100 hospital
      deliveries) compared with (13.9) for women under 20 years of age. Vaginal births
      after a previous cesarean increased significantly during the last 10 years from 3
      per 100 previous cesarean sections in 1979/80 to 15.6 in 1988/89, perhaps
      indicating a significant shift in obstetric practice.

PMID- 1801955
TI  - National health insurance and private psychiatry.
AB  - From 1972-73 to 1988-89, the number of Canadian psychiatrists doubled. Most
      psychiatrists are in fee-for-service practice. The median earnings of
      psychiatrists are close to those of internists. There is lack of psychiatric
      services available, but not a lack of psychiatrists. The lack of services is due
      largely to the allocation of psychiatric resources. The maldistribution of
      psychiatrists is increasing as more settle in urban centres. The U.S. General
      Medical National Advisory Council recommends that psychiatry spend two thirds of
      clinical time treating severe illnesses such as psychoses. Before any changes are
      made to the structure of Canadian psychiatry, more data are needed on patterns of
      fee-for-service practice, the characteristics of patients, the course and outcome
      of private psychiatric care, and alternative patterns of practice in which
      psychiatrists are consultants to family physicians and non-medical therapists.

PMID- 1801956
TI  - Measuring hospital productivity and output: the omission of outpatient services.
AB  - A common measure of hospital productivity is the "cost per patient day". This
      measure, however, has a variety of drawbacks, one of which is its omission of
      outpatient care in the measure of hospital output, since a patient day is merely
      a measure of the volume of patient services, while the cost of outpatient
      services is included in the input. This study uses information from the
      Statistics Canada Annual Return of Hospitals to examine the volume of inpatient,
      outpatient and total patient services, to separate inpatient and outpatient costs
      and to study hospital productivity from 1976 to 1987-88 using both inpatient cost
      per patient day and outpatient cost per outpatient visit. Operating costs for
      Canadian public hospitals, in constant dollars, increased by 38.5% from 1976 to
      1987-88. A large increase in hospital costs is not cause for concern unless costs
      are rising faster than hospital output. There does seem to be some indication
      that this is the case. The productivity of public hospitals in Canada, measured
      by "cost per patient day," has fallen by 19.8% from 1976 to 987-88. However, a
      major drawback to this measure of hospital productivity is that outpatient
      services were not included in the measure of output and therefore the
      productivity of hospitals is underestimated. When inpatient costs and services
      are separated from outpatient costs and services, inpatient services productivity
      as measured by inpatient cost per patient day still declines but only by 16.3%.
      On the other hand, outpatient cost per outpatient visit decreased by 2.3%,
      indicating an increase in productivity.

PMID- 1801957
TI  - Peptic ulcers: mortality and hospitalization.
AB  - This study analyzes data on peptic ulcer disease based on deaths for 1951-1988
      and hospital separations for 1969-1988. The source of the data are mortality and
      morbidity statistics provided to Statistics Canada by the provinces. The age
      standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for peptic ulcer disease decreased from 1951
      to 1988 by 69.4% for men (8.5 to 2.6 per 100,000 population), and 31.8% for women
      (2.2 to 1.5). Separation rates from hospitals during 1969-1988 for peptic ulcer
      disease also decreased by 59.8% for men (242.7 to 97.6 per 100,000 population)
      and 35.6% for women (103.2 to 66.5). Age-specific rates for both mortality and
      hospital separations increased with age. Epidemiological studies indicate that
      the incidence of peptic ulcer disease is declining in the general population. The
      downward trends in mortality and hospitalization rates for peptic ulcer disease
      reflect this change in incidence, but additional factors probably contribute as
      well to this decline. Male rates for both mortality and hospital separations were
      much higher than female rates at the beginning of the study period; but toward
      the end, the gap between the sexes narrowed considerably, mainly because the male
      rates declined substantially while the female rates decline moderately. The
      slower decline in the rates for women may be related to such factors as the
      increasing labour force participation among women and the slower decline in the
      population of female smokers.

PMID- 1801958
TI  - Towards a better use of health records for statistical purposes.

PMID- 1801959
TI  - Annual hospital preliminary 1989-90.

PMID- 1801960
TI  - List of residential care facilities, 1990.

PMID- 1801961
TI  - Nursing in Canada--1990.

PMID- 1801962
TI  - Drugs and the liver. Part II. The role of the antipyrine test in drug metabolism
      studies.

PMID- 1801963
TI  - Bioavailability of fluvoxamine given with and without food.
AB  - The influence of concomitant food intake on plasma concentrations of the
      antidepressant drug fluvoxamine maleate was investigated in a two-way, crossover
      study design. Eight male and four female healthy, young volunteers received a
      single oral dose of fluvoxamine maleate (50 mg, tablet) on two occasions: after
      an overnight fast and immediately after a breakfast. Food did not affect maximum
      fluvoxamine plasma levels (Cmax), or the time to reach Cmax (tmax). The plasma
      AUC of fluvoxamine was on average 7 per cent lower in the fed than in the fasted
      state. It is concluded that the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of
      fluvoxamine is negligible.

PMID- 1801964
TI  - Single oral dose pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of danazol in
      humans.
AB  - A comparative bioavailability study was conducted with two capsule formulations
      of danazol (200 mg) in 16 healthy adult male volunteers. Fasting subjects
      received single doses (400 mg) of each formulation on separate occasions 1 week
      apart. Blood samples were drawn at specified times up to 32 h after the dose and
      danazol concentrations in plasma were determined by a specific and sensitive HPLC
      method. The results for one subject were excluded as outlier values. The data
      from the other 15 subjects showed small differences, which did not achieve
      statistical significance between the formulations with respect to Cmax, Tpeak and
      AUC0-infinity. The mean elimination half-life for danazol was 9.44 +/- SD 2.74 h
      and the mean apparent total body clearance was 710 +/- SD 2161 h-1. These data
      differed from previously published results, probably as a result of the more
      sensitive and specific assay method used in the present work. It is likely that a
      high proportion of the oral dose of danazol is eliminated by presystemic
      metabolism.

PMID- 1801965
TI  - In vivo evaluation of the semi-simultaneous method for bioavailability estimation
      using controlled intravenous infusion as an 'extravascular' route of
      administration.
AB  - A recently proposed method for bioavailability estimation, called the semi
      simultaneous method, was evaluated in vivo in rats using methysergide as a test
      substance. In this method the test and the reference dose are administered with a
      short time interval and a model including the bioavailability parameters is
      fitted to the concentration-time profile. In the present study, in order to
      control the true bioavailability, intravenous infusion was used to mimic
      extravascular administration and various input profiles were produced. Mono-, bi-
      and triexponential disposition functions with the true and also various erroneous
      input models were fitted to the individual data sets. The models were also fitted
      to truncated data sets to mimic a situation where a long duration of sampling is
      precluded. A combined fitting-deconvolution procedure was also applied. The simi
      simultaneous method gave precise and accurate estimates of the bioavailability in
      most groups and a robustness in the estimate concerning the model fitted was
      noted. The true input model could be identified for all data sets using common
      goodness-of-fit criteria. In the groups where a 'flip-flop' situation was created
      (slower input than elimination) a poorer precision and accuracy and a higher
      sensitivity concerning the model fitted was observed. The model fitting and the
      fitting-deconvolution procedure generally gave very similar results.

PMID- 1801966
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ambenonium, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, in rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ambenonium, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, in
      rats was investigated following intravenous administration of the drug. Mean
      residence time and steady state volume of distribution were 23-36 min and 0.20
      0.311 kg-1, respectively, and were dose independent at the dose of 0.3-3 mumole
      kg-1. Total body clearance of 8.2 ml min-1 kg-1 over 0.3 mumole kg-1 was slightly
      increased to 11.3 ml min-1 kg-1 at 3 mumole kg-1. Renal clearance was also
      increased with the increase of the dose, while hepatobiliary clearance was
      substantially constant. Ambenonium was highly concentrated in the liver, kidney,
      spleen, and lung. About 30 per cent of the dose is concentrically stored in the
      liver at 6 h after administration, and had not disappeared after 24 h.

PMID- 1801967
TI  - The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of pentisomide.
AB  - The effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of pentisomide (CM7857), an orally
      effective antiarrhythmic agent, were studied in two groups of volunteers. Sixteen
      young volunteers (mean age 26.4 years) and 10 elderly volunteers (mean age 67.8
      years) received a single 200 mg oral dose of pentisomide. Mean AUC was larger and
      terminal elimination half-life longer in the elderly subjects, due to a decrease
      in total plasma clearance of pentisomide in the elderly. This decrease was due to
      a reduction in renal clearance of the drug which was paralleled by a
      significantly lower creatinine clearance in the elderly subjects. Dosage
      reduction, or a reduced frequency of dosing of pentisomide would be necessary in
      the elderly or those with impaired renal function.

PMID- 1801968
TI  - Injection site dependence of the appearance of sulfobromophthalein and
      phenolphthalein in bile.

PMID- 1801969
TI  - Growth hormone deficiency dental considerations.

PMID- 1801970
TI  - Know your probes.

PMID- 1801971
TI  - Oral changes in older adults.

PMID- 1801972
TI  - Pit and fissure sealants: why aren't they being used?

PMID- 1801973
TI  - Medical history update.

PMID- 1801974
TI  - Ischemic lesions of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells during preservation of rat
      liver for transplantation.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effects of cold and normothermic preservation on liver
      morphology, rat livers were placed in Collins' and NaCl 0.9% solutions at 4
      degrees C and 25 degrees C, for 3.12 and 24 hours. Hepatocytes morphology was
      remarkably well conserved during cold preservation; in normothermy, only after 24
      hours we noted hepatocytes swelling and karyorhexis. On the contrary, sinusoidal
      cells lesions were earlier (at 3 hours) and became irreversible after 12 hours of
      cold preservation. The signs of irreversibility (sinusoidal cells detached from
      the adjacent hepatocytes, pyknotic nuclei and karyolysis) were observed at an
      earlier stage than in normothermic conditions and during preservation in NaCl
      0.9%. The mean diameter of hepatocytar nucleus and the mean hepatocytar diameter
      were modified, compared with the control livers, only after 24 hours of
      preservation in Collins' solution. Mean sinusoidal area alone was modified at 12
      hours of cold preservation in Collins' solution (9.80% versus 12.10% in
      controls). Both histological changes and morphometric data sustained the idea
      that in liver preservation, sinusoidal cell lesions appeared earlier than the
      hepatocytes lesions. In evaluating the reversibility of the ischemic damage,
      attention should be focussed on the events in the sinusoidal wall.

PMID- 1801975
TI  - Acute experimental pancreatitis--morphological evidence for the development of a
      multiple organ failure syndrome.
AB  - In order to evaluate the systemic lesions during acute pancreatitis (AP) we
      produced the disease in rats by ligation of the common biliopancreatic duct. The
      animals were killed at 4, 24, 48 hours and at 7 days. Serum values of amylase
      appear increased 24 hours after common biliopancreatic duct ligation, decreased
      after 48 hours and remain at a low range at 7 days. The pancreatic lesions were:
      interstitial oedema, pancreatic ducts dilatation, necrosis, hemorrhages and
      extensive fat necroses in the peripancreatic area, retroperitoneum and mesentery.
      We also found signs of systemic damage, suggestive for a multiple organ failure
      syndrome in the lung (hemorrhages, neutrophils accumulation, microthromboses),
      stomach (erosive and hemorrhagic gastritis) and mild kidney hemorrhages. Thus we
      succeed in producing a pathological picture similar to the multiple organ failure
      syndrome (MOFS) lesions in a rat model by a mechanism similar to human biliary
      AP. This model could be useful in therapeutic studies and in further research in
      the field of pathogenesis of MOFS during AP.

PMID- 1801976
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of Ca2+ in the Golgi apparatus of two different cell
      types.
AB  - The precipitation reaction with potassium oxalate was used to investigate the
      subcellular localization of Ca2+ in atrial myocardocytes and in Schwann cells of
      non-myelinated nerve fibers. Chelation with EGTA was used to prove the presence
      of Ca2+ in the electronoopaque deposits. In both cell types the oxalate reaction
      was intense in the classically described Ca2+ deposits: the perinuclear cisterna,
      the endo (sarco) plasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial matrix, but also in a novel
      localization: the cisternae of the Golgi stack in all cis to trans positions,
      suggesting that Golgi Apparatus is a major intracellular Ca2+ pool.

PMID- 1801977
TI  - On the prenatal noxious effects of trypan blue and of a related azo dye.
AB  - Since 1948 trypan blue has been a well-known and extensively used experimental
      teratogen, belonging to the group of azo dyes. Chemically, trypan blue consists
      of a biphenyl molecule (0-tolidine or benzidine) combined by means of azo
      linkages with two molecules of a substituted naphthalene. Between 1987-89 the
      effect of the replacement of the biphenyl molecule by a molecule of p,p'
      diaminobenzanilide upon the prenatal noxious action of trypan blue has been
      controlled. Investigations were carried out on three species: chick embryos,
      albino rats and albino mice. In the species used, the replacement annihilates the
      teratogenic properties of the dye, with the persistence of some embryotoxic
      effects. On the other hand, the control of o-tolidine and of p,p'
      diaminobenzanilide revealed that no one had teratogenic properties (only some
      embryotoxic effect, more marked in the case of o-tolidine). It results that the
      teratogenic action of trypan blue cannot be attributed to the o-tolidine molecule
      proper but to an effect which results (in a for the moment unknown manner) from
      its combination with the other parts of the dye molecule.

PMID- 1801978
TI  - The cytochemical reaction of alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE) in peripheral
      blood lymphocytes of human cancer.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from neoplasic patients have been investigated by
      cytochemical analyses of alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase (ANAE), marker of both
      cellular types and differentiation, maturation stages in relation with
      immunobiologic background of cancer. Our studies employed 32 cancerous human
      patients and compared them to 13 healthy people used as controls. The
      cytoenzymatic analysis was performed on whole blood samples, mononuclear cell
      concentrates (PBL) and rosetted ET and E45 preparations. ANAE dot like reaction,
      marker for mature T lymphocytes, considered by some authors to be specific to T
      helper lymphocytes, is present in a reduced number of lymphocytes, markedly below
      the control values. ANAE dot like positive lymphocytes reached average values of
      22.5% (12-30%) in peripheral blood samples, 22% (6-32%) in mononuclear cell
      concentrate (PBL) and 21.3% (12-30%) in rosetted ET preparations, respectively.
      Comparing the cytoenzymatic data to those immunologically obtained with rosetted
      ET, we found out that the average values of ANAE dot like reacted lymphocytes,
      i.e. 22% (22.9-24.3%) were much lower than those of ET lymphocytes rosetted with
      sheep red blood cells, i.e. 60% (32-75%). The percentage of ANAE dot like reacted
      lymphocytes was also lower than that of T helper lymphocytes (40.2%). Therefore,
      there is a dissociation between ET rosetting capacity and the expression of ANAE
      dot like enzymatic reaction, the latter being more reduced than the former. Our
      results indicate that the deficiency present in ANAE dot like reaction is due to
      a constant important decrease of ANAE dot like positive lymphocytes, what
      suggests a functional deficiency of T helper lymphocytes in neoplasic
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1801979
TI  - Morphological and biochemical characteristics in the experimentally treated rats
      with indigenous synthetical products used as pesticides.
AB  - In acute experimental intoxication with 3 indigenous pesticides (Tripinacloraz,
      Lemax and Maleic Hydrazide-Na salt) the changes of some biochemical parameters,
      reflecting the degree of hepatic structural alterations, were studied. The
      pesticides were administered by gastric gavage in a single dose close to DL50 to
      Wistar male rats. The morphological alterations were in good correlation with a
      different hepatocellular levels localization. Reversible morphological lesions
      (granulovascuolar like dystrophy and circulatory disorders) without any
      pathological significance on dose-effect correlation induced a progressive
      response especially on serum ceruloplasmine, leucinaminopeptidase and
      lactatdehydrogenase.

PMID- 1801980
TI  - [Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the intestinal tract].

PMID- 1801982
TI  - Evolution of carcinoma in situ under intravesical Romanian Bacille Calmette
      Guerin therapy.
AB  - We analysed the evolution of 33 cases with carcinoma in situ (Cis) of the urinary
      bladder using the intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy (2 cases
      with primary Cis, 20 cases discovered at 4 quadrant biopsies within surgical
      treatment of superficial bladder tumours and 5 cases discovered at 3 monthly
      evaluation cystoscopy and chromocystoscopy). The mean period of follow-up was 40
      months. Our protocol of immunotherapy was maintained for 3 years (8 weekly
      instillations with 100 mg Romanian--modified Pasteur BCG vaccine in 50 ml of
      saline, followed by monthly instillations for 10 months and then 3 monthly
      instillations for 2 years with the same doses). We described the great importance
      of this "long-course treatment": 12 cases with persistent Cis after 6 months and
      2 cases with persistent Cis after 21 months. During September 1984-August 1990 we
      registered 6 invasive tumours (18.18%). These results showed the dynamic
      evolution of Cis under long-term intravesical immune BCG stimulation.

PMID- 1801981
TI  - Urothelial bladder biopsy--important evolution prognosis factor of superficial
      bladder cancer under intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy.
AB  - During 11 years we investigated the value of multiple randomised biopsies (4
      quadrant) and by in vivo staining with methylene blue (chromocystoscopy) of 231
      cases with superficial bladder tumours under complementary intravesical Bacille
      Calmette-Guerin therapy (3 years of immunotherapic treatment after our protocol).
      We discovered the appearance of 20 cases with carcinoma insitu (Cis) and 105
      cases with different degrees of dysplasia (simple, medium and severe). We
      demonstrated 69.44% pathological bladder biopsies on normal-looking mucosa. 75%
      of the recurrent tumours (44 cases-22.44%) had pathological bladder urothel al
      field modifications associated with bladder cancer. On this occasion, we point
      out the highest prognostic value of the complex protocol of superficial bladder
      tumour evaluation based on the study of the bladder biopsies as an essential
      parameter.

PMID- 1801983
TI  - Causal factors in the evolutive morphogenesis of the body's axial organ (note I).

PMID- 1801984
TI  - Microscopic patterns in surgically removed spleens.
AB  - 348 spleens surgically removed have been examined microscopically and classified
      into 3 groups: (I) 154 emergency splenectomies (86 traumatic ruptures, 44
      enlarged supramesocolic exeresis, 44 cirrhosis), (II) 143 therapeutic
      splenectomies (135 cases of hypersplenism among which 10 apparently primitive, 7
      myeloproliferative syndromes, 1 hairy cell leukemia), and (III) 51 diagnostic
      splenectomies (7 non specific inflammations, 2 tuberculosis, 1 mycosis, 6
      echinococcosis, 12 leukemias, 9 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 13 Hodgkin's lymphomas,
      1 primary splenic hemangioma). The study of the first group material, obtained
      especially of traumatic rupture, has been very valuable to follow the spleen
      microscopic structure in normal humans of different age. The latter two group
      cases have raised interesting problems of microscopic diagnosis, permitting at
      the same time a better understanding of the pathology of this organ.

PMID- 1801985
TI  - Case of biliary lithiasis in an infant.
AB  - The case of a 3-month-old premature infant deceased by massive hemorrhage from a
      giant hemangioma of the right thigh, exhibiting also biliary lithiasis, is
      discussed. The six dark-green-blackish faceted calculi contained by the gall
      bladder appear to be formed of biliary pigment and the consequence of repeated
      inflammatory hemolytic episodes in an immunodeficient infant.

PMID- 1801986
TI  - Osteosarcoma of soft tissues. A case report.
AB  - The case of a 78-year old man with a non adherent subcutaneous tumour in the
      right iliac fossa was presented. In about one year and a half it stretched on the
      third superior part of the fore right thigh and appeared under the shape of a
      hard plate free from the osseous tissue. Microscopically, besides some
      fibrosarcomatous proliferations or very slightly differentiated ones with osteoid
      structures, the predominance of the osteosarcomatous images was found. The
      problems of pathogenesis and diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcomas were
      discussed.

PMID- 1801987
TI  - Application of laser and cryosurgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
AB  - The laser, with its ability to use electromagnetic energy in its most efficient
      and concentrated form, has held out promise as a surgical tool for 20 years.
      However, its early promise has not been fulfilled, and with a few isolated
      exceptions, the laser has not gained widespread acceptance in surgical circles.
      Recent developments regarding delivery systems and different lasing media have,
      however, stimulated renewed interest. Similarly, cryosurgery, with its ability to
      devitalize tissues by the use of extreme cold, has been available in a
      controllable form in surgery for nearly 30 years. Lack of precision has prevented
      its widespread use, but it may still have an important role in a number of
      specialized areas, such as cryoneurectomy and the management of locally
      aggressive tumors of bone.

PMID- 1801988
TI  - Maxillofacial trauma assessment and treatment.
AB  - There have been significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of
      maxillofacial injuries. A thorough discussion addresses these advances and their
      impact on treatment results.

PMID- 1801989
TI  - Advances in preprosthetic surgery and implantation.
AB  - The literature during the past year reflects a decreased emphasis on the use of
      nonresorbable hydroxylapatite implants in preprosthetic surgery and an increase
      in application of resorbable, or biodegradable, bone substitutes in the form of
      porous bone mineral and other biodegradable materials. The use of these materials
      as composite grafts with autogenous particulate marrow and cancellous bone has
      been reported in long-range studies. The use of bone induction substances with
      appropriate carries materials has likewise received emphasis in developing areas
      of appropriate clinical application. Intraosseous titanium implants placed in
      deficient bone areas have involved the use of graft materials and microporous
      membranes. The future application of bone inductive techniques with appropriate
      degradable and nondegradable carrier materials and autogenous bone with
      microporous membranes appears to affect bone regeneration and alveolar bone
      maintenance.

PMID- 1801990
TI  - Skeletal reconstruction in cleft palate patients.
AB  - Improved management techniques of secondary cleft palate deformities are steadily
      evolving. The year's literature under review focuses mostly on the various
      methods available for establishing a complete and stable dental arch. Bone from
      the mandibular symphysis seems to offer a more reliable source of autogenous bone
      than do other sites, although if the residual cleft is large, this site may not
      provide sufficient bone. The optimum time to graft the alveolus appears to be
      after the incisors have erupted, but before the canine root has fully formed and
      the crown broken through the mucosa. Mucoperiosteal flaps give better long-term
      results than do mucosal flaps. Long-term stability of the alveolar segments may
      be achieved with extended bridges, and the use of rigid internal fixation may
      offer better three dimensional stability of the maxilla following advancement and
      inferior repositioning. Pharyngeal flaps have a detrimental effect on stability
      of the maxilla after advancement, although they may have a beneficial effect on
      velopharyngeal function after maxillary surgery.

PMID- 1801991
TI  - Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.
AB  - Cancer of the oral cavity is fortunately rare in the Western world. However,
      rates are rising and are comparatively high in lower socioeconomic groups and in
      many metropolitan areas. Whenever possible, cancer of the oral cavity should be
      distinguished from "head and neck" cancers, because "site" is so important in the
      behavior of the disease. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages
      of various methods of diagnosis, therapy, reconstruction, social rehabilitation,
      and pain control of oral cancer and of head and neck cancer.

PMID- 1801992
TI  - Benign tumors of the jaws.
AB  - There are a variety of types of benign tumors of the jaws, ranging from tumors
      developed from the odontogenic tissues to regular osseous tumors and dysplasias.
      During the last 20 years, the World Health Organization classification on
      odontogenic tumors, neoplasms, and lesions related to bone has been used. This
      year, a revised edition will appear, and this review has been based on the
      revised edition. A number of good articles have been published during the period
      of review (late 1988 to early 1991). An attempt has been made to extract the
      essence of these papers.

PMID- 1801993
TI  - Epidemiology of oral diseases.
AB  - Recent epidemiologic findings for coronal and root surface caries, enamel
      fluorosis, and the periodontal diseases are reviewed. Incidences of coronal
      caries in children have continued to decline (at an accelerated rate in some
      populations) during the 1980s. Two possible reasons other than fluorides for
      these trends are a change in providers' criteria for treatment of pit and fissure
      caries and the use of dental sealants. Further declines are anticipated,
      particularly if benefits resulting from preventive programs can be extended to
      lower socioeconomic groups. The study of root caries has evolved to include
      concerns of standardized measurement, documentation of incidence in addition to
      prevalence, and use of multivariate analyses to identify potential explanatory
      variables. Evidence supports an increase in the prevalence of enamel fluorosis,
      generally of the milder forms; use of fluoride supplements and toothpastes at an
      early age may be risk factors for this condition. The prevalence of severe
      periodontal disease in the general population is low. Initial assessments of
      risks for periodontal disease progression have identified a number of potential
      factors that are related to the diseases in a complex way. Significant analytic
      advances have been made to aid in risk-factor identification.

PMID- 1801994
TI  - Access to appropriate dental care.
AB  - For this review, publications were considered in the context of a broad
      definition of access to dental care, including the ability to gain available,
      appropriate services as determined by personal, economic, cultural, geographic,
      and other factors. None of the studies fully integrated the multiple dimensions
      explicit in this definition. Nonetheless, it is clear that certain segments (ie,
      the poor and members of racial and ethnic minoritites) of the US population use
      dental services less frequently. When these people do use the system, they are
      less likely to receive preventive services and more likely to have a dental
      emergency. The availability of services to poor populations through Medicaid
      programs is compromised due to low provider participation, which is attributed to
      dissatisfaction with reimbursement rates and limitations in the breadth of
      covered services. Concerning the appropriateness of care, it is shown that
      practices with homogenous patient populations vary widely in the rates of the
      types of services provided.

PMID- 1801995
TI  - Quality of dental care.
AB  - Studies on the quality of dental care have included several models that view the
      subject broadly, far beyond technical quality. However, most studies are based on
      some variation of the structure, process, outcome approach. In addition, there
      has been presentation of data on the quality and distribution of services, as
      well as information tied more directly to evaluation of clinical performance. The
      wide variations found within the reports raise cause for concern about the
      adequacy of care. The development of quality assurance activities in dental
      schools has been discussed. However, as yet there has been little application of
      quality assessment and assurance measures to the vast majority of dental
      practices.

PMID- 1801996
TI  - Prevention of oral diseases and oral health promotion.
AB  - Research and activities, as promoted in 1989 and 1990, in oral disease prevention
      and health promotion are summarized. Significant syntheses of research findings
      have occurred, as a result of planning and workship activities, which will direct
      oral health promotion in the 1990s. Original research on established and new
      preventive therapies for dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral mucosal
      alterations, soft-tissue lesions, precancers and cancers, and trauma are
      reported, opportunities to prevent oral diseases or maintain oral health through
      changes in individual behaviors, professional orientation, and social and
      environmental changes are addressed.

PMID- 1801998
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature.

PMID- 1801997
TI  - International dental public health.
AB  - Dental public health workers around the world are considering the service
      implications of changing patterns of dental health. In industrialized countries,
      with few exceptions, caries levels are declining among adolescents and young
      adults, but there are signs that this may not now be the case in the very young.
      The situation in developing countries is equivocal. In an effort to target
      resources more efficiently, efforts to detect those at high risk to caries
      continue. However, there still seems no better predictor than the caries
      experience of the individual or group. With reducing levels of dental caries,
      greater interest is being shown in the epidemiology of periodontal disease.
      Despite the acceptance by Federation Dentaire Internationale of the Community
      Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs as a suitable measure of community
      periodontal health, some workers still have reservations of its value. With
      increasing numbers of elderly people retaining greater numbers of teeth,
      investigations into patterns of adult caries, particularly root caries, are
      increasing. Collaboration among health workers on an international basis would
      enhance knowledge in these disciplines.

PMID- 1801999
TI  - Bacterial infections of oral soft tissues.
AB  - Bacterial infections of the oral soft tissues are not particularly common. When
      they occur, they can often be rapidly progressive and even fatal without prompt
      diagnosis, drainage, and antibiotic therapy. Most infections are caused by
      endogenous oral bacteria that have overcome the host immune system as a result of
      surgery or, more frequently, because of underlying defects in the innate or
      specific immune systems. The role of oral anaerobes in these infections is
      increasingly being realized, and empirical antibiotic therapy should always take
      account of the possibility of anaerobic involvement in any infection. More
      research is required into infected mucositis in patients with hematologic
      malignancies and the possible importance of enterobacteria in infections of the
      oral mucosa in debilitated patients. Surveillance cultures may help improve
      management of therapy.

PMID- 1802000
TI  - Bacterial infections of salivary glands.
AB  - Bacterial infections of the salivary glands are most often seen in the setting of
      diminished salivary function. In uncompromised individuals, such infections are
      rare. With the widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics and better maintenance
      of fluid balance, even the postoperative patient rarely presents with bacterial
      sialadenitis. The major recent advance in knowledge in this area is the
      recognition of the pathogenic role of gram-negative facultative anaerobes and
      strict anaerobic organisms in bacterial infections of salivary glands.

PMID- 1802001
TI  - Superficial oral fungal infections.
AB  - Fungal infections in humans are provoked and exacerbated by defects in the
      cellular immune system. Hence, the emergence of novel clinical variants of oral
      candidoses and rare mycoses with the pandemic spread of human immunodeficiency
      virus infection is not surprising. The new clinical entities of oral candidoses
      that have been described in the past few years have had a significant impact on
      the classification of these diseases. Classification of oral candidoses is an
      issue addressed in some detail here. Angular cheilitis is a disease commonly
      associated with Candida infection. In the West, it is frequently seen in the
      elderly, but a report from Asia indicates that the disease may be prevalent in
      the young age groups due to factors such as anemia, despite the similarity of the
      infective agents. A novel cofactor implicated in infectious states has been the
      host blood group secretor status, and data from three studies suggest that the
      latter may play an intriguing role in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis.
      Finally, a new mouse model has been described as a substitute for the rat model
      in investigating the host-parasite interactions in oral candidosis, and its pros
      and cons are reviewed.

PMID- 1802002
TI  - Oral lesions in the systemic mycoses.
AB  - Oral lesions have rarely been reported in systemic mycoses, though over the past
      few years they have been recorded particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
      The dramatic increase in numbers of immunocompromised persons, especially those
      infected with human immunodeficiency virus, has almost certainly been responsible
      for the increase in reports of oral disease caused by systemic mycoses,
      particularly aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis. However, reports
      of coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis have, as yet,
      increased little in this population. Dentists, when they observe chronic oral
      ulceration, chronic maxillary sinus infection, or bizarre mouth lesions
      (particularly in immunocompromised patients) should be aware of the possibility
      of a systemic mycosis. Amphotericin remains the standard therapy for most deep
      mycoses, while the newer azoles are the first-line agents for superficial
      mycoses, such as candidiasis, and are increasingly used in the deep mycoses.

PMID- 1802003
TI  - Dental specialty education.
AB  - Dental education has been the topic of considerable discussion in the dental
      literature during the period between February 1990 and January 1991. Emphasis has
      been given to the current financial and pedagogic problems facing the profession.
      It is a time of change, perhaps even great change, and this review focuses on
      those articles most significant for specialty education at the predoctoral and
      postdoctoral levels.

PMID- 1802004
TI  - The future of dental education.
AB  - This paper reviews the highlights of some of the current literature on the future
      of dental education and also focuses on a 10-year follow-up on certain aspects of
      the Pennsylvania Experiment.

PMID- 1802005
TI  - Increasing the medical training of dentists.
AB  - Dentists are entering complex diagnostic fields such as facial pain; carrying out
      advanced oral, periodontal, and maxillofacial procedures; and treating oral
      diseases by prescribing drugs with profound systemic effects. Concurrently, the
      population is living longer by taking multiple medications and undergoing
      sophisticated surgical procedures. The modern dentist requires more extrinsic and
      practical medical training to deal with these realities. This review advocates
      that courses in physical and laboratory diagnosis, pathophysiology, and internal
      medicine be expanded in the dental school curriculum and supplemented by
      practical clinical experience.

PMID- 1802006
TI  - Faculty and staff development in dental education.
AB  - While five dental schools in the United States closed, and the total number of
      faculty shrunk from 3789 to 3335 in the last decade, the overall quality of
      faculty went up. This is because of a healthy turnover of staff; about half of
      the new faculty are recruited from advanced education programs, and present
      faculty members retire at a higher rate. Dental schools are in the midst of a
      revolution of health care delivery resulting from changes in disease patterns, in
      particular decreased caries prevalence in children, less edentulousness in
      adults, and increasing numbers of aging, medically compromised patients. These
      changes have an effect on faculty buildup and development, and there is a growing
      need for teachers who are more knowledgeable in medicine and better skilled in
      adult general dentistry. Clinical faculty will be trained in treating medically
      compromised patients and will be better acquainted with subjects such as oral
      medicine, medical emergencies, pain and anxiety control, pharmacology,
      anesthesia, and geriatric dentistry. Staff and faculty should also be qualified
      in management skills and cost effectiveness.

PMID- 1802007
TI  - Etiology of temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - Temporomandibular (TM) disorders include a variety of conditions and disorders of
      the masticatory muscles and TM joints. As such, it is not appropriate or possible
      to discuss etiology in terms of a unified theory, as some authors and clinicians
      have attempted to do in the past. Recent literature reflects this awareness, and
      most authors now define etiology and treatment of these disorders in terms
      consistent with their medical counterparts. As with other musculoskeletal
      disorders, injuries, as well as microtrauma through parafunctional and excess
      functional stresses, seem to play major roles in etiology.

PMID- 1802008
TI  - Imaging of the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - Imaging of the temporomandibular joint recently has been characterized by a shift
      in emphasis from plain films, arthrography, and computed tomography toward
      magnetic resonance imaging. The past year represents the continuation of the era
      of refinement in magnetic resonance technology not immediately obvious as an
      advantage for temporomandibular joint imaging but nonetheless, of potential
      significant impact. A few examples of relatively "quiet" developments include: 1)
      new alloys for lighter weight permanent magnets with reduced operating costs; 2)
      gradient coil technology for more rapid image acquisition leading to the
      possibility of true cine magnetic resonance; and 3) smaller, more powerful
      computers for more rapid data processing. The implications are for comprehensive
      anatomic and physiologic assessments of the joint along with increased patient
      throughput and reduced costs. This review surveys the recent literature on the
      techniques and selection of imaging modalities, new observations regarding the
      pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint diseases afforded by advances in
      imaging technology, and my opinions regarding future directions in imaging
      technology based on my own experience and a review of the current literature.

PMID- 1802009
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment for chronic facial pain.
AB  - Chronic orofacial pain often requires pharmacologic treatment in conjunction with
      surgical, physical, and psychologic treatments. Myofascial pain, neuralgias,
      vascular pain, and limbic system dysfunction are the elements of orofacial pain
      that may respond to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
      anticonvulsants, membrane-stabilizing and monoaminergic medicines, respectively.

PMID- 1802010
TI  - Physical therapy for temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain.
AB  - In the past year, physical therapy has been increasingly advocated as a standard
      part of the multidisciplinary approach to treating temporomandibular disorders
      and other orofacial pain conditions. This literature has focused primarily on
      review articles of the characteristics, indications, and efficacy of physical
      therapy interventions, which generally include exercises and modalities. However,
      most of the evidence regarding physical therapy is from clinical reports and
      lacks well-controlled studies. The purpose of this review is to discuss the
      current literature in the context of past literature supporting the clinical use
      of physical therapy for orofacial pain.

PMID- 1802011
TI  - Behavioral therapy for temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - Temporomandibular disorders are varied in terms of etiology, pathophysiology,
      chronicity, and the disability they involve. The majority of adults in the
      Western world have some minor symptoms of these disorders, but only about 5% need
      treatment. Reversible therapies, including medication, physical therapy,
      behavioral therapy, and bite appliances, are popular today because of the lack of
      knowledge concerning the natural course of the disorders and the long-term
      effects of nonreversible treatments. Review articles and published guidelines
      generally support the use and efficacy of behavioral therapies for
      temporomandibular disorders. However, because these results are based on studies
      with methodical weaknesses, the recommendations must be viewed with caution, and
      further study must be conducted.

PMID- 1802012
TI  - Surgical treatment for temporomandibular joint problems.
AB  - Surgical intervention may be necessary for some patients with specific pathology
      or derangement of the temporomandibular joint as part of an overall management
      protocol. The current literature discusses the efficacy of arthroscopy, the
      treatment of the difficult problem of ankylosis, and the use of implants and
      autogenous and allogenic materials to replace the disk.

PMID- 1802014
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature.

PMID- 1802013
TI  - Dental treatment of temporomandibular disorders and masticatory muscle pain.
AB  - The treatment of masticatory muscle and temporomandibular joint pain constitutes
      an important area in dentistry. Current information supports the use of
      reversible treatments for these disorders. Several recent references are
      discussed in relation to reversible treatment, the role of occlusion, and
      appliance therapy for internal derangement.

PMID- 1802015
TI  - Progress of anticancer drugs in reducing mortality from selected cancers in
      Europe: an assessment.
AB  - Trends in mortality from four groups of cancers amenable to anti-cancer
      treatments (testicular cancer, Hodgkin's disease, leukemias and childhood
      cancers) between the late 1950s and the late 1980s were analyzed for the 23
      larger European countries. In Western Europe, newer treatments led to the
      avoidance of approximately 1000 deaths from testicular cancer, 4000 from
      Hodgkin's disease, 4000 from leukemias, and 2500 from childhood cancers. In
      Eastern Europe, declines in mortality were observed only for childhood cancers,
      for a total of about 500 fewer deaths per year. Thus, approximately 11,000 deaths
      per year were avoided in Europe by newer cancer treatments, corresponding to 1%
      cancer deaths registered in the 23 larger European countries. A few thousand
      further deaths from these cancers could be avoided through more widespread and
      rational utilization of currently available therapies, particularly in Eastern
      Europe.

PMID- 1802016
TI  - Anthrapyrazoles: true successors to the anthracyclines?
AB  - The anthrapyrazoles are a new class of intercalating agents which were
      synthesized in order to reduce the potential for free radical generation and
      subsequent cardiotoxicity. Selected compounds showed a reduction in superoxide
      formation compared with doxorubicin plus inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Broad
      spectrum activity was seen against experimental tumors comparable with
      doxorubicin, with incomplete cross-resistance. The anthrapyrazoles bind to DNA,
      intercalate, preferentially inhibit DNA compared with RNA synthesis and form DNA
      single and double strand breaks consistent with inhibition of topoisomerase II.
      Clinical studies have been performed with CI-937, CI-941 and CI-942. In each case
      the dose-limiting toxicity was leukopenia with other toxicities being minor. CI
      941 has shown significant activity in patients with advanced breast cancer and
      these agents appear to have a bright future.

PMID- 1802017
TI  - Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer.
AB  - Advanced colorectal cancer belongs to the most chemotherapy-resistant human
      malignancies. The cytotoxic agent with the most consistent antitumor activity has
      been 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). With this drug, response rates vary between 15% (with
      conventional weekly or 5-day bolus injection) and 30% (with continuous infusions
      of 24 h to 12 weeks); survival advantages of the latter approach have not been
      demonstrated. Combinations of 5-FU with other cytotoxic agents with some activity
      have been found unsuccessful. Because of its complex metabolism the efficacy
      toxicity ratio of 5-FU can be positively influenced by biochemical modulation
      with agents leading to decreased availability of competing substrates, increased
      availability of co-substrates or more efficient interactions with target
      substances. Superior response rates (20-40%) have been observed upon the addition
      of leucovorin, methotrexate and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid; survival was
      modestly prolonged (2-3 months) in two leucovorin and one methotrexate study.
      Interferon-alpha, inactive as a single agent, appears to synergize with 5-FU at
      the cost of considerable toxicity; results from randomized trials of this
      combination are awaited. 5-FU has also been the mainstay of adjuvant treatments;
      in poor-prognosis rectal cancer it appears to improve survival if added to
      radiotherapy, whereas in combination with levamisole the survival of node
      positive colonic carcinoma patients can be prolonged.

PMID- 1802018
TI  - Evaluation of amonafide in refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma: a Southwest
      Oncology Group study.
AB  - This study involved the administration of amonafide intravenously 300 mg/m2 daily
      times five days every three weeks to 16 refractory and relapsed myeloma patients.
      Doses were escalated to toxicity. These doses caused severe thrombocytopenia and
      granulocytopenia in seven patients. No responses were seen in this heavily
      pretreated group of patients.

PMID- 1802019
TI  - A phase I trial of 14-day continuous intravenous infusion mitoxantrone.
AB  - Based on clinical evidence that prolonged exposure to anti-neoplastic agents may
      ameliorate dose-limiting toxicity while facilitating anti-tumor activity, we
      conducted a phase I trial of 14-day continuous intravenous infusion mitoxantrone.
      Study objectives were to: (1) determine the maximally tolerated dose for phase II
      trials; (2) determine the incidence and severity of side effects; and (3) study
      the pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion mitoxantrone. Sixteen patients with
      drug-resistant advanced cancers were entered into the trial. Three or more
      patients were treated at each dose level (1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 mg/m2/day) for a
      total of 33 courses (mean 2.1 courses/patient, range, 1-4). Courses were repeated
      every 4 weeks. The maximally tolerated dose (MTD) was found to be 1.5 mg/m2/day.
      At this dose four of six patients had grade III or IV leukopenia (mean WBC nadir
      1900/microliters, range, 800-3600/microliters). Other toxicities were grade I or
      II stomatitis (two patients), grade I diarrhea (one patient), and grade I nausea
      (one patient). Renal and hepatic toxicity were not observed. No alopecia or
      infectious complications occurred. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed using
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Steady-state plasma levels at the
      1.5 mg/m2/day dose were reached by 48 h, with a mean steady-state plasma
      concentration of 3.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, mean total body clearance of 340 +/- 79
      ml/min/m2, and mean area under the plasma disappearance curve (AUC) of 955 +/-
      185 micrograms h/l. No responses were observed, although no patients with
      mitoxantrone-sensitive tumors were treated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802020
TI  - Selective distribution of aclarubicin to regional lymph nodes with a new dosage
      form: aclarubicin adsorbed on activated carbon particles.
AB  - A new dosage form (ACR-CH) comprising aclarubicin adsorbed on activated carbon
      particles was designed to sustain release of aclarubicin. ACR-CH or aclarubicin
      aqueous solution (ACR-sol) was injected subcutaneously into the fore foot-pads of
      rats. ACR-CH distributed a statistically significantly higher level of
      aclarubicin to the axillary lymph nodes (detectable up to 7 days after injection)
      than aclarubicin distributed in an ACR-sol (not detectable after 48 h). To other
      tissues, ACR-CH distributed statistically significantly low levels of
      aclarubicin, as compared with ACR-sol.

PMID- 1802021
TI  - Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by tetraplatin.
AB  - In the investigation of effects of platinum-containing compounds on dopamine (DA)
      activated adenylate cyclase system, tetraplatin and cisplatin were found to
      suppress the increase of enzyme activity by various activators. However,
      tetraplatin was a much more potent inhibitor than cisplatin, with its I50 values
      being 1/25, 1/45, and 1/130 that of cisplatin in the presence of DA/Gpp(NH)p,
      NaF/AlCl3, and forskolin/Gpp(NH)p respectively.

PMID- 1802022
TI  - A novel in vitro chemosensitivity test using materials collected by endoscopic
      biopsy.
AB  - The usefulness of chemosensitivity testing of cells collected by endoscopic
      biopsy using the adenosine triphosphate assay (ATP assay) was investigated for
      esophageal tumors. Correlation between this chemosensitivity test and other
      chemosensitivity tests was more than 80% in most combinations. The predictive
      rate of clinical sensitivity was 77.8% and of clinical resistance was 68.8%. The
      predictive accuracy was 72.0%. These results will extend the indication and
      usefulness of chemosensitivity testing in inoperable and preoperable cases.

PMID- 1802023
TI  - A protein-bound polysaccharide immunomodulator, PSK, does not suppress the
      conversion from 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil to 5-fluorouracil in
      patients with gastric cancer.
AB  - Effects of the immunomodulator PSK on the metabolism of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5
      fluorouracil (tegafur) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were examined in 10 patients with
      advanced gastric cancer and who had undergone curative resection. PSK is a
      protein-bound preparation, extracted from Coriolus versicolor and belongs to
      Basidiomycetes. The 5-FU concentration in the plasma was 0.024 micrograms/ml at
      15 min after the intravenous injection of 400 mg of tegafur and the area under
      the curve of 5-FU was 0.58 micrograms.h/ml. Following administration of PSK, 3
      g/day for 8-14 months, there was no change in the plasma level of 5-FU, in any
      patient. As the clinical dose of PSK had no apparent influence on the metabolism
      of tegafur to 5-FU, the combination of PSK and tegafur can be prescribed to treat
      patients with advanced gastric cancer.

PMID- 1802024
TI  - Anti-tumor effect of 3-amino-N-substituted-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione-N-mustard
      hydrochloride.
AB  - The anti-tumor effect of 3-amino-N-substituted pyrrolidine-2,5-dione-N-mustard
      hydrochloride (PNM.HCl) against Ehrlich (ascites) carcinoma (EAC) was studied. A
      substantial increase in the survival of mice bearing EAC tumor was achieved
      following daily administration of PNM.HCl at subtoxic dosages. The therapeutic
      efficacy of PNM.HCl was maintained with changes in dosages and the schedules of
      administration. The effect of PNM.HCl when administered with conventional anti
      cancer drugs at different time schedules against EAC was also studied. The
      results demonstrated an augmentation of anti-tumor activity in the case of
      certain anti-cancer drugs against EAC tumor, thereby suggesting a potential
      usefulness of PNM.HCl in multi-drug therapy.

PMID- 1802025
TI  - 9-Hydroxybenfluron: cytostatic effects and inhibition of macromolecular
      biosynthesis in Ehrlich ascites and P388 murine leukemia cells.
AB  - Primary screening in vitro and study on the mode of action of 9-hydroxybenfluron
      (HBF) in both murine P388 leukemia and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells have been
      performed. Metabolite HBF is approximately twice as effective as a reference drug
      (benfluron). To elucidate the biochemical mode of action, the effect of HBF on
      the biosynthesis of macromolecules indicated by the incorporation rate of
      [14C]adenine (in DNA and RNA), [14C]thymidine (in DNA), [14C]uridine (in RNA) and
      [14C]valine (in protein) was studied in concentration and time dependence. HBF
      inhibited incorporation of all four precursors into the trichloroacetic acid
      insoluble fraction of Ehrlich ascites cells. The fact that incorporation of these
      four precursors is inhibited suggests that the effect of HBF lies at an
      underlying level of energy generation or transfer rather than at specific
      reactions in the biosynthesis of DNA and proteins.

PMID- 1802026
TI  - Suppressive effect by melatonin on different phases of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2
      benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary gland carcinogenesis.
AB  - This comprehensive study examines the influence of oral melatonin on the
      initiation and promotion phases of DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in intact
      and pinealectomized female Holtzman rats reared in short (light:dark schedule L:D
      10:14) and long (L:D 24:0) photoperiods. Melatonin administration in the
      initiation phase significantly suppressed tumor incidence only in intact animals
      reared in both photoperiods, indicating that the presence of the pineal was
      obligatory. On the other hand, during the promotion phase, irrespective of the
      presence or absence of the pineal, the tumor-suppressive effect of exogenous
      melatonin was pronounced.

PMID- 1802027
TI  - Chronobiological analysis of peripheral lymphocyte dehydrogenase activities in
      rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma.
AB  - Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SD)
      activities were investigated in lymphocytes from peripheral blood of normal rats
      and rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Computer analysis using an
      original algorithm revealed a hierarchy of biorhythmic patterns of dehydrogenase
      activities. In all rats, mean SD activity was higher than mean alpha-GPD
      activity. In rats without tumor, SD and alpha-GPD activities were both higher
      than in rats with the Walker tumor. Biorhythm spectra for both dehydrogenases
      were very similar in rats with or without tumor, but tumor implantation resulted
      in a change of the phase relationship between alpha-GPD and SD.

PMID- 1802028
TI  - Pharmacologic characterization of muscarinic receptors of insect brains.
AB  - Muscarinic receptors in brain membranes from honey bees, houseflies, and the
      American cockroach were identified by their specific binding of the non-selective
      muscarinic receptor antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and the
      displacement of this binding by agonists as well as subtype-selective
      antagonists, using filtration assays. The binding parameters, obtained from
      Scatchard analysis, indicated that insect muscarinic receptors, like those of
      mammalian brains, had high affinities for [3H]QNB (KD = 0.47 nM in honey bees,
      0.17 nM in houseflies and 0.13 nM in the cockroach). However, the receptor
      concentration was low (108, 64.7, and 108 fmol/mg protein for the three species,
      respectively). The association and dissociation rates of [3H]QNB binding to honey
      bee brain membranes, sensitivity of [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic agonists, and
      high affinity for atropine were also features generally similar to muscarinic
      receptors of mammalian brains. In order to further characterize the three insect
      brain muscarinic receptors, the displacement of [3H]QNB binding by subtype
      selective antagonists was studied. The rank order of potency of pirenzepine (PZ),
      the M1 selective antagonist, 11-[2-[dimethylamino)-methyl)1-piperidinyl)acetyl)
      5,11- dihydro-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)-(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6 one (AF-DX 116), the M2
      selective antagonist, and 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine
      methiodide) the M3-selective antagonist, was also the same as that of mammalian
      brains, i.e., 4-DAMP greater than PZ greater than AF-DX 116. The three insect
      brain receptors had 27-50-fold lower affinity for PZ (Ki 484-900 nM) than did the
      mammalian brain receptor (Ki 16 nM), but similar to that reported for the
      muscarinic receptor subtype cloned from Drosophila. Also, the affinity of insect
      receptors for 4-DAMP (Ki 18.9-56.6 nM) was much lower than that of the M3
      receptor, which predominates in rat submaxillary gland (Ki of 0.37 nM on [3H]QNB
      binding). These drug specificities of muscarinic receptors of brains from three
      insect species suggest that insect brains may be predominantly of a unique
      subtype that is close to, though significantly different from, the mammalian M3
      subtype.

PMID- 1802029
TI  - Stimulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by analogues of a Manduca sexta
      allatotropin: in vitro studies.
AB  - Two analogues of a Manduca sexta allatotropin (Mas-AT) were synthesized. They
      correspond to the active fragment, amino acids 5-13, of the natural Mas-AT with
      substitution of norleucine for methionine. ATANA has the structure Val-Glu-Nle
      Nle-Thr-Ala-Arg-Gly-Phe-NH2, ATAA is acetylated at the N-terminus. Allatotropic
      potency was evaluated by measuring the in vitro rates of juvenile hormone (JH)
      biosynthesis in corpora allata (CA) of M. Sexta. At a concentration of 20 nM,
      ATANA and ATAA increased JH production in day 0, day 1, and day 3 adult female CA
      by a factor of 3-8. Larval CA were not affected. These results correspond to
      activities reported for the natural Mas-At. ATANA did not stimulate pharate adult
      female CA to produce JH. Stimulation of female CA with ATANA was reversed when
      the CA were transferred to fresh medium while stimulation with ATAA under the
      same condition persisted. Exogenous farnesoate was converted to JH-III at a rate
      exceeding the highest ATANA-stimulated rate. ATANA in addition to farnesoate did
      not increase JH-III production, but increased JH-II production in addition to the
      already high production rate for JH-III. It is inferred that Mas-AT stimulates a
      rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of farnesoate and its homologues but
      does not affect epoxidation and methylation.

PMID- 1802030
TI  - Identification of vitellogenin in the ant, Camponotus festinatus: changes in
      hemolymph proteins and fat body development in workers.
AB  - Vitellogenin has been identified in the ant Camponotus festinatus, both in queens
      and workers. In the workers, it is already present before adult eclosion in low
      concentrations (less than 1 microgram/microliter hemolymph). Vitellogenin and
      vitellin are immunologically identical and are composed of a single type of
      apoprotein with an apparent Mr = 185,000. The molecular weight of the native
      molecules was estimated as approximately 460,000 by pore limiting gradient
      electrophoresis. Vitellogenin was detected as a major protein in the hemolymph of
      young workers, both under queenright and queenless conditions. Thus, in spite of
      their sterility in the presence of the queen, C. festinatus workers are able to
      synthetize vitellogenin which is identical both in size and immunologically to
      the queen vitellogenin. About 6-7 weeks after adult eclosion, however,
      vitellogenin was usually undetectable in the hemolymph of queenright workers,
      particularly the minor workers, while it constituted about 30% of total protein
      in queenless workers. Protein concentration in the hemolymph of queenless insects
      increased up to 20-fold as compared to 1-day-old insects. Queenless workers also
      developed large amounts of perivisceral fat body, while queenright workers,
      particularly the minor workers, showed a dramatic fat body regression about 6
      weeks after emergence.

PMID- 1802031
TI  - Regional distribution and substrate specificity of digestive enzymes involved in
      terminal digestion in Musca domestica hind-midguts.
AB  - One membrane-bound alpha-glucosidase and two soluble alpha-glucosidases were
      isolated from homogenates of the hind-midgut, the main digestive region in Musca
      domestica larvae. The membrane-bound alpha-glucosidase and the low-Mr soluble
      alpha-glucosidase hydrolyze maltopentaose better than maltose, maltotriose, and
      maltotetraose, the reverse being true for the high-Mr soluble alpha-glucosidase.
      A membrane-bound glucoamylase previously described in Musca domestica midgut was
      shown by gradient centrifugation and dialysis against EDTA to result from the
      combined action of an amylase and an alpha-glucosidase. The determination of
      amylase, alpha-glucosidases, soluble and membrane-bound carboxypeptidase A,
      membrane-bound aminopeptidase and dipeptidase along the tissue and luminal
      contents of the hind-midgut is described. The data support a proposal concerned
      with how starch and protein are digested in Musca domestica larval hind-midguts
      and where and how midgut glycosidases and peptidases are secreted.

PMID- 1802032
TI  - Lysozyme in the midgut of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis.
AB  - Low levels of lysozyme were found in the midgut epithelium of the tobacco
      hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the early part of the fifth larval stadium. This
      was observed in control insects as well as in bacterially challenged insects. No
      lysozyme was detected in the gut contents of either group of insects which were
      actively eating or in the early stages of metamorphosis. However, high levels of
      lysozyme activity were detected in homogenates of midgut tissue collected from
      insects later in the stadium. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that
      lysozyme accumulates in large apical vacuoles in regenerative cells of the midgut
      during the larval-pupal molt. These cells, initially scattered basally throughout
      the larval midgut epithelium, multiply and form a continuous cell layer
      underneath the larval midgut cells. At the larval/pupal ecdysis the larval midgut
      epithelium is sloughed off and the regenerative cells, now forming the single
      cell layer of the midgut, release the contents of their vacuoles into the midgut
      lumen. This release results in high lysozyme activity in the lumen of the pupal
      midgut and is thought to confer protection from bacterial infection. This is the
      first indication that the lysozyme gene may be developmentally regulated in a
      specific tissue in the absence of a bacterial infection.

PMID- 1802033
TI  - An Escherichia coli protein with homology to the H-protein of the glycine
      cleavage enzyme complex from pea and chicken liver.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of an Escherichia coli gene which presumably encodes the
      H-protein of the glycine cleavage (GCV) enzyme complex is presented. The gene,
      designated gcvH, encodes a polypeptide of 128 amino acids with a calculated
      molecular weight of 13,665 daltons. The translation start site was determined by
      N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of a gcvH-lacZ encoded fusion protein.
      The E. coli H-protein shows extensive homology with the H-proteins from the pea
      (Pisum sativum) and the chicken liver GCV enzyme complexes. 85 of 128 amino acid
      residues are identical or chemically similar between the E. coli and the pea H
      proteins, and 74 of 128 amino acid residues are identical or chemically similar
      between the E. coli and the chicken liver H-proteins. All three proteins have
      identical amino acid sequences from residues 61-65. This sequence contains the
      lysyl residue involved in lipoic acid attachment in the chicken liver H-protein.

PMID- 1802034
TI  - The urea amidolyase (DUR1,2) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The DNA sequence of the urea amidolyase (DUR1,2) gene from S. cerevisiae has been
      determined. The polypeptide structure deduced from the DNA sequence contains
      1,835 amino acid residues and possesses a calculated weight of 201,665 daltons
      which favorably correlates with that predicted from compositional analysis of
      purified protein (1,881 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 203,900).
      The C-terminal 57 residues of the polypeptide exhibit significant homology with
      similarly situated sequences found in five other biotin carboxylases whose
      primary structures have been determined or deduced from protein and DNA sequence
      data, respectively. Major S1 nuclease protection fragments derived from DUR1,2
      RNA-DNA hybrids exhibit apparent termini at positions -140 and -141 upstream of
      the coding region. The termini of minor protection fragments also occur at eleven
      other positions as well.

PMID- 1802035
TI  - The predicted protein sequence of a fish testis-specific alpha-tubulin cDNA shows
      conservation of isotype-specific amino acid substitutions.
AB  - The alpha-tubulin cDNA clone, pTUB5 (1536 bp), contains the entire coding
      sequence for an alpha-tubulin of 450 amino acids (mol. wt. 50,000) and is the
      first tubulin sequence to be reported for a fish. The transcript encoded by pTUB5
      showed testis-specific expression. Its gene appears to be present at a single
      copy number in the trout tubulin multigene family. Comparison of the TUB5 amino
      acid sequence to the murine testis-specific alpha-tubulin (M alpha 3/7) revealed
      that eight of ten murine isotype-specific amino acid substitutions were in
      common. Certain of these substitutions are also conserved in other testis
      specific alpha-tubulins and in alpha-tubulins of certain protozoans with
      flagella. The conservation of specific amino acids at these positions suggests
      that they may have important structural and or functional roles in the
      microtubules of axonemes.

PMID- 1802036
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the amicyanin gene from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1.
AB  - The gene for amicyanin from the methylotrophic bacterium, Methylobacterium
      extorquens AM1 was identified. It encodes a protein consisting of 119 amino acids
      with a molecular weight of 12,609 kDa. The amino acid sequence shows the presence
      of a typical leader sequence and signal peptidase recognition site. Two putative
      hairpin structures were found, one located directly behind the amicyanin gene and
      another located 50 bp upstream. The same sequence AAAATCCC was found near the
      start codons for the small subunit of methylamine dehydrogenase and amicyanin,
      but its significance is not known.

PMID- 1802038
TI  - Use of the DNA fragments generated by a restriction enzyme (Bcg I) for the
      construction of overlapping clone libraries.

PMID- 1802037
TI  - Exon-intron structure and nucleotide sequence of the rat proacrosin gene.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence and exon-intron organization of the proacrosin gene was
      determined. It consists of 6 exons and 5 introns of which one is located in the
      5' untranslated region. The transcription initiation site was determined at
      position 471 (564 nucleotides upstream of ATG), TATA- and TAAT-boxes were found
      588 and 656 bp upstream of the ATG-translation start point, respectively.

PMID- 1802039
TI  - The effect of copper loading on pregnant rats and their offspring.
AB  - Wistar albino rats were given copper acetate in the drinking water before and
      during pregnancy. Histological examination and a copper analysis of the liver and
      kidneys of the pregnant rats, showed copper deposition with a subsequent
      inflammatory reaction, in these organs. Examination of 11.5 day old embryos
      showed moderate retardation of growth and differentiation, especially of the
      neural tube. Examination of the ossification centers of 21.5 day old fetuses and
      newborn rats showed reduced numbers of ossification centers in the vertebrae,
      sternum and forelimb and hindlimb phalanges.

PMID- 1802040
TI  - Anatomical and histological observations on the tongue of one-humped camel,
      Camelus dromedarius.
AB  - The camel has a typically elongated mammalian tongue, which tapers to a dorsally
      flattened tip. The filiform papillae are mostly of the simple type which are
      scattered over the dorsum and the lateral edges of the tongue. The fungiform
      papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae. Circumvallate papillae could
      be seen on the posterior of the tongue. The dorsum lingue is covered with
      cornified stratified squamous epithelium and inferior surface with non-cornified
      squamous epithelium. The tongue is richly innervated as is evidenced by the
      presence of numerous nerve fibres and ganglion cells at different levels.

PMID- 1802041
TI  - Identification of medullary thymocytes by means of a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (IVA-1) reacting with bovine lymphoid cells differentiates
      the medullary and cortical zone of the thymus in cattle, pigs and sheep. The
      morphological picture indicates that the identified antigen most likely points
      out the route of maturation of the thymocytes. The antibody could be of use in
      studies of the development of thymocytes.

PMID- 1802042
TI  - Cell lineage studies of the origin and differentiation of primary endoderm, using
      intraspecific chimaeras.
AB  - The origin of the primary endoderm was studied by combining experimentally eight
      cell embryos and ICMs isolated by microsurgery from blastocysts homozygous for
      different alleles at the glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI-1) locus. The results
      confirm that the primary endoderm cells are derived from the ICM. The yolk sac
      splanchnopleure, which is composed of both extraembryonic endoderm and mesoderm,
      usually displayed the ICM GPI isoenzyme genotype. It must be concluded that the
      embryonic endoderm (visceral endoderm) and the parietal endoderm have a common
      origin and develop from the primitive ectoderm of the egg cylinder.

PMID- 1802043
TI  - Formation by aggregation of viable chimaeras between ICM and eight-cell mouse
      embryos with different genetic backgrounds.
AB  - The author studied the difference between immunosurgical and microsurgical
      isolation of inner cell masses (ICMs) from fully expanding blastocysts. The stage
      after which no further cell exchange between ICM and trophoblast can take place
      may involve the closure of certain gene pathways. The process of the aggregation
      of ICMs and eight-cell embryos with different genetic backgrounds was also
      studied. The results seem to lend strong support to the opinion that the
      microsurgical technique for isolating the differentiating ICM from the
      trophoblast is better than immunosurgery. The author also supports the view that
      the cells of the ICM become committed in the fully expanding blastocyst, while
      the cells of the eight-cell embryo are still labile and can differentiate to
      either ICM or trophoblast cells. Cell position during the aggregation process
      plays a role in cell determination and differentiation.

PMID- 1802044
TI  - Histological and ultrastructural studies of oogenesis in the sea-urchin
      Paracentrotus lividus.
AB  - Changes in the fine structure of growing female germ cells of Paracentrotus
      lividus and the sequence of their stages were examined by the light and the
      electron microscope. The investigation showed that, in the previtellogenic stage,
      the cytoplasm contained numerous vacuoles and few yolk granules. In the
      vitellogenic stage, the number of yolk granules increased and, as the oocytes
      attained maturity, the cytoplasms became packed with yolk. The structure of the
      nutritive phagocytes is also described and their relationship to the developing
      oocytes is discussed.

PMID- 1802045
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of the degree of damage to tracheal epithelium.
AB  - Quantitative evaluation of the injury to the tracheal epithelium was carried out
      under various experimental conditions. The damage of the epithelium was
      classified in three groups, according its severity. In several impaired
      epithelium all the goblet cells were stimulated to release their secretion. The
      mechanism of mucus discharge was maximally accelerated. Over 90% of the exhausted
      goblet cells degenerated. In average only 1 cilium/micron 2 was left in the
      ciliary border. Over 10% of the remaining cilia displayed signs of alteration. As
      morphological signs of impairment of the self-cleaning ability of the epithelium,
      large amounts of inspissated mucus and numerous bacteria were observed in the
      area of the damaged ciliary border. In moderately severe epithelial injury about
      80% of the goblet cells were stimulated and half of them degenerated. The mean
      number of cilia in the ciliary border was 3/micron 2. The signs of impairment of
      the self-cleaning ability of the epithelium were less pronounced. In mild damage,
      about half of the goblet cells were stimulated and the degenerated ones formed
      less than 10% of all the mucous-secreting elements. The number of kinocilia per
      micron 2 fell on the average by one third. No signs of the self-cleaning ability
      impairment were recorded.

PMID- 1802046
TI  - Variability of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in some laboratory
      animals. I. The guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
AB  - The authors studied variability of the v. caudalis and its tributaries in 30
      guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus--15 males and 15 females) after injecting
      the relevant venous system with blue-dyed latex. Since the largest lobe of the
      guinea pig's liver (the lobus sinister) is situated on the left, the right kidney
      lies further cranially than the left one. In males, as a rule, the right v.
      renalis opens into the v. cava caudalis further cranially than the left one. The
      number of vv. renales showed no sex-related differences, although in 17 regions
      (i.e. in 29%) there was more than one. The increase most often concerned the v.
      renalis dextra (the ratio in relation to the left vein was 15:2). The tributaries
      of the vv. renales are the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis a v. lumbalis
      and a v. or vv. suprarenales. There are usually two tributaries, (the commonest
      of which is the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis) on both the right and the
      left side, though somewhat more frequently on the left (23:19). Blood is drained
      from the surface or capsule of the kidney relatively often (in 75% of the cases)
      by the capsularis, which is the most frequent tributary of the v. spermatica or
      v. uterina cranialis of the corresponding side. Vv. suprarenales (1-4) are a
      constant finding on both sides. In males they open more often into the v. cava
      caudalis and in both sexes they also open into the v. renalis and v. lumbalis.
      The v. spermatica dextra opened into the v. renalis dextra in 10 cases and the v.
      spermatica sinistra into the v. renalis sinistra in 12 cases. The v. uterina
      cranialis dextra was a tributary of the v. renalis dextra in eight cases and the
      v. uterina cranialis sinistra joined the v. renalis sinistra in 13 cases.
      Drainage into the v. renalis can thus be regarded as the norm in both sexes and
      on both sides. The v. uterina caudalis leads from the corpus and cervix uteri and
      joins the v. uterina cranialis. It has a regular incidence and caudally it is
      most often a tributary of the v. iliaca communis. The v. ovarica is a constant
      tributary of the v. uterina cranialis; it is usually joined by several vv.
      lumbales or v. v. capsulares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1802047
TI  - Comparison of the thickness of the capillary basement membrane of the human
      placenta under normal conditions and in type 1 diabetes.
AB  - Using a morphometric method, the author measured the thickness of the capillary
      basement membrane in the placentas of healthy women in the first two trimesters
      and at the end of pregnancy, and in the placentas of diabetic mothers at the end
      of pregnancy. The mean thickness of the basement membrane of the placental
      capillaries was found to increase with the progress of pregnancy and to attain
      the maximum at the end of pregnancy. The placenta of diabetic patients has a
      significantly thinner capillary basement membrane than the placenta of healthy
      women. The findings are discussed.

PMID- 1802048
TI  - In vitro effects of pulsed near-ultraviolet laser exposure on human larynx
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - Effects of pulsed near-ultraviolet laser beam on structural characteristics and
      macromolecular synthesis of carcinoma HEp2 cells were investigated. Laser
      irradiation damage induced in these eukaryotic cells could be characterized by
      two development stages: a) a reversible stage with minor morphological damages
      (1.5 kJ/m2) and 2) an irreversible one, at higher fluences, characterized by
      cellular membrane damage, necrobiosis and cells detachment from the substrate
      (4.5 kJ/m2). A. Studies performed referring to macromolecular syntheses of low
      laser fluences (1.5 kJ/m2)--irradiated HEp2 cells showed the following aspects:
      a) syntheses inhibiton phase in the first cycles of cellular replication and b)
      syntheses stimulation phases in the following cycle with total repair of laser
      induced molecular lesions. B. At high laser fluences (3-4.5 kJ/m2), metabolic
      lesions repair was partially or totally blocked after prolonged culturing at 37
      degrees C. Ths paper suggests some mechanisms of laser action on macromolecular
      synthesis and correlates them with morphological changes induced by laser
      exposure of carcinoma cells.

PMID- 1802049
TI  - Electron microscopic studies on protoplast release from I.C.A.-1.65 line (I.F.C.
      1.65 line) of Bacillus subtilis cells.
AB  - Under lysozyme action a minicell-forming line (I.C.A.-1.65) of B. subtilis
      releases protoplasts. The main cytologic events which proceed protoplast
      releasing are described. Different areas of the cell wall prove a remarkable
      difference in their sensitivity to enzymatic lysozyme action. Central areas of
      the cell wall are most sensitive and the polar areas are most resistant.
      Mesosomal vesicles and tubules are extruded and released together with other
      cytoplasmic extrusion during the protoplasting process. The cell wall of
      minicells does not prove resistance particularities to lysozyme action. The
      minicells release protoplasts.

PMID- 1802050
TI  - Antityphoid and antitetanic intradermal vaccination of chronic neuropsychic
      patients in a typhoid fever outbreak.
AB  - Intradermal immunization of 229 chronic neuropsychic patients in Gura Ocnitzei
      Sanatorium, Dimbovitza County, where a typhoid fever outbreak burst, was
      performed with a freeze-dried typhoid vaccine, suspended in purified and
      concentrated tetanic anatoxin. Adverse reactions were minimal and immunologic
      response, evaluated by laboratory tests, was good, reaching the level of that
      obtained as a result of classic vaccination methods (subcutaneous antityphoid and
      intramuscular anti-tetanic). Both after vaccination and also booster O and H
      agglutinating titers increased 4-7 times and anti-S. typhi. seroprotecting effect
      reached and maintained a high level. Moreover, antityphoid vaccination permitted
      epidemic focus limiting and its complete extinguishing after booster. Antitetanic
      vaccination resulted in protecting titers settlement (greater than or equal to
      0.01 IU/ml) in all previously non-protected persons (1/3 of all subjects) and in
      the increase of protecting titers, existing before vaccination in the other
      persons.

PMID- 1802051
TI  - Correlation between Congo red binding as virulence marker in Shigella species and
      Sereny test.
AB  - Six variants of nutrient agar were tested in order to chose the suitable media
      for Congo red binding test. Trypto-soy Eiken, T.S.A - Cantacuzino Institute and
      B.T.S.D. (a medium prepared with Difco ingredients) are appropriate to
      distinguish between virulent Crb+ and avirulent Crb- strains. Congo red binding
      was compared with Sereny test using 25 Shigella strains. The strains were
      inoculated onto trypto-soy agar Eiken plates with 0.01% Congo red, incubated 24
      hours at 37 degrees C. A number of each kind (Crb+ and Crb-) of colonies
      developed by every strain was subcultured on nutrient agar and Sereny test was
      performed with these cultures. As expected, all 84 Crb+ colonies in vivo tested,
      produced keratoconjunctivitis. In the case of Crb- colonies a proper correlation
      with Sereny negative test was observed in 57 out of 73 colonies (78.2%) to which
      10.9% (8 out of 73) less virulent (evoking illness in only one of the two
      inoculated eyes) colonies may be added. As our results confirmed that loss of
      pigmentation was consistently accompanied by loss or diminishing of virulence, we
      consider that Congo red binding may be used as an alternative of in vivo test for
      establishing the virulence of Shigellae in the routine practice of microbiology
      laboratories which usually are not provided with cell cultures or animals. Its
      reduced cost is an important advantage, too.

PMID- 1802052
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) effect upon ICP-23 human pulmonary fibroblasts growth in
      culture and on measles virus multiplication in this cell type.
AB  - The influence of PGE2 in different concentrations (10(-4)M, 10(-6)M, 10(-8)M) and
      of 1 mM AMPc upon ICP-23 human pulmonary fibroblasts and also the influence of
      PGE2 upon measles virus multiplication in the same cell type were studied. PGE2
      inhibited fibroblasts growth in all administered concentrations, depending on
      them. AMPc adding to human fibroblasts in culture progressively stimulated cells
      growth in the first 24 hours, produced a steady growth during 24-48-hour interval
      and slightly inhibited cellular divisions between 48 and 72 hours. PGE2, added in
      the same concentrations to measles virus--infected ICP-23 cells, concomitantly
      with virus administration and after 1 hour of viral adsorption influenced viral
      multiplication, depending on substance concentration and culturing period.
      Obtained data suggested that PGE2 in physiological concentrations (10(-6)M, 10(
      8)M) initially has a weak inhibitory effect (titration after 6 days), but then
      stimulates viral production (9 days). The initial inhibition is more marked when
      the substance is added concomitantly with virus administration.

PMID- 1802053
TI  - Long-term effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis on Aedes aegypti.
AB  - Immediate (24 hours exposure) and long-term (until the emergence of the adults)
      effects of different doses of a primary powder of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
      israelensis (B.t.i.) against first and second instar Aedes aegypti larvae were
      monitored. The long-term effect was dose-dependent and was materialized by a
      prolongation of the preimaginal development and continuous cumulative mortality
      until the emergence of the adults. Mortality values were higher during the fourth
      larval instar and the pupal stage. Some of the larvae reaching the fourth instar
      were smaller in size and remained in this state a 2-4 times longer period than in
      the control and finally died as larvae or very small pupae. The long-term effect
      was more intense as the treatment was applied earlier during the larval
      development. The correlation of the immediate lethal effect with the late effect
      allows the evaluation of the total impact of a larvicidal treatment.

PMID- 1802054
TI  - Craniofacial development in cleft lip and palate children related to different
      treatment regimes.
AB  - Outcome of treatment in 85 children with unilateral cleft, lip, alveolus, and
      palate who had been treated according to four regimes was studied using lateral
      skull radiographs, extra oral photographs, intra oral radiographs and
      orthopantographs. The treatment regimes differed with regard to: the inclusion of
      presurgical orthopaedics in one group, the type of lip closure, the type and
      timing of palatal closure, and timing of bone grafting to the alveolus. A method
      of pooling subgroups and comparing lateral skull radiographs from different
      centres was developed to obtain more meaningful comparisons between centres. The
      maxillary, mandibular, and vertical hard tissue development as well as the soft
      tissue profile were studied using lateral skull radiographs. The appearance of
      the extraoral soft tissue was assessed by a panel using photographs. The tooth
      status and the success of transplants in the cleft area were evaluated using
      intra oral radiographs and orthopantographs. Treatment regimes that did not
      include bone grafting seemed to be most favourable for maxillary and mandibular
      development. Treatment regimes without bone-grafting and those that included bone
      grafting at 10 years of age seemed to be most favourable for the vertical
      skeletal proportions. The soft tissue profile was developed best after regimes
      that included bone grafting at 10 years of age. Facial appearance was equally
      good in the group that received bone grafts at 6 months after presurgical
      orthopaedics and in the group that received bone grafts at 10 years of age. Tooth
      status and the percentage of successful transplants were best in the group that
      received bone grafts after the eruption of the incisors but before the eruption
      of the canines.

PMID- 1802055
TI  - 'Quality and legal issues'.

PMID- 1802056
TI  - Tourniquets.
AB  - All tourniquet equipment must be regularly maintained. Cuffs and tubing must be
      checked for leaks, gauges calibrated regularly and automatic apparatus which
      depends upon reservoirs of gas must not be allowed to become depleted. A
      tourniquet is an invaluable piece of equipment when used correctly. Its
      advantages far outweigh its disadvantages, provided that proper precautions are
      observed.

PMID- 1802057
TI  - PREPPing the theatre nurse.

PMID- 1802058
TI  - Wanted.
AB  - Dr Raymond J. Brigden Phd, RGN was the founding editor of NATNews. In this piece
      he considers how theatre nursing literature has changed since the first days of
      the journal in 1964, and presents a challenge for committed theatre nurses to
      become involved in the updating of the textbook Operating Theatre Techniques
      which he wrote in 1962 and has revised regularly ever since.

PMID- 1802059
TI  - Surgical treatment of bone tumours.
AB  - Orthopaedic surgery can now offer much more than amputation for a patient with
      bone tumours. R. G. Checketts, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon at the Sunderland
      General Hospital, describes the alternatives open to patients.

PMID- 1802060
TI  - The name of the game.

PMID- 1802061
TI  - 'The Barn'.
AB  - An exciting new concept in operating theatre suite design is being pioneered at
      the Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital. Jane Donnelly visited 'The
      Barn' in February and reports on how the work is progressing.

PMID- 1802062
TI  - Who cares? Psychological stress in the operating department nurse.
AB  - The operating department nurse is subject to many stressors and while there is an
      optimum level of stress where nurses function at their best, too much may be
      detrimental both to nurses--and their patients. Jean Sang looks at the subject of
      stress and discusses the findings of her research.

PMID- 1802063
TI  - Continuing underfunding and the effects of the NHS reforms are the principle
      cause of the deteriorating service.

PMID- 1802064
TI  - Use of National Health Service operating theatres in England. A progress report.
AB  - Following very shortly after the Bevan Report the National Audit Office has
      published a progress report on the utilisation of operating theatres in England.
      The report revisits Bevan in a number of areas, which emphasises the importance
      placed on the recommendations made in that report.

PMID- 1802065
TI  - Protection of staff from body fluids.
AB  - The problem solving approach to decision making is a logical and useful tool to
      use. Tracy Scales illustrates the use of this approach by discussing the problem
      of protecting staff from the ever increasing risk of infection from the patient's
      body fluids.

PMID- 1802066
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the latest diagnostic tool to have a significant
      impact on patient management. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, has been
      available for over six years but has only in the last 18 months become readily
      available to many more hospitals in Great Britain. MRI scanners have been
      purchased by large specialist hospitals but the arrival of mobile MRI scanners
      has made the technology available to smaller hospitals and groups. The impact of
      MRI for all clinicians and especially surgeons is great and the following text
      will outline the advantages of MRI and mobile MRI.

PMID- 1802067
TI  - Non-nursing duties in theatre. Part 1.
AB  - In this article Gillian Johnson explains the research methods used in a survey
      looking at non-nursing duties carried out in the operating theatre. She also
      makes recommendation about her findings in a second article to be published next
      month.

PMID- 1802068
TI  - Advances in neurosurgery.
AB  - Janet Conie gives us an over-view of the impact of recent technological advances
      on the art and science of neurosurgery. She pauses to wonder how this will affect
      the neuro-theatre nurse.

PMID- 1802069
TI  - Parents in the anaesthetic room.

PMID- 1802070
TI  - To allow parents to accompany children to theatre.

PMID- 1802071
TI  - Re: 'The medical student in theatre--help or hazard?'.

PMID- 1802073
TI  - Prepping the theatre nurse (2).

PMID- 1802072
TI  - Regional anaesthesia for facial reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 1802074
TI  - Then and now--severe facial injuries: emergency care.
AB  - Looking back through old copies of 'NATNews' of twenty years ago we found an
      article by W. D. Mackennan, then Consultant Dental Surgeon at the Royal
      Infirmary, Edinburgh. Its title was 'Severe Facial Injuries--Emergency Hospital
      Care'--NATNews Summer 1970. Principles of care were based on the four Cs: Control
      of the airway. Control of the haemorrhage. Control of the shock. Control of the
      fractured fragments. Emergency care included clearing the airway, responses to
      air or blood in the chest, oedema of the neck and so on. Positioning was regarded
      as vital and use of trachaeostomy was discussed--'elective trachaeostomy is
      always preferable to that carried out in an emergency'. The discussion of
      haemorrhage control ranged over pressure bandaging, digital pressure and use of
      the recently introduced product, Surgicel.

PMID- 1802076
TI  - An eye-opening experience.

PMID- 1802075
TI  - Day case cataract surgery--the patient's choice.

PMID- 1802077
TI  - Perioperative care of ear, nose and throat patients.
AB  - It is established practice at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital to provide a pre
      operative visiting service for all patients with the exception of Day Patients.
      All patients are invited to visit the reception/recovery wards for a pre
      admission discussion held each Sunday afternoon. Our aims are to prepare the
      patient psychologically and, where possible, to allay fears for the surgery they
      will undergo.

PMID- 1802078
TI  - The East Anglian Eye Bank.
AB  - The first Corneal Bank in East Anglia is located at the BUPA Hospital in Norwich,
      a joint venture between NHS, BUPA and the Lions Clubs International (District 101
      EA). There was insufficient space to accommodate the Bank at the West Norwich
      Hospital where the Ophthalmic Department is situated and so, at the suggestion of
      the BUPA Hospital Manager, Mr Paul Hanke, It came to the BUPA Colney Lane site.

PMID- 1802079
TI  - Non-nursing duties in theatre. Part 2.
AB  - In part 1 the author described the methodology for identifying theatre nurse
      perceptions of the theatre nursing role and of non-nursing duties. This article
      moves on to describe stage 2, a non-participant observational study of what the
      nurses were actually doing.

PMID- 1802080
TI  - Chairing a meeting.
AB  - How many meetings have you been to which seem to go on and on? How many meetings
      have you attended with little idea of what will be discussed and so have been
      unable to prepare effectively?

PMID- 1802081
TI  - The way we were.

PMID- 1802082
TI  - Buyers and sellers.

PMID- 1802083
TI  - It is imperative that operating department nurses have their voices heard.

PMID- 1802084
TI  - Perioperative care of the visually impaired.
AB  - Eighty-three per cent of sensory input is received optically. Sight impaired
      patients thus experience substantial sensory deficit, so nursing any visually
      impaired patient through surgery requires special considerations.

PMID- 1802085
TI  - The care of the child in the operating department.

PMID- 1802086
TI  - Paediatric cardiology. A proposed training programme.
AB  - In January 1989, The Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Myrtle Street, moved to
      the Alder Hey branch site. This involved all paediatric in-patient services,
      including the Supra-Regional Paediatric Cardiac Unit. As a result of this
      amalgamation, the cardiac theatre nursing staff became part of the general
      theatre complex and an integration of theatre staff occurred. This identified a
      need by the general theatre nursing staff for paediatric cardiology experience.
      This programme of paediatric cardiac experience is designed to ensure the
      integration of theory and practice. The participants of the programme are seen as
      autonomous learners who will be supported throughout the programme by a
      facilitator who will be an experienced nurse within the cardiac unit or cardiac
      theatre. It is therefore envisaged that the programme will be flexible and
      acknowledge the participants previous theoretical and practical nursing skills.

PMID- 1802087
TI  - The professional portfolio and profile. The implications for theatre nurses.
AB  - Martin Hind reviews the proposals about professional profiles with special
      reference to their implications for theatre nurses. He asks a number of questions
      to which the UKCC will give answers and one or two others which may bear thought.

PMID- 1802089
TI  - Maslow and management.

PMID- 1802088
TI  - A case study: meet Louise.
AB  - Louise is now three years old. She is the youngest of three children. Two months
      after birth she was referred by her GP to the cardiac unit for investigations of
      a heart murmur. She had an echocardiogram which showed a ventricular septal
      defect with overriding aorta. A diagnosis of Fallots Tetralogy was made.

PMID- 1802090
TI  - Wartime memories.

PMID- 1802091
TI  - Putting research into practice.

PMID- 1802092
TI  - A voice for children.
AB  - All those concerned with the welfare of sick children, both in hospital and in
      the community, have an important birthday to celebrate this year. NAWCH, an
      independent voluntary organisation, was started 30 years ago as a partnership
      between parents and professionals who were committed to improving the welfare of
      children in hospital. In the early 60s little emphasis was placed on the
      emotional needs of sick children and many hospitals restricted parental visiting
      to a few hours a week.

PMID- 1802093
TI  - One step at a time. Introducing the nursing process to the operating department.
AB  - In 1987 I was a part-time theatre sister on night duty and had just completed the
      Open University Course 'A Systematic Approach to Nursing Care'. Being fired with
      enthusiasm, I decided to introduce this exciting concept to our operating
      department. I realised that the task ahead would not be an easy one because a
      part-time night sister is not in a key position to initiate major change. After a
      great deal of thought, I came to the conclusion that it would be better to take
      one step at a time by introducing pre-operative visiting (the assessment stage)
      before embarking on care planning and evaluation.

PMID- 1802094
TI  - So you want to work in Canada?
AB  - October 31 1989: Two hours in the city of Toronto and already I had been visited
      by six ghosts, three goblins, a warlock and several witches! No, these were not
      the latest British nurses bound for the Toronto hospitals but the local kids
      demanding "Trick or Treat". I had arrived in North America!

PMID- 1802095
TI  - Introducing the theatre team.

PMID- 1802096
TI  - Universal precautions--infection control in a high risk environment.

PMID- 1802097
TI  - 'Swab racks are an old fashioned idea'.
AB  - Mary Mumford, theatre sister at the Princes of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, was
      asked to speak in a short debate at an NATN branch meeting, supporting the motion
      that 'swab racks are an old fashioned idea'. Although she did not like swab racks
      she had not attempted thus far to do anything about them. In the event, she
      actually lost the debate--not in principle but because she could offer no
      effective alternative method of checking swabs. Having been given the incentive,
      a trial is now being conducted in her hospital similar to that described by Paul
      Wicker. This is the case presented by Mary Mumford supporting the following
      motion ... 'that swab racks are an old fashioned idea, which cause more potential
      problems due to exposure of blood than is proven to be safe in today's theatre
      environment'.

PMID- 1802098
TI  - Proposed plan for discarding swab racks.

PMID- 1802099
TI  - Swab rack dilemma solved.

PMID- 1802100
TI  - Nursing in another world. An African diary.
AB  - Matorga Mission is in the Beira Corridor and is guarded by Zimbabwean soldiers as
      there are dangers of Renamo guerilla raids. The mission cares for over a hundred
      children many of whom are war orphans. This is Diana's first letter to the
      Journal. I hope she will be sending us further letters at intervals.

PMID- 1802101
TI  - Higher education for nurses.

PMID- 1802102
TI  - An interview with Jean Reeder. Interview by Kate Nightingale.

PMID- 1802103
TI  - First class nurses--or second class doctors?

PMID- 1802104
TI  - TGF-beta and extracellular matrix related influences on gene expression and
      phenotype.

PMID- 1802105
TI  - Gene expression in osteoblastic cells.
AB  - Osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, synthesize the macromolecules of the bone
      matrix including: type I collagen; osteocalcin; osteonectin; osteopontin;
      proteoglycan I and II; bone sialoprotein; matrix gla-protein; bone glycoprotein
      75; several other proteins, which have not been extensively characterized; growth
      factors, including transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast growth factor.
      Osteoblasts also have high levels of the membrane-bound enzyme, alkaline
      phosphatase, which plays a role in matrix mineralization, and receptors for
      tissue-specific hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, as well as many other
      hormones, cytokines and growth factors, which regulate bone growth,
      differentiation and metabolism. The expression of these various proteins, most of
      which are not unique to bone but which together characterize the bone phenotype,
      is induced during osteoblastic differentiation in a stepwise fashion, suggestive
      of multiple regulatory factors. The detailed sequence of the expression of
      osteoblastic genes in situ has not been fully characterized. It appears that type
      I collagen and alkaline phosphatase are expressed early during the commitment to
      the osteoblastic phenotype, whereas osteopontin and osteocalcin appear late
      during osteoblastic differentiation. Diversity among "osteoblastic" cells is also
      apparent, probably not all osteoblastic cells express all the features. A large
      number of osteoblastic models are currently available to study the expression of
      osteoblast-related genes in vitro. These include primary cultures from calvaria
      or trabecular bone from several species, including humans, osteosarcoma-derived
      cell lines, and experimentally immortalized cells. Some of these in vitro models,
      especially the calvaria-derived cultures, undergo changes which mimic
      osteoblastic differentiation in vivo. The study of these and other cell models
      started providing insights into the regulation of gene expression in osteoblastic
      cells. In addition to a vast body of information on the conditions required for
      the expression of various proteins in culture and their regulation by hormones
      and growth factors, more detailed information on specific genes has recently been
      obtained. For example, regulation of type I collagen gene expression has been
      studied in osteosarcoma cell lines where 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 was shown to act
      via specific DNA segment(s) in the 5' flanking region of the gene, while
      parathyroid hormone affected gene expression by altering the stability of the
      transcripts. TGF beta 1, which stimulates osteogenesis, was shown to promote the
      transcription of osteopontin and type I collagen, the latter effect requiring the
      binding site for the transactivating protein, nuclear factor I.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1802106
TI  - Regulation of mRNA turnover in eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 1802107
TI  - Elastin genes and regulation of their expression.

PMID- 1802108
TI  - FGF and TGF-beta: actions and interactions in biological systems.

PMID- 1802109
TI  - Modifications in the organization and expression of collagen genes associated
      with skeletal disorders.
AB  - Fibril-forming collagens represent an evolutionary related group of structurally
      similar molecules within the larger family of collagen proteins. Characterization
      of naturally occurring mutations has provided a model whereby clinically distinct
      phenotypes are predicted on the basis of how specific mutations alter normal
      fibrillogenesis. This model, originally derived from studies of type I collagen
      defects in osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VII, has been
      modified and extended by recent correlations of type II collagen defects with
      several chondrodysplasias and of type III collagen defects with Ehlers Danlos
      syndrome type IV. From analysis of the skeletal dysplasias, the pathogenic role
      of fibrillar collagen defects in more common clinical entities has been suggested
      and awaits rigorous proof. Although informative, these collective studies have
      revealed important exceptions to predictions of the original pathobiochemical
      paradigm, and, thus, they have initiated a more rigorous reconsideration of the
      deductive model. As an alternative, investigations are currently underway to
      generate transgenic mouse models of human collagenopathies. This task will not
      only clarify the complexity of collagen pathophysiology, but it will also permit
      the development of therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 1802110
TI  - Control of gene expression and the yeast cell cycle.

PMID- 1802111
TI  - Cell cycle-regulated and proliferation stimulus-responsive genes.
AB  - We have reviewed here genes whose expression may vary during the "cell cycle" and
      we discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Given a correlation between the
      cell cycle and expression of a particular gene, the question arises whether that
      gene regulates the cycle, whether the cycle regulates that gene, or whether the
      correlation is simply the consequence that both the cell cycle and that gene
      respond to the same signal(s). Gene expression is regulated at diverse levels,
      and the relative importance of regulation at these different levels depends on
      which version of the cell cycle one has in mind; depending upon the context, the
      concept of the (higher eukaryote) cell cycle has a number of different
      operational meanings. Thus the first few divisions of the fertilized egg consist
      of successive S and M phases, with insignificant G1 and G2 phases, regulated
      entirely at the translational and post-translational level by the
      phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of p34cdc2 and the synthesis/degradation of one
      or more cyclins-keyed perhaps to the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm ratio and the
      completion of DNA replication. In contrast, cells stimulated to exit quiescence,
      (G0), require new gene transcription and changes in the post-transcriptional
      control of gene expression. Cells proliferating in a constant environment proceed
      directly from mitosis into G1 and are less dependent on (but not independent of)
      new transcription; here controls at the post-transcriptional and post
      translational levels are more pronounced. In addition to regulation by p34cdc2,
      input from cell-specific growth factors or other extracellular signals is
      essential for most untransformed cells to continue through the cycle. Many
      transformed cells in contrast do not require exogenous signals and are altered in
      the way that key regulatory genes (e.g., p53, RB) are controlled. While cells of
      many lower eukaryotes appear capable of an indefinite number of cell cycles, the
      typical higher eukaryotic cell appears to have a limit on this number-
      untransformed, nonestablished vertebrate cells are usually mortal. For unknown
      reasons, established cell lines and certain embryonic or stem cells under the
      right conditions, are immortal and capable of indefinite proliferation.
      Apparently, the price paid to construct a differentiated multicellular organism
      is a limit on the number of cell divisions that the constituent somatic cells are
      capable of undergoing.

PMID- 1802112
TI  - Cytokines and cell growth control.
AB  - Cellular proliferation in eukaryotic cells is associated with a highly organized
      sequence of events involving expression of growth-related genes. The growth
      regulatory cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast
      growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin-like growth
      factor (IGF-I) are thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of
      fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells. The immunomodulatory cytokines,
      including interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), are also known to modulate the growth response in
      nonimmune cells and regulate cellular metabolism by inducing expression of genes
      encoding biologically active molecules. While TGF-beta can induce anchorage
      independent growth of nonneoplastic cells, it inhibits the proliferation of most
      normal cell types. Several of the cytokines that stimulate fibroblast
      proliferation may inhibit the growth of other cell types. Recent studies have
      also begun to assign specific roles to different cytokines in embryonic
      development and cellular differentiation. The growth response to some cytokines
      may be dependent upon the induction of other cytokines that then directly
      stimulate proliferation. Some cytokines may also modulate the responses induced
      by other cytokines by regulating receptor expression and other cellular events.
      Binding of cytokines to their specific membrane-associated receptors results in
      activation of signal transduction pathways, many of which involve phosphorylation
      of specific intercellular proteins. The final biological response is dependent
      ultimately on the induction and activation of trans-acting factors that regulate
      transcription by interacting with cis-acting DNA sequences in the target genes.
      Since many of these signaling and transcriptional events are common to distinct
      cytokines, many of which have different effects on proliferation in the same cell
      types, it is not clear how specificity is achieved in regulating the different
      biological responses.

PMID- 1802113
TI  - Organization and regulation of collagen genes.

PMID- 1802114
TI  - Cell structure and DNA organization.

PMID- 1802115
TI  - Glomerular lesions in Aleutian disease of mink (Mustela vison): a morphological
      and differential morphometrical study.
AB  - A morphological and morphometrical study has been carried out on glomerular
      lesions in mink with spontaneous Aleutian disease, using the WHO classification
      for Systemic Lupus Erytematous Nefritis. 154 renal samples from sick animals and
      10 samples from uninfected mink were processed by routine histopathological
      techniques and metacrylate inclusions. The samples were studied quantitatively
      with an automatic image analyzer. 5 forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) were
      identified: mesangial glomerulonephritis (n = 13), focal and segmental GN (n =
      10), diffuse GN (n = 99), membranous GN (n = 12) and advanced sclerosing GN (n =
      10) and were associated with the degree of interstitial plasmocytosis. Glomerule
      morphometry was shown to be an excellent method for identifying the type of
      lesion, while it quantified the participation of various glomerular elements in
      the lesion.

PMID- 1802116
TI  - Comparative morphological studies of lamb and calf Sertoli cells treated with
      anabolic agents.
AB  - The morphological alterations caused by anabolic steroids (oestradiol and
      trenbolone acetate) on the Sertoli cells of testicles in animals for human
      consumption (lambs and calves) were studied. The morphopathological study of the
      treated lambs revealed delayed development of the seminiferous tubules, which was
      marked by signs of immaturity and even degeneration of Sertoli cells. The main
      morphopathological alterations affecting the Sertoli cells in calves occurred as
      hyperfunction symptoms marked by increased nuclei and smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum.

PMID- 1802117
TI  - Effects of alcohol on laminin in rat gastric mucosa.
AB  - Following ethanol exposure, the gastric surface epithelium often exfoliates,
      leaving a denuded basal lamina. Viable cells from the gland migrate along the
      basal lamina to repair the defect, a process known as restitution. Laminin, the
      major non-collagenous glycoprotein of basal laminae, functions in cellular
      adhesion and migration and, therefore, any alteration of this molecule by ethanol
      may influence subsequent restitution. After a 5 or 60 minutes treatment with
      saline, 50% or 100% ethanol, gastric tissues were removed from fasted female
      Sprague-Dawley rats, fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde and processed in Lowicryl. Once
      embedded and sectioned, specimens were incubated in anti-laminin followed by
      protein A-gold. The area of lamina densa from interfoveolar, pit and gland
      regions was measured and gold particles counted. Absolute ethanol caused
      diminished immunogold binding in all regions at all time periods, except the
      gland at 60 minutes. Exposure to 50% ethanol for 5 minutes did not alter laminin
      binding, although 60 minutes after 50% alcohol, laminin immunolabelling was
      increased. Alcohol concentration alters laminin immunogold binding, and therefore
      may influence restitution.

PMID- 1802118
TI  - Human eccrine sweat gland. Expression of neuroglandular antigens and coexpression
      of intermediate filaments.
AB  - Acrosyringium, duct and secretory epithelium as well as myoepithelial cells of
      human eccrine sweat glands have been characterized by different immunostaining
      patterns with mono- and polyclonal antibodies to a wide spectrum of tissue
      antigens. Using monoclonal antibodies to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and
      melanoma-associated antigens (LS 59, HMB-45, NKI/C-3) the expression of
      neuroectodermal antigens in secretory coils was demonstrated. Myoepithelial cells
      were double-stained with polyclonal vimentin and monoclonal CAM 5.2 (against
      keratins nos. 8, 18, 19) antibodies.

PMID- 1802120
TI  - Morphology, differentiation and matrix production of liver cells in organoid
      cultures (high density cultures) of fetal rat livers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to demonstrate the morphology and matrix synthesis of
      embryonic rat liver cells (day 18 of gestation) in organoid cultures (high
      density cultures) with electron microscopic and immunomorphological techniques.
      For this purpose the cells of embryonic rat livers were isolated enzymatically
      and grown in an organoid culture (high density culture) for 3 weeks in a Trowell
      system. During the first 48 h a sorting-out process took place, i.e. liver and
      blood-forming cells met to form aggregates. In between mesenchymal cells were
      seen. Vessel-like cavities developed. Electron microscopic inspection of the
      hepatocytes did not reveal any lesions of the cell organelles after 14 days in
      culture. As late as after a 3-week culture period mitochondrial swellings and an
      increased number of autophagic vacuoles were observed. A rim of collagenous
      fibrils or fibrillar bundles and granular matrix structures was perceptible as
      early as after 7 days in culture. Immunofluorescence microscopic techniques
      revealed collagen types III, IV and VI as well as laminin, nidogen,
      heparansulfate-proteoglycan and fibronectin in these areas. Thus, the composition
      of the matrix in this culture system corresponds (apart from the absence of
      collagen type I) to the embryonic situation. Therefore, the organoid culture
      appears to be an appropriate technique to study the behaviour of hepatocytes in
      vitro. It is especially suited to demonstrate the formation of matrix components
      in liver cells and their extracellular occurrence.

PMID- 1802119
TI  - A comparative pathological study of three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in an
      experimental model.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, shows a wide
      variation in its biological behaviour depending on the geographical distribution
      of different strains. Moreover, some strains can show variations with the course
      of time. We have studied the tissular tropism of three strains of T. cruzi, Cali,
      Bolivia and Y, from different geographical origins (Colombia, Bolivia and Brasil
      respectively) on Swiss mice in order to detect any possible modification in their
      behaviour attributable only to parasite but not to host variations. The
      anatomopathological study of sections from heart, brain, liver, spleen, lymphatic
      ganglion, skeletal muscle and colon from Swiss mice infected with these strains
      has evidenced the presence of some important discrepancies between the tissular
      tropism expected from their former descriptions, and classical typification and
      then observed lesions. The greatest variations were found in the Y strain which
      had been described as eminently reticulotropic but presented lesions in all the
      organs except the spleen and lymphatic ganglion. We consider that the variations
      found in our study can only be explained in terms of changes in the properties of
      the strains considered, and conclude that the classic typification techniques
      based on the constancy of the characteristics of the parasite are not fully
      reliable for the description and clinical management of some evolving strains.

PMID- 1802122
TI  - Responses of the astroglia in sensory deprived olfactory bulb of developing rats.
AB  - The effects of unilateral olfactory deprivation on the glial population during
      the olfactory bulb development have been studied. The lack of sensory stimulation
      has been found to be related to an increase in gliofibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
      in the three layers of the deprived bulbs. This increase is due to the higher
      number of astrocytes in the deprived bulb, which is much more noticeable in the
      plexiform layer than in the other two, together with a hypertrophy of the
      reactive astrocytes resulting in an increase in the number and thickness of their
      prolongations. Our results demonstrate that sensory olfactory deprivation acts as
      other noxius agents on the CNS, causing gliosis in the olfactory bulb. This
      gliosis is revealed by astrocytic hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

PMID- 1802121
TI  - Ultrastructural study of bronchial epithelium in chronic respiratory diseases.
AB  - The fine structure of bronchial epithelium in thirty-six patients, thirty-one men
      and five women, suffering from chronic obstructive pneumonopathy or bronchial
      carcinoma was studied. No remarkable alterations were found with electron
      microscopy, in most non-smokers in contrast to the smokers who presented
      destruction of the epithelial cells and loss of the cilia or many pathological
      cilia with an abnormal microtubular configuration and irregular orientation. The
      severity, however, of the alterations was not related to the severity of smoking
      and to the presence of bronchial cancer.

PMID- 1802123
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy observations of nasal mucosa in patients affected by
      retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - A controlled study of the ciliated epithelium of olfactory mucosa was performed
      on 25 patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa and in 5 healthy subjects.
      Scanning Electron Microscopy showed a significant lack of ciliated epithelial
      cells. These cells probably represent undifferentiated ciliated cells. These
      morphological alterations of the olfactory mucosa might correspond to similar
      changes in the outer segment of retinal photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 1802124
TI  - Amitosis in human adrenal cells.
AB  - Adrenal pieces obtained from 3 female and 2 male patients showed morphological
      figures of amitosis in adrenal zona reticularis cells. Such aspects were observed
      in both normal and hyperactive adrenals. Nuclei appeared constricted, heavily
      stained, with coarse chromatin, sometimes scattered among cytoplasmic organelles,
      but never marginating in crescentic caps. Cleavage of the cells originated two
      halves with a nucleolus in each pole. Binucleated cells were also seen in zona
      reticularis. The meaning of amitosis in human adrenal is discussed.

PMID- 1802125
TI  - Ovariectomy-induced changes in the adrenal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Many lines of evidence indicate that adrenocortical steroid hormones are involved
      in the development and maintenance of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR). Twenty-eight days after ovariectomy a notable decrease in the
      sistolic blood pressure (BP) was found in SHR, along with a marked atrophy of
      their adrenal cortices. The hypothesis is advanced that the ovariectomy-induced
      lowering in BP in SHR may be, at least partly, mediated by the suppression of the
      adrenal secretory activity, due to the lack of circulating estrogens, which are
      well known to stimulate hypophyseal ACTH release.

PMID- 1802126
TI  - The permeability of capillaries among the small granule-containing cells in rat
      superior cervical ganglia: an ultrastructural lanthanum tracer study.
AB  - The permeability of blood capillaries associated with small granule-containing
      (SGC) cells in rat superior cervical ganglia was investigated at ultrastructural
      level by employing ionic lanthanum as an electron dense tracer. In rat superior
      cervical ganglia, the majority of blood capillaries were nonfenestrated. Both
      fenestrated and nonfenestrated capillaries were observed in the area associated
      with SGC cells. Lanthanum tracer was observed in the luminal surface, the
      interendothelial cleft and the subendothelial perivascular spaces of both
      fenestrated and nonfenestrated capillaries associated with SGC cells. The
      external lamina of the Schwann cell which surrounded the neurons, nerve fibres
      and SGC cells were clearly delineated by the lanthanum tracer. Furthermore, the
      perineuronal space, the periaxonal space, and the pericellular space of the SGC
      cells were readily accessible to the lanthanum ion. The results demonstrated an
      absence of blood-nerve barrier, blood-ganglionic and blood-SGC cell barrier to
      the lanthanum ion in the parenchymal area of the SGC cells in rat superior
      cervical ganglia. It is proposed that lanthanum may pass through the endothelial
      cells via 1) the fenestrae of fenestrated capillaries, 2) the intercellular
      junctions of both fenestrated and nonfenestrated capillaries, i.e., a
      paracellular pathway; and 3) the process of endocytosis/exocytosis, i.e., a
      transcellular pathway, to reach the subendothelial space and be distributed in
      the parenchyma of SGC cells in rat superior cervical ganglia.

PMID- 1802127
TI  - Microvascular pericytes: a review of their morphological and functional
      characteristics.
AB  - A hundred years after the first description, many aspects of pericytes remain to
      be examined. Mesenchymal in origin, pericytes form an incomplete envelopment
      around the endothelial cells and within the microvascular basement membrane of
      capillaries and postcapillary venules. Morphologically, they appear as long,
      slender, polymorphic cells, showing an elongated cell body, from which arise
      longitudinal and circumferential branches. Cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes
      of pericytes, as well as the endothelial cells, are enveloped by the same basal
      lamina, except for where they make direct contacts with each other. The
      pericyte/endothelial cell contacts are peg and socket, adhesion plaques and gap
      junctions, making up structural mechanisms for force transmission and a possible
      receptor system for cells, in which the pericyte and endothelial cells respond to
      secondary signals generated in the other cells. Electron microscopic studies have
      revealed an elaborate network of cytoplasmic filaments. Pericyte intermediate
      filament proteins show species and tissue differences, expressing vimentin or
      vimentin and desmin. The pericytes also express protein typical of contractile
      cells, i.e. smooth muscle-specific isoforms of actin and myosin, cyclic GMP
      protein kinase and tropomyosin. A gradual transition is observed between
      pericytes and smooth muscle cells in both terminal arterioles and venules.
      Several general functions for the pericytes have been postulated:
      contractability; permeability regulator; integrity maintainer; endothelial cell
      growth modulator; and cell progenitor with considerable mesenchymal potential.

PMID- 1802128
TI  - Clinical MR imaging of degenerative spinal disease: pulse sequences, gradient
      echo techniques, and contrast agents.

PMID- 1802129
TI  - Maximization of contrast-to-noise ratio to distinguish diffusion and
      microcirculatory flow.
AB  - Optimization of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is described for
      microcirculation magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques based on flow
      compensated/flow-dephased sequences, both with and without even-echo rephasing.
      The authors present the most advantageous manner of applying flow-dephased
      gradients, such that dephasing is maximal while diffusion losses are minimal. The
      theoretical considerations include phase, diffusion, echo time, and bandwidth in
      the determination of the optimal parameters for microcirculation imaging. Studies
      in phantoms consisting of stationary and flowing copper sulfate in Sephadex
      columns demonstrate the validity of the calculations. Optimized in vivo images of
      a rat stroke model demonstrate the potential of the flow-compensated/flow
      dephased technique and the importance of optimizing CNR.

PMID- 1802130
TI  - Phase III clinical evaluation of Gd-HP-DO3A in head and spine disease.
AB  - As part of a phase III clinical trial, 25 patients with suspected intracranial or
      spinal disease underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before and after
      intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-HP-DO3A (1,4,7-tris[carboxymethyl]-10-[2'
      hydroxypropyl]-1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane), a neutral (nonionic) gadolinium
      chelate. Laboratory analysis included a complete blood count; blood chemistry;
      measurement of electrolyte levels; hepatic function, clotting function, and iron
      metabolism panels; and urinalysis both before and 24 hours after contrast agent
      administration. No statistically significant changes related to contrast agent
      administration were noted in laboratory values after administration of the
      contrast agent. In this selected group of patients, the contrast agent-enhanced
      study provided greater diagnostic information than did the precontrast study in
      69% of head cases and 67% of spine cases. These initial clinical trials
      demonstrate that Gd-HP-DO3A is a safe, efficacious agent for head and spine
      examinations.

PMID- 1802131
TI  - Preliminary clinical trial of gadodiamide injection: a new nonionic gadolinium
      contrast agent for MR imaging.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of a newly developed intravenous formulation of the
      nonionic contrast agent gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
      bis(methylamide), formulated as gadodiamide injection, was investigated. In 30
      patients who underwent spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before and after
      contrast agent enhancement, the enhanced images had characteristics judged
      similar to those of images enhanced by means of available gadolinium compounds.
      In 15 patients, contrast agent administration was of major diagnostic help,
      either revealing lesions not apparent without enhancement or providing important
      lesion characterization. In 12 patients, the lack of abnormal enhancement
      patterns was important in excluding the presence of disease. In three patients,
      the contrast agent did not provide information additional to that obtained with
      the unenhanced T1- and T2-weighted images. No clinically significant changes were
      observed in vital signs, neurologic status, or laboratory results. The authors
      conclude that, in this limited series, gadodiamide injection proved to be a safe
      and useful MR imaging contrast agent for evaluation of the central nervous system
      and surrounding structures.

PMID- 1802132
TI  - Strategies to improve contrast in turboFLASH imaging: reordered phase encoding
      and k-space segmentation.
AB  - TurboFLASH (fast low-angle shot) sequences enable the acquisition of an image in
      a fraction of a second. However, unique to T1-weighted ultrafast imaging, the
      magnetization variation during image acquisition can produce artifacts along the
      phase-encoding direction. In this study, the signal behavior and nature of these
      artifacts were analyzed with various acquisition schemes to improve image
      contrast. The magnetization variation during image acquisition and its filtering
      effect on the image were simulated for three different approaches to T1-weighted
      turboFLASH imaging: standard turboFLASH with (a) monotonically ascending phase
      encoding steps, (b) reordered phase encoding, and (c) k-space segmentation. Each
      of the modified data acquisition schemes has advantages. However, for subsecond
      imaging, reordered phase encoding produced improved image contrast over that of
      standard turboFLASH, and segmented k-space imaging gave superior tissue contrast
      compared with that of both standard and reordered turboFLASH, with imaging time
      that permits breath-hold studies.

PMID- 1802133
TI  - Imaging of diffusion and microcirculation with gradient sensitization: design,
      strategy, and significance.
AB  - Recent developments in the use of magnetic resonance (MR) to measure and image
      diffusion and blood microcirculation ("perfusion") are summarized. After a brief
      description of the effects of diffusion and perfusion on the MR signal, the
      different methods (conventional spin-echo, stimulated-echo, gradient-echo, and
      echo-planar imaging) that have been proposed and used to image and measure
      diffusion and perfusion by gradient sensitization are presented, along with their
      advantages and limitations. The difficulties of diffusion/perfusion imaging
      related to both hardware and software are then discussed. Special attention is
      given to specific problems encountered with in vivo studies and data analysis.
      Finally, the potential biologic and clinical applications are outlined, and some
      examples are presented.

PMID- 1802134
TI  - MR imaging of the vocal tract during vowel production.
AB  - Modeling of vocal tract behavior during speech production requires accurate
      measurements of the entire vocal tract. To accomplish this, magnetic resonance
      (MR) imaging was performed on a 0.5-T system with a custom-made, double-loop,
      wrap-around coil. A midsagittal section of the region from the glottis to the
      lips was imaged during sustained production of five American English vowels. A
      gradient-spoiled gradient-echo sequence was used to achieve a 4-second imaging
      time. Images showed clear profiles of the entire vocal tract and exhibited
      essential articulatory features of vowel production. It was possible to measure
      midsagittal widths at various points along the vocal tract with 1-mm resolution.
      The measurements were used to construct a tube model for prediction of the
      acoustic output of the vocal tract. It is concluded that risk-free MR imaging
      promises to be an important means of acquiring data for vocal tract modeling,
      with applications to speech pathology, linguistics, and artificial speech.

PMID- 1802135
TI  - MR imaging of patients with implanted drug infusion pumps.
AB  - The influence of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on the integrity and function of
      an implantable, programmable drug infusion pump and the distortion of the image
      by this device were tested. Six identical pumps were tested in magnetic fields of
      1.5 T. Pump memory was not affected by the procedure. The pump rotor stalled (no
      infusion) as long as the device was within the magnetic field. Drug delivery
      resumed as programmed after the pump was removed from the field. No structural
      damage to the electrical or mechanical pump components was detected. The pump
      caused a circular image artifact (a signal dropout) within 8-10 cm of the device.
      The authors conclude that MR imaging is accurate if the area of interest is at
      least 10 cm from the pump, and that with awareness of temporary infusion
      cessation, it is safe to perform MR imaging in patients with this implanted pump.

PMID- 1802136
TI  - Interactive design of motion-compensated gradient waveforms with a personal
      computer spreadsheet program.
AB  - A personal computer spreadsheet program was used to compute the amplitudes of the
      gradient pulses in motion-compensated gradient waveforms. The resulting designs
      for velocity-compensated, gradient-echo, frequency-encoding gradients and
      velocity-compensated section-select waveforms required little or no modification
      when implemented on two clinical magnetic resonance imagers.

PMID- 1802137
TI  - Meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the spine: a case report.
AB  - Primary soft-tissue chondrosarcomas are most often of the mesenchymal variety.
      When affecting the central nervous system, these tumors usually arise from the
      intracranial meninges. Intraspinal meningeal lesions are much less common but may
      be considered, especially in the pediatric age group, when clinical or radiologic
      presentation is atypical. The author presents a case report including MR imaging
      studies of a 7-year-old girl with intraspinal dural chondrosarcoma.

PMID- 1802138
TI  - Policies, guidelines, and recommendations for MR imaging safety and patient
      management. SMRI Safety Committee.
AB  - The following are policies, guidelines, and recommendations from the Safety
      Committee of the Society for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SMRI) concerning various
      issues related to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging safety and patient management.
      These policies, guidelines, and recommendations were developed to provide
      standardized and consistent information for use by health practitioners involved
      in clinical MR imaging.

PMID- 1802139
TI  - MR imaging inroads in the People's Republic of China.

PMID- 1802140
TI  - 1991 I.I. Rabi Award. Estimating oxygen saturation of blood in vivo with MR
      imaging at 1.5 T.
AB  - The use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is investigated for noninvasively
      estimating the oxygen saturation of human blood (%HbO2) in vivo by means of
      relaxation characteristics identified in earlier MR spectrometry studies. To this
      end, a sequence is presented for determining the T2 of vascular blood in regions
      in which motions of the body and of the blood itself present a major challenge.
      With use of this sequence on a commercial 1.5-T whole-body imager, the
      relationship between the T2 and %HbO2 of blood is calibrated in vitro for the
      conditions expected in vivo. T2 varies predictably from about 30 to 250 msec as
      %HbO2 varies from 30% to 96%. T2 values measured in situ for vascular blood in
      the mediastinum of several healthy subjects qualitatively reflected the behavior
      observed in vitro. Estimates of %HbO2 for these vessels obtained with the in
      vitro calibration appear reasonable, particularly for venous blood, although
      difficulties arise in selecting the appropriate calibration factors. These
      encouraging initial results support a more systematic study of potential sources
      of error and an examination of the accuracy of in vivo measurements by comparison
      with direct measurements of %HbO2 in vessels.

PMID- 1802141
TI  - Detection with echo-planar MR imaging of transit of susceptibility contrast
      medium in a rat model of regional brain ischemia.
AB  - Gradient-refocused echo-planar magnetic resonance (MR) images (TE = 18 msec) were
      acquired in rats during bolus injection of iron oxide particles, and the first
      pass of the contrast agent through the brain was monitored. In control rats,
      contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg iron) produced significant signal-intensity (SI)
      reduction over the right hemisphere and similar declines over the left. SI loss
      occurred first in the cortex and basal ganglia and later in the periventricular
      regions, along the midline, and in the thalamic zone. Sequential volume-localized
      proton spectra acquired during transit of 0.02 mmol/kg iron showed substantial
      reduction in SI, slight asymmetric broadening, and no change in chemical shift of
      the water resonance. In rats with unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral
      artery, peak reduction in ischemic brain SI was to 70% +/- 9% of control, while
      normal brain SI was reduced to 18% +/- 2% (P less than .01), allowing distinction
      of the ischemic regions. The presence and location of injury were confirmed with
      diffusion-weighted imaging and postmortem vital staining. These results
      demonstrate abnormal transit profiles in a rat model of regional brain ischemia.
      Evaluation of dynamic contrast delivery patterns may provide unique information
      in early brain ischemia.

PMID- 1802142
TI  - MR imaging of the central nervous system in divers.
AB  - A group of 70 professional divers and 47 healthy control subjects who had never
      dived were examined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to determine the
      prevalence of focal white matter changes in the brain. Spots of high signal
      intensity in white matter on proton density- and/or T2-weighted spin-echo images
      were detected in 42% of the control subjects and in 34% of the divers. In the
      control subjects, the prevalence of more than three changes was related to
      smoking, use of alcohol, head trauma, age of more than 35 years, and a
      combination of several cerebrovascular risk factors. This relationship was not
      present in the divers. The prevalence of changes in divers was inversely related
      to diving depth, amount of diving, participation in "unsafe diving," and
      decompression sickness. The reasons for these results could not be ascertained.
      The results are compared with those of MR imaging studies of white matter changes
      recently presented by other research groups.

PMID- 1802143
TI  - MR microscopy at 7.0 T: effects of brain iron.
AB  - The T2 of brain tissue is known to be field dependent, decreasing as B0
      increases. Previous studies have attributed reduced T2 in the structures of the
      extrapyramidal motor system (EPMS) to high iron concentrations. The present study
      was designed to manipulate physiologic iron concentrations and study the effects
      on T2 and on the field dependence of T2 at 7.0 T in whole formalin-fixed brains.
      A rat model was devised in which iron concentrations in the structures of
      interest were altered by diet manipulation. Cerebral structures with different
      iron content were imaged and T2 measured with MR microscopy at both 2.0 and 7.0
      T. T2 of all tissues was shorter by 40%-60% at 7.0 T. Although some dependence of
      T2 on iron concentration was evident, it was less than expected. The strongest
      correlation was in the substantia nigra. The highest-resolution studies, at 30 x
      30 x 50 microns, show the myelin bundles in many of the EPMS structures but not
      in the substantia nigra. From these data, it appears that T2 at greater field
      strengths depends more on susceptibility-induced spin dephasing imposed by
      diffusion through the tissue microstructure than on the presence of iron.

PMID- 1802144
TI  - Modified iterative model based on data extrapolation method to reduce Gibbs
      ringing.
AB  - An iterative algorithm that involves image filtering and data replacement (as
      suggested by Constable and Henkelman) is investigated for reducing the Gibbs
      artifact in magnetic resonance imaging. The image is processed with an edge
      preserving filter to estimate the height and location of a set of model elements
      (delta functions or boxes) for generating the missing high-frequency information.
      Filtering was performed in the complex image domain to account for
      discontinuities in phase as well as magnitude. The process is repeated after each
      data replacement to handle varying degrees of contrast. The convergence and
      signal-to-noise characteristics of the algorithm are investigated by means of
      simulated and clinical examples. The results indicate that the algorithm performs
      reasonably well in reducing ringing artifacts due to nearby edge contrast seen in
      most of the homogeneous, isointense regions. Nevertheless, it may generate some
      spurious thickening of structures that do not match the assumed step-edge models.

PMID- 1802145
TI  - Comparing the FAISE method with conventional dual-echo sequences.
AB  - The FAISE (fast-acquisition interleaved spin-echo) technique consists of a hybrid
      rapid-acquisition relaxation-enhanced (RARE) sequence combined with a specific
      phase-encode reordering method. Implemented on a 1.5-T unit, this multisection,
      high-resolution technique permits convenient contrast manipulation similar to
      that of spin-echo imaging, with selection of a pseudo-echo-time parameter and a
      TR interval. With a TR of 2 seconds, eight 256 x 256 images are obtained in 34
      seconds with either T2 or proton-density weighting. A direct comparison between
      FAISE and spin echo for obtaining T2-weighted head images in healthy subjects
      indicates that FAISE and spin-echo images are qualitatively and quantitatively
      similar. Image artifacts are more pronounced on "proton-density" FAISE images
      than on the T2-weighted FAISE images. T1 contrast can be obtained with inversion
      recovery and short TR FAISE images. Preliminary temperature measurements in
      saline phantoms do not indicate excessive temperature increases with extended
      FAISE acquisitions. However, extensive studies of radio-frequency power
      deposition effects should be performed if the FAISE technique is to be fully
      exploited.

PMID- 1802147
TI  - MR imaging of coronary artery flow in isolated and in vivo hearts.
AB  - Methods for imaging flow in coronary arteries with magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging techniques are demonstrated in isolated heart preparations and live
      animal models. Coronary artery flow was first imaged with a flow-compensated
      gradient-echo pulse sequence in isovolumic and working perfused rat hearts and
      then in vivo. A bolus tracking technique was used to measure flow velocity in the
      coronary arteries. Ultrafast gradient-echo imaging techniques were then applied,
      with high resolution obtained by combining the information from several cardiac
      cycles. A stimulated-echo pulse sequence was demonstrated as a method for
      performing coronary angiography by flow tagging in isovolumic perfused hearts.
      This report describes the results of coronary flow MR imaging in isolated rat
      hearts and live mice and rats. The general approach has proved useful in
      evaluating new methods for coronary MR angiography and should permit well
      controlled studies of pathologic conditions. This ability to image coronary flow
      in isolated hearts and in small animals should permit integrated MR studies of
      coronary flow, myocardial perfusion, myocardial metabolism, and cellular ionic
      status.

PMID- 1802146
TI  - Lumen definition in MR angiography.
AB  - Factors affecting blood vessel lumen definition for two-dimensional and three
      dimensional inflow magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods are considered. Vessel
      definition is affected (a) by the amount of dephasing of the blood in the
      vessels, both for uncompensated and velocity-compensated gradients; (b) by the
      image reconstruction technique (normal Fourier reconstruction when asymmetric
      echoes are collected or a maximum-intensity projection technique in post
      processing); (c) by loss of signal due to T2* dephasing; (d) by misregistration;
      (e) by vessel wall motion; and (f) by partial-volume effects. The first two
      factors were found to dominate for resolution on the order of 1 mm3. To overcome
      these dephasing problems, the authors developed asymmetric echo, velocity
      compensated sequences with TEs as short as 4.8 msec. The data were then
      reconstructed with an iterative partial Fourier algorithm, enabling improved
      lumen definition to be obtained in phantoms and in vivo.

PMID- 1802148
TI  - Electrocardiograph-independent, "wireless" cardiovascular cine MR imaging.
AB  - A new electrocardiograph (ECG)-independent, "wireless" gating technique for cine
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was evaluated in 23 cases of cardiovascular
      disease; in each case, standard ECG-dependent image loops were available for
      comparison. The ECG-independent strategy references cine MR imaging data
      retrospectively to inherent periodic changes in MR signal related to the cardiac
      cycle. With a "double-section" method, both timing data reflecting such changes
      and imaging data can be acquired simultaneously. "Artificial R waves" are
      extracted from the timing data acquired with a projection approach. The ECG
      independent image loops were diagnostic in 91% of cases. Their overall image
      quality was at least equal to that of available ECG-dependent versions in only
      39% of cases, but this proportion increased to 53% if cases with suboptimal
      imaging orientations for monitoring of the motion-dependent signal changes were
      excluded. Orientation appeared to be the primary technical limitation associated
      with this ECG-independent technique; however, poor ventricular function also
      significantly impaired performance. Improvement in the performance of the ECG
      independent strategy is anticipated with technical advances.

PMID- 1802149
TI  - Comparison of Fe-HBED and Fe-EHPG as hepatobiliary MR contrast agents.
AB  - The authors studied the biodisposition and hepatobiliary transport of two
      potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, the iron (III) chelates of
      N,N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylene-diamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED) and
      diastereomeric N,N'-ethylenebis(2-hydroxyphenylglycine) (EHPG). Fecal and urinary
      excretion (mean +/- standard deviation), respectively, of FE-59 over 7 days in
      rats given tracer doses of the contrast agents were 67% +/- 2% and 22% +/- 1% for
      Fe-59-HBED and 22% +/- 2% and 26% +/- 5% for Fe-59-EHPG. In bile duct-cannulated
      rats given 0.05-mmol/kg doses labeled with Fe-59, 52% +/- 8% of Fe-59 from Fe-59
      HBED but only 17% +/- 3% of that from Fe-59-EHPG was excreted into the bile
      within 90 minutes. Bromosulfophthalein, but not taurocholate or oxyphenonium, was
      shown to compete with both agents for hepatobiliary transport. Enterohepatic
      recirculation of both agents was less than 1%.

PMID- 1802150
TI  - Measurement of abdominal fat with T1-weighted MR images.
AB  - The cross-sectional area of visceral and subcutaneous fat in the abdomen was
      measured with T1-weighted spin-echo images acquired with a 1.5-T magnetic
      resonance (MR) imager. Four axial images centered on L-4 were acquired in each
      patient. Outline regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn manually for subcutaneous
      and visceral fat. The subcutaneous fat cross-sectional area was calculated from
      the ROIs drawn around the outer and inner margins of subcutaneous fat. Several
      adaptive processing methods were evaluated for measuring fat in the complex
      structure of the viscera. These methods were compared with an existing MR imaging
      measurement method for abdominal fat in 18 patients. The adaptive method that
      uses the valley between the fat and nonfat distributions in the average histogram
      curve was judged best for research evaluations because it reduces the effects of
      volume averaging while using a more natural division between fat and nonfat data.
      Another adaptive method that yielded comparable measurements was thought to be
      more suitable for clinical applications. Cross-sectional area measurements of
      abdominal fat were compared in 18 nonobese and 17 obese women to illustrate the
      utility of these measurements.

PMID- 1802152
TI  - Evaluation of functional positions of tongue and soft palate with MR imaging:
      initial clinical results.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging was used to analyze functional positions of the tongue
      and soft palate in 10 patients and 10 healthy volunteers. The patients had
      velopharyngeal insufficiency and/or dysfunction of the tongue. With snapshot
      FLASH (fast low-angle shot) sequences (data acquisition time, less than 1
      second), malpositions of the articulatory apparatus were imaged and recorded for
      follow-up documentation.

PMID- 1802151
TI  - Intraluminal contrast enhancement and MR visualization of the bowel wall:
      efficacy of PFOB.
AB  - Efforts to develop satisfactory intraluminal gastrointestinal contrast agents for
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have focused on depicting only the bowel lumen to
      exclude possible involvement by a pathologic process. To determine whether the
      bowel wall can be adequately imaged with use of the contrast agent and whether
      bowel wall visualization is a better index of the utility of the contrast agent
      for MR imaging, perfluoroocytlbromide (PFOB) was studied in human subjects.
      Twenty consecutive patients referred for abdominal or pelvic MR imaging were
      selected. All patients were given 400-1,000 mL of PFOB orally. MR imaging was
      performed at 0.38 and 1.5 T with T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences
      before and after administration of PFOB. The images were graded independently by
      three blinded readers. All readers reported significantly superior conspicuity of
      the bowel lumen and wall after PFOB than before PFOB administration (P less than
      .002). Among the post-PFOB studies, those with superior bowel wall visualization
      demonstrated superior overall image quality. In three patients, lesions were
      optimally demonstrated because the relationship of the process to the bowel wall,
      rather than just to the lumen, was identified. In two patients, masses arising
      within the bowel wall could be identified prospectively only when the bowel wall
      was adequately imaged. The authors conclude that while lumen identification is
      improved with PFOB, its greatest clinical utility may be in facilitating
      intestinal wall visualization.

PMID- 1802153
TI  - MR imaging of shoulder injuries in professional baseball players.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to evaluate the shoulders of 10
      symptomatic professional baseball players and one asymptomatic player, with
      surgical correlation in six cases and arthrographic correlation in two cases.
      Seven small rotator cuff tears measuring 0.5-1 cm were identified on MR images,
      with arthrographic and surgical confirmation of these findings in two patients
      and surgical confirmation only in three patients. Cortical irregularity and/or
      subchondral cyst formation at the posterior aspect of the greater tuberosity near
      the insertion site of the infraspinatus tendon was found in five of the seven
      players with rotator cuff tears. Similar findings were noted in the asymptomatic
      volunteer and in one of the three players without cuff tear, who also had
      irregular thickening of the posterior capsule. These findings are believed to
      represent chronic avulsive changes resulting from the deceleration stresses of
      the follow-through motion.

PMID- 1802154
TI  - What does the future hold for MR imaging?

PMID- 1802155
TI  - Hidden cervical spine injuries in traffic accident victims with skull fractures.
AB  - We studied 22 cervical spines from traffic accident victims with fatal
      craniocerebral injuries (19 male victims and three female victims; mean age, 26
      years). Two had parietal fractures, 20 had skull base fractures (seven ring
      fractures), and 16 had severe polytrauma. The spines with all soft tissues were
      frozen in situ and removed. Fine-focus specimen radiograms were taken in special
      views and evaluated by an expert orthopedic radiologist. The specimens were then
      cryosectioned, and all injuries were recorded at submillimeter intervals on high
      resolution film. Ten radiological fracture diagnoses were incorrect; six were
      false positive, and four were false negative. In the upper cervical spine, only
      one of 10 gross ligamentous disruptions was suspected on the radiograms. In the
      lower cervical spine, 198 lesions were missed on the radiograms: 77 facet joint
      and ligamentum flavum injuries, 77 uncovertebral, and 22 disc lesions. In two
      adolescents, eight cartilaginous end-plate avulsions of the discs were found. At
      second-look evaluation, only four of the 245 unrecognized bone and
      discoligamentous lesions were detected on the radiograms. All spines were
      injured. Multiple-level soft-tissue injuries were common.

PMID- 1802156
TI  - Airway compromise as a result of retropharyngeal hematoma following cervical
      spine injury.
AB  - Mechanical airway obstruction secondary to prevertebral hematoma following
      cervical spine injury is a life-threatening emergency. We present eight cases of
      mechanical airway obstruction from prevertebral hematomas in patients with
      cervical spine injury. They are combined with 13 previously reported cases to
      produce a study population of 21 patients. Although it is a rare complication of
      cervical spine injury, swelling significant enough to cause airway obstruction
      should be anticipated in all patients, regardless of age, severity of trauma, or
      lack of symptoms. To date, this phenomenon has not been reported in injuries
      below C6. Additionally, because symptoms may take hours to develop, initial
      cervical radiographs may not show evidence of retropharyngeal swelling and
      impending airway obstruction.

PMID- 1802157
TI  - Quantitative anatomy of cervical spine ligaments. Part I. Upper cervical spine.
AB  - The quantitative anatomy of the ligaments of the upper cervical spine was
      determined from six human cadaveric specimens. For the apical, transverse, and
      alar ligaments, the origins, lengths, and orientations were determined in three
      dimensional space. The apical ligament was 23.5 (3.8) mm long with a 20 degrees
      anterior tilt from the frontal plane. The transverse ligament was 21.9 (3.7) mm
      long, whereas the alar ligaments averaged 10.3 (2.0) mm in length. The alar
      ligaments were oriented 70 degrees from the sagittal plane with much variation in
      its angle with both the frontal and transverse planes.

PMID- 1802158
TI  - Quantitative anatomy of cervical spine ligaments. Part II. Middle and lower
      cervical spine.
AB  - The quantitative anatomy of the ligaments of the middle and lower cervical spine
      was determined from six human cadaveric specimens using stereophotogrammetry. For
      each of the ligaments--anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, capsular,
      ligamentum flavum, interspinous, and supraspinous--the origins, lengths, and
      orientations were defined three-dimensionally. The anterior and posterior
      longitudinal ligaments were approximately 7.5 mm wide and 12 mm long at levels C3
      through T1, whereas only 3.8 mm wide but 23 mm long and 31 mm long at C1-C2,
      respectively. The capsular ligaments were fairly constant at all levels, oriented
      posteriorly at approximately 45 degrees to the transverse plane. The ligamentum
      flavum were relatively constant in width (5 mm), whereas their lengths increased
      from 5.2 mm at C2-C3 to 8.7 mm at C7-T1. The interspinous ligament was tilted
      anteriorly 30-40 degrees and was shortest at levels C2-C3 and C3-C4. The
      supraspinous ligament was more vertically oriented than the interspinous ligament
      by 15-20 degrees.

PMID- 1802159
TI  - Cervical laminectomy and dentate ligament section for cervical spondylotic
      myelopathy.
AB  - Seventy-five patients who underwent surgical treatment for cervical spondylotic
      myelopathy were evaluated with respect to the operative procedure performed and
      their outcome. Forty patients underwent a laminectomy plus dentate ligament
      section (DLS), 18 underwent laminectomy alone, and 17 underwent an anterior
      cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF). The patients were evaluated
      postoperatively for both stability and for neurologic outcome using a
      modification of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Assessment Scale. Functional
      improvement occurred in all but one patient in the laminectomy plus DLS group.
      The average improvement was 3.1 +/- 1.5 points in this group; whereas the average
      improvement in the laminectomy and the ACDF groups was 2.7 +/- 2.0 and 3.0 +/-
      2.0 points respectively. All of the patients who improved substantially (greater
      than or equal to 6 points) in the laminectomy plus DLS and the laminectomy alone
      groups had normal cervical spine contours (lordosis). The remainder had either a
      normal lordosis or no curve (no kyphosis or lordosis). All patients in the ACDF
      group had either a straight spine or a cervical kyphosis. These factors implicate
      spine curvature, in addition to choice of operation, as factors which are
      important in outcome determination. No problems with instability occurred in
      either the laminectomy or the laminectomy plus DLS group. Two patients incurred
      problems with stability in the ACDF group. Both required reoperation. In
      addition, four patients in this group who initially improved, subsequently
      deteriorated. Six patients in the laminectomy plus DLS group had a several day
      febrile episode related to an aseptic meningitis process. Laminectomy plus DLS is
      a safe and efficacious alternative to laminectomy for the treatment of cervical
      spondylotic myelopathy. The data presented here suggests that myelopathic
      patients with a cervical kyphosis are best treated with an ACDF and that patients
      with a normal cervical lordosis are best treated with a posterior approach.
      Although some selected patients may benefit from DLS, no criteria are available
      which differentiate this small subset of patients.

PMID- 1802160
TI  - Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities: report of 26
      cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) occurs primarily in
      the pediatric population but is less common than other forms of spinal injury
      among children. Between 1972 and 1990, 159 pediatric patients were admitted to
      the Barrow Neurological Institute with acute traumatic spinal cord or vertebral
      column injuries. Of these, 26 children (16%) sustained SCIWORA. The mechanism of
      injury, its severity, and the prognosis for recovery were related to the
      patient's age. In young children, SCIWORA accounted for 32% of all spinal
      injuries and tended to be severe; 70% were complete injuries. In older children,
      SCIWORA accounted for only 12% of the spinal injuries, was rarely associated with
      a complete injury, and had an excellent prognosis for complete recovery of
      neurologic function. As with other types of spinal cord injuries, the severity of
      neurological injury was the most important predictor of outcome. Patients with
      complete neurological deficits from SCIWORA had a poor prognosis for recovery of
      neurological function.

PMID- 1802161
TI  - Spinal cord injury from civilian gunshot wounds: the Rancho experience 1980-88.
AB  - We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 316 patients with
      spinal cord injury (SCI) secondary to gunshot wounds (GSW) admitted to Rancho Los
      Amigos Medical Center for rehabilitation between 1980 and 1988. There were 289
      male and 27 female patients whose mean age was 25.9 years (range, 11-56 years).
      Of these, 238 were paraplegic (103 incomplete, 135 complete), and 78 were
      quadriplegic (45 incomplete, 33 complete). Forty were shot by handguns of known
      caliber and four by shotguns; in 272 cases, the type of weapon was unknown. A
      total of 230 cases sustained a single bullet wound, and 86 had multiple bullet
      wounds. The length of acute hospitalization, but not rehabilitation hospital
      stay, increased with the number of associated injuries. Rehabilitation and,
      hence, total length of stay was significantly less (mean, 100 and 130 days,
      respectively) for SCI/GSW victims than for SCI victims of motor vehicle
      accidents, falls, or diving accidents. The methods of calculating costs for
      admission were based upon Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center financial statistics.
      This hospital has charged for a daily occupancy fee. The fee is based upon an
      average of all charges for all patients. No additional fees are charged for
      special tests or procedures. In 1980, the average daily admission hospitalization
      charge was $785. In 1990, the last quoted hospital charge was $1,125. This is for
      the basic spinal cord injury rehabilitative stay. In general, at Rancho Los
      Amigos, patients are admitted for rehabilitation when all acute medical and
      surgical problems have been cleared and the patient is ready to participate in
      rehabilitation evaluation and therapy programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802162
TI  - Flexion-distraction injuries to the lumbar spine associated with abdominal
      injuries.
AB  - Flexion-distraction injuries to the lumbar spine frequently occur with
      concomitant abdominal viscus injury. We encountered 16 patients with flexion
      distraction lumbar spine injuries. Half of them also suffered abdominal viscus
      rupture. Lap safety belts were most frequently associated with these injuries;
      however, the incorrect, underarm use of the shoulder harness was common in our
      series. The diagnosis of the spinal injury was frequently delayed when abdominal
      viscus injury occurred together with a flexion-distraction spinal injury.
      Thorough physical and radiographic examination of the spine as well as a detailed
      history, including seat belt use, is necessary to diagnose these injuries
      properly.

PMID- 1802163
TI  - Surgical treatment of neuropathic spinal arthropathy.
AB  - Surgical treatment of neuropathic spinal arthropathy is traditionally associated
      with a high rate of complication. Ten patients were treated surgically using
      contemporary techniques of spinal instrumentation and fusion which included
      combined anterior and posterior procedures when appropriate. The etiology of the
      spinal arthropathy was fracture (8 patients) and tumor (2 patients). Mean
      postsurgical follow-up was 4 years. Solid arthrodesis was obtained in eight
      patients. Our recommendations for surgical treatment include (a) posterior
      segmental instrumentation and fusion for single level Charcot involvement, with
      bone grafting of the anterior single level defect accomplished through the
      posterolateral approach; (b) restoration of normal sagittal plane contour, with
      anterior first stage surgery recommended for rigid kyphosis or multiple level
      Charcot involvement; and (c) leaving no intercurrent unfused segments between new
      and old fusions in the area of neurologic deficit. Fusion to the pelvis is not
      always necessary but late arthropathy may develop between the fused segment and
      the pelvis.

PMID- 1802164
TI  - Intervertebral disc changes in adolescents with isthmic spondylolisthesis.
AB  - The lower lumbar discs in adolescent patients with isthmic L5 spondylolisthesis
      requiring operative treatment were evaluated by means of plain radiography,
      discography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There were 14 girls and 13
      boys, mean age on admission 14.4 (range, 11-18) years. The mean slip in girls was
      45 +/- 23% and in boys 27 +/- 17% (p less than 0.05). Discography was performed
      in 23 patients (42 discs) and MRI in 16. In 12 patients, both examinations were
      made. In plain radiographs, normal presacral disc height was seen in 11 patients
      with mean 14.5% slip, narrowing of the disc height less than 50% in four patients
      with mean 24% slip, and greater than 50% in 12 patients with mean 52.6% slip. In
      discograms and MRIs, the presacral disc was pathologic in all patients.
      Pathologic changes of the fourth lumbar disc were frequent. Concerning disc
      degeneration, there was poor correlation between findings in plain radiography
      compared with those seen in MRI or discography. MRI findings correlated with
      those of discography in most cases. However, MRI was normal in two discs with a
      pathologic discogram.

PMID- 1802165
TI  - Effect of major axial skeleton trauma on preexisting lumbosacral
      spondylolisthesis.
AB  - The incidental occurrence of lumbar spine fractures in individuals with
      preexisting first degree lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis may be looked upon
      as a simulated in vivo biomechanical experiment testing the stability of the
      lumbosacral subluxation. Among 200 patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures
      managed at the author's institution during the period of 1980-1989, five such
      cases were collected. All patients had a grade I isthmic spondylolisthesis at the
      L5-S1 level, and all sustained a burst fracture of the lumbar spine. In two
      patients, there was a previous history of low back pain and lumbosacral
      spondylolisthesis. In the other three patients, the olisthesis was judged to be
      old by a negative 99mTc-MDP bone scan, whereas the fractured vertebra showed
      intense uptake and/or by the negative operative findings at L5-S1 level during
      surgery. It was found that the incidence of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis in
      patients with thoracolumbar fractures was smaller than in the general population
      but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.213). In addition, it
      is concluded that mild lumbosacral spondylolisthesis can absorb considerable
      axial loading without an ascertainable evidence of damage.

PMID- 1802166
TI  - VSP stabilization of lumbar neoplasms: technical considerations and
      complications.
AB  - Variable screw placement (VSP) plates and pedicle screw fixation were used to
      stabilize eleven lumbar neoplasms. Blood loss and complications were comparable
      to other methods of posterior segmental fixation, although operative times were
      longer. Fewer levels were fused than for systems using sublaminar hooks or wires,
      with 8/11 patients treated with two level fixation. Four preoperatively
      irradiated patients experienced 43% of all complications and had 70% of the major
      complications. Wound infections occurred in 18%, vascular injuries in 18%, and
      transient neurologic deficits in 36% of our patients. Clinical pseudoarthroses
      developed in two patients, and tumor progression produced late instability in two
      patients with renal carcinoma. Thecal compression and late collapse led to
      therapeutic failure in four patients in 12-18 months. Fixation failure occurred
      in four patients, resulting from loosening of the plate on the screws in three
      patients, and breakage of a screw in one. Failure to adequately address anterior
      column disease was the primary cause of treatment failure in these patients.
      Proper seating of the plate on the pedicle screws is, likewise, crucial to
      construct stability and longevity. VSP instrumentation provides rigid fixation
      and allows more extensive tumor resection than traditional systems, while sparing
      vertebral motion segments. However, failure to address key technical and
      biomechanical principles may lead to serious complications.

PMID- 1802167
TI  - "Mirror image" congenital scoliosis in siblings.
AB  - Congenital scoliosis, which is caused by isolated anomalies (as opposed to
      multiple spinal anomalies and myelomeningocoele), is usually a nonfamilial
      condition. In rare instances, however, a congenital spine deformity is
      genetically determined. We herein report a brother and sister with a nearly
      identical "mirror image" congenital lumbar scoliosis. We conclude that the
      presence of a congenital spine deformity necessitates the screening of other
      siblings for a similar anomaly.

PMID- 1802168
TI  - Systemic mastocytosis presenting with severe spinal osteopenia and multiple
      compression fractures.
AB  - Systemic mastocytosis is a rare condition in which mast cells infiltrate various
      organs, including the skeleton. Because the mast cell secretes various bioactive
      substances that may induce bone resorption, this condition may cause generalized
      osteoporosis. We describe a case of a 28-year-old woman who presented with a
      painful thoracolumbar kyphosis due to generalized osteopenia and multiple
      pathological compression fractures and was found to have mastocytosis. She
      underwent operative stabilization of her kyphotic deformity with anterior
      interbody fusion and posterior Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) instrumentation and fusion.
      We conclude that mastocytosis should be suspected in an atypical case of so
      called idiopathic osteoporosis.

PMID- 1802169
TI  - Complex cervical myelopathies.

PMID- 1802170
TI  - Steroids and lumbar laminotomies for radiculopathies.

PMID- 1802171
TI  - Mathematical biology of HIV infections: antigenic variation and diversity
      threshold.
AB  - Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in severe damage to
      the immune system and consequent disease (AIDS) after a long and variable
      incubation period (on average 8-10 years). Why the incubation period should be so
      long is a puzzle. We outline an explanation based on the dynamics of the
      interplay between the immune response and antigenic variation in the virus
      population. The essential idea is that AIDS results when the diversity of
      antigenic variants of HIV in an infected patient exceeds some threshold, beyond
      which the immune system can no longer cope. The paper develops a simple
      mathematical model for this process, based on experimental observations, and
      explores several ramifications.

PMID- 1802172
TI  - Diffusion-mediated persistence in three-species competition models with
      heteroclinic cycles.
AB  - We consider a model composed of two patches. One patch has three competing
      species forming a heteroclinic cycle within the path. The other is a refuge for
      one of the three species, which can diffuse between the two patches. The
      remaining two competitors are confined to the competitive patch and cannot
      diffuse. A new heteroclinic cycle can exist in the model, and the underlying
      cycle in the competitive patch cannot appear with a positive diffusion rate. It
      is proved that the model can be made persistent under appropriate diffusion
      conditions even if the underlying heteroclinic cycle is an attractor in the
      competitive patch and the patch is not persistent without the refuge. Further it
      is shown that the model with a specific structure is globally stable if the
      underlying cycle is a repeller.

PMID- 1802173
TI  - Analysis of a risk-based model for the growth of AIDS infection.
AB  - Several models for the spread of AIDS within a homosexual community have been
      proposed that incorporate biased mixing of different risk groups. A simple model
      is presented that captures many of the features of these more complex models.
      Analytical expressions are derived for the time to the state of maximum infection
      (SMI) in a particular risk group, the proportion infected at SMI, and the number
      of infected individuals as the group approaches SMI. These results agree
      qualitatively with numerical simulations of the model.

PMID- 1802174
TI  - A nonparametric approach to analyzing large human populations.
AB  - There are many statistical techniques that require the assumption that the
      population being studied is normally distributed--regression analysis,
      multivariate analysis, time series analysis, and so on. Unfortunately, as the
      development of survey sampling has long acknowledged, large human populations are
      usually stratified into several different subpopulations. Since the boundaries
      between the strata are somewhat blurred, they are not independent, so the overall
      distribution of the population tends to be multimodal rather than normal. In this
      paper, a technique is developed to find these multimodal techniques using
      nonparametric density estimation. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by means of
      an example.

PMID- 1802175
TI  - Conduction in bullfrog atrial strands: simulations of the role of disc and
      extracellular resistance.
AB  - A number of fundamental properties of intercellular conduction in simulated
      cylindrical strands of cardiac tissue are examined. The paper is based on recent
      biophysical information describing the transmembrane ionic currents in bullfrog
      atrial cells as well as anatomical data on the structures (gap junctions)
      responsible for the coupling between cells in that tissue. A mathematical model
      of the single bullfrog atrial cell based on suction microelectrode single-cell
      voltage clamp data is employed, as well as a modified version of the well-known
      model of Heppner and Plonsey, to characterized the resistive connections between
      adjacent cells in a cardiac strand. In addition, the simulated cellular strand is
      assumed to be encased in a cylindrical, resistive endothelial sheath, thus
      forming an idealized atrial trabeculum; the trabeculum is immersed in an
      extensive volume conductor. It is possible to simulate both uniform and
      discontinuous conduction in this atrial strand model by appropriately changing
      the resistance of the intercalated discs that occur at cell boundaries. The
      conduction velocity achieved in the normal or control case is within the range of
      conduction velocities that have been measured for bullfrog atrial trabeculae
      using optical methods. Extracellular resistance is shown to have a significant
      effect on both conduction velocity and the critical value of disc resistance at
      which discontinuous conduction first occurs. Since the atrial cell model employed
      in this study is based on experimental data and can accurately simulate the
      atrial action potential, the transmembrane ionic currents generated by the model
      are capable of providing detailed information concerning the mechanisms of
      intercellular current spread, particularly in the region of the intercalated
      disc.

PMID- 1802176
TI  - A model of slow conduction in bullfrog atrial trabeculae.
AB  - The success or failure of the propagation of electrical activity in cardiac
      tissue is dependent on both cellular membrane characteristics and intercellular
      coupling properties. This paper considers a linear arrangement of individual
      bullfrog atrial cells that are resistively coupled end to end to form a
      cylindrical strand. The strand, in turn, is encased by an endothelial sheath that
      provides a restricted extracellular space and an ion diffusion barrier to the
      outer bathing medium. This encased strand serves as an idealized model of an
      atrial trabeculum. Excitable membrane characteristics of the atrial cell are
      specified in terms of a Hodgkin-Huxley type of model that is quantitatively based
      on single-microelectrode voltage clamp data from bullfrog atrial myocytes. This
      membrane model can simulate the behavior of normal cells as well as of ischemic
      cells that exhibit depressed electrophysiological behavior (e.g., decreased
      resting potential, upstroke velocity, peak height, and action potential
      duration). Depressed activity can be easily simulated with variation of a single
      model parameter, the gain of the Na+/K+ pump current (INaK). Intercellular
      coupling properties are specified in terms of a lumped resistive T-type network
      between adjacent cells. The atrial strand model provides a means for studying the
      theoretical aspects of slow conduction in a "hybrid" strand that consists of a
      central region of cells having abnormal membrane or coupling properties, flanked
      on either side by normal atrial cells. Both uniform and discontinuous conduction
      are simulated by means of appropriate changes in the coupling resistance between
      cells. In addition, by varying either the degree of depressed electrical activity
      or the intercalated disc resistance in the central zone of the strand, slow
      conduction or complete conduction block in that region is demonstrated. Since the
      cellular model used in this study is based on experimental data and closely
      mimics both the atrial action potential and the underlying membrane currents, it
      has the potential to (1) accurately represent the current and voltage wave-forms
      occurring in the region of intercalated discs and (2) provide detailed
      information regarding the mechanisms in intercellular current spread in the
      region of slow conduction.

PMID- 1802177
TI  - Abnormalities of liver function and hepatic damage associated with total
      parenteral nutrition.
AB  - Liver dysfunction associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) probably is of
      multifactorial etiology. Available data justify the following recommendations.
      First, patients should be given balanced and complete solutions tailored to their
      specific needs and should not be overfed. Second, serum liver enzymes should be
      measured at least once a week. Third, oral or enteral intake, even if minimal,
      should be instituted as soon as possible. Fourth, glutamine may prove useful,
      although this measure is experimental. Finally, if liver dysfunction is detected,
      oral metronidazole, neomycin, or gentamicin may prove beneficial.

PMID- 1802178
TI  - Observations on the causes and treatment of chlorosis 1895.

PMID- 1802179
TI  - Relevance of an 1895 paper to the continuing problem of iron deficiency.

PMID- 1802180
TI  - Use of nutrition support in patients with AIDS: a four-year retrospective review.
AB  - A series of 55 patients with AIDS and opportunistic infections were admitted a
      total of 75 times to Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital over a 4-year
      period, and supplemental nutrition support--intravenous (IV), enteral, or both-
      was given during 32 of these admissions. Use of nutrition support was correlated
      retrospectively with pretreatment nutritional status, length of hospital stay
      (LOS), and survival and was found to be positively correlated with weight loss
      greater than or equal to 10% or weight less than or equal to 90% of ideal body
      weight (p less than 0.001), admission hemoglobin less than or equal to 10g (p
      less than 0.001), and LOS less than or equal to 21 days (p less than or equal to
      0.003). Nutrition support intervention did not correlate with survival, admission
      total lymphocyte count (TLC), or serum albumin level. Survival was negatively
      correlated with LOS (p less than or equal to 0.04) and continuous daily fever for
      greater than or equal to 6 days (p less than 0.001). Survival was also
      significantly lower in patients who received IV rather than enteral nutrition
      support (p less than or equal to 0.03). Weight loss, admission TLC, albumin, and
      hemoglobin levels did not correlate with survival. These results suggest that
      nutrition support generally was given to the sickest patients with AIDS. There
      was no measurable benefit associated with use of supplemental nutritional support
      in this series. Properly designed trials will be necessary to define the optimum
      route, timing, and type of nutritional support for patients with AIDS.

PMID- 1802182
TI  - Effect of a betadine connection shield on central venous catheter sepsis.
AB  - The effect on the rate of central venous catheter sepsis of incorporating the
      catheter hub in a povidone-iodine (Betadine) connection shield was evaluated in a
      randomized controlled clinical trial involving 47 Silastic catheters inserted in
      35 patients solely for the administration of parenteral nutrition. All catheters
      were tunneled subcutaneously and once inserted were randomized to one of two
      subsequent management groups. Group 1 (n = 25) were managed in a standard fashion
      whereas Group 2 catheters (n = 22) in addition were managed by incorporating the
      catheter hub in a Betadine connection shield (Connection Shield 3;
      Travenol/Baxter). The catheter lifespans in the two groups were similar (Group 1
      mean 10.8 days; range 3-28: Group 2 mean 13.3 days: range 5-31). There was a
      significant difference in the rates of both clinical sepsis (Group 1, 8 cases;
      32%; Group 2, 1 case; 4.5%; p less than 0.05) and bacteriologic sepsis (Group 1,
      6 cases; 24%; Group 2, 0 cases; p less than 0.05) in the two groups.
      Incorporating the catheter hub in a Betadine connection shield confers
      significant benefit in terms of reducing the incidence of catheter sepsis in
      patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 1802181
TI  - Whole-body protein kinetics in elective surgical patients receiving peptide or
      amino acid solutions.
AB  - We compared the efficacy of two enteral solutions that were isonitrogenous and of
      identical amino acid composition but differed in that one solution contained only
      free amino acids whereas the other contained a mixture of free amino acids and
      peptides. Protein kinetics and nitrogen balance were evaluated in a group of six
      elective surgical patients. Primed-constant infusion with 15N-glycine was started
      24h after gynecologic surgery and sustained over 3 days. During the first
      postoperative day, patients received enteral 0.45% saline. During postoperative
      days two and three, the patients received either the free amino acid solution or
      the mixture of peptides and free amino acids in a crossover design. There were no
      differences in protein kinetics or nitrogen balance with the two treatments.

PMID- 1802183
TI  - Subjective global assessment of nutritional status: further validation.
AB  - Subject global assessment of nutritional status was performed on 175 patients
      admitted to the medical-surgical gastroenterology service of a general hospital
      by a first-year resident and a specialist in clinical nutrition who were not
      aware of each other's evaluation. Patients were classified as well nourished or
      moderately or severely undernourished. Simultaneously, anthropometry was
      performed, serum albumin measured, and two units of PPD inoculated. A 79%
      concordance between the global subjective assessments made by the residents and
      the specialists was found. Patients in the three groups had significantly
      different weight, midarm circumference, triceps skinfold, and serum albumin
      values, whereas the total lymphocyte count and the percentage of negative PPD
      reactions were not significantly different. Subjective global assessment is a
      useful tool for the evaluation of nutritional status, even when used by
      inexperienced professionals.

PMID- 1802184
TI  - Effect of nutritional therapy on polyamine metabolism in severely traumatized
      patients.
AB  - The polyamines (PA) spermidine (SD) and spermine and their precursor putrescine
      (PU) play a leading role in the regulation of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. We
      examined the role of PA along with other biomarkers of injury in eight victims of
      multiple trauma in the early post-traumatic period when they were hypermetabolic
      and highly catabolic. Intravenous nutritional therapy (TPN) was started 48 to 60h
      after trauma and continued for 6 days. The basal response to severe trauma was a
      significant (twofold to threefold) rise in urinary PU (p = 0.05) and SD (p =
      0.025) levels compared to normal subjects. Six days of TPN further enhanced the
      basal excretion of PU (157%) and SD (137%) peaking on the third day. There was a
      20% reduction in the excretion of 3-methylhistidine on the first day of TPN, but
      it was still 40% above normal on the sixth day. The negative nitrogen balance was
      improved but not reversed. Injury stimulated ribonuclease and catecholamine
      levels were also enhanced by nutritional therapy, peaking on the first and fourth
      day of TPN, respectively. This study demonstrated for the first time elevated
      levels of PA in trauma patients that correlated well with the other known
      measures of protein metabolic response to injury and changes during nutritional
      therapy. Extracellular PA levels could be used as markers of both catabolic
      pathology in trauma and of its response to nutritional therapy.

PMID- 1802185
TI  - Rapid turnover proteins as index of nutritional status in benign diseases.
AB  - Changes in the levels of rapid turnover proteins (RTP) during total parenteral
      nutrition (TPN) were compared with changes in other nutritional measures in 40
      adult patients with benign diseases who were considered to have moderate to
      severe protein-energy malnutrition on the basis of anthropometric measurements.
      Measures such as weight for height, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold
      thickness, and serum albumin showed significant increases by the third to fourth
      week of TPN, but significant increases in RTP were already observed during the
      first week. The per cent changes in RTP levels compared with the levels before
      TPN were significantly greater than the changes in the other measures. The RTP
      are sensitive indices of protein nutritional status and should be efficacious for
      the evaluation of nutritional therapy.

PMID- 1802186
TI  - Choices at weaning: main factor in ingestive behavior.
AB  - "Spontaneous," i.e., self-promoted, feeding without the promotion of offering of
      energy-dense food (eating incentives), was maintained for 7 months in a
      randomized, controlled, prospective, semiblind investigation in 88 2-year-old
      diarrheic children. This behavior was associated with 30% lower energy intake
      throughout the investigation period while normal growth and blood assessments
      were maintained and intestinal functions improved. The dependence of a child's
      energy intake on maternal administrative behavior at each meal was proposed. The
      energy content of each meal was thus investigated in relation to a preprandial
      request for food, glycemia, and acceptance of nonstarchy vegetables (NSV). A
      sample of 210 meals eaten by 10 children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea in the
      second year of life before mothers were instructed in spontaneous feeding was
      compared with 210 meals after 1.5 months of spontaneous feeding. Compliance, food
      weight, preprandial glycemia, and outdoor activities were reported by the mothers
      in 7-day diaries. Requests for food by the child before the meal was seen and
      acceptance of more than two-thirds of the prescribed amount of NSV were
      associated with significantly lower preprandial glycemia and lower energy intake
      in the investigation of all meals before and after instructions were given.
      Feeding children on demand and habitual NSV administration may safely educate
      children to avoid overeating after weaning.

PMID- 1802187
TI  - New syringe to prevent mechanical complications of central venous catheter
      placement.
AB  - Prompted by the continued frequency of mechanical complications associated with
      central venous catheter placement, a more effective and stable and safer catheter
      placement device has been proposed. Fifteen critically ill surgical patients who
      required central venous access for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and fluid
      management had a central venous catheter placed using the new syringe technique.
      Despite an equipment-use learning curve, there was no equipment failure. In 14
      patients, catheter placement was successful. In one dehydrated patient, repeated
      attempts at percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian access were not successful,
      but internal jugular vein access was gained. There were no mechanical or
      infectious complications in the 15 patients. The new syringe provides a stable
      platform, reducing the fumbling usual when disconnecting the needle from the
      syringe and thereby avoiding the potential complications of dislodgment or hub
      contamination of the introducer needle and air embolism.

PMID- 1802188
TI  - Anthropometry and body composition in the perspective of nutritional status in
      the elderly.
AB  - Understanding normal changes in the body's composition with old age and their
      health and nutritional implications is important in determining the nutritional
      status of the elderly. Suitable reference data for anthropometry and body
      composition obtained from large representative samples of black, white, Hispanic,
      and Asian elderly persons are needed to improve their nutritional health and
      care. Distribution statistics for body measurements of persons 65 to 80 years of
      age are available from national health and nutrition surveys, but for persons
      older than 80 years, there is little information. Recumbent anthropometric
      techniques have been developed that are applicable. Underwater weighing continues
      to be a gold standard for determining body composition in the elderly, but a four
      compartment model would improve estimates of body composition in the elderly
      because of changes in the density of the fat-free mass with old age. Noninvasive
      methods such as anthropometry and bioelectric impedance could be used to predict
      body composition if they were validated against direct methods and if appropriate
      equations become available.

PMID- 1802189
TI  - Teaching of clinical nutrition at the University of Crete, School of Medicine,
      Greece.
AB  - The prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients is reported to be
      unacceptably high, and lack of nutrition awareness among physicians/surgeons and
      medical students is considered an important contributory factor. We report our
      experience with the recently instituted clinical nutrition course at the medical
      school of the University of Crete, Greece. The course was designed with a bias in
      favor of the clinical application of nutrition at the patient and community level
      rather than in the format of formalized lectures. The students' answers to a
      questionnaire regarding the course indicated that 90% enjoyed it in terms of
      learning, 97% benefited from it, and 79% would like to see it adopted as the mode
      of teaching in the future. It is suggested that, in keeping with emerging
      evidence, such courses may have an important role in the teaching, application,
      and increased awareness of nutrition among medical students and practicing
      physicians.

PMID- 1802190
TI  - Recent developments in short-chain fatty acid metabolism.
AB  - Bacterial translocation across the bowel wall has recently been proposed as a
      major problem in the stressed patient. Consequently, there has been considerable
      interest in fostering bowel wall integrity as a barrier to bacteria and
      endotoxin. One postulated means to promote this barrier function has been through
      the provision of the preferred fuels of the bowel wall. Among these are the short
      chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are found to a limited extent in the diet but are
      primarily produced through the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates by
      the bacterial flora of the colon. In both animal and human studies, SCFAs have
      been shown to stimulate intestinal mucosal growth. Because non-digestible
      carbohydrates, after colonic fermentation, are precursors to SCFAs, similar
      effects to those found with direct provision of SCFAs may be anticipated. Pectin,
      beta-glucan, and lactulose are among the many available nonabsorbable
      carbohydrates that could serve as a source of these trophic stimulants to colonic
      mucosa. Short-chain fatty acids and their precursors deserve extensive and
      clinical evaluation to define their ultimate role in human disease.

PMID- 1802191
TI  - Effect of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and isolated fungal polysaccharide on
      serum and liver lipids in Syrian hamsters with hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - In Syrian hamsters, a diet with 44% of the calories being fat and containing 52
      mg cholesterol (C)/100 g induced an accumulation of blood plasma and liver C and
      triacylglycerol (TG). In these animals, we studied the effect of dried whole
      mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, 2% in the diet, 6-mo experiment) and ethanol
      insoluble residue and structurally defined fungal polysaccharide, both isolated
      from the mushroom (in both cases, 4% in the diet, 2-mo experiments) on C and TG
      concentration in serum and liver. Whole mushroom effectively retarded the
      increase in C and TG in both serum and liver throughout the experiment. The
      mushroom also reduced the content of all lipids in lipoproteins with densities of
      less than 1.006 to less than 1.063 g/ml. Very-low-density lipoproteins played a
      substantial role in the decrease (65-80%) in serum lipids. As a result, the
      lipoprotein concentration of the specified density classes was reduced by 45-60%,
      and the concentration of the serum lipoprotein pool was reduced by 40%. Neither
      the chemical composition of high-density lipoproteins nor their serum
      concentration was affected by the mushroom. Ethanol-insoluble mushroom residue
      did not significantly affect serum lipid levels, but it reduced liver TG content.
      Fungal polysaccharide lowered the C content in serum and liver.

PMID- 1802192
TI  - Factors related to malnutrition in patients with esophageal cancer.
AB  - Based on data indicating that decreases in body weight (BW), arm muscle
      circumference (AMC), and rapid-turnover proteins (RTPs) correlate with fatal
      septic complications after surgery for esophageal cancer, we examined possible
      factors contributing to protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in patients with this
      disease. Eight parameters of nutritional status were assessed. Associations
      between sex, age, stage of cancer, and degree of dysphagia and PCM were analyzed
      via multiple linear regression for 75 patients with esophageal cancer and 58 with
      gastric cancer. These four factors independently contributed to PCM in patients
      with esophageal cancer, whereas malignant tumor and age contributed to PCM in
      those with gastric cancer. The degree of dysphagia was related to decreases in
      serum albumin and RTP and weakly related to decreases in BW and AMC. Stage of
      cancer, age, and sex were associated with reductions in albumin and/or RTP. Thus,
      we conclude that simple starvation, malignant tumor, age, and sex contribute to
      PCM and probably to the occurrence of fatal septic complications postoperatively.

PMID- 1802193
TI  - Influence of different intravenous infusion sets on temperature of refrigerated
      parenteral nutrition solutions.
AB  - We measured the temperature of 10 previously refrigerated parenteral-nutrition
      solutions (PN solutions) at the end of a standard intravenous-infusion set (IIS)
      (Intrafix, 145 cm long), an IIS with a mechanical device to control the flow of
      the solution (Dial-a-Flow, 226 cm long), and an IIS to be used with a volumetric
      infusion pump (Infusomat, 259 cm long). The temperature of the PN solution just
      after taking it out of the refrigerator was 6.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C (mean +/- SD),
      and that of the room was 24.2 +/- 0.7 degrees C. We recorded the temperature
      again at the end of the IIS after draining it freely, i.e., until there was no
      air inside the set (time 0), after 5, 10, and 15 min of infusion at 100 ml/h.
      After 15 min, the temperature at the end of the Intrafix set did not
      statistically differ (P less than 0.05) from room temperature. With Dial-a-Flow,
      the temperature of the solution was not statistically different from room
      temperature at any time. Finally, with Infusomat, the temperature was
      statistically different from that of the room for the first 5 min. We thus
      conclude that refrigerated PN solution can be administered to patients without
      having to warm it whenever an IIS is longer than 145 cm and flow not exceeding
      100 ml/h is used. Adverse reactions sometimes observed in patients at the
      beginning of the administration of PN solution cannot, in our opinion, be
      attributed to the low temperature of the solution.

PMID- 1802194
TI  - The effect of diet and aspirin on patient outcome after myocardial infarction.
AB  - Recent studies show that diet and aspirin therapy inhibit platelet aggregation
      and may independently reduce complications and mortality in patients after acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). To compare the effects of diet and aspirin, 140
      patients, who were 4-6 wk post acute myocardial infarction, were assigned either
      to Group A (placebo with cardiovasoprotective diet) or Group B (aspirin [180 mg
      daily]) with fat-modified control diet in a single-blind controlled fashion. Of
      the 140 patients, 7 left the trial before it was completed. Of the remaining 133
      patients, 68 in Group A and 65 in Group B were followed for one year. When the
      study began, the following factors were comparable for both groups: mean age,
      sex, risk factors, complications of myocardial infarction, electrocardiographic
      changes, and laboratory data. Group A received a significantly higher caloric
      intake (P less than 0.02) from complex carbohydrates, vegetable proteins,
      polyunsaturated fats, and larger amounts of dietary fibers, potassium, magnesium,
      and vitamin C compared with Group B, which received significantly larger amounts
      of saturated fats and cholesterol (P less than 0.01). The rehabilitation program,
      which included reduced smoking, increased exercise and drug therapy, was
      comparable in both groups. After one year, mean serum cholesterol (223.2 +/- 32.0
      mg/dl) and triglyceride (156.2 +/- 13.5 mg/dl) levels in Group A, but not in
      Group B, were significantly (P less than 0.02) lower compared with mean serum
      cholesterol (241.2 +/- 39.5 mg/dl) and triglyceride (175.5 +/- 18.5 mg/dl) levels
      at the beginning of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802195
TI  - Effect of exogenous ascorbic acid on experimental hypertension and mineral
      balance in rats fed low- and high-fat diets.
AB  - The effects of exogenous ascorbic acid on the development of experimental
      hypertension and on calcium, sodium, and potassium metabolism have been studied.
      The investigation was carried out in 90 4-mo-old male Wistar rats fed high- and
      low-fat diets. Hypertension was induced by administering a 1.5% solution of NaCl
      orally. Some rats received 0.1% ascorbic acid in distilled water orally for the
      first 7 wk of the experiment, then 0.3% for the next 5 wk. The results showed
      that the amount of fat, NaCl, and ascorbate in the diet may play a role in the
      etiopathogenesis of hypertension. A high-fat high-NaCl diet increased blood
      pressure more than a low-fat high-NaCl diet. Additional intake of 0.3% ascorbate
      solution reduced experimentally induced hypertension by 4% with a low-fat diet
      and by 14% with a high-fat diet. Also, 0.3% ascorbate solution had a blood
      pressure-lowering effect in rats fed a high-fat diet without NaCl.
      Supplementation with ascorbate diminished urine calcium output with a high-fat
      diet and increased the urine PGE2/PGF2 ratio with both low- and high-fat diets.

PMID- 1802196
TI  - Olfactory receptors: view from outside.

PMID- 1802197
TI  - Initial events in stimulation of taste and smell receptor cells.
AB  - Analysis of the initial interactions of chemicals with olfactory and taste
      receptor cells is complicated by problems in controlling stimulus presentation.
      These interactions arise from chemicals diffusing through an unstirred layer to
      reach the cell surfaces and, in the case of olfaction, partitioning into mucus
      from air. In many instances, the odorants are metabolized to products that may be
      stimulants. In such cases, the analysis is further complicated by uncertainty
      about which chemical species actually stimulate. Stimulation of chemoreceptors
      can be thought of as originating from specific and nonspecific interactions of
      stimuli with the cells. Specific interactions involve receptor proteins in or on
      the cell membranes. These interactions are probably important in initiating sweet
      taste but not in detecting salty or sour stimuli. There are many reported
      preparations including putative olfactory receptor proteins, and evidence exists
      that the proteins comprise a structurally similar class. In some, the proteins
      are demonstrated to have olfactory function, but blocking their interaction with
      odorants only partially inhibits olfactory responses. The remainder of the
      responses presumably occur by general irritant effects of odorants and their
      metabolites.

PMID- 1802198
TI  - Transduction in taste receptors.
AB  - For humans, taste plays a key role in food selection. The continuing search for
      low-calorie sweeteners and salt substitutes that allow less Na intake in the diet
      without a decline in saltiness attest to this. We are only beginning to
      understand how specific foodstuffs evoke taste responses. In the future, the
      neural, hormonal, and genetic factors that regulate the sense of taste on a long
      term basis will be better understood. With this will come a better understanding
      of the role of taste in developing food preferences and in overall nutrition.

PMID- 1802199
TI  - Immune stimulation in nutritional deficiency.

PMID- 1802200
TI  - Alcoholism and associated malnutrition in the elderly.
AB  - Although most free-living people over age 55 yr use alcohol occasionally, both
      the fraction of people drinking and the magnitude of individual alcohol
      consumption decrease with every decade of age. Overall, approximately 5% of
      drinkers over age 55 yr use alcohol at excessive levels, i.e., sufficient to
      interfere with health or social functioning. As age increases, the fraction of
      drinkers with alcohol-caused central nervous system disease and cirrhosis
      increases, indicating increased sensitivity to alcohol injury. Beyond age 70 yr,
      new-onset alcoholism is more common than long-standing alcoholism. Malnutrition
      in the elderly alcoholic person is rare; it usually is caused by multiple
      factors, including alcohol displacing nutrient-rich diet factors, disease,
      limited availability of food, or altered metabolism increasing nutrient
      requirement. The recognition of alcohol and malnutrition problems in the elderly
      is more difficult than in younger people.

PMID- 1802201
TI  - On the etiology of night blindness in relation to conjunctival xerosis. 1913.

PMID- 1802204
TI  - Nutritional and metabolic support: converging concepts.
AB  - The response to injury and infection can be viewed as a mobilization of body
      protein, fat, and carbohydrate stores to ensure normal or above-normal
      circulating levels of substrate in the absence of dietary intake. The situation
      does not readily yield to nutritional manipulation, and inappropriate nutritional
      support can cause additional stress. Artificial nutrition is mainly a form of
      nutrient administration and not nutrient utilization. Modulation of neurohumoral
      and wound responses to trauma due to starvation and refeeding has not been
      delineated. The provision of adequate substrates alone does not necessarily
      guarantee their efficient use in metabolism. With a clear knowledge of the role
      of cellular mediators in the pathophysiology of disease, it may be possible to
      develop more rational therapeutic approaches during critical illness.
      Determination of appropriate and optimal substrate support through parenteral and
      enteral nutrition remains of great clinical importance. The clinical application
      of branched-chain amino acids, dispensable amino acids, acetylated amino acids,
      dipeptides or tripeptides, cysteine, glutamine, and arginine has been explored in
      recent years. The idea that lipids are deleterious in sepsis and organ failure
      should be revised and documented, and recent studies suggest that fish oils as a
      lipid source may also favorably affect immune responses. Under stressful
      conditions, total parenteral nutrition can require large amounts of energy at a
      time when there are marked disturbances in glucose utilization. In this area, the
      use of nonglucose carbohydrates or oligosaccharides can be appropriate, despite
      the lack of broad acceptance. Existing conventional substrates should be studied
      beyond mere provision of energy and metabolic pathway support.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802202
TI  - Decreased lipolytic activity in tissues during infectious and inflammatory
      stress.
AB  - The clearance rate of endogenous and exogenous circulating lipids during the
      septic or inflammatory state remains a controversial subject. Thus, we have
      developed rat models of gram-negative and gram-positive sepsis and of sterile
      inflammation to study this problem. In addition to the febrile response, these
      stresses induced some of the following metabolic changes in the blood: decreased
      total protein, albumin, and ketone body levels and increased lactate, pyruvate,
      alanine, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol levels. The activities of heart,
      diaphragm, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and of hepatic lipase decreased
      to differing extents depending on whether the enzyme substrate was a long-chain
      or a medium- and long-chain triglyceride-based emulsion. However, the latter
      emulsion was always hydrolyzed faster than the former. This observation suggests
      that, during infection/inflammation, the medium- and long-chain triglyceride
      based emulsion would be cleared more quickly, would induce less
      hypertriglyceridemia, and would thus deliver lipid energy more rapidly than a
      traditional long-chain triglyceride-based emulsion.

PMID- 1802203
TI  - Continuous versus intermittent infusion of fat emulsions during total parenteral
      nutrition: clinical trial.
AB  - It is now generally accepted that fat emulsions are an efficient energy source
      during total parenteral nutrition (TPN). However, there is debate about how this
      fat should be prescribed. Some authorities prescribe fat as an intermittent
      infusion, alternating fat and carbohydrate, whereas others prefer a continuous
      infusion, giving fat simultaneously with carbohydrate. This 6-day crossover study
      examined the substrate-hormonal profiles of 10 patients in response to two
      isocaloric and isonitrogenous TPN regimens. In regimen A (intermittent),
      equicaloric volumes of 25% glucose and 10% Intralipid as energy sources were
      alternated every 12 h. During regimen B (continuous), the total nonprotein
      calories given each day was the same as in regimen A, but glucose and fat were
      infused simultaneously over every 24-h period. Amino acids were infused
      continuously throughout the study period in all patients. Blood samples were
      taken every 12 h. Wide fluctuations in insulin and all substrates occurred during
      regimen A. Persistent hyperinsulinemia throughout regimen A may have impaired the
      oxidation of exogenous fat. The substrate-hormonal profiles observed during
      regimen B approximated the normal postabsorptive state and were stable throughout
      the infusion period. The results of this study suggest that exogenous fat should
      be administered as a continuous infusion.

PMID- 1802205
TI  - A study of protein hydrolysates, ossein gelatin and glucose in parenteral
      nutrition. 1987.

PMID- 1802207
TI  - Arginine metabolism in benign and malignant disease of breast and colon: evidence
      for possible inhibition of tumor-infiltrating macrophages.
AB  - L-Arginine concentrations have been measured in benign and malignant breast and
      colonic neoplasms and compared with the macrophage content and arginase activity
      within these tumors. Our study confirmed previous findings of elevated plasma
      arginine concentrations in malignancy and demonstrated that tissue free-arginine
      concentrations are substantially higher in malignant (mean 9.8 mumol/g protein)
      than benign (2.8 mumol/g protein) breast disease. Similarly, malignant colonic
      neoplasms had a higher free-arginine concentration than benign colonic polyps
      (14.0 vs. 7.0 mumol/g protein). The macrophage content of the malignant tumors
      was also significantly higher than in the benign conditions (278 vs 29/high power
      field in breast disease), but despite this, there was no detectable difference in
      the arginase activity. These findings suggest that tumor-infiltrating macrophages
      are not able to produce this enzyme, and/or its activity is inhibited within the
      tumor cell milieu. The differences observed in the arginine concentrations within
      these lesions has potentially important implications for the pathway of arginine
      metabolism and local host antitumor responses.

PMID- 1802206
TI  - Nutritional and hormonal effects of biosynthetic human growth hormone in surgical
      patients on total parenteral nutrition.
AB  - The anabolic effects of biosynthetic human growth hormone (BHGH) were tested on
      30 patients, aged 37-68 yr, divided into four groups: group 1 received surgery
      plus total parenteral nutrition (TPN) plus BHGH, group 2 received just surgery
      and TPN, Group 3 received TPN and BHGH, and group 4 received just TPN. TPN was
      given as an all-in-one formula (glucose 4.7 g.kg.-1day-1, amino acids 1.2 g.kg
      1.day-1, lipids 0.7 g.kg-1.day-1, electrolytes and trace elements. BHGH (0.25
      IU.kg-1.day-1) or placebo were administered subcutaneously at 0800 for 10 days.
      Nitrogen and phosphorous balance, as well as the common plasma nutritional
      markers (transferrin, albumin, prealbumin), triglycerides, apolipoprotein B,
      insulin, and cortisol were evaluated daily. Urinary creatinine loss was evaluated
      on days 3, 7, and 10. Cumulative nitrogen balance was better in group 1 (-16.1 +/
      3.2 g N2) than in group 2 (-33.7 +/- 4.6 g N2) (P less than 0.01), whereas the
      difference was nonsignificant in groups 3 and 4. Phosphorous balance and
      creatinine excretion paralleled nitrogen balance. Plasma markers were not
      significantly improved in group 1 compared with group 2; however, they were
      significantly better in group 3 than in group 4. Lipids were better metabolized
      in the BHGH-treated groups. Insulin was increased in both groups 1 and 3, whereas
      cortisol did not rise after surgical stress, probably because of BHGH
      administration. A positive effect of BHGH on nutritional status and hormonal
      background is suggested by these data.

PMID- 1802208
TI  - Influence of rapid amino acid and lipid emulsion administration on gas exchange
      and resting energy expenditure.
AB  - The aim of this study was to observe the effect of rapid lipid and amino acid
      infusion on resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients on parenteral nutrition.
      Eight people were studied. After 8 h of saline administration, they received 20%
      lipid emulsion and 8% amino acid solution during the next 5 h (rate 3.8 mg.kg
      1.min-1 fat and 1.9 mg.kg-1.min-1 amino acid). Before the onset of the infusion
      and 3 and 5 h after, gas exchange and REE were measured. The rapid lipid emulsion
      administration led to a significant rise in serum triglyceride level. A
      significant increase in VO2 (from 269.0 +/- 66.8 to 319 +/- 55.8 ml/min) and REE
      (from 1858 +/- 438 to 2155 +/- 385 kcal/24 h) was observed 5 h after the onset of
      substrate administration (P less than 0.01). Pulmonary ventilation and VCO2
      production were not influenced by the infusion. The thermic effect of nutrients
      administered reached 3.5 and 6.5% 3 and 5 h after the start of infusion,
      respectively. We conclude that REE can be increased by the rapid administration
      of lipid-based parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 1802209
TI  - Nutritional evaluation and dietetic care in cancer patients treated with
      radiotherapy: prospective study.
AB  - Ninety-three cancer patients about to undergo radiotherapy were studied. These
      patients were affected by cancer of the head and neck, breast cancer, and
      abdominopelvic cancer. They were randomly distributed into control and
      experimental groups. The patients from the control group were allowed to eat ad
      libitum, whereas those from the experimental group followed a strict nutritional
      protocol that covered their needs while satisfying their particular tastes and
      habits. Data were collected the day before radiotherapy commenced and the day
      treatment ended. Anthropometric, analytical, and clinical parameters were
      determined. The results showed the benefit of dietetic treatment in experimental
      patients with head and neck or abdominopelvic cancer.

PMID- 1802210
TI  - Effects of selenium supplementation on immune parameters in gut failure patients
      on home parenteral nutrition.
AB  - The relationships between some parameters of the immune response and selenium
      were investigated in five patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for short
      bowel syndrome. They were first submitted to a relative depletion by providing 20
      micrograms selenium/day as L-selenomethionine for 1 mo. Then, daily selenium
      intake was raised to 200 micrograms for 2-4 mo. On entering the study, the
      patients presented a relatively good health status, and immunological parameters
      were at the lowest limit of the normal range. Four patients rapidly responded to
      the 200-micrograms supplementation by a continuous increase in their plasma
      selenium levels, whereas the fifth patient showed a moderate and late increase.
      At the end of the trial, there was an improvement in the lymphocyte response to
      pokeweed and phytohemagglutinin mitogens in four patients and to CD3 in three
      patients. The response to two of three antigens (Candidin, Varidase) tested was
      also enhanced in the same patients, but the response to the third antigen
      (tetanus toxoid) was uniformly low in all patients. The only patient showing
      essentially no immune improvement after selenium supplementation was the one with
      a low and delayed increase in plasma selenium. This study supports a role for
      selenium in the maintenance of an optimal immune response in humans.

PMID- 1802211
TI  - Severe arm-muscle wasting: sign of lethal malnutrition in sick elderly men.
AB  - During a 3-yr period, I detected 29 sick men with severe muscle wasting defined
      by corrected arm-muscle area less than or equal to 16.9 cm2. Almost invariably,
      these men had weight and body mass index below the 3rd percentile. All had marked
      depletion of total-body muscle and protein mass, as evidenced by low urinary
      creatinine-height ratio and total-body nitrogen from neutron-activation analysis.
      Median survival was only 1.2 mo. Subjects were divided according to survival at 3
      mo. The 8 survivors differed from the 21 who died in that they had higher energy
      intake and a greater chance of restoring muscle mass (5/8 vs. 0/21, P less than
      0.001). Treatment of this lethal wasting state remains unsatisfactory. Hence, the
      most sensible approach is prevention.

PMID- 1802212
TI  - Influence of nutrient delivery on gut structure and function.
AB  - Food is an important stimulus for the growth of gastrointestinal mucosa. Gut
      structure is influenced by the route of nutrient administration, dietary
      composition and the availability of specific nutrients. The alterations in
      intestinal structure and function that occur when enteral nutrition is withheld
      suggests that the ingestion of food results in physiologic responses that are
      responsible for the maintenance of gut mass during the fed state. The mechanism
      of mucosal suppression that occurs during starvation, stress, and total
      parenteral nutrition is not completely understood but may involve the absence of
      luminal substrates, decreased pancreaticobiliary secretions and alterations in
      the endocrine or paracrine events that normally accompany eating, digestion, and
      absorption. Enterocytes prefer glutamine and ketone bodies as oxidative fuels,
      whereas colonocytes utilize short chain fatty acids. Although enteral delivery of
      nutrients is the preferred route for maintenance of intestinal mass, provision of
      specific nutrients and hormonal stimulation during parenteral alimentation has
      been shown to be important in maintaining mucosal structure and function. If not
      adequately maintained, the intestine becomes susceptible to a variety of injuries
      which may result in impaired ability to digest and absorb nutrients and loss of
      mucosal barrier function.

PMID- 1802213
TI  - About a new method for a jejunostomy. 1894.

PMID- 1802214
TI  - Relationship between obesity and uterine leiomyomata.
AB  - Obesity is associated with many comorbid disease states including neoplasia. The
      increased risk of developing endometrial cancer is thought to be due to the
      higher level of circulating estrogens in obese women. Uterine leiomyomata
      (fibroids) are also thought to be influenced by estrogens. To determine whether
      patients presenting with symptomatic uterine fibroids were more obese than the
      general population, we retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 144 women
      who underwent either hysterectomy or myomectomy for uterine fibroids. Obesity was
      defined as preoperative weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight (DBW)
      for the patient's height. In our investigation, 51% of the study population were
      obese. Moreover, 16% were severely obese (defined as greater than 150% DBW). When
      compared with the general population of women in the United States matched for
      height and age, the study population was significantly heavier. (p less than
      0.0002). Patient age, parity, menopausal status, and degree of obesity did not
      correlate with the number of fibroids within the uterus. Fibroid size was
      significantly larger in nulliparous women (p less than 0.005). These results
      suggest that symptomatic uterine fibroids may be another comorbid disease state
      associated with obesity.

PMID- 1802215
TI  - Effects of hypocaloric diet low in essential fatty acids on in vitro human
      adipose tissue prostaglandin production and essential fatty acid status.
AB  - Very-low-calorie, fat-free defined-formula diets have been routinely used to
      treat obese patients. However, the effect of feeding a defined-formula diet low
      or devoid of essential fatty acids (EFAs) on EFA metabolism has not been
      determined. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of 400
      kcal/day of Optifast 70 on EFA metabolism as determined by serum and adipose
      tissue levels of omega-6 fatty acids and measurements of in vitro human adipose
      tissue prostaglandin production. Five obese subjects entered the study after 1 wk
      of weight maintenance and then were placed on 12 wk of weight reduction. Blood
      and tissue samples were obtained before and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of weight
      reduction. Subjects tolerated 12 wk of dieting without any adverse reactions and
      lost an average of 21.7 +/- 7.0 kg. There was no significant effect of weight
      reduction on the levels of linoleic or arachidonic acid found in adipose tissue.
      There was a significant decrease in adipose tissue prostaglandin production of
      prostacyclin I2, measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, after 12 wk of weight reduction.
      There was no significant change in the levels of thromboxane A2, measured as
      TXB2. There was a significant increase in serum arachidonic acid levels with no
      change in linoleic acid levels. The results demonstrated that the use of a diet
      devoid of EFA had no significant effect on omega-6 EFA metabolism as measured by
      serum and tissue levels and the ability of adipose tissue to produce
      prostaglandins in vitro.

PMID- 1802217
TI  - Resting and total energy expenditure in patients with ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water in 13
      preoperative patients undergoing elective coronary artery surgery and compared to
      resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) calculated
      from the Harris-Benedict (HB) formula or from formulas based on midarm
      circumference and arm muscle circumference. Mean REE measured by IC and
      calculated from the HB, midarm circumference, arm muscle circumference formulas
      were 62, 75, 62, and 69%, respectively, of TEE measured by doubly labeled water.
      REE measured by IC correlated significantly with that predicted by the HB (p =
      0.006) but not the anthropometric formulas. The relationship between REE derived
      from anthropometric predictive formulas and REE measured by IC is altered in
      ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 1802216
TI  - Effect of fat emulsion in patients with liver disorders.
AB  - The effect of fat emulsion in preoperative patients (n = 17) with liver disorders
      was studied by liver-function tests, intraoperative liver biopsy specimens,
      intravenous fat tolerance tests, and serum fatty acid analyses. There was no
      difference between liver-function tests before and after the administration of
      fat emulsion. Before the administration of fat emulsion, the levels of serum
      lipids were relatively low, and serum fatty acid patterns were abnormal. However,
      after the administration of fat emulsion, serum lipid levels increased, and serum
      fatty acid patterns became nearly normal. There was a significant correlation
      between the total fat intake and serum linoleic acid change before and after the
      administration of fat emulsion. From this equation, the total fat intake required
      for a normal range of serum linoleic acid was calculated to be 7 g/kg fat. These
      results suggest that the administration of fat emulsion improves serum fatty acid
      patterns without a deterioration of liver function in preoperative patients with
      liver disorders, but total intake of 10% fat emulsion greater than 70 ml/kg might
      induce higher serum fatty acids than in healthy control subjects and cause
      overload in these patients.

PMID- 1802218
TI  - Multi-trace-element supplementation in enteral formulas for burned guinea pigs.
AB  - A burned guinea pig model (30% total-body surface area) was used to study the
      effects of supplemental trace elements. The animals were fed via gastrostomy with
      identical formulas (175 kcal.kg-1.day-1, 20% of calories as protein) supplemented
      with varying amounts of the multi-trace-element preparation MTE-5. Animals in
      group 1 received no MTE-5, group 2 received 5 ml/L diet, group 3 received 20 ml/L
      diet, and group 4 received 50 ml/L diet. After 14 days of tube feeding, the
      animals were killed. Results indicated no significant differences in resting
      metabolic rate or body weight. However, animals in group 4 were found to have
      heavier carcass, jejunum gut, and mucosal weights compared with animals in group
      1. In a second experiment, all animals received 5 ml of MTE-5/L diet. In each
      group, however, one of the trace elements (manganese, chromium, selenium, and
      copper) was elevated to the concentration found in 50 ml of MTE-5. The results
      shows no significant group differences when only one of the trace elements was
      elevated in the diet. Together, these results demonstrated that the addition of
      trace elements to an enteral diet increased carcass and gut mucosal weight in a
      standard dose-response fashion. All four of the trace elements evaluated were
      necessary for this response. It is suggested that the addition of larger
      requirements of trace elements than previously reported may be beneficial after
      thermal injury.

PMID- 1802219
TI  - Influence of subacute starvation on cardiac response to isoproterenol in rats.
AB  - Several studies have reported that the heart is severely affected by chronic
      malnutrition. However, the influence of these alterations on cardiac function
      remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subacute
      starvation on the heart chronotropic response to a beta-adrenergic agonist
      (isoproterenol). Twelve rats were fed rat chow ad libitum or a 50%-restricted
      diet for 17 days. The rats were killed, the right atrium was isolated and
      incubated, and in vitro spontaneous cardiac contractions and frequency were
      registered. Cumulative doses of isoproterenol were added to the solution until
      maximal cardiac frequency was achieved. A deficit of 25% in the weight gain was
      observed in study rats compared with controls (92.6 +/- 10.2 vs. 113.8 +/- 19.2
      g, p less than 0.05). Mean daily food intake was 4.8 +/- 0.1 and 9.8 +/- 0.5
      g/day for semistarved and control rats, respectively. The in vitro cardiac
      frequency of the semistarved rats was similar to that of controls (290 +/- 15 and
      305 +/- 23 beats/min, respectively, NS). However, when isoproterenol was added to
      the solution, maximal cardiac frequency of the semistarved rats (435 +/- 51
      beats/min) was lower than that of control rats (508 +/- 34 beats/min, p less than
      0.005). These findings suggest that subacute starvation may alter the cardiac
      response to beta-adrenergic agonists.

PMID- 1802220
TI  - Epidemiologic analysis of weight gain in U.S. adults.
AB  - Although the prevalence of overweight as estimated from nationally representative
      cross-sectional studies is well documented, much less is known about the
      incidence of overweight and major weight gain in United States adults. I review
      results from the First National Health Examination Follow-Up Study involving 9862
      people aged 25-74 yr who were first weighed between 1971 and 1975 and reweighed
      10 yr later between 1982 and 1984.

PMID- 1802221
TI  - Cellular, metabolic, and clinical consequences of adipose mass enlargement in
      obesity.
AB  - When adipose tissue enlarges in obesity, as the result of an imbalance between
      caloric intake and caloric expenditure, many changes occur in the cellular
      components of the adipose mass. A combination of increased cell size and number
      underlies the accretion of the adipose mass, however, only a reduction in cell
      size is possible with weight loss. Several metabolic abnormalities accompany
      obesity--most important--hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance,
      and carbohydrate intolerance. Clinical consequences of obesity include
      hypertension, venous insufficiency, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis,
      pulmonary and cardiovascular insufficiency, diabetes, and atherosclerotic
      cardiovascular disease, and all are dependent on the severity and duration of the
      obesity. Once established, obesity is difficult to correct because of the
      development of many adaptive mechanisms by which obesity defends itself.

PMID- 1802222
TI  - Factors associated with childhood obesity.
AB  - Childhood obesity is associated with host factors that enhance susceptibility and
      environmental factors that increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure.
      Obese children underreport food intake and probably consume more food to maintain
      their weight at increased levels. Prevalence of obesity is related to family
      variables, including parental obesity, family size and age, and socioeconomic
      status. Television viewing is strongly associated with the prevalence of obesity
      through its impact on food intake and activity. How these environmental variables
      are behaviorally interrelated to the genesis of obesity is unclear.

PMID- 1802223
TI  - Obesity: determinants and therapeutic initiatives.
AB  - There are several possible determinants of obesity, including impaired
      thermogenesis and the differential utilization of fuels in different tissues.
      Whereas hypometabolism may initiate obesity in some people, once obese,
      individuals tend to manifest a higher resting metabolic rate because of their
      greater fat-free mass, exhibit an impaired thermic response to food, and expend
      more calories than lean individuals for equivalent amounts of activity. As a
      result, over a 24-h period, obese people generally expend more energy than lean
      people. A second determinant of obesity is related to fuel utilization and
      suggests that those predisposed to be obese may have an innate insulin resistance
      in muscle, leading to decreased uptake, oxidation, and storage of glucose in this
      tissue. As a result, the glucose is shunted to adipose tissue, where it is
      stored. With regard to treatment of obesity, emphasis on increased energy
      expenditure through the inclusion of reasonable amounts of activity is essential.
      However, this must always be combined with restraint in caloric intake.

PMID- 1802224
TI  - Physical activity and childhood obesity.
AB  - The most variable component of energy expenditure is activity. Fidgeting, an
      undetectable type of low-grade activity, may account for more expenditure than
      once thought. Television viewing, which is considered a major source of
      inactivity, and parents' activity patterns are both directly related to childhood
      obesity. Physical activity, preferably routine or life-style activities, used in
      the context of a mixed program involving diet can have a significant impact on
      childhood obesity.

PMID- 1802225
TI  - Update on congressional hearings on the diet industry.
AB  - Three hearings on the diet industry took place during 1990 in the House of
      Representatives' Small Business Subcommittee on Regulation, Business
      Opportunities and Energy. Testimony from service organizations and consumers
      resulted in specific recommendations being made regarding consumer-protection
      standards. In addition, options for developing stricter regulatory standards were
      discussed.

PMID- 1802226
TI  - Breaking diet mentality.
AB  - Commercial diet programs, although numerous throughout the United States, are
      having little impact on the ever-growing overweight population. Dietitians and
      clinicians working with overweight clients should focus intervention strategies
      on the concept of replacing the "diet mentality" with a total life-style approach
      to weight management through improved eating behavior and regular physical
      activity.

PMID- 1802227
TI  - Panel discussion: factors associated with maintenance of weight loss: prevention
      of relapse.

PMID- 1802228
TI  - It is not what you eat, but how you eat it digestion, life-style, nutrition.
AB  - Each year, over 30 million Americans suffer from acute or chronic digestive
      dysfunction. Much of this dysfunction is associated with occupational and
      behavioral stresses, which, although not life threatening, cause absenteeism and
      claim considerable health services. Central nervous system gastrointestinal (GI)
      peptide hormones partly control the quantity and quality of food eaten and its
      digestion. Because digestion is modified by occupational stress and behavior
      patterns, including smoking and consumption of alcohol and coffee, the
      physiological status of the individual plays a major role in the absorption of
      luminal nutrients. Whereas a Western, versus vegetarian, diet has been associated
      with an increase in coronary heart disease and diet-related cancers, inadequate
      attention has been given to the effects of life-style and occupation. This review
      is concerned with the adverse environmental effects on digestion that act via
      changes in GI function. To reduce the incidence of digestive dysfunction and diet
      related diseases, more attention must be given to environmental factors other
      than diet, which affects the absorption of nutrients.

PMID- 1802229
TI  - Workable volume and flow concepts of bio-segments by electrical impedance
      plethysmography. 1972.

PMID- 1802230
TI  - Physical properties of starch meals in vivo and in vitro and their influence on
      gastric emptying and oral glucose tolerance test.
AB  - In study A, consisting of four groups of six subjects each, we measured the
      differences in pH, viscosity, and osmolality of in vivo and in vitro samples of
      steamed rice, congee, and 16.6 and 5% glucose solutions in 300-ml volumes. The
      physical properties of starch meals in vivo are different from in vitro samples,
      which may account for discrepancies among previous studies of glucose tolerance
      and gastric emptying. In study B, test meals of 300 ml of steamed rice, congee,
      16.6% glucose, 5% glucose or a combined congee-metoclopramide meal (in which 10
      mg metoclopramide i.v. was given 15 min before the congee was eaten) were given
      to seven subjects. Blood samples were taken, and the serum glucose and insulin
      responses were determined. The meals were labeled with 99mTc pentetic acid
      microcapsules, and the gastric emptying rates were calculated. Metoclopramide
      increased the gastric emptying of congee to that approaching steamed rice. The
      incremental glucose response to steamed rice was greater than that to congee, but
      the incremental insulin response was greatest with congee plus metoclopramide.
      The physical form of the food influences the blood glucose and insulin response
      and the rate of gastric emptying. The gastric emptying rate may be the major
      mechanism for the increased insulin response.

PMID- 1802231
TI  - Pattern of thyroid hormones in mildly protein-deficient women in area endemic for
      goiter.
AB  - This study refers to 23 nonpregnant and 5 pregnant Ethiopian women living in a
      severely iodine-deficient area exposed to marginal chronic protein malnutrition.
      About half the study group exhibited goiter. The components of retinol
      circulating complex have been measured: transthyretin, retinol, and retinol
      binding protein were 31 +/- 8 mg/dl, 36 +/- 6 micrograms/dl, and 3.1 +/- 0.6
      mg/dl, respectively. No differences in circulating thyroid hormone pattern were
      found among goitrous and nongoitrous subjects. In nonpregnant women, the
      circulating thyroid hormone pattern was characterized by a low total T4 (TT4, 53
      ng/ml), whereas free T4 (FT4, 0.5 ng/dl) was below the lower level of the range.
      Thyroid-stimulating hormone and FT3 were in the normal range, and TT3 was at the
      upper level of the range. The pregnant women exhibited the expected increase in
      total thyroid hormones (TT3 3.0 ng/ml, TT4 96 ng/ml), whereas the free fractions
      were equal to those of the nonpregnant subjects (FT3 2.5 pg/ml, FT4 0.6 ng/dl).
      In the whole group, the T3-T4 ratio was 3.4 x 10(-2), i.e., twice the normal
      ratio. No antibodies against thyroid structures were detected. These results
      indicate that the circulating thyroid hormone pattern of these marginally
      malnourished women differs from that reported for subjects with pure protein
      calorie malnutrition or exposed to chronic iodine deficiency only. The main
      difference is that, even in the presence of low TT4 and FT4, the hypophysis
      thyroid axis has apparently remained unchanged. The normal levels of TT3 and FT3,
      may account for the normal thyroid-hypophysis feedback.

PMID- 1802232
TI  - Change in endocrine pancreatic function in short-term diet restriction.
AB  - Long-term diet restriction can retard the aging process. Lower sustained plasma
      glucose levels may be one of the key factors for prolongation of life. The
      purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term diet restriction
      on the endocrine pancreas in rats. One hundred 5-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats
      were fed ad libitum for 1 wk, and then 10 rats (5 fed, 5 fasted for 24 h) were
      killed. The remaining 90 rats were divided into two groups, either fed ad libitum
      or maintained on a restricted food intake (60% of control/day). At regular
      intervals after the start of food restriction, rats from each group were killed,
      and plasma and the pancreas were collected for measurements of glucose, insulin,
      and glucagon concentration and content. At the end of the study, isolated
      pancreatic perfusions were performed to examine dynamic insulin response to
      glucose. Throughout the study, plasma glucose and insulin levels were lower in
      fed rats from the diet-restricted group than in fed rats from the normally fed
      group. Furthermore, there were no differences in plasma glucose or insulin levels
      between fed and fasted rats in the diet-restricted group. Pancreatic perfusion
      showed that the second phase of insulin release was significantly lower in rats
      from the diet-restricted group than in rats from the normally fed group.
      Decreased content of spermine in the pancreas of the diet-restricted rats may
      correlate with a decreased second phase of insulin release. These findings may
      partly explain why lowered plasma insulin levels are observed in diet-restricted
      rats.

PMID- 1802233
TI  - Probing the relationships between the structure and hemolytic activity of
      melittin with a complete set of leucine substitution analogs.
AB  - We have investigated the effects on the hemolytic activity of the 26 individual
      amino acids making up melittin's sequence using a complete set of synthetic
      leucine substitution analogs. The relative dose to cause 50% hemolysis (HD50) for
      each analog was determined. Lysine-7 and tryptophan-19 were found to play an
      essential role as evidenced by the dramatic decrease in hemolytic activity found
      for their leucine substitution analogs relative to melittin. In contrast,
      extension of melittin's potential alpha-helical array by substitution of the
      residues making up the "hinge" region, and increase of its overall amphipathicity
      by substitution of proline-14 or by the individual substitution of three of the C
      terminal basic residues, yielded significant reproducible increases in hemolytic
      activity.

PMID- 1802234
TI  - A survey of potential problems and quality control in peptide synthesis by the
      fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl procedure.
AB  - The routine production of peptides by manual or automated solid-phase synthesis
      protocols has gained widespread usage among a variety of biological scientists as
      new synthetic procedures have been introduced over the past several years. We
      report here a detailed analysis of Fmoc synthesis procedures to identify
      problematic reactions and to evaluate analytical procedures for monitoring the
      quality of peptides during and after synthesis. The results of these studies
      demonstrate double additions of particular amino acids during single coupling
      cycles, frequent incomplete deblocking of peptides by standard piperidine
      reactions, and the failure of the Kaiser ninhydrin test to detect free amino
      groups of certain amino acids at the N-terminus of synthetic peptides. These
      results suggest the need for more careful monitoring of Fmoc synthesis reactions
      than previously recognized or recommended in standard protocols. We demonstrate
      the utility of plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) in analyzing peptide
      products and recommend a minimum sequence of analytical quality control including
      HPLC and PDMS.

PMID- 1802236
TI  - The characterization of crude products from solid-phase peptide synthesis by mu
      HPLC/fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Crude product mixtures from the solid-phase synthesis of a series of peptides
      were analyzed by on-line packed, fused silica column mu-HPLC/Continuous Flow Fast
      Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (mu-HPLC/CF-FABMS). The technique is superior
      to the direct FAB analysis of crude product mixtures since competitive ionization
      and suppression effects are not generally observed. Positive correlation between
      a chromatographic peak and the desired synthetic product may be obtained. An
      accurate assessment of peptide deprotection can be made without ambiguity arising
      from the MS fragmentation of the more labile t-butyl and BOC protecting groups
      used in FMOC-based solid-phase peptide synthesis strategies. mu-HPLC combined
      with in-line UV detection and MS analysis allows the use of minimum sample and
      injection volumes, typically 10-50 pmol contained in 0.2-0.5 microliters.

PMID- 1802235
TI  - A fluorogenic assay for endothelin-converting enzyme.
AB  - The potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 is proposed to arise via
      proteolysis of a precursor molecule, "big endothelin," at a unique cleavage site.
      To aid in the identification of a putative endothelin-converting enzyme, we have
      developed an assay that mimics the relevant cleavage reaction. The assay takes
      advantage of the intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer between the scissile
      site tryptophan and a dansyl moiety present in the same synthetic substrate.
      Cleavage of the peptide chain separates the fluorophore and quencher, resulting
      in an increase in fluorescence. The assay has been validated using chymotrypsin
      as a model protease and has been employed in the identification of novel
      endothelin-converting enzyme activities.

PMID- 1802237
TI  - Protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis: prevention of side reactions in kinetically
      controlled reactions.
AB  - One major problem in protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis is the occurrence of
      unwanted proteolytic side reactions. The objective of this study was to
      demonstrate that specific acyl donor esters can efficiently prevent the enzymatic
      hydrolysis of the peptide product. As a model system, we have studied the alpha
      chymotrypsin-catalyzed synthesis of peptides which are specific chromogenic
      substrates for this enzyme. The leaving group of the carboxyl component was shown
      to be of major influence on this process. The accumulating protease-labile
      peptide product can be protected against enzyme action by a sufficient
      concentration of a specific acyl donor ester. The parameter alpha 1 that gives
      the ratio of second-order rate constants for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the
      peptide product and the acyl donor plays a key role in the synthesis of protease
      labile peptides. We could establish that highly protease-labile peptides can be
      enzymatically synthesized in a homogeneous phase.

PMID- 1802238
TI  - In vitro degradation of some arginine-vasopressin analogs by homogenates of rat
      kidney, liver and serum.
AB  - Enzymatic degradations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its [7-sarcosine]
      substituted analogs were performed using homogenates of rat kidney, liver and
      serum. Under the experimental conditions used in this work, [Sar7]AVP and the
      parent hormone were inactivated much faster by the kidney cortex and liver
      homogenates than the remaining analogs, which were additionally modified at
      position 1 and did not contain the N-terminal amino group. Analytical data of the
      degradation products showed that, in the case of AVP and [Sar7]AVP, there were
      two major sites of cleavage: Tyr-Phe and Arg-Gly. The analogs which lack free N
      terminal amino groups were deactivated very slowly. In these cases the main
      degradation product resulted from the cleavage of the Arg-Gly bond. The most
      surprising result observed during the incubation of AVP and its analogs with rat
      serum was the relatively high enzymatic stability of the parent hormone compared
      with the modified analogs. In contrast, the fastest degradation rate was found
      for [Cpp1,Sar7]AVP, which contains the bulky cyclopentamethylene moiety in
      position 1. The cleavage of the Arg-Gly peptide bond was exclusively responsible
      for the inactivation of all peptides with rat serum. The results showed that the
      degradation of vasopressin analogs in various blood and tissue samples differed
      both in speed and pattern of inactivation.

PMID- 1802239
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity of cyclolinopeptide A.
AB  - Cyclolinopeptide A (CLA), a cyclic natural nonapeptide isolated in 1959 from
      linseed oil, was found to possess the immunosuppressive activity of the range
      comparable to that of cyclosporin A (CS-A). The influence of CLA on the primary
      and secondary humoral response was determined by the plaque-forming cells test,
      performed in vitro as well as in vivo. The effect of CLA on the cellular immune
      response in mice was examined by using (i) the delayed-type hypersensitivity
      test, (ii) the skin-allograft rejection and (iii) the graft-vs.-host reaction. It
      was also found that CLA influences human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and
      tempers the post-adjuvant polyarthritis in rats and hemolytic anemia of New
      Zealand Black mice. In all tests performed, the activities of CLA and CS-A were
      practically the same. Using the plaque-forming cells test and the autologous
      rosette-forming cells test, we have shown that CLA, like CS-A, inhibits the
      action of Interleukin-1-alpha and Interleukin-2. Our experiments performed with
      mice and rats show that intraperitoneal, per os, as well as intravenous
      application of relatively large doses of CLA does not produce toxic effects. The
      strong immunosuppressive activity of CLA makes the peptide very interesting from
      the point of view of its possible utilization in medicine.

PMID- 1802240
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis of porcine cholecystokinin-33 in a new resin via FMOC
      strategy.
AB  - Porcine cholecystokinin-33 has been synthesized on solid phase and characterized
      both chemically and biologically. In order to develop a successful synthetic
      strategy, a new anchor molecule (4-succinylamido-2,2',4'
      trimethoxybenzhydrylamine) was designed and coupled to aminomethyl-polystyrene.
      The resulting 4-succinylamido-2,2',4'-trimethoxybenzhydrylamine resin was
      successfully used for the synthesis of cholecystokinin-33 using N
      fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acid symmetric anhydrides. Tyrosine-O-sulfate has
      been synthesized by direct sulfation of tyrosine with chlorosulfonic acid and
      incorporated into the peptide sequence by coupling as N-fluorenylmethoxy-O
      sulfatotyrosine-pentafluorophenyl ester. Side chains of the trifunctional amino
      acids were protected mostly by t-butyl-type protecting groups. The guanidino
      function of arginine was protected by the 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchromane-6
      sulfonyl group. After completion of the synthesis, the peptide was cleaved off
      the support with 50% trifluoroacetic acid (15 min); this treatment cleaved the
      side-chain protecting groups simultaneously. Preparative high-performance liquid
      chromatography resulted in pure cholecystokinin-33 of full biological activity.
      The structure of the peptide was proved by amino acid analysis, IR and UR
      spectroscopy, fast atomic bombardment mass spectroscopy and comparative high
      performance liquid chromatography of the synthetic and native cholecystokinin-33.

PMID- 1802241
TI  - Evaluation of cotton as a carrier for solid-phase peptide synthesis.
AB  - Cotton as a new support for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides was evaluated
      under the conditions of both Boc/Bzl and Fmoc/But strategy. Syntheses of peptides
      containing only bifunctional amino acids gave comparable results, but peptides
      containing trifunctional amino acids are clearly advantageously synthesized using
      the Fmoc approach. The comparison of cotton with other planar carriers (paper or
      polypropylene membranes) and with classical pellicular ones has shown practical
      applicability of cotton as the replacement of more sophisticated carriers. N
      Methylimidazole was shown to be the optimal acylation catalyst for the
      modification of the cellulose carrier. Stability of the ester bond to the cotton
      was studied and shown to be adequate for the syntheses of small to medium size
      peptides. A relatively low level of substitution of cotton carrier in connection
      with its ability to soak the solvent was used for the complete elimination of a
      synthetic vessel. Couplings can be performed by wetting the carrier with the
      coupling solution, and all solvents can be removed either by squeezing it
      together with a porous material (paper) or by centrifugation. This leads to a
      significant decrease of solvent consumption. The efficiency of solvent
      elimination by centrifugation was demonstrated by the synthesis of model peptide
      ACP 65-74 in which only one wash between coupling and deprotection and between
      deprotection and coupling was used and which afforded the product of the same
      quality as the product synthesized using the standard protocol. Bromophenol blue
      monitoring has been proven as the optimal way of monitoring the acylation
      reaction progress. Peptides directly bound to cotton were shown to be useful in
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests.

PMID- 1802242
TI  - Rearrangement, racemization and decomposition of peptides in aqueous solution.
AB  - We reported earlier that peptides containing glycine as the third amino acid from
      the amino end undergo sequence rearrangement of the first two amino acid
      residues. In the course of this experimental verification of the suggested
      reaction mechanism, we found extensive racemization of the amino acid residue in
      position 1. Racemization is preferred over rearrangement in peptides containing
      amino acids different from glycine in position 3. We demonstrate that this
      reaction can be used for the selective labeling of peptides. Using model
      peptides, we suggest a mechanism that explains both the rearrangement and
      racemization of these peptides in aqueous solution. This mechanism is based on
      formation of a diketopiperazine-like (DKP-like) structure by attack of the N
      terminal amino group on the amide carbonyl group of the second residue in the
      peptide chain. This tetrahedral intermediate, which contains a secondary amino
      group derived from the amide bond between the second and third amino acid
      residue, can (i) decompose with the formation of diketopiperazine and a shortened
      peptide sequence; (ii) form a bicyclic structure by transanular attack on the
      first amino acid carbonyl group in the DKP-like ring by the newly formed amino
      group, leading to the rearranged product; and (iii) form a bicyclic structure by
      transanular attack of the newly formed hydroxyl group on the carbonyl group in
      the DKP-like ring, leading to the race-mixed product.

PMID- 1802243
TI  - Anesthesia for head and neck surgery.
AB  - Anesthesia in patients for surgery of the head and neck should begin with
      evaluation of the animal's medical history, laboratory data, and physical
      examination. This information plus knowledge of the physiologic changes induced
      by abnormalities and surgery of the head and neck provide the basis for selection
      of anesthetic regimens and techniques. The regimen should include drugs that
      produce minimal impact on organ systems, especially those systems lacking
      physiologic reserve because of disease. Establishment of a patent airway,
      protection of the airway, and control of ventilation should receive primary
      attention. Monitoring and support of cardiopulmonary function and maintenance of
      fluid volume and renal function are essential. The patient should be observed
      until protective reflexes return and recovery is complete. Postoperative pain
      should be managed with analgesics.

PMID- 1802244
TI  - Cleft palate repair.
AB  - Cleft palates are congenital or acquired and effect the primary palate (lip) or
      the secondary (hard and soft) palate. Surgical repair of congenital cleft palate
      is indicated at an early age. Preservation of maximal tissue and tissue blood
      supply and a tension-free closure of the defect are requisite for successful
      repair. Multiple surgical procedures are often performed prior to resolution of
      this problem. Aspiration pneumonia is often present concurrently and should be
      treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1802245
TI  - Problems and complications associated with maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, and
      oronasal fistula repair.
AB  - Many oral tumors can be effectively treated by partial maxillectomy or
      mandibulectomy. These techniques involve excision of the tumor as well as the
      underlying bone. These procedures are described here and emphasis placed on the
      management of potential complications. Useful techniques for repairing oronasal
      fistulas are also described.

PMID- 1802246
TI  - Nasal cavity and frontal sinuses.
AB  - The anatomy, diagnostic principles, and surgical techniques relating to the nasal
      cavity and frontal sinuses are reviewed. Disorders are considered under headings
      of infectious, neoplastic, and miscellaneous conditions. For each disease
      condition, an attempt is made to emphasize particular problems and discuss new
      developments on treatment. Specific recommendations have been made where
      possible, along with the expected outcome.

PMID- 1802247
TI  - Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome.
AB  - This is a complex condition, recognized primarily in brachycephalic breeds, that
      results in varying degrees of upper airway obstruction. The signs consist of
      respiratory distress, stridor, reduced exercise tolerance, and in more severe
      cases, cyanosis and collapse. The inherent anatomy of the brachycephalic skull
      contributes to the development of these signs. Such anatomic features include: a
      shortened and distorted nasopharynx, stenotic nares, an elongated soft palate,
      and everted laryngeal saccules. The increased negative pressure created in the
      pharyngolaryngeal region, as a result of these obstructing structures, ultimately
      results in distortion and collapse of the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.

PMID- 1802248
TI  - Tracheostomy.
AB  - Tracheostomies are performed to bypass life-threatening obstructions of the upper
      airway or to facilitate surgical procedures in the head and neck region. Neither
      tube tracheostomy nor permanent tracheostomy is a cure for any particular
      disease; however, both can be important for patients' supportive or palliative
      care. Perioperative problems are anticipated with either tube tracheostomy or
      permanent tracheostomy. Obstruction of the tube or stoma is the most common and
      devastating problem. Careful and diligent management of tracheostomy patients can
      circumvent many problems and allow the patient to breath with less difficulty.

PMID- 1802249
TI  - Tracheal resection and reconstruction.
AB  - Tracheal resection and reconstruction may be required in patients with tracheal
      obstruction due to foreign bodies, trauma, parasitic granulomas, or tracheal
      tumors. Primary end-to-end anastomosis is the best means of reconstruction after
      the diseased tissue is resected. If anastomosis can be accomplished without
      excessive tension, few complications occur. However, if there is tension at the
      anastomotic site, the incision may separate, causing scar tissue to form and
      stenosis to occur. Many techniques may be used to prevent anastomotic stenosis,
      including tracheal mobilization, tension-relieving sutures, and head-neck
      immobilization. Grafts or prosthesis may be required when primary end-to-end
      anastomosis is impossible. More frequent complications are associated with the
      use of grafts and prostheses than with end-to-end anastomosis. These most
      commonly include stenosis, prosthesis migration, and erosion of adjacent blood
      vessels.

PMID- 1802250
TI  - Tracheal collapse.
AB  - Tracheal collapse, one form of tracheal obstruction, is classically described as
      occurring in middle-aged or older toy breed dogs with a history of chronic "goose
      honk" cough. Many dogs with tracheal collapse fit this description, but others
      are young and may wheeze, hack, or have no cough at all. Patients with a history
      and physical examination compatible with tracheal collapse are definitively
      diagnosed based on the findings of the following respiratory tract examinations:
      inspiratory/expiratory radiographs, fluoroscopy, culture and susceptibility, and
      a thorough endoscopic evaluation. Prosthetic ring tracheoplasty relieves many of
      the signs of tracheal obstruction but does not cure the disease. Early diagnosis
      and treatment are expected to give the dog a better quality life. Following
      prosthetic ring tracheoplasty, most dogs are more active, breathe easier, cough
      less, and require less medical treatment for respiratory disease.

PMID- 1802251
TI  - Surgery of the external ear canal.
AB  - Otitis externa may account for up to 20% of presenting complaints in small animal
      practice. Many of these cases are non-responsive to medical therapy and require
      surgical intervention. The modified Zepp procedure or lateral wall resection
      should be considered early in the course of the disease. Performing this
      procedure in advanced cases of otitis externa, which involve both the medial and
      lateral walls of the ear canal, is responsible for 34-47% of these cases showing
      no improvement. Vertical ear canal ablation is the procedure of choice when the
      entire vertical canal is involved but the horizontal canal is free of disease. If
      the disease involves both the vertical and horizontal canals, a total ear canal
      ablation, along with removal of the lateral aspect of the bony bulla should be
      performed. By removing this portion of the bulla, improved drainage is achieved,
      and the complication rate following total ear canal ablations is decreased.

PMID- 1802252
TI  - Surgery of the tympanic bulla (otitis media and nasopharyngeal polyps).
AB  - Surgical management of otitis media includes the following options: myringotomy,
      flushing of the tympanic cavity, lateral bulla osteotomy, ventral bulla
      osteotomy, and curettage of the tympanic cavity. Combining one of the above
      procedures with an operative procedure of the external ear canal is frequently
      indicated because otitis media commonly accompanies chronic otitis externa. The
      selection of a surgical procedure to treat otitis media should be based on
      duration of clinical signs, response to previous treatment, the condition of the
      external ear canal (vertical and horizontal parts), and the familiarity of the
      surgeon with the different approaches and techniques. Nasopharyngeal polyps may
      be removed by excising them from the pharynx, external ear, or middle ear.
      Because of their frequent involvement of the middle ear cavity, nasopharyngeal
      polyps are best excised by using a bulla osteotomy technique in combination with
      other excision techniques.

PMID- 1802253
TI  - Salivary mucoceles.
AB  - The overall incidence of salivary gland disease in dogs and cats is low. Salivary
      mucocele is the most frequently diagnosed disease of salivary glands. Mucoceles
      consist of collections of saliva in subcutaneous, sublingual, pharyngeal, or
      periorbital locations. Definitive therapy of salivary mucoceles consists of
      excision of the affected salivary gland and mucocele drainage.

PMID- 1802254
TI  - Thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy in the dog and cat.
AB  - Thyroidectomy has become a fairly common surgical procedure in small animals
      because of the increasing incidence of thyroid tumors. Surgical removal of the
      thyroid gland can be routine or quite challenging, depending on the species (cat
      vs. dog) and the size and aggressiveness of the tumor. Many problems may be
      encountered with these patients, associated both with the disease and with the
      surgical treatment. Both thyroid and parathyroid tumors result in many
      alterations in the animal's homeostasis. These alterations must be recognized by
      the surgeon to maximize the chance of a successful outcome. This chapter deals
      with thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy in dogs and cats. Indications for
      surgery, pathophysiology of thyroid and parathyroid neoplasia, preoperative care,
      surgical procedures, and postoperative care and complications will be discussed.

PMID- 1802255
TI  - Surgical management of pharyngeal disorders in the dog and cat.
AB  - Disorders of the pharynx are relatively uncommon in the dog and cat. There are a
      number of potential causes of pharyngeal problems, but the underlying presenting
      clinical sign is that of dysphagia. This chapter will discuss the differential
      diagnosis of dysphagia with emphasis on oropharyngeal swallowing disorders. A
      separate discussion of special considerations to be made in the placement of
      pharyngostomy tubes also will be presented.

PMID- 1802256
TI  - Surgery of the tonsils.
AB  - The palatine tonsils are paired aggregates of lymphoid tissue that are surgically
      removed as a result of primary tonsillar disease, or are extirpated in an effort
      to decrease upper airway resistance in conjunction with other procedures of the
      oropharynx. Complications from tonsillectomy can arise for three reasons: 1) the
      effects of tonsil disease on the function of the oropharyngeal regions; 2)
      surgical dissection in the region; or 3) postoperative complication of the insult
      to tissue. Thorough preoperative patient evaluation, gentle tissue handling plus
      meticulous hemostasis, and careful observation during the postoperative period
      are stressed in this discussion of problems in tonsillar surgery.

PMID- 1802257
TI  - The neurologic examination and lesion localization.
AB  - As is true of animals with diseases of other organ systems, cats with neurologic
      disease should be approached in a systematic, problem-oriented manner (Table 1
      1). The neurologic examination and process of lesion localization are the
      principal components of the evaluation. Lesions involving specific areas of the
      nervous system cause predictable neurologic deficits or problems ranging from
      monoparesis to seizures. By recognizing one of these problems and relating it to
      a particular anatomic region of the nervous system, a differential diagnosis of
      diseases that typically involve this area can be established. Although the
      neurologic examination and process of lesion localization are essential to
      developing the differential diagnosis, results of the history are equally
      important in predicting which disease or group of diseases is most likely present
      (Table 1-2). Identification of problems related to other organ systems on the
      physical examination, furthermore, should suggest that polysystemic diseases,
      such as infectious conditions, are potentially involved. After the differential
      diagnosis has been developed and the relative likelihood of each individual
      disease or group of diseases has been established, appropriate diagnostic
      procedures may be done. This should allow identification of the underlying cause
      and initiation of treatment, when indicated.

PMID- 1802258
TI  - Feline neurology. Diagnostic procedures.
AB  - The definitive diagnosis of neurologic conditions in cats, as well as other
      species, has been greatly facilitated by rapid development of new techniques. In
      some cases, these developments have involved refinements of existing methods,
      whereas in others, essentially new techniques have evolved. Diagnostic tests
      developed in earlier years also continue to be of value. The application of many
      of these techniques is illustrated throughout this text. In this chapter,
      attention is focused on certain particularly valuable tests.

PMID- 1802259
TI  - Paraparesis (paraplegia), tetraparesis (tetraplegia), urinary/fecal incontinence.
      Spinal cord diseases.
AB  - Paraparesis (paraplegia) refers to partial (-paresis) or complete (-plegia) loss
      of voluntary motor function in the pelvic limbs. Similar involvement of all four
      limbs is termed tetraparesis (tetraplegia). Paraparesis generally results from
      spinal cord lesions caudad to the second thoracic spinal cord segment, whereas
      tetraparesis occurs because of lesions craniad to this segment (see discussion of
      spinal cord lesion localization in The Neurologic Examination and Lesion
      Localization, on page 328). The limbs may be affected equally; however,
      asymmetric lesions cause greater clinical involvement on the ipsilateral side.
      Strictly unilateral lesions at C1-T2 result in clinical involvement on only the
      affected side of the body (hemiparesis, hemiplegia). Monoparesis (monoplegia)
      occurs subsequent to unilateral T2-S1 lesions. Trauma and neoplasia are the most
      common spinal cord diseases affecting cats. Urinary and fecal incontinence often
      occur concomitant with paresis. General concepts relating to disorders of
      micturition are discussed at the conclusion of this chapter.

PMID- 1802260
TI  - Lower motor neuron tetraparesis. Neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - Generalized neuromuscular (lower motor neuron; LMN) diseases include those that
      affect neurons (neuronopathies), peripheral nerves (neuropathies), neuromuscular
      junctions (junctionopathies), and muscles (myopathies). These diseases cause
      diffuse clinical signs of LMN involvement. Although neuromuscular diseases occur
      relatively commonly in dogs, few syndromes have been well characterized in cats.
      Representative diseases within each of the major anatomic subcategories of
      neuromuscular disease are discussed.

PMID- 1802261
TI  - Altered mental attitude, seizures, blindness, circling, compulsive walking.
      Forebrain diseases.
AB  - Cats with lesions involving either the cerebral cortex or thalamus (forebrain)
      often have a characteristic group of neurologic deficits. When these deficits, in
      part or in toto, are recognized, consideration should be given to diseases that
      preferentially involve this area of the brain. Certain diseases that
      characteristically affect the forebrain are discussed here. Seizures are
      discussed as a separate entity at the conclusion of this chapter. Other diseases
      that also may involve the forebrain, but often cause additional lesions in other
      areas of the brain, are collectively discussed under the subheading of multifocal
      neurologic disease in Multiple Neurologic Deficits: Inflammatory Diseases (page
      426) and Multiple Neurologic Deficits: Noninfectious Diseases (page 440).

PMID- 1802262
TI  - Ataxia, dysmetria, tremor. Cerebellar diseases.
AB  - Diseases affecting the cerebellum typically cause ataxia, coupled with dysmetria
      and tremor. Dysmetria is a condition in which there is improper measuring of
      distance in muscular acts; hypermetria is overreaching (overstepping) and
      hypometria is underreaching (understepping). Tremor refers to an involuntary,
      rhythmic, oscillatory movement of a body part. The tremor of cerebellar disease
      typically is exaggerated by goal-oriented movements (intention tremor).
      Cerebellar lesions also often cause loss of the menace response, despite the
      presence of normal vision. The anatomic basis for this phenomenon is obscure. The
      principal disease affecting the cerebellum in cats is cerebellar hypoplasia due
      to in utero infection with the panleukopenia virus. This disease will be
      discussed here. Neurologic signs of cerebellar involvement also may be seen in
      association with those diseases that affect the CNS multifocally. In these cats,
      there may be additional signs indicating involvement of other anatomic areas or
      the cerebellar deficits may occur alone (see discussion of multifocal diseases in
      Multiple Neurologic Deficits: Inflammatory Diseases [page 426] and Multiple
      Neurologic Deficits: Noninfectious Diseases [page 440]).

PMID- 1802263
TI  - Ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus. Vestibular diseases.
AB  - Diseases affecting the vestibular system cause ataxia, characterized by head
      tilt, circling, falling, and rolling to the side of the lesion. Nystagmus occurs
      initially but may resolve. These clinical signs occur regardless of whether the
      lesion affects the peripheral or central portion of the vestibular system.
      Peripheral and central vestibular disorders are distinguished based on additional
      signs of brain stem involvement in the latter, as discussed in The Neurologic
      Examination and Lesion Localization on page 309. This distinction is critical in
      establishing both a differential diagnosis and prognosis in affected cats.

PMID- 1802264
TI  - Multiple neurologic deficits. Inflammatory diseases.
AB  - Certain diseases do not consistently affect a single area of the nervous system
      and, in fact, may cause concomitant multifocal involvement. Depending on the area
      of the nervous system affected, these diseases may cause a wide spectrum of
      neurologic problems and therefore must be included in the differential diagnosis
      for most problems discussed previously. Diseases causing multifocal lesions
      should especially be suspected when there are concomitant neurologic deficits
      that cannot be localized to a single site. An example would be a cat with
      seizures and paraparesis without thoracic limb involvement, in which case
      separate lesions affecting the forebrain and thoracolumbar spinal cord would be
      suspected. Inflammatory neurologic diseases most commonly cause lesions at
      multiple sites and will be discussed here. These conditions frequently cause
      concomitant systemic disease. Additional disease categories that may cause
      multifocal lesions, and are somewhat more likely to result in strict neurologic
      disease, are discussed in Multiple Neurologic Deficits: Non-infectious Diseases
      (page 440).

PMID- 1802265
TI  - Multiple neurologic deficits. Noninfectious diseases.
AB  - Multifocal neurologic deficits in cats are most commonly caused by inflammatory
      diseases discussed in Multiple Neurologic Deficits: Inflammatory Diseases (page
      426). Additional noninfectious causes, including verminous, inherited/congenital,
      nutritional, toxic, and traumatic diseases are discussed here. This division of
      inflammatory and noninfectious causes is somewhat artificial, as either can cause
      multifocal involvement. Systemic disease, however, is somewhat more common in the
      inflammatory conditions.

PMID- 1802266
TI  - Instrumentation, principles, and pitfalls of ultrasonography.
AB  - Diagnostic ultrasonography has had a major impact on clinical diagnosis in
      veterinary medicine. Improved instrumentation (increased resolution and
      reliability) and ease of operation resulted in acceptance of ultrasonography as a
      diagnostic tool in private practice. As with any new imaging modality, sources of
      error exist. Operator inexperience and "overdiagnosis" of the image are major
      sources of error in the early stages of ultrasound training. The ultrasound
      examination of the animal should always be evaluated in conjunction with the
      history, physical examination, and other laboratory findings. Errors in
      interpretation most often occur when the ultrasound image is evaluated without
      respect to this complete data base. It must be stressed that ultrasonography does
      not replace, but is a valuable adjunct to, plain-film radiography.

PMID- 1802267
TI  - Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) are standard parts of the
      evaluation of cardiac structure and function in veterinary and human cardiology.
      Doppler echocardiography, although considered standard in human cardiology, is in
      its infancy in veterinary cardiology. It is becoming an important non-invasive
      component of the evaluation of cardiac patients since it adds information
      formerly only available from cardiac catheterization. Specifically, it can
      analyze blood flow direction, character, velocity, and timing. Like M-mode and
      2DE, this safe, non-invasive technique is ideal for serial evaluation of patients
      with heart disease. Although useful in both congenital and acquired heart
      disease, in our hospital it has primarily been used to evaluate congenital heart
      defects. The purpose of this chapter is threefold. First, it will acquaint the
      reader with the principles of Doppler echocardiography. Second, it will give the
      reader an explanation of the Doppler examination. Finally, it will discuss the
      uses and limitations of Doppler echocardiography, with an emphasis on congenital
      heart disease.

PMID- 1802268
TI  - Congenital heart disease.
AB  - The clinical usefulness of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography has been
      proven over the years. M-mode echocardiography allows an 'ice-pick' sampling of
      the heart, but in conjunction with two-dimensional echocardiography, assessments
      of cardiac structure and, to some extent, myocardial function can be appreciated.
      The limitations of these techniques include difficulty in 1) diagnosing subtle
      congenital heart disease and 2) estimating the severity of valvular lesions
      (stenosis and regurgitation). Doppler echocardiography overcomes these
      limitations by detecting abnormal direction, velocity, and turbulence of the
      blood flow (Chapter 2). This chapter will focus mainly on the two-dimensional and
      M-mode echocardiographic features of common congenital heart disease.

PMID- 1802269
TI  - Ultrasonography of the liver and biliary tract.
AB  - Evaluation of the liver and biliary tract is one of the principal applications of
      abdominal ultrasonography in small animals. Indications include hepatomegaly,
      mass in the area of the liver, suspected hepatic metastasis, jaundice, ascites,
      suspected diaphragmatic rupture, and weight loss. Ultrasonography is a valuable
      method for evaluating the internal structure of the liver and biliary tract.
      Certain functional assessments also may be made, for example, measurement of
      induced gallbladder emptying after cholecystokinin injection. Limitations of
      ultrasonography include lack of specificity for focal or multifocal hepatic
      lesions and insensitivity for certain infiltrative diseases, such as
      lymphosarcoma. These limitations contribute to diagnostic difficulties, which are
      adequately addressed only by biopsy. The technique of ultrasound-guided biopsy is
      described briefly.

PMID- 1802270
TI  - Ultrasonography of the spleen. Life-threatening splenic disorders.
AB  - Diagnosis of splenic disease in small animals is often difficult unless a mass is
      palpable. The physical signs and hematological changes are often variable and non
      specific. Radiographic examination may also be unrewarding, especially if
      concurrent abdominal effusion is present. Splenic ultrasonography is easily
      performed, sensitive but often non-specific because many disorders have
      overlapping ultrasonographic patterns.

PMID- 1802271
TI  - Ultrasonography of the pancreas.
AB  - Disorders of the pancreas occur frequently, but they are difficult to diagnose
      because of anatomic inaccessibility of the pancreas, vague clinical signs and
      examination findings, and inconsistent laboratory results. Ultrasonography is the
      imaging modality of choice to evaluate the pancreas. Ultrasonographic examination
      of the pancreas is difficult due to ultrasound wave propagation interference by
      adjacent bowel gas, abdominal pain accompanying pancreatitis, and inability to
      image the normal pancreas consistently. These three problems can be overcome by
      adhering to a systematic scanning method, proper transducer selection, and proper
      patient preparation. Scanning techniques used to image the pancreas, and
      ultrasonographic findings of canine and feline pancreatitis and canine pancreatic
      neoplasia, are explained.

PMID- 1802272
TI  - Ultrasonography of the adrenal gland.
AB  - A current review of ultrasonographic adrenal imaging is presented with emphasis
      on the clinical and problematic aspects of adrenal disease in the dog. Examples
      are presented to illustrate the usefulness of ultrasonography in distinguishing
      between canine pituitary- and adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenal
      imaging in the cat and ferret are discussed briefly. When coordination of
      sonographic findings with clinical and biochemical results is implemented
      properly, ultrasonography becomes a powerful and specific diagnostic tool for
      adrenal disease.

PMID- 1802273
TI  - Ultrasonography of the kidney and prostate gland. Has gray-scale ultrasonography
      replaced contrast radiography?
AB  - Beginning in the late 1970s with the first reports of two-dimensional, gray-scale
      ultrasonography used to image small-animal abdominal organs, the question of
      whether to use contrast radiographic or ultrasonographic techniques for
      urogenital assessment has become increasingly important. In the last five to
      seven years, the volume of veterinary literature on ultrasonographic imaging
      equals or exceeds that on contrast radiographic imaging of the small-animal
      urogenital tract. While the advantages of ultrasonographic over contrast
      radiographic imaging are obvious for some situations (eg, renal failure or
      paraprostatic cyst), no overviews critically comparing these techniques have been
      published to our knowledge. With the increasing availability of ultrasonographic
      equipment in private veterinary practice, choices between these imaging
      techniques must be made. Imaging the kidney and the prostate gland are discussed
      because both techniques are applicable to these organs. Our intent was to
      determine which of these techniques would be appropriate for the common clinical
      conditions. This article addresses the advantages and disadvantages of both
      techniques for renal and prostatic imaging. The perspective provided is based on
      ten years of clinical experience with both techniques by each of the authors.
      Clinical scenarios and specific diseases are discussed and the consensus of the
      authors on the procedure(s) of choice for these situations are described.

PMID- 1802274
TI  - Approaches to the reduction of viral infectivity in cellular blood components and
      single donor plasma.

PMID- 1802275
TI  - The role of erythropoietin and other growth factors in transfusion medicine.

PMID- 1802276
TI  - Concepts about current conditions for the preparation and storage of platelets.
AB  - Substantial experimentation over the last 20 years has led to the conditions that
      are currently used to prepare and store platelets. Although platelet rich plasma
      is used in most instances to prepare platelet concentrates, there may be some
      benefit associated with the use of buffy coats as the source component. Extension
      of the maximum allowable storage time for platelets to 5 days has been possible
      as a result of defining the conditions which allow for the better retention of
      platelet properties. Storage temperature, permeability of the storage container,
      volume of platelet suspension, and the need to agitate platelets have been
      identified as key parameters that maintain platelet viability and functional
      properties. Storage in the 20 to 24 degrees C range prevents a reduction in
      posttransfusion viability that occurs when platelets are maintained at lower
      temperatures. Adequate influx of oxygen through container walls to support
      platelet metabolism and, to a lesser degree, adequate efflux of produced carbon
      dioxide are essential for maintaining pH levels, a key parameter that also
      influences posttransfusion viability. Permeability is influenced by container
      size and material, by use of a satisfactory volume of plasma and by agitating the
      container. Although platelet concentrates prepared from whole blood have been
      primarily used to delineate appropriate storage conditions, they also apply to
      platelets harvested by aphersis technology. Storage under currently used
      conditions, although providing products with acceptable clinical efficacy, is
      associated with a reduction in viability and functional characteristics. The
      development of storage media, specific for platelets, may minimize the occurrence
      of deleterious changes.

PMID- 1802277
TI  - The principles and applications of solid-phase blood group serology.

PMID- 1802279
TI  - Transfusion-related issues in Jehovah's Witness patients.

PMID- 1802278
TI  - Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis.

PMID- 1802280
TI  - Biblical laws relating to blood transfusion: the Judaic laws and principles.

PMID- 1802281
TI  - Jehovah's Witnesses and transfusion: the pediatric perspective.

PMID- 1802282
TI  - Ethical reflections on patient refusals of life-saving treatment.

PMID- 1802284
TI  - The Biblical laws against transfusions reexamined--a Christian physician's
      viewpoint.

PMID- 1802283
TI  - Legal aspects of transfusion of Jehovah's Witnesses.

PMID- 1802285
TI  - The status of bloodless surgery.

PMID- 1802286
TI  - Porcine factor VIIIC in the management of patients with factor VIII inhibitors.

PMID- 1802287
TI  - [New bacterial microorganisms in the etiology of human infections. The genus
      Gardnerella].
AB  - Haemophilus vaginalis first affiliated in the bacterial systems in the genus
      Haemophilus, the Corynebacterium due to its morphophysiological characteristics-
      forms a new genus Gardnerella with only one species G. vaginalis. The bacterium
      is important for man's pathology, as it is responsible for the most numerous
      vaginitis, considered nonspecific. The paper reports synthetically the present
      knowledge in biology, pathogenicity, diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 1802288
TI  - [An analysis of the medical contraindications for poliomyelitis vaccination in a
      district of the city of Bucharest].
AB  - The authors report on the results of the analysis of frequency, motives and
      possible consequences associated to the medical contraindication of inoculations
      with TPDV (thermal polio-destroyed virus) during the antipoliomyelitis
      vaccination in the spring of 1989 in District 3 of Bucharest. The failure share
      in the first antipoliomylitis vaccination was of 2.2% in the 2,500 children
      selected: 46 (83.6%) were CIM in one of the inoculations and 9 (16.4%) in both
      inoculations with TPDV of the vaccination. Infectious acute affections were the
      most numerous motives (89.1-57.1%) of the medical contraindications of
      inoculation with TPDV; in 59.6-31.2% of these causes the hospitalization of the
      cases was necessary. The false contraindications were at the basis of 10.9-42.9%
      of the medical decisions that contraindicated inoculation with TPDV. Of the
      children with contraindications at inoculation with TPDV, 41.8% met the risk
      criteria after the first stage and 12.7% after the second stage of the
      vaccination.

PMID- 1802289
TI  - [Campylobacter jejuni--the etiologic agent of enteritis; the research experience
      within a closed collective of infants].

PMID- 1802290
TI  - [The antimeasles immune status of grade-I pupils in the school year 1989-1990 in
      a district of the city of Bucharest].

PMID- 1802291
TI  - [Trials to improve the media used for the methyl red reaction (MRT). II].
AB  - The evolution of the methyl rot reaction (MRT), expressed by the pH dynamics in
      the first 18 hours was examined. A medium made of caseine or soya hydrolysate
      distributed in small volumes, was experimented versus a control broth made of
      meat peptone (Clark-Lubs). For Klebsiella the results showed that in the control
      group the pH acidifies and remains low, thus mimicking a positive reaction. In
      the caseine/soya medium, a decrease of pH at 4-8 hours is first noticed. Initial
      acidification, consecutive to glucose fermentation, is then counteracted by
      another type of processes that change the reaction direction. pH increases at 12
      18 hours towards neutrality hat can be easily exceeded in 24 hours. Alkaline
      reversion is favoured by: a--the richer content in aa diaminomonocarboxylic and b
      -assurance of a large aeration by increase of the ratio between surface and
      volume. For evidencing realkalinization, characteristic of Klebsiellae, the
      medium with caseine/soya, including "ab initio" either Bromkresolpurpur (pH = 5.2
      6.2) or Bromtimolblau (pH = 6.7-7.6) is experimented. The medium ensures the
      direct reading of the reaction, at 18-24 hours, by the colour change. The results
      correspond to metric pH recording. When the results are not clear (slowly
      metabolic strains), the culture may be reincubated, an important advantage versus
      the Clark-Lubs procedure.

PMID- 1802292
TI  - [The development of and experimentation with a kit for the identification and
      rapid biotyping of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae].
AB  - The paper reports on the drawing up and experimentation of a kit of media for
      identification in liquid media and biotyping of H. influenza and H.
      parainfluenza. The kit is made up of 14 components, out of which the following
      were prepared: basic broth, X V broth, V broth, X broth, red-phenol broth, and XV
      factors + ribose, xylose and saccharose, urea substrate. Moeller medium with XV,
      with and without ornithine, covered with paraffin oil after impregnation. In the
      XV broth and the broth with red phenol the XV factors and saccharose, the bands
      for indole and H2S were put after impregnation with bacterial culture. On these
      media, 175 strains of Haemophilus were identified and biotyped. 109 of them were
      H. influenzae and 66 H. parainfluenzae, when satellitism was used. Identification
      in liquid media showed that 5.5% of the H. influenza strains were H.
      parainfluenza and 10.6% of the H. parainfluenza strains were H. influenza.
      Finally, 110 strains were H. influenzae and 65 H. parainfluenzae. The components
      of the kit permitting identification and biotyping of H. influenzae and H.
      parainfluenzae are: basic broth with red phenol, X broth, XV factors supplement,
      V supplement, mono- and bipotassium phosphate solution, 20% urea solution, 20%
      saccharose, 20% ornithine, Moeller medium, bands for indole and paraffine oil.

PMID- 1802293
TI  - [H. influenzae type C meningitis in an adult].
AB  - The paper reports on the case of a 50-year-old patient with purulent meningitis
      caused by H. influenza type C, previously clinically healthy, without other
      associated disease. The disease had a mild evolution and the patient was cured
      after 7 days of etiologic and pathogenic treatment. The isolated strain was
      serotyped by the agglutination reactions on slides, coagglutination,
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and double immunodiffusion--being C serotype, and
      biotyped--being I serotype, sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and
      tetracycline and resistant to kanamicine and rifampicine.

PMID- 1802294
TI  - [Prof. Ion Cantacuzino. The personality of the founder of a school].

PMID- 1802295
TI  - [Little known documents on the founding of the Cantacuzino Institute].

PMID- 1802296
TI  - The empowerment journey.

PMID- 1802297
TI  - Networking.

PMID- 1802298
TI  - Conscious living.

PMID- 1802299
TI  - Code of ethics for holistic nurses.

PMID- 1802300
TI  - Becoming ourselves: experiencing the AHNA certificate program in holistic
      nursing.

PMID- 1802301
TI  - Remember your dream.

PMID- 1802302
TI  - Holistic nursing approach: Rayid iris interpretation.

PMID- 1802303
TI  - Don't panic. Dealing with a dental-phobic patient doesn't have to be stressful.

PMID- 1802304
TI  - Debugging your practice. How computers can make your office more efficient and
      profitable.

PMID- 1802305
TI  - Putting faces and lives together. Maxillofacial surgery in the '90s.

PMID- 1802307
TI  - A new home for TUSoD.

PMID- 1802306
TI  - Through two centuries & into a third. A history of TUSoD ... past and present.

PMID- 1802308
TI  - The changing nature of dental ethics.

PMID- 1802309
TI  - Wrestling with AIDS. The outcome of the right-to-know debate could threaten both
      lives and livelihoods.

PMID- 1802310
TI  - Lasers in periodontics.

PMID- 1802311
TI  - Microbiological studies of the prevention and control of plaque and gingivitis by
      a zinc and triclosan-containing dentifrice.

PMID- 1802312
TI  - The current concept of crevicular minocycline therapy for periodontal disease.

PMID- 1802313
TI  - Effectiveness of Periogard tissue monitor.

PMID- 1802314
TI  - The Provident Hospital project: an experiment in race relations and medical
      education.

PMID- 1802315
TI  - The New York Maternal Mortality Study: a conflict of professionalization.

PMID- 1802316
TI  - "A sort of felo-de-se": eclecticism, related medical sects, and their decline in
      Victorian Ontario.

PMID- 1802317
TI  - The development of Pasteur's concept of disease causation and the emergence of
      specific causes in nineteenth-century medicine.

PMID- 1802318
TI  - Criminal punishment for the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases:
      lessons from syphilis.

PMID- 1802319
TI  - American Association for the History of Medicine. Report of the Committee on
      Ethical Codes. Ethical codes concerning historical research.

PMID- 1802320
TI  - [Life and environment: from aquatic animals to terrestrial animals and to man].
AB  - Whether animals are vertebrates or invertebrates, the problems raised by the
      invasion of land are common to all who have succeeded--terrestrial worms,
      mollusks and crustaceans, arachnids, insects, terrestrial vertebrates. Many
      physiological traits, although supported by quite different morphological
      structures, are convergent and related to the environmental characteristics. Thus
      one is led to put terrestrial animals and aquatic animals belonging to very
      distantly related phyla, and then suggest an ecophysiological transphyletic
      division of the animal kingdom.

PMID- 1802321
TI  - [Biochemical and hormonal regulation of uterine contractility: clinical
      applications to medicinal tocolysis].
AB  - Preterm delivery occurs in 5-10% of live births. Preterm labour is the leading
      cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. It accounts for one third of
      perinatal deaths. Clinicians stay faced to the use of tocolytic therapy carrying
      the risks of side-effects for the fetus and the mother. The regulation of uterine
      contractility through myosin phospho-dephosphorylation is controlled by second
      messenger system (Calcium, cAMP). Furthermore, some hormones seem to control the
      development and the regression of gap junctions which promote synchronous muscle
      activity by allowing electrical and mechanical coupling of the cells within
      different regions of the uterus. Understanding of these cellular regulatory
      processes is the rationale to the choice of tocolytic drugs actually available.
      It sounds to be a further step to innovative approaches to tocolytic therapy
      without or with less significant side effects.

PMID- 1802322
TI  - [Eulogy of Professor Vittorio Puddu, honorary foreign member (1909-1991)].

PMID- 1802323
TI  - [Teratogenic effects of acetazolamide in mouse embryos].
AB  - The observations gathered in mouse embryos collected 4, 24 and 48 hours after the
      administration of a teratogenic doses of acetazolamide to their pregnant mothers
      strongly suggest that the resulting postaxial defects in the anterior limbs can
      be the result of a selective perturbation of the inductive process responsible
      for the genesis of the apical ectodermal ridge, probably secondary to a transient
      acidosis. The vascular stasis provoked by the treatment provides an explanation
      for the selective localization of the injury in the forelimb buds and even for
      its preferential occurrence on the right side.

PMID- 1802324
TI  - [Limitation to biomechanical studies of total hip and knee arthroplasties].
AB  - Since 30 years, total hip and knee arthroplasties have improved the quality of
      life of those affected by osteoarthritis. Even so, mechanical complications
      increase with time: implant wear, bone resorption and especially loosening.
      Biomechanical research has led to major improvements through the study of the
      mechanical behaviour of both the implant and weightbearing bone. More performing
      total joint implants will, however, only be developed through an increased
      understanding of the mechanical characteristics of both normal and osteoarthritis
      tissue, as well as of the forces undergone by this implant, and especially of the
      biological response to different kinds of stresses.

PMID- 1802325
TI  - Health policy initiatives in adolescence.

PMID- 1802326
TI  - Promoting healthy behavior in adolsecence: the case of sexuality and pregnancy.

PMID- 1802327
TI  - Perspectives in research on adolescence.

PMID- 1802328
TI  - Adolescent strengths: implications for private policies and funding.

PMID- 1802329
TI  - The interaction of school and adolescent development.

PMID- 1802330
TI  - Response: environments as toxins.

PMID- 1802331
TI  - Attributes of successful programs for adolescents: what works.

PMID- 1802332
TI  - Evaluation: it makes a difference.

PMID- 1802333
TI  - Response: evaluation research.

PMID- 1802334
TI  - Response: is there a problem here?

PMID- 1802335
TI  - The John Stearns Award for lifetime achievement in medicine.

PMID- 1802336
TI  - Presentation of the John Stearns Award for lifetime achievement in medicine to
      Lewis Thomas, M.D.

PMID- 1802337
TI  - Presentation of the Academy plaque to Mary Ann Payne, M.D.

PMID- 1802338
TI  - Presentation of the Academy medal to Maria I. New, M.D.

PMID- 1802339
TI  - 'Ischemic tolerance' phenomenon detected in various brain regions.
AB  - We investigated the effects of mild and non-lethal ischemic insult on neuronal
      death following subsequent lethal ischemic stress in various brain regions, using
      a gerbil model of bilateral cerebral ischemia. Single 10-min ischemia
      consistently caused neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4,
      layer III/IV of the cerebral cortex, dorsolateral part of the caudoputamen and
      ventrolateral part of the thalamus. On the other hand, in double ischemia groups,
      2-min ischemic insult 2 days before 10-min ischemia exhibited significant
      protection in the CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex, the
      caudoputamen and the thalamus. Five-min ischemic insult 2 days before 10-min
      ischemia also showed protective effect in the same areas as those of 2-min
      ischemia except for the CA1 region of the hippocampus, while 1-min ischemic
      insult exhibited no protective effect in any brain regions. In the immunoblot
      analysis, both 2- and 5-min ischemia caused increased synthesis of heat shock
      protein 72 (HSP 72) in the hippocampus, but 1-min ischemia did not. The present
      study demonstrated that the 'ischemic tolerance' phenomenon was widely found in
      the brain and also suggested that ischemic treatment severe enough to cause HSP
      72 synthesis might be needed for induction of 'ischemic tolerance'.

PMID- 1802340
TI  - Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor: effect on a renin-induced deficit of a passive avoidance response in
      rats.
AB  - Non-peptide receptor ligands with differential affinity for the angiotensin II-1
      (AII-1) receptor (EXP3312, EXP3880) or the AII-2 receptor (PD123177) and an
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril were evaluated for the
      ability to protect against a renin-induced performance deficit in a passive
      avoidance (PA) task in rats. The ability to retain a PA response was shown to
      decrease as the dose of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered renin
      increased with maximal retention deficits occurring at 1.0 micrograms/5
      microliters i.c.v. EXP3312 (1-100 micrograms/5 microliters i.c.v.) and EXP3880 (1
      100 micrograms/5 microliters i.c.v.) produced dose-dependent increases in
      retention latencies when co-administered with renin. The peak effect dose (PED)
      for EXP3312 and EXP3880 was 3 and 30 micrograms i.c.v., respectively. In
      contrast, PD123177 was not effective in preventing the renin-induced decrease in
      retention across a broad range of doses (0.1-100 micrograms/5 microliters
      i.c.v.). Captopril (1-100 micrograms/5 microliters i.c.v.) also prevented the
      renin-induced performance deficit with a PED of 30 micrograms/5 microliters
      i.c.v. These results suggest that renin given i.c.v. produces a deficit in
      performance of a PA response in rats and that this effect can be attenuated by an
      ACE inhibitor, AII-1 receptor ligands, but not AII-2 receptor blocker.

PMID- 1802341
TI  - Mechanically insensitive afferents (MIAs) in cutaneous nerves of monkey.
AB  - A problem in the study of nociceptors is that intense stimuli are used to locate
      the receptive field (RF), and thus the receptor may be damaged before the first
      responses are recorded. In addition, some nociceptors do not respond to the
      mechanical stimuli often used to search for the RF. To overcome these problems,
      an electrical search technique was developed to locate the RF of cutaneous
      nociceptors. In the hairy skin of anesthetized monkey, we used this technique to
      locate the RF of 63 A delta-fibers and 22 C-fibers that had extremely high
      thresholds or were unresponsive to mechanical stimuli. We refer to these
      afferents as mechanically insensitive afferents (MIAs). Ten A delta-fiber MIAs
      had a short latency response to stepped heat stimuli and could be responsible for
      first pain sensation. Five A delta-fiber MIAs and one C-fiber MIA did not respond
      to mechanical or heat stimuli but did respond to injection into the electrical RF
      of an artificial inflammatory soup containing histamine, bradykinin,
      prostaglandin E1, and serotonin. These chemoreceptors might be responsible for
      the pain and itch sensations that result from chemical stimuli. Some MIAs became
      more responsive to mechanical stimuli after injection into the RF of the
      inflammatory soup and, thus, may contribute to the hyperalgesia to mechanical
      stimuli associated with cutaneous injury. A large proportion of the A delta-fiber
      (48%) and C-fiber (30%) afferents in this study were insensitive to mechanical
      stimuli. The role of these MIAs in sensation needs to be studied further. The
      electrical search technique enables a systematic study of these afferents to be
      performed. This technique may also be of use to identify and characterize dorsal
      horn neurons that have inputs from MIAs.

PMID- 1802342
TI  - Gliotoxic properties of the Lathyrus excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta
      diaminopropionic acid (beta-L-ODAP).
AB  - beta-N-Oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (beta-L-ODAP) is an excitatory
      amino acid agonist found in the seeds of Lathyrus sativus that is believed to be
      the major causative agent in the pathology of human lathyrism. We have found that
      in addition to its previously recognized neurotoxic properties, beta-L-ODAP is
      also gliotoxic. When added to cultures of neonatal rat astrocytes, beta-L-ODAP
      induced a series of morphological changes (e.g., extensive vacuole formation,
      pale and swollen nuclei with obvious nucleoli, and cellular swelling) that led to
      the eventual lysis of the glial cells. If the beta-L-ODAP was removed prior to
      the lysis of the astrocytes, many of the early morphological changes appeared to
      be reversible. When quantitated by a loss of the lactate dehydrogenase activity,
      beta-L-ODAP lysed the astrocytes with an LD50 of 2.1 +/- 0.2 mM following 48 h of
      exposure. Lower concentrations of beta-L-ODAP were found to be more toxic if the
      duration of the exposure was increased. The results suggest that the overall
      impact of the toxin on the CNS may represent the cumulative action of beta-L-ODAP
      at a number of distinct points on both neurons and astrocytes. The potential that
      these multiple sites of action may affect the normal regulation of extracellular
      glutamate and, consequently, disturb the balance between its normal and
      pathological roles is discussed.

PMID- 1802343
TI  - Sexual dimorphism and androgen effects on spinal motoneurons innervating the rat
      flexor digitorum brevis.
AB  - The foot muscle, flexor digitorum brevis, is innervated by motoneurons in the
      retrodorsolateral nucleus of the lumbar spinal cord in rats. We found this muscle
      to be sexually dimorphic, but insensitive to the anabolic or catabolic effects of
      androgen manipulation in adulthood: the flexor digitorum brevis was larger in
      adult male rats than in females, with no decrease in mass after castration in
      males nor any increase in size after androgen treatment of ovariectomized
      females. The cross-sectional area of motoneurons innervating this muscle was also
      sexually dimorphic, i.e., the motoneurons were larger in males. In contrast to
      the absence of an androgen effect on target muscle size, however, cross-sectional
      area of motoneurons decreased in adult males as a result of castration, and
      increased in adult females after androgen treatment. The dissociation of androgen
      effects on muscle mass and motoneuron size suggests the possibility of steroid
      effects upon motoneurons independent of effects upon target musculature.

PMID- 1802345
TI  - Suppression of amygdala kindling with massed stimulation: effect of noradrenaline
      antagonists.
AB  - Afterdischarge (AD) triggered by brief, daily stimulation of the amygdala
      progressively increases in complexity and duration and, over days, develops into
      generalized convulsions. This progression, called kindling, is delayed by
      noradrenaline (NA). When brief stimulation of the amygdala occurs too frequently
      (massed), there is a suppression of AD growth and little evidence of kindling.
      Previously we showed that depletion of NA before massed amygdala stimulation
      prevented the suppression of AD growth described above, and readily precipitated
      generalized seizures. In the present report, we examined the role of NA in
      maintaining this suppression of AD growth, after it was well established. We
      showed that suppression of AD development during the first 15 massed stimulations
      (interstimulus interval of 5 min) was reduced by subsequent injection of the NA
      alpha 2 antagonist, yohimbine, with most rats exhibiting occasional generalized
      convulsions. Conversely, rats exposed to the beta antagonist, propranolol, like
      controls, not only showed suppressed AD growth, but also elevated AD thresholds.
      Three weeks later, only a small positive transfer to daily kindling was observed
      in all groups. We conclude that alpha 2 NA receptors help maintain suppression of
      AD growth induced by massed stimulation of the amygdala, while beta receptors
      provide only a small proepileptic influence. These results and those from the
      'rapid' kindling model (Lothman et al., Brain Research, 360 (1985) 83-91) are
      compared, and related to NA receptor subtype variations in the amygdala and
      hippocampus.

PMID- 1802344
TI  - Melatonin and its precursors in Y79 human retinoblastoma cells: effect of sodium
      butyrate.
AB  - We studied the release of melatonin and the production of its precursors, 5
      hydroxytryptophan and serotonin, in cultured Y79 human retinoblastoma cells. This
      biosynthetic capability was found to be dependent on cell differentiation, which
      was initiated by culturing Y79 cells for 7 days in dishes coated with poly-D
      lysine to promote cell adhesion to the surface of the culture dishes.
      Differentiation was further induced by exposing the cell monolayer to sodium
      butyrate (3 mM) for 3 days. This protocol dramatically increased the release of
      melatonin and the syntheses of 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin in response to
      forskolin stimulation. Exposure to dopamine (10 microM) or L-DOPA (100 microM)
      markedly diminished the forskolin-stimulated release of melatonin, as well as the
      production of 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin. These observations indicate that
      Y79 cells represent a primitive cell line which, following appropriate
      differentiation (e.g. treatment with sodium butyrate) can display biochemical
      characteristics similar to those of the human retina. Moreover, serotonin
      synthesis and melatonin release appear to be coupled in Y79 cells. The inhibition
      of melatonin release by dopamine supports the hypothesis that in these cells,
      melatonin and dopamine are components of a retinal feedback loop.

PMID- 1802346
TI  - Threshold extracellular concentration distribution of penicillin for generation
      of epileptic focus measured by diffusion analysis.
AB  - The tissue volume required to produce a penicillin-induced interictal discharge
      in the local EEG was estimated. A pair of microelectrodes were lowered into the
      motor cortex of anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rats. One double
      barrelled electrode was used to release tetramethylammonium (TMA+) by
      iontophoresis or to pressure eject a solution containing penicillin (PEN-) and
      TMA+ concentration. The extracellular distribution of PEN- was defined using
      diffusion analysis of the TMA+. From these data the spatial distribution of PEN-
      was estimated at the times of first interictal spikes in the EEG. The critical
      mass of active nerve cells was calculated from the threshold concentration of PEN
      needed to elicit paroxysmal depolarisation shifts in neocortical slices and
      found to lie within a tissue sphere with a radius of ca. 150 microns.

PMID- 1802347
TI  - Kindling-induced persistent alterations in the membrane and synaptic properties
      of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
AB  - Intracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal cells were performed in in vitro
      hippocampal slices obtained from control and amygdala- or perforant path-kindled
      rats. Passive membrane properties did not differ between control and kindled
      cells. Twenty-three percent of kindled cells, however, displayed burst firing
      with depolarizing current injection, whereas no control cells produced bursts (P
      less than 0.01). Two different types of voltage-dependent alteration of
      depolarizing postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were also evident in kindled cells.
      The majority (26/29) of these cells showed a smaller increase (type 1, n = 18),
      or a sudden decrease (type 2, n = 8), in PSP amplitude with passive membrane
      hyperpolarization when compared to controls (P less than 0.01). The NMDA
      antagonist D-APV did not markedly alter the overall slope of the PSP/membrane
      potential function in either 'type 1' or 'type 2' cells, suggesting that neither
      behavior was due to a change in the activation characteristics of NMDA receptors.
      The amplitude of IPSPs was smaller in 'type 1' kindled cells (P less than 0.05)
      than in controls, however, suggesting that the reduced slope of the PSP/membrane
      function may be accounted for by a change in inhibition.

PMID- 1802348
TI  - Thalamic plasticity induced by early whisker removal in rats.
AB  - Neurophysiological mapping was used to study the effects of early postnatal
      removal of mystacial whiskers on the organization of cutaneous receptive fields
      (RFs) within the ventral posterior thalamus (VP) of rats. This sensory
      deprivation induced an extensive reorganization of the thalamus, as reflected in
      larger facial or continuous overlapping face-body RFs and a higher proportion of
      slowly-adapting responses. Mapping of the VP of young rats (2-3 weeks old)
      demonstrated that the functional organization of the immature VP thalamus
      resembles that of the sensory-deprived VP, suggesting that an early postnatal
      sensory deprivation may interfere with the normal process of thalamic
      development.

PMID- 1802349
TI  - Rapid artificial restoration of electrical continuity across a crush lesion of a
      giant axon.
AB  - Action potentials never conducted through a crush lesion to the medial giant axon
      in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) if the axon was exposed to normal or
      hypotonic salines that did not contain polyethylene glycol. However, action
      potentials, as well as electrotonic potentials, often conducted through a crush
      lesion exposed for 1 min to polyethylene glycol in hypotonic saline.

PMID- 1802350
TI  - Microdialysis evidence that acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens is involved in
      morphine withdrawal and its treatment with clonidine.
AB  - This study used microdialysis to measure changes in extracellular acetylcholine
      (ACh) content in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of freely moving rats during acute
      and chronic morphine treatment, and following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.
      Morphine injection (20 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant decrease in
      extracellular ACh which was not apparent after repeated exposure to the opiate
      for 7 days. Basal recovery of ACh was not altered by chronic morphine treatment.
      On day 8, after morphine dependence had been established, naloxone caused a large
      increase in ACh levels accompanied by withdrawal symptoms such as wet dog shakes,
      diarrhea and teeth-chattering. Pretreatment with clonidine (200 micrograms/kg,
      i.p.) reduced these withdrawal symptoms and eliminated the ACh response. These
      results suggest that accumbens ACh is involved in some of the aversive aspects of
      opiate withdrawal.

PMID- 1802351
TI  - Changes in the myocardial area at risk, infarct size, and collateral flow
      following nicardipine infusion in dogs.
AB  - The area at risk of infarction after an acute occlusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery was defined in anesthetized dogs using the
      distribution of 99mTc-labelled albumin microaggregates and Monastral blue dye. In
      thirteen dogs, it was determined that these two particulate labels identified
      identical areas of unperfused myocardium. In a second group of dogs (n = 12), the
      risk areas determined at 10 (99mTc-labelled macroaggregates) and at 180 min
      (Monastral blue dye) were found to be identical, with no change in collateral
      blood flow, indicating the absence of a spontaneous change in underperfused
      myocardium over this time. In a third group of dogs (n = 17) nicardipine was
      infused (10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 5 min, followed by 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1
      for 165 min). This resulted in a significant and sustained fall (32 +/- 4 mmHg; 1
      mmHg = 133.32 Pa) in mean arterial blood pressure but no significant change in
      collateral blood flow was found, except for a marginal increase in the center of
      the ischemic zone. Area at risk and infarct sizes were also not significantly
      different between the latter two groups (18.2 +/- 4.1 vs. 21.6 +/- 4.0% of left
      ventricle). In this model, the magnitude of the area at risk appears to be
      determined early after a coronary occlusion and appears to be unmodified by
      treatment with nicardipine begun after the occlusion.

PMID- 1802353
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation increases the Vmax of isolated myocardial
      papillary muscles.
AB  - alpha-Adrenergic agonists have been shown to increase the tension developed by
      myocardial muscle. However, their effects on the maximum velocity of unloaded
      muscle shortening (Vmax) have not been rigorously examined. In this study, the
      contractile effects of the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine were examined
      in the presence of propranolol in papillary muscles of two species, the dog and
      the rabbit. In rabbit papillary muscles studied at physiological calcium
      concentrations (1.25 mM), phenylephrine increased all indices of contractility
      (Vmax, tension, and maximum rate of tension developed (dT/dt)) starting at 10(-8)
      M. The percent increase in Vmax (121 +/- 8%) was less than that of tension (188
      +/- 20%, p less than 0.05) and dT/dt (262 +/- 35%, p less than 0.01). These
      findings occurred at both 29 and 35 degrees C and were inhibited by adding 10(-5)
      M prazosin. Increasing extracellular calcium concentration from 1.25 to 15 mM
      caused changes in twitch configuration that were significantly different from
      those of phenylephrine. Calcium increased all indices of contractility more than
      did phenylephrine. This was particularly true for dT/dt (502 +/- 82 vs. 262 +/-
      35% for phenylephrine, p less than 0.01). Nonetheless, the ratio of increase in
      tension to increase in Vmax under both experimental conditions was similar (the
      increase in Vmax was 64% of that of tension with phenylephrine and 69% with
      increased calcium). At 1.25 mM calcium, the increase in contractility caused by
      phenylephrine was much smaller in dog myocardium as compared with rabbit
      myocardium. Rather, the effects of phenylephrine on dog myocardium studied at
      1.25 mM calcium resembled that of rabbit myocardium studied at 15 mM
      calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802352
TI  - Monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity mimics Kupffer cell and
      hepatocyte AHH activity in an animal model of liver disease.
AB  - We have previously reported that monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)
      activity is depressed in patients with liver disease and is decreased more in
      cirrhosis than in early stage liver disease. To determine if monocyte AHH
      activity reflects liver AHH activity, we studied an animal model of cirrhosis,
      i.e., yellow phosphorus induced cirrhosis in the pig. AHH activity was detectable
      in monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of normal pigs (0.32 +/- 0.13 nmol.mg
      1 P.h-1, n = 11) and was comparable to the level of AHH activity in hepatic
      Kupffer cells isolated from wedge or needle biopsies of livers of normal pigs
      (0.38 +/- 0.21, n = 7). The AHH level in pig Kupffer cells was approximately 10%
      of the AHH level in hepatocytes and microsomes. To induce liver disease, pigs
      were administered yellow phosphorus (0.6 mg/kg) 5 days per week for 16 weeks. At
      4 weeks of treatment, monocyte AHH activity was not different from control and
      liver histology was normal. Depression of monocyte AHH activity was evident at 8
      weeks of treatment when liver fibrosis was seen histologically. At 12 weeks of
      treatment when histology revealed extensive liver fibrosis and collagen levels
      were elevated, the level of monocyte AHH activity was decreased 67% compared with
      controls. Similar changes were observed at 12 weeks in Kupffer cell AHH activity
      (86% decrease) and hepatocyte AHH activity (70% decrease) compared with controls.
      These results suggest that monocyte AHH activity reflects liver AHH activity and
      may be a good indicator of change in liver enzyme function in liver disease in
      the pig model of cirrhosis.

PMID- 1802354
TI  - The effect of pitressin on esophageal blood flow of the dog.
AB  - In a previous study on canine esophagus, we reported that intravenous infusion of
      isoproterenol caused mucosal (i.e., mucosal + submucosal) vasodilation only in
      the lower esophageal sphincter (but not in the body) and muscularis vasodilation
      only in the body (not in the lower esophageal sphincter). In the present study,
      we have investigated in dogs whether these esophageal tissues also exhibit a
      similar difference in their vasoconstrictory response to intravenous infusion of
      pitressin. All measurements were made before (basal) and after infusion of 0.02 U
      pitressin.min-1.kg-1 for 15 min. Pitressin significantly decreased portal venous
      pressure and blood flow, and increased vascular resistance of all tissues of the
      esophagus. This vasoconstriction of the tissues, however, was higher in the
      squamous mucosa of the body than in the columnar mucosa of the lower esophageal
      sphincter. In contrast, it was higher in the smooth muscle of the lower
      esophageal sphincter than in the striated muscle of the body. These data together
      with those of our previous report on isoproterenol demonstrate that pitressin
      causes a pronounced vasoconstriction in those esophageal tissues where
      isoproterenol had no effect. Conversely, pitressin causes least vasoconstriction
      in those tissues where isoproterenol produced a significant vasodilation. These
      differences could be the result of partial agonist actions or differences in
      receptor density or in receptor-effector coupling mechanism.

PMID- 1802355
TI  - Gender differences and time course of castration-induced changes in porphyrins,
      indoles, and proteins in the Harderian glands of the Syrian hamster.
AB  - Sexual differences and the effects of orchidectomy were determined for porphyrin
      and melatonin concentrations and for the activities of the enzymes N
      acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, which synthesize
      melatonin from serotonin, in the Harderian glands of the Syrian hamster.
      Porphyrin concentrations in intact males were about 1/400th those of intact
      females. Castration for 1 week increased male Harderian porphyrin concentrations
      10-fold; by 3 weeks, castrated male porphyrin levels were 140 times those of
      control values. N-Acetyltransferase activity in intact male Harderian glands was
      about 4 times that of females. Castration led to a drop in N-acetyltransferase
      activity to female levels within 2 weeks. Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
      activity was 7 times higher in females than in males and castration had no effect
      on male Harderian hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity. Neither gender nor
      castration influenced Harderian melatonin concentrations. Soluble proteins in
      Harderian glands from male and female hamsters and from male hamsters castrated
      for 1 and 4 weeks were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The gel profiles revealed several differences among the protein
      distribution in male and female gland lysates. Orchidectomy led to a female
      protein pattern within 4 weeks.

PMID- 1802356
TI  - Effects of chronic treatment of rats with "designer" amphetamines on brain
      regional monoamines.
AB  - (+)-Amphetamine and two structurally related analogues, 4-methoxyamphetamine and
      a recent "designer drug," 4-ethoxyamphetamine, were given to rats via
      subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 1-14 days. Regional brain levels of the drugs
      as well as monoamine neurotransmitters and some of their major acidic metabolites
      were determined. Amphetamine produced depletions of dopamine in the striatum
      after at least 3 days of treatment but not in the nucleus accumbens of olfactory
      tubercle, even after 14 days of treatment. In contrast, the two ring-substituted
      amphetamine analogues increased levels of the monoamines and decreased levels of
      their acid metabolites. These data indicate that the two ring-substituted
      amphetamine analogues, at least one of which is a potent hallucinogen, have
      potent monoamine oxidase inhibition properties that are sustained during chronic
      treatment. Furthermore, these two compounds do not share amphetamine's regionally
      selective neurotoxic effects on dopamine-releasing terminals, even though brain
      and striatal drug levels are the same or higher than those of amphetamine.

PMID- 1802357
TI  - A limited role for leukotrienes and platelet-activating factor in food protein
      induced jejunal smooth muscle contraction in sensitized rats.
AB  - To determine whether the release of newly formed mediators such as the
      peptidoleukotrienes and platelet-activating factor might modulate the food
      protein induced jejunal smooth muscle contraction observed in sensitized rats,
      Hooded-Lister rats were sensitized by injection of ovalbumin (10 micrograms i.p.)
      and controls were sham sensitized with saline. Fourteen days later the
      contractility of longitudinally (n = 9) and circularly (n = 9) oriented jejunal
      segments (mucosa intact) were examined in standard tissue baths in response to
      antigen, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor alone and in the presence
      of a specific leukotriene receptor antagonist (MK-571), a 5-lipoxygenase
      inhibitor (L651,392), and a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB
      2086). Although the responses of control and sensitized tissues to stretch and
      10(-4) M bethanechol were similar, only sensitized tissues contracted in response
      to antigen (1 mg/mL). MK-571 (10(-5) M) reduced or significantly inhibited the
      contractile response of sensitized longitudinally and circularly oriented tissues
      to 10(-7) M leukotrienes C4, D4, or E4, but neither L651,392 (10(-4) M) nor MK
      571 (10(-5) M) significantly reduced the contractile response of sensitized
      tissues to antigen challenge. WEB 2086 (10(-4) M) significantly (p less than
      0.01) reduced the contractile response of sensitized longitudinally and
      circularly oriented tissues to 10(-7) M platelet-activating factor but did not
      significantly alter the response to antigen in longitudinally (45% of control, p
      = 0.14) or circularly (118% of control, ns) oriented jejunal smooth muscle. In
      this model leukotrienes and platelet-activating factor play an insignificant role
      in modulating food protein induced jejunal smooth muscle contraction in
      intestinal anaphylaxis.

PMID- 1802358
TI  - Inhibition of glucose metabolism by progesterone in adipocytes: role of protein
      synthesis.
AB  - Progesterone decreases [I-14C]glucose oxidation in isolated female rat adipocytes
      within 20 min of incubation. Because steroids regulate transcription mechanisms,
      the relationship between protein synthesis and glucose metabolism was studied in
      the presence of progesterone. Actinomycin D does not affect basal glucose
      oxidation or the progesterone effects on it; cycloheximide and puromycin decrease
      basal glucose oxidation, but only puromycin decreases the inhibitory progesterone
      effect. Although puromycin inhibits glucose transport, the common site of action
      of puromycin and progesterone does not seem to be glucose transport, which, as we
      showed previously, is not modified by the steroid. Incorporation of [3H]leucine
      into acid-precipitable proteins is decreased by puromycin and cycloheximide but
      not by actinomycin D or progesterone; moreover, the action of these inhibitors
      does not change in the presence of the steroid. As shown by electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE) and autoradiography, L-leucine is incorporated into adipocyte proteins as
      early as 20 min and progesterone increases this incorporation into five proteins.
      Leucine is a ketogenic amino acid that is also incorporated into lipids;
      progesterone depresses L-leucine incorporation into fatty acids by a glucose
      dependent mechanism. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of
      progesterone on glucose metabolism is related to an enhanced protein synthesis
      counterbalanced by decreased fatty acid synthesis.

PMID- 1802359
TI  - Effects of neonatal sympathectomy on brown fat development and susceptibility to
      high fat diet induced obesity in mice.
AB  - Injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in mouse neonates caused extensive and long
      lasting damage to the sympathetic nervous system and impaired brown fat
      development. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity of sympathectomized
      mice (up to 120 days old) was reduced because of marked reductions in the tissue
      mitochondrial protein content and the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling
      protein, as assessed by [3H]GDP binding and immunoassay. Neonatal sympathectomy
      did not affect BAT DNA content. Sympathectomized mice also had reduced
      epinephrine-stimulated rates of oxygen consumption. BAT of sympathectomized mice
      failed to respond by increases in [3H]GDP binding to isolated mitochondria and
      uncoupling protein concentration when animals were offered a palatable high-fat
      dietary supplement that increased calorie intake of both normal and
      sympathectomized mice. The high-fat diet caused increases in body weight, carcass
      fat, and gonadal white fat pad weights in sympathectomized animals that were
      similar to those of control mice. These results show that inactivation of BAT
      metabolism did not accentuate the development of obesity caused by a dietary
      supplement rich in fat and suggest that stimulation of BAT metabolism was not
      very effective in counteracting the obesity-inducing effect of this diet.

PMID- 1802360
TI  - Role of the sympathetic innervation in the cold-induced activation of 5'
      deiodinase in brown adipose tissue of the Djungarian hamster.
AB  - The importance of the sympathetic innervation in the regulation of 5'-deiodinase
      activity in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of the Djungarian
      hamster was studied. Interscapular BAT of Djungarian hamsters was either
      unilaterally or bilaterally denervated, and thereafter the animals were
      maintained at thermoneutral temperature or exposed to 0 degree C for 24 h.
      Denervation reduced the norepinephrine content to 2-10% of the level in the
      control groups. Unilateral denervation was as effective as bilateral denervation
      in depressing the norepinephrine content of the interscapular BAT. Cold exposure
      for 24 h resulted in a pronounced 5'-deiodinase activation. Denervation reduced,
      but did not completely prevent, the cold-induced increase in 5'-deiodinase
      activity. The basal level of 5'-deiodinase activity at thermoneutral temperature
      was not reduced by denervation. We conclude that cold-induced activation of BAT
      5'-deiodinase primarily depends on the intact sympathetic innervation.

PMID- 1802361
TI  - Influence of acetone on the severity of the liver injury induced by haloalkane
      mixtures.
AB  - Acetone potentiation of haloalkane-induced liver injury is a well-known
      phenomenon. Acetone-treated rats challenged with a trichloroethylene-CCl4 mixture
      exhibit a more sever liver injury than that predicted by the addition of the
      single potentiating effects of each. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine if acetone exerted similar interactions with other haloalkane mixtures.
      The testing protocol used was designed and performed to allow categorization of
      interactions occurring among two or three agents. Rats were treated (p.o.) with
      corn oil or acetone (10.2 mmol/kg) and were administered (i.p.) 18 h later 1,1
      dichloroethylene (0.6 mmol/kg), trichloroethylene (5.6 mmol/kg),
      tetrachloroethylene (19.6 mmol/kg), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (10.0 mmol/kg), 1,1,2
      trichloroethane (1.1 mmol/kg), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1.0 mmol/kg), CHCl3
      (6.2 mmol/kg), CCl4 (1.0 mmol/kg), or a mixture of two haloalkanes (all 28
      combinations were tested). Liver injury was assessed 24 h later using plasma
      alanine aminotransferase activity and a quantitative histological evaluation. In
      corn oil pretreated rats, the hepatotoxic responses observed for the 28 mixtures
      were additive for 26 of 28 mixtures and supra-additive for 2 of 28, whereas in
      acetone-pretreated rats the responses observed were additive for 17 of 28, infra
      additive for 10 of 28, and supra-additive for 1 of 28. Mixtures containing 1,1,1
      trichloroethane or tetrachloroethylene resulted only in no change in toxicity or
      infra-additivity. Increased toxic responses (additivity and supra-additivity)
      were observed with certain binary mixtures containing CCl4, CHCl3, 1,1,2
      trichloroethane, or 1,1-dichloroethylene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802362
TI  - Involvement of K(+)-channel opening in endothelin-1 induced suppression of
      spontaneous contractions in the guinea pig taenia coli.
AB  - Effects of porcine-human endothelin-1 on mechanical as well as electrical
      activities and on intracellular free Ca2+ levels in the guinea pig taenia coli
      were compared with those of nifedipine, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blocker.
      Endothelin-1 (0.1-100 nM) caused a concentration-dependent suppression of
      spontaneous contractions but did not significantly affect the sustained
      contraction evoked by 40 mM KCl. However, nifedipine (0.1-100 nM) inhibited both
      types of contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. In
      electrophysiological studies, endothelin-1 (30 nM) or nifedipine (30 nM)
      eliminated spontaneous spike discharges. Endothelin-1 produced hyperpolarization,
      while nifedipine did not change the resting membrane potential. The endothelin-1
      induced suppression of spontaneous contractions was dose-dependently antagonized
      by apamin (0.01-10 nM), an inhibitor of a small conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K+
      channel, and D-tubocurarine (10-100 microM), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+
      channel, but was unaffected by 4-aminopyridine (0.01-1 mM), an inhibitor of a
      voltage-dependent K+ channel. In the study with fura 2 excited at 340 nm,
      endothelin-1 abolished, from the tissue, the fluorescence signals that were
      coupled with spontaneous contraction. It is suggested that the inhibitory action
      of endothelin-1 on spontaneous contraction may be caused by hyperpolarization of
      the membrane that reduces the spontaneous generation of spike discharge coupled
      normally to an increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ levels in the guinea pig
      taenia coli. The hyperpolarization may be caused by activating apamin-sensitive
      Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels.

PMID- 1802363
TI  - Pre- and post-sinusoidal origin of hepatic exudate in anesthetized cats.
AB  - In cats anesthetized with pentobarbital, hepatic venous pressure was increased to
      cause drops of exudate to appear on the surface of the liver. These drops were
      collected during steady-state infusions of small doses of ethanol and galactose
      when there was a large arteriovenous gradient across the liver. Comparison of the
      concentrations of these substances in arterial, portal, and hepatic venous blood
      and exudate showed that the exudate concentrations were slightly higher than the
      hepatic venous concentrations but markedly lower than arterial and portal blood
      concentrations. We conclude that the exudate cannot be entirely formed in the
      space of Mall (presinusoidal) but a substantial part is postsinusoidal in origin.
      If the exudate is a mixture of fluids equilibrated with inflowing and outflowing
      blood, then 75-80% of the exudate is postsinusoidal and 20-25% is presinusoidal
      in origin.

PMID- 1802364
TI  - AIDS: knowledge and attitudes of student nurses in Australia and Canada.
AB  - In summary it would appear that Australian and Canadian nursing students, at
      least in these limited samples, generally have similar knowledge and attitudes
      regarding AIDS. This study, with its acknowledged limitations, could be regarded
      as a pilot study for future collaborative comparative research, targeting a wider
      population of nursing students in two very similar countries.

PMID- 1802365
TI  - Entry and exit characteristics of baccalaureate nursing students.

PMID- 1802366
TI  - [A measure of professors' attitudes towards the creativity of student nurses].
AB  - Creativity and problem solving are closely related in the learning and practice
      of nursing. The problem underlying this study concerns the attitudes of
      professors of nursing in 321 French language community colleges in Quebec toward
      the creative characteristics of their students. However, given the absence of a
      valid and reliable French instrument, this study focused on the validation of a
      French version of Torrance's Ideal Pupil Checklist. Content, construct and
      criteria validity were all verified, as well as the stability and homogeneity
      aspects of reliability.

PMID- 1802367
TI  - Student-faculty joint-authorship: mentorship in publication.

PMID- 1802368
TI  - Research activities in Canadian university schools and faculties of nursing for
      1988-1989.

PMID- 1802369
TI  - Peer review and accountability.

PMID- 1802370
TI  - [Initial validation of a new scale for needs: the inventory of family needs].
AB  - This article presents the initial validation study results of a new scale to
      measure family needs: l'Inventaire des besoins des familles (IBF) (Chartier &
      Coutu-Wakulczyk, 1988). The scale is available in both French and English. Based
      on the perceptual theory, the IBF is a self-report scale composed of 33 items. It
      also offers three (3) different sub-scores of the importance of needs: the Global
      Score of Needs (GSN), the Intensity Need Index (INN) and the Total Number of
      Needs (TNN). The IBF was first validated on a sample of 207 subjects drawn from
      the adult population of immediate family members visiting a patient in a surgical
      intensive care unit in the CHUS in Sherbrooke. The reliability yielded a 0.91
      Cronback Alpha coefficient and the homogeneity coefficient for Spearman-Brown and
      Guttman procedures were 0.89 and 0.86 respectively. The principal component
      factor analysis and factorial matrices lead to examine the conceptual structure
      of five independent factors.

PMID- 1802371
TI  - The development of a scale to measure childbirth expectations.

PMID- 1802372
TI  - Criterion-related validity of the active listening component of the behavioural
      test of interpersonal skills.

PMID- 1802373
TI  - Widowhood grief: a cultural perspective.

PMID- 1802374
TI  - The use of an autobiographical letter in the nursing admissions process: initial
      reliability and validity.

PMID- 1802375
TI  - Current directions in nursing research: toward a poststructuralist and feminist
      epistemology.

PMID- 1802376
TI  - [The development of a questionnaire for identification of women who are victims
      of violence in the conjugal milieu].
AB  - The purpose of this article is to present a questionnaire that permits the
      identification of women victims of their male partner's violence. Four indicators
      inspired by Orem's theory (1985) of nursing care were utilized to elaborate the
      different items in this research instrument: self-esteem, autonomy, social
      interaction and prevention of life hazards. The content validation process
      involved presenting 178 items for validation to 20 expert female judges. Then,
      the predictive value of 106 out of these items was tested with two comparable
      groups of women: one group of 81 women victims of family violence and another of
      203 women identified as having never been victims. T-tests (p less than .05) were
      calculated on each of these 106 items, but finally it was the difference between
      the averages obtained by the t-tests that was used as the criterion of selection.
      Correlations item-total and correlations inter-item were run on the 49 items
      remaining, and this procedure brought to 30 the number of items retained for the
      questionnaire. Finally, factorial analysis showed that the degree of variance
      explained by the four indicators is about 18%, and that these indicators
      constituted many different facets of the same construct.

PMID- 1802377
TI  - Nurses' perceptions of burnout: a comparison of self-reports and standardized
      measures.

PMID- 1802378
TI  - How primary nurses operationalize accountability.

PMID- 1802379
TI  - Family needs and anxiety in ICU: cultural differences in northeastern Ontario.

PMID- 1802380
TI  - Follow-up of generic master's graduates: viability of a model of nursing in
      practice.

PMID- 1802381
TI  - X-ray structure of the (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl)2,3,4,6- tetra-O
      acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
AB  - The crystal structure of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl)2,3,4,6-tetra
      O-acetyl-b eta-D- glucopyranoside, C23H36NO11, is orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1),
      with Z4, a 6.207(1), b 14.219(1), and c 30.986(2) A. It was solved by use of the
      MULTAN program and refined to a RW value 0.044, for 2874 observed reflections. It
      has a head to tail arrangement, each piperidine heterocycle being located between
      the carbohydrate residues of each neighboring molecule.

PMID- 1802382
TI  - Synthesis of linkage-specific sialoside substrates for colorimetric assay of
      neuraminidases.
AB  - Neuraminidase substrates suitable for analysis of linkage specificity were
      enzymically synthesized in good yield by linking N-acetylneuraminic acid
      (Neup5Ac) to O-6 and O-3 of 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside with beta-D
      galactoside-alpha-(2----6)-sialyltransferase and beta-D-galactoside-alpha-(2---
      3)-sialyltransferase, respectively. By use of these substrates, a convenient
      colorimetric assay method was developed for the determination of linkage
      specificity of bacterial and viral neuraminidases. The substrates are incubated
      with viral or bacterial neuraminidase and subsequently treated with beta-D
      galactosidase to convert the liberated 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside to
      4-nitrophenol. The amount of liberated 4-nitrophenol is equivalent to the amount
      of Neup5Ac released from the substrate, thus allowing measurement of
      neuraminidase activity. The results showed that bacterial and viral
      neuraminidases can discriminate between these two compounds, making them useful
      substrates for the rapid determination of neuraminidase linkage specificity.

PMID- 1802383
TI  - Location and quantitation of the sites of O-acetylation on the capsular
      polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9V by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy:
      comparison with type 9A.
AB  - The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9V (S68 in American
      nomenclature) capsular polysaccharide (PS) and its O-deacetylated derivative
      [which is structurally identical to the S. pneumoniae type 9A (S33) PS] were
      assigned using COSY, relayed-COSY, and 2D-NOESY experiments. The positions of the
      OAc groups in the alpha-GlcA, beta-ManNAc, and alpha-Glc residues of the native
      9V PS were established using 2D-n.m.r. and chemical shift arguments, and the
      relative proportions of different O-acetylated species were estimated by
      integration of well-resolved 1H-n.m.r. signals. The locations of the OAc
      substituents differ from those previously reported. [formula: see text].

PMID- 1802384
TI  - Unusual structure of the exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae
      strain 248.
AB  - The exopolysaccharide from R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 248 differs from
      those of other Rhizobium strains with similar symbiotic behavior. 13C-N.m.r.
      spectroscopy of fragments generated by partial hydrolysis, together with
      methylation analysis and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy of the enzymically depolymerised
      exopolysaccharide, indicated the following nonasaccharide repeating-unit:
      [formula: see text] The locations of the acetyl and 3-hydroxybutanoyl
      substituents in the exopolysaccharide are assigned provisionally. R.
      leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 248, cured of its Sym plasmid pRL1JI, synthesised
      an exopolysaccharide in which the sites and degree of substitution were
      unchanged. A Tn5 mutant, derived from strain 248 and unable to induce nodules,
      synthesised small amounts of EPS that lacked galactose.

PMID- 1802385
TI  - Structural studies of amyloglucan and a soluble glucan produced from starch by
      Streptococcus sanguis 1 MC 204.
AB  - Two alpha-D-glucans, produced from amylopectin by an oral isolate Streptococcus
      sanguis 1 MC 204, were shown to contain both (1----4) and (1----6) linkages. The
      first alpha-D-glucan (amyloglucan) was adherent and highly insoluble, and
      methylation analysis, i.r. spectroscopy, and enzymic analyses showed it to be
      similar to amylopectin but less branched with longer interior and exterior
      chains. The second polymer was a non-adherent soluble alpha-D-glucan that was
      similar to amyloglucan but with long exterior chains. These alpha-D-glucans were
      not synthesised de novo, but were the products of the modification of
      amylopectin.

PMID- 1802386
TI  - Structural characterization of two oligosaccharide fragments formed by the
      selective cleavage of rhamnogalacturonan II: evidence for the anomeric
      configuration and attachment sites of apiose and 3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid.
AB  - Evidence for the anomeric configurations and attachment sites of 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2
      heptulosaric acid (DHA) and apiosyl residues has been obtained through the
      characterization of two oligoglycosyl fragments isolated from rhamnogalacturonan
      II (RG-II). One of the oligoglycosyl fragments, a pentaglycosyl aldonic acid
      generated by Smith degradation of RG-II, was composed of four D
      galactopyranosyluronic acid residues, a DHA residue, and a threonic acid residue
      (derived from a D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residue). The structural analysis
      of the pentaglycosyl aldonic acid established the beta-D-configuration for the
      DHA residue. Furthermore, it established that a previously identified diglycosyl
      side chain, 5-O-(beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-DHA was directly attached to O-3 of a D
      galactopyranosyluronic acid residue in the backbone of RG-II. The second
      oligoglycosyl fragment, a peralkylated diglycosyl hex-1-enitol, was generated by
      hex-5-enose degradation of permethylated and carboxyl-reduced RG-II. The
      structure of the peralkylated diglycosyl hex-1-enitol, beta-L-Rhap-(1----3')-beta
      D-Apif-(1----5)-hex-1-enitol++ +, was determined by a combination of glycosyl
      linkage composition analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy. The n.m.r. data indicated
      the beta-configuration for the D-apiosyl residue. The isolation and
      characterization of the diglycosyl hex-1-enitol also established that a
      previously identified heptaglycosyl side chain was directly attached to O-2 of a
      D-galactopyranosyluronic acid in the backbone of RG-II.

PMID- 1802387
TI  - Structure of the extracellular polysaccharide of Acetobacter methanolicus MB 58/4
      (IMET 10945).

PMID- 1802388
TI  - Conformational analysis of sialyloligosaccharides.
AB  - The conformational properties of several sialyloligosaccharides present as
      terminal sequences in N- and O-linked carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins, have
      been analyzed based on the n.m.r. data of selected sialosides. The compounds
      examined include representatives of the alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----6)-beta-D-Gal-(1---
      4)-beta-D-GlcNAc, alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----3)-beta-D-Gal-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcNAc, alpha
      D-NeuAc-(2----3)-beta-D-Gal-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcNAc, and alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----3)
      beta-D-Gal-(1----3)-beta-D-GalNAc series. Two deuterated sialosides were prepared
      by enzymic sialylation of 6-deuterated galactose derivatives of methyl beta-D
      galactopyranoside and lactoside. These were useful for the unambiguous
      establishment of the "gt" orientation of the flexible C-6 methylene unit of the
      galactose through 1H-1H coupling constants. Of all the (2----6) sialosides
      examined, only the deuterated di- and tri-saccharide afforded useful nuclear
      Overhauser enhancement data that could be used to evaluate the global minimum
      energy conformations. Hard-sphere exoanomeric effect calculations estimated the
      glycosidic torsion angles for the global minimum-energy conformer of alpha-D
      NeuAc-(2----6)-beta-D-Gal linkages to be -163/-132/61 degrees (theta, psi, and
      omega, respectively). However, the potential energy well surrounding this global
      minimum was very shallow and indicated a broad population distribution of
      conformers. These are illustrated by the isoenergy contour maps. The observation
      of n.O.e. between the H-3ax and H-6R of the galactose in two deuterated (2----6)
      sialosides, indeed supported the presence of one of the global minimum-energy
      conformers. The conformational analysis carried out for the di- and trisaccharide
      [alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----6)-beta-D-Gal-OMe and alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----6)-beta-D-Gal-(1--
      -4)-beta-D-Glc-OMe respectively] was then extended to sialoside linkages of other
      tri- and penta-saccharides by comparison of their 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. chemical
      shifts. HSEA calculations for the (2----3) sialosides indicated the potential
      energy well containing the global minimum energy-conformer (theta, psi = -160 +/-
      4, -11 +/- 2 degrees) was deeper than the one estimated for the (2----6)
      sialosides. The n.O.e. data are consistent with the distribution of the majority
      of conformers around the lowest-energy one in solution. CPK models highlighting
      the topographical differences between the lowest-energy conformations of alpha-(2
      ---6) and alpha-(2----3) sialosides are presented.

PMID- 1802389
TI  - An improved synthesis of trehalose 6-mono- and 6,6'-di-corynomycolates and
      related esters.
AB  - A simplified synthesis of 6-mono- and 6,6'-di-corynomycolate esters of
      alpha,alpha-trehalose, and related compounds, was achieved by coupling the
      (hydroxyl-protected) acids to the partially trimethylsilylated sugar in the
      presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. As acid
      reactants, (2-RS,3-RS)-3-hydroxy-2-tetradecyloctadecanoic acid (DL-corynomycolic
      acid) and its 2RS,3SR diastereomer were prepared from methyl palmitate by
      sequential Claisen condensation, reduction, chromatographic separation, and
      saponification. Reaction with tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (imidazole) gave the
      disubstituted ether-esters, which were converted into the required 3-tert
      butyldimethylsilyl ethers by partial hydrolysis. 6-Linked monocorynomycolate was
      obtained in excellent yield (78%) from the reaction of the RS,SR acid with the
      known heptakis-O-(trimethylsilyl)trehalose, and in good yield from equimolar
      portions of RS,RS acid and hexakis-O-(trimethylsilyl)trehalose. An excess (2.5
      molar portions) of the RS,RS acid gave the 6,6'-diester (69%). The mono- and di
      palmitate were similarly obtained from (Me3Si)6-trehalose. The mono (RS,RS)
      (Me3Si)6-trehalose coupling product was partially resolved on a silica gel column
      into its RR and SS diastereomers, the former corresponding to the naturally
      occurring trehalose monocorynomycolate. All coupling products were deprotected to
      free trehalose esters by treatment first with K2CO3 in methanol, then
      tetrabutylammonium fluoride-trifluoracetic acid in oxolane.

PMID- 1802390
TI  - On jumbo and "junkie" trials: the ultimate solution?

PMID- 1802391
TI  - [Cardiac function (angiocardioscintigraphic evaluation) and plasma catecholamine
      levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetics].
AB  - Cardiac mortality is more frequent in diabetic patients than in normal subjects
      and particularly heart failure occurs 4-6 times more frequently in these patients
      than in normals also excluding diabetics with coronary artery disease (CAD). To
      study cardiac function, 20 patients with type II diabetes mellitus (11 M and 9 F,
      mean age 48 +/- 9 years), and 13 normal subjects (6 M and 7 F, mean age 48 +/- 13
      years), were submitted to radionuclide ventriculography with technetium 99m to
      evaluate some indices of cardiac function at rest and during effort. The diabetic
      patients were on good metabolic control testified by a satisfactory fasting and
      post prandial glycaemia, absence of glycosuria in the last 3 monthly controls and
      a normal value of glycosylate haemoglobin; they had no vascular or neurological
      complications; CAD was excluded submitting these patients to a maximal effort ECG
      on an ergometer. The normal subjects were comparable to diabetic patients for
      age, sex, mean arterial pressure, body mass index and body surface area. At rest,
      stroke volume, peak filling rate, cardiac output, ejection fraction (EF), were
      significantly lower in diabetic patients than in normal subjects. Systemic
      vascular resistances (SVR) were higher in diabetics than in normal subjects (p
      less than 0.01). Mean EF during effort increased in both normals and diabetics
      but 30% of diabetic patients showed no increase in EF during effort (less than
      5%). Preload, represented by end-diastolic volume or blood volume, did not differ
      in the 2 groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802392
TI  - [Atrial fibrillation in a cohort of the elderly: etiopathogenic role of occult
      hyperthyroidism and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Results of the
      CASTEL (CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly)].
AB  - This work was performed in order to evaluate the weight of hyperthyroidism on the
      genesis of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects. The data are from the CASTEL
      (CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly), an epidemiologic study performed in a town
      of northern Italy (Castelfranco Veneto), whose 3088 elderly subjects were called
      and 2254 enrolled for a 7-year intervention trial. From 2224 elderly persons
      examined in the present study, 90 had atrial fibrillation (AF) as determined by
      the presence of Minnesota Code 8-3; the other 2134 were used as control
      population. In the 90 with AF and in the randomly chosen controls, the thyroid
      function was studied by means of the TRH-test. Taking into consideration an
      increase of TSH greater than 0.5 or greater than or greater than 1 muUI/ml over
      the basal value after TRH administration, 5.5% of subjects with atrial
      fibrillation had a suppressed response (i.e. hyperthyroidism); taking into
      consideration a peak value of TSH greater than or equal to 2.3 muUI/ml
      irrespective to the basal value, the prevalence of hyperthyroidism was higher
      (17.8%), but not different than in control subjects. In conclusion,
      hyperthyroidism is frequent in elderly subjects but it does not play a role in
      the pathophysiology of AF. On the contrary, AF may be explained in the majority
      of cases by concomitant cardiovascular disease, i.e. left atrial enlargement,
      arterial hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure.

PMID- 1802393
TI  - [Acute effects of transdermal administration of nitroglycerin on effort tolerance
      and myocardial perfusion, evaluated by Tl-201 scintigraphy, in patients with
      stable effort angina].
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the transdermal application
      of nitroglycerin (NGT) on exercise tolerated and regional myocardial perfusion,
      as evaluated by 201 thallium stress scintigraphy, in patients with stable effort
      angina. We studied 20 patients, 15 men and 5 women, aged between 43 and 68 years,
      with average age of 55 +/- 8 years, suffering from effort angina, whose angina
      threshold was stable in 3 stress testing performed in the week before the study
      started. The patients, after a pharmacological washout of 1 week, underwent 2
      exercise testing 20 hours after the application of a patch containing placebo or
      10 mg NGT, with an interval of 7 days. 60-90 s before stress testing was
      interrupted, 2 mCi of thallium 201 were injected in an antecubital vein of the
      arm. The scintigraphic images were obtained soon in the 0, 45 and 90 degree views
      and after 4 hours reperfusion. Under placebo patch all patients interrupted
      ergometer test for angina, while under the patch containing active NGT angina was
      present in 11/20 patients and 9 patients stopped the test because of muscular
      exhaustion. NGT induced an increase of the ergometer test duration (+26%); this
      difference was statistically significant. The ST segment downsloping decreased
      significantly both at maximal common work and at exercise peak after NGT
      application in comparison with placebo. The perfusional defects observed on the
      scintigraphic images obtained soon after the exercise (and reversible after 4
      hours of reperfusion) on placebo patch, diminished significantly after NGT and
      the captation index lung/heart decreased also significantly (from 49 to 41%),
      showing so an improvement of cardiac performance. In conclusion the transdermal
      application of NGT, in patients with effort angina, demonstrated to have
      antianginal and antiischemic effect, reducing the number of patients interrupting
      the stress testing for angina, increasing the exercise tolerated and diminishing
      the ST segment downsloping, objective demonstration of myocardial ischemia. This
      antianginal and antiischemic effect might follow to the reduction of the preload
      induced by nitrates, in part also the reduction of the afterload, factors
      determining a decrease of the wall tension and so of MVO2, but also to a
      redistribution of the subendocardial flow as demonstrated by 201-Tl scintigraphic
      images. These effects induce also a global improvement of the left ventricular
      function as demonstrated by the reduction of the lung/heart index of thallium
      captation.

PMID- 1802394
TI  - [A computerized method for studying contractility of isolated cardiac myocytes].
AB  - In recent years methods for the isolation of cardiac myocytes have gained
      increasing interest. Single cardiac cells represent an effective model for the
      study of cardiac contractility thanks to their features of simplified
      preparation. This improves the understanding of cardiac contractile properties
      and the effects of cardio-active substances. Moreover, it has been demonstrated
      that the isolation procedure does not alter the basic characteristics of the
      original tissue. The contractility indices in multicellular models are derived
      from the direct measurement of mechanical parameters (pressure and tension).
      These are difficult to perform in the case of isolated cardiac myocytes for which
      optical techniques of measurement proved particularly suitable. A system based on
      the video motion detector technique has been used to measure the extent of
      shortening. The cell is observed using a video camera connected with a phase
      contrast microscope. The video dimension analyser receives the cell image from
      the video camera and its output is a voltage proportional to the cell length.
      This signal is sent to a personal computer for acquisition and analysis. The
      signal is then digitalized by an analog to digital conversion board and
      subsequently elaborated to calculate the contraction parameters. Then these
      values are visualized on the computer screen, printed and stored with other
      pertinent information typed by the user. The result is the creation of a data
      file, available for further processing.

PMID- 1802395
TI  - [Bidimensional echocardiographic images of extracardiac tumors. Detection of
      mediastinal masses by the bidimensional echocardiographic Doppler technique].
AB  - A mediastinal tumor might mimic tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis,
      constrictive pericarditis, producing symptoms and signs of a cardiologic illness.
      We report 2 cases of mediastinal masses (1 lymphoma and 1 pulmonary cancer)
      localized in the anterior mediastinum and compressing the cardiac silhouette.
      Bidimensional echocardiography and Doppler were used to differentiate masses of
      cardiac origin from extracardiac origin and to study the hemodynamic alterations;
      moreover these techniques allow to evaluate the efficacy of therapy.

PMID- 1802396
TI  - Dental lasers--myths, magic, and miracles? 1. Introduction to lasers in
      dentistry.

PMID- 1802397
TI  - Lipswitch vestibuloplasty in conjunction with implant placement.
AB  - Soft-tissue maintenance is crucial to the long-term success of an implant
      retained prosthesis. This article describes a method for improving the soft
      tissue support for implants using a lipswitch procedure that can be performed in
      conjunction with the implant placement surgery. The result is a potentially
      healthier, more maintainable periodontium.

PMID- 1802398
TI  - Surgically and nonsurgically treated temporomandibular joint patient responses to
      active and passive nonsurgical therapies.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the subjective responses of
      surgically and nonsurgically treated temporomandibular joint (TMJ) patients to
      active nonsurgical therapies and the combination of active and passive
      nonsurgical therapies. The results showed that for patients who had TMJ surgery,
      there was a statistically significant improvement in symptomatology rating in
      those receiving a combination of active plus passive therapies, compared to
      active therapies alone. For the nonsurgical patients, there was no statistically
      significant difference in symptomatology rating scores between active only and
      the combination of active and passive treatment modalities.

PMID- 1802399
TI  - Dental photograph standardization for case documentation.
AB  - Photography has become an important tool for case documentation, patient
      education, and case presentation. Standardization of dental photographs is
      especially important for accurate documentation of the changes that occur as a
      result of treatment. A protocol for standardization based on anatomic landmarks
      and patient and camera positions is presented. Specific photographic views are
      recommended for complete case documentation. The need for written consent before
      photographing a patient is also discussed.

PMID- 1802400
TI  - Is Medicaid dentistry worth the effort?

PMID- 1802401
TI  - Stress relaxation techniques for the dental practitioner.
AB  - The practice of dentistry can be quite stressful, and dentists need to know how
      to relieve their own stress. Both psychologic and physiologic stress should be
      alleviated so as not to become disabling. The stress of life and the stress of
      dental practice should be understood by practitioners. If used properly, simple
      relaxation techniques that can be performed several times a day will help relieve
      these life-threatening stresses.

PMID- 1802402
TI  - A genetic basis for metastasis.
AB  - The progression of a normal cell to one that is malignant is characterized by at
      least four progressive but potentially separable behavioural patterns identifying
      the immortal, tumorigenic, invasive and metastatic phenotypes. A multitude of
      steps appear to be involved in both transformation from normality and progression
      to malignancy as characterized by the acquisition of metastatic behaviour.
      Consequently, it seems unlikely that a single gene can directly manifest
      expression of the metastatic phenotype in normal cells unless it can induced
      pleiotropic effects. Indeed, a single trait uniquely characterizing the
      metastatic phenotype has never been identified. The possibility of a single gene
      suppressing the metastatic phenotype seems much greater. One possible candidate
      for such a gene is nm23, the expression of which correlates with reduced
      metastatic potential in several tumours including breast cancer in humans.
      Although the numbers involved are still small, the correlation of nm23 expression
      with breast cancer outcome offers potential in using this system as a prognostic
      aid in clinical diagnosis of this disease. Its possible role as an indicator of
      metastatic potential in other human tumours remains to be evaluated, although
      current evidence suggests that it is unlikely to be of use in colon cancer.
      Further significant progress requires molecular dissection of the mode of action
      of its product.

PMID- 1802403
TI  - Phenotypic correction of the defective fibronectin extracellular matrix of Ehlers
      Danlos syndrome fibroblasts.
AB  - In vitro cultured skin fibroblasts derived from Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) type
      I to VIII patients lack fibronectin-containing extracellular matrix (FN-ECM)
      which can be restored when EDS cells are cocultivated over a feeder of control
      fibroblasts. Further analysis, focused on EDS types III and IV cells, showed that
      partial matrix correction in EDS type III cells can be obtained by their
      cultivation over a feeder of EDS type IV fibroblasts, but not vice versa. An
      apparently normal FN-ECM can be restored in EDS types III and IV cells also by
      the addition of cellular--but not plasma--FN. These biological features might be
      used for a better understanding of ECM assembly and for the characterization of
      the different EDS cell types.

PMID- 1802404
TI  - Altered fibronectin mRNA splicing in skin fibroblasts from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
      patients: in situ hybridization analysis.
AB  - The expression of fibronectin (FN) mRNA isoforms generated by alternative
      splicing of the EDA region was studied by dot-blot and in situ hybridization,
      using specific FN cDNA probes, in skin fibroblasts from controls and Ehlers
      Danlos Syndrome (EDS) patients (types III, IV, VII and non classified). An Image
      Analysis program was used for the quantitative evaluation and comparison of FN
      mRNAs levels in the different cell strains. The in situ hybridization analysis
      showed that FN mRNAs are homogeneously expressed in all cells of each fibroblast
      strain analyzed. While in control fibroblasts about 70% of FN mRNA isoforms
      contain the EDA region (EDA+ FN mRNAs), in EDS fibroblasts this fraction is
      reduced up to about 30%. This indicates that in the EDS fibroblasts analyzed a
      deregulation of the alternative splicing processes acting at the EDA region takes
      place.

PMID- 1802405
TI  - Morphological and biochemical characterization of the opossum kidney cell line
      and primary cultures of rabbit proximal tubule cells in serum-free defined
      medium.
AB  - Proliferation, morphology and time course patterns of marker enzyme activities of
      primary cultures of renal rabbit proximal tubule cells (RPT cells) and Opossum
      kidney cells (OK cells) in antibiotic-free and serum-free defined medium were
      investigated. Both RPT and OK cells grew to confluency within 6-8 days. RPT cells
      were thicker and displayed higher density of both microvilli and mitochondria
      when compared with OK cells. RPT cells exhibited higher activity of glutathione-S
      transferase when compared with OK cells, whereas in the latter, higher
      glutathione content could be detected. Apical and basolateral membrane enzymes
      were higher in RPT cells than in OK cells. Stable high glycolytic activity and
      low gluconeogenesis activity in OK cells pointed out a strict dependence on
      glycolysis, whereas RPT cells exhibited glucose metabolism shift towards the
      glycolysis pathway.

PMID- 1802406
TI  - Nuclear metabolic changes induced by tumor necrosis factor in Daudi lymphoma
      cells; a multiparametric analysis.
AB  - The effects of r-TNF alpha on cell cycle progression and DNA polymerase activity
      in Daudi lymphoma cells have been analyzed. Cytofluorimetric analysis of the cell
      cycle after 6 to 24 hr of treatment revealed both a decrease of BrdU
      incorporation per cell and a light inhibition of S phase as assessed by the
      analysis of the percentual distribution of cell cycle compartments. The reduction
      of BrdU incorporation can be related to the early decrease in the rate of DNA
      synthesis that follows r-TNF alpha treatment. These results suggest that one of
      the early events induced by r-TNF alpha at nuclear level is the slowering of DNA
      synthesis leading to a reduced cell cycle progression.

PMID- 1802408
TI  - Glycosyl-phospatidyl-inositol membrane anchors. Part I.

PMID- 1802407
TI  - Mechanisms of cyclosporine A toxicity in defined cultures of renal tubule
      epithelia: a role for cysteine proteases.
AB  - The mechanisms of toxicity of cyclosporine A (CsA) were studied in primary
      cultures of individually microdissected rabbit and human renal tubules of
      proximal and distal regions of the nephron. A direct toxic effect of CsA on renal
      tubule epithelia was demonstrated using nigrosine uptake and LDH release as
      indicators of cell death. Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and proximal straight
      tubules (PST) were shown to be highly sensitive, while thick ascending limbs of
      Henle (TAL) were much less sensitive and cortical collecting tubules (CCT)
      relatively resistant. The effects of CsA were time and dose dependent over the
      range 50 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml. Protection against CsA-induced PST cell
      death was afforded by reduction in extracellular calcium levels in the media or
      addition of the calcium entry antagonists: verapamil, nifedipine or diltiazem. In
      addition, treatment with the cysteine protease inhibitor, E64, attenuated CsA
      induced cell damage. A role for the lysosomal cysteine proteases (cathepsins),
      however, was ruled out on the basis of identical activity levels in all cell
      types; no beneficial effects of lysosomal enzyme depletion and no evidence of
      lysosomal rupture prior to death. By contrast, a role for the cytoplasmic,
      calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain was suggested since activity levels
      were significantly higher in PST than CCT cultures and were inducible by CsA.

PMID- 1802409
TI  - Structural requirements of a nascent protein for processing to a PI-G anchored
      form: studies in intact cells and cell-free systems.

PMID- 1802410
TI  - Signal transduction by GPI-anchored membrane proteins.

PMID- 1802411
TI  - Glycosylated-phosphatidylinositols as virulence factors in Leishmania.

PMID- 1802412
TI  - Why do so many surface proteins of trypanosomatids have GPI-anchors?

PMID- 1802413
TI  - Inositolglycans and cellular signalling.

PMID- 1802414
TI  - Biosynthesis of glycophosphoinositol anchors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Numerous membrane glycoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are
      posttranslationally modified by the addition of a glycophosphatidylinositol
      (GPI). These proteins can be detected most easily by metabolic labelling of yeast
      cells with 3H-myoinositol or 3H-palmitate. This report summarizes what little is
      known about the identity, biosynthesis and cellular localization of GPI-modified
      glycoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as what could be learned from
      the system with respect to the biosynthesis of GPI's in general.

PMID- 1802416
TI  - Regulation of growth cone motility.

PMID- 1802415
TI  - Characterization of the plasma glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase D (GPI-PLD).

PMID- 1802417
TI  - Kinky microtubules: bending and breaking induced by fixation in vitro with
      glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde.
AB  - We have employed video-enhanced light microscopy to study alterations of the
      overall shape of microtubules that are produced by the aldehyde fixation methods
      commonly employed to study them in vitro. Changes brought about by these methods
      include deformation and breakage. The severity of the effects depends on the
      fixative employed and increases with its concentration, and with the time of
      fixation. The changes are observed under a variety of conditions, such as brief
      exposure to 3.7% formaldehyde, or somewhat longer exposure to glutaraldehyde at
      concentrations as low as 0.05%. The observed distortion explains why microtubules
      usually appear curved or sinuous in electron micrographs while appearing
      relatively rigid and linear in video-enhanced light microscopy. The observed
      breakage implies that caution must be used in inferring length distributions from
      measurements of aldehyde-fixed microtubules.

PMID- 1802418
TI  - Disruption of the Golgi apparatus with brefeldin A does not destabilize the
      associated detyrosinated microtubule network.
AB  - Stable subsets of microtubules (MTs) are often enriched in detyrosinated alpha
      tubulin. Recently it has been found that the Golgi apparatus is associated with a
      subset of relatively stable MTs and that detyrosinated MTs colocalize spatially
      and temporally with the Golgi apparatus in several cell lines. To determine
      whether the Golgi apparatus actively stabilizes associated MTs and thus allows
      their time-dependent detyrosination, we have used the drug brefeldin A (BFA) to
      disrupt the Golgi apparatus and have monitored changes in the Golgi apparatus and
      MT populations using simultaneous immunofluorescence and fluorescent lectin
      microscopy. We found that although BFA caused the Golgi apparatus to completely
      redistribute to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the detyrosinated MTs were not
      disrupted and remained in a juxtanuclear region. By Western blot analysis we
      found that even after 6 h of continuous exposure of cells to BFA, there was no
      detectable reduction in the level of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin. Simultaneous
      treatment with nocodazole and BFA led to a complete disruption of all MTs and
      normal Golgi structure/organization. Upon removal of nocodazole in the continued
      presence of BFA, we found that the detyrosinated MTs reformed in a compact
      juxtanuclear location in the absence of an intact Golgi complex. Finally, we
      found that the detyrosinated MTs colocalized precisely with a BFA-resistant
      structure that binds to the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin. We conclude that the
      juxtanuclear detyrosinated MTs are not actively stabilized by association with
      BFA-sensitive Golgi membranes. However, another closely associated structure
      which binds wheat germ agglutinin may serve to stabilize the juxtanuclear MTs.
      Alternatively, the MT organizing center (MTOC) and/or MT-associated proteins
      (MAPs) may organize and stabilize the juxtanuclear detyrosinated MTs.

PMID- 1802419
TI  - Examination of the calcium-modulated protein S100 alpha and its target proteins
      in adult and developing skeletal muscle.
AB  - In this study radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and
      a gel overlay technique have been used to examine the level, subcellular
      distribution, and potential target proteins of the S100 family of calcium
      modulated proteins in adult and developing rat skeletal muscles. Adult rat
      muscles contained high levels of S100 proteins but the particular form present
      was dependent on the muscle type: cardiac muscle contained exclusively S100
      alpha, slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers contained predominantly S100 alpha,
      vascular smooth muscle contained both S100 alpha and S100 beta, and fast-twitch
      skeletal muscle fibers contained low but detectable levels of S100 alpha and S100
      beta. While the distribution of S100 mRNAs paralled the protein distribution in
      all muscles there was no direct correlation between the mRNA and protein levels
      in different muscle types, suggesting that S100 protein expression is
      differentially regulated in different muscle types. Immunohistochemical analysis
      of the cellular distribution of S100 proteins in adult skeletal muscles revealed
      that S100 alpha staining was associated with muscle cells, while S100 beta
      staining was associated with nonmuscle cells. Radioimmunoassays of developing rat
      skeletal muscles demonstrated that all developing muscles contained low levels of
      S100 alpha at postnatal day 1 and that as development proceeded the S100 alpha
      levels increased. In contrast to adult muscle S100 alpha expression was confined
      to fast-twitch fibers in developing skeletal muscle until postnatal day 21. At
      postnatal day 1, developing contractile elements were S100 alpha positive, but no
      staining periodicity was detectable. At postnatal day 21, S100 alpha exhibited
      the same subcellular localization as seen in the adult: colocalization with the A
      band and/or longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of the S100 alpha
      binding protein profiles in fast- and slow-twitch fibers of various species
      revealed few, if any, species- or fiber type-specific S100 binding proteins.
      Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions and myofibrils contained multiple S100
      alpha-binding proteins. The colocalization of S100 alpha and S100 alpha-binding
      proteins with the contractile apparatus and sarcoplasmic reticulum suggest that
      S100 alpha may regulate excitation and/or contraction in slow-twitch fibers.

PMID- 1802420
TI  - TMJ arthroscopic diagnosis and surgery: clinical experience with 152 procedures
      over a 2 1/2-year period.
AB  - Arthroscopic surgery of the temporomandibular joint has been routinely performed
      by a relatively small number of surgeons for about three to four years. With
      advances in instrumentation, techniques, and education, it is anticipated that
      many more surgeons will be performing temporomandibular joint arthroscopic
      diagnosis and surgery in the near future. The purpose of this paper is to discuss
      the rationale of temporomandibular joint arthroscopic techniques and the results
      of arthroscopic surgery involving 152 temporomandibular joints with observation
      periods ranging from two to 31 months.

PMID- 1802421
TI  - Influence of occlusal splints on bilateral anterior temporal EMG activity during
      swallowing of saliva in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction.
AB  - A full-arch maxillary stabilization occlusal splint was made for each of 10
      patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. These splints were divided into three
      sections (one anterior and two posterior). This procedure allowed variation in
      the anteroposterior centric localization of occlusal contacts, thus permitting
      the recording of the EMG effects produced by the different occlusal splint
      sections. The integrated EMG activity was recorded from the right and left
      anterior temporal muscles during swallowing of saliva in habitual occlusion and
      with the different occlusal splint sections inserted. EMG activity during
      swallowing of saliva was significantly lower with the different occlusal splints
      than in habitual occlusion. This supports the rationale for diurnal wear of the
      occlusal splint. No differences in EMG activity were found during swallowing of
      saliva when different sections of the occlusal splints were used. This fact
      points out the possibility for therapeutic use of different occlusal splints for
      improving swallowing function.

PMID- 1802422
TI  - A review of the considerations in the diagnosis of limited mandibular opening.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to review the considerations of the dentist for the
      diagnosis of the patient who presents in his office saying, "I can't open my
      mouth, Doc." This condition is commonly referred to as trismus, or acute onset of
      limited mandibular opening. The causes of limited opening are reviewed by the
      authors. Various methods used in determining the limitation are explained. The
      general appearance features of each, along with etiologies, are listed.

PMID- 1802423
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint: preliminary evaluation
      of partial flip angle three-dimensional volume acquisitions against conventional
      single and multiecho pulse sequences.
AB  - The authors imaged 20 temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in 20 patients with high
      field surface coil magnetic resonance imaging, to compare the accuracy and the
      clinical utility of thin section partial flip angle (PFA) three dimensional (3D)
      volume acquisitions with T1-weighted images (T1WI), spin echo, multiecho, long
      TR/short and long TE images, PFA gradient recalled acquisition in the steady
      state (GRASS) images in the diagnosis of internal derangement of the TMJ.
      Pathological conditions demonstrated on imaging studies included disk
      derangement, joint effusion, and osteocartilaginous lesions, such as degenerative
      arthritis, osteoporosis, osteochondritis dissecans and early avascular necrosis
      of the mandibular condyle.

PMID- 1802424
TI  - The TMJ scale and undetected brain tumors in patients with temporomandibular
      disorders.
AB  - The symptoms of non-temporomandibular disorders, including mass lesions of the
      central nervous system, may mimic or be masked by symptoms of temporomandibular
      disorders, and thus not be detected. The dentist must remain alert to this
      possibility and maintain a high level of suspicion. Three cases illustrate how
      the TMJ Scale was used in patients having internal derangements of the
      temporomandibular joints to screen for and detect non-temporomandibular
      disorders, which, on further evaluation or referral, led to the diagnosis of
      brain tumors that had not been detected previously.

PMID- 1802425
TI  - Eminence-posterior occlusal plane angle in patients with temporomandibular
      disorders.
AB  - The causes of temporomandibular disorder are not clearly understood. The
      controversy regarding the role of the features, either dental or skeletal, still
      exists after nearly a half century of debate. The present study demonstrates an
      interesting correlation, expressed as an angular value, between the posterior
      surface of the articular eminence and the posterior occlusal plane. The group
      with dysfunction had a mean value significantly lower (133 +/- 4) than the group
      without symptoms (144 +/- 5). In light of this data, it is suggested to interpret
      a small eminence-posterior occlusal plane as an anatomical predisposing pattern
      for dysfunction.

PMID- 1802426
TI  - A survey of treatments for myofascial pain dysfunction.
AB  - A survey of all active U.S. members of the American Equilibration Society was
      undertaken in order to identify the most commonly used treatments for myofascial
      pain dysfunction. A questionnaire was constructed such that myofascial pain
      dysfunction was defined, all treatments (including referral) were listed, and a
      percentage-of-use estimate for each treatment was requested. Results from 302
      error-free questionnaires showed that the most common treatments were:
      interocclusal splints with anterior/canine guidance, occlusal equilibration, flat
      plane interocclusal splints, diet counseling, anti-inflammatory medication, non
      narcotic analgesics, and muscle relaxants. A call is issued for systematic and
      careful research on the outcomes of these treatments.

PMID- 1802427
TI  - The relationship between craniomandibular disorders and otitis media in children.
AB  - Most of the literature written about temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or
      craniomandibular dysfunction has looked at the problem in adults, probably
      because most of the patients we see with problems are adults. This article first
      establishes the fact that young children also exhibit signs and symptoms of
      craniomandibular dysfunction, almost at the same percentage as seen in adults. A
      review of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children establishes that
      malfunction of the eustachian tube is the underlying cause of this disease
      process. Because of the close anatomical and embryological relationship between
      the TMJ and the middle ear, there exists the possibility that a dysfunctioning
      TMJ may initiate the bout of OME, primarily by its relationship to the tensor
      veli palatini muscle. This muscle controls the function of the eustachian tube.
      This author feels that we might be able to decrease the incidence of OME by
      improving the function of the eustachian tube. This could be done by altering the
      relationship between the TMJ and the muscles of mastication, similar to the way
      we treat craniomandibular (TMJ) dysfunction in adults.

PMID- 1802428
TI  - Alteration of vertical dimension and its effect on head and neck posture.
AB  - Previous research has shown a relationship between head posture and rest position
      of the mandible. Should this relationship really be an interrelationship? Does a
      change in mandibular posture alone also alter head and neck posture? The purpose
      of this article is to demonstrate how a change in mandibular posture,
      specifically an increase in vertical dimension, contributes to craniovertical
      extension leading to suboccipital compression and upsetting the postural balance
      between the head and neck. A model of physiologic equilibrium is presented for
      the craniomandibular articulation.

PMID- 1802429
TI  - [Diagnostic evaluation of the determination of antibodies to purified protein
      derivative in tuberculosis].
AB  - The results with ELISA method showed the levels of the antibody to PPD in
      exudates of TB group were significantly higher than those of non-TB group (P less
      than 0.001). When OD value greater than 0.2 and greater than 0.35 were chosen as
      the positive criteria, for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis and other
      tuberculous, the sensitivity would be 79.3% and 86.6%, respectively; the
      specificity would be 93.3% and 86.0%, respectively. Meanwhile tuberculosis could
      be suggested when the ratio of the antibody level in exudate to that in serum is
      greater than 1. The authors think that the detection of the antibody to PPD in
      exudates might be a supplemental diagnostic tool for tuberculosis.

PMID- 1802430
TI  - [Observation of three anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies in children with
      tuberculosis during chemotherapy].
AB  - Earlobe blood from 122 children with tuberculosis and 187 healthy children were
      assayed for anti-OTIgG, anti-PPDIgG and anti-Ag6IgG by ABC-ELISA. We found that
      the mean levels and sensitivity of anti-OTIgG and anti-PPDIgG decreased
      significantly in patients receiving more than 3 months of chemotherapy, but the
      anti-Ag6IgG remained constant. 18 patients were followed up for 12 months. among
      them 6 patients had a conversion from negative of anti-Ag6IgG to positive
      results. It is suggested that IgG to various M. tuberculosis antigens changes
      differently during the chemotherapy.

PMID- 1802431
TI  - [Production and characterization of 3 mcAbs to Mycobacterium tuberculosis].
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis were produced and
      designated Ra1, Ra2 and Ra3. The spleen cells of BALB/C mice were immunized with
      intact, ultrasonicated M. H37Ra and H37Ra culture filtrate and were fused with NS
      1 myeloma cells. The monoclonal antibodies were IgG2a, IgM and IgM respectively.
      The monoclonal antibodies were characterized by ELISA on 14 mycobacterial
      species. It showed that they reacted with H37Ra and some of mycobacterial species
      but did not with BCG. McAb Ral was used to prepare immunoabsorbent, and Ag-Ra1
      was isolated from unheated H37Ra culture filtrate by affinity chromatography with
      the absorbent. Ag-Ral was a glycoprotein with MW. of 66 KDa and produced DTH in
      guinea pigs.

PMID- 1802432
TI  - [Effect of human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin--G. superoxide anion and
      endotoxin on the PGI2 production by cultured bovine pulmonary endothelial cells].
AB  - The effects of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), cathepsin-G, H2O2, xanthine
      oxidase-hypoxanthine derived superoxide anion and endotoxin on the PGI2
      production by cultured bovine pulmonary endothelial cells were observed. The
      results showed that HNE, superoxide anion and H2O2 could decrease the PGI2
      production by endothelial cells, and cathepsin-G had no effect on the production
      of PGI2. In our experiment, endotoxin could enhance PGI2 production. It was
      suggested that HNE, superoxide anion, and H2O2 may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 1802433
TI  - [A study on the relationship between histamine receptors and bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness in asthma].
AB  - We measured the bronchial response to histamine in 26 allergic asthmatics and 17
      healthy subjects before and after the bronchial pretreatment with selective H2
      receptor antagonist ranitidine. We also investigated the results of the new H1
      receptor antagonist terfenadine on the prevention and treatment of asthma.
      Selective H1-receptor stimulation with histamine (pretreated with 18.5mg
      ranitidine) failed to enhance the effect of histamine in asthma group (P greater
      than 0.05), whereas it enhanced the histamine response obviously in healthy group
      (P less than 0.001). We conclude that: 1. BHR to histamine in allergic asthma is
      related to a functional depression of H2 receptors in airways; 2. terfenadine is
      useful in the prevention and treatment of asthma.

PMID- 1802434
TI  - [An experimental study on the treatment of asthmatics with diethylcarbamazine].
AB  - This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of oral administration of
      diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on the treatment of asthmatics. When compared to
      baseline and placebo control DEC failed to improve significantly lung ventilation
      function within 3 hours in 28 asthmatics. In 11 patients with stable asthma a
      significant increase in MCH-PC20-FEV1 was noticed at 3 days after the use of DEC.
      In 24 atopic asthmatics DEC given 90 minutes prior to exercise led to
      significantly less post-exercise percentage fall in FEV1 when compared to
      placebo. These findings indicate: 1. DEC has no bronchodilation effect. 2. DEC
      inhibits MCH-induced bronchospasm and reduces the nonspecific airway
      hyperreactivity. 3. DEC given 90 minutes before exercise protects from exercise
      induced asthma.

PMID- 1802435
TI  - [The diagnosis of air leaks of pneumothorax with radionuclide inhalation. An
      experimental study].
AB  - The diagnosis of leaks in pneumothorax was studied with radionuclide inhalation
      lung scan in animals. The animal pneumothorax models were made either by puncture
      or by operative method on nine dogs. The pneumothorax was proved by chest X-ray.
      The dogs were intubated and ventilated. Aerosol of 99mTc was delivered into the
      lung through tracheal cannula. 5-10 mGi: of 99mTc-phytafe with 150 ml of normal
      saline was used ultrasonics. The droplet size was estimated at 0.5-10 microns in
      diameter. The lung scan were obtained with GCA90B-gamma camera in dynamic or
      static way for about 0.5 hr. The air leaks (total 13) in tension pneumothorax
      were demonstrated by lung scan and were in accord with the fissures in the lung
      samples.

PMID- 1802436
TI  - [The short-term results of intrapericardial total pneumonectomy in the treatment
      of advanced lung cancer].
AB  - Seventy two cases of lung cancer treated by intrapericardial total pneumonectomy
      were reported. Pre-operative vital capacity were 50% of the estimated values.
      After the operation, 5 cases were complicated by respiratory failure, but none
      was related to pericardiotomy.

PMID- 1802437
TI  - [Flavobacterium pneumonia. Report of a case and review of literature].
AB  - A case of nosocomial pneumonia caused by Flavobacter meningosepticum (FM) is
      reported. The genus has been identified as causes of neonatal meningitis and
      treatment is difficult because of its resistance to many antibiotics. Recently
      several outbreaks of FM respiratory infections in the intensive care unit have
      been reported.

PMID- 1802438
TI  - [An evaluation of double-plugged catheter brush system in the diagnosis of
      pulmonary infection via fiberoptic bronchoscope].
AB  - A protective technique to collect lower airway secretion through double plugged
      catheter brush system via fiberoptic bronchoscope in 17 patients with pulmonary
      infection and 14 cases of other lung diseases was reported. The result of
      quantitative culture of these samples revealed that the concentration of isolated
      organisms were 10(4.1(+/- 1.1(cfu/brush and 10(1.8 +/- 0.4)cfu/brush in these two
      groups respectively (P less than 0.001). 10(3)cfu/brush was considered as a cut
      off point to differentiate the pathogenic from the nonpathogenic organisms. It is
      suggested that double-plugged catheter brush system is an ideal technique for
      preventing contamination in the etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary infection.

PMID- 1802439
TI  - [Nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea
      syndrome].
AB  - Sixteen patients (male: 14, female: 2, 41-72 yrs, mean 57.5 yrs) with OSAS were
      treated by nCPAP in our hospital since 1987. Respiratory disturbance index ranged
      from 16.5 to 83.1. The longest apnea duration was 35.0-120.5 seconds before the
      treatment. Two patients were treated with Sleep Easy III (Respironics Inc.) and
      others with a home made instruments. nCPAP was set at a pressure of 5 to 10 cm
      H2O. 12 patients (75%) tolerated the device but 4(25%) did not. Polysomnographic
      parameters before and after nCPAP therapy were compared. The longest apnea
      duration was 63.1 +/- 23.5 to 40.9 +/- 27.4 seconds (P less than 0.001) and the
      lowest saturation oxygen was 55.1 +/- 20.4% to 71.4 +/- 18.6% (P less than 0.05).
      The sleep structure improved but not significant statistically. One of them used
      nCPAP at home for more than two. years and showed a good long term effect. We
      concluded that nCPAP is an effective and safe treatment for OSAS. However,
      patients may be uncomfortable because of the wearing of the nasal mask during
      sleep.

PMID- 1802440
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of trachea and major bronchus].
AB  - The rupture of the tracheobronchial tree in closed trauma is a severe. Early
      diagnosis of the disease is usually overlooked. 6 cases were reported in this
      article. The pathogenesis, X-ray features and early diagnosis of the disease were
      discussed. The main causes of the mis-diagnosis were analysed.

PMID- 1802441
TI  - [Influence of atmospheric pressure fluctuation on condition of patients with cor
      pulmonale].
AB  - Based on investigation of 632 patients with cor pulmonale, we found that there
      were a close corresponding relationship of attack, exacerbation and death of
      patients to negative variation of daily atmospheric pressure. It was more obvious
      that the persistent and significant decrease in atmospheric pressure could
      influence the patient situation. The disease attacks usually appeared behind in
      negative variation of pressure changes, however, the death did before them. The
      mechanism of influences of atmospheric pressure changes on situation of patients
      with cor pulmonale were discussed preliminarily. The authors point out that the
      disease condition might be predicted by forecast and should take preventive
      measures to avoid it in advance.

PMID- 1802442
TI  - [Exploration on the treatment of silicosis].

PMID- 1802443
TI  - [Advances in the diagnosis Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].

PMID- 1802444
TI  - [Chlamydia pneumonia (strain TWAR) infection--a new respiratory tract pathogen].

PMID- 1802445
TI  - [Prevention of parastic diseases in China by the year 2000].

PMID- 1802446
TI  - [Malaria situation in the People's Republic of China in 1990. Advisory Committee
      on Parasitic Diseases, MOPH].
AB  - According to the case reporting system, there were 117,359 malaria cases in the
      whole country (not including Taiwan) in 1990, the incidence being 1.056/1000 and
      35 cases succumbed to the disease. Comparing with malaria situation in 1989, the
      case number went down by 20,181 and the incidence declined by 15.92%. Absence of
      malaria cases or dropping of the incidence to 1/1000 was reported from areas
      covering 88.5% population of whole nation. In areas covering 9.0% population, the
      incidence was between 1 to 10/1000, and only in areas with 2.5% population, the
      incidence exceeded 10/1000. The incidence of Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou
      provinces/autonomous region in South China showed an incidence drop by 23.2
      40.3%, whereas slight increase was found in Guangdong, Fujian and Sichuan
      provinces. The case number of the six provinces/autonomous region was 72,830,
      which accounted for 62.1% of the total malaria cases in the whole country. Focal
      outbreaks of malaria occurred on 76 spots in 38 counties, including civil-run
      mines, stoneworks and lumberyard sites, accounting for 140,00 migrants doing
      temporary work there. The malaria incidence of Anhui, Hubei, Henan and Hunan
      provinces in the Mid and East China declined to some extent. But in Jiangsu,
      Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Shanghai provinces/municipality, a little increase was
      demonstrated. Malaria cases in these 9 provinces/municipality totalled 44,255, or
      amounted to 37.7% of the whole cases of the nation. Records from 14
      provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities situated in the North and Northwest
      China indicated case number of 274, or 0.2% of the total malaria cases in
      China.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802447
TI  - [Preparation and diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies against
      Schistosoma japonicum].
AB  - The present paper reported on an anti-CCA monoclonal antibody, McAb-IIID 10,
      which could be used in determinations of both parasite-oriented circulating
      antigens and specific anti-CCA antibodies. The established competitive ELISA (C
      ELISA) using McAb-IIID 10 to detect schistosome-antibodies showed high
      sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis with few cross
      reactions. In field trials, coincident rates in 3 separate batches of serum
      samples when subjected to double-blind detections were obtained. A total of 1,915
      serum samples had been determined by C-ELISA, among them 113 acute cases achieved
      a 100% positive rate, 765 chronic and 25 late cases showed 96.3% and 72% positive
      respectively. 70% of the 66 cured schistosomiasis cases turned to be negative.
      None of the 750 normal individuals showed positive reactions. No cross reaction
      was found in 27 sera from hydatidosis, whereas 1 and 2 positive reactions were
      found in 43 paragonimiasis sera and 126 clonorchiasis sera respectively. The
      established McAb-IIID 10 involved Dot-ELISA was found of value in the assessment
      of effective chemotherapy and showed a high negative conversion rate of 97.9% in
      48 cured schistosomiasis patients. In 16 experimentally infected rabbits, 12
      became negative in Dot-ELISA determinations at the 8th week post treatment, and
      the remaining 4 treated ones, the titer as well as the reaction intensity were
      also found reduced. A good coincidence rate was also found between C-ELISA and
      Dot-ELISA, their detection results may be complementary each other.

PMID- 1802448
TI  - [Erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium vivax under various conditions of in vitro
      cultivation].
AB  - This study was performed to observe the erythrocytic schizogony of P. vivax under
      several culture conditions in vitro. Five experimental groups included: 1) static
      cultivation in candle jar; 2) static cultivation in candle jar with candle
      relightened; 3) static cultivation under low oxygen tension (5-10%); 4) deep
      suspension cultivation in test tubes with cotton plunger; 5) deep suspension
      cultivation in closed test tubes with screw cap. Two different isolates of P.
      vivax collected from Jingshan County and Zaoyang County were used. Cultivation
      was initiated with two methods, i.e. direct inoculation from fresh patient blood
      with malaria parasites and retrieval cultivation from freezing malaria parasite
      blood. The suspension cultivation in test tube with cotton plunger could not
      support the schizogony of P. vivax, while other groups could at least complete
      two schizogony cycles. The best result was obtained with static cultivation under
      low oxygen tension, the growth of parasites appeared to be more normal. The
      results showed that cultivation of P. vivax under a low oxygen concentration of 5
      10% is preferred and the selection of isolates of P. vivax might be important in
      in vitro cultivation.

PMID- 1802449
TI  - [The establishment and characterization of the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody
      NP30 of Schistosoma japonicum].
AB  - A hybridoma cell line secreting an IgM monoclonal antibody designated NP30 was
      obtained from a fusion of SP2/o and spleen cells of a BALB/c mouse chronically
      infected with schistosoma japonicum for one and a half year and identified by
      screening with immunized rabbit sera against gut-associated antigen (GAA) and
      soluble egg antigen (SEA) of S. japonicum, indicating that the NP30 was an anti
      anti-antigen or anti-antibody. NP30 was further determined to be an anti
      idiotypic antibody (anti-id) which was serologically and functionally identical
      to GAA, so that it could be portrayed as the internal image of GAA, which might
      have the potential to be used as an antigenic reagent in immunodiagnostic assays
      of schistosomiasis japonica.

PMID- 1802451
TI  - [Cloning of the sequences of kinetoplast DNA specific to Leishmania donovani
      species and strains].
AB  - To identify the heterogeneous DNA sequences in the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA)
      minicircles, we digested the kDNA from various species and isolates of Leishmania
      into fragments with several restriction endonucleases and those fragments were
      southern hybridized with whole kDNA. By this test, the AluI fragments were shown
      to possess the species- and strain-specific sequences. We inserted these kDNA
      (from L.d. Sichuan human isolate) fragments into SmaI site of plasmid pUC 18. The
      blunt ligation reaction was carried out with T4 DNA ligase supplemented by T4 RNA
      ligase. Tens of recombinants were obtained and at least 16 recombinants were
      shown to have the sequences of kDNA by colony hybridization with whole kDNA. The
      inserted kDNA sequences can be cut off from vector by Bam HI and EcoR I
      digestion. The recombinant DNA had no homologous sequences with human genomic
      DNA, Leptospiral DNA, Romanomermis DNA and L. donovani genomic DNA. The clone
      pLK1-14, which is the smallest one among all the clones obtained, only hybridized
      to the L.d. Sichuan human isolate from which it was originated. When pLK1-14 was
      digested by BamHI and EcoRI, a 180bp fragment comprising about 20 bp of pUC18
      sequence, could be produced which corresponded to the 120 +/- 30 bp fragment of
      kDNA digested by AluI and was shown to be isolate specific. The clone of pLK1-10
      hybridized to L. donovani isolates from hill and desert foci, might be used as a
      specific probe in the distinction of L.d. isolates from hill foci and plain foci.
      The clones pLK1-1, pLK1-2, and pLK1-15 were present in all isolates of visceral
      Leishmania but not in L. major and lizard Leishmania tested. These sequences
      might be used as specific probes in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and
      might be useful in epidemiological studies for identification of vectors and
      reservoirs.

PMID- 1802450
TI  - [Detection of circulating membrane antigen of schistosome in schistosomiasis by
      dot-ELISA and idiotype/antiidiotype interaction inhibition test].
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (designated 8SE) against membrane antigen of adult
      Schistosoma japonicum labeled with HRP was used in dot-ELISA (direct method) to
      detect schistosomal circulating membrane antigen. Sera from 48 parasitologically
      confirmed schistosomiasis cases were tested, 39 (81.3%) were positive. No false
      positive reaction was found in sera from 24 healthy controls. No cross reaction
      was detected in sera from clonorchiasis or paragonimiasis in 18 cases each. This
      results suggest that circulating membrane antigen does exist in patients with
      schistosomiasis and it might be used as a complementary method for diagnosis of
      schistosomiasis. A preliminary result of idiotype/antiidiotype interaction
      inhibition reaction for detecting circulating membrane antigen was also
      presented.

PMID- 1802452
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiological investigation of schistosome-induced hepatosplenomegaly:
      a community-based study in Jishan, Xinjian County, Jiangxi].
AB  - Since the primary objective of mass chemotherapy in schistosomiasis control is
      reduction of schistosome-induced morbidity, it would be reasonable to assess the
      impact of a control program on the morbidity in a given population by
      investigating hepato-splenomegaly associated with schistosomiasis in a
      schistosomiasis endemic area. In this paper, the authors described the
      relationship between the prevalence, intensity and morbidity of Schistosoma
      japonicum infection in terms of stool egg count and ultrasonographically
      detectable hepatosplenomegaly in a community-based study. It was found that the
      epidemiological pattern of the infection in this study community was quite
      different from our usual understanding, that is, the prevalence remained
      relatively high (39.4%) when the intensity became lower. This unusual pattern
      might be resulted from intermittent and sporadic chemotherapy associated with
      frequent exposure of people to the infection in an area of high transmission. It
      was surprised to note that despite the praziquantel treatment carried out over
      the past years, the prevalence of hepatosplenomegaly induced by schistosomiasis
      in this community was still very high, suggesting that intermittent and sporadic
      chemotherapy might render little impact on schistosomiasis-induced morbidity. The
      investigation also showed that ultrasonography was a sensitive tool for assessing
      morbidity associated with schistosome infection.

PMID- 1802453
TI  - [Serological cross reaction between schistosomiasis japonica and pagumogonimiasis
      skrjabini].
AB  - The sera from 25 patients with acute, 36 patients with chronic schistosomiasis
      japonica and 68 patients with pagumogonimiasis skrjabini were tested against SEA,
      schistosome egg, Paragonimus adult antigen (PAA) and Paragonimus metacercaria
      using different tests including biotin-avidin system (BAS), ELISA, circumoval
      precipitate reaction (COPT) and metacercaria membrane reaction (MCMR). Results
      showed: 1. The specific reactions using PAS and ELISA were (1) both 100% in acute
      schistosomiasis patients (ASP), (2) 100% and 97.2% respectively in chronic
      schistosomiasis patients (CSP) and (3) both were 98.5% in paragonimiasis patients
      (PP). 2. The cross reactions using BAS, ELISA and MCMR were (1) 76%, 72% and 20%
      respectively in ASP, (2) 27.8%, 22.2% and 19.4% respectively in CSP. 3. The cross
      reactions using BAS, ELISA and COPT were 26.5%, 30.9% and 8.8% respectively in
      PP. 4. The frequency of cross reaction was related to the sensitivity of the test
      used. 5. The frequency of cross reaction in ASP was remarkably lower with MCMR
      than with BAS or ELISA. 6. The frequency of cross reaction in CSP was related to
      the intensity of infection. 7. We suggest that more than one test should be
      carried out in patients who showed cross reaction to a single test, then the
      frequency of cross reaction would decline.

PMID- 1802454
TI  - [Ultrastructural study on the vitelline cells of Pagumogonimus skrjabini].
AB  - This paper reported on the ultrastructure of the developing vitelline cells of
      Pagumogonimus skrjabini by using transmission electron microscope. The vitelline
      glands were isolated under dissecting microscope from the adult worm of P.
      skrjabini before 2.5% glutaraldehyde fixation. Four developmental stages of the
      vitelline cell were described. In stage 1. the nucleus contained many
      heterochoromatins. The mitochondria, ribosomal complex, rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and glycogen granules were observed in the cytoplasm. In stage 2. the
      typical characteristic of the developing cell was the grouping together of the
      vitelline globules. The junctional complexes were seen between the vitelline
      cells. In stage 3, that represented the initial stage of vitelline droplet
      formation, the vitelline cells were filled with rough endoplasmic reticulum. The
      immature vitelline cells included stage 1-3. In stage 4. the mature cells were
      divided into two phases. In the early phase of stage 4, the cytoplasm contained
      abundant glycogen granules, lipid droplets and a lot of ribosomal complexes and
      rough endoplasmic reticulum, while in the later phase part of the perinuclear
      cisterna showed vacuolization. The cytoplasm contained a large number of glycogen
      granules and the vitelline droplets were distributed on the inner border of the
      cell. In the developing egg, the vitelline granules adhered to the egg-shell.

PMID- 1802455
TI  - [Interval division, forecasting and decline tendency estimation model of malaria
      incidence in Xuzhou City].
AB  - This paper uses Grey Model to divide the malaria incidence of 1956-1986 into
      interval in Xuzhou City. The Grey forecasting GM (1,1) model is used to calculate
      the malaria incidence in 1987 and 1988. The accuracy of forecasting is 94.83% and
      82.44% respectively. Furthermore, the Grey Verhulst model is used to fit the
      malaria incidence for the study of the declining tendency of vivax malaria
      incidence. Based on the fitting models, the decline tendency estimation models of
      vivax malaria are worked out.

PMID- 1802456
TI  - [Detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans by (Dig)-DNA probe].
AB  - In this study, we used Digoxigenin, (Dig)-11-dUTP, in the Genius kit purchased
      from Boehringer Mannheim to label the Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) DNA fragment
      by random primed labelling method. The P. falciparum DNA fragment was isolated
      from the recombinant clone pPF14 by enzyme digestion and agarose electrophoresis.
      This probe is designated pPF14-F-Dig. Purified P.f. DNA and blood samples from
      malaria patients in Hainan Province of China were detected by the probe in dot
      blot hybridization. Thirty-eight patients with falciparum malaria, three with
      falciparum malaria and vivax malaria and four with vivax malaria were detected
      with the pPF14-F-Dig probe. The results showed that the pPF14-F-Dig probe could
      detect at least 40 pg of P.f. DNA and a parasitemia of 0.005 percent. Out of 38
      detected P.f. patients' blood samples, 33 hybridized positively with this probe.
      The positivity rate was 86.8%. Twenty-one normal blood samples all showed
      negative. In addition, 2 of 3 samples with P.f. and P.v. were positive. Three of
      4 samples with P.v. were negative and one was doubtful. The preliminary result of
      this study indicates that the pPF14-F-Dig probe could detect the patients of
      falciparum malaria with good sensitivity and specificity, and that this probe can
      be used to detect the patients with P. falciparum in Hainan Province.

PMID- 1802457
TI  - [Studies on strain differences of Schistosoma japonicum in the mainland of China.
      VI. Analysis with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis].
AB  - Five different field-collected isolates (i.e., Anhui, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan and
      Yunnan) of Schistosoma japonicum from the mainland of China were compared by
      means of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels of individual
      male worm extracts. The enzyme systems used in the study included GDH, G6PD, LDH,
      MDH, PGI, PGM and SOD. Of 9 loci examined in the 7 isozyme systems, 4 were found
      to be polymorphic. These were LDH-1, LDH-2, MDH and PGM, the remainder of GDH,
      G6PD-1, G6PD-2, PGI and SOD being monomorphic. Our results indicated that the
      genetic polymorphism occurring in the natural population of different isolates of
      S. japonicum in the mainland of China. The allele frequencies at polymorphic loci
      coding for enzyme as well as the genetic identity and genetic distance in
      different isolates of S. japonicum will be reported elsewhere.

PMID- 1802458
TI  - [Studies on assessment of intensity of infection of Schistosoma japonicum in
      cattle].
AB  - In order to carry out quantitative epidemiological survey of animal
      schistosomiasis, a sensitive egg-counting method was studied both in the
      laboratory and in the field. Fecal material was filtered by a copper gauze (60
      meshes/inch) into a nylon-tissue bag with 2 layers, 150 and 260 meshes/inch
      respectively. Thin smears were made from the residue in the bag. The mean
      recovery rate of mature schistosome eggs by previously adding 100 eggs to 5g of
      feces from noninfected cattle was 67.5%, ranging from 53 to 81%. To compare the
      egg-concentration thin smear method mentioned above, with egg-concentration thick
      smear method after hyalinization, various numbers of eggs, namely, 25, 50 and
      100, were added to 5g of feces. The mean recovery rates of fecal eggs were 57.6%,
      57.6% and 69.1% respectively, for the thin smear method and 3.2%, 13.8% and 19.5%
      for the thick smear method. The coefficients of variability in the former were
      from 12.9% to 17.4% and in the latter, from 30.7% to 98.8%. The total number of
      schistosome eggs per 5g of feces found in 34 egg-positive cattle in the field
      were 434 and 178 by the thin smear method and the thick smear method,
      respectively. A correlation analysis performed on the numbers of detected eggs in
      a total volume of fecal sediment and from half a volume of fecal sediment
      multiplied by two, showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (P less than 0.01),
      indicating that half a volume of fecal sediment may be used instead of a whole
      volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802459
TI  - [Mechanism of F-wave conduction delay in acute Guillain-Barre syndrome].
AB  - We measured M-wave and F-wave conduction time between the wrist and the elbow in
      16 median nerves of acute phase of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Studies were carried
      out within 14 days after the onset of the weakness. In 20 healthy subjects,
      conduction times of M- and F-waves were almost similar, while F-wave conduction
      time was longer than the corresponding M-wave conduction time in the acute phase
      of the illness. This dissociation between the F-wave and the M-wave conduction
      time was exaggerated when the minimal F-latency was longer. The results suggest
      that an F-wave with the minimal latency does not always conduct through the
      fastest motor fiber which determines the onset of M-wave, but may represent a
      conduction through motor fibers with slower velocity. This disproportionately
      prolonged conduction time of the F-wave was never seen during the recovery phase,
      12 weeks after the onset of the illness. A conduction block of the fastest motor
      fiber in the proximal segment is supposed to be a cause of the conduction delay
      of the F-wave with minimal latency in the acute stage of the Guillain-Barre
      syndrome.

PMID- 1802460
TI  - [Hemodynamics in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia--observation on normal
      volunteers and patients with lacunes using PET].
AB  - We examined ten healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET) in
      order to elucidate regional changes and correlations in the cerebral circulation
      and oxygen metabolism. We also studied eight lacunar stroke patients so as to
      disclose the influences of vascular risk factors and aging on the cerebral blood
      flow and metabolism. We can conclude from our result as follows: 1. Cerebral
      blood volume (CBV) was minimum in the basal ganglia and cerebral blood flow
      (CBF)/CBV ratio was higher than that of cerebral cortex in healthy volunteers; 2.
      CBF of gray matter in healthy volunteers correlated with CBV and cerebral
      metabolic rate of oxygen where oxygen extraction fraction inversely correlated
      with CBF, CBV, and CBF/CBV; and 3. the basal ganglia CBF/CBV ratio in lacunar
      stroke patients was lower than that of healthy volunteers. These findings
      suggested that the perfusion pressure in the basal ganglia was so high in the
      normal condition that the angionecrosis or occlusion in the perforating arteries
      would be induced, especially in the aged and hypertensive patients.

PMID- 1802461
TI  - [Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion-
      similarity to the early stage of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy].
AB  - Using positron emission tomography in twenty-four unilateral supratentorial
      stroke patients, we evaluated regional blood flow, metabolic rate of oxygen,
      oxygen extraction fraction, and blood volume in the cerebellar cortex and pons.
      Sixteen patients with a significant cerebellar blood flow asymmetry, which lay
      beyond the upper ninety-five percent confidence limits defined in eight normal
      subjects, were selected as the group with crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion. In
      these patients, cerebellar metabolic rate of oxygen was also significantly
      decreased in the cerebellar cortex contralateral to the supratentorial stroke,
      compared with the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex, although to a lesser degree than
      the cerebellar blood flow. The degrees of cerebellar asymmetry in these two
      parameters were negatively correlated with the metabolic rate of oxygen in the
      pons. Oxygen extraction fraction was slightly, but significantly, increased in
      the cerebellar cortex contralateral to the stroke. In contrast to the ischemic
      state, cerebellar blood volume was decreased, with no difference in the ratio of
      cerebellar blood flow to blood volume. These findings suggest 1) interruption of
      the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract as the mechanism of crossed cerebellar
      hypoperfusion and 2) mild elevation in the oxygen extraction fraction in this
      state, with a mechanism distinct from primary hypoperfusion. We also studied six
      patients with sporadic olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy who were in the incipient
      stage of the disease with slight cerebellar atrophy on magnetic resonance images.
      The cerebellar cortex in these patients showed the same hemodynamic and metabolic
      changes as in crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion, suggesting the cerebellar
      metabolic depression by transneuronal mechanism in the early stage of olivo-ponto
      cerebellar atrophy.

PMID- 1802462
TI  - [Central visual fields in pure alexia "without hemianopsia"--visual dysfunction
      in the right hemifield, and alexia for "kana" words in the left].
AB  - Following a left occipito-temporal subcortical hematoma, a 57-year-old, right
      handed man developed pure alexia that was more prominent in kana words,
      especially in kana nonwords, than in kanji letters. Although a kinetic perimetry
      with a Goldmann perimeter showed his visual fields to be full, a static perimetry
      with a Humphrey visual field analyzer disclosed decreased visual sensitivity in
      the right visual field in its central 30 degrees. In addition, a tachnistoscopic
      examination with Landolt rings revealed his visual acuity (the ability of two
      points discrimination) to have decreased in the right half of his central visual
      filed in its 3 degrees. In the right central vision, he was unable to recognize
      the letters, pictures or colors presented by the tachistoscope. Concerning the
      reading, the more letters in kana words or the higher the number of strokes in
      kanji letters, the more difficulty he experienced in orally reading both kana and
      kanji. On the contrary, in the left central vision, kanji reading was not so
      affected by an increased number of strokes as the kana-word reading which became
      difficult when the number of the letters increased. CT scan showed subcortical
      hematoma in the left occipitotemporal region. Magnetic resonance imaging 3 months
      after onset revealed a localized injury in the region between the left postero
      inferior temporal lobe and the infero-lateral occipital lobe, including the
      fusiform gyrus. None of the splenium, the lingual gyrus or the optic area were
      affected. The spared structures also included the angular gyrus, the Wernicke
      area and their subcortical white matter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802463
TI  - [Type of syndrome, location, size and etiology of capsular lacunar infarction].
AB  - We investigated the types of clinical syndrome, location, sizes and presumed
      causes of 49 patients with capsular lacunar infarction. Clinical syndromes were
      classified according to Fisher's criteria into pure motor hemiparesis (PM),
      sensorimotor stroke (SM) and ataxic hemiparesis (AH) including dysarthria clumsy
      hand syndrome. Cases who had higher brain dysfunctions or brainstem syndromes
      were excluded. The size of infarcts was expressed as the volume on brain CT. All
      patients underwent 12-lead ECG and 2-dimension echocardiography. Twenty three
      patients (47%) underwent angiography or carotid ultrasonography. Lesion sites on
      CT were divided into three groups, i.e., perforating branch of ACA (PACA),
      perforating branch of MCA (PMCA) and anterior choroidal artery (AC). Lesion sizes
      of AH were significantly smaller than those of SM and tended to be smaller than
      those of PM. In AH patients, no cardioembolic sources nor large arterial lesions
      could be detected, whereas 40% in SM patients and 30% in PM patients had
      cardioembolic sources and 33% in SM patients and 75% of PM patients had large
      arterial lesions. The lesion volume was classified into two groups, larger and
      smaller than 1 ml. The larger volume group had more frequent cardioembolic
      sources than the small volume group (42% and 17% respectively, p less than 0.05),
      but no significant difference in frequency of large artery lesions was found
      among the two groups. Patients with "large striatocapsular infarct" had frequent
      cardiac and arterial lesions (60% and 40% respectively). Patients with AC
      territory infarction had more infrequent but not significant cardiac and arterial
      lesions than patients with PMCA territory infarction. All patients with PACA
      territory infarction presented PM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802464
TI  - [Aluminum deposition in the central nervous system tissues of patients with
      Parkinson's disease].
AB  - Aluminum (Al) concentration in the 26 anatomic central nervous system (CNS)
      regions, liver, kidney, spleen and heart of our patients with Parkinson's
      disease, and five neurologically normal controls was measured by a non
      destructive neutron activation analysis (NAA), in order to clarify the
      implication of Al on pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Al concentration in
      substantia nigra, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus increased in patients with
      Parkinson's disease more than that in controls (p less than 0.05). There was a
      significant difference in Al concentration of gray matter and basal ganglia in
      Parkinson's disease, compared with those of controls (p less than 0.01). It is
      likely that high Al deposition in pathological foci responsible for Parkinson's
      disease might be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 1802465
TI  - [A case of mixed connective tissue disease with subacute transverse myelopathy].
AB  - A rare case of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) with subacute transverse
      myelopathy and various neurological signs was reported. The patient, a 53 year
      old woman, was admitted to our hospital with subacute progressive muscle weakness
      of left lower limb and sensory disturbance of bilateral lower extremities. At the
      age of 40, she suffered from sensory disturbance of her face, which improved in
      about three years. She had a high fever, Raynaud phenomenon, dyshydrosis on right
      side of her face at the age of 43. On the admission, physical examination
      revealed swollen fingers and telangiectasia of her face. Neurologically, she had
      transverse myelopathy at the level of Th6, bilateral trigeminal neuropathy,
      tonic, pupils, polyneuropathy and dyshydrosis. Laboratory examination showed
      positive antinuclear antibody, a high titer of antibody to RNase-sensitive
      components of extractable nuclear antigen, positive antinuclear RNP antibody and
      negative anti-Sm antibody. Her myelopathy improved with corticosteroid therapy,
      and ESR and the level of immunoglobulin were normalized. But, other neurological
      signs showed no improvement.

PMID- 1802466
TI  - [Meningitis associated with tsutsugamushi disease--detection of intrathecal
      interferon-gamma synthesis and lymphocyte subsets in blood and CSF].
AB  - We report a case of meningitis associated with tsutsugamushi disease. The
      lymphocyte subpopulation study of peripheral blood revealed a reversed CD4/CD8
      ratio (0.14), an increased number of activated T cells and an elevated cytotoxic
      T cell activity. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CD4/CD8 ratio was much higher
      (0.84) and activated T cells were less prevalent than in blood. These pictures of
      lymphocyte subsets were characteristic and different from that of viral
      meningitis. We also verified an elevation of interferon-gamma levels in CSF as
      well as in serum and intrathecal interferon-gamma synthesis while the specific
      antibody production in CSF compartment was not demonstrated. T cell-mediated
      immunity many play an important role not only systemically but also locally in
      the central nervous system in tsutsugamushi disease.

PMID- 1802467
TI  - [Symptomatological rubral tremor caused by vertebral-basilar artery embolism].
AB  - Rubral tremor is a distinct clinical entity as described by Gorden Holmes. We
      have reported here a 44 years old woman with rubral tremor appearing about 2
      months after an embolic attack of vertebral-basilar artery. On neurological
      examination there were left homonymous hemianopsia, dysarthria very mild weakness
      of left upper and lower limbs with clumsiness of her left lower limb and the
      tremor of the left upper limb. Muscle tone was increased in her left upper limb
      with dystonic posturing. The tremor of her left upper limb was present at rest
      with regular rhythm of 2.8 Hz. This tremor included the reciprocal movements such
      as radial and ulnar flexion of the left wrist and independent movements of
      different fingers. It was accentuated by postural adjustment and by guided
      voluntary movements and disappeared during sleep. Surface EMG demonstrated that
      the grouping discharge was seen not only alternatingly but also synchronously
      between agonists and antagonists. A brain MRI image revealed multiple lesions
      including right thalamus and left cerebellum. No lesions were detected in brain
      stem. On the basis of MRI, it was questionable whether the lesion involved the
      dentate nucleus in the left cerebellum although the lesion was located at the
      medulla near the dentate nucleus extending from the cortex. So-called rubral
      tremor could be generated in lesions of cerebello-rubro-thalamic system without
      rubral lesion itself.

PMID- 1802468
TI  - [A family with autosomal dominant hereditary myoedema, muscular irritability,
      stiffness and hypertrophy].
AB  - A familial case with autosomal dominantly transmitted myoedema, muscular
      irritability, stiffness and hypertrophy was reported. The patient is 54 years old
      and his father, two sisters and niece had suffered from the similar symptoms. He
      had noticed a feeling of stiffness and pain in the femoral muscles after several
      minutes of erect position from the age of 5-6 years. He had observed that light
      tapping of muscles caused a bulge which persisted for several seconds in the
      whole body. These symptoms were not progressive. The patients had an athletic
      appearance, hypertrophy of gastrocnemius muscles, pes cavus and hammer toes. Mild
      muscular weakness and wasting were noted in the intrinsic hand muscles and the
      anterior tibial muscles. Myoedema was seen in the muscles of the whole body. His
      thyroid functions were normal. EMG studies showed no myotonic discharges. Light
      microscopy of biopsy specimens from the biceps brachii muscle showed unspecific
      myopathic changes. Electron microscopy showed many vacuoles between myofibrils.
      The symptoms and signs of this case are very like to those of the cases which
      Torbergsen described in 1975 and only four families were reported after that. The
      family presented here is the first report in Japan.

PMID- 1802469
TI  - [Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion associated with atlantoaxial dislocation
      due to os odontoideum].
AB  - A 17-year-old boy was hospitalized with transient consciousness disturbance on
      extension of the neck. At seven years of age, the patient developed delayed-onset
      posterior circulation stroke after the door struck him a mild blow on his
      forehead. A computed tomography scan revealed right cerebellar infarction with
      unknown etiology. He had been followed up without stroke recurrence and CT change
      until this hospitalization. Cerebral angiography disclosed bilateral vertebral
      artery occlusion at the C-2 level with the well-developed muscular collateral
      artery bypassing the occluded left vertebral artery. A cervical X-ray showed a
      posterior atlanto-axial subluxation with os odontoideum. Compression of the
      vertebral arteries due to mild trauma aggravating an atlanto-axial subluxation
      may have caused the bilateral vertebral artery thrombosis resulting in occlusion,
      and disturbance of the muscular collateral circulation on extension of the neck
      may have led to the recurrence of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. This is the
      first report of the angiographically confirmed bilateral vertebral artery
      occlusion with an established etiology in childhood.

PMID- 1802470
TI  - [A case of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia, presenting
      unique muscle pathology including rimmed vacuole].
AB  - A 63-year-old man developed muscular atrophy and weakness in his four extremities
      since 1983, and was pointed out to have smoldering ATL by elevated HTLV-1
      antibody titers in the serum (x 2,500) and CSF (x 32) in 1985. Neurological
      examinations revealed proximal muscular weakness and atrophy of four extremities,
      and mild spasticity of both legs. Deep tendon reflexes were hypoactive in both
      arms and hyperactive in both lower extremities with ankle clonus and bilateral
      positive Babinski and Chaddock reflexes. These findings were compatible with HAM.
      His gait, however, was markedly waddling, requiring support. Muscle biopsy at
      left biceps muscle revealed inflammatory change with rimmed vacuoles, small group
      atrophy, and marked type 1 fiber predominance. These findings on muscle biopsy
      are different from those of previously reported cases with HAM, showing some
      similarities to inclusion body myositis or distal myopathy with rimmed vacuole.

PMID- 1802471
TI  - [A case of anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome associated with subdural
      hematoma].
AB  - We report a case of a 47-year-old man with anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
      associated with subdural hematoma. The patient had several episodes of arthritis
      during his thirties. He developed venous thrombosis in his right lower leg at the
      age of 35, when laboratory studies demonstrated prolongation of activated partial
      thromboplastin time (APTT) and a biological false-positive result occurred on a
      syphilis test. When bulbar palsy and Horner's syndrome in the right eye suddenly
      appeared at the age of 42, he was diagnosed as having brain stem infarction. At
      the age of 47, he developed constructional apraxia, dyscalculia, skilled movement
      disturbances and generalized convulsions. Subdural hematoma and multiple lacunes
      in the cerebral white matter were demonstrated with brain MRI. Furthermore, the
      patient was positive for Rumpel-Leede phenomenon. Laboratory studies revealed
      mild thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time and APTT, positive antinuclear
      antibody and positive test results for both lupus anticoagulant and an anti
      cardiolipin antibody, namely anti-phospholipid antibodies. Based on these
      findings, we consider that the tendency of this patient to bleed may have been
      due to antiphospholipid antibodies, attacking the platelet membranes and that the
      bridging veins in the subdural space may be the site at which the bleeding
      tendency easily appears. Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome accompanied by
      hemorrhagic complications had rarely been reported. We suggest that special
      attention should be given to hemorrhagic complications in patients with anti
      phospholipid antibody syndrome associated with fragility of the vessels and/or
      platelet dysfunction.

PMID- 1802472
TI  - [A case of recurrent cranial neuropathy presenting as recurrent Tolosa-Hunt
      syndrome].
AB  - A 64-year-old woman, with history of hypertension and arteriosclerosis, developed
      left painful ophthalmoplegia in July, 1988. Neurological examination proved
      abnormality of the third cranial nerve innervation, otherwise normal. No systemic
      illness was present. With corticosteroid therapy, the symptoms regressed and
      completely disappeared in 3 months. In January, 1990, right painful
      ophthalmoplegia appeared. Neurological examination revealed involvement of right
      sixth nerve and first branch of the right fifth nerve. With corticosteroid
      therapy, the symptoms completely regressed in several weeks. In April, 1990, she
      developed severe pain in the right side of the face. The facial pain disappeared
      rapidly with corticosteroid therapy, but reappeared following quit of steroid.
      She complained of severe pain of the right face, the territory of first and
      second branch of the right fifth nerve, but neurological examination was
      negative. With corticosteroid therapy, the pain disappeared remaining with mild
      tingling sensation on the right face, but during the tapering of corticosteroid
      in August, a severe peripheral type right facial palsy developed. Corticosteroid
      therapy resumed and the facial palsy regressed almost completely in ten days. Our
      case suggests that THS might be a variant of so-called recurrent cranial
      neuropathy.

PMID- 1802473
TI  - [Mixed connective tissue disease--various neuromuscular complications prior to
      the elevation of antibody to RNP].
AB  - A 47-year-old woman with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was reported. She
      developed various neuromuscular complications including carpal tunnel syndrome,
      narrowing of visual field, dysesthesia on face and extremities and weakness
      before elevation of antibody to RNP. On the examination of biopsied specimens of
      muscle and peripheral nerve, myositis and demyelination were suspected,
      respectively. Electroencephalography showed diffuse slowing which was without
      clinical evidence of the central nervous system involvement and was normalized by
      the treatment with prednisolone. Present case seems to provide some insights into
      the neuromuscular complications in MCTD.

PMID- 1802474
TI  - [Amnestic syndrome with bilateral lesions restricted to the field CA-1 of both
      hippocampi--a case report with CT and MRI findings].
AB  - We report a 69-year-old woman with an amnestic syndrome who showed small infarcts
      in bilateral hippocampi by MRI. She had a sudden onset of recent memory
      impairment and was admitted to our hospital. On admission, she showed marked
      impairment in recent memory tests. Other neurological findings including the
      mental status were essentially normal. Four weeks after the onset, the memory
      test using simple figures was normalized, however, that using a simple sentence
      by the auditory route was still abnormal. Cranial CT scans and MRI revealed small
      lesions consistent with infarcts in the CA-1 field of both hippocampi. Her memory
      disturbance lasted longer than that of TGA. To our knowledge, this is the first
      report of the amnestic syndrome with proved discrete lesions in the CA-1 field of
      the hippocampi in human. Our case suggests the importance of the CA-1 field for
      recent memory.

PMID- 1802475
TI  - [Exercise-induced myalgia and high CKemia with a deletion in the dystrophin
      gene].
AB  - A 30-year-old man showed exercise-induced myalgia, calf muscle hypertrophy and
      high serum creatine kinase level, without muscular weakness. The symptoms began
      in childhood and did not progress. Electromyographic findings were consistent
      with myopathy, and the muscle histology showed nonspecific myopathic changes
      without evidence of storage of glycogen or lipid. Immunohistochemical staining
      with antibodies raised against three different dystrophin peptides revealed
      proper subcellular localization of dystrophin at the sarcolemma of all myofibers,
      but the intensity of the stain was decreased. Western blot analysis using the
      same antibodies revealed normal dystrophin in size, but showed the reduced amount
      of the protein. The DNA obtained from the patient's peripheral leukocyte showed a
      deletion of the dystrophin gene including exon 45 by using PCR technique. Though
      the detailed size and portion of the deleted gene are not ascertained, the
      deletion in this case may not severely affect the function of dystrophin, unlike
      cases of Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin analysis is useful for
      the etiologic diagnosis in cases of myalgia and high CKemia.

PMID- 1802476
TI  - Indications that branched chain amino acids, in addition to glucagon, affect the
      glomerular filtration rate after a high protein diet in insulin-dependent
      diabetes.
AB  - Hormonal changes and whole blood free amino acid levels and their relation to
      renal function were measured in 12 insulin-dependent diabetic patients after two
      10-day periods with a diet consisting of 10% and 20% respectively of the energy
      as protein. The patients were 15-21 years old and mean duration of diabetes was
      12 (5-20) years. Glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and albumin
      excretion rate were measured together with plasma concentrations of glucagon,
      growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), somatostatin, serum insulin
      and free amino acids in blood. Glomerular filtration rate was 123 +/- 3
      ml/min/1.73 m2 on high protein diet and 113 +/- 3 ml/min/1.73 m2 on low protein
      diet (p = 0.02). Renal plasma flow was unchanged. Glucagon, IGF-1, branch chained
      amino acids (BCAA), tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, and methionine were
      increased after the high protein diet. Growth hormone, somatostatin, insulin, and
      other amino acids remained unchanged. The increase in glomerular filtration rate
      was significantly correlated to the increase in glucagon, isoleucine, and valine
      (glucagon r = 0.71, p = 0.01, isoleucine r = 0.59, p = 0.04, valine r = 0.62, p =
      0.03). In a multiple regression model the increase in glomerular filtration
      correlated most strongly to the increase in isoleucine, followed by valine and
      glucagon. Together these variables explained 88% of the total variance of the
      change in glomerular filtration rate (r2 = 0.88, p = 0.001). Albumin excretion
      rate was correlated to IGF-1 (r = 0.86, p less than 0.001) on the high protein
      diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802477
TI  - Effects of NIDDM on the glucose transport system in human skeletal muscle.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular changes in the glucose
      transport system in skeletal muscle of lean non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM) compared to lean nondiabetic control patients. NIDDM patients
      had significantly elevated fasting levels (means +/- SE) of serum glucose (10.1
      +/- 1.3 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.4 mM, P less than 0.001) and serum insulin (110.8 +/- 31.1
      vs. 35.9 +/- 3.6 pM, P less than 0.0025). Basal glucose transport (35.1 +/- 5.5
      vs. 30.8 +/- 8.0 pM/mg protein) and cytochalasin-beta binding (3.5 +/- 1.2 vs 3.8
      +/- 1.0 pM/mg protein) in isolated sarcolemmal vesicles were not significantly
      different between NIDDM and control groups. Insulin binding was reduced in NIDDM
      (0.82 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.63 +/- 0.18 pM/mg protein) as was the Kd (0.93 +/- 0.03 vs.
      1.38 + 0.12 nM). Tyrosine kinase activity, as assessed from incorporation of
      [32P]ATP into Glu 4:Tyr 1, was significantly (P less than 0.005) reduced in NIDDM
      at insulin concentrations from 1-100 nM. Maximum kinase activity was depressed
      (1.88 +/- 0.04 vs. 2.97 +/- 0.07 fM 32P/fM insulin binding at 100 nM insulin).
      The number of glucose transporters in the low-density microsomes was not
      significantly different between NIDDM and control groups (7.01 +/- 1.40 vs. 7.65
      +/- 0.90 pM cytochalasin-beta bound/mg protein). These results suggest that
      decreased insulin binding and diminished receptor tyrosine kinase activity play a
      substantial role in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance
      associated with NIDDM.

PMID- 1802478
TI  - Erythrocyte glucose, ATP, lactate concentrations and their modifications induced
      by isologous plasma in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We determined erythrocyte glucose, ATP and lactate contents in diabetic subjects
      using an experimental design in which red blood cells (RBCs) were incubated over
      four hours in their own plasma and in plasma from normal subjects. The results
      indicated that baseline RBC glucose and lactate concentrations were higher in
      diabetic RBCs than in the controls, while ATP content was similar. After
      incubation, in diabetic RBCs glucose decreased significantly but more markedly
      when RBCs were incubated in normal plasma; lactate increased markedly in diabetic
      erythrocytes in their own plasma, but increased to the same extent as controls
      when incubated in normal plasma. ATP levels were similar to baseline values in
      diabetic RBCs in their own plasma, but decreased significantly when incubated in
      normal plasma. Since we found such a different metabolic behaviour in diabetic
      RBCs changing from diabetic to normal plasma, the important role of blood glucose
      in regulating RBC glycolysis is again confirmed.

PMID- 1802480
TI  - Neutrophil adhesion to endothelium following hyperosmolar insult.
AB  - This study examined the effects of hyperglycemic/hyperosmolar conditions on
      neutrophil adhesion to endothelium. A 2.4-fold increase in neutrophil adhesion
      was observed following exposure of endothelial cells to 100 mM glucose for 24
      hours (n = 9, p less than 0.001), and a 57% increase occurred following pre
      incubation in 50 mM glucose for 24 hours (n = 8, p less than 0.01). Phase
      contrast microscopy of endothelial monolayers following exposure to 100 mM
      glucose showed no gross morphological changes, and no differences in membrane
      permeability were detected. Electron microscopy, however, revealed that cells
      exposed to 100 mM glucose generally had more pseudopods, an increased density of
      cytoplasm, and more finely dispersed chromatin throughout the nucleus. Increased
      neutrophil adhesion to endothelium was also observed following exposure of
      endothelial cells to 100 mM mannitol, indicating that hyperosmolarity could
      account for the effect observed with high concentrations of glucose. However, the
      increase following mannitol treatment was 170% of control (n = 6), while glucose
      pre-treatment resulted in a 240% increase (n = 9, p = 0.01 for glucose compared
      to mannitol). The effect of high concentrations of glucose on neutrophil adhesion
      to endothelial cells was to some degree specific for endothelium, as the same
      effect was not observed with microvascular pericytes. As neutrophil adhesion to
      endothelium is an important early step in the acute inflammatory response, these
      findings may help to explain the increased incidence and severity of infections
      in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1802479
TI  - Isocaloric modification of dietary lipids influences intestinal brush border
      membrane composition in diabetic rats.
AB  - Variations in the dietary fatty acid composition and cholesterol content are
      associated with alterations in the intestinal uptake of hexoses and lipids in
      control and diabetic rats. Changes in the composition of the brush membrane (BBM)
      lipids may provide a possible mechanism for the observed alterations in transport
      properties. Accordingly, control and streptozotocin diabetic animals were fed one
      of four isocaloric semisynthetic diets for two weeks: beef tallow with low
      cholesterol, beef tallow with high cholesterol, fish oil with low cholesterol or
      fish oil with high cholesterol. BBM were prepared and assessed for marker enzyme
      activity and lipid composition. Fish oil feeding was associated with a reduction
      in total phospholipid content in control and diabetic jejunal and ileal BBM; this
      fall in total phospholipids was due to a reduction in BBM sphingomyelin.
      Cholesterol supplementation increased control jejunal BBM sucrase activity in
      animals fed beef tallow but reduced sucrase activity in animals fed fish oil. In
      fish oil fed diabetic animals, jejunal and ileal BBM alkaline phosphatase
      activity was increased with cholesterol supplementation. The elevation in BBM
      total phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine) associated with diabetes in beef
      tallow fed animals was not observed in the jejunal BBM of animals fed fish oil or
      in the ileal BBM of animals fed fish oil with high cholesterol. Thus, (a) feeding
      an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet (fish oil) reduced total phospholipid
      content in BBM of control and diabetic animals, primarily due to a reduction in
      sphingomyelin; and (b) feeding an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet or
      dietary cholesterol supplementation alter the activity of BBM enzymes. These
      results suggest that variations in dietary fat composition and the associated
      changes in BBM composition and enzyme activity contribute to altered intestinal
      function in diabetes.

PMID- 1802482
TI  - The influence of diabetes mellitus on outcome from subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to be a risk factor for subarachnoid
      hemorrhage (SAH). However, the influence of this disease on outcome from SAH has
      not been adequately studied. We retrospectively reviewed 150 patients with SAH,
      including 22 with and 128 without DM. Our results indicate that pre-existing DM
      does not significantly influence outcome from SAH when examined in conjunction
      with other chronic diseases and epidemiological factors.

PMID- 1802481
TI  - Frequencies of HLA-DR3, -DR4, -B8 and -Bw62 in diabetic children diagnosed
      between 1960 and 1990.
AB  - An analysis of the HLA-types of 351 children in whom a diagnosis of insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) had been made between 1960 and 1990 revealed
      that although the frequencies of HLA-DR3, -DR4, -DR3/4, -B8 and -Bw62 were
      increased there was, depending on the year of diagnosis, a marked fluctuation in
      the frequencies of these HLA-antigens and in the frequency with which -B8 was
      associated with -DR3 and -Bw62 with -DR4 suggesting heterogeneity/variation in
      agents initiating/triggering IDDM.

PMID- 1802483
TI  - The suppressive effect of anti-asialo GM1 antibody on low-dose streptozotocin
      induced diabetes in CD-1 mice.
AB  - To elucidate the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of
      diabetes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we examined whether treatment with
      anti-asialo GM1 antibody prevents the occurrence of diabetes in CD-1 mouse model.
      Anti-asialo GM1 antibody was injected intraperitoneally 2-3 times a week starting
      three days before the first streptozotocin injection. In controls, rabbit
      immunoglobulin or saline was injected instead of anti-asialo GM1 antibody. Three
      of twelve anti-asialo GM1 antibody-treated mice developed diabetes, however eight
      of eight (100%) rabbit immunoglobulin injected mice and 20 of 23 saline-injected
      mice developed diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in the anti-asialo GM1
      antibody-injected group was significantly higher than in the two control groups
      (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, respectively). The NK-cell activities of
      spleen cells from anti-asialo GM1 antibody-treated mice were significantly lower
      than in control mice. Flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated that anti-asialo GM1
      antibody-positive cells had disappeared from spleens of anti-asialo GM1 antibody
      injected mice but no suppression of T-lymphocytes could be demonstrated. These
      results suggest that NK cells play a role in the pathogenesis of streptozotocin
      induced diabetes in CD-1 mice.

PMID- 1802485
TI  - IgG auto-anti-idiotype antibodies against antibody to insulin in insulin
      dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Detection by capture enzyme linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and relationship with anti-insulin antibody levels.
AB  - Antibody directed against insulin carries idiotypic determinants that may induce
      an auto-anti-idiotype (anti-Id) antibody response. We describe a solid-phase
      enzyme immunoassay which allows specific detection of IgG anti-Id directed
      against anti-insulin antibodies. Among 36 patients with type 1 diabetes, IgG anti
      idiotype was detected in 21 (58%). An inverse significant correlation was found
      between titers of anti-idiotype and anti-insulin antibodies. These findings
      suggest that anti-idiotype antibodies may function to regulate the immune
      response to insulin. Whatever the mechanism of action of the anti-idiotype
      antibodies, we detected by ELISA, the clinical consequences and the theoretical
      implications of this determination may be important.

PMID- 1802484
TI  - Catecholamine concentrations in the hepatic portal system: effect of surgical
      stress upon portal levels.
AB  - The biological effects of a hormone are dependent on the concentration delivered
      to the target tissue. This is generally best reflected in the arterial
      concentration. However, the liver is unique in that it receives substantial
      additional blood flow from the portal venous system. This may be important in the
      case of the catecholamines, where extraction or spillover from the splanchnic
      circulation may occur. In this study we examined portal venous catecholamine
      concentrations in anesthetized, laparotomized rabbits. We compared the values
      with simultaneously sampled arterial levels to evaluate the effects of the
      splanchnic tissues upon a wide range of catecholamine concentrations delivered to
      the liver during a state of stress. Spillover of norepinephrine and extraction of
      epinephrine were observed in all rabbits. Mean (+/- SEM) arterial norepinephrine
      concentrations were elevated, 716 +/- 167 pg/ml (n = 11); mean portal
      concentrations were 178 +/- 37% higher (p less than 0.01), at 1,425 +/- 301
      pg/ml, representing net spillover from splanchnic tissues. In addition,
      significant extraction of epinephrine was observed; arterial concentrations were
      2,144 +/- 580 pg/ml (n = 11). Portal levels were 1,205 +/- 382 pg/ml, 38 +/-
      7.45% lower than corresponding arterial concentrations (p less than 0.02).
      Furthermore, there was a concentration-dependent effect upon norepinephrine
      spillover; the highest arterial norepinephrine concentrations were associated
      with the lowest splanchnic spillover. This resulted in a negative correlation
      between the arterial norepinephrine levels and the percent increase from
      spillover into the portal vein (r = -0.81, p less than 0.003). We conclude that
      portal venous catecholamine concentrations are significantly different from
      arterial levels in anesthetized, laparotomized rabbits over a wide range of
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802486
TI  - GLP-1(7-36) amide stimulates insulin secretion in rat islets: studies on the mode
      of action.
AB  - Previously it has been shown that glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1(7-36)amide
      stimulates insulin secretion from tumoral RIN m5F cells by activation of
      adenylate cyclase. However, its mechanism in normal islets is not established. We
      therefore examined the effects of GLP-1(7-36)amide in isolated, overnight
      cultured, normal rat islets. GLP-1(7-36)amide (greater than or equal to 10(-9) M)
      stimulated insulin secretion by augmenting both the efficacy and potency of
      glucose over a wide dose-range of glucose (3.3-16.7 mM). The first 15 min of GLP
      1(7-36)amide-stimulated insulin secretion was independent on extracellular Ca2+,
      whereas a sustained insulin secretion was seen only in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+. Concurrently with this, GLP-1(7-36)amide sustainely
      stimulated 45Ca(2+)-efflux from prelabelled islets only in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+, whereas after removal of extracellular Ca2+, the peptide
      stimulated only a slight 45Ca(2+)-efflux during the first 15 min. GLP-1(7
      36)amide also stimulated 86Rb(+)-efflux from prelabelled islets, but in contrast
      to 45Ca(2+)-efflux, the 86Rb(+)-efflux was not reduced by removal of
      extracellular Ca2+. GLP-1(7-36)amide had no influence on 3H-efflux from myo-[2
      3H]-inositol prelabelled islets. Moreover, the inhibitor of protein kinase C
      (PKC), staurosporine, did not affect GLP-1(7-36)amide-stimulated insulin
      secretion. The results show that the first phase of GLP-1(7-36)amide-stimulated
      insulin secretion is independent on extracellular Ca2+, whereas the sustained
      phase of GLP-1(7-36)amide-stimulated insulin secretion requires extracellular
      Ca2+. In contrast, phosphoinositide hydrolysis and PKC are not involved in the
      signal transduction pathway stimulated by GLP-1(7-36)amide in normal islets.

PMID- 1802487
TI  - Correlation between oesophageal dysmotility and cardiovascular autonomic
      dysfunction in diabetic patients without gastrointestinal symptoms of autonomic
      neuropathy.
AB  - The vagal function was assessed by oesophageal scintigraphy and cardiovascular
      autonomic function tests in 65 diabetic patients without gastrointestinal
      symptoms of autonomic neuropathy and in 20 control subjects. Oesophageal
      radioisotope transit time was abnormal in 32% of diabetics. Values of
      cardiovascular function tests were normal in 34% of diabetics while definitive
      and early signs of cardiac autonomic neuropathy were found in 34% and 32% of
      diabetics, respectively. The results of oesophageal scintigraphy and
      cardiovascular function tests were concordant only in 54% of diabetics.
      Simultaneous impairment of oesophageal motility and cardiovascular (vagal)
      reflexes could be frequently but not uniformly observed in diabetics. Thus, vagal
      innervation of different organs (oesophagus and heart) might be affected to
      different degrees in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1802488
TI  - Survival and causes of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 1802489
TI  - Epidemiology of NSAID-induced gastropathy.

PMID- 1802490
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-2 in plasma from rheumatoid
      arthritis patients in relation to disease activity.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are potential
      immunological mediators of pathogenetic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. We
      measured the concentrations of TNF alpha and IL-2 in plasma from 2 groups of
      patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One group had high and one had
      low disease activity. In addition, in connection with steroid treatment in the
      high disease activity group, TNF alpha was significantly increased in plasma from
      RA patients with high disease activity compared with those of low disease
      activity (p = 0.0009). Furthermore, TNF alpha decreased significantly in relation
      to steroid medication, parallel to clinical improvement (p = 0.016). All IL-2
      concentration measurements were within the estimated normal range. The increased
      TNF alpha plasma levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with high disease
      activity, might result from activated white mononuclear cells in the inflamed
      joints. This might, in part, support the theory that TNF alpha is a possible
      mediator of pathogenetic changes known to occur in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1802491
TI  - Regional intravenous guanethidine blocks in algodystrophy.
AB  - Five-hundred-thirteen regional intravenous guanethidine blocks were carried out
      in 125 cases of algodystrophy (118 adults), after failure of other treatments in
      120 cases (Group I) and without previous treatments in 5 (Group II). A positive
      result occurred in 85 cases of Group I (71%) and in the 5 cases of Group II,
      after 4.5 +/- 1.7 blocks. In Group I the results did not differ significantly
      between upper (33 cases) and lower (87 cases) limb or in regard to sex, age,
      duration of disease, nature of previous treatments. The presence of psychic
      disorders was accompanied by less frequent (p less than 0.02) positive results.
      The tolerance was satisfactory in 85.6% of cases: 22 moderate side effects
      authorized a continuation of the blocks, 22 serious ones indicated interruption,
      especially one case of thrombophlebitis and another one of very transitory acute
      ischaemia. The risk of intolerance was significantly raised (p less than 0.02) by
      age. The regional guanethidine blocks seemed to be a good treatment for
      algodystrophy after failure of other treatments.

PMID- 1802492
TI  - Rheumatoid nodules do not predict response to treatment with slow-acting anti
      rheumatic drugs.
AB  - Rheumatoid nodules have been associated with a poor long-term prognosis. We
      investigated whether they predict a poor response to treatment with slow-acting
      anti-rheumatic drugs (SAARDs). Two hundred and twenty-eight patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were treated for six months with a SAARD. Clinical and
      laboratory assessments of disease activity were made initially and after 6
      months' treatment. Patients were divided into two groups according to the
      presence or absence of nodules at entry. Twenty-one % had nodules before
      treatment but their response was no different to patients without nodules (79%),
      both groups showing improvements in all variables. Males were more likely to
      develop nodules and had a relative risk of 1.7. High titres of rheumatoid factor
      correlated with nodules and no sero-negative patients had nodules. We conclude
      that nodules are not predictive of poor response to treatment with a SAARD,
      despite their presence being associated with a poor long-term prognosis. One
      possible implication is that SAARDs themselves, despite an early response, may
      not effect long-term outcome.

PMID- 1802493
TI  - Functional T cell subpopulations responsible for hyposecretion of IL-2 in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The ability of T cells to secrete IL-2 in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) was investigated. In patients with SLE, impaired IL-2
      production by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens is well
      known. In this paper, we report that purified T cells stimulated with mitogens,
      in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cells (B-LCL) as an accessory
      cell, however, could secrete a large quantity of IL-2 as much as normal T cells.
      In order to study this potential capacity of T cells to secrete IL-2 in patients
      with SLE, IL-2 secreting T cells were examined. To obtain these cells, T cells
      were divided into cluster forming cells and noncluster forming cells after short
      culture of T cells with accessory cells in the presence of Con A. Then the
      ability of IL-2 production in two kinds of separated T cells was examined. We
      found that 1) after short culture with B-LCL, the cluster forming T cells could
      secrete IL-2 when cultured again, but non-cluster forming T cells could not, even
      in the presence of B-LCL, 2) after short culture with macrophages, in normal
      donors and SLE patients, noncluster forming T cells were able to secrete a
      greater amount of IL-2 than cluster forming and undivided T cells when cultured
      with B-LCL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802494
TI  - Acute anterior uveitis, arthritides and enteric antigens.
AB  - One hundred and fourteen patients with acute anterior uveitis were studied for
      the presence of the HLA-B27 tissue type, the prevalence of spondylitis and
      arthritis and the occurrence of gastro-intestinal and urogenital infections or
      diarrhoeal illness in the history. Eighty-seven (76%) were B27+ and 27 (24%) B27
      . Forty-two (48%) of the B27+ group had ankylosing spondylitis (AS); 13 (30%) of
      them were females. Sacroilitis (SI) with no spinal involvement was present in 21
      patients (24%), 13 (61%) males and 8 (38%) females. Peripheral arthritis occurred
      in 6 patients. Thus, 68 (78%) of the HLA-B27+ positive patients had inflammatory
      spinal and/or joint disease, compared with 1 (4%) of the HLA-B27- group (p less
      than 0.001). The AS diagnosis was unknown previous to our examination in 31% of
      the males and 54% of the females, and SI was undiscovered in 61% of the males and
      62% of the females. The occurrence of acute enteric infections was significantly
      increased in the B27+ AAU group, compared with the B27- patients and the patients
      reported exacerbation of AAU in connection with episodes of diarrhoea. An
      increased occurrence of urogenital infections was shown only in co-comparison
      with the males of the B-27+ AAU group. Thirty-three out of 47 AAU patients
      assayed by enzyme immuno-assay (EIA) for the quantification of IgM, IgA and IgG
      antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae, E coli, and Proteus mirabilis had
      significantly raised antibody titres against one or more of the antibodies
      studied, as compared to 62 healthy controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802495
TI  - Diet and disease symptoms in rheumatic diseases--results of a questionnaire based
      survey.
AB  - Experiences with food intake, diet manipulations and fast were registered in
      rheumatic patients. The study was a questionnaire-based survey in which 742
      patients participated. It comprised 290 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 51
      patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 87 patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis, 51 patients with psoriatic arthropathy, 65 patients with primary
      fibromyalgia and 34 patients with osteoarthritis. One third of the patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthropathy reported
      aggravation of disease symptoms after intake of certain foods while 43% of the
      patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 42% of the patients with primary
      fibromyalgia stated the same. Twenty-six percent of the patients with juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis and 23% of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
      ankylosing spondylitis and primary fibromyalgia had previously tried certain
      diets in the attempt to alleviate disease symptoms, whereas 13% of the patients
      with psoriatic arthropathy and 10% with osteoarthritis had tried diet therapy.
      Less pain and stiffness were reported by 46% of the patients and 36% reported
      reduced joint swelling. Similar beneficial effects of diet were also reported in
      other rheumatic disease groups. Fifteen percent of the patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis had been through a fasting period. Less pain
      and stiffness were reported by 2/3 of the patients in both groups and half of the
      patients in both groups reported a reduced number of swollen joints.

PMID- 1802496
TI  - Rheumatoid metatarsus. The original evolution of the first metatarsal.
AB  - Three hundred and eight unselected rheumatoid feet underwent a weight-bearing X
      ray examination. If the malformations of the forefoot studied here present a
      statistical association, the primus metatarsus adductus is closely connected with
      tarsal arthritis and flattened foot but does not depend on the duration of the
      disease. The spread forefoot is indeed related to the duration of the disease and
      the presence of a metatarsal erosion at the foot level, but is not affected by
      the lesions of the midfoot. It appears then that an early orthopaedic treatment
      should be prescribed, once the first signs of involvement of the first ray or
      pronounced pronation of the hindfoot are noticed; it must affect the hindfoot,
      the midfoot and the first ray which progress together.

PMID- 1802497
TI  - A multivariate analysis of risk factors for anterior atlantoaxial subluxation and
      an evaluation of the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on the upper rheumatoid
      cervical spine.
AB  - A cross-sectional, retrospective computerized analysis of risk factors for
      anterior atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) was performed. Logistic regression
      performed on the clinical variables involved in 145 cases of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) disclosed a high joint score index and a low blood haemoglobin level as
      significant independent risk factors. This means that the development of anterior
      AAS is connected with widespread RA. Linear multiple regression analysis showed
      an association between the extent of anterior AAS in millimetres and the spread
      of erosions of the dens of axis and negative correlation with the severity of
      vertical atlantoaxial dislocation (VD). This suggests that whereas the presence
      of anterior AAS is connected with the severity of the systemic disease, its
      actual extent is associated with signs of local involvement, other than severe
      VD. The duration or cumulative dosage of glucocorticoids were not associated with
      the development or extent of anterior AAS, nor with the severity of vertical
      dislocation. This suggests that low dose glucocorticoid treatment is not involved
      with the development of rheumatoid changes in the upper cervical spine. It should
      be borne in mind, of course, that although no correlation was found, a causal
      relation cannot be excluded.

PMID- 1802498
TI  - Relationship of the functional status, duration of the disease and pain intensity
      and some psychological variables in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A sample of 61 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied to assess the
      interrelationship between depression, helplessness, functional abilities, pain
      intensity and duration of the disease. The following questionnaires were
      employed: Arthritis Helplessness Index (AHI), Epidemiological Studies Depression
      Scale (CES-D), and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ). The pain
      intensity level was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Significant
      interrelationship of MHAQ with VAS and AHI was found as well as between AHI and
      CES-D and VAS and CES-D. A slight interrelationship between AHI and CES-D was
      also found. The results obtained from two groups of patients--one including
      patients with the disease lasting from 1 to 5, and the other extending over a
      period of 15 to 24 years--were compared. The second group manifested
      significantly greater difficulties in performing their everyday activities
      (MHAQ).

PMID- 1802499
TI  - Total and regional bone mineral content in normal premenopausal women.
AB  - In the present, cross-section study, a total of 185 normal premenopausal females-
      aged 15 through 19 years (n = 40), 20 to 29 years (n = 60), 30 through 39 years
      (n = 40) and 40 to 49 years (n = 45)--were assessed in order to observe and
      evaluate the total body bone mineral content and the regional body mineral
      content of different anatomical regions (head, trunk, arms and legs), when the
      bone mass peak is established in women and its course during premenopause. All
      subjects underwent bone densitometry with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry with a
      Norland XR-26 bone densitometer. No differences between groups were found in
      total body bone mineral and regional bone mineral content values. Total body bone
      mineral values (mean +/- SD) were 2546 +/- 461 g and 2691 +/- 499 g in the 15-19
      year-old group and 40-49 year-old group respectively. The regional bone mineral
      content values for the same age group were 495 +/- 75 g and 499 +/- 89 g for the
      head, 1007 +/- 254 g and 1043 +/- 212 g for the trunk, 327 +/- 74 g and 336 +/-
      81 for the arms, and 860 +/- 167 g and 811 +/- 146 g for the legs. The results of
      this study indicate that the peak bone mass is reached at the age of 20 years and
      that it remains stable in the premenopausal eugonadal females.

PMID- 1802500
TI  - Assessment of inflammatory joint activity in rheumatoid arthritis and changes in
      atmospheric conditions.
AB  - Seventy-nine patients suffering from rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) were included in this study. In each patient disease activity was
      assessed three times at two-week intervals during a four-week period. All factors
      that might possibly influence RA, except atmospheric conditions (AC) were held
      constant as far as possible. Current AC parameters were obtained from the local
      observatory of the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute. There were no relevant
      correlations between AC and RA variables. Also relations between changes in AC
      variables preceding the disease activity assessment or between changes in AC
      variables and RA variables were not seen. By means of factor analysis,
      uncorrelated factors pertaining to RA or to weather were extracted. No clear
      association between any of the AC variables and any of the RA variables was
      noted. Our results do not support the widely accepted, but insufficiently
      documented, influence of weather on RA.

PMID- 1802501
TI  - HLA antigens in Burger's disease.
AB  - The HLA A and B types of 20 Greek patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO)
      were studied and compared with a panel of 400 controls. A nonstatistically
      significant increase in the frequencies of HLA B5, B7 and A9 antigens was found.
      These antigens were found to be associated with a relative risk of 3.47, 3.24 and
      2.07 respectively. These findings are partially in agreement with those of a
      joint English-Swiss study which also found a negative association with B12
      antigens; in the Greek population, also of European origin, a negative
      association was observed with the B8 antigen.

PMID- 1802502
TI  - Eosinophilic fasciitis presenting with a reactive hepatitis.
AB  - We report a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis, reactive hepatitis and
      splenomegaly. Administration of prednisone resulted in normalization of liver
      enzymes and spleen-size and an improvement of his clinical condition. These
      uncommon manifestations are only part of the broadening clinical spectrum, which
      is discussed briefly.

PMID- 1802504
TI  - No detection of macrophage erythropoietin production in bone marrow from
      rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without anaemia and controls.

PMID- 1802503
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking a flare of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Fever in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be caused by exacerbation of the
      disease itself or by infection. We report on a patient with a long standing
      history of SLE that was complicated by fever and pancytopenia with no
      splenomegaly. SLE disease activity was suspected because of an elevated DNA
      antibody titer. The early positive response to corticoid therapy may have masked
      the underlying infection. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by a repeated bone
      marrow biopsy and serological testing.

PMID- 1802505
TI  - [Use of cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: presuppositions and review of
      clinical studies].

PMID- 1802506
TI  - [An open study on the efficacy and safety of misoprostol in prevention or
      treatment of gastroduodenal lesions induced by NSAID: preliminary data].

PMID- 1802507
TI  - [Role of infectious agents in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802508
TI  - [Ischemia, iron and reperfusion injury in rheumatoid synovitis].

PMID- 1802509
TI  - [Cytokines].

PMID- 1802510
TI  - [Extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802511
TI  - [Pathogenesis of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802512
TI  - [Osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802514
TI  - [Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802513
TI  - [Therapeutic strategy in rheumatoid arthritis: its course in time, should the
      pyramid be abandoned].

PMID- 1802516
TI  - [Validity and limitations of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 1802515
TI  - [New trends in immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802517
TI  - [Present-day radiology of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802518
TI  - [Criteria of activity of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1802519
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of cysticercosis.
AB  - Human cysticercosis is caused by cystic tissue larvae of Taenia solium acquired
      by ingesting the eggs of the T. solium tapeworm. The diagnosis of human
      cysticercosis can be made by radiologic imaging, tissue biopsy, or serology.
      Radiologic imaging, including MRI and CT, currently is the most effective means
      for diagnosis.

PMID- 1802520
TI  - Immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Screen with FAST-ELISA and confirm with
      immunoblot.
AB  - The most efficacious and practical means of diagnosing human schistosomiasis is
      based on the detection of infection-specific antibodies. Because of their high
      sensitivity, antibody assays remain the most practical assays for epidemiologic
      studies and patient management. Initial screening may be performed in the field
      or laboratory with the FAST-ELISA, using adult microsomal antigens. Species
      specific confirmation is obtained by immunoblots with the same antigens.

PMID- 1802521
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of worms and miscellaneous specimens.
AB  - This article outlines the procedures to be followed when a macroscopic object
      thought to be a worm or other type of parasite is submitted to the clinical
      laboratory. These are often collected and submitted by the patient, but also may
      be submitted by the attending physician, the surgeon, or the pathologist.
      Examples of the various parasites and parasite-like objects that have been
      submitted to clinical laboratories are listed. Methods for preserving and
      examining such objects, using materials and reagents available in the clinical
      laboratory, are presented.

PMID- 1802522
TI  - Elements of payment for hospital-based pathologist services.
AB  - This article describes the basic elements of payment for anatomic and clinical
      pathology services in hospitals in the United States today. Physician payments
      are not targeted for major cost containment efforts by Medicare and other payers,
      but the financial future of individual practitioners need not be bleak, as long
      as certain basic business principles of practice management are followed
      including becoming intimately familiar with the political and regulatory
      environment; staying current with respect to the business standards and
      conventions of the profession; using extreme care when developing initial or
      renewal compensation contracts with hospitals; and employing generally accepted
      pricing, insurance and diagnosis coding, and billing standards within one's
      practice.

PMID- 1802523
TI  - Diagnosis of important parasitic diseases. Laboratory management: payment for
      hospital-based pathologist services.

PMID- 1802524
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis.
AB  - The epidemiology, clinical presentations, and recent developments in
      understanding Giardia are reviewed. Diagnosis is discussed in light of recent
      studies that challenge the clinician's approach to the diagnosis of enteric
      parasites, including giardiasis, and that demonstrate the need for further
      evaluation on the basis of cost-effectiveness, as well as reliability and
      clinical practicality. The overall effectiveness and difficulties associated with
      present standard diagnostic methods and the more recently developed immunologic
      approaches to diagnosis in giardiasis are reviewed.

PMID- 1802525
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of pathogenic free-living amoebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba,
      and Leptomyxid.
AB  - Pathogenic free-living amebae of the genera Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and
      Leptomyxid are still unfamiliar to pathologists, clinicians, and public health
      workers. These amebae are distributed worldwide in fresh water, dust, soil,
      sewage, and air conditioning units. The diagnosis, identification, and culture of
      the amebae, and risk factors, clinical manifestations, and histopathologic
      features of the diseases produced by these amebae are reviewed in this article.

PMID- 1802526
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - Data suggest that C. parvum is now one of the three most commonly found
      enteropathogens causing diarrheal illness in humans worldwide. This article
      discusses the etiologic agents, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and
      treatment of cryptosporidiosis. To date, no effective therapy for
      cryptosporidiosis has been identified.

PMID- 1802527
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of trypanosomiasis.
AB  - Although African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, in humans was largely
      under control approximately 30 years ago, today most of the historical foci show
      an alarming increase in the number of cases, particularly those in East and
      Central Africa. This article describes the epidemiology, clinical features, and
      diagnostic techniques for both African and American trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 1802528
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of Leishmania.
AB  - Leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of individuals
      living in or with a history of having traveled to known endemic areas and who
      present with signs and symptoms of visceral infection or with cutaneous or
      mucosal lesions. Because leishmaniae are capable of producing a wide spectrum of
      disease in humans, the clinical manifestations overlap with many other diseases.
      Definitive diagnosis of Leishmania infection in the laboratory requires
      demonstration of the parasite in smears, in biopsies, or by isolation of the
      organism in culture media or in experimental animals. Many other methods for
      demonstration of parasites (histochemical and immunohistochemical) or for
      detecting the presence of antibodies against leishmaniae (serologic) have been
      described. Many advances have been made in these areas, but the methodology and
      the technology involved in immunohistochemistry and serology remain outside the
      reach of the standard clinical diagnostic laboratory, which both in developed and
      less developed countries still relies on demonstration of the parasites in smears
      stained with Giemsa stain and on biopsy specimens processed and stained with
      hematoxylin and eosin stain. The newer serologic techniques, such as ELISA with
      several variations, IFAT, and others, are largely research tools with the
      greatest use in seroepidemiologic surveys.

PMID- 1802529
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Toxoplasmosis is usually diagnosed in the clinical laboratory by detecting
      antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, and only rarely by isolating the parasites. A
      number of serologic tests are used; each has its own advantages and
      disadvantages. The methods of diagnosis and their interpretations differ for each
      clinical category of infection.

PMID- 1802530
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of malaria.
AB  - Diagnostic procedures for the detection of malaria differ considerably depending
      on the aims of evaluation. The current requirements of any laboratory procedure
      for general application to the detection and diagnosis of malaria include:
      sensitivity, specificity, simplicity in application, unambiguous interpretation,
      and rapid turn-around time. Presently the differential stained thick and thin
      blood smear, examined under the microscope, remains the most reliable and
      definitive test for diagnosis of malaria.

PMID- 1802531
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystosis.
AB  - Laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystosis requires that appropriate specimens be
      properly obtained, that these specimens be appropriately processed in the
      laboratory, examined by competent personnel, and reported in a timely fashion.
      The laboratory section that performs the evaluation and the methods and stains
      used vary depending on the interests and capabilities of persons at each
      institution.

PMID- 1802532
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of filariasis.
AB  - In this article, the authors describe how to detect blood-borne and skin-dwelling
      filarial infections parasitologically. Considerable space is devoted to
      identifying and separating microfilarial from nonparasite objects, and the
      evaluation of morphologic features, including size, shape, and internal anatomy
      is stressed.

PMID- 1802533
TI  - Oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antituberculosis agent. In vitro and in
      vivo activities of DuP-721 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - DL-S-n-(3-(4-acetyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidynyl methyl) acetamide (DuP-721) is an
      orally active representative of the oxazolidinone series of antimicrobials. At
      concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 4 micrograms/ml, DuP-721 inhibited equally the
      strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptible and resistant to conventional
      antituberculosis drugs. DuP-721 inhibited M. gordonae and M. fortuitum at 3.9
      micrograms/ml, M. kansasii at 1.95, and M. scrofulaceum at 15.6 micrograms/ml. It
      was not active against M. avium and M. intracellulare at concentrations of 250
      micrograms/ml. The inhibition of the metabolism of M. tuberculosis as indicated
      by the liquid scintillation radiometric method was 56% at fourfold the minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DuP-721 that compared well to that of the
      fourfold MIC concentrations of rifampicin and isoniazid. The in vitro activity of
      DuP-721 was not affected by reducing the pH from 6.8 to 5.5. In mice infected
      with M. tuberculosis, the 50% effective dose (ED50) for DuP-721 was 13.2 mg/kg
      when administered daily beginning 4 hr postinfection for 17 days. The ED50 was
      71.8 mg/kg when DuP-721 was administered only on days 11 and 12 postinfection. A
      100% survival rate was obtained at 50 and 160 mg/kg when DuP-721 was administered
      daily for 17 days, and only on days 11 and 12 after the infection, respectively.
      The increase in the survival time by DuP-721 at 100 mg/kg (eightfold the ED50
      dose) when administered daily for 17 days beginning 4 hr after infection was
      inferior to that by eightfold the ED50 dose of rifampicin and isoniazid
      administered on days 11 and 12 postinfection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802534
TI  - In vitro activity of RU29246. The metabolite of a new HR916 cephalosporin ester.
AB  - Compound RU29246 (RU) is the active metabolite of an orally absorpted
      cephalosporin ester HR916. The RU spectrum of activity includes the majority of
      Enterobacteriaceae species, Haemophilus influenzae, pathogenic Neisseria spp.,
      Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter antiratus, staphylococci, and Streptococcus
      spp. Pseudomonas species and enterococci were routinely resistant to RU. The RU
      spectrum was most similar to cefixime against the Gram-negative bacilli and to
      cefuroxime against the Gram-positive organisms. RU was bactericidal and its mean
      inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were not greatly increased by high inoculum
      concentrations. Many strains producing various beta-lactamases generally remained
      susceptible to RU by MIC tests. However, isolates with extended broad spectrum
      beta-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing cefotaxime and ceftazidime were also
      resistant to RU. Broth and agar RU MICs were comparable. Its activity was
      increased against enterococci in the presence of blood products.

PMID- 1802535
TI  - Quality control limits for disk diffusion and broth microdilution susceptibility
      tests with Haemophilus test medium.
AB  - A six-center collaborative study was performed with the aim of developing quality
      control test limits for both disk diffusion and broth microdilution
      susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 using Haemophilus
      test medium. Quality control ranges are presented for 18 antimicrobials:
      ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime,
      cefamandole, cefonicid, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime,
      cefixime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin,
      imipenem, aztreonam, and ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 1802536
TI  - Time-kill kinetic studies of ampicillin/sulbactam for beta-lactamase-producing
      enterococci.
AB  - beta-Lactamase-producing (Bla+) enterococci have now been reported from several
      geographic areas. Most of these strains also demonstrate high-level
      aminoglycoside resistance, making therapy of serious infections due to Bla+
      enterococci difficult. Using time-kill kinetic studies, we evaluated the activity
      of ampicillin-sulbactam (Am/SB) against five clinical Bla+ Enterococcus faecalis
      isolates from three geographically distinct areas. Am at fourfold minimum
      inhibitory concentrations (MIC) concentrations did not achieve bactericidal
      activity as determined by time-kill kinetic studies. Am/SB achieved 99.9%
      reduction in growth at 24 hr at twofold MIC concentrations without an
      aminoglycoside in four of five strains. SB alone had little independent activity
      against any of the strains, but synergy of killing was achieved in all five
      strains with a combination of Am + SB. No synergy was shown in a Bla- control
      strain. Am/SB may be useful for serious infections due to Bla+ enterococci.

PMID- 1802537
TI  - Comparison of the E test (PDM epsilometer) and broth microdilution susceptibility
      tests for members of the Bacteroides fragilis group.
AB  - The E test, a quantitative disk diffusion susceptibility test, was compared with
      the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) standardized
      broth microdilution (BMD) test. A total of 101 isolates in the Bacteroides
      fragilis group were tested against five antibiotics: cefoxitin, cefotaxime,
      clindamycin, imipenem, and piperacillin. An agreement of 85%-87% was observed
      between the E and BMD tests for cefotaxime and clindamycin, 74%-75% for
      piperacillin and imipenem, and 65% for cefoxitin. Four major (false-resistant)
      interpretive discrepancies (two each with cefotaxime and piperacillin) and no
      very major (false-susceptible) discrepancies were observed at 24 hr of
      incubation. The number of major discrepancies increased to nine when the E test
      strips were incubated for 48 hr. Although the number of major and very major
      discrepancies were low for the individual antibiotics, the E test is currently
      unacceptable with the high proportion of minor discepancies.

PMID- 1802538
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni infected bursitis.
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of enteritis, and has been isolated from
      patients with bacteremia, meningitis, and cholecystitis. We describe here an
      unusual case of a chronically inflamed bursitis infected with C. jejuni.

PMID- 1802539
TI  - A fatal case associated with shigellosis and Vibrio fluvialis bacteremia.

PMID- 1802540
TI  - Isolation of agent associated with cat scratch disease bacillus from pretibial
      biopsy.
AB  - We describe the isolation and cultural characteristics of a Gram-negative
      bacillus that is very similar to the presumed etiologic agent of cat scratch
      disease. The organism was isolated from a tibial lesion of a male patient who had
      been hospitalized for severe necrotizing pancreatitis. The significance of the
      isolate in this patient remains uncertain.

PMID- 1802542
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of three investigational oral cephalosporins (BK-218,
      cefdinir, and RU29246) against Legionella.
AB  - Three new, orally administered cephalosporins (BK-218, cefdinir, RU29246) were
      tested against 13 representative strains of Legionella. Cefdinir was most active
      [50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50), 1 micrograms/ml], a potency
      comparable to the reference drug cefixime and eightfold less active than
      erythromycin. BK-218 was the least active cephalosporin (MIC50, 8 micrograms/ml)
      or 100-fold less potent than rifampin. These investigational cephems appear
      poorly suited by activity assays for Legionellosis therapy.

PMID- 1802541
TI  - An immunoblotting study of serologic response in patients with acute brucellosis.
AB  - Immunoblotting was used to study the evolution of serologic response in 35
      patients with acute uncomplicated brucellosis. Although no definite pattern was
      seen in serologic response, patients whose disease had existed for longer periods
      before being diagnosed had antibodies against the different bands more frequently
      than did patients with a shorter first-symptom-diagnosis interval.

PMID- 1802543
TI  - Specimen cross-contamination by a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking
      nitrate reductase activity.
AB  - An unusual strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking nitrate reductase
      activity was isolated from specimens from five patients over a 2-week period. Two
      patients, a father (patient 1) and his son (patient 5), had pulmonary
      tuberculosis. Specimens from three other patients (patients 2, 3, and 4)
      processed on the same 2 days as those from patient 1 yielded only sparse growth
      (approximately five colonies each) of M. tuberculosis. These and other data
      strongly suggest that specimens from the latter three patients were contaminated
      during processing with the strain of M. tuberculosis from patient 1.

PMID- 1802544
TI  - Changes in plasma complement C4 and factor B allotypes after liver
      transplantation.
AB  - Plasma complement allotypes for C4 and factor B were determined in 21 patients
      before and after liver transplantation together with donor typing. In 17
      transplantations allelic differences between the patient and the donor could be
      shown. In all cases the patient's C4 and factor-B types converted to that of the
      donor, showing that the liver is the major source of plasma complement C4 and
      factor B.

PMID- 1802545
TI  - Activation of rabbit C3: studies of the generation of cleavage products in vitro
      and of their metabolism in vivo.
AB  - The cleavage of purified, functionally active rabbit C3 by cobra venom factor and
      trypsin was analysed by reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulphate
      electrophoresis and autoradiography. The specific aim of the study was to compare
      these reactions to those that occur with human C3. Analysis showed that the
      pattern of breakdown was very similar to that for the human protein: while the
      beta-chain remained intact, there was step-wise degradation of the alpha-chain to
      form C3a, C3b, iC3b and C3c, all of which could be identified by gel analysis.
      The metabolic behaviour of three of these cleavage products, C3a, C3b and iC3b,
      was then examined in vivo using dual isotope techniques. Rabbits were studied
      simultaneously with 131I-C3 and 125I-labelled C3 breakdown products. Analysis of
      plasma and urine radioactivity for the subsequent 72 h showed that all three
      breakdown proteins had rapid rates of catabolism in vivo compared to the native
      molecule. Specifically, 93 and 98% of C3b and iC3b, respectively, were eliminated
      from the plasma compartment within 10 h of injection. C3a was completely
      eliminated within 10 h. By comparison, native C3 showed a half-life of 29 +/- 3 h
      (mean +/- SD) and a fractional catabolic rate of 4.30 +/- 0.75%/h. The data
      support the use of this species in studies of complement behaviour in models of
      human immune disease and further clarify the basis for changes in plasma C3
      concentration that accompany active immune complex- and antibody-mediated
      activity, in vivo.

PMID- 1802547
TI  - Association of major histocompatibility complex class III complement components
      C2, BF, and C4 with Brazilian paracoccidioidomycosis.
AB  - A genetic influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the
      susceptibility and the development of the different clinical forms of
      paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) has been postulated. In the present investigation
      allotypes of MHC-coded class III gene products (complement components C2, BF,
      C4A, and B) were determined in 69 Brazilian PCM patients and 225 healthy control
      individuals matched for ethnic and geographic origin. The frequency of the non
      expressed C4B allele (C4B*Q0) was significantly elevated in comparison to the
      controls (p less than 0.01; Fisher's exact test). Three out of 69 patients had a
      complete C4B deficiency as against 2 among 223 control individuals. The C4A*Q0
      allele was also more frequent in the patients. Other C4 alleles were not seen to
      differ between the two groups. The analysis of BF allotypes showed a non
      significant predominance of the rarer allele BF*S07 in the patients, whereas no
      difference in the distribution of C2 alleles was seen. The data on MHC class III
      association may support the hypothesis of immune response modulation in PCM and
      suggest a functional genetic role of complement action against the fungus and in
      the outcome of PCM infection. We conclude that MHC class III products, especially
      C4B*Q0, are associated with chronic uni- or multifocal PCM and may influence the
      course of the infection.

PMID- 1802546
TI  - Quantitative and antigenic differences in complement component C4 between
      American blacks and whites.
AB  - A population of 98 healthy Black Americans was studied in order to determine
      normal ranges for total C4, C4A and C4B. Mean total C4 in Blacks measured by an
      enzymelinked immunoassay (EIA) was 44 +/- 12.8 mg/dl which was significantly
      different (p less than 0.001) from Caucasian levels of 31.7 +/- 11.5 mg/dl. The
      difference in total C4 was due to increased levels of C4B in Blacks (means = 24.4
      mg/dl) as compared to Whites (means = 15.7 mg/dl; p less than 0.001). These
      results remained significantly different even when 8 samples having the C4A 91
      phenotype were excluded. Since EIAs using monoclonal antibodies with Ch 1
      specificity may yield false results, C4 allotyping is recommended when
      quantitating C4A and C4B levels in Blacks.

PMID- 1802548
TI  - Interference by anti-C5a monoclonal antibodies with the binding of C5a to
      cellular receptors and the induction of enzyme release from granulocytes.
AB  - A sandwich ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies (MAb) for the quantification of
      rabbit C5a is only modestly influenced by the presence of MAb 4A3A9, which reacts
      with an epitope on C5a different from those of MAbs used in the sandwich ELISA.
      Incubation of rabbit or human granulocytes with C5a in the presence of MAb 4A3A9
      results in a less pronounced decrease of the C5a concentration as compared to the
      concentration measured in the absence of MAb. We interpret the results to
      indicate an interference of MAb 4A3A9 with the binding of C5a to and/or the
      dissociation of C5a from its cellular receptor. MAb 4A3A9 is the least effective
      (25.4% inhibition) among anti-C5a MAbs in inhibiting C5a-induced beta
      glucuronidase release from neutrophils. Together, these findings may indicate
      that a C5a-MAb complex is still able to induce a C5a effect even if MAb does
      interfere with the binding of ligand to the receptor.

PMID- 1802549
TI  - Concentration of C1 inhibitor in sera of healthy blood donors as studied by
      immunoenzymatic assay.
AB  - One hundred and forty sera from healthy blood donors (age 19-30 years) were
      studied for the concentration of C1 inhibitor. The determinations were performed
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the use of specific anti-C1 inhibitor
      antibodies fixed to the wells of a microplate and peroxidase labeled as the
      second layer. The geometric mean of the C1 inhibitor value was 0.25 g/l with a
      standard deviation of 0.09 and a standard error of 0.0077 g/l while the median
      and mode values were equal to 0.27 g/l. The technique is relatively simple and
      can be used for the screening of hereditary or acquired angioedema. The technique
      can be applied also for the study of population differences in the C1 inhibitor
      concentration and for the study of its synthesis in in vitro systems.

PMID- 1802550
TI  - Complement function and the synthesis of lung surfactant may be a regulation
      which preterm infants have in common.
AB  - The levels of CH50, the complement components, C1q, C4, and C3, C3 degradation
      fragments, and factor B were determined in the cord blood of 128 newborn infants.
      The levels of C3, C4, and C3d3 (an index of chronic in vivo complement
      activation) were clearly lower in the 28 infants with respiratory distress
      syndrome (RDS) than in the infants with other lung diseases or with normal lungs.
      CH50 and factor B levels were also low in RDS. Levels of C1q and other serum
      components in RDS infants were similar to the average levels in other infants
      without RDS at a corresponding gestational age. Lung surfactant is synthesized in
      alveolar type 2 cells, in which the complement components C4, C3, and factor B,
      but not C1q, have been reported to be synthesized. It seems possible that common
      factors regulate the synthesis of some complement components and surfactant.

PMID- 1802551
TI  - Inherited complement deficiency states and disease.
AB  - Studies of inherited complement deficiency states in disease have provided a set
      of apparent biological facts relating to the protective importance of an intact
      complement system. While some of the findings seem to confirm what may have been
      expected on the basis of in vitro studies, other observations constitute a
      challenge to further investigation. In this presentation, basic findings with
      regard to deficiency of circulating complement proteins are briefly summarized,
      and some difficulties and issues of possible interest pointed out.

PMID- 1802552
TI  - Immunoglobulin A: interaction with complement, phagocytic cells and endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Deposits of IgA together with complement (C) in different organs support the
      hypothesis that IgA can trigger inflammatory mechanisms. Some inflammatory
      mechanisms may be caused by activation of C and phagocytic cells. Therefore, it
      is essential to understand the interaction of IgA with C and phagocytic cells.
      Studies will be described demonstrating that polymeric human serum IgA is able to
      activate the alternative pathway of C and that the activating principle is
      located in the intact F(ab')2 portion of the molecule. Activation of C is
      dependent on the molecular composition of IgA, as derived from results obtained
      with rat monoclonal IgA antibodies. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that
      polymeric IgA (pIgA) and dimeric IgA (dIgA) are potent activators of C in a
      homologous rat model, whereas monomeric IgA (mIgA) has a very poor C-activating
      potential. The interaction of IgA with phagocytic cells induces phagocytosis and
      release of H2O2 by granulocytes, which may contribute to tissue damage. Little is
      known about the clearance mechanism of IgA. It is shown in this report that
      Kupffer cells and C play an important role in the clearance of IgA immune
      complexes (IC). Clearance of large-sized IgA IC occurs via different receptors
      present on Kupffer cells. Finally, a new aspect will be described: the
      interaction of IgA with endothelial cells. Rat liver endothelial cells are able
      to eliminate IgA IC from the circulation via specific receptors when no Kupffer
      cells are present. These observations may contribute to our knowledge on diseases
      such as IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. The studies summarized and
      presented here illustrate the inflammatory potential of IgA.

PMID- 1802553
TI  - Adverse effects of clinical intervention on the complement system.
AB  - Adverse effects, due to activation of the complement (C) system and consequent
      generation of biologically active peptides, may occur during any form of
      extracorporeal processing of blood or plasma. Studies of the biocompatibility of
      dialyzer membranes have provided new insight into the mechanisms of C activation
      in extracorporeal circuits. The use of hemodialyzers, bypass oxygenators and on
      line processing of plasma, by filtration or adsorption on columns, may all lead
      to activation of the alternative pathway of C and injurious reactions. The
      mechanisms by which drugs or drug metabolites interact with the C system, thereby
      inducing pseudoallergic reactions, have been only partly clarified. However,
      several drugs appear to interfere with the function of regulator proteins in the
      C system. Long-term administration of drugs that inhibit the covalent binding
      reaction of C3/C4 may contribute to development of drug-induced systemic lupus
      erythematosus in predisposed patients. Administration of high doses of
      immunoglobulins can cause anaphylactoid reactions which may involve C activation.
      Adverse reactions, seen after treatment with certain recombinant proteins, may
      also be associated with C activation.

PMID- 1802554
TI  - Effect of conditioned media of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells on complement
      synthesis by cultured human cells of monocyte and hepatocyte origin.
AB  - The effect of conditioned media of 3-day cultures of blast cells from peripheral
      blood of 5 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (CM-AML) was studied on the
      synthesis of C2, factor B (Bf) and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) by human
      monocyte-macrophage cultures and HepG2 hepatoma cell line. The level of C2 in the
      culture supernatants was measured by immune hemolysis, those of Bf and C1-INH by
      ELISA. CM-AML was added to the monocyte cultures on day 3 and replaced by culture
      fluid on day 6. Compared to the control cultures, CM-AML significantly increased
      C2 and Bf levels and slightly decreased C1-INH levels in the culture fluids on
      day 6. On day 9, Bf synthesis enhancement still could be observed but C2 and C1
      INH levels did not significantly differ from those of the control. CM-AML
      significantly increased the synthesis of factor B by the HepG2 cells too. A
      strong correlation was found between the results of the Bf protein and RNA
      determinations, which means that the supernatants of AML blasts affect the gene
      expression of factor B at a pretranslational level. The selective complement
      synthesis modifying effect of CM-AML was not due to interferons (IFN) because
      neither IFN-alpha nor IFN-gamma could be detected in these conditioned media. The
      present findings indicate that the hypercomplementemia observed in AML patients
      can be due to unknown factor(s) produced by leukemic blast cells.

PMID- 1802555
TI  - Continuous versus intermittent treatment: clinical results in acute renal
      failure.

PMID- 1802556
TI  - Influence of continuous hemofiltration on hemodynamics and pulmonary function in
      porcine endotoxic shock.

PMID- 1802558
TI  - Clearance studies in patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous
      arteriovenous haemodialysis.

PMID- 1802557
TI  - Drug removal during continuous hemofiltration or hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802559
TI  - Tobramycin clearance during simulated continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802560
TI  - Pefloxacin and metabolites removal in continuous hemofiltration with dialysis.

PMID- 1802561
TI  - Drug dosage during continuous hemofiltration: pharmacokinetics and practical
      implications.

PMID- 1802562
TI  - Long-term experience with continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive-care
      unit acute renal failure.

PMID- 1802563
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of imipenem/cilastatin during continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802564
TI  - Elimination of vancomycin in patients on continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802565
TI  - Comparative vancomycin kinetics in intensive care unit patients with acute renal
      failure: intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous hemofiltration hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802566
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration: predicting the clearance of drugs.

PMID- 1802567
TI  - The role of convection during simulated continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802568
TI  - Go-slow dialysis instead of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802570
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration improvement by adding diffusion and
      adsorption.

PMID- 1802569
TI  - Lactate or bicarbonate for intermittent hemofiltration?

PMID- 1802571
TI  - Filtration rate and sieving coefficients of six different filters for continuous
      hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802572
TI  - An automatic system for fluid balance in continuous hemofiltration with very high
      precision.

PMID- 1802574
TI  - Effects of access catheter dimensions on bloodflow in continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802573
TI  - Outcome of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in acute renal failure. A
      double-center comparative study.

PMID- 1802575
TI  - Importance of hollow-fiber geometry in continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802576
TI  - Ultrafiltration and pressure profiles in continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration
      studied by computerized scintigraphic imaging.

PMID- 1802577
TI  - Automated fluid balance in continuous hemodialysis with blood safety module BSM
      22/VPM.

PMID- 1802578
TI  - Microfilter for drawing plasma samples from the extracorporeal circulation.

PMID- 1802579
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration: filter design and blood flow rate.

PMID- 1802580
TI  - Solute transport in hemodiafiltration: a new mathematical model to analyse
      dialyser performance.

PMID- 1802581
TI  - Mortality in high-risk intensive-care patients with acute renal failure treated
      with continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802582
TI  - Antithrombotic management with a stable prostacyclin analogue during
      extracorporeal circulation.

PMID- 1802583
TI  - Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis. An
      update after 12 months.

PMID- 1802584
TI  - Use of prostacyclin as the only anticoagulant during continuous venovenous
      hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802585
TI  - Continuous vs. intermittent forms of haemofiltration and/or dialysis in the
      management of acute renal failure in patients with defective cerebral
      autoregulation at risk of cerebral oedema.

PMID- 1802586
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous and venovenous hemodialysis in critically ill patients.

PMID- 1802587
TI  - Conservative treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis using early continuous
      venovenous hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802588
TI  - Isolation of low-molecular-weight peptides in hemofiltrated patients with
      cardiogenic shock: a new aspect of myocardial depressant substances.

PMID- 1802589
TI  - Extracorporeal treatment of ascitic fluid and intraperitoneal reinfusion in
      patients with refractory ascites.

PMID- 1802590
TI  - Continuous renal replacement in infants and toddlers.

PMID- 1802591
TI  - Parenteral nutrition during continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in critically
      ill anuric children.

PMID- 1802592
TI  - High-performance continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in infants with the new
      Minifilter plus.

PMID- 1802593
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration versus continuous venovenous
      hemofiltration in critically ill pediatric patients.

PMID- 1802594
TI  - Relationship between erythropoietin and trace elements.

PMID- 1802595
TI  - Stress-induced gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage management by continuous
      hemofiltration: gastrin removal evaluation.

PMID- 1802596
TI  - Survival in patients treated with continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis for acute
      renal failure and chronic renal failure. Preliminary observations.

PMID- 1802597
TI  - Acute renal failure associated with multiple organ failure: pump-assisted
      continuous venovenous hemofiltration, the ultimate treatment modality.

PMID- 1802599
TI  - Continuous hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration in the management of multiple
      organ failure.

PMID- 1802598
TI  - Nitrogen balance in postsurgical patients with acute renal failure on continuous
      arteriovenous hemofiltration and total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 1802600
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis: experience in twenty-six intensive care
      patients.

PMID- 1802601
TI  - Decreased mortality in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous
      arteriovenous hemodialysis.

PMID- 1802602
TI  - Outcome in critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous
      hemofiltration.

PMID- 1802603
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis and hemofiltration in acute renal failure:
      comparison of uremic control.

PMID- 1802604
TI  - Influence of ultrafiltration/hemofiltration on extravascular lung water.

PMID- 1802605
TI  - Pathology of multiple organ failure.

PMID- 1802606
TI  - Continuous venovenous hemodialysis after cardiac surgery.

PMID- 1802607
TI  - Slow continuous ultrafiltration: a means of unmasking myocardial functional
      reserve in end-stage cardiac disease.

PMID- 1802608
TI  - Regulation of acid-base state with hemofiltration in circulatory shock in
      patients after open heart surgery.

PMID- 1802609
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome. A randomized trial.

PMID- 1802610
TI  - Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery: pre- and perioperative clinical
      features.

PMID- 1802611
TI  - Extracellular matrix mediated growth and differentiation in human pigment
      epithelial cell line 0041.
AB  - Efforts to grow differentiated pigment epithelial cells have led to a
      characterization of the growth kinetics of spontaneously established,
      continuously growing, human retinal pigment epithelial (PE) cell line 0041 on
      several biomatrices. These substrates were prepared from (a) placental and
      amniotic membrane, (b) commercially available basement membrane matrix
      (Matrigel), (c) dishes coated with extracellular matrix secreted by endothelial
      cells (ECM), (d) dishes coated with collagen IV and/or laminin, (e) dishes coated
      with collagen I and/or fibronectin. Our findings suggest that tissue culture
      plastic and dishes coated with collagen IV alone promote higher cell densities,
      while highest plating efficiency (24 hrs) was seen on tissue culture plastic and
      Matrigel. The highest degree of differentiation (epithelioid appearance, apical
      villi and junctional complexes) was seen in cells plated on dishes coated with
      collagen IV and extracellular matrix secreted by endothelial cells. Cells were
      epithelioid and polarized on those two substrates; they expressed fine finger
      shaped villi and the highest degree of cell contact (in the form of junctions).
      Cells grown on Matrigel looked like fibroblasts and became deeply pigmented;
      however, the nature of the pigment remains to be determined. Collagen IV and ECM
      coated dishes, therefore, are most suitable for cultures of human PE cell line
      0041 because they provide higher cell densities while retaining the
      differentiated state. This is the first report where an established pigmented
      epithelial cell line has been induced to become differentiated by use of
      extracellular matrices and extracellular matrix components.

PMID- 1802612
TI  - Expression of modified low-density lipoprotein receptors by trabecular meshwork
      cells.
AB  - We examined the incorporation of fluoresceinated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      and acetylated or acetoacetylated low-density lipoprotein (A-LDL or AA-LDL) by a
      number of ocular cells in culture. All the cells investigated, including bovine,
      monkey, human trabecular meshwork cells, human corneal endothelial cells, human
      corneal stromal cells and human scleral cells, took up fluorescently labeled LDL.
      The bovine, monkey and human trabecular meshwork cells showed the strongest
      fluorescence reactions. In addition, we found that the trabecular meshwork cells
      became fluorescent after incubations with labeled A-LDL or AA-LDL. They were the
      only cell type examined that possessed this capacity. The fluorescence intensity
      was markedly diminished by adding to the incubation solution either fucoidin, a
      competitive inhibitor of modified LDL uptake, unlabeled A-LDL or AA-LDL. The
      trabecular meshwork cells in situ also became brightly labeled after exposure to
      fluoresceinated native LDL, A-LDL or AA-LDL. The uptake of modified LDL separated
      the trabecular meshwork cells from other types of ocular cells, which may be used
      to aid identification of trabecular meshwork cells in culture as well as in situ.
      This property also suggested that trabecular meshwork cells may have some
      functional similarities to macrophages.

PMID- 1802613
TI  - Elevated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the optic tract of the chick embryo.
AB  - Antibodies specific for protein phosphotyrosyl residues were used to localize
      sites of protein tyrosine kinase activity in the optic tract of the developing
      chick by immunoperoxidase staining. In the stage 34 (day 8) chick embryo,
      phosphotyrosine-modified proteins were abundant within outgrowing neuronal
      processes in the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer of the retina, and in the
      developing stratum opticum at the surface of the optic tectum. These sites
      corresponded to regions where migrating growth cones and fasciculating bundles of
      some, but not all, retinal ganglion cell axons were located. Phosphotyrosine
      modified proteins were also abundant in and highly restricted to the process-rich
      layers of the embryonic optic tectum. Phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity decreased
      dramatically in the corresponding regions of the optic tract of the adult
      chicken, indicating that protein tyrosine phosphorylation occurred principally in
      developing, rather than mature, neuronal processes. These findings are in accord
      with the idea that protein tyrosine phosphorylation may be important in cell-cell
      or cell-substratum interactions of ganglion cell axons.

PMID- 1802614
TI  - The effects of UW solution and its components on corneal thickness during and
      after storage.
AB  - The ability of rabbit corneas to undergo energy-dependent deturgescence was
      examined after the corneas were stored at 4 degrees C in UW solution, M-K media,
      or selected modifications of these media. All corneas slowly increased in
      thickness during storage, despite the presence of colloidal osmotic agents.
      Corneas stored for 2.5 days in M-K became slightly thinner when cultured over a
      24-hour period. Corneas stored in UW swelled quickly in culture and became too
      opaque to measure within three hours. Corneas stored in UW with 1.8 mM CaCl2
      swelled transiently, then maintained their thickness and exhibited deturgescence
      in the latter stages of the culture period. Deturgescence of corneas stored for 7
      days in M-K was only slightly worse than those stored for 2.5 days. Corneas
      stored for 7 days in UW, however, became opaque almost immediately in culture and
      those stored in calcium-supplemented UW became opaque within 4.5 hours.
      Replacement of the dextran in M-K with hydroxyethyl starch produced a slower rate
      of corneal swelling during storage and a substantially better corneal
      deturgescence profile during culture. Use of high concentrations of potassium ion
      in the M-K formulation had no significant effect on post-storage deturgescence.
      Replacement of glucose in M-K with the impermeable sugar, raffinose had a slight
      deleterious effect on corneal deturgescence in subsequent culture. Use of the
      impermeable anions gluconate or lactobionate to replace chloride ion caused
      profound corneal swelling during culture, compared with those stored in M-K.
      These experiments show that UW solution is inferior to M-K at preserving post
      storage corneal function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802615
TI  - Expression and distribution of cytoskeletal IFAP-300kD as an index of lens cell
      differentiation.
AB  - By their implication in the organization of the intermediate filament (IF)
      cytoskeleton, IF-associated proteins (IFAPs) can delineate subsets of the same IF
      type within a cell; moreover, they are proving useful as markers of the
      differentiation states of certain cells. For these reasons the expression of the
      vimentin-associated IFAP-300kD was investigated in the constantly differentiating
      cell lineage of the adult bovine lens. Immunofluorescence microscopy and
      immunoblot analysis were employed using a monoclonal anti-IFAP-300kD and a rabbit
      anti-lens vimentin. Cultures of adult lens epithelial cells were immunopositive
      for the IFAP. By double-label studies the IFAP-300kD pattern co-localized with
      that of the vimentin-type IF; moreover, the IFAP pattern co-distributed with that
      of both colchicine-sensitive and -insensitive IF systems. IFAP-300kD was also
      present in a co-distributing pattern with vimentin IF in fresh lens epithelial
      cells on whole mounts. There was a differential expression of the IFAP in the
      lens fiber cells in that those of the cortex exhibited the IFAP and vimentin IF,
      while both proteins were absent from the nuclear fiber cells. Furthermore, there
      was a differential distribution of the IFAP within the cortical fiber cells in
      that the IFAP localized only with a paramembranal subset of IF. Immunoblot
      analysis supported the presence of IFAP-300kD in the lens cytoskeletal fraction.
      IFAP-300kD thus identified a subset of vimentin IF whose location may have
      functional significance for the cortical fiber cell. The changes in the IFAP's
      expression and distribution pattern throughout lens cell differentiation in the
      adult organ suggest the usefulness of IFAP-300kD as a potential marker in
      studying lens cell differentiation in vitro.

PMID- 1802616
TI  - Molecular genetics of pyrogenic exotoxin "superantigens" of group A streptococci
      and Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 1802617
TI  - The immunobiology of Mycoplasma arthritidis and its superantigen MAM.

PMID- 1802618
TI  - The human T cell response to mitogenic microbial exotoxins.

PMID- 1802619
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, toxic shock, and the immune system.

PMID- 1802620
TI  - CD4/CD8 coreceptor-independent costimulator-dependent triggering of SEB-reactive
      murine T cells.

PMID- 1802621
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin. Experimental and clinical applications.

PMID- 1802622
TI  - Experimental studies on the initial trophoblast endometrial interaction.
AB  - 6.1. Attachment and penetration of the uterine epithelium in the human: The
      present studies describe to our knowledge the only studies of human in vitro
      attachment of blastocysts to uterine epithelial monolayers. From these studies,
      using other mammalian species as controls, it is concluded that initial
      attachment and penetration of the epithelium in the human might be of the
      intrusive type also seen in the Rhesus monkey (Lindenberg et al, 1986; 1989;
      Enders, 1972; 1976). This implicates an intensive and intimate cell-cell
      recognition and interaction already at the stage of epithelial attachment of the
      human embryo. 6.2. Oligosaccharide determinants in implantation: In the mouse we
      have identified an oligosaccharide Lacto-N-fuco-pentaose I, which inhibits
      blastocyst attachment to uterine epithelial cells in vitro. Monoclonal antibodies
      recognizing this epitope have identified LNF I-like determinants in the secretion
      and on the surface of the mouse endometrial epithelium during early pregnancy.
      LNF I-HSA/BSA-FITC conjugates have identified a receptor for LNF I on the surface
      of the blastocyst at the time of implantation. Furthermore, this study
      demonstrates a redistribution of these determinants prior to the day of
      implantation, supporting the hypothesis, that LNF I on the surface of the uterine
      lumen may contribute to the recognition and attachment even during the initiation
      of implantation. Component(s) carrying LNF-1 in the secretion might be regulatory
      molecules helping to secure the proper time for implantation in the mouse. 6.3:
      Future aspects. Whether the proposed mechanism of blastocyst-endometrium adhesion
      can be applied to species other than the mouse has still to be determined, but
      there are indications that this is worth testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802623
TI  - Soft tissue body composition during prevention and treatment of postmenopausal
      osteoporosis assessed by photon absorptiometry.

PMID- 1802624
TI  - Therapeutic aspects in house dust mite allergy.

PMID- 1802625
TI  - Extremely preterm infants. A consensus report. Danish Medical Research Council &
      Danish Hospital Institute.

PMID- 1802626
TI  - Surgical treatment of morbid obesity. A survey of overall outcome 1968-1989.
AB  - This survey evaluates benefits and costs from a policy of employing surgical
      treatment in selected cases of morbid obesity. Between 1968 and 1978, we used end
      to-side jejunoileal bypass. Despite many satisfied patients, complications were
      frequent and severe. For the next decade, we employed various types of gastric
      surgery. We eventually assessed a gastric balloon, but without success. Median
      duration of follow-up was 132 months in 145 patients with jejunoileostomy, 103
      months in seven gastric bypass patients, and 36 months in 108 gastroplasty
      patients. Three patients were lost to follow-up. There have been four deaths
      after intestinal shunt and one after gastroplasty. The median re-admission rate
      was 1.6 per patient, while the median number of re-operations was 2.0 after
      intestinal shunt and 0.8 after gastric interventions. The median weight loss in
      our 260 patients was 32.1% of the preoperative weight. Outcome was good in 38.8%,
      acceptable in 40.4% and poor in 11.5% while there were 9.2% failures. Truly
      satisfactory outcomes, however, were rare, owing possibly to a negative
      relationship between weight loss and complications. Only 8.8% have obtained a
      stable normal weight without any side-effects.

PMID- 1802629
TI  - A systematic nomenclature for quantities of the haemostatic system.
AB  - The complex interplay of coagulation factors, fibrinolytic factors, and
      inhibitors characterizing the haemostatic system causes difficulties for devising
      useful measures of its status in a patient as well as for their calibration,
      comparability, and nomenclature. The latter problem is addressed by constructing
      examples of systematic generic quantity names based on IUPAC and IFCC
      recommendations having the general format "System-Component; kind of quantity"
      and considering the possibilities for each of these three items with both single
      and multiple components. The kinds of quantity comprise mass concentration,
      (amount-of-) substance concentration, catalytic (activity) concentration, time,
      relative arbitrary (amount-of-) substance concentration, relative time, and
      reciprocal relative time. For the coagulation system, the relative time specified
      by the use of thromboplastin reference material WHO 67/40 and the
      characterization of other thromboplastins by comparison with that reference
      material is discussed. A descriptive systematic name for international
      sensitivity index (ISI) is orthogonal regression slope (ORS). The recalculated
      value for the relative time of coagulation of a sample using any thromboplastin
      and its ORS is currently called international normalized ratio (INR), but is
      simply a relative time with the ORS specified.

PMID- 1802627
TI  - Intracranial abscesses in Odense Hospital. Survey of bacteriology, epidemiology,
      and treatment with antibiotics, 1963-1989.
AB  - Fifty-nine patients were operated or punctured in 60 incidents of brain abscess
      from 1963-1989, twice as many in men as in women. The number of cases tripled in
      1980 to an incidence of 3.6 per million inhabitants per year, supposedly due to
      the advent of computerized tomography. Simultaneously, the aetiology changed from
      staphylococci and Gram negative rods to dominance of streptococci and Haemophilus
      aphrophilus. Apart from temporal abscesses, there was no correlation between
      localisation in the brain and the bacterial species isolated. Ninety-five per
      cent of the specimens from untreated patients gave growth, but so did specimens
      from six of 18 patients treated with relevant antibiotics up to 11 days before
      puncture. Therefore, we recommend removal of pus by excision or puncture.

PMID- 1802628
TI  - A dietary study of the elderly in the City of Roskilde 1988/1989 (II). A
      nutritional risk assessment.
AB  - In winter 1988/1989, a total of 435 randomly selected men and women aged 70-75
      years and living in the city of Roskilde were invited to participate in a diet
      and health study. Nutritional status was assessed through a dietary interview,
      antropometric and biochemical measurements on 188 of the invited elderly.
      Assessed in relation to dietary recommendations, the average fat intake was found
      to be high (41% energy), whereas intakes of vitamin B6 and D were found to be
      below recommended levels in 22-26% of the subjects. The prevalences of obesity
      (12% had BMI over 30 kg/m2) and elevated levels of serum cholesterol (16% had
      serum levels over 7.5 mmol/l) were relatively high, the percentages being higher
      for females than for males. Many of the elderly had low levels of 25-hydroxy
      vitamin D in plasma (30% under 30 nmol/l) indicating a marginal status. The
      prevalences of low blood levels of vitamin B6 (40% under 30 mmol/l) and
      betacarotene (26% under 0.3 mumol/l) were also high among the elderly. The
      prevalence of anaemia was 3%. It is concluded that osteoporosis-related
      parameters and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are prevalent among the
      elderly in Denmark. The origin of these risk factors have to be studied in more
      detail, and consequences of any changes occurring must be monitored.

PMID- 1802630
TI  - Drug related events and drug utilization in patients admitted to a geriatric
      hospital department.
AB  - Two hundred ninety-four consecutive admissions to a geriatric department were
      evaluated for drug events as cause of admission. The drug events considered were
      adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and dose-related therapeutic failures. In 39 cases
      (13.3%), a definite, probable or possible drug event was a dominant or
      contributing cause of the admission (11.2% ADRs and 2.0% dose-related therapeutic
      failures). Five of these cases (1.7%) were judged to be due to errors in
      prescription and a further seven (2.4%) were found to have been avoidable by
      efforts exceeding the obligatory. There were no statistically significant
      differences between drug-related and non-drug related admissions in terms of age,
      sex, number of drugs taken at the admission or duration of hospitalization. ADRs
      in the geriatric patients are difficult to recognize and may be interpreted as
      senile loss of function. Sixty-seven percent of the patients took drugs with a
      sedative action, 68% took drugs with a hypotensive action, 67% took drugs with a
      potential for confusional states, 15% took drugs with a potential for depression,
      and 64% took drugs with a potential for constipation. A reduction of the number
      of drug-related hospital admissions by means of a large-scale intervention would
      be a difficult task for several reasons: no particular class of drugs caused the
      drug events, no particular mechanism dominated, no particular group of doctors
      were responsible for the drug events, and only a part of the drug events were
      judged to be avoidable.

PMID- 1802631
TI  - Epidemiology of abnormal liver function tests in general practice in a defined
      population in Denmark.
AB  - It is common for general practitioners (GPs) to refer patients suspected of
      impaired liver function for laboratory tests (alkaline phosphatase, lactate
      dehydrogenase, bilirubin, prothrombin, aspartate aminotransferase). In a
      prospective multipractice study over a six-month period, including 30 GPs, 55
      patients were recorded as having, for the first time, a high level of alkaline
      phosphatase (AP) as an isolated finding, 14 with an increase of aspartate
      aminotransferase (ASAT), eight with an increase of both AP and ASAT, three with
      an increase of ASAT, AP, and bilirubin, two with an isolated increase of lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH), one with an increase of ASAT, AP, and bilirubin, combined
      with a low prothrombin (PP), and, finally, one patient with a low prothrombin in
      isolation. In most cases the tests were requested because of unspecific symptoms.
      The most common causes of abnormal test results were neoplasms, alcoholic liver
      disease, and heart failure. Thirty patients were referred to hospital for further
      investigations. During the same study period, 50 patients with known abnormal
      liver function tests were recorded, and the most common causes of these
      abnormalities were neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis, and alcoholic liver disease.

PMID- 1802632
TI  - A prospective multipractice study based on antecedent data. Reduced selection and
      behaviour bias.
AB  - A prospective multipractice study based on well-defined data collected by a
      number of general practitioners (GPs) over a period of time is often used in
      primary health care research. However, problems of research methodology such as
      selection bias are common in such studies when GPs either refuse to participate
      or interrupt their participation. A method is described whereby selection bias is
      avoided. In the present study, a medical laboratory made a daily record of all
      abnormal liver function tests requested by GPs over a period of six months. When
      mailing these results to the GPs, a questionnaire was enclosed in order to obtain
      a number of clinical data from them. Thirty of 31 possible GPs participated.
      During the study period, questionnaires concerning 134 patients were mailed, and
      118 of these were returned without reminders. Following one reminder the response
      rate was 100%. Comparing the number of requested tests during the study period
      with the number requested during a control period before and after the study
      period (same six month periods of the year), no difference was seen in the
      pattern of requests. Thus, this method, unbiased with respect to both selection
      and request-behaviour, is recommended for similar studies.

PMID- 1802633
TI  - Haemostasis in oral surgery--the possible pathogenetic implications of oral
      fibrinolysis on bleeding. Experimental and clinical studies of the haemostatic
      balance in the oral cavity, with particular reference to patients with acquired
      and congenital defects of the coagulation system.
AB  - Activation and inhibition of the haemostatic system was reviewed including the
      interaction between the four biological systems involved in haemostasis: the
      vessel wall, the platelets, the coagulation system and the fibrinolytic system.
      The haemostatic mechanism is initiated at the site of injury through local
      activation of surfaces and release of tissue thromboplastin, resulting in
      formation and deposition of fibrin. The coagulation process is regulated by
      physiological anticoagulants. Activation of fibrinolysis is triggered by the
      presence of fibrin, and the role of tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PA) at
      the site of fibrin formation in particular is emphasized. The process is
      regulated by physiological inhibitors, of which alpha 2-antiplasmin, histidine
      rich glycoprotein and plasminogen activator inhibitor are reported to be of major
      physiological significance. The role of fibrinolysis in the regulation of the
      dynamic haemostatic balance is discussed, elucidated through examples of
      congenital deficiencies of the coagulation and the fibrinoytic system.
      Pharmacological inhibitors of fibrinolysis (i.e. epsilon-aminocaproic acid and
      tranexamic acid) and their possible effect on the haemostatic system are
      described. The systemic effects on the fibrinolytic system of surgery and oral
      surgery is reviewed, and it is concluded, that oral surgery has insignificant
      effects on blood fibrinolysis. In contrast, oral surgery induces changes of
      fibrinolysis in the oral environment; initially the fibrinolytic activity of
      saliva is reduced, due to the presence of inhibitors of fibrinolysis originating
      from the blood and the wound exudate. When bleeding and exudation cease, the
      fibrinolytic activity of the saliva will increase. Plasminogen and plasminogen
      activator, identified as t-PA are present in the oral environment under
      physiological conditions. Plasminogen is secreted in the saliva and the sources
      of t-PA include oral epithelial cells and gingival crevicular fluid. The presence
      of plasminogen and t-PA in the oral environment implies that when fibrin is
      present (i.e. after surgery), fibrinolysis is triggered. Haemorrhagic
      complications to oral surgery in patients without known defects of the
      coagulation system is reviewed. It is concluded that the investigations conducted
      to the present day do not permit final conclusions with respect to the
      pathophysiological role of defects in the coagulation and the fibrinolytic
      systems for the development of bleeding after oral surgery. Further
      investigations are necessary in order to clarify these aspects, and should
      include extensive laboratory analyses to reveal rare congenital defects such as
      factor XIII- and alpha 2-antiplasmin deficiencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802635
TI  - Clinical and physiological studies of Raynaud's phenomenon.

PMID- 1802634
TI  - Heart and endocrine changes during central hypovolemia in man.
AB  - Animal experiments have shown that severe haemorrhage often is characterized by
      an initial general increase in sympathetic activity leading to an increase in
      heart rate and a subsequent vagally mediated, reversible decrease in heart rate.
      It is likely that the decrease in heart rate is triggered by mechanoreceptors
      situated in the left ventricle. The receptors are supposed to be activated by a
      reduction in end-systolic volume occurring as a result of a decrease in venous
      return concomitant with the initial increase in heart rate. SA vago-vagal reflex
      elicited from and returning to the heart is thereby activated, resulting in a
      slowing of the heart. It has been hypothesized that the left ventricular
      receptors are activated when the ventricle contracts around an almost bloodless
      chamber. The decrease in heart rate may allow for an increased filling of the
      heart and an improved coronary perfusion. However, these experimental
      observations are in clear contradiction to the general description of the
      regulatory mechanisms operating during haemorrhagic shock in man as presented by
      authoritative medical, surgical and anesthesiological textbooks. Until now the
      (over-simplified) notion has been, that progressive haemorrhage results in an
      increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system leading to an increase in
      heart rate and that the occurrence of bradycardia was a sign of irreversible
      shock. The present systematic measurements in patients in haemorrhagic shock
      showed that the heart rate during severe haemorrhage often was normal (mean value
      73 beats/min, range 46-98 beats/min). Simultaneous measurements of plasma
      concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide (an index of vagal activity) indicated
      that organs other than the heart also were exposed to increased vagal activity. A
      marked increase in the plasma concentration of vasopressin was not a constant
      finding as it was during the experimental-induced hypotensive central
      hypovolemia. This difference may be due to a decline in the release of
      vasopressin during prolonged haemorrhage. In order to elucidate essential
      regulatory mechanisms behind the clinical observations, central hypovolemia was
      induced experimentally by "head-up tilt", "lower-body negative pressure", "venous
      tourniquets of the thighs plus haemorrhage", and by epidural anesthesia. The
      initial stage of central hypovolemia was characterized by an increase in
      sympathetic nervous activity resulting in an increase in heart rate. Activation
      of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurred prior to marked increases in
      plasma concentrations of vasopressin. During progression of the central
      hypovolemia a qualitative shift in the regulatory mechanisms was
      evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1802637
TI  - Comparison of search strategies for recalling double-blind trials from MEDLINE.
AB  - To minimise the effect of reference bias in literature retrieval, it is important
      to use computerised search strategies that give a high yield of relevant reports.
      In a MEDLINE search that included the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) "Comparative
      study," the recall of double-blind trials of NSAIDs in rheumatoid arthritis was
      93.1% (122/131) and the precision was 19.0% (122/641). When "Double-blind method"
      was used, either as MeSH or text words, the recall was only 72.5% (95/131) with a
      precision of 22.7% (95/419). A combined search strategy increased the recall to
      97.7% (128/131) with a precision of 17.3% (128/738). With the MeSH term "Random
      allocation" only eight relevant reports were retrieved, and none was new. By
      using "Clinical trials" alone, we would have missed eleven reports. We conclude
      that "Comparative study" is preferable to "Double-blind method" when searching
      double-blind trials on MEDLINE.

PMID- 1802636
TI  - Iron supplementation during pregnancy. Effect on iron status markers, serum
      erythropoietin and human placental lactogen. A placebo controlled study in 207
      Danish women.
AB  - The effect of iron supplementation, 66 mg elemental iron daily, from the 16th
      week of gestation to delivery, on iron status markers during uncomplicated
      pregnancies was assessed in a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study
      of 207 healthy women (100 iron treated, 107 placebo treated) and their newborn
      babies. Haemoglobin (Hb) and serum (S-) human placental lactogen (HPL) were
      measured in all 207 females, while transferrin saturation, S-ferritin and S
      erythropoietin (EPO) were measured in 120 females at monthly intervals. Hb: from
      27th week of gestation to eight weeks post partum, the placebo treated group had
      significantly lower Hb levels than the iron treated group (p less than 0.001).
      Iron status markers: in the placebo group (n = 57), 92% developed exhausted iron
      stores (i.e. S-ferritin less than or equal to 20 micrograms/l), 65% latent iron
      deficiency (i.e. S-ferritin less than or equal to 20 micrograms/l and transferrin
      saturation less than 15%), and 18% iron deficiency anaemia (i.e. S-ferritin less
      than or equal to 20 micrograms/l, transferrin saturation less than 15% and Hb
      less than 110 g/l). In the iron treated group (n = 63), 54% developed exhausted
      iron stores, 6% latent iron deficiency, and none iron deficiency anaemia. S-EPO:
      the placebo group had significantly higher values than the iron treated group
      from the 27th week of gestation to one week post partum (p less than 0.01). S
      HPL: levels were identical in placebo and iron treated females. Babies of iron
      treated mothers had higher S-ferritin than babies of placebo treated mothers (p
      less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802638
TI  - Wound contamination and postoperative infection. A review.
AB  - The risk of postsurgical infection is closely related to the type of operation
      performed. Wound sampling by Raahave's velvet pad method shows that operation
      wounds harbour ordinary aerobic and anaerobic commensals after incision
      (exogenous flora). When bacteria-containing viscera are opened or found
      perforated, bacterial densities increase significantly before wound closure
      (endogenous flora). Contamination level justifies the criteria for use of wound
      class, i.e. clean, potentially contminated, contaminated and dirty. There is a
      dose-response relationship between the density of bacteria during operation and
      postsurgical wound sepsis. The median infective dose of aerobic and anaerobic
      bacteria is 4.6 x 10(5) CFU x cm-2 wound. The surgeon opens up tissue planes
      which are primarily sterile and breaks natural barriers. However, using a trained
      technique, the surgeon should be able to control wound contamination safely
      throughout the operation. Although hos immunity and tissue resistance intervene
      between contamination and infection, the magnitude of contamination seems
      crucial. It ought to be axiomatic by now that reducing bacterial contamination
      reduces infection.

PMID- 1802639
TI  - Asymmetries during molluscan embryogenesis.
AB  - In some molluscan species the unfertilized egg is symmetrical around its centre.
      The maturation divisions provide the egg with an axial symmetry with an animal
      vegetal asymmetry. During the first two cleavages the egg loses its axial
      symmetry by the formation of unequal quadrants. The size differences may be very
      pronounced in species where the first two cleavages are accompanied by the
      formation of a polar lobe or where the first two cleavages are very unequal.
      There are some molluscan species in which at first glance the four quadrants
      appear equal. Exact measurements of the relative volumes have shown that the
      spiral character of the cleavages gives rise to minor differences between the
      quadrants. During further division this difference is limited to the vegetal
      macromeres; other corresponding blastomeres in the four quadrants are mutually
      equal. Therefore the absolute difference between the macromeres increases after
      each division. The size difference between the macromeres predisposes the biggest
      macromere to attain a central position and to become induced to develop the stem
      cell of the mesoderm. The bilateral symmetry is later lost by the
      counterclockwise rotation through 180 degrees of the visceral mass in relation to
      the head and foot.

PMID- 1802640
TI  - Handed asymmetry, handedness reversal and mechanisms of cell fate determination
      in nematode embryos.
AB  - Embryos of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit left-right asymmetry with
      an invariant handedness. The embryonic cell lineage is asymmetrical: although the
      animal is generally bilaterally symmetrical with only a few left-right
      asymmetries, many of its contralaterally analogous cells arise via different
      lineages on the two sides of the embryo. Larvae and adults also exhibit left
      right asymmetries with a handedness that is normally invariant. The frequency of
      animals with opposite handedness was increased among the progeny of adults
      exposed to the mutagen ethyl methanesulphonate and among animals that developed
      from embryos treated in early cleavage with chitinase to destroy the egg shell.
      Reversal of embryonic handedness was accomplished directly by micromanipulation
      at the 6-cell stage, resulting in mirror-image but otherwise normal development
      into healthy, fertile animals with all the usual left-right asymmetries reversed.
      This demonstrates that (1) the handedness of cell positions in the 6-cell embryo
      dictates handedness throughout development; (2) at this stage the pair of
      anterior blastomeres on the right is equivalent to the pair on the left; and (3)
      the extensive differences in fates of lineally homologous cells on the two sides
      of the animal must be dictated by cellular interactions, most of which are likely
      to occur early in embryogenesis and appear to have been conserved in widely
      diverged nematode species.

PMID- 1802641
TI  - Macromolecular asymmetry.
AB  - The helix is the most common and the most readily recognized example of an
      enantiomorphic structure. Helical proteins and DNA are good examples of
      structures where a clear explanation can be provided as to why they adopt one
      hand or the other. Proteins and DNA are composed of chiral building blocks, amino
      acids and nucleotides, respectively. Only the L-amino acids occur in proteins;
      this uniformity of handedness is a prerequisite for helix formation and thus, one
      could argue, for the development of higher life forms. Helical proteins form
      higher order helical structures, from collagen and viral capsids to cotton
      fibres.

PMID- 1802642
TI  - Development of the left-right axis in amphibians.
AB  - The heart and viscera of vertebrates are formed from primordia that are
      apparently bilaterally symmetrical. This symmetry is broken during development,
      yielding organs that develop characteristic asymmetries along the left-right
      axis. Results from three lines of experimentation on embryos of the amphibian
      Xenopus laevis indicate that left-right asymmetries are established early in
      development and that cellular interactions transmit left-right information from
      one primordium to another. First, a cytoplasmic rearrangement that occurs during
      the first cell cycle after fertilization may establish left-right asymmetry in
      some regions of the embryo. Second, a variety of experimental results indicate
      that embryonic ectoderm or its basal extracellular matrix may transmit left-right
      axial information to cardiac mesoderm and visceral endoderm. Third, inhibition of
      proteoglycan synthesis during a narrow period of development, concurrent with the
      migration of the cardiac primordia to the ventral midline, prevents asymmetrical
      development of the heart.

PMID- 1802643
TI  - Establishment of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates: genetically distinct steps
      are involved.
AB  - Vertebrates exhibit a characteristic pattern of asymmetrical positioning of the
      visceral organs along the left-right axis. A remarkable developmental step
      establishes this pattern--primitive organs migrate from symmetrical midline
      positions of origin into lateral positions. The first organ to pursue such
      movement is the cardiac tube, which forms a rightward 'D' loop; other organs
      follow concordantly. The signals and mechanisms directing such organ migration
      can be studied by analysis of heritable defects of humans and mice. In general,
      these defects behave as loss-of-function mutations that lead to random
      determination of visceral situs: for an affected embryo there is an equal chance
      of correct situs or situs inversus. Distinct phenotypes and patterns of
      inheritance of these defects suggest that at least three genes are involved in
      left-right determination, apparently members of a developmental pathway. These
      genes should be amenable to molecular analysis. We are studying a recessive
      allele of the mouse called inversus viscerum (iv). Using linkage analysis with
      cloned restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, we have genetically
      mapped the iv gene to the distal portion of mouse chromosome 12. We are now
      pursuing isolation of the gene using methods of positional cloning. Analysis of
      the iv gene product and of its site and timing of expression may offer clues to
      how left-right lateralization occurs.

PMID- 1802644
TI  - Asymmetries of cerebral neuroanatomy.
AB  - The mammalian cerebral cortex is asymmetrical. One hemisphere does not contain
      cortical areas or architectonic patterns, histological features, ultrastructural
      characteristics, or connectivities of the neurons that are not present in the
      other: homologous areas on the two sides may differ only in size. Asymmetry has
      directionality: two-thirds of human brains have plana temporale that are larger
      on the left. Conversely, roughly the same number of non-human brains show
      asymmetry in one direction as in the other. Asymmetry has magnitude: some brains
      show a large asymmetry, others show no asymmetry in a given area. Symmetrical
      areas are larger than their asymmetrical counterparts, which reflects fewer
      neurons in the latter. Indirect evidence points to variable asymmetry in the
      germinal zones in the production of symmetrical or asymmetrical cortical areas.
      These areas differ in their patterns of callosal connections. Fewer connections
      are seen in the asymmetrical cases, paralleling the smaller number of neurons.
      The symmetrical cases contain connections that are more widely distributed. These
      findings of different numbers of neurons and different proportions of callosal
      connections suggest that symmetrical and asymmetrical cortical areas may have
      different functional properties.

PMID- 1802645
TI  - The asymmetrical genetic determination of laterality: flatfish, frogs and human
      handedness.
AB  - The determination of the left-right body axis is unlike that of the two other
      axes because left-right positional information is not required to specify mirror
      image structures on the two sides. When the left and right sides of the body are
      not mirror symmetrical such positional information is required, as is a mechanism
      for reading that information. There are several possible gradient schemes for
      left-right information, including symmetrical gradients from which the
      information is extracted by spatial differentiation. The genetic mechanisms for
      the control of handedness are not known. There is no evidence for 'left-handed'
      and 'right-handed' genes, only for mutations that can interfere with handedness
      in a non-specific manner. Such mutations never produce situs inversus with a
      frequency greater than 50%. The situs of individual organs shows a strong
      correlation, suggesting a global mechanism such as a gradient of left-right
      positional information. Many asymmetries in vertebrates follow a pattern in which
      growth on the left is favoured over growth on the right. This may be related to
      the 'dexiothetism' of chordate ancestors postulated by Jefferies.

PMID- 1802646
TI  - Disturbance of morphological laterality in humans.
AB  - Complete situs inversus is well described in humans and may be associated with
      defective cilia in Kartagener's syndrome, an autosomal recessive trait. Only half
      of homozygotes display situs inversus, presumably due to 'chance'. Isomerism
      sequence or Ivemark syndrome involves major disturbances of organ formation, the
      patterns of which suggest such individuals have either two right sides or two
      left sides to the body. Defects in an autosomal and more rarely in an X-linked
      gene are involved, though again chance factors probably influence expression.
      Isomerism may occur in one of monozygotic twins, particularly in the right half
      of conjoined twins. It is likely that the twinning process disturbs laterality in
      one of the pair. This provides one mechanism to explain the marked excess of
      heart defects in monozygotic twins. Most of these defects are not, however,
      associated with overt disturbances of laterality. Since the heart is the organ
      most sensitive to disturbed situs, one explanation is that the excess reflects a
      lesser degree of disturbed laterality. This would require a model where there is
      a gradation from normal situs through isomerism to situs inversus.

PMID- 1802647
TI  - Origins of the handedness of biological molecules.
AB  - Pasteur (1860) showed that many organic molecules form enantiomeric pairs with
      non-superposable mirror-image shapes, characterized by their oppositely signed
      optical rotation but otherwise apparently identical. Equal numbers of left-handed
      and right-handed molecules resulted from laboratory synthesis, whereas
      biosynthetic processes afforded only one of the two enantiomers, leading Pasteur
      to conclude that biosynthesis involves a chiral force. Fischer demonstrated (1890
      1919) that functional biomolecules are composed specifically of the D-sugars and
      the L-amino acids and that the laboratory synthetic reactions of such molecules
      propagate with chiral stereoselectivity. Given a primordial enantiomer,
      biomolecular homochirality follows without the intervention of a chiral natural
      force, except prebiotically. Chiral forces known at the time were found to be
      even handed on a time and space average, exemplifying parity conservation (1927).
      The weak nuclear force, shown to violate parity (1956), was unified with electro
      magnetism in the electroweak force (1970). Ab initio estimations including the
      chiral electroweak force indicate that the L-amino acids and the D-sugars are
      more stable than the corresponding enantiomers. The small energy difference
      between these enantiomeric pairs, with Darwinian reaction kinetics in a flow
      reactor, account for the choice of biomolecular handedness made when life began.

PMID- 1802648
TI  - Laterality and motor control.
AB  - Lateralization in motor control, exemplified by handedness, is a publically
      observable lateral asymmetry. The understanding of causation of lateral asymmetry
      in movement is poor for two major reasons. First, structural limitations
      underlying lateral bias cannot be compelling in the sense that laterality is
      completely specified. Second, interacting sources of lateral bias are probably
      represented at several levels of the central nervous system, with some sources
      being many steps removed from the executing motor structures. Both factors permit
      flexibility in terms of which side does what. I suggest two approaches to improve
      understanding of mechanism. First, use of bimanual tasks which reduce flexibility
      in lateral expression and therefore provide more information than unimanual
      tasks. Second, analysis of task performances in terms of what levels of lateral
      specialization are likely to be involved. Such analyses will be especially useful
      in the understanding of hand use in left-handers who perform different skilled
      tasks with different hands.

PMID- 1802649
TI  - Asymmetry in protein structures.
AB  - The asymmetry of L-amino acids determines the asymmetrical features of alpha
      helices and beta-sheets. These in turn determine two principal aspects of the
      three-dimensional structure of proteins: the preferred ways in which alpha
      helices and beta-sheets pack together, and certain topological features of the
      paths followed by polypeptide chains through structures. Though the asymmetrical
      nature of amino acids plays the central role in determining the asymmetrical
      aspects of protein structures, it has little or no influence on the next level of
      biological structures--assemblies of protein molecules.

PMID- 1802650
TI  - Bacterial motility: handedness and symmetry.
AB  - Many bacteria swim by rotating thin helical filaments that extend into the
      external medium, as with common bacteria, or run beneath the outer membrane, as
      with spirochetes. Each filament is driven at its base by a motor that turns
      alternately clockwise and counterclockwise. The motor-filament complex is called
      a flagellum. Other kinds of bacteria glide, but their organelles of locomotion
      are not known. Since bacteria are microscopic and live in an aqueous environment,
      they swim at low Reynolds' number; cyclic motion works (e.g. rotation of a helix)
      but reciprocal motion does not (e.g. stroking of a singly hinged oar). By
      measuring concentrations of certain chemicals as they move through their
      environment, making temporal comparisons and modulating the direction of
      flagellar rotation, bacteria accumulate in regions that they find more
      favourable. Studies of bacterial chemotaxis are highly advanced, particularly for
      the peritrichously flagellated species Escherichia coli. A great deal is known
      about chemoreception, receptor-flagellar coupling and adaptation. Recently it has
      been found that E. coli can aggregate in response to signals generated by the
      cells themselves. Complex patterns form with remarkable symmetries.

PMID- 1802651
TI  - Intracellular handedness in ciliates.
AB  - Ciliated protozoa have intrinsically asymmetrical ciliary structures that are
      asymmetrically arranged over the cell surface. These structures can be arranged
      in two enantiomorphic configurations, 'right-handed' (RH) and 'left-handed' (LH).
      Whereas one of these configurations (arbitrarily, RH) is apparently universal in
      Nature and predominant in the laboratory, mirror-image (RH-LH) doublets and
      reverse (LH) singlets have been generated and studied in eight different ciliate
      genera. In all these, the internal asymmetry of individual ciliary structures
      remains normal even when the asymmetry of arrangement of these structures is
      reversed. The individual structures may sometimes become inverted (rotationally
      permuted). LH forms reproduce themselves if they are able to feed, or reorganize
      periodically before starving to death if they are not. Changes of cellular
      handedness depend upon unusual geometric configurations and in most cases are
      unrelated to genic changes. In hypotrich ciliates changes of handedness can be
      provoked by artificially generated juxtapositions of anterior and posterior cell
      regions or of right and left cell margins. Reversal of handedness in ciliates can
      be visualized as a consequence of (re-)establishment of a normal sequence of
      normally spaced positional values following geometric disturbances created by the
      experimenter or by the regulating cell.

PMID- 1802652
TI  - Two types of bilateral symmetry in the Metazoa: chordate and bilaterian.
AB  - The chordate sagittal plane is perpendicular to the sagittal plane primitive for
      the bilaterally symmetrical metazoans (Bilateria). The earliest metazoans, when
      symmetrical at all, were probably radial in symmetry. The axis of symmetry was
      vertical and the mouth, when present, opened either upward or downward. The
      Bilateria evolved from the primitive metazoan condition by acquiring bilateral
      symmetry, mesoderm, a brain at the anterior end and protonephridia. Perhaps in
      the stem lineage of the Bilateria a hydroid-like or medusoid-like ancestor fell
      over on one side onto a substrate (pleurothetism). If so, the anteroposterior
      axis of Bilateria would be homologous with the vertical axis of radial symmetry
      in coelenterates. The bilaterian plane of symmetry arose to include the
      anteroposterior axis. The Deuterostomia (the Hemichordata, Echinodermata and
      Chordata) evolved within the Bilateria by producing the mouth as a secondary
      perforation. Within the deuterostomes the echinoderms and chordates constitute a
      monophyletic group named Dexiothetica. Hemichordates retain the primitive
      bilaterian sagittal plane. The Dexiothetica derive from an ancestor like the
      present-day hemichordate Cephalodiscus which had lain down on the primitive right
      side (dexiothetism) and acquired a calcite skeleton. The echinoderms evolved from
      this ancestor by losing the ancestral locomotory tail and gill slit, becoming
      static, moving the mouth to the centre of the new upper surface and developing
      radial pentameral symmetry. The chordates evolved from the same ancestor by
      developing a notochord in the tail, losing the water vascular system, evolving a
      filter-feeding pharynx and developing a new vertical plane of bilateral symmetry
      perpendicular to the old bilaterian plane. Evidence derived from certain bizarre
      Palaeozoic marine fossils (calcichordates) gives a detailed history of the early
      evolution of echinoderms and chordates and shows how the new bilateral symmetry
      was gradually acquired in chordates. This symmetry began in the tail (which
      contained the notochord and was also the leading end in locomotion) and advanced
      forward into the head.

PMID- 1802653
TI  - Scientific creativity: a review.
AB  - Aside from possession of the relevant knowledge, skills, and intelligence, what
      seems to characterize the creative scientist is his imagination, originality, and
      ingenuity in combining existing knowledge into a new and unified scheme. This
      creativity frequently emerges from an aesthetic, poetic sense of freedom derived
      from work, an uninhibited playful activity of exploring a medium for its own
      sake. We speculate thus: With a preference for irregularities and disorder, the
      creative scientist temporarily takes leave of his senses, permitting expression
      of unconfigurated forces of his irrational unconscious. This amounts to a kind of
      internal "wagering," in which the scientist pits himself against uncertain
      circumstances, a situation in which his individual effort can be the deciding
      factor. When working on a difficult problem, there frequently occurs a "creative
      worrying" in which the problem is consciously and unconsciously carried around
      while doing other tasks. This period is attended by frustrations, tensions, and
      false inspirations. Dream and reality are wedded in a largely unconscious process
      of undefined emotional turmoil. When a uniquely gratifying association is
      realized, the unconscious deposits its collection of insights into the fringe
      consciousness, whereupon the full consciousness seizes on it and releases it as a
      flash of insight. Because the creative scientist possesses a strong and exacting
      self-concept, he can organize, integrate, and even exploit the conflict within
      himself. By compensating in fantasy for what is missing in reality, creativeness
      can be an expressive outlet ameliorating the universal, annoying split between a
      man's inner unconscious world and his outer conscious world. Although there is a
      divergence of opinion as to whether creativity can be taught, there is agreement
      that it can be fostered. However, parents, teachers, and institutions must
      display considerably more flexibility and tolerance towards individually minded
      persons who behave in seemingly nonconformist ways.

PMID- 1802654
TI  - Consideration of the target organ toxicity of trichloroethylene in terms of
      metabolite toxicity and pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Trichloroethylene (TRI) is readily absorbed into the body through the lungs and
      gastrointestinal mucosa. Exposure to TRI can occur from contamination of air,
      water, and food; and this contamination may be sufficient to produce adverse
      effects in the exposed populations. Elimination of TRI involves two major
      processes: pulmonary excretion of unchanged TRI and relatively rapid hepatic
      biotransformation to urinary metabolites. The principal site of metabolism of TRI
      is the liver, but the lung and possibly other tissues also metabolize TRI, and
      dichlorovinyl-cysteine (DCVC) is formed in the kidney. Humans appear to
      metabolize TRI extensively. Both rats and mice also have a considerable capacity
      to metabolize TRI, and the maximal capacities of the rat versus the mouse appear
      to be more closely related to relative body surface areas than to body weights.
      Metabolism is almost linearly related to dose at lower doses, becoming dose
      dependent at higher doses, and is probably best described overall by Michaelis
      Menten kinetics. Major end metabolites are trichloroethanol (TCE),
      trichloroethanol-glucuronide, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Metabolism also
      produces several possibly reactive intermediate metabolites, including chloral,
      TRI-epoxide, dichlorovinyl-cysteine (DCVC), dichloroacetyl chloride,
      dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and chloroform, which is further metabolized to
      phosgene that may covalently bind extensively to cellular lipids and proteins,
      and, to a much lesser degree, to DNA. The toxicities associated with TRI exposure
      are considered to reside in its reactive metabolites. The mutagenic and
      carcinogenic potential of TRI is also generally thought to be due to reactive
      intermediate biotransformation products rather than the parent molecule itself,
      although the biological mechanisms by which specific TRI metabolites exert their
      toxic activity observed in experimental animals and, in some cases, humans are
      not known. The binding intensity of TRI metabolites is greater in the liver than
      in the kidney. Comparative studies of biotransformation of TRI in rats and mice
      failed to detect any major species or strain differences in metabolism.
      Quantitative differences in metabolism across species probably result from
      differences in metabolic rate and enterohepatic recirculation of metabolites.
      Aging rats have less capacity for microsomal metabolism, as reflected by covalent
      binding of TRI, than either adult or young rats. This is likely to be the same in
      other species, including humans. The experimental evidence is consistent with the
      metabolic pathways for TRI being qualitatively similar in mice, rats, and humans.
      The formation of the major metabolites--TCE, TCE-glucuronide, and TCA--may be
      explained by the production of chloral as an intermediate after the initial
      oxidation of TRI to TRI-epoxide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1802655
TI  - Hepatic modeling and risk assessment: compartmental versus tube models and
      interspecies scaling.

PMID- 1802656
TI  - Extracellular volume in preterm infants: influence of gestational age and
      colloids.
AB  - We assessed the effect of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) on extracellular volume (ECV)
      during the first few days of life in two groups of preterm infants, group 1
      (gestational age less than 30 weeks) and group 2 (gestational age 30-34 weeks).
      The infants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, one receiving
      FFP, the other not; group 1 infants receiving no treatment (n = 8) and group 1
      infants receiving FFP (n = 11), and group 2 infants receiving no treatment (n =
      9) and group 2 receiving FFP (n = 10). FFP was given at a dose of 10 ml/kg daily
      during a two-hour period for the first three days of life. ECV was measured on
      day 1 before FFP was given and on day 4 by the distribution of bromide. There was
      a significant correlation between birth weight and initial ECV (r = 0.85, P less
      than 0.001). In group 1 ECV was significantly higher than in group 2 (P less than
      0.02). In group 1 receiving no treatment mean weight loss and mean decrease in
      ECV were equal (84 g/kg and 78 ml/kg, respectively), but no correlation between
      the two parameters could be found (r = 0.68, P = 0.06). In the other study
      groups, mean weight loss was higher than mean decrease in ECV, with no
      correlation between weight loss and change in ECV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802657
TI  - Establishment of functional residual capacity in infants delivered vaginally and
      by elective cesarean section.
AB  - Functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured with an open circuit N2 washout
      method in 20 vaginally born infants and 15 delivered by cesarean section, 30 and
      120 min after birth. Umbilical artery blood was collected and analyzed for pH and
      catecholamine concentration. FRC was significantly higher in the cesarean section
      infants than in the vaginally delivered infants at 120 min of age (23.8 versus
      16.8 ml/kg). The cesarean section infants also tended to have lower tidal volumes
      and higher respiratory frequencies than infants delivered vaginally. No
      significant correlation was found between catecholamine levels in umbilical
      artery and FRC in either group although there was a significant correlation
      between catecholamine level at birth and the increase of FRC from 30 to 120 min
      in the cesarean section group. It is suggested that the higher FRC, higher
      respiratory frequency and lower tidal volume in the cesarean section infants is
      an adaptation to a higher pulmonary water content to ensure an efficient gas
      exchange with the least respiratory work.

PMID- 1802658
TI  - Chaos and fractals which 1/f spectrum below 10(-2) Hz demonstrates full-term
      fetal heart rate changes during active phase.
AB  - Human fetal heart rate changes were analysed using power spectral density (PSD).
      The data for analysis were obtained from 25 normal fetuses between the 37th and
      40th week of gestation. Pulse interval distribution showed an almost Gaussian
      distribution. PSD was calculated by first Fourier transform technique, and showed
      the particular fluctuation below 10(-2) Hz to be inversely proportional to
      frequency (so called '1/f spectrum') during the active phase after the 37th week
      of gestation. These results revealed that the 1/f spectrum of the human heart
      rate had already appeared below 10(-2) Hz in full term of pregnancy.

PMID- 1802659
TI  - Early development of the human thalamus: Golgi and Nissl study.
AB  - Qualitative and quantitative parameters of the early neuronal development of the
      thalamus were examined in human embryos and fetuses ranging in age from 5-16
      gestational weeks (g.w.) using Nissl stained and Golgi impregnated tissue. In the
      earliest period analyzed, from 5-6 weeks of gestation, dorsal and ventral parts
      of the human thalamus were poorly differentiated structures forming the sides of
      the third ventricle. At 6 g.w., the prospective thalamic anlage consisted of the
      ventricular (VZ), the intermediate (IZ) and the marginal zones (MZ). The neurons
      in the VZ were bipolar and radially arranged to the ventricular surface. From 6-8
      gestational weeks detached bipolar or branched bipolar cells with horizontal or
      oblique orientation were encountered in the IZ and occasionally in the MZ. In the
      period between 10-14 weeks of gestation, segregation of neurons into different
      thalamic nuclei began. The lateral geniculate nucleus, centrum medianum and
      mediodorsal nucleus were the first to be distinguished. In comparison with the
      previous period, the neurons throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the thalamus
      were more differentiated, with a higher number of primary dendrites that were
      often bifurcated. This resulted in various shapes of immature neurons: simple uni
      and bipolar (type 1), branched uni- and bipolar (type 2) and young multipolar
      (type 3). In addition, the first spines were frequently observed on dendrites at
      12 weeks of gestation. At 14-16 weeks of gestation, segregation of the neurons
      into thalamic nuclei continued. The neurons exhibited further dendritic
      differentiation that followed the caudo rostral gradient. For the first time,
      multipolar neurons, especially in the caudal part, could be subdivided into two
      classes: multipolar with a 'bushy' appearance, the result of many primary
      dendrites with several bifurcations and 'simpler' multipolar neurons with fewer
      and less branched primary dendrites. Neuronal differentiation was further
      expressed by an increase in the total dendritic length and somatic surface, up to
      six and three times, respectively, from the earliest period analyzed to 16 weeks
      of gestation. Dendritic length increased initially by the formation of new
      primary branches and their elongation and secondly by formation of higher branch
      orders. At 16 g.w., a group of immature cells were observed dorsally, on the
      frontal sections through the rostral thalamus. Its ganglionic eminence origin is
      discussed.

PMID- 1802660
TI  - Developmental course of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in the first days
      of full term infants.
AB  - Modifications of brain-stem acoustic evoked potentials (BAEPs) in the first 5
      days of life of normal full-term infants are reported. BAEPs were recorded using
      rarefaction clicks at 70, 60, 40, 20 dB HL. Multiple linear regression analysis
      was performed to evaluate chronological and gestational age differences for all
      positive and negative peaks, interpeak latencies, amplitudes and amplitude
      ratios. The percentage of newborn infants with auditory threshold of 20 dB HL
      increased with the number of days. At all intensities the latency of PIII and PV
      decreased significantly between the 2nd and 3rd day, while the latency of PI
      decreased significantly between the 3rd and the 4th day; PIII and PV latencies
      decreased also between the 4th and the 5th day. The longer the period of
      gestation the longer was the PI latency recorded between the 2nd and 5th day
      after birth. The anatomical and physiological changes developing shortly after
      birth are probably responsible for the above findings. These changes most
      probably appear firstly in the cochlear and trapezoid nuclei and later on in the
      organ of Corti.

PMID- 1802661
TI  - Estimation of extracellular fluid volume by bromide dilution in infants less than
      1000 grams birth weight.
AB  - We measured extracellular fluid volume by bromide dilution within 12 h of birth
      in 32 infants less than 1000 g birth weight. Mean (+/- S.D.) birth weight and
      gestational age were 763 +/- 123 g and 26 +/- 1 week, respectively. Mean
      extracellular fluid volume was 360 +/- 86 ml (477 +/- 107 ml/kg). These results
      are similar to extracellular fluid volume estimates from previous carcass
      analysis data. Wide variability is observed with both methods suggesting that
      biologic variability may be important.

PMID- 1802662
TI  - Effects of endothelin-1 on vascular tension in human umbilical vessels.
AB  - The effect of endothelin-1 on vascular tension has been investigated in human
      umbilical cord vessels perfused in vitro and compared to that of serotonin. Both
      autacoids induced vasoconstrictions in the arteries and in the veins, all
      responses being clearly dose-dependent. Endothelin-1 was found to be most potent,
      eliciting visible pressure changes in concentrations of 10(-11)-10(-10) M. The
      responses to 10(-9) M endothelin-1 in the veins increased markedly at repeated
      stimulations. In the arteries a potentiating effect on the serotonin response was
      observed after exposure to 10(-11) M of endothelin-1. The results signal that the
      peptide may be of significance in the regulation of umbilicoplacental blood flow.

PMID- 1802663
TI  - The development of ultradian and circadian rhythms in premature babies maintained
      in constant conditions.
AB  - Twenty very premature babies, born at 24-29 weeks gestation, have been studied
      while they were maintained in intensive care with continuous intravenous feeding
      and constant ambient lighting and temperature. Hourly records of insulated skin
      temperature and heart rate were made for a continuous period of 6-17 weeks,
      always starting the recording within 24 h of birth. The development of rhythms
      within the ultradian, circadian and infradian domains was sought by methods
      including maximum entropy spectral analysis and autocorrelation. Circadian and
      ultradian rhythms were present, but not regularly so; rather they appeared and
      disappeared erratically in successive weeks. As a consequence, the group as a
      whole did not show an increasing rhythmicity with chronological age. In some
      cases, babies were later placed in a ward in which the lighting was dimmed at
      night, and feeding by mouth at regular intervals was instituted. There was some
      evidence for increases in circadian and ultradian rhythmicity after these
      changes. These results enable inferences to be drawn as to the origin of fetal
      rhythms in the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as speculation to be made on
      the ontogeny of ultradian and circadian rhythms in the neonate.

PMID- 1802665
TI  - Symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in very-low-birth-weight infants: 1987-1989.
AB  - Symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA) may occur in up to 50% of very-low
      birth-weight (VLBW, less than or equal to 1500 g) infants. We reported a 16%
      incidence in 1979-1980 in a totally inborn population, demonstrating the
      importance of early fluid management. Although survival of VLBW infants,
      especially those less than 1000 g, has increased, sPDA has not been carefully re
      examined. Therefore, we sought to determine if the incidence, morbidity,
      treatment, or risk factors for sPDA had changed in this population. Between
      January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1989 all VLBW infants with sPDA surviving
      greater than 72 h (119/636) were identified and compared to matched controls (n =
      70). Incidence and onset of sPDA were 19% and 10 +/- 6 days (+/- S.D.),
      respectively, the former increasing from 8% to 33% between 1251-1500 g and 500
      750 g, respectively (P less than 0.001). Fluid and colloid administration were
      similar in sPDA and control infants. sPDA was associated with the occurrence of
      chronic lung disease (18% vs 7%, P = 0.005) and intracranial hemorrhage (53% vs
      21%, P less than 0.001). Using stepwise logistic regression analysis we were
      unable to create a model that accurately predicted sPDA. Medical management and
      indomethacin were unsuccessful in 66% and 25%, respectively, of infants so
      treated; 43% required surgical ligation. Although survival of VLBW infants has
      increased, our incidence of sPDA remains low, with greater than 80% of infants
      demonstrating spontaneous closure when fluid and colloid administration are
      judiciously used.

PMID- 1802664
TI  - Fetal breathing during chronic lung liquid loss leading to pulmonary hypoplasia.
AB  - The mechanism of oligohydramnios-related pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is not
      understood, but is known to involve chronic loss of lung liquid. In order to
      investigate the recent suggestion that fetal breathing movements are absent or
      diminished in oligohydramnios-related PH, we made continuous recordings of fetal
      breathing movements (FBM) during chronic lung drainage in tracheostomized fetal
      sheep. FBM remained present throughout the drainage period. There was no
      significant difference in the number or duration of FBM epochs in tracheostomized
      fetuses compared to controls, although there was a slight reduction in incidence
      between 126 and 133 days (P = 0.02). PH in the fetuses undergoing chronic lung
      liquid drainage was confirmed by significant reductions in lung weight, volume,
      DNA, and total airspace, and in altered maturation. This study is consistent with
      other data suggesting that inhibition of FBM is not the primary mechanism of
      oligohydramnios-related pulmonary hypoplasia.

PMID- 1802666
TI  - Development of visual evoked potentials following intrauterine growth
      retardation.
AB  - Visual evoked potentials to flash (FVEP) were recorded in 23 symmetrically growth
      retarded newborns of between 32 and 39 weeks gestational age and 41 normally
      grown controls. At 9 months post term FVEP recordings were repeated in 14 of the
      growth retarded and 26 of the control infants. The development of two long
      latency negative components of the wave form of the neonatal FVEP was delayed in
      the growth retarded infants. The amplitude of a long latency negative peak in the
      9 month post term FVEP was reduced in the growth retarded infants. We suggest
      that intrauterine growth retardation may affect the development of secondary
      activity in the visual cortex.

PMID- 1802667
TI  - Intraobserver and interobserver reliability in assessment of neonatal cranial
      ultrasounds.
AB  - Intraobserver and interobserver reliability in assessing neonatal cranial
      ultrasounds for periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) is not well
      studied; therefore, studies were designed to address this. For intraobserver
      reliability 180 cranial ultrasounds (360 hemispheres) were randomly selected from
      greater than 2000 ultrasounds and read twice by one radiologist in a blinded
      fashion. Ninety-eight percent were interpreted identically; of the 2%
      reinterpreted differently, all were initially abnormal but normal on the second
      reading. The least agreement occurred when interpreting ventricular size. Only
      four infants (1.1%) were placed in an unfavorable prognostic category (grades III
      and IV) on the first reading and a favorable prognostic category on the second
      interpretation (no bleed, grades I and II). To determine interobserver
      reliability, 20 sonograms were interpreted by eight independent observers
      representing five institutions. Using the multiple rater kappa kappa statistic,
      we determined interobserver agreement on overall impression (normal vs.
      abnormal), presence and extent of PVH-IVH (i.e. grade), presence of residual
      cyst, and ventricular dilatation. Greatest degree of agreement occurred when
      determining normal vs. abnormal, residual cyst, no bleed, and grades III and IV
      PVH-IVH. Poorest agreement occurred when reading grades I and II PVH-IVH and
      ventricular dilatation. After condensing interpretations of cranial ultrasounds
      into two prognostic categories, i.e. favorable (no bleed, grades I and II) and
      unfavorable (grades III and IV), there was excellent agreement among the
      observers.

PMID- 1802668
TI  - Growth velocity of the biparietal diameter, abdominal transverse diameter and
      femur length in the fetal period.
AB  - In this study, fetal growth rates of the biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal
      transverse diameter (ATD) and femur length were established from 4333 ultrasound
      examinations. The age of the fetuses ranged from 7 to 40 gestational weeks. The
      growth rates were computed by periods of 3 weeks, and the velocity curves were
      plotted with their 95% confidence interval. Results displayed multiphasic
      patterns of growth velocity for these variables, with a common peak of velocity
      at about 16 weeks. Between 16 and 28 weeks, growth velocity of femur length
      decreased, while the ATD and the BPD grew at the same constant rate. From 28 to
      37 weeks, only the ATD maintained a high rate of growth. After 37 weeks, all
      growth rates decreased abruptly. In all cases, no sex differences in growth
      velocity were found.

PMID- 1802669
TI  - The analysis of sucking behaviour in newborn infants.
AB  - A special video camera devised by the author and a fiberscope were used to film
      the neonatal sucking response of 50 low-risk full-term newborn infants on the 5th
      day after birth. Analysis of the sucking behaviour showed that the sucking
      movements consist mainly of a peristaltic tongue movement and two kinds of
      negative pressure; that the peristaltic tongue movements are synchronized with
      the jaw movements; that infants actively adapt to a varying environment; and that
      the sucking movements change to minimize the energy required.

PMID- 1802670
TI  - Control of breathing in babies of narcotic- and cocaine-abusing mothers.
AB  - To learn if chemoreceptor control of breathing is abnormal in babies whose
      mothers took narcotics, cocaine, or both drugs during pregnancy, we performed
      hypoxia and hypercapnia challenges on 28 babies (greater than or equal to 36
      weeks gestation). Six babies were exposed to narcotics, six to cocaine, nine to
      both drugs, and seven babies were controls. Studies were done at 3 and 8 weeks
      and 3 and 5 months of age. Gestational ages were similar, but birth weight was
      lower in the cocaine group. Respiratory rate was higher in both groups of cocaine
      exposed babies at 3 weeks. End-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) was decreased
      and partial pressure of O2 (PO2) increased at 3 and 8 weeks in babies exposed to
      narcotics plus cocaine. At 3 weeks, babies exposed to narcotics plus cocaine had
      a shift to the left in CO2 response with a normal slope; at 8 weeks, both
      intercept and slope were decreased. Responses to hypoxia were similar among the
      four groups. Babies exposed to narcotics plus cocaine before birth have
      abnormalities in control of breathing in the first months after birth.

PMID- 1802671
TI  - Influences on heart rate variability in spontaneously breathing preterm infants.
AB  - To investigate the influence of maturational and physiological factors on heart
      rate variability in spontaneously breathing very preterm infants (n = 29) a
      multiparametric study was performed during the first 3 days of life in infants
      born at a gestational age below 33 weeks. Four times a day, RR-intervals,
      respiration curve and rate, transcutaneously measured blood gases and observed
      body movements were recorded while the infants were asleep. All data were stored
      simultaneously in a micro-computer. Non-invasively measured blood pressure and
      patency of the ductus arteriosus were documented as well. Four sets of short-
      (STV) and long term variability (LTV) indices were calculated. Both STV and LTV
      appeared to be significantly influenced by conceptional and postnatal age in the
      appropriate for gestational age infants. LTV was influenced by the behavioural
      state and body movements. During state coincidence 2 ('active sleep') LTV was
      influenced by respiratory rate and the variations in transcutaneous PO2. An
      effect of blood pressure or ductus patency could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 1802672
TI  - The influence of respiratory distress syndrome on heart rate variability in very
      preterm infants.
AB  - In a multi-parametric study the influence of pathological neonatal conditions on
      heart rate variability was investigated in 60 preterm infants born at a
      gestational age below 33 weeks. Measurements were performed during the first 3
      days of life. Four times a day, RR-intervals, respiration curve and rate,
      transcutaneously measured blood gases and observed body movements were recorded
      while the infants were asleep. All data were stored simultaneously in a micro
      computer. Severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), patency of ductus
      arteriosus and periventricular haemorrhage were documented as well. Four sets of
      short- (STV) and long-term variability (LTV) indices were calculated. Severe RDS
      was associated with a significant decrease in LTV. The influence of RDS on LTV
      persisted after correction for conceptional age, postnatal age, behavioural state
      and variations in respiratory rate and in transcutaneous PO2. Infants with a
      symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus had lower LTV than controls with the same
      severity of RDS. STV was predominantly influenced by postnatal and conceptional
      age, and tended to be lower in infants with periventricular haemorrhage.

PMID- 1802673
TI  - The effects of maternal hyperoxia on fetal breathing movements, body movements
      and heart rate variation in growth retarded fetuses.
AB  - In hypoxemic intrauterine growth-retarded fetuses (IUGR) there is a reduction in
      the incidence of fetal movements and in fetal heart rate variation. A causal
      relationship with the impairment of fetal oxygenation has been suggested. In 16
      IUGR fetuses and in 13 normally grown fetuses maternal hyperoxygenation was
      applied for 40 min to increase fetal PO2 levels. All IUGR fetuses had abnormal
      Doppler blood velocity waveforms of the umbilical artery suggesting an impaired
      uteroplacental exchange. The effect of hyperoxygenation on fetal breathing and
      body movements and on fetal heart rate was evaluated. In the IUGR fetuses there
      was a significant increase in fetal breathing and body movements and in heart
      rate variation during hyperoxygenation as compared to the preceding control
      period of 40 min. No significant changes in fetal breathing and body movements
      were found in the normally grown control fetuses. A surprising observation was
      the increase of the number of heart rate decelerations after discontinuation of
      the maternal hyperoxygenation. It is concluded that in IUGR fetuses the increase
      in fetal heart rate variation and the increase in the incidence of breathing and
      body movements during maternal hyperoxygenation substantiates the relationship
      between these variables and the oxygenation status of the fetus.

PMID- 1802675
TI  - A case of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - A 63-year-old housewife with a history of partial thyroidectomy was referred to
      our hospital because of a neck mass and abdominal tumor. Aspiration biopsy of the
      neck tumor revealed the recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and urinary and plasma catecholamine
      levels indicated that the tumor beside the abdominal aorta was an extraadrenal
      pheochromocytoma. Two tumors were excised and histologic studies confirmed the
      diagnosis. So far two cases of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma with papillary
      thyroid carcinoma have been reported. The present case indicates that the
      presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma should be considered in patients with
      extraadrenal pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 1802674
TI  - Relation between body size and bone mineral density with special reference to sex
      hormones and calcium regulating hormones in elderly females.
AB  - We studied the relation between body size and bone mineral density in elderly
      females. The study included a total of 93 ambulatory females aged over 60 years.
      They were divided into 3 groups according to their body mass index (BMI; kg/m2):
      slender group with BMI less than 20 (n = 28), normal group with BMI of 20 to 24.9
      (n = 43) and obese group with BMI greater than or equal to 25 (n = 22). Fracture
      incidence, bone mineral density, calcium regulating hormones and steroid hormones
      were studied in an intergroup comparative manner. The incidence of vertebral
      fracture was found to be negatively correlated with BMI (the incidences of
      vertebral fracture in slender, normal and obese were 78.6, 48.8 and 22.7%,
      respectively) and bone mineral density was also BMI-related (0.390 +/- 0.016,
      0.456 +/- 0.015 and 0.493 +/- 0.018 g/cm2, respectively: p less than 0.01 in
      ANOVA; mean +/- SE). The number of years after menopause was shorter in patients
      with a higher BMI. There was no intergroup difference in serum levels of PTH,
      vitamin D and estrogens. On the other hand, serum levels of calcitonin, DHEA,
      DHEAS, delta-4 androstenedione and testosterone were found to be higher in
      subjects with a higher BMI. From the present results, it seems that bone mineral
      density is supported not only by weight-bearing stress upon bone, but also by
      serum levels of calcitonin and androgens in obese females.

PMID- 1802676
TI  - Effect of TNF-alpha on prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary and
      dopamine release from the hypothalamus: comparison with the effect of interleukin
      1 beta.
AB  - The effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta and -6 and tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the releases of PRL and dopamine were examined using
      monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells and hypothalamic cells. The release of
      PRL from rat pituitary cells in 30 min was increased about 2-fold (p less than
      0.05) by 10(5) U/l interleukin-1 beta, 10(5) U/l interleukin-6 or 100
      micrograms/l TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha at 100 micrograms/l significantly increased PRL
      release within 5 min incubation and this effect continued throughout the next 30
      min of incubation. Incubation for 5 min with TNF-alpha caused dose-dependent
      stimulation of PRL release. These cytokines did not modulate [3H]-dopamine
      release from primary cultures of hypothalamic cells. These results suggest that
      these cytokines stimulate PRL release directly at the pituitary gland, without
      modifying the release of dopamine from the hypothalamus.

PMID- 1802677
TI  - Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I concentration in patients receiving thyroxine.
AB  - We recently reported that the red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase I (CAI)
      concentration in patients with hyperthyroidism is reduced and reflects the
      patient's mean thyroid hormone level over the preceding months. In this study,
      RBC CAI concentrations were measured in patients with thyroid nodules who were
      receiving suppressive doses of thyroxine (group I) and compared with those
      obtained in patients with primary hypothyroidism receiving replacement doses of
      thyroxine (group 2). Of the 17 patients in group 1, 16 (94%) had elevated plasma
      free T4 levels, but all 17 had normal free T3 levels. Of the 17 patients in group
      2, 16 (94%) had normal free T4 levels and all 17 had normal free T3 levels.
      Plasma TSH concentrations in group 1 were all below the lower limit of
      sensitivity of 0.04 mU/l. In group 2, 11 had normal and 6 had slightly elevated
      plasma TSH concentrations. The mean (+/- SD) RBC CAI concentration in group 1
      (300 +/- 53 nmol/g Hb) was significantly lower than that in group 2 (340 +/- 57
      nmol/g Hb). The RBC CAI concentration was significantly correlated with both the
      concentration of plasma free T4 and free T3. These observations indicate that in
      patients receiving suppressive doses of thyroxine a slight increase in the plasma
      free T4 concentration produces a slight but significant decrease in RBC CAI
      levels.

PMID- 1802678
TI  - Characterization of antisera directed against follistatin/activin-binding protein
      peptides.
AB  - An attempt was made to develop immunologic probes directed against
      follistatin/activin-binding protein (ABP), for use in investigating the
      distribution of ABP in various tissues. Five oligopeptides corresponding to
      different regions of the predicted ABP amino acid sequence (peptides 1-12, 28-43,
      123-134, 270-281 and 300-315) were synthesized chemically, and coupled to Limulus
      polyphemus hemolymph hemocyanin. The peptide-hemocyanin conjugates were then used
      to immunize rabbits, and the immunoresponses were monitored by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Reactivity of the antipeptide antisera with ABP was
      determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis.
      All of the peptides produced immune responses. The antiserum to peptide 123-134
      recognized all forms of ABP, whereas the antiserum to peptide 300-315 reacted
      specifically and sensitively with the long forms of ABP. These two antisera
      exhibited only a limited cross-reaction with other proteins or none at all.
      Therefore, they will be useful for studying the distribution of ABP in various
      tissues.

PMID- 1802679
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of follistatin in rat tissues.
AB  - We have used immunohistochemistry to localize follistatin/activin-binding protein
      in adult male and female rats. A polyclonal antibody directed against a
      follistatin peptide (residues 123-134) was used as a specific immunologic probe.
      Intense and specific follistatin immunoreactivity was evident in spermatogenic
      cells of seminiferous tubules in the testis. The predominant staining was in
      nuclei of spermatocytes and spermatids, but no immune reaction was observed in
      spermatogonia or spermatozoa. Moderate immunoreactivity was detected in Leydig
      cells. Sertoli cells were follistatin-negative. Significant immunoreactivity was
      evident in ovarian granulosa cells. The intensity of the staining changed with
      follicle development: no immunoreactivity was observed in granulosa cells of
      primordial to primary follicles, but the cells of secondary to Graafian follicles
      displayed moderate to strong staining and finally luteal cells of the corpus
      luteum became negative. The epithelial lining of the oviduct and the smooth
      muscle of the myometrium of the uterus were intensely immunoreactive.
      Immunoreactive follistatin staining was present in the pituitary: a group of
      round-shaped cells were specifically stained. Immunostainable follistatin was
      visible in the epithelial layers of renal tubules with moderate to strong
      staining reactivity. Hepatic cells in the liver demonstrated homogeneous
      immunoreactivity from moderate to strong. The cortex of the adrenal gland, white
      pulp of the spleen and the brain cortex were also stained weakly but distinctly
      with the antiserum. In conclusion, immunoreactive follistatin is widespread in
      rat tissues, suggesting that follistatin/activin-binding protein is a ubiquitous
      protein, regulating a wide variety of activin actions.

PMID- 1802680
TI  - LH- and FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma in a postmenopausal woman.
AB  - Gonadotropin secreting pituitary adenomas have been reported with increasing
      frequency in men, but they are still rarely recognized in women. We report a 52
      year-old postmenopausal woman with LH- and FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. She
      had increased LH (37.0 +/- 13.7 IU/l) (mean +/- SD) and FSH (109.9 +/- 26.7 IU/l)
      but these concentrations were within normal ranges in 80 postmenopausal women
      (LH: 29.7 +/- 18.3 IU/l, FSH: 104.0 +/- 43.9 IU/l). The administration of GnRH
      and conjugated estrogen resulted in normal response of LH and FSH. No abnormal
      response of gonadotropin to TRH and bromocriptine was observed. After
      transsphenoidal adenomectomy both LH and FSH decreased (LH: 11.1 +/- 4.2 IU/l,
      FSH: 37.0 +/- 9.6 IU/l). An immunocytochemical study revealed that the adenoma
      cells synthesize both LH and FSH. The rarity of gonadotropin secreting pituitary
      adenomas in women could be the result of greater difficulty in recognition due to
      an increase in serum gonadotropin in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 1802681
TI  - Direct up-regulation of estrogen receptor by triiodothyronine in rat pituitary
      tumor MtT/F84.
AB  - To investigate a possible effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the regulation of
      estrogen receptor, estrogen dependent rat pituitary tumor, MtT/F84, was studied
      in rats which received surgical thyroidectomy (Tx) or were given propylthiouracil
      (PTU) and were supplemented with T3. In T3 loaded rats, the grafted tumor showed
      high estrogen receptor levels (160-200% of control), whereas low estrogen
      receptor levels (20-35% of control) were observed in the tumors grown in Tx and
      PTU treated rats. A single injection of T3 to Tx rats with MtT/F84 increased the
      estrogen receptor level in a time dependent manner and reached the maximal level
      at 6 h. In primary culture of MtT/F84 cells, T3 increased the specific 3H
      estrogen binding to tumor cells in a dose dependent manner (165% of control by
      10(-7)M T3) and also in a time dependent (maximum at 12 h) manner. These data
      suggest that T3 directly up-regulates the estrogen receptor level in MtT/F84
      cells.

PMID- 1802682
TI  - Growth stimulating activity secreted by human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanism of rapid growth of anaplastic thyroid
      carcinoma, growth stimulating activity produced by the cancer cells in culture
      was studied. A cell line (HTh7) established from a biopsy specimen of anaplastic
      thyroid carcinoma was used throughout the study. Growth stimulating activity was
      determined as an activity to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation in rat thyroid
      cell line (FRTL5). Conditioned medium of HTh7 cells contained significant growth
      stimulating activity for FRTL5 cells. The activity was separated into two
      fractions with heparin agarose gel: heparin-binding and heparin-non-binding. In
      the medium, the heparin-non-binding activity was much greater than the heparin
      binding one. The heparin-non-binding activity was acid stable. It was partially
      purified with gel filtration in an acidic condition followed by reverse phase
      HPLC. In gel filtration with a Sephacryl S-200 column, the activity was eluted
      later than the elution volume of cytochrome c (MW 12400) as several separated
      peaks. In reverse phase HPLC, however, the activity in these peaks was eluted as
      a single peak. The retention time of the active peak was almost the same as that
      of recombinant IGF-I. When measured by specific RIAs, the conditioned media
      concentrated 20 times contained both 0.35 ng/ml of IGF-I and 5.21 ng/ml of IGF
      II. As for the heparin-binding mitogenic activity, when applied to heparin
      affinity HPLC column and eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl, the activity came
      out as one major peak with approximately 1.0 M NaCl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802683
TI  - Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting blood glucose.
AB  - Changes in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism were studied in young and aged
      subjects, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and patients with NIDDM by
      means of the glucose clamp technique. The diabetic group includes obese and non
      obese patients treated without insulin and non-obese patients treated with
      insulin. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) was decreased in aged subjects (5.8 +/-
      0.4 mg/kg/min) compared with young controls (7.4 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min). In patients
      with IGT, it was further decreased to 3.6 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/min, which was comparable
      to the rate in NIDDM without insulin treatment (3.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min). There
      were no differences in the GDR between obese (3.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min) and non
      obese (3.4 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/min) diabetic patients. In insulin-treated diabetic
      patients, GDR ranged widely, but the mean value was partially normalized (5.2 +/-
      0.9 mg/kg/min). In the diabetic group, no correlation was observed between
      fasting blood glucose and GDR. These results suggest that in the course of
      developing NIDDM, a decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake precedes a rise
      in fasting blood glucose. Thus, as previously reported for Caucasian NIDDM
      patients, resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake may be one of the basic
      defects in Japanese patients with NIDDM. The degree of glycemia, however, is not
      directly related to the magnitude of the defect in insulin action.

PMID- 1802684
TI  - Effect of endothelin-3 (ET-3) on renal function in rat perfused kidney.
AB  - We examined the effect of endothelin-3 (ET-3) at a high dose (pressor dose) and a
      low dose (non-pressor dose) in rat perfused kidney (PK), since ET-3 has recently
      been reported to exert a vasodilator action especially at a low dose. Kidneys
      were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at a fixed flow rate (6 ml/min) in
      situ. After collection of the renal venous effluent and urine for 20 min, vehicle
      (saline; n = 6), 10(-13)M ET-3 (low dose; n = 6) or 10(-8) M ET-3 (high dose; n =
      6) was added to the perfusate, and sample collection was performed for the same
      period with each. The high dose of ET-3 significantly increased the perfusion
      pressure, fractional sodium excretion and synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs)
      consistently with a significant reduction in the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR). On the other hand, the low dose of ET-3 significantly increased the GFR,
      urine volume and free-water clearance with no change in the perfusion pressure or
      synthesis of PGs. These findings suggest that a low dose of ET-3 can increase the
      glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient and that ET-3 exerts an
      influence on sodium and water handing in the rat PK.

PMID- 1802685
TI  - Spot determinations of urinary cortisol for the screening of Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - The usefulness of spot determination of urinary cortisol in the screening of
      Cushing's syndrome was evaluated by measuring the cortisol concentration in
      randomly sampled urine in 68 normal subjects and in 9 patients with Cushing's
      syndrome. The urinary cortisol concentration in the morning was significantly
      higher in patients with Cushing's syndrome but some overlap existed between
      normal subjects and patients with Cushing's syndrome. In contrast, there was a
      clear discrimination between two groups when urinary cortisol was measured in the
      late evening: urinary cortisol was lower than 75 micrograms per gram creatinine
      (microgram/gCr) in normal subjects but higher than 150 micrograms/gCr in patients
      with Cushing's syndrome. When 1 mg dexamethasone was administered at 2300 h in
      the evening, spot urinary cortisol the next morning was less than 80
      micrograms/gCr in normal subjects while it was above 100 micrograms/gCr in
      patients with Cushing's syndrome. Dexamethasone-induced suppression of urinary
      cortisol in normal subjects lasted until late in the afternoon, which allows
      sampling of urine at any time in the morning and possibly in the afternoon. These
      results suggest the usefulness of spot determination of urinary cortisol in the
      screening of Cushings' syndrome.

PMID- 1802686
TI  - Computers.

PMID- 1802687
TI  - On the computational approach to immobilized pH gradients.
AB  - The unified treatment for computing the pH of complex mixtures of mono- and
      polyprotic buffers, including ampholytes, as utilized in the gradient simulation
      program PGS, is presented. Its ability to compute pH, buffering power and ionic
      strength is shown by discussing a few simulations. The problems arising in the
      automatic formulation of optimal mixtures are presented, as well as the merits
      and limits of several target functions utilized in such optimizations. It is
      shown that no universal target function exists and that a proper optimization
      method should account for the fact that more than one formulation is possible for
      a given pH range.

PMID- 1802688
TI  - Computer-aided calculation of the molecular size of nondenatured proteins in pore
      gradient gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A computer program written in Turbo C is described, which uses the two-step
      mathematical procedure published recently (Rothe, G. M., Electrophoresis 1988, 9,
      307-316) to evaluate the molecular mass, Stokes' radius, spherical radius, and
      frictional coefficient of nondenatured proteins. The program runs on any IBM-PC
      or 100% compatible IBM-PC, provided the disk operating system MS-DOS or PC-DOS
      3.0 or later has been installed. Functions that are permanently in use are
      accessible by menu. Storage and loading of data from disk and help instructions
      can be called by use of function keys. The program provides several tables into
      which inserted and calculated data is automatically integrated. Each table can be
      printed out, provided a printer with IBM character set is connected to the
      computer.

PMID- 1802689
TI  - Procedures and computer program for deriving the Ferguson plot from
      electrophoresis in a single pore gradient gel: application to agarose gel and a
      polystyrene particle.
AB  - This study presents a computerized evaluation of pore gradient gel
      electrophoretograms to arrive at estimates for both the particle-free mobility
      and retardation coefficient, which is related to particle size. Agarose pore
      gradient gels ranging from 0.2 to 1.1% agarose were formed. Gel gradients were
      stabilized during their formation by a density gradient of 0-20% 5-(N-2,3
      dihydroxypropylacetamido)- 2,4,6-triiodo-N,N'bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)
      isophthalamide (Nycodenz). Densitometry of gelled-in Bromophenol Blue showed that
      these pore gradients exhibited a linear central segment and were reproducible.
      Migration distances of polystyrene sulfate microspheres (36.5 nm radius) in
      agarose pore gradient gel electrophoresis were determined by time-lapse
      photography at several durations of electrophoresis. These migration distances
      were evaluated as a function of migration time as previously reported (D. Tietz,
      Adv. Electrophoresis 1988, 2, 109-169). Although this is not necessarily
      required, the mathematical approach used in this study assumed linearity of both
      the pore gradient and the Ferguson plot for reasons of simplicity. The data
      evaluation on the basis of the extended Ogston model is incorporated in a user
      friendly program, GRADFIT, which is designed for personal computers (Macintosh).
      The results obtained are compared with (1) conventional electrophoresis using
      several gels of single concentration with and without Nycodenz, and (ii) a
      different mathematical approach for the analysis of gradient gels (Rodbard et
      al., Anal. Biochem. 1971, 40, 135-157). Moreover, a simple procedure for
      evaluating linear pore gradient gels using linear regression analysis is
      presented. It is concluded that the values of particle-free mobility and
      retardation coefficient derived from pore gradient gel electrophoresis using the
      different mathematical methods are statistically indistinguishable from each
      other. However, these values are different, albeit close, to those obtained from
      conventional Ferguson plots. One of the possible reasons for this relatively
      minor discrepancy is that the particle-free mobility changed slightly during
      electrophoresis, which has a different effect on electrophoresis in homogeneous
      gels (single time measurement) and pore gradient gels (multiple time
      measurements). The characterization of particles according to size and charge by
      pore gradient electrophoresis provides a significant operational simplification
      and sample economy compared to that requiring the use of several gel
      concentrations, although at the price of increased requirements of
      instrumentation.

PMID- 1802690
TI  - The MELANIE project: from a biopsy to automatic protein map interpretation by
      computer.
AB  - The goals of the MELANIE project are to determine if disease-associated patterns
      can be detected in high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (HR 2D-PAGE) images and if a diagnosis can be established
      automatically by computer. The ELSIE/MELANIE system is a set of computer programs
      which automatically detect, quantify, and compare protein spots shown on HR 2D
      PAGE images. Classification programs help the physician to find disease
      associated patterns from a given set of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
      images and to form diagnostic rules. Prototype expert systems that use these
      rules to establish a diagnosis from new HR 2D-PAGE images have been developed.
      They successfully diagnosed cirrhosis of the liver and were able to distinguish a
      variety of cancer types from biopsies known to be cancerous.

PMID- 1802691
TI  - A two-dimensional electrophoresis-related laboratory information processing
      system: spot matching.
AB  - An approach for the computer-assisted analysis of two-dimensional gels has been
      developed as a part of our laboratory information processing system (LIPS). This
      approach relies in part on an algorithm for the pairwise matching of protein
      spots. The matching process initially matches spots based on a cross
      correlational measure of how well neighboring spots align. While this first pass
      correctly determines most spot correspondences and noncorrespondences, it can
      make errors. Higher accuracy is obtained by monitoring the consistency of spot
      match decisions in a second pass, which demands that neighboring spot pairs that
      align spatially must also have been found to match in the first pass. Pairwise
      comparisons of gels are combined into n-way comparisons by matching spot lists of
      gels to "master" gel spot lists, which in turn are matched to higher level
      masters, resulting in a hierarchy of matched spots. After each pairwise match the
      results are reviewed and corrected with the assistance of a graphical match
      editor. Results are given for 19 single-cell-derived lymphoid clones in which the
      presence of a mutation had previously been established, each processed in
      duplicate. Only one of 46 spot changes failed to be detected, which demonstrates
      that the strategy is sensitive and efficient for detecting qualitative spot
      differences.

PMID- 1802692
TI  - Implementation of a two-dimensional electrophoresis-related laboratory
      information processing system: database aspects.
AB  - A laboratory information processing system (LIPS) has been developed to provide
      support for various laboratory activities related to two-dimensional
      electrophoresis. In this paper we present the relational schema for each level of
      activity and the application development of LIPS, in terms of the relational
      database management system being used. We also discuss our experience with the
      current system.

PMID- 1802693
TI  - In vitro selection of resistance to vancomycin in bloodstream isolates of
      Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine whether vancomycin-resistant strains of
      Staphylococcus haemolyticus could be selected regardless of the initial MIC of
      vancomycin. Twenty-one bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus were
      studied by broth and agar selection methods. The broth method selected strains
      for which MICs of vancomycin ranged from 4 to 32 micrograms/ml and MBCs from 16
      to greater than 128 micrograms/ml. The agar method selected strains for which
      MICs ranged from 8 to 32 micrograms/ml and MBCs from 8 to greater than 128
      micrograms/ml. For comparison, seven strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were
      evaluated by the agar selection method. Final MICs of vancomycin ranged from 8 to
      16 micrograms/ml; MBCs ranged from 16 to 64 micrograms/ml. Clearly, in vitro
      exposure to vancomycin can select strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and
      Staphylococcus epidermidis for which MIC values are beyond the susceptible
      breakpoint.

PMID- 1802694
TI  - Antibacterial properties of breast milk: requirements for surface phagocytosis
      and chemiluminescence.
AB  - The opsonic components of breast milk responsible for phagocytosis of surface
      adherent Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were
      investigated. There was significantly greater phagocytosis of bacteria pre
      opsonized with 100% breast milk than of unopsonized bacteria (p less than 0.001).
      Heat inactivation of breast milk had no effect on surface phagocytosis,
      indicating that phagocytosis is independent of complement. The predominant
      immunoglobulin in breast milk, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), did not promote
      phagocytosis. In contrast, IgG, which is present in very low amounts in breast
      milk (0.05 mg/ml), was as opsonic as 100% breast milk, suggesting that this is
      the major opsonin. An oxidative burst as measured by chemiluminescence was
      observed during phagocytosis of bacteria pre-opsonized with 100% breast milk.
      Heat inactivation of breast milk reduced the chemiluminescence response to the
      level of control. Neither secretory IgA nor IgG stimulated a polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte chemiluminescence response to surface-adherent bacteria. These
      experiments indicate that IgG is the principal component of breast milk
      responsible for surface phagocytosis but that complement is required for the
      generation of chemiluminescence and thus may be essential for intracellular
      killing of bacteria. Secretory IgA, despite its abundance in breast milk, has no
      effect on surface phagocytosis or neutrophil chemiluminescence.

PMID- 1802696
TI  - Corynebacterium CDC group A-4 native valve endocarditis.
AB  - A patient with endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium CDC Group A-4 is described.
      This is the first case in the literature of endocarditis caused by this bacteria,
      and is unique in that the patient was immune competent and the infection occurred
      on a native valve. This case illustrates that corynebacteria cannot be considered
      a contaminant and that the exact pathogen should be identified.

PMID- 1802697
TI  - Evaluation of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections by cell culture and the
      polymerase chain reaction using a closed system.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty-four specimens from males and females consulting a clinic
      for sexually transmitted diseases were analyzed for genital Chlamydia trachomatis
      infection. Each clinical sample was tested by the cell culture technique and the
      polymerase chain reaction using a closed system. When the two test systems were
      compared, the overall sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction was 96% and
      the specificity 94% when compared to the cell culture technique. By use of a
      closed system for DNA extraction and sample transfer for the polymerase chain
      reaction, contamination of the samples was minimized. The polymerase chain
      reaction detected a higher number of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among both
      symptomatic and asymptomatic females and males, and it also detected Chlamydia
      trachomatis at an earlier stage of infection when compared to cell culture. The
      polymerase chain reaction did not detect Chlamydia trachomatis after sufficient
      antibiotic treatment of the chlamydial infections.

PMID- 1802695
TI  - Detection of a heat-labile enterotoxin gene in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      by densitometric evaluation using highly specific enzyme-linked oligonucleotide
      probes.
AB  - Two alkaline phosphatase-conjugated 24-mer oligonucleotide probes were developed
      to detect the heat-labile enterotoxin gene in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
      Probes were antisense codon sequences, which are transcribed into mRNA, of the
      heat-labile enterotoxin gene of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of human origin.
      Using dot-blot hybridization, probes were tested with 100 clinical isolates and
      evaluated by a reflectance-type densitometer. Results agreed very well with those
      of an immunological test, the Biken test, and a 32P-labelled recombinant DNA
      probe. The oligonucleotide probes did not react with nucleic acids prepared from
      other diarrhoeagenic bacterial pathogens. Thus, the alkaline phosphatase
      conjugated oligonucleotide probes seem to be highly sensitive and specific for
      detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
      Moreover, the results indicate a potential usefulness for densitometric
      evaluation of DNA hybridization.

PMID- 1802698
TI  - Problems in interpretation of piperacillin susceptibility of TEM-1 producing
      Escherichia coli in the disk diffusion test.
AB  - The susceptibility of 455 Escherichia coli blood culture isolate to piperacillin
      was tested with the disk diffusion test. The presence of different beta-lactamase
      genes in these strains was also studied using DNA hybridization. Of the TEM beta
      lactamase producing isolates, 64% (61/95) were interpreted as intermediately
      susceptible to piperacillin. Because piperacillin is hydrolyzed by TEM-type beta
      lactamases, we suggest that the intermediate susceptibility category should be
      reduced or omitted in testing piperacillin susceptibility of Escherichia coli
      isolates.

PMID- 1802699
TI  - Analysis of beta-lactamase production in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli
      isolated from blood cultures 1983-1989.
AB  - From 1983 to 1989, 520 Escherichia coli blood culture pathogens were isolated
      from two hospitals in Turku, Finland. Ampicillin resistance (MIC greater than or
      equal to 16 micrograms/ml) of these isolates increased from 33% in 1983 to 66% in
      1987, but decreased to 38-49% in 1988-1989. Occurrence of TEM-1 beta-lactamase
      producing isolates increased only slightly from 14% in 1983 to 25% in 1989 among
      all Escherichia coli strains studied. Strains with ampicillin MIC values of 16
      micrograms/ml and 32 micrograms/ml were mostly responsible for the increase in
      resistance. Among these isolates, TEM-1 or any other of the well known plasmid
      mediated beta-lactamases were not found by hybridization or isoelectric focusing.

PMID- 1802701
TI  - Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunomembrane filter assay for detection of
      respiratory syncytial virus in clinical specimens.
AB  - A commercial enzyme immunomembrane filter assay (EIFA) for respiratory syncytial
      virus (RSV) was compared prospectively with isolation in cell culture and an
      enzyme immunoassay. A total of 595 respiratory specimens, mostly from pediatric
      patients, were examined. The EIFA was 70.96% sensitive and 72.40% specific in
      comparison with cell culture. Results for 40 specimens (6.72%) were
      uninterpretable, mainly due to filtration difficulties. Twenty-one (25%) of 84
      specimens whose results were initially considered false-positive were
      subsequently confirmed positive after a blocking test with bovine anti-RSV serum.
      On the basis of the total number of confirmed positive results, the sensitivity
      and the specificity of the test were 87.90% and 75.77%, respectively.

PMID- 1802700
TI  - Isolation of Enterobacter amnigenus from a heart transplant recipient.
AB  - The isolation of Enterobacter amnigenus from a human source is reported. This
      microorganism was grown from an intravenous catheter and, along with Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, from the blood of a heart transplant patient. The biochemical
      characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolate are described.

PMID- 1802702
TI  - Culture of Borrelia burgdorferi on six solid media.
AB  - Six solid substrates were compared for their support of growth of ten isolates of
      Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. The following
      substrates with or without rabbit serum and bovine serum albumin were tested: BSK
      agar, BHIAM agar, TAROM agar, MEM agar, MKP agar and PMR agar. After incubation
      in a candle jar and a GasPak for two to four weeks, Borrelia colonies were
      counted and characterized. Colony morphology was related more to the growth
      substrate than to the characteristics of the various Borrelia burgdorferi
      isolates. Culture on PMR agar resulted in the highest recovery rate and the best
      colony formation, with a size variation of 0.3-3.0 mm. Culture of Borrelia
      burgdorferi on solid media may facilitate the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by
      enabling easier biological and genetical analysis of isolates and more accurate
      differentiation of strains.

PMID- 1802703
TI  - Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole.

PMID- 1802704
TI  - Spermatogenesis in Drosophila. A genetic approach to cellular and subcellular
      differentiation.
AB  - Y chromosomal fertility genes are essential for spermatogenesis, but those genes
      which code for major structural components of the spermatozoon and those
      controlling sperm morphogenesis must be located on a different chromosome. In the
      past, it had been questioned whether it would be possible to achieve a meaningful
      classification of male sterile mutations by light microscopy. I now show,
      however, that comparison of 244 autosomal male sterile mutants of Drosophila
      hydei with 400 similar mutants in D. melanogaster not only allows such a
      classification on the basis of the apparent targets, but also permits a genetic
      dissection of sperm morphogenesis. Differentiation of male germ cells is best
      characterized as spermeoteleosis, since male sterile mutations have the effect of
      aborting spermatogenesis rather than changing the cellular fate of the germ
      cells. In contrast to earlier proposals concerning sequential determinative
      events during this process, male sterile mutations can block spermatogenesis at
      nearly every stage, and not, as previously postulated, exclusively at the
      transitions between gonial, meiotic, and postmeiotic stages. Male sterile
      mutations can modify the topology of the organelles of a spermatid, and they can
      also affect the different components (i.e., nucleus, axoneme, nebenkern) of a
      germ cell to quite different degrees, leading to characteristic pleiotropic
      phenotypes. Some male sterile mutations can decouple the development of the
      different components of a germ cell, i.e., they may lead to a heterochrony of the
      development of the different subcellular structures, or they may permit the
      differentiation of some components of a germ cell even in the complete absence of
      an organelle. Thus, it is possible to describe spermatogenesis as the concerted,
      but not interdependent, execution of separate developmental programs for the
      particular components of male germ cells.

PMID- 1802705
TI  - Apoptosis: molecular mechanisms in programmed cell death.

PMID- 1802706
TI  - Localization of U3 RNA molecules in nucleoli of HeLa and mouse 3T3 cells by high
      resolution in situ hybridization.
AB  - We have examined the ultrastructural localization of U3 RNA in the nucleoli of
      HeLa and mouse 3T3 cells by in situ hybridization with a biotinylated U3 DNA
      probe and subsequent detection of hybrids with electron microscopy by direct
      immunogold labeling. The highest levels of signal density for U3 RNA are detected
      over the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus, including the
      interfaces between DFC and the enclosed fibrillar center (FC) on the one hand and
      DFC and the granular component (GC) on the other hand. Lower but significant
      signals also are observed over GC, which indicate, taking into account the high
      relative volume of GC in a nucleolus, that a substantial fraction of U3 RNA is
      present in this compartment where the more mature forms of pre-rRNA accumulate.
      In parallel, the localization of fibrillarin was analyzed by immunogold
      detection, demonstrating that fibrillarin and U3 RNA have a roughly similar
      distribution, although quantitative measurements reveal that the signal ratio for
      both molecules exhibit significant differences among the major ultrastructural
      components of the nucleolus.

PMID- 1802707
TI  - Regulated secretion of mature cathepsin B from rat exocrine pancreatic cells.
AB  - By indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy with an
      antibody that recognizes specifically the two forms of native mature rat
      cathepsin B (31 kDa and 5:25 kDa) but not the proenzyme, we detected cathepsin B
      not only in lysosomes of adult rat exocrine pancreatic cells but also in the
      trans Golgi condensing vacuoles, the zymogen granules and the pancreatic juice in
      the intralobular ducts. In contrast, immunocytochemistry with an antibody
      specific for rat cathepsin D showed the latter to be present in the same cells
      only in lysosomal compartments as expected. The same pattern of labeling with
      these two antibodies was found in the first zymogen granules to form in 17-day
      old fetal rat pancreas. Counts of the extent of immunogold labeling of cathepsin
      B in the adult exocrine cells showed that the concentration of the enzyme was
      only two-fold higher in the lysosomal compartments than in the zymogen granules.
      To confirm these observations, rat pancreatic postnuclear supernatant (PNS), a
      fraction enriched in zymogen granules and rat pancreatic juice obtained by
      catheterization of the pancreatic duct, were subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis
      followed by immunoblotting with the cathepsin B antibody. All three samples
      contained a 31 kDa protein recognized by the antibody with a pI of about 4.5, the
      single chain mature form of cathepsin B. We then radiolabeled pancreatic PNS and
      zymogen granule fractions with benzyloxycarbonyl-Tyr[125I]-Ala-CHN2, an affinity
      label that covalently binds to the active sites of mature forms of both cathepsin
      B and cathepsin L. In both PNS and zymogen granule fractions this reagent labeled
      cathepsin B. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the antibody to
      cathepsin B recognized specifically both the single chain and the double chain
      mature forms of cathepsin B in the native state. Finally, Northern blots with a
      cDNA of rat cathepsin B showed that the concentration of cathepsin B mRNA in
      total pancreatic RNA increased following in vivo stimulation of the exocrine
      pancreatic cells with optimal doses of cerulein, a cholecystokinin analogue. We
      conclude that significant amounts of mature cathepsin B are secreted from
      exocrine pancreatic cells via the apical regulated exocytotic pathway, and we
      discuss this in terms of models for sorting of proteins to the cores of dense
      cored secretory granules.

PMID- 1802708
TI  - Coated endosomal vesicles: sorting and recycling compartment for transferrin in
      BHK cells.
AB  - We have investigated receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin (Tf) in baby
      hamster kidney (BHK) cells, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, and by
      carrying out colocalization experiments with clathrin antibodies and a
      fluorescently tagged glycolipid. Early during internalization, Tf was found in
      small vesicles (100-150 nm in diameter) located at the cell periphery. The ligand
      remained associated with such vesicles when the latter concentrated towards the
      cell center, before ending up in the juxtanuclear area. Throughout this vesicular
      trafficking pathway, clathrin colocalized with Tf. We conclude that Tf is
      processed intracellularly via small coated endosomal vesicles (CEV) and is not
      delivered into large tubular endosomes (CURL; compartment for uncoupling
      receptors and ligands), typical for ligand trafficking to lysosomes. By
      determining the kinetics of Tf internalization and by comparing the flow of Tf to
      that of a fluorescent glycolipid, it can also be concluded that CEVs display
      sorting and recycling properties, implying that small vesicles can be shed from
      or fuse with CEVs. Acidic pH does not prevent the formation of CEVs, but their
      intracellular movement, towards the cell center, is impeded.

PMID- 1802709
TI  - Endosomal density shift is related to a decrease in fusion capacity.
AB  - Dinitrophenol (DNP)-beta-glucuronidase and mannosylated anti-DNP IgG, which are
      endocytosed by the mannose receptor and delivered to lysosomes, were previously
      developed as probes for examination of fusion between early endosomes in a cell
      free system. In this study, these probes were found to be transported by intact
      cells to endocytic vesicles with heavy buoyant density at different rates, as
      determined by Percoll gradient fractionation of cell homogenates. There was a
      concomitant loss of in vitro fusion activity as the ligands moved to dense
      compartments. In monensin-treated cells, DNP-beta-glucuronidase was retained in a
      light compartment corresponding to intracellular vesicles capable of fusion in
      vitro. Pulse-chase studies using a DNP-derivatized transferrin-alkaline
      phosphatase conjugate showed that a recycling ligand was always found in light
      intracellular vesicles that were capable of fusion to early endosomes in vitro.
      In contrast to cell-free systems, intact cells sequentially labeled with DNP-beta
      glucuronidase and then mannosylated anti-DNP IgG showed ligand mixing in both
      early and late endocytic compartments. Treatment with nocodazole or colchicine
      did not affect the rate of DNP-beta-glucuronidase transport to heavy vesicles in
      intact cells, however, the extent of ligand mixing in late endosomes was
      decreased by microtubule disruption. Using sequentially labeled cells split into
      two groups, we directly compared ligand mixing in vitro to mixing by intact
      cells. Fusion alone does not mediate increases in vesicle density, since DNP-beta
      glucuronidase/anti-DNP IgG complexes formed in vitro were found in light
      vesicles, while intact cells showed immune complexes predominantly in heavy
      vesicles. These results suggest that the density shift is an initial step in
      targeting to lysosomes.

PMID- 1802710
TI  - The blood platelet open canalicular system: a two-way street.
AB  - Channels of the surface-connected, open canalicular system (OCS) of human
      platelets serve as the pathway for transport of substances into the cells and as
      conduits for the discharge of alpha granule products secreted during the platelet
      release reaction. The purpose of the present study was to determine if both
      functions of the OCS can take place simultaneously. Suspensions of washed
      platelets were incubated with 18 to 20-nm colloidal gold particles coupled to
      fibrinogen molecules (Fgn/Au) for 5 min, then exposed to 0.2, 1 or 5 U of
      thrombin/ml for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, or 300 s. The samples were fixed in
      glutaraldehyde and osmic acid containing tannic acid under conditions that stain
      alpha granule fibrinogen during secretion from thrombin-stimulated cells.
      Thrombin caused Fgn/Au particles to bind to platelets and be cleared to channels
      of the OCS at about the same rate, regardless of the thrombin concentration.
      Discharge of tannic acid-osmium stained fibrinogen from alpha granules to
      channels of the OCS and platelet exterior was, on the other hand, time and
      thrombin concentration dependent. Fgn/Au receptor complexes were observed in the
      same OCS channels as the tannic acid-osmium stained alpha granule secretion
      products. Thus, the platelet OCS appears to be a two-way street with different
      speed limits for incoming and outgoing traffic.

PMID- 1802711
TI  - Immunolocalization of a cysteine protease within the lysosomal system of
      Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - A cysteine protease has been purified from bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma
      congolense by affinity chromatography on cystatin-Sepharose. A polyclonal
      antibody was raised against the purified enzyme and used for immunocytochemical
      localization of the enzyme by electron microscopy. Antibody labeling of the
      cysteine protease, using colloidal gold-labeled protein A (PrA-Au), was observed
      over amorphous material within subcellular organelles which have the appearance
      of lysosome-like bodies. This intracellular labeling colocalized in organelles
      containing bovine serum albumin-gold (BSA-Au) that had been endocytosed by the
      living parasites. The PrA-Au/antibody also labeled the flagellar pocket and
      parasite cell surface, albeit less consistently. Volume density analysis showed
      that the organelles containing endocytosed BSA-Au, after 30 min incubation at 37
      degrees C in BSA-Au, comprised approximately 22% of the total parasite cell
      volume. Under similar conditions, but employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a
      fluid-phase marker of the lysosomal system, only 5.7% of the cell contained HRP.
      This value dropped to 3.6% after 60 min incubation. Volume density analysis
      showed that the amorphous material which was labeled by the antibody to the
      cysteine protease occupied 6.9% of the cell volume. This amorphous material was
      contained within a membrane-bound lysosome-like organelle that occupied 11.5% of
      the cell. Thus, the cysteine protease appears to be present in half, or less, of
      the lysosomal system of T. congolense.

PMID- 1802712
TI  - Laminin binding and internalization by human and murine mammary gland cell lines
      in vitro.
AB  - We have studied the binding and internalization of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse
      sarcoma laminin labeled with colloidal gold (LN-G40) by human and murine mammary
      gland cell lines. Interactions between the LN-G40 probe and the cells spread on a
      glass coverslip were monitored with video-enhanced contrast microscopy (Nanovid).
      Transmission electron microscopy allowed the quantitation of the LN-G40 probe at
      various cellular locations. During the first 15 min, a homogeneous binding of LN
      G40 probe to the cell surface was observed with all cell lines. This binding did
      not occur with gold particles that were not conjugated to laminin. Then, the LN
      G40 probe began to cluster on the cell surface and was, during the following 20
      h, internalized by pits that were not coated. In the cells, the LN-G40 probe
      sometimes showed saltatory movements along linear tracks. The LN-G40 probe was
      intracellularly found in vesicles, multivesicular bodies, cisternal structures,
      and lysosomes, suggesting the degradation of the internalized laminin. However,
      not all cell surface-bound LN-G40 probe was internalized after 20 h. Differences
      between the cell lines were quantitative, but no clear correlation could be made
      between migration of cells on laminin and internalization of laminin.

PMID- 1802713
TI  - Microtubule disruption interferes with the structural and functional integrity of
      the apical pole in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The effect of microtubule disruption on the development and maintenance of cell
      polarity was studied in rat hepatocytes cultured as primary monolayers in the
      presence of colchicine or nocodazole. Addition of colchicine immediately after
      plating did not inhibit the generation of bile canaliculi (the apical pole) after
      1 day of culture, as judged by electron microscopic examination, and did not
      allow penetration of Ruthenium Red through the tight junctions. However, the bile
      canaliculi developed in the presence of colchicine or nocodazole were not fully
      normal since they were not able to concentrate fluorescein diacetate in their
      lumina, and did not enrich with proteins of the apical plasma membrane domain, as
      control cells did. When the drugs were added after 1 or 2 days of culture, the
      new bile canaliculi appeared to be unaffected when examined by electron
      microscopy, but many of them did not concentrate fluorescein and were not
      enriched with apical membrane proteins within 4 to 24 h after drug addition.
      Whenever the drugs were added, the proteins that would normally concentrate on
      the membrane of the bile canaliculi accumulated intracellularly in endocytic
      vesicles after 2 to 4 h of drug treatment, and in vacuoles resembling lysosomes
      when the drugs were maintained for 24 h or more. These results show that
      microtubule disruption does not inhibit the structural reconstitution of bile
      canaliculi, but impairs their normal function and the transport of proteins of
      the apical plasma membrane domain.

PMID- 1802714
TI  - Apical and basal Forssman antigen in MDCK II cells: a morphological and
      quantitative study.
AB  - We have studied the surface distribution of a glycosphingolipid (the Forssman
      antigen) in MDCK II and CCL39 cells. The Forssman antigen is mobile on the
      surface of both these cell lines. Its surface distribution is homogenous on non
      polarized cells. Under conditions where MDCK II cells are well polarized, the
      Forssman antigen is present in equal amounts on the apical membrane and on the
      basal membrane and its processes. Very little Forssman antigen can be detected on
      the lateral membrane. The nature of the mechanism excluding the Forssman antigen
      from the lateral domain remains to be determined. This surface distribution is
      established within hours after plating and was observed with cells grown on
      different types of filters. The surface density of the Forssman antigen on the
      apical and on the basal domain has been estimated. No involvement of the basal
      Forssman antigen in cell attachment could be demonstrated. However, the apical
      Forssman antigen appears to be essential to the establishment of the cells in
      culture.

PMID- 1802715
TI  - Integrity of the occluding barrier in high-resistant thyroid follicular
      epithelium in culture. I. Dependence of extracellular Ca2+ is polarized.
AB  - The dependence of the thyroid occluding barrier on extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+e) was
      studied in porcine thyrocyte monolayers resting on the collagen-coated porous
      filter of bicameral culture chambers. Ca2+ in the apical and basal media was
      selectively removed by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)N,N,N',N'
      tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and the effect on occluding junction integrity was
      estimated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (RTE) and the
      transepithelial flux (FTE) of 125I-, [3H]inulin and 125I-thyroglobulin.
      Experiments were also carried out to monitor the recovery of the occluding
      barrier after restitution of Ca2+e as well as to examine the effect of a second
      Ca2+ depletion period. Obtained data were correlated to changes in thyrocyte
      ultrastructure and distribution of filamentous actin as visualized by fluorescein
      isothiocyanate (FITC)-phalloidin. The thyrocyte monolayer developed RTE greater
      than 6000 ohms.cm2 after 6 to 8 days of culture. Total depletion of Ca2+e caused
      a rapid fall in RTE to about 50 ohms.cm2 after 10 min. Selective removal of Ca2+
      in the basal medium induced a similar decline in RTE, which, however, was
      significantly retarded. Removal of apical Ca2+e alone was without effect on RTE.
      Corresponding responses were found in FTE experiments: the apicobasal transfer of
      radiotracers was unaltered after apical depletion, intermediary increased after
      basal depletion and maximally increased after total depletion of Ca2+e.
      Morphologically, monolayers lacking apical Ca2+e appeared normal except for
      shortening of microvilli at the apical plasma membrane. Removal of basal Ca2+e
      caused a focal dissociation of the adherens junction, which was most pronounced
      at the three-cell corners, leaving a slight dilation of the apical-most portion
      of the intercellular cleft. The adherent junction-associated actin bundle was
      partly retracted into the apical cytoplasm. The former occluding junction was
      distended and of reduced height at the sites of dissociated adherens junction.
      After total Ca2+ depletion, more severe alterations were found, i.e., contraction
      of cells and marked dilation of intercellular clefts. Readdition of Ca2+ to
      cultures depleted of basal Ca2+e for 10 min normalized RTE, FTE, and junctional
      morphology within 30 to 60 min. When a second period of basal depletion was
      introduced after recovery was obtained, the decrease in RTE and the retraction of
      the actin bundle occurred much more rapidly than during the first depletion. It
      is concluded that the thyroid occluding barrier depends on extracellular Ca2+
      present only at the basal side of the occluding junction. Furthermore, this Ca2+
      dependence seems to be spatially segregated along the lateral plasma membrane as
      well as along the circumference of the thyrocyte.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802716
TI  - Calcium channel blocker and calmodulin antagonists affect the gradient of free
      calcium ions in lily pollen tubes.
AB  - The distribution of intracellular free calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) was measured in
      pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum using video imaging microscopy and the calcium
      sensitive indicators fura-2 and quin-2. The mean [Ca2+]i in growing pollen tubes
      measured with fura-2 shows a maximum of 1.7 to 2.6 microM in the tube tip and
      decreases almost exponentially to 60 to 100 nM at 100 microns behind the tip.
      Using quin-2, the maximum [Ca2+]i was also found in the tube tip but with a lower
      Ca2+ concentration, namely 1 microM. Addition of the calcium channel blocker La3+
      caused a decrease of the [Ca2+]i maximum in the tube tip, indicating a
      heterogeneous distribution of Ca2+ channels along the plasma membrane of pollen
      tubes. The [Ca2+]i increased after addition of vanadate or compound 48/80. This
      suggests an involvement of a calmodulin-dependent Ca2+ pump in generation of the
      Ca2+ gradient in lily pollen tubes. The high [Ca2+]i found in the tube tip with
      fura-2 seems to indicate the real Ca2+ concentration and is probably responsible
      for vesicle fusion, fragmentation of actin filaments, and inhibition of
      cytoplasmic streaming.

PMID- 1802717
TI  - Assembly and structure of calcium-induced thick vimentin filaments.
AB  - Using a viscometric assay and various electron microscopic procedures (negative
      staining, rotary shadowing, ultrathin sectioning) we have determined the
      influences of different kinds of ions and of ionic strength on the structures
      formed by assembly of soluble subunits of vimentin from bovine lens tissue or
      from Escherichia coli transformed with Xenopus vimentin cDNA. In contrast to the
      assembly of typical, i.e., 8 to 14-nm, intermediate-sized filaments (IFs) at
      elevated (e.g., 160 mM) concentrations of monovalent cations and at millimolar
      Mg2+ concentrations, filaments formed in the presence of Ca2+ ions (e.g., 5 mM)
      appeared at a lower rate, attained lower viscosity and were considerably thicker
      and shorter. The largest diameter measured was that for the recombinant amphibian
      protein: 24.2 +/- 8.5 nm in negative staining, 28.7 +/- 5.6 nm in sections. These
      thick Ca(2+)-induced filaments, however, revealed the same approximately 2 nm
      protofilament composition and approximately 20 nm cross-striation pattern as
      typical IFs, indicative of a similar molecular arrangement. The significance of
      this unusual structural IF protein assembly is discussed.

PMID- 1802718
TI  - Gene structure and chromosomal localization of the murine lamin B2 gene.
AB  - The structure of the murine lamin B2 gene has been analyzed by cloning,
      sequencing and hybridization techniques, including in situ hybridization. The
      gene exists in single copy on the distal arm of chromosome 10 and comprises at
      least 15 kb, containing 12 exons and 11 introns. The transcriptional start point,
      as determined by primer extension analysis and RNase protection, was mapped to
      the region -264 to -254 upstream the ATG start codon. The 5' upstream region does
      not reveal any classical TATA box elements but typical features of genes encoding
      "housekeeping" proteins. The intron pattern is strikingly similar to those of the
      Xenopus laevis lamin LIII (Doring, V., R. Stick, EMBO J. 9, 4073-4081 (1990)) and
      of the intermediate filament protein of the invertebrate Helix aspersa (Dodemont,
      H., D. Riemer, K. Weber, EMBO J. 9, 4083-4094 (1990], particularly in the central
      rod and in the tail domains. Moreover, this lamin gene contains an additional
      intron in the region encoding the rod domain. Our data are compatible with the
      evolutionary hypothesis that IF proteins have evolved from a lamin-like ancestor
      molecule.

PMID- 1802719
TI  - Proteoglycan and collagen synthesis are correlated with actin organization in
      dedifferentiating chondrocytes.
AB  - The dedifferentiation of chondrocytes in culture is classically associated with a
      transition from a rounded to a spread morphology. However, the loss of
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and type II collagen gene expression
      (markers of the differentiated chondrocyte) does not occur for all polygonal or
      fibroblast-like cells at the same stage of culture. Furthermore, it has been
      demonstrated that retinoic acid-dedifferentiated chondrocytes can reexpress type
      II collagen if treated by the microfilament disruptive drug dihydrocytochalasin
      B, without a return to the spherical shape. In the present study, we have
      investigated by fluorescent double-staining whether the synthesis of both CSPG
      and type II collagen by dedifferentiating chick chondrocytes in low density
      cultures is dependent on a type of actin organization. We report that the
      synthesis of CSPG and type II collagen synthesis is coincident with the presence
      of a faint microfibrillar actin architecture but is absent in chondrocytes
      showing well defined actin cables. This correlation was observed independently of
      the shapes exhibited by the cells. Moreover, type I collagen (marker of the
      dedifferentiated chondrocyte) is synthesized mainly in cells showing large actin
      cables. This study, performed in the absence of drugs, suggests that actin
      organization, rather than changes in cell shape, is involved in modulating the
      chondrogenic phenotype in vitro.

PMID- 1802720
TI  - Lack of detectable kinetochores on some chromosomes in mouse x human hybrids.
AB  - When treated with an anti-kinetochore antibody present in the sera of scleroderma
      (var. CREST) patients, most chromosomes exhibit kinetochore dots at the position
      of the centromere. In this paper we report that some chromosomes in the mouse x
      human somatic cell hybrid fail to show these dots. In the early passages in a
      hybrid, HYG-1, the frequency of such chromosomes was higher (0.85%) than in later
      passages (0.45%) studied after five months of continuous culturing. In parallel,
      the mean number of human chromosomes in the hybrid also dropped. The somewhat
      hypodiploid parental cell lines, when similarly treated, showed only a rare
      chromosome without kinetochore dots. Immunoblots of the proteins showed that the
      sera used for kinetochore detection recognized all major centromere proteins
      (CENPs). Electron microscopy of some offlying metaphase chromosomes in another
      hybrid, HR61, exhibited a lack of trilamellar kinetochores. This study suggests
      that akinetochoric chromosomes might provide a novel mechanism responsible for
      chromosome loss and genesis of aneuploidy. In early passages, some cells in the
      hybrid showed detached kinetochores. These autonomous kinetochores could be seen
      in clusters and involved some mouse chromosomes also. Potential significance of
      these autonomous kinetochores in generating compound centromeres is discussed.

PMID- 1802722
TI  - Different action of heparin and fucoidan on arterial smooth muscle cell
      proliferation and thrombospondin and fibronectin metabolism.
AB  - Fucoidan, a sulfated fucopolysaccharide of marine algae is able to inhibit the
      proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells half maximally at a concentration
      of 80 to 100 micrograms/ml culture medium. In comparable concentrations heparin
      was significantly less active than the fucopolysaccharide. Sulfation of fucoidan
      was found to be essential for expression of antiproliferative activity. The
      inhibitory effect of fucoidan is a time-dependent event with highest
      effectiveness during the first 6 h. Fucoidan does not influence the overall rate
      of synthesis of cell proteins and glycoconjugates, but led to substantial
      alterations in the synthesis and secretion of fibronectin and thrombospondin.
      Immunoprecipitation and quantitation revealed that the incorporation of
      [35S]methionine into fibronectin is reduced whereas thrombospondin synthesis was
      increased. The effect on fibronectin was not shared by heparin. Desulfation of
      the fucopolysaccharide abolished the observed modulation. Binding experiments
      with [125I]fucoidan indicate a saturable binding and a maximum of 2.8 x 10(6)
      bound molecules per cell. Fucoidan binding sites can be only partly displaced by
      heparin. The results suggest that both heparin and the structurally unrelated
      sulfated fucopolysaccharide act as an antiproliferative agent but differ in their
      modulation of cell metabolism.

PMID- 1802721
TI  - Density-dependent inhibition of cell growth is correlated with the activity of a
      cell surface phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.
AB  - We previously identified a novel phospatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI
      PLC) present at the surface of Swiss 3T3 cells using a fluorescent analog of PI
      and showed that this cell surface PI-PLC (csPI-PLC) activity increases with
      increasing cell density (J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5337-5340 (1990)). Here, we find
      that csPI-PLC activity also increased in cultures in which growth was inhibited
      due to serum deprivation. csPI-PLC was inhibited by agents that inhibit other
      mammalian PI-PLCs, but not by treatments which inhibit glycosyl PI-PLCs (GPI
      PLCs). We also extended our studies using fluorescent PI to other cell types and
      found that csPI-PLC activity was present only in cell lines that exhibit growth
      inhibition upon reaching confluency (Swiss 3T3, 3T3-L1, BALB/c 3T3, and normal
      rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts), but not in cell lines that are tumorigenic and/or
      do not exhibit growth inhibition in a density-dependent manner (Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO), mouse L, SV-40 transformed BALB/c 3T3 (SV-T2), baby hamster kidney
      (BHK), and Chinese hamster lung (V79) fibroblasts). These results support the
      hypothesis that csPI-PLC plays a role in the density-dependent inhibition of cell
      growth.

PMID- 1802723
TI  - Bovine platelets contain a 280 kDa microtubule-associated protein antigenically
      related to brain MAP 2.
AB  - Resting bovine platelets contain a microtubule coil which reorganizes into linear
      arrays upon thrombin activation. Microtubule arrays in both resting and activated
      platelets are extensively cross-linked. In an effort to determine the proteins
      responsible for this cross-linking, we have developed a method to isolate taxol
      stabilized microtubule coils directly from platelet-rich plasma. Negatively
      stained coils are still cross-linked, and fine filamentous projections are seen
      between adjacent microtubules. Critical-point-dried rotary shadowed replicas of
      these coils most clearly demonstrate the projections radiating from individual
      microtubules as well as along the microtubule coil. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of isolated coils shows
      many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) present in addition to tubulin. One
      of these proteins, a 280 kDa MAP, cross-reacts with an antibody to bovine brain
      MAP 2 by immunoblot analysis. Immunofluorescence localization of this protein
      with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies demonstrates that it is associated
      with the microtubule coil in resting platelets and with the linear microtubule
      array present after thrombin activation. Immunoelectron microscopic localization
      demonstrates that projections from individual microtubules are labeled by the
      antibodies. We suggest that this MAP, along with several other potential MAPs, is
      responsible for the cross-linking and stability of bovine platelet microtubules.

PMID- 1802724
TI  - Ultrastructure of the approximately 26S complex containing the approximately 20S
      cylinder particle (multicatalytic proteinase/proteasome).
AB  - We have isolated a large protein complex of approximately 26S from Xenopus laevis
      oocytes and eggs which is composed of the approximately 20S cylinder particle
      (multicatalytic proteinase/proteasome) and additional proteinaceous components.
      In its polypeptide composition and sedimentation coefficient this approximately
      26S complex closely resembles the 26S ubiquitin-dependent protease, a high
      molecular weight multienzyme complex recently described in the literature.
      Specific antibodies directed against a single subunit of the approximately 20S
      cylinder particle retain, on affinity columns, the large approximately 26S
      complex, and on sucrose gradients up to approximately 50% of the approximately
      20S cylinder particles present in oocyte extracts sedimented with approximately
      26S, suggesting that a large proportion of the approximately 20S particles exists
      in the cell as a component of the approximately 26S complex. Electron microscopy
      reveals the approximately 26S complex to be a symmetrical elongated
      macromolecular assembly of at least three protein particles. The central core of
      the complex is formed by the approximately 20S cylinder particle to which two
      other large components are attached at the ends, yielding a dumbbell-shaped
      complex of approximately 40 nm in length. Dissociation of the approximately 26S
      complexes releases in addition to approximately 20S cylinder particles a novel
      type of a disc-shaped particle of approximately 15 nm diameter which may
      represent the attached components or subcomplexes of them. Based on its
      structural and biochemical properties we postulate that the approximately 26S
      complex identified here is identical to the ubiquitin-dependent protease.

PMID- 1802725
TI  - Involvement of the endogenous lectin CSL in adhesion of Chinese hamster ovary
      cells.
AB  - Immunochemical localization of an endogenous mannose-binding protein, the
      cerebellar soluble lectin (CSL; Zanetta et al., J. Neurochem. 49, 1250-1257
      (1987)), in Chinese hamster ovary cells indicated its high concentration in areas
      of contact between cells. This suggested its role in cell adhesion. The pattern
      of staining differed significantly in the cells cultured in suspension from that
      grown as monolayer. In cells maintained for a short time as suspension, the
      extracellular CSL immunoreactivity was found mainly in close apposition to the
      plasma membrane including contact areas. In cells cultured as monolayer,
      extracellularly, the lectin was found both at the cell surface and in a 75-nm
      thick layer between two cells, apparently adhering to the cell surface through
      bridges. Endogenous glycoprotein ligands of CSL were present in the cultures of
      CHO cells, both as membrane-bound glycoproteins and as glycoprotein ligands
      soluble in the presence of mannose in the absence of detergent. The lectin CSL
      induced adhesion between these cells as evident by low concentration of anti-CSL
      Fab fragments inhibiting such adhesion. These data suggested that adhesion
      between CHO cells occurs, in part, through a glycobiological recognition system
      involving CSL. This mechanism should be taken into account for the interpretation
      of experiments of transfection in CHO cells of the genes of glycoproteins
      involved in cell adhesion.

PMID- 1802726
TI  - Paired cytoskeletal patterns in an epithelium of siamese twin cells.
AB  - The epidermis of some insects is a sheet of siamese twin cells which are formed
      by conserving the midbody between siblings after cell division. We have found
      that for about 36 h after ecdysis to the 5th stage, the cells of Calpodes
      caterpillars contain one to five or more actin bundles. The variation in number
      of bundles occurs in an epithelium that is presumed to be otherwise genetically
      and developmentally homogeneous. The number of bundles is paired in adjacent
      cells (P less than 0.005, n = 617). Confocal microscopy shows midbodies between
      paired but not between unpaired cells. The pairing is reminiscent of the paired
      nucleolar patterns in these siamese twin cells (Locke, M., H. Leung, Tissue and
      Cell 17, 573-588 (1985)) or the mirrored patterns of stress fibers in newly
      divided 3T3 cells (Albrecht-Buehler, G., J. Cell Biol. 72, 595-603 (1977)). The
      pairing provides further evidence for the operation of transiently heritable
      factors as determinants for cell pattern.

PMID- 1802727
TI  - In vitro maintenance of a new ovarian cancer cell line in protein-free media: a
      potential model for autonomous growth and tumor progression.
AB  - A new cell line UWOV2 (pf) capable of long-term growth in the absence of any
      added serum protein, exogenous growth factor, insulin or transferrin, is
      described. The original cell line (UWOV2 and UWOV2 (sf), adapted to grow in serum
      free conditions) was derived from the ascitic tumor of a patient with ovarian
      carcinoma. Under continuous culture conditions further adaptations have occurred
      enabling UWOV2 (pf) to maintain anchorage-dependent growth without requiring
      exogenous anchorage or growth factors. These cells produce a structured
      extracellular matrix which acts as an adhesive substrate for the UWOV2 (pf) cells
      themselves as well as for a number of other long-term cell lines including NRK
      and 3T3 cells. Furthermore, while UWOV2 (pf) cells produce a transforming growth
      factor beta (TGF beta)-like growth factor, they appear to be only partially
      dependent on autocrine growth stimulation, and other mechanisms for autonomous
      growth stimulation appear to exist. This cell line may be a useful model for the
      study of progressive growth autonomy in human tumors.

PMID- 1802728
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits wound healing in the rat.
AB  - This work was undertaken to study the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha/cachectin) on developing granulation tissue in rats. Cylindrical hollow
      sponge implants were used as an inductive matrix for the growth of granulation
      tissue. In the two test groups the implants were injected daily for 4 days with a
      solution containing either 50 or 200 ng of TNF-alpha, while the implants of the
      control group were treated correspondingly with phosphate-buffered saline
      solution only. Analyses of granulation tissue and would fluid in the sponge
      implants were carried out 7, 14 and 21 days after implantation. In histological
      specimens the ingrowth rate of granulation tissue into the sponge was
      significantly lower after 7 days in the group treated with 200 ng of TNF-alpha.
      No such an effect was observed after 14 or 21 days. After 7 days, the mean
      amounts of nucleic acids reflecting cellularity in the granulation tissue
      decreased dose-dependently, but nonsignificantly, in the groups treated with TNF
      alpha. Simultaneously, the accumulation of collagen hydroxyproline of the sponge
      was significantly lower in the group treated with 200 ng of TNF-alpha than in the
      controls (-30%, one-way analysis of variance). This effect was not observed after
      14 or 21 days. No significant differences were detected in the amounts of
      nitrogen, hexosamines and uronic acids between the groups, reflecting unchanged
      accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the developing granulation tissue.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802729
TI  - Effect of rearterialization on short-term graft function in orthotopic rat liver
      transplantation.
AB  - The orthotopic liver transplant model in rats has been very useful for
      immunological studies. However, differing opinions exist as to whether
      rearterialization of the graft is necessary for such experiments. Therefore, in
      this study we evaluated the short-term allograft function when rearterialized was
      compared to restored venous portal flow only and in situ hepatic artery ligation.
      The technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat with and without
      rearterialization of the graft is described in detail. In addition, we evaluated
      the technical feasibility of sutured vascular anastomosis as compared to the
      traditional cuff technique. Urea synthesis rate was used as a sensitive marker of
      integrated liver function, including uptake, synthesis and excretion. Standard
      liver test of bilirubin, plasma aspergine aminotransferase and alanine
      aminotransferase were measured. We found no significant differences in the
      biochemical markers between allografts with portal venous flow only compared to
      the combination with arterial flow. Autopsy was performed after the biochemical
      studies at day 14. Histopathological analyses revealed no differences between the
      two groups of transplanted rats. The patency of sutured anastomoses was in our
      hands found to be superior to that of the cuff technique, with a success rate of
      more than 90% in rats with portal venous flow. This rat model in which vascular
      anastomosis is performed with a running suture technique and without
      rearterialization seems to be excellent for short-term studies of preservation
      and liver function after orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 1802730
TI  - Protective effects of prostaglandin E1 on normothermic liver ischemia.
AB  - Effects of treatment with prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) on normothermic liver ischemia
      were studied in male Lewis rats. Animals were subjected to 90 min of warm liver
      ischemia. Two groups of rats were constituted: group A (no treatment) and group B
      (PgE1 treatment). PgE1 (100 micrograms/kg) was given as a bolus 2 min before
      induction of ischemia and 2 min before the end of ischemia. Survival rates were
      assessed and, 6 h after the end of ischemia, serum transaminases, histology of
      the liver, Kupffer cell activity were evaluated. PgE1 treatment significantly
      improved survival rate (80%) in comparison with the nontreated group (40%). A
      significant reduction in transaminase levels was observed after PgE1 The extent
      of necrosis and congestion was improved by PgE1 treatment. Sheep red blood cell
      51Cr liver uptake was deeply depressed 6 h after the end of ischemia in group A
      (6 +/- 2.3%/g tissue), and was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) after
      PgE1 administration in group B (32.98 +/- 11.7%/g tissue). Our results
      demonstrate that PgE1 is able to protect the liver from ischemic insult. The
      mechanism by which prostaglandins exert this beneficial effect on normothermic
      liver ischemia may be related to their action on hepatic macrophages.

PMID- 1802732
TI  - Islet allotransplantation to streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Effects of multistrain
      donation and ultraviolet light irradiation.
AB  - It has previously been suggested that rejection after islet transplantation in
      mice is prevented by using a small amount of islet tissue from several donor
      animals of different strains. Furthermore, it has been suggested that ultraviolet
      light (UV) irradiation of islet grafts prevents rejection. We therefore studied
      whether islet allotransplantation in the rat could be improved by using islets
      from donor rats of several different strains or by using UV-irradiated islets. We
      found that Sprague-Dawley rats transplanted with 1,000 Wistar rat islets 2 days
      after streptozotocin (70 mg/kg, i.v.) remained normoglycemic for only 8 +/- 1
      days. The same poor result was obtained when the diabetic rats were transplanted
      with islets collected from donor rats of four different strains, also when only
      100 islets from each donor rat were used in combination with short-term insulin
      treatment. In contrast, streptozotocin-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats
      isotransplanted with either 1,000 islets or with 400 islets combined with a short
      term insulin treatment remained normoglycemic for more than 3 months.
      Furthermore, rats allotransplanted with 400 UV-irradiated islets and also treated
      with ciclosporin remained normoglycemic for 30 +/- 3 days, whereas those
      transplanted either with 400 UV-irradiated islets without ciclosporin treatment
      or with 400 nonirradiated islets with ciclosporin treatment did not reach
      normoglycemia. We conclude that, in rats, multistrain islet donation is not
      efficient and that UV irradiation of islets does not result in long-term
      benefits.

PMID- 1802731
TI  - Cellular damage and early metabolic function of transplanted livers stored in
      Eurocollins or University of Wisconsin solution.
AB  - In a clinical setting, the effect of Eurocollins (EC) and University of Wisconsin
      solution (UW) on liver grafts were studied in the early reperfusion phase of
      liver transplantation. Blood samples were drawn before and after declamping of
      the portal vein in a group of 11 transplants with EC-perfused livers, and a group
      of 12 transplants with UW-perfused livers. Parenchymal damage was assessed by the
      LDH, AST, and ALT, and purine degradation by measuring the uric acid levels.
      Metabolic function was determined by the serum bile acids and the plasma amino
      acids, i.e. (valine + leucine + isoleucine)/(phenylalanine + tyrosine) ratio.
      Donor and pretransplant recipient parameters were almost identical. The cold
      ischemia time of both groups differed significantly. The results show the
      following: a significant difference between both the LDH and the uric acid levels
      in the two groups was revealed, with a smaller increase of the LDH levels and no
      increase of the uric acid levels in the UW group. Metabolic activity, as measured
      from the bile acids and the amino acid profile in the peripheral blood, was
      identical in both groups. We conclude that both EC-stored and UW-stored liver
      grafts show immediate metabolic function after reperfusion. The amount of
      metabolic function was equal in both groups, notwithstanding longer cold ischemia
      time in the UW group. In addition, more parenchymal damage occurred in the EC
      group.

PMID- 1802734
TI  - Endotoxin effects on transmesothelial transport and intracellular uptake of
      albumin.
AB  - With a 2.9-mM concentration of unlabelled bovine serum albumin (BSA), the FITC
      albumin transport (2 mg included) across the omental monolayer (0.48 +/- 0.16
      mg/ml/30 min) was found to be significantly reduced as compared with the
      interstitial BSA concentration (290 microM) as it is the case, e.g., in
      peritonitis (0.79 +/- 0.09 mg/ml/30 min). Adding 10 micrograms lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS)/ml from Escherichia coli, serotype 0128:B12, we did not see any differences
      from the control. Cultured mesothelial cells took up double the amount of FITC
      albumin (4.2 +/- 0.13 micrograms/10(5) cells/30 min) and in the presence of LPS
      the uptake of FITC-albumin was reduced to half the control (2.15 +/- 0.47
      micrograms/10(5) cells/30 min). The results reveal the active participation of
      the mesothelium because high concentrations of BSA reduced exocytosis and
      stimulated endocytosis. Applying 10 micrograms/ml of LPS turned out to influence
      endocytosis and to reduce it at a high BSA concentration.

PMID- 1802733
TI  - Demonstration of an interaction between transferrin and lipopolysaccharide--an in
      vitro study.
AB  - Transferrin is reported to be a major lipopolysaccharide binding protein of human
      plasma, at least in vitro. By use of the limulus-amebocyte-lysate test the
      influence of transferrin on endotoxicity was studied. In the absence of any other
      protein human iron-free transferrin was able to strongly enhance endotoxicity in
      a concentration-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained when transferrin
      was added to primarily heat-inactivated plasma. Even in this assay the endotoxin
      recovery increased when transferrin was exogenously added. On the other hand,
      transferrin inhibited endotoxicity when inactivation of the plasma samples was
      performed after the addition of endotoxin and transferrin. These results lead to
      the conclusion that transferrin in fact interacts with lipopolysaccharide in a
      biologically important manner. In order to achieve neutralization of endotoxin,
      however, other plasma constituents are needed. The hypothetical function of
      transferrin is possibly a disaggregation of lipopolysaccharide micelles,
      following the interaction between the two molecules. The present data should
      justify further studies in order to clarify a possible benefit of the
      substitution of transferrin during gram-negative sepsis.

PMID- 1802735
TI  - Postprandial blood concentrations of insulin-independent carbohydrate, galactose,
      in oral test after gastric surgery.
AB  - In order to examine the postprandial blood concentrations of insulin-independent
      carbohydrates after gastric surgery oral galactose test (1.65 g/kg body weight in
      water, 33%, w/v) was performed in 55 symptomatic patients and in 5 healthy
      subjects. There were patients after total gastrectomy (TG) (n = 17), gastric
      resection with (GRS, n = 17) or without (GR; n = 12) selective vagotomy, and
      after proximal selective vagotomy (PSV, n = 9). The patients had immediately
      after drinking the test solution a 2- to 5-fold higher blood galactose
      concentration than the healthy subjects. The TG patients had the most rapid, the
      healthy subjects the slowest and the GR and GRS patients an intermediate rapid,
      immediate increase of blood galactose concentration. The TG patients showed a
      plateau 40-60 min and a decrease 60-90 min after the start of the test. The PSV
      patients showed a plateau 60-90 min after the commencement of the test. The GR
      and GRS patients and the healthy subjects had a continuous increase in blood
      galactose concentration during the whole test period, but the maximal point 90
      min after the drinking of the solution was lower in the GRS than in the GR
      patients and lowest in the healthy subjects. The PSV patients had a lower blood
      galactose curve than the TG, GRS and GR patients but higher than the healthy
      subjects except the plateau 60-90 min postprandially.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1802736
TI  - Pyloric antrum gastrin cell hyperplasia after jejunum or colon transposition:
      effects of jejunal or colonic mucosa on G cells.
AB  - Jejunal or colonic segments are currently used as esophageal substitutes after
      resection of intractable peptic stenoses. The present study was carried out in
      order to investigate the effects of the jejunal or colonic mucosa on antral
      gastrin (G) cells. Colonic or jejunal patches with intact vascular supply were
      sutured to the pyloric antrum or the higher portion of the gastric body in 40
      rats. Ten further animals were used as controls. Three to 4 months after surgery,
      the serum gastrin levels were weekly determined in fasted (24 h) and freely fed
      rats using radioimmunoassay. The pyloric antrum was then removed, and the G cell
      density was assessed with an immunoperoxidase method. Transposal of the colonic
      mucosa to the antrum increased G cell density and basal serum gastrin levels,
      while grafting of the jejunal mucosa did not. G cell proliferation proved to be
      dependent on the topographic location of the colonic patch with respect to the
      pyloric antrum. Serum gastrin values in freely fed rats tended to be greater in
      the colon-to-antrum transposition group than in the other experimental groups,
      but the difference was not significant. In conclusion, variations between the
      properties of the jejunal and colonic mucosa would include their uneven effects
      on antral G cells.

PMID- 1802737
TI  - Clinical, biological, and histological follow-up during intestinal adaptation
      after small-bowel resection in the dog.
AB  - Massive resections of the intestine including the ileocecal valve are associated
      with a high mortality. This model of short bowel in the dog consists of an
      extensive small-bowel resection (remaining jejunum 25 cm) associated with
      colectomy. Small-bowel adaptation is evidenced by increases of crypt depth (p =
      0.02) and villus height (p = 0.001) in animals fed per os. Plasma glutamine
      levels decrease after surgery, while there is a significant decrease of plasma
      alanine levels (p less than 0.001). This model should allow to pursue
      investigations on the importance of glutamine as an essential fuel for intestinal
      mucosa regeneration.

PMID- 1802738
TI  - Manometric and histologic assessment following proctocolectomy and straight
      enteroanal anastomosis in canines.
AB  - Serial manometric studies were performed in mongrel dogs before and after total
      colectomy, mucosal proctectomy and interposed jejunoanal anastomosis without
      pouch. Fecal continence and body weight gain were clinically satisfactory by 28
      weeks after surgery. Even at 28 weeks after the mucosal proctectomy, the mean
      maximal resting anal sphincter pressure was significantly lower than the
      preoperative level (p less than 0.001). Neorectal compliance also decreased. The
      rectoanal inhibitory reflexes were not observed 2 weeks after the mucosal
      proctectomy but atypical to typical patterns gradually appeared up to 28 weeks
      following the mucosal proctectomy. Histologic examination showed no injury of
      anal sphincter muscles. Mild inflammation was found in the neorectal mucosal
      layer in all animals. Meissner's plexus in rectal muscular cuff was almost
      completely disrupted. These data suggested that there is certain limitation in
      restoration of anoneorectal function after mucosal protectomy and enteroanal
      anastomosis, though with gentle and careful operations.

PMID- 1802739
TI  - Tissue reaction to suture materials revisited: is there argument to change our
      views?
AB  - Tissue reactivity to ten different suture materials (silk, plain catgut, chrome
      catgut, tevdek, ticron, ethibond, vicryl, dexon, maxon and prolene) was evaluated
      on the basis of conventional microscopic assessment of eight histologic
      parameters at 7 days following surgery in the rat. Each suture material was
      placed at different localizations in the abdominal facial layer of 6 rats, thus a
      total of 60 rats were operated on. A completely standardized and reproducible
      system of microscopic assessment was used. Weighed discriminant sum values of
      these parameters showed no systematic differences between tissue reaction to
      these sutures. The computed addition of all possible magnitudes of weighing
      factors to the tissue reactivity parameters did not change this negative result.
      Discriminant analysis showed that it is unlikely that conventional histologic
      parameters of tissue reaction constitute a single concept like 'tissue
      reactivity'. It is concluded that at 7 days after surgery the effect of surgical
      trauma still nullifies the possible differences between suture materials with
      respect to tissue reaction. Minimizing surgical trauma should, therefore, be
      reappraised as more important for physiologic wound healing than the use of
      biocompatible sutures.

PMID- 1802740
TI  - Model for skeletal muscle ischemia in rat hindlimb: evaluation of reperfusion and
      necrosis.
AB  - In this study we describe a technique for complete arrest of blood flow in rat
      hindlimbs. After graded periods of ischemia, immediate reperfusion in the leg was
      demonstrated by direct microscopy and scintigraphy. Laser Doppler flowmetry
      indicated microvascular hypoperfusion in the anterior tibial muscle during the
      first 2 h of reperfusion. The extent and distribution of necrosis in the middle
      part of the anterior tibial muscle of the legs were determined histologically 3
      days after the ischemic insult. We found a reproducible degree of necrosis under
      constant experimental conditions. The necrosis was most pronounced in the central
      part of the muscle, leaving the subfascial fibers undamaged. After 4.0 h of
      ischemia, 46% of the cross-section area was necrotic. After 4.5 h, the necrosis
      increased to 70%. This difference was significant. Two types of necrotic zones
      were detected. One type was characterized by numerous macrophages and partial
      resorption of the muscle fibers, the other by a lack of macrophages and no
      resorption. Most cases with little damage had only the first type of necrosis,
      while most cases with extensive damage had both types. The areas that had no
      signs of resorption and therefore had been without circulation during most of the
      postischemic period, measured 8% after 4.0 h of ischemia and 22% after 4.5 h.

PMID- 1802741
TI  - A new bioabsorbable material for rat orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Rat orthotopic liver transplantation was performed using a newly synthesized
      bioabsorbable material (LA-GA copolymer) cuffs and the ordinary polyethylene
      cuffs. The LA-GA copolymer cuff which anastomosed the portal vein was patent and
      developed no collateral veins even after 6 months, keeping the transplanted liver
      normal. By contrast, the polyethylene cuff-anastomosed portal vein was completely
      occluded and the collateral veins were highly developed, with the transplanted
      liver showing the fatty degeneration of hepatocytes and numerous regenerative
      nodules. It is concluded that the LA-GA copolymer cuff is a suitable material for
      the short- and long-term study of rat orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 1802742
TI  - The effects of muzolimine and urine from muzolimine-treated rats on Na+K+Cl-
      cotransport in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - Muzolimine is a loop diuretic with an original chemical structure devoid of the
      acidic or sulfonamide group known to be necessary for an interaction with Na+K+Cl
      cotransport. We studied the effects of urine from muzolimine-treated rats on the
      Na+K+Cl- cotransport-dependent 86Rb influx in MDCK cells. Na+K+Cl- cotransport
      was inhibited by urine obtained 15 min (42% inhibition) and 60 min (49%
      inhibition) after muzolimine injection (50 mumol/kg i.v.). Muzolimine itself was
      not detectable in the urine. Probenecid (100 mumol/kg i.v.) suppressed both the
      diuretic effect of muzolimine and the inhibition of Na+K+Cl- cotransport by urine
      from muzolimine-treated rats. These results suggest that the diuretic effect of
      muzolimine is due to the metabolism of muzolimine into an active compound which
      inhibits Na+K+Cl- cotransport after its secretion into the tubular lumen via a
      proximal pathway. The direct effect of muzolimine on Na+K+Cl- cotransport in MDCK
      cells was also tested: surprisingly, the inhibition of 86Rb influx was
      significant in the presence of muzolimine (IC50 = 1.44 microM). We show that this
      effect was due to the metabolism of muzolimine by these cells into an active
      compound.

PMID- 1802743
TI  - Pharmacological properties of cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in A9 L
      cells; comparison with in vitro models.
AB  - The effects of a series of muscarinic agonists and antagonists at cloned m1 and
      m3 muscarinic receptors expressed in mouse fibroblast A9 L cells have been
      compared with their effects in in vitro models of M1 (rat superior cervical
      ganglion) and M3 (guinea-pig ileum) muscarinic receptors. A good correlation
      existed between the potencies of muscarinic agonists at cloned m1 muscarinic
      receptors and the M1 sites in rat ganglion (r = 0.80) as well as at cloned m3
      receptors and guinea-pig ileum M3 receptors (r = 0.87). However, cross
      correlations of potencies in rat ganglion and cloned m3 receptors as well as in
      guinea-pig ileum and in cloned m1 receptors also yielded relatively high
      correlation coefficients (0.71 and 0.91, respectively). Low correlation
      coefficients were found for the maximal responses of muscarinic agonists in rat
      ganglion and cloned m1 receptors (0.53) and in guinea-pig ileum and cloned m3
      receptors (0.36). A high correlation between pA2 values of muscarinic antagonists
      at cloned m1 receptors and in rat ganglion (r = 0.97) and between cloned m3
      receptors and guinea-pig ileum (r = 0.98) was found. Cross correlation of pA2
      values in rat ganglion and cloned m3 receptors and in guinea-pig ileum and cloned
      m1 receptors yielded correlation coefficients of 0.82 and 0.72, respectively. The
      data indicate that the cloned muscarinic receptor sites seem similar to the
      corresponding endogenous sites. The good correlations in corresponding but also
      non-corresponding receptor models reflect the relatively low selectivity of the
      majority of the compounds investigated.

PMID- 1802745
TI  - Putative role of endogenous insulin in cysteamine-induced hypersecretion of
      gastric acid in rats.
AB  - The effects of cysteamine on gastric acid secretion and blood glucose levels were
      examined in rats. Cysteamine given subcutaneously in doses of 100-300 mg/kg,
      decreased the level of arterial blood glucose dose dependently, but had no
      effects on the level of the jugular venous blood glucose. Glucose uptake into the
      brain, as obtained by subtracting level of the jugular venous blood glucose from
      level of the arterial blood glucose, was significantly decreased by the
      administration of cysteamine. The uptake of [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose into the brain
      was also decreased by the administration of cysteamine. Cysteamine dose
      dependently increased gastric acid secretion and induced ulcers in the
      gastroduodenum. The increased in acid secretion and the decrease of the value of
      glucose uptake into the brain had related time courses. Cysteamine significantly
      increased the level of serum insulin and induced hypoglycemia. These effects of
      cysteamine were completely blocked by pretreatment with streptozotocin. The
      hypersecretion of gastric acid and gastroduodenal ulcerations were also
      significantly inhibited by streptozotocin pretreatment. Infusion of glucose also
      inhibited the cysteamine-induced gastric acid secretion. These results suggest
      that cysteamine enhances the gastric acid secretion induced by the hypoglycemia
      and by the decrease in glucose uptake by the brain.

PMID- 1802746
TI  - Loperamide but not morphine has anti-secretory effects in human colon, in vitro.
AB  - Isolated preparations of human colonic mucosa were set up in Ussing chambers.
      Noradrenaline reduced basal short-circuit current, morphine did not nor did
      loperamide except at the highest concentration tested. Electrically evoked
      increases in short-circuit current were unaffected by morphine but reduced by
      loperamide, by a naloxone-insensitive mechanism. Unidirectional fluxes of
      22sodium and 36chloride were unaffected by morphine. It is concluded that
      loperamide but not morphine has an anti-secretory effect on human colonic mucosa.

PMID- 1802744
TI  - The effect of vigabatrin on central nervous system oxygen toxicity in rats.
AB  - The toxicity of hyperbaric oxygen in the central nervous system is expressed by
      clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) manifestations resembling those of
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In the search for drugs effective against
      these seizures, we tested vigabatrin, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA (gamma
      aminobutyric acid) transaminase. Five different doses of vigabatrin (ranging from
      50 to 500 mg/kg) or vehicle were injected i.p. in rats implanted with cortical
      electrodes, 4 h prior to exposure to 5 ATA (0.5 MPa) oxygen. EEG and spectral
      analysis of the background EEG activity were monitored for the different dosages
      of the drug. The duration of the latent period before the appearance of
      electrical discharges in the EEG was used as an index of oxygen toxicity. The
      protective effect of vigabatrin was dose-related, and complete protection against
      hyperoxic-induced discharges was at 180 mg/kg. The protective effect lasted 24 h
      and decreased gradually disappearing completely on the third day. An increase in
      the low frequency bands of the EEG and a decrease in the faster activity were
      correlated with the vigabatrin dosage injected. Our results suggest that
      vigabatrin has the potential of being a useful drug in the treatment and
      prevention of oxygen-induced seizures during hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

PMID- 1802747
TI  - L-NG-nitro-arginine inhibits nicotine-induced relaxation of isolated rat
      duodenum.
AB  - We studied the effects of L-NG-nitro-arginine (L-NOARG), which inhibits nitric
      oxide (NO) biosynthesis from L-arginine, on the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      (NANC)-mediated relaxation induced by nicotine in isolated rat duodenum. L-NOARG
      reduced nicotine-induced relaxation, and L-arginine prevented the inhibitory
      effect of L-NOARG. However, L-NOARG did not inhibit the tetrodotoxin-insensitive
      relaxation induced by adenosine 5'-triphosphate, alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine
      5'-triphosphate, thyrotropin-releasing hormone or the calcitonin gene-related
      peptide. Endogenous NO thus could possibly be involved in the NANC-mediated
      relaxation of rat duodenum induced by nicotine.

PMID- 1802749
TI  - Dentist's invention helps snorers.

PMID- 1802748
TI  - High-affinity binding of [3H]1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium ion to mouse
      striatal membranes: putative vesicular location.

PMID- 1802750
TI  - The laser is coming.

PMID- 1802751
TI  - Recession-proof your practice.

PMID- 1802752
TI  - Expanded hygiene: a winning concept for everyone.

PMID- 1802753
TI  - You can cope with burnout.

PMID- 1802755
TI  - Flexible payment plan key to practice growth.

PMID- 1802754
TI  - Dentists taking charge with finance cards.

PMID- 1802756
TI  - Patient compliance.

PMID- 1802757
TI  - Panel of experts answers common computer questions.

PMID- 1802758
TI  - Dentistry, meet Victor.

PMID- 1802760
TI  - Promoting with publicity.

PMID- 1802759
TI  - They say it's sweeter the second time around.

PMID- 1802761
TI  - Recall System Management. 3. Compliance requires more than a system.

PMID- 1802762
TI  - Practice productivity. Porcelain laminate veneers.

PMID- 1802763
TI  - Reflections on a broken arm.

PMID- 1802765
TI  - Avoid common mistakes with good preparation.

PMID- 1802764
TI  - Strategies for hiring qualified personnel.

PMID- 1802766
TI  - [Marginal and bone marrow pools of neutrophil granulocytes in patients with lung
      cancer].
AB  - Marginal and bone marrow pools of neutrophil leucocytes were studied in 194
      patients with lung cancer, stage III-IV. Reactions of neutrophil marginal pools
      (adrenaline test) were characterized by the development of neutrophil
      leucocytosis (NL) in the peripheral blood of 64.5% of cases (typical reaction),
      or by NL absence in 35.5% (perversed reaction). The prednisolone test conducted
      for evaluation of bone-marrow pool of neutrophils has revealed perversed
      leucocytic reaction in 39.6% of patients. Unstable marginal pool and decreased
      bone marrow neutrophil reserve were recorded in the course of polychemotherapy.
      Changes in the prednisolone test indices precede the development of neutropenia
      in the peripheral blood.

PMID- 1802767
TI  - [Bone marrow transplantation in thalassemia].

PMID- 1802768
TI  - [Individual doses of radiation estimated by two methods of biological dosimetry
      in residents of the Chernobyl region and in participants of liquidation of the
      emergency].

PMID- 1802769
TI  - [Short- and long-term immune status in people after radiation injury as a result
      of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station].
AB  - Humoral and cellular factors of the immune system of 133 subjects injured in the
      Chernobyl accident were studied during first 1.5-2 months after radiation, 5-17
      months and 3 years after they suffered acute radiation sickness (I-IV degree).
      Significant disorders in the immune system correlating with the severity of the
      disease were recorded. In late terms certain shifts persisted in the immune
      status of subjects who had suffered acute radiation sickness, II and III degree.

PMID- 1802770
TI  - [D-antigen of the rhesus system].

PMID- 1802771
TI  - [Status of various parameters of anti-infectious immunity in patients with
      myelodysplastic syndromes].

PMID- 1802772
TI  - [Etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases].

PMID- 1802773
TI  - [Preparation of bone marrow suspension for transplantation].

PMID- 1802774
TI  - [Problems of work standardization for personnel at blood transfusion stations
      during isoserologic studies].

PMID- 1802775
TI  - [Use of long-term bone marrow culture for removal of leukemia cells in vitro
      followed by autologous transplantation].

PMID- 1802777
TI  - Pyrene fluorescence probing of unsaturated lipids in Phytophthora infestans
      zoospores.
AB  - Pyrene rapidly penetrates into isolated zoospores of phytopathogenic fungus
      Phytophthora infestans localizing predominantly in lipid bodies. An analysis of
      steady-state monomer and excimer fluorescence spectra, as well as of vibronic
      structure has suggested a considerable part of the fluorescent probe to be
      located in a lipid environment. Pyrene partition into hydrophilic phase was
      observed at its high concentrations. Catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated
      lipids in zoospores in situ reduced excimer production. The kinetics of changes
      of pyrene excimerization suggest that hydrogenation affects both the surface and
      the intrinsic lipids of the zoospores. The usefulness of pyrene as a fluorescent
      probe for unsaturated lipids in membranes and lipid bodies of intact cells, and
      the possible role of eicosapolyunsaturated fatty acids in induction of immune
      response in potato plants are discussed.

PMID- 1802776
TI  - [Toxico-pharmacologic and genetic study of a novel cryopreserving solution for
      bone marrow cells].
AB  - Physico-chemical, biological and genetic properties of a cryopreserving solution
      for myelokaryocytes were studied. It was shown that the solution is harmless for
      the body, stable during storage, it produces no teratogenic or mutagenic effects,
      it should not be washed out before bone marrow cell administration to the
      recipient.

PMID- 1802778
TI  - The effect of osmotics on plant cells: a study using 1H NMR relaxation and self
      diffusion of water.
AB  - The osmotic changes in root cells of Zea mays L. under the effect of mannitol
      (concentration range 1-15%; range of osmotic pressures: -0.13 to -2.01 MPa) were
      studied by measuring time and concentration dependence of water self-diffusion
      constant (Deff) and proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) using proton NMR
      relaxation spectroscopy. In addition, in vivo uptake of Mn2+ by roots after their
      incubation in mannitol solutions were studied. At low (less than or equal to 5%)
      and medium (5-10%) concentrations of the osmoticum dehydration takes place
      proportional to the concentration, whereas membrane destruction occurs at higher
      concentrations (10-15%). It seems that there is a distribution of cells within
      root tissue regarding their sensitivity to osmotic stress.

PMID- 1802779
TI  - Effect of peroxodisulphate ions on functional behaviour of hemoglobin.
AB  - The influence of ammonium peroxodisulphate on the functional state of human
      hemoglobin was studied. The investigation techniques included: laser photolysis,
      spectrophotometry and pH measurements. Two different actions of the
      peroxodisulphate ions upon hemoglobin seem to occur; a) a proton consuming
      process and an increase of the 4th CO-binding rate constant, l'4, but not yet
      oxidation of the heme iron (when S2O8(2-) and heme concentrations were of the
      same order), and b) a marked oxidation effect (when S2O8(2-) was added in
      excess).

PMID- 1802781
TI  - [From the phenomenon of nondisjunction to the problem of chromosome co
      orientation (75th anniversary of Bridges' article].
AB  - The concepts of the mechanism of chromosome nondisjunction in Drosophila are
      described in a historical retrospective. Evidences are given for the
      appropriateness of the term co-orientation in the traditional sense used by
      geneticists treating nondisjunction. There are 6 variants of co-operation in
      Drosophila meiosis depending upon the number and particular chromosomes involved
      in co-orientation. The classical chromosome nondisjunction is a variant of co
      orientation in the bivalent composed of two homologous chromosomes. By comparing
      the different variants of pairing (pairing in bi- and multivalents) resulting in
      co-orientation, the elementary events preceding co-orientation may be identified.
      The author reviews his recent data concerning the similarities of the co
      orientation of two homologs and the co-orientation of two nonhomologs in
      Drosophila meiosis. The concept of the role of pairing in the precentromeric
      heterochromatic region during chromosome co-orientation is considered, and the
      hypothesis of delayed pairing in this region during meiotic prophase is put
      forward. Based on the suggested hypothesis clarified are (i) the relationship of
      pairing, crossing over, and disjunction of homologous chromosomes (ii) the
      relationship of crossing over and co-orientation of nonhomologous chromosomes,
      and (iii) the time when the contact resulting in nonhomolog co-orientation takes
      place.

PMID- 1802780
TI  - Kinetic analysis of smooth muscle relaxation.
AB  - A method has been proposed for the kinetic analysis of the relaxation phase of
      mechanical response of smooth muscle. The method implies linearization of the
      entire mechano-kinetic relaxation curve using the coordinates ln[(fm-f)/f]; ln t
      (where fm and f are the maximal and the actual values of force within the
      relaxation phase respectively) with subsequent calculation of the maximal
      amplitude--normalized relaxation rate, Vn. The use of the method is illustrated
      on ureter, protal vein, vas deferens, myometrium of rat and guinea-pig ureter
      smooth muscles in a variety of experimental conditions. This method can be
      applied for the description of the calcium transient decay in the myoplasm
      measured with Ca-sensitive fluorescent dyes. The method might be useful for
      identification of the contribution of different energy-dependent Ca-transporting
      systems involved in the control of relaxation, as well as for screening of the
      mechanisms of action of different factors which modulate the contraction
      relaxation cycle.

PMID- 1802782
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage phikF77
      mutants].
AB  - It was found that phage phi kF77 is resistant to all known Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      restriction systems. Three types of mutants (dc-) which were unable to grow on
      different restrictive strains were isolated. All of them belong to one
      complementation group. Some of these mutations affected also the number of nicks
      in phage phi kF77 DNA and increased phage resistance to temperature treatment. It
      may be supposed that genes responsible for antirestriction mechanisms and
      introduction of nicks into DNA are connected in definite way.

PMID- 1802783
TI  - [Nature of female sterility in mutants at the ecs locus controlling sensitivity
      to ecdysterone in Drosophila melanogaster].
AB  - Using interstrain level ovary transplantations function of ovaries was estimated
      in females bearing mutations at the ecs locus mapped in the 2B3-5 region of the X
      chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Dissection of recipient flies and genetic
      analysis of their progeny demonstrated that the donor ovary in fertile flies was
      capable of normal functioning in the case of connection of the donor ovary in
      fertile flies with the recipient oviducts. Therefore, female-sterile mutations at
      the ecs locus are somatic line specific. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed normal
      level of the yolk proteins in such females. Thus, the sterility of the ecs
      mutants may arise from abnormal morphogenesis of their genital disc, due to the
      loss of normal sensitivity to ecdysterone.

PMID- 1802784
TI  - [Possible mechanisms of action of growth factors and cell aging].
AB  - Main effects of growth factors (GFs) on proliferation seem to be mediated by
      second messengers (SMs). A variety of feed-backs in the SM system allows to
      suggest that cell cycling is determined by self-oscillations of levels of the SMs
      and SM-dependent proteins. GFs perform roles of parameter switches of the system
      functioning regimes; self-oscillations occur only if the GF levels are within
      certain range. This approach makes it possible to explain the GF synergy, dual
      roles of GFs as activators and inhibitors of proliferation, and cell cycle
      duration variability. It predicts that GFs must accelerate some cell cycle phases
      and decelerate other phase. When the GF levels are sharply changed, cells may
      become terminally differentiated, which allows to explain a limited number of
      cell divisions in culture. We can also explain why some oncogenes decrease the
      dependence of cells on GFs but cells undergo a limited number of divisions, and
      other oncogenes enable cells to divide unlimitedly.

PMID- 1802785
TI  - [Relationship between finger length and ridge count in patients with Marfan
      syndrome].
AB  - Palmar dermatoglyphs were studied in 38 patients with lens dislocation. The
      patients were distributed into three groups: Marfan syndrome, mild Marfan
      syndrome, isolated lens dislocation. Marked arachnodacytyly was observed in the
      first group. In these patients increase in finger length was positively
      correlated with the ridge count. Moderate increase in finger length and ridge
      count was observed in the second group. The relative finger length was lower in
      patients with isolated lens dislocation than in unaffected persons, though the
      ridge count did not differ from the control. The relations noted between the
      finger length and ridge count in Marfan syndrome are in agreement with the
      suggestion that these two parameters are determined by common cause, namely, the
      morphogenetic gradient in digital primordia.

PMID- 1802786
TI  - [Genetic aspects of vitamin D-deficient rickets: genetic markers of blood].
AB  - Polymorphism of the AB0 blood groups, haptoglobin Hp, vitamin-D-binding protein
      (Gc), transferrin (Tf), alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and serum alkaline
      phosphatase (Pp) was studied in a group of children suffering from rickets (VDDR)
      and in a adequate control group of healthy individuals of the same sex-age
      composition. Considerable differences were revealed between the VDDR patients and
      healthy individuals in frequencies of the PIM1 and PIM2 factors on the alpha 1-AT
      system, r and p of the AB0 system as well as the Hp. Increase in a portion of one
      of the homozygotes for the Hp and for the alpha 1-AT system took place at the
      expense of other homozygote proportion (the latter being decreased).
      Heterozygotes frequencies remained intact in both compared groups. Atypical
      combination of phenotypes and gene frequencies was observed in a group of
      patients in the alpha 1-AT and AB0 systems as compared with usual distribution in
      European population. Higher frequencies of rare alleles of the loci under study
      were observed in the VDDR patients, which is partially reflected in increase in
      heterozygosity level in total within a cogort of patients analysed. Combination
      of the Hp 1-1 (Hp)--A(AB0)--M2M2 (alpha 1-AT) factors should be considered as
      unfavourable in rickets prognosis.

PMID- 1802787
TI  - [Variation of anthropometric traits in normal newborns].
AB  - Variation of the set of anthropometric traits was studied in 302 normal singleton
      newborns (174 boys, 128 girls). Birth order has a significant effect on birth
      weight, body length and circumference of head and breast. The number of minor
      deviations from development per newborn (stigma) is negatively correlated with
      body weight and size. The number of stigma is significantly higher in a group of
      newborns deviated in normal body proportions. The index of fluctuating asymmetry
      is negatively correlated with body weight and size.

PMID- 1802788
TI  - [The affected sib-set method: revision based on the mixed model using a
      conditional probability approach].
AB  - One of the implicit assumptions of the single locus model, having been used so
      far in the analysis of linkage between the genetic marker locus and the disease
      predisposition locus, is the requirement of independent--from the rest of
      genotype--action of genotypes of the disease predisposition locus considered. In
      this communication, it is emphasized that the lack of this requirement makes
      problematical the theoretical substantiation of the affected sib-pair method in
      the linkage analysis. To remove this obstacle, explicit pointing out of
      independence of the action of the single locus genotypes on the rest of the
      genotype is necessary in formulating of the single locus model which, with due
      regard for this assumption, represents a special, perhaps, unique case of the
      gene action characterized by incomplete differential penetrances of the genotypes
      under conditions, when the genes of the rest of genotype involved to the disease,
      are fixed. In this connection, the mixed model of inheritance with the "major
      gene", proposed by Morton and MacLean (1974), is considered, on the basis of
      which the theoretical expectations of the proportions of the affected sib pairs,
      sharing the x = 2, 1, 0 haplotypes, identical by descent (IBD) in phenotypic
      matings with the h = 2, 1, 0 affected parents are derived. Based on the
      combinatorial analysis of IBD relationships in sib pairs and of the distribution
      of sibships of any size s greater than or equal to 2 by the numbers L = 2, 3, 4
      haplotypes, inherited by s siblings, the empirical assessment of data on sibships
      of any size with r greater than or equal to 2 affected siblings is considered,
      which makes it possible to reduce the data observed on distribution of the
      numbers L in sibships, to that of the IBD relationships in the affected sib
      pairs. It is also pointed out that conditional probability approach, proposed by
      the author earlier, allows at the same time to obtain the empirical estimates of
      the recurrence risks, conditional both on phenotypes of siblings (r affected; s-r
      normal siblings), and on the number of L haplotypes inherited by sibships.

PMID- 1802789
TI  - [Organ specificity of DNA damaging activity of dioxidine].
AB  - Dioxidine 2, 3-di (oxymethyl) quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide induced DNA breaks in lung
      cells of mice in vivo. The DNA was analysed for single strand breaks by alkaline
      elution assay. DNA damaging activity of dioxidine was compared with the activity
      of methyl methane sulfonate, N-nitrosomorpholine and 4-nitroquinoline-1,4-oxide.

PMID- 1802790
TI  - [Effect of a major gene in inheritance of the cortisol level in the peripheral
      blood of a domesticable population of foxes (Vulpes vulpes)].
AB  - Domestication of animals is known to be associated with hereditary changes in the
      pituitary-adrenal system which regulates most important stages of ontogenesis.
      Cortisol is one of the basic indices of activity of this system. A segregation
      analysis of inheritance of cortisol content in blood of domestic silver fox
      population was undertaken. The results of the analysis point to an effect of a
      major gene controlling this quantitative trait, and indicate that breeding for
      domestic behaviour is accompanied by selection of individuals homozygous with
      respect to recessive genes controlling the cortisol level.

PMID- 1802791
TI  - [Genotyping the bovine kappa-casein locus using polymerase chain reaction].
AB  - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detecting kappa-casein (kappa
      casein) genotype in the synthetic breed (Jersey x Black and White x Holstein
      Friesian) dairy cattle. The amplified 228 bp fragment includes a region, where
      relevant mutations lead to both the appearance of different kappa-casein alleles
      associated with amino acid substitutions and the appearance of new TaqI and
      HindIII restriction sites in ae-casein B gene. The specificity of the kappa
      casein gene fragment amplification was supported by restriction analysis and
      Southern blot hybridization. Digestion of amplified fragment with endonucleases
      PstI, HindIII and/or TaqI allows detection of AA-, AB- and BB genotypes of kappa
      casein. A total of 32 animals with known (18 samples) and unknown (14 samples)
      kappa-casein phenotypes were tested using PCR and blot hybridization. In all
      known cases the detected genotype confirmed the phenotype. Frequencies of the B
      allele and of the AB genotype in the breeding population are rather high (53.1 +/
      8.8 and 43.7%, respectively). The possibility of effective use of the PCR
      analysis for genotyping kappa-casein locus in bulls and their offspring has been
      shown. The advantages of the PCR method in large breeding programs and linkage
      analysis have been discussed.

PMID- 1802793
TI  - [Ectopic interactions of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes in the H-E
      system of hybrid dysgenesis].
AB  - Analysis of salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster age
      III larvae has demonstrated that inversions make up high percentage of
      aberrations induced by transposition of the hobo element. The frequency of
      inversions increases upon irradiation. In view of the fact that transpositions of
      mobile elements and irradiation can considerably affect the homology of
      associating regions, ectopic chromosome contacts were analysed. On the one hand,
      this analysis has revealed general features for all types of crosses, such as the
      prevalence of intrachromosomal contacts over interchromosomal ones, predominant
      localization of both types of contacts in telomeric regions of chromosomes and
      lower frequency of their occurrence on X chromosome in males as compared with
      females. On the other hand, the specificity of ectopic conjugation in different
      types of crosses has been determined. Given a constant average frequency of
      ectopic contacts in the D. melanogaster genome, differences in their distribution
      in chromosomes have been detected. Chromosomes of pure lines differ from their
      homologues in dysgenic hybrids by distribution of ectopic conjugation peaks and
      by localization of a number of unique events. On the basis of our own experiments
      and literature data, the role of ectopic contacts as structural formations
      connecting chromosome regions similar in their functional activity, rather than
      in nucleic-protein characteristics, is discussed.

PMID- 1802792
TI  - [Constructing a test system for the identification of plague microbe based on
      genetic probes].
AB  - DNA probes for detection of the plague agent Yersinia pestis were made on a basis
      of its three typical extrachromosomal replicons. The recombinant plasmid pBS2
      including pBR327 vector and SalGI-BspRI fragment of the plasmid pFra was
      constructed. The above fragment is connected with synthesis of Y. pestis capsular
      antigen and it is a 400 bp species-specific DNA probe called F1 which is suitable
      for identification of Y. pestis species that bears the 60 mdal plasmid. The DNA
      probes called P1 was made on a basis of the plasmid pPst; it is the 460 BglII
      BamHI fragment of the fibrinolysin-coagulase gene suitable for species-specific
      detection of Y. pestis species that bears the 60 mdal plasmid. The P1 fragment
      was cloned into the pAT153 vector and the constructed recombinant plasmid was
      called pEK7. The recombinant plasmid pCL1, including the pBR325 vector and the
      6th BamHI fragment of Y. pestis EV plasmid pCad was constructed. The above
      fragment includes the replication origin of the pCad and it is hybridized to the
      pCad-bearing strains of Y. pestis and Y. tuberculosis only. Thus, it may be a
      basis for a bi-species-specific DNA probe making. These three recombinant
      plasmids are considered as a test-system for detection of both typical and
      atypical strains of Y. pestis.

PMID- 1802794
TI  - [Localization of ecs, dor and swl genes in eight Drosophila species].
AB  - The DNA sequences from Drosophila melanogaster early ecdysterone-inducible puff
      2B have been located in 8 Drosophila species by in situ hybridization. The
      location site of the ecs, dor and swi genes in D. funebris, D. virilis, D. hydei,
      D. repleta, D. mercatorum, D. paranaensis is a puff on the telomeric and of X
      chromosome; in D. kanekoi it is the puff in distal part of X chromosome; and in
      D. pseudoobscura it is the puff in proximal portion of X chromosome. So,
      conservative organization of DNA sequences located in D. melanogaster 2B puff
      could be suggested. Dispersed distribution of some DNA segments from the region
      studied in D. hydei chromosomes was revealed.

PMID- 1802795
TI  - [Empirical construction of the evolutionary divergence tree of VH-genes of
      immunoglobulins in mouse family 36-60].
AB  - Formerly unknown variable gene of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (VHTF) was
      studied in our preceding works in detail. In this paper, we present the results
      of defining the structure of N-terminus of the heavy chain which confirm the
      presence of unusual first codon corresponding to threonine. The structure of the
      VHTF gene is being compared with that of other genes of the 36-60 family,
      topology of the tree of their evolutionary divergence is being established with
      the help of empirical algorithm. Its advantages, as compared with the
      conventional methods, are under discussion.

PMID- 1802796
TI  - [Influence of heterozygosity on the variation of anthropometric traits in
      newborns].

PMID- 1802797
TI  - [Addition to the article by Iu. E. Dubrova et al. "Influence of heterozygosity on
      the variation of anthropometric traits in newborns." Determination of intersample
      differences by covariation and correlation statistics].
AB  - Relationships between heterozygosity of 13 polymorphic loci and variation of the
      set of anthropometric traits were studied in 302 singleton newborns (174 boys,
      128 girls). Statistically significant correlation between heterozygosity and all
      traits were not found. Variances of four traits--body weight, body length,
      circumference of head and breast measured by first principal component decrease
      with increase of heterozygosity in boys and girls. At the same time, variance of
      body proportions (second principal component) increase significantly in boys
      only. The highest values of correlation between four traits were found in the
      group of low heterozygous boys. The groups of newborns with different level of
      heterozygosity are characterized by different combinations of first principal
      component and the number of minor deviations from development (stigma). It is
      concluded from the whole set of data that newborn boys with the average level of
      heterozygosity have the highest level of viability.

PMID- 1802798
TI  - [Influence of mother's heterozygosity on the variation of anthropometric traits
      in newborns].
AB  - The relationship between mother's heterozygosity as revealed by 14 polymorphic
      loci and variation of the set of anthropometric traits were studied in normal
      singleton newborns (174 boys, 127 girls). Statistically significant negative
      correlation between mother's heterozygosity and the index of fluctuating
      asymmetry was found in girls. Variances of four traits--body weight, body length,
      circumference of head and breast measured by first principal component, and mean
      number of minor deviations from development (stigma) are shown to be minimal in
      the children born by mothers with the average level of heterozygosity. The groups
      of newborns with different level of mother's heterozygosity are characterized by
      different combinations of first principal component, stigma, and the index of
      fluctuating asymmetry. It is concluded from the whole set of data that children
      born by mothers with the average level of heterozygosity have the highest level
      of viability.

PMID- 1802799
TI  - [Determination of the phenotypic variability of the autoantibody level in man].
AB  - The principles of determination of phenotypic variability of the autoantibodies
      levels in man were investigated using twin and cluster analyses. The component
      difference of common phenotypic variance of immunological traits considered has
      been shown. The component mentioned depended on the molecular origin of the
      autoantigen.

PMID- 1802800
TI  - [Use of high velocity mechanical injection for the transfer of foreign DNA into
      early mouse embryos].
AB  - The possibility of high velocity mechanical transfer of foreign DNA into inner
      cell mass of mouse blastocyst was shown. Penetration of tungsten microparticles
      into early embryo cell nuclei and their localization on mitotic chromosomes was
      demonstrated. About 70% of developing embryos survived the bombardment. Total DNA
      of the mice born from bombarded embryos was analyzed by blot-hybridization and
      PCR with Southern hybridization. In three cases, the presence of the transferred
      plasmid DNA (pSV3-neo) was revealed.

PMID- 1802801
TI  - Modification of the suppressor phenotype of thymine requiring strains of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Thymine requiring strains of Escherichia coli suppress nonsense and frameshift
      mutations during translation. Strains with different genetic backgrounds
      exhibited different nonsense suppression spectra and showed differences in the
      apparent suppression efficiency. Part of this strain difference is due to a
      presumably novel gene (tsmA) mapping near 39 min. This gene affects the spectrum
      and apparent efficiency of suppression, and appears to affect the utilization of
      thymidine.

PMID- 1802802
TI  - Nucleic acids in mummified plant seeds: biochemistry and molecular genetics of
      pre-Columbian maize.
AB  - Nucleic acids fractions were isolated from pre-Columbian maize seeds and
      characterized using different approaches such as polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, anti-DNA antibody binding, HPLC fractionation, molecular
      hybridization with cloned genes, and DNA amplification by the polymerase chain
      reaction. The nucleic acids were found to be very depolymerized (less than or
      equal to 140 base pairs in length) and composed mainly of ribosomal RNA. Despite
      the very low amount and degree of polymerization of seed DNA, specific maize
      nuclear Mu1, Mu4, Mu8 and, possibly, Mu5 element components could be detected,
      thanks to the use of amplification systems as short as 90 bp. The results suggest
      that evaluation of the relative proportions of Mu-type element components and,
      possibly, other maize genomic components in single mummified kernels, may offer a
      new key to the study of ancient maize populations.

PMID- 1802803
TI  - Recent evolutionary history of the metallothionein gene Mtn in Drosophila.
AB  - A new allele of one of the metallothionein genes of D. melanogaster, Mtn.3, sheds
      light on the recent evolution of this gene. In comparison to the previously
      studied Mtn1 allele found in Canton S, this new allele, Mtn.3, produces a
      transcript that is 49 bases longer and 65-70% less abundant. We detected Mtn.3 in
      several laboratory strains as well as in isofemale lines derived from natural
      populations. Sequence comparison showed that Mtn.3 differs from Mtn1 in that it
      has: (a) base-pair substitution and an extra 49 bp-segment in the 3' untranslated
      region, (b) a substitution in the coding region that replaces the terminal Glu40
      in Mtn1 with Lys40, and (c) two base-pair substitutions in the promoter region.
      The Mtn.3-type was detected in six species of the melanogaster group by
      restriction analysis, and this result was confirmed by sequencing the D. simulans
      Mtn gene. Thus Mtn.3, which produces a less abundant transcript, appears to be
      the oldest of the two alleles. We also found that the duplications previously
      isolated from natural populations all derived from Mtn1, the more recent allele.
      Thus, two evolutionary steps: Mtn.3 to Mtn1 and Mtn1 to Dp(Mtn1), are accompanied
      by an overall 5- to 6-fold increase of RNA accumulation. The two changes seem to
      have occurred in non-African populations since Mtn.3 but not Mtn1 was detected in
      our sample from tropical Africa, while Mtn1 and Dp (Mtn1) are prevalent in
      European and North American samples.

PMID- 1802804
TI  - The Aedes aegypti genome: complexity and organization.
AB  - We describe the use of DNA reassociation kinetics to determine the total genome
      size and complexity together with the individual complexity and copy number of
      the single copy, middle repetitive and highly repeated DNA fractions of cell line
      and larval DNA from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The genome of Ae. aegypti is
      both large and complex, being one third the size of the human genome, and
      exhibits a short period interspersed repeat pattern. The implications of patterns
      of sequence arrangement and genome complexities for experiments aimed at
      isolating specific classes of DNA sequences, such as mobile genetic elements, are
      discussed.

PMID- 1802805
TI  - The liver/erythrocyte pyruvate kinase gene complex [Pk-1] in the mouse:
      regulatory gene mutations.
AB  - Nine enzyme activity variants and one charge variant of liver/erythrocyte
      pyruvate kinase have been found amongst laboratory and wild mice. Four of the
      enzyme activity variants were previously reported to be caused by allelic
      differences in the structural gene, Pk-1s. Analysis of two putative regulatory
      gene mutations is now reported, both of which map at, or close to, the structural
      gene on chromosome 3. One of these mutations, in the inbred strain SWR, is tissue
      specific, affecting enzyme concentration in the liver but not the erythrocyte the
      other, which arose in a mutation experiment, doubles the enzyme concentration in
      both tissues. The organization and the nomenclature in the [Pk-1] gene complex
      are discussed and are compared with the organization of other comprehensively
      analysed gene complexes in the mouse.

PMID- 1802806
TI  - Fixation probability in spatially changing environments.
AB  - The fixation probability of a mutant in a subdivided population with spatially
      varying environments is investigated using a finite island model. This
      probability is different from that in a panmictic population if selection is
      intermediate to strong and migration is weak. An approximation is used to compute
      the fixation probability when migration among subpopulations is very weak. By
      numerically solving the two-dimensional partial differential equation for the
      fixation probability in the two subpopulation case, the approximation was shown
      to give fairly accurate values. With this approximation, we show in the case of
      two subpopulations that the fixation probability in subdivided populations is
      greater than that in panmictic populations mostly. The increase is most
      pronounced when the mutant is selected for in one subpopulation and is selected
      against in the other subpopulation. Also it is shown that when there are two
      types of environments, further subdivision of subpopulations does not cause much
      change of the fixation probability in the no dominance case unless the product of
      the selection coefficient and the local population size is less than one. With
      dominance, the effect of subdivision becomes more complex.

PMID- 1802807
TI  - Analysis of lines of mice selected on fat content. 4. Correlated responses in
      growth and reproduction.
AB  - Lines of mice have been selected for 32 generations for either high or low fat
      content, resulting in a threefold divergence in the selection criterion
      (estimated fat content of males at 14 weeks of age). Male mice from both lines
      were dissected at a series of ages between 4 and 26 weeks and the following
      traits measured or estimated: body weight, fat content, lean weight, and the
      weights of several fatpads and internal organs. The lines appeared to have a
      similar underlying lean weight upon which the Fat line accumulated fat at a
      faster rate. This accumulation continued unabated in the Fat lines for at least
      26 weeks but had effectively ceased by 8 weeks of age in the Lean. The liver and
      kidneys were slightly larger in the Fat line but there were no differences in the
      weights of heart, lung or spleen. This detailed phenotypic description of the
      lines complemented previous reports describing correlated changes in their
      physiology. The threefold divergence in estimated fat content was less than that
      in one of its component traits, growth of gonadal fatpad, but was greater than
      the divergence in other physiological indicators, i.e. the activity of lipogenic
      enzymes in vitro and direct measurement of lipogenic flux. Testis size in the Fat
      line was consistently lower than in the Lean although the Fat line was slightly
      more fecund, apparently due to a higher prenatal survival rate.

PMID- 1802809
TI  - Easy, accurate, transcranial radiography or how to learn to stop worrying and
      love the Accurad 200.

PMID- 1802808
TI  - The effect of variations in the mandibular plane angle on the Pont's Index.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a relationship existed
      between Pont's Index and mandibular plane angle, in a group of 48 Chinese adult
      subjects with orthodontically untreated excellent Class I dental occlusion and
      good facial balance. Results of the study showed a weak correlation between the
      combined mesiodistal maxillary incisor widths and the interpremolar (r = 0.27)
      and intermolar archwidths (r = 0.21). The correlation between mandibular plane
      angle and interpremolar archwidths (r = 0.58) and intermolar (r = 0.46)
      archwidths was fair. By taking into account the variations in the mandibular
      plane angle, the Pont's Index could be predicted with greater accuracy. The
      correlation between the combined mesiodistal maxillary incisor widths and the
      corrected interpremolar and intermolar archwidths were very strong (r = 0.85 and
      0.82, respectively). For a given mesiodistal maxillary incisor widths, the
      interpremolar and intermolar archwidths in our Chinese sample were smaller than
      those published by Ponts. This variation could be attributed to differences in
      the genetic inheritance in different racial types.

PMID- 1802810
TI  - Functional treatment of apertognathia.

PMID- 1802811
TI  - Orthodontics, orthopedics, or surgical correction?

PMID- 1802812
TI  - [Primary culture of mammalian brain neurons and its application to patch-clamp
      recording].
AB  - A method is described for the primary culture of neurons from adult mammalian
      brain. The primary culture consists of five processes: 1) preparation of brain
      slices, 2) microdissection of the discrete area, 3) enzymatic treatment of the
      tissue, 4) dissociation of cells by mechanical agitation of the tissue fragments,
      and 5) plating and feeding of dissociated cells. The cells could be maintained in
      culture for more than several weeks. Whereas neurons freshly dissociated from the
      adult brain do not respond to exogenously applied neurotransmitter substances,
      probably due to destruction of receptors by the enzymatic treatment, the neurons
      regained the ability to respond to a variety of neurotransmitters when they were
      cultured. Cultured neurons from adult mammalian brain are proving to be an
      excellent model for physiological as well as pharmacological investigations on
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 1802813
TI  - [A simple multiple maze test to estimate learning and memory in mice: application
      to the effect of scopolamine on learning and memory].
AB  - The apparatus consists of a home cage, a maze cage and a starting box. A maze
      with four right-middle-left decisions was placed in the maze cage. The starting
      box was attached and a water tap was placed at an area corresponding to the
      entrance of the maze. The exit of the maze and the home cage are connected with a
      tunnel. Food was placed in the home cage. 1) Mice were housed for 10 hr a day in
      the apparatus and then removed to another cage for fasting. One trial a day was
      carried out after fasting for more than 12 hr. In each trial, a mouse was put at
      the starting box, and then the number of errors (entering a blind alley) and the
      time until the mouse reached the home cage were counted. The mouse passed through
      the maze with a small number of errors and time. 2) Administration of scopolamine
      (0.125-0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to a mouse that had mastered the maze transiently
      disturbed the maze performance dose-dependently. 3) Mice were housed for 4 hr a
      day. Scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either before or after the
      housing. Scopolamine disturbed the maze performance in the case of both
      procedures. These results suggest that the method is useful for estimating the
      memory in mice.

PMID- 1802814
TI  - [Effects of kamikihi-to, a Chinese traditional medicine, on various cholinergic
      biochemical markers in the brains of aged rats].
AB  - The effects of kamikihi-to (EK-49) on various cholinergic biochemical markers,
      muscarinic receptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase
      (CAT) and choline uptake, in aged rat brains were examined. Administration of
      kamikihi-to in daily doses of 200 mg/kg, p.o. for 4 weeks to aged rats (24-months
      old) significantly increased the density of muscarinic receptors (Bmax) for 3H
      QNB (quinuclidinyl benzilate), but did not affect the apparent dissociation
      constant (Kd). After repeated administration of kamikihi-to to aged rats, AChE
      activity and choline uptake were not significantly different in the kamikihi-to
      treated aged rats as compared with the control aged rats. However, administration
      of kamikihi-to for 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in Vmax values of
      CAT in kamikihi-to treated aged rats as compared with those of the control rats.
      These results indicate that long-term treatment with kamikihi-to enhances both
      the Bmax and Vmax for QNB binding and CAT activity in aged rats, respectively.

PMID- 1802815
TI  - [Ketoconazole inhibits the growth of prostatic squamous carcinoma, at which time
      testicular androgen enhanced in tumor bearing rat].
AB  - Donruy male rats were implanted with the tumor in the ventral prostate at 40 days
      of age; and 9 days later, they were concurrently orchiectomized and started on
      ketoconazole (Keto) injection (5 or 10 mg/rat/day, s.c.). Twenty days later, the
      rats were decapitated. The rats were divided into the following treatment groups:
      1. Intact, 2. Intact + Keto-10 (10 mg), 3. Implanted (Imp), 4. Imp + Keto-5 (5
      mg), 5. Imp + Keto-10, 6. Imp + castrated (Cast), 7. Imp + Cast + Keto-5 and 8.
      Imp + Cast + Keto-10. Keto induced slight inhibition of tumor growth but
      coincident castration led to a significant decrease of tumor development. Keto or
      castration increased adrenal weight. Keto could not alter plasma androgen in
      intact rats, but enhanced it significantly in low androgen situations as in
      groups 3 and 6. Keto significantly lowered plasma corticosterone and acted to
      decrease testicular androgen in group 1 (Intact); and in contrast, Keto acted to
      increase significantly testicular androgen in group 3 (Imp). These results
      suggest that: (1) Keto has a direct action to decrease the tumor weight and
      enhanced androgen in implantation and (2) Keto acts to decrease adrenal
      steroidogenesis.

PMID- 1802816
TI  - [Inhibition by Y-25130 of the von Bezold-Jarisch effect evoked by 5-HT or 2
      methyl-5-HT in anesthetized rats].
AB  - Effect of Y-25130 on 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors was investigated
      using the von Bezold-Jarisch effect (BJE) in anesthetized rats. Intravenous or
      intraduodenal administration of Y-25130 antagonized the BJE evoked by 5-HT and
      its effect was over 100 times more potent than that of metoclopramide. Y-25130
      also completely blocked the BJE induced by 2-methyl-5-HT, a selective 5-HT3
      receptor agonist. The BJE induced by 5-HT was not antagonized by spiperone,
      ketanserin, phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine and haloperidol, but antagonized by
      atropine. Atropine inhibited the bradycardia caused by electrical stimulation of
      the vagus nerve, but Y-25130 had no inhibitory effect. These results indicate
      that Y-25130 possesses a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonistic
      property.

PMID- 1802817
TI  - [Behavioral effects of febarbamate (MS-543): evaluation by ambulatory activity,
      active avoidance and passive avoidance in mice].
AB  - Febarbamate (MS-543: 100 and 10000 mg/kg, p.o.) neither produced significant
      change in the mouse's ambulatory activity after the single administration nor
      modified the ambulation-increasing effects of the following drugs:
      methamphetamine (2 mg/kg, s.c.), apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and scopolamine
      (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). MS-543 (100 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) scarcely affected the
      established active avoidance response in mice under a discrete shuttle avoidance
      situation. However, MS-543 (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) tended to enhance the decrease in
      response and/or avoidance rates induced by chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg, s.c.) and
      physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.). Finally, the disruption of the step-through
      passive avoidance response induced by pre-training administration of scopolamine
      (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) in a one trial task was reduced when MS-543 was administered
      before the scopolamine administration. However, the post-training administration
      of MS-543 was without effect on the scopolamine-induced disruption of the
      avoidance. Furthermore, no significant effect of MS-543 was observed in the multi
      trial passive avoidance task. The present results suggest that MS-543 activates
      cholinergic function and possesses a slight sedative action.

PMID- 1802818
TI  - Serum inhibin as an index of ovarian function in women undergoing pituitary
      suppression and ovarian stimulation in an in vitro fertilization program.
AB  - Serum inhibin concentrations, determined by radioimmunoassay, were measured in
      women undergoing pituitary suppression with buserelin and subsequently ovarian
      stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). Three types of treatment
      cycle were investigated, namely (1) cycles showing a normal ovarian response and
      resulting in a pregnancy; (2) cycles showing a poor response to the hMG, and (3)
      cycles previously showing a poor ovarian response but augmented with biosynthetic
      human growth hormone. Good correlations were seen between serum inhibin
      concentrations and serum progesterone in the luteal phase prior to buserelin (Rs
      = 0.68), serum oestradiol on the 8th day of hMG administration (Rs = 0.82) or the
      day of ovulatory trigger (Rs = 0.78), and the number of follicles greater than or
      equal to 14 mm on the day of ovulatory trigger (Rs = 0.71). These results show
      inhibin to be a good index of ovarian function in women exhibiting a range of
      ovarian responses to stimulation in an in vitro fertilization program.

PMID- 1802819
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in 18 women after 1 month of treatment with a
      triphasic oral contraceptive.
AB  - A triphasic levonorgestrel (LNG)- and ethinylestradiol-containing oral
      contraceptive was administered to 18 women. Plasma samples were obtained
      throughout a treatment cycle just before drug administration and on the last
      treatment day (day 21), several plasma samples were collected from each
      individual up to 48 h postadministration. LNG was determined by radioimmunoassay
      in all plasma samples. In addition, the concentration of sex-hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG) was determined in plasma samples collected from the same subjects
      during treatment, as well as during a pre- and a posttreatment cycle. During the
      treatment cycle, plasma levels of LNG determined just before drug administration
      increased and reached steady state at about day 16. This increase was due to an
      increased dose of LNG according to the triphasic dose regimen, a concomitantly
      ethinylestradiol-induced increase in SHBG and due to pharmacokinetic
      accumulation, since LNG had a terminal half-life of approximately 28.5 h and the
      dosing interval was 24 h. Steady-state levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of
      LNG determined on the last day of treatment were in good accordance with
      previously published results.

PMID- 1802820
TI  - Salivary testosterone measurements among women: relative magnitude of circadian
      and menstrual cycles.
AB  - Measures of testosterone among women are potentially useful in behavioral
      research, but information is needed on how much error is introduced by
      variability across the menstrual cycle. Morning and evening salivary testosterone
      concentrations were measured at weekly intervals across one menstrual cycle in
      each of 22 women, using the luteinizing hormone surge to mark midcycle. Menstrual
      cycles were statistically significant but smaller than daily cycles or individual
      differences. Menstrual cycle effects can be ignored in most research relating
      psychological and behavioral variables to individual differences in testosterone.

PMID- 1802821
TI  - A follow-up study of 85 patients with Graves' disease in remission who developed
      undetectable serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations using sensitive TSH
      assays.
AB  - Eighty-five patients with Graves' disease in clinical remission after treatment
      for over 1 year by methimazole therapy (36 patients, group A) or subtotal
      thyroidectomy (49 patients, group B) who became undetectable for serum
      thyrotropin levels (TSH less than 0.05 mU/l), were further followed for 1 year or
      more. Eight patients in group A (22%) and 7 patients in group B (14%) relapsed.
      Eleven patients in group A (30%) and 5 patients in group B (10%) had fluctuating
      patterns of free T4 in the upper normal to slightly supranormal range indicative
      of subclinical hyperthyroidism. The remaining patients continued to have
      undetectable TSH levels or restored normal TSH levels and normal thyroid hormone
      concentrations in sera. The results of the present study indicate that the
      occurrence of undetectable serum TSH concentrations in Graves' disease patients
      previously treated with methimazole or surgery are not necessarily predictive of
      clinical relapse because the eventual outcome is variable.

PMID- 1802822
TI  - Binding protein for human growth hormone: effects of age and weight.
AB  - In human serum, a specific binding protein with high affinity for human growth
      hormone (GHBP) is found which is identical to the extracellular portion of the
      hepatic GH receptor. GHBP is assessed by incubating serum samples with [125I]-GH,
      followed by separation of bound and free radioactivity using gel chromatography.
      In newborns and children younger than 2 months, GHBP was practically absent and
      no 'big-big' GH could be found. GHBP values increased rapidly during the first 2
      years of life, followed by a slower increase during childhood and puberty. No
      difference was found between male and female subjects. Apart from age,
      standardized weight (SDS = z score) had a major positive effect on GHBP
      concentration. Interestingly, SDS height correlated negatively with GHBP when
      weight and age were controlled for. These data may relate to two clinical
      findings: (1) the developmental switch between GH-independent intrauterine and GH
      dependent postnatal growth mechanisms, and (2) the accelerated growth velocity
      encountered in adipose children.

PMID- 1802823
TI  - Use of athymic nude mice for in vivo studies of human growth-hormone-secreting
      pituitary adenomas.
AB  - Human growth hormone (hGH)-secreting pituitary adenoma tissue of 31 acromegalic
      patients was transplanted subcutaneously onto 291 athymic nude mice. 37% of the
      transplanted adenoma fragments could be maintained vital up to 46 days.
      Histological examinations of the transplants revealed neither alterations in
      their morphological characteristics nor signs of growth. A maintenance or linear
      decline of hGH secretion of the transplants related to their vitality was
      observed by hGH radioimmunoassay. Estimation of graft vitality was improved by GH
      releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulation in regular intervals. The rate of pituitary
      adenomas responding to GHRH was as high as in a major collective of acromegalic
      patients. Our method of positive selection of vital xenotransplanted hGH
      secreting pituitary adenomas via hGH detection at regular intervals in
      combination with GHRH stimulation gives the opportunity of reliable in vivo
      research with these tumors.

PMID- 1802824
TI  - Changes in serum thyroid hormone autoantibody concentrations during pregnancy: a
      case report.
AB  - A 29-year-old female patient with Graves' disease who developed thyroid hormone
      autoantibodies (THAA) under treatment with methimazole is presented. THAA were
      identified as IgG-kappa. During a first pregnancy that ended by miscarriage in
      the 3rd month, the titer of anti-thyroxine autoantibodies decreased by about 30%.
      Relapse of Graves' disease occurred 2 months later and an increase in serum THAA
      concentration to the initial titer was observed. THAA titer remained unchanged
      during treatment with methimazole and afterwards during thyroxine supplementation
      for radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism. During a second pregnancy, a decrease in
      anti-thyroxine autoantibody titer reached 45% at the time of delivery and an
      increase by 20% was noted 5 months later. A similar decline in THAA concentration
      was shown during a third pregnancy. The changes in THAA concentrations observed
      during pregnancy suggest an immunological influence of pregnancy on the THAA
      production, as previously demonstrated in other autoimmune diseases, like
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

PMID- 1802825
TI  - 10 years of successful treatment with dextrothyroxine in a girl with TSH-induced
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - 14 years ago, a 5.7-year-old healthy girl was treated with desiccated thyroid for
      a goiter and elevated TSH levels. The goiter disappeared and TSH levels were
      normalized. However, hyperthyroidism appeared. Without therapy, the goiter
      reappeared and hyperthyroidism aggravated. Based on hormone values, TSH-induced
      hyperthyroidism was diagnosed. After exclusion of neoplastic TSH secretion,
      treatment with dextrothyroxine (DT4) was initiated at age of 10 years and
      continued during the last 10 years (except for short periods). The girl became
      euthyroid, has no goiter and normal TSH values. Since thyrotrophs and peripheral
      tissues are probably normally sensitive to T4, we postulate that her
      hypothalamopituitary-thyroid control is operating on a higher set point level for
      T4.

PMID- 1802826
TI  - How to write your legislators.

PMID- 1802827
TI  - [Vaccination against AIDS by the year 2000?].

PMID- 1802828
TI  - [New therapeutic efforts in hyposensitization].

PMID- 1802829
TI  - [Autoimmunity in diabetes].

PMID- 1802830
TI  - [Does insulitis have importance in the pathogenesis of type-1 diabetes in man?].
AB  - Insulitis is a lymphocytic infiltration of islets of Langerhans occurring
      together with a selective loss of beta cells. Infiltrating cells spread from
      peripheral islet vessels to the centre of a given islet. In humans, insulitis is
      believed to be associated with autoimmune phenomena, e.g. autoantibodies to beta
      cells. Insulitis is seen in IDDM of man with young age of onset and short
      duration of disease. In animal models, insulitis is not necessarily associated
      with autoimmunity. From animal studies it is known that insulitis does not always
      end up with manifestation of diabetes in a given animal. Experimental data
      provide evidence for a dysregulated immune system recognizing beta-cell-specific
      antigens and producing beta-cell-cytotoxic lymphocytes. On the other hand, the
      surface of the beta cell changes induced by viral infection or environmental
      toxins and thereby becomes the target of an immune attack.

PMID- 1802832
TI  - [Islet transplantation in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: the challenges to
      the transplant of rejection and recurrent autoimmunity].
AB  - The success of islet transplantation for therapy of spontaneous diabetes mellitus
      depends on two immune responses of the recipient. The rejection of foreign tissue
      plays a major role in islet transplantation and can successfully be prevented by
      different immunomodulation in animals. In spontaneous diabetes the islet
      transplant can also be destroyed by the recurrent autoimmune insulitis. We
      describe, in which experiments recurrence occurred. We also demonstrate the
      influence of the donor-host combination on the immune attack and the
      possibilities to prevent the destruction of transplanted islets in animals. An
      outlook on the clinical situation is given.

PMID- 1802831
TI  - [Autoantigens in type-I diabetes].
AB  - The juvenile form of diabetes, type-I diabetes mellitus, is, to our knowledge of
      today, an autoimmune disease with the hallmark of selective destruction of the
      insulin-producing beta cells in the endocrine pancreas. The slow, progressive
      process is in strong contrast with the sudden onset of clinical disease. The
      identification of target antigens has implications for both, better diagnostic at
      an earlier time as well as for new forms of therapy such as induction of
      tolerance or T-cell vaccination. Next to the direct products of the beta cell,
      insulin and proinsulin, two antigens of 38 resp. 64 kD molecular weight, have
      been identified. Other possible antigens include carboxypeptidase H and a heat
      shock protein of 65 kD. The identity of the antigen recognized by islet-cell
      antibodies, the most frequently used marker for type-I diabetes mellitus, remains
      a subject of discussion.

PMID- 1802833
TI  - [Bases of the antibacterial effect of beta lactam antibiotics].
AB  - The primary antibacterial effect of betalactam antibiotics is due to the
      inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Prerequisites for good antibacterial activity
      of such an antibiotic are --rapid penetration across the bacterial cell wall, -
      strong binding to the proper targets in the cytoplasmic membrane, i.e. the
      penicillin-binding proteins, --resistance to betalactamases which may be produced
      by the bacterial cell.

PMID- 1802834
TI  - [Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)].
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis DNA. More than 2000 different clinical specimens were analyzed by
      this assay. The efficiency of two different methods for processing the DNA from
      biological material was analyzed. DNA amplification was done according to
      standard protocols by amplifying a segment of 402 bp of the 65 kD mycobacterial
      gene, electrophoretic separation of the amplification product followed by
      Southern transfer and hybridization with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific
      probe or by a semi-nested amplification procedure in which the initial
      amplification product was reamplified by a second round with a Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis-specific primer. The specificity of primers and probe for
      mycobacterial DNA was proven by testing 70 of class-I microorganisms, as well as
      20 different strains and own isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 67
      strains of 25 different MOTTs. Some of the amplification products were sequenced.
      The clinical relevance of the results and the sensitivity of the PCR method were
      confirmed by simultaneous quantitative bacterial culture from the same clinical
      specimens. The results of conventional culture method received after 8 to 10
      weeks culture time correlated with the results from PCR obtained within 12 hours
      in 95.4% in the semi-nested amplification procedure. The discrepancy of 4.6% was
      caused by positive results of PCR and negative cultures which might be due to the
      higher sensitivity of PCR compared to culture technique. The results show that
      PCR may be used for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical
      specimens. The specificity can be regarded as largely proven, advantages are
      velocity and sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802835
TI  - The importance of regular staff meetings.

PMID- 1802836
TI  - Fanconi's anemia: a clinico-hematological and cytogenetic study.
AB  - Eleven patients with typical features of Fanconi's anemia with cytogenetic
      studies were evaluated. Cytogenetic abnormalities was seen in all but one
      patient. Two patients had acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and nine had
      Fanconi's anemia (FA). All patients with FA responded to oxymetholone and are
      well with a median follow up of 38.6 months. Both patients with ANLL died. This
      study stresses the need of an accurate cytogenetic analysis in FA patients along
      with a clinicohematological correlation.

PMID- 1802838
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection and its transmission in preschool children.
AB  - In the present study, 2.5% of 367 preschool children has HBsAg positivity. Of 11
      mothers who were HBsAg positive during the third trimester of pregnancy, 4 had
      babies (36.4%) who developed HBsAg positivity by 2.5-3 months of age (vertical
      transmission). Two babies born of HBsAg negative mothers, with history of
      jaundice during first trimester, were HBsAg negative. All the relatives of HBsAg
      positive cases screened were negative for HBsAg.

PMID- 1802837
TI  - Evaluation of social marketing of oral rehydration therapy.
AB  - Attempts, at social marketing of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) through
      television, in changing the knowledge and practice of mothers with regard to its
      use was assessed. One hundred and eighty seven consecutive mothers (38 excluded
      due to non use of ORT) were administered a preplanned questionnaire to assess
      their socio-economic profile, educational status, concept of diarrhea and correct
      use of ORT. Fifty nine mothers who watched these programmes on TV regularly
      formed the study group. These were compared with 90 mothers who had gained such
      knowledge from non-television sources. The correct application of knowledge of
      ORT was significantly better in study group compared with control group. The
      educational status of mothers had a positive impact on motivation to use ORT at
      home in the study group. Mass media campaigns through "TV spots" is an effective
      way of improving knowledge of mothers on ORT in a developing country.

PMID- 1802839
TI  - Sources of lead exposure in urban slum school children.
AB  - A school based study was undertaken to trace various sources of lead exposure in
      urban slum children. Two cases with elevated venous blood lead (PbB) levels were
      detected and confirmed in 100 consecutive Bombay school children, referred to a
      hospital school clinic for clinical pallor. A common source of lead exposure in
      one suburb, was implied by the significantly higher PbB levels here. Systematic
      family and environmental studies identified the source was a nearby factory
      manufacturing lead storage batteries. Similar studies for the other index case
      traced the source to the dust produced by small scale foundries and secondary
      lead smelters. This study indicates that large scale screening studies are
      necessary to establish the magnitude and epidemiology of this problem in Bombay.

PMID- 1802840
TI  - Child labor in suburban areas of Calcutta, West Bengal.
AB  - Seven hundred and fifty nine children in different sectors were covered in this
      study, which was undertaken by observational techniques, questionnaires and
      physical examination. All children belonged to the age group of 6-14 years.
      Nearly 30% children had migrated from neighbouring districts and states. Almost
      88% were Hindus and 12.2% were Muslims. Seventy one per cent children came from
      large families. In 40% families one child, and in 59.6% families more than one
      sibling had joined the labor force. About 83% fathers and 93.9% mothers were
      illiterate. A total of 55.8% did not attend schools; 45.3% had discontinued
      school due to poverty (69.9%), father's apathy (8.4%), children's own attitude
      (10.4%) and frequent absence and physical assaults by school teachers (5.0%). The
      main reason for taking up jobs was low per capita income (70.3%). Wages were
      exploitatively low: as little as Rs. 50/- per month in 20.8%, for work of an
      average 10-12 hours per day. Only 4% had systemic health check-ups. Different
      grades of malnutrition were observed in 55.7% male and 29.5% female working
      children. The ailments observed included anemia (60.4%), respiratory tract
      infection (31.8%), and gastrointestinal tract infection (33.6%). Nearly half
      (52.6%) children were addicted to bidi smoking, 3% to ganja and 39.3% to betel
      nut. The evils of exploitation are increasing inspite of existing child laws.

PMID- 1802841
TI  - Unusual presentation of Seckel's syndrome.

PMID- 1802842
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly.

PMID- 1802843
TI  - Glycogen storage disease (type-III).

PMID- 1802844
TI  - Porencephaly: a possible complication of chorion villus sampling?

PMID- 1802845
TI  - Short rib-polydactyly syndrome type I (Saldino-Noonan syndrome).

PMID- 1802846
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of jugular obstruction sequence at 13 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 1802847
TI  - Sirenomelia sequence.

PMID- 1802848
TI  - Familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws: cherubism in two brothers.

PMID- 1802849
TI  - The Aicardi syndrome.

PMID- 1802850
TI  - BCG test in diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis.

PMID- 1802852
TI  - Nutrition disc.

PMID- 1802851
TI  - Abuse of betamethasone drops.

PMID- 1802854
TI  - Should malnourished children be included for defining normative values?

PMID- 1802853
TI  - Pyridoxine supplementation with isonex: is it necessary?

PMID- 1802855
TI  - Demonstration of brain lesions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by magnetic
      resonance imaging.

PMID- 1802856
TI  - Abdominal tuberculosis.

PMID- 1802857
TI  - Genetics in pediatric practice: an Indian perspective.

PMID- 1802858
TI  - Recent advances in oral rehydration therapy.

PMID- 1802860
TI  - Investigation of cis/trans proline isomerism in a multiply occurring peptide
      fragment from human salivary proline-rich glycoprotein.
AB  - The solution-state conformations of eight proline-containing peptide fragments
      found in human salivary proline-rich glycoprotein (PRG) were investigated in 2 x
      distilled water (treated with metal ion chelating resin) using 13C-nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The peptide
      sequences and acronyms were as follows: PRG9-2 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)-CONH2, PRG9-3 =
      NH2-G(1)P(2)-P(3)-CONH2, PRG9-4 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-CONH2, PRG9-5 = NH2
      G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-H(5)-CONH2, PRG9-6 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-H(5)-P(6)-CONH2,
      PRG9-7 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-H(5)-P(6)-G(7)-CONH2, PRG9-8 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)
      P(3)-P(4)-H(5)-P(6)-G(7)-K(8)-CONH2 and PRG9-9 = NH2-G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-H(5)
      P(6)-G(7)-K(8)-P(9)-CONH2. Sequence-specific resonance assignments from the 13C
      NMR spectra indicated that the trans proline isomer dominated the conformations
      of the peptides. CD results clearly showed the presence of the poly-L-proline II
      helix as the major conformation in PRG9-3----PRG9-5, supplemented by beta- and/or
      gamma-turns in PRG9-6----PRG9-9. These data suggest that in "metal free" water,
      native PRG could contain several small poly-L-proline II helices along with beta-
      and/or gamma-turns. Since proline is the major amino acid present in native PRG,
      these localized conformations may contribute to PRG's global conformation and act
      as a primary force in determining its biological activities.

PMID- 1802859
TI  - Characterization of growth hormone releasing factor analog expression in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - An analog of growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), [Leu27]GRF(1-40)-OH, has been
      expressed and secreted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the alpha
      factor gene promoter and prepro sequence. A single pair of consecutive basic
      residues served as a processing site between the alpha-factor sequences and the
      GRF sequences. [Leu27]GRF(1-40)-OH from fermentor broth containing 20-30 mg/L of
      immunoreactive peptides was shown to be correctly processed and to possess
      biological activity as measured in vitro and in vivo. Additional peptides
      purified from broth appear to result from proteolytic degradation of the original
      translation product. Analysis of the amino acid compositions and sequences of
      these peptides suggests that processing enzymes may be responsible for some of
      the degradation.

PMID- 1802861
TI  - Synthesis, crystal structure and molecular conformation of N-Ac-dehydro-Phe-L-Val
      OH.
AB  - The peptide N-Ac-dehydro-Phe-L-Val-OH (C16H20N2O4) was synthesized by the usual
      workup procedure. The peptide crystallizes from its solution in acetonitrile at 4
      degrees in hexagonal space group P6(5) with a = b = 11.874(2)A, c = 21.856(9) A,
      V = 2668(1) A3, Z = 6, dm = 1.151(3) g cm-3, dc = 1.136(4) g cm-3, CuK alpha =
      1.5418 A, mu = 0.641 mm-1, F(000) = 972, T = 293 K. The structure was solved by
      direct methods and refined by least-squares procedure to an R value of 0.074 for
      1922 observed reflections. In the dehydro-residue, the C1 alpha-C1 beta distance
      is 1.35(1) A while the bond angle C1 alpha-C1 beta-C1 gamma is 131.2(9) degrees.
      The backbone torsion angles are: omega 0 = 172(1) degrees, phi 1 = -60(2)
      degrees, psi 1 = -31(2) degrees, omega 1 = -179(1) degrees, phi 2 = 59(2)
      degrees. These values suggest that the peptide tends to adopt an alternating
      right-handed and left-handed helical conformation. The side chain torsion angles
      are: chi 1(1) = -6(2) degrees, chi 1(2.1) = -1(2) degrees, chi 1(2.2) = -178(2)
      degrees, chi 2(1.1) = 63(2) degrees and chi 2(1.2) = -173(1) degrees. These
      values show that the side chain of dehydro-Phe is planar whereas the valyl side
      chain adopts a sterically most preferred conformation. The molecules, linked by
      intermolecular hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, are arranged in helices
      along the c-axis. The helices are held side-by-side by van der Waals contacts.

PMID- 1802862
TI  - Effect of reductive alkylation on thermal stability of ribonuclease A and
      chymotrypsinogen A.
AB  - In order to probe changes in the structural stability induced by the introduction
      of hydrophobic groups into proteins, the amino groups of ribonuclease A and
      chymotrypsinogen A were reductively alkylated by reaction with various aliphatic
      aldehydes, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde and n-hexylaldehyde, and
      their thermal stabilities were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC) at different acidic pH values. Ribonuclease A was thermally unstabilized by
      reductive alkylation, while chymotrypsinogen A was slightly stabilized, depending
      on both the size of the introduced alkyl groups and the extent of modification.
      These observations suggest that the effects induced by alkylation involve not
      only steric hindrance due to the entering bulky groups but also certain other
      factors such as the participation of the chemically introduced alkyl groups in
      hydrophobic interactions.

PMID- 1802863
TI  - Synthesis of homologous peptides using fragment condensation: analogs of an HIV
      proteinase substrate.
AB  - Two protected peptides Boc-Val-Ser(Bzl)-Gln-Asn-Tyr(BrZ)OH and Boc-Val-Ser(Bzl)
      Gln-Asn-Tyr(BrZ)-ProOH were synthesized on a resin substituted by 9
      (hydroxymethyl)-2-fluoreneacetic acid. After cleavage with piperidine/DMF,
      desalting, and activation, these peptides were used for the synthesis of 11
      analogs of an HIV proteinase nonapeptide substrate Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile
      Val-Gln-NH2 using fragment condensation in solid phase. The fragment condensation
      was made in an ultrasonic bath. Using only 2 equivalents of the activated peptide
      in a DMF solution, this reaction was complete in 2 h. All nonapeptides were
      assayed as substrates for HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteinases.

PMID- 1802864
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis of a range of O-phosphorylated peptides by post-assembly
      phosphitylation and oxidation.
AB  - A completely general method for the O-phosphorylation of peptides of any given
      composition using solid-phase methodology is described. Peptides were assembled
      using Fmoc amino acid active esters, with base used for Fmoc deprotection.
      Unprotected amino acid side chain hydroxyl groups were phosphitylated and
      oxidised at the end of the assembly using
      bis(benzyloxy)(diisopropylamino)phosphine and tert.-butylhydroperoxide
      respectively. TFA was used for final deprotection of the amino acid side chains
      and for simultaneous cleavage from the resin. The synthesis of O-phosphopeptides
      of up to 15 residues in length is described.

PMID- 1802865
TI  - Solid-phase peptide synthesis without side-chain hydroxyl protection of
      threonine.
AB  - A peptide containing four threonine residues was synthesised by the solid-phase
      method using fluorenyl-methoxycarbonylamino acid reactive esters or coupling by
      preactivation with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and Castro's reagent. In two separate
      experiments the synthesis was carried out with or without protection of the side
      chain hydroxyl group of threonine as the tert.-butyl ether. Comparison of the
      crude peptides after deprotection and detachment from the synthesis resin
      suggests that side-chain protection of threonine is unnecessary under the
      synthetic conditions employed.

PMID- 1802866
TI  - [Consensus conferences. A method for evaluating medical technologies?].

PMID- 1802867
TI  - [Effectiveness of an anti-influenza vaccination program in 4 primary care
      centers].
AB  - A influenza immunization programme held in 4 health centres is evaluated, by
      testing the hypothesis that programme compliance lowers their hospital admissions
      and mortality. A cohort of 4,558 people over 65 belonging to 4 "Baix Llobregat"
      health centres was followed-up during 7 months. The population covered by
      immunization programme (43.8%) showed a hospital admission rate (6.2%) lower than
      the non immunized one (4.3%). Nevertheless, the cardiorespiratory disease
      admission rate in the whole sample (2.0% in immunized and 1.3% in non immunized),
      and in females (1.3% in immunized and 1.2 in non immunized) didn't show
      differences between covered and non covered by the programme. Mortality is lower
      in compliant (0.8% in immunized, and 1.9% in non immunized), but it's due to a
      higher death rate in the counted unimmunized, non demanding, and non hospital
      admitted population. If we interpret these data as the immunization covered
      population is more health services consumer, we can consider that at least in
      women, the programme has a contention effect for cardiorespiratory disease
      hospital admission. The mortality drop can not be attributed to immunization but
      it will be due to the health centers incapacity for reaching the high risk
      population of the assigned community. On the basis of these results, health
      centers should reconsider the need for continuing carry out these immunizations
      programmes. Primary Health care teams should establish programmes that would
      allow them to cover the assigned community health needs, even for non demanded
      services.

PMID- 1802868
TI  - [Analysis of public health expenditures in the area of Guadalajara during the
      fiscal year 1989].
AB  - In the health care area of Guadalajara health expenses are met by three agencies,
      although there are no local data on the participation of each of them. The
      present paper studies public expenditures in Guadalajara, as well as their
      distribution by agency, by budget items and by type of service during 1989, and
      their relationship with population size and the gross provincial product. Total
      expenditures amounted 9.085.343.426 ptas. of which the National Health Institute
      (INSALUD) provided 80.5%, the Regional Health Council 15.5% and the County
      Council 4%. This implies a health expenditure of 61.385 ptas per year (21.424
      ptas for primary care, 36.278 ptas for specialized care 3.683 ptas for overheads
      and administrative costs). The gross provincial product amounted to 122.5 billion
      ptas of which 7.65% were allocated to health care. Guadalajara is a large area
      with a small but widely dispersed and regressive population moderately depressed
      from the economic point of view, and with overall health resources above national
      average. Distribution of health care expenditure coincides with the overall data
      provided by the direct management of INSALUD. The expenditure/inhabitant ratio is
      higher than the national average, both in absolute terms and in percentage of the
      gross provincial product, which is understandable when demographic
      characteristics and existing resources are considered.

PMID- 1802869
TI  - [Quality of medical records at a primary care center].
AB  - The quality of the clinical records included in the clinical charts is assessed
      through a sample of the clinical charts existing at the Health Center Zaidin-Sur
      (Granada, Spain). The quality was ascertained via the number of visits annotated,
      the number of records considered as essential (life style, family and personal
      history), and the number of received or requested consultation. This information
      is compared to the data of the general files of the Health Center, to the
      information gathered by a direct interview (performed to assess the validity of
      the essential records), and to the results of a protocol studying the visit
      activities. The analysis of data shows that just a 40.4% of the visits are
      annotated on the clinical chart. A lower percentage of the essential records were
      annotated, 37.6%. The requested consultations are annotated in 43.8% and the
      received ones in 87.6%. We discuss on the need of periodic evaluation of the
      records to show their limitations and deficiencies. This is the first step to
      improve them.

PMID- 1802870
TI  - [Financing regional health services. Problems and possible solutions].
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the fact that the present financial
      system of the Health Regional Services is constraining their management and
      development possibilities and thus, the System designed in the General Law of
      Health (Ley General de Salud); moreover, it is, hindering the development of the
      Autonomous Communities themselves, as the financing of these services is a hard
      weight to carry, within the own financing process of the Autonomous Communities.
      We just try to demonstrate there is no reason whatsoever that may justify the
      present financing procedure of the Health Services already Transferred to
      Government of the Autonomous Communities. We deem it is necessary to change such
      model, in order that principles of sufficiency, autonomy and interterritorial
      solidarity become effective. We are also of the opinion that we are now living
      the adequate moment to overcome these problems, as it is our must to renegotiate
      the application, for the five-year period 1992-1995, of the principles under the
      Organic Law for the financing of the Autonomous Communities. (Spanish, LOFCA).

PMID- 1802871
TI  - [Minimum data sets in ambulatory care].
AB  - A sensible and rational approach is necessary in order to match the growing
      requirements of information on the ambulatory care sector characterised by a big
      deal of complexity and variability. This must be applied to any initiative
      attempting to obtain any degree of harmonization in ambulatory care data sets.
      This paper summarises a conceptual aspect of the work undertaken by the project
      Measurement Characterization and Control of Ambulatory Care in Europe (McACE)
      sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities under the exploratory
      phase of the Advanced Informatics in Medicine (AIM) programme. Our approach
      places in the first priority the efficiency when assessing the information needs
      of the different actors trying to make a balanced approach between the costs of
      collecting and processing a specific item and its use. For this we performed a
      conceptual validation of the term Minimum Basic Data Set and its potential
      application to the Ambulatory Care Sector. It is suggested its substitution by
      the term Minimum Data Set as a part of a practical tool for promoting the
      harmonization of the information in ambulatory care.

PMID- 1802872
TI  - Shear bond strength of a visible light-cured orthodontic resin utilizing an
      enamel drying agent.

PMID- 1802873
TI  - Cephalometric profile of north Indians: Tweed's analysis.

PMID- 1802874
TI  - Vertical proportions of face: a cephalometric study.
AB  - A cephalometric study was carried out among 25 male and 23 female subjects with
      excellent occlusion and good facial harmony. The vertical facial heights were
      measured separately for each sex. The following conclusions were arrived at: 1.
      There was a significant difference for both Anterior and Posterior Facial Heights
      between males and females, males having higher values than females. 2. The ratio
      of Upper Anterior Facial Height to Total Anterior Facial Height remained constant
      irrespective of the sex. The same ratio was observed on calculation of available
      data from earlier studies on North Indians and other Indian ethnic groups. This
      testified that the ratio of Upper Anterior Facial Height to Total Anterior Facial
      Height has an important contribution to the harmony of face. The ratio can be
      taken in account rather than absolute linear measurements when studying
      deviations of the face. 3. The ratio of Lower Posterior Facial Height to Total
      Posterior Facial Height was observed to remain constant (65%) irrespective of
      sex. This further emphasis, contribution of posterior Facial Height to excellence
      of facial harmony. 4. A significant difference was observed between males and
      females for the ratio of Total Anterior Facial Height to Total Posterior Facial
      Height. It seems that males have well developed Posterior Facial Height.

PMID- 1802875
TI  - A research on epidemiology of multiple anterior malocclusions of children.
AB  - So far there are few report of large sample on epidemiology of children's
      multiple-anterior cross-bite malocclusions (MACBM) in China. We investigated the
      epidemiology of MACBM in 10075 3-11 years old children in Beijing Western
      District by random sampling. MACBM was confined to cross-bite malocclusions of
      (not including cross-bite on one side or on one individual tooth). The procedure
      of sampling was general survey in kindergarten and primary school, then the
      meeting of parents of suffering children, followed by checking their name, sex,
      age, cause, feed, bad habit and history of family in each teeth-age group (baby
      teeth group, the first stage group and later stage group of substituting teeth).
      All data were calculated by statistical analysis and T-Test. The statistical data
      showed that in the sample of 10,075 children the incidence of MACBM was 5.04%
      (the rate of male was 5.73%; the female 4.32%); the baby teeth stage group 7.15%;
      the first stage of substituting teeth group 5.74%; the later stage 2.99%. One
      third of suffering children were caused by genetic factor. Two third were
      acquired. Among those postnatal caused, which was ground insufficient was the
      main cause (31.1) 17.9% and 14.5% of suffering children were caused by bad habits
      and bad feeding posture, respectively. It is worth paying attention to the fact
      that only 2% of suffering children went to see dentists and no one of 119 cases
      of baby teeth stage was treated by a orthodontists in the place like Beijing
      Western District where the medical conditions and cultural background are much
      better than other places in China.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802876
TI  - A retrospective analysis of the periodontal-prosthetic treatment of molars with
      interradicular lesions.

PMID- 1802877
TI  - Histologic analysis of the osseointegration of endosseous implants in simulated
      extraction sockets with and without e-PTFE barriers. 1. Preliminary findings.

PMID- 1802878
TI  - Porous particulate hydroxyapatite in a human periodontal osseous defect: a case
      report.

PMID- 1802879
TI  - Cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia and chlorhexidine: a case report.

PMID- 1802880
TI  - In memoriam P.K. Sukumaran 1920-1990.

PMID- 1802881
TI  - Gamma chain abnormalities and gamma-globin gene rearrangements in newborn babies
      of various populations.
AB  - The present review provides a summary of quantitative hemoglobin data and lists
      the results of gene mapping and sequencing analyses for blood samples from
      newborn babies of different countries. Methodology suitable for such studies is
      reviewed, various abnormal fetal hemoglobins are discussed, the occurrence of Hb
      Bart's (gamma 4) and of the embryonic zeta chain is evaluated, and the various
      types of gamma-globin gene rearrangements (-A gamma.A gamma-; -G gamma.G gamma-;
      gamma-thalassemia; gamma-globin gene triplications, quadruplications, and
      quintuplications) are compared. The several tables list the frequencies of the
      common A gamma T variant and of the different gamma gene rearrangements in
      various populations, while the results of quantitative analyses suggest that most
      anomalies are not associated with disease.

PMID- 1802882
TI  - Hb Port Huron [alpha 56 (E5)Lys----ARG]: a new alpha chain variant.
AB  - We have determined the structural abnormality of a putative Hb E detected in an
      African-American family with no apparent Asian ancestry. The tryptic peptide map
      performed by high performance liquid chromatography showed that the
      electrophoretic variant was indeed Hb E [beta 26 (B8)Glu----Lys]. In addition,
      the tryptic map showed an abnormal peptide adjacent to the alpha T-6 peptide. The
      amino acid analysis and confirmatory restriction analysis of the DNA showed that
      a second mutation was also present, characterized by a substitution of arginine
      for lysine at residue 56 of the alpha chain. The variant is clinically silent and
      has been named Hb Port Huron for the city in Michigan where the family resides.

PMID- 1802883
TI  - Hb A2-Parkville or delta 47(CD6)Asp----Val, a new delta chain variant.
AB  - A new delta chain variant, Hb A2-Parkville [delta 47(CD6)Asp----Val], has been
      identified in a female of Italian parentage. The mobility of the variant is less
      than carbonic anhydrase towards the anode at alkaline pH.

PMID- 1802884
TI  - Polymerization and solubility of recombinant hemoglobins alpha 2 beta 2 (6Val)
      (Hb S) and alpha 2 beta 2(6Leu) (Hb Leu).
AB  - In an effort to clarify the role of amino acid hydrophobicity at the beta 6
      position in sickling we have made recombinant hemoglobin tetramers containing
      beta 6 Val (Hb S) and beta 6 Leu (Hb Leu). Recombinant Hb S and Hb Leu had the
      same electrophoretic mobility, chromatographic behavior, and absorption spectrum.
      The deoxy form of both tetramers polymerized in high phosphate buffer (1.8 M) and
      exhibited distinct delay times prior to polymerization. The kinetics of
      polymerization for recombinant and native Hb S were similar, while recombinant Hb
      Leu polymerized more readily. The solubility of deoxy Hb Leu was less than deoxy
      Hb S, indicating that rapid polymerization and decreased solubility of
      deoxyhemoglobin is accelerated with increasing hydrophobicity at the beta 6
      position.

PMID- 1802885
TI  - Six rare hemoglobin variants found in Sicily.

PMID- 1802887
TI  - S. 1944. The Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Act of 1991: an urgent
      appeal for immediate action.

PMID- 1802886
TI  - Hemoglobinopathies among the Gond tribal groups of central India; interaction of
      alpha- and beta-thalassemia with beta chain variants.
AB  - We have investigated the frequencies and types of alpha-thal, beta-thal, and Hb
      variants among nearly 200 inhabitants of villages in the Mandla and Jabalpur
      districts of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Over 85% were tribals of the Gond
      group. alpha-Thal, as -alpha 3.7/and -alpha 4.2/, and the nondeletional Koya Dora
      mutation were present at the combined frequency of 0.54. There were indications
      for the presence of other nondeletional types of alpha-thal. alpha-Globin gene
      triplications were not observed. Four of the six beta-thal alleles observed were
      in the tribal groups; two (G----C at codon 30 and G----A at IVS-I-1) were found
      for the first time. The simultaneous presence of an alpha-thal (-alpha/alpha
      alpha or -alpha/-alpha) greatly improved the clinical and hematological condition
      of the patients with Hb S-beta(+)-thal (IVS-I-5; G----C). The lower frequency of
      alpha-thal among the beta-thal heterozygotes (f = 0.32) may indicate that some of
      the beta-thal alleles in the tribal populations originated from an outside
      source. Forty-one subjects had SS; all but one had beta S with haplotype #31,
      while one chromosome had haplotype #17. The presence of an alpha-thal-2 (f =
      0.53) in the SS patients did not affect hematological data. The Hb F levels
      varied between 7.5% and 42.5% with high G gamma values. No difference in Hb F
      level between males and females was observed. Lower Hb F levels were present in
      10 SS patients with an alpha-thal-2 homozygosity (average 16% versus 23.5% for
      eight SS patients with alpha alpha/alpha alpha) suggesting a decreased formation
      of alpha gamma dimers in severe alpha chain deficiency. Several younger SS
      patients (less than 10 years) also had high Hb F levels (32-42%). Variations in
      the sequence at -530 of the beta-globin gene; i.e. in the so-called silencer
      sequence, were present in all beta S chromosomes with haplotype #31, but were not
      considered important for understanding the variability in the Hb F level. gamma
      Globin gene deletions (gamma-thal) and triplications were not observed.

PMID- 1802888
TI  - Maternal and child health services in the United States.

PMID- 1802889
TI  - Environmental health conditions and cholera vulnerability in Latin America and
      the Caribbean.

PMID- 1802890
TI  - Communicable disease mortality: now you see it, now you don't.
AB  - This presentation proposes that cause-specific mortality analyses are greatly
      enhanced by first examining the cause-specific pattern of the entire mortality
      structure instead of restricting initial assessments to a limited number of
      leading causes of death. Six broad cause groups are defined toward this end. The
      advantage of defining a single category for communicable diseases, both for the
      structural and the leading-cause approach is also pointed out. Some examples
      illustrate the potential usefulness of this approach to the study of the cause
      specific mortality structure: a few broad all-inclusive cause-groups provide a
      first rough--but nevertheless quite informative--overview of the mortality
      profile, while at the same time offering guidance in regard to groups which
      should be looked into in greater detail.

PMID- 1802891
TI  - Genetic screening: triumphs, problems, and controversies.
AB  - As genetic screening becomes more widespread, it becomes increasingly important
      to analyze the manifold implications of genetic screening programs. This paper
      characterizes the various types of programs and discusses some of the scientific,
      ethical, social, and economic issues that arise in evaluating any genetic
      screening program. Two examples of successful programs, newborn screening for
      phenylketonuria and carrier detection for Tay-Sachs disease, are presented. We
      then discuss three other screening programs that have not yet been fully
      implemented but which have already engendered a great deal of controversy: mass
      screening for heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis, DNA fingerprinting in the
      criminal justice system, and genetic screening in the workplace.

PMID- 1802892
TI  - The dimensions of health promotion applied to physical activity.
AB  - Health promotion is a complementary array of educational and environmental
      strategies applied in various settings and targeted at selected populations. The
      few successful and well-described physical activity projects have applied
      multiple strategies in multiple settings to specific target groups. There is
      clear and persuasive evidence that regular physical activity improves health.
      Over the past 20-25 years participation in leisure-time physical activity has
      increased in Canada, Finland, the USA, and the German Democratic Republic.
      Unfortunately, more than half the population in each of these four countries
      remains inactive during leisure time, and total physical activity probably has
      decreased because of declining activity on the job and for transportation.
      National physical activity promotion programs need to include both educational
      and environmental strategies. Regular surveys of physical activity patterns and
      continued research into the most effective methods to promote regular physical
      activity are needed.

PMID- 1802893
TI  - Revisiting health and mental health linkages: a policy whose time has come ...
      again.
AB  - This review and policy analysis examines the connection between physical and
      mental health. The review includes an analysis of individual diagnoses of
      physical and mental illness and training issues for both health and mental health
      professionals. A summary of earlier efforts to link health and mental health
      services includes a brief history of federal involvement and evaluation of
      linkage efforts. Linkage examples from a rural context are described briefly.
      Barriers to successful linkages are discussed with some suggestions for
      overcoming these obstacles. Policy recommendations for encouraging and
      establishing health and mental health linkages are presented.

PMID- 1802894
TI  - Dilemmas surrounding the identification of essential rural hospitals.
AB  - Criteria are needed for use in designating some rural hospitals as essential so
      that they may receive state or federal assistance. Three types of criteria are
      considered in this analysis: hospital volume measures, hospital competitiveness
      measures, and community need measures. The criteria sets reflect different
      assumptions about the relationship between need and demand for health services.
      Analysis of available data reveals that neither hospital volume nor
      competitiveness is correlated with community need, meaning that different
      hospitals would be designated as essential under each system. Implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 1802895
TI  - Necrobiosis lipoidica.
AB  - Necrobiosis lipoidica has distinctive clinical and histopathologic features.
      Although theories abound, its cause and pathogenesis remain unknown. Despite many
      reports of effective treatments, a critical review of the literature suggests
      that none is uniformly effective.

PMID- 1802896
TI  - Age, sunlight, and facial skin: a histologic and quantitative study.
AB  - Quantitative methods were developed to assess the interrelation between age and
      sunlight on the facial skin of healthy women living in the same sunny area. The
      women were grouped into the following categories: young versus old and low versus
      high solar exposure. The features evaluated were perceived age, amount of facial
      wrinkling, skin color, and skin elasticity. A punch biopsy specimen of cheek skin
      was obtained and prepared histologically for evaluation of solar elastosis. The
      histologic examination was complemented by quantification of collagen and elastin
      by computer-assessed image analysis. Perceived age was estimated by untrained
      women viewing high quality photographs. As expected, those with greater sun
      exposure looked older and had more wrinkles, more severe elastosis, increased
      elastin, and decreased collagen.

PMID- 1802897
TI  - Cutaneous granulomas in children with combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - Noninfectious cutaneous granulomas, particularly in an acral distribution, may be
      an early sign of mixed cellular and humoral immunodeficiency. Special stains of
      skin biopsy sections and cultures for bacteria, acid-fast bacilli, and fungi are
      important in eliminating the possibility of underlying pathogens. In three
      children with combined immunodeficiency and cutaneous granulomas, the
      administration of moderate- to high-dose systemic corticosteroids was the most
      effective therapy. However, careful consideration should be given before
      administering systemic corticosteroids to an immunocompromised patient.

PMID- 1802899
TI  - Melanoma/skin cancer screening clinics: experiences in The Netherlands.
AB  - In 1989 and 1990 we conducted two free melanoma/skin screening clinics in Oss and
      Arnhem in the Netherlands. The study was carried out along the lines of the
      recent campaigns supported by the American Academy of Dermatology. Of 2564
      persons screened, 53 had melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer (2.1%). Compliance
      with follow-up for persons with suspected melanoma/skin cancer was adequate (93
      of 103; 90.3%).

PMID- 1802898
TI  - Fibrin and fibrinogen-related antigens in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
AB  - Abnormalities in fibrin deposition are implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular
      occlusion in systemic sclerosis. We have used a technique that involves
      electrophoresis and densitometric analysis of captured fibrin- and fibrinogen
      related antigens to measure the concentration of the individual fibrin and
      fibrinogen degradation products in 13 patients with systemic sclerosis and in 15
      healthy control subjects. As a group, patients with systemic sclerosis had
      markedly elevated levels of total fibrin-related antigen (p = 0.0007) and D-dimer
      (p = 0.0004), the terminal degradation product of cross-linked fibrin. The levels
      of fibrin monomer, an intermediate product in the conversion of fibrinogen to
      cross-linked fibrin, and of D-monomer, a terminal breakdown fragment of
      fibrinogen and fibrin monomer, were also elevated (p less than 0.005). We
      conclude that patients with systemic sclerosis have evidence of enhanced fibrin
      formation and degradation.

PMID- 1802900
TI  - Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical and
      pathophysiologic aspects.
AB  - In this article we describe the immunocytochemical and electron microscopic
      findings in five patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. They indicate the
      occurrence of necrotic keratinocytes with nuclear disintegration associated with
      apposed dendritic cells with the nuclear chromatin configuration of T
      lymphocytes. These findings, including the presence of blebbing of the
      keratinocytes and membrane defects associated with cytoplasmic processes from
      these apposed lymphoid cells, fit known electron microscopic criteria that
      suggest the involvement of T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis of drug-altered target
      keratinocytes in toxic epidermal necrolysis. The effector cell appears to be a
      dendritic subset, with the phenotypic characteristics (CD3+, CD4-, CD8+, CD2+,
      DR+) of a T cell subset. There is some evidence that tumor necrosis factor alpha,
      secreted by activated macrophages, may play a role in necrolysis of the
      epidermis. The dramatic response of our patients to cyclophosphamide, which is
      known to inhibit cell-mediated cytotoxicity by inhibiting both the recognition
      and lethal hit stages, together with the rapid regrowth of the epidermis within 4
      days to a week in patients who received adequate dosage of the drug, supports the
      preceding concepts.

PMID- 1802901
TI  - Can pemphigus vulgaris become pemphigus foliaceus?
AB  - Among 31 patients with pemphigus, we observed two women with clinical and
      histologic features characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris that later became those
      of pemphigus foliaceus. Western blot study indicated that serum from one patient,
      when she had the cutaneous manifestations of pemphigus foliaceus, contained
      antibodies reactive with a desmosomal antigen, suggestive of desmoglein 1, the
      same as recognized by pemphigus foliaceus serum. The present study suggests that
      two distinct types of pemphigus can occur in the same person simultaneously or
      separately.

PMID- 1802903
TI  - Serum sickness-like reactions from cefaclor in children.
AB  - Cefaclor is an oral semisynthetic cephalosporin that is popular in the treatment
      of infections in children. This drug has been associated with a serum sickness-
      like reaction characterized by an urticarial eruption, pruritus, arthritis,
      and/or arthralgias. We report 12 additional cases of cefaclor-related serum
      sickness--like reactions in children. All patients improved after discontinuation
      of the drug and no long-term complications resulted.

PMID- 1802902
TI  - Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes: a cutaneous marker of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes was found in seven patients infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1. These patients had advanced infection with
      severe T-helper cell depletion, high levels of p24 antigenemia, and inability to
      tolerate zidovudine therapy. Control of infection with other antiretroviral
      agents caused the trichomegaly to regress. Acquired trichomegaly may be a useful
      clinical marker for assessment of severity of infection.

PMID- 1802904
TI  - Epilation of upper lip hirsutism with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and
      prilocaine used as a topical anesthetic.
AB  - Twenty-one patients were included in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross
      over study with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA). EMLA or
      placebo was placed on the upper lip for 1 hour; diathermy was then performed for
      10 minutes. The pain caused by diathermy was evaluated by the patients and the
      cosmetologist on a four-point scale. The results of the investigation showed that
      there was significantly less pain after application of 5 gm of EMLA cream on the
      upper lip than after application of placebo, assessed both by the patient and by
      the cosmetologist. Eighteen of 20 patients preferred EMLA (p less than 0.0001).
      Local reactions were few and mild.

PMID- 1802906
TI  - Allergic and irritant reactions to rubber gloves in medical health services.
      Spectrum, diagnostic approach, and therapy.
AB  - Delayed-type allergies account for most reactions to gloves. These have been
      found in 32 of 39 patients (82%) attending our department with occupationally
      induced contact dermatitis to gloves. Accelerators, mainly of the thiuram group,
      antioxidants, vulcanizers, organic pigments, and, presumably, glove powder
      ingredients are known responsible allergens. In contrast, immediate-type
      allergies to rubber gloves were less frequent (13 of 39 patients [33%] with
      occupationally induced glove allergies). They usually present as contact
      urticaria. Responsible allergens are latex, glove powder, and accelerators. On
      the basis of the numerous glove-related allergens, a comprehensive schedule of
      diagnostic tests is proposed. In addition, we introduce a new classification of
      hypoallergenic gloves according to their basic materials and ingredients and thus
      provide a guideline for individual therapy.

PMID- 1802905
TI  - Subcutaneous nodules of the scalp: preoperative management.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of subcutaneous lesions of the scalp is extensive and
      includes many tumors with intracranial and intraosseous extension. The vast
      majority of lesions seen by the dermatologist will be benign. However, certain
      lesional characteristics increase the likelihood of a serious disorder and these
      must be evaluated preoperatively. We review the important features of
      subcutaneous scalp lesions and suggest a systematic approach to diagnosis based
      on patient age, lesion morphology, location, and radiographic findings.

PMID- 1802907
TI  - Hypertrophic scarring resulting from flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser surgery.

PMID- 1802908
TI  - IgA autoantibodies bind to pemphigus vulgaris antigen in a case of intraepidermal
      neutrophilic IgA dermatosis.

PMID- 1802909
TI  - A controlled comparative efficacy study of 5% ammonium lactate lotion versus an
      emollient control lotion in the treatment of moderate xerosis.

PMID- 1802910
TI  - Synovial hemangioma.

PMID- 1802911
TI  - Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum mimicking hemorrhagic herpes
      zoster.

PMID- 1802912
TI  - Successful treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with pentoxifylline.

PMID- 1802913
TI  - Generalized nickel dermatitis in a 6-year-old boy as a result of swallowing a
      Canadian nickel.

PMID- 1802914
TI  - Epidermal nevus with transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract.

PMID- 1802915
TI  - Pseudopelade of Brocq.

PMID- 1802916
TI  - AIDS-related eosinophilic pustular folliculitis.

PMID- 1802917
TI  - Efficacy of terbinafine.

PMID- 1802918
TI  - Grafting of venous leg ulcers.

PMID- 1802919
TI  - Round fingerpad sign as an early sign of scleroderma.

PMID- 1802920
TI  - A study on the hyperinsulinism of late pregnancy.
AB  - Much research has demonstrated that in late pregnancy glucose administration
      causes a marked increase of peripheral insulin levels. To ascertain whether this
      particular increase is due to increased insulin secretion and/or to reduced
      hepatic insulin removal, we measured blood glucose, plasma C-peptide and plasma
      insulin during OGTT in 7 nonpregnant women and in 20 nondiabetic women at third
      trimester of gestation and 60-90 days after delivery. The C-peptide/insulin molar
      ratio was calculated for all subjects. Data obtained showed that both plasma
      insulin and C-peptide response to oral glucose is considerably higher in women at
      third trimester of pregnancy as compared with that observed in the same subjects
      after delivery and in nonpregnant women. The basal (overnight fasting) C
      peptide/insulin molar ratio did not differ significantly between pregnant and
      nonpregnant women. After the oral glucose load the molar ratio was sharply
      reduced in all groups of subjects, but the overall decrease in the pregnant women
      in the three hours following oral glucose was considerably greater than in
      postpartum and in nonpregnant women. The increased plasma C-peptide response
      clearly indicates that in pregnancy oral glucose-induced hyperinsulinism is
      caused by increased insulin release from pancreatic B-cells. Moreover, the marked
      overall decrease of the C-peptide/insulin molar ratio suggests, even if it does
      not definitely prove, that hyperinsulinism after glucose in late pregnancy may be
      a consequence not only of increased insulin secretion, but also of decreased
      hepatic extraction of insulin.

PMID- 1802921
TI  - Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I exert different effects on plasminogen
      activator production or cell growth in the ovine thyroid cell line OVNIS.
AB  - Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) are evaluated for their capacity
      to affect cell proliferation and plasminogen activator (PA) activity production
      in an ovine thyroid cell line OVNIS. Insulin at physiological and
      supraphysiological doses induces cell proliferation and increases PA activity.
      IGF-I, which is also clearly mitogenic for these cells, surprisingly does not
      modulate PA activity. The results indicate that the growth promoting effect is
      mediated through the insulin and IGF-I receptors whereas PA activity is solely
      regulated via the insulin receptors.

PMID- 1802923
TI  - Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves'
      ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a
      prospective randomized study.
AB  - We have carried out a prospective study to investigate whether orbital
      radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids is more effective
      than orbital radiotherapy alone for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thirty consecutive
      patients with relevant and active Graves' ophthalmopathy were randomly assigned
      to treatment either with orbital radiotherapy combined with systemic
      glucocorticoids (Group 1, n = 15) or with orbital radiotherapy alone (Group 2, n
      = 15). The final evaluation was made 6-9 months after beginning treatment. Two
      patients in each group were lost to follow-up. Ocular involvement and response to
      treatment were evaluated by the ophthalmopathy index and by clinical assessment.
      Mean ophthalmopathy index values were 5.85 in Group 1 and 5.46 in Group 2 (p =
      NS) before treatment, and 2.46 in Group 1 and 3.61 in Group 2 after treatment (p
      = 0.0001 and p = 0.003 vs initial value, respectively). The mean ophthalmopathy
      index decrease in Group 1 (-3.39) was significantly greater (p = 0.043) than that
      in Group 2 (-1.85). Favorable responses on clinical ground occurred in 9 patients
      (69%) in Group 1 and in 5 patients (38%) in Group 2. The difference was
      particularly evident on soft tissue changes and extraocular muscle involvement.
      Severe eye muscle restriction was substantially unaffected by either treatment.
      In conclusion, the association of orbital irradiation and high dose systemic
      glucocorticoids in the treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy provides more
      favorable responses than orbital radiotherapy alone.

PMID- 1802922
TI  - The relative contribution of androgens and insulin in determining abdominal body
      fat distribution in premenopausal women.
AB  - To investigate the relative contribution of insulin and sex hormones in
      determining the abdominal pattern of fat distribution in premenopausal women,
      five groups of age-matched subjects were examined: Group 1 consisted of 14 normal
      weight eumenorrheic women (NO); Group 2 of 9 obese eumenorrheic women (OB); Group
      3 of 14 normal weight hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (NO
      HA); Group 4 of 10 obese hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (OB
      HA) and, finally, Group 5 of 10 obese hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary
      syndrome and acanthosis nigricans (OB-HA-AN). Both the two normal weight groups
      and the three obese groups were matched for body mass index values. Sex hormone
      pattern showed significantly higher LH and testosterone levels in hyperandrogenic
      women with respect to NO and OB women but obese hyperandrogenic groups (OB-HA and
      OB-HA-AN) presented significantly lower LH concentrations than NO-HA. Fasting and
      glucose-stimulated insulin levels were significantly higher in OB than NO, in OB
      HA and OB-HA-AN than in OB and NO-HA, and in OB-HA-AN than in OB-HA, without any
      significant difference between OB and NO-HA. Body fat distribution, expressed by
      the waist to hip ratio (WHR), showed progressively higher values (p less than
      0.01) from NO to OB, NO-HA, OB-HA and, particularly, OB-HA-AN women.
      Determination coefficients r2 obtained from simple regression analysis showed
      that the sum of insulin values during the glucose tolerance test and testosterone
      levels had a more significant power in determining WHR variability.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802924
TI  - Patterns of gastrin secretion in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.
AB  - The presence of gastrin in pituitary tissue as well as gastrin hypersecretion by
      some pituitary adenomas have been documented using different methodological
      approaches. In the present study, serum gastrin levels were measured in 93
      patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, i.e. a condition lacking a
      reliable marker of the disease. Elevated gastrin levels (85-2, 180 ng/l; normal
      range: 15-80 ng/l) were found in 14/93 patients (15%), the highest values being
      observed in one patient with MEN I syndrome. In all but MEN I hypergastrinemic
      patient, a severe gastric hypochlorhydria (Basal Acid Output: 0.04 +/- 0.1 mmol
      H+/h) unresponsive to pentagastrin (Maximum Acid Output: 0.1 +/- 0.2 mmol H+/h)
      was seen. Secretin injection caused gastrin to increase in the patient with MEN I
      and in another hypergastrinemic patient. Antiparietal cells autoantibodies were
      positive in 3/11 patients. No changes in gastrin concentrations were found after
      administration of several agents usually employed in the evaluation of pituitary
      function, except a significant gastrin reduction after octreotide injection. In
      two hypergastrinemic patients who underwent pituitary adenomectomy, the high
      gastrin levels did not change after surgery. Finally, gastrin was undetectable in
      the culture media of 15 pituitary adenomas surgically removed from both normo-
      and hypergastrinemic patients and immunocytological studies of tumor cells did
      not show any gastrin staining. In conclusion, although in patients with pituitary
      adenomas serum gastrin evaluation is indicated in order to document the presence
      of a MEN I syndrome, the present data show that high gastrin levels cannot be
      taken as a specific marker of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas unless the
      peripheral origin of hypergastrinemia is excluded.

PMID- 1802926
TI  - Review of assessment of total androgen blockade as treatment of metastatic
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 1802925
TI  - Neonatal androgenization increases vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in rat
      anterior pituitary: possible involvement of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the
      neonatal androgenization-induced hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - Accumulating evidence suggests that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be a
      physiological PRL-releasing factor. In the present study, we examined a possible
      involvement of VIP in the neonatal androgenization (NA)-induced
      hyperprolactinemia. Twenty-four hours after birth, newborn female rats were
      injected sc with 1,000 micrograms of testosterone (NA) or with oil vehicle only
      (control). Both groups were sacrificed at 8 weeks of age. Compared to controls,
      NA rats showed significantly higher plasma PRL levels (7.3 fold), anterior
      pituitary (AP) PRL content (2.1 fold) and plasma estradiol levels (2.1 fold). AP
      VIP content was extremely higher (61 fold) in NA rats than in controls. However,
      NA did not affect VIP content in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular
      nucleus or median eminence. These results suggest that the NA-induced
      hyperprolactinemia may be mediated, at least in part, by paracrine and/or
      autocrine effects of the increased AP VIP on PRL secretion. However, since the
      potentiation by NA of the AP VIP content was extremely marked compared to those
      of the other parameters, the possibility was also raised that the increased AP
      VIP may be involved in other endocrine and/or nonendocrine events occurring in
      the AP.

PMID- 1802927
TI  - [The projection of the locus coeruleus and the mesencephalic raphe nuclei to the
      hippocampal region of the rat: a study with horseradish peroxidase].
AB  - In this paper we have investigated in 20 Wistar rats the projection of the locus
      coeruleus (LC) and of the two mesencephalic raphe nuclei Ncl. raphe centralis
      superior (NCS) and Ncl. raphe dorsalis (NRD) to the hippocampus by using the HRP
      technique. 1. The noradrenergic projection of the LC courses mainly
      ipsilaterally. On the contralateral side their are in the LC only a few labelled
      cells (about 10% of the labelled neurons on the ipsilateral side). On the
      ipsilateral side their is to observe an increasing of labelled cells in the
      rostro-caudal direction. Mainly in the caudo-dorsal region of the LC their are
      about 50% of the HRP-containing cells. The labelled cells belong to the medium
      sized multipolar type, seldom they are fusiforme or ovoid. 2. In the NCS labelled
      cells are distributed throughout the whole nucleus but they are frequently to
      observe in the medium and caudal part near the midline. They belong to the
      multipolar and fusiforme cell type; labelled ovoid cells are rare. 3. The NRD
      contains labelled cells especially in the median and caudal part. The rostral
      part shows only a few HRP-containing cells. The labelled cells are mainly
      concentrated in the ventromedial NRD between the Fasciculi longitudinales
      mediales. The HRP-containing neurons are of multipolar, seldom of fusiforme or
      ovoid shape. In general, the number of labelled cells is higher in the LC than in
      the two raphe nuclei. After injection of HRP in the caudal part of the
      hippocampus or in the ventral hippocampus the number of labelled cells in the
      studied nuclei is lower than after injection into the rostral and medial part of
      the hippocampus. The results demonstrate that as well the noradrenergic as the
      serotonergic nuclei have an important connection with the hippocampus. The
      sources of this projection demonstrate a neurotopistic order. The functional
      importance of these connections is discussed.

PMID- 1802928
TI  - Organization of the projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai to the
      hippocampal formation in the rat.
AB  - The projection from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA-A10) to the
      hippocampal formation (HF) has been investigated in the rat by means of the Fink
      Heimer technique, after VTA destruction by electrolytic lesions or local
      injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 1 microgram/0.5 microliters).
      Degenerated axons prevail in the ventral subiculum and adjacent CA1 field. Some
      degenerated fibers are also observed in the dorsal subiculum and a few in the
      stratum oriens of the CA3, in the hilus of fascia dentata and in the fimbria. The
      distribution of VTA neurons projecting to the HF has also been examined by
      injecting retrograde fluorescent tracers in different combinations (Fast Blue, 2%
      and Nuclear Yellow, 1%) in several hippocampal areas. The most abundant VTA-HF
      projections originate from the lower third, the upper and lower edges and the
      lower half of the VTA. The major terminal fields of VTA projections in the HF
      (i.e. the ventral subiculum, the adjacent CA1 field and the dorsal subiculum)
      match with the HF area projecting to the nucleus accumbens. Thus, the
      dopaminergic meso-limbic pathway could modulate the HF-striatal projection which
      provides a link between the limbic and motor systems.

PMID- 1802929
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of the teleost brain: evolutionary and adaptive
      characteristics of encephalization. III. Multivariate analysis of the cephalic
      index].
AB  - A multivariate analysis of 9 brain indices from 83 teleost species showed a
      marked opposition between the non-olfactory telencephalon (and diencephalon) and
      the medulla oblongata (phylogenetic characters) and between the olfactory bulbs
      and the optic tectum (adaptive characters). Results of three different
      classifying algorithms allowed determination of 6 stable groupings and 9
      intermediate ones, some with systematic importance and some purely adaptive. For
      this reason brain organization criteria must be used with precaution for
      systematic purposes. Nevertheless, the position of Brotula multibarbata showed
      that this fish is an evolved acanthopterygian.

PMID- 1802930
TI  - Histoenzymatic study of the neurons in the visual sector of the thalamic
      reticular nucleus in the adult rat.
AB  - The different types of neurons within the visual sector of the rat's thalamic
      reticular nucleus were studied, both in terms of their morphology and their
      histochemical activity. Neurons were classified according to their dendritic
      arrangement into bitufted and multipolar. On the basis of the somal shape,
      bitufted neurons were further subdivided into two types, triangular and fusiform,
      and multipolar neurons into stellate and ovoid. Bitufted neurons have moderate
      succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, while multipolar neurons usually have high
      SDH activity. Finally, the location of neurons in the visual sector of the
      thalamic reticular nucleus was described.

PMID- 1802931
TI  - Transient expression of glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the ependyma of
      the regenerating spinal cord in adult newts.
AB  - In the homeotherms the presence of glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and
      that of neurofilaments (NF) are used as specific molecular markers associated
      with intermediate filaments (IF) of the glial and neuronal elements respectively.
      On this basis a comparison was made between trends in the immunohistochemical
      response to these markers of the ependyma of a both a normal and a regenerating
      spinal cord in Triturus carnifex (Urodele Amphibian) adults, whose high spinal
      cord regenerative capacity is due to the ependymal epithelium cells. Under normal
      conditions, the ependymal cells are vimentin positive and negative for GFAP and
      the IF, respectively, while GFAP and NF positivity is found in the grey and white
      matter. During regeneration, by about day 10, vimentin positivity begins to
      decrease in the ependymal epithelium of the caudal stump and GFAP positive
      elements appear (subsequently, this was observed also in the ependymal epithelium
      of the cephalic stump). High GFAP positivity is found also in the newly formed
      apical ampullae. From day 20 to after day 30 these patterns develop both in the
      stumps and in the regenerating spinal cord. NF positivity is always restricted to
      the grey matter alone and to the axonal processes of the white matter. At about
      day 60, by which time the regenerative processes may be considered as having
      terminated and the spinal cord has virtually regained its original structure, the
      immunohistochemical features typical of the rest state are restored in the
      ependymal epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1802933
TI  - PANFOCUS: a video-processing system to facilitate the microscopic image
      reconstruction of neurons.
AB  - A computer program for video microscopy is described facilitating the
      bidimensional photographical reconstruction of tridimensional objects that cannot
      be seen at the same plane of focus in the microscope. The program is based on a
      digitizing board connected to the microscope via a CCD TV camera, and a software
      in C language.

PMID- 1802932
TI  - Morphogenetic development of the area octavolateralis in the cichlid fish
      Oreochromis mossambicus.
AB  - In the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus the area octavolateralis in the brain
      stem was studied using histological techniques and labelling of afferents from
      the inner ear and the lateral line system with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
      Adult fish and fish larvae aged 2, 4, 7, 10, and 15 days post hatching were
      investigated in order to analyze the ontogenetic development of these sensory
      systems during the critical phase of maturation from relatively immobile stages
      to actively swimming larvae. In adult Oreochromis seven nuclei can be detected in
      the octavolateral area while in the larvae a steady differentiation from a mostly
      periventricular concentration of perikarya in the first two days post hatching
      via increasing accumulations of neuronal cell bodies in the more peripheral
      regions up to four discernible nuclei in the age of 15 days post hatching was
      observed. The HRP-labelling of afferents from the lateral line organ and the
      inner ear in early stages indicates that the sensory organs precedes the
      histologically detectable differentiation in the octavolateral area. Both sensory
      components are clearly separated already in very early developmental stages.

PMID- 1802934
TI  - The association cortex and the basal ganglia: a neuroanatomical view upon their
      relationship based on hodological studies.
AB  - A general view of the neuroanatomical relationship between the association cortex
      and the basal ganglia is presented in this article. Firstly, a definition is
      provided upon which part of the cerebral cortex will be taken into account for
      that anatomical correlation. Secondly, the corticostriatal projections as a
      whole, and particularly those from the prefrontal, parieto-temporo-occipital, and
      limbic cortices are evaluated within the basal ganglia circuits. Thirdly, a
      functional interpretation is offered upon the diencephalic and mesencephalic
      influences reached by the basal ganglia nuclei related principally to those areas
      of the cerebral cortex aforementioned. Finally, some speculations are formulated
      hoping to throw some light upon the anatomical and physiological significance of
      the basal ganglia in health and disease.

PMID- 1802935
TI  - Intracortical dentate fascia grafts in the adult rat hosts. Ultrastructure of the
      graft/host interface.
AB  - The ultrastructure of cellular composition of the graft/host interface and its
      permeability for the connecting nervous fibers was investigated in the
      heterotopic intracortical grafts of the dentate fascia. The areas of interface,
      where definite border between the graft and host tissues was detected at the
      semithin sections, were analyzed. Three types of the graft/host interface were
      distinguished: i) astrocytic; ii) ependymal; and iii) perivascular. The
      astrocytic interface was crossed by bundles of thin unmyelinated axons (similar
      to the dentate mossy fibers), by fascicles of thick myelinated axons (resembling
      those of the neocortex), and by dendrites. Ependymal sheath, which was
      overdeveloped in the grafted dentate tissue, was perforated by axonal and axo
      dendritic bundles, but only if they were accompanied by fibrous astrocytic
      processes. Wide perivascular spaces of thick-walled interface blood capillaries,
      where processes of perivascular glia were intermingled with numerous basal
      laminae, were impermeable for the nervous fibers. The data show, that extensive
      exchange by the nervous fibers exits between dentate and surrounding neocortex,
      and that various types of glial cells have different roles in supporting, or
      preventing development of the graft/host nervous integration.

PMID- 1802936
TI  - Impairment of fingertip vasomotor reflexes in leprosy patients and apparently
      healthy contacts.
AB  - Fingertip blood-flow velocity and its control by vasomotor reflexes were studied
      in leprosy patients and in healthy controls with a laser Doppler flowmeter. In
      newly registered patients, the flow was significantly lower than in the healthy
      controls, and even lower values were recorded in the long-standing patients with
      lower limb ulcers and/or deformity. The newly registered patients showed
      substantially impaired vasomotor reflex responses in the fingertips to cold
      challenge of the opposite hand or deep inspiratory gasp. Low blood flow and
      impairment of vasomotor reflexes were more prominent in those leprosy patients
      who showed clinical evidence of neuropathy and/or histological evidence of
      reaction in a punch biopsy of leprosy skin lesions. This aspect of dysautonomia
      to cold challenge was particularly prominent in apparently healthy, fully treated
      ex-patients. There was an unexpectedly high prevalence of impairment of vasomotor
      reflexes in newly registered and apparently healthy, adequately treated leprosy
      patients. The method is very sensitive, and it remains to be established whether
      the lesions it detects are nonprogressive residues, or previous nerve damage, or
      an indication of on-going nerve damage. A minority of leprosy contacts showed
      impairment of vasomotor reflexes. Those with two or more affected fingers were
      more likely to have had a higher level of exposure to Mycobacterium leprae than
      those with one or no affected fingers. The cause of this unexpected impairment of
      fingertip vasomotor reflexes in a minority of leprosy control workers has not yet
      been determined.

PMID- 1802937
TI  - Intrabacterial sodium-to-potassium ratios and ATP contents of Mycobacterium
      leprae from ofloxacin-treated patients.
AB  - In a clinical trial including 17 multibacillary leprosy patients the in vivo
      effectiveness of ofloxacin on Mycobacterium leprae was tested via mass
      spectrometric determination of intrabacterial ratios of the concentrations of the
      sodium and potassium ions of individual organisms and of the ATP content per
      10(6) bacteria isolated from skin biopsies. After 3 months of treatment, the in
      vivo drug effect could be determined with at least one of the two methods in 14
      cases. Both methods revealed that in two cases the bacteria definitely did not
      respond to a 3-month ofloxacin monotherapy (200 mg twice daily). In three further
      cases a nonresponse of the M. leprae organisms was suspected from the mass
      spectrometric measurements. In the responder cases, the M. leprae were severely
      impaired. From the intrabacterial cation ratios the percentage of viable
      organisms averaged over all untreated biopsies was determined to be 58% and the
      percentage-killing during the first 3 months of treatment was 72%.

PMID- 1802938
TI  - Experience with WHO-recommended multidrug therapy (MDT) for multibacillary (MB)
      leprosy patients in the leprosy control program of the All Africa Leprosy and
      Rehabilitation Training Center in Ethiopia: appraisal of the recommended duration
      of MDT for MB patients.
AB  - During 1981 a World Health Organization Study Group recommended that
      multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients should be given multidrug therapy (MDT) for
      at least 2 years and, wherever possible, until skin-smear negativity. This paper
      reports on the experience with MDT for MB patients under routine field conditions
      in the leprosy control program of the All Africa Leprosy and Rehabilitation
      Training Center (ALERT) in the Shoa Region of Ethiopia. The period of MDT to
      reach skin-smear negativity was evaluated for 348 new MB patients. Only 31.6% of
      these patients could be released after 26 four-weekly doses of MDT, and 19.8%
      needed over 5 years of MDT. The average period of MDT to reach skin-smear
      negativity was estimated at about 4 years. Of 3343 patients of cohorts which,
      almost exclusively, consisted of patients treated with dapsone before MDT, 72.8%
      were released after 26 four-weekly doses of MDT; whereas of 712 patients of
      cohorts which mainly included new patients, only 23.5% were released. It was
      estimated that if MDT would be stopped, regardless of skin-smear results, after
      26 four-weekly doses of the drugs collected within a period of 3 years, about 80%
      of the patients would complete treatment. The operational problems with
      continuation of MDT until skin-smear negativity are discussed. Although as yet it
      has not been proven by study results that after 2 years of MDT the relapse rate
      will be low, the available knowledge indicates that this is likely to be the
      case. Based on a) probability, b) the finding that 2 years of MDT can be
      maintained in the majority of the patients, and c) the operational difficulties
      with the continuation of MDT until skin-smear negativity, it is recommended that
      MDT should be limited to 2 years. MDT of limited and fixed duration will
      facilitate the implementation and expansion of the treatment in parts of the
      world where most patients are not yet benefitting from this treatment.

PMID- 1802939
TI  - Mycobacterial flora of the skin in leprosy.
AB  - The presence of mycobacteria on the skin of healthy people and in leprosy lesions
      has been documented previously. The present study observed the mycobacterial
      flora on the hands (by the hand-washing method) and fingers (by the inoculated
      culture medium using scraped material obtained during the preparation of slit
      skin smears) in 89 untreated leprosy patients. We also evaluated the slit-skin
      smears from fingers for the diagnosis of leprosy. In 16 patients (17.9%)
      mycobacteria were cultured from scrapings and hand washings. The frequency of
      isolates from lepromatous (LL) leprosy cases (52.9%) was significantly higher
      than from tuberculoid (TT) leprosy cases (5.2%). It was observed that
      Mycobacterium avium and M. scrofulaceum were the only opportunistic mycobacteria
      isolated from multibacillary patients, and two hypotheses are discussed to
      explain these findings. The slit-skin smears from fingers were as satisfactory as
      smears from other sites for the diagnosis of leprosy, but they were less
      satisfactory for estimating the morphological index.

PMID- 1802940
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of phagocytosis stimulating tetrapeptide "tuftsin" in normal
      and leprosy sera.
AB  - The serum concentrations of the phagocytosis stimulating the tetrapeptide,
      tuftsin, were determined by competitive enzyme immunoassay in borderline
      tuberculoid/tuberculoid (BT/TT, 16 cases), borderline lepromatous/lepromatous
      (BL/LL, 16 cases), and in healthy controls (20 cases). Using checkerboard
      titration, 10 ng/well of diphtheria toxoid-p-aminophenylacetyl tuftsin (DTPT)
      conjugate when incubated with tuftsin antisera at 1:15,000 dilution with a
      preincubation time of 60 min with the competitor (tuftsin) followed by a further
      60-min incubation onto the DTPT-coated wells gave consistent results with a
      sensitivity of 5 ng/well tuftsin. The mean serum tuftsin concentration was
      significantly lower in BL/LL patients (134.42 +/- 48.7 ng/ml, p less than 0.01)
      than in healthy controls (262.86 +/- 59.8 ng/ml), while BT/TT sera (210.94 +/-
      75.5 ng/ml) showed slightly decreased levels than did normals, which was not
      statistically significant. The mean serum IgG levels in BL/LL and BT/TT patients
      (37.26 +/- 10.99 mg/ml; 28.08 +/- 6.57 mg/ml, respectively) showed significantly
      (p less than 0.001) higher concentrations than did healthy controls (12.3 +/- 3.6
      mg/ml). These observations on the serum concentrations of tuftsin and IgG in
      leprosy individuals suggest that there is splenic dysfunction in BL/LL patients
      in terms of the processing of leukokinin to release the free, active molecule
      tuftsin.

PMID- 1802941
TI  - M. leprae- and BCG-induced chemiluminescence response of monocytes from leprosy
      patients and healthy subjects: effects of gamma-interferon and GM-CSF.
AB  - Mycobacterium leprae, in contrast to BCG, failed to trigger any chemiluminescence
      (CL) response in mononuclear cells from either leprosy patients or healthy
      subjects, a deficit not reversed by either interferon-gamma or GM-CSF.
      Chemiluminescence responses induced without mycobacteria or with BCG were found
      to be lower in leprosy patients than in controls. M. leprae were also less well
      phagocytosed than BCG. However, there was a significant difference in
      phagocytosis between healthy and tuberculoid leprosy subjects. Phagocytosis was
      not altered by the addition of either lymphokine, and no major differences
      between healthy subjects and patients were observed. Preincubating mononuclear
      cells with anti-mycobacteria antibodies (lepromatous patients' sera) did not
      increase the CL response nor the phagocytosis of M. leprae or BCG.

PMID- 1802942
TI  - Effects of cyclosporin A on bacterial growth and immunological responsiveness in
      BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - When BALB/c mice were infected with Mycobacterium leprae and orally treated 6
      times weekly with a dose of 8 mg/kg cyclosporin A (CsA) for 19 months, the number
      of organisms was slightly higher at 19 months as compared with mice in which the
      dose of CsA was gradually decreased after 6 months and discontinued at the 8th
      month (p less than 0.01 for the 15th and 19th months). Lymphocyte blast
      transformation (LBT) showed that spleen cells from CsA-treated mice 4 weeks after
      infection with M. leprae and 3 weeks after CsA treatment was stopped responded to
      the sonicated supernatant of M. leprae suspension (SS), M. leprae (Ml), and
      concanavalin A (ConA) less than those cells from mice not treated with CsA. This
      response was dose-dependent. At week 15, 14 weeks after CsA administration was
      stopped, the LBT response to SS and Ml by cells from M. leprae-infected mice
      exceeded that of mice without CsA treatment, and the response to ConA in M.
      leprae-infected mice was less than that in uninfected mice without CsA-treatment.
      Thus, if CsA was administered, the T-cell functions were suppressed. However,
      when CsA treatment was discontinued for longer periods, the T-cell function was
      activated. From these results, we speculate that M. leprae would have the
      capability of growing more abundantly in mice treated with CsA 100 mg/kg for 1
      week every month.

PMID- 1802943
TI  - Inhibition of complement activity in murine leprosy.
AB  - NIH mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) show a marked depression
      in their levels of hemolytic complement that is proportional to the degree of
      infection. The defect affects more the activation of complement through the
      classical pathway (CPW) than the activation of complement through the alternative
      pathway. Although this low activity of CPW-complement may be due to different
      causes (complement consumption by the infecting microorganism, lack of
      biosynthesis of complement components, or the presence of complement inhibitory
      factors), our results seem to support the last possibility. The generation of
      factors in the infected animals that inhibit the autologous activity of
      complement as the infection goes on reduces the risk of complement-mediated
      tissue damage and prolongs the survival time of the host, a wise strategy on the
      part of the MLM to assure its own survival as a parasite.

PMID- 1802944
TI  - Experimental borderline lepromatous leprosy with intraneural erythema nodosum
      leprosum in a mangabey monkey (Cercocebus atys).
AB  - A sooty mangabey monkey (Cercocebus atys) was inoculated with Mycobacterium
      leprae and developed borderline lepromatous leprosy and intraneural erythema
      nodosum leprosum. Previously studied mangabeys have developed only disseminated
      lepromatous leprosy without reactions. This case broadens the spectrum of leprosy
      seen in experimentally inoculated animals and further characterizes the nonhuman
      primate model of leprosy.

PMID- 1802945
TI  - MDT for all; target oriented leprosy control program in the 1990s.

PMID- 1802946
TI  - A histopathological and immunological profile of a single lesion lepromatous
      leprosy (LLs).

PMID- 1802947
TI  - Antileprotic effect of the immunostimulating drug RACA 854 in experimentally
      infected armadillos.

PMID- 1802948
TI  - Renal alterations in murine leprosy.

PMID- 1802949
TI  - 1991 Damien-Dutton Award recipient.

PMID- 1802950
TI  - Twenty-sixth Joint Leprosy Research Conference: U.S.-Japan Tuberculosis and
      Leprosy Symposium. Seattle, Washington, 6-9 August 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1802951
TI  - Oral implants--team approach.

PMID- 1802952
TI  - Implant systems: ADA acceptance status and market share.

PMID- 1802953
TI  - Survival of HIV-1 activity after disinfection, temperature and pH changes, or
      drying.
AB  - A recently developed assay for measuring infectious HIV-1 particles was used to
      determine the stability of the virus under various storage conditions as well as
      the effect of commonly used disinfectants. At the optimum pH of 7.1 the half life
      of the virus ranged from approx. twenty-four hours at 37 degrees C to no
      significant loss over 6 months at -75 degrees C. Drying the virus on a glass
      surface or freezing caused a 5-12 fold and 4-5 fold decrease of activity,
      respectively. The dried preparations, however, were about as stable as when
      stored in a buffered solution. A solution of iodine and detergent (2% Jodopax)
      was the only disinfectant examined which removed all detectable HIV-1 activity.
      Isopropanol and ethanol were more potent than acetone; however, all three
      solvents left some viable particles after a 30 min treatment with 70% solutions.

PMID- 1802954
TI  - Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced in vitro by microbial antigens in
      HIV-infected subjects.
AB  - In the course of a study of lymphocyte responses to microbial antigens in HIV
      infected patients, we detected a previously unrecognized phenomenon of inhibition
      of lymphocyte baseline proliferation, induced by the presence of tetanus toxoid
      and Escherichia coli in the cultures. The effects of tetanus toxoid and
      Escherichia coli on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro were assessed by comparing
      the 3H-thymidine uptake by lymphocytes cultured without stimulant with the uptake
      of lymphocytes cultured in the presence of the antigens. Twenty-six patients with
      HIV infection (20 asymptomatic/persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, 2 AIDS
      related complex, 4 AIDS) were investigated and the controls were 33 healthy
      individuals without evidence of HIV infection. Eight out of 22 asymptomatic/PGL
      and ARC patients progressed to full-blown AIDS in the mean follow-up of 26
      months. The inhibition of proliferation was considered to be significant when the
      uptake of 3H-thymidine was reduced by 20% in the presence of the antigens. Using
      these criteria, 50% of the patients studied with tetanus toxoid and 36% of those
      studied with E. coli had evidence of the inhibitory phenomenon. Seven of the
      eight patients who developed AIDS during the observation period had the
      inhibitory phenomenon. In the group of patients without the inhibitory signs only
      one evolved to AIDS during the follow-up. The possibility of this phenomenon
      being related to an induction of suppressor cell activity by the antigens is
      discussed.

PMID- 1802955
TI  - Direct isolation of Inoue-Melnick virus from human colorectal carcinoma tissues
      but not from stomach carcinoma tissues.
AB  - Inoue-Melnick virus (IMV) was isolated directly from all of the seven human
      colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues studied, whereas IMV was not isolated from five
      human stomach carcinoma tissues. Seven isolates from the Japanese colorectal
      carcinoma tissues were identified as type 1 IMV by the neutralization test and
      were sensitive to phosphonoacetic acid, a growth inhibitor of IMV. Furthermore,
      type 1 IMV-antibody was detected in six of seven sera of the patients whose
      colorectal carcinoma tissues were positive for virus isolation. In contrast, IMV
      antibody was not detected in the five sera of the patients whose stomach
      carcinoma tissues were tested and found negative for IMV.

PMID- 1802956
TI  - Host dependent modulation of hepatitis delta virus replication in chronic delta
      hepatitis.
AB  - To determine whether host dependent differences modulated hepatitis delta virus
      replication in chronic delta hepatitis, we tested HDV RNA in homosexual and
      intravenous drug abuser populations. Overall, the seroprevalence of HDV RNA in
      the two groups with matching clinical characteristics was 72% (76/106 patient
      visits). A trend for greater prevalence of HDV RNA was noted at initial
      presentation in homosexuals (82%) compared to intravenous drug abusers (60%, P
      less than 0.05) and this trend appeared to be maintained during two years of
      sequential follow-up. The seroprevalence of co-appearing IgM and IgG anti-HD
      antibodies was similar in the two groups of patients. However, in HDV RNA
      positive homosexuals IgG anti-HD antibody was more prevalent, and additionally,
      assumed concordance with HDV RNA of 92% although the significance of this
      observation is unclear. The difference in prevalence of HIV in the two groups did
      not reach statistical significance. Prospective studies are required to confirm
      differences in HDV replication in various patient groups and to define underlying
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1802957
TI  - Perinatal infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): relationship
      between proviral copy number in vivo, viral properties in vitro, and clinical
      outcome.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates from 25 perinatally HIV-1
      infected children were classified according to their capacity to replicate in
      vitro as rapid (R), intermediate (S/R) and slow (S) variants. R-type viruses
      replicated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and grew better in T
      lymphoid cells, even though 9 out of 12 isolates also maintained tropism for
      monocytoid cells. The S/R-type isolates replicated efficiently after several days
      of culture, while the S-type viruses displayed only a low and transient
      replication activity; however, both S/R- and S-type isolates exerted viral
      transactivation activity in an indicator monocytoid cell line. Replication
      patterns in vitro were significantly associated in vivo with the number of HIV-1
      copies in PBMCs as determined by polymerase chain reaction: in children with R
      type isolates, the number of HIV-1 proviral DNA molecules/10(5) PBMCs ranged from
      62 to 571, and in children with S/R and S isolates the range was 5-43. Seven
      children had severe symptomatic HIV-1 infection, and in all an R-type virus was
      identified; 18 children had no or only mild symptoms, and among these, S-, S/R-,
      and R-type isolates were found in 5, 8, and 5 cases, respectively. Besides
      demonstrating HIV-1 variability in perinatal infection, these findings suggest
      that R-type virus might be a prerequisite for disease progression.

PMID- 1802958
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the immunogenicity of yeast-derived (recombinant) and
      plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in infants.
AB  - The immunogenicity of plasma-derived (HB Vax,MSD) and recombinant hepatitis B
      virus (Engerix B, SK&F) vaccines was evaluated in infants born to hepatitis B
      virus carrier mothers. The vaccination was carried out at 1 day, 1 month, and 6
      months of age using 10 micrograms of the vaccine given intramuscularly. A total
      of 83/88 (94.3%) and 74/79 (93.6%) of the infants receiving the plasma-derived
      vaccine and yeast-derived vaccine showed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen
      (anti-HBs). None of the maternal factors studied apart from the HBeAg positivity
      corellated with vaccine failure. The yeast-derived vaccine gives marginally lower
      antibody titre than the plasma-derived vaccine. The group-specific anti-"a"
      antibody was less than 10% of the total anti-HBsAg titre. It was observed that
      the vaccine alone without prior administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin is
      effective in perinatal infection.

PMID- 1802959
TI  - Amyloid beta protein deposition in brains from elderly subjects with
      leukoaraiosis.
AB  - We studied immunocytochemically with 2 amyloid beta protein (ABP) antisera brains
      from 5 non-demented elderly subjects with evidence of diffuse periventricular
      white matter hypodensity on computed tomography. In periventricular white matter
      of all brains we found ABP reactive deposits arranged around small vessels walls.
      Furthermore ABP reactive deposits, identical to those currently called diffuse
      plaques, were detected in neocortex in amount proportional to that of white
      matter deposits. We suggest that ABP microangiopathy and parenchymal deposition
      is responsible of white matter rarefaction in a subset of cases with a diffuse
      hypodensity on CT scan which has been called leukoaraiosis.

PMID- 1802960
TI  - Coronal reconstruction images of glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Coronal images of position emission tomography (PET) by 18F-labelled deoxyglucose
      reconstructed from interpolated scan in Alzheimer's disease clearly indicated
      suppression of glucose metabolism in the parietal lobe and lateral part of the
      temporal lobes, compared to normal controls. The medial part of the temporal
      lobes in Alzheimer's disease did show a mildly lower glucose metabolic rate than
      that in normal controls; therefore it is suggested that the parietal and lateral
      parts of the temporal lobes are primary affected regions in Alzheimer's disease,
      not the medial part of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus.

PMID- 1802961
TI  - Parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in normal human temporal neocortex and in
      patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PARV-ir) neurons were studied in the temporal
      neocortex of 4 normal subjects and in 7 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      whose brains were removed from the skull between 1 and 4 h after death and
      immediately fixed by perfusion through the carotid arteries to minimize pitfalls
      related to delayed tissue processing. Freezing microtome sections were
      immunostained free-floating for PARV using a well characterized monoclonal
      antibody diluted at 1:5000 and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. PARV-ir
      cells predominated in layers III, IV and V and were classified as bitufted cells
      and small, medium and large multipolar neurons according to their dendritic
      arbors. Immunoreactive cell processes surrounding the soma of neighbouring cells
      and immunoreactive vertical strings of buttons were consistent, respectively,
      with terminal axons of basket cells and chandelier neurons. The number of PARV-ir
      cells in the superior (T1), middle (T2) and inferior (T3) temporal gyri was
      variable from one case to another in both normal and pathological cases. Only 1
      of 7 patients with AD had significantly reduced numbers of PARV-ir neurons, thus
      suggesting that PARV-ir cells in the neocortex are relatively resistant to
      degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1802962
TI  - Quantitative neuropathological study of Alzheimer-type pathology in the
      hippocampus: comparison of senile dementia of Alzheimer type, senile dementia of
      Lewy body type, Parkinson's disease and non-demented elderly control patients.
AB  - A Lewy body dementing syndrome in the elderly has been recently described and
      designated senile dementia of Lewy body type (SDLT) on the basis of a distinct
      clinicopathological profile. The pathological changes seen in SDLT include the
      presence of cortical Lewy bodies (LB) frequently, but not invariably, associated
      with senile plaque (SP) formation. Whilst neocortical neurofibrillary tangles
      (NFT) are sparse or absent, a proportion of these cases show involvement of the
      temporal archicortex by lesions comprising Alzheimer-type pathology (ATP, i.e.
      NFT, SP and granulovacuolar degeneration [GVD]). Thus the relationship between
      SDLT and senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) is complex and controversial.
      In this study quantitative neuropathology was used to compare the intensity and
      distribution of ATP in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of 53 patients from
      3 disease groups (SDLT, SDAT, Parkinson's disease (PD)) and a group of
      neurologically and mentally normal elderly control patients. For most brain areas
      examined the extent of ATP between the patient groups followed the trend SDAT
      greater than SDLT greater than PD greater than control. Statistical comparison of
      these groups revealed significant differences between the mean densities of NFT,
      SP and GVD although individual cases showed considerable variability. These
      results confirm additional pathological differences between SDAT and SDLT
      regarding the intensity of involvement of the temporal archicortex by ATP. Many
      patients with Lewy body disorders (LBdis) show a predisposition to develop ATP
      albeit in a more restricted distribution (e.g. low or absent neocortical NFT) and
      at lower densities than is found in SDAT. Some cases of SDLT show minimal SP and
      NFT formation in both neocortex and archicortex supporting previously published
      data distinguishing this group from Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1802963
TI  - Lhermitte's sign in a patient with herpes zoster.
AB  - A 34-year-old, previously healthy man developed herpes zoster (shingles)
      involving the C4 dermatome. This was accompanied by Lhermitte's sign, i.e. an
      electric shock-like sensation radiating from the neck to the sacrum, elicited by
      flexion of the neck. Lhermitte's sign resolved in this patient after several
      days, and probably reflected acute inflammation together with changes in sensory
      axon excitability. This positive manifestation of dorsal column dysfunction can
      be present in the absence of fixed neurological deficits, and can reflect dorsal
      column dysfunction caused by a wide spectrum (demyelinating, traumatic,
      compressive, toxic/deficiency, infectious and inflammatory) of etiologies.

PMID- 1802964
TI  - Morphometric analysis of blood vessels in chronic experimental spinal cord
      injury: hypervascularity and recovery of function.
AB  - A model of spinal cord trauma in guinea pigs, based on compression to a set
      thickness, was described previously. Compression injuries of the lower thoracic
      cord were produced in 11 anesthetized, adult guinea pigs, and the outcome
      monitored, using successive behavioral tests and morphometry of the lesion at 2-3
      months. This report describes changes in the vascularity of the spinal cord,
      based on light microscopic analysis of 1 micron plastic transverse sections
      through the center of the lesion. Mean blood vessel density in these lesions was
      approximately twice that found in equivalent regions of normal, uninjured spinal
      cords, and hypervascularity of the white matter extended at least four spinal
      cord segments cranially and caudally from the lesion center. Capillary diameter
      distribution was significantly shifted to larger values and large perivascular
      spaces surrounded most capillaries and pre- and post-capillary vessels. Extent of
      hypervascularity was not correlated with the overall severity of the injury, but
      there was a significant positive correlation between the density of blood vessels
      in the outer 400 microns of the white matter and secondary loss of neurological
      function below the lesion, seen between one day and eight weeks after injury.
      This suggests that hypervascularization of the lesion is related to secondary
      pathological mechanisms in spinal cord injury, possibly inflammatory responses,
      that are relatively independent of the primary mechanical injury but more closely
      connected with loss and recovery of function.

PMID- 1802965
TI  - Geotropic ocular deviation with skew and absence of saccade in Creutzfelt-Jakob
      disease.
AB  - Three patients with Creutzfelt-Jakob disease (CJD) showed characteristic ocular
      manifestations. The head was turned left or right with the eyes deviated downward
      and skewed. When the head was turned to one side, the eyes very slowly deviated
      to that side. In addition, spontaneous ocular movements were very slow with no
      saccadic component early in the apathetic stage. Caloric stimulation produced
      tonic deviation to the appropriate side without nystagmus. At autopsy one patient
      showed lesions compatible with the panencephalopathic type of CJD. Although
      bilateral pretectal areas had marked gliosis, other nuclei and structures
      associated with oculomotor system in the brainstem, including the oculomotor,
      trochlear, abducens, vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei, medial longitudinal
      fasciculus and para-median pontine reticular formation were preserved. These
      patients had a supranuclear disorder, probably caused by combined disruption of
      the direct and indirect frontal eye field to the brainstem pathways plus
      impairment of the superior colliculus-mediated saccade pathways.

PMID- 1802966
TI  - Pathology of roots, spinal cord and brainstem in syringomyelia-like syndrome of
      Tangier disease.
AB  - We report here a post-mortem examination of a 46-year-old patient who died after
      a 23-year-long syringomyelia-like syndrome of Tangier disease. The L5 dorsal root
      and the superficial peroneal nerve showed fiber loss and lipid vacuole
      accumulation in Schwann cell cytoplasm. The L5 ventral root had moderate fiber
      loss without lipid vacuoles. In the cervical roots, fiber loss was intense and
      there were no foamy Schwann cells. Motor neuron loss was severe in the cervical
      spinal cord and the facial nerve nucleus and slight at the lumbar level. Under
      electron microscopy, some neurons of the lower spinal cord showed atypical
      inclusions. These data suggest that an unknown metabolic defect is responsible
      for a primary neuronopathy. Lipid accumulation in Schwann cells, resulting from
      fiber degeneration is probably transient, accounting for the absence of foamy
      cells in regions with longstanding involvement.

PMID- 1802967
TI  - Interferon-alpha treatment in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Studies of clinical
      and immunological aspects.
AB  - We treated 17 patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) with interferon
      alpha (IFN-alpha) in an open, nonrandomized, uncontrolled study. They were
      administered 1.5-9.0 x 10(6) international units of IFN-alpha daily for 4 weeks,
      and 4 patients showed a marked clinical response, 7 showed a moderate response
      and the others did not show any clinical response. Increased unstimulated
      (spontaneous) peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation was observed in all
      patients who were measured lymphocyte transformation. Spontaneous PBL
      proliferation was significantly inhibited by IFN-alpha treatment (P less than
      0.01), whereas anti-HTLV-I-antibodies did not show any significant changes.
      Likewise, decreased stimulation indices to phytohemagglutinin (SI) due to
      increased spontaneous PBL proliferation were significantly increased after IFN
      alpha treatment (P less than 0.01). In the patients who showed marked clinical
      responses, the changes of SI in IFN-alpha treatment were higher than those in
      other patients. These data indicate that further studies are warranted for
      evaluation of IFN-alpha treatment of HAM in a randomized, controlled study.

PMID- 1802968
TI  - Autopsy report of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy presenting with ALS-like
      manifestations.
AB  - We report an autopsy case of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) showing clinical
      features indistinguishable from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A Japanese
      man developed bulbar palsy and generalized neurogenic muscular atrophy with
      symmetrical hyperreflexia at the age of 57 and died 4.5 years after the onset. He
      had an increased titer of anti-HTLV-I antibodies in serum and CSF. At autopsy,
      the leptomeninges were thickened and infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The
      brain and spinal cord were atrophic. The pyramidal tracts and anterior horn cells
      of spinal cord were severely degenerated but degenerative changes were also found
      in the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem tegmentum, and the dorsal columns of
      spinal cord. In all degenerative areas, prominent infiltrations of inflammatory
      cells were found. The present case indicates that HAM may produce clinical
      features indistinguishable from ALS.

PMID- 1802969
TI  - Prognosis of myasthenia gravis: a multicenter follow-up study of 844 patients.
AB  - The prognosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) was assessed retrospectively using life
      table analysis in 844 patients followed up for a mean period of 5 years in 3
      major Italian centers. The chance of achieving at least a 1-year remission after
      treatment withdrawal (complete remission) was assessed as a specific end-point in
      the whole population and in selected subgroups with reference to the principal
      prognostic variables. The cumulative probability of complete remission was 1% by
      1 year, 8% by 3 years, 13% by 5 years, and 21% by 10 years. The only variables
      correlated to the chance of complete remission were younger age at onset of MG,
      lower severity of symptoms at onset and nadir, and shorter disease duration at
      diagnosis. In addition, thymectomy and early surgery seemed to influence the
      chance of remission. Other factors (including the presence of thymoma) did not
      significantly influence the outcome of the disease.

PMID- 1802970
TI  - Phosphate/calcium alterations in the first stages of Alzheimer's disease:
      implications for etiology and pathogenesis.
AB  - The present study tested aspects of a novel etiological/pathogenetic hypothesis
      of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which proposes that alterations in endocrine
      regulation of peripheral calcium/phosphate (Ca/PO4) homeostasis (e.g., by
      glucocorticoids, vitamin D, etc.) induce and/or reflect altered calcium
      homeostasis and neurotoxicity in brain neurons. Two key predictions of this
      hypothesis were tested, namely that: (1) alterations in serum Ca and/or PO4
      regulation should be present before or near the onset of AD and (2) these
      alterations should be found consistently in subjects with unconfounded AD.
      Previous studies have sought evidence of changes in Ca regulation primarily late
      in the disease, and usually in severely demented, thin and immobile inpatients in
      whom Ca/PO4 measures are likely to be confounded. In the present study, only
      mobile, relatively healthy, adequately nourished outpatients with probable AD
      were selected. In comparison to age-matched controls or demented subjects with
      even mild indications of vascular contributions, the AD subjects were
      characterized by lower serum PO4 and, to a lesser degree, lower serum Ca as well
      as a higher chloride/PO4 ratio. On serum chemistry tests from the first stages of
      AD (within 1 or 3 years after the onset of cognitive symptoms), these changes in
      serum PO4/Ca were as pronounced as they were later in the disease. Moderately low
      values of either PO4, Ca, or both (below -1.0 S.D. from the control group mean)
      identified 74% of all AD subjects and 100% of early onset AD subjects, in
      comparison to only 46% of mixed/vascular dementia subjects and 31% of normal age
      matched controls. Thus, the results were consistent with the predictions and may
      have significant etiological/pathogenetic implications. If larger tests confirm
      these frequencies, serum Ca/PO4 indices may also prove useful in differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 1802971
TI  - Effects of various dietary protein contents on vitamin A status of rats exposed
      to prolonged immobilization through suspension.
AB  - The investigation was carried out to clarify the effects of various dietary
      protein contents on vitamin A status of rats exposed to prolonged immobilization
      through suspension. A rat wearing a special jacket to which metal chains were
      attached, was suspended for 10 days as an analogy of simulated weightlessness.
      Five groups of suspended rats were fed on the diets containing various amounts of
      casein (5, 10, 20, 40 and 60, w/w%), while control group received the 20% casein
      diet. Through suspending animals, a decrease in body weight gain and increase in
      adrenal weights occurred. Serum albumin concentration of the suspended rats fed
      on the 10, 20, 40 and 60% diets were the same as that of the control rats. The
      suspended rats showed lowered serum retinol concentrations and elevated hepatic
      retinyl palmitate contents without noticeable differences between the diets. The
      hepatic retinol levels were not clearly affected. In the suspended rats,
      testicular levels of retinyl palmitate and retinol significantly decreased as
      compared with the control. These parameters' alterations did not relate to serum
      albumin concentration and were independent of dietary protein levels. The results
      suggest that stress state may cause suppression of releasing hepatic vitamin A,
      resulting in a lowered serum retinol concentration, being independent of
      nutritional status of protein.

PMID- 1802972
TI  - Comparison of absorption of erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid in guinea pig small
      intestine.
AB  - Both the ascorbic acid (AsA) and erythorbic acid (ErA) absorption in the small
      intestine of guinea pigs were determined by the perfusion of the small intestine
      using isotonic phosphate buffer recycled in situ. The absorption rate of AsA in
      the small intestine of guinea pigs was higher than that of ErA; however, Km of
      AsA absorption was lower than that of ErA in normal guinea pigs. In AsA-deficient
      guinea pigs, the absorption rates of both AsA and ErA were higher than those in
      normal ones. The absorption of AsA and ErA in the small intestine of guinea pigs
      was inhibited by ouabain. Furthermore, AsA and ErA inhibited each other's
      absorption. Based on the results, the net amount of the absorbed ErA in the small
      intestine may be lower than that of AsA, and ErA absorption mechanism seemed to
      be similar to that of AsA. The absorption rate of both AsA and ErA in the small
      intestine of guinea pig might be dependent on the AsA level in the tissues.

PMID- 1802973
TI  - Riboflavin deficiency caused by treatment with adriamycin.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine whether administration of
      adriamycin causes the depletion of riboflavin content. Rats received
      intraperitoneal injections of adriamycin (4 mg per kg body weight) for 6
      consecutive days. Urinary riboflavin excretion began to increase after 2 days of
      treatment with adriamycin. Erythrocyte FAD levels decreased gradually and plasma
      lipid peroxide contents increased markedly at the 6th day. The activity
      coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase showed a significant increase
      before the decrease of flavin content and the elevation of lipid peroxide level.
      Therefore, the value of this coefficient obtained from erythrocyte appears to be
      a reliable index of riboflavin deficiency, particularly during the early stage.

PMID- 1802974
TI  - Adipocyte dynamics in hypothalamic obese mice during food deprivation and
      refeeding.
AB  - Effect of hypothalamic lesions on regulation of body weight and fat cell dynamics
      in obese mice were examined during refeeding after prolonged food deprivation.
      Obese mice, which were treated with monosodium glutamate for 5 postnatal days and
      had ventromedial nuclear lesions in the hypothalamus, were used. When adult obese
      mice were given a glucose electrolyte solution for 20-40 days, the body weight
      dropped to about 45% of their pre-treatment weight. After reinstituted feeding of
      normal mouse food ad libitum, their body weight and adipose tissue weight
      returned to pre-starvation level. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography revealed
      that cell proliferation occurred in the early stages of refeeding and some fat
      cells were renewed in the epididymal adipose tissue. Fat cell renewal was found
      more active in the experimental group than in the control. Thereafter, fat cell
      size increased gradually via fat storage. These obese mice were found to have the
      capacity to regulate their body weight and adipose tissue not only through fat
      storage but also by increasing number of fat cells, in order to replace the cells
      which were lost during starvation. Therefore, ventromedial nuclear lesion in the
      hypothalamus does not influence the regulatory mechanism of adipose tissue during
      starvation and refeeding.

PMID- 1802975
TI  - The necessity of dietary vitamin B6 to selenium biopotency for tissue selenium
      and glutathione peroxidase in rats.
AB  - Necessity of dietary vitamin B6 to the biopotency of selenium (Se) for the levels
      of Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in tissues was investigated. Male
      Wistar 12-week-old rats were fed a vitamin B6-Se-deficient basal diet for 3
      weeks, and then the rats were divided into 6 groups. One group was fed the basal
      diet, the others were fed the diet supplemented with 250 micrograms vitamin
      B6/100 g as pyridoxine.HCl, or 0.25 mg Se/kg as Na2SeO3 (SeL) or DL
      selenomethionine (Se-Met), or both (SeL+B6 or Se-Met+B6) for 10 week. The levels
      of Se and GSH-Px in erythrocytes and muscle were significantly higher in vitamin
      B6-supplemented groups than in vitamin B6-deficient groups. There was little
      effect of this vitamin deficiency on Se level in liver of rats fed SeL; however,
      a higher Se level in liver was observed in vitamin B6-deficient rats fed Se-Met
      than in the corresponding B6-supplemented rats. A significant decrease of GSH-Px
      activity in liver was found in vitamin B6-deficient animals fed Se-Met compared
      with vitamin B6-supplemented animals, whereas no significant decrease was
      observed in those fed SeL. These results suggest that this vitamin is involved in
      the transport and deliverance of Se in plasma to the other tissues and the
      incorporation of Se from Se-Met to GSH-Px in liver.

PMID- 1802976
TI  - Effect of dietary protein on pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes in rats.
AB  - The effect of dietary protein on pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes was studied in
      the rat. The activities of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and beta
      ureidopropionase in the livers of rats fed a protein-free diet were significantly
      decreased, while the activity of dihydropyrimidinase was unaffected. Protein
      deficiency (5%) also decreased the activity of beta-ureidopropionase. On the
      other hand, a high-protein diet (60%) increased the level of beta
      ureidopropionase. The activities of beta-alanine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
      (aminobutyrate aminotransferase) and D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate
      aminotransferase ((R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate aminotransferase),
      which are present in mitochondria, depended on the amount of protein in the diet.
      Ammonium ions supplemented in the diet and given by injection did not affect the
      activities of rat liver pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes (dihydropyrimidine
      dehydrogenase, dihydropyrimidinase, beta-ureidopropionase, beta-alanine
      oxoglutarate aminotransferase and D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate
      aminotransferase). Dietary uridine resulted in the accumulation of uracil in the
      liver, but did not affect the activities of pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 1802977
TI  - Metabolic fate of ingested [14C]-maltitol in man.
AB  - Six healthy male subjects were given a single oral dose of 0.4 g of maltitol per
      kg body weight containing [U-14C]-maltitol (50 microCi) and their breath, urine,
      feces and blood were collected at appropriate intervals for 48 h to measure the
      recovery of administered radioactivity. Further, to measure breath hydrogen, 15
      healthy male subjects ingested 30 g of maltitol and samples of their breath were
      collected for a 10-h period. The expired 14CO2 showed a wide peak about 3 h after
      ingestion and 56% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in 48 h. An
      additional 0.2% of administered radioactivity was recovered as expired 14CH4,
      2.6% in urine and 14.3% in feces, respectively. The obvious increase of breath
      hydrogen was detected at 1 h after maltitol ingestion and then a big peak at 3.5
      h, whereas maltose ingestion did not increase breath hydrogen. Both excretion
      profiles of breath 14CO2 and hydrogen coincided well. These results demonstrate
      that a greater part of ingested maltitol is fermented by intestinal microbes than
      is hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes. Although maltitol is catabolized to carbon
      dioxide via intestinal microbes, the available energy is much lower than that of
      digestible sugars such as sucrose.

PMID- 1802978
TI  - The Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention.

PMID- 1802979
TI  - Aseptic processing and terminal sterilization. Parenteral Drug Association.
AB  - With the increase in emphasis by the FDA on sterility assurance, representatives
      of the FDA have made statements regarding upcoming guidelines for parenteral
      processing mandating usage of terminal sterilization, where possible. The
      anticipated FDA guidelines may involve both pending NDAs and existing, approved
      NDAs. It is the position of the Parenteral Drug Association that ethical
      parenteral manufacturing firms provide a high level of sterility assurance
      without compromising the physical and pharmacological properties or stability of
      the product. This document presents the PDA's position on the anticipated FDA
      guideline in addition to delineating some of the concerns and considerations
      surrounding aseptic processing and terminal sterilization.

PMID- 1802980
TI  - Development of a non-viable particulate monitoring system for drugs manufactured
      in an aseptic environment.
AB  - Automated non-viable particulate monitoring systems can significantly reduce
      sampling costs while providing increased assurance that pharmaceutical products
      are free of microbial contamination. The need for consistently reliable data in
      the batch release process requires incorporating adequate fail-safes to detect
      operator error and hardware malfunction. Use of the "Life Cycle Approach" in
      system design and validation is also needed to provide assurance that the system
      will continue to meet its specifications. The author has collaborated with an
      instrument vendor to design, install and validate a data gathering and reporting
      system. Test function design is also discussed.

PMID- 1802981
TI  - Solubilization of ovine growth hormone with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to determine the effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta
      cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the solubility of ovine-Growth Hormone (o-GH) in aqueous
      solution. HPCD, which is believed to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic
      amino acid residues of peptides, markedly increased o-GH solubility at all o-GH
      and all HPCD concentrations tested. In HPCD solutions, o-GH was completely
      solubilized between pH 7.5 and 8.5, while in water, o-GH was not solubilized
      until a pH of 11.5 was reached. Temperature and repeated freeze-thaw cycles had
      little effect on o-GH solubility in HPCD. Vigorous shaking of solution of o-GH in
      HPCD did not result in precipitation of the peptide. These studies document that
      HPCD enhances o-GH solubility in aqueous solutions. Preparations of GH in HPCD
      may eliminate solubility problems observed in current human GH preparations
      intended for parenteral use.

PMID- 1802982
TI  - Training for GMPs.
AB  - Training is a dynamic process to assure that personnel are capable of performing
      their assigned functions. CGMP regulations contain only general expectations, and
      no FDA guideline regarding training has been issued. Training programs are
      generally in place in pharmaceutical firms. However, training quality and
      effectiveness may be inadequate in a number of firms. A pharmaceutical firm
      should be able to show that its training program consistently meets its training
      goals as purported, and that each trainee completing an instructional module has
      acquired the competencies as purported. The proper application of sound
      principles of instructional design should help firms overcome GMP deficiencies
      regarding training and personnel qualification. For example, principles of
      mastery learning, competency-based instruction, performance objectives, a systems
      approach to instructional design, and the evaluation of instruction as well as
      the instructional program should help ensure meaningful, relevant training and
      appropriate, effective instruction. Review of training should be included in the
      firm's program for managing change. Firms should also ensure adequate training
      documentation, a positive attitude toward training, and that training is not used
      inappropriately to remedy performance deviations not resulting from skills
      deficiencies.

PMID- 1802983
TI  - Training cleanroom personnel.
AB  - PEOPLE: the one resource that all companies have in common. Companies in general,
      and especially those involved in the clean or aseptic manufacturing environments
      cannot rely solely on technological innovation to increase quality and
      productivity. They must optimize their human assets to raise performance levels.
      Training is a critical factor. The training process is not simply to impart
      knowledge; but through education and involvement on a personal level, to alter
      behavior: CULTURE.

PMID- 1802984
TI  - Boundary and airlock design issues in aseptic facilities.
AB  - As more potentially hazardous biopharmaceutical and powder derivative products
      are being processed aseptically, the term "containment" in aseptic facility
      design must take on a broader definition. Contamination control must address not
      only protection of the product, but the protection of aseptic facility workers
      and of the surrounding environment as well. This paper will focus on design
      issues related to the physical boundaries (walls, ceilings, doors, etc.) that
      separate aseptic areas from other spaces within a facility with particular
      emphasis on the design of airlocks as "control points" for contamination control.

PMID- 1802985
TI  - Formation of an antibacterial metabolite from a new macrolide compound 23-O
      benzyl-5-mycaminosyl-tylonolide (TMC-101), by a hepatic microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzyme system.
AB  - Upon incubation of 23-O-benzyl-5-mycaminosyl-tylonolide (TMC-101) with liver
      microsomes in the presence of an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
      generating system, at least four metabolites were formed: two of them were also
      formed by an enzyme(s) in rat serum. One of the metabolites formed by liver
      microsomes possessed antibacterial activity comparable to TMC-101 as examined by
      bioautography using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as a tester strain. Incubation
      of TMC-101 with rat serum degraded most of the parent compound and did not form
      the active metabolite. The capacity of liver microsomes to produce the active
      metabolite was increased by pretreatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene,
      phenobarbital and polychlorinated biphenyl. The metabolite with the antibacterial
      activity was estimated not to be formed by the N-demethylation of TMC-101, and
      was chemically unstable.

PMID- 1802986
TI  - Enhancement by fatty acids of the rectal absorption of propranolol: in vitro
      evaluation in the rat.
AB  - The effects of a series of fatty acids on the rectal absorption of propranolol
      (PL) were examined in vitro, using macrogol 1500 base and rat rectal tissue.
      Lauric acid, at a fatty acid: PL molar ratio of 1:1, produced the largest
      increase in permeation rate (Js), penetration coefficient and partition
      coefficient of PL. PL flux was increased 2.5-fold in the presence of lauric acid
      compared to that without the fatty acid. However, the Js value of PL was
      decreased at increased molar ratios (e.g., 3:1) of lauric acid. The permeation
      rate of lauric acid across the rectal membrane was much larger than that of PL.
      Furthermore, the apparent partition coefficient of PL in an n-octanol/buffer
      system was significantly increased at a 1:1 molar ratio to lauric acid compared
      with that of PL alone. These results suggest that a complex-mediated mechanism
      facilitates PL transport, thereby partially contributing to the enhancement of PL
      rectal absorption. A similar mechanism is applicable to percutaneous drug
      absorption, as reported previously. Thus, a portion of PL, after first forming a
      complex with fatty acids, may rapidly permeate across rectal membranes.

PMID- 1802987
TI  - Thrombolytic effect of tissue plasminogen activator in a cerebral embolic model.
AB  - An experimental cerebral embolic model was prepared by an injection of
      [125I]fibrin clot particles (20-100 microns) into the left internal carotid
      artery in rats, and the changes in radioactivity of the brain were continuously
      monitored by a gamma-ray detector. The autoradiograms of the caput transections
      showed the existence of emboli in small vessels of the left hemicerebrum. After
      the injection of [125I]fibrin clots, the radioactivity spontaneously decreased to
      a half of the initial radioactivity at 90 min. The decrease in radioactivity
      which represented the embolus dissolution was markedly suppressed by an
      antiplasmin agent, trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid, indicating
      that the endogenous fibrinolysis through the activation of plasminogen is
      generated in the cerebral small vessels after the embolization. Consecutive
      injection of fibrin clots caused a summation of the radioactivity and decreased
      the rate of dissolution at every embolus preparation. The thrombolytic agents
      were infused via the left internal carotid artery for 30 min after the second
      successive injection of fibrin clots. Although the spontaneous dissolution of
      emboli was observed during the infusion of saline, tissue plasminogen activator
      (t-PA) as well as urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) produced a further
      dissolution. Approximately half of the emboli disappeared 60 min after the
      infusion of t-PA at a dose of 75 micrograms/kg and at a dose of 10000 IU/kg,
      respectively.

PMID- 1802988
TI  - Changes in ingestive behavior induced by intracranial injection of spermine.
AB  - Effect of intracranial injection of spermine on feeding and drinking behavior was
      studied in rats. A significant and long-term suppression of feeding and drinking
      behavior appeared when 30 nmol/hemisphere of spermine was bilaterally injected
      into the lateral hypothalamic area, substantia nigra or ventral noradrenergic
      bundle. Micro-injected spermine into the medial amygdaloid nucleus produced a
      weak and short-time but significant suppression of ingestive behavior. On the
      other hand, a significant increase in feeding and drinking behavior was observed
      when spermine was injected into the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. These
      results suggest that spermine inhibits neuronal activity of all the brain regions
      studied here.

PMID- 1802989
TI  - 3-Keto reductase activity of estradiol-17 beta dehydrogenase and its contribution
      to androgen metabolism.
AB  - Hepatic estradiol-17 beta dehydrogenase from chickens catalyzed the reduction of
      the 3-keto group of androgens such as 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha
      androstane-3,17-dione as well as the 17-keto reduction of 4-androstene-3,17-dione
      and dehydroepiandrosterone. The reaction products from 17-ketosteroid and 3
      ketosteroid substrates were identified as 17 beta-hydroxysteroids and 3 beta
      hydroxysteroids, respectively, by thin layer chromatography, high performance
      liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Barbital inhibited both 17 beta
      estradiol dehydrogenase and 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione reductase activity
      noncompetitively giving the same kinetic constant, Ki = 50 microM. 5 alpha
      Androstane-3,17-dione competitively inhibited 17 beta-estradiol dehydrogenase
      activity. These results indicate that chicken liver estradiol-17 beta
      dehydrogenase is in fact a 3 beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and
      that both 3- and 17-ketosteroids bind to the same catalytic site.

PMID- 1802990
TI  - Inhibitory effect of cannabidiol hydroxy-quinone, an oxidative product of
      cannabidiol, on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of mice.
AB  - Cannabidiol hydroxy-quinone (CBDHQ) was identified as an air oxidation product of
      cannabidiol (CBD). The in vitro incubation of mouse hepatic microsomes with CBDHQ
      resulted in a decrease of cytochrome P-450 content. CBDHQ inhibited the hepatic
      microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of mice. This inhibitory effect was stronger
      than that of CBD. CBDHQ (150 microM) inhibited aniline hydroxylase, p
      nitroanisole O-demethylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase in the microsomes by 70,
      52 and 77%, respectively, whereas the same concentration of CBD caused the
      inhibition by 39, 30 and 26%, respectively. CBDHQ (91.5 microM) significantly
      decreased total heme content by 21% and free SH groups by 11% in the microsomes.
      The results indicate that CBDHQ, which is an oxidation product of CBD, inhibits
      the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes through the decrease of
      cytochrome P-450 content.

PMID- 1802991
TI  - Urethro-venous intravasation during retrograde urethrography (report of 5 cases).
AB  - Five instances of urethro-venous intravasation during retrograde urethrography
      are reported. Four cases were of urethral strictures and one case was of urethral
      hemangioma. All patients had post procedural bleeding while one patient got
      allergic reactions, another showed chills and rigors. Anatomy of the drainage
      veins is described. Factors responsible for this complication and its clinical
      implications are discussed. It is suggested that urethro-venous intravasation
      should be considered a diagnostic sign of urethral inflammation.

PMID- 1802992
TI  - Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplacea tarda (a case report).
AB  - A rare case of disproportionate short stature suggestive of spondylo-epiphyseal
      dysplasia tarda is reported and relevant literature reviewed. It is emphasized
      that its radiological features show a marked similarity to ochronotic spine, with
      which it is therefore commonly mistaken. An indeterminate pigment was observed in
      the liver biopsy in this case with connective tissue disorder.

PMID- 1802993
TI  - Intussusception in infancy and childhood: evaluation of a prognostic scoring
      pattern.
AB  - This is a retrospective analysis of 82 patients of intussusception in infancy and
      childhood. Males were more than females in the ratio 2.4 : 1, the ages varied
      from 2 months to 12 years. Majority (73%) were less than 1 year old. Commonest
      presentations were pain, vomiting, distension, palpable lump and blood and mucus
      in stools. The management of these patients varied from barium enema reduction (3
      cases), reduction by surgery and manipulation (59 cases) and resection with
      primary anastomosis (20 cases). We analysed our patients by giving scores based
      on clinical criteria. We concluded that the patients in our circumstances do not
      show any correlation of the scoring pattern with morbidity or mortality, chances
      of reduction by barium enema or manually. Resection, however, did correlate with
      a high incidence of death (75%). Resections were required slightly more in ileo
      ileal intussusceptions than in those having a colonic involvement, morbidity in
      the form of wound dehiscence, and sepsis was higher in those patients who had
      undergone resections.

PMID- 1802994
TI  - Neurogenic tumor of the urinary bladder (a case report).
AB  - Neurogenic tumors of urinary bladder are rare. A ganglionure fibroma arising from
      the trigons of urinary bladder in two year old boy presenting with hematuria, is
      described here.

PMID- 1802995
TI  - Simultaneous anterior and posterior dislocation of hip (a case report).
AB  - A rare case of simultaneous anterior and posterior dislocation of hip joints is
      presented. The mode of injury and its management have been discussed.

PMID- 1802996
TI  - Recurrent hydramnios as a result of fetal Bartter's syndrome (a case report).
AB  - Bartter's syndrome has been reported as a rare case of hydramnios. A unique case
      of recurrent hydramnios in pregnancy as a result of fetal Bartter's syndrome on
      both occasions is presented.

PMID- 1802997
TI  - Benign orbital neurilemmoma (a case report).

PMID- 1802998
TI  - Expansion of the maxillary antrum by an antro-choanal polypus (a case report).

PMID- 1802999
TI  - Pre-pubic vasectomy--a new approach.
AB  - Four hundred and fifty cases were operated for vasectomy by pre-pubic approach.
      The relative fixity of vas at this place made this approach easier than
      conventional scrotal approach. Mean healing duration was 6.06 days. This approach
      leaves the scrotum free, needs no scrotal support and scrotum is not involved in
      hematoma and inflammatory complications. Thus the pre-pubic approach for
      vasectomy provides a superior and beneficial alternative to conventional scrotal
      approach.

PMID- 1803000
TI  - Natural course of hematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis (a retrospective study of
      110 cases).
AB  - Hundred and ten consecutive cases in acute and various stages of chronicity were
      studied. Incidence regarding age, sex, bone affected and complications was
      established. The optimum way to manage osteomyelitis in different stages was
      sought. It was found that in acute stage early decompression of bone leads to
      resolution of disease. Hip involvement leads to necrosis of capital epiphysis and
      should be treated on an emergency basis. In the sub-acute stage it is necessary
      to protect the weakened bone. In chronic stage, we suggest sequestrectomy only
      after adequate involucrum has formed properly. Antibiotics in acute stage should
      be instituted as early as possible and should be continued for three weeks after
      the fever subsides. Antibiotics in sub-acute and chronic stage are given only in
      cases of reactivation of infection and around the time of surgery. Surgery, when
      required should be performed without too much soft tissue damage especially the
      covering periosteum. But repeated surgery should be avoided as they lead to
      cicatrization of muscles and further sequestration of bone.

PMID- 1803001
TI  - Bacteriological study of meningococcal meningitis.
AB  - One hundred and thirty samples of cerebro spinal fluid were collected from
      patients admitted with suspected signs and symptoms of meningococcal meningitis
      (M. meningitis) during the period from January 1986 to April 1989 and were
      processed for gram's staining, cultivation and latex agglutination tests for
      detection of polysaccharide antigen in the CSF. Totally 41.5% of turbid and hazy
      spinal fluid were positive for N. meningitidis by smear examination. Only 24.6%
      were positive by culture but 61.5% of sample were positive by latex agglutination
      tests. All the strains were sensitive to all antibiotics except one strain which
      was resistant to penicillin but it was sensitive to rifampicin.

PMID- 1803003
TI  - Ultrasound guided aspiration cytology--a valuable diagnostic aid.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) remains underutilized as a guidance tool for performing fine
      needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) mainly because of a lack of understanding and
      experience in this technique. We describe here our experience in performing 346
      FNACs. In our opinion, US guided FNACs are highly accurate and safe procedures
      which can be done on an out-patient basis, with routinely available equipment.

PMID- 1803002
TI  - Total and free thyroid hormone levels in chronic renal failure.
AB  - The levels of serum total thyroxine (TT4), triiodothyronine (TT3), free T3, (FT3)
      free T4 (FT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured in 127 clinically euthyroid
      patients with varying grades of chronic renal failure (CRF); and 97 healthy
      individuals. They were grouped as: Group I containing 93 patients on conservative
      management; Group II containing 34 patients on regular dialysis therapy; and
      Group III (normals). Group I patients showed significant decrease in TT3, TT4 and
      FT3 levels (p less than 0.001) as compared to Group III, whereas FT4 and TSH
      values in group I were not significantly altered. TT3, TT4 and FT3 levels reduced
      as the severity of renal damage increased. Variations in TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and
      TSH levels in Group II patients were similar to those in Group I, except for a
      decrease in TSH levels (p less than 0.05) as compared to normals. Several thyroid
      function tests are abnormal in CRF patients, however, finding of normal FT4 and
      TSH levels would indicate functional euthyroid status.

PMID- 1803004
TI  - Pulmonary complications of upper abdominal surgery.
AB  - Pulmonary complications encountered in 67 patients undergoing upper abdominal
      surgery in our unit in one year period are analysed. Pulmonary function tests and
      their post-operative reduction, as also the risk factors are discussed.
      Pathophysiology responsible for pulmonary complications is outlined.

PMID- 1803005
TI  - Studies on the lactose character in Salmonella S:41:z10.
AB  - A number of plasmids carrying the Lac+ character have been reported. Lac+
      character of salmonella S:41:z10:- studied for transfer of Lac+ character to
      standard Escherichia coli K12 Lac-F- Nalr and Escherichia coli K12 F- Lac- Rifr,
      failed to transfer in in vitro experiments. Similarly, identification and
      characterisation of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis technique did not
      show specific plasmid DNA as compared to standard molecular weight plasmids.
      Plasmid DNA appeared to have been embedded with chromosomal DNA molecule.

PMID- 1803006
TI  - Trans-sphenoidal excision of craniopharyngiomas.
AB  - Craniopharyngiomas have been by and large excised by the transcranial route.
      Since 1982, 11 patients have been operated by the traus-sphensidal route in the
      department. The clinical features with which they were presented, diagnostic
      investigations, details of surgical procedures and follow-up analysis is being
      presented here. A retrospective study of radiological investigation was done to
      determine the features that help decide the choice of surgical approach to these
      lesions. Only lesions that were primarily intrasellar, cystic and those that
      expanded the sella could be treated by the trans-sphenoidal route. Associated
      suprasellar extensions could also be removed. Predominantly calcified or firm,
      fleshy tumours lent themselves poorly to removal by the trans-sphenoidal route.

PMID- 1803007
TI  - Resocialization of a group of ex-laboratory chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes.
AB  - In order to determine if socially deprived chimpanzees could establish an
      integrated social unit and reproduce, a group of wild-born individuals from a
      single-cage laboratory environment were released onto a small island in a South
      Florida tourist park in 1975. The present study was undertaken during June and
      July of 1988 to evaluate the long term results of the experiment and to document
      the reproductive history of the chimpanzees since their release on the island.
      The evidence presented in this paper suggests that it is possible for laboratory
      chimpanzees to be resocialized and to reproduce successfully.

PMID- 1803008
TI  - Availability of primate species, research, and management in China.
AB  - Approximately 30 institutions are currently engaged in primate research and
      management in China. New studies record 20 species of primates and their
      distribution throughout China.

PMID- 1803009
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for immunohistochemical labeling of immunocompetent cells
      in frozen sections of rhesus monkey tissues.
AB  - Twenty-eight anti-human and two rhesus specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were
      evaluated for immunohistochemical peroxidase staining reactivity in rhesus
      monkeys lymph nodes, thymus, liver, and skin allografts. Reactivity with the
      following antigens was assessed: MHC class I, II-DR, -DQ, and -DP antigens;
      leukocyte markers CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD25, CD57; a
      proliferation associated nuclear antigen; interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha. Twenty-three MAbs proved to be suitable for immunohistochemical
      staining on frozen sections.

PMID- 1803010
TI  - Pachyonychia congenita-like disorder in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus
      oedipus).
AB  - A spontaneous genodermatosis in 13 cotton-top tamarins is described as a
      retrospective study. The disease appeared as alopecia, pigmentary disturbances,
      and claw dystrophy similar but not identical to human Pachyonychia congenita. The
      disease in the tamarins seems to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait,
      becoming clinically apparent around adolescence. In certain families the neonatal
      mortality rate was also above average, reaching 100%.

PMID- 1803011
TI  - A preliminary parasitological analysis of fecal samples from a wild population of
      Costa Rican squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi).
AB  - Fecal samples (n = 18) were obtained from a wild population of squirrel monkeys,
      Saimiri oerstedi, in Costa Rica. The parasite cysts, eggs, and larvae recovered
      from these samples are described.

PMID- 1803012
TI  - Application of an enzyme immunoassay for detecting antibodies in sera of Macaca
      fascicularis naturally exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for detecting mycobacterial antibodies
      in the sera of 22 Macaca fascicularis following a natural outbreak of
      tuberculosis. EIAs were conducted using four antigens (lysozyme, triton, or
      deoxycholate extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or a purified protein
      derivative) and two conjugates (protein A or antihuman). Mycobacterial antibodies
      were detected in two of two culture-positive monkeys, in nine of ten tuberculin
      test-suspect monkeys (culture-negative), and in five of ten tuberculin test
      negative monkeys (culture-negative). Results indicate EIA may be of practical
      value in detecting monkeys exposed to M. tuberculosis.

PMID- 1803013
TI  - Normal vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the rhesus macaque
      (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - The most common bacterial species isolated from the vaginas of 37 healthy rhesus
      macaques were Streptococcus viridans, coagulase negative Staphylococcus,
      Mobiluncus curtisii ss. curtisii, Corynebacterium renale-like organisms,
      Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Gardnerella-like organisms, and other
      Corynebacterium species. The vaginal flora of the rhesus macaque differs from
      that previously reported for five other primate species. A two-year retrospective
      review of clinical cases of vaginitis and metritis found Escherichia coli and
      coagulase positive Staphylococci to be the most common pathogens isolated.

PMID- 1803014
TI  - Sterilization and its behavioral effects on free-ranging female rhesus monkeys
      (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - In order to control population growth rates, a decision was made to sterilize
      most of the free-ranging, wild rhesus macaque females of Silver Springs, Florida.
      Between October 1987 and March 1988, the five females who had been sterilized and
      released in the fall of 1986 were matched with five intact females in a
      behavioral study. While there were differences between the behaviors of the
      sterilized and intact females, the differences can be attributed more to
      differences in age, rank, and other factors than to the sterilization. Clinical
      data collected and reported on the monkeys is unremarkable.

PMID- 1803015
TI  - Synergism of histidyl dipeptides as antioxidants.
AB  - Histidyl dipeptides such as carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and homocarnosine
      (gamma-amino-butyryl-L-histidine) are reported at millimolar concentrations in
      several mammalian tissues (O'Dowd et al., 1988; House et al., 1989), but their
      precise physiological function, or functions, is uncertain. These compounds are
      known to be potent buffers at physiological pH (Davey, 1960). They are also able
      to restore functional capacity to fatigued muscle preparations, stimulate some
      glycolytic enzymes and maintain coupling between mitochondrial oxidation and
      phosphorylation (Severin, 1964). Histidyl dipeptides may also have antioxidant
      activity, though this finding is controversial. For example, Aruoma et al. have
      argued that these compounds, individually, are unable to scavenge superoxide (O2
      .), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at rates which could
      offer antioxidant protection in vivo. Since there is a range of these histidyl
      dipeptides within mammalian tissue we have investigated possible synergism
      between them in respect of antioxidant activity. Our results show that combining
      histidine-containing compounds at near physiological concentrations results in
      synergistic antioxidant activity.

PMID- 1803016
TI  - Loop diuretics block calcium currents in cardiac cells.
AB  - Loop diuretics are widely used drugs; serving to alleviate congestive heart
      failure and hypertension. Their mechanism of action is considered to be an
      inhibition of sodium retention in the kidneys, by a block of the Na/K/Cl
      cotransporter. The ensuing natriuresis and diuresis reduces blood pressure and
      alleviates congestive heart failure. Several earlier reports suggested direct
      cardiovascular effects, partly preceding the onset of diuresis. In the present
      study, evidence is presented for a direct action of two loop diuretic agents,
      bumetanide and furosemide, on cardiac L-type calcium currents in rabbit
      ventricular and atrial myocytes. This current is reversibly reduced by micromolar
      concentrations of these drugs. The onset of this effect can be observed within 1
      2s, which could indicate a direct action on the calcium channel, independent of
      secondary effects subsequent to inhibition of the cotransporter. Thus, part of
      the therapeutic effects of the loop diuretics may be achieved through a direct
      reduction of cardiac output.

PMID- 1803017
TI  - DNA synthesis in the non-infarcted cardiac interstitium after left coronary
      artery ligation in the rat: effects of captopril.
AB  - Effects of Captopril. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1991) 23,
      1245-1253. This study was undertaken to investigate the alterations in
      interstitial DNA synthesis and collagen content in the non-infarcted left and
      right ventricle after induction of a myocardial infarction (MI) in the rat. MI
      was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. All
      animals received 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyUridine (BrdU), via a subcutaneous osmotic
      minipump, one day before sacrifice, to quantitate DNA synthesis. A transient rise
      in BrdU incorporation was found in both ventricles. Peak levels were found at day
      7 and 14 after infarct induction. BrdU incorporation had returned to control
      levels 3 weeks after infarct induction. By using anti BRDU--anti-laminin immuno-
      double staining DNA synthesis was localized mainly in the cardiac interstitium.
      Concomitantly, a sustained increase in collagen content, measured as the Sirius
      red positive area on cross sections, was found from day 7 after infarct
      induction. No changes were found in sham animals. In the second part of the study
      the effects of the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor captopril and the
      arteriolar vasodilator hydralazine on MI induced interstitial DNA synthesis and
      collagen content were investigated. Captopril reduced both the increase in DNA
      synthesis and collagen content. Hydralazine did not affect interstitial DNA
      synthesis, but reduced the MI induced collagen content. Both drugs had no effects
      in sham animals. We conclude that induction of a myocardial infarction stimulates
      interstitial DNA synthesis and increases the collagen content in the non
      infarcted areas of the heart. Interstitial DNA synthesis is dependent on the
      angiotensin I converting enzyme in a direct manner independent from afterload
      changes.

PMID- 1803018
TI  - Myocardial membrane cholesterol: effects of ischaemia.
AB  - Evidence has recently been presented that myocardial ischaemia is associated with
      a significant increased mitochondrial cholesterol content, suggesting a
      redistribution of cholesterol within the ischaemic cell (Rouslin et al. 1980,
      1982). The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effects of different
      periods of ischaemia and reperfusion on the cholesterol content of myocardial
      mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma. Using the isolated perfused
      rat heart as experimental model, it was demonstrated that increasing periods of
      ischaemia (15-60 min) caused a progressive loss of cholesterol from the tissue as
      well as from the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum, concomitant with a
      significant increase in mitochondrial cholesterol content. These compositional
      changes were associated with a marked increase in sarcolemmal and mitochondrial
      microviscosity, while that of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was reduced. To gain
      more insight into the mechanisms controlling intracellular cholesterol
      distribution, control and ischaemic hearts were perfused with either exogenous
      cholesterol or its precursor [U-14C]acetate as an indicator of endogenous
      cholesterol synthesis. Perfusion with exogenous cholesterol resulted in
      significant increases in the membrane cholesterol content of control hearts.
      However, hypoxic, low flow perfusion prevented cholesterol enrichment of the
      sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, while the cholesterol content
      of the mitochondria was increased from 99.48 +/- 12.75 to 127.61 +/- 1.84
      nmols/mg protein, indicating specific incorporation into this membrane system.
      Incorporation of [U-14C]acetate into cholesterol in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
      was increased by 120% in ischaemic conditions. However, a marked redistribution
      of newly synthesized cholesterol was observed within the ischaemic cell: under
      control conditions most of the labelled cholesterol was transferred to the
      sarcolemma and least to the mitochondria, while this distribution pattern was
      reversed in ischaemia. In view of the fact that exchange of cholesterol between
      membranes is affected by both phospholipid polar head-group composition and acyl
      chain length and saturation, it is suggested that prior ischaemia-induced
      membrane compositional changes might lead to intracellular cholesterol
      redistribution. Finally, to determine whether cholesterol loss affects
      sarcolemmal permeability, hearts enriched in sarcolemmal cholesterol were
      subjected to 15 or 30 min global ischaemia followed by reperfusion and the rate
      of enzyme release determined. However, enzyme release was similar in treated and
      untreated hearts, indicating that sarcolemmal cholesterol loss probably does not
      affect its permeability.

PMID- 1803019
TI  - Failure to reduce infarct size by intracoronary infusion of recombinant human
      superoxide dismutase at reperfusion in the porcine heart: immunohistochemical and
      histological analysis.
AB  - Failure to Reduce Infarct Size by Intracoronary Infusion of Recombinant Human
      Superoxide Dismutase at Reperfusion in the Porcine Heart: Immunohistochemical and
      Histological Analysis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1991) 23,
      1287-1296. We quantitatively determined the extent of infarction and contraction
      band necrosis in porcine hearts, and analyzed the distribution of administered
      recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) in the myocardium using a
      polyclonal antibody to h-SOD. After 1 hour of occlusion, h-SOD was infused for
      the first 30 min of reperfusion in SOD group, while pigs received only arterial
      blood in control group. The extent of infarction or contraction band necrosis was
      not significantly different between SOD group and control group. Positive
      staining by polyclonal antibody to h-SOD was detected only in the infarcted area
      in SOD group. Thus, h-SOD only entered irreversibly damaged myocytes and neither
      diminished reperfusion injury nor reduced infarct size in pigs.

PMID- 1803020
TI  - Characterization of [3H]U69593 binding sites in the rat heart by receptor binding
      assays.
AB  - The binding properties of [3H]U69593, a selective k-ligand, in rat heart
      homogenates were characterized by direct and displacement receptor binding
      assays. It was found that there are substantial specific [3H]U69593 binding sites
      in the rat heart. They were saturable, reversible and stereospecific. Both
      association and dissociation rates were monophasic and the Scatchard plot was
      linear, indicating a homogeneity of binding sites. The Hill coefficient was close
      to 1, indicating an absence of cooperativity. The Bmax and Kd were 7.91 fmol/mg
      and 2.92 nM, respectively. The binding sites were most abundant in the right
      atrium, followed by right ventricle, left ventricle and left atrium in descending
      order. The study provides information on the properties and distribution of k
      binding sites in the rat heart.

PMID- 1803021
TI  - The role of calcium in the toxic effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide on adult rat
      cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Oxidant stress has been implicated in reoxygenation damage following hypoxia and
      can lead to loss of membrane integrity and cell death. In this study the effects
      of oxidant stress, induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), on cell
      conformation and intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) of cardiac myocytes
      isolated from rat ventricles were examined. Incubation in the presence of 1 mM
      tBHP lead to a rise in [Ca2+]i, hypercontracture and loss of membrane integrity
      (as judged by trypan blue staining and loss of fluorescence of fura-2 loaded
      cells). Incubation in calcium-free medium or medium containing 2,3 butanedione
      monoxime (BDM), which decreases myofibrillar calcium sensitivity, delayed but did
      not prevent the cell shape changes and loss of membrane integrity. In the
      presence of BDM, hypercontracture occurred at a higher [Ca2+]i than in control
      cells, indicating a possible role for [Ca2+]i in the generation of
      hypercontracture in this model. Treatment with calcium antagonists (10(-6) or 10(
      7) M nisoldipine or 10(-6) M amlodipine) did not afford any protection against
      tBHP. ATP depletion did not accelerate loss of membrane integrity. Pretreatment
      of cells with the iron chelator, desferrioxamine mesylate greatly attenuated the
      effect of tBPH, delaying the rise in [Ca2+]i, cell shape changes and loss of
      membrane integrity. It appears, therefore, that tBHP-induced changes are mediated
      by the iron dependent generation of butyl alkoxyl radicals. The evidence suggests
      that tBHP-induced contracture is [Ca2+]i dependent rather than ATP dependent.
      Calcium modifies, but is not essential for the action of tBHP on isolated
      myocytes. During reoxygenation of hypoxic hearts calcium overload and free
      radical generation may act synergistically resulting in the characteristic
      changes associated with this condition, including loss of sarcolemmal integrity.

PMID- 1803022
TI  - Caffeine rapid cooling contractures and negative force staircase in rat papillary
      muscle.
AB  - In rat papillary muscle, rapid cooling causes membrane depolarization which
      initiates action potentials that lead to a contraction. This rapid cooling
      contraction (RCC) can be blocked by TTX, Mn2+, Ni2+ or high K+ superfusion. In
      the presence of caffeine (0.5-1 mM), the rapid cooling contracture (caffeine-RCC)
      has an amplitude similar to that of a twitch elicited by field stimulation at 37
      degrees C, but is not inhibited by these agents. As the caffeine-RCC appears to
      be independent of membrane depolarization and Ca influx but can be inhibited by
      increasing the bathing caffeine concentration to 20 mM, we consider that the
      amplitude of this contracture gives a good indication of the calcium content of
      the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In Tyrode containing 1.8 mM Ca an increased
      stimulus frequency leads to a negative force staircase which is paralleled by a
      similar decrease in the amplitude of the caffeine-RCC. These effects are lost if
      the bathing Ca is reduced (0.18-0.45 mM) in a way which can be reversed by
      isoproterenol (100 nM). In verapamil (2 microM), however whilst the twitch
      responses may show a steeper dependence upon stimulus frequency, the negative
      frequency dependence of the caffeine-RCC is also lost. Low external Na+ also
      inhibits the frequency dependent reduction of the caffeine-RCC. The results
      suggest that if the amplitude of the caffeine-RCC is a good indication of the SR
      calcium content, then this Ca store is related reciprocally to membrane Ca
      current where activation of the Ca channels leads to a depletion of the store
      whereas inhibition of membrane Ca channels leads to a filling of the Ca store. We
      propose that on stimulation the size of the Ca influx determines the fraction of
      Ca released from the SR. This released Ca may be partially extruded from the cell
      by way of the Na/Ca exchange which acts in competition with the re-uptake
      mechanism of the SR to control SR Ca content.

PMID- 1803023
TI  - Alteration of the phosphocreatine energy shuttle components in diabetic rat
      heart.
AB  - Considering the important role of the phosphocreatine energy shuttle in
      contractile function of the heart we decided to study the different components of
      this shuttle in STZ-induced diabetic rat heart with a known diabetic related
      cardiomyopathy. Diabetes produced a gradual decline in total CK activity,
      reaching a maximum of 35-40% decrease after 4 weeks of diabetes, in both atria
      and ventricles. All of the CK isoenzymes including the mitochondrial CK (CKm)
      were reduced but to a different extent in these two tissues. The percentage
      reduction in diabetic ventricles was BB greater than MB greater than CKm greater
      than MM and in atria was CKm greater than BB greater than MB greater than MM. A
      major difference between atrium and ventricle was the greater loss of CKm in
      diabetic atria than diabetic ventricle (75% in atria vs 32% in ventricle). The B
      subunit seemed to be the one that was affected the most followed by CKm isoenzyme
      and then the M subunit. The bound myofibrillar CK isoenzyme, expressed as units
      of activity/mg of myofibrillar protein, was not affected by 4 weeks of diabetes.
      The high energy phosphates were also reduced in diabetic heart with a greater
      reduction in phosphocreatine (43-45%) and a smaller change in ATP (27%).
      Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation with alpha-ketoglutarate was reduced
      (55%) in diabetic heart, whereas, there was no difference when succinate was used
      as substrate. These changes were reversible by 4 weeks of insulin treatment. The
      loss of CKm, phosphocreatine and the reduction in mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation, could result in an inefficient phosphocreatine energy shuttle
      which could contribute to the cardiac functional defects associated with
      diabetes.

PMID- 1803024
TI  - 'Might reduction of plasma cholesterol imperil cell physiology?'.

PMID- 1803025
TI  - Can altering serum cholesterol affect neurologic function?

PMID- 1803026
TI  - Cholesterol and violent death.

PMID- 1803027
TI  - Effect of delayed administration of U74006F (tirilazad mesylate) on recovery of
      locomotor function after experimental spinal cord injury.
AB  - Beginning at either 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, or 8 hours after 180 g
      compression of the cat L2 spinal cord for 5 minutes, infusion of U74006F was
      initiated. In this series, the cats received a total U74006F dose of 5 mg/kg/48
      hours. An additional group of injured cats was treated at 8 hours postinjury with
      a three-fold higher dose of U74006F (i.e., a total 48-hour dose of 15 mg/kg).
      Controls received an equal volume of vehicle (citrate-buffered saline) delivered
      over 48 hours. The cats were evaluated weekly for 4 weeks for recovery of
      overground locomotion based on an 11-point scale by an investigator blinded to
      the time and type (i.e., vehicle or drug) of material administered. By 4 weeks
      postinjury, there was no significant difference in the locomotor recovery of cats
      that received U74006F at either 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, or 8 hours after
      injury. However, only recovery in the groups treated at 30 minutes, 2 hours, or 4
      hours after injury was significantly greater than vehicle-treated controls.
      Locomotor function in cats receiving either 5 mg/kg/48 hours or 15 mg/kg/48 hours
      of U74006F at 8 hours postinjury was not significantly different from that of the
      vehicle-treated animals. Mean (+/- SEM) 4-week recovery scores were 6.8 +/- 0.9,
      5.9 +/- 1.0, 7.2 +/- 1.1, and 4.7 +/- 2.9 out of 11 for cats treated at 30
      minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, or 8 hours postinjury, respectively, with the 5
      mg/kg/48 hour dose. The mean recovery score for cats treated at 8 hours after
      injury with the 15 mg/kg/48 hour dose was 3.4 +/- 1.8. The average score for the
      vehicle-treated controls was 1.8 +/- 0.8. These findings demonstrate that U74006F
      can significantly protect locomotor function in our model of compression spinal
      cord injury if administered as late as 4 hours postinjury. Delaying
      administration of the compound to 8 hours after injury results in considerable
      loss of its protective capabilities even if the dose is increased threefold.

PMID- 1803028
TI  - Comparison of a serotonin antagonist, opioid antagonist, and TRH analog for the
      acute treatment of experimental spinal trauma.
AB  - The therapeutic efficacies of a serotonin antagonist (mianserin), an opioid
      antagonist (nalmefene), and a TRH analog (YM-14673) were compared in a well
      characterized model of experimental spinal trauma in the rat. Injury was produced
      by the weight-drop method at T10 and confirmed by the disappearance of the
      somatosensory evoked response during the subsequent 15 minutes. Drug or vehicle
      treatments were administered randomly as a single intravenous bolus 15 minutes
      after injury. Functional outcome was blindly assessed for 2 weeks postinjury
      using a modified Tarlov scale and the Rivlin-Tator angleboard test. The survival
      of descending raphe-spinal axons was determined by measurement of serotonin in
      postmortem spinal tissues located above and below the injury, and histopathologic
      studies were carried out at the site of injury. All agents displayed similar and
      significant efficacies with respect to Tarlov and Rivlin-Tator measures of motor
      recovery and preservation of raphe-spinal fibers below the lesion site. In
      contrast, none of the agents were effective for preserving the central gray
      matter or myelin staining in the white matter in slices of tissue from the site
      of injury. Results are discussed in terms of the early treatment of spinal cord
      injury and future clinical trials.

PMID- 1803029
TI  - Cortical microstimulation thresholds adjacent to sensorimotor cortex injury.
AB  - The initial severe contralateral impairment of motor function after unilateral
      damage to a portion of sensorimotor (SM) cortex lessens within a few weeks after
      injury. In this study, two hypotheses proposed to explain recovery of behavioral
      function after cortical injury were tested: (1) Intact cortex adjacent to the
      injury reorganizes to take over the function of the destroyed area. (2) Intact SM
      cortex adjacent or connected to the injured area undergoes a transient shock
      (diaschisis), and as this dissipates, some behavioral recovery occurs. Using
      microstimulation of the cortex of the adult rat, movements evoked from areas near
      cortical injuries were studied at various times after undercut laceration,
      contusion, or suction ablation of an area of SM cortex. Stimulation areas were
      compared to those obtained from uninjured control animals and to the
      contralateral uninjured hemisphere. No evidence was obtained for any
      reorganization of stimulated motor responses in the injured hemisphere even in
      animals followed for as long as 475 days postinjury, suggesting other mechanisms
      underlying functional recovery. In intact cortex at some distance from contusion
      and laceration injuries, there was a marked elevation of thresholds to evoke
      movements that returned to normal by 9-15 days postinjury. Some intact hindlimb
      responses were observed after contusion injury that were absent in animals after
      15 days postinjury, indicating a slow-growing lesion after this type of trauma.
      Surprisingly, no elevation in thresholds was noted for ablation injuries up to
      the edge of the cavity at any time postinjury, indicating that threshold changes
      near the boundary may be uncorrelated with functional recovery.

PMID- 1803030
TI  - Immediate hypertensive response to fluid percussion brain injury may be related
      to intracerebral hemorrhage and hypothalamic damage.
AB  - Fluid percussion brain injury is associated with an immediate rise in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP). However, the cerebral morphologic basis for this
      response is still not clear. Thirty-four anesthetized rats were injured using a
      lateral craniotomy preparation. In 19 rats, impact level was set at 1.73 +/- 0.04
      atm, and impact duration was kept at 25 msec to examine the relationship between
      postinjury hypertensive response and cerebral lesions. MAP was monitored for 1
      hour after impact. Fluid percussion produced an increase in MAP from 99 +/- 3 to
      134 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), with an increment range of -2 to 87 mm Hg
      (36 +/- 5 mm Hg) or 0 to 96% increase. The MAP peak occurred at 15 +/- 2 seconds
      and then rapidly returned to the preimpact level. Histopathological findings,
      principally hemorrhage, were graded and ranked from 1 to 19 according to relative
      severity and hypothalamic involvement. There was a significant correlation
      between MAP rise and the injury ranking (r = 0.52, p = 0.02). No appreciable
      damage was observed in the brainstem caudal to the diencephalon. Fifteen rats
      were subjected to higher injury levels. The overall impact magnitude ranged from
      1.3 to 3.5 atm. A linear relationship was found between impact magnitude (X, atm)
      and increment in MAP (Y, mm Hg) (Y = 28.1*X - 14.0, r = 0.62, p less than 0.001).
      Our study indicates that the immediate postinjury hypertensive response is
      closely correlated with the impact magnitude and may be related to intracerebral
      hemorrhage and hypothalamic damage but not necessarily to caudal brainstem
      damage.

PMID- 1803031
TI  - Further studies of nimodipine in experimental spinal cord injury in the rat.
AB  - Previously in our laboratory, nimodipine was effective in reversing posttraumatic
      ischemia and promoting electrophysiologic recovery in a rat spinal cord injury
      (SCI) model. However, these beneficial effects were achieved when nimodipine was
      combined with adjuvant therapy to reverse posttraumatic hypotension, by either
      volume expansion or vasopressor therapy. The present experiments determined if
      nimodipine alone can increase spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and improve function
      after SCI. The hydrogen clearance technique was used to measure SCBF, and motor
      and somatosensory evoked potentials (MEP and SSEP) were used to quantitate
      electrophysiologic function. SCBF, MEP, and SSEP were recorded before and after a
      52 g clip compression injury at the T1 segment and then repeated after a 35
      minute infusion of nimodipine. Twenty-five rats were allocated randomly to five
      equal groups, each of which received 35 minute infusions of one of the following
      doses of nimodipine: (1) 0 mg/kg, (2) 0.005 mg/kg, (3) 0.01 mg/kg, (4) 0.025
      mg/kg, or (5) 0.05 mg/kg. SCBF decreased after injury in all groups, and there
      was no increase in SCBF after nimodipine infusion in any group. MEP and SSEP were
      abolished by the injury in all rats, and there was no recovery of the evoked
      potentials in any group. It is concluded that adjuvant therapy for posttraumatic
      hypotension may be necessary for nimodipine to improve SCBF and promote recovery
      of function in the injured spinal cord.

PMID- 1803032
TI  - Blocking weight-induced spinal cord injury in rats: therapeutic effect of the 21
      aminosteroid U74006F.
AB  - The effect of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F on neurologic recovery after a spinal
      cord compression trauma was investigated in rats. The compression was induced by
      a blocking weight technique, in which a 35 g (moderate injury) or a 50 g (severe
      injury) weight was applied for 5 minutes to an 11 mm2 plate over the midthoracic
      spinal cord. One hour after trauma, the severely injured animals were treated
      either with U74006F, 3 mg/kg, methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg, or vehicle, whereas
      the moderately injured animals received U74006F, 3 mg/kg or vehicle. Neurologic
      hind limb function was evaluated by the inclined plane technique. On day 1 after
      trauma, subtotal paraparesis occurred in the 35 g group treated with vehicle (31
      +/- 1 degrees, mean +/- SEM) on the inclined plane vs 64 +/- 1 degrees before
      trauma) and complete paraplegia in the 50 g group (22 +/- 1 degrees). Treatment
      with U74006F resulted in less hind limb weakness in the 35 g group (42 +/- 2
      degrees) but had no beneficial effect in the 50 g group (25 +/- 2 degrees).
      Neurologic function gradually improved in the 35 g groups over the 9-day
      observation period. However, those animals treated with U74006F were
      significantly better over the entire period. In the 50 g group, no recovery from
      paraplegia was noted over the 4 day observation period in any of the three
      groups. These results suggest that after weight-induced spinal cord trauma,
      U74006F is associated with improved neurologic function in moderately injured,
      but not severely injured animals.

PMID- 1803033
TI  - Selective vulnerability of hippocampal neurons in acceleration-induced
      experimental head injury.
AB  - Traumatically induced subtotal hippocampal neuronal loss traditionally has been
      considered a consequence of intracranial hypertension and impaired cerebral
      perfusion. We have examined the frequency and distribution of hippocampal lesions
      in an acceleration model of brain injury in 54 anesthetized nonhuman primates
      undergoing physiologic monitoring and subjected postinjury to comprehensive
      neuropathologic examination. Hippocampal lesions occurred in 32/54 animals (59%).
      These lesions always involved the CA-1 hippocampal subfield and were bilateral in
      24 animals. Hippocampal involvement was not associated with marked elevation of
      intracranial pressure or depression of cerebral perfusion pressure. These lesions
      occurred in the absence of involvement of other brain regions considered
      selectively vulnerable to hypoxic insults. Hippocampal damage occurred in 46% of
      animals with mild injury characterized by brief periods of unconsciousness and no
      residual neurologic deficit. Ninety-four percent of animals with severe injuries
      and prolonged posttraumatic coma had hippocampal involvement. Traumatically
      induced selective neuronal necrosis of the hippocampus is a specific lesion not
      explained by the conventional mechanistic theories of head injury. An alternative
      hypothesis, such as excitotoxicity involving glutamate or other
      neurotransmitters, may account for the lesions demonstrated in this study.

PMID- 1803034
TI  - Evaluation of memory dysfunction following experimental brain injury using the
      Morris water maze.
AB  - Memory dysfunction, a common clinical feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is
      thought to be related to secondary damage of key anatomic structures in the
      brain, including the hippocampus. In the present study, we have characterized and
      evaluated a novel experimental paradigm using the Morris water maze (MWM)
      technique, to measure post-TBI memory retention after lateral (parasagittal)
      fluid percussion (FP) brain injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 37)
      received a total of 20 training trials over 2 days in the MWM. Two and a half
      hours after the last training trial, the animals received FP brain injury of
      moderate severity (2.3 atmospheres, n = 12), high severity (2.6 atm, n = 13), or
      no injury (n = 12). Forty-two hours after FP brain injury, we observed a highly
      sufficient memory dysfunction in animals from both injury groups compared to the
      uninjured group (p less than 0.001). The degree of memory dysfunction was found
      to be directly related to the severity of injury, with the high severity group
      scoring significantly worse than the moderately injured group (p = 0.15). In
      addition, hippocampal cell loss was observed after brain injury, but only
      unilaterally. These data suggest that lateral FP brain injury causes memory
      dysfunction possibly related to concurrent hippocampal cell loss and that
      posttraumatic memory deficits may be sensitively quantitated using the memory
      testing paradigm described.

PMID- 1803035
TI  - The microvascular response to stretch injury in the adult guinea pig visual
      system.
AB  - In a variety of brain injury models, both reactive axonal change and
      microvascular abnormalities occur. Development of a stretch injury model in the
      guinea pig optic nerve has allowed for the characterization of the early axonal
      response to injury. In this same model, we have now attempted to characterize
      those morphologic changes occurring in the visual system microvasculature after
      injury. Thirty adult guinea pigs were subjected to axonal stretch injury and
      killed at posttraumatic survival periods ranging from 10 minutes to 14 days.
      Twenty animals were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the
      detection of posttraumatic changes in the surface morphology of the
      microvasculature, and 10 animals were processed for transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) analysis. Through this approach, increased pit vesicle activity
      and formation of endothelial microvilli were recognized within 10 minutes of
      injury. Pit vesicle activity returned to control levels by 2 hours. The formation
      of endothelial microvilli was widespread, affecting the microvessels in both the
      stretched and unstretched optic nerves and in the chiasm. The greatest response
      developed most slowly in the stretched nerve, and it was faster but less marked
      in the unstretched nerve and chiasm. Microvilli were more numerous in larger
      vessels. Related astrocytic swelling/lucency was not apparent until 6 hours after
      injury. The astrocyte response was less marked than that documented after brain
      injury. The results of this investigation demonstrate a widespread microvascular
      response to stretch injury of the guinea pig optic nerve. Comparison with the
      documented responses to traumatic brain injury indicates different rates of
      response to different types of insult.

PMID- 1803036
TI  - Intracerebral administration of alpha-tocopherol-containing liposomes facilitates
      behavioral recovery in rats with bilateral lesions of the frontal cortex.
AB  - Adult rats with bilateral frontal cortex lesions received intracerebral infusion
      of phosphatidylcholine liposomes, or D-alpha-tocopherol-enriched liposomes,
      delivered continuously for 7 days to the damaged cortex by subcutaneous osmotic
      pumps. All subjects were first tested on a delayed spatial alternation task and
      then, 90 days later, on a spatial navigation task in the Morris water maze. Both
      tests showed that brain-injured rats with alpha-tocopherol treatment were less
      impaired than counterparts treated with plain liposomes. Alpha-tocopherol also
      reduced some of the injury-induced, secondary reactive changes that typically
      follow damage to the frontal cortex.

PMID- 1803037
TI  - Cytokines cast new insight into myeloma therapy.

PMID- 1803038
TI  - Production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and responsiveness to IL-2 of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes in minimal change nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - We investigated the role cell-mediated immunity in minimal change nephrotic
      syndrome (MCNS) by measuring interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and the
      responsiveness to IL-2 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). PBL from patients
      with MCNS, who were in the nephrotic stage prior to initiation of prednisolone
      (PSL) treatment or who were in remission for less than 1 yr, exhibited
      significantly lower levels of IL-2 production. In contrast, PBL from patients
      with MCNS, who were in remission for more than 1 yr or who could remit from the
      PSL regimen, showed normal IL-2 production. IL-2 production by CD4+ cells from
      patients with MCNS in the nephrotic stage was normal, but that by CD8+ cells was
      markedly reduced, however returned to normal when the disease was in remission.
      The responsiveness to exogenous IL-2 of concanavalin A-induced lymphoblasts from
      patients with MCNS was significantly lower, although the proportion of Tac
      antigen-positive cells did not differ from that of healthy volunteers. These
      findings suggest that defective IL-2 production and IL-2 responsiveness of PBL in
      patients with MCNS contribute to the pathogenesis of MCNS.

PMID- 1803039
TI  - The tissue thromboplastin inhibition test in diabetics without cerebro
      cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - In 45 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without cerebro-cardiovascular
      diseases (CCVD) the modified method of the tissue thromboplastin inhibition test
      (TTIT) was studied. TTIT is the method of detection of the lupus anticoagulant
      (LA), LA, first recognized in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, is
      presented by a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), a slightly
      to moderately prolonged prothrombin time (PT), and high incidence of biological
      false-positive seroreactions for syphilis (BFP). In patients with LA, thrombotic
      events have been reported. Six of the 45 diabetic patients were TTIT-positive
      (13.3%). All control subjects were TTIT-negative. In the TTIT-positive diabetics
      APTT and PT were normal. BFP also were not observed. The difference between LA
      and these results in TTIT-positive diabetics remains unclear. Clinical profiles
      except for duration of DM between the TTIT-negative and TTIT-positive diabetics
      did not differ. Follow-up studies may resolve an association between the results
      of TTIT and DM.

PMID- 1803040
TI  - The in vitro effect of vincristine on the blast cell renewal in acute
      myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - The goal of chemotherapy for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) may only be
      achieved by eradicating the self-renewal capacity of the blast progenitors. In
      this regard, chemotherapeutic drugs should be screened according to their effects
      against self-renewal. The present report was aimed to study the effect of the
      vinca alkaloid, vincristine (VCR), on the terminal divisions and self-renewal of
      the blast progenitors. A primary colony assay was utilized to reflect the former
      and a secondary colony assay and suspension culture to reflect the latter in AML
      patients. The results indicated that in many of the cases studied, VCR was
      considered to be almost equally toxic to terminal divisions and self-renewal of
      the blast progenitors. An almost equivalent cytotoxicity of VCR was also noted
      against normal hematopoietic cells, assessed by colony-forming unit granulocyte
      macrophage (CFU-GM) assay. This study suggested that successful chemotherapy with
      VCR may be more easily achieved in combination with other drugs that are highly
      inhibitory to the self-renewal of the blast progenitors.

PMID- 1803041
TI  - Imipenem-cilastatin monotherapy in severe infections accompanying hematological
      malignancies.
AB  - Imipenem-cilastatin (imipenem 1 to 4 g/day) was administered to patients with
      severe infections accompanying granulocytopenia in hematological malignancies.
      Monotherapy with imipenem-cilastatin was effective in 62.1% of the patients, and
      also effective even they were severely neutropenic. When imipenem-cilastatin was
      administered as the first-choice therapy, the efficacy was much better, at 73.3%.
      Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections were curable by the monotherapy
      with imipenem-cilastatin.

PMID- 1803042
TI  - The prevalence of gallstones in gastrectomized patients: a comparative study in a
      large population.
AB  - We investigated the prevalence of gallstones after gastrectomy by abdominal
      ultrasonography in 289 gastrectomized patients selected from 51,621 Automated
      Multiphasic Health Testing and Services (AMHTS) examinees after barium meal
      studies. The results were compared with those of another group of 3,193 AMHTS
      patients who routinely underwent ultrasonography (control). Among the
      gastrectomized patients, the overall prevalence of gallstones was 16.6%, and in
      the control group, 4.7%, showing a statistically significant difference (p less
      than 0.001). The prevalence of gallstones increased with age in both the control
      and gastrectomized groups, but was greater in gastrectomized subjects in each (10
      yr) age group. The characteristics of the gallstones were compared between
      gastrectomized patients and the control group according to the ultrasonographic
      classification proposed by Tsuchiya (Yazawa et al, Jpn J Gastroenterol 85: 708,
      1988). In the control group, the percentages of types I, II, III and small stone
      of Tsuchiya's classification were 30.2, 14.5, 21.9 and 34.3, respectively. On the
      other hand, in the gastrectomized group, the percentages were 8.3, 6.3, 16.7 and
      68.8, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p less than
      0.001). The differences in the prevalence of gallstones between groups with
      Billroth I and II anastomoses, and between diseases necessitating gastrectomy,
      were not statistically significant.

PMID- 1803043
TI  - A case of xanthinuria: a study on the metabolism of pyrazinamide and allopurinol.
AB  - A 74-year-old female was diagnosed as having xanthinuria by measurement of the
      uric acid level in plasma, purine bases in urine and activity of xanthine oxidase
      in the duodenal mucosa. The determination of the urinary excretion of purine
      bases in her family demonstrated a slightly increased urinary excretion of
      oxypurines in her younger brother, suggesting that he was a heterozygote. The
      pyrazinamide-loading test and allopurinol-loading test demonstrated that she
      could neither metabolize pyrazinoic acid into 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid nor
      allopurinol into oxypurinol, although there was a slight metabolizing of
      prazinamide into 5-hydroxypyrazinamide. This suggested that she belonged to the
      subgroup which can neither metabolize pyrazinamide into 5-hydroxypyrazinamide,
      pyrazinoic acid into 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid nor allopurinol into oxypurinol.

PMID- 1803044
TI  - Multiple pulmonary nodules caused by zygomycosis in a patient without
      predisposing factors.
AB  - We report a case of a 61-year-old male without any predisposing factors. His X
      ray film showed multiple nodular lesions in bilateral lung fields. Open lung
      biopsy revealed Zygomycetes in the granuloma. The patient was treated with
      amphotericin B and miconazole, and remains alive more than 32 months later.

PMID- 1803045
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the chest wall developing 37 years after plombage and
      thoracoplasty.
AB  - A 64-year-old man developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the chest wall, 37 yr after
      left plombage thoracoplasty. Late complications of plombage thoracoplasty are
      discussed as well as the pathogenesis of chest wall neoplasms.

PMID- 1803046
TI  - Report of a case of Crohn's disease associated with hyper-creatine phosphokinase
      emia.
AB  - A young male patient with myositis associated with Crohn's disease is reported.
      His serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level was markedly elevated, but he had no
      muscle symptoms. The serum CPK level was not correlated with the activity of
      Crohn's disease. Muscle biopsy showed myositis with only degeneration of the
      muscle fibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The etiology of myositis in
      this case was not clear. Diagnosis of myositis based on a muscle biopsy in
      patients with Crohn's disease showing an elevated serum CPK level without any
      discernible cause has not been reported previously. Careful attention to the
      serum CPK and muscle symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease is suggested.

PMID- 1803047
TI  - A case of neurogenic orthostatic hypertension.
AB  - A patient with orthostatic hypertension of neurogenic origin is reported. The
      Schellong and head-up tilt tests produced a sudden moderate to marked increase of
      the blood pressure, but the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone level
      showed a normal response. The cold pressor test also produced a moderate to
      marked increase in the blood pressure. Pharmacological cardiovascular autonomic
      nervous function tests showed a decrease of parasympathetic tone and denervation
      hypersensitivity of the sympathetic nerve terminals. These findings suggest that
      the orthostatic hypertension in this patient was mainly due to sympathetic
      denervation hypersensitivity.

PMID- 1803048
TI  - Post transplanted infective endocarditis.
AB  - The patient, a 51-year-old man, was receiving immunosuppressants for 2 yr after
      renal allotransplantation. He had heart failure with aortic regurgitation, fever,
      anemia and a history of odontectomy on admission. He was resistant to medical
      treatments and died from cerebral emboli. On autopsy, vegetation of the aortic
      valve was identified. Progression of atherosclerosis, which may have been due to
      steroids and chronic rejection, was prominent. This report is the first case of
      infective endocarditis following organ transplantation in Japan. Such
      complications as infective endocarditis and atherosclerosis will be on the rise
      with the increase of numbers or organ transplantations.

PMID- 1803049
TI  - A case of primary hypoparathyroidism complicated by heart failure.
AB  - We report a case of hypocalcemic heart failure without underlying myocardial
      disease. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography revealed dilatation and
      impaired contraction of the left ventricle, but did not show any valvular
      dysfunction. Cardiac catheterization showed a normal coronary artery, and cardiac
      muscle biopsy showed morphological changes in mitochondoria and endoplasmic
      reticulum, which may be due to metabolic changes. This patient was asymptomatic
      after the serum calcium concentration was normalized.

PMID- 1803050
TI  - A case of pyrazinamide-associated myoglobinuric renal failure.
AB  - A 50-year-old man developed myoglobinuric renal failure after taking
      pyrazinamide. Both serum and urine myoglobin levels were elevated and tubulo
      interstitial nephropathy was demonstrated on renal biopsy. After pyrazinamide was
      discontinued, the myoglobin concentrations were normalized and his renal function
      ameliorated. The rhabdomyolysis was considered to be caused by pyrazinamide. To
      our knowledge, this is the first reported case of rhabdomyolysis associated with
      pyrazinamide.

PMID- 1803051
TI  - Multiple myeloma with coexistent myelofibrosis: improvement of myelofibrosis
      following recovery from multiple myeloma after treatment with melphalan and
      prednisolone.
AB  - We describe a case of multiple myeloma associated with myelofibrosis. This
      patient had hepatosplenomegaly, moderate anemia with anisocytosis and nucleated
      red blood cells, and Bence-Jones protein (kappa) in the urine. A bone marrow
      biopsy showed extensive marrow fibrosis and proliferation of numerous immature
      plasma cells containing kappa light chain in the cytoplasm. Melphalan
      prednisolone therapy not only facilitated the disappearance of the immature
      plasma cells but also resulted in an improvement of myelofibrosis in the bone
      marrow. The immature plasma cell proliferation and marrow fibrosis in the bone
      marrow were seen again after interruption of chemotherapy. Therefore, this
      myelofibrosis may be secondary to the coexistent multiple myeloma.

PMID- 1803052
TI  - Retroperitoneal cellular schwannoma: report of a case diagnosed by the presence
      of S-100 protein.
AB  - A case of cellular schwannoma originating from the retroperitoneum is reported.
      The histological features of the tumor resembled those of a smooth muscle tumor.
      However, the tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, which is almost
      exclusively identified within nerve sheath tumor cells. This finding confirmed
      the diagnosis of cellular schwannoma. This type of tumor is generally considered
      to be benign but is sometimes mistaken for a malignant tumor. These findings
      indicate that it is important to prove whether or not S-100 protein is present in
      the cells of a tumor of unknown origin especially arising in the mediastinum or
      retroperitoneum.

PMID- 1803053
TI  - Neuroethology of auditory cortex.

PMID- 1803054
TI  - The reflex bradycardia during brain ischemia in the rabbit.
AB  - We examined the responses of whole aortic nerve activity, aortic baroreceptor
      activity, heart rate (HR), and arterial pressure (AP) to brain ischemia sustained
      for approximately 30 s in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits. The
      minimum values of HR observed during brain ischemia were 76 +/- 11 beats/min
      (mean +/- S.E., n = 14) before sectioning the bilateral aortic nerve (BAN), and
      161 +/- 12 beats/min after sectioning the left aortic nerve (LAN), and 225 +/- 11
      beats/min after sectioning the LAN and right aortic nerve (RAN). Averages for
      reflex fall in HR during BAN, LAN, and RAN activation were 140 +/- 9, 78 +/- 7,
      and 62 +/- 7 beats/min, respectively, by subtracting the HR fall responses to
      brain ischemia in the absence of aortic baroreceptor afferents from their control
      values. The heights of the integrated whole left and right aortic nerve
      activities in systole slightly increased during brain ischemia, whereas the brain
      ischemia remarkably increased those activities during the diastolic phases. The
      brain ischemia induced a hysteresis in the mean AP-aortic barorecept or activity
      relationship. These results suggest that the total activity of aortic nerve
      fibers would determine the bradycardia evoked by brain ischemia and that the
      difference between the relative contributions of LAN and RAN on the brain
      ischemia-induced reflex bradycardia would reflect the total impulse frequency of
      aortic myelinated and non-myelinated fibers.

PMID- 1803055
TI  - Central depressor effects of amino acids in conscious normotensive and two
      kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertensive rats.
AB  - The circulatory effects of intracisternal injections of amino acids were
      investigated in conscious normotensive control rats (NCR) and in two-kidney, one
      clip renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR). Arterial pressure was measured with an
      indwelling catheter connected to a pressure transducer. Heart rate was counted
      from the arterial pulse. The intracisternal injection of glycine, gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, serine, alanine, and sarcosine decreased blood
      pressure by an average of 16-30 mmHg in NCR and by an average of 32-55 mmHg in
      RHR. Both absolute and percent changes of depressor effects by GABA, taurine,
      serine, and alanine were larger in RHR than in NCR. All these amino acids also
      showed similar bradycardiac effects in both NCR and RHR, when compared in
      absolute values. The percent change of bradycardia induced by taurine and
      sarcosine was larger in RHR than in NCR. However, the degree of bradycardia by
      serine was larger in NCR than in RHR. These results suggest that serine, alanine,
      and sarcosine in addition to glycine, GABA, and taurine, play important roles in
      blood pressure control in conscious normotensive rats via central neural
      mechanisms and that the hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats may
      involve a central abnormality.

PMID- 1803056
TI  - Measurement of local capillary permeability in skeletal muscle by microscopic
      clearance method.
AB  - To measure local capillary permeability to lipid-insoluble substances, we
      developed a microscopic tissue clearance method. It has been theoretically
      predicted that, when a tissue is stained with a dye by suffusing its solution
      around the tissue, subsequent concentration changes of the dye in the tissue due
      to adequate capillary flow washout takes a monoexponential time course of which
      decay constant is equal to the local capillary permeability surface area product
      (PS) per unit tissue volume. Therefore, when the capillary surface area (S) is
      calculated from the open capillary density in the adjacent tissue, it is possible
      to estimate the local permeability (P). This method was applied to the rabbit
      tenuissimus muscle under maximum vasodilatation, using Cr-EDTA (M.W. = 341) as a
      tracer. The correlation coefficient of the obtained clearance curves to the
      monoexponential decay was averaged to be 0.958 +/- 0.029 in 12 curves. The
      calculated values of Cr-EDTA permeability, 6.0 +/- 0.7 x 10(-6) cm/s, fairly well
      agreed with those reported for sucrose (M.W. = 342). It was concluded that this
      method is useful to measure local capillary permeability of small lipid-insoluble
      tracers.

PMID- 1803057
TI  - Characteristics of inspiratory inhibition by occlusion of both external carotid
      and basilar arteries in cats.
AB  - Effects of the occlusion of both the external carotid and basilar arteries on the
      inspiratory activity were studied in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and
      artificially ventilated cats. Integrated phrenic nerve activity was used as an
      index of the inspiratory activity. Blood pressure in the lingual artery, located
      downstream from the occluded external carotid arteries, was measured as the
      arterial pressure of the upper brain stem during occlusion. The basilar artery
      was occluded at the boundary between the medulla and pons. Occlusions of the
      external carotid arteries and basilar artery suppressed the phrenic nerve
      activity to finally disappear within 1 min (phrenic nerve apnea, 45 out of 50
      occlusions in 6 cats). The blood pressure in the upper brain stem was 16.6 +/-
      5.7 mmHg (mean +/- S.D.) during occlusions. These effects of occlusion on the
      phrenic nerve activity were also observed during hypercapnia and hypoxia,
      although they were not so remarkable as those during normocapnia and normoxia.
      The results indicate that the upper part of the brain stem operates a profound
      facilitatory mechanism on the medullary inspiratory activity.

PMID- 1803058
TI  - Effect of exercise on fractional extraction of catecholamines by the denervated
      heart in conscious dogs.
AB  - To examine the applicability of Halter's assumption to the denervated heart
      during exercise, we measured the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and
      epinephrine (E) in arterial and coronary sinus plasma in cardiac denervated dogs.
      As the level of exercise was increased from 0 (at rest) to 3, 6, and 12 km/h,
      fractional extraction (FE) of NE significantly decreased from 51 +/- 7 to 39 +/-
      5, 34 +/- 6, and 30 +/- 5%, respectively. FE of E did not decrease at exercise
      (at rest, 57 +/- 10; 3 km/h, 60 +/- 9; 6 km/h, 60 +/- 5; and 12 km/h, 66 +/- 6%).
      There was no significant difference between FE of NE and E at rest and at 3 km/h,
      but FE of NE was significantly less than that of E with 6 and 12 km/h exercise.
      We conclude that FE of NE by the denervated heart decreases during exercise, and
      that FE of NE and E are approximately equal at rest and at mild exercise, but not
      at strenuous exercise.

PMID- 1803059
TI  - Cardiorespiratory responses to cyclic triangular ramp forcings in work load.
AB  - The dynamic responses of minute ventilation, heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen
      uptake, and carbon dioxide output to cyclic ramp exercise were studied on six
      healthy male subjects. Exercise was performed in the sitting position using a
      cycle ergometer. On separate occasions, three different ramp slopes, i.e. 33.3
      (repeated for three cycles), 20 (two cycles), and 14.3 W/min (one cycle), were
      applied over the load range from 0 to 100 W. Mean response times (MRTs) were
      determined by adopting an exponential function with a time delay to the transient
      responses. The MRTs of the ascending phase of the first cycle were elongated with
      a decreasing ramp slope in almost all variables, while those for the descending
      phase remained unchanged. This resulted in notable asymmetry of the responses in
      the first cycle. However, there was negligible asymmetry observed in subsequent
      cycles and the MRTs gradually attained their proper values. Asymmetry in cardiac
      output was less noticeable compared with that of the respiratory variables. The
      correlation between the MRTs for ventilation and carbon dioxide output was highly
      significant, suggesting that a cardiodynamic or humoral mechanism may be related
      to this phenomenon.

PMID- 1803060
TI  - Muscle sympathetic nerve responsiveness to static contraction is not altered
      under hypoxia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if response in muscle sympathetic
      nerve activity (MSNA) to static muscle contraction alters or not during
      peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation with hypoxia. MSNA was recorded from the
      tibial nerve using a microneurographic technique in seven healthy subjects in a
      sitting position. They performed a static handgrip exercise (SHG) for 2 min under
      normobaric normoxia and hypobaric hypoxic conditions corresponding to an altitude
      of 4,000 m (460 mmHg). MSNA represented as burst rate and total sympathetic nerve
      activity (TSNA) (burst rate X mean burst amplitude) at rest increased by 7.7
      bursts/min and by 60%, respectively, compared to those under normoxia. During the
      exercise, MSNA increased over control values before exercise both under normoxia
      and hypoxia. TSNA increased during the first and second minute of SHG by 19% (p
      greater than 0.05) and 35% (p less than 0.05) in normoxia and by 15 (p greater
      than 0.05) and 34% (p less than 0.05) in hypoxia over the control value,
      respectively, while the absolute intensity of MSNA during SHG was higher under
      hypoxia. The response of MSNA to SHG which showed algebraic sums was the same
      under normoxia and hypoxia, that might relate to consist of afferent pathways
      independent from carotid chemoreflex.

PMID- 1803061
TI  - Cardiorespiratory reactions to static, isometric exercise in man.
AB  - Cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and respiratory
      variables were measured in ten healthy men performing static, isometric muscular
      contraction (handgrip) during air breathing. We found an instantaneous rise in
      ventilation (VI) and in HR, accompanied by a minimal rise in cardiac output. The
      rise in VI was due to a rise in tidal volume (VT) and a reduction in expiratory
      duration (TE). These effects of isometric exercise are explainable as due to a
      muscle reflex instantly inhibiting the cardiac, vagal motoneurons and, at the
      same time, stimulating neurons in the respiratory area of the medulla. These
      medullary neurons seem capable of independent operation. The rise in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) during isometric exercise is 27% just as the rise in
      total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR). The MAP rise is too high to be
      caused by vascular occlusion due to the high tension of contracted muscles in
      only one upper extremity. Thus, redistribution of Q in the system of many
      parallel vascular resistances is a likely possibility--with possible cutaneous
      vasodilation and dominating vasoconstriction of other vascular regions.

PMID- 1803062
TI  - Pulmonary function studies in healthy school boys of West Bengal.
AB  - The establishment of normal standards of dynamic pulmonary function measurements
      in the form of prediction equations will serve as a remedial measure of different
      aspects of obstructive pulmonary diseases, especially in children. With a view to
      achieving the target, dynamic pulmonary function measurements were undertaken on
      328 healthy school-going children of West Bengal having age ranging between 9 and
      18 years. All the spirometric measurements except PEFR were taken with the help
      of a 9 l closed-circuit type expirograph following the methods and techniques of
      American Thoracic Society. PEFR was measured by Wright Peak Flow Meter.
      Prediction equations were derived on the basis of age and height for all the
      pulmonary function measurements except FEV1% and FET. The prediction equations
      for FVC, FEV1, MVVF, and PEFR were reliable, but relative variability of
      predicted FEF25-75% and FEF75-85% was very large. A comparative study of FVC,
      FEV1, and PEFR values of our subjects, standardized for age and height, was much
      closer to the boys of Delhi in FVC but higher than South Indian boys in FEV1,
      North and South Indian boys in PEFR. In an attempt to compare FVC and FEV1 values
      of our subjects with foreign populations, it is revealed that boys of our study
      were much lower than American (White), European, and Jordanian boys but
      comparable with those of Chinese and Libyan boys.

PMID- 1803063
TI  - Differential sensitivity to physical dependence on morphine and codeine in three
      inbred strains of mice.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment is to investigate genetic differences in the
      development of physical dependence on morphine and codeine in inbred strains of
      mice, C57BL/6, C3H/He and DBA/2. Mice were treated with morphine- or codeine
      admixed food (1, 2 and 3 mg/g of food) for 3 to 9 days. After the termination of
      drug treatment, the mice were given naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The incidences of
      jumping and teeth chattering by naloxone challenge in morphine- and codeine
      treated C57BL/6 mice were much greater than those in C3H/He and DBA/2 mice.
      However, the incidences of other naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs, such as
      ptosis and diarrhea, were not different among the three inbred strains of mice.
      These results indicate that genotype is an important determinant of the degree of
      most naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine- and codeine-treated
      mice.

PMID- 1803064
TI  - Coupling interval-related effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs, mexiletine,
      cibenzoline and disopyramide, on ventricular activation in canine myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Time-dependent inhibition of sodium channels by class I antiarrhythmic drugs has
      been observed in isolated cardiac muscles or cells. We examined coupling interval
      related effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs, mexiletine, cibenzoline and
      disopyramide, on ventricular activation in canine infarcted myocardium. A
      ventricular stimulation with various coupling intervals was applied to the right
      ventricle, and activation delays (time intervals between the initiation of a
      deflection and the final rapid deflection of a bipolar electrocardiogram) of
      infarcted and normal zones were measured. The premature stimulation produced a
      delayed activation and in some animals, caused reentrant beats. Mexiletine (3 and
      10 mg/kg), cibenzoline (1 and 4 mg/kg) and disopyramide (1 and 4 mg/kg) further
      enhanced or blocked the delayed activation. The effects of these drugs were more
      marked at shorter coupling intervals, although cibenzoline and disopyramide
      showed significant effects also at long coupling intervals. The effect of these
      drugs on the activation in the normal zone was less than that in the infarcted
      zone. In conclusion, mexiletine, cibenzoline and disopyramide showed a coupling
      interval-related depression of delayed activation in infarcted myocardium, which
      may be a reflection of their time-dependent inhibition of sodium channels.

PMID- 1803065
TI  - Effects of the new anti-ulcer agent KB-5492 on experimental gastric mucosal
      lesions and gastric mucosal defensive factors, as compared to those of teprenone
      and cimetidine.
AB  - Effects of KB-5492, a new anti-ulcer agent, on various experimental gastric
      mucosal lesions and mucosal defensive factors in rats were compared with those of
      teprenone and cimetidine. KB-5492 administered orally at 12.5-200 mg/kg inhibited
      water-immersion stress- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in a
      dose-dependent manner with ED50 values of 46 and 27 mg/kg, respectively,
      indicating that KB-5492 was more potent than teprenone but less potent than
      cimetidine. KB-5492, administered orally at 12.5-100 mg/kg, also inhibited
      ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50
      of 23 mg/kg, so KB-5492 was 3 times more potent than teprenone, whereas
      cimetidine produced no obvious inhibition. In addition, KB-5492, administered
      orally at 25 and 50 mg/kg twice daily for 10 consecutive days, significantly
      accelerated the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers more potently than
      teprenone and cimetidine. KB-5492 at anti-ulcer doses significantly increased
      gastric mucosal blood flow in normal anesthetized rats and inhibited the
      reduction of gastric mucosal hexosamine content induced by aspirin, but did not
      affect gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. These results indicate
      that KB-5492 has potent and broad anti-ulcer properties, which are probably
      exerted by its enhancement of gastric mucosal defensive factors through
      increasing gastric mucosal blood flow and/or retaining gastric mucus, and not by
      its inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 1803066
TI  - Suppression by NG-nitro-L-arginine of relaxations induced by non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic nerve stimulation in dog duodenal longitudinal muscle.
AB  - In dog duodenal longitudinal muscle strips, transmural electrical stimulation (10
      Hz, 15 sec) elicited a transient contraction, which was abolished by tetrodotoxin
      and atropine but potentiated by treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a
      nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor. The potentiation was reversed by L
      arginine but not by its D-enantiomer. Acetylcholine-induced contractions were not
      influenced by L-NA. After treatment with atropine, the electrical neural
      stimulation relaxed the muscle strips partially contracted with bradykinin, the
      relaxation being abolished by tetrodotoxin and suppressed by L-, but not D-, NA.
      L-arginine reversed the L-NA-induced inhibition. Oxyhemoglobin abolished the
      relaxation caused by nerve stimulation and NO. The neurally-induced relaxation
      was not attenuated by adrenoceptor antagonists and indomethacin. It is concluded
      that electrical stimulation of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves relaxes dog
      duodenal smooth muscle, due possibly to NO produced upon neural excitation, and
      potentiation by L-NA of the contractile response to cholinergic nerve
      stimulation, would be derived from elimination of the neurally-induced
      relaxation.

PMID- 1803067
TI  - Acid-promoted epimerization of arbaprostil, 15(R)-15-methylprostaglandin E2,
      elicits gastric antisecretory activities in rats.
AB  - Gastric acid antisecretory activities of 15(R)-15-methylprostaglandin E2
      (arbaprostil) preincubated or not preincubated with 0.9% physiological saline,
      the pH of which was precisely adjusted to less than 4.30, were examined in
      pylorus-ligated rats, and compared with those of 15(S)-15-methylprostaglandin E2
      (15(S), epimer of arbaprostil). 15(S), unlike arbaprostil without preincubation,
      when s.c.-administered to rats significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion in
      a dose-dependent manner (30-300 micrograms/kg). However, arbaprostil preincubated
      at 37 degrees C for 30 min with 0.9% saline, at pHs of 4.30, 2.75 and 1.20,
      respectively, showed the following order of pH-dependent antisecretory
      activities: 1.20 greater than 2.75 greater than 4.30. An increase in 15(S)
      formation from arbaprostil in a pH-dependent manner was also observed by
      radioisotopic experiments under the same incubation conditions using [3H]-labeled
      arbaprostil. The present result suggests that the gastric antisecretory effect of
      arbaprostil can be mainly explained in terms of the formation of 15(S) after oral
      administration.

PMID- 1803068
TI  - Effects of transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils on working memory performance
      in the delayed nonmatching to position task using a T-maze.
AB  - To examine the working memory performance, gerbils were tested in the delayed
      nonmatching to position task using a T-maze, and the effects of cerebral ischemia
      on the performance were examined. There were no significant differences between
      gerbils and rats in the alternation performance without delay and with the
      interrun intervals ranging from 10 to 810 sec. These data suggest that this task
      is useful for assessing working memory in gerbils as well as in rats. Scopolamine
      (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) impaired the working memory performance in both species.
      Bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 5 min severely impaired
      the choice accuracy in the gerbils 1 to 3 days after the operation. This memory
      impairment was observed even at the shortest interval. One month after the
      operation, partial behavioral recovery was observed in the ischemic gerbils, in
      spite of a marked loss of the pyramidal cells in the hippocampus CA1 sector.
      These data indicate that the working memory performance is highly vulnerable to
      the cerebral ischemia and that the ischemic operation transiently but severely
      impairs the acquisition process of the working memory in gerbils.

PMID- 1803069
TI  - Effect of indapamide on the proliferation of Balb/C 3T3 cells induced by platelet
      derived growth factor.
AB  - The effects of indapamide (a nonthiazide antihypertensive diuretic) on the growth
      promoting activity of serum, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast
      growth factor (FGF) or Ca3(PO4)2 on Balb/C 3T3 cells were studied. Indapamide
      inhibited the growth promoting activity of serum, but furosemide (a nonthiazide
      antihypertensive diuretic) had no such inhibitory effect. Indapamide inhibited
      the growth promoting activity of PDGF, but not that of FGF and Ca3(PO4)2. The
      present experiments demonstrate that indapamide selectively inhibits the growth
      promoting activity of PDGF.

PMID- 1803070
TI  - A negative inotropic effect of omega-conotoxin GVIA in isolated, blood-perfused
      dog right atria.
AB  - Using an isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial preparation, we investigated the
      effects of omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX), a blocker of N-type voltage
      operated calcium channels, on the atrial contractile force and sinus rate. Omega
      CgTX in a dose range of 0.3-3 nmol gradually attenuated the atrial contractile
      force in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect the sinus rate, indicating
      that it can depress contractility but not pacemaker activity.

PMID- 1803071
TI  - Carotid and cranial nerve reconstruction after removal of cavernous sinus
      lesions.
AB  - During the last 7 years, approximately 170 neoplasms, and 35 vascular lesions
      involving the cavernous sinus were treated by the first two authors. During the
      treatment of such lesions, the direct vein graft reconstruction of the internal
      carotid artery from the petrous to the supraclinoid or infraclinoid ICA was
      performed in 23 patients. Graft occlusion occurred in 3 patients and in one of
      these, it was successfully salvaged by placing a long venous graft from the
      extracranial ICA to the M3 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The latter 3
      patients were neurologically normal. One patient with significant atherosclerotic
      disease suffered the dissection of the distal internal carotid artery with the
      graft being patent. The suturing technique. This patient eventually died. Two
      patients with severely compromised collateral circulation suffered minor strokes
      due to the temporary occlusion of the ICA. This has been avoided in the more
      recent patients by the adoption of brain protection techniques such as moderate
      hypothermia, induced hypertension, and barbiturate coma. Low dose heparin therapy
      during grafting and high dose intravenous steroids prior to the grafting also
      appear to be beneficial. Direct vein graft reconstruction of the intracavernous
      carotid artery is a valuable tool during the management of cavernous sinus
      lesions. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique as well as the pros
      and cons of other revascularization techniques will be discussed. During
      microsurgical removal of cavernous sinus lesions, the cranial nerves III-VI were
      reconstructed by direct resuture or by nerve grafting in 16 patients. In the
      majority of these patients, recovery of cranial nerve function was observed,
      which was very encouraging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803072
TI  - Iron oxide enhanced MR imaging of the liver and spleen: review of the first five
      years.
AB  - Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles are a potent new class of MR
      contrast agents affording improved detection of hepatic and splenic neoplasms. In
      this report we review the development of this agent through preclinical studies
      and early clinical results at Massachusetts General Hospital during a 5 year
      investigation. SPIO particles are sequestered by normal reticuloendothelial
      system (RES) phagocytic Kupffer cells but are not retained in tumor tissue.
      Consequently, there is a five fold increase in T2 relaxation between normal RES
      tissue and tumor with a comparable advantage in quantitative signal to noise
      ratio, contrast to noise ratio and lesion detectibility in the liver and spleen
      at MR imaging. Increased lesion conspicuity can be exploited to decrease
      threshold size for lesion detection to less than 3 mm. Clinically beneficial
      effects occur with a variety of mildly T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences;
      gradient-echo techniques show even greater benefit after administration of SPIO.
      Metabolically, pharmaceutical grade preparations are biodegradable and
      bioavailable, being rapidly turned over into body iron stores and incorporated
      into erythrocyte hemoglobin. Early dose escalation clinical trials have
      identified a probable clinical dose range of 10-20 mumol Fe/kg body weight. SPIO
      compounds evaluated to date are still investigational in the United States. Newer
      commercial formulations currently being evaluated may extend clinical safety
      margins.

PMID- 1803073
TI  - Facial translocation for cranial base surgery.
AB  - The complexity of cranial base surgery is a reflection of skull base anatomy as
      well as technical demands for maximum visualization, control of essential
      structures, adequate tumor resection and/or reconstruction. Facial translocation
      has been developed as a new approach to cranial base. It consists of extensive
      modular facial disassembly which includes displacement of composite facial soft
      tissue flap and craniofacial skeleton. It creates surgical field with epicenter
      in nasopharynx and infratemporal fossa allowing easy expansion into sphenoid bone
      and cranial fossae as well as craniovertebral junction. Reconstruction is
      functional and esthetic. Versatility of this approach permits expansion into
      neighboring craniofacial regions. During a 14-month period (11/88-12/89), this
      facial translocation approach to cranial base was utilized in 20 patients. The
      approach provided excellent visualization of the involved cranial base permitting
      oncological as well as reconstructive procedures. All patients healed primarily.
      Two patients were reoperated on at 4 and 6 months postoperatively; one for a bone
      graft infection and the other for tumor recurrence. The facial translocation
      approach offers favorable exposure of the critical zones of cranial base
      resulting in increased surgical safety and benefit of cranial base surgery.

PMID- 1803074
TI  - Neuropsychological characteristics of right hemisphere damage: investigation by
      attention tests, concept formation and change test, and self-evaluation task.
AB  - Neuropsychological characteristics of right (non-dominant) hemisphere damage were
      investigated by attention tests, a concept formation and change test, and a self
      evaluation task on a total of 126 brain damaged subjects (66 right hemisphere
      damaged and 60 left hemisphere damaged). Common response patterns specific to
      subjects with right hemisphere lesions were studied by three attention tests
      (audio-motor method, cancellation test, and set dependent activity test). Those
      with right hemisphere lesions showed a large number of responses (excessive
      response) and low proportion of correct responses (low hit rate, qualitative
      deterioration of response), indicating a tendency toward randomness. A concept
      formation and change test, the new modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, was
      performed to investigate the handling of higher concepts. Only the frequency of
      difficulty of maintaining set (DMS) was significantly higher in those with right
      hemisphere lesions. Problems concerning attention and attitude toward the tests,
      i.e. random attitude were thought to exist in those with right hemisphere damage.
      Self-evaluation and corrective ability were studied on the self-evaluation task
      using the audio-motor method. Feedback was less effective in subjects with right
      hemisphere lesions, and they tended to underestimate their errors. These results
      were consistent with personality characteristics such as the lack of a serious
      attitude and poor volition for treatment, which are frequently observed in
      clinical settings. The above are considered basic, common characteristics of
      right hemisphere damage. These findings may partially explain the
      phenomenological characteristics of right hemisphere damage described by various
      investigators.

PMID- 1803075
TI  - Somatosensory vertex potentials: comparison between bilaterally and unilaterally
      evoked potentials.
AB  - Somatosensory vertex potentials (SVPs), consisting of N1, P1, and N2, are
      obtained widely on the scalp between 100 and 500 msec of latency. To analyze
      interactions between SVPs evoked by right and left finger stimulation, the sum of
      N1-P1 or P1-N2 amplitude values in response to stimulation of independent right
      and left fingers were compared with those evoked by simultaneous stimulation of
      both fingers. SVPs were recorded at Cz, C3, and C4 in 12 healthy subjects. Three
      patterns of finger stimulation, namely, right, left, and both right and left,
      were randomly chosen until 80 responses had been obtained and averaged for each
      pattern of stimulation. Simultaneous bilateral responses were larger than either
      right or left finger SVPs. However, they were consistently smaller than summed
      SVPs from right and left fingers. These results suggest that the SVP generators
      be different between right and left. But they may be closely inter-related
      through occlusive connections.

PMID- 1803076
TI  - [Pathogenesis of trophic ulcers in varicose veins of the lower extremities].
AB  - The work generalized the results of examination of 418 patients with primary
      varicosity (V) complicated by trophic ulcers. On the basis of the study conducted
      by the authors, a conception of pathogenesis is suggested, the main links of
      which are microcirculatory disorders in the system of perforating veins of a
      closed structure, and deficient resolution of fibrin due to diminished local
      fibrinolytic activity of the plasma. Insufficient fibrin splitting leads to the
      formation of paravasal collagen cuffs preventing normal exchange between the
      capillaries and tissues. Impaired nutrition facilitates spasm of arteries and
      arterioles, whose genesis magnesium deficit contributes to. Activation of
      collagenolytic peptidases-cathepsins, D, A, B occurs in the ischemic tissues,
      which leads to destruction of the skin and the formation of ulcers. The disease
      is attended by disorders of immunity (secondary immunodeficiency), which reduces
      the reparative processes and thus promotes the development of a chronic process.
      A complex approach to the treatment of V in the presence of trophic ulcers is
      suggested.

PMID- 1803077
TI  - [Ultrasonic examination in the diagnosis of chronic diseases of the veins of the
      lower extremities].
AB  - Noninvasive diagnosis of chronic diseases of the lower limb venous system is an
      urgent problem of modern phlebology. Ultrasonic examination (USE) makes it
      possible to judge adequately the condition of the deep and surface veins and,
      consequently, to improve significantly the management of varicose and post
      thrombophlebitic diseases. The authors elaborated an original method for the
      diagnosis and appraisal of the condition of the lower limb venous system by means
      of ultrasonic scanning and various functional tests for determining the character
      of affection of the venous valvular apparatus. Examination of more than 200
      patients with primary varicosities and post-thrombophlebitic disease, the use of
      highly-resolving ultrasonic equipment, and comparison of the results of USE with
      the findings of radiocontrast phlebography (agreement in 99.8% of cases) allow
      the conclusion that noninvasive ultrasonic methods must be used widely in
      appraising the venous status in patients with chronic diseases of the venous
      system of the lower limbs.

PMID- 1803078
TI  - [Intraoperative ultrasonographic examination in surgery of the biliary tract].
AB  - The diagnostic value of intraoperative ultrasonic examination (IUSE) in surgery
      on the biliary tract was shown from analysis of the literature and the authors'
      experience. IUSE in more than 300 patients demonstrated a high resolving power in
      the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and the absence of radiation load, allergic
      reactions and complications. In comparison of IUSE with intraoperative
      cholangiography in the diagnosis of stones in the gallbladder the total efficacy
      of the methods was 98.2% and 92.6%, respectively. IUSE has no side effects, is a
      simpler and cheaper method of examination, and allows goal-oriented removal of
      stones from the biliary tract. It is shown that with accumulation of experience
      in IUSE the performance of intraoperative cholangiography can be brought to the
      minimum.

PMID- 1803079
TI  - [A method of endarterectomy of carotid artery bifurcation].
AB  - A new method for endarterectomy of the bifurcation of the carotid artery is
      described. The author applied it in 25 operations. It allows qualitative one
      stage open endarterectomy from the common, internal, and external carotid
      arteries. By means of this method new orifices of the external and internal
      carotid arteries, lined with a normal intima, can be created, which reduces the
      possibility of their restenosis. The essence of the method consists in complete
      separation of the internal carotid artery from the bifurcation of the common
      carotid artery, longitudinal cutting in the distal direction of the internal and
      external carotid arteries and their side-to-side anastomosis, as a result of
      which their lumina are integrated and the bifurcation of the common carotid
      artery is artificially transposed distally.

PMID- 1803080
TI  - [Terminology, classification and diagnosis of hematogenic osteomyelitis].

PMID- 1803081
TI  - [Errors in ultrasonic diagnosis of abdominal diseases].
AB  - Errors in the ultrasonic diagnosis of diseases of the abdominal organs in 2,218
      patients were analysed in comparison to endoscopic and operative findings. The
      errors were few in number. A precise diagnosis was established in 99.6% of cases
      with acute cholecystitis and in 78% of those with a pathological process in the
      biliary tract. A maximum number of errors (7 per 42 cases) was encountered in
      carcinoma of the gallbladder. Ultrasonic examination may serve as the basis for
      choosing the method of rational therapy in diseases of the liver, pancreas, and
      complications in the postoperative period. Thus, the results of ultrasonic
      examination may be fully relied on or may be used as a basis for choosing
      manipulations which are more invasive in character.

PMID- 1803082
TI  - [General surgical pathology and therapy. Guidance for students and physicians.
      Lecture].

PMID- 1803083
TI  - [Diagnosis of lesions of the thymus gland in generalized myasthenia gravis].

PMID- 1803084
TI  - [Duodenoplasty in the treatment of duodenal stenosis in patients with duodenal
      ulcer].

PMID- 1803085
TI  - [Duodenogastric reflux after organ-sparing operations including vagotomy].

PMID- 1803086
TI  - [Extracorporeal ultrasonic lithotripsy of biliary calculi].
AB  - The article analyses the efficacy of extracorporeal lithotripsy by a LT-01
      piezoelectric lithotriptor (EDAP, France). A total of 72 lithotripsy sessions
      were performed on 37 patients, in 2 of them who suffered from chronic calculous
      cholecystitis the procedure was conducted on the day before the operation. As a
      method for treatment, extracorporeal lithotripsy was applied in 35 patients for
      the following indications: solitary and multiple stones measuring in sum no more
      than 3 cm in the satisfactory functioning of the gallbladder and patency of the
      bile ducts. In 35 patients the stones were crushed to fragments of various size.
      In 29 patients extracorporeal lithotripsy produced a marked effect and was the
      final method of treatment. Six patients were operated on (cholecystectomy) due to
      exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis in 4 patients, pancreatitis in one patient;
      total destruction of calcinated large stone fragments could not be achieved after
      6 sessions in one patient.

PMID- 1803087
TI  - [Surgical tactics in gangrenous and perforative cholecystitis].
AB  - Operations were conducted on 253 patients with acute cholecystitis, which was
      gangrenous in 84 (33.2%) and perforative in 7 patients. No relation was found
      between the frequency of these forms and the patients' age and duration of the
      disease. Quite frequently the clinical picture did not correspond to the
      morphological changes in the gallbladder wall. On 17 (20.23%) patients the
      operation was performed in the first 24 hours after hospitalization and
      circumscribed or generalized peritonitis was often found; 57 patients (67.85%)
      underwent operation on day 2-3 and infiltration was found in 24 and circumscribed
      peritonitis in 8 patients; in 10 cases the operation was conducted after day 3,
      the clinical manifestations of the disease were scarce. All were treated by
      cholecystectomy, postoperative complications developed in 5 (5.95%), 2 (2.38%)
      patients died. The authors recommend more active surgical tactics and claim that
      cholecystectomy in the most substantiated operation which can be practically
      carried out in all cases.

PMID- 1803088
TI  - [Surgical tactics in cholangitis in middle-aged and elderly patients].
AB  - The authors analysed the results of examination and treatment of 399 elderly and
      old-aged patients in the period between 1971 and 1981. At that time cholangitis
      was managed in 146 (36.6%) patients mainly by surgical intracavitary operations,
      in 21.2% with a fatal outcome. The results showed the high risk of surgical
      methods for treatment of cholangitis. Since 1982 the authors have introduced into
      every-day practice endoscopic methods for the management of this disease. It was
      found that endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) is the most physiological and
      safe method for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, stenosis of the major
      duodenal papilla, and acute cholangitis. EPST undertaken in 253 (63.4%) patients
      ensured adequate decompression of the bile ducts in 187 (73.9%) of them and
      facilitated removal of cholangitis and recovery. With the use of EPST in the
      treatment of acute cholangitis not only was the number of surgical operations on
      patients of the older age group reduced, but the mortality decreased to 5.5%
      (which was 3.9 times lower than the mortality in management of cholangitis by
      surgical operations).

PMID- 1803089
TI  - [Transcutaneous endobiliary interventions in mechanical jaundice].
AB  - The authors analyse experience in the treatment of 132 patients with obstructive
      jaundice which was caused by a neoplastic lesion in 61 and by a benign disease in
      71 of them. Bearing in mind the serious condition of this category of patients
      and the high risk of the operative intervention, two-stage treatment is applied
      with preliminary decompression of the biliary system and restoration of the main
      hepatic functions in the first stage. Transcutaneous endo-biliary interventions
      are carried out when other sparing methods cannot be accomplished or are
      ineffective. The authors give an integral, finer evaluation of the functional
      condition of the liver, elimination of the biliary microflora, and in this manner
      develop the criteria of the indications for the second stage of the intervention
      (prolonged bile passage in the intestine). In view of the high risk of the
      operative intervention, the authors suggest wider use of the methods of
      transcutaneous endo-biliary interventions according to indications. Nine patients
      died (6.8% mortality) in increasing hepatorenal insufficiency with growth of the
      oncological process.

PMID- 1803090
TI  - [Specific plasma sorption of proteinases--a new approach to the treatment of
      acute pancreatitis].
AB  - The authors treated destructive forms of acute pancreatitis for the first time by
      means of specific plasma sorption of proteinases with the use of a proteinase
      plasma sorbent which is an acid-stable proteinase inhibitor immobilized on
      sepharose (ASI-Sepharose). Specific plasma sorption of proteinases on ASI
      Sepharose was applied to the treatment of 29 patients with various forms of acute
      destructive pancreatitis. At the end of specific plasma sorption procedure the
      activity of blood plasma proteolytic enzymes in the patients reduced by 60-75%,
      which was attended by marked improvement of the condition in most cases;
      aggravation of the patients' condition was not encountered. The mortality in this
      group was 20.7% and was due to complications occurring during the development of
      the main disease. The mortality rate among patients treated by specific
      proteinase plasma sorption is much lower than that recorded in the USSR for
      destructive forms of acute pancreatitis which ranges from 30 to 75%.

PMID- 1803091
TI  - [Changes in the pancreatic ducts and the tactics in the treatment of acute
      pancreatitis].
AB  - On the basis of multiple-factor analysis of changes of the pancreatic duct system
      in acute pancreatitis and comparison with the criteria of its clinico-laboratory
      characteristics, the authors determined the contribution of the system to the
      pathogenesis of the disease and the formation of the nature of the affection of
      the organ (edematous or destructive pancreatitis). A mathematical model of the
      pancreatic system in acute pancreatitis was developed, which allowed the form of
      the disease to be recognized from 3 dominating factors. Improved complex
      diagnosis of acute pancreatitis with appraisal of the condition of the pancreatic
      duct system, and a differentiated approach to the choice of the operation and the
      optimal time of its performance made it possible to improve the general results
      of the treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis, evidence of which is
      presented in comparison of the indices of 1981-1983 with those of 1984-1986.
      Thus, despite the growth of surgical activity in 1984-1986 (from 19.6% to 32.2%),
      postoperative mortality was 14.7%, whereas in 1981-1983 it was 29.2% in a
      practically stable value of total mortality in the recent 6 years (8.1-7.7%).

PMID- 1803092
TI  - [Treatment of generalized suppurative peritonitis].
AB  - In the period from 1980 to 1986 fifty-nine patients were treated for generalized
      purulent peritonitis of 72-hour duration. The traditional methods of therapy were
      applied--removal of the source of peritonitis and drainage of the abdominal
      cavity. The mortality was 62.7%. Since 1987, peritoneal lavage with enteral
      administration of oxygenized 5% glucose solution is used in the treatment of
      patients with generalized peritonitis in the stage of poly-organic insufficiency.
      Peritoneal-enteral lavage was applied in the management of 41 patients, 10 of
      them died. The mortality was 36.5%. The efficacy of the method was judged on
      basis of bacteriological study, electroenterography, and functional tests for the
      absorptive capacity of the small intestine. The results of stage peritoneal
      lavage and the findings of bacteriological study lead to the conclusion that it
      is extremely dangerous to postpone repeated cleansing of the abdominal cavity in
      such patients because progressive deterioration of the condition with a fatal
      outcome occurs in this case. Cleansing of the abdominal cavity must be
      accomplished during the first lavage or 24 hours later during relaparotomy and no
      hope should be entertained that inadequate cleansing will be compensated for
      during subsequent relaparotomies.

PMID- 1803093
TI  - [Generalized suppurative peritonitis in patients with destructive forms of acute
      appendicitis].
AB  - The authors undertook comparative analysis of the results of treatment, the
      number and intensity of postoperative pyo-inflammatory complications, and the
      mortality rate in a group of 51 patients with generalized purulent peritonitis of
      appendicular origin in various methods of abdominal cavity cleansing: closed
      drainage of the abdominal cavity (group I, 10 patients); continuous peritoneal
      lavage (group II, 15 patients), cleansing of the abdominal cavity in stages
      (group III, 26 patients). Any type of cleansing did not exclude the development
      of purulent complications during treatment, the whose number grew with the
      increase in the period between the appendectomy and the onset of the disease.
      Complications developed in 23 patients (45%). Their frequency and intensity were,
      however, much less when the abdominal cavity was lavaged in stages, which enable
      the number of cases of adhesive obstruction and the formation of abscesses
      between the loops to be reduced markedly. A progressive septic process and poly
      organic insufficiency were the main causes of death. The mortality rate was 30;
      26.6 and 11.5%, respectively, in groups I, II, and III.

PMID- 1803094
TI  - [Selective proximal vagotomy and duodenoplasty in surgical treatment of stenotic
      duodenal ulcer].
AB  - Experience in the treatment of 70 patients with stenotic duodenal ulcer by
      surgery is generalized. In addition to SPV the patients underwent duodenoplasty
      as a draining operation. There were 61 (87.1%) males and 9 (12.9%) females. Their
      ages ranged from 18 to 70 years. The stenosis was compensated in 21 (30%), ++non
      compensated in 32 (45.7%), and decompensated in 17 (24.3%) patients. To determine
      the possibility of performing SPV, the maintenance of the gastric contractile
      activity was studied by noninvasive methods: computed peripheral
      electrogastrography and computed gastro-scintigraphy. Involvement of the pylorus
      into the cicatricial-ulcerous inflammatory infiltration is the main
      contraindication for duodenoplasty. In view of that, intensive 2-3 week
      preoperative antiulcer therapy acquires particular significance; it removes or
      reduces significantly the inflammatory infiltration in most cases and raises the
      possibility of conducting duodenoplasty. Only intraoperative inspection of the
      pyloroduodenal segment allows the possibility and type of pylorus -preserving
      duodenum draining operation to be determined. This operation can be undertaken if
      the proximal boundary of the stenotic cicatricial-ulcerous deformity is at a
      distance of at least 1 cm from the pyloric sphincter, whatever the degree and
      length of the narrowing. A total of 43 operations form the Heineke-Mikulicz
      Mikulicz duodenoplasty, 17 for Finney's pyloroplasty, and 10 for bulbo
      duodenostomy were carried out. The authors consider excision of the duodenal
      ulcer to be expedient and safe only when it is located on the anterior wall; it
      was carried out in 9 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803095
TI  - [Characteristics of surgeon's work with HIV-infected patients].
AB  - AIDS incidence is sharply growing in all countries. Doctors specialists in all
      fields of medicine may come in contact in the process of treatment with HIV
      carriers or patients suffering from AIDS, when the clinical picture is vividly
      manifested. The most frequently encountered HIV-dependent complex of symptoms
      includes persisting fever, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, diarrhoea. Blood test
      for HIV antibodies confirms the diagnosis. Treatment of surgical diseases in HIV
      infected patients is justified in the latent period of the syndrome. In a marked
      clinical picture of AIDS and the presence of an opportunistic infection the
      patient survives no longer than 18 months. It is advisable in such cases, in the
      interest of the patient and the surgeon, to refrain from undertaking a planned
      operation because its mortality is very high. Only emergency interventions are
      indicated. During contact with a HIV-infected patient the medical staff must
      follow strictly the rules of hospital hygiene and antisepsis . The work must be
      carried out in gloves, protective glasses, and masks, and injure of the hands
      with sharp instruments must be avoided. The personnel must be trained and
      educated in working with HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 1803096
TI  - [Late results of the treatment of patients with the extreme degree of alimentary
      constitutional obesity by the method of formation of a small stomach].
AB  - The work analyses the results of treatment of 311 patients with extreme degrees
      of alimentary-constitutional obesity by formation of a small stomach. Fatal
      outcomes (1.9%) were encountered in the period of operative technique mastering.
      The late-term results were studied in 167 patients in follow-up periods of up to
      3 years. The patients' average body weight was 149.4 kg, average height 166.2 cm,
      average body weight excess as compared to the ideal weight was 125.6%. Study of
      the late-term results of the operation showed that the postoperative weight loss
      depends on the initial weight excess and the diameter of the anastomosis formed
      between the proximal and distal parts of the stomach. The more the initial excess
      of weight as compared to the ideal value, the more the loss of body weight is.
      The diameter of the formed anastomosis should be no larger than 15 mm. Besides
      loss of weight, the activity of vital organs and systems is normalized after the
      operation, and arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, the Pickwickian
      syndrome, and metabolic polyarthritis take a milder course. The operation for
      formation of a small stomach made it possible for the patients to resume their
      customary occupation, freed them of the threat of invalidation, and reduced the
      duration of the disability period by 4.3 times. After surgical treatment the
      nature of the patients' life significantly improved; 95.8% of patients appraised
      the effect of the treatment as excellent and good.

PMID- 1803097
TI  - [Changes in the degree of oxygenation of gastric mucosa before and after the
      operation of creating a small stomach in patients with the extreme degree of
      alimentary-constitutional obesity].
AB  - The authors examined 131 patients with alimentary-constitutional obesity of
      Degrees III-IV before and after operation for "small stomach" formation. All
      patients underwent pre- and post-operative endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach
      and duodenum. The level of gastric mucosa oxygenation was measured in 50 patients
      before and in various periods after surgery. For this purpose the authors
      suggested an original endoscopic +spectrum analyzer and a method for determining
      the level of oxygenation of the mucosa of the organ. The level of gastric mucosa
      oxygenation was significantly lower in patients with obesity than in healthy
      individuals of the control group. After the operation the oxygenation level
      increased significantly, which was connected with an altered diet regimen,
      reduced amount of the ingested food, loss of weight, and improved
      microcirculation in the mucous membrane of the organs of the alimentary tract.
      The authors emphasize in particular the absence of blood supply disorders at the
      site of application of a synthetic fluoronlavsan band (in the region of the
      anastomosis), which is among the indices of the physiological property of this
      method for surgical treatment of patients with alimentary-constitutional obesity.

PMID- 1803098
TI  - [Treatment of acute esophago-gastric hemorrhage].
AB  - Experience in the treatment of 129 patients with esophagogastric hemorrhage due
      to portal hypertension is discussed. An original modification of the design of
      Blakemore's tube is suggested, with the use of which the results of nonoperative
      treatment were improved and the mortality among this category of patients was
      reduced. Operation was performed on 75 patients. The total mortality among all
      hospitalized patients was 6.2%. The Tanner-Petrov operation was carried out on 55
      patients, splenorenal anastomosis was formed in 6, organopexy was conducted on 4,
      splenectomy in combination with organopexy in 8, and portocaval anastomosis was
      formed in 2 patients. Three patients died after the operation.

PMID- 1803099
TI  - [Diagnosis of cancer of the thyroid gland].
AB  - The clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of the thyroid gland (CTG) is a difficult and
      responsible problem. The importance of cytologic and histologic methods of
      examination has grown, they determine the therapeutic tactics and the volume of
      the operative intervention. Clinical examination and operations were carried out
      on 484 patients with various diseases of the thyroid. The examination included
      inspection of the thyroid gland, radioisotope scanning, radiological examination
      of the neck, mediastinum and lungs, ultrasonic study, and aspiration biopsy with
      further cytologic study of the material. Among the patients treated by surgery 58
      (11.9%), 39 females and 19 males (2:1), were found to have CTG. Intraoperative
      emergency cytologic and histologic study was conducted in 30 patients.
      Differentiated CTG was revealed in all cases. Among the patients who were
      operated on 5 died from CTG in a 10-year follow-up period. The importance of
      aspiration biopsy, under conditions of an outpatient clinic in particular, is
      emphasized. The results of operative treatment of differentiated CTG show that
      early diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention are conducive to a
      favourable prognosis in relation to the patients survival period.

PMID- 1803100
TI  - [Clinical value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland].
AB  - The work compares the results of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FAB) of the
      thyroid gland in nodular and diffuse-nodular euthyroid goiter (63 patients) with
      the findings of pathomorphological study of the operative material (51 patients).
      The authors' original device for puncture of the thyroid node is described. The
      suggested method makes it possible to raise the efficacy of obtaining an adequate
      amount of aspired material to 92%. On the basis of the results of FAB and
      ultrasonic examination (USE) unfounded surgical intervention was avoided in 12 of
      the 63 cases. The results of the study bear evidence of the high diagnostic
      efficacy of FAB as to obtaining the cytologic material and revealing malignant
      degeneration (96% specificity). The authors believe that FAB in combination with
      USE should be an obligatory component of complex clinico-instrumental examination
      of patients with various diseases of the thyroid, nodular forms of affection in
      particular.

PMID- 1803101
TI  - [Use of immunomodulators and low-frequency ultrasonics for prevention of acute
      postoperative pleural empyema].
AB  - Many methods for the prevention of acute postoperative pyothorax have been
      suggested, but no tendency towards a reduction of its frequency has been noted in
      the recent years. A group of 100 patients with various diseases of the lungs
      (malignant tumors, abscesses, bronchiectases) was examined. They were divided
      into 3 groups according to the degree of the risk of development of acute
      postoperative pyothorax: with increased, moderate, and high risk. The first group
      consisted of 20 patients who were given small doses of immunomodulators Dibazole
      and Dekaris in the pre- and postoperative periods. Control of the immunity
      indices was conducted in the preoperative period and on days 14 and 21 after the
      operation. Intraoperative treatment of the pleura with low-frequency ultrasound
      was applied in the second group of 40 patients. Fourty patients of the third
      group were treated by a complex of both of the above-mentioned preventive
      methods. The control group was made up of 347 patients with a similar condition
      but not treated by the special methods of prevention. All of the 447 patients
      underwent radical operations. Analysis of the results of the study showed that
      acute postoperative pyothorax developed in 8.65% of patients in the control group
      in which immunoprophylaxis and intraoperative treatment of the pleura with low
      frequency ultrasound were not applied. Acute postoperative pyothorax developed in
      1% of cases in the main group.

PMID- 1803102
TI  - [Opisthorchiasis of the liver].
AB  - The authors discuss 34 patients with opisthorchiasis cysts of the liver, 17 of
      them were treated by operation. The disease is not a rare occurrence in endemic
      foci. Ultrasonography is considered to be the most informative method in the
      diagnosis of opisthorchiasis hepatic cysts. Patients with cysts of moderate and
      large size (more than 5 cm) are subjected to surgery. Those with cysts of a small
      diameter are kept under dynamic observation. It is claimed that in untreated
      opisthorchiasis additional drainage of the biliary tract during the operation is
      expedient. Opisthorchiasis cysts of the liver possess characteristic
      morphological signs; the wall of the cyst is usually formed by the walls of the
      distended bile ducts with marked adenomatous growths of the epithelium. The
      authors show the late-term results of surgery in follow-up periods of 2 to 11
      years, which they claim to be quite satisfactory.

PMID- 1803103
TI  - [Anatomo-functional status of the upper segments of the gastrointestinal tract in
      patients with dumping syndrome after gastrectomy by the Billroth II method].
AB  - From study of the condition of the upper gastrointestinal tract in 51 patients
      suffering from the dumping syndrome after Hofmeister-Finsterer modification of
      Billroth II gastrectomy, the authors concluded that the intracavitary pressure
      gradient between the gastric stump and the efferent intestinal loop, as well as
      the diameter of the gastroenteroanastomosis, influence the dumping syndrome. A
      method is suggested for measuring the diameter and surface of the
      gastroenteroanastomosis and measuring the intracavitary pressure in the Gastric
      and duodenal stump and the efferent and afferent loops of the small intestine.

PMID- 1803104
TI  - [Reflections in connection with the articles by N.N. Malinovskii, E.A.
      Reshetnikov and L.F. Kobtseva (Khirurgiia, No. 6, 1989, pp. 3-5) and N.I.
      Pushkareva (Khirurgiia, No. 10, 1990, p. 128) "Ways to increase surgical activity
      in a polyclinic"].

PMID- 1803105
TI  - [To the Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Khirurgiia"].

PMID- 1803106
TI  - [Prognosis and prevention of postoperative suppurative-septic complications of
      hematogenic osteomyelitis].
AB  - The article deals with experience in the treatment of 295 patients with
      hematogenous osteomyelitis, who accounted for 51.4% of adult patients with
      various forms of osteomyelitis. In 15.4% the acute stage of the disease was
      complicated by sepsis. A recurrence in chronic disease was encountered in 42% of
      cases. In view of this, postoperative pyoseptic complications were analysed and
      the main ways for their reduction defined. Early opening of the medullary canal
      in patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and expansion of the scope of
      resection in chronic forms have a favourable effect on the prognosis of the
      disease. Recovery was registered in 74.2% of cases after sequestrnecrectomy and
      in 94.6% of cases after tubular bone recanalization. Thus, patients with
      hematogenous osteomyelitis must be treated at specialized departments with early
      hospitalization if acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is suspected. Operation,
      ranging from sequestrnecretomy to possible bone extirpation, is still the
      preferred method in chronic forms of the disease.

PMID- 1803107
TI  - [Infectious-inflammatory complications in patients after transplantation of the
      kidney].
AB  - The work deals with the results of retrospective analysis of infectious
      complications (IC) in 323 patients with terminal renal failure (TRF) who
      underwent 371 operations for allotransplantation of cadaver kidney (ATCK). IC
      frequency was 41%, their mortality, 42.6%. The structure of the IC was as
      follows: pulmonary 29.6%, wound 22.4%, urinary 20.4%, sepsis 19.1%, others 8.5%.
      Gram-negative microorganisms predominated in the etiology of the IC; gram
      positive cocci, microbial associations, yeastlike fungi, and cytomegalovirus were
      encountered less frequently. The development of IC did not depend on the
      patients' sex, primary disease of the kidneys which led to TRF, or the duration
      of previous treatment by hemodialysis, but was directly related to the age of the
      recipients. It was found that the character of the basic and anticrisis
      immunosuppressive therapy influenced the frequency of IC occurrence. The authors
      recommend some preventive and therapeutic measures for reducing the risk of the
      development of IC in patients after ATCK.

PMID- 1803108
TI  - [Rehabilitation treatment of inveterate meta-epiphyseal deformities of the
      radius].
AB  - Unilateral separate anchor--wiring osteosynthesis of the forearm bones has
      essential advantages over the accepted methods for osteosynthesis of
      metaepiphyseal fractures of the radius. For adaptation to modern requirements an
      apparatus is suggested with external fixation of the radial diaphysis and the
      second metacarpal bone by means of bundles of short Kirschner wires with Y-shaped
      insertion of the pointed ends. The apparatus provides for longitudinal and
      transverse movement with fixation of the fragments at any level of the forearm
      and maintenance of rotational movements and movements at the interphalangeal
      joints. The method was applied in operations on 18 patients with neglected
      metaepiphyseal deformities of the radius; the outcome was positive.

PMID- 1803109
TI  - [Rupture of a false aneurysm caused by a prosthesis of the renal artery].

PMID- 1803110
TI  - [Severe combined abdominal trauma with favorable outcome].

PMID- 1803111
TI  - [Treatment of a patient with multiple gunshot wounds of the internal organs].

PMID- 1803112
TI  - [Subtotal osteomyelitis of the mandible].

PMID- 1803113
TI  - [Use of antibodies in immunotherapy of peritonitis caused by gram-negative
      bacteria].

PMID- 1803115
TI  - [Anniversary dates in the history of surgery 1992].

PMID- 1803114
TI  - [Essays on surgical diagnosis. 1948].

PMID- 1803116
TI  - [Rendering qualified medical services to patients with fractures of long tubular
      bones].
AB  - The conditions for rendering aid to and treatment of the injured in extreme
      situations require insistantly the development of new methods for skilled medical
      service. From analysis of treatment of 114 patients with fractures of the long
      tubular bones the authors conclude that the use of various types of pin
      apparatuses for this purpose is expedient because they possess advantages over
      the nail apparatuses. Analysis of treatment of 90 patients showed the expediency
      of using some auxiliary devices for immobilization of peripheral erimetaphyseal
      fractures and oblique and spiral diaphyseal fractures.

PMID- 1803117
TI  - [Development of the research on the problem of surgical infection].

PMID- 1803118
TI  - [Surgical treatment of fractures of the tibial condyli].
AB  - Problems of diagnosis, choice of the therapeutic tactics, and the results of
      operative treatment in 23 patients with various fractures of the tibial condyles
      are analysed. Computed tomography of the knee joint is recommended for precise
      diagnosis of injuries to the proximal metaepiphysis of the tibia. The authors
      recommend an operative intervention in any displacement of a condyle (condyles)
      in patients of mature age and in fractures of a condyle (condyles) without
      displacement but combined with other intraarticular injuries (to the ligaments,
      menisci) which are corrected in one-stage with osteosynthesis. The choice of the
      method for osteosynthesis is determined by the character and direction of the
      plane of the fracture, and the manipulation may be carried out with AO
      compression screws or an AO supporting plate on screws. Primary
      autospongiosoplasty is recommended in all cases of condylar fractures with
      depression of the articular cartilage. The performance of stable osteosynthesis
      makes it possible to decline immobilization of the knee joint in the
      postoperative period even after primary restoration of the collateral ligaments.
      Study of the late-term results of treatment confirm the expediency of wider
      introduction of these methods into trauma-tological practice.

PMID- 1803119
TI  - [Surgical tactics and the results of the treatment in patellar fractures].
AB  - The work analyses problems of the diagnosis, choice of therapeutic tactics, and
      the results of operative treatment in 119 patients with various fractures of the
      patella. Emergency operative treatment is recommended in patellar fractures with
      damage to the extension apparatus of the knee. The authors believe osteosynthesis
      with application of a "tightening" wire loop after Weber to be the method of
      choice in transverse and macrofragmental fractures of the patella (92 cases).
      Avulsion fractures of the lower patellar pole are an indication for removal of
      the freely lying bone fragments and subsequent application of a "blocking" wire
      loop. Study of the late-term results of treatment confirm the expediency of wider
      introduction of these methods into traumatological practice.

PMID- 1803120
TI  - [Plastic surgery of distal defects of the fingers using free vascularized
      autologous grafts].
AB  - The results of 50 operations for replacement of soft tissue defects of the
      fingers are analysed. Plastic repair of the defects in 6 cases was performed with
      free neurovascular autotransplants taken from the lateral surfaces of the middle
      or ring finger. In 5 cases the transplanted graft healed, in one case its
      necrosis occurred. The late-term results were studied in follow-up periods of 4
      to 34 weeks. A good aesthetic and functional result was recorded, including
      restoration of discriminating sense. The suggested operation is considered an
      alternative method for replacement of soft tissue defects of the finger tips.

PMID- 1803121
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of the treatment of pseudarthroses of the forearm
      bones based on the analysis of the data of radionuclide studies].
AB  - The work is based on the analysis of the results of radionuclide examination and
      treatment of 14 patients with ununited tractures and pseudoarthroses of the
      forearm bones. Treatment was accomplished by means of external fixation
      apparatuses which in comparison with intramedullary and epiosseous osteosynthesis
      provide a better stability of the site of bone injury and create ortimal
      biomechanical conditions for consolidation of ununited fractures and
      pseudoarthroses of the forearm bones. Radionuclide examination was conducted
      before the treatment to determine the initial activity of reparative regeneration
      in the zone of the pseudoarthrosis and the adjacent healthy regions, 2-3 weeks
      after perosseous osteosynthesis when the bone fragments were reduced and the
      compression or distraction regimen was established, and before removal of the
      apparatus when consolidation of the pseudoarthrosis was demonstrated
      radiologically. This made it possible to control the activity of reparative
      regeneration during treatment and to introduce corrections, if necessary. The
      radionuclide method is preferable to the radiological method in the intermediate
      stages of treatment not only because of the lesser exposure of the patient to
      radiation but because of the higner informativeness.

PMID- 1803122
TI  - ["High" arcuate osteotomy of the tibia in the treatment of arthrosis deformans of
      the knee joint].
AB  - The article shows the urgency of the problem of treatment of genu varus deformity
      consequent upon Stage III arthrosis deformans; nonoperative treatment of this
      contingent of patients was ineffective. The authors show the results of an
      operative method for valgoid osteotomy conducted in 52 cases; the patients' ages
      ranged from 42 to 78 years. The work discusses the clinical picture, techniques,
      and postoperative management of the patients. The late-term results were studied
      in follow-up periods of up to 7 years. The results were good in 92% and
      satisfactory in 8% of patients.

PMID- 1803123
TI  - [Treatment of cicatricial flexion contractures of the fingers].
AB  - The article discusses the results of treatment of 152 patients with cicatrical
      flexion contractures of the fingers consequent upon mechanical, thermal and
      gunshot injuries. The authors suggest their own classification of cicatricial
      contractures of the fingers according to the extent of the cicatricial process
      and restriction of the volume of movements and impairment of the grasp. Various
      methods of treatment were applied depending on the type of the pathological
      process. Analusis of the late-term results showed that the distraction method has
      advantages over the traditional skin plastics methods in the treatment of stable
      combined forms of contractures.

PMID- 1803124
TI  - [Calcaneal spur].
AB  - The clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of calcaneal spurs are described
      on the basis of 190 cases (102 females and 88 males whose ages ranged from 38 to
      79 years). All were treated by local administration of various steroid hormones.
      A good immediate result was produced by a single administration of the hormone in
      90% of cases; the favourable result persisted in the late-term periods in 78
      persons. The author claims hormone therapy to be the most effective among all the
      known methods of nonoperative treatment of calcaneal spurs and recommends it for
      a wide surgical practice.

PMID- 1803125
TI  - [Treatment of infected pseudarthroses of the tibia complicated by defects of soft
      tissues].
AB  - On the basis of experience in the treatment of 51 patients with infected false
      joints of the tibia the authors conclude that local circulatory disorders play
      the decisive role in the genesis of nonunion of the fracture. The recommended
      methods for removal of the soft tissue defect by various types of pedicled skin
      grafts in combination with fixation of the fragments and plastic repair, in some
      cases, of the false joint zone with demineralized bone allografts made it
      possible to remove the inflammatory process radically and achieve consolidation
      in 94% of patients who were operated on.

PMID- 1803127
TI  - [Varicose veins and postphlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities in elderly
      patients].
AB  - On the basis of treatment of 247 patients with the postthrombophlebitis syndrome
      and varicose veins of the lower limbs (72 of the patients underwent operation)
      the authors established that the course of these diseases is graver in elderly
      and old-aged patients than in younger patients. Old-aged patients tolerate,
      typical surgical interventions on the veins fairly well if they are subjected to
      careful preoperative management and systematic treatment in the postoperative
      period. Nonoperative treatment is very important and is effective in individual
      choice of the therapeutic measures. Prevention of allergic complications and
      normalization of the immune and regeneratory properties of the patient's organism
      are important elements of treatment.

PMID- 1803126
TI  - [Injury of major blood vessels in abdominal trauma].
AB  - Concomitant injury to the large vessels and other abdominal organs are related to
      the category of severe injuries with high postoperative mortality rates. The
      authors discuss 21 patients with the trauma, 9 of them with injury to the
      inferior vena cava. Early operation, adequate compensation for the blood loss,
      and co-operation with angiosurgeons will improve the number of favourable
      outcomes.

PMID- 1803128
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis in childhood].
AB  - Thirty-year experience in surgical treatment of myasthenia in children and
      adolescents (175 patients) is generalized. It provides evidence of delayed
      recognition of this disease in many patients and of prolonged, often ineffective
      nonoperative treatment. Operation for thymectomy should be one of the main
      methods for the management of myasthenia in children. Operative treatment is
      indicated in a disease of moderate severity or in a severe course of myasthenia,
      particularly in patients with the first type of immunomorphological changes. It
      is important to amend the myasthenic disorders before the operation by means of
      maximally possible doses of anticholinesterases with addition of corticosteroids,
      whenever necessary. Whatever the method of treatment chosen, the patients must be
      kept under skilled dynamic control. Excellent and good late-term results were
      produced in 84.6% of cases.

PMID- 1803129
TI  - [Use of YAG-neodymium and CO2 lasers for creating small-intestinal anastomoses].
AB  - A method for creating laser enteric anastomoses was developed in experiments with
      YAG-neodymium and CO2 lasers. The properties of such anastomoses were studied in
      detail in the early stages after the operation. The use of serial Soviet-produced
      laser devices and standard surgical instruments in the experiments makes it
      possible to introduce the results of the work into clinical practice in the near
      future.

PMID- 1803130
TI  - [Use of 250 W YAG-Nd laser in endoscopic surgical treatment of cancer patients].
AB  - The clinical use of a fiber-laser device based on continuous 250-W YAG-Nd laser
      allows the pathological tissue to be treated by exposure in various energy
      regimens, from its coagulation to intensive evaporation; the conditions of
      treatment created in this case for the patient are more comfortable than those
      with the use of less powerful laser devices. The elaboration and manufacturing of
      a new design for guiding the beam into a fiber wave guide with a light-guiding
      lead of 600 and more microns in accordance with the model of the used endoscope
      even without gas injection ensures reliable functioning of the fiber-laser
      device. Overheating of the in put and out put ends of the fiber wave guide in
      exploitation at large power regimens is excluded despite soiling of the distal
      end of the wave guide which is inevitable during the operation.

PMID- 1803131
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic echinoccosis complicated by rupture into the
      biliary tract].
AB  - In the period from 1980 to 1990 operations were carried out on 412 patients with
      echinococcosis of the liver. Complicated forms were encountered in 108 patients.
      Rupture of the hydatid cyst into the biliary tract occurred in 72 patients. Among
      the patients with this complication 14 had changes of the bile ducts with the
      development of obstructive jaundice, 14 had a history of short-term jaundice, in
      35 patients the cystobiliary fistula was discovered only during the operation.
      Percutaneous transhepatic and retrograde cholangiography proved to be the most
      informative diagnostic methods in rupture of the hydatid cyst into the biliary
      tract with the development of obstructive jaundice. Echinococcectomy with one
      stage operative intervention on the biliary tract was conducted in 14 patients.
      Along with echinococcectomy, 7 underwent cholecystectomy and drainage of the
      common bile duct, 2 were subjected to choledochoduodenostomy, 1 to
      papillosphincterotomy, in 4 patients echinococcectomy was preceded by
      percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy.

PMID- 1803132
TI  - [The role of the adhesive activity of staphylococci in the development of
      suppurative-septic diseases in traumatology and orthopedics].
AB  - The authors studied the adhesive activity of clinical staphylococcal strains on a
      model of human erythrocytes and determined two indices: the percentage of
      erythrocytes participating in adhesion and the average number of staphylococci
      adhering to one erythrocyte. These two indices were found to be directly related
      to each other. The adhesive activity of epidermal staphylococcus was found to be
      identical to that of Staphylococcus aureus, 62.6 +/- 2.5 and 65.1 +/- 3.0%,
      respectively. Irregular distribution of the adhesion indices of both types was
      encountered, however. In Staphylococcus aureus they were in the range of 53.4
      89.5% while in the epidermal staphylococcus the distribution of the adhesive
      indices was beyond this range. Such a variety of indices determines the clinical
      picture of the pathological process caused by the epidermal staphylococcus. No
      relationship was noted between the adhesion indices and staphylococcal antibiotic
      resistance.

PMID- 1803133
TI  - [Characteristics of histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease in newborn
      infants].
AB  - The authors had 52 newborns and infants with Hirschsprung's disease under
      observation. The activity of tissue acetylcholinesterase (ASE) was tested by the
      Karnovsky-Ruts method in 35 cases. ACE activity was evaluated according to 5
      types and a specific "newborn" type was set apart. A positive (42.9%) and weakly
      positive (28.6%) types of ACE activity prevailed in the neonatal period. Test for
      ACE activity performed in dynamics in 15 newborns showed gradual accumulation of
      ACE in the mucosa of the large intestine. In 6 (17.1%) babies a false-negative
      ACE activity was found, which was encountered in hypogangliosis and long
      segmental forms. False-positive reactions were not encountered. Histochemical
      diagnosis made it possible to recognise Hirschprung's disease of the newborn in
      82.9% of cases.

PMID- 1803134
TI  - [Expediency of performing duodenojejunostomy in chronic duodenal obstruction].
AB  - The article discusses treatment of 30 patients with chronic duodenal obstruction
      by means of an operation for duodenojejunostomy. Three variants of subcolonic
      duodenojejunostomy were used. The best drainage function of longitudinal
      duodenojejunostomy is noted. The postoperative results were poor in 40% of
      patients. The operation was repeated in 11 patients. The duodenum was excluded.
      The results of the second operations were satisfactory. Duodenojejunostomy is
      poorly effective in the treatment of duodenostasis. Exclusion of the duodenum
      from passage produced more favorable results in respect of function.

PMID- 1803135
TI  - Anatomical study on the menisco-femoral ligaments of the knee.
AB  - The menisco-femoral ligaments are important accessory ligaments of the knee. They
      extend from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the lateral aspect of
      the medial femoral condyle close to the femoral attachment of the posterior
      cruciate ligament. Most of the authors reported that in some cases these
      ligaments are absent. But in the 100 knees that we carefully examined, obvious
      menisco-femoral ligaments were identified in all of the specimens. When the
      anatomical relationship between the menisco-femoral ligaments and the lateral
      meniscus is considered, it can be easily speculated that the menisco-femoral
      ligaments draw the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in anterior, medial and
      superior direction during flexion of the knee joint. Thus, the congruency between
      the lateral meniscus and femoral condyle and the stability of the knee joint
      increase.

PMID- 1803136
TI  - [Various problems of teaching the methods of direct examination of the patient].

PMID- 1803138
TI  - [General pathology concepts of I.E. Diad'kovskii i F.I. Inozemtsev].

PMID- 1803137
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of peptic ulcer].
AB  - The paper is concerned with clinical and diagnostic aspects of peptic ulcer
      interesting to practitioners. Atypical variants of ulcer course are considered as
      are criteria for differential diagnosis between ulcer and symptomatic
      gastroduodenal ulcer, between ulcers and infiltrative-ulcerative gastric cancer.

PMID- 1803139
TI  - [Hepatic actinomycosis].

PMID- 1803140
TI  - [Drug treatment of various diseases, primarily of those caused by disorders of
      the reticular formation of the brain stem].
AB  - The author holds that a great number of failures and poor results in the
      treatment of organic or functional nervous and somatic diseases result from
      ignoring the role of brain stem reticular formation interacting with vegetative
      innervation and limbic formations. The disturbances of this reticular formation
      often contribute to the development of a pathological process due to enhancement
      or inhibition of the neuromediatory reticular systems. Drugs are proposed able to
      produce a selective positive action on neuromediatory systems of the reticular
      formation. Such approach may bring about responses in severe neurogenic and
      somatic affections.

PMID- 1803141
TI  - [An intranasal method of administration of calcitrin to steroid-dependent
      patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - The efficacy of endonasal calcitrin was studied against that of intramuscular.
      The drug was given endonasally in a dose of 3 units twice a day during 1--1.5
      months. The effect on the calcium-regulating system (total calcium, calcitonin,
      parathyroid hormone), external respiration, its analgetic action were similar to
      such of the intramuscular mode. Endonasal calcitrin is recommended for outpatient
      use.

PMID- 1803142
TI  - [Characteristics of functional activity of thrombocytes in patients with
      "aspirin" bronchial asthma].
AB  - Upon comparison of functional activity of platelets and their response to aspirin
      in 20 subjects with aspirin bronchial asthma, 19 patients with non-aspirin
      bronchial asthma and 21 healthy controls it was found out that in aspirin asthma
      platelet count is elevated, their response to aggregation inductors enhances
      while to aspirin is abnormal, plasmic thromboxane level is reduced. Aspirin
      asthma patients are believed to have a specific platelet defect.

PMID- 1803143
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy of suppurative-inflammatory lesions of the bronchi with
      endobronchial use of low-frequency ultrasonic energy].
AB  - Gentamycin pharmacokinetics and its concentrations in bronchial secretion were
      studied in routine endobronchial introduction versus endobronchial aerosol
      spraying with application of low-frequency ultrasound. The latter technique
      warranted gentamycin concentrations in bronchial secretion 24 hours after the
      procedure many times that minimal for inhibition of the pathogen isolated.
      Secretion levels of gentamycin remained high for 4 days. No side effects were
      reported. The findings provide evidence in favor of endobronchial aerosol
      spraying of the drugs for treatment of purulent endobronchitis in bronchiectasis
      and chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 1803144
TI  - [Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a manifestations of AIDS].

PMID- 1803145
TI  - [Bronchiectasis: a method of obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and studying
      its cytological characteristics].
AB  - The bronchoalveolar fluid (BAF) cytology of 63 patients with bronchiectasis has
      been studied. BAF from 8 subjects without pulmonary pathology served as control.
      BAF samples were obtained after preliminary cleaning of the bronchial tree from
      the purulent contents. BAF cytosis was found significantly increased in
      bronchiectasis as compared to the control being observed even at minimal
      inflammatory activity in the lungs and due to elevated neutrophil count. Alveolar
      macrophage numbers reduced only in advanced inflammation. Lymphocyte count
      remained unchanged. BAF cytologic evidence objectively reflects the degree of the
      bronchoalveolar inflammation.

PMID- 1803146
TI  - [Determining the level of the tumor marker--neuron-specific enolase in patients
      with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases].
AB  - Radioimmunoassay was employed to measure serum levels of neuron-specific enolase
      (NSE) in 38 lung cancer patients, 20 patients with noncancer pulmonary lesions
      and 10 healthy donors. An average NSE level (92.8 +/- 18.7 micrograms/l) in small
      cell carcinoma (10 patients) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in
      control, nonmalignant pulmonary diseases, squamous cell and adenocarcinoma.
      Sensitivity and specificity of the tumor marker to small cell carcinoma reached
      80 and 95%, respectively. NSE serum test may serve an additional tool in
      differential diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung.

PMID- 1803147
TI  - [Leukocyte migration inhibition test using collagen antigen in fibrosing
      alveolitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis].

PMID- 1803148
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the complex treatment of patients with
      cholelithiasis].

PMID- 1803149
TI  - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of cancer of the gallbladder complicated
      by suppurative cholecystitis].
AB  - Suppurative inflammatory complications were reported in 40 patients with
      gallbladder carcinoma. It was stated that the type of the complication and its
      clinical manifestation depended mainly on the site of the tumor in the
      gallbladder, the type of the tumor growth and its invasiveness. Development of
      suppurative complications was observed most frequently when the tumor was located
      in the cervical area of the gallbladder and in the endophytic type of its growth.
      Depending on these parameters, the clinical picture may have acute or torpid
      pattern with the corresponding pathologic anatomic changes in the abdomen due to
      suppurative complication. Thirty-five patients were operated on. Lethal outcomes
      made up 62.8%.

PMID- 1803150
TI  - [Use of ultrasonics in the diagnosis and treatment of liver abscesses].

PMID- 1803151
TI  - [Hepatitis B virus markers in the internist's practice].
AB  - Three various forms of contact or its consequences are recognized for hepatitis B
      virus and human body; acquired immunity to HBV, HBV persistence, HBV replication.
      Two forms of seroconversion (transfer of HBeAg into anti-HBe serum) are
      demonstrated. One of them occurs commonly and has a good prognosis, the other
      emerges rarely and runs a severe course likely to end in life-threatening
      complications.

PMID- 1803152
TI  - [Status of the processes of free-radical oxidation and the antioxidation system
      in patients with a severe course of hepatitis B].
AB  - Sixty patients with severe forms of acute viral hepatitis B (AVHB) without
      symptoms of acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE) and 20 AVHB patients with such
      symptoms were examined for red blood cell and serum levels of dienic conjugates
      (DC), malonic dialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (RG), activity of
      superoxydismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GP1), glutathione
      peroxidase-2 (GP2), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GT).
      Elevated MDA and DC concentrations were found in grave AVHB, in coma and precoma
      DC reduced. MDA levels in precoma fell, in coma rose. The activity of SOD, GP1,
      GP2, GR and RG concentration were low, especially in AHE symptoms. GT and
      catalase activity proved high in severe AVHB with a trend to lowering in precoma
      and coma.

PMID- 1803153
TI  - [Echographic diagnosis of chronic duodenal obstruction].
AB  - Forty-five subjects developed chronic duodenal ileus because of organic lesions
      in distal portions of the duodenum. They were subjected to ultrasonic examination
      of the stomach, duodenum, vessels and parenchymal organs of the abdomen, 97
      healthy subjects served control. The findings suggest that echography is helpful
      not only in detecting duodenostasis but also in specifying its genesis. An
      ultrasound investigation of a distal duodenal portion extends diagnostic
      potentialities of echographic abdominal screening.

PMID- 1803154
TI  - [Chronic hepatitis--various aspects of the problem].

PMID- 1803155
TI  - [Results of endoscopic interventions in large and giant epithelial neoplasms of
      the large intestine].
AB  - The paper presents the analysis of the results obtained for 319 patients at
      endoscopic interventions for large and giant tumors of the colon. Altogether 415
      neoplasms were removed: 207 nodular, 126 creeping and 82 flat. The latter two
      were removed using specially developed technique of endoscopic electroresection
      of the intestinal mucosa along with the tumor. Malignancy was established in
      16.1% of the cases. During the endoscopic procedure 2 patients were diagnosed to
      have colon perforations, 24 intensive hemorrhage which was stopped endoscopically
      in 22 cases. One patient developed subsequently necrosis of the intestinal wall.
      Surgical treatment was performed in 5 patients: for hemorrhage, colon wall
      perforation, malignancy in 2, 2 and 1 patient, respectively. One-eight-year
      follow-up of 316 patients reports cure in 217 (68.6%), relapses in 79 patients
      (71 of them were endoscopically successfully retreated), cancer in 15 and
      corrosive strictures in 5 patients.

PMID- 1803156
TI  - [Administration of super-ORS solution in the treatment of patients with acute
      intestinal infections].
AB  - Therapeutic effectiveness of an oral rehydration solution of the second
      generation Super-ORS based on rice and salt has been tried in 28 patients with
      food poisoning. Administration of the solution produced a marked clinical effect
      superior to that of the first generation solutions Glucosalan, Citroglucosalan,
      Rehydron.

PMID- 1803157
TI  - [Synthesis of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and their role in the
      pathogenesis of inflammation of gastric mucosa].
AB  - Concentrations of 5-, 12-, 15-HETE versus myeloperoxidase activity in the
      periulcerous area were investigated in 40 peptic ulcer patients. A control group
      consisted of 20 healthy subjects. In ulcer patients the activity of lipoxygenase
      pathway of metabolism of arachidonic acid and myeloperoxidase was enhanced. This
      is likely to promote chronic inflammation of the mucosa in the periulcerous area,
      this inflammation being an important prognostic factor for ulcerogenesis.

PMID- 1803158
TI  - [Characteristics of pulmonary manifestations of mycosis fungoides].

PMID- 1803159
TI  - [A rare case of myxoma of the pulmonary artery trunk].

PMID- 1803160
TI  - [A case of pulmonary endometriosis].

PMID- 1803161
TI  - [Clinical masking of Wilson's disease in practice].

PMID- 1803162
TI  - [Unusual manifestations of the Somogyi phenomenon in a patient with idiopathic
      hemochromatosis].

PMID- 1803163
TI  - [A case of Addison-Gull syndrome].

PMID- 1803164
TI  - [Hepatitis A in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 1803165
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of acute intermittent porphyria].

PMID- 1803166
TI  - [Problem of psychopathies].

PMID- 1803167
TI  - [Methods for the control of pulmonary hemorrhage].
AB  - The paper reviews literature data on the incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage (PH)
      in various diseases (tuberculosis, chronic nonspecific lesions of the lungs,
      cancer); presents new evidence on PH pathogenesis, an underlying role of
      pulmonary hypertension and aneurysmic vascular rearrangement of the affected
      site. The system to control PH is staged and implies measures to achieve
      temporary and final arrest of bleeding. These are to promote enhancement of
      coagulation, inhibition of fibrinolysis, include endobronchial and endovascular
      hemostasis, radical surgery. A detailed description covers a technique of
      artificial controlled hypotonia under drug ganglionic blockade.

PMID- 1803169
TI  - [Empathic psychotherapy].
AB  - The paper specifies clinical essence of empathic psychotherapy, its underlying
      principles. Personal characteristics of a psychotherapist are a decisive factor
      in this psychotherapy carried out to provide: 1) emotional support of the
      patient, 2) baseline for stabilization of the patient's condition, 3) assurance
      of the physician in a valid choice of psychotherapy. The technique of the
      emotional impact on the patient conditionally divided into 3 stages, possible
      errors of the psychotherapist and ways of their correction are delineated.

PMID- 1803168
TI  - [Diagnosis of malignant and reactive histiocytoses in patients with fever of
      obscure origin].

PMID- 1803171
TI  - Primary and secondary prevention, and early detection of tumors.

PMID- 1803170
TI  - [Diagnostic errors].

PMID- 1803173
TI  - Cancer risks after medical radiation.
AB  - Radiation-induced tumors cannot be distinguished from tumors in general by means
      other than a statistical excess. Epidemiological studies are the only means by
      which answers can be given as regards the carcinogenic effect of ionizing
      radiation. Age at exposure is perhaps the most important host factor influencing
      cancer risk and it is generally believed that cancer risk decreases with
      increasing age at exposure. For most cancers the temporal pattern follows the
      natural incidence, i.e. the cancers do not occur before ages normally associated
      with increased incidence. The induction period for solid tumors is at least 10
      years while the corresponding figure for leukemia is 2 years. The breast,
      thyroid, lung and bone marrow seem to be the most radiosensitive tissues, while
      the risk of chronic lymphatic leukemia and possibly Hodgkin's disease and
      prostatic cancer does not seem to increase after exposure to ionizing radiation.

PMID- 1803174
TI  - Trends in cancer survival and mortality rates.
AB  - Survival, i.e. the time from report to cancer registry to death was studied for
      591,456 cases of cancer diagnosed in vivo from 1960 to 1984. Ten years survival
      increased from 35 to 40%. Survival rates for women were higher than for men.
      Since 10 years survival almost suggests cure, lead time bias is assumed not to be
      a major factor. Nor are relaxed histological criteria, detecting non-fatal
      tumors, intensified microscopic examination, changes in the relative frequency of
      cancer types, or increasing numbers of elderly patients assumed to be major
      artefacts. In contrast, improved socio-economic and health status are. Early
      detection also improves survival in some cancer types.

PMID- 1803172
TI  - Free radicals as carcinogens and their quenchers as anticarcinogens.
AB  - An oxygen dependent signal was detected, late in the 1950s by electron spin
      resonance (ESR) in a saline solution of hematoporphyrin (Hp) excited by light.
      This signal expressed a free radical consisting of 'some kind of an association
      between Hp and oxygen', that Smaller et al. called 'oxyradical' (HpOO.). It soon
      opened a new level of understanding in carcinogenesis triggered by photodynamic
      substances, including Hp itself, polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs), as well as any
      carcinogen involving molecular species activated by radiation and/or metabolic
      reaction. Early in the 1960s, this prompted the discovery of benzo(a)pyrene (BP)
      photocarcinogenic enhancement (BP-PCE) in mice, probably due to an increase in
      free oxygen radical generation following correct light exposure. This assumption
      was confirmed in 1980 by the fact that mice orally loaded with antioxidants and
      radical quenchers, such as beta-carotene (BC) and cantaxanthin (CX), were
      protected against BP-PCE at 100% and against total BP carcinogenicity at more
      than 60%. These achievements were presented as the bases of the current explosion
      of interest in biology and medicine in building up the new field of
      chemoprevention against cancer and other chronic diseases by supplementation with
      antioxidant vitamins, retinoids and especially carotenoids and their synergistic
      association. The relevant findings of this research obtained in the last decade
      in in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as human interventions are reported
      and discussed with personal contributions.

PMID- 1803175
TI  - Preventing relapses of breast cancer with modified radical mastectomy.
AB  - Better prevention and early detection have improved the percentage of early
      cancers among all the treated breast tumors to about 40%. After the first
      demonstration in Milan in 1981 that even conservative surgery can effectively
      prevent tumor relapses, radical and modified radical mastectomy was compared in
      136 and 127 women, respectively. The groups were well stratified as regards age,
      menopause, T- and N-status. No difference was found in 10-yr survival (58.8 and
      59.8%, respectively) or local relapses (9.5 and 10%, respectively) or general
      relapses. The median disease-free survival was 10 yr in both groups. The results
      suggest that in T1-T2a, N0-N1b M0 unilateral breast cancer relapses are prevented
      as effectively with modified radical as with radical mastectomy.

PMID- 1803176
TI  - Prevention of breast cancer recurrence with adjuvant cytotoxic or endocrine
      therapy.
AB  - The paper provides a brief summary of the scientific hypotheses underlying
      adjuvant trials of systemic treatment in primary breast cancer, the history of
      the first and second generation of adjuvant studies of cytotoxic and endocrine
      therapy, and a brief description of the main findings of the international
      overview of all available randomized trials of adjuvant systemic treatment. In
      short, the overview has provided conclusive evidence that both adjuvant endocrine
      therapy (ovarian ablation and tamoxifen) as well as cytotoxic polychemotherapy
      can prevent disease recurrence and prolong overall survival. However, the
      treatment benefit appears to be only moderate and may not be considered
      clinically worthwhile in some patient subsets, e.g. those with a relatively
      favourable outcome with local treatment alone. Refinements in the use of
      prognostic factors to select patients for treatment--particularly in node
      negative disease--are thus warranted, as well as further research aimed at
      improving treatment efficacy.

PMID- 1803177
TI  - Breast cancer: early diagnosis of precursor lesions and clinically inapparent
      carcinoma by fine needle aspiration.
AB  - Breast cancer death rate has remained stable at 26 per 100,000 for over 50 years.
      This control failure is due in large part to difficulty in early diagnosis.
      Combined clinical evaluation, mammography and fine needle aspiration (FNA) offer
      the best opportunity for early diagnosis. Non-directed FNA is a useful adjunctive
      technique and three illustrative cases are presented. Cancer evolves from
      proliferative epithelial disease of ducts and lobules. Atypical duct hyperplasia
      in association with family history is a pertinent marker for development of
      cancer. Identification of hyperplastic lesions traditionally occurs after
      surgical biopsy and histopathologic review. FNA demonstrates patterns of both
      duct hyperplasia and atypical duct hyperplasia. Ploidy studies of such smears
      offer the possibility of selecting precancerous lesions for extirpation. A
      combination of directed and undirected punctures and ploidy studies may yield
      early diagnosis of precancerous lesions.

PMID- 1803178
TI  - Efficacy of cervical cancer screening.
AB  - The earlier optimistic predictions that invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix
      could be totally eradicated by means of Pap screening have failed. Experiences
      from different countries give evidence, however, that a considerable reduction of
      incidence and mortality can be gained with this type of secondary prevention.
      Improved knowledge of the epidemiology of carcinoma of the uterine cervix and of
      its natural history could be anticipated to give a better basis for the planning
      of preventive measures. Maintenance of a high laboratory standard, a good
      technique for taking of smears, and improved communications between laboratories
      and the doctor or nurse taking the smear and the doctor or clinic performing the
      treatment and an adequate reaction to the report from the laboratory with
      adequate treatment of the precancerous stages is supposed to improve the effect
      of the screening programmes.

PMID- 1803179
TI  - Early detection and prevention of cutaneous malignant melanoma: emphasis on
      Swedish activities.
AB  - The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has increased more than the
      incidence of any other malignant tumour disease in Sweden the last three decades.
      Parallel to the almost 6% annual increase in incidence there has been a 3% annual
      increase in mortality. The knowledge of significant risk factors for melanoma
      (intermittent sun exposure and phenotypic traits related to skin pigmentation and
      propensity for dysplastic nevi) as well as the relationship between thin tumours
      and a good prognosis has been used to develop strategies for primary and
      secondary prevention. In this paper the Swedish programs for education of
      physicians, nurses and the general population are presented. A nationwide program
      for the identification and follow-up of individuals with dysplastic nevus
      syndrome has been initiated. The effects of the programs are followed by
      population-based melanoma registries.

PMID- 1803180
TI  - Eradication of leukaemic marrow and prevention of leukaemia relapse with total
      body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A series of studies was carried out to determine the effect of allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT) on leukaemia. The study aimed at two different, but
      strictly linked issues: (1) identification of the eradication capability of BMT,
      and (2) evaluation of the effect of BMT, both in preventing relapse and in
      producing long-term disease-free survival. Fifty-four patients allografted for
      leukaemia were evaluated at various intervals, after bone marrow transplantation,
      for the presence of host haemopoiesis using red-blood-cell and cytogenetic
      markers. Among 40 patients in remission, 10 showed functional host and donor
      haemopoiesis (mixed chimerism), while in 30, host haemopoiesis was never detected
      (complete chimerism). Seven of the 14 evaluable patients who relapsed showed the
      reappearance of host haemopoiesis at the time of relapse. The records of received
      doses of TBI indicate that patients who achieved mixed chimerism, either
      relapsing or not, received significantly lower doses than complete chimeras.
      However, some patients with complete chimerism received a TBI dose equivalent to
      the dose received by those with mixed chimerism, suggesting that the TBI dose is
      not the only factor determining the reappearance of host haemopoiesis. The data
      on chimerism and relapse suggest that there is heterogeneity in radiosensitivity
      between normal marrow cells and leukaemic cells, and further, within the
      different types of leukaemia. The incidence/severity of acute and chronic graft
      vs-host disease (GvHD) was significantly higher in complete chimeras than in
      mixed chimeras suggesting that mixed chimerism may play a role in the development
      of tolerance; however, it could be the tolerance (i.e. absence of GvHD) which is
      responsible for the persistence of host haemopoietic cells. One-hundred-and-sixty
      eight patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute
      myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemia were analyzed for risk
      factor associated with relapse. All patients received marrow from an HLA
      identical sibling after preparation with cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg and total
      body irradiation (TBI) of 330 cGy on days -3, -2, -1. There was a difference of
      +/- 18% between the nominal total dose of 990 cGy and the actual received dose as
      indicated by dosimetric recordings. While interstitial pneumonitis had minimal
      impact on survival there was a considerable difference in the incidence of
      relapses. The incidence of relapse was higher in patients receiving less, than in
      patients receiving more than 1000 cGy respectively and this had a major impact on
      survival. However, transplant-related mortality was slightly higher in the group
      of patients receiving higher doses of TBI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1803181
TI  - Mammography.
AB  - A comparison is made of breast cancer mortality in women included in a
      mammography screening program, including those who refused to attend, and women
      who were not included--even those who underwent voluntary mammography. About
      215,000 women in five different studies showed between 4 and 24% reduction of
      mortality; however, this was significant in only two of the studies. No
      significant reduction was seen in those under 50 yr of age.

PMID- 1803183
TI  - [The work of the nurse anesthetist].

PMID- 1803184
TI  - [The rationalization of the technology of speech audiometry].

PMID- 1803185
TI  - [The role of paramedical workers in the work of a council on the scientific
      organization of work].

PMID- 1803182
TI  - Chemotherapy and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.
AB  - More than 50% of the patients with large bowel cancer develop disseminated
      disease and invariably succumb. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU and levamisole
      have been shown to be more efficient than 5-FU alone or in combination with
      cytostatics. The combination of 5-FU, leukovorin and methotrexate induces
      prolonged survival with a good quality of life in metastatic colorectal cancer
      (CRC). During the last decade tumor immunotherapy has been an alternative
      facilitated by isolation and large scale production of cytokines and monoclonal
      antibodies. The mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17-1A recognizes a tumor
      associated antigen (TAA), present in high concentrations on the surface of
      gastrointestinal tumor cells. Injections of MAb 17-1A in patients with metastatic
      CRC induced generation of anti-idiotypic (ab2) in 90% and anti-anti-idiotypic
      (ab3) antibodies in 47% of the treated patients. The development of ab3
      correlated significantly with survival (mean 80 weeks) while ab3- patients
      survive only 38 weeks. One of 52 patients treated with MAb 17-1A is a complete
      remission after 66 months, 3 had minor regression and 6 had a stable disease (19%
      RR). Based on in vitro findings showing increased antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) by the combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and MAb 17-1A, 16 CRC patients have been treated with
      subcutaneously injections of GM-CSF for 10 days and intravenous infusions of MAb
      17-1A at day 3. Two of 16 are in CR, 1 in MR and 3 in SD (37.5% RR). Minor side
      effects were registered. A further development of immunotherapy of CRC might
      imply vaccination by injection of specific human anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab2)
      which mimics the nominal antigen, in order to induce a specific immunity.

PMID- 1803186
TI  - [Neurotic manifestations in the speech behavior of stutterers].

PMID- 1803187
TI  - [The potentials for using simple rapid tests in assessing the body's defensive
      strengths].

PMID- 1803188
TI  - [Phonetics].

PMID- 1803190
TI  - [The clinical picture, treatment and care of otosclerosis patients].

PMID- 1803189
TI  - [Acute inflammatory and allergic diseases of the larynx].

PMID- 1803192
TI  - [The care of tracheostomy patients].

PMID- 1803191
TI  - [The observation and care of patients after an operation on the nose and
      paranasal sinuses].

PMID- 1803193
TI  - [Psychotherapeutic care for stuttering children].

PMID- 1803194
TI  - [The characteristics of the nurse's work in the hearing and speech office].

PMID- 1803195
TI  - [The role of the nurse in rendering first aid and emergency care to patients with
      asphyxia and nosebleeds].

PMID- 1803197
TI  - [Vertigo. What should the nurse working with an otorhinolaryngologist know?].

PMID- 1803196
TI  - [The participation of nurses in treating children with paranasal sinus diseases].

PMID- 1803198
TI  - [The use of products from bee raising in ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology].

PMID- 1803199
TI  - [The prevention of ototoxic hearing lesions].

PMID- 1803200
TI  - [The possibilities for the antidote therapy of acute poisonings].

PMID- 1803202
TI  - [The activities of the Red Cross in the Kuban during World War II].

PMID- 1803201
TI  - [Deontology in the treatment of patients with speech disorders].

PMID- 1803203
TI  - [Methodological recommendations on organizing centralized sterilization
      departments in hospitals].

PMID- 1803204
TI  - The pocket guide to the lawsuit.

PMID- 1803205
TI  - [The carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride: the lesson].

PMID- 1803207
TI  - [The evaluation of the presumed mutagenic activity of barium nitrate].
AB  - Barium nitrate, which is used in industry in the production of green signal
      lights, to remove gases from vacuum tubes, and in the production of barium oxide,
      was assayed to assess the possible mutagenic effects using both the Ames test (S.
      typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100, TA 102c), with and
      without metabolic activation with the plate incorporation assay and pre
      incubation assay methods, and using the mitotic crossing over test, the mitotic
      genic conversion test, and the retromutation test in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, D7
      strain, with and without metabolic activation. In the experimental conditions of
      the study, at various gradually increasing concentrations, barium nitrate gave
      negative results.

PMID- 1803206
TI  - [The mortality among the makers of vinyl chloride in Italy].
AB  - A mortality study was performed on 5,946 vinyl chloride (VC)-polyvinyl chloride
      (PVC) workers of the nine Italian plants. The aims of the study were to
      investigate the cause-specific mortality of workers exposed to VC in production
      and polymerization stages and to ascertain whether exposure is associated with a
      higher risk of cancers other than liver angiosarcoma. An incident cohort was
      enumerated in five plants, a mixed cohort in two and a cross sectional one in the
      remaining two facilities. Cause-specific Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) were
      calculated for the six incidence cohorts with a sufficiently long follow-up
      period. Both Italian and regional rates were used for the comparison. A pooled
      analysis of six cohorts was performed. For deceased persons, information from
      death certificates was used in the mortality analysis. Additional clinical and
      pathological data were sought for all decreased individuals (Best Evidence = BE).
      The results of the study confirm the carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride on the
      liver but not on the other suggested target organs (i.e., lung, lymphopoietic
      tissues, brain). A deficit for all causes of death and cardiovascular disease was
      evident in most cohorts and in the pooled cohort. Analysis of BE data showed a
      broad spectrum of carcinogenic action of VCM on the liver as demonstrated by the
      occurrence of both angiosarcomas and other histotypes of tumours.

PMID- 1803208
TI  - Asthma and systemic toxic reaction due to cabreuva (Myrocarpus fastigiatus Fr.
      All.) wood dust.
AB  - A 48-year-old parquet floor layer suffered from an attack of asthma at work and
      systemic toxic reaction after exposure to cabreuva wood dust (Myrocarpus
      fastigiatus Fr. All.). Exposure to the same dust in hospital produced a late
      asthmatic reaction with fever, vomiting and myalgia. Leucocytosis with
      neutrophilia was present after a bronchial provocation test but no radiological
      changes were observed. A control bronchial provocation test with fir wood dust
      was negative. It was not possible to study the systemic toxic reaction further
      due to non-collaboration of the patient; nevertheless, these findings show that
      systemic reactions to wood dust should always be investigated even though their
      occurrence is fortunately rare.

PMID- 1803209
TI  - A glance at the early Italian studies on the health effects of asbestos.

PMID- 1803210
TI  - [Tumors of the excretory urinary tract in workers of the textile industry in the
      Prato area].
AB  - A hospital-based case-control study on bladder and lower urinary tract cancers
      was conducted in the Prato area, where the textile industry is the main
      manufacturing sector (about 50,000 employees). "Cases" were male subjects, aged
      over 15 years in whom urothelial cancer had been diagnosed in the period 1980
      1985; controls (two for each case) were subjects of the same sex and age with
      other urological diseases or cancer of the prostate or testis. Cases and controls
      were interviewed via a questionnaire on occupational history and personal habits.
      A positive association was found for subjects who had worked in the textile
      industry (O.R. = 1.42; C.I. = 1.0-2.0). Analysis by job titles showed positive
      association for "rag selectors" (O.R. = 4.09; C.I. = 1.39-11.96), whereas no
      association was found for dyers (O.R. = 0.74; C.I. = 0.29-1.87).

PMID- 1803212
TI  - [Dispersion of asbestos fibers and artificial mineral fibers (MMMF) inside truck
      cabs: a possible exposure of truck drivers].
AB  - Tests on samples of braided asbestos cord used in truck exhaust systems revealed
      a constant presence of chrysotile. Amosite fibres were also observed in many of
      the samples. Following a case of asbestosis in a truck driver, it was assumed
      that asbestos fibres could reach the driver's cab through the openings of the
      ventilation and heating system and also through the spaces between the bonnet and
      the floor of the driver's cab. Dust samples taken in the driver's cab of 10 (no.)
      trucks revealed the presence of asbestos fibres in 3 cases; MMMF were present in
      7 cases, very likely originating from the noise insulation panelling. It is
      therefore suggested that there is a possible risk for truck drivers of exposure
      to asbestos and MMMF fibres dispersed inside the driver's cab.

PMID- 1803211
TI  - Studies on some biochemical parameters in human manganese exposure.
AB  - Biochemical studies were carried out in 35 male workers exposed to low
      concentrations of manganese in a ferromanganese alloy plant and in 24 workers not
      occupationally exposed (control group). Adenosine deaminase, total and HDL
      cholesterol in plasma, inorganic phosphate, calcium and urea in plasma and urine
      and 17-ketosteroids in urine, as well as urinary manganese were determined in
      order to assess their validity as early diagnostic measures in Mn intoxication.
      Significant increases in plasma inorganic phosphates, HDL cholesterol, urinary
      calcium, plasma and urinary manganese were found in the exposed while the other
      parameters remained unchanged.

PMID- 1803213
TI  - [Reflex sympathetic dystrophy following electric shock: description of a clinical
      case].
AB  - The acute effects of electrical injuries are well known. However, the occurrence
      and the mechanisms of the delayed sequelae are still unclear. The effects on
      peripheral nerves and the sympathetic system in particular are poorly documented.
      A 47-year old man was injured on the left arm by contact with a 380 V tension
      switch in January 1990. A few hours after the accident he complained of burning
      pain, dysesthesia, weakness and motor impairment of the arm. Allodynia and
      anhidrosis without cutaneous trophic lesions were observed. During the subsequent
      months the symptoms did not change except for the appearance of signs of
      autonomous nervous system hyperactivity (hyperhidrosis, edema, atrophy of the
      skin and nails, excessive sweating). One year later thermographic evidence and
      the effect of anesthetic blockade of the sympathetic chain on the burning pain,
      stiffness of joints and weakness of the arm confirmed the clinical diagnosis of
      reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Analgesia and motility improvement were achieved by
      means of sympathetic blockades although the patient's hand grip force and thumb
      little finger grip were still weakened. Any known etiology besides electric shock
      could be associated with these clinical signs. The cause of the reflex
      sympathetic dystrophy may be multifactorial. In this patient the electric shock
      might have damaged peripheral sympathetic fibres or cervical ganglia. Lesions of
      the peripheral nerves and sympathetic hyperactivity can contribute to the
      development of such syndrome.

PMID- 1803215
TI  - [Influence of alcohol on the behavior of dose and effect indicators in workers
      exposed to inorganic lead: unexpected behavior of ZPP].
AB  - A study was carried out on 65 male workers heavily exposed to lead in the ceramic
      tile manufacturing industry in order to assess the effects of alcohol on the
      biological indicators of lead (PbB, ALA-D, ALA-U, ZPP). All subjects selected for
      the study had PbB levels greater than or equal to 60 micrograms/dl, normal levels
      of serum iron and no haemoglobin disorders. The subjects were divided into three
      groups according to alcohol intake checked by anamnestic investigation, mean
      corpuscular volume (MCV) values and liver function parameters, as follows: Group
      A--27 subjects, controls, with daily alcohol intake less than 80 ml, MCV less
      than or equal to 95 mu 3, normal GGT, AST and ALT levels; Group B--20 subjects,
      heavy drinkers, with daily alcohol intake greater than or equal to 80 ml, MCV
      greater than 95 mu 3, occasionally high GGT, but normal AST and ALT values; Group
      C--18 subjects, heavy drinkers, with daily alcohol intake greater than or equal
      to 80 ml, MCV greater than 95 mu 3, abnormal GGT, AST and ALT levels. The length
      of lead exposure did not significantly differ in the three groups. The well-known
      effects of ethanol intake on PbB, ALA-D and ALA-U values were confirmed, with the
      following mean values in the three groups: Group A: PbB = 66.0 (micrograms/dl),
      ALA-D = 10.3 (mU/ml r.c.), ALA-U = 8.4 (mg/l); Group B: PbB = 68.3
      (micrograms/dl), ALA-D = 6.7 (mU/ml r.c.), ALA-U = 9.1 (mg/l); Group C: PbB =
      71.5 (micrograms/dl), ALA-D = 4.6 (mU/ml r.c.), ALA-U = 12.7 (mg/l).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803214
TI  - Behaviour of urinary D-glucaric acid excretion in surgical patients and
      anaesthesiology staff acutely exposed to isoflurane and nitrous oxide.
AB  - Liver function abnormalities have been observed in humans exposed to anaesthetics
      inhalation. Furthermore, experimental studies have revealed changes in microsomal
      enzyme activity caused by inhalation of a variety of anaesthetics. The study was
      designed to assess liver microsomal enzyme function by means of a simple non
      invasive test, i.e., measurement of urinary D-glucaric acid (UDGA) excretion.
      Three groups of selected subjects were examined: (i) 20 patients undergoing
      orthopaedic surgery receiving an anesthetic mixture, (ii) 18 workers of an
      Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, occupationally exposed to anesthetics,
      (iii) 16 controls. Both in the patients and anesthesiology staff, the post
      operative UDGA mean values were significantly increased compared to the pre
      operative values. The study shows that the behaviour of UDGA excretion is similar
      in patients and in anaesthesiology staff. Although it is not possible to clarify
      the mechanism involved, this finding is regarded as a response of the liver to
      anaesthetics administration in patients and to both environmental pollution and
      occupational stress in hospital staff.

PMID- 1803216
TI  - [Biological indicators of the renal involvement in workers with previous exposure
      to cadmium: a 5-year follow up].
AB  - Six welders who had been exposed to high cadmium concentrations were monitored
      for 5 years after cessation of exposure. Indicators of exposure and effect had
      shown marked alterations during exposure, with 3 subjects showing low molecular
      weight proteinuria (beta 2-microglobinuria), one of whom with total proteinuria
      as well. During the follow-up period, beta 2-microglobinuria increased up to a
      maximum in 2 subjects; in another subject, after a temporary increase, beta 2
      microglobinuria returned to normal levels after 5 years. Urinary enzyme excretion
      had exceeded normal values during exposure; during the follow-up, brush border
      enzyme excretion was persistently high (only angiotensin converting enzyme
      activity showed a progressive reduction), whereas cytoplasmatic enzyme values
      returned to normal one year after cessation of exposure.

PMID- 1803217
TI  - [Effects on hearing in exposure to impulsive and high frequency noise].
AB  - Audiometric tests performed on 41 workers at a metal engineering factory
      producing tools for the wood manufacturing industry showed hearing loss at 6 kHz
      in 45.9% of the cases. A study was therefore carried out to check carefully the
      physical characteristics of the noise via statistical analysis and octave
      frequencies band analysis in real time. The measurements revealed higher noise
      levels at the high and medium high frequencies (3.15-6.3 Hz) both for impulsive
      and continuous noise. The results of the audiometric tests differed from those of
      a group of 50 workers employed in two different metal engineering factories,
      where the noise levels were similar but at medium-low frequencies, with no pure
      tones. In this group of subjects, hearing loss occurred at 6 kHz in 28% of the
      cases; the differences thus seemed to be related the particular physical
      characteristics of the noise levels measured in the first factory. The data are
      discussed against findings already reported in the literature, in relation to
      their prevention-related aspects and a more correct interpretation of the
      audiograms.

PMID- 1803218
TI  - [An experimental study of a hypertext as an innovative teaching tool in learning
      about occupational risks].
AB  - Among innovative techniques, computer-assisted instruction methods and hypertexts
      deserve particular attention due to the increasing availability of educational
      software. A hypertext is not a specific programme, rather a type of programme:
      hypertexts provide different combinations of texts, pictures, graphs, tables, so
      that learners can browse through information according to their wishes. This
      study was performed with the aim of comparing two teaching techniques (1.
      browsing a hypertext with the assistance of a computer, and 2. attending
      traditional lectures) in the field of occupational and environmental risks for
      human health. The whole second-year course (21 students) of the School of
      Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia,
      participated in the study. The experimental strategy consisted of 14 working
      sessions. Students were randomly assigned to 2 groups; one browsed the hypertext
      and the other attended the lectures. At the end of each session, students
      performed a 16-item multiple-choice test on the topic covered to assess learning
      levels. Each student was also requested to judge clarity, interest and usefulness
      on a 5-point scale. The performance of the students, expressed as a percentage of
      correct answers, showed that learning lectures is slightly more effective than
      learning from hypertext browsing. However, the chi 2-test revealed no significant
      differences between the 2 methods regarding performance when students with more
      than 75% correct answers were compared. Regarding acceptability of the techniques
      used, the students considered them equivalent as to interest and usefulness,
      whereas clarity of the lectures was slightly but significantly higher than the
      hypertext. Acceptability of hypertext browsing as a learning method was greatly
      appreciated. Most of the students considered their experience as highly positive:
      hypertext browsing was considered easy and amusing and the use of the computer
      for learning was judged most satisfying. Most of the students would like to have
      the possibility of learning at home, to repeat the experience and extend it to
      other disciplines. The negative characteristic of hypertext browsing was the
      "lack of human contact", which makes it impossible to widen knowledge.

PMID- 1803219
TI  - [Orofacial parafunctions in relation to the function and dysfunction of the
      masticatory apparatus].
AB  - With the purpose of assessing the prevalence of dento-oro-facial parafunctions,
      an objective examination has been carried out of dental wear. At the same, a
      questionnaire on the parafunctional habits of a group of 108 patients suffering
      from cranio-mandibular disorders was distributed and a control sample of non
      dysfunctional subjects of comparable age and sex features investigated. Data were
      collected by means of a special clinical record and an Individual Wear Index was
      worked out. The results showed a high presence of parafunctions in both groups,
      without significant differences. Dental wear was also comparable, showing,
      however, a precise age-proportional gradient. The facilitating structural causes,
      although confirming the decisive factor of muscular hyperactivity, were the loss
      of posterior support and deep bite. It was concluded that dysfunction and
      parafunction are not interdependent, although, evidently, they often coexist and
      are mutually aggravating.

PMID- 1803220
TI  - [The periodontal condition of patients with insulin- and non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes].
AB  - The authors compared through the most common clinical indexes the periodontal
      conditions of a group of type I and type II diabetic patients with those of a
      group of healthy control subjects. Results showed the existence of statistically
      significant differences for each parameter considered (plaque index, gingival
      index, bleeding index, attachment loss). Also with comparable oral hygiene
      diabetics showed a worse periodontal condition in comparison with controls. In
      absolute terms type II diabetics presented worse clinical index scores compared
      to type I diabetics even if not at a statistically significant level.

PMID- 1803222
TI  - [The oral status of HIV+ patients. The clinico-statistical results with reference
      to 2 examination check-ups].
AB  - The authors describe experience during 2 cycles of examinations of HIV+ patients
      in an outpatient department devoted to seropositive screening. The results were
      statistically evaluated in order to seem up the typical characteristics of oral
      health in this population.

PMID- 1803221
TI  - [Clinico-therapeutic observations on a series of cases of odontogenic abscesses
      and phlegmons].
AB  - The authors review 561 patients suffering from odontogenic abscesses and
      phlegmons which were large enough to merit hospitalisation in the Division of
      Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the Odontostomatological Clinic at the University of
      Turin during the period from 1972 to 1990. The main features of these septic
      processes are evaluated: site, size, mode of growth and evolution, tooth
      responsible. Special attention is paid to the treatment performed: this was
      essentially based on antibiotic therapy and/or drainage of the abscess via a
      transcutaneous, transmucous or transdental route. The need to combine medical
      therapy with surgical drainage of purulent material was noted in the treatment of
      large infections; in many cases medical therapy alone was unable to guarantee the
      resolution of the pathology; on the other hand, surgical drainage alone in some
      cases led to the patient's recovery.

PMID- 1803223
TI  - [Dyschromatopsia and dental agenesis. A new syndrome with a probable genetic
      etiology].
AB  - After the observation of 23 cases, the authors describe a new syndrome
      characterized by an association between dyschromatopsia and dental agenesis,
      describing the probable genetic etiology related to chromosome X.

PMID- 1803224
TI  - [Myxoma of the jaws].
AB  - A review of the literature and two observations made by the Authors regarding
      maxillary myxoma allow a closer analysis to be made of this rare benign tumour
      which is, however, often recurrent in young adults. Maxillary myxoma is
      identified by the appearance of a non-inflammatory and often painless swelling
      which, in radiological terms, appears to have a zone of multilocular and
      sometimes unilocular osteolysis. In histological terms, this globular whitish
      greyish gelatine-like tumour is made up of an abundant stroma which encloses star
      shaped or fusiform cells and rare collagen fibres. Treatment should be
      conservative where possible since radical surgery does not preclude recurrence;
      follow-up should be regular and long in order to ensure an early diagnosis of
      recividation. Although it is considered an odontogenic tumour, the odontogenic
      nature of maxillary myxoma has not been undisputably ascertained. The term
      maxillary myxoma is therefore preferable to that of odontogenic myxoma.

PMID- 1803225
TI  - [The clinical aspects of 4 cases of oral Kaposi's sarcoma].
AB  - The authors report 4 cases of patients with AIDS and harbouring oral lesions of
      Kaposi's sarcoma. They describe the macroscopic appearance and clinical signs in
      relation to epidemic Kaposi's systemic ones. Because of the anamnestic or
      coexistence of oral mycosis (Candida), in every case the authors suppose that it
      may precede Kaposi's manifestations, with a very severe prognosis, correlated to
      progressive and deadly course of this illness.

PMID- 1803226
TI  - [Experience in staging malignant tumors of the orofacial area].
AB  - The paper reports the authors experience at the Regina Elena Institute for the
      Study and Treatment of Tumours in Rome during the period 1987-1989 concerning the
      setting up of a register for primary malignant tumours of the head and neck. This
      experience has allowed various parameters to be assessed from the initial
      diagnosis through the subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
      [correction of iter]. The stage of disease was assessed in 134 patients using a
      TNM system proposed by UICC for tumours located in the oral cavity, oro- and hypo
      pharynx and maxillary sinuses. At the end of the period a complete definition was
      made of some typical aspects of the disease in question: firstly, the high
      incidence of patients with advanced stages of disease found at the first
      diagnosis, and secondly, the significant delay in confirming the diagnosis of the
      tumour in spite of the ease with which the area may be explored. In conclusion,
      the authors comment on current systems of TNM classification, underlining the
      need for a more correct interpretation and assessment of findings related to
      neoplastic orofacial pathologies.

PMID- 1803227
TI  - Combination therapy in a model of pulmonary aspergillosis.
AB  - The current treatment for pulmonary aspergillosis, amphotericin B, is toxic and
      not always effective. This study was done to evaluate combinations of
      amphotericin B with other agents in an animal model of pulmonary aspergillosis.
      Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with cortisone acetate, infected intratracheally
      with 10(6) spores of Aspergillus fumigatus, and followed daily for survival.
      Mortality among controls started on day 2, and it was 80% by day seven, whereas
      therapy with amphotericin B resulted in survival of all animals. When given
      alone, ketoconazole, 5-fluorocytosine and rifampin did not improve survival. The
      combination of ketoconazole with amphotericin B resulted in complete antagonism.
      When animals received a combination of aerosol amphotericin B prophylaxis two
      days prior to infection followed by treatments with SCH39304 or itraconazole
      seven days after infection, survival rates were superior as compared to animals
      that had received aerosol prophylaxis only. The combinations of either 5
      fluorocytosine or rifampin with amphotericin B were not better than amphotericin
      B alone. While combinations with 5-fluorocytosine or rifampin appear not to offer
      any advantage over therapy with amphotericin B alone, additional studies to
      further evaluate the role of azoles in combination therapy are needed.

PMID- 1803228
TI  - Morphological changes of Candida albicans induced by saperconazole.
AB  - The effects of a new triazole antifungal agent, saperconazole, on the morphology
      of Candida albicans were studied by scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy. An inoculum of 10(6) CFU ml-1 was exposed to saperconazole at 1 and
      10 micrograms ml-1 and at different times up to 24 h samples were removed for
      microscopic observations. The antifungal agent caused the yeasts to become round
      and turgescent and to cluster; budding appeared to be affected also, as seen by
      scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed a thickened
      wall, the presence of intraparietal electron-dense vesicles and of multilamellae
      near the plasma membrane.

PMID- 1803229
TI  - Velocity of Candida albicans invasion into host tissues.
AB  - Using 2 experimental models (candidal vaginitis in leukopenic mice and oral
      candidosis in neonatal rats) characterized by minimal inflammatory response to
      the pathogen, the rate of invasive growth of Candida albicans in stratified
      epithelia of mucosal membranes was defined. The pseudomycelium was found to
      invade animal epithelia at an average rate of 2 microns per hour, penetrating the
      entire epithelial thickness during 24-48 h. These data have been extrapolated to
      clinical pathology. On the basis of experimental data and by measuring the
      epithelial thickness in some human mucous membranes, the presumable periods of
      total epithelial penetration were calculated which may lead to vascular invasion
      and create the danger of dissemination. For different human mucous membranes
      these periods ranged from 22 to 59 h. These data emphasize the importance of
      cellular and tissue defense mechanisms, the inhibition of which may allow the
      fungi normally found on epithelial surfaces as commensals to invade the host
      tissues and to cause deep and disseminated mycotic lesions within several days.

PMID- 1803230
TI  - Turbidometric characterization of the postantifungal effect: comparative studies
      with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole on Candida albicans.
AB  - The phenomenon of persistent suppression of Candida albicans yeast cell growth
      after short drug exposures (postantifungal effect, PAFE) was determined by
      performing comparative studies using different concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine
      (5-FC), amphotericin B (AMPH) and miconazole (MCZ). An in vitro turbidometric
      method was used to measure cell growth and to quantitate the PAFE after removal
      of the drug by dilution following exposure to C. albicans yeast cells for 0.5 h,
      1 h or 2 h. The PAFE was determined by the difference in time (h) required for
      growth of the control and test cultures to increase to the 0.5 absorbance level
      following removal of the antifungal agent. A PAFE was demonstrated with each
      agent and generally the length of the PAFE was dependent upon the concentration
      of the drug and the time of exposure. An exposure time of 0.5 h resulted in PAFEs
      ranging from 0.6 to 16.7 h with 5-FC, 0 to 16.5 h with AMPH and 0.1 to 14.1 h
      with MCZ. In most instances exposure of the cells to each drug for 1 or 2 h
      resulted in slightly longer PAFEs, respectively. Longer PAFEs were induced with
      lower concentrations of 5-FC as compared to AMPH and MCZ. The data from such PAFE
      assays may be useful for determining in vivo treatment regimens, since longer
      PAFEs may allow for intermittent dosing instead of continuous drug
      administration.

PMID- 1803231
TI  - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of some Microsporum species.
AB  - The paper reports observations made of various Microsporum species during a PAGE
      pattern study of the epidemiology of Microsporum canis. It is shown that M.
      audouinii can readily be distinguished from M. canis but that M. equinum is more
      difficult to separate. M. rivalierii was distinguishable from M. audouinii,
      confirming previous reports. M. distortum could not be separated from M. canis by
      PAGE gels of total protein or by isozyme patterns generated. There are particular
      problems with studies of that type on dermatophyte protein in that the intrinsic
      proteases degrade the preparations.

PMID- 1803232
TI  - Cutaneous cryptococcosis as the first symptom of a disseminated cryptococcosis in
      a patient with lymphogranulomatosis X.
AB  - A 63-year-old patient, known to have suffered from lymphogranulomatosis X for 4
      years is reported, in whom a cutaneous cryptococcosis appeared as first sign of a
      disseminated cryptococcosis. Despite systemic therapy with amphotericin B, the
      patient died after a period of 2 months. Differential diagnosis of skin tumours
      of immunosuppressed patients includes rare skin mycoses, and both histological
      and mycological examinations should be performed.

PMID- 1803233
TI  - Feline meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and review of
      feline cryptococcosis.
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was ascertained as the prime cause of
      fatal meningitis in a young-adult female domestic cat who was suspected of
      rabies. The pathogen was isolated in heavy growth from the infected brain
      specimen on simplified sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus) medium at 30 degrees C.
      Periodic acid-Schiff stained impression smear revealed numerous cryptococcal
      cells. Histologically, pia-arachnoid showed thickening along with many circular
      yeast cells with and without budding morphologically consistent with Cr.
      neoformans. The detailed typing of the strain indicated that it belonged to
      serotype AD and Filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans mating type 'alpha'.
      The emphasis is given on early diagnosis by immunological and mycological
      techniques and prompt chemotherapy to avert the fatal consequences of this
      enigmatic mycosis.

PMID- 1803234
TI  - Fatal trichosporonosis is not related to tolerance to amphotericin B.
AB  - A case of disseminated trichosporonosis in a 45-year-old female suffering from
      acute lymphocytic leukaemia is reported. The patient died of that mycosis despite
      of therapy with amphotericin B for which the pathogen had been proven susceptible
      in vitro.

PMID- 1803235
TI  - Effect of culture media on in vitro susceptibility testing of fluconazole against
      some yeasts.
AB  - Thirty clinical isolates, comprising six strains of Candida albicans, and four
      strains each of C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus
      neoformans, Torulopsis glabrata and Trichosporon beigelii were tested against
      fluconazole, using Sabouraud's dextrose (SD) broth and a high resolution (HR)
      medium (Pfizer Central Research, Inc.). The procedure was a standard tube (1
      ml/tube) dilution, and C. albicans Y01 09 was included as a reference strain to
      monitor quality and reproducibility. Results indicated that the minimum
      inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all isolates of C. albicans, C. lusitaniae,
      C. tropicalis, and Tr. beigelii were 100 micrograms ml-1 or greater in the SD
      medium. In the HR medium, however, the MICs for two isolates of C. albicans were
      1.56 micrograms ml-1, in other four gave higher values (greater than 100
      micrograms ml-1), and the results for C. lusitaniae and Tr. beigelii were in the
      range 1.56-3.12 micrograms ml-1. The MICs for C. tropicalis were unaffected (100
      micrograms ml-1) by the medium used. All Cr. neoformans isolates yielded a
      uniform value (1.56 micrograms ml-1) in HR medium as compared to somewhat more
      variable results (MICs 0.39-1.56 micrograms ml-1) in SD broth. The MICs for T.
      glabrata in the SD and HR media were 3.12-12.5 and 6.25 micrograms ml-1,
      respectively. The data indicated that the HR medium is preferable for the in
      vitro susceptibility testing of C. albicans, C. lusitaniae and Tr. beigelii to
      fluconazole. The MICs for other yeasts were not affected by the culture medium.
      The reference C. albicans isolate yielded an MIC of 1.56 micrograms ml-1
      throughout.

PMID- 1803236
TI  - In vitro activity of nitroxoline against clinical isolates of Candida species.
AB  - The in vitro antifungal activity of the quinoline nitroxoline has been compared
      with those of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and two azoles, miconazole and
      ketoconazole, against clinical isolates of Candida spp. A total of 186 isolates
      of 10 species of Candida and two culture collection strains were tested by an
      agar-dilution technique. Nitroxoline was highly active against Candida spp. MICs
      for nitroxoline ranged between 0.25-2 micrograms ml-1 for 186 representative
      strains. With MIC90 as the measure of antifungal activity, nitroxoline appeared
      to be superior to the imidazoles studied. Data for individual species of Candida
      revealed that the activities of nitroxoline and amphotericin B were generally
      just as effective against C. albicans, whereas flucytosine was the most active
      agent against Candida spp.

PMID- 1803237
TI  - Transient fungaemia due to Candida pelliculosa in a patient with AIDS.
AB  - Candida pelliculosa Redaelli (syn. Hansenula anomala) was isolated from blood
      cultures of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The transient
      candidaemia was apparently associated with intravenous drug addiction. The
      isolate was identified by standard methods such as API 20 C Aux and 16 discs
      carbon auxanogram. The isolate was sensitive to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine
      and ketoconazole. This organism adds to the growing list of Candida species
      associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 1803238
TI  - Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi
      Arabia: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection.
AB  - A total of 4,294 clinically suspected cases of dermatomycoses belonging to 26
      different nationalities were examined between April 1984 and April 1988. Fungi
      were demonstrated in routine potassium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide mount in
      3,814 cases (88.8%) and the etiology was determined by culture in 2,458 cases
      (57.2%). Tinea versicolor was the predominant fungal infection (30.9% of all
      infections). Onychomycosis and paronychia ranked second in prevalence (16.8%).
      Candidal onychomycosis was the most common type of infection. Scalp ringworm
      among children ranked third (15.3%), Microsporum canis was the main etiologic
      agent. Tinea pedis and tinea manuum ranked fourth in prevalence (13.2%). Tinea
      corporis represented 10.7% of infections and M. canis was the main agent. Tinea
      cruris accounted for 8.7% of infections and Epidermophyton floccosum was the most
      common agent. Cutaneous candidosis constituted 4.3% of infections. White piedra
      was seen in 6 cases (0.16%). Yeasts were proved not to be unimportant as a cause
      of disease of skin and nail in our study.

PMID- 1803239
TI  - Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi
      Arabia: tinea pedis and tinea manuum.
AB  - In the period between April 1984 and April 1988 a total of 4294 clinically
      suspected cases of dermatomycoses were examined for causative fungi. Of these
      cases 680 were suspected as tinea pedis and tinea manuum. These cases belonged to
      21 different nationalities. Both sexes were represented and 649 cases (95.4%)
      were adults while 31 (4.6%) were prepubertals. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed
      by direct microscopy in 505 cases or 74.4% (485 adults and 20 prepubertal
      children). Out of these, 504 cases were positive on culture and yielded 516
      isolates. Candida species and other yeasts were responsible for 88.9% and
      dermatophytes for 11.1% of these infections. The interdigital type of lesions was
      the most common type (91.9% of all infections) followed by the hyperkeratotic
      scaling type (6.9%) while the acute inflammatory type was only 1.2% of
      infections. Treatment showed satisfactory results in most of the cases.

PMID- 1803240
TI  - Pityriasis versicolor of the face.
AB  - Pityriasis versicolor (p.v.) is a superficial mycosis occurring frequently on the
      face. Epidemiological and clinical data regarding cases of p.v. on the face over
      a period of 11 years are discussed and some explanation given for conditions
      which favour facial involvement. This study underlines that face lesions of p.v.
      are more common in children than in adults and in females than in males. The
      forehead is the site of facial involvement usually affected. Clinical features
      are variable but we often observed achromic or hypopigmented scaling lesions,
      smaller than trunk patches.

PMID- 1803241
TI  - Malassezia pachydermatis: properties and storage.
AB  - Five strains of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from small animals in
      Bratislava were subcultured, maintained under sterile paraffin oil and preserved
      in liquid nitrogen. Morphological and physiological characteristics as well as
      the analysis of long chain fatty acids of the cell mass were determined. The
      results showed that the maintenance in liquid nitrogen is the most satisfactory
      method of preservation of pure cultures of Malassezia pachydermatis.

PMID- 1803242
TI  - Clinical efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine in patients with pityriasis
      versicolor.
AB  - The antifungal efficacy and tolerability of 1% terbinafine cream vs. 1%
      bifonazole cream were assessed in a single blind randomized trial in patients
      with pityriasis versicolor. Terbinafine, a drug of the allylamines group, a new
      class of anti-mycotic agents, blocks sterol biosynthesis in the pathogen through
      inhibition of squalene epoxidase and consequent squalene accumulation, a
      primarily fungicidal process. Forty pityriasis versicolor patients, (18 M, 22 F;
      mean age 32.4 years; min. 16, max. 65), used 1% terbinafine cream or 1%
      bifonazole cream for a maximum of 4 weeks. All patients were followed-up weekly
      both clinically and mycologically. Clinical cures, defined as negativization of
      each clinical parameter, were recorded for 20 terbinafine patients (100%) and 19
      bifonazole patients (95%), with routine microscopy and Wood's light tests both
      negative. By the 2nd week of treatment, 2 terbinafine patients were mycologically
      cured (10%). By the 3rd week, 14 terbinafine patients (70%) and 5 bifonazole
      patients (25%) were mycologically cured. The present controlled clinical trial
      consequently demonstrates that terbinafine is rapidly effective and well
      tolerated for treatment of pityriasis versicolor.

PMID- 1803243
TI  - Incidence of pulmonary infection due to Nocardia species in Nigeria.
AB  - Pulmonary infection due to Nocardia sp. was investigated in 600 patients of
      various bronchopulmonary disorders by direct microscopy of sputum samples and
      cultures on appropriate media. Pathogenic Nocardia species were isolated from 25
      patients, giving 4.1% incidence of infection. The species of Nocardia represented
      were N. asteroides (21 isolates), N. otitidis-caviarum and N. brasiliensis (2
      isolates each). Paraffin baiting technique proved to be more efficacious than
      culturing on glucose nutrient agar.

PMID- 1803244
TI  - Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

PMID- 1803245
TI  - Retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of 12 cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - Twelve patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) over a 10-yr period (1980
      1990) are reviewed. The clinical manifestations, radiographic findings as well as
      treatment and follow-up are discussed and a review of the literature is
      presented. Nowadays the diagnosis can be established with near-certainty by means
      of computed tomographic scan (CT). In case of diagnostic problems, CT- or
      ultrasound guided percutaneous needle biopsy can aid the diagnosis. There is now
      considerable evidence that RPF can be treated effectively with corticosteroids
      and should be considered the treatment of choice, surgery being confined to
      medical failures or those who do not tolerate steroids. Early and frequent CT
      follow-up may demonstrate the beneficial response to steroids, thereby obviating
      the need for exploratory or therapeutic surgery. In steroid-resistant cases, when
      there is no doubt about the initial diagnosis, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide
      may be used. Long-term follow-up is recommended in all patients.

PMID- 1803246
TI  - Deep-vein thrombosis--an unusual cause of low abdominal pain.
AB  - Three patients with an isolated iliofemoral thrombosis are described. All three
      patients initially presented with low abdominal pain and were suspected of intra
      abdominal diseases. Ultrasonographic examination, performed because of this
      suspicion, revealed the iliofemoral thrombosis. After starting anticoagulant
      therapy the symptoms were relieved. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are
      discussed and the literature is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 1803247
TI  - Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism, vitiligo and
      alopecia universalis.
AB  - The aetiology of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has not been elucidated, but the
      possibility of an autoimmune mechanism has been proposed. We report a case of an
      unknown clinical combination of PCT with autoimmune hypothyroidism, alopecia
      universalis and vitiligo with thyroid and parietal cell circulating antibodies.
      This is highly suggestive of underlying autoimmune damage in this patient.

PMID- 1803248
TI  - Late relapse of testicular cancer. A case report and a review of the literature.
AB  - A case of disseminated testicular cancer relapsing after 6 and 8 yr is reported,
      and the literature on late relapses is reviewed. About 4% of potentially cured
      testicular cancer patients do relapse after two or more years. Early detection is
      important and we recommend an indefinite follow-up, because salvage therapy can
      be effective when the extent of disease is limited.

PMID- 1803249
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative aspects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in aged in
      patients.
AB  - A written 'do not resuscitate' (DNR) order is given after judging cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation (CPR) as medically futile in either quantitative (effectiveness of
      CPR) or qualitative (quality of life before and after CPR) terms. Eighteen
      resuscitation studies have been reviewed, with special attention being paid to
      the definitions of CPR, the pre-arrest morbidity, the localization of the CPR in
      a hospital and the effectiveness of CPR. The effectiveness of CPR (as discharge
      rate from the hospital) of elderly in-patients is only below 5% in exceptional
      conditions. This suggests that there are no quantitative reasons for withholding
      CPR from an elderly patient simply because of age. The qualitative aspects of CPR
      seem to be more important, but more studies are needed to clarify the practice of
      present-day DNR policy. The qualitative aspects of CPR need ethical
      consideration, and two main viewpoints are discussed: favouring the physician's
      authority and favouring the patient's authority. Because of a lack of thorough
      research, practical advice remains difficult.

PMID- 1803250
TI  - Cholesterol embolism after intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase
      activator complex (APSAC)

PMID- 1803251
TI  - [Electroencephalic changes in patients with brain tumors during chemotherapy].
AB  - The purpose of the study was monitoring of EEG changes and their dynamics in
      patients with brain tumours undergoing chemotherapy. The studies group comprised
      115 patients with primary or metastatic brain tumours observed during
      chemotherapy who had serial EEG examinations. At the beginning of the
      examinations in the first 2 weeks worsening of the EEG records was found, with
      increased number of tracings with generalized changes. The automatic analysis of
      EEG tracings demonstrated in these records increased activity index evidencing
      increased number of slow waves (delta and theta). Worsening of EEG tracings in
      the initial period of chemotherapy may be connected with appearance or
      intensification of brain oedema.

PMID- 1803252
TI  - [Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials in workers exposed to metallic
      mercury vapors].
AB  - Thirty-seven workers occupationally exposed to metallic mercury vapours were
      subjected to neurological examination and determination of visual (WPW) and
      somatosensory (SSPW) evoked potentials. In 6 cases slight sings of damage to the
      central nervous system was demonstrated. Prolonged WPW latency was noted in 15
      cases. SSPW abnormalities were observed most frequently in the cortical
      components (13 cases), less frequently in the brainstem components (4 cases).
      Simultaneous WPW and SSPW changes were present in 10 cases. In the group of
      workers with changes of evoked potentials the mean urinary mercury levels were
      higher and the duration of exposure was longer than in the remaining workers. The
      use of multimodal electrophysiological methods increases the effectiveness of the
      diagnosis of subclinical damage to the nervous system in chronic mercury
      intoxication.

PMID- 1803253
TI  - [Neural conduction in workers after long-term exposure to mercury vapors].
AB  - 36 workers exposed to mercury vapour intoxication were examined to estimate the
      abnormalities in peripheral nervous system. 18 workers showed on physical
      examination features of polyneuropathy and in this group 15 workers had on emg
      examination sensory polyneuropathy. Statistical analysis was performed to show
      correlations between polyneuropathy on emg and age, time of exposure to mercury
      vapour and urinary mercury level. No such correlations were demonstrated.

PMID- 1803254
TI  - [Central side effects of long-term treatment of Parkinson disease with levodopa
      preparations].
AB  - 198 patients with Parkinson's disease on long-term treatment with L-dopa were
      evaluated for the presence of dyskinesias and psychiatric side-effects of the
      treatment. Dyskinesias were present in 53% of the patients. In a majority of them
      they appeared already during the first 2 years of the treatment. Younger patients
      seemed more susceptible to develop dyskinesias. Hallucinations, confusion, or
      delusions were observed in 22.2% of the patients. Older patients seemed more
      susceptible to develop these side-effects of the treatment. It seems that
      parkinsonian patients with later and earlier onset of the disease have different
      type of neuronal lesion responsible for the central side-effects of L-dopa.

PMID- 1803255
TI  - [Secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by peripheral blood
      monocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosis
      panencephalitis].
AB  - TNF alpha production by peripheral blood monocytes was studied in seventeen
      patients with a recent exacerbation of MS, thirteen with remission of MS and
      fourteen patients with SSPE. Monocytes from both MS groups spontaneously secreted
      high amounts of TNF alpha in vitro. Addition of lipopolisaccharide could not
      stimulate further synthesis of TNF alpha. In SSPE spontaneous and stimulated TNF
      alpha release did not differ from that in the control group. The observed changes
      in TNF alpha release in MS patients could play a role in the pathogenesis of the
      disease.

PMID- 1803256
TI  - [Lack of interleukin-1 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis].
AB  - Interleukin-1 activity in cerebrospinal fluid of 30 subacute sclerosis
      panencephalitis and 27 multiple sclerosis patients was measured. ELISA and
      costimulation thymocyte test revealed no presence of interleukin-1 activity in
      the cerebrospinal fluid in the tested groups.

PMID- 1803257
TI  - [Cerebral functional asymmetry in face perception by the patients with focal
      brain damage].
AB  - The results are reported of the study of face perception in a group of 18 healthy
      subjects and 10 patients with lesions in the right or left cerebral hemisphere.
      The task given to these subjects included identification of a face photograph
      exposed for 20 msec in the right or left field of vision. The index of perception
      coefficient was the number of errors made while addressing the material to the
      left or right cerebral hemisphere. The results of the experiment confirmed the
      hypothesis of the dominant role of the right hemisphere for face perception. The
      results suggest also that face perception disturbances occur without respect to
      the site of lesion in the right hemisphere.

PMID- 1803258
TI  - [Our method of management of the cases of intracranial hematoma--late results of
      the treatment].
AB  - An original method of qualification for surgical treatment of patients with non
      traumatic intracerebral haematoma is described. The qualification is based on the
      main elements of the intracranial volume compensation: 1. function of midline
      structures (F), 2. intracranial pressure features (I), 3. midline structure shift
      (S). The FIS method was applied in 134 patients; 83 of them were treated
      surgically and 51 were treated conservatively. The control group comprised 60
      patients treated surgically or conservatively with qualification based on other
      criteria. The use of the FIS method in the preliminary management of patients
      with non-traumatic intracerebral haematoma made possible a great increase of the
      survival rate and improvement of the late results of treatment.

PMID- 1803259
TI  - [Aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery and anomalies of the anterior
      part of the circle of Willis].
AB  - Aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery are much more frequently
      encountered in subjects with developmental anomalies of the anterior part of the
      Willis circle than in the general population. The most frequent anomaly is
      hypoplasia of the A1 ACa segment, duplication of the anterior communicating
      artery or accessory artery of the corpus callosum. In the material of the authors
      of 130 surgically treated cases of the aneurysm situated in the anterior
      communicating artery complex developmental anomalies were found in 37.7%.

PMID- 1803260
TI  - [A case of epidermal nevus (Jadassohn's phacomatosis) with changes in the nervous
      system].
AB  - A 22-year old patient with Jadassohn's naevus phacomatosis affecting the right
      side of the head, face and brain is reported. Besides naevus linearis on the
      forehead, lipomata of the right palpebra, skin and palate, 2 odontomata,
      hypodermal and submucosal hyperplasia of the right half of the oral cavity, a
      small aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus and linear
      calcification in the cortex of the medial surface of the occipital lobe like
      those in Sturge-Weber disease were found. Clinically, she was found to be
      mentally retarded (moderately) and having epilepsy. Epileptic attacks occurred up
      to the age of 13 years, while changes in EEG are still present.

PMID- 1803261
TI  - [Leigh disease in a 3-year-old girl].
AB  - A case of Leigh disease in a 3-year-old girl is reported. The child had
      regression of the psychomotor development, muscular hypotonia, weak tendinous
      reflexes, opsoclonus, tremor of the whole body, hypertrichosis, autonomic system
      disturbances. Laboratory investigations demonstrated raised serum lactic acid
      level. Postmortem histological examination of the brain confirmed the diagnosis
      of Leigh disease established before death.

PMID- 1803262
TI  - [Acute ethylene glycol poisoning with the course resembling the development of
      intracranial hematoma].
AB  - Acute poisoning with ethylene glycol manifests itself often with symptoms of
      central nervous system involvement. The predominating manifestations include
      consciousness disturbances, seizures, while focal brain damage signs are less
      frequent. The reported case was hospitalized after trauma to the head and spine,
      and had signs suggesting expanding intracranial haematoma. CT excluded haematoma
      and toxicological investigations demonstrated acute poisoning with ethylene
      glycol.

PMID- 1803263
TI  - [Surgically treated epidural hematoma of the spinal cord at the Th1-Th2 levels
      associated with arachnoid cyst].
AB  - In a man aged 28 clinical picture, myelography and computerized myelotomography
      demonstrated epidural haematoma at the level of Th1-Th2 vertebrae with associated
      arachnoidal cyst. Owing to initially erroneous diagnosis of transverse myelitis
      the haematoma was diagnosed only after 7 days and removed surgically with
      simultaneous evacuation of the cyst. The therapeutic result was minimal.

PMID- 1803264
TI  - [Nuchal-paretic sign in multiple sclerosis].
AB  - A 43-year-old patient with clinically established diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
      had the nuchal-paretic sign. Neck flexion caused reversible deterioration of gait
      and increased the weakness of the right lower extremity. Although the sign is not
      pathognomonic for multiple sclerosis it is a peculiar pyramidal sign suggesting
      demyelination especially in the cervical part of the spine. Mechanical stretching
      of the demyelination plaques in the cervical spine reduces probably the density
      of the action current generated at the nodes of the demyelinated fibres.

PMID- 1803265
TI  - [Surgically treated paroxysmal hemifacial spasm].
AB  - Two patients with paroxysmal hemifacial spasm were treated surgically with good
      result. In one of them the anterior inferior cerebellar artery was separated with
      lyophilized dura from the brain stem and from the pontine site of origin of the
      facial nerve. In the second case the whole facial nerve was dissected from its
      origin from the brain stem to the internal porus acusticus and lyophilized dura
      was inserted between the vestibular artery and the lateral part of the facial
      nerve.

PMID- 1803266
TI  - [Spastic paraplegia of the lower extremities in a patient with the Klippel-Feil
      syndrome--diagnostic difficulties].

PMID- 1803267
TI  - [Parlodel in paroxysmal headache--incidental effect or a new therapeutic
      possibility?].

PMID- 1803268
TI  - [Extensive epidermal cyst of the cranial vault treated by surgery].

PMID- 1803269
TI  - System of synaptic influences on neurons of the neocortex in the presence of a
      conditioned reflex.

PMID- 1803270
TI  - Backward conditioned connection and inhibitory reorganization of the receptive
      fields of cortical neurons as the basis of subconscious change in the thresholds
      of visual recognition and detection.
AB  - Three groups of facts are compared in this study: the significant adaptive and
      adaptational modification of the receptive fields of neurons of the visual cortex
      of the cat, the conditioned, selective, subsensory change in the threshold of
      perception (detection and recognition) by an individual of a letter in relation
      to two control letters, and the role of spatially-specialized cortical inhibition
      in the formation and adaptive modifications of the receptive fields and detector
      properties of neurons of the visual cortex. The relationship of the described
      phenomena and the commonality of their mechanisms is discussed.

PMID- 1803271
TI  - Influence of an analog of vasopressin on the reaction of command neurons of
      defensive behavior of the edible snail during the stimulation of nerves.
AB  - An increase was found at the level of the command neurons of defensive behavior
      in the amplitude of summary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in
      the command neurons in response to nerve stimulation; as were an increase in the
      probability of the occurrence of an action potential in the reaction, and under
      certain conditions, a substantial decrease in the rate of habituation during
      rhythmic (0.1 Hz) nerve stimulation in the presence of a peptide. This last
      effect was observed when two groups of neurons, the control and those to which
      the peptide was presented prior to the first stimulation series in the
      experiment, i.e., without the preceding development of habituation, were
      compared. The decrease in the rate of habituation affected both the amplitude of
      the summary EPSP and the probability of the occurrence of an action potential in
      the reaction. All these changes in the presence of the analog may underlie the
      increase in spike reactions of the command neurons of defensive behavior, and may
      thus underlie the initiation or an increase in defensive behavioral reactions.
      The effects obtained were not long-lived, and took place only in the presence of
      the peptide in the extracellular milieu.

PMID- 1803272
TI  - Change in the blood glucose level under the influence of "failure" of an
      avoidance reaction.

PMID- 1803273
TI  - Significance of the character and probability of reinforcement in animals with
      transplantation of various embryonal tissue structures.

PMID- 1803274
TI  - Consciousness and information selection.
AB  - The selection of information is considered from the point of view of the process
      necessary for its conscious apprehension, in the context of the limited memory of
      consciousness, and the discrete and slow mode of its operation. Published data
      and the results of our own observations touching upon the neurophysiology of
      consciously apprehended and consciously nonapprehended processes are cited. The
      advantages of consciously apprehended information over consciously nonapprehended
      information, associated with the possibility of its participation in the
      voluntary regulation of functions of the organism and in the organization of the
      abstract-verbal mode of communication, are underscored.

PMID- 1803275
TI  - Influence of the administration of prednisolone in early postnatal ontogenesis on
      the diurnal activity of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system of
      adult rats.

PMID- 1803276
TI  - Influence of thymosin (fraction 5) and tactivin on the function of the adrenal
      cortex in mice.

PMID- 1803277
TI  - Afferent connections of the nucleus accumbens with the amygdaloid body and the
      dopaminergic mesencephalic formations of the cat brain.

PMID- 1803278
TI  - Reaction of sensory spinal ganglion neurons to transection of their peripheral
      and central processes.

PMID- 1803279
TI  - Influence of the posterior hypothalamus on the visual cortex in various states of
      the reticular formation.
AB  - It has been demonstrated in chronic experiments on wakeful rabbits that the
      stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus by a single electrical stimulus leads
      to the formation in the visual cortex of a short-latency response which exerts a
      substantial influence on the formation of the reaction to light stimulation.
      Depending upon the intervals between the hypothalamic and light stimuli, an
      initial suppression of the response is observed (1-15 msec), a subsequent
      selective facilitation of its positive component in the presence of the
      simultaneous suppression of the negative (20-100 msec), and the complete recovery
      of the response (200-300 msec). Aminazine and amizil do not alter the
      directionality of the influence of the stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus
      on the responses of the visual cortex; however, they do significantly attenuate
      the degree of expressivity and the dynamics of this influence. Experiments
      involving local foci in the mesencephalic reticular formation (strychnine, KCl)
      attest to the inhibitory influence of the latter on the activity of the
      hypothalamocortical input. The role of the phasic mechanism of hypothalamic
      control in the realization of the perceptual function of the visual cortex is
      considered.

PMID- 1803280
TI  - Pathways of the evolution of hormonal signal realization systems.
AB  - The problem of the structural-functional organization, and of the origin and
      evolution of the chemosignal systems which realize the effect of hormones and
      hormone-like substances in the higher eukaryotes-lower eukaryotes-prokaryotes
      series, is reviewed on the basis of an analysis of published information and our
      own data. The notion that the systems of the conduction and transduction of
      chemical signals are related to universal and evolutionarily ancient structures
      is formulated. The roots of these systems take their origin in the single-celled
      eukaryotes, while individual of their functional units take their origin even in
      the prokaryotes. The hypothesis is advanced that the progressive evolution of
      chemosignal systems has traveled common pathways, and has consisted in the
      linking up and the functional combination of originally general and conservative
      units in the direction of the ever-increasing specialization of these systems and
      augmentation of their efficiency.

PMID- 1803281
TI  - Influence of the inhibition of free-radical oxidation processes in early
      postnatal ontogenesis on learning in adult rats.
AB  - The influence of the neonatal administration of the synthetic antioxidant mexidol
      on teaching rats an active avoidance conditioned reflex at the age of two months
      was studied. It was established that the inhibition of free-radical oxidation in
      the tissues of three to seven day old infant rats subsequently leads to
      facilitation of the learning process: to a decrease in the latent period of the
      avoidance reaction by a factor of 4-6, a two-fold increase in the conditioned
      reflex response, and a decrease in total motoric activity at the stage of the
      stably developed reaction.

PMID- 1803282
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Epidemiological studies, trials
      and therapeutic implications].
AB  - From the analysis of the epidemiological observational studies, among which one
      of the most famous is the Framingham study that has lasted for more than 30
      years, it is evident that the risk of cardiac events and strokes is closely
      related to the levels of arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
      Nevertheless, the link between hypertension and cardiovascular risk has very
      often been discussed, due to the results of therapeutic intervention trials,
      which have proved satisfactory for cardiovascular risk reduction but
      disappointing results for coronary disease reduction risk. Possible explanations
      for these poor results of antihypertensive therapy on coronary disease are
      different and very numerous. According to many Authors, the blood pressure was
      not reduced to the programmed levels in all trials and the drug used (diuretics,
      beta-blockers) possibly had negative effects on the lipid profile. Therefore,
      waiting data for new trials, will perhaps produce better results in the future
      taking into consideration all risks of our patient, monitoring a rigorous and
      steady blood pressure reduction and selecting drugs like calcium-channel blockers
      and ACE-inhibitors which contain characteristics similar to those ideal for the
      modern antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 1803284
TI  - [Long-term evaluation of a new single lead VDD pacemaker].
AB  - Since June 1988 we have implanted 36 VDD pacemakers with single lead catheter
      which has floating differential sensing (Phymos). The patients were affected by
      2nd and 3rd degree AV block with normal sinus node function. The reliability of
      the pacing system was assessed acutely and after 1 and 3 months and then every
      six months with ECG, Holter 24 hours monitoring, exercise stress test and
      nifedipine test. Two patients died during the follow-up period and two had atrial
      fibrillation. In the remaining patients an AV synchronization between 95 and 100%
      was demonstrated.

PMID- 1803283
TI  - [Platelet antiaggregants in the treatment of arterial thrombosis].
AB  - The paper contains a critical review of the major clinical controlled trials
      which have been carried out on the use of platelet anti-aggregating agents in the
      prophylactic treatment of arterial thrombosis. The drugs studied to date include
      aspirin, sulphinpyrazone, dipyridamole and ticlopidine. These drugs have been
      used in primary infarction prophylaxis and secondary prophylaxis of arterial
      thrombosis at a cardiac (reinfarction, instable angina, valvular prosthesis,
      aortocoronary bypass, coronary angioplasty), cerebral (TIA, ictus) and peripheral
      (obliterating arteriopathy, thromboendarterectomy, arteriovenous shunt) level.
      The most frequently studied end-points are non-fatal reinfarction, cardiovascular
      mortality (fatal reinfarction, sudden death, fatal ictus), non-fatal ictus,
      vascular re-occlusion after arterio-lesive surgery, and some clinico
      radiographical parameters at a peripheral level. The best results, which are
      statistically significant, have been obtained in the prophylaxis of instable
      angina and re-occlusion following aortocoronary by-pass; results obtained in
      cerebrovascular disease and peripheral obliterating arteriopathy are less
      statistically significant but equally successful and worthy of attention,
      especially in the case of ticlopidine which showed a greater number of advantages
      than aspirin. Positive but statistically not reliable findings were reported
      regarding the secondary prophylaxis of reinfarction, whereas non-significant data
      were reported for secondary prophylaxis of reocclusion of coronary angioplasty,
      thromboendarterectomy and arterio-venous shunt, and for the primary prophylaxis
      of reinfarction. The Author confirms that the clinical trials carried out for the
      long-term prophylaxis of still asymptomatic subjects are the only way of
      evaluating the clinical efficacy of a platelet anti-aggregating agent; the
      results of these trials must however be carefully and critically assessed from a
      clinical and statistical point of view and at all events can only act as a
      guideline for the doctor; the latter continues to be solely responsible for the
      choice of the drug and he must be aware of possible collateral effects and the
      risk/benefit ratio as well as the personal characteristics of the patient.

PMID- 1803285
TI  - [Survival in post-infarction heart rupture. A case report. Role of
      echocardiography in immediate diagnostic approach].
AB  - A case of acute myocardial infarction of the inferior-posterior and lateral wall
      of the left ventricle, complicated at the onset with cardiogenic shock and
      myocardial rupture of the free wall, is presented. The precise and immediate
      echocardiographic diagnosis made it possible, by means of appropriate
      pharmacologic support, to reach a satisfactory haemodynamic balance in order to
      send the patient to decisive surgical operation.

PMID- 1803286
TI  - [Mechanical sutures in esophageal surgery].

PMID- 1803287
TI  - [Acute biliary pancreatitis. Therapeutic approach].
AB  - Those forms of acute pancreatitis with a biliary etiology necessitate the choice
      of surgical techniques whose main objective is to obviate the cause of lithiasis
      and remove the necrotic and hemorrhagic areas of the gland. While probably
      overestimated from an epidemiological point of view, acute biliary pancreatitis
      still causes an overall mortality rate of 10% and has hardly been affected by the
      development of intensive care units and the routine use of somatostatin. By
      comparing the various approaches reported in the literature the Authors attempt
      to match the surgical concept of "timing" and the type of operation to be
      performed with the anatomopathological stage of disease. The paper reports the
      preliminary results of a treatment protocol in use since 1988 in group of 35
      patients in whom the preoperative diagnosis of acute biliary pancreatitis was
      confirmed by computerised tomography.

PMID- 1803288
TI  - [Continuous 24-hour intragastric pH monitoring. A new model of interpretation].
AB  - Using the study as a basis for a novel interpretation of the pH-metric curve, the
      paper reports the results of a study carried out in a sample group of 11 normo
      secretory subjects (students from the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery). The pH
      metric curve was assessed over 24 hours using a portable pH measuring device.

PMID- 1803289
TI  - [Complications after total thyroidectomy in thyroid carcinoma].
AB  - Authors report the postoperative complication rate in 52 patients who had
      undergone total thyroidectomy for cancer between 1984 to 1989. Total
      thyroidectomy has been performed in 9.8% of patients surgically treated for
      nodular thyroid pathology. Patients age average 49 years in a range 16-75; they
      were 49 women and 3 men. In 50% of cases we found papillary cancer, follicular in
      40%, medullary 4% and anaplastic 6%. We shared postoperative complications in two
      mean groups: 1) aspecific complications as cardiocirculatory failure, respiratory
      failure, wound infections or collections, granulomas, keloids; 2) surgery related
      complications such as hypocalcemia, dysphagia, recurrent++ paralyses. The first
      group, we noticed just one case of respiratory mechanical failure due to severe
      tracheomalacia that required a temporary tracheostomy performed at the end of
      surgical procedure; we did not notice any death due to cardio-circulatory or
      respiratory failure, nor did we notice any postoperative hemorrhage; one patient
      presented a wound seroma, two patients presented granulomas due to subcutaneous
      stitches, and three developed papulous drug-induced erythema. The second group,
      eight patients developed a transient hypocalcemia beginning on the second
      postoperative day, without relevant tetanic crisis, well treated by calcium
      administration; only two of these patients developed permanent
      hypoparathyroidism. In 3 cases we had to perform exeresis of a laryngeal inferior
      nerve involved by the cancer, while in 5 more cases we noticed a transient
      monolateral paralysis that disappeared in 2 or 3 months. Three patients presented
      dysphagia before intervention and healed post-surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1803290
TI  - [The modified Shouldice inguinal hernioplasty. A clinical contribution].
AB  - The Authors present their personal experience in the surgical treatment, using
      the Shouldice modified method, of 85 cases of patients suffering from inguinal
      hernia. The rarity of general and local complications and the relatively low
      percentage of relapse, if compared with other surgical methods, testify to the
      validity of this technique.

PMID- 1803291
TI  - [Intrahepatic jejunostomy by trans-scission approach in neoplasms of the superior
      biliary confluent (SBC)].
AB  - The Authors consider the trans-scission approach as a quick and safe alternative
      approach for doing intrahepatic bilio-intestinal anastomoses for the surgical
      treatment of well confined cancers of hepatic hilus (type I and II of Bismuth e
      Corlette). This approach should be recommended particularly when the presence of
      anatomical variations makes the hilar approach hazardous.

PMID- 1803292
TI  - [Arteriovenous fistula of the left renal peduncle after nephrectomy. A clinical
      case].
AB  - The Authors report a case of arterio-venous fistula of the left renal pedicle,
      twenty six years after nephrectomy. The diagnosis was made by clinical signs and
      confirmed by angiography. Treatment was surgical with complete removal of the
      fistula.

PMID- 1803293
TI  - [A case of anomalous outlet of the cystic duct].
AB  - The paper reports a case of anomaly affecting the extrahepatic biliary tract.
      Brief comments are made regarding the practical importance of this pathology.

PMID- 1803294
TI  - [Recurrent digestive hemorrhage of jejunal angioma].
AB  - A case of obscure recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in a 78 year old man is
      reported. Selective mesenteric angiography made it possible to identify the site
      of hemorrhage in the upper jejunum. The pre- and intraoperative problems in case
      of small bowel vascular lesions are reviewed.

PMID- 1803295
TI  - [Intestinal occlusion caused by ileal phytobezoar].
AB  - The paper reports a case of occlusion of the small intestine by phytobezoar which
      was treated surgically by means of enterectomy and removal; the Authors underline
      that gastric and/or ileal phytobezoar are formed by vegetables with a high
      percentage of indigestible fibres and fruit with many seeds; predisposing
      conditions include inadequate mastication in gastroresected and vagotomised
      patients. If the latter follow the rule of chopping high-risk vegetables before
      eating them, occlusion of the small intestine due to phytobezoar and emergency
      surgery can be avoided.

PMID- 1803296
TI  - [Technical error ... or defect of diagnostic approach?].

PMID- 1803297
TI  - Introduction to transvaginal imaging.
AB  - Transvaginal sonography provides improved resolution and avoidance of intervening
      anatomic structures that can degrade the image. In this article, transvaginal
      transducers are described and compared with transabdominal transducers. The
      sagittal and coronal views used in transvaginal sonography are described.
      Advantages and disadvantages of transvaginal sonography are considered. Safety
      considerations of the decreased attenuation path to the fetus are dealt with.

PMID- 1803298
TI  - Normal pelvic anatomy using transvaginal scanning.
AB  - The fine spatial and contrast resolution accorded by TVS provides us with the
      opportunity to see the uterus, ovary, and larger pelvic vessels with detail and
      accuracy. Other structures may also be visualized but not with the same finesse,
      regularity, or attention. Transvaginal color Doppler imaging and pulsed waveform
      analysis capabilities now provide us with the opportunity of distinguishing
      vascular and nonvascular structures, and gives us the ability to determine the
      normal and abnormal flow characteristics of pelvic viscera. Improvements in TVS
      technology will undoubtedly expand our future capabilities and applications.

PMID- 1803299
TI  - Transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the fetal central nervous system.
AB  - This article describes the sonographic appearance of the central nervous system
      (CNS) from about 6 weeks to term. Highlights of CNS development and the
      chronologic appearance of sonographically detected new structures throughout
      gestation are presented.

PMID- 1803300
TI  - Transvaginal imaging and the infertility patient.
AB  - A historical perspective and the physics and application of transvaginal imaging
      (TVI) for infertility investigation are presented. Pelvic anatomy, ovarian
      physiology, and reproductive endocrine changes as they relate to TVI for
      infertility processes are correlated with TVI. The transvaginal ultrasound
      approach for imaging reproductive organs in the management and investigation of
      infertility and early pregnancy is generally superior to others presently used
      and will play an increasingly important role in the future.

PMID- 1803301
TI  - Use of endovaginal ultrasound in the overall gynecologic examination.
AB  - Endovaginal ultrasound scanning is not merely a subset of conventional
      ultrasonography as practiced today. It should not be reserved for the imaging
      specialist. Its unique characteristics allow its incorporation into the overall
      routine gynecologic examination.

PMID- 1803302
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis: ultrasound advances.
AB  - This article reviews the uses of sophisticated ultrasound technology in a wide
      range of situations including chorionic villus sampling, the prenatal diagnosis
      of common fetal syndromes and fetal aneuploidies.

PMID- 1803303
TI  - Introduction to fetal echocardiography.
AB  - Fetal echocardiography is used to diagnose or exclude cardiac disease before
      birth. Fetuses known to be at risk for cardiac anomalies may be methodically
      screened; other fetuses present with abnormalities as pregnancy progresses and
      are studied as they are discovered. Abnormalities of anatomy as well as function
      may be detected. Anatomic abnormalities are often associated with additional
      noncardiac or chromosomal defects. Fetal cardiac disease may progress as
      gestation advances. Signs of deterioration include cardiac dilatation, increasing
      valvular insufficiency, and hydrops. Detection of fetal cardiac abnormalities
      allows the management team to better prepare for possible complications of labor
      and delivery and, in some cases, allows for treatment before birth.

PMID- 1803304
TI  - Introduction to Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics.
AB  - Doppler velocimetry of the fetal and maternal circulation can provide important
      diagnostic and prognostic information. However, the precise role of this
      technology in screening, diagnosis, and management of perinatal complications is
      still evolving. This article discusses some principles of physics, techniques,
      clinical applications, and limitations of Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics.

PMID- 1803305
TI  - Doppler echocardiography and color flow mapping.
AB  - Doppler color flow mapping permits real-time integration of structural and
      functional information. Flow through fetal and maternal vessels can be examined.
      Evaluation of fetal cardiac function can be enhanced, and structural
      abnormalities can be thoroughly studied. Other important applications include
      improved diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy and ovarian cancer.

PMID- 1803306
TI  - Doppler for clinical management: what is its place?
AB  - Doppler ultrasound velocimetry has been used extensively to investigate fetal and
      uteroplacental circulations in a noninvasive manner. Current evidence suggests a
      significant association between abnormal Doppler findings and pregnancy
      complications including adverse perinatal outcome. However, the benefit of the
      technique as a fetal surveillance tool in improving perinatal outcome needs to be
      demonstrated before its introduction into routine clinical practice. The initial
      randomized trials investigating this have so far yielded very encouraging
      results.

PMID- 1803307
TI  - Alternate methods of first-trimester diagnosis.
AB  - Fetal medicine is a new discipline that emerged out of the expansion of modern
      technology. Evaluation of the fetus heretofore was not possible except by
      indirect methods. Pregnancy management focused primarily on the care of the
      mother with the expectation that the fetus would be an indirect beneficiary. Our
      present-day approach to pregnancy and prenatal evaluation has been altered by the
      introduction of new techniques such as ultrasound, amniocentesis, and CVS, which
      have made the fetus and its intrauterine environment accessible. Improvements in
      ultrasonographic equipment have allowed for better visualization of the fetus,
      earlier detection of structural anomalies, and facilitation of the performance of
      invasive procedures. The recent introduction of CVS represents a major step
      toward achieving the goal of early diagnosis. Prevailing experience has
      demonstrated that it is a relatively safe and reliable procedure with a low
      complication rate. Early amniocentesis may be considered as an alternative to CVS
      when the latter is not advisable, although future studies are needed to
      accurately estimate the procedure-related risks (Table 5). Transcervical
      endoscopy allows a more detailed appreciation of fetal anatomy, although its role
      in clinical practice remains to be defined. Biochemical markers such as alpha
      fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and hCG, alone and in combination, have been
      studied regarding their potential to predict chromosomal abnormalities. Today
      there is a changing trend in prenatal diagnosis with women requesting more
      information about their unborn child and expecting such information earlier in
      gestation. The goal of prenatal diagnosis has been directed toward earlier
      detection to reduce the anxiety of waiting and permit the safer option of first
      trimester termination of pregnancy.

PMID- 1803308
TI  - Assessment of fetal well-being with ultrasound.
AB  - The practice of medicine is undergoing marked changes fueled by the infusion of
      vast amounts of new information concerning the etiology, the progressive
      pathophysiology, and the complexity of host response to disease states. It is
      only recently that we have begun to examine the present extent of fetal disease
      and to determine the characteristics of its advancements. This information now
      permits new and rational approaches to the management of fetal disease. Clinical
      significance, both real and potential, of this new wealth of information in
      reducing perinatal mortality and morbidity is difficult to overestimate.
      Cumulative experience with fetal biophysical scoring as a method for antepartum
      fetal risk assessment is now extensive. The cumulative data indicate that the
      method is sensitive for recognizing both the normal and the compromised fetus.
      Moreover, the method appears to offer the advantage of grading various degrees of
      fetal compromise. The additional information gained by real-time ultrasound
      scanning (gestational age determination, fetal morphometrics, and fetal anomaly
      screening), although not an integral part of the fetal biophysical profile score,
      nevertheless remains a critical aspect of antepartum fetal assessment. These data
      are collected simultaneously with fetal biophysical profile scoring. It is
      impossible to separate cleanly the advantage of fetal biophysical profile scoring
      in isolation of this additional information. It would, however, seem that such
      attempt at separation is artificial because the data in combination provide the
      key information that the physician needs to guide fetal management. It seems more
      reasonable to expect that continued modification and improvement of the existing
      fetal biophysical profile scoring method with inclusion of new testing techniques
      will be the steps that will occur to improve testing accuracy (Fig. 3). In
      medical schools in the 1960s, it was generally taught that the concept of
      "irreducible" perinatal mortality existed and that this figure was usually set at
      a perinatal mortality of around 8 per 1000. Now in the 1990s that perinatal
      mortality has already fallen below this irreducible level and continues to fall.
      We now observe perinatal mortality among tested fetuses of less than 7 per 1000
      and corrected perinatal mortalities of less than 2 per 1000. These remarkable
      results strongly underscore the advantages obtained by ultrasound assessment of
      the fetus.

PMID- 1803309
TI  - Fetal growth and development.
AB  - The advent and advancement of ultrasound technology have proved to be invaluable
      tools in the assessment of the fetus while still in the intrauterine environment.
      Ultrasound has given and continues to give us fresh insights into many aspects of
      the developing human. The area of fetal growth and development is a difficult
      one. Our lack of knowledge of the basic controlling influences has inhibited
      investigations in this area, but ultrasound has at least allowed us to begin to
      scratch the surface of this complex subject. We can now obtain very useful
      clinical information that usually has excellent correlation with gestational age,
      fetal size, fetal structure, and fetal function. We are just now beginning to
      document the natural history of many fetal abnormalities. Undoubtedly, advances
      in our knowledge of genetics and molecular biology and continuing technologic
      advances in imaging techniques will provide fresh insights and allow us to
      continue to probe and unlock the mysteries of fetal growth and development.

PMID- 1803310
TI  - Identification of fetal problems associated with anticonvulsant usage and
      maternal epilepsy.
AB  - This article reviews the general approach for assessing teratogenic risks related
      to fetal exposure, concentrating on the specific patterns associated with
      anticonvulsant usage and maternal epilepsy. Major anomalies that might be
      detected prenatally are presented, as well as the patterns of minor anomalies
      (syndromes) that might be detected at birth or later. Each of the specific drugs
      used in the treatment of epilepsy is reviewed in detail. In addition, recent
      information concerning genetically determined variations in the metabolism of
      antiepileptic drugs is discussed in light of how genetic factors might relate to
      teratogenicity.

PMID- 1803311
TI  - Morphological changes in the optic nerve after chronic exposure of neonatal rats
      to cocaine and amphetamine.
AB  - We determined the effects of cocaine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg body weight/day) or
      amphetamine sulfate (25 mg/kg body weight/day) on the optic nerve in groups of
      rats exposed from postnatal day 1 to 30. Qualitative and quantitative studies of
      cross-sections of the optic nerves showed different patterns of organization,
      namely the presence of degenerative features in drug-treated animals and
      significant differences in the proportion of the nerve occupied by glial cells
      and their processes and nerve fiber bundles. No significant differences of the
      total number of fibers were found. Taken together, these data indicate that the
      optic nerve is vulnerable to early exposure to cocaine and amphetamine which
      cause developmental changes in this link of the visual pathways.

PMID- 1803312
TI  - Influence of iodide on cataractogenesis in Emory mice.
AB  - Cataract development was studied in two groups of Emory mice by periodical
      biomicroscopic examinations (beginning at 5 weeks of age) and by a final
      evaluation of water-soluble SH groups in the lenses. The experimental group was
      given 256 micrograms iodide/kg body weight with the drinking water throughout the
      study. The untreated control group received tap water. Iodide treatment induced a
      delay of cataract formation, resulting in a significant reduction of the time to
      progress from cataract degree 1 to degree 2 (iodide-treated group 12.8 +/- 1.7
      weeks, untreated group 9.9 +/- 1.0 weeks; p less than 0.025). A still significant
      difference in the degree of cataract was also found between the two groups at
      week 47 of age. No difference was found in the content of water-soluble SH
      groups. The results are discussed in relation to the known antioxidant and .OH
      scavenging effect of iodide and to the oxidative changes in the lens occurring
      during progression of cataract development.

PMID- 1803313
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of collagen fibers of the cornea and sclera by a quick
      freezing and deep-etching method.
AB  - The ultrastructure of collagen fibers of the cornea and sclera of rabbits was
      studied by a newly developed quick-freezing and deep-etching method. An
      isopentane-propane mixture (-193 degrees C) cooled in liquid nitrogen was used
      for quick-freezing of the tissues. The frozen tissues were fractured in nitrogen,
      deeply etched and shadowed with platinum and carbon. Corneal collagen fibers were
      observed to be longitudinally arranged and separated by moderately wide
      interfibrillar spaces. Interconnecting filaments were three-dimensionally
      radiating between the collagen fibers, which were 40.6 +/- 5.0 nm in diameter and
      42.0 +/- 2.8 nm in periodicity. In contrast, scleral collagen fibers were
      compactly organized, with few interconnecting filaments. Five kinds of striations
      were clearly observed on the collagen fibers, which were 217.3 +/- 50 nm in
      diameter and 67.5 +/- 1.4 nm in major periodicity. These striations could hardly
      be observed in the fractured scleral collagen fibers. The present study reveals
      the ultrastructural differences between corneal and scleral collagen fibers
      through the use of a quick-freezing and deep-etching method.

PMID- 1803314
TI  - Topical administration of leukotriene antagonists in immunogenic keratitis.
AB  - Antagonists of leukotriene D4 (LTD4), 3-[7-(2-n-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl-
      phenoxy)-propoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-4-8-n-propyl-2H-1-benzopyran- 2-yl]
      propionic acid (SC-39070) and 7-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)-2-hydroxy
      propoxy]-4-methyl- 2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-acetic acid (FPL-60319) were locally
      administered to eyes of rabbits with immunogenic keratitis. The period of
      circular leukocyte infiltration (Wessely's ring) in the cornea was markedly
      decreased. Edema and neovascularization of the cornea were not influenced.

PMID- 1803315
TI  - Tear volume in early and late phases of ocular anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.
AB  - Three models of ocular anaphylaxis containing 6 guinea pigs each were used to
      examine their effect on tear volume. In the first model, IgG1-rich anti
      dinitrophenol (DNP) bovine gamma-globulin serum was injected subconjunctivally,
      and the animals were challenged 4 h later with topically applied di-DNP-lysine.
      In the second model, IgE-rich anti-egg albumin serum was injected
      subconjunctivally, and the animals were challenged 8 days later with topical
      instillation of egg albumin. In the third model, IgE-rich anti-egg albumin serum
      was injected intravenously, and animals were challenged 8 days later with
      topically applied egg albumin. Tears were collected before the procedure, 0.5 h
      after anaphylaxis was initiated, and then hourly for 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48 h
      after challenge. All animal eyes undergoing ocular anaphylaxis had significantly
      increased tearing. Tear volumes remained elevated in the first model beyond the
      observation period of 48 h.

PMID- 1803317
TI  - Taking your lawyer to the altar. The marriage contract explained.

PMID- 1803316
TI  - Optical problems of anterior chamber depth biometry by scheimpflug photography.
AB  - For the first time, the Scheimpflug camera was used in the comparative
      investigation of the anterior chamber depth. Comparative measurements were
      carried out by a device developed by Jaeger, a clinically and scientifically
      proved method in anterior chamber depth determination. The physical problems of
      measuring the anterior chamber depth by using optical methods can be shown by the
      examination demonstrated here. The apparent change of the cornea profile
      depending on the cornea radius, which you can see in optical investigations,
      schematically described by Collignon-Brach, can be represented photographically
      by the Scheimpflug image.

PMID- 1803318
TI  - Idiopathic (iatrogenic?) TMJ resorption in a growing female patient.

PMID- 1803319
TI  - Founders of pediatric pathology: Arthur Tremain Hertig.

PMID- 1803320
TI  - Pediatric pathology in the time of AIDS.

PMID- 1803321
TI  - Hydatidiform moles and the use of flow cytometry in their diagnosis.

PMID- 1803322
TI  - Pediatric molecular pathology: principles and practice.

PMID- 1803323
TI  - Applications of DNA cytometry in pediatric pathology.

PMID- 1803324
TI  - Lack of mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene exons 5 to 8 in Fanconi's
      anemia.
AB  - The TP53 gene is considered to be a negative regulator of cell growth whose
      inactivation is an important step in the development or progression of
      malignancies. Recently, germ line TP53 mutations have been detected in a familial
      cancer syndrome, the dominantly inherited Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Using single
      strand conformation polymorphism analysis of PCR products, we looked for TP53
      mutations in DNA of patients with Fanconi anemia, an autosomal recessive disease
      characterized by increased predisposition to neoplasia. We did not find any TP53
      mutation in 13 patients, suggesting that this tumor suppressor gene is not
      directly involved in the cancer susceptibility observed in Fanconi's anemia.

PMID- 1803325
TI  - ADP induced blood platelet activation: a review.
AB  - Blood platelet aggregation by ADP plays a major role in the development and
      extension of arterial thrombosis. ADP is an original physiological agent in that,
      taking part as a substrate, product or allosteric effector in a large number of
      intracellular metabolic pathways, it also behaves as an agonist of blood platelet
      aggregation as do other agents including thrombin, platelet activating factor and
      collagen, but with probably different, yet unknown signal transduction pathways
      and also with unknown receptors. We discuss, in this review, how ADP induces the
      characteristic functional responses of platelets, namely shape change, induction
      and exposure of the fibrinogen binding sites on the GP IIb-IIIa complex,
      fibrinogen binding to its receptor and platelet aggregation, and the
      intracellular biochemical events underlying these functions. The present concepts
      of ADP receptor(s) are presented with their discrepancies. Platelet diseases
      related to ADP and pharmacological inhibition of ADP induced platelet aggregation
      are also discussed. Finally, the idea is put forward that the ADP receptor might
      belong to the family of G protein coupled receptors.

PMID- 1803326
TI  - Spontaneous remission of acute myeloid leukemia in a patient with concurrent
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - We present a case of acute myeloid leukemia which went into complete remission
      during the course of concurrent interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis
      carinii. As no antileukemic, cytostatic chemotherapy had been given, it is
      assumed that the infection played a major role in inducing this remission, which
      was however of only 6 months duration. Brief reference is made to the literature
      concerning the effects of infections on the course of leukemia.

PMID- 1803327
TI  - Should specialists be required to take a general dentist's State Board
      Examination?

PMID- 1803328
TI  - Parameters of MOD cavity preparations: a 3-D FEM study, Part II.
AB  - Stresses induced by the influence of variations in the dimensions of three
      different parameters of MOD cavity preparations were studied using the finite
      element technique. The parameters studied were the depth, isthmus width, and the
      thickness of the remaining interaxial dentin. A total of eight different cavity
      designs, divided into three groups, were compared with the normal (unprepared)
      tooth and other cavity designs in the same group. Enamel and dentin experienced
      large regional variations in compressive stresses even in normal teeth. Teeth
      with prepared cavities showed even more variation, and stress combinations became
      critical from a tooth fracture point of view. It was seen that narrow but deep
      cavity preparations and wide and equally deep cavity preparations experienced a
      similar, damaging combination of stresses. It was deduced from the stress
      patterns observed in this study that the depth of the cavity preparations is the
      most critical factor in fracture of the tooth or cusps, whereas the width of the
      isthmus alone is the least critical.

PMID- 1803329
TI  - Retention and resistance provided by nine self-threading pins.
AB  - Extracted molar teeth, reduced to a flat surface approximately 3 mm coronal to
      the cementoenamel junction, were notched and embedded in acrylic. Nine types of
      pins were tested for retention in dentin and for resistance provided to complex
      amalgam restorations. Pins of each type were inserted into dentin and removed in
      tension with a constant load applied by an Instron Testing Machine (six pins per
      tooth). Minim and PPS pins provided significantly better retention in dentin than
      the other pins. Pins of each type were inserted into flattened teeth. Amalgam was
      condensed around the pins, allowed to set, and loaded in compression at 45
      degrees. Pure titanium pins and heat-softened stainless steel pins provided
      significantly less resistance than titanium alloy or stainless steel pins.

PMID- 1803331
TI  - The effect of cross-sectional area on transverse strength of Amalgapin-retained
      restorations.
AB  - The transverse strength of large amalgam restorations retained by amalgapins of
      varying diameter and number was evaluated. Restorations with amalgapin retention
      fractured with greatest frequency parallel to the pulpal floor through the
      amalgapin at the amalgam-tooth interface. The findings indicate that the
      geometric configuration and number of amalgapins was of greater importance to the
      transverse strength of amalgapin-retained restorations than the total cross
      sectional area.

PMID- 1803330
TI  - In vivo occlusal wear of posterior composite restorations.
AB  - The available and proposed methods for determining the in vivo occlusal wear
      values of classes 1 and 2 restorations made of resinfilled composite materials
      are critically reviewed. A methodology to be used to address the fundamental
      question of the link between the wear of the in vivo restorations and the
      relevant mechanical properties of the materials is outlined. For the four
      commercial formulations of composite materials which are currently "fully
      acceptable" to the American Dental Association (Estilux Posterior, Ful-Fil,
      Occlusin, and P-10), analysis of the published clinical wear values versus time
      data is performed.

PMID- 1803332
TI  - Award of Excellence.

PMID- 1803333
TI  - A clinical and histological evaluation of conservative pulpal therapy in human
      teeth.
AB  - Three intermediary base materials, a zinc oxide-eugenol (Cavitec) and two calcium
      hydroxide liners (Life and Dycal), were selected at random for use as a base
      beneath amalgam or composite restorations on humans following complete caries
      removal. Life and Dycal, selected at random, were also used as direct and
      indirect pulp capping agents as clinically indicated. Clinical evaluations of
      signs and symptoms were made before treatment and at one-week, six-month, and one
      year intervals following treatment. Histological evaluations were performed on
      three complete caries removal teeth and 18 direct pulp capping teeth six months
      following treatment. No significant differences in clinical symptomatology
      resulted between the materials in the complete caries removal group or the
      indirect and direct pulp capping groups.

PMID- 1803334
TI  - Unwarranted and unprofessional: the superfluous removal of clinically acceptable
      amalgams.

PMID- 1803335
TI  - Hollenback Prize for 1991.

PMID- 1803336
TI  - Are clinical State Board Examinations archaic?

PMID- 1803337
TI  - Amalgam buildups: shear strength and dentin sealing properties.
AB  - The retentive strength and sealing properties of amalgam buildups were compared
      in vitro in three groups of specimens. All teeth were prepared with flat,
      nonretentive surfaces. In the first group, the amalgam buildups were retained by
      four self-threading Minim pins. In the second group, retention was provided by a
      circumferential slot prepared in the dentin just inside the DEJ. The third group
      utilized an adhesive resin for retention. Dentin permeability was measured as a
      hydraulic conductance before and after placement of the amalgam buildups and
      before and after thermocycling. All methods of retention sealed dentin very well
      even in the absence of cavity varnish. The 90 degree retentive strength was:
      pins, 10.3 +/- 0.9 MPa; slots, 4.1 +/- 0.5 MPa; resin, 3.1 +/- 0.8 MPa (mean +/-
      SEM).

PMID- 1803338
TI  - Factors influencing bond strengths between unetched glass ionomers and resins.
AB  - The use of glass-ionomer cements as a base beneath composite resins has become a
      popular restorative procedure often referred to as the "sandwich technique."
      Originally etching of the glass-ionomer surface was recommended to help create
      the necessary bond between glass-ionomer cement and composite resin. This study
      investigated the bond strength of various composite resins and their bond agents
      to unetched glass ionomer. The pH of the bond agents was measured and related as
      bond strength. The influence of time elapsed between mixing the glass-ionomer
      cement and placement of the bond agent was also studied. Bond strengths varied
      from 65.5 kg/cm2 for G-C Dentin Cement with Pyrofil Light Bond A to 3.2 kg/cm2
      for G-C Dentin Cement with Bis-Fil-M. The pH range was from 2.28 for Pyrofil
      Light Bond to 7.62 for Durafill Bond. Low correlation coefficients between bond
      strength values and pH indicated only limited relationship between the two. The
      bond strength decreased as the time lapse between the end of the mix and
      application of the bond agent increased.

PMID- 1803339
TI  - Porosities in five automixed addition silicone elastomers.
AB  - Five automixed and one hand-mixed addition silicones were evaluated by counting
      the number of voids produced in impressions made. It was concluded that although
      automixing produced fewer voids than hand-mixing, certain automixed materials
      were better than others.

PMID- 1803340
TI  - Diurnal rhythms and clinical events in coronary artery disease.
AB  - Patients with coronary atherosclerosis present with angina, myocardial infarction
      and sudden death, most often caused by atherosclerotic stenosis complicated by
      spasm and/or occlusive thrombosis. All of these events have been shown to exhibit
      similar diurnal rhythms, with a peak incidence in the morning after waking and
      rising. Other cardiovascular parameters also show a similar diurnal rhythm
      associated with increased sympathetic outflow and circulating catecholamines,
      producing increases in heart rate, blood pressure, myocardial contractility and
      oxygen demand soon after waking and rising. Experimental and clinical research
      has recently pointed to several possible mechanisms that might be responsible for
      these events. In patients with atherosclerosis, dysfunction of the endothelium in
      the epicardial coronary arteries results in a failure to limit the constrictor
      response to catecholamines. Catecholamines can also alter the procoagulant nature
      of vascular surfaces. We speculate that the interaction between increased
      sympathetic activity and the procoagulant and vasoconstrictor states of
      atherosclerotic coronary stenoses may lead to a lower threshold to ischaemia in
      the waking hours, with a corresponding increase in angina, myocardial infarction
      and sudden death. These factors may be important considerations for the selection
      of suitable therapies and for future research.

PMID- 1803341
TI  - The circadian rhythm of angina pectoris. Amlodipine Angina Studies Group.
AB  - A clear circadian rhythm exists for angina, with the frequency of attacks
      increasing during the mid-morning and mid-afternoon hours. This pattern is
      comparable to circadian rhythms previously reported for the incidence of
      myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. The frequency of angina attacks
      precipitated by physical exertion showed a more pronounced circadian pattern
      compared to non-exertional angina. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents did not
      abolish the circadian rhythm of total angina and exertional angina attacks.

PMID- 1803342
TI  - Endothelin-1: a potent vasoactive peptide.

PMID- 1803343
TI  - Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: aspects of
      chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible
      mechanisms.
AB  - Administration of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) during early
      pregnancy can result in a 1-2% incidence of spina bifida aperta, a closure defect
      of the posterior neural tube in the human. The predominant defect produced by VPA
      in the mouse is exencephaly, a closure defect of the anterior neural tube. Recent
      experiments demonstrate that an appropriate dosing regimen (consecutive doses of
      VPA on day 9 of gestation) can also result in a low incidence of spina bifida
      aperta, and a high incidence of spina bifida occulta in the mouse as a potential
      animal model. Relatively high doses and concentrations of VPA are needed in the
      mouse to produce neural tube defects, the human appears to be more sensitive in
      this regard. Maximal concentrations and not AUC (area under the concentration
      time curve) values correlate with the incidence of neural tube defects in the
      mouse which could in part be explained by saturation of plasma protein binding,
      increased free drug available for placental transfer and the embryonic
      neuroepithelium acting as a "deep compartment". It is likely that the parent drug
      and not a metabolite is the proximate teratogen. Structure-activity relationships
      show a strict structural requirement for high teratogenic potency: the molecule
      must contain an alpha-hydrogen atom, a carboxyl function, branching on carbon
      atom 2 with two chains containing 3 carbon atoms each for maximum activity. If
      these two carbon chains are different, then enantiomers are present such as the R
      and S-enantiomers of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-en-VPA), 2-n-propyl-4
      pentynoic acid (4-yn-VPA) and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. These enantiomers were
      synthesized and shown to be significantly different in regard to teratogenic
      potency. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that both enantiomers of each compound
      reach the embryo to the same degree. Therefore, the intrinsic teratogenic
      activity of the enantiomers differ, suggesting a stereoselective interaction
      between the drugs and a chiral structure within the embryo, is involved in the
      mechanism of action. In sharp contrast to the teratogenic effect, the
      anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of this compound class show broad
      structural specificity, opening the possibility for development of novel
      antiepileptic agents with low teratogenic potency such as 2-n-propyl-2-pentenoic
      acid (2-en-VPA). The molecular mechanism of the teratogenicity of VPA is quite
      unknown; of the several hypothesis suggested, the interaction of VPA with
      embryonic folate metabolism is discussed here.

PMID- 1803344
TI  - The cardiovascular effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are attenuated
      by cimetidine in rats.
AB  - The modulation of cardioventilator effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      by histaminergic mechanisms was studied in anaesthetized rats pretreated with
      histamine receptor antagonists. TRH (1-100 nmol/kg) into the lateral cerebral
      ventricle dose-dependently elevated mean arterial pressure, heart rate and
      stimulated respiration. The respiratory stimulating effect of TRH remained
      unchanged after pretreatments with histamine H1-receptor antagonist
      diphenhydramine or H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine, while the
      TRH-induced hypertension and tachycardia were attenuated by cimetidine. This
      antagonism was not due to an interaction between TRH and cimetidine at their
      central binding sites, since there was no displacement of [3H]MeTRH binding in
      the presence of cimetidine nor did TRH displace [3H]cimetidine in rat brain
      homogenates. Inability of diphenhydramine to modify the cardiovascular effects of
      TRH indicates that these effects are not due to histamine liberation, as
      cardiovascular stimulation after central administration of histamine is mainly
      mediated via H1-receptors. The antagonism of the cardiovascular responses to TRH
      by cimetidine was not due to blockade of H2-receptors, since another potent H2
      receptor antagonist ranitidine was unable to affect the cardiovascular effects of
      TRH. Therefore, we suggest that cimetidine exerted antagonism of TRH by some non
      specific action.

PMID- 1803345
TI  - The effect of haloperidol on ventricular fibrillation threshold in pigs.
AB  - Ventricular fibrillation has been observed in association with the administration
      of haloperidol. This study was designed to determine the effect of intravenous
      haloperidol on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT). VFT's were determined
      prior to and 15 min. following an intravenous infusion of haloperidol (50 mg
      administered over 10 min.) in five pigs anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose.
      VFT's were determined using a single stimulus method. Mean arterial pressure
      (MAP), heart rate (HR), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored continuously.
      Mean VFT (mA) at baseline and following haloperidol infusion was 50.2 +/- 4.6 and
      65.1 +/- 12.8, respectively (P less than 0.05). Mean MAP (mmHg) at baseline and
      following haloperidol infusion was 127 +/- 32 and 107 +/- 23, respectively (P
      less than 0.05). Haloperidol infusion did not significantly influence mean HR,
      QRS duration or corrected QT interval. Intravenous haloperidol increases VFT and
      decreases MAP in pigs. In this model, haloperidol may offer protection against
      ventricular fibrillation. Further study is required to determine the clinical
      significance of the antifibrillatory effect of haloperidol.

PMID- 1803346
TI  - Aluminofluoride- and epidermal growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis in MOB 3-4
      F2 cells.
AB  - In attempt to study the mechanism of F(-)-induced, osteoblast-mediated bone
      formation, we tried to show the characteristics of Al-F complex-induced
      mitogenesis in osteoblastic cells. The MOB 3-4-F2 cell line, an osteoblast-like
      cell line derived from neonatal mouse calvaria, responded to F- (1-2 mM) combined
      with Al3+ and epidermal growth factor (EGF, 0.01-100 ng/ml) with increased DNA
      synthesis. Of the several types of Al-F complexes, AlF4- is thought to act as a
      mitogenic factor. On the other hand, NaF at high concentrations (greater than 2
      mM) markedly decreased cell viability. The AlF(4-)-stimulated DNA synthesis at
      least with a delay of 48 hr, while EGF stimulated DNA synthesis within a few
      hours (4-6 hr). Both 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
      dihydrochloride (H-7) and staurosporine, inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC),
      further enhanced DNA synthesis in AlF(4-)-treated cells, whereas 12-O
      tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of PKC, decreased the DNA synthesis.
      In EGF-treated cells, staurosporine and TPA, but not H-7, decreased DNA
      synthesis. In addition, indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, partly
      inhibited the EGF-induced mitogenesis, which, however, was restored by addition
      of PGE2. AlF4-, as well as EGF, stimulated the release of arachidonic acid and
      its metabolites. Indomethacin failed to inhibit the AlF(4-)-induced
      mitogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803347
TI  - Lithium does not alter ADP-ribosylation of Gi/Go catalyzed by pertussis toxin in
      rat brain.
AB  - The influences of lithium in vitro and ex vivo on the ADP-ribosylation of Gi/Go
      catalyzed by pertussis toxin (islet-activating protein, IAP) were investigated in
      cerebral cortical and hippocampal membranes from rats. Incorporation of [32P]ADP
      ribose into 40-41 kDa band catalyzed by IAP was markedly reduced by the addition
      of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue, guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma
      S) or guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], in the presence of
      MgCl2 but not in the absence of MgCl2. The amounts of IAP-catalyzed ADP
      ribosylation of Gi/Go in the presence of 100 microM guanosine 5'-O-(2
      thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S) and 50 mM EDTA and in the absence of MgCl2 were in
      proportion to the protein contents between 30 and 60 micrograms/tube, suggesting
      that the determination of [32P]ADP-ribosylation could be used quantitatively
      within this limited range. Addition of LiCl in vitro did not affect the IAP
      mediated ADP-ribosylation of Gi/Go up to the concentration of 5 mM. The values of
      ADP-ribosylation of Gi/Go in the presence of 100 microM GTP gamma S were reduced
      by MgCl2 concentration-dependently. However, this inhibitory effect of MgCl2 was
      not influenced by 2 mM LiCl in vitro. Furthermore, chronic treatment with a diet
      containing 0.2% lithium carbonate did not alter the [32P]ADP-ribosylation of
      Gi/Go catalyzed by IAP.

PMID- 1803348
TI  - Influence of pentamidine and two new trypanocidal agents (DAPI, DIPI) on liver
      metabolism of mice.
AB  - The effects of equimolar doses (65.5 mumol/kg intraperitoneally) of three
      trypanocidal compounds, i.e., pentamidine, 6-amidino-2-(amidinophenyl)indole
      (DAPI), and 6-imidazolino-2-(imidazolinophenyl)indole (DIPI) on some parameters
      of liver carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolism have been assessed in male
      NMRI mice. Most prominent effects were an initial increase of the blood glucose
      and fatty acid levels followed by long lasting increases of the hepatic
      triglyceride and glycogen contents which were accompanied by decreases of the
      liver pyruvate and lactate and ATP contents. These effects which can be
      interpreted as results of a transient lipolytic and glycogenolytic effect and a
      longer lasting inhibition of the energy yielding carbohydrate metabolism were
      most pronounced after DAPI and DIPI and less marked after pentamidine.

PMID- 1803349
TI  - Microdialysis of lipophilic compounds: a methodological study.
AB  - The influence of perfusion medium on in vitro recovery of 14C-oleate to
      microdialysis probes was investigated. Four perfusion media were investigated:
      water, 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Ringer solution, 2.25% glycerol in water
      and a 20% soybean oil/egg phospholipid emulsion (Intralipid). The following order
      of recovery was found (highest recovery first): BSA = Intralipid greater than
      glycerol greater than water. The recoveries at 0.5 microliter/min. perfusion rate
      of the dialysis probe were 4.8%, 4.4%, 2.6% and 1.2% respectively. It was
      attempted to measure 14C-oleate after intravenous infusion. The samples were
      extracted with hexane/isopropyl alcohol in order to separate the free fatty acid
      from products of oxidation which are hydrophilic. Dialysis probes were implanted
      in interscapular adipose tissue, epididymal fat, muscle, liver and jugular vein
      of rats. We were not able to detect unbound fatty acids, neither basally nor
      after stimulation with 1 mg/kg norepinephrine intraperitoneally. However,
      products of oxidation from the infused oleate were released in response to
      norepinephrine stimulation. It is concluded that the recovery of lipophilic
      compounds in microdialysis devices can be improved by means of a lipophilic
      perfusion medium or by means of e.g. BSA to which the compound binds. The free
      fatty acid levels were too small to be measureable in vivo in the present study.

PMID- 1803350
TI  - Purification and characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in
      phenobarbital- and beta-naphthoflavone-treated pigs.
AB  - Different cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes from hepatic microsomes of phenobarbital
      (PB) and beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) treated pigs and rats were isolated,
      purified, and characterized. The physico-chemical properties of the porcine
      isoenzymes were similar to properties of forms isolated from other species. The
      molecular sizes ranged from 52.5 to 59.5 kD and, in the ferrous-carbonyl state,
      the isoenzymes had absorbance maxima between 447 and 451 nm. Antigenic
      similarities were found between the isoenzymes present in PB-induced pigs, and
      between the isoenzymes present in beta-NF-induced pigs. Cross-reactivity was not
      observed between PB- and beta-NF-inducible isoenzymes, but beta-NF-inducible
      isoenzymes in pigs and rats possessed antigenic similarities.

PMID- 1803351
TI  - Genotoxicity of acrylic bone cements.
AB  - The genotoxicity of conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and a new
      formulation of bone cement: methylmethacrylate/n
      decylmethacrylate/isobornylmethacrylate (MMA/DMA/IBMA) were tested by
      micronucleus test and reverse mutation assays of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames
      test). In extracts from cement pellets (37 degrees, 72 hr) with water and
      water/ethanol the concentration of MMA was reduced by 13-19 times with the new
      formulation and the concentrations of accelerators were reduced by 4-5 times. New
      chemical constituents (DMA, IBMA, dihydroxy-propyl-p-toluidine) were found in
      negligible concentrations. In the micronucleus test all three cement brands were
      found non-mutagenic and in the Ames test scattered increased revertant ratios
      were found without differences between the three brands. The new formulation does
      not possess any increased risk of genotoxicity.

PMID- 1803352
TI  - Transport kinetics of glucose and alanine in renal brush-border membrane vesicles
      of cadmium-intoxicated rabbits.
AB  - Changes in transport kinetics of D-glucose and L-alanine were studied in renal
      luminal membrane vesicles isolated from cadmium-intoxicated rabbits. Cadmium
      intoxication was induced by subcutaneous injections of CdCl2 at a dose of 2 mg
      Cd/kg/day for 2-3 weeks. Brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared from renal
      outer cortex and outer medulla by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Cadmium
      intoxication resulted in a marked attenuation of Na(+)-dependent transports of D
      glucose and L-alanine in both outer cortical and outer medullary brush-border
      membrane vesicles, and this was due to reduction in Vmax and not Km. Similar
      results were obtained in normal vesicles directly exposed to free cadmium. These
      results suggest that in long-term cadmium-exposed animals free cadmium ions
      liberated in the proximal tubular cytoplasm may directly impair brush-border
      membranes thereby reducing capacity of Na(+)-dependent transport systems for
      glucose and amino acids.

PMID- 1803353
TI  - Cash flow care.

PMID- 1803354
TI  - Relationship of the tongue with full lower dentures.

PMID- 1803355
TI  - Fast, effective cheap and binding.

PMID- 1803356
TI  - Short 'partnership' can save you money.

PMID- 1803357
TI  - Take a break for one month.

PMID- 1803358
TI  - Aesthetics to equal conventional bridgework.

PMID- 1803359
TI  - Software for dental practice administration.

PMID- 1803360
TI  - Computerised radiographs.

PMID- 1803361
TI  - [Questionnaire for detecting the risk of tuberculosis infection in children and
      adolescents in boarding schools].
AB  - The results of questionnaires given to students of boarding schools who live in
      the areas differing in epidemiological situation are presented. In compiling
      questionnaires consideration should be given to the social composition of
      students and the epidemiological situation in the area. Questionnaires collected
      in the areas with a favorable situation enable one to form more fully new groups
      of risk (IVB, VIB) for tuberculosis, to improve health education aimed at raising
      social culture (harm of smoking, alcohol abuse and their association with
      tuberculosis, etc.). In the unfavourable epidemiological areas they play the
      leading role in the adequate formation of Dispensary Registration Group IV duet
      to the deeper search for a source of infection. Hence, health education should be
      mainly concerned with the development of hygienic habits in students.

PMID- 1803362
TI  - [Causes of death of tuberculosis patients in the first year after diagnosis].
AB  - Causes of late diagnosis of respiratory tuberculosis were studied in 137 adult
      patients who died within a one-year follow-up in the antituberculosis
      dispensaries of the region; when the diagnosis was established as a cause of
      death, autopsies were examined. Among those who died of tuberculosis were mostly
      subjects aged over 50 years. They were not employed in industry and not been
      fluorographically examined for more than 2 years. The main causes to late
      tuberculosis diagnosis in patients who were regularly examined included medical
      errors and patients' disregard of their own health.

PMID- 1803363
TI  - [Prospects for providing information services in the task force scientific
      center].
AB  - The paper deals with the practice of the Information Service, Moscow Research
      Institute of Tuberculosis, RSFSR Ministry of Health, to provide information
      services with regard to the actual information needs of all specialists of
      research institutes and dispensaries that are as part of Phthisiopulmology Task
      Force Research Center. The results of sociological studies made it possible to
      define the types of information production and services which should be developed
      due to the change to the new economic relations. A new approach to the
      information--patent provision of scientific problems is proposed within the Task
      Force Research Center which allows the relationships to be regulated between the
      information retrieval systems and the usera of economic methods.

PMID- 1803364
TI  - [Tuberculosis in young children not vaccinated with BCG].
AB  - Manifestations of tuberculosis infection were studied in 168 infants aged 3
      months to 3 years of whom 32.7% had not been given BCG vaccine at birth and 67.3%
      received improper vaccination (the postvaccinal skin signs were absent in all
      patients). In 58.9% of the infants, local tuberculosis ran along with
      complications: dissemination into the lungs and other organs were detected in
      44.4%, bronchopulmonary lesions in 42.4%, destruction of lung tissue in 18.2% and
      tuberculous extrapulmonary lesions in 28.3% of the infants. Specific changes were
      located in several organs in 9.1%. Tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes
      and primary tuberculosis complex had a complicated course 2.2 times and 3.2 times
      more frequently, respectively, in BCG unvaccinated than in vaccinated infants.
      Acute tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis, miliary and progressive tuberculosis
      with fatal outcome) in infancy is common in 75-100% of the unvaccinated children.
      Hence immunoprophylaxis of tuberculosis in newborns must be developed and
      improved.

PMID- 1803365
TI  - [Endobronchial laser therapy of post-tuberculosis bronchial fibrous stenosis].
AB  - The results of endobronchial treatment of 9 patients with post-tuberculous
      fibrous stenoses of large bronchi by using neodymium-YAG laser are presented.
      After recanalization of fibrous stenoses the patients were given antioxidants
      (7.5% sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.5 ml, as endobronchial infusions in
      combination with oral or intramuscular alpha-tocopherol, 600 mg, for a month) in
      combination with endobronchial phototherapy with helium-neon laser radiation.
      This therapy improved the patients' general condition, pulmonary functional
      parameters, normalized lipid peroxidation and enhanced epithelial regeneration in
      the bronchial mucosa, thus providing a steady-state dilatation of the airways
      lumen by more than twice than that in stenosis.

PMID- 1803366
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of broncho-obstructive syndrome in patients with newly
      diagnosed destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Examination of 517 patients with newly diagnosed destructive pulmonary
      tuberculosis was carried out for the early detection and recognition of the
      mechanisms and ways of the prevention of bronchial obstruction. Studies
      demonstrated that the decline of functional parameters was associated with the
      mechanism of bronchial obstruction. The most profound therapy-induced changes
      were observed in bronchus spasms and obstruction of mixed type.

PMID- 1803367
TI  - [Intravenous chemotherapy and galvanization of damaged lung regions in patients
      with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - The results of a combined treatment of 179 patients with newly diagnosed
      destructive pulmonary tuberculosis are presented. Patients of the main group (89
      subjects) were given intermittent intravenous chemotherapy with simultaneous
      galvanization of the affected pulmonary zone, while patients of the control group
      (90 subjects) received the same treatment but without galvanization. In pulmonary
      tuberculosis patients who had undergone intracutaneous electrophoresis, the body
      temperature normalized significantly more rapidly (within 2.2 +/- 0.2 weeks),
      weakness and weakness disappeared (within 1.2 +/- 0.2 months) and cough ceased
      (1.6 +/- 0.2 months); sputum expectoration disappeared or substantially reduced
      (within 1.5 +/- 0.1 months); leukocytosis came to an end (within 1.5 +/- 0.1
      months). The basic parameters of a spirogram improved in a shorter period and to
      a greater degree. Bacillary excretion ceased more rapidly (within 2.2 +/- 0.4
      months), so did the infiltrative phenomena resolute (within 3.0 +/- 0.1 months)
      and pulmonary destructive changes disappear (within 3.3 +/- 0.2 months).

PMID- 1803368
TI  - [Clinical significance of drug resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria and L
      forms].
AB  - The clinical features of a tuberculous process were studied in 101 patients with
      active pulmonary tuberculosis among whom 76% of the patients lost their social
      adaptation. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 comprising 61
      (60.4%) subjects who excreted tuberculosis mycobacteria and L-forms and group 2
      consisting of 40 (39.6%) who excreted only tuberculosis mycobacteria. The
      frequency and degree of drug resistance were more manifest in 63.8% of the
      patients of group 1 and in 40% of those of group 2 (p less than 0.01). Drug
      resistance to relatively new antituberculosis drugs (ethambutol and rifampicin)
      was found in 30% of the patients. Mixed bacillary population was found 2 times
      more frequently in patients with serious progressive forms of tuberculosis, which
      gives evidence to consider it as a prognostically unfavourable indicator.

PMID- 1803369
TI  - [Frequency and character of side effects of anti-tubercular drugs].
AB  - The adverse drug effects (ADE) was found in 66.2% of patients during
      antituberculosis chemotherapy. The development of structural changes induced by
      antituberculous drugs was evidenced by histological examination of the biopsy
      specimens of the gastric mucosa, duodenum and liver. It is concluded that toxic
      and allergic components are simultaneously responsible for ADE on the digestive
      organs. Long-term health studies in subjects who were strucked off the dispensary
      register in group VII showed that ADE experienced during hospital treatment
      contributed to the formation of gastroenterologic abnormalities and nonspecific
      allergization of the body.

PMID- 1803370
TI  - [The effect of tuberculin therapy on immunologic indicators in adolescents with
      pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Study of a combination of immunologic parameters in 29 adolescents with pulmonary
      tuberculosis who were subject to a combined treatment with the use of tuberculin
      demonstrated a decline in heightened specific cellular sensitivity, enhancement
      of antituberculous antibodies synthesis, normalization of the content and
      functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes and rise of the level of class G and
      M immunoglobulins. It has been concluded that tuberculin has a desensitizing
      action combined with simultaneous stimulation of humoral response and the
      normalizing action on the T-lymphocyte system.

PMID- 1803371
TI  - [Use of manual reflexotherapy for correcting biomechanical changes in the chest
      and the functional status of the diaphragmatic neuromuscular complex in patients
      with tuberculosis].
AB  - Abnormal biomechanical changes of the osteoarticular and muscular apparatus of
      the chest were revealed by the method of manual diagnosis in all 72 examined
      patients in a tuberculosis clinic. They appeared as various functional blocks in
      the vertebral motor segments and regional postural muscle imbalance which was
      attended by lower lung ventilation capacity and dysfunction of the diaphragmatic
      neuromuscular complex. After the course of manual reflex therapy comprising
      mobilization, manipulations and postisometric relaxation, 80% of the patients
      felt easier respiration, lower chest stiffness. There was a significant increase
      of functional capacities of the external respiratory apparatus in all the
      patients.

PMID- 1803373
TI  - [Ultrastructural organization of tuberculosis mycobacteria].
AB  - Methodological approaches--cryoultratomy and high-voltage electron microscopy of
      whole cell--have been used for studying the ultrastructural organization of the
      tuberculous mycobacteria of the virulent H37Rv strain and BCG vaccine strain. The
      anatomic difference has been found between the virulent and vaccine strains,
      which can undoubtedly be taken as a strain difference. The presence of a
      developed lipid capsule sheath has been confirmed and the size of separate
      mycobacterial species defined more accurately.

PMID- 1803372
TI  - [Genetic engineering production of H37Rv M. tuberculosis proteins].
AB  - A complete library of M. tuberculosis H37Rv genes was produced by incorporating
      the DNA fragments of M. tuberculosis H37Rv into the lambda pSI phasmid. For this,
      DNA isolated from the mycobacteria was treated by EcoRI restrictases and the
      fragments of 8-17 thousand nucleotide pairs were crosslinked with the phasmid
      DNA. Hybrid DNA molecules were packed into the caspids from the proteins of E.
      coli BHB2688 and BHB2690 strains. By estimates, this library contained 98% of M.
      tuberculosis H37Rv genome so that any required gene can be found at 0.99
      probability. The needed genes were sought by monoclonal antibodies against a
      protein with a molecular mass of 17-19 kDa (IT-12, IT-51, IT-54) obtained from
      the WHO. The protein gene was also produced by the method for raising the end
      sequences using synthesis of two oligonucleotides SP30 complementary to segments
      that limit this gene in the presence of Taq-DNA-polymerase and DNA of M.
      tuberculosis H37Rv. Copies of a gene (MT-1) were produced by denaturation, firing
      and raising. This gene was incorporated in the puC119 plasmid and expressed in E.
      coli cells, the direction of reading being checked up. A protein with a molecular
      mass of 19 kDa was detected in E. coli extracts with the expressed pMT-2 plasmid
      using monoclonal antibodies IT-12 and IT-54 in enzyme-linked immunoassay and
      immunoblotting.

PMID- 1803374
TI  - [The effect of social factors on tuberculosis morbidity].
AB  - The influence of social factors on tuberculosis morbidity in the Vinnitsa region
      was studied for the period of 1954-1965 (1365 examined subjects) and 1965-1989
      (556 examined subjects). They included: income per family member, residence
      conditions, the nature of work and occupational hazards, education, bad habits,
      and marital status, etc.). Social factors have still influence on the possible
      development of pulmonary tuberculosis. A combination of unfavourable social
      factors (low income, hard physical labour, smoking, alcohol abuse, malnutrition,
      low hygienic level) as well as a separate factor (income per family member) have
      the greatest influence on tuberculosis morbidity. Recently, since provision with
      living space has been improved, this factor has a lower influence on the possible
      development of tuberculosis.

PMID- 1803375
TI  - [Activity of specific and natural killer cells in experimental tuberculosis and
      vaccination].
AB  - The dynamics of activity of specific and natural killers was studied in 125
      Balb/c mice by reproducing the BCG vaccinal process and primary and secondary
      tuberculosis. The activity of specific killers rose after vaccination and
      infection. Their level reached maximum in secondary tuberculosis reproduction. In
      tuberculosis development cellular killer activity declined. The vaccinal and
      tuberculous processes are attended by phase variations of natural killer
      lymphocyte activity which at first rises and subsequently declines. It is
      suggested that natural killers might play a role in the self-limitation of the
      immune response and elimination of the mutant cells formed during lymphocyte
      reproduction in the course of immune response to antigen.

PMID- 1803376
TI  - [Effect of thymus preparations and anti-tuberculosis agents on immunologic
      reactivity and the course of the tuberculosis process in experimental animals].
AB  - The effects of thymogen, thymalin and vilosen in combination with antituberculous
      drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin) were studied on 240 CBA mice with
      experimental tuberculosis. Thymus preparations supplemented to the complex
      treatment of experimental tuberculosis significantly increased their lifespan,
      contributed to a decrease in the index of spleen weight lung density and
      significantly increased the count of T lymphocytes and their proliferative
      activity as compared to those on antituberculous drugs alone. Thymogen was found
      to be the most effective in the complex treatment of experimental tuberculosis,
      whereas vilosen was the least. Thymogen plus vilosen proved to be the most
      beneficial combination of drugs.

PMID- 1803377
TI  - [Pleurectomy in a 70-year old patient with tubercular post-pneumothorax pleural
      empyema].

PMID- 1803378
TI  - [Changes in arterial pressure during exercise and work capacity monitoring of
      phthisiourological patients with one kidney].

PMID- 1803379
TI  - [Isolated tuberculosis of the stomach].

PMID- 1803380
TI  - [Destructive lung cancer, misdiagnosed as tuberculosis].

PMID- 1803381
TI  - [Anniversaries in the history of Soviet phthisiatry].

PMID- 1803382
TI  - Quinolone antimicrobial agents: structure-activity relationships.
AB  - The rapid growth in the quinolone research changed the whole face of the previous
      SAR concepts. So far structural modifications at all positions of the quinolone
      nucleus except the 4-oxo group have successfully lead to the discovery of potent
      antimicrobial agents. At position 1, ethyl and its bioisosteres such as
      fluoroethyl, methylamino, methoxy, etc, are optimal substituents while some
      groups with a tert.-carbon atom directly connected with N-1 position such as
      tert.-butyl, phenyl, etc. are also promising for the activity of the quinolone
      compounds. Steric bulk is no longer considered as the only factor which
      influences the activity of the compounds. However, it could only be answered by
      further research how big such steric bulk tolerance at position 1 would be and
      what is the precise role that the N-1 substituents play in the mechanism of
      action of the quinolones. Fluorination has been extensively employed as a
      modifying technique to almost all possible positions of the quinolone nucleus.
      While being maintained at C-6, a fluorine atom was also introduced to C-5 and C-8
      to produce potent analogues. Fluorination of N-1 substituents, e.g., fluoroethyl,
      fluorophenyl, etc., and C-7 substituents, e.g. 2-((fluoromethyl)piperazinyl and
      fluorohomopiperazinyl, etc., yielded also a handful of potent quinolones. Amino
      and chloro groups are found to be beneficial for positions 5 and 8, respectively.
      The "medium size" concept concerning the 7-substituents is no longer valid.
      Numerous potent quinolones with a "large" group substituted on position 7 have
      been discovered. A certain amount of free rotation in the 7-substituents appears
      to emerge as an important factor which influences the activity of the compounds.
      Some radical modifications in 7-substituents, e.g. C--C linkage between the
      nucleus and 7-substituents, afforded new insight into the SAR of quinolones. A
      planarity between the 4-oxo group and 3-carboxylic group may be important for
      binding to the DNA gyrase as demonstrated by a group of enolized
      isothiazoloquinolone derivatives. Further research will surely lead to the better
      understanding on the mechanism of action of quinolones as well as the discovery
      of analogues with better activity features, lower adverse effects and more
      favourable pharmacokinetic properties.

PMID- 1803383
TI  - [Synthesis and biological activity of 5-phenyl-1,3,4-benzotriazepines. 25.
      Synthesis of (1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,3,4)benzotriazepines and related
      tricyclics].
AB  - Some title compounds can be obtained conveniently by dehydration of 2
      acylhydrazino- or by dehydrogenation of 2-(2-methylenhydrazino)- or by
      elimination of aniline from 2-phenyl(thio)semicarbazido-1,3,4-benzotriazepines.
      The direct cyclization of 2-hydrazino-1,3,4-benzotriazepines is not so suitable.
      The direction of the anellation can be elucidated by comparison of the UV spectra
      from compounds of known structure.

PMID- 1803384
TI  - Some new N-substituted alpha-aryl/alkyl succinimides as possible anticonvulsants.
AB  - In view of their expected MAO inhibitory CNS depressant and anticonvulsant
      properties a number of N-(5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-alpha-aryl/alkyl
      succinimides (1-20) and N-(cyclohexyl)-alpha-aryl/alkyl succinimides (21-25) have
      been synthesized. Some of them when screened for anticonvulsant activity against
      pentetrazole induced seizures in mice at a dose of 80 mg/kg were found to be 10
      to 50% active.

PMID- 1803385
TI  - [PAF-antagonists with phospholipid structure. 2. Phospholipids with heteroarene
      head groups and variations of the phosphorus-nitrogen distance; synthesis,
      characterization and structure-activity relationships].
AB  - A series of 27 PAF-analogues with heteroarene head groups and variation of the P
      N-distance on the C-3-position of the backbone were synthesized, and the PAF
      antagonistic activity on human blood platelets in vitro was evaluated.
      Investigation of structure-activity relationships revealed that PAF-antagonistic
      activity is strongly influenced by the 4-(Dimethylamino)-pyridine as polar head
      base and the distance between phosphate group and onium center. Maximal activity
      was observed with a chain length of 3 or 4 methylene groups. Among the compounds
      tested, 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-n-propylpropan-1,3-diol-3-phosphoric acid-4'-[4
      (dimethylamino)pyridinium]butylester was the most effective inhibitor in the in
      vitro assay (KB = 0.3 mumol/l).

PMID- 1803386
TI  - [The effects and properties of sodium nucleinate as a pyrogen working-standard.
      9. Pyrogen detection with epinephrine-skin-, dactinomycin- and LAL-tests. The
      suitability of sodium nucleinate as a pyrogen standard].
AB  - Sodium nucleinate (NN) as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be
      detected by epinephrine-skin, dactinomycin and LAL tests. In the quantitative
      determination of two pyrogen standards for rabbit tests, consisting of NN, a
      smaller value was found by LAL test for the standard of greatest pyrogenic effect
      than for that less pyrogenically effective in rabbits. A standard consisting of
      NN can be used for the pyrogen test in rabbits. But in the future, if necessary a
      standard consisting of endotoxin will be used, due to its better comparability of
      results obtained by LAL and rabbit tests.

PMID- 1803387
TI  - [The effect of bioadhesiveness of viscous solutions with naphazoline
      hydrochloride on the elimination of the drug from the eye of swine].
AB  - Solutions of sodium carboxymethylamylopectine, tragant, hydroxyethylcellulose,
      polyvinylalcohol, polyacrylic ester D 339, polyacrylic ester D 340 and
      polyacrylic acid, all of the same viscosity and with the same concentration of
      naphazoline hydrochloride, were applied on the isolated eye of pig. After sink
      the eye in a solution of sodium chloride the elimination of the drug from the eye
      was investigated. The results were compared with the bioadhesion of the viscous
      solutions measured ex vivo on the intestine of pigs. There were correlations
      between the eliminated mass after 5 min, after 30 min and the bioadhesion.
      Furthermore the calculated initial elimination constant was indirect proportional
      to the bioadhesion. The elimination of the drug between 5 and 30 min was
      independent on the bioadhesion.

PMID- 1803388
TI  - Effect of polyoxyethylene glycols (PEG) on properties of the matrix model of
      transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) with testosterone.
AB  - Polyoxyethylene glycols (PEG) are nontoxic substances, which ones do not irritate
      the skin, therefore can be used as pharmaceutical excipients to differentiate the
      properties of various matrices. The effect of variable content and molecular mass
      of PEG in cellulose acetate matrices on the testosterone solubility, the rate of
      water sorption and the release rate of testosterone from the matrix model of TTS
      was studied. It may be concluded that the testosterone solubility in matrices,
      the rate of water sorption by systems and the pharmaceutical availability of drug
      can be regulated on a relatively wide scale independently of molecular mass by
      the amounts of PEGs incorporated into matrices. It was found that in all cases of
      triphase matrices the liberation process of terosterone was well correlated with
      Higuchi's equation. The rate of water sorption by PEG and matrices may be
      described by the equation Q = k square root of t.

PMID- 1803389
TI  - Restoration of impaired drug metabolism of rats with adjuvant induced disease by
      two steroids with different influence on drug biotransformation.
AB  - Adjuvant Induced Disease (AID) produced by intradermal administration of Freund's
      Adjuvant to Fisher female rats, caused inflammation and severe impairment of the
      drug metabolic activity of the liver. Treatment with pregnenolone-16 alpha
      carbonitrile (1), or triamcinolone (2) caused a mild and a great reduction of the
      produced arthritis, respectively, while these steroids completely restored the
      established drug metabolic impairment of the AID rats. It is concluded that: (i)
      There is a cross-linkage between arthritis and liver function, the effect of the
      former to the latter is greater than vice versa. (ii) The action of 1 on the
      impaired hepatic drug metabolic activity is direct, while that of 2 is indirect.
      (iii) The effect of the two steroids on AID and liver drug metabolism is not
      mediated via a protective action on lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 1803390
TI  - Superoxide dismutase promotes ATP and GTP restoration of rat small intestine
      during postischaemic reperfusion.
AB  - The small intestine of rats was prepared according to a procedure which is taken
      for preservation and transplantation in clinical practice. The blood supply of
      the rat intestine was completely interrupted for 30 min in situ. During this
      period the lumen of the intestine was rinsed with Ringer-lactate solution. This
      ischaemic period was followed by 10 min of reperfusion. As a result a decrease in
      ATP, and GTP concentrations, and of the total adenine nucleotide content during
      the preservation period occurred. In animals pretreated with superoxide dismutase
      (i.v. application; superoxide dismutase preparation from human erythrocytes) an
      accelerated restoration of nucleotide concentrations during the reperfusion
      period was observed. From the beneficial effect of superoxide dismutase it can be
      concluded, that there is a considerable formation of active species of oxygen
      which disturb the energy generation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain during
      ischaemia/re-oxygenation.

PMID- 1803391
TI  - [The chemistry of immunosuppressive acting fractions of Meripilus giganteus (PERS
      ex. FR.) KARST., the giant spore].
AB  - In the methanolic extract of Meripilus giganteus a mixture of saturated and
      unsaturated fatty acids (among them palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid) and
      ergosterol peroxide were identified as immunosuppressive components. Furthermore
      a homologous series of straight-chained saturated hydrocarbons with 22 to 26 and
      29 to 32 C-atoms could be found.

PMID- 1803392
TI  - Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic and antifungal activity of a series of 7,8,9
      substituted-7,8-dihydro-furonaphthoxazin-4-ones.

PMID- 1803393
TI  - Synthesis of certain sulphonamides and aminopyranoquinoline derivatives from 4
      hydroxyquinoline with biological interest.

PMID- 1803394
TI  - New N-substituted derivatives of 3-azachalcone of potential antimicrobial
      activity.

PMID- 1803395
TI  - Synthesis of some substituted pyrido-[3,2-b] [1,4]-benzothiazines and their
      antibacterial activity.

PMID- 1803396
TI  - [The evaluation of text understandability of pharmaceutical technical books].

PMID- 1803397
TI  - [National health insurance for psychiatry].

PMID- 1803398
TI  - [Rehabilitation of mental patients and social welfare].

PMID- 1803399
TI  - [Physiopathology and treatment of alcohol related disorders].

PMID- 1803400
TI  - [Medical care for the aged in the psychiatry field].

PMID- 1803401
TI  - Change in children's smoking from age 9 to age 15 years: the Dunedin Study.
AB  - Studies have shown that the rate at which children take up smoking is still very
      high, particularly for female adolescents. While some progress has been made in
      determining the factors related to the initiation of smoking, an issue that still
      requires investigation is the relationship between early smoking patterns and
      later smoking behaviour. This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study
      which examined the continuity between smoking at an early age and later smoking
      behaviour. The smoking behaviour of a cohort of New Zealand children was followed
      from age 9 to age 15 years. Results showed that children's smoking pattern at age
      9 years was not highly related to their smoking behaviour at age 15. The children
      most likely to become daily smokers by age 15 were those who had smoked within
      the last year at ages 11 and 13. It was concluded that the formative period for
      children's daily smoking at age 15 was from 10 to 13 years of age.

PMID- 1803402
TI  - Pattern of substance abuse among secondary school students in Trinidad and
      Tobago.
AB  - A questionnaire survey of 1,603 secondary school students, aged 14-18 years, was
      conducted in Trinidad and Tobago in 1988. Prevalence of alcohol use was 84%,
      tobacco 35%, marijuana 8% and cocaine 2%. Alcohol was the substance most
      consistently used and students' first exposure to drinking alcohol was with
      family members. Transitions from primary to secondary schools and from junior to
      senior schools were associated with increased reporting of alcohol use.
      Significantly more Indo-Trinidadian than Afro-Trinidadian students reported using
      alcohol frequently. Conversely more Afro-Trinidadian students than Indo
      Trinidadians reported using marijuana. The use of alcohol by students was
      positively correlated to its use by fathers and negatively with religious
      activities. The use of drugs among students appears to be a growing problem.
      There is a need for the implementation of culturally relevant educational
      prevention programmes in schools.

PMID- 1803403
TI  - What is the true mortality of hip fractures?
AB  - A total of 709 consecutive patients admitted with a hip fracture were
      prospectively studied to establish the true mortality from the fracture. At one
      year from injury 37% of patients had died. For 63 (9%) of these patients the hip
      fracture was thought to have directly contributed to death, for 109 (16%)
      patients death was possibly related to the hip fracture and for 85 (12%) patients
      death was totally unrelated to the fracture. Analysis based on the cause of death
      and time from injury enables us to calculate the true mortality from proximal
      femoral fractures to be 15%. The remaining deaths are due to a variety of
      conditions associated with ageing.

PMID- 1803404
TI  - Women's experiences of sexual abuse in childhood.
AB  - This study reports the results of questioning 1,253 women about experiences of
      sexual abuse during childhood. An incidence of 3.5% was identified; many of those
      affected reported benefit from the opportunity to discuss what had happened, an
      aspect which should be facilitated during routine consultations. The study
      identified a substantial burden on emotional health presenting into adult life.
      The wide range of places where abuse occurred and of relationships between the
      abusers/victims has important implications for educating children.

PMID- 1803405
TI  - The incidence and prevalence of amblyopia detected in childhood.
AB  - We present incidence estimates for amblyopia using data from a study of a cohort
      of 364 children from a single English county who were referred during 1983 for
      occlusion therapy. Using a criterion of a visual acuity of 6/12 or worse to
      define amblyopia, we estimate that 3.0% of the county's children develop the
      condition. Successful treatment of some of these children means that 1.9% will
      remain amblyopic as adults.

PMID- 1803406
TI  - Differences between 'spacers and stoppers' amongst family planning acceptors in
      Lagos.
AB  - The study which is presented was carried out on 3,386 new family planning
      acceptors at a Primary Health Care clinic over an 11-year period. Women accepting
      modern family planning for stopping childbearing accounted for only 2.7% of the
      sample. They were older, less educated, and had higher mean gravidity, parity and
      number of children alive. They were also more likely to choose the IUCD over the
      pill. Service and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 1803407
TI  - Mental health services for deaf people: a need identified.
AB  - The unique problems of deaf people suffering from mental health conditions have
      long been recognised but have received inadequate attention in many parts of the
      country. In the absence of a specialist psychiatric service for deaf people in
      Wales a prevalence survey was conducted to estimate the numbers of deaf patients
      occupying long-stay mental health beds and to assess facilities available to
      them. A high prevalence of prelingual deafness was found in long-stay psychiatric
      inpatients, approximating to a relative risk ten times that in the general
      population. Throughout Wales there are approximately 100 patients with either
      prelingual or profound postlingual deafness resident in long-stay psychiatric and
      mental handicap beds. An inadequate provision of specialist support and equipment
      for all categories of deaf in-patients is demonstrated by the results of this
      study. Purchasers of mental health services must ensure that an acceptable
      quality of provision, including both access to a specialist psychiatric service
      and a supportive in-patient environment, is secured from providers.

PMID- 1803408
TI  - Re: Article in Public Health (1991), 105, 239-242: "Are we wasting time in out
      patients departments?" F. J. F. Mathews et al.

PMID- 1803409
TI  - Hospital discharge medication: is seven days supply sufficient?

PMID- 1803411
TI  - Anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies do not inhibit HIV-induced cell fusion in vitro.

PMID- 1803410
TI  - Specificity of anti-peptide antibodies elicited against synthetic peptides
      mimicking conserved regions of HIV1 envelope glycoprotein.
AB  - Comparison of HIV1Bru and HIV2Rod external envelope glycoprotein sequences
      enabled us to select ten highly conserved peptide sequences. The corresponding
      peptides were chemically synthesized, then coupled to bovine serum albumin before
      injection in rabbits. Although all peptides were immunogenic, only antibodies
      directed against peptides P1 (amino acid residues 33-55), P22 (418-462), P8 (487
      508) and P21 (487-534) were able to interact with significant affinity (K0.5
      about 10(-6) to 10(-8) M) with the native glycoprotein by radioimmunoassay.
      Noteworthy was the capacity of anti-P1 antibodies to also recognize the
      glycoprotein of HIV2. Anti-peptide antibodies were tested for their ability to
      interfere with the gp120-CD4 interaction, membrane fusion and virus replication.
      Preincubation of gp120 with antibodies directed to the region previously
      described as the putative CD4-binding site, P22 (418-462), did not abolish gp120
      binding to CD4-positive cells.

PMID- 1803412
TI  - Antigenic analysis of Rift Valley fever virus isolates: monoclonal antibodies
      distinguish between wild-type and neurotropic virus strains.
AB  - Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) isolates from southern Africa were analysed for
      possible strain variation using monoclonal antibodies prepared against the South
      African prototype RVF 1830 strain. By the indirect immunofluorescence antibody
      assay and neutralization tests, the wild type southern African isolates were
      found to be antigenically similar to RVFV strains from other parts of Africa. In
      contrast, differences in several biologically important neutralizing and
      haemagglutination epitopes on both the G1 and G2 glycoproteins of the attenuated
      Onderstepoort veterinary vaccine and the Smithburn neurotropic strain were
      identified.

PMID- 1803414
TI  - Restriction map of the Casphalia extranea densovirus genome.
AB  - A physical map of the Casphalia extranea densovirus genome (CeDNV) was
      constructed. The size of the intact viral genome was estimated to be 4.9
      kilobases or 1.6 MDa (single strand). The double-stranded CeDNV genomic DNA was
      cleaved with 26 restriction endonucleases and 20 restriction sites were mapped on
      the genome. The CeDNV DNA restriction map was compared to those of other
      densoviruses. Southern blotting hybridization experiments failed to reveal any
      homology between the genomes of CeDNV and Junoniacoenia densovirus (JcDNV).

PMID- 1803413
TI  - Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus replication in adult Hyalomma truncatum
      and Amblyomma variegatum ticks.
AB  - The kinetics of the replication of the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
      (CCHFV) was studied in intra-anally inoculated adult Hyalomma truncatum and
      Amblyomma variegatum ticks. The virus was re-isolated by suckling mouse
      inoculation and revealed by antigen capture with ground ticks and indirect
      immunofluorescence of haemolymph. The virus was detected in ticks in the first
      hours post-inoculation (p.i.) and its replication was observed from 36 h p.i.
      onwards. Virus titre reached a maximum within 3-5 days then decreased slowly to a
      level of at 2 log LD50/ml for several months until the end of observations.
      Several specific, non-identified factors seem to favour CCHFV replication in H.
      truncatum. Long-term virus persistence seems to occur in CCHFV-infected adult
      ticks.

PMID- 1803415
TI  - Heat shock and development.

PMID- 1803416
TI  - Heat shock and development. Introduction.

PMID- 1803417
TI  - Expression of heat shock proteins during development in Drosophila.
AB  - Studies on the expression of heat shock proteins during development in Drosophila
      clearly show that individual Hsps accumulate in a tissue- and developmental stage
      specific manner. This is in contrast to their coordinate expression in response
      to stress. Therefore, the Hsps may play at least two roles, one as housekeeping
      proteins during development and/or differentiation and the second one in
      restoring cellular functions after environmental stress. Research in the first
      two decades following the discovery of the heat shock response have focused on a
      search for functions in stressed cells. The next few years should bring us
      further understanding on the role of these fascinating proteins during
      development in Drosophila as well as in other eukaryotes.

PMID- 1803418
TI  - Heat shock gene expression during mammalian gametogenesis and early
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 1803419
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of human hsp70 genes: relationship between cell
      growth, differentiation, virus infection, and the stress response.

PMID- 1803420
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta regulates basal expression of the hsp70 gene
      family in cultured chicken embryo cells.

PMID- 1803421
TI  - Expression of heat shock genes (hsp70) in the mammalian nervous system.

PMID- 1803422
TI  - Environmentally induced development defects in Drosophila.

PMID- 1803423
TI  - Thermotolerance and heat shock response during early development of the mammalian
      embryo.

PMID- 1803424
TI  - Heat shock effects in snail development.

PMID- 1803425
TI  - Strain differences in expression of the murine heat shock response: implications
      for abnormal neural development.

PMID- 1803426
TI  - The expression of heat shock protein and cognate genes during plant development.

PMID- 1803427
TI  - Overview of important forms and documents.

PMID- 1803428
TI  - [Reflections on the deficit of nursing professionals].

PMID- 1803429
TI  - [Information and the quality of life after an infarct].

PMID- 1803430
TI  - [The history of dietetics].

PMID- 1803431
TI  - [The system of vacuum blood extraction].

PMID- 1803432
TI  - [Nursing support for medical specialties in primary care].

PMID- 1803433
TI  - [The complications associated with the administration of 5-fluorouracil].

PMID- 1803435
TI  - [The duties of a specialized publication].

PMID- 1803434
TI  - [Continuing education. 65. Subject: medicine-surgery. Topic: the concepts of
      ostomies].

PMID- 1803436
TI  - [Evaluation of cadmium, mercury and lead intake with reproduced weekly food
      rations].
AB  - In Lublin, Olsztyn, Poznan, Warszawa and Wroclaw, weekly food rations
      characteristic of families other than those of manual workers, with medium
      incomes, were reproduced. Food rations comprised ca. 90 food products whose
      average weekly intakes were established consistently with the results of
      questionnaires of the Chief Census Bureau. Namely, from these results we
      calculated and prepared the average weekly food rations (from 11 470 g to 14 732
      g), in which cadmium, mercury and lead were assayed by the ASA method. These
      average food rations afforded weekly intakes of 105-147 micrograms Cd, 441-931
      micrograms Pb and 50.5-119.0 micrograms Hg. According to these results, the
      average food rations from the above-mentioned cities are moderately contaminated
      with the heavy metals tested, because in no case 50% of the provisional tolerable
      weekly intake (PTWI) were exceeded. The present results are lower than those
      obtained in the same year for families of manual workers; this is probably due to
      the fact that in the families of manual workers, as compared with other families,
      the weight of meals is usually higher. It is noteworthy that in the cities with
      greater numbers of industrial plants the contents of the metals tested,
      particularly of mercury and lead, in food are higher.

PMID- 1803437
TI  - [Nutritive value of daily food rations reproduced in different regions of the
      country. IV. Copper, zinc and manganese levels].
AB  - The content of copper, zinc and manganese in daily diets reconstructed in the
      laboratory in 1988 on the basis of data on the yearly food consumption in 1986 of
      two social groups (manual and mental workers) with medium income was determined.
      The diets were prepared for four regions of the country (Warszawa, Lublin,
      Poznan, Wroclaw). It was found out that the content of copper and zinc in the
      diets in 1986 and the realisation of recommended dietary allowances for these
      minerals were lower than in 1973, 1980 and 1981. The degree of realization of the
      recommended intake of zinc and copper in diets from 1986 was on average 67% and
      45% respectively. The content of manganese in the diets was in the range of
      recommendation. The content of microminerals in the diets was usually similar in
      the all studied regions of the country.

PMID- 1803438
TI  - [Effects of harmful trace elements on iron, zinc and copper: their interactions
      in animals and humans. II. Lead].
AB  - Toxic effect of lead is related, among others, to metabolic interactions with
      essential trace elements i.e. iron, zinc and copper. Lead stimulates urinary
      excretion of these elements interfering with their reabsorption in kidney as well
      as inhibits ceruloplasmin activity in plasma, ferrochelatase activity in
      reticulocytes and copper- and zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase activity in
      tissues--with all functional consequences for organism. Iron, zinc and copper
      deficiency results in increased lead toxicity through considerable enhancement of
      lead absorption from intestinal tract, producing greater degree of anemia as well
      as decreasing of metalloenzymes activity. Increasing dietary zinc and probably
      copper suppresses intestinal absorption of lead. The addition of iron, zinc and
      copper to the diet prevents lead accumulation within the tissues and subsequent
      toxicity of this element. It seems that increasing intake of food products
      containing a lot of essential trace elements can diminish risk of lead toxicity
      for human.

PMID- 1803439
TI  - [Effect of emissions from the glass factory "Sudety" in Szczytna on the levels of
      lead and fluorine in selected vegetables and fruit collected in 1989].
AB  - The objective of these studies was to examine the lead and flurorine contents in
      vegetables and apples exposed to emission of these elements by the "Sudety"
      Glassworks in Szczytna (Walbrzych voivodeship). After mineralization of plant
      material, lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Fluorine
      was isolated from plant material samples by microdiffusion and was assayed
      spectrophotometrically using its complex with alizarin. The results indicate that
      68% of the vegetables display lead contents exceeding the polish standard (i.e.
      0.3 mg Pb per 1 kg of vegetable wet weight). Lead contents are highest in the
      overground parts of some plants, e.g. onion, lettuce, sorrel and rhubarb. The
      standard is exceeded from 23 to 13 times. So high a vegetable contamination is
      due to objectionable location of the "Podzamcze" employees' plots of gardens in
      Szczytna, related to the close vicinity of the "Sudety" Glassworks, wind rose and
      traffic arteries. The fluorine level in the vegetables examined is not very high.
      Only 4 of the analysed 21 vegetables exhibited fluorine contents exceeding those
      admitted by the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (2.5 mg F per 1 kg of vegetable
      wet weight); they included: young beet leaves, parsley tops, lettuce and sorrel.

PMID- 1803440
TI  - [Cadmium and lead levels in milk, milk-cereal and cereal formulas for infants and
      children up to 3 years of age].
AB  - Cd and Pb contents were determined in milk formulae, milk-cereal formulae and
      cereal formulae produced by Okregowe Zaklady Koncentratow Spozywczych (OZKS)
      (Regional Food Concentrates Processing Plants) for infants and children up to 3
      years of age. The major parts of the assortments were found to contain products
      whose cadmium and/or lead contents exceeded the admissible norms. These contents
      were as follows: in milk formulae: from less than 2 to 8 micrograms Cd/kg and
      from less than 20 to 180 micrograms Pb/kg; in milk-cereal formulae: from less
      than 2 to 20 micrograms Cd/kg and from less than 20 to 180 micrograms Pb/kg; in
      cereal formulae from less than 2 to 70 micrograms Cd/kg and from less than 20 to
      400 micrograms Pb/kg. Contents of Cd and Pb were the highest in cereal formulae
      mainly in those produced of wheat flour and buckwheat-rice flour. Determinations
      of Cd and Pb contents in raw materials and in some cereal intermediate products
      revealed that the occurrence of excessively high Cd and Pb contents in the cereal
      containing formulae was due to contamination of the cereal raw materials with
      these metals.

PMID- 1803441
TI  - [Nitrate and nitrite levels in daily food rations of children from the rural
      Pulawy regions].
AB  - In the region of Pulawy where the operation of the Nitrogen-Compound
      Manufacturing Plant has lead to an increase in nitrogen compound emission to the
      environment, nitrate and nitrite contents in daily food rations of children were
      determined. Daily food rations of children aged 8-9 and 12-13 years were
      collected from individual farms in four villages situated in the vicinity of the
      Nitrogen Plant, as well as--for control--from individual farms in Janowiec, a
      village distant from this Plant. Nitrate and nitrite contents were assayed in 300
      daily food rations taken in spring and autumn. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite on
      a cadmium column whereupon it was determined colorimetrically using sulphanilic
      acid and N-1-napthyl-ethylenediamine. It was found that in the group of younger
      children as many as 70%, on the average, of the examined food rations displayed
      nitrate contents exceeding the admissible levels. In the group of the 12-13 years
      old children, the percentage of daily food rations whose nitrate content exceeded
      the admissible level was lower, averaging ca. 30% of all rations examined. The
      percentage of the daily food rations in which the nitrite content was higher than
      admissible level was closely similar in both groups of children, averaging ca.
      30% of all rations examined. Food rations collected in spring, as compared with
      those taken in autumn, contained significantly greater amount of nitrate. In both
      periods of studies, nitrate contents were greater in the food rations from the
      farms situated near the Nitrogen Plant than in the food rations from farms in
      Janowiec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803442
TI  - [Effect of the time of ethrel use on the sugar levels in onions].
AB  - Two groups of onion plants were treated with Ethrel on two different dates;
      onions were then stored, and the changes in their sugar contents were compared.
      Two onion cultivars: Czerniakowska and Wolska, were investigated in simple sugar
      contents between treated onions (on the I and II date) and untreated controls.
      Mean contents of simple sugars were lower in onions treated on the I date, as
      compared with the II date. Ethrel treatment (on the I and II date) caused a
      decrease in oligosugar contents; this drop amounted, respectively, for the
      Czerniakowska cultivar to 14.3 and 15.4% and for the Wolska cultivar to 15.8 and
      18.8%. Ethrel treatment, as compared with control, significantly decreased total
      sugar contents; this decrease was for the Czerniakowska cultivar 4.8-7.6%, and
      for the Wolska cultivar 7.2-7.6%. The date of Ethrel treatment exerted no
      univocal effect on the decrease in oligosugars and total sugars.

PMID- 1803443
TI  - [Study of penetration to surface waters of pesticides used for protection of
      greenhouse plants].
AB  - Study was made of waste waters from two of the seven state horticultural farms
      producing vegetables and flowers, located in South-Eastern Poland, samples were
      taken from collectors carrying waste waters from the greenhouse culture surface,
      from a ditch and from the Wislok River where these waste waters are carried.
      Pesticides were extracted with dichloromethane or petroleum ether. Extracts were
      evaporated to dryness, whereupon the residues were dissolved in 5 ml of acetone
      or petroleum ether, and were analysed by gas chromotography (series 104 Pye
      Unicam gas chromotograph fitted with ECD and TID detectors). The following
      pesticides were found to penetrate into waste waters: methylpyrimiphos,
      methidathion, fenitrothion diazinon, methoxychlor, endosulfan, iprodione,
      vinclozoline, captan, carbendazim (MBC), dichlofluanid. These pesticides were
      present also in water samples collected from aditch into which waste waters from
      one of the investigated state farms are carried. There were no pesticides in
      samples of the Wislok River waters.

PMID- 1803444
TI  - [Residues of organochlorine insecticides in the fat of game animals from eastern
      Poland 1988-1989].
AB  - Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fat of game bagged in Eastern Poland in
      years 1988-1989 were determined. They were found to be smaller than the analogous
      residues in years 1986-1987.

PMID- 1803445
TI  - [Study of combined effects of mixtures of pesticides from various chemical groups
      on calcium absorption in the rat intestine. I. Dichlorvos and thiram].
AB  - Investigation was made of the effect of many-times repeated treatment with single
      pesticides: tiuram and dichlorfos (administered in a daily dose corresponding to
      5% of LD50), and with their mixture, on calcium uptake by rat duodenum sections.
      Calcium uptake was examined by the method of Papworth and Patrick, as modified by
      the present authors. The amount of calcium transported by the sections was
      determined by the liquid scintillation method. Total transport was expressed in
      microM Ca2+/g tissue/h; subsequently, the participation of active and passive
      transport in total transport was determined. It was shown that administration of
      DDVP to rats during 14 days caused disturbances in active absorption of calcium,
      manifesting themselves by a significant decrease in the constant Jm (maximal
      transport rate) and in the constant Kt, this pointing to a rise of calcium
      affinity to the carrier. The effect of DDVP on passive transport was only slight.
      Under the same experimental conditions tiuram exerted an effect on both active
      and passive calcium transport. It caused a drop in the constant Jm and Kt (active
      transport), and to inhibition of passive transport. According to statistical
      treatment of the results, the effect of both pesticides combined on active
      transport does not differ from the effect of DDVP itself. Thus, the differences
      in diffusion probably result from the action of tiuram.

PMID- 1803446
TI  - [Study of rat behavior in a feeding experiment].
AB  - The examination studied behaviour of rats fed on natritive material containing
      soil dust or electroenergetic ashes. Food containing the dust or ashes was
      administered to animals in the amount of 30 g a day for 26 weeks. Body weight was
      controlled in all animals and their motor activity, motor coordination and
      cognitive activity were examined. It has been settled that rats fed an food with
      the soil dust supplement showed higher motor activity and acquired greater motor
      coordination than animals fed either on food with the electroenergetic ashes
      supplement or on conventional food. During the first weeks of experiment,
      cognitive activity was getting lower in animals in both experimental groups and
      control group, and then only in the group of animals fed on food with the soil
      dust supplement.

PMID- 1803447
TI  - [Effect of diet on lipid peroxidation in selected tissues and blood serum of
      rats].
AB  - The purpose of research was to determine the effect of the diet with supplemented
      qualitatively and quantitatively different fats on lipid peroxidation in rats.
      The experiment was performed on Wistar male rats. The diets supplemented with 10%
      and 20% rape oil, butter, lard, and two kinds of margarine were administered.
      Control diet contained 5.4% of fat. The concentration of malonyldialdehyde (MDA)
      was determined in blood, brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen and heart. It was
      found that diet supplemented with 10% of fat caused an increase of MDA level from
      10 to 30% in the tissue and the diet with 20% of fat--40 to 100%. These values
      were dependent on the kind of tissue and fat. Diet supplemented with rape oil
      caused an increase of MDA level in heart 5 times as compared to control. In
      conclusion, the administration of the diet supplemented with fat intensify lipid
      peroxidation.

PMID- 1803448
TI  - [Neurochemical disorders in rats caused by combined action of Primor and thiram.
      I. Changes in catecholamine and serotonin levels in the brain, heart and adrenal
      glands of rats with acute poisoning].
AB  - Study was made of the effect of acute poisoning with primor or with an equitoxic
      mixture of primor/tiuram (oral dose amounting to 50% of LD50) on the dynamic
      equilibrium of catecholamines and serotonin in rat whole brain, anatomic parts of
      the brain, heart and suprarenal glands. Both primor and an equitoxic mixture of
      primor/tiuram were found to cause changes in the levels of the investigated
      neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system. The mixture, as
      compared with primor alone, displayed the same direction of action, but the
      changes proceeded with enhanced dynamics and lasted throughout the whole
      experimental period (12h). The action of primor alone usually manifested itself
      only during the first hour after poisoning. Both primor and an equitoxic mixture
      of primor/tiuram exhibited no selective affinity to any separate areas of the
      brain, and lowered the contents of dopamine and norepinephrine in all brain
      structures studied.

PMID- 1803449
TI  - [Pyruvic acid in the rat liver and myocardium after acute chlorfenvinphos
      poisoning].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of chlorfenvinphos on the pyruvic acid level in
      the liver and cardiac muscle of male Wistar rats. The animals were intoxicated
      with chlorfenvinphos in a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg (0.5 LD50). The pyruvate
      was assayed spectrophotometrically after 2, 4 and 24 hours following
      administration of the insecticide. The results obtained indicate that after
      intoxication with chlorfenvinphos there are no changes in the pyruvic acid level
      in the liver, but in the heart muscle, two hours after administration of
      insecticide, a significant decrease of this keto acid was observed. No
      alterations were found 4 and 24 hours after intoxication with chlorfenvinphos.

PMID- 1803450
TI  - [Rappaport--Vassiliadis medium--a new liquid selectively-multiplying medium for
      detection of Salmonella in food].
AB  - On the basis of the available literature, the history of development of the
      Rappaport--Vassiliadis (RV) medium, its preparation and applicability in food
      control methods were described. Results of comparative studies on the
      effectiveness of Salmonella isolation upon use of different specifically
      multiplying media: MK, medium containing sodium acid selenite, R25/37 degrees C,
      RV, were presented. The number of Salmonella isolations in samples multiplied in
      RV medium was found to exceed that obtained upon use of the remaining media.
      Moreover, RV medium was easy to prepare; it proved to be economical and was
      stable for up to 7 months when refrigerated.

PMID- 1803451
TI  - [Contribution of experimental pathology to the understanding of human immune
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Immune glomerulonephritis (GN) progresses in three phases. Induction
      corresponding to the development of immune response; transduction characterized
      by the appearance of immunological reactants in the glomerulus, and mediation
      responsible for glomerular lesions and proteinuria. Studies of experimental
      models have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of these
      phases. The most striking acquisitions concern the genetic control of GN and its
      link with the major histocompatibility system; the identification of target
      antigens involved in Goodpasture's syndrome and in experimental epimembranous GN;
      the re-evaluation of the role played by circulating immune complexes in the in
      situ formation of immune complexes in the glomerular capillary wall; the
      identification of numerous mediatory systems (notably cytokines) which play an
      important part in glomerular inflammation and in the development of fibrosis.
      These advances may lead, in the short- or medium-term, to interesting therapeutic
      novelties.

PMID- 1803452
TI  - [IgA glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Primary IgA nephritis is the most frequent nephritis and represent half of the
      glomerular diseases. Its incidence is 2,7/10(5) inhabitants. The diagnosis is
      established on a renal biopsy, which shows typical IgA mesangial deposits:
      granular, predominant, and diffuse. A central pathogenic role is played by the
      IgA immune system, both from the mucosa and the bone marrow. The long term
      prognosis should no longer be considered as mild because, after 20 years of
      evolution, 1/3 of the patients are going into chronic renal failure, and 1/6 into
      end-stage renal disease. It is essential to delineate the risk factors predicting
      ultimate evolution towards chronic failure, to select patients who may benefit
      from aggressive treatment, such as high doses steroids. For all patients, it is
      essential to have a regular clinical and biological check up, and an adequate
      control of arterial hypertension, in order to avoid or delay progression.

PMID- 1803453
TI  - [Extramembranous glomerulopathies].
AB  - Membranous nephropathy is defined by the presence of immune deposits localized on
      the epithelial side of the glomerular basal membrane. Its mechanism has been
      elucidated through numerous experimental models and is thought to be the
      consequence of in situ formation of immune complexes. Membranous nephropathy is
      clinically discovered by a nephrotic syndrome of unknown long-term evolution: 25%
      of the patients undergo complete spontaneous remission and 20% show progressive
      renal failure. As of today, no prognostic criteria are available. Numerous
      studies using steroids, immunosuppressive agents, or a combination of both, have
      tried to modify the natural history of the disease, but none of these protocols
      clearly seem to have changed the course of the disease.

PMID- 1803454
TI  - [Glomerulonephritis of infectious origin].
AB  - Glomerulonephritis may complicate infections due to various microorganisms. These
      microorganisms are bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic. Considerable clinical
      and experimental evidence has accumulated to indicate that glomerular injury is
      due to in situ immune complex deposition. In France, renal lesions are more often
      due to focal skin infection and sinus or visceral abscesses, with or without
      endocarditis, rather than to pharyngeal streptococcal infection. Staphylococcal
      infections are a frequent cause, especially in intravenous illicit drug users.
      Recovery requires suppression of the infective agent. However, in severe forms,
      after initial acute glomerular damage the evolution may be characterized by the
      development of chronic glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 1803455
TI  - [Extracapillary glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Extracapillary glomerulonephritis is characterized by cell proliferation within
      the urinary space of 50% of the glomeruli, where it covers more than 50% of the
      filtration chamber, associated with acute or rapidly progressive renal failure.
      It is a model of curable human renal failure. Extracapillary cell proliferation
      is an elementary lesion which may complicate any glomerulopathy and many systemic
      diseases, or appear to be primary. Its clinical manifestations may be extremely
      marked in some systemic diseases, but they may be minimal and delay a diagnosis
      which rests entirely on renal biopsy. An early renal biopsy commands the
      prognosis which depends on the finding of young cellular crescents that respond
      to treatment before fibrous transformation sets in. Experiments in animals and
      man suggest that cell proliferation results from rupture of the capillary walls
      and from the production of polymerized fibrin in the urinary space. This is
      followed by a cascade of reactions, with increased synthesis of local mediators
      issued from resident and invasive glomerular cells. These data constitute the
      basis of modern therapies, such as emboli of methylprednisolone, plasma exchange
      and immunodepressive drugs, aimed not only at a possible aetiological treatment
      but also at the cell proliferation itself. The use of such treatments, whose
      risks must be carefully weighted, has transformed the prognosis of extracapillary
      glomerulonephritis, since almost 50% of the cases the kidneys survive at 5 years.

PMID- 1803456
TI  - [Idiopathic nephrosis (minimal glomerular lesions, segmental and focal
      hyalinosis)].
AB  - Idiopathic nephrosis, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome, is
      histologically defined by minimal glomerular changes, diffuse mesangial
      proliferation or focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. The response to
      corticosteroids carries greater prognostic weight than the histological features
      seen on the initial renal biopsy. The severity of the condition lies in the risk
      of relapses which occurs in more than half of cases when steroid dosage is
      decreased (steroid dependency), then requiring, in case of steroid toxicity, the
      use of alkylating agents or, more recently, cyclosporine. In 10% of the cases,
      nephrosis is steroid resistant and the severity of the disease lies in the risk
      of developing end stage renal failure which occurs in nearly one half of those
      cases.

PMID- 1803457
TI  - [Diabetic glomerulopathy].
AB  - Detecting a microalbuminuria in a diabetic patient is enough to diagnose a
      diabetic glomerulopathy (which is more properly termed diabetic nephropathy). To
      appreciate exactly means to know what are the lesions of mesangium matrix and
      interstitial tissue; therefore, a renal biopsy is useful, (but needs to be
      examined by quantitative histo-morphometry). Numerous factors facilitate the
      progression of renal insufficiency in these patients: high blood pressure, poor
      glycemie control, high protein diet. Avoiding each of these factors allows to
      delay the time of dialysis and renal transplantation. Now diabetics represent the
      large group of patients in renal replacement therapy world-wide. These therapies
      are twice to thrice as expensive as they are for non diabetic patients.

PMID- 1803458
TI  - [Glomerulopathies in monoclonal dysglobulinemias].
AB  - Glomerular lesions in monoclonal gammapathies include AL amyloidosis, light chain
      and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposit disease (LCDD), cryoglobulinemias,
      Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia and a new entity, atypical membranous
      glomerulonephritis with organised monoclonal IgG deposits. Present data on
      deposited material of immunoglobulin origin and immunoglobulin synthesis in
      amyloidosis and LCDD are reviewed.

PMID- 1803459
TI  - [Treatment through malignant cell differentiation. Effect of retinoid in acute
      promyelocytic leukemia seems promising].

PMID- 1803460
TI  - [From aging of the digestive tract to risk of malnutrition. When does the risk
      become real in elderly patients?].

PMID- 1803461
TI  - [Sick children: 50 years ago].

PMID- 1803462
TI  - [Fever on return from a tropical country. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1803463
TI  - [Acute serum disease. Physiopathology, diagnosis].

PMID- 1803464
TI  - [Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome. Diagnosis].

PMID- 1803465
TI  - [Venous access. Techniques and complications].

PMID- 1803466
TI  - [Neurotic symptoms in children].

PMID- 1803467
TI  - [Consciousness disorders in diabetics. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1803468
TI  - [Chronic diarrhea in children. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1803469
TI  - [Evaluation of diagnostic or detection procedures. Validity of tests,
      sensitivity, specificity, predictive values. Definition of and indications for
      mass screening].

PMID- 1803470
TI  - [Evaluation of use of plasma immunoglobulins in therapeutics. The extension of
      indications needs controlled clinical studies].

PMID- 1803471
TI  - [Tumor radiosensitivity. How to increase the efficacy of the radiotherapy?].

PMID- 1803472
TI  - [Myalgia-eosinophilia syndrome. Tryptophan disease].

PMID- 1803473
TI  - [Food allergy].
AB  - Ubiquitous and relatively frequent, the food allergy corresponds to the clinical
      features related to an IgE dependent immunological response, directed against
      food allergens. Food allergens are mostly glycoproteins contained into eggs,
      fishes, seafood and some vegetables. Often associated with other atopic diseases,
      food allergies can be diagnosed by the identification of specific IgE and
      especially by oral provocative tests. Treatment of these allergies includes
      dietetic measures, pharmacological therapies and desensitization.

PMID- 1803474
TI  - [Critical reading of medical papers. I. Introduction].

PMID- 1803475
TI  - [Nephrologic actualities Jean Hamburger. Necker Hospital, 1991].

PMID- 1803476
TI  - [Diuretics. Principles and rules for their use].

PMID- 1803477
TI  - [Hemorrhagic syndrome due to hemostasis disorders. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1803478
TI  - [Furuncles. Etiology, clinical aspects, development, diagnosis, treatment].

PMID- 1803479
TI  - [Bimalleolar fracture. Mechanisms, diagnosis, principles of treatment].

PMID- 1803480
TI  - [Abdominal pain in the child. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1803481
TI  - [Acute diarrhea. Epidemiology, etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, principles
      of treatment].

PMID- 1803482
TI  - [Single-factor heredity. Construction and interpretation of a genealogical tree.
      Principles of genetic counseling].

PMID- 1803483
TI  - [Hospitalization on third party request and mandatory hospitalization. Principles
      of application].

PMID- 1803484
TI  - [Rules for property guardianship. Principles of implementation].

PMID- 1803485
TI  - [Chondracalcinosis. Etiology, diagnosis, treatment].

PMID- 1803486
TI  - New insights in steroid diabetes.

PMID- 1803487
TI  - Trisomy 4p--a new case of congenital myxedema.
AB  - The clinical and cytogenetic data of a female patient with trisomy of the 4p ter:
      4p 12 segment are presented. Family history showed that the mother is the bearer
      of a balanced translocation between chromosomes 4 and 5.

PMID- 1803488
TI  - The hormones--a model for a new understanding of cell differentiation process.
      Part II. Why does mitosis avoid those highly differentiated cells?
AB  - This new replicative model here explained is the result of the fact that, even if
      replication and transcription are distinct events during the cell evolution, they
      are functionally correlated, being responsible both for the main features of the
      cell, and for hormones affinity, too. This model of replication suggests the
      spreading of replication, in both directions symmetrically from the origin site
      of each replicon, as well as a simultaneous replication of both DNA strands,
      despite the fact that one of them was until now called "lagging" strand. These
      two events are explained by initiation of each DNA catena with distinct RNA
      polymerase forms depending on the presence or absence of the sigma 70 recognition
      factor (or its beta gamma analogous eukaryotic factor). The arguments sustaining
      these events were gathered from many already known genetic studies, some of them
      being here supposed to new interpretations (for instance, the phi x 174, M13
      phages replication models). The disposition of both DNA strands during
      replication allows the intervening of both RNA polymerase types only in RNA
      primer synthesis. However, other physical restrictive interactions suggested
      theoretically prevent the going on of RNA polymerases activity like they do
      during transcription. This is the main reason that determines the exposure of DNA
      conformational changes occurring in the replication. These explanations may bring
      a possible new light about the "mystery" of the phenomenon producing the
      "replicative eye" inside the double helical structure of DNA.

PMID- 1803489
TI  - Purification and physico-chemical characterization of the antigonadotropic
      fractions obtained by ultrafiltration from the pineal extract.
AB  - In order to isolate the antigonadotropic factor from a pineal extract prepared
      from bovine pineals the authors first applied ultrafiltration, which yielded
      three fractions: F1 greater than 10 kDa, 1 kDa less than less than F2 less than
      10 kDa, and F3 less than 1 kDa. Examination of the biologic activity showed that
      only F1 and F2 have a statistically significant antigonadotropic activity. Ion
      exchange chromatography of F1 yielded two subfractions: one, F11, which was not
      retained, and another one, F12, which was retained by the exchanger. Both
      subfractions showed biologic activity. While F11 is closer to F2 less than 10
      kDa, F12 has a molecular weight around 13.7 kDa, as resulted after applying the
      SDS-PAGE procedure. The F1 fraction has a proteic content of 903 micrograms/ml,
      F11 = 308 micrograms/ml and F12 = 247 micrograms/ml. Amino acids assay showed
      that the F12 subfraction has the same composition as F1 and the F11 subfraction
      also has free amino acids which indicates a process of adsorption of small
      molecules on large molecules. The F2 less than 10 kDa fraction, biologically
      active, has a proteic content of 433 micrograms/ml and an amino acids composition
      similar to F11 except for cysteine and methionine. The F3 less than 1 kDa
      fraction with a proteic content of 79 micrograms/ml having an amino acid
      composition in which prevails the glutamic acid shows poor antigonadotropic
      activity. The results of this study, as well as the fact that the
      antigonadotropic activity is concentrated in fractions both above and under 10
      kDa, suggests at least two hypotheses: either that the pineal antigonadotropic
      factor exists under various molecular forms in which the activity is preserved,
      or that the antigonadotropic factor is a peptide with strong aggregation
      properties as demonstrated in our study.

PMID- 1803491
TI  - [The variability of the anthropological and constitutional parameters in juvenile
      obesity].

PMID- 1803490
TI  - Insulin secretion in magnesium silicate-induced osteopenia in rats.
AB  - Local inflammation induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of magnesium
      silicate is followed by general metabolic, endocrine and immune reactions. Three
      weeks after inflammation induction, important bone loss, inflammation-mediated
      osteopenia (IMO) were found. The study proposes to investigate if IMO influences
      endogenous insulin secretion and if insulin therapy modifies the amount of bone
      loss, knowing its osteoprotective effect. Experiments were carried out on adult
      rats, three weeks after local inflammation induction. Baseline glucose and
      insulin levels did not change as compared to controls. After glucose stimulation,
      insulinogenic index decreased in the IMO group, which evidences decrease of
      insulin secretion. Insulin treatment initiated at the same time with IMO did not
      induce significant changes as regards the response to glucose tolerance test.
      However, bone calcium was increased as compared to the untreated IMO group,
      without reaching the control level.

PMID- 1803492
TI  - [Bone mineralization in adult spasmophilia].

PMID- 1803493
TI  - Study on the evolution of endemic goiter in Romania.
AB  - In population studies on children carried out in 1978-1979 as well as in 1986 we
      reported the persistence of endemic goiter. This made us extend our study onto
      other populational categories, namely: a) adults and children from five villages
      of 500-1500 inhabitants from known endemic areas; goiter was encountered in a
      high percentage: 41% and 52.5% and prevailed above the age of 50. In children
      goiter was present in 28-30% but most of it was of the zero degree; b) women aged
      18-57 years from urban industrial areas as follows: 1720 from Bucharest, situated
      in the plain, 280 from Rm-Vilcea, and 560 from Ploiesti, the latter two being sub
      Carpathian areas. Goiter was present in 35.7% and 29.89%, respectively, mostly of
      the 1st and 2nd degree; nodular goiter was in 3.89% and 12.90%, respectively.
      Thyroid function was also tested by RIA of T3, T4 and TSH, in the blood collected
      from 150-200 subjects from each group. The values were within normal limits.
      However, in one of the endemic areas T3 RNA in children was significantly high.
      Urinary iodine assay (24 hrs creatinine) was tested in 50 of the women living and
      working in an industrial urban area situated in the plain. The values were around
      50 mg/24 hours or less, in 75% of the cases.

PMID- 1803494
TI  - The geneticization of health and illness: implications for social practice.

PMID- 1803495
TI  - Hormonal treatment in prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer is one of the most current diseases in elderly men and
      contributes greatly to the increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of health
      care. An adequate therapeutical approach requires a whole set of methods for
      establishing a correct histologic diagnosis and evaluating the local and general
      spread of the disease. As most of the neoplastic cells in the prostate are at
      least partly androgen-dependent, the goal of the hormonal therapy is to deprive
      them of androgenic hormones and their derivatives. On this purpose, the most
      important means of the hormonal therapy, starting with the traditional ones
      (orchidectomy, hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, androgens administration) and
      ending with the latest achievements (anti-androgens, antiestrogens, LH--RH
      analogous) are scrutinized, making specific recommendations as to their
      indications, way of administration and effectiveness.

PMID- 1803496
TI  - Neurophysins in some mammalian species.

PMID- 1803497
TI  - Intra-uterine and neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.
AB  - Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (buccal) and type 2 (genital) present a serious
      threat to neonates. Infection may occur in utero, by transplacental or ascending
      infection, by exposure to genital lesions during delivery, or postnatally from
      relatives or attendants. Antiviral drugs, vidarabine and acyclovir are of equal
      efficacy and toxicity when used in infants with herpes simplex infections.
      Transplacental infection during early pregnancy is a very rare cause of
      congenital abnormality but there have been no recommendations for intervention.
      Most neonatal infections are acquired from the mother during delivery. Antepartum
      screening for virus excretion is of no value in predicting exposure at delivery
      and should not be performed. Caesarean section should be reserved for women who
      have active lesions at delivery. Even if active lesions are present, in women
      with a history of recurrent herpes, the risks to the infant are low. Prophylactic
      acyclovir during pregnancy cannot be recommended until evidence of safety and
      efficacy has been obtained from controlled trials. Staff should be alert to the
      dangers of postnatal infection and measures should be taken to exclude, or reduce
      virus excretion from, staff members or visitors who have orolabial or cutaneous
      herpes lesions.

PMID- 1803498
TI  - Is it meaningful to treat patients with recurrent herpetic infections?
AB  - The introduction of acyclovir a safe and efficacious antiviral agent has
      revolutionised the treatment of recurrent orolabial and genital herpes. The
      treatment of each recurrence with topical or oral acyclovir is of limited
      benefit. However, long term suppression with oral acyclovir is highly effective.
      Patients should be considered for therapy on the basis of the frequency and
      severity of recurrence, and any associated psychosexual morbidity. Treatment
      should be commenced at a dose of 200 mg qds. Subsequent reduction in dose may be
      possible. Treatment should continue for 1 year then be stopped in order to
      ascertain if the frequency of recurrence still warrants suppression. The reasons
      for failure to respond to long term suppression or relapse include malabsorption
      and the emergence of drug resistant strains.

PMID- 1803499
TI  - Cutaneous herpes simplex infection.
AB  - Cutaneous Herpes simplex infections occur either as a result of direct
      inoculation or in conjunction with primary genital or orolabial herpes. Lesions
      can occur anywhere on the body. However, when they occur in conjunction with
      genital herpes the commonest sites are the buttock, thigh and fingers. Cutaneous
      lesions may recur. In immunosuppressed patients recurrences may lead to 2 serious
      mucocutaneous complications; chronic progressive mucocutaneous herpes where
      lesions spread locally to leave large non-healing ulcers; or acute mucocutaneous
      dissemination where the infection disseminates widely over the skin. In
      dermatological conditions, especially atopic eczema, widespread cutaneous
      dissemination (Kaposi's varicelliform eruption) may occur. This usually occurs in
      association with primary herpes although recurrences do sometimes occur.

PMID- 1803500
TI  - Herpes zoster and pain.
AB  - Pain is frequently the most distressing symptom of herpes zoster. Pain occurs in
      most patients during the acute phase and sometimes continues as postherpetic
      neuralgia (PHN) for months or years after the rash has healed. Both the acute
      pain and the incidence and duration of postherpetic pain are influenced by the
      age of the patient and the distribution of the rash. The acute pain is probably
      related to neuronal inflammation induced by the replicating varicella-zoster
      virus and can be helped by antiviral agents and by steroids. As yet, the
      pathophysiology of PHN is poorly understood and may well be multifactorial,
      perhaps accounting for the two clearly different types of PHN described.
      Prevention of PHN is not possible but there are some data suggesting the use of
      antiviral agents during the acute phase may be helpful. Once PHN has become
      established conventional analgesics are ineffective and tricyclic antidepressants
      seem to be the optimal therapy.

PMID- 1803501
TI  - Zoster-associated chronic pain: an overview of clinical trials with acyclovir.
AB  - An overview of all the available placebo-controlled trial data for oral acyclovir
      in acute herpes zoster infection has confirmed that a dose of 800 mg five times
      daily for seven to ten days is effective in reducing the incidence of post
      herpetic neuralgia and the duration of pain. Although one study failed to
      demonstrate such an effect, three other studies and a combined analysis, using
      the log rank test, did so. The duration of pain was shortened from an average of
      86 to 49 days (p less than 0.001). Future studies will need to take account of
      these findings since oral acyclovir is most likely to be used as the standard
      reference therapy.

PMID- 1803502
TI  - Acyclovir for treatment of varicella in immunecompetent patients.
AB  - Varicella, one of the most common childhood diseases, can cause significant
      morbidity and even mortality in immunecompetent persons. In the U.S. alone, an
      estimated 4000-6000 otherwise normal youngsters are hospitalized every year with
      an annual death rate for immunecompetent persons of 96. This article reviews and
      updates progress in clinical trials utilizing oral acyclovir for treatment of
      varicella in immunecompetent patients. Three placebo-controlled, double-blind
      studies of acyclovir in normal youngsters and adolescents found that the drug
      reduced the height and duration of fever and accelerated cutaneous healing
      without producing any adverse effects. Acyclovir did not diminish VZV antibody
      titers measured one year post-varicella by either ELISA or FAMA methods. A recent
      study in 148 immunecompetent adults demonstrated that acyclovir can significantly
      reduce fever and hasten cutaneous healing. Acyclovir is thus of proven benefit
      for treatment of varicella. The major issue remaining is who should be treated,
      and the pros and cons of this are discussed.

PMID- 1803503
TI  - International perspective on venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in surgery.

PMID- 1803504
TI  - Is pulmonary embolism a suitable evaluation criterion of the efficacy of
      prophylactic treatment in surgery.

PMID- 1803505
TI  - Prevention of thromboembolism after spinal cord injury.
AB  - Thromboembolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with
      spinal cord injury. The prevalence of DVT approaches 100%, and 1 to 2% will die
      of PE. Following injury, there is hypercoagulability as reflected by an increase
      in von Willebrand factor activity and antigen, and increased platelet reactivity
      to collagen. Thrombosis usually occurs 1 to 3 weeks after injury, with a peak
      between days 7 and 9. Intermittent calf compression boots reduce the frequency of
      thrombosis to 40%, and the addition of aspirin, 300 mg twice daily, and
      dipyridamole, 75 mg thrice daily, decrease this further to 25%. In an attempt to
      provide more effective prophylaxis, a further trial was conducted using heparin.
      Twenty-nine patients were randomized to receive 5000 U subcutaneously every 12
      hours and compared with an equal number of patients treated with doses of heparin
      adjusted to prolong the APTT to 1.5 times control values; the mean dose was
      13,200 U every 12 hours. Thromboembolism occurred in 9 (31%) of those on the
      fixed dose (6 DVT and 3 PE) and only 2 (7%) on the adjusted dose (p less than
      0.05); however, 7 (24%) of the patients receiving the higher doses of heparin had
      bleeding compared with none of those on the fixed dose (p less than 0.02). Most
      recently, we have compared the safety and effectiveness of a low molecular weight
      heparin (Logiparin, Novo) with standard heparin. The former was given once daily
      in a dose of 3500 anti-Xa units, and the latter was 5000 U every 8 hours, both
      given subcutaneously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803506
TI  - Influence of hypersulfated lactobionic acid amides on tissue plasminogen
      activator release.
AB  - Under our experimental conditions, the sulfated bis-lactobionic acid amide, LW
      10079, showed the strongest t-PA-releasing effect in the isolated perfused pig
      ear. In rats the sulfated bis-lactobionic acid amide LW 10121 was the most potent
      compound in acute t-PA release. In both experiments the bis-lactobionic acid
      amide LW 10082 did not work as a releaser of t-PA. Therefore in the case of LW
      10082, the activation of the fibrinolytic pathway as a possible mechanism of its
      antithrombotic effect can be excluded.

PMID- 1803507
TI  - Effect of heparin on the fibrinolytic response to plasminogen activators.

PMID- 1803508
TI  - Enhancement by defibrotide of prostanoid neosynthesis from arachidonic acid: an
      adenosine receptor-mediated effect?
AB  - The antithrombotic and anti-ischemic drug defibrotide is known to enhance PGI2
      and prostaglandin E2 release and to interact competitively and agonistically with
      adenosine A1 and A2 receptors. To elucidate a possible molecular mechanism of
      action of this drug, we measured prostanoid neosynthesis from exogenous AA in
      isolated, intraluminally perfused RbA (5 to 10 preparations/group). Defibrotide
      (30 micrograms/ml) almost doubled the conversion rate of AA (15 micrograms) into
      PGI2-la (quantitated by a bioassay system): 56.8 +/- 5.3 versus 32.9 +/- 7.8 ng,
      compared with controls. The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-PT, at concentrations
      of 0.625, 1, and 1.6 micrograms/ml, dose-dependently and up to 100% inhibited the
      effect of defibrotide; however, a higher concentration of this latter (100
      micrograms/ml) shifted to the right the 8-PT inhibition curve. A second AA bolus
      given into RbA caused homologous desensitization: 43 and 62% reduction of AA
      conversion after two versus one bolus was observed in controls receiving 15 and
      30 micrograms AA. This phenomenon was inhibited by 30 micrograms/ml defibrotide
      (32% reduction only at two boluses, instead of 62% displayed by comparable
      controls), but this effect was abolished by 1.6 micrograms/ml 8-PT; once again,
      100 micrograms/ml defibrotide overcame the antagonism by 8-PT. We conclude that
      defibrotide enhances prostanoid neosynthesis from AA and reduces homologous
      desensitization of the cyclooxygenase pathway through a mechanism possibly linked
      to stimulation of adenosine receptors.

PMID- 1803509
TI  - Absorption through the peritoneum of the macromolecular profibrinolytic drug
      defibrotide in the rabbit.
AB  - Defibrotide is the sodium salt of a polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from
      mammalian lungs by controlled depolymerization. This macromolecular compound
      (mean molecular weight 20,000 d) has profibrinolytic activity. It also is
      antithrombotic after both intravenous and oral administration. The purpose of
      this study was to see whether defibrotide could activate the fibrinolytic system
      after intraperitoneal administration, because it has been observed that in
      ascitic patients treated intraperitoneally with defibrotide, no occlusion of the
      peritoneal-jugular catheter valve draining the ascitic fluid (according to LeVeen
      et al.) occurred. The profibrinolytic activity of defibrotide and its plasma
      levels were dose dependent, with a statistically significant correlation between
      the fibrinolytic activities and the AUC of the plasma levels of defibrotide. No
      rebound effect was observed during the duration of the experiments (24 hours). We
      hypothesize that the fibrinolytic activity elicited by defibrotide prevented the
      deposition of fibrin in the catheter valve, enabling normal drainage of the
      ascitic fluid. The lack of rebound makes defibrotide a safe drug. The mechanism
      by which this macromolecular compound is absorbed is still unknown.

PMID- 1803510
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity in patients with diabetes mellitus: characterization of the
      effects of thrombolytic agents on plasma clot lysis in vitro.

PMID- 1803511
TI  - Induction and possible role of fibrinolysis in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - This article reviews the evidence supporting a relationship between an enhanced
      tissue injury, increased fibrin formation, defective fibrinolysis, and the
      evolution of the complications of late diabetic disease. Particular attention is
      drawn to the role of a defective endothelial cell mediated fibrinolysis with
      respect to increased fibrin formation and a delayed tissue repair in diabetic
      patients. Reviewed are studies that indicate that it is possible in patients with
      diabetes by means of sulfonylurea compounds to increase endothelial cell-produced
      t-PA without affecting PAI-1. It is advocated that potent compounds should be
      searched for, with the capability to modify the hemostatic process of the
      diabetic endothelial cell in order to express more fibrinolytic activity
      independent of the patient's metabolic state in an attempt to delay the
      complications of late diabetes.

PMID- 1803512
TI  - In vivo platelet activation in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1803513
TI  - Nonenzymatic glycation of platelet proteins in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1803514
TI  - Large platelets circulate in an activated state in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is associated with aggravated development of vascular
      complications. Yet, it has not been established whether platelet hyperreactivity
      contributes as a pathogenetic factor. In order to study the role of activated
      platelets in diabetes mellitus, we investigated the expression of the membrane
      activation markers CD63 (GP53) and CD62 (GMP-140) as direct indicators of in vivo
      activation. The CD63-positive fraction was significantly higher in patients (6.1%
      X 3.7 +/- 1) than in controls (2.7% X 3 +/- 1). In parallel, the CD62-positive
      fraction was significantly elevated in patients to 5% X 2.5 +/- 1 in comparison
      to controls (3% X 2 +/- 1). Patients with angiopathy had a mean increase of 304%
      in CD63-positive and of 223% in CD62-positive platelets. Patients without
      clinically detectable angiopathy showed a trend to an increased fraction in CD63
      /CD62-positive platelets. There was no correlation of the activation markers with
      fasting blood glucose, HbA1 or platelet count. CD63 platelet bound fluorescence
      significantly increased with platelet size in the patient group. We conclude that
      in diabetes mellitus an increased number of large platelets circulate in an
      activated state predominantly in patients with angiopathy. This could imply that
      platelets become activated by vascular lesions. The trend in patients without
      vascular disease, however, suggests that activated platelets may also basically
      contribute to the prethrombotic state in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1803515
TI  - Clinical trials of antiplatelet agents in diabetes mellitus: rationale and
      results.

PMID- 1803516
TI  - Modifications of monocyte procoagulant activity in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1803517
TI  - Diabetic capillary angiopathy of the dermis of the hand and foot in patients with
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1803518
TI  - Some objective considerations for the use of heparins and recombinant hirudin in
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 1803519
TI  - The role of placental-fetal interaction in fetal nutrition.

PMID- 1803521
TI  - Protein intake and energy requirements of the infant.

PMID- 1803520
TI  - Carbohydrate needs of the fetus and neonate.

PMID- 1803522
TI  - Nutritional perturbations in infants of diabetic mothers and intrauterine growth
      retardation.
AB  - The fetal nutritional milieu may have important regulatory influences on fetal
      growth and maturation. Fetuses of diabetics exposed to excessive glucose in late
      gestation show delayed maturation, whereas, fetuses subjected to nutrient
      deprivation resulting from decreased uterine blood flow exhibit restricted growth
      and accelerated maturation. Under conditions of nutrient deficiency, restricted
      growth and accelerated maturation may be important adaptations mediated through
      hormonal and growth factor signalling.

PMID- 1803523
TI  - Nutritional influences on lung development and protection against chronic lung
      disease.

PMID- 1803524
TI  - Nutrition and neonatal immune function.

PMID- 1803525
TI  - Neonatal gastrointestinal motility and enteral feeding.

PMID- 1803526
TI  - Nutritional needs of the extremely low-birth-weight infant.

PMID- 1803527
TI  - Parenteral alimentation of the neonate.

PMID- 1803528
TI  - [Organization and quality of home care services after emergency calls in
      connection with pain in the cardiac area].
AB  - The results are provided of an in-depth study of the organization, quality and
      effectiveness of medical care provided at home to persons who referred to medical
      institutions for cardialgias. It has been shown that the real number of
      circulatory diseases while considering the complaints such as "pains in the heart
      area" is considerably less than the number of calls for outpatient home care. The
      influence is established of the amount and quality of home health care delivery
      on the effectiveness of outpatient care as a whole in cases of circulatory
      disease aggravation and of the possibility to reduce the duration of disability
      in the aggravation cases (and consequently the economic losses) at the expense of
      improving the medical care quality just at home. The improvement of the
      organization and quality of home health care is an important reserve for the
      perfection of outpatient care at large.

PMID- 1803529
TI  - [Teaching healthy life style and the mass information media].

PMID- 1803530
TI  - [Automated data bank in the ambulatory-polyclinical institutions].

PMID- 1803531
TI  - [Improving the system of public health financing].
AB  - The paper provides data on health status of children and adult population, and
      medico-demographic situation in the country. An account is also given of
      organizational and financial issues of medical care in foreign countries. The
      issues related to the organization of medical care, management of public health
      financing of the branch under new conditions are dealt with. On the basis of the
      experiment a new system of health services financing based on the principles of
      insurance medicine is proposed for introduction. The new system envisages such
      new organizational structures as health protection funds and insurance
      organizations. Functions of the existing managerial organizational public health
      structures at different levels are being changed, the status of medical
      institutions would also change and their responsibility for the quality of work
      would increase.

PMID- 1803533
TI  - A critique of posturology: towards an alternative neuroanatomy?

PMID- 1803532
TI  - [Approaches to the financing of therapeutic and preventive institutions].

PMID- 1803534
TI  - Anatomical basis of the anterior vertebral graft using a pediculated rib.
AB  - The rib is frequently used as a bone graft in the surgery of the anterior spine.
      The advantage of the rib is that it is easily used as a pediculated vascularized
      graft when it is transferred to the anterior vertebrae. The average length of the
      pedicle is over 5 cm for the ribs number 3 to 10. Their useful length of bone is
      12 cm. With this technique fusion of 4 to 6 lumbar or thoracic vertebrae is
      possible.

PMID- 1803535
TI  - Anatomical basis of a new naso-labial island flap.
AB  - We describe a nasolabial island flap with a proximal base. This anatomical study
      confirms the interest of a proximal base especially with regard to venous return.
      As opposed to classical naso-labial flaps with subcutaneous pedicle, it has a
      vascularization of musculo-cutaneous type which allows a greater degree of
      mobility and reliability. This flap is an effective therapeutic option in surgery
      for skin defects of the face.

PMID- 1803536
TI  - Anatomical basis of neurotisation of the median nerve in the hand by the radial
      nerve.
AB  - The sensory sequelae after lesions of the median nerve cause difficulties in
      treatment since few sensory transfers are available. Neurotisation of the median
      by sensory branches of the radial nerve have aroused little interest although
      they have already been used by some authors after anastomosis at the wrist or
      through the first or second interosseous spaces. Based on what was originally a
      purely anatomic study, our interest was directed to the possibilities of
      performing more distal neurotisation for the treatment of sensory disorders of
      limited extent. The chief object was to obtain faster sensory reinnervation. 30
      hands were dissected and a radial branch was defined as suitable for
      neurotisation whose diameter approximated that of its palmar digital homolog.
      Only those findings constantly observed in analysis of the hands studied were
      taken into account. It is therefore possible to reliably define the type and site
      of the routes of approach as well as the sensory branches suitable for
      neurotisation.

PMID- 1803537
TI  - Drainage of the scalp by the superficial temporal vein: surgical implications.
AB  - The arrangement of the veins of the scalp is not well-known. The drainage of the
      scalp by the superficial temporal v. was studied in 68 specimens dissected from
      unembalmed cadavers. After prolonged contraflow irrigation, the whole of the
      venous network drained by the trunk of the superficial temporal v. was injected
      from either side with latex. Depending on the method chosen to demonstrate the
      venous network, whether by direct observation or corrosion, the latex was stained
      with Evans' blue or with Latexol. The superficial temporal a. was also prepared
      by injection-corrosion in 16 cases. The diameter of the trunk of the superficial
      temporal v. in its preauricular portion was estimated as between 1.1 and 1.6 mm.
      Nine different types, classified by frequency, were recognised in the arrangement
      of the affluents of the superficial temporal v. In every case there was a main
      parietotemporal collector continued as the trunk of the superficial temporal v.
      The affluents joining the main collector varied in number (from 8 to 1) and in
      arrangement. Their anastomoses with the veins adjacent to the superficial
      temporal v. were numerous. The density of the secondary branches varied greatly
      with individuals. They were sometimes totally absent, particularly in the fronto
      temporal region. Usually, the main collector was of sufficient caliber for
      microsurgical use and its course followed that of the parietal branch of the
      superficial temporal a., but in 4% of cases the main collector was too narrow to
      be so used and in 8% of cases its course did not follow that of the parietal
      branch of the superficial temporal a.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803538
TI  - Comparative anatomy and histology of the radial artery and the internal thoracic
      artery. Implication for coronary artery bypass.
AB  - Anatomical characteristics of the radial a. were compared to those of the
      internal thoracic a., considered as a gold standard in coronary surgery. The
      length, the diameter, the collateral distribution and the wall thickness of these
      two arteries were studied comparatively. In addition, a comparative histological
      analysis was carried out. Anatomical and histological characteristics of these
      two arteries have important implications for coronary artery bypass.

PMID- 1803539
TI  - Does the anteroposterior diameter of the bony spinal canal reflect its size? An
      anatomical study.
AB  - Nine anatomical parameters that may have a relation to the spinal canal size were
      directly measured in each of 594 cervical and lumbar vertebrae from young adult
      cadaver skeletons. The anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal was the only
      parameter which could be statistically correlated with its cross-sectional area
      (P less than 0.05), and hence justifies the accepted practice of its use as an
      indicator of bony spinal canal size.

PMID- 1803540
TI  - The relationship between parotid and superficial fasciae.
AB  - The paper reports a study conducted on serial sections of subcutaneous neck and
      facial tissues taken from ten human fetuses with a craniocaudal distance of
      between 7 and 30 cms for the purpose of establishing the age at which various
      anatomical structures develop and interact. In particular, the study was aimed at
      investigating the relationship between the parotid and superficial fasciae.
      Findings, supported also by direct observations on humans, demonstrated that a
      parotid fascia proper does not exist. The study was also aimed at confirming or
      invalidating the contrasting opinions reported in recent literature. On the basis
      of our observations on the parotid gland, no parotid fascia as such seems to be
      present, but rather a superficial thickening of the connective tissue with muscle
      fibres which can be identified with the superficial fascia of the region and as a
      continuation of the platysma m., and with the septa subdividing the gland.
      Moreover, only a thin connective layer was detected in the deep surface of the
      fascia. These findings are in line with those reported by Jost who, like
      ourselves, conducted his research on both primates and humans. The anatomical and
      surgical implications of these findings are considerable as they entail a
      redefinition of the existence of a parotid fascia. In particular, this implies
      abandoning the expression introduced by Mitz who defines this structure as
      representing a "superficial muscular and aponeurotic system (SMAS)" which in fact
      can be considered to correspond to the superficial fascia as correctly described
      by Sterzi and subsequently confirmed by Bertelli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1803541
TI  - Anatomy of the hip: correlation of coronal and sagittal cadaver cryomicrosections
      with magnetic resonance images.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is noninvasive and provides images with higher
      soft tissue contrast than possible with any other imaging modality. Unlike CT
      which depicts anatomy in the axial plane, MRI is capable of producing images in
      thin cross sections acquired directly in any plane, usually axial, coronal or
      sagittal planes. The use of diagnostic MR images is facilitated by an
      understanding of the detailed anatomy that is depicted. The purpose of this study
      was to identify anatomical structures in coronal and sagittal cryomicrosections
      of the hip region. Thin cryosections of the hips of fresh-frozen cadavers were
      obtained by a method developed by one of the authors (WR). These sections were
      matched with thin-section, high resolution MR images of a normal volunteer. The
      complex anatomy of the hip and its surrounding muscles, tendons and ligaments was
      exquisitely depicted on both the cadaver microcryosections and the matched MRT
      images.

PMID- 1803542
TI  - A study of the lateral pterygoid muscle: anatomic sections and CT appearances.
AB  - The authors have studied the relationship between anatomic and CT sections of the
      lateral pterygoid muscle in 39 anatomic specimens. Good superimposition of the
      images was found, which seems important in neoplastic invasion of the
      infratemporal fossa and which may lead to a pathogenic interpretation of the algo
      dysfunctional syndrome of the masticatory apparatus.

PMID- 1803543
TI  - The thoracic esophagus: sectional anatomy and radiosurgical applications.
AB  - The relationships of a tumor of the thoracic esophagus to the adjacent
      mediastinal structures are currently studied by means of computed tomography
      (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and, more recently, by echoendoscopy.
      However, the assessment of axial mediastinal CT and of MRI in the coronal and
      sagittal planes calls for some degree of experience. To further this training a
      sectional anatomy is proposed in correlation with imaging of the thoracic
      esophagus and the posterior mediastinum. Ten fresh subjects whose vascular
      networks had been previously injected with colored resin were sectioned along the
      three planes of space after positioning under CT monitoring. The axial sections
      were compared with the CT images made with a GE 9800 Quick scanner. Three frontal
      and sagittal sections were compared with the MRI images made with a GE Signa
      apparatus using a high magnetic field. The relations of the esophagus were
      studied at three levels: the supra-azygo-aortic segment, where it is related to
      the left subclavian artery; the inter-azygo-aortic segment, where access to the
      esophagus is barred on the left by the aortic arch and on the right by the arch
      of the azygos vein, section of which provides ample access; and the sub-azygo
      aortic segment, where the esophagus passes behind the left main bronchus and to
      the right of the descending aorta, two organs whose invasion contraindicates
      excision of a tumor of the esophagus but is difficult to assess by current
      thoracic imaging techniques. The esophagus then descends behind the left atrium;
      the investigation of the kinetics of the heart cavities by transesophageal
      echocardiography is an application of this anatomic relationship.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803545
TI  - Right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of adult asymptomatic right aortic arch with an aberrant subclavian
      artery are reported. They were discovered at time of coronary surgery.
      Preoperative coronary arteriography failed to demonstrate the anomalies. In one
      case, the right arch was suspected on chest x-ray and preoperative barium
      oesophagography. In one case, the proximal suture of one saphenous bypass graft
      was performed on the left common carotid artery. Right aortic arch is a
      malformation rarely discovered in adults. It generally produces no symptoms when
      not associated with cardiac disease.

PMID- 1803544
TI  - Double ureter and congenital diverticulum of the ureter.
AB  - The ureteral duplication is a relatively common malformation and usually has no
      pathologic consequences. On the contrary, congenital diverticula of the ureter
      are rare and often give rise to urinary complications. A double malformation
      combining left ureteral duplication and a congenital diverticulum of the right
      ureter is reported and discussed. This rare case illustrates one and the same
      malformational process arrested at different stages of development.

PMID- 1803546
TI  - Gross dissection and immunohistochemical studies on branch fusion type of ventral
      and dorsal pancreatic ducts: a case report.
AB  - A case of fusion via two inferior branches between the ventral and dorsal
      pancreatic ducts was studied both macroscopically and immunohistochemically,
      based on the organogenesis of the pancreas. Radiologically, the branch fusion
      seemed to be composed of an inferior branch of the ventral pancreatic duct and an
      inferior branch of the dorsal pancreatic duct. By mapping pancreatic polypeptide
      cells in the material obtained by pancreatoduodenectomy, however, the branch was
      identified as a branch of the dorsal pancreatic duct. Thus, fusion between two
      inferior branches was not established, but was found to consist of an inferior
      branch of the dorsal pancreatic duct connected with the ventral pancreatic duct.
      We therefore challenge the concept of the ansa pancreatica.

PMID- 1803548
TI  - Vascularization of lateral and medial cutaneous nerves of the forearm. Anatomic
      basis of neuro-cutaneous island flap on the elbow.

PMID- 1803547
TI  - Review of tethered cord syndrome with a radiological and anatomical study: case
      report.
AB  - The primary tethered cord syndrome has been documented mainly in children and
      adolescents but also in adults, and patients may present with backache,
      neuromuscular skeletal changes such as club-foot, scoliosis, muscular atrophy,
      disturbances of gait, or dysfunction of bladder and rectum, or a combination of
      these conditions. The cadaveric case presented describes plain film radiographic
      and anatomical findings of spina bifida occulta at the first and second sacral
      levels, and an enlarged spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra, in a 78
      year old male cadaver with a tethered spinal cord terminating at the first sacral
      level. During life, this man had not undergone surgery for tethered spinal cord.

PMID- 1803549
TI  - Contribution of the internal thoracic artery perforating system in breast supply:
      anatomic basis of a new technique for breast reconstruction using the opposite
      breast.

PMID- 1803550
TI  - Anastomoses between bronchial and coronary arteries: incidence of atheroma.

PMID- 1803551
TI  - Anatomic basis of the surgical approach to the retropancreatic common bile duct.

PMID- 1803552
TI  - [Geriatrics. A quick and joint effort. Interview by Anne Vesterdal].

PMID- 1803553
TI  - [Nursing care disappears].

PMID- 1803554
TI  - [Estonia is back in Europe].

PMID- 1803555
TI  - [Nurses' health].

PMID- 1803556
TI  - [Quality assurance. It could be much better. Interview by Mette-Marie Davidsen].

PMID- 1803558
TI  - [Education. Money for a long-range investment].

PMID- 1803557
TI  - [History. A museum does not come out of thin air].

PMID- 1803559
TI  - [Brainless obstetric aid].

PMID- 1803560
TI  - [Geriatrics. The hospital comes to the elderly].

PMID- 1803561
TI  - [History--basis for the profession].

PMID- 1803562
TI  - [We disown death].

PMID- 1803565
TI  - [Executive Board. Sweeping interest in representative post].

PMID- 1803563
TI  - [Executive Board. Greenland's model approved].

PMID- 1803564
TI  - [Greenland. Nurses included in Council].

PMID- 1803566
TI  - [Lithuania--physicians' assistant wants to have responsibility].

PMID- 1803567
TI  - [Nursing festival--already a tradition].

PMID- 1803568
TI  - [Nursing festival--the lost health policy].

PMID- 1803569
TI  - [Nursing festival--nurses' torture and executions].

PMID- 1803570
TI  - [Change-over. The elderly remain insecure].

PMID- 1803571
TI  - [EEC. Poverty threatens young families].

PMID- 1803572
TI  - [A nurse in the family].

PMID- 1803573
TI  - [The Soviet--we need contact].

PMID- 1803574
TI  - [Family therapy--nurse and therapist].

PMID- 1803575
TI  - [History--needlework reflects everyday things].

PMID- 1803576
TI  - [Nurse's leave of absence should be extended for funerals].

PMID- 1803577
TI  - [Introduce an AIDS policy in the work place].

PMID- 1803579
TI  - [Europe against cancer. Key persons in cancer prevention].

PMID- 1803578
TI  - [AIDS--the indescribable fear. Interview by Claus Ladegaard].

PMID- 1803580
TI  - [Work environment--a lever].

PMID- 1803581
TI  - [Nurses against cancer].

PMID- 1803582
TI  - [Neonatology--fragile contact].

PMID- 1803584
TI  - [The risk factors and prognosis of a joint syndrome in patients with
      nongonococcal urethritis].

PMID- 1803583
TI  - [Amyloidosis in children with rheumatoid arthritis and the results of its long
      term treatment with colchicine].
AB  - The authors provide materials of a clinical follow-up of 23 children suffering
      from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an outcome of amyloidosis of the internal
      organs, supported by morphological examination in 13 patients. 10 patients were
      treated with colchicine in a dose of 1-2 mg/day lasting from 6 months to 2 years
      and 7 months. The beneficial effect was attained in 7 children. In 3 patients
      with RA standing over 8 years, the results were negative. Colchicine merits
      attention as an effective drug for the treatment of secondary amyloidosis in RA
      patients.

PMID- 1803585
TI  - [The general principles of the diagnosis of dialysis osteomalacia by the results
      of the histomorphometry of spongy bone].
AB  - Biopsy specimens of the bone were examined and then subjected to morphometry in
      49 patients with terminal renal failure. 43 patients were on chronic hemodialysis
      and 6 had undergone renal transplantation. Histomorphometry permitted calculating
      the relative area of the bone girdles in the preparation (in %), the relative
      resorption area (in %), and the osteocyte count per mm2 bone girdle. It is
      concluded that if the area of the bone girdle in the preparation is less than
      23.8%, the patient on hemodialysis may be diagnosed as having dialysis
      osteomalacia. The reduction of the relative reabsorption area in patients with
      dialysis osteomalacia is insignificant and can be used as an auxiliary sign in
      differential diagnosis of renal osteopathies in patients on dialysis.

PMID- 1803586
TI  - [The effect of endogenous factors and physical loading on the formation of
      moisture excretion and detoxication by the lungs].
AB  - Overall 101 students (a control group), 68 persons from an ambulatory group with
      exogenous factors at risk for pulmonary diseases, and 122 patients with
      exacerbation of nonspecific pulmonary diseases were examined for the volume of
      exhaled air condensate, the content in it of medium-weight molecules and protein
      by means of two methods (according to Lowry and by adsorption using polysorb).
      The students were found to have the worst parameters. Exacerbation of the disease
      led to their increase. Exercise blocked transport of water, protein and medium
      weight molecules to the condensate, whose intensity depended on the age, sex and
      body mass. This stresses the importance of exogenous factors in the maintenance
      of moisture excretion and detoxication by the lungs. It is recommended that the
      new methodological approach to assessing the response to exercise according to
      moisture excretion function of the lungs may be applied.

PMID- 1803587
TI  - [The use of recombinant erythropoietin with patients on programmed hemodialysis].
AB  - The authors analyze the 6-month experience with the use of recombinant
      erythropoietin drugs to correct anemia in patients with chronic renal failure
      (CRF) on programmed hemodialysis. 7 patients received recormon, the mean dose was
      26.0 +/- 6.0 Units/kg bw given subcutaneously thrice a week. 6 patients were
      given eprex, the mean dose was 34.6 +/- 4.8 Units/kg bw given intravenously three
      times a week. The control group was made up of 8 persons. The data obtained
      indicate that the use of recombinant erythropoietin in patients with CRF treated
      by programmed hemodialysis results in anemia elimination and appreciable
      improvement of the general health status, permitting blood transfusions to be
      avoided. Subcutaneous administration allows the use of the lower drug doses,
      being especially preferable in patients who are to undergo long treatment with
      maintenance doses.

PMID- 1803588
TI  - [Glycosylated proteins and the rheological properties of the erythrocytes in
      carbohydrate metabolic disorders].
AB  - The level of glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb AIc), the concentration of glycosylated
      proteins in red blood cell membranes (GPCM), and fructosamine were measured in
      patients with different carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities (glucose tolerance
      test disorders, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus/IDDM/). The "pyrene" probe
      was used to examine rheological disorders in different shift rates and
      microviscosity of red blood cell membranes. Close correlations were established
      between glycosylated proteins and microviscosity as well as between GPCM and
      viscosity of red blood cell suspension. In addition to an increase of the content
      of glycosylated proteins, deterioration of the rheological properties, and a rise
      of microviscosity associated with hypoxic phenomena, a group of patients
      suffering from IDDM with low microviscosity and graver clinical manifestations
      (microangiopathies, coronary heart disease, cerebral atherosclerosis) were
      distinguished. Low microviscosity can also be seen in normoglycemia. The
      cumulative action of the hemorheological shifts, a decrease of red blood cell
      deformity accompanied by tissue hypoxia favour the development of diabetic
      angiopathies. A possibility is revealed of the use of microviscosity of red blood
      cell membranes together with Hb AIc as markers of early carbohydrate metabolism
      abnormalities and early microcirculatory disorders.

PMID- 1803589
TI  - [The principles of the organization of individualized treatment for bronchial
      asthma patients].
AB  - The authors relate the principles according to which the individualized treatment
      of bronchial asthma patients may be organized: the permanent treating physician,
      active participation of the patient in the process of treatment, flexibility of
      the individualized complex of treatment measures under constant control of the
      treatment efficacy. Provide the experience gained with such organization of the
      treatment of 35 patients with grave bronchial asthma ("schools for bronchial
      asthma patients").

PMID- 1803590
TI  - [The ability of partusisten to improve kidney excretory function in the initial
      stage of kidney failure in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis].
AB  - To assess the effect of partusisten (fenoterol) on excretory function of the
      kidneys, the drug was administered per os in a dose of 10 mg/day for 7-10 days in
      17 chronic glomerulonephritis patients with initial forms (stages I-IIA) of renal
      failure. A dramatic increase of glomerular filtration, a certain rise of tubular
      reabsorption, a reduction of blood concentration of nitrous residues were
      revealed, which was accompanied by electrolyte shifts and hemodynamic changes
      characteristic of partusisten. It is concluded that partusisten can be used as a
      drug ameliorating excretory function of the kidneys in chronic glomerulonephritis
      patients with initial forms of chronic renal failure.

PMID- 1803591
TI  - [Chronic nonspecific disease of the lungs as a nosological entity].

PMID- 1803592
TI  - [Fibronectin in health and pathology].

PMID- 1803593
TI  - [The clinical efficacy of treating patients with nonspecific lung diseases using
      low-energy laser irradiation and intrapulmonary drug administration].
AB  - Intrapulmonary administration of glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics combined
      with low-energy laser radiation was employed in the treatment of patients with
      infection-dependent bronchial asthma in the phase of exacerbation and frequent
      asphyxia attacks, long medical history and of patients with lung abscesses. The
      purpose of the work was to study and compare the clinical effectiveness of the
      method in the gravest group of patients suffering from nonspecific pulmonary
      diseases: suppurative (acute lung abscess) and infectious allergic (infection
      dependent bronchial asthma of medium gravity with frequent attacks, long medical
      history, tendency towards aggravation of the status and low efficacy of
      broncholytics). The results of the treatment and follow-up have shown that the
      use of the combined treatment suggested is most optimal in patients with acute
      lung abscesses (the percentage of the cured is 94.1). In patients with infection
      dependent bronchial asthma, the use of laser therapy combined with intrapulmonary
      administration of steroids also noticeably improved the clinical, functional and
      immunological characteristics, prolonged the phase of remission.

PMID- 1803594
TI  - [A chemiluminescence study of isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes and whole
      blood from patients with acute pneumonias].
AB  - A study was made of the production of active forms of oxygen (AFO) by liminol
      dependent spontaneous chemiluminescence (LSC) of isolated polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PNL) and whole blood in 39 patients with acute pneumonias in
      different disease periods. The majority of the patients manifested activation of
      oxygen metabolism of PNL, with the intensity of LSC of whole blood appreciably
      exceeding LSC of neutrophils isolated from the given blood sample. If the
      production of AFO is insufficient, the acute period of pneumonia is characterized
      in most cases by the complicated disease course. Studies into LSC of whole blood
      is more informative for predicting complications within these times. The lack of
      the increment of the whole blood LSC intensity on the second week of the disease
      as compared to the first week as well as a rapid decrease of the initially high
      level of LSC to the level not differing from the donor's parameters is
      prognostically unfavourable as regards complete recovery. Inadequately high and
      long (during 3 weeks) generation of AFO detectable by both methods was associated
      with the lingering course of pneumonia. The monitoring of LSC of PNL and whole
      blood allows predicting complications of acute pneumonia together with
      administering corrective therapy with the aid of immunomodulators and
      antioxidants.

PMID- 1803595
TI  - [The therapeutic potentials of magnesium sulfate in bronchial asthma].
AB  - Twelve patients with preasthma (PA) and 27 bronchial asthma (BA) patients were
      examined for the effect of magnesium sulphate aerosol on bronchial sensitivity
      and reactivity to acetylcholine (ACC) and graded physical exercise (GPE) as well
      as on bronchial patency recorded by general plethysmography and
      pneumotachography. Inhalation of the drug was established to exert no
      bronchodilatory action but reduced, as compared with placebo, nonspecific
      hyperreactivity of the bronchial tree and blocked the ACC induced increment of
      histamine in the exhaled air condensate. The data obtained allow bronchial smooth
      muscles and mast cells to be regarded as targets for magnesium sulphate. The drug
      properties discovered may serve a prerequisite for its use in the combined
      treatment of BA patients and those with PA.

PMID- 1803596
TI  - [The clinico-diagnostic importance of studying the ferritin content of the blood
      serum and sputum in pulmonary pathology].
AB  - Immunochemical and radioimmunological assays were used to measure the content of
      ferritin in blood, sputum and pleural fluid in patients with different pathology
      as well as in tissues of the pathologically altered lungs from patients who had
      died of chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases (CNPD) and lung carcinoma. The
      measurements of ferritin in blood and sputum provide additional possibilities of
      recognizing the process activity in CNPD and tuberculosis, in differential
      diagnosis between lung carcinoma and tuberculosis during comprehensive
      examination of patients. In the pathologically altered lungs, the greatest
      content of ferritin was discovered in the areas of pneumofibrosis associated with
      CNPD, in the stromal structures of the cancerous node.

PMID- 1803597
TI  - [The effect of prolonged morphine epidural analgesia on the clinical course and
      size of the necrotic area in patients with an acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - The effect of conventional and prolonged epidural analgesia (PEA) with morphine
      on the clinical course and the size of the focus of necrosis was studied and
      compared in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In the basic group (n =
      30), analgesia was carried out for 7 days with the aid of PEA. In the control
      group (n = 30), analgesia was performed by intravenous injection of morphine. In
      both the groups, the clinical course ant the size of the focus of myocardial
      necrosis were estimated (precordial cartography and detection of creatine
      phosphokinase made in series). PEA was established to bring about complete
      analgesia rapidly and safely, which in turn favours noticeable limitation of the
      focus of necrosis and amelioration of the clinical course of acute myocardial
      infarction. The effect produced by PEA was considerably higher in all the
      parameters as compared to that attained with conventional analgesia.

PMID- 1803599
TI  - ["Nervism" and medicine].

PMID- 1803598
TI  - [The dynamic change in the content of total lipids in myocardial infarct
      patients].
AB  - The dynamics of the content of total lipids (cholesterol and cholesterol esters)
      was studied in patients with acute large-focal uncomplicated myocardial
      infarction in different disease periods. Rapid quantitative changes that occur in
      the content of cholesterol and its esters in the test groups were established to
      be characterized by marked specificity and by the form of its own in different
      disease periods (in the acute period--days 2-5 and on day 15--the health status
      stabilization). It is advisable that the characteristics of the dynamics of rapid
      reversible changes in the content of total lipids may be used for estimating the
      status gravity of patients with uncomplicated large-focal myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1803600
TI  - [The clinical and prognostic information value of painless myocardial ischemia in
      the early postinfarct period].
AB  - A study was made of painless myocardial ischemia in the early postinfarction
      period (day 14) in order to define its influence on the clinical course and
      immediate prognosis. 25 patients aged 32 to 60 years with acute primary
      myocardial infarction were examined. 17 patients had large-focal and 8 small
      focal infarction. The patients received diurnal ECG monitoring and physical
      exercise test on a treadmill. An overwhelming majority of the patients manifested
      myocardial ischemia not correlating with the rate of angina pectoris attacks. In
      the patients with small-focal infarction, angina pectoris occurred more
      frequently and was longer. It has been discovered that the total diurnal duration
      of transitory myocardial ischemia in the early postinfarction period is a more
      informative indicator of the immediate prognosis as compared to physical exercise
      tolerance.

PMID- 1803601
TI  - [The role of the rate of sodium-lithium countertransport of the erythrocytes in
      arterial hypertension].
AB  - The present work is concerned with the role of the velocity of Na+/Li(+)
      countertransport of red blood cells (as an indicator of the function of cellular
      membranes) in the development of arterial hypertension under conditions of a
      populational study. A relationship is demonstrated between the velocity of
      Na+/Li(+)-countertransport and the sex, arterial pressure, body mass index, and
      blood serum triglycerides. The high velocity of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport is
      encountered in 25% of the population, being responsible for about 30% of all
      cases of arterial hypertension. Taking into consideration the modern
      multifactorial theory of the genesis of arterial hypertension, the high velocity
      of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport should be viewed as a definite disease pattern (one
      of several) and as a risk factor of arterial hypertension in women (the data of
      the prospective part of the study).

PMID- 1803602
TI  - [The use of vasodilators in managing hypertensive crises].
AB  - Prostenone exerted a beneficial clinical and hypotensive effect in removing
      hypertonic crises. The monitored decrease of AP was accompanied by the
      amelioration of hemodynamics. In that case, the changes in myocardial
      contractility were dependent on the degree of AP reduction, whereas the changes
      in pump function of the heart might be determined by the degree of alterations in
      arterioles and veins. The data obtained provide evidence for the use of
      prostenone and naniprus for removal of hypertonic crises in patients with
      hypokinetic circulation.

PMID- 1803603
TI  - [The effect of different physical training regimens on the dynamics of arterial
      pressure and physical work capacity in persons with "mild" arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - The influence of three different modes of physical training (PT) on high arterial
      pressure was estimated in persons suffering from "mild" arterial hypertension.
      154 men and women aged 35-54 years were entered into the study. In accordance
      with two different methods of estimating the initial physical work fitness (PWF),
      the test subjects were distributed into 4 groups. In these groups, the percentage
      of aerobic training aimed at the development of stamina was progressively raised.
      The dynamics of the initial PWF served as a criterion for the efficacy of PT. It
      has been demonstrated that firstly, both methods of estimating PWF are suitable
      enough for characterization of the dynamics of PWF, secondly, the decrease of
      arterial pressure is directly dependent on the effectiveness of the PT programs
      reflecting the dynamics of PWF, and, thirdly, PT aimed at the development of the
      general (aerobic) stamina is the most effective nonmedicamentous approach to the
      reduction of arterial hypertension.

PMID- 1803604
TI  - [The role of Holter ECG monitoring in the diagnosis of syncopal states].
AB  - Diurnal Holter ECG monitoring (HM) was used to examine 53 patients with different
      cardial pathology accompanied by syncopal conditions whose arrhythmogenic genesis
      was confirmed by long recording of the ECG. Based on the results of comparing the
      cardiorecorder readings and the diaries of patients' subjective sensations, the
      authors have demonstrated HM and thorough anamnestic studies to be highly
      significant in the diagnosis of the syncopal syndrome.

PMID- 1803605
TI  - [Hemodynamic factors forming glycoside resistance in patients with mitral valve
      defects complicated by congestive heart failure].
AB  - Overall 75 patients with rheumatic mitral heart disease were examined for the
      effect of the clinical and echocardiography characteristics of central and
      intracardiac hemodynamics on the efficacy of the use of digoxin. The development
      of digoxin resistance in patients with the predominance of stenosis of the mitral
      opening depended to the greatest degree on the duration of heart decompensation,
      area of the mitral opening and duration of the phase of left ventricle
      relaxation; in patients with the predominance of mitral insufficiency, it
      depended on the level of endosystolic stress, pressure of left ventricle filling
      and duration of the phase of isometric left ventricle contraction. Based on the
      calculation of the information content of the parameters under study, a
      prognostic table was made. The use of the table allowed forecasting the
      development of glycoside resistance in 77.6% of cases.

PMID- 1803606
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in patients with chronic heart failure].

PMID- 1803607
TI  - [Immunological and metabolic disorders and the means for their correction in
      patients with chronic bronchitis].
AB  - A study was made of certain immunity characteristics and of the activity of lipid
      peroxidation (LPO) in patients of two groups with frequent exacerbations of
      chronic bronchitis in the phase of lingering exacerbation. The patients of one of
      the groups received intravenous infusions of piracetam (30 mg/kg bw, 10-12
      injections per course) in addition to the common therapy; the other group
      patients were administered aminalon (1.5-3 g/day for 18-20 days). Activation of
      LPO was found to be associated with inhibition of the T cell component of the
      immune system, since cell metabolites exerted a toxic action on lymphocytes.
      Piracetam and aminalon not only produce the beneficial clinical effects but also
      favour immunity normalization due to the regulative influence on LPO as well as
      via the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system.

PMID- 1803608
TI  - [The prognostic assessment of patient survival in chronic myeloleukemia].
AB  - The prognostic significance of the clinicohematological and kinetic
      characteristics was analyzed in patients suffering from chronic myeloleukemia
      with the aid of computerized methods of linear and nonlinear regression (Cox's
      model). New predictors not previously used in patients with chronic myeloleukemia
      are offered: the ratio of variation of the integral optic density of mature
      neutrophil nuclei stained with methylene blue and the general marker index (GMI)
      of circulating granulocytes with 3H-thymidine in vitro. The relationship between
      the GMI and the survival when estimated according to chi 2 in Cox's model
      surpassed 3-11-fold that for the clinicohematological characteristics. A
      regression equation was derived, allowing the probable patient's survival (in
      months) to be predicted.

PMID- 1803609
TI  - [The initial experience of using isolated ultrafiltration of the blood for the
      correction of severe respiratory failure in hemoblastosis patients].
AB  - To correct acute respiratory failure in patients with hemoblastoses and taking
      into consideration the low efficacy of standard techniques, 8 operations of
      isolated ultrafiltration combined with low-flow extracorporeal oxygenation in 6
      patients were performed. The first results have been analyzed. To attain the
      maximum positive result, it is recommended that the method may be included
      earlier in a complex of intensive therapy measures.

PMID- 1803610
TI  - [The role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of iron-deficiency anemias].

PMID- 1803611
TI  - [The beta-glucuronidase activity in the blood cells and serum of patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Beta-glucuronidase (beta-GU) activity and protein concentration were measured in
      peripheral blood cells (neutrophils and mononuclear cells) and blood serum of
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE patients were found to tend
      towards decrease of beta-GU activity in neutrophils and to an appreciable
      increase thereof (2-fold) in blood serum. The concentration of protein in both
      neutrophils and mononuclear cells was within normal. Substantial changes in beta
      GU activity were seen in SLE patients with trophic disorders (a significant
      decrease of the enzyme in neutrophils and a rise in blood serum). These patients
      also manifested a noticeable reduction of protein concentration in mononuclear
      cells. The measurement of beta-GU activity in blood cells can be used for the
      choice of adequate therapy in the course of the treatment of SLE patients.

PMID- 1803612
TI  - [The results of the indomethacin treatment of patients with acute rheumatic
      fever].
AB  - The authors describe the results of studying the anti-inflammatory effect of
      indomethacin in 102 young men suffering from acute rheumatic fever (ARF). It has
      been shown that indomethacin has a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect both on
      the general disease manifestations and on the basic symptoms. For instance, in
      ARF patients, fever disappeared on days 2-4 of the treatment whereas the signs of
      arthritis on days 7-8 of the treatment, on the average. Besides, indomethacin
      produced a marked analgesic effect, since in 84% of the patients, arthralgias
      diminished on days 2-3 from the onset of indomethacin treatment. Practically, in
      all the patients, they disappeared simultaneously with arthritis phenomena.
      Disorders of rhythm and conduction also disappeared on days 2-4 from the
      treatment onset, while the end part of the ventricular complex returned to normal
      a little bit later (days 13-15). Subjective symptoms of rheumocarditis
      disappeared completely by the end of the treatment. Within the same time, dynamic
      mesodiastolic murmur and additional sounds also disappeared, the deadening of
      sounds noticeably decreased, the intensity of systolic murmur declined. The
      overwhelming majority of the patients demonstrated normalization of the heart
      size. Side effects were recorded in 11 patients. They were largely arterial
      hypertension, epigastric pains, dizziness and headaches which disappeared as a
      result of corrective therapy and a short-term reduction of the indomethacin dose.

PMID- 1803613
TI  - Thrombin generation and fibrinolysis in the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
AB  - Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), as
      well as other coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters, were studied in a series
      of 13 patients affected by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or hemolytic
      uremic syndrome (HUS). Fragment F1 + 2 was found to be increased in all patients
      at diagnosis (patients' range, 1.21-19.03 nmol/l; normal limits, 0.28-1.08
      nmol/l), and remained also higher than normal after treatment with plasma
      exchange (patients' range, 1.5-4.01 nmol/l). Even though the analysis of
      fibrinolysis markers did not show a definite state of hypo or hyperfibrinolysis
      in the systemic circulation, enhanced circulating D-dimer levels (0.53-12.6
      micrograms/ml, normal levels of 0.03-0.29 micrograms/ml) indicated that a certain
      grade of fibrin lysis was present at previously formed thrombi. Plasma PAI-1
      activities either on admission (9.2-38.2 U/ml) and after plasma exchange therapy
      (2.6-38.6 U/ml) showed a behavior irrespective of t-PA:Ag changes, and post
      plasmapheresis values remained high only in patients with fatal neurological
      outcome. Nevertheless, no correlations between clinical and laboratory data could
      be established useful for the TTP/HUS prognosis. We conclude that increased
      thrombin generation occurring in damaged areas is appropriately inhibited by
      antithrombin III in the systemic circulation, avoiding consumption coagulopathy
      to develop in uncomplicated patients. In addition, fibrinolysis data suggest that
      elevated PAI-1 may decisively favor the development of microvascular thrombi.

PMID- 1803614
TI  - The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to thromboembolic disease in
      systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - In order to determine whether an association exists between antiphospholipid
      antibodies (APLA) and thromboembolic events in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), we performed a cross-sectional study of consecutive
      unselected SLE patients. The occurrence of previous thromboembolic events was
      determined by investigators blinded to the APLA status of the patients by
      critical review of objective tests that had been performed at the time of
      symptomatic presentation and by performing venous Doppler ultrasound of the legs
      to elicit venous reflux as an indication of previous venous thrombosis. The
      presence of APLA was determined by coagulation assays for the lupus anticoagulant
      (LA) using five tests with well-defined control ranges and by ELISA assay for
      anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLA). These tests were measured on two separate
      occasions. The results of the study demonstrate a statistically significant
      association between persistently abnormal ACLA assays and thromboembolic events
      and a non-significant trend between persistently abnormal LA and thromboembolic
      events. Transient abnormalities of LA and ACLA were less strongly associated with
      thromboembolic events. We conclude that in patients with SLE, there is a
      significant association between thromboembolism and APLA.

PMID- 1803615
TI  - The role of von Willebrand factor in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - The von Willebrand factor (vWF) has gained considerable interest in recent years
      as a marker of endothelial cell activation or insult and by virtue of its
      interactions with platelets and vessel walls. Altered patterns of vWF multimers
      were found to occur frequently in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic
      purpura in the acute and chronic stages. This disorder shares some clinical and
      laboratory findings with pre-eclampsia, including thrombocytopenia. Recent
      studies have also suggested that abnormalities of endothelial cell metabolism
      play a central role in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. In order to
      determine if vWF could be instrumental in the disease process and the
      thrombocytopenia of pre-eclampsia we analyzed the ante- and postpartum structural
      and functional distribution of vWF. This data was correlated with hematological
      parameters such as platelet counts and the clinical severity of the disease. We
      found no consistent changes of vWF in association with thrombocytopenia or
      clinical severity. However, functional vWF was lower in postpartum samples of
      severely affected pre-eclamptics as compared to normal controls. This finding may
      reflect endothelial cell exhaustion after stimulation or cellular injury.
      Elevated titers of fibrin split products and thrombocytopenia were evident in
      severe pre-eclampsia, as seen in DIC, despite factor VIII coagulant levels within
      the normal range. Our data is consistent with the hypothesis of endothelial cell
      dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. However, the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in this
      disorder does not appear to be related to alterations in the structure or
      biological function of vWF.

PMID- 1803616
TI  - An anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody which inhibits TF.VIIa complex is a
      potent anticoagulant in plasma.
AB  - Tissue factor (TF) functions as the receptor and cofactor for factor VIIa (VIIa)
      to form a proteolytically active TF.VIIa complex on cell surfaces. We here
      demonstrate that most MAbs against human TF were poor inhibitors of TF function
      in plasma and that they inhibited preformed TF.VIIa complex at a slow rate which
      was dependent on dissociation of VIIa from the cell surface TF. An exception was
      defined by one MAb (TF8-5G9) which was an effective immediate anticoagulant in
      plasma. Binding of TF8-5G9 to TF.VIIa inhibited catalytic function prior to
      dissociation of the TF.VIIa complex. This analysis thus establishes two distinct
      mechanisms by which MAbs interfere with TF function. The MAb TF8-5G9 introduces a
      therapeutic principle for rapid arrest of inappropriate triggering of coagulation
      by TF as well as the TF.VIIa complex in vivo.

PMID- 1803617
TI  - Lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor, factor VII, antithrombin III, and
      monocyte tissue factor following surgery.
AB  - Fifteen patients undergoing major surgical procedures were evaluated for
      lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) antigen, factor VII (F VII),
      antithrombin III (AT III), and peripheral blood monocyte tissue factor (TF)
      activity immediately before surgery and on following days. A peak in monocyte TF
      activity occurred between the first and fifth days after surgery in 10 of the
      patients, while LACI, F VII, and AT III levels dropped in a qualitatively
      parallel manner in 8 of these patients. LACI, F VII, and AT III levels decreased
      after surgery in two additional patients even though TF activity also decreased
      after surgery in these patients. In the remaining 3 patients who developed
      infections during the study, TF activity rose within 2 days of the diagnosis of
      infection in addition to the postoperative peak. In two of these patients, LACI
      levels increased dramatically near the end of the study period without
      concomitant changes in F VII and AT III. Overall, the presurgical TF levels in
      disrupted monocytes varied 52-fold and the maximal TF activity varied 24-fold
      among patients. The TF response following surgery is therefore heterogenous in
      both temporal occurrence and magnitude of the postsurgical peak. The patients
      also varied considerably in the presurgical levels of monocyte TF activity. A
      possible association between the level of presurgical TF activity and the
      magnitude of the postsurgical peak was noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803618
TI  - Standardization of factor IX: standards for "purified" factor IX concentrates.
AB  - An international collaborative study was carried out to determine the suitability
      of the current WHO II-IX-X concentrate standard, 84/681, for assigning potency to
      the more highly purified factor IX concentrates. Three Coagulation Factor IX
      (Human) preparations and one Factor IX Complex preparation were assayed by the
      one stage method against WHO 84/681 following predilution to 1.0 u/ml in buffer,
      1% albumin, or factor IX deficient plasma. There were no cases of non-parallelism
      between any of the preparations and the current WHO standard. Predilution of the
      Coagulation Factor IX (Human) preparations in 1% albumin or factor IX deficient
      plasma gave similar potency values. Predilution in buffer gave significantly
      lower (p less than 0.01) potency values. For the Factor IX Complex preparation,
      potency estimates were significantly different (p less than 0.01) with each
      prediluent. The overall precision was similar within each predilution for all
      preparations with predilution in buffer being less precise than predilution in
      albumin or in deficient plasma. WHO standard 84/681 appears to be a suitable
      standard for the potency determination of the more highly purified factor IX
      preparations. Predilution in 1% albumin or factor IX deficient plasma is
      recommended as they give equivalent results with the least variability.

PMID- 1803620
TI  - The factor VIII bypassing activity of prothrombin complex concentrates: the roles
      of factor VIIa and of endothelial cell tissue factor.
AB  - An experimental model incorporating cultured endothelial cells (EC) was used to
      study the "factor VIII bypassing" activity of prothrombin complex concentrates
      (PCC), a property exploited in the treatment of hemophiliacs with alloantibodies
      to factor VIII. Two PCC preparations were ineffective as stimuli of tissue factor
      expression by EC. However, incubation with a combination of PCC plus endotoxin
      (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced much greater
      tissue factor expression than was seen in response to either substance alone. PCC
      expressed an additional direct procoagulant activity at the EC surface, which
      could not be attributed to either thrombin or factor Xa, and which was diminished
      by an anti-tissue factor antibody. Therefore factor VIIa, which was detectable in
      both PCC preparations, likely provided this additional direct procoagulant
      activity at the EC surface. We also excluded the possibility that coagulation
      proteases contained in or generated in the presence of PCC are protected from
      inactivation by AT III. Therefore, PCC can indirectly bypass factor VIII by
      enhancing induced endothelial tissue factor expression, and also possess direct
      procoagulant activity, probably mediated by factor VIIa.

PMID- 1803619
TI  - Discordant expression of tissue factor antigen and procoagulant activity on human
      monocytes activated with LPS and low dose cycloheximide.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying the superinduction of procoagulant activity by
      cycloheximide (CHX) on LPS-activated human monocytes have been investigated.
      Tissue factor (TF) activity of intact, viable cells was quantitated with a plasma
      recalcification assay and assays using chromogenic substrates specific for
      thrombin and factor Xa (FXa). TF antigen was measured simultaneously by
      immunocytochemical staining and immunoblotting with an anti-TF monoclonal
      antibody (MAb). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) activated with LPS in
      the presence of low dose CHX expressed more TF activity (approx. 100% increase)
      than cells activated with LPS alone. However, TF antigen levels were decreased
      approximately 70% by CHX. This discordant relationship was due primarily to
      differences in rates of activation of factor X (FX); LPS/CHX-treated PBMC
      activated nearly twice as much FX as LPS-treated cells (2.19 +/- 0.37 versus 1.10
      +/- 0.21 ng FXa/10(6) PBMC/min, respectively). These studies indicate that TF
      cofactor activity on LPS/CHX-treated monocytes was approximately 7 times greater
      than that present on LPS-treated cells. Increased TF functional activity may be
      due to CHX-induced alterations in the type and content of phospholipids (PL) in
      the cell membrane. Results showed that exogenous mixed PL markedly increased TF
      activity on LPS-activated monocytes, but not on LPS/CHX-activated cells, without
      increasing TF antigen levels or altering cell viability. Membrane alterations may
      occur on monocytes in certain pathological or iatrogenic conditions resulting in
      a highly active form of TF in vivo.

PMID- 1803621
TI  - Effects of poloxamer 188 on the assembly, structure and dissolution of fibrin
      clots.
AB  - Poloxamer 188, N.F. (RheothRx), a nonionic block copolymer composed of 2
      hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains connected by a hydrophobic polyoxypropylene
      chain, normalizes the viscosity of whole blood high in soluble fibrin(ogen)
      complexes. Normalization may be via a poloxamer 188-induced decrease in
      fibrin(ogen)-red cell interaction. Our study examined the influences of poloxamer
      188 on fibrin assembly and structure. Studies were performed in both purified and
      plasma systems with a poloxamer 188 concentration range of 0.1-20 mg/ml and
      specific clotting conditions (fibrinogen 1 mg/ml, thrombin 1 NIH u/ml, pH 7.4
      [Tris 0.05 M], ionic strength 0.15 and calcium 5 mM). Fibrin assembly was
      accelerated in the presence of poloxamer 188. As poloxamer 188 concentration was
      increased from 0 to 8 mg/ml in plasma: a) the lag phase prior to initial
      turbidity rise decreased from 25 to less than 5 s; b) the final gel optical
      density (OD) increased from 0.65 to 1.28 and c) fiber size (mass/length ratio
      [mu]) increased from 4.3 to 12.6 x 10(13) daltons/cm. Similar results were seen
      in the purified system with a poloxamer 188 concentration range of 0-8 mg/ml. OD
      increased from 0.26 to 0.51, and mu increased from 2.3 to 5.3 x 10(13)
      daltons/cm. Above 8 mg/ml, precipitation of fibrinogen was noted in this system.
      Since large fibrin fibers tend to be degraded more rapidly, possible poloxamer
      mediated enhancement of r-tPA-mediated clot lysis was investigated. With r-tPA
      (70 lu/ml) present at the time of clotting, clot lysis in the presence of
      ploxamer 188 (8 mg/ml) was 50% complete at 1,600 s compared to 2,540 s for the
      control. Thus, poloxamer 188-induced alterations in fibrin structure and fibrin
      cell interactions may explain some of this agent's interesting hemorrheologic and
      antithrombotic properties.

PMID- 1803622
TI  - Abnormal plasminogen Maywood I.
AB  - Maywood I is a dysfunctional plasminogen. It is described in a patient (W.Y.)
      with a reduced plasma functional activity and with a low normal antigen level.
      Plasminogen was isolated from the patients plasma by affinity chromatography with
      L-lysine-substituted Sepharose. The protein yield was 86 mg/l, which was 88% of
      the plasma Plg antigen level; the specific activity was 24.4 IU/mg protein
      compared to 28.5 IU/mg protein for the native molecule. The protein was the Glu
      form determined by SDS-PAGE and by isoelectric focusing. Six major isoelectric
      forms were found with isoelectric points between pH's 6.40 and 5.45. Titration of
      the equimolar plasminogen.streptokinase complex with p-nitrophenyl-p
      guanidinobenzoate gave 85% active-sites indicating a homogenous population of
      molecules; therefore, the propositus is a homozygote. Four different plasminogen
      activators: a) streptokinase, b) urokinase c) the plasmin-derived light (B) chain
      streptokinase complex, and d) tissue plasminogen activator (with soluble
      fibrin/CNBr-fibrinogen fragments) generated little plasmin from the variant
      plasminogen (4.5 to 45 nM), 5% or less than that generated from normal
      plasminogen. At 45 nM plasminogen, the molar ratio of plasminogen:activator was
      3.0 for streptokinase, 3.9 for urokinase, 7.1 for the light (B) chain
      streptokinase complex, and 155 for tissue plasminogen activator. In the equimolar
      variant plasminogen.streptokinase complex, the active-site was slowly developed,
      to a maximum of 85% in 40 min; in the normal complex, 100% active-sites were
      developed in 15 min. The variant plasminogen forms two equimolar complexes with
      streptokinase (I and II), with different mobilities in PAGE, in about equal
      amounts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803623
TI  - Plasminogen activators t-PA, u-PA and its inhibitor (PAI) in normal males and
      females.
AB  - We determined the plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA),
      plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and their antigen levels including
      urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) in 33 male and 27 female normal subjects.
      Males had mean t-PA activity of 0.50 iu/ml which was significantly lower (p less
      than 0.01) than the females 0.64 iu/ml. Males had higher (p less than 0.001) mean
      PAI activity (15.5 AU/ml) as compared to females 10.3 AU/ml. The respective mean
      levels of t-PA and PAI antigen were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in
      males (8.1 ng/ml and 17.6 ng/ml) than in females (6.2 ng/ml and 12.1 ng/ml). The
      mean u-PA level in males was 1.54 ng/ml which was significantly higher (p less
      than 0.01) than in females with 1.02 ng/ml. In post-venous occlusion studies,
      females had a greater mean response of 8.6 fold in t-PA activity as compared to
      males with a mean of 4.5 fold increase. The mean t-PA antigen response in males
      was 2.0 fold increase as compared to 2.6 fold increase in the females. No
      significant responses were seen in both sexes in either PAI activity or antigen
      levels when compared with the resting state. In zymography studies, free t-PA,
      its inhibitor complexes and u-PA were demonstrated in the euglobulin fractions of
      stored plasma. This study demonstrates that significant differences in t-PA, u-PA
      and PAI exist between male and female subjects which should be taken into account
      when determining their levels in clinical conditions.

PMID- 1803624
TI  - Blood lead and platelet aggregation--evidence for a causal association.
AB  - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin are agonists of platelet aggregation in
      which intracellular calcium plays a significant role as a signal transducer. Lead
      is a well established toxicological agent affecting intracellular mechanisms
      controlling free ionized calcium concentration in a number of cell lines. This
      epidemiological study is the first demonstration of a significant relationship
      between the extent of primary ADP-induced platelet aggregation measured by
      optical densitometry in platelet rich plasma (PRP) and blood lead concentration.
      High blood lead levels are associated with decreased aggregation in this
      population of 2,150 men aged 49-65 years. This is reflected by a negative
      regression relationship of -0.19% of maximal extent (PRP vs platelet poor plasma)
      of aggregation per microgram of Pb/dl (T = -3.82, p less than 0.001). In
      contrast, no relationship is noted between thrombin-induced aggregation and blood
      lead concentration. Smoking behaviour represents a potential confounder which may
      be the explanation for the observed relationship. However, because smoking status
      is simultaneously related to both ADP- and thrombin-induced aggregation, but is
      simultaneously related to ADP-induced aggregation and blood lead concentration in
      a different way, the observed relation is likely to be causal. The mechanisms by
      which ADP and thrombin effect intracellular calcium transduction signals appear
      to be distinctively different. The findings in this population-based study are
      not inconsistent with this difference.

PMID- 1803626
TI  - Hemostatic responses to mental stress during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - To study the effect of sex hormones on the hemostatic responses to stress, blood
      samples were collected before, during, and after 20 min of mental stress from 9
      healthy, non-smoking female volunteers, examined in the follicular and luteal
      phase. Mental stress caused significant increases in heart rate, blood pressure,
      and plasma catecholamines. In addition, analysis of variance indicated
      significant changes of leukocyte count, hematocrit, fibrinogen, von Willebrand
      factor antigen, t-PA activity and antigen in response to the stress test.
      However, in contrast to a male group previously investigated, there were no
      significant changes in factor VII coagulant activity in either menstrual phase.
      Overall the responses were more pronounced in the luteal as compared to the
      follicular phase. The findings support the concept that both gender and
      physiological variations in female sex hormones may modulate hemostatic responses
      to psychosocial stress.

PMID- 1803625
TI  - Comparison of high purity factor IX concentrates and a prothrombin complex
      concentrate in a canine model of thrombogenicity.
AB  - A non-stasis canine model of thrombogenicity has been used to evaluate batches of
      high purity factor IX concentrates from 4 manufacturers and a conventional
      prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). Platelets, activated partial
      thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and
      fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were monitored before and after infusion of concentrate.
      Changes in FPA were found to be the most sensitive and reproducible indicator of
      thrombogenicity after infusion of batches of the PCC at doses of between 60 and
      180 IU/kg, with a dose related delayed increase in FPA occurring. Total FPA
      generated after 100-120 IU/kg of 3 batches of PCC over the 3 h time course was 9
      12 times that generated after albumin infusion. In contrast the amounts of FPA
      generated after 200 IU/kg of the 4 high purity factor IX products were in all
      cases similar to albumin infusion. It was noted that some batches of high purity
      concentrates had short NAPTTs indicating that current in vitro tests for
      potential thrombogenicity may be misleading in predicting the effects of these
      concentrates in vivo.

PMID- 1803627
TI  - Thrombotic complications after substitution with a FVII concentrate.

PMID- 1803628
TI  - Antibody to hepatitis C virus after a vapor heated factor VIII concentrate--lack
      of evidence.

PMID- 1803629
TI  - Warning: Simplate II, lack of standardization in standardized bleeding time
      devices--reply: lot-to-lot variation in ejection force has been rectified.

PMID- 1803630
TI  - Three-dimensional presentation of cardiac morphology.
AB  - The results of a research project aiming to visualize cardiac anatomy in a 3
      dimensional form for surgical planning are presented. Based on electronic data
      processing within a local area network environment, serial slices of CT- and MRI
      machines were used to construct a 3-dimensional data cube that was illuminated by
      calculated sources of light. Light rays were traced through the entire "data
      volume". Mathematically following each pathway of light through the space, the
      intensity of changes along this path were calculated. The results of applying
      this "Heidelberg Ray-tracing Technique" to cardiac anatomy are 3-dimensional
      "computer movies" that appear on any workstation within a computer network. Using
      special software, the surgeon can "walk" in any direction through the heart or he
      can break it into two or more parts in order to analyze regions of interest in
      detail. Even small structures such as papillary muscles, bifurcations, coronary
      arteries and cusps of cardiac valves become visible. This new technique may
      enable the surgeon to open the heart prior to surgery on the computer monitor
      working with a visualized model that corresponds to the visual experience of his
      daily intraoperative practice.

PMID- 1803631
TI  - Cyclic motion of ischemic ventricular wall area and hydrodynamics of the blood
      during ejection.
AB  - Analysis of dimensional changes of ischemic left ventricular wall segments
      evidenced a dilation immediately after onset of ejection; thereafter, contraction
      appears delayed but almost regular. This biphasic systolic wall motion was
      correlated in a retrospective study to parameters indicating local intramural
      disorders, intraventricular load changes, and hydrodynamics of the blood during
      ejection. Hemodynamic data stored on a 16-track tape recorder were analyzed from
      12 consecutive experiments in anesthetized dogs in which the left circumflex
      coronary artery (LCX) was gradually narrowed (coronary flow restriction greater
      than or equal to 50%). Left ventricular and aortic pressure, aortic blood
      velocity (v), acceleration/deceleration (dv/dt), and instantaneous stroke volume
      (m = integral of v*dt), and segment lengths of normal and ischemic myocardial
      regions (sonomicrometry) were numerically evaluated with 5 msec resolution.
      Systolic shortening of the intact myocardium correlates with the diminution of
      the intraventricular volume during ejection (r greater than 0.98). In contrast,
      ischemic segments dilate early during systole when the blood is accelerated; the
      extent of dilation depends on the degree of coronary flow reduction. The time
      course of lengthening coincides with the development of force F = m*dv/dt (r
      greater than 0.90) originating from regularly contracting parts of the ventricle.
      During blood deceleration, ischemic wall segments shorten as F turns to negative
      (r greater than 0.95). Thus, the wall motion of ischemic myocardial regions is
      modulated by the hydrodynamic force resulting from acceleration and deceleration
      of blood consecutively impeding and supporting the systolic function of the
      ischemic myocardium in the course of ejection.

PMID- 1803632
TI  - Effect of the 'specific bradycardic agent' alinidine on the function of ischemic
      myocardium.
AB  - In patients with coronary artery disease, the reduction of heart rate (HR) by
      beta-blockers can further impair myocardial function by reducing the
      contractility and coronary perfusion. This is possibly not the case for "specific
      bradycardic agents" like alinidine (ALI). The effect of ALI on ischemic
      myocardium, therefore, was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs measuring left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVedP), dP/dt, aortic pressure (AoP) by
      catheter tip manometers, coronary blood flow (Q) electromagnetically, end
      diastolic length (edL) and systolic shortening (sdL in %edL) of ischemic (RISC)
      and non-ischemic (NISC) wall segments by sonomicrometry. Group A (n = 11): Left
      coronary artery constriction to reduce Q (-53%) and poststenotic sdL (-54%), then
      i.v. injection of ALI (0.25 + 0.25 + 0.5 + 1.0 mg/kg), thereafter atrial pacing
      at HR before ALI. Group B (n = 9): Installation of an aorto-coronary bypass, pump
      perfused at 50% of free flow, infusion of ALI into the bypass. The results showed
      that ALI iv dose-dependently reduced HR from 135/min to 90/min, LVedP rose from
      8.6 to 10.0 mmHg and NISC-edL from 14.1 to 14.6 mm indicating increased
      ventricular filling. Non-ischemic systolic shortening did not change. Ischemic
      systolic shortening was improved from 9.2% to 17.5%, which was not due to an
      increase in RISC-edL (14.8 versus 14.7 mm), enhanced RISC-Q (13 versus 12
      ml/min), reduced AoP (86 versus 84 mmHg) or change in inotropy (dP/dtmax: 2290
      versus 2240 mmhg/s), but the increase in RISC-sdl correlated closely (r greater
      than 0.85) to the reduction in HR (oxygen-demand).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1803633
TI  - Differentiation of cardiac ischemia and rejection by nuclear magnetic
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) criteria of early cardiac rejection are similar
      to those seen in myocardial ischemia, that is, a reduction of high energy
      phosphatases (Pc; ATP) and an increase of inorganic phosphates (Pi). Our aim was
      to assess in vivo changes of phosphorous spectroscopy (31P) induced by cardiac
      rejection and myocardial ischemia in the same animal. Heterotopic heart isografts
      (n = 5) and untreated allografts (n = 5) were examined at seven days on a two
      tesla wide-bore magnet with a surface coil. Subtotal global ischemia was produced
      for sequential NMR measurements, followed by heart excision for histological
      rejection grading (Billingham). Results 1. Isograft served as controls and showed
      normal energy-rich phosphate compounds and pH. 2. Rejecting (moderate to severe)
      allografts showed a decrease of Pc/Pi and beta-ATP/Pi ratio compared with
      isografts. However no significant pH drop could be detected. 3. Induced ischemia
      was confirmed by marked ECG-ST elevation and showed a significant early global
      myocardial acidosis (pH less than 6.9) particularly in severe prolonged ischemia
      (p less than 0.05). 4. Using 31P NMR techniques, ischemically induced changes
      were similar in isografts and allografts with a trend towards a more pronounced
      extent in the latter groups. In conclusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P
      and pH) allows in vivo differentiation between cardiac rejection and acute
      myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 1803634
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac function and morphology in patients with
      transposition of the great arteries following Mustard procedure.
AB  - In order to assess the diagnostic possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI), 30 children (mean age 11.5 years) with d-transposition of the great
      arteries (TGA) corrected by the Mustard procedure were studied. Patient values
      were compared to those of 10 healthy volunteers. The most important postoperative
      abnormalities such as baffle leaks, systemic or pulmonary venous obstructions,
      left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation were
      assessed. Cardiac volumes and muscle mass were measured. Baffle leaks were found
      in 5 and obstruction of the baffle limbs in 6 patients. On gradient echo images
      13 patients showed signs of LVOT stenosis and 12 tricuspid incompetence. Right
      ventricular end diastolic volumes in patients were significantly higher than the
      left ventricular volumes, but slightly lower than right ventricular volumes in
      the normals. In patients with TGA and ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 7)
      right ventricular (RV) volumes were found to be higher than in patients with
      intact ventricular septum (n = 23) and in normals. In contrast to the normal RV
      function of patients after Mustard surgery only patients with previous VSD showed
      a diminished RV ejection fraction. The muscular mass in TGA patients showed a
      ratio of 1.9:1 between right and left ventricles. In normals the ratio was 1:1.5.
      Magnetic resonance imaging allows a quantitative insight into the ventricular
      function and the morphology of the heart after inflow correction. Thus, it
      supplements the noninvasive evaluation of TGA patients.

PMID- 1803635
TI  - Aortocoronary vascular prosthesis made of siliconized homologous vein or bovine
      sacral artery.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to develop and prepare aortocoronary prostheses,
      test them experimentally in multivascular and coronary reoperations in case of
      missing autologous grafts and to use them for shunt operations in cardiac
      surgery. Human vein or bovine sacral artery were used for preparing aortocoronary
      prostheses. As for metrics of 9-14 Charr. and a length of 20-30 cm were obtained.
      Aortocoronary prostheses were preformed according to the coronary configuration
      for left descending artery, circumflex artery and right coronary artery.
      Aortocoronary prostheses meet the conditions of desantigenicity, sterility,
      athrombogenicity, tightness and high tensile strength, tear propagation strength,
      bursting pressure and shrinkage temperature. Experimental testing was performed
      in dogs in aortofemoral and aortocoronary positions. Infections did not occur.
      The healing process and structural changes of aortocoronary vascular prostheses
      (grafts) were examined histologically and evaluated by means of scanning electron
      microscopic examinations. Athrombogenicity and healing-in without inflammation
      and calcification were proved.

PMID- 1803636
TI  - Cytotoxicity of various crystalloid solutions to the endothelial cells of
      autologous grafts.
AB  - Harvesting and storage may influence the early failure of autologous grafts. We
      studied the endothelial layer of human saphenous veins (HSV) and bovine internal
      mammary arteries (BMA) after a two-hour storage period in comparison to vessel
      segments prepared immediately after harvesting. The storage solutions were 0.92%
      NaCl, 0.9% NaCL heparinized, Ringer's Lactate (RL), heparinized blood or
      Bretschneider's cardioplegic solution. To visualize the endothelial cell damage,
      specimens were stained with silver nitrate. The surface covered by
      morphologically intact endothelial cells was computed in percent. In a perfusion
      model using the carotid artery of rabbits, the increase of the permeability of
      the endothelium after two hours' perfusion was investigated (n = 5 each). In
      native HSV-segments 70.8 +/- 4.5% of the endothelium were found to be
      morphologically intact. The figures for stored grafts were: 14.7 +/- 4.4% (NaCl),
      0.5 +/- 0.3% (hep. NaCl), 16.0 +/- 4.6% (RL), 37.2 +/- 5.3% (hep. blood) and 50.0
      +/- 4.2% (Bretschneider). Comparable results were found with BMA specimens. BMA:
      98.3 +/- 2.1% (native), 39.2 +/- 3.3% (NaCl), 8.4 +/- 3.5% (hep. NaCl), 11.2 +/-
      4.8% (RL). 67.0 +/- 6.1% (hep. blood) and 78.1 +/- 4.7% (Bretschneider). In
      accordance with these results the increase of the permeability of the endothelial
      cell layer of the carotid artery of rabbits was significantly less after
      perfusion with Bretschneider's solution. The condition of the endothelial cells
      of autologous grafts at the time of implantation was found to be clearly
      dependent on the type of solutions used for perfusion and immersion. In
      comparison to all crystalloids studied in this series, Bretschneider's
      cardioplegic solution proved to be superior.

PMID- 1803637
TI  - Reconstruction of chest wall defects.
AB  - A series of 61 consecutive procedures of chest wall resection and reconstruction
      in 58 patients during the period between August, 1986 and December, 1990 is
      reported. The ages ranged between 6-77 years. The chest wall resection was
      indicated for malignant affections in 54 cases. Among these, there were 24
      patients with bronchial carcinoma invading the chest wall, 17 patients with
      primary or metastatic sarcoma, 11 patients with recurrent breast cancer and 3
      with cancer metastases of varying origin. Pulmonary resection included
      pneumonectomy in 8 cases, lobectomy in 19, segmental and wedge resections in 26.
      In the majority of resections, the reconstruction was accomplished without
      implants. In cases with full thickness removal of the chest wall, the plane of
      the rib cage and/or the sternum was reconstructed using Vicryl mesh (n = 7), PTFE
      soft tissue patch (n = 11), marlex-mesh (n = 1), or methyl-methacrylate (n = 3).
      There was one case of hospital mortality, 6 weeks postoperatively, due to
      neurological failure from an independent preoperatively undiagnosed brain tumor.
      There were 4 reoperations: one early and one late (4 months) infection, one case
      of limited superficial necrosis of a flap and one with chronic lymphous drainage
      from a large myocutaneous flap. In no instance was primary postoperative
      ventilation therapy necessary. Mechanical ventilation was instituted only on day
      8 in the patient who accounts for the mortality in this series. In the presence
      of primary infection, the greater omentum was used for the restoration of the
      integument.

PMID- 1803638
TI  - Possibilities of interventional ultrasound (IVUS) in intraoperative diagnostics
      and quality control in peripheral vascular surgery.
AB  - The IVUS system allows for a complete, only slightly invasive assessment of the
      femoral, pelvic and abdominal vessels in cross-section within the framework of
      intraoperative diagnostics and quality control. This method provides clear
      information concerning the vascular walls and internal structure. In our
      experience so far, it provides an ideal form of intraoperative control in cases
      of venous thrombectomy, embolectomy in the abdominal and pelvic vessels,
      following half-closed and open thromboendarterectomy and after intraoperatively
      performed angioplastic interventions.

PMID- 1803639
TI  - Reduction of the risk of surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms by extended
      coronary diagnostics and therapy.
AB  - The morbidity and mortality in the surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysms are
      essentially determined by the coronary risk profile of the patient. Preoperative
      coronary artery diagnostics with the potential consequence of a coronary
      revascularization as procedure before the aneurysmectomy seems to be mandatory to
      decrease the risk of treatment. Out of 223 patients treated at our institution
      for abdominal aortic aneurysm, 68 (30.5%) had to undergo extended cardiological
      diagnostic procedures, and 37 (16.6%) needed a coronary angiography; in 23
      patients (10.3%) myocardial revascularization was performed prior to the
      aneurysmectomy. Since routinely performing this thorough investigation of the
      coronary risks, the mortality of surgery for aortic aneurysm has been clearly
      reduced.

PMID- 1803640
TI  - [The characteristics of the development of experimental apical periodontitis in
      irradiation-induced immunodeficiency].
AB  - Apical periodontitis was induced in 24 mongrel dogs (16 experimental and 8
      reference ones) over the course of total x-ray exposure. Analysis of clinical and
      physiologic data, hematologic parameters, and roentgenograms of the jaws of the
      two animal groups has shown the development of immunodeficiency state in the
      experimental animals due to exposure to ionizing irradiation in a dose of 1.5 Gy
      and an earlier development of destruction foci in bone tissue with diffuse
      involvement of the dental apexes.

PMID- 1803641
TI  - [The collagenolytic activity in the mixed saliva, gingival fluid and gingival
      tissues of patients with periodontal inflammation].
AB  - Collagenolytic activity of mixed saliva, gingival fluid and tissue was
      radioimmunoassayed in 39 patients with periodontal inflammations. The findings
      evidence a significant elevation of this activity, correlating with the
      inflammation severity. Gingival fluid was found the most informative of the three
      studied biologic media for the assessment of the inflammatory destructive changes
      in periodontal tissues. Therefore it is preferred to use the gingival fluid in
      the biochemical studies for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

PMID- 1803642
TI  - [The morphofunctional changes in the periodontal tissues in cardiovascular
      pathology].
AB  - Five rheoparodontographic curve types were distinguished, characterizing the
      severity of periodontal condition and the underlying disease. Morphologic
      examinations have revealed specific features of involvement of the periodontal
      regional hemomicrocirculation bed, leading to disorders in energy metabolism and
      development of circulatory and tissue hypoxia. The detected changes result in
      rapid progress of the pathologic process in periodontal tissues and should be
      paid special attention to when planning the treatment strategy.

PMID- 1803643
TI  - [A clinical evaluation of an improved copper amalgam].
AB  - The author presents the results of physicochemical trials and preliminary
      clinical assessment of modified copper amalgam, carried out to master the optimal
      method for its preparation. The optimal conditions for the preparation of a
      filling from modified copper amalgam consist in mixing 0.42 +/- 0.02 g of the
      alloy powder and 0.3 g of mercury within 25-35 sec. Clinical trials have
      demonstrated the advantages of this modification vs. the filling manufactured in
      this country previously, this recommending it for practical pedodontics.

PMID- 1803644
TI  - [The action of carbonated drinks in the oral cavity].
AB  - The effects of 9 popular carbonate beverages, 10% sucrose solution and distilled
      water on the oral cavity homeostasis were studied in 35 volunteer students of
      dentistry. pH, viscosity, buffer capacity and sugar concentration were measured
      in mixed salivary pools, as were salivary excretion rate and the degree of its
      stimulation and the pH values in 6 oral cavity sites by means of antimony
      electrodes. All the beverages examined were found to exert a higher effect on the
      studied parameters than a sucrose solution, though the beverages induced shorter
      lasting effects in the dental deposit pH, particularly if drunk through a straw.
      The beverage temperature had no effect on the studied parameters. The authors
      recommend lower sugar levels in beverages and suggest that they be drunk through
      a straw.

PMID- 1803646
TI  - [The role of associative opportunistic flora in the development of odontogenic
      inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area].
AB  - Morphologic and microbiologic study of the operation and biopsy specimens,
      obtained from 73 patients with odontogenic inflammatory processes has shown that
      in 38% of cases the inflammation was induced by mixed fungal and bacterial flora.
      Associations of staphylococci or streptococci with actinomyces, Candida,
      Penicillium, Rhodotorula were most frequently isolated. As a rule, weak patients
      developed odontogenic inflammatory processes with mycotic involvement, these
      processes often taking a chronic course. Qualitative composition of the fungal
      and-bacterial associations should be borne in mind when planning therapeutic
      measures for such patients.

PMID- 1803645
TI  - [The evaluation of the efficacy of dalargin treatment in patients with face and
      neck phlegmons by the free-radical oxidation indices of the peripheral blood].
AB  - Dalargin was used in therapy of patients with phlegmons of the face and neck. The
      treatment efficacy was assessed by analyzing the parameters of the peripheral
      blood free-radical oxidation and clinical data. The main group (n = 38) patients
      with medium-severe or severe course of the process were administered dalargin as
      part of a therapeutic complex; such therapy resulted in early arrest of the
      inflammatory process and recovery of the reliable correlation between the major
      parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems. These correlations were
      shifted in the reference group (26 patients), and inflammatory processes in the
      wound lasted longer in them.

PMID- 1803647
TI  - [A trial of using the Scalpel-1 laser surgical device in outpatient oral
      surgery].

PMID- 1803648
TI  - [The immediate results of radiation therapy with polyradiomodification of the
      late stages in cancer of the oral mucosa].
AB  - Radiotherapy and polyradiomodification (metronidazole in a dose of 2.5 g/m2 and
      30 min hyperthermia) result in regression of the carcinoma of the buccal mucosa
      and the pharynx in 72% of patients with Stages III-IV condition. No side effects
      of metronidazole are associated with this dose of the drug. The suggested
      polyradiomodification somewhat increases the normal mucosal radiosensitivity and
      permits a course of long-distance gamma-beam therapy in the dynamic fractionation
      mode.

PMID- 1803649
TI  - [The immunological prognosis of complications in patients undergoing
      reconstructive operations after the radiation therapy of malignant tumors of the
      maxillofacial area and neck].
AB  - Immunologic studies were carried out in 55 patients with local malignant
      processes in the maxillofacial area and neck before and after surgery. The
      patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (N = 20) received no specific
      therapy before surgery, group 2 (n = 35) were administered radiotherapy in a
      total focal dose of 56-65 Gy before the operation. The findings evidence that
      radiotherapy augments B and T system immunodeficiency manifestations after
      surgical stress. Postoperative complications in the patients administered
      radiotherapy before surgery are due to not only immunodeficiency, but to the
      initial presence of an infective agent as well. Immunocorrective therapy before
      and after surgery may be recommended to patients whose immunity parameters are
      shifted.

PMID- 1803650
TI  - [The role of low-frequency ultrasound in the combined treatment of alveolitis].
AB  - The authors claim that combined use of a special therapeutic paste and low
      frequency ultrasound for therapy of alveolitis help reduce the number of visits
      to a dentist and shorten the treatment duration. Fifteen patients were treated by
      this method. They had to visit the dentist two times less and the number of
      invalidity days was less by 2.2 days, on an average.

PMID- 1803651
TI  - [Changes in the local immunity indices of the oral cavity in periodontitis
      patients in relation to the type of metal alloys used for fixed dental
      prosthesis].
AB  - The effects of various metal alloys on the oral fluid levels of IgA, serum IgA
      and IgG, and IgE of 115 subjects aged 20 to 60 were under study. Mixed salivary
      IgG levels were measured before and in various periods after fixation of dentures
      made of different alloys. IgA levels failed to normalize even in a year after
      fixation of dentures made of steel and titanium nitrite-coated steel, though IgG
      levels were unchanged in the same patients.

PMID- 1803652
TI  - [The periodontium in experimental bruxism].
AB  - Time course of morphologic changes in periodontal tissue was studied in 42
      miniature pigs with experimental bruxism. An inflammation has developed in the
      marginal periodontium. At first the inflammatory infiltrate was situated under
      the epithelial fixation to the tooth involving destruction of the epithelial
      fixation and formation of pockets, inflammatory infiltrate, and granulation
      tissue, these destructive changes involving the lower sections of the
      periodontium. Signs of resorption were detectable in the dental alveolus osseous
      wall, cement, and dentin. The changes in the periodontal tissue described above
      appear to result from a complex of factors developing in experimental animals
      with simulated bruxism.

PMID- 1803653
TI  - [The interrelation between allergic reactions to dentures made of stainless steel
      and the skin hypersensitivity to Cr and Ni].
AB  - Twenty-two patients with stainless steel dentures, suffering from skin
      sensitization to chromium and nickel, were examined. The majority of these
      patients wore the dentures without complaining of local or general pathologic
      reactions. In three allergic catarrhal glossitis, aphthous stomatitis, and
      dermatitis were diagnosed. Replacement of stainless steel dentures with identical
      dentures made of other material resulted in complete cure.

PMID- 1803654
TI  - [The functional periodontal overload in bite anomalies in adults].
AB  - A total of 3890 patients (1440 women and 2450 men) aged 30 to 60 were examined.
      Maxillodental abnormalities were detected in 1282 (32.9%) examinees. Periodontal
      diseases were diagnosed in 986 (81.4%) patients with maxillodental abnormalities.
      Periodontitis was detected in 1298 (49.7) of 2608 examinees with normal
      occlusion. A higher incidence of periodontal diseases in the patients with
      maxillodental abnormalities is explained by functional traumatic overload of
      periodontal tissues. This overload is enhanced when occlusion abnormalities are
      combined with bursitis and other parafunctions of the masticatory muscles, in
      dentition defects and deformations and in cases with irrational dentures.

PMID- 1803655
TI  - [The sensitivity to antibiotics and disinfecting substances of opportunistic
      microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients with orthodontic
      pathology].
AB  - Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated
      from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under
      study. The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic
      conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory
      diseases than that in health. Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains
      were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants. Antibiotic
      sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients
      were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients
      have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants. The authors emphasize that
      effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area
      involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism
      sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to
      disinfectants as well.

PMID- 1803656
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of the interaction of parietal microflora with
      the mucosal epitheliocytes of the alveolar crest in patients with partially
      missing teeth].
AB  - Microbiopsy specimens of the alveolar ridge obtained at the sites of missing
      teeth from patients and similar autopsy specimens from those dead without
      apparent oral and gastrointestinal diseases were examined electron
      microscopically in order to elucidate the interactions between the oral mucosa
      parietal microflora and epitheliocytes. Cocci-like microorganisms and
      microorganisms resembling Candida-like yeast by their ultrastructure were as a
      rule seen on the surface of the horny layer. The results evidence that loss of
      teeth involves the appearance of quite a number of various parietal bacteria in
      the oral mucosa, inducing characteristic changes in the pricky and horny layer
      cells. Intracellular location of the bacteria also contributes here. All this
      should be borne in mind when choosing the denture design. Antibacterial therapy
      appears to be advisable before fitting the patients with dentures.

PMID- 1803657
TI  - [The periodontal status of schoolchildren in different age groups].
AB  - Examinations of the periodontium, carried out in 350 schoolchildren, aged 12 to
      16, in the town of Odessa, included registration of the CPITN, PMA, Green
      Vermillion's, and CDL indexes. The findings evidence that adolescents aged 12 to
      15 have but few periodontal segments with bleeding gingiva, their PMA indexes are
      reduced, and hygienic status of the oral cavity is getting better, but by the age
      of 16 accumulation of dental deposit results in inflammation enhancement. Though
      girls, whatever their age, take better care of the oral cavity, its status is not
      much better in them than in boys.

PMID- 1803658
TI  - [A complication of local anesthesia during tooth extraction in children].
AB  - The authors describe a rare complication of local injection anesthesia, carried
      out in children for tooth removal: development of a specific granuloma due to
      Mucor and Nocardia mold fungi. The authors claim that the mycotic granuloma
      developed because of violation of the rules of asepsis, one of the possible
      violations being multiple use of disposable single-use syringes. No doubt, such
      complications can be easily prevented if asepsis regulations are strictly adhered
      to. The authors recommend the use of a separate sterile needle for every
      injection and treatment of the injection site with 1% iodine solution.

PMID- 1803659
TI  - [Primary upper cheiloplasty in congenital bilateral clefts].
AB  - Anthropometric and electromyographic analysis of the treatment results in 104
      patients operated on according to Limberg's, Le Mezourier's, Manchester's
      techniques, or making use of primary rhinocheiloplasty and
      rhinocheilognathoplasty has shown the deformations typical of every one of these
      methods. The author describes a modification of primary rhinocheiloplasty, that
      helps avoid the characteristic postoperative deformations and improve the
      anatomic and functional results of treatment of patients with bilateral clefts of
      the upper lip. Late results were followed up for 4 years.

PMID- 1803660
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the methods for treating dental arch anomalies in 7-
      to 9-year-old children during dispensary care].
AB  - Analysis of the results of treatment of 1890 young children, carried out in the
      course of regular prophylactic check-ups, has shown that comprehensive treatment
      of dentition abnormalities is effective in 85.3% of cases. Both traditional and
      new designs of removable orthodontic apparatuses, developed by O. M. Basharova
      were employed. The new design is characterized by functional mechanical action
      and by the presence of a system of springy planes. Such apparatuses are highly
      effective and help essentially cut down the treatment periods.

PMID- 1803661
TI  - [The x-ray manifestations of acquired deformities of the visceral cranium in
      children and adolescents].
AB  - X-ray image of changes in facial skull bones and temporomandibular articulation
      in 75 children and adolescents with a history of traumatic or inflammatory
      diseases or surgery for benign mandibular tumors in childhood is described. The
      deformation type did not present the specific features indicating the cause of
      the defect; its severity depended on the length of the defect existence and the
      depth of the injury to the mandibular growth area. Deformations of the lower
      third of the facial skull commonly develop soon after the underlying disease;
      changes in the upper segments of the skull develop later. If skin plasty was
      carried out simultaneously with tumor removal no facial skull deformations
      developed or these deformations were but negligible. The longer was the existence
      of the defect, the more coarse and vast were the changes in facial skull bones,
      that needed a combined surgical and orthodontic management.

PMID- 1803662
TI  - [Experience in the dispensary care of children suffering from multiple dental
      caries].
AB  - A total of 175 schoolchildren whose mean DMF value was 18.7 and mean DF value
      14.1 were examined. 82.2% of their mothers suffered from gestoses. Dysfunctions
      of the internal secretion glands were detected in 74% of the examinees.
      Background diseases were treated by specialists, and caries was treated by the
      routine local method and a therapeutic complex aimed at fortification of dental
      tissues, including calcium gluconate, undevit (a vitamin complex) and vitamin D2,
      as well as balanced diets and specific hygienic measures. Caries development
      ceased or was much lower in the patients administered a complete course of
      general and local therapy and remained the same in those administered only local
      treatment. This permits recommending the establishment of a special room for
      pathogenetic therapy of caries in every dental clinic; the work of such a
      department should be based on regular prophylactic check-ups involving
      consultations of endocrinologists, pediatricians, and other specialists.

PMID- 1803664
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of the masticatory efficiency of complete
      removable dentures with porcelain and plastic teeth].

PMID- 1803663
TI  - [Sepsis with a fatal outcome as a complication of acute suppurative parotitis].

PMID- 1803665
TI  - [The history of dental education in Dnepropetrovsk].

PMID- 1803666
TI  - [The 150th anniversary of the Kiev Medical Institute].

PMID- 1803667
TI  - [The morphology and histochemistry of the epithelium of the normal alveolar
      process and hard palate and while wearing dentures (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 1803668
TI  - [The immobilization of mobile teeth in periodontitis and incorporated dental arch
      defects].

PMID- 1803669
TI  - [The effect of nitazole preparations on the microflora in periodontitis].
AB  - Twenty-three patients with generalized periodontitis were examined. Microbiologic
      examination of the periodontal pouch contents, making use of anaerobic
      cultivation, resulted in isolation and identification of 103 strains, 76 (72.8%)
      of which were referred to obligate anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes made up 27.2%
      of the total number of the isolates. Therapy with water-soluble nitasole resulted
      in reduction of the number of microorganisms, decrease or arrest of pus discharge
      from the pouch, resolution of the edema and gingival ridge hyperemia, etc.
      Diffusion of nitasole (water-soluble) and cliostom from various dressings used in
      periodontitis was studied and the efficacy of combining these dressings revealed.

PMID- 1803671
TI  - [A kinematic study of a human mannequin in a simulation of head-on vehicular
      collisions].
AB  - A method of modelling head-on car collisions at the catapult MTS 858.05 was
      developed. Mechanism of human body movement was determined and traces of contact
      interaction on clothes and car interior parts were detected.

PMID- 1803670
TI  - [The diagnosis of the mechanisms of bone tissue destruction from the surface of
      the break].
AB  - Data on bone tissue fractography are summarized and systematized. Possibilities
      of a microscopic fractography method in analysis of skeletal bone fractures in
      order to determine conditions of traumatic exposure were shown. Destruction of
      bone tissue is considered from the point of view of fragile and tough destruction
      using as a model solid body with crack at the top of which deformations of
      detachment, lateral and longitudinal shifts are acting. Morphologic features for
      different types of destruction were singled out. Use of these features may help
      to determine character and type of deformation at concrete areas of fracture
      during all destruction process.

PMID- 1803672
TI  - [Micromorphological criteria of the early periods in craniocerebral trauma].
AB  - System of quantitative criteria for early periods of craniocerebral trauma
      involving short intervals (0-5 min, 0.5h, 1-2h, 3-4h, 5-6h) was developed on the
      basis of micromorphometric study of the brain obtained from 120 persons who died
      of craniocerebral trauma. High informative value of morphometric characteristics
      of vagus dorsal nucleus (values of neurocyte quantity, disorientation and
      deformity; percentage of cells without visible changes and different
      pathomorphologic types; excess coefficient; coefficient of correlation between
      volumes of neuron bodies and nuclei; nucleus volume) was determined. Optimal
      conditions of using quantitative criteria were outlined.

PMID- 1803673
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of fragmentation injuries caused by low-energy
      random fragments].
AB  - Experimental investigations showed real possibility to perform stand laboratory
      modelling of blast trauma at any distance of fragmentation lesion. Process of
      interaction between injuring splinters and part of human body has both
      qualitative and quantitative expressions: different morphologic kinds of human
      body lesions are in accord with quite specific equivalent of energy parameters
      expressed via specific kinetic energy. Connections determined give the
      opportunity to solve special medical problems related to determination of
      distance between the victim and the blast centre in fragmentation injuring
      exposure according to character and volume of lesions.

PMID- 1803674
TI  - [Structural changes to the skin in the area of gunshot wounds].
AB  - Microscopic changes in skin structures around gunshot and stabbed wounds, which
      may be used as features characterizing injury volume were studied. Factors
      influencing the significance of these changes were presented and mechanisms of
      their occurrence is discussed.

PMID- 1803675
TI  - [The forensic medical expertise of acute local radiation trauma].
AB  - Informative diagnostical criteria of medicolegal evaluation and prognosis of
      corporal lesion gravity in case of acute local radiation trauma as well as
      algorithm of medicolegal diagnostical process concerning these lesions with
      reference to external radiation exposure, kind of injuring factor, differential
      diagnostical signs of acute local radiation trauma are suggested. They make it
      possible to formulate medicolegal diagnosis and can form the basis for developing
      diagnostical programmes.

PMID- 1803676
TI  - [The electric conductivity indices of the skeletal muscles in the dynamics of the
      posttraumatic period].
AB  - In order to determine the time of inflicting mechanical trauma, values of
      electric conduction of skeletal muscles were measured taking into consideration
      postmortem interval and temperature of an object tested. Electric conduction of
      traumatized and intact muscles was determined within 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr
      of posttraumatic period directly after death (the 1st series of observations) and
      in different postmortal periods. The results of investigations disclose presence
      of certain time-course changes in parameters of electric conductivity of skeletal
      muscles depending on time of posttraumatic period.

PMID- 1803677
TI  - [The possible use of the dielectric indices of human hair in forensic medical
      expertise].
AB  - Method of measuring dielectric parameters of human hair was developed. It was
      shown that values of relative dielectric permeability of hair may serve as
      objective criteria in the course of determination of their similarity.

PMID- 1803678
TI  - [The establishment of the presence of feces in stains by agar gel
      electrophoresis].
AB  - An electrophoretic method of feces determination in stains was developed. Method
      is based on detection of acid phosphatase only in feces since it is not
      detectable in human blood and other secretions by this method.

PMID- 1803679
TI  - [The determination of the alkaloid ergotamine in biological material].

PMID- 1803680
TI  - [The determination of copper trichlorophenolate by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry].

PMID- 1803682
TI  - [The dynamic postmortem changes in the blood biochemical indices in an arid
      climate].

PMID- 1803681
TI  - [The problems and prospects of using the HLA system in forensic medical expertise
      for material evidence].

PMID- 1803683
TI  - [The interaction of investigators with psychiatric specialists in making an
      inquiry into the socially dangerous acts of people with mental anomalies].

PMID- 1803684
TI  - [Fatal craniocerebral trauma in a blank shot from a 16-caliber sawed-off hunting
      rifle].

PMID- 1803685
TI  - [An unusual case of self-strangulation with a noose].

PMID- 1803686
TI  - [A case of suicide with an atypical explosive device].

PMID- 1803687
TI  - [On the 150th anniversary of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Kiev A.
      A. Bogomolets Medical Institute of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor].

PMID- 1803688
TI  - [On the centenary of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Tomsk Medical
      Institute].

PMID- 1803689
TI  - [A. P. Chekhov--a forensic medical expert].

PMID- 1803690
TI  - [The postmortem assessment of glycemia by the levels of blood glucose and
      glycosylated hemoglobin].
AB  - The results of cadaveric blood investigation in order to diagnose glycemia
      directly before death are presented. During the analysis of the whole blood
      glucose concentration was determined by glucose oxidase method as well as
      percentage of glycosylated Hb was determined by colorimetric method by colour
      reaction with thyobarbituric acid. On the basis of the results obtained
      conclusion was made about failure in use of glucose concentration for medicolegal
      purposes. Estimation of glycosylated Hb content was suggested as criterion for
      glycemia detection.

PMID- 1803691
TI  - A review of the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
AB  - This is review of our experience in the treatment of meningitis carried out at
      the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt since 1967. We have
      demonstrated that the serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ampicillin
      and its efficacy when used in the treatment of meningitis are comparable whether
      they are administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The third generation
      cephalosporin ceftriaxone was found to be very safe and effective when
      administered intramuscularly once a day in the treatment of the different types
      of acute bacterial meningitis. Aztreonam given intramuscularly was successful in
      the treatment of Gram-negative meningitis caused by multi-resistant organisms.
      The fatality rates and morbidity were significantly reduced in patients with
      meningitis when dexamethasone was given in conjunction with antibacterial
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 1803692
TI  - Cytokines in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis.
AB  - Adjunctive dexamethasone therapy to antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis
      has been shown in several studies to be beneficial. The roles of interleukin 1
      beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in bacterial meningitis and in
      an experimental rabbit model are reviewed; both cytokines play a pivotal role in
      induction of meningitis. Using dexamethasone with the initial dose of antibiotics
      caused a decrease in TNF-alpha and modulated the inflammatory response. Early use
      of adjunctive dexamethasone is important in therapy of bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 1803693
TI  - Serum antibodies and bacterial meningitis.
AB  - The role of serum antibodies in bacterial meningitis and the human defence
      against it is reviewed. There is good evidence from animal and human studies in
      vitro and in vivo showing that serum antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of
      the bacteria play a major role in protection, whereas antibodies to other cell
      surface components vary in protective ability. A major problem associated with
      the use of capsular polysaccharides as vaccines has been the T cell-independent
      nature of polysaccharide antigens, and the often poor immune response of infants
      to such antigens. This problem has now been overcome by covalent conjugation of
      the polysaccharide to protein, resulting in T cell-dependent antigens. Vaccines
      produced with this technology from the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus
      influenzae type b have already proven highly immunogenic and protective in young
      infants. The technology is being applied to other encapsulated bacteria.

PMID- 1803694
TI  - Clonal properties of meningococci from epidemic meningitis.
AB  - Methods from the field of population genetics now enable the classification of
      epidemic strains of Neisseria meningitidis and have resolved the relationships
      between apparently distinct epidemics. The diversity of serogroup A bacteria
      seems quite limited and only a few strains have been responsible for the
      epidemics of recent decades. Meningococci express both constant and highly
      variable antigens, the variability of which is determined by the clonal
      background of the epidemic strain. The development of an improved vaccine is
      being pursued but still faces technical problems.

PMID- 1803695
TI  - Meningococcal vaccines--present and future.
AB  - Over 20 years after the development of the meningococcal A and C vaccines, an
      effective vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis group B is still lacking. Major
      obstacles in the development of a B vaccine have been the remarkable capacity of
      the organism to evade the immune defences of the host and the lack of a
      predictive animal model. Three group B vaccines based on outer membrane proteins
      have been, or are currently being, evaluated in field trials. Nevertheless, a
      number of important questions remain such as the identity of the active
      components, the degree of efficacy against heterologous group B subtypes, and the
      duration of protection. In addition, work on a variety of alternative approaches
      to a group B vaccine is rapidly progressing. Among these are use of chemically
      modified group B polysaccharide, synthetic or natural lipopolysaccharide
      epitopes, synthetic peptides corresponding to bactericidal epitopes on the class
      1 outer membrane protein, and iron binding proteins. Although each of these
      approaches has some problems associated with it, the prospects remain good for an
      effective solution to the group B problem.

PMID- 1803696
TI  - Epidemiology, prevalence and clinical diagnosis of meningitis at Abbassia Fever
      Hospital, Cairo, 1966-1989.
AB  - The United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 and the Abbassia Fever
      Hospital in Cairo, Egypt have together diagnosed and treated 7809 patients
      admitted to a meningitis ward since 1966. Aetiological diagnosis was based on
      clinical evaluation and laboratory studies. Marked increases in annual admissions
      in 1970-1972, 1980-1982 and 1987-1988 were related to increases in admissions due
      to meningococcal disease, while in 1977-1981 the increase was due to encephalitis
      related to Rift Valley fever. Better, rapid diagnostic procedures are needed to
      enable effective treatment to be given earlier and to reduce mortality rates.

PMID- 1803697
TI  - Chemoprophylaxis of meningitis.
AB  - Chemoprophylaxis of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus
      influenzae may be determined by the epidemiology of transmission, the antibiotic
      susceptibility patterns of the organisms, and the usage of vaccines. A review of
      transmission in England distinguishes differences in sporadic and cluster
      meningococcal infections. Because of resistance to sulphadiazine, rifampicin and
      ciprofloxacin are prophylactic agents of choice. Vaccination can be a useful
      adjunct to antibiotic prophylaxis. Prophylaxis for meningitis due to H.
      influenzae type b can be provided by rifampicin and vaccination can also be an
      adjunct to antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 1803698
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
AB  - This overview summarizes studies conducted since 1970 on the laboratory diagnosis
      of bacterial meningitis at the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. These
      investigations demonstrated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE),
      agglutination of sensitized staphylococcal cells or latex particles, and enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) effectively detect and identify specific
      antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningococcal, pneumococcal,
      and Haemophilus meningitis. ELISA was the most sensitive of these methods and CIE
      the least sensitive. ELISA was also used to measure antibodies to meningococcal
      outer membrane protein antigens in patients. Finally, high rates of group A
      meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage were found in group A meningococcal
      meningitis patients and populations associated with group A patients, but not in
      populations that were not associated with group A disease.

PMID- 1803699
TI  - Antibiotic treatment of community acquired bacterial meningitis.
AB  - Community acquired meningitis is predominantly caused by three agents:
      Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis Four
      physical properties of available drugs--molecular size, protein binding, lipid
      solubility and ionization--affect drug entry to the central nervous system (CNS).
      These factors, coupled with acute changes in blood-brain barriers and intrinsic
      bactericidal activity, have a bearing on the success of treatment with all
      agents. Third generation cephalosporins have largely supplanted older regimens
      due to their intrinsic qualities of greater bactericidal activity, optimal
      cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics, and low toxicity. The pharmacological
      principles of treatment of CNS bacterial infections, pharmacology of available
      drugs, and current treatment recommendations are reviewed.

PMID- 1803701
TI  - [The role of the cytoskeletal elements during the return to the cell center of
      their nuclei displaced by centrifugation].
AB  - Living cells of the monolayer cultures of embryonal pig kidney epithelium (PKE
      cells) and of embryonal bovine tracheal cells (FBT-cells) were ultracentrifuged
      at 20,000g. The centrifugal force was directed parallel to the surface of the
      culture slides. Just after centrifugation, the cellular nuclei were displaced to
      the centrifugal parts of cells. Centrifuged slides with cells were returned to
      the normal culture conditions, and 22 h later the nuclei were seen to restore
      their central position in the cells. The motion of the nuclei to the cell center
      was rather chaotic both in direction and speed. The speed of this motion never
      exceeded several microns per hour. After nocodasole treatment (0.1-10 mkg/ml) of
      the cells or in a hypotonic medium, the distance of nuclear dislocation during
      centrifugation was longer, and the nuclei returned to the cell centers faster
      than in the control ones. After cytochalasin B treatment (2 mkg/ml), the nuclei
      moved to the cell centers somewhat more slowly than they did in the control
      cells. Thus, the establishment of the central position of nuclei in the cells
      takes place in the absence of microtubules or intermediate filaments. Probably,
      the central position of nuclei depends mainly on the action part of the
      cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1803700
TI  - [New possibilities for studying complex macromolecular structures of the cell by
      encasing cells in polyacrylamide microspheres].
AB  - A method is proposed for incorporation of mammalian cells into spheres permeable
      for protein molecules, the dimensions of these spheres not overcoming those of
      the cells. The method permits fractionation of the cells, preserving them as
      discrete units resistant to mechanical and hydrodynamic destruction in the course
      of routine laboratory manipulations, as well as using flow cytometry for their
      analysis. With this approach, the flow cytometric measurements were made of DNA
      being shielded in the chromatin complex which prevents from binding fluorescent
      dyes with low-molecular weights.

PMID- 1803703
TI  - [The effect of polyanion, cationic and anionic dyes and nonelectrolytes on
      phagosome fusion with lysosomes in mouse peritoneal macrophages].
AB  - Polyanion (mannansulphate), cation dyes (Toluidine blue, Nile blue), anion-dye
      (Trypan blue) also non-electrolytes (urea, glutaraldehyde) were found to inhibit
      the phagosome-lysosome fusion in murine macrophages. The mechanism of this effect
      is discussed.

PMID- 1803702
TI  - [The effect of hormones and growth factor on the course of meiosis in murine
      oocytes in culture].
AB  - The role of some intraovarian regulators of the final stages of gametogenesis is
      analysed. It is shown that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) in concentration of
      1 and 10 ng/ml is able to induce reinitiation of meiosis from dictyotene stage
      during cultivation of the ovarian follicles of prepuberal mice in the serum-free
      medium after gonadotrophic stimulation. The pattern of maturation was analogous
      to that of maturation after HCG (LH) administration. Also, the EGF is able to
      stimulate meiosis reinitiation in the culture of cumulus-free oocytes blocked
      with cAMP at the stage of dictyotene. At the same time fibroblast growth factors
      and insulin do not demonstrate such an activity. Taking into consideration a high
      sensibility of oocytes to the EGF action, and also the fact that the character of
      changes of steroid hormones secreted by the ovary in culture under the action of
      EGF is the same as that under the influence of LH it is suggested that, the EGF
      and EGF-like proteins secreted by somatic follicle cells are the paracrinic
      regulators of the mammalian oocyte maturation which modulate neuroendocrine
      factors of the oogenesis control.

PMID- 1803704
TI  - [DNA hyperreplication in the nuclei of Amoeba borokensis in the cell cycle].
AB  - The relative nuclear DNA contents were determined cytofluorometrically for
      several groups of synchronized Amoeba borokensis at the early and late
      interphase. In some groups of these amoebae the nuclear DNA content by the end of
      the interphase exceeded more than twice that measured 1 h after division, when
      DNA in amoebic nuclei already being synthesized. This means that the extra DNA
      was synthesized in the nuclei of amoebae of these particular groups. In other
      amoebic groups the nuclear DNA content checked at the end of the interphase did
      not exceed the doubled 1 h level. Thus, in these amoebae the quantity of the
      synthesized extra DNA was less than that in the former groups, or the extra DNA
      was not synthesized at all.

PMID- 1803705
TI  - [The translocation and specific binding of the pesticide fluometuron (cotoran)
      with the proteins of rat liver nuclei].
AB  - Intracellular distribution of labeled cotoran was studied. 3H-cotoran was shown
      to penetrate through the nuclear membrane to accumulate uneventfully in the
      intranuclear components. An insignificant amount of 3H-cotoran was associated
      with the nucleoplasm and the outer nuclear membrane. At the same time, essential
      radioactivity was observed in the proteins of the nuclear matrix (up to 30%) and
      in non-histone proteins of chromatin (up to 60%). Acception of 3H-cotoran on
      metaphase chromosomes of cultured cells as well as specificity of cotoran binding
      with non-histone proteins of chromatin in vivo and in vitro was studied by
      radioautography. It was revealed that cotoran was translocated into the
      interphase nuclei to be accepted by metaphase chromosomes of the HeLa line cells
      and fibroblasts in human embryo, and specifically, in receptor-like manner, bound
      to chromatin proteins.

PMID- 1803706
TI  - [The effect of butylcaptax on oxidative phosphorylation and the activity of
      multienzyme systems of the mitochondrial membranes in the rat liver].
AB  - The oxidative phosphorylation and the activity of polyenzymatic systems in the
      rat liver mitochondrial membranes were studied upon a 5 day administration to
      rats of butylcaptax in the dose of 1/10 LD50. It is established that butylcaptax
      led to significant disturbances in the system of oxidative phosphorylation and in
      the transfer of electrons in the rat liver mitochondrial respiratory chain.

PMID- 1803707
TI  - [The spontaneous aneuploidy of the embryonic fibroblasts in C3H/He and CBA/Ca
      mouse strains occurring during their neoplastic evolution].
AB  - Karyological analysis of 6 cell lines with distinct tumorigenic properties of
      mouse strains C3H/He and CBA/Ca has been carried out using differential
      chromosome staining. All the cell lines are characterized by a decreased number
      of copies of normal chromosome 7, the increased number of normal copies of
      chromosome 10 being specific of the cell lines with intermediate tumorigenicity.
      Cell lines with maximum tumorigenicity differed from all other lines by the
      increased number of copies of chromosome 5 and by the decreased number of copies
      of chromosome 6. A wide independent variability was observed in the number of
      chromosomes and of several types of abnormal chromosomes throughout the
      neoplastic evolution of cells, to begin from the early immortal passages. But the
      proportion of normal chromosomes per cell in the studied lines revealed
      relatively stable values. The potential phenotypical heterogenicity of the lines
      with maximum tumorigenicity, expressed in their clonal progeny, was associated
      with the instability in the number of chromosome 15 copies in cells of these
      lines. It is concluded that multiple genetic events are required in the
      spontaneous neoplastic evolution of fibroblasts, and only specific traits of the
      karyotypic instability, associated with the variability of the number of copies
      of specific chromosomes, may constitute the genetic basis for the above process.

PMID- 1803708
TI  - Description of a home care service for cancer patients through quantitative
      indexes of evaluation.
AB  - Home care (HC) was created and developed in Romagna, as in other parts of Italy,
      thanks to the endeavor of a private institution, the "Istituto Oncologico
      Romagnolo". The care is gratis to advanced cancer patients and is based on the
      palliative philosophy of treatment of the symptoms and the person within the
      framework of continuity of care permitted by the oncologic approach. To evaluate
      the intensiveness of the operation in terms of medical and nursing care by means
      of quantitative indexes, we examined several variables which emerged from a
      retrospective analysis of our case study. The average duration of care of the 484
      patients in the program as of 31 December 1990 was 84.1 days. Four hundred and
      twenty-three patients of the 484 (87.1% of the total) have died and 61 were still
      in the HC program at the time of this analysis. The 61 living patients were thus
      excluded from the descriptive analysis to give greater homogeneity to the study
      group. The average duration of care for the 423 decreased patients was 68.1 days.
      Out of a total of 28,759 days of HC for the entire group, the patients actually
      spent 23,534 days (81.8%) at home. The average duration of hospitalization was
      13.5 days, and in 33.2% of the cases it was motivated by psychologic and family
      causes. The place of death was the home in 44.3% of the cases. A medical or
      nursing visit was made at the home every 1.4 days, and the average number of
      visits per patient was 39.0. Although none of the indexes alone can give overall
      indications of the intensiveness of a HC service, they may constitute a working
      proposal for the definition of the most objective criteria possible for the
      quantitative evaluation of such experiences.

PMID- 1803709
TI  - An efficient method for culturing human breast epithelium: analysis of results.
AB  - We have examined the possibility of obtaining primary cultures from breast tissue
      utilizing a method especially developed for breast epithelium. The number of
      specimens able to grow in culture was very high: 82.8%, 64.3%, 75.0% and 77.8%,
      respectively, for primary breast cancer, skin recurrences, inflammatory breast
      cancer and normal breast tissue. In our experience, growth was not related to
      menopausal status or histopathologic type, whereas for skin recurrences, a prior
      pharmacologic treatment (chemotherapy) of the patient enhanced the growth
      capacity of the tissue. This culture method could help to study the basic biology
      of breast epithelia and to improve the chemotherapy approach of breast cancer
      patients.

PMID- 1803710
TI  - Is breast cancer ever cured? Follow-up study of 5623 breast cancer patients.
AB  - The authors evaluated 5623 cases of primary breast cancer followed for 1 to 21
      years. Overall and breast cancer death rates were determined and compared to
      expected rates. Breast cancer patients showed overall and breast cancer death
      rates significantly higher than expected and which persisted at long-term follow
      up. The observed/expected overall death ratios for follow-up periods of 0-5, 6
      10, 11-15 or 16-20 years were 3.61, 2.55, 1.60 and 2.11, respectively. Death
      rates from breast cancer at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years were 20%, 32%, 40% and 48%
      respectively. The evidence of a persistent excess mortality even after long-term
      follow-up suggests the hypothesis that breast cancer is a systemic disease when
      clinically diagnosed. This study provided no evidence of a "clinical" cure for
      breast cancer patients. Even for N- patients the 5, 10, 15 and 20 year death
      rates from breast cancer were 12%, 20%, 28% and 38%, respectively. N- breast
      cancer, which is currently considered as a localized disease cured by surgery in
      most cases, would be better regarded to as a slow-growing metastatic disease,
      although "personal" cure may be achieved in many subjects dying of causes other
      than breast cancer.

PMID- 1803711
TI  - Doppler flowmetry and the diagnosis of breast lumps.
AB  - The aim of the study was to ascertain the reliability of a Doppler signal in the
      diagnosis of breast cancer. Computerized blood flow analysis was performed on 117
      patients who presented with a breast lump at the Division of Diagnostic Oncology
      of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. The values of systolic peak and
      diastolic frequency were evaluated in relation to the histologic diagnosis. Ten
      patients had a spontaneous regression of the lump and were excluded from the
      study. The number of evaluable cases with histologic confirmation was 107: 69
      carcinomas and 38 benign lesions. Systolic peak values for the 69 carcinomas
      ranged from 1500 to 7400 Hz, with a mean value of 3243.4 Hz; diastolic frequency
      ranged from 200 to 3700 Hz, with mean value of 1413.9 Hz. No diagnostic signals
      were found in 4 breast cancers (false negatives). Twenty-three of 38 benign
      lesions (60.5%) and 65 of 69 malignant nodes (94.2%) were correctly diagnosed.
      The Doppler signal with computerized spectral analysis in addition to more
      specific ultrasonographic parameters could be considered a useful tool in the
      diagnosis of breast cancer.

PMID- 1803712
TI  - Breast cancer estrogen and progesterone receptors: associations with patients'
      clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. G.I.V.I.O. (Interdisciplinary Group
      for Cancer Care Evaluation), Italy.
AB  - A total of 1095 patients with operable breast cancer and enrolled in a randomized
      clinical trial were analysed for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor
      content of their primary tumor, and the relationships between steroid receptor
      status and several epidemiologic characteristics were studied. The proportion of
      ER+ and median ER levels increased with age: compared to women younger than 40,
      those aged 66 or more were approximately three times more likely to have an ER+
      tumor (OR = 3.0, 95% C.I. = 1.6-5.7). This difference tended to be more marked
      after comparison between patients with ER greater than 100 fmol/mg protein and ER
      within the same age groups: OR = 7.04, 95% C.I. = 2.89-17.12. No association
      emerged between age and PgR. ER status and concentrations were independent of
      menopausal status after adjustment for age, whereas the proportion of PgR+ and
      PgR levels were significantly lower in postmenopausal patients of the same age.
      The distribution of ER and PgR profiles was similar in relation to family history
      of breast cancer, reproductive events and other selected epidemiologic
      characteristics of the patients.

PMID- 1803713
TI  - Hysteroscopy and endometrial cancer diagnosis: a review of 2007 consecutive
      examinations in self-referred patients.
AB  - The authors reviewed 2007 consecutive outpatient hysteroscopies performed in self
      referred women to assess the detection rate of uterine cancer and the validity of
      different selection criteria for hysteroscopy. Thirty cases of uterine cancer (29
      endometrial, 1 carcinosarcoma) were detected. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the
      indication most commonly associated with cancer (26 of 30 cases, cancer detection
      rate = 2.1%), whereas the presence of cervical polyps had no predictive value.
      Patients age was correlated to cancer detection rate, and the investigation of
      uterine cancer under the age of 45 was poorly cost effective. Hysteroscopy and
      endometrial biopsy, performed by Permacurette or Novak curette immediately after
      hysteroscopy, missed respectively 8 and 2 of 30 cancers. Hysteroscopy should be
      employed in combination with endometrial biopsy as a standard outpatient
      investigation whenever endometrial cancer is suspected. These procedures are safe
      and accurate and rule out more aggressive and costly procedures, such as
      dilatation and curettage, in most cases.

PMID- 1803714
TI  - Antiproliferative effects of mitoxantrone in ADR-sensitive and ADR-resistant P388
      leukemia cells enhanced by vitamin K3.
AB  - Vitamin K3 was employed as a resistance-modifying agent to investigate its
      activity in enhancing mitoxantrone (MITO)-induced cytotoxicity in parental
      (P388/S) and multidrug resistant (P388/ADR) P388 leukemia cells. Vitamin K3
      potentiated the antitumor effects of MITO in P388/S and P388/ADR tumor cells as
      monitored by inhibition of tumor cell survival (MTT assay). MITO and vitamin K3
      in combination effected an enhanced inhibition of [3H]thymidine (DNA synthesis)
      and [3H]uridine (RNA synthesis) and also increased the life span of the sensitive
      and resistant tumor-bearing animals. The effect of vitamin K3 on the induction of
      DNA strand breaks by MITO was also examined. Increased fragmentation of DNA was
      illustrated in the sensitive and resistant P388 leukemia cells exposed to the
      combination. Observations indicate the restoration of sensitivity in P388/ADR
      cells to MITO by vitamin K3 that may be due to its ability to increase the MITO
      induced DNA strand breaks.

PMID- 1803715
TI  - Atypical radiation toxicity in patients with classical Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - The classical (non-AIDS-related) form of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) typically affects
      older patients of Eastern European or Mediterranean ethnic background. Although
      radiotherapy is a standard part of the treatment armamentarium for KS patients, a
      high incidence of radiotoxicity has been reported in epidemic AIDS-related cases.
      In order to determine whether this radiotoxicity is observed only in patients
      with the epidemic form of the disease, we have conducted a retrospective chart
      review of 30 patients with classical KS treated with radiation for whom follow-up
      information was available. Seven out of 30 (23%) were found to have unexpectedly
      high levels of radiotoxicity after tumor doses of 22-42 Gy. This toxicity
      consisted either of significantly increased edema or chronic skin breakdown and
      severe radiodermatitis, in some cases requiring multiple surgical corrective
      procedures. We suggest that the abnormal lymphaticovenous development and chronic
      lymphokine stimulation associated with KS of both epidemic and classical forms
      may be responsible in part for the observed radiotoxicity.

PMID- 1803716
TI  - Leukocyte adherence inhibition test: cell-mediated reactivity to tumor antigens
      in colorectal and lung tumor long survivors.
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity versus tumor antigens (cytosols) of the same histotype and
      site was evaluated by means of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in
      44 colorectal adenocarcinoma and 17 lung squamous-cell carcinoma patients 3-10
      years after surgical resection. LAI-positivity was observed in 17/44 (38.6%) and
      13/17 (76.5%) patients, respectively, together with serum blocking factors in
      7/17 (41.2%) compared to 0/13. These results indicate that a high percentage of
      long survivors retain an immunologic memory of the tumor antigen to which they
      have been exposed. The prognostic significance of serum blocking factors is less
      clear.

PMID- 1803717
TI  - Distal intramural spread in colorectal cancer: a reappraisal of the extent of
      distal clearance in fifty cases.
AB  - Fifty colorectal carcinomas were investigated to demonstrate distal intramural
      spread (DIS). In 17 cases (34%) a DIS ranging from 0.25 to 3.5 cm was present.
      DIS was positively correlated with stage C2 (p less than 0.01), lymph node
      metastasis (p less than 0.03) and infiltrative growth of the tumor (p less than
      0.05). Our results show that DIS is a relatively frequent event but of limited
      extension. In fact, a distal clearance margin of 2 cm was considered safe for all
      patients but one C2 mucoid case. No pathologic feature can predict preoperatively
      the presence and extent of DIS.

PMID- 1803718
TI  - Pleomorphic carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of a case.
AB  - The authors report a rare case of primary pleomorphic carcinoma of the
      gallbladder in a 70-year-old woman. A polypoid tumor protruded into the lumen
      from the fundus of the gallbladder. Characteristic histologic findings included a
      general lack of architectural cohesiveness, marked pleomorphism, presence of
      mononucleated and multinucleated giant cells, extensive necrosis, leukocyte-tumor
      cell phagocytosis or cannibalism. Immunoreactivity for cytokeratin,
      carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen as well as histochemical
      positivity for mucins demonstrated the epithelial nature of the tumor. The
      neoplasm behaved aggressively; the patient died of metastases 9 months after the
      operation.

PMID- 1803719
TI  - A case of T-cell lymphoma accompanying marked eosinophilia, chronic eosinophilic
      pneumonia and eosinophilic pleural effusion. A case report.
AB  - A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for lumbago, weight loss and
      weakness of her right lower extremity. Leukocytosis was evident with marked
      eosinophilia (65.5% = 46,000/mm3), and the chest roentgenogram showed diffuse
      reticular shadows throughout both lung fields and a left pleural effusion. The
      pleural effusion contained 22.4% eosinophils with no immature cells. Biopsy of a
      thumb-sized mass on the chest wall revealed a T-cell lymphoma of pleomorphic
      type. The diffuse pulmonary shadow was diagnosed as chronic eosinophilic
      pneumonia by autopsy. This was a relatively rare case of T-cell lymphoma, in
      which an eosinophilic pneumonia and eosinophilic pleural effusion were observed.

PMID- 1803720
TI  - Preparation and use of an autogenous bacterin against infectious coryza in
      chickens.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of an autogenous bacterin
      against infectious coryza from a local strain of Haemophilus paragallinarum in
      Morocco compared with a commercial vaccine. Hens were vaccinated with a single
      dose or two doses of the bacterin at 15 and 18 weeks of age. Both the autogenous
      and the commercial vaccine conferred significant protection against experimental
      challenge (94% and 88%, respectively). A single dose was less protective with
      both vaccines.

PMID- 1803721
TI  - The enzymatic profile of urine and plasma in bovine urinary bladder cancer
      (enzootic bovine haematuria).
AB  - The enzymatic profile of urine and plasma in field cases of bovine bladder cancer
      was studied. Urinary lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly altered
      along with the isoenzyme pattern. Activity of alkaline phosphatase and beta
      glucuronidase was decreased in the affected animals. No significant changes were
      observed in acid phosphatase, or arylsulphatase A and B activity. In plasma,
      lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated without any change in the isoenzyme
      pattern. No significant changes were observed in the other plasma enzymes studied
      or in the sialic acid concentration.

PMID- 1803722
TI  - Purification of equine neutrophil lysozyme and its antibacterial activity against
      gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - Lysozyme from equine neutrophil granulocytes was isolated in a pure form by fast
      performance liquid chromatography, i.e. ion-exchange chromatography and reversed
      phase chromatography. The lysozyme lysed Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis
      and Staphylococcus lentus and was also bactericidal against the Gram-negative
      bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and
      Serratia marcescens. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were
      not lysed. The lysozyme was only very slightly bactericidal for S. epidermidis
      and S. aureus. Equine neutrophil lysozyme was found to be bactericidal for Gram
      positive as well as for Gram-negative bacteria without further treatment. Equine
      and chicken egg white lysozymes were found to be immunologically related when
      examined using specific antisera against each of them. Both lysozymes also had
      very similar specific enzymatic activities against M. luteus membranes.

PMID- 1803724
TI  - A difference in susceptibility of two breeds of sheep to the 'alveld toxin'.

PMID- 1803723
TI  - The palmitic acid binding properties of cytosolic proteins located in the villus
      and crypt zones of bovine intestinal mucosa.
AB  - The palmitic acid binding capacity of cytosolic proteins in three preparations
      obtained by differential scraping of bovine intestinal mucosa were compared. The
      data indicated that the palmitic acid binding activities depended on the position
      that the cells occupied along the crypt-villus axis, as shown from the level of
      alkaline phosphatase activity. Proteins with palmitate binding properties in the
      high- and low-molecular-weight cytosolic proteins in the villus zone bound 1.24
      +/- 0.41 and 1.54 +/- 0.16 pmol palminate/micrograms protein respectively. The
      binding decreased to 0.50 +/- 0.25 and 1.10 +/- 0.23 pmol palmitate/micrograms
      for the proteins in the crypt zone. Ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel
      filtration chromatography indicated that the low-molecular-weight cytosolic
      proteins obtained from light mucosal scrapings contained the highest palmitate
      binding activity. These results suggest that the cytosolic proteins located in
      the villus zone may play a role in the absorption of fatty acids.

PMID- 1803725
TI  - Treatment of lambs with phenobarbitone is not effective against alveld under
      practical conditions in Norway.

PMID- 1803727
TI  - Failure to induce toxicity in lambs by administering saponins from Narthecium
      ossifragum.
AB  - It has been suggested that saponins produced by Narthecium ossifragum (Bog
      asphodel) may be the direct cause of the toxicity leading to the hepatogenous
      photosensitivity disease alveld seen in Norwegian lambs. Lambs fed large
      quantities of freeze-dried N. ossifragum did not develop alveld. Chemical
      investigations on the freeze-dried material and fresh N. ossifragum showed no
      difference in their saponin content. These results indicate that alveld is not
      caused solely by the saponins produced by N. ossifragum.

PMID- 1803726
TI  - The effects of buscopan compositum on calf nutritional diarrhoea.
AB  - Nutritional diarrhoea was induced in male Friesian calves by the addition of
      sucrose to their milk replacer diet in two experiments. In each study the calves
      were paired on the basis of the severity of the diarrhoea and each of a pair of
      calves was assigned at random to receive a course of six intramuscular injections
      (5 ml/50 kg body weight) of either a placebo or Buscopan compositum (morning and
      evening) over a period of 3 days. In an initial study, which involved 10 pairs of
      calves, daily faecal and urine output were collected separately for each calf on
      the day prior to the start of treatment and on each day of the 3 treatment days.
      The daily output of fresh faeces were reduced as a result of treatment with
      Buscopan compositum and the overall reduction for the complete 3 day period was
      18.7%. This was also reflected in a reduced output of faecal water (18.4%) during
      the same period. The digestibility of the dry matter component of the diet was
      significantly increased by 5.8%. In a second experiment, which involved 24 pairs
      of calves, faecal samples were collected daily, commencing before initiation of
      treatment, for determination of faecal dry matter content. The pattern of change
      in the faecal dry matter content during the course of the study differed clearly
      for the two treatments. Faecal dry matter increased from its lowest level
      (11.7%), immediately prior to first treatment, to its maximum (21.8%) on the
      second day of treatment in the Buscopan compositum-treated calves.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803728
TI  - [Emoxipine correction of lipid peroxidation disorders in patients with
      osteoarthrosis deformans].
AB  - In 54 patients with osteoarthrosis deformans traditional treatment was
      supplemented by an antioxidant agent emoxipin. The drug inhibited lipid
      peroxidation, activated the antioxidant defense system with simultaneous
      regression of clinical manifestations. Results of the investigation evidence the
      efficiency of emoxipin in osteoarthrosis deformans.

PMID- 1803729
TI  - [The characteristics of lipid peroxidation in patients with the neurological
      manifestations of lumbar osteochondrosis].

PMID- 1803731
TI  - [Massive hemorrhages into the cerebellum in influenza occurring as a space
      occupying process].

PMID- 1803730
TI  - [The heparin and trental treatment of patients with the hemorrhagic form of
      erysipelas].
AB  - Activation of procoagulant hemostasis and signs of increased consumption of
      thrombocytes were indications for the treatment of patients with hemorrhagic
      erysipelas by means of heparine (60 patients) and trental (30 patients). Heparine
      was introduced subcutaneously as "minidoses" by means of electrophoresis into the
      inflammation focus. Heparine produced a positive effect on hemostasis and
      fibrinolysis, favoured rapid disappearance of the hemorrhagic syndrome,
      prevention of complications of erysipelas. Trental effected positively
      thrombocytic hemostasis, local manifestations of the hemorrhagic syndrome but did
      not prevent the development of thrombophlebitis as complication of the disease.

PMID- 1803732
TI  - [The assessment of the health status of workers by subjective indices].

PMID- 1803733
TI  - [The pseudotumorous course of viral hepatitis B].
AB  - A rare case is described of viral B hepatitis in a woman of 60 years with
      prevailing clinical, ultrasonic and scintigraphic signs of mechanical jaundice
      due to a tumour in the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone. The diagnosis of viral
      hepatitis B was confirmed by 5-fold detection of HBsAg in the blood, positive
      clinical dynamics revealed after corticosteroid treatment with subsequent
      complete recovery of the patient.

PMID- 1803735
TI  - [A case of progeria].

PMID- 1803734
TI  - [Extrapyramidal disorders occurring after taking cerucal].
AB  - The authors report data of the literature and own data of side effects developing
      after intake of small cerucal doses. Described are the clinical symptoms,
      characterized by tonic spasm of the musculature and tongue, tonic convulsion of
      the upward gaze with simultaneous throwing back of the head.

PMID- 1803736
TI  - [The determination of the value of an insurance policy taking into account
      expenditures for medical service].

PMID- 1803737
TI  - [The current diagnostic problems of thyroid cancer].

PMID- 1803739
TI  - [The current aspects of oxygen therapy in lung diseases].

PMID- 1803738
TI  - [The combined action of external and internal sources of ionizing radiation on
      the body].

PMID- 1803740
TI  - [Oxygen barotherapy in kidney diseases].

PMID- 1803741
TI  - [The 150th anniversary of the Kiev Medical Institute].

PMID- 1803742
TI  - [Membrane-stabilizing preparations in the treatment of patients with heart rhythm
      disorders of different etiologies].
AB  - Data are reported of a study of the efficacy of membrane-stabilizing
      antiarrhythmic agents--ethmosin, ethacisin, allapinin. The latter was used in the
      treatment of 85 patients with arrhythmias of different etiology and proved more
      effective as compared with ethmosin and ethacisin. In ventricular extrasystole
      the effect was favourable in 86%, in supraventricular--in 70% of patients.

PMID- 1803743
TI  - [The functional state of the myocardium during transesophageal
      electrocardiostimulation in patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 1803744
TI  - [The age-related characteristics of the cardiodynamics of patients who have had a
      myocardial infarct].
AB  - Age-related effects on the function of restoration in 254 patients with a history
      of myocardial infarction were investigated. It was found that the age effect
      influenced tolerance to physical load, the values of which are not always related
      to the character of the sustained infarction of the myocardium.

PMID- 1803745
TI  - [The effect of nutritional characteristics on the prevalence of
      dyslipoproteinemia and ischemic heart disease among the inhabitants of the city
      of Kiev].
AB  - Results of an epidemiological investigation of a non-organized population of
      males at the age of 29-52 years in the city of Kiev revealed in 22.4%
      dyslipoproteinemia. Feeding of the population and its relationship to disorders
      of the lipid metabolism were evaluated. Dietary recommendations and primary
      prophylaxis of ischemic heart disease are discussed.

PMID- 1803746
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes in the greater and lesser circulations of patients with a
      mitral heart defect and primary pulmonary hypertension under the influence of
      differentiated treatment].
AB  - The state of the greater and lesser hemodynamics in patients with rheumatic
      mitral heart disease complicated by pulmonary hypertension was analyzed after
      treatment with peripheral vasodilators and hemosorption. It is suggested that
      inclusion of hemosorption in the treatment complex favoured reduction of the
      degree of pulmonary hypertension, improvement of the central hemodynamics which
      may be directly related to improvement of the rheological properties of the
      blood.

PMID- 1803747
TI  - [Changes in the functional status of the myocardium in acute leukemia patients].
AB  - The functional state of the myocardium was evaluated in 45 patients with acute
      leucosis. The physical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices were
      analyzed. It was found that 40% of patients with acute leucosis in the primary
      active phase showed a hypokinetic type of circulation. Revealed were
      prognostically unfavourable factors--leucocytes with marked blastosis in the
      peripheral blood and myelogram as well as thrombocytopenia that are of
      significance in the pathogenesis of myocardial involvement. Cardiotoxic doses of
      rubomycin were found that lead to lesions of the myocardium and formation of
      chronic cardiopathy. The authors discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to
      deterioration of the contractile function of the myocardium, reduction of the
      stroke volume and reorganization of the central hemodynamics according to the
      hypokinetic type. Echocardiography allowed to reveal early signs of involvement
      of the myocardium and to institute early treatment effecting different links of
      pathogenesis and increase the efficiency of acute leucosis therapy.

PMID- 1803748
TI  - [The characteristics of the humoral interaction of lymphocytes with neutrophilic
      granulocytes of the peripheral blood in patients with chronic lympholeukemia
      under the influence of Proper-Myl].
AB  - A study of 32 patients with chronic lympholeucosis (CL) revealed a reduction of
      the number of phagocytosing neutrophil granulocytes and a reduction of production
      of humoral mediators by lymphocytes that stimulated the phagocytic function of
      granulocytes. It is shown that treatment by usually used cytostatic agents did
      not essentially effect the investigated values. Inclusion of proper-myl in the
      treatment course of patients with chronic lympholeucosis furthered increase of
      the number of phagocytosing neutrophil granulocytes and an increased production
      of humoral mediator stimulating the phagocytic activity of granulocytes.

PMID- 1803750
TI  - [Pharmacological action on antiviral resistance in patients with acute
      pneumonia].
AB  - A study of 30 patients suffering of acute pneumonia indicates that the
      development of acute pneumonia occurs against the background of disorders of the
      functional activity of monocytes with prevalent reduction of the functional
      activity of phagocytosis and inhibition of the unspecific cellular antiviral
      resistance. Leucocytic interferon sharply activates phagocytosis. The number of
      phagocytic cells and activity of phagocytosis reduced and the number of virus
      involved immunocompetent cells increased under the effect of antibiotics.

PMID- 1803751
TI  - [The characteristics of the clinical course of digestive organ diseases in
      persons subjected to ionizing radiation exposure resulting from the accident at
      the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].
AB  - Results of a study of 1905 persons are reported. Of them 1775 showed diseases of
      the digestive organs. Among them were were 275 who were subjected to the effect
      of ionizing radiation. In these 275 patients the most frequent pathology were
      erosive lesions of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, gastroesophageal reflux,
      esophagitis. There was a dependence of the onset of the disease and stay in the
      disaster Zone. The disease was accompanied by a stable T-cellular
      immunodeficiency that exacerbated the course of the disease. It is recommended to
      include immunocorrectors in the complex therapy of these diseases.

PMID- 1803752
TI  - [Placental histogenesis and the cardiotoxic effect in rat progeny under the
      influence of the synthetic pyrethroid Decis].
AB  - A study is presented of the placenta histogenesis and development of cardiotoxic
      effect in rat progeny under the effect of the synthetic pyrethroid decis. The
      drug was introduced to pregnant animals perorally in 1/20 and 1/100 LD50 doses
      during the critical periods of neonatal development. Morphological disorders were
      revealed as well as a reduction of enzymatic activity (OP, SDG) in the placenta
      and ultrastructural and histochemical disorders of these enzymes in the
      myocardium of the progeny at different periods of ontogenesis. The revealed
      changes evidence the capacity of the pyrethroid decis to penetrate through the
      placental barrier and produce a cardiolesioning effect on the progeny.

PMID- 1803749
TI  - [The diagnostic importance of chronocardiometry in patients with chronic
      inflammatory lung diseases].
AB  - Based on an examination of 14 patients with chronic inflammatory pulmonary
      diseases the authors compared results of a study of the phase structure of the
      cardiac ventricular systole with data of two-dimensional echocardiography. Data
      of phasic analysis of the ventricular systole indicate the presence of several
      phasic syndromes. Hyperdynamia and hypodynamia of the myocardium were most
      frequent syndromes. Results of correlation analysis of the dependence of ejection
      fractions and indices of the ventricular systole structures were not
      significantly interdependent. Thus, results do not confirm diagnostic value of
      ventricular systole phase structure in assessment of the contractile function of
      the myocardium in patients with chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 1803753
TI  - [Drug-induced lesions of the kidneys as the initial stage of occupational
      pathology in workers in the tableting shop of a chemopharmaceutical association].

PMID- 1803754
TI  - [The methodology of thermal diagnostic study].
AB  - The authors analyze existing methods of thermodiagnosis. They discuss the
      possible ways of increasing the independence of this method in informative valid
      diagnosis. It is recommended to carry out total thermographic examination of
      patients and the use of methods of active thermography.

PMID- 1803755
TI  - [The regulatory function of the hemato-encephalic barrier in bacterial
      meningoencephalitis].
AB  - The author studied the permeation of the blood brain barrier to metals in 70
      patients depending on the severity and terms of meningoencephalitis. It is shown
      that use of the probability-statistical analysis of the quantitative content of
      metals in in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid allows to fix the regimen of the
      blood brain barrier work from initial manifestations of functional insufficiency
      up to disorders of regulatory mechanisms and their metabolism.

PMID- 1803756
TI  - [The treatment of hypertension patients with electromagnetic and magnetic
      fields].

PMID- 1803757
TI  - [The diagnostic and treatment characteristics of cardiac arrhythmias in patients
      with the premature ventricular excitation syndrome].
AB  - Studied were 24 patients with the syndrome of premature excitation of the
      ventricles. In 18 of them transesophageal electrophysiological examination was
      carried out. Reciprocal paroxysmal tachycardia was revealed in 16 patients
      (orthodromic form--in 14, antidromic--in 2 patients). Cardiac fibrillation with a
      cardiac contraction rate of 320-340 per minute was noted in 2 patients.
      Difficulties are noted in the differential diagnosis of antidromic form with
      ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and risk of development of ventricular
      fibrillation in auricular fibrillation. The authors propose a method of diagnosis
      of latent forms of the syndrome of premature excitation of the ventricles using
      short-term pharmacological block of atrioventricular conduction in intravenous
      administration of ATP.

PMID- 1803758
TI  - [The efficacy of foridon in treating stenocardia patients].
AB  - A study is presented of the effect of a new native calcium antagonist foridon on
      the course of the disease central and peripheral hemodynamics, fatty metabolism,
      lipid peroxidation intensity, activity of ceruloplasmin and catalase, iron and
      chromium saturation of transferrin, content of cyclic nucleotides in
      thrombocytes, the state of cellular immunity and the number of circulating immune
      complex in 30 patients with advancing and stable exertion stenocardia (control-
      30 analogous patients treated by phynoptin and corinfar). It was established that
      foridon produced a positive effect on the intensity of the pain syndrome,
      hemodynamics, degree of lipid peroxidation, content of cyclic nucleotides and
      immune status of stenocardia patients.

PMID- 1803759
TI  - [Lesions of the digestive tract resulting from taking drug agents].

PMID- 1803760
TI  - [Millimeter-range electromagnetic waves in the treatment of patients with
      cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 1803761
TI  - [The pathomorphological changes in the parietal pleura in exudative pleurisy].

PMID- 1803762
TI  - [The prognostic significance of the protein composition of the gastric juice in
      peptic ulcer].
AB  - A study of 100 patients was done with the purpose of determining the prognostic
      value of the protein composition and coefficient of defense (ratio of mucus
      protein composition and coefficient of defense (ratio of mucus protein
      concentration to proteolytic activity) of the gastric juice and possibility of
      their use for evaluation of the severity of duodenal ulcer. Results indicate that
      changes of the protein composition and coefficient of defense of the gastric
      juice have a prognostic significance for determination of the severity of
      duodenal ulcer and appearance of complications. Discriminant functions allow to
      predict the further course of duodenal ulcer with a 70-80% precision.

PMID- 1803763
TI  - [Electrostimulation in the treatment of circulatory cephalalgia].

PMID- 1803764
TI  - [The detection of antibodies to HIV protein p24 in human blood sera by the method
      of lanthanide immunofluorescent analysis].
AB  - A competitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) system for the detection
      of antibodies to protein p24 of HIV was developed on the basis of monoclonal
      antibodies. The advantages of this test system over analogous enzyme immunoassay
      system and commercial test system "Antigen" (USSR) were demonstrated. The newly
      developed test system of TR-FIA was used for examination of sera from HIV
      infected persons.

PMID- 1803765
TI  - [A study of sera positive and doubtful for antibodies to the human
      immunodeficiency virus for the presence of HTLV-I-specific antibodies].
AB  - The results of examinations for the presence of antibody to HTLV-I of 205 sera
      which were positive or indefinite (doubtful) with regard to HIV are presented. No
      evidence indicating simultaneous infection with HIV and HTLV-I viruses in 18 HIV
      positive subjects was obtained. Antibodies to gag-proteins p19 and p28 HTLV-I
      were detected in one serum showing primary reactivity in screening for HIV
      antibodies. Problems of HIV and HTLV-I occurrence and sensitivity of screening
      test systems are discussed.

PMID- 1803766
TI  - [A comparative study of the inoculation properties of live recombinant and
      inactivated influenza vaccines made from strain A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2) in 8-
      to 15-year-old children].
AB  - This study was carried out to compare reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and
      efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines prepared from
      influenza A/Philippines/2/82-like virus strains. Schoolchildren of a boarding
      school of Moscow were randomly divided into three groups: (1) vaccinated with a
      live attenuated vaccine, (2) vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine, and
      (3) given placebo. Both vaccines were well tolerated by the children, with
      practically no severe general or local reactions. The inactivated vaccine was
      found to be superior to the live one in its capacity to stimulate humoral
      immunity studied by HI, EIA, and microneutralization tests. In 69.7% of the
      children given the inactivated vaccine, seroconversion to the vaccine strain was
      detected by two or three methods of antibody titration used. Only 35.4%
      seroconversions were demonstrated in children immunized with the live influenza
      vaccine. Enzyme immunoassay was found to be a more sensitive but less specific
      method for antibody titration as compared with HI test whereas
      microneutralization proved to be more specific but less sensitive for titration
      of antibodies to influenza A (H3N2) viruses.

PMID- 1803767
TI  - [A comparative study of the protective properties of live recombinant and
      inactivated influenza vaccines made from strain A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2) in 8-
      to 15-year-old children].
AB  - A limited controlled comparative study for the evaluation of the epidemiological
      efficacy of live recombinant and inactivated virion vaccines from
      A/Philippines/2/82-like strains of influenza A (H3N2) virus was carried out in
      schoolchildren of 8 to 15 years of age. During the influenza epidemic of 1987
      1988 caused by influenza A/Sichuan/2/87 (H3N2)-like strains and by influenza B
      virus in 8.2-17% of cases, a statistically significant efficacy index for live
      influenza vaccine was 1.8 for the laboratory confirmed A (H3N2) cases. In the
      group vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine the number of serologically
      diagnosed A (H3N2) cases was 1.6 times lower than in the group receiving placebo,
      this difference being statistically significant. Thus, under the conditions of
      significant difference in the antigenic structure of the vaccine and epidemic A
      (H3N2) strains, both vaccines produced some diminished but statistically
      significant preventive effect in vaccinated children although its level was below
      the optimal. Revaccination of some children with a live influenza vaccine from a
      new A/Sichuan/2/87-like variant of A (H3N2) virus in the autumn of 1988 with
      reisolation of the vaccine strain also revealed the presence of some, though
      weak, resistance to this strain in the children vaccinated with both vaccines.

PMID- 1803768
TI  - [The antigenic and biological properties of influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated
      in the USSR and the Czechoslovak Federal Republic in 1988-1989].
AB  - A comparative study of influenza A (H1N1) virus strains isolated in one epidemic
      season (1988-1989) in neighbouring countries was carried out. Using polyclonal
      and monoclonal antibodies, some of the isolates were shown to have different
      antigenic and biological properties which probably determined the different
      intensity of the epidemic situation in the USSR and CzSFR in 1988-1989.

PMID- 1803769
TI  - [The effect of detergents on the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of
      the isolated M1 protein of the influenza virus].
AB  - The degree of solubility of influenza virus protein M1 preparations isolated from
      virions by acid chloroform-methanol extraction was studied under the effect of a
      wide spectrum of detergents of different origin. The same detergents were used
      for solution of a lipid comprising a part of artificially formed liposomes. Only
      some of the detergents used (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, triton X-100, and
      disintegron-B) were shown to be optimal for solution of both influenza virus
      protein M1 and lipid. The degree of effect on the immunochemical properties of
      protein ML isolated from influenza virus virion of the above-mentioned detergents
      optimal for solution was also studied. For this purpose, a panel of 18 monoclonal
      antibodies with different determinant specificity to protein M1 was used. Two of
      the three detergents (SDS and disintegron-B) were shown not to change the
      antigenic profile of protein M1. The immunochemical properties of protein M1 of
      influenza virus isolated from virions by two methods: chloroform-methanol
      extraction and preparative polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis, were studied.
      These two methods of protein M1 isolation were shown not to alter its
      immunochemical properties.

PMID- 1803770
TI  - [The effect of different factors on the reproduction of influenza viruses and
      reassortants in cell cultures].
AB  - The influence of the maintenance medium, polyethylene glycol (PEG), DEAE-dextran,
      and low temperature on reproduction of influenza A, B, and C viruses and their
      reassortants in diploid and continuous cell cultures was determined. Lowering of
      pH in the maintenance medium to 6.5 was found to decrease reproduction of
      influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses and increase that of influenza B viruses.
      Treatment of cells with PEG solution increased the yield of influenza B and C but
      not A viruses. However, influenza A virus strains proved to be capable of
      producing infectious progeny in nonpermissive cell lines treated with PEG.
      Addition of DEAE-dextran to the medium exerted no effect on the infectivity of
      influenza A and B reassortants. Moreover, infection of MDCK cells after a "cold
      shock" led to an increase in hemagglutinin titres in influenza A reassortants.

PMID- 1803771
TI  - [Interepidemic influenza in Bulgaria based on laboratory research data].
AB  - During the interepidemic periods of 34 years (1955-1988) the National Influenza
      Centre of Bulgaria with the aid of 11 supporting stations investigated a total of
      27240 nasopharyngeal washings and 42530 paired sera of patients with acute
      respiratory diseases. Eighty strains of subtype A (H1N1) influenza virus, 60
      strains of subtype a (H2N2), 148 strains of subtype A (H3N2), 3 strains of
      subtype A (Heg2, Neg2), 2 strains of subtype A (Hsw1N1), 14 strains of type B,
      and 6 strains of type C were isolated. Serologically positive results for
      influenza were observed in 12.65% for influenza type A virus, 3.83% for type B,
      and 1.78% for type C (on the whole in 18.26%). The data obtained enable to
      recommend that practicing physicians should not hesitate to make the diagnosis of
      influenza during the interepidemic periods on the basis of sufficient clinical
      and especially epidemiological data and should actively try to get the laboratory
      verification of the preliminary diagnosis.

PMID- 1803772
TI  - [The purification and concentration of the rabies virus by a diafiltration
      concentration method].
AB  - Purified concentrates of rabies virus were prepared by both microfiltration
      chromatography and diafiltration methods. The diafiltration concentrate had a
      high level of protective activity and was not inferior to the microfiltration
      chromatographic one. The infectious activity was better retained after
      diafiltration, the chromatographic purity of both preparations was similar. It is
      concluded that diafiltration presents a good alternative to the currently used
      methods for purification and concentration of viruses.

PMID- 1803773
TI  - [The interaction of monoclonal antibodies to the structural proteins of the
      Vnukovo-32 vaccinal virus with other viruses of the rabies group].
AB  - The interaction of 7 monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to the nucleocapsid complex and
      3 MCA to protein G of the vaccine virus Vnukovo-32 with 33 and 27 members of the
      rabies virus group, respectively, was studied. The indirect immunofluorescence
      test showed 7 MCA to the nucleocapsid complex to recognize 4 antigenic
      determinants (AD). Two MCA recognized the AD common for all the viruses under
      study. Individual ecological variants may be detected using other MCA. Three MCA
      to protein G had marked virus-neutralizing activity. MCA 1C5 neutralized all the
      rabies viruses under study. The other two MCA differed in the number of viruses
      they could neutralize. The viruses under study were divided into 4 groups
      depending on their interactions with certain MCA in neutralization test.

PMID- 1803774
TI  - [Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies simulating the biological effects of human
      alpha-interferons].
AB  - The method of somatic hybridization was used to generate a panel of hybridomas
      producing monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (mono-Ai-Ab) imitating biological
      effects of human alpha-interferons (hIF-alpha). Induction of syngeneic anti
      idiotypic antibodies in BALB/c mice was achieved with monoclonal antibodies (MCA)
      IF-39 capable of neutralizing three kinds of hIF-alpha (lymphoblastoid,
      leukocyte, genetic-engineering). The screening of mono-Ai-Ab was done by
      determinations of antiviral activity (AV-activity) of supernatants from growing
      hybrid cell cultures caused by the cytopathic effect of 10-100 doses of mouse
      encephalomyocarditis virus (MEMC) by a micromethod in Vero cells grown in 96-well
      plates. Mono-Ai-Ab were found to neutralize MCA IF-39 and not to bind with
      immunosorbent of staphylococcal reagent containing protein A and BALB/c mouse
      immunoglobulins. It was shown that mono-Ai-Ab possessed AV-activity against MEMC
      and vesicular stomatitis viruses and were not inferior in this activity to
      commercial preparations of leukocyte IF-alpha. Mono-Ai-Ab had tissue species
      specificity triggering the mechanism of AV-activity in human and simian cells as
      well as bovine kidney cells (MDVK line) imitating hIF-alpha in this effect.

PMID- 1803775
TI  - [The effect of exogenous interferon on the in vitro production of alpha- and
      gamma-interferon by the lymphocytes of patients with respiratory papillomatosis].
AB  - The influence of various interferon concentrations in vitro on alpha- and gamma
      interferon production by lymphocytes of children suffering from respiratory
      papillomatosis was studied for optimization of interferon therapy. Most of the
      children with clinical improvement after interferon treatment showed proportional
      dependence of alpha-interferon production upon exogenous interferon
      concentrations and stability of gamma-interferon production. In children without
      clinical improvement, initial production of both interferons was reduced
      significantly in the absence of IF in the medium, but no changes occurred when
      exogenous interferon was present in the medium. The test proposed here may be
      used for the determination of patients' sensitivity to interferon and for
      individualization of interferon treatment schedules in other long-lasting
      recurrent diseases.

PMID- 1803776
TI  - [Natural killer activity in respiratory papillomatosis and its changes after
      interferon treatment].
AB  - A method to determine changes in the activity of natural killers (NK) in
      treatment of juvenile respiratory papillomatosis in children and correlation with
      the clinical course of the disease was developed and studies with whole blood
      specimens were carried out before interferon (IF) treatment and after it.
      Initially high levels of NK activity and their subsequent decline were observed
      in the cases where IF treatment had no effect, whereas initially low levels with
      subsequent increase after treatment or normal levels remaining unchanged in the
      course of treatment were typical of the patients manifesting some clinical effect
      of the treatment. These studies confirm the possibility of the modulating effect
      of IF, and the method may be used in mass surveys and working with children.

PMID- 1803777
TI  - [The demonstration of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by the method
      of indirect lanthanide immunofluorescent analysis].
AB  - A test system of indirect time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) was developed
      and tested on an alpha-virus, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. The
      indirect TR-FIA test system was shown to be highly effective in the detection of
      antigens of this virus. Not differing in specificity from the direct TR-FIA, the
      newly developed test system was 4 times as sensitive.

PMID- 1803778
TI  - [The immunity generated in white rats vaccinated with strains of the Venezuelan
      equine encephalomyelitis virus].
AB  - The existence of virulence gradient in the main members of Venezuelan equine
      encephalomyelitis virus complex (VEE) was established by subcutaneous inoculation
      of immunologically competent outbred rats weighing 50-70 g. The virulence of the
      strains may be judged by a parameter such as the weight of the animal in 5 or 10
      days after inoculation. The highest degree of protection was observed in the
      animals immunized with strain 15, the least in those immunized with strain 230.
      The above results indicate that adult white rats may be used as a model for the
      evaluation of the efficacy of protective preparations against viruses of the VEE
      complex.

PMID- 1803779
TI  - [A comparative study of the immunological indices in guinea pigs administered an
      inactivated Marburg virus].
AB  - Samples of concentrated and unconcentrated preparations of Marburg virus were
      studied. The ultrafiltration method helped increase the specific protein content
      and decrease the common protein content in a preparation. The resistance index
      increased with an increase of the specific protein content and the maximum (2.63
      +/- 0.2) was reached by two immunizations on 0 and 14 days.

PMID- 1803780
TI  - [Thermophilic eukaryotic cell cultures].
AB  - Thermophilic clones of lymphoblastoid cell cultures Namalwa were generated and
      found to be capable of life and reproduction at a temperature of 60 degrees C.
      The reproductive dynamics, cytology, and ultrastructure of these clones were
      studied.

PMID- 1803781
TI  - [The interference characteristics of adenovirus serotypes 3 and 7].

PMID- 1803782
TI  - [The cultivation of the vaccinal rabies virus in continuous green monkey cell
      lines].

PMID- 1803783
TI  - [The experimental and clinical treatment of herpetic stomatitis with Pandavir].

PMID- 1803784
TI  - [The sensitivity of different experimental animals to the Marburg virus].

PMID- 1803785
TI  - [The sensitivity of different cell culture lines to the Marburg virus].

PMID- 1803786
TI  - Comparison of steady-state serum concentrations of digoxin in tablets (Lanoxin)
      and capsules (Lanoxicaps) in the elderly.
AB  - The bioavailability of digoxin in solution (Lanoxicaps, 90-100 percent) is
      superior to that of Lanoxin tablets (60-80 percent) in young healthy volunteers.
      The alleged bioequivalence of digoxin in tablets (Lanoxin 0.25, 0.125 mg) and
      capsules (Lanoxicaps 0.2, 0.1 mg) was studied in 20 elderly inpatients (14 women,
      6 men, aged 84 +/- 5 years), treated with digoxin for atrial fibrillation. In a
      crossover design, steady-state digoxin concentrations were measured in 16
      patients after once-daily administration of Lanoxin 0.125 mg or Lanoxicaps 0.1
      mg, each for at least ten days. Four other patients took Lanoxin 0.25 mg and
      Lanoxicaps 0.2 mg successively. The steady-state digoxin concentrations were
      statistically significantly different, being 1.3 +/- 0.5 nmol/L for Lanoxin and
      0.9 +/- 0.4 nmol/L for Lanoxicaps (p = 0.003). Whereas in young healthy
      volunteers the bioavailability of digoxin from Lanoxicaps (90-100 percent)
      exceeds that from Lanoxin (80 percent), in elderly patients the absorption
      appears to be similar. This suggests a lower than expected bioavailability of
      Lanoxicaps, which may result in subtherapeutic serum concentrations.

PMID- 1803787
TI  - Monitoring serum digoxin concentrations during digoxin immune Fab therapy.
AB  - Measurement of serum digoxin concentrations (SDCs) is used routinely in the
      diagnosis of digoxin toxicity. Following administration of the antidote, digoxin
      immune antigen binding fragments (Fab), SDC monitoring is hampered by assay
      related problems because of the presence of Fab in the serum. Recent evidence has
      suggested several available methods to monitor free SDC during Fab therapy. This
      report describes the utility of monitoring free SDC following Fab administration.
      Free SDCs were obtained using an ultrafiltration and fluorescence polarization
      immunoassay system in three patients over periods of up to 204 hours after Fab
      administration. In each case, the decline in free SDC was temporally related to
      the resolution of digoxin toxicity; in one case, digoxin intoxication recurred
      and was associated with a rebound increase in free SDC. In addition to the
      therapeutic benefits, prospective monitoring of free SDC in two of the patients
      also may have resulted in cost savings secondary to reduced hospital stay or less
      use of Fab.

PMID- 1803788
TI  - Mathematical examination of dual individualization principles (I): Relationships
      between AUC above MIC and area under the inhibitory curve for cefmenoxime,
      ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin.
AB  - Traditional antibiotic dosage adjustments target predetermined serum
      concentrations, whereas a host of in vitro studies and recent clinical trials
      establish that bacteria vary in their susceptibility. Dual individualization,
      which considers the variance in both antibiotic pharmacokinetics and bacterial
      susceptibility, has been employed to describe different rates of bacterial
      eradication in relation to varying serum concentrations. In patients with
      nosocomial pneumonia, one of the model compounds studied was cefmenoxime, where a
      target six-hour area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) of 140
      micrograms.h/mL above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was previously
      associated with bacterial eradication in an average of four days. The target AUC
      value of 140 micrograms.h/mL above MIC is unique to cefmenoxime. Ideally, there
      should be a dual individualized target useful to adjust the dose of any
      antibiotic. Computer simulations performed to evaluate this hypothesis suggested
      that each antibiotic had a unique value for target AUC above MIC. These
      simulations indicated that an optimal AUC above MIC was about 80 percent of the
      total AUC above the MIC. Predictable rates of bacterial eradication would
      presumably result from maintaining these relationships across the range of
      bacterial susceptibility and the range of serum concentration profiles. Each
      antibiotic has a unique and different 24-hour AUC over MIC value associated with
      bacterial eradication in 4 days. For cefmenoxime, the target was 540 area units
      over MIC per 24 hours, tobramycin with 34 area units, and ciprofloxacin with 23
      area units per 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803789
TI  - Retrospective evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia use in a large teaching
      institution.
AB  - Because of a significant increase in the number of patients receiving patient
      controlled analgesia (PCA) therapy at our institution, we conducted a review of
      PCA use. Our objectives were to determine if a PCA recording document (monitoring
      form) could be used to identify potential problems associated with PCA therapy
      and to identify measures that could be taken to improve analgesic therapy with
      this method of administration. The PCA recording document for each patient was
      reviewed retrospectively to identify patients suspected of having problems with
      the therapy. Three criteria addressing duration of therapy, change in prescribed
      narcotic, and respiratory rate were used to evaluate PCA therapy. The standard
      was set at 100 percent. Complete patient records were reviewed for those patients
      not meeting the standard to determine whether problems actually existed. PCA
      recording documents were reviewed for 518 patients. Sixty-one patients did not
      meet the standard. Of these 61 patients, 41 (67.2 percent) were found to have
      problems with PCA therapy. Suspected adverse reactions occurred in 27 of these 41
      patients and 14 experienced inadequate pain control. Nausea and vomiting were the
      most prevalent adverse reactions. Our results indicate that PCA therapy is
      discontinued in many patients because of inadequate pain relief and suspected
      narcotic-induced nausea and vomiting. To improve analgesic therapy, clinicians
      should be reeducated regarding ways to optimize analgesic therapy, and a
      prospective PCA monitoring service should be considered.

PMID- 1803790
TI  - Comparison and evaluation of nine bibliographic databases concerning adverse drug
      reactions.
AB  - Few evaluations and statistical comparisons of bibliographic databases have been
      published. As a drug information center, we were particularly interested in
      databases providing references on adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Ten drugs were
      randomly chosen from the 2000 files at our center. Nine databases were selected
      according to the high frequency of references concerning ADRs: eight online
      systems (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, TOXLINE, Iowa Drug Information System, PASCAL, EMBASE,
      PHARMLINE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts [IPA]), and one Compact
      Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) system (Core MEDLINE). The total number of
      references, the number of references from 1987 to 1989, and the number of
      relevant references from 1987 to 1989 were analyzed using the Friedman two-way
      ANOVA by ranks. The overlap between databases for only one drug, carboplatin, and
      the quality:cost ratio were also studied. Considering the total number of
      references, TOXLINE and EMBASE were significantly superior to IPA, PHARMLINE,
      PASCAL, and Core MEDLINE. For the period 1987-1989, EMBASE was significantly
      superior to PASCAL, IPA, PHARMLINE, and Core MEDLINE with regard to total number
      of references, and significantly superior to PASCAL, Core MEDLINE, and IPA with
      regard to relevance. MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and EMBASE had the best quality:cost
      ratio. EMBASE had the slightest overlap of references, with 53 percent of the
      unique references on carboplatin. This comparative evaluation showed that the
      ability of bibliographic databases to provide information on ADRs is dependent on
      both the size and the quality of each database.

PMID- 1803791
TI  - Suspected central nervous system toxicity from inadvertent nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug overdose.
AB  - This case illustrates a severe adverse reaction of the central nervous system
      involving a moderate overdose of diclofenac sodium along with therapeutic dosages
      of indomethacin and ibuprofen. Our patient became disoriented, hallucinated, lost
      consciousness, and suffered respiratory arrest after ingesting five diclofenac
      tablets (375 mg total), two ibuprofen tablets (400 mg total), and one
      indomethacin capsule (75 mg). Aggressive supportive therapy was instituted and
      the patient improved. She was awake, alert, and extubated in less than 24 hours
      with no serious sequelae.

PMID- 1803792
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome possibly caused by molindone hydrochloride.
AB  - The case of a patient who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) on three
      separate occasions is presented. Her third bout of this syndrome possibly was
      caused by molindone hydrochloride. This medication has been reported only once
      previously to cause NMS. The pharmacology of molindone is reviewed and a
      complicating factor in this case--the recent onset of hypothyroidism--is
      discussed together with its implication in the development of the clinical
      manifestations of this syndrome.

PMID- 1803793
TI  - Brachial plexus palsy with the use of haloperidol and a geriatric chair.
AB  - An 81-year-old white man was admitted to an intermediate care facility because of
      increased wandering and confusion secondary to dementia. On the first day after
      admission, the patient tried to leave the facility and was hitting and kicking
      the employees. Haloperidol 0.5 mg tid was prescribed to help control his
      behavior. He became more agitated and confused; haloperidol was then increased to
      1 mg qid and the patient was confined to a geriatric chair to prevent injuries.
      Cogwheel movements, rigidity, and marked sedation were documented. A right
      brachial plexus palsy was diagnosed. This case demonstrated the hazards of two
      commonly used interventions in a nursing home: antipsychotic agents and the
      geriatric chair.

PMID- 1803794
TI  - Long-term, low-dose aspirin is safe in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      deficiency.
AB  - Forty-four patients with Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G
      6-PD) deficiency receiving long-term, low-dose aspirin were monitored over three
      months for evidence of hemolysis. Complete blood count, reticulocyte count and
      serum bilirubin were normal in all patients before treatment and upon periodic
      retesting. We conclude that there is sufficient current evidence to remove the
      hemolytic stigma of aspirin in G-6-PD deficiency, thereby establishing its safety
      for long-term therapy in this condition.

PMID- 1803795
TI  - Verapamil as migraine prophylaxis.

PMID- 1803796
TI  - Caffeine in electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 1803797
TI  - Activated charcoal and acetylcysteine absorption: issues in interpreting
      pharmacokinetic data.
AB  - Studies determining the effects of activated charcoal on drug absorption
      frequently use area under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve or drug
      and metabolite recovery in the urine as endpoints. The considerations in using
      these endpoints is presented using studies that have evaluated the effects of
      activated charcoal on acetylcysteine absorption. Acetylcysteine's
      pharmacokinetics, quantitation of plasma concentrations, and the lack of an
      identifiable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship all contribute to the
      difficulties in determining whether activated charcoal inhibits the oral
      absorption of acetylcysteine, or alters acetylcysteine's efficacy in treating
      acetaminophen overdoses. The results of these studies should be interpreted
      cautiously, with consideration of internal and external study validity.

PMID- 1803798
TI  - Intravenous dipyridamole: use in thallous chloride TL 201 stress imaging.
AB  - An intravenous form of dipyridamole has been approved for cardiac stress testing
      with thallous chloride Tl 201 (201Tl) imaging. The procedure provides an
      alternative method for stress testing of patients who cannot perform strenuous
      physical exercise because of physical limitations or those in the immediate
      postinfarction period. Dipyridamole simulates the physiologic effects of physical
      exercise by increasing adenosine concentrations, which in turn increases coronary
      blood flow. Dipyridamole maximizes the differences in uptake of radioactive
      thallium in myocardial regions supplied by normal coronary arteries and those
      distal to stenosed arteries where blood flow is reduced. The sensitivity and
      specificity of dipyridamole-201Tl stress imaging for the detection of coronary
      disease are comparable to those of traditional exercise-201Tl stress testing. The
      intravenous dipyridamole usually is well tolerated, and the majority of adverse
      effects can be reversed with the administration of aminophylline.

PMID- 1803799
TI  - Pegademase bovine: replacement therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency
      disease.
AB  - Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) represents a syndrome characterized by
      abnormal function of cellular and humoral immunity. Of the various types of SCID,
      approximately one-fourth are associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA)
      deficiency. Treatment consists of bone marrow transplantation, red blood cell
      transfusions, enzyme replacement, and, more recently, gene therapy. Pegademase
      bovine is the sole agent available for enzyme replacement therapy of SCID
      associated with ADA deficiency. The drug is administered intramuscularly to
      infants from birth and to children of any age at time of diagnosis. At present,
      few adverse effects or drug interactions have been documented. Although it is
      expensive (approximately $60,000 annually), pegademase bovine offers an
      alternative to standard means of therapy.

PMID- 1803800
TI  - Reducing time delays in the administration of thrombolytic therapy to patients
      with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The extent of myocardial damage occurring during acute myocardial infarction is
      time dependent. Current approaches designed to reduce the time between symptom
      onset and the initiation of thrombolytic therapy have focused on increasing
      public awareness of the need to seek prompt medical attention, prehospital
      administration of thrombolytic agents, and reducing inhospital delays in
      initiation of therapy. Results from short-term, public awareness campaigns
      suggest that patient delays in seeking medical assistance can be reduced in some
      communities; however, these campaigns do not influence overall patient use of
      emergency rooms and emergency transport services. In addition, the long-term
      benefit of media campaigns has not been demonstrated. Prehospital thrombolytic
      therapy appears to be feasible and safe in certain communities, but definite
      therapeutic benefit of the small time savings realized in studies to date has not
      been seen. Even if prehospital thrombolysis is proven to benefit selected
      patients, it will not affect the large number of patients who choose not to use
      emergency medical transport services. Adherence to established protocols designed
      to facilitate rapid institution of thrombolytic therapy can reduce inhospital
      delays. Initiating thrombolytic therapy within 30 minutes of patient arrival in
      the emergency department is a goal that should be readily achievable in today's
      healthcare environment.

PMID- 1803801
TI  - Therapeutic strategies for myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a complex autoimmune neurologic disorder of unknown
      etiology, characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness most commonly
      involving the muscles of the head, neck, and upper extremities. Autoantibodies
      directed against acetylcholine receptors on the postjunctional membrane decrease
      the numbers of functional acetylcholine receptors and cause membrane alterations,
      resulting in neuromuscular transmission failure. Diagnosis is established by
      history and physical examination, the "Tensilon Test," and acetylcholine receptor
      antibody titers. Treatment modalities include drug therapy, thymectomy, and
      plasmapheresis. The drugs most commonly employed are anticholinesterases,
      corticosteroids, and immuno-suppressive agents. Cyclosporine and intravenous
      immunoglobulin are promising investigational treatments. The purpose of the
      article is to review current concepts in the pathophysiology, immunopathology,
      diagnosis, and treatment of MG. Special emphasis is placed on the autoimmune form
      of the disease and the drugs employed in its management. Standard regimens as
      well as some experimental treatment modalities are reviewed.

PMID- 1803802
TI  - Carbamazepine dosing for pediatric seizure disorders: the highs and lows.
AB  - Carbamazepine (CBZ) has become a commonly used antiepileptic agent in the
      pediatric population. It is considered a drug of choice for not only partial
      seizures but also for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Although this
      agent is very effective, regulation of serum drug concentrations can sometimes be
      problematic in children. CBZ elimination is more rapid in children, necessitating
      the need for higher mg/kg doses than are commonly employed in adults. The
      accumulation of the pharmacologically active metabolite carbamazepine-10,11
      epoxide is often higher in children due to more rapid conversion of the parent
      compound and may elicit either a better therapeutic response or neurotoxicities.
      CBZ absorption can also be somewhat altered in children and may be related in
      part to the dosage form used in small children. This article is intended to
      discuss some of the obstacles that may be encountered in CBZ therapy in children
      and to offer suggestions for improved therapy with this agent.

PMID- 1803803
TI  - Characteristics of medication errors in pediatrics.
AB  - A six-month prospective study was carried out by 16 poison control centers in
      France to assess the epidemiology of medication errors in pediatrics. In this
      study, 1108 medication errors were analyzed. Mean population age was 3.2 years
      (median 2 years, range 3 days-15 years), and 30 percent of the children were
      under 1 year of age. The most frequent error characteristics were family
      responsibility, 87 percent (a member of the patient's family most often committed
      the error in medication use); parental prescribing decision, 31.5 percent
      (medication administered to the child by the parents without medical consultation
      or the advice of a pharmacist); incorrect execution of the prescription by the
      parents, 30 percent (error in dispensing, route of administration, etc.); oral
      forms, 52 percent (errors occurred most frequently with oral as opposed to other
      forms); incorrect dosage, 31.5 percent; and drug error, 30 percent (the drug
      dispensed was not the one prescribed). Iatrogenic injury occurred in 186 patients
      (17 percent) and 161 were hospitalized (15 percent). The majority of these were
      for surveillance only. The clinical outcome caused by medication error was
      unfavorable in two cases. The types of drugs most frequently misused included
      morphinic cough suppressants (9.5 percent), salicylates (9.1 percent), and ear,
      nose, and throat drops (9 percent); 459 proprietary medicines were specified.
      Prevention of medication errors should involve certain main requirements:
      formulations and package instructions specific to pediatric patients to ensure
      appropriateness and accuracy, detailed information given to patients by
      physicians and pharmacists about their prescriptions, and more public information
      concerning the risks of remedies or medication administered to children by
      parents who do not seek medical advice.

PMID- 1803804
TI  - Academic pharmacy practice and research.

PMID- 1803805
TI  - Pharmacist-physician interaction: a battle of genes.

PMID- 1803806
TI  - Annual Rho Chi Lecture. Progress and problems: a personal perspective.

PMID- 1803807
TI  - Erythromycin-induced agranulocytosis.

PMID- 1803808
TI  - Acute pancreatitis associated with roxithromycin therapy.

PMID- 1803809
TI  - Meperidine-induced taste alteration.

PMID- 1803810
TI  - Adverse effects of maternal lorazepam on neonates.

PMID- 1803811
TI  - Evaluation of generic-brand name knowledge.

PMID- 1803812
TI  - Drug company influence.

PMID- 1803813
TI  - Comment: Ranitidine does not inhibit theophylline metabolism.

PMID- 1803814
TI  - Comment: Origins of clinical pharmacy.

PMID- 1803815
TI  - Structure of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum: localization of ER proteins using
      immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other secretory compartments of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae have biochemical functions that closely parallel those described in
      higher eukaryotic cells, yet the morphology of the yeast organelles is quite
      distinct. In order to associate ER functions with the corresponding cellular
      structures, we localized several proteins, each of which is expected to be
      associated with the ER on the basis of enzymatic activity, biological function,
      or oligosaccharide content. These marker proteins were visualized by
      immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, allowing definition of the S.
      cerevisiae ER structure, both in intact cells and at the ultrastructural level.
      Each marker protein was most abundant within the membranes that envelop the
      nucleus and several were also found in extensions of the ER that frequently
      juxtapose the plasma membrane. Double-labeling experiments were entirely
      consistent with the idea that the marker proteins reside within the same
      compartment. This analysis has permitted, for the first time, a detailed
      characterization of the ER morphology as yeast cells proceed through their growth
      and division cycles.

PMID- 1803816
TI  - The allantoinase (DAL1) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The allantoinase (DAL1) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned,
      sequenced, and found to encode a 472 amino acid protein with a Mr of 52,028. DAL1
      is expressed in an inducer-independent manner in strain M970 (sigma 1278b genetic
      background) and modestly responds to mutation of the dal80 locus. Expression was
      also sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). Correlated with these
      expression characteristics, the upstream region of DAL1 contained five copies of
      a sequence that is homologous to the DAL UASNTR element previously shown to be
      required for transcriptional activation and NCR sensitivity of the DAL5 and DAL7
      genes. Missing from the DAL1 5' flanking region were any sequences with
      significant homology to the DAL7 UIS element required for response to inducer.
      These observations further support the roles of UASNTR and DAL7 UIS in the
      regulation of allantoin pathway gene expression.

PMID- 1803817
TI  - Participation of proteinase yscA in the in vitro formation of the smaller subunit
      of glycogen phosphorylase in extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Analyses by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gradient-gel electrophoresis
      and Western blotting of the proteins from boiled cell samples from all growth
      phases of yeast cultures, and from all stages of extract preparation indicate
      that the smaller subunit (s-monomer), which is found in purified glycogen
      phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from baker's yeast, is not present in the living cell.
      It is observed in extracts of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and S. cerevisiae
      after incubation at ambient temperatures or even after storage in the frozen
      state at -25 degrees C. Its formation is sensitive towards pepstatin A, and it is
      absent from extracts of several mutants of S. cerevisiae that do not contain
      active proteinase yscA (EC 3.4.33.6). When purified proteinase yscA is added to
      the extracts of these mutants, the formation of s-monomer is restored. When the
      proteinase yscA-deficient strains are grown with a reduced amount of complex
      nitrogen compounds, the slightly smaller sc-monomer is formed in their extracts.
      This event must be attributed to a different proteinase, since it is sensitive
      towards p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulphonate, but not towards pepstatin A. The N
      terminal amino acid of the sc-monomer was found to be blocked, as in the case of
      the native l-monomer, but not the s-monomer.

PMID- 1803818
TI  - A high-affinity uptake system for branched-chain amino acids in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - In order to isolate mutants with impaired uptake of branched-chain amino acids,
      mutants were induced which on complex medium were sensitive to an inhibitor of
      branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Eighteen mutants of independent origin
      were found. Ten of them were assayed for branched-chain amino acid uptake. Three
      of these were impaired in the uptake of L-valine, L-isoleucine and L-leucine,
      while the rest were unaffected in uptake of any of the three amino acids.
      Kinetics of the uptake by one selected mutant and the parental strain S288C were
      compared to models for one or two systems obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This
      analysis suggested that a high-affinity system for all three amino acids is
      absent in the mutant, whereas low-affinity uptake of L-isoleucine and L-leucine
      by one or more systems remains unaffected. Moreover, medium-affinity uptake
      components for L-valine and L-leucine, not originally seen in the wild type, were
      identified in the mutant. In the wild type, 10 mM of any of the amino acids L
      alanine, L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tryptophan and L-valine reduce
      uptake of any of the three branched-chain amino acids. We propose that a permease
      responsible for high-affinity uptake of the branched-chain amino acids in strain
      S288C is partially or completely inactive in the mutant. Tetrad analysis shows
      that the phenotype can be ascribed to a single Mendelian gene. The wild-type
      allele is denoted BAP1 for branched-chain amino acid permease. The BAP1-dependent
      system is different from the general amino acid permease.

PMID- 1803820
TI  - Cloning and disruption of the LEU2 gene of Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556.
AB  - The LEU2 gene, coding for beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, of the yeast
      Kluyveromyces marxianus was isolated and sequenced. An open reading frame, coding
      for a protein with a molecular weight of 38 kDa was found. Comparison of the
      deduced amino acid sequence of the LEU2 gene with the corresponding enzymes of
      three other yeasts and two thermophilic bacteria, revealed extensive sequence
      similarities. The cloned gene could complement a leuB mutation of Escherichia
      coli and a leu2 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using orthogonal field
      alternation gel electrophoresis, the genomic copy of the gene was found to be
      located at chromosome VI or VII. Analysis of the 5'-untranslated region indicated
      the presence of a putative binding site for the LEU3 protein, which is involved
      in the leucine-specific regulation of transcription. We show that the cloned gene
      can be used for the construction of a non-reverting K. marxianus leu2 mutant.

PMID- 1803819
TI  - On the level of plasmid-bearing cells in transformed cultures of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - LC1, a YIP5-derived plasmid containing a human DNA fragment with ARS activity in
      yeast, has been used to study the replication of ARS plasmids in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. ARS plasmids carried in yeast hosts are normally mitotically
      unstable. In transformed cultures the fraction of cells that contain plasmid,
      measured by plating on selective media, is lower than would be expected from
      measured rates of plasmid loss. In the case of S. cerevisiae carrying either the
      plasmid LC1 or YRP17, the assay yields values of the order of 10-20% or 30-50%
      respectively. We have found that by doing a double nutritional upshift that
      involves conditioned medium and casamino acids, a population of cells can be
      defined that carry plasmid but are unable to grow on media that select for the
      plasmid marker. Thus the total fraction of cells that can be shown to contain
      plasmid increases to greater than 70%. To distinguish between the inability of
      plasmid to replicate in these cells and lack of expression of the selectable
      gene, cultures grown from single cells were analysed for the presence of plasmid
      DNA. In a substantial fraction of the population, plasmid DNA could be detected
      only by polymerase chain reaction and not by standard blotting and hybridization.
      These results suggest that plasmid is unable to replicate in these cells. Growth
      kinetics experiments with transformed cultures are consistent with the notion
      that only a small fraction of the cells contains plasmid capable of replication
      upon dilution into selective medium. Possible explanations for the phenomena
      observed are discussed.

PMID- 1803821
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of a third cyclophilin-homologous gene from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 1558 bp DNA fragment from the right arm of
      chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains an open reading frame of 954
      nucleotides with coding potential for a protein with high similarity to the
      ubiquitous cyclophilins which are both peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases and
      cyclosporin A-binding proteins. It should, therefore, represent the third gene
      (SCC3) of this kind from S. cerevisiae. SCC3 is present in a single copy in the
      genome of S. cerevisiae and results in a constitutively expressed 1.2 kb
      transcript during cell growth. Its putative protein product (Scc3) contains two
      hydrophobic cores, one at the amino terminal, 20 amino acids long, which could
      serve as a signal peptide, and the other one at the carboxyl end with a structure
      similar to a transmembrane helix. These findings suggest that Scc3 could be a
      secretory or, more likely, a transmembrane protein. The only cyclophilin with
      similar structure to that of Scc3 is ninaA from Drosophila melanogaster, a
      transmembrane protein which seems to be implicated in the correct folding and/or
      intercalation of rhodopsin in the endoplasmic reticulum of the fly photoreceptors
      (Stamnes, M.A. et al., Cell 65, 219-227, 1991). In addition, the amino and the
      carboxy regions of Scc3 and ninaA share a significant level of homology, which
      suggests that they have a similar function, albeit for different target proteins.

PMID- 1803822
TI  - The sequence of a 6.3 kb segment of yeast chromosome III reveals an open reading
      frame coding for a putative mismatch binding protein.
AB  - We report the sequence of a 6.3 kb segment of DNA mapping near the end of the
      right arm of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequence reveals a
      major open reading frame coding for a putative protein of 1047 amino acids with a
      striking similarity to the bacterial proteins involved in recognition of
      mismatched DNA base pairs. This is particularly interesting as the existence of a
      yeast mismatch repair system similar to that of bacteria has been postulated for
      some years, but a yeast protein homologous to the bacterial mismatch binding
      protein had not been identified. The results of a comparison of the putative
      yeast mismatch binding protein with the bacterial mismatch binding proteins and
      with two cognate mammalian sequences, support the idea that a similar mismatch
      repair system may be present also in mammalian cells. The possibility that all of
      these proteins may have evolved from a common ancestral gene is also discussed.

PMID- 1803823
TI  - Therapy of immunologic infertility.
AB  - Infertility afflicts 10-15% of the couples and the incidence is progressively
      increasing. There are many possible causes for infertility, but immunological
      factors are among the most recently proposed causes. Once have ascertained that
      couple's infertility problem is due to sperm antibodies, the next obvious step is
      to attempt some form of therapy. In this paper we review the various classic and
      up-to-date methods of management of immunologic infertility.

PMID- 1803824
TI  - Ultrasonography and blood flow velocity waveform assessment in human fetuses.
AB  - The authors report their experience with the use of ultrasonography and fetal
      blood flow measurement in the evaluation of fetal conditions recording patients
      with previous repeated immunologic abortion (R.I.A.) and with pre-eclampsia. In
      both groups of patients, the two biophysical methods, proved to be extremely
      valuable indicators of the fetal conditions.

PMID- 1803826
TI  - Immunobiomarkers in alloimmune recurrent spontaneous abortion. A reappraisal.
AB  - The Class I gene expression and regulation will be in the near future a main
      topic for studies in the reproductive immunology. Unfortunately at present this
      finding do not provide yet available markers for the diagnostic work-up of
      recurrent abortions. In addition also the study of HLA frequencies in individuals
      affected by recurrent abortions is not providing a clear marker to be utilized
      for clinical purposes. Also the TLX antigen system is submitted to several
      critiques: the antigens have yet to be characterized biochemically. Furthermore
      the blocking activity is not always detected in the serum of women with normal
      pregnancy, as shown in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The Authors conclude,
      on the bases of the biologic evidence, that more effective immunobiomarkers are
      needed to detect a possible pathologic allogenic recognition in recurrent
      aborters.

PMID- 1803827
TI  - Immunology and fertilization.
AB  - The whole fertilization process can be affected by the presence of iso or auto
      antibodies or even Fab fragments against specific antigens involved in
      fertilization like FA1 sperm surface antigen and ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 oocyte surface
      antigens. These knowledges can be used to develop a natural vaccine (FA1 seems to
      be able to inhibit fertilization). The involvement of HLA in the fertilization
      process is still disputed but it is surely involved. Clinical and experimental
      aspects are surveyed.

PMID- 1803825
TI  - Uteroplacental blood flow in pregnant women with hypertension and recurrent
      spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Uterine velocimetry was performed in 13 pregnant women with pregnancy induced
      hypertension (PIH) and in 15 pregnant women with recurrent spontaneous abortion
      syndrome (RSA-S). Measurement were performed on both uterine arteries and
      averaged. 75% of PIH group had RI 95th percentile from the first measurement (20
      weeks gestation). In the RSA-S group, RI was between 75th and 95th percentile,
      suggesting an almost pathological vascularization.

PMID- 1803828
TI  - Immune system and endometriosis.
AB  - Many experimental and clinical findings indicate a disimmune pathogenesis of
      infertility associated with endometriosis. The most important modifications of
      cell-mediated immunity in endometriosis concern macrophage activity, increased
      both quantitatively and qualitatively. Peritoneal macrophages (PM) acquire the
      ability of producing lytic enzymes, that would be able to enhancing and
      stimulating implantation and proliferation of endometrial cells in peritoneal
      cavity. In these last years many experimental and clinical demonstrations have
      showed an immunosuppressive action of Danazol similar to corticosteroids. The
      Authors report their study on a comparison among Danazol 600 mg/daily for 3
      months plus a local immunosuppressive treatment combined with superovulation and
      IPI, Danazol for 3 months plus superovulation and IPI and, as a control group,
      superovulation and IPI.

PMID- 1803829
TI  - Fetal behavioural states and hypertensive pregnancy.
AB  - Delay in fetal maturation in diabetic and accelerated fetal maturation in
      hypertensive pregnancies have been reported in the past. The spontaneous activity
      of fetal nervous system during pregnancy was followed longitudinally in a group
      of 29 normal pregnancies from 28 x th to 40 x th week of gestation by means of
      fetal behavioural states determination. 1 F state (quiet sleep) progressively
      increases from median values of 5.0% to values of 22.5-25% at term of pregnancy.
      This state represents the positive activity of inhibitory centers has been
      related to a positive evolutionary process of brain maturation according to
      preceding experiences conducted on experimental models and preterm babies
      followed with EEG and direct observation in the early neonatal period. The method
      of behavioural states determination has been applied to a group of 33 gestational
      diabetes (GDM) pregnant women followed longitudinally, and a clear reduction of
      development of 1 F state has been evidentiated, with significant differences (p
      less than 0.001) at 35-36 weeks of gestation versus the control group. The normal
      values are reached in concomitance with L/S value of maturity. In 30 pregnant
      women affected by gestational hypertension (GH) different result are obtained: 1
      F state seems to develop earlier, and is increased (p less than 0.001) around 30
      32 weeks versus the control group if a fetal growth reduction is present. The
      value of 1 F behavioural state in the evaluation of fetal condition of
      pathological pregnancies is discussed.

PMID- 1803830
TI  - Immune-neuroendocrine correlations: a new aspect in human physiology.
AB  - The neural, endocrine, neuroendocrine and immune system are part of a complex
      network involved in the maintenance of the body homeostasis. Many experimental
      evidences suggest that cytokines are able to cause the hormonal changes during
      inflammation. The clinical evidences of the interaction between immune system and
      hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis are based on the sexual dimorphism
      existing in the immune response, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in females
      and the altered immune response during pregnancy. Even if both humoral and
      cellular immunity are involved, the action of estradiol and progesterone is
      mainly exerted on mononuclear cells.

PMID- 1803831
TI  - Immunologic recurrent abortion: comparison between immunotherapies.
AB  - The Authors record the results in a group of patients with immunologic recurrent
      abortion (IRA) treated with two different immunoprophylaxis regimen. The first
      one is an active prophylaxis therapy with preparation and administration from
      donor mononucleates. According to their previous original experience, the Authors
      started giving high doses of IV-Ig (HD IV-Ig) in a second group of pregnant
      patients with the same diagnosis of immunologic recurrent abortion (IRA). The
      results of this not randomized study show better reproductive outcome in the
      group treated with use of HD IV-Ig.

PMID- 1803832
TI  - [Primary sclerosing cholangitis: contribution of retrograde cholangiography in
      follow-up: apropos of 15 case reports].
AB  - From 1975 to 1989, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was diagnosed in 15
      patients especially based on cholangiographic features associated with clinical,
      biological and histological findings. 93 p. cent of patients had altered liver
      enzymes at the diagnosis time but only 26% was asymptomatic. 33 p. cent had a
      concomittant inflammatory bowel disease. Retrograde cholangiography showed
      injuries of the intrahepatic ducts in 93 p. cent; the more frequently observed
      lesions were short and multifocal strictures, associated with irregularities of
      the biliary wall or decreased arborization of intrahepatic bile ducts, but
      without marked dilatation. Mean follow-up was 44 months (3 to 120). Actuarial
      survival was 48 p. cent at 5 years. In 4 patients, because of poor clinical and
      biological (serum bilirubin greater than or equal to 4 mg/dl) evolution, a second
      retrograde cholangiography was performed showing in all cases apparition of
      marked ductal dilatation in extra-hepatic (one case) or in intra-hepatic bile
      ducts (three cases). We diagnosed one benign extra-hepatic stricture, two
      cholangiocarcinoma and one biliary cirrhosis complicating PSC. We concluded that
      retrograde cholangiography is necessary if jaundice appears to diagnose every
      complications of PSC. Apparition of marked ductal dilatation should be the
      witness of pejorative evolution, especially apparition of cholangiocarcinoma that
      must be excluded.

PMID- 1803833
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the short half-life injectable benzodiazepine midazolam,
      and of the specific antagonist flumazenil in upper digestive tract endoscopy.
AB  - In a first step, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and diazepam 0.15
      mg/kg administered intravenously were blindly evaluated as a sedating preparation
      in 3 groups of each 30 patients undergoing gastroscopy. Although amnesia is
      better with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, the induced sedation is protracted, which is not
      to be wished in ambulatory patients. On the other side, diazepam 0.15 mg/kg was
      locally less well tolerated. Taking into consideration the efficacy and the
      general and local tolerance, the dose of midazolam 0.05 mg/kg seems the best
      compromise. In a second step, the specific benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil
      was blindly evaluated at two intravenous doses, 1 mg and 0.5 mg, against placebo
      for reversal of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) induced sedation in gastroscopy patients. 1
      mg of flumazenil (and to a lesser degree 0.5 mg) suppresses the sedation and
      amnesia induced by midazolam and normalizes attention and sensori-motor
      functions. However a certain degree of resedation can reappear 45-60 min. after
      the administration of flumazenil. Though this phenomenon did not alter the tests
      measuring attention and sensorimotor functions and the recovery of memory
      (contrary to placebo), it incites to be cautious when the drug is given to
      ambulatory patients.

PMID- 1803834
TI  - Pharmacokinetic properties of ranitidine in Chinese people.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of two different formulated
      ranitidine tablets were examined in 12 healthy young Chinese males at one week
      intervals in a randomized crossover design. Both ranitidine plasma and urine
      concentrations were measured by a sensitive, accurate and specific High
      Performance Liquid Chromatography method. No bioavailability differences were
      found between Glaxo's and Veteran's ranitidine products. However, larger apparent
      volume of distribution, higher total oral clearance and higher non-renal
      clearance was observed in Chinese. Further studies are needed to elucidate a
      higher ranitidine dosage may be required for Chinese to achieve the desired
      plasma level.

PMID- 1803836
TI  - Helicobacter pylori and gastric premalignant conditions.
AB  - A hypothetical sequence occurs in the stomach from H. pylori infection to
      premalignant conditions. This sequence is characterized by several well
      documented steps. First, the H. pylori infection seems to be the main course of
      chronic gastritis, and is seen to be associated with gastritis at least in 80% of
      the cases. Second, chronic gastritis tends to slowly progress to atrophy and
      intestinal metaplasia of the underlying mucosa in a great proportion of affected
      subjects, this progression of chronic gastritis to atrophy being, however,
      multifactorial in nature, and being obviously affected also by factors other than
      the H. pylori. Third, there occurs an increased risk of gastric cancer in
      atrophic stomach (atrophic gastritis) with intestinal metaplasia, this risk being
      dependent upon the extend and grade of atrophic and metaplastic alterations in
      the stomach. Thus, it can be suggested that the H. pylori infection may trigger a
      sequence which will finally result in a development of conditions that favour the
      cancer formation. Recent epidemiological observations support this view: gastric
      cancer tends to be common in populations in which the H. pylori infection and the
      gastritis are common and in which the people will be commonly infected already in
      childhood, or in young age.

PMID- 1803835
TI  - [Unusual form of esophagobronchial fistula in adults].
AB  - We describe the case of an adult patient with a benign congenital
      esophagobronchial fistula. The different types of congenital fistula without
      atresia or in H form are discussed. We formulate some hypotheses explaining the
      late occurrence of symptoms in a lesion present since the patient's birth.

PMID- 1803837
TI  - [Genetic abnormalities in "sporadic" colorectal cancers].

PMID- 1803838
TI  - [The role of serology in the diagnosis of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori
      infection].
AB  - The purpose of the communication is to review the different aspects of the
      Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. The first part of the
      communication is devoted to the description of the different gastric pathologies
      induced by the Helicobacter pylori infection and to the different methods used
      for the detection of this infection. Today a consensus assesses a causal role to
      Helicobacter pylori in the development of chronic active gastritis (or type B
      gastritis), in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer, and a major contributing
      factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease. The possible role played by
      this bacterium in the development of non-ulcer dyspepsia is still unclear. H.
      pylori infections can be detected using different methods including invasive
      methods--requiring an endoscopy (e.g.: culture of the micro-organism, urease
      test, microscopy) and non-invasive methods (e.g.: breath test, serology). Each of
      these methods has advantages but also some disadvantages, and none shows an
      absolute sensitivity and specificity. The second part of the presentation
      analyses the results obtained with a serologic method using a specific fractioned
      and purified antigenic complex extracted from Helicobacter pylori. This report
      demonstrates a good correlation with the other detection methods. Serology
      appears also as a useful tool for the therapeutical monitoring of infected
      patients. Serological results must however be interpreted in the light of the
      complete clinical examination of the patient.

PMID- 1803840
TI  - Pattern of NADPH-diaphorase active neurons in rat forebrain is unchanged after
      pentylenetetrazol kindling.
AB  - The activity of NADPH-diaphorase in rat telencephalic structures has been
      revealed by use of a histochemical method. Multiple neurons belonging to
      different nuclei were found to contain the enzyme. Furthermore, diaphorase
      reactive nerve fibres and terminal fields were observed to be widely distributed
      throughout rat brain. Chemical kindling induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) did
      not effect the regional distribution and cellular localization of the enzyme in
      the rat CNS.

PMID- 1803839
TI  - Lectin binding patterns of human tissue mast cells indicate marked phenotypical
      diversity.
AB  - Glycoconjugate expression by human tissue mast cells (MCs) from various sources
      (including lymph nodes with signs of chronic non-specific lymphadenitis, skin
      lesions of urticaria pigmentosa, and bone marrow infiltrates associated with
      systemic mastocytosis) was studied histochemically with a broad panel of
      fluorescein-labelled lectins. Of the 19 lectins applied, 11 (sugar specificities:
      fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and neuraminic acid) did not stain any MCs, while 8
      (sugar specificities: mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and galactose) were found to
      bind to MCs. These lectins exhibited different binding patterns in various
      disease entities. Only a few of these 8 lectins (in particular,
      phythaemagglutinin-L) produced strong staining of the MCs in most or all of the
      cases. Some (e. g. phythemagglutinin-E) produced only weak staining, and this in
      only a few cases. The lectins used, however, did not distinguish between reactive
      and tumorous MCs. Although lectins are therefore unlikely to be of use in
      resolving problems of differential diagnosis concerning proliferation of MCs, our
      investigation has shown that tissue MCs exhibit marked phenotypical diversity
      with regard to their lectin-binding properties.

PMID- 1803841
TI  - Plasticity of the interface between oxytocin neurons and the vasculature in late
      pregnant rats: an ultrastructural morphometric study.
AB  - Increased numbers of oxytocin-immunoreactive perivascular neurons have been shown
      to occur in the preoptic region and lateral hypothalamus of female rats around
      parturition. In the present study, electronmicroscopical immunocytochemistry and
      morphometry were used to examine such perivascular oxytocinergic neurons as well
      as those in the classical magnocellular nuclei in late pregnant and lactating
      rats. In 22 d pregnant animals and in rats killed after 2 d of lactation,
      numerous oxytocinergic neurons were found in direct apposition to the outer
      basement membrane of arterioles, venules, and capillaries. The distance between
      immunoreactive neurons and blood vessels was significantly lower in these animals
      than in 9 d lactating rats and in ovariectomized controls. It is likely that,
      around parturition, oxytocinergic perivascular neurons are uncovered by active
      retraction of glial elements. This plasticity is perhaps facilitated by changing
      hormonal conditions around parturition. The observed changes seem to be
      transitory and might reflect altered secretory properties of perivascular
      oxytocinergic neurons.

PMID- 1803842
TI  - [Lectin histochemistry on the olfactory region and the vomeronasal organ or rats
      and golden hamsters].
AB  - The present investigation describes the lectin-binding properties of the regio
      olfactoria (RO) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the rat and golden hamster.
      Special attention is paid to the lectin-binding properties of the chemosensory
      epithelia as well as to the reactions of their specific glands. The following
      lectins were used: wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), horseshoe crab agglutinin (LPA),
      gorse agglutinin (UEA I), peanut agglutinin (PNA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and
      horse gram agglutinin (DBA). Lectin-binding procedure was performed on paraffin
      sections of the RO and VNO using the peroxidase-antiperodixase method.
      Comparisons of the lectin-binding properties of the surface of the main olfactory
      epithelium (MOE) with that of the neuroepithelium (NE) of the VNO as estimated by
      the intensity of staining demonstrate that in both species differences exist
      between the lectin-binding properties, of the MOE and VNO-NE. Moreover, some
      reactions of the MOE and VNO-NE differ from species to species.

PMID- 1803843
TI  - Differentiation of endothelial cells in avian embryos does not depend on
      gastrulation.
AB  - Unincubated quail eggs were treated with Cytochalasin B. By this means,
      gastrulation of the blastodiscs was inhibited. Fragments of these blastodiscs
      were grafted into wings buds of chick embryos, and the differentiation fate of
      graft-derived cells was studied. Results show that only endothelial cells
      differentiate from the grafts. They were even found outside the graft site in
      vessels made up of a chimeric endothelium. It can be concluded that
      determination, differentiation and migration of endothelial cells does not depend
      on gastrulation.

PMID- 1803844
TI  - Demonstration of immuno-bound alkaline phosphatase by a direct lead method.
      Optimization of reaction parameters by microdensitometry using computer-aided
      image processing.
AB  - Antigens labelled by the immunohistochemical alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline
      phosphatase (APAAP) method can be visualized by a lead capture technique. Optimal
      conditions of the reaction, evaluated by microdensitometry using computer-aided
      image processing, are described.

PMID- 1803845
TI  - Associations between the location of the glenoid fossa and its remodeling. An
      experimental study in the rabbit.
AB  - The growth of the glenoid fossa is assumed to follow that of the cranial base. It
      has been observed recently that distal displacement in association with an obtuse
      cranial base angle is reduced on remodeling of the fossa anteriorly as a
      consequence of a more anterior position of the condyle in the fossa. The aim of
      this investigation was to simulate the increased distal displacement
      experimentally by causing a premature artificial cranial synostosis. Ten 10-day
      old rabbits underwent gluing of the interparietal and temporoparietal sutures.
      These and ten controls were killed at 50 days for examination, and the articular
      surface of the right glenoid fossa was marked with a soft metal wire. The skulls
      were roentgenographed in standardized lateral projection. The articular surface
      was significantly shallower in relation to the skull base in the experimental
      group, and the glenoid fossa was located more superiorly and posteriorly. The
      most likely reason for the more horizontal direction of the articular surface is
      the more anterior location of the condyle, exerting increased pressure on the
      eminence. This becomes important, as it has recently been shown that in rabbits
      this shallowing of the fossa is associated with increased forward growth of the
      mandible.

PMID- 1803846
TI  - Occurrence of periodontal pockets and oral soft tissue lesions in relation to
      sulfuric acid fumes in the working environment.
AB  - The effect of inorganic acid fumes from the working environment on the occurrence
      of periodontal pockets and soft oral tissues was investigated in a cross
      sectional, blind study. A sample of 186 workers was drawn from 4 factories. Of
      the 170 participants, 82 were working in departments containing acid fumes, and
      88 controls had never worked under such conditions. Of the workers exposed to
      acid fumes 36.9% and of the controls 30.9% had periodontal pockets. The presence
      of periodontal pockets increased with age significantly more among the acid
      exposed workers than among the controls (p less than 0.0001). Oral mucous
      membrane lesions were observed among 23.2% of the acid-exposed workers and 21.6%
      of the controls. The findings suggest that acid fumes in the workplace air do not
      increase the occurrence of oral mucous lesions but may lead to an increase in the
      prevalence of periodontal pockets.

PMID- 1803847
TI  - Effect of a buffering sugar-free lozenge on intraoral pH and electrochemical
      action.
AB  - Two double-blind crossover studies were performed to test a sugar-free lozenge
      containing bicarbonate and phosphate buffers (Profylin). The studies were
      performed in groups of 20 and 13 individuals. In Study I active buffering or
      placebo lozenge (not buffered) was given, and the pH of plaque and saliva was
      measured after 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. In study II the lozenges were given 10
      min after a sucrose rinse, and both the pH and the potential and polarization of
      amalgam restorations that made contact in the oral cavity were measured. In study
      I both lozenges increased the pH of plaque and saliva, but the values after
      sucking on the active lozenge were significantly higher than after placebo. In
      study II a pH recovery of plaque and saliva after the sucrose rinse was recorded
      for both types of lozenge, but it was most pronounced for the active, buffering
      lozenge. A statistically significant difference was, however, found only 5 min
      after sucking on the lozenge. No influence on the current magnitude was observed.
      The results thus indicate that the buffering sugar-free lozenge raises the pH of
      plaque and saliva and accelerates the pH recovery after a sucrose rinse but seems
      to have no influence on the galvanic current magnitude of amalgam restorations in
      contact.

PMID- 1803848
TI  - The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the
      feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients.
AB  - A new chewing gum (PTC) with the ability to release flavoring substances for a
      rather long time was tested for its ability to stimulate saliva secretion. The
      chewing gum is mildly flavored and contains non-cariogenic sweeteners (xylitol
      and sorbitol). Measurements of saliva secretion rate and oral mucosal sliding
      friction and subjective evaluations on visual analog scales were made in relation
      to chewing and compared with those when chewing a commercially available gum
      (V6). The study was a randomized, crossover comparison with blind evaluation.
      Both chewing gums stimulated saliva secretion and decreased oral mucosal
      friction. The PTC gum gave consistently higher mean values of saliva secretion
      rate and lower oral mucosal friction values than V6. The difference was
      statistically significant for the saliva secretion rate and most pronounced after
      5-10 min of chewing. There was also a statistically significant difference
      between the subjective evaluations of V6 and PTC with regard to saliva
      stimulating ability and taste in favor of the PTC gum.

PMID- 1803849
TI  - Evaluation of information on dental health care at child health centers.
      Differences in educational level, attitudes, and knowledge among parents of
      preschool children with different caries experience.
AB  - The aim of this study was to interpret the manner in which information on dental
      health care, systematically offered at child health centers, is assimilated among
      parents of preschool children with different caries experience. The material
      comprised children who, on the basis of defined criteria were classified as
      'healthy' or 'diseased' with regard to caries and restorations. The investigation
      was mainly performed as telephone interviews with the parents. The results showed
      no difference between the groups with regard to diet, oral hygiene, and use of
      fluorides. However, parents of healthy children had a statistically significantly
      higher level of education than parents of diseased children. The level of
      education did not influence the knowledge as such but rather the ability to put
      the knowledge into practice. Parents of healthy children claimed to a greater
      extent than parents of diseased children to have received a combination of verbal
      and written information. This could be because the first group had a greater
      interest in assimilating new information and in creating a two-way communication
      with the informer. This is probably an effect of the level of education and
      confirms that it is essential to make people aware of the information's
      importance rather than merely teaching facts.

PMID- 1803850
TI  - Oral hygiene practices and periodontal health in primary school children in
      Nairobi, Kenya.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the oral hygiene practices, oral
      hygiene status, and periodontal health among primary school children in Nairobi.
      The study group consisted of 513 children, 262 aged 6-8 years and 251 aged 13-15
      years. The children were from 6 schools randomly selected among the 154 public
      primary schools in the city. The clinical examination was performed in a room
      with natural daylight, using the WHO (1980) criteria. Although most of the
      children reported brushing habits, 75% of the index tooth surfaces in the younger
      and 55% in the older age group had visible plaque. In both age groups about 25%
      of the index sites had gingivitis. Moderate amounts of calculus were recorded
      among the older children. Only two children had periodontal pockets greater than
      or equal to 4 mm. There was no statistically significant difference (p greater
      than 0.05) between males and females recorded with plaque and gingivitis in the
      younger age group. In the older group, however, a significantly higher proportion
      of males (p less than 0.05) were recorded with plaque and gingivitis. The oral
      hygiene practices and oral hygiene status were poorer among children from low
      than from high socioeconomic status. Provision of dental health education for
      children in Nairobi is recommended.

PMID- 1803851
TI  - Influence of delmopinol on bacterial zeta-potentials and on the colloidal
      stability of bacterial suspensions.
AB  - Delmopinol is a low molecular weight surface-active compound that has been shown
      to be effective against dental plaque both in vitro and in vivo and against
      gingivitis in vivo. To study the mode of action of delmopinol, the influence of
      the compound on the stability of bacterial suspensions, both with and without
      saliva, and on the zeta-potentials of oral streptococci was studied. The results
      showed that delmopinol reduced the magnitude of the zeta-potentials, but, in
      contrast, the colloidal stability of the bacterial suspensions without saliva was
      increased. The explanation of these observations could be that non-DLVO
      interaction components, such as repulsive hydration/steric forces, have come into
      effect at very close distances between two approaching bacterial cells. To judge
      from the present results, it is possible that delmopinol forms films on bacterial
      cells in a plaque, thereby facilitating mechanical removal.

PMID- 1803852
TI  - Effect on bonding of curing through dentin.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the thickness of dentin
      (1, 2, or 3 mm) placed between the light guide and the composite resin on the
      shear bond strength to dentin treated with a simplified Gluma system. The effects
      of the thickness of composite resin (2 or 3 mm), irradiation time (20, 40, or 60
      sec), and shade (universal or brown) were also examined. The results showed that
      the thickness of dentin influenced bonding and interacted with the other three
      variables. It is suggested that dentin located between the light guide and
      composite resin may attenuate the light aimed at the bonding interface in the
      same manner as a layer of composite resin.

PMID- 1803853
TI  - Comparison of the developmental changes of the brainstem auditory evoked response
      (BAER) in taurine-supplemented and taurine-deficient kittens.
AB  - A similar development of the brainstem auditory evoked response is present in
      taurine-supplemented and taurine-deficient kittens between the second postnatal
      week and the third month of life. Between birth and the second postnatal week
      kittens from mothers fed the 1% taurine diet showed earlier maturation of the
      brainstem auditory evoked response as indicated by lower threshold, shorter P1
      latency and shorter central conduction time when compared to the kittens from
      mothers fed the 0.05% taurine diet. These results suggest an important role of
      taurine in the anatomical and functional development of the auditory system.

PMID- 1803854
TI  - In vitro screening for anticonvulsant-induced teratogenesis: drug alteration of
      cell adhesivity.
AB  - Anticonvulsant-induced alteration in C6 glioma cell adhesivity has been evaluated
      in two independent in vitro assay systems. A centrifugal shear assay was employed
      to determine drug-induced change in cell-substratum adhesivity. Valproate and
      clonazepam were found to significantly increase cell-substratum adhesivity when
      cells were cultured at concentrations which were within twice their therapeutic
      plasma level. A second assay evaluated change in affinity for concanavalin A
      lectin coated surfaces to determine change in cell surface glycoconjugate
      expression. Valproate and clonazepam and, to a lesser extent, diazepam
      significantly decreased drug-exposed C6 glioma cell affinity for concanavalin A
      lectin coated surfaces. Valproate and clonazepam had approximate IC50 values of
      0.75 mM and 75 microM, respectively. These findings are compared and discussed in
      relation to those obtained with an anti-proliferative assay which has been
      suggested to predict teratogen potential.

PMID- 1803855
TI  - Myelination and glial ensheathment of Purkinje cells in cerebellar cultures are
      not inhibited by antibodies to the neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM.
AB  - Mouse cerebellar cultures were exposed to anti-N-CAM antibodies throughout their
      in vitro development. Some cultures were stripped of myelinating oligodendrocytes
      and functionally competent astrocytes by treatment with cytosine arabinoside (Ara
      C), while others were left untreated and were potentially capable of forming
      myelin around axons and astrocytic sheaths around Purkinje cell somata and
      dendrites. As expected, the antibodies inhibited axonal fasciculation in the Ara
      C treated cultures. However, the same antibodies had no discernible effect on
      formation of myelin or astrocytic sheaths in cultures not treated with Ara C. N
      CAM is expressed on the surfaces of neurons, oligodendroglia and astrocytes, and
      has been proposed as the signal molecule governing both kinds of neuron-glia
      interactions. The observations of the present study strongly suggest, however,
      that N-CAM does not have an indispensable role in such interactions.

PMID- 1803856
TI  - Effect of chronic exposure to high magnesium on neuron survival in long-term
      neocortical explants of neonatal rats in vitro.
AB  - In order to assess the effect of elevated magnesium, neuronal morphology and
      physiology was studied in chronically cultured organotypic neonatal rat occipital
      neocortex. Explants grown in 10 mM magnesium were found to experience an
      approximate 30% cell loss (as shown by cell count and DNA-protein analysis),
      while 12.5 and 15 mM magnesium showed ca. 47 and 60% cell losses, respectively.
      Intracellular recording from 10 mM magnesium explants revealed that measurable
      postsynaptic potentials and action potentials could occur, apparently depending
      on the type of cell examined. All post-synaptic activities ceased in 12.5 mM
      magnesium cultures, though action potentials could be elicited by current
      stimulation. The effects of known depolarizing agents, viz. potassium and N
      methyl-D-aspartate, on 12.5 mM magnesium-grown explants were also examined.
      Explants grown in the presence of 12.5 mM magnesium plus 10 mM potassium showed a
      dramatic increase in the loss of neurons. The simultaneous addition of 6,7
      dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione showed this to be due to an increase in non-N
      methyl-D-aspartate mediated cell death in response to glutamate release brought
      about by the depolarizing effects of the potassium. The addition of 10 microM N
      methyl-D-aspartate to 12.5 mM magnesium-grown cultures, on the other hand,
      improved cell survival to control levels. The mechanism of this reciprocal
      neuroprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate against magnesium has yet to be
      elucidated. We conclude that these findings are consistent with regard to the
      opposing actions of N-methyl-D-aspartate and magnesium on calcium influx and
      various metabolic processes within the explants.

PMID- 1803858
TI  - Expression of c-myc and c-fos oncogenes in different rat brain regions during
      postnatal development.
AB  - We have studied the expression of c-myc and c-fos proto-oncogenes in various
      areas of the central nervous system during postnatal development. c-myc mRNA
      levels increased during the first 5 days and then decreased over the next 15 days
      in all nervous regions studied. c-fos mRNA levels changed in a different way in
      four brain areas. While in cerebral cortex and cerebellum there was a sharp
      decrease during the first 10 days, in white matter and hypothalamus c-fos
      transcript levels remained high during the same period, decreasing at a later
      stage. Changes in oncogenes mRNA levels are related to various developmental
      events, such as neurite growth, myelination and cell proliferation. The
      dissimilar patterns of c-myc and c-fos expression suggests that they play
      different functions in CNS maturation. c-myc mRNA levels are temporally related
      to active neurite growth and to cell proliferation. Changes in c-fos mRNA
      correlate in time with early developmental processes and also with those
      occurring at later stages, such as myelination.

PMID- 1803857
TI  - Appearance and localization of dystrophin in normal human fetal muscle.
AB  - We studied the localization of dystrophin in normal human fetal muscle by
      immunohistochemistry. Our results show the appearance of dystrophin at week 11
      and a progressive organization of the protein along membrane in the following
      weeks of gestation. At week 22 almost all fibers show a clear membrane
      immunostaining. Concomitant analysis of muscle fiber-type composition reveals no
      correlation between progressive appearance of dystrophin and muscle fiber-type
      differentiation. Our findings suggest that synthesis and localization of
      dystrophin in developing human skeletal muscle is time-related and probably
      independent of neuronal influences.

PMID- 1803859
TI  - Distribution of taurine-like immunoreactivity in cerebellum of kittens from
      taurine-supplemented and taurine-deficient mothers.
AB  - Using an antibody prepared against taurine conjugated to bovine serum albumin
      with glutaraldehyde, the distribution of taurine in cerebellum of newborn and 8
      week-old kittens from mothers fed 0, 0.02, 0.05, or 1% dietary taurine has been
      determined. In general, taurine-like immunoreactivity was greater in kittens from
      mothers fed the greatest amounts of taurine, as was the total cerebellar taurine
      concentration. The most notable feature in newborn kitten cerebellum was a dense
      band of staining in the inner molecular layer adjacent to the Purkinje cell
      layer, which corresponds to the short Purkinje cell dendrites. In cerebellum of 8
      week-old kittens, taurine-like immunoreactivity was present in Purkinje cells and
      their dendrites, most granule cells, and a few interneurons in the molecular
      layer of the 0.02, 0.05, and 1% groups. The cerebellum of the 0% group was
      distinctive in that virtually no neurons were reactive, appearing as 'ghosts'
      against the background, and both white matter and the granule cell layer
      contained large numbers of reactive astrocytes. The presence of such large
      numbers of reactive astrocytes and the immunoglobulin within the brain suggests
      an impairment of the blood-brain barrier in such taurine-deficient kittens.

PMID- 1803860
TI  - IL-6 receptors and sensitivity to growth inhibition by IL-6 in clones of human
      breast carcinoma cells.
AB  - Pure recombinant human IL-6 inhibits growth of T47D, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 human
      breast carcinoma and OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma cells in cultures. Subcloning of
      the breast ductal carcinoma T47D cells yields clones with high and low
      sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effect of IL-6. The subclones vary 40 fold
      in their sensitivity for inhibition of colony formation in sparse cultures and
      200 fold for inhibition of thymidine incorporation in subconfluent cultures.
      Binding studies with 125I-rIL6 show that T47D cells and their subclones, as well
      as SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cells, express high-affinity receptors for IL-6. The number
      and affinity constant of these receptors are comparable to those on lymphocytic
      and myeloid cells, and show no correlation with the high or low sensitivity
      phenotype. Proliferation of the breast cancer cells is inhibited by IL-6 in a
      cell density dependent manner, and is not due to a cytotoxic effect. In addition,
      IL-6 induces a morphological change with loss of epithelial characteristics and
      of cell-cell adhesion. Sensitivity to growth inhibition by IL-6 is independent
      from that of IFN-beta 1, IFN-gamma or TNF.

PMID- 1803861
TI  - Enkephalins-modulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi antigens-induced colony
      stimulating factors elaboration by macrophages.
AB  - Methionine-enkephalin (M-Enk) and its analogue compound 82/205 (10(-5) and 10(-6)
      M) inhibited elaboration of Plasmodium cynomolgi total antigens soluble in
      culture medium (P.c.SA)-induced colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) by monkey blood
      monocyte-derived macrophages, in vitro. Paradoxically, lower concentrations (10(
      7)-10(-9) M) of both the peptides greatly augmented CSFs elaboration; 82/205
      appeared to be nearly 2.3-fold more potent. Naloxone (10(-5) M) pretreatment of
      macrophages inhibited only the M-Enk- and 82/205-induced enhanced CSFs
      elaboration, suggesting an opiate receptors-mediated mechanism of action. None of
      the peptides or naloxone (10(-5)-10(-9) M) had any direct effect on the CSF
      elaboration by unstimulated macrophages.

PMID- 1803862
TI  - Role of glycosilation in the susceptibility of "acid labile" interferon alpha to
      acid treatment.
AB  - Mononuclear cells from blood of healthy donors produce acid-labile interferon
      (IFN) alpha when stimulated with HIV-infected cells. A large proportion of this
      IFN appears to be glycosilated, as treatment with neuraminidase causes a shift of
      the isoelectric point (IP) from pH = 5.2-5.4 to pH = 5.8-6.2. To assess the role
      of glycosilation in determining the instability of antiviral activity after
      exposure to acid (pH lower than 4) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were
      induced to produce IFN with HIV-infected cells in the presence of tunicamycin, an
      inhibitor of glycosilation. The IFN produced under such experimental conditions
      (tu-IFN) was acid-stable. Tu-IFN was compared to a standard acid-labile IFN by
      affinity chromatography on Con A-sepharose. The elution pattern showed that tu
      IFN does not bind to the gel, whereas the acid-labile IFN is eluted in two
      fractions, one unbound, which is stable at pH2, and one bound, which retains the
      initial acid-lability. These results suggest that acid-labile IFN alpha is
      largely glycosilated, and that the presence of glycosilated molecules contribute
      to render the IFN molecule unstable at acidic pH. It is to be determined whether
      some glycosilated molecule present in the IFN preparation, or glycosilation of
      the IFN molecule per se, is responsible for acid-lability of the antiviral
      activity.

PMID- 1803863
TI  - Modulation of interleukin-2-induced macrophage activation in cancer patients by
      the pineal hormone melatonin.
AB  - The concomitant induction of immunosuppressive events, at least in part mediated
      by macrophages, would represent one of the mechanisms responsible for the lower
      activity of IL-2 in vivo than in vitro. Since macrophages have recently appeared
      to be under neuroendocrine control, the present study was carried out to evaluate
      the effect of the pineal neurohormone MLT on IL-2-induced macrophage activation
      during cancer immunotherapy, by determining serum levels of neopterin, which is a
      specific marker of macrophage activity. The study included 21 advanced cancer
      patients (lung cancer: 12; renal cancer: 9), 10 of whom received IL-2
      subcutaneous therapy alone (1.8 x 10(6) IU/m2 twice daily), or IL-2 plus MLT (10
      mg/day orally at 8.00 P.M.). Neopterin levels increased in all patients during IL
      2 immunotherapy, but neopterin mean peak was significantly higher in patients
      treated with IL-2 alone than in those who received IL-2 plus MLT. This
      preliminary study would suggest the possible use of neurohormones to modulate
      host antitumor immune response during cancer immunotherapy with IL-2.

PMID- 1803864
TI  - Lipoma of the corpus callosum associated with frontal and facial anomalies.
AB  - Seven patients with a corpus callosum lipoma associated with a frontal cranial
      defect with or without a superficial lipoma or a fronto-nasal dysplasia, were
      encountered over a period of 12 years. This group of patients is reported as
      these associated lesions may provide a lead to the cause of lipomas of the corpus
      callosum as well as of the different lesions in the fronto-facial region. From
      our experience and that of others, the frontal lesion may be an extracranial
      lipoma, a frontal bone defect, with or without an external lipoma, a
      lipomeningocele connecting the extracranial lipoma through a frontal defect with
      the corpus callosum lipoma, a frontal encephalocele. Fronto-nasal dysplasia
      associated with a corpus callosum lipoma, seems to form an independent group
      although some of these patients may have other extracranial lesions as well. It
      is suggested by the authors that as the primitive mesenchyme gives rise to the
      meninx primitiva as well as to the fronto-facial skeleton a disturbance of the
      neural crest may give rise to these combined lesions. Further analysis of similar
      cases may indicate the timing of these events, and perhaps reveal a common
      causative factor.

PMID- 1803865
TI  - Management of tumours involving the cavernous sinus.
AB  - The operative experience with 137 tumours of the cavernous sinus at the
      University of Pittsburgh during the past 7 years is reported. The importance of
      the normal and tumour-infiltrated cavernous sinus anatomy and imaging is
      delineated. 63% of the tumours are benign, primarily meningiomas, for which an
      anatomical grading system is presented. The various operative approaches to the
      cavernous sinus are described. 88% of the meningiomas were totally resected.
      There was a 1.5% operative mortality and 1.5% severe morbidity rate. Initial
      ipsilateral opthalmoplegia progressively improved in the majority of patients.
      For all patients with at least 6 months of follow up of benign tumours, the
      intracavernous tumour recurrence rate was 3% and total recurrence rate was 6%.

PMID- 1803866
TI  - Gd-DTPA-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus.
AB  - Based upon our experiences with 7 cases and a literature review a survey is
      provided on the possibilities and limitations of preoperative diagnosis of space
      occupying lesions of the cavernous sinus using MRI with Gd-DTPA enhancement.
      Advantages are, that in many cases arteriography is no longer necessary, and that
      the diagnostic sensitivity is higher as compared with CT. The pattern of
      enhancement does not allow for histological distinction among the various
      lesions.

PMID- 1803867
TI  - Direct surgery of the cavernous sinus: patient selection.
AB  - The cavernous sinus is involved either in lesions arising primarily in the sinus
      or in lesions invading the sinus from surrounding structures. Experience with
      direct surgery of the cavernous sinus is encouraging, but no conclusive evidence
      exists concerning the roles of conservative, surgical, and radiological
      treatments in terms of effectiveness, morbidity, and long-term results.
      Consequently, management is individualized according to the patient and the
      lesions. We discuss these factors in patient selection for cavernous sinus
      surgery.

PMID- 1803868
TI  - Management of intracavernous tumours: an 11-year experience.
AB  - Seventy-one patients with tumours involving the cavernous sinus (CS) were
      operated upon between 1979 and 1989. Fifty-four patients underwent a direct
      approach to the CS. The average age of these latter patients was 47 (9-69) years.
      The lesions included 51 benign tumours (26 meningiomas, 16 [7 invasive] pituitary
      adenomas, 3 trigeminal neurinomas, one chordoma, one chondroma, one
      craniopharyngioma, one epidermoid tumour, and one cavernous haemangioma), and 3
      malignant tumours (one chondrosarcoma, one adenoid cystic carcinoma and one
      metastatic adenocarcinoma). Dissecting tumour away from the carotid artery was
      the management of choice for intracavernous tumours which involved the internal
      carotid artery, except when the carotid artery had already pre-operatively
      presented with advanced narrowing or occlusion by encasing tumour. Microsurgical
      technique facilitated dissection and preservation of the cranial nerves. Patients
      treated radically by direct CS surgery had improvement of their symptoms and
      signs more frequently than those patients treated by subtotal tumour removal.
      However, operative complications in direct CS surgery were higher than in
      subtotal tumour removal without CS entry.

PMID- 1803870
TI  - Microsurgery of intrinsic midbrain lesions.
AB  - The advanced tools of neuro-imaging provide sufficient details for an appropriate
      open microsurgical approach to those lesions, which are well circumscribed even
      as intrinsic lesions of the midbrain. 30 reported cases with only 3 postoperative
      death related to surgery but otherwise no morbidity except in one case,
      demonstrate the safety of modern microsurgical techniques, provided the case has
      been well selected for surgery and the appropriate approach is chosen well. A
      clear histological diagnosis also is the foundation for the additional methods of
      postoperative treatment.

PMID- 1803871
TI  - Surgical treatment of olfactory groove meningiomas using the pterional approach.
AB  - We present our experience with the surgical treatment of olfactory groove
      meningiomas using a pterional approach. This approach provides the advantages of
      previous techniques, such as preserving the frontal brain and superior sagittal
      sinus, early devascularization of the tumour, and late dessection of tumour
      borders. Moreover, it also compensates for the shortcomings of other techniques,
      e.g., compression of frontal bridging veins, late dissection of dorsal tumour
      aspects involving vessels and optic nerves as well as facultative infection and
      cerebrospinal fluid fistula-related complications caused by opening of frontal
      sinuses. To date, 11 patients were treated in this way. As we encountered no
      surgical complications in our series we are encouraged to present our procedure.

PMID- 1803869
TI  - Pineal and third ventricle tumours in the CT and MR eras.
AB  - We have experienced 29 cases of tumour in the pineal region and posterior third
      ventricle in the CT and MR eras (from 1976 to 1989). An aggressive surgical
      removal was performed except for germinomas and suspected germinomas. The
      aggressive surgical cases were 5 teratomas including one inclusion foetus, one
      yolk sac tumour, 3 astrocytomas, one neurocytoma, one cavernous haemangioma and
      one telangiectasia. The surgery was performed by either the infratentorial
      supracerebellar approach or the occipital transtentorial approach. There was no
      surgical death and the quality of postoperative survival was good in patients
      with benign tumours. The cases of a typical teratoma, teratoma with an arterio
      venous shunt, inclusion foetus, haemorrhagic nodule of telangiectasia etc. are
      briefly presented. A remarkable progress in the diagnosis and surgical treatment
      of tumours in the pineal region in the CT and MR eras is noted in our results.

PMID- 1803872
TI  - Three-quarter prone approach to the pineal-tentorial region. Report of seven
      cases.
AB  - We report our preliminary results (seven cases) with a three-quarter prone
      approach to the pineal-tentorial region using an opening beneath the midline. The
      technique we have used eliminates the risk of air embolism because the head is
      just over the right atrium, the table remaining in an horizontal plane. Using the
      natural effect of gravity, it is no more necessary to use retraction on the
      occipital lobe. So, hemianopsia is eliminated. We confirm the results of other
      teams who have used this approach which seems to us to be the best way to treat
      any lesion in the pineal-tentorial area.

PMID- 1803873
TI  - Direct surgery for brainstem tumours.
AB  - Updating a previous report, the authors offer a review of 45 patients between age
      2 and 63 treated by direct surgical excision for brainstem tumours of various
      description. Since 1986 all candidate patients were examined by NMR imaging in
      addition to CT scanning, sometimes with the further addition of digital
      subtraction vertebral angiography. By Epstein and McLeary's criteria, 24 of the
      tumours were focal, 12 were cervicomedullary and 9 were diffuse. The most
      frequent histological diagnosis was glioma (36 cases between low-grade
      astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma); the balance was provided
      by cavernoma (6 cases), haemangioblastoma (2 cases), and lipoma (2 cases). Gross
      total resection was achieved in 28 patients, namely all those with ependymoma or
      vascular tumours and 14 of 17 with low-grade astrocytoma. Resection was subtotal
      in 16 cases and confined to a generous biopsy in one. There was no operative
      mortality, but 2 deaths occurred in the early postoperative period. At discharge,
      neurological status was unchanged or improved in 35 cases. At 3-month follow-up
      examination, 12 patients were improved, 27 were unchanged and 3 were worsened. By
      January 1990 (6 to 72 months postoperatively) 27 of the first 40 patients treated
      were alive: 13 had resumed normal life, 6 were self-sufficient and 8 were
      disabled. The authors conclude that present-day microsurgical resection of intra
      axial brainstem tumours is associated with low mortality and morbidity and
      affords favourable results for which they credit high-quality NMR imaging,
      efficient microsurgery, adequate anesthesia, and competent postoperative
      intensive care.

PMID- 1803874
TI  - Modifications of temporal approaches: anatomical aspects of a microneurosurgical
      approach.
AB  - All subtemporal approaches have in common the risk of temporal lobe damage. To
      reduce the retraction of the temporal lobe we combine two synergistic
      modifications of temporal approaches to reach the prepontine space. The first is
      the temporary resection of the zygomatic arch which allows to bring the
      temporalis muscle more caudally and subsequently allows an anterior subtemporal
      approach with only minimal temporal lobe retraction. The second modification is
      the resection of the apex of the petrous bone after incision of the tentorium.
      This provides an excellent view into the posterior fossa between the trigeminal
      nerve medially, the internal carotid artery caudally and the internal auditory
      canal laterally. The anatomical aspects of a microneurosurgical approach
      regarding these modifications are reported and discussed.

PMID- 1803875
TI  - The petrosal approach: indications, technique, and results.
AB  - Surgical access to the clivus and petrous apex remains a formidable challenge.
      Intradural tumours at the clivus and petroclival area are superbly exposed via
      the petrosal approach described here. To date, we have operated on 33 patients
      having benign tumours using this approach. Total removal was achieved in all
      patients except 3 with meningiomas. There was no mortality, morbidity included 1
      patient with hemiparesis and several with cranial nerve deficits.

PMID- 1803876
TI  - Surgical management of clival meningiomas.
AB  - The surgical management of intradural clival tumours is difficult due to the
      relative inaccessibility of the clivus through traditional neurosurgical
      approaches, and the intimate relationship of such tumours to critical
      neurovascular and brainstem structures. This report concentrates on the
      experience with clival meningiomas, which are the most common intradural clival
      tumours. Between July 1983 and July 1990, 52 patients with petroclival
      meningiomas underwent surgical excision of their tumours. A variety of skull base
      approaches were utilized to obtain wide tumour exposure with minimal brain
      retraction. Large or giant tumours required multiple approaches and staged
      removal of tumour. Tumour resection was evaluated by a standard protocol of
      postoperative MR or CT scans. Total tumour resection was achieved in 38 cases
      (73%), subtotal resection in 11 (21%) and partial resection in 3 (6%). Follow-up
      has ranged from 4 to 83 months. Two patients had recurrence of tumour requiring
      re-operation with one receiving additional external beam radiation. Two
      postoperative deaths occurred, one from pneumonia and another from infectious
      complications. The most common postoperative morbidity were lower cranial nerve
      palsy, aspiration peumonia and temporary hemiparesis.

PMID- 1803878
TI  - Combined stereotactic and microsurgical approach to cerebral lesions.
AB  - A description is given of the technique of a combined CT-stereotactic and
      microsurgical approach for removal of small cerebral lesions. Its usefulness in
      21 cases is demonstrated.

PMID- 1803877
TI  - Extradural petrous bone and petroclival neoplasms.
AB  - Extradural petroclival tumours are composed of a spectrum of histological and
      anatomical configurations dictating a variety of surgical approaches. The
      experience with 68 such tumours operated at the University of Pittsburgh is
      presented, emphasizing the basal subfrontal and lateral approaches. 85% of these
      tumours are benign or low-grade malignancies, with 62% of these totally resected,
      resulting in a 5.4% recurrence rate. The operative mortality was 1.5% and major
      morbidity 3%. Well-planned surgery based on precise anatomical knowledge and
      imaging is the basis of treatment for petroclival tumours.

PMID- 1803879
TI  - Midfacial split for access to the central base.
AB  - The technique of the midfacial split for access to the central cranial base is
      described. It provides--using bilateral facial osteotomies and soft tissue
      mobilization--a unified surgical field extending in the sagittal plane from the
      anterior cranial fossa floor and sphenoid sinus to the level of the fourth
      cervical vertebral body. In the axial plane, the periphery of the surgical access
      may extend to the jugular fossae and the hypoglossal canals. Experiences and
      results in eight patients are presented.

PMID- 1803880
TI  - Stereotactic-endoscopic procedures on processes of the cranial midline.
AB  - The term "midline tumour" is defined partly from the topographic and from the
      pathogenetic point of view. Problems of modern imagegenerating procedures in
      establishing the diagnosis of cerebral midline lesions are described. The role of
      stereotactic diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is emphasized. Stereotactic
      brain tumour biopsy, installation of shunts and reservoirs under visual control
      are performed. Interstitial radiotherapy is carried out for low-grade gliomas. As
      an important innovation, stereotactic procedures are combined with endoscopic
      techniques. Particular diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of typical midline
      tumours such as craniopharyngeoma, germinoma, glioma and primary cerebral
      lymphoma as a local extension are discussed. A reasonable concept in diagnosis
      and therapy of cerebral midline lesions is proposed.

PMID- 1803881
TI  - Diagnostic potential of stereotactic biopsy of midline lesions.
AB  - The technique of CT-guided stereotactic biopsy is described and its reliability
      is discussed based on the experiences with a series of 1747 procedures. We could
      show that stereotactic biopsy has an overall diagnostic accuracy of 95% and
      therefore is a safe and reliable tool for planning the therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 1803882
TI  - Pontine-mesencephalic cavernomas: indications for surgery and operative results.
AB  - Cavernous haemangiomas cavernomas of the brainstem can be diagnosed by MRI and
      safely removed when elective surgery is performed in the subacute stage after
      haemorrhage. Recurrent haemorrhage and/or neurological deterioration are
      indications for surgery. In cases with additional venous malformation the
      cavernoma should be selectively removed. The experiences with our own series of
      18 cases are presented.

PMID- 1803883
TI  - Unilateral interhemispheric keyhole approach for anterior cerebral artery
      aneurysms.
AB  - A special midline interhemispheric keyhole approach to the anterior communicating
      artery aneurysms is described. A small trephine opening of 3 cm in diameter is
      used in most cases. The detailed microsurgical technique of the unilateral
      interhemispheric exposure of the anterior cerebral artery complex is presented.
      For the past 10 years, a total of 138 patients, 112 with Acom AN and 26 with
      distal ACA AN, were operated upon through this approach. There were 16 cases with
      non-ruptured aneurysms and the postoperative results were excellent in all of
      them. The overall results in 122 cases with ruptured aneurysms were excellent and
      good (working) in 95 cases, fair in 10 cases, poor in 9 and death supervened in 8
      cases. The mortality rate in 71 acute operation cases was 8% and 4% in 51 delayed
      cases. The advantages of this approach include simple and rapid craniotomy,
      minimum brain retraction, accurate midline exposure of all parent arteries and
      the aneurysm. This anterior interhemispheric approach is, in our experience, much
      superior to the conventional pterional approach.

PMID- 1803884
TI  - Endovascular treatment of berry aneurysms by endosaccular occlusion.
AB  - In 90 cases with 93 berry aneurysms endovascular occlusion of the aneurysms was
      attempted, in 73 of them successfully. There has been a 12% complication rate,
      including 4% mortality and 8% of cases with neurological deficit, and 9
      recurrences. The indications for endovascular treatment of berry aneurysms are
      discussed. This method seems to be an alternative especially for carotiophthalmic
      and basilar artery aneurysms.

PMID- 1803885
TI  - Arterio-venous malformations of the basal ganglia. Surgical versus endovascular
      treatment.
AB  - Technique, indications and results of endovascular occlusion by superselective
      embolization of basal ganglia arterio-venous malformations (AVM's) are discussed,
      based on personal experiences with 21 cases and 41 embolizations. Follow-up was
      available in 17 cases. Total occlusion could be achieved in 4 cases, partial
      occlusion in 12, and one was extirpated microsurgically. Further haemorrhages
      after partial occlusion occurred in two cases. Neurological symptoms improved in
      6 cases and remained unchanged in 11.

PMID- 1803886
TI  - Proliferation in pituitary adenomas: measurement by MAb KI 67.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody MAb KI 67 reacts with a nuclear antigen throughout the
      entire cell cycle and allows easy evaluation of proliferating tumour cells on
      routinely prepared smear and frozen sections. 120 pituitary adenomas were
      investigated by use of the monoclonal antibody KI 67 in a two-step avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex (ABC) technique. The KI 67 labelling index (LI) ranged in all
      adenomas from 0.2 to 4.6%. In 90 cases of transphenoidally operated adenomas the
      dura of the sella floor was investigated histologically. Adenomas with
      histologically proven dural infiltration showed a statistically significant
      higher KI 67 LI (p less than 0.001) compared to non-invasive adenomas.

PMID- 1803887
TI  - Pituitary adenomas with parasellar invasion.
AB  - Pituitary adenomas with extension into the parasellar space, the so called
      "cavernous sinus" can be demonstrated best using MRI. To improve the delineation
      from the venous compartments the use of unenhanced and enhanced MRI scans is
      essential. In 25 pituitary adenomas with surgically proven infiltration into the
      space of the cavernous sinus we correlated the MRI findings with our surgical
      observations. When the adenoma encases the intracavernous internal carotid artery
      or reaches as far as to the lateral aspect of the artery, invasion was present in
      all cases. The critical area where invasion could not be predicted from MRI is
      the distance between the medial and the lateral aspect of the intracavernous
      internal carotid artery. By measurement with the monoclonal antibody KI-67 it
      could be shown, that pituitary adenomas infiltrating the parasellar space have a
      statistically significant higher growth rate (p less than 0.001), compared to non
      invasive adenomas. This is of special interest, because surgical cure becomes
      unlikely, when invasion into the space of the cavernous sinus is present.

PMID- 1803888
TI  - Anterior skull base tumour. The choice between cranial and facial approaches,
      single and combined procedure. From a series of 78 cases.
AB  - In order to define the most adequate surgical procedure to apply on anterior
      skull base lesions, we reviewed 78 cases of either benign (43 cases) or malignant
      (35 cases) tumours; they were treated either by a single surgical approach
      including transfacial approach (TF) in 9 cases, transbasal approach (TB) in 15
      cases and fronto-orbital ridge deposition (FORD) in 16 cases or by a combined
      procedure: TB + TF (28 cases), TB + FORD (10 cases). In 7 cases, a pterional
      approach was associated to one of these combined procedures. A classification is
      proposed, based on the tumour extension along the anteroposterior axis: I)
      anterior to the crista galli; II) anterior to the anterior clinoid process; III)
      posterior to the anterior clinoid process; and along the vertical axis A: below
      the bone level; B: below the dura level; C: at and above the dura level. This
      classification appears very useful to choose among the surgical procedures which
      one is the more appropriate. In type A tumour (N = 8), TF is sufficient while in
      type B (N = 38) and C (N = 32) a cranial route is always necessary; among the
      latter, a combined procedure is frequently asked for posterior tumours type II (N
      = 29) and III (N = 24). However, others parameters such as tumour consistency,
      vascularization and need for en-bloc removal are also relevant in this choice.

PMID- 1803889
TI  - Long-term follow-up results in hormonally active pituitary adenomas after primary
      successful transsphenoidal surgery.
AB  - The long-term results of transsphenoidal surgery for hormonally active pituitary
      adenomas were assessed in 3 follow-up studies. Eight out of 50 patients with
      microprolactinomas developed a persisting postoperative re-increase of prolactin
      levels during an average follow-up period of 4.1 years. None of the 43
      acromegalic patients who had achieved a suppression of growth hormone to below 2
      ng/ml during an oral glucose load shortly after surgery relapsed. However, when
      the remission criterion was only based on basal growth hormone below 5 ng/ml 4
      out of 61 patients showed a re-increase of growth hormone levels to persistently
      elevated values during an average follow-up period of 6.1 years. 14 out of 66
      patients followed-up for an average of 8.2 years after successful primary
      microadenomectomy for Cushing's disease developed recurrent hypercortisolism as
      documented by an abnormal suppression of cortisol after oral low dose
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 1803890
TI  - Surgical strategies and technical methodologies in optimal management of
      craniopharyngioma and masses affecting the third ventricular chamber.
AB  - Management of craniopharyngiomas and masses affecting the third ventricular
      chamber represents one of the most challenging problems confronting contemporary
      neurological surgeons. Given the devastating sequelae of surgical complications
      involved in approaches to the deep cerebral midline, surgical management requires
      a combination of sophisticated imaging, diagnostic pathology and surgical
      technique including ventricular microsurgery and stereotaxy and its attendant
      refinements. Surgical and non-surgical management is based upon the structural
      presentation of these masses as defined by detailed imaging studies. Operative
      objectives include histological definition, maximally feasible excision, cerebral
      spinal fluid diversion and relief of neurologic deficits created by masses
      affecting the third ventricular chamber.

PMID- 1803891
TI  - Transzygomatic approach to tumours of the parasellar region. Technical note.
AB  - A simple transzygomatic approach to the middle fossa centered on the inferior
      retraction of the temporal muscle hinged on the transected zygomatic arch is
      described. This approach allows a very low basal exposure of the middle and
      temporal fossa minimizing the amount of temporal lobe retraction needed to
      approach intra and extradural lesion in this location. The upper portion of the
      infratemporal fossa is also reached after removal of the middle fossa skull base.
      This approach is simple, easily performed, does not require extensive skull base
      removal, and still offers excellent visualization of the middle fossa and of the
      upper infratemporal fossa.

PMID- 1803892
TI  - Clinoidal meningiomas.
AB  - Clinoidal meningiomas have distinguishing clinical, radiological, and surgical
      considerations. They present a surgical challenge and have a notorious rate of
      recurrence. The best chance of their cure comes through total removal, but the
      fear of injury to cerebral vessels has led most surgeons to accept subtotal
      removal. We classify these tumours into three groups according to the presence or
      absence of an interfacing arachnoid membrane between the tumour and cerebral
      vessels. The presence or absence of this membrane depends on the origin of the
      tumour and its relation to the naked carotid segment lying outside the carotid
      cistern. In Group I, total removal is impossible and results are disappointing.
      In Groups II and III, total removal is possible and results are good despite
      arterial encasement by the tumour.

PMID- 1803893
TI  - Invading meningiomas of sphenoid wing. What must we know before surgery?
AB  - Sphenoid wing meningiomas are very invasive tumours. The only permanent treatment
      is total eradication. But quality of life should also be taken into account.
      Several surgical approaches have been proposed with more and more aggressivity.
      We have raised a list of 9 questions which is not exhaustive. We recommend
      solving them before surgery and to be sure to have an answer before a surgical
      decision is made. This would be of great benefit for more efficacious results
      with less sequelae.

PMID- 1803894
TI  - Regulation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase by calmodulin.
AB  - The mutagenesis work described in this paper has been instrumental in furthering
      our understanding of how CaM binds to and activates MLCK. Figure 2 schematically
      represents this interaction. The inactive MLCK appears to have a catalytic domain
      that is repressed by a substrate inhibitory domain that overlaps with the CaM
      binding domain, a basic amphipathic helix. In the presence of Ca2+, CaM undergoes
      a conformational change that exposes two hydrophobic pockets, one in each
      globular lobe, that are important for binding to MLCK. Upon binding CaM, MLCK
      undergoes a conformational change that derepresses the catalytic site, allows
      substrate access and light chain phosphorylation. Calmodulin antagonist drugs
      intercalate within these hydrophobic pockets to interfere with target enzyme
      binding. The total loss of activity if W800 is altered to A illustrates the
      importance of these hydrophobic interactions within the enzyme. The basic
      residues are also important; most of the basic residues in the binding domain of
      MLCK appear to aid in CaM binding but are not in themselves crucial, this
      includes the RRK triad. However, a specific electrostatic interaction between
      R812 of MLCK and CaM is suggested by the complete failure in MLCK activation if
      this residue is changed to an A. Electrostatic interactions between MLCK and CaM
      are also indicated by the TaM-BM1 mutant. This mutant can bind to but not
      activate MLCK. It is hypothesized that TaM-BM1 will bind to the basic amphipathic
      helix of MLCK but that the alterations in the surface charges (especially E14 and
      T34) and/or hydrophobicity (S38) prevent the proper conformational change in MLCK
      necessary for light chain phosphorylation. The resulting MLCK-CaM complex is
      therefore, inactive but can bind TaM-BM1. The exact interaction of these amino
      acids in CaM with MLCK will have to await the elucidation of a CaM-MLCK co
      crystal.

PMID- 1803895
TI  - Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation: regulation of the Ca2+ sensitivity of
      contractile elements.
AB  - Purified myosin light chain kinase from smooth muscle is phosphorylated by cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and the multifunctional calmodulin
      dependent protein kinase II. Since phosphorylation in a specific site (site A) by
      any one of these kinases desensitizes myosin light chain kinase to activation by
      Ca2+/calmodulin, kinase phosphorylation could play an important role in
      regulating smooth muscle contractility. This possibility was investigated in 32P
      labelled bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Treatment of tissues with carbachol, KCl,
      isoproterenol, or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increased the extent of kinase
      phosphorylation. Six primary phosphopeptides (A-F) of myosin light chain kinase
      were identified. Site A was phosphorylated to an appreciable extent only with
      carbachol or KCl, agents which contract tracheal smooth muscle. The extent of
      site A phosphorylation correlated to increases in the concentration of
      Ca2+/calmodulin required for activation. These results show that cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C do not affect smooth muscle
      contractility by phosphorylating site A in myosin light chain kinase. It is
      proposed that phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in site A, perhaps by
      calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, may play a role in reported
      desensitization of contractile elements in smooth muscle to activation by Ca2+.

PMID- 1803896
TI  - Myosin heavy chain isoforms and smooth muscle function.
AB  - Using isoform specific antibodies we have verified the presence of two distinct
      muscle type myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat uterine muscle. We have shown that
      an endogenous protease can cleave a small 4 kDa region from the C-terminal of the
      SM1 isoform which generates a pSM1 species which comigrates with the SM2 isoform
      on low density SDS gels. While this cleavage can complicate isoform
      identification, more importantly, this cleavage was associated with a substantial
      increase in the actomyosin ATPase. Thus we have identified a domain at the C
      terminal which may be involved in regulation of the ATPase activity.
      Interestingly, it is at this C-terminal, tail region of the smooth muscle myosin
      molecule where the only known isoform specific sequence differences are located.
      In skinned smooth muscle fibers of rat uterine muscle, we have also shown that
      differences in myosin heavy chain distribution, induced by beta-estradiol
      treatment of ovariectomized rats, are correlated with changes in unloaded
      shortening velocity. Thus our work suggests that the functional significance of
      myosin heavy chain isoforms in smooth muscle may be similar to that observed in
      striated muscle.

PMID- 1803897
TI  - Can different four-state crossbridge models explain latch and the energetics of
      vascular smooth muscle?

PMID- 1803898
TI  - Calcium homeostasis in single intact smooth muscle cells.
AB  - We have demonstrated that ISO produces part of its negative inotropic action
      through activation of the plasmalemmal Na+/K+ pump, and reduction of [Na+]i. This
      action is mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor through activation of
      adenylate cyclase. The reduction of [Na+]i is most probably translated to a
      change in the contractile state of the cell through activation of the Na+/Ca2+
      exchanger. While the exchanger is at equilibrium when the cell is at rest, after
      ISO it would extrude Ca2+ at the expense of the increased Na+ gradient, resulting
      in a decrease Ca2+ availability and a reduction in the magnitude of subsequent
      contractions. We have also seen that the previous calcium history of the myoplasm
      can influence the time course of future calcium transients. Prolonged large
      increases in [Ca2+]i can accelerate the rate of its removal and depress basal
      [Ca2+]i levels. This action is most probably mediated through a Ca2+/calmodulin
      dependent protein kinase. We have observed that MLCK is both necessary and
      sufficient to produce contraction of Bufo marinus stomach smooth muscle. There is
      also evidence that an as yet unidentified Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein
      kinase is acting to limit the magnitude and the duration of the Ca2+ transient by
      feeding back on processes involved in Ca2+ signal generation.

PMID- 1803899
TI  - Pharmacomechanical coupling: the membranes talk to the crossbridges.

PMID- 1803900
TI  - Changes in cytoplasmic calcium induced by purinergic P2x receptor activation in
      vascular smooth muscle cells and sensory neurons.

PMID- 1803901
TI  - Regulation of smooth muscle actomyosin function.

PMID- 1803902
TI  - Cytosolic calcium ion regulation in cultured endothelial cells.
AB  - Mechanisms involved in Ca2+ homeostasis and stimulus-secretion coupling in
      cultured endothelial cells in response to humoral and physical stimuli include
      passive leak, activation of ion channels, and chemical second messengers. Calcium
      entry is controlled by receptor activation, passive leak, and mechanical stretch.
      The rate at which Ca2+ enters the cell through these pathways is dependent on the
      transmembrane potential which governs the electrochemical gradient for Ca2+ and
      which is set by participation of various K channels.

PMID- 1803903
TI  - Many membrane abnormalities in hypertension result from one primary defect.
AB  - Evidence has been presented that: 1.) Changes in lipid bilayer alter the function
      of integral membrane proteins. 2.) There is less calcium bound to the plasma
      membrane in hypertension. 3.) Structural and functional abnormalities of the
      lipid bilayer have been reported in genetic hypertension. We hypothesize that
      multiple abnormalities of membrane transport systems in hypertension are
      secondary to an inherent abnormality of the lipid bilayer in which these
      transport proteins reside.

PMID- 1803904
TI  - Structure-function relationships in smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase.

PMID- 1803905
TI  - [Ca2+]i distribution and signalling in vascular hypertrophy.

PMID- 1803906
TI  - Control and function of alterations in contractile protein isoform expression in
      vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803907
TI  - Biophysical and biochemical properties of "asthmatic" airway smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803908
TI  - Purification of protein kinase C and identification of isozymes in vascular
      smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803909
TI  - Biochemical and functional characterization of smooth muscle calponin.

PMID- 1803910
TI  - Isoforms (conformations?) of turkey gizzard myosin light chain kinase: separation
      by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 1803911
TI  - Myosin heavy chain isoform patterns do not correlate with force-velocity
      relationships in pulmonary arterial compared with systemic arterial smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 1803913
TI  - Regulation of the step-distance in shortening muscles.

PMID- 1803912
TI  - Detailed balance and four state models of smooth muscle activation.

PMID- 1803914
TI  - An analysis of length-dependent active stiffness in smooth muscle strips.

PMID- 1803916
TI  - Isotonic shortening parameters but not isometric force development are altered in
      ragweed pollen sensitized canine bronchial smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803915
TI  - Effects of muscle length on intracellular Ca2+ during isometric contraction of
      tracheal smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803917
TI  - Frequency analysis of skinned indirect flight muscle from a myosin light chain 2
      deficient mutant of Drosophila melanogaster with a reduced wing beat frequency.

PMID- 1803918
TI  - Norepinephrine stimulates inositol trisphosphate formation in rat pulmonary
      arteries.

PMID- 1803919
TI  - Time-dependent decrease in Ca(2+)-sensitivity in "phasic smooth muscle".

PMID- 1803920
TI  - Platelet activating factor causes relaxation of isolated pulmonary artery and
      aorta.

PMID- 1803922
TI  - In vitro evidence for smooth muscle crossbridge mechanical interactions.

PMID- 1803921
TI  - The effect of calcium antagonist on norepinephrine-induced 86Rb efflux in obese
      Zucker rats.

PMID- 1803923
TI  - Regulation of a smooth muscle contraction: a hypothesis based on skinned fiber
      studies.
AB  - It seems clear that a simple Ca2+ dependent switch (MLC phosphorylation) cannot
      completely explain all of the disparate mechanical and energetic results obtained
      under numerous experimental conditions in numerous laboratories. Some of the
      problems of the simple switch model are that: 1. Force can be developed in the
      complete absence of increases in MLC phosphorylation; 2. Crossbridge cycling
      rate, as measured by either shortening velocity or directly by ATPase activity,
      can be regulated independent of changes in MLC phosphorylation; and 3. Ca2+ can
      directly influence both force and crossbridge cycling rate. Thus, we believe that
      there are two distinct Ca2+ dependent regulatory systems which normally act in
      parallel to contract smooth muscle. One of these is the Ca2+ dependent MLC
      phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. system which is likely to be responsible for
      the rapid development of force. The other is the hypothesized Ca2+ dependent
      system which is probably responsible for the slow development of force as well as
      the maintenance of previously developed force, represented in Figure 5 as K8.
      This second system involves a calmodulin-like protein with a higher Ca2+
      sensitivity than that for the Ca(2+)-calmodulin-MLC kinase system. Under most
      conditions, the total force attained by smooth muscle in response to stimulation
      is the result of the concerted activation of both of these regulatory systems.
      The available information is consistent with this hypothesis of two regulatory
      systems functioning in parallel. In addition to the information presented in this
      chapter, work from a number of laboratories (Moreland and Ford, 1982; Fujiwara et
      al., 1989; Kitazawa et al., 1989; Somlyo et al., 1989; Kubota et al., 1990;
      Kitazawa and Somlyo, this volume) have suggested the possibility that a regulated
      MLC phosphatase may functionally alter the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile
      filaments. There is evidence suggesting that the sensitivity of MLC kinase to
      activation by Ca2+ and calmodulin may be regulated (Stull et al., this volume).
      Protein kinase C has been postulated to play an important role in the regulation
      of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity (Nishimura et al., this volume). MgADP has been
      suggested to affect the kinetics of latchbridge attachment and detachment
      (Kerrick and Hoar, 1987; Nishimura and van Breemen, 1989). Cooperativity between
      crossbridges as described by Somlyo et al. (1988) and Siegman et al. (this
      volume) might also be an important component in the regulation of smooth muscle
      contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1803924
TI  - Cooperative mechanisms in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 1803925
TI  - Mechanics of the crossbridge interaction in living and chemically skinned smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 1803926
TI  - Modulation of Ca2+ sensitivity by agonists in smooth muscle.

PMID- 1803927
TI  - Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Denmark with special
      emphasis on levamisole resistance in Ostertagia circumcincta.
AB  - This study was undertaken to elucidate the presence of anthelmintic resistance in
      nematode parasites of sheep in Denmark. Twenty two flocks of sheep were selected
      for Faecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) tests, based on a prior history of either
      the same anthelmintic, or anthelmintic class having been used 3 times or more
      over the previous 5 years. Evidence of anthelmintic resistance was detected in 7
      flocks. Two flocks showed FECR of 88% and 94% after treatment with thiabendazole,
      FECR of another 2 were 90% and 94% following treatment with fenbendazole. Three
      flocks showed FECR of 73%, 89% and 94%, respectively following the use of
      levamisole. Ostertagia circumcincta was isolated from 1 of the latter flocks and
      subjected to an in vivo controlled slaughter assay. Following treatment with
      levamisole at the recommended dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg, FECR was 44.5% and worm
      counts were reduced by 67.7%. These results were further substantiated by an in
      vitro egg hatch paralysis assay and by measuring pepsinogen levels in treated and
      non-treated lambs. This is the first instance of anthelmintic resistance in sheep
      nematodes in Scandinavia.

PMID- 1803928
TI  - Comparison of three commercial rapid agglutination test kits for identification
      of coagulase positive staphylococci from foods and animals.
AB  - Three rapid agglutination assays for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus
      Monostaph (Bionor A/S, Skien, Norway), Staphyslide-Test (BioMerieux, Lyon,
      France) and Staph-Rapid-Test (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), were compared. A total
      of 104 Gram-positive, catalase positive cocci were tested: Nineteen
      Staphylococcus reference strains comprising 15 spp. (4 strains were coagulase
      positive), and 7 Micrococcus reference strains comprising 4 spp.; 22 food
      isolates comprising 13 S. aureus, 8 coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp., and 1
      Micrococcus sp.; 56 animal isolates comprising 11 S. aureus, 9 S. hyicus subsp.
      hyicus, 2 S. intermedius, 15 coagulase positive and 19 coagulase negative
      Staphylococcus spp. Totally 54 strains were coagulase positive. Considering
      agglutination of a coagulase positive strain as a correct identification,
      Monostaph, Staph-Rapid-Test, and Staphyslide-Test correctly identified 52
      (96.3%), 47 (87.0%) and 48 (89.0%) of the coagulase positive staphylococci,
      respectively. Monostaph, Staph-Rapid-Test and Staphyslide-Test showed 1 (2.0%), 4
      (8.0%) and 4 (8.0%) false positive reactions respectively. Monostaph, Staph-Rapid
      Test and Staphyslide-Test gave 0 (0.0%), 6 (5.8%) and 7 (6.7%) non-interpretable
      reactions, respectively. Monostaph may be a good alternative to the tube
      coagulase test for rapid and reliable identification of coagulase positive
      staphylococci from both food and veterinary sources. However, false negative
      reactions may occur with coagulase positive strains of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus
      and S. intermedius.

PMID- 1803929
TI  - Time of onset of post-partum luteal function and conception in dairy cows.
AB  - The following reproductive parameters were studied in 40 Icelandic dairy cows on
      2 farms with free stall and tie stall housing: The time of onset of post-partum
      luteal activity; the time of first post-partum artificial insemination (AI); the
      time of conception; conception rate to first post-partum AI; the number of AI's
      per conception; length of gestation; and the number of days between 2 consecutive
      calvings. Milk for progesterone analysis was sampled 3 times a week from calving
      until first AI on farm 1, but every day for 90-100 days from calving on farm 2.
      In this study the average onset of luteal function was 21 days post-partum, the
      cows were inseminated 62 days and conceived 74 days post-partum. Conception rate
      to first AI was 71% and number of AI's per conception was 1.6. Significant
      differences were not found between the 2 farms. The reproductive performance of
      the cows in this study was greater than found in earlier studies of the Icelandic
      dairy cows and indicate that this animal has reproductive capabilities comparable
      to high producing foreign dairy cows.

PMID- 1803930
TI  - Levels of oestrone sulphate during pregnancy in different breeds of cows and its
      possible association with retained foetal membranes.
AB  - The levels of oestrone sulphate in plasma of pregnant cows was followed from 30
      days of pregnancy until parturition. The Swedish Jersey Breed (SJB) showed
      significantly lower levels of oestrone sulphate between 101 and 200 days of
      pregnancy than either the Swedish Red and White (SRB) or the Swedish Lowland
      Breed (SLB). No significant difference was noted between SRB and SLB. On days 141
      160 of gestation the oestrone sulphate values were still below the 10 nmol/l
      level for the SJB while they were above this level for the SRB and the SLB, and
      the difference was significant. In the SJB, levels above 10 nmol/l were reached
      on days 161-180 of gestation. In the second part of this study the levels of
      oestrone sulphate were measured around parturition in SRB cows. At parturition,
      the levels of oestrone sulphate rose to peak values of 79.9 +/- 5.2 nmol/l and
      then decreased to 6.6 +/- 0.5 nmol/l on the day after calving. In one cow peak
      values of 66.0 nmol/l were reached 2 days prior to parturition, and subsequently
      dropped to 7.0 nmol/l at parturition. This cow had retained foetal membranes. A
      possible relationship between low oestrone sulphate levels prior to parturition
      and retained foetal membranes is discussed.

PMID- 1803931
TI  - Correlation between energy balance and fertility in Finnish dairy cows.
AB  - The effect of serum glucose, ASAT and urea on reproductive performance was
      studied in 45 Finnish dairy cows from 8 different herds. Blood samples were taken
      a month before calving as well as 2 weeks and 2 months after calving. Serum urea,
      ASAT and glucose were used as indicators of metabolic and energy balance. Glucose
      and ASAT concentrations were significantly correlated with fertility 2 weeks
      after calving, but not before calving or 2 months after calving. Antepartum, 60%
      of the cows had a low urea level; at 2 weeks and at 2 months postpartum 89% and
      65%, respectively had low levels of urea. The cows were divided into groups as
      follows: low or high (greater than or equal to 2.9 mmol/l) glucose level and low
      or high (greater than or equal to 2.5 mmol/l) urea level. Low levels of glucose
      and/or urea in puerperium were associated with poor fertility. The intervals from
      calving to first insemination and conception were shorter in the group with high
      glucose and high urea than in the group with low values. The cows with the
      shortest intervals from calving to first insemination and conception showed
      adequate metabolic balance (high levels of urea and glucose). Clinical ketosis
      had an adverse affect on intervals from calving to first insemination and on
      conception. Intervals from calving to first insemination and to conception were
      significantly (p less than 0.01) longer in ketotic cows than in non-ketotic ones.
      Liver damage, reflected as elevated activity of ASAT, was associated with poor
      fertility. If shorter calving intervals are desired, adequate energy balance in
      puerperium is essential.

PMID- 1803932
TI  - Calcification of intervertebral discs in the dachshund. A radiographic study of
      327 young dogs.
AB  - The vertebral columns of 327 clinically normal, 12 to 18 months old dachshunds,
      were x-rayed. This sample represented 16.1% of all dachshunds registered with the
      Norwegian Kennel Club in the period 1986-1988. Calcified intervertebral discs
      were identified in 79 (24.2%) of the dogs and the number of calcified discs in
      each individual varied from 1 to 11 with a mean of 2.3. Calcified discs were
      estimated to occur in 23.5% of Norwegian dachshunds. The occurrence of calcified
      discs in standard-sized dachshunds was higher in the wirehaired variety (27.1%)
      than in the smoothcoated (16.4%) or longhaired (9.1%) varieties. However, within
      the longhaired variety the occurrence was higher in dwarfs and kaninchens (36.0%)
      than in standard-sized dachshunds (9.1%). Calcification was identified in all
      cervical, thoracic and lumbar intervertebral discs other than T1-2, and was found
      to be most frequent in the caudal thoracic vertebral column.

PMID- 1803933
TI  - The seal death in Danish waters 1988. 1. Pathological and bacteriological
      studies.
AB  - During the seal epizootic in Danish waters in 1988 a total of 81 adult seals were
      necropsied. The cause of death was suppurative bronchopneumonia complicated by
      pleurisy. Histologically, an interstitial pneumonia with cytoplasmatic inclusion
      bodies typical of canine distemper was identified in many of the seals. The
      condition was in many cases complicated with a secondary infection with
      Bordetella bronchiseptica.

PMID- 1803935
TI  - Canine lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis: an immunopathological investigation of
      intestinal plasma cells.
AB  - The numbers of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-containing plasma cells in the lamina propria
      of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and coecum were quantitated in 3 patients suffering
      from lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis and 3 normal control dogs. A great
      increase was found in all 3 types of plasma cells and at all levels of the
      intestinal tract. Especially the IgG-containing cells showed a remarkable
      increase particularly in 2 patients. The possible reasons for these heavy
      infiltrations of immunologically competent cells are discussed, and chronic
      antigenic stimulations of food origin is suggested.

PMID- 1803934
TI  - The seal death in Danish waters 1988. 2. Virological studies.
AB  - Mass abortions and high mortality were observed in harbour seals in Danish waters
      during 1988. Severe pneumonia and emphysema were typical clinical and post-mortem
      findings. Virological studies were carried out to identify the cause of the
      epidemic. Although seal herpesvirus (SeHV) was isolated in 23 of 114 animals this
      virus was subsequently found not to be the primary cause of the disease.
      Following the observation of seroconversion against canine distemper virus (CDV)
      in diseased seals (Osterhaus & Vedder 1988) a CDV-like morbillivirus (phocine
      distemper virus, PDV) was identified in organs of diseased animals. It is
      concluded that the epidemic was caused by introduction of PDV into a highly
      susceptible population presumably free from morbillivirus infection. The origin
      of PDV remains unknown but evidence of prior morbillivirus infection has been
      found in arctic and antarctic seal populations.

PMID- 1803936
TI  - Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of
      Taenia saginata cysticercosis in cattle.
AB  - Serum IgG response of cattle with cysticercosis caused by Taenia saginata was
      studied in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) where a T. saginata
      metacestode surface extract was used as antigen. In experimentally infected
      calves, a sharp rise in specific antibody levels was found 3-4 weeks after the
      infection followed by a logical level of detection corresponded to about 25
      cysts. The ELISA was employed in cattle herds where cysticercosis outbreaks had
      occurred and also in supposedly uninfected herds. Significantly increased
      antibody levels were found in the herds with massive cysticercosis cases. The
      test was not adapted for individual diagnosis as some animals of the uninfected
      herds, especially within the older age groups, had elevated antibody values. The
      ELISA was, however, useful in the investigation of outbreaks to determine the
      extent and pattern of the infection in the herd. The rate of decline in antibody
      levels in these herds was studied by follow up sampling. The increased antibody
      levels in the infected herds were also reflected in colostrum-fed calves. This
      observation was employed to estimate the time of infection.

PMID- 1803937
TI  - A case-control study of risk factors in light Taenia saginata cysticercosis in
      Danish cattle.
AB  - Risk factors in light T. saginata cysticercosis in cattle herds were investigated
      in a case-control study. The case group consisted of farms from which cattle with
      low-grade cysticercosis had been detected at slaughter. The control group
      consisted of farms where no cases were detected during the same period. The major
      risk factor identified was allowing cattle access to drink from streams carrying
      effluent from sewage treatment plants (odds ratio = 3.6). Spreading of septic
      tank sludge through deliberate or accidental mixing with animal slurry,
      deposition of sewage sludge, and proximity to railways, camping sites or sewage
      treatment plants seemed to be of minor importance.

PMID- 1803938
TI  - Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics in small strongyles (Cyathostominae) of
      horses in Denmark.
AB  - This study was undertaken to establish whether anthelmintic resistance was
      present in nematode parasites of horses in Denmark. Sixteen horse farms were
      selected for faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests to measure the efficacy of
      the anthelmintic used. Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics was found on 13
      of the 16 farms, with FECR values ranging from 80.0% to -101.3%. On the remaining
      3 farms FECR was 100.0%, 99.3% and 97.2%. Results of a questionnaire study on
      anthelmintic usage, parasite control measures and management practices showed
      that horses in this study were treated on average 7.1 times/year. Horse owners
      changed between preparations of drugs but almost only within the same class of
      anthelmintics. Nine owners gave an anthelmintic treatment to purchased horses
      before they were introduced on the farm. On 14 farms, the same paddock was grazed
      every year and the average stocking rate was estimated to be 2.4 horses/ha.
      Strategies to avoid development of anthelmintic resistance are discussed and
      recommendations of parasite control on horse farms are presented.

PMID- 1803939
TI  - Salmonella isolated from animals and feedstuffs in Sweden during 1983-1987.
AB  - This survey describes the frequency of Salmonella in animals and feedstuffs
      isolated in Sweden 1983-1987. Since 1949 National Veterinary Institute (NVI) has
      published such reports every fifth year. During the period of this report 760
      outbreaks of Salmonella were reported in animals. This includes both domestic and
      wild animals. The corresponding figure for the previous period was 1266
      outbreaks. 56 different serovariants were reported, 17 of these were new to
      Sweden. In cattle and swine there were a decrease of outbreaks. In poultry 86
      outbreaks were reported, compared with 220 outbreaks during the previous five
      year period. Swedish feed producing plants are checked both voluntary and
      compulsory, for the presence of Salmonella in raw materials, scrape and dust
      samples and compound feed. During 1983-1987 a total of 236 strains at Salmonella
      were isolated. This is the lowest incidence found during the last 15 years. All
      consignments of feedstuffs of animal origin intended for import to Sweden has to
      be examined for the presence of Salmonella. During 1983-1987 8.6% of the
      consignments were positive for Salmonella and were thus not allowed to be used in
      Sweden.

PMID- 1803940
TI  - PCR screening for carriers of hereditary citrullinaemia in Danish Holstein
      Friesian bulls.

PMID- 1803941
TI  - Birth of calves developed from embryos of predetermined sex.

PMID- 1803942
TI  - [In memoriam Rudiger von Volkmann].

PMID- 1803943
TI  - Observation of the petropharyngeal muscle in Japanese.
AB  - The petropharyngeal muscles were observed in 7 cadavers, 8 cases (1.4%) [both
      side: one case (0.3%), one side: 6 cases (1.9%)] in 614 Japanese cadavers. All
      cases of this supernumerary muscles of the stylopharyngeal muscle took origin
      from the petrous part of the temporal bone to inserted to the outer surface of
      the middle constrictor pharyngeal muscles. And also of its muscle bundles were
      innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve and supplied from the ascending
      pharyngeal artery. The appearance of the sex differences male was much higher
      than female in Japanese.

PMID- 1803944
TI  - Ultrastructural changes of crop-sac and lactotrophs after systemic or
      intraventricular administration of drugs enhancing cholinergic transmission in
      pigeons.
AB  - The ultrastructural effects of drugs enhancing, by different mechanisms,
      cholinergic transmission in the crop-sac (the target for prolactin secretion in
      birds) and the anterior pituitary lactotrophs, were studied in pigeons (Columba
      livia). The systemic or intraventricular administration of physostigmine,
      carbachol and muscarine produced maximal crop-sac stimulation with milk-like
      secretion, as demonstrated by the observation of ultrastructural changes in the
      lactiferous areas through scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the
      crop-sac mucosa. A marked activation was also observed in anterior pituitary
      lactotrophs. Crop-sac and anterior pituitary lactotrophs stimulatory effects were
      prevented by an atropine pretreatment, but not by mecamylamine and pempidine
      pretreatments. The present results suggest that muscarinic receptors at the
      hypothalamic and/or anterior pituitary level are involved in avian species in the
      control of prolactin secretion.

PMID- 1803945
TI  - Simple methods for the characterization of skeletal development of rat pups
      during the perinatal period as a parameter of maturity.
AB  - In undisturbed pregnancies of the rat skeletal development coincides with
      gestational age, and in that case a prolonged gestation is connected with an
      intrauterine progress of skeletal ossification. In disturbed pregnancy associated
      with fetal retardation also perinatal ossification is delayed. In the rat this
      delay can obviously be compensated by a prolonged pregnancy. For estimation of
      skeletal ossification a simple score has been developed. A total score of all
      selected perinatal ossification centres (sternebrae, bones of the fore- and
      hindpaw, caudal vertebrae) was ascertained and compared with a reduced score
      obtained by scoring the lower part of the body only (caudal vertebrae, hindpaw).
      With this reduced scoring system the same qualitative relations between control
      and retarded fetuses and newborns of different gestational age could be
      established as with the total score. The estimation of the appearance of only one
      representative ossification centre of the forepaw may give a rapid survey of
      skeletal development, but seems to be uncertain for detailed characterization.

PMID- 1803946
TI  - [New aspects of the ontogenetic development of the human colon].
AB  - The parts of the fetal colon--later retroperitoneally located (ascending and
      descending colon)--were examined in 31 human fetuses in order to determine their
      ontogenetic formation, position, and dorsal attachment. The present data cast
      doubt upon so-called "descending of the caecum" described in current textbooks of
      embryology. Considering the literature available a new concept of the formation
      of the right colon flexure and the ascending colon is presented.

PMID- 1803947
TI  - [Fundamentals of the biomechanics of hard tissues].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of such methods that have led to the establishment of
      the Newtonian laws some problems of the interdisciplinary agreement between
      mechanics and biology, especially those concerning hard tissues, were discussed.
      In the light of examples it is shown that comparisons with technical
      constructions to explain form and function of bones are not sufficient since
      similarity of form is no proof of identical function. Mechanical phenomena of
      living matter can be investigated merely by their own movements whereby the
      differing qualities and reactions of the material have to be taken into priority
      consideration.

PMID- 1803948
TI  - Mechanoreceptors in the canine anterior cruciate ligaments.
AB  - Canine anterior cruciate ligaments were sectioned into sagittal, frontal and
      horizontal segments which were stained in bulk using a modified gold chloride
      method. Segments were then serially sectioned on a sliding microtome at 100
      micron, mounted on slides, dehydrated and coverslipped. Abundant Ruffini and
      pacinian receptors were identified within the substance of the ligament. These
      receptors were innervated by 5 to 10 micron diameter axons penetrating from the
      peripheral synovium investing the ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament is
      capable of afferent input to the central nervous system of importance to the
      biomechanical function of the knee joint.

PMID- 1803949
TI  - [The effect of vibrations in the early stages of embryogenesis on the postnatal
      motor and physical development of Wistar rats].
AB  - The effect of vibrations on postnatal motor development and on the physical
      features of a breed of Wistar rats was investigated. The development of swimming
      abilities was divided into 6 stages, following KLAUS and HACKER (1978).
      Simultaneously, certain physical features were monitored. The results were
      evaluated with the help of the chi-squared homogenicity test. It was determined
      that there were no significant differences between the experimental animals and
      the controls.

PMID- 1803950
TI  - [The emergence of the chorda tympani from the tympanic cavity and its course
      until its entry into the lingual nerve].
AB  - Because there are a lot of contradictory opinions in the literature we
      investigated the intra- and extraosseous pathway of the Chorda tympani by
      dissecting the heads of 6 cadavers. The Chorda nerve leaves the temporal bone in
      the Fissura sphenopetrosa behind the Spina ossis sphenoidalis. In an angle of 24
      degrees-28 degrees the Chorda nerve connects up with the lingual nerve. The
      extraosseous distance is about 1.3 to 3 time longer then the intraosseous one.
      The individual variations of the intraosseous distance are greater than those of
      the extraosseous one. This is behalf the individual variations in the structure
      of the temporal bone.

PMID- 1803951
TI  - Cryptosporidium sp. in stool specimens from diarrhoeic and asymptomatic
      individuals in the Magdeburg area (East Germany).
AB  - Unselected stool specimens from a total of 2,944 individuals with diarrhoea
      including 1,172 children under 14 years of age were investigated for
      Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Magdeburg area from 1987 to 1988, 43 (1.46%) were
      found positive. Three of these were additionally infected with bacterial
      pathogens (Campylobacter species). In all cases the symptoms of diarrhoea ceased
      spontaneously after an average of 8 days. The incidence was highest among
      children and infants under 6 years of age (2.50%). No cryptosporidia were found
      in stool specimens of 570 healthy individuals of all age groups. Cysts of Giardia
      sp. were detected more frequently in healthy than in diarrhoeic individuals (3.3%
      and 2.0%, respectively). The postulation to search for cryptosporidia in all
      cases of diarrhoea lasting longer than two days is inferred from these results.

PMID- 1803952
TI  - Studies on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis amongst pregnant women in Jos
      area of Plateau State, Nigeria.
AB  - An investigation was carried out on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis
      amongst pregnant women in Jos area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The pregnant women
      were made up of 250 women from Jos metropolis and 250 women from Jos rural area.
      Jos Metropolis women were found to have 37.6% rate of infection while Jos rural
      women were found to have 24.8% rate of infection. The pH range of the infected
      women was found to lie between 6-8. Their vaginal discharges were found to be
      frothy and greenish-yellow with a typical odour. Some had vulval irritations.
      Some reported that they had slight temperature rises above 37 degrees C in the
      nights. The infected women either belonged to the working class or were self
      employed. There was more infection amongst the working class women in the
      metropolis while the opposite was the case in Jos rural area. Some of the
      infected women had trichomoniasis alone while some were found to have mixed
      infection like trichomoniasis and candidosis, trichomoniasis and gonorrhoea or
      trichomoniasis, candidosis and gonorrhoea. The implications of these results are
      discussed.

PMID- 1803954
TI  - [Hemiptera from soil as pests of humans].

PMID- 1803953
TI  - [The secondary action of neporex on the pupa of parasitoids of stable flies].
AB  - In field tests for the control of house fly larvae in dung heaps of a pig
      fattening and breeding farm with Neporex SP 50 revealed, that the same species of
      parasitoids (Muscidifurax raptor, Spalangia nigroaenea, S. cameroni, Phygadeuon
      fumator) were capable to develop in cyromazine-damaged, larviform host puparia as
      in undamaged puparia. The parasitization rate is, however, about 3 times and the
      hatch of flies is twice as high in normal formed puparia compared with larviform
      puparia. Comparing the attractivity of untreated normal puparia with cyromazine
      damaged, larviform puparia under laboratory conditions showed that the mentioned
      puparia gave rise to 2-3 times as much parasitoids. Rearing M. raptor and M.
      zaraptor on larviform host puparia in the laboratory led to a distinct decrease
      in the development of the parasitoid between populations within 3 ... 5
      generations. Parasitoids emerged from larviform and from undamaged puparia showed
      not differences in their life dates in the F1 generation.

PMID- 1803955
TI  - [On the 65th birthday of Jadwiga Zlotorzycka].

PMID- 1803956
TI  - Comparative ethnopharmacology: a rational method for the search of bioactive
      compounds in plants.
AB  - In the present preliminary communication on comparative ethnopharmacology a
      limited universe of data extracted from the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (vols. 1
      25) was used for the construction of ethnopharmacological profiles of ten
      families of dicotyledons. Intraprofile analysis suggested the main uses of plant
      species (indicated by the maximal citation frequencies), as opposed to the
      spurious ones (represented by base line fluctuations), to possess a solid
      chemotaxonomic basis. Interprofile analysis via correlation of
      ethnopharmacological distances and morphological (evolutionary) distances among
      the same plant families suggested comparative ethnopharmacology to possess also a
      phylogenetic (chemosystematic) basis. This result establishes comparative
      ethnopharmacology as a novel and potentially useful scientific discipline.

PMID- 1803957
TI  - Medical research in Singapore.

PMID- 1803958
TI  - Serial measurement of serum fructosamine and glycosylated haemoglobin as indices
      of glycaemic control in diabetic pregnancy.
AB  - Management of diabetic pregnancy requires objective information regarding blood
      glucose levels with the aim of achieving strict euglycaemia. Self-blood glucose
      monitoring and measurement of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) are two methods
      widely adopted in clinical practice. Serum fructosamine assay was recently
      introduced as a parameter for assessing short-term glycaemic control. Our study
      compared serial measurement of serum fructosamine with HbA1 as indices of short
      term glycaemic control in a group of diabetic pregnant women prospectively from
      early/mid-trimester till delivery. Patients performed self-blood glucose glucose
      concentration of the preceding two weeks were assessed. Our results showed that
      both serum fructosamine and HbA1 gave comparable information regarding short-term
      glycaemic control. Serum fructosamine estimation did not offer any distinct
      additional advantage as a retrospective index of diabetic control in the
      management of diabetic pregnancy.

PMID- 1803960
TI  - Clinical aspects of health screening for senior citizens.
AB  - Out of a total of 1,224 subjects aged 55 years and above who attended the Senior
      Citizens' Health Care Centres for health screening, new medical conditions were
      picked up for the first time in 472 subjects, giving an overall pick-up rate of
      38.6%. This rate increased with age rising from 29.4% among those aged 55-64, to
      45.8% among those aged 65-74 and to 51.4% in the 75 years and above. This trend
      was found to be of statistical significance (p greater than 0.001). The objective
      of the health screening programme in the Senior Citizens' Health Care Centres is
      to detect geriatric problems early in order to take adequate steps to prevent
      disability and dependency states, so that the elderly may continue to live at
      home. In this paper, we studied the 472 subjects with abnormal medical
      conditions. The pick-up rates (per 100) of medical conditions were as follows:
      cataract 13.8, other eye conditions 6.5, deafness 4.5, other ear conditions 2.7,
      diabetes mellitus 2.5, hypertension 2.2 and osteoarthritis 1.6. The socio
      demographic profile and the medical conditions of the 472 subjects were also
      studied, with implications on their quality of life in future. We recommend that
      physicians specifically screen for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, eye and ear
      abnormalities in all asymptomatic elderly, during periodic health check ups.

PMID- 1803959
TI  - Clinical profile of elderly urinary incontinence in Singapore: a community-based
      study.
AB  - The prevalence of urinary incontinence in the elderly aged 65 years and above was
      found to be 4.6% (42 out of a total of 919 respondents), in a community-based
      study in Singapore. Urinary incontinence was defined as leakage of urine on at
      least two occasions in the previous one month. The clinical profile of 30 out of
      the 42 (71%) subjects were studied. There was equal distribution of male and
      female subjects. Eighteen (60%) of the subjects were below 75 years of age.
      Twenty-five (83.3%) subjects had severe incontinence. Twenty-four (80%) had the
      incontinence for more than one year. Despite the high percentage of patients with
      severe incontinence, only nine (30%) used some form of aid. Incontinence in our
      very old (75 years and above) was not related to frailty or physical dependence.
      Seven of the subjects (23.3%) were found to have functional incontinence
      associated with cognitive impairment. These patients were unable to indicate
      their toilet needs. They also had associated physical disability as well as
      double incontinence, and their carers were under stress. Ten of the subjects had
      pure urge incontinence. Seven of them had an underlying central nervous system
      disorder, suggesting that destrusor hyperreflexia may be the underlying cause for
      urinary incontinence in this group. All except one in this group had more than
      one possible precipitating factor for their incontinence. Eleven subjects had
      symptoms suggestive of outlet obstruction, although only two were found to have
      proven outlet obstruction. None of the female subjects had pure stress
      incontinence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1803961
TI  - Individualised treatment of seven cases of acquired factor VIII inhibitors.
AB  - Seven non-haemophilic patients with acquired Factor VIII inhibitors, admitted to
      Singapore General Hospital from 1986 to 1990, were studied to analyse their
      characteristic clinical features and therapeutic outcome. They all had low Factor
      VIIIC activities, ranged from 0 to 7% and their Factor VIII inhibitors ranged
      from 1.5 to 128 Bethesda units. All were Chinese aged 30 to 66 years, median 49
      years. Six were females, with only one male. Five had associated autoimmune
      diseases and two had no apparent underlying disorder. One out of seven patients
      died despite treatment. Therapeutic approach is largely individualised. It may be
      life-threatening and needs prompt and adequate treatment.

PMID- 1803962
TI  - Clinical experience with the laser indirect ophthalmoscope.
AB  - Laser delivery through a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope is a relatively recent
      addition to the armamentarium in vitreoretinal work. Hitherto to our experience,
      it had not been used in this region. This paper documents our initial experience
      with a laser indirect ophthalmoscope used successfully in the retinal
      photocoagulation of patients with diabetic retinopathy, venous occlusions,
      peripheral retinal holes and lattice degenerations and in post-vitrectomy cases.
      We found that this mode of laser delivery offered the advantages of an increased
      field of view of the retina, improved access to the retinal periphery and better
      patient comfort. It enabled laser treatment of patients with physical or mental
      handicaps who are unable to sit at the slit-lamp. It is the first system that can
      deliver laser treatment to patients in the pediatric age-group. It may also be
      valuable in Stage III retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease, pneumatic
      retinopexy, and anterior hyaloidal neovascular proliferations. The chief drawback
      with this system are the lower magnification and sensitivity to inadvertent
      movement by the patient or surgeon. We concluded that this mode of laser delivery
      is a useful adjunct to the slit lamp system and can in some cases be the
      preferred mode of laser therapy.

PMID- 1803963
TI  - Erythropoietin levels and inhibition of erythropoiesis in end-stage renal
      failure.
AB  - Anaemia of chronic renal failure is multifactorial. Twenty-one patients with end
      stage renal disease (ESRD) and 21 normal subjects were studied to determine the
      significance of serum erythropoietin levels and erythropoiesis inhibition in the
      aetiology of renal anaemia. Serum erythropoietin levels and erythropoiesis
      inhibition were measured by determining the incorporation of labelled-thymidine
      into the DNA of rabbit bone marrow cells. The mean haemoglobin concentration was
      9.0 +/- 0.5 g/dl (mean +/- SEM) in ESRD and 14.4 +/- 0.4 g/dl in normal controls.
      Serum erythropoietin levels (99.9 +/- 17.9 mU/ml in ESRD vs 74.9 +/- 9.7 mU/ml in
      normal controls) and inhibition of erythropoiesis (252 +/- 28.9 in ESRD vs 186.2
      +/- 19.4 in normal controls) were not significantly different in both groups.
      However, erythropoiesis inhibition had a significant correlation with the degree
      of anaemia (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that erythropoiesis inhibition
      play a significant role in the pathogenesis of renal anaemia.

PMID- 1803964
TI  - Ethnic differences in blood lead concentration among workers in a battery
      manufacturing factory.
AB  - Blood lead levels of two ethnic groups (11 Chinese and 25 Malays) of workers in a
      factory manufacturing lead accumulator battery were studied. The mean adjusted
      (for environmental lead levels, age, exposure duration and stick-years of smoking
      by analysis of covariance) blood lead level of the Malays was 34.8 micrograms/dl
      as compared to 22.4 micrograms/dl for the Chinese. This difference was
      significant (p less than 0.02). Oral ingestion of lead, through eating of food
      with hands contaminated by lead compound, among the Malay workers was suggested
      as a possible cause for the difference in the mean blood lead levels. Preventive
      measures and recommendations to overcome the problem among this particular group
      of workers were discussed.

PMID- 1803966
TI  - Oestrogen receptors in well differentiated thyroid cancers.
AB  - Oestrogen receptor (ER) monoclonal antibody, H222 was used to study ER expression
      in forty-seven paraffin embedded blocks of well differentiated thyroid cancers.
      Trypsinisation, DNase I digestion, together with the use of labelled streptavidin
      biotin immuno-histochemical staining kit were adopted to increase the sensitivity
      of the immunoreaction. One out of twenty-seven papillary carcinomas and one out
      of twenty follicular carcinomas were immunoreactive. Thus, 4.3% of the well
      differentiated thyroid cancers were noted to express ER. The increased incidence
      and the better prognosis in females with well differentiated thyroid cancers is
      unlikely to be explained on the presence or absence of ER.

PMID- 1803965
TI  - Pacing experience with the atrial screw-in leads at the Singapore General
      Hospital.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of atrial screw-in leads implanted at the Singapore
      General Hospital from January 1988 to August 1990. There were 21 (13 female and 8
      male) consecutive patients, with age ranging from 17 to 79 years (mean 55 years).
      Thirteen patients had sick sinus syndrome and the remaining eight patients had
      high grade AV block. Eleven patients had AAI, six had DDD and four had DDDR
      pacing modes respectively. Three different models of unipolar screw-in leads were
      used. Eight patients had Medtronic Model 6957, seven had Medtronic Model 4057 and
      six had Siemens-Pacesetter Model 1007 pacing leads implanted. At the time of
      implant, the measured P wave amplitudes ranged from 1 to 4.8 mV (2.5 +/- 1.1 mV)
      and the pacing thresholds ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 volts (1.21 +/- 0.51 volts).
      There were no acute complications at the time of implant. On follow-up ranging
      from one month to two years, two patients had inadequate sensing in the atrium
      and one patient had high pacing threshold. There were no lead dislodgement. In
      conclusion, these screw-in leads can be safely used in the atrium with acceptable
      pacing characteristics.

PMID- 1803967
TI  - The immunology of xenotransplantation.
AB  - The transplantation of organs between species (xenografting) has long been
      considered impracticable due to the immunological barriers allegedly induced by
      the antigenic disparity of distantly related species. This paper challenges the
      long held dogma's on the immunology of xenografting. We present evidence that T
      cells are not necessarily involved in the rejection of organs transplanted
      between closely related species and that antibody is not necessarily involved in
      the rejection of grafts between distantly related species.

PMID- 1803968
TI  - Experimental transplantation of limbs.
AB  - This article is a brief review of experimental and clinical studies on
      replantation and transplantation of the whole limbs. Special reference is given
      to our preliminary study of the foetal limb allograft in young rabbits. The
      results showed that the vascularised foetal limb allografts of the group with
      Cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment increased in longitudinal growth in their first 6
      weeks of transplantation as compared to the group without CsA treatment.
      Transplantation of foetal tissue has yielded new possibilities in the treatment
      of congenital and traumatic limb defects in human in the future. The utility of
      foetal limb tissues brings us a step closer towards the long road of limb
      transplantation.

PMID- 1803969
TI  - Dieulafoy's disease: cause of massive upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in two
      Asian women.
AB  - Dieulafoy's disease is a submucous arterial malformation of the stomach, and is a
      known cause of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. To date, 125 cases have
      been reported in the literature. Fatality is high if the condition remains
      undiagnosed. Endoscopy is difficult but important in the diagnosis of Dieulafoy's
      disease. Dieulafoy's disease in two Asian women are reported here. Both required
      large amount of blood transfusions as the diagnosis was not recognised early.
      Greater awareness of the condition will enable earlier diagnosis and reduced
      mortality from this condition.

PMID- 1803970
TI  - A non-fatal case report of acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
AB  - Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a potentially fatal disorder that
      typically complicates the third trimester of pregnancy. Unrecognised, acute fatty
      liver of pregnancy may rapidly progress to fulminant hepatic failure,
      disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal failure and death. The
      outcome is highly favourable, with complete hepatic recovery, if the diagnosis is
      made early and pregnancy terminated promptly. The diagnostic criteria of AFLP are
      met if third trimester jaundice is associated with hyperuricaemia, the presence
      of nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood film and hepatic attenuation
      values consistent with fatty infiltration by at least one imaging technique. We
      report here a 38 year old Chinese woman with acute fatty liver of pregnancy, a
      non-fatal case complicated by extrahepatic manifestations of disseminated
      intravascular coagulation, haemorrhage and renal dysfunction.

PMID- 1803971
TI  - Haemorrhagic papillary cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle mimicking giant seminal
      vesicle cyst: MRI appearances.
AB  - Papillary cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle is very rare. We describe such a
      case presenting in a 58 year old man with bladder outlet obstruction.
      Investigations included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the usefulness of which
      in pre-operative diagnosis is highlighted in this case. Seminal vesicle cysts can
      usually be identified by conventional radiological imaging techniques such as
      ultrasound and computed tomography; however, identification would be difficult if
      the cyst is very large, causing distortion of the adjacent anatomy. In such
      cases, MRI, through coronal and sagittal scanning, can be helpful in localising
      the lesion, as in this patient. The precise pathological nature of the cyst can
      only be confirmed by biopsy.

PMID- 1803972
TI  - Primary cardiac amyloidosis.
AB  - Cardiac amyloidosis is an uncommon and often unrecognised cause of cardiac
      failure. It is an infiltrative disease that may mimic either a restrictive or
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, coronary artery disease
      or valvular heart disease. The diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with
      cardiac failure who has low voltage complexes on the electrocardiogram, in
      association with increased myocardial mass and echogenicity on the
      echocardiogram. The definitive diagnosis, however, can only be made by
      endomyocardial biopsy or biopsy of any involved organ in systemic amyloidosis.
      Prognosis is poor and treatment ineffective.

PMID- 1803973
TI  - Extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma--a case report.
AB  - A rare case of extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma of the right groin in a 50 year
      old Chinese lady is being presented. A wide excision of the tumour was done. The
      differential diagnosis are discussed. This is an extremely rare tumour and is
      just as malignant and aggressive, if not more so than its counterpart in the
      bone.

PMID- 1803974
TI  - Thyroid papillary carcinoma with unusual breast metastasis.
AB  - Breast metastasis from thyroid carcinoma is a rare occurrence. We report a case
      of immunohistologically proven breast metastasis from a thyroid papillary
      carcinoma. The association of primary breast carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma is
      noted and the usefulness of immunohistological techniques emphasised especially
      when histological assessment is difficult.

PMID- 1803975
TI  - Haemophagocytosis in dengue haemorrhagic fever: a case report.
AB  - Virus associated haemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS), a distinct clinico-pathologic
      entity, is characterised by systemic proliferation of non-neoplastic
      histotiocytes showing haemophagocytosis resulting in blood cytopaenia. It has
      been described in relation to several viruses earlier. Here we describe a young
      girl who developed this reactive process during the course of dengue haemorrhagic
      fever (DHF).

PMID- 1803976
TI  - Multiple sclerosis with abnormal cerebrospinal fluid--a case report.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis is an uncommon demyelinating condition in Singapore. The
      commonest mode of presentation here is in the form of Devic's syndrome. Although
      our patients here have shown classical findings with respect to clinical
      features, neuroimaging studies and electrophysiologic tests, abnormal
      cerebrospinal fluid changes have not been reported locally. We report the first
      case of multiple sclerosis with abnormal cerebrospinal fluid changes. We also
      reviewed cerebrospinal fluid changes in multiple sclerosis and recent advances in
      laboratory techniques of cerebrospinal fluid analyses.

PMID- 1803977
TI  - Actinomycosis of the brain.
AB  - Actinomyces species are rare but treatable causes of central nervous system
      infection. A case of actinomycotic cerebral abscess is reported. The primary
      source of infection was probably the lung based on radiological findings although
      culture of the bronchial brushings was negative. The patient had surgical
      excision and repeated drainage with two prolonged causes of antibiotic therapy.
      At follow-up examination 36 months later, the patient was well except for a
      residual left hemiplegia. Diagnosis of cerebral actinomycosis can be made by
      anaerobic culture of the appropriate specimens or on histologic grounds. Optimal
      management combines adequate surgical drainage and prolonged antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1803978
TI  - Choroidal melanoma: a report of three cases.
AB  - Choroidal melanoma is extremely rare in our population. We report three cases
      with varied presentations. Two patients presented late with secondary lens
      induced and neovascular glaucoma, and one patient had early presentation of
      metamorphosia. We would like to emphasise the importance of an ultrasound scan
      before any intraocular surgery where the view of the fundus is obscured by an
      opaque ocular media. A proper ultrasound diagnosis avoids unnecessary surgery
      which could cause tumour dissemination. Two cases were enucleated and one was
      managed conservatively.

PMID- 1803979
TI  - Community-acquired legionellosis in Singapore.
AB  - Patients admitted to hospital with chest infections were examined serologically
      to see if these were due to Legionella pneumophila. Each of the 219 samples of
      serum collected from 177 patients was examined by two standard tests. The tests,
      which generally agreed, identified three individuals (1.7% of the group) who had
      sufficient antibody to suggest that they were suffering from current
      legionellosis. Serological evidence of previous infection was discovered (with
      differing degrees of certainty) in 26 (14.7%) of the others. The study showed
      that legionellosis is endemic in Singapore, and so must be taken into account in
      the differential diagnosis of cases of pneumonia.

PMID- 1803980
TI  - A study of digital dermatoglyphics in Ireland.
AB  - Handprints obtained from 600 Irish subjects (274 males and 326 females), drawn
      from all counties of Ireland, were analysed. There was no clear evidence of any
      differences between the four great provinces of Ireland, nor between east and
      west, such as were shown by comprehensive blood group data, and it is concluded
      that Ireland can be regarded as dermatoglyphically homogeneous. Comparisons of
      the Irish quantitative and qualitative digital dermatoglyphics with those from
      other samples in Britain, and from other European countries, show that Ireland
      occupies a near-extreme position in the European range. These results are
      regarded as compatible with the interpretation from blood group evidence, that
      Ireland represented a region of refuge for an ancient population in the face of
      continuing colonizing pressure from the east in prehistoric and historic times,
      and traces of that ancient population are detectable in the genepool today.

PMID- 1803981
TI  - Secular changes in height and weight of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1933,
      1943, 1953 and 1963.
AB  - Secular growth changes of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1933, 1943, 1953 and
      1963 were studied through samples of about 2500 children in each year. Heights
      and weights at the ages 7, 10 and 13 years were obtained from school health
      records stored in the Stockholm city archives. The increase in height and weight
      at these ages was more marked between the children born in 1933 and 1943 than
      later, except for the girls aged 7, who had no increase in height. The increase
      in height between the later samples was at age 7 years practically none, at age
      10 years about 1 cm/decade and at age 13 years 1-2 cm/decade. The body mass index
      (BMI) indicated a continuous trend towards a slimmer body build for Stockholm
      schoolchildren at the age of 7 years. At the ages of 10 and 13 years the BMI
      remained fairly stable for the cohorts born from 1943 to 1963.

PMID- 1803982
TI  - Deceleration of age at menarche in Poland.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe secular growth changes in age at
      menarche of girls in Poland during the past 40 years. For this purpose data
      obtained from four consecutive surveys conducted in 1955, 1966, 1978 and 1988
      were analysed. Each cohort was selected from settlements: big cities, small towns
      (approximately 10,000 inhabitants) and villages. Data regarding schoolgirls aged
      7-18 years were collected by the status quo method. It was found that after the
      continuous trend towards an earlier maturation of Polish girls from 1955 to 1978
      a substantial slowing down, and even a reverse trend, was observed. The
      deceleration of the age at menarche is most marked among girls from small towns.
      The results seem to have been caused by the retardation of menarcheal age in
      social groups which in the previous examinations were the earliest maturers.

PMID- 1803983
TI  - Growth of school children of southern Iran in relation to the NCHS standard.
AB  - Height and weight of school children aged 6-12 years in Shiraz (Iran) are
      reported. The smooth centile values have been derived from the raw data by
      Healy's nonparametric method. Median heights and weights of children in Shiraz
      lie approximately on the 25th centile of US children, but are above most groups
      of children from the developing world. The spread of the data is similar to that
      observed in US, and there is no evidence of widespread malnutrition. These
      observations suggest that local growth standards should be used in clinical work.

PMID- 1803985
TI  - Adjacent velocities and accelerations in longitudinal growth data.

PMID- 1803986
TI  - Height velocity in early, average and late maturers.

PMID- 1803984
TI  - Consanguinity, gestational period and anthropometric measurements at birth in
      Pakistan.
AB  - The effects of consanguinity on gestational period and anthropometric
      measurements at birth were assessed in a group of 662 babies delivered in Lahore,
      Pakistan. Regression analysis revealed consanguinity-related declines in
      birthweight, recumbent length, head circumference and chest girth and in
      gestational period. Considered in combination with a recent report from the
      region linking inbreeding effects to neonatal and childhood mortality, the data
      suggest that the widely favoured practice among Pakistanis, at home and abroad,
      of marriage between close relatives may be a contributory factor in their
      comparatively unfavourable health profile.

PMID- 1803987
TI  - Antimicrobial agent therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 1803988
TI  - Subcellular distribution of gentamicin in proximal tubular cells, determined by
      immunogold labeling.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of gentamicin in rat renal proximal tubular cells
      was evaluated by immunogold labeling. The distribution of the drug was monitored
      from 10 min to 10 days following single (40 mg/kg of body weight) and multiple (5
      and 20 mg/kg/12 h) injections of gentamicin. Animals were killed on day 11, and
      cubes of renal cortex tissue were fixed overnight in cold phosphate-buffered
      glutaraldehyde (0.5%), dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy
      resin. Ultrathin sections were made and incubated with sheep antigentamicin and
      then with protein A-gold (15 nm) complex. At 10 min after a single injection, the
      labeling was found over the brush border membrane and over the membranes of
      endocytic apical vesicles of proximal tubular cells. After 1 h, a similar
      distribution was observed and the labeling was also seen over small lysosomes
      located close to the brush border membrane. At 24 h, gold particles were found
      over large lysosomes of proximal tubular cells. Following 10 days of treatment,
      lysosomes of proximal tubular cells were densely labeled with gold particles. The
      labeling was distributed uniformly over the lysosomes, although a lower density
      of labeling was observed over the myeloid bodies inside the lysosomes. Necrotic
      proximal tubular cells showed labeling over intact lysosomes and also in the
      cytoplasms of the cells, in the mitochondria, and in the nucleoli. The various
      control experiments demonstrated the high specificity of these results. The
      present immunocytochemical study better documents the subcellular disposition of
      gentamicin in proximal tubular cells, as previously evaluated by subcellular
      fractionation and autoradiography. This technique will be useful for better
      understanding the relationship between drug disposition and drug-induced
      toxicity.

PMID- 1803989
TI  - Increasing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among clinical isolates of
      Enterococcus faecium: a 22-year review at one institution.
AB  - To identify any change in the antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecium, we
      examined the antibiotic susceptibilities of clinical strains (n = 84) isolated at
      one institution during the 22 years since 1968. A significant increase in
      resistance to penicillin was observed during the study period: the MICs of
      penicillin for 50 and 90% of isolates tested were 16 and 64 micrograms/ml,
      respectively, from 1969 to 1988 (n = 48; geometric mean MIC, 14 micrograms/ml) ,
      whereas they were 256 and 512 micrograms/ml, respectively, from 1989 to 1990 (n =
      36; geometric mean MIC, 123 micrograms/ml) (P less than 0.001). A comparable
      increase in resistance to ampicillin was also noted (P less than 0.001). No
      strains produced detectable beta-lactamase. In contrast, susceptibilities to
      vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ciprofloxacin remained stable. High-level resistance
      to gentamicin was observed in none of 48 isolates from 1969 to 1988, but was
      present in 22 of 36 strains (61%) from 1989 to 1990 (P less than 0.001) and was
      significantly associated with resistance (MIC, greater than or equal to 128
      micrograms/ml) to penicillin (P less than 0.001). To assess the potential
      evolution of antibiotic resistance in this species, clinical isolates (n = 24)
      were compared with strains isolated in 1968 from a human population in the
      Solomon Islands that was never exposed to antibiotics. Solomon Island isolates
      were significantly more susceptible than all clinical strains to penicillin,
      ampicillin, and vancomycin (P less than 0.001 for each), but they exhibited no
      differences in susceptibility to teicoplanin or ciprofloxacin. The penicillin
      binding affinity of penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP 5) in penicillin-resistant
      clinical strains (MIC, 512 micrograms/ml) was notably lower than that in strains
      with more typical susceptibilities, suggesting an alteration in this PBP as a
      possible mechanism for increased penicillin resistance. Solomon Island strains
      most susceptible to penicillin demonstrated a prominent PBP 5* and the absence of
      PBP 5. These changes in the antibiotic resistance of E. faecium emphasize the
      importance of identifying this species in patients with serious enterococcal
      infections and the necessity of assessing its susceptibility to both beta-lactams
      and aminoglycosides if effective therapy is to be identified.

PMID- 1803990
TI  - In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of BMY-28864, a water-soluble
      pradimicin derivative.
AB  - BMY-28864, a water-soluble pradimicin derivative, had potent in vitro activity
      against a wide variety of fungi, including those associated with deep-seated
      mycosis; it inhibited the growth of standard strains and clinical isolates at
      concentrations of 12.5 micrograms/ml or less. At the MIC or higher
      concentrations, BMY-28864 was fungicidal for Candida albicans under both growing
      and nongrowing conditions. BMY-28864 expressed fungicidal activity only in the
      presence of Ca2+, and its activity was totally diminished when ethylene glycol
      bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a Ca2+ chelator, was
      added to the test medium. The effectiveness of intravenously administered BMY
      28864 in vivo was examined and compared with that of amphotericin B in mouse
      models of fungal infections. Both normal and cyclophosphamide-treated
      immunosuppressed mice infected with C. albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, or
      Aspergillus fumigatus responded to therapy with BMY-28864 (50% protective doses
      of 17, 18, and 37 mg/kg of body weight in normal mice and of 32, 35, and 51 mg/kg
      in cyclophosphamide-treated mice, respectively). Lethal lung infections were also
      established with C. albicans or A. fumigatus in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.
      The 50% protective doses of BMY-28864 were 15 and 23 mg/kg per dose against C.
      albicans and A. fumigatus, respectively. The immunosuppression induced by
      intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg lasted for 5
      days, and total recovery was observed by day 7.

PMID- 1803991
TI  - Enhanced antiparasitic activity of lipophilic tetracyclines: role of uptake.
AB  - It was previously noted that the inhibitory activities of lipophilic
      tetracyclines against the growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro were up to 40-fold
      greater than those of nonlipophilic tetracyclines (50% inhibitory concentration
      [IC50] = 1.8 to 71 micrograms/ml) (T. D. Edlind, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
      33:2144-2145, 1989). We have now extended this observation to Trichomonas
      vaginalis (IC50 = 2.9 to 200 micrograms/ml), Entaoeba histolytica (IC50 = 3.8 to
      36 micrograms/ml), and Leishmania major promastigotes (IC50 = 21 to 250
      micrograms/ml; one strain only). The basis for these differential tetracycline
      activities was investigated with G. lamblia. In a cell-free protein synthesis
      system, lipophilic and nonlipophilic tetracyclines had similar, relatively low
      activities (IC50 = 170 to 500 micrograms/ml). On the other hand, tetracycline
      uptake into intact cells after a 1-h incubation varied dramatically: the ratios
      of intracellular to extracellular drug concentrations were 1.7 to 7.2 for
      nonlipophilic tetracyclines and 47 to 112 for lipophilic derivatives. Thus, the
      variable effects of tetracyclines on the growth of G. lamblia can be fully
      accounted for by differences in uptake. Passive diffusion probably plays a more
      important role than active transport in uptake of lipophilic tetracyclines, since
      similar results were obtained with cells rendered nonviable by metronidazole
      treatment.

PMID- 1803992
TI  - Effect of clavulanic acid on activity of beta-lactam antibiotics in Serratia
      marcescens isolates producing both a TEM beta-lactamase and a chromosomal
      cephalosporinase.
AB  - An isolate of Serratia marcescens that produced both an inducible chromosomal and
      a plasmid-mediated TEM-1 beta-lactamase was resistant to ampicillin and
      amoxicillin and also demonstrated decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum
      beta-lactam antibiotics (ESBAs). Clavulanic acid did not lower the MICs of the
      ESBAs, but it decreased the MICs of the penicillins. The TEM-1-producing plasmid
      was transferred to a more susceptible S. marcescens strain that produced a well
      characterized inducible chromosomal beta-lactamase. The MICs of the ESBAs
      remained at a low level for the transconjugant. Ampicillin and amoxicillin which
      were good substrates for the plasmid-mediated enzyme, were not well hydrolyzed by
      the chromosomal enzymes; the ESBAs were hydrolyzed slowly by all the enzymes.
      When each of the S. marcescens strains was grown with these beta-lactam
      antibiotics, at least modest increases in chromosomal beta-lactamase activity
      were observed. When organisms were grown in the presence of clavulanic acid and
      an ESBA, no enhanced induction was observed. The increases in the MICs of the
      ESBAs observed for the initial clinical isolate may have been due to a
      combination of low inducibility, slow hydrolysis, and differences in permeability
      between the S. marcescens isolates. When clavulanic acid and a penicillin were
      added to strains that produced both a plasmid-mediated TEM and a chromosomal beta
      lactamase, much higher levels of chromosomal beta-lactamase activity were present
      than were observed in cultures induced by the penicillin alone. This was due to
      the higher levels of penicillin that were available for induction as a result of
      inhibition of the TEM enzyme by clavulanate.

PMID- 1803993
TI  - Antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties of C2 symmetric inhibitors of the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease.
AB  - Specific processing of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag and gag-pol
      polyprotein gene products by the HIV protease is essential for the production of
      mature, infections progeny virions. Inhibitors of HIV protease block this
      maturation and thus prohibit the spread of HIV in vitro. Previously, we reported
      a series of novel, symmetric inhibitors of HIV protease designed to match the C2
      symmetric structure of the active site of the enzyme. In response to the poor
      aqueous solubility of those lead compounds, we designed a series of analogs with
      substantially improved (greater than 10(4) fold) solubility. These inhibitors
      showed anti-HIV activity in H9 and MT4 cells at 0.05 to 10 microM, and in most
      cases, they were noncytotoxic at concentrations in excess of 100 microM. Further
      examination of one inhibitor (A-77003) revealed broad-spectrum activity against
      both HIV types 1 and 2, including azidothymidine-resistant HIV, in a variety of
      transformed and primary human cell lines. After administration of the inhibitors
      to rats, short half-lives and, with two notable exceptions, moderate oral
      bioavailability were observed. Additional pharmacokinetic studies in dogs and
      monkeys revealed the potential utility of A-77003 as an intravenous anti-HIV
      agent.

PMID- 1803994
TI  - In vitro and in vivo ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in human neutrophils.
AB  - Early in vitro investigations have shown that ciprofloxacin is concentrated
      within human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) at between 3 and
      11 times the extracellular concentration. The elution of ciprofloxacin from cells
      is relatively rapid when the extracellular concentration is reduced. In order to
      estimate the in vivo intracellular penetration of ciprofloxacin and to determine
      its intracellular pharmacokinetics, PMNs were recovered from blood samples drawn
      from healthy volunteers at different times during a 24-h period after they were
      given a 750-mg oral dose. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination
      of ciprofloxacin in serum and cells showed that the intracellular/serum ratio was
      3.7 at 1.5 h (maximum concentration of drug in serum), 5.7 at 12 h, and 20 at 24
      h. The area under the curve ratio was 3.73. The mean elimination half-lives of
      ciprofloxacin were 3.7 and 6.2 h in serum and PMNs, respectively. These data show
      that in vivo findings are in agreement with in vitro findings. The large uptake
      of ciprofloxacin by PMNs combined with a prolonged intracellular half-life
      described under the conditions of human therapy should provide the basis for the
      use of ciprofloxacin in infections caused by susceptible intracellular bacteria.

PMID- 1803996
TI  - Characteristics of ceftriaxone binding to immunoglobulin G and potential clinical
      significance.
AB  - The interaction between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and ceftriaxone was studied. Using
      an ultrafiltration method, we performed dose ranging studies at a ceftriaxone
      concentration range of 1 to 720 micrograms/ml in the presence of various
      concentrations of human IgG, human serum albumin (HSA), and combinations of IgG
      and HSA at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The results showed that ceftriaxone binding
      to IgG was nonlinear and was consistent with the presence of two binding sites
      that possess different binding capacities and affinities. Except for increased
      peak percent binding as the IgG concentration increased, the binding
      characteristics did not change with IgG concentration. Binding to HSA was
      consistent, with the presence of only one high-affinity binding site. A
      mathematical model based on the observed data was constructed; this model was
      used to predict protein binding at various concentrations of drug, IgG, HSA, or
      combinations of IgG and HSA in buffer and in plasma medium. Correlations between
      the observed versus the predicted values were excellent in both media.
      Simulations with the model indicated that patients with hypergammaglobulinemia
      have an increased potential of being exposed to prolonged subinhibitory
      concentrations of ceftriaxone if the drug is given once every 24 h.

PMID- 1803995
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluations of low- and high-dose zidovudine plus high-dose
      acyclovir in patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of zidovudine were evaluated in 41 patients with Centers for
      Disease Control HIV class IVA infection. The patients were assigned escalating
      doses of zidovudine (300, 600, or 1,500 mg daily) and were randomized to receive
      either zidovudine alone or zidovudine with a high dose of acyclovir (4,800 mg per
      day). Single and multiple intravenous- and oral-dose pharmacokinetic studies were
      performed on days 1 and 7 and weeks 6 and 12 of therapy. Zidovudine
      concentrations were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental methods. Zidovudine
      concentrations in serum declined in a biphasic manner, with half-lives ranging
      from 1 to 2 h, and were independent of acyclovir administration or length of
      zidovudine therapy. The median time of peak concentrations in serum following
      oral doses was 0.75 h (range, 0.25 to 3 h). Accumulation of zidovudine in serum
      was not observed, but the maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) and the
      area under the concentration-time curve increased proportionally with increased
      zidovudine doses. Mean day 7 oral Cmax values were 0.20 +/- 0.12, 0.55 +/- 0.33,
      and 1.0 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml for 17 patients receiving total daily doses of,
      respectively, 300, 600, and 1,500 mg of zidovudine alone, whereas Cmax values
      were, respectively, 0.27 +/- 0.18, 0.43 +/- 0.33, and 1.2 +/- 0.80 micrograms/ml
      for 15 comparably treated recipients of zidovudine plus acyclovir (P was not
      significant). The median bioavailability of oral zidovudine was 67% (42 to 120%)
      and did not vary with dosage. Absolute and apparent total body clearances were
      similar among the patients given the various zidovudine doses regardless of
      whether there was concomitant acyclovir therapy. Drug-related toxicities were
      observed more frequently in the subjects who received high doses of zidovudine
      than they were in those who received median and low doses of zidovudine (P=0.03).
      Overall, acyclovir did not influence the disposition of zidovudine over a wide
      range of zidovudine doses. No unusual toxicities could be attributed to the
      zidovudine and high-dose acyclovir combination during the 12-week observation
      period.

PMID- 1803997
TI  - Crystal structure and molecular structure of mefloquine methylsulfonate
      monohydrate: implications for a malaria receptor.
AB  - The crystal structure of (+/-)-mefloquine methylsulfonate monohydrate was
      determined by X-ray diffraction and was compared with the crystal structures of
      mefloquine hydrochloride and mefloquine free base. The conformation of mefloquine
      was essentially the same in all three crystalline environments and was not
      dependent on whether mefloquine was a salt or a free base. In mefloquine
      methylsulfonate monohydrate, the angle between the average plane of the quinoline
      ring and the average plane of the piperidine ring was 76.9 degrees. The
      intramolecular aliphatic N-13...O-1 distance was 2.730 +/- 0.008 A (1 A = 0.1
      nm), which is close to the aliphatic N...O distance found in the antimalarial
      cinchona alkaloids. The hydroxyl group formed a hydrogen bond with the water
      molecule, and the amine group formed hydrogen bonds with two different
      methylsulfonate ions. The crystallographic parameters for (+/-)-mefloquine
      methylsulfonate monohydrate were as follows: C17H17F6N2O(+).CH3SO3(-).H2O; Mr =
      492.4; symmetry of unit cell, monoclinic; space group, P2(1)/a; parameters of
      unit cell, a was 8.678 +/- 0.001 A, b was 28.330 +/- 0.003 A, c was 8.804 +/-
      0.001 A, beta was 97.50 +/- 0.01 degrees; the volume of the unit cell was 2145.9
      A3; the number of molecules per unit cell was 4; the calculated density was 1.52
      g cm(-3); the source of radiation was Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A); mu
      (absorption coefficient) was 20.46 cm(-1); F(000) (sum of atomic scattering
      factors at zero scattering angle) was 1,016; room temperature was used; and the
      final R (residual index) was 6.58% for 1,740 reflections with magnitude of Fo
      greater than 3 sigma (F). Since the mechanism of antimalarial action and the
      mechanism of mefloquine resistance may involve hydrogen bond formation between
      mefloquine and a cellular effector or transport proteins, the common conformation
      of mefloquine found in each crystalline environment may define the orientation in
      which mefloquine forms these potentially critical hydrogen bonds with cellular
      constituents.

PMID- 1803998
TI  - Correlation between aminoglycoside resistance profiles and DNA hybridization of
      clinical isolates.
AB  - DNA hybridization data and aminoglycoside resistance profiles (AGRPs) were
      determined for 4,088 clinical isolates from three studies (United States,
      Belgium, and Argentina). The correlation between susceptibility profiles and
      hybridization results was determined with nine DNA probes. For each of the seven
      aminoglycoside resistance profiles which we were able to test, the data suggested
      at least two distinct genes could encode enzymes which lead to identical
      resistance profiles. Furthermore, the DNA hybridization data showed that
      individual strains carried up to six unique aminoglycoside resistance genes. DNA
      hybridization revealed interesting differences in the frequencies of these genes
      by organism and by country.

PMID- 1803999
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ceftibuten-cis and its trans metabolite in healthy volunteers
      and in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.
AB  - The impact of renal insufficiency on the dispositions of 300 mg of orally
      administered ceftibuten-cis, a new broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin, and its
      primary metabolite ceftibuten-trans was characterized in 30 adult subjects.
      Subjects were divided into five groups of six subjects each on the basis of their
      24-h ambulatory creatinine clearances (CLCR). The apparent total body clearance
      (CLP/F; where F is absolute bioavailability) and renal clearance of ceftibuten
      cis were significantly lower in subjects with end-stage renal disease (on
      maintenance hemodialysis; group V) and in those with severe (CLCR, 5 to 29
      ml/min; group IV) and moderate (CLCR, 30 to 49 ml/min; group III) renal
      insufficiency than in those with mild renal insufficiency (CLCR, 50 to 80 ml/min;
      group II) or normal renal function (CLCR, greater than 80 ml/min; group I). A
      significant correlation was observed between CLCR and ceftibuten-cis CLP/F. The
      mean apparent steady-state volume of distribution (V beta/F) of ceftibuten-cis
      ranged from 0.21 to 0.24 liter/kg in subjects in group I, II, III, and IV. V
      beta/F was significantly greater in the group V subjects with end-stage renal
      disease (V beta/F, 0.39 +/- 0.27 liters/kg). These changes in V beta/F cannot be
      separated from possible changes in bioavailability. The maximum concentration of
      ceftibuten-trans in plasma was significantly higher and occurred significantly
      later in group IV subjects than it did in subjects in the other groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804000
TI  - Effects of amphotericin B and fluconazole on the extracellular and intracellular
      growth of Candida albicans.
AB  - The effects of amphotericin B and fluconazole on the extracellular and
      intracellular growth of Candida albicans were studied. With respect to the
      extracellular growth of C. albicans, antifungal activity was measured in terms of
      MICs and minimal fungicidal concentrations as well as by determination of the
      concentration that effectively killed (greater than 99.9%) C. albicans in the
      absence or presence (amphotericin B only) of serum. Amphotericin B was highly
      active in terms of killing, even at an increased inoculum size. In the presence
      of serum, amphotericin B activity was substantially reduced. For fluconazole,
      activity was restricted to inhibition of fungal growth, even after the inoculum
      size was reduced. With respect to the intracellular growth of C. albicans,
      antifungal activity was measured by using monolayers of murine peritoneal
      macrophages infected with C. albicans and was measured in terms of inhibition of
      germ tube formation as well as effective killing (greater than 99%) of C.
      albicans. Amphotericin B was highly active against C. albicans. At an increased
      ratio of infection, amphotericin B activity was slightly reduced. Fluconazole had
      no antifungal activity. Neither a reduction in the ratio of infection nor
      exposure of C. albicans to fluconazole prior to macrophage ingestion resulted in
      activity against intracellular C. albicans by fluconazole. Previous exposure of
      C. albicans to amphotericin B resulted in increased intracellular activity of
      amphotericin B. The intracellular antifungal activity of the combination of
      fluconazole with amphotericin B was less than that of amphotericin B alone.
      Amphotericin B showed fungicidal activity against C. albicans growing both
      extracellularly and intracellularly, whereas fluconazole inhibited growth only of
      extracellular C. albicans. A slight antagonistic effect between fluconazole and
      amphotericin B was found with respect to intracellular as well as extracellular
      C. albicans.

PMID- 1804002
TI  - Development of resistance in candida isolates from patients receiving prolonged
      antifungal therapy.
AB  - The impact of prolonged antifungal therapy on the development of resistance was
      examined in 61 patients with oropharyngeal thrush. Fifty-nine patients had
      symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, one had lung cancer, and one
      had metastatic prostate cancer. Cultures of pharyngeal samples from all patients
      were positive for yeasts and included 57 (93.4%) Candida albicans, 3 (4.9%)
      Candida glabrata, and 1 (1.6%) Candida krusii. Of 61 patients, 32 (52.5%) were
      receiving or had recently received antifungal therapy. Clotrimazole was the most
      commonly prescribed azole, followed by ketoconazole and fluconazole. Two patients
      had received amphotericin B therapy and one had received flucytosine. The
      duration of therapy with clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole ranged from
      3 to 240, 14 to 44, and 7 to 138 days, respectively. There was no overall
      difference in the susceptibilities of the clinical isolates from treated and
      untreated patients to amphotericin B, nystatin, flucytosine, clotrimazole,
      ketoconazole, and fluconazole. A.C. albicans isolate from one patient who had
      clinically failed on ketoconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin B was resistant
      to these drugs. The lack of difference in the susceptibility pattern indicates
      that clinically significant emergence of resistance does not occur in those
      patients who receive prolonged antifungal therapy.

PMID- 1804001
TI  - Comparison of the sequences of class A beta-lactamases and of the secondary
      structure elements of penicillin-recognizing proteins.
AB  - The sequences of class A beta-lactamases were compared. Four main groups of
      enzymes were distinguished: those from the gram-negative organisms and bacilli
      and two distinct groups of Streptomyces spp. The Staphylococcus aureus PC1
      enzyme, although somewhat closer to the enzyme from the Bacillus group, did not
      belong to any of the groups of beta-lactamases. The similarities between the
      secondary structure elements of these enzymes and those of the class C beta
      lactamases and of the Streptomyces sp. strain R61 DD-peptidase were also analyzed
      and tentatively extended to the class D beta-lactamases. A unified nomenclature
      of secondary structure elements is proposed for all the penicillin-recognizing
      enzymes.

PMID- 1804003
TI  - Comparison of cefepime, cefpirome, and cefaclidine binding affinities for
      penicillin-binding proteins in Escherichia coli K-12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      SC8329.
AB  - The relative binding affinities of the extended-spectrum cephalosporins cefepime,
      cefpirome, and cefaclidine for the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of
      Escherichia coli K-12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC8329 were determined.
      Affinities were calculated from competition experiments between these antibiotics
      and [3H]benzylpenicillin in isolated membrane preparations. The concentrations
      which reduced binding to a PBP by 50% (IC50s) were determined. For E. coli, all
      three antibiotics displayed good PBP 3 binding (IC50s of 0.5 microgram/ml or
      less), and MICs roughly correlated with these values. Cefepime had a greater than
      20-fold-lower IC50 for PBP 2 of E. coli than the other antibiotics. For P.
      aeruginosa, all of the antibiotics bound poorly (greater than 25 micrograms/ml)
      to PBP 2 but showed excellent pseudomonal (less than 0.0025 microgram/ml) PBP 3
      binding. No correlations were seen between IC50s and MICs for P. aeruginosa.
      Despite differences in PBP binding, cefepime, cefpirome, and cefaclidine all
      displayed similar bactericidal activity for E. coli K-12 over the initial 3 h
      after antibiotic addition. All three caused E. coli to form filaments at values
      close to the MICs. In addition, cefepime induced "bleb" formation along the
      filaments at concentrations greater than 10x the MIC.

PMID- 1804004
TI  - Petite mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a series of bis-cationic
      trypanocidal drugs.
AB  - A group of bis-cationic imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium salts and related compounds,
      some of which exhibit in vivo trypanocidal activity, have been investigated for
      induction of petite mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All of the compounds
      which are active trypanocides induce mutagenesis. There appears to be a
      correlation between trypanocidal activity and mutagenic activity which may have
      its structural origin in the spatial separation of the cationic centers.

PMID- 1804005
TI  - In vitro studies with five quinolones: evidence for changes in relative potency
      as quinolone resistance rises.
AB  - A panel of 203 staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
      miscellaneous nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli were chosen for their various
      susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin. On the basis of agar dilution
      susceptibilities, each of the four taxonomic groups was divided into
      ciprofloxacin-susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant subgroups,
      and each subgroup was then further analyzed for its susceptibility to the
      fluoroquinolones CI-960, CI-990, sparfloxacin, and ofloxacin. Although the MICs
      of each quinolone increased as ciprofloxacin resistance increased, the potency of
      CI-960 appeared to increase relative to the potencies of the other quinolones.
      Similarly, the MICs of sparfloxacin and ofloxacin appeared to be less affected by
      ciprofloxacin resistance than were the MICs of ciprofloxacin or CI-990. Single
      step mutants of representative clinical isolates with different levels of
      ciprofloxacin resistance were selected to determine whether the study quinolones
      differed in their propensity to select resistant mutants and whether the presence
      of preexisting ciprofloxacin resistance influenced the subsequent development of
      resistance. Each of the five fluoroquinolones and nalidixic acid selected mutants
      that exhibited generally modest decreases in quinolone susceptibility (4- to 16
      fold). However, CI-960 inhibited significantly more mutants (80%) than did the
      other quinolones (39 to 59%) at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml. The presence
      of preexisting ciprofloxacin resistance appeared to be associated with higher
      mutational frequencies in coagulase-negative staphylococci exposed to each of the
      fluoroquinolones and in Serratia marcescens exposed to nalidixic acid.
      Preexisting ciprofloxacin resistance did not influence the development of
      resistance in the strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were studied. The results of this
      study suggest that quinolones are not affected equally by all resistance
      mechanisms, and although each one can select mutants, some quinolones may be
      active against these mutants at clinically achievable concentrations.

PMID- 1804007
TI  - Attenuation of antibody response to acute pyelonephritis by treatment with
      antibiotics.
AB  - While acute pyelonephritis is known to elicit an antibody response, it is also
      known that a patient who has had pyelonephritis once is susceptible to recurrent
      renal infection. Using our experimental model of pyelonephritis in the monkey, we
      tested whether antibiotic therapy of the acute disease would affect the antibody
      response. We found that it did, because antibiotic therapy beginning 72 h after
      bacterial inoculation attenuated the antibody response so that rechallenge 3
      months later produced acute pyelonephritis and prolonged bacteriuria. The animals
      with untreated infection had an antibody response that lasted a sufficient period
      of time to prevent acute pyelonephritis after renal challenge. We have confirmed
      that antibody titers against P fimbriae are protective, and to a degree, this
      protective effect may be abrogated by antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1804006
TI  - Efficacies of various antimicrobial agents in treatment of Staphylococcus aureus
      abscesses and correlation with in vitro tests of antimicrobial activity and
      neutrophil killing.
AB  - A rabbit perforated-capsule model was utilized to study antimicrobial efficacy in
      treating 2-week-old Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. Animals received either
      ciprofloxacin (30 mg/kg), cefazolin (100 mg/kg), or ciprofloxacin (30 mg/kg) plus
      rifampin (20 mg/kg) every 8 h for 8 days or no antibiotic. Antibiotic levels
      within the abscess exceeded the MIC for the test organism. At the end of
      treatment, ciprofloxacin was no more effective than the control, animals
      receiving cefazolin had a mean log10 fall of 2.41 CFU/ml, and animals receiving
      ciprofloxacin plus rifampin had a mean log10 reduction of 5.06 CFU/ml (P = less
      than 0.01). Six days after completion of therapy, all abscesses in animals
      receiving ciprofloxacin plus rifampin were culture negative. Surviving organisms
      in animals receiving ciprofloxacin or rifampin did not develop resistance to the
      treatment antibiotics. In vitro time-kill curves performed with logarithmic- and
      stationary-phase organisms in broth, serum, and abscess fluid supernatants did
      not correlate with the in vivo results. Neutrophil killing studies of S. aureus
      pretreated with antibiotics revealed greater killing of organisms pretreated with
      ciprofloxacin plus rifampin than of those pretreated with cefazolin or
      ciprofloxacin alone. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin plus rifampin was effective
      therapy in this staphylococcal abscess model, compared with the moderate efficacy
      of cefazolin and no effect observed with ciprofloxacin alone. Enhanced neutrophil
      killing of S. aureus pretreated with antibiotics may be an important mechanism by
      which bacteria are killed in suppurative infections.

PMID- 1804008
TI  - Crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of
      ciprofloxacin alone and in combination in healthy elderly volunteers.
AB  - To better define the pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of
      ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobial agents in the elderly, six healthy (greater
      than 65 years) volunteers with normal renal function were given ciprofloxacin
      alone orally, ciprofloxacin plus rifampin orally, ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin
      orally, rifampin alone orally (three volunteers), and, for comparison of SBA
      against gram-positive cocci, vancomycin intravenously. Mean peak ciprofloxacin
      concentrations and other pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered
      significantly by coadministration of either rifampin or clindamycin.
      Ciprofloxacin had somewhat greater SBA against the oxacillin-susceptible and
      oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains tested than did vancomycin, but
      rifampin was by far the most active single agent tested. The SBA of rifampin
      against S. aureus was modestly antagonized during combination therapy with
      ciprofloxacin, but substantial SBA still was present. The ciprofloxacin SBA
      against S. aureus was completely antagonized by clindamycin if the strains were
      susceptible to the latter agent. Ciprofloxacin had modest SBA against group A
      streptococci and no SBA against the three pneumococcal strains tested. All of the
      regimens had poor to absent SBA against Enterococcus faecalis. By contrast,
      ciprofloxacin had excellent SBA against Escherchia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
      and moderate SBA against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Combination therapy with
      rifampin or clindamycin in general enhanced the SBA against the nonenterococcal
      streptococci and had no effect on the SBA against the gram-negative bacilli.

PMID- 1804009
TI  - Induction of a class I beta-lactamase from Citrobacter freundii in Escherichia
      coli requires active ftsZ but not ftsA or ftsQ products.
AB  - A possible connection between septation/division and induction of cloned ampC
      beta-lactamase was investigated. When a ftsZ84(Ts) mutant of Escherichia coli
      carrying ampR-ampC from Citrobacter freundii was grown at the restrictive
      temperature (42 degrees C), induction of beta-lactamase by cefoxitin was
      inhibited by about 80%. Inhibition was virtually complete when a ftsZ84(Ts)
      mutant of different genetic background was tested. Although somewhat delayed, the
      induction of beta-lactamase in transformed ftsA(Ts) and ftsQ(Ts) mutants was
      similar to that observed in wild-type transformants. These results imply that
      FtsZ is involved in the process of beta-lactamase induction.

PMID- 1804010
TI  - Randomized comparison of cefepime and ceftazidime for treatment of skin, surgical
      wound, and complicated urinary tract infections in hospitalized subjects.
AB  - We undertook a prospective, randomized open comparison of the broad-spectrum
      cephalosporins cefepime and ceftazidime in treatment of hospitalized subjects
      with skin or wound infections and complicated nosocomial urinary tract
      infections. Cefepime treatment (dosage, 2.0 g intravenously twice daily for 4 to
      28 days) was successful in 36 (90%) of 40 infections of the skin and skin
      structure or wounds and in 16 (84%) of 19 nosocomial urinary tract infections.
      Ceftazidime treatment, 2.0 g every 8 h, was successful in 34 (96%) of 36
      infections of the skin and skin structure and in 15 (88%) of 17 urinary tract
      infections. Microbiological eradication rates of each agent overall and for
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa were greater than 90%. In the cefepime group, one death
      occurred, contributed to by an enterococcal superinfection acquired during study
      drug therapy, and there were two mild and transient adverse experiences observed.
      Cefepime was comparable to ceftazidime in treatment of infections of the skin and
      skin structure requiring hospitalization and of complicated nosocomial urinary
      tract infections.

PMID- 1804011
TI  - Isepamicin disposition in subjects with various degrees of renal function.
AB  - The disposition of isepamicin, an investigational aminoglycoside antibiotic, was
      evaluated in 30 subjects with various degrees of renal function. The subjects
      were divided into five groups: those with normal renal function (creatinine
      clearance [CLCR], greater than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2), those with mild renal
      insufficiency (CLCR, 50 to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2), those with moderate renal
      insufficiency (CLCR, 30 to 49 ml/min/1.73 m2), those with severe renal
      insufficiency (CLCR, 5 to 29 ml/min/1.73 m2), and those maintained on
      hemodialysis (CLCR, less than 5 ml/min/1.73 m2). Subjects on hemodialysis were
      studied both during hemodialysis and during an interdialytic period. The volumes
      of distribution of isepamicin were not significantly different among the five
      groups of patients. The total body clearance (CLP) and renal clearance (CLR) of
      isepamicin significantly decreased as CLCR decreased. The CLP of isepamicin and
      CLCR were significantly related [(COP = 0.391.[CLCR] + 1.83; r2 = 0.878)].
      Nonrenal clearance of isepamicin did not differ between groups. Hemodialysis
      augmented the CLP of isepamicin by approximately 25-fold. The amount of
      isepamicin recovered in the dialysate was 60.6 +/- 15.8% of the dose
      administered. The maximal rebound of the isepamicin concentration in plasma after
      cessation of hemodialysis was observed at 0.78 +/- 0.7 h. Concentrations in
      plasma increased 32.7 +/- 22.9% over that measured at the end of hemodialysis.
      These data indicate that dosage adjustments are necessary in subjects with
      decreased renal function.

PMID- 1804012
TI  - Antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin in chronically bacteriuric patients.
AB  - A novel in vivo model for the study of antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin
      from gram-negative bacteria is described. The model uses the chronically
      colonized urinary tracts of patients whose spinal cords have been injured. At
      baseline, the organisms were present in the range of 1 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(7)
      CFU/ml, and the concentration of endotoxin ranged from 2 x 10(-1) to 1 x 10(3)
      ng/ml in 44 studies. In 10 control studies, the concentration of endotoxin and
      the numbers of viable gram-negative bacteria over time changed by an average of
      less than 0.15 log10 units from the baseline values. At 2 h after antibiotic
      administration, the average decrease in CFU was 0.93 log10 units, and because
      antibiotics cause the release of endotoxin, an average increase in endotoxin
      concentration of 0.59 log10 units was noted in 21 studies with susceptible
      bacteria. Similar changes in response to antibiotic exposure were seen in studies
      with susceptible Pseudomonas bacteria in comparison with those seen in studies
      with susceptible members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These results provide
      evidence that this novel model may be useful for comparing the effects of
      antibiotics with different modes of action, both as single agents and in
      combination, on the concentration of endotoxin in relation to changes in the
      numbers of bacteria, under conditions of bacterial replication and antibiotic
      exposure more closely resembling those found in vivo than is possible in other
      models.

PMID- 1804013
TI  - Influence of the unbound concentration of cefonicid on its renal elimination in
      isolated perfused rat kidneys.
AB  - The effect of variations in plasma protein binding on the renal excretion of
      cefonicid was assessed by using isolated perfused rat kidneys. Cefonicid exhibits
      preferential binding ex vivo to human serum albumin (HSA), as opposed to bovine
      serum albumin (BSA), and is eliminated mainly by tubular secretion, a process
      that was reported to be dependent on the total drug concentration. This
      contradicts previous studies with antimicrobial compounds and other drugs of low
      renal extraction in which the unbound drug concentration was shown to be the
      driving force for carrier-mediated tubular transport. To clarify this
      discrepancy, we performed perfusion studies by using 6% BSA at initial
      concentrations of 200 micrograms/ml (n = 6) and 20 micrograms/ml (n = 9) and in a
      combination of 4% BSA plus 2% HSA at initial concentrations of 200 micrograms/ml
      (n = 4). The excretion ratio [ER = CLR/(fu x GFR)] of cefonicid decreased with
      increasing unbound concentrations, whereas no apparent relationship with the
      total concentration was evident. At similar total concentrations of cefonicid,
      the renal clearance remained unchanged; the secretion clearance increased
      significantly in the 4% BSA-2% HSA experiments, reflecting the reduced unbound
      fraction and unbound drug concentration of cefonicid. The excretion ratio data
      were compatible with a model in which Michaelis-Menten kinetics were required to
      describe active transport and secretion was dependent on the unbound cefonicid
      concentration. As a result, changes in plasma protein binding as a result of drug
      interactions or disease states could significantly influence the tubular
      transport capability of compounds with low renal extraction.

PMID- 1804015
TI  - Interaction of imipenem with erythromycin and tetracycline assessed by
      microdilution checkerboard techniques.
AB  - Microdilution methodology was used to study the interaction of imipenem with
      erythromycin and tetracycline, a combination therapy that might be used for the
      treatment of serious pelvic inflammatory disease. The combination of imipenem and
      erythromycin showed no antagonism for Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae
      but was antagonistic for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and group
      B streptococci; the combination of imipenem and tetracycline was antagonistic for
      all strains except H. influenzae. Correlation between the results of kill curves
      and the measurement of fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) indices was
      good, although FBC indices showed less antagonism than kill curves. Fractional
      inhibitory concentration indices showed poor correlation, rarely showing
      antagonism, and indeed showed synergy in three cases. If erythromycin or
      tetracycline is considered necessary in addition to imipenem in the treatment of
      pelvic inflammatory disease, it is probably more effective when given after the
      course of imipenem has been completed.

PMID- 1804014
TI  - Effect of isepamicin dosing scheme on concentration in cochlear tissue.
AB  - To investigate the possible effect of the dosing scheme of aminoglycosides on
      their concentration in the cochlear tissue, we gave two groups of 12 guinea pigs
      subcutaneous doses of 45 mg of isepamicin (ca. 30 mg of active product) per kg of
      body weight daily for eight consecutive days. The first group received the drug
      by continuous infusion, while the second group received it by single daily
      injection. On the final day of administration, the animals were sacrificed and
      the cochlear tissue was removed. The tissues from the cochleas of pairs of guinea
      pigs were pooled. The isepamicin concentrations in the cochlear duct tissue
      (organ of Corti plus lateral wall) and the cochlear nerve tissue were determined
      separately. Hearing levels before and after treatment were assessed by means of
      frequency-specific auditory brain stem responses (ABR). The creatinine level in
      serum was determined on the last day of the administration. None of the animals
      in either group showed signs of renal insufficiency or of hearing impairment. The
      median isepamicin concentration in the cochlear duct was 2.40 micrograms/mg of
      protein after continuous administration and 2.50 micrograms/mg of protein after
      once-daily administration, compared with the concentration in the cochlear nerve,
      where it was 1.93 micrograms/mg of protein after continuous administration and
      2.59 micrograms/mg of protein after once-daily administration. These differences
      are statistically insignificant. The results give evidence for linear uptake
      kinetics of isepamicin in the inner ear tissue and may be directly relevant to
      the clinical dosing of the drug.

PMID- 1804016
TI  - Activity of meropenem against antibiotic-resistant or infrequently encountered
      gram-negative bacilli.
AB  - Meropenem was compared in vitro with imipenem as well as with several other
      contemporary beta-lactams, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin against a group of
      highly antibiotic resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and a
      collection of oxidase-positive and/or glucose-nonfermentative gram-negative
      bacilli. In this study, meropenem was more active than imipenem against isolates
      of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Morganella, Providencia, Alcaligenes, Aeromonas, and
      Pasteurella.

PMID- 1804017
TI  - Molecular survey of clindamycin and tetracycline resistance determinants in
      Bacteroides species.
AB  - We have examined 13 clinical isolates of the intestinal Bacteroides group using
      DNA probes representing Bacteroides macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS)
      (ermF) and tetracycline resistance (tetQ) determinants as well as an insertion
      sequence (IS4351) previously seen in association with erm genes. tetQ-hybridizing
      sequences were detected in 11 of 13 tetracycline-resistant clinical isolates. On
      the other hand, ermF-like sequences were detected in only three of eight
      clindamycin-resistant strains. One isolate displayed low-level, inducible
      resistance to clindamycin and was sensitive to erythromycin. This same isolate
      had IS4351-like sequences but was missing ermF-like sequences, in contrast to
      previous reports which demonstrated the common association of IS4351 and erm
      genes. Our results suggest the occurrence of unclassified MLS genes in the
      Bacteroides group and furthermore suggest that IS4351-like sequences are not
      always linked to Bacteroides ermF-like sequences. Finally, 4 of 13 isolates
      conjugally transferred tetracycline resistance or linked tetracycline-clindamycin
      (MLS) resistances, but this process did not involve plasmids.

PMID- 1804018
TI  - Plasmid-mediated ROB-1 beta-lactamase in Pasteurella multocida from a human
      specimen.
AB  - A Pasteurella multocida human isolate was resistant to beta-lactams because of
      production of ROB-1 beta-lactamase. The beta-lactamase was encoded by a 4.3-kb
      plasmid closely related to that of a Pasteurella bovine strain, as shown by Sau3A
      restriction profile and hybridization with a plasmid probe containing the blaROB
      1 gene.

PMID- 1804019
TI  - Sequence of the PSE-1 beta-lactamase gene.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the PSE-1 beta-lactamase gene from Tn1403 indicates
      that it is contained in an integron and encodes a class A enzyme differing from
      PSE-4 and CARB-3 by single amino acid substitutions.

PMID- 1804021
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of Prototheca spp. to gentamicin.
AB  - One hundred strains of Prototheca zopfii, Prototheca wickerhamii, Prototheca
      moriformis, Prototheca stagnora, and Prototheca ulmnea; five strains of Chlorella
      protothecoides; and two strains of Candida albicans were obtained from a number
      of different clinical and environmental sources and were tested for their in
      vitro susceptibility to the antibacterial agent gentamicin. All Prototheca
      strains were susceptible to gentamicin at concentrations between 0.3 and 0.9
      micrograms/ml. A modified macrobroth dilution MIC assay with a colorimeter and a
      microbroth dilution assay with a 96-well plate reader were the two methods used
      to determine the MICs.

PMID- 1804020
TI  - Sulfated polyanions do not inhibit duck hepatitis B virus infection.
AB  - On the basis of the antiviral action of sulfated polyanions in human
      immunodeficiency virus and other viral infections, we studied the effect of
      dextran sulfate and heparin on duck hepatitis B virus infection. These agents do
      not affect viral uptake and replication in liver cells in vitro or in vivo.
      Sulfated polyanions, therefore, appear to have no potential for the treatment of
      hepadnavirus infections.

PMID- 1804022
TI  - A new trimethoprim resistance gene, dhfrX, in the In7 integron of plasmid
      pDGO100.
AB  - A new trimethoprim resistance determinant, designated dhfrX, was identified in
      the In7 integron of pDGO100. The sequence of the dhfrX dihydrofolate reductase is
      up to 28% identical to the sequences of several known dihydrofolate reductase
      proteins. The dhfrX gene is adjacent to the second 3'-conserved segment of the
      In7 integron, but the first 77 bases of this segment are not present.

PMID- 1804024
TI  - Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to
      ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
AB  - The in vitro activities of ofloxacin alone and in combination with metronidazole
      against 177 anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections, as
      determined by broth microdilution, showed that some Bacteroides fragilis strains
      were susceptible and that most other B. fragilis group species strains were
      resistant to ofloxacin. Isolates of other anaerobic species and genera, including
      those causing female genital tract disease, were generally susceptible to
      ofloxacin. Ofloxacin in combination with metronidazole usually showed an additive
      or indifferent interaction but no antagonism.

PMID- 1804023
TI  - Inhibitory effects of recombinant human cystatin C on human coronaviruses.
AB  - Cystatin C, a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases such as papain and cathepsin
      B, was examined for its effect on human coronaviruses OC43 and 229e. Both viruses
      were greater than 99% inhibited by 0.1 mM inhibitor. Endpoint titrations showed
      that inhibiting activity paralleled that of leupeptin, a serine and cysteine
      protease inhibitor, and indicated that 1 to 2 microM inhibitor, slightly above
      physiologic levels, was effective.

PMID- 1804025
TI  - Protection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin and beta-lactams by
      homologous alginate.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived alginate but no other neutral and negatively
      charged polysaccharides protected mucoid and nonmucoid strains of that organism
      against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ticarcillin, and ceftazidime. Data indicate
      that alginate has an intrinsic protective effect which is independent of
      diffusion, charge, or biofilm phenomena.

PMID- 1804026
TI  - Tetracycline resistance in Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis: demonstration of
      two clonal outbreaks by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Two tetracycline-resistant (Tcr) Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis strains from
      England were compared with two previously characterized Tcr Texas strains. Both
      pairs carried the Tet B determinant, which was nontransferable. Pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis of their genomic DNA restriction fragments demonstrated that the
      strains from the same area were identical (clonal); however, the Texas and
      English strains differed from each other.

PMID- 1804027
TI  - Oxidative and assimilative enzyme activities in continuous cultures of the
      obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum.
AB  - In methanol-limited continuous cultures of the obligate methylotrophic bacterium
      Methylobacillus flagellatum grown at rates from 0.05 to 0.63 h-1, and also in an
      oxyturbidostat culture of M. flagellatum growing at the rate of 0.73 h-1, levels
      of methanol dehydrogenase, enzymes of formaldehyde oxidation (both linear and
      cyclic) and assimilation (RuMP cycle), a number of intermediary metabolism and
      TCA cycle enzymes and also 'dye-linked' formaldehyde dehydrogenase were
      determined. It was shown that the activities of dissimilatory enzymes, with the
      exception of 'dye-linked' formaldehyde dehydrogenase, decreased with increasing
      growth rate. Activities of assimilative enzymes and activities of the TCA cycle
      enzymes detected as well as the 'dye-linked' formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity,
      increased with increasing growth rate. A periplasmic location was shown for the
      latter enzyme and a role in formaldehyde detoxification was proposed.

PMID- 1804028
TI  - Valine inhibition of beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase takes part in the
      regulation of leucine biosynthesis in Candida maltosa.
AB  - The beta-isopropylmalate (IPM) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.85) of Candida maltosa,
      the third pathway-specific enzyme of leucine biosynthesis, was purified, some
      properties of the enzyme were studied and a novel regulatory pattern was found.
      The Km values of the enzyme were estimated to be 0.42 mM for beta-IPM and 0.34 mM
      for NAD+. It is demonstrated that the enzyme can be regulated by L-valine. The
      inhibition was competitive with respect to beta-IPM (Ki = 1.84 mM) and non
      competitive with respect to NAD+ (Ki = 5.67 mM). Exogenous addition of L-valine
      to C. maltosa cells increased the intracellular pool of some intermediates of
      leucine biosynthesis (alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-IPM, beta-IPM), but has hardly
      influence on the leucine pool.

PMID- 1804029
TI  - Cultural conditions for Aeromonas hydrophila affect the production of haemolysins
      with differing host specificities.
AB  - Five strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were studied for production of haemolysin
      specific for erythrocytes of various animal species using three cultural methods.
      All the strains produced haemolysin for all the erythrocyte species when the
      organisms were cultured on blood agar. Using cellophane overlay method, all the
      strains produced haemolysin for fish erythrocytes and variable activity to
      mammalian erythrocytes. Only one strain produced haemolytic activity for various
      though not all of the erythrocyte species when grown in brain heart infusion
      broth. Data suggest that A. hydrophila produces multiple haemolysins with
      specificities for erythrocytes of different animals. This was confirmed for trout
      and horse erythrocyte targeted haemolysins, by using iso-electric focussing
      separation and by measuring the effect of addition of ammonium sulphate to the
      growth medium.

PMID- 1804030
TI  - R-bodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 44T1.
AB  - For the first time R-bodies are described in a new strain 44T1 of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. Its size was measured as being 0.22 to 0.37 microns of width per 0.27
      to 0.41 microns of length and 5 to 9 spiral turns about 16 nm. These structures
      are similar to previously observed in bacteria and are related with physiological
      state of bacteria in minimal conditions of growth.

PMID- 1804031
TI  - Cloning of the HIS3 gene of Yarrowia lipolytica.
AB  - The HIS3 gene of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been cloned from a genomic
      library by complementation of the his3 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
      gene was subsequently subcloned in Escherichia coli and characterized by
      restriction enzyme mapping.

PMID- 1804032
TI  - Interventional neurology: treatment of neurological conditions with local
      injection of botulinum toxin.

PMID- 1804033
TI  - [Advances in the treatment of the dystonias].
AB  - Except in Wilson's disease, few secondary dystonias are susceptible to benefit
      from an aetiological treatment. The somatic distribution of dystonia often
      determines the therapeutic strategy. Thus, stereotactic surgery may be the
      treatment of choice for hemidystonia while anticholinergic medication may
      alleviate generalized dystonia, particularly in childhood. Finally, local
      infiltrations of botulinum toxin are particularly useful for various forms of
      local and segmental dystonia. Certain subsyndromes as myoclonic dystonia,
      levodopa sensitive dystonia and paroxysmal choreoathetosis may benefit from
      relatively specific treatment strategies.

PMID- 1804034
TI  - [Treatment with botulinum toxin in blepharospasm].
AB  - Blepharospasm is a cranial dystonia characterized by forceful spasms of the
      orbicularis oculi muscle which may lead to functional blindness in approximately
      two-thirds of patients. Botulinum toxin injection is a simple procedure, very
      effective and with little morbidity. It is considered as the treatment of choice
      for patients with disabling blepharospasm.

PMID- 1804035
TI  - [Focal dystonias and facial hemispasm: treatment with botulinum A toxin].
AB  - We report the results of the treatment of 80 patients with various idiopathic
      focal dystonia and essential hemifacial spasm with Botulinum A toxin. A
      statistically significant improvement was obtained in our 34 patients with
      blepharospasm, 19 patients with hemifacial spasm, 59% of 22 patients with
      cervical dystonia and 60% of 5 patients with hand dystonia. Mean duration of the
      benefit of each injection was 15.3, 16.3, 7.6 and 8.7 weeks respectively. Adverse
      effects were local and transient. We concluded that botulinum A toxin is a safe
      and effective therapy for patients with focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.

PMID- 1804036
TI  - [Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology].

PMID- 1804037
TI  - [Hemispheric differences in visual evoked potentials during the discrimination of
      consonants and signs].
AB  - Visual evoked responses were recorded in response to a series of consonants and
      non-linguistic signs randomly presented. We compared, with a sample of 16 young
      volunteers, P300 and N400 latency and amplitude in order to detect possible
      asymmetries. Results in amplitude showed a significant asymmetry within right
      hemisphere, both in P300 and N400 components. Latency results failed to present
      any significant difference during the discrimination of consonants, while non
      linguistic signs discrimination reflect an asymmetrical tendency in P300
      component.

PMID- 1804038
TI  - [Clinicopathological study of a case of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy].
AB  - One case of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is reported, in a 75 year old
      white male with manifest family history of palpebral ptosis. He displayed
      bilateral ptosis and dysphagia. Diagnosis was carried out after clinical,
      electrical and bioptic procedures. Data obtained have been discussed with
      previous reports in the literature. It was necessary to perform a cricopharyngeal
      myotomy to overcome the malnutrition secondary to his swallowing problem.

PMID- 1804039
TI  - The effect of vitamin E on granulocyte function in patients with recurrent
      infections.
AB  - The influence of vit. E treatment on metabolic and bactericidal granulocyte
      activity in patients with recurrent infections was studied by chemiluminescence
      and phagocytosis assays. Vit. E serum level was significantly diminished before
      therapy. Six weeks supplementation with 200-300 mg/day of vit. E resulted in
      improvement of clinical status and normalisation of alpha-tocopherol serum level.
      Bactericidal activity of granulocytes was lower in patients than in the
      respective controls and it slightly rose after vit. E therapy. Before, therapy,
      patients granulocytes showed metabolic activity above or within the control
      range. Vit. E treatment increased, had no effect or decreased granulocyte
      metabolic activity, but never below the control range.

PMID- 1804041
TI  - Nitrogranulogen-dependent inhibition of antibody synthesis. II. In vivo studies
      in mice.
AB  - NTG in higher doses inhibits specific antibody responses in mice when given after
      but not prior to antigen. The drug also causes suppression of polyclonal humoral
      responses but to a lesser extent than other alkylating agents.

PMID- 1804040
TI  - Nitrogranulogen-dependent inhibition of antibody synthesis. I. In vitro studies
      in man.
AB  - Nitrogranulogen causes a comparable suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis by
      human lymphocytes in vitro as a standard alkylating agent, 4-hydro
      peroxycyclophosphamide. Mixed lymphocyte culture reaction-elicited T and B cell
      responses are especially sensitive to the agent. The immunosuppressive activity
      of NTG is enhanced by a thymic hormone (TFX).

PMID- 1804042
TI  - Immunoadjuvant properties of chitosan.
AB  - Adjuvant activity of water insoluble chitosan suspension was examined in CBA
      mice. Among different types of immune reaction only T-dependent humoral response
      against SRBC was enhanced by injection of chitosan. The optimal conditions of
      administration of both agents (antigen-SRBC, adjuvant-chitosan) was established.

PMID- 1804043
TI  - Zinc affects humoral and cellular response in mice.
AB  - The aim of the presented work was to elucidate whether supplementation with zinc
      affects the immunological response in BALB/c mice. Zinc was used as ZnCl2 in
      concentrations of 10(-4); 10(-5); 10(-6) M in PFC and migration-inhibition test.
      It was found that the numbers of anti-SRBC antibody-producing cells in mice
      injected with zinc were greater than in the control ones. This enhancement of PFC
      was proportional to the concentration of zinc. ZnCl2 itself inhibited target cell
      migration in concentration 10(-4) M but had no effect at 10(-5) and 10(-6) M.
      Zinc in all investigated concentrations promoted the action of suboptimal as well
      as optimal doses of PHA and enhanced target cell migration inhibition. It was
      determined that ZnCl2 in concentration 10(-4) M activated mouse lymphocytes for
      migration inhibitory factors production. We postulate that zinc may enhance the
      effectiveness of anti-infectious immunity.

PMID- 1804045
TI  - Effect of tuftsin and its partial sequences on the arterial blood pressure in
      guinea-pigs.
AB  - The effect of tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) and its partial sequences: Thr-Lys-Pro,
      Lys-Pro-Arg, Thr-Lys, Lys-Pro and Pro-Arg on arterial blood pressure was studied
      in experiments on guinea-pigs anesthetized with urethane. The peptides were
      administered intravenously in a dose of 1 mg/kg. The blood pressure was measured
      directly in the carotid artery. Tuftsin and peptides: Thr-Lys-Pro, Thr-Lys and
      Pro-Arg, after longer period of latency, caused protracted rise in arterial blood
      pressure. Such action was not shown by Lys-Pro-Arg and Lys-Pro.

PMID- 1804044
TI  - The effect of moderate operative trauma on the blood lymphocyte reactivity-
      immunomodulatory effect of interleukin-2.
AB  - The influence of moderate operative trauma on lymphocyte responsiveness to
      phytohemagglutin (PHA) and in autologous mixed lymphocyte response (AMLR) was
      studied. Furthermore, production of interleukin 2 (IL2) and immunomodulatory
      effect of exogenous IL2 on lymphocyte reactivity after surgery were examined. The
      responsiveness to PHA declined on day 1 (p less than 0.05) and the level of AMLR
      was found decreased on days 1 (p less than 0.05), 3 (p less than 0.02) and 5 (p
      less than 0.03) after surgery. Production of IL2 significantly decreased on day
      1, 3 and 5 (p less than 0.05) after operation. Supplementation of PHA and AMLR
      cultures with exogenous IL2 restored the attenuated postoperative responsiveness
      to the levels observed preoperatively. This observation may justify IL2 therapy
      in surgical patients with high risk of uncontrollable postoperative infections.

PMID- 1804046
TI  - Effect of intraperitoneal tuftsin administration on histamine concentration in
      tissues of guinea-pigs.
AB  - The performed studies dealt with the effect of tuftsin (tetrapeptide Thr-Lys-Pro
      Arg), a stimulator of many components of immunological reactions, exerted on
      histamine concentration in lungs, kidneys, liver, duodenal wall and arterial
      blood of guinea-pigs. Tuftsin was given intraperitoneally, in a single dose (0.5
      and 1.0 mg/kg) or three times at one-hour intervals (1.0 mg/kg). It has been
      revealed that tuftsin alters the histamine concentration in tissues of guinea
      pigs by lowering it in lungs, and by elevating it in kidneys and liver, in the
      latter insignificantly.

PMID- 1804047
TI  - Effect of intravenous tuftsin administration on histamine concentration in
      tissues of rabbits and guinea-pigs.
AB  - The performed studies covered the effect of tuftsin, tetrapeptide stimulating
      many components of immunological reactions, to histamine concentration in lungs,
      kidneys, liver, duodenum as well as in the blood of rabbits and guinea-pigs.
      Tuftsin was given intravenously in a single injection (0.5 mg/kg), and for guinea
      pigs also in one-hour infusion (1.0 mg/kg/h). The tissue designed for determining
      the histamine concentration by spectrofluorimetric method were taken 1 hour after
      introduction of the peptide. It has been found out that tuftsin changes the
      histamine concentration in tissues, lowering it in the lungs, and elevating it in
      the kidneys and liver. The changes in duodenum and blood were insignificant.

PMID- 1804049
TI  - Serological characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Hafnia alvei 1, 17, 31,
      32, 38 and 39.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides of Hafnia alvei strains 1, 17, 31, 32, 38 and 39 indicate
      strong cross-reactivity in passive hemagglutination. All lipopolysaccharides were
      examined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting.

PMID- 1804048
TI  - Effects of some lipophilic carboxylic acid on release of interferon gamma from
      the human peripheral blood leukocytes.
AB  - Lipophilic carboxylic acids and their salts were tested for the ability of
      interferon induction in the cultures of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Of 13
      tested organic compounds, two were selected: decyl-malonic acid and sodium salt
      of octylmethane-tri-(2-oxabutanoic)acid--which stimulated the synthesis of low
      amounts of gamma interferon.

PMID- 1804050
TI  - Formation of beauvericin by selected strains of Beauveria bassiana.
AB  - Various strains of Beauveria bassiana were cultivated in submerged cultures and
      examined for their abilities to produce beauvericin, cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic
      displaying antibacterial and insecticidal properties. It has been found that
      among twenty four strains of Beauveria bassiana only three produced beauvericin.
      Apparently, the striking differences among tested strains concerning several
      secondary product formations have been observed.

PMID- 1804051
TI  - Production of beauvericin by Beauveria bassiana on L-methionine enriched medium.
AB  - Beauveria bassiana strain isolated from curculionid beetle (Coleoptera) was
      cultivated in fermentation tank on the medium composed of protein hydrolysate and
      glucose. It has been found that L-methionine addition to the medium increases
      significantly the yield of beauvericin biosynthesis. Apparently, for the optimal
      antibiotic production, low aeration conditions are preferable.

PMID- 1804052
TI  - The influence of D-Ala1-peptide T amide, an analogue of HIV glycoprotein 120
      fragment, on the CD4--anti CD4 lymphocyte interaction.
AB  - D-Ala1-peptide T amide (DAPTA), synthetic analogue of the HIV glycoprotein 120
      sequence, was used to study its binding to specific cellular receptor of HIV,
      CD4. The analogue contains eight aminoacid residues including 4 threonine
      residues; its molecular weight being 992. We have shown the temperature- and dose
      dependent inhibitory effect of peptide T on the CD4 - anti CD4 binding. The
      strongest effect was noted at 37 degrees C with the peptide dose of 150 nM: 62%
      inhibition of binding. Other means of possible blocking of HIV attachment to the
      host cellular receptor are discussed.

PMID- 1804053
TI  - Circulating immune complexes in Waldeyer's ring hypertrophy.
AB  - The investigations on the occurrence of CIC were carried out in 65 children with
      chronic tonsillitis, 39 with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and 14 children
      with chronic tonsillitis and hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil. Immune complexes
      were found in 20 children with chronic tonsillitis and in 5 children with chronic
      tonsillitis and hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil. In the control group (20
      healthy children) and in children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil immune
      complexes are not detected. Screening of CIC in the period from 1 to 3 months
      after tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy showed disappearance of CIC determined
      by PEG precipitation method.

PMID- 1804054
TI  - Release of tumor cytolytic/cytostatic factor(s) by in vitro cisplatin treated
      macrophages: enhanced tumoricidal activity by increase in osmotic fragility of
      target cells.
AB  - In vitro cisplatin treatment of murine macrophages results in the release of
      tumor cytolytic/cytostatic factor(s) (TCF) into the culture medium. These
      cytolytic factors are cytotoxic/cytostatic only against Dalton's lymphoma and
      L929 tumor cells but not to normal splenocytes. The cisplatin-activated
      macrophages retain the capacity to lyse the tumor cells even after removal of the
      medium containing cisplatin. The mechanism of tumoricidal activity by the TCF was
      investigated. TCF containing medium was found to enhance the osmotic fragility of
      the tumor cells.

PMID- 1804055
TI  - Relationship between topological properties and biological activity of platinum
      (II) complexes.
AB  - A graph-theoretical method is applied to model of the relations between structure
      and biological activity of the anticancer Pt(II) complexes. Values of LD50, ID90,
      TI and % of ILS resulted from the treatment of animals bearing experimentalis
      ADJ/PC6 or L1210 tumors, available in the literature, were used as parameters
      characterizing the antitumor activity of platinum complexes. The results indicate
      that it is possible to find a topological description of these complexes which
      could be useful in their structure - activity investigations.

PMID- 1804056
TI  - Studies on affinity of pesticide Unden--2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate to
      immunological system.
AB  - The effect of 2-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate (Unden) (10- or 30-day exposure)
      on the selected parameters of humoral and cellular immunological response in mice
      was investigated. Hematologic and histologic examinations were run parallelly. It
      was noted that this compound exerts immunotropic effect. Immunosuppressive effect
      was prevailing (PFC, GvH, humoral response to SRBC) but in some tests also
      stimulatory effect was observed (number of B cells, Il-1, stimulation and
      proliferation of reticular cells were also observed in the spleen and lymphatic
      nodes). Immunotropic effect of Unden was reversible - after the exposure to
      pesticide had been stopped, the investigated parameters of the immunological
      system activity (PFC, IgG, IgM) spontaneously came back to the norm.

PMID- 1804057
TI  - [Rough sets theory in the analysis of structure-activity relationships of
      quaternary quinolinium- and isoquinolinium compounds].
AB  - Relationship between chemical structure and antimicrobial activity of 72
      quaternary quinolinium and isoquinolinium compounds is analyzed using the theory
      of rough sets. The compounds are described by 11 attributes concerning structure
      and are divided into 3 classes of activity. The description builds up on
      information system. Using the rough sets approach a smallest set of attributes
      significant for a high quality of classification has been found. A decision
      algorithm has been driven from the information system showing up important
      relations between structure and activity. This may be helpful in supporting
      decisions concerning synthesis of new antimicrobial compounds.

PMID- 1804059
TI  - Chemotherapeutic agents, XXI: Synthesis of Pi-deficient pyrimidines as
      leishmanicides.
AB  - Synthesis of 5-cyano-6-(3-pyridyl)-2-thiouracil (1) has been described from 3
      pyridinecarboxaldehyde, thiourea, and ethyl cyanoacetate. Alkylation of 1 with
      mono- and dihaloalkanes under different conditions, provided 2a,b, 3a,b, and 4a
      i. Halogenation of 4g with POCl3 yielded 5 which underwent nucleophilic
      substitution with amines to give 6a-g. Fusion of 4a with aromatic and
      heterocyclic amines at 160 degrees C gave the substitution products 7a-c. Some of
      the compounds were screened for antileishmanial activity but only one of them
      (6d) demonstrated very significant activity.

PMID- 1804058
TI  - [New inhibitors of aromatase: synthesis and biological activity of pyridyl
      substituted phenanthrenone derivatives].
AB  - The phenanthrenone derivatives 3-6 were synthesized and tested for their
      aromatase and desmolase inhibitory potency. Compounds 5 and 6 show a stronger
      inhibition of aromatase than aminoglutethimide not exceeding, however, the
      activity of the parent compounds 1 and 2. Compounds 4 and 5 do not inhibit
      desmolase.

PMID- 1804060
TI  - Anthralin derivatives--inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase--antipsoriatic efficacy.
AB  - Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by anthralin (1) and 41 derivatives is determined:
      the acids 38 and 39, the lactones 40-42 and 9-anthrone (8) are the most potent
      inhibitors, the lactone 41 reaching the efficacy of nordihydroguaiaretic acid
      (NDGA). The results were correlated with the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance of
      the test compounds and their clinical efficacy as far as known. There is no
      correlation between the "minimum structure" of Krebs and Schaltegger concerning
      antipsoriatic activity and the inhibitory effects against 5-lipoxygenase.

PMID- 1804061
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some cephem derivatives.
AB  - Two novel cephem derivative series were synthesized: 7-(D-alpha-aminophenyl
      acetamido-)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate (Cephalexin)
      derivatives and those of 7-amino-3-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-thio methyl-3
      cephem-4-carboxylic acid (7-AMTCA). The antimicrobial activity of the prepared
      compounds was studied and compared to that of known cephalosporin antibiotics of
      the first generation against 12 standard strains and 189 clinical isolates of
      Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The Cephalexin derivatives 4a-f
      show a narrow activity spectrum and are inactive while 5c and 5d are more active
      than the Cephalexin and Cephazolin antibiotics against clinically isolated S.
      aureus and S. epidermidis strains.

PMID- 1804062
TI  - Cross-conjugated and pseudo-cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines, XVIII: Bicyclic
      mesoionic pyrimidines with cardiovascular activity.
AB  - Reaction of alpha-Anilino-azines 1a-i with activated malonates (magic malonates)
      2a-e leads to bicyclic mesoionic systems 3-7. Out of these, pyrimido[1,2
      alpha]pyrimidines 3b,d are active as cardiotonics, whereas pyrimido[1,2
      alpha]pyrimidines 4a-g show significant anti-anginal and anti-hypertensive
      activity.

PMID- 1804063
TI  - [Synthesis and central effects of 4-hydroxy-(alkyl)- and 4-amino-(alkyl)
      substituted 2,6-epoxy-3-benzoxocines].
AB  - The tricyclic hemiacetal 1 is transformed with amines to the N/O-acetals 3 and
      10, with nitromethane to the 4-nitromethyl derivative 13, and with the Wittig
      reagents 15a and 15b to the 2-benzopyrans 16 and 19. Reduction and methylation of
      13 yield the tertiary amine 4; through three steps the secondary amine 18 and the
      tertiary amine 5 are prepared from 16 and 19, respectively. The 1,3-dioxane ring
      of all these 2,6-epoxy-3-benzoxocine derivatives exists in the chair conformation
      with an equatorial C-4 substituent. After application of the amines 5, 11c, and
      18 mice do not show any symptoms of central activity; weak CNS-effects are
      observed with the alcohols 1 and 2. For the tertiary amine 4, which causes
      considerable central effects (Straubtail-phenomenon, convulsions, etc.), an ED50
      of 78 mg/kg is determined in the mouse "writhing"-test.

PMID- 1804064
TI  - Cinnamoylnitrile-, pyran-, and pyranopyrazole-derivatives containing the
      salicylanilide moiety with anticipated molluscicidal activity.
AB  - The reaction of new cinnamonitriles containing the salicylyl moiety with active
      methylene reagents leads to the formation of the corresponding heterocycles.
      Their reaction with aniline yields the corresponding salicylanilide derivatives.
      The obtained pyrans and anilides were tested for molluscicidal activity.

PMID- 1804065
TI  - 1,2-Dihydro-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one and 4-H-1,2-dihydro-pyrido-[2,3-d]-[1,3]-oxazin
      4-one derivatives as potential prodrugs. Part II: Hydrolysis.
AB  - The kinetics of the spontaneous hydrolysis of the potential prodrugs 1a-1f, 2a
      2g, and 3a-3e in methanol-buffer mixtures (3:7) at various pH-values was studied
      and a simple analytical uv-spectroscopic method was developed. The results show
      that most of the new potential prodrugs were very quickly reconverted to their
      parent drugs under these conditions. All of the potential prodrugs are very
      sensitive between pH 4.0 and 8.0, with half lives less than 50 min at 20 degrees
      C, except for compounds 1f, 2f, and 3d. Compounds 1b and 1c are so sensitive that
      they reconverted to their parent drug during the mixing of the stock solution and
      the buffer-methanol-mixture.

PMID- 1804066
TI  - 1,2-Dihydro-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one and 4H-1,2-dihydro-pyrido-[2,3-d]- [1,3]-oxazin
      4-one derivatives as potential prodrugs. Part III: Permeability through excised
      human skin in vitro.
AB  - The percutaneous permeation characteristics of 6 potential prodrugs 2-7 in
      comparison with their parent drug mefenamic acid (1) in vitro using excised human
      skin were studied. The results show that all potential prodrugs tested were at
      least 2.0 times as effective as mefenamic acid; compounds 2 and 7 permeated
      almost 5 times as quickly as mefenamic acid through excised human skin. The
      relations between the permeation behaviour, the RM values and the melting points
      were interpreted.

PMID- 1804067
TI  - Antiarrhythmic properties of triamterene derivatives in the coronary artery
      ligated rat model.
AB  - Triamterene and several triamterene derivatives were tested for antiarrhythmic
      activity in the coronary artery ligated and reperfused (CAL-R) rat. The class-III
      antiarrhythmic drugs (+/-)-sotalol and amiodarone, the class-I antiarrhythmics
      lidocaine and quinidine as well as the potassium sparing diuretic amiloride were
      used as reference drugs. Triamterene at the highest dose (30 mumol/kg) revealed a
      100% protection against ventricular fibrillation (VF), whereas at 10 mumol/kg no
      antiarrhythmic activity for triamterene could be found. For compound 4 (10
      mumol/kg) a 75% protection against VF could be demonstrated, while 2, 3, and 5
      revealed only a 25% protection. Compared to the reference drugs, triamterene and
      the derivatives 2-5 are more potent than (+/-)-sotalol, but less potent than
      lidocaine, quinidine and amiodarone. For amiloride as well as for the potent
      potassium retaining triamterene derivative 6 no antiarrhythmic activity could be
      shown. Therefore, we conclude different mechanisms responsible for the potassium
      sparing and antiarrhythmic properties of triamterene and its derivatives.

PMID- 1804068
TI  - Structure-function relationship of new anthralin derivatives assayed for growth
      inhibition and cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte cultures.
AB  - HaCaT keratinocyte cultures were exposed to twelve hydrophilic anthralin
      derivatives 1 to 12 with substituents at C-1 and C-8 of the anthrone skeleton, of
      one H at C-10 and of both H's at C-10 by lacton rings. After 3 microM treatment
      growth was determined by cellular protein content, 3H-thymidine- and 14C-amino
      acid-uptake and cytotoxicity by the release of cytoplasmic LDH into the culture
      medium. In comparison to acetone control (100%) anthralin suppressed mean protein
      content, as well as DNA- and protein-synthesis to 33, 28, and 21%, respectively,
      and the drug revealed an enzyme release of 660%. In relation to the parent drug
      we found similar cell growth inhibitory effects of compounds 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and
      12. Deriv. 4, 8, and 10 were, however, to some extent less cytotoxic than
      anthralin, whereas deriv. 6, 9, and 12 were in the same range. An extreme
      suppression of growth parameters which differed from the anthralin effect by a
      factor 0.5-0.8 was caused by deriv. 11, showing the same cytotoxicity. Deriv. 1,
      2, 3, 5, and 7 did not demonstrate any cytotoxicity. Concerning growth
      parameters, deriv. 2 induced a slight stimulation, deriv. 3 and 7 were completely
      ineffective, deriv. 1 and 5 induced slightly to moderately inhibited
      proliferation but both being much less effective than anthralin. These data
      indicate that the "minimum structure" concept by Krebs and Schaltegger--claiming
      1-hydroxy-9-anthrone as a precondition for clinical antipsoriatic potency--is not
      valid at least in cell-biological tests and point toward possible usefulness of
      some experimental model compounds as alternative antipsoriatics.

PMID- 1804069
TI  - [Immunologic studies of benzodiazepine--the effect of structural characteristics
      on cross-reactivity].
AB  - The manufacturers' descriptions for immunoassays for the detection of
      benzodiazepines in urine suggest that all therapeutically used benzodiazepines
      are detected equally. It is unlikely that the different molecular structures do
      not influence the results of pertinent measurements. Therefore, the cross
      reactivity of 35 benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-metabolites was determined
      with the TDx-system. As compared to nordiazepam all compounds--except diazepam-
      had a reduced cross-reactivity. In order to get a TDx result equal to or
      exceeding 200 ng/ml nordiazepam-equivalents, high benzodiazepine concentrations
      in urine are required in some cases. These high concentrations are not obtained
      in the therapeutic range of application. These considerations can be applied to
      other immunoassays like RIA and EMIT.

PMID- 1804070
TI  - The appropriateness evaluation protocol: application in an Australian children's
      hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to evaluate the use of the Paediatric
      Evaluation Protocol (PAEP) in the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children,
      Western Australia. A random sample of 557 patient records was reviewed using the
      United States Paediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP). RESULTS:
      Thirteen per cent of admissions and 10% of days of stay may have been medically
      inappropriate in the year of study. The PAEP is a useful tool for utilization
      review in children's hospitals in Australia and may with benefit be modified.

PMID- 1804071
TI  - A hospital-wide outcome study.
AB  - Table 3 shows the summary of activity since the programme began in August 1990.
      Of the 8.4% of inpatients who were screened by the programme, 9% initiated some
      action. In the A&E Department, 1.1% of patients were screened and 10% of these
      resulted in action.

PMID- 1804072
TI  - Progress from zero quality assurance activity in 1986 to 364 registered quality
      assurance activities.

PMID- 1804073
TI  - Reduction of complications associated with total parenteral nutrition by
      introduction of a clinical monitoring team. The Total Parenteral Nutrition
      Committee.
AB  - The introduction of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) in the treatment of
      malnourished patients with unusable gastrointestinal tracts has become
      commonplace throughout the world. However there are significant metabolic (4.2 to
      7.7%) and septic (7 to 27%) complications associated with this therapy. In 1984 a
      TPN committee was formed at Royal Newcastle Hospital and a TPN nurse was
      appointed. This series documents the use of TPN at Royal Newcastle Hospital from
      August 1984 to July 1989. There were 251 patients who received TPN, representing
      3422 days of TPN. The primary catheter sepsis rate was 10.4% at the commencement
      of the series and decreased appreciably to 3.2%. The formation of the TPN
      committee and the appointment of a TPN nurse have represented a considerable cost
      in time and money but this action has been justified by the drop in the sepsis
      rate resulting in a decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with TPN.

PMID- 1804074
TI  - Patient satisfaction with day surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess patient satisfaction with day surgery facilities in New
      South Wales public hospitals. METHOD: One hundred and fifty patients from each of
      8 day surgery units were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire to
      assess satisfaction with their day surgery experience, including details on their
      admission, care and postoperative course. The questionnaire responses were
      anonymous and there was no follow-up of non-respondents. RESULTS: The overall
      response rate to the questionnaire was 37.3%. There was considerable variation in
      response rates across hospitals, ranging from a low of 14.7% to a high of 52.7%.
      Three procedures accounted for 55% of responses: endoscopies of the
      gastrointestinal tract (21.7%), gynaecological procedures (18.3%) and eye
      procedures (16.3%). Day surgery was generally well accepted. Of all the
      respondents, 78.4% would recommend day surgery to others and 94.2% would
      recommend the day surgery unit that they used. Respondents found their day
      surgery experience to be as they had expected or less worrying than expected in
      87.0% of cases. The proportion requiring hospital readmission in the seven day
      postoperative period was 2.7%. The survey showed that the units operated quite
      differently in two aspects of day surgery provision: the scheduling of patient
      admissions; and post-discharge contact with patients to check on their recovery.

PMID- 1804075
TI  - A survey on the appropriateness of gentamicin assays.

PMID- 1804076
TI  - Patterns of use of chest physiotherapy in a teaching hospital.
AB  - Studies of chest physiotherapy in medical patients have consistently shown
      benefit only in patients who produce large amounts of sputum. Among surgical
      patients systematically repeated maximal inspiration is the only procedure that
      clearly reduces the incidence of post-operative pulmonary complications.
      Rationalization of the use of physiotherapy requires data on the pattern of its
      use. To obtain such data an audit was conducted on the use of physiotherapy in
      patients discharged from Royal Newcastle Hospital in October 1989. It was
      suspected that respiratory physicians would account for the bulk of chest
      physiotherapy. All patients admitted under respiratory physicians and random
      samples of patients admitted under other physicians and under surgical
      specialists were surveyed. Chest physiotherapy was ordered in 13/44 (30%)
      patients cared for by respiratory physicians, 5/45 (11%) other medical patients
      and 11/48 (23%) surgical patients (P = 0.049). Chest physiotherapy was ordered in
      28 of 29 instances for conditions in which it is of no proven benefit. From the
      total numbers of medical and surgical patients it was estimated that 71% of chest
      physiotherapy referrals in October 1989 were for non-medical patients. About half
      of all referrals were initiated by junior medical staff. Much of the chest
      physiotherapy performed in the hospital was unlikely to have been of major
      clinical value and patients with respiratory illnesses were minor consumers of
      chest physiotherapy. Attempts to reduce wasteful overuse of chest physiotherapy
      may be most effective if directed at physiotherapists. If medical staff are
      targeted it would be essential to reach those attached to surgical units.

PMID- 1804077
TI  - Variations in surgery rates: implications for quality.

PMID- 1804078
TI  - Trends in contraception and sterilization in Australia.
AB  - Life-history data collected in a national survey of women in 1986 are used to
      derive the first national estimates of trends in contraception and sterilization
      in Australia over the last 30 years. The pill rapidly became the method of choice
      after its release in 1961. The intrauterine device, the other truly modern
      method, has never attained the same popularity. The move toward sterilization
      dates from the early 1970s and has been so complete that women of 35 or older are
      now more likely to be protected by a ligation or laparoscopic sterilization than
      by the pill or, indeed, by all other methods combined. Unmarried women are now
      indistinguishable from married women on the basis of their use of contraception,
      and childless married women are now more likely to be using a reversible method
      than married women with children.

PMID- 1804079
TI  - Neonatal outcome and its relationship with maternal age.
AB  - The relationship between maternal age and neonatal outcome was examined in 22,689
      pregnancies using various determinants of neonatal well-being which included
      evidence of fetal distress, birth-weight, Apgar scores, the necessity for
      admission to the neonatal unit and other indicators of neonatal morbidity.
      Differences in the incidence of congenital malformations and perinatal mortality
      were also studied. There was a trend towards more frequent fetal heart
      monitoring, lower birth-weight and a higher rate of neonatal unit admission for
      infants delivered by younger women. There was also a significant increase in the
      Caesarean section rate with advancing maternal age. Maternal age had no effect,
      however, on the incidence of fetal distress, Apgar score, the development of
      respiratory disease, the need for intubation and ventilation nor on subsequent
      neonatal central nervous system complications. There was also no association
      between maternal age and either perinatal mortality or the incidence of
      congenital malformations. The favourable outcome in teenagers in this study may
      have been influenced by the extremely low pregnancy rate amongst young
      adolescents in Hong Kong, but a similar outcome in the mature age women was
      likely to have reflected the recognition of risk and its appropriate management.

PMID- 1804081
TI  - A comparative study of X-ray pelvimetry and CT pelvimetry.
AB  - In this study 24 patients who had conventional erect lateral X-ray pelvimetry had
      a CT pelvimetry done after delivery to complete the pelvimetry views. The erect
      lateral pelvimetry was read independently by a Consultant Radiologist, Consultant
      Obstetrician and a Medical Officer training in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Using
      CT pelvimetry as the 'gold standard' (as the error of measurement was known with
      the machine used) the 3 readings were compared. There was no statistical
      difference in the values suggesting that X-ray pelvimetry is comparable to CT
      pelvimetry. However CT pelvimetry is preferred, if available, because of the
      lower dose of radiation involved, more comfort for the patient and shorter time
      in performing the procedure. Measurements done are easily read directly from the
      CT console.

PMID- 1804080
TI  - Incidence and management of obstructed labour in eastern Nigeria.
AB  - Over a five year period (1985-1989) 527 cases of obstructed labour were recorded
      while 11,299 deliveries were conducted giving an incidence of 4.7%. The majority
      of the patients (59%) were primigravidae. The incidence of obstructed labour was
      much higher for the unbooked patients (33%) than for the booked patients (1.7%).
      Cephalopelvic disproportion was the greatest cause of obstructed labour (67%),
      while Caesarean section was the main method of delivery (85%). The leading
      complications of obstructed labour were puerperal sepsis (57%), post partum
      haemorrhage (15%), uterine rupture (14%), and genital tract laceration (14%). A
      maternal mortality rate of 32 per 1000 and a perinatal mortality rate of 294 per
      1000 were recorded. Education of primary health providers and traditional birth
      attendants on the dangers of obstructed labour and the need for early referral is
      suggested to reduce the incidence of this condition. Governmental assistance is
      also required to improve existing health facilities so that antenatal and
      delivery services will be affordable to all pregnant women in the society.

PMID- 1804082
TI  - Pelvimetry--a squatter's view.
AB  - Patients were X-rayed in supine and squatting positions in order to measure any
      increase in pelvic outlet diameters. An increase of less than 2% was found.
      Previous estimates of 20-30% increases in pelvic outlet area were not duplicated.

PMID- 1804083
TI  - Induction of labour in nulliparas with poor cervical score: oxytocin or
      prostaglandin vaginal pessaries?
AB  - In a previous study nulliparas with poor cervical score (less than 5 out of 10)
      had a 43.5% Caesarean section (CS) rate of which 55% were for failed induction
      when labour was induced by artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion.
      In this study induction of labour by 2 doses of 3 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      vaginal pessaries, 4 hours apart, and if necessary by artificial rupture of
      membranes and oxytocin infusion 24 hours later, resulted in a CS rate of 23.7% of
      which 38.9% were for failed induction. The latter regimen resulted in a
      significantly lower CS rate compared with labour induced by oxytocin infusion and
      rupture of membranes without the use of prostaglandins (p less than 0.001). In
      the prostaglandin group 53.3% were established in labour within 24 hours of
      inserting the pessary and in these patients the CS rate was 18.5%. In those who
      did not start labour and needed rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion 24
      hours after the first pessary, 34 (47.9%) had a good cervical score (greater than
      or equal to 6 out of 10) and 37 (52.1%) had a poor cervical score (less than or
      equal to 5 out of 10) at the time of amniotomy. The CS rates in these groups were
      8.8% and 48.6% respectively (p less than 0.001). In nulliparas with poor cervical
      score induction is better performed with vaginal prostaglandin pessaries in order
      to reduce the high CS rate associated with artificial rupture of membranes and
      oxytocin infusion.

PMID- 1804084
TI  - Influence of epidural anaesthesia on the course of labour in patients with
      antepartum fetal death.
AB  - The course of labour in 22 patients with antepartum fetal death who received
      epidural anaesthesia was evaluated as compared to 22 controls matched for parity
      and gestational age, who received narcotic pain relief. Both groups had similar
      preinduction cervical dilatation and the induction was performed by amniotomy and
      oxytocin infusion. The mean first stage of labour was 5.4 hours in the epidural
      group, and 8.7 hours in the controls (p = 0.0192). The mean cervical dilatation
      rate was 3.3 cm/hour and 1.0 cm/hour respectively (p = 0.0142). The second stage
      was similar in both groups. We conclude, that parturients receiving epidural
      anaesthesia may benefit both emotionally and physically from excellent pain
      relief and a shorter delivery process when going through the distressing
      experience of delivering a dead fetus.

PMID- 1804085
TI  - Intractable postpartum haemorrhage managed by angiographic embolization: case
      report and review.
AB  - A case of intractable postpartum haemorrhage successfully managed by angiographic
      embolization is presented. The literature concerning angiographic embolization
      and internal iliac artery ligation is reviewed. Angiographic embolization is a
      superior method to internal iliac artery ligation in appropriately selected cases
      of obstetric haemorrhage, and may also be used successfully in cases where
      internal iliac ligation and/or hysterectomy has failed to control pelvic
      haemorrhage. Angiographic embolization is a potentially life- and fertility
      saving procedure.

PMID- 1804086
TI  - Cognitive and social influences on smoking behaviour during pregnancy.
AB  - A random sample of 292 women attending a hospital antenatal clinic for routine
      care was surveyed concerning smoking behaviour and beliefs about smoking in
      pregnancy. Among women who continued to smoke during their pregnancy, most had
      cut down. Many expressed a desire to quit, felt guilty about not being able to do
      so, but reported that smoking offered important benefits relating to relaxation
      and mood control. Forty (27.8%) of the 144 women who were smokers at the time
      they became pregnant had quit during pregnancy. In a multivariate analysis, a
      nonsmoking household, and being more convinced about the health effects of
      maternal smoking, were most strongly associated with successful cessation. These
      2 variables alone were able to correctly classify 83.8% of women as quitters or
      continuing smokers. Implications for health promotion programmes and messages are
      discussed.

PMID- 1804087
TI  - Completed follow-up of 1,000 consecutive transcervical chorionic villus samplings
      performed by a single operator.
AB  - Completed follow-up data on 1,000 patients undergoing transcervical chorionic
      villus sampling (CVS) performed by a single operator at the Royal Hospital for
      Women is presented. Prior to the introduction of CVS, approximately 750
      amniocenteses were performed annually in this unit. Over the past 5 years the
      total number of patients having CVS or amniocentesis has increased by 1/3 and
      almost 1/2 of procedures are now done by CVS. We have persisted with the
      transcervical route believing that once the learning curve is past, this route
      compares favourably with the transabdominal method in loss rate and perinatal
      outcome. We feel the transcervical approach is better tolerated by our patients
      and that less procedural difficulties are encountered. With increasing operator
      experience the total fetal loss rate to 20 weeks' gestation in our series
      declined to 2.1% and late complications were no more frequent than expected. In
      98.4% of patients, sufficient villi were obtained for analysis. Culture failure
      was extremely uncommon, occurring only twice in our series. In 1.5% of patients,
      a follow-up amniocentesis was required, which compares favourably with other
      published series. It appears that many units abandoned the transcervical route
      before loss rates were stabilized. In units where transcervical CVS is still
      performed the transabdominal route is also utilized. The reverse is not true. The
      authors feel that both procedures have a role in modern antenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 1804088
TI  - The phenotype in placental trisomy 7.
AB  - Trisomy 7, in mosaic state, was identified at chorionic villus sampling. The
      pregnancy was closely followed, and proceeded uneventfully. Mosaic trisomy 7 was
      confirmed in the term placenta, the organ having no structural abnormalities; the
      karyotype of the phenotypically normal baby was 46,XY. Trisomy 7, mosaic or
      nonmosaic, detected at chorionic villus sampling in an ultrasonographically
      normal pregnancy, appears typically to be associated with a normal fetal
      karyotype, and placental growth, structure, and function are not discernibly
      compromised.

PMID- 1804089
TI  - Continuing Medical Education in obstetrics and gynaecology: the challenge of the
      nineties.
AB  - The Obligatory Continuing Medical Education (CME) programme of the Royal
      Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RACOG) which is linked to
      time-limited certification has now been in operation for over a decade. Its
      somewhat unique features have attracted widespread interest both nationally and
      internationally and may be seen as part of an international movement towards
      obligatory CME in Western Medicine. However, the programme should also be seen as
      just a part of the educational responses necessary as the medical profession
      moves into the 1990s, particularly for those of us in the discipline of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology. This paper reviews the increasing pressures from
      within the profession and from the community towards the obligatory CME concepts
      pioneered by the RACOG, but suggests that the challenges that have been faced in
      this area in the past although significant, are much less than those which will
      be faced in the 1990's, as the discipline addresses the challenges of educating
      obstetricians in the third phase of Continuing Medical Education--education in
      managing the environment in which our discipline is practised.

PMID- 1804090
TI  - The development of infertility treatment in Australia.
AB  - The development of fertility clinics in Australia began in Sydney at the Women's
      Hospital, Crown Street, in 1938 with Alan Grant. Clinics in other cities
      followed: Melbourne (1940), Adelaide (1946), Brisbane (1948), Perth (1949) and
      Hobart (1967). At first, the work was confined to clinical investigation and
      tubal surgery. In the early 1960's the university departments of Obstetrics and
      Gynaecology appointed scientists and developed endocrinology enabling
      investigation of anovulation and leading to ovarian stimulation with
      gonadotrophin and clomiphene. Male infertility had been investigated, but
      although there was occasional use of fresh semen donations, it was not until 1972
      that sperm banks were set up, the first being in Adelaide. In 1979 the first IVF
      baby was born in Melbourne, and clinics in other cities had success over the next
      3 years. Microsurgery had by then been introduced for tubal reconstruction. The
      high standing of Australian clinics has been due to the pioneers who were careful
      investigators, considerate doctors, and enthusiastic teachers; and later, to the
      close cooperation between clinicians and scientists and the sharing of new
      advances both informally and at scientific meetings.

PMID- 1804091
TI  - The current status of IVF surrogacy in Australia.

PMID- 1804092
TI  - The role of hysteroscopy in patients having failed IVF/GIFT transfer cycles.
AB  - Fifty patients who had undergone 2 or more failed in vitro fertilization (IVF)
      embryo transfer (ET) cycles or failed GIFT cycles where fertilization had been
      demonstrated, underwent hysteroscopy; 28% were found to have intrauterine
      abnormalities which may have been responsible for the failure of the IVF-ET or
      GIFT. Patients with an abnormality found at hysteroscopy had undergone a
      significantly higher mean number of transfer cycles. These results suggest that
      intrauterine abnormalities may be a cause for failure of IVF-ET or GIFT and
      therefore hysteroscopy should be part of the infertility work-up of all patients
      prior to undergoing IVF treatment.

PMID- 1804093
TI  - Norplant.

PMID- 1804094
TI  - Expression of tumour markers CA125, CASA and OSA in minimal/mild endometriosis.
AB  - Ovarian cancer associated antigens CA125, CASA and OSA were measured in serum
      from 23 patients with mild endometriosis before, during and after medical
      therapy. Pretreatment CA125 levels were elevated above 35 mu/ml in 4(17%), and
      above 25 mu/ml in 7 (30%) patients. Mean CA125 levels decreased during treatment,
      but in only 10 patients did levels reflect disease response. There was no
      correlation between CA125 levels and disease severity as measured by modified
      American Fertility Society Scoring. Neither CASA nor OSA were detected in these
      women.

PMID- 1804096
TI  - Position and mobility of the urethrovesical junction in continent and in stress
      incontinent women before and after successful surgery.
AB  - The position of the urethrovesical junction and its movement with straining was
      assessed using lateral chain cystourethrography in 9 continent women and 27 women
      with genuine stress incontinence before and after continence surgery. The women
      with genuine stress incontinence had a significantly lower urethrovesical
      junction related to the symphysis pubis which descended more with straining than
      the continent women. Surgery was successful in 25 of the 27 women. Following both
      successful Burch colposuspension and Stamey operation the urethrovesical junction
      was significantly higher, closer to the symphysis and less mobile. The position
      of the urethrovesical junction was significantly higher following the Burch
      colposuspension than Stamey operation and was similar to the continent control
      group. Overelevation of the urethrovesical junction can be avoided at the time of
      Burch colposuspension by not tying the suspension sutures with excessive tension
      but leaving a free space of 2-4 cm between the vaginal wall below and the
      iliopectineal ligament above. The posterior urethrovesical angle was similar in
      continent and incontinent women but was significantly narrower following
      successful surgery.

PMID- 1804097
TI  - Aggressive angiomyxoma of the female perineum: case reports.

PMID- 1804095
TI  - Oral ketoconazole and miconazole vaginal pessary treatment for vaginal
      candidosis.
AB  - This prospective study was carried out on 250 patients having clinical and
      mycological evidence of vaginal candidosis. One hundred patients received
      ketoconazole orally (400 mg/day for 5 days), another 100 patients received
      miconazole vaginal pessary treatment (one 100 mg tablet locally for 14 days),
      while the other 50 patients received combination therapy of oral ketoconazole and
      miconazole vaginal tablets. Although all 3 regimens were significantly effective
      in relieving patients symptoms and physical signs, the combination therapy gave
      the best results. There was 98% symptomatic relief with the combination therapy
      in contrast to 82% and 78% in the oral ketocanozole and vaginal micronazole
      groups respectively (p less than 0.001). Mycological cure rates were also
      significantly higher in the combination therapy group (94% versus 80% and 76%).
      The relapse rate was least in the combination group 2% versus 8% and 12%. The
      combination therapy is recommended for the best results in vaginal candidosis.

PMID- 1804098
TI  - Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina and ipsilateral renal
      agenesis.

PMID- 1804099
TI  - Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase following hemoglobin oxidation.
AB  - Inactivation of erythrocyte GSH-peroxidase correlates with the rate of hemoglobin
      oxidation. The presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase only marginally
      reduces the rate of inactivation of the enzyme indicating that the loss of
      activity is not due to oxygen radicals produced during oxidation of hemoglobin.
      The inactivation of glutathione peroxidase is due by-and-large to the formation
      of hemichromes.

PMID- 1804100
TI  - Plasma amino acids of lean and obese Zucker rats subjected to a cafeteria diet
      after weaning.
AB  - Plasma amino acids of Zucker obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) rats fed either a
      reference nonpurified pellet or a cafeteria diet have been studied from 30 to 60
      days after birth. Obese rats showed higher plasma branched chain amino acid
      levels but similar total amino acids, urea and glucose concentrations. The
      ingestion of a cafeteria diet induced higher levels in many amino acids, as well
      as in the composite figure in lean rats, but failed to alter total 2-amino
      nitrogen concentrations in obese rats, despite high levels in several non
      essential amino acids and lower values in essential amino acids; urea levels were
      much lower in rats fed the cafeteria diet. The results are consistent with an
      impairment of amino acid nitrogen elimination via urea cycle in cafeteria diet
      fed rats. This is independent of the hyperinsulinemia-driven plasma accumulation
      of several essential amino acids induced by genetic obesity. The effects were,
      then additive.

PMID- 1804101
TI  - Short-term effects of triiodothyronine on exogenous and de novo synthesized fatty
      acids in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The short-term effect of T3 both on de novo synthesized and on exogenously added
      fatty acids was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Lipogenesis from [14C]
      acetate or [3H] H2O was stimulated by the addition of T3. In contrast, the
      utilization of exogenous [14C] palmitate for the synthesis of longer chain fatty
      acids was markedly reduced. This T3-induced inhibition was removed by
      octanoylcarnitine, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I and of fatty
      acid oxidation. T3 also stimulated glycerolipid synthesis from acetate, neutral
      lipids being more influenced than phospholipids, but reduced the incorporation of
      palmitate in all the lipid fractions. It is suggested that T3 exerts opposing
      effects on the hepatic utilization of newly synthesized and exogenous fatty
      acids.

PMID- 1804102
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of novel oligosaccharides by use of transglycosylation
      activity of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae.
AB  - The transglycosylation activity of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from
      Arthrobacter protophormiae was used for the enzymatic synthesis of novel
      oligosaccharides. When (Man)6(GlcNAc)2Asn was used as a substrate for the
      transglycosylation, (Man)6GlcNAc-Glc, (Man)6GlcNAc-Man, (Man)6GlcNAc-chitobiose,
      and (Man)6GlcNAc-gentiobiose were synthesized. Their structures were identified
      by HPLC, ion spray mass spectrometry, and digestion with glycosidases. Endo-beta
      N-acetylglucosaminidases hydrolyzed the pyridylamino derivatives of these
      oligosaccharides.

PMID- 1804103
TI  - Endothelin-1 secretion by human fibroblasts in culture: effects of cell density
      and IFN-beta.
AB  - Evidence is presented of ET-1 release by cultured human fibroblasts. Such a
      conclusion is supported by the parallelism in displacement curves obtained using
      dilutions of extracts prepared from fibroblast conditioned media and the
      synthetic ET-1 standards, and the significant time dependent increase in ET-1
      content in media from IFN-beta treated human fibroblasts. An increase in cell
      density significantly elevated the total amount of ET-1 in the conditioned media,
      although a linear relationship between these two variables was not observed.

PMID- 1804104
TI  - Purification of endogenous digitalis-like factor(s) from cord blood of neonate by
      immunoaffinity chromatography.
AB  - We have previously shown that antidigoxin antibodies may neutralize partially
      purified endogenous digitalis like factor(s) present in newborn (umbilical cord)
      plasma. We here report on the preparation of an immunoaffinity chromatographic
      system (high affinity digoxin-binding antibodies (Fab fragments) bound covalently
      to Sepharose) for the purification of endogenous digitalis like factor(s).
      Neonate plasma extract loses all its biological digitalis-like activity
      (erythrocyte 86Rb uptake inhibition) after absorption on Sepharose coupled to Fab
      fragments but not after absorption on uncoupled Sepharose. Endogenous digitalis
      like factor(s) absorbed to Sepharose coupled to Fab fragments can be eluted by
      methanol. Subsequent HPLC separation indicate that at least two molecular species
      with digitalis-like properties are retained by antibodies bound to Sepharose and
      can be recovered with methanol.

PMID- 1804105
TI  - Activation of polyphenol oxidase by polyamines.
AB  - Latent polyphenol oxidase was extracted and partially purified from grape cell
      suspension cultures. The enzyme was shown to be activated by polyamines.
      Activation of the enzyme increased with increasing polyamine concentrations and
      half-maximal activation was in the order of 8mM. Kinetic parameters, Km and Vm,
      were also calculated for the latent and activated enzymes. The activating effect
      of polyamines was studied at different pH values. Optimum pH was 4.5 for latent
      and activated enzymes. However, the highest degree of activation was obtained at
      pH 5. Activation caused a higher sensitivity of polyphenol oxidase to pH and
      temperature. The ability of polyamines to activate the enzyme may suggest a
      limited conformational change.

PMID- 1804106
TI  - Rat liver amino acid balances after the administration of an oral protein load.
AB  - The hepatic balances of amino acids, ammonia and urea have been measured in rats
      for three hours after receiving a protein load. The liver took up practically all
      of the portal ammonium. Alanine was retained to a large extent during all three
      hours. Other portal amino acids, mainly essential amino acids, were largely
      retained in about one hour after the gavage, to be released in a similar
      proportion thereafter. The other amino acids were also retained and then
      released, but to a lower extent. These amino acids were used in part by the liver
      for the synthesis and release of urea, which appearance in hepatic vein peaked at
      two hours after the protein administration.

PMID- 1804107
TI  - Mechanism of action of Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - Reported kinetic pH dependence data for alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila
      melanogaster are analyzed with regard to differences in rate behaviour between
      this non-metallo enzyme and the zinc-containing liver alcohol dehydrogenase
      present in vertebrates. For the Drosophila enzyme a mechanism of action is
      proposed according to which catalytic proton release to solution during alcohol
      oxidation occurs at the binary-complex level as an obligatory step preceding
      substrate binding. Such proton release involves an ionizing group with a pKa of
      about 7.6 in the enzyme.NAD+ complex, tentatively identified as a tyrosyl
      residue. The ionized form of this group is proposed to participate in the binding
      of alcohol substrates and to act as a nucleophilic catalyst of the subsequent
      step of hydride ion transfer from the bound alcohol to NAD+. Herein lie
      fundamental mechanistic differences between the metallo and non-metallo short
      chain alcohol dehydrogenases.

PMID- 1804108
TI  - Chromatographic separation of the isoforms of the ribosome inactivating protein,
      gelonin.
AB  - The three isoforms of gelonin were separated by affinity chromatography on
      concanavalin-A Sepharose into discrete components of Mr 31,500, 30,000 and
      29,200. Their separation was achieved by apparent differences in interaction with
      the lectin due to variation in carbohydrate patterns. The Mr 30,000 component
      representing 67% of the total mixture was the most active in inhibiting protein
      synthesis in a cell free translation assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysates,
      although the other two were also active. An antibody prepared against the major
      fraction (Mr 30,000) reacted well with all three components, demonstrating
      immunological similarity. This purification may aid the structural elucidation of
      gelonin and preparation of hormonotoxins and immunotoxins.

PMID- 1804109
TI  - L-alanine transport by systems A and ASC in plasma membrane vesicles isolated
      from Ehrlich cells.
AB  - Plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from Ehrlich cells using two-phase system
      compartmentation. These vesicles accumulated L-alanine mainly by means of Na(+)
      dependent transport systems A and ASC. The kinetic of both transport systems
      could be elucidated by specific inhibition of system A with methyl
      aminoisobutyric acid.

PMID- 1804110
TI  - Effect of dietary fish oil on platelet aggregability: comparison between two oils
      with different eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid ratio.
AB  - Rats, acclimatized on a control diet, were fed for 60 days with diets,
      supplemented with 10% fat of either marine Hilsa fish (Hilsa ilisa) or fresh
      water Chital fish (Notopterus chitala). The percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid
      in chital oil diet was 0.57 times that of the hilsa oil diet, but the
      eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid ratio in the latter (4.08) was 3.2 times
      that of the former (1.27). Otherwise these two diets were comparable in respect
      to total saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents.
      Results showed that of the two only hilsa oil diet could significantly lower
      platelet aggregability and in vitro thromboxane production, through replacement
      of arachidonic acid in platelet phospholipid by eicosapentaenoic acid. The
      antithrombic criteria of the oil seems to be a combination of low arachidonic
      acid content and high eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid ratio.

PMID- 1804111
TI  - Analysis of rate constants governing the exchange of guanine nucleotides bound to
      EF-Tu catalysed by EF-Ts.
AB  - The kinetics of the heterologous exchange of GDP bound to EF-Tu by free GTP
      catalysed by EF-Ts have been analysed with a view to correlating results
      obtainable with different computational procedures. The affinity of EF-Ts for EF
      Tu.GTP was found to be somewhat less than previously proposed by Romero et al.
      (Biochemistry 260, 6167:1985) though still greater than for EF-Tu.GDP. There is a
      close interrelationship between the constants for the binding of GTP to EF-Tu.EF
      Ts and of EF-Ts to EF-Tu.GTP. The declining fractional rate of exchange observed
      by Romero et al. during displacement of GDP by GTP appears to be dependent on the
      ratio of the rate constants (k-1 + k-2)k4/k1k-2 as defined in the text, not on
      that of K4/K1 as they proposed.

PMID- 1804112
TI  - Theoretical prediction on functional domains from the primary structure of
      enterotoxin B and correlation with experimental data.
AB  - Theoretical analysis of the primary amino acid structure of St. aureus
      enterotoxin B for predicting some structure-functional characteristics is
      presented. The method is based on correlation between the spectrum of numerical
      presentation of any amino acid sequence and its biological function. This is
      accomplished by assigning to each amino acid a numerical value. The mathematical
      processing of the data is carried out with a digital robust algorithm on the
      basis of running media and mean filtering. The above analysis indicates that SEB
      contains in the polypeptide chain at least some abnormal regions whose
      correlation with our experimental data is shown. Three of these have a stable
      conformation, while the other seven domains may be formed upon an additional
      energy action on the molecule, which indicates the reactive ability of SEB.

PMID- 1804113
TI  - Identification of metabolic pathways of the lipid peroxidation product 4
      hydroxynonenal by enterocytes of rat small intestine.
AB  - The cytotoxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE1) is rapidly
      metabolized in enterocytes. The degradation of HNE and other aldehydic products
      of lipid peroxidation processes seems to be an antioxidative defense system. The
      metabolism of HNE was studied in suspensions of rat enterocytes at 37 degrees C,
      pH 7.4 and at initial HNE concentration of 100 microM. About 70% of the HNE were
      degraded within three minutes of incubation. Main products of HNE which were
      identified in enterocytes were the glutathione-HNE-1:1-conjugate, the
      hydroxynonenoic acid and the 1,4-dihydroxynonene. Furthermore, the formation of
      metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is suggested. The quantitative share
      of HNE binding to proteins was low with about 1% of total HNE consumption after
      three minutes of incubation.

PMID- 1804114
TI  - Effects of oral contraceptive pills on drug metabolizing enzymes and acid soluble
      sulfhydryl level in mouse liver.
AB  - The present paper reports the modulatory influence of two widely used combined
      oral contraceptive pills "OVRAL" and "NORACYCLINE" on hepatic phase I and II drug
      metabolizing enzymes and acid soluble sulfhydryl group of the mouse. Three
      different doses of the pills were used in this study i.e. D1 (1/2000th of a
      pill), D2 (1/200th of a pill) and D3 (1/20th of a pill). The sulfhydryl group
      increased significantly with the D1 and D2 dose of Ovral and the D2 dose of
      Noracycline. Dose D2 of both pills decreased cyt.P450 and cyt.b5 contents. D3 of
      Noracycline, however increased both the cytochrome levels. Dose D3 of Ovral and
      all three doses of Noracycline reduced the glutathione S-transferase activity.

PMID- 1804115
TI  - [Gingkolides and bilobalide: structure, pharmacology, and synthesis].
AB  - The review summarizes data on the structure, pharmacology properties and
      synthetic investigations of ginkgolides and bilobalide occurring in the ginkgo
      tree (Ginkgo biloba L.). Ginkgolide B is a powerful antagonist of platelet
      activating factor.

PMID- 1804116
TI  - [Plasma-desorption mass spectrometry. Study of the desorption mechanism and
      prospects for use].
AB  - Particle impact mass spectrometry and in particular the use of MeV particles as
      in plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) applied to biomolecules is
      described. Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms involved for
      large molecular ion ejection are treated in some detail. Applications of PDMS
      mass spectrometry to proteins are discussed.

PMID- 1804117
TI  - [Hidden symmetry of the genetic code and laws of amino acid interaction].
AB  - Natural amino acids having common antiamino acids are divided into families and
      groups according to the algorithm of the genetic code (a-n-n-a, amino acid-codon
      anticodon-antiamino acid). Members of these groups are placed symmetrically in
      the structure of the genetic code. In the course of evolution, those point
      mutations are predominantly accepted retained. In homologous proteins of
      phylogenetically related organisms which lend to amino acids belonging to one
      family or group and having common antiamino acids. This assumption is in
      agreement with L. B. Mekler's theory (1969) of the amino acid interaction code a
      a.

PMID- 1804118
TI  - [A fluorometric method of determining cholesterol esterase activity].
AB  - A simple and highly specific method for estimating the cholesterol esterase
      activity is suggested. Cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) is incubated with the
      emulsified substrate, cholesteryl-o-coumarate, at pH 6.6 to yield o-coumaric
      (trans-2-hydroxycinnamic) acid detected fluorimetrically (lambda exc 363 nm,
      lambda em 494 nm) at pH 10.4. The fluorescence associated with the unhydrolyzed
      substrate is negligible. Cholesteryl-o-coumarate is not hydrolyzed by pancreatic
      lipase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin under the above conditions. About 1 microgram of
      pancreatic cholesterol esterase can be determined upon 15 min incubation. The
      substrate was synthesized by condensation of o-acetoxy-trans-cinnamic acid with
      cholesterol using the di-tert-butyl pyrocarbonate--pyridine--4
      dimethylaminopyridine system.

PMID- 1804119
TI  - [New dipeptide fluorogenic substrates of human tissue kallikrein].
AB  - Based on 4-methylcoumarinyl-7-amide (Amc) arginine and a series N
      alkyloxycarbonyl derivatives of phenylalanine, eleven Amc-derivatives of the type
      ROCO-Phe-Arg-Amc (R = alkyl) were synthesized; also were n-C3H7OCO-Leu-Arg-Amc
      and n-C3H7OCO-D-Phe-Arg-Amc synthesized. The enzymatic hydrolysis of these
      compounds under the action of tissue and plasma human kallikreins were studied.
      Tissue kallikrein from human urine hydrolyzed the compounds with R = n-propyl and
      n-butyl and n-C3H7OCO-Leu-Arg-Amc more readily than the known substrates Z-Phe
      Arg-Amc and H-Pro-Phe-Arg-Amc. n-C3H7OCO-D-Phe-Arg-Amc is a weak inhibitor of
      this enzyme (Ki = 1.5.10(-4) M). Human plasma kallikrein hydrolyzed these novel
      substrates at a lower rate than Z-Phe-Arg-Amc.

PMID- 1804120
TI  - [Construction of a gene coding for the precursor of human tumor necrosis factor].
AB  - The cDNA sequence for human tumor necrosis factor (hTNF) was reconstructed in
      vitro from genomic sequence. Using the oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, a
      site for restriction endonuclease ClaI was introduced into the end of the first
      exon. The nucleotide sequence representing the second and third exons flanked
      with restriction sites ClaI and XhoI was obtained by means of chemical enzymatic
      synthesis. Assembly of the total gene coding for precursor of hTNF was
      accomplished in pTNF33 plasmid containing semisynthetic gene for mature hTNF with
      appropriate restriction sites.

PMID- 1804121
TI  - [Photosystem II of rye. Nucleotide sequence of the psbB, psbC, psbE, psbF, psbH
      genes of rye and chloroplast DNA regions adjacent to them].
AB  - In order to determine structures of the barley photosystem II subunits, the
      following genes have been cloned: psbB, encoding 47 kDa chlorophyll-binding
      subunit; psbH, encoding 7.7 kDa phosphoprotein; psbE and psbF, encoding 9.3 and
      4.4 kDa subunits of the cytochrome b559 apoprotein, respectively; and a fragment
      of psbC gene, encoding the 43 kDa chlorophyll-binding subunit. The nucleotide
      sequences of these genes and the deduced amino acid sequences of their products
      are highly homologous to the corresponding sequences for other plant species.

PMID- 1804122
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies to DNA, modified with osmium tetraoxide in the presence of
      2,2'-bipyridine].
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (IgG) has been produced that binds to DNA modified with
      osmium tetroxide and 2,2'-bipyridine and does not react with unmodified DNA and
      modified or unmodified RNA and proteins. The reaction specificity is due to the
      presence of the modified deoxythymidine residue within the epitope. Possible use
      of the antibody for studies of DNA structure and detection of cDNA probes is
      discussed.

PMID- 1804123
TI  - [A-A-coded interaction of peptide chains determine the G/C and A/U
      complementarity of codon roots, responding to adjacent amino acids].

PMID- 1804124
TI  - A method to detect proteinase activity using unprocessed X-ray films.
AB  - Routine assays to detect proteinases in biological samples are generally tedious
      and time-consuming. To expedite the recognition of proteinases, we have developed
      an assay utilizing the gelatin on the surface of an unprocessed Kodak X-Omat AR
      film as the proteolytic substrate. A positive reaction is indicated by a clear
      zone on the film after it has been rinsed with running water. This proteinase
      assay has been found to be inexpensive, rapid, and simple. Besides its ease of
      use, this assay has been found to be quantitatively reproducible with a well
      defined endpoint. More importantly, this assay method is applicable to a variety
      of proteolytic enzymes under diverse pH (5-8.5) and salt conditions (up to 5 M
      NaCl) and has a sensitivity similar to that of azocoll. Since the assay does not
      require sophisticated equipment, it is useful as a general laboratory procedure.

PMID- 1804125
TI  - Repeat polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 gene (IL4).

PMID- 1804126
TI  - Role of prolactin on Leydig, Sertoli and germ cellular neutral lipids in bonnet
      monkeys, Macaca radiata.
AB  - To elucidate the specific influence of prolactin on neutral lipids in Leydig,
      Sertoli and germ cell compartments of the testis in immature and mature monkeys,
      the present study was carried out by injecting ovine prolactin (oPRL) (1 mg/kg
      body weight/twice daily for 10 days ip), to both age groups. Similarly,
      bromocryptine (an ergot alkaloid which inhibits prolactin secretion) was given to
      other sets of immature and mature monkeys (1 mg/kg body weight/twice daily for 10
      days ip) to induce hypoprolactinemia. It was observed that after oPRL
      administration the total lipid accumulated in the germ cells of immature and
      mature monkeys. Total lipid was markedly decreased in the Leydig cells of mature
      monkeys only. But no such influence of PRL was evident in the Leydig cells of
      immature monkeys, suggesting an age-dependent effect of PRL on the Leydig cells.
      The increase in total lipid in the germ cells following PRL treatment was
      contributed by mono, di- and triacyl glycerols and free cholesterol. However, an
      opposite effect of PRL was evident in the Leydig cells of mature monkeys, where
      the cholesterols and glyceride fractions registered a decrease. The reduced
      cholesterol fractions in the Leydig cells following PRL treatment suggests the
      utilization of cholesterol for steroidogenesis. Sertoli cells were found to be
      comparatively resistant to change in PRL status. Bromocryptine treatment brought
      about the opposite effect of PRL in almost all parameters studied in both
      immature and mature monkeys. In general, these findings with prolactin suggests
      that PRL has a specific and definite influence on testicular neutral lipids and
      the response of different cellular compartments was found to vary.

PMID- 1804128
TI  - Laryngeal photography.
AB  - Various methods of still photography and videography of the larynx are described
      in this article, some simple, inexpensive, and recommended for residents and
      occasional laryngeal photographers, while others are more involved, costly, and
      recommended for serious laryngologists. The choice of a specific method depends
      upon the physician's need, the availability of the equipment, budget, and more
      importantly, photographic skill and imagination. Although still photography is a
      valuable method of laryngeal documentation today, videography increasingly is
      gaining favor. Because of its simplicity, reproducibility, time and cost
      effectiveness, and capacity to simultaneously record laryngeal images and voice,
      videography has distinct advantages and may someday replace still photography of
      the larynx.

PMID- 1804127
TI  - Neurological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis.
AB  - After the isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the previously unknown causative
      agent of Lyme disease, two neurological disorders, Bannwarth's syndrome and
      acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans-associated neuropathy, which have been known
      in Europe for decades, gained new interest. With the availability of
      serodiagnostic tests, a chronic debilitating disorder--progressive borrelia
      encephalomyelitis--was found to be caused by chronic infection with B.
      burgdorferi. Beside these typical manifestations, a growing number of
      publications about various neurological phenomena appeared, which were thought to
      be caused by B. burgdorferi. This assumption was based in many cases on the
      results of serodiagnostic tests only. Considerations for causal connections were
      frequently lacking. While prior to the availability of serodiagnostic tests
      neurological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis frequently remained undiagnosed,
      we now face a tendency for overdiagnosis. The great variety of neurological
      manifestations in Lyme borreliosis--most of them can also be attributed to other
      conditions--and the high rate of seropositivity for B. burgdorferi amongst the
      population living in endemic areas require strict criteria for the correct
      diagnosis of new and typical neurological manifestations.

PMID- 1804129
TI  - 'Alcoholism'--disease, learned disorder or just heavy drinking? A review of
      Professor Herbert Fingarette's book, Heavy Drinking--the Myth of Alcoholism as a
      Disease.

PMID- 1804130
TI  - The effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on whole body and muscle protein
      synthesis--a stable isotope study.
AB  - The cause of the proximal myopathy associated with chronic alcohol ingestion has
      yet to be established. The clinical feature of muscle wasting implies either
      inhibited skeletal muscle protein synthesis, stimulated breakdown or a
      combination of both. Previous data suggest that breakdown is reduced, rather than
      promoted. This provides evidence, albeit indirect, that the myopathy is the
      result of inhibited muscle protein synthesis, which has been demonstrated
      recently in the rat model. We have examined the influence of chronic alcohol
      intake on post-absorptive fractional skeletal muscle protein synthesis in man
      using a primed continuous (1 mg/kg/hr) infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine for 8 hr.
      Percutaneous quadriceps muscle biopsies (200 mg) were taken after 2 and 8 hr of
      the infusion for measurement of the incorporation of 13C leucine into muscle
      protein. Plasma 13C enrichment of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, the deaminated
      product of leucine, was used to represent that of the precursor pool. We studied
      6 fully ambulant alcoholics, who exhibited no overt evidence of skeletal muscle
      disease and who had consumed at least 100 g alcohol daily for a minimum of 10
      years. Mean (+/- S.D.) fractional muscle protein synthesis was 0.0274 +/- 0.0087
      (95% confidence intervals 0.0204-0.0344%/hr). This value is significantly lower
      than recently published control values obtained using identical protocols which
      range from 0.046 to 0.055%/hr. In addition, whole body leucine oxidation was
      lower (P less than 0.05) in the chronic alcoholics than in healthy controls,
      whereas neither whole body protein synthesis nor breakdown was significantly
      reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804131
TI  - Morphine influence on adenylate cyclase activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes
      of alcoholic patients.
AB  - The effect of morphine on adenylate cyclase activity in lymphocytes was tested in
      20 normal controls, 16 alcoholics in withdrawal and 9 sober alcoholics.
      Alcoholics in withdrawal were characterized by a significantly increased
      stimulatory effect of morphine, whereas sober alcoholics showed an inhibitory
      effect. The morphine effect was abolished by naloxone and correlated with the
      severity of withdrawal and alcohol intoxication.

PMID- 1804132
TI  - Association of a haemoglobin-acetaldehyde adduct with questionnaire results on
      heavy drinkers.
AB  - A new biological alcohol marker, the ratio between the acetaldehyde-induced
      haemoglobin fraction HbA1ach and the glycated haemoglobin fraction HbA1c
      (HbA1ach/HbA1c), was studied in association with data obtained in a
      questionnaire, the Malmo modified Michigan alcoholism screening test (Mm-MAST),
      completed by 270 consecutive middle-aged men participating in a voluntary health
      screening. None of them had earlier alcoholic health or alcohol-dependent social
      problems. The nine-question Mm-MAST correlated positively with the ratio of
      HbA1ach/HbA1c (r = 0.272, P less than 0.001). In the three drinker groups defined
      according to the questionnaire, HbA1ach/HbA1c values were significantly higher
      among heavy drinkers (mean = 40, S.E.M. = 1) than among teetotallers (mean = 32,
      S.E.M. = 2, P less than 0.01) or social drinkers (mean = 35, S.E.M. = 1, P less
      than 0.01). In the groups formed according to the respondents' own alcohol
      anamnesis there was no significant difference between the marker values, but the
      Mm-MAST score was significantly higher in both social (P less than 0.001) and
      heavy drinkers' (P less than 0.001) groups as compared with teetotallers. This
      shows that the questionnaire detected heavy drinkers better than the self-given
      anamnesis. The correlation of HbA1ach/HbA1c and the questionnaire means that the
      biological marker studied represents a new possibility to identify heavy drinkers
      before alcoholic health problems or social consequences have appeared.

PMID- 1804133
TI  - Blood groups, secretor status and salivary Lewis, Lewis and 19.9 antigen levels
      in alcoholics and ethnic origin-matched controls.
AB  - Blood group and secretor status were determined in 89 heavy drinkers receiving
      outpatient treatment at a district general hospital in north-west London, and
      compared with 89 age-, sex- and ethnic origin-matched controls drawn from a panel
      of 1700 patients from a contiguous general practice. There were no significant
      differences in the distribution of ABO types and secretor status in the two
      groups. Differences in salivary mucins were investigated by assaying levels of
      sialylated and non-sialylated Lewis antigens and blood group antigens ABH in both
      patients and controls. Although there were no differences in the mean antigen
      levels for H, A, B Le(a) and Le(b) antigens, using the monoclonal antibody 19.9
      (to sialylated Lewis(a) antigen), higher levels were found for groups O and B/AB
      non-secretors and for group A secretors in alcoholics compared with controls. In
      addition, inappropriate Le(a) and 19.9 immuno-reactivities were detected in the
      saliva samples of a group O Le(a)-b- secretor alcoholic and a group A Le(a)-b-
      secretor alcoholic, respectively. It is suggested that these changes in
      glycosylation of salivary proteins relate to the increased parotid gland cell
      proliferation known to occur in chronic alcoholics.

PMID- 1804134
TI  - Trace element and vitamin deficiency in alcoholic and control subjects.
AB  - A wide range of trace elements and vitamins was studied in alcoholic patients
      admitted for detoxification and in healthy controls. Alcoholic subjects were
      found to be deficient relative to controls in magnesium and vitamin E, while a
      relative excess of serum iron and copper, and sweat nickel, was noted. A
      surprisingly wide range of deficiencies, as compared with standard laboratory
      ranges, was seen in the control group. This finding emphasizes the need for
      adequate control groups in nutritional studies of alcoholism, the insufficiency
      of an adequate diet alone to guarantee adequate nutrition, and the likely high
      prevalence of undetected nutritional deficiency in the general population.
      Further research is required on the clinical benefits of nutritional
      supplementation as part of the treatment of alcoholism, and the value of
      conventional supplements as a routine treatment is questioned.

PMID- 1804135
TI  - Contractile and non-contractile proteins and nucleic acids in the stomach, whole
      jejunum and seromuscular layers of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large
      intestine in response to chronic ethanol feeding.
AB  - Rats were fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing 35% of the total
      calories as ethanol (treated), or identical amounts of the same diet in which
      ethanol was replaced with isocaloric glucose (controls). At 6 weeks, rats were
      killed and the stomach (cardiac region), duodenum, jejunum, ileum and the large
      intestine (combined colon and rectum) were dissected. Seromuscular layers were
      prepared from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and the large intestine. After 6 weeks
      of chronic ethanol feeding the wet weights of the stomach and whole jejunum were
      reduced by 31%. The wet weights of the duodenum, jejunum and distal ileum
      seromuscular layers were reduced by 19-25%. The wet weight of the large intestine
      seromuscular layer was unaltered. The total amounts of contractile and non
      contractile protein in the small intestinal seromuscular layers were reduced by
      16-52%. In jejunal serosa, the RNA contents were reduced by 29%, but total RNA
      contents in the serosa of the ileum and duodenum were not significantly altered.
      Total DNA content was reduced in jejunal and ileal serosal layers by 22 and 33%,
      respectively, but remained unchanged in duodenal serosa. In the stomach, total
      contractile and non-contractile protein was reduced by 26-52% and similarly total
      RNA and DNA were also decreased by 47 and 34%, respectively. Chronic ethanol
      feeding had no apparent effect on either contractile or non-contractile total
      protein, total RNA or DNA contents in colonic and rectal serosa. In the combined
      mucosal and seromuscular layers of the jejunum, much greater effects due to
      ethanol feeding were observed when compared with the jejunal seromuscular layer
      alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804136
TI  - Studies on mitochondrial metabolic processes in offspring of alcoholized rats--I.
      Evidence for altered activity and sensitivity to monoamine oxidase-dependent
      control by biogenic amines of some membrane-bound enzymes.
AB  - In the liver mitochondrial fraction of the first generation offspring of
      alcoholized male rats, decreased activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) types A
      and B, rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c-reductase and succinate
      dehydrogenase were observed. The MAO-dependent inhibition of rotenone-insensitive
      NADH-cytochrome c-reductase and succinate dehydrogenase by biogenic amines,
      incubated with the mitochondrial fraction, was altered in the offspring of
      alcoholized animals as compared with control rats. The sensitivity of these
      enzymatic activities towards the inhibitory effect of 5-methoxyindol-3
      ylacetaldehyde was markedly increased in the offspring of alcoholized male rats.
      The data obtained suggest the existence of a genetically determined
      predisposition of the mitochondrial metabolic processes in the offspring of the
      alcoholized rats to the effects of ethanol and to the toxic effects of
      acetaldehyde, formed during ethanol metabolism.

PMID- 1804137
TI  - Changes in drinking behaviour and cholinergic binding sites induced by
      intermittent long-term ethanol treatment in the male rat.
AB  - Male rats were treated with ethanol for approximately 1 year. One group of rats
      (Group 1) could, for 24 hr each week, choose between ethanol (10%, w/v) and water
      as drinking fluid. At the end of each choice period, 2.0 g/kg ethanol was given
      ip. A second group (Group 2) had the same choice as Group 1, but was given a
      saline injection. A third group (Group 3) could at all times choose between
      ethanol and water. Saline was injected ip once a week. A control group (Group 4)
      was not exposed to ethanol. During the following evaluation period, lasting 30
      weeks, Groups 1, 2 and 3 had, except for a 3 week period, continuous access to
      ethanol. Different concentrations of ethanol were tested. Group 4 had access to
      30% ethanol only for one week. At the end of the experiment, nicotinic and
      muscarinic binding sites (total, measured with QNB, M1 and M2) were determined in
      brain cortex, striatum and medulla + midbrain. During the treatment, voluntary
      ethanol intake in Group 1 was inhibited compared to Group 2 with a maximum around
      week 5 and a return to the level of Group 2 after 15-20 weeks. After a 3 week
      interruption of access to ethanol during the evaluation period, intake of ethanol
      was increased in Groups 1, 2 and 3. The increase was independent of prior intake
      in Groups 1 and 2 and proportional to prior ethanol intake in Group 3, where the
      largest increase was seen in rats with the largest intake prior to interruption.
      During testing of different concentrations (5 and 20%) no change in individual
      intake was seen. Thus a short abstinence from ethanol was a way to increase
      voluntary ethanol intake with a more specific effect than a mere change of
      concentration. No differences between groups were seen in muscarinic or nicotinic
      binding in brain. The muscarinic receptor binding in striatum and medulla +
      midbrain positively correlated with ethanol intake in Group 3. The nicotinic
      receptor binding in the cortex of Groups 1 and 2 positively correlated with water
      intake recorded during the last week of the evaluation period. The muscarinic M1
      and M2 binding sites were positively correlated in the striatum in all groups,
      but differences between the groups were also seen in the correlation pattern
      within or between brain parts.

PMID- 1804138
TI  - Effects of prolonged ethanol consumption on hepatic lipids and hepatotoxicity in
      C57BL/6 female mice.
AB  - Mice consume high levels of alcohol for a short period of time resulting in
      increased toxicity and lethality. The effects of lower doses that could be
      consumed without death for prolonged periods were studied. The effects of
      moderate doses of ethanol on indices of lipid peroxidation (LP), liver lipid
      accumulation and hepatotoxicity were studied in C57BL/6 mice. Three groups of
      mice were fed diets in which ethanol provided 0, 25 or 30% of the total calories
      for 3, 7, 10 and 13 weeks. Increased hepatic cholesterol, phospholipid and
      triglycerides, indicative of changes in liver lipid metabolism; and increased
      levels of hepatic malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid fluorescence, serum
      alanine aminotransferase and minimal changes in liver architecture indicative of
      LP and liver damages, were observed in mice fed the alcoholic diets. Such
      increases were time and dose dependent. These results suggest that continuous
      ingestion of lower levels of dietary ethanol in mice produces biochemical and
      hepatotoxic responses which are indicative of the health risk often associated
      with high alcohol intake.

PMID- 1804139
TI  - Effect of alcohol on blood levels of branched-chain alpha-keto acids in male
      Wistar rats.
AB  - The effect of oral alcohol administration on branched-chain alpha-keto acids was
      studied in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into alcohol loading groups 1 (ethanol
      single daily dose: 2.5 g/kg body wt for 14 days) and 2 (ethanol dose: 5 g/kg body
      wt), and a pair-fed control group (isocaloric glucose and food equal to the
      amount taken by group 1 the previous day). Branched-chain alpha-keto acids, other
      alpha-keto acids and amino acids were analysed using high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Results showed a significant body weight increase in the alcohol
      loading groups. Concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and keto acids were
      significantly increased in the alcohol-treated groups. The blood levels of
      methionine, threonine, alanine and glutamic acid were also increased by alcohol
      administration. Blood levels of taurine and ornithine, however, showed a
      significant decrease in the alcohol-treated groups. These results show that
      alcohol increases the blood levels of branched-chain keto acids and branched
      chain amino acids.

PMID- 1804141
TI  - The effects of maternal ethanol consumption on the distribution of leukocyte
      subsets in the lactating mammary gland of rats.
AB  - Significant immunological protection is provided to the newborn by the transfer
      of maternal leukocytes during nursing. The objective of this study was to
      determine if ethanol ingestion altered the distribution of T, B and accessory
      cells in the mammary glands of normal rats or in rats infected with Trichinella
      spiralis (T. spiralis). In addition, female rats were fed either Lieber/DeCarli
      regular (18% protein) or higher protein (25% protein) ethanol-containing liquid
      diets for pregnant or lactating rats or were pair-fed the corresponding
      isocaloric control diets to assess changes in cellular distribution due to
      dietary content. In the first experiment (short-term ethanol), animals were
      placed on either 18 or 25% protein diet (ethanol or pair-fed) on day 1 of
      pregnancy. In the second experiment (long-term ethanol), animals were placed on
      18% protein diet (ethanol or pair-fed) for 30 days prior to mating, mated and
      then placed on either 25% protein diet (18%/25% animals) or kept on 18% protein
      diet (18%/18% animals) through pregnancy and lactation. In the third experiment
      (long-term ethanol, immunized), animals were fed 18%/25% protein diet (ethanol or
      pair-fed) as in experiment 2 and were infected intragastrically with 1000 T.
      spiralis larva on day 15 of pregnancy. All animals were sacrificed on day 2 of
      lactation, the mammary gland removed and weighed. Frozen sections of mammary
      gland from each animal were incubated with monoclonal antibodies directed against
      antigens associated with rat T cells (W3/13), suppressor/cytotoxic (OX8) or
      helper (W3/25) T cell subsets, macrophages (ED2) or rat IgA (B cells) and
      processed for peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry. The total
      number of antigen positive leukocytes/high powered microscope field (hpf),
      intraepithelial leukocytes/hpf and alveolar connective tissue leukocytes/hpf was
      determined for each stain by counting 100 hpf and the data were compared by
      statistical analysis. Significant differences in mammary gland weight between
      ethanol-treated and pair-fed animals were observed in the long-term 18%/18%
      protein diet experiment in which animals fed ethanol had significantly lower
      mammary gland weights. Ethanol-treated short-term animals maintained on the 18%
      protein diet through pregnancy, showed decreased numbers of IgA+ B cells and
      W3/13+ T cells/hpf in the alveolar connective tissue compartment and this
      decrease was reflected in total cells/hpf. Long-term 18%/18% protein diet,
      ethanol-fed animal showed increases in total IgA+ B cells and W3/13+ T cells/hpf
      as compared with pair-fed controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1804140
TI  - Changes in whole brain membranes of rats following pre- and post-natal exposure
      to ethanol.
AB  - The chronic effects of ethanol on the fatty acid composition of rats that have
      been exposed to ethanol in utero were examined. Ten female Wistar rats were fed a
      nutritionally adequate liquid diet for 3 weeks before mating, throughout
      gestation and until the offspring reached the 10th or 20th post-natal day. Whole
      brain lipid changes were examined at these 2 time points. On day 10, a decrease
      in 18:1 lipid content was found, indicating tolerance development. However, by
      day 20 an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid content (20:4) was detected,
      indicating that ethanol may be causing an increase in membrane fluidity. Although
      these results are contrary to those found in adult rats following chronic ethanol
      administration, it seems likely that, in the immature animal, the brain is still
      undergoing rapid development and therefore may be affected differentially by
      ethanol.

PMID- 1804142
TI  - Drinking patterns and problems among primary care patients: a comparison with the
      general population.
AB  - While problem drinking is believed to be over-represented in primary care
      practice, additional research in this area is needed. A probability sample of 394
      patients attending all county-operated primary care clinics in Contra Costa
      County, California, were breathalyzed and interviewed regarding drinking patterns
      and alcohol problems. These data are compared with those obtained from a
      representative general population sample of over 3000 respondents living in the
      same county. While the clinic population reported higher rates of abstinence
      compared with the general population (38 versus 17%), among drinkers the clinic
      sample reported higher rates of heavy drinking. In the clinic sample 14% reported
      a physical health problem related to drinking and 22% reported three or more
      symptoms of alcohol dependence during the last year, compared with 3 and 10%,
      respectively, in the general population. The clinic sample was demographically
      different from those in the general population which could account, in part, for
      differences in heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems between the two
      populations. The prevalence of heavy and problem drinking in this primary care
      practice suggests the potential of primary care settings for early identification
      and treatment of alcohol-misusing patients.

PMID- 1804143
TI  - Eight-year outcome of problem drinking among medical inpatients.
AB  - Male medical inpatients rated alcoholic on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
      in 1982 were compared with non-alcoholic controls admitted to medical wards in
      the same year. By 1990 the alcoholic subjects had moderated their drinking,
      although peak consumption at follow-up was twice that of controls. A similar
      number of health and social disabilities occurred during the follow-up period
      among alcoholics and controls. Untraced and dead alcoholics had scored highly on
      MAST and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire in 1982.

PMID- 1804144
TI  - Family disruption in early life and drinking in young adulthood.
AB  - The relationship between family disruption early in life and subsequent drinking
      in young adulthood was examined in a large representative British sample.
      Contrary to popular belief, parental loss was not an antecedent to heavy drinking
      in young adults. This finding was observed within social class of origin groups
      and when the nature and timing of the disruption were considered separately.

PMID- 1804145
TI  - Home detoxification from alcohol: its safety and efficacy in comparison with
      inpatient care.
AB  - The safety and short-term effectiveness of home detoxification (HD) was
      investigated by contrasting rates of treatment completion and of complications of
      41 service users with those of a retrospectively matched inpatient comparison
      group. The latter comprised patients of a detoxification unit matched for age,
      sex and degree of alcohol dependence with HD subjects. HD subjects had severe
      problems with alcohol--they averaged 28.7 on the SADQ, 4.6 serious alcohol
      related problems in the previous 2 months, a GGT of 123.8 and 174.6 reported
      units of alcohol consumed in the week before treatment. A high follow-up rate was
      achieved for both HD subjects and their relatives; there was close agreement
      between clients' reports, carers' reports and breathalyser readings with regard
      to further alcohol consumption. The HD subjects were visited at home an average
      of 6.9 times over 6.15 days. Chlormethiazole was prescribed in 36 cases at an
      average maximum daily dose of 6.3 capsules--significantly fewer than for the
      inpatient group. Both rates of completion and complication were virtually
      identical in the 2 groups. It is concluded that these data suggest HD is
      equivalent in both its safety and immediate efficacy to more expensive inpatient
      care.

PMID- 1804146
TI  - Seek an effective treatment for addiction to alcohol.

PMID- 1804148
TI  - [Fetal pathology on the horizon of the year 2000].

PMID- 1804147
TI  - Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as indicator of alcohol misuse:
      evaluation of problems in the methodology.

PMID- 1804149
TI  - [Fetopathologic examination. Technique and value of placenta examination and
      perinatal autopsy].

PMID- 1804151
TI  - [Prognostic value of lympho node micrometastases detected by
      immunohistochemistry. Study of 168 cases of breast cancer with a 10-year follow
      up].
AB  - The authors reported a retrospective pathological study of 168 patients
      classified PT2N- treated by Patey mastectomy completed by axillary and internal
      mammary lymph node removal. The size of micrometastases ranged from 0.012 to 0.87
      millimeters. All 2800 lymph nodes were examined, using successively HPS and IHC
      procedures. Detection of micrometastases has been improved by immunohistochemical
      staining on paraffin embedded sections using anticytokeratin MAb clone antiKL1.
      The 168 patients were divided into two groups. The first one included 31 patients
      IHC+ out of 168 (18.5%); there were 47 micrometastatic nodes with negatives nodes
      out of 2800 (1,67%). The second group included 137 patients (81.5%) out of 168
      with negative nodes. If we consider the PT2N-clinical status, it appears a
      percentage of 16 to 20% of patients developing recurrence within ten years after
      surgical treatment. There was no significant difference concerning the disease-
      free survival at ten years. Variability in metastatic node involvement spread led
      us to distinguish 3 subgroups of uneven prognostic value. The relative risk of
      relapse ranged from 1 (ICH + 1) to 1.94 (ICH + 2 and 3) merged. Do PT2N- group
      with recurrence and ICH + group concern the same patients? We cannot
      statistically prove that micrometastatic nodes are a bad prognostic factor by
      further studies which are required.

PMID- 1804150
TI  - [Recent data provided by fine needle aspiration of the breast].

PMID- 1804152
TI  - [Clinico-pathologic study of Kikuchi's necrotizing lymphadenitis. Report on 11
      cases].
AB  - Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of Kikuchi is a rare benign disease.
      Characteristically, patients are young women with cervical adenopathy which may
      be associated with fever. Histologically, the involved lymph nodes show focal,
      well-circumscribed, paracortical, necrotizing lesions which contain karyorrhectic
      debris and aggregates of large mononuclear cells but no neutrophils. This
      disorder can be misdiagnosed as malignant lymphoma. The histological features
      seem to be related to delayed-type hypersensitivity but the antigenic stimulus is
      still unknown. The clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of
      histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis in 11 patients are described. In necrotic
      areas, the majority of cells represent histiocytes and T cells (predominantly of
      CD8 phenotype). The involved lymph nodes were localized to several cervical sites
      (commonly jugular area).

PMID- 1804153
TI  - [Coronary lesions of a cardiac transplant. (Chronic cardiac rejection). Study of
      15 retransplantations].
AB  - In order to precise the pathologic aspects of coronary lesions observed in the
      accelerated coronary disease after heart transplantation, 15 cases of explanted
      hearts have been studied, and compared to the findings of previous
      coronarography. Histopathological aspects, modes of diffusion involving the three
      main coronaries and distal branches, thrombotic complications and their ischemic
      consequences showed that coronary lesions result in a few months or years to
      diffuse circumferential atheromatous like lesions. Localized lesions are less
      frequently encountered than in common atheromatous coronary disease, but
      multifocal thrombosis is frequent, found in 40% of the cases. This feature leads
      to ischemic cardiopathy expressed by cardiac failure, indolent because of the
      denervation of the heart. Correlations with coronarographies showed that this
      method underestimated the importance of coronary lesions, for which
      retransplantation represents the only hope. Risk factors include vascular
      immunological inflammation, viral infection enhanced by immunosuppression,
      increased platelet aggregation but we still ignore the respective importance of
      these factors at the present time.

PMID- 1804154
TI  - [Multicentric intestinal angiosarcoma. Report on a case].
AB  - The authors describe the case of a seventy-four year old female with no past
      medical history, in whom a duodenal angiosarcoma was found during investigation
      for anemia. Despite adequate surgical excision, hemorrhage persisted and the
      patient died. Autopsy disclosed multiple angiosarcomatous tumours in the colon
      and pulmonary micrometastases. Angiosarcoma is a rare tumour in the digestive
      tract. Multiple tumors occur but are often difficult to detect. In the present
      case, radiologican and angiographic investigations did not confirm the diagnosis,
      which was made on endoscopic and surgical findings and substantiated by
      histological examination of the surgical specimen.

PMID- 1804155
TI  - [Spinal lipoma associated with a neuromuscular hamartoma. Report of one case].
AB  - A 6 year-old boy with urinary incontinence, sensory loss and spastic weakness in
      lower limbs underwent surgical repair for low-lying spinal cord ending in an
      intradural lipoma. Within the lipoma, bundles and fascicles of striated muscles
      fibers were intimately associated with nerve fibers. This extremely rare
      histological appearance has been reported as benign "triton tumor". Our case
      allows a discussion of its histogenesis.

PMID- 1804156
TI  - [Adrenal pseudocyst. One case report].
AB  - We report the case of a large left hypochondriac mass discovered incidentally in
      a 69 year old patient. Pathologic studies demonstrated it to be an adrenal
      pseudocyst which was vascular in nature. With the wider application of computed
      tomographic imaging, more adrenal masses will be detected incidentally. The size
      of the mass, results of many cyst puncture, biochemical assessment and age of
      patient may determine which patients should undergo surgery.

PMID- 1804157
TI  - [Pancreatic epithelial tumors with double cellular components. Report of two
      cases with immunohistochemical study].
AB  - Histopathological studies of pancreatic tumors can show two different cellular
      components: exocrine and endocrine. Histological and immunohistochemical staining
      is used to confirm the diagnosis and to appreciate the probable presence of an
      endocrine secretion. The hypothetical common embryological origin of the
      different pancreatic components is strengthened by the coexistence of these two
      cellular types; experimental studies in animals seem to confirm this view.

PMID- 1804158
TI  - [Oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland].
AB  - We report the case of an oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland affecting a
      sixty year old woman that was revealed by a right inferior facial paralysis. The
      histological features were observed in the parotid gland and in the right
      superior cervical nodes. The originality of this observation as compared to the
      other very rare cases of oncocytic carcinoma reported is the undoubtful malignant
      features present right away.

PMID- 1804159
TI  - [Generalized cutaneous desquamation in three newborns of the same family].

PMID- 1804160
TI  - [Histological grading of breast cancer].

PMID- 1804161
TI  - A survey of psychotropic medications not available in the United States.
AB  - The range of psychotropic medications available in the U.S. for the treatment of
      serious mental illnesses is limited. Many agents have been "me too" drugs,
      offering primarily side-effect differences, instead of new indications or
      mechanisms. As a result, patients refractory to the original drugs are not
      helped. Other patient populations (both mentally ill and addicted) have "fallen
      through the cracks" of the current U.S. psychotropic drug development process.
      The recent approval of chlorimipramine and clozapine demonstrates that real
      benefits for U.S. patients can be realized from judicious introduction of non
      U.S. drugs. Many more psychotropic drugs developed and used in other countries
      are not available in the United States. Industrial and regulatory obstacles could
      be surmounted by the legislative innovation proposed. This survey identifies some
      specific non-U.S. drugs of interest.

PMID- 1804162
TI  - On the preferential release of mesolimbic dopamine by amphetamine.

PMID- 1804163
TI  - [New record of distribution of medicinal plants in Guizhou Province].

PMID- 1804164
TI  - [Resources of medicinal plant Artemisia L. in Sichuan Province].

PMID- 1804165
TI  - [Dynamic variation of saikosaponin contents].
AB  - In this paper both the cultivated and wild Bupleurum chinense and B.
      scorzonerifolium from northeast China of different growing periods and ages were
      analyzed for the contents of saikosaponins a and d by HPLC and total
      saikosaponins by spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the saikosaponin
      content of B. chinense was higher than that of B. scorzonerifolium, and that the
      saikosaponin contents of the cultivated species were higher than or almost equal
      to those of the wild ones. It was also found that both the cultivated and wild B.
      chinense and B. scorzonerifolium featured the highest contents of saikosaponins
      in the nutrition-growing period.

PMID- 1804166
TI  - [Propagation methods for nutmeg seeds].
AB  - The test was conducted on the interrelated factors of germination of Nutmeg
      seeds. The result indicated that germination occurred fast and exuberantly (up to
      88.8%) when the fresh and plump seeds (collected in summer or early autumn) were
      shown and expedited in clean sand in the complete shade during May-August after
      being treated with wet sand for 96 hours.

PMID- 1804167
TI  - [Effect of processing of toxic constituents in radix Phytolaceae].
AB  - This paper reports the effect of different processing technologies on the main
      toxic constituents in Radix Phytolaceae using its contents of phytolaccatoxin and
      histamine as index. The study was carried out to probe into the processing
      principle and improve the processing technology of Radix Phytolaceae. The result
      is gratifying.

PMID- 1804168
TI  - [Comparison of phospholipids in crude drug of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and
      its processed products].
AB  - This paper reports the qualitative analysis and content determination of
      phospholipids in the crude drug of Polygonum multiflorum and its four processed
      products by TLC. The content in the crude drug is 3.49% and in the products
      processed with black soybean and millet wine 1.62% and 1.82% respectively.

PMID- 1804169
TI  - [Preparation of compound membrane of traditional Chinese medicine for mouth
      ulcer].
AB  - The compound membrane of traditional Chinese medicine for mouth ulcer, which is
      made of drug-containing membrane and covering membrane, is a new type of
      preparation of traditional Chinese medicine. The comparison of different
      prescriptions and membrane materials in the preparation, adhesion and drug
      release of the membrane has shown that that PVA17-88-CMCNa (1:1) and PVA17-88 act
      best as the base of drug-containing membrane and covering membrane material
      respectively.

PMID- 1804170
TI  - [Quality standard of kaixiong shunqi pills].
AB  - This paper adds TLC identification of binglang and other three cruds drugs to the
      quality control of kakxiong shunqi pills incorporated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
      The contents of magnolol and honokinol were determined by TLC scanning. The
      method is simple, rapid accurate, and useful in controlling the quality of
      kaixiong shunqi pills.

PMID- 1804171
TI  - [Alkaloids of plumula Nelumbinis].
AB  - Six alkaloids were isolated from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera
      growing in Ruichang, Jiangxi province. On the basis of physiochemical properties
      and spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, NMR, MS) they were identified as: lotusine,
      nuciferine, pronuciferine, liensinine, isoliensinine and neferine.

PMID- 1804172
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Morinda officinalis How].
AB  - This paper reports the identification of four compounds isolated from the cortex
      of Morinda officinalis growing in Guangdong Province. These compounds are beta
      sitosterol (I), 2-methyl-anthraquinone(II), rubiadin-1-methyl ether(III) and 24
      ethylcholesterol(VI). Compounds II and VI are isolated from Morinda Genus for the
      first time.

PMID- 1804173
TI  - [Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum karakolicum var. patentipilum W.T. Wang].

PMID- 1804174
TI  - [Isolation and identification of 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rh2 (an anti-cancer
      constituent) from the fruits of Panax ginseng. C.A. Meyer].

PMID- 1804175
TI  - [Determination of glaucocalyxin A in the leaves of Plectranthus japonicus (Burm.)
      Koidz. var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) Koidz. by HPLC].
AB  - This paper reports the quantitative analysis of glaucocalyxin A in the leaves of
      Plectranthus japonicus var. glaucocalyx by HPLC. The chromatographic conditions
      were as follows: column: Shim-pack CLC-ODS; mobile phase: methanol-water (70:30).
      The average content of glaucocalyxin A in the leaves is 1.30%.

PMID- 1804176
TI  - [Improvement of memory in mice by extracts from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L].
AB  - The study has shown that the extracts from leaves of Ginkgo biloba can
      significantly improve the NaNO2 and scopolamine induced impaired memory in mice.
      The potency of the ethanolic extract is greater than that of the aqueous extract.
      The ethanolic extract acts favorably on the memory function of normal animals.
      Both extracts help to prolong the survival time of mice receiving 200
      mg/kg(ip)NaNO2.

PMID- 1804177
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory effect of radix Angelicae sinensis].
AB  - Radix Angelicae Sinensis (RAS) decoction can markedly inhibit acute and chronic
      inflammation caused by various phlogistic agents. Similar effects are equally
      seen in adrenalectomized rats. RAS can also suppress the biosynthesis or release
      of prostaglandin E2 in inflamed tissues induced by carrageenan, as well as
      significantly decrease the hemolytic activity of complement bypass, but shows no
      effect on the inflammation caused by histamine.

PMID- 1804178
TI  - [Exploration of the changes in processing methods of Trachycarpus wagneranus].

PMID- 1804179
TI  - [Studies on the quality of fructus Cnidii--comparison of antibacterial action].
AB  - Comparative studies on antibacterial and antifungal action of the fruits of C.
      monnieri from four habitats and two other species of Cnidium showed they had
      inhibitory potency to some bacterial and fungi in vitro. C. monnieri and C.
      salium were more effective than C. dahuricum in antibacterial activities. C.
      monnieri had higher antifungal effect than C. salium and C. dahuricum.

PMID- 1804180
TI  - [Quality of Chinese drug Halloysitum rubrum].
AB  - X-ray diffraction was used in analysing the constituents of Halloysitum rubrum.
      The results show that its composition is quite complicated and its colours are
      mainly due to the content of Fe.

PMID- 1804181
TI  - [Distribution and eclosion of Hierdula patellifera Servill's eggs].
AB  - A study has been made on the distribution and eclosion of the eggs of Hierdula
      patellifera as well as on the behavior of their nymphs. The study may serve as a
      guideline for biological and ecological studies of the insect.

PMID- 1804182
TI  - [Orthogonal test for the best conditions of treating licorice seeds with
      sulphuric acid].
AB  - Adopting the method of orthogonal test and using the orthogonal table of
      L25(5(6)), this paper has made a test of the influential factors in treating the
      licorice seeds with sulphuric acid. The result shows that the best treating
      conditions are as follows: H2SO4 concentration over 80%. H2SO4 amount 10-20
      ml/kg. Treating temperature 10-25 degrees C. Treating time 2 hours.

PMID- 1804184
TI  - [Assay of stilbene glucoside in Polygonum multiflorum Thunb and its processed
      products].
AB  - This paper reports the assay of stilbene glucoside in the root of Polygonum
      multiflorum and its two processed products by first derivative spectrophotometry.
      The method is simple, convenient and the the results are stable and reproducible.
      It can be used for the quality control of processing Polygonum multiflorum.

PMID- 1804183
TI  - [Effects of processing on toxicity and pharmacological action of Phytolacca
      americana L].
AB  - The experimental results have shown that the toxicity of variously processed
      Phytolacca americana is lower than that of the original rude drug, i.e. the local
      irritability tends to decrease by 16.7-83.3%; LD50 to elevate by 1.66-10.47
      times; expectoration to increase by 1.10-1.57 times; but diuresis mostly to
      decrease by 16.0-45.0%. This reveals that the main object of processing
      Phytolacca americana is to lower toxicity, increase expectoration and relieve
      diuresis to reduce fluid retention.

PMID- 1804185
TI  - [Determination of baicalin in xiaoer feire kechuan mixture by dual-wavelength
      spectrophotometry].
AB  - A method for the determination of baicalin in traditional Chinese medicine Xiaoer
      Feire Kechuan Mixture with dual-wavelength spectrophotometry is described. The
      interference of coexisting ingredients may be eliminated without separation of
      the samples. Both 751 and UV-3000 spectrophotometers were used.

PMID- 1804186
TI  - [Isolation and identification of antibiotic constituents of propolis from Henan].
AB  - Sinapic acid, isoferulic acid, caffeic acid and chrysin were isolated from the
      alcoholic extraction of propolis and identified by spectrometric methods. The
      first three compounds were shown with inhibitive effect of against Staphylococcus
      aureus, while chrysin was ineffective.

PMID- 1804187
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Tibetan medicinal herb Rhodiola kirilowii (Reg.) Reg].

PMID- 1804188
TI  - [Determination of aconitine in Aconitum kongboense Lauener by thin Layer
      chromatography fluorometry].

PMID- 1804189
TI  - [Screening studies on anti-inflammatory function of traditional Chinese herb
      Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its possibility in treating soft tissue injuries
      in animals].
AB  - This paper reports the study of six fractions and one chemical constituent
      isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Gardenia jasminoides. The results
      showed that two fractions (G5.G6,), alcohol extract (G1) and genipoiside(A) had
      obvious anti-inflammatory effects and were comparatively effective in treating
      soft tissue injuries in animals.

PMID- 1804190
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on warming the middle-jiao to alleviate pain by
      Pericarpium Zanthoxyli].
AB  - The pharmacological effects of the ethereal extract and aqueous extract of
      Pericarpium Zanthoxyli on warming the middle-jiao to alleviate pain have been
      studied. It is suggested that the effects of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli on
      antagonizing ulcer, and inflammatory and functional diarrheas, protecting liver,
      and correcting gastrointestinal disorder are the connotation of its warming the
      middle-jiao to alleviate pain, its analgesic effect helps to relieve various
      abdominal pains.

PMID- 1804191
TI  - [Status quo and prospects of oral liquid prepared from Chinese drugs].
AB  - This paper reviews the rise of oral liquids and their preparations, control
      standards, pharmacological research and clinical pharmacy, etc. On the basis of
      investigation, an overall discussion is given in respect to product variety and
      sale, pharmaceutical research and development, and social benefit from new
      products, so as to highlight the merits of Chinese medicinal materials.

PMID- 1804192
TI  - [Methods of identification of animal and plant drugs].

PMID- 1804193
TI  - [Textual research on luohuangzi].
AB  - By studying ancient and modern literatures and observing the material object, we
      have come to the conclusion that the fruit called "luohuangzi" in ancient times
      should be the seed of Sterculia nobilis rather than Tamarindus indica. We
      therefore suggest that "luohuangzi" be no longer used as another name for T.
      indica, and, in order to eliminate the confusion about the name and material
      object of "luohuangzi". Tamarindus should be called the "genus Shuandou" in
      Chinese instead of the "genus Luowangzi".

PMID- 1804194
TI  - [Botanical survey and quality evaluation of Chinese drug shiwei (folium
      Pyrrosiae)].
AB  - This paper deals with a botanical survey and identification of the Chinese drug
      Shiwei (Folium Pyrrosiae) on the basis of three most widely used species included
      in the 1985 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, six species used in some districts
      of China, and two adulterant species. Three active constituents in seven species
      of Folium Pyrrosiae (mangiferin, isomangiferin and chlorogenic acid) have been
      determined.

PMID- 1804195
TI  - [Quality of Chinese drug zicao].
AB  - Roots, root cortices and root corks from 6 species of Boraginaceae are used as
      zicao in commercial crude drugs. This paper reports the determination of
      naphthaquinone pigments (such as total pigments, beta, beta-dimethylacryshikonin,
      acetylshikonin and shikonin) in 12 samples of 6 plants. The quality of various
      drugs was evaluated by determining the contents of the above principles.

PMID- 1804196
TI  - [Studies on the formation of prepared daughter root of common monkshood].

PMID- 1804197
TI  - [Preliminary study on soilless cultivation techniques of Panax quinquefolium L].
AB  - Our experiment has shown 1. Vermiculite with sand (volume 1:1) is a good
      substrate of soil for American Ginseng. The yield and contents of ginsenoside of
      American ginseng in this soilless substrate are a little higher than those in
      ordinary soil. 2. This kind of substrate can be used continuously with fewer
      occurrences of insect pest and plant diseases and contributes significantly to
      the reduction of production cost.

PMID- 1804198
TI  - [Determination of magnolol in cortex Magnoliae officinalis and its processed
      samples by HPLC and studies on ginger-processed principles].
AB  - The experimental result of the quantitative determination of magnolol in Cortex
      Magnoliae Officinalis and its processed samples by HPLC has shown that the stir
      fried sample has the highest content of magnolol among all sample and so does the
      ginger-fried sample among all ginger-processed samples. As a condiment, ginger
      can increase the content of magnolol to a certain extent, but the quantity used
      in processing does not affect the content significantly.

PMID- 1804199
TI  - [Comparison of phospholipid in crude and fried semen Dolichos Lablab].
AB  - A study of the chemical changes of phospholipid in crude and fried semen Dolichos
      Lablab was carried out by molybdenum blue colorimetry and TLC scanning. The
      result shows that both the total phospholipid contents and the molar fraction of
      phosphatidylcholine in the fried samples are decreased as compared with the crude
      ones.

PMID- 1804200
TI  - [Determination of paeoniflorin in white peony root and fufang baishao tablets].
AB  - Reported in this paper is a method for determining paeoniflorin by TLCS
      paeoniflorin was separated from the interfering substances by TLC. The average
      recovery rate was 99.60% and the variation coefficient of the results was 3.67%.
      This method can be used for grading white peony root and fufang baishao Tablets.

PMID- 1804201
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Swertia tetraptera Maxim. var. xinglongensis Ji Ma et
      R. N. Zhao].
AB  - Five natural products were isolated from S. tetraptera var. xinglongensis of
      which four were proved to be oleanolic acid, 1,3-dihydroxy-4,7-dimethoxyxanthone,
      1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone and beta-sitosterol. 1,3-dihydroxy-4,7
      dimethoxyxanthone has been obtained for the first time from the genus Swertia.

PMID- 1804202
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Ipomola batatas Lam].
AB  - Three chemical compounds isolated from the leaves and stems of Ipomoea batatas
      were identified as fumaric acid, succinic acid and 7,3',4'-trimethylquercetin by
      chemical and spectroscopic analysis. In this paper, an analysis of the amino
      acids of Ipomoea batatas is also reported.

PMID- 1804203
TI  - [Constituents of Marsdenia officinalis Tsiang].

PMID- 1804205
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of baogongteng A by fluorescence].

PMID- 1804204
TI  - [Steroid alkaloids from stems and leaves of Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim].
AB  - Three crystalline chemical components were isolated from the stems and leaves of
      Fritillaria ussuriensis by column chromatographic technique. On the basis of the
      IR, MS and 1HNMR spectra, the structure has been identified as pingbeimine B,
      pingbeimine C and pingbeininoside.

PMID- 1804206
TI  - [The protective effects of paeonol on cultured neonatal rat heart cells during
      calcium paradox].
AB  - It has been found that the rapid (5min) and slow (120min) phases of 15Ca uptake
      by normal myocardial cells and their beating rate are remarkably inhibited by
      paeonol. And that paeonol can also decrease 45Ca uptake and lipid peroxide in
      calcium paradoxical heart cells, which appears in dose-dependence. This indicates
      that the mechanism of protection of paconol against calcium paradox is associated
      with its inhibition of Ca2+ influx and antioxidation.

PMID- 1804208
TI  - A conceptual history of modern embryology.

PMID- 1804207
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on the Chinese drug radix Angelicae dahuricae].
AB  - Several species of the Chinese drug Angelica dahurica from different habitats
      have been studied in terms of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic
      actions and acute toxicity. The medical value of these species is reported in
      this paper as a guideline for their clinic application.

PMID- 1804209
TI  - The rise of classical descriptive embryology.

PMID- 1804210
TI  - Reminiscences on the life and work of Johannes Holtfreter.

PMID- 1804211
TI  - The conceptual and experimental foundations of vertebrate embryonic cell adhesion
      research.

PMID- 1804212
TI  - The philosophical background of Joseph Needham's work in chemical embryology.

PMID- 1804213
TI  - Induction and the origins of developmental genetics.

PMID- 1804214
TI  - Boris Ephrussi and the synthesis of genetics and embryology.

PMID- 1804215
TI  - Concepts of organization. The leverage of ciliate protozoa.

PMID- 1804216
TI  - Laurent Chabry and the beginnings of experimental embryology in France.

PMID- 1804217
TI  - The origins of Entwicklungsmechanik.

PMID- 1804218
TI  - Curt Herbst's contributions to the concept of embryonic induction.

PMID- 1804219
TI  - Spemann seen through a lens.

PMID- 1804220
TI  - Structure of hexaaquacopper(II) bromate.
AB  - [Cu(H2O)6](BrO3)2, Mr = 427.44, cubic, Pa3, a = 10.3240 (6) A, V = 1100.38 (4)
      A3, Z = 4, Dx = 2.580 g cm-3, lambda (Mo K alpha) = 0.71073 A, mu = 92.32 cm-1,
      F(000) = 828, T = 296 K, R = 0.038 for 336 unique reflections having I greater
      than sigma I. The single type of copper ion (site symmetry 3) is coordinated by
      six water-molecule O atoms, each at an observed distance of 2.079 (4) A, in an
      array which is virtually regular octahedral, the nominal 90 degree angles
      measuring 89.95 (15) and 90.05 (15) degrees. Thus, this is not a typical CuII
      complex in which (consistent with a static Jahn-Teller effect) a distorted
      octahedral array displays '(2 + 2 + 2)' coordination; rather, it is the sixth
      strict example of a CuII static structure inconsistent with the Jahn-Teller
      theorem. The presence of a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect is supported by the data.
      The single type of bromate ion has an observed Br-O bond length 1.649 (3) A and O
      Br-O bond angle 104.17 (15) degrees. The bromate ion was found to manifest rigid
      body behavior but, consistent with a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect, the copper
      oxygen complex did not. The Br-O bond length corrected for rigid-body motion is
      1.663 A. Refinement of the positional parameters of the two inequivalent H atoms
      permitted a detailed analysis of hydrogen bonding, which occurs principally
      between the oxygen octahedra and the bromate groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1804221
TI  - Structure of 1-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine; an antiviral
      agent.
AB  - 4-Amino-1-(S)-[2-[(dihydroxyphosphoryl)-methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl]- 2(1H)
      pyrimidinone, C8H14N3O6P, Mr = 279.19, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 6.926
      (1), b = 9.084 (2), c = 18.602 (3) A, V = 1170.4 (4) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.58 (1) Mg
      m-3, lambda(Cu K alpha) = 1.54178 A, mu = 2.4 mm-1, F(000) = 584, T = 168 K,
      final R = 0.024 for 1393 unique observed reflections. The molecule has been found
      to exist in a folded zwitterionic form where the negatively charged phosphonyl
      group and the positively charged cytosine ring are in proximity. The crystal
      packing involves significant intermolecular hydrogen-bond contacts.

PMID- 1804222
TI  - Structure of 4-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde, C13H8O2.
AB  - Mr = 196.21, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 6.589 (1), b = 9.784 (2), c = 14.394 (2) A,
      beta = 95.69 (1) degrees, V = 923.4 (3) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.41 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K
      alpha) = 0.71073 A, mu = 0.89 cm-1, F(000) = 408, T = 296 K, R = 0.048 for 964
      unique reflections having I greater than 3 sigma I. The average C-C bond length
      within the benzenoid rings in 4-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde is 1.388 (9) A; the
      average interior angle is 120.0 (2.6) degrees. While two of the three rings of 4
      dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde are planar, the benzenoid ring to which the carbonyl
      group is attached is slightly non-planar. The dihedral angle between the two
      benzenoid rings measures 1.4(1) degrees. The structure is composed of pairs of 4
      dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde molecules related by inversion centers. This structure
      is further characterized by approaches of both the carbonyl and the furan O atoms
      to ring H atoms with separations which are slightly less than the sum of the
      relevant van der Waals radii.

PMID- 1804223
TI  - Structure of 9-nitro-[4]peristylane-1,5-dione.
AB  - Decahydro-1,6:3,4-dimethano-3a-nitrocyclobuta [1,2:3,4]dicyclopentene-2,5-dione
      (II), C12-H11NO4, Mr = 233.2, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 13.378 (7), b = 6.614 (1),
      c = 23.040 (15) A, beta = 92.53 (5) degrees, V = 2036.6 (4) A3, Z = 8, D chi =
      1.521 g cm-3, Cu K alpha, lambda = 1.54178 A, mu = 9.3 cm-1, F(000) = 1312, T =
      293 K, final R = 0.047, wR = 0.075 for 3075 reflections with I greater than 3
      sigma(I). There are no unusually short intermolecular distances. A comparison of
      the molecular densities and packing coefficients of (I) [4]peristylane-1,5-dione
      with (II), indicates that the change in crystal density from (I) (1.415 g cm-3)
      to (II) (1.521 g cm-3) is the sole result of an increase in molecular density
      with NO2 substitution. The packing coefficients for (I) and (II) are identical.

PMID- 1804224
TI  - Structure of 1,5,9-trinitrobishomopentaprismane.
AB  - 2,3,8-Trinitrohexacyclo[5.4.1.0(2,6).0(3,10).-0(4,8).0(9,12)]do dec ane (IV),
      C12H11N3O6, Mr = 293.2, orthorhombic, Pna2(1), a = 11.467 (1), b = 8.756 (1), c =
      11.9339 (8) A, V = 1198.2 (4) A3, Dx = 1.625 g cm-3, Z = 4, Cu K alpha, lambda =
      1.54178 A, mu = 11.6 cm-1, F(000) = 608, T = 293 K, final R = 0.061, wR = 0.091
      for 1082 reflections with I greater than 3 sigma(I). There are no unusual
      intermolecular distances and the crystal packing is normal. The crystal density
      of (IV) is only 2.3% larger than that of 1,5-dinitrobishomopentaprismane (III) at
      1.589 g cm-3 despite a 6.7% higher molecular density of (IV) over (III). An
      analysis of crystal packing and the calculated crystal packing coefficients
      indicates that the small crystal-density change is the result of more efficient
      molecular packing in (III) over (IV), which compensates for the lower molecular
      density of (III). The molecular shape and polarity of (III) lead to efficient
      crystal packing.

PMID- 1804225
TI  - Electrostatic potential for O-H-O in tetragonal ammonium dihydrogenphosphate.
AB  - NH4H2PO4, Mr = 115.03, tetragonal, I42d, a = 7.500 (1), c = 7.550 (2) A, V =
      424.7 A3, Z = 4, D chi = 1.799 g cm-3, lambda(Cu K alpha) = 1.5418 A, mu = 49.08
      cm-1, F(000) = 240, T = 298 K, R = 0.021 for 99 independent reflections. The O-H
      O system with O...O distance 2.493 (3) A is described in terms of the H atom in a
      single site undergoing anisotropic thermal vibrations. Then the O...H distance is
      1.31 (9) A, the O-H-O angle is 145 (8) degrees and the maximum mean-square
      amplitude of vibration for H is 1.1 (7) A2. However, the probability distribution
      function for the proton could well have a double peak as reported in isomorphous
      KH2PO4 from high-resolution neutron diffraction. The electrostatic potential well
      in which the H occurs has a minimum of -1.13 e A-1.

PMID- 1804226
TI  - Structure of (cyano)(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphinato)(pyridine)iron(III)
      chloroform solvate.
AB  - [Fe(C36H44N4)(CN)(C5H5N)].CHCl3, Mr = 813.12, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 10.345
      (2), b = 14.748 (2), c = 27.302 (3) A, beta = 92.12 (3) degrees, V = 4162.6 A3, Z
      = 4, D chi = 1.30, Dm = 1.29 g cm-3, Mo K alpha, lambda = 0.71073 A, mu = 5.92 cm
      1, F(000) = 1708, T = 293 K, R = 0.046 for 5193 unique observed [F greater than 3
      sigma(F)] reflections. The iron(III) atom is six-coordinate with an average Fe
      N(p) distance of 1.980 (4) A and axial Fe-C and Fe-N distances of 1.934 (4) and
      2.087 (3) A, respectively.

PMID- 1804227
TI  - Structure of 1,3-dinitronaphthalene.
AB  - C10H6N2O4, Mr = 218.2, triclinic, P1, a = 7.5552 (8), b = 7.763 (1), c = 9.073
      (1) A, alpha = 110.742 (9), beta = 99.570 (9), gamma = 100.309 (9) degrees, V =
      474.1 (2) A3, D chi = 1.528 g cm-3, Z = 2, Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A,
      graphite monochromator) mu = 10.5 cm-1, F(000) = 224, T = 293 K, final R = 0.064,
      wR = 0.092 for 1213 reflections with I greater than 3 sigma (I). The naphthalene
      ring is planar with an average deviation of 0.004 A from the ten-atom least
      squares plane. The C-C distances show the typical naphthalene alternation: C1-C2,
      C3-C4, C5-C6 and C7-C8 average 1.359 A; C2-C3 and C6-C7 average 1.391 A. The C1
      nitro group is twisted out of the ring plane by approximately 37 degrees to
      relieve non-bonded interactions between an oxygen and the C8-H8 region.

PMID- 1804229
TI  - Donor selection--securing a safe blood supply.
AB  - A survey of blood donors conducted at the Red Cross Blood Bank, Melbourne,
      Victoria in May 1989 identified deficits in the knowledge of some donor groups.
      As a result a new medical form for potential donors was designed and trialled.
      While there were few differences in responses to questions relating to
      interviewing, general health, medication or transfusion therapy, responses to
      questions regarding the eligibility of AIDS/high risk groups to donate showed
      several statistically significant differences. Although improvements in donor
      awareness have been demonstrated in some areas, further action is necessary to
      ensure that effective donor selection contributes to quality control and safety
      of transfusion products.

PMID- 1804228
TI  - The role of a domiciliary nursing service in management of AIDS.
AB  - The Royal District Nursing Service in Melbourne has been providing domiciliary
      nursing care to persons with HIV/AIDS since 1985. This paper outlines the
      development of the RDNS AIDS Nursing Program and gives an overview of the role of
      RDNS in management of HIV/AIDS in the community.

PMID- 1804231
TI  - Practising with pride but not without prejudice.
AB  - This paper looks at the potentially oppressive consequences of demands that
      insist that health workers change their attitudes and values. It points out that
      nurses who accuse their peers of being homophobes or bigots are guilty of the
      same behaviour they condemn in others. It is argued that education can alter
      professionals' values where demands fail.

PMID- 1804230
TI  - HIV and occupational health.
AB  - Although the occupational risks of HIV transmission in health care are minimal
      and levels of knowledge among health professionals are high, HIV-related anxiety
      is pervasive among workers in health care services. Occupational health and
      safety law is often used to justify unnecessarily rigorous precautions or
      discrimination. It is the psychological and cultural impact of HIV rather than
      its medical dimension that causes these concerns. Resolution of HIV-related
      anxiety and conflict requires that issues beyond infection control are addressed.
      Irrational fear, anxiety and prejudice are not less common among health
      professionals than in the community generally; they require attention in HIV
      related educational programs.

PMID- 1804232
TI  - Positive experiences: prejudice has pay-offs too.
AB  - Having HIV disease is not on the whole a positive experience. There have been
      many negative reactions to HIV and AIDS from the public, media and health
      professionals. We can all recount horror stories of people who have been
      disadvantaged by prejudice because they were in what was perceived as a high risk
      group. So how is it possible to discuss the positive effects of prejudice? The
      way HIV is managed can be seen to be a direct result of pre-existing prejudice
      towards the marginalised groups with which it first became identified in Western
      countries. The lessons we have learned from HIV can be applied in diverse areas
      of health care to benefit all clients and patients.

PMID- 1804233
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding in HIV disease.
AB  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding was used in the management of
      malnutrition in 14 patients with AIDS. The method is cost-effective and affords
      the patient comfort and independence while providing supplemental or complete
      nutritional support and improving nutritional status.

PMID- 1804234
TI  - HIV/AIDS and childbirth: a feminist midwife's view.
AB  - This paper explores the impact that the presence of the Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus has had on the care of pregnant and childbearing women in Victoria and on
      my professional life as a midwife in private practice and a midwife educator. It
      provides an overview of my personal experience and discusses how the issues
      associated with HIV/AIDS have gradually infiltrated the area of midwifery care in
      our hospital system. The prejudices and practices of the dominant patriarchal
      medical system have resulted in women being oppressed and controlled in pregnancy
      and labour in institutions that are supposed to be there to serve their needs.

PMID- 1804235
TI  - Antidiuretic response: what markers for water channel components?
AB  - Antidiuretic hormone increases the water permeability of its target epithelial
      tissues by triggering the insertion into the apical cell membrane of aggregated
      intramembrane particles that contain channels specific for water. Little is known
      about the chemical composition of these membrane particles and of the water
      channel components. Present work describes a procedure for obtaining selected
      antibodies that specifically recognize ADH-induced components of the apical
      membrane in the amphibian urinary bladder epithelial cells.

PMID- 1804236
TI  - [In vitro activity of folic acid on the proliferation dynamics of human bone
      marrow CFU-GM in propyphenazone-induced granulocytopenia].
AB  - The in vitro action of folic acid was tested on the proliferation of bone marrow
      granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells from a patient with drug-induced
      (propyphenazone) neutropenia in remission 20 days after the drug had been
      suspended. Various bone marrow cultures were prepared with standard stimulant,
      adding, respectively: folic acid, propyphenazone and both folic acid and
      propyphenazone together. Growth was tested on day 7, 12 and 19 of incubation.
      Under baseline culture with standard stimulant, CFU-GM growth was characterized
      by successive proliferation waves of various entity: the first on day 7 was very
      high, the second, on day 12 was rather low, and the third, on day 19 was
      intermediate. This behaviour is different from what is usually observed in normal
      subjects in steady-state, whose first (AC-A+AC-B) and second (AC-C) proliferation
      period are of similar entity. The prevalence of the first proliferation period in
      our case is interpreted as the result of a renewed granulocytopoietic activity
      after drug-induced bone marrow suppression. This indicates a maintained integrity
      of the negative-feedback mechanism of homeostatic regulation on
      granulocytopoietic activity. The sole addition of propyphenazone on the in vitro
      bone marrow cell cultures of our patient produced a reduction of those CFU-GM
      that had grown during the first period whereas the growth during the second and
      third period remained unvaried. Thus the growth peak in cultures treated with
      propyphenazone occurred on day 19, which seems to correspond with the necessary
      time for a spontaneous remission from neutropenia, clinically observed to be 20
      days after suspension of the propyphenazone-containing drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804237
TI  - [Determination of antibiotic chemicals using microbiological tests: evaluation of
      the limits of sensitivity].
AB  - Sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis BGA and Bacillus stearothermophilus var.
      calidolactis disc assays to 53 chemio-antibiotics was tested. Test-microorganisms
      were sown in two different mediums: PM Indicator Agar, Difco U.S.A., and Standard
      II Nutrient Agar, Merck Germany, modified according to Nouws. The mediums were
      used with or without addition of Trimethoprim (at a concentration of 0.12 or
      0.024 mcg/ml of medium for B. subtilis and for B. stearothermophilus
      respectively). B. stearothermophilus did not grow in Standard II. However, the B.
      subtilis assay gave the best results with Standard II, apart for aminoglycosides.
      The B. stearothermophilus disc assay was the most sensitive to penicillins
      (Minimum Inhibiting Concentration in mcg/ml, MIC, between 0.001 and 0.004),
      cephalosporins (MIC between 0.003 and 0.09, apart from Ceftazidime, 0.3) and
      aminoglycosides (MIC between 0.03 and 0.6). The B.subtilis disc assay showed
      better sensitivity to quinolines (MIC between 0.05 and 4) and to some
      tetracyclines (oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, MIC 0.03). Trimethoprim,
      where added, determined a higher sensitivity to sulfonamides (MIC between 0.025
      and 0.25).

PMID- 1804238
TI  - [Experimental listeriosis in chickens: microbiological and anatomo
      histopathological studies and health and hygiene considerations].
AB  - The authors report the results of an experimental infection of 20 chickens with
      L.m. in order to verify if they became affected by Listeriosis and to individuate
      the degree of contamination of the meat and parenchymas and eggs. Despite the
      high infecting dose (160 x 10(7) micro-organism in group 1, 51 x 10(8) +
      cortisone in group 2, 130 x 10(8) in group 3), no signs of the disease were found
      in any of the animals; besides, L.m. was isolated in the faeces of only 3
      subjects for 1 day post-infection and in the organs of 4 subjects for a maximum
      of 15 days post-infection. From a histopathological point of view only simple
      lymphocytic-macrophagic and eosinophilic proliferations localized in the liver
      and, to a lesser extent, in other parenchymas were observed. The authors advance
      the hypothesis that the frequent isolations of L.m. in chicken meat and eggs can
      be attributed to exogenous contamination in stages of slaughtering and marketing
      of the product.

PMID- 1804239
TI  - [Hematologic parameters of the white donkeys of Asinara].
AB  - In 14 albino donkeys (6 males and 8 females) aged 1-12 years, about 25% of the
      whole population, 30 blood parameters were determined, with automatic equipment,
      monthly, for 4 months. No significant differences between sexes or compared with
      other donkey breeds were found, in spite of the particular characteristics of the
      population and of their environment.

PMID- 1804240
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials by electrical stimulation of the third trigeminal
      branch in humans.
AB  - Somatosensory Evoked Potentials by stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (TSEPs)
      were recorded from 30 healthy subjects (15 males, 15 females; mean age: 45.2
      years; range: 21-66 years) in order to assess normative data for clinical
      purposes. To elicit the TSEPs, electrical square pulses (duration: 0.1 msec;
      frequency: 3.3 Hz; intensity: 4-6 mA) were delivered by bipolar skin electrodes
      (cathode over the foramen mentale and anode on the middle of the chin,
      stimulating the trigeminal third branch). TSEPs were obtained from C3-Fpz and C4
      Fpz by twice averaging 1000 responses. Time base was 100 msec; bandpass filter
      setting was 5-1500 Hz. In our normal subjects the TSEPs were composed of several
      components (N1, P1, N2, P2 and N3); the components, with the exception of N3,
      were always bilaterally detectable. Statistical analysis (repeated measures
      analysis of variance) demonstrated a dependence of TSEP latencies on sex; it did
      not demonstrate an analogous dependence on either side of stimulation or age.
      Finally, we propose some guidelines for the evaluation of TSEPs: consider N1, P1,
      N2 and P2 waves, base the judgement of normality on latencies rather on
      amplitudes, use differing normative data according to sex.

PMID- 1804241
TI  - Visual evoked potentials in the white New Zealand rabbit: source localization and
      normative aspects.
AB  - Normative data of visual evoked potentials were obtained from occipital screw
      electrodes referenced to a nasal electrode in 10 white New Zealand rabbits. Two
      time-bases were used (200 and 400 ms) in order to reliably identify both early
      components (of retinal and cortical origin), as well as late components. The
      putative origin of the single components was established by simultaneous
      recording of ERG and by stereotaxic recordings from the lateral geniculate body.
      Test-retest variability was measured repeating the recordings after 24 hours.

PMID- 1804242
TI  - [Effect of aging on posture].
AB  - In order to assess the postural behaviour of the elderly, we have submitted
      twenty subjects of more than seventy years old to posturography. In all cases,
      compared to young people, significant variations of the posturographic parameters
      regarding in a particular way the total tracing length, the ellipse surface and
      the mean speed have been recorded. The conclusion is that the values obtained
      should always be compared with the standard values for each age group.

PMID- 1804244
TI  - [Orientation of attention in the visual space].
AB  - The display was composed of four boxes, horizontally aligned above the fixation
      point. In Experiment I, each box was cued by a digit shown at fixation. In
      Experiment II there were only two numeric cues, signalling the inner or the outer
      boxes, depending on the experimental condition. The subject was instructed to
      orient attention to the cued box, and to respond to the imperative stimulus as
      fast as possible, wherever it appeared. By using four time interval (SOAs), we
      tried to determine the route covered by attention movements. In Experiment I,
      with the shortest SOA (100 msec), it was shown that attention does not reach the
      cued box through a direct path. Rather it moves first on the inner boxes,
      thereafter focusing on the cued location. The same results were obtained in
      Experiment II, where the cue directed attention to the inner boxes. When the
      external boxes were cued, however, this trend was not observed.

PMID- 1804243
TI  - [Experimental research on sensitized posturography: importance of the neck
      reflexes].
AB  - In order to assess the influence of the cervical structures on the vestibulo
      spinal reflex, and so on the posture, we have studied twenty subjects undergoing
      stimulation of the neck's proprioceptor structures. Each subject, by means of
      computerized stabilometric platform, has been submitted to the sensitized test
      with head retroflexed. In all cases significant variations of the posturographic
      parameters regarding in a particular way the total tracing length, the ellipse
      surface and the mean speed have been recorded. The results show that there are in
      man too stimulations of cervical origin which serve the purpose of maintaining
      posture; we can't exclude the possibility of the interference of an otolithic
      stimulation.

PMID- 1804245
TI  - [Orientation strategy implicit in spatial attention].
AB  - In this experiment, two rows of four boxes, one above and the other below the
      fixation point, were displayed on a computer monitor. A cognitive numeric cue
      indicated one of the four external boxes, where the attention was to be directed.
      Stimuli, however, could occur in any of the eight boxes. The subject was
      instructed to respond to the imperative stimulus as fast as possible, regardless
      of its location. Four time intervals between cue and stimulus presentation (SOAs)
      were employed in order to disclose the route along which attention is moved. With
      the shortest SOA (100 msec) an indication that attention movements follow the
      cartesian/orthogonal axes was shown.

PMID- 1804246
TI  - An improved preparation and purification of oligonucleotide-alkaline phosphatase
      conjugates.
AB  - A simple, low-cost protocol giving good yields of oligonucleotide-alkaline
      phosphatase conjugates on a 7-nmol or a 35-nmol scale of oligomer has been
      developed. The cross-linking agent is disuccinimidyl suberate. n-Butanol is used
      to remove excess disuccinimidyl suberate and side products away from the
      disuccinimidyl suberate/oligomer adduct before alkaline phosphatase is added
      directly to the dried adduct. The crude conjugate is purified in one step using a
      DEAE HPLC column and an NaCl gradient. These conjugates were used to detect 0.4
      pg of a hepatitis B virus sequence using a chemiluminescent assay.

PMID- 1804247
TI  - Medium-scale production and purification of monoclonal antibodies in protein-free
      medium.
AB  - Hybridoma cell lines can be adapted to grow in a totally protein-free tissue
      culture medium and cultured in spinner flasks to generate moderate-to-high
      quantities of monoclonal antibodies. Such antibodies are easily purified by
      ammonium sulfate precipitation. This system was shown to be useful for growth of
      23 different hybridoma cell lines from different sources to yield an average of
      40 mg of highly purified antibody per liter of tissue culture medium.

PMID- 1804248
TI  - Rapid electroblotting of small DNA fragments from polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - With the recent advances in PCR technology, the need for a simplified analysis of
      small double-stranded DNA fragments (less than 1.5 kb) has increased
      dramatically. An easy and rapid procedure has been developed for the separation,
      transfer and probe analysis of small double-stranded DNA fragments from
      polyacrylamide gels.

PMID- 1804249
TI  - Detection of Ki-ras proto-oncogene protein by a specific monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We have used a commercially available mouse monoclonal antibody and shown it to
      bind specifically to cellular Ki-ras p21 proteins and not to cellular N- and Ha
      ras p21 proteins. In conjunction with electrophoresis and Western blotting, this
      antibody can be used, with further detailing, to assess levels of the cellular Ki
      ras p21 against a background of total p21s.

PMID- 1804250
TI  - Isolation of chromosomal DNA from a methanogenic archaebacteria using a French
      pressure cell press.

PMID- 1804251
TI  - Marking polyacrylamide gel with prestained protein molecular weight marker for
      easy identification.

PMID- 1804252
TI  - A simple method for removing oil from cycle sequencing reactions.

PMID- 1804253
TI  - Improved sample recovery in thermocycle sequencing protocols.

PMID- 1804254
TI  - Real-time biospecific interaction analysis using surface plasmon resonance and a
      sensor chip technology.
AB  - We report here the development and application of a biosensor-based technology
      that employs surface plasmon resonance for label-free studies of molecular
      interactions in real time. The sensor chip interface, comprising a thin layer of
      gold deposited on a glass support, is derivatized with a flexible hydrophilic
      polymer to facilitate the attachment of specific ligands to the surface and to
      increase the dynamic range for surface concentration measurements. The sensor can
      be used to measure surface concentrations down to 10 pg/mm2. Typical coefficients
      of variation are from two to five percent. We anticipate that the ability to
      monitor multi-molecular complexes as they form will greatly contribute to the
      understanding of biorecognition and the structural basis of molecular function.

PMID- 1804255
TI  - Application of robotics and image processing to automated colony picking and
      arraying.
AB  - We describe a system that applies image processing and robotic techniques to
      automatically pick individual colonies from square petri dishes and array them in
      96-well microtiter plates. Digital images of the colony distribution in the
      dishes are acquired using a video camera and frame buffer. Commercial image
      processing software is used to identify individual colonies and determine their
      locations. A Hewlett-Packard Microassay System robot reads the resulting
      coordinate file for each dish, picks cells from each identified colony and
      transfers the cells into a microtiter plate well. A disposable pipet tip is used
      as the sterile implement for colony picking. Custom holders position the dishes
      accurately and provide common coordinate systems for imaging and picking. The
      system is calibrated to account for the depth of agar in the dishes. The robot
      can process up to 10 dishes and 20 plates (1920 colonies) in a single run. It has
      successfully arrayed a cosmid library of the S. pombe genome consisting of
      approximately 6000 colonies in 30 petri dishes in about 40 hours of robot time.
      Future enhancements to the system are discussed.

PMID- 1804256
TI  - Rapid purification of a recombinant protein using tandem radial flow ion-exchange
      column chromatography.
AB  - Tandem radial flow anion- and cation-exchange columns were used to partially
      purify and concentrate a dilute recombinant protein that had been refolded in
      vitro after production as insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli. The refolded
      sample was first passed through a Q-Sepharose Fast Flow column in order to remove
      the majority of E. coli contaminating proteins and endotoxins, then purified on
      an S-Sepharose Fast Flow column connected to the outlet of the Q-Sepharose
      column. This tandem arrangement enabled the rapid processing of multiple
      preparations of refolded material during production method development.

PMID- 1804257
TI  - Fast and simple anion-exchange chromatography for large-scale purification of
      self-complementary oligonucleotides.
AB  - A fast and simple anion-exchange chromatography method is described for large
      scale purification of synthetic oligonucleotides. Using a single matrix and
      aqueous solvent system, the two-step chromatographic procedure can handle complex
      separation problems of self-complementary or G-rich sequences without the use of
      urea or formaldehyde. The work also demonstrates the complication encountered,
      possibly due to hairpin formation, in one of the oligomers.

PMID- 1804258
TI  - Optimization of monoclonal antibody immobilization on hydrazide-preactivated
      hollow fiber membrane.
AB  - Immobilization of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) was optimized using a unique
      hydrazide-preactivated hydrophilic hollow fiber membrane as the support matrix.
      Modules containing 0.42 milliliters of membrane volume (mlmv) were offered
      varying amounts of purified MAb. The highest immobilization efficiency on the
      hollow fiber membranes was 88% at a MAb loading concentration of 0.35 mg/ml. The
      optimum range of MAb concentrations to achieve the best immobilization efficiency
      was 0.18-0.45 mg/ml. A larger module containing 9.7 mlmv immobilized greater than
      3.0 mg MAb/mlmv at an efficiency of greater than 90%. The total amount of MAb
      immobilized on the membranes within each module was in direct proportion to the
      total amount of membrane volume. Preliminary data suggest the optimized
      immunoaffinity hollow fiber membrane matrix produced in this study is stable and
      can achieve a product capacity of greater than 2.0 mg/mlmv. In concert with an
      automated fluid handling system, such as the TRIO(TM) Bioprocessing System, rapid
      accurate information can be easily generated on process parameters and scale-up
      considerations where an immunoaffinity step is included in the downstream
      purification protocol.

PMID- 1804259
TI  - The unwelcome letter.

PMID- 1804261
TI  - Evaluating dental care.

PMID- 1804262
TI  - 'Radiopaque substances in denture manufacture'.

PMID- 1804260
TI  - Maxillofacial surgery should become a specialty of medicine.
AB  - The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and the Royal Colleges
      have rightly responded over the years to pressures within, and outside dentistry
      for higher levels of training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. There has been
      adoption of a series of qualification as, at first desirable, then mandatory for
      a trainee to be considered suitable to hold the rank of consultant. Over the last
      20 years there has been a concomitant change in both the title held by
      consultants in our field, and the range of work they have expected, and been
      expected to undertake. I believe that although each individual step in these
      processes is understandable, and seems sensible, the overall effect is not as
      beneficial as had been hoped. Further, as the process seems to be continuing and
      possibly accelerating, the time has come to reevaluate the relationship of
      maxillofacial surgery to dentistry and the form of training best suited to
      producing maxillofacial surgeons.

PMID- 1804263
TI  - Dental care at World Student Games.

PMID- 1804265
TI  - 'Science, myths and lies in dentistry'.

PMID- 1804264
TI  - 'A clinical trial to evaluate plaque removal with a double-headed toothbrush'.

PMID- 1804266
TI  - 'Occupational hazards to dental staff'.

PMID- 1804267
TI  - Use of fluoride implants.

PMID- 1804268
TI  - 'Osseointegration and the edentulous predicament. The 10-year-old Toronto study'.

PMID- 1804269
TI  - 'The 5-year results of a clinical trial comparing a glass polyalkenoate (ionomer)
      cement restoration with an amalgam restoration'.

PMID- 1804270
TI  - The caries status of tooth-coloured restorations with marginal stain.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine histologically teeth containing 27 tooth
      coloured restorations with both stained and unstained margins for comparison of
      their caries status. Histological examination of 56 cavity margins showed that
      early caries lesions were present adjacent to many stained and unstained margins,
      but were more likely to be present in the outer enamel and the enamel of the
      cavity wall where the margin was stained. Thus, the development of staining at
      the margin of the restoration is likely to indicate caries and the appropriate
      preventive measures should be instituted.

PMID- 1804272
TI  - An intracranial tumour causing dental pain.
AB  - A case is reported of a glioma of the parietal lobe in which the early symptoms
      mimicked dental pain and led the patient to consult his dental practitioner in
      the first instance. The need for careful investigation of unusual presentations
      of facial pain is stressed.

PMID- 1804273
TI  - Deceptive appearance of a foreign body seen on a dental panoramic tomograph.

PMID- 1804271
TI  - Cancelled operations. A current problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
AB  - Public concern has recently focused on the problem of cancelled operations. In
      order to investigate the extent of oral and maxillofacial surgery cancellations,
      the University of Manchester initiated a 12-month prospective audit of lost
      operating time. During 1990, 31% of planned operations were cancelled, while
      nearly 20% of operating lists were lost completely. With the exception of public
      holidays and theatre maintenance days, the commonest reasons for cancellation
      included financial cut-backs, nursing staff shortages and failure of patients to
      attend.

PMID- 1804274
TI  - Guidelines for the management of surgical waiting lists.

PMID- 1804275
TI  - Evidence for nucleating microtubules in microtubular associations and for an
      opening polarity under colchicine action.
AB  - Bundles of microtubular structures appear in the cytoplasm of germinal cells of
      the African frog Dicroglossus occipitalis. They are made of several associated
      microtubules. Every bundle contains one normal singlet and numerous arch-shaped
      microtubular structures growing in all directions from the singlet wall. The
      walls of these microtubules are shown to contain 10 to 13 protofilaments.
      Attempts made with colchicine point out their susceptibility to this antimitotic
      drug. The formation and opening of these microtubular structures give evidence of
      complex organization.

PMID- 1804276
TI  - Antibody labeling of bovine neurofilaments: implications on the structure of
      neurofilament sidearms.
AB  - We carried out immunolabeling studies of purified bovine spinal cord
      neurofilaments (NFs) and filaments reconstituted from several combinations of the
      NF triplet polypeptides, NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L. Six antibodies with known epitopes
      in either the rod domains or the tailpiece extensions of the NF triplet were used
      in these studies, and the immune complexes were visualized directly by the
      glycerol-spray, rotary shadowing technique, which permitted unambiguous
      identification of the NF sidearms. Antibodies directed against the tailpiece
      extensions of NF-H and NF-M labeled the sidearms of native NFs and reconstituted
      filaments containing those two polypeptides, but not the backbone of the
      filaments. Combining these two antibodies in the same labeling experiment
      resulted in more intense labeling than either of the antibodies alone, indicating
      that both NF-H and NF-M are capable of forming sidearms. The anti-NF-L tailpiece
      antibody recognized only a limited number of sites along native NFs, but labeled
      reconstituted NF-L homopolymers uniformly and heavily. This suggests that the NF
      L tailpiece extension is relatively inaccessible in native filaments, but is
      accessible in reconstituted homopolymers. One possible explanation is that, in
      native NFs, the NF-H- and NF-M-containing sidearms curtailed antibody access to
      NF-L. A second possibility that is not mutually exclusive with the first is that,
      when both NF-L and another triplet polypeptide are present, they preferentially
      form heterodimers such that the NF-L tailpiece epitope becomes hidden. Taken
      collectively, and in combination with published structural information, our data
      are consistent with a subunit packing scheme in which an NF-L-containing dimer
      serves as the fundamental building block of most mammalian NFs, such that their
      sidearms consist of pairs of NF-H/NF-L, NF-M/NF-L, or NF-L/NF-L tailpiece
      extensions.

PMID- 1804277
TI  - Mass analysis of bacteriophage T4 proheads and mature heads by scanning
      transmission electron microscopy and hydrodynamic measurements.
AB  - Quantitative mass analysis of bacteriophage T4 proheads by scanning transmission
      electron microscopy (STEM) revealed a mass of 79.5 +/- 0.6 MDa, while
      hydrodynamic measurements yielded a prohead mass of about 80 MDa. This is 25%
      less than the prohead mass deduced from its polypeptide composition, and this
      finding implies that the bacteriophage T4 prohead is built of fewer polypeptide
      copies than previously reported. In contrast, the mass of mature heads measured
      by STEM, 194 +/- 2 MDa, is in agreement with previous mass measurements of DNA
      and protein content, and it is consistent with the previously determined
      stoichiometry. This good agreement of average STEM values for proheads and mature
      heads with corresponding hydrodynamic measurements suggests that STEM allows
      faithful evaluation of the masses of large supramolecular assemblies (i.e.,
      greater than or equal to 200 MDa) such as whole viruses or cellular organelles.

PMID- 1804278
TI  - The structure of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin: effects of trypsin treatment.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin was treated with trypsin, which inactivates the
      toxin. Two-dimensional crystals of the modified protein were produced on
      preformed lipid layers. The projection structure obtained by electron
      crystallographic analysis of a large number of crystals showed tetragonal p4
      symmetry and a resolution of approximately 12 A. The fragments of the toxin, 17
      and 18 kDa large, were arranged in a way resembling those observed earlier for
      the native protein (Olofsson et al., J. Mol. Biol. 214, 299-306, 1990). However,
      after trypsin treatment the stain-deficient region corresponding to one alpha
      toxin monomer shows two separated subdomains of similar size. This separation is
      probably related to the inability of the modified toxin to undergo the
      conformational change thought to be essential for the membrane-damaging effect.

PMID- 1804279
TI  - Removal of the RecA C-terminus results in a conformational change in the RecA-DNA
      filament.
AB  - The Escherichia coli RecA protein catalyzes homologous recombination of DNA
      molecules, and the active form of the protein is a helical polymer that it forms
      around DNA. Previous image analysis of electron micrographs has revealed the RecA
      protein to be organized into two domains or lobes within the RecA-DNA filament.
      We have now been able to show that a small modification of the RecA protein by
      proteolysis results in a significant shift in the internal mass in the RecA
      filament. We have cleaved approximately 18 residues from the C-terminus of the
      RecA protein, producing a roughly 36K MW RecA core protein that binds DNA and
      polymerizes normally. A three-dimensional reconstruction of this complex has been
      computed, and has been compared with a previous reconstruction of the intact
      protein. The main difference is consistent with a 15 A outward movement of the
      lobe that was at an inner radius in the wild-type protein. These observations
      yield additional evidence about the conformational flexibility of the RecA
      filament, and will aid in understanding the structural mechanics and dynamics of
      the RecA filament.

PMID- 1804281
TI  - A comparative study of the supramolecular structure of frog sartorius and dorsal
      semitendinosus muscle.
AB  - This report describes a comparative X-ray diffraction study of the supramolecular
      structure of frog sartorius and semitendinosus muscles. For sarcomere lengths of
      2.7 microns and below the X-ray diffraction diagrams of each muscle type are very
      similar; the only differences being that the diffraction diagram for
      semitendinosus muscles exhibit the presence of a broad diffraction band or a
      cluster of diffraction orders at a spacing of ca. 230.0 nm and, also, they lack a
      periodicity of ca. 102.0 nm. For sarcomere lengths greater than 2.7 microns
      disruption of the sarcomere from sartorius muscle occurs as seen by the loss of
      sampling in the diffraction diagram. The semitendinosus muscle can be stretched
      to much longer lengths (in excess of 3.0 microns) before a loss of sampling is
      detected. The data also shows that in the case of the semitendinosus muscle for
      long sarcomere lengths transverse bands of mass are able to move without
      retaining a defined distance to either the Z or the M lines. This is not observed
      in the case of the sartorius muscle. Thus, at resolutions between ca. 3.6 microns
      and 7.50 nm significant ultrastructural differences between these two muscles are
      apparent. The data suggest that the ability of these mass bands to move may be
      responsible for the differences in the development of passive tension exhibited
      by these two muscles.

PMID- 1804280
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of an invertebrate intercellular communicating
      junction.
AB  - Gap junctions containing extensive, highly ordered crystalline arrays of
      hexagonally packed connexons have been isolated from the hepatopancreas of the
      arthropod, Homarus americanus (American lobster). The structure of such junctions
      has been studied to a resolution of approximately 25 A in three dimensions by
      electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens. The structure, which has the
      crystallographic symmetry of the two-sided plane group p6, reveals the connexon
      as an annular oligomer which projects approximately 30-45 A from the cytoplasmic
      surface. The stain-filled channel structure appears to be approximately 40-45 A
      wide in the extracellular region. Projection images of glucose-embedded specimens
      extend to a resolution of 10 A, and show a strong contrast from the connexon
      subunits. Overall the structure is quite similar to that of rat liver junctions,
      except that less stain is seen in the aqueous region of the gap and more
      surrounding the protrusions of the protein into the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1804282
TI  - Calcium ion and pituitary hormones: effect of calcium channel blockers on
      stimulated secretion of pituitary hormones.
AB  - The effects of two calcium channel blockers nifedipine (20 mg sublingual), and
      verapamil (10 mg i.v.) on growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL)
      and gonadotropin (LH and FSH) secretion induced by growth hormone releasing
      hormone (GHRH), hypoglycemia, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), metoclopramide
      and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), were studied in a group of normal
      volunteers (27 men and 8 women). Neither nifedipine nor verapamil had any effect
      on PRL, TSH or gonadotropin release. Verapamil did not cause variations in GH
      secretion following GHRH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia, whereas nifedipine
      significantly reduced the elevation in GH induced by GHRH; however the GHRH
      mediated GH rise still remained within the normal range in all subjects. Our
      results suggest that neither nifedipine nor verapamil have important effects on
      stimulated pituitary hormone secretion, at least under conditions of acute
      administration.

PMID- 1804283
TI  - [The efficacy and tolerance of orally administered kallikrein in patients with
      essential arterial hypertension].
AB  - Since the reduced kallikrein excretion demonstrated in essential hypertension
      suggested the possibility of an impairment in the renal kallikrein-kinin system,
      we decided to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral kallikrein administration
      (glandular kallikrein derived from porcine pancreas) in 30 essential hypertensive
      subjects (21 males, 9 females, age range 34-62 years). Twenty subjects took 150
      IU kallikrein t.i.d. for eight days; during this period their sodium intake
      remained normal (120 mEq Na+/die). Ten subjects took placebo. After the trial
      period, urinary kallikrein in the active group increased from 0.9 +/- 0.4 U/24 h
      (normal value greater than 1.2 U/24 h) to 1.6 +/- 1 U/24 h (p less than 0.05);
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased respectively from 154.6 +/- 13.8
      mmHg to 140.3 +/- 12.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and from 92.5 +/- 1.5 mmHg to 86
      +/- 3.9 mmHg (p less than 0.025); urinary sodium and potassium excretion
      increased respectively from 96.7 +/- 17 mEq/24 h to 119.1 +/- 32.3 mEq/24 h (p
      less than 0.05) and from 36.7 +/- 11 mEq/24 h to 43.5 +/- 12.8 mEq/24 h (p less
      than 0.05). One patient in the kallikrein group suffered a transient episode of
      gastric pain. No modifications of the parameters evaluated were observed in the
      placebo group. We conclude that kallikrein has a mild hypotensive effect in
      hypertensive subjects and is generally well-tolerated. Its antihypertensive
      effect is probably due to the sodiuretic action of the substance.

PMID- 1804284
TI  - [Immunogenetics: the clinical and population aspects. Basic and population
      genetics (5)].

PMID- 1804285
TI  - Pathophysiology of respiratory muscles in course of undernutrition.
AB  - Derangements of respiratory muscle function play a key role in the pathogenesis
      of respiratory failure, as they are able to determine respiratory pump failure
      and ventilatory insufficiency. Undernutrition negatively influences respiratory
      muscle function both directly through loss of contractile elements, and
      indirectly, through worsening or induction of muscle composition derangements.
      The present review focuses on the importance of undernutrition as a pathogenetic
      factor of altered respiratory muscle function: respiratory muscle structure and
      function derangements in both animal models of undernutrition and in
      undernourished subjects without lung disease are described. The pathophysiology
      of respiratory muscles in undernourished patients with lung disease is also
      discussed, along with the complex relationships between undernutrition and some
      other "metabolic" factors of ventilatory insufficiency.

PMID- 1804286
TI  - [The risk indices for atherothrombotic disease: the coagulation factors].
AB  - During the last decade interesting data have been collected on the
      epidemiological significance of some coagulation factors as risk indices for
      major cardiovascular events and, also, for the prognosis of atherothrombotic
      disease. The factors for which evidence is most convincing include: plasma
      fibrinogen, coagulation factor VII, and an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, namely the
      plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1. These data have been provided by studies
      of primary predictivity, in which the said parameters were measured in healthy
      subjects whose cardiovascular outcome was followed. Studies of secondary
      predictivity, or prevalence studies have also been extremely helpful. In these,
      the coagulation factors measured in patients already suffering from
      atherothrombotic disease were correlated with its severity, extension and
      outcome. From these data, the plasma fibrinogen level emerges as the coagulation
      parameter best correlated with cardiovascular events, that is, as both a primary
      and a secondary predictor. The predictive power of plasma fibrinogen level
      appears to be no less significant than that of blood cholesterol. Although a few
      methodological problems must still be overcome, hyperfibrinogenemia is gaining
      increasing consideration as a new, important risk factor for cardiovascular
      events. It is however premature to consider the said parameters not only as risk
      indices but also as causal factors of atherothrombotic disease. In fact, their
      pathogenic and causal role, although supported by high biological plausibility,
      has not yet been confirmed by interventional studies aimed at assessing whether
      or not therapeutic lowering of these values is associated with reduced
      cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 1804287
TI  - POEMS syndrome: an Italian case with diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
AB  - A young Italian patient with a multisystem disorder and a solitary osteosclerotic
      bone lesion is described. His clinicopathological situation involved sensory
      motor polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrine dysfunction, skin alterations,
      edema of the lower limbs and generalized lymphadenopathy. These features were
      consistent with the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome, reported primarily in Japanese
      patients. M components were not found in this patient's serum or urine. Bone
      marrow biopsy showed only a slight plasma cell infiltrate; histological study of
      the sural nerve evidenced a mixture of both axonal degeneration and segmental
      demyelinization. Lymph node biopsy revealed peculiar pathological changes
      resembling those of type II Castleman-like disease. A wide bone defect with
      osteosclerotic margins and trabeculation was evidenced in the right ilium. The
      relationship of these findings to plasma cell dyscrasias is discussed. After
      prednisone and local radiotherapy failed, the patient was treated with human
      recombinant interferon for 18 months. After three months of therapy he has
      experienced remarkable improvement of his neurological symptoms and almost
      complete recovery of organomegaly and lymphadenopathy. These improvements have
      continued to the present.

PMID- 1804288
TI  - Chronic autoimmune thyroid disease.
AB  - A total of 67 patients with chronic autoimmune thyroid disease were followed,
      mainly as outpatients, for a period of a few months to over 15 years. The
      diagnosis was euthyroidism (n = 16, 23.8%), subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 20,
      29.8%), primary hypothyroidism (n = 28, 41.7%) or hashitoxicosis (n = 3, 4.47%).
      Patients with goiters fit Hashimoto's original description of "struma
      lymphomatosa". The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and the usual
      laboratory hormonal tests. Histological examination was carried out at surgery or
      by fine needle aspiration in 35 patients (52.2%), and a clinical diagnosis was
      made in 32 (47.7%). Three patients had juvenile Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Most
      patients were in the fourth, fifth or sixth decade (64.8%), and of these 12 (18%)
      had subclinical hypothyroidism, which should be suspected when thyrotropin (TSH)
      is twice the upper normal limit. In these cases thyrotropin releasing hormone
      (TRH) testing and evaluation of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and anti
      microsomal antigen antibodies (MsAb) are mandatory. Hypothyroidism with few
      symptoms develops insidiously in young or elderly patients; the most sensitive
      test is TSH assay in conjunction with tests for TgAb and MsAb. L-thyroxine
      administration may be harmful in older patients with late diagnosed primary
      hypothyroidism. Thyroid supplementation is suggested for patients with
      subclinical hypothyroidism if TSH values are above 10 mU/L; otherwise they should
      be followed up annually, as should patients with positive thyroid autoantibodies
      who are still euthyroid.

PMID- 1804289
TI  - Squalene peroxides may contribute to ultraviolet light-induced immunological
      effects.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is capable of producing a dose-dependent
      decomposition of skin surface lipids and particularly of squalene, with the
      concomitant generation of active lipoperoxides. The biological effects of UV
      peroxidated squalene were tested, compared with those produced by synthetic
      lipoperoxides (cumene hydroperoxide), on some immunological parameters in vivo
      modified by UVB irradiation. Application of UV-peroxidated squalene as well as
      cumene hydroperoxide significantly inhibited the induction of contact
      hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene in mice, which was associated with a
      decrease in the number of ATPase positive cells. The effect was dose-dependent
      (over 40 micrograms for peroxidated squalene and over 20 micrograms for cumene)
      and relevant after 2 d of treatment. Down-regulation towards the applied hapten
      was demonstrated. The results indicate that UV-induced lipoperoxides of squalene
      are capable of inhibiting the induction of contact hypersensitivity in mice and
      suggest that, among the other photoproducts generated in humans, squalene
      peroxides may play a role as biochemical messengers of the biological effects of
      UV irradiation of the skin.

PMID- 1804290
TI  - Protective effects of cadmium chloride against UVB injury in mouse skin and in
      cultured human cells: a possible role of cadmium-induced metallothionein.
AB  - Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein with antioxidant and metal
      chelating activities that is readily inducible by exposure to a variety of
      stimuli including heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd2+). We have investigated the
      protective effects of Cd2+ treatment on sunburn cell (SBC) induction in mouse
      skin in vivo and human cell survival in vitro after UVB exposure. The number of
      SBC in mouse ear skin was significantly reduced in Cd(2+)-treated mice (10 mumol
      CdCl2/kg) with each UVB dose (25, 50 and 100 mJ/cm2) compared with controls.
      Delay of UVB exposure after Cd2+ administration (24 h) and higher doses of CdCl2
      (10-30 mumol/kg) were more efficient in reducing SBC formation. Human bladder
      cancer cells (MGH-U1) made tolerant to Cd2+ by repeated low dose exposure, or
      cells acutely exposed to high Cd2+ concentration showed increased tolerance (cell
      survival) to UVB injury. Electrophoretic-autoradiographic analysis of [35S]
      cysteine-labeled protein synthesized by cultured cells after Cd2+ treatment
      revealed increased MT-like protein content. These results suggest that MT is
      inducible by exposure to Cd2+ in our system and may be a photoprotective agent
      against UVB-induced oxidative damage in mammalian skin.

PMID- 1804291
TI  - A time-correlation study of ultraviolet B-induced erythema measured by
      reflectance spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - Ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated skin pigmentation was quantified using 2 objective
      and noninvasive techniques. Ten healthy volunteers were exposed to increasing UVB
      doses in the interval from 6 mJ/cm2 to 120 mJ/cm2 and the resultant vascular and
      pigmentary changes were evaluated using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and
      reflectance spectroscopy (RS). Measurements were made 0.25 h, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24
      h, 72 h and 192 h post-irradiation. Visual scores were determined 24 h post
      irradiation. Both RS and LDF revealed an early and rapid erythematous response to
      UVB irradiation, peaking between 8 h and 24 h, with no single UVB dose showing
      any significant increase until 4 h post-irradiation. LDF showed a peak increase
      in blood flow at 8 h post-irradiation for sites with low UVB exposure (less than
      or equal to 36 mJ/cm2). Doses greater than or equal to 42 mJ/cm2 showed maximal
      increase at 24 h. After this increase in blood flow, a slow normalization began
      that was not complete at 192 h post-irradiation at sites exposed to greater than
      or equal to 60 mJ/cm2. The present RS analysis is able to distinguish between
      oxygenized (OH) and deoxygenized hemoglobin (DOH). The only significant increase
      in DOH was found for the averaged 6 mJ/cm2 and 12 mJ/cm2 UVB dose sites 24 h
      after irradiation. OH peaked 24 h post-irradiation and resolution was still
      incomplete after 192 h. RS revealed no dose, as did the LDF, below which the
      vascular response peaked earlier. LDF measures dermal blood flow and RS measures
      hemoglobin content in the skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804292
TI  - Effects of ultraviolet A and B on the skin barrier: a functional, electron
      microscopic and lipid biochemical study.
AB  - To investigate the effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) and B (UVB) on the skin
      barrier, functional, electron microscopic and lipid biochemical studies were
      performed on normal and UV-irradiated skin of volunteers. Skin reactivity against
      primary irritants was evaluated using the alkali resistance test, the
      dimethylsulfoxide test and the sodium lauryl sulfate test. In all 3 irritation
      models, UVA- and UVB-irradiated areas were more resistant to damage than normal
      skin, indicating improvement of the barrier function after UV irradiation. In a
      second series of experiments, biopsies were taken and processed for electron
      microscopic evaluation of the stratum corneum. UVB significantly increased the
      horny cell layers; UVA did not alter the thickness of the stratum corneum.
      Finally, stratum corneum lipids were extracted in vivo and quantified after high
      performance thin-layer chromatography. UVB and, to some extent, UVA exposure
      increased the amount of all stratum corneum lipids. This was also observed in all
      major ceramide subfractions.

PMID- 1804293
TI  - Erythemal response of human skin to ultraviolet radiation: assessment of
      phototesting variables.

PMID- 1804294
TI  - Psoralen plus ultraviolet A in the prophylactic treatment of benign summer light
      eruption.
AB  - We report the results of a French multicentre study to evaluate the efficiency of
      psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy in the prophylactic treatment of
      benign summer light eruption (BSLE) and to establish the optimal protocol of
      radiation. Nine photobiology centres took part in this study; 83 patients (76 of
      them women) were evaluated. The radiation protocols were as follows: oral
      psoralen (8-methoxypsoralen; 0.6 mg/kg) was taken at each session; the starting
      dose of UVA radiation was determined according to skin type, with increments of
      0.5 J/cm2 every 2 sessions. The subjects were randomized to receive 10-20
      sessions 3 times per week. PUVA therapy was very effective: 68 patients (82%)
      reported total protection from BSLE. Four patients (5%) showed progress. Only 13%
      showed no improvement. The satisfactory results were not correlated with either
      the number of sessions or the J/cm2 of UVA. The intensity of tanning after the
      PUVA sessions did not appear to predict cure. Thirty-six percent of the patients
      had adverse reactions to treatment, including erythema, pruritus and triggering
      of BSLE. However, these effects only required the treatment to be stopped in 2%
      of the cases (for severe pruritus). The results in the various centres were
      similar.

PMID- 1804295
TI  - Quantitative ultraviolet skin exposure in children during selected outdoor
      activities.
AB  - We determined the cumulative exposure of 3 body sites to ultraviolet radiation
      from sunlight for 126 children observed from 1-3 d during a variety of common
      recreational activities at a girl scout camp, baseball camp and community
      baseball field. Median arm exposure to children playing baseball at a camp ranged
      from 27.6% to 33.2% of the possible ambient exposure. These exposures are similar
      to adult exposures reported for comparable activities. Median exposure to the arm
      at the girl scout camp during mixed activities ranged from 9.0% to 26.5% of
      possible ambient exposure. At the girl scout camp, exposure both within and
      between activity groups varied substantially and were more variable than the
      baseball players' exposure. Arm exposure was greater than cheek and forehead
      exposure for all subject groups, with an arm-to-cheek exposure ratio ranging from
      1.7 to 2.3. For organized sports, such as baseball, it may be possible to assign
      a single exposure estimate for use in epidemiologic studies or risk estimates.
      However, for less uniform outdoor activities, wide variability in exposure makes
      it more difficult to predict an individual's exposure.

PMID- 1804296
TI  - [Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium from various animals in Korea.
      III. Identification of Cryptosporidium baileyi from Korean chicken].
AB  - Each of SPF chicken (Hi-Line strain, 2-day-old males) was inoculated with 2.5 or
      5 x 10(4) oocysts by stomach tube. The oocyst was the medium type of
      Cryptosporidium previously isolated from Korean chicken origin, and passed in 2
      day-old SPF chicken. The patterns of oocyst discharge were monitored daily, and
      in order to observe the ultrastructure of the developmental stages, the bursa of
      Fabricius of the chicken was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
      on the 12th day postinoculation. The prepatent period for 8 chicken was 5.9 days
      postinoculation on the average, and the patent period was 12.9 days. The number
      of oocysts discharged per day for the chicken was reached peak on day 12
      postinoculation on the average. A large number of oocysts was found in fecal
      samples obtained from inoculated chicken on days 8-14 postinoculation. The
      ultrastructural feature of almost every developmental stage of the medium type
      from chicken was very similar to that of Cryptosporidium previously isolated from
      mammalia including human and birds except for the attachment site of C. muris to
      the mucus cell from mammalia, but dimension of the oocysts from fecal samples of
      the medium type was different from those of C. meleagridis and mammalia origin.
      The above results reveal that the medium type of Cryptosporidium of Korean
      chicken origin is identified as Cryptosporidium baileyi.

PMID- 1804297
TI  - Epidemiological studies of digenetic trematodes in Yongyang County, Kyungpook
      Province.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the endemicity of trematode
      infections in Yongyang County, Kyungpook Province, Korea. One hundred and seventy
      seven out of 955 residents examined were found to be infected with one or more
      kinds of helminths. The prevalence rate was 18.5%. Among them, 70 were found to
      be infected with Clonorchis sinensis, 74 with Metagonimus sp. and 24 with both
      flukes. The eggs of Fasciolidae were demonstrated from two specimens. The
      prevalence rate of clonorchiasis in males was 12.6%, while that in females was
      3.6% (p less than 0.05). The prevalence of metagonimiasis in males was 12.0% and
      was also significantly higher than 6.1% in females (p less than 0.05). The
      intensity of both infections was significantly heavier in males than in females.
      The prevalence of both flukes was higher in residents of over 30 years of age
      than in those below that age. No correlation was found between the intensity and
      the age group. Among eight species of the fresh-water fish collected at the
      Panbyon River, Zacco temmincki was found to be the most frequently and heavily
      infested with metacercariae of Metagonimus sp., and Gnathopogon atromaculatus
      alone was found to be infested with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. The
      present results suggest that Yongyang area still remains endemic with Clonorchis
      sinensis and Metagonimus sp. infection.

PMID- 1804298
TI  - [Immunohistochemical observation on the antigens inducing IgG and IgM antibodies
      against sparganum].
AB  - Localization and characterization of the antigenic components of sparganum which
      induced IgG and IgM antibodies in the host were studied by immunohistochemical
      techniques and SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The antigen recognized by IgG
      antibody of rats or mice which were immunized by infection or injection of crude
      extracts of metacestodes of Spirometra erinacei, was located in the parenchyma of
      sparganum, especially at the cortex and around the calcareous corpuscles. The
      immunoreaction was demonstrated not only in the encysted fibrous wall of host but
      around the arterioles or venules in the connective tissue of host. The antigen
      recognized by IgM antibody of rats or mice was also observed in the parenchyma of
      sparganum and in the connective tissue of host. By 5-20% gradient SDS-PAGE and
      EIBT, we detected antigenic components by IgG and IgM antibodies of the rat or
      mouse immunized by infection or injection of crude extract of spargana. Twenty
      three antigenic bands from crude extracts of spargana were recognized by IgG
      antibody and 15 components by IgM antibody of immunized rats. Out of the bands
      recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies, 15 were cross-reacted each other. Twenty
      components of excretory-secretory proteins from spargana were recognized by IgG,
      and 5 components by IgM antibody of immunized rats. By IgG and IgM antibodies of
      immunized mice, 16 components of crude extracts were recognized by IgG antibody
      and 9 components by IgM antibody. Twenty components of excretory-secretory
      preparation were recognized by IgG antibody and 5 components by IgM antibody.
      Thirteen components of crude extracts were cross-reacted by IgG antibody of rats
      and mice.

PMID- 1804299
TI  - Serologic response to Pneumocystis carinii of Seoul National University Hospital
      patients.
AB  - A total of 2,580 sera of the patients who were consulted to the serology
      laboratory of the Seoul National University Hospital were collected in 1990. The
      sera were screened by micro-ELISA to detect IgG antibody reacting with
      Pneumocystis carinii antigen. The absorbances were 0.00 to 1.41 and mean 0.27 +/-
      0.253. As the positive criterion was set absorbance 0.2 or more with 70%
      sensitivity, total positive rate was 44.4%. Mean absorbances and positive rates
      were higher in children than in adults; 0.40 and 62.9% in 0 year group, 0.50 and
      81.2% in 1 year group, 0.41 and 66.0% in 2-3 year group, 0.33 and 61.4% in 4-5
      year group, 0.25 and 42.3% in 6-10 year group respectively. In the age groups
      over 11 years, the absorbances were in range of 0.16 to 0.23 and the positive
      rates were 26.1% to 41.5%. The present level of absorbances and positive rates
      could be regarded similar with those in normal Korean population. The present
      findings suggest that most humans are exposed to Pneumocystis within 2 years
      after birth and meet much less new antigenic challenge after 11 years in Korea.

PMID- 1804300
TI  - Component proteins in crude extract of adult Paragonimus westermani purified by
      immunoaffinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The nature of 2 component proteins in crude saline extract of adult Paragonimus
      westermani was investigated. By immunoaffinity chromatography using monoclonal
      antibodies (MAb) as ligands, the proteins were purified from the crude extract.
      Band 1 protein in disc-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was purified by
      PFCK-136 MAb. The protein, known to have molecular mass of 440 kDa, was composed
      of 23, 46 and 92 kDa subunits when observed by reducing SDS-PAGE and SDS
      PAGE/immunoblot. This protein was originated from eggs of the worm as revealed by
      immunohistochemical staining with PFCK-136 Mab. Another affinity purified protein
      utilizing PFCK-44 MAb was the band 4 protein of 17 kDa in disc-PAGE. This was a
      monomer protein in reducing SDS-PAGE and SDS-PAGE/immunoblot. The protein was
      produced at intestinal epithelium of the worm.

PMID- 1804301
TI  - Attempts to transfer immunity against Clonorchis sinensis in nude and DS mice.
AB  - The effects of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and sera of athymic nude and DS
      mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae or sensitized by injection
      of metabolic products into footpad on transfer of immunity against the fluke to
      the syngeneic mice were studied. There was no significant difference in eggs per
      gram pattern between the sensitized and control groups, and between nude and DS
      mice. However, the worm burdens were slightly greater in nude mice than in DS
      mice. Also, a few plaque forming cells were found in only DS mice given PEC and
      serum from Group II DS mice. In the light of these results, it is likely that PEC
      and sera of nude or DS mice which are deficient, at least partially, in the
      cellular immune system are unable to transfer immunity against C. sinensis to
      syngeneic recipients.

PMID- 1804302
TI  - [Cytotoxicity of lymphokine activated peritoneal macrophages against Trichomonas
      vaginalis].
AB  - Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic flagellate in the urogenital tract of human.
      Innate cytotoxicity of macrophages against T. vaginalis has been recognized, but
      any report on the cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated macrophages to T.
      vaginalis is not yet available. The present study aimed to elucidate the
      lymphokine-activated cell mediated cytotoxic effect against T. vaginalis by mouse
      peritoneal macrophages. Cytotoxicity was measured by counting the release of 3H
      thymidine from prelabeled protozoa, and tested in U-bottom microtiter plates.
      Nitrite concentration in culture supernatants was measured by standard Griess
      reaction. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The cytotoxicity of macrophages
      was increased by addition of rIL-2 or rIFN-gamma. 2. Cytotoxicity of macrophages
      was reduced by addition of rIL-4 to rGM-CSF, rIL-2 or rIFN-gamma. 3. Crude
      lymphokine mixed with anti-IL-2 decreased the cytotoxicity of macrophages. 4. In
      case of macrophages cultured with rIFN-gamma or rIL-4, the concentration of
      nitrite was related with cytotoxicity of macrophages against T. vaginalis, but
      the cytotoxicity of macrophages cultured with rIL-2 and rIFN-gamma was decreased
      in spite of its high production of nitrite. From the results obtained, it is
      assumed that rIL-2 and rIFN-gamma enhance the cytotoxicity of macrophages while
      rIL-4 inhibits the cytotoxicity against T. vaginalis, and that the production of
      nitrite does not relate with the cytotoxicity of macrophages, but nitric oxide
      may play a role as an inhibitory factor on the proliferation of T. vaginalis.

PMID- 1804303
TI  - Changes of IgM and IgG antibody levels in experimental rabbit anisakiasis as
      observed by ELISA and SDS-PAGE/immunoblot.
AB  - Antibody changes in experimental anisakiasis were observed in 10 rabbits which
      were infected each with 10 Anisakis simplex larvae. The sera were collected
      before and on the 6th to the 95th day after the infection. Using crude saline
      extract of Anisakis larvae as antigen, specific IgM and IgG antibody levels were
      observed by ELISA and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunoblot. Levels
      of specific-IgM antibody were elevated from the 6th day, reached their peaks on
      the 11th day after the infection, and dropped thereafter. Serum levels of IgG
      antibody increased from the 6th day and reached their peak on the 26th day after
      the infection, and decreased gradually thereafter. When SDS-PAGE of the crude
      extract was done, at least forty-one SDS-polypeptide bands were recognized. Of
      them, IgM antibody reacted mainly to the bands of 168, 95, 74, 64, 51, 47 and 34
      kDa while IgG antibody reacted strongly to 168, 92, 85, 64, 58, 52, 42 and 40 kDa
      bands. The crude extract showed negligible cross reactions with sera of other
      parasitic diseases and normal control.

PMID- 1804304
TI  - [Serum IgE levels in rats infected with Paragonimus westermani].
AB  - Paragonimus westermani is a common fluke in Korea. The present study aimed to
      determine serum total IgE and specific IgG levels in experimental paragonimiasis
      of rats. Each Wistar rat was inoculated orally with 20-25 metacercariae of P.
      westermani from Cambaroides similis. Before and after infection (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
      weeks) of P. westermani, the blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous
      plexus of rats and kept serum at -70 degrees C. Serum total IgE and specific IgG
      levels were determined by the capture and conventional enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, respectively. The results were as follows; 1. Serum IgE
      values were increased to 0.18 +/- 0.042 at 2 weeks, 0.28 +/- 0.151 at 4 weeks and
      0.43 +/- 0.055 at 8 weeks after infection. The absorbances of non-infected rats
      ranged 0.07 +/- 0.021-0.12 +/- 0.025. 2. Specific IgG values were slightly
      increased at 3 weeks (0.20 +/- 0.032) and gradually increased up to 8 weeks (0.31
      +/- 0.067) after infection. The absorbances of non-infected rats ranged 0.11 +/-
      0.035-0.18 +/- 0.019. The present results suggested that P. westermani could
      elevate serum IgE and specific IgG antibodies in Wistar rats which were not a
      good definitive host.

PMID- 1804305
TI  - Subcutaneous fascioliasis: a case report.
AB  - A 32-year old housewife, living in Seoul, recognized incidentally a painless mass
      at the left chest wall. During later 3 months, she experienced spontaneous
      swelling and regression of the mass repeatedly for 4 times. Surgical resection
      showed a granuloma at anterior serratus muscle containing a nearly matured adult
      of Fasciola species without vitellaria and uterus. This is the 11th human
      fascioliasis and the first extra-abdominal infection reported in Korea.

PMID- 1804306
TI  - [A case of paragonimiasis in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue].
AB  - A 35-year-old housewife living in Seoul complained of a recurrent palpable
      abdominal mass. Excisional biopsy was done. The cystic mass showed an immature
      worm of Paragonimus sp. in the cyst cavity. It measured 7 x 4 mm and showed well
      developed oral and ventral sucker, uterus, 5-branched ovary and intestine after
      acetocarmine staining. But the testes and vitelline duct were not developed fully
      and there was no egg in the uterus. The patient has eaten raw fish. The case of
      ectopic paragonimiasis in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue was presented.

PMID- 1804307
TI  - The role of receptor-ligand endocytosis and degradation in interleukin-2
      signaling and T-lymphocyte proliferation.
AB  - The specific intracellular signaling pathways for interleukin-2 (IL-2) that lead
      to delivery of the proliferative stimulus are currently unknown. We and others
      have excluded signaling pathways used by other growth factors and by the antigen
      specific T-cell receptor, such as increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations,
      activation of protein kinase C, or ion transport across the plasma membrane. One
      feature of IL-2 signaling that may be important in delivery of the proliferative
      stimulus is endocytosis and processing of the lymphokine receptor-ligand complex.
      In this study we examined these steps in receptor signaling by mouse CTLL-2 cells
      and human OKT3-activated T-cells using monoclonal antibodies specific for the 55
      kDa alpha-subunit of the IL-2R that allow IL-2 binding but block endocytosis, and
      with lysosomotrophic amines that selectively inhibit receptor mediated
      endocytosis and/or processing of IL-2. Our results demonstrate that these
      inhibitors block receptor endocytosis, ligand degradation, c-fos protooncogene
      activation, and ultimately proliferation of the IL-2-dependent T-cell line, CTLL
      2. In heterogeneous populations of activated human T cells the lysosomotrophic
      amines demonstrated a greater inhibition of degradation than of endocytosis.
      These observations support the hypothesis that IL-2/IL-2R endocytosis and
      ligand/receptor processing or degradation may be important steps in lymphokine
      signal transduction.

PMID- 1804308
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in normal human
      placenta.
AB  - Many reports show that interleukin 1 (IL-1) is produced by mouse and human
      placenta but the cell type that is responsible for this production has yet to be
      identified. For this reason we attempted to localize IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta
      directly on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded normal human placentae at different
      stages of pregnancy using immunohistochemical techniques and specific antibodies.
      The results obtained show that both IL-1 forms are localized to villous
      syncytiotrophoblast and to extravillous trophoblast, while villous
      cytotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast columns are unreactive. A gradual decrease of
      reactivity was observed with increasing gestation age for both IL-1 forms, but
      the staining for IL-1 beta was in all sections higher than for IL-1 alpha.
      Although the physiological role of IL-1 in pregnancy has yet to be established,
      the presence of this cytokine in the cells facing maternal blood and tissues
      suggests a possible involvement in the immunoregulation of fetal acceptance.

PMID- 1804310
TI  - Murine studies using polyethylene glycol-modified recombinant human interleukin 2
      (PEG-IL-2): antitumor effects of PEG-IL2 alone and in combination with adoptive
      cellular transfer.
AB  - A polyethylene glycol-modified form of recombinant human IL-2 (PEG-IL-2) was
      tested for murine antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. This PEG-IL-2 was
      demonstrated to retain the in vitro ability to support T cell proliferation,
      enhance a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and generate lymphokine-activated killer
      (LAK) cells. It was found to have a circulating half-life in mice 25 times longer
      than unmodified recombinant IL-2 (RIL-2). Serum levels were detected up to 60 h
      after a single intravenous injection. When given as a single, intravenous
      administration the antitumor effect of this material was similar to multiple,
      repeated bolus doses of RIL-2. PEG-IL-2 was also found to support the in vivo
      efficacy of adoptively transferred LAK cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
      (TIL). Using a congenic TIL (Thy 1.1), persistence of adoptively transferred TIL
      was found to be prolonged with PEG-IL-2 compared to repeated boluses of RIL-2.
      Four days after transfer, twice as many Thy 1.1 TIL were recoverable from the
      lungs of mice given PEG-IL-2. These studies show that PEG-IL-2 is a modified
      lymphokine with significant antitumor activity in murine systems and is superior
      to bolus RIL-2 in enhancing the survival of adoptively transferred TIL.

PMID- 1804309
TI  - Signal transduction in human B cells during aging: alterations in stimulus
      induced phosphorylations of tyrosine and serine/threonine substrates and in
      cytosolic calcium responsiveness.
AB  - Protein phosphorylation is considered an early cellular mechanism of signal
      transduction by surface immunoglobulins (sIg) and other receptors of B cells.
      Using intact human peripheral blood B cells of young subjects labeled with
      orthophosphate, increased phosphorylation levels of serine/threonine and tyrosine
      substrates were demonstrated on indicator phosphoproteins corresponding to the
      CD20 isoforms and microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase after cross-linking sIg
      and costimulation with phorbol diesters. By contrast, stimulated B cells from
      certain elderly subjects displayed substantial alterations in the phosphorylation
      patterns of serine/threonine or tyrosine indicator phosphoproteins. Also, age
      related impairments in sIg stimulated mobilization of cytosolic protein kinase C
      (PKC) enzymatic activity and in cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i responses of B cells
      were observed with the altered phosphorylation reactions. Comparison of the
      substrate phosphorylation profiles to the proliferative responses of stimulated B
      cells from individual elderly subjects suggested a model of signal transduction
      in which differing stimuli have different dependencies on phosphorylation
      reactions. Diminished proliferative responses after sIg ligation coincided with
      decreased phosphorylations of either tyrosine or serine/threonine indicator
      substrates. However, the decreased proliferative responses of B cells from
      elderly subjects with substantial reductions of tyrosine phosphorylation after
      sIg ligation were enhanced by the direct stimulation of serine/threonine kinase
      activity with phorbol diesters or CD40 ligation. Experiments with kinase
      inhibitors evaluated the relative dependency of different B cell stimuli on
      tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation reactions. The proliferative
      responses of normal B cells to sIg ligation were quite sensitive to the tyrosine
      kinase inhibitor genistein whereas those observed following costimulations with
      phorbol diesters or CD40 ligation were more resistant. However, treatment of B
      cells with H7, an inhibitor of PKC activity, led to a more uniform reduction of B
      cell responses after different stimuli. Results from RNase protection assays of c
      myc expression also suggested that different B-cell stimuli might utilize
      distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Both the type of stimuli and mode of
      sIg ligation were important in determining the stimulated levels of c-myc mRNA
      expression. Thus, the current findings suggest that age-related defects are
      present in human B cell signaling pathways as reflected by tyrosine and
      serine/threonine phosphorylation reactions. Also, these age-related defects can
      coexist with altered mobilization of PKC enzymatic activity and with alterations
      in [Ca2+]i and proliferative responses.

PMID- 1804311
TI  - Functional heterogeneity of human eosinophil chemotactic lymphokines.
AB  - We have previously isolated two OKT4-positive T lymphocyte-derived eosinophil
      chemotactic factors (LDECF) with MW of about 45-60 kDa of which production is
      different in antigen or mitogen dependency (1-4). The production of a LDECF from
      patients with parasite disease (LDECF-PD) is dependent on antigen or mitogen
      stimulation, whereas another LDECF from patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome
      (HES) is independent. Further purification of these LDECF with isoelectric
      focusing reveals that an isoelectric point of LDECF-HES is about 6.0 and that of
      LDECF-PD is around 7.0 to 8.0. Little or no activity of partially purified LDECF
      HES and LDECF-PD is suppressed by treatment with monoclonal antibodies against GM
      CSM, IL-3, and IL-5, which activate eosinophils. LDECF-HES and LDECF-PD attract
      eosinophils from healthy individuals. In contrast, eosinophils from patients with
      HES are attracted by LDECF-HES but not LDECF-PD. LDECF-HES enhances the
      expression of Fc epsilon receptor II (Fc epsilon RII) and Fc gamma receptor III
      (Fc gamma RIII) but not that of CR1 on eosinophils, whereas LDECF-PD enhances
      their CR1 and Fc gamma RIII expression but not Fc epsilon RII expression.
      Moreover, treatment with LDECF-PD suppresses the release of eosinophilic cationic
      protein (ECP) from eosinophils, whereas that with LDECF-HES fails. Treatment of
      eosinophils with phorbol myristate acetate enhances ECP release from eosinophils
      but it fails to enhance the intracellular ECP level. However, the intracellular
      ECP level is elevated by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate if
      eosinophils were previously treated with LDECF-HES but not with LDECF-PD. These
      results suggest that various kinds of LDECF are produced according to the nature
      of diseases, and that each LDECF has functional heterogeneity on eosinophils.

PMID- 1804313
TI  - Panic.

PMID- 1804312
TI  - In situ activation of mouse lung macrophages by coadministration of liposomes
      containing the lipopeptide CGP 31362 and interleukin 2 involves interaction with
      T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
AB  - These studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism for augmented
      tumoricidal activity of alveolar macrophages (AM) in mice injected intravenously
      with multilamellar liposomes containing a lipopeptide analogue of Gram-negative
      bacteria cell wall (MLV-CGP 31362) and intraperitoneally with interleukin 2 (IL
      2). BALB/c mice were injected into the kidney with syngeneic renal carcinoma
      cells. Ten days later, this kidney was resected, and the mice were treated
      intravenously with MLV-CGP 31362 and/or intraperitoneally with IL-2. Treatment
      with MLV-CGP 31362 led to a reduction in the number of lung metastases, whereas
      treatment with IL-2 alone did not. The coadministration of intravenous liposomes
      and intraperitoneal IL-2 produced significant eradication of lung metastases. MLV
      CGP 31362 (iv) and IL-2 (ip) were injected both into control immune-competent and
      nude mice or into mice whose natural killer (NK) cells had been depleted by
      systemic administration of anti-asialo GM1 antibodies. MLV-CGP 31362 activated
      tumoricidal properties in AM of all groups of mice. The additive tumoricidal
      activation of AM by IL-2 was associated with its effects on both T cells and NK
      cells.

PMID- 1804314
TI  - [Biocompatibility studies of periodontal dressings].
AB  - Periodontal packs have to be considered medications due to their direct contact
      to the gums and wound surfaces. For this reason a high cell biological
      compatibility has to be considered as one of their most important properties. For
      this reason, the cytotoxicity of all periodontal packs commonly used in Germany
      was examined, using the "Erlangen Ciliate Test". This method, which is commonly
      used to determine the cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of a wide variety of
      different materials and substances, is based on liquid cultures of the eucaryotic
      organism "Tetrahymena piriformis", using an excellent correlation with mammalian
      or human tissue cultures as well as the LD50. A significant toxicity of up to 50%
      could be shown in all but one periodontal pack. In addition, the antibacterial
      properties of the same materials were examined, using liquid cultures of
      Staphylococcus aureus and hemolyzing streptococci group A. However, using this
      method, no significant antibacterial effects could be shown.

PMID- 1804316
TI  - [Management of edentulous free-ends with implant-supported bridges--a report on
      20 years' experience].
AB  - The paper presents 82 cases of free-end situations treated with supplementary
      implants to gain a posterior bridge-post for a fixed bridge. All implants were in
      function for at least five and maximum twenty years.

PMID- 1804315
TI  - [The effect of chlorhexidine on the pulp-dentin system (research on the canine
      dental pulp)].
AB  - The effect on the pulp-dentin system by chlorhexidine 0.2% in comparison to the
      physiological sodium chloride solution was investigated in animal experiments.
      The methods of tests were based on the requirements of FDI 1980. After 3, 21, 70
      and 90 days the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological studies. The
      evaluation of the histological preparations including measurement on the residual
      dentin layer was achieved by light microscopy. Differences in the pulp reaction
      after treatment of the teeth with chlorhexidine or sodium chloride solution could
      not be observed. The changes of pulp tissue were slight to moderate and depended
      on the residual dentin layer. The cavity cleaning with chlorhexidine 0.2% did not
      cause any additional damage in the pulp.

PMID- 1804317
TI  - [The treatment of zygomatic fractures. An anatomico-clinical study].
AB  - The treatment of malar bone fractures by stable osteosynthesis represents a well
      established method. The necessity of a second surgery is one of the major
      disadvantages of using metal implants. Resorbable plates can only be deformed by
      very difficult methods. We found out that, cause of the anatomical structure of
      malar bone region, only three types of plates are necessary to treat every kind
      of malar bone fracture of males and females.

PMID- 1804318
TI  - [The orthodontic conditions for late-primary osteoplasty in
      cheilognathopalatoschisis].
AB  - Pre- and postoperative orthodontic treatment at the time of labioplasty and
      palatoplasty are essential preconditions for a late-primary osteoplasty. As
      confirmed in my study this is important to achieve a sufficient base of the cleft
      jaw and a corresponding alveolus bone. Further conditions are a) the absence of
      the sagittal and transversal contractions of the cleft jaws and of cross-bites
      following labioplasty or/and palatoplasty, b) the proximity of germs to the
      cleft, c) the discrepancy between teeth and jaw size, and the indication for the
      extractions of teeth. Maxillary micrognathia require osteotomy.

PMID- 1804319
TI  - [The diagnostic potentials of color-coded Doppler sonography in space-occupying
      lesions in the head-neck area].
AB  - In our experience, B-mode sonography proved to be a valuable method in diagnosis
      of tumours in the head and neck region. Especially in diagnosis of space
      occupying lesions in children we consider it as method of choice. A case report
      illustrates the efficiency of angiodynography in providing further information
      about vascular malformations in the floor of the mouth with regard to dignity and
      extension of the space occupying lesion. Tumourous infiltration of vessel walls
      by malignant tumours or metastatic lymph nodes and hemodynamic consequences of
      these pathologic processes in anatomic neighbourhood to these vessels can be
      visualized. In our short period of experience, angiodynography seems to be a
      quick non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging technique which is very suitable in
      evaluation of vascular lesions in the floor of the mouth and tongue region.

PMID- 1804320
TI  - [The trypsin inhibitor capacity in the sulcus fluid in inflammatory
      periodontopathies].

PMID- 1804321
TI  - Nomenclature for secreted regulatory proteins of the immune system
      (interleukins). WHO-IUIS Nomenclature Subcommittee on Interleukin Designation.
AB  - The recommended procedures and criteria for interleukin designations are
      described. The officially adopted designations are, in sequence, from interleukin
      1 to interleukin-10, including interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta.

PMID- 1804322
TI  - Anti-tumor vaccine adjuvant effects of IL-2 liposomes in mice immunized against
      MCA-102 sarcoma.
AB  - MCA-102, a murine sarcoma previously reported to be non-immunogenic in C57/BL6
      murine tumor models was used in a tumor vaccine preparation which included
      liposome encapsulated IL-2 as an adjuvant. C57/BL6 mice were immunized in the
      right hind footpad with irradiated MCA-102 murine sarcoma cells on days 0, 7, and
      21 with or without IL-2 liposome adjuvant at 25,000 IL-2 units/injection. Mice
      were challenged with live tumor in the right flank on day 35. Survival of mice
      given IL-2 liposomes with irradiated MCA-102 cells was significantly prolonged
      over mice given tumor antigen with saline, and non-immunized mice. In addition,
      mice which received the IL-2 liposome adjuvant also had prolonged survival over
      those mice immunized with the additional control adjuvants of free IL-2 or
      dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) lipid in the form of empty liposomes. IL
      2 liposome plus tumor antigen also yielded a significant local protective
      response against live MCA-102 tumor challenge. When live tumor was injected into
      the site of previous immunizations on day 21 after two immunizations, the IL-2
      liposome adjuvant group showed significantly delayed local growth of tumor
      compared to animals immunized without adjuvant, or with the adjuvants of empty
      liposomes or free IL-2. Finally, immunized mice were challenged with irradiated
      tumor cells and saline intradermally in the ears and delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH), an indicator of helper T cell response, was
      measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804323
TI  - Soluble IL-2-receptor and CD8 in the serum and the periparasitic granuloma of
      patients with alveolar echinococcosis.
AB  - Cellular immunity plays a key role in the defence against the larva of the
      cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. This larva is responsible for alveolar
      echinococcosis (AE) of the liver, a rare parasitic disease which occurs in
      endemic areas including European alpine countries, Alaska, the USSR, Western
      China and Northern Japan. We have shown a marked decrease of the CD8+ T-cell
      population in the blood and we have described an infiltrate composed mainly of
      activated CD8+ T-cells in the liver lesions of most patients with AE. In this
      study, we assessed the serum level of soluble IL-2-receptor (sIL-2R) and CD8
      (sCD8) in 37 patients (23 men, 14 women, mean age 59.5 yrs) with a histologically
      proven AE. The results, obtained using sandwich ELISA, were compared to those of
      healthy controls and correlated to parameters evaluating the severity of the
      disease. The mean serum levels of sIL-2R were significantly higher in AE patients
      than in controls. There was a significant correlation between sIL-2R levels and
      both the volume of parasitic lesions and a calculated index of severity of the
      disease. The mean serum levels of sCD8 did not differ significantly from the
      values obtained in controls. These results indicate that the infiltration of the
      liver by CD8+ T-lymphocytes is not associated with an increased release of sCD8
      into the serum. The circulating levels of sIL-2R appear to reflect the extent as
      well as the severity of the disease. Immunostaining of the cells of the
      periparasitic granuloma suggests that the cell origin of the sIL-2R could be
      macrophages rather than T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 1804324
TI  - Differential IL-6 mRNA expression by stimulated peripheral macrophages of
      Staggerer and Lurcher cerebellar mutant mice.
AB  - We have recently reported about a hyperexpression of interleukin-1 mRNA by
      stimulated peripheral macrophages of several cerebellar mutant mice exhibiting
      complex patterns of neuronal degeneration in the cerebellum. Interestingly,
      studying the staggerer mutant mice, our data showed a hyperexpression of IL-1
      beta mRNA and a hyperproduction of the cytokine. The hyperexpression of IL-1 beta
      mRNA was observed whatever the conditions of stimulation and the stimulating
      agent used, a hyperexpression of IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha mRNAs was also
      detected. This set of data suggests a hyperexcitability state of (sg/sg)
      macrophages. In the present study, we examined the IL-6 mRNA expression by
      stimulated peripheral macrophages of two cerebellar mutant mice, the staggerer
      and the lurcher mutants. Our results show that IL-6 mRNA is hyperexpressed in
      stimulated macrophages of staggerer mutant mice. On the contrary, no
      hyperexpression is observed in stimulated macrophages of lurcher mutant mice.
      These results suggest that the neuronal degeneration affecting the cerebellum in
      the two mutant mice do not lead to the same immunological defect at the
      peripheral level.

PMID- 1804326
TI  - [Cancer of the esophagus].
AB  - The esophageal cancer is one the least frequently found in the digestive tract,
      and its diagnosis usually is too late, difficult to surgery and it is amongst the
      worst in prognosis. In this article aspects reviewed are about its epidemiology,
      pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and clinical staging methodology as well as
      treatment. The surgery of early and superficial esophageal cancer offers an
      outstanding 5 year survival, almost 100% in the first ones. Nevertheless, the
      outliving 5 years remains in 5-10% despite of the progress exists in respect to
      the best way of treatment. It is also reviewed in this paper aspects on surgical
      treatment radiation and chemotherapy and, also their combination; laser therapy,
      bipolar electrocoagulation, dilation and intubation.

PMID- 1804325
TI  - Protein A and other surface components of Staphylococcus aureus stimulate
      production of IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-6, TNF and IFN-gamma.
AB  - Studies were carried out on the ability of protein A (PA) and of muramic acid
      (MA) from S. aureus to induce the release of cytokines both from monocytes and
      lymphocytes in vitro. Results show that protein A induces the greatest activity,
      compared to the activity already known for the theicoic acid (TA) and for muramyl
      dipeptide (MDP). At concentration of 10 micrograms/ml; PA induces roughly +180%
      release of TNF with respect to controls, while release of IL-1 alpha is about
      500% control values, and is higher than those obtained when cells are treated
      with TA and MDP; IL-6 release is higher than that stimulated by Con A, used as
      standard challenge. At PA concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml, IL-4 release is
      about five times higher than that induced by Con A. Release of IFN-gamma showed
      similar dose-dependent stimulations. Muramic acid (MA) is particularly active in
      inducing the release of cytokines from target cells, inducing TNF release of
      about +75% with respect to the controls. This increase is less than that obtained
      with PA. Also IL-4 and IFN-gamma are released by PA in quantities higher than
      those induced by TA and MDP. Our results lead us to believe that during
      infections by Gram-positive bacteria, their surface components are able to induce
      a series of chain reactions ranging from the inflammatory to the immunologic
      responses which are also conditioned by release of cytokines.

PMID- 1804327
TI  - [Helicobacter pylori].
AB  - Of great impact has been the studies of Helicobacter pylori and its association
      with illnesses of the stomach and duodenum. We have reviewed and outlined the
      pathological mechanisms by which H. pylori causes illness, the results of
      experiments in animals, the different methods of diagnosis (invasive and
      noninvasive). We also have detailed the association of H. pylori infection in
      different gastric conditions such as chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer
      disease and the results obtained after antimicrobial treatment. We also have
      reported the results of Peruvian patients studied over the last 6 years by the
      Gastrointestinal Working Group of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and
      the Johns Hopkins University. These patients were of widely varying age,
      socioeconomic level and came from 3 different regions of Peru, we also have
      explained the result we have obtained in the treatment of this infection using
      regimens employing mono or triple therapy.

PMID- 1804328
TI  - [Uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease. The therapeutic prospects and practice].
AB  - The majority of peptic ulcers heal if gastric acidity is adequately reduced
      during a fraction of the day, either increasing intraluminal pH, or acting upon
      parietal cells membrane receptors. A single nocturnal dose of H2-receptor
      antagonists heal 90% of duodenal lesions within 6 weeks; gastric ulcers take
      about 8 weeks. Elimination half-life is short; there is no reversible. Few drug
      interactions are clinically significant. Antacids (aluminum hydroxide) and
      muscarine-1 receptor antagonists (pirenzepine) hold a second place in the general
      therapeutic strategy. Omeprazol, a blocker of the protons pump, accumulates
      intracellularly and is a very potent inhibitor of acid secretion; its clinical
      use is currently restricted to specific problems and only for brief periods.
      Colloidal bismuth and sucralfate exhibit a protective action by close adhesion to
      the ulcer itself. Prostaglandin E2 and analogues combine both inhibition of
      gastric acidity and direct gastrointestinal "cytoprotection"; they diminish the
      rate of gastric lesions recurrence in patients receiving anti-inflammatory non
      steroid drugs. Moderate doses of H2-receptor antagonists during 6 month to 2
      years significantly reduce recurrences of common-type gastroduodenal ulcers.
      Surgical therapy is useful for very especific situations.

PMID- 1804329
TI  - [Gastric cancer].
AB  - Gastric cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, is variable in incidence on the world.
      In this paper, there is a review of the epidemiology and the etiopathogenic
      factors of the disease: genetics, hereditary, immunologic and environmental and,
      also, of the so called precursor diseases: atrophic gastritis and intestinal
      metaplasia, gastric adenoma, gastrectomized patients, pernicious anemia and
      Menetrier's disease. There is an explanation about the changes of the gastric
      epithelium related both with the intestinal and diffuse type of adenocarcinoma;
      the anatomo-pathological notion of macroscopic advanced-Borrmann and early cancer
      Japanese classification and the clinical and diagnostic procedures are included
      with the fundamentals of therapeutic management.

PMID- 1804330
TI  - [Diarrhea].
AB  - Diarrhea is a health problem in our countries and requires a permanent evaluation
      and control. Their physiopathologic mechanisms are known and one of them, related
      with secretory diarrhea has become a priority in this moment, because pf the
      epidemic of cholerae in Peru. Acute diarrhea (AD) can be associated with
      different factors such as infection by viruses or bacteria and noninfectious
      factors such as toxins of different etiology. Treatment is based in the clinic
      and etiologic point of view, and each case needs hydratation or antibiotics. The
      use of antiperistaltic drugs hasn't proved to be of value. Social economic and
      culture factors are of great importance in these sickness. National studies of AD
      in adults have confirmed in 50% of the cases the presence of enteropathogens mean
      white in developed countries they are only 28%, that's why is very important to
      control the food dispensers and the educational programs for the population if we
      want to prevent AD. Chronic diarrhea(CD), has a variety of causes that change
      according to each country ot type of population. In Peru, enteric parasitosis and
      infectious diseases are the more frequent causes. Is in the last years that
      bacterial overgrowth in the upper gut is having a mayor role in CD. A lot of CD
      are multifactorial in origin, they may be systemic sickness, metabolic,
      immunodeficiency and neoplastic. Each case requires an integral diagnostic
      approach, some times with simple tests but in other cases is necessary more
      complicated technics, but always directed toward the sickness that are prevalent
      in each population.

PMID- 1804331
TI  - [Gastroesophageal reflux disease].
AB  - The gastroesophageal reflux is a common clinical manifestation and it can be
      present under normal physiologic circumstances or may cause esophageal mucosal
      damage. This disease is currently believed to be ultifacorial in etiology, but
      the key in the dysfunction of the antireflux barrier, prolonged esophageal acid
      clearance and gastric emptying and lack in the esophageal mucosal resistance. The
      exposicion repeatedly to clorhidric acid, pepsin and sometimes to bile salts and
      pancreatic enzymes may cause mucosal damage. The typical symptoms are heartburn
      and regurgitation, but the spectrum of manifestation include typical symptoms and
      extra digestive manifestation, specially pulmonary manifestations. For the
      diagnostic management several different tests are available for to know is the
      reflux is present, if the patient's symptoms are due to reflux and to evaluate
      the effect of reflux on the mucosa. The procedures of choice are endoscopy and 24
      hour pH probe ambulatory monitoring. However in our country a good clinical
      history, barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy permit us a reasonable diagnostic
      management. The medical treatment to be directed toward reduction the reflux,
      acid inhibition and accelerated clearance of acid. The elevation of the head of
      the bed and the change of lifestyle can pay large dividends in the treatment and
      must to maintain all the life. H2 receptor antagonist are the therapy of choice
      in esophagitis who have severe esophagitis or reflux symptoms unresponsive to H2
      receptor antagonists may be treated with omeprazole. Antireflux surgery can be
      effective for those patients with complications.

PMID- 1804332
TI  - [Digestive tuberculosis].
AB  - On a experience of 123 patients with intestinal and/or peritoneal TBC, the author
      do a complete review of the epidemiological and environmental factors and about
      the anatomo-pathological types of the disease. The review remarks the value of
      the clinical picture evaluation, the diagnostic methods and therapeutic schemes
      of medical treatment and the complications management.

PMID- 1804333
TI  - [Role of heart mass in the spontaneous defibrillation process].
AB  - The duration of periods of the spontaneous reversible fibrillation of heart
      ventricles of different masses of guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons and chickens was
      investigated. It was demonstrated, that a heart mass doesn't play an important
      role in the process of spontaneous heart ventricles defibrillation. Only the
      number of strong contacts and the level of the parasympathetic control are
      determined.

PMID- 1804334
TI  - [Graphic registration of grooming behavior and its parameters in rat
      ontogenesis].
AB  - Ontogenic development of grooming behaviour (washing, scratching, lacking, shake
      down) by using precise graphic recording was studied. For this reason actograph
      with crystal pickup and electroencephalograph were used. A rhythmic phase of
      grooming behaviour is formed gradually, reaching the adult level up to the period
      in 16-17 days.

PMID- 1804335
TI  - [Principles of reciprocal changes in the cardiomyocyte and hepatocyte lysosomal
      enzyme activities in experimental diphtheria intoxication in rabbits].
AB  - The dynamics of two lysosomal enzymes' free activity was studied in
      cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and blood serum during experimental diphtheria
      intoxication in rabbits. The principle of reciprocal changes in interrelations of
      the same and different enzymes in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes was revealed.

PMID- 1804337
TI  - [Changes in the trace discharge parameters in the rat sensorimotor cortex after
      cessation of specified rhythmic electrical stimulation].

PMID- 1804336
TI  - [Adaptation of the body to stressors prevents the cardiotoxic effect of
      rifampicin but not polymyxin B].
AB  - It was established on isolated rat hearts that adaptation of the organism to
      stress exposure effectively limits toxic effect of chronic rifampicin
      administration (7 mg/kg/day for 8 days) and does not affect the depression of
      contractile function induced by chronic polymyxin B administration (0.12
      mg/kg/day for 8 days). Possible mechanism of the effect of organism's adaptation
      to stress on the resistance of heart to antibiotics is under discussion.

PMID- 1804338
TI  - [Changes in the protein spectrum in rat kidney cell cytoplasm in neurogenic
      dystrophy of th organ and their relationship to functional activity of
      aldosterone receptors].

PMID- 1804339
TI  - [Experimental protein deficient diabetes and methods of correcting it].
AB  - In experiments on 79 white rats, it was shown that in rats deprived of animal
      proteins during a long time (2 months and more) in a significant percentage of
      cases depending on the animal initial age and the protein deprivation duration,
      diabetes mellitus develops. This diabetes may develop not only during the protein
      deprivation but also after its cessation. Implantation of fetal pancreas can
      prevent the diabetes development or, if practiced after its beginning, correct
      its effects.

PMID- 1804340
TI  - [Resistance to cerebral circulatory hypoxia in rats with various types of
      behavior].

PMID- 1804341
TI  - [Antiradical activity of 3-substituted coumarins and their effect on iron
      dependent chemiluminescence].
AB  - The antioxidant capacity of 3-aminocoumarin, 3-oxycoumarin, 3
      acetylaminocoumarin, and 3-coumarin carbonic acid has been investigated with
      chemiluminescence measurement and by the accumulation of TBA-active products. All
      coumarins were found to be antioxidants, with 3-oxy-, 3-amino- and 3-acetylamino
      coumarins being capable of amplifying chemiluminescence at early stages of the
      process.

PMID- 1804342
TI  - [Physico-chemical properties of circulating immune complexes in blood and tears
      of cataract patients in the pre- and post-operative period].
AB  - We have studied physical and chemical properties of the circulating immune
      complexes of cataract patients before and after surgery as well as the influence
      of the technique of cataract extraction on the human organism inflammatory
      reaction, particularly on the lowering of concentration and dimensions of immune
      complexes in blood serum and tears. There is a hypothesis advanced on the
      influence of the immune complexes on the development of postoperative uveitis.

PMID- 1804343
TI  - [Anti-epileptic effect of the new calcium channel blocker IOS-1.1212].
AB  - In experiments on freely moving male Wistar rats it was shown that IOS-1.1212
      (1,4-dihydropyridine) in a dose 2 and 10 mg/kg (i. p.) suppressed the penicillin
      induced focal epileptic activity in cerebral cortex. Similar suppressing effect
      of IOS-1.1212 was shown on acute generalized tonic-clonic pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)
      seizures (75 mg/kg i. p.) and on chronic PTZ administration (PTZ-kindling, 30
      mg/kg i. p. during 30 days): when injected 30 min before each PTZ administration
      it delayed the development of kindling-induced seizures susceptibility in
      randomized animals (series 1) and attenuated the severity of seizures in PTZ
      sensitive animals (series 2). However, IOS-1.1212 had no effect on the strychnine
      induced focal epileptic activity. In male Icr:Icl mice IOS-1.1212 in a dose 1.5
      and 5 mg/kg also influenced the PTZ convulsions (i. v. titration of 1% solution
      at a rate of 0.01 ml/s) and had no effect on the strychnine convulsions (i. v.
      titration of 0.01% solution at a rate of 0.01 ml/s) and on maximal electroshock.
      In addition, IOS-1.1212 significantly increased antiepileptic effect of
      phenobarbital on maximal electroshock.

PMID- 1804344
TI  - [The effect of morphine on the input neuronal system of the spinal cord,
      participating in the formation of nociceptive pressor reflexes].
AB  - Effect of morphine applied to the spinal cord segments L4-S2 or C6-tI on pressor
      reflexes evoked by supramaximal stimulation of radial and tibial nerve with low
      frequency (I-2 Hz) was studied in anesthetized cats. Only pressor reflexes
      elicited by excitation of the tibial nerve afferents were suppressed by morphine
      applied to the L4-S2 segments. This effect was characterized by diminution of
      amplitude and steepness of the reflexes and by augmentation of their latency.
      Both the degree and the rate of the reflex suppression were found to enhance with
      increasing of morphine concentration from 0.02 to 0.5%. When applied to C6-tI
      segments, morphine did not suppress the pressor reflexes to the tibial nerve
      stimulation while reflexes to the radial nerve signals were decreased
      considerably. In addition to this local action of morphine, the effects resulting
      from it's distant action, namely, some reduction in systemic arterial pressure
      and an increase of pressor reflexes evoked by afferent signals entering into the
      spinal cord segments remote from the application region, were found to occur. All
      these effects were reversed by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg i. v.). It is concluded that
      along with attenuation of different withdrawal components of the defence
      reaction, action of morphine on the opiate receptors of some neurons situated
      near the entrance of afferent signals into the spinal cord results in suppression
      of the circulatory components of this reaction.

PMID- 1804345
TI  - [Participation of calcium ions in carotid chemoreception].
AB  - The changes in calcium accumulation ability of glomus cells membranes under the
      action of alkaloids, acids and effector stimuli have been studied by fluorimetric
      chelate probe technique. The reception of these stimuli causes calcium-ions
      release mainly from the intracellular organoids membranes (mitochondrial and
      endoplasmatic). These data suggest that calcium-ions act as a messenger between
      extracellular stimuli and the metabolism of glomus cells. Results obtained
      provide the evidence of heterogeneity of carotid chemoreception mechanism.

PMID- 1804346
TI  - [The effect of isoprenaline on the aggregation and adhesive properties of
      circulating rat neutrophils].
AB  - It is well known that isoprenaline (1-3-4-dihydroxy-phenyl-isopropyl
      aminoethanol) (IP) induce necrosis in myocardium of laboratory animals, which is
      similar to pathomorphological development of clinical myocardial infarction. This
      process is accompanied by peripheral blood leukocytes. The IP-inductor effects on
      arachidonate-dependent aggregation and endothelial adhesion of peripheral blood
      neutrophils (PN) were studied in this paper. The enhancement of PN aggregational
      properties within 2-4 hours after intravenous IP-injection to rats was
      demonstrated. Using the method of vital microscopy it was shown that intravenous
      IP-injection to rats or IP-application on rat mesentery lead to an increase of
      leukocyte's marginal pool on the endothelium of mesenteric venules. However, it
      was noted that the change of cell functional properties is not due to the direct
      influence of IP on PN. The pathogenetic mechanisms of IP-induced cardiomyopathy
      in rats were discussed.

PMID- 1804347
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation and myocardial contractile function in the post-ischemic
      period depending on the level of hypothermic protection of the heart].
AB  - The experiments on rats isolated hearts showed lipid peroxidation state to depend
      on myocardial cooling level in ischemic period. Cooling to 8-12 degrees C does
      not induce significant impairment in the system of lipid peroxidation/antioxidant
      activity, thus preventing the development of reperfusion impairment in cardiac
      activity restoration. Temperature decrease to 4-6 degrees C during the ischemic
      period results in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant cell system exhaustion and
      impairment of contractive myocardial function in reperfusion.

PMID- 1804348
TI  - [Features of lipid peroxidation in the vitreous body and retina during
      intravitreal hemorrhaging in dithiosone-induced diabetes].
AB  - It has been stated that in experimental dithiazone-induced diabetes lipid
      peroxidation is intensified in vitreous body and retina of the rabbits' eyes. The
      increase of LP in vitreous body and retina during intravitreal hemorrhage due to
      experimental diabetes was controlled by antioxidants.

PMID- 1804349
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic relaxation of aqueous solutions of proteins, plasma,
      erythrocytes, and blood].
AB  - The effects of some components of the blood on times of spin-grade and spin-spin
      relaxation of water protons using the method of proton magnetic relaxation.
      Equations of correlation for the content of hemoglobin and proteins in saline was
      obtained. A model for the relaxation measurements of the whole blood was
      constructed.

PMID- 1804350
TI  - [Binding of (3)-imipramine by platelets from spontaneously hypertensive,
      normotensive, and Wistar rats and their behavior in stressful situations].
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), when submitted to stress remained active
      during both avoidance (water escape task test) and nonavoidance (forced swimming
      test) stress-situations. Wistar rats responded to a depression of active
      behaviour in forced swimming test and difficulty at resolving of complicated
      problem in water escape task test. did not differ in the affinity but the number
      of binding sites of 3H-imipramine was greater in SHR. SHR rats had a smaller
      number of binding sites that Wistar ones.

PMID- 1804351
TI  - [Binding of FITC-labelled alpha-thrombin by peritoneal mast cells].
AB  - The interaction of bovine alpha-thrombin with peritoneal mast cells was studied
      using FITC-labeled enzyme. Thrombin was modified with FITC in the presence of
      heparin and was separated from heparin and free FITC by gel-filtration at HPLC
      yielding FITC-labeled alpha-thrombin with intact additional recognition binding
      site for high molecular substrates and cell receptors. Equilibrium studies have
      shown that the binding of thrombin to peritoneal mast cells is active
      independent, rapid, specific, saturable and reversible. Equilibrium between bound
      and free thrombin is attained within I min and Scatchard analysis indicates a
      population of approximately 54 x 10(3) sites/cell with a dissociation constant of
      1.3 x 10(-9) M. FITC-labeled alpha-thrombin binds to peritoneal mast cells in a
      temperature-dependent manner with optimum at 37 degrees C. These results indicate
      that FITC-labeled alpha-thrombin binds to peritoneal mast cells with high
      affinity.

PMID- 1804352
TI  - [Effect of ethacrynic acid on the course of cytotoxic glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Ethacrynic acid (10 mg/kg subcutaneously 15 days) significantly facilitated the
      experimental glomerulonephritis in rats. The efficacy of diuretic was confirmed
      by the improvement of the functional characteristics (the degree of proteinuria,
      the plasma contents of protein and urea, the creatinine excretion), and by the
      results of the histological investigation, especially at the second phase of the
      pathological process.

PMID- 1804353
TI  - [Cerebrovascular damage caused by platelet and leukocyte activation and treatment
      with neurotroponin].
AB  - Effects of neurotropin (a non-protein extract obtained from the exudate of rabbit
      skin tissue treated with vaccinovirus) on platelet and neutrophil aggregation
      were studied. In vitro neurotropin reduced platelet and neutrophic aggregability
      only at high concentration. However, in vivo anti-aggregating effect of
      neurotropin was more marked. Intravascular aggregation of platelets and
      leukocytes was induced in cats by selective injection of 4 beta-phorbol-12 beta
      myristate-13-acetate (PMA) into carotid artery. It was found that activation of
      platelets and leukocytes by intracarotid PMA-injection led to a brain ischemia.
      Regional tissue analysis showed ipsilateral derangement of the cerebral energy
      state. The values of energy charge in the parietal cortex and caudateputamen of
      the PMA-injected hemisphere was significantly decreased. Simultaneously the
      increase of lactate level was observed. Pretreatment with neutropin prevented the
      development of cerebral energy failure. It is suggested that neutropin appears to
      be effective for treating cerebrovascular disorders.

PMID- 1804354
TI  - [The effect of anabolic steroids on proliferative activity of thymocytes].
AB  - Testosterone, methandrostenolone during ten-day injections to mice 50 mg/kg
      decrease mass, quality of DNA and 3H thymidine in Thymus. In vitro these drugs
      loss 3H-thymidine incorporation at 10(-5) M. Ecdysthene do not influence
      proliferative activity of thymocytes in vitro and thymolytyc effect in vivo. The
      present results indicate, that proliferative process may have a functional
      significance in thymolytycal effects of anabolic steroids.

PMID- 1804355
TI  - [Simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle and subpopulations of
      immunocompetent cells in workers participating in the clean up of the Chernobyl
      Atomic Energy Station accident].
AB  - Surface phenotype and cellular cycle of nonstimulated peripheric blood
      mononuclear cells of 35 cleaner-worker with dose commitment 0.05-0.25 Gy and 12
      control persons were studied by means of flow cytometry. Differences in cellular
      cycle were found, they needed further investigations. The details of the method
      promoting its reproducibility are described.

PMID- 1804356
TI  - [IgG- and C3-dependent adhesion of neutrophils in systems with allogeneic and
      xenogeneic ligands].
AB  - Interactions of human and rat neutrophils with allogenic and xenogeneic ligands
      were investigated. Human blood neutrophils reacted equally with human and rat
      IgG; IgG-dependent adhesion of rat neutrophils (from aseptic peritoneal exudate
      or blood) was observed only in allogenic system. C3-dependent reactions of
      neutrophils were observed both in allogenic and xenogeneic systems. The advantage
      of allogenic combinations in this case was reliable only for rat neutrophils. The
      relation of obtained results to structural and functional heterogeneity of
      receptors and ligands is discussed.

PMID- 1804357
TI  - [Effect of immunomodulators on adrenal glands of mice from various lines].

PMID- 1804359
TI  - [Method of diagnosing aneuploidies using in situ hybridization: analysis of
      interphase nuclei].
AB  - The possibility of determining chromosomal sex using in situ hybridization of X
      specific alphoid DNA probe with interphase human nuclei is studied. Total number
      of nuclei under study being 14806, more than 85 percent of female ones and more
      than 95 per cent of male ones are shown to contain two and one grain clusters,
      respectively. The minor nuclear classes, i.e. containing other numbers of grain
      clusters, may reflect the effects of polyploidization and cluster aggregation
      resulting from spatial chromosome distribution. Therefore the positive analysis
      of sex chromosome constitution on the base of the applied method is possible.

PMID- 1804358
TI  - [Genetic region of incompatibility of the F-like plasmid pAP-18-1].
AB  - With help of molecular cloning the genetic region controlling incompatibility of
      plasmid pAP18-1 (Inc FXI) was localized in EcoR1-fragment f5 (3.6 MD). The
      genetic region of incompatibility of its derepressed mutant pAP18-1drd (Inc FVII)
      is situated in EcoR1-fragment f2 (7,2 MD).

PMID- 1804360
TI  - [Use of monoclonal antibodies against myosin light chain 1 for detecting
      corresponding antigens in the blood of patients with myocardial infarct].

PMID- 1804361
TI  - [Anti-invasive and anti-metastatic effect of lysine oxidase from Trichoderma sp.
      in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - A new fungal strain, Trichoderma sp., discovered in Moscow, produces the
      antitumor enzyme, lysine-oxidase, which demonstrates an anti-invasive effect in
      vitro and anti-metastatic activity in vivo. Maximal inhibition of the in vitro
      invasion of MM1 clone cells was obtained when the tumor cells were pretreated
      with 2.5 mU/ml of lysine-oxidase; the pretreatment caused a 1.9-times reduction
      in cell growth and a 1.6-times reduction in the invasive capacity. We studied its
      anti-metastatic effect on the spreading Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in mice from
      which the primary tumor had been removed. The administration of the enzyme (50
      U/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased not only the extent but the number of lung
      metastases, as compared with the untreated mice. In addition to that, the lysine
      oxidase treatment considerably increases the life-span of mice from which the
      primary tumor had been removed (200 days after 3LL implantation, lysine-oxidase
      treatment caused surviving of 50% mice in experimental group).

PMID- 1804362
TI  - [Effect of Triton X-100 on accumulation and therapeutic effect of doxorubicin in
      mice with leukemia P-388 with induced resistance to cytostatic agents].
AB  - Using P 388 and P 388/Dx tumour-bearing mice BDF1 it has been studied effect
      Tritton X-100 on accumulation and therapeutic action of doxorubicin (Dx). It has
      been shown that LD50 of Tritton X-100 is 153.6 mg/kg and MTD is 80 mg/kg body
      weight of animals. It has been shown that Tritton X-100 in dose 40 mg/kg body
      weight increases initial level of Dx in P 388/Dx cells to 215% and doesn't change
      accumulation of Dx in P 388 cells. It has been shown that Tritton X-100 doesn't
      influence the therapeutic effect of Dx in P 388 and P 388/Dx tumour-bearing mice.

PMID- 1804363
TI  - [A simple method of testing the sensitivity to antineoplastic agents on human
      tumors in vivo].
AB  - BRO human melanoma cells, encapsulated in fibrinogen clots and implanted under
      the subrenal capsule of immunosuppressed mice, serve as a model for evaluating
      the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on human tumors in vivo. Histological
      examination of 8-day tumors in mice which had received 4.5 Gy prior to
      implantation, showed that the cells were largely viable. Radiation at this dose
      exerted no significant additional toxicity for mice given therapeutic doses of
      anticancer drugs. Effects of anticancer agents on tumor growth correlated well
      with other methods for evaluating the effects of chemotherapy on BRO cells in
      vivo.

PMID- 1804364
TI  - [Seasonal changes in blood pressure and certain indicators of cardiac contractile
      function in intact rabbits].
AB  - Some data of intact rabbits' cardiovascular system (arterial blood pressure, data
      of real and maximum function of heart ventricles) were investigated in different
      seasons of the year. It was revealed, that in winter the cardiovascular system
      functions with definite degree of overstrain, and in summer these data are on the
      lower level of the norm. Correlative analysis showed that in summer the degree of
      synchronization of the function of cardiovascular system drops and this can open
      wide possibilities for it's adaptation to variable conditions.

PMID- 1804365
TI  - [The effect of low doses of radiation on the monoamine level in rat hypothalamus
      (with and without a gas-hypoxic mixture)].
AB  - Using the liquid chromatography of high pressure method the authors observed that
      the low doses of irradiation (0.4-0.8 Gy) increased the content of monoamines in
      rat hypothalamus. This effect depends on influence of gaseous-hypoxic mixture
      during the irradiation.

PMID- 1804366
TI  - [The effect of hydra peptide morphogen on the levels of beta-endorphin and some
      blood and adrenal hormones in albino rats].
AB  - The influence of PMH on the level of beta-endorphin and some hormones of blood
      and adrenal glands was studied. The dose A (10 mkg/kg) and dose W (100 mkg/kg) of
      PMH were used in our experiments. Earlier it has been discovered, that PMH in
      such doses stimulated the processes of cell division in 24 hours since the moment
      of injection. The stimulation was dose-dependent. Within 24 hours PMH in A dose
      decreased the concentration of beta-endorphin in the blood 2.7-fold, ad in dose W
      increased it 2 times. The level of corticosterone in blood and adrenal glands
      after the injection of PMH in dose A exceeded the control data trustworthy in 4
      and 24 hours since the moment of injection. In dose B in 4 hours 1.5-fold
      reduction of corticosterone concentration took place in the blood. Increase in
      epinephrine level in adrenal glands was observed after PMH administration in two
      doses. Content of T3 increased in 4 hours after PMH injection in dose B. The role
      of hormonal changes in stimulating cell division accompanied by PMH injection is
      discussed. The data received show that PMH influences directly proliferative
      processes.

PMID- 1804367
TI  - [Morphological characteristics of the small intestine and translocation of
      intestinal microflora in the post-resuscitation period].
AB  - Morphologic investigations were studied in rats during 1-3 hours after clinical
      death of the acute hemorrhage. The combination of morphologic and microbiologic
      methods obtained allow to describe the destruction of intestine wall and
      translocation of bacteria in the tissue and organs. In 3 days after clinical
      death the structure of small intestine regenerates, but the vital bacteria were
      isolated in the tissues and organs.

PMID- 1804368
TI  - [Results of the effect of embolisms, saturated with methotrexate, on
      intravascular implantation].
AB  - The effect of emboli, saturated with methotrexate on the vascular wall and
      neighbouring tissues of experimental animals is investigated. The creation
      perspective of the new type of the cytostatics directed transport, promoting the
      prolonged effect of the preparation is shown.

PMID- 1804369
TI  - [Morphological reaction of various tissues and organs on the administration of
      the occluding material "Rabrom"].
AB  - A new occlusive X-Ray opaque antibacterial substance of biological origin was
      experimented on rats and dogs. The substance was administered intraperitoneally,
      intrahepatically and on the soft tissues of the limbs. Morphological studies
      conducted showed accumulation of macrophages.

PMID- 1804370
TI  - [Mechanism of forming the integral hypothalamic reaction in psychoemotional
      overstress].
AB  - It has been stated that mechanism of formation of hypothalamus integral reaction
      in strong influence of psychoemotional overstressing differs in it's moderate or
      chronic influence. Hypothalamus doesn't possess expressed adapted mobility as
      psychoemotional overstressing arouses dystrophic alterations in neurons of
      paraventricular nucleus rather quickly leading to the rhythm disorders of
      hypothalamic secretion and further disorders in conjugated function of
      hypothalamic structures.

PMID- 1804372
TI  - Ventricular aneurysm: an angiographic study of 59 cases.
AB  - Cine-coronary arteriography in 186 consecutive patients with coronary heart
      disease demonstrated 109 cases with transmural infarctions, among which 59
      revealed ventricular aneurysm (true 57, false 2). Twenty-eight cases underwent
      aneurysmectomy and 1 autopsy was performed. The anterolateral wall and/or apex of
      the left ventricle were involved in all 57 true cases of ventricular aneurysm.
      Single, double and triple vessel diseases of the coronary arteries were found in
      29/57 (50.9%), 11/57 (19.3%) and 13/57 (22.8%), respectively. The anterior
      descending artery (LAD) was involved in 53 of the 57 cases (92.9%). In two cases
      with false ventricular aneurysm, the postero-lateral wall of the left ventricle
      was involved in one and the right ventricular wall in the other. Single vessel
      disease of the right coronary artery and the left circumflex branch was found
      respectively in the two cases. The problems of angiographic diagnosis and
      differential diagnosis of the true and false ventricular aneurysm are discussed.

PMID- 1804371
TI  - [The effect of estrogens on the development of rats solitary tract nucleus
      neutrons transplanted into the anterior eye chamber].
AB  - By means of some autoradiografic, light and electron microscopic methods were
      investigated estrogen effects on synaptogenesis and neural synthetic activity in
      nucleus tractus solitarii grafts developed in anterior eye chamber. Estrogen
      increased the RNA-polymerase activity in some neurons of the grafts and also
      affected synaptogenesis in the neurophil of the graft tissue.

PMID- 1804373
TI  - Anesthesia for primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - We review the anesthesia used on patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from
      1980-1989. As the first choice, nearly two thirds of the operations were
      performed under cervical epidural block, and about 90% of these obtained
      satisfactory results. Injury of the spinal cord and nerve root could be avoided
      by accurate insertion of the epidural needle. Respiratory depression might also
      be minimized with an alert perioperative course of 5 ml 0.8-1.33% lidocaine as
      the initial dose followed by 6-8 ml for maintenance. For complicated cases, such
      as those who had undergone previous cervical operations or were suspected of
      having ectopic parathyroidomas, general anesthesia was carried out instead.

PMID- 1804374
TI  - Overlap syndrome of progressive systemic sclerosis and polymyositis: report of 40
      cases.
AB  - Forty cases of overlap syndrome of progressive systemic sclerosis and
      polymyositis (OS PSS-PM) are reported in this paper. All of these cases had
      manifestations of both PSS and PM as well as Raynaud's phenomenon. The
      sclerodermatous skin changes were diffused over the whole body in most cases. All
      cases had muscular weakness, elevated skeletal muscle enzyme levels and muscle
      damage as seen on the electromyogram. Histopathologic changes showed
      characteristics of myositis. There was noticeable systemic involvement,
      especially with the digestive and circulatory systems. Serologic examination
      frequently revealed autoantibodies. The patients responded well to traditional
      Chinese medicines and corticosteroids.

PMID- 1804375
TI  - Acinic cell carcinoma in the lacrimal gland--a case report and pathologic study.

PMID- 1804376
TI  - A preliminary study on the antimutagenic properties of vegetables and fruits.

PMID- 1804377
TI  - Synthesis of (+/-)-N-2-methylpropyl-N-1'-methylacetonyl-nitrosamine.
AB  - N-2-methylpropyl-N-1-methylacetonyl-nitrosamine (NMAMPA), first isolated from
      moldy and normal foods, was synthesized by chemical means. The structure and
      molecular weight of the synthetic NMAMPA were elucidated by spectrometry. A
      combination of spectral and chromatographic data indicated that the synthetic
      NMAMPA is identical to that obtained naturally. Synthetic NMAMPA is a racemic
      modification, and a carcinogen which can induce esophageal and forestomach cancer
      in rats.

PMID- 1804378
TI  - [An antihypertensive factor in the erythrocytes of essential hypertensive
      subjects].

PMID- 1804379
TI  - Incidence survey of leukemia in China.
AB  - A nationwide cooperative incidence survey of leukemia was carried out from 1986
      to 1988 in a cooperative survey network covering 46 investigating areas. More
      than 60 million person-years were supervised and 1670 new cases identified. The
      annual incidence of leukemia was 2.76/10(5), and the 95% confidence interval of
      the population rate ranged from 2.63/10(5) to 2.89/10(5). The incidences in oil
      fields and polluted areas were significantly higher than those in other areas.
      The incidence of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) was 1.62/10(5); acute
      lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 0.69/10(5); chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML),
      0.36/10(5); chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 0.05/10(5); and special types,
      0.03/10(5). The incidence and constituent ratio of CLL were significantly lower
      than those in Europe and America. A peak of ALL incidence before age 10 was seen;
      this rate then declined with increasing age until 30. However, the incidences of
      other leukemias rose with age, reaching peaks at old age (50-70). The leukemia
      rate in males was significantly higher than in females, both in youth (10-29)
      (caused by ALL) and at age old (mainly caused by ANLL). The incidences of ANLL
      subtypes (including M2b) are reported.

PMID- 1804380
TI  - Studies on antipeptic ulcer agents: the quantitative structure-activity
      relationship analysis of heterocyclic aldehyde N4-substituted phenyl (thio)
      semicarbazones.
AB  - Forty-five condensation products of furan-, pyrrole- and N-methyl pyrrole-alpha
      carboaldehyde with N4-3- or N4-4-substituted phenyl semicarbazones and
      thiosemicarbazones were designed to optimize the antiulcer activity of a
      previously derived lead structure, formula II. Quantitative structure-activity
      relationships revealed that among the series of semicarbazones, increasing
      hydrophobicity and the introduction of electron-donating groups into the phenyl
      ring raise the antiulcer activity. Generally, semicarbazones are more active than
      the corresponding thiosemicarbazones. The wide gulf between the activity and
      toxicity of two derivatives (Compounds III and IV) necessitates further
      investigation of their pharmacological effects.

PMID- 1804381
TI  - Collagen-induced arthritis--characteristics of the animal model and implications
      for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
AB  - Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a chronic polyarthritis induced in mice and
      rats by immunization with homologous or heterologous type II collagen (CII). In
      this study, we report on a variety of experiments designed to elucidate the
      characteristics of CIA and its potential application in the treatment of human
      disease. The notable results were as follows: Both mouse anti-human-CII
      monoclonal antibody and a mouse T cell clone reactive to human CII were able to
      provoke arthritis when i.v. injected into naive mice. When injected together, a
      synergistic enhancement of the incidence and severity of passive arthritis was
      seen. However, inoculation with irradiated T cells reactive to human CII could
      suppress the development of active CIA. Given these results and the fact that CIA
      closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis both clinically and histologically, we
      suggest that the CIA animal model provides a good tool for studying the potential
      of T cell vaccination as a means of treating or preventing human autoimmune
      diseases.

PMID- 1804382
TI  - Induction of antitumor activity and experimental expansion of human lung cancer
      infiltrating lymphocytes.
AB  - In order to look for effector cells which are more efficient and less toxic than
      LAK cells induced from PBL for use in adoptive immunotherapy, we studied the
      antitumor activity and in vitro expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
      from human lung cancers and compared their cytological properties with those of
      autologous PBL. The results showed: 1) Large numbers of TIL could be obtained
      from lung cancer tissue, approximately 1-5 x 10(8)/g tumor tissue, with an
      average TIL to tumor cell ratio of 2.3:1 (21 samples). 2) Fresh TIL were not
      cytotoxic against either NK-sensitive or -resistant tumor targets. After
      culturing for 6 to 8 d in the presence of rIL-2, TIL showed significant
      cytotoxicity and were able to kill autologous and allogeneic tumor targets and
      fresh solid tumor targets. 3) When maintained in the presence of rIL-2, TIL were
      able to continue proliferating and expanding for more than 2 mon, with expansion
      indices of 4-512. TIL stopped proliferating following the disappearance of
      autologous tumor cells in the culture. 4) Chronological studies revealed that the
      cytotoxicity appeared after 4 days in culture and reached a peak on the 14th day,
      and cultured TIL remained cytotoxic for at least 4 wk.

PMID- 1804383
TI  - Establishment of human myeloma cell line KM-2R and its preliminary application to
      human-human hybridoma research.
AB  - The authors report the establishment of a human myeloma cell line--KM-2R--and its
      preliminary use in human-human hybridoma research. KM-2R cells are resistant to
      both 6-TG and ouabain. Their doubling time is about 30 h. They have a modal
      chromosome number of 81-85. Using ELISA and immunodiffusion techniques, gamma
      heavy and kappa-light chains were detected in the concentrated cell culture
      supernatant. KM-2R cells are sensitive to HAT medium. When fusing with normal
      human spleen cells, tonsil cells, and B lymphoblasts transformed by EB virus,
      fusion frequencies of 20-60% resulted.

PMID- 1804384
TI  - Evaluation of second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer: second-look vs. serum
      CA125.
AB  - Thirty patients with ovarian cancers underwent second-look operations in our
      hospital between 1981 and 1989, and the results were compared with serum CA125
      values. The over-all positive rate determined by second-look laparotomy in the
      present series was 56.7% (17/30)-40% as gross and 17% an microscopic tumors. The
      result of the second-look was related to the staging and size of the residual
      tumor after the previous operation: 1/3 of stage I and II lesions and 16/27 of
      stage III and recurrent lesions were positive on second-look. The positive rates
      of those patients who were free from residual tumor and those with residual
      tumors less than or equal to 2 cm or greater than 2 cm were 28.6% (2/7), 60%
      (9/15) and 75% (6/8), respectively. Among the 23 patients assayed as to serum
      CA125 level before the second-look, 18 (78%) were within normal limits (less than
      65 U/ml), including 12 patients (66.6%) who were second-look positive and 6 who
      were negative. Five patients with microscopic tumors and 3 patients with gross
      tumors less than or equal to 2 cm all had normal CA125 levels before the second
      look. Among the 5 of 9 patients with gross tumors greater than 2 cm who had
      elevated CA125 levels, not one was found to be negative on second-look. This may
      imply that the elevated CA125 levels indicate recurrence, though a normal CA125
      assay certainly does not preclude recurrence.

PMID- 1804385
TI  - Adjuvant treatment for gastric cancer.
AB  - In spite of progress made in surgical techniques and intensive care, only a
      slight improvement in the therapeutic control of gastric carcinoma has been
      achieved in the last 20 years. In this paper we present a review of controlled
      clinical trials on adjuvant chemotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy for gastric
      cancer and this topic is discussed in the light of our experience and that of the
      Gastrointestinal Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of
      Cancer. The results of adjuvant therapy are less satisfactory in Western
      countries than in Japan. The efficacy of the 5-fluorouracil + adriamycin +
      mitomycin C regimen in advanced gastric cancer has not been confirmed in an
      adjuvant setting. The therapeutic benefit reported in Japanese studies may be due
      to a chemotherapy started intraoperatively or during the immediate postoperative
      period and should also be considered in the light of a standardized surgical
      treatment. The new therapeutic trends, using recent chemotherapeutic associations
      tested in Phase I and II clinical trials or combining traditional chemotherapy
      with different types of immunostimulators, are discussed. Only when large-scale
      clinical studies have been made will it be possible to confirm their therapeutic
      efficacy.

PMID- 1804386
TI  - Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer by 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin combination
      with or without allopurinol: a prospective randomized study.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains the most effective chemotherapeutic agent in the
      management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Leucovorin enhances its
      efficacy, but also its toxicity. Cited data suggest modulation of 5-FU toxicity
      by high dose allopurinol. In a prospective randomized trial we assessed the
      ability of allopurinol in a conventional dose to modulate the toxicity of 5-FU
      leucovorin combination without compromising its efficacy in 50 patients with
      advanced colorectal cancer. Twenty-seven patients were randomized for allopurinol
      but had no benefit in terms of response or reduced toxicity over the other 23.
      Survival of responders with colon cancer was longer than that of non-responders
      (p = 0.013). Although allopurinol failed to reduce 5-FU-leucovorin toxicity, it
      did not lower its expected efficacy.

PMID- 1804387
TI  - Cisplatin plus continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil for 5 days effective for
      patients with advanced gastric cancer.
AB  - Seventeen consecutively treated patients with advanced gastric cancer were
      prescribed every 3 weeks intravenous cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day) and a continuous
      infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (750 mg/m2/day) for 5 days. Twelve (71%)
      patients had been treated previously with other anticancer drugs. Seven (42%)
      patients showed a partial response and these responses persisted for over 4.4
      months. Stabilization of the disease occurred in eight (47%) patients, and in two
      (12%) the disease progressed. At the time of analysis, mean survival of the
      responders was 8.2 months, while that of non-responders was 5.0 months. The
      toxicities were within acceptable limits and only a few had a grade III toxicity.
      This combined administration of cisplatin and 5-FU for 5 days is safe and
      effective for patients with advanced gastric cancer.

PMID- 1804388
TI  - Comparative study on various combination chemotherapies against human gastric
      cancer xenograft lines of well- and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas
      transplanted in nude mice.
AB  - Two human gastric cancer xenograft lines (GC-YN and GC-SF) transplanted in nude
      mice were employed to evaluate and compare the anticancer effect of seven single
      anticancer agents and their various combinations. Mitomycin C, cisplatin
      (Briplatin) (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were screened out to be effective
      against GC-YN and only epirubicin (Farmorubicin) (EPIR) was effective against GC
      SF. Combinations of two of these 'effective' agents revealed that FP (5-FU +
      CDDP) is the most effective two-agent combination regimen against both lines, and
      some of those 'ineffective' single agents showed synergistic effects against both
      lines when combined with 5-FU. Moreover, three-agent combinations composed of FP
      and one of the other five agents were also evaluated to select out the most
      effective regimen. All the combinations showed higher inhibition on the tumor
      growth of GC-YN than FP regimen, and FP + adriamycin (Adriacin) (ADR) and FP +
      EPIR were more effective against GC-SF than FP. However, taking toxic effects
      into consideration, the results suggest that CDDP + 5-FU + EPIR (FPEPIR) may be
      the regimen most worthy of clinical trial in the chemotherapy against human
      gastric cancer.

PMID- 1804389
TI  - In vitro combination of high dose busulfan with radiotherapy on medulloblastoma
      cells: additive effect without potentiation.
AB  - The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the combination of busulfan with
      radiotherapy on TE-671 human medulloblastoma cells since unexpected clinical
      toxicity of busulfan was reported during the treatment of brain tumors,
      suggesting a possible radiopotentiation. The cytotoxicity of busulfan was
      determined by using colony forming assays, and doses inducing growth inhibitions
      of 10, 20 and 50% were selected to be tested in association: 6, 12 and 32 mumol/l
      for busulfan and 0.5, 1 and 3 Gy for irradiation. All possible combinations were
      considered within this frame and the results showed that the combination of
      busulfan with radiotherapy exerted an additive effect without potentiation.

PMID- 1804390
TI  - Augmentation of antiproliferative activity of CPT-11, a new derivative of
      camptothecin, by tumor necrosis factor against proliferation of gynecologic tumor
      cell lines.
AB  - The co-operative effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rH-TNF) and
      CPT-11, a new derivative of camptothecin, against the proliferation of human
      gynecologic tumor cell lines were examined in vitro. The ishikawa cells were
      responsive to rH-TNF, the HHUA cells exhibited a minimal degree of responsiveness
      to rH-TNF, and the HeLa S3 and Caov-3 cells were unresponsive to rH-TNF. The
      HHUA, Ishikawa and Caov-3 cells were responsive to CPT-11, and the HeLa S3 cells
      were relatively sensitive to CPT-11 cytotoxicity. In all four cell lines, rH-TNF
      at clinically achievable concentrations exhibited synergy with CPT-11. The
      combination therapy of rH-TNF and CPT-11 will be a new approach against
      gynecologic cancers.

PMID- 1804391
TI  - Antiproliferative activity of a series of novel cyclopropyl antiestrogens on MCF
      7 human breast cancer cells in culture.
AB  - The potential antitumor activity of a series of novel cyclopropyl compounds,
      which lack estrogen agonist activity, was evaluated in estrogen receptor positive
      human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture. The compounds were evaluated to
      determine their antiproliferative activity at a concentration of 1 microM at 2, 4
      and 6 days of treatment by hemocytometer using the Trypan Blue exclusion method
      to count viable cells. Estradiol-induced reversibility of the antiproliferative
      activity of these compounds was also evaluated. The activity of a series of 19
      diaryl- and triarylcyclopropyl compounds was examined. Thirteen compounds
      inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells while six were inactive. Five of the 13
      active compounds produced antiproliferative activity which was reversed by 0.1
      microM estradiol. Thus, several of these novel cyclopropyl compounds may be
      useful in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer and other estrogen
      dependent tumors.

PMID- 1804392
TI  - Biotransformation and in vitro activity of an arabinosylcytosine 5'-chloro-5'
      deoxy analog.
AB  - 5'-Chloro-5'-deoxyarabinosylcytosine (5'-chloro-araC), a lipophilic and cytidine
      deaminase resistant analog of the cytotoxic agent arabinosylcytosine (araC) was
      evaluated in terms of bioactivation, transformation and its cytotoxic activity in
      vitro. 5'-Chloro-araC interferes with DNA synthesis (IC50 = 2.8 mumol/l) and
      inhibits the growth of L1210 cells in suspension culture (IC50 = 1.05 mumol/l)
      and in the soft agar assay (IC50 = 0.65 mumol/l). Being phosphorylated to the
      triphosphate of araC-araCTP (5'-triphosphate of araC), 5'-chloro-araC has the
      same mechanism of action as arabinosylcytosine. In alkaline solutions 5'-chloro
      araC is transformed to another (cytostatically inactive) araC analog--2',5'
      anhydroarabinosylcytosine--but at physiological pH and temperature conditions, it
      has sufficient stability to be phosphorylated and thus activated. A lower rate of
      araCTP formation from 5'-chloro-araC explains the somewhat lower cytotoxic effect
      of this compound against various established cell lines in vitro compared to
      araC. Lipophilicity that would allow an oral drug formulation and certain other
      superior physico-chemical and biochemical characteristics of 5'-chloro-araC make
      this compound an interesting candidate for further investigations.

PMID- 1804394
TI  - Screening for Tay-Sachs disease: a note of caution.

PMID- 1804393
TI  - The interpretation of laboratory results: the paradoxical effect of medical
      training.

PMID- 1804395
TI  - Genetics research and social roles: on a collision course?

PMID- 1804396
TI  - Medical and ethical consequences of the human genome project.

PMID- 1804397
TI  - Ethical issues in human gene therapy.

PMID- 1804398
TI  - Ethics, technology, and the human genome project.

PMID- 1804399
TI  - The next Wanglie case: the problems of litigating medical ethics.

PMID- 1804400
TI  - Importance of understanding suffering for clinical ethics.

PMID- 1804401
TI  - Expression of Rhizobium galegae common nod clones in various backgrounds.
AB  - The cosmid clone pRg30, carrying common nodulation genes of Rhizobium galegae
      HAMBI 1174, and pRg33, a subclone of pRg30 that contains a 5.7-kb ClaI insert
      carrying nodDABC were conjugated into various Rhizobium nod- mutant strains and
      into a Ti plasmid-cured Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Complementation and expression
      of the nodABC genes of R. galegae were studied by following microscopically the
      infection process and the nodulation on different test plants. The nodABC genes
      of R. galegae complemented the nod- strains of other Rhizobium species. The
      presence of extra copies of common nod genes in the homologous R. galegae nodABC-
      strain induced an increased nodulation on Galega orientalis. However, the inserts
      of R. galegae in pRg30 and pRg33 do not carry sufficient genetic information for
      normal nodulation of test plants in an Agrobacterium background, because the
      Agrobacterium transconjugants induced root hair deformation on Galega plants, but
      no infection threads were detected and nodulelike structures developed only at
      low frequency. The Agrobacterium carrying the nodDABC of R. galegae did not cause
      the root hairs of Medigo sativa to deform.

PMID- 1804402
TI  - Betaine use by rhizosphere bacteria: genes essential for trigonelline,
      stachydrine, and carnitine catabolism in Rhizobium meliloti are located on pSym
      in the symbiotic region.
AB  - Rhizobium meliloti is known to use betaines synthesized by its host, Medicago
      sativa, as osmoprotectants and sources of energy. It is shown in the present
      report that the symbiotic megaplasmid (pSym) of R. meliloti RCR2011 encodes
      functions essential to the catabolism of three betaines, trigonelline (nicotinic
      acid N-methylbetaine), stachydrine (proline betaine or dimethylproline), and
      carnitine (gamma-trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine). Preliminary evidence is
      presented showing that functions on pSym also influence the catabolism of choline
      and its oxidative product, glycine betaine. Genes implicated in betaine
      catabolism are found in the symbiotic region of pSym. Trigonelline catabolism
      functions lie between two clusters of symbiotic genes, nifKDH and nok/fixVI'.
      Stachydrine and carnitine functions lie to the right of trigonelline catabolism
      functions, immediately to the right of fixVI'. Information necessary to choline
      and glycine betaine catabolism is probably encoded to the right of stachydrine
      catabolism functions.

PMID- 1804403
TI  - Tobacco and tomato PR proteins homologous to win and pro-hevein lack the "hevein"
      domain.
AB  - Clones corresponding to tobacco pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins PR-4 and
      tomato PR protein P2 were isolated from phage cDNA libraries of tobacco infected
      with tobacco mosaic virus and tomato infected with Cladosporium fulvum,
      respectively. The probe used in these screenings was a polymerase chain reaction
      product, synthesized on phage DNA from the tobacco cDNA library, using a
      synthetic oligonucleotide primer whose sequence corresponded to the partial amino
      acid sequence available for P2. The different cDNA sequences from the tobacco and
      tomato clones contained open reading frames for small proteins with 80-90% amino
      acid sequence identity. Both tobacco PR-4 and tomato P2 are synthesized as
      precursor proteins, with an N-terminal signal peptide involved in extracellular
      targeting. The proteins are highly similar to putative wound-induced proteins of
      potato (win) and to the precursor protein of hevein. However, in contrast to the
      hevein pro-protein and win proteins, PR-4 and P2 do not contain N-terminal,
      chitin-binding "hevein" domains. The tobacco and tomato genomes contain a limited
      number of genes corresponding to PR-4 or P2, whose expression is induced upon
      infection with the above-mentioned pathogens.

PMID- 1804404
TI  - Transformation of the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans.
AB  - A stable transformation procedure has been developed for Phytophthora infestans,
      an oomycete fungus that causes the late blight diseases of potato and tomato.
      This is the first description of reliable methods for transformation in an
      oomycete pathogen. Drug-resistant transformants were obtained by using vectors
      that contained bacterial genes for resistance to hygromycin B or G418 fused to
      promoters and terminators from the Hsp70 and Ham34 genes of the oomycete, Bremia
      lactucae. Using polyethylene glycol and CaCl2, vector DNA was introduced into
      protoplasts as a complex with cationic liposomes or with carrier DNA only.
      Transformants were obtained at similar frequencies with each combination of
      promoter and selectable marker and were confirmed by DNA and RNA hybridization
      and phosphotransferase assays. Transformation occurred through the integration of
      single or tandemly repeated copies of the plasmids into genomic DNA, conferring
      mitotically stable drug-resistant phenotypes. The sizes of the marker gene mRNAs
      in each transformant and the results of transcript mapping studies were
      consistent with the function of the B. lactucae regulatory sequences in P.
      infestans. A hygromycin-resistant transformant was tested and found to maintain
      pathogenicity, indicating that the gene transfer procedure will be useful for the
      molecular analysis of genes relevant to disease.

PMID- 1804406
TI  - Mass spectrometric investigation of 2-aminopropiophenones and some of their
      metabolites.
AB  - Complex metabolic mixtures of 2-aminopropiophenones, obtained both after in vitro
      and human in vivo metabolism of these compounds, have been investigated using
      both mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The mass
      spectrometric fragmentation schemes of the compounds have been proposed and
      verified. The schemes are based on the characteristic fragments obtained by alpha
      cleavage of these compounds using direct inlet mass spectrometry or gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. These findings were confirmed with chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry, when quasi-molecular (MH+) ions were obtained as
      the highest relative abundance ions for all the compounds investigated, and were
      used in metabolic investigations of 2-aminopropiophenones.

PMID- 1804405
TI  - A gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria that determines avirulence in
      tomato is related to avrBs3.
AB  - Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria that were avirulent in tomato
      leaves but virulent in pepper leaves were identified. A cloned gene, avrBsP, from
      one of the strains, Xv 87-7, converted a virulent strain in tomato to avirulent
      in tomato. A 1.7-kb subclone containing the avirulence gene cross-hybridized with
      the avirulence gene, which determines race 1 within the pepper group of strains
      (avrBs3). However, the two avirulence genes differ in their biological activity.
      The base sequences of the two avirulence genes were almost identical through the
      1.7-kb segment of avrBsP, with significant differences only in some bases in the
      repeat region.

PMID- 1804407
TI  - Unimolecular decomposition of M+. and [M+H]+ species of some fluorosubstituted
      acyclic nucleoside analogs.
AB  - Electron ionization and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry are shown to
      provide a valid analytical tool for the structural characterization of the title
      compounds. In fact, diagnostic fragmentation pathways were observed depending on
      the presence of different substituents (benzyloxy, (benzyloxy, p-tolylthio, p
      tolylsulphinyl) as well as of different bases. Regioisomeric compounds could be
      differentiated by kinetic energy release measurements.

PMID- 1804408
TI  - 252Cf-plasma desorption and cesium-ion liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometric
      analysis of recombinant proteins.
AB  - The 35 keV Cs+ liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) and 252Cf-plasma
      desorption (PD) mass spectra of recombinant proteins in the 10-25 kDa mass range
      are compared. Both techniques showed comparable mass accuracy and sensitivity,
      and in the case of LSIMS, remarkably short analysis time. Analysis by the
      PD/nitrocellulose method demonstrated slightly higher sensitivity and relatively
      lower dependence on the salt and buffer content of the protein sample.

PMID- 1804409
TI  - Properties of matrix-assisted laser desorption. Measurements with a time-to
      digital converter.
AB  - Some properties of matrix-assisted laser desorption have been studied using
      single-ion-counting methods and a time-to-digital converter. The methods allow
      examination of the process for irradiances near the reported threshold for
      observation with a transient recorder. All measurements were made using bovine
      insulin as a test compound. We present direct evidence that an irradiance
      threshold near 10(6) W cm-2 exists for ion production, and that the process is a
      collective effect, either involving a large number of molecular ions
      (approximately 10(4) in a successful event or none at all. Above the threshold,
      the yield is found to scale with a high power (4th to 6th) of the irradiance.
      Measurements of initial velocity distributions indicate an axial velocity spread
      corresponding to approximately 50 eV and a radial velocity spread corresponding
      to approximately 2.4 eV. Thus the ejection or extraction mechanism appears to be
      strongly asymmetric.

PMID- 1804410
TI  - Pulse timing and optical interface between a neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet
      laser and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer.
AB  - Laser desorption/ionization combined with pulsed (time-of-flight or Fourier
      transform ion cyclotron resonance) mass spectrometric detection is a powerful
      technique for analysis of involatile compounds and mixtures. Such experiments
      were originally conducted with pulsed CO2 lasers. Although a pulsed CO2 laser can
      be operated in single-shot mode, Nd: YAG lasers perform best with multiple
      flashes for warm-up before the final Q-switch output light pulse, thus creating
      the need to synchronize the desired final laser-output pulse with the event
      sequence for mass spectrometric analysis. In this paper, we describe a new and
      simple interface (both optical and electronic components) between a Continuum
      (formerly Quantel) Model YG 660A Nd:YAG laser and an Extrel FTMS-2000 mass
      spectrometer. The optics are modified from a prior pulsed CO2 laser interface
      from Extrel. Synchronization between the Nd:YAG laser and the mass spectrometer
      event sequence is achieved by means of a simple timing circuit that uses an
      inexpensive pulsing device and is triggered by pulses generated directly from the
      Extrel 1280 data system and cell controller, in contrast to the only prior
      published method that required an auxiliary microcomputer. The present interface
      method is highly flexible, and makes possible complex sequence events involving
      laser pulses for e.g.: desorption/ionization of solids; photoionization of
      gaseous neutrals; and photodissociation and photodetachment of gaseous ions.

PMID- 1804411
TI  - The analysis of thiocarbamides by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Thiocarbamides were converted to their di-N-pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) derivatives
      and analysed by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical-ionization mass
      spectrometry with methane as reagent gas. The PFB derivatives of the 2
      thiouracils gave mass spectra in which the ion current was carried largely by an
      ion arising from [M-PFB]-. The derivative was used in the determination of the
      uptake and metabolism of thiocarbamides by cultures of melanoma cells.

PMID- 1804412
TI  - Determination of the amino acid sequence of cystine-containing peptides by tandem
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method has been developed for the determination of the amino-acid sequence of a
      cyclic peptide containing cystine. It is based on the reduction of the peptide in
      a reductive matrix prior to ionization by fast-atom bombardment. The amino-acid
      sequence of the resulting linear peptide is then determined by tandem mass
      spectrometry from the spectrum produced by the collision-induced decomposition of
      the [M + H]+ ion of the peptide.

PMID- 1804413
TI  - Analysis of bovine beta-casein tryptic digest by continuous-flow fast-atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Liquid chromatography/fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry was used to
      partially confirm the amino-acid sequence of the protein, beta-casein. The study
      demonstrates that the technique is capable of the rapid and accurate
      identification of peptide fragments from tryptic digests and that chromatographic
      integrity is maintained during the analysis. The power of the technique derives
      from the ability to determine both the retention time and the molecular weight of
      the eluting components. Each of the components yields a prominent pseudo
      molecular ion (MH+), the majority exhibiting sufficient fragmentation to confirm
      their structure unambiguously.

PMID- 1804414
TI  - An expert system for inferring structures of organic compounds from their mass
      spectra.
AB  - Development of an 'expert system' for elucidation of structures of acyclic
      organic compounds is described. An expert system is a computer program that
      embodies some of the heuristic problem-solving knowledge of human experts so that
      it can effectively be used as an aid to decision making. The expert system
      described in this paper is intended to assist a chemist in arriving at plausible
      structures, the input data being the mass spectrum, molecular formula and
      presence (if known) of functional groups. The program generates chemically
      possible structures for the given molecular formula and can use, where available,
      the constraints imposed by the mass spectrum of the compound and by any known
      functional groups. The program makes use of a new algorithm for obtaining a
      canonical representation of structures and a new heuristic for incorporating
      constraints of the mass spectrum. This work constitutes a case study of the
      application of artificial intelligence techniques in chemistry and the material
      presented highlights this motivation.

PMID- 1804415
TI  - Collisional spectroscopy approaches in the characterization of 7-alpha- and 7
      beta-hydroxycholesterol.
AB  - High- and low-energy collision experiments, by means of double-focusing and ion
      trap mass spectrometers, respectively, performed on the M+ and [M-H2O]+. ions of
      7-alpha- and 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol lead to a clear structural
      characterization of the two stereoisomers. In particular, the beta isomer shows
      peculiar fragmentation pathways due to interaction between the hydroxyl group in
      position 7-beta and the hydrogen atom on C(15).

PMID- 1804416
TI  - Direct evidence for degradation of esperamicin A1 with thiol confirmed by fast
      atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - A degradation of esperamicin A1, which is a potent antitumor antibiotic having
      DNA-cleaving activity, was studied by fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass
      spectrometry. It was proved that the degradation easily occurs via the thiol
      group(s) in the matrix solution and not by a FAB-induced reaction. It was
      concluded that from the FAB mass spectra of all non-volatile compounds, the
      molecular weight should be determined by using at least two chemically different
      matrices.

PMID- 1804417
TI  - Investigation of collisional-activation decomposition process and spectra in the
      transport region of an electrospray single-quadrupole mass spectrometer.
AB  - The use of collisional-activation dissociation (CAD) in the electrospray
      transport region was evaluated for generating structural information on several
      pesticides and antibiotics. The collision energy used to generate the CAD spectra
      could be varied easily by changing the capillary/skimmer potential difference,
      imparting from 0 eV to above 16 eV internal energy to the near thermal ions
      generated by electrospray. The internal energy distribution for low-energy
      collisions (capillary/skimmer potential difference of 20 V) closely matches the
      curves generated by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the CAD
      spectra for selected compounds generated by electrospray in the transport region
      at a capillary/skimmer potential difference of 30-50 V closely resembled those
      obtained from the [M + H]+ ion by a triple quadrupole using 30 eV collision
      energy. The CAD of ions in the transport region resulted in 70% to 80% daughter
      ion yields and minimal loss in overall ion current compared to the ion current
      for protonated or cationized parent molecules. The major daughter ions for 10 pg
      of Aldicarb and penicillin G could be detected (signal-to-noise ratio greater
      than 5) under full-scan CAD conditions.

PMID- 1804418
TI  - Mass spectral characteristics of okadaic acid and simple derivatives.
AB  - Electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and fast-atom bombardment
      (FAB) mass spectra of the marine toxin okadaic acid and its synthetic methyl,
      pentafluorobenzyl, and trimethylsilyl ester and ether derivatives were generated.
      Several ionization conditions and ion-processing methods were used to obtain
      positive- and negative-ion conventional spectra and tandem (MS/MS) spectra. The
      EI and the positive-ion CI spectra provided fragment ions characteristic of the
      structure, and the negative-ion CI and FAB spectra provided molecular ions. The
      addition of alkali salts to the FAB matrix resulted in reduced fragmentation and
      the formation of intense alkali-metal-cationized molecules. Pentafluorobenzyl
      ester derivatives provided intense carboxylate ions under electron-capture
      ionization. Analytically useful MS/MS spectra were obtained by low-energy
      collision-induced decomposition of the carboxylate anion produced from the
      tetrasilylated pentafluorobenzylokadaate.

PMID- 1804419
TI  - Molecular weight determination of recombinant interleukin 2 and interferon gamma
      by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy.
AB  - The molecular weights of the recombinant proteins interleukin 2 and interferon
      gamma were determined by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy on the
      whole molecules. For interleukin 2 an average experimental mass of 15,549.4 u,
      was observed in excellent agreement with the theoretical average mass of 15,547.2
      u. The mass observed for interferon gamma (16,908.4 u) agreed with the
      theoretical molecular weight of the monomeric species (16,907.3 u). By ESI mass
      spectrometry it was possible to determine the presence of proteins lacking one or
      two amino acids.

PMID- 1804420
TI  - A rapid intraoperative estimation of the proliferative activity in brain tumors.
AB  - A technique for staining the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in tumor cells
      applied to smears from brain tumor biopsy specimens is described. This technique
      provides a rapid intraoperative evaluation of the proliferative activity in
      cerebral neoplasms and is a valuable complement to hematoxylineosin stained
      smears, supporting the criteria of benignity or malignancy in these tumors.

PMID- 1804421
TI  - Varix of the heart causing outflow tract obstruction.
AB  - We report a case about a neonate who died of severe subaortic stenosis due to a
      giant vascular dilation of the left ventricular outflow tract. We emphasize the
      fatal result of this benign lesion and make differential diagnosis with
      haemangiomas and valvular blood cysts.

PMID- 1804422
TI  - Ultrastructural study of the neuroglial and macrophagic reaction in Wallerian
      degeneration of the adult rat optic nerve.
AB  - The Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve of adult rat has been studied after
      destroying the retina. Animals were sacrificed between 4 days and 1 year after
      the lesion. Different cell types of the optic nerve have been studied
      ultrastructurally. Our results demonstrate the existence of a population of
      macrophages, probably of microglial origin, responsible for scavenging
      degenerated myelin. Astrocytes suffer a process of proliferation and hypertrophy,
      and are massively stuffed by gliofilaments, leading to a glial scar. These cells
      apparently do not participate in phagocytic phenomena, while some cytoplasmic
      inclusions (e.g. lipid droplets) suggest some implication in the local
      metabolization of some tissue degradation products. Oligodendrocytes do not
      undergo ultrastructural changes, showing a rather quiescent appearance.

PMID- 1804423
TI  - Ultrastructural study on the effects of hypophysectomy on the golden hamster
      parathyroid gland.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of hypophysectomized golden hamsters
      was studied. In the parathyroid glands of hypophysectomized animals the Golgi
      complexes and secretory granules were significantly decreased and large vacuolar
      bodies were significantly increased compared with those of the control animals.
      In addition, the chief cells contained a few prosecretory granules in the Golgi
      areas and a few secretory granules were present in the peripheral cytoplasm.
      These results suggest that the synthesis and release of parathyroid hormone may
      be suppressed in the parathyroid glands of the hypophysectomized animals.

PMID- 1804424
TI  - Argyrophilia in ovarian serous tumors. A comparative study in 127 epithelial
      ovarian tumors.
AB  - The distribution of argyrophil cells in epithelial ovarian tumors was studied in
      127 cases. The results showed that not only mucinous tumors and endometrioid
      tumors contained argyrophil cells, but also some serous tumors expressed
      argyrophilia. 31% of serous tumors including 40% of serous adenocarcinomas
      contained variable numbers of argyrophil cells. Argyrophilia has been
      demonstrated in mucinous tumors, endometrioid tumors and Brenner tumors before.
      However, this is the first time the presence of argyrophilia in serous tumors has
      been noticed. Moreover, the argyrophil cells in 5 serous carcinomas showed
      reactivity with Neuroendocrine (chromogranin A) antibody but not with serotonin.
      The expression pattern of argyrophilia in the serous tumors was different from
      that of the mucinous tumors; in the former, argyrophil granules appeared in
      apical portions or throughout the cytoplasm of single or clustered cells. In
      addition, the argyrophilia in some serous tumors and endometrioid tumors
      decreased after diastase digestion. Ultrastructurally, no typical neurosecretory
      granule was found in the argyrophilic serous tumors. The findings in this study
      suggest that argyrophilia could be quite frequently found in ovarian epithelial
      tumors and in itself is not a very specific differential characteristic of
      carcinoid tumors. The argyrophilia found in a variety of epithelial ovarian
      tumors might lend additional support to the histogenesis and close relationship
      between the common epithelial tumors of the ovary.

PMID- 1804425
TI  - Chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori. Correlation between
      histological and bacteriological findings.
AB  - Biopsy specimens of gastric and duodenal mucosa from 326 patients were examined
      bacteriologically and histologically to determine the correlation between chronic
      gastritis and H. pylori colonization. H. pylori was identified in 111 (66.5%)
      patients with evidence of chronic gastritis and in 97 (82.2%) individuals who had
      gastritis associated with other pathology (gastric o duodenal ulcer, carcinoma o
      bulboduodenitis). The spiral bacteria was found more frequently in specimens with
      chronic superficial gastritis (88/107) and no significant difference was observed
      between the grade of activity of gastritis and H. pylori colonization. Giemsa
      stain was the most suitable method for detecting H. pylori in histological
      sections. By electron microscopy the microorganism was seen on the surface of the
      gastric mucosa, beneath the mucous layer, and more occasionally in intercellular
      junctions and the gastric pit.

PMID- 1804426
TI  - Sex-related differences in the nuclear population of postpubertal rat pineal
      gland. A quantitative study.
AB  - Male and female parenchymal pineal cell types have been studied throughout
      postpubertal development to determine the existence of sex-related differences on
      a time basis. Six age groups (2, 3, 4, 8, 15 and 24 months) of eight rats (4
      males and 4 females) were used in this study. Nuclei of both parenchymal pineal
      cell types were counted in 5 areas of 26.377 microns 2 per pineal gland on
      semithin sections. Nonparametric statistics of our results (Mann-Whitney U-test
      and Kruskal-Wallis H-test) demonstrated significant differences between male and
      female pinealocytes through the stages studied. In all age groups, the number of
      nuclei per unit area was larger in female rats. Pineoglial cells did not show
      significant sex-related differences.

PMID- 1804427
TI  - Immunocytochemical study of the epithelial lining of naturally occurring cysts in
      the rat intermediate lobe.
AB  - An immunocytochemical study of the epithelial lining of naturally occurring cysts
      in the rat intermediate lobe (IL) has been carried out. Paraffin-embedded
      sections, in which cysts were identifiable, were treated either with anti
      serotonin or anti-S-100 protein sera. S-100-positive cells were intermingled with
      glandular cells surrounding the cyst lumen. These S-100-positive cells sent
      slender cytoplasmic processes as if to cover the apical surface of neighbouring
      cells. Rarely were 5-HT-immunopositive cells seen in the cyst epithelial lining.
      Most cells of the marginal layer of the IL were found reactive either to an S-100
      or a-5-HT serum. The presence of an epithelial lining positive to S-100 protein
      sera is in keeping with the notion that cysts in the IL might form as
      evaginations of the epithelial lining of the pituitary cleft. The lack of
      correspondence between 5-HT-positive cells in the marginal layer and the cyst
      lining is controversial. A peculiar spatial relationship of 5-HT cells with the
      vascular network of the IL is suggested.

PMID- 1804428
TI  - Electron microscopic study of the occlusible tapetum lucidum of the southern
      fiddler ray (Trygonorhina fasciata).
AB  - The choroidally located tapetum lucidum of the southern fiddler ray (Trygonorhina
      fasciata) has been examined by light and electron microscopy in both light- and
      dark-adaptation. In this species, the tapetum consists of a single layer of
      overlapping cells oriented at an angle of about 30 degrees to the incoming light.
      These are situated immediately external to the choriocapillaris. These tapetal
      cells alternate with and are separated from one another by melanocytes which have
      an inner extension that curves and intervenes between the tapetal cells and the
      choriocapillaris. The tapetal cells and the melanocytes are flattened cells with
      their widest dimension facing the retina. Internally the tapetal cells display a
      peripherally-located, vesicular nucleus with most of the cell organelles in a
      paranuclear location. The bulk of the cell is packed with regularly-spaced
      crystals reported to be guanine. The size and spacing of these reflective
      crystals is commensurate with constructive interference. In light-adaptation the
      small melanosomes of the melanocytes are widely dispersed and fill the portion of
      the cell intervening between the tapetal cells and the incoming light. This
      effectively occludes the tapetum as light is unable to reach the reflective
      material. In dark-adaptation the melanosomes withdraw from this location,
      exposing the tapetum to light and allowing it to act as a reflective layer. The
      retinal epithelium overlying the tapetal area is totally unpigmented so as not to
      interfere with the passage of light.

PMID- 1804429
TI  - Morphogenesis and ultrastructure of the peripolar cells in the mouse kidney.
AB  - Peripolar cells are located in the outer layer of the Bowman's capsule. They
      surround the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and project into the urinary
      space. Morphologically they are characterized by the presence of secretory
      granules within their cytoplasm. In order to study their embryological
      development, we used 60 C57bl mice embryos (15th to 19th gestational day), 10
      newborn mice (2 hours to 6 days old), 10 preadult mice (8-30 days old) and 4
      adults (4 months old). Some granular cells, dispersed at the outer and inner
      layer of the Bowman's capsule, appear on the 17th gestational day. Later, these
      cells are found around the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle, located
      exclusively at the outer layer of the Bowman's capsule. Their granules are
      spherical and variously dense, they are surrounded by a membrane and their number
      increases progressively with time and reaches a maximum on the 4th postnatal day.
      Following that, there is a diminution and then their population stabilizes. By
      the end of the first month, there are only a few such cells (mean number 1 to 2).
      They become smaller and they always project into the urinary space.

PMID- 1804430
TI  - Alteration of primate ovary surface epithelium by exposure to hexachlorobenzene:
      a quantitative study.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a fungicide and a pollutant of increasing concern in
      industrialized regions of the world. Reproductive failure is one of the effects
      of HCB upon mammals. Alteration of cell shape in the ovary surface epithelium
      (OSE) of Cynomolgus monkeys following oral administration of HCB was observed in
      this study. At the lowest dose used, 0.1 mg/kg body weight, a dosage that is
      associated with follicular degeneration, HCB caused quantifiable changes in
      length-to-width ratios of OSE. Measurement of cell shape by light microscopy
      offers a reliable indication of OSE changes induced by HCB.

PMID- 1804431
TI  - Evaluation of nucleolar organizer region-associated proteins in endometrial
      pathology.
AB  - In the current study the argyrophil staining technique for NOR proteins (Ag-NORs)
      has been performed on cases of different endometrial lesions, trying to find an
      aid in differentiating atypical hyperplasia from well differentiated carcinoma in
      biopsy specimens. We conclude that the Ag-NOR count, even though in endometrial
      carcinoma is significantly exceeding that of atypical hyperplastic endometrium,
      could be a misleading discriminator, because of a wide overlap of values in
      individual cases.

PMID- 1804432
TI  - The modifications produced in allergic alveolitis and in Goodpasture's syndrome
      due to exposure to cigarette smoke.
AB  - Two groups of rats with experimental alveolitis were exposed to cigarette smoke.
      After comparing the results, the possible muffling effect of the cigarette smoke
      related to interstitial lung disease was discussed. 180 rats were divided into 6
      groups of 30 animals each: Group 1: untreated controls; Group 2: exposed to
      cigarette smoke for 2 months; Group 3: sensitized with bovine albumin (BA) and
      exposed to an atmosphere with this antigen for two months, to reproduce a type of
      extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA); Group 4: treated with a single daily dose of
      anti-lung serum for three days followed by two days without treatment, to
      reproduce a type of Goodpasture's syndrome; Group 5: exposed to cigarette smoke
      and to BA; Group 6: exposed to cigarette smoke and treated with anti-lung serum.
      The animals were sacrificed and their lungs were treated for: Bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL), percentage lymphocyte count, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and alveolar
      macrophages (AM); semiquantitative and morphometric histological study. The
      semiquantitative study determined the area of the studied lung incision, affected
      by granulomae, increased alveolar aerial spaces, thickened alveolar walls and
      haemosiderine lung area. The morphometric study, based on the linear integration
      method, evaluated: the distance between two alveolar walls, the amount of
      interstice per field; and the number of AM with haemosiderine per field was
      counted. From the results we point out that the treated animals had significantly
      higher lymphocyte and BAL PMN counts than the untreated ones; no significant
      differences were found between the singly and doubly treated animals. The animals
      exposed to cigarette smoke and treated with anti-lung serum were those that
      showed the least number of lymphocytes and PMN of all the treated animals. The
      semiquantitative variables studied were all increased in comparison to the
      control group, most of the increases being significant. The morphometric
      variables revealed significant differences with respect to the untreated group,
      except for the animals which were treated with anti-lung serum and cigarette
      smoke, which showed a minimum decrease in the alveolar size and a slight increase
      of the interstitial tissue. Only one morphometric variable showed a significant
      difference between the group treated with anti-lung serum and the one treated
      with anti-lung serum and cigarette smoke: the number of AM with haemosiderine in
      the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1804433
TI  - Identification of sensory neurons supplying receptors in lingual muscles of the
      rat: histochemical and retrograde labeling study with horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Sensory innervation of lingual musculature was studied in young adult Wistar rats
      using retrograde labeling by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and combined silver
      impregnation and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) methods. Intra-lingual injection of
      HRP resulted in labeling of neuronal somata in the trigeminal, superior vagal,
      and second cervical spinal (C2) ganglia. When HRP was directly applied to the
      proximal stump of severed hypoglossal nerve, labeling occurred only in the
      cervical and superior vagal ganglia. Morphometric analysis revealed that the
      labeled neurons were of the small-sized category in all ganglia. However, in the
      trigeminal and C2 ganglia, labeling occurred also among the medium-sized neurons.
      Combined silver and AchE preparations from lingual muscles revealed the absence
      of typical muscle spindles. Instead, there were free and spiral nerve terminals
      in the interstitium, and epilemmal knob-like or bouton-like endings surrounding
      non-encapsulated muscle fibers. These terminals showed AchE -ve reaction in
      contrast to the motor ones. Few ganglionic cells were scattered along the
      hypoglossal nerve with uniform AchE +ve reaction in their perikarya. This
      indicates that medium-sized neurons in the trigeminal and C2 ganglia, and
      probably sensory neurons along the hypoglossal nerve mediate lingual muscle
      sensibility perceived by atypical sensory terminals.

PMID- 1804434
TI  - Warthin's tumor as a hamartomatous dysplastic lesion: a histochemical and
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The etiology of Warthin's tumor was sought by histochemical and
      immunohistochemical methods using 7 surgically extirpated samples and normal
      salivary glands as a control for the epithelial component. All the samples
      exhibited a variety of amyloid deposition in the interfollicular area of the
      lymphoid component. The interfollicular lymphoid cells were both T-cells and
      cells of B-cell lineage with an almost 1 to 2 population ratio. Most antigen
      positive B-cells were plasma cells that exhibited polyclonality of
      immunoglobulin. B-cells were also present in the lymphoid mantles and a few were
      found in the germinal centres. The epithelial component exhibited mucinous and
      proteinaceous fluid in the lumen and varied immunohistological reactions; being
      particularly positive to carcinoembryonic antigen, S-100 protein, and B-cell
      antigen; quite similar to that of normal salivary duct cells. The results suggest
      that Warthin's tumor may not be a hamartomatous neoplasm at all but a
      hamartomatous dysplastic lesion.

PMID- 1804435
TI  - The glomerular peripolar cell: a review.
AB  - There is now morphological evidence from several species that the peripolar cell
      is a distinctive glomerular cell which may have a secretory function, although a
      secretory product has not been identified. Peripolar cells, like other glomerular
      epithelial cells, probably absorb plasma proteins from the glomerular filtrate.
      Peripolar cells may participate in regulation of sodium balance and the changes
      in renal function which occur at the time of birth. They are ideally situated to
      monitor the composition of the glomerular filtrate and/or the calibre of the
      glomerular arterioles. The relationship between peripolar cells and other
      granulated glomerular epithelial cells must be clarified, however their
      morphology and unique anatomical site is suggestive of a specialised function.

PMID- 1804436
TI  - A model of age-dependent population dynamics providing simple criteria for growth
      or extinction.
AB  - The Gurtin-MacCamy model for age-dependent population dynamics is reduced to a
      single ordinary differential equation. (This is done by assuming a specific form
      of the mortality function, and by assuming fertility to be age-dependent only.)
      The model is then applied to a population of greater horseshoe bats.

PMID- 1804437
TI  - The dynamics of gene amplification described as a multitype compartmental model
      and as a branching process.
AB  - The present work is aimed at developing the mathematical tools by which the
      dynamics of gene amplification (GA) can be described in detail. Some discrete
      compartmental models of GA by disproportionate replication and a general model
      for other putative GA mechanisms are presented and analyzed. The dynamical
      distribution of gene copy number in the cell population is calculated with the
      loss of cells taken either as constant or as copy-number-dependent. Our analysis
      shows that for a one-copy GA process with constant loss of cells, the relative
      frequency of single-gene-copy cells (sensitive cells) converges to zero, with the
      rate of convergence depending on the amplification probability. In contrast, for
      a one-copy GA process with copy-number-dependent loss of cells, the relative
      frequency of single-copy cells is bounded, implying a bounded compartment of many
      gene-copy cells. Using branching processes theory we calculate the dynamical
      distribution of the single-gene-copy compartment as well as its extinction
      probability. Our models are used for estimating treatment prognosis as affected
      by drug resistance due to GA, showing significant differences in prognosis
      resulting from small changes in drug dose.

PMID- 1804438
TI  - A true rate of population growth--Lotka's intrinsic rate of natural increase
      revisited.
AB  - In this paper, Lotka's intrinsic rate of current population growth is evaluated.
      A new method of computing the net reproduction rate and a new rate of population
      growth are proposed. The proposed rate is the rate of growth of the female
      population per woman per year. The rate is positive, equal to zero, or negative
      as a population is increasing, remaining stationary, or decreasing. The rate for
      the 1987 U.S. white female population was R = -0.0037. This means that the white
      population was decreasing in 1987 and was losing 3.7 females for every 1000 women
      per year.

PMID- 1804439
TI  - Modeling AIDS as a function of other sexually transmitted disease.
AB  - The spread of AIDS, as with any sexually transmitted disease, will depend on the
      pattern of sexual activity. Both the proportion of the population who have high
      partner exchange rates and the extent to which that proportion interacts with the
      remainder of the population are likely to be important determinants of the AIDS
      epidemic. However, it does not seem likely that surveys could obtain sufficiently
      reliable information of this nature for use in an accurate model of the AIDS
      epidemic. On the other hand, such information is implicitly contained in the
      epidemiology of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Therefore a method is
      suggested of calculating the parameters of a model of the AIDS epidemic by
      comparing it with the epidemiology of another STD. The result is a model that
      predicts the likelihood of infection by the AIDS virus as a function of time and
      an individual's history of STD. It is suggested that further work along these
      lines may lead to a quantitative approach to assessing the importance of various
      STDs as cofactors in the spread of AIDS.

PMID- 1804440
TI  - The principle of interval constraints: a generalization of the symmetric
      Dirichlet distribution.
AB  - A structure for representing problems in decision analysis and in expert systems,
      which reason under uncertainty, is the influence diagram or causal network. A
      causal network consists of an underlying joint probability distribution and a
      directed acyclic graph in which a propositional variable that represents a
      marginal distribution is stored at each vertex in the graph. This paper is
      concerned with two of the problems in applications that use causal networks. The
      first problem is the determination of the conditional probabilities of the values
      of remaining propositional variables in the network given that certain variables
      are instantiated for particular values. This is called probability propagation.
      The second problem is the determination of the most probable, second most
      probable, third most probable, and so on sets of values of a particular set of
      variables (called the explanation set) given that certain variables are
      instantiated for particular values. This problem is called abductive inference.
      There exists a class of causal networks in which each variable has only two
      parents, for which the time is required, by any known method, for probability
      propagation is exponential relative to the number of vertices in the network. The
      determination of a new method that would be efficient for all causal networks
      appears unlikely, because probability propagation has been shown to be #P
      complete. In many medical applications, networks are often large and not sparsely
      connected. Therefore a method for the exact determination of probability values
      appears unlikely for such applications, and the development of approximation
      methods seems to be the best solution. The current approximation methods obtain
      interval bounds for the probability values. When such intervals are obtained, it
      is not possible in general to rank the alternatives. In this paper, a method is
      developed for obtaining expected values for the point probabilities from interval
      constraints on the probabilities. The method is based on an application of the
      principle of indifference to the probability values themselves. The distributions
      obtained with the principle of indifference are a generalization of the symmetric
      Dirichlet distribution in which prior ignorance is assumed.

PMID- 1804441
TI  - Ecosystem flow networks: loaded dice?
AB  - An information-theoretic comparison of the topologies of observed ecosystem
      transfers and randomly constructed networks reveals that it is not easy to
      separate the members of the two sets. The distribution of ecosystem flow
      magnitudes, however, is seen to differ markedly from ordinary probability
      functions and to resemble the Cauchy or Pareto distributions. The agencies that
      impart such structure to ecological flow networks are not obvious, but one strong
      possibility is that autocatalysis, or indirect mutualism, promotes certain
      pathways at the expense of others, thereby enlarging the tail of the distribution
      of flow magnitudes.

PMID- 1804442
TI  - Necessary conditions for the method of inferring phylogeny by linear invariants.
AB  - It is known that if all the Markov transition matrices that govern the
      substitution of one nucleotide for another satisfy six linear constraints, then
      equations can be derived that permit one to infer evolutionary trees from nucleic
      acid sequences by the method of linear invariants. These sufficient conditions
      are also necessary. Any relaxation of them results in the loss of all linear
      invariants. Necessary conditions for any given set of linear invariants can be
      derived by examining conditions a matrix must satisfy to map a certain set of
      matrices into itself. To the extent that necessary conditions are incorrect, a
      method is not reliable. In a world where different parts of molecules evolve at
      different rates, the two-parameter model of Kimura may not be empirically
      distinguishable from the more general one treated here.

PMID- 1804443
TI  - Indistinguishability and identifiability analysis of linear compartmental models.
AB  - Two compartmental model structures are said to be indistinguishable if they have
      the same input-output properties. In cases in which available a priori
      information is not sufficient to specify a unique compartmental model structure,
      indistinguishable model structures may have to be generated and their attributes
      examined for relevance. An algorithm is developed that, for a given compartmental
      model, investigates the complete set of models with the same number of
      compartments and the same input-output structure as the original model, applies
      geometrical rules necessary for indistinguishable models, and test models meeting
      the geometrical criteria for equality of transfer functions. Identifiability is
      also checked in the algorithm. The software consists of three programs. Program 1
      determines the number of locally identifiable parameters. Program 2 applies
      several geometrical rules that eliminate many (generally most) of the candidate
      models. Program 3 checks the equality between system transfer functions of the
      original model and models being tested. Ranks of Jacobian matrices and
      submatrices and other criteria are used to check patterns of moment invariants
      and local identifiability. Structural controllability and structural
      observability are checked throughout the programs. The approach was successfully
      used to corroborate results from examples investigated by others.

PMID- 1804444
TI  - Modeling tumor growth.
AB  - The meaning and limitations of certain mathematical models of tumor growth are
      discussed, and some new derivations of the existing models are given. A
      theoretical justification for Gompertz's law of growth for tumors is presented.
      An age-dependent Von Bertalanffy's equation and diffusion models are introduced,
      and existence and uniqueness problems are addressed.

PMID- 1804445
TI  - Equilibrium points for nonlinear compartmental models.
AB  - Equilibrium points for nonlinear autonomous compartmental models with constant
      input are discussed. Upper and lower bounds for the steady states are derived.
      Theorems guaranteeing existence and uniqueness of equilibrium points for a large
      collection of system are proved. New information relating to mean residence times
      is developed. Asymptotic results and a section on stability are included. A
      recursive process is discussed that generates iterates that converge to steady
      states for certain types of models. An interesting range of models are included
      as examples. An attempt is made to provide general qualitative theory for such
      nonlinear compartmental systems.

PMID- 1804446
TI  - Optimal coordination and control of posture and locomotion.
AB  - This paper presents a theoretical model of stability and coordination of posture
      and locomotion, together with algorithms for continuous-time quadratic
      optimization of motion control. Explicit solutions to the Hamilton-Jacobi
      equation for optimal control of rigid-body motion are obtained by solving an
      algebraic matrix equation. The stability is investigated with Lyapunov function
      theory, and it is shown that global asymptotic stability holds. It is also shown
      how optimal control and adaptive control may act in concert in the case of
      unknown or uncertain system parameters. The solution describes motion strategies
      of minimum effort and variance. The proposed optimal control is formulated to be
      suitable as a posture and stance model for experimental validation and
      verification. The combination of adaptive and optimal control makes this
      algorithm a candidate for coordination and control of functional neuromuscular
      stimulation as well as of prostheses.

PMID- 1804447
TI  - A mathematical model for calculating the vector magnetic field of a single muscle
      fiber.
AB  - A mathematical model is described for calculating the volume-conducted magnetic
      field from active muscle fibers in an anisotropic bundle. With earlier models,
      the azimuthal magnetic field of a nerve bundle was calculated and the results
      were compared with the fields measured by toroidal pickup coils. The present
      model is capable of evaluating all three of the magnetic field components and is
      thus applicable for analyzing SQUID magnetometer recordings of fields from a
      muscle bundle. The component of the magnetic field parallel to the fiber axis is
      more than an order of magnitude smaller than either of the other two components.
      The amplitude of the magnetic signal is strongly dependent upon the anisotropy of
      the muscle bundle, the intracellular conductivity, the radius of the muscle
      fiber, the radius of the muscle bundle, and the location of the fiber in the
      muscle bundle. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the single-muscle-fiber action field
      increases linearly with increasing intracellular conductivity, as the square of
      the radius of the muscle fiber, and exponentially with the distance between the
      location of the fiber and the center of the bundle.

PMID- 1804448
TI  - Nonaxisymmetric wave propagation through a viscous fluid in a viscoelastic tube.
AB  - The eigensolution of a nonaxisymmetric linear wave propagation through a viscous
      fluid in a viscoelastic pipe is obtained. The solution can serve as a foundation
      for studying nonaxisymmetric blood flow. Some leading eigenvalues for two special
      cases are computed. The result shows that nonaxisymmetric modes decay fast during
      their propagation.

PMID- 1804449
TI  - Construction of expanded continuous life tables--a generalization of abridged and
      complete life tables.
AB  - This article extends the recent abridged life-table method of Hsieh. It
      generalizes the conventional discrete (abridged and complete) life tables into a
      continuous life table that can produce life-table functions at any age and
      develops a unified method of life-table construction that simplifies the
      disparate laborious procedures used in the traditional approach of constructing
      abridged and complete life tables. A set of precise procedures based on the
      complete cubic spline for the main body of the table and a mortality law for
      advanced ages is developed for estimating the basic and nonbasic life-table
      functions from a given mortality schedule. The proposed method can also produce
      more life-table functions than other existing methods. The method is illustrated
      with Canadian data.

PMID- 1804450
TI  - On the robustness of regular systems of inbreeding.
AB  - Half-sib, first cousin, half nth cousin, and nth cousin mating systems are robust
      in that small deviations from the mating structure will not significantly alter
      the levels of genetic identity or effect qualitative distinctions between the
      models. Substitution of nearest kin in matings may either increase or decrease
      the level of homozygosity depending on the mating structure; the effect of a
      single error in the mating structure is not an accurate indicator of the
      equilibrium resulting from recurrent errors. Models of mixed half nth cousin or
      nth cousin mating show that the relative frequency of the lowest order inbred
      mating essentially determines the level of homozygosity. Any positive relative
      frequency of more distant matings will reduce the probability of identity by
      descent under half-sib or first cousin mating to less than 1.

PMID- 1804451
TI  - Qualitative analysis of an HIV transmission model.
AB  - In 1988, a multiple-group model for HIV transmission with preferred mixing was
      proposed by Jacquez and coworkers. In the present paper, the work done by Jacquez
      et al. is extended. It is shown that the stability modulus of the Jacobian matrix
      at the no-disease equilibrium is a threshold for this model. Furthermore, if the
      no-disease equilibrium is unstable, the number of infected individuals will
      remain above a certain positive level regardless of initial levels; that is, the
      disease will persist uniformly. The stability of the endemic equilibrium in the
      case of restricted mixing is also studied. A series of sufficient conditions for
      local and global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium are stated.

PMID- 1804452
TI  - Properties of some density-dependent integrodifference equation population
      models.
AB  - Integrodifference equations may be used as models of populations with discrete
      generations inhabiting continuous habitats. In this paper integrodifference
      equation models are formulated for annual plant populations without a seed bank;
      these models differ in the stage of the life cycle at which intraspecific
      competition acts to reduce vital rates. The models exhibit a sequence of period
      doubling bifurcations leading to chaotic spatial and temporal behavior. The
      behavior of the models when modal dispersal distances are at the origin is
      compared with their behavior when these distances are displaced away from the
      origin. The models are capable of predicting stable, cyclical, and chaotic
      asymptotic behavior. They also predict that the variance of dispersal distances
      is an important indicator of the colonizing ability of a species.

PMID- 1804453
TI  - On a simplified model of the renal medulla.
AB  - A set of equations that approximate the central core model of the human kidney
      are solved. It is noted that the solution indicates a limit to the increase in
      solute concentration in the descending limb of Henle for a given metabolic pump
      term. Comparison is made with the results of an alternative theory, and numerical
      results are presented for the increase in solute concentration in the descending
      limb of Henle.

PMID- 1804454
TI  - Vector dissimilarity and clustering.
AB  - Based on the description of objects by m attributes, an m-element vector
      dissimilarity function is defined that, unlike scalar functions, retains the
      distinction among attributes. This function, which satisfies the conditions for a
      metric, allows the definition of betweenness, which can then be used for
      clustering. Applications to the subset-generation phase of conditional clustering
      and to nearest-neighbor-type algorithms are described.

PMID- 1804455
TI  - Estimation of the thermal coefficient in the decline of a bacterial population
      under heat stress.
AB  - The "most probable number" (MPN) technique for estimating numbers of bacteria in
      suspensions is well known and has been used for decades by microbiologists, food
      researchers, and other laboratory scientists. A related procedure, involving an
      infinite number of serial dilutions at each of times ti, i = 0,1,...,n, is
      considered, and the joint probability law of the index numbers of the last tubes
      showing growth at these times is derived through use of probability-generating
      functions. Maximum likelihood estimates of the initial density lambda and the
      thermal death rate mu are computed. Another estimate, mu, of mu is given, using a
      simple weighting scheme. Finally, the thermal death time (TDT) is estimated by D
      = (1n 10)/mu.

PMID- 1804456
TI  - Modification of a cylindrical bidomain model for cardiac tissue.
AB  - Previous models based on a cylindrical bidomain assumed either that the ratio of
      intracellular and interstitial conductivities in the principal directions were
      the same or that there was no radial variation in potential (i.e., a planar
      front, delta Vm/delta rho = 0). This paper presents a formulation and the
      expressions for the intracellular, interstitial, extracellular, and transmembrane
      potentials arising from nonplanar propagation along a cylindrical bundle of
      cardiac tissue represented as a bidomain with arbitrary anisotropy. For unequal
      anisotropy, the transmembrane current depends not only on the local change of the
      transmembrane potential but also on the nature of the transmembrane potential
      throughout the volume.

PMID- 1804457
TI  - An assessment of the maximum sustainable yield of ivory from African elephant
      populations.
AB  - A general, logistic population model is used to explore the dynamics of harvested
      elephant populations. The model includes two features peculiar to elephant
      populations and the harvesting of ivory. First, because of the shape of the
      growth curve of tusks with age, the conversion factor that relates the number of
      elephants killed to the ivory yield in weight is not constant, but a function of
      the population size. Second, tusks from animals that die from natural causes can
      be retrieved and included in the total yield of ivory. The implications of the
      relationship between tusk size and age of an animal on the maximum sustainable
      yield in terms of ivory tonnage and in terms of the number of tusks are explored.
      The nonequilibrium implications of the tusk growth curve on the population
      dynamics under different harvesting strategies are also investigated. Results
      indicate that the maximum sustainable yield is achieved at very low harvest rates
      with population levels close to the pristine equilibrium. When tusks from animals
      that die of natural causes are included in the harvest, the maximum yield may,
      depending on the mortality and recruitment parameters, occur when there is no
      direct harvest.

PMID- 1804458
TI  - Two-mutation model for carcinogenesis: joint analysis of premalignant and
      malignant lesions.
AB  - A model for carcinogenesis that postulates two rate-limiting events for malignant
      transformation is a generalization of the recessive oncogenesis hypothesis,
      according to which inactivation of homologous tumor suppressor genes leads to
      cancer. This model has been shown to be consistent with a large body of
      epidemiologic and experimental data and has recently been used for the analysis
      of altered hepatic foci in rodents. These foci are considered to be premalignant
      lesions. In this paper the necessary mathematics for the joint analysis of
      premalignant and malignant lesions are developed within the framework of this
      model.

PMID- 1804459
TI  - Disturbed nonlinear multispecies models in ecology.
AB  - We analyze a disturbed form of the general Lotka-Volterra model of an ecosystem
      with m interacting species. The disturbances act on the intrinsic growth rates of
      the species and are assumed to be bounded but otherwise unknown. We employ a
      Lyapunov technique and the concept of "reachable set" from control theory to
      estimate the set of all possible population densities that are attainable as a
      result of the disturbances. To calculate estimates for this reachable set, a
      number of numerical methods that entail the solution to one or more global
      optimization problems are developed. Specific examples involving two, three, and
      four species are solved. We also derive an explicit analytical expression that
      represents an estimate for the reachable set in the m-dimensional case. The
      estimate is conservative but can be evaluated without carrying out any
      optimization procedure. We show that methods developed in this paper can be
      applied to certain other types of nonlinear ecosystem models.

PMID- 1804460
TI  - Spectra-based estimates of certain time-domain parameters of a bivariate
      stationary-point process.
AB  - We consider estimates of certain time-domain parameters of a bivariate stationary
      point process based on modified periodogram statistics. These estimates are shown
      to be asymptotically normal under regularity conditions. In the computations of
      the estimates, the advantage of using the FFT algorithm is demonstrated. Three
      examples, obtained by analyzing two data sets from the field of neurophysiology,
      are illustrated.

PMID- 1804461
TI  - Global stability in a synthrophic chain model.
AB  - A mathematical model formulated by G. Powell in 1986 is considered. This model
      describes a synthrophic chain of species Xi, 1 less than or equal to i less than
      or equal to n, in a continuous chemostat culture. Species Xi utilizes substrate
      Si and forms a product Si + 1. Substrate Si + 1 inhibits the growth of Xi and
      constitutes a growth-limiting substrate of Xi + 1. For this model, the conditions
      for coexistence of all species are improved, and the local stability results are
      extended to global stability. Some interesting cases are discussed.

PMID- 1804462
TI  - A stochastic two-stage carcinogenesis model: a new approach to computing the
      probability of observing tumor in animal bioassays.
AB  - A new definition of probability of observing tumor in animal bioassay is
      developed. It is derived from a two-stage stochastic model for carcinogenesis
      with time-dependent birth and death rates for cell proliferation. The model takes
      into account the method of collecting data on preneoplastic and neoplastic
      lesions. The new definition is appropriate for analyzing the presence or absence
      of tumors in animal bioassays.

PMID- 1804463
TI  - Maximum sustainable yield of a nonlinear population model with continuous age
      structure.
AB  - Here we investigate the maximum sustainable yield problem for an age-structured
      population whose dynamics are density dependent. We use the nonlinear version of
      the McKendrick model of population dynamics that was introduced by Gurtin and
      MacCamy and do not constrain the magnitude of the harvesting term. We show that
      this problem has an optimal solution and that the optimum is attainable by a
      bimodal harvesting policy. This result is consistent with the results obtained by
      Grey for the nonlinear Leslie model.

PMID- 1804464
TI  - Diffusion models for chemotaxis: a statistical analysis of noninteractive
      unicellular movement.
AB  - A program is developed for applying stochastic differential equations to models
      for chemotaxis. First a few of the experimental and theoretical models for
      chemotaxis both for swimming bacteria and for cells migrating along a substrate
      are reviewed. In physical and biological models of deterministic systems, finite
      difference equations are often replaced by a limiting differential equation in
      order to take advantage of the ease in the use of calculus. A similar but more
      intricate methodology is developed here for stochastic models for chemotaxis.
      This exposition is possible because recent work in probability theory gives ease
      in the use of the stochastic calculus for diffusions and broad applicability in
      the convergence of stochastic difference equations to a stochastic differential
      equation. Stochastic differential equations suggest useful data for the model and
      provide statistical tests. We begin with phenomenological considerations as we
      analyze a one-dimensional model proposed by Boyarsky, Noble, and Peterson in
      their study of human granulocytes. In this context, a theoretical model consists
      in identifying which diffusion best approximates a model for cell movement based
      upon theoretical considerations of cell physiology. Such a diffusion
      approximation theorem is presented along with discussion of the relationship
      between autocovariance and persistence. Both the stochastic calculus and the
      diffusion approximation theorem are described in one dimension. Finally, these
      tools are extended to multidimensional models and applied to a three-dimensional
      experimental setup of spherical symmetry.

PMID- 1804465
TI  - Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in nutritional support.
AB  - Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) is a salt formed of two molecules of
      ornithine and one molecule of alpha-ketoglutarate. OKG has been successfully used
      by the enteral and parenteral route in burn, traumatized, and surgical patients
      and in chronically malnourished subjects. According to the metabolic situation,
      OKG treatment decreases muscle protein catabolism and/or increases synthesis. In
      addition, OKG promotes wound healing. The mechanism of action of OKG is not fully
      understood, but the secretion of anabolic hormones (insulin, human growth
      hormone) and the synthesis of metabolites (glutamine, polyamines, arginine,
      ketoacids) may be involved.

PMID- 1804466
TI  - Treatment of "pernicious anaemia of pregnancy" and "tropical anaemia" with
      special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent. 1931.

PMID- 1804468
TI  - Child diarrhea: oral rehydration therapy and rural mother.
AB  - The prevalence of diarrhea among children, feeding practices during diarrhea, and
      knowledge about oral rehydration therapy (ORT) among 2616 mothers and 44
      Anganwadi workers (AWWs) of Panchmahals and 2293 mothers and 37 AWWs of
      Chandrapur districts of Gujarat State and Maharashtra State, respectively, were
      investigated. The effect of maternal literacy status and nutrition knowledge on
      mothers' and AWWs' ability to correctly prepare an oral rehydration solution
      (ORS) was also examined. The prevalence of diarrhea was highest in children less
      than 2 yr old, and thereafter it showed a consistent decline up to 6 yr. Most of
      the mothers favored a reduction in the child's food intake during diarrhea,
      whereas the AWWs favored increasing it. Awareness of mothers about ORT was low,
      but half of those who were aware could prepare ORS correctly. Maternal literacy
      status and nutrition knowledge positively affected the mother's understanding of
      ORT and her ability to prepare ORS. The mother's presence and availability at
      home positively influenced the utilization of ORS when her child was sick with
      diarrhea. Thus, poor literacy status, poor nutrition knowledge, and working
      mother status appear to limit mothers' ability to utilize ORS to prevent or
      correct diarrhea-induced dehydration.

PMID- 1804467
TI  - Lipid and lipoprotein levels in adults receiving Liposyn II.
AB  - Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured in 45 adult patients receiving
      parenteral nutrition for 10-14 days who were administered 20-50% of their daily
      total calorie requirement as Liposyn II. The study was an unblinded
      noncomparative multicenter investigation. Measurements were made on days 1, 3, 7,
      10, and 14. Patients gained an average of 1.2 +/- 0.5 kg body wt during the
      study. No patient had to be removed from the study due to clinically significant
      adverse effects. Some changes in hematology, blood chemistry, and liver function
      parameters occurred, but these changes were consistent with alterations typically
      observed in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Total protein levels
      increased by an average of 0.30 +/- 0.13 g/dl (p less than 0.03). Plasma levels
      of phospholipid, triglycerides, total free fatty acids, very-low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      were normal or below normal at all times and did not change during the study.
      Significant increases occurred in total cholesterol (p less than 0.03) and low
      density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p less than 0.02) that were consistent
      with the mobilization of tissue cholesterol during intravenous lipid infusions.
      These increases do not infer any increased risk of coronary heart disease. The
      ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol was 0.24-0.28 at all times.

PMID- 1804469
TI  - Bacteriological safety of closed enteral nutrition delivery system.
AB  - One of the most commonly reported side effects of enteral tube feedings is
      diarrhea, at times attributed to the bacterial contamination of tube feedings. A
      closed enteral delivery system has recently been devised. It consists of a
      cardboard Tetrapack containing the sterile enteral nutrition formula and and
      independent sterile administration set; together these constitute a closed
      Tetrapack-administration set enteral delivery system. The bacteriological safety
      of this system was evaluated in vitro under controlled laboratory conditions in a
      series of studies. There was no or bacteriologically insignificant bacterial
      contamination of the enteral nutrition formula, even with repeated use of one
      administration set for multiple containers over 24 h. Bacteriological growth in
      the enteral nutrition formula was directly related to the duration of the hanging
      time of a Tetrapack container. No bacterial growth occurred with hanging times
      less than 18 h; insignificant bacterial growth occurred by 24 h. A progressive
      time-related increase in bacterial growth occurred between 24 and 48 h. Our data
      indicate that the newly developed closed Tetrapack-administration set enteral
      delivery system is, and will remain, bacteriologically sterile if each Tetrapack
      container is allowed to hang for no longer than 24 h.

PMID- 1804470
TI  - The effect of plasma solutes on total-body-water measurements via NMR.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been reported as an alternative
      method for quantitating deuterium oxide concentrations in the evaluation of total
      body-water in humans. However, the presence of dissolved plasma proteins results
      in an underestimation of deuterium NMR (2H-NMR) intensity ratios, thereby causing
      an overestimation (5-6%) of total-body-water (TBW) values determined from
      nonsublimed patient plasma samples. We demonstrate that plasma samples must be
      corrected for the volume percentage of water in plasma. Correction of initial 2H
      NMR intensity ratios with a factor of 0.93 results in intensity ratios comparable
      to those determined from plasma samples subjected to vacuum sublimation to remove
      all plasma solutes.

PMID- 1804471
TI  - Gallbladder contraction after administration of intravenous amino acids and long
      chain triacylglycerols in humans.
AB  - We examined the possible physiologic effects of intravenous (IV) amino acids
      (AAs) and long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs) on gallbladder (GB) motility and
      release of cholecystokinin (CCK) on humans. GB contraction was studied in normal
      volunteers after administration of a fatty meal and IV infusion of AA and LCT.
      The GB contraction volume was calculated with ultrasound. Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK
      8) and cholecystokinin-33/39 (CCK-33/39) were measured by radio-immunoassay.
      Administration of a fatty meal resulted in GB contraction by 60% of its basal
      volume and was accompanied by an increase in the serum levels of both CCK-8 and
      CCK-33/39. Administration of IV AA and LCT resulted in GB contraction by 17 and
      37%, respectively, of its basal volume. The latter contractions were accompanied
      by increased levels of CCK-8 only. We conclude that IV administration of AA and
      LCT can result in human GB contraction and induce the release of only CCK-8.
      Continuous IV administration of AA and LCT for greater than 2h causes exhaustion
      of CCK-8 release, so that the GB returns to its initial volume.

PMID- 1804472
TI  - Use of PABA test to check completeness of 24-h urine collections in elderly
      subjects.
AB  - The p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) test has been successfully used as an indicator of
      completeness of 24-h urine collection in field studies of the general population.
      Our study was designed to investigate its validity for elderly people. Urinary
      excretion of fractionated oral doses of PABA was measured in 21 young control
      subjects (19-39 yr old) and 356 elderly (60-89 yr old) men and women. PABA
      excretion over 24 h was lower in elderly than in control subjects. Subjects aged
      greater than or equal to 70 yr had a lower recovery of the PABA dose than
      subjects aged 60-69 yr over the first 24 h, followed by a higher recovery over
      the next 24-48 h. The cumulative 48-h recovery was similar in all age classes of
      elderly subjects. However, 48% of the elderly subjects had a cumulative PABA
      recovery below the conventional cutoff for completeness (85%). These subjects
      also had consistently lower creatinine output and urinary volume. The lower 24-h
      urinary PABA recovery over 70 yr of age is interpreted to reflect the delayed
      renal clearance of the marker substance and indicates that the PABA test is
      unsuitable for this age group. The low 48-h cumulative recoveries found in all
      age classes of the elderly are thought to be caused by small unreported losses,
      which are recurrent in free-living populations.

PMID- 1804473
TI  - Capacity of high-density lipoprotein for donating apolipoproteins to fat
      particles in hypertriglyceridemia induced by fat infusion.
AB  - Acquisition of apolipoproteins C-II (apoCII) and C-III (apoCIII) is essential for
      the regulation of intravascular metabolism of fat particles (exoTG). This study
      was undertaken to investigate whether the capacity of high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) for donating apoCII and apoCIII is influenced by the concentration of
      triglycerides (TGs) in plasma. A fat emulsion was infused into six male
      volunteers at a rate of 0.5 g TG.kg-1.h-1 (priming dose) for 30 min. For the
      following 160 min, fat was infused a fat emulsion was infused into the same
      subjects at a rate of 0.3 g.kg-1.h-1 for 160 min after the administration of the
      priming dose of fat emulsion for 30 min (experiment 2). The plasma TG
      concentrations and the amounts of apoCII and apoCIII in exo TG and HDL were
      monitored. The concentration of TG in the plasma stabilized at approximately 500
      mg/dl in experiment 1, whereas it continued to increase to 815 +/- 42 mg/dl at
      160 min after the start of the infusion of the fat emulsion in experiment 2. In
      experiment 1, the amount of both apoCII and apoCIII began to increase in exoTG
      and to decrease in HDL after the initiation of fat infusion. These changes in the
      distribution of apoC stabilized while the TG concentration remained at a plateau
      value. However, in experiment 2, the amount of apoC in exoTG did not increase
      further in response to the additional rise in plasma TG level. These results
      suggest that there is a relative lack of apoC that can be donated by HDL,
      depending on the quantitative balance between exoTG and HDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804475
TI  - Increased availability of tryptophan in brain as common pathogenic mechanism for
      anorexia associated with different diseases.
AB  - Changes in brain serotonin and tryptophan concentrations probably represent one
      of the most important mechanisms in the regulation of eating behavior both in
      experimental animals and in humans. Anorexia, which accompanies numerous
      diseases, e.g., cancer, liver cirrhosis, and uremia, may recognize an increased
      brain availability of tryptophan as a common pathogenic mechanism. This will lead
      to a rise in brain serotonin synthesis, which, in turn, is responsible for a
      reduction in food intake. According to this hypothesis, the anorexia observed in
      various diseases could be improved either by a decrease in the cerebral synthesis
      of serotonin or by a reduction in the entry of tryptophan into the brain.

PMID- 1804474
TI  - Effect of three liquid diets on cecal bacterial flora and bacterial translocation
      in mice.
AB  - Separate groups of mice were fed either standard rodent chow or one of three
      liquid diets (Impact, Isosource HN, Fibersource HN) for 14 days to determine the
      effects of these liquid diets on the cecal bacterial flora and on the incidence
      of bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Liquid Isosource and
      liquid Fibersource had no noticeable effect on either the cecal bacterial flora
      or the incidence of bacterial translocation. Liquid Impact was associated with
      cecal bacterial overgrowth but had no effect on the incidence of bacterial
      translocation. Each of the liquid diets was then lyophilized and similarly fed to
      mice; none of the lyophilized diets had a noticeable effect on the cecal
      bacterial flora or the incidence of bacterial translocation. To test these liquid
      and lyophilized diets in stressed mice, separate groups of mice were again fed
      the various diets for 14 days but given parenteral Escherichia coli
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 24 h before being killed. None of the liquid or
      lyophilized diets had a noticeable effect on the cecal bacterial overgrowth
      noticed in LPS-treated chow-fed mice. Compared with chow-fed mice, the typically
      elevated LPS-induced bacterial translocation was even more elevated in mice fed
      liquid diet but was somewhat decreased in mice fed lyophilized diet. Thus, the
      modulatory effects of these liquid diets on the cecal flora and the incidence of
      bacterial translocation appeared to depend on the composition of the diet and on
      prior treatment with parenteral LPS.

PMID- 1804476
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: fat-oil relationship.
AB  - Between 1949 and 1984, 150 patients with multiple sclerosis consumed low-fat
      diets. Fat, oil, and protein intakes; disability; and deaths were determined.
      With a daily fat consumption less than 20.1 g/day (av 17 g/day), 31% died, and
      average deterioration was slight. A daily intake greater than 20 g/day (av 25 or
      41 g/day) was attended by serious disability and the deaths of 79 and 81%,
      respectively. Oil intake bore an indirect relationship to fat consumption.
      Minimally disabled patients who followed diet recommendations deteriorated little
      if at all, and only 5% failed to survive the 34 yr of the study, whereas 80% who
      failed to follow diet recommendations did not survive the study period. The
      moderately disabled and severely disabled patients who followed diet
      recommendations carefully did far better than those who failed to follow the
      diet. In general, women tended to do better than men. Those patients treated
      early did better than those in whom treatment was delayed. High sensitivity to
      fats suggests that saturated animal fats are directly involved in the genesis of
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 1804478
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion.

PMID- 1804477
TI  - Nutritional assessment: a pending renaissance.

PMID- 1804479
TI  - Companion animal illness and human emotion. Historical overview.
AB  - The historical changes in practitioner response to client emotions during a
      companion animal's illness are outlined. In the not too distant past,
      veterinarians, frustrated by lack of technical competence, ignored the emotional
      needs of clients. The 1970s witnessed the development of a concerted interest in
      resolving the lack of knowledge in the subject. The American Veterinary Medical
      Association and other professional organizations have disseminated proven
      insights into client emotions. Client sophistication, increased competition, and
      the threat of litigation have forced practitioners to understand and appreciate
      human psychologic needs. Major publishers and institutions have accepted the
      responsibility of making material available. In the final analysis, establishing
      rapport with clients will prove gratifying to the practitioner and will gain
      client loyalty.

PMID- 1804480
TI  - Suffering and euthanasia.
AB  - Suffering is a powerful but elusive concept in veterinary medicine. Because the
      companion animal cannot talk, assessment of suffering requires the best judgment
      of veterinarian, family, and other interested participants. Determining whether
      euthanasia is appropriate rests on a similar consensus but is based on the entire
      medical and social situation. Clinicians need skill, sensitivity, and a well
      developed sense of timing to uncover what clients really feel and want. Offering
      the family options, such as to be present during the euthanasia, makes the
      veterinarian's task easier and helps clients cope.

PMID- 1804481
TI  - Death and bereavement.
AB  - This chapter addresses normal and abnormal grief reactions, the stages of grief
      and mourning, and the different types of emotional support available to clients
      who have lost a pet. Also included is a brief list of suggestions for helping the
      veterinarian counsel those persons who may have an especially difficult task in
      accepting a pet's death: children and solitary adults.

PMID- 1804482
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Cancer.
AB  - The practice of veterinary oncology requires that attention be paid to both the
      medical and emotional needs of patients, clients, and staff members. In order to
      attend to these needs effectively, practice management goals for diagnosis,
      treatment, and euthanasia must be clearly established. Common medical and
      emotional issues pertinent to the practice of veterinary oncology are presented
      in this chapter. Hands-on information about what to say and what to do while
      dealing with these issues are detailed. After-care strategies for clients and
      staff are also included.

PMID- 1804483
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Cardiac disease.
AB  - Cardiac disease in companion animals constitutes a significant part of veterinary
      medicine. Because of the nature of the problems encountered, emotional problems
      in the owners can be expected to arise. The major difficulty in dealing with
      cardiac problems in small animals arises from the uncertainty of prognosis and
      the frequency of sudden death. This chapter reviews the most prevalent heart
      diseases seen in companion animals and offers ways of explaining to clients the
      disease process, different treatments available (and their side effects), and
      more importantly, prognosis. Many problems can be avoided if good client
      communications are established early in the course of therapy.

PMID- 1804484
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Conditions requiring chronic management.
AB  - Communicating with a client whose animal is afflicted with a chronic, incurable,
      but not-yet fatal illness is one of the most difficult human relations problems
      in veterinary medicine. A sudden and marked change occurs in the intensity and
      quality of the owner/patient bond. This necessitates establishing a new, and
      almost always less satisfying human/animal equilibrium. The practitioner not only
      plays a critical role in helping the owner cope with the conflicts of chronicity
      but must also grapple with his or her own frustrations surrounding the need to
      treat a known ill-fated patient. Techniques and strategies useful for dealing
      with all aspects of the management of the chronically ill patient are discussed.

PMID- 1804485
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Decision-making concerning pets with loss of
      autonomic function.
AB  - Appropriate communication with clients is essential when dealing with pets that
      have conditions associated with loss of autonomic function. These conditions
      include fecal and urinary incontinence, megaesophagus, and feline constipation.
      These conditions require a strong commitment to long-term caretaking with
      frequent frustrations on behalf of the client. Evaluation of the owner's
      personality types as well as the entire home situation is essential in assisting
      clients with their decision on how to deal with the problems. Each case should be
      evaluated based on multiple factors. Ideally, the veterinarian needs to go beyond
      offering medical advice and should help facilitate the decision-making process
      based on the ability of the client to deal with the care of a pet with a chronic
      problem. Different approaches to dealing with these often difficult situations
      will be discussed.

PMID- 1804486
TI  - Basic skills for successful client relations.
AB  - Today's veterinary professional must not only be medically adept but must also
      possess good communications and client relations skills. Clients are far more
      likely to judge a practitioner by his or her interpersonal abilities rather than
      by medical judgment. This chapter stresses the importance of having "a
      counselor's attitude" toward clients. It will also make clinicians more aware of
      their verbal and nonverbal communication, hone the ability to listen and
      empathize, develop the art of questioning and explaining, and teach clinicians to
      constructively handle anger. These skills will go a long way to enhance
      relationships, build the practice, and reduce the people-to-people stresses that
      always arise when a beloved pet's life is compromised, threatened, or ended.

PMID- 1804488
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Behavioral problems.
AB  - Understanding companion animal behavior and treating behavior problems requires
      an appreciation of both the species-typical and individualistic nature of the
      behavior of dogs and cats, as well as people. Pet behavior problems are
      influenced by many factors, including genes, physiological processes and a myriad
      of environmental influences during the development of the pet throughout its
      life. Human behavior is influenced greatly by cognitive/linguistic capabilities
      unavailable to pets. Human anthropomorphism, egocentrism, and our tendency to
      attribute causality have surprisingly little effect on the development of major
      pet behavior problems but must be considered factors bearing on the successful
      treatment of these problems.

PMID- 1804487
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Loathsome and disfiguring conditions.
AB  - This chapter provides a brief but reasonably detailed group of well-defined but
      difficult problems (with their potential solutions) that are presented on a
      regular basis to veterinary practitioners. The author stresses that prior to
      instituting corrective measures there is a need for client education and
      communication. The potential for increased costs in meeting the needs of the
      patient and animal owner must be emphasized.

PMID- 1804489
TI  - Animal illness and human emotion. Neurologic problems.
AB  - Clients' decisions are based on the veterinarian's ability to familiarize them
      with nervous system disease. Unfortunately, the nervous system does not lend
      itself to complete examination without advanced neurodiagnostic tests. These
      tests usually require general anesthesia, may be invasive, and often require
      advanced training. Therefore, a logical and orderly approach to animals with
      neurologic disease should be mastered. Problems can be avoided by educating the
      client about the extent of neurologic disease, the working diagnosis, pros and
      cons of diagnostic and therapeutic options, and a plan of action should
      unanticipated problems arise.

PMID- 1804491
TI  - Neural control of human nasal secretion.
AB  - Patients with allergic and non-allergic nasal disorders may complain of symptoms
      of itching, discharge, congestion or fullness, and obstruction of airflow. The
      actions of sensory nerves and parasympathetic reflexes are central to the
      development of these symptoms, and likely play crucial roles in allergic and non
      allergic nasal pathology. Nasal provocation studies have provided much
      information about the nature of the processes which contribute to the production
      of nasal secretions and the development of obstruction to nasal air flow. The
      results of human nasal provocation studies will be discussed after a review of
      the special anatomy of the human nasal mucosa, its vasculature, and its
      innervation.

PMID- 1804490
TI  - Stimulation of human airway epithelial cells by platelet activating factor (PAF)
      and arachidonic acid produces 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) capable
      of contracting bronchial smooth muscle.
AB  - Human airway epithelial cells grown to confluence were incubated with varying
      concentrations (10-100 microM) of arachidonic acid or platelet activating factor
      (PAF) for periods of 30 min to 24 h. Both stimuli caused the production of 15
      hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) by epithelial cells as determined by HPLC.
      Neither stimulus caused the production of leukotrienes, thromboxane or
      prostaglandins aside from minimal amounts of PGE2. Maximal production of 15-HETE
      after arachidonic acid (10 microM; N = 9) occurred at 1 h (235 +/- 59 ng/mg
      protein), whereas maximum generation after PAF treatment (10 microM; N = 9)
      occurred at 6 h (153 +/- 48 ng/mg protein). Neither arachidonic acid nor PAF at
      concentrations up to 100 microM caused cell toxicity as determined by 51Cr
      release. 15-HETE at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1 microM
      contracted isolated human bronchus. An initial small amplitude, short-lasting
      (less than 15 min) contraction was followed by a much larger contraction
      beginning 30-60 min following 15-HETE challenge, reaching a maximum at
      approximately 2 hr. These results demonstrate that PAF may induce delayed airway
      smooth muscle contraction by the generation of 15-HETE from epithelial cells. The
      kinetics of 15-HETE generation and its contractile activity are compatible with
      it being a mediator of the late asthmatic reaction.

PMID- 1804492
TI  - Effects of ritodrine infusion on hemodynamics and lung lymph in awake sheep.
AB  - The effect of the beta-agonist, ritodrine HCl, was studied on cardiac output (CO)
      and pulmonary lymph flow (QL) in sheep. Increased CO is associated with an
      increase in pulmonary QL in sheep during exercise. Isoproterenol increases CO but
      has not been shown to increase pulmonary QL. Ritodrine HCl was chosen because of
      its association with pulmonary edema when used to halt premature labor in
      pregnant women. Unanesthetized sheep received an intravenous infusion of
      ritodrine in increasing doses over 4 h up to a maximum of 6.3 micrograms/kg/min.
      Pulmonary pressure increased 2 mmHg after 1 h and returned to baseline by hours 3
      and 4 with no change in left atrial pressure or lymph to plasma protein ratio.
      Pulmonary QL increased by 61% and CO by 80% at hour 3 of infusion (ritodrine dose
      5.4 micrograms/kg/min) and remained at this level. Pulmonary QL and CO
      (normalized to baseline) correlated, r = 0.72, p less than 0.001, but there was
      no correlation between pulmonary QL and calculated microvascular pressure.
      Although an increase in pulmonary microvascular endothelium permeability with
      concurrent pulmonary vasodilation can not be completely ruled out, it appears
      from this study that beta-agonist therapy with ritodrine increases pulmonary QL
      by a CO related recruitment of microvessels.

PMID- 1804493
TI  - The effect of aerosolized SK&F 104353-Z2 on the bronchoconstrictor effect of
      leukotriene D4 in asthmatics.
AB  - Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a potent bronchoconstrictor and vasoactive mediator that
      has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We have studied the
      effect of SK&F 104353-Z2, a specific LTD4 antagonist, on LTD4-induced
      bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. A total of 12 mild asthmatics (mean baseline
      FEV1 +/- SEM: 85.9% +/- 2.6) received on 2 separate days, double-blind and cross
      over, 800 micrograms SK&F 104353-Z2 or placebo via aerosol. After 30 min,
      doubling concentrations of LTD4 (0.078 to 20.1 microM in the first 4 patients and
      up 80.4 microM in the other patients) were inhaled with intervals of 30 min.
      Specific airways conductance (sGaw) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)
      were measured. On the placebo-day LTD4 inhalation caused a concentration
      dependent bronchoconstriction. The effect of SK&F 104353-Z2 on baseline sGaw and
      FEV1 could be evaluated in 10 patients. After inhalation of SK&F 104353-Z2 a
      small, but significant increase, in sGaw (0.107 +/- 0.013 to 0.132 +/- 0.011 cm
      H2O-1s-1) and FEV1 (3.39 +/- 0.23 to 3.56 +/- 0.25 liter) was observed. The
      effect of SK&F 104353-Z2 on the dose-response curve for LTD4 was evaluated in the
      six patients who inhaled concentrations of LTD4 up to 80 microM. On the active
      treatment day, the dose-response curve for LTD4 was significantly shifted to the
      right.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804494
TI  - Effect of long-term infusion of platelet-activating factor on pulmonary
      responsiveness and morphology in the guinea-pig.
AB  - The effect of chronic administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on
      airway reactivity, cell recruitment and lung morphology in the guinea-pig has
      been investigated. Alzet osmotic minipumps delivering either PAF (7.2 mg/kg/14
      days) in 0.25% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in saline (saline-BSA), acetylcholine
      or saline-BSA alone were implanted s.c. in the neck region of guinea-pigs and
      connected to the jugular vein. In some experiments, implanted and non-implanted
      animals were treated daily with the PAF antagonist, BN 52021 (15 mg/kg, twice a
      day, p.o.). On day 15 after minipump implantation, the animals were anesthetized
      with urethane (1.2 g/kg, i.p.) and tracheal cannula was inserted for mechanical
      ventilation. Pulmonary inflation pressure (PIP) was monitored and airway
      responsiveness was assessed by administration of increasing doses of histamine
      (0.2-100 micrograms/kg, i.v.). As compared to saline-BSA-treated or non-implanted
      guinea-pigs, chronic treatment of the animals with PAF induced a significant (p
      less than 0.01) increase in airway response. No significant change in airway
      responsiveness was observed following chronic acetylcholine administration. In
      contrast, regardless of the treatment of the animals, no change in the threshold
      dose of histamine inducing alteration in PIP was noted, suggesting that PAF
      induces bronchopulmonary hyperreactivity rather than hyperresponsiveness. In
      addition, no significant difference was observed in the in vitro responsiveness
      to histamine of lung parenchymal strips from animals having received PAF or
      saline-BSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804495
TI  - Effects and specific binding sites of endothelin in human lung preparations.
AB  - Endothelin binding in human isolated lung membrane fractions revealed a single
      class of high affinity recognition sites with a Kd of 1.33 +/- 0.15 nM and a Bmax
      of 9.61 +/- 1.44 pmol/mg protein. Endothelin inhibited [125I]endothelin binding
      with a Ki of 1.90 +/- 0.15 nM whereas structurally unrelated compounds had no
      effect. Endothelin was a potent contractile agonist on human isolated pulmonary
      arterial (HPA) and venous (HPV) muscle preparations (pD2 values: 9.64 and 10.36,
      respectively). Neither indomethacin (1 microM), nicardipine (0.01, 0.10, 1.0
      microM) nor diltiazem (1, 10, 100 microM) altered the sensitivity of HPA to
      endothelin. Human isolated bronchial muscle preparations were less sensitive to
      endothelin than vascular tissues. These data suggest that pulmonary veins may be
      a major target for this constrictory peptide in the human lung.

PMID- 1804496
TI  - Increased relaxation by felodipine on pulmonary artery from rats with
      monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension does not reflect functional
      impairment of the endothelium.
AB  - The effects of the calcium entry blocking drug, felodipine, were examined against
      the spasmogens, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and endothelin on
      pulmonary artery preparations taken from rats treated with saline or
      monocrotaline (endothelium present) and from untreated rats (endothelium
      removed). In saline-treated rats, the potencies (negative log EC50) of
      noradrenaline, 5-HT and endothelin were 7.97, 5.25 and 8.39 respectively, and
      felodipine (10 nM) reduced the maximum responses to noradrenaline (28% reduction)
      and 5-HT (47% reduction), without reducing their potency. In monocrotaline
      treated rats, the potencies of noradrenaline, 5-HT and endothelin were 8.43, 6.42
      and 8.44, and felodipine significantly reduced the potencies of noradrenaline
      (0.60 log units) and 5-HT (0.48 log units) in addition to reducing their maximum
      responses (60% and 69% reductions, respectively). Felodipine had no effect on
      endothelin in either group of rats. Removal of the endothelium caused a small
      increase in the potency of 5-HT, but had no influence on the other spasmogens or
      on the effects of felodipine. It is concluded that monocrotaline treatment of
      rats leads to increases in a) the potencies of noradrenaline and 5-HT on
      pulmonary artery, and b) the effectiveness of felodipine against these two
      spasmogens. Neither of these increases can be attributed to monocrotaline-induced
      endothelial cell damage.

PMID- 1804497
TI  - The nature of muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction
      in the rabbit.
AB  - The interaction of muscarinic receptor subtype-selective antagonists with ACh was
      studied in the pulmonary vasculature of rabbits. In anesthetized rabbits, ACh (5
      20 nmol/kg, i.v.) increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and decreased
      systemic arterial pressure (SAP). After 2.85 nmol/kg i.v. pirenzepine (PNZ), the
      ACh-induced increase in PVR was attenuated by 67% while the decrease in SAP was
      not altered. After 2.85 mumol/kg i.v. pirenzepine, the ACh-induced increase in
      PVR was totally blocked, while the SAP response was only partially inhibited
      (43%). Similar results were obtained with trihexyphenidyl. Atropine or secoverine
      (SEC) inhibited equally the PVR and SAP responses to ACh. In isolated rabbit
      lungs perfused in situ at 140 ml/min, ACh (1 microM) increased PVR by 210%,
      perfusate levels of TXB2 by 1000% and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha by 21% of baseline
      values. PNZ (50 nM) inhibited the effects of ACh on PVR, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha levels. SEC (50 nM) did not alter the effects of ACh on PVR, or the TXB2 to
      6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratio. At 100 nM, both PNZ and SEC reduced all effects of ACh.
      These results suggest that the rabbit pulmonary vascular muscarinic receptors
      mediating vasoconstriction and thromboxane release are sensitive to pirenzepine
      and thus behave more like M1 receptors.

PMID- 1804498
TI  - The effect of hydrogen peroxide on smooth muscle tone, mucus secretion and
      epithelial albumin transport of the ferret trachea in vitro.
AB  - The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was examined on baseline and on
      methacholine- and phenylephrine-stimulated smooth muscle tone, mucus volume and
      lysozyme outputs, and epithelial albumin transport of the ferret whole trachea in
      vitro. H2O2 (10 microM-10 mM) had no significant effect on tracheal smooth muscle
      tone but produced concentration-dependent increases in mucus volume, lysozyme and
      albumin outputs. The potential difference (P.D.) across the trachea was not
      changed by H2O2. Exposure of the trachea to H2O2 (1 mM) for 2 h reduced the
      smooth muscle contractions and lysozyme outputs due to methacholine (1 microM)
      and phenylephrine (10 microM). Methacholine-induced albumin output was
      significantly increased by H2O2 but that due to phenylephrine was not
      significantly affected. Exposure to H2O2 had no significant effect on the mucus
      volume output produced by methacholine or phenylephrine. Thus H2O2 directly
      stimulates submucosal gland secretion, including secretion from serous cells, and
      epithelial albumin transport across the ferret trachea but has no effect on
      tracheal smooth muscle tone. H2O2 reduces methacholine- and phenylephrine-induced
      smooth muscle contractions and serous cell secretion. H2O2 causes
      hyperresponsiveness of albumin output to methacholine but not to phenylephrine.

PMID- 1804499
TI  - Prejunctional stimulation of cholinergic nerves in rat airway smooth muscle by an
      adenosine analogue.
AB  - The effect of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) on rat bronchial smooth
      muscle was examined in vitro. Both the nerve mediated muscle contraction induced
      by electrical stimulation and the potassium evoked release of [3H]ACh were
      enhanced by NECA. The apparent affinity (EC50) of NECA in the contraction
      experiments was 0.30 +/- 0.06 microM. The adenosine (ADO) receptor antagonist, 8
      phenyltheophylline (8-PT), inhibited the NECA induced potentiation of both the
      electrical induced contraction and the potassium evoked release of [3H]ACh. The
      EC50 and intrinsic activity of exogenous ACh were not altered in the presence of
      NECA (1 microM) in experiments where smooth muscle contraction were measured,
      indicating that NECA has a prejunctional effect and not a postjunctional effect
      on muscarinic receptors. The new A2 specific ADO receptor agonist 2-p-(2
      carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) and ADO
      also enhanced the nerve-mediated contraction (EC50 = 35 +/- 8 microM and 69 +/-
      20 microM, respectively). 8-PT (10 microM) and enprofylline (ENPF) (10 microM)
      inhibited the electrically induced contraction by 55 +/- 16% and 45 +/- 5%
      respectively. The potassium evoked release, however, was stimulated 56 +/- 6% and
      39 +/- 7% by 50 microM 8-PT and ENPF respectively. The results provide evidence
      for a NECA specific ADO receptor in rat bronchi that is most likely
      prejunctional. Stimulation of this receptor, which may be of an A2 receptor
      subtype, enhances the nerve mediated release of ACh and thereby induce
      contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle.

PMID- 1804500
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide-induced epithelial damage increases terbutaline transport in
      guinea-pig tracheal wall: implications for drug delivery.
AB  - An isolated vagus nerve-tracheal tube preparation from guinea-pig was treated
      intraluminally with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at various concentrations. Exposure
      to, 100 mmol/L H2O2 for 20 min was chosen for further experiments since it
      appeared to cause selective damage to the epithelium. Thus the subepithelial
      layers of the tracheal wall appeared intact as judged by light microscopic
      examination. The response to nerve stimulation (increase in intratracheal
      pressure) was attenuated by only about 20%. Terbutaline administration into the
      tracheal lumen caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the response to
      nerve stimulation. In tracheal preparations pretreated with 100 mmol/L H2O2 there
      was a 20-fold decrease in the EC50 for terbutaline. The EC50 for terbutaline
      added to the external medium was not changed by the H2O2 pretreatment. The efflux
      of 3H-terbutaline from the tracheal lumen into the external medium was three
      times higher in H2O2-treated than in control preparations. It is concluded that
      in the H2O2-damaged epithelium the absorption of terbutaline is enhanced
      resulting in a better availability of the drug in the smooth muscle layer after
      intraluminal administration.

PMID- 1804501
TI  - The actions of bradykinin and lys-bradykinin on tracheal blood flow and smooth
      muscle in anaesthetized sheep.
AB  - The actions of bradykinin and the related compound lys-bradykinin have been
      studied on the tracheal circulation and tracheal smooth muscle of the sheep.
      Cranial tracheal arteries of ten anaesthetised and paralysed sheep were isolated
      and perfused at systemic arterial pressure; arterial inflow was measured with an
      electromagnetic flow probe. Tracheal smooth muscle tone was assessed by measuring
      the external diameter of the cranial trachea. Close arterial injection of
      bradykinin and lys-bradykinin (0.1 to 1000 pmoles) produced potent dose-dependent
      falls in tracheal vascular resistance: for bradykinin a maximum fall of -56.4%
      (52.3-60.5%, 95% confidence interval) and for lys-bradykinin -52.8% (46.5-59.1%).
      The ED50 values were 0.69 (0.51-1.32) and 1.46 (1.19-2.28) pmoles respectively.
      Small and inconsistent relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle was seen with the
      higher doses (greater than 1.9 pmoles) of both kinins. Intravenous indomethacin
      (5 mg.kg-1) increased the vasodilation produced by bradykinin and lys-bradykinin.
      Oxyhaemoglobin (4 microns at 0.35 ml.min-1) infused into the tracheal circulation
      almost abolished the responses to bradykinin and methacholine. The results
      indicate that in the sheep trachea bradykinin has little action on airway smooth
      muscle but is a potent dilator of the vasculature; bradykinin and lys-bradykinin
      are of similar potency suggesting the action may be via B2 receptors. While the
      vascular responses may be modulated by vasoconstrictor cyclo-oxygenase products
      the vasodilation is likely to be endothelium-dependent and not prostanoid
      mediated.

PMID- 1804503
TI  - Scaffold-associated regions and repeated or cross-hybridizing sequences on an 800
      kilobase DNA stretch of the Drosophila X chromosome.
AB  - DNA fragments binding to the scaffold (SARs) have been previously mapped on an
      800-kb DNA fragment from the Drosophila X chromosome. Here we have examined
      whether these 86 DNA fragments bear sequences repeated in the Drosophila genome
      and/or cross-hybridizing sequences. Twenty-two middle-repeated sequences were
      localized by hybridizing Southern transfers of representative cloned DNA with
      total genomic DNA and, reciprocally, by hybridizing Southern transfers of total
      genomic DNA with this cloned DNA. Seventy-nine out of the 86 SAR-containing
      fragments appeared to be distinct from these 22 repeated motifs. Therefore, SARs,
      in their vast majority, are not members of middle-repeated sequence families.
      However, the 22 middle-repeated sequences were shown to be significantly located
      in the near vicinity of SARs. Hybridizations were also performed between SAR
      containing DNA fragments, either at a high or at a low stringency. At a high
      stringency, the 86 SAR-containing DNA fragments did not cross-hybridize. However,
      at a low stringency, a complex hybridization network was evidenced. These
      nucleotide sequence similitudes support the idea that the various SARs may play
      common roles.

PMID- 1804502
TI  - Evaluation of the potassium channel activator BRL 38227 as an inhaled
      bronchodilator in the guinea-pig: contrast with nifedipine and salbutamol.
AB  - The potential of the potassium channel activator cromakalim and its active
      enantiomer BRL 38227 as inhaled bronchodilators has been evaluated in the guinea
      pig, in comparison with nifedipine, salbutamol and aminophylline. Inhaled
      cromakalim and BRL 38227 prolonged the time before histamine-induced collapse in
      conscious guinea-pigs, BRL 38227 (ED50 250 to 500 micrograms/mL, roughly 10 to 20
      micrograms per animal) being twice as potent as cromakalim. In anaesthetized
      guinea-pigs, BRL 38227 (inhaled and i.v.) and aminophylline (i.v.) caused similar
      percentage inhibitions of the increase in airways resistance and decrease in
      dynamic lung compliance elicited by histamine, whereas salbutamol (inhaled and
      i.v.) was more effective against resistance. Inhaled BRL 38227 and salbutamol
      were more potent against inhaled than against i.v. histamine. BRL 38227 inhibited
      the effects of i.v. and inhaled histamine by 67-78% when nebulized from solutions
      of 250 and 31 micrograms/mL respectively, but the lowest concentration that
      lowered blood pressure significantly was 500 micrograms/mL. In contrast,
      nifedipine had no effect on compliance and caused only a marginal (21%)
      inhibition of resistance at a dose (200 micrograms/kg i.v.) which lowered blood
      pressure by 44%. These results show that BRL 38227 is an effective bronchodilator
      when given by inhalation. It differs from salbutamol in its effects on airways
      dynamics, and its effect on lung compliance cannot be attributed to a pulmonary
      vasodilator effect. Furthermore, L-type calcium channels are not significantly
      involved in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction or therefore in the
      bronchodilator effect of BRL 38227.

PMID- 1804504
TI  - Post-transcriptional analysis of rat mitochondrial D-3-hydroxybutyrate
      dehydrogenase control through development and physiological stages.
AB  - The nuclear encoded mitochondrial D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) is
      synthesized in the cytosal as a larger precursor. This membrane enzyme which
      requires lecithin for activity plays an essential role in energy metabolism as a
      ketone bodies-converting enzyme. A cDNA clone of the rat liver enzyme
      encompassing an antigenic determinant peptide has been isolated after
      immunoscreening of a lambda gt11 expression library. The nucleotide sequence of
      this 279-base cDNA insert contains a single open reading frame of 93 amino-acids,
      which represents about a third of the mature enzyme. Amino-acid sequence analysis
      predicts a hydrophobic stretch of 29 amino-acids long which probably functions as
      membrane anchor domain, or as an important region for the enzyme activation by
      phospholipid. By using this cDNA probe the BDH gene has been investigated at the
      mRNA level. There is only one mRNA (2-kb size) for BDH whatever the studied
      tissue. The rat gene is differently expressed since its mRNA is already present
      in the foetus liver while the BDH polypeptide amount is low and its enzymatic
      activity is not detectable even in the late stage of foetal development. The mRNA
      content is higher in the liver than in extrahepatic tissues. Adrenalectomy and
      ovariectomy increase liver mRNA content and polypeptide level, as well as
      activity of BDH. These effects are totally or partially abolished by
      corticosterone and estradiol treatments respectively. In addition, a 15-day
      hyperlipidic diet stimulates BDH gene expression. Present results show that the
      gene expression of this mitochondrial enzyme is modulated through development and
      hormonal and metabolic conditions mentioned above.

PMID- 1804505
TI  - Fluid phase endocytosis investigated by fluorescence with trimethylamino
      diphenylhexatriene in L929 cells; the influence of temperature and of
      cytoskeleton depolymerizing drugs.
AB  - The temperature-dependence of fluid phase endocytosis was investigated in L929
      cells, using a recently described fluorescence approach with trimethylamino
      diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH). In interaction with cells, this probe is rapidly
      incorporated into the plasma membrane and follows its intracellular traffic of
      internalization-recycling, thus behaving as a suitable marker for fluid phase
      endocytosis. The kinetics of the process may be followed accurately by simple
      fluorescence intensity measurements, while complementary fluorescence anisotropy
      and micrographic data may be obtained in parallel with the same probe. It was
      shown that the formation of endocytic vesicles was not inhibited by cooling the
      cells, even down to 4 degrees C, but only reduced in a quasi-linear way with
      temperature. Conversely the further fusion events between the vesicles and large
      vacuolar bodies (endosomes, lysosomes) were strongly and discontinuously
      influenced: they were almost totally suppressed below 15 degrees C. The evolution
      of the membrane fluidity during endocytosis, which was monitored by fluorescence
      anisotropy measurements, indicated that the fusion inhibition was probably
      correlated with the inability of the endocytic vesicles to shed their initial
      clathrin coat at low temperature. Moreover, microscopic observations showed that
      at low temperature the endocytic vesicles hardly moved from the place of their
      formation. Pretreatment of the cells with microtubule and microfilament
      depolymerizing drugs (cytochalasin B, vinblastine) led to the conclusion that the
      cytoskeleton played little role in the vesicle movements. Altogether, the results
      suggested that the progression of the vesicles towards the cell core resulted
      from successive fusion events, which explained why they were considerably slowed
      down by cooling.

PMID- 1804506
TI  - Effects of low temperature on the formation of secretion granules in the Golgi
      apparatus of granular cells of the frog urinary bladder.
AB  - The formation of secretion granules has been studied in the Golgi apparatus of
      granular epithelial cells of frog urinary bladders maintained at room temperature
      or cooled at 4 degrees C for various lengths of time. In control animals, the
      Golgi apparatus was composed of the following stacked elements: subjacent to the
      cis-element made up of anastomosed tubules, two elements in the mid-compartment
      consisted of flattened saccules interconnected by tubules. On the trans-face, two
      or three sacculo-tubular elements were slightly dilated by an electron dense
      granular material. In the trans-Golgi elements, this material was segregated into
      dilatations of various sizes and shapes which are continuous with flattened
      portions devoid of stained material. In the trans-Golgi region, free irregular
      progranules, seemingly formed by rupture of the trans-most Golgi elements. In
      granular cells examined after 4 h at 4 degrees C, all Golgi compartments were
      affected by the low temperature. The cis-half portion of the Golgi apparatus
      consisted mainly of anastomosed membranous tubules and the cis-element was no
      longer recognizable. The trans-compartment was reduced to a few flattened
      saccules with progranules hardly visible on their trans-aspect. At later time
      intervals, there was a progressive reconstitution of the cis-zone while saccular
      elements started to pile up in the trans-compartment. At 24 h, the trans
      compartment comprised six to eight saccular elements which showed irregular
      dilatations filled with granular material separated by large flattened portions.
      These various observations were interpreted as indicating that the trans
      compartment was a dynamic structure undergoing continuous renewal.

PMID- 1804507
TI  - 'Neurosecretion' by synaptic terminals in the locust corpus cardiacum: is non
      synaptic exocytosis part of the regulated or the constitutive pathway?
AB  - Nerve fibres form conventional synaptic junctions with gland cells in the corpus
      cardiacum of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. They contain synaptic vesicles
      whose contents are normally electron-lucent, but which react positively to
      cytochemical tests for amines (eg, incubation in the false transmitter 5-OHDA).
      Secretory granules are also present in the terminals and such inclusions are
      known to contain neuropeptides. The granules undergo non-synaptic exocytosis and
      this process has been visualized by the application of tannic acid. Granule
      exocytosis gives clear signs of being part of a regulated secretory pathway: it
      is elevated in vivo by flight--a natural stimulus known to activate the gland
      (this effect is blocked by prior injection of trehalose); its incidence is
      closely correlated with a postsynaptic response, suggesting a role for the
      materials discharged in short-term signalling; and when induced in vitro by high
      K+, it is Ca(2+)-dependent. However, a low level of exocytosis was encountered
      under all the conditions employed, suggesting the existence of a constitutive
      component. It is postulated that the regulated and constitutive patterns of
      discharge of neuropeptides are related to the roles of these materials as
      neurotransmitters/modulators and neurotrophic substances, respectively.

PMID- 1804508
TI  - Liquid crystal-type assembly of native cellulose-glucuronoxylans extracted from
      plant cell wall.
AB  - In numerous plant cell walls, the cellulose microfibrils are arranged in a
      helicoidal pattern which has been considered as an analog to a cholesteric order.
      Here, we report on the spontaneous helicoidal organization which occurs in
      acellular conditions from aqueous suspensions of cellulose. The cellulosic
      mucilage of mature seeds of quince (Cydonia oblonga L) was studied both in situ
      (pre-release mucilage) and after water extraction and in in vitro re-assembly
      (prolonged high speed ultracentrifugation, further progressive dehydration and
      embedding in LR White methacrylate or hydrosoluble melamine resin). The
      cellulosic component was characterized by the use of cellobiohydrolase (CBH1)
      bound to colloidal gold, and the glucuronic acid residues of the xylan matrix
      were characterized by the use of cationised gold. Inside the seeds, the pre
      release mucilage is mostly helicoidal, with the occurrence of more or less
      ordered domains, which indicate a fluid organization relevant to an actual liquid
      crystal state. Cytochemical tests revealed the tight association between
      cellulose and glucuronoxylans, the latter constituting a charged coat around each
      microfibril. Following the hydration of the seed, a cellulosic suspension was
      extracted in which microfibrils were totally dispersed. The progressive
      dehydration of the suspension gave rise to concentrated viscous drops.
      Ultrastructural observations revealed the occurrence of multidomain organization,
      from non-ordered to cholesteric-like regions, revealing that the mucilage is at
      the same time crystalline and liquid. This constitutes the first demonstration
      that liquid crystal type assemblies can arise from crystalline and biological
      cellulose in aqueous suspension. It strengthens the hypothesis that a transient
      liquid crystal state must occur during the cellulose ordering. The possible
      morphogenetic role of the glucuronoxylans in the cholesteric organization of the
      cellulose is discussed.

PMID- 1804509
TI  - Identification of the eleocytes as the vitellogenin producing cells in nereids.
AB  - Coelomocytes of Nereis diversicolor synthesize and secrete vitellogenin in vitro.
      Using a monoclonal antibody which specifically recognized vitellogenin, we showed
      by immunocytochemistry that among the coelomocytes only a subpopulation, called
      eleocytes, contained vitellogenin. These results assert that eleocytes are the
      vitellogenin producing cells in nereids.

PMID- 1804510
TI  - The 1990 Borden Award Lecture. Dietary regulation of fatty acid and triglyceride
      metabolism.
AB  - The level of circulating triacylglycerols is determined by the balance between
      their delivery into the plasma and their removal from it. Plasma triacylglycerols
      are derived either from dietary fat as chylomicrons or from endogenous hepatic
      synthesis as very low density lipoproteins. Their removal occurs through the
      action of lipoprotein lipase after which the fatty acids are either stored in
      adipose tissue or oxidized, primarily in skeletal muscle and heart. The
      composition of the diet has been shown to influence many of these processes.
      Hepatic fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol secretion are affected by the
      quantity and composition of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein.
      Polyunsaturated but not saturated fats reduce hepatic fatty acid synthesis by
      decreasing the amount of the lipogenic enzymes needed for de novo fatty acid
      synthesis. Dietary fish oils are particularly effective at reducing both fatty
      acid synthesis and triacylglycerol secretion and as a result are
      hypotriacylglycerolemic, particularly in hypertriacylglycerolemic individuals. In
      addition, dietary fish oils can increase the oxidation of fatty acids and lead to
      increased activity of lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle and heart. It appears
      that the hypotriacylglycerolemic effect of dietary fish oils is mediated by
      effects on both synthesis and removal of circulating triacylglycerols.

PMID- 1804511
TI  - The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism.
AB  - In animals, decreases in selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase activity and
      the resultant impairment of peroxide metabolism can account for many, but not all
      of the biochemical and clinical changes caused by selenium deficiency. Recently,
      however, type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase has also been shown to be a selenium
      containing enzyme. This explains the impairment of thyroid hormone metabolism
      caused by selenium deficiency in animals with a normal vitamin E status. Since
      iodothyronine 5'-deiodinases are essential for the production of the active
      thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, some of the consequences of selenium
      deficiency may result from thyroid changes rather than inability to metabolise
      peroxides. In particular, the impaired thyroid hormone metabolism may be
      responsible for decreased growth and resistance to cold stress in selenium
      deficient animals. A further consequence of the role of selenium in thyroid
      hormone metabolism is the exacerbation of some of the thyroid changes in iodine
      deficiency by a concurrent selenium deficiency. Selenium status may therefore
      have a major influence on the outcome of iodine deficiency in both human and
      animal populations.

PMID- 1804512
TI  - Stroma-free hemoglobin: its presence in plasma does not improve oxygen supply to
      the resting hindlimb vascular bed of hemodiluted dogs.
AB  - In hemodilution, red cell spacing in the microcirculation is increased, flow
      distribution may become more heterogeneous, and, as a result, oxygen supply to
      tissues may suffer. We tested the hypothesis that oxygen extraction from diluted
      blood may be enhanced by the presence of hemoglobin in the plasma phase in
      relatively low concentrations. In anesthetized dogs, the hindlimb vascular bed
      was isolated and perfused with the animal's own blood by a roller pump. One group
      of dogs (n = 6) was hemodiluted (hematocrit = 15.0 +/- 1.0%) with a 6% solution
      of dextran. A second group of dogs (n = 6) was similarly hemodiluted (hematocrit
      = 16.0 +/- 0.4%) with dextran containing stroma-free hemoglobin solution whereby
      plasma-phase hemoglobin concentration was raised to 1.1 +/- 0.1 g.dL-1. Systemic
      hemodynamic observations were made repeatedly over the subsequent 2.5 h, while
      blood flow to the hindlimb was progressively reduced in stepwise decrements. The
      hemoglobin-hemodiluted group showed increased systemic arterial blood pressure
      and total peripheral resistance when compared with the control (dextran diluted)
      group. The isolated hindlimb also showed evidence of increased vascular
      resistance in the hemoglobin-treated group. In each individual animal, critical
      oxygen delivery and extraction were determined by finding the intercept of the
      supply-independent and supply-dependent portions of the oxygen uptake/oxygen
      delivery relationship. Neither the critical oxygen delivery rates (5.75 +/- 0.83
      vs. 6.41 +/- 0.53 mL.kg-1.min-1) nor critical oxygen extraction ratios (0.75 +/-
      0.03 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.04) were found to be significantly different in the two
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804513
TI  - 23Na and flame photometric studies of the NMR visibility of sodium in rat muscle.
AB  - 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is increasingly being used to
      study Na+ gradients and fluxes in biological tissues. However, the quantitative
      aspects of 23Na NMR applied to living systems remain controversial. This paper
      compares sodium concentrations determined by 23Na NMR in intact rat hindlimb (n =
      8) and excised rat gastrocnemius muscle (n = 4) with those obtained by flame
      photometric methods. In both types of samples, 90% of the sodium measured by
      flame photometry was found to be NMR-visible. This is much higher than previously
      reported values. The NMR measurements for intact hindlimb correlated linearly
      with the flame photometric measurements, implying that one pool of sodium,
      predominantly extracellular, is 100% visible. From measurements on excised
      muscle, in which extracellular space is more clearly defined, the NMR visibility
      of intracellular Na+ was calculated to be 70%, assuming an extracellular space of
      12% of the total tissue water volume and an extracellular NMR visibility of 100%.
      23Na transverse relaxation measurements were carried out using a Hahn spin echo
      on both intact hindlimb (n = 1) and excised muscle (n = 2) samples. These showed
      relaxation curves that could each be described adequately using two relaxation
      times. The rapidly relaxing component showed a T2 value of 3-4 ms and the slowly
      relaxing component a T2 of 21-37 ms. A spin lattice relaxation (T1) measurement
      on intact hindlimb yielded a value of 51 ms. These relatively long relaxation
      times show that the quadrupolar relaxation effect of Na+ complexing to large
      macromolecules or being otherwise motionally restricted is relatively weak. This
      is consistent with the high NMR visibilities reported here.

PMID- 1804514
TI  - Changes in force and calcium sensitivity in the developing avian heart.
AB  - The aim of this study was to characterize the development of the contractile
      properties of intact and chemically skinned muscle from chicken heart and to
      compare these characteristics with those of developing mammalian heart reported
      by others. Small trabeculae were dissected from left ventricles of Arbor Acre
      chickens between embryonic day 7 and young adulthood (7 weeks post-hatching). At
      all ages, increasing extracellular calcium (0.45-3.6 mM) progressively increased
      twitch force of electrically stimulated trabeculae. Twitch force at 1.8 mM
      extracellular calcium, normalized to cross-sectional area, increased to a maximum
      at 1 day post-hatching, remained constant through 3 weeks post-hatching, but then
      decreased at 7 weeks post-hatching. The maximal calcium-activated force of
      trabeculae chemically skinned with Triton X-100 detergent increased to a maximum
      2 days before the time of hatching and was not significantly changed up to 7
      weeks post-hatching. Over the ages studied, average twitch force in 1.8 mM
      calcium was between 26 and 66% of maximal calcium-activated force after skinning,
      suggesting that the contractile apparatus is not fully activated during the
      twitch in normal Ringer. In skinned trabeculae, the calcium sensitivity of the
      contractile apparatus was higher in the embryo than in the young adult. These age
      dependent changes in calcium sensitivity are correlated with isoform switching in
      troponin T. A decrease in pH from 7.0 to 6.5 decreased the calcium sensitivity of
      the contractile apparatus to a greater degree in skinned trabeculae from young
      adult hearts than in those from embryonic hearts. This change in susceptibility
      to acidosis is temporally associated with isoform switching in troponin
      I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804515
TI  - Influences of anabolic androgens on cardiac growth and metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Testosterone, and to a lesser degree methandrostenolone, was shown to influence
      cardiac growth in immature male rats by affecting protein synthesis and
      degradation. The nature of cardiac responses to androgen appear to depend on the
      prevailing experimental conditions. Protein synthesis was inhibited in the
      castrate rat and was stimulated by subsequent treatment with androgen. Under
      conditions of induced overgrowth of the ventricles, androgens gave rise to an
      attenuation of the effects of aortic constriction on ventricular mass and blood
      pressure involving smaller changes in protein synthesis and proteolysis.
      Concentrations of testosterone receptors in ventricular cytosol further indicated
      that the myocardium is more sensitive to androgen action during the prepubertal
      phase of the life-span. Changes in amount and properties of the receptors showed
      them to be functional and responsive to castration, aortic constriction, and
      administration of the androgens. The androgens affected cardiac protein balance
      by stimulating the incorporation of radiolabelled amino acid into protein in
      vivo. They also appeared to influence proteolytic processes involving lysosomal
      hydrolase activities, but their actions were either stimulatory or inhibitory
      depending on the internal environment. The heart is a target organ for several
      hormones including androgen, and our findings fortify the notion that hormone
      action needs to be investigated alone and in association with other endocrines.

PMID- 1804517
TI  - In vivo diffusion-perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of acute cerebral
      ischemia.
AB  - We compared the anatomic extent and severity of ischemic brain injury shown on
      diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images, with cerebral tissue perfusion
      deficits demonstrated by a nonionic intravascular T2*-shortening magnetic
      susceptibility contrast agent used in conjunction with standard T2-weighted spin
      echo and gradient-echo echo-planar images. Diffusion-weighted images displayed
      increased signal intensity in the vascular territory of the middle cerebral
      artery 25-40 min after permanent occlusion, whereas T2-weighted images without
      contrast were negative or equivocal for at least 2-3 h after stroke was induced.
      Contrast-enhanced T2-weighted and echo-planar images revealed perfusion deficits
      that were spatially closely related to the anatomic regions of ischemic tissue
      injury. These data indicate that diffusion-weighted MR images are very sensitive
      to early onset pathophysiologic changes induced by acute cerebral ischemia.
      Combined sequential diffusion-perfusion imaging enables noninvasive in vivo
      examination of the relationship between hypoperfusion and evolving ischemic brain
      injury.

PMID- 1804516
TI  - Peptide YY induces nerve-mediated responses in the guinea pig intestine.
AB  - The actions of peptide YY (PYY) were studied in longitudinal organ-bath
      preparations of the guinea pig intestine. PYY induced concentration-dependent
      (10(-9)-5 x 10(-8) M) relaxations of tissue from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum,
      and colon. These responses were unaffected by adrenergic blockade and atropine
      treatment but could be prevented by tetrodotoxin. The pharmacology of PYY actions
      in segments of the small and large intestine indicated the involvement of
      intrinsic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurones in the relaxation
      response to this peptide. All tissues could be made tachyphylactic to PYY without
      affecting their ability to respond to the direct acting muscle relaxants ATP or
      papaverine. Moreover, nicotinic ganglion stimulated relaxations and cholinergic
      nerve-mediated contractions were also unaffected. These results show applied PYY
      to have potent neurogenic actions in the guinea pig intestine with some
      similarities to PYY actions in the rat intestine.

PMID- 1804518
TI  - Calcium buffer solutions and how to make them: a do it yourself guide.
AB  - In measurements of the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) using
      either microelectrodes or fluorescent probes, calibration is normally carried out
      in EGTA calcium buffer solutions. In the first part of the article the general
      properties of calcium buffer solutions are discussed, the equations used to
      calculate the apparent calcium binding constant (Kapp) are derived, and the
      difficulties in the calculation are discussed. The effects of the purity of EGTA
      as well as the influence of calcium contamination on the buffer solutions are
      explained. Because of the difficulties in calculating Kapp, and the importance of
      EGTA purity and calcium contamination, it is suggested that it is easier to
      measure all three under the appropriate experimental conditions using the method
      of Bers (1982). In the second part a do-it-yourself guide to the preparation of
      EGTA calcium buffer solutions is given. An experimental example is provided using
      the Bers method to measure purity, contamination, and Kapp. It is concluded that
      unless all three factors are known it is not possible to prepare accurate EGTA
      calcium buffer solutions.

PMID- 1804519
TI  - The effects of isotonic contractions on the rate of fatigue development and the
      resting membrane potential in the sartorius muscle of the frog, Rana pipiens.
AB  - The goal of this study was to characterize how isotonic contractions affect the
      rate of fatigue development. Muscle bundles dissected from frog sartorius muscles
      were stimulated with 100-ms long train of pulses (0.5 ms, 6 V, 140 Hz). To
      measure the effect of the isotonic contractions, isometric tetanus were elicited
      at regular time intervals during the stimulation to fatigue. In general, isotonic
      contractions caused a faster decrease in tetanic force than isometric
      contractions. The difference in tetanic force between an isotonic and isometric
      fatigue increased gradually over a 20-min period to 7.9 and 13.5% at 0.04 and 0.1
      trains/s (TPS), respectively. At 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 TPS, the decrease in tetanic
      force was also faster during an isotonic fatigue, which resulted in an initial
      difference in tetanic force between the two types of fatigue. The difference did
      not exceed 18.5% and did not persist throughout the stimulation period; i.e., the
      difference disappeared before the end of the fatigue stimulation. The half
      relaxation time was prolonged during fatigue development, and the prolongation
      was greater during an isotonic fatigue, except at 0.04 TPS. The increases in the
      half-relaxation time at 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 TPS were followed by a decrease, and
      the decreases were especially pronounced during an isotonic fatigue at 0.5 and
      1.0 TPS. The results showed for the first time that isotonic contractions cause a
      faster rate of fatigue development in frog sartorius muscles, and this effect
      depends on the frequency of stimulation.

PMID- 1804520
TI  - The effect of high buffer cardioplegia and secondary cardioplegia on cardiac
      preservation and postischemic functional recovery: a 31P NMR and functional study
      in Langendorff perfused pig hearts.
AB  - High buffer cardioplegia may provide protection against ischemic damage by
      reducing the extent of intracellular acidosis. Secondary cardioplegia may improve
      postischemic recovery by restoration of high energy phosphates, ionic gradients,
      and intracellular pH. To test these hypotheses, pig hearts were arrested with
      high buffer (150 mM MOPS) cardioplegia or modified St. Thomas' solution II and
      then kept ischemic at 12 degrees C for 8 h. High energy phosphates and
      intracellular pH were followed during the period of ischemia, using 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional recovery was followed during
      reperfusion. The hearts arrested by high buffer cardioplegia showed significantly
      higher intracellular pH than hearts preserved with St. Thomas' solution, but
      there were no significant differences in high energy phosphates. There were no
      significant differences in functional recovery. We found, however, that secondary
      cardioplegia abolished ventricular fibrillation, and resulted in improved
      functional recovery after 8 h of ischemic preservation compared with the hearts
      reperfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution alone. Our results suggest that despite
      attenuating the decreases in intracellular pH, high buffer cardioplegia does not
      improve recovery following 8 h of preservation at 12 degrees C. Secondary
      cardioplegia reduces the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and improves
      postischemic functional recovery of the myocardium.

PMID- 1804521
TI  - The effect of partial denervation of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle on the number
      and sizes of motorneurons in TA motornucleus of normal and dystrophic (C57BL
      dy2j/dy2j) mice.
AB  - The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in one leg of normal (C57BL) and dystrophic
      (dy2j) mice was partially denervated by resection of a part of the lateral
      popliteal nerve. Two months later the muscle was injected with horseradish
      peroxidase to permit visualization of the motorneurons that survived. Partial
      denervation in both C57 and dy2j mice resulted in reduction of the number of
      motorneurons that supplied the muscle to approximately one-half the normal
      complement. The surviving motorneurons were found to be significantly larger
      (about 25%) than their contralateral counterparts. This condition persisted up to
      18 months and is not considered to be a transient response to the trauma
      associated with the partial denervation. When the size of the target tissue was
      also reduced by extirpation of one-half of TA together with partial denervation,
      motorneuron size was not found to increase. It is suggested that the increase in
      size is a response to the metabolic demands placed upon the motorneuron by an
      increase in the size of the motor unit.

PMID- 1804522
TI  - Comparison of force and EMG measures in normal and reinnervated tibialis anterior
      muscles of the rat.
AB  - The relationship between motor unit force and the recorded voltage produced by
      activated muscle unit fibres (electromyogram, EMG) was examined in normal and
      reinnervated rat tibialis anterior muscles. The number, cross-sectional area, and
      radial distance from the recording electrode of muscle fibres in a given unit,
      obtained directly from a sample of glycogen-depleted motor units, were analysed
      in relation to the magnitude of the EMG signal produced by that unit. EMG peak to
      peak amplitude and area varied as approximately the square root of twitch force
      in both normal and reinnervated units. Furthermore, the EMG amplitude increased
      approximately as the total cross-sectional area of the motor unit (number of
      muscle fibres x the average cross-sectional area of the fibres) and inversely
      with approximately the square root of the distance of fibres from the recording
      electrodes on the surface of the muscle.

PMID- 1804523
TI  - Distal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption during rebound metabolic alkalosis.
AB  - Rebound metabolic alkalosis is a transient alkalemia that is seen during recovery
      from NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. The persistent elevation of plasma
      bicarbonate concentration is the result of continuing excretion of net acid by
      the kidney. Bicarbonate transport by inner medullary collecting ducts has been
      reported by others to proceed normally (i.e., bicarbonate reabsorption continues
      in this segment) during rebound metabolic alkalosis. No other segmental responses
      have been evaluated. Since the surface distal tubule of the rat is known to both
      reabsorb and secrete bicarbonate in vivo, it was of interest to determine the
      response of this segment. Our results show that the distal tubule microperfused
      in vivo during rebound metabolic alkalosis continues to reabsorb significant
      amounts of bicarbonate, despite the presence of systemic alkalemia that we have
      previously shown to be associated with distal tubule bicarbonate secretion.

PMID- 1804524
TI  - The PDQ (Physician Data Query), the cancer database, in oncological clinical
      practice.
AB  - The above illustrates the fact that a physician interested in consulting the PDQ
      database must dedicate a certain amount of time to an analytical review of the
      database. It is difficult to determine how much time is required to acquire a
      sufficient level of control because there are many variables affecting the
      learning time: experience in using computerized systems, cultural background,
      personal inclination, etc. However, a certain amount of caution and humility
      should be exercised whenever a physician approaches a database of this type for
      the first time, in order to avoid the mistake of dangerously underestimating the
      nature of the problem. On the other hand, the physician's specific competence and
      professionalism will not be questioned at all, since they are fundamental to
      obtain productive search results. If, indeed, the above discussion focussed
      heavily on the most closely documental aspect of the problem, it should not be
      forgotten that the contents of the database can be fully understood only by
      experts who are used to encountering certain terms and procedures on a daily
      basis. In fact, when a physician turns to a documentation center for a PDQ
      research, the physician's assistance is always requested in order pair clinical
      and documental competence. It is this second skill that the physician must
      acquire to become totally independent.

PMID- 1804525
TI  - Anti-estrogen induced synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta in breast
      cancer patients.
AB  - Estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer is usually an aggressive, hormone
      independent tumour. Recent studies show that growth of these tumours could be
      influenced by anti-estrogens. Anti-estrogens appear to stimulate the production
      of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) in hormone dependent as well as
      independent cell lines suggesting as a result inhibition of cellular
      proliferation of these cell lines by TGF-beta through an autocrine/paracrine
      mechanism.

PMID- 1804526
TI  - How should nausea be assessed in patients receiving chemotherapy?

PMID- 1804527
TI  - The current role of anti-emetic drugs in oncology: a recent revolution in patient
      symptom control.

PMID- 1804528
TI  - Formation of trisaccharides (kestoses) by pyrolysis of sucrose.
AB  - Amorphous sucrose, containing citric acid as catalyst, undergoes thermolysis at
      100 degrees to yield fructofuranosyl cation and D-glucose. The cation reacts with
      unchanged sucrose to form all three of the known kestoses, and also their alpha
      fructofuranosyl anomers. Two of the latter are resistant to invertase hydrolysis.
      A new fructosylglucose disaccharide is also formed.

PMID- 1804529
TI  - Purification and analysis of growth-regulating xyloglucan-derived
      oligosaccharides by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
AB  - The retention times of 10 oligosaccharides, generated from the xyloglucans of
      Rosa and Tropaeolum by the action of Trichoderma cellulase, and of 17 related
      carbohydrates, in h.p.l.c. on an amino-substituted silica (Amino-Spheri-5)
      depended largely on the number of hydroxyl groups per molecule, whereas h.p.l.c.
      on a pellicular anion-exchange resin (CarboPac PA1) was strongly influenced by
      the nature of the sugar residues present, especially L-fucose, and by their
      linkages. The major nonasaccharide (XG9, D-Glc4-D-Xyl3-D-Gal-L-Fuc) obtained from
      Rosa xyloglucan, after purification on Amino-Spheri-5, retained biological
      activity as an inhibitor of auxin-induced growth in a Pisum stem-segment
      bioassay. H.p.l.c. on Amino-Spheri-5 was used to monitor the action of
      "Driselase" in stripping the non-reducing terminal alpha-D-Xylp-(1----6)-beta-D
      Glcp units from XG9 to yield a pentasaccharide (XG5, D-Glc2-D-Xyl-D-Gal-L-Fuc).

PMID- 1804530
TI  - Peracetylated laminaribiose: preparation by specific degradation of curdlan and
      its chemical conversion into N-acetylhyalobiuronic acid.
AB  - beta-Laminaribiose octaacetate (2b) was prepared in greater than 50% yield from
      the microbial polysaccharide curdlan by specific degradation with a yeast cell
      wall lytic enzyme preparation, Kitalase,and subsequent acetylation. Acetolysis of
      curdlan also gave alpha-laminaribiose octaacetate (2a) in 27% yield. The
      usefulness of these peracetates 2a and 2b as starting materials for organic
      synthesis was shown by converting 2b into N-acetylhyalobiuronic acid (23), the
      disaccharide repeating unit of hyaluronic acid. The conversion was carried out
      via a series of reactions, which included azidonitration of the glucal derivative
      and selective alkylidenation or direct tritylation to discriminate two primary
      hydroxyl groups existing in the disaccharide intermediates.

PMID- 1804531
TI  - Heterogeneity and characterisation of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic
      polysaccharides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C.
AB  - Two anti-complementary polysaccharide fractions (GR-2IIa and GR-2IIb), isolated
      from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C., each gave five anti
      complementary polysaccharides (GR-2IIa-1-5 and GR-2IIb-1-5) on h.p.l.c.;
      likewise, GR-2IIc gave two anti-complementary and mitogenic polysaccharides (GR
      2IIc-1-2A and -2IIc-2) by gel filtration and h.p.l.c. GR-2IIc-1-2A showed the
      most potent anti-complementary activity. GR-2IIa-1-5 and GR-2IIb-1-5 contained 40
      85% and 50-90% of GalA, respectively, in addition to Rha, Ara, and Gal. GR-2IIc-1
      2A and -2IIc-2 mainly comprised Glc, Gal, GalA, and GlcA in addition to Rha, Fuc,
      Xyl, Ara, and Man. Methylation analysis and digestion with endo-alpha-(1----4)
      polygalacturonase indicated that all of the polysaccharides contained
      polygalacturonan regions which were frequently methyl-esterified. GR-2II-a, 
      2IIb, and -2IIc gave enzyme-resistant fractions of large and intermediate sizes,
      in addition to oligogalacturonides. Each large fraction from GR-2IIa and -2IIb
      consisted mainly of Ara, Gal, and GalA, whereas the intermediate fractions were
      composed of small proportions of 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, and apiose (Api), in
      addition to Rha, Ara, Gal, and GalA. The large fraction from GR-2IIc mainly
      contained Rha, Man, Gal, and GalA in addition to Fuc, Ara, Xyl, and Glc, whereas
      the intermediate fraction consisted of 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, and Api, in addition
      to Rha, Ara, GalA, Fuc, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc. Base-catalysed beta-elimination
      followed by ethylation indicated that all the polysaccharides except GR-2IIc-2
      contained a 4-linked uronic acid attached to position 2 of 2,4-linked Rha. Single
      radial gel diffusion, using the beta-D-glucosyl-Yariv antigen, indicated that GR
      2IIa-1 and GR-2IIc-2 contained relatively large proportions of (1----3,6)-beta-D
      galactan moieties. The anti-complementary activities of GR-2IIa-3, GR-2IIa-4, and
      GR-2IIb-4 decreased after de-esterification followed by digestion with endo-alpha
      (1----4)-polygalacturonase. The large fractions from GR-2IIa-2IIc showed more
      potent anti-complementary activities than the original polysaccharide fractions,
      whereas the intermediate fractions and oligogalacturonides were inactive. The
      large fraction from GR-2IIc had more potent mitogenic activity than GR-2IIc,
      whereas the intermediate fraction and oligogalacturonides from GR-2IIc were
      inactive.

PMID- 1804532
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from
      bamboo shoot cell-walls.
AB  - Hydrolysis of bamboo shoot cell-walls with Driselase (a fungal enzyme
      preparation) released a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide. The structure of
      the diferuloyl oligosaccharide was determined to be 5,5'-di-O-diferul-9,9'-dioyl)
      [alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-- --3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----4)-D
      xylopyranose] on the basis of n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and fast
      atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.). This is the first reported
      evidence that arabinoxylans are covalently cross-linked via diferulic acid.

PMID- 1804533
TI  - Partial structure of an anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide from the roots of
      Bupleurum falcatum L.
AB  - Methylation analysis of a pectic polysaccharide (Bupleuran 2IIc) with anti-ulcer
      activity, isolated from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L., revealed (1----4)
      linked alpha-GalA together with small proportions of 2,4- and 3,4-linked GalA,
      and variously linked neutral sugars. Digestion of Bupleuran 2IIc with endo-alpha
      (1----4)-polygalacturonase gave mainly galacturono-oligosaccharides (PG-4) and
      small proportions of enzyme-resistant regions (PG-1-3). PG-1 contained the
      sequence----4)GalA- (1----2)-Rha-(1----4)-GalA-(1----, and partial acid
      hydrolysis gave GalA-(1----4)-Rha, GlcA-(1----4)-Rha, and several di- and
      oligosaccharides consisting variously of Xyl, Glc, Gal, and Man. PG-2 and PG-3
      each contained Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, GlcA, 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl,
      apiose (Api), aceric acid (AceA), and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo).
      PG-4 contained (1----4)-linked alpha-galacturono-di-to-penta- saccharides and
      GalA. The galacturono-tetra- and -penta-saccharides had one and three methyl
      esterified GalA units, respectively, and some of the galacturono-oligosaccharides
      contained 2,4- or 2,3-linked GalA.

PMID- 1804534
TI  - Escherichia coli O9:K38 capsular antigen: another ribofuranose-containing glycan.
AB  - The primary structure of the O-deacetylated acidic capsular antigen of
      Escherichia coli O9:K38 was shown by glycose analysis, methylation analysis, and
      one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy to be composed of
      repeating linear pentasaccharide units having the structure.

PMID- 1804536
TI  - Structural studies of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella
      minnesota strain R7 (rough mutant chemotype Rd1).

PMID- 1804535
TI  - A method for the solubilization of a (1----3)-beta-D-glucan isolated from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - This report describes a method for the solubilization of a micro-particulate beta
      D-glucan. Insoluble glucan is dissolved in methyl sulfoxide and urea (8M) and
      partially phosphorylated at 100 degrees. The resulting water-soluble product is
      called glucan phosphate. The conversion rate is 70%, and the preparation is
      endotoxin free as determined by the Limulus lysate procedure. Glucan phosphate is
      composed of 34.66% C, 6.29% H, 42.83% O, and 2.23% P and has a repeating-unit
      empirical formula of (C6H10O5)7.PO3H2, indicating a phosphate group substitution
      on every seventh glucose subunit. Molecular-weight averages, polydispersity, and
      intrinsic viscosity were determined by aqueous high-performance size-exclusion
      chromatography (s.e.c.) with on-line, multi-angle laser light scattering
      (m.a.l.l.s.) photometry and differential viscometry (d.v.). Two polymer peaks
      were resolved. Peak 1 (Mw = 3.57 x 10(6) daltons), represents approximately 2% of
      the total polymers, while peak 2 (Mw = 1.10 x 10(5) daltons) comprises
      approximately 98% of polymers. 13C- and 31P-n.m.r. spectroscopy confirmed the
      beta-1,3 interchain linkage and the presence of a phosphate group. In solution,
      glucan phosphate polymers self-associate in a triple-helical arrangement. The
      ability to prepare a immunologically active, non-toxic, water-soluble beta-D
      glucan preparation will greatly enhance the clinical utility of this class of
      compounds.

PMID- 1804537
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of 6-O-beta-lactosyl-alpha,beta-D-mannopyranoses
      and 2,6-di-O-beta-lactosyl-alpha,beta-D-mannopyranoses.
AB  - The reaction of 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-hepta-O-acetyl-alpha-lactosyl bromide (4) and
      benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (3) in the presence of mercury(II)
      cyanide in benzene-nitromethane produced benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2,6-bis-O
      (2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-hepta-O-acetyl-beta-lact osy l)-alph a D-mannopyranoside (5)
      and benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-hepta-O-acetyl-beta-lactosyl)
      alp ha-D- mannopyranoside (6), as part of a complex mixture. Column
      chromatography, followed by acetylation of the fraction containing 5 and 6, gave
      a sample of 5 and benzyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-6-O (2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-hepta
      O-acetyl-beta-lactosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (7) in approximately 35% and 17%
      yields (based on 4), respectively. Deprotection of 5 and 7 afforded the target
      compounds, namely 2,6-di-O-beta-lactosyl-alpha,beta-D-mannopyranoses and 6-O-beta
      lactosyl-alpha,beta-D-mannopyranoses, respectively. If the coupling of 4 with 3
      were performed in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and 2,4,6
      trimethylpyridine, only a mixture of 3,6,2',3',4',6'-hexa-O-acetyl- alpha-lactose
      1,2-[( 3,6,2',3',4',6'-hexa-O-acetyl-alpha-lactose 1,2-(benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl
      alpha-D-mannopyranosid-6-yl orthoacetyl)-2-yl]orthoacetate) and 3,6,2',3',4',6'
      hexa-O-acetyl-alpha-lactose 1,2-(benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosid-6
      yl orthoacetate) was obtained. The orthoacetates were characterized by n.m.r.
      spectroscopy. The two target materials are useful in the assessment of the
      binding properties of galactose-terminated ligands to the asialoglycoprotein
      receptor of normal rabbit and human hepatocytes.

PMID- 1804538
TI  - Synthesis of glycopeptides from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of
      proteoglycans.
AB  - 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-galactoyranosyl trichloroacetimidate was
      condensed with benzyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-xylopyranoside to give the
      corresponding beta-(1----4)-linked disaccharide derivative, which was transformed
      into 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-
      alpha-D-xylopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate. This glycosyl donor was condensed
      with a set of selectively C,N-protected L-seryl-glycine dipeptide units.
      Selective deblocking at the C- or N-termini of the glycosylated or non
      glycosylated dipeptide segments, and coupling using the mixed-anhydride procedure
      allowed the construction in high yield of partially or fully glycosylated
      oligopeptides from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of proteoglycan.

PMID- 1804540
TI  - Self-association of telomeric short oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a dG
      cluster.
AB  - Oligonucleotides containing a dG cluster, d(TmGnTm), are models of single
      stranded parts of telomeric deoxyribonucleic acid and substitutes for poly(dG).
      Electrophoretic and spectroscopic analyses of the oligomers indicate that the
      oligomers can form two alternative structures, single- and quadruple-stranded
      helices, in solution at room temperature. The transformation of the single
      strandef form into the quadruple-stranded form or vice versa is undetectable in
      0.1 M NaCl at 4.3 x 10(-5) M strand concentration at room temperature. However,
      at a 50-fold higher strand concentration, the single-stranded oligomer is
      gradually converted into the quadruplex. An increase in ionic strength stabilizes
      the single-stranded structure, so it seems to inhibit the formation of the
      quadruplex. The quadruplex, [d(TTGGGGTT)]4, is resistant to denaturation in 7 M
      urea, in which the Watson-Crick type d(TTGGGGTT).d(AACCCCAA) duplex dissociates.
      An increase in the number of T residues facilitates the dissociation of the
      quadruplex by heating. Thus the number of T residues surrounding the dG cluster
      might control the rigidity of the quadruplex structure.

PMID- 1804539
TI  - Thermal polymerization of some glucofuranose derivatives.
AB  - Methyl alpha,beta-D-glucofuranoside (1) and 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D
      glucofuranose (2) have been polymerized thermally, using 0.1% phosphoric acid as
      catalyst. The resulting alcohol-insoluble polymers were analyzed by gel
      permeation chromatography and methylation analysis. The two starting materials
      gave polymers that were very similar in molecular-weight distribution and in
      glycosyl-linkage composition. The proportion of furanosyl residues in the
      polymer, estimated by the relative proportions of furanosyl and pyranosyl
      residues that could be determined unequivocally by methylation analysis, was
      approximately 35-40%; higher than is found when glucopyranosides are polymerized,
      but indicating that significant furanose-pyranose isomerization had occurred
      during the polymerization process.

PMID- 1804541
TI  - Studies on glycolipids. III. Glyceroglycolipids from an axenically cultured
      cyanobacterium, Phormidium tenue.
AB  - Seven new monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (1-7) and six new digalactosyl
      diacylglycerols (11-16) were isolated from an axenically cultured cyanobacterium,
      P. tenue. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical
      evidence and the results of enzymatic hydrolysis using a lipase (from Rhizopus
      arrhizus). Comparison of antialgal activity for P. tenue between monogalactosyl
      diacylglycerols (1-8) and digalactosyl diacylglycerols (11-19) revealed that the
      former showed more potent activity than the latter.

PMID- 1804542
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal activities of a series of (1,2-disubstituted
      vinyl)imidazoles.
AB  - A series of vinylimidazoles containing a hetero atom such as sulfur or oxygen at
      a beta-position of the vinyl group was prepared and the antifungal activities
      were tested. It was found that sulfur-substituted derivatives such as (E)-1-[2
      (methylthio)-1-[2-(pentyloxy)phenyl]ethenyl]-1H-imidazole (5a-5) and (E)-1-[1-[2
      (hexyloxy)phenyl]-2-(methylthio)ethenyl]-1H-imidazole (5a-6) showed excellent
      antifungal activities against dermatophytes and yeast cells. The stereochemistry
      of the hydrochloride salt of 5a-5 was determined by X-ray crystallography. The
      structure-activity relationships were discussed.

PMID- 1804543
TI  - Synthesis and antitumor activities of novel benzoylphenylurea derivatives.
AB  - Seventy novel benzoylphenylurea compounds were synthesized and their antitumor
      activities were examined in vivo against P388 leukemia. N-(2-Nitrobenzoyl)-N'-[4
      (2-pyrimidinyloxy)phenyl]ureas showed the highest antitumor activities when dosed
      intraperitoneally or orally. Their structure-activity relationships were examined
      with particular focus on the position and the variety of substituent on each aryl
      ring.

PMID- 1804544
TI  - Studies on analgesic oligopeptides. VII. Solid phase synthesis and biological
      properties of Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta Ala-NH2 and its fluorinated aromatic amino acid
      derivatives.
AB  - Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta Ala-NH2 (I) and its six fluorinated analogs were synthesized.
      Their opioid receptor binding properties were examined in vitro and their
      analgesic activity in vivo using the mouse writhing test. It was found that I was
      one of the most selective and potent mu-receptor agonists reported to date.
      [Tyr(2F)1](VI) and [Tyr(3F)1](V) derivatives of I showed similar biological
      properties to those of I. Since these peptides resist enzymatic degradation, it
      is expected that they are excellent reagents for the studies of function of mu
      receptor-mediated biological properties in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 1804545
TI  - Agonistic and antagonistic activities of neuromedin U-8 analogs substituted with
      glycine or D-amino acid on contractile activity of chicken crop smooth muscle
      preparations.
AB  - To study the structure-activity relationships of neuromedin U-8 (NMU-8) (H-Tyr
      Phe-Leu-Phe-Arg-Pro-Arg-Asn-NH2) and to develop a NMU-8 antagonist, twenty-three
      NMU-8 analogs substituted with Gly or the corresponding D-amino acid(s) at
      positions 1-8 were synthesized by solid-phase techniques. On isolated chicken
      crop preparations, the contractile activity of the synthetic NMU-8 analogs was
      compared with that of NMU-8 and their antagonistic activity was assayed against
      NMU-8. The replacement of Phe2, Phe4, Arg5, Pro6, Arg7 or Asn8 with Gly brought
      about a drastic decrease of the agonistic activities. Substitution of the
      corresponding D-amino acid residue for Phe2, Phe4, Arg5, Pro6 or Asn8 caused a
      marked decrease of the agonistic activities, while the replacement of Tyr1 with D
      form enhanced the activity. It was further revealed that [D-Pro6]-NMU-8 and [D
      Leu3, D-Pro6]-NMU-8 exerted a non-competitive antagonistic activity against NMU-8
      with x values of 5.22 +/- 0.12 and 5.34 +/- 0.09, respectively. [D-Phe2, D-Pro6]
      NMU-8, [D-Arg5, D-Pro6]-NMU-8 and [D-Pro6, D-Asn8]-NMU-8 showed a very weak
      antagonism. The results indicated that 1) the side chain of each amino acid at
      positions 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of NMU-8 is of relative importance for the
      expression of the contractile activity, and 2) [D-Pro6]-NMU-8 and its four
      analogs acted as an antagonist against NMU-8.

PMID- 1804546
TI  - Preparation and biological activity of 2-[4-(thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]propionic acid
      derivatives inhibiting cyclooxygenase.
AB  - A series of 2-[4-(thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]propionic acids substituted at various
      positions were prepared by the reaction of diethyl 2-methyl-2-(4
      thiocarbamoylphenyl)malonates with alpha-bromoaldehyde diethyl acetals or alpha
      haloketones followed by hydrolysis of esters. The inhibition of prostaglandin H
      synthetase (cyclooxygenase) was assayed by use of an enzyme preparation from
      guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Examination of the structure-activity
      relationship of these compounds indicated that the substitution pattern with
      halogens at position 3 (R1) of the benzene ring and a methyl group in position 4
      (R2) and/or 5 (R3) of the thiazole ring were favorable for inhibitory activity.
      The compounds bearing bulky alkyl or polar functional groups at the R2 position
      were weak inhibitors. The potent inhibitors of cyclooxygenase were tested for
      their ability to reduce carrageenin-induced inflammation of rat paws. These
      derivatives had strong anti-inflammatory activity based on their strong
      inhibition of cyclooxygenase, with some exceptions, including those with a
      thiomethyl group at R1.

PMID- 1804547
TI  - Preparation of glycyrrhetic acid glycosides having various beta(1----2)-linked
      disaccharides and their cytoprotective effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced
      hepatic injury.
AB  - Glycyrrhetic acid glycosides (1-7) having beta(1----2)-linked disaccharides such
      as 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranose, 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl
      beta-D-galactopyranose, 2-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranose, 2-O
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranose, 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta
      D-glucuronopyranose, 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, 2-O-beta-D
      glucuronopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, respectively, were synthesized by
      stepwise construction; from glycyrrhetic acid monoglycosides to the diglycosides.
      The cytoprotective activities of the glycosides 1-7 and 2-O-(beta-D
      glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-11-oxoolean-12-e n-30-oate (8) were
      compared with natural occurring glycyrrhizin (9). Among these glycosides 1-8,
      glycosides 3 and 7 having beta-D-glucuronopyranose (glcUA) as the only terminal
      sugar component were more effective materials against hepatic injury than
      glycyrrhizin 9.

PMID- 1804548
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and its active principles.
AB  - The present study was carried out to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of
      the methanol extract obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and
      its active principles. The methanol extract was partitioned between ether and
      water, and then the ether-soluble fraction was extracted with n-hexane. The n
      hexane-soluble fraction was chromatographed and part of the fraction was
      rechromatographed by silica gel column. Three compounds were isolated from the n
      hexane-soluble fraction and the chemical structures of these compounds were
      identified as (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene, (E)-1-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene and zerumbone. The anti-inflammatory activity of these
      fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats, as well as on
      acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and writhing symptoms in mice. The
      methanol extract (p.o.) showed both anti-inflammatory activity and analgesic
      activity. These activities shifted successively to ether-soluble and n-hexane
      soluble fractions and to (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene. These results
      suggest that the anti-inflammatory action and analgesic action of Zingiber
      cassumunar is the result of the (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene that it
      contains.

PMID- 1804549
TI  - Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng
      saponins. VII. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rb1 and -Rb2
      in the digestive tract of rats.
AB  - In order to clarify some similarities and differences of decomposition modes
      between 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-ppd) saponins, represented by ginsenoside
      Rb1 (Rb1) and ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the decompositions of Rb1 and Rb2 in the rat
      gastrointestinal tract, 0.1 N HCl and crude hesperidinase were investigated in
      detail. As in the case of Rb2 reported previously, Rb1 was hydrolyzed to 20(R,S)
      ginsenoside Rg3 in 0.1 N HCl. On the other hand, hydroperoxidation of Rb1
      occurred in rat stomach; the major hydroperoxide was separated and identified as
      the 25-hydroperoxy-23-ene derivative of Rb1 (VIII) by 1H- and 13C-nuclear
      magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The decomposition
      modes of 20(S)-ppd saponins (Rb1 and Rb2) differed from that of 20(S)
      protopanaxatriol saponin (Rg1) in rat stomach. In rat large intestine, five
      decomposition products of Rb1 were observed by thin-layer chromatography, and
      these were identified as gypenoside XVII (G-XVII), ginsenoside Rd (Rd),
      ginsenoside F2 (F2), compound K (C-K) and VIII. The decomposition modes of Rb1
      and Rb2, both 20(S)-ppd saponins, are considered to be different because of the
      hydrolysis rate in the terminal sugar moiety at the C-20 hydroxyl group in the
      rat large intestine. Using crude hesperidinase, Rb1 was decomposed to G-XVII, F2
      and C-K, and Rb2 was decomposed to 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-[alpha-L
      arabinopyranosyl(1----6)-b eta-D- glucopyranosyl]-20-(S)-ppd, F2 and C-K.
      Consequently, it appears that hydrolysis by beta-glucosidase, which is present in
      the rat large intestine, is distinct from that by crude hesperidinase.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804550
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of peptides released by
      tryptic degradation from opioid peptide precursors in rat brain.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method involving postcolumn
      fluorescence derivatization is described for the quantification of five fragment
      peptides (methionine-enkephalin-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys, methionine-enkephalin-Lys,
      methionine-enkephalin-Arg, leucine-enkephalin-Lys and leucine-enkephalin-Arg)
      released by tryptic digestion from the opioid peptide precursors
      (proopiomeranocortin and proenkephalins A and B) in rat brain tissues. The tissue
      proteins containing the precursors are hydrolyzed with trypsin to the fragment
      peptides. The peptides are separated on an Asahipak ODP-50 column and on-line
      detected fluorometrically by using hydroxylamine, cobalt(II) and borate buffer
      reagents. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for the peptides are 0.7-2.8 pmol per
      100 microliters injected. The distribution of the precursors in the brain tissues
      was also discussed on the basis of the determined values of the fragment
      peptides.

PMID- 1804551
TI  - Enzyme labeling in steroid enzyme immunoassays. Comparison of the p-nitrophenyl
      ester and N-succinimidyl ester methods.
AB  - Enzyme labeling of steroids by the p-nitrophenyl ester method was investigated in
      comparison with the N-succinimidyl ester method. The active ester of a
      testosterone or 11-deoxycortisol derivative was treated with beta-galactosidase
      and horseradish peroxidase to give labeled antigens. Various molar ratios of
      steroid to enzyme and pH conditions were tested. Satisfactory immunoreactivities
      with an anti-steroid antibody in each enzyme immunoassay system were obtained
      with the labeled antigens prepared at pH 8.5 by the use of molar ratios higher
      than 30. The enzyme labeling method should be useful in the case of polar
      steroids or drugs, since the p-nitrophenyl ester is relatively stable when
      compared with the N-succinimidyl ester.

PMID- 1804552
TI  - Differential effects on fatty acid compositions in the liver microsomes of
      thyroidectomized or streptozocin induced diabetic rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to locate a controversial site and to make
      generalizations about the effects of thyroidectomy (Tx) and streptozocin (STZ) on
      the distribution pattern of an individual fatty acid in microsomal fractions of
      the animals thus treated. The results obtained were compared with the reported
      data. The effects of Tx on C18:1, C18:2, and all detectable C20 and C22 species
      harmonized well within each species; however the effects of Tx on C16 species and
      C18:0 varied within each species. Meanwhile, all the effects of STZ were
      identical within the species, but were often in opposite directions between two
      adjacent species; e.g. C18:0 and C18:1. These findings strongly indicate that
      desaturation and elongation sites were independently affected by either Tx or
      STZ. The comparison suggested that controversial effects appeared in the
      distribution proper to species C18. Therefore, delta 9-desaturase activity in the
      microsomal fractions was measured, using stearoyl coenzyme A (CoA) as substrate,
      resulting in some partial reduction in Tx, but complete suppression in STZ
      treated animals. The total contents of phospholipid and cholesterol in the
      microsomes were also measured. Results showed a significant increase in
      microsomes within the STZ-group, but almost no change in the Tx-group, indicating
      that the changes in an individual fatty acid component and in the total fatty
      acids do not always take place in parallel.

PMID- 1804553
TI  - Preparation and evaluation of oral dosage form using acylglycerols. II. Effect of
      food ingestion on dissolution and absorption of aspirin from the granules
      prepared by acylglycerols in human subjects.
AB  - The dissolution behavior of the aspirin enteric granule prepared using
      acylglycerols, glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and glyceryl trilaurate (GTL), was
      investigated in vitro and in human subjects in a fasting or non-fasting state.
      Aspirin was slowly released from the granule in vitro at pH 1.2. No acceleration
      of the aspirin dissolution rate in the medium without lipase and cholic acid was
      observed when the pH level of the medium increased to a neutral region (pH 6.4).
      However, the dissolution of aspirin was significantly increased by increasing the
      concentrations of lipase and cholic acid in the medium. Lipase appears to play an
      essential role in the dissolution process of aspirin granules. In human subjects,
      the average levels of the cumulative amount of total salicylate excreted in a
      urine-time curve, and the mean residence time (MRT) obtained after oral
      administration of a granule in the fasting state were markedly delayed in
      comparison with the results observed using an aqueous solution and a crystalline
      form of aspirin. In comparing the fasting condition with the non-fasting
      condition (after food ingestion), no significant difference was recognized in the
      total amount of salicylate excreted in urine to an infinite time (Ae(infinity)),
      whether the MRT was obtained by granule, crystalline form or aqueous solution. It
      can be concluded that aspirin granule prepared by GMS and GTL has a property of
      pancreatic lipase-sensitive dissolution, and its bioavailability is unaffected by
      food intake.

PMID- 1804554
TI  - Study on the cupric phenanthroline-induced beta-glucuronidase release in saponin
      permeabilized polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Saponin-permeabilized polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) released beta
      glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme, dose-dependently in response to cupric
      phenanthroline (CuPh), a mild oxidant, which catalyzes the formation of disulfide
      bridges. The beta-glucuronidase release induced by CuPh was inhibited by ethylene
      glycol bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Both
      dithiothreitol (DTT) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-naphthalene sulfonamide (W-7)
      also inhibited the beta-glucuronidase release induced by CuPh. CuPh elicited a
      decrease in protein-bound free sulfhydryls simultaneously, and this decrease was
      not restored by EGTA treatment. CuPh inhibited Ca2+ uptake into Ca2+ store sites,
      and promoted a Ca2+ efflux from Ca2+ store sites. It also inhibited Ca(2+)
      adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in permeable PMNs. DTT, a sulfhydryl
      reducing agent, suppressed both the beta-glucuronidase release and the Ca2+
      uptake in CuPh-treated permeable PMNs. On the other hand,
      chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (CMPS), a sulfhydryl modifier, decreased the
      amount of free sulfhydryls in protein and released beta-glucuronidase in
      permeable PMNs dose-dependently, but EGTA did not inhibit either reaction.
      Neither CuPh nor CMPS released beta-glucuronidase from intact PMNs. These results
      indicate that both CuPh and CMPS act on intra-PMN target molecules to exert their
      influence, but the involved mechanisms are different in nature. Alteration in
      calcium movement is responsible for the beta-glucuronidase release in the CuPh
      treated permeable PMNs.

PMID- 1804555
TI  - Aryloxy acetic acid diuretics with uricosuric activity. I. Polycyclic aryloxy
      acetic acids.
AB  - In order to obtain lead compounds for uricosuric diuretics, various polycyclic
      aryloxy acetic acids [isoindole derivative (7), quinazoline derivative (15),
      benzopyran derivative (20), xanthone derivative (24), benzofuran derivative (30)
      and indene derivative (36)] were prepared. These compounds were evaluated for
      diuretic activity in rats, uricosuric activity in rats and antihypertensive
      activity in 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt hypertensive rats. Among
      the compounds, 20 showed potent diuretic, uricosuric and moderate
      antihypertensive activities. Therefore, we selected 20 as a lead compound for
      development of new uricosuric diuretics.

PMID- 1804556
TI  - Synthesis and anti-peptic activity of compounds related to the metabolites of
      sodium 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-1-azulenesulfonate (KT1-32).
AB  - The metabolites of sodium 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-1-azulenesulfonate (KT1-32, 1), a
      candidate as an anti-ulcer drug, and related compounds were synthesized. The
      effects of the compounds on anti-peptic activity were determined as compared to
      that of 1.

PMID- 1804557
TI  - Synthesis and oral activity of pivaloyloxymethyl 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2
      methoxyiminoacetamido]-3(Z)- (4-methylthiazol-5-yl)vinyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate
      (ME1207) and its related compound.
AB  - 7-[2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2(Z)-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3(Z)- (4-methylthiazol-5
      yl)vinyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (11, ME1206) and its 3-trans isomer (13) were
      prepared to test antibacterial activity. These compounds exhibited excellent
      antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,
      including beta-lactamase producing strains. The pivaloyloxymethyl esters (12 and
      14) of the compounds (11 and 13) were prepared by esterification with
      pivaloyloxymethyl iodide. Among them, pivaloyloxymethyl 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol
      4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3(Z)-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)vinyl-3-cephem-4
      carboxylate (12, ME1207) showed good urinary recovery after oral administration
      in mice.

PMID- 1804558
TI  - Protein kinase inhibitor H-7 increases lipoprotein lipase activity in isolated
      rat fat pads.
AB  - A protein kinase inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7)
      increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in isolated rat fat pads in a time-
      and dose-dependent manner. The incubation of H-7 with partially purified LPL did
      not affect its activity. Under the marked inhibition of protein synthesis by
      cycloheximide, H-7 still showed a full effect on the increase in LPL activity. A
      slight but significant increase in LPL activity in the fat pads was observed with
      inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase. H-7, therefore, may
      increase LPL activity through processes other than the direct activation of the
      LPL molecule, or the stimulation of LPL molecule synthesis; probably through a
      decrease in the activity of protein kinases, especially protein kinase C.

PMID- 1804559
TI  - Occurrence of L-2,4-diaminobutyrate decarboxylase activity in Acinetobacter.
AB  - Three strains of the genus Acinetobacter grown in a polyamine-free synthetic
      medium contained very high amounts of 1,3-diaminopropane, and there were also
      high concentrations in the extracellular growth medium. Little, if any, of the
      usual polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine were found. There was no
      detectable activity of aminopropyltransferase (greater than 0.2 nmol spermidine
      formed/mg protein/h), which would be responsible for the formation of spermidine
      or spermine, expected precursors of 1,3-diaminopropane. These observations
      suggested the possibility of another mode of 1,3-diaminopropane biogenesis.
      Decarboxylation activity towards L-2,4-diaminobutyrate leading to the formation
      of 1,3-diaminopropane was detected in extracts of all three strains examined. The
      decarboxylase was partially purified from A. calcoaceticus ATCC 23055. The enzyme
      was active against only L-2,4-diaminobutyrate among the diamino acids tested and
      required pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Mg2+ activated the enzyme.

PMID- 1804560
TI  - Phospholipid dependency of hepatic uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase in
      the developing fetus of the rat.
AB  - The developmental change of uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) was
      studied using hepatic microsomes of rat fetuses on days 18 and 21 of gestation.
      Total phospholipid content was higher on day 21 than on day 18, although no
      significant difference in the composition between the two stages was observed.
      Lipid removal with phospholipase A2 greatly reduced UDPGT activity for phenol in
      the later stage of gestation, even though the delipidation ratios in both stages
      were similar. The fluidity in the hydrocarbon region of the microsomal membrane
      was higher on day 21 than on day 18. No significant difference in the
      polarization of N-dansylaziridinyl protein was observed between the stages.

PMID- 1804561
TI  - The transport of a drug to the cerebrospinal fluid directly from the nasal
      cavity: the relation to the lipophilicity of the drug.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to clarify the relation between drug
      transport to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the nasal cavity and the
      lipophilicity of the drug using hydrophilic sulfonamides as model drugs. The
      nasal cavity of the rat was perfused in a single pass system and the
      concentrations of sulfonamides in plasma and CSF were measured. The drug
      concentrations in CSF and plasma after nasal perfusion were compared with those
      after intravenous (i.v.) administration. The drug concentrations in the CSF were
      remarkably high after nasal perfusion in comparison with those after i.v.
      administration, though the time course of the plasma concentration was not much
      different from that after i.v. administration. These results suggested the
      existence of a direct transport pathway of the sulfonamides from the nose to the
      CSF. In addition, the drug concentrations in the CSF increased with increasing
      the lipophilicity of the drugs (the partition coefficient (Pc) of the drugs
      between isoamyl alcohol and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer). A significant correlation
      was observed between the drug concentrations in CSF and Pc. In conclusion, the
      direct transport pathway of the sulfonamides from the nose to the CSF was
      confirmed and, with regard to drugs with comparatively low lipophilicity, the
      degree of the transport depended on its Pc.

PMID- 1804562
TI  - Rational design and synthesis of a novel class of active site-targeted HIV
      protease inhibitors containing a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere. Use of
      phenylnorstatine or allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic.
AB  - A novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a hydroxymethylcarbonyl
      (HMC) isostere were designed from the substrate transition state and synthesized.
      Phenylnorstatine [Pns; (2R,3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid] and the 2S
      diastereomer, (2S,3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid, named
      allophenylnorstatine (Apns) were effective transition-state mimics, and
      incorporation of Pns-Pro or Apns-Pro at the P1-P1' site gave potent and specific
      HIV-1 protease inhibitors. In the inhibitory assays, the chemically synthesized
      [Ala67,95] HIV-1 protease was used.

PMID- 1804563
TI  - Isolation of a new antitumor substance from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
AB  - A new antitumor substance, BS-1, was isolated from the autolysate and culture
      filtrate of Bacillus stearothermophilus UK563 by ethylacetate extraction and
      HPLC. BS-1 inhibited the proliferation of mouse macrophage-like cells, P388-D1
      (IC50: 4 micrograms/ml) and mouse mastocytoma, P-815 (IC50: 0.6 microgram/ml),
      but not that of Balb/c 3T3.

PMID- 1804564
TI  - Long time incubation of monocytic U 937 cells with LDL increases specific paf
      acether binding and the cellular acetylhydrolase activity.
AB  - Besides the well established role of low density lipoproteins (LDL), the
      phospholipid PAF-acether (paf) seems to be involved in atherogenesis. The effect
      of LDL (10 micrograms/ml for 24 h, n = 3) on paf binding characteristics of
      monocyte/macrophage-like U 937 cells was investigated using the radioligand
      [3H]paf, unlabeled paf and the paf receptor antagonist WEB 2086. The specific
      [3H]paf binding significantly increased at 1.4 nM (P less than 0.02) and 2.8 nM
      (P less than 0.01) added [3H]paf with an increased number of paf binding sites in
      the Scatchard plot analysis of the data. Specific paf binding was functionally
      active since paf mediated a cellular [Ca2+]i rise. The protein kinase C (PKC)
      activator PMA (1 nM, 37 degrees C) expressed specific [3H]paf binding already
      after a 15-min incubation period, indicating a PKC activation as the decisive
      step of paf receptor expression. LDL also stimulated the paf degrading cellular
      acetylhydrolase significantly by increasing both Km (9.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.5
      microM, P less than 0.02) and vmax (0.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.0 nmol/min per mg
      cell protein, P less than 0.02). The data demonstrate that LDL increases the
      number of paf receptors on monocyte/macrophage-like U 937 cells and interferes
      with the dynamics and/or synthesis of the cellular acetyl hydrolase. These
      effects could be of importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1804565
TI  - Structure of polymerizable lipid bilayers IV. Mixtures of long chain diacetylenic
      and short chain saturated phosphatidylcholines and analogous asymmetric isomers.
AB  - Polymerization of 1,2-bis(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
      (DC8,9PC) is enhanced by addition of short-chain saturated phosphatidylcholines
      such as 1,2-dinonanoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DNPC). Because of well
      established constraints on the topochemical polymerisation process, we undertook
      structure-based experiments to determine the nature of this effect. Two
      hypotheses were tested: (a) that the DNPC crystalized the proximal (m) and
      disordered the distal (n) methylene segments of DC8,9PC, thus providing
      flexibility to accommodate the conformational change upon polymer formation, or
      (b) that the DNPC forced lateral displacement of DC8,9PC, which would then allow
      interdigitation of these segments with those of the opposing monolayer and
      potentially more crystalline alignment of the diacetylene. Low angle X-ray
      diffraction studies do not support the interdigiated chain model. However, these
      measurements also indicate that the two lipid species may be phase separated
      under many conditions. An analogous structure, 1-(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)2
      nonanoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (C8,9NPC) did not polymerize, and low angle
      X-ray diffraction studies indicate that bilayers of this lipid were
      interdigitated such that the terminal methyl group of the tricosadiynoyl chain on
      each lipid in the bilayer was adjacent to the diacetylenic moiety of a lipid on
      the opposing monolayer. Implications of these findings pertinent to identifying
      significant factors in polymerization of diacetylenic phospholipid bilayers are
      discussed.

PMID- 1804566
TI  - Time course dependent changes in contents and physical properties of glycolipid
      species in Rhodococcus rhodochrous.
AB  - The yield of trehalose dimycolate (TDM), the major glycolipid species elaborated
      by Rhodococcus rhodochrous, a producer of approx. C40-mycolic acid, was not
      constant in cells cultured for different periods of time. From cells collected at
      24, 36, 72, 144 and 172 h of cultivation the following percentages of TDM in
      diethyl ether soluble lipids (DESL) were found: 10.8%, 23.4%, 10.0%, 9.0% and
      5.0%, respectively. In turn, the cellular content accounted for approx. 0.6%,
      1.2%, 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively. On the other hand, the yield of
      galactose monomycolate (GalMM), a minor glycolipid species maintained at approx.
      3.4% in DESL during the different periods of time examined; this value
      represented about 0.3% of the cellular content. The melting temperatures of TDMs
      fell between 37 degrees C to approximately 97 degrees C with the lowest value
      from cells grown for 36 h, whereas the melting temperatures of the GalMMs were in
      a narrow range between 56 degrees C and 64 degrees C. The methyl ester
      derivatives of the constituent fatty acid moieties of DTMs and GalMMs migrated on
      thin layer chromatography like methyl esters of C40-C46 mycolic acids, therefore
      faster than methyl esters of C28-C34 mycolic acids but slower than methyl esters
      of C50-C56 mycolic acids. Further analysis of the products of pyrolysis of the
      methyl ester derivatives of the fatty acid moiety released from TDM after
      alkaline hydrolysis was carried out using gas chromatography combined mass
      spectrometry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804567
TI  - Investigation of the interaction between melittin and
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol bilayers by vibrational spectroscopy.
AB  - Melittin is shown to affect the structure of the charged phospholipid
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG). In the gel phase, the presence of
      melittin leads to (i) an increased lipid interchain vibrational coupling, (ii) a
      shift of the rectangular to hexagonal lipid packing transition toward low
      temperatures, (iii) a very small conformational disordering effect, (iv) a
      decrease of the polarity or hydrogen bonding capability of the lipid ester group
      surrounding, (v) an important decrease of the water content in the complexes
      where the remaining water has a more disordered structure than bulk water, and
      (vi) an interlamellar repeat distance of 79 A. All these observations are
      rationalized by the following model: adjacent bilayers of DPPG are bridged by
      tetramers of melittin through electrostatic interactions inducing surface charge
      neutralization and partial dehydration of the complexes. Melittin also affects
      the thermotropic behavior of DPPG. When a small amount of the toxin is present,
      its affinity for charged lipids is such that a phase separation occurs, the
      domains being stable enough to have their own gel to liquid-crystalline phase
      transition. In the fluid state, a deeper penetration into the lipid matrix is
      proposed based on the downshift of the phase transition and the low vibrational
      interchain coupling. This study brings out general features of cationic
      species/anionic lipid complexes. The charge neutralization leads to stronger
      interchain coupling, and electrostatic bridging of adjacent bilayers seems to be
      common. The hydrophobicity of the peptide is a key factor in the modulation of
      the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition and in its insertion in the fluid
      lipid matrix.

PMID- 1804569
TI  - A new class of potent antiproliferative glycolipids.
AB  - The synthesis and biological activities of a new class of antiproliferative
      glycolipids with an unexpected broad spectrum of activity, including a human
      multidrug resistant cell line, are described. Chemically these compounds are
      glycolipids derived from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glycyrrhetinic acid (beta
      aglycone). Peptidation of the glucoacids allyl 3 beta-[[2-acetamido-3-O-[(R)-1
      carboxyethyl]- 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-11-oxo-12-
      oleanen-30-oate and (R,S)-2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl-2-acetamido-3-O-[(R)-1
      carb oxyethyl]- 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside was
      successfully achieved after activation with O-benzotriazolyl-N,N,N',N' 
      tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate.

PMID- 1804568
TI  - Phospholipid studies of marine organisms: 26. Interactions of some marine sterols
      with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (SOPC) in model membranes.
AB  - The thermotropic behavior of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) composed of different
      mole fractions of various marine sterols and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (SOPC) was examined by differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC), and was compared to pure SOPC as well as their mixtures with cholesterol.
      The marine sterols investigated were capable of interacting with the phospholipid
      bilayers. Upon addition of marine sterols, the apparent transition temperature
      (Tm) of SOPC decreased significantly. Desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3 beta-ol)
      had the least interaction with SOPC, as reflected by the larger delta H values of
      its mixtures with the phospholipid. Fucosterol (24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3
      beta-ol) showed a non-linear trend as the mole percent of the sterol increased.
      Mixtures of sutinasterol (24R-24-ethyl-26,26-dimethylcholesta-7,25(27)-dien-3
      beta-ol) with SOPC had similar enthalpy values to cholesterol. The shape of the
      SOPC/marine sterol endotherm and their delta H values were not identical when
      liposomes prepared by dialysis were compared to MLV.

PMID- 1804570
TI  - 1-O-benzyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol: a key intermediate for synthesis of ether
      glycerolipids.
AB  - A new scheme for synthesis of saturated 1-O-alkyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerolipids is
      described. The reductive cleavage of 2-O-methyl-1,3-O,O-benzylideneglycerol with
      BH3.THF complex leads to 1-O-benzyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol, which is a key in
      intermediate for the facile preparation of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol and
      derivatives.

PMID- 1804571
TI  - Synthesis of 1,3-diacylaminopropan-2-ols and corresponding 2-acyl derivatives as
      amide isosteres of natural lipids.
AB  - N,N'-diacyl-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ols as amide isosteres of 1,3-diacylglycerols are
      obtained in 50-79% yields by treatment of 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol with acid
      chlorides either in ether or THF in the presence of triethylamine and catalytic
      amounts of 4-dimethyl-aminopyridine. Subsequent acylation of the secondary
      alcohol function with a variety of carboxylic acids (e.g. fatty acids, N
      protected amino acids, drug compounds) can be effected by various techniques
      (i.e. acid chlorides, symmetrical anhydrides, isopropenyl chloroformate) with
      yields ranging from 56% to 76%.

PMID- 1804572
TI  - Experimental gastrointestinal motility: where to go.
AB  - Gastrointestinal motility is a major field of research. However, despite a huge
      amount of data available in the literature, its exact role has yet to be defined.
      This paper deals with the choice of animal research models for motility studies.

PMID- 1804573
TI  - Diameter and wall thickness recording of canine pylorus with implantable
      miniature ultrasonic transducers.
AB  - Outer diameter and thickness of the muscular wall of canine pylorus were measured
      simultaneously by determining the distance between pairs of implanted ultrasonic
      transducers, evaluating the sonic transit time with a digital sonometer. For the
      study of the motility in the gastroduodenal transit zone, the ultrasonically
      determined pyloric responses were compared with signals from conventional strain
      gauge transducers sutured to the neighboring duodenum and gastric antrum. After
      stimulation of the gastrointestinal motility by an intravenous bolus injection of
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, pyloric contractions with a frequency of 5.2 min-1
      could be recorded for some minutes; those contractions were independent of the
      more rapid antral and duodenal motility. Together with the observed tonic
      constriction of the pyloric ring, which could be inhibited by intravenous
      injection of adrenaline, an autonomous role of the gastroduodenal junction as a
      true sphincter is supported.

PMID- 1804574
TI  - Impedance planimetry: a new approach to biomechanical intestinal wall properties.
AB  - This paper surveys impedance planimetry, a technique based on the measurement of
      electrical impedance for estimation of active and passive biomechanical wall
      properties of the intact intestine. The paper mainly concerns methodological
      aspects of the recording technique and possible sources of error. Furthermore,
      the historical background concerning developments of the technique and
      physiological results during the last two decades are described.

PMID- 1804575
TI  - Biomechanical wall properties of the porcine rectum: a study using impedance
      planimetry.
AB  - The aim was to investigate biomechanical wall properties of the porcine rectum by
      way of manometry and impedance planimetry. Distension of a balloon inserted into
      the rectum with definite pressure steps up to 80 cm H2O was done for simultaneous
      recording of pressure and the balloon cross-sectional area (Bcsa). Viscoelastic
      wall properties were derived in terms of compliance. Besides eliciting the
      ascending peristaltic reflex and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, the
      balloon inflation elicited a phase of rapid Bcsa increase followed by an
      accommodation phase of slow Bcsa increase to a steady-state Bcsa, reached within
      3 min. The Bcsa increased in a nonlinear way with increasing balloon pressures
      with only a minimal increase from 70 to 80 cm H2O. Rectal compliance decreased in
      a nonlinear way with increasing distension pressure.

PMID- 1804576
TI  - Effects of pirenzepine and atropine on basal lower esophageal pressure and
      gastric acid secretion in man: a placebo-controlled randomized study.
AB  - Pirenzepine is a tricyclic antimuscarine drug with antisecretory effect on
      gastric secretion and inhibitory effect on esophageal peristalsis (EP). The
      effect of pirenzepine in graded doses on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated lower
      esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was studied in 8 volunteers. The effect was
      compared with the effect of atropine and placebo using a double dummy technique.
      Intravenously administered pirenzepine and atropine inhibited basal LESP and EP
      regardless of the employed doses. No difference between atropine and pirenzepine
      could be demonstrated. The pentagastrin-stimulated LESP was inhibited in patients
      treated with pirenzepine perorally (50 mg b.i.d.). Basic acid output was
      significantly reduced by pirenzepine or atropine in contrast to peak acid output.
      We conclude that muscarinic receptors of type M play a role in the LES function
      in man.

PMID- 1804577
TI  - Bombesin--the most stimulating peptide of human gastric smooth muscle.
AB  - The mechanical activity of isolated muscle strips from different regions of 33
      human stomachs was measured under auxotonic conditions. After application of
      bombesin (stepwise increases in organ bath concentrations 10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/l)
      the following in vitro effects were observed in human gastric muscle: (1)
      Bombesin stimulated both circular and longitudinal preparations from all regions
      of the human stomach and circular duodenum. (2) The quality of the responses to
      bombesin application was dependent on the general myogenic characteristics of the
      preparations of the different stomach regions. The contraction pattern changed at
      high bombesin concentrations in the organ bath to slower fluctuations. (3)
      Bombesin resulted in a maximal tonic response in the pyloric region preparations.
      An increase in tone was usually observed in the inner pyloric preparations, being
      typical for the region. (4) The effects of bombesin on the human stomach were
      stronger than the effects of many other regulatory peptides and of the reaction
      to acetylcholine. (5) The bombesin-induced effects were unaltered by pretreatment
      with atropine or TTX. (6) The response to bombesin frequently lasted for hours
      after washing before reassuming the original state.

PMID- 1804578
TI  - Versatile software system for analysis of gastrointestinal pressure recordings.
AB  - A software package, MotAn, has been developed for off-line analysis of
      gastrointestinal pressure recordings. The program has been implemented in the
      Modula-2 language for use on IBM personal computers. The program includes
      capabilities for manual or automatic detection of contractions, calculation of
      frequency and intercontractile intervals, area of contractions, motility index,
      concordance and cross-correlation analysis for detection of artifact and for
      propagation analysis. The program has been applied on pressure recordings from
      the stomach and duodenum as well as on the rectum and the urinary bladder.
      Besides the basic part of the program, it is possible for the experienced
      programmer to add new blocks of object code for development of special analysis
      procedures.

PMID- 1804579
TI  - Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on duodenal motility in the isolated
      perfused porcine pancreaticoduodenal block.
AB  - The peptidergic regulation of duodenal motility has not been clarified in detail.
      The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on duodenal motility in the isolated perfused
      porcine pancreaticoduodenal block. VIP was administered arterially at 10(-7) M
      and motility was measured by means of the perfused side-hole technique using an
      intraluminal catheter. It was found that spontaneous duodenal motility was
      intense at the beginning of each experiment. However, the spontaneous motility
      diminished by time to cease after 45-90 min. VIP inhibited the duodenal motility.
      Thus, the frequency of duodenal contraction was decreased from 11 (8-16) to 3 (0
      10) contractions per minute by VIP (p less than 0.01) and VIP also decreased the
      arterial perfusion pressure from 7.5 (3.5-23.2) to 5.8 (2.6-17.3) kPa (p less
      than 0.01). Since the same inhibitory effect has previously been demonstrated
      after alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation, we also examined whether alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonism stimulated the release of VIP from this preparation.
      We then found that alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonism (phenylephrine or noradrenaline
      plus idazoxan) given intra-arterially stimulated VIP release (p less than 0.01).
      In contrast, alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonism (UK-14,304 or noradrenaline plus
      prazosin) had no effect. Therefore, we conclude that VIP inhibits duodenal
      motility in the pig but that this effect does not mediate the sympathetically
      induced inhibition of motility.

PMID- 1804580
TI  - Elastic properties of the isolated perfused porcine duodenum.
AB  - The aim was to investigate elastic wall properties of the isolated perfused
      porcine duodenum using manometry and impedance planimetry. Distension of an
      intraluminal balloon with definite pressure steps of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0
      kPa was done with simultaneous recording of balloon pressure and balloon cross
      sectional area (Bcsa). Wall thickness of the relaxed intestine was estimated from
      measurement of tissue density. The elastic wall parameters were calculated from
      these measurements. Balloon inflation elicited a phase of rapid Bcsa increase
      followed by an accommodation phase of slow Bcsa increase. At steady state, the
      circumferential and the radial wall stress increased as linear functions of the
      applied balloon pressure, while the circumferential and the radial wall strain
      increased nonlinearly. The incremental elastic moduli increased exponentially.
      Our model allows the study of passive biomechanical wall properties of the intact
      duodenum. The duodenal wall showed qualitatively and also quantitatively an
      elastic nature.

PMID- 1804581
TI  - Influence of graded distension of the gallbladder on sphincter of Oddi activity
      in dogs.
AB  - In this study the relationship between the gallbladder pressure (GBP) and
      sphincter of Oddi (SO) activity was studied in dogs. The GBP was modulated by
      varying the volume content in a reservoir placed within the gallbladder at ranges
      corresponding to physiological GBP ranges. For SO manometry a low compliance high
      fidelity system was used. Firstly the influence of alternating gallbladder
      emptying and filling on SO activity was studied. A clear relationship was seen in
      all dogs so that an increase in GBP inhibited SO activity. Subsequently, stepwise
      increases in GBP from 0 to 38 mm Hg in consecutive 10-min measuring periods
      showed a definite inverse relationship between GBP and SO frequency, baseline
      pressures and wave amplitude. It is concluded that a reflex relationship between
      the gallbladder and the SO exists, operating within physiological ranges of GBP
      so that increased GBP inhibits SO activity. The importance of this relationship
      in bile flow dynamics and the possible consequence in the postcholecystectomy
      state is mentioned.

PMID- 1804582
TI  - Myogenic basis of motility in the pyloric region of human and canine stomachs.
AB  - In vitro gastric motility was investigated in 48 human and 16 canine stomachs by
      measuring the mechanical activity of isolated muscle strips under auxotonic
      conditions. For a precise regional differentiation, we recorded the mechanical
      activity of longitudinal and circular strips from fundus, corpus and antrum, as
      well as from circular preparations of the inner and outer layer of the pyloric
      sphincter and from the duodenum. The analysis showed that the anatomical division
      of the stomach into three distinct regions resulted physiologically in different
      patterns of contraction in vitro for each region. The fundus exhibited purely
      tonic spontaneous activity and a tonic contraction pattern after application of
      acetylcholine whereas the activity in the circular antrum was purely phasic. A
      combination of tonic and phasic contractions was found in the corpus and
      longitudinal antrum. A major difference in the basic spontaneous activity pattern
      was evident between man and dog. A gradient of intrinsic frequency in the stomach
      from proximal to distal was seen in the dog but not in man. A physiologically
      distinct area exists in the pyloric region of both species adjacent to the antrum
      and duodenum. The pyloric ring has its own spontaneous activity (minute-rhythm),
      reacts to the application of acetylcholine with relatively weak contractions and,
      unique to the dog, was delineated by histamine-induced maximal contractions. The
      results provide evidence that the pyloric ring is a distinct organ with specific
      functional characteristics in its cellular-myogenic structure.

PMID- 1804583
TI  - Changes in gastric emptying in recipients of successful combined pancreas-kidney
      transplants.
AB  - Gastroparesis causes gastric emptying disorders in patients with chronic diabetes
      mellitus and it results from reduced smooth muscle contractility secondary to
      autonomic dysfunction. Today there has been little objective evidence of
      improvement in gastric emptying following correction of both uremia and diabetes
      by combined kidney-pancreas transplantation. We used gastrointestinal symptom
      scores, solid gastric emptying tests and electrogastrography to evaluate the
      effect of combined kidney-pancreas transplantation on gastric emptying in 8
      uremic diabetic patients. The mean age of the patients was 40 years (range: 30-51
      years) and the mean duration of diabetes was 24 years (range: 16-30 years). The
      patients had been on dialysis up to 24 months. The pretransplant A1 mean was 6.5
      before improving to 4.3 after transplantation. All patients were receiving
      exogenous insulin. Our study data indicate that uremic diabetics have a high
      prevalence of symptomatic gastrointestinal dysfunction including abnormalities of
      gastric emptying and gastric electrical activity. Following transplantation, the
      gastrointestinal symptomatology improved significantly. Significant improvement
      in the rate of gastric emptying also correlated with improvement in the symptom
      complex. Gastric electrical activity also improved during the follow-up period.

PMID- 1804584
TI  - Parents' worries about children compared to actual risks.
AB  - To investigate the concerns of parents, questionnaires were given to the "first
      100" parents waiting for their child's pediatric appointment in four different
      medical settings. They were asked to rate whether they worry "frequently,"
      "occasionally," or "not at all" about 17 physical health issues, 16 psychosocial
      problems, 7 possible injuries, 4 instances of victimization, and 4 questions
      about parents' ability to provide discipline, affection, values and financial
      support. The response rate was 94%; 89% were completed adequately for analysis.
      Parental concerns were compared to data from the National Center for Health
      Statistics about the statistical likelihood of the risks occurring. Ear
      infections (65%) were the most common health concern, followed by reaction to
      immunization (57%), common colds (51%), and cancer (50%). The greatest
      psychosocial concern was about children watching too much television (53%),
      followed by concerns about the quality of day care (50%). Three-quarters of
      parents worry about car accidents and 72% worry about abduction of their
      children. Parents worry significantly about their own contribution to their
      child's welfare: appropriate discipline (73%), affection (56%), values and being
      a role model (55%), and financial support (66%). Parents who had not completed
      high school worried more than parents who had more than a high school education
      (P less than 0.03).

PMID- 1804585
TI  - Pseudoreflux syndrome-increased periodic breathing during the neonatal period
      presenting as feeding-related difficulties.
AB  - Sixteen infants who presented with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux
      (GER)-associated apnea were evaluated at the Breathing Disorder Center of the
      Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. These neonates had a history of occasional
      emesis and an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) that occurred while awake
      which was similar to the presentation of a group of infants previously described.
      Evaluation of the present group of infants however, revealed increased periodic
      breathing (12.1 +/- 1.8 SEM% of total sleep time) as opposed to the obstructive
      apnea that was typically seen with GER. Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux could
      not be diagnosed in relationship to apneic events. Infants who present during the
      first month of life with symptoms suggestive of GER-associated apnea should have
      careful evaluation of reflux and respiratory patterns to confirm the correct
      diagnosis. Because of the similarities of these infants to the GER group, we have
      called their disorder pseudoreflux.

PMID- 1804586
TI  - Treating steroid abuse: a psychiatric perspective.

PMID- 1804587
TI  - Preventing parental child abduction: analysis of a national project.
AB  - Recent data from a study indicate that child abduction by a parent is up to six
      times more frequent than previous estimates had suggested. Relative to parental
      child abductions, stranger abductions occur on a very infrequent basis. While
      much attention has been placed on prevention programs for stranger abductions,
      prevention programs for parental child abduction have been nonexistent. The
      present study analyzes data from a national hotline program that targeted
      prevention of parental child abduction. Data were collected on 86 consecutive
      telephone calls from parents contemplating abduction of their child(ren). These
      data provide information on demographic variables, level of interparental
      conflict/violence, reasons for contemplating abduction, and abduction plans. Data
      are also presented that indicate a mediation program may be effective in
      preventing some cases of parental child abduction. However, such a mediation
      program is a very difficult course of action and impacts only a small percentage
      of parental child abduction cases.

PMID- 1804588
TI  - Varicella pneumonia as the presenting manifestation of immunodeficiency.

PMID- 1804589
TI  - Gastrointestinal malformation in genetic disorders: a case of partial trisomy 2q
      with short esophagus and tubular stomach.

PMID- 1804590
TI  - Tissue distribution of cefotetan in patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - Concentrations of cefotetan in the intestinal wall of patients with Crohn's
      disease were investigated with the method of tissue homogenates with the aim to
      evaluate the effects of inflammation on tissue distribution. Twenty-four patients
      who underwent surgery were treated with a 2-gram single dose of cefotetan
      intravenously before the operation. The mean tissue levels in inflamed intestinal
      wall were constantly higher than in normal wall, but the difference was
      statistically significant only in samples taken more than 2 h after cefotetan
      administration (31.0 +/- 17.8 vs 14.7 +/- 11.4 mg/kg; p less than 0.05). The mean
      residence time was 284.3 min for inflamed tissue and 123.9 min for normal. The
      areas under the curve were significantly higher in inflamed wall than in normal,
      with mean values of 4,789 and 3,020.2 mg/l.h, respectively (p less than 0.05).
      Inflammation seems to facilitate the penetration of cefotetan into the intestinal
      wall of patients with Crohn's disease but above all, it increases the mean
      residence time in inflamed tissue.

PMID- 1804591
TI  - Penetration of roxithromycin into bronchial secretions.
AB  - The penetration of an antibacterial agent into the bronchial secretions is a
      crucial factor in determining its clinical efficacy in the treatment of bacterial
      respiratory infections. Roxithromycin is a novel macrolide compound active
      against the most frequent respiratory pathogens. Following administration of 150
      mg p.o., we observed a prompt penetration of the compound into bronchial
      secretions of critically ill patients. Elevated concentrations above the MICs of
      the commonest susceptible pathogens are reached and maintained until the next
      administration.

PMID- 1804592
TI  - In vitro and in vivo activity of carbamate-linked dual-action antibacterial Ro 24
      4383.
AB  - Ro 24-4383 contains desacetylcefotaxime linked by a carbamate bond at the 3'
      position to ciprofloxacin. Ro 24-4383 was active against 99% of the 363 gram
      positive and gram-negative aerobes tested in vitro, while the comparative agents
      cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin were active against 77 and 97%, respectively. The
      activities (ED50: mg/kg s.c.) of Ro 24-4383, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin in
      systemic murine infections were: Escherichia coli 257, 1.4, less than 0.5, less
      than 0.2; Klebsiella pneumoniae A, 11, 30, 0.7; Enterobacter cloacae 5699, 3.2,
      35, less than 0.2; Citrobacter freundii BS16, 3, 41, less than 0.5; Serratia
      marcescens SM, 35, greater than 100, 1.6; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5712, 67, 100,
      10; P. aeruginosa 8780, 33, 193, 3; Staphylococcus aureus Smith (oxacillin
      susceptible), 12, 3.7, 1; S. aureus 753 (oxacillin-resistant), 28, greater than
      100, 2; Streptococcus pneumoniae 6301, 10, 15, greater than 50, and S. pyogenes
      4, 3.3, 1.6, 54. Ro 24-4383, although inactive against the S.-pneumoniae-induced
      pneumonia following one administration of the agent, was highly active (ED50 =
      1.5) when three treatments were given following infection. Ro 24-4383 was active
      against the K.-pneumoniae-induced pneumonia (ED50 = 37), as well as the
      meningitis induced by S. pneumoniae (ED50 = 158) or K. pneumoniae (ED50 = 100).
      The protective effect of Ro 24-4383 was demonstrated when administered 8 h before
      infection with E. coli (ED50 = 37) and 4 h before infection with S. pyogenes
      (ED50 = 199).

PMID- 1804593
TI  - Immunobiology of Clostridium perfringens type A: passive protection of NMRI mice.
      Western blot analysis of immunoreactive polypeptides.
AB  - Polyvalent, equine antitoxin (250 IU/mouse) passively protected NMRI mice against
      7 of 9 challenge strains of Clostridium perfringens type A. Two human
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparations (Polyglobin N and Sandoglobulin) and two
      rabbit immune sera prepared against formalinized cells of C. perfringens were
      ineffective. Cell homogenates of 4 C. perfringens strains revealed more than 15
      polypeptides in SDS-PAGE electropherograms; the molecular weights ranged from 138
      to 14.4 kD. Normal human serum from 2 donors revealed up to 3 immunoblot-reactive
      antibodies against 126-, 69.2-, 49- or 14.4-kD antigens, the two rabbit immune
      sera showed antibodies against 4-7 distinct antigens that ranged from 138 to 28.8
      kD, whereas the two human IgG preparations revealed antibodies against up to 12
      antigens (range 138.7-31.6 kD) and antibodies against lower-molecular-weight
      (less than 24.5-kD) components. Polyvalent, equine antitoxin reacted with at
      least 14 polypeptides (range 136.5-31 kD) and numerous smaller (less than 24-kD)
      components.

PMID- 1804594
TI  - Fluconazole in the treatment of mycotic oropharyngeal stomatitis and esophagitis
      in neutropenic cancer patients.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of fluconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, was
      evaluated in 24 patients with neutropenia due to cytotoxic anticancer
      chemotherapy with polyfactorial immunodepression. Twenty of 23 patients benefited
      from treatment, and except for 1 patient with mild abdominal discomfort the drug
      was well tolerated. Mycological eradication appeared in 17 from 23 evaluable
      patients, superinfection in 1 case and persistence could be evaluated in 5 cases.
      Candida albicans, C. crusei and C. pseudotropicalis together with Torulopsis sp.
      were the most frequently isolated organisms from pharyngeal and esophageal mucosa
      in treated patients with oropharyngeal and esophageal mycosis.

PMID- 1804596
TI  - A new short-term combination therapy of leprosy.
AB  - Report on the results with a new therapy with a complex combination (rifampicin +
      co-trimoxazole + isoniazid) for the treatment of leprosy. High tolerance.
      Duration of treatment 2 months.

PMID- 1804595
TI  - Ceftriaxone and amikacin versus ceftazidime and amikacin in febrile
      granulocytopenia.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of the two antibiotic combinations, ceftazidime plus
      amikacin and ceftriaxone plus amikacin were compared in an open randomized trial.
      100 episodes of neutropenia caused by malignant diseases and/or cytostatic drugs
      were evaluated in 66 males and 34 females with a mean age of 49.4 years. The
      types of infections treated were: septicemia 38, fever of undetermined origin 26,
      pneumonia 13, ear, nose and throat infections 11 and others 12. 17 episodes were
      not evaluable (6 protocol violations, 6 doubtful infections and 5 non-bacterial
      infections). The overall results were comparable, with a 74% success rate for
      ceftazidime and a 70% rate for ceftriaxone (criteria of the European Organization
      for Research and Treatment of Cancer). In the patients with septicemia, the
      success rate was 64% in the ceftriaxone and 57% in the ceftazidime group. Eight
      patients died during the treatment, in 5 cases due to infectious complications.
      There were no differences between the two groups in respect of efficacy or
      toxicity.

PMID- 1804597
TI  - Antiemetic efficacy of alprazolam in carboplatin-induced emesis.
AB  - In order to potentiate the efficacy of antiemetic drugs such as metoclopramide
      (MCP) and the new drug GR 38032F, adjuvant antiemetic drugs such as
      benzodiazepines are used in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The purpose
      of our prospective study was to investigate the efficacy of alprazolam (APZ), a
      newer diazepam, as an adjuvant antiemetic drug, when combined with MCP, in
      carboplatin (JM8)-based chemotherapy. Thus, 42 patients entered this study. First
      they received only MCP 1 mg/kg in 15 min infusion (arm A). In the next cycle they
      received the combination of MCP in the same dose and a tablet of APZ 0.25 mg, 30
      min before JM8 infusion and then 3.5, 5.5 and 11.5 h after (arm B). JM8 was
      administered alone (400 mg/m2) or in combination (300 mg/m2) with vinblastine (6
      mg/m2), etoposide (100 mg/m2) or 5-fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2). In arm A,
      according to the WHO classification, nausea was intense (p less than 0.003) and
      the duration of nausea longer (p less than 0.002). In arm B more patients did not
      present vomiting (p less than 0.018). Secondary effects such as appetite (p less
      than 0.04), diarrhea (p less than 0.064), diaphoresis (p less than 0.085) and
      headache (p less than 0.024) were worst in arm A. We conclude that APZ increases
      the antiemetic effect of MCP on JM8. APZ is a useful adjuvant antiemetic drug,
      especially against the development of anticipatory anxiety, nausea and vomiting
      that many cancer patients presented during chemotherapy.

PMID- 1804598
TI  - Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone versus ceftazidime in the treatment of
      nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Seventy-two hospitalized patients with pneumonia or bacteremia were randomly
      allocated to receive ceftriaxone 2 g once daily i.v. or ceftazidime 2 g twice a
      day i.v. At the end of the study 60 patients were evaluable, 31 in the
      ceftazidime group and 29 in the ceftriaxone group. Thirty-four patients
      (ceftazidime = 15, ceftriaxone = 19) yielded one or more pathogens, of which 64%
      were gram-negative bacilli. Clinical cure or improvement was observed in 90% of
      patients in both groups. All 3 cases of bacteremia were cured. Three patients in
      each group failed to respond to the administered drug. Eradication of the
      pathogen(s) was observed in 82% of the ceftazidime group and in 86% of the
      ceftriaxone group. Two episodes of superinfection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      were recorded in the ceftriaxone group, while Candida spp. was isolated from the
      sputum in 2 patients in the ceftazidime group. Three strains of P. aeruginosa (2
      in the ceftazidime group, 1 in the ceftriaxone group) persisted despite the
      treatment. No side effects were seen except for skin rash in 2 patients receiving
      ceftazidime. Compliance was good in both groups, particularly with the once daily
      administration of ceftriaxone. Overall ceftriaxone and ceftazidime appear to be
      equally effective in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, with the exception of
      P. aeruginosa infection.

PMID- 1804600
TI  - Ceftriaxone plus amikacin in neutropenic patients: a report on 100 cases.
AB  - 100 febrile patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (less than 0.5 x
      10(9)/l) were empirically treated by ceftriaxone (2 g daily in adults, 50 mg/kg
      daily in children, as a once daily injection) and amikacin (15-20 mg/kg daily).
      The mean age was 41 years (range 8-72). 51 patients had acute leukemia, 29 non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma, 12 Hodgkin's disease, 8 other disorders. 23 febrile episodes
      were bacteriologically documented (gram-positive: 13 patients; gram-negative: 8
      patients; Candida: 2 patients) including 13 cases of bacteremia; 10 were
      clinically documented, and 67 remained of undetermined origin. Apyrexia was
      obtained in 39 patients by ceftriaxone plus amikacin alone (success), in 36
      patients after the addition of vancomycin and/or amphotericin B (improvement),
      whereas in the remaining 25 patients it was necessary to substitute the study
      drug. The failure rate was correlated to the duration of neutropenia: 0/13 when
      neutropenia less than 6 days; 3/41 (7%) when 6-10 days; 22/46 (48%) when greater
      than 10 days. Only 2/20 (10%) of patients with neutropenia greater than 20 days
      were treated with ceftriaxone plus amikacin alone. 9 of the 23 bacteriologically
      documented episodes were successes (including 6 of the 11 cases due to
      Staphylococcus), 7 were improvements and 7 were failures (including the 3 cases
      due to Pseudomonas). No side effects were seen. Ceftriaxone plus amikacin is an
      effective firstline antibiotic combination in the treatment of febrile
      neutropenic patients.

PMID- 1804599
TI  - Randomized clinical trial comparing ceftriaxone/amikacin versus
      ceftazidime/amikacin as initial therapy of febrile episodes in neutropenic
      patients.
AB  - Neutropenic patients with underlying hematologic (usually malignant) diseases
      were randomized to receive either 2 g ceftriaxone once daily +0.5 g amikacin or 2
      g ceftazidime twice daily +0.5 g amikacin b.i.d. when fever was higher than 38
      degrees C and granulocyte counts less than 0.5 x 10(9)/l. 25 patients were
      included in each treatment group. Successful outcome of treatment was observed in
      28 (13/15) and in an additional 5 (2/3) patients after modification of the
      therapy. Tolerability was excellent in both groups.

PMID- 1804601
TI  - [Summary of the 5th national conference. The society of obstetrics and gynecology
      of the Chinese Medical Association].

PMID- 1804602
TI  - [Analysis of 79515 low birth weight infants in China].
AB  - Within one year period (1986, 10-1987, 9), there were a total of 1,243,248 births
      (from 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days postpartum) in 945 hospitals of 29
      provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China. Among these, 79,515 were low
      birth weight (LBW) babies (B. W. less than 2,500 g), and the incidence was 64.0
      per thousand birth, ranging from 48.0 (Beijing) to 125.8 (Tibet) birth. The
      incidence of full term LBW was 35.8% birth, the overall perinatal mortality rate
      (PMR) was 26.7% while PMR in the LBW group (176.7%) was 11.1 times higher than
      that of birth weight over 2,500 g group (15.9%). The major causes of LBW and
      perinatal death were discussed.

PMID- 1804603
TI  - [Low-dose aspirin preventing pregnancy induced hypertension].
AB  - A prospective randomized double-blind study was carried out in pregnant women
      with risk of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Low dose Aspirin (50 mg/day)
      or placebo was given consecutively from the 28th weeks of gestation. The results
      have shown that 8% of the pregnant women in the aspirin treatment group had
      developed PIH, which was substantially lower than that in the control group (24%)
      (P less than 0.05). The ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased significantly
      in the control group while it remained unchanged in treatment group. Increasing
      plasma fibronectin (Fn) and decreasing AT-III level were seen in the control
      group but no changes of these parameters in the treatment group. It was presumed
      that low dose aspirin may have prophylactic effect on PIH. The mechanism of
      aspirin may be the inhibition of TXA2 and Fn synthesis and decreased consumption
      of AT-III.

PMID- 1804604
TI  - [Production of adriamycin covalent binding to monoclonal antibody OC-859 and its
      anti-tumor activities].
AB  - Using periodate oxidation method adriamycin was linked to monoclonal antibody
      OC859, and a monoclonal antibody-adriamycin (McAb ADR) conjugate was produced.
      The molar ratio of ADR:OC859 was 12:1. This drug-antibody conjugate still
      retained its cytotoxic effects and antibody activities. The cytotoxic effects of
      McAb-ADR conjugate on the growth of tumor cells CAOV3 was determined by
      microculture tetrazolium assay. It revealed that when the concentration of the
      McAb-ADR conjugate was 1 microM more than 50% of CAOV3 cells were inhibited. And
      for normal endometrial cells no more than 50% inhibition could be shown even with
      the concentration up to 10 microM. In vivo, the human ovarian epithelial
      carcinoma transplanted to nude mice was also inhibited with McAb-ADR conjugate.
      The above results showed that the McAb-ADR conjugate can selectively cause
      inhibition of tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro, and may be helpful in the
      treatment of ovarian epithelial carcinoma in the future.

PMID- 1804605
TI  - [A prospective study of nylestriol on plasma lipids in postmenopausal women].
AB  - A prospective, double-blind clinical study has been carried out in 90 chinese
      women with postmenopausal period covering 0.5 to 21 years by administering a
      synthetic long-acting estriol derivative-nylestriol in the regimen of 2 mg every
      2 weeks for 1 year (49 treated and 41 placebo). The result were: Total
      cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) remained unchangeable (P greater than
      0.05), while high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased after 6
      months, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TC/HDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C
      ratios decreased after 3 months of medication (P less than 0.05); FSH were
      restrained (P less than 0.05), but LH did not change significantly (P greater
      than 0.05). One third of the women with intact uterus had spotting withdraw
      bleeding and another one third had moderate amount after the addition of
      medroxyprogesterone acetate 6 mg daily for 7 days at the end of the 12 months
      treatment. Side effects included breakthrough bleeding (10.3%), breast tenderness
      (11.8%), leukorrhagia (29.4). None showed abnormal liver function (GPT).

PMID- 1804606
TI  - [Embolus formation using bismuth polyurethane for tubosterilization observation
      of 259 cases].
AB  - A 50% solution of bismuth polyurethane in absolute alcohol, which remains in a
      liquid state at 70 degrees C and solidifies at body temperature within a few
      minutes, was used to form embolus in the fallopian tubes for the purpose of tube
      sterilization. This compound is non-caustic and proves to be bioadaptable. A
      modified Foley's catheter was used to introduce the solution into the lumens of
      the tube by way of the uterine cavity in 259 cases. A 24 month follow-up by life
      table method was carried out, and 26 were pregnant with a pregnancy rate of
      10.0%. The number of successful operation at the first attempt was 234 with 18
      cases pregnant (7.7%). The recanalization rate of the tubes within 24 months was
      11.4% including those of pregnancy. There was little side reactions
      postoperatively. A polyethylene 2 way tube with a rubber bulb for instillation of
      the bismuth polyurethane had been made on October 1990. Ways of improving the
      successful rate were mentioned. The authors believe that this is a useful
      procedure of tubo-sterilization, which is easily accepted by the patients and
      easily carried out by the medical personnel.

PMID- 1804607
TI  - [Fetal arrhythmia].
AB  - Nineteen cases of fetal arrhythmia discovered by antenatal auscultation were
      analyzed. Among them, 14 alive babies were followed up. The occurrence, diagnosis
      and prognosis of fetal arrhythmia were discussed. 14 cases had normal FHR with
      arrhythmia, 1 case with tachycardia, 4 with bradycardia. Ultrasonocardiography
      (USC) was performed in 12 cases. 3 of them had sinus bradycardia with structural
      abnormalities of heart, they showed fetal distress in labor, neonatal asphyxia
      and perinatal death. 14 cases were followed up for a period of less than one year
      to 5 years. Only 2 babies had aurical premature beat by USC, others remain
      normal.

PMID- 1804608
TI  - [Hepatitis B vaccine inhibiting vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus].
AB  - A survey of hepatitis B virus infection was carried out among 1,947 pregnant
      women. The results showed that 215 women were HBsAg positive, a rate of 10.7%.
      Among the 38 serum samples reexamined, 10 were positive both for HBsAg and HBeAg
      (26.3%). In order to evaluate the effect of hepatitis B vaccine on inhibiting
      vertical transmission, all infants of the 38 women positive for HBsAg were given
      hepatitis B vaccine 40 micrograms. by injection 7 months after the immunization,
      HBsAg was found absent in 31 of them, but all the infants had produced anti-HBsAg
      antibody. The positive rate of anti-HBsAg antibody in infants whose mothers had
      both positive HBsAg and HBeAg was 50%, whereas in infants whose mothers had only
      positive HBsAg it was 92.9% (chi 2 = 6.38 P less than 0.05).

PMID- 1804609
TI  - [Fetal well-being monitoring: comparison between a new method of serum estriol
      assaying and determination of urinary estriol/creatinine].
AB  - Normal pregnant serum E3 values were measured in 2,611 women non less than or
      equal to 13 to 41 gestational weeks, by a new method of serum free E 3 (SFE 3)
      determination on radioimmunoassay kit. Normal values of SFE3 from the less than
      or equal to 13 to the 41 gestational week and the normal low-limit of each week
      were established; Blood and randomized urinary (RU) samples were obtained
      simultaneously from 392 women in late pregnancies for comparison of fetal
      monitoring validity. The results of the determinations of SFE3 and RUE3/C
      revealed: (1) The coefficient of correlation in RUE3/C with SFE3 was close in
      either normal or high-risk pregnancies (P less than 0.001); (2) SFE3 straightened
      out false positive rate of RUE3/C by 92%. Among the false positive rates of
      RUE3/C pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) has the highest 53.6% as compared
      with other high-risk pregnancies; (3) The correct rate of SFE3 in predicting
      fetal well-being 95.6% was significantly higher than that of RUE3/C (87.3%) (P
      less than 0.001). Our observations suggest that RUE3/C may be used as preliminary
      perinatal monitoring. When RUE3/C value is below the normal, SFE3 test is
      employed to ensure the reliability of perinatal diagnosis, especially in PIH.
      Clearly, the combination of these two tests would be better than the use of any
      of them.

PMID- 1804610
TI  - [30 years' experience of obstetric hysterectomy].
AB  - Sixty-eight cases of obstetric hysterectomy were performed in our hospital from
      1960 to 1989, an incidence of 27.63/10,000. The maternal mortality was 8.82%
      (6/68). Forty-four hysterectomies were done at end of cesarean sections and
      twenty-four performed after vaginal deliveries. Uterine rupture (48.53%) was the
      chief indication for emergent hysterectomies and placental disorders came next in
      frequency. The most common indication for nonemergency hysterectomies was uterine
      leiomyoma. The emergence of placenta accreta as major indication for hysterectomy
      is an obvious change since the past decade. Twelve of these patients (17.65%)
      underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and fifty-six (82.35%) subtotal
      hysterectomy. The operative indications, conditions and problems are discussed.

PMID- 1804611
TI  - [Preservation of pelvic nerve plexus during radical hysterectomy].
AB  - Preservation of the pelvic nerve plexus at the sites of uterosacral and cardinal
      ligaments was practiced during radical hysterectomy in 104 cases of cervical
      cancer (study group). Conventional radical hysterectomy without preservation of
      nerve plexus was performed in 100 cases (control group). The amount of residual
      urine was measured postoperatively to evaluate the recovery of function of
      urination. The average time of recovery of normal urination was 18.25 +/- 1.93
      days for the study group and 24.05 +/- 1.68 days for the control group (P less
      than 0.01). There was no difference of 5- and 10-year survival rates between
      these two groups (P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 1804612
TI  - [Genital mycoplasma colonization in the female genital tract].
AB  - Cervical or vaginal specimens obtained from 1,178 females at different
      physiologic periods of life were cultured for ureaplasma urealyticum and
      Mycoplasma hominis. Low recovery rates of U. urealyticum were obtained in the
      neonates (20/72, 27.8%) and puerperal (22/83, 26.5%) and postmenopausal (21/70,
      30.0%) women. The highest incidence (114/157, 72.6%) was observed in pregnant
      women. It is suggested that the colonization of genital mycoplasma is associated
      with the hormonal status of the women.

PMID- 1804613
TI  - [A new approach to detecting mutations occurring in populations].

PMID- 1804614
TI  - [Methylation of DNA in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus cells].

PMID- 1804615
TI  - [Variants of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus resistant to the
      neutralizing action of monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 1804616
TI  - [The change in (137)Cs availability for plant root uptake in the area of the
      accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station].

PMID- 1804617
TI  - [Features of the structure of transfer RNA from the standpoint of genetic code
      origin].

PMID- 1804618
TI  - [Neurotropic effect of endogenous peptides having a therapeutic effect on
      patients with Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1804619
TI  - [Assessment of the mutagenic danger of environmental pollution from the data of
      an epidemiologic study of spontaneous abortions].

PMID- 1804620
TI  - [Intensity of the mutagenic process in residents of cities with various levels of
      chemical air pollution (from the data on congenital abnormalities)].

PMID- 1804621
TI  - [Hypoxic stress proteins from human lymphocytes induced by Ca2+ ions].

PMID- 1804622
TI  - [Expression of neurofilament proteins in neocortical transplants].

PMID- 1804623
TI  - [Expression and secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) in methylotrophic yeasts
      Hansenula polymorpha].

PMID- 1804624
TI  - [Influence of position effect modifiers on the condition of polytene chromosome
      synapsis in Drosophila melanogaster].

PMID- 1804625
TI  - [Sequence of utilizing components of a complex culture media by population waves
      of Escherichia coli bacterial].

PMID- 1804626
TI  - [Spatial course of a protein chain can be represented as a conformation
      determined by interpeptide ionic bridges].

PMID- 1804627
TI  - [Sequestration of NADP+ in bovine crystalline lens cells].

PMID- 1804628
TI  - [Metabolism of juvenile hormones in Drosophila virilis image under normal
      conditions and under heat stress].

PMID- 1804629
TI  - Modulation of coronary circulation and the cardiac matrix by the renin
      angiotensin system.
AB  - There are short-term and long-term modulations of cardiac function and cardiac
      composition by the endocrine and paracrine renin-angiotensin system. First, there
      is an enhancement of coronary vasoconstrictor tone in severe congestive heart
      failure due to stimulation of this system. Therapeutic interventions that block
      the RA-system are able to reduce the increased resistance to coronary flow.
      Second, there is a relationship between the occurrence of arrhythmias and the
      degree of sympathetic stimulation in congestive heart failure. The renin
      angiotensin system may be involved in arrhythmogenesis because of presynaptic
      modulation of sympathetic neurotransmitter release. However, in the isolated
      perfused rat heart no class-specific antiarrhythmic properties could be found for
      ACE inhibitors during progressive myocardial ischaemia. Third, proliferation of
      the neointima following injury of a coronary artery is at least in part mediated
      by angiotensin II. Although ACE inhibition was an effective tool in animal
      experiments to prevent excessive proliferation of the neointima following
      ballooning, it was less effective in preventing restenosis in man following a
      repeat coronary angioplasty. Fourth, preferential proliferation of the cardiac
      interstitium in experimental hypertension has been associated with activation of
      the renin-angiotensin system. In patients with essential hypertension ACE
      inhibitors were not only capable of controlling blood pressure but also of
      normalizing the previously pathological pattern of diastolic left ventricular
      filling. In summary, by therapeutic intervention that cause a blockade of this
      system, cardioprotective and cardioreparative processes can be supported.

PMID- 1804630
TI  - Peptides in coronary circulation: basis for therapeutic strategies.
AB  - Promising approaches towards new therapeutic strategies in coronary heart disease
      might emerge from an improved pathophysiological understanding of the role of
      certain peptides, which require a localizing event for their accumulation or
      expression in the coronary vasculature. Temporal myocardial ischaemia or
      hypoperfusion with reperfusion are such localizing acute events, which induce
      endothelial dysfunction and subsequent tissue damage in the affected myocardium.
      Peptides involved in these pathological processes are elements of the complement
      system, cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and on leukocytes,
      endothelial proteins affecting the coagulation cascade, and enzymes contributing
      to endothelial production of cytokines or superoxide anion. Protection against
      postischaemic reperfusion damage of the endothelium by antagonists or antibodies
      can be shown in experiments, and this endothelial protection appears crucial for
      reducing myocardial cell damage.

PMID- 1804631
TI  - Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on cardiac noradrenaline
      release.
AB  - Angiotensin II facilitates sympathetic transmitter release in the heart. Thus,
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors may be assumed to suppress noradrenaline
      release in the heart. To test this hypothesis endogenous noradrenaline release
      was induced either by electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion or by
      global ischaemia in rat hearts. Noradrenaline was determined by high performance
      liquid chromatography in coronary venous overflow. Endogenous angiotensin
      formation was blocked by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors captopril
      and ramiprilat and the activity of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system was
      modulated by variations in nutritional sodium load prior to the experiments. Both
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors significantly reduced noradrenaline
      release evoked by nerve stimulation when the animals had been fed a low sodium
      diet. Following a high sodium diet, however, captopril and ramiprilat had no
      effect on stimulation-induced noradrenaline release. Global ischaemia (20 min)
      resulted in noradrenaline overflow from sympathetic nerves, independent of nerve
      stimulation. This ischaemia-induced noradrenaline release was not influenced by
      either converting enzyme inhibitor. In conclusion, the results suggest a sodium
      dependent endogenous angiotensin formation in the heart which facilitates
      physiological noradrenaline release and is sensitive to angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitors. In contrast, noradrenaline release in ischaemia is not
      affected by converting enzyme blockers, due to a different, non-exocytotic
      release mechanism of noradrenaline during myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 1804633
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of G-proteins (alpha subunits) in rat heart
      tissue.
AB  - The subcellular localization of peptide antibodies against G-protein alpha
      subunits was studied by the indirect immunogold technique with Lowicryl K4M
      embedded rat cardiac tissue. Two antibodies were used. The alpha common peptide
      antibody recognizes the alpha subunits of Gs, Gi and Go. The alpha i common
      peptide antibodies recognize the alpha subunits of all Gi alpha subtypes (G1-3).
      Immunoreactivity against alpha common and alpha i common antibodies was found
      along the cell surface of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. No
      immunoreactivity was seen on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. T-tubule membranes
      showed a little reactivity. Distribution patterns obtained with alpha common and
      alpha i common antibodies were identical. Immunogold was seen in cardiocytes from
      both atria and ventricles. In light-microscopical studies with peroxidase
      conjugated secondary antibodies, heavy immunostaining was seen in SA and AV
      nodes.

PMID- 1804632
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation-induced increase in cardiac Gi-protein expression
      and in carbachol sensitivity.
AB  - Increased plasma concentrations of catecholamines are assumed to be responsible
      for the decreased sensitivity to catecholamines of the failing heart. We
      investigated in rat heart the influence of a 4-day infusion of isoprenaline (Iso;
      2.4 mg.kg-1.d-1), propranolol (Prop; 9.9 mg.kg-1.d-1), Iso + Prop or 0.9% NaCl as
      control (Ctr) on myocardial Gi-mRNA and Gi-protein levels and on the negative
      inotropic effect of carbachol in papillary muscles. In Iso-treated rats,
      hybridization experiments with 32P-cDNAs revealed a 49 +/- 18% (n = 7-8) and 27
      +/- 7% (n = 8) increase in Gi alpha-2- and Gi alpha-3-mRNA respectively, and
      pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation revealed a 22 +/- 7% (n = 8) increase
      in Gi-protein as compared to Ctr. These alterations were accompanied by an
      increased potency of carbachol (mean EC50: 0.04 microM vs. 0.28 microM) in the
      presence of Iso in isolated electrically driven (1 Hz) papillary muscles. Prop
      had no effect on Gi-protein expression but antagonized all Iso-induced effects.
      In conclusion, beta-adrenergic stimulation leads to an increased expression of Gi
      and to an enhanced negative inotropic potency of muscarinic agonists. An enhanced
      muscarinic receptor coupling via Gi might play a pathophysiological role in heart
      diseases with increased plasma catecholamine levels.

PMID- 1804634
TI  - G protein function in the ischaemic myocardium.
AB  - The activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) is controlled by its interaction with
      receptor-regulated G proteins. The efficiency to form cyclic AMP is strongly
      influenced by the amount, the subspecies and function of these regulatory
      proteins. An impairment of AC function has been shown to occur in sarcolemmal
      preparations (SL) of hearts exposed to either local or global ischaemia. To
      examine the contribution of G protein function to this phenomenon, cholera toxin
      (CT)-catalysed ADP-ribosylation of Gs and pertussis toxin (PT)-catalysed ADP
      ribosylation of G proteins have been investigated in SL of porcine hearts exposed
      to global ischaemia for 15-45 min. ADP-ribosylation by CT of an approximately 45
      kDa polypeptide was 0.46 +/- 0.06 and ADP-ribosylation by PT of three 39-41 kDa
      polypeptides was 4.77 +/- 0.77 pmol mg-1 protein in SL of non-ischaemic
      myocardium. Whereas no change was observed in CT-catalyzed ribosylation after 30
      min of ischaemia, there was a reduction in PT-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation to 3.7
      +/- 0.35 pmol mg-1 protein after 30 min of ischaemia. Prolongation of ischaemia
      to 45 min did not reduce further ADP-ribosylation capacity. Quantitative
      immunoblotting of PT-sensitive G proteins suggests that the diminution of ADP
      ribosylation occurred because of a loss of alpha-subunits of G0, Gi-1, and Gi-2
      from sarcolemmal membranes.

PMID- 1804635
TI  - The effect of alpha-adrenergic agents and protein kinase C activators on protein
      phosphorylation in isolated guinea pig hearts.
AB  - The incorporation of [32P]Pi into sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular and
      myofibrillar proteins was studied in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts
      treated with the alpha-agonist norepinephrine or with protein kinase C activators
      (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (D8G].
      Norepinephrine was administered in the presence of propranolol and atropine,
      while the protein kinase C activators (PMA and D8G) were infused in the presence
      of propranolol, atropine and prazosin. Examination of 32P-incorporation into the
      various cardiac proteins revealed that there were no significant increases in the
      degree of phosphorylation of the: (1) 15 kDa sarcolemmal protein; (2)
      phospholamban in sarcoplasmic reticulum; and (3) troponin I and C protein in the
      myofibrils. In parallel control studies, stimulation of beating guinea pig hearts
      by isoproterenol was associated with a 4-5-fold increase in 32P-incorporation
      into phospholamban and troponin I and about a 2-fold increase in 32P
      incorporation into C protein and the 15 kDa sarcolemmal protein. These findings
      indicate that the major cardiac regulatory phosphoproteins, which have been
      reported to serve as substrates for protein kinase C in vitro, are not
      phosphorylated by the same enzyme in perfused, beating guinea pig hearts.

PMID- 1804636
TI  - Supersensitivity to isoprenaline induced in cultured neonatal rat heart cells by
      certain eicosatetraenoic acids.
AB  - Among a number of racemic eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) investigated, 15-R/S
      HETE and 11-R/S-HETE were the only ones that enormously potentiated the
      chronotropic action of isoprenaline on neonatal rat heart myocytes in rocked
      culture. The effect of the 15-R/S-HETE was exclusively due to the S isomer.

PMID- 1804637
TI  - Calcium channel blockers and ischaemic heart disease: theoretical expectations
      and clinical experience.
AB  - There are several reasons for using calcium antagonists to protect ischaemic and
      reperfused myocytes and to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. At the
      molecular level, calcium antagonists induce: coronary dilatation and improvement
      of the supply of oxygen and substrate to the area at risk; energy sparing
      secondary to dilatation of the peripheral vasculature and, at least in the case
      of phenylalkylamines and benzothiazepines, a reduction in contractility and heart
      rate; attenuation of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias; inhibition of platelet
      aggregation (only at high concentration); reduction of loss of adenosine
      precursor; reduction of the release of lysosomal enzymes; a direct protective
      effect on the sarcolemma (for the phenylalkylamines); a protective effect of the
      mitochondria and specific reduction of mitochondrial calcium transport (for
      benzothiazepines and some phenylalkylamines; attenuation of the ischaemia
      reperfusion-induced displacement of endogenous noradrenaline (for the
      phenylalkylamines). Evidence of a protective role has been obtained in a variety
      of experiments provided the calcium antagonists were introduced prior to
      ischaemia. It is believed that this protective effect is an indirect consequence
      of the ability to modulate the function of the calcium channels and the energy
      sparing effect is of major importance. Conversely, protection has not been
      obtained when calcium antagonists are added after ischaemia or during
      reperfusion. Thus is not surprising that when administered after the signs of
      human myocardial infarction, calcium antagonists do not reduce infarct size or
      avoid subsequent complications or decrease mortality. Diltiazem and verapamil,
      however, are two recent exceptions to this general tendency.

PMID- 1804638
TI  - Catecholamine release and arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischaemia.
AB  - Increased sympathetic activity is assumed to contribute substantially to the
      occurrence of malignant arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease,
      since the rate of sudden cardiac death is significantly reduced by beta
      adrenoceptor blockade, but not by antiarrhythmic agents such as flecainide or
      encainide. During acute myocardial ischaemia, adrenergic stimulation of the
      ischaemic myocardium is independent of plasma catecholamines. Rather, it is
      caused by the combination of excessively high local noradrenaline concentrations
      and an enhanced responsiveness of the myocyte to catecholamines. Myocardial
      ischaemia of 15 min duration results in a 100-fold increase in catecholamine
      concentrations within the extracellular space of the ischaemic zone, a two-fold
      increase in functionally coupled alpha-adrenoceptors, and a 30% increase in beta
      adrenoceptors. Within the first 10 min of ischaemia, the myocardium is protected
      from excessive catecholamine release. Ischaemia-associated metabolic alterations,
      such as extracellular potassium accumulation, acidosis, and especially the
      accumulation of adenosine reduce the transmitter release caused by central
      sympathetic activation. Furthermore, the functional neuronal amine reuptake
      (uptake1) prevents excessive local accumulation of noradrenaline. With
      progression of ischaemia to more than 10 min, local nonexocytotic catecholamine
      release becomes predominant. This release is independent of central sympathetic
      nerve activity, availability of extracellular calcium, activation of both
      neuronal calcium channels and protein kinase C, and it is not accompanied by the
      release of sympathetic cotransmitters such as neuropeptide Y. It has been
      demonstrated to be nonexocytotic and to be caused by a carrier-mediated transport
      of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve ending into the synaptic cleft. This
      release is not modulated through presynaptic receptors. It is, however,
      suppressed by blockers of uptake1 and by inhibitors of sodium-proton exchange.
      Depletion of cardiac catecholamine stores by chronic surgical or chemical
      sympathectomy effectively suppresses malignant arrhythmias induced by
      experimental coronary ligature. Accordingly, inhibitors of nonexocytotic
      noradrenaline release, such as uptake1 blocking agents or sodium-proton exchange
      inhibitors, effectively reduce the occurrence of ischaemia-associated ventricular
      fibrillation, emphasizing the relevance of nonexocytotic release mechanisms in
      myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 1804641
TI  - Ciclosporin metabolite pattern in blood and urine of liver graft recipients. II.
      Influence of cholestasis and rejection.
AB  - The pattern of metabolites of ciclosporin in blood and 24 h-urine of 58 liver
      graft recipients was routinely monitored by HPLC from transplantation until
      discharge from hospital. Liver function and ciclosporin metabolite pattern in
      patients with an uncomplicated clinical course and in those with cholestasis or
      acute rejection were compared. During cholestasis M19 and M1A, and during acute
      rejection M19, in blood were significantly elevated compared to the control
      group. Blood M19 was significantly correlated with bilirubin concentration and
      gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in serum, and M1A with the serum bilirubin
      concentration. Analysis of the metabolite pattern over the observation period
      showed higher concentrations of M19 and M1A in blood from patients with
      cholestasis and acute rejection than in the control group; concentrations were
      lower in the rejection group than in the cholestasis group. The metabolite
      pattern in 24 h-urine showed similar alterations in ciclosporin metabolite
      pattern to those in blood. Cholestasis and rejection shift the ciclosporin
      metabolite pattern in blood and urine to higher concentrations of M19 and M1A,
      whereas the concentrations of other metabolites and ciclosporin were not
      significantly affected.

PMID- 1804640
TI  - Ciclosporin metabolite pattern in blood and urine of liver graft recipients. I.
      Association of ciclosporin metabolites with nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Blood ciclosporin (Cs) metabolite pattern in 58 liver grafted patients was
      routinely monitored by HPLC from the first Cs dose after transplantation until
      discharge from hospital. Eighteen patients with normal kidney function were
      allocated to Group I and 14 patients in Group II suffered Cs nephrotoxicity
      during their clinical course. There were no significant differences between both
      groups in blood Cs level, kidney function before transplantation, liver function
      or co-administration of other potentially nephrotoxic drugs. A correlation matrix
      involving both groups showed a significant correlation between the blood
      concentration of metabolite M1c9 and serum creatinine and urea, and an inverse
      correlation with creatinine clearance. During a nephrotoxic episode the blood
      concentrations of metabolites M1c9 and M1A were significantly elevated in
      patients in Group II. Analysis of the time course revealed significantly higher
      blood levels of M19 and M1c9 in Group II patients compared with those in Group I
      for the first 10 days after transplantation. Serum creatinine and urea
      concentrations remained significantly elevated, the creatinine clearance being
      significantly reduced throughout the period of observation. The elevated blood
      concentrations of ciclosporin metabolites M1c9 and M19 during nephrotoxic
      episodes suggest that these metabolites are associated with ciclosporin
      nephrotoxicity. It could not be decided if the elevated metabolite concentrations
      were the result of and/or the reason for impaired kidney function.

PMID- 1804639
TI  - Therapeutic monitoring of cyclosporin--an update.
AB  - The success of organ transplantation is closely related to clinical use of the
      immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin (CsA). The dosage of CsA is complicated by the
      large intra- and interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics, as well as
      by the narrow concentration range between insufficient immunosuppression and
      toxicity. Potential sources of error in the sampling procedure and the advantages
      and disadvantages of the available analytical methods are discussed.
      Traditionally, 12 or 24 hour trough concentrations of CsA are monitored.
      Recently, peak concentrations or estimation of AUCs by a limited sampling
      strategy have been tried to improve the relatively weak concentration-effect and
      concentration-toxicity relationships found with trough CsA concentration
      monitoring. Studies of the CsA concentration-effect relationships for various
      treatment indications are reviewed.

PMID- 1804642
TI  - Potentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell activity by cyclosporin A.
AB  - Pretreatment of rat vascular smooth muscle cells with cyclosporin A caused
      concentration- and time-dependent enhancement of both angiotensin II- and
      platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated cellular functions, which may be
      related to a rise in vascular tone. In particular, cyclosporin A increased
      cytosolic free calcium, and augmented the agonist-induced formation of inositol
      polyphosphate. In addition, it markedly increased the sensitivity of the cells to
      platelet-derived growth factor-mediated stimulation of thymidine incorporation.
      The potentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell activity by cyclosporin A may be
      a novel mechanism by which it exerts an adverse vasoconstrictor effect.

PMID- 1804643
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition as a therapeutic principle in Bartter's
      syndrome.
AB  - The effect of captopril has been investigated in four patients with Bartter's
      syndrome treated for 12 weeks. Baseline biochemistry showed normal serum
      aldosterone (mean 347 pmol.l-1) and a mean serum renin of 217 mU-l-1, and a
      considerable increase in serum renin during captopril treatment. Serum
      aldosterone decreased gradually during the study period to about half its initial
      value. The patients presented with a mean serum potassium of 2.5 mmol.l-1, which
      rose to 3.4 mmol.l-1 on captopril. Lymphocytes showed a substantial captopril
      induced increase in intracellular sodium (from 15 to 22.5 mmol.l-1 on average),
      but no change in the potassium content. Captopril was well-tolerated. It may be
      an alternative to potassium-sparing diuretics for maintaining normal serum
      potassium levels in patients with Bartter's syndrome.

PMID- 1804644
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of Ro 23-6152 in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - In a double blind study 8 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension
      received in random order single oral doses of placebo and 10, 30 and 80 mg Ro 23
      6152, a novel calcium entry blocker, on 4 different days. Patients were assessed
      15 min before dosing and at several time intervals over the following 6 h. Ro 23
      6152 30 and 80 mg induced a significant decrease (mean maximum 7 mmHg.1-1.min-1)
      in total peripheral resistance, while cardiac output, stroke volume and heart
      rate were slightly increased (mean maximum 0.51.min-1, 10 ml, 5 beats.min-1,
      respectively) but not significantly so. Systolic blood pressure decreased
      significantly (5 to 10 mmHg) from 0.5 to 6 h after the 80 mg dose. After the 10
      and 30 mg doses the decreases in systolic pressure were not significant.
      Diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were non-significantly
      decreased (mean maximum 7 mmHg) after all doses. The PQ interval was also non
      significantly increased by no more than 20 ms. It appears that the main
      hemodynamic effect of Ro 23-6152 in hypertensive patients is a decrease in
      peripheral resistance. The antihypertensive effect, at least in this short term
      study, was only modest, probably because the fall in peripheral resistance was
      partly compensated by an increase in cardiac output.

PMID- 1804645
TI  - Effect of the calcium antagonists nifedipine, nitrendipine, nimodipine and
      nisoldipine on oesophageal motility in man.
AB  - Nifedipine has been proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of primary
      oesophageal motility disorders which can cause angina-like chest pain and/or
      dysphagia. The effects of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine, nitrendipine,
      nimodipine and nisoldipine on oesophageal smooth muscle function in healthy male
      volunteers were studied by oesophageal manometry using the rapid pull-through
      technique, in two randomized, double-blind crossover studies. Lower oesophageal
      sphincter pressure, oesophageal contraction amplitude and duration after a wet
      swallow (measured 5 cm and 10 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter) were
      determined 30 min before and at 10 minute intervals up to 90 min after the
      administration of nimodipine and up to 120 min after nifedipine, nitrendipine and
      nisoldipine. The plasma drug concentration was measured at baseline (-15 min) and
      in parallel with the manometric measurements. Compared to placebo, lower
      oesophageal sphincter pressure was significantly decreased by 24% by nifedipine
      and 17% by nimodipine, whereas the effects of nitrendipine (decrease of 15%) and
      nisoldipine (9%) were not significant. Nifedipine significantly decreased by 17%
      the oral contraction amplitude compared to placebo and nimodipine by 11%. The
      duration of the contraction amplitudes was not altered. The decrease in sphincter
      pressure was correlated with the corresponding plasma drug levels of nifedipine r
      = 0.92, nitrendipine r = 0.80 and nisoldipine r = 0.79. Nimodipine showed no such
      correlation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804646
TI  - Verapamil in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma. Is the bronchoprotective effect
      related to the plasma level?
AB  - A single oral dose of verapamil 80 mg was shown significantly to inhibit
      histamine-induced broncho-constriction in 8 out of 16 asthmatic subjects (maximum
      increase in PD20FEVHi 416%). There was still significant protection (delta
      PD20FEV1Hi greater than 100%) in the responders 5 h after the oral dose. The
      relationship of the bronchoprotective effect to the plasma level of verapamil was
      also examined. Responders and non-responders did not differ significantly in the
      peak plasma level or the time course of the plasma verapamil concentration. The
      protective effect was not correlated with the peak plasma level of verapamil or
      with the baseline bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 1804648
TI  - Impact of clinical trials on the adoption of new drugs within a university
      hospital.
AB  - To assess the influence that clinical trials may have on the introduction of new
      drugs into prescribing routines, the adoption of drugs has been studied in a
      university hospital in the Netherlands. A significant relation was found between
      the testing of semi-innovative drugs in clinical trials in the hospital and the
      introduction of these drugs into general use in the same hospital. No such
      relationship was found for innovative drugs. Employment in clinical trials only
      affected the frequency of adoption of semi-innovative drugs. It did not influence
      the quantity of their use once they had been adopted. The idea that the
      stimulating effect of clinical trials on the adoption of semi-innovative drugs is
      only due to acceleration of the adoption process was not confirmed. These
      findings support the idea that clinical trials can lower the barriers for
      adoption of semi-innovative drugs.

PMID- 1804647
TI  - Effects of terfenadine and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination in a nasal
      provocation test and in perennial rhinitis.
AB  - The effects of terfenadine and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination, have
      been assessed in a nasal provocation test and in perennial rhinitis. In a double
      blind, placebo-controlled cross-over nasal provocation test, twelve men allergic
      to grass pollen were treated with two daily doses of placebo, terfenadine 60 mg,
      pseudoephedrine 120 mg, or the combination of the two, for 2 days preceding each
      test. The allergic reaction threshold, based on rhinorrhoea, sneezing and nasal
      inspiratory peak flow rate, was raised significantly both by terfenadine and
      pseudoephedrine, and their effects appeared additive (repeated measures analysis
      of variance). In a double-blind, randomized clinical study of perennial rhinitis
      two parallel groups, the efficacy and tolerability of terfenadine and terfenadine
      pseudoephedrine were compared in 50 patients. Symptoms and signs in both groups
      were improved after 14 days of treatment. Differences between groups showed a
      trend in favour of terfenadine-pseudoephedrine, for swelling of the nasal mucosa
      (rhinoscopy) they were statistically significant. Both medications were well
      tolerated overall, although adverse events and reactions were more frequent in
      the terfenadine-pseudoephedrine group. In conclusion, terfenadine-pseudoephedrine
      and its constituents taken alone were effective. The combination performed
      better, but adverse events were somewhat more frequent with the combination than
      with terfenadine alone.

PMID- 1804649
TI  - Non invasive study of systemic and regional haemodynamic and cardiac effects of a
      new calcium antagonist, SR 33557, in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The systemic and regional haemodynamic and cardiac effects of two oral doses (100
      and 300 mg) of a new sulphone-indolizine calcium antagonist SR 33,557 (SR) and a
      placebo were non invasively investigated in a double-blind, cross-over study in 6
      healthy male volunteers. Arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, brachial
      and carotid artery diameters and flows and PR and QT intervals were studied.
      Stroke volume, total peripheral and forearm vascular resistance, regional cardiac
      output distribution indices and corrected QT intervals were calculated. SR did
      not produce any significant modification in systemic haemodynamics, although
      arterial pressure and cardiac output tended to decrease slightly after 300 mg. In
      contrast, at the regional level, ST produced strong vasodilatation and
      significantly increased brachial and carotid blood flow. SR-induced vasodilation
      affected only the arterioles, as shown by a significant decrease in forearm
      vascular resistance, but not the large arteries, as shown by lack of change in
      the brachial and carotid artery diameters. SR-induced vasodilation preferentially
      affected the brachial rather than the carotid vascular bed, resulting in a
      redistribution of cardiac output towards the musculo-cutaneous territories. SR
      caused a marked and long-lasting decrease in heart rate, but it did not affect
      the auriculo-ventricular conduction time.

PMID- 1804650
TI  - Prokinetic effect of AS-4370 on gastric emptying in healthy adults.
AB  - The effect of AS-4370 on gastric emptying was investigated in healthy adults
      using 99mTc-DTPA. Single doses of AS-4370 2.5, 5 or 10 mg or placebo were
      administered to 12 subjects in a controlled, double-blind, cross-over study.
      Tests were performed twice weekly in each subject. Thirty min after
      administration of test drug or placebo, each subject swallowed a bun and orange
      juice containing 200 microCi nuclide. The radioactivity of the gastric content
      was measured for 40 min and the activity of the residue was expressed as a
      percentage of count at the initiation of measurements. The percentage
      radioactivity, AUC and gastric emptying time fitted by a power exponential curve,
      were analyzed. No significant difference was observed between the three dose
      levels of AS-4370 and placebo in half emptying time. However, decreases in the
      percentage of radioactivity with time were noted; 5 mg at 10 to 16 min and 10 mg
      at 8 to 24 min after the start of recording. Lower AUCs after 5 mg and 10 mg
      compared to placebo were also found. The half emptying time was also shorter
      after 5 mg and 10 mg than placebo. There was no difference in these parameters
      between 2.5 mg and placebo. The results indicate that AS-4370 5 and 10 mg but not
      2.5 mg accelerates gastric emptying in healthy adults.

PMID- 1804651
TI  - Distribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and its endogenous substrate uridine
      5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid in human tissues.
AB  - The activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) and the concentration of its
      endogenous substrate, 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), have been measured in
      human liver, kidney, lung and intestinal mucosa. The activity of UDPGT was tissue
      and substrate-dependent. The liver/kidney and liver/intestine ratios for UDPGT
      varied over one order of magnitude with three substrates. The highest activity of
      UDGPT in extrahepatic tissues was in the kidney, with 1-naphthol as substrate; it
      was about half of the hepatic activity. The concentration (mumol.kg-1) of UDPGA
      was 279 (liver), 17.4 (kidney), 19.3 (intestinal mucosa) and 17.2 (lung), it was
      at least 15-fold higher in liver than the other tissues, and the concentration in
      kidney, lung and intestinal mucosa was similar. The kinetics of UDPGT in a liver
      homogenate at varying concentrations of UDPGA and fixed concentration of 1
      naphthol, ethinyloestradiol, and morphine was also measured. The apparent kM for
      UDPGT depended upon the chemical nature of the UDPGA-acceptor substrate; average
      values of kM were 63, 300, and 700 mumol.l-1 for 1-naphthol, ethinyloestradiol
      and morphine respectively. These values are, respectively, lower, similar to and
      higher than the hepatic concentration of UDPGA. Under certain circumstances UDPGA
      may be the limiting factor in the in vivo glucuronidation of drugs by
      extrahepatic tissues.

PMID- 1804652
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in children: comparative study of intranasal and
      intravenous administration.
AB  - Twelve children 1-5 y old were randomly assigned to receive midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1
      either by the intravenous (IV) or intranasal (IN) routes. After IN administration
      the rapid onset of absorption was observed (tmax 12 min). After both routes of
      administration the half-life was similar (2.2 h IN and 2.4 h IV). After IN
      administration the apparent plasma clearance and volume of distribution were
      about twice as high as after IV administration. The results are consistent with
      an estimated mean bioavailability of 55%.

PMID- 1804653
TI  - Antipyrine kinetics in undernourished diabetics.
AB  - In developing countries diabetics frequently suffer from varying grades of
      malnutrition. The combined effect of malnutrition and non-insulin dependent
      diabetes (NIDDM) on the drug metabolising enzyme system has been evaluated using
      antipyrine as a protodrug. All the patients were under treatment and their plasma
      glucose values were within normal limits. The AUC of antipyrine was similar in
      all the groups. Although none of the kinetic parameters was altered in normal
      diabetics, the clearance of antipyrine was decreased and its half life was
      prolonged, with an increase in volume of distribution, in undernourished
      diabetics compared to undernourished controls. The results indicate that diabetes
      per se may not influence antipyrine kinetics when the blood glucose is well under
      control, but in the presence of undernutrition, it significantly alters the
      disposition of the drug.

PMID- 1804654
TI  - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of
      sodium benzoate to humans.
AB  - Plasma concentration-time data for benzoic and hippuric acids and urinary
      excretion-time data for hippuric acid were analyzed simultaneously after oral
      doses of 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg sodium benzoate administered at least one week apart
      to 6 healthy subjects. The mean AUCs of benzoic acid after the doses of 80 and
      160 mg/kg of sodium benzoate were 3.7- and 12.0-times greater, respectively, than
      after 40 mg/kg. However, the mean AUC of hippuric acid was roughly proportional
      to the benzoate doses. The observed data were explained by a one-compartment
      model with first-order rate absorption and Michaelis-Menten elimination of
      benzoic acid, together with a one-compartment model with first-order elimination
      for hippuric acid. Although the maximum rate of biotransformation of benzoic acid
      to hippuric acid varied between 17.2 and 28.8 mg.kg-1.h-1 among the six
      individuals, the mean value (23.0 mg.kg-1.h-1) was fairly close to that provided
      by daily maximum dose (0.5 g.kg-1.day-1) recommended in the treatment of
      hyperammonaemia in patients with inborn errors of ureagenesis. The individual
      maximum rate of metabolism can be estimated from the urinary excretion rate of
      hippuric acid 1.5 to 3 h after the single oral dose of 80 to 160 mg.kg-1 sodium
      benzoate. The justification of this concept requires further studies in patients
      with inborn errors of urea synthesis.

PMID- 1804655
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular nicomorphine and its metabolites in man.
AB  - After i.m. injection nicomorphine is relatively slowly absorbed from the muscular
      depot and is found in the serum for approximately 1 h. The rate of absorption
      differs between patients and governs the overall pharmacokinetic profile of the
      compound. The relative AUCs were nicomorphine 18%, 6-nicotinoylmorphine 17%, and
      morphine 65%. Nicomorphine and 6-nicotinoylmorphine have significantly higher
      AUCs after i.m. injection than after i.v. injection, while the AUC of morphine
      and the total AUC show no difference between the two modes of administration.

PMID- 1804656
TI  - Lack of effect of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of codeine
      in man.
AB  - Plasma and urine concentrations of codeine and its measurable metabolites were
      determined by HPLC in six healthy subjects after a single 30 mg oral dose of
      codeine either alone or after 7 doses of 1 g paracetamol 8 hourly. After codeine
      alone, the t1/2 (h), AUC (mumol.l-1.h) and CLR (ml.min-1) for codeine were 2.2,
      0.81, and 252 respectively. These were not significantly altered by paracetamol:
      2.2, 0.84, and 291 respectively. For codeine-6-glucuronide the values were 2.4,
      22.0, and 29.7 respectively. These were not significantly different from those
      after codeine plus paracetamol: 2.4, 21.9, and 39.6. There were no significant
      differences between the two treatments in the apparent partial clearances (ml.min
      1) of codeine to morphine (88 codeine alone, 70 codeine plus paracetamol), to
      norcodeine (71 codeine alone, 88 codeine plus paracetamol), and to codeine-6
      glucuronide (820 codeine alone, 1022 codeine plus paracetamol). The urinary
      excretion of codeine-6-glucuronide, morphine, norcodeine, and codeine were not
      significantly different between the two treatments.

PMID- 1804658
TI  - 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside raises adenosine in perfused hypoxic rat
      heart.
AB  - The effects of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (rAICA) on coronary
      adenosine efflux were examined in blood-free perfused working rat heart
      preparations subjected to mild (70% O2) and severe hypoxia (45% O2). Under these
      hypoxic conditions, no significant increase of coronary adenosine effluxes was
      observed in the presence of 300 microM rAICA alone. However, rAICA-induced
      augmentation of coronary adenosine efflux during hypoxia was revealed in the
      presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
      hydrochloride, indicating that the failure to note the increase in coronary
      adenosine efflux was due to a rapid deamination of adenosine to inosine. A
      depression in heart rate during mild and severe hypoxia was significantly
      exacerbated by rAICA. These effects on heart rate were mediated by adenosine,
      since they were effectively blocked by 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4
      chlorophenyl)xanthine, a selective adenosine A1-receptor antagonist. These
      results suggest that rAICA elevates adenosine efflux during hypoxia.

PMID- 1804657
TI  - The effects of prednisolone and niacin on chloroquine-induced pruritus in
      malaria.
AB  - Chloroquine chemotherapy of malaria fever induces severe generalised pruritus in
      a large proportion of black Africans. In a double blind, placebo controlled,
      randomised, parallel group study in 28 historically chloroquine pruritus-reactor
      (R+) patients, with malaria, we evaluated the prophylactic and the palliative
      antipruritic actions of prednisolone (5 mg) or niacin (50 mg). There was a
      significant prophylactic effect of both drugs on the pruritogenecity of
      chloroquine as well as significant reduction in the area under the pruritus
      intensity-time curve, AUC(0-72 h) by niacin. The salutary effect both of niacin
      and prednisolone on chloroquine pruritogenecity resulted neither, in the
      mitigation of malaria parasite clearance, nor in the clinical amelioration
      following antimalaria therapy.

PMID- 1804659
TI  - Effect of clonidine on catechol metabolism in the rostral ventrolateral medulla:
      an in vivo electrochemical study.
AB  - The dose-dependent reduction in catechol metabolism induced by an imidazoline
      with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist specificity, clonidine, was assessed (ED50 = 7
      micrograms.kg-1 i.v.) with in vivo voltammetry in the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla of rats kept under halothane anesthesia and strictly controlled
      circulatory and ventilatory conditions. This reduction in catechol metabolism was
      observed in intact as well as in barodeafferented rats.

PMID- 1804660
TI  - Effect of staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, on impairment of working
      memory in rats exposed to cerebral ischemia.
AB  - A 5-min period of cerebral ischemia induced in rats by the four-vessel occlusion
      method increased the number of errors (attempts to pass through two incorrect
      panels of the three panel-gates at four choice points) assessed by a working
      memory procedure applied in a three-panel runway task. The protein kinase C (PKC)
      inhibitor, staurosporine 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg, administered immediately after blood
      flow reperfusion, significantly reduced the increase in errors expected to occur
      24 h after 5 min of ischemia. However, administration of staurosporine 0.1 mg/kg
      6 h after ischemia had no effect on the increase in errors. The protective effect
      of staurosporine suggests that the enhanced PKC activity during the early
      reperfusion phase plays a crucial role in the post-ischemic impairment of working
      memory.

PMID- 1804661
TI  - Analgesic effects of S and R isomers of the novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ADR
      851 and ADR-882 in rats.
AB  - The present study examined analgesia produced by S and R isomers of the novel 5
      HT3 receptor antagonists, ADR-851 and ADR-882 (0.1-10 mg/kg s.c.) against acute
      thermal, mechanical and formalin-induced inflammatory pain in rats. Neither
      isomer of ADR-851 or ADR-882 was analgesic in the thermal or mechanical test.
      Similarly, neither S or R forms of ADR-882 produced significant anti-nociception
      in the formalin test. In contrast, ADR-851R produced significant analgesia at 3
      and 10 mg/kg doses in this test, while ADR-851S produced significant analgesia
      only at 1 mg/kg.

PMID- 1804662
TI  - Hypothermic effects of alkylxanthines: evidence for a calcium-independent
      phosphodiesterase action.
AB  - Caffeine induces a dose-dependent decrease in core body temperature in mice and
      the hypothermia induced by a 100 mg/kg dose of caffeine was seen to persist for
      greater than 160 min. Other alkylxanthines including theophylline, enprophylline,
      isbutylmethylxanthine and 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine also showed dose
      dependent reductions in body temperature. The dose of these drugs required to
      reduce body temperature by 2 degrees C was calculated and correlated with the
      affinities for the compounds at adenosine A1 and A2 receptors and their
      activities in inhibiting calcium dependent and independent phosphodiesterases.
      Significant relationships were found between the 2 degrees C hypothermic dose
      (HD2) and soluble and membrane calcium-independent phosphodiesterase inhibiting
      activity (r2s = 0.950 and 0.940, respectively). No significant relationship was
      seen between HD2 and soluble calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibiting
      activity or with A2 adenosine receptor affinity. The relationship between HD2 and
      A1 adenosine receptor affinity (r2 = 0.739) did however almost reach statistical
      significance. These results would suggest that phosphodiesterase inhibition,
      instead of or in addition to adenosine receptor blockade, may play an important
      role in the effects of alkylxanthines on body temperature.

PMID- 1804663
TI  - Endotoxin-induced impairment of vasodepressor responses in the pithed rat.
AB  - The effects of Eschericia coli endotoxin on vascular responsiveness were compared
      with those of sodium nitroprusside in pithed rats. Infusion of endotoxin (250
      micrograms kg-1 h-1) produced a fall in mean arterial blood pressure (11 mmHg)
      and impaired vasodepressor responses to endothelin, 5-hydroxytryptamine,
      acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside and salbutamol. Prevention of
      endotoxin-induced hypotension with vasopressin infusion (0.64 i.u. kg-1 h-1 i.v.)
      restored responsiveness to bradykinin, tended to restore responsiveness to
      endothelin and sodium nitroprusside but failed to restore responsiveness to
      acetylcholine, 5-HT or salbutamol. Infusion of sodium nitroprusside at a rate
      (400 micrograms kg-1 h-1) producing a similar fall in blood pressure to that
      produced by endotoxin markedly impaired vasodepressor responsiveness to 5-HT.
      However, this was fully restored when the hypotension was prevented by
      vasopressin infusion. Vasodepressor responsiveness to either acetylcholine or
      salbutamol was not impaired by sodium nitroprusside in vasopressin-infused rats.
      The impairment of vasodepressor responsiveness by endotoxin is not due to
      endotoxin-induced hypotension and does not fit clearly with an endotoxin-mediated
      impairment of endothelial function.

PMID- 1804664
TI  - Elimination of tuberculosis from Europe and the world.

PMID- 1804665
TI  - Response to corticosteroids in chronic airflow obstruction: relationship to
      emphysema and airways collapse.
AB  - We have studied the relationship between emphysema and airways collapse, and
      response to corticosteroids in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. One
      hundred and seven patients completed a placebo-controlled trial comparing 2 wks
      treatment with oral prednisolone 40 mg.day-1 to inhaled beclomethasone
      dipropionate 500 micrograms t.d.s. Response to corticosteroids was defined on the
      basis of changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and/or forced
      vital capacity (FVC), and/or mean peak expiratory flow (PEF) after treatment.
      Patients were categorized as those with physiologically defined emphysema (carbon
      monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) less than 70% predicted and total lung
      capacity greater than 120% predicted), and those with pressure dependent airways
      collapse on the flow-volume loop (ratio of inspiratory to expiratory flow at 50%
      vital capacity [I:E50] greater than 10). The response to placebo showed a
      significant order effect, probably due to a carry-over effect of active treatment
      of at least 3 wks. Hence, the efficacy of active treatment over placebo in the
      subgroups defined was assessed by analysis of data generated from the first
      treatment phase of the trial. The presence or absence of physiologically defined
      emphysema did not affect the response to oral prednisolone. Inhaled
      beclomethasone dipropionate, however, was less effective in the emphysema group.
      Pressure dependent airways collapse did not affect the response to either
      prednisolone or beclomethasone. However, when data from all three treatment
      phases were analysed there was no significant difference in the response to
      either drug in any of the subgroups defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804666
TI  - Influence of lung volume on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs.
AB  - The influence of lung volume on bronchopulmonary reactivity was investigated in 4
      groups of 14 anaesthetized paralysed mechanically ventilated guinea-pigs: animals
      of group 1 served as control; in animals of group 2, the parasympathetic nervous
      system was blockaded with atropine; animals of group 3 were submitted to a
      bilateral cervical vagotomy; animals of group 4 were both vagotomized and
      pretreated with atropine. In each group, the animals were randomly divided into 2
      subgroups: one was ventilated at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP), the other
      with 0.2 kPa positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) resulting in a mean increase
      in lung volume of about 1 ml. Bronchopulmonary response to infused histamine was
      assessed by the respiratory conductance and compliance values measured during
      bronchoconstriction (respectively HGrs and HCrs). In the control group, animals
      exposed to PEEP were found significantly less reactive than those ventilated at
      ZEEP. In groups 2, 3 and 4, this difference was significantly reduced for HGrs
      and even abolished for HCrs. These results demonstrate that the effect of lung
      volume on moderate histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs is not
      purely mechanical, but is partly vagally mediated. They also suggest that this
      vagally mediated inhibitory influence results from involvement of central
      reflexes evoked by stretch receptor stimulation.

PMID- 1804667
TI  - Classification of lung cancer: first experiences with the new TNM classification
      (4th edition).
AB  - In January 1987, the 4th edition of the TNM classification for malignant lung
      tumours by the International Union Cancer (UICC) came into effect. Thus, for the
      first time, a uniform worldwide staging system for lung cancer became available.
      In order to validate the new TNM definitions for lung cancer the data of 3,000
      patients were analysed prospectively. Several items were examined: 1) the
      agreement between clinically (TNM) and pathologically (pTNM) confirmed
      classification; 2) the value of the various diagnostic techniques estimating the
      pathologically confirmed classification; 3) the influence of the TNM definitions
      on separating distinct prognostic groups. With regard to the primary tumour (T),
      clinical and pathological classifications were identical in 64%; for lymph node
      involvement (N) the agreement was 48%; for distant metastases it was 90% and for
      the stages it was 55%. As for the primary tumour (T) the accuracy of radiography
      (59%) was nearly identical to computed tomography (58%). Both techniques were
      less precise in determining the extent of lymph node involvement (computed
      tomography 50%, radiography 43%, correct assessments). The statistically
      significant differences in prognosis for the various T-, N- and M-categories as
      well as for the stages could be confirmed. By the new 1987 TNM definitions (4th
      edition) for lung cancer international conformity became feasible as well as
      practical, and the improvement in its prognostic relevance provided, therefore, a
      more reliable basis for establishing guidelines for individual oncological
      concepts of therapy.

PMID- 1804669
TI  - One year treatment with almitrine improves hypoxaemia but does not increase
      pulmonary artery pressure in COPD patients.
AB  - Almitrine bismesylate, a chemoreceptor agonist, improves hypoxaemia in a high
      percentage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and its long
      term use may thus be of interest in these patients. The course of pulmonary
      haemodynamics during a one year treatment was investigated in severe COPD
      patients (forced expiratory volume in one second FEV1 = 1,040 +/- 80 SEM ml) with
      persistent hypoxaemia (initial arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in the range 6.6
      8.6 kPa (50-65 mmHg]. Patients were given either almitrine (A, n = 27), 100
      mg.day-1, during two consecutive months per quarter followed by a one month wash
      out period (intermittent "schedule"), or placebo (P, n = 18) with the same
      schedule. Eleven patients in group A and 8 in group P could not complete the one
      year study because of lack of compliance, worsening of respiratory insufficiency,
      or for other reasons. In the remaining patients, PaO2 significantly increased in
      group A (n = 16) from 7.6 +/- 0.1 to 8.3 +/- 0.2 kPa (56.9 +/- 1.0 to 62.7 +/-
      1.7 mmHg) (p less than 0.001) but not in group P (n = 10) from 7.5 +/- 0.3 to 7.9
      +/- 0.3 kPa (56.1 +/- 2.3 to 59.1 +/- 2.1 mmHg). PaCO2 did not significantly
      change in either group. Pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAP) was stable in both
      groups: from 26.8 +/- 2.1 to 25.4 +/- 1.9 mmHg in group A, and from 20.6 +/- 1.1
      to 20.9 +/- 1.5 mmHg in group P.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804668
TI  - Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function in patients with hypoxaemic chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Intraneural hypoxaemia is recognized as a pathogenic mechanism in diabetic
      neuropathy. A similar pathophysiological process may occur in chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD). Autonomic neuropathy is not recognized in COPD. We
      compared 96 patients with hypoxaemic COPD to 22 age-matched control subjects to
      see whether autonomic dysfunction occurs in COPD and whether there was any
      correlation with the severity of hypoxaemia. The cardiovascular autonomic tests
      consisted of heart rate responses (mainly parasympathetic function) to a Valsalva
      manoeuvre, deep breathing and postural change and blood pressure responses
      (mainly of sympathetic origin) to postural change and sustained handgrip. Early
      autonomic neuropathy is defined as one abnormal test and definite autonomic
      neuropathy as two abnormal tests according to the normal range. These autonomic
      tests were reproducible in our study population. Although the symptoms and signs
      of autonomic neuropathy were rare, definite autonomic dysfunction was found in
      35%, and early autonomic neuropathy in a further 47%, of patients whose arterial
      oxygen tension (PaO2) was less than 8 kPa (60 mmHg). Only 18% of the control
      group had evidence of an age-related early autonomic dysfunction. Parasympathetic
      autonomic dysfunction was significantly correlated with PaO2 whilst the
      sympathetic tests were relatively normal. Correction of hypoxaemia for one hour
      or administration of ipratropium bromide or terbutaline had no effect on
      autonomic function. Subclinical autonomic neuropathy is a feature of hypoxaemic
      COPD. Its importance in the disease process and its role in prognosis needs
      evaluation.

PMID- 1804670
TI  - Effects of ligustrazine on the pressure/flow relationship in isolated perfused
      rat lungs.
AB  - Ligustrazine, the synthesized principle of a Chinese herbal remedy shown
      previously to be a pulmonary vasodilator, was tested in chronically hypoxic and
      normal rats. Pressure/flow, (P/Q), relations were measured in isolated perfused
      lungs during normoxia, hypoxia and after reversal of hypoxic vasoconstriction by
      increasing doses of ligustrazine. P/Q lines were linear over a wide range and
      extrapolation to the pressure axis gave an intercept which was the effective
      downstream pressure for flow. In chronically hypoxic rats the slope of the line
      was steeper and the intercept greater than in control rats, which we attributed
      to newly muscularized arterioles with tone. Hypoxia caused an increase in slope
      and intercept in both groups but the intercept increase was greater in
      chronically hypoxic rats. In both groups of rats increasing doses of ligustrazine
      given during continued hypoxia caused a fan of lines which moved progressively
      towards the control normoxic line. In chronically hypoxic rats it required only 2
      mg of ligustrazine to bring the line back to the normoxic position, whereas in
      controls it required 4 mg. In chronically hypoxic rats the change in intercept
      with every dose was greater than in control rats; this suggests that ligustrazine
      mainly relaxes the muscle of small collapsible vessels. The action of
      ligustrazine remained in both control and chronically hypoxic rats after
      administration of an arginine analogue which blocks synthesis of the endothelial
      relaxant factor nitric oxide. This and previous evidence suggest that
      ligustrazine is a non-endothelial-dependent pulmonary vasodilator.

PMID- 1804671
TI  - Collateral ventilation by diffusion across the alveolar walls and the exchange of
      inert gases in the lung.
AB  - The underlying hypothesis of this study is that collateral ventilation by
      diffusion of occluded air spaces in the lungs of patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may play a substantial role in the pulmonary
      gas exchange of these patients. Using a related lung model we have simulated: a)
      the multiple-breath washout of helium (He) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) from
      the alveolar space, and b) the washout of inert tracer gases with different blood
      gas partition coefficients, range 0.01-330, from mixed venous blood. These
      computations were carried out for different values of the collateral diffusion
      capacity (CDC). Next, the results obtained at each individual value of CDC were
      used to compute the breath number (NCR) at the crossing-over of the He-SF6
      washout curves and the inert gas shunt fraction QS/QC. NCR and QS/QC range up to
      about 100 and 0.04, respectively, when CDCSF6 ranges down to about 0.1 ml.min
      1.mmHg-1. These ranges for NCR and QS/QC, and the typical finding of relatively
      large values for NCR in combination with small values for QS/QC, are also
      reported in the literature for patients with COPD. These agreements thus support
      our hypothesis. In line with the small values for QS/QC, our results further
      indicate that even large, well-perfused, occluded air spaces in the lung will
      hardly affect the recovered ventilation/perfusion distribution obtained from
      inert gas data when CDCSF6 exceeds 0.1 ml.min-1.mmHg-1.

PMID- 1804672
TI  - In vivo and in vitro inactivation of bovine surfactant by an anti-surfactant
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - In this study the importance of a low-weight surfactant protein (11 kDa) is
      demonstrated by selectively blocking this protein with a monoclonal antibody. In
      adult rats respiratory failure was induced by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage to
      remove all pulmonary surfactant. It was shown that surfactant mixed with the
      antibody was not capable of restoring lung function when compared with surfactant
      alone or surfactant mixed with control serum. Using the pulsating bubble
      surfactometer, it could be demonstrated that surfactant mixed with this antibody
      had a significant higher minimum surface tension when compared with surfactant
      alone, or surfactant mixed with an unrelated mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG). The
      inhibition of surfactant function by the monoclonal antibody suggests the
      importance of the 11 kDa protein for normal surfactant function.

PMID- 1804673
TI  - Neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction: evidence in vitro for a regulation by
      endothelial cells of neutrophil functions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) triggered by ionophore A23187 at
      different doses (0.5-2.5 microM) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). EC
      supernatants were shown to contain neutrophil chemoattractant activity (NCA) and
      in parallel a factor inducing an inhibition of PMN chemiluminescence (PMN CL).
      Supernatants obtained from EC triggered by A23187 exhibited a high level of NCA
      (73 +/- 5 PMN.hpf-1 compared to 21 +/- 4 PMN.hpf-1 in untreated EC supernatants,
      p less than 0.01). This NCA was independent from arachidonic acid metabolites,
      since indomethacin and nordi-hydroguaiaretic acid failed to suppress the
      chemotactic activity. Using gel filtration chromatography (AcA 54) the NCA was
      recovered in a single peak of apparent molecular weight of 37,000 +/- 4,000
      daltons. Checkerboard analysis indicated that NCA exhibited both chemotactic and
      chemokinetic activities. In addition, supernatants of A23187-stimulated EC, and
      at a lesser degree, supernatants of unstimulated EC, inhibited PMN CL induced by
      N-formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (61% inhibition, p less than 0.05), and
      by A23187 itself (80% inhibition, p less than 0.01), but not that induced by
      phorbol-myristate-acetate. Indomethacin and protamine sulphate did not modulate
      this inhibitory activity. By contrast, EC-derived inhibitory activity was
      inhibited (50%) by an adenosine antagonist (8-phenyltheophylline), indicating a
      participation of adenosine in this inhibitory activity of PMN CL. These data
      suggest the possibility that activated endothelial cells could both enhance PMN
      migration and protect themselves against potential damaging effects of oxygen
      metabolites produced by PMN, particularly during transvascular migration.

PMID- 1804674
TI  - Oxygen delivery to tissues.
AB  - For health, well perfused tissues, oxygen uptake is determined primarily by
      metabolic need rather than by oxygen supply. Tissue hypoxia supervenes when
      tissue oxygen tension (PO2) falls below a critical point, and the point where
      this occurs can be predicted from the systemic oxygen delivery or extraction
      ratio. A growing body of evidence suggest that tissue oxygen extraction may be
      impaired in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. In these
      syndromes the minimum oxygen delivery needed to maintain a normal oxygen uptake
      appears to be increased, as tissues become hypoxic despite high levels of
      delivery. However, controversy surrounds every phase of this observation, from
      its experimental basis, to potential causes, to its implications for patient
      care. In this review, we discuss the physiology of oxygen transport, the
      determinants of tissue oxygenation in normal and pathological states, and the
      therapeutic implications of oxygen transport.

PMID- 1804675
TI  - Plasma exudation in the airways: mechanisms and function.
AB  - Inflammatory challenges of tracheobronchial and nasal mucosa produce prompt
      extravasation or exudation of plasma from the well developed microcirculation
      just beneath the epithelial base. Plasma exudation is not an exaggeration of the
      normal capilliary exchange of fluid and solutes but a specific inflammatory
      response of post-capilliary venules. The exuded plasma may not produce oedema. By
      a rapid, undirectional, unfiltered and yet non-injurious process, plasma exudates
      cross the mucosal lining to appear on the airway surface at the site of
      challenge. In vitro data suggests the possibility that a slightly increased
      hydrostatic pressure moves the acellular exudate through valve-like openings
      between epithelial cells. By the venular-mucosal exudation mechanism all the
      potent protein systems of circulating plasma will operate in respiratory defence
      on the surface of an intact mucosa. A further inference is that exudative indices
      obtained from the airway surface quantitatively reflect the intensity and time
      course of mucosal/submucosal inflammatory processes. Irrespective of which
      particular cellular mechanism happens to fuel the inflammation. Mucosal exudation
      of plasma characteristically occurs in health and disease also when there is no
      airway oedema, no epithelial disruption, and no increased absorbtion ability.
      However, exuded plasma and its derived peptide mediators potentially contribute
      to several pathophysical and pathophysiological characteristics of inflammatory
      airway diseases.

PMID- 1804676
TI  - Non-invasive determination of alveolar pressure during mechanical ventilation.
AB  - The development of inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) in
      ventilated infants is of clinical relevance and difficult to measure non
      invasively. A method for estimating end-expiratory alveolar pressure by applying
      a multiple regression analysis to airway opening pressure, flow and volume
      recordings during mechanical ventilation was evaluated. In eight open-chested,
      paralysed and mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs, alveolar pressure was
      measured directly with "alveolar capsules". Alteration of ventilation patterns
      and addition of a resistive element were used in three dogs to induce different
      levels of PEEPi. End-expiratory alveolar pressure measured directly and
      determined from multilinear regression of airway opening pressure correlated well
      (mean error 0.06 +/- 0.53 (+/- SD) hPa, limits of agreement -1.16 to +1.04 hPa).
      The other five dogs received inhalation challenges, two with histamine, two with
      hypertonic saline and one with methacholine resulting in a mean increase of
      respiratory system resistance of 230% (range 141-489%) of the baseline values.
      The mean error in determining PEEPi was 0.54 +/- 0.37 hPa, the limits of
      agreement were -0.20 to 1.28 hPa. The method was then applied to seven
      mechanically-ventilated children (aged 2 months to 8 yrs, weight 4.9-23.5 kg) and
      the results were compared to the pressure at which inspiration began (equalling
      PEEPi). Seventy eight measurements were performed during open heart surgery,
      while compliance changed by between 3 and 186% of baseline values due to the
      surgical procedures. PEEPi estimated by multiple regression agreed well with the
      pressure at which inspiration began (mean difference 0.25 +/- 0.68 hPa, limits of
      agreement -1.12 to 1.62 hPa).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804677
TI  - Domiciliary oxygen--by liquid or concentrator? Working Group on Oxygen Therapy of
      IUATLD.
AB  - A few hypoxaemic and even less non-hypoxaemic patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) benefit from portable oxygen. For these few, selected by
      double-blind tests against compressed air, liquid oxygen would seem more
      convenient and efficient. The extra cost of treating all hypoxaemic COPD patients
      with liquid oxygen by displacing the oxygen concentrator is not justified on the
      basis of current knowledge. The application of differing oxygen delivery systems
      to COPD patients requires more evaluation. The selection of patients for long
      term oxygen therapy (LTOT) still presents major difficulties, which reflects on
      the numbers of patients likely to benefit from portable oxygen. No studies have
      yet shown the benefit of LTOT to chronic respiratory failure in other disorders
      such as lung fibrosis. As the pathophysiology is quite different, extension of
      the use of LTOT and portable oxygen to non-COPD patients must be treated with
      great caution.

PMID- 1804678
TI  - Tuberculosis elimination in the countries of Europe and other industrialized
      countries.
AB  - The working group summarized the conclusions of the workshop with the intention
      of providing a guide for the preparation of national plans for tuberculosis
      elimination. The basic strategies that appear consistently effective are: 1.
      Direct government responsibility for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
      tuberculosis (the government is responsible by law for assuring that tuberculosis
      is identified early, and that cure of the patients is achieved). 2. Maintenance
      (or development) of properly designed disease surveillance and a programme
      monitoring system. 3. Availability of specialized tuberculosis personnel at
      regional and provincial level, responsible for close monitoring of the diagnostic
      skills and patient prioritization in general health institutions. Regarding
      research it was felt that no immediate practical applications of new techniques
      in the diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases, in treatment, or in vaccination can
      be recommended, but that further basic research in the field of mycobacteria
      should be pursued and supported.

PMID- 1804679
TI  - Unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery: congenital disease or embolic
      occlusion?
AB  - A young man with congenital absence of the left pulmonary artery is reported. A
      right aortic arch and normal pulmonary pressures essentially rule out an
      alternate diagnosis of occlusive chronic thrombus in the central pulmonary
      arteries. Recurrent or massive haemoptysis makes an exact knowledge of the
      pulmonary circulation advisable.

PMID- 1804680
TI  - Agenesis of the right pulmonary artery in a young asymptomatic girl.
AB  - We report the case of a 13 yr old, asymptomatic girl with agenesis of the right
      pulmonary artery. In the context of a tuberculosis survey in her school, an X-ray
      examination disclosed a decreased volume of the right lung. Ventilation and
      perfusion scans and digital substraction angiography established the diagnosis.

PMID- 1804681
TI  - Tracheobronchomegaly--the Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: report of two cases and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Tracheobronchomegaly (TBM) is a rare disorder of uncertain aetiology,
      characterized by marked dilatation of the trachea and main bronchi,
      bronchiectasis and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Two patients
      with TBM are presented. In one case, a marked decrease of elastic and smooth
      muscle tissue was present in the bronchial biopsy specimens, obtained by rigid
      bronchoscopy. The airways of the second patient were visualized using computed
      tomography. The dimensions of the airways of our patients are compared with the
      normal values supplied in the literature.

PMID- 1804682
TI  - [A neurochemical analysis of the interaction of afferent signals at the spinal
      cord level].
AB  - The antinociceptive effect of electrical nerve stimulation with low (2-4 V, 100
      Hz, 5 min) and high (45 V, 1 Hz, 1 min) intensity in the unanesthetized rats with
      the transsected spinal cord was determined by microelectrode recording in the
      ventrolateral tracts. The action of low intensity stimulation was reduced by
      yohimbine or during antinociceptive effect of clonidine. It was potentiated by
      baclofen and physostigmine. Prazosin, bicuculline, methysergid, strychnin,
      atropine, muscimole, THIP did not influence the effect of low-intensity
      stimulation. Metysergide partially reduced the effect of high-intensity
      stimulation. The data suggest that 2-adrenoreceptors are involved in the action
      of low-intensity stimulation and 5-HT-receptors are involved in the action of
      high-intensity one. For potentiating the effect of low-intensity stimulation on
      the segmental level it is possible to use baclofen and physostigmine.

PMID- 1804683
TI  - [The biochemical antagonism of cholinolytics and cholinomimetics at the level of
      the opiate system].
AB  - The experiments on albino rats with the use of the radioimmunoassay showed that M
      cholinoblockers (atropine, amizil, glypine) decrease the contents of enkephalins
      and beta-endorphin in the brain and blood whereas M-cholinomimetics (arecoline,
      nicotine, physostigmine) increase the level of opioid neuropeptides. This
      suggested that between cholinoblockers and cholinomimetics there is not only
      functional but also biochemical antagonism at the level of the opiate system. In
      addition, the statement is developed that toxic effects of cholinoblockers and
      cholinomimetics are largely related to disturbances of metabolism and function of
      opioid neuropeptides.

PMID- 1804684
TI  - [The effect of irradiation on the analgesic properties of dipidolor and morphine
      in mice].

PMID- 1804686
TI  - [The effect of indomethacin on the changes in the hemodynamics and coronary
      vascular resistance during anaphylactic shock].
AB  - The preliminary inhibition of prostanoid biosynthesis by indomethacin (10 mg/kg,
      intravenously) strongly changes the typical anaphylactic shock reaction produced
      by the intracoronary injection of the challenging dose of the antigen in the dogs
      sensitized with normal horse serum. A rapid fall of blood pressure and cardiac
      output at the first stage of the anaphylactic reaction is sharply diminished, the
      reaction of the coronary vessels is inversed. Instead of dilatation,
      vasoconstriction occurred increasing with the repeated administration of the
      antigen. The data obtained suggest that the initial hypotension under
      anaphylactic shock is due to prostanoid production while the coronary spasm is
      the result of lipoxygenase activation.

PMID- 1804685
TI  - [The cardioprotective action of quercetin in experimental occlusion and
      reperfusion of the coronary artery in dogs].
AB  - In experimental myocardial infarction in dogs caused by 60-minute occlusion of
      the coronary artery with the subsequent 24-hour reperfusion, the administration
      of quercetin solution (50 mg/kg) was found to improve the contractile function of
      the left ventricular myocardium, to decrease the incidence of heart rate and
      conductivity disorders, to contribute to limitation of the ischemic damage area,
      to exert the protective effect on the ultrastructure of the coronary arteries
      that can promote the preservation of the vessels' integrity, the improvement of
      the coronary circulation and the prevention of intravascular thrombus formation.

PMID- 1804687
TI  - [The antiarrhythmic action of the synthetic acetylcholine analog EDIHYP in
      calcium chloride- and strophanthin-induced heart rhythm disorders].
AB  - The experiments on Wistar rats and chinchilla rabbits showed that EDIHYP (5 mg/kg
      intravenously) completely prevented cardiac fibrillation and mortality in rats
      with calcium-chloride-induced arrhythmias, (CaCl2-200 mg/kg intravenously).
      Administration of atropine (0.1 mg/kg, if administered subcutaneously, 30 minutes
      before the acute experiment) exerts no influence on the drug's antiarrhythmic
      activity but eliminates its cholinergic component--salivation and lacrimation.
      When administered in the same dose EDIHYP to a great extent prevents oubaine
      (strophanthin)-induced arrhythmias in rabbits but fails to influence aconitine
      induced arrhythmias. This suggests that EDIHYP's ability of direct or indirect
      blockade of slow Ca-channels underlies the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic
      action.

PMID- 1804688
TI  - [The effect of caffeine on the cardiac intervalogram indices depending on the
      ovarian cycle phase in women].
AB  - Caffeine (0.1 g) was shown to increase the variability of the heart rate
      (parameters of the cardiointervalogram) in 10 healthy women irrespective of their
      vegetative and hormonal status. The combined use of caffeine and
      cardiointervalogram reveals "risk phases" in the ovarian cycle of women,
      accompanied by tension of the adaptive mechanisms. This makes it possible to
      recommend such combination as an adequate test for the evaluation of the state of
      the adaptive systems in health and disease.

PMID- 1804689
TI  - [The plants of Siberia and the Far East--sources in the search for drug
      preparations for oncological practice].
AB  - The results of the experimental selection of the agents modifiers of the
      biological reactions derived from plants of the Siberia and Far East were
      generalized. On the models of transplanted tumours of mice and rats there was
      shown the possibility of increasing the antitumour resistance of the organism
      during the use of the plant-derived agents under conditions of chemotherapeutic
      and surgical treatment.

PMID- 1804690
TI  - [The metabolism of drugs and endogenous substrates in the organs of rabbits
      following partial hepatectomy and liver ischemia].
AB  - The intensity of metabolism of hexenal, amidopyrine, phenacetin, promedol,
      acetone, hydrocortisone, testosterone and prostaglandin E2 by the isolated
      microsomes of the liver, kidneys, small intestinal mucosa and lungs was studied
      polarographically by the rate of oxygen absorption in experiments on 20 male
      rabbits four days following partial hepatectomy and liver ischemia. It was found
      that with both models of the liver damage there was observed a decrease of
      metabolism of amidopyrine, hexenal, phenacetin and an increase of metabolism of
      hydrocortisone and prostaglandin E2. In the lungs one could observe an increase
      of metabolism of the studies drugs following hepatectomy and its inhibition in
      liver ischemia. In the kidneys and intestine in both types of the liver damage
      contradirected changes in drug metabolism being of the compensatory character
      were observed.

PMID- 1804691
TI  - [The metabolism of araloside A].
AB  - Depending on the duration of existence in the organism, aralosid A (due to
      hydrolytic splitting) forms sequentially intermediate metabolites--biosid,
      monosid of oleanolic acid. The final metabolite of aralosid A is oleanolic acid
      which appears in the blood 20 hours after the drug administration and disappears
      completely within the following 4 hours.

PMID- 1804692
TI  - [The antioxidant properties of parmidine in a toxic lesion of the liver].
AB  - The experiments on rats with toxic lesions of the liver induced by
      tetrachlorinemethane showed that parmidine (pyridinolcarbamat) promotes the
      reduction of the activity of lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue homogenates
      and erythrocytes. The pronounced tendency towards normalization of free-radical
      oxidation correlated with the positive dynamics of the histological picture of
      the liver.

PMID- 1804693
TI  - [The action of teturam and acetaldehyde on the tissue catecholamines of rats].
AB  - The results of the isolated and combined effects of teturam and acetaldehyde
      indicate that a decrease of noradrenaline levels in the brain and heart is
      induced by teturam. An increase of adrenaline content in the hypothalamus is
      determined by acetaldehyde. In the adrenals the agents produce the oppositely
      directed changes in catecholamine content. Against the background of chronic
      administration of acetaldehyde teturam potentiates its influence on changes in
      noradrenaline levels in all tissues except the adrenals and adrenaline levels in
      the hypothalamus and brain stem.

PMID- 1804694
TI  - [The action of bemitil on the self-regulation systems during short-term
      immobilization].
AB  - In the immobilized rats bemithyl (50 mg/kg in a single dose) was shown to
      normalize the state of the musculomotor and cardiovascular systems exerting the
      positive influence on the key links of the process of autoregulation in the form
      of the sedative (the central nervous system), stress-protective (hormonal
      regulation) and antihypoxic (metabolism) effects that characterizes it as the
      drug with the distinct antistress activity.

PMID- 1804695
TI  - [The effect of GABA-ergic agents on oxidative phosphorylation in the brain
      mitochondria in traumatic edema].
AB  - The condition of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat brain mitochondria was
      studied polarographically in dynamics of the brain traumatic edema. It was found
      that 24 hours after the trauma the rate of oxidation in mitochondria decreased
      and the degree of conjugation in the respiratory chain compensatorily increased.
      Piracetam (1 g/kg), phenibut (50 mg/kg) and to a lesser degree sodium oxybutyrate
      (0.2 g/kg) prevented the 'changes and enhanced the compensatory capacities of
      mitochondria during the development of traumatic edema of the brain.

PMID- 1804696
TI  - [The use of the modelling of the component structure of myocardial contraction
      for evaluating the mechanisms of action of cardiotropic substances].

PMID- 1804697
TI  - [The history of the Department of Pharmacology of the Kiev Medical Institute].

PMID- 1804698
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance in pharmacology].
AB  - The NMR spectroscopy has advantages over other techniques in studying the
      structure, kinetics and thermodynamics of rapid processes, complex formation and
      metabolism reactions in the solution. NMR is used for investigating the structure
      of biologically active substances and drugs, the mechanism of their action as it
      permits the establishment of chemical shifts of single nuclei in the molecule,
      the constants of spin-spin interaction, the time of relaxation.

PMID- 1804699
TI  - [The pharmacology of non-narcotic analgesics].

PMID- 1804700
TI  - [The genetically determined polymorphism of metabolic oxidation of the sparteine
      debrisoquin type].

PMID- 1804701
TI  - [The clinico-pharmacological analysis of the neurotropic action of
      psychostimulants and preparations with a metabolic type of action].

PMID- 1804702
TI  - [The role of the monoaminergic component in realizing the effect of sydnocarb on
      the differentiation of visual stimuli].
AB  - In the experiments on cats by the method of conditioned defensive reflexes there
      was studied the effect of a psychostimulant sydnocarb on differentiation of short
      term and long-term visual stimuli, latencies of the responses to differentiated
      and single visual stimuli, the number of interstimulus responses, the time of
      taking a decision. The serotoninergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic substances
      were used to analyse the influences on the mediator systems. Syndocarb action was
      found to be mediated by the noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems.

PMID- 1804704
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of benign diseases of the cervix uteri].

PMID- 1804703
TI  - [The anxiogenic activity of phenylethylamine in the social isolation test on
      mice].
AB  - One-day isolation of male albino mice of SHR strain significantly increased the
      level of social behaviour measured by the number and total duration of active
      contacts (sniffings). A putative endogenous anxiogen beta-phenylethylamine (5
      12.5 mg/kg) inhibited the communication like human anxiogens corazole (10 mg/kg)
      and caffeine (200 mg/kg). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) prevented the action of
      phenylethylamine, phenibut (10-50 mg/kg) exerted no effect on it. The social
      isolation test during studying anxiogens and anxiolytics can be performed on mice
      as previously on rats.

PMID- 1804705
TI  - [Iron deficiency anemia in children].

PMID- 1804706
TI  - [The combined therapy and dispensary care of children poisoned by mercury and its
      compounds].

PMID- 1804707
TI  - [The care of children with allergic skin diseases].

PMID- 1804708
TI  - [Hypothyroidism].

PMID- 1804709
TI  - [Traumatic intracranial hematomas].

PMID- 1804710
TI  - [The general principles of emergency therapy].

PMID- 1804711
TI  - [The history of the development of the medical press (1)].

PMID- 1804712
TI  - [Habitual abortion].

PMID- 1804714
TI  - [The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 1804713
TI  - [Acute immune thrombocytopenia].

PMID- 1804715
TI  - [The prevention of female sterility].

PMID- 1804716
TI  - [Genital herpes].

PMID- 1804717
TI  - [The methods and agents for preventing pregnancy].

PMID- 1804718
TI  - [Anesthesiological support (a small reference guide on anesthesiology for
      nonspecialists)].

PMID- 1804719
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis].

PMID- 1804720
TI  - Autoradiographic study of 3H-uridine incorporation into nucleoli and DNA/3H-5S
      DNA in situ hybridization in root nodules and uninfected Lupinus luteus L.
      tissues.
AB  - The autoradiographic method was used to compare the 3H-uridine incorporation and
      the number of hybridization sites with 3H-5S DNA in yellow lupin root apical
      meristem, root hair of uninfected roots as well as in root nodule cortex and
      bacteriod-containing tissue. It has been shown that the number of hybridization
      sites is proportional to the ploidy level, but not to rRNA synthesis, which is
      most intense in root apical meristem and young bacteriod-containing cells.

PMID- 1804721
TI  - Lesion-induced proliferation of vimentin-positive astrocytes in the mouse
      cerebral hemisphere.
AB  - Proliferative response of vimentin expressing astrocytes to injury of the
      cerebral hemisphere was examined in mouse using 3H-thymidine autoradiography.
      Within the injury region the vimentin-positive astrocytes proliferation began on
      the 2nd day after injury, reached its maximal intensity on day 4 and its last
      evidence was recorded on the 8th postoperative day. The pattern of changes in the
      distribution of reactive proliferation of the astrocytes was also presented.

PMID- 1804722
TI  - Ultrastructural alterations of pulmonary surfactant in rat lungs after inhibition
      of protein synthesis by puromycin.
AB  - The effects of systematically administered puromycin on the fine structure of the
      lung were studied. The effects varied depending on the duration of exposure and
      the time interval between the last injection and sacrifice. After short term
      exposure most surfactant had separated from the epithelial surface and profound
      alterations in the tubular myelin structure were seen. After moderate duration of
      exposure a previously undescribed multilamellar lining layer was observed which
      was often detached from the alveolar epithelium. Six hours after the last
      injection the regular tubular myelin pattern reappeared. Puromycin treatment
      results in inhibition of various proteins synthesized by type II epithelial
      cells. Inhibition of synthesis of some proteins, most probably that of
      glycoprotein A, causes a primary effect on the structure of surfactant. The loss
      of at least some of the cytoskeletal proteins in Type II epithelial cells
      apparently results in interference with exocytosis of lamellar body contents.

PMID- 1804723
TI  - Cytophotometric analysis of amitosis in nuclear endosperm of Vicia faba.
AB  - DNA content in amitotically dividing nuclei of endosperm of Vicia faba subsp.
      major cv. Hangdown was cytophotometrically measured after Feulgen reaction.
      Measurements of DNA content indicate that nuclei with lower ploidy level divide
      into equal parts. Divisions of nuclei with higher ploidy level result both in
      nuclei with equal and nuclei with different DNA content. Nuclei with higher
      ploidy level can still divide mitotically that lead to the equalising of DNA
      content in endosperm nuclei.

PMID- 1804724
TI  - Effect of melatonin on reproductive system in male rat, treated with estrogen in
      the first day of life.
AB  - The study aimed at demonstrating the possible stimulating or inhibitory effect of
      melatonin on reproductive system of male rats, the function of which was altered
      by single diethylstilbestrol dose introduced in the first day of life. The single
      estrogen dose in the first day of life induced in the studied rats, after they
      reached the adult age, inhibition of spermatogenesis as well as morphological and
      functional alterations in accessory sexual glands. This was associated with high
      level of LH gonadotrophin and with lowered testosterone level in the serum.
      Additional administration of melatonin between 45th and 84th day of life
      accentuated the above described changes induced by the single estrogen injection.
      Results of the studies demonstrated that melatonin in the experimental model not
      only failed to stimulate but provided an additional inhibitory effect on
      reproductive system in male rat.

PMID- 1804725
TI  - 3H-thymidine incorporation method versus colony forming assay in the
      determination of anchorage-independent cell growth of rat sarcoma (XC) and Morris
      hepatoma 7777 (MH) cells.
AB  - The modification of 3H-thymidine incorporation method of Tanigawa was used to the
      estimation of anchorage-independent growth of virally and chemically transformed
      rat cells. The relationship between colony forming assay and 3H-TdR incorporation
      test was determined, depends on the composition of culture medium and the period
      of incubation of rat sarcoma (XC) cells with thymidine. The influence of
      exogenous mitogens (RFG, TGF beta 1 and insulin) and autocrine factor (at
      different step of purification) on the growth of Morris hepatoma 7777 (MH) cells
      was estimated by both methods. Regression analysis comparing the results of
      colony counting and thymidine incorporation revealed good correlation between the
      two methods. The modification can be used the determination of growth stimulating
      or growth inhibiting activity and in multistep purification procedure of
      autocrine growth factors.

PMID- 1804726
TI  - X-ray microanalysis of fossil dinosaur bone: age differences in lead, iron, and
      magnesium content.
AB  - Bones of dinosaurs, Gallimimus bullatus, belonging to selected age groups, were
      studied using an X-ray microanalyser. The content of lead, iron, and magnesium,
      as well as the distribution of those elements in the investigated bone areas were
      determined. The results showed, that bones of old animals contained the highest
      level of lead and iron, whereas in young dinosaurs the respective values were
      lowest. The obtained data were compared with the results of X-ray microanalysis
      of the contemporary bone.

PMID- 1804727
TI  - Protection by acidified Maalox against indomethacin-induced gastric antral
      ulceration in hamsters.
AB  - The protective capability of Maalox against indomethacin-induced gastric damage
      was evaluated in hamsters. The effect of acidification on the gastroprotection
      provided by Maalox against such damage was also determined. Maalox was
      ineffective against indomethacin-induced gastric antral ulceration in hamsters.
      Acidification of this antacid to pHs of 1.5-3.5 resulted in significant (80-90%)
      gastroprotection against indomethacin. Macroscopic and histologic evidence of
      binding by acidified Maalox to the hamster antral mucosa was clearly evident. In
      summary, no correlation exists between acid neutralization and the
      gastroprotective capability of Maalox against indomethacin in hamsters. The
      gastroprotection by acidified Maalox against antral ulceration in this species
      corresponds well with the reported presence of its hexaaquoaluminum cation moiety
      at a pH below 4. Such gastroprotection may involve binding of this cation to the
      hamster pyloric antrum thereby protecting the antral mucosa against indomethacin
      induced ulceration.

PMID- 1804728
TI  - Two point analysis 15-minute 14C-urea breath test for diagnosing Helicobacter
      pylori infection.
AB  - The value of a two point analysis (double sample) 14C-urea breath test in
      diagnosing Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in patients with suspected acid
      peptic disease has been studied and compared to histology and to a rapid agar
      plate urease test in 76 patients. Using the histological finding of HP as the
      gold standard, the 14C-breath test was positive in 59 of the 61 histologically
      confirmed infected patients and in 3 of the 15 noninfected ones, giving a
      sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 80%. In 12 patients, a smaller dose of 3 mu
      Ci 14C-urea was used. The results correlated well with those in whom the higher
      dose of 10 mu Ci was used. We conclude that a two point 14C-urea breath test with
      analysis at 5 and 15 min is effective in diagnosing HP infection thus obviating
      the need for endoscopy and biopsy.

PMID- 1804729
TI  - In vitro gallbladder motility in patients with radiolucent and radiopaque stones.
AB  - Twenty-five gallbladders were studied in vitro. Sixteen had radiolucent
      gallstones and 9 had radiopaque gallstones. The radiolucent gallstones had a
      cholesterol content of 94.17 +/- 3.76% and the radiopaque gallstones had a
      cholesterol content of 56.6 +/- 4.46%. Half the maximal response (ED50) to
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) and to carbachol in strips from patients
      with radiolucent gallstones was 0.8 +/- 0.15 and 27.01 +/- 3.74 x 10(-7) M,
      respectively. In strips from patients with radiopaque gallstones, the ED50 was
      0.4 +/- 0.08 and 14.92 +/- 3.07 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The ED50 values to CCK
      OP and carbachol were greater in strips from specimens with radiolucent
      gallstones than in strips from specimens with radiopaque gallstones (p less than
      0.05). There was no significant difference in the maximal contractile response of
      the two groups. It can be concluded that gallbladder sensitivity to CCK-OP and
      carbachol can be modified in relation to differences in the cholesterol and
      calcium content of the stones.

PMID- 1804730
TI  - Effect of fasting and refeeding on basolateral polyamine uptake and metabolism by
      the rat small bowel.
AB  - Fasting reduced the weight, protein, DNA, RNA and polyamine contents of the small
      intestine of rats, but its effects on the in vivo uptake of intraperitoneally
      injected 14C-spermidine through the basolateral membrane of the small intestine
      were small. The uptake of putrescine was nearly doubled by fasting for 48 h.
      Fasting for 48 h had reduced villus length but was without effects on the crypts.
      Refeeding for 6 h of rats fasted for 48 h led to hypertrophic growth: the length
      of both crypts and villi increased by about 50% without changes in cell number.
      The uptake of spermidine by the small intestine increased above not only that in
      fasted rats but also that in the controls fed ad libitum. The high putrescine
      uptake of rats fasted for 48 h was unchanged after refeeding for 6 h, but
      returned to control values after 12 h. Spermidine in the gut was well conserved,
      while most of the putrescine was transformed into non-polyamine metabolites. It
      is concluded that refeeding stimulates basolateral spermidine uptake, and this
      may be a general mechanism for polyamine accretion in adaptive growth of the
      small intestine.

PMID- 1804731
TI  - Stress management for irritable bowel syndrome: a controlled trial.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with irritable bowel syndrome were randomized to receive
      treatment in a stress management programme or conventional therapy which included
      the antispasmodic Colpermin. The stress management programme involved a median of
      six 40-min sessions with a physiotherapist during which patients were helped to
      understand the nature of their symptoms, their relationship to stress and were
      taught relaxation exercises. Two thirds of those in the stress management
      programme found the programme effective in relieving symptoms and experienced
      fewer attacks of less severity. This benefit was maintained for at least 12
      months. Few of those given conventional management had any benefit. A stress
      management programme would appear to be of value for patients with irritable
      bowel syndrome.

PMID- 1804732
TI  - Experimental reactivation of chronic gastric lesions exposed to different
      aggressive conditions.
AB  - Experimental reactivation of chronic gastric lesions induced by acetic acid
      injection to the rat stomach was produced after exposure of the animals to
      different secondary damaging conditions. On day 18 after the initial injury,
      animals (n = 100) were distributed in five groups. One of them was used as
      control and the remainder were subjected to absolute ethanol, stress, pyloric
      ligation or aspirin. Measurements of gastric acid secretion were performed.
      Pyloric ligation resulted in the maximal rate of acid secretion. Computerized
      morphometric analysis of the gastric injuries showed a significant association
      (70%, p less than 0.01) of hemorrhagic lesions with the primary site of chronic
      injury in animals subjected to pyloric ligation. No significant association was
      observed after absolute ethanol (30%), aspirin (30%) or stress (35%). The
      presence of hemorrhage associated with the original gastric lesions was more
      dependent on the disorganization of the lamina propria and proliferation of chief
      cells in the margins of the mucosal scar than on the severity of extent of the
      chronic lesions. These results indicate that local conditions at the level of
      gastric mucosa together with an increased presence of acid in the gastric lumen
      provide favorable conditions for the reactivation of primary chronic lesions in
      the rat.

PMID- 1804733
TI  - Gastric fundic mucous epithelial cells isolated from omeprazole-treated guinea
      pigs have increased basal and hormone-stimulated growth rates.
AB  - Guinea pigs were given a daily oral dose of 400 micrograms/kg of omeprazole or
      the omeprazole vehicle for 6 weeks. At weekly intervals, the animal and stomach
      weights were recorded, the nonfasted serum gastrins measured, and the total
      number of gastric fundic epithelial cells were isolated and counted. Gastric
      mucous epithelial cells were enriched from the total gastric fundic cell
      population and cultured for 6 days in the absence or presence of hormones
      (epidermal growth factor and pentagastrin). We found that omeprazole treatment
      for 1-6 weeks significantly (p less than 0.05) increased the stomach weight, the
      nonfasted serum gastrin levels, and the total number of isolated gastric fundic
      and mucous epithelial cells over control animals. A significant (p less than
      0.05) increase was also found in the basal and hormone-stimulated cultured growth
      rates of gastric mucous epithelial cells isolated from the stomachs of omeprazole
      treated animals as compared with gastric mucous cells from control animals. We
      conclude that oral omeprazole treatment of guinea pigs will cause a specific
      increase in the gastric mucous cell population as well as increase the in vitro
      cultured gastric mucous cell basal and hormone-stimulated growth rates.

PMID- 1804734
TI  - Colonic mucosal interleukin-6 in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Interleukin-6, a cytokine produced by various cell types, has a major role in
      inflammatory and immunological reactions. To define its potential role in
      inflammatory bowel disease, its concentrations in endoscopic biopsy samples from
      patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were measured. The involved
      colonic mucosa from active disease was found to contain significantly larger
      amounts of interleukin-6 than that from inactive disease or normal controls.
      Colonic mucosal interleukin-6 levels correlated well with the grade of
      macroscopic inflammation, especially in patients with ulcerative colitis. The
      levels of interleukin-6 decreased in parallel with clinical improvement following
      the start of therapy in patients with both forms of inflammatory bowel disease.
      Mucosal interleukin-6 is thus concluded to accurately reflect the degree of
      colonic inflammation and may be importantly associated with inflammatory and
      immunological phenomena seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 1804735
TI  - Effect of iron succinyl-protein complexes on gastrointestinal motility in the
      fasting dog.
AB  - Studying the gastrointestinal motor effects of iron compounds may help to
      elucidate the mechanism originating the gastrointestinal side effects of
      frequently reported during martial therapy. The aims of the present study were:
      (1) to examine the gastrointestinal motor effects of ferrous sulfate (reference
      compound) and (2) to compare its effects with those of two iron succinyl-protein
      complexes (ITF 1096 and ITF 282, an iron-albumin and iron-casein complex,
      respectively). In 6 fasting, conscious dogs, fitted with 8 bipolar electrodes and
      3 strain-gauge force transducers along the gastrointestinal tract,
      gastrointestinal motor activity was recorded. Ferrous sulfate and iron succinyl
      protein complexes were administered by an orogastric tube at two dose levels: the
      lower and higher dose levels were approximately equivalent to 10 and 30 mg/kg as
      Fe, respectively. In control experiments, 154 mM NaCl, ITF 211 (succinylated
      albumin) and ITF 297 (succinylated casein) were used. Administration of 154 mM
      NaCl did not affect gastrointestinal motility nor did it disrupt migrating motor
      complex (MMC) cycling. ITF 1096 and ITF 282, only at the higher dose, lengthened
      the MMC period and increased intestinal, but not gastric spike activity. The
      effects of ITF 211 and ITF 297 were similar to those of ITF 1096 and ITF 282.
      Ferrous sulfate, at the lower dose, lengthened the MMC period; the higher dose
      disrupted MMC cycling and induced intense, irregular spike bursts in the stomach
      and in the small bowel, accompanied, in 3 out of 6 dogs, by a prolonged tonic
      contraction of the upper small bowel. Four out of 6 dogs vomited after the higher
      dose of ferrous sulfate. No vomiting was observed with any of the other
      treatments. We conclude that ITF 1096 and ITF 282 have a markedly better
      gastrointestinal tolerability than ferrous sulfate.

PMID- 1804736
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease in Indian migrants in Fiji.
AB  - A pilot study to estimate the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Fiji is
      reported. Data from 1985 and 1986 for Indian migrants, Melanesians and other
      groups show the incidence of ulcerative colitis was 1.7/10(5)/year, in Indians,
      0.15/10(5)/year in Melanesians and 1.4/10(5)/year in others. The minimum
      incidence of Crohn's disease is 0.14/10(5)/year. Indians are at significantly
      greater risk than Melanesians of developing ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 1804737
TI  - Effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection.
AB  - To investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of Helicobacter
      pylori infection, standardized questionnaires on drinking habits were used to
      interview 451 patients, whose H. pylori status was determined both by culture and
      serology. Reported alcohol consumption did not increase the risk of H. pylori
      infection (a 1.0 odds ratio, CI95 0.6-1.6). However, when the patients were
      divided into two age-groups, those under 35 years who reported to use alcohol
      seemed to have a slightly higher risk of H. pylori infection (a 3.3 odds ratio
      CI95 0.9-12.2) compared to those over 35 years (a 1.0 odds ratio, CI95 0.5-2.2).
      This phenomenon did not reach statistical significance. The type of alcohol
      consumed did not affect the age-adjusted risk of H. pylori infection. If
      pathologically defined chronic gastritis was found, the risk for H. pylori was
      high (a 26.7 odds ratio, CI95 12.1-59.0, for those under 35 years, and a 12.8
      odds ratio, CI95 6.7-24.3, for those over 35 years of age.

PMID- 1804738
TI  - Serotonin-induced decrease of duodenal mucosal blood flow plus acid load produces
      duodenal mucosal lesion in rats.
AB  - To clarify the role of duodenal mucosal blood flow in the genesis of duodenal
      mucosal lesions, a single dose of serotonin, 20 mg/kg, was administered
      subcutaneously to rats. Serotonin significantly decreased both the duodenal
      mucosal blood flow and the output of gastric acid and pepsin. However, mild
      duodenal erosions were observed in only 2 of the 9 rats receiving that agent. The
      repeated intragastric administration of 1 ml of 0.1 N HCl hourly for 6 h failed
      to induce duodenal mucosal lesions. On the other hand, the administration of both
      serotonin and repeated doses of HCl produced marked duodenal mucosal lesions in
      all rats. It is concluded, therefore, that one of the factors responsible for the
      genesis of duodenal mucosal lesions is a decrease of duodenal mucosal blood flow
      combined with an acid load against the duodenal mucosa.

PMID- 1804739
TI  - Spatial variation of sequestered calcium in the multicellular stage of
      Dictyostelium discoideum as assayed by chlortetracycline fluorescence.
AB  - We have used chlortetracycline (CTC) as a fluorescent probe to detect the
      distribution of sequestered calcium in multicellular stages of Dictyostelium
      discoideum. Tips of late aggregates, slugs and early culminating masses fluoresce
      very strongly. Most of the fluorescence is intracellular in origin and emanates
      from a small number of intense punctate sources. The sources correspond in part
      to autophagic vacuoles vis. neutral-red staining, acidic digestive vesicles, and
      may also include intracellular organelles; cytoplasmic fluorescence is much
      weaker in comparison. The level of fluorescence drops in the middle portion of
      slugs and rises again in the posteriormost region, though not to as high a level
      as in the tip. This holds good irrespective of whether CTC is applied only in the
      neighbourhood of the aggregate centre, only in the aggregate periphery, or to the
      whole aggregate. We infer that there must be a good deal of mixing in the stages
      leading from aggregation to slug formation; thus the serial order in which cells
      enter an aggregate does not bear any relation to their ultimate fates. The other
      implication of our study is that calcium sequestration is much more extensive in
      prestalk and anterior-like cells than in prespore cells. These findings are
      discussed with regard to possible implications for pattern formation.

PMID- 1804741
TI  - ["Confidence intervals"].

PMID- 1804740
TI  - A stable cellular marker for the analysis of mouse chimeras: the bacterial
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene driven by the human elongation factor 1
      alpha promoter.
AB  - We have developed a method of marking of mouse cells by means of transfection of
      a foreign gene. The transgene chosen here was the plasmid pEF321CAT which
      contains the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene linked to
      the promoter region of the human polypeptide chain elongation factor 1 alpha
      (hEF1 alpha) gene. Evaluation of the plasmid pEF321CAT as a cellular marker for
      mouse cells involved intensive examination of a transgenic mouse carrying
      pEF321CAT. The CAT gene was expressed in all tissues examined, demonstrating that
      the hEF1 alpha promoter was active in a wide range of mouse cells. The plasmid
      itself did not exert any harmful effect on the normal development of mice, and
      the CAT activity was immunohistologically detectable on sectioned tissues by the
      use of anti-CAT serum. When the plasmid was transferred into embryonal carcinoma
      (EC) cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells, the CAT gene was also found to be
      expressed constantly irrespective of their differentiation. These results
      demonstrated that the plasmid pEF321CAT can be used as a reliable and feasible
      cellular marker that would distinguish unequivocally the cells of each of
      genotype in chimeric tissues.

PMID- 1804742
TI  - [Transient hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarct: the short- and long-term
      risk factor for mortality].
AB  - To evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute
      myocardial infarction, we studied 700 patients (mean age 63.3 +/- 10.97)
      subsequently admitted to the UCIC of Tradate Hospital during the period January
      1976 to December 1987. Patients were followed up for a median period of four
      years. On the basis of fasting blood glycaemia values in the first five days of
      hospitalization, excluding the admission day, patients were divided into groups:
      401 patients (57.0%) with constantly normal glycaemia; 84 patients (12.0%) with
      glycaemia equal or superior to 120 mg/100 ml, and with subsequent normalization;
      and 215 patients (31.0%) with diabetes mellitus diagnosed before hospitalization
      and/or with persistent hyperglycaemia. The overall mortality was 284 (40.5%) and
      cardiovascular deaths were 90.8%. Within the first month of myocardial infarction
      98 patients died. The mortality rate was 9.4% in normoglycaemic patients and
      20.2% in transient hyperglycaemic patients, similar to the value observed in
      diabetic patients (20.0%). During the follow-up 186 patients died. Late mortality
      after the first month is higher in diabetic patients (40%) and patients with
      transient hyperglycaemia (37%) compared to normoglycaemic patients (25.3%).
      Multivariate analysis shows that independent predictive variables are: for
      mortality in the first month, Killip class only; and after the first month,
      Killip class, metabolic classification, sex and supraventricular arrhythmias. The
      present study shows that transient hyperglycaemia has a low prevalence in the
      first days of acute myocardial infarction. Transient hyperglycaemia could be
      attributed not only to increased sympathetic tone elicited by acute myocardial
      infarction, but is probably a pathologic condition with an adverse outcome to
      which multiple factors contribute.

PMID- 1804743
TI  - [Arterial conduits in coronary surgery: not all are roses ... and arteries].

PMID- 1804744
TI  - [The incidence and clinical implications of left ventricular thrombosis in 769
      patients with acute myocardial infarct treated with antithrombotics and
      fibrinolytics].
AB  - Seven hundred sixty-nine patients (pts) admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU)
      between January 1987 and January 1990 suffering from first acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) were studied. The presence of left ventricular thrombosis (LVT)
      was evaluated by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo). The relation of LVT
      to site, size and intra-CCU clinical outcome of AMI, in terms of systemic embolic
      events, Killip class and mortality, was also assessed. AMI was transmural in 707
      pts (92%), anterior in 446 pts (58%) and inferior in 261 pts (34%), non-Q in 62
      pts (8%). Two hundred sixty-one pts (34%) were treated with IV thrombolytic
      therapy followed by IV heparin 1000 IU/h over 12 hrs and then calcium heparin
      (CH) 12500 IU s.c. bid; 508 pts (66%) were given only antithrombotic therapy (CH
      12500 IU s.c. bid). 2D-Echo was performed within 48 hours and on day 5-7 from the
      onset of AMI. In 41 pts (5.3%) LVT was observed: 39 had anterior AMI (8.7% of all
      anterior AMI pts), one had inferior AMI (0.4% of all inferior AMI pts), and one
      had non-Q AMI (1.6% of all non-Q AMI pts) [p less than 0.001 for anterior AMI vs
      inferior and non-Q AMI]. Pts with LVT had a greater infarct size (number of
      akinetic plus dyskinetic segments/total number of segments x 100) compared to pts
      without LVT (32.3 +/- 12.6% vs 16.4 +/- 5.7%, p less than 0.001). In pts treated
      with thrombolytic therapy, LVT incidence was not significantly different from
      that of pts treated with antithrombotic therapy (4.2% vs 5.9%) alone.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804745
TI  - [A "signal averaging" analysis of the P wave in patients with a history of
      isolated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation].
AB  - The aim of this study was to verify the utility of the signal averaged
      electrocardiogram for the analysis of the P wave in patients with paroxysmal lone
      atrial fibrillation. We studied 22 patients with documented paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation without cardiovascular or endocrine diseases. The results were
      compared with 24 normal subjects. Signal averaged electrocardiogram was recorded
      from bipolar orthogonal leads X, Y, Z using ART equipment mod. 1200 EPX, with 50
      250 Hz filter and effective time-base resolution of 100 mm/sec and voltage of 1
      mm/microV. Signal averaging of at least 300 beats was performed to reduce noise
      level under 0.3 microV. In patients with atrial fibrillation the duration of the
      P wave was significantly longer (135.0 +/- 13.0 msec) than in the normal subjects
      (109.4 +/- 11.4 msec) (p less than 0.000001). These results were steady in
      successive recordings (2-30 days after the first recording). The analysis of the
      P wave signal averaging seems useful in identifying patients with lone paroxysmal
      atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 1804746
TI  - [Amiodarone and its infusion velocity in recent-onset atrial fibrillation].
AB  - Two intravenous amiodarone dosing schedules in 28 patients with atrial
      fibrillation arisen less than 10 days before, were evaluated. Their effectiveness
      in converting to sinus rhythm, the incidence of side effects and the relationship
      between efficacy and plasma concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone
      were compared. Schedule A, with amiodarone infusion at a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/h up
      to two hours after the restoration of sinus rhythm or to a maximum dose of 1200
      mg, reverted 86.7% of all patients. Schedule B, with a single amiodarone infusion
      of 300 mg over 15 minutes, followed by a 300 mg dose maintenance over three
      hours, reverted 69.2% of all patients. Schedule A was more effective than
      schedule B (P less than 0.01). Schedule B reverted before A (P less than 0.05).
      The only transient adverse effects were: superficial phlebitis, symptomatic
      hypotension and silent QTc lengthening. Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone plasma
      concentrations were not related to efficacy of the drug in converting sinus
      rhythm. In conclusion, an intravenous infusion of amiodarone over few hours
      showed high efficacy (79.6%), wide therapeutic index, good compliance and
      irrelevant adverse effects in converting patients with recent-onset fibrillation.

PMID- 1804747
TI  - [The endocavitary and transesophageal electrophysiological findings in idiopathic
      atrial fibrillation].
AB  - BACKGROUND: We studied 105 patients (pts) in order to help clarify the
      pathogenetic mechanisms of idiopathic atrial fibrillation (AF). Eighty of these
      pts (Group I) had experienced paroxysmal AF, and 25 were normal control subjects
      (Group II). Twenty-two pts out of Group I had idiopathic paroxysmal AF (Group
      IA), while the remaining 58 (Group IB) presented with a heart disease or a WPW
      pattern. METHODS: All pts underwent endocavitary (EEPS) (69) or transesophageal
      (TEPS) (36) electrophysiologic study. In all pts the inducibility of a sustained
      AF (greater than 1 min) was tested by aggressive stimulation protocols including
      high frequency atrial bursts. RESULTS: In Group I a sustained AF was induced in
      82% of cases vs 4% of Group II cases (p less than 0.001). In Group I there was no
      difference between pts with or without idiopathic AF (IA 73% vs IB 86%, NS). In
      two pts with idiopathic AF a concealed Kent bundle was identified and a
      reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia was induced, which in one case
      spontaneously degenerated into AF. Four athletes with idiopathic AF were studied
      before and after autonomic blockade. AF was induced in all during the basal
      state, lasting several hours, and after autonomic blockade in 3 pts, lasting
      again for several hours. In 1 patient (pt) the arrhythmia spontaneously resolved
      within 50 sec. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The induction of a sustained AF by EEPS or TEPS is
      a pathologic phenomenon which is frequently observed in pts with clinical
      episodes of paroxysmal AF, while it is very rare in normal control subjects. 2)
      Pts with idiopathic AF have an electrophysiologic behaviour similar to pts with
      non-idiopathic AF. This fact suggests that among the former, most cases probably
      have a concealed atrial anomaly. In some cases this atrial anomaly can be related
      to the existence of a Kent bundle. 3) In athletes with paroxysmal AF the
      inducibility of a sustained AF both in the basal state and after autonomic
      blockade suggests that the vagal prevalence typical of such subjects probably
      plays a secondary role.

PMID- 1804748
TI  - [Bolus nicardipine in the hemodynamic assessment for heart transplantation of
      patients with severe failure of ischemic origin and high pulmonary resistance].
AB  - Nicardipine i.v. bolus (5 mg/5 min) was administered in the pulmonary artery
      trunk in 13 patients (2 f, 11 m), mean age 48 +/- 8 yrs, affected by ischemia
      congestive heart failure, with pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary vascular
      resistances greater than 6 U.W. and/or systolic pulmonary artery blood pressure
      greater than or equal to 60 mmHg). The vasodilatation induced by nicardipine
      caused a rapid improvement of all hemodynamic parameters, with a significant
      reduction of systemic and pulmonary pressures and resistances; in addition,
      cardiac output increased significantly. Even if heart rate decreased and mean
      right atrial pressure fell, their variation did not reach statistical
      significance. These beneficial effects are attributable to the vasodilator action
      of nicardipine on the systemic and pulmonary vascular districts. Therefore, in
      the hemodynamic evaluation of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy proposed for
      heart transplantation, we propose the employment of nicardipine in testing the
      vascular reactivity in cases with secondary pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 1804749
TI  - [Endomyocardial biopsy in the heart transplant patient: the state of the art].
AB  - Data regarding 2176 endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) (Nov. '85-Dec. '89) performed
      in 164 transplanted hearts (4 etherotopic) from 158 patients (6 retransplants)
      are herein reported. This study was aimed to evaluate: 1) Incidence and
      characteristics of early ischemic myocardial damage. 2) The influence of
      different immunosurveillance protocols on incidence, degree and aggressiveness of
      acute rejection and the inflammatory infiltrate composition. 3) The
      immunophenotype of infiltrating cells in moderate acute rejection episodes. 4)
      HLA-DR antigen expression on myocyte sarcolemma. 5) Characterization of cells
      expressing immune response mediators. 6) Myocardial localization of opportunistic
      infections. 7) Useful information on chronic rejection. Our results demonstrate
      that: a) Mild rejection seldom progresses to moderate degree. b) Different
      immunosuppressive protocols can influence the incidence of acute rejection: in
      fact, in OKT3 protocol, the incidence of rejection episodes is higher than in
      other protocols as well as aggressiveness toward myocytes. c) Infiltrating cells
      maintain T lymphocyte prevalence with minor amounts of B lymphocytes and
      macrophages in the 3 different protocols. T cell subset characterization showed a
      slight prevalence of CD8 bearing cells over CD4 positive cells whereas CD57 cells
      were few and scattered. d) Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (HLA-DR)
      expression never occurs on myocyte sarcolemma. e) TNF alpha is expressed in acute
      cardiac rejection by immunologically activated T lymphocytes and macrophages and
      the number of immunoreactive cells increases with progression of the rejection.
      f) Human cytomegalovirus infections can be primary or recurrent. Myocardial
      involvement has been observed in primary forms. Virus can affect endothelial
      cells (with no inflammatory reaction) or myocytes (myocarditis) and its diagnosis
      requires a combination of immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques.
      Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection can be usually accomplished by routine
      histopathological study. g) Chronic rejection diagnosis is rarely based on biopsy
      derived information.

PMID- 1804750
TI  - [Lipoma of the interventricular septum: its diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - We describe a case of left ventricular intramyocardial lipoma in a patient
      symptomatic for chest pain and syncope. The two-dimensional echocardiographic
      investigation showed a hyperechogenic mass inside the interventricular septum;
      presence of the mass was confirmed by CT scan and nuclear magnetic resonance
      imaging. In our experience only the CT scan was useful to clearly identify the
      histologic characteristics of tissue. The patient underwent successful surgical
      removal of the mass and the histologic examination revealed normal fat tissue.

PMID- 1804751
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary echinococcosis: a report of a clinical case].
AB  - The authors report a case of hydatid cyst of the ventricular septum. The patient,
      an asymptomatic 30-year-old woman, was hospitalized in the Department of
      Pneumology after a routine chest X-ray test which detected two round masses in
      the lungs. During hospitalization the patient was asymptomatic and standard ECG
      was normal, but two-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo) revealed a cardiac
      cyst localized in the mediobasal portion of the ventricular septum. The finding
      was confirmed by computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. An
      echinococcosis was suspected on the basis of the patient's origin (Morocco) and
      because of the presence of cystic lesion also in the lungs, and was confirmed by
      positive hemagglutinin test. The patient underwent surgery (suction of cardiac
      cyst in extracorporeal circulation and washing with formaline 2%). This case is
      of particular interest because of the rarity of cardiac localization of
      echinococcosis (0.02-2%) and the lack of symptoms or of asymptomatic cardiac
      arrhythmias despite the location in the ventricular septum. Patients with hepatic
      or pulmonary hydatid disease could be routinely investigated by 2D echo because
      this imaging technique is: noninvasive, feasible and has a high sensitivity for
      detecting intracardiac echinococcal cysts.

PMID- 1804752
TI  - [Echocardiography in intracardiac masses: important but not always decisive].

PMID- 1804753
TI  - [Cardioangioimmunology: the immune implications in the principle cardiovascular
      pathologies].
AB  - At present, it is known that the immune system acts through the release of
      protein factors, so-called cytokines. In addition to their immunomodulating and
      endocrinometabolic effects, cytokines have appeared to be able to have an
      influence on the cardiovascular system by inducing important haemodynamic
      changes. Cytokines cause hypotension, particularly IL-2 and TNF, due at least in
      part to a production of nitric oxide by endothelial cells. Cytokines, such as IL
      1, IL-6 and TNF, stimulate myocardial infiltration by activating leukocytes and
      inducing the release of cytotoxic factors during myocardial infarction; that
      would extend the area of necrosis. Finally, cytokines would be involved in the
      pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis, and cholesterol metabolism itself would be
      under a cytokine control. On these bases, it is possible to suggest in the near
      future the elaboration of new therapeutic strategies and prognostic indications,
      according to the bioimmunological response of patients with cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 1804754
TI  - [The prevention of coronary disease: possible and efficacious].

PMID- 1804755
TI  - A rapid and convenient screening technique for developmental pathway mutants of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A brief exposure to iodine vapour was used to screen for mutants of the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae affected in development. Besides obtaining a large
      number of asporogenous mutants, two novel mutations were identified that
      permitted germination of spores to occur in conditions (sporulation medium) in
      which the wild-type would not germinate. These two mutations were named gdr1 and
      gdr2 for germination derepressed. Both alter nutritional control of germination,
      but not the kinetics of germination in glucose-containing medium.

PMID- 1804756
TI  - Purification and characterization of a hemolysin of Vibrio mimicus that relates
      to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
AB  - A hemolysin (designated Vm-rTDH) from Vibrio mimicus (AQ0915-E13) was purified by
      ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatography with DEAE
      Sephadex A-25, hydroxyapatite, Mono Q, Superose 12 and Phenyl-Superose. The Mr of
      the subunit was estimated to be about 22,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel
      electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of Vm-rTDH was approximately pH 4.9. The
      hemolytic activity of Vm-rTDH was stable upon heating at 100 degrees C for 10
      min, similar to that of the thermostable direct hemolysin (Vp-TDH) of V.
      parahaemolyticus. Vm-rTDH also showed lytic activities similar to those of Vp
      TDH. Immunological cross-reactivity between Vp-TDH and Vm-rTDH was demonstrated
      by the Ouchterlony double-diffusion test. Thus we conclude that V. mimicus
      produces a newly discovered type of hemolysin (Vm-rTDH) which is similar to Vp
      TDH.

PMID- 1804757
TI  - Enhanced clearing of Helicobacter pylori after omeprazole plus roxithromycin
      treatment.
AB  - The in vitro antibacterial activity of omeprazole against eight strains of
      Helicobacter pylori was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
      were 32 micrograms/ml and 64 micrograms/ml (MIC50 and MIC90 respectively). We
      performed a randomized single blind study comparing the efficacy of omeprazole
      alone (for 4 weeks) or combined with roxithromycin (for 2 weeks) in the treatment
      of duodenal ulcer and chronic active gastritis associated with H. pylori
      infection, H. pylori was eradicated in 75% of patients treated with omeprazole
      alone whereas the patients treated with the combination of these drugs were
      completely free from H. pylori at the end of the therapy.

PMID- 1804758
TI  - Expression and subcellular location of native and mutant hTNF alpha proteins in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Several mutant hTNF alpha genes were constructed by deletion and stepwise
      reconstitution of regions coding for C-terminal sequences. The mutant hTNF alpha
      proteins behaved differently from native hTNF alpha when expressed in Escherichia
      coli. They were either sensitive to proteolytic degradation or formed insoluble
      aggregates depending on the strains and conditions used for expression. By
      contrast, native hTNF alpha was always present in a soluble form and had a
      tendency to associate with the cytoplasmic membrane. It was even transported to
      the periplasmic space in E. coli as shown by both cell fractionation and
      immunoelectron microscopy. The different behaviour of mutant hTNF alpha proteins
      probably results from a disturbance of protein folding.

PMID- 1804759
TI  - Anaerobic degradation of 3-hydroxybenzoate by a newly isolated nitrate-reducing
      bacterium.
AB  - A Gram-negative nitrate-reducing bacterium, strain Asl-3, was isolated from
      activated sludge with nitrate and 3-hydroxybenzoate as sole source of carbon and
      energy. The new isolate was facultatively anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase
      positive and polarly monotrichously flagellated. In addition to nitrate, nitrite,
      N2O, and O2 served as electron acceptors. Growth with 3-hydroxybenzoate and
      nitrate was biphasic: nitrate was completely reduced to nitrite before nitrite
      reduction to N2 started. Benzoate, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate,
      protocatechuate or phenyl-acetate served as electron and carbon source under
      aerobic and anaerobic conditions. During growth with excess carbon source, poly
      beta-hydroxybutyrate was formed. These characteristics allow the affiliation of
      strain Asl-3 with the family Pseudomonadaceae. Analogous to the pathway of 4
      hydroxybenzoate degradation in other bacteria, the initial step in anaerobic 3
      hydroxybenzoate degradation by this organism was activation to 3-hydroxy-benzoyl
      CoA in an ATP-consuming reaction. Cell extracts of 3-hydroxybenzoate-grown cells
      exhibited 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA synthetase activity of 190 nmol min-1 mg protein-1
      as well as benzoyl-CoA synthetase activity of 86 nmol min-1 mg protein-1. A
      reductive dehydroxylation of 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA could not be demonstrated due
      to rapid hydrolysis of chemically synthesized 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA by cell
      extracts.

PMID- 1804760
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of dextranase genes from Bacteroides
      thetaiotaomicron.
AB  - A genomic bank was constructed in Escherichia coli HB101, consisting of DNA
      fragments from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain 489 inserted within the vector
      pBR322. By screening on complex medium containing blue dextran, 10 stable
      dextranase-positive (Dex+) clones were isolated. Seven groups of Dex+ inserts
      were identified on the basis of their restriction maps and hybridization
      responses. Dextanase activity of the recombinant clones was weak, and was
      revealed on the selection medium after 15 days. Subcloning of a Sau3AI partially
      digested 3.2-kb insert in the expression vector pDR720 greatly enhanced dextranse
      activity on blue dextran plates in one clone, but the delay remained unaltered.
      This suggested that the enzyme was released by cell lysis. Expression of this 0.7
      kb subcloned insert was dependent on the promoter region of tryptophan operon
      carried by pDR720.

PMID- 1804761
TI  - Formation of demarcation zones when bacterial population waves are drawn
      together.
AB  - Many motile bacteria (for instance, Escherichia coli) inoculated at some point in
      a semisolid nutrient medium can form population waves: bands or rings. The
      formation of these motile structures is due to chemotaxis. The population waves
      when they are drawn together can form two types of non-motile structures.
      Firstly, the population waves can collide. Secondly, in certain conditions, the
      waves can slow down and stop without coming into contact directly with each
      other. In this way demarcation zones are formed. The mechanism of the occurrence
      of the demarcation zones has been unknown. In this paper we show that formation
      of these zones is due to lack of nutrients (which at the same time act as
      attractants) within the narrow gap between individual bacterial populations.

PMID- 1804762
TI  - Evidence for energy-dependent copper efflux as a mechanism of Cu2+ resistance in
      the cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola.
AB  - Wild-type Nostoc calcicola carried out oxygenic photosynthesis extremely
      sensitive to copper. A Cu(2+)-resistant mutant (Cu-R1) of the cyanobacterium grew
      normally at high concentrations of Cu2+. Its ability to grow under such
      conditions was found to be due to mutational acquisition of an energy-dependent
      efficient system of Cu(2+)-efflux, which rendered Cu(2+)-inhibited oxygenic
      photosynthesis fully reversible.

PMID- 1804763
TI  - Antibiotic production by the marine photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium
      purpuratum NKPB 031704: localization of activity to the chromatophores.
AB  - Over 200 strains of marine purple photosynthetic bacteria were isolated. Two
      strains showed antibiotic activity towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae and were
      tentatively identified as Chromatium purpuratum. Crude antibiotic, prepared by
      solvent extraction, showed a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The highest activity
      was found in the chromatophore fraction. Chromatographic separation of purified
      light harvesting complex from one strain, NKPB 031704, showed the presence of two
      separate pigmented compounds which were responsible for antimicrobial activity.
      Our findings reveal the unexpected ability of photosynthetic bacteria to produce
      broad spectrum antibiotics. In addition, this is the first example of
      intracellular localization of antibiotic activity in a marine bacterium.

PMID- 1804764
TI  - Iron content and FNR-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The significance of intracellular iron levels of Escherichia coli on the
      expression of the fumarate reductase operon (frd), which is regulated by the
      transcriptional activator FNR, was studied in vivo. The iron contents of
      aerobically and anaerobically grown E. coli were determined and related to the
      expression of frd and of genes (fiu, fepA, fhuF) which are regulated by the iron
      uptake regulatory protein Fur. The iron contents varied from 1.6 to 6.9 mumol
      Fe/g protein with no significant difference in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
      Expression of frd was not related to the different iron levels, but to oxygen
      supply. Only severe iron limitation in iron-depleted medium, which caused lower
      iron contents (0.8 to 1.6 mumol/g), reduced the expression of frd under anaerobic
      conditions. On the other hand, expression of fiu, fepA and fhuF clearly responded
      to iron supply and cellular content, but only slightly to changed O2 supply.
      Generally, expression of frd responded only to much stricter iron limitation,
      than expression of Fur regulated genes. It is concluded that the functional state
      of FNR during aerobic/anaerobic switch is not regulated by iron content and
      reversible binding of Fe2+ under physiological conditions. Therefore FNR does not
      communicate with the iron pool regulating the Fur protein.

PMID- 1804765
TI  - Identification of 3-deoxy-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid in the core region of
      lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobiaceae.
AB  - A 3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid (DHA), very probably with the lyxo-configuration,
      was identified in the R-core region of lipopolysaccharides from nodulating
      strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium meliloti and from all three biovars
      of the phytopathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Its structure could be deduced
      from the fragmentation pattern of the corresponding alditol acetates obtained
      after reduction of the 2-keto and the 1.7-carboxy groups by sodium borohydride or
      sodium borodeuteride. DHA in lipopolysaccharide was not destroyed by periodate
      and is therefore not in a terminal position. Two DHA-containing oligosaccharides,
      namely glucosyl (1----4)-3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid and rhamnosyl-rhamnosyl-(1--
      -5)-3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid could be tentatively identified by mass
      spectrometric methods amongst the products of mild acidic hydrolysis of
      lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 24. The two types of non
      nodulating mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum included in this study did not
      contain 3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid.

PMID- 1804766
TI  - Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins of Salmonella
      enteritidis PT4 are not involved in protection from experimental infection.
AB  - BALB/c and Schofield mice were inoculated with formalin-killed bacteria prepared
      from strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type (PT) 4 and
      carrying a 38 MDa plasmid and expressing long-chain lipopolysaccharide, or
      strains without a 38 MDa plasmid or lacking the ability to express
      lipopolysaccharide. Vaccinated mice were challenged with viable bacteria
      belonging to a virulent strain of S. enteritidis (PT4). Mice surviving this
      viable challenge were examined for a humoral antibody response to membrane
      antigens of S. enteritidis (PT4) that might relate to the possession of a given
      virulence property. BALB/c mice immunized with any of the test antigens were
      found to be immune to S. enteritidis (PT4), and this immunity was protective.
      Serum antibodies, of the IgG class, were detected to OmpA and a minor outer
      membrane protein (OMP) of 31 kDa. Schofield mice also raised IgG antibodies to
      these outer membrane proteins; however, non-immunized mice of this strain were
      resistant to infection. The virulence of S. enteritidis (PT4) was also tested
      using mice belonging to strains B10D2 (new), Biozzi (high), Biozzi (low), C3HeJ,
      B10ITYR and C57/L.

PMID- 1804767
TI  - Character phylogeny of the primate forelimb superficial venous system.
AB  - The ontogeny and comparative anatomy of the forelimb superficial veins were
      investigated in humans, non-human primates and other mammals. Adult humans and
      the orangutan (Pongo) possess two autonomous forelimb veins, one on the lateral
      (preaxial) margin of the limb, the other on the medial (postaxial) margin. All
      other adult primates and mammals examined possess a lateral vein alone. In
      African apes (Pan and Gorilla) and in 24% of human forelimbs the lateral vein is
      short, being essentially confined to the antebrachial region, whereas in other
      mammals and in 76% of human limbs the lateral vein runs from the carpus to the
      clavicular region. In humans the medial vein develops before the lateral vein,
      whereas in the rabbit and the pig the medial vein is present in early embryos but
      is subsequently lost. We propose that in humans, and probably also in the
      orangutan, the possession of a medial vein is a neotenic retention of a primitive
      tetrapod condition. These animals, which retain their medial vein, are united by
      losing a late stage in their ontogeny. Other animals subsequently pass through a
      stage in which the medial vein is lost, but Pongo and Homo retain this vein to
      adulthood. The loss of an ontogenetic stage can arise independently, and the
      presence of a medial vein therefore affords only weak evidence for a close
      phylogenetic relationship between humans and the orangutan. The polymorphic
      lateral vein of humans may be a character state that is intermediate between the
      derived (short) lateral vein of the African apes and the primitive long lateral
      vein of other non-human primates and mammals.

PMID- 1804768
TI  - Fetal death in a long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Clinical and
      sonographic approaches.

PMID- 1804769
TI  - Vitamin-D-binding protein or group-specific component in chimpanzees (Pan
      troglodytes and Pan paniscus).

PMID- 1804770
TI  - A rabies-specific human monoclonal antibody that protects mice against lethal
      rabies.
AB  - According to a recommendation from WHO (World Health Organisation) for prevention
      of a possible rabies infection, active vaccination has to be combined with
      application of immunoglobulin to get a fast protective effect. At present,
      preparations of purified human or equine rabies-specific immunoglobulin are used.
      We have generated a human rabies-specific monoclonal antibody (huMAb) by
      immortalization of human B-cells with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), followed by
      fusion with a mouse myeloma cell. The resulting clone TW-1 secrets an IgG1 lambda
      huMAb which specifically reacts in ELISA with 5 laboratory rabies virus strains
      of serotype 1 and DUV3 (Duvenhage, serotype 4). Western Blot analysis revealed
      fine specificity for the G glycoprotein (gp67) of rabies virus. HuMAb TW-1
      neutralizes rabies virus in vitro (RFFIT) as well as in vivo and protects rabies
      infected mice. Compared to polyclonal human rabies immunoglobulins, huMAb TW-1 is
      advantageous, because of its defined specificity and the very low amounts of
      total protein needed for therapeutic effects.

PMID- 1804771
TI  - Monoclonal antibody for avian thymic hormone.
AB  - Avian thymic hormone (ATH), a parvalbumin with immunomodulating properties, was
      used as antigen for development of a hybridoma cell line. Hybridoma screening by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) led to the culture, purification, and
      characterization of an hybridoma, designated 4A6, which secretes IgG1 that is
      specific for ATH. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) was characterized by techniques
      involving indirect competitive and non-competitive ELISA, Western Blot analysis,
      and immunohistological staining. The MAb was highly specific for ATH with no
      cross-reactivity to other chicken tissue extracts or commercially available
      parvalbumins.

PMID- 1804772
TI  - Recognition of peptidyl epitopes by polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM)-specific
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Peptidyl epitope recognition by several murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs E29,
      H23, HMFG-1, HMFG-2, MA5, MA6 and MA9) which react with the polymorphic
      epithelial mucins [PEM; epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)] was studied by using
      ten synthetic peptides representative of the 20 residue tandem repeat as test
      antigens. Antibody binding to 6-10 residue overlaps and to peptides having a
      common carboxy-terminus and staggered amino-termini (8-31 residues) was assessed
      by solid phase and competition ELISA techniques. From these analyses, all MAbs
      except MA9 were found to react predominantly with the carboxy-terminal half of
      the repeat motif. Polyclonal antibody responses in mice immunized with intact
      EMA/PEM-containing preparations also displayed significant reactivities against
      synthetic repeat peptide antigens and, conversely, synthetic peptides as carrier
      conjugated immunogens induced antibodies recognizing intact antigens. These
      results are discussed vis-a-vis peptide conformation, the potential effects of O
      glycosylation on secondary structure, and the possible effects of these
      parameters on immunogenicity and antigenicity.

PMID- 1804773
TI  - Generation of monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of Moraxella bovis.
AB  - Six hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Moraxella
      bovis were established from fusions between the SP2/0 myeloma cells and BALB/c
      mice splenocytes. Three antibodies were of the IgG1 isotype, two were IgG2a, and
      one was IgG2b. The specificity of the antibodies was determined by indirect
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole cells of M. bovis and of
      other Gram-negative bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from M. bovis JUR2 and
      E. coli as antigens. Ascitic fluid produced by the six hybridoma lines inhibited
      hemagglutination by M. bovis GF9. One MAb (35F) reacted specifically with
      purified M. bovis LPS in the ELISA test. The MAb panel detected heterogeneity
      among the isolates recovered from different geographical regions.

PMID- 1804774
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human antithrombin III.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies identified as D8, B11 and C5 of different
      specificities have been produced against human antithrombin III (AT). The
      apparent dissociation constants (Kd app) of the AT-antibody interaction were
      determined by ELISA method: Kd app (D8) = 2.4 nmole, Kd app (B11) = 13 nmole, Kd
      app (C5) = 24 nmole. All three antibodies reacted with isolated AT on immunoblots
      obtained with "native" PAGE. The D8 antibody also reacted with plasma and serum
      AT while B11 antibody reacted with serum thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes as
      well.

PMID- 1804775
TI  - An ELISA-method using magnetic beads as solid phase for rapid quantitation of
      mouse and human immunoglobulins.
AB  - This work describes an ELISA-method using superparamagnetic polystyrene beads
      (Dynabeads M-450) as solid phase, that may be used to measure the concentration
      of immunoglobulins in various fluids. The immunoglobulin was captured between
      beads coated with either rabbit, goat or sheep antibodies and the same antibody
      conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The method has been used to quantitate
      mouse and human immunoglobulins in cell culture supernatants. Due to the rapid
      binding kinetics between the beads and the soluble antigen (immunoglobulin), each
      incubation takes only ten minutes, allowing the whole assay to be performed
      within one hour.

PMID- 1804776
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibody in mouse ascitic fluid with two solid tumor
      forming hybridoma cell lines.

PMID- 1804777
TI  - Humoral immunity in scid mice reconstituted with cells from immunoglobulin
      deficient or normal humans.

PMID- 1804778
TI  - Maintenance of multiallelic polymorphism at the MHC region.
AB  - Models that purport to explain the maintenance of MHC polymorphism must be able
      to explain a variety of phenomena. (1) The range of MHC allele frequencies at
      some of the loci is very large, with some alleles quite common and many others
      rare, while at others the range of allele frequencies is far narrower. (2) MHC
      alleles and their frequencies often have long persistence times, in some cases
      tens of millions of years. (3) Random-mating populations appear to be in Hardy
      Weinberg equilibrium for MHC. (4) There is no obvious, strong and consistent
      selection pressure yet detected that acts differentially on different MHC
      genotypes. (5) Because the allelic composition of the MHC polymorphism does
      change over evolutionary time, the MHC system must be capable of accommodating
      new alleles with similar properties without destruction of the equilibria that
      permit the maintenance of the older alleles. In this review I examined the degree
      to which a large number of models that have been proposed fit these criteria.
      These include heterosis, marginal overdominance, conditional heterosis,
      assortative mating, maternal-fetal incompatibility, molecular mimicry, minority
      advantage, pathogen adaptation, and optimum allele frequency models. Most of the
      models do poorly at accounting for a number of the above phenomena. The last
      class, optimum allele frequency models, have the most satisfactory set of
      properties. However, optimum allele frequency models require mechanisms that
      somehow "feed back" from the frequency of an allele in the population to the
      fitness of an organism carrying that allele. Thus, these models require that MHC
      polymorphisms be maintained by some type of group selection. Evidence for an
      against optimum allele frequency selection, and ways in which this type of
      selection might be detected experimentally, are presented.

PMID- 1804779
TI  - Transplantation of normal and leukemic human bone marrow into immune-deficient
      mice: development of animal models for human hematopoiesis.
AB  - The successful engraftment of human hematopoietic cells into immune-deficient
      mice offers a novel approach to characterize the developmental program of human
      hematopoiesis. While it is not yet possible to achieve high-level engraftment of
      all human lineages, several methods have been developed to successfully engraft
      human lymphoid cells and reconstitute partial immune function. In addition to
      mature cell types, there is evidence that progenitors and perhaps stem cells can
      engraft the murine bone marrow. Recent work suggests that provision of exogenous
      human cytokines significantly increases the level of human cell engraftment and
      stimulates the development of multiple lineages. Progress has also been made to
      establish animal models of human hematopoietic diseases such as leukemia,
      autoimmunity, and infectious diseases.

PMID- 1804780
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of human hematolymphoid function in the SCID-hu mouse.
AB  - Work in the SCID-hu system has progressed significantly over the past 3-4 years.
      Reliable SCID-hu constructs can now be created for the evaluation of long-term
      multilineage human hematopoiesis, human immune function, and HIV infection of
      human hematolymphoid organs in vivo. Given these constructs, a variety of
      therapeutically important modalities can now be discovered and developed with a
      relevant in vivo model, prior to the time that they are moved into the clinic.
      With further progress in this and other preclinical models, useful therapies for
      important human disease states will hopefully be forthcoming at an even faster
      pace.

PMID- 1804781
TI  - Natural immunity: a T-cell-independent pathway of macrophage activation, defined
      in the scid mouse.

PMID- 1804782
TI  - The scid mouse: mutation in a DNA repair gene creates recipients useful for
      studies on stem cells, lymphocyte development and graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 1804783
TI  - Selective reconstitution of T lymphocyte subsets in scid mice.
AB  - The 'empty' splenic T-cell compartment of young scid mice was partially and
      selectively reconstituted by low numbers of adoptively transferred congenic (C.B
      17, BALB/c) or semi-allogeneic (dm2), but not completely allogeneic (C57BL/6)
      CD4+ T cells from adult donor mice. Under the same experimental conditions, the
      CD8+ T-cell compartment of young scid mice could only be reconstituted in scid
      mice continuously substituted with IL-2. CD4+ T cells engrafted in the spleen of
      H-2d scid recipients displayed specific, anti-Ad-associated proliferative
      reactivity. (Semi)allogeneic CD8+ T cells engrafted in spleens of scid recipients
      showed no anti-host H-2 class I-associated cytotoxic reactivity, i.e., this T
      cell compartment was specifically tolerized against host (allo)antigens.
      Reconstitution of lymph nodes was not observed following transplantation of
      purified CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Antigen-specific, cellular immune responses could
      not be induced in scid mice selectively reconstituted with either CD4+ T cells or
      CD8+ T cells. Partial reconstitution of the CD4+ T-cell compartment was always
      associated with the appearance of scid-derived, 'endogenous' IgM-producing B
      cells. Serum antibodies of scid mice with this T cell-induced B-cell leakiness
      stained an immature subset of congenic thymocytes.

PMID- 1804784
TI  - The scope of lower respiratory tract infection.
AB  - Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are commonly classified as either
      bronchitis or pneumonia, and these infections are associated with an extremely
      high morbidity in the community, as well as a high mortality in those patients
      that require hospitalisation. Therefore, such infections place a huge burden,
      both economically and as a user of health services, on the entire health care
      system. The antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by gram
      negative organisms or staphylococci is controversial, and these organisms may
      cause one-third of the cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Nosocomial
      pneumonia is caused even more often by gram-negative bacteria, and as such the
      development of rational and effective antibiotic therapy to cover these organisms
      is very important.

PMID- 1804785
TI  - Quinolones in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections caused by
      intracellular pathogens.
AB  - Intracellular pathogens are inhibited to varying degrees, depending upon the
      strain of the organism and the quinolone tested. Quinolones achieve levels in the
      lower respiratory tract that equal or exceed serum concentrations, and they also
      achieve good intracellular concentrations. Experimental models of intracellular
      infection have demonstrated the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, difloxacin,
      fleroxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. Animal models of experimental legionellosis
      have confirmed in vivo their efficacy in this field. Thus, quinolones appear to
      be a safe and efficacious alternative treatment in lower respiratory tract
      infection (LRTI) due to intracellular pathogens. Considering the in vitro and
      experimental studies, quinolones should play an important role in the treatment
      of LRTI caused by intracellular pathogens, and prospective controlled studies are
      strongly recommended.

PMID- 1804786
TI  - Ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - In order to determine the efficacy and safety of the new quinolone ofloxacin in
      the treatment of chronic lower respiratory disease, 674 patients (353 with
      chronic bronchitis, 212 with community-acquired pneumonia and 109 with hospital
      acquired pneumonia) were treated with ofloxacin 200 mg twice a day. In total, 627
      patients (93%) showed a satisfactory clinical response, and 47 patients (7%) had
      no change or deterioration. Neither severe side effects nor interactions between
      ofloxacin and coadministered theophylline were seen. This is important in
      patients suffering from chronic obstructive airways disease. The antibiotic
      spectrum of ofloxacin covers nearly all bacterial pathogens causing infectious
      respiratory disease; furthermore, ofloxacin reaches high concentrations in
      pulmonary secretions and tissue. Ofloxacin is a proven antibiotic substance
      useful in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 1804787
TI  - Sequential therapy with i.v. and oral ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract
      infections: a comparative study.
AB  - The results of an open randomised trial comparing the efficacy of parenteral and
      oral ofloxacin with that of amoxycillin clavulanate are reported. Of 121 patients
      enrolled, 92 were clinically evaluable, of whom 59 were treated with ofloxacin
      and 33 with amoxycillin clavulanate. In the ofloxacin group all patients improved
      clinically, while in the amoxycillin clavulanate group 94% improved and 6% were
      clinical failures. In the ofloxacin group 95% showed satisfactory bacteriological
      response, while in the amoxicillin clavulanate group the bacteriological response
      was judged satisfactory in 82% of the patients. Seven percent of the patients had
      mild side effects (headache, nausea, vomiting and skin rashes). All of these side
      effects disappeared after treatment. We conclude that ofloxacin is a safe and
      effective drug in oral and parenteral forms for the treatment of lower
      respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 1804788
TI  - Once daily versus every two week multidose ofloxacin in patients with acute
      exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease.
AB  - Two different oral ofloxacin regimens, daily single-dose treatment with 200 mg
      (Regimen I) and every two week multidose treatment with 3 x 200 mg/day (Regimen
      II), were compared to evaluate the efficacy of quinolone regimens in controlling
      acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory tract infections. Fifty-one patients
      were evaluated in the study: 28 in Regimen I and 23 in Regimen II. The corrected
      mean incidence of exacerbation per case during the six months before and during
      the study was reduced from 2.45 to 0.48 in Regimen I, and from 2.79 to 1.0 in
      Regimen II. The development of resistant strains was not found to be a problem.
      We conclude that the long-term administration of new quinolones, especially the
      daily single-dose regimen with 200 mg of ofloxacin, is useful in controlling
      acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 1804789
TI  - Double-blind comparative study of ofloxacin (Hoe 280) and trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic
      bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - In a double-blind study of 137 patients with exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
      and chronic obstructive lung disease, the efficacy and safety of ofloxacin was
      compared with that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Both groups
      improved. The frequency of severe adverse reactions was highest in the TMP/SMX
      group, and 14.9% of the patients discontinued the treatment. In the ofloxacin
      group 6% had to stop the treatment. The failure rate was significantly lower in
      the ofloxacin-treated patients, 3.2% versus 13.8% in the TMP/SMX group. Ofloxacin
      was found to be an effective drug with few adverse reactions.

PMID- 1804790
TI  - ELISA to determine immunoreactive Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase in chronic
      suppurative otitis media.
AB  - A sensitive sandwich ELISA has been developed to measure the levels of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (PE) in ear discharges from chronic suppurative
      otitis media (CSOM) patients. Preincubation of the sample with EDTA-2Na before
      ELISA was employed to inhibit PE activity which hydrolyzes the anti-PE IgG
      antibody into a smaller molecular form. The PE levels of 10 middle ear effusions
      (MEE) from chronic otitis media with effusion were also measured. In CSOM, 9 of
      10 samples had significant PE levels, ranging from 6.8 to 62.1 micrograms/ml,
      which were significantly higher than those in MEE (p less than 0.01), the
      majority of which was below the detection limit. Two samples of CSOM with the P.
      aeruginosa infection showed high PE levels. This sandwich ELISA for the
      measurement of PE is a very sensitive method requiring only a small sample
      amount.

PMID- 1804791
TI  - Isolation of cysteine protease in the crude mite extract, Dermatophagoides
      farinae.
AB  - In order to study the relationship between cysteine protease and Der f I, which
      is one of the major allergens in the mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, isolation of
      cysteine protease was attempted using various column chromatographies. Both the
      potent cysteine protease activity and the allergenic activity were detected in
      the same fractions by anion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sephacel, gel
      chromatographies and chelating Sepharose 6B chromatography. In the double
      immunodiffusion test, the finally isolated fraction and rabbit anti-Der f I sera
      reacted to give a single precipitation line which fused completely with the
      precipitation line formed by Der f I and anti-Der f I sera. Sequence analysis for
      the first 10 N-terminal amino acids from cysteine protease and Der f I were
      identical. These results strongly suggest that cysteine protease of mites may be
      Der f I allergen and that measuring cysteine protease activity may possibly
      become a beneficial method for detecting Der f I allergens.

PMID- 1804792
TI  - Attenuation of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs by a new
      xanthine derivative (HWA448).
AB  - We examined the effect of a new xanthine derivative, HWA448, on antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were
      sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on two
      occasions, separated by 10 days. Two weeks after the second injection, the animal
      was placed in a two-chambered whole body plethysmograph and specific airway
      resistance (SRaw) was monitored for 10 min after an aerosol inhalation of BSA.
      HWA448 prevented the increase in SRaw after challenge (at 5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.).
      Aminophylline also prevented the increase in SRaw at 20 mg/kg, but not at a 5
      mg/kg dose. The concentration of HWA448, which produced 50% relaxation of the
      tracheal rings constricted with 0.1 mM of histamine, was 49.9 microM as compared
      with 18.2 microM in aminophylline. HWA448 has a protective effect on antigen
      induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and may be a useful agent in the
      therapy of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 1804793
TI  - IgE-mediated sensitization to English plantain pollen in seasonal respiratory
      allergy: identification and partial characterisation of its allergenic
      components.
AB  - Characterisation by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting of plantain pollen extract showed
      that components of 16,000-20,000 M(r) were frequently reactive with IgE antibody
      in the sera of subjects with seasonal respiratory allergy. Other, more weakly IgE
      binding allergens were seen in the range of 40,000-60,000 M(r). HPLC followed by
      RAST inhibition demonstrated that components of approximately 17,000 M(r) were
      also responsible for much of the IgE-binding activity of the extract. These
      components appeared to have pI values between 4.5 and 5.2. RAST inhibition showed
      that there were no common IgE-binding epitopes in grass pollen and plantain
      pollen extracts, indicating that skin test responses should not necessarily be
      interpreted in terms of cross-reaction. 82 subjects with a clinical history of
      seasonal, respiratory allergy were screened in a skin prick test survey. 28% were
      skin test positive to plantain pollen extract. The frequency of positive skin
      test reactions to plantain pollen extract was greater than that to Betula (23%)
      and Artemisa (16%), both which are considered to be important allergens. In a
      larger survey positive RAST scores to plantain pollen were given by 34% of sera
      from subjects with respiratory allergy. Plantain pollen sensitivity should
      therefore be considered during diagnosis of seasonal allergy.

PMID- 1804794
TI  - Airway inflammation in sheep with acute airway hypersensitivity to inhaled
      Ascaris suum.
AB  - In order to investigate the relationship between airway inflammation and the
      development of naturally occurring allergic airway hypersensitivity, the lower
      respiratory tract was studied in eighteen sheep 14 days after challenge with
      inhaled Ascaris suum antigen. Sheep could be classed into three groups on the
      basis of their response: group A (n = 6) had significant changes in both airway
      resistance and dynamic lung compliance; group B (n = 6) had changes in only
      dynamic lung compliance, and group C (n = 6) were nonresponders. The results
      showed that the volume density of secretory granules in lung mast cells was
      greater in hypersensitive sheep than in nonreacting sheep (p less than 0.01).
      This high volume density was due to a high numerical density of granules in the
      mast cells. There was, however, no significant difference between groups in the
      numerical density of mast cells and eosinophils, or the observed degree of
      degranulation of mast cells. Although lymphocytes were commonly seen within the
      airway epithelium and subepithelial regions, infiltration of neutrophils or
      aggregation of dense and nodular lymphoid tissues were not common in the airways
      of any sheep. There was no significant difference in the infiltration of
      neutrophils or the aggregation of lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue in airways
      between the three groups. These findings indicate that there is an inherent
      difference in the volume density of lung mast cell granules between
      hypersensitive and nonreacting sheep but that other inflammatory cells are
      probably not directly involved in the initial development of allergic airway
      hypersensitivity in this species.

PMID- 1804795
TI  - Effects of geraniin on morphology and function of macrophages.
AB  - The effects of geraniin, a tannin, isolated from Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et
      Zucc. on the morphology and function of macrophages were studied. Geraniin caused
      a marked retardation of the recovery from fully spread surface membrane and a
      highly reorganized cytoskeleton of macrophages, whereas endocytotic activity,
      phagocytosis and pinocytosis in the cells were significantly inhibited.

PMID- 1804796
TI  - Effect of Y-20811, a long-lasting thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, on antigen
      induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs.
AB  - Effect of Y-20811 on airway hyperresponsiveness was studied in sensitized guinea
      pigs. Airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) reached maximum 7 h after
      antigen challenge in guinea pigs sensitized actively. Y-20811 (0.3-3 mg/kg)
      administered orally 3 h prior to challenge inhibited this airway
      hyperresponsiveness in a dose-dependent manner. Y-20811 (3 mg/kg) administered
      orally 4 h after antigen challenge also decreased the airway hyperresponsiveness.
      On the other hand, Y-20811 did not affect the bronchoconstriction induced by ACh,
      serotonin and histamine in nonsensitized guinea pigs. The number of eosinophils
      in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the guinea pig reached the peak 7 h after
      antigen challenge. Y-20811 had a tendency to decrease the number of total cells,
      macrophages and eosinophils in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest
      that Y-20811 suppress the asthmatic mechanism which causes antigen-induced airway
      hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 1804797
TI  - Humoral transplantation antibodies play a role in protracted rejection of murine
      renal allografts.
AB  - Murine renal allografts were studied using (C57BL/6J x A/J)F1 mice as recipients
      and DBA/2 mice as donors. In this strain combination, protracted rejection was
      noted in that the circulation was maintained in the graft for over 10 weeks. In
      all grafts examined after 3 weeks, mononuclear cell infiltrates were noted; in
      addition, all grafts had immune deposits, apparently containing transplantation
      antibodies, in glomeruli, tubuli and vessels. These results stressed the role of
      humoral immunity in protracted renal allograft rejection.

PMID- 1804798
TI  - Accelerated response to reinoculation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis:
      clinical study.
AB  - An attack of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is generally thought to
      confer resistance to a second attack. Nevertheless, some authors have produced
      second attacks, sometimes with an anamnestic shortening of the incubation period.
      In addition, second attacks of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with
      accelerated onsets following reinoculation were found in every experiment when
      histopathologic rather than clinical criteria were employed. In the present work,
      we found that clinical signs with accelerated onset were also found in each
      experiment provided that the first attack was produced with the aid of Freund's
      complete adjuvant and provided that the reinoculation stimulus was the highly
      potent combination of rat spinal cord and carbonyl iron. Whatever the potency of
      the reinoculation, and regardless of the occurrence of an accelerated onset, the
      eventual outcome was a decreased severity and mortality of the second attack of
      experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The new data demonstrate that
      accelerated onset is not necessarily an indication of increased severity.

PMID- 1804799
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a major allergen from oriental mustard seeds,
      BrajI.
AB  - A 2 S albumin from oriental mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds has been isolated and
      characterized as an allergen. This protein, BrajI, was recognized by human IgE
      from mustard-sensitive individuals, as proved by using two different enzyme
      immunoassays. BrajI was found to be closely related to Sin a I, the major
      allergen from yellow mustard seeds. Many fractions with molecular weights ranging
      from 16,000 to 16,400 and with differences in charge were separated by ion
      exchange chromatography. They exhibited small but significant amino acid
      composition differences for Glx, Val, Ile, Lys, and Arg contents. The
      heterogeneity of BrajI can be explained by size and charge differences of its
      heavy and light chains. All of the isoallergenic forms of BrajI gave a single
      precipitation band in double diffusion immunoassays when using a Sin a-I-specific
      rabbit polyclonal serum.

PMID- 1804800
TI  - Prevalence and subclass distribution of IgG-anti-IgE autoantibodies in atopy and
      parasitosis.
AB  - Using immunoblotting, we investigated sera of 60 patients with atopic dermatitis,
      12 patients with helminth infections and 36 nonallergic controls, for anti-IgE
      autoantibodies. We found IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies in 62% of the atopics, 42%
      of the patients with parasitosis and 11% of the controls. IgG anti-IgE occurred
      most often (94%) in patients with atopic dermatitis plus additional atopic
      disorder, such as allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. In parallel, we found
      a significantly higher occurrence of IgG anti-IgE in the patients with high IgE
      levels compared to patients with low IgE levels (p less than 0.0005). The
      predominant subclasses of anti-IgE autoantibodies were IgG1 and IgG3 in atopy and
      parasitosis. In the controls, we found IgG4 and IgG3 anti-IgE, but no IgG1
      autoantibodies. The frequency of IgG2 anti-IgE was very low; it occurred in 2
      patients only. Prevalence and IgG subclass distribution of anti-IgE
      autoantibodies was found to be different for patients with atopic dermatitis,
      parasitic infection and for controls.

PMID- 1804801
TI  - Dynamics of 125I-labelled horse serum albumin presentation in vivo in guinea
      pigs.
AB  - Low antibody production in guinea-pig sera was determined by passive
      hemagglutination after 125I-labelled horse serum albumin (HoSA) injection. The
      appearance of radiolabelled HoSA on T cells, B cells and monocytes/macrophages
      (Mo) of guinea pigs was detected and followed as a function of time. The
      radioactivity peaks appeared first on B cells and Mo, later on the T cells. The
      circulating T lymphocytes contained labelled antigen 7 days after the injection
      while T and B lymphocytes in the spleen preserved their radioactivity 15 and 20
      days later. Helper, suppressor and effector T cells were able to fix 125I-HoSA,
      this was shown by autoradiography using monoclonal antibodies 4 days following
      the antigen injection.

PMID- 1804802
TI  - Terephthalamidine: past and future.
AB  - Terephthalamidine (NSC 57155) is one of 800 terephthalanilides and related
      compounds which were synthesized and tested preclinically in the late 1950's and
      early 1960's. Based upon their activity against murine leukemias, some of these
      agents were tested briefly in clinical trials at that time. Despite the
      observation of responses, the compounds were dropped because of severe and
      unusual neurotoxicity. More recently, terephthalamidine has been screened for
      antitumor activity and chosen for further clinical investigation by the NCI's
      Project for the Review of Old Drugs (P.R.O.D.) because of its novel structure and
      spectrum of preclinical activity. The current availability of a plasma assay for
      the drug permits further study of its clinical pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics and, perhaps, the development of improved scheduling strategies.

PMID- 1804803
TI  - Ifosfamide pharmacokinetics.
AB  - This review examines and details the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide (a congener
      of cyclophosphamide) when administered by a number of commonly used
      chemotherapeutic regimes. The influence of route of administration, schedule of
      administration and dose on the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide and its metabolites
      are discussed. Oral fractionated ifosfamide therapy, which causes an excessively
      high incidence of neurotoxicity, is similar to intravenous fractionated therapy
      in that it exhibits a time dependent increase in ifosfamide metabolic clearance.
      Five g/m2 ifosfamide given intravenously as a short (half hour) or long (24 hr)
      infusion does not exhibit dose dependent (zero-order) pharmacokinetics. In
      patients who develop ifosfamide/mesna associated CNS toxicity the
      pharmacokinetics of parent ifosfamide are not aberrant. This implies that
      ifosfamide metabolites are more likely to be responsible for the neurotoxicity
      rather than the parent drug. The development of simple and more specific
      analytical methodology, will allow further studies of the pharmacokinetics of the
      active ifosfamide metabolite(s). This may lead to further optimisation of the
      therapeutic index of ifosfamide treatment.

PMID- 1804804
TI  - Antitumor activities of new platinum compounds, DWA2114R, NK121 and 254-S,
      against human leukemia cells sensitive or resistant to cisplatin.
AB  - (R)-(-)-1,1-(2-amino-methylpyrrorodine)-platinum(II) (DWA2114R), cis-1,1
      cyclobutanedicarboxylato(2R)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediammin eplatinum(II) (NK121; CI
      973) and glycolate-o,-o'-diammine platinum(II) (254-S; NSC375101D) are new
      platinum compounds developed in Japan. We studied the antitumor effects of these
      compounds on the cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, DDP)-resistant human
      leukemia cell line, K562/DDP. K562/DDP cells were 10-fold resistant to DDP, while
      the cells showed minimal cross-resistance to carboplatin (2.1-fold) and DWA2114R
      (3.3-fold), and were as sensitive to NK121 (1.6-fold) and 254-S (1.0-fold) as the
      parent cells. Increases in exposure time of K562 cells to DWA2114R resulted in
      progressive shifting of the dose-response curve to the left, or more effective
      cell growth inhibition of the cells. Time dependency indices (ID80 obtained from
      dose-response curve after 1 hr-exposure of K562 cells to drug followed by 72 hr
      culture without drug/ID80 after 24 hr-exposure) of DDP, NK121 and 254-S were 10,
      8 and 20, respectively. A multidrug resistant cell-line, MOLT-3/TMQ200, was as
      sensitive to platinum compounds as the parent MOLT-3 cells. Little or no
      influence of tumor cell density was observed in the growth inhibition of MOLT-3
      or K562 cells induced by these new compounds even if cells were concentrated to a
      density of 10(8) cells/ml. These results indicate that NK121 and 254-S may
      overcome the drug resistance developed in the patients after treatment with DDP.
      The antitumor effect of DWA2114R is more dependent not only on drug-concentration
      but also on exposure time than that of DDP, suggesting that continuous infusion
      rather than bolus administration appears the favorable schedule in clinical
      trials.

PMID- 1804805
TI  - Amelioration of thrombocytopenia with concomitant ornithine in sarcoma-bearing
      rats receiving high dose difluoromethylornithine.
AB  - The dose limiting toxicity of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), when administered
      by continuous infusion, is thrombocytopenia. DFMO-induced antitumor activity and
      thrombocytopenia were time- and dose-dependent up to 1700 mg/kg/d when
      administered continuously for 12 days. Concomitant ornithine administration (at
      selected molar ratios to DFMO) ameliorated thrombocytopenia induced by DFMO at a
      dose of 2000 mg/kg/day without adversely affecting its antitumor activity. The
      purpose of this study was to determine if ornithine could ameliorate the
      thrombocytopenia of higher DFMO doses and increase the efficacy of DFMO. Fischer
      344 male rats with a transplantable sarcoma in the right flank were given 2000
      and 3500 mg/kg/d DFMO alone or with ornithine at a molar ratio of 0.4 for 8 days
      by continuous infusion. Concomitant ornithine infusion overcame the
      thrombocytopenia that was induced by either dose of DFMO without reducing the
      antitumor activity against the sarcoma. The antitumor activity, tumor polyamine
      levels, and tumor S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity did not
      consistently change with increasing doses of DFMO or with the addition of
      ornithine to the infusion regimen. These results demonstrate that the
      thrombocytopenia induced by doses of DFMO greater than 2000 mg/kg/d can be
      ameliorated without compromising the antitumor activity.

PMID- 1804806
TI  - Analysis of GSH from primary tumors and its role in in vitro chemosensitivities.

PMID- 1804807
TI  - Phase II evaluation of bisantrene in refractory multiple myeloma. A Southwest
      Oncology Group study.

PMID- 1804808
TI  - Phase II trial of ICRF-187 in children with solid tumors and acute leukemia.
AB  - ICRF-187 is the (+) enantiomer of the racemic mixture razoxane (ICRF-159). This
      compound is much more water soluble and thus could be formulated for parental
      use. The maximum tolerated dose in children after phase I trials was determined
      to be 3500 mg/M2/day x 3 days. A phase II trial of ICRF-187 was done in 21
      children with solid tumors and 35 children with acute leukemia. All these
      patients were less than 21 years of age, had recovered from previous
      chemotherapy, had normal liver and kidney functions, and had a life expectancy of
      greater than 4 weeks. ICRF-187 was administered at a dose of 3 g/M2/day for 3
      days as a 4 hour infusion each day. In patients with leukemia, no objective
      response was seen in the bone marrow although a few patients had a decrease in
      peripheral blast count. There were no measurable responses seen in patients with
      a solid tumor. ICRF-187 was well tolerated. The major toxicity was hematopoietic
      depression. Significant but rare toxicities included moderate to severe nausea
      and vomiting, and elevation of bilirubin and transaminases. Although inactive in
      the current study, ICRF-187 might be more active in another schedule.

PMID- 1804809
TI  - Phase II trial of indicine N-oxide in relapsed pediatric solid tumors. A report
      from the Childrens Cancer Study Group.
AB  - We used indicine N-oxide to treat 46 children with malignant solid tumors: 17
      with osteosarcoma, 12 with neuroblastoma, 13 with a brain tumor, and 4 with other
      miscellaneous tumors. The efficacy and toxicity of the drug was assessed at the
      dose of 2000 mg/m2/day for five consecutive days. None of the 39 patients
      evaluable for response achieved a complete or partial response. Hepatotoxicity
      was experienced by 13 patients: 11 patients developed asymptomatic elevations of
      transaminases, 1 patient developed hyperbilirubinemia, and 1 developed ascites.
      Indicine N-oxide appears to be ineffective in the treatment of osteosarcoma,
      neuroblastoma, and pediatric brain tumors at this dose and schedule. Because
      higher doses are associated with an unacceptably high incidence of severe,
      irreversible hepatotoxicity, we do not recommend further study of this agent in
      pediatric solid tumors.

PMID- 1804810
TI  - Phase II study of lonidamine in metastatic prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 1804811
TI  - A phase II study of chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with 5
      fluorouracil plus cisplatin. A Southwest Oncology Group study.
AB  - The combination of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin has shown encouraging results in
      single institution pilot studies in colorectal carcinoma. This phase II SWOG
      study was undertaken to further evaluate this treatment. Cisplatin was
      administered at a dose of 60 mg/M2 IV day 1, repeated every 21 days. 5-FU was
      given at a dose of 15 mg/Kg IV days 1, 8, and 15, with cycles repeated every 21
      days. Among 47 eligible patients there were no complete responses and only three
      partial responses for an overall response rate of 6% with a 95% confidence
      interval of 1% to 18%. Seventeen patients (36%) had stable disease/no response
      and 22 (47%) progressed. Five patients (10%) had no evaluation and were assumed
      to have had no response, or were early deaths. Median survival was 9.1 months.
      Significant hematologic toxicity was seen with grade 3 leukopenia occurring in 11
      patients. There were felt to be two deaths definitely related to treatment and
      two additional deaths possibly treatment related. The combination of 5-FU and
      cisplatin used in this dose and schedule is an ineffective and toxic regimen for
      treatment of colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 1804812
TI  - Phase II study of amonafide in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of amonafide in patients with advanced, measurable
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 15 patients previously untreated with chemotherapy
      were entered on a phase II trial. The starting dose was 400 mg/m2 administered
      daily over 1 hr for 5 consecutive days repeated every 3 weeks. Because of grade 4
      myelosuppression observed in the initial 2 patients, the daily starting dose was
      decreased to 350 mg/m2. Of the 15 patients, 14 were evaluable. Amonafide failed
      to produce clinical responses in the doses and schedule employed. Grade 4
      granulocytopenia was observed in 3 of 9 courses at 400 mg/m2, 3 of 12 courses at
      350 mg/m2 and in 1 of 4 courses at 300 mg/m2. Grade 4 thrombocytopenia was
      observed in 3 courses at 400 mg/m2. Nonhematologic toxicities included mild
      nausea and vomiting and skin rashes.

PMID- 1804813
TI  - Hypoprothrombinemia from coadministration of sulofenur (LY 186641) and warfarin:
      report of three cases.

PMID- 1804814
TI  - Phase II evaluation of amonafide in renal cell carcinoma. A Southwest Oncology
      Group study.
AB  - Twenty four patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma were treated in a phase
      II trial with amonafide 300-450 mg/m2/day on days 1-5 every 21 days. There were
      no responders, 6 patients had stable disease, 14 experienced progressive disease
      and 4 were assumed to be non-responders as no evaluation was performed. There
      were no fatal toxicities although 8 patients had grade 3 or 4 granulocytopenia, 1
      patient had grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Other toxicities included grade 3 diarrhea
      in 1 patient, grade 3 myopathy in 1 patient, severe nausea and vomiting in 1
      patient and a facial rash, possibly a hypersensitivity reaction, in 1 patient.
      The median survival is 7.5 months. At this dosage and schedule, there is no
      evidence that amonafide has meaningful anti-tumor activity in patients with
      advanced renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 1804815
TI  - Phase I-II study of high-dose etoposide in patients with refractory breast
      cancer.

PMID- 1804816
TI  - Phase II study of intravenous 6-thioguanine in patients with advanced carcinoma
      of the pancreas.
AB  - In a phase II study, 32 patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma were treated
      with intravenous 6-thioguanine. A 30-min infusion of 55 mg/m2 (starting dose) was
      administered once a day for 5 consecutive days, the course being repeated every 5
      weeks. A median of two courses (range, 1-10) was administered. Among the 32
      patients, 30 having measurable cancer and optimum follow-up were fully assessable
      for response. One patient achieved a partial response of extensive liver
      metastases (12+ months), and another patient had a transient minor response (5
      weeks). Cancer in 27 of 30 assessable patients progressed during intravenous 6
      thioguanine treatment. Myelosuppression, although frequent, was mild to moderate
      at these doses and did not result in significant morbidity. Nonhematologic
      toxicities were also mild. Our data suggest that intravenous 6-thioguanine given
      at this schedule is ineffective in previously untreated patients with advanced
      carcinoma of the pancreas.

PMID- 1804817
TI  - Phase I trial of FK973: description of a delayed vascular leak syndrome.
AB  - FK973 is a novel, substituted dihydrobenzoxazine structurally similar to
      mitomycin. FK973 lacks cross-resistance with mitomycin, doxorubicin, and
      vincristine in murine tumor models. A phase I study of FK973 was initiated using
      a 30-minute infusion repeated every 4 weeks. Of 17 patients enrolled on the
      study, a minimum of three patients were entered at each dose level: 7, 14, 21,
      30, and 45 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was a vascular leak syndrome (VLS)
      characterized by pericardial and pleural effusions, ascites, and subcutaneous
      edema. These conditions were observed in two patients treated with a dose of 30
      mg/m2 and in four who received 45 mg/m2. VLS was observed 2 weeks after the third
      dose of 30 mg/m2 and one week after the second dose of 45 mg/m2. Of nine patients
      treated with a cumulative dose greater than 60 mg/m2, five experienced this toxic
      reaction. Reversible drug-related pneumonitis was noted in one patient after the
      third course of 30 mg/m2. Moderate nausea and vomiting were initially observed at
      a dose of 14 mg/m2 and alopecia at 30 mg/m2. Grade 3-4 granulocytopenia was
      observed in two patients treated with 45 mg/m2. Extensive myocardial degeneration
      was observed at autopsy in a patient who had received three courses of 30 mg/m2.
      One patient with metastatic colon carcinoma and another with metastatic
      pancreatic carcinoma experienced partial clinical responses. Although the drug's
      clinical activity appears promising, additional investigation is needed into the
      mechanism of toxicity prior to further clinical development.

PMID- 1804818
TI  - Neuroendocrine responses to acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1804819
TI  - Recovery of left ventricular function following acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1804820
TI  - Biochemical diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive, and specific marker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction (MI) and the assessment of reperfusion following thrombolytic therapy
      has been sought by research workers for years. Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) is the
      best biochemical marker currently available to the cardiologist and the emergency
      room physician for the assessment of patients presenting with symptoms of acute
      MI. CK-MB is best measured using immunoassay techniques at 3- to 4-hour time
      intervals during the first 12 hours after onset of symptoms. Other currently
      available markers include lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes and myoglobin.
      Future developments include assays for troponin, reported to be a true cardiac
      specific marker, and myosin light chains which may have value in noninvasive
      infarct sizing.

PMID- 1804821
TI  - The role of echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Our institutional experience with two-dimensional echocardiography and color flow
      Doppler tests, as well as a review of the literature, reveals that
      echocardiography is useful in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Furthermore,
      complications of myocardial infarction such as mitral regurgitation with or
      without papillary muscle rupture, acquired ventricular septal defect, true and
      false left ventricular aneurysms, left ventricular thrombi, right ventricular
      infarction, and pericardial effusion in the setting of acute infarction can be
      detected by cardiac ultrasound. Echocardiography is also useful in assessing
      prognosis of postinfarction patients based on degree of left ventricular
      dysfunction. This test, however, is not 100% sensitive and specific in diagnosing
      these entities and should be reviewed in context of a patient's history, physical
      findings, and other laboratory tests.

PMID- 1804822
TI  - Prehospital care of acute myocardial infarction: a review.
AB  - Each year more than 1 million people in the United States suffer from acute
      myocardial infarction (MI) with most of the deaths occurring within hours of
      symptom onset. Over the last 25 years, different prehospital systems have evolved
      throughout the world which allow early cardiac monitoring and treatment of acute
      MI patients. Thrombolytic therapy in acute MI has been shown to decrease
      mortality and preserve left ventricular function when administered early after
      onset of symptoms. The potential role of Emergency Medical Services or Mobile
      Coronary Care Units in achieving early thrombolysis is under investigation.
      Several studies of prehospital interventions to achieve early thrombolysis are
      reviewed. The use of thrombolytics by prehospital personnel has been found to be
      feasible, safe, and effective in reducing time delays. However, whether this
      translates into clinical benefit remains to be seen.

PMID- 1804823
TI  - Psychological factors relevant to the prehospital and in-hospital phases of acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Recognition and treatment of psychological factors relevant to the acute
      prehospital and in-hospital phases of myocardial infarction (MI) are reviewed.
      Various emotions and personality characteristics can be both risk factors for and
      consequences of acute MI. Components of the Type A behavior pattern and levels of
      somatic and emotional awareness have been linked with excessive treatment-seeking
      delay for MI patients. Psychiatric conditions such as panic disorder may mimic
      symptomatic presentation of MI and therefore have implications for differential
      diagnosis in the emergency room. Additionally, anxiety, depression, and
      neurobehavioral disorders such as delirium are relatively common during the
      hospitalization period and may contribute to potentially lethal complications of
      MI. Because psychological factors are associated with prognosis during each phase
      of MI, the identification and treatment of such factors are crucial in providing
      comprehensive care for MI patients.

PMID- 1804824
TI  - Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1804825
TI  - Intravenous nitroglycerin for acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Intravenous nitroglycerin (IV TNG) has been increasingly used in the setting of
      acute myocardial infarction. The seven randomized trials comparing IV TNG with
      placebo, and one trial comparing IV isosorbide dinitrate with furosemide, were
      reviewed for evidence of beneficial clinical effects. IV TNG in low dosage is
      safe in the setting of acute myocardial infarction and modestly effective in
      relieving chest pain. Favorable hemodynamic effects are most pronounced in
      patients with congestive heart failure. Limited evidence suggests that IV TNG,
      particularly when administered early, reduces both infarct size and mortality
      when given prophylactically.

PMID- 1804826
TI  - Calcium channel blockers in the management of myocardial infarction patients.

PMID- 1804827
TI  - Lidocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The prophylactic administration of lidocaine for the prevention of primary
      ventricular fibrillation (VF) following suspected acute myocardial infarction
      (MI) is controversial. The incidence of primary VF following acute MI ranges from
      1.8% to 10.5%. "Warning arrhythmias" have not been shown to be reliable
      predictors of VF. In-hospital prophylactic administration of lidocaine has been
      shown to decrease the incidence of primary VF, whereas prehospital administration
      has not. However, prophylactic administration of lidocaine has not been shown to
      have a beneficial effect on mortality and may in fact increase mortality. The
      incidence of lidocaine-induced adverse effects during prophylaxis ranges from 4%
      to 85%, with an average of approximately 35%. In view of the low incidence of
      primary VF following acute MI, the high incidence of lidocaine-induced adverse
      effects, and the lack of evidence of beneficial effect on mortality, prophylactic
      lidocaine administration to all patients with suspected MI is not recommended.
      The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend
      prophylactic lidocaine administration in patients with acute myocardial ischemia
      or MI who have ventricular premature beats that occur frequently (greater than 6
      per minute), are closely coupled (R on T), multiform in configuration, or occur
      in short bursts of three or more in succession.

PMID- 1804828
TI  - Diagnosis and management of tachycardias after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1804829
TI  - Role of coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1804830
TI  - Management of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: The
      Henry Ford Hospital experience and review of the literature.
AB  - Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) carries a high
      mortality which in some series prior to 1980 exceeded 80%. Neither the use of
      inotropic and vasopressor agents nor intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was
      found to improve survival in this group of patients. Intravenous thrombolytic
      agents improve survival in patients with acute MI, but their role in cardiogenic
      shock is unknown. Reports of the use of surgical and mechanical interventions in
      patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction were examined to determine if
      there was any benefit to be derived from restoring blood flow to ischemic areas
      of the myocardium. It was found that urgent placement of intraaortic balloon
      counterpulsation followed by coronary bypass surgery may improve survival rates
      and successful coronary angioplasty also appeared to benefit patients with
      cardiogenic shock. Similar improvement in survival has been reported after
      successful coronary reperfusion. In surgical series with predominantly
      nonmechanical causes of shock, survival has varied from 40% to 88%. Data from our
      five-year experience in the management of MI patients with cardiogenic shock
      suggest that coronary revascularization with coronary angioplasty or bypass
      surgery improves survival in patients with cardiogenic shock especially when
      performed within 24 hours of the onset of shock.

PMID- 1804831
TI  - Surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In recent years, advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management of
      cardiac surgical patients have facilitated more aggressive operative treatment of
      many serious and even catastrophic complications of acute myocardial infarction
      (MI). In addition, improved understanding of the natural history of these
      complications has helped to optimize the indications for and timing of surgical
      intervention. The role of emergency revascularization for postinfarction angina,
      evolving acute MI, cardiogenic shock after acute MI, and failed percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty has expanded with overall satisfactory to excellent
      results. Surgical treatment of mechanical with overall satisfactory to excellent
      results. Surgical treatment of mechanical complications of acute MI such as free
      wall rupture, acute ischemic mitral insufficiency, and ventricular septal defect
      also is undertaken earlier and more aggressively. Although the mortality rates
      for these conditions remain higher than desired, salvage of many previously
      doomed patients now is a reality.

PMID- 1804832
TI  - Caring for the acute myocardial infarction patient: a nursing perspective.
AB  - Cardiac nursing is nearly 30 years old. Changes in the role of cardiac nursing
      have directly corresponded to the three distinct medical phases of care for the
      acute myocardial infarction patient--arrhythmia detection, pump failure, and
      limiting infarct size. Nursing care delivery in the cardiac setting, the cardiac
      patient, and the role of the cardiac nurse each have undergone changes over the
      years, which together has provided a challenge to health care delivery. Future
      effects of technological and pharmacologic advances, social changes, and nursing
      professional practice issues on cardiac care delivery are imperative to consider
      as health care moves into the 1990s.

PMID- 1804833
TI  - Non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
AB  - Non-Q wave myocardial infarction is a distinct and changing clinical entity
      characterized by lower initial mortality and a higher rate of reinfarction
      compared to Q wave infarction. Clinical and pathologic data suggest that the
      syndrome results from transient or incomplete coronary occlusion resulting in an
      infarct which is smaller than when Q waves are present. High-risk patients can be
      identified during hospitalization, allowing for aggressive therapy aimed at
      revascularization. Relatively few clinical trials have examined initial therapy
      or secondary prevention in this group of patients. These studies are reviewed and
      management guidelines suggested.

PMID- 1804834
TI  - Incomplete versus complete myocardial infarction.
AB  - Incomplete myocardial infarction (MI), when compared with a complete MI, is
      characterized by a small infarct size and a large mass of viable but jeopardized
      myocardium within the perfusion zone of the infarct-related vessel that is
      manifested clinically by early recurrent infarction. The pathophysiology involves
      early spontaneous or thrombolytic reperfusion. Clinical (i.e., residual
      ischemia), electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic findings and magnitude of
      serum cardiac enzyme elevations should be taken into account in diagnosing an
      incomplete MI.

PMID- 1804835
TI  - Post myocardial infarction risk stratification: 1991 perspective.

PMID- 1804836
TI  - [The 64th general meeting of the Japanese Leprosy Association. March 28-29, 1992,
      Kumamoto, Japan. Abstracts].

PMID- 1804837
TI  - Experience with the Kimray-Greenfield inferior vena caval filter.

PMID- 1804838
TI  - Proteinuria in children.

PMID- 1804839
TI  - Arkansas HIV/AIDS report 1983-1991.

PMID- 1804840
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Morgagni hernia.

PMID- 1804841
TI  - Rapid electrodialytic clean-up of biological samples for high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A sample clean-up system employing electrodialysis with size-selective and charge
      selective membranes is described. When applied to the treatment of 0.5-ml milk
      samples containing sulfamethazine, the system produced an undiluted, clear
      solution in 3 min and eliminated the components in untreated milk that caused
      column fouling and double peaks. In contrast to conventional liquid- and solid
      phase extraction procedures, electrodialytic clean-up is readily automated and
      uses no organic solvents.

PMID- 1804842
TI  - Identification of aromatic moieties and mycosamine in antifungal heptaenes with
      high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography
      mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of
      the aromaticity of heptaene polyene antibiotics has been developed. The released
      aromatic moiety of the heptaene polyenes aureofungin, candicidin, candimycin,
      hamycin and trichomycin was assayed after alkaline hydrolysis. The presence of p
      aminoacetophenone (PAAP) and N-methyl-p-aminoacetophenone (N-methyl-PAAP) in the
      hydrolysates was determined by HPLC, HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas
      chromatography-MS (GC-MS). Candicidin and hamycin contained only the PAAP
      residue; aureofungin contained both PAAP and N-methyl-PAAP. Trichomycin contained
      PAAP and also some unknown component of molecular weight 179. The aromatic nature
      of the individual components of the heptaene complex was demonstrated using
      radioactivity flow detection for the determination of the incorporation of [14C]
      p-aminobenzoic acid to individual candicidin components. Ammonia chemical
      ionization MS was successfully used for the GC-MS identification of the
      acetylated mycosamine moiety of heptaenes.

PMID- 1804843
TI  - Studies on steroids. CCLIII. Capillary gas chromatographic behaviour of
      diethylhydrogensilyl-diethylsilylene derivatives of stereoisomeric bile acids.
AB  - The capillary gas chromatographic behaviour of diethylhydrogensilyl (DEHS) ethers
      and/or diethylsilylene (DES) derivatives of fifty bile acids including 4- and 6
      hydroxylated compounds is described. The methylene unit (MU) values of methyl and
      pentafluorobenzyl esters of bile acids were determined as their trimethylsilyl
      (TMS), dimethylethylsilyl (DMES) ethers and DEHS-DES derivatives. The differences
      in methylene unit values between the corresponding TMS ethers and DMES ethers or
      DEHS-DES derivatives were used for estimating the number and stereochemistry of
      hydroxyl groups on the steroid nucleus. On treatment with the silylating agent
      N,O-bis (diethylhydrogensilyl)trifluoroacetamide, bile acids possessing isolated
      hydroxyl in addition to diaxial trans-glycol groups were easily converted into
      the DEHS ehters, whereas those having a vicinal glycol group except for the
      diaxial group were converted into cyclic DES derivatives. The mass spectrometric
      properties obtained with negative-ion chemical ionization detection are
      discussed.

PMID- 1804844
TI  - Ligand-exchange ion chromatographic determination of malic acid enantiomers in
      apple juice with photometric detection.
AB  - An ion chromatographic separation with photometric detection using a chiral
      copper(II) complex as the eluent has been developed for the resolution of
      enantiomers of malic acid in commercially available apple juices. The results
      obtained by this method were in good agreement with those by an enzymatic method
      with separation by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 1804845
TI  - Direct separation of the enantiomers of propafenone, diprafenone and their major
      metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography on modified cellulose and
      amylose chiral stationary phases.

PMID- 1804846
TI  - Electrophoretic mobility and dissociation constants of tripeptides evaluated by
      isotachophoresis.
AB  - Ionic mobilities and dissociation constants of twenty peptides (seventeen
      tripeptides and a few oligoglycines) were evaluated on the basis of the observed
      isotachophoretic qualitative indices RE in the pH range 8.1-9.5 by the use of a
      least-squares method. Good correlation was obtained among the mobilities of amino
      acids, dipeptides and tripeptides when the clay ball model and the conventional
      formula weight were adopted.

PMID- 1804847
TI  - Isolation and purification of bacterial proteinases by means of autofocusing.
AB  - Autofocusing was used for the isolation and purification of neutral and alkaline
      proteinases from fermentation broth, after separation of cells. The yield of
      proteinases achieved was 19-78%, and was inversely proportional to the degree of
      purification, which varied from 3.0 to 7.9. Because of considerable losses of
      enzyme activity and the long duration of the process, autofocusing seems to be a
      non-economic technique for industrial isolation of relatively cheap enzymes.

PMID- 1804848
TI  - Estimating viral concentrations from dilution counts: a reliable computation
      method programmed on a pocket calculator.
AB  - A program for a Hewlett-Packard 41C calculator is described, applying the maximum
      likelihood method for the estimation of the density of a suspension of infective
      particles when counts are available for a number of independent dilutions of the
      original suspension. An unbiased estimate for the variance of the density, a
      suitable confidence interval and its corresponding confidence level are also
      given by the program. Moreover, after testing for the presence of overcrowding
      and/or clumping, the selection of suitable dilutions is fully automated so as to
      avoid recourse to statistical tables.

PMID- 1804849
TI  - Rapid, easy and economical dot EIA for detection of antibodies to HIV-1 using
      recombinant env- and gag-proteins.
AB  - A rapid and simple screening test for antibodies to HIV-1 was designed on the
      principle of dot-EIA. Recombinant HIV-1 env and gag polypeptides are fixed on
      nitrocellulose sheets. Peroxidase conjugated protein A is used for detection of
      bound antibodies. After addition of hydrogen peroxide and 2-bromo-1-naphtol
      antigen-antibody complexes are visualized as discrete blue coloured spots. The
      test is completed within 15 min. Out of 111 sera positive by commercial EIA and
      Western blot analysis 110 were recognized by dot-EIA (sensitivity: 99.1%). False
      positive results compared with commercial EIA were found in 2 of 423 healthy
      blood donors (specificity: 99.5%).

PMID- 1804850
TI  - Competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of HIV-1 DNA and
      RNA.
AB  - A quantitative PCR assay for the detection of HIV-1 nucleic acids is described.
      The assay is based on a competitive internal standard nucleic acid which can be
      discriminated from target sequences by the presence of a new restriction enzyme
      site. The method was used to quantitate plasmid molecules containing HIV-1
      sequences, HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 RNA purified from HIV-1-infected tissue culture
      cells as well as HIV-1 DNA present in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of
      an AIDS patient. The assay will be valuable for assessing viral load in AIDS
      patients and for the study of viral gene expression.

PMID- 1804851
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid probes for potato leafroll luteovirus
      detection.
AB  - Complementary DNA (cDNA) probes, prepared by nick-translation or by
      oligolabelling of a 520 bp fragment representing residues 4741 to 5261 in the
      potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) sequence, were equally sensitive, with a
      detection limit equivalent to sap from about 600 micrograms of infected potato or
      Nicotiana clevelandii leaf tissue and to RNA from about 120 micrograms tissue.
      Increasing the concentration of oligolabelled probe gave similar results with
      shorter autoradiographic exposures, but also resulted in positive signals with
      sap extracts from healthy plants. In contrast, a complementary RNA (cRNA) probe
      made by in vitro transcription of the cDNA insert could be used at higher
      concentration without giving rise to reactions with healthy plant extracts, and
      had a detection limit equivalent to 5 micrograms tissue/spot. Five oligolabelled
      probes representing different regions of the PLRV genome detected PLRV equally
      well. A probe that represented a portion of the particle protein gene also
      detected beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV), with which it has 69% nucleotide
      sequence homology, and an English strain of the RPV form of barley yellow dwarf
      luteovirus, and reacted weakly with extracts from plants infected with groundnut
      rosette assistor luteovirus or carrot red leaf luteovirus. Probes for regions on
      either side of the particle protein gene also detected RPV, but not any of the
      other luteoviruses tested, in agreement with earlier suggestions that RPV is more
      closely related to PLRV than are BWYV or the other luteoviruses tested. An
      attempt to improve the detection of weak heterologous reactions by using a cRNA
      probe was unsuccessful, perhaps because tests using cRNA are more affected by
      mismatching than tests using cDNA probes.

PMID- 1804852
TI  - The use of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness viruses in
      Culicoides midges.
AB  - The use of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness viruses (AHSV) in
      midges preserved in 5.0% formalin was evaluated. No differences were detected by
      ELISA when testing AHSV infected batches of Culicoides midges collected in
      diluent with or without the addition of formalin. The ELISA was considered highly
      sensitive and easily distinguished between non-infected midges and batches
      containing varying numbers of infected and non-infected midges. Positive ELISA
      reactions were detected with formalin-preserved midges collected from the south
      of Spain during the 1988 AHSV epizootic. The assay, therefore, may be used in
      surveillance studies of either fresh or formalin-preserved midges to identify
      undisclosed and persistent AHSV foci. This information would be useful in helping
      to eradicate the virus from Europe and North Africa.

PMID- 1804853
TI  - Behavioral and cognitive treatment methods: a critical comparative review.
AB  - Forty clinical outcome studies were selected using strict criteria in which
      standard behavior therapy (BT) procedures were compared with procedures
      considered cognitive. The question asked was whether the addition of cognitive
      therapy (CT) methods yielded more beneficial treatment outcomes. Most studies
      reflected an equivalence in outcome between cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
      procedures and behavioral procedures alone. Behavior therapy was superior in two
      studies to treatments with a cognitive component. One finding was that cognitive
      therapy has shown promise in the areas of social anxiety. The behavioral aspect
      of CBT seemed central to its effectiveness, while the same cannot be said for the
      cognitive components. Given that only a modicum of clinical benefit has been
      added in twenty years of the cognitive therapy movement, it is suggested that the
      wholesale adoption of cognitive procedures is unmerited.

PMID- 1804854
TI  - Ventilatory control of heart rate during inhalation of 5% CO2 and types of panic
      attacks.
AB  - Differences in the magnitude of increases in heart rate during prolonged
      inhalation of 5% CO2 range from a mean of 25 b/min for a group of eight panic
      disorder patients who panicked (Woods, Charney, Goodman, & Heninger, 1988.
      Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 43-52) to zero b/min for 16 patients, eight
      of whom panicked (Craske & Barlow, 1990. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 302
      307). What accounts for this disparity? The present paper describes how heart
      rate can be increased by means of voluntary overbreathing during prolonged
      inhalation of 5% CO2 in air. This suggests that differences in the degree of
      overbreathing may explain differences in the magnitude of increases in heart rate
      during inhalation of 5% CO2. An explanation is also offered for the curious
      finding that some patients experience "panic attacks" with zero increase in heart
      rate. Evidence suggests that this is likely to happen in cognitively based panic
      attacks, in contrast to hyperventilatory attacks or anticipatory attacks.

PMID- 1804855
TI  - Integration of scientific criteria into the psychotherapy integration movement.
AB  - Psychotherapy integration has recently received considerable attention among
      behavior therapists. Although the wisdom of ecumenicism has been questioned,
      behavior therapy has often been credited with flexibility and modification of
      practice based on experimental and clinical research. From this perspective, the
      two central criteria for psychotherapy integration are inclusion of proven
      therapeutic elements and exclusion of unproven ones. Rationales for the
      importance of both criteria are discussed, and an analogy to the development of
      modern medicine is suggested. Formal acceptance of the proposed criteria would
      place psychotherapy integration in a proactive position to censor fee-for-service
      clinical practice not grounded in basic clinical or experimental research.

PMID- 1804856
TI  - Meige's disease misdiagnosed as anxiety disorder.
AB  - A woman in her late 40s with a 5 year history of anxiety was treated with
      relaxation training and cognitive restructuring. Her anxiety was manifested by
      facial twitching, hand fidgeting, vocal tremor, loss of self-esteem, and
      depression. Therapy seemed to reduce motor symptoms and improve her self-esteem,
      confidence, and mood. Six months after the start of therapy the client was found
      to have Meige's Disease. Following treatment with botulinum toxin, motor symptoms
      disappeared. This case highlights the need for psychotherapists to be more aware
      of neurological and medical problems which may mimic psychological ones.

PMID- 1804857
TI  - The use of contingent water misting in the treatment of self-choking.
AB  - A 25-year-old, deaf-blind, mentally retarded male was treated for chronic self
      choking using water mist treatment and positive reinforcement. During pre
      treatment baseline, self-chokes occurred at a rate of 2.09 per minute. During
      treatment sessions each self-choke was followed by water misting of the subject's
      face paired with a forceful "No!". Periods of 20 sec absent of self-chokes were
      positively reinforced with liquids and/or social contacts. Treatment procedures
      were generalized from the initial therapists, location, and absence of other
      clients and staff to other locations, and the presence of other clients and
      staff. Water mist treatment was associated with at least a 10-fold and as much as
      a 100-fold reduction of self-choking (i.e. to 0.02-0.20 self-chokes per min)
      across treatment and generalization phases. Eight-month follow-up observations
      showed that self-choke rates were at zero.

PMID- 1804858
TI  - A non-aversive behavioral-pharmacological intervention for severe self-injury in
      an adult with dual sensory impairment.
AB  - The severe and high-rate self-injurious (face slapping) behavior of a woman who
      was deaf and legally blind was reduced to near-zero levels following
      implementation of a multicomponent treatment program in combination with
      psychotropic medication. Behavioral treatment incorporated the noncontingent
      wearing of a protective helmet, rearrangement of social contingencies, and
      gradual fading of the helmet in a transfer of stimulus control paradigm. The
      client was prescribed lithium shortly after the introduction of the behavioral
      program and the dosage was increased over the course of treatment. A six-month
      follow-up revealed a near-absence of self-injury. Several explanations for the
      therapeutic control from the behavioral-pharmacological intervention are
      presented.

PMID- 1804859
TI  - Drug-induced nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 1804860
TI  - Influence of food on the oral absorption and bioavailability of moricizine.
AB  - Moricizine, a unique Class I antiarrhythmic agent, was orally administered with
      and without a meal to 24 healthy male subjects to determine the effect of food on
      moricizine absorption and bioavailability. Relative to the fasting state, a
      standardized breakfast delayed the time to peak plasma moricizine concentration
      (1.2 vs. 0.9 hr; P less than .03) and lowered peak plasma moricizine
      concentration by 24% (0.55 vs. 0.72 microgram/mL; P less than .03).
      Bioavailability, as measured by area under the plasma moricizine concentration
      versus time curve, was not significantly altered by the meal.

PMID- 1804861
TI  - The effect of cardiac catheterization on fasting lipids.
AB  - Fasting lipid profiles were measured in 20 selected patients the day of and after
      cardiac catheterization in EDTA tubes. Samples were randomly labelled A or B,
      centrifuged, and stored at 3 degrees Centigrade. Lipid profiles were analyzed by
      a laboratory, which was participating in the Center for Disease Control Lipid
      Standardization Program, by using standard methods. The coefficients of variation
      for repeated measurements were: cholesterol = 1.9%, triglycerides = 3.6%, HDL
      cholesterol = 4.3%, and VLDL and LDL cholesterol = 2.6%. Data were evaluated by a
      two-tailed paired t-test and correlation coefficient. The total cholesterol was
      significantly lower (P less than .001) the day after cardiac catheterization as
      was the LDL cholesterol (P less than .002). Both VLDL and HDL cholesterol and
      triglycerides were lower, but these were not statistically significant. The mean
      dose of heparin was 3500 +/- 1469 units, and the mean dose of contrast was 181 +/
      30 cc. The total dose of heparin or contrast did not correlate with any change
      in lipid profiles. These results have implications on the number and timing of
      venous blood sampling for lipid measurements in regard to diagnosis and treatment
      of hyperlipidemia. Lipid profiles should not be drawn after cardiac
      catheterization but rather before and/or in the free-living state.

PMID- 1804862
TI  - The acute pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amrinone in pediatric
      patients.

PMID- 1804863
TI  - Lack of effect of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin and
      paracetamol in humans.
AB  - Paracetamol is an analgetic drug with additive effect if combined with
      indomethacin. In rat experiments, paracetamol has been shown to be gastro
      protective, and in animal experiments, indomethacin blood levels decreased during
      combined treatment with paracetamol. The kinetic effect of paracetamol on
      indomethacin has been investigated in ten healthy volunteers. The mean area under
      the indomethacin plasma concentration curve AUC 0-alpha was 10.4 +/- 4.21
      micrograms/mL x hr and did not change during combined paracetamol treatment (11.0
      +/- 3.24 micrograms/mL x hr NS). Paracetamol levels were unchanged. In this
      study, no evidence was found that paracetamol can alter the pharmacokinetics of
      indomethacin in humans.

PMID- 1804864
TI  - Pharmacokinetic comparison of flurbiprofen in end-stage renal disease subjects
      and subjects with normal renal function.
AB  - This study compared the pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen (F) and three major
      metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with the pharmacokinetics of F in normal
      subjects. A single 100-mg dose of F was administered to each of nine normal
      subjects and eight ESRD subjects. Blood and urine samples were collected in both
      groups; serial and end of dwell dialysate samples were obtained from the ESRD
      subjects. Plasma was analyzed for both the R and S optical isomers of F and its
      major metabolite, 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen (HF). Urine and dialysate were analyzed
      for F and three known metabolites. Plasma concentrations of F in the ESRD
      subjects were approximately 50% of the values obtained from the normal subjects
      (P less than .05). Flurbiprofen half-life and Tmax were not different.
      Elimination of HF was reduced in ESRD subjects. Urinary data suggest that HF was
      the major metabolite excreted (36% of the dose) in normal subjects whereas 3',4'
      dihydroxy-flurbiprofen was the major metabolite (9% of the dose) excreted in the
      ESRD group. Mean urinary recovery of the dose was 73% in the normal subjects, but
      only 16% in ESRD subjects. Neither F nor its metabolites were detected in
      dialysate. Small enantiomer differences were seen. This study suggests that ESRD
      subjects have lower plasma levels of F than normal subjects when administered
      equal size doses. Accumulation of metabolites may occur in ESRD subjects upon
      multiple dosing. Enantiomer differences are not clinically significant.

PMID- 1804865
TI  - Factors influencing the efficiency of chelation therapy.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to obtain new data on the effect of age,
      route, dose and time of metal and chelating agent administration on the
      efficiency of chelation therapy. The experiments were performed on 1-2 and 6-week
      old rats which received radioisotopes of metals--203Pb, 115 mCd, 203Hg and 141Ce
      intraperitoneally or orally. Chelating agents calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
      (CaEDTA), calcium and zinc diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (CaDTPA, ZnDTPA), 2,3
      dimercapto-propane-sulfonate-1 (DMPS), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and sodium
      N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate monohydrate (MeOBDCG) were
      administered twice by intraperitoneal or oral administration as early
      (immediately and 24 hr after metals) or delayed treatment (24 and 48 or 48 and 72
      hr after metals). The animals were killed six days after metal administration and
      the retention was determined in the whole body, carcass and gut. After
      intraperitoneal administration of metals and chelating agents chelation therapy
      had much lower efficacy in younger than older animals. After ingestion of metals
      oral chelation therapy was more effective in younger than older animals. In
      suckling rats the treatment effectively reduced metal retention and this was
      mostly due to decrease in gut retention. This treatment in sucklings was also
      very effective in condition of late administration. In older rats early oral DMPS
      treatment after 203Hg ingestion is contraindicated since it increases
      significantly mercury retention while DMSA and ZnDTPA treatments reduced mercury
      retention. Delayed oral treatment with ZnDTPA and DMSA caused increased cadmium
      retention in older rats and decreased retention in sucklings. Opposite to results
      with CaDTPA, MeOBDCG was effective in reducing cadmium retention also when given
      as delayed treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804866
TI  - The effect of certain heavy metals (Mn and Pb) on parameters of erythrocyte
      energy metabolism.
AB  - Two groups of workers without clinical manifestations of intoxications were
      examined in the study. Workers in Group One were occupationally exposed to
      manganese (Mn) and in Group Two - to lead (Pb). Erythrocyte concentrations of
      adenyl nucleotides (AMP, ADP and ATP) as well as that of inorganic phosphorus
      (Pi) were determined. The authors also calculated both ratios ADP/Pi and ATP/ADP,
      the energy charge and phosphorylation potential. The metabolic processes in the
      erythrocytes of workers exposed to heavy metals but without clinical
      manifestations were found to intensify and become more pronounced in workers
      occupationally exposed to lead. Erythrocytes from workers occupationally exposed
      to lead featured higher ratios of ATP/ADP.

PMID- 1804867
TI  - Effects of alcohol on natural resistance to Ancylostoma caninum in mice.
AB  - Experiments were performed to study the effect of alcohol on natural immunity of
      Swiss albino mice during Ancylostoma caninum infection. Natural resistance is
      lowered in alcoholic mice; 40% alcohol by mouth produced significant effect after
      20 daily injections. The effect of the drug on natural immunity depended upon the
      concentration and the period of consumption. Animals retained maximum number of
      larvae during alcohol treatment.

PMID- 1804868
TI  - Toxicological evaluation of agromet (Metalaxyl) preparation.
AB  - A complex toxicological study was carried out in relation to the hygienic
      standardization of the fungicide preparation Ridomil, whose forthcoming
      production in this country will be under the name Metalaxyl. The study was
      performed on sexually mature white rats of both sexes, at oral, dermal and
      inhalation exposure, acute, subacute and chronic experiments, according to the
      Bulgarian State Standard. Besides the routine toxicological studies were carried
      also studies for establishing the long-term effects of the preparation
      (gonadotropic, embryotoxic and teratogenic, cardiovascular). The results from the
      study permitted the Agromet preparation to be put in III class--moderately toxic
      according to limiting index LD50 oral. On the basis of data from the authors
      study on the general toxicity and long-term effects of Metalaxyl a temporary MAC
      4 mg/m3 was proposed.

PMID- 1804869
TI  - Filariasis in Gongola State Nigeria. I: Clinical and parasitological studies in
      Mutum-Biyu district.
AB  - A total of 2552 persons living in 9 villages along the Benue river valley, Mutum
      Biyu district of Gongola State, Nigeria were examined between October and
      December 1989 for filariasis. It is the first time a filariasis survey will be
      carried out in this State. 276 (10.8%) had Wuchereria bancrofti, 50 (2.0%) had
      Loa loa, 281 (11.0%) were positive for Mansonella perstans while 12 (0.5%) were
      positive for Onchocerca volvulus. Villages located near the Benue river had
      higher prevalence rates than those further away. Dermatitis and hydrocoele were
      common and clinical manifestations were associated with parasite types. Clinical
      symptoms without microfilaremia and microfilaremia without clinical symptoms were
      also observed. The study will fill the gap in our knowledge of filariasis in this
      part of Nigeria.

PMID- 1804870
TI  - Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza A and B in human sera
      collected from five ecological zones in Nigeria.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to the haemagglutinins of two influenza A subtype,
      H1N1 and H3N2 and influenza B in sera collected from 1986 to 1988 from persons of
      different ages and from 10 locations in 5 ecological zones of Nigeria was
      determined. The levels of influenza antibodies in the sera varies with age and
      ecological zones of the country. A total of 1,022 sera were tested, of which 732
      (71.6%) were positive for influenza antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies at
      titre 1:10 varied between 31.1% in the derived savannah and 94.4% in the swamp
      forest. The prevalence in the other zones were: rain forest 63.9%, guinea
      savannah 86.0% and 78.0% in sudan savannah. Reactors with the two influenza A
      subtypes antigens were more than reactors with influenza B antigens in the
      country. Antibody levels to influenza A subtypes varied between and within zones.
      Although there was no significant difference a (P greater than 0.05) in the
      overall prevalence of antibodies to the two subtypes, more sera had
      haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to H1N1 subtype than H3N2 subtype in all
      the zones except in the rain forest. Prevalence of antibodies to influenza
      viruses increased with age in all the zones. Overcrowding in big cities and dry,
      dusty harmattan weather of the northern parts of the country are considered as
      possible risk factors in the epidemiology of influenza in Nigeria.

PMID- 1804871
TI  - Phagocytic capacity of Kupffer cells during hepatic amoebiasis in guinea pigs.
AB  - Very few studies have been carried out on the role of liver macrophages (Kupffer
      cells) during the course of hepatic amoebiasis. The kinetics of phagocytic
      activity of Kupffer cells and blood monocytes was studied in guinea pigs intra
      mesenterically infested with Entamoeba histolytica. The phagocytic capacity of
      blood monocytes of normal animals was comparatively lower than Kupffer cells for
      both latex and haemolysin coated sheep red blood cells. Significant decline in
      phagocytic response of Kupffer cells and blood monocytes of infected animals was
      observed right from 2nd post infection day and it kept on decreasing with the
      progress of infection. Depression in phagocytic response of Kupffer cells and
      blood monocytes was more marked in those animals who had higher grades of
      pathological lesions. Hence, an inverse correlation was obtained between the
      phagocytic capacity and severity of amoebic lesions (P less than 0.01). The
      significance of depression in phagocytic response of Kupffer cells and blood
      monocytes may be responsible for the development of hepatic lesions.

PMID- 1804872
TI  - The NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Indoor Air Quality.

PMID- 1804873
TI  - [Piezoelectric extracorporeal lithotripsy in children. Assessment over 3 years].
AB  - From 1987 to 1990, 45 children whose age ranged from 5 months to 14 years and who
      presented with urinary lithiasis underwent piezoelectrical extracorporeal
      lithotripsy with a Piezolith 2,300 and 2,500 system. We were able to perform the
      treatment without anesthesia in 53% of the children. The results were highly
      encouraging as, and without any severe complication; 84% of the children had no
      residual calculus after 3 months.

PMID- 1804874
TI  - [Treatment of vesicovaginal fistula, simple or complicated by urethral
      destruction. Experience apropos of 903 cases].
AB  - The authors review 903 cases of vesicovaginal fistulae, either simple or
      complicated by ureteral destruction, which were gathered over 21 years. They
      firstly sum up their classification for the various types of fistulae and/or
      ureteral destruction. This classification is used as a base for the indications
      of the various methods of treatment. In uncomplicated vesicovaginal fistulae,
      healing is obtained in 96.8% of all cases, most often through a vaginal approach.
      Radiation and repeated recurrence account for most failures. Out of the 82 cases
      of ureteral destruction, only degrees I, II and III are amenable to
      reconstruction. This is associated to normal continence in 56% of all cases,
      owing to the systematic use of autosphincterotomy, for which the technique is
      described in this article. Whether complicated or not, vesicovaginal fistulae
      must be treated by an experienced specialist, as experience only guarantees that
      the communication will be closed and normal continence restored.

PMID- 1804875
TI  - [Spontaneous urine extravasation during intravenous urography. Apropos of 21
      cases. Review of the literature].
AB  - Twenty one cases of spontaneous urine extravasation during an intravenous
      urography have been analysed in order to determinate the radiological signs and
      the causes of this rare phenomenon. Related to the increased pressure of the
      excretory tract, these extravasations usually disappear without complications. No
      specific treatment is required except the treatment of the obstacle due generally
      to calculi. No infection nor development of retroperitoneal fibrosis nor sinusal
      lipomatosis were observed in the patients we studied.

PMID- 1804876
TI  - [Long ureteral ammonium-magnesium phosphate (struvite) and calcium phospho
      carbonate calculi].
AB  - The authors report about 12 cases of long ureteral calculi, 16 to 39 mm in size,
      observed over 10 years. They were all made of a mixture of ammonium-magnesium
      phosphate and calcium phosphocarbonate. Infection was the revealing symptom,
      either in the form of simple bacteriuria or as acute pyelonephritis or sepsis.
      These calculi, found in a lumbar or pelvic location, were very long, radiopaque
      but with a moderate radiological density, homogeneous and have regular contours.
      They were straight, sometimes slightly bent, rarely (one case out of 12)
      arciform. In 11 of 12 cases, the affected patient was female. In most cases, the
      urine was infected by Proteus mirabilis. In spite of their size, the calculi
      caused total obstruction in 3 of 12 cases only. They were or were not associated
      to ipsilateral coral calculi of the same chemical type. Destruction was easily
      achieved with physical agents. The etiological, radiological and therapeutic
      characteristics of these calculi give them a specific place among ammonium
      magnesium phosphate calculi.

PMID- 1804877
TI  - [Is bovine collagen safe?].
AB  - Injectable bovine collagen has found extensive applications as soft tissue
      substitute and, more recently, in the primary treatment of vesico-ureteral
      reflux. Reactions to the material have been reported to be temporary, of low
      incidence and self-limiting. However, animal collagen is still an immunogen that
      is capable of eliciting an immune response. Elevated anti-collagen antibody
      levels have been detected in patients treated with clinical doses of injectable
      collagen, even in the absence of adverse cutaneous reactions. These antibodies
      have not yet been shown to be cross-reactive with human collagen and it is
      presumable that for most patients biologic exposure to collagen does not pose any
      health hazard. Nevertheless, the long-term significance of these antibodies is
      unknown and, until the nature of the immune response to bovine collagen is better
      understood, it would be advisable to avoid collagen implants in patients with a
      long life-expectancy or when other therapeutic modalities are available.

PMID- 1804878
TI  - [Pseudocystic kidney adenocarcinoma. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Sometimes, the adenocarcinoma of the kidney appears like a particular cystic
      mass. In rare cases, as the one described, pre-operative diagnosis can be
      difficult despite the association of imaging techniques like sonography and CT,
      and requires necessarily a guided biopsy.

PMID- 1804879
TI  - [Idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum. Apropos of a case. Review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 44 years old male patient, admitted for a left
      inguinal hernia. Multiple scrotal cysts were discovered and removed at surgery.
      Histological study showed an idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum.

PMID- 1804880
TI  - [Renal adenocarcinoma in adolescents].
AB  - A case of renal adenocarcinoma arising in a 18 year-old boy is reported. This is
      a rare entity in childhood and adolescence that displays a similar histology to
      the adult form. The recent literature on its clinical and pathological features
      is reviewed. We conclude that, despite its rarity, adenocarcinomas must be
      included in the differential diagnosis of solid renal masses in early life.

PMID- 1804881
TI  - [Mega-poly-calicosis. Apropos of a case with prenatal and postnatal diagnosis].
AB  - We report the first published case of megapolycalicosis with prenatal ultrasound
      diagnosis. Pyeloureteral junction dysplasia was observed only after delivery. The
      etiopathogenesis of megapolycalicosis (MPC) and its hypothetical association with
      uretero-pelvic junction obstruction are discussed. Presence of polycalicosis,
      good glomerular filtration and absence of compensatory controlateral renal
      hypertrophy are determinant in the diagnosis.

PMID- 1804882
TI  - Prognostic value of the lepromin test in contacts of leprosy cases. 1955.

PMID- 1804883
TI  - Dr. Dharmendra's influence in the various fields of leprosy.

PMID- 1804884
TI  - Clinical biochemical studies in leprosy.

PMID- 1804885
TI  - Mycobacterium leprae and the bacteriology of leprosy.

PMID- 1804886
TI  - Clinico-pathological correlation in Indian consensus classification.

PMID- 1804887
TI  - Control of leprosy in India in the background of urbanization.

PMID- 1804888
TI  - Vaccines against leprosy.

PMID- 1804889
TI  - Chemotherapy of leprosy in multibacillary nude mice.

PMID- 1804890
TI  - Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) as an animal model for leprosy.
AB  - Dr. Dharmendra was one of the most distinguished leprologists of our time. He
      loved India so much that he offered his entire life to fight leprosy, a major
      health problem in India. He realized the great need in this much neglected field
      of medicine and willingly gave his utmost, whatever be the cost. He served in the
      field of leprosy with great distinction and he earned the respect of his fellow
      workers from all over the world. He made outstanding contributions to the study
      of leprosy, the identification and isolation of the active principle in the
      lepromin reagent, the use of lepromin test for identifying persons susceptible to
      leprosy, the use of an antileprosy drug as a means of chemoprophylaxis, the
      nurturing of the Indian Journal of Leprosy and developing it as one of the
      foremost leprosy journals, are a few of his major contributions. He received many
      well deserved national and international honours and awards. I first met Dr.
      Dharmendra in 1956 and feel privileged to have known him and to be associated
      with him all these years. I am honored to be asked to contribute this paper for a
      publication meant to pay tribute to his memory.

PMID- 1804891
TI  - Delipidified cell components of Mycobacterium leprae and its applications.
AB  - Delipidified cell components (DCC) of Mycobacterium leprae obtained as an
      insoluble material consist of several proteins. This preparation, DCC, has
      ability to differentially bind to sera from lepromatous leprosy patients and
      antibodies to this complex get reduced as patients improve under chemotherapy.
      The antigenic complex has no ability to bind to proteins of sera from normal
      healthy individuals or tuberculoid leprosy patients. The DCC is antigenic and is
      recognised by immune deficient cells of lepromatous leprosy patients, leading to
      lymphocyte proliferation, production of Interleukin II and interferon gamma, and
      resulting in activation of the phagocytes to initiate killing of endocytosed
      M.leprae through reactive oxygen intermediates, primarily superoxide. The DCC has
      also immunomodulatory properties to protect mice against M.leprae infection.
      Experiments with mice and isolated peripheral blood cells from patients have
      indicated the probable molecular mechanism of immunomodulation by DCC.

PMID- 1804892
TI  - Histological monitoring of vaccine trials.

PMID- 1804893
TI  - Molecular basis of nerve damage in leprosy: current concept.

PMID- 1804894
TI  - Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem.

PMID- 1804895
TI  - The pathophysiology of the complement system in leprosy.

PMID- 1804896
TI  - Problems of multidrug therapy.

PMID- 1804897
TI  - Evolution and contribution of animal models in leprosy.

PMID- 1804898
TI  - Studies on lepromin and soluble antigens of M.leprae: their classification
      standardization and use.
AB  - Before the discovery of armadillo as a susceptible animal the source of M.leprae
      was limited and hence the use of lepromin was not common in the field. In recent
      times, the soluble antigens of armadillo-derived M.leprae have been used
      extensively in the field. Although the results of the study show that these
      antigens do not differentiate always a susceptible form from the resistant form,
      they are able to segregate the polar forms of leprosy. In a given field situation
      the criteria for diagnosis is so stressed that leprosy is overdiagnosed and
      within one year of follow up nearly half the number of cases are noted as not
      leprosy. Hence, in such situations lepromin reaction would be definitely a poor
      correlate with the type of leprosy. However, in hospital based studies the
      lepromin reaction has always been and would remain useful in confirming the
      classification (Sengupta et al 1984). Lepromins and M.leprae soluble antigens
      have gone through extensive standardization procedures. As these antigens contain
      mostly common mycobacterial antigens along with the M.leprae-specific antigens,
      these antigens are unable to specifically diagnose M.leprae infection. After
      purification of M.leprae from infected armadillo tissue, it was expected that the
      soluble antigen of M.leprae would probably be as useful as tuberculin. However,
      this was not found to be true in case of lepromin. Specificity for M.leprae has
      been noted in the epitopes (antigenic sites) on cross reacting molecules (12 kd,
      18 kd, 28 kd, 35 kd, 36 kd) of mycobacteria (Ivanyi et al 1983; Watson 1989).
      These specific epitopes, if synthesized, could be of use as skin test antigens
      for determining M.leprae infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804899
TI  - Heat-shock proteins and leprosy.

PMID- 1804900
TI  - Indian experiences with armadillos.

PMID- 1804901
TI  - Immunopathology of nerve involvement in leprosy.

PMID- 1804902
TI  - [Recent topics on "tRNA identity"].

PMID- 1804903
TI  - [Molecular cloning of a novel cartilage-specific functional matrix,
      chondromodulin-I, and its role in endochondral bone formation].

PMID- 1804904
TI  - [Early diagnosis and care for emergency patients].

PMID- 1804905
TI  - [Diagnosis and care for emergency patients].

PMID- 1804906
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for emergency patients].

PMID- 1804907
TI  - [Respiratory management for emergency patients].

PMID- 1804908
TI  - [Circulatory management for emergency patients].

PMID- 1804909
TI  - [Therapy and diagnosis of emergency shock patients].

PMID- 1804910
TI  - [Diagnosis and care of emergency patients with consciousness disorders].

PMID- 1804911
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with headache].

PMID- 1804912
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with respiratory failure].

PMID- 1804913
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with hematemesis and
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage].

PMID- 1804914
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with abdominal pain].

PMID- 1804915
TI  - [Etiology, diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with convulsion].

PMID- 1804916
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of emergency patients with fever].

PMID- 1804917
TI  - [Emergencies in the internal medicine].

PMID- 1804918
TI  - [A case of of single coronary artery complicated with bicuspid aortic valve and
      aortic regurgitation].

PMID- 1804919
TI  - [A case of coronary spasm angina caused syncope a year later].

PMID- 1804920
TI  - [A case of esophageal cyst with high level of tumor marker in the cystic fluid].

PMID- 1804921
TI  - Health managers' attitudes toward robotics and artificial computer intelligence:
      an empirical investigation.
AB  - An empirical investigation of the perceived role of robotics and artificial
      computer intelligence in the future of health care reveals factors favoring a
      positive attitude by health administrators. The study employed a two-part survey
      administered in late 1989 and early 1990 to health care managers in hospitals and
      nursing homes. Part One of the survey asked about the participant, his or her
      work habits and work environment. Part Two obtained a psychological profile of
      rationality vs. intuition in problem solving. Through bivariate and multivariate
      post hoc statistical tests, we discovered the following variables which
      significantly determined attitudes toward robotics and artificial computer
      intelligence: sex; number of employees supervised; perceptions of waste and
      inefficiency in the workplace; perceptions of time-consuming personnel problems;
      perceived need to make more efficient use of time, money, and facilities; and
      perceived favorable climate for innovation. Among the factors which did not have
      an effect on attitudes toward advanced technology were three measures of
      rationality vs. intuition in problem solving.

PMID- 1804922
TI  - A multicenter study of data collection and communication at primary health care
      centers.
AB  - Health care delivery is information intensive. As computer applications make
      information available to the decision maker with speed and accuracy, informatics
      applications will strengthen the infrastructure. This paper is the second part of
      a multicenter systems analysis study to design a common application software to
      support primary health care focused on information flow. We present the
      questionnaire analysis and observations from a field study of a district health
      site. Analyses using contingency tables revealed differences, some statistically
      significant. The field study confirmed that minor differences exist even within a
      district health site. Development of a common application software on the basis
      of information flow studies is feasible. However, to make optimum use of computer
      implementation, revision of the health information systems was recommended. It
      was suggested that application software be developed with the core data set
      required by the care providers to deliver and administrators to manage a vertical
      health program.

PMID- 1804923
TI  - Micro-mainframe-like personal clinical research system.
AB  - We constructed a micro-mainframe-link clinical research system for personal use
      (Personal Clinical Research System). This system was developed with both a
      mainframe computer and a personal computer (PC). The prepared programs included a
      database manager (on the mainframe computer), a user interface program (on the
      PC), and a communication control program that connected the mainframe computer
      with the PC. The database on the mainframe computer was constructed by two
      methods. The first method was to transmit data from the PC to the mainframe
      computer. The second method was to extract data from the patient information
      database. Using this system, a physician is able to construct a personal research
      database that contains interesting data for the physician. In addition, the
      physician is able to accumulate data on a special field using this system. A
      discharge summary system is now in operation as an example of this system.

PMID- 1804924
TI  - The Longwood Medical Area Network.
AB  - The Longwood Medical Area Network (LMAnet) is a high speed fiber optic network
      that connects several patient care, research, and educational organizations in
      Boston's Longwood Medical Area. This paper describes the architecture of the
      network, current and potential future uses of the network, network costs and
      administration, and management issues associated with the use of LMAnet.

PMID- 1804925
TI  - AUTRES--the Johns Hopkins Hospital automated resume.
AB  - The Johns Hopkins Hospital has developed AUTRES, an electronic discharge summary.
      This computer generated report was designed to provide improved continuity in the
      care of patients by offering a legible, standardized summary of the events of
      hospitalization. It can be sent by mail, FAX, or electronically (computer-to
      computer) to the next care giver who will see the patient. It is available from
      any network attached terminal at the hospital and School of Medicine to support
      re-admission to the hospital, treatment in the emergency room, or outpatient
      visits. AUTRES first ran in fully supported production serving the Department of
      Medicine in 1988. Re-engineered to take advantage of cooperative processing, it
      has been implemented in Neurology, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology
      and Pediatrics, with plans for phased installation in the remaining clinical
      departments of The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

PMID- 1804926
TI  - A stochastic model for determining the necessary staff level in a service
      industry.
AB  - Determining sufficient staff levels and providing quality, economical and
      efficient service is a problem that is difficult for some staffing managers to
      solve. The objectives in this paper are to derive a stochastic model for
      determining the necessary staff levels in various service environments such as
      hospitals, banks, or in manufacturing settings where the demand for a good staff
      is erratic. In order to assess the proper staff levels, an equation must be used
      which involves previous service demand hours that are considered as a
      distribution integrated within the statistical capability scale distribution. The
      most important property of this staffing model is that the results are
      independent of the mix of the jobs, the variation of the in-service time for
      jobs, and the stationary or nonstationary job arrival rate.

PMID- 1804927
TI  - Making the transition from information systems of the 1970s to medical
      information systems of the 1990s: the role of the physician's workstation.
AB  - Many hospitals today have implemented widely disparate information systems on
      mainframe and mini-computer hardware. The advent of network technology in
      hospitals has made it possible to access information in these systems.
      Unfortunately, the user interfaces to applications on these systems are unique
      and difficult to learn, which makes them unsuitable for use by clinical services.
      In this paper we describe the development of a Physician's Workstation which
      integrates information from multiple existing information systems and discuss how
      the workstation makes it possible to move from the departmental systems of the
      present to the computer-based medical record system of the future.

PMID- 1804928
TI  - Lack of evidence of occult human immunodeficiency virus in seronegative
      individuals at very high risk of infection.
AB  - Reports of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in seronegative
      individuals prompted the authors to investigate subjects who are at very high
      risk of acquisition of HIV in San Francisco. Nine HIV seronegative subjects were
      evaluated extensively, eight of whom were drawn from a well-characterized cohort
      of seropositive and seronegative homosexual men who have been followed
      prospectively since 1983-1984. These men have calculated probabilities of
      infection based on a fitted model of between 0.22 and 0.94. One additional
      subject is an intravenous drug user who has shared needles with HIV-infected
      individuals extensively. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes were
      separately cultured from each subject and evidence of HIV infection was sought by
      a reverse transcriptase assay, enzyme immunoassay, and immunocytofluorographic
      analysis for HIV antigens, in situ hybridization, RNA slot blot analysis, and
      polymerase chain reaction amplification of HIV cDNA. Uncultured monocytes and
      lymphocytes from each donor were also examined by these techniques. Evidence of
      HIV infection was not found in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these
      high risk individuals.

PMID- 1804929
TI  - Effects of purine nucleoside analogues with a cyclobutane ring and erythromycin A
      oxime derivatives on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo and in cell
      culture and HIV-1 in cell culture.
AB  - The effects on duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication of specific analogues of
      two classes of chemical compounds not previously tested against hepadnaviruses
      are described. One is erythromycin A-9-methyloxime (EMO) and other oxime
      derivatives of erythromycin A, and the other is purine nucleoside analogues
      (cyclobut A and cyclobut G) with cyclobutane rings. Viral replication was
      assessed by measuring serum levels of DHBV DNA in infected ducklings and DHBV DNA
      in infected primary duck hepatocyte cultures. Administration of EMO 15 mg/kg of
      body weight IM to infected ducklings resulted in a rapid fall in DHBV DNA levels
      during therapy and a return to pretreatment levels after EMO administration was
      stopped. There was local toxicity at injection sites with muscle necrosis in some
      animals. When 100 mg/kg EMO was administered by gastric tube no such viral
      response was observed. The difference in virus response to EMO 15mg/kg IM and 100
      mg/kg by gastric tube was not due to failure to achieve comparable blood and
      tissue levels of EMO administered by the different routes. The results suggest an
      indirect effect dependent on IM injection of EMO rather than a direct antiviral
      effect of the compound. Administration of cyclobut G or cyclobut A at 70 mg/kg IM
      led to a rapid reduction of DHBV DNA to undetectable levels in serum, and in only
      1 of 4 animals did DHBV DNA became detectable again within 10 days after stopping
      the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804930
TI  - Growth of human immunodeficiency virus I in cultured cells in the absence of the
      CD4 antigen.
AB  - The ability of a variety of epithelial, embryonal, placental, and neuronal cells
      to express the CD4 antigen and to be infected by human immunodeficiency virus 1
      (HIV-1) was examined. Only two (IMR-32 and HeLa-T4) expressed CD4 detectable by
      indirect immunofluorescence, and both were infectable by HIV-1. Two others, a
      human laryngeal carcinoma (HEp-2) and human colonic carcinoma (HT-29), did not
      express CD4 antigen but were infectable by HIV-1. Infection of the HEp-2 cells
      was detectable four months (and 20 serial passages) later. Infection of HEp-2
      cells was not inhibited by anti CD4 monoclonal antibody but was by the lectin
      concanavalin A. These results suggest the presence of a receptor other than CD4
      can be involved in HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 1804931
TI  - Similar subclass antibody responses after intranasal immunization with UV
      inactivated RSV mixed with cholera toxin or live RSV.
AB  - To determine the effect of cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant on the class and
      subclass antibody response to RSV, mice were immunized intranasally with
      different doses of live RSV or UV-inactivated RSV mixed with cholera toxin. A
      single 10(6) pfu dose of live RSV and a single 50 micrograms dose of UV
      inactivated RSV mixed with cholera toxin produced comparable serum IgG and
      respiratory secretion IgG and IgA antibody titers. Subclass antibody titers to
      whole RSV were also comparable between these two immunizing regimens. A
      predominance of IgG2a subclass to whole RSV was found for both regimens. The
      quantity of serum total IgG antibody to glycoprotein F or glycoprotein G did not
      differ between these regimens. The serum IgG subclass antibody response to both
      glycoprotein F and G was also not significantly different between regimens.
      Cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant can stimulate class and subclass antibody
      responses to UV-inactivated RSV that are similar in quantity and distribution to
      those after live RSV infection.

PMID- 1804932
TI  - Comparison of class and subclass antibody response to live and UV-inactivated RSV
      administered intranasally in mice.
AB  - To determine the effect of viral dose and replication on the subclass antibody
      response to RSV, mice were immunized intranasally with different doses of live
      RSV (10(4)-10(6) pfu) and compared to mice given an immunizing regimen of UV
      inactivated RSV. Mice given the 10(6) pfu dose of live RSV and mice given the 40
      micrograms dose of UV-inactivated RSV had comparable class specific antibody
      responses to whole RSV in serum and respiratory secretions. Serum from these two
      groups of mice were then compared for IgG subclass response to whole RSV. A
      predominance of IgG2a subclass antibody was found for both immunizing regimens,
      and no significant differences in subclass proportions were noted between
      regimens. These two regimens were then compared for serum total IgG response to
      RSV surface glycoproteins F and G. The serum IgG response to these glycoproteins
      was lower after immunization with UV-inactivated RSV than after live-RSV
      immunization (F: P = 0.03; G: P less than 0.05), even though the serum IgG
      response of the two groups to whole RSV was comparable. The IgG subclass response
      to surface glycoproteins was evaluated for live RSV immunization. The proportions
      of subclass antibody responses to glycoprotein F were comparable to the subclass
      response proportions to whole RSV and were not characteristic of a T-dependent
      response pattern. The subclass profile for glycoprotein G was not comparable to
      that of whole RSV but was suggestive of a T-independent response pattern.

PMID- 1804933
TI  - MRI study of brain myelination.
AB  - Brain development in infants is characterized by growth and myelination. Myelin
      is a cell membrane devoid of MRI signal; the MRI images obtained at different
      stages of myelination result from changes in brain tissue water content, from the
      multiplication of glial cells which precedes myelination (the so-called
      myelination gliosis), and from the accumulation of lipid myelin precursors
      contained in cells. T1-weighted sequences are used for the "premyelination"
      process and T2-weighted sequences for myelination proper. The development of
      myelination in the white matter is sequential, precisely determined, identical in
      all individuals, and it has been well studied by histologists. In vivo,
      myelination in infants is shown at MRI as the same precise sequence but with some
      changes in time towards the end. The myelination process takes place at different
      times and different speeds in different brain regions, and for any given
      structure the speed of myelination varies in relation to time.

PMID- 1804934
TI  - MRI and cranial traumas in the acute phase.
AB  - The authors have reviewed 12 cases of severe cranial trauma examined by MRI and
      determine the position of this method in exploration in the acute phase. Since
      the 1970's, computerized tomography (CT) has completely modified the emergency
      diagnosis. Intra- and extracerebral blood effusions are readily recognized, but
      the patient is often in a dangerous situation and little help is obtained from CT
      which does not detect shearing lesions located in the white matter, the corpus
      callosum or the brain stem. Early MRI examination performed with gradient-echo
      sequences provides a better anatomico-clinical correlation, a better prognostic
      approach and even a new therapeutic approach.

PMID- 1804935
TI  - Use and interpretation of MRI in radio-anatomical evaluation of metabolic or
      toxic brain stem lesions.
AB  - Children with metabolic or toxic diseases affecting the brain stem were examined
      by MRI in an attempt to obtain images of brain stem systematization fibres and to
      determine their origin. A toxic cause may be envisaged in hazy, ill-systematized
      lesions, and a metabolic cause in well-systematized lesions.

PMID- 1804936
TI  - MRI and stereotaxis. Choice of an approach route on an independent console.
AB  - The authors report their experience of cerebral stereotaxis for biopsy purposes.
      Since January 1990, they have been using MRI which provides vascular images and
      makes it possible to simulate surgical procedures beforehand. The authors have
      developed a specific program on an independent console. MRI sections are acquired
      with a 1.5 Tesla Sigma (G.E.) apparatus in 3DFT volume and T1-weighted SPRG
      sequence, after gadolinium injection. The sections are memorized and
      reconstructed by a SUN computer. After automatic recognition of the referential
      of a Leksell G plane, the target and the puncture vector are chosen by a
      radiologist and a neurosurgeon. The X, Y, Z co-ordinates of the point of puncture
      and the angles of penetration into the cerebral volume are delivered
      automatically. Provided the entire measurement chain is constantly tested and
      corrected if necessary, the precision of the system is of the order of one
      millimetre.

PMID- 1804937
TI  - Doppler ultrasound study of the anterior cerebral artery in neonates.
AB  - In neonates doppler ultrasound of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) enables
      cerebral haemodynamics to be studied in a non-invasive manner at the patient's
      bedside. The signal of the pericallosal artery is recorded through the fontanelle
      with a 7.5 mHz real-time probe. Two parameters are monitored: Pourcelot's
      resistance index and mean velocity which reflects blood flow rate. Having
      established normal values according to the gestational and post-natal ages, the
      authors describe the changes in cerebral circulation observed in such
      pathological situations as intraventricular haemorrhage, apnoea, patent ductus
      arteriosus, hydrocephalus and post-asphyxia syndrome.

PMID- 1804938
TI  - CT-guided vertebral biopsy. A report of 89 cases.
AB  - The authors report the results of 89 vertebral biopsies performed under CT
      guidance, classified according to the type of pathology and the site of the
      lesion. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 89 cases. No complication was
      observed. The value of CT guidance in vertebral biopsy is emphasized.

PMID- 1804939
TI  - Winter reverie.

PMID- 1804940
TI  - Obstetrical practice survey report. Healthy Futures Program, May 2, 1991.
AB  - Oklahoma physicians in three specialty areas (ob/gyn, family practice, and
      general practice) were surveyed in regard to their practice of obstetrics. The
      611 physicians who responded included a representative sample in regard to county
      of practice, rural vs urban, age, degree (DO & MD), specialty, and type of
      practice. Respondents accounted for 51% of the total 1989 births in Oklahoma
      during calendar year 1989. The vast majority (greater than 90%) of respondents
      report that they normally provide delivery services and prenatal care in
      combination. Cesarean sections are performed by almost all ob/gyns (97.6%), more
      than half of the family practitioners (56.5%), and a very few general
      practitioners (18.9%). Half of all physicians responding have made changes in
      their obstetric practice in the last 3 years. The most common changes are:
      reducing care of medically high risk, uninsured, and/or Medicaid patients. The
      most important reasons for these changes are: fear of obstetric malpractice
      suits, inconvenience of obstetrics and excessive professional liability insurance
      premiums. Specific reasons for reducing care to medically high risk patients were
      reported to be: increased medical legal liability, belief that high risk patients
      should be cared for by specialists, and lack of Medicaid reimbursement for
      diagnostic services. Almost 90% of the physicians responding to the survey are
      required to carry a minimum amount of professional liability insurance by the
      hospital where they practice with the most frequently stated amount being
      $1,000,000. Current average "global fees" reported by the respondents were $1,202
      for a spontaneous vaginal delivery and $1,543 for a cesarean delivery.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1804941
TI  - Physician-delivered smoking intervention.
AB  - More Oklahomans smoke than the national average. Oklahoma ranks among the top 15
      states for its smoking-attributable mortality rate and lung cancer death rate.
      Although physicians are strategically placed to influence smokers, most
      physicians fail to effectively promote smoking cessation. By developing the
      necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes, the physician may successfully
      deliver smoking intervention within the context of routine office visits. The
      physician must identify all smokers and deliver a consistent unambiguous quit
      smoking message at every visit. Establishing the patient's readiness for change
      focuses the physician's efforts at the patient's specific stage of cessation
      which enhances likelihood of success and reduces physician frustration. For
      patients ready to quit, visits may be scheduled for evaluation, quitting, and
      maintenance. Utilizing these cost-effective office based strategies, a physician
      may realistically achieve a 15% to 25% success rate in smoking cessation.

PMID- 1804942
TI  - Situation of prenatal medicine and necessity of subspecialisation for the future.

PMID- 1804943
TI  - Pregravid weight, gestational weight gain and current weight of women delivered
      of twins.
AB  - To determine whether large gestational weight gains result in higher maternal
      body weight within two years post-partum, we administered an anonymous survey to
      423 mothers of twins at the Annual Twinsday Festival in Twinsburg, Ohio, in 1989
      and 1990. Data collected included pregravid and current weight, age and parity,
      gestational weight gain and length of gestation. Data were grouped by patient age
      (18-24 years, 25-34 years and 35-44 years), parity (primipara or multipara) and
      length of gestation as preterm (less than 37 weeks) and term (greater than or
      equal to 37 weeks). Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, unpaired t
      tests and chi-square as appropriate. Except for multiparas in the oldest age
      category, the mean current weight was higher than pregravid weight for each age
      and age/parity category. Comparison across age categories showed in pattern of
      increasing pregravid weight with increasing age for the total study sample (all
      women) and for primiparas; among multiparas, this trend was not as evident. Our
      findings suggest that large weight gains in twin gestations do not result in
      higher maternal body weight within two years postpartum. Such gains are
      associated with better intrauterine growth and should be considered when
      formulating weight gain recommendations for twin gestations.

PMID- 1804944
TI  - Doppler sonographic examinations of uteroplacental, fetoplacental, and fetal
      hemodynamics and their prognostic value in preterm labor.
AB  - Doppler examinations of different uteroplacental vessels (uterine arteries,
      arcuate arteries), umbilical artery, fetal thoracic aorta, and median cerebral
      artery were performed on 55 patients with idiopathic preterm labor (24.5 to 32.5
      weeks). Thirty normal pregnancies of corresponding gestational age served as a
      control group. Significant differences of median values between the preterm labor
      and control group were found only for the resistance index (RI) in the central
      arcuate artery and for the pulsatility index (PI) in the fetal thoracic aorta. In
      about twenty percent of pregnancies in preterm labor, pathological values of RI
      and PI in uteroplacental and fetal vessels account for the presence of an
      impaired perfusion. Elevated PI in the uterine artery placental site and normal
      RI in the fetal thoracic aorta, correlate significantly to a shorter prolongation
      of pregnancy, lower gestational age on birth, and lower birth weight. The
      combination of these two blood flow indices (maternal PI greater than 0.90 and
      fetal RI less than 0.90) allow us to predict a preterm birth in a high percentage
      of cases (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%,
      negative predictive value 93%).

PMID- 1804945
TI  - Fetal urinary tract obstructions: prenatal diagnosis--prenatal and postnatal
      therapy.
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted comprising 78 cases of fetal urinary tract
      obstructions diagnosed by ultrasound. Thirteen of the obstructions were
      subvesical and 65 supravesical. In only one fetus with a subvesical obstruction
      leading to megacystis was a puncture of the fetal bladder performed--in the 17th
      week of gestation--resulting in restitution of the bladder to its normal size. In
      all of the remaining fetuses the kidneys, lungs, and bladder changes had already
      reached an advanced stage by the time the ultrasound diagnosis was made. In the
      65 fetuses with supravesical urinary tract obstructions in utero puncture to
      relieve a rapidly developing hydronephrosis only seemed advisable in two cases.
      All of the prenatal diagnoses were confirmed postpartum with the exception of two
      Potter IIa kidneys, which had been interpreted as being hydronephrosis. The time
      and method of postnatal management are described. The results of the study
      indicate that in utero intervention is only indicated in the very rare case.
      Nearly all of the supravesical obstructions remained unchanged, some even for
      months. In these cases there was no evidence of cystic-dysplastic renal changes
      after delivery.

PMID- 1804946
TI  - Rapid biometric assessment of gestational age in very low birth weight infants.
AB  - Foot length and intermamillary distance were compared to gestational age
      assessment using obstetrical dates, physical criteria of Ballard score and the
      evaluation of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens (IPM). Thirty-eight
      healthy and appropriate for gestational age preterm infants (30 +/- 2.4 weeks)
      with a birth weight of 1280 +/- 410 g were studied. Internipple distance (IM) and
      foot length (FL) were measured with a sliding caliper graduated in millimeters.
      Results were analyzed using the linear regression analysis. Obstetrical dates,
      physical Ballard score and IMP correlated significantly with both biometric
      measurements. Mean IM was 58.5 +/- 8.5 mm (range: 45 mm-89 mm) and mean FL was
      60.6 +/- 7.9 mm (range: 45 mm-75 mm). The data indicate that the appropriate use
      of biometric parameters in the early postnatal period can be used to improve
      assessment of gestational age in VLBW infants.

PMID- 1804948
TI  - Randomised trial of patient triggered ventilation versus high frequency positive
      pressure ventilation in acute respiratory distress.
AB  - Synchronous respiration during mechanical ventilation of preterm neonates with
      acute respiratory distress is extremely beneficial as it improves oxygenation and
      is associated with a very low incidence of pneumothorax. We have assessed which
      form of ventilation: patient triggered ventilation (PTV) or high frequency
      positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV) is most successful in provoking this
      beneficial respiratory interaction, synchrony. Preterm infants of less than 4
      hours of age and gestational age greater than or equal to 27 weeks were entered
      into a randomised controlled trial. Thirteen patients received PTV, median
      gestational age 30 weeks (range 27-36) and 36 HFPPV, median gestational age, 29
      weeks (range 27-40). HFPPV was delivered by Sechrist ventilators at rates between
      61 and 120 breaths/minute. Patient triggered ventilation was delivered by an SLE
      ventilator and an airway pressure trigger was used. Inflation times during PTV
      were between 0.2 and 0.45 seconds. HFPPV provoked synchrony which persisted until
      extubation in 25 patients, but PTV provoked persistent synchrony only in four
      patients (p less than 0.05). No infant developed a pneumothorax. Eleven of 36
      patients became asynchronous on HFPPV and 5 of 13 on PTV. In addition, four
      patients on PTV developed recurrent apnoea with deteriorating blood gases. Thus,
      11 of 36 patients on HFPPV and 9 of 13 on PTV required transfer to conventional
      ventilation (p less than 0.05). Transfer occurred at a median of 30 hours (range
      6-84) on HFPPV and 1 hour (range 1-25) on PTV, p less than 0.01. Infants who
      required transfer from the randomised mode of ventilation required a longer
      period of intubation (median 174 hours, range 30-2928) compared to 38 hours
      (range 1.5-456) for successful cases, regardless of randomisation (p less than
      0.01). This study demonstrates PTV is significantly less successful in promoting
      synchrony than HFPPV. We therefore conclude HFPPV is a more useful form of
      respiratory support than PTV for preterm infants with acute respiratory distress.

PMID- 1804947
TI  - Comparison of mononuclear cell proteins and plasma proteins before and during
      parturition by two dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - Two dimensional electrophoresis is a technique whereby protein sources are
      organized by molecular weight and electrical charge on a polyacrylamide gel. To
      detect changes that may be associated with the onset of parturition, we compared
      electrophoresis patterns of mononuclear cell proteins and plasma proteins before
      and during active labor. Mononuclear cells and plasma were obtained from 5
      pregnant volunteers. It appears that A-1 apolipoprotein, identified by Western
      Blot analysis, is increased in mononuclear cells during active labor. Conversely,
      a decrease in the concentration of A-1 apolipoprotein was seen in plasma during
      parturition. These "normal" protein patterns can now be compared with those
      observed in pathologic conditions including preterm labor and may allow early
      detection of disease by protein abnormalities before clinical signs and symptoms
      develop.

PMID- 1804949
TI  - Acute effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate and fetal body
      movements felt by the mother.
AB  - Acute effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal
      body movements felt by the mother (FM) were studied in 51 pregnant volunteers.
      Thirty four were chronic smokers (6 or more cigarettes per day, with an average
      of 14 cigarettes/day) and 17 were sporadic smokers (1 to 5 cigarettes per day,
      with an averaged of 3 cigarettes/day). In both groups the number of FM, fetal
      reactivity and short-term FHR variability decreased significantly in the 20
      minutes following cigarette smoking; a sustained FHR rise of 10 or more beats/min
      was also found after the cigarette in more than 50% of the cases in the 2 groups.
      No statistically significant differences were found among the 2 groups when the
      post-cigarette data were compared. We conclude that maternal cigarette smoking
      produces important acute effects upon FM and FHR regardless the average daily
      number of cigarettes smoked by the mother.

PMID- 1804950
TI  - Antenatal sonographic detection of single umbilical artery.
AB  - The absence of one umbilical artery of single umbilical artery (SUA) is one of
      the most common congenital malformations in man. This vascular anomaly of the
      umbilical cord is frequently associated with other congenital malformations as
      well as some adverse perinatal events such as intrauterine growth retardation
      (IUGR), premature delivery, and increased perinatal mortality. Five cases of SUA
      detected prenatally by ultrasound are reported here in detail, including the
      first reported case in a twin gestation. None of the 5 affected infants had
      associated anomalies, but 2 cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and 1
      stillborn infant were noted in this series. An umbilical vein/umbilical artery
      ratio less than 2 was invariably found in all cases, making this observation
      another useful sonographic characteristic to use in the antenatal detection of
      SUA. Since the umbilical cord can be easily seen prenatally by ultrasound, and
      SUA is recognized as an important index for detecting congenital malformations,
      examination of the umbilical cord for the absence of one umbilical artery is an
      extremely valuable tool in prenatal diagnosis. The prenatal detection of SUA
      demands an extensive search for associated anomalies and a close surveillance of
      fetal well-being, since these fetuses have a high risk of fetal death or IUGR.
      Sonologists and sonographers should be aware of the possibility of SUA,
      especially in those cases associated with congenital malformations or IUGR.

PMID- 1804951
TI  - Pregnancy and postpartum after kidney transplantation and cyclosporin therapy-
      review of the literature adding a new case.
AB  - The number of pregnancies after renal transplantation and immunosuppression is
      relative low. Since the introduction of a most effective medication, Cyclosporin
      A, there is not only an increasing improvement of the transplantation results,
      but there are also more reports on successfully concluded pregnancies. This
      report pertains to a 26-year old primigravida, whose pregnancy progressed without
      severe complications until the 33rd week of gestation. Then a sudden and rapidly
      worsening preeclampsia led to admission and delivery. The postoperative period
      was complicated by a severe septical shock. The literature is reviewed. Problems
      following pregnancy after kidney transplantation and triple immunotherapy with
      Cyclosporin A treatment are pointed out.

PMID- 1804952
TI  - The podiatric application of continuous passive motion. A preliminary report.
AB  - The application of continuous passive motion to joints immediately after
      podiatric surgery stimulates the regeneration of articular tissue, eliminates
      adhesions, prevents joint stiffness, reduces pain, and is well tolerated by
      patients. The author reviews the development of continuous passive motion in
      animal and clinical studies and how it may be used after podiatric surgery.

PMID- 1804953
TI  - Rigid versus soft foot orthoses. A single subject design.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of rigid and soft foot
      orthoses on forefoot and rearfoot forces in a 20-year-old female runner with a
      history of tibial and metatarsal stress fractures. The results of this study
      indicate that a soft orthosis significantly reduced vertical forces through the
      foot during both walking and running. The authors recommend that proper
      fabrication materials be considered for those patients with a history of foot or
      lower extremity problems caused by reduced shock attenuation.

PMID- 1804954
TI  - Biomechanical analysis of running with 25 degrees inverted orthotic devices.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different
      rigid foot orthotic devices in controlling subtalar joint subluxation and
      pronation. A high-speed video analysis system was used to record, store, and
      analyze data from seven runners: 1) barefoot, 2) shoes only, 3) shoes and
      vertical orthoses, and 4) shoes with 25 degrees inverted orthotic devices. The
      results indicate the need for suitable studies, on a larger population group, to
      evaluate the effect of a variety of orthotic devices on running biomechanics.

PMID- 1804955
TI  - Eye injury in a podiatrist.

PMID- 1804956
TI  - Biochemistry and podiatric medicine.

PMID- 1804957
TI  - Metabolic capacity and myosin expression in single muscle fibres of the garter
      snake.
AB  - 1. The transversus abdominis muscle of the garter snake contains fibres of three
      types: tonic (T), slower twitch (S) and faster twitch (F). Fibre types can be
      determined by anatomical criteria in living preparations. Individual fibres
      identified as T, S or F were excised from the muscle and subdivided for two types
      of biochemical examination. Enzymes of energy metabolism were assayed using
      quantitative microfluorometric methods. Myosin heavy chain composition was
      determined by gel electrophoresis. In separate experiments, twitch time-to-peaks
      of F and S fibres were measured to assess the range of contraction times present
      within the muscle's twitch fibre population. 2. Metabolic subgroups of fibres
      were delineated by the relative activities of adenylokinase (AK), lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (beta OAC). The
      metabolic subgroups corresponded to the anatomical fibre types. Type F fibres had
      high levels of enzymes associated with glycolytic (LDH) and high-energy phosphate
      (AK) metabolism. Type T fibres had high levels of the oxidative enzyme beta OAC.
      Type S fibres had both types of enzyme activity in intermediate and variable
      amounts. 3. Three myosin heavy chain isoforms were present in the muscle. Type F
      and type T fibres each expressed a single isoform, denoted F and T respectively.
      Type S fibres expressed significant quantities of two isoforms: an isoform unique
      to this fibre type (denoted S) and the F isoform. 4. Electrophoretic mobility and
      antibody reactivity of the F myosin heavy chain isoform resembled that of
      mammalian fast-twitch myosin. By the same criteria, the T isoform resembled
      mammalian slow-twitch myosin. The S isoform exhibited intermediate
      characteristics: its antibody reactivity was similar to mammalian fast-twitch
      myosin, but its electrophoretic mobility was that of mammalian slow-twitch
      myosin. 5. Based on whole-muscle analysis, two myosin alkali light chains,
      denoted ALC1 and ALC2, and one myosin regulatory light chain were present. Gel
      patterns suggested that ALC1 and ALC2 exist as both homodimers and heterodimers.
      6. The population of type S fibres within a given muscle exhibited a much wider
      range of twitch contraction times than did the population of type F fibres.
      Diversity of contractile properties among type S fibres may result, in part, from
      differential co-expression of two myosin heavy chain isoforms, together with
      highly variable ratios of enzymes from two major metabolic pathways. 7. The clear
      biochemical distinction among fibre types indicates that each type possesses a
      unique and limited range of physiological properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1804958
TI  - Sodium- and calcium-dependent conductances of neurones in the zebra finch
      hyperstriatum ventrale pars caudale in vitro.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from zebra finch hyperstriatum ventrale
      pars caudale (HVc) neurones in in vitro slice preparations. 2. Small depolarizing
      current pulses elicited tonic firing while relatively large current pulses
      elicited an initial high-frequency burst followed by tonic firing. Time-dependent
      and fast-activated inward rectification were observed when a hyperpolarizing
      current pulse was applied. 3. Fast action potentials were abolished by
      tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.5 micrograms/ml). When Co2+ (2.2-2.4 mM) was added to a low
      Ca2+ (0-0.2 mM) solution, a plateau potential was elicited by a small
      depolarizing current pulse. These plateau potentials outlasted the applied
      current pulse and were abolished by TTX (0.5 micrograms/ml). 4. A long-lasting
      after-hyperpolarization (AHP), with a duration of tens of seconds, followed long
      trains of repetitive firing in control solution. Even in a low-Ca2+ (0-0.2 mM)
      solution containing Co2+ (2.2-2.4 mM) the long-lasting AHPs followed plateau
      potentials and were associated with an increase in input conductance. The long
      lasting AHP, as well as the plateau potential, was blocked by TTX (0.5
      micrograms/ml). 5. While TTX abolished fast action potentials, two types of
      active responses with different thresholds were elicited by depolarizing current
      in the presence of TTX (0.5 micrograms/ml), particularly when tetraethylammonium
      (5 mM) was also added to the solution. Both the low-threshold spike (LTS) and the
      high-threshold spike (HTS) were abolished by Co2+ (2.2-2.3 mM). 6. When Ba2+ (0.5
      1 mM) was added to a solution containing TTX (0.5 micrograms/ml), an LTS elicited
      by a depolarizing current pulse became larger in amplitude. At membrane
      potentials more positive than -55 mV, an HTS, but not the LTS, was elicited. 7.
      These results suggest that HVc neurones have three Na(+)-dependent conductances:
      a fast Na+ conductance responsible for the fast spike, a persistent Na+
      conductance responsible for the plateau potential, and a Na(+)-activated K+
      conductance responsible for the long-lasting AHP; and that they have two Ca(2+)
      dependent conductances: a low-threshold Ca2+ conductance responsible for the LTS,
      and a high-threshold Ca2+ conductance responsible for the HTS.

PMID- 1804959
TI  - Properties and ionic basis of the action potentials in the periaqueductal grey
      neurones of the guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. Action potentials of neurones of the ventral part of the guinea-pig
      periaqueductal grey (PAG) were studied by intracellular recording in a
      mesencephalic slice preparation maintained in vitro. 2. Fast spikes spontaneously
      fired last 2.8 +/- 0.6 ms (mean +/- S.D.) and have an amplitude of 72.3 +/- 5.3
      mV (n = 28). The neurones could be antidromically activated from the neighbouring
      white matter and these spikes show an initial segment component that triggers the
      soma-dendritic spike. These two components were dissociated by hyperpolarization.
      Action potentials are Na+ dependent and a Ca2+ conductance is responsible for the
      hump on the falling phase. Hyperpolarization makes the hump disappear and a
      faster rate of rise and fall are seen. Accommodation of the firing threshold is
      observed in response to depolarizing ramps, which is eliminated with
      hyperpolarization. 3. High-threshold Ca2+ spikes are evoked in either Na(+)-free
      solution or in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). These presumed dendritic
      action potentials display a fast repolarization and a large after
      hyperpolarization (AHP) that prevent repetitive firing. This AHP is mainly
      generated by Ca(2+)-dependent K+ conductances. 4. The repolarization of fast
      action potentials depends on the activation of K+ conductances as well as a Na+
      inactivation process. A fast-activated tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA)-sensitive K+
      conductance, that could be Ca2+ dependent, and a K+ conductance blocked by apamin
      seem to be involved in the repolarization. 5. Each fast action potential is
      followed by a pronounced AHP with two components, an initial fast and a slow
      decaying phase. Membrane hyperpolarization around -60 mV eliminated the first
      component and the AHP acquired a plateau-like shape. At -90 mV the AHP was
      nullified. The slow phase was Ca2+ dependent and an apamin-sensitive K+
      conductance is involved in its generation. This conductance may be active during
      the early part of the AHP, but a fast-activated TEA-sensitive K+ conductance and
      other voltage-dependent K+ conductances might also be present. A Ca2+ conductance
      is hypothesized to account for the fast depolarizing change after the AHP peak.
      6. A delayed return to the baseline is observed after hyperpolarizing pulses. It
      is generated by the activation of a transient voltage-dependent K+ conductance
      that is inactive at resting membrane potential (RMP, around -50 mV). This
      transient hyperpolarization is abolished by Ca2+ channel blockers and insensitive
      to high external concentrations of 4-aminopyridine, TEA and Cs+.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1804960
TI  - The influence of induced hypocapnia and sleep on the endogenous respiratory
      rhythm in humans.
AB  - 1. Ventilation has been studied during hypocapnia produced by passive mechanical
      ventilation in ten normal human subjects. 2. During wakefulness, disconnection of
      the ventilator led to inconsistent apnoea of only brief duration. During sleep,
      at a similar degree of hypocapnia, disconnection of the ventilator led more
      consistently to apnoea which was also of much longer duration; the deeper the
      sleep stage, the longer the apnoea. 3. The resumption of breathing during sleep
      could precede or follow arousal or be unaccompanied by arousal; in the absence of
      prior arousal, the evidence suggests that a starting end-tidal CO2 pressure (PET,
      CO2) less than 41 mmHg could result in an apnoea during sleep stages I and II. 4.
      Subjects did not report any common sensation which led them to breathe following
      an apnoea whilst awake. 5. Prior hyperoxia in one subject prolonged the apnoea
      duration in both slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. 6. The results are
      interpreted as showing that even during light sleep, the maintenance of the
      respiratory rhythm is critically dependent on the arterial CO2 and O2 tensions.
      During wakefulness, other behavioural drives, which may not reach consciousness,
      supervene.

PMID- 1804962
TI  - Evidence for a contribution of the motor cortex to the long-latency stretch
      reflex of the human thumb.
AB  - 1. In normal subjects, transcranial magnetic stimulation of the hand region of
      the motor cortex evokes motor responses only in contralateral hand muscles at a
      latency of about 19-24 ms. In contrast, stimulation of the motor cortex of three
      mirror movement subjects evoked, nearly simultaneously, motor responses in hand
      muscles on both sides of the body at latencies similar to those of normal
      subjects. In these subjects no other neuroanatomical pathways appear to be
      abnormally directed across the mid-line. Thus, their mirror movements are
      probably due to a projection of the corticospinal tract to homologous motoneurone
      pools on each side of the body. 2. We reasoned that if the motor cortex
      contributes to the generation of long-latency stretch reflex responses then in
      these mirror movement subjects stretching a muscle on one side of the body should
      produce long-latency reflex responses in the ipsilateral and the homologous
      contralateral muscle. 3. To test this idea experiments were done on normal human
      subjects and on the subjects with mirror movements. The electromyographic (EMG)
      activity of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (FPL) on each side of the body was
      recorded. Stretch of the distal phalanx of the thumb of one hand produced a
      series of distinct reflex EMG responses in the ipsilateral FPL. The earliest
      response, when present, began at 25 ms (S.D. = 3.5 ms) and was followed by
      responses at 40 (S.D. = 3.9 ms) and 56 ms (S.D. = 4.3 ms). There was no
      difference, either in timing or intensity, between the ipsilateral FPL EMG
      responses of normal subjects and those of the mirror movement subjects. 4. No
      response of any kind was observed in the contralateral (unstretched) FPL of
      normal subjects. In contrast, we observed in all three mirror movement subjects
      EMG responses in the contralateral (unstretched) FPL beginning at 45-50 ms. The
      latency of this response is considerably shorter than the fastest voluntary
      kinaesthetic reaction time, which was on average 130 ms (S.D. = 11 ms). The
      contralateral long-latency EMG response observed in the mirror movement subjects
      was on average 30% (range 5-60%) of that on the ipsilateral side. No short
      latency response (25 ms) was ever observed in the contralateral FPL of these
      subjects. 5. These observations are quite consistent with the idea that the long
      latency stretch reflex responses of hand and finger muscles are produced, at
      least in part, by the motor cortex.

PMID- 1804961
TI  - Time-dependent changes in Ca2+ sensitivity during phasic contraction of canine
      antral smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. Relationships between cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), myosin light
      chain (MLC) phosphorylation and muscle tension were examined in circular smooth
      muscle of canine gastric antrum. 2. Electrical slow waves induced a transient
      increase in [Ca2+]cyt and muscle tension. [Ca2+]cyt increased before the
      initiation of contraction and reached a maximum before the peak of the phasic
      contractions. Following the first Ca2+ transient, a second rise in [Ca2+]cyt was
      often observed. The second Ca2+ transient was of similar magnitude to the first,
      but only in some cases was this increase in [Ca2+]cyt associated with a second
      phase of contraction. Relaxation occurred more rapidly than the restoration of
      resting levels of [Ca2+]cyt. 3. Acetylcholine (ACh; 3 x 10(-7) M) increased the
      amplitude of Ca2+ transients, caused MLC phosphorylation and increased the force
      of contraction. The decay of contraction and MLC dephosphorylation preceded that
      of [Ca2+]cyt. 4. Increasing external K+ (to 25-40 mM) caused a sustained increase
      in [Ca2+]cyt, but little change in resting tension. This suggests that the Ca2+
      sensitivity decreased as [Ca2+]cyt increased. Increasing K+ to 59.5 mM further
      increased the level of [Ca2+]cyt, induced MLC phosphorylation and caused a
      transient contraction. When normal levels of K+ were restored, the rates of MLC
      dephosphorylation and relaxation exceeded the rate of decay in [Ca2+]cyt. 5.
      Removal of external Ca2+ in depolarized muscles decreased [Ca2+]cyt below the
      resting level without affecting resting tension. Readmission of Ca2+ to
      depolarized muscles caused force to develop at [Ca2+]cyt levels below the
      original resting level, suggesting that Ca2+ sensitivity was increased when the
      resting level of [Ca2+]cyt was decreased. 6. The phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin
      A (10(-6) M), induced tonic contraction and MLC phosphorylation without an
      increase in [Ca2+]cyt. During these contractures, electrical activity caused
      transient increases in [Ca2+]cyt and phasic contractions which were superimposed
      upon the Ca(2+)-independent contracture. In the presence of calyculin-A,
      relaxation occurred in two phases. The initial, rapid phase of relaxation was not
      significantly affected by calyculin-A, but the slow phase was significantly
      decreased. 7. These results suggest that the relationship between [Ca2+]cyt, MLC
      phosphorylation and contraction changes as a function of [Ca2+]cyt in canine
      antral muscles. This may be due to a Ca(2+)-and time-dependent phosphatase that
      regulates the level of myosin phosphorylation.

PMID- 1804963
TI  - Intracellular analysis of inherent and synaptic activity in hypothalamic
      thermosensitive neurones in the rat.
AB  - 1. Intracellular neuronal activity was recorded in rat preoptic-anterior
      hypothalamic tissue slices. Thirty neurones were classified as warm sensitive,
      cold sensitive or temperature insensitive, based on their firing rate response to
      temperature changes. Seventy-seven per cent of the neurones were temperature
      insensitive, which included both spontaneously firing and silent neurones. Of all
      neurones, 10% were warm sensitive and 13% were cold sensitive. 2. Silent
      temperature-insensitive neurones had lower input resistances (126 +/- 21 M omega)
      than thermosensitive neurones (179 +/- 24 M omega). Regardless of neuronal type,
      however, resistance was inversely related to temperature. 3. Warm-sensitive
      neurones were characterized by a slow, depolarizing pre-potential, whose rate of
      rise was temperature dependent. This depolarizing potential disappeared during
      current-induced hyperpolarization, suggesting that intrinsic mechanisms are
      responsible for neuronal warm sensitivity. 4. Spike activity in cold-sensitive
      neurones correlated with putative excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic
      potentials, whose frequency was thermosensitive. This suggests that cold
      sensitivity in these neurones depends on synaptic input from nearby neurones. 5.
      Like cold-sensitive neurones, action potentials of temperature-insensitive
      neurones often were preceded by short duration (less than 20 ms), rapidly rising
      pre-potentials, whose rates of rise were not affected by temperature. In some
      temperature-insensitive neurones, depolarizing current injection increased both
      firing rate (by 5-8 impulses s-1) and warm sensitivity, with pre-potentials
      having temperature-dependent rates of rise. We suggest that temperature
      insensitive neurones employ two opposing, thermally dependent mechanisms: a
      voltage-dependent depolarizing conductance and a hyperpolarizing sodium-potassium
      pump.

PMID- 1804964
TI  - Substitution of cardiac troponin C into rabbit muscle does not alter the length
      dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity of tension.
AB  - 1. The isometric length-tension relationship for cardiac muscle is generally
      steeper than for skeletal muscle in the physiological range of sarcomere lengths.
      Recent studies suggest that cardiac troponin C (cTnC) may have intrinsic
      properties that confer greater length-dependent changes in Ca2+ sensitivity of
      tension than for skeletal troponin C (sTnC). We tested this hypothesis by
      characterizing tension-pCa (pCa is -log[Ca2+]) relationships in rabbit skinned
      psoas muscle fibres at mean sarcomere lengths of 2.32 and 1.87 microns both
      before and after partial replacement of endogenous sTnC with cTnC. 2. In
      untreated control fibres, the mid-point (pCa50) of the tension-pCa relationship
      shifted to lower pCa by 0.15 +/- 0.02 pCa units, i.e. became less sensitive to
      Ca2+, when sarcomere length was reduced, and the relationship became steeper. 3.
      Partial extraction of endogenous sTnC and reconstitution with cTnC resulted in no
      change in the length-dependent shift of pCa50 when reconstitution with cTnC was
      more than 95% complete; however, when reconstitution was less than 95% complete,
      there were significant increases in the length-dependent shift in pCa50. 4. An
      increase in the length-dependent shift of pCa50 was also observed in fibres from
      which sTnC was partially extracted, but no cTnC was subsequently re-added. 5. We
      conclude that differences in type of TnC alone are not sufficient to explain
      differences between skeletal and cardiac muscles in the length dependence of Ca2+
      sensitivity of tension.

PMID- 1804965
TI  - Increase in Ib inhibition by antagonistic voluntary contraction in man.
AB  - 1. Ib inhibition from gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle to soleus (Sol) muscle
      was studied at rest and at the onset of phasic voluntary contraction of
      antagonistic pretibial muscles in seventeen normal subjects. 2. In twelve out of
      seventeen subjects there was inhibition of Sol H reflex by GM conditioning
      stimulation at rest with a latency of 1.5-3.0 ms and a threshold of 0.85-1.00
      times the motor threshold (MT). The amount of inhibition at 0.95-1.05 x MT, which
      was calculated by subtracting the size of the conditioned reflex from that of the
      unconditioned one, ranged from 0.8 to 5.6% of the maximal M-response or 2.9-18.3%
      of control H reflex. This inhibition was ascribed to Ib inhibition, taking into
      account its latency and threshold. 3. On weak pretibial contraction the
      inhibition either increased in amount or newly appeared in all the subjects. When
      the strength of voluntary contraction was graded from 1 to 20% of the maximum,
      the increment in the amount of inhibition decreased or almost disappeared at
      strengths of more than several per cent. These facts imply that at least some of
      the Ib interneurones are facilitated to fire by descending commands alone without
      peripheral Ib impulses. Contralateral ankle dorsiflexion did not modify the
      inhibition. 4. Soleus muscle H reflex was not modulated at all by cutaneous
      stimulation instead of GM stimulation at rest, nor was it affected by cutaneous
      stimulation on ipsilateral antagonistic contraction. 5. It is concluded that
      activity in the Ib inhibitory pathway is facilitated at the onset of antagonistic
      voluntary contraction. This suggests that control of the Ib inhibitory pathway
      may be utilized in ordinary voluntary movement, and is presumably beneficial for
      smooth execution of movement.

PMID- 1804966
TI  - The morphology and electrical geometry of rat jaw-elevator motoneurones.
AB  - 1. The aim of this work was to quantify both the morphology and electrical
      geometry of the dendritic trees of jaw-elevator motoneurones. To do this we have
      made intracellular recordings from identified motoneurones in anaesthetized rats,
      determined their membrane properties and then filled them with horseradish
      peroxidase by ionophoretic ejection. Four neurones were subsequently fully
      reconstructed and the lengths and diameters of all the dendritic segments
      measured. 2. The mean soma diameter was 25 microns and values of mean dendritic
      length for individual cells ranged from 514 to 773 microns. Dendrites branched on
      average 9.1 times to produce 10.2 end-terminations. Dendritic segments could be
      represented as constant diameter cylinders between branch points. Values of
      dendritic surface area ranged from 1.08 to 2.52 x 10(5) microns 2 and values of
      dendritic to total surface area from 98 to 99%. 3. At branch points the ratio of
      the summed diameters of the daughter dendrites to the 3/2 power against the
      parent dendrite to the 3/2 power was exactly 1.0. Therefore the individual branch
      points could be collapsed into a single cylinder. Furthermore for an individual
      dendrite the diameter of this cylinder remained constant with increasing
      electrical distance from the soma. Thus individual dendrites can be represented
      electrically as cylinders of constant diameter. 4. However dendrites of a given
      neurone terminated at different electrical distances from the soma. The
      equivalent-cylinder diameter of the combined dendritic tree remained constant
      over the proximal half and then showed a pronounced reduction over the distal
      half. The reduction in equivalent diameter could be ascribed to the termination
      of dendrites at differing electrical distances from the soma. Therefore the
      complete dendritic tree of these motoneurones is best represented as a cylinder
      over the proximal half of their electrical length but as a cone over the distal
      half.

PMID- 1804967
TI  - Membrane properties of external urethral and external anal sphincter motoneurones
      in the cat.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from external urethral sphincter (EUS) and
      external anal sphincter (EAS) motoneurones in the cat spinal cord under
      pentobarbitone anaesthesia. EUS and EAS motoneurones were located in segments S1
      and S2 in the lateral part of the ventral horn corresponding to column Y of
      Romanes in the cat or group X of Onuf in man. 2. The axonal conduction velocity
      of sphincter motoneurones, calculated from the latency of the antidromic action
      potential and the conduction distance, ranged from 16 to 80 ms-1, much slower
      than that of hindlimb motoneurones. The duration of the spike after
      hyperpolarization (AHP) was in a similar range to that of hindlimb motoneurones.
      The antidromic latency, the duration of the action potential and the duration of
      the AHP were positively correlated with one another. 3. The input resistance
      ranged from 2.6 to 9.0 M omega and was positively correlated with the latency of
      the antidromic spike. The plots of input resistance versus conduction velocity in
      sphincter motoneurones were distributed around the extrapolated regression line
      determined for hindlimb motoneurones, indicating that there is a common
      correlation amongst conduction velocity, input resistance, and size of
      motoneurones regardless of the muscle type innervated by a motoneurone. 4. The
      regression line relating AHP duration and input resistance in sphincter
      motoneurones was quite different from that in hindlimb motoneurones in its slope,
      indicating that the AHP duration does not depend solely on the size of the
      motoneurone. 5. The voltage responses to injection of steps of hyperpolarizing
      current developed a time-dependent depolarizing 'sag' at higher current levels.
      The delay in onset and the time constant of decay of this depolarizing sag
      depended upon the peak amplitude of the hyperpolarizing response. The slope
      resistance in the I-V curve decreased in the hyperpolarizing direction in all
      neurones examined, indicating the existence of anomalous rectification analogous
      to the Q current IQ. In some sphincter motoneurones, an increase of slope
      resistance in the I-V curve was observed when the membrane was further
      hyperpolarized. 6. The membrane time constant was positively correlated with
      input resistance, suggesting that motoneurones with high input resistance have
      high specific membrane resistivity. The dendritic-to-soma conductance ratio (p)
      and electrotonic length of dendrite (L) were estimated according to Rall's model.
      p was smaller than that of hindlimb motoneurones, suggesting less developed
      dendritic arborization. L was similar to that of hindlimb motoneurones. 7. No
      differences were observed, in any of the above characteristics of motoneurones,
      between EUS and EAS.

PMID- 1804968
TI  - Effects of protein kinase inhibitors on canine Purkinje fibre pacemaker
      depolarization and the pacemaker current i(f).
AB  - 1. The effects of the protein kinase inhibitors H-7 and H-8 were investigated on
      diastolic depolarization of the action potential with microelectrodes and on the
      pacemaker current if with the two-microelectrode voltage clamp in canine cardiac
      Purkinje fibres. 2. Both 200 microM-H-7 and 100 microM-H-8 had no significant
      effect on the slope of diastolic depolarization but eliminated the actions of
      isoprenaline (1 microM). 3. We examined the actions of H-7 and H-8 on if in the
      presence and absence of isoprenaline. H-7 (200 microM) shifted the pacemaker
      current if in the negative direction on the voltage axis, whereas 100 microM-H-8
      had no significant effect by itself. Both 200 microM-H-7 and 100 microM-H-8 can
      reverse or prevent the actions of isoprenaline (1-5 microM) on if. 4. We applied
      activators of the cyclic AMP cascade down-stream to the beta-receptor, to further
      evaluate where H-7 and H-8 might be exerting their effects. When exposing
      Purkinje fibres to an adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin, 10-50 microM), a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX, 100 microM) and a permeable cyclic AMP
      analogue (8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, 200 microM-1 mM), the amplitude of if
      was increased. H-7 and H-8 at 100-200 microM eliminated each of these actions. 5.
      These results suggest that a phosphorylation process is involved in the
      modulation of the pacemaker current, if, in Purkinje fibres. The different
      actions of H-7 and H-8 on basal if suggest the hypothesis that other protein
      kinases, possibly protein kinase C, might also be involved in regulating basal
      phosphorylation of if in Purkinje fibres.

PMID- 1804969
TI  - Heat production in chemically skinned smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli.
AB  - 1. The rate of heat production of chemically skinned guinea-pig taenia coli
      smooth muscle at 25 degrees C was measured using microcalorimetric techniques. 2.
      Muscle strips were mounted isometrically and incubated in solutions containing
      MgATP (3.2 mM) and phosphocreatine (PCr, 12 mM), pH 6.9. Activation was obtained
      by the injection of Ca2+ into the sample compartment of the calorimeter. 3. The
      heat production rate of the resting preparation (pCa 9) was 0.40 +/- 0.03 mW g-1
      wet weight (n = 23). During maximal activation (pCa 4.8) the heat rate increased
      to 1.12 +/- 0.07 mW g-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 15). With stepwise increase in
      [Ca2+] from pCa 9 to 4.8 the energetic cost of force maintenance tended to
      increase at higher [Ca2+]. 4. After activation by Ca2+, the heat production rate
      reached its maximum while force was still increasing. 5. Changing ionic strength
      from 90 to 150 mM had no effect on either basal or activated heat rate.
      Oligomycin, amphotericin B and the adenylate kinase inhibitor Ap5A had no effect
      on the basal heat rate. 6. Exchanging ATP in the incubation medium for inosine
      triphosphate (ITP) reduced the force and heat production after injection of Ca2+.
      The basal heat production was not lowered when ATP was exchanged for ITP. 7. The
      observed enthalpy change for PCr splitting at 25 degrees C (pH 6.9, ionic
      strength 90 mM) was -28 +/- 3 kJ mol-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 9). After correction
      for the phosphate equilibrium, buffer reactions, and Mg2+ binding to PCr and
      HPO42-, the net enthalpy change is calculated to be -39 +/- 3 kJ mol-1. 8. Heat
      production in the skinned smooth muscle consists of one basal component present
      in relaxed muscle, and one component associated with contraction. The nature of
      the basal heat production is unclear but does not seem to involve turnover of
      phosphate on the myosin light chains. The increase in the energetic tension cost
      with increasing activation by Ca2+ has implications for the understanding of the
      contractile mechanism in smooth muscle.

PMID- 1804970
TI  - Membrane currents recorded from sexually dimorphic motoneurones of the
      bulbocavernosus muscle in neonatal rats.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological properties were compared between sexually dimorphic
      motoneurones in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and those
      innervating hindlimb muscles by the whole-cell recording technique in thin slices
      of the neonatal rat spinal cord. 2. The mean duration of action potentials in SNB
      motoneurones was significantly longer than that in hindlimb motoneurones. 3. The
      spike duration of motoneurones was inversely related to the magnitude of
      transient K+ currents (IA), and in this relation, there was a continuous
      gradation between SNB and hindlimb motoneurones. 4. The mean duration of spike
      after-hyperpolarization (AHP) in female SNB motoneurones was significantly longer
      than that in male SNB motoneurones. 5. In both SNB and hindlimb motoneurones,
      sustained, Ca(2+)-dependent K+ currents (IAHP) appear to be responsible for the
      generation of AHP. When IAHP was recorded as a tail current following an
      identical depolarizing pulse, the magnitude and time course of IAHP were
      relatively uniform, regardless of the type of motoneurone. 6. In both SNB and
      hindlimb motoneurones, voltage-gated Ca2+ currents showed an initial transient
      phase followed by a sustained phase. The mean magnitude of sustained Ca2+
      currents was larger in female SNB motoneurones than in male SNB motoneurones,
      whereas the mean magnitude of transient Ca2+ currents showed no significant
      different between male and female SNB motoneurones. 7. It is concluded that SNB
      and hindlimb motoneurones cannot be classified into two distinct neurone types in
      terms of their electrophysiological properties. 8. It is suggested that the
      predominant occurrence of natural cell death in female SNB motoneurones during
      early development may be due in part to high densities of sustained Ca2+ channels
      in these neurones.

PMID- 1804971
TI  - Morphine actions on supraoptic oxytocin neurones in anaesthetized rats: tolerance
      after i.c.v. morphine infusion.
AB  - 1. The effects of acute i.v. administration of morphine on putative oxytocin
      neurones of the supraoptic nucleus were studied in urethane-anaesthetized female
      rats which had been exposed to i.c.v. infusion of morphine (up to 50 micrograms h
      1) or vehicle for 5 days. 2. In vehicle-infused rats, i.v. morphine inhibited the
      spontaneous activity of six out of seven putative oxytocin neurones. Increasing
      doses of morphine were given, from 1 microgram kg-1 to 5 mg kg-1. The median
      cumulative threshold dose to produce significant inhibition was 20 micrograms kg
      1 (seven cells in six rats); six out of seven cells were inhibited at 161
      micrograms kg-1. The highest doses tested inhibited by approximately 90%
      (excluding one unaffected cell). Inhibition was fully reversed by i.v. naloxone
      without overshoot, indicating a lack of acute dependence. 3. Injection of
      morphine i.c.v. inhibited firing at doses that were ineffective by i.v. injection
      and the effects of i.c.v. morphine were reversed by i.v. naloxone. 4. Acute
      morphine (500 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) reduced the plasma concentration of oxytocin,
      measured after 15 min by specific radioimmunoassay, by 34% (n = 14). 5. In
      lactating rats i.c.v. injection of morphine (1-2 micrograms) inhibited the
      activity of supraoptic neurones identified as oxytocinergic by their responses to
      suckling. 6. In seventeen rats infused with i.c.v. morphine the initial firing
      rate of twenty-eight spontaneously active, non-phasic neurones was significantly
      less, by 24%, than thirty-four similar cells in control rats, indicating
      incomplete tolerance to i.c.v. morphine. Morphine (up to 161 micrograms kg-1
      given i.v.) inhibited none of nine active non-phasic neurones (P less than 0.01
      compared to control rats), but at higher doses inhibited four of nine cells; the
      overall median threshold cumulative dose (1660 micrograms kg-1) was significantly
      greater than in vehicle-infused controls, indicating tolerance to i.v. morphine.
      In contrast with control rats, some cells (5/9) were modestly excited by low
      doses of morphine. Naloxone (5 mg kg-1 i.v.) produced withdrawal excitation: the
      firing rate of putative oxytocin neurones increased to approximately 260% of the
      pre-i.v. morphine value, indicating dependence in mechanisms regulating the
      firing rate of these neurones. 7. In morphine-infused rats, the basal firing rate
      of nineteen phasically active, putative vasopressin supraoptic neurones was not
      different in nineteen phasic cells in controls (6.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.6 Hz).
      8. Thus morphine potently inhibits the firing of magnocellular oxytocin neurones
      in the female rat, inhibiting oxytocin secretion. Morphine tolerance and
      dependence develop during i.c.v. infusion of morphine for 5 days. Similar
      tolerance to and dependence upon endogenous opioids during pregnancy may be
      important in the preparation of oxytocin neurones for parturition.

PMID- 1804972
TI  - Dependence of autogenic and heterogenic stretch reflexes on pre-load activity in
      the human arm.
AB  - 1. Subjects held their right arm in a horizontal plane. The angle of the elbow
      was 90 deg. They exerted forces in several directions in the plane of the arm,
      varying independently the pre-load torques about shoulder and elbow. We measured
      electromyographic (EMG) activity in several arm muscles in response to force
      perturbations which extended the shoulder, without changing the elbow angle. 2.
      The EMG activity in flexors of both shoulder and elbow showed reflex responses at
      short latency (approximately 25 ms). In all muscles the reflex activity increased
      with the pre-load activity of that muscle. 3. The short-latency reflex activity
      of m. brachialis, which was not stretched by the perturbations, was independent
      of the pre-load activity of the muscles acting over the shoulder. 4. From these
      results we conclude that the force resulting from the short-latency reflex,
      assessed from the EMGs, does not counteract the perturbations exactly. Having
      found that the short-latency reflex is dependent on the pre-load direction, we
      argue that this dependence makes the short-latency reflex suitable for correcting
      fast movements for misjudgements of load. 5. At longer latencies (greater than 50
      ms) the direction of the force resulting from the reflex, assessed from the EMGs,
      was almost independent of the direction of the pre-load. In our experiment the
      force resulting from the long-latency reflex counteracted the perturbations quite
      well.

PMID- 1804973
TI  - Pain evoked by polymodal stimulation of hand veins in humans.
AB  - 1. To explore the function of the sensory innervation of veins in humans we used
      a psychophysical approach to study painful and non-painful sensations by applying
      polymodal stimuli (electrical, stretch, cold/heat and osmotic) inside vascularly
      isolated hand vein segments before and after blockade of either venous or
      cutaneous afferents. 2. All modes of stimulation elicited pain, which showed only
      slight adaptation during 10 min of maintained stimulation. Pain increased
      monotonically with stimulus intensity between threshold and the maximally
      tolerable pain. 3. The exponents of the power functions of the pain magnitude
      stimulus strength relations for five stimulus modes ranged between 2.5 and 3.3
      but did not significantly differ from one another (P = 0.3). 4. Pain evoked by
      all stimuli was reported to be of similar quality, i.e. sharp, aching and
      unpleasant; it was accompanied by non-painful sensations (skin movements on
      stretching, warm and cold sensation with intravenous thermal stimulation) unless
      the skin above the stimulated vein segment was numbed with benzocaine ointment.
      5. Pain could no longer be evoked in the presence of 0.4-0.8% procaine within the
      stimulated vein segment. 6. These observations are consistent with the view that
      veins are invested with polymodal nociceptors only, which in all likelihood are
      connected with thinly myelinated afferents of the A delta group. 7. The
      vascularly isolated vein segment may open a new avenue for pain research in
      humans.

PMID- 1804974
TI  - Probabilistic secretion of quanta from nerve terminals in avian ciliary ganglia
      modulated by adenosine.
AB  - 1. The effects of adenosine on the probability of secretion of acetylcholine
      quanta and on presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials was examined in the
      post-hatched avian ciliary ganglion. 2. Adenosine (20 microM) reduced the average
      size of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) by 33%. This was due to a
      decrease in quantal content of the EPSP (m). The effect was blocked by
      theophylline (50 microM). 3. Adenosine deaminase (2.5 i.u./ml) increased the size
      of the EPSP by 70%, suggesting that endogenous adenosine modulates synaptic
      transmission in the ciliary ganglion. However, theophylline (20-100 microM) did
      not affect the EPSP in a low [Ca2+]o of 1 mM and high [Mg2+]o of 6 mM. 4. Plateau
      type action potentials with a large calcium component were generated in the
      ciliary neurones by bathing the ganglion in tetraethylammonium ions (TEA, 10 mM).
      Adenosine (20 microM) reduced the duration of these action potentials on short
      exposures (less than 20 min) but increased the duration on longer exposure
      (greater than 30 min). Adenosine did not affect the normal action potential
      recorded in the absence of TEA. 5. Adenosine (20 microM) hyperpolarized the nerve
      terminal and as a consequence increased the size of the presynaptic action
      potential and reduced its after-hyperpolarization. 6. Plateau-type action
      potentials with a large calcium component were generated in the nerve terminals
      using TEA (10 mM). The duration of these action potentials was significantly
      reduced by adenosine (20 microM). 7. Adenosines action on nerve terminals, to
      hyperpolarize the membrane and reduce calcium influx, may contribute to its
      effect in reducing m of the EPSP.

PMID- 1804975
TI  - The role of adenosine in the respiratory and cardiovascular response to systemic
      hypoxia in the rat.
AB  - 1. In rats anaesthetized with Saffan we have studied the effects of the adenosine
      receptor antagonists, theophylline and 8-phenyltheophylline, upon the respiratory
      and cardiovascular responses evoked by 5 min periods of systemic hypoxia. 2. In
      the group of animals that were to receive theophylline (15 mg kg-1 i.v.),
      arterial O2 pressure (Pa,O2) fell from 83 +/- 2 mmHg during air breathing to 38
      +/- 3 or 34 +/- 3 mmHg during the 5th minute of two different control periods of
      hypoxia, while in the group that were to receive 8-phenyltheophylline (10 mg kg-1
      i.v.), Pa,O2 fell from 83 +/- 1 to 53 +/- 2 mmHg. Neither drug significantly
      altered the levels of Pa,O2 reached during hypoxia. 3. During the control periods
      of hypoxia respiration increased, but the increase evoked at the 5th minute was
      significantly less than that evoked at the 2nd minute of hypoxia. This secondary
      waning of the hyperventilation was abolished by both drugs. 4. Similarly, both
      drugs attenuated the tendency for the hypoxia-induced tachycardia to wane between
      the 2nd and 5th minute. 5. Further, both drugs substantially reduced both the
      hypoxia-induced fall in arterial pressure and the increases in vascular
      conductance in hindlimb muscle, carotid vasculature and kidney. 6. Thus, we
      propose that in the rat the release of adenosine by hypoxic tissues makes a major
      contribution to the secondary decrease in respiration and heart rate that occurs
      during systemic hypoxia and to the accompanying vasodilatation in muscle and fall
      in arterial pressure. The effects of the adenosine antagonists on the carotid and
      renal vasculature are more equivocal and may be partly explained as a smaller
      autoregulatory dilatation to a smaller fall in systemic arterial pressure. 7.
      These results and proposals are discussed in relation to the conditions that are
      known to cause release of adenosine and in relation to its known effects upon the
      respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

PMID- 1804976
TI  - Cell volume regulation by trout erythrocytes: characteristics of the transport
      systems activated by hypotonic swelling.
AB  - 1. An osmolality reduction of the suspending medium leads to osmotic swelling of
      trout erythrocytes, which is followed by a volume readjustment towards the
      original level. The regulatory volume decrease (RVD) was not complete after 1 h.
      2. During RVD the cells lost K+ and Cl- but gained Na+. This entry of Na+, which
      is about half the K+ loss, explains the incomplete volume recovery (it was
      complete when Na+ was replaced by impermeant N-methyl-D-glucamine). The cells
      also lose large quantities of taurine, which accounts for about 53% of the volume
      recovery. In addition RVD is accompanied by the activation of a pathway allowing
      some large organic cations which are normally impermeant, such as choline or
      tetramethyl-ammonium, to rapidly penetrate the cells. 3. The swelling-activated
      K+ loss is not significantly affected by replacement of Cl- by NO3-, indicating
      that K+ moves through a Cl(-)-independent K+ pathway. Furosemide, DIDS (4,4'
      diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) and niflumic acid inhibit the K+
      loss. From experiments performed in high-K(+)-containing media, it appears that
      these compounds block the K+ flux, not by inhibiting Cl- movements but by
      interfering with the K+ pathway. 4. All the volume-activated pathways (K+, Na+,
      taurine, choline) are fully inhibited by furosemide and by inhibitors of the
      anion exchanger such as DIDS and niflumic acid. The concentration required for
      50% inhibition (IC50) of both inorganic cations and taurine appears to be
      similar. It is proposed that DIDS interacts with a unique target which controls
      all the volume-sensitive transport systems.

PMID- 1804977
TI  - Bombesin excites a subpopulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-sensitive neurones in the
      rat dorsal raphe nucleus in vitro.
AB  - 1. The effects on dorsal raphe neurones of the peptides bombesin, gastrin
      releasing peptide and neuromedin B were studied using intracellular recording
      techniques from slices of rat brain maintained in vitro. The peptides were added
      to the solutions perfusing the slices. 2. The peptides bombesin, gastrin
      releasing peptide and neuromedin B depolarized neurones in the dorsal raphe
      nucleus. The same neurones were depolarized by phenylephrine and hyperpolarized
      by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but were insensitive to sulphated cholecystokinin
      octapeptide (CCK). 3. The responses to the peptides were not blocked by CCKA,
      CCKB and alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonists. 4. The response to the peptides
      persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and low-calcium, high-magnesium
      containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). 5. Under voltage clamp
      conditions the peptides caused a decrease in membrane conductance accompanied by
      an inward current. The reversal potential for the event was the same as that for
      5-HT. 6. The results of the present study demonstrate that bombesin and the
      structurally related peptides gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B
      depolarized a subpopulation of raphe 5-HT neurones by acting on a
      postsynaptically located receptor linked to potassium channels.

PMID- 1804978
TI  - Sodium-calcium exchange in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
AB  - 1. Intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was measured in cultured bovine pulmonary
      artery endothelial cell monolayers loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator
      Fura-2. 2. Resting [Ca2+]i was 112 +/- 10 nM. Application of ouabain (20 microM)
      was without effect on [Ca2+]i for periods of up to 1 h. Monensin (10 microM)
      resting [Ca2+]i to 145 +/- 32 nM over approximately 2 min. In the presence of
      ouabain (20 microM), 10 microM-monensin increased [Ca2+]i to 146 +/- 15 nM. 3.
      Removal of extracellular sodium was without effect in resting cells or cells
      exposed to ouabain alone. However, in the presence of monensin, replacement of
      extracellular Na+ with Li+ resulted in a prompt increase in [Ca2+]i to a peak of
      280 +/- 37 nM, which then returned towards resting levels. When Na+ was removed
      in the presence of both ouabain and monensin, [Ca2+]i reached a peak of 585 +/-
      53 nM. 4. When extracellular Na+ was replaced with K+, to achieve simultaneous
      Na+ removal and depolarization, [Ca2+]i reached a peak of 568 +/- 63 nM, compared
      with a peak of 462 +/- 38 nM when Li+ was used as a Na+ substitute in paired
      experiments. The transient increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by sodium removal peaked
      earlier when K+ was used as the sodium substitute, showing that depolarization
      increased the rate of calcium influx into the cell when sodium was removed from
      the bathing medium. 5. Removal of extracellular K+ had no effect on the low-Na(+)
      evoked increase in [Ca2+]i. 6. Returning extracellular Na+ during the increase in
      [Ca2+]i resulting from Na+ removal increased the rate of return of [Ca2+]i
      towards basal levels. In the absence of Na+, [Ca2+]i took 41 +/- 5 s to decline
      from 400 to 200 nM, and this was reduced to 26 +/- 6 s (n = 4, S.E.M.) when Na+
      was returned to the bathing solution. 7. These results indicate endothelial cells
      possess a voltage-dependent Na(+) -Ca2+ exchange mechanism in the surface
      membrane. However, this mechanism does not appear to be of primary importance in
      the maintenance of resting [Ca2+]i since cells were able to restore a low [Ca2+]i
      in the absence of extracellular Na+. The evidence for the existence of a Na(+) 
      Ca2+ exchanger in the surface membrane of endothelial cells and the possibility
      that this mechanism may contribute to calcium entry and/or extrusion during
      agonist-evoked responses is discussed.

PMID- 1804979
TI  - Comparison of the serotonin-sensitive and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in Aplysia
      sensory neurons.
AB  - 1. Single potassium channel currents were recorded in cell-attached and cell-free
      patches from Aplysia sensory neurons. Two prominent classes of K+ channels were
      identified that have similar single-channel current amplitude at 0 mV: (1) the
      resting conductance serotonin-sensitive K+ channels (S-channels) previously
      described in these neurons; and (2) a calcium-activated K+ channel. A series of
      experiments were carried out which enable these channels to be distinguished on
      the basis of their biophysical properties. These experiments also provide further
      insight into the gating and ionic selectivity of the S-channel. 2. In inside-out
      patches, single calcium-activated K+ channel currents (IK,Ca) show a linear i-V
      curve with a slope conductance of 66 pS (normal sea water outside, 360 mM-KCl
      inside) whereas single S-channels display an outwardly rectifying i-V curve with
      a slope conductance of 90 pS at 0 mV. 3. The gating of IK,Ca has a steep voltage
      dependence, with open probability showing an e-fold increase for a 16 mV
      depolarization. Increasing internal calcium concentration from 0.2 to 10 microM
      shifts the activation curve by 60 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction. 4. S
      channel gating is independent of internal calcium (from less than 10 nM up to 100
      microM). Steady-state open probability of the S-channel generally shows a weak
      dependence on membrane potential, with open probability increasing twofold for a
      30-100 mV depolarization. Occasional patches were observed with S-channels
      displaying a much greater voltage sensitivity, with open probability increasing e
      fold for a 16-20 mV depolarization. 5. S-channels are selective for K+ over Na+.
      The selectivity ratio depends on the ratio of Na+ to K+ concentration on the same
      side of the membrane. Increasing K+ concentration appears to increase relative
      Na+ permeability, suggesting ion-ion interactions within the channel. 6. We
      conclude that Aplysia sensory neurons contain two prominent distinguishable
      classes of K+ channels, the Ca(2+)-independent S-channel and a Ca(2+)-activated
      channel. The gating properties of the S-channels allow them to contribute outward
      repolarizing current over a wide range of membrane potentials so that their
      modulation by neurotransmitters contributes to changes in both resting potential
      and action potential duration.

PMID- 1804980
TI  - Voltage-activated potassium channels in blowfly photoreceptors and their role in
      light adaptation.
AB  - 1. The membrane properties of the photoreceptors of the blowfly (Calliphora
      vicina) were investigated in situ by making intracellular recordings in the
      intact retina, using discontinuous single-electrode current and voltage clamp
      techniques. Single channels were investigated using inside-out patches from
      dissociated photoreceptors. 2. Photoreceptors have a resting potential in
      darkness of -60.4 +/- 6.6 mV (mean +/- S.D.; n = 43), a resting input resistance
      of 32 +/- 3 M omega (n = 11) and membrane time constant of 4.1 +/- 1 ms (n = 9).
      These values give a total cell capacitance of 0.13 nF and an effective membrane
      area of 1.3 x 10(-4) cm2. 3. Single-electrode voltage clamp reveals a voltage
      sensitive outward current with an activation threshold at approximately -75 mV.
      This conductance has two kinetic components, the slower component activating at
      more depolarized levels. On the basis of its kinetics, a reversal potential of 
      85 +/- 6 mV (n = 6), sensitivity to intracellularly injected tetraethylammonium
      chloride (TEA), and its slow and partial inactivation (approximately 25%) this
      mechanism is classified as a delayed rectifier potassium conductance. 4. Voltage
      sensitive potassium channels showing similar properties were found in excised
      inside-out patches from dissociated photoreceptors. Single-channel conductances
      are ca 20 pS for both fast and slow kinetic components, indicating a channel
      density in the intact cell of ca 2 microns -2. The reversal potential follows the
      Nernst slope for potassium ions. 5. The voltage dependence of the conductance was
      determined in patches containing channels of predominantly one or the other
      kinetic component. The midpoint of the activation curve is -65 mV for the fast
      and -50 mV for the slow component. Activation time constants (measured from a
      holding potential of -100 mV) are voltage dependent, and in the range 1-10 ms for
      the fast and 5-40 ms for the slow component. Both kinetic components are blocked
      by TEA (greater than 2.5 mM). The slow component is more sensitive to quinidine
      (greater than 200 microM), and the fast component to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP;
      greater than 200 microM). 6. In the intact preparation the outward current shows
      no dependence on light stimulation in the studied ranges of voltage (up to -25
      mV) and intensity (up to 5.5 x 10(4) effective photons). Ensemble averages of
      channel openings in perfused inside-out patches show no dependence on calcium
      concentration in the range 10 nM-1.8 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1804982
TI  - Strychnine-sensitive glycine responses of neonatal rat hippocampal neurones.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings employing current and voltage clamp techniques were
      used to study the effects of glycine on rat CA3 hippocampal neurones during the
      first 3 weeks of postnatal (P) life. 2. Glycine (0.3-1 mM) depolarized neurones
      from rats less than 4 days old (P4). Neurones from older neonates (P5-P7) were
      hyperpolarized by glycine, whereas adult neurones were unaffected. 3. Both
      depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses were associated with large conductance
      increases; they reversed polarity at a potential which changed with the
      extracellular chloride concentration. The responses persisted in tetrodotoxin (1
      microM) or in a solution with a much reduced calcium concentration. 4. Strychnine
      (1 microM) but not bicuculline (10-50 microM) antagonized the effects of glycine.
      The action of strychnine was apparently competitive with a dissociation constant
      of 350 nM. 5. In voltage clamp experiments, glycine elicited a non-desensitizing
      outward current at -60 mV. When a maximal concentration of glycine was applied at
      the same time as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the conductance increase induced
      by the two agonists was additive, suggesting the activation of different
      populations of channels. 6. Concentrations of glycine lower than 100 microM did
      not affect membrane potential. However, at 30-50 microM glycine increased the
      frequency of spontaneous GABA-mediated synaptic responses; this action was not
      blocked by strychnine. 7. It is concluded that during the first 2 weeks of life
      glycine acts at strychnine-sensitive receptors to open chloride channels.

PMID- 1804981
TI  - An intracellular analysis of the visual responses of neurones in cat visual
      cortex.
AB  - 1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the
      visual cortex of the cat in order to compare the subthreshold membrane
      potentials, reflecting the input to the neurone, with the output from the neurone
      seen as action potentials. 2. Moving bars and edges, generated under computer
      control, were used to stimulate the neurones. The membrane potential was
      digitized and averaged for a number of trials after stripping the action
      potentials. Comparison of extracellular and intracellular discharge patterns
      indicated that the intracellular impalement did not alter the neurones'
      properties. Input resistance of the neurone altered little during stable
      intracellular recordings (30 min-2 h 50 min). 3. Intracellular recordings showed
      two distinct patterns of membrane potential changes during optimal visual
      stimulation. The patterns corresponded closely to the division of S-type (simple)
      and C-type (complex) receptive fields. Simple cells had a complex pattern of
      membrane potential fluctuations, involving depolarizations alternating with
      hyperpolarizations. Complex cells had a simple single sustained plateau of
      depolarization that was often followed but not preceded by a hyperpolarization.
      In both simple and complex cells the depolarizations led to action potential
      discharges. The hyperpolarizations were associated with inhibition of action
      potential discharge. 4. Stimulating simple cells with non-optimal directions of
      motion produced little or no hyperpolarization of the membrane in most cases,
      despite a lack of action potential output. Directional complex cells always
      produced a single plateau of depolarization leading to action potential discharge
      in both the optimal and non-optimal directions of motion. The directionality
      could not be predicted on the basis of the position of the hyperpolarizing
      inhibitory potentials found in the optimal direction. 5. Stimulation of simple
      cells with non-optimal orientations occasionally produced slight
      hyperpolarizations and inhibition of action potential discharge. Complex cells,
      which had broader orientation tuning than simple cells, could show marked
      hyperpolarization for non-optimal orientations, but this was not generally the
      case. 6. The data do not support models of directionality and orientation that
      rely solely on strong inhibitory mechanisms to produce stimulus selectivity.

PMID- 1804983
TI  - Mechanisms of inhibition in cat visual cortex.
AB  - 1. Neurones from layers 2-6 of the cat primary visual cortex were studied using
      extracellular and intracellular recordings made in vivo. The aim was to identify
      inhibitory events and determine whether they were associated with small or large
      (shunting) changes in the input conductance of the neurones. 2. Visual
      stimulation of subfields of simple receptive fields produced depolarizing or
      hyperpolarizing potentials that were associated with increased or decreased
      firing rates respectively. Hyperpolarizing potentials were small, 5 mV or less.
      In the same neurones, brief electrical stimulation of cortical afferents produced
      a characteristic sequence of a brief depolarization followed by a long-lasting
      (200-400 ms) hyperpolarization. 3. During the response to a stationary flashed
      bar, the synaptic activation increased the input conductance of the neurone by
      about 5-20%. Conductance changes of similar magnitude were obtained by
      electrically stimulating the neurone. Neurones stimulated with non-optimal
      orientations or directions of motion showed little change in input conductance.
      4. These data indicate that while visually or electrically induced inhibition can
      be readily demonstrated in visual cortex, the inhibition is not associated with
      large sustained conductance changes. Thus a shunting or multiplicative inhibitory
      mechanism is not the principal mechanism of inhibition.

PMID- 1804984
TI  - Excitation by geniculocortical synapses is not 'vetoed' at the level of dendritic
      spines in cat visual cortex.
AB  - 1. We used anatomical methods to examine whether the geniculocortical afferent
      input to dendritic spines could be gated or 'vetoed' by an inhibitory input to
      the same spine. 2. Physiologically identified X- and Y-type afferents were
      injected intra-axonally with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), processed, and drawn
      under the light microscope. Selected regions of the terminal arbors were then
      serially sectioned for examination under the electron microscope. 3. Three
      dimensional reconstructions of thirty-nine HRP-filled terminal boutons forming
      fifty asymmetric (type 1) synapses showed that thirty-one synapses were on the
      heads of dendritic spines. Only two of thirty-one spine heads received an
      additional symmetric (type 2) synapse, which is presumed to be inhibitory. 4.
      Examination of twenty-three boutons from two clutch cells (a GABA (gamma
      aminobutyric acid)-ergic smooth cell) that form symmetric (type 2) synapses on
      spines indicated that their preferred location was opposite the asymmetric
      synapse on the head of the spine. Synaptic input to the necks of spines appears
      rare. 5. We conclude that most of the excitation provided by the geniculocortical
      afferent input to the heads of spines cannot be gated or vetoed by inhibition at
      the level of the spine.

PMID- 1804985
TI  - Prognostic value of various molecular and cellular features in oral squamous cell
      carcinomas: a review.
AB  - Recent findings of prognostic value for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs)
      which may supplement clinical staging are reviewed. Many reports show that
      histopathologic grading, measurements of tumor-thickness and DNA-content have
      independent prognostic value and may thus be of clinical value. Features
      regarding cells at the invading margins of the tumors are probably of higher
      prognostic value than features within other parts of the tumors. Reportedly,
      various other cellular and serum markers have prognostic associations worthwhile
      further research.

PMID- 1804986
TI  - Adult T cell leukemia derived factor (ADF) in oral epithelial lesions.
AB  - To examine the distribution of adult T cell leukemia derived factor (ADF) in oral
      epithelial lesions, an immunohistochemical method using a polyclonal antibody
      against ADF C-terminal peptide was applied to formalin fixed and paraffin
      embedded tissues. All cases of periodontitis, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial
      dysplasia and leukoplakia examined stained positively for ADF. Immunoreactive
      products were localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of spinous and
      parakeratotic layers, but not in basal and keratinous layers. In addition, five
      out of nine papillomas stained positively for ADF, especially in koilocytotic
      cells. Eight out of 13 squamous cell carcinomas stained positively. Furthermore,
      ADF positive areas in oral epithelial lesions were included in the areas for
      protein bound SH-groups. Our results suggested that ADF may be a factor involved
      in the differentiation and proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium of the
      oral cavity.

PMID- 1804987
TI  - Geographic stomatitis: report of 6 cases.
AB  - The macro- and microscopic appearance and results of microbiologic and
      immunohistochemical investigations in six patients with geographic stomatitis are
      described. On the background of similarities in both the clinical, histologic and
      immunohistochemical findings it is felt that psoriasis and stomatitis geographica
      are related lesions.

PMID- 1804988
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein and its subunits in melanotic
      lesions in the oral mucosa and skin.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein, S-100 alpha and beta subunits
      was examined in 23 pigmented nevi, 20 malignant melanomas and 8 metastatic
      melanomas originating from the oral mucosa and skin. Primary oral mucosal
      melanomas demonstrated no beta subunit immunoreactivity while one metastatic
      lesion from oral melanoma that showed only a small number of melanoma cells
      reacted with the beta subunit. In contrast, most cutaneous melanomas and their
      metastatic lesions showed immunoreaction with the S-100 beta subunit. As for
      pigmented nevi, immunoreactions with the three antibodies were frequently
      detected regardless of the site. The differences in the expression of S-100
      protein beta subunit between cutaneous and mucosal melanomas may be related to
      differences in inductive interactions between the melanoma cells and the
      connective tissues and skin and mucosa.

PMID- 1804989
TI  - Behaviour of human ameloblastoma cells in collagen matrix in vitro: an
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - We investigated the behaviour of human ameloblastoma cells in collagen matrix in
      vitro. The ameloblastoma tissue was extirpated from a 75 yr-old woman. Small
      segments of the tissues were cultured in 0.18% collagen gel. After several weeks,
      collagen gels containing ameloblastoma tissue were fixed and examined by light
      microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Outgrowth of primary cultured
      cells could be recognized as processes like growth rims around the tissue pieces
      within 2-3 days after tissue culture. Light microscopically, these cells formed a
      duct-like structure. The characteristics of ameloblastoma cells in vivo with
      peripheral epithelial cells and stellate cells reappeared in vitro, and they were
      connected with one another in cytoplasmic processes by desmosomes. Also, some
      cells had many intracellular filaments, amorphous nuclei and vacuoles. The
      results indicated that this culture system in vitro might be applied to the
      cytogenetic analysis of ameloblastoma.

PMID- 1804990
TI  - Acute irradiation effects on morphology and function of rat submandibular glands.
AB  - In this study the morphologic and functional changes were compared after
      irradiation (single dose, 15 Gy) of rat submandibular salivary glands. Before and
      1-10 days after local irradiation of the gland region, samples of submandibular
      saliva were collected after stimulation by pilocarpine. At the same time-points
      and also 3 h postirradiation submandibular glands were carefully extirpated and
      prepared for histocytologic examination (LM, TEM). Maximal increase of the lag
      phase and decrease of the flow rate were observed 3 days after irradiation, while
      [K+] and [Na+] increased and decreased, respectively, from days 1 and 3 after
      irradiation. Morphologic changes were observed from the third hour after
      irradiation, were maximal 3 days after irradiation and had partially recovered by
      day 10. Three hours and 1 day after irradiation degranulation of convoluted
      granulated tubes (CGT) was observed. Three days after irradiation the most
      striking morphologic changes in serous and mucous cells were distension of the
      cisternae of the RER, degeneration of mitochondria and vacuolization of the
      cytoplasm. Fibril-like condensations of electron dense material in the mucous
      granules were observed 3 h, 1 and 6 days after irradiation. Regranulation of CGT
      cells was observed from day 6. From this study it is concluded that changes in
      salivary gland function can be observed before major morphologic changes occur.
      Functional changes persist after the morphologic changes seem to have virtually
      returned to normal.

PMID- 1804991
TI  - Hereditary gingival fibromatosis in a family with the Zimmermann-Laband syndrome.
AB  - Hereditary gingival fibromatosis is frequently an isolated condition of little
      consequence apart from a cosmetic problem and occasional associations with
      hypertrichosis and/or epilepsy. There are, however, several uncommon or rare
      eponymous syndromes described in which gingival fibromatosis can be a feature:
      these include the Zimmermann-Laband, Murray-Puretic-Drescher, Rutherfurd, Cowden
      and Cross syndromes. This paper describes two siblings with features of the rare
      Zimmermann-Laband syndrome and discusses the major aspects of this and other
      eponymous syndromes that may be associated with hereditary gingival fibromatosis.

PMID- 1804992
TI  - Stabilization of the craniomandibular therapeutic relationship with etched
      porcelain bonded restorations: a clinical report.
AB  - The major advantage of this technique is sustaining the preexisting therapeutic
      position of the mandible during the restorative phase with minimal error in the
      occlusal scheme despite the type of restorative material. This clinical report
      demonstrated the conservative nature of bonding etched porcelain to tooth
      structure while concomitantly stabilizing the mandible to the maxillary dental
      arch.

PMID- 1804994
TI  - A color selection technique.
AB  - This article offers a useful solution to the problem of matching the color of
      ceramic restorations with the color of natural dentitions. The author describes
      the Munsell color system and its application to dentistry. A simplified
      arrangement of the shade guide is also explained. A technique to choose the
      proper shade in the mouth and to directly verify the selected shade after baking
      the porcelain is presented. The advantages of this technique are quick
      verification of color choice, ease of correction (increasing or decreasing Hue,
      Value, and Chroma) to select the right shade and communicate this information to
      the laboratory.

PMID- 1804993
TI  - An alternative splint in the management of a patient with a temporomandibular
      joint disorder: a clinical report.

PMID- 1804995
TI  - Pulpal response to threaded pin and retentive slot techniques: a pilot
      investigation.
AB  - This investigation compared pulpal response to threaded pin techniques with
      response to retentive slot techniques. The teeth were restored with composite
      resin. Twenty-four teeth were assigned to three treatment groups in one Macaca
      mulatta monkey. Ten teeth (group 1) received 32 TMS 0.021-inch self-threading
      pins. Ten teeth (group II) received circumferential slot retention 1 mm deep, 0.5
      mm inside the dentinoenamel junction. Four teeth (group III) served as controls.
      Groups I and II were restored with composite resin. Fourteen days later, the
      teeth were removed, demineralized, serially sectioned, and stained with
      hematoxylin and eosin. Chi-square analysis indicated more pulp inflammation when
      self-threading pins were used (p less than 0.5). Pins placed within 0.5 mm of the
      pulp elicited severe inflammatory responses, and those placed further than 1 mm
      had minimal effect. Little correlation existed between remaining dentin thickness
      and adverse pulp response when slot retention was used.

PMID- 1804997
TI  - Transfer copings made of a visible light-cured resin.
AB  - The treatment of complex fixed partial dentures and multiple-unit castings often
      requires intermediate procedures for the transfer of tooth relationships from the
      patient's mouth to the working model. Transfer copings used when multiple teeth
      have been prepared and the individual dies require accurate seating on the
      working cast. Transfer copings are commonly made of autopolymerizing acrylic
      resins. The use of these materials may present difficulty. A technique for making
      transfer copings by use of a visible light-cured resin is presented.

PMID- 1804996
TI  - Microleakage of crowns cemented with glass ionomer cement: effects of preparation
      finish and conditioning with polyacrylic acid.
AB  - This study compared the marginal leakage of cast gold complete crowns cemented
      with glass ionomer and with zinc phosphate cement. The effect of polishing the
      preparations and conditioning with polyacrylic acid was also evaluated for glass
      ionomer cement. The cast gold crowns cemented with glass ionomer cement
      demonstrated significantly lower marginal leakage than did those with zinc
      phosphate cement. The extent of microleakage was not substantially different
      between crowns when the preparations were polished and conditioned with
      polyacrylic acid.

PMID- 1804999
TI  - Adhesion to dentin with and without smear layer under varying degrees of wetness.
AB  - The bond strengths of glass ionomer cements to prepared dentin ranged between 2.1
      and 4.7 MPa for all test conditions and did not appear to be adversely affected
      by the presence of fluid under physiologic pressure or by the presence or absence
      of a smear layer. On the other hand, the resin dentin adhesive was adversely
      affected by the presence of moisture (1 +/- 1.3 MPa when the tubules were full of
      fluid and under pressure; 9.4 +/- 10.6 MPa when the tubules were full of fluid
      but not under pressure; and 18.3 +/- 7.6 MPa when the tubules were empty.

PMID- 1804998
TI  - The effect of film thickness on the tensile bond strength of a prosthodontic
      adhesive.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of cement film thickness on the tensile bond
      strength of a prosthodontic adhesive. Rexillium III alloy cylinders were bonded
      end-to-end with Panavia Opaque adhesive cement and film thicknesses of 20, 50,
      80, 110, 140, and 200 microns were evaluated. The specimens were thermocycled for
      24 hours (1080 cycles) between 5 degrees and 60 degrees C, stored for 30 days at
      37 degrees C, and the mean bonds for tensile strength, including the mode of
      failures, were recorded. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences,
      but the strongest bond strengths were recorded for the 80 microns cement film
      thickness.

PMID- 1805000
TI  - The effect of bead attachment systems on casting patterns and resultant tensile
      bond strength of composite resin veneer cast restorations.
AB  - This study compared the difference in tensile bond strength between the composite
      resin veneer and the cast Ni-Cr disk when different bead adhesives were used to
      make the laboratory patterns. Visio-Gem, cyanoacrylate, and shellac were the
      adhesives tested. Fifty-six composite resin bonded Ni-Cr disks were prepared and
      tested to tensile failure with the Kemper-Kilian device. All tested samples
      showed a complex failure pattern. The results showed that the mean tensile bond
      strength of the cyanoacrylate group was significantly higher than the other two
      groups. No significant difference in the mean tensile bond strength was observed
      between the Visio-Gem and shellac groups. The higher tensile bond strength in the
      cyanoacrylate group is thought to be attributed to the low rheological property
      of the adhesive that allowed greater exposure of the bead for retention. Using
      different adhesives in the fabrication of composite resin veneered-castings may
      affect the bond strength in the composite resin-metal interface.

PMID- 1805001
TI  - Subpontic osseous hyperplasia: a literature review.
AB  - Several incidences of excessive bone growth beneath the pontics of posterior
      fixed partial dentures have been documented, and this phenomenon has been
      referred to as subpontic osseous hyperplasia. The clinical, radiographic, and
      microscopic features are discussed, including the presentation of several
      etiologies and treatment considerations.

PMID- 1805002
TI  - A provisional removable partial denture for use during construction of an
      anterior splint bar prosthesis.
AB  - A technique for constructing a provisional removable partial denture before and
      during construction of an anterior splint bar prosthesis is described. The
      provisional prosthesis is easily adapted to fit the splint bar prosthesis after
      it is cemented in place. The technique assures that the patient will enjoy the
      benefits of a well-fitting and esthetic provisional restoration through all
      phases of construction of the splint bar and the final removable partial denture.

PMID- 1805003
TI  - Prosthodontic consideration in the treatment of patients with maxillary and
      mandibular deficiencies.
AB  - Despite advancements in surgical osteotomy repositioning procedures for
      congenital and developmental intermaxillary deficiencies, prosthetic
      rehabilitation remains a viable alternative in some patients. In developing a
      treatment plan, the advantages and disadvantages of both surgical and prosthetic
      rehabilitation must be weighed. The interdisciplinary team approach is best for
      treatment planning. The treatment options are presented with a variety of
      treatment philosophies. Maxillofacial surgical and/or prosthetic treatments must
      be carefully coordinated to ensure the best results for patients with moderate to
      severe "jaw" discrepancies.

PMID- 1805004
TI  - In vitro cytotoxicity of tissue conditioners.
AB  - The cytotoxicity of four commercial tissue conditioners was evaluated by the agar
      overlay method. Every material either fresh or stored for 1 hour, 24 hours, 8
      days, or 15 days, showed some degree of cytotoxicity. Coe Comfort and Kerr FITT
      materials exhibited marked cytolysis, whereas GC Soft-Liner and Visco-gel
      materials caused a decolorized zone with minimal cell damage. Based on the sum of
      reaction indices, the tissue conditioners tested seemed to be more cytotoxic than
      autopolymerizing denture base resins. Further analyses are needed to identify the
      cytotoxic components that continued to leach out from the tissue conditioners for
      at least 15 days.

PMID- 1805005
TI  - The transmandibular implant: prosthodontic treatment considerations.
AB  - The transmandibular implant (TMI) is a type of transosteal implant designed for
      use in the edentulous mandible. The implant is composed of a gold-based alloy.
      The TMI is a loaded implant in that the prosthesis is supported by the implant. A
      transitional type of prosthesis, for insertion following surgery can be made
      either by altering the patient's existing mandibular complete denture or by
      making a new denture. The completed prosthesis is retained by clips held in the
      mandibular denture with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. The clips engage Dolder
      bar segments, which are a part of the implant suprastructure, and provide the
      necessary retention for the mandibular complete denture.

PMID- 1805006
TI  - An improved index for the waxed stage of an implant-retained framework.
AB  - A method for making an improved index for the waxed stage of Branemark implant
      retained frameworks is described. The index improves visibility of the tooth and
      abutment cylinder relationship permitting the optimization of framework
      dimensions and contour.

PMID- 1805007
TI  - Dimensional change in maxillary prosthetic obturators.
AB  - Dimensional stability of obturator bases and changes in occlusal relationships
      are areas of clinical importance in the oral rehabilitation of maxillectomy
      patients. The dimensional change in maxillary prosthetic obturators constructed
      with three different denture base resins was investigated. The results indicate
      that a light-polymerized material had the least percent of change between base
      and teeth positions.

PMID- 1805008
TI  - Refitting a bar-clip removable prosthesis attached to osseointegrated implants.
AB  - Refitting clip-retained complete dentures for patients with osseointegrated
      implants as abutments presents problems in maintaining occlusion and protecting
      the clip during processing. This article describes a technique for functionally
      relining osseointegrated prostheses containing anterior clip-bar attachments.

PMID- 1805009
TI  - Electromyographic and computer analyses of patients suffering from chronic
      myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome: before and after treatment with immediate
      complete anterior guidance development.
AB  - Seven women patients at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine were evaluated
      for the subjective symptoms of a myofascial pain dysfunction. Each patient was
      evaluated by an occlusal analysis of the T-Scan computer to determine posterior
      disclusion time during excursive movements, and EMG analysis of the masseter and
      temporalis muscles. Each patient was then treated occlusally by developing
      immediate complete anterior guidance. This adjustment process involved the
      removal of all lateral and protrusive interferences prior to habitual closure
      adjustments. No attempt was made to retrude the mandible in centric relation, and
      splints were not used to deprogram the musculature before adjustment. In this
      study, protrusive movements and interferences were not examined, and there was no
      control group. Posttreatment EMG and T-Scan computer analyses revealed that by
      shortening disclusion times to less than 0.5 second in any lateral excursions,
      muscle function returned to normal in all seven patients in approximately 1
      month's time. A direct correlation seemed to exist between contractile muscle
      activity and disclusion time. Lengthy disclusion time leads to excessive muscle
      activity that introduces spasm and fatigue of the masseter and temporal muscles.
      These results indicated that a partial explanation of the etiology of MPDS may be
      the time the molars and nonworking premolars remain in contact during excursive
      movements--a phenomenon termed "disclusion time."

PMID- 1805010
TI  - Normal movements of mandible at the mandibular incisor.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the range of mandibular movements in a
      normal population. Sixty-one male dental students were selected and a tracking
      device (Saphon Visi-Trainer [SVT] C-II) was used. The range of mandibular
      movements was measured in frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes. Deviations of
      movements and angles between planes and path of movements were also measured.
      This study suggested that mandibular movement could be evaluated more
      comprehensively with these additional measurements. This information will provide
      more accurate monitoring of mandibular movements during the treatment of
      craniomandibular disorders.

PMID- 1805012
TI  - A mathematical model of mandibular protrusion.
AB  - Mathematical expressions were derived to describe the sagittal plane movements of
      the mandible. It was shown that mandibular rotation during protrusion was a
      function of incisor and condylar guidances, initial mandibular angulation,
      mandibular size, and the extent of the excursion. Cusp tip displacement and
      center of rotation calculation algorithms were also developed for the protrusive
      path.

PMID- 1805011
TI  - In vivo antifungal efficacy of salivary histidine-rich polypeptides: preliminary
      findings in a denture stomatitis model system.
AB  - Six denture stomatitis patients, all found to have Candida albicans on their
      maxillary denture and palatal tissue surfaces, volunteered in this preliminary
      study to test the in vivo efficacy of human salivary antifungal histidine-rich
      polypeptides (HRPs) in treating their oral disease. The patients were equally
      divided among the Newton types classification and, as expected, the severity of
      the inflammation was greatest in the Newton type III patients and least in the
      Newton type I patients. Patients received sterile solutions of either HRP-3 or
      HRP-4, which they used both as a mouthrinse and as a denture soak for a period of
      1 week. Agar replicas of the tissue-fitting surface of the maxillary dentures
      revealed HRP reduction and/or elimination of C. albicans from the denture; in one
      Newton type II individual, this finding directly correlated with a site-specific
      reduction in palatal inflammation. In the Newton type II and type III individuals
      alike, there was a significant generalized decrease in inflammation suggesting
      the therapeutic efficacy of the HRPs. Killing of this yeast species by the HRPs,
      as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was probably responsible for
      the observed clinical benefits noted in this investigation. In the SEM, HRP
      treated blastospores appeared severely deflated, as if they had been emptied of
      significant quantities of intracellular material.

PMID- 1805013
TI  - Convergence of the axial walls of full veneer crown preparations in a dental
      school environment.
AB  - This research report used a simple and accurate method of measuring the
      convergence of full veneer crown preparations. A random sample of 909 dies was
      selected from all dies of full veneer crown preparations done at the University
      of Colorado, School of Dentistry student clinic over a 6-year period. All
      preparations were accomplished by third- and fourth-year dental students under
      either normal clinic conditions or under special (proficiency) testing
      conditions. The mean convergence angles were 19 degrees (S.D. +/- 9.8 degrees)
      for nonexamination conditions and 15.7 degrees (S.D. +/- 5.5 degrees) for
      examination procedures. These angles are far in excess of those normally
      recommended in the fixed prosthodontic textbooks. The values obtained in this
      investigation agree with the findings of most of the current published studies on
      the subject.

PMID- 1805014
TI  - Tarnish of dental alloys by oral microorganisms.
AB  - Five dental alloys, on exposure to blood and chocolate media with and without
      inoculated microorganisms, showed varying degrees of tarnish. The results
      indicated a composition-dependent tarnish behavior of alloys in microorganism
      inoculated media, indicating a potential role for the oral microorganisms in
      inducing clinically observed tarnish of dental alloys. Actinomyces viscosus and
      periodontal pocket specimens show a similarity in their activity to induce
      tarnish in base metal-containing dental alloys.

PMID- 1805015
TI  - A modified finish line allowing for tooth loss under a maxillary removable
      partial denture.

PMID- 1805016
TI  - A convenient material for luting casts.

PMID- 1805017
TI  - A study of the importance of the neutral zone in complete dentures.

PMID- 1805018
TI  - A comparison of placement methods using a two-in-one dentin pin.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine the effect of pin channel preparation
      with standard and reduction speed handpieces, and pin seating by hand and with
      motor drive. The greatest retention was achieved by preparation with a standard
      handpiece at 6000 rpm, and manual pin placement with a hand driver. The most
      consistent retention values were achieved using the reduction handpiece. All
      preparation and placement combinations examined produced a clinically acceptable
      result.

PMID- 1805019
TI  - Evaluation of resistance form for prepared teeth.
AB  - Resistance form of preparations for which castings were made in a large dental
      laboratory was evaluated. Each preparation was also evaluated for the placement
      of grooves. Evaluation of resistance form was done by grasping the casting
      between thumb and index finger and attempting to roll the uncemented casting off
      the die with finger pressure. Each preparation was tested for resistance form in
      all directions (buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal), from a fixed point of
      rotation. Evaluation was by tooth groups: incisors, canines, premolar, and
      molars. The preparations were found to have resistance form in 96% of the
      incisors, 92% of the canines, 81% of the premolars and only 46% of the molars.
      Only nine of 294 preparations evaluated had grooves. Mesial or distal grooves
      provided resistance to buccal and lingual dislodgment, and buccal or lingual
      grooves provided resistance to mesial and distal dislodgment.

PMID- 1805020
TI  - Restorative margin placement and periodontal health.
AB  - Subgingival restorative margins are associated with the development of plaque
      related inflammatory periodontal disease, primarily because of a shift in the
      subgingival microflora from a profile associated with health to one associated
      with disease. The degree and extent of the marginal inflammation is influenced by
      four factors: failure to maintain proper emergence profile, inability to
      adequately finish and/or close subgingival margins, placement of subgingival
      margins in an area with minimum to no attached gingiva, and violation of the
      biologic width. Supragingival margin placement is the location of choice for all
      restorative margins to avoid iatrogenic periodontal disease. However,
      consideration of these four factors will help reduce the adverse impact of
      restorative margins that must be carried subgingivally.

PMID- 1805021
TI  - Fixed cantilever splints on teeth with normal and reduced periodontal support.
AB  - Photoelastic models were used to visualize stresses developed in teeth and
      supporting bone by cantilever fixed partial dentures where the most distal
      abutments had either crater or trough osseous defects. The effects of splinting
      the periodontally involved teeth to one or more additional sound teeth were
      studied. It was shown that for a cantilever fixed partial denture with either
      normal periodontal support, or a distal abutment with a moderate degree of
      mobility and bone loss, the following can be concluded: (1) occlusal forces on a
      cantilever fixed partial denture were significantly distributed to only the three
      teeth closest to the loaded cantilever, (2) optimum stress reduction occurred
      with the splinting of a periodontally compromised tooth to two periodontally
      sound teeth. Increasing the number of splinted abutments did not result in a
      proportional reduction of stress in the periodontium, and (3) no significant
      cross-arch sharing of occlusal loads was seen.

PMID- 1805022
TI  - Properties of the tray adhesive of an addition polymerizing silicone to
      impression tray materials.
AB  - Adhesive bond strength studies for the tray adhesive of an addition vinyl
      polysiloxane (President) impression material were conducted with an acrylic
      resin, chromium-plated brass, and plastic trays. Tensile and shear stress studies
      were performed on the Instron Universal testing machine. Acrylic resin specimens
      roughened with 80-grit silicon carbide paper exhibited appreciably higher bond
      strengths compared with different types of tray material and methods of surface
      preparation.

PMID- 1805023
TI  - Marginal adaptation of castable ceramic crowns.
AB  - Tooth preparations and seating techniques of castable ceramic crowns differ from
      metal ceramic crowns. This study evaluated the variable effects of cementation on
      the marginal adaptation of Dicor, Cerestore, and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns.
      The shoulder preparation was maintained for ceramic crowns, and a cavosurface
      bevel was designed for metal ceramic crowns. Crowns were made with a replication
      size of 10, placed on master dies, and the marginal openings measured with a
      Nikon Measurescope 20 instrument. Thirty crowns were cemented with zinc phosphate
      cement and the recommended clinical force. Marginal adaptation was not improved
      with a gingival bevel preparation or an increased seating force. The best
      marginal adaptation was recorded for Cerestore crowns.

PMID- 1805024
TI  - Clinical evaluation of castable apatite ceramic crowns.
AB  - Thirty-three castable apatite ceramic crowns were constructed for 26 patients.
      The crowns were clinically evaluated for anatomic form, marginal adaptation,
      cavosurface marginal discoloration, surface roughness, and color match for a
      period of 2 years at regular intervals. Results showed that all restoration had
      satisfactory anatomic form; all but one exhibited good marginal adaptation.
      Slight abrasion was noticed at the functioning cusps and all but three of the
      restorations demonstrated excellent color matching.

PMID- 1805025
TI  - Leakage of various types of luting agents.
AB  - Freshly extracted molar teeth were prepared for complete cast gold crowns
      cemented with either zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, glass ionomer
      cement, a resin luting agent, or a zinc oxide-eugenol temporary cement. The
      specimens were tested at 1-, 6-, and 12-month intervals with radioactive 45Ca.
      The specimens were sectioned, autoradiographs were made, and the marginal leakage
      was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3. The results showed that zinc phosphate,
      polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cements are equally suited for permanent
      cementation of restorations. The resin luting agent showed high initial leakage,
      indicating that it is not as desirable for permanent cementation purposes. The
      zinc oxide-eugenol cement showed increased leakage with time but is well suited
      for its indicated purpose, temporary cementation.

PMID- 1805026
TI  - Glass ionomer bond strength and treatment of dentin with polyacrylic acid.
AB  - This investigation compared the effect of smear layer removal using various
      treatments with polyacrylic acid on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer
      restorative materials to dentin. Three brands of glass ionomer were applied to
      prepared dentin surfaces of extracted human molars, after one of four treatments
      with polyacrylic acid. Samples using dentin surfaces with the smear layer left
      intact served as controls. Comparison of mean shear bond strength values for all
      possible combinations of restorative material and polyacrylic acid treatment
      indicated that samples produced using 25% polyacrylic acid had lower (p less than
      0.05) values in some instances. No other significant differences were found when
      test values were compared with each other or with control values. The authors
      concluded that removal of the smear layer does not enhance the dentin-glass
      ionomer restorative bond strength, as has been suggested by other investigators.
      Scanning electron photomicrographs indicate that treatment with higher
      concentrations of polyacrylic acid produces higher degrees of dentinal tubular
      orifice patency.

PMID- 1805027
TI  - Comparison of manually and mechanically mixed glass ionomers.
AB  - Two mechanically mixed glass ionomer restorative materials (Ketac-Fil and Fuji
      Cap II) were compared with two manually mixed products (Chelon-Fil and Fuji Type
      II). One manually mixed material was substantially weaker than the others in bond
      strength tests. No significant differences in microleakage were found among the
      materials.

PMID- 1805028
TI  - Clinical correlations of dentin structure and function.
AB  - Dentin, a porous, fluid-filled mineralized tissue, may provide critical
      mechanical support to overlying enamel. Once the enamel or cementum surface seals
      are lost by disease or trauma, the same organization that provided critical
      mechanical support then becomes a liability, offering millions of fluid-filled
      diffusion channels from the periphery directly to the pulp. If restorative
      materials placed in cavities do not seal the dentin, there is a fluid-filled
      continuum from the cavosurface margins, around gaps between the restorative
      material and the tooth, to dentin surfaces, then through dentin via its tubules
      to the pulp. Under most conditions these channels permit bidirectional diffusion
      of exogenous and endogenous substances across dentin. Occasionally, hydrodynamic
      stimuli will produce transient, rapid movement of dentinal fluid that will induce
      pain. The tubules are sometimes so close together in deep dentin that their
      intrinsic wetness interferes with the bonding of adhesive resins. This permits
      the formation of gaps, microleakage, dentin sensitivity, and, occasionally,
      pulpal irritation. Many clinical problems such as poor dentin bonding,
      microleakage, dentin sensitivity, and pulpal irritation have a common denominator
      in the structure and function of dentin.

PMID- 1805030
TI  - Root-retained overdentures: Part I--Biomechanical and clinical aspects.
AB  - Despite recent developments in dental implantology, the conservative approach to
      root preservation is still valid. In view of increased root caries rate in the
      elderly and lax oral hygiene habits of most overdenture wearers, placing
      protective copings on root abutments, when economically feasible, is the
      preferred method of treatment. Retention of overdentures is increased by
      including stud attachments in the abutments. Incorporation of cast metal
      frameworks is recommended to prevent base fractures.

PMID- 1805029
TI  - Prefabricated custom impression trays for the altered cast technique.
AB  - Removable partial prosthodontic treatment requires multiple patient appointments
      with intermediate laboratory steps. A technique is described that allows the
      removable partial denture framework try-in and the impression for the altered
      cast to be efficiently completed in a single appointment. The method uses
      prefabricated custom impression trays that are readily attached to the framework
      after the try-in.

PMID- 1805031
TI  - Evaluation of a new denture bath solution.
AB  - Soft liners often lose their resiliency, perhaps as a result of oxidizing
      cleaning solutions and/or infiltration with Candida albicans. This project tested
      a new denture bath solution and its effects on liners treated with oxidizing
      solutions and with Candida inoculation. It appears that this denture bath
      solution has a definite softening effect on these liners.

PMID- 1805032
TI  - Evaluation of denture cleansers with and without enzymes against Candida
      albicans.
AB  - The fungicidal effect on Candida albicans was evaluated for denture cleansers
      with and without enzymes (alkaline peroxide type). Three cleansers with
      proteolytic enzymes showed little yeast lytic ability, while one cleanser with
      yeast lytic and proteolytic enzymes and one cleanser without enzymes showed
      slight yeast lytic ability. The results suggested that the activity depended on
      alkaline peroxide rather than on enzymes. Five denture cleansers showed strong
      effects.

PMID- 1805033
TI  - Surgical template impression during stage I surgery for fabrication of a
      provisional restoration to be placed at stage II surgery.
AB  - The fixture impression method presented permits the construction of a master cast
      after stage I surgery, enabling the dentist and dental technician to make a
      provisional crown before stage II surgery. At stage II surgery the surgeon can
      place the provisional crown instead of a classic abutment or healing cylinder.
      This eliminates the need for the patient to visit the restorative dentist
      immediately after stage II surgery for the making of a provisional crown, which
      can be a scheduling and logistic problem. In addition, better soft tissue contour
      is possible at stage II surgery, as the premade provisional crown can be shaped
      to the desired dimensions in the laboratory for ideal esthetics. The soft tissue
      will adapt to the predetermined surface dimensions during initial healing. Ideal
      soft tissue contours are present and stable when the final impression is made,
      which enables better esthetics to be developed for the permanent fixture-retained
      single-tooth restoration.

PMID- 1805035
TI  - Treatment planning for the edentulous patient.
AB  - This article discusses psychologic characteristics of edentulous patients who
      seek restorative dental services. Restorative treatment options range from
      conventional dentures to implant-supported fixed partial dentures. Through an
      understanding of patient motives and expectations, the most appropriate treatment
      can be selected. Recognizing psychologic factors that contribute to
      dissatisfaction with dental treatment will permit the dentist to match patient
      needs with suggested treatment.

PMID- 1805034
TI  - Intraoral connection of individual abutment attachments for an osseointegrated
      implant-supported prosthesis.
AB  - A technique is demonstrated for simultaneous verification of abutment replica
      positions and accurate adaptation of the prosthesis framework to the abutments. A
      separate procedure to verify abutment replica positions, as well as potential
      soldering of the framework for long-span castings, is avoided.

PMID- 1805036
TI  - The placement of angled implants in the edentulous maxillae for the use of
      overdentures.
AB  - Although most retention problems of prostheses are concentrated in the mandible,
      patients have similar problems in the maxillae. Retention of prostheses can be
      improved by the use of two or four implants, either with retentive anchors or
      with a bar in the frontal part of the maxillae. The method of planning and
      placement of I.T.I. Bonefit implants is described.

PMID- 1805037
TI  - Evaluation of the psychological profiles of patients with signs and symptoms of
      temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - The psychologic profiles of 98 female patients with signs & symptoms of
      temporomandibular disorders are compared with those of a control group having no
      signs or symptoms of such disorders. Scores on the Crown Crisp Experimental Index
      indicate a significant difference in the profiles of somatization and hysteria.

PMID- 1805038
TI  - Analysis of the interchangeability of a dental articulator.
AB  - A series of Dentatus ARL articulators and gauge blocks were tested for the
      reliability of the system to reproduce articulator mountings. Points of occlusal
      contact were measured at several locations on a set of casts. Analysis of the
      data indicated that the location of the occlusal contacts and the gauge block
      used were critically related to the results. Further studies to quantify the
      measurement error and to carefully explore where this system could be used are
      needed.

PMID- 1805039
TI  - The effect of carbon graphite fiber reinforcement on the strength of provisional
      crown and fixed partial denture resins.
AB  - This study compared the moduli of elasticity of three provisional crown and fixed
      partial denture resins. Eighteen specimens of each resin were reinforced with
      carbon graphite fibers and 18 resin specimens from each group contained no
      fibers. Six specimens of each resin, with and without fibers, were tested within
      6 hours of fabrication, after 30 days, and after 60 days of water storage. The
      mean moduli of elasticity of all the resins increased significantly with fiber
      incorporation. Water storage did not have a significant effect on the moduli of
      elasticity of the resins tested.

PMID- 1805040
TI  - Combining final impressions and the centric jaw relation records into one
      appointment by using an irreversible hydrocolloid blockout technique.

PMID- 1805041
TI  - An instrument for removal of defective crowns or fixed partial dentures.
AB  - An instrument has been described that provides the torquing forces needed to
      allow easy removal of defective crowns from all parts of the mouth. The
      instrument is inexpensive and can be obtained locally and modified by the
      dentist.

PMID- 1805042
TI  - [The mechanism of action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin].

PMID- 1805043
TI  - [Morphological changes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli under
      various culture conditions and the accompanied changes in the cell composition].
AB  - The morphological transformation from the spiral form to the coccoidal form
      Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was studied under various conditions
      by such techniques as electron microscopy, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE), and chemical analyses. The conversion from the spiral form to the
      coccoidal form of Campylobacter in microaerophilic cultivation occurred in about
      50% of the cells in 48 h and in about 90% of the cells in 72 h. At higher
      temperatures (37 C and 42 C) under aerophilic conditions, the spiral-form cells
      converted easily to the coccoidal form in phosphate-buffered saline. Electron
      microscopic studies revealed that the envelopes of the coccoidal-form cells were
      soft in comparison with those of the spiral-form cells. The LPS and protein
      contents of the cells reached the highest levels after cultivation for 48 h under
      microaerophilic condition. The 33 K and 28 K polypeptide contents of 24-h and 48
      h cultures were higher than those of 72-h and 96-h cultures.

PMID- 1805044
TI  - [Utilization of D-histidine by the derivative strain TA100 of Salmonella
      typhimurium LT 2].
AB  - In general, wild-type gram-negative enteric bacteria are not able to utilize D
      amino acids as the precursors of respective L-amino acids. We found, however,
      that an L-histidine auxotroph mutant, TA100, derived from Salmonella typhimurium
      strain LT 2 and used in the Ames test, showed a biphasic growth curve in the
      presence of both L- and D-histidine at concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml and 100
      micrograms/ml, respectively. L-histidine may be utilized preferentially and then,
      after a short lag, D-histidine may be utilized. The short lag time is therefore
      considered to be the time required for induction of such an enzyme that converts
      D-histidine to L-histidine and for uptake of D-histidine by the bacterial cells.

PMID- 1805045
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA analysis of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the
      colorectum.
AB  - DNA ploidy patterns in 11 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the colorectum
      were examined by flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded specimens. Measurements
      of DNA content were made of the superficial (Sup) half and deeper (Deep) half of
      the primary tumors in all cases, and of lymph node metastases in five cases. All
      the primary tumors showed invasion beyond the muscularis propria of the
      colorectum. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in either Sup or Deep of the primary tumor
      was found in six of the 11 (54.5%) tumors. Out of the six aneuploid tumors, five
      were in Dukes' stage C with distant metastases at the time of operation, and four
      died within one year of surgery. Conversely, out of five diploid tumors, none had
      distant metastases at the time of operation and two survived for longer than
      three years after surgery. The DNA ploidy pattern of Deep differed from that of
      Sup in four out of six aneuploid tumors, and two showed aneuploidy in Sup and
      diploidy in Deep. All the lymph node metastases in the five tumors had a diploid
      pattern, although three had aneuploid patterns in the primary tumors. The
      findings suggest the DNA ploidy pattern of a primary tumor to be correlated with
      the degree of metastasis at the time of operation or prognosis, but the
      population of tumor cells having different DNA contents may be apt to change
      between Sup and Deep in aneuploid tumor.

PMID- 1805047
TI  - Efficacy of internal mammary node dissection in the treatment of breast cancer.
AB  - The present study compares clinical and pathological findings and survival data
      from 410 patients who have undergone extended radical mastectomies in our
      hospital during the 20 years from 1967 with those derived from 261 who underwent
      mastectomies without dissections of the internal mammary nodes, in order to
      determine the value of additional internal mammary node dissection following
      standard radical mastectomy. Extended radical mastectomy was used in 289 of 361
      (80.1%) patients with medial tumors, and in 121 of 310 (39.0%) with lateral
      tumors. Metastases to the internal mammary nodes were found in 18.5% (76) of all
      patients, in 20.4% (59) of the patients with medial tumors and in 14.0% (17) of
      those with lateral tumors. Of the patients with medial tumors, internal mammary
      node metastases were found in seven of 44 (15.9%) at TNM Stage I, and the rate of
      metastases rose with advances in stage. Internal mammary node metastases alone,
      without those to the axillary nodes, were found in 14 patients (4.8%) with medial
      tumors and in two with lateral tumors. The 10-year survival rate in patients with
      medial tumors and metastases to the internal mammary nodes only was 67.0%, which
      was as good as that in patients with metastases to the axillary nodes only. In
      conclusion, extended radical mastectomy was valuable in the treatment of
      relatively early medial breast cancer at TNM Stages I and II.

PMID- 1805046
TI  - Prognostic factors for pleural lymphoma patients.
AB  - Prognostic factors in 47 patients with pleural lymphocytic lymphoma developing in
      chronic tuberculous pyothorax were evaluated using Cox's proportional hazards
      model. There were 41 men and six women, aged 44-80 (median 61) years.
      Approximately 70% of the patients had localized disease in Stages I and II, and
      30% advanced disease in Stages III and IV. Histologically, 27 patients had the
      diffuse large, immunoblastic type and 12 had others. In the other seven patients,
      histological subtyping of the lymphocytic lymphoma was impossible because of
      degenerative or necrotic changes in the histologic specimens. A diagnosis of
      lymphocytic lymphoma of B-cell type was made in one case using combined cytologic
      and surface maker findings on a cell suspension. In addition, immunologic and
      immunohistochemical studies revealed another 40 cases to be proven B-cell
      lymphomas. Poor performance status and elevated levels of BUN and GPT were
      significantly associated with shortened survival in a Cox's proportional hazards
      model. A poor performance status and high levels of serum BUN and GPT suggested a
      marked deterioration in a patient's condition. When compared with previous
      literature describing prognostic factors in patients with B-cell lymphomas and
      with lymphocytic lymphomas with unfavorable histologies or associated with long
      standing inflammations, the only common prognostic factors was performance
      status. The significance of primary site in predicting survival from lymphocytic
      lymphoma is discussed.

PMID- 1805049
TI  - Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the stomach: a case report.
AB  - A case of myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the stomach which developed in a 53-year-old
      man is reported. The tumor was localized mainly in the greater omentum and was
      directly connected to the muscle layer of the stomach. No direct invasion to
      adjacent organs, peritoneal disseminations or distant metastases were noted.
      Histologically, the tumor prominently comprised a myxomatous lesion with a
      cellular area portion. The tumor cells had a bipolar or multipolar shape with
      oval or elongated nuclei, and were scattered in the myxoid stroma which was rich
      in hyaluronic acid. The cellular area showed a fascicular tumor cell arrangement
      and also contained pleomorphic tumor cells with abundant mitoses.
      Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive to vimentin and weakly
      positive to desmin. Ultrastructurally, pinocytotic vesicles and cytoplasmic
      microfilaments with focal densities were found in the tumor cells. It is
      considered important to differentiate between the diagnosis of myxoid
      leiomyosarcoma and that of any other myxoid malignant tumor.

PMID- 1805048
TI  - A randomized trial comparing imipenem/cilastatine alone with latamoxef plus
      tobramycin in febrile neutropenic patients with lung cancer.
AB  - We conducted a randomized trial to compare the efficacy of imipenem/cilastatine
      (IPM/CS) monotherapy with that of a combination of latamoxef (LMOX) and
      tobramycin (TOB) in the initial management of fever and neutropenia in patients
      with lung cancer. Leukocytopenic febrile patients (less than 3,000 leukocytes per
      microliters; temperature greater than 38 degrees C) with lung cancer given
      induction therapy were randomly assigned to receive intravenous treatment with
      either 1 g IPM/CS twice daily or 2 g LMOX plus 90 mg TOB twice daily. A total 101
      febrile episodes were studied. Fifty-one episodes were treated with IPM/CS and 50
      with LMOX+TOB. Fifty-nine of the febrile episodes were bacteriologically
      confirmed, while an organism could not be isolated despite the presence of
      obvious clinical infection in the remaining 42. The response rate was 82% with
      IPM/CS and 80% with combination therapy. This difference was not statistically
      significant. The response rate regarding gram-negative infections was 10 out of
      14 (71%) in the IPM/CS group and seven out of 12 (58%) in the LMOX+TOB group.
      This difference was also not significant (P = 0.484). The response rate in
      severely neutropenic patients (neutrophils less than 100/microliters) was low (P
      = 0.078). Three patients in the IPM/CS group were withdrawn from the study due to
      skin rash and vomiting. Therapy with IPM/CS monotherapy was as effective as a
      combination regimen.

PMID- 1805051
TI  - [Non-drug treatment of patients with hypertension].

PMID- 1805050
TI  - Adenocarcinoma and concomitant intraductal papillary adenoma in the pancreas.
AB  - A 72-year-old man was found to have a 12 mm solid lesion in the pancreatic tail
      and an 8 mm cystic lesion in the body of the pancreas by computed tomography
      carried out during a routine follow-up study of his adult-onset diabetes
      mellitus. A distal pancreatectomy was performed revealing the pancreas to have an
      adenocarcinoma in the tail and a conglomeration of intraductal papillary adenoma
      in the body. A review of the literature disclosed similar coexistences of
      cystadenoma and carcinoma in four patients, none of which was documented with
      preoperative imaging features such as we had.

PMID- 1805052
TI  - [A case of acute focal myocardial necrosis in Duchenne's myopathy].

PMID- 1805053
TI  - [Possibility of non-invasive radiation diagnosis of a partial anomalous
      supracardial entry of the pulmonary vein].

PMID- 1805054
TI  - [Early rapid diagnosis of acute manifestations of ischemic heart disease in the
      pre-hospitalization period using the myoglobin-latex test (correction of
      hemoglobin-latex-text)].
AB  - The application of the myoglobin-latex test was examined to make an early
      diagnosis of myocardial necrosis in the prehospital period. As many as 142
      patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were studied. The test was
      employed in bed patients at home at 1.5-60 hour intervals of the onset of pain.
      The agglutination test was performed by the 5-score minute scale. The results of
      the latex-test were randomly monitored by radioimmunoassay. The mean myoglobin
      levels were 35.4 +/- 7.1 ng/ml (maximum 73.2 ng/ml) in the controls. Acute
      myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 33 patients (at myoglobin levels of 130.3
      459.7 ng/ml) in the first hours of the disease. The test is simple and easy-to
      use. Its practical application in emergency care is an important reserve for the
      early diagnosis of acute myocardial damages.

PMID- 1805055
TI  - [Factors influencing the prognosis in patients with angina pectoris. Significance
      of dynamic coronary occlusion].
AB  - Using the results of a prospective follow-up of 106 patients with angina, the
      authors examined the factors influencing the prognosis of coronary heart disease,
      including the prognostic value of dynamic coronary occlusion detected during an
      intravenous ergometrine test. The indicators that are most typical of patients
      groups with varying outcomes were identified by using the discriminant analysis.
      The highest value is shown by the factors associated with the extent of coronary
      occlusion in the prediction of a fatal outcome. A tendency to vasoconstrictive
      reactions shown as a high sensitivity to ergometrine is a risk factor of
      myocardial infarction and acute heart failure in individuals highly tolerant to
      exercise.

PMID- 1805056
TI  - [Comparing the informative value of bicycle ergometry and treadmill tests in the
      evaluation of the coronary reserve].
AB  - The diagnostic potentialities of bicycle ergometry (BEM) and treadmill test were
      comparatively analysed in 57 males aged 37-64 years who were examined to detect
      coronary heart disease. In 34 cases, the results of BEM and treadmill test were
      consistent, of them 13 were positive, 15, negative, 3 intermediate, and 3
      inadequate. With positive results, the treadmill test was more reliable than BEM
      in revealing the criteria for ischemia from statistically significantly more
      pronounced ST-segment depression at a lower threshold heart rate. Inconsistency
      of the BEM and treadmill test results was found in 23 cases. In 14 of 18 patients
      who had indefinite BEM results, the treadmill test allowed one to make a definite
      conclusive diagnosis, showing 6 positive and 8 negative results. This is
      accounted for by lower cases when the treadmill test was discontinued due to a
      hypertensive reaction of blood pressure or fatigue. The study indicated that the
      treadmill test was more sensitive and better tolerated than BEM.

PMID- 1805057
TI  - [Stress-Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in an
      ambulatory setting].
AB  - Coronary arteriography, bicycle ergometry and transesophageal atrial pacing (TAP)
      in combination with Doppler echocardiography (stress-Doppler echocardiography)
      were used to evaluate cardialgias in 30 outpatients. Stress-Doppler
      echocardiography showed a high (94%) sensitivity and a high (86%) specificity to
      detect coronary heart disease (CHD). There was a high correlation (r = 0.79, p
      less than 0.001) between the wall motion values obtained by echocardiography
      during TAP and coronary rating. The left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling (DF)
      was studied by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography in the postpacing period. The
      Doppler-derived parameters of LV DF obtained in that period appeared to be
      moderately sensitive (75%) and specific (64%) in detecting CHD. In post-pacing
      ischemia, the "pseudonormalized" LV filling pattern was observed in 5 of 6
      patients (sensitivity 80%) having three-vessel disease and major left (or
      equivalent) coronary stenosis.

PMID- 1805058
TI  - [Use of isometric exercise to enhance the diagnostic value of dipyridamole
      testing in patients with angina pectoris].
AB  - A dipyridamole test was performed in 40 patients with coronary heart disease who
      were divided into 2 groups, each consisting of 20 subjects. The dipyridamole test
      alone was performed in the patients from Group 1, while the agent was given by
      using manual dynamometry and increasing venous return in those from Group 2.
      Positive results were obtained in 55 and 85%, respectively (p less than 0.05).
      The mean dipyridamole dose was 0.64 mg/kg for Group 1 patients and 0.48 mg/kg for
      Group 2 patients (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 1805059
TI  - [24-hour ECG monitoring in young patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The paper presents the results of the study into the diagnostic potentialities of
      24-hour ECG monitoring in young patients. The monitoring is a sensitive and
      informative technique for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease in young
      patients, allowing the signs of coronary insufficiency to be revealed in 91.4% of
      the patients with verified coronary heart disease. The young patients were
      demonstrated to have ischemia accompanied by ST-segment elevation, presumably of
      vasospastic genesis.

PMID- 1805060
TI  - [Accelerated exercise test for the evaluation of transesophageal cardiac pacing].
AB  - The diagnostic potentialities of the unique procedure of transesophageal cardiac
      pacing (TECP) exercise test were examined. The accelerated one-stage TECP test
      was started just at a rate equal to the heart rate submaximal for a patient's
      age, and continued up to 1 min. The test was considered to be positive with
      horizontal or obliquely descending ST segment depression greater than or equal to
      2 mm. The procedure was used to examine 116 patients: 75 with coronary heart
      disease and 41 with neurocirculatory dystonia. A high (93 versus 84%) diagnostic
      sensitivity was displayed by the proposed modified exercise test versus the
      graded test. Noteworthy, it is possible to substantially reduce the duration of
      exercise test (1 min versus 5-7 min of the graded test). The accelerated TECP
      test is safe for patients, easy-to-use and fails to cause any complications.

PMID- 1805061
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease in the subacute period of
      myocardial infarction and post-infarct cardiosclerosis depending on the status of
      coronary arteries].
AB  - Multifactor discriminant analysis was used on a computer to examine 100 patients
      with myocardial infarction in the subacute period (at week 4 of the disease
      onset) and 76 in the postinfarction period (at months 2-120 of postinfarction). A
      complex of clinical and coronary signs was defined, which differentiated patients
      with subacute myocardial infarction and postinfarct cardiosclerosis, as well as
      those with postinfarct stable and progressive angina pectoris.

PMID- 1805062
TI  - [Role of the neurohormonal regulatory system in the development of impaired
      electrolyte profiles in chronic circulatory insufficiency].
AB  - The parameters of electrolyte profile and some neurohumoral regulatory systems
      were compared in 257 patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency (CCI)
      secondary to coronary heart disease in the presence or absence of essential
      hypertension. The results obtained showed that not only the increased function of
      the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but the higher activity of the
      sympathoadrenal system in the presence of weakened adrenocortical glucocorticoid
      and epiphyseal functions late in CCI played a role in the mechanisms responsible
      for sodium retention in the patients with the disease.

PMID- 1805063
TI  - [Central and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with heart failure treated with
      isolated ultrafiltration (rheographic data)].
AB  - A total of 30 patients with Stage IIB-III (by the classification made by V. Kh.
      Vasilenko and N. D. Strazhesko) heart failure were studied. The preload decrease
      resulted from isolated ultrafiltration sessions was found to lead to improved
      central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, as evidenced by higher cardiac
      output that caused a reduction of total peripheral vascular resistance. With the
      multimodality therapy performed in the postultrafiltration period, the reduced
      total peripheral vascular resistance was followed by diminished edema of
      parenchymal organs. In the postinfiltration period, the isolated ultrafiltration
      induced improvement in peripheral hemodynamic parameters was associated with
      abundant fluid transition from the interstitial space and with a profound
      decrease in tissue edema and pressure.

PMID- 1805064
TI  - [Cardiac contractility in males with post-infarction cardiac sclerosis as
      evidenced by ultrasonic scanning].
AB  - The relationship was examined between the severity of heart failure, the degree
      of asynergy and exercise tolerance in 40 males under 60 years with postinfarction
      cardiosclerosis. Fifteen healthy males were matched for as a control.
      Echocardiography was performed before and after bicycle ergometer exercise test,
      allowing the patients to be divided into 4 groups: Groups 1 and 2 without an
      ischemic response in the absence or presence of akinesia or dyskinesia,
      respectively; Groups 3 and 4 with an ischemic response in the absence or presence
      of akinesia or dyskinesia, respectively. The lowest exercise tolerance was
      observed in Group 4. Echographic findings showed that the overall left
      ventricular contractility was diminished in all the patients; there was no
      noticeable quantitative difference in the values between the groups. No
      differences were found in segmental ejection fractions. The combination of
      ischemic response to exercise tolerance and akinesia-dyskinesia asynergy
      indicates a more severe disease of the coronary bed and myocardium.

PMID- 1805065
TI  - [Evaluation of the hemodynamic effects of the long-acting peripheral vasodilator
      flosequinan in patients with chronic heart failure].
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of the peripheral vasodilator flosequinan, 100 mg/day,
      were evaluated in 20 patients with Stage IIA-IIB (the Lang-Strazhesko-Vasilenko
      classification) heart failure. The doses of digoxin and diuretics were found to
      be stable. The right cardiac cavities and pulmonary artery were catheterized by
      Swan-Ganz balloon catheters. The agent was demonstrated to produced profound
      effects showing decreased pre- and afterload when given both in a single dose or
      in course therapy.

PMID- 1805066
TI  - [Pathophysiologic aspects of cardiomyopathy (experimental and clinical)].

PMID- 1805067
TI  - [Effects of emoxipine on lipid peroxidation in patients with chronic heart
      failure].
AB  - Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was studied in 90 patients with chronic heart failure
      (CHF) in relation to the disease stage. The patients with various CHF showed
      increased LPO and decreased antioxidative function. Impaired LPO was more
      pronounced in patients with Stage II CHF. To correct LPO processes, emoxipine, a
      new synthetic antioxidant, was used in 48 patients. The agent in a dose of 40
      mg/day was ascertained to have a regulatory effect on the oxidative-antioxidative
      system in patients with heart failure. A more profound effect was observed in
      patients with Stage I patients. The main mechanism of the antioxidative action of
      emoxipine in CHF was to enhance glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase
      and to lower the level on dienic conjugates in patients with Stage IIB CHF.

PMID- 1805068
TI  - [First experience in clinical trials of the new domestic drug acediprol used in
      the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias].
AB  - The antiarrhythmic effect of sodium valproate (acidoprol) on the degree of
      arrhythmic manifestations was examined in 18 patients with neurocirculatory
      dystonia (NCD) and 19 with coronary heart disease (CHD). A 24-hour ECG monitoring
      and recording were performed on emotional stress and exercise. The antiarrhythmic
      effect of the agent was evaluated by the blind method and placebo. The course of
      its therapy was found to reduce the frequency of ventricular premature
      contractions in 14 patients with NCD and to substantially limit or eliminate the
      arrhythmogenic effect of emotional stress and exercise. In CHD, the
      antiarrhythmic effect of acedoprol was less, it being shown only by 6 patients,
      but the effect failed to occur during exercise. However, the arrhythmogenic
      effect of emotional stress in CHD was significantly limited. Thus, the GAMA
      ergic, stress-limiting system activator acedoprol has antiarrhythmic activity in
      cardiac patients, but its activity is drastically pronounced in NCD and less
      marked in CHD.

PMID- 1805069
TI  - [Electrophysiologic study of the anti-arrhythmic mechanism of action of
      phosphocreatine in acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion].
AB  - To determine the possible application of exogenous phosphocreatine (ePC) to
      protect the ischemic myocardium from reperfusion abnormalities in cardiac rhythm,
      the antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory activities of the agent were studied in
      an acute myocardial ischemia model and reperfusion-induced cardiac damage. It was
      shown that ePC produced a pronounced antifibrillatory effect in acute coronary
      occlusion and subsequent reperfusion. The agent substantially increased the
      threshold of electric ventricular fibrillation and the frequency of spontaneous
      defibrillation. The highest activity was shown by ePC in ischemic myocardial
      reperfusion. The agent suppressed both rapid inward Na+ current and slow inward
      Ca2+ current. The effects of ePC on transmembrane ion currents suggest that the
      agent has a unique electrophysiological mechanism of action involving the
      properties of Classes I and IV antiarrhythmics, making ePC promising in clinical
      application in patients with impaired conduction and automatism.

PMID- 1805070
TI  - [Time course of relationships of some pathogenetic factors in acute myocardial
      infarction in rats].
AB  - The correlation was examined between the ischemic and necrotic areas, the extent
      of necrosis, pulmonary tissue edema and duration of early postocclusive
      arrhythmias in the first 4 hours after coronary occlusion in rat experiments. An
      hour following coronary ligation, the ischemic area was shown to determine the
      sizes of a necrotic area, duration of early postocclusive arrhythmias and
      pulmonary tissue edema. Two hours after myocardial infarction simulation, there
      was a correlation between the sizes of a ischemic area and pulmonary tissue
      edema. Four hours after coronary occlusion, the edema of pulmonary tissues was
      closely related to the sizes of a form necrotic area.

PMID- 1805071
TI  - [Effect of echinochrom on experimental myocardial reperfusion injury].
AB  - Echinochrom, a new antioxidant of the polyhydroxynaphthaquinone class, was tested
      for its cardioprotective activity in a model of occlusive reperfusion myocardial
      infarction (90-min occlusion and 4-hour reperfusion) in the acute experiments
      with open-chest dogs. The bolus intravenous injection of echinochrom in a dose of
      1 mg/kg 5 min before reperfusion caused a significant (over 40%) reduction in the
      size of a necrotic focus. A supplementary administration of echinochrom 5 min
      after the onset of ischemia failed to contribute to a significant enhancement of
      its protective effect, suggesting that there is no substantial effect of the
      agent on ischemic lesion. The efficacy of echinochrom given after prolonged
      ischemia, low effective doses, and no adverse effects create prerequisites for
      using the drug in the clinical setting.

PMID- 1805072
TI  - [Epidemiologic features of the risk factors for arterial hypertension in social
      and living conditions and its relation to the labor pattern in female workers at
      a large industrial enterprise].
AB  - A relationship was examined between the blood pressures and the social and living
      conditions in 2026 female workers at a ship-repairing plant. The persons having a
      primary or incomplete secondary education and those periodically working at night
      were demonstrated to constitute an elevated blood pressure risk groups. The
      regression analysis indicated that the blood pressure values were significantly
      affected by the following variables: education, extra or overtime work, average
      income per household, and living conditions. The influence of social and living
      factors on the systolic blood pressure was 9.4% of the total number of impacts.
      This parameter accounted for 7.9% for diastolic blood pressure. The examination
      of the relationship of blood pressure to the labour pattern in the female workers
      demonstrated a significant increase in the mean systolic and diastolic pressures
      and in the incidence of systolic and diastolic arterial hypertensions in manual
      workers. The social and living conditions and the labour pattern can exert a
      substantial action on the blood pressure values in females, so they may be
      regarded as risk factors for arterial hypertension and borne in mind in
      implementing therapeutical and prophylactic measures to control arterial
      hypertension at the industrial enterprises.

PMID- 1805073
TI  - [Disputable aspects of the etiology, pathogenesis and therapy of diabetic
      microangiopathy].

PMID- 1805074
TI  - [Difficulties in diagnosing mitral valve diseases].

PMID- 1805075
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal disorders in primary practice.

PMID- 1805076
TI  - Bullet embolus to the ascending aorta following a gunshot wound to the chest.

PMID- 1805077
TI  - Vanderbilt morning report. A case of abdominal pain and fever one month after a
      renal artery bypass procedure.

PMID- 1805078
TI  - [Study of the capillary microscopy changes in scleroderma and their association
      with organ disease, clinical manifestations and disease progression].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The changes of nailfold capillaries detected by capillary microscopy
      is a characteristic frequently observed in systemic sclerosis. The relationship
      between the different capillary microscopic changes and clinical manifestation,
      organic disease and disease progression were studied. METHODS: Sixty-three
      patients were studied in whom capillary microscopy was performed and organic
      disease was determined by analytical and morphological examination. The presence
      of association between the capillary microscopic signs and clinical manifestation
      and disease progression were investigated by the chi-square and Fisher tests.
      RESULTS: Capillary microscopic alterations were found in 95% of the patients. The
      extense capillary loss was associated as statistically significant to the diffuse
      form of scleroderma. Statistically significant associations were not found
      between the different capillary microscopic signs and disease progression and
      organic disease (global and individual per each organ). CONCLUSIONS: Although
      capillary microscopic changes are present in most scleroderma patients they are
      not useful in the evaluation of organ involvement of the disease. The presence of
      extense capillary loss is linked to worse prognosis in its association to the
      diffuse form of scleroderma.

PMID- 1805079
TI  - [Lymphomas originating in the otorhinolaryngeal region: 10 years' experience].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) originated in the
      otorhinolaryngological (ORL) area are rare diseases and its therapy is poorly
      established. METHODS: The diagnostic features, treatment and outcome based on
      therapy of 34 NHLs originated in the ORL area and seen in the Oncology Service
      from the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau during a ten year period were
      reviewed. RESULTS: The predominant primary localization was the tonsil (17
      patients), followed by rhinopharynx (8), massive involvement of Waldeyer's ring
      (4), and oropharynx, maxillary sinus and larynx in the remaining cases. In 26
      patients the diagnosis was high-grade lymphoma. The stage distribution was 8
      patients (24%) in stage I, 16 in stage II (47%), 3 in stage III (9%), and 5 in
      stage IV (16%). The treatment was heterogeneous and consisted in chemotherapy in
      29 patients (38%), radiotherapy in 5 (15%) or the combination of both in 16
      (47%). Eleven patients relapsed (38%), more commonly those treated with
      radiotherapy. The specific actuarial survival was 69%. CONCLUSIONS: NHL
      originated in the ORL area are uncommon neoplastic diseases, with a commonly
      dramatic response to chemotherapy. This should be the initial therapeutic
      modality in all cases.

PMID- 1805080
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma: clinical review of 21 cases].
AB  - BACKGROUND: To review the series of patients with pheochromocytoma diagnosed in
      this institution from 1976 to 1990. METHODS: The main clinical features and
      presentation of 21 patients (13 women and 8 males) with mean age 40 +/- 13 years
      were reviewed. Urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and total
      catecholamines had been measured. Abdominal echography, computed tomography (CT),
      adrenal scintigraphy and magnetic resonance (MR) had been used as localizing
      techniques. RESULTS: The main clinical feature was hypertension (86%), which was
      paroxysmal in 57% of patients. 9% were totally asymptomatic at the time of
      diagnosis. The following diseases were associated: thyroid medullary carcinoma
      (TMC) in one case, diabetes mellitus (5), cholelithiasis (3), contralateral
      nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma (2), and renal artery stenosis (1). The values of
      urinary catecholamines were high in all cases, while that of VMA was falsely
      negative in 33%. Echography localized the tumor in 10 of the 13 cases where it
      was carried out, and so did CT in 15 out of 15, scintigraphy in 6 out of 9 and MR
      in 5 out of 5. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension, either paroxysmal or not, and increased
      perspiration were the most remarkable clinical features. VMA measurement has a
      small diagnostic value. Among the localizing techniques that were used, CT and MR
      had the highest yield.

PMID- 1805081
TI  - [Lymphatic malformation and chyluria: presentation of a treated case without
      relapse].
AB  - Chyluria is a consequence of the aperture of one or more perirenal lymphatic
      vessels to the renal pelvis, and is characterized by milky urine, rich in
      protein, lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides. Where there is chyluria there is
      malformation of the chyliferous vessels of the small intestine associated to
      hypoplasia of Pecquet's cistern. A 22 year old patient who had had persistent
      chyluria since the age of 16 is presented with a test of induced hyperlipidemia
      typical of intestinal lymphatic malformation. Chyluria was demonstrated by
      lymphography by bilateral pedial approach and ascending pyelography. Following
      surgical ligation of the lymphatic vessels of the left kidney the chyluria
      remitted and the patient has had no further clinical manifestation up to the
      present, one year after surgery.

PMID- 1805082
TI  - [Generation of personal bibliographic files by downloading and importation of
      Indice Medico Espanol in CD-ROM to dBASE III+].

PMID- 1805083
TI  - [Pituitary apoplexy].

PMID- 1805084
TI  - [Opinion concerning abortion].

PMID- 1805085
TI  - [Rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate. Study of 67 patients].

PMID- 1805086
TI  - [Epilepsy in Spain: comments concerning an unusual factor in decompensation].

PMID- 1805087
TI  - [Cough induced by inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme].

PMID- 1805088
TI  - [The English expression half life].

PMID- 1805089
TI  - [Computer knowledge of medical students. Study in the Teaching Unit at the
      Hospital Universitario del Mar (Barcelona)].

PMID- 1805090
TI  - Transient activation of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: acetyl-CoA
      acetyltransferase during the incubation of macrophages.
AB  - The activity of the platelet-activating factor (PAF)-synthesizing enzyme, 1-O
      alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPAF):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC
      2.3.1.67) in alveolar macrophage lysate was found to be elevated after warming
      the cells to 37 degrees C. Such an increase in enzyme activity was detectable
      only when intact cells were warmed. The stimulation was transient, reaching a
      peak at 2 min, and then gradually decreased to the control level. We could not
      find increased PAF formation in warmed cells which had increased
      acetyltransferase activity, even though substantial amounts of lysoPAF were shown
      to be present within cells. In contrast, considerable amounts of PAF were formed
      after treatment of the cells with exogenous lysoPAF. These results suggest that
      the activation of acetyltransferase is not sufficient to induce PAF formation and
      that the increased availability of substrates, especially lysoPAF, in the cells
      is indispensable for triggering PAF biosynthesis in this type of cells.

PMID- 1805091
TI  - Fatty acid composition of subcellular particles from sheep platelets and
      topological distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acids in the plasma
      membrane.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in subcellular fractions
      of sheep platelets and the asymmetrical distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE) fatty acyl chains across the plasma membrane were examined. The main fatty
      acids of total lipid extracts were oleic (18:1; 32-41%), linoleic (18:2, 10-17%),
      stearic (18:0; 13-15%), palmitic (16:0; 11-15%) and arachidonic (20:4; 8-12%)
      acids, with a saturated/unsaturated ratio of about 0.4. Each phospholipid class
      had a distinct fatty acid pattern. Sphingomyelin (SM) showed the highest degree
      of saturation (50%), with large proportions of behenic (22:0), 18:0 and 16:0
      acids. The main fatty acid in PE, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) was 18:1n-9. Our findings suggest that fatty acids are asymmetrically
      distributed between the choline versus the non-choline phospholipids, and also
      between plasma membranes and intracellular membranes. The transbilayer
      distribution of PE fatty acids in plasma membranes from non-stimulated sheep
      platelets was investigated using trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS). A
      significant degree of asymmetry was found, which is a new observation in a non
      polar cell. The PE molecules from the inner monolayer contained higher amounts of
      18:2 and significantly less 18:1 and 20:5 than those found in the outer
      monolayer, although no major differences were detected in the transbilayer
      distribution of total unsaturated versus saturated PE acyl chains.

PMID- 1805093
TI  - Arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 levels in gingiva and
      submandibular salivary glands of rats fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids.
AB  - The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene
      C4 (LTC4) levels in rat salivary glands and gingiva was examined in two separate
      nutritional studies. In the first set of experiments, two groups of male weanling
      Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing 10% corn oil (control
      group) or 10% menhaden oil (experimental group). Rats were killed after 8 wk on
      the diets; the fatty acid composition of total phospholipids and the
      concentrations of PGE2 and its precursor, arachidonic acid, were measured in
      gingiva and submandibular salivary glands (SMSG). Dietary n-3 fatty acids were
      incorporated into the tissue phospholipids. Arachidonic acid levels were reduced
      by 56% in gingiva and SMSG of rats fed menhaden oil compared with the control
      rats fed the diet containing corn oil. The concentrations of PGE2 in SMSG and
      gingiva of rats fed the diet containing menhaden oil were reduced by 74% and 83%,
      respectively. In a subsequent nutritional study, we tested whether the diet
      induced reduction in tissue arachidonic acid levels would also result in a
      corresponding decrease in LTC4 production. Three groups of rats were fed diets
      containing 5% corn oil (group 1), 4% ethyl ester concentrate of n-3 fatty acids
      plus 1% corn oil (group 2), or 5% ethyl ester concentrate of n-3 fatty acids
      (group 3). After 6 wk of feeding, gingiva and SMSG were analyzed for arachidonic
      acid content and in vitro production of LTC4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805094
TI  - Cholesterol metabolism in the rat lactating mammary gland: the role of
      cholesteryl ester hydrolase.
AB  - An acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity associated with a fraction
      containing mitochondria and lysosomes from rat lactating mammary glands was found
      to have a pH optimum of 5.0. Its sedimentation pattern was closely related to
      that of the lysosomal enzyme markers acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase,
      suggesting that the activity is associated with the lysosomes. The enzyme was
      strongly inhibited by Cu2+, but was inhibited little by other divalent metal
      ions. Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was almost completely abolished
      by p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, but this effect was reversed in the presence of an
      equimolar concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating that the enzyme
      requires free sulfhydryl groups for activity. These properties are similar to
      those of acid, lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolases found in other tissues.
      Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was 8-14 fold higher in mammary tissue
      from lactating as compared to virgin rats. Neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase
      activities associated with the microsomal and cytosolic subcellular fractions
      were also increased in lactating glands, but to a lesser extent. In addition, a 2
      fold increase in the activities of both the acid and microsomal neutral enzymes
      was seen during the first few days of lactation, while the cytosolic neutral
      activity remained constant. These results suggest that mammary gland cholesteryl
      ester hydrolases have a role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in
      mammary cells, and in the provision of cholesterol for secretion into milk.

PMID- 1805092
TI  - Effect of ethanol on low density lipoprotein and platelet composition.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanol (EtOH) dose
      on low density lipoprotein (LDL) and platelet composition. Male squirrel monkeys
      were divided into three groups designated Control, Low, and High EtOH, and fed
      isocaloric liquid diets containing 0%, 12%, and 24% of calories as EtOH,
      respectively. After four months of treatment, monkeys fed the 12% alcohol dose
      had LDL and platelet cholesterol concentrations similar to Controls. By contrast,
      platelet membranes from High EtOH animals contained significantly more
      cholesterol which was associated with higher levels of plasma LDL cholesterol and
      apolipoprotein B. Blood platelet count, size, and mass were similar for all
      groups and circulating platelet aggregates were absent in the two alcohol
      cohorts. Despite elevations in platelet cholesterol mass and thromboxane A2
      (TXA2) precursor, phospholipid arachidonate, platelet responsiveness, measured as
      thromboxane formed in response to a collagen challenge in vitro, and the
      cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, were not significantly altered by high dose
      alcohol. Normal platelet activity in High EtOH monkeys may have resulted from a
      significant increase in the platelet phospholipid polyunsaturated/saturated fatty
      acid ratio and a non-significant increase in platelet phospholipid mass, both of
      which would have a fluidizing effect on platelet membranes. Our data indicate
      that low EtOH intake has no effect on platelet composition and function while
      unfavorable platelet cholesterol enrichment following consumption of high dose
      ethanol may arise from elevations in plasma LDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805096
TI  - Effect of dietary fat on rat liver microsomal and mitochondrial/lysosomal
      dolichol, phospholipid and cholesterol.
AB  - The influence of different fat diets on liver phospholipid, cholesterol and
      dolichol was studied. Rats were separated into four groups and fed standard
      laboratory chow (control), a diet containing linolenic acid, a coconut oil diet,
      or a corn oil-containing diet. After five weeks, microsomes and
      mitochondrial/lysosomal fractions were prepared from the liver, and lipid
      compositions were analyzed. No changes in phospholipid content were observed. In
      control animals, the fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine in the two subfractions were similar. However, these two
      phospholipids showed different fatty acid patterns, which were altered
      independently upon dietary treatment. The dietary treatments resulted, in most
      cases, in decreased cholesterol and dolichol contents and, especially in
      microsomes, in a decreased level of esterification of both lipids. The fatty acid
      compositions of cholesteryl esters in the two subfractions showed significant
      differences and cholesterol was esterified to a large extent with linolenic acid
      when this fatty acid was supplied in the diet. The same dietary treatment exerted
      different effects on the cholesterol localized in the two different intracellular
      compartments. This difference was most pronounced in rats fed the corn oil
      containing diet; microsomal cholesteryl esters exhibited increased saturation,
      whereas cholesteryl esters exhibited increased saturation, whereas cholesteryl
      esters in the mitochondrial/lysosomal fraction displayed decreased saturation.
      Dolichyl esters in the two cellular compartments had different fatty acyl
      compositions, with a considerably higher degree of saturation in microsomes. The
      various diets influenced the nature of the fatty acid moieties present in the
      isolated fractions and the effects on the two subfractions were
      opposite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805095
TI  - Effects of perturbations in hepatic free and esterified cholesterol pools on bile
      acid synthesis, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, HMG-CoA reductase, acyl
      CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase.
AB  - Effects of expansion of the hepatic free cholesterol pool on bile acid and
      cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis were examined in rats fed cholesterol in
      high-fat diets or treated with oleyl-p-(n-decyl)-benzenesulfonate (ODS) or
      progesterone. Cholesterol feeding for 10-16 days, which increased free (33%) and
      esterified (6-fold) cholesterol, had no effect on cholate synthesis, total bile
      acid synthesis, or cholate turnover, whereas these activities were increased 60
      80% by ODS and progesterone, which produced only small increases (19%) in free
      cholesterol. Cholesterol feeding reduced beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl (HMG)
      CoA reductase (72%) and cholesteryl ester hydrolase (48%) and increased acyl
      CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (184%), whereas ODS and progesterone reversed
      these compensatory responses in cholesterol-fed rats. Cholesterol 7 alpha
      hydroxylase was changed no more than 22% by any treatment. A bolus of ODS
      elevated biliary cholesterol output 41% and shifted biliary bile acid synthesis
      and composition toward 12-deoxy bile acids. These effects were not seen in ODS
      fed or progesterone-treated rats, in which cholesteryl ester stores were
      depleted. It is concluded that effects of free cholesterol on bile acid synthesis
      and biliary cholesterol are probably mediated by specific precursor or regulatory
      pools which can be independently regulated and which represent a relatively small
      fraction of hepatic free cholesterol.

PMID- 1805097
TI  - Formation of dityrosine and other fluorescent amino acids by reaction of amino
      acids with lipid hydroperoxides.
AB  - Formation of fluorescence by the reaction of various amino acids with lipid
      hydroperoxides, i.e., linoleic acid 13-monohydroperoxide, methyl linoleate 13
      monohydroperoxide and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, in the presence of
      methemoglobin was investigated. Two types of fluorescence were produced:
      fluorescent dityrosine (3,3'-dityrosine) from tyrosine, and unidentified
      fluorophores with alpha- and epsilon-amino groups of various amino acids. While
      the former was stable after treatment with borohydride, the latter fluorophores
      were readily destroyed. The rate of dityrosine formation was rapid, and the yield
      of dityrosine was dependent on the concentrations of tyrosine and the lipid
      hydroperoxides. Butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol inhibited the formation
      of dityrosine, but did not affect the formation of fluorophores on the amino
      groups. Dityrosine appears to be formed by radical reaction of the lipid
      hydroperoxides, while the other fluorophores seem to be created by nonradical
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1805099
TI  - An aldehyde-containing galactolipid from the red alga Gracilariopsis
      lemaneiformis.
AB  - An unprecedented aldehyde-containing digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDAG) has been
      isolated from the red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and structurally defined.
      Its structure was determined as 1-O-[5-hydroxy-12-oxo-dodeca-6(E),8(E),10(E)
      trienoyl]-2-O-p almitoyl-3-O- [-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6,1-alpha-D
      galactopyranosyl]-glycerol by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass
      spectrometry and degradation to simple fragments. The identification of this
      aldehyde-containing DGDAG from G. lemaneiformis, in addition to our previous
      findings of unusual galactolipids, further indicates that this alga has unique
      lipoxygenase capacities.

PMID- 1805098
TI  - Inhibition of the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C hydrolysis of a
      thiophosphate analog of lysophosphatidylcholine by micelle-bound ammonium and
      sulfonium cations.
AB  - Cetyltrimethylammonium and n-octadecyldimethylsulfonium bromides inhibit the
      Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of 1-S
      phosphocholine-2-O-hexadecanoyl-1-mercapto-2-ethanol (1) at pH 7.5, 37 degrees C,
      mu = 0.15 with KCl. Mixed micelles containing 1 and either inhibitor are
      substrates for the enzyme and the fraction of activity remaining is a monotonic,
      but non-linear function of the mole fraction of inhibitor. Simple saturation
      kinetics are observed as the concentration of 1 is increased in mixed micelles
      containing a constant mole fraction of inhibitor. Inhibition constants for
      cetyltrimethylammonium and n-octadecyldimethylsulfonium bromides are 0.66 +/-
      0.04 and 0.25 +/- 0.02 mM, respectively. The data suggest that the significant
      inhibition previously observed for soluble alkyldisulfonium salts (K50 for
      dodecamethylene-bis(dimethylsulfonium) bromide, 27 microM) is dependent upon
      bifunctional cationic interactions rather than hydrophobic binding.

PMID- 1805100
TI  - Problem-based curriculum: outcome evaluation.
AB  - The College of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the Arabian Gulf University (CMMS
      AGU) in Bahrain is, in its innovativeness, unique in the region in that a problem
      based strategy is used in the planning and implementation of the curriculum. The
      first batch of graduates have completed their internship programme in the
      different countries of the region. This paper presents an evaluative study of the
      outcome of the programme in relation to the institutional goals. Assessment of
      the intern's performance in clinical competence, interpersonal relations, self
      directed learning, and their relative standing vis-a-vis graduates from other
      schools was done by supervisors. The findings of the study confirm the relative
      merits of the problem-based curricular strategy in medical education.

PMID- 1805101
TI  - A study of the attitudes of the foundation staff of a new medical faculty to
      problem-based learning.
AB  - The characteristics of the foundation staff of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
      University Faculty of Medicine numbering 18 were studied using open-ended
      questions in an interview setting. All were experienced academically with mean
      total years of experience being more than 20 years. The mean age of 51.7 years
      indicated that the majority of staff interviewed were in the latter stage of
      their academic career. Although one of the criteria for accepting candidates was
      flexibility in their outlook to new teaching learning systems and positive
      attitudes to problem-based learning (PBL), only seven understood PBL and five
      were openly hostile to the system. The reasons for joining the Faculty were
      protean, but most saw the job as being challenging in nature and a change from
      routine. The question is raised whether the selection procedure was appropriate
      and whether more stringent criteria might have been applied, to have included
      attitudinal aspects in addition to the academic achievements of the candidates,
      for the rightly motivated and oriented individual to be appointed.

PMID- 1805102
TI  - Problem-based learning in a surgery clerkship.
AB  - The authors were members of the first group of medical students to participate in
      a newly modified third-year surgery clerkship at the University of Kentucky
      College of Medicine. The primary teaching methodology of this clerkship is
      problem-based learning (PBL). In this type of learning experience, students work
      with paper cases as though they were actual patients, using a method similar to
      that which they will later use as residents or practising physicians. The
      students make the decisions themselves, formulating differential diagnoses,
      eliciting relevant items from a history and physical examination, proceeding with
      a diagnostic work-up, and creating a treatment plan. This problem-based method
      increases students' use of resources, improves their retention of information,
      and helps them develop time management skills. Although the students believe that
      the clerkship as a whole should offer more opportunities for hands-on experience,
      they found the PBL component of the clerkship highly motivating, intellectually
      stimulating, and experimentally satisfying.

PMID- 1805103
TI  - Using case methods effectively in clinical medicine.
AB  - This paper reviews the potential advantages of using case methods in clinical
      medicine, focusing on paediatric medicine as an example. Case methods describe
      possible approaches based on realistic case material which allow the teaching
      learning process to proceed. Cases may be used to illustrate a disease or,
      alternatively, the care of the patient with the disease. It is possible to
      observe and demonstrate data collection, appropriate interviewing, examination
      and interpersonal skills. The clinician may take on a role model for the students
      to emulate, his pastoral role increasing as he gets to know his students better.
      It is essential that the clinician observe and verbalize the diagnostic and
      clinical decision-making processes of the students or himself. Case methods may
      not always provide complete data for each area under consideration, and on
      occasions the clinician may not be fully conversant with the content of the
      problem at hand. Students would need to learn how to function in such situations,
      being set specific learning tasks to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.
      The case material thereby provides a focus to problem-based learning.

PMID- 1805104
TI  - The approach to learning in a traditional medical school.
AB  - The differences existing in learning approaches of students belonging to four
      different classes of a traditional school of medicine in Temuco (Chile) were
      evaluated. Those students were being exposed to the same curricular experience,
      but they were in different stages of medical training by this time. At the moment
      of the study they were at the end of the first, third, fifth and seventh year of
      medical training. The assessment was done using the Lancaster Inventory of
      Learning Approach. It was answered by a total of 143 students (100%). The four
      groups showed very similar scores without significant differences between them.
      According to the final results the meaning orientation was predominant in all the
      groups. This orientation corresponded, to the deep approach to learning of Newble
      & Entwistle (1986). Data were assessed statistically through analysis of variance
      and Scheffe test for multiple comparison.

PMID- 1805105
TI  - Clinical algorithms.
AB  - Clinical flow charts or algorithms are becoming an increasingly popular means of
      summarizing the management of a given clinical situation. However they vary
      greatly in complexity between authors, making comparisons difficult, and
      detracting from their overall usefulness to medical personnel. We have therefore
      reviewed the strengths and weaknesses of many published algorithms. As a result
      of both this and our own experience with clinical algorithms we have identified
      seven essential elements of clinical management. We believe that acceptance of
      these elements would improve the efficiency of clinical algorithms, both as a
      teaching format and as an aid to clinical management.

PMID- 1805106
TI  - Academic professionals.
AB  - Faculty at medical schools form a unique group of people. While they are clearly
      academics many of them also serve in a dual role as professionals. There are some
      medical school faculty, however, who do not fit this role. This paper explores
      the definition of 'professional' and discusses some of the conflicts that may
      develop when academic professionals are mixed with academic non-professionals and
      with practitioners.

PMID- 1805107
TI  - An evaluation of communication skills training for physiotherapy students.
AB  - This evaluation study concerned the modules of communication skills training in
      the second, third and fourth years of an undergraduate programme of study in an
      honours degree course in physiotherapy. Questionnaires were administered to the
      students to ascertain their attitudes to the training programme. Lecturers in
      physiotherapy who were not involved in the training programme were interviewed
      regarding their perceptions of the importance of this communication skills
      training. The results show a positive attitude towards the skills training, and
      the important relationship with good clinical practice was emphasized.

PMID- 1805108
TI  - How we teach the doctor-patient relationship.
AB  - Since the reform of the Italian medical degree in 1988, fourth-year students now
      study the dynamics of the doctor-patient relationship as part of the compulsory
      'methodology of the clinical, therapeutic, prevention and rehabilitation
      approach' course. This work illustrates a pilot scheme carried out at the Milan
      University Medical School and begun shortly before the reform of the Italian
      medical degree. In dealing with the teaching of the doctor-patient relationship,
      the authors look into a relational-psychological perspective which is supported
      by notions and instruments intrinsic to medical pedagogy. The work is handled
      along three main lines: (a) presentation of a relational teaching model and
      definition of teaching objectives; (b) presentation of the methods and techniques
      used (role-playing, videotape recordings, video simulation and group work); and
      (c) discussion on the evaluation criteria.

PMID- 1805109
TI  - Realistic line drawings--a simple technique.
AB  - Medical teachers usually do not have ready access to a resource for obtaining
      good quality illustrations for routine instructional activities and, at times,
      even for presentation of research findings in publications or at seminars. The
      inadequacy is especially apparent when human figures or objects need to be shown
      indicating depth of vision and relative sizes of the parts accurately. Tracings
      of the relevant features made from photographic prints result in very
      satisfactory illustrations. The technique can be used by the average teacher and
      is not time consuming.

PMID- 1805110
TI  - Distance learning in a local setting: a structured learning course for the
      introduction of general practice to undergraduate students.
AB  - This paper describes the development and evaluation of a structured introductory
      course in general practice. Following some of the principles developed in
      distance education, the Department provides everything the student needs for the
      formal learning requirement as well as detailed assistance in how best to tackle
      the selected topics. The course was reported to be demanding, relevant and
      enjoyable. The major areas requiring attention were in reducing the amount of
      reading required, more help in learning to work in small student-run groups and
      more one-to-one supervision of physical examination skills. With further
      refinement the course should be applicable to other medical schools in developed
      countries.

PMID- 1805111
TI  - Measuring the educational needs of doctors for training in child health
      surveillance.
AB  - The educational needs of general practitioners and other doctors wishing to
      provide child health surveillance are unknown. This study determines the needs of
      doctors prior to attending a course in child health surveillance by testing their
      knowledge of childhood immunization, and by self assessment of their skills and
      knowledge in different aspects of surveillance. A child health surveillance
      course must cover a core content to enable participants to reach a required
      standard. Assessment of educational needs allows greater emphasis and time to be
      given to certain aspects, thus making the course of greater educational value and
      more relevant to the participant.

PMID- 1805112
TI  - The great drug policy debate--what means this thing called decriminalization?
AB  - The contemporary debate over decriminalization mimics in almost every respect a
      debate that took place in the 1960s and early 1970s. In both the earlier
      challenges to the status quo and the current attack on the criminalization of
      drug use, critics have stressed the counterproductive consequences of the
      prohibitionist ethos. Although it is unlikely that America will move toward
      decriminalization in the near future, the current debate provides an opportunity
      to examine the underlying premises of the massive expenditure of resources on
      repressive measures.

PMID- 1805113
TI  - The social demography of drug use.
AB  - This review of the epidemiology of drug use and drug dependence/abuse describes
      the overall current pattern of use of mood-changing legal and illegal drugs based
      on the most recently available data, variations in drug use among subgroups in
      the population, and trends in drug use over time. This is the first systematic
      attempt to integrate data on patterns of use with data on drug dependence/abuse.
      In the course of the analysis an effort is made to account for two paradoxes:
      blacks report the lowest rate of drug use in general population studies, yet
      constitute the largest category of treated cases or drug-related casualties.
      Although prevalence of cocaine use in the general population decreased, beginning
      in 1986, morbidity and mortality related to cocaine increased sharply in 1990.

PMID- 1805114
TI  - Drug legalization and the minority poor.
AB  - Since the end of the nineteenth century a pattern of ghetto containment of vice
      has occurred. As a consequence, markets for illegal drugs have tended to become
      concentrated in low-income minority communities. Many minority communities,
      especially in the large cities, have thus been continuously burdened by high
      rates of addiction and drug-related crime. Ahistorical theories of the ghetto
      underclass offer necessary, but not sufficient, explanations for the
      concentration of drug sales and addiction in impoverished minority communities.

PMID- 1805117
TI  - To build a bridge: the use of foreign models by domestic critics of U.S. drug
      policy.
AB  - Domestic critics of American policy concerning illicit drugs have frequently
      looked abroad for evidence to bolster their agenda. Policies developed elsewhere,
      specifically heroin maintenance in Britain and harm reduction in Holland, have
      profoundly affected debate over the American approach to addiction. In each
      instance, the interest in foreign models was whetted by a perceived social
      emergency: the heroin epidemic following World War II and the HIV epidemic of the
      last decade.

PMID- 1805115
TI  - Social behavior, public policy, and nonharmful drug use.
AB  - A body of research conducted over several decades has established that a
      considerable proportion of regular users of heroin, cocaine, and other
      psychoactive drugs continue to function effectively at work and in other areas of
      social life. Yet American policy has been predicated on assumptions of a
      universal course of drug use leading to dependency and dysfunctional behavior. A
      rational drug policy would be shaped in light of a more nuanced understanding of
      the relationship between drug use and socially adaptive and maladaptive behavior.

PMID- 1805118
TI  - Urban street outreach: using clinical principles to steer the system.
AB  - A decade ago, urban street outreach was part of a rapid response to the epidemic
      of homelessness. Today it struggles to develop into a clinical craft that will
      define its own niche in the system of services to the homeless mentally ill.

PMID- 1805119
TI  - Evaluating outreach services: lessons from a study of five programs.

PMID- 1805121
TI  - The "active ingredients" of assertive outreach.
AB  - This chapter discusses twelve principles that have guided the development of a
      large, inner-city assertive outreach program. The program serves clients who are
      at high risk for hospitalization and homelessness.

PMID- 1805120
TI  - Emergency psychiatric intervention on the street.
AB  - The development of outreach approaches to engage and provide services to the
      homeless mentally ill must account for the heterogeneity of the population. The
      homeless mentally ill as a group are symbols of the failure of a comprehensive
      and integrated system of community-based care to develop in conjunction with the
      widespread proliferation of deinstitutionalization policies over the past several
      decades. Life in a community is far more complex and less easily controlled than
      life in an institution. People are free to reject the label of patient and refuse
      all mental health services. An engagement strategy must therefore be devised from
      the knowledge of specific aspects of a person's life in that community, so that
      outreach and networking efforts can be sensitive to the total context of the
      problems experienced by that patient. A multidisciplinary team approach is
      essential to the effort to engage and monitor those chronically mentally ill
      individuals who are at risk for psychiatric and/or medical decompensation. A
      variety of skills are needed, and team members must be flexible about their roles
      on the team. The clinician, while maintaining expert psychiatric, diagnostic, and
      treatment skills, must at the same time be able to adapt to people in their own
      environments, provide them with necessary social and medical services, and
      interface with other agencies working with these persons. The work is very labor
      intensive. It may involve two or more clinicians spending entire days with one
      patient. During a crisis state, these patients will require even more intensive
      attention from multiple team members to prevent decompensation and
      rehospitalization. In conclusion, there is no one intervention style in the work
      of psychiatric outreach. While the type of intervention offered follows from the
      mission of the outreach program, all outreach teams must be able to address the
      totality of needs of people who are fragile and at risk for psychiatric and
      medical decompensation. Case management services cannot be segregated easily from
      the task of crisis intervention in the work with the seriously mentally ill. The
      failure to establish an accessible network of community-based services for those
      chronically disaffiliated populations of mentally ill gives the outreach team the
      critical role of brokering any available services needed to support the
      individual in the community. The flexibility required of the outreach team
      derives both from the scarcity of community-based resources and the heterogeneity
      of the population of chronically ill adults who will most need these
      services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1805122
TI  - Variations in an assertive outreach model.
AB  - The author reviews recent research findings examining variations in an assertive
      outreach model. Mental health system and client characteristics that have
      influenced program implementation are discussed.

PMID- 1805123
TI  - State mental health agency responsibility for outreach.
AB  - Historically, state mental health agencies have narrowly defined their
      responsibility for providing services. Recently, however, many have begun to be
      more assertive in managing community-based systems of care.

PMID- 1805124
TI  - Outreach to older adults: matching programs to specific needs.
AB  - Mental health services for older adults benefit from an outreach approach that
      makes both clients and providers aware of the availability and usefulness of a
      range of programs to address various problems. Coordination of multiple systems
      of care is usually required to provide the necessary complement of services
      needed by older adults.

PMID- 1805125
TI  - Changes in PRO review in Missouri to be more evolutionary than revolutionary.

PMID- 1805126
TI  - Geriatric suicide. A pattern shift?

PMID- 1805127
TI  - The quandary of new technology.

PMID- 1805128
TI  - What is happening to Medicaid? Read and write Congress.

PMID- 1805129
TI  - The future of American medicine: the problems, solutions and predictions.

PMID- 1805130
TI  - Pulse oximetry in evaluation of oxygen needs of patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD).

PMID- 1805131
TI  - Current progress in HIV vaccines.

PMID- 1805132
TI  - Primary pancreatic tuberculosis.
AB  - A 71-year-old man developed weight loss, nausea, and night sweats. A PPD skin
      test was positive; chest films were normal. Abdominal computerized tomography
      revealed a mass in the head of the pancreas. Laparotomy revealed a 3 cm by 5 cm
      multi-loculated abscess cavity. Cultures grew Mycobacterium tuberculum. The
      diagnostic criteria for abdominal tuberculosis include skin test positivity,
      localized disease, and culture verification. This is the first reported case that
      fulfills diagnostic criteria for primary pancreatic tuberculosis.

PMID- 1805133
TI  - Grade 3 bladder cancer with lamina propria invasion (pT1): characteristics of
      tumor and clinical course.
AB  - To determine the clinical characteristics of grade 3 tumors with lamina propria
      invasion (pT1), we reviewed the data of 217 patients with superficial bladder
      cancer who had initially been treated by transurethral resection (193 patients)
      and fulguration (4), supravesical resection (13) or partial cystectomy (7). We
      classified the patients into four groups according to histological grade and
      stage of disease: group 1) grade 0 or 1, pTa tumors (n = 58); group 2) grade 2,
      pTa tumors (n = 106); group 3) grade 2, pT1 tumors (n = 30); and group 4a) grade
      3, pT1 tumors (n = 23). Grade 3, pT1 tumors were significantly related to
      nonpapillary growth (p = 0.0002), multiple tumors (p = 0.005) and irritative
      bladder symptoms (p = 0.01). The 5-year progression rates were 0% for group 1, 5%
      for group 2, 8% for group 3, and 18% for group 4a. The respective 5-year survival
      rates were 97%, 91%, 83% and 79%. All five patients with grade 3, pT1 tumors who
      had originally undergone total cystectomy (group 4b) remained alive free of
      disease for a median follow-up 57 months, establishing a far better survival rate
      than that for group 4a. These findings show that patients with grade 3, pT1
      tumors face a high probability of progression and poor chance of survival.
      Immediate radical treatment is indicated when tumors recur after initial
      transurethral resection.

PMID- 1805134
TI  - Epidemic patterns of hepatitis type B virus (HBV) and human T lymphotropic virus
      type I (HTLV-I) in two ATL-endemic islands in Kyushu, Japan.
AB  - To evaluate the relationships between human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
      and hepatitis virus type B (HBV) infections, we compared both individual and
      geographical distributions of carriers of HTLV-I and HBV, and antibody positives
      to HBV in two ATL-endemic islands in Kyushu, Japan. The positive rates of
      antibodies to HTLV-I (anti-HTLV-I-Ab) in sera among healthy inhabitants older
      than 30 years of age were 27.5% (617/2,232) in Nakadohri, Goto Island and 24.0%
      (500/2,048) in Shimo-agata, Tsushima Island. The positive rates for surface
      antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBs-Ag) in sera among the same subjects were 6.4%
      and 2.5%, respectively. In Nakadohri, the age-adjusted positive rates of HBs-Ag
      and antibody to HBs-Ag (anti-HBs-Ab) in anti-HTLV-I-Ab positives (so-called HTLV
      I carriers) differed little from those in negatives. In Shimo-agata, the
      geographical distribution of HBs-Ag positives (so-called HBV carriers) showed no
      positive association with that of HTLV-I carriers. These results did not support
      the positive correlations between HTLV-I and HBV infections among the general
      population in ATL-endemic areas in Japan.

PMID- 1805135
TI  - Different mechanisms are involved in 3H-androgen uptake by the rat seminiferous
      and epididymal tubules in vivo.
AB  - Proluminal movement of 3H-androgen from peritubular to intratubular fluids of the
      adult rat testis and epididymis was investigated by using in vivo microperifusion
      and subsequent micropuncture of seminiferous tubules and caput, corpus, and cauda
      epididymal tubules. Tubules were perifused with Minimum Essential Medium
      containing 3H-testosterone. 14C-polyethyleneglycol was included in the perifusion
      fluid as a marker for contamination of intraluminal fluid by peritubular fluid.
      Radioactivity of isotopes in interstitial and intraluminal fluids was determined
      at 1 and 2 hours after perifusion and the percentage of peritubular isotopes
      appearing in the intraluminal fluid was determined. Proluminal movement of 3H
      androgen across the seminiferous epithelium was significantly restricted. In
      contrast, intraluminal 3H-androgen concentrations in the caput epididymal fluid
      were 200-300% of those in the peritubular fluid at both 1 and 2 hours after
      perifusion. Similar results were found in the corpus epididymis. 3H-androgen
      concentrations in the cauda epididymal fluid were approximately 125% of the
      peritubular isotope concentrations. The exact mechanism underlying this uphill
      transepithelial movement of 3H-androgen in the rat epididymis continues to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 1805136
TI  - [Functional microscopic imaging of the thyroid gland with the help of analytical
      ion microscopy].
AB  - Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microscopy provides a direct mapping of
      127I in thyroid follicles. Thyroid tissue should be fixed and embedded in
      methacrylate resin, then cut in 3 microns-thick sections which are placed on a
      gold coverslip. The histological structure of the tissue is determined by the
      phosphorus ion (31P) which is present in large amounts in nuclei and
      phosphorylated molecules in the cytoplasm. An image processing system is used to
      superimpose images of 127I and 31P: this system allows measurement of local
      concentration of 127I in the follicular cell and follicular lumen compartments. A
      study in 8 subjects with normal thyroid glands showed that the level of 127I
      within follicular cells (430 +/- 250 micrograms/g; m +/- SE) was 6 to 7 times
      lower than the level in the follicular lumen (2.780 +/- 230 micrograms/g). In
      simple goiter (9 patients with macrofollicular adenomas), follicular lumen (346
      +/- 17 micrograms/g) and cellular (68 +/- 6 micrograms/g) concentrations of 127I
      were decreased fivefold but the ratio of concentrations remained similar to that
      seen in normal tissue. In hyperfunctioning nodules (2 microfollicular and 3
      macrofollicular adenomas), follicular cell and follicular lumen 127I levels
      varied widely and showed considerable overlap (2 to 16,000 micrograms/g and 1
      21,000 micrograms/g, respectively). In benign cold nodules (1 microfollicular
      adenoma and 2 macrofollicular adenomas), follicular cell and follicular lumen
      127I levels were barely detectable (3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g and 6 +/- 0.7
      micrograms/g respectively). In the 9 malignant nodules studied, no difference in
      127I level profile was found with benign nodules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1805137
TI  - [Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy].

PMID- 1805138
TI  - [Bactericidal effect of cefadroxil, amoxicillin alone or in combination with
      clavulanic acid in sera of healthy volunteers].
AB  - Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) provides data on the
      susceptibility or resistance of a bacteria; however, in susceptible bacteria this
      parameter is not predictive of effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent.
      Bactericidal activities of cefadroxil, of amoxicillin, and of the amoxicillin
      clavulanic acid combination on bacteria commonly found in ENT and lower
      respiratory tract disease were studied comparatively. The antibiotics were given
      by the oral route to six healthy volunteers. With beta-lactamase-producing and
      non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, amoxicillin produced
      MICs consistent with susceptibility but failed to exhibit a bactericidal effect,
      whereas cefadroxil was bactericidal. Combination of amoxicillin with an inhibitor
      did not modify this activity on E. coli and failed to produce a bactericidal
      effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae similar to that seen with cefadroxil. Amoxicillin
      with and without clavulanic acid exhibited comparable effectiveness on
      Streptococcus pyogenes and S. Pneumoniae. The bactericidal effect of cefadroxil
      on S. pneumoniae was of similar magnitude but shorter duration than that of
      amoxicillin. Cefadroxil and the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination had
      similar bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus. These antibiotics
      exhibited a time-dependent effect on Gram positive microorganisms. These
      pharmacodynamic data, together with measures of bactericidal activity, may be
      very helpful for selecting the appropriate antibiotic and dosage.

PMID- 1805139
TI  - [Quantimetry and lung heterogeneity in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) treated
      with endotracheal or intrapleural infusion of elastase. Individual and
      contralateral variations].
AB  - Intrapleural administration of elastase was found to induce pulmonary emphysema
      identical to that seen after an endotracheal instillation of elastase in 33% of
      cats and 14% of rats given the treatment [15]. This experiment was repeated using
      hamsters, a species extremely sensitive to elastolytic factors reaching the lung
      via the airways. Linear intercept measurements (Lm) demonstrated no evidence of
      emphysema or alveolar dilatation four weeks after an intrapleural infusion of
      elastase, whereas quantified lung heterogeneity reached 40%, i.e., twice the
      control value; 17% of treated hamsters exhibited a statistically significant
      increase in heterogeneity of the right or left lung. These findings suggest that
      occurrence of alveolar dilatation after administration of a protease is dependent
      on access of the enzyme to the lung; if the enzyme fails to access the lung,
      abnormal lung heterogeneity may develop: this anomaly reflects a strong
      statistical likelihood of a disease state with or without concomitant emphysema,
      as was found in other species under identical conditions.

PMID- 1805141
TI  - [Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in pregnant foreign residents
      in France].
AB  - Blood transfusion and intravenous drug use are the two main modes of transmission
      of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Sexual intercourse seems to play a less
      significant part in transmission of the HCV and data are still lacking on
      vertical mother-to-offspring transmission. HCV seroprevalence was determined in
      1,084 pregnant foreign residents of France living in a single city (Limoges).
      Antibodies to the HCV were detected in sera using both the first and second
      generation Abbott ELISA kits. Sera yielding reproducible positive results with
      either kit were retested with a blocking test (HCV EIA Neutralization, Abbott)
      and a second generation RIBA (Ortho) for confirmation. For screening, use of
      tests detecting both nonstructural and structural antibodies improved results
      noticeably (5 of 16 sera). Use of confirmation tests was found to be
      indispensable. Overall seroprevalence was 1.47%. However, results varied across
      geographic regions or origin, ranging from 0% for Europe, 1.9% for North Africa
      and 1.78% for South-East Asia, to 4.76% for black Africa. These findings
      demonstrated the potential for mother-to-offspring transmission among women from
      high prevalence areas. A prospective study in African an Asian women is being
      considered to evaluate ineffectiveness and transmission using serial serologic
      tests and viral genome detection by polymerase chain reaction studies (PCR).

PMID- 1805140
TI  - [Relationship between virulence and resistance to antibiotics in pneumococci.
      Contribution of experimental data obtained in an animal model].
AB  - Epidemiologic data show that the organ affinity of Streptococcus pneumoniae
      varies across serotypes. As a result of this heterogeneous distribution, exposure
      to antimicrobials is greater for serotypes 6, 14, 19 and 23. Most strains with
      resistance to antimicrobials are found among these four serotypes. Virulence of
      the various serotypes of pneumococci varies with adhesion, enzyme secretion, and
      resistance to phagocytosis. In a mouse model of experimental septicemia, neither
      the origin of strains nor the acquisition of a resistant phenotype modified
      virulence, which appeared as an intrinsic feature specific to each phenotype.
      Strains belonging to serotypes 6, 14, 19 and 23 with or without resistance to
      antimicrobials were only very rarely virulent in the experimental model used. As
      an indirect result, resistance to antimicrobials and virulence were inversely
      related among the strains of S. pneumoniae tested.

PMID- 1805142
TI  - [Apropos of clinical manifestations suggestive of a pheochromocytoma with
      dominant dopaminergic secretion: tumor or metabolic abnormality?].
AB  - The case of a young woman with clinical and biological manifestations suggestive
      of a pheochromocytoma primarily producing dopamine is reported. Whether
      endogenous production of dopamine was due to a tumor or to a metabolic
      abnormality remained unclear.

PMID- 1805143
TI  - Effects of environmental hyperthermia on cardiovascular function in the rat
      embryo.
AB  - Effects of hyperthermia on the cardiovascular function of the mammalian embryo
      have not been well defined. The effect of hyperthermia on the blood flow and
      umbilical artery blood pressure was studied in rat embryos at gestational d 12 by
      using a method developed in our laboratory. When the temperature was changed from
      37 to 42 degrees C, the heart rate increased by 15% (n = 33). Mean umbilical
      artery blood pressure, measured by a servo-null micropressure system, decreased
      from 0.64 +/- 0.05 to 0.53 +/- 0.04 mm Hg (n = 11), whereas blood flow velocity
      at the conotruncus, a measure of cardiac output, obtained by a 20-MHz pulsed
      Doppler ultrasound flowmeter, increased by 36 +/- 11% (n = 11). Mean umbilical
      artery blood flow increased by 66 +/- 13% (n = 11) and its vascular resistance,
      calculated by ratio analysis, decreased from 3.7 (median) to 1.8 units. These
      changes returned to baseline values when the temperature was returned to 37
      degrees C. The change in blood pressure was different from that seen in the chick
      embryo, indicating that there is species difference in the hemodynamic effect.

PMID- 1805144
TI  - Hemodynamic changes and compensatory mechanisms during early cardiogenesis after
      neural crest ablation in chick embryos.
AB  - Microcinephotography was used to study early heart development in chick embryos
      with ablations of the neural crest known to result in persistent truncus
      arteriosus with associated aortic arch anomalies. The premigratory neural crest
      destined for the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches and the aorticopulmonary septum
      were ablated. When the embryos reached the looped cardiac tube stage (stage 18),
      15 experimental and 15 control embryos were filmed at 100 frames/s under
      controlled environmental conditions. End-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions
      were determined for the conotruncus and presumptive right ventricle that together
      compose the bulbus cordis. The results showed that the shortening fractions and
      ejection fractions were significantly depressed in the experimental embryos. The
      experimental embryos exhibited dilation and decreased emptying of the ventricle.
      There was no difference in heart rate or stroke volume between the control and
      experimental embryos. Thus, the calculated cardiac output was the same in the
      control and experimental groups. It appeared that the experimental embryos
      compensated for decreased contractility by ventricular dilation. These functional
      compensations in very early cardiac development may play an etiologic role in the
      subsequent development of structural heart defects.

PMID- 1805146
TI  - Corticosteroids, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and antioxidant enzymes in
      preterm lamb lungs.
AB  - Forty-three twin lamb fetuses of 121 +/- 1 d gestation were catheterized and
      received i.v. saline (n = 8), 0.75 mg/kg/h cortisol for 60 h (n = 15), 5
      micrograms/kg thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) every 12 h for five doses (n =
      9), or cortisol and TRH (n = 11) before delivery at 128 +/- 1 d. After delivery,
      the lambs were randomized for natural sheep surfactant treatment or sham
      treatment, ventilated for 75 min, and killed. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
      glutathione peroxidase activities were measured in fetal lung tissue. Superoxide
      dismutase and catalase activities were increased in both the corticosteroid (p
      less than 0.001) and the corticosteroid with TRH (p less than 0.01) groups.
      Glutathione peroxidase activity was higher after prenatal corticosteroid
      treatment, but statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.06). Although
      prenatal exposure to corticosteroids increased superoxide dismutase, catalase,
      and glutathione peroxidase activities, TRH alone or TRH added to corticosteroids
      provided no additional benefit. Lambs treated with surfactant had higher lung
      catalase activities than lambs that did not receive surfactant, probably
      secondary to the presence of catalase activity in the surfactant preparation.
      Increased pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activity may be an additional feature of
      the overall beneficial effect of corticosteroids on fetal lung development.

PMID- 1805145
TI  - Reversible umbilical cord occlusion: effects on thermogenesis in utero.
AB  - The initiation of thermogenesis at birth is an important adaptation for survival.
      We examined the sequential effects of cooling, increased oxygenation, and
      repeated episodes of umbilical cord occlusion on nonshivering thermogenesis in
      six fetal sheep at 139 to 145 d of gestation. The fetal sheep were cooled by
      circulating cold water through a coil placed around the trunk for 4 h. The fetal
      core temperature fell 2.47 +/- 0.24 degrees C in the first 60 min of cooling with
      minimal changes in plasma FFA and glycerol levels. After fetal arterial O2
      tension was increased above 6.65 kPa by ventilation, fetal temperature and
      thermogenic indices rose significantly in 60 min. After occlusion of the
      umbilical cord by a reversible occluder cuff, plasma FFA levels rapidly increased
      to 635 +/- 69 muEq/L (p less than 0.005) by 30 min, fetal temperature increased a
      further 0.96 +/- 0.20 degrees C (p less than 0.001) and fetal O2 consumption
      peaked at 25.3 +/- 4.9 mL.min-1.kg-1. Release of cord occlusion caused a rapid
      fall in FFA to 149 +/- 23 muEq/L (p less than 0.005) and a fall in fetal core
      temperature of 0.90 +/- 0.13 degrees C (p less than 0.001) in 30 min. After
      irreversibly snaring the umbilical cord, the plasma FFA rose to 611 +/- 83 muEq/L
      (p less than 0.005) and the fetal temperature rose 0.78 +/- 0.09 degrees C (p
      less than 0.02). The effects on thermogenesis of interrupting and reestablishing
      placental flow are rapid and reversible and suggest the presence of placental
      inhibitors of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

PMID- 1805147
TI  - Prenatal hormone treatment with thyrotropin releasing hormone and with
      thyrotropin releasing hormone plus dexamethasone delays antioxidant enzyme
      maturation but does not inhibit a protective antioxidant enzyme response to
      hyperoxia in newborn rat lung.
AB  - Whereas glucocorticoid administration to pregnant rats produces parallel
      acceleration of lung surfactant and antioxidant enzyme system maturation in late
      gestation, prenatal thyroid hormone treatment results in acceleration of
      surfactant maturation, with a paradoxical decrease in antioxidant enzyme (AOE)
      development. In these studies, we tested whether prenatal thyroid releasing
      hormone (TRH) treatment would act like prenatal thyroid hormone on pulmonary
      surfactant and AOE system maturation and whether combined prenatal treatment with
      TRH plus dexamethasone (DEX) would alter these effects. Secondly, we tested
      whether prenatal TRH and prenatal TRH plus DEX would inhibit the ability of
      newborn rats to respond to hyperoxia with protective increases in AOE activities.
      Results of the developmental studies revealed significantly increased fetal lung
      disaturated phosphatidylcholine content with significantly decreased pulmonary
      AOE activities as a result of prenatal TRH treatment that was not reversed with
      the addition of DEX. Combined TRH plus DEX treatment resulted in statistically
      significant decreases in body weight, lung weight, and lung weight to body weight
      ratios at both 21 and 22 d of gestation; growth effects were not seen with TRH
      alone. In terms of hyperoxic AOE response, despite being born with lower baseline
      AOE levels, the newborn animals prenatally treated with TRH or TRH plus DEX were
      able to induce a normal pulmonary AOE response to high O2 exposure. Although
      requiring further investigation, this reassuring finding suggests that clinical
      prenatal therapy with TRH or the combination of TRH plus DEX is not
      contraindicated for those infants delivered prematurely who go on to require
      intensive hyperoxic therapy.

PMID- 1805149
TI  - Maternal weight and sire group, not caloric intake, influence adipocyte volume in
      infant female baboons.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that overfeeding with a high caloric (concentrated)
      formula increases growth without influencing adipocyte volume in preweaning
      infant baboons. Female infant baboons from three sires and 25 dams were fed
      either 67.5 kcal (normal formula) or 94.5 kcal (concentrated formula)/100 g
      Similac formula. Immediately before weaning (19 wk), adipocyte volume was
      measured in biopsied adipose tissue from omentum, flank, and popliteal depots.
      From birth until weaning, infants fed the concentrated formula consumed 20% more
      total calories, averaged 15% more calories/kg/wk, and gained 14% more weight than
      normally fed infants. Adipocyte volume differed significantly among different
      sites (omentum greater than popliteal greater than flank) and among different
      sire groups. Increased caloric intake alone did not increase adipocyte volume.
      There was a small but significant sire by infant formula interaction on adipocyte
      volume. When fed the concentrated formula, progeny from one sire had larger
      adipocytes than normally fed infants, whereas progeny from the other two sires
      had smaller adipocytes or adipocytes that were comparable to infants fed normal
      formula. Variability in adipocyte volume at 19 wk of age was best accounted for
      by maternal weight and sire group (omentum R2 = 0.334, p = 0.026; flank R2 =
      0.532, p = 0.01; popliteal R2 = 0.482, p = 0.01) and not by caloric intake. These
      results suggest that the level of triglyceride deposition into adipocytes
      attained during preweaning growth is determined to a greater extent by genetic
      and other factors rather than caloric intake.

PMID- 1805148
TI  - Hypercalciuria due to combined growth hormone and calcitriol therapy in uremia:
      effects of growth hormone on mineral homeostasis in 75% nephrectomized weanling
      rats.
AB  - The administration of growth hormone (GH) in conjunction with calcitriol in
      uremia may increase urinary calcium and decrease renal phosphate excretion, which
      could have an adverse effect on the kidney in chronic renal insufficiency. The
      effect of 40 d of ovine GH, calcitriol, and the combination of GH and calcitriol
      on mineral excretion was studied in rapidly growing uremic rats. Uremia was
      produced by 75% nephrectomy, and the animals were fed a diet containing 8%
      protein with equal quantities of calcium (0.6%) and phosphate (0.6%). The uremic
      rats treated with ovine GH were significantly longer and heavier than the uremic
      control rats and the uremic rats treated with calcitriol alone. However, the
      combination of calcitriol and GH abolished the beneficial effect of GH on growth
      and increased urinary calcium excretion 4-fold over uremic controls whether
      expressed as calcium excretion per 100 g body weight, urine calcium to creatinine
      ratio, or as fractional calcium excretion. Calcitriol therapy alone also
      significantly increased calcium excretion, but not to the extent that the
      combination therapy did. This increased urinary calcium excretion in the GH plus
      calcitriol group was not associated with an increase in calcium and sodium
      intake, plasma ionized calcium, or urinary sodium excretion. The calcium content
      of the femurs from all uremic rat groups was significantly lower than that of the
      sham control rats; however, there was also no further decrease in bone calcium
      content in the GH plus calcitriol group compared with uremic controls. This
      indicated that bone was not the source of this excess urinary calcium.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805150
TI  - The effects of diabetes on placental lipase activity in the rat and human.
AB  - Lipase activities were measured at pH 4 and pH 8 in the placentas of rats made
      diabetic by streptozotocin treatment and also in the placentas of women
      classified as having 1) impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes, 2) type 1
      diabetes with no associated vascular complication, and 3) type 1 diabetes with
      associated vascular disease. In both sets of experiments, the placentas were
      compared with normal control groups. The placental lipase activity measured at pH
      8 was not significantly different in either streptozotocin-treated rats or
      impaired glucose tolerance/diabetic women as compared with controls, whereas the
      lipase activity measured at pH 4 increased significantly as compared with
      controls in both species. Furthermore, in the women there was a significant
      correlation between placental lipase activity at pH 4 and birth weight in
      impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that the increased
      placental lipase activity may contribute to the increased fetal weight in human
      diabetic pregnancy, by contributing to the increased fat transfer across the
      placenta from mother to fetus.

PMID- 1805151
TI  - Apolipoproteins A-I and B and the B/A-I ratio in the first year of life.
AB  - To investigate early detection of young families with inherited dyslipidemia, we
      assessed changes in circulating apolipoprotein (apo) B and A-I levels and the apo
      B/A-I ratio during the 1st year of life and their relations to parental values.
      After measuring initial dried blood spot capillary blood levels in 919 babies
      when aged 4.25 +/- 0.98 d (mean +/- SD), we recalled at a mean age of 8.5 +/- 2.3
      mo those with levels in one or more of the following categories: the top 5% of
      apo B values (group 1), the top 5% of apo B/A-I ratios (group 2), the bottom 5%
      of apo A-I values (group 3), and a group of 18 infants (group 4) who were not in
      any of the above three categories. We thus obtained serum lipid measurements in
      51 infants and their parents. Two of the 13 group 1 infants had persistent
      hyperapo B at 8.5 mo; there was an inverse relationship between apo B and apo A-I
      levels in this group (p less than 0.001). Two of 11 babies in group 2 had lipid
      profiles consistent with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, none of the
      infants in group 3 had evidence at 8.5 mo of abnormal apo A-I or HDL levels, nor
      did their parents. For groups 1, 2, and 3, there was at 8.5 mo a regression of
      apo B and A-I toward mean levels for the "normal" 18 babies of group 4. In
      contrast, the high apo B/A-I ratios in group 2 remained high (p less than 0.01)
      and showed evidence of tracking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805152
TI  - Analysis of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral
      blood lymphocytes of newborns after vitamin K prophylaxis at birth.
AB  - In many countries vitamin K prophylaxis at birth is recommended to prevent
      bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency. Because the incidence of
      clinical vitamin K deficiency is very low, such a vitamin K administration should
      be completely safe. However, an increase in sister chromatid exchanges in
      lymphocytes of fetal sheep 24 h after injection of vitamin K1 has been reported.
      Therefore, a study concerning genotoxicity of vitamin K1 in man was conducted.
      Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations were analyzed in peripheral
      blood lymphocytes of six newborns 24 h after intramuscular administration of 1 mg
      vitamin K1 and in six control neonates. The mean number of sister chromatid
      exchanges per metaphase in the vitamin K group was 8.88 +/- 1.22 as compared with
      9.05 +/- 1.14 in the control group (NS). The mean number of chromosome
      aberrations per 100 mitoses was 3.00 +/- 2.61 in the vitamin K group and 2.50 +/-
      1.87 in the control group (NS). Vitamin K1 plasma concentrations ranged from 115
      to 1150 ng/mL (255 to 2555 x 10(-9) M) in the supplemented group, a 5000-fold
      rise as compared with the control group (p less than 0.01). We did not find any
      evidence for genetic toxicity due to the administration of 1 mg vitamin K1
      intramuscularly to the newborn child.

PMID- 1805153
TI  - Octenylsuccinic aciduria in children fed protein-hydrolysate formulas containing
      modified cornstarch.
AB  - The excretion of 2-(2'-octenyl)succinic acid (OSA) and several metabolites of OSA
      was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in 17 infants and children
      fed one of three proprietary elemental or protein-hydrolysate formulas that use
      OSA-modified cornstarch as an emulsifying agent. Variable but often large amounts
      (up to 2500 mg/g creatinine) of the fatty acid-like OSA and its metabolites were
      found in the urine of these children, and levels of OSA in their blood ranged
      from 9.5 to 57.9 mumol/L. Apparently secondary abnormalities, such as increased
      urinary levels of glutaric acid and 2-ketoglutaric acid, were also found in more
      than half of the urine specimens. The molecular weight and mass fragmentation
      patterns of the nine compounds associated with the excretion of OSA are
      consistent with the proposal that OSA is metabolized in human infants and
      children by a combination of omega-, omega-1-, and beta-oxidation steps, similar
      to the metabolism of another branched-chain fatty acid, valproic acid. The
      urinary organic acid pattern of children fed elemental formulas containing OSA
      modified starch often was dominated by OSA and its metabolites, and in several
      children the OSA-related changes were mistaken for a primary metabolic disease.
      Physicians and laboratories evaluating children for suspected metabolic diseases
      should be aware of the possibility of abnormal organic acid studies associated
      with OSA-containing formulas.

PMID- 1805154
TI  - Estimating cerebral blood flow in newborn infants: comparison of near infrared
      spectroscopy and 133Xe clearance.
AB  - A new method of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) in newborn infants by means
      of near infrared spectroscopy (CBFnirs) was compared with the i.v. 133Xe
      clearance technique (CBFxe). Forty CBFnirs measurements were obtained during 19
      133Xe measurements in 16 infants; 79 other CBFnirs data sets were discarded
      because the assumptions for their use were not fulfilled. The test-retest
      variation of repeated near infrared-measurements during each 133Xe clearance was
      17.5%. CBFnirs was closely related to CBFxe (r2 = 0.84, p less than 0.0001), with
      a slope of 0.75 (SEM = 0.064) and a intercept of 1.58 mL/100 g/min (SEM = 0.51).
      The difference between the measurements obtained by the two methods (CBFnirs
      CBFxe) was negative in the high range of CBF, whereas the difference was close to
      zero in the low range. We conclude that CBF measured with near infrared
      spectroscopy was in good agreement with the CBF measured with the 133Xe method.
      The near infrared spectroscopy method has the advantage of being noninvasive, and
      it does not involve ionizing radiation. Because of methodologic constraints,
      however, it may underestimate CBF in the high range of flow, and it may have
      limitations of application in clinical research.

PMID- 1805155
TI  - The effect of age on glucose-modulated cerebral agonal glycolytic rates measured
      in vivo by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plasma glucose
      concentration on cerebral agonal glycolytic rates in piglets of different ages.
      Twenty-four piglets were divided into four different age groups corresponding to
      113, 121, 128, and 145 d postconception (normal gestation = 115 d). For each
      group the agonal glycolytic rate was measured by monitoring the rate of cerebral
      lactate accumulation after total ischemia. Ischemia was induced by cardiac
      arrest, and the rate of lactate formation was measured in vivo using proton
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Before cardiac arrest, the blood plasma
      glucose concentration for individual piglets was adjusted to a specific value in
      the range 1-30 mM. The dependence of agonal glycolytic rate upon blood glucose
      concentration was analyzed for each age group, using the Michaelis-Menten
      equation to evaluate Vmax, the maximal rate of glucose utilization, and Km the
      concentration of plasma glucose at which the half maximal rate of utilization
      occurs. Vmax for the two youngest age groups of piglets had significantly
      different (p less than 0.05) values compared with each other (1.38 +/- 0.17 and
      1.92 +/- 0.64 mumol.g-1.min-1, respectively) and with the two older groups of
      animals (2.99 +/- 0.52 and 3.42 +/- 0.65 mumol.g-1.min-1, respectively). The Km
      values determined for the two youngest age groups (0.79 +/- 0.70 and 1.79 +/-
      0.33 mM, respectively) also were significantly lower than for the two older age
      groups (4.96 +/- 2.90 and 4.82 +/- 2.96 mM, respectively). We conclude that
      throughout the first 2 wk of life there are marked increases in the cerebral
      glycolytic capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805156
TI  - Surfactant substitution in ventilated very low birth weight infants: factors
      related to response types.
AB  - We investigated factors than may influence the response to surfactant
      substitution. Thirty-five very low birth weight infants with respiratory distress
      syndrome were treated with Curosurf at 3-12 h of age. From the changes in
      oxygenation, the therapeutic response was categorized as rapid and sustained,
      rapid with relapse, or poor. Phospholipids and surfactant protein A were
      quantified in gastric aspirate samples obtained immediately after birth. They
      showed that 16 infants had accelerated lung maturity, despite clinical and
      radiologic signs of respiratory distress syndrome. Ten of them had suffered from
      birth asphyxia or connatal infection. Nevertheless, 12 of these 16 infants
      responded rapidly to surfactant substitution. Poor response was seen in four
      infants with connatal infection. Of 19 infants with immature lung profile, 18
      showed a rapid initial response to surfactant substitution. Dynamic compliance of
      the respiratory system or arterial blood pressure before substitution, the
      ultrastructure of the surfactant preparation, or persistence of the ductus
      arteriosus did not influence the response type, but fraction of inspired oxygen
      was higher before surfactant substitution in infants with poor response.
      Prognosis was related to short-term response: Of 17 infants who showed a rapid
      and sustained response, none died, whereas eight of 18 infants with relapse after
      rapid initial response or poor response died (p less than 0.05). We conclude that
      surfactant substitution may be beneficial not only in babies with primary
      surfactant deficiency but also in other pulmonary disorders that are common in
      very low birth weight infants. The type of response may be of prognostic value.

PMID- 1805157
TI  - Ontogeny of surfactant proteins A and B in human amniotic fluid as indices of
      fetal lung maturity.
AB  - Surfactant proteins A and B (SP-A and SP-B) were measured in human amniotic fluid
      by ELISA and correlated with lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (L/S),
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and perinatal outcome. Amniotic fluid SP-A, SP-B, and
      L/S increased with advancing gestation. SP-A was detected at 19 wk gestation and
      increased dramatically in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. SP-B was first
      detectable at 31 wk gestation and increased significantly to term. SP-A was a
      more specific predictor of nonrespiratory distress syndrome (RDS) than L/S or SP
      B; however, the sensitivity of SP-A in predicting RDS was less than L/S less than
      2.0 (26.3 versus 82.3%, respectively). In 209 pregnancies assessed within 48 h of
      delivery, the sensitivity of SP-B in predicting RDS (nondetectable SP-B) was
      comparable to the L/S, however, SP-B = 0 was frequently observed in mature
      infants, limiting its specificity for prediction of RDS. The greatest sensitivity
      and specificity were achieved with the measurement of L/S less than 2.0 and
      negative PG, which correctly predicted 100% of the infants with RDS and 94% of
      those who did not develop the disorder. Measurement of SP-A or SP-B did not
      improve the prediction of RDS. SP-A, SP-B, and L/S were not affected by infant
      sex, Apgar score, rupture of membranes, size for gestational age, maternal
      diabetes, hypertension, or exposure to medications. SP-A, SP-B, and L/S were
      significantly elevated in amniotic fluid from black mothers. SP-A was
      significantly elevated in amniotic fluid from mothers who smoked during
      pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805158
TI  - Diaphragmatic electromyogram power-spectral analysis as a function of reduced end
      expiratory lung volume.
AB  - We examined the centroid frequency (Fc) of the electromyogram power-frequency
      spectra from the costal (EMGco) and crural (EMGcr) diaphragms at functional
      residual capacity and at reduced end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) (induced by
      abdominal banding) in six anesthetized newborn piglets. EMGco and EMGcr were
      recorded from bipolar electrodes embedded in the costal and crural diaphragms
      respectively. A fast Fourier transformation of ECG free EMGco and EMGcr was used
      to compute the power-frequency spectra and calculate the Fc of EMGco and EMGcr.
      The nitrogen washout technique was used to measure EELV. Abdominal banding
      induced a reduction in EELV of 30.6% functional residual capacity (range 22-39%).
      The mean Fc of EMGcr was not significantly altered by the reduction in EELV,
      whereas the mean Fc of the EMGco fell in every animal at reduced EELV by 13 +/-
      8% of baseline Fc (p less than 0.05). We conclude that alterations in lung volume
      alone can determine changes in the EMGco power spectrum and Fc. Investigators
      performing EMGco power spectral analysis should consider EELV status when
      interpreting their findings.

PMID- 1805159
TI  - Patent ductus arteriosus increases lung fluid filtration in preterm lambs.
AB  - Previous studies showed that increased pulmonary blood flow from a patent ductus
      arteriosus had little or no effect on the amount of fluid in the lungs of
      mechanically ventilated preterm lambs. The purpose of this study was to examine
      the effect of a patent ductus arteriosus on lung vascular permeability and to see
      whether increased pulmonary lymph flow might compensate for the increased rate of
      fluid filtration. Using a model that allows mechanical control of ductus patency,
      we studied the effects of increased pulmonary blood flow on lung vascular
      pressures in six mechanically ventilated premature lambs at 136 +/- 2 d gestation
      (mean +/- SD) (term = 145 d). We measured lung lymph flow and protein
      concentrations in lymph and plasma to assess pulmonary vascular fluid filtration
      and protein permeability. We studied each lamb during sequential steady state
      periods, first with the ductus open and then with it closed. When the ductus was
      open, pulmonary blood flow was twice what it was when the ductus was closed. Mean
      pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were
      greater with the ductus open [40 +/- 5 torr (5.3 +/- 0.7 kPa) and 8 +/- 3 torr
      (1.1 +/- 0.4 kPa), respectively] than when it was closed [24 +/- 3 torr (3.2 +/-
      0.4 kPa) and 4 +/- 2 torr (0.5 +/- 0.3 kPa), respectively]. When the ductus was
      open, lymph flow was 68% greater and lymph protein concentration was 17% lower
      than when the ductus was closed. Lymph protein clearance (lymph flow x lymph
      protein concentration/plasma protein concentration) was 39% greater when the
      ductus was open.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805160
TI  - Howland Award presentation to Robert E. Cooke.

PMID- 1805161
TI  - Howland Award presentation to Roland B. Scott.

PMID- 1805164
TI  - Tactile hemispheric specialization using a nonsense-shaped formboard.
AB  - The present study reports partial support for right-hemispheric specialization
      for spatial-haptic discrimination when using unfamiliar shapes that were
      intuitively nonverbal, with 40 subjects.

PMID- 1805162
TI  - How can we define the sequential organization of dreams?
AB  - Little is known about the processes of sequential organization of dreams. To
      conduct experiments aimed at studying how this organization compares with that of
      waking narrative or day-dreams and whether it is specific to individuals or to
      phases of sleep, a preliminary analysis must be accomplished. We must be able to
      define the sequential organization of reported dreams. The present paper proposes
      a way to define this aspect of dreams, using different categories of connection
      between the successive events represented and a schematic representation of the
      sequence of events constituting the dream. Such analyses are based on a
      segmentation of the dream report into units at a semiotic level which does not
      correspond to the linguistic units of the report. Material collected in an
      interview on the day following the dream recording helps us to analyze the
      sequential organization. Examples of the method of definition of this
      organization are given. An analysis of the example shows that semantic links
      connect successive scenes of the dream that seem completely discontinuous from a
      narrative point of view.

PMID- 1805163
TI  - Mathematical abilities of preschool children as measured by the aptitude test for
      school beginners.
AB  - The domain of preschool testing has received considerable attention in recent
      years. This study investigated which mathematical tasks are found most difficult
      at preschool level for boys and girls of two separate age groups, which tasks
      indicate a developmental tendency and which differentiate between the sexes. A
      sample of 60 children (30 boys and 30 girls) aged 5 yr., 6 mo. to 5 yr., 11 mo.
      were included as well as a sample of 60 children (30 boys and 30 girls) aged 6
      yr., 0 mo. to 6 yr., 5 mo. The items referring to the basic arithmetic operations
      (+, -, x, divided by) were encountered as most difficult, certain items clearly
      indicated developmental changes, and no items differed significantly in
      difficulty for boys and girls of the same age.

PMID- 1805165
TI  - Personality profile of nonscholarship college football players.
AB  - This paper presents a profile of the mood states of nonscholarship football
      players as measured by the Profile of Mood States inventory. Analysis suggests
      that these 120 athletes did not conform to the "iceberg profile" described for
      elite athletes, differing mainly in the areas of tension and anger. The athletes
      measured for this report indicated more anger than a sample of 60 football
      players attending an institution providing financial aid for participation in
      sports. Total mood scores were lower than those of college athletes on
      scholarship and high school athletes and nonathletes. Differences in mood states
      were also found between members of the offensive and defensive squads and between
      varsity and junior varsity players.

PMID- 1805166
TI  - Further examination of the equity sensitivity construct.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate whether a measure of equity sensitivity
      can predict individual reactions to inequity. The equity sensitivity construct
      suggests that there are three categories of individual preferences for equity:
      (1) benevolent individuals prefer their input:outcome ratios be less than those
      of their comparison others, (2) equity sensitive individuals prefer their
      input:outcome ratios be equal to those of comparison others, and (3) entitled
      individuals prefer their input:outcome ratios be higher than those of comparison
      others. To identify their appropriate equity sensitivity category, 639
      undergraduate students and 119 fast-food restaurant employees were administered
      the Equity Sensitivity Instrument. These subjects were then asked to react to two
      underreward/overreward scenarios. Analysis indicates that equity sensitivity
      groups generally exhibit reactions in the direction predicted by the study;
      however, some inconsistencies require further study. Research should examine why
      some reactions to inequity are chosen over others and how the longitudinal
      effects of a work relationship may influence one's reactions to inequity.

PMID- 1805167
TI  - Review of auditory subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments.
AB  - Subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments using auditory stimuli have
      yielded only a modicum of support for the contention that such activation
      produces predictable behavioral changes. Problems in many auditory subliminal
      psychodynamic activation experiments indicate that those predictions have not
      been tested adequately. The auditory mode of presentation, however, has several
      methodological advantages over the visual one, the method used in the vast
      majority of subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments. Consequently, it
      should be considered in subsequent research in this area.

PMID- 1805169
TI  - Sensitivity to emotional cues and social behavior in children and adolescents
      after head injury.
AB  - This was an exploratory investigation of the relationship between sensitivity to
      emotional cues and social functioning in 20 head-injured children and adolescents
      (median coma 7.5 days) and 20 controls who had sustained other accidental
      injuries. Median age was 12.8 yr. (range = 5 to 16 years). Sensitivity to
      fundamental facial expressions and both visual and verbal context cues to emotion
      was measured. Analysis indicated that head-injured subjects were impaired
      relative to controls on a global index of emotion interpretation ability. A
      significant number of head-injured subjects also made errors confusing positive
      and negative emotions and errors interpreting emotionally toned vignettes.
      Results of a parent questionnaire indicated that head-injured subjects exhibit
      less appropriate social behavior than controls. The data showed a strong trend
      for global ability to interpret emotion to predict social behavior.

PMID- 1805168
TI  - Predicting postpartum depressive symptoms: a structural modelling analysis.
AB  - In this prospective, longitudinal study, 42 first-time mothers, recruited through
      prenatal classes, were assessed on variables predictive of postpartum depressive
      symptoms. Using a causal modelling structural analysis, it was found that
      prenatal depression, partners' support, and infant-related factors all
      contributed to the development of depression following childbirth.

PMID- 1805170
TI  - Tobacyk's sex differences in the experiences of ego-alien intrusions.
AB  - Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and an inventory that infers temporal
      lobe signs were administered to 44 men and 54 women who were enrolled in first
      year university courses. Women believed more in psi phenomena, witchcraft, and
      spiritualism than did men, who believed more in extraterrestrial life forms.
      Although complex partial epileptic-like signs were moderately (0.40) correlated
      with total beliefs for both sexes, these signs were dominated by experiences of
      ego-alien intrusions for women only. The results support the concept of greater
      interhemispheric coherence in women compared to men and emphasize the importance
      of limbic processes in the formation and maintenance of religious and paranormal
      beliefs.

PMID- 1805171
TI  - Prospective and retrospective time estimation.
AB  - 30 students, when performing a task that required listening to 19 sentences for
      150 sec., overestimated the duration of the task less in the prospective
      condition than in the retrospective one (46 sec. vs 85 sec.).

PMID- 1805172
TI  - Role of fitness in mediating stress: a correlational exploration of stress
      reactivity.
AB  - Researchers have investigated the effect of exercise on reducing subjects'
      responsiveness to stress. Results from the initial studies were positive, yet
      these studies often did not use objective measures of fitness. This investigation
      applied more rigorous methodology than past experiments to assess the
      relationship between fitness and reactivity to stress. Maximal oxygen consumption
      was measured to indicate the fitness of recreational cyclists who were then
      exposed to three stressful situations (mental subtraction, speech preparation,
      and the cold pressor test). Heart rate, frontalis electromyographic (EMG) levels,
      and self-report of tension were monitored during the stress-inducing tasks.
      Physical fitness was significantly related to heart rate taken during the
      subtraction and cold pressor tasks, with EMG during subtraction, and with self
      report during all three stressor tasks. These results further support the
      hypothesized association of physical fitness and reducing response to stress.

PMID- 1805173
TI  - Association of eye color and sex with basketball free throws by elementary school
      children.
AB  - Dark-eyed individuals perform reactive activities better while light-eyed
      individuals generally perform self-paced activities better. There were 68 (21
      dark- and 47 light-eyed) elementary school children who shot 5 practice and then
      15 free throws from the free-throw line in a high school gym. There were no
      differences in performance between light- and dark-eyed children, but boys scored
      more free throws than girls.

PMID- 1805174
TI  - Effects of overt and covert tasks on orienting response under unimodal and
      bimodal stimulations.
AB  - The present study examined the occurrences of "selective" and "alertive"
      orienting responses (ORs) in relation to stimulus modality under overt and covert
      tasks by using electrodermal response (EDR). Two sets of 36 university students
      received two stimuli (figure and/or toe) during both habituation and test
      sessions either unimodally (Exp. I) or bimodally (Exp. II). The subjects were
      assigned to one of three groups during a test session: (1) Key-press which
      required pressing a key at the offset of the test stimulus, (2) Perceptual
      judgment which requested estimating the duration of the test stimulus, or (3)
      Neutral-instruction which received no task for stimulus presentation. Analysis
      showed in Exp. I, the first two groups indicated significant increases in EDR
      magnitudes only in response to the test stimulus, and this EDR increase
      demonstrated the occurrence of selective OR. In Exp. II, key-press alone showed a
      significant increase in EDR magnitudes to the nontest stimulus, and this EDR
      demonstrated the elicitation of alertive OR. The alertive OR emerged clearly when
      the subject perfored an overt task under binodal stimulation.

PMID- 1805175
TI  - Spatial and temporal suppressive behavior of bitter-sweet mixtures.
AB  - Bitter-sweet suppression in sucrose-caffeine mixtures was checked directly by
      measure of perceived intensity and total persistence time and indirectly by
      measure of the volume of water employed to remove each taste sensation.

PMID- 1805176
TI  - Correlations among special education students' WISC-R IQ's and SRA scores.
AB  - For 50 children in special education from rural north central Kansas school
      districts (30 boys, 20 girls) were recorded SRA scores (Composite, Reading,
      Mathematics, and Education Quotient) and WISC-R IQs (Full Scale, Verbal, and
      Performance). There were no sex differences on any variable and all variables
      intercorrelated (Pearson) significantly. The two tests gave similar results over
      all, confirming that the individually administered WISC-R and the group
      administered SRA provide information on children's academic abilities and, used
      together, give a basis for appropriate judgments regarding academic abilities.

PMID- 1805177
TI  - A martial arts exploration of elbow anatomy: Ikkyo (Aikido's first teaching).
AB  - The Martial Art of Aikido, based on several effective anatomical principles, is
      used to subdue a training partner. One of these methods is Ikkyo (First
      Teaching). According to Saotome, the original intent of Ikkyo was to "break the
      elbow joint" of an enemy. Nowadays the intent is to secure or pin a training
      partner to the mat. This investigation focused on examining Ikkyo with the
      purpose of describing the nerves, bones, and muscles involved in receiving this
      technique. Particular focus was placed on the locations and sources of the
      reported pain.

PMID- 1805178
TI  - Attentional demands of a temporal prediction task: the trajectory of a tennis
      ball.
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to explore performance by 8 men, 18 to 35 years
      old, on a task of visual-coincidence judgment using a tennis ball as a stimulus.
      Focus on attentional demands in different viewing conditions (total vs partial
      vision) at different points along the ball's path served to assess relative
      demands. The findings indicate that interference between the visual coincidence
      task and the probe task was constant across conditions and was weakly
      differentiated across problem positions. This supports the assumption that the
      timing process rests upon a higher mechanism.

PMID- 1805179
TI  - Greater right hemisphericity is associated with lower self-esteem in adults.
AB  - 28 men and 32 women were given Vingiano's Hemisphericity Questionnaire and the
      Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. People who reported the greatest numbers of
      right hemispheric indicators displayed the lowest self-esteem; the correlations
      were moderately strong (r greater than 50) for both men and women. These results
      support the hypothesis that the sense of self is primarily a linguistic, left
      hemispheric phenomenon and that a developmental history of frequent intrusion
      from right-hemispheric processes can infuse the self-concept with negative
      affect.

PMID- 1805180
TI  - Pulpal response to a new light-cured composite placed in etched glass-ionomer
      lined cavities.
AB  - This study evaluated the pulp biocompatability of a new light-cured composite
      resin which was placed in etched glass-ionomer-lined cavities of monkey teeth.
      The pulpal response to this material was less than that to zinc-oxide eugenol
      cement in each observation period. Therefore this material seems to meet
      acceptable biocompatability standards in nonhuman primates.

PMID- 1805181
TI  - Comparing two methods of moisture control in bonding to enamel: a clinical study.
AB  - Twelve patients provided a total of 36 teeth to be used in this study. Visible
      light-cured composite resin tabs were applied to a flattened, acid-etched surface
      of each tooth. Half of the teeth were isolated with cotton rolls in conjunction
      with a saliva ejector; the other conjunction with a saliva ejector; the other
      half were isolated using a rubber dam. An equal number of teeth were treated in
      each group for each subject to serve as a self-control. After extraction the
      teeth were mounted and shear bond strength of the composite resin to enamel was
      determined on an Instron Testing Machine. There was a significant difference in
      the shear bond strength between the two experimental groups.

PMID- 1805182
TI  - Strength of posterior composite repairs using different composite/bonding agent
      combinations.
AB  - Posterior composites are becoming a viable alternative to amalgam in selected
      cases. As the use of posterior composites increases, the necessity of repair of
      fractured, discolored, or worn restorations will increase. A number of studies
      have demonstrated that clinically acceptable repairs can be obtained for anterior
      composites. This study examined the bond strength of repairs made to aged
      posterior composite substrates when different bonding agent/composite pairs were
      used. Dentin bonding agent/composite pairs gave the highest bond strengths and
      were greater than the bond strength of resin to etched enamel. An enamel bonding
      agent/composite repair gave the lowest bond strengths, which were less than
      resin/etched enamel bond strengths.

PMID- 1805183
TI  - Adhesion of glass-ionomer cement in the clinical environment.
AB  - This paper discusses the literature concerning the development of an ion-enriched
      layer between the glass-ionomer cement and tooth structure. Two restorations that
      had been in the oral cavity for considerable periods of time were used to confirm
      the existence of this layer. It is suggested that development of the layer is
      dependent on careful adherence to the recommendations for clinical placement, and
      recognition of the need to clean the surface of the cavity and to maintain the
      water balance of the cement. Having developed the ion-exchange layer, failure
      will be cohesive in the cement itself. Thus the strength of the union is
      dependent on the tensile strength of the cement.

PMID- 1805184
TI  - The science and art of dental ceramics.

PMID- 1805185
TI  - In defense of amalgam.

PMID- 1805186
TI  - The role of actin in the transduction of toxic effect.

PMID- 1805187
TI  - Potentiating actions of tranylcypromine and moclobemide on the sympathomimetic
      activity of dopamine.
AB  - Ex vivo investigations were carried out to study the potentiating actions of the
      MAOIs moclobemide and tranylcypromine on peripheral alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      effects of dopamine. Isolated rat vas deferens and atria were used. Preliminary
      experiments showed that both moclobemide and tranylcypromine did not affect the
      response to noradrenaline, while they enhanced the response to tyramine. By
      comparison of the responses to dopamine in control and reserpinized rats, it was
      shown that dopamine acts in a direct and indirect manner on both the tissues
      tested. Two concentrations (20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) of moclobemide were tested and
      administered at different time periods (2, 5 or 24 h) before the animals were
      sacrificed. Two concentrations (2, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) of tranylcypromine were tested
      at different intervals of time (2, 24 h). The results obtained pointed out that:
      (1) Moclobemide 20 mg/kg potentiated the alpha-adrenergic response to dopamine
      only 2 h after administration while 40 mg/kg exerted a potentiation which was
      evident not only 2 but also 5 h after administration. Both doses were ineffective
      24 h after administration. (2) Moclobemide 20 and 40 mg/kg potentiated the beta
      adrenergic response to dopamine. The effect was present 2 and 5 h after
      administration but it was absent 24 h after. (3) Tranylcypromine 20 mg/kg
      potentiated the alpha-adrenergic response to dopamine: this effect was present
      after 2 h from pretreatment and was still evident after 24 h. The lower
      concentration of tranylcypromine (2 mg/kg) enhanced the response to dopamine only
      after 24 h from pretreatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805188
TI  - Further studies on the biochemical characterization and autoradiographic
      distribution of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat brain: a presynaptic
      cholinergic marker.
AB  - Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) is a potent inhibitor of the high-affinity choline uptake
      system (HACU). Here we report on the biochemical characterization and
      autoradiographic distribution of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat brain,
      confirming and expanding results from previous studies. The binding of [3H]HC-3
      to striatal membranes was specific, to a single site, sodium-dependent,
      saturable, and of high-affinity, Kd values being about 3 nM for striatum, 5 nM
      for the hippocampus and 12 nM for neocortex. [3H]HC-3 specific binding exhibited
      a pharmacological profile suggestive of physiologically relevant interactions and
      fully comparable to that reported for HACU. The uneven distribution of [3H]HC-3
      binding sites exhibited a high degree of correspondence with the reported
      distribution of HACU and other enzymatic presynpatic cholinergic markers. The
      punctual differences between our study and previous works on [3H]HC-3 binding are
      analysed. We conclude that [3H]HC-3 labelling may be used as a selective and
      quantifiable marker of the cholinergic presynaptic terminals in close
      relationship with HACU.

PMID- 1805189
TI  - Passive permeability of dihexadecylphosphate vesicles altered by aliphatic
      alcohols and omega-diols.
AB  - Alcohols act as anaesthetics only up to a certain chain length, beyond which
      their biological activity disappears. Although the molecular nature of general
      target sites remains unknown, presently available data support the hypothesis
      that this 'cut-off' in anaesthetic activity could be due to a corresponding cut
      off in the absorption of long-chain alcohols into lipid-bilayer portions of nerve
      membranes. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method based on leakage of
      Ru(bpy)3(2+) ions across the membrane of dihexadecylphosphate (DHP) vesicles
      induced by aliphatic alcohols (C1 to C18) and some of their omega-diol. The
      permeant effects of aliphatic linear alcohols expressed as PD50 values rise to a
      maximum for n-dodecanol (PD50 = 2 x 10(-3) M 1(-1]. Dodecanol was found to be the
      alcohol which presents the greatest anaesthetic potency among the series of
      linear aliphatic alcohols (cut-off anaesthetic effect). The results are discussed
      in terms of the structural physicochemical and geometrical characteristics of the
      permeating alcohols.

PMID- 1805190
TI  - Protective action of a new benzofuran derivative on lipid peroxidation and
      sulphydryl groups oxidation.
AB  - The antioxidant properties of a novel water-soluble antioxidant of the benzofuran
      family (5-hydroxy-4,6,7-trimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-acetic acid, BFA) were
      studied. In rat liver mitochondria BFA increases the lag-time and decreases the
      extent of lipid peroxidation induced by ascorbate/Fe2+; an IC50 value of about 12
      microM was observed. In rat liver microsomes it inhibits the lipid peroxidation
      induced both by NADPH/Fe2+/ADP (iron-dependent) and by cumene hydroperoxide (iron
      independent), showing IC50 values of 25 and 30 microM respectively. The
      antioxidant efficiency of BFA is slightly higher than that of the congener
      compound Trolox C. BFA is also able to inhibit the oxidation of protein
      sulphydryl groups consequent to microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by
      NADPH/Fe2+/ADP. The antioxidant properties of BFA are discussed considering its
      hydrophilic character and pharmacological features.

PMID- 1805191
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are antiarthritic in the rat.
AB  - Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats was attenuated by the therapeutic
      administration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Female Lewis rats with
      established disease were treated daily (day 18 through day 50) with various
      carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; oedema and joint integrity (X-ray) were determined
      post-treatment. Acetazolamide, ethoxzolamide, methazolamide, and dichlorphenamide
      reduced paw oedema and attenuated the deterioration of the joints of rats with
      adjuvant arthritis. However, no carbonic anhydrase inhibitor tested possessed
      significant, acute, anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-paw oedema
      test. The activity of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the chronic model of
      inflammation may be due to their reported inhibition of bone resorption.

PMID- 1805192
TI  - Interleukin-1 beta: a possible mediator of lung inflammation and airway
      hyperreactivity.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a peptide released from monocytes/macrophages, plays an
      important role in the inflammatory and immune responses. Airway hyperreactivity
      and the underlying airway inflammation are common features in asthma pathology.
      We investigated and characterized the inflammatory alterations induced within the
      guinea-pig respiratory system by IL-1 beta. Injection of IL-1 beta (1-6
      micrograms/animal) into the pleural space resulted in a dose-dependent
      inflammatory response, as shown by the formation of pleural exudate and leucocyte
      recruitment. A threshold dose of IL-1 beta (1 micrograms/animal) markedly
      potentiated the inflammatory reaction triggered by the classical proinflammatory
      agent croton oil, underlining the amplifying role of IL-1 beta in the
      inflammatory events. The inflammatory process induced by intrapleural injection
      of IL-1 beta (6 micrograms/animal) was associated with the development of a
      hyperreactive phenomenon which involved both the peripheral and large airways. In
      fact, increased contractile activity of histamine was evident in the tracheas and
      parenchymal strips isolated from guinea-pigs exposed to IL-1 beta. These results
      provide evidence for a possible role of IL-1 beta in the genesis of airway
      inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 1805193
TI  - A decrease in brain catecholamines prevents oxiracetam antagonism of the effects
      of scopolamine on memory and brain acetylcholine.
AB  - The effect of oxiracetam on passive avoidance conditioned response and
      acetylcholine (ACh) levels in rats with selective lesions of the central
      monoaminergic pathways was investigated. The lesions were followed by a marked
      decrease in cortical serotonin (-88%), noradrenaline (-54%) and striatal dopamine
      (-57%) levels, while neither the performance of a passive avoidance conditioned
      response nor brain ACh levels were affected. Scopolamine (hyoscine)
      administration (0.63 mg/kg, s.c.) to lesioned rats exerted the expected amnesic
      effect, associated with a decrease in hippocampal, cortical and striatal ACh
      levels. In the rats with degeneration of dopaminergic and noradrenergic but not
      serotoninergic pathways, oxiracetam (50 and 100 mg/kg, s.c.) was unable to
      prevent both amnesia and the decrease in brain ACh levels caused by scopolamine.
      The effect of oxiracetam was prevented by haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.). Our
      findings support the hypothesis that an interaction between monoaminergic and
      cholinergic neurotransmitter systems may be involved in the actions of nootropic
      drugs on cognitive functions.

PMID- 1805194
TI  - Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type I replication by derivatives of
      gossypol.
AB  - Gossypol (I) and its derivatives gossylic nitrile-1,1'-diacetate (II), gossylic
      iminolactone (III) and gossylic lactone (IV) inhibit the replication of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro in the order III greater than I greater
      than II,IV, indicating that derivatives of gossypol can retain antiviral
      activities. All of the derivatives are less cytotoxic than gossypol.

PMID- 1805195
TI  - Routine cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis using dynamic banding (RBG-GBG): a highly
      reproducible method for amniocytes, fetal cord blood, and chorionic villus
      investigations.
AB  - Dynamic banding (RBG-GBG) using pulse 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BrdU) incorporation
      during part of the last S-phase before harvesting has been used in prenatal
      investigations. This method has already been routinely applied in 1344
      cytogenetic investigations. GBG and RBG bandings produced almost identical
      patterns to classical G- and R-banding methods except for heterochromatic
      portions and some euchromatic segments. Nevertheless, these discordances may be
      somewhat helpful for cytogenetic diagnosis (i.e., X numerical abnormalities). The
      results showed particularly good contrast and staining; 5-BrdU incorporation did
      not prevent additional staining. Likewise, previous RBG or GBG disclosure allowed
      further chromosomal identification with C-banding or nucleolar organizer
      staining. Simplicity and reproducibility were very helpful in cases with a low
      mitotic index. 5-BrdU had no significant effect on in-vitro damage because only
      0.31 percent of cells were affected; so, we believe that dynamic banding should
      be used more extensively in cytogenetic investigations. Moreover, the staining
      and contrast qualities were very suitable for automatic methods of analysis now
      in use: i.e., metaphase finding and computer-assisted karyogram creation.

PMID- 1805196
TI  - A fetal cystic neck mass associated with maternal tuberous sclerosis. Case report
      and literature review.
AB  - Tuberous sclerosis is a single gene autosomal-dominant disorder, characterized by
      multiple hamartoma formation. It shows a wide variability of expression. Prenatal
      diagnosis by means of a DNA or biochemical marker is not yet possible. Ultrasound
      offers the only way to detect possible antenatal hamartoma formation, which is
      most commonly found in the central nervous system, the renal system, and the
      heart. We report a case of fetal involvement that appears unique because of the
      unusual location of a tumour in the neck of the fetus.

PMID- 1805197
TI  - A new case of prenatal diagnosis of isovaleric acidaemia.

PMID- 1805198
TI  - Sensitivity of chromosomal mosaicism detected by different tissue culture
      methods.

PMID- 1805199
TI  - Current topic: the regulation of placental eicosanoid biosynthesis.

PMID- 1805200
TI  - Confocal and conventional immunofluorescent and immunogold electron microscopic
      localization of collagen types III and IV in human placenta.
AB  - Confocal and conventional indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron
      microscopic methods were applied to examine the distribution of extracellular
      matrix constituents (collagens types III and IV) in the villi of immature and
      term human placentae. The immunofluorescence study revealed that collagen type
      III is more distinct in the villous stroma of term placenta as compared with that
      of the first trimester. Collagen type IV was detected mainly in endothelial and
      epithelial basement membranes and interestingly also to a certain extent in the
      stroma. Results obtained using immunoelectron microscopy support the proposal
      that collagen types III and IV are characteristic of stromal and basement
      membranes, respectively. Stromal collagen type IV is apparently localized in
      association with the interstitial types of collagen (I and III), in the villous
      stroma of term placenta.

PMID- 1805201
TI  - Regulation of chorion laeve prostaglandin E2 production by epidermal growth
      factor, protein kinase C activation and calcium.
AB  - The effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      (PMA), A23187, and ionomycin on prostaglandin production by chorion laeve cells
      in culture for 3 days and 10 days were tested. Experiments were conducted at day
      3 because at this time the cultures became confluent and again at day 10 because
      changes have been observed in the biochemical properties of these cells with time
      in culture. At 3 days of culture the cells did not respond to EGF but at 10 days
      EGF (10 ng/ml) induced a significant increase in prostaglandin E2 production. PMA
      (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) induced a significant increase in PGE2 production at both
      times in culture. The calcium ionophores, A23187 and ionomycin, were less
      effective in eliciting a response at either time in culture. Only A23187 (1
      microM) induced a significant increase in PGE2 production at day 10 of culture.
      These data suggest that the presence of functional EGF receptors may increase
      with time in culture. Furthermore, activation of the protein kinase C pathway in
      the chorion laeve stimulates prostaglandin biosynthesis. On the other hand,
      chorion laeve cell prostaglandin biosynthesis is not responsive to increases in
      intracellular calcium induced by mobile ion carriers such as the ionophores used
      in this study.

PMID- 1805202
TI  - Identification of two subtypes of protein kinase C in human placenta.
AB  - A purified protein kinase C (PKC) has been isolated from term human placental
      tissue, which is phospholipid and Ca(2+)-dependent. Two subtypes of the enzyme
      were identified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography and using monoclonal
      antibodies with immunohistochemical techniques; subtype III is present in higher
      concentration than subtype II. Their ratio of 2.5 is very similar in second and
      third trimester placentas, but is higher, 6.5, in the first trimester. The
      subtype I was never expressed.

PMID- 1805203
TI  - Ultrastructural study of endothelial permeability to macromolecules in fetal
      paraplacental capillaries of European badger.
AB  - Permeability of the continuous placental capillaries to macromolecules has been
      studied in the hemophagous region of the badger placenta by perfusion in situ of
      cationized ferritin (CF) in three phases of gestation (days 10 to 22, 22 to 30,
      and 30 to 40 after ovo-implantation). This ultrastructural tracer mapped luminal
      microdomains; such fixation on the luminal cell membrane was a preliminary step
      before its internalization into the cytoplasm. Lateral intercellular spaces (LIS)
      and vesicles were found to play an evolving role during gestation.
      Ultrastructural maturation of the capillary may be related to evolution of
      endothelial permeability. The LIS are involved in the transport of this
      macromolecule during the first two-thirds of pregnancy, and become progressively
      impermeable to the tracer as true, tight junctions are established between the
      adjacent endothelial cells. The enlargement of the vesicular population in
      luminal, cytoplasmic and abluminal positions and the increase in microfilaments
      could make vesicular transport more efficient in favouring cellular
      contractility. These ultrastructural findings that indicate that the optimal
      endothelial permeability to CF occurs during the second phase of pregnancy when
      the paraplacental hematoma reaches its maximal development and functional
      activity.

PMID- 1805204
TI  - Syncytiotrophoblast membrane protein glycosylation patterns in normal human
      pregnancy and changes with gestational age and parturition.
AB  - The fetally derived syncytiotrophoblast in the placenta form the major interface
      with the maternal circulation. Cell surface N-linked oligosaccharides are known
      to influence cell-cell interactions in a variety of ways. The N-linked
      oligosaccharide component of the human syncytiotrophoblast membrane has been
      purified from term placentae, and its biochemical structure analysed. Ninety-five
      per cent of structures were complex N-linked oligosaccharides, with the remaining
      5 per cent being of the oligomannose type. Seventy-two per cent of
      oligosaccharides were sialylated; 50 per cent having two or more sialic acid
      residues. Such a population of N-linked oligosaccharides would be expected to
      provide a surface which inhibits interactions between trophoblast and maternal
      leukocytes. The temporal changes in syncytiotrophoblast N-linked oligosaccharides
      from the end of the second, and through the third trimester (25-41 weeks) were
      analysed, as were the changes which occur during parturition. There was no change
      in the degree of sialylation of these structures. The only significant change was
      a 37 per cent decrease in core fucosylation of complex N-linked sugars during
      gestation (P less than 0.005). Women delivered by caesarean section at term, had
      significantly higher levels of fucosylation (equivalent to women with a
      gestational age of 31-36 weeks), than those who laboured at term. Present
      knowledge of core fucosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides is discussed in
      relation to trophoblast functioning.

PMID- 1805205
TI  - Transfer of acipimox across the isolated perfused human placenta.
AB  - The placental transfer of the new lipid-lowering agent, acipimox was investigated
      in the isolated perfused human placenta. Placentas obtained at caesarean section
      were perfused for 120 min, with both maternal and fetal circuits in closed
      recycling mode. Acipimox was added to either the maternal circuit alone (five
      experiments) or to both maternal and fetal circuits simultaneously (five
      experiments) to achieve initial concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml. Antipyrine (20
      micrograms/ml) and l-(14C)-leucine (250 microM) were added in like fashion as
      reference compounds. Two hours after addition to the maternal circuit alone
      antipyrine was close to equilibrium across the placenta, but equilibration of
      acipimox was incomplete (fetal/maternal ratio = 0.58 +/- 0.11). Maternal to fetal
      placental clearance of acipimox (0.80 +/- 0.18 ml/min) was 25 per cent of
      antipyrine clearance. After simultaneous administration to both maternal and
      fetal circuits the l-(14C)-leucine fetal/maternal ratio was 1.44 +/- 0.13 at 120
      min, whereas maternal and fetal concentrations of acipimox and antipyrine were at
      equilibrium for the duration of the experiment (fetal/maternal ratio of acipimox
      at 120 min = 1.10 +/- 0.06). This study shows that acipimox is transferred across
      the human placenta by diffusion at a slow rate. The low permeability of the
      placenta may afford some protection to the fetus from acipimox administered to
      the mother in vivo.

PMID- 1805207
TI  - Giardia duodenalis: a freeze-fracture, fracture-flip and cytochemistry study.
AB  - The freeze-fracture technique was used to study the structural organization of
      the membranes of trophozoites of the protozoon Giardia duodenalis. No special
      array of intramembranous particles was observed in the membrane lining the
      protozoon body or the flagella. A large globular protuberance located in the
      ventral region displayed several small circular indentations similar to those
      seen in the dorsal region. These also occurred on the parasite surface as
      revealed in fracture-flip replicas. A large number of vesicles were observed
      below the plasma membrane; they corresponded to an acidic compartment as
      indicated by fluorescence microscopy of acridine orange-stained cells and
      contained acid phosphatase as indicated by cytochemistry. In addition, gold
      labeled macromolecules (albumin, peroxidase, transferrin, and low-density
      lipoprotein) accumulated in the vesicles. These observations suggest that the
      peripheral vesicles of trophozoites are part of the endosomal-lysosomal system of
      G. duodenalis.

PMID- 1805206
TI  - Dissociation of IgG antibody-mediated clumps of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by
      complement.
AB  - Aggregated trypanosome masses that had formed in the region of equivalence in the
      absence of complement were readily dissociated by complement. Complement-mediated
      dissociation of the clumped trypanosomes in the area of equivalence released
      approximately 50% of the previously bound surface antigens. These antigens were
      capable of rebinding to new IgG antibody. Experiments indicated that complement
      deposition altered the bivalent IgG antibody in the immune complex into a
      univalent form. The occurrence of such an event in the presence of complement
      provides a great advantage to the infected host in the killing of pathogens in
      vivo, as it enables a greater number of antibodies to attach to surface antigens
      and subsequently initiate complement activity.

PMID- 1805208
TI  - Role of cytoskeleton and surface lectins in Giardia duodenalis attachment to
      Caco2 cells.
AB  - An in vitro model of Giardia duodenalis and the Caco2 cell line enable the study
      of parameters that could play a part in trophozoite attachment. We explored the
      role of membranous lectins of G. duodenalis in attachment-inhibition studies
      using carbohydrates in solution. Attachment rates were reduced by 14% and 23% in
      the presence of 100 mmol/l mannose-6-phosphate and glucose, respectively, as
      compared with control values. No significant modification was observed after
      trophozoite trypsinization at room temperature or at 37 degrees C. The inhibitory
      effects of colchicine (35%) and nocodazole (70%) suggest a primordial role of the
      cytoskeleton; microtubules appear to be the principal effectors of trophozoite
      fixation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed circular imprints on the Caco2
      brush border after trophozoite detachment. The mechanisms of attachment of G.
      duodenalis to intestinal enterocyte-like cells in culture are thus essentially of
      the mechanical or hydrodynamic type; surface lectins would appear to intervene in
      the specificity for duodenal cells.

PMID- 1805209
TI  - The role of tubificid worms as an intermediate host in the life cycle of
      Myxobolus pavlovskii (Akhmerov, 1954).
AB  - Myxobolus pavlovskii from the gills of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
      were used in attempts to transmit the infection under laboratory conditions.
      Spores of M. pavlovskii were placed in aquaria that contained sterilized sand and
      had been filled with tap water at 15-16 degrees C. Furthermore, oligochaetes (90%
      Tubifex tubifex) were added and examined by wet mounts and histology.
      Hexactinomyxon spores developed after about 3 months only in T. tubifex that had
      been exposed to M. pavlovskii. Myxosporea-free silver carp developed cysts in
      their gills that contained M. pavlovskii at 120 days after contact with
      Hexactinomyxon spores, proving that M. pavlovskii also needs an oligochaete
      intermediate host for its development.

PMID- 1805210
TI  - Effects of heterologous helminth infections on passive transfer of immunity using
      a mouse monoclonal IgE antibody against Schistosoma japonicum.
AB  - Passive transfer of immunity using a mouse monoclonal IgE antibody against
      Schistosoma japonicum was found to be enhanced by heterologous helminth
      infections. BALB/c mice were infected with Toxocara canis or Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis so as to induce eosinophilia prior to a challenge infection with S.
      japonicum. Recovery of adult schistosomes decreased in a group of mice that had
      been infected with T. canis and challenged with cercariae at the cutaneous site
      of sensitization with the IgE antibody as compared with that in mice that had
      been similarly treated with normal serum in the absence of T. canis infection.
      Histological examinations revealed a close association of polymorphonuclear
      cells, including eosinophils, with damaged schistosomula in the skin of T. canis
      infected mice that had received the IgE antibody. An enhancement in worm
      reduction was also observed in mice harboring either of both nematodes when the
      monoclonal antibody had been injected intraperitoneally during the phase of
      migration of schistosomula from the skin to the lungs. In vitro studies on
      macrophage-mediated damage to schistosomula suggested that the enhancement in
      worm reduction was at least partly due to the activation of macrophages induced
      by the heterologous infections.

PMID- 1805211
TI  - Fasciola hepatica: the effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B on
      the ultrastructure of the adult fluke.
AB  - The effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B (10 and 100
      micrograms/ml) on the ultrastructure of adult Fasciola hepatica was determined in
      vitro by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) using both
      intact flukes and tissue-slice material. SEM revealed that initial swelling of
      the tegument led to surface blebbing and limited areas of sloughing after 24 h
      treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental syncytium, basal accumulations
      of secretory bodies (especially T2s) were evident in the earlier time periods but
      declined with longer incubations, until few secretory bodies remained in the
      syncytium overall. Blebbing of the apical plasma membrane and occasional areas of
      breakdown and sloughing of the tegument were observed over longer periods of
      treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental cell bodies, the Golgi
      complexes gradually decreased in size and activity, and few secretory bodies were
      produced. In the later time periods, the cells assumed abnormal shapes, the
      cytoplasm shrinking in towards the nucleus. In the vitelline follicles, a random
      dispersion of shell protein globules was evident within the intermediate-type
      cells, rather than their being organized into distinct shell globule clusters.
      Disruption of this process was more severe at the higher concentration of 100
      micrograms/ml and again was more evident in tissue-slice material. In the latter,
      after prolonged (12 h) exposure to cytochalasin B, the intermediate and mature
      vitelline cells were filled with loosely packed and expanded shell globule
      clusters, containing few shell protein globules. The mature vitelline cells
      continued to lay down "yolk" globules and glycogen deposits. Disruption of the
      network of processes from the nurse cells was evident at the higher concentration
      of cytochalasin. Spaces began to appear between the vitelline cells and grew
      larger with progressively longer incubation periods, and the cells themselves
      assumed abnormal shapes. A number of binucleate stem cells were observed in
      tissue-slice material at the longest incubation period (12 h).

PMID- 1805212
TI  - Echinostoma caproni in rats: worm population dynamics and host blood eosinophilia
      during primary infections with 6, 25 and 50 metacercariae and resistance to
      secondary and superimposed infections.
AB  - Hooded-Lister rats were inoculated with 6, 25, 50 or 100 metacercariae of the
      intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Worm establishment and the pattern of
      egg excretion were followed during the course of primary infections with 6, 25
      and 50 metacercariae. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was followed at all infection
      levels. After 1 month, worm recovery and faecal egg output showed a gradual
      decline with increasing duration of infection. High worm burdens were expelled
      later than smaller worm burdens, and egg output persisted longer in animals
      exhibiting a high initial egg output. The level of blood eosinophilia increased
      with increasing degree of infection and with the level of egg output. A marked
      concomitant resistance to superimposed infection was observed on the challenge of
      rats harbouring 21- and 49-day-old infections with 50 metacercariae. In addition,
      rats were partially resistant to secondary infection at challenge day 14
      following anthelmintic removal of primary 7-day-old infections with 50
      metacercariae and were completely resistant at challenge day 7 following
      elimination of a primary 14-day-old primary infection.

PMID- 1805213
TI  - Praziquantel treatment of muscle Taenia solium cysticercosis. 4. Reversible in
      vitro effect.
AB  - The in vitro effect of Praziquantel (PZQ) on Taenia solium cysticerci was
      analyzed. The oxygen consumption rate of the parasites was inhibited and the
      release of proteins was enhanced, but no statistically significant differences
      were found between the control group and the experimental groups. The drug had a
      significant, dose-dependent negative effect on the evagination ability of the
      larvae; 50% effect was seen at concentrations of between 10(-9) and 10(-8) M PZQ.
      The drug also induced morphological disturbances in the tegument of the worm and
      of the bladder wall. Finally, a very drastic effect was the induction of spastic
      paralysis in evaginated cysticerci at high drug doses and of flaccid paralysis at
      lower PZQ concentrations. The dose inducing these effects was various orders of
      magnitude lower than that inhibiting the evagination ability of intact cysts.
      Moreover, the latter effect was reversible after had been washed out the drug and
      the parasites had been cultured. We suggest that PZQ alters the Ca2+ flux in T.
      solium as it does in other helminths. Furthermore, we corroborated the protective
      role of the bladder for the invaginated worm. Finally, we think that in vivo the
      drug must act synergistically with the immune system components so as to
      eliminate the parasite.

PMID- 1805214
TI  - Application of the western blotting procedure for the immunodiagnosis of human
      toxocariasis.
AB  - To improve the immunodiagnosis of human toxocaral disease, a sensitive and
      specific assay using the Western blotting procedure (WB) with excretory-secretory
      antigens from Toxocara canis larvae (TES) was developed and compared with the
      standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (TES-ELISA) using the same
      antigens. We tested groups of sera from laboratory animals or patients presenting
      with toxocariasis or other helminthic diseases and a group of sera from people
      dwelling in an area endemic for toxocariasis who exhibited hypereosinophilia.
      Statistically, the WB assay correlated well with TES-ELISA, but the former was
      more specific for banding patterns corresponding to low-molecular-weight
      fractions, thus avoiding problems of cross-reactivity with sera infected with
      other helminthic diseases.

PMID- 1805215
TI  - In vitro study on the impact of fish sera on the survival and fine structure of
      the eel-pathogenic acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus.
AB  - The effects of fish sera on the growth and fine structure of infective larvae of
      the eel-pathogenic acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Eoacanthocephala:
      Tenuisentidae) were studied under in vitro conditions using sera from the final
      host Anguilla anguilla and from two accidental fish hosts as well as fetal calf
      serum. As controls larvae were also kept in medium in the absence of serum and in
      experimentally infected eels. Sera from the accidental fish hosts carp and
      rainbow trout exerted toxic effects on the acanthocephalans. Worms maintained in
      medium containing sera from these two fish were contracted and displayed inverted
      probosces. Moreover, the tegument exhibited vacuolization and the formation of
      necrotic areas, including lysis of the mitochondria. Due to these effects, the
      parasites died at 21 (rainbow trout) or 21-50 days (carp) post-incubation. Eel
      sera had no toxic effect on the infective larvae. The growth of the larvae in
      medium depended on the composition of the latter, but was reduced as compared
      with that in the natural final host. Based on these results, we conclude that
      components of the hosts' blood sera play a role in the determination of the host
      specificity of P. ambiguus.

PMID- 1805216
TI  - Cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase in helminths.
AB  - The activities of gamma-cystathionase and cystathionine beta-synthase were
      investigated in a range of gastrointestinal, free-living and entomophagous
      nematodes. Although nematode gamma-cystathionase used the same range of
      substrates as the mammalian hepatic enzyme, its activity was extremely low and
      there were significant interspecies variations with respect to the relative order
      of active substrates. Like the mammalian liver enzyme, nematode cystathionine
      beta-synthase showed activity in the directions of both cystathionine synthesis
      and the forward and reverse "L-serine sulphhydrase" reactions. However, the most
      important feature of the survey was the widespread ability of nematode
      cystathionine beta-synthase to catalyse the non-mammalian "activated L-serine
      sulphhydrase" reaction (L-cysteine + R-SH----cysteine thioether + H2S).
      Additional survey work revealed that the ability to catalyse the activated L
      serine sulphhydrase reaction was almost universal amongst nematodes. Activated L
      serine sulphhydrase activity was also demonstrated in the acanthocephalan
      Pomphorhynchus laevis but was absent from cestodes and digeneans.

PMID- 1805217
TI  - In vitro assessment of isometamidium chloride susceptibility of Trypanosoma vivax
      bloodstream forms.

PMID- 1805218
TI  - Purification of in vitro excysted Sarcocystis sporozoites by passage through a
      modified DE 52 anion-exchange column.
AB  - A method of purifying Sarcocystis sporozoites following in vitro excystation is
      described. After passage of sporozoites through a modified DE 52 anion-exchange
      cellulose column, the mean recovery was 88% for S. capracanis, 71% for S.
      hircicanis, 77% for S. ovicanis and 74% for S. arieticanis. Most of the
      sporozoites were motile, and the parasite suspension was free of excystation
      debris.

PMID- 1805219
TI  - The native form of the Plasmodium falciparum Pf68 neutral proteinase is a 105,000
      Da polypeptide.

PMID- 1805220
TI  - Lipoptena cervi (Diptera), a potential vector of Megatrypanum trypanosomes of
      deer (Cervidae).
AB  - In three different areas in northern Germany, hippoboscids were collected from
      red deer (Cervus elaphus). Typanosomatids were demonstrated in the midgut and
      hindgut of 9/37 Lipoptena cervi. The trypanosomatids were morphologically similar
      to vector forms of the subgenus Megatrypanum that had been found in tabanids at
      the same location 5 years previously. Hippoboscids are therefore potential
      vectors of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) spp. that infect red deer.

PMID- 1805221
TI  - One or two intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Mesocestoides (Cyclophyllidea,
      Mesocestoididae)?

PMID- 1805222
TI  - Hyperbaric exposure and morphine alter the pattern of behavior in the formalin
      test.
AB  - This study investigates the behavioral effects of morphine administration and
      exposure to high ambient pressure in the formalin test. Rats were simultaneously
      given formalin (0.1 ml, 5%) in a hind paw, and saline or morphine (2.5-10.0
      mg/kg) subcutaneously. They were then exposed to ambient pressure of either 1 or
      48 bar (compression rate: 3 bar/min; 1 bar is approximately equal to the pressure
      of 1 atmosphere) in a helium-oxygen atmosphere. The behavior of the animals was
      monitored for 35 min at stable pressure, starting 25 min after the injections.
      After morphine, the groups tested at 1 bar showed a dose-dependent reduction in
      pain-related activities such as licking, biting, clutching and protecting the
      injected paw but paw-elevation while resting was significantly increased after
      the highest dose. The 48-bar groups spent almost no time in these behavioral
      categories but showed an increase in apparently normal motor activity. Paw
      jerking appeared to be a more robust response. The number of jerks was not
      altered by pressurization and was dose-dependently reduced by morphine at both
      pressures. The results show that hyperbaric exposure alters the response pattern
      in the formalin test, demonstrate the advantage of evaluating several behavioral
      criteria in this test and provide tentative evidence against pressure reversal of
      morphine analgesia.

PMID- 1805223
TI  - Effects of dose, gender, and level of physical activity on acute metabolic
      response to nicotine.
AB  - The acute thermogenic effect of nicotine was examined in cigarette smokers under
      conditions of rest and two levels of low-intensity physical activity comparable
      to that normally engaged in by sedentary adults. Male and female smokers (n = 10
      each) each received 0 (placebo), 7.5, 15, or 30 micrograms/kg nicotine via
      measured-dose nasal spray once every 30 min for 90 min, with each dose presented
      on a separate occasion. After each dose presentation, subjects engaged in 10 min
      of rest or low-intensity activity at 30 or 60 watts (W) using a bicycle
      ergometer. For males, results indicated that expenditure attributable to nicotine
      was more than twice as large during 60-W activity compared with rest, while that
      during 30-W activity was intermediate. For females, expenditure attributable to
      nicotine was generally similar to that of males during rest and 30-W activity but
      was significantly lower during 60-W activity, indicating an apparent "inverted-U"
      relationship with activity intensity. The enhanced effect of nicotine was
      specific to energy expenditure, since heart rate showed dose-dependent changes
      that were generally similar regardless of activity level. These findings confirm
      a mediating influence of physical activity level on the acute metabolic effect of
      nicotine, especially in males, and may have implications for explaining
      individual differences in body weight changes due to tobacco smoking and
      cessation.

PMID- 1805224
TI  - Sweetness-dependent facilitation of sucrose drinking by raclopride is unrelated
      to calorie content.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that dopamine receptor antagonists increase the
      intake of solid or liquid diets containing high concentrations of sucrose. In
      Experiment 1, different groups of rats were trained in two-bottle tests (sweet
      solution vs. water), using three concentrations of either sucrose (0.7, 7 or 34%)
      or saccharin (0.02, 0.2 or 0.8%). Both sweeteners showed an inverted-U-shaped
      concentration-intake function. Raclopride increased intake of 34% sucrose, but
      not of 0.8% saccharin. In Experiment 2, raclopride had similar effects in three
      bottle tests (all 3 concentrations available concurrently). However, whereas 34%
      was the most preferred sucrose solution, 0.2% saccharin was preferred to 0.8%.
      Thus, 0.8% saccharin differs from 34% sucrose in two ways, being not only
      noncaloric, but also aversive. In Experiment 3, 34% sucrose was rendered aversive
      by the addition of 0.08% quinine. Intake of this cocktail was not increased by
      raclopride. These results suggest that the difference between sucrose and
      saccharin in the effects of raclopride is related to the aversive properties of a
      concentrated solution of saccharin, rather than to its lack of calories.

PMID- 1805225
TI  - The effects of d-amphetamine on the electrophysiological activity of the superior
      colliculus in the rat.
AB  - The superior colliculus (SC) is thought to have an inhibitory effect on arousal
      (and hence activity) in rats when light is present. d-Amphetamine is believed to
      suppress this inhibition of the SC on arousal. The present study investigated the
      electrophysiological activity of the SC of the rat under the influence of d
      amphetamine in both light and dark conditions. A single numerical arousal index
      value (AI) for the electrophysiological data obtained by dividing the frequency
      of the waves by the voltage over a specified interval was used. Results showed
      that light conditions decreased the AI of the SC. The AI was, however, not
      affected by d-amphetamine. Also, the electrophysiological activity of the SC
      showed spontaneous emissions of high-voltage (600 microV) alpha waves which
      generally occurred in two- to four-second bursts. Occurrence of this high-voltage
      activity was reduced by increasing doses of d-amphetamine.

PMID- 1805226
TI  - Hormonal and subjective effects of smoking the first five cigarettes of the day:
      a comparison in males and females.
AB  - The effects of smoking normal-nicotine-delivery cigarettes on serum cortisol,
      plasma beta-endorphin (BE), and mood were measured in 8 male and 8 female
      smokers; 8 male and 8 female nonsmokers served as sham-smoking controls. Smoking
      five cigarettes of the smokers' usual type after overnight deprivation, either ad
      lib or via a quantified smoke delivery system, produced small but reliable
      elevations in serum cortisol concentrations; BE was elevated somewhat after two,
      but not after four or five cigarettes. Smoking-induced elevations in serum
      cortisol were correlated with decreases in self-reported drowsiness after two and
      five cigarettes. Additionally, female smokers reported more drowsiness at
      baseline and after smoking nicotine-free cigarettes than did male smokers or
      female nonsmokers. Results suggest that smoking-induced elevations in serum
      cortisol, which persist for at least the first five cigarettes of the day, may
      modulate the arousing effects of smoking under conditions of low arousal. Also,
      nicotine-deprived female smokers may experience subnormal arousal compared to
      male smokers or female nonsmokers.

PMID- 1805227
TI  - Neurotoxic effects of secalonic acid D in mice during subchronic postnatal
      exposure.
AB  - To establish a dose-response of neurotoxic effects to daily oral doses of the
      mycotoxin secalonic acid D (SAD), as well as to correlate the neonatal behavioral
      responses to smaller doses of SAD with the attendant neurochemical effects in
      mice, 5 neonates of each sex were placed with each mother and 4 litters were
      treated orally with 0 to 5 mg/kg of SAD daily from postnatal day (PND) 3 through
      35. Body weights, toxic signs, and mortality were used to arrive at no observable
      effect level (NOEL). Performance in several behavioral tests and changes in
      regional norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brains of neonates treated
      with SAD at NOEL (1.25 mg/kg/day) or below were evaluated at selected times
      during SAD exposure. Doses as low as 1.25 mg/kg/day reversibly reduced body
      weights in both sexes on PND 12 and 13 compared to controls, whereas doses of 2.5
      mg/kg/day or greater were lethal (LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg/day). Toxic signs observable
      in neonates receiving 2.5 mg/kg/day or more of SAD included fine body tremors,
      uncoordinated movements, hindlimb weakness, circling, loss of righting reflex,
      paddling, and terminal coma. Ontogeny of cliff avoidance (PND 5, 7, and 9),
      hindlimb grip response (PND 14, 17, and 20), olfactory discrimination (PND 8
      through 11) and swimming (PND 13 through 21) were significantly delayed by SAD
      exposure: some even at 0.625 mg/kg/day. Dopamine levels significantly increased
      on PND 13 and decreased on PND 20 only in the olfactory lobe of SAD-exposed
      neonates. Norepinephrine levels were unchanged in all the brain regions
      examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805228
TI  - Oxytocin attenuates tolerance not only to the hypothermic but also to the
      myorelaxant and akinesic effects of ethanol in mice.
AB  - Inhibition of ethanol tolerance by oxytocin has been demonstrated previously
      using the hypothermic effect only. The purpose of the present experiment was to
      investigate the effect of oxytocin on the development of tolerance to ethanol
      induced hypothermia, myorelaxation and akinesia in mice. Four groups of mice
      received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline or oxytocin (0.005 mg) plus
      saline or ethanol (2 g/kg). The peptide was administered 2 hours before ethanol.
      For five consecutive days, temperature measurements were performed 20 minutes
      before and after ethanol injection. Myorelaxation and akinesia were evaluated
      following the second temperature measure. Oxytocin pretreatment, which had no
      intrinsic effects, resulted in a robust selective attenuation of tolerance to
      ethanol-induced hypothermia, myorelaxation and akinesia. These results suggest
      that the mechanisms for peptide modulation are common to these three typical
      effects of ethanol.

PMID- 1805229
TI  - Cocaine's effects on rate of intracranial self-stimulation.
AB  - While some investigators have reported that cocaine increases response rates for
      brain stimulation reward, others have failed to demonstrate this effect. The
      present study was designed to evaluate the influence of stimulation parameters,
      dose of cocaine and operant-dependent response requirements on cocaine's ability
      to alter self-stimulation rates. Self-stimulation rates were collected on a
      minute by minute basis for 45 min following IP injections of 0, 5, 15 or 30 mg/kg
      cocaine HCI. All doses were tested using both nose-poking and lever-pressing
      operants. It was found that mean lever-pressing rates were significantly
      increased by 5 mg/kg cocaine, while nose-poking rates were significantly
      increased by 15 and 30 mg/kg cocaine. Further examination of the pattern of
      results indicated that the cocaine-induced increases in lever-pressing rate were
      mainly due to an increase in the time spent self-stimulating, whereas increases
      in nose-poking were mainly due to increases in nose-poking rate/min within self
      stimulation bouts. It was hypothesized that 5 mg/kg cocaine increased lever
      pressing by producing response perseveration, while the higher doses increased
      nose-poking mainly due to the compatibility of the nose-poking response
      topography with cocaine-induced stereotypies.

PMID- 1805230
TI  - Isolation increases a behavioral response to the selective 5-HT 1B agonist CGS
      120 66B.
AB  - The effect of two serotonergic drugs, CGS 120 66B acting specifically and TFMPP
      acting preferentially onto 5-HT1B receptors, was compared in preisolated and in
      pregrouped mice. Two mice put under an inverted beaker attempt to escape. The
      number of escape attempts of mice preisolated for 7 days was half that of
      pregrouped mice. In preisolated mice, TFMPP and CGS 120 66B increased the number
      of escape attempts up to, respectively, 200% and 300% of that of preisolated
      control mice. In pregrouped mice, CGS 120 66B was nearly inactive and TFMPP
      exerts a smaller effect. These results suggest that isolation increases the
      apparent responsiveness to 5-HT1B stimulants.

PMID- 1805231
TI  - Tolerance and cross-tolerance with morphine in mice selectively bred for high and
      low stress-induced analgesia.
AB  - Mice selectively bred for high (HA) and low (LA) swim-induced analgesia were
      exposed to two different stress paradigms; one consisting of a 3-min swim at 20
      degrees C daily for 14 days, and the other consisting of 3-min swims repeated at
      2-h intervals for 48 h. Both forms of chronic stress resulted in the development
      of tolerance to swim-induced antinociception to a greater degree in the HA mice
      than in control (C) mice, but were both ineffective at inducing tolerance in LA
      mice. Swimming repeated at 2-h intervals for 48 h resulted in cross-tolerance
      with morphine in HA and C mice. Naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg, IP) failed to
      antagonize swim-induced analgesia in mice that had experienced chronic swimming
      in the 2-h/48-h paradigm. The daily swimming paradigm failed to produce cross
      tolerance with morphine analgesia in any line. Differential degree of tolerance
      in three lines supports a hypothesis that selective breeding for high and low
      stress-induced analgesia has modified the degree of opioid involvement in the
      endogenous analgesia mechanisms.

PMID- 1805232
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid controls the mouse hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular
      response to the presence of female.
AB  - The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the control of plasma testosterone
      was studied on male mice of inbred strains (CBA/Lac, A/He and BALB/c) exposed to
      a sexually receptive female in the same cage but separated by a partition. Within
      40 minutes, testosterone levels in plasma increased 1.5-3.5 times depending upon
      the mouse genotype. This process could be completely blocked if GABA accumulation
      was induced by pretreatment with the GABA transaminase inhibitor, aminooxyacetic
      acid (AOAA), or by emotional stress induced by 40 min of restraint. Neither
      bicuculline-induced blockade of GABA receptors nor a decrease of GABA
      concentration induced by prior administration of thiosemicarbazide (an inhibitor
      of glutamate decarboxylase), affected the increase of plasma testosterone that
      occurred in response to presentation of a receptive female. However, at sexual
      arousal, the bicuculline blockade of GABA receptors significantly reduced the
      inhibitory effects of both AOAA administration and emotional stress on plasma
      testosterone levels. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of emotional stress
      on female-induced activation of testicular endocrine function is mediated, at
      least in part, via activation of bicuculline-sensitive receptors.

PMID- 1805233
TI  - Psychopharmacological effects of MK-801 in infant and preweanling rat pups.
AB  - -Neonatal (3-4-day-old) and preweanling (17-18-day-old) Sprague-Dawley rat pups
      were tested following SC administration of saline, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0
      mg/kg MK-801. In neonatal rat pups, reductions in a number of behaviors (forward
      locomotion, mouthing) were seen at the higher (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) doses. In
      contrast, evidence of behavioral stimulation in forward locomotion at 30 min
      postinjection was seen at a lower dose (0.1 mg/kg). In preweanling rat pups,
      marked sedative effects of MK-801 were seen at higher doses (decreases in forward
      locomotion, headlift and sniff), with signs of behavioral stimulation (increases
      in forward locomotion and mouthing) evident at low doses. Thus, as in adults, low
      doses of MK-801 may be behaviorally stimulatory and higher doses inhibitory to
      both neonatal and preweanling pups, although the stimulatory effects appear to be
      somewhat less pronounced in these young animals than has been previously reported
      in adulthood.

PMID- 1805234
TI  - Effects of cold-restraint and swim stress on convulsions induced by
      pentylenetetrazol and electroshock: influence of naloxone pretreatment.
AB  - The influence of two stressogenic conditions, restraint at 4 degrees C for 30 min
      (cold-restraint stress; CRS) or swimming at 20 degrees C for 3 min (swim stress;
      SS), on nociception and on convulsions triggered by different agents was assessed
      in mice. In saline-pretreated mice CRS and SS caused analgesia (hot-plate test,
      56 degrees C), delayed the onset of convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol
      (PTZ, 100 mg/kg, IP) and aggravated convulsions elicited by maximal transcorneal
      electroshock (150 mA pulses at 60 Hz for 0.2 s). Pretreatment with naloxone (10
      mg/kg, SC, 30 min prior to testing), which did not affect the responsiveness of
      nonstressed mice to the hot plate or to the convulsant treatments, attenuated the
      development of analgesia following CRS, but not SS, and further prolonged the
      latency to onset of PTZ-induced convulsions in both stressed groups. Thus the
      extent to which CRS and SS can each delay the onset of PTZ-triggered convulsion
      appears to be limited by activation of a proconvulsant opioid system. In
      contrast, naloxone pretreatment did not modify the effects of CRS or SS on the
      severity of electroshock-induced seizures. In conclusion, CRS and SS can each,
      simultaneously, exert anticonvulsant and proconvulsant influences on
      responsiveness to PTZ and electroshock, respectively. Also, both forms of stress
      can activate an opioid system modulating the onset of PTZ-induced seizures, which
      is distinct from that controlling nociception. These findings, together with
      those of other stress, convulsions and opioid systems, which depends on the
      characteristics of the stressogenic condition, species, convulsant agent and
      parameter considered.

PMID- 1805235
TI  - Differential effects of naloxone on approach and escape responses induced by
      electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus or the mesencephalic central
      gray area in mice.
AB  - BALB/c mice implanted with a bipolar electrode were trained in a shuttle-box to
      initiate and to terminate a continuous electrical stimulation applied in the
      lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the mesencephalic central gray area (CG).
      Following stabilization of the baseline response latencies, the subjects were
      subcutaneously injected with isotonic NaCl or with naloxone HCl (0.5, 2 or 10
      mg/kg) 15 min or 45 min before a test session. In LH-stimulated animals no
      modification of the behavioral responses was observed after injection of 0.5
      mg/kg of naloxone. The 2 mg/kg dose increased the value of escape latency (ON
      time) but had no effect on approach latency (OFF time). The 10 mg/kg dose also
      increased ON time. At this dose, an increase of OFF time was simultaneously
      observed but only 15 min after the injection. In CG-stimulated mice an increase
      of OFF time and a reduction of ON time were recorded 15 min after the injection
      of 0.5 mg/kg. Only the reduction of ON time was detected for the 45-min delay.
      The 2 mg and 10 mg/kg doses simultaneously increased OFF time and reduced ON time
      for the two delays. These results demonstrate 1) that the effects of naloxone on
      self-stimulation varied as a function of the structure considered 2) that the
      predominant characteristic of the considered structure (essentially "rewarding"
      as the LH or "aversive" as the CG) governs the modulations induced by naloxone.

PMID- 1805236
TI  - Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in rats: effect of GABA function inhibitors.
AB  - The repeated administration of subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)
      produced a progressive sensitization to the effects of this compound (i.e.,
      chemical kindling) in the rat. A very similar time-course for PTZ-induced
      kindling was observed using two different treatment schedules: 1) one injection
      every day (30 mg/kg, IP), and 2) one injection (30 mg/kg, IP) every second day.
      When these treatment schedules were used for eight consecutive weeks, more than
      80% of the rats displayed convulsions by the end of treatment. In contrast, only
      20% of the rats were sensitized if PTZ was administered twice daily at the dose
      of 15 mg/kg, IP. The increased sensitivity to the convulsant effect of PTZ was
      still present one year after completion of the chronic treatment. Moreover, rats
      kindled with PTZ showed an enhanced susceptibility to convulsions induced by
      different inhibitors of central GABAergic function, such as the chloride channel
      blocker picrotoxin, the benzodiazepine receptor ligands FG 7142 and Ro 15-4513,
      and the inhibitor of GABA synthesis isoniazid. In contrast, the sensitivity to
      the convulsant action of the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine was unchanged
      by repeated PTZ administration. It is suggested that kindling produced by PTZ may
      be associated with a persistent reduction in the inhibitory function of the
      GABAergic system in the brain.

PMID- 1805237
TI  - Effects of heroin and naloxone on cerebral blood flow in the conscious rat.
AB  - The widespread, heterogeneous distribution of opiate receptors and their
      endogenous ligands in the nervous system are reflective of the variety of central
      and systemic effects seen after opiate administration. Most neurons respond to
      either systemic or local opiate application with a decrease in firing rate,
      although increased neuronal activity has also been reported in such regions as
      the caudate, amygdala, ventral tegmentum, and substantia nigra. While regional
      metabolic studies have consistently reported neuronal suppression, some portion
      of this might be secondary to systemic hypercapnia. Using a brief blood flow
      marker, we recently reported a heterogenous increase in activity in more than
      half of the brain regions examined. To extend that study, we report herein the
      results of a dose-response and antagonist challenge experiment. Rats received an
      acute injection of one of the following: heroin (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg), naloxone
      (1.0 mg/kg), a cocktail of heroin (0.3 mg/kg) plus naloxone or saline. One min
      after drug administration, 160 muCi/kg [1-14C] octanoate, a marker for cerebral
      blood flow, was delivered IV. Rats were sacrificed two min later, brains removed
      and prepared for autoradiography. Of the fifty-eight areas analyzed, heroin
      caused an increase in blood flow in the caudate, claustrocortex, laterodorsal
      thalamus and dentate gyrus. Decreases were found for the bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis, preoptic area, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, dorsomedial and
      paraventricular hypothalamus, entorhinal and cingulate cortices and dorsal raphe.
      Naloxone resulted in significant increases in the olfactory tubercle and
      paraventricular nucleus while decreases were seen in the cingulate and
      basolateral amygdala.

PMID- 1805238
TI  - Idaverine, an M2- vs. M3-selective muscarinic antagonist, does not prevent motion
      sickness in cats.
AB  - In this study, the affinity profile of idaverine for the M1- (neuronal tissue),
      M2- (heart) and M3- (glandular tissue/nonvascular smooth muscle) muscarinic
      receptors was examined by means of radioligand binding and in vitro organ bath
      experiments in order to use the compound for the investigation of the muscarinic
      receptor subtype involved in motion sickness. In the profile study a comparison
      was made with the muscarinic antagonists atropine, pirenzepine (M1-selective) AF
      DX 116 (M2-selective) and 4-DAMP (high affinity for M1- and M3-binding sites).
      The affinity of idaverine appeared to be equally high for the M1- and M2-binding
      sites. However, the affinity for the M1-binding sites should be interpreted
      cautiously since the Hill slope deviated from unity. Idaverine showed a 20-fold
      selectivity for the M2-binding sites over the M3-binding sites, whereas it showed
      a small selectivity (less than 5-fold) for the M2-receptors compared to the ileal
      and tracheal smooth muscle receptors. Thus idaverine appears to be M2 over M3
      selective. However, in contrast to AF-DX 116, it is not clear whether idaverine
      is also M2 over M1 selective. In experiments with cats, idaverine failed to
      prevent motion sickness at doses from 0.03 to 3 mg/kg. These results are
      interpreted to implicate M3-receptors in the motion sickness suppressant effect
      of antimuscarinic drugs.

PMID- 1805239
TI  - Time course of interictal EEG patterns induced by a penicillin injection into the
      olfactory cortex.
AB  - In awake rats, the time courses of behavioural and cortical interictal
      hyperactivity patterns were investigated following an injection of the GABA
      antagonist Na-penicillin (PCN) (125 IU/0.5 microliters) into the olfactory or
      motor cortex. The cortical EEG was recorded by means of 6 AgAgCl-electrodes,
      behaviour was videotaped simultaneously. Behavioural hyperactivity developed
      immediately after PCN injection. It lasted longer than 2.5 to 4 h in the
      olfactory but less than 30 min in the motor cortex group of rats. The interictal
      EEG pattern of the olfactory group was characterized by a slow establishing of
      three centers of high cortical activity. They were located in the ipsilateral
      central and the contralateral frontal and occipital cortex. In the motor cortex
      group, however, a cortical center of high activity developed immediately after
      the PCN injection near the injection site only, or additionally, over the
      homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere. The results indicate different
      susceptibility properties in the underlying neuronal networks. Ongoing
      epileptiform activity obviously modifies this susceptibility in a site-specific
      manner. Moreover, the time-correlated occurrence of high activity in the frontal
      motor and occipital cortex evoked by a PCN injection into the olfactory cortex
      suggests a close coupling of these three areas. A coupling between the frontal
      motor, occipital and focal area could not be shown, if PCN was injected into the
      motor cortex.

PMID- 1805240
TI  - Formation of GABOB from 2-hydroxyputrescine and its anticonvulsant effect.
AB  - To investigate the formation of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid from 2
      hydroxyputrescine in mammalian organs, the radioactive diamine was synthesized
      and was injected into rats intraperitoneally or intraventricularly. After
      intraperitoneal injection, the radioactive amino acid was detected in various
      organs, but formation of the stereoisomer of the amino acid (gamma-amino-alpha
      hydroxybutyric acid) was not demonstrated. Intraventricular injection of the
      radioactive diamine also resulted in the formation of gamma-amino-beta
      hydroxybutyric acid in the rat brain. In vivo experiments using monoamine oxidase
      or diamine oxidase inhibitors suggested the participation of both enzymes in the
      formation of the amino acid from the diamine in rat organs other than the brain,
      where diamine oxidase appeared to play the major role. To investigate the
      anticonvulsant effect of 2-hydroxyputrescine, the threshold of pentylenetetrazol
      induced generalized convulsions was measured in rats after the intraventricular
      injection of 2-hydroxyputrescine. Both R(-)- and S(+)-2-hydroxyputrescine had an
      anticonvulsant effect, with a greater elevation of the threshold being observed
      after injection of the R(-) form. Time course experiments suggested that this
      anticonvulsant effect depended on the formation of gamma-amino-beta
      hydroxybutyric acid from 2-hydroxyputrescine in the rat brain. The anticonvulsant
      action of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid was also examined, and the
      stimulation of Cl- influx plus the inhibition of GABA uptake into brain membrane
      vesicles were indicated to be involved.

PMID- 1805241
TI  - Plasticity mechanisms in vestibular compensation in the cat are improved by an
      extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761).
AB  - The effects of administration of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on
      vestibular compensation was studied in unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats.
      This experimental model of CNS plasticity was investigated by using behavioral
      tests (postural disorders compensation, locomotor balance recovery),
      electrophysiological (spontaneous and evoked neck muscle activity) and
      neurophysiological (spontaneous firing rate recovery of deafferented vestibular
      cells) recordings, and immunocytochemical methods (synaptic loss and synaptic
      reoccupation within the deafferented vestibular nuclei). In all experiments, EGb
      761 was administered over 30 days at daily doses of 50 mg/kg IP. The results
      showed a faster recovery in the EGb-treated group of cats as compared to an
      untreated control group. EGb administration strongly accelerated postural and
      locomotor balance recovery. Concomitantly, spontaneous neck muscle activity,
      vestibulo-collic reflexes and spontaneous firing rate of vestibular units located
      on the lesioned side were restored earlier. Morphological correlates
      characterized by a more rapid synaptic reoccupation were found in the
      deafferented medial vestibular nucleus by means of immunoreactive labelling using
      an antibody against a synaptic vesicle-associated protein (synaptophysin), but
      they displayed a longer time-constant in comparison with the behavioral and
      neurophysiological data. These results clearly demonstrate that EGb 761 acts on
      recovery mechanisms considered as key processes in vestibular compensation. They
      suggest that this substance would possess neurotrophic and/or neuritogenic
      properties improving functional recovery after CNS injury.

PMID- 1805242
TI  - Induction of phencyclidine-like behavior in rats by dextrorphan but not
      dextromethorphan.
AB  - The behavioral effects of dextromethorphan (DM), dextrorphan (DO) and
      phencyclidine (PCP) were compared in rats. DO (15-120 mg/kg) was similar to PCP
      (1.25-20 mg/kg) in inducing dose-dependent locomotor hyperactivity, stereotypy
      and ataxia. DM (15-120 mg/kg) induced moderate hyperactivity only at the higher
      doses about 45 min after treatment. DM and DO modified the locomotor facilitation
      induced by 10 mg/kg PCP in opposite directions. Pretreatment with DO facilitated,
      whereas DM dose-dependently inhibited PCP-elicited hyperactivity. Although the
      metabolism of DM in rats is unknown, the recently reported abuse of DM in humans
      may occur by its conversion to DO in the organism, i.e., to a metabolite which
      produces PCP-like effects.

PMID- 1805244
TI  - Neuropeptide-Y both improves and impairs delayed matching-to-sample performance
      in rats.
AB  - Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) was administered intracerebroventricularly to rats
      performing on delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) to determine if NPY modulates
      short-term (working) memory. Rats administered saline demonstrated a
      characteristic DMTS delay gradient in which accuracy decreased as the delay
      interval between sample and comparison stimuli increased from 2 to 8 to 16
      seconds. At 8- and 16-second delays, low doses of NPY (0.25 and 0.5 nmol/kg)
      increased matching accuracy. As doses increased from 1 to 16 nmol/kg, accuracy
      decreased in a dose- and delay-dependent manner. NPY effects were specific to
      working memory, since NPY did not affect accuracy of responses to the sample
      stimulus (reference memory). At higher doses, a greater decline in accuracy
      occurred when the correct stimulus was on the opposite side from the response on
      the previous trial compared to accuracy when the previous response was on the
      same side. These data show NPY may both improve and impair accuracy on DMTS and
      that some portion of impairment is due to proactive interference resulting from
      previous trials.

PMID- 1805243
TI  - Ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion associated with alteration of presynaptic
      components of dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens of mice.
AB  - The underlying mechanisms of ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion were examined in
      mice. An intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ketamine (3-150 mg/kg) increased
      locomotor activity in a dose-dependent fashion. A low dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg)
      produced peak locomotion within the first 10 min followed by a rapid decline. In
      contrast, a high dose (150 mg/kg) inhibited locomotor activity to the control
      level during the first 30 min. Thereafter the activity gradually increased and
      reached a peak at approximately 2 h followed by a gradual decline. The
      hyperactivities induced by both low and high doses of ketamine were inhibited by
      a low dose of haloperidol (0.10 mg/kg, IP), a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist.
      However, neither a high dose of phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg, IP), an alpha-blocker
      nor a high dose of propranolol (20 mg/kg, IP), a beta-blocker inhibited the
      hyperactivities. Destruction of catecholaminergic terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine
      suppressed ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion. Regional brain monoamine assays
      revealed that, at peak locomotion, a low dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg) selectively
      increased DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens which is a forebrain region
      believed to be involved in the initiation and regulation of locomotor activity,
      while a high dose (150 mg/kg) increased not only DA but also norepinephrine and
      serotonin turnover in many regions of the brain. In vitro, ketamine slightly
      provoked [3H]DA release from nucleus accumbens and striatal slices to a similar
      extent, but inhibited synaptosomal uptake of [3H]DA in the nucleus accumbens to a
      greater degree than in the striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805245
TI  - Behavioral changes in cold-stressed mice related to a central calcium-dependent
      catecholamine synthesizing system.
AB  - An investigation was carried out regarding the mechanism of behavioral changes in
      mice elicited by cold stress. Cold stress was induced in adult male mice by
      restraining them from free action for 2 h at 4 degrees C. As the control test,
      mice were restrained from free action for 2 h at room temperature. The locomotor
      counts in cold-stressed mice were found to be lower than in controls. The counts
      in cold-stressed mice were increased by IP pretreatment with EDTA or alpha
      methyltyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor), and were further decreased by IP
      pretreatment with CaCl2. On the other hand, serum calcium and brain calcium
      levels in cold-stressed mice were increased 15-30 min and 30 min, respectively,
      after restraint under cold temperatures, and returned to original levels 1 h
      after restraint. Also, the biochemical and immunohistochemical brain dopamine
      levels in cold-stressed mice were higher than in control mice. The increment of
      brain dopamine levels in the control mice was also observed by the administration
      of CaCl2. Furthermore, the ability of cold stress to enhance the dopamine level
      in mice brains was attenuated by IP pretreatment with alpha-methyltyrosine. In
      light of previous reports that central calcium activates catecholamine
      synthesizing enzymes via a calmodulin-dependent system, it is suggested that cold
      stress enhances the brain calcium level, and then increased calcium enhances
      dopamine synthesis in the brain through a central calcium-dependent catecholamine
      synthesizing system. Subsequently, increased dopamine induces behavioral changes.

PMID- 1805246
TI  - Chronic intrathecal cannulation affects hypothalamic opioids depending on the
      technique employed.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that chronic intrathecal cannulation can interfere
      with the homeostasis of central opioid peptides. These results show that beta
      endorphin and Met-enkephalin concentrations did not change in the hypothalamus of
      rats bearing a chronic cannula inserted between C8-T1 up to L3 and fixed to the
      processes transversus T1. These results suggest that chronically cannulated rats
      can be considered as normal when studying hypothalamic beta-endorphin or Met
      enkephalin concentrations, and used in physiological studies, depending on the
      technique employed.

PMID- 1805247
TI  - Tail-tremor induced by exposure to cigarette smoke in rats.
AB  - Tremors appearing only in the tail (tail-tremor) induced by cigarette smoke and
      subcutaneous nicotine were investigated using a smoking machine and Wistar rats.
      Daily exposure (twice a day) to smokes of two commercial cigarettes (Mild-Seven
      Select for the first 7 days and Long-Peace for the next 6 days) caused the tail
      tremor to appear even if it was slight. A single subcutaneous nicotine (0.5
      mg/kg) administration to rats exposed to the cigarette smokes for 13 days
      markedly caused the tail-tremor. On the other hand, daily subcutaneous injection
      of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg/day) also caused the tail-tremor to appear beginning on
      the 4th day and the incidence of tremor increased to 100% by the 12th day. These
      results indicate that tail-tremor can be caused not only by daily subcutaneous
      administration of nicotine but also by daily exposure to cigarette smoke.

PMID- 1805248
TI  - Adjuvant therapy with recombinant interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL
      3) are important members of the system of hematopoietic growth factors which
      control blood formation. Recombinant human (rh) GM-CSF stimulates proliferation
      and differentiation of myeloid cells and enhances effectively the regeneration of
      granulocytes and monocytes after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.
      RhIL-3 acts on multipotent progenitor cells and induces an increase of
      leukocytes, platelets and reticulocytes after in vivo application. Combination of
      rhIL-3 and rhGM-CSF exerts a highly synergistic action on several hematopoietic
      cell lineages in monkeys and patients. Sequential application of rhIL-3 (5 days)
      followed by rhGM-CSF (10 days) has equivalent effects on myelopoiesis and
      thrombopoiesis compared with the effects of 15 days' monotherapy with rhGM-CSF on
      myelopoiesis and of a 15 days' treatment with IL-3 on platelet production. This
      combination seems to be very potent to reduce risk of neutropenia-associated
      infection and thrombocytopenic bleeding in patients with hematopoietic failure.

PMID- 1805249
TI  - Biological rhythms in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of
      drugs.
AB  - Studies carried out in the last 20 years indicated that biological rhythms can be
      detected in the pharmacokinetics of most classes of drugs. These time-dependent
      variations could be due to parallel changes in the physiological functions and
      variables involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of
      drugs. A review of the data available suggests that the peak and trough values of
      these functions and variables do not occur at the same hour of the day in every
      factor involved in drug disposition. This information could be used to predict
      the time-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics. The presence of circadian
      variations in the kinetics of drugs raise the rather old question: "When to
      administer drug?"

PMID- 1805250
TI  - [Leg ulcers of unusual etiology].

PMID- 1805251
TI  - [Compression, the current treatment of acute cellulitis].

PMID- 1805252
TI  - [Medical treatment of sclerous cellulitis].

PMID- 1805253
TI  - [Traumatic ulcer of the elderly].

PMID- 1805254
TI  - [Ulceration of the toes in a young adult presenting with distal arteriopathy and
      recurring superficial phlebitis. Treatment using hemodilution. Apropos of a
      case].

PMID- 1805255
TI  - [Surgical treatment of venous insufficiency of the calf veins].

PMID- 1805256
TI  - [A study protocol of chronic venous insufficiency using photoreflexometry as an
      extension of the clinical examination and the Doppler examination].

PMID- 1805257
TI  - [Morphologic changes in the walls of the internal saphenous vein used as an
      arterial bypass].
AB  - Long saphenous vein (LSV) is considered an optimal plastic material for arterial
      reconstructions in revascularization of the myocardium and in the femoral
      popliteal segment. The authors analyze the results from the investigation of the
      operation material from 12 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of the
      lower limbs in which reversed LSV has been previously used for arterial bypass
      grafts. Material is taken during the second operation performed between two days
      and 18 months after the first reconstruction. In the early period after LSV
      implantation into the arterial blood flow there is a prevalence of destructive
      alterations which are mainly manifested in the intima and internal layers of the
      media. In later periods a massive layer is formed growing into the venous
      vascular lumen designated as "neo-intima". Investigations of its structure and of
      mechanisms of its formation could enable the regulation of this process by
      clinicists.

PMID- 1805258
TI  - [An unusual complication of ambulatory phlebectomy. Talc granuloma].
AB  - A review of the literature concerning the complications of ambulatory phlebectomy
      using the Muller technique. Description of a complication as yet unreported,
      silicotic granuloma, of which the author has seen 2 cases following the
      inappropriate use of antibiotic powder at the end of the operation. The
      prevention of this benign complication, as unnecessary as it is unesthetic,
      involves limiting the size of incisions and avoidance of the application of
      medicinal powder to a surgical wound.

PMID- 1805259
TI  - [A comparison of various phlebotonic agents on human endothelial cells of veins
      subjected to hypoxia].

PMID- 1805260
TI  - Interactions of testosterone with the olfactory system in the display of mounting
      behavior in the female rat.
AB  - Adult ovariectomized female rats received a testosterone propionate (TP) silastic
      implant (day 0) and were subsequently tested for mounting behavior. The number of
      females displaying mounting behavior increased from day 2 (0%) to day 14 (94%)
      following testosterone implantation. Olfactory bulbectomy (OB) performed on day 
      7 or on day +14 reduced the number of females that mounted on day +16 as compared
      to sham counterparts. However, the number of females displaying mounting behavior
      was significantly higher when OB was performed on day +14 than on day -7.
      Peripheral anosmia induced by ZnSO4 instillation, either with multiple
      instillations beginning on day -8 before TP implant or with a single injection on
      day +14, equally impaired mounting behavior on day +16. These results, which
      further confirm the role of the olfactory system in facilitating the display of
      mounting behavior in the female rat, suggest an olfaction-testosterone
      interaction.

PMID- 1805261
TI  - Synergistic action of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on rat proceptive
      behavior.
AB  - The role of estradiol (E), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) in the control
      of rat feminine sexual behavior (receptivity, proceptivity and sexual
      orientation) was analyzed. The action of estradiol benzoate (EB, 1.25
      micrograms/rat x 3 days) and P (0.5 mg/rat) was compared in ovariectomized (OVX)
      and ovariectomized-adrenalectomized (OVX + ADX) subjects. Administration of EB
      alone was followed by maximum levels of lordosis behavior and a male-directed
      orientation in both OVX and OVX + ADX females. A reduction in the level of
      proceptivity was observed in EB-treated OVX + ADX animals as compared with EB
      treated OVX rats. The administration of P to OVX + ADX females resulted in an
      increase in proceptive behavior similar to that observed in OVX EB-treated
      animals. A further study analyzed the effect of combined administration of EB, P
      and various doses of T (30, 90 and 270 micrograms/rat) in OVX + ADX rats. A
      synergistic action of all three hormones on proceptivity was observed. Neither a
      further increase in lordosis nor in male-directed orientation was observed in EB
      treated females after additional treatment with P or T independently or together.
      Finally, we studied the effect of adrenalectomy on the spontaneous onset of
      estrous behavior. Adrenalectomy did not modify any aspect of normal feminine
      sexual behavior, suggesting that the adrenals, in the presence of the ovaries,
      are of no critical importance for this behavior. The possible contribution of
      adrenal steroids to the expression of proceptivity is discussed.

PMID- 1805262
TI  - Hippocampal and body temperature changes in rats during delayed matching-to
      sample performance in a cold environment.
AB  - In order to study the effects of temperature changes induced by cold stress on
      working memory, telemetry thermistor probes were implanted into the hippocampal
      region of the brain and into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Temperatures in these
      regions were monitored while rats performed on a delayed matching-to-sample
      (DMTS) task at ambient temperatures of 23 degrees C and 2 degrees C. Matching
      accuracy was significantly decreased during exposure to 2 degrees C, indicating a
      marked impairment of short-term or working memory. Temperature in the hippocampus
      increased 2 degrees C during exposure to 23 degrees C, but only 1 degrees C when
      the environmental temperature was 2 degrees C. Body temperature showed a similar
      but less pronounced pattern in that cold exposure attenuated the increase in
      temperature observed when animals performed the DMTS task. These results suggest
      that cold-induced impairment of working memory may be associated with subtle
      temperature changes in the brain.

PMID- 1805263
TI  - Relative contribution of nervous system and hormones to CNS-mediated
      hyperglycemia is determined by the neurochemical specificity in the brain.
AB  - To determine whether CNS regulatory pathways are organized so that differential
      sympathetic outflow patterns occur in response to stress, we injected various
      doses of neostigmine or bombesin into the third cerebral ventricle of fed rats,
      and then measured the hepatic venous plasma concentrations of glucose, glucagon,
      insulin, and epinephrine. The following four groups of rats were studied. Group 1
      was intact rats. Group 2 comprised intact rats receiving the constant infusion of
      a) somatostatin to inhibit the endogenous secretion of insulin and glucagon, and
      b) insulin to maintain the plasma insulin concentration at basal levels. The
      infusion was started from -30 minutes and given via a catheter in the femoral
      vein. Group 3 consisted of rats that underwent bilateral adrenal medullectomy
      (ADMX) one week before the experiment. Group 4 was ADMX rats administered a
      constant infusion of somatostain with insulin through a femoral vein, as above.
      The administration of 1 x 10(-9) mol neostigmine caused hepatic venous
      hyperglycemia mediated by three distinct pathways: 1) direct innervation of the
      liver, 2) a direct action of epinephrine on the liver, and 3) the action of
      glucagon on the liver. We estimated the relative contribution of these three
      factors to be about 47, 32, and 21%, respectively. Relative contributions of
      three factors of the doses of 5 x 10(-9) and 5 x 10(-8) mol neostigmine
      demonstrated an effect similar to that of 1 x 10(-9) mol neostigmine. Epinephrine
      was shown to be the only agent involved in the hyperglycemic response to
      intraventricular bombesin at doses of 1 x 10(-10), 1 x 10(-9), and 1 x 10(-8)
      mol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805264
TI  - A taste illusion: taste sensation localized by touch.
AB  - Taste sensations appear to come from all over the inner surface of the mouth, yet
      the taste receptors are restricted to relatively small particular areas of the
      oral surface. In addition, even if a relatively large (e.g., one half) proportion
      of the taste field is damaged, subjective taste experience may be unaffected. The
      touch system contributes to this constancy because taste sensations appear to be
      localized by touch. If a taste solution is painted from the side of the tongue
      (an area of low receptor density) past the tip (an area of high receptor density)
      and on to the second side, the taste sensation begins weak, gets stronger at the
      tip, and retains much of its intensity. The strong taste from the tip follows the
      tactile path of the stimulus sweep. This illusion occurs for all four stimuli
      tested: sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride.

PMID- 1805265
TI  - Interruption of the lordosis reflex of female rats by ventral midbrain
      stimulation.
AB  - The lordosis reflex, dorsiflexion of the vertebral column, is an estrogen
      dependent, essential element of female sexual behavior in rodents. Unilateral
      electrical stimulation of the midbrain ventral tegmental area through a
      chronically implanted electrode in freely moving, estrogen-primed ovariectomized
      female rats caused a rapid and strong suppression of the lordosis reflex in
      response to either male mounts or manual cutaneous stimuli. The interruption
      occurred in a graded manner to increased stimulus intensity, with a threshold at
      30 microA. The optimal frequency was at 75-125 Hz. After the termination of
      electrical stimulation, lordosis performance returned promptly to the pre
      stimulation level. No aversive response accompanied the blockade of lordosis.
      Electrical stimulation specifically blocked lordosis, without disrupting the
      proceptive components of female sexual behavior. In 10 animals tested,
      concomitant injection of dopamine receptor blocker pimozide tended to offset the
      effects of electrical stimulation in 2 cases. Interruption of the lordosis reflex
      might be mediated by projections from the ventral tegmental area, which activate
      a descending pathway inhibitory to the lordosis reflex arc at or below the lower
      brain stem.

PMID- 1805266
TI  - Components of heart rate reactivity during mental arithmetic with and without
      speaking.
AB  - Reactivity to psychological stressors has been hypothesized to be related to the
      development of cardiovascular disease. Because mental arithmetic (MA) has been
      shown to produce significant increases in heart rate and blood pressure, it is
      one of the most commonly utilized laboratory psychological stressors. However,
      the use of MA to assess hemodynamic reactivity raises two issues: 1) increases in
      heart rate can be produced by vagal withdrawal, sympathetic activation, or a
      combination of the two, and these mechanisms may differ in their pathogenic
      implications; and 2) in most MA studies, subjects are instructed to perform the
      task aloud, thus raising the possibility that speaking may interfere with
      respiratory patterns which in turn can influence hemodynamic outcomes. To address
      these two issues, we studied heart rate responses of 10 subjects to 2 different
      versions of MA and a control condition in which vocalization of answers was
      manipulated. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) in the low frequency
      (LB) and respiratory frequency (RSA) bands, and respiratory rate were measured.
      Results indicate that, although the two task conditions produced similar heart
      rate increases, RSA decreased only in the nonspeaking condition. Overall, the
      findings suggest that HR changes during MA are attributable to vagal withdrawal
      but that vocalization of answers during the task interferes with analysis of HRV,
      thus obscuring the mechanisms responsible for these changes.

PMID- 1805267
TI  - Lack of an inhibitory effect of hyperprolactinemia on androgen-dependent marking.
AB  - An experiment was performed to determine if hyperprolactinemia (chronically
      elevated serum prolactin levels), which inhibits testosterone-activated male
      sexual activity, also affects other androgen-dependent behaviors. Thus defecation
      and urine marking in response to a novel environment were examined in sham
      operated and pituitary-grafted (hyperprolactinemic) male rats that had been
      castrated or castrated and given subcutaneous testosterone implants. Both
      castration and pituitary grafting significantly inhibited defecation, with the
      inhibitory effects of hyperprolactinemia being most pronounced in the castrated
      non-testosterone-treated animals. In contrast, castration significantly reduced
      the amount of urine marking observed, but pituitary grafting was without effect
      on this behavior. Thus, although hyperprolactinemia may inhibit sexual activity
      through an antagonism of the activational effects of testosterone, these results
      suggest that this effect is specific to sexual behavior and does not involve a
      more generalized inhibition of the effects of testosterone on androgen-dependent
      behaviors.

PMID- 1805268
TI  - Serotonin-depleting midbrain lesions do not prevent ovariectomy-induced weight
      gain.
AB  - Past research has shown that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and midbrain raphe lesions
      are each effective in impeding the development of hypothalamic obesity while
      neither affects the development of genetic obesity in Zucker rats. To further
      test the parallels that may exist between these two manipulations on another
      putative obesity model, we studied the effects of midbrain raphe lesions on the
      development of ovariectomy-induced weight gain, previously shown to be unaffected
      by vagotomy. Ten adult female rats received thermal lesions of the dorsal and
      median raphe nuclei (RAPHE) while 7 served as sham controls (SHAM). Following a
      26-day recovery period during which body weight, food intake and water intake
      were periodically monitored, bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) was performed on 7
      RAPHEs and 4 SHAMs, with laparotomy (LAP) being performed on 3 RAPHEs and 3
      SHAMs. Body weights and intake variables were monitored for an additional 58
      days, then animals were sacrificed for brain histological and biochemical
      assessments. RAPHEs weighed less despite eating and drinking more than SHAMs
      throughout this study. Nevertheless, OVX rats gained more weight regardless of
      lesion (mean +/- SEM weight gain = 73.9 +/- 5.5 g for RAPHE + OVX and 67.0 +/-
      6.6 g for SHAM + OVX vs. 30.7 +/- 3.0 g for RAPHE + LAP and 39.7 +/- 5.5 g for
      SHAM + LAP). This occurred without reliable changes in the food or water intakes
      of either OVX subgroup. Histology confirmed that RAPHE lesions were largely
      localized to the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, as planned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805269
TI  - Activity disc and cage for continuous measurement of running activity and core
      temperature in hamsters.
AB  - We describe a design for the modular horizontal activity disc and tandem cages
      suitable for continuous monitoring of spontaneous running and of core
      temperatures in golden hamsters. An acrylic disc is equipped with a short brass
      axle. It is mounted inside a brass rotation sleeve at a 15 degrees angle off the
      horizontal plane. The disc module fits firmly inside either half of the tandem
      cage when activity measurements are needed. Easy removal allows for alternative
      use of cages. Minor modifications of disc dimensions and of disc base permit the
      use of activity modules with juvenile hamsters. The short distance between disc
      surface and cage floor permits continuous measurement of core temperature as well
      as running activity.

PMID- 1805270
TI  - Maternal diet influences reproductive development in male prairie vole offspring.
AB  - The plant compound, 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA), is found in the
      meristematic tissue of young, vegetatively growing grasses, and its ingestion
      stimulates the reproductive system of rodents in both short and long
      photoperiods. The present study demonstrates the existence of a novel mechanism
      whereby the presence of 6-MBOA in the diet of pregnant prairie voles (Microtus
      ochrogaster) enhances gonadal development in their male offspring. Female voles
      were fed specially milled food in which 6-MBOA was present (50 micrograms of 6
      MBOA/g food) or absent (0 microgram of 6-MBOA/g food) prior to the birth of their
      young; all of these dams received a diet that lacked 6-MBOA/g after the pups were
      born. Other females were fed food without 6-MBOA throughout pregnancy, but
      received one of the two diets during lactation. The pups from all experimental
      groups were weaned at 3 weeks of age and fed thereafter one of the two diets for
      3 additional weeks. Prenatal exposure to 6-MBOA enhanced male reproductive
      development. Maternal ingestion of 6-MBOA during lactation or postweaning intake
      of 6-MBOA by the young did not influence reproductive development of males. This
      mechanism may be involved in the rapid rate of sexual maturation observed prior
      to peak population densities of microtine rodents.

PMID- 1805271
TI  - Effects of yawning and related activities on skin conductance and heart rate.
AB  - Accompanying physiological changes may clarify the functions of yawning, an act
      that is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. The skin conductance, muscle tension,
      and heart rate of 30 young adult humans were recorded before, during, and after
      their yawns. These measures were also taken in 20 control subjects who merely
      opened their mouths or took deep breaths. Yawning, mouth opening and deep
      breathing each increased arousal initially, as measured by skin conductance. Some
      cumulative effects of successive yawns were found.

PMID- 1805272
TI  - Rats with spontaneous high level of NaCl intake have hypothyroidism.
AB  - The thyroid function was studied by means of a comparison between rats that drank
      daily less than 2 mEq of a NaCl solution (control) and rats that spontaneously
      drank daily above 4 mEq of this solution (0.25 M), which is considered aversive
      to rats. It was found that, in these rats, the protein-bound iodine (PBI-127) and
      the radioactive iodine uptake (I-131) were less than in the control rats, in
      spite of similar thyroid weight. It seems, therefore, that the rats that drank
      high levels of the aversive salt solution have hypothyroidism. This finding shows
      another link between the thyroid gland and NaCl intake. These data have
      implications in the design and interpretation of experiments in which NaCl intake
      is studied.

PMID- 1805273
TI  - Peripherally administered 5-hydroxytryptamine elicits the full behavioural
      sequence of satiety.
AB  - If 5-HT acts as a peripheral satiety signal, then it should not only produce
      anorectic effects when administered systemically but should allow the normal
      behavioural sequence of satiety to develop. Food-deprived rats treated with 5
      mg/kg 5-HT were found to show, when given access to food, the full normal
      behavioural sequence of satiety, although the sequence occurred earlier than in
      rats treated with saline. It is therefore argued that 5-HT must be considered as
      a likely candidate for a peripheral satiety signal.

PMID- 1805274
TI  - Suckling behavior of ewes in early lactation.
AB  - Previous studies have described the basic suckling behavior of ewe/lamb pairs
      during daylight hours, but no information is available for the hours of darkness.
      In this study, the natural pattern of suckling was recorded over a 24-h period
      once a week for the first 7 weeks of lactation in 7 free-ranging Merino ewes with
      single lambs. Both the mean suckling frequency per 24 hours and the mean duration
      of individual suckling bouts declined with increasing age of the lamb. Suckling
      frequencies fell from 36 +/- 5.5 sucks/24 h at 1-2 weeks of age to 14.3 +/- 2.78
      sucks/24 h at 6-7 weeks of age. Individual suckling bout duration fell from 41.1
      +/- 9.9 s at 1-2 weeks of age to 11.9 +/- 1.2 s by 6-7 weeks. Suckling
      frequencies per hour were significantly greater during daylight as compared to
      darkness (p less than 0.05). We suggest that the declining frequency and duration
      of suckling bouts with age probably accounts for the waning influence of
      lactation on the reproductive state of the ewe, and that the maintenance of a
      critical interbout interval may first break down at night.

PMID- 1805275
TI  - Preparation and maintenance of chronic esophagostomized rats: an update.
AB  - We report significant improvements in our procedures for preparing and
      maintaining rats with esophageal fistulas and gastric cannulas. The most
      important of these are 1) a new cannula assembly, 2) a two-stage surgical
      procedure, 3) a modified diet, and 4) a less stringent maintenance regimen.

PMID- 1805276
TI  - Sex-specific impairment in sexual and ingestive behaviors of monosodium glutamate
      treated rats.
AB  - L-monosodium glutamate (MSG) (4 mg/g b.wt.) was injected subcutaneously to pups
      on days 1 and 3. At age 3.5 months, sexual and ingestive behaviors were observed.
      Neonatal MSG treatment resulted in severe and widespread neuron destruction in
      the basomedial hypothalamus of both sexes, but only super-chiasmatic nucleus in
      male rats. A decline in sexual behavior was also observed. Serum levels of
      testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in male rats as well as serum level of
      progesterone in female rats were decreased. Ovariectomized MSG-treated female
      rats injected with estradiol benzoate followed by progesterone showed a dramatic
      improvement in sexual behavior, whereas castrated MSG-treated male rats injected
      with testosterone propionate did not meliorate the decline of sexual behavior.
      Neonatal MSG treatment also induced reductions of body weight in male rats,
      higher diurnal percentages of food and water intake in male rats than in female
      rats, and a decline of water-to-food ratio. These observations suggest that
      neonatal male rats show higher susceptibility to glutamate-induced dysfunction of
      sexual and ingestive behaviors than females. Our findings also suggest a sex
      difference in the mechanism of dysfunction of sexual behavior, i.e., decreased
      copulatory activity in male rats is mainly due to CNS damage, in contrast to
      decreased blood progesterone level in female rats.

PMID- 1805277
TI  - Chlorpromazine and the lateralisation of the perception of emotion.
AB  - In a double-blind design, sixteen volunteer students were administered 50 mg of
      chlorpromazine or a placebo in tablet form on separate occasions, two hours prior
      to testing. The test was a lexical decision paradigm involving unilateral
      presentation of pairs of neutral, positive and negative emotional words and
      nonwords to the left or right visual fields. Reaction time to identify words and
      nonwords was recorded. Neutral stimuli were processed faster in the left
      hemisphere, while negative stimuli were processed faster in the right hemisphere.
      Chlorpromazine improved speed of response for neutral stimuli presented to the
      right hemisphere and for affective stimuli presented to the left hemisphere. Thus
      chlorpromazine seems to benefit right hemisphere processing of nonaffective
      stimuli and benefit left hemisphere processing of affective stimuli.
      Chlorpromazine appeared to have a different impact on neutral and affective
      words, and on the right and the left hemispheres. The general effect of
      chlorpromazine was to reduce lateralisation. It was suggested that this occurred
      because chlorpromazine blocked dopamine and possibly other neurotransmitters.

PMID- 1805278
TI  - Motor, but not sensory, cortical potentials are amplified by high-protein diet.
AB  - Animals fed a high-protein diet (50% casein) are hyperactive and more responsive
      to nociceptive stimuli than those fed either a normal- or low-protein diet. The
      mechanisms mediating dietary protein-induced behavior are unknown and may include
      both central and peripheral neural effects. Adult, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed
      50% casein (treatment group) and 24% casein (control group) ad lib for 36-40
      weeks. The animals were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethane (50 mg/kg
      and 1.5 mg/kg, IP). EEG recordings were averaged while the anesthetized animal
      was conditioned using an alerting stimulus-imperative stimulus (AS-IS) paradigm.
      AS consisted of a 1.5 kHz, 90 dB tone cue. This was followed 2 seconds later by
      IS, an electrical tail stimulation (11 V, 1.4 s duration). Two negative
      deflections (N1 and N2) were generated by the frontal cortex during the AS-IS
      interstimulus interval. N1, an alerting response, was not different between the
      two groups. N2 amplitude and peak latency were significantly increased in the
      high-protein group (205% and 117% of control, respectively; p less than 0.05). N2
      represents the activation of cells in the motor cortex. Brainstem auditory-evoked
      responses and somatosensory-evoked potentials also were recorded, but no
      differences were observed between the two diet groups. These data suggest that
      consumption of a high-protein diet results in an increase in central arousal
      mechanisms (measured by cortical negativity response), specifically involving
      increased excitability of the motor cortex, that is not associated with a
      disorder of information processing in the cerebral cortex (measured by brainstem
      auditory-evoked responses and somatosensory-evoked potentials).

PMID- 1805279
TI  - Effects of diazepam, pentobarbital, scopolamine and the timing of saline
      injection on learned immobility in rats.
AB  - The rat forced-swimming test (FST) is widely used for screening substances with a
      potential antidepressant effect. Rat immobility shown in the FST has been
      interpreted as "behavioral despair" and has been suggested as an animal model of
      human depression. In the following series of experiments, it is shown that
      pentobarbital and scopolamine administered immediately after the first phase, and
      diazepam administered 15 minutes before the first phase, behave as false
      positives in the FST. It is concluded that the learning-memory hypothesis seems
      to cope better with the behavior of rats during the FST than the "behavioral
      despair" hypothesis. It is also shown that the sensitivity of the FST is affected
      by the fact that the last saline injection, one hour before the second phase,
      increases the animals' mobility.

PMID- 1805280
TI  - An assessment of the salient olfactory environment of formula-fed infants.
AB  - Olfactory preferences of two-week-old bottle-fed infants were assessed in a
      series of simultaneous two-choice tests. Infants of each sex displayed
      preferential orientation to a stimulus pad worn on their mother's breast over a
      clean control pad. When maternal breast odor was paired with the odor of the
      infants' formula, however, boys spent more time oriented toward the formula odor,
      whereas girls evinced no reliable preferences. Although the subject infants had
      no prior direct contact with odors emanating from the breasts of lactating
      females, but had recurring reinforced exposure to the odor of their familiar
      formula (in the context of feeding), the former scents elicited a more positive
      response. Preferential orientation to lactating-breast odors reflects adaptive
      inborn attraction to cues associated with the natural food source for human
      neonates.

PMID- 1805281
TI  - Contribution of the Roman strains of rats to the elaboration of animal models of
      memory.
AB  - Performances of male rats of the Roman High (RHA)- and Roman Low (RLA)-Avoidance
      strains were compared along four essential dimensions: working memory, reference
      memory, spontaneous locomotion and avoidance conditioning. Performances of RLA
      and RHA rats were significantly different for each dimension. As constantly
      reported, RHA rats were by far superior to RLA in avoidance conditioning. They
      had also higher levels of locomotor activity. On the opposite, RLA performed
      better than RHA in an appetitive working memory task, the delayed reinforced
      alternation, and were also superior in an appetitive reference memory task, the 5
      unit linear maze. These results confirm the fact that RLA rats may acquire
      positively reinforced learning more rapidly than RHA rats and that the
      differences in active avoidance behavior between the two strains depend more on
      differential freezing behavior than on learning or memory capacities. Beyond the
      problem of the characterization of the Roman strains, these data might give
      indications on the relationships between behavioral tests widely used in rats,
      and on their use as memory models.

PMID- 1805282
TI  - Water and NaCl intake of chicks as mediated by angiotensin II, renin, or salt
      deficiency.
AB  - Water, feed and NaCl intakes were measured in response to angiotensin II (ANGII)
      injected SC and ICV, and renin injected ICV, as well as to dietary salt
      deficiency in female broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus). In the first experiment,
      SC (100 micrograms/bird) and ICV (10 micrograms/bird) ANGII injection resulted in
      increased initial water intake. An additive effect on drinking was noted in
      response to consecutive daily SC injections. In addition, feed efficiency and
      growth were depressed following repeated ANGII injections (p less than 0.001). In
      a 2nd experiment, ICV ANGII stimulated increased cumulative water intake through
      18 hours postinjection (p less than 0.05). Intake of 3.0% NaCl solution and feed
      was unaffected through 48 hours. Renin (1 microgram ICV) failed to affect
      cumulative water intake up to 48 hours postinjection. In the third experiment,
      dietary salt deficiency reduced feed intake after just 48 hours on salt-deficient
      diets (p less than 0.01), and growth and feed efficiency were significantly
      impaired (p less than 0.001) through 20 days of age. Intakes of NaCl solutions
      (0.8, 0.7 or 0.6%), however, were unaffected in salt-deficient vs. control birds.
      While the chicks in these experiments demonstrated a consistent drinking response
      to ANGII when injected peripherally or centrally, a salt appetite could not be
      elicited in these birds by components of the renin-angiotensin system or by
      dietary salt depletion.

PMID- 1805283
TI  - Effects of neonatal administration of vasopressin on cardiac and behavioral
      responses to emotional stress in adult male rats.
AB  - Arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) was administered subcutaneously on postnatal days 3
      7 in a high (10 micrograms/100 g b.wt.) or a low dose (1 microgram/100 g b.wt.)
      to male Wistar rats. Control pups were untreated or saline injected. Behavioral
      observations in a complex maze after maturation indicated that neonatal
      administration of AVP increases exploratory behavior in this novel environment in
      a dose-dependent way. Cardiac monitoring during the conditioned emotional stress
      of fear of inescapable electric footshock showed that only the high dose of AVP
      attenuates the bradycardiac stress response. The analysis of cardiac responses
      also suggested an adult hyposensitivity to AVP in rats treated neonatally with
      AVP. In addition, the low dose of neonatal AVP was impairing the retention of a
      passive avoidance behavior. The data indicate that the neonatal administration of
      AVP exerts long-term effects upon the behavioral adaptation to novelty and memory
      processes related to emotional stress. That neonatal AVP is less effective in
      influencing adult vagally mediated cardiac stress responses suggests differences
      in the developmental sensitivity ("critical periods") of the central
      vasopressinergic systems involved in the regulation of behavior and autonomic
      functioning.

PMID- 1805284
TI  - Immunoreactive beta-endorphin increases after an aspartame chocolate drink in
      healthy human subjects.
AB  - It has been claimed that sucrose intake induces a rise in beta-endorphins. In an
      attempt to discriminate between the sensorial and metabolic effects of sucrose
      intake in this process, the effects of two chocolate drinks were compared: one
      sweetened with 50 g of sucrose, the other with 80 mg of aspartame. Plasma beta
      endorphin concentrations were more elevated after the aspartame drink than after
      sucrose or fasting, while insulin increased after drinking as much with aspartame
      as with sucrose. We suggest that the increase in beta-endorphin after aspartame
      edulcorated chocolate is related with insulin secretion in the absence of marked
      changes in blood glucose or with a direct effect of aspartame itself on beta
      endorphin liberation.

PMID- 1805285
TI  - Activity-based anorexia: relationship to gender and activity-stress ulcers.
AB  - The phenomena of activity-based anorexia (ABA) and the activity-stress ulcer
      (ASU) both involve paradigms in which the food intake of rats is restricted and
      the animals are allowed voluntary exercise in a running wheel. This study
      determined the susceptibility of male and female rats to ABA and ASU following 25
      and 30-percent losses of their original body weights. Male rats reached both
      weight loss criteria in a fewer number of days than did female rats. None of the
      male and female rats sacrificed at the 25% weight loss criterion evidenced
      gastric lesions; 52% of the animals sacrificed at the 30% weight loss criterion
      had one or more lesions. No gender differences with respect to gastric lesions
      were observed at the 30% weight loss criterion; however, at both weight loss
      criteria, females ate and ran more than males. It is concluded that ASUs are a
      consequence rather than a cause of ABA, and that there is a sexually "dimorphic"
      susceptibility to ABA but not ASUs. The utility of using a 25% weight loss
      criterion for defining ABA is also discussed.

PMID- 1805286
TI  - The intermediate stage of sleep in mice.
AB  - Seven mice of Balb/C strain were implanted with electrodes to perform sleep
      waking recordings. In 100% of the cases, the mice showed, prior to paradoxical
      sleep, the intermediate stage of sleep characterized by high-amplitude cortical
      spindles interspersed with slow waves and low-frequency theta rhythm in the
      dorsal hippocampus. Consequently, the intermediate stage which seems to
      correspond to a transient functional isolated forebrain does exist in the rat,
      cat and mouse. in the rat, cat and mouse.

PMID- 1805287
TI  - Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats
      living in visible burrow systems.
AB  - When a cat was presented to groups of 3 male and 2 female laboratory rats in the
      open area of a visible burrow system, the rats retreated to the burrow system and
      showed high levels of 18-24 kHz ultrasonic cries during the cat presentation and
      for 30 min following removal of the cat. Latency to make ultrasonic
      vocalizations, durations of these vocalizations, and duration in the burrow
      systems were all strikingly and reliably different during and after cat exposure
      in comparison to similar periods with a control (stuffed cat toy) stimulus.
      However, when individual rats were exposed to a cat in an open area of similar
      size, ultrasonic cry production was minimal. Also rats exposed individually to a
      cat in an apparatus providing an escape chamber similarly showed no ultrasonic
      cries, indicating that concealment per se is not a sufficient condition for their
      appearance. These results suggest that the production of ultrasonic vocalizations
      during and after exposure to a predator is greatly facilitated by the presence of
      familiar conspecifics, and may serve as alarm cries. While the alarm cry
      hypothesis also suggests a possible function for 18-24 kHz ultrasounds in the
      context of copulation and intraspecies aggression, the sonographic and functional
      relationships among the cries emitted in these different situations remain to be
      analyzed.

PMID- 1805288
TI  - Grasping in the pigeon: control through sound and vibration feedback mediated by
      the nucleus basalis.
AB  - Pigeons were trained to detect auditory and vibratory stimuli in two separate
      experiments using an instrumental conditioning procedure. The discriminative
      stimuli became effective as the subjects grasped a probe with the beak. The
      pigeons learned to suppress responding upon this grasp-contingent stimulation.
      Bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis prosencephali (Bas), known to be
      involved in the motor control of pecking and to receive short latency input of
      cochlear and trigeminal origin, eliminated the behavioral stimulus detection. The
      performance of a control color discrimination was not affected by the Bas
      lesions, demonstrating that these had a specific effect. The processing of peck
      related feedback by the nucleus basalis during the normal food uptake of pigeons
      is discussed.

PMID- 1805289
TI  - Modification of male rat copulatory behavior by lateral midbrain stimulation.
AB  - Effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral midbrain tegmentum (LMT) on the
      copulatory behavior of male rats were examined in our investigation of the role
      of the LMT in this behavior. Sexually experienced male rats (n = 15) that had
      been implanted with chronic electrodes under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia were
      individually tested for copulation with a receptive female under a 30 s on, 30 s
      off pattern of stimulation. The ejaculation latency, and mount and intromission
      frequencies decreased significantly during the stimulation tests, indicative of
      facilitation of copulation. In contrast, a strong stimulus-bound inhibition of
      copulation was found in 12 males (80%). Six animals who showed accelerated
      copulation also depressed the lever for self-stimulation at an identical current
      during the copulation tests. These results suggest that the LMT functions in
      ejaculation, in the normal expression of intromission and in sexual reward,
      thereby regulating the copulatory behavior of male rats.

PMID- 1805290
TI  - Estradiol-induced conditioned taste aversion and place aversion in rats: sex- and
      dose-dependent effects.
AB  - Effects of various doses (0-250 micrograms/kg, SC) of estradiol-17 beta (E2) in a
      two-bottle choice conditioned taste aversion and a two-compartment conditioned
      place preference procedure were studied in male and female rats. Dose-dependent
      taste aversion and place aversion effects of E2 were established, and the
      conditioned taste aversion procedure was found to be more sensitive in detecting
      aversive properties of E2 than the conditioned place preference procedure.
      Although aversive properties of E2 were found in both sexes, the effects were
      clearly more prominent in males as compared to females. From this study, it was
      concluded that E2 acts as an unconditioned aversive stimulus in both male and
      female rats capable of gaining control over different types of behavior by
      associative learning.

PMID- 1805291
TI  - Plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol activity in depressed patients and normal
      volunteers.
AB  - Plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol were measured in 30 depressed patients and
      110 normal volunteers before and after a 1.0 mg dexamethasone suppression test
      (DST). Post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and the cortisol/11
      deoxycortisol ratio were significantly higher in the depressives compared to the
      controls, even when age and sex were taken into account. Pre-dexamethasone plasma
      cortisol, post-dexamethasone cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and their ratio were
      significantly higher in the cortisol nonsuppressors than in the suppressors. The
      measurement of post-dexamethasone 11-deoxycortisol and the ratio did not
      differentiate between endogenous and reactive depression. Using the normative
      data, we explored several methods for determining a criterion value to define
      abnormal post-dexamethasone plasma 11-deoxycortisol and the cortisol/11
      deoxycortisol ratio in depressed patients. All showed poor sensitivity and a low
      positive predictive value for depression. The measurement of 11-deoxycortisol
      thus does not enhance the clinical utility of the DST.

PMID- 1805292
TI  - Sexual differentiation of sexual behaviour and preovulatory LH surge in ewes.
AB  - Adult ewes were studied after prenatal treatment with androgen. Although seven of
      the eight androgenized ewes (ANDR) when intact presented signs of cyclic ovarian
      activity at least once, none of them showed cyclic female receptivity when intact
      or after ovariectomy and progesterone (P) + estradiol (E2) treatments, whereas
      all ten control (CONT) ewes did. Receptivity also was induced in CONT, but not in
      ANDR, ewes by long term E2 or testosterone (T) treatments. Increases in LH
      levels, with latency and duration similar to the LH surges of the CONT ewes, were
      observed in six (P + low E2 cycle) and five (P + high E2 cycle) of the eight ANDR
      ewes. The maximum LH level was lower in the ANDR than in the CONT ewes after high
      E2 treatment (p less than 0.002). Progesterone had a clear inhibitory effect on
      the induction of the LH surge by E2 only in the CONT ewes. Male-type mounting and
      nudging were observed more often in the ANDR than in the CONT ewes when intact (p
      less than 0.05). However, there was no facilitation of male sexual behaviour
      induced by long term E2 or T treatment in the ANDR compared to the CONT ewes.
      Progesterone inhibited male behaviour induced by T in the CONT but not in the
      ANDR ewes. This study shows that prenatal androgens defeminize LH secretion and
      sexual behaviour of ewes in a dissociated manner. It also suggests that prenatal
      androgen does not really masculinize the females but decreases their sensitivity
      to the inhibitory effect of P, and thus extends the "juvenile state" in which
      male-like patterns appear independently of the hormone milieu.

PMID- 1805293
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies on modulation of the pineal endocrine function by L
      acetyl-carnitine in the rat.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected (i.p.) at 1500h with L-acetyl-carnitine in
      doses of 10, 30 or 90 mg/kg exhibited a notable increase in their pineal and
      serum melatonin content 1 hr later. Likewise, L-acetyl-carnitine administered in
      the same dose range induced a significant increase of pineal and serum melatonin
      content in rats treated at 0100h, following exposure of 30 min to bright white
      light to suppress endogenous melatonin. Under in vitro experimental conditions,
      however, 60 min of coincubation of isolated rat pineal glands with L-acetyl
      carnitine (10(-5) M) did not result in an elevation in melatonin accumulated in
      the incubation medium. These results demonstrate that, in vivo, L-acetyl
      carnitine can exert a modulatory action on synthesis and release of melatonin,
      possibly by modifying noradrenergic transmission and signal transduction in the
      pineal gland.

PMID- 1805294
TI  - Effects of fluoxetine on weight gain and food intake in smokers who reduce
      nicotine intake.
AB  - The effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor (60 mg/day PO),
      in preventing weight gain associated with nicotine reduction was investigated in
      participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking-cessation trial. A
      lunch of cheese pizza and chocolate bars was offered, and caloric intake was
      monitored. The analysis focused on subjects (placebo: n = 11; fluoxetine: n = 10)
      who succeeded in reaching cotinine levels of less than 50% of their starting
      cotinine levels (signifying a stringent reduction in nicotine intake) and who
      participated in pre- and post-nicotine reduction lunch sessions 70 days apart.
      Subjects on placebo gained significantly more weight (mean +/- SEM = +3.3 +/- 0.7
      kg) than subjects on fluoxetine (-0.6 +/- 1.2 kg). In fluoxetine-treated
      subjects, weight gain/loss was strongly correlated with initial body mass index,
      with higher BMI being associated with greater decreases in weight. A trend
      towards decreased caloric intake in the fluoxetine group was observed; the change
      in total calories at lunch was significantly correlated with weight change, an
      association accounted for principally by change in pizza intake. We conclude that
      fluoxetine treatment effectively prevents the weight gain that accompanies
      nicotine reduction and that this phenomenon is mediated, at least in part, by
      diminished caloric intake.

PMID- 1805295
TI  - Serum prolactin increase induced by ethanol--a dose-dependent effect not related
      to stress.
AB  - The effect of moderate ethanol doses (0.5 and 1 g/kg body weight) on serum
      prolactin (PRL), cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations was
      measured in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eight healthy male
      volunteers participated. Blood was with drawn twice before, and 30 min, 60 min,
      90 min and 120 min after oral ethanol intake. The higher ethanol dose, but not
      the lower dose, significantly increased PRL concentrations. Concentrations of
      cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine were not changed by either dose. Thus,
      the effect of ethanol on PRL appears to be dose-dependent and not stress-related.

PMID- 1805296
TI  - Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and
      colocalization in newborn cat lung.
AB  - Calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are generated by
      alternate RNA processing from alpha and beta CT/CGRP genes. In this report, an
      immunocytochemical investigation was undertaken on the occurrence and
      distribution of immunoreactive CT as well as its colocalization with CGRP in
      newborn cat bronchopulmonary endocrine cells. A widespread distribution of
      solitary endocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies immunostained for CT was
      recorded within the lung. In all animals studied, CT immunoreactivity represents
      a subpopulation of CGRP positive cells, while the intrapulmonary nerve fibers
      contain only CGRP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that CT
      and its colocalization with CGRP have been demonstrated immunocytochemically in
      the cat lung. Our results indicate, that different molecular processing of both
      CT/CGRP genes may be represented by different patterns in the cellular
      immunoreactivity of the synthetized peptides.

PMID- 1805297
TI  - An immunocytochemical comparison of the angiotensin and vasopressin hypothalamo
      neurohypophysial systems in normotensive rats.
AB  - In the present study we investigated the possibility that angiotensin II/III and
      vasopressin coexist in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial pathway. For our
      experiments 8-week-old male rats not treated with colchicine were used. The
      anatomical orientation of the entire pathway for angiotensin and vasopressin was
      facilitated by examining a series of subsequent coronal, horizontal and sagittal
      sections. Arching fibre tracts are formed mainly by projections emanating from
      cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus, the accessory magnocellular nuclei,
      the supraoptic nucleus and the retrochiasmatic part of the supraoptic nucleus.
      The majority extend as far as the median eminence and the neurohypophysis, where
      major terminal fields exist. However, there is a difference between the staining
      pattern within the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the hypophysis. The results
      clearly show the colocalization of angiotensin and vasopressin in neurones as
      well as in fibres of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.

PMID- 1805298
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase and calcitonin gene
      related peptide in rat taste papillae.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and neuron-specific enolase-like
      immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR and NSE-IR) were surveyed immunohistochemically in the
      fungi-form, foliate and circumvallate papillae in rats. A dense CGRP-IR network
      (subgemmal and extragemmal) in the taste papillae is linked to the presence of
      taste buds, even though CGRP-IR fibers are rarely present in the taste buds.
      Three typical fiber populations were detected with these two markers. (a) A
      population of coarse NSE-IR intragemmal fibers characterized by thick neural
      swellings, never expressing CGRP-immunoreactivity. (b) A population of thin
      varicose intragemmal NSE/CGRP-IR fibers. (c) A population of subgemmal and
      extragemmal NSE-/CGRP-IR fibers that partly penetrated the epithelium. The common
      distribution of CGRP-IR and NSE-IR fibers at the base of taste buds, their
      differential distribution and morphology within taste buds, added to their
      restricted nature (gustatory or somatosensory) suggest that a population of CGRP
      IR fibers undergoes a target-induced inhibition of its CGRP phenotype while
      entering the taste buds. The combined use of NSE and CGRP allowed a better
      characterization of nerve fibers within and between all three types of taste
      papillae. NSE was also a very good marker for a subtype of taste bud cells in the
      foliate and in the circumvallate papillae, but no such cells could be observed in
      the fungiform papillae.

PMID- 1805299
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase and calcitonin gene
      related peptide in pig taste papillae.
AB  - Immunoreactivity to neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a specific neuronal marker,
      and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was localized in lingual taste
      papillae in the pigs. Sequential staining for NSE and CGRP by an elution
      technique allowed the identification of neuronal subpopulations. NSE-staining
      revealed a large neuronal network within the subepithelial layer of all taste
      papillae. NSE-positive fibers then penetrated the epithelium as isolated fibers,
      primarily in the foliate and circumvallate papillae, or as brush-shaped units
      formed by a multitude of fibers, especially in the fungiform papillae and in the
      apical epithelium of the circumvallate papilla. Taste buds of any type of taste
      papillae were found to express a dense subgemmal/intragemmal NSE-positive
      neuronal network. CGRP-positive nerve fibers were numerous in the subepithelial
      layer of all three types of taste papillae. In the foliate and circumvallate
      papillae, these fibers penetrated the epithelium to form extragemmal and
      intragemmal fibers, while in the fungiforms, they concentrated almost exclusively
      in the taste buds as intragemmal nerve fibers. Intragemmal NSE- and CGRP-positive
      fiber populations were not readily distinguishable by typical neural swellings as
      previously observed in the rat. The NSE-positive neuronal extragemmal brushes
      never expressed any CGRP-like immunoreactivity. Even more surprising, fungiform
      taste buds, whether richly innervated by or devoid of NSE-positive intragemmal
      fibers, always harboured numerous intragemmal CGRP-positive fibers. Consequently,
      NSE is not a general neuronal marker in porcine taste papillae. Our observations
      also suggest that subgemmal/intragemmal NSE-positive fibers are actively involved
      in synaptogenesis within taste buds. NSE-positive taste bud cells were found in
      all three types of taste papillae. CGRP-positive taste bud cells were never
      observed.

PMID- 1805300
TI  - Distribution of Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactivity in the rat and
      mouse pituitary gland.
AB  - The distribution of the octapeptide Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL), a
      proenkephalin A-derived opioid peptide, in the rat and mouse pituitary gland was
      studied using the indirect immunofluorescence technique and immunoelectron
      microscopy. The anterior lobe contained a few MEAGL-immunoreactive cells but no
      nerve fibers. A previously unknown enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fiber system
      was revealed in the intermediate lobe. These fibers originated in a dense MEAGL
      immunoreactive plexus located along the border between the intermediate and
      posterior lobes and were distributed throughout the lobe. In the posterior lobe,
      MEAGL immunoreactivity was found in a very dense network of varicose fibers that
      was evenly distributed over the entire lobe. These results provide a
      morphological correlate for previous chemical studies and together with them
      suggest that MEAGL-immunoreactive innervation regulates endocrine functions of
      the intermediate and posterior lobes directly at the pituitary level.

PMID- 1805301
TI  - Effects of cholecystokinin on cytosolic calcium in human pancreatic cancer cells.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to increase cytosolic calcium and stimulate
      enzyme release from pancreatic acinar cells and a rat acinar cell line, AR42J.
      CCK is also trophic to normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer; however, the
      cellular mechanisms which regulate CCK-stimulated growth are unknown. The effect
      of CCK on intracellular calcium was evaluated in four human pancreatic cancer
      cell lines known to grow in response to CCK but not secrete enzymes (SW-1990, MIA
      PaCa-2, BXPC-3 and PANC-1) and a rat acinar cell line (AR42J) shown to secrete
      enzymes but not grow with CCK. By using single cell fluorescence microscopy in
      fura-2 loaded cells, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i was measured. After obtaining
      baseline fluorescent cell images, synthetic CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) was added to
      the cells and images of cell fluorescence captured. [Ca2+]i of the rat acinar
      cells increased (603%) over the baseline within the first minute after the
      addition of CCK (4.10(-13) M to 4.10(-10) M) in 77% of cells tested. In contrast
      [Ca2+]i failed to significantly change in the human cancer cells treated with
      CCK. To further localize the defect in hormone signal transduction in cancer
      cells, cells were suspended in low calcium media and the plasma membranes were
      selectively permeabilized with digitonin. Media free calcium concentration was
      continuously monitored by fura-2 fluorescence. Addition of inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate (IP3) resulted in a marked increase in medium calcium concentration
      indicating IP3 was capable of releasing calcium from intracellular stores in both
      the AR42J rat acinar cell line and in the human pancreas cancer cell lines. In
      conclusion, CCK does not increase cytosolic calcium in human pancreatic cancer
      cells in contrast to rat acinar cells although all contain IP3-sensitive
      intracellular Ca2+ pools. Our results suggest that growth promoting and secretory
      effects of CCK on pancreatic cells may occur via two independent signalling
      pathways.

PMID- 1805302
TI  - 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride antidote enhances the toxic effects of captan and thiram
      fungicides on Azospirillum brasilense cells.
AB  - The effects of ten fungicides, six herbicides and four insecticides on the
      nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense were examined. The fungicides
      captan and thiram were the most toxic among the compounds tested. Cell growth and
      nitrogenase activity of the bacterium were markedly inhibited by low
      concentrations of the two fungicides. Antidote 1,8-naphthalic anhydride increased
      by a factor of 2 the cellular level of glutathione. The addition of the antidote
      in the presence of captan or thiram caused a similar increase in the glutathione
      content, but at the same time enhanced the toxicity of the two fungicides.

PMID- 1805303
TI  - [Energy production in Mycobacterium lepraemurium cultured in vitro].
AB  - Cell-free extracts prepared from in vitro cultured Mycobacterium lepraemurium
      catalysed phosphorylation coupled to the oxidation of NADH and succinate,
      yielding P/O ratios of 0.52 and 0.34, respectively. No ATP synthesis occurred
      during oxidation of ascorbate. Oxidative phosphorylation was uncoupled by
      dinitrophenol and dibromophenol. Oxidation of NADH and coupled phosphorylation
      was markedly inhibited by rotenone, whereas this inhibitor had no effect on
      succinate oxidation and associated ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylations and
      coupled oxidations of NADH and succinate were strongly inhibited by antimycin A
      and cyanide.

PMID- 1805304
TI  - Electron microscopic studies of endotracheal tubes used in neonates: do microbes
      adhere to the polymer?
AB  - Fourteen neonates intubated at birth for 1-16 days had a microbiological follow
      up. After removal, tubes were examined using electron microscopy. Tubes became
      covered with a slimy accretion from the third day in place, independently of
      bacterial colonization, which was, in all but one cases, restricted to the rough
      areas of the tubes. Only Candida albicans and the corresponding slimy coat were
      found on smooth areas of tube. Cocci were noticed on 3 tubes. They were
      associated with the slimy accretion. Transmission micrographs elicited a thick
      material that was lying between cocci and polymer. These results showed that, on
      neonates' endotracheal tubes, accretion occurred independently of microbial
      colonization and that when colonization occurred, cocci adhered preferentially to
      a biological coat of human origin rather than the medical devices.

PMID- 1805305
TI  - Supplement 1990 (no. 34) to the Kauffmann-White scheme.

PMID- 1805306
TI  - Pressure sensing in deep-sea bacteria.

PMID- 1805307
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the cellulase gene celF of Clostridium thermocellum.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the celF gene of Clostridium thermocellum was
      determined. The open reading frame extended over 2217 bp. The encoded 739-aa
      polypeptide, CelF, with a Mw = 82,015, was an endoglucanase with activity against
      carboxymethylcellulose. The N terminus showed a typical signal peptide, and a
      cleavage site after Ala-27 was predicted. From residues 28 to 470, the sequence
      of CelF was related to the catalytic domains of type E2 endoglucanases, with a
      strong homology to the endoglucanases CelZ of Clostridium stercorarium and CenB
      of Cellulomonas fimi. The catalytic region was followed by a 134-aa segment also
      present in C. stercorarium CelZ and in C. fimi CenB, and belonging to the family
      of non-catalytic, presumably cellulose-binding domains first identified in
      Bacillus subtilis endoglucanase. A 21-aa segment rich in Pro/Thr/Ser residues
      separated the putative cellulose-binding region from the COOH-terminal region,
      which contained two conserved stretches of 24 amino acids closely similar to
      those previously described in endoglucanases CelA, CelB, CelD, CelE, CelH and
      CelX, and xylanase XynZ of C. thermocellum.

PMID- 1805308
TI  - Differences in codon usage among genes encoding proteins of different function in
      Rhodobacter capsulatus.
AB  - Codon usage in Rhodobacter was evaluated and found to be strikingly different
      from that in Escherichia coli. While codon usage for genes concerned with
      nitrogen utilization and carotenoid biosynthesis corresponded to expectation,
      based on codon usage for Rhodobacter in general, that for the fructose
      utilization (fru) operon and for the photosynthetic genes encoding the reaction
      centre and light harvesting proteins exhibited significant deviation from
      expectation and from each other for specific amino acids. The differences in
      codon usage for the fru operon versus the photosynthetic genes may reflect
      different proportions of the various tRNA specific for certain amino acids when
      cells are grown under heterotrophic versus phototropic conditions. In addition,
      preferential use of the initiation codon, GTG, was found for the first cistrons
      of Rhodobacter operons.

PMID- 1805309
TI  - Sequence and evolution of the FruR protein of Salmonella typhimurium: a
      pleiotropic transcriptional regulatory protein possessing both activator and
      repressor functions which is homologous to the periplasmic ribose-binding
      protein.
AB  - The repressor of the fructose (fru) operon of Salmonella typhimurium (FruR) has
      been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of dozens of genes concerned
      with central metabolic pathways of carbon utilization. We here report the
      nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding FruR and analyse both its operator
      promoter region and its deduced amino acyl sequence. The FruR protein was
      overexpressed and was shown to have a molecular weight of about 36 kDa in
      agreement with the molecular weight deduced from the gene sequence. Sequence
      analyses revealed that FruR is homologous to 9 distinct bacterial DNA-binding
      proteins, most of which recognize sugar inducers and all of which possess helix
      turn-helix motifs within their N-terminal regions and exhibit sequence identity
      throughout most of their lengths. FruR is also homologous to the periplasmic
      ribose-binding protein which serves as a constituent of the ribose
      transport/chemoreception system. The ribose-binding protein is in turn homologous
      to binding proteins specific for arabinose and galactose. The periplasmic binding
      proteins, the structures of some of which have been elucidated in three
      dimensions, lack the N-terminal helix-turn-helix region, but instead possess N
      terminal hydrophobic signal sequences which target them to the periplasm. A
      phylogenetic tree for the more closely related proteins of this superfamily was
      constructed, and a signature motif was identified which should facilitate future
      detection of additional transcriptional regulatory proteins belonging to this
      family.

PMID- 1805310
TI  - Correlation between DNA polymorphism and enzyme polymorphism argues in favour of
      the delineation of two species within Providencia alcalifaciens.
AB  - Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) polymorphism was compared to enzyme polymorphism and DNA/DNA
      hybridization data for the intraspecies differentiation of Providencia
      alcalifaciens. DNA from 27 strains previously classified into two zymotypes A1
      and A2 and discriminated by two levels of DNA/DNA hybridization (delta Tm values
      of 0 to 1 degree C and 6 to 10 degrees C, respectively) were analysed by Southern
      blotting for rDNA polymorphism. The ribotypes fell into two ribogroups A1 and A2,
      which correlated with the corresponding zymotypes. This correlation argues for
      the proposed creation of two species within P. alcalifaciens.

PMID- 1805311
TI  - Characterization of smooth Brucella lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated to the M antigen of Brucella
      melitensis 16M were analysed. Binding profiles of both monoclonals were
      established by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using chemically
      defined lipopolysaccharides, O polysaccharides and native hapten polysaccharides
      from B. melitensis 16M, B. abortus 544 and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. Using
      this assay, significant differences in the reactivity of both antibodies were
      found with A and M antigens from Brucella spp. and the O polysaccharide from Y.
      enterocolitica O:9. These findings are consistent with the simultaneous
      expression of A and M epitopes on the lipopolysaccharide of all smooth Brucella
      strains. Quantitatively similar inhibitory powers were established for the native
      hapten and O polysaccharide from B. melitensis 16M. However, different behaviour
      was observed between both antigenic preparations obtained from B. abortus 544.
      The use of lipopolysaccharide-M-specific mAb in different serological tests
      instead of polyclonal antisera may be of great practical use for minimizing the
      risk of the appearance of cross-serological reactions between smooth Brucella
      strains and Y. enterocolitica O:9.

PMID- 1805312
TI  - Cytokine stimulation of parasitic and microbial growth.

PMID- 1805313
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity of Pseudomonas syringae van Hall.
AB  - The study of phenotypic properties of 108 strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv.
      syringae van Hall isolated from Cherry laurel (50 strains) and various host
      plants (58 strains) and 53 strains of other pathovars of P. syringae and
      fluorescent Pseudomonas showed that the majority of the strains (91/108) were
      clustered in one phenon (phenon 14) containing strains commonly considered as
      P.s. pv. syringae. The present type strain of P.s. pv. syringae was distantly
      related to phenon 14. Other pathovars of P. syringae constituted 13 discrete
      phenons.

PMID- 1805314
TI  - A decade of progress in statistical methodology for clinical trials.
AB  - Clinical trials played a dominant and expanding role in the evaluation of new
      treatments during the decade of the 1980s. There were major improvements in the
      quality of clinical trials in many medical fields. There were also important
      developments in the methodology of designing, monitoring, conducting, analysing,
      reporting and interpreting clinical trials. This paper attempts to review some of
      these developments. A comprehensive review is beyond the abilities of any one
      individual. Consequently, this paper attempts to offer a broad stroke description
      of this area and to highlight specific topics of importance based on my
      particular experience. An extensive, but non-comprehensive bibliography is
      included to provide entry points to the literature of methodologic developments
      for clinical trials in the 1980s.

PMID- 1805315
TI  - A bibliography and comments on the use of statistical models in epidemiology in
      the 1980s.
AB  - This paper reviews developments in statistical modelling in epidemiology in the
      1980's, with emphasis on cohort and case-control studies. The central roles of
      the logistic and proportional hazard models are highlighted, and it is shown how
      these models lead to a deeper understanding of classical designs and methods of
      analysis as well as to efficient new designs and analytical procedures. The
      important area of model misspecification is discussed, including the problems of
      omitted latent structure, mis-modelling of available measurements, missing data
      and errors in measurements. Various designs motivated by the logistic model are
      illustrated numerically, and designs based on the proportional hazards model are
      discussed, as are papers on sample size determination. There are brief
      introductions to the literature on other topics, including attributable risk,
      disease clustering, family studies and genetics, analysis of disease incidence
      data, infectious disease, longitudinal data, screening and miscellaneous related
      topics in statistics. An extensive bibliography is indexed according to the
      outline of the paper.

PMID- 1805316
TI  - Advances in statistical methodology for diagnostic medicine in the 1980's.
AB  - Research on diagnostic medicine has been directed at a number of topics in the
      past decade. Issues which have received a lot of attention are ROC analysis and
      the identification and correction of various analytic biases. Other topics of
      widespread interest include the use of expert systems, the relationship of such
      systems to statistical data-based systems, and the evaluation of tests using cost
      effectiveness analysis. Increasingly there is a sentiment that well-designed,
      prospective trials are required to provide credible information on the accuracy
      of diagnostic technologies, and so a consensus on methodological standards is
      needed, paralleling the earlier development of such standards in clinical trials
      and epidemiology.

PMID- 1805317
TI  - Statistics in medical journals: developments in the 1980s.
AB  - This paper reviews changes in the use of statistics in medical journals during
      the 1980s. Aspects considered are research design, statistical analysis, the
      presentation of results, medical journal policy (including statistical
      refereeing), and the misuse of statistics. Despite some notable successes, the
      misuse of statistics in medical papers remains common.

PMID- 1805318
TI  - Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials.
AB  - This paper is intended as an overview of developments in the assessment of
      quality of life (QOL) in clinical trials over the last decade from the viewpoint
      of clinical biostatistics. In the first part we deal with aspects of obtaining
      adequate measurements of quality of life. A literature survey shows that a large
      number of quite heterogeneous measurement approaches for use in clinical trials
      exist, a substantial percentage of which cannot be regarded as sufficient for
      their actual measuring purpose. In the second part we review statistical methods
      applied to and adapted for the analysis of QOL data. Underlying the analysis
      should be the assumption of QOL as a stochastic process. Applied analysis
      procedures are again investigated in a literature survey. Finally, critical
      conclusions are outlined and suggestions for further research are given.

PMID- 1805319
TI  - Survival analysis 1982-1991: the second decade of the proportional hazards
      regression model.
AB  - A short review of the Cox regression model and its development from publication
      to 1982 is given. I discuss how the model is used and presented in medical
      journals and how improvement may be achieved. Finally, some extensions of the
      model are outlined.

PMID- 1805320
TI  - Sampling design of multiwave studies with an application to the Massachusetts
      Health Care Panel Study.
AB  - A technique is presented which provides guidance on the spacing of follow-up
      waves in a multiwave study. Only information from the baseline wave is needed, as
      well as rough parameter estimates for the survival distribution. The computations
      use the expected Fisher information; a new method for its calculation is given.
      An analysis of the effects of simplifying assumptions, such as presuming that a
      distributional parameter is known, shows that gross discrepancies may result.
      Data from the Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study (MHCPS) are used for a
      demonstration. The MHCPS example shows that this technique can prevent large
      inefficiencies in multiwave experimental design.

PMID- 1805321
TI  - Semi-parametric and non-parametric methods for the analysis of repeated
      measurements with applications to clinical trials.
AB  - Techniques applicable for the analysis of longitudinal data when the response
      variable is non-normal are not nearly as comprehensive as for normally
      distributed outcomes. However, there have been several recent developments. Semi
      parametric and non-parametric methodology for the analysis of repeated
      measurements is reviewed. The commonly encountered design in which, for each
      subject, one assesses a univariate response variable at multiple fixed time
      points, is considered. The types of outcomes considered include binary, ordered
      categorical, and continuous (but extremely non-normal) response variables. All of
      the methods considered allow for incomplete data due to the occurrence of missing
      observations. In addition, discrete and/or continuous covariates, which may be
      time-dependent, are accommodated by some of the approaches. The methods are
      demonstrated using data from three clinical trials.

PMID- 1805322
TI  - Application of the McNemar test to non-independent matched pair data.
AB  - McNemar's one degree of freedom chi-square test for the equality of proportions
      appears frequently in the analysis of pairs of matched, binary outcome data (Y1i,
      Y2i). An assumption underlying this test is that the responses from pair to pair
      are mutually independent. In certain applications, however, the pairs may
      represent repeated measurements on the same experimental unit, and hence this
      assumption is violated. In this paper we suggest an adjustment to the McNemar
      test to account for the repeated measures clustering effect and we report on a
      Monte Carlo simulation that evaluates the effectiveness of this approach.

PMID- 1805323
TI  - The unseen sample in cohort studies: estimation of its size and effect.
      Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - Recruitment of disease-free subjects into cohort studies and measurement of their
      time from exposure/infection to disease selectively excludes individuals (the
      unseen sample) who had earlier exposure and who have shorter times to disease.
      The unseen and observed samples may differ in other characteristics in addition
      to incubation period and exposure/infection time. For data with known truncation
      times, we develop non-parametric maximum likelihood estimates of the size,
      exposure/infection dates and distribution of incubation time in the unseen
      sample. We provide procedures to estimate and compensate for the biasing effects
      due to exclusion of the unseen sample in descriptive and survival analysis. We
      give consistency properties of these estimates and assess variability using
      bootstrap methods. One can use imputation to derive the above estimates from data
      with unknown truncation times that have been estimated parametrically.
      Application is made to an AIDS cohort study of over 5000 homosexual men.
      Important estimates obtained from this application are the annual seroconversion
      rates from 1978 to 1983, not otherwise obtainable in this study population.

PMID- 1805324
TI  - [Sex hormones in podagra].
AB  - Male patients with gout exhibit a decrease in the blood content of testosterone
      and estradiol and an increase in the content of progesterone. The amount of
      androgen and estrogen changed insignificantly but the level of gestagen abruptly
      dropped in female patients. Irrespective of the sex the concentration of
      lutropine and follitropine appeared to be decreased. Whereas the level of uric
      acid in men was in inverse relation to the production of estradiol, in the group
      of women--to the indices of progesteron. Changes in sex hormones depended on the
      form of arthritis and the type of nephropathy.

PMID- 1805325
TI  - [Activity of natural killer cells of peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and their clinical significance].
AB  - The authors studied the activity of peripheral blood natural killer cells in 25
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis by 51 Cr release assays with K-568 target
      cells. Data on the comparative clinico-immunological analysis by the cytotoxicity
      index are submitted. There is a relation between the nature of rheumatoid
      arthritis course and the presence of systemic manifestations such as nodules,
      polyneuropathy, proteinuria, carditis, levels of the rheumatoid factor, anti-DNA,
      CRP, cryoglobulinemia and changed activity of peripheral blood natural killer
      cells. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis having a combination of marked changes
      of humoral immunity with changed cytotoxicity of the peripheral blood natural
      killer cells activity can be referred to the group of risk.

PMID- 1805326
TI  - [Morphometric evaluation of the microcirculatory bed of the synovial membrane in
      rheumatoid arthritis using automatic image analyzer].
AB  - Automatic analysis of the image makes objective assessment of the morphological
      picture of pathological processes much easier. The authors subjected only
      vascular changes to such an objective assessment. The picture of rheumatoid
      synovitis as a whole, i.e. including changes in their layers, nature and extent
      of infiltration can be subjected to the same analysis. This requires elaboration
      of more intricate programs or a more complex procedure of the analysis with due
      regard for all sings reflecting exudative and proliferative processes in all the
      components of the synovial tissue.

PMID- 1805327
TI  - [Clinico-endoscopic and morphometric characteristics of gastric and duodenal
      mucosa in children with dermatomyositis].
AB  - A total of 53 patients with dermatomyositis aged 4-14 with the disease duration
      of three months to eight years were under observation. Twenty seven patients
      complained of stomach-ache, II felt pain during palpation, 30 lost appetite.
      Electrogastrography revealed disorders in bioelectric activity of the stomach
      muscles in 99.9% of the patients. Endoscopic studies revealed lesions in the
      stomach and duodenum in all the patients, in 39 of them gastroduodenitis in the
      stage of exacerbation was diagnosed, in 7 erosion, in 3 peptic and duodenal
      ulcer. In 81.3% of the children during clinico-laboratory remission of
      dermatomyositis gastroduodenitis persisted at the stage of exacerbation. The
      vessels lying in the mucosa of the antral area of the stomach and duodenum
      underwent peculiar changes: arterial walls looked thickened, nuclei of the
      endothelial cells were enlarged, rounded up. One could observe infiltrates around
      the vessels consisting mainly of lymphocytes. Morphometric indices of the mucosa
      were also different in the antral area of the stomach and duodenum. Apparently,
      changes revealed in the gastric and duodenal mucosa of children with
      dermatomyositis occur due to vascular processes developing as a result of the
      main disease. This should be taken into consideration in the treatment of such
      children.

PMID- 1805328
TI  - [Current views of the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatism. The role of
      streptococcal infection].

PMID- 1805330
TI  - [Evolution of rheumatism in children during the past 30 years (1960-1989)].
AB  - The results of the anamnesis of more than 3000 case reports of patients with
      rheumatic fever treated at the pediatric hospital of the Institute of
      Rheumatology, USSR AMS during the recent 30 years have been presented. The
      authors established favourable tendencies of clinical evolution of rheumatism
      which found their reflection in a decreased markedness of carditis and
      extracardiac manifestations of the disease, considerable decrease in the number
      of relapses, development of cardiac defects and hospital lethality.

PMID- 1805329
TI  - [Sexual dimorphism of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1805331
TI  - [Limited joint mobility syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1805332
TI  - [Natural biological models of autoimmune diseases].

PMID- 1805333
TI  - [Ways to improve the system of registration of rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 1805334
TI  - [Combined mitral valve defects in a patient with systemic scleroderma].

PMID- 1805335
TI  - [Problem of the treatment of amyloidosis (concerning the article by T.V.
      Chegaeva, O.M. Vinogradova and L.N. Kochubei "Possibilities of using colchicine
      in rheumatoid arthritis with amyloidosis". Ter. arkh., No. 5, 1990, pp. 120
      124)].

PMID- 1805336
TI  - [Status of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands in patients with
      juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The authors studied the glucocorticoid function of the adrenals in 117 patients
      with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and in 37 children of the control group.
      Relation between the level of cortisol in the blood plasma and sex, age form and
      duration of the disease, indices of the clinical, laboratory and immunological
      activity, the nature of roentgenological changes in the joints and therapy was
      analysed. A decrease in the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex
      correlated with the severity of the clinical forms and duration of the disease,
      being especially manifest in children of younger age. Hormonal therapy also
      causes significant and prolonged inhibition of the glucocorticoid function. The
      total contribution of the analysed sings of the disease being most significant
      for JRA from the clinical point of view did not influence much changes in
      cortisol concentration in the blood of the patients.

PMID- 1805337
TI  - [Respiratory pasteurellosis. Apropos of 32 cases].
AB  - The authors present the main characteristics of respiratory pasteurellosis on the
      basis of 32 personal cases. The predominant background is chronic obstructive
      lung disease consecutive, in most cases, to chronic bronchitis. In patients
      without chronic lung disease the infection occurs when the terrain is deficient.
      The most common clinical form is bronchitis; pneumonia, pleurisy and lung abscess
      are rare. The existence of asymptomatic carriers has been recognized. Clinical
      manifestations are devoid of pathognomonic signs and symptoms. Diagnosis rests on
      isolation of the micro-organism and can be completed by serodiagnosis and
      intradermal reaction to pasteurelline. The severity of respiratory pasteurellosis
      depends on the clinical form and the background. The curative treatment is simple
      and effective as a rule, but prevention is possible and recommended since
      pasteurellosis is a potentially severe infection.

PMID- 1805338
TI  - [Pneumococcal pneumonia resistant to penicillin].
AB  - The authors report a case of community-acquired pneumonia in a patient with
      chronic obstructive lung disease. The initial antibiotic therapy consisted of an
      amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination and intravenous macrolides. Twenty-four
      hours after admission, blood cultures were positive for pneumococcus. Pending the
      results of disc sensitivity tests, the antibiotic therapy was modified and
      amoxicillin alone was prescribed. Clinical deterioration then developed rapidly,
      as the pathogen was amoxicillin-resistant. Subsequently, the patient recovered
      under erythromycin therapy. As illustrated by this case, the emergence of
      pneumococci resistant, or showing low sensitivity to penicillins raises the
      problem of the antibiotic therapy to be used against community-acquired lung
      diseases.

PMID- 1805339
TI  - [Febrile interstitial pneumonia in a HIV positive patient. Diagnosis by
      transbronchial biopsy after non-contributory bronchoalveolar lavage].
AB  - The authors report a case of HIV infection revealed by pneumocystosis.
      Bronchoalveolar lavage failed to provide a diagnosis. A second bronchial
      fibroscopy associated with transbronchial biopsies enabled the diagnosis of
      invasive pneumocystosis to be made.

PMID- 1805340
TI  - [Primary tumor of the thoracic wall unusual in aged patients: costal
      osteosarcoma].
AB  - Osteosarcoma is a tumour that is encountered in children and young adults but is
      exceptional in elderly people. Moreover, it is very rarely located in the chest.
      A case of costal osteosarcoma revealed by a pleural blood effusion is reported in
      a 66-year old male patient. Full surgical excision completed by parietal
      reconstruction was performed. The diagnosis of osteosarcoma was definitely
      confirmed at pathological examination. A few months later, a local recurrence
      associated with ipsilateral lung metastasis, was discovered and the patient was
      put on chemotherapy. The clinical, radiological and therapeutic aspects of this
      case are discussed.

PMID- 1805341
TI  - [An unusual cause of intrathoracic round opacity].

PMID- 1805342
TI  - [Mechanical respiration weaning in adults. Neurologic and muscular diseases
      excluded. 8th Consensus Conference on Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.
      French Language Society of Resuscitation, with participation of the French
      Language Society of Pneumology].

PMID- 1805343
TI  - [Nutrition and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
AB  - The malnutrition may exert deleterious effects on every constituent of the
      respiratory system: respiratory drive, respiratory muscles and pulmonary
      parenchyma. The occurrence of malnutrition in patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a poor prognosis. However the
      relationships between nutritional status and ventilatory function remain poorly
      defined. The malnutrition of COPD patients results mainly from a hypermetabolic
      state. In undernourished COPD patients, nutritional repletion has been reported
      to improve the performance of respiratory muscles. In COPD patients with acute
      respiratory failure, a hypercaloric nutrition may induce ventilatory
      complications that result mainly from an excessive CO2 production. The use of a
      lipid-enriched diet has been recently proposed in these patients to facilitate
      weaning from ventilatory support.

PMID- 1805344
TI  - [Bronchial complications of primary humoral immunodeficiency].
AB  - Primary humoral immunodeficiency is characterized by an abnormal immunoglobulin
      production. More than twelve forms are now known and a reviewed by the authors.
      The deficiency is responsible for bronchial infections which in the long term may
      result in bronchiectasis. It may also result in benign follicular hyperplasia.
      The specific treatment is substitutive and not devoid of hazards.

PMID- 1805345
TI  - [Pulmonary carcinomatous lymphangitis of prostatic origin, disclosed by acute
      respiratory insufficiency, regressing by treatment with an LH-RH agonist].
AB  - Carcinomatous lymphangitis of prostatic origin is infrequent and usually carries
      a poor prognosis. The authors report a case of pulmonary carcinomatous
      lymphangitis related to a prostatic carcinoma. This case was remarkable for its
      acute mode of revelation and for its favourable outcome under treatment with LH
      RH agonists.

PMID- 1805346
TI  - [Radiologic case: multiple macronodular coin lesions in a 27-year-old Algerian
      woman].

PMID- 1805347
TI  - [Metabolic acidosis related to salbutamol use during treatment of acute
      bronchospasm].

PMID- 1805348
TI  - Etiology of structural asymmetry in schizophrenia: an alternative hypothesis.
AB  - During normal development of the fetal brain, the left hemisphere lags behind the
      right hemisphere in intrauterine growth, causing the left hemisphere to be
      smaller than the right hemisphere throughout the early and mid-prenatal period.
      By the end of the second trimester, the right hemisphere has achieved almost full
      term size; thus second-trimester injuries affecting neurons, that is, anoxic,
      ischemic, toxic, or infectious insults that are systemic and bilateral, will
      affect the left hemisphere more than the right hemisphere. While other
      explanations for brain asymmetries in schizophrenia have been proposed, the
      embryological literature is consistent with the hypothesis that a prenatal injury
      may be one etiological factor in producing the structural brain asymmetries seen
      in psychotic adult patients.

PMID- 1805349
TI  - The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R
      criteria.
AB  - Existing self-report measures of schizotypal personality assess only one to three
      of the nine traits of schizotypal personality disorder. This study describes the
      development of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), a self-report
      scale modeled on DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder and
      containing subscales for all nine schizotypal traits. Two samples of normal
      subjects (n = 302 and n = 195) were used to test replicability of findings. The
      SPQ was found to have high sampling validity, high internal reliability (0.91),
      test-retest reliability (0.82), convergent validity (0.59 to 0.81), discriminant
      validity, and criterion validity (0.63, 0.68), findings which were replicated
      across samples. Fifty-five percent of subjects scoring in the top 10 percent of
      SPQ scores had a clinical diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder. Thus,
      the SPQ may be useful in screening for schizotypal personality disorder in the
      general population and also in researching the correlates of individual
      schizotypal traits.

PMID- 1805350
TI  - Assessment of enduring deficit and negative symptom subtypes in schizophrenia.
AB  - The clinical importance of subtypes based on enduring deficit or negative
      symptoms was examined in a group of schizophrenic patients who were assessed
      twice over a 1-year period. Subgroups of patients with high levels of enduring
      negative or deficit symptoms, based on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative
      Symptoms and the Quality of Life Scale, had a poorer prognosis and were
      consistently worse in social adjustment, quality of life, and thought disorder
      over the year than were patients with less severe negative symptoms. Subtypes
      based on Andreasen's negative schizophrenia classification and on enduring
      thought disorder were only weakly related to other symptoms and social
      adjustment. Social-skill deficits were weakly related to the enduring negative
      symptom subtype and Andreasen's negative schizophrenia. The results suggest that
      enduring negative and deficit symptoms may be associated with a poor outcome in
      schizophrenia, including more severe positive symptoms, lower levels of social
      adjustment, and a poorer quality of life.

PMID- 1805351
TI  - Premortem and postmortem measurement to study structure with function: a human
      brain collection.
AB  - Basic issues concerning structure-function relationships in the normal human
      brain remain unresolved. For example, it is not known what structural basis may
      underlie the functional specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres or the
      variation in cognitive ability among people. The study of the general principles
      of gross and microscopic brain structure in relation to behavior requires direct
      postmortem study of samples of brain specimens from cognitively normal people for
      whom quantitative measures on neuropsychological scales are available. No such
      work has been reported. Although conceptually simple, such research is
      administratively complex. We present here an approach to the study of structure
      function relationships involving postmortem measurements of the human brain. Our
      subjects were cancer patients who were ambulatory but had a poor prognosis. They
      agreed to participate in research involving both premortem neuropsychological
      testing on prospectively selected measures, and, in the event of death, an
      autopsy and subsequent neuroanatomical study. We describe the essential features
      of our method including the neuropsychological testing and processing of brain
      specimens, document the method's feasibility by reporting the number of subjects
      recruited and autopsies obtained, and discuss the possible usefulness of such
      research as a prototype for other studies and the various issues such research
      raises. The present collection of brain specimens and associated medical and
      neuropsychological documentation is a unique resource and, accordingly, tissue
      and associated documentation will be made available as a resource to
      neuroscientists for use in other basic research or as control cases in studies of
      neuropsychiatric disease.

PMID- 1805352
TI  - Commentary: the acquisition and use of human brain tissue in neuropsychiatric
      research.
AB  - Witelson and McCulloch (1991) report on the establishment of a collection of
      normal human brain tissue that was secured through a unique method of premortem
      and postmortem assessments. Their work highlights the growing need in neuro
      scientific research for carefully characterized collections of human brain tissue
      from both normal control subjects and patients with specific neuropsychiatric
      disorders. Brain tissue of this type, however, has not been readily available.
      Patients with mental disorders may not be competent to consent to a postmortem
      brain donation; other obstacles include various socioeconomic and legal
      impediments to autopsies. In addition, a number of methodologic issues exist
      regarding human brain tissue collections, including the problem of standardized
      postmortem diagnostic assessment and difficulty in establishing uniform
      procedures for processing formalin-fixed and frozen tissue. Various proposals to
      enhance brain-tissue collections are discussed. These include the establishment
      of networks for tissue donation and use, the linking of ultimate postmortem brain
      tissue collection to prospective clinical studies, and promulgation of
      standardized procedures for methods of postmortem diagnosis and tissue handling.

PMID- 1805353
TI  - Reduced neuronal size in posterior hippocampus of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The hippocampus, an integral component of the corticolimbic circuitry of the
      brain, has been recently implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This
      article has employed quantitative morphometric techniques to determine whether
      abnormalities of posterior hippocampal cross-sectional area, as well as the
      number, size, and degree of disarray of pyramidal neurons were present in 9
      control and 14 schizophrenic subjects. Seven schizophrenic patients showed
      evidence of superimposed mood disturbance (schizoaffective type), while the
      remaining seven were a mixture of paranoid, undifferentiated, and catatonic
      types. All morphometric measurements were conducted under strictly blind
      conditions; stepwise multiple regression and analyses of covariance were used to
      evaluate the effects of various confounding variables. There were no differences
      in the cross-sectional size of the hippocampus or degree of neuronal disarray
      between the two groups. Similarly, the number of pyramidal neurons was also the
      same in sectors Cornu Ammonis (CA) 2, CA 3, and CA 4 for the controls and
      schizophrenic subjects. In CA 1, the schizophrenic subjects without mood
      disturbances showed a significant reduction (36%) of pyramidal neuron numbers
      when compared with those of both controls and patients with mood disturbance.
      Pyramidal neurons were smaller in all sectors of the schizophrenic specimens, CA
      1 (p less than or equal to 0.01), CA 2 (p less than or equal to 0.01), CA 3 (p
      less than or equal to 0.01), and CA 4 (p less than or equal to 0.005), but there
      were no differences with respect to the presence of mood disturbances.
      Corrections for the effects of age, postmortem interval, fixation interval,
      hypoxia, and neuroleptic exposure did not alter the pattern in the data. The
      significance of a smaller size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in this group of
      schizophrenic specimens is unclear, but it is consistent with the suggestions of
      other laboratories that there may be altered function of this brain region in
      chronically psychotic individuals.

PMID- 1805354
TI  - Delusions: a review and integration.
AB  - Delusions are often prominent symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychiatric and
      neurologic disorders. Despite the central descriptive importance of delusions,
      there is a paucity of comprehensive reviews, theoretical formulations, and
      empirical evaluations in this area. Research and theoretical work pertinent to
      delusions are reviewed with particular emphasis on current findings in the
      neurobiological, cognitive, and information-processing literature. Research on
      delusional thought seen in various psychiatric disorders is reviewed and
      integrated with critical aspects of schizophrenia research. Consideration of
      three factors may help in understanding delusional thought processes. These
      factors are state-trait variables, perseverative thought, and cognitive
      functional integrity.

PMID- 1805355
TI  - Psychiatric disorders in the families of schizotypal subjects.
AB  - In a study of the families of 21 schizotypal patients, we found an increased
      morbidity risk for schizophrenia compared with that in the families of 21
      nonschizotypal patients and 42 controls. The Axis I diagnoses did not influence
      the distribution of the morbidity risk in the families of the schizotypal
      patients. If the schizotypal subjects also had other personality disorders, the
      morbidity risk for schizophrenia among their relatives was lower, although not
      significantly.

PMID- 1805356
TI  - Negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Persuasive evidence has accumulated demonstrating a strong negative association
      between rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia at the population level.
      Explanations for this phenomenon have taken into consideration immunological,
      biochemical, and genetic factors. In this article, we examine these and other
      factors in closer detail. We then propose hypotheses at the molecular level that
      might account for the negative association between the two diseases. These
      hypotheses may provide clues for our colleagues in molecular biology as they
      search for candidate genes, "anti-genes," and molecular mechanisms relevant to
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 1805357
TI  - Two types of thought disorder and lateralized neuropsychological dysfunction.
AB  - This report examined positive and negative thought disorder in relation to
      medication status and cerebral lateralization measures obtained from the Halstead
      Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in a
      sample of 59 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective and manic disorders,
      and unspecified functional psychoses. Discriminant function analyses of
      comparable left- and right-hemisphere variables from the neuropsychological tests
      were examined for both types of thought disorder, in which presence or absence of
      psychotropic medications was included as a variable in each analysis. Results
      indicated a relationship between positive thought disorder and left- but not
      right-hemisphere variables. Both the left- and right-hemisphere variables were
      related to negative thought disorder, and these relationships were influenced by
      the global measures of verbal and performance IQ as well as by medication status.
      These findings provide qualified support for the left-hemisphere-dysfunction
      hypothesis, insofar as it is associated specifically with positive thought
      disorder. Diffuse or bilateral cerebral impairment is more characteristic of
      negative thought disorder; however, medication status is also equivalent to
      neuropsychological variables in influencing this relationship.

PMID- 1805358
TI  - First person account: living with schizophrenia.

PMID- 1805359
TI  - Macroeconomic adjustment and social sector expenditure.
AB  - This paper presents a review of the evolution of public financing of the social
      sectors in Costa Rica during the period 1975-1988 in which the country went in
      succession through rapid expansion, recession, and macroeconomic adjustment with
      slow reactivation. The review underlines the magnitude of the effort made by the
      country in the social sectors and the distortions that have occurred during the
      period in study. The paper concludes that Costa Rica can sustain its high level
      of social development provided that public sector resources are used more
      efficiently, and on activities targeted on the provision of basic services.

PMID- 1805360
TI  - Economics of health planning--Costa Rica as an example.
AB  - Costa Rica has been unusually successful in providing high levels of health for
      its people given its economic resources. It is proposed that there are two
      reasons for its success. Having no military, Costa Rica has had resources to
      invest in health care. Having a relatively equal income and education
      distribution and a democratic government, it has been able to provide health care
      widely rather than just to the elites. This paper examines production functions
      for health and possible directions for appropriate management of health as Costa
      Rica confronts the chronic disease pattern of the developed world.

PMID- 1805361
TI  - Economic analysis of immunization programmes.
AB  - Two economic analyses of immunization programmes, one from Denmark and one from
      Kenya, are described with emphasis on practical problems in relation to the
      collection of data. The Danish study was performed by a study group with
      participation of experts within health economics and epidemiology and a
      specifically designed computer programme was developed. The Kenyan study was
      performed by the management unit of the Kenyan immunization programme using
      standard computer software developed by WHO (EPICost) and without external
      assistance. Both studies yielded results of significant relevance for the
      dialogue with the administration and politicians.

PMID- 1805362
TI  - Potential savings in health care expenditure by injury prevention--an argument
      for public policy decisions.
AB  - The aim of this article is to provide politicians with alternative ways of
      reducing health care expenditures through injury prevention. One way to do this
      is to present examples of how rationalisation gains resulting from injury
      prevention can be calculated and how this can be used to influence the direction
      of health policy. The calculations in the example are based on an estimated
      incidence of 113 patients per 1,000 population for outpatients and the number of
      hospitalised patients reported in the patient statistics. The costs of medical
      and surgical treatment and care have been calculated with the aid of Karolinska
      Hospital's contract for care of patients from other counties. Based on experience
      from the Falkoping project, the preventive effect has been estimated to be 28 per
      cent. The approach has also been reviewed according to eight key features of
      health policy analysis in order to demonstrate new ways of increasing
      communication. The calculations show that under ideal conditions 316 hospital
      beds in Stockholm county can be released for other purposes. A dialogue has been
      started with politicians and administrators for continued discussions in the
      respective counties. Experience shows that data for calculation of
      rationalisation gains can be obtained rapidly. For more detailed health economic
      analyses, a comprehensive injury surveillance system and more detailed patient
      statistics are necessary.

PMID- 1805363
TI  - Money consuming monuments or efficient echelons?--Assessing the economic role of
      hospitals in national health care systems.
AB  - A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of a national health care system would due
      to conceptual reasons and formidable technical problems result in crude or
      disputable estimates. Therefore, this paper argues that an economical assessment
      cannot avoid delineating health care into its different sectors, and looking into
      them separately. An analysis of the hospital sector is suggested to be pursued in
      the following order: First, the proportion of total health care expenditure
      allocated to hospitals is calculated. Second, cost per service is measured and
      the relative importance of input factors on that estimate of internal efficiency
      (productivity) are analysed. Third, distribution of service utilisation is
      determined, relating it to structural and demographic variables. Fourth, the
      impact of funding mechanisms is noted as an important marginal condition for
      economical performance. The paper discusses methods for each stage of analysis
      using examples from the Nordic countries.

PMID- 1805364
TI  - Evaluating health systems and health policies.

PMID- 1805365
TI  - General theory of paradigms in health.
AB  - In Costa Rica, three sequential health paradigms have been identified over the
      last 50 years. The first began to develop during the 40's and has been called
      that of the deficiency diseases, since with a diachronic approach it placed
      excessive emphasis on malnutrition. The second began in 1970 and it is known as
      that of the infectious diseases, since through a holistic or synchronic approach,
      it underlined the importance of infections in high rates of morbidity and
      mortality. The third and last is the paradigm of the chronic diseases, it
      appeared in the 80's and is presently in process, doing battle with the chronic
      ailments, life styles, and environment, and it also utilizes a holistic approach.
      The recognition of these three paradigms has permitted Costa Rica a rapid advance
      in improving the health of its population, to the point that with a per capita
      outlay of $130 (US dollars), it has indices similar to those of the
      industrialized nations. This particular experience could be useful for other less
      developed countries that are still applying the paradigm of the deficiency
      diseases.

PMID- 1805366
TI  - Epidemiology in developing countries--some experiences from collaboration across
      disciplines and cultures.
AB  - Epidemiology has been increasingly recognized as a public health strategy for
      health research, intervention and health policy making. In this communication I
      will focus on strategies and methods for epidemiology within the context of
      working together across disciplines and cultures. That problems are local but
      methods global is one of the immediate lesions from these collaborations as well
      as the obvious awareness that no one can be an expert on others. Our experience
      from collaborative research and research in Sweden is also that of a mutual
      benefit between Swedish and development research. This also applies to research
      training and capability strengthening where a close connection between field
      research and training is needed.

PMID- 1805367
TI  - Socioeconomic development, health interventions and mortality decline in Costa
      Rica.
AB  - Costa Rica, whose life expectancy was 74 years by 1985, has reached a health
      level comparable to a developed country. The health achievements of this country
      are product of political and socioeconomic circumstances as well as of right
      public health policies. Until about 1970 the features of Costa Rica mortality,
      although somewhat better than the Latin American average, evolved in a similar
      way to the rest of the region. In particular, the decades of 1940s and 1950s saw
      dramatic improvements in life expectancy, thanks mainly to the import of low
      cost, high-effectiveness health technologies. In the 1970s, however, Costa Rica
      departed from a regional pattern of stagnation and managed to close the gap with
      developed countries in terms of mortality levels. A dramatic decline in the
      infant mortality rate from 60 to 19 per 1,000 took place in this decade. The main
      determinants of this breakthrough were health interventions, notably a primary
      health care program, even though favorable socioeconomic conditions and a reduced
      fertility also played a role. Ecological data and other evidence suggest that up
      to three fourths of the mortality decline was accounted for contemporary
      improvements in public health services, with about 40 percent attributable to
      primary health care interventions. Furthermore, by targeting interventions on the
      less privileged population, these interventions had the merit of reducing
      geographic and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality.

PMID- 1805368
TI  - Determinants of the evolution of the health situation of the population.
AB  - The objective of the present project is to evaluate the relative importance of
      different governmental social programmes for health development during the
      1970's. National statistics available for the whole period and disaggregated to
      district level were analyzed with particular regard to three indicators of infant
      health status when the infant mortality rate was used, increased access to
      secondary care and improved socio-economic status were related to improvement in
      infant health status. When the percentage of neonatal deaths or the percentage of
      deceased live births per woman was used, neither the socio-economic improvement
      nor the assess to secondary did explain the improvement. Moreover, the primary
      health programme did not seem to be of importance in explaining the changes in
      the three indicators of infant health status. A second phase of the project,
      currently ongoing, is aimed at the evaluation of other factors such as the degree
      of efficiency of some of the health programmes. This study is based on directly
      collected information, quantitative as well as qualitative. Structured interviews
      have been used together with anthropological information from in-depth interviews
      with individuals and groups. The preliminary results of this second phase
      indicate that the contradictions observed in the first phase might be due to
      shortcomings in the national registers. In one of the study areas the coverage of
      PHC developed earlier than indicated by the official information. In other areas
      it was found that different obstacles as access problems, lack of health centers,
      socio-economical problems and lack of cultural knowledge reduced the
      effectiveness and impact of the primary health programmes.

PMID- 1805369
TI  - Background factors in the decline of infant mortality in Sweden 1800-1930.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the changing Swedish society
      during the period 1800-1930 and to highlight factors which may have determined
      the decline in infant mortality during this period. A women's perspective will be
      used as a method to approach the problem. The following hypothesis has been
      formulated: a declining infant mortality was indirectly linked to and mediated
      through improvements in women's and mothers' living conditions in the past.
      Health information was successful when women and mothers possessed the necessary
      prerequisites for understanding and utilizing this information. Because of
      improved harvests food consumption per capita increased from the second decade of
      the 19th century. Deaths related to smallpox decreased from the beginning of the
      19th century and fewer children under five and above died. A pronounced growth of
      the population due to declining mortality started from the second decade of the
      19th century. The decline of infant mortality was, firstly, a combined effect of
      an increased intake of calories and a gradual decrease of work loads for women,
      which indirectly and directly influenced infants' health and survival. Fewer
      small-for-date infants were born, and mothers had more time for breast-feeding
      and child care. Secondary factors of importance were improved delivery care,
      health information on child care and hygiene, and declining fertility.

PMID- 1805370
TI  - Analysis of health policy--principles and practice.
AB  - Health policy analysis covers a wide range of activities: from university-based
      research to practical activities carried out by bureaucrats and professionals
      working within the health system with independent unit or think tanks for health
      policy analysis as a third alternative. A key distinction is between analysis of
      policy and analysis for policy, which has eight key features: problem-centered;
      bias to facts and data; multidisciplinary; emphasis on feasibility; uses
      techniques and political awareness; quantitative and qualitative analysis; role
      of values; and timing of analysis. Decision-making is not a rational, logical
      process in which information and research determine policy outcomes, but a highly
      political process in which power and interest are the main driving forces. Health
      policy analyses can make a small contribution. Communication and salesmanship
      must go hand in hand with good academic techniques if research is to influence
      policy.

PMID- 1805371
TI  - Strategies for health financing in Kenya--the difficult birth of a new policy.
AB  - The Kenyan Government has recently introduced a new strategy for health
      financing. The roles of the World Bank and US-AID in developing this strategy are
      reviewed in this article. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the
      government--under heavy pressure from the World Bank-partly had to accept a
      strategy generating less revenue and greater inequities than alternative
      strategies considered. At the same time the policy options assessed illustrate
      how the Kenyan Government managed to avoid public health services being
      transformed into semi private services primarily for middle and high income
      groups.

PMID- 1805372
TI  - Assessment of health policy in Costa Rica--some preliminary remarks.
AB  - Costa Rica is one of the world's success stories in primary health care. During
      the past 20 years the country has experienced a demographic and epidemiological
      transition. However, during the 80's the economic recession severely affected the
      country. The social, economic, political and geographic contexts are important
      for the assessment of health policy. The longstanding democracy, investments in
      public education and health all contribute to the peace and stability. Assessment
      of health policy needs both a quantitative and qualitative approach. The policy
      making process--how policies are made, translated into action and evaluated--is a
      research challenge. The national health policy 1986-1990 includes commitment to
      Health for All strategy; development of the National Health Care System;
      strengthening of the health care infrastructure; consolidation of health
      achievements and undertaking of new problems and approaches on integral care for
      the population; community participation in all health care system activities; and
      health care priorities. Important research issues are the relationship between
      the needs of the population and health policy development and the impacts of
      health policy on the health of the population. A comprehensive study of policy
      making includes studies of policy content, process, output and evaluation of
      impacts (including economy of health policy), and analysis for policy, i.e.
      information for policy making, process and policy advocacy. Recent successful
      health policy issues are child health and HIV/AIDS, while water pollution and
      traffic accidents have been more problematic policy issues.

PMID- 1805373
TI  - Export-led growth as a determinant of social development in Costa Rica.
AB  - Costa Rica has put considerable effort into the development of education, health
      care, housing and social security. In order to be sustainable, this process
      requires that the output of such sectors as agriculture and manufacturing expands
      over time. The article examines the growth of the Costa Rican economy in a long
      run perspective, with an emphasis on foreign trade policy. The fate of the Costa
      Rican economy has been highly dependent on the exports of primary products,
      mainly coffee and bananas, for more than a century. This, however, has created a
      very vulnerable economy. As a result, during the 1960s, a new development
      strategy emerged: production of manufactures for the Central American Common
      Market (CACM). At the end of the 1970s, the prices of traditional export fell and
      the CACM more or less collapsed. The Central American economies were thrown into
      an acute crisis, aggravated by faculty domestic economic policies, which also
      jeopardized social development. This necessitated a stabilization effort on the
      one hand, and the development of a new trade strategy--promotion of non
      traditional exports--on the other. It would appear that both efforts have been
      successful, although not without difficulties.

PMID- 1805374
TI  - Acute stroke care--opportunities for limiting brain damage.

PMID- 1805375
TI  - Smoking habits, sales of fat and antihypertensives fail to explain the high
      coronary mortality in cold regions of Sweden.
AB  - A previous study has shown a strong regional association between cold climate and
      coronary mortality in Sweden. The present study intended to elucidate further
      this association, in particular whether or not it could be attributed to smoking,
      hypertension and fat consumption. The 284 Swedish municipalities were used as
      units. The outcome was mortality (SMR) from acute myocardial infarction in men
      aged 40-64. Prevalence of smoking and use of snuff was estimated by interviews.
      Sales of antihypertensive drugs were used to estimate prevalence of hypertension.
      Sales of butter and estimates of consumption of saturated fat by interviews were
      used to estimate the consumption of fat. Weighted determination coefficients (D)
      were calculated. Apart from the strong association between cold climate and
      coronary mortality (D = 0.39), an association was shown between fat consumption
      and coronary mortality (D = 0.22). A weaker association was found between
      prevalency of snuffing and coronary mortality (D = 0.15) and between sales of
      butter and coronary mortality (D = 0.10) and the weakest between sales of
      antihypertensives and coronary mortality (D = 0.06). No association was found
      between prevalence of smoking and coronary mortality. When the other explanatory
      factors were added to cold climate in the model no substantial enhancement of the
      association was achieved. Cold exposure was correlated to the other explanatory
      factors. To conclude, this study showed that the strong association between cold
      exposure and coronary mortality was not affected by the regional variation in the
      estimates of fat consumption, hypertension or tobacco use.

PMID- 1805376
TI  - Home assessments in geriatrics revisited: an audit of a routine home visiting
      service.
AB  - Routine home visiting is a luxury not afforded to other medical specialties. The
      practice of routine home assessment visiting in geriatric medicine was evaluated
      in a prospective study of 110 consecutive referrals to determine whether; the
      response to general practitioners referrals could be predicted from the
      information given at the time of referral and; to identify where home visiting
      identified additional information of value in directing services more
      appropriately. Requests for admission were accurately predicted in 86-96% of
      cases by the visiting and a control doctor respectively. Additional information
      of value in directing services and patient management was gained from the home
      visit in 30% of admissions, 58% of day hospital cases and 80% of outpatients. It
      is possible to predict the outcome of home visits although implementation of such
      predictions without direct communication with general practitioners would result
      in a small number of unnecessary admissions and referrals to day hospital
      services.

PMID- 1805377
TI  - Teenage pregnancy in Scotland: trends and risks.
AB  - Teenage pregnancy, considered to be associated with social and medical risks, is
      seen as a growing problem. Population based information from the Registrar
      General (Scotland) and Notification of Abortion permitted an analysis of the
      trends in the numbers, rates and outcomes of pregnancies among women aged less
      than 20 years. In addition, clinical information is available on all deliveries
      in Scottish hospitals from the standard hospital discharge document permitting
      analysis of the association of defined complications with age. Contrary to
      current perceptions, pregnancies and births among teenagers are not more frequent
      in 1988 when compared to 1975. There has been, however, a large increase in
      births to single women, a group with particular problems. The obstetric risks
      when compared to older women, are small and probably socially, not age related.
      These include a slightly higher rate of pre-term delivery and low birthweight and
      a later presentation for specialist antenatal care. The proportion of pregnancies
      affected by neural tube defects which are terminated is lower among women under
      20. These medical risks are small, however, compared to the well-documented
      social and economic problems which will have long term and indirect effects on
      health.

PMID- 1805379
TI  - A case of sinusitis presenting with spheno-cavernous syndrome: discussion of the
      differential diagnosis.
AB  - A 60 year old gentleman presented with a left spheno-cavernous syndrome resulting
      in impaired ocular motility, proptosis and visual loss in an otherwise clinically
      quiet eye. The history led to a clinical suspicion of posterior ethmoiditis,
      which was confirmed on C.T. scanning. Surgical drainage and antibiotic treatment
      resolved the symptoms, but visual impairment persisted. The differential
      diagnosis and management of spheno-cavernous syndrome is discussed in context
      with this atypical presentation of orbital cellulitis.

PMID- 1805378
TI  - Trends in lung cancer mortality in Scotland and their relation to cigarette
      smoking and social class.
AB  - This paper describes the trends in lung cancer rates in Scottish men and women
      during 1959-85, the relationship between lung cancer and cigarette consumption,
      and between lung cancer and social class, and the urban-rural gradient of lung
      cancer. Lung cancer rates in Scottish men have declined in all age groups under
      the age of 74 for at least the past two decades; the most notable decrease was in
      men aged 40-44 years, whose rates halved between 1970 and 1980. In women, who
      began smoking in large numbers only after World War II, lung cancer mortality
      declined slightly in those between 40-54 years and rose in those over 54 years.
      Trends in cigarette consumption did not fully explain the decline in lung cancer.
      Marked urban-rural gradients in the SMRs for lung cancer were evident in all
      periods, and these strengthened over time. Correlations between lung cancer and
      social class differed markedly from those found in previous studies, except for
      those with social classes II and V.

PMID- 1805381
TI  - Phaeochromocytoma-induced myocardial necrosis.

PMID- 1805380
TI  - The potential pitfall of attributing iron deficiency anaemia to ulceration in a
      Barrett's oesophagus.
AB  - We report a 58-year-old man with recurrent ulceration in a Barrett's oesophagus
      whose iron-deficiency anaemia was in fact due to a caecal carcinoma. Recent
      reports suggest an association between these two disorders. A Barrett's
      oesophagus should not be blamed for iron deficiency unless neoplasms of the colon
      have been excluded.

PMID- 1805382
TI  - Chronic beryllium pneumonitis: first case accepted by U.K. register from
      Scotland.
AB  - We report the first case from Scotland of chronic beryllium pneumonitis to be
      accepted into the UK Beryllium Case Register. The exposure was due to 'spot
      welding' and this source causing disease has not been described previously.

PMID- 1805383
TI  - William Harvey--a man of his time?

PMID- 1805384
TI  - [Medical prescription and treatment compliance in acute infectious diarrhea:
      indirect impact of an educational intervention].
AB  - As part of the evaluation of an educational intervention carried out at primary
      health care units in Mexico City a home visit was included for patients treated
      for acute infectious diarrhea. In such visit, effected for 401 patients before
      the educational intervention and for 406 after the same, it was possible to
      evaluate compliance with the treatment measured through the amount of prescribed
      drugs distributed by the institution but not consumed by patients. A significant
      improvement was observed in compliance with the treatment even though this was
      not the explicit objective of the intervention. Compliance is related to
      variables of different dimensions--characteristics of the physician,
      characteristics of the patient, physician-patient rapport, health condition and
      health concept--and the educational intervention tends to homogenize the
      patient's behavior as a result of more emphatic improvement in those subgroups
      with worst compliance levels.

PMID- 1805385
TI  - [Physician-patient relations in the outpatient clinic of primary health care
      units].
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the degree of concordance between
      physicians and patients at primary health care units with regard to different
      aspects of medical consultation. The research design was a descriptive survey.
      The study units were the primary health care units of the Ministry of Health
      located in the "Gustavo A. Madero" district. 76 patients were interviewed as well
      as those physicians who gave consultations. A questionnaire was administered to
      those patients. It included six questions on the following aspects: physical
      examination, explanation regarding illness and drug prescription, degree of
      compliance by patients, duration of consultation and an estimation to know if the
      physician-patient relationship was satisfactory. For these measurements a
      analogue-visual scale and a semantic differential scale were used. A great
      variation was found in the correlation between physician and patient. The major
      degree of concordance was obtained in the way the relationship was perceived by
      each other (rs = 0.18); the estimation of compliance (rs = 0.10) and the
      explanation about illness (rs = 0.08). A tendency to disagreement was perceived
      in the physical examination (rs = 0.18), the duration of consultation (rs = 0.10)
      and the explanation about drugs (rs = -0.02). A larger degree of agreement was
      observed when the physician was less than 40 years old, when he had no specialty
      and when the patients was also less than 40 years old.

PMID- 1805386
TI  - [Drowning in Jalisco: 1983-1989].
AB  - The objective of this work was to identify which preventive factors are involved
      in drowning. Files of 895 autopsies from 1983 through 1989 by the coroner site
      office were reviewed. During this seven year period, the annual mortality for
      drowning was 2.6 per 100,000 population. Males had a higher annual mortality rate
      (4.2 per 100,000) than females (1.1 per 100,000). The age group between one and
      four years old had the highest mortality rate (7.6 per 100,000). Deaths tend to
      cluster around summer. Most of the deaths occurred in house cisterns (19.3%),
      dams/lakes (16.9%), rivers/canals (14.3%), water wells (12.5%) and swimming pools
      (10.1%). A third of the deaths occurred at home. The relationship alcohol
      drowning starts to stand out in the age group between 10 and 14 years old but get
      its highest percentage in the age group 35-39 (74%). There are two important
      findings that is necessary to point out: drowning occurring at home and the
      relationship between drowning and alcohol ingestion.

PMID- 1805387
TI  - [Reproductive behavior and health: reflections on the supply of services].
AB  - The aim of this article is to put forward a series of reflections on the role
      that service providers have played in defining the interactions between
      reproductive behavior and health. In the first section some approximations are
      presented of what could constitute a framework for analyzing the topic under
      study, including demographic aspects and the ones involving the provision of
      services as well as the aspects related to the epistemology of health and a
      commentary on the importance of norms in the provision of services. In the second
      section a couple of recent experiences related to the provision of services in a
      context of "having an impact on reproduction for the purpose of improving health"
      discussed. The source of information used were two national surveys (Encuesta
      Nacional sobre Factores de Riesgo en la Anticoncepcion Hormonal, or National
      Survey on Risk Factors in Hormonal Contraception, and Encuesta Nacional sobre
      Fecundidad y Salud, or National Fertility and Health Survey) made in 1984 and
      1987 with women of childbearing age and health service providers (the first of
      the two surveys mentioned). Based on the experience stated by the female users of
      the contraceptive methods most frequently used by Mexicans, and on the responses
      of service providers, an evaluation is made of the medical norms of the
      institutions belonging to the Mexican health sector, and some hypotheses are
      suggested on the possible reasons why there are deficiencies in the observance of
      these norms. Lastly, some lines to prompt a discussion along this subject are
      proposed.

PMID- 1805388
TI  - [Health services research and its application].
AB  - This paper discusses the history of research in health services in Mexico, its
      limitations and the challenges which lie ahead.

PMID- 1805389
TI  - [The development of public health research].
AB  - The overall assessment of the public health research (PHR) development in Mexico
      is a previous condition to promote PHR at a national scale. This assessment has
      been delayed because standard PHR identification criteria within the health
      research field have been missing. In this paper the guidelines to determine the
      PHR fields of application are presented, as well as the bibliometric indices to
      determine its current stage of development; a PHR methodological classification
      scheme is also proposed. To estimate the PHR production in Mexico, the above
      criteria were used to analyze the content of a data base created from two
      national data bases (Biblat and Periodica), and from one international data base
      on biomedical literature (Medline); a manual search was implemented to identify
      studies missing studies in the data bases but published in Salud Publica de
      Mexico, the most prominent national journal in this field. The review period in
      Medline extended from 1979 to 1986. About 2,269,905 international scientific
      references were recorded, 5,189 of which belonged to national authors.
      Approximately 180,000 papers were related to the PHR; in 552 of these works, the
      main author was from Mexico. After adding up to this figure, the number of
      articles found in the manual search and after correcting for any
      misclassification error, the PHR data base contained 971 papers; approximately
      half of them were not investigation reports, but commentaries, reviews and
      position papers. Outbreak studies were 3 per cent and mortality 2.2 per cent;
      prevalence works were the most common (8.4%), but analytic studies were very
      infrequent (4%). Communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases and mental
      health ranked among the main topics of interest; all other topics were infrequent
      or absent. These results highlight the need to carry out four main tasks to
      promote nationally the PHR in the short term.

PMID- 1805390
TI  - [Local health systems: a transition of the organized social response].
AB  - This paper discusses the transition of the organized social response in health
      with emphasis on local health systems. After reviewing a few basic definitions
      (health system, local health system, health care system, institutional system of
      health services), the author discusses the health transition (transition of the
      concept health-disease, technological transition, epidemiological transition,
      demographic transition, health care system transition) and the importance
      attributed to local health systems in Mexico.

PMID- 1805391
TI  - [Evaluation and quality assurance of medical care].
AB  - This paper presents a model for the evaluation of the quality of health services.
      The purpose is to create a method which allows the identification of those
      aspects of health care which are below standard, register them, assign a
      responsible for its correction and implement an adequate follow-up.

PMID- 1805392
TI  - [Relations between health priority problems and the determination of health
      research priorities].
AB  - This paper discusses the relationship between health problems and the definition
      of priorities in health research in Mexico. The author stresses the importance of
      increasing research and training in public health, and of relating these
      activities to the most urgent health needs of the country.

PMID- 1805393
TI  - [Scientific research in public health. Bases for the creation of a national
      coordinating body. 1960].

PMID- 1805394
TI  - Endoscopic resection of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus accompanied by
      esophageal varices.
AB  - A case of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus accompanied by esophageal varices
      was treated by endoscopic mucosal resection using a transparent tube (EMRT)
      following eradication of the varices via injection sclerotherapy (EIS).
      Intravariceal injection sclerotherapy was performed for esophageal varices, and
      after eradication of the varices had been achieved, half of the circumferential
      esophageal mucosal resection of the cancer lesion was carried out. No serious
      complication such as perforation or mass bleeding was observed. Cancer-involved
      mucosa was completely resected and all specimens contributed well to accurate
      histopathological study, being diagnosed as intraepithelial squamous-cell
      carcinoma. The artificial ulcer recovered completely, showing no stenotic
      changes. Our conclusion from this experience is that EIS + EMRT is a valuable and
      minimally invasive treatment for patients exhibiting this disease, providing an
      accurate histological diagnosis.

PMID- 1805395
TI  - Experience with a transnasally fixed endoprosthesis for treating esophageal
      anastomotic leakage.
AB  - Eight patients suffering from leakage around the esophagus were treated with a
      transnasally fixed Celestin tube. All of the subjects had exhibited an
      anastomotic dehiscence after having undergone esophageal resection, cardia
      resection or total gastrectomy. Following treatment, in all cases the anastomoses
      healed quickly with no complications.

PMID- 1805396
TI  - Choledochoscopy during biliary surgery for reducing the risk of overlooked
      stones.
AB  - Although cholangiography is routinely performed during biliary surgery to ensure
      the removal of all stones, it is not always successful. Some investigators have
      claimed that intraoperative choledochoscopy is more effective in detecting all
      stones, although reports on the efficacy of this method have been contradictory.
      Furthermore, no study has systematically examined either of these procedures in
      terms of the actual incidence of overlooked stones. Thus, to evaluate the merits
      of intraoperative cholangiography as opposed to choledochoscopy, we studied the
      incidence of overlooked bile duct stones after surgery. We investigated 126
      patients who had undergone surgery during which choledocholithotomy was performed
      within the past 10 years; 117 of these cases involved common bile duct stones and
      22, intrahepatic stones. After the exclusion of 13 subjects whose stones were
      deliberately left for postoperative treatment due to severe complications, 126
      patients were finally analyzed. Overlooked stones were found postoperatively in
      13 (10%) of these 126 subjects, including 11 (14%) of 63 patients who had been
      inspected by intraoperative cholangiography alone and 2 (3%) of 63 who had
      undergone both choledochoscopy and cholangiography during surgery. Therefore, the
      incidence of overlooked stones proved to be significantly lower in those who had
      undergone choledochoscopy combined with cholangiography (P less than 0.01). Our
      results suggest the value of combining choledochoscopy with cholangiography
      during surgery for reducing the risk of overlooked bile duct stones.

PMID- 1805397
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and endoscopy: combined therapy for
      problematic bile duct stones.
AB  - Endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones is currently successful in 86% of
      patients. We prospectively studied the efficacy and complication rate of
      extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of problematic bile duct stones
      combined with endoscopy. When stone removal was not possible, patients were
      subjected to ESWL. Fragmented stones were removed endoscopically. During 1 year,
      220 patients presenting with choledocholithiasis were diagnosed and 188 were
      successfully treated endoscopically. In all, 3 subjects received alternative
      treatment and the remaining 29 (13%) constituted our study group; 19 (65%) were
      women and the mean age was 76.7 years. Overall, 22 (76%) were high-risk patients;
      23 (79%) were jaundiced and 9 (31%) had cholangitis at admission. The most
      frequent indication for ESWL was stone size. Stone fragmentation was achieved in
      80% of cases. Complications were mild and were managed conservatively. No patient
      died. Complete stone clearance was possible in 23 (80%) cases. The association of
      ESWL and endoscopy enhanced the success rate of endoscopic stone clearance from
      86% to 96%. During the same period, open surgery was performed in 4 cases for
      residual common bile duct (CBD) stones and in 32 cases in association with
      simultaneous cholecystectomy.

PMID- 1805398
TI  - Documenting the use of fluoroscopy during colonoscopic examination: a prospective
      study.
AB  - To determine the patterns of fluoroscopy use during colonoscopy, 500 consecutive
      patients undergoing colonoscopic examination were studied over a 6-month period.
      The procedures were performed on 195 patients by three gastroenterologists and on
      305 patients by three colon and rectal surgeons. The study group comprised 237
      women and 263 men aged an average of 62 years (range, 12-90 years). The results
      revealed that fluoroscopy was used during 37% of colonoscopic examinations. The
      most common indications for fluoroscopy were the treatment of sigmoid loops (42%)
      and the localization of the colonoscope tip (51%), totaling 93% of 312
      fluoroscopic checks. The suspected position of the colonoscope tip was inaccurate
      in 15% (47/312) of fluoroscopic checks. The most common bowel location of the
      colonoscope tip during the fluoroscopic checks was the hepatic flexure (24%),
      followed by the cecum (21%). In all, 53% (166/312) of fluoroscopic checks
      involved the right colon. The selective use of fluoroscopy during more difficult
      cases was emphasized by the significantly longer time required for the procedure
      (36 vs 26 min) and the significantly lower cecal intubation rate (79% vs 99%). In
      summary, fluoroscopy is deemed to be a safe, reliable technique that facilitates
      the completion of difficult colonoscopic examinations. It is especially helpful
      in the treatment of sigmoid loops and in the precise localization of the position
      of the colonoscope tip, especially during negotiation of the right colon.

PMID- 1805399
TI  - Investigation of the portal perfusion index after low diameter mesocaval
      interposition and distal splenorenal shunt--a prospective study.
AB  - In 50 consecutive patients portal blood flow was determined using computed liver
      perfusion scintigraphy preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84
      months postoperatively between 1 January 1983 and 1 January 1990. All 25 subjects
      had undergone placement of a distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) and 25, insertion of
      low-diameter PTFE mesocaval interposition shunt (LDMIS) between 15 January 1983
      and 1 January 1988. Indications for shunt operation included recurrent variceal
      hemorrhage in spite of long-term endoscopic sclerotherapy, a Child-Pugh
      classification of A or B, a sonographically determined liver volume of between
      1000 and 2500 ml, exclusion of the activity and progression of liver disease by
      biopsy and stenosis of the hepatic artery or coeliac trunk. DSRS was performed
      when the portal perfusion index (PPI) was greater than 30% (normal values 56 +/-
      5%) and LDMIS was carried out when the PPI was 10% to 30%. In all cases the
      underlying disease was liver cirrhosis of alcoholic (n = 34, 68%) or hepatic (n =
      12, 24%) etiology. Five patients who underwent LDMIS had originally scheduled for
      DSRS at a PPI of greater than 30%; because the DSRS would have been technically
      difficult due to severe chronic pancreatitis, a LDMIS was performed. One in
      hospital death due to liver failure had occurred in each group by 1 January 1990.
      One patient in the DSRS group and two in the LDMIS group died later, and in each
      group one patient was lost to follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805400
TI  - Diagnosis of liver metastases from malignant gastrointestinal neoplasms: results
      of pre- and intraoperative ultrasound examinations.
AB  - In this prospective study, 108 patients presenting with gastrointestinal cancer
      were examined for liver metastasis before and during surgery. The investigations
      emphasized a comparison of pre- and intraoperative ultrasound (US) examinations.
      The results of intraoperative liver inspection and palpation served as control
      parameters. In addition, an exact description and characterization of the liver
      metastases was attempted. Liver metastases were found in 30 of the 108 patients
      (28%). They could be identified in 17 subjects by preoperative US (57%
      sensitivity), in 21 patients by intraoperative palpation and inspection (70%
      sensitivity), and in 27 cases by intraoperative US (90% sensitivity). We
      concluded that 7%-34% of patients with liver metastases can be identified with
      95% reliability using intraoperative US alone or in combination with palpation
      and inspection.

PMID- 1805401
TI  - Intraoperative echo-contrast ultrasound examination of malignant liver neoplasms-
      initial clinical experience.
AB  - The value of intraoperative echo-contrast ultrasound (US) as compared with plain
      US was studied in 19 patients presenting with malignant liver tumors. The
      contrast medium SHU 454 was intraoperatively injected via the portal venous
      system or the biliary tract. Using intraoperative echo-contrast US, extremely
      small liver tumors could be sought in a limited area of the liver. In comparison
      with plain US, the former technique resulted in better demarcation of especially
      small tumors, which were seen as echo-poor areas in relation to the surrounding
      liver tissue.

PMID- 1805402
TI  - Surgical endoscopy during the Gulf War.
AB  - During Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, the 8th Evacuation Hospital (400
      beds) evaluated the efficacy of endoscopy in the desert environment. Standard off
      the-shelf fiber-optic endoscopes met the criteria of being rugged, versatile,
      portable, and easy to maintain. Over a 3-month period, 36 procedures
      (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 25; colonoscopy, 7; flexible sigmoidoscopy, 4) were
      performed in soldiers both in the garrison and in combat. Of these, 24 (67%)
      revealed normal findings; the remaining 33% demonstrated pathology (6 cases of
      peptic ulcers, 3 cases of esophageal ulcers, 2 cases of acute ulcerative colitis,
      and 1 case of proctitis). Two-thirds of the patients could immediately be
      returned to duty because they demonstrated either a normal examination or
      pathology that would resolve with medical management. Another 17% of the subjects
      were promptly air-evacuated out of the combat theater, and 17% were Iraqi
      prisoners of war in whom the proper medication was begun. Although no indication
      for surgical endoscopy was found that was unique to a combat theater, these
      procedures greatly enhanced the conservation of the fighting force, especially in
      determining which soldiers could be immediately returned for a combat mission.

PMID- 1805403
TI  - A temporary endoscopic solution that significantly improves the prognosis of
      Bouveret's syndrome.
AB  - We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who was hospitalized for mild abdominal
      pain after her referral following a diagnostic assessment of acute lithiasic
      cholecystitis. After the spontaneus regression of her painful symptoms and fever
      and several days of well-being, her clinically acute abdominal features suddenly
      showed an obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract. An emergency
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) confirmed that a large gallstone completely
      obstructed the pylorus as previously demonstrated by an ultrasound examination of
      the gallbladder. During the course of endoscopy, removal of the gallstone from
      the duodenum was achieved by pulling it into the stomach; the patient underwent
      an operation, the gallstone was removed, and the cholecystoduodenal fistula
      resolved. Postoperative procedures and recovery were rapid and favorable.

PMID- 1805404
TI  - [The effects of delayed transluminal balloon coronary angioplasty in myocardial
      infarct patients with early thrombolytic recanalization of the coronary artery:
      the results of dynamic quantitative angiography].
AB  - As many as 71 patients with the developing large-focal myocardial infarction (MI)
      were entered into the study. The purpose was to examine the dynamics of the
      status of the coronary arteries and left ventricular function in MI patients with
      early recanalization of the infarct-related artery (IRA) as a result of
      thrombolytic therapy (TLT) and delayed transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA).
      Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography were provided 3 times to all the
      patients: within the first 4 hours of the disease (in combination with TLT), on
      days 4-6 of the disease (in combination with TCA of the IRA), and after 6 months
      of observation. It is concluded that the combined use in MI patients of coronary
      thrombolysis within the first 4 hours of the disease and delayed TCA (on days 4-6
      of the disease) ensure steady recovery of IRA patency, with an insignificant
      residual stenosis of the artery. At the same time the patients demonstrated
      improvement of local contractility of the deranged compartment of the left
      ventricle by the 6th month of observation. Restenosis of the recanalized IRA that
      occurs during 6 months of observation after the interventions performed does not
      affect the recovery of left ventricular function.

PMID- 1805405
TI  - [A case of the emergency embolization of the splenic artery to arrest a
      threatened hemorrhagic syndrome developing in posttransfusional
      thrombocytopenia].

PMID- 1805406
TI  - [The clinical effect of extracorporeal immunosorption].

PMID- 1805407
TI  - [Extracorporeal methods for low-density lipoprotein apheresis in treating
      patients with severe forms of hereditary hypercholesterolemia. A review].

PMID- 1805408
TI  - [The immediate results of using plasmapheresis in patients with chronic
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - A study was made of the effect produced by a short-term course of plasmapheresis
      (PA) combined with cytostatic, glucocorticoid and deaggregation therapy on the
      clinico-laboratory characteristics in 45 patients suffering from chronic
      glomerulonephritis (CGN). It has been established that PA rapidly normalizes the
      characteristics such as the level of circulating immune complexes and fibrinogen
      in the blood, ESR. Exerting no effect on renal function, PA led to a significant
      lowering of proteinuria and erythrocyturia, with its beneficial effects being
      preserved after discontinuation of the sessions. The best results were attained
      in associated CGN and nephrotic syndrome, in mesangioproliferative and
      mesangiocapillary CGN. The effectiveness of the short-term course of PA in
      patients with membranous and diffuse fibroplastic CGN turned out questionable.

PMID- 1805409
TI  - [The multiple repeated use of single-use dialyzers. A review].

PMID- 1805411
TI  - [The use of plasmapheresis in the combined treatment of patients with unstable
      stenocardia].
AB  - Plasmapheresis (PA) was provided to 82 patients with unstable angina pectoris
      refractory to drug treatment. PA did not influence blood osmolarity, acid-base
      equilibrium or blood electrolyte level. The patients manifested a slight rise of
      hematocrit and a decrease of plasma oncotic pressure. PA gave rise to a
      significant lowering of blood viscosity, a reduction of blood fibrinogen, total
      protein, cholesterol and triglycerides. Clinically, there was a marked decline of
      the frequency of angina pectoris of rest and effort attacks. The doses of
      antianginal drugs could be reduced. PA brought about a significant rise of the
      count of rosette-forming cells. The increase of drug sensitivity induced by PA
      sessions correlated with the clinical efficacy of the treatment. Later on the
      antianginal effect was attained with far lower drug doses.

PMID- 1805410
TI  - [The effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on thrombocyte aggregation
      capacity and on the blood prostanoid level in patients with chronic kidney
      failure on hemodialysis].
AB  - Overall 16 patients with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis were
      examined. Of these, 8 received recombinant human erythropoietin (rhERP). A study
      was made of platelet aggregation and the level of some prostanoids in the blood
      of these patients. As the time of the treatment with rhERP was increased, the
      hemodialyzed patients demonstrated a tendency toward a rise of platelet
      aggregation induced by thrombin together with an increase of the content of PGF2
      alpha, TxB2, in some cases of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and a lowering of plasma PGE
      [correction of RGE] level. The data concerning activation of the synthesis of
      arachidonic acid metabolites (PGF2 alpha and TxB2) that enhance platelet
      aggregation on prolonged use of rhERP suggest the role these substances may play
      in the mechanism of the development of thrombotic complications in the given
      patients' category.

PMID- 1805412
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in dermatology].
AB  - Overall 105 patients with different dermatoses were placed under observation. The
      patients received plasmapheresis (PA) treatment. PA was tolerated well by the
      majority of the patients, with the method efficacy amounting to 96%. PA
      eliminated disseminated intravascular coagulation which was initially seen in the
      majority of the patients, led to the normalization of hemostasis and
      microcirculation. At the same time PA exerted an immunocorrective action which
      showed up by a decrease of the most parameters of humoral and cellular immunity,
      the level of CIC, complement activity with a simultaneous rise of the phagocytic
      index, which may attest to macrophagal system activation.

PMID- 1805413
TI  - [The initial clinical experience of using Ovosorb antiprotease hemosorbent in the
      combined treatment of dermatoses].
AB  - The new antiprotease hemosorbent Ovosorb was tested during the performance of
      blood perfusion (BP) used as part of multimodality treatment of 11 patients. Of
      these, 2 presented with disseminated psoriasis, 3 with arthropathic psoriasis, 1
      with psoriatic erythrodermia, 4 with atopic dermatitis, and 1 with recurrent
      urticaria. BP with the use of the hemosorbent Ovosorb produced the highest effect
      in patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriatic erythrodermia and recurrent
      urticaria; BP with Ovosorb was less effective in disseminated psoriasis. The
      clinical effect was lacking in patients with arthropathic psoriasis. Ovosorb
      possesses remarkable detoxifying properties, good blood compatibility; it does
      not provoke any complications in patients with different forms of psoriasis,
      atopic dermatitis, and urticaria.

PMID- 1805414
TI  - [The hospital stage of the long-term oxygen therapy of chronic lung failure in
      patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis].
AB  - The authors analyze the role of the initial inpatient stage of long-term oxygen
      therapy (LOT) in combined treatment of chronic pulmonary failure in patients with
      chronic obstructive bronchitis, lung emphysema, and pneumosclerosis. The
      treatment lasted 30 days both in the main and in the control groups. In addition
      to basic therapy, the main group patients received 38% O2 for 15 h a day. To
      decrease the risk of PaCO2 elevation with a possible respiratory disorder,
      particularly in patients with initial hypercapnia, it is suggested that a special
      oxygen test with simultaneous control of acid-base balance and gas composition of
      the arterial blood may be carried out. In contrast to the control group, the main
      group patients demonstrated an improvement of gas composition of the arterial
      blood and of the parameters such as the alveolar-arterial gradient according to
      O2, the physiological pulmonary shunt. The combined use of oxygen therapy and
      resistance at expiration made it possible to ameliorate a number of external
      respiration function parameters, diffusion lung capacity, and enhanced the effect
      of oxygen therapy. It is shown that patients with PaO2 may be given LOT within
      the range of 60-69 mm Hg, provided the pulmonary physiological shunt exceeds 20%.

PMID- 1805415
TI  - [The characteristics of the lung microcirculation and external respiratory
      function in bronchial asthma patients with systemic arterial hypertension].
AB  - In 43 patients suffering from bronchial asthma, the data on patients with normal
      and high systemic arterial pressure were correlated on the basis of studying
      external respiratory function and pulmonary circulation. The differences are
      demonstrated as regards the intensity of obstruction, the ratio of changes in
      lung perfusion to bronchial patency, the response to berotec and the calcium
      antagonist perdipine.

PMID- 1805416
TI  - [Infectious-allergic bronchopulmonary paecilomycosis].
AB  - Primary or secondary infection of the lungs with fungi of the Paecilomyces family
      (P. variotii and P. viridis) gives rise to the development of infectious allergic
      bronchopulmonary paecilomycosis characterized by the presence of chronic allergic
      interstitial pneumonia and obstructive bronchitis, bronchial asthma, total and
      pulmonary eosinophilia, the presence of the tissue parasitic form of the fungus
      in sputum, blood, pulmonary tissue, the presence of allergen-specific IgE and/or
      IgG antibodies in patients' sera, immediate or double (20 min and 6 h) reaction
      of the skin to administration of allergen of Paecilomyces, by not infrequent
      combination of lung damage and impairment of other organs as well as by chronic
      relapses.

PMID- 1805417
TI  - [Secondary immunopathology in patients with an acute streptococcal infection].
AB  - The authors studied the activity of complement, nonspecific adaptive reactions of
      the body, the presence of antibodies to cross-reacting antigens of Streptococcus,
      the concentration of circulating immune complexes, some cellular characteristics
      of the immunogram in patients with different forms of streptococcal infection.
      The changes revealed allow a conclusion about the presence of autoimmune
      processes, most pronounced in chronic and recurrent forms of diseases. In the
      formation of streptococcal infection relapses, of the role is pathology of the
      complement system in combination with disorders in other components of
      nonspecific anti-infection resistance.

PMID- 1805418
TI  - [New approaches to the study of immunodeficiency states in chronic nonspecific
      lung diseases].

PMID- 1805419
TI  - [The low-amplitude elements of the ECG in diabetic patients].
AB  - To estimate the rate of changes in low-amplitude elements of the ECG (P wave
      greater than or equal to 120 ms, distance between its bifurcate peaks greater
      than 30 ms, P of the terminal index greater than 1.5 microV/s, corrected
      according to Bazett's formula, PQ interval greater than 200.0 ms, T-U segment
      displaced downwards from the isoline, negative, biphasic U wave), the
      additionally enhanced ECGs (1 mV = 50 mm) were recorded in 137 patients suffering
      from type I diabetes mellitus (DM) without the clinical signs of heart damage
      (CSHD), in 35 patients with type II DM, in 83 with diabetic myocardiodystrophy
      (DMD) associated with type I DM and 115 in association with type II DM, in 19
      patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the presence of type I DM, and in
      83 patients suffering from CHD and type II DM. It has been established that
      changes in low-amplitude elements of the ECG may occur in 55-60% of patients
      suffering from DM without CSHD, 79-80% of patients with DMD, and in 90-100% of
      patients with CHD in the presence of DM versus 18.2% in the control group of
      normals (110 test subjects). In most cases, the changes in the atrial complex of
      the ECG are not coupled with those seen in the TU-U complex in patients suffering
      from DM without CSHD and DMD and may be coupled in patients suffering from CHD
      and DM. The increasing rate of the changes in the P complex together with those
      in TU-U was ascertained in patients suffering from DM without CSHD, DMD, CHD in
      the presence of both type I and type II DM. The DM type did not exert any
      appreciable effect on the characteristics or the rate of changes in low-amplitude
      elements of the ECG.

PMID- 1805421
TI  - [The effect of microwave resonance therapy on the clinical and metabolic indices
      of diabetic patients].
AB  - It has been established during studies carried out in 195 diabetes mellitus
      patients that the action of microwave resonance therapy on the points used in
      traditional acupuncture accelerates carbohydrate metabolism compensation,
      improves peripheral circulation. The beneficial effect of microwave resonance
      therapy on the clinical and metabolic characteristics in diabetes mellitus
      patients is likely to be determined by the lowering of the content of certain
      contrainsular hormones (cortisol, adrenaline) and by the improvement of the
      parameters of the T-cell immunity system.

PMID- 1805420
TI  - [The efficacy of the antiaggregants ticlid and diabeton in correcting chronic
      intravascular microcoagulation of the blood in diabetic patients].
AB  - Hemocoagulation was examined in 477 diabetes mellitus patients. Whatever the
      disease type, severity, duration and the intensity of microvascular
      complications, diabetes mellitus was discovered to be marked by the development
      of chronic intravascular blood microcoagulation associated with primary
      hyperactivation of the platelet component of hemostasis. The use of the new
      antiaggregation agents tiklid and diabeton allows an appreciable decrease of the
      activity of platelet microthrombus formation whereas the administration of the
      common sugar-reducing antidiabetic therapy favours the maintenance of its high
      level.

PMID- 1805422
TI  - [The mineral element content of the blood in healthy persons living in regions of
      endemic goiter and Urov (Kashin-Bek) disease].
AB  - Atomic-absorption spectrophotometry was used to study blood sera of 135 healthy
      people aged 18 to 60 years, living under the conditions of continental climate
      with trace elements and iodine deficiency in the environment. The changes in the
      content of minerals in the peripheral blood were discovered to be related to the
      age, characterized in most cases by a decrease of their content with age. The
      data given in the paper confirm the reduction of trace elements to the lower
      limits of normal in all the age groups living in the Western regions of this
      country.

PMID- 1805423
TI  - [Hormonal interactions and glucocorticoid receptors in patients with the
      nephrotic syndrome].
AB  - As many as 27 children aged 6 to 15 years with morphologically verified
      nephropathies were examined. Four variants of changes in the thyroid status,
      characteristic of children with different variants of nephrotic syndrome were
      distinguished: 1) biochemical signs of primary hypothyroidism, 2) biochemical
      signs of secondary hypothyroidism, 3) low content of T3, 4) dysfunction of the
      hypophyseal and thyroid system. It is shown that the low level of steroid
      receptors, thyroid hormones that the low level of steroid receptors, thyroid
      hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol is typical of children with the signs of renal
      dysplasia. It is assumed that superaddition under such conditions of immune
      glomerulopathy (glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome) gives rise to the
      resistance to the treatment with glucocorticoids.

PMID- 1805424
TI  - [Gastrin and the exocrine-incretory activity of the pancreas in patients with
      chronic pancreatitis].
AB  - In patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis with concomitant atrophic antral
      gastritis, gastrinemia is less whereas the response of pancreatic enzymic
      secretion to pentagastrin is more potent than in patients suffering from chronic
      pancreatitis without atrophic alterations in the gastroduodenal mucosa. The
      pancreas-stimulating effect of pentagastrin administered in a dose of 6
      micrograms/kg is approximately equal to the action of 0.5 U/kg pancreozymine and
      noticeably yields to the effect of 1.5 U/kg pancreozymine (according to the
      criteria for output of intraduodenally secreted lipase and trypsin). The same
      diagnostic dose of pentagastrin used commonly for gastric secretion studies not
      only stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion but also enhances the activity of
      beta-cells of Langerhans' islets of the pancreas in accordance with insulinemia
      and blood C-peptide determined by RIA.

PMID- 1805425
TI  - [Disorders of the hormonal activity of the adrenal cortex and ovaries in
      bronchial asthma patients].

PMID- 1805426
TI  - [The obstetrical-gynecological anamnesis of women at a population level and the
      relationship of its data to the development of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 1805427
TI  - [The current principles of managing and treating pregnant women suffering from
      arterial hypertension. A lecture].

PMID- 1805428
TI  - [The characteristics of the therapist's examination of geriatric patients].

PMID- 1805429
TI  - [X-ray vascular and endocardiac therapy].

PMID- 1805430
TI  - Limb reduction defects in humans associated with prenatal isotretinoin exposure.
AB  - Retinoic acid has long been used to induce limb reductions defects in
      experimental animal studies. No limb malformations, however, have been reported
      among malformed retinoic acid-exposed human fetuses from case reports or
      epidemiologic studies. We report a child and a fetus with limb reduction
      malformations following maternal use of isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid)
      during the first trimester of pregnancy. The child had a unilaterally absent
      clavicle and nearly absent scapula, with a short humerus and short, synostotic
      forearm bones. He also had ventriculomegaly and developmental delay, minor
      dysmorphic facial features, and a short sternum with a sterno-umbilical raphe.
      The fetus had a unilaterally absent thumb with normal proximal bony structures.
      Other findings included hydrocephalus, craniofacial anomalies, thymic agenesis,
      supracristal ventricular septal defect, single umbilical artery, anal and vaginal
      atresia, and urethral agenesis with dysplastic, multicystic kidneys. Although the
      limb malformations were quite dissimilar, a number of anomalies that are
      frequently found among isotretinoin-exposed fetuses/infants were present in both
      cases. This increases the probability that retinoic acid caused these limb
      defects, but a causal association cannot be conclusively drawn on the basis of
      these two retrospective case reports.

PMID- 1805431
TI  - Effects of isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) on the development of mouse limbs
      in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Isotretinoin (13-cis-RA) is known to be teratogenic in humans and laboratory
      animals. The relatively low potency of 13-cis-RA in NRMI mice in comparison to
      the all-trans isomer has been proposed to be due to minimal transfer across the
      placenta (Creech-Kraft et al., '87). To further delineate the teratogenic
      potential of 13-cis-RA, a dose-response, temporal study was conducted in vivo and
      in vitro using submerged limb culture and image analysis evaluation of
      development. Dose-dependent embryotoxicity was produced by treatment on GD 7,
      while later treatments produced inconsistent effects on resorption rate and fetal
      weight. Treatment on either GD 7 or GD 8 produced a number of malformations in
      dose-dependent manner. Most common were tail and cleft palate defects, which were
      produced by 13-cis-RA on each of the days tested (GD 7-GD 11), with peak
      malformations occurring on GD 9 and GD 10 for tail and cleft palate,
      respectively. Most limb defects were produced after GD 10 and GD 11 exposure. The
      observed frequency of defects confirmed that in ICR mice 13-cis-RA is about 10
      fold less potent than all-trans-RA as a limb teratogen (Kwasigroch and Kochhar,
      '80; Kochhar and Penner, '87). Effects observed via image analysis following
      maintenance of limbs in serum-free culture medium were dose dependent. Low dose
      treatment produced occasional polydactyly. The intermediate dose caused somewhat
      variable region-dependent increases in cartilaginous bone anlagen area. The high
      dose of 13-cis-RA produced irregular limb outlines, a reduction in bone anlagen
      area, and an inhibition of alcian blue staining of cartilage without affecting
      morphogenesis of bone anlagen. These results confirm that, when the effects of
      the administered doses are evaluated, 13-cis-RA is a much less potent teratogen
      in comparison to the all-trans isomer. More importantly, the results show that
      retinoids can enhance (at low and intermediate doses), depress (at high doses),
      or eliminate (high dose) chondrogenenic expression during limb morphogenesis in
      vitro. This indicates that retinoids such as 13-cis-RA can manipulate events in
      development in a variety of ways (i.e., produce malformations, interfere with
      chondrogenic expression without affecting morphogenesis, and stimulate growth) in
      a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although the ability of RA to act as a true
      morphogen has recently been questioned (Wanek et al., '91; Noji et al., '91), the
      results presented here support the position that RA can modulate the development
      of the limb (and probably other organ systems) in several vertebrate species.

PMID- 1805432
TI  - The effect of administration time on malformations induced by three
      anticonvulsant agents in C57BL/6J mice with emphasis on forelimb ectrodactyly.
AB  - Exposure of C57BL/6J mice to three anticonvulsant derivatives, namely,
      dimethadione, sodium valproate, and sodium diphenylhydantoin, each induced
      postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly. The agents were administered at gestational days
      9, 9 1/3, 9 2/3, and 10. It was determined that administration at day 9 2/3
      induced the highest percentage of forelimb ectrodactyly for each of the three
      agents. The forelimb ectrodactyly response in the C57BL/6J strain was compared
      with the A/J strain (Collins et al., Teratology, 41:61-70, 1990); it was found
      that the C57BL/6J strain was more sensitive to dimethadione and the A/J strain
      was more sensitive to diphenylhydantoin and sodium valproate. The position of
      vertebral defects induced by sodium valproate correlated with the time of drug
      administration. The overall syndrome of malformations induced by the three
      anticonvulsant agents was relatively similar in the two mouse strains and
      differed between each of the anticonvulsant agents.

PMID- 1805433
TI  - Parental fertility and infant hypospadias: an international case-control study.
AB  - The authors have performed an international case-control study on the
      significance of exogenous hormones for the origin of hypospadias (Kallen et al.,
      1991 a,b). Using data from this study on 846 infants with isolated hypospadias
      and equally many controls (next male infant born in the same hospital as the
      case), variables that might indicate an increased rate of fertility problems in
      couples who had a boy with hypospadias were studied. Cases had slightly fewer
      previous pregnancies, there was practically no difference in the rate of previous
      induced abortions, and no demonstrable difference in menstrual history.
      Infertility periods of at least 6 months were more likely among cases than
      controls but the difference did not reach statistical significance in a two
      tailed test. There was no demonstrable difference in the time to conceive between
      cases and controls. The difficulties of directly studying subfertility problems
      are stressed.

PMID- 1805434
TI  - The individual and combined effects of X-irradiation and hyperthermia on early
      somite mouse embryos in culture.
AB  - The effects of 1) X-irradiation and 2) hyperthermia at a temperature of 43
      degrees C individually and in combination have been investigated using cultured 8
      day mouse embryos. B6C3F1 embryos were exposed to 0.3-2.0 Gy of X-rays, 5-20 min
      of heating, or 5 min of heating and irradiation at 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 Gy.
      Irradiation alone at 0.3 Gy showed no apparent effect on embryonic development,
      but irradiation at 0.6-2.0 Gy caused a dose-dependent increase in malformed
      embryos. Heating alone for 5 min produced no malformed embryos, while heating for
      10-20 min caused malformations as a function of heating time. Combined treatments
      produced higher frequencies (22.2-100%) of malformations than those of the sum of
      the separate treatments (0-41.7%). Malformations observed were primarily
      microphthalmia, microcephaly, and open neural tubes. The results indicate that in
      cultured mouse embryos irradiation combined with a "nonteratogenic dose" of
      hyperthermia directly exerts an additive effect on formation of the malformed
      embryos. In addition, a single occurrence of left-sided tail was produced by
      hyperthermia alone, while four occurrences were produced in combination with
      radiation.

PMID- 1805435
TI  - A computer-assisted image processing method for determining relative cardiac
      function in the chick embryo.
AB  - The general objective of this study was to develop a noninvasive method for
      efficiently and reproducibly determining relative cardiac function parameters in
      the chick embryo. The specific objectives of the study were 1) to develop several
      methods for computer-assisted image processing and quantitation of relative
      intraventricular blood volumes in the 3-day-old embryonic chick heart and 2) to
      compare methods for precision and with a previously established manual processing
      method. Images of the embryonic chick heart in ovo were recorded on videocassette
      tape, digitized, and enhanced by computer-aided histogram equalization. The area
      occupied by blood within the common ventricle was extracted by region-growing and
      spurious region removal algorithms and defined by the determination of edge-pixel
      coordinates. Edge-pixel coordinates of the longitudinal and transverse axes of
      the common ventricular blood region were located by three different methods, the
      lengths of the axes calculated, and volumes computed from the equation for
      determining volume of a prolate spheroid. Twenty-five images of the embryonic
      heart were randomly selected and processed. Volumes were calculated with each of
      the three methods on six different occasions. A coefficient of variation was
      calculated for each method. The intraobserver mean coefficient of variation for
      each method was 7.4%. When a 2-way ANOVA was conducted, mean coefficients of
      variation did not differ significantly for the three methods. However, computer
      processing (in addition to significantly reducing the time required to generate
      data) reduced the coefficient of variation observed in manual processing by
      56.5%.

PMID- 1805436
TI  - Assessing developmental hazard: the reliability of the A/D ratio.
AB  - The quantitative relationship between developmentally toxic exposure levels and
      adult toxic exposure levels has been used as an index of developmental hazard and
      has figured prominently in discussions of legal regulation of developmentally
      toxic agents. Perhaps the most frequently cited index of developmental hazard is
      the A/D ratio. This index, a ratio of marginally toxic adult and developmental
      dose levels (e.g., NOAELs or LOAELs), is attractive because it is easily
      calculated from published toxicity assays and because it has been argued that A/D
      is relatively constant across species for a given agent. We explored some
      quantitative aspects of the A/D ratio and of the concept of developmental hazard
      by simulating 661,500 mammalian developmental toxicity assays on 441 hypothetical
      compounds. In our simulations, A/D often varied substantially among replicate
      assays: the median ratio of the upper and lower limits of the distribution of A/D
      values that include about 95% of the observed A/D values is 16. In addition, A/D
      did a poor job of predicting the relative developmental and adult responses at
      dosages lower than those used to calculate the index: among simulated compounds
      with A/Ds of about 1.0, the developmental response at 1/100th of the NOAEL ranged
      from about 0.1% to 20,000% of the adult response. Finally, we measured the
      concordance between pairs of four different indices of developmental hazard,
      including A/D. Concordance was greatest when the indices were based on the same
      portion of the dose response, and was much weaker between indices that examined
      different portions of the dose response. Therefore, it seems likely that no
      single index can quantify "developmental hazard," as defined by relative adult
      and developmental susceptibility, and more effort needs to be expended in
      refining the concept if it is to be useful for hazard assessment.

PMID- 1805438
TI  - Genetically determined variation in the azygos vein in the mouse.
AB  - The normal mouse is expected to have a single and left-sided azygos vein that
      develops from the paired embryonic cardinal venous system and drains most of the
      right and left thoracic walls into the left anterior vena cava. During routine
      autopsies of adult mice, most individuals of the C57BL/6J strain were found to
      have this pattern but a distribution of different azygos venous patterns was
      found in the WB/ReJ strain. In WB/ReJ the patterns varied from a single unpaired
      vein on the right side that connected to the right anterior vena cava through
      bilaterally symmetrical and paired veins to the expected unpaired vein on the
      left side. A classification scheme for the observed patterns of azygos veins was
      developed and the frequency distributions of C57BL/6J and WB/ReJ mice in these
      classes were compared. The strain difference in the azygos venous system between
      C57BL/6J and WB/ReJ can be interpreted as a genetically determined threshold
      trait of development. Beginning with a paired and symmetrical cardinal venous
      system, the C57BL/6J genotype shifts to a left-sided azygos pattern but the
      WB/ReJ genotype remains with a more bilateral azygos pattern. Genetic study of
      this azygos trait will be useful for the study of lateral asymmetries in
      mammalian development and for the interpretation of venous heterotaxies
      (anomalous placement of veins) in the mouse that are found in association with
      mutations such as situs inversus viscerum (iv) and dominant hemimelia (Dh).

PMID- 1805437
TI  - A teratologic evaluation of continuous-wave, daily ultrasound exposure in
      unanesthetized pregnant rats.
AB  - Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to remain immobile when placed in water
      in an ultrasound exposure tank and exposed to 0, 0.1, 2.0, or 30.0 W/cm2 ISPTA
      (spatial peak, temporal average), 3.0-MHz continuous wave (cw) ultrasound on
      embryonic (E) days 4-19 for approximately 15 min/day. On E20 fetuses were
      removed; weighed; examined for external, skeletal, and visceral malformations;
      and uteri were examined for resorptions. Analyses revealed no increase in pre
      implantation loss and no effects on maternal body weight, food, or water
      consumption. No increase in skeletal or visceral malformations was found, in fact
      exposed groups had a lower incidence of defects than controls. A significant
      increase in resorptions in the lowest exposure group (0.1 W/cm2) was obtained,
      but the effect was isolated, non-dose dependent and not credible as a treatment
      related effect. No reduction in fetal weight was obtained, in fact the lowest
      (0.1-W/cm2) and middle (2.0-W/cm2) exposure level groups weighed slightly more
      than controls. The immobility procedure succeeded in avoiding anesthetization or
      forced restraint of the dams, thereby eliminating these factors as potential
      confounders. The results demonstrated that in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats
      in utero exposure to incident intensities of ultrasound of up to 30.0 W/cm2 cw
      ultrasound (or estimated internal exposures of 4-21 W/cm2, depending on body
      orientation to the incident beam) produced no evidence of embryotoxicity based on
      fetal necropsy data.

PMID- 1805439
TI  - [Current surgical therapy of congenital clubfoot].
AB  - The operative treatment of congenital club foot deformity in childhood consists
      of a release of soft tissues which are retracted in fibrous "knots" at the
      hindfoot and midtarsus. This release is more or less extensive, depending on the
      importance of the contracture and allows reduction of the triple deformity i.e.
      varus and equinus of the hindfoot and adduction at the midtarsus. Surgery is
      performed preferably before walking commences in order to take advantage of the
      functional self-treatment by bearing weight after removal of the cast. During the
      last several years, the different operative procedures employed for release have
      gained in precision and efficiency by addressing the deformity at their precise
      location. The difficult aim of the surgical procedure is to avoid insufficient
      release causing pseudo-recurrencies or overcorrection.

PMID- 1805440
TI  - [Rupture of the degenerated posterior tibial tendon--symptoms and therapy].
AB  - The tibialis posterior muscle is a powerful flexor and supinator of the hind
      foot. Considering the plantar extension of its distal tendon, it represents a
      true antagonist of the short peroneal muscle. It works as a dash-pot for foot
      pronation under load. Actually, dorsal extension of the foot happens in the
      tibiotarsal joint but this movement can be increased partially by the subtalar
      and midtarsal joint, together with pronation. The latter is damped by the
      posterior tibialis muscle. Its tendon may rupture suddenly, through e.g. a sports
      accident; it can also rupture insidiously, through a long degenerative process.
      The rupture causes a chronic overload of the ligaments about the mid foot and a
      progressive deviation of the talus in flexion and adduction ensures. This may
      induce osteoarthrosis, especially of the subtalar joint. Treatment depends upon
      the stage of the lesion. Reconstruction may be performed by augmentation with the
      flexor digitorum longus tendon. Palliative treatment by triple arthrodesis may be
      performed in more advanced cases.

PMID- 1805441
TI  - [Osteotomy of the first ray in the treatment of hallux valgus].
AB  - An osteotomy of the first row for the treatment of hallux valgus is indicated for
      younger patients with minor to moderate valgus deformation and only minor
      arthritic changes in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The osteotomy has two
      prominent goals: Correction of the deformity and restoration of muscle function
      and muscular balance. Especially the later seems to be essential for preventing
      failures in the long term. Osteotomies can be carried out on os cuneiforme
      mediale, metatarsal bone (proximal, shaft, subcapital) and phalanx. The
      cuneiforme osteotomy isn't recommended because of alterations in the joint
      between the medial and intermedium cuneiforme. Osteotomies of the proximal
      metatarsal bone are rarely performed and mostly combined with an arthroplastic
      procedure of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The disadvantage of a shaft osteotomy
      (Ludloff's osteotomy) is the long time for healing of the osteotomy of diaphysis
      of the metatarsal bone. Subcapital osteotomies are most frequently performed.
      With a subcapital osteotomy you can correct more deformities than with the other
      osteotomies. The phalangeal osteotomy is indicated just in special cases. The
      combination of a subcapital and a phalangeal osteotomy is recommended by Magerl
      in order to reduce the failure rates.

PMID- 1805442
TI  - [Congenital insufficiency of the distal support function of the first ray of the
      foot].
AB  - Five patients with congenital deficiency of antero-medial support have been
      examined and treated at the Hopital cantonal, Geneva. The main symptoms of these
      patients were global metatarsalgia and a dorsal bunion. All lesions were
      bilateral. Four of the patients had a localised dyslatia of the first ray,
      whereas one of them suffered from a nail patella syndrome. In two patients there
      was a hypoplastic first metatarsal, whereas in three others the first metatarsal
      was normal but too elevated under weight bearing. One patient responded well to
      conservative treatment. In three cases a lowering osteotomy of the first
      metatarsal bone with autologous bone graft was performed. The last patient was
      treated by arthrodesis between the first cuneiform and the first metatarsal for
      plantar-flexion the first ray. In one case it was necessary to transfer the long
      flexor of the great toe onto the first metatarsal according to Lapidus in
      combination with an arthrodesis of the great toe. One patient underwent an
      arthrodesis between the first cuneiform and the first metatarsal combined with an
      arthrodesis of the great toe. A Helal-type osteotomy on the second metatarsal was
      necessary in one case. The objective and subjective results were good or
      excellent. All treatments eliminated the painful symptoms, allowing all patients
      to resume a normal professional activity.

PMID- 1805443
TI  - [Hallux valgus and hypermobility of the first ray--causal treatment using tarso
      metatarsal reorientation arthrodesis].
AB  - Today, bunion surgery is still very controversial. Considering that a bunion
      deformity is actually a result of multiple possible causes, the rationale of the
      currently applied techniques has not been conclusively demonstrated. Multiple
      techniques are still applied with uncertain outcome, as shown by the not
      insignificant recurrence rate. The tarsometatarsal reorientation arthrodesis
      addresses the deficient anteromedial buttress which is due to the most often
      concomittent hypermobile first ray. This is an important aspect of treating
      hallux valgus deformity and includes the sagittal alignment besides the
      horizontal reposition of the metatarsal over the sesamoid complex. Since in
      hallux valgus, the first metatarsal looses its position also by the insufficiency
      of the intrinsic musculature and the ligamento-capsular structures, the
      arthrodesis regulates the elasticity of the multiarticular first ray within the
      sagittal plane. Recurrences are less likely after this operation, even when
      performed on the adolescent hallux which is known as very difficult to be treated
      successfully.

PMID- 1805444
TI  - [Keller/Brandes surgical technique in the treatment of hallux valgus-
      indications, surgical method and results].
AB  - The Keller/Brandes operation for the correction of hallux valgus consists of a
      resection of the base of the first phalanx and narrowing of the forefoot by
      resection of the exostosis of the first metatarsal head and reduction of the
      luxated sesamoid complex, thus reducing the metatarsus primus varus. The
      indication to this procedure is given in the elder patient with arthritic changes
      in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Though this operation is "mutilating", we
      have found favourable results in the recent literature as in 50 of our patients
      being very good and good in 82%, moderate in 8% and poor in 10% of the cases. In
      order to obtain a good result we emphasize the importance of a correct
      indication, adequate preoperative measures, a perfect operative technique and a
      well guided postoperative management.

PMID- 1805445
TI  - [Hallux rigidus and its treatment].
AB  - Hallux rigidus is a rather frequent, painful limitation of movements in the
      metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe caused by arthrosis. A mechanical
      limitation of dorsal flexion due to osteophytes frequently causes a progressive
      plantar flexion with compensatory hypermotility in the interphalangeal joint.
      Therapeutic measures with technical modification of shoes and physical therapy
      are often insufficient and operative therapy aims at arthrodesis or
      remobilisation of the great toe's metatarsophalangeal joint.

PMID- 1805446
TI  - [Treatment possibilities of small toe deformities and its indications].
AB  - Acquired lesser toe deformities are frequent and can be very troublesome. Often
      they are combined with other diseases of the foot. When conservative treatment
      fails, many operative procedures can be offered, which do not always achieve a
      satisfactory result.

PMID- 1805447
TI  - Inhibitory effect of heparin cofactor II on thrombin-stimulated prostacyclin
      production by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - We investigated the effect of heparin cofactor II (HCII) on thrombin-induced
      prostacyclin (PGI2) production by A10 cells, an established cell line of vascular
      smooth muscle cells from murine aorta. Confluent monolayers of A10 cells were
      incubated with 0.1 NIH U/ml of thrombin for 30 min in the presence of
      antithrombin III (ATIII) or HCII, and PGI2 production by the cells was measured
      by radioimmunoassay as 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a, the stable metabolite of PGI2.
      ATIII at 40 mInh.U/ml and more significantly inhibited thrombin-induced PGI2
      production by A10 cells, but HCII at the same doses did only slightly. However,
      when A10 cells were preincubated with HCII for 30 min before exposure to
      thrombin, the PGI2 production was markedly inhibited. The medium conditioned by
      A10 cells for 30 min did not enhance the inhibitory effect of HCII on thrombin
      induced PGI2 production by the cells. On the other hand, A10 cells synthesized
      both dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate which are capable of activating HCII.
      From these results, it was suggested that HCII would be activated by
      glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as dermatan sulfate of the cell layers and could
      inhibit thrombin-induced PGI2 production. HCII may be a modulator of thrombin on
      the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle cells, reacting to the cell
      surface GAGs.

PMID- 1805448
TI  - Characterization of rat platelet serotonin receptors with tryptamine agonists and
      the antagonists: ketanserin and SCH 23390.
AB  - Current literature suggests that the platelet 5-HT2 receptor, thought to be the
      only active platelet serotonin (5-HT) receptor, may be both heterogeneous and not
      the sole 5-HT receptor subtype on platelet membranes. The present studies used
      more selective tryptamine agonists, and the antagonists ketanserin and SCH 23390
      to characterize rat platelet 5-HT receptors in vitro. The present studies also
      addressed anticoagulant effects (citrate versus heparin) on platelet 5-HT
      aggregation in the rat. 5-HT was less potent at enhancing ADP-induced aggregation
      in heparinized rat platelet rich plasma (PRP) as compared to citrated PRP.
      However, potency and maximum aggregation to ADP were greater in heparinized
      platelets. In citrated rat PRP, the selective tryptamine agonists, 5
      carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) and 2-CH3-5-HT, produced little change in the
      baseline ADP-induced aggregation and induced platelet shape change only in higher
      concentrations (greater than 1 microM). In contrast, alpha-CH3-5-HT-induced shape
      change and enhancement of ADP aggregation were superimposable with that of 5-HT
      itself suggesting 5-HT2 receptor activation. The antagonists, ketanserin and SCH
      23390, inhibited 5-HT enhancement of ADP-induced aggregation with affinity
      constants consistent with the presence of 5-HT2 receptors as well. Studies with
      heparinized rat PRP did not unmask activity to 5-CT or 2-CH3-5-HT. Thus, although
      reports of multiple platelet 5-HT receptors exist, the only detectable,
      functional 5-HT receptor to enhance aggregation in rat platelets was probably of
      the 5-HT2 type.

PMID- 1805449
TI  - Dipyridamole induces changes in the thrombogenic properties of extracellular
      matrix generated by endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - Dipyridamole (DIP) is a drug widely used as an antiplatelet agent, which also has
      effects on endothelial cells. In this study, the effects of treating confluent
      endothelial cell monolayers (EC) with DIP on EC viability (trypan blue exclusion
      test) and metabolic activity (3H-thymidine incorporation) were examined. Platelet
      reactivity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by untreated and DIP
      treated ECs was determined morphometrically by a perfusion technique. Levels of
      ECM-associated von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibronectin (FN) were also
      quantified (ELISA). The present results indicate that treatment of EC with 10
      microM DIP did not reduce EC viability but that the incorporation of labelled
      nucleotides was significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). Platelet deposition
      onto the ECM generated by DIP-treated cells, perfused at a shear rate of 1300 sec
      1, differed significantly with respect to controls (p less than 0.05), and
      platelet adhesion was also reduced (25% less, p less than 0.05). This effect was
      shear rate dependent, as no differences were noted when the ECMs were perfused at
      300 sec-1 shear rate. Levels of VWF and FN associated with ECM remained unchanged
      with respect to controls. These results suggest that treatment with DIP alters EC
      metabolic activity, which in turn, influences the reactivity of the ECM generated
      by treated cells.

PMID- 1805450
TI  - External Na+ is not required for Ca2+ mobilization in platelets stimulated with
      rattlesnake lectin or alpha-thrombin.
AB  - The effects of extracellular sodium on platelet aggregation and calcium
      mobilization in platelets stimulated with either rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)
      lectin (RSL) or alpha-thrombin were compared. The absence of extracellular sodium
      had no effect on platelet aggregation or calcium mobilization in response to all
      levels of RSL tested. In contrast platelet aggregation was sodium-dependent in
      response to less than or equal to .2 units/ml alpha-thrombin. Surprisingly,
      calcium mobilization occurred in platelets treated with a threshold level of
      alpha-thrombin in the absence of external sodium. Thus sodium-dependent platelet
      aggregation in response to a low dose of thrombin apparently is not the result of
      sodium-dependent calcium mobilization.

PMID- 1805452
TI  - Bile acids. LXXXI. Synthesis and structural assignment of E/Z isomers of
      substituted methyl hydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-en-26-oates.
AB  - Syntheses of the E and Z isomers of methyl 3 alpha-,3 alpha,7 alpha-,3 alpha,12
      alpha-, and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-en-26-oates are
      reported. Mass spectral studies show fragmentation patterns in support of
      assignment as the E or Z isomers, especially in differences in loss of the side
      chain. Chromatographic procedures, primarily gas chromatography and high
      performance liquid chromatography, support these assignments. The E isomer
      predominates in either of two methods of synthesis.

PMID- 1805451
TI  - Presence of an estradiol response region in the mouse c-fos oncogene.
AB  - We have previously shown that the intracellular content of c-fos mRNA is rapidly
      induced (within 1 to 3 hours) in ovariectomized rat or mouse uteri following
      administration of estradiol. This induction is sensitive to actinomycin D but not
      to protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin, indicating an effect of estradiol at
      the transcriptional level, possibly mediated by the estrogen receptor. We have
      used transient transfection assays with defined regions of the mouse c-fos gene
      ligated to a reporter plasmid expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase to
      study regulation of this gene by estrogens. These recombinants were transfected
      in two different estrogen-responsive cell lines, GH4 and MCF-7, and stimulated
      with estradiol. A two- to five-fold induction of chloramphenicol acetyl
      transferase activity was observed with a construct containing the intact c-fos
      promoter and 351 bases of 5'-flanking sequence (-351/+44). A similar induction by
      estrogen is observed with the endogenous c-fos gene in the two cell lines as
      determined by RNA blot analysis. Estrogen induction is lost when a construct
      containing -135/+44 region of the c-fos gene is transfected. Plasmid containing
      the consensus estrogen response element GGTCAnnnTGACC derived from vitellogenin
      gene is induced 10- to 50-fold in both estrogen-responsive cell lines. Under
      identical conditions, the oligonucleotide containing the perfect palindrome
      GGTCTnnnAGACC, present around the -209 region of the c-fos gene, is completely
      silent when transfected under the control of thymidine kinase promoter.
      Additional transfection analysis with a number of c-fos promoter constructs has
      narrowed the estrogen response region to within the -278 to -135 region upstream
      of the c-fos promoter.

PMID- 1805453
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - We studied 70 patients (48 women and 22 men) with either rheumatic disease (n =
      25) or lung disease (n = 45) who had been treated with glucocorticoids for at
      least 6 months (mean cumulative dose, 24.2 +/- 27.1 g of prednisone; mean current
      dose, 11.0 +/- 8.6 mg/d, mean duration of therapy, 8.1 years. We measured bone
      mineral density (BMD) of the hip (femoral neck) and spine (L2-L4) using dual
      photon absorptiometry and BMD of the distal one third radius using single-photon
      absorptiometry. Compared with age-matched controls, the study population had
      decreased BMD of the spine (87.0%), hip (87.2%), and radius (90.6%). Current
      dose, cumulative dose, and duration of therapy were not correlated with BMD in
      the spine or hip in the total study population. The most significant correlations
      with low bone mass at the hip and spine were short height and low weight. There
      was a high incidence of hypercalciuria (30%) as compared with an age- and sex
      matched control group (6.4%). Glucocorticoids are known to decrease vertebral and
      radial bone density. We conclude that glucocorticoids also decrease hip bone
      density as measured at the femoral neck. The high incidence of hypercalciuria may
      have implications for therapy of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

PMID- 1805454
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of vascular smooth muscle responsiveness is dependent on anions
      and estrogen.
AB  - Alteration of the extracellular anion environment by replacement of chloride ions
      (Cl-) with thiocyanate ions (SCN-) in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution
      (NKRB) induced sustained development of basal tension in isolated aortas from
      male adult Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats, but not from females of these
      strains. However, aortic smooth muscle isolated from sexually immature male and
      female Wistar rats underwent more marked tension development under such
      treatment, exhibiting no gender differences. Such SCN(-)-induced contractile
      responses are not tachyphylactic, completely dependent on extracellular calcium
      ([Ca2+]0), and could be aborted (relaxed to basal tone) by readmission of Cl-.
      Castration and replacement of male sex hormones with estradiol inhibited SCN(-)
      induced contractions in isolated aortas from adult Wistar male rats, while
      castration and testosterone supplementation failed to induce contraction in
      aortic muscle of adult female Wistar rats exposed to SCN-. We believe these data
      are compatible with the notion that gender differences in vascular activity may
      be modulated by actions of estradiol on the metabolism of Cl- and other anions in
      vascular smooth muscle, which may be linked to transport of Ca2+ across the
      vascular muscle cell membrane.

PMID- 1805456
TI  - Nucleophilic addition to the ethynyl group in ethynylestradiol catalyzed by crown
      ether-copper (1) iodide.
AB  - A new and convenient synthetic route to acetylation of estrogens is described.
      Benzo-15-crown-5 and cuprous iodide-mixed catalyst catalyzed the nucleophilic
      addition of 2,4-dibromoethynylestradiol, resulting in the formation of a new
      compound, 2,4-dibromo-17 alpha-acetylestradiol, of which the structure was
      characterized by infrared, UV, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, and
      elemental analysis. It was found that the yield of this approach is much higher
      than that obtained in the hydration of usual acetylenic compounds.

PMID- 1805457
TI  - Novel synthesis of cholesterol analogs: condensation of pregnenolone with
      dihydropyran or dihydrofuran.
AB  - Pregnenolone 3-(2'-tetrahydropyranyl) ether (1) was condensed with 3,4
      [2H]dihydropyran to mainly give (20R)-[6'-(3',4'-[2'H]dihydropyranyl)]-pregn-5
      ene-3 beta,20-diol 3-(2'-tetrahydropyranyl) ether (20R-3), according to nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR). Cold, dilute HCl in ethanol removed the
      tetrahydropyranyl group at C-3 and also opened the dihydropyranyl ring at the C
      20 position of 20R-3 to give (20R)-27-norcholest-5-en-22-one-3 beta,20,26-triol
      (20R-5). Analogous results were obtained by condensing pregnenolone 3-acetate
      with 3,4-[2H]dihydropyran to provide (20R)-[6'-(3',4'-[2'H]dihydropyranyl)]-pregn
      5-ene-3 beta,20-diol 3-acetate (20R-4). Acid-catalyzed opening of the
      dihydropyranyl ring at C-20 in 20R-4 yielded 20R-7, which, on acetylation
      followed by crystallization, provided (20R)-27-norcholest-5-en-22-one-3
      beta,20,26-triol 3,26-diacetate (20R-8), identical to the diacetate made from 20R
      5. Varying the reaction sequence beginning with 20(R,S)-4 gave an 84:16 ratio of
      20R to 20S in a mixture of 20(R,S)-8, according to NMR analysis. Crystallization
      of the mixture from methanol provided pure 20R-8. Condensing 2,3-dihydrofuran and
      1 for producing (20R)-[5'-(2',3'-dihydrofuranyl)]-pregn-5-ene-3 beta,20-diol 3
      (2'-tetrahydropyranyl) ether (6) gave instead (20R)-26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-22
      one-3 beta,20,25-triol 3-(2'-tetrahydropyranyl) ether (20R-9) by partial
      hydrolysis during workup. Treating 20R-9 briefly with dilute HCl produced (20R)
      26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-22-one-3 beta,20,25-triol (20R-10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805455
TI  - Steroid metabolism by germ cells and spermatozoa in men after vasoepididymostomy.
AB  - The ability of germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids) and spermatozoa present
      in human ejaculate to metabolize steroids was studied in men with obstructive
      infertility who had undergone vasoepididymostomy as corrective surgery. Steroid
      metabolism by spermatozoa in men who had undergone vasovasostomy was also
      investigated. Germ cells converted testosterone mainly to androstenedione. In
      addition to androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols were also
      formed in incubations using spermatids. Both types of germ cells converted
      estradiol to estrone. Spermatozoa from subjects who had undergone
      vasoepididymostomy or vasovasostomy converted testosterone to androstenedione as
      in normal men, while spermatozoa from infertile subjects converted testosterone
      mainly to dihydrotestosterone. Seminal fluid, free of germ cells, did not show
      steroid-metabolizing capability.

PMID- 1805458
TI  - Identification of (23S)-5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23,25-pentol
      in urine of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.
AB  - This paper describes the identification of a new bile alcohol possessing the 5
      alpha-cholestane structure that was found in the urine of patients with
      cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The urine samples were extracted with reversed
      phase resin, treated with beta-glucuronidase, and separated on silica gel and
      reversed-phase column chromatography. The new bile alcohol isolated was the
      second component of the urinary bile alcohols and was identified as (23S)-5 alpha
      cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23,25-pentol by means of gas-liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic
      studies.

PMID- 1805459
TI  - Identification of 19-norprogesterone in pregnant rat urine.
AB  - The existence of biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of 19-nor
      androgens and corticoids have been established in animals and humans. The exact
      biologic function of the products of these pathways in vivo has yet to be
      established; however, it has been shown that they possess pronounced biologic
      activity when administered exogenously. This report describes the identification
      of 19-nor-progesterone isolated from the urine of pregnant rats. The procedures
      used included isolation as the underivatized material and methoxime derivative by
      thin-layer and high-performance chromatography. The identity was further
      confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectral analysis of the isolated product as
      the 3,20-bis-methoxime derivative. The spectra obtained from the urinary product
      and the authentic 19-norprogesterone-3,20-bis-methoxime were identical. A
      possible biologic role for 19-norprogesterone or its precursors is discussed.

PMID- 1805460
TI  - Synthesis and pregnancy-inhibiting activity of 7-substituted androst-5-ene
      derivatives.
AB  - Synthesis of 7-aryl/allyl-substituted androstene derivatives 3a through 3g has
      been carried out by Grignard reaction on 3 beta,17 beta-diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7
      one (2) with aryl/allyl magnesium bromide. Isomeric mixture of products 3b and
      3c/3e and 3f/3h was separated by column chromatography. Stereochemical assignment
      at C-7 has been made on the basis of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies and
      chemical considerations. Compounds 6a and 6b were synthesized by alkylation of
      compound 5 with beta-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl chloride hydrochloride and 1-(2
      chloroethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride, respectively. Compound 3g (isomeric
      mixture) prevented pregnancy in 60% of rats at 10 mg/kg daily dose administered
      orally on days 1 to 7 of pregnancy; however, its only isolable 7 beta-hydroxy
      isomer, 3h, was inactive at this dose.

PMID- 1805461
TI  - Effects of sexual steroid hormones on the functionality of murine peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - In the present work, we studied the possible effect of steroid hormones,
      estradiol, progesterone, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, on different phenotypic
      and functional characteristics of peritoneal adherent mononuclear cells. We used
      female and male mice of Balb/c strain, normal, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized
      with hormonal replacement. We found that gonadectomy in both sexes produced a
      significant decrease in the functionality of membrane receptors for the
      complement and in phagocytic activity of Candida albicans-anti-C albicans system.
      In addition, the percentages of cells that reduced nitroblue tetrazolium were
      diminished in castrated animals. Ovariectomized females injected with estradiol
      presented normal levels of phagocytic and metabolic capacities, but the
      expression of membrane receptors for complement remained decreased. In contrast,
      progesterone treatment of ovariectomized animals had the opposite effect.
      Simultaneous treatment with estradiol plus progesterone gave results similar to
      those observed with estradiol only. Dihydrotestosterone per se did not affect any
      of the parameters measured in the conditions used here. These results suggest
      that female steroids affect macrophage functionality, probably by regulating
      surface receptors that are involved in phagocytic activity.

PMID- 1805462
TI  - Estrogen receptor-binding affinity of tamoxifen analogs with various side chains
      and their biologic profile in immature rat uterus.
AB  - Estrogen receptor-binding affinity and estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity
      have been evaluated for tamoxifen analogs substituted with various side chains.
      Antagonist activity of the compounds of this series appears to be dependent on
      the presence of the beta-tert-aminoethoxy moiety. The results also indicate that
      the dissociation of these compounds from the estrogen receptor-binding site at 25
      C is very slow.

PMID- 1805463
TI  - Regioselective O-alkylation of cortienic acid and synthesis of a new class of
      glucocorticoids containing a 17 alpha-alkoxy, a 17 alpha-(1'-alkoxyethyloxy), a
      17 alpha-alkoxymethyloxy, or a 17 alpha-methylthiomethyloxy function.
AB  - The synthesis of a new class of glucocorticoids, to be evaluated as anti
      inflammatory agents with expected low systemic toxicity, is described. The new
      steroids possess a 17 beta-chloromethyl carboxylate function and a 17 alpha
      alkoxy, a 17 alpha-(1'-alkoxyethyloxy), a 17 alpha-alkoxymethyloxy, or a 17 alpha
      methylthiomethyloxy function. A 17 alpha-alkoxy function is a new feature in
      cortisol analogs.

PMID- 1805464
TI  - [Effect of thiophosphamide on the early period of gametogenesis in CBA, 101/H and
      AKR mice].
AB  - On the 12th day of pregnancy CBA, 101/H and AKR mice were given thiophosphamide
      in a dose of 5 mg/kg bw, and were sacrificed on the 19th day of pregnancy. The
      action of thiophosphamide on embryonal ovaries and testes was studied by assaying
      for the population of oocytes and relative number of the different stages of
      meiotic prophase I; index of the degeneration germ cells; for the population of
      prospermatogonies and their degeneration; morphometric study of nucleus of
      nucleolus of prospermatogonies. A significant decrease of germ cells was found in
      male and female embryos on the 19th day of pregnancy after thiophosphamide
      injection. Interspecific differences were found as regards the number of germ
      cells and their proportion in health as well as in response to a single antenatal
      injection of thiophosphamide.

PMID- 1805465
TI  - [Genealogic study of women suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction].
AB  - The similarity of hereditary load in the women, suffering from alcoholism and
      drug addiction has been determined. The degree of parents exogamy has no
      influence on daughters resistance to alcoholism and drug addiction. The sick
      women with loaded pedigree have higher probability to form concordant couple than
      unloaded ones.

PMID- 1805466
TI  - [Proliferative activity of pigmented nevus cells and malignant melanoma of human
      skin].
AB  - The findings in the study of special features of proliferative activity in 58
      pigmented neoplasms of skin have revealed a pronounced heterogeneity of tumor
      cell populations, malignant melanomas based on the values of the mitotic index
      (MI) and label index (LI). It is shown that while evaluating tumor anaplasia,
      these parameters provide more information as compared to the morphological
      characteristics.

PMID- 1805467
TI  - [Dermatoglyphic changes in human genetic disorders: preaxial defects of the upper
      limbs].
AB  - Dermatologlyphic prints of 9 patients with preaxial (radial) hand defects were
      compared with control ones. A correspondence is revealed between a decrease in
      thumb phalanx length and a respective decrease in ridge count, on the one hand,
      and between the 1st metacarpal hypo- or aplasia and a decrease in palmar ridge
      count between the metacarpo-phalangeal and thumb flexion creases, on the other
      hand. An interrelation is found between the anomalies in flexion crease and
      respective joint formation. It is suggested, that these disorders are due to
      genetically determined anomalies in morphogenetic gradients which control the
      distribution of positional information in upper limb morphogenetic field.

PMID- 1805468
TI  - [Comparative cytogenetic analysis of cells of mouse-mink inter-species hybridoma
      lines].
AB  - The comparative cytogenetic analysis of the interspecific mouse-mink hybridoma
      cells revealed a segregation of the great number of the mink chromosomes, inter-
      and intraline variability according to the number of cells with the mink DNA and
      its quantity in the cells. No characteristics of the mink chromosomal material
      distribution in the hybridoma cells which secreted the immunoglobulins of the
      American mink or lost its secretion were found. The great changes in the
      karyotype of the hybrid cells were revealed by in situ hybridization with 3H
      labelled total mink DNA. Numerous insertions of the regions from the mink
      chromosomes to the mouse chromosomes and the appearance of the chromosomes not
      typical of the mink and mouse parent cells were observed. The number of cells
      with translocations of fragments from the chromosomes to the mouse one was
      observed to grow in the hybridoma cell lines cultivated for a long time.
      Synthesis of the lambda-L-chains of the mink immunoglobulin in the cells of line
      7 was absent because they lost lambda-gene.

PMID- 1805469
TI  - [Effect of bull-sires on the reproductive capacity of female offsprings].
AB  - The influence of the bulls on the reproductive ability of their daughters has
      been studied on 17664 daughter heifers of 579 black-and-white and Simmenthal
      bulls. Hereditary-stipulated differences in the fertility of the bulls' offspring
      and their influence on the formation of the reproductive ability of their
      daughters have been established.

PMID- 1805470
TI  - [Comparative estimation of phylogenesis of Vietnam dairy cattle using the
      Serebrovskii, Hedrick and Rogers methods].
AB  - Starch gel electrophoresis has been used to study polymorphism of proteins of
      blood (Hb, Tf, Al) and milk (alpha S1-Cn, beta-Cn, beta-Lg) in animals of the
      Holstein-Friesian (n = 140), Leisindian (n = 32) breeds and their hybrids (F1, n
      = 34); F2, n = 37; F3, n = 31) reared in Vietnam. It has permitted comparatively
      studying phylogenesis of anew formed dairy cattle using the Serebrovskii+,
      Hedrick and Rogers methods. This comparative study has yielded similar results.

PMID- 1805471
TI  - [Use of genetic markers to estimate and obtain animals of the desirable type].
AB  - Alleles of B blood groups in dairy cows of different genotypes have been analyzed
      allowing for the genetic distance, coefficient and degree of homozygosis.
      Application of the above information to select cows for bulls increases
      efficiency of breeding in dairy farming.

PMID- 1805472
TI  - [Estimation of combining ability of specialized types of the big white breed].
AB  - The combining ability of the specialized intrabreed types of Estonian Big White
      (EBW-1) and Ukrainian Big White (UBW) selections of pigs has been studied by the
      results of their productivity using the first Griffing method (1956). Close
      agreement of theoretical and practical indices by the characters under study
      proves the possibility of applying this method to predict efficiency of
      interlinear big hybridization.

PMID- 1805473
TI  - [Assembly of microtubules in vitro as affected by high temperatures].
AB  - The process of polymerization of microtubules isolated from bovine brain by two
      polymerization-depolymerization cycles has been investigated at temperatures 41
      and 45 degrees C. The damages of the polymerization process using the
      registration of the optical solution density are shown. The electron microscopic
      analysis has shown the damages in the structure of microtubules formed at high
      temperatures.

PMID- 1805474
TI  - Electron crystallography at atomic resolution: ab initio structure analysis of
      copper perchlorophthalocyanine.
AB  - High-voltage (1200 kV) electron diffraction intensities from approximately 100 A
      thick crystals of copper perchlorophthalocyanine are used to determine the
      molecular packing at atomic resolution, thus greatly exceeding the structure
      detail observed by electron microscopy. Initial crystallographic phases were
      determined by direct methods often used in X-ray crystallography, i.e., locating
      the positions of heavy (Cl and Cu) atoms in the structure. All other atom
      positions were found in subsequent Fourier refinement (final R = 0.28).
      Calculated bond distances and angles are similar to those found in the earlier X
      ray crystal structure of the unchlorinated parent compound.

PMID- 1805475
TI  - A protocol for 3D image reconstruction from a single image of an oblique section.
AB  - Oblique section 3D reconstruction can produce a 3D image of a sectioned crystal
      from a single electron micrograph. We describe here in detail a reconstruction
      protocol applicable to an electron micrograph of an oblique section through a 3D
      crystal. The protocol is described in six steps: (1) selection criteria for
      images, (2) preprocessing steps to correct for image defects, (3) determination
      of unit cell coordinates, (4) interpolation of strip images with correction for
      image distortions and crystal disorder, (5) production of a crystallographic
      serial section reconstruction, (6) correction for skewed sampling to produce an
      oblique section reconstruction. In addition, we explore Wiener filter
      deconvolution of the section thickness. We describe a method for determining the
      section thickness by comparing data from projections of the oblique section
      reconstruction with corresponding data from a thick longitudinal section. Several
      schemes for Wiener filter deconvolution are described that differ in the way
      information on the signal-to-noise ratio is used in the filter.

PMID- 1805476
TI  - Effect of distal occlusions on the assessment of aorto-iliac pathology by
      analysis of Doppler spectra.
AB  - In patients with multilevel arterial obstructive disease, assessment of the
      severity and location of the pathology is a difficult diagnostic problem. As
      reported recently, the intra-arterial pressure in the common femoral artery may
      become normal, although aorto-iliac obstructive disease is present if the
      superficial femoral artery is occluded. Aorto-iliac obstructive disease can also
      be assessed by analysis of Doppler spectra obtained from the common femoral
      artery. In this study, we evaluate if this assessment of aorto-iliac obstructive
      disease is also harmfully affected by an occlusion in the superficial femoral
      artery. The results of this study demonstrate that some Doppler parameters (such
      as acceleration time, slope of the acceleration phase, and the resistance index),
      which are essential for the assessment of aorto-iliac obstructive disease, are
      not significantly affected by an occlusion in the superficial femoral artery.
      Moreover, the study shows that the status of the superficial femoral artery may
      also be assessed by analysis of Doppler spectra obtained from the common femoral
      artery.

PMID- 1805478
TI  - Influence of attenuation on measurements of ultrasonic myocardial integrated
      backscatter during cardiac cycle (an in vitro study).
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic
      integrated backscatter (IB) and attenuation in myocardium on wall thickness in a
      state of acute ischemia. Therefore, an in vitro experiment was set up in which
      attenuation, IB and wall thickness of a piece of freshly excised myocardium could
      be measured almost simultaneously. The myocardium was taken from 11 Yorkshire
      pigs (25-30 kg) that were killed less than 45 min before the experiment. The
      myocardium was placed in the far field of an ultrasound transducer (3.2-7.2 MHz)
      and then compressed by a stainless steel sphere. Data were processed off-line.
      Backscatter and attenuation were also measured as a function of frequency at 100%
      and 75% wall thickness, respectively. Both attenuation and IB varied during
      compression. Attenuation had an initial value of 2.19 +/- 0.76 dB/cm and a slope
      of 0.015 +/- 0.017 dB/cm% wall thickness. IB had an initial value of -76.9 +/-
      2.7 dB and a slope of -0.12 +/- 0.07 dB/% wall thickness. After subtracting the
      influence of the attenuation from the IB the initial value of IB was -74.0 +/-
      2.7 dB and the slope -0.08 +/- 0.07 dB/% wall thickness. Attenuation appeared to
      have a linear dependency on frequency. Backscatter appeared not to increase with
      increasing frequency without correction of the spectrum for the frequency
      dependent insonified volume.

PMID- 1805477
TI  - Variability of quantitative echographic parameters of the liver: intra- and
      interindividual spread, temporal- and age-related effects.
AB  - The values of acoustic and image texture parameters were estimated from liver
      scans of healthy subjects. The values were obtained after appropriate
      preprocessing of the radio frequency echograms by an on-line computerized system.
      The preprocessing comprised a correction for the Time Gain Compensation (TGC),
      the beam diffraction and the frequency dependent attenuation in the Region of
      Interest (ROI). The intra- and interindividual variability of the parameter
      values appeared to be of the same order of magnitude, but significantly larger
      than the variability assessed by measurements of a homogeneously scattering
      tissue mimicking phantom. Significant temporal effects were found for all the
      parameters, which consistently occurred during the morning. These results are
      discussed in relation to the circadian rhythm of the glycogen content and of the
      hepatic circulation. All the parameters appeared to be significantly correlated
      to age. The slope of the regression ranged from 3.6% per decade (attenuation
      coefficient) to 7.6% per decade (mean echo-level). A tentative explanation to
      these results is presented: the increased stiffness of hepatic vasculature with
      age.

PMID- 1805479
TI  - Effect of ultrasound on regional cerebral blood flow in neonatal rats.
AB  - By employing a laser-Doppler flowmeter, an investigation was performed to
      determine whether ultrasound causes a change in regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF). rCBF in neonatal rats (age: 2-6 days postgestation) was measured before,
      during, and after exposure of both cerebral hemispheres to continuous-wave
      ultrasound (1.0 MHz) at an intensity of 2.0 W/cm2 (SATA) for a period of 5 min.
      After 3 min of ultrasound treatment, there was a statistically significant
      augmentation in rCBF (p less than 0.05) with rCBF increasing by a factor of 2.7
      +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SEM) after 5 min of ultrasound. This response was demonstrated
      to be a transient effect, because rCBF returned to its original value 4-6 min
      after termination of the ultrasound treatment.

PMID- 1805480
TI  - Adaptive estimation of the mean frequency of a Doppler signal from short data
      windows.
AB  - The color Doppler estimator (CE1), which is calculated from the phase of the
      first correlation lag of the Doppler signal, is compared to the general mean
      frequency estimator (CEn), which is based on a weighted summation of all the
      available correlation lags, for long and short Doppler data sets (typically 48
      and 8 Doppler samples). A new estimator of the Doppler signal mean frequency is
      derived from the results of this study. It optimizes the compromise between the
      range of analyzable frequencies and the estimation variance for the
      characteristics of the Doppler signal. Demonstration is provided that the
      behavior of this estimator shifts from that of CE1 to that of CEn, according to
      the setting of a single parameter. An adaptive version of this estimator is
      implemented and applied to Doppler recordings. Applications can be contemplated
      for color Doppler imaging.

PMID- 1805481
TI  - Absence of mutagenic effects of continuous and pulsed ultrasound in cultured (AL)
      human-hamster hybrid cells.
AB  - Mutagenic effects of continuous and pulsed ultrasound were looked for using an in
      vitro assay system, the AL hybrid, that is up to 100 times more sensitive for
      mutagens such as x-rays and neutrons than the assays used previously to evaluate
      ultrasound. Cells in suspension in rotated plastic test tubes were insonated with
      continuous wave ultrasound at 1 MHz, ISPTP = 0.62-40 W/cm2 for 0-40 min. Cells
      attached in the central region of culture flasks received pulsed exposures at fc
      = 2.5 MHz, PRF = 1 kHz, 2 and 8 cycles per pulse, with p- = 1.2 MPa (ISPTA = 31
      180 mW/cm2) for 0-30 min. Although these exposures were cytotoxic (the plating
      efficiency was decreased to approximately 65% by the highest doses), induction of
      mutation, if any occurred, was less than would be expected in this test system
      from 10-30 cGy of x-ray.

PMID- 1805482
TI  - Robust electromagnetic probe for the monitoring of lithotriptor output.
AB  - The ability to measure the powers and pressures generated by extracorporeal
      lithotriptors is important for both patient safety and treatment planning.
      Regular measurements of output have been impossible in the past because there
      have been no instruments available that could withstand prolonged or repeated
      exposure to lithotriptor fields. The literature contains reports of various
      devices that have been used to make measurements of lithotriptor output, and
      these are briefly described here. The authors report the use of a new
      electromagnetic probe as a robust monitoring device. It has been tested by
      comparison with a PVdF coplanar membrane hydrophone, by comparison with the
      results of disintegrating a series of synthetic stones and by impact
      measurements. The electromagnetic probe has also been used to monitor the output
      of a piezoelectric extracorporeal lithotriptor over a 12-month period.
      Fluctuations in pulse energy of up to 350% were observed.

PMID- 1805483
TI  - Effect of benzene on fibroblastoid colony-forming units in mice.
AB  - After exposure of C57BL6 x DBA/2 mice to benzene in air their number of bone
      marrow fibroblastoid precursor cells, CFU-F, was determined. The CFU-F exhibited
      an increasing plating efficiency, giving rise to a larger number of colonies and
      to colonies of greater size. This effect was dose dependent. When the mice were
      exposed for 16 weeks and were then allowed to rest, their CFU-F plating
      efficiency returned to normal within 6 weeks, but then increased again.
      Hematopoietic stem cells, such as CFU-S and CFU-C exhibited a dose-dependent
      depression. The in vitro exposure of bone marrow cells to benzene metabolites
      resulted in a dose-dependent depression of CFU-F numbers.

PMID- 1805484
TI  - Definition of the mutations of G6PD Wayne, G6PD Viangchan, G6PD Jammu, and G6PD
      'LeJeune'.
AB  - We report the nucleotide (nt) substitutions of four unrelated glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient males. Only the mutation of G6PD Wayne was unique.
      It was a nt 769 C----G substitution causing a deduced substitution of glycine for
      arginine at amino acid 257. This mutation is in a region in which G6PD mutations
      have previously been associated with chronic hemolytic anemia. The mutation of
      G6PD Jammu and G6PD Viangchan were identical: a G----A mutation at nucleotide
      871, predicting a Val----Met substitution at amino acid 291. However, these two
      variants differ with respect to the 1311 polymorphism, suggesting that they may
      have arisen independently. Enzyme from a child with chronic hemolytic anemia,
      designated G6PD 'LeJeune', proved to be due to a G----T substitution at nt 637, a
      change identical with that in 3 unrelated patients who had been reported
      previously as having G6PD Gastonia, Minnesota and Marion. These findings support
      the suggestion that both polymorphic and sporadic G6PD deficiency mutations in
      unrelated persons with G6PD deficiency are often the same, even when thought to
      be distinct on the basis of biochemical characterization.

PMID- 1805485
TI  - Changes in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase gene during induced erythroid and myeloid
      differentiation.
AB  - We investigated the alteration of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase during erythroid and
      myeloid differentiation in order to elucidate its physiological significance in
      different types of cells. We measured enzyme activity and mRNA levels of
      superoxide dismutase in the process of differentiation to erythroid cells or
      myeloid cells. When human leukemia K562 cells are incubated in the presence of 80
      microM hemin, benzidine-positive cells appear on day 1 and 80% of the cells
      become positive on day 5. During hemin-induced erythroid differentiation, Cu,Zn
      superoxide dismutase activity increases 3.5-fold of the initial value and mRNA
      for Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase increases prior to the activity to the same
      extent. On the other hand, when human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells are
      incubated in the presence of 1.3% dimethyl sulfoxide, nitroblue tetrazolium
      positive cells reach approximately 90% on day 5. During dimethyl sulfoxide
      induced myeloid differentiation, the activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase
      decreases below 15% of the initial value on day 5 and mRNA for Cu,Zn-superoxide
      dismutase decreases as well. The results indicate that the synthesis of
      superoxide dismutase is linked with either the erythroid or myeloid
      differentiation program.

PMID- 1805486
TI  - Comparison of hemin enhancement of burst-forming units-erythroid clonal
      efficiency by progenitor cells from normal and HIV-infected patients.
AB  - The ability of peripheral-blood hematopoietic progenitor cells from AIDS patients
      and normal controls to respond to erythropoietin (Epo) was assessed for burst
      forming units-erythroid (BFU-E). BFU-E colony formation from AIDS patients'
      peripheral blood responded to a wide range of Epo concentrations (0.5-4 U) in a
      similar manner as erythroid progenitors obtained from normal peripheral blood.
      The optimum dose response of BFU-E to Epo was 2 U which resulted in generation of
      71 +/- 4 BFU-E in AIDS patients (n = 10), as compared to 77 +/- 5 BFU-E in normal
      donors (n = 3). The optimum concentration range of hemin enhancement of erythroid
      progenitor BFU-E was 10-50 microM. In all instances, Epo was essential for BFU-E
      growth. Inclusion of hemin at a concentration of 10 microM in AIDS patients'
      peripheral-blood erythroid progenitor cells resulted in enhancement of BFU-E by
      136-215%. Similarly, inclusion of hemin (10-100 microM) in normal bone marrow
      erythroid progenitor cell cultures resulted in enhancement of BFU-E. Inclusion of
      an equivalent amount of iron or tin protoporphyrin to progenitors cells from AIDS
      patients' peripheral blood had no effect on the number of colonies observed. On
      the other hand, inclusion of another heme analogue, zinc protoporphyrin, in AIDS
      or normal cultures resulted in a 50% suppression of BFU-E colony formation. These
      results demonstrate that peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from AIDS patients
      retain the capacity to generate erythroid precursors such as BFU-E in the
      presence of Epo, and that hemin has a specific enhancement effect on growth of
      BFU-E colony formation obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow cells.

PMID- 1805487
TI  - Cyclosporin in steroid-resistant auto-immune haemolytic anaemia.
AB  - A case of Evans' syndrome which was refractory to conventional and high dose
      steroid treatment and to splenectomy was treated with cyclosporin, beginning with
      the dose of 10 mg/kg/day and then gradually tapering to 4 mg/kg/day. The patient
      experienced excellent benefit from cyclosporin; his haematological parameters
      were completely normal at the 12th month of therapy, without any side effect of
      the drug.

PMID- 1805488
TI  - Gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity in blood cells of
      human eosinophilic patients.
AB  - The immunohistochemical localization of the peptide gamma-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone (gamma-MSH) within human polymorphonuclear leucocytes of blood from
      eosinophilic patients is described. The gamma-MSH immunoreactivity was observed
      only in neutrophilic granulocytes leaving all other cell types immuno-negative.

PMID- 1805489
TI  - Lymphocytic clusters in peripheral blood: an atypical morphologic pattern of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is described in which peripheral blood and
      bone marrow films showed lymphocytes arranged in aggregates resembling epithelial
      cell clusters. Due to this morphological conformation, automatic hemogram
      screening was not able to detect the presence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
      Correct interpretation of a typical histogram pattern led to the final diagnosis.

PMID- 1805490
TI  - Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis: a nonimmunologic idiosyncratic reaction?
AB  - Agranulocytosis is a rare side effect of phenytoin treatment. We describe the
      case of an elderly man who developed agranulocytosis 2 weeks following initiation
      of phenytoin treatment, on no cytotoxic drugs or any other medications except
      decadron. The white blood cell count was 300/mm3 with absent granulocytes. The
      liver enzymes were also noted to be newly elevated. Complete workup showed no
      evidence of infection. The patient was managed as a case of neutropenic fever and
      phenytoin was discontinued. A bone marrow biopsy showed absent granulocyte
      precursors after myelocytes, and an antigranulocyte antibody titer was negative,
      which suggests a direct toxic effect rather than an immunologic phenomenon. Both
      agranulocytosis and hepatitis were readily reversible on phenytoin cessation.

PMID- 1805491
TI  - Successful treatment of hemosiderosis with regular phlebotomy and recombinant
      human erythropoietin. Case report and ferrokinetic studies.
AB  - A 55-year-old female patient with hemosiderosis induced by administration of
      excessive doses of parenteral iron was successfully treated with regular
      phlebotomy combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). Ferrokinetic
      data before therapy showed 28.0 mumol/l of serum iron, 4.1 mumol/l of unsaturated
      iron-binding capacity, 4,060 ng/ml of serum ferritin, 148 min of plasma iron
      disappearance time, 45% of red cell iron utilization and 0.4 mg/kg/day of plasma
      iron turnover rate. She had 300-ml phlebotomies, first every other week then
      weekly, and subcutaneous injections of rHuEPO twice a week. Two years later, the
      total volume of phlebotomized blood reached 31 liters and her ferrokinetic data
      showed: serum iron 8.6 mumol/l, iron-binding capacity 39.6 mumol/l, serum
      ferritin 277 ng/ml, plasma iron disappearance time 52 min, red cell iron
      utilization 100% and plasma iron turnover rate 0.5 mg/kg/day. During the
      phlebotomy therapy, her hemoglobin levels were maintained above 12 g/dl. No
      adverse effect due to rHuEPO occurred. These findings provide evidence for the
      efficacy of rHuEPO in multiple phlebotomy therapy for hemosiderosis and may open
      new avenues for its clinical application.

PMID- 1805492
TI  - Survival of Mycobacterium leprae in mononuclear phagocytes: a possible role of
      complement system.
AB  - Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is an obligate
      intracellular pathogen that is ingested primarily by the host mononuclear cells.
      Upon ingestion, it is able to reside and multiply within these microbicidal
      cells. The reason for survival of these organisms in such cells is supposed to be
      their failure in induction of oxidation burst. In the present communication, we
      have proposed that most probably complement mediated entry of M. leprae into the
      monocytes does not result in induction of oxidative burst in the monocytes. As a
      result thereof these organisms are not killed rather they might grow in such
      phagocytes.

PMID- 1805493
TI  - [Progression towards dislocations of foot bone lesions in leprosy].
AB  - From a series of 211 tarsal, medio-tarsal and metatarso-phalangeal dislocations,
      the authors, after having recalled the lesion mechanism, adopted a classification
      and gave a place to preventive conservative surgery in 52 cases. The early forms
      can have early limited arthrodesia. The developed lesions present indications of
      arthrodesia--isolated reconstruction or associated to spongy or cortico-spongy
      bone grafts. The late forms impose amputation even when the forefoot seems of
      good bone quality because the metatarsal-phalangial stiffness is the cause for
      the failure of the Wladimiroff-Mickulicz interventions.

PMID- 1805494
TI  - Correction of claw fingers in leprosy--current status.
AB  - The operative procedures available for correction of claw fingers have been
      classified according to the principles involved in correction. The relative
      merits and demerits of the procedure have been briefly mentioned and an attempt
      has been made to define proper indications of these procedures.

PMID- 1805495
TI  - Mitogen induced proliferation and cytokine production by lymphocytes from leprosy
      patients.
AB  - In this paper we have assessed the mitogen responses of leprosy patients and
      healthy donors in terms of proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin 2
      and Interferon gamma). The patients investigated included untreated and multidrug
      therapy non-responsive LL patients and MDT responsive LL and TT patients. The
      mitogen responses of untreated and multidrug therapy non responsive LL patients
      were not significantly different from those of the healthy donors. It was
      interesting to note that TT and multidrug therapy responsive LL patients showed
      higher responses to mitogens than healthy donors as assessed by all three
      parameters. The results suggest a correlation of increased mitogenic responses
      with improvement in clinical status in leprosy.

PMID- 1805496
TI  - A method for the detection of M. leprae antigens in urine of leprosy patients by
      gel diffusion and gel electrophoretic techniques and significance in diagnosis.
AB  - A simple and novel method has been developed for the first time to detect M.
      leprae antigens in the urine of leprosy patients by treating the urine samples
      with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The antigens thus released can be
      demonstrated by simpler techniques like gel diffusion. By this method about 86%
      antigen positivity is observed in the urine of TT/BT and 83% positivity in BB
      patients. In BL/LL patients the antigen positivity is observed in 87% of the
      subjects. The high rate of M. leprae antigen positivity by the present method in
      the urine of patients with early leprosy may prove to be of diagnostic
      significance.

PMID- 1805497
TI  - Response of Escherichia coli strains carrying plasmid(s) and their plasmidless
      derivatives to bactericidal activity of human serum and polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes.
AB  - Ten virulence plasmid(s) and antibiotic resistance plasmid(s) carrying
      Escherichia coli strains isolated from stool of infants with diarrhoea and their
      plasmidless derivatives were examined for response to bactericidal activity of
      human serum and intracellular killing of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).
      Plasmid(s) carrying isolates exhibited a significantly higher resistance to serum
      and phagocytosis.

PMID- 1805498
TI  - Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi of animals' hair.
AB  - Nine thermophilic genera and 17 species in addition to one variety of Aspergillus
      flavus, Malbranchea pulchella and Humicola grisea were collected from hair
      samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia at 45 degrees C. Fifty-one hair specimens of
      rabbit, sheep, camel and horse were examined for the presence of thermophilic
      fungi. The most frequent species were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger,
      Thermoascus aurantiacus and Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea. In low
      frequency, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, Paecilomyces variotii,
      Paecilomyces aerugineus, Mucor pusillus and Rhizopus stolonifer were also
      recovered. The hair samples tested in the present study were completely free from
      any keratinolytic fungi at 45 degrees C.

PMID- 1805499
TI  - Technological aspect of the production of live dysentery vaccines for oral
      administration.
AB  - An experimental technology for the production of live freeze-dried vaccines
      prepared from attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella sonnei I strains was
      developed. It is based on the cultivation of bacterial strains in a fermentor
      under conditions which ensure high yields. The strains grow in S-form, their
      antigenic structure is preserved and they remain non-virulent. The attenuating
      markers are stable. The freeze-dried vaccines retain good immunogenicity when
      applied intra-intestinally to rats.

PMID- 1805500
TI  - Model examination of selective media for isolation of Listeria strains.
AB  - During the Tenth International Symposium on Listeriosis (Pecs, Hungary, 1988) the
      Working Party on Culture Media of IUMS-ICFMH suggested comparative examination of
      nine enrichment broths and nine solid selective media. On the basis of this
      proposal the following media were studied: LiCl-phenylethanol-moxalactam agar
      (LPM), polymyxin-acriflavine-LiCl-ceftazidime-aesculin-mannitol agar (PALCAM) No.
      1 (home made) and No. 2 (Merck), acriflavine-ceftazidime agar (AC), Oxford agar,
      tripaflavine-nalidixic acid serum agar (TNSA) and Forray's agar. The study was
      performed as described in "Testing methods for use in quality assurance of
      culture media". Oxford agar proved to be the best medium. LPM, AC and Forray's
      agars were somewhat more inhibitory than Oxford medium. In productivity TNSA and
      PALCAM media were weakest but the latter one was more selective. When 43 sausage
      samples were enriched in UVM broths and subcultured on the above mentioned media
      the number of positive samples was the same on Oxford, LPM, AC and TNSA agars but
      it was lower on PALCAM agar No. 1. When 103 milk samples were subcultured on TNSA
      and PALCAM agar No. 2, the number of positive samples was the same.

PMID- 1805501
TI  - What is the diagnostic value of beta-D-glucuronidase (BDG) activity of bacteria
      using Fluorocult ECD agar for their cultivation?
AB  - A total of 1510 strains from 15 genera of Gram-negative and Gram-positive
      bacteria were studied. More than 94% of 327 Escherichia coli strains showed beta
      D-glucuronidase (BDG) activity. Seventeen serotypes from 170 E. coli O serogroup
      representatives were negative. Relationship between the existence of BDG positive
      and negative E. coli strains in the same serogroup or serotype has not been
      observed. The rate of BDG positivity was 42% among Salmonella arizonae strains
      and 42.2% among Shigella strains. Only one Citrobacter strain out of the 971
      strains belonging to Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella,
      Proteus, Serratia, Yersinia, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Vibrio and Listeria was BDG
      positive. A screening method based on only BDG activity is not sufficient for the
      primary diagnosis of E. coli.

PMID- 1805502
TI  - Meditation of the taxonomy of Listeria.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes was exactly identified and named in 1924. Since then the
      name and taxonomic position of listeriae have been changed several times. The
      last classification was performed on the basis of genetic studies and of some
      biological properties (haemolytic character, virulence and acid production from
      sugars). On the basis of the taxonomic validity of these characters, the Listeria
      genus is proposed to be classified into three species: L. monocytogenes (four
      subspecies), L. ivanovii and L. grayi (two subspecies).

PMID- 1805503
TI  - Indirect (passive) haemagglutination test for assay of antigen and antibody (a
      review).

PMID- 1805504
TI  - Isolation of an infectious oncogenic adenovirus strain from the stimulated
      lymphocytes of a patient with bladder tumour.
AB  - In attempts to grow viruses from tumour cells and circulating lymphocytes, we
      isolated an oncogenic infectious adenovirus type 18 strain from the
      phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral T-lymphocytes of a patient with bladder
      tumour. The virus genome is assumed to play certain role in the development of
      the tumour in interaction with other DNA viruses and the damaged immune system.

PMID- 1805505
TI  - Cloacin tolerance and aspecific colicin insensitivity of human Escherichia coli
      strains.
AB  - Of 182 wild-type human, aerobactin producer Escherichia coli strains 86.3% were
      insensitive to cloacin. All randomly chosen 51 strains were relatively cloacin
      tolerant. Cloacin tolerant strains were not considerably more sensitive to
      hydrophobic drugs than the cloacin sensitive descendant strains. Pathogenicity of
      the cloacin sensitive strains was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in
      intraperitoneal mice infection than that of the cloacin tolerant ones. Suggesting
      a new aspect of the uptake mechanism of colicins, cloacin tolerance was very
      frequently associated with an aspecific insensitivity to a broad spectrum of
      colicins.

PMID- 1805506
TI  - [The stereoselective binding of praziquantel enantiomers to plasma proteins].
AB  - The stereoselective binding of praziquantel (PQT) enantiomers to plasma proteins
      was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The binding of (+/-)-PQT and its enantiomers
      to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit plasma was unsaturable when initial drug
      concentrations from 1 to 32 mumol/L were used. The binding capacity (nK) of (+/-)
      PQT to BSA (1.47 or 5.88 x 10(-4) mol/L) was greater than that of (-)-PQT with a
      (+)-/(-)-PQT ratio of 1.25 or 1.26, respectively. However, the preferential
      binding of (-)-PQT to rabbit plasma was found to be 73.7 +/- 4.4% for (-)-isomer
      and 58.3 +/- 10.1% for (+)-isomer (n = 8, P less than 0.05). The binding of (+)-
      and (-)-PQT to human plasma was 81.9 +/- 4.2% and 83.2 +/- 6.9% (n = 10, P
      greater than 0.05) respectively, which seems to be not stereoselective. These
      results indicate that there are species differences in the stereoselective
      binding of PQT enantiomers to plasma proteins.

PMID- 1805507
TI  - [Purification and identification of red ginseng polypeptides].
AB  - Two new polypeptides named RGPI and RGPII were isolated from the Chinese drug red
      ginseng for the first time. They were identified as propadecopeptide and
      pentadecopeptidex on the basis of analysis of amino acid composition and
      determination of molecular weight. Further-more, the effects of RGPs on the
      content of polysaccharides and the activity of succinodehydrogenase in the 2BS
      cells of the lung of human embryo were studied.

PMID- 1805509
TI  - [Studies on the chemical constituents of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl) Hutch].
AB  - A new diterpene, named Triptonoditerpenic acid. C21H28O4, mp 189-190 degrees C,
      has been isolated from Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl) Hutch. Its structure was
      elucidated by UV, IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses.

PMID- 1805508
TI  - [The structure and absolute configuration of isorupestonic acid from Artemisia
      rupestris L].
AB  - A new sesquiterpene compound named isorupestonic acid was isolated from Artemisia
      rupestris and its absolute stereostructure was elucidated as 3B by spectral and X
      ray crystallographic methods. Interestingly, the isorupestonic acid is based upon
      an unusual 6, 7 membered ring skeleton differing from the 5, 7 membered ring
      rupestonic acid although both have the same absolute configuration at C-1. The
      biogenesis of isorupestonic acid most likely involves breaking the C4-C5 bond of
      rupestonic skeleton and forming the C5-C14 bond. The absolute configuration of
      rupestonic acid was also determined as 4C by X-ray analysis and CD data.

PMID- 1805510
TI  - [Study on separation and determination of four tropane alkaloids in crude drugs
      by micellar HPLC].
AB  - A new method for separation and determination of four important tropane alkaloids
      (hyoscyamine, scopolamine, anisodamine and anisodine) in crude drugs by micellar
      HPLC was developed. The mobile phase was optimized with the modified simplex
      method (MSM). The chromatographic response function (CRF) was used as the
      criterion of optimization and three dimension simplex was used in this course.
      After eight tests, the given accuracy was achieved. In the optimized system the
      four tropane alkaloids are separated not only from each other but also from the
      interfering components in the crude drugs. The CMC of SDS in mobile phase was
      determined to be 5 mmol/L by circle method. The experimental evidences show that
      the optimized system is micellar chromatography. This method is simple, sensitive
      and accurate. The extraction solution can be injected directly without the need
      of a general purification procedure. Several plant materials containing tropane
      alkaloids were determined. The results and chromatograms are reported in this
      paper.

PMID- 1805511
TI  - [Separation of epimers of anisodamine (654-2) with HPLC using chiral additives in
      the mobile phase].
AB  - The separation of epimers of anisodamine were studied with HPLC using a reversed
      phase ODS C18 column. Several chiral additives were tried in the mobile phases. d
      Camphorsulfonic acid and L-(+)-dibutyl tartrate showed good resolution ability
      for the separation of the isomers, a pair of epimers of anisodamine were well
      separated; while beta-cyclodextrin appeared to have no selectivity for the
      epimers.

PMID- 1805512
TI  - [Determination of ionization constants of primaquine and study of its
      coordination ratio with vitamin C].
AB  - Primaquine (P) has long been used as an antimalarial drug. The following formulas
      are derived for determination of the ionization constants of PH3+3 by pH
      titration method: Ka1 = [aH + (3 - a)Cp]/[(a - 2)Cp/aH - 1] Ka3 = [(1 - a)Cp aH -
      Kw]/(a Cp + Kw/aH) = (1/Ka2)[(2 - a)Cp a2H - Kw aH]/(Kw/aH + a Cp) + [(1 - a) Cp
      aH - Kw]/(Kw/aH + a Cp) in which Kw is the ionic product of water, a is the mole
      ratio of HClO4 to primaquine and Cp is the total concentration of primaquine. The
      ionization constants of primaquine in 50% (v/v) ethanol in water determined at 25
      degrees C in the ionic strength range of 5 x 10(-3)-5 x 10(-2) mol/L are: Ka1 =
      (3.84 +/- 2.35) x 10(-2) (attributed to the secondary ammonium group of
      primaquine); Ka2 = (1.50 +/- 1.17) x 10(-8) (attributed to the tertiary ammonium
      group); Ka3 = (2.07 +/- 0.27) x 10(-10) (attributed to the primary ammonium
      group). The coordination ratio of primaquine to vitamin C in the above solvent is
      determined by continuous variation and mole ratio methods based on pH and
      conductance measurements to be 1:1, indicating that the coordination compound
      formed in the solution is mainly a 1:1 compound.

PMID- 1805513
TI  - [Development of gentamicin sulfate sustained release tablet remaining-floating in
      stomach].
AB  - Gentamicin sulfate sustained-release tablet remaining-floating in stomach (G-HBS)
      was developed based on the hydrodynamically balanced system. The dissolution rate
      of G-HBS was determined by rotary basket method (100 r/min, 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C,
      0.1 mol/L HCl). The release characteristics of G-HBS showed basically first order
      kinetics with the dissolution rate constant (Kr) of 0.3992 h-1. The mean
      dissolution time (MDT) of G-HBS was 2.53 h-1. The density of G-HBS was found to
      have no significant influence on dissolution of G-BHS. The gamma-scintiphoto
      technique was used to examine the gastric retention time of G-HBS and GCT
      (gentamicin sulfate conventional tablet). It was shown that the gastric retention
      time of all subjects taking G-HBS under fed and fasted conditions were all over 4
      h, in contrast with GCT, only 1-2 h. The stability of G-HBS was investigated and
      a tentative two-year expiration date was established. Spectrophotometry for the
      determination of gentamicin was established. The effect of G-HBS on Campylobacter
      pyloridis-associated chronic gastritis was examined through clinical trials.

PMID- 1805514
TI  - [Studies on antidepressant effects of several overshort peptides (OSP)].
AB  - The antidepressant effects of 5 OSP (TRH, KTP, CHP, gamma DGG, and AGF) were
      studied with two behavior despair models in mice. Only CHP was shown to decrease
      the spontaneous motor activity of mice, the others almost showed no effect in
      open field test. TRH significantly shortened the immobility produced by tail
      suspension test and the persistent immobility produced by cornea
      electrostimulation test. This indicates that the antidepressant characteristic of
      TRH is very similar to amitriptyline or that amitriptyline exerts its
      antidepressant effect by affecting TRH in CNS.

PMID- 1805515
TI  - [Synthesis of "danshensu" derivatives].
AB  - This paper describes the synthesis of alpha-nicotinyloxy-beta-(substituted
      phenyl) propionic acid and alpha-(o-acetoxy)benzoyloxy-beta-phenyl propionic
      acid. They were obtained in six steps starting from benzaldehyde or substituted
      benzaldehyde. The preliminary pharmacological tests show that all compounds were
      effective for inhibition of rabbit platelet aggregation.

PMID- 1805516
TI  - [Studies on circular dichroism of some reactional intermediates of artemisinine
      and artemisinine in B].
AB  - This paper reports circular dichroism, sector and the olefin octant projection of
      6-pair synthetic intermediates of qinghaosu (artemisinine) and qinghaosu B
      (artemisinine B): gamma-lactone (compounds 1-4, 7-10), delta-lactone (compounds 5
      6) and endo-alpha, beta-unsaturated-gamma-lactone (compounds 11-12). The
      relationship between double bond in the ring A and Cotton effect signs of
      different lactone chromophore has been studied. By using lactone sector rule, the
      olefin octant rule, allylic oxygen rule and Beecham rule with C = C-C-O and C = C
      C = O chromophore, their absolute configurations were assigned. The results show
      that the Cotton effect signs of lactone chromophore of compounds 2, 4, 6, and 12
      should be inverted while compounds 8 and 10 are independent on the double bond in
      ring A.

PMID- 1805517
TI  - [Depletion of O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase and chromosome damage induced by
      cisplatin, ning xin platin and carboplatin].
AB  - O6-Alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (O6-AGT) is a very important DNA repair
      protein known to carry out the transfer of alkyl groups from the O6 position of
      guanine in alkylated DNA to a cysteine acceptor site contained within its own
      protein sequence. In this work, the activity of O6-AGT in different cell lines
      and the relationship between the depletion of the enzyme and the frequency of
      micronuclei induced by cisplatin (DDP), Ning Xin platin (camphoramine
      chloroacetic platinum, CCP) or carboplatin (JM-8) in KB and CHL cells were
      studied. Experiments indicate that KB cells showed higher O6-AGT activity
      (greater than 400 dpm/300 micrograms protein extracts) which belonged to Mer+
      cells, but CHL, HL-60 and L1210 cells showed very low O6-AGT activity (less than
      50 dpm/300 micrograms protein extracts) which can be considered to be Mer- cells.
      Cytotoxicity studies indicated that no mer- selection was observed in these
      platinum complexes for KB, HL-60, CHL and L1210 cells. However, a good
      relationship between the depletion of O6-AGT and the frequency of micronuclei
      induced by the platinum complexes was obtained. CCP caused the highest depletion
      of the enzyme and exhibited highest potency in damaging chromosome.

PMID- 1805518
TI  - [Studies on correlation between liver drug metabolizing enzyme activities and
      microsomal membrane fluidity in phenobarbital treated rats].
AB  - By the use of ANS(1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate) and DPH(1, 6-diphenyl-1, 3, 5
      hexatriene) as fluorescent probes, correlation between liver microsomal membrane
      fluidity and drug metabolizing enzyme activity has been studied in rats.
      phenobarbital(PB) ip treatment caused an increase in P-450 content, cytochrome C
      reductase.aminopyrine N-demethylase(AMD) and glutathione S-transferase(GST)
      activities by 78, 66, 270 and 52%, respectively. However, there was a
      simultaneous decrease in microsomal membrane fluorescent intensity and
      microviscosity, i.e. an increase in membrane fluidity. There is a positive linear
      correlation between microsomal membrane fluidity and cytochrome C reductase and
      AMD activities (r = 0.798, r = 0.781, respectively, P less than 0.05). This
      result suggests that there may be some relationship between microsomal membrane
      fluidity and drug-metabolizing enzymatic activities in PB-treated rats.

PMID- 1805519
TI  - [Studies on water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Tribulus terrestris L-
      purification and preliminary structural determination of heteropolysaccharide H].
AB  - Crude polysaccharides extracted from the stem and leaf of Tribulus terristris L
      after the removal of crude saponins are a mixture of heteropolysaccharides
      composed of Ara, Rha, Xyl, GalA, Gal, Glc and Man in molar ratios of
      6.0:2.1:1:3.6:3.4:7.7:2.9. A homogeneous polysaccharide H obtained by gradation
      and purification contains Ara, Rha, Xyl, GalA. Gal and Glc. in molar ratios of
      1.6:2.4:0.1:3.5:1.3:1. Its molecular weight was found to be 1 x 10(5). By means
      of pectinase and beta-D-galactosidase enzymolysis, periodate oxidation, Smith
      degradation, partial hydrolysis with acid, methylation, GC and GC-MS, the H
      contains alpha-D-GalA (1-4) and L-Rha (1-2) probably linked alternately as main
      chain with some L-Rha (1-2) side chains.

PMID- 1805520
TI  - [Novel triterpenoids from Cynanchum hancockianum].
AB  - Four new triterpenoids have been isolated from the petroleum ether extract of
      Cyananchum hancockianum (Maxim) Al. Iljinski (Asclepiadaceae). On the basis of
      spectral data (1HNMR, 13CNMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, longrange 1H-13C COSY, MS,
      X-Ray analysis) and chemical connections, they were identified as hancockinol
      (Ia), hancolupenol (IIa), hancolupenone (IIc), and hancolupenol octacosanate
      (IId). They are of new skeletons with B/C cis, C/D trans, D/E cis junctures for
      Ia and with A/B trans, C/D trans, D/E cis junctures for IIa, IIc and IId.

PMID- 1805522
TI  - [The chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and detection of anabolic
      steroids in human urines and metabolic study].
AB  - Nineteen anabolic steroids were separately administered to healthy men. Anabolic
      steroid metabolites were isolated and extracted from the collected urine samples
      following an integrated procedure. The main metabolic pathways of these drugs
      were made clear after the investigation by GC-MS. Based on the obtained
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric data of anabolic steroids, a method for large
      scale and routine analysis of anabolic steroids was set up.

PMID- 1805521
TI  - [RP-HPLC determination of 1-(p-methylphenyl-2-(2-piperidinoacetyl- 1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride in rabbit plasma and its pharmacokinetic
      parameters].
AB  - A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) was
      developed for the determination of rabbit plasma levels of 1-(p-methylphenyl-2-(2
      piperidinoacetyl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (70026), a new
      antiarrhythmic agent with promising prospects. Its pharmacokinetic parameters
      were obtained from the rabbit plasma level-time curve measured. 70026 plasma
      sample was determined by extracting with ether and 0.2 mol/L sulfuric acid,
      chromatographing on LiChrosorb RP-C18 column, and detecting at 230 nm. The mobile
      phase selected was methanol-water-triethylamine-phosphoric acid (63:37:1:0.8
      v/v). The average recovery of the entire procedure from plasma was 99.94 +/- 3.10
      (SD) %; the average CV of within-day and between-day were 4.12% and 3.95%
      respectively; the minimum detection limit was 3 ng; 70026 plasma concentration
      ranging from 25-2000 ng/ml yielded a good linear relationship with the peak area
      ratios, Y = 0. 002865X-0.01346, r = 0. 9999. No endogeneous interference was
      found in chromatograms of plasma sample. The purity of chromatographic peak of
      70026 was identified and proved by mass spectrometry. In urine sample, the
      hydrolysate of 70026 was found as the original and bound forms. The rabbit plasma
      level of 70026 after intravenous administration versus time curve was found to be
      in correspondence with two-compartment model, T1/2 = 4.80 + 1.522 (h).

PMID- 1805523
TI  - [Studies on the analysis of anileridine, levorphanol, nalbuphine and ethamivan in
      urine].
AB  - The method for the analysis of anileridine, levorphanol, nalbuphine and ethamivan
      in urine by means of GC/NPD and GC/MSD is described. TFAA and MSTFA-MBTFA have
      been used in this procedure for TFA and TMS derivatization. The parent forms and
      the metabolites of the four drugs can be found by GC/NPD screening and GC/MSD
      confirmation. The method is reliable, fast and sensitive.

PMID- 1805524
TI  - [Synthesis of ST-1435 derivatives as contraceptive for lactating women].
AB  - Four new ST-1435 derivatives 4-7 were synthesized. Both 4 and 5 are mixture of Z-
      and E-isomers. 4 was separated into Z- and E-isomers by spinning TLC. Their
      binding ability to progesterone receptor was examined and found to be less than
      ST-1435.

PMID- 1805525
TI  - [Isolation and structure determination of a new saponin of Anemarrhena
      asphodeloides].
AB  - A new saponin, named smilageninoside, mp 265-7 degrees C, was isolated from
      rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphdeloides by conventional method. The structure of
      smilageninoside was identified on the basis of IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and FAB-MS. Its
      structure was smilagenin 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1----2)]-beta-D
      mannopyranoside.

PMID- 1805526
TI  - [Temperature sensitive liposome encapsulated adriamycin combined with hepatic
      artery embolization].
AB  - A temperature sensitive liposome composed of a vesicle membrane of dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylcholine and encapsulated adriamycin was made by the modified reverse
      phase evaporation method. The encapsulation efficiency measured with a
      centrifugal filtration method was about 38%. The phase-transition temperature of
      the liposome determined by DSC was 41 degrees C. The liposome size was 851 +/- 50
      nm, and the size distribution was from 772 to 952 nm as measured by laser
      particle analyzer with dynamic light scatter method. Eighty-four percent of the
      encapsulated drug could be released at precisely the phase-transition temperature
      of liposome in vitro. The results show that the liposomal drug is sensitive to
      temperature-controlled release.

PMID- 1805527
TI  - On jumbo and junkie trials: a fumbled affair, a jungle, or the ultimate solution?
AB  - Important Clinical trials conducted between 1980 and 1990 provided early leads to
      the community of practicing cardiologists and general physicians on the
      fundamentals of the therapy of acute myocardial infarction. On the other hand
      trials like ISIS-III or GUSTO, the current giant among jumbo trials, could not
      solve the real problems arising in clinical practice. The large-scale clinical
      trials should be reserved for interventions that have been shown convincingly in
      smaller trials. The problem of restenosis after PTCA is discussed and the place
      of animal research is emphasized as the basis of the design of future clinical
      trials. These exciting data require a human study but with a scale that proves
      the efficacy of the intervention and substantiates the underlying hypothesis even
      in a small population.

PMID- 1805528
TI  - [Biochemical characterization and metabolic effects of tumor necrosis factor].
AB  - The tumor necrosis factor, preliminary identified because of its antitumor
      properties, refers to two kinds of similar polypeptides (TNF or cachectin, and
      TNF-beta or lymphotoxin), which share some biological effects. Both substances,
      as members of the class of cytokines, play a role as mediators of inflammation
      and the cellular immune response. Human cachectin is produced as a prohormone and
      activated by cleavage of a 76 residue peptide. Mature cachectin (which comprises
      157 amino acid residues) share a 28% amino acid sequence homology with
      lymphotoxin. Both cytokines are encoded by different genes of chromosome 6 and
      may compete for a common receptor. Cachectin is produced by a wide variety of
      cells (phagocytic and non-phagocytic), mainly by activated macrophages and
      monocytes. Different invasive stimuli (mainly lipopolysaccharide, a constituent
      of the Gram-negative bacteria's outer wall) activate cachectin biosynthesis,
      which is controlled chiefly at a post-transcriptional level. The newly
      synthetized cachectin remains associated as a transmembrane form, affecting their
      targets by direct cell-to-cell contact, or is actively secreted in the
      circulation to distant sites in the body, where it binds to high affinity
      cachectin receptor, on a variety of cell types. Cachectin exerts pleiotropic
      effects on normal, transformed, or tumoral cells. The biological effects mediate
      by cachectin may be beneficial or deleterious to the body, depending on the
      quantity produced, duration of cell exposure and further biochemical mediators in
      the environment of the target cells. Cachectin (frequently associated with severe
      infection and cancer) seems to be the result of a persistent exposure to raised
      levels of cachectin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805529
TI  - [Significance of molecular genetics in oncology].
AB  - The development of Molecular Biology in recent years has had a profound impact in
      all Medical research fields and has been particularly important for the progress
      of oncology research. A whole body of new methodologies has been specifically
      designed to investigate the structure and the expression of cellular genes. This
      new field has rapidly extended far beyond basic research, with applications that
      are becoming exceedingly relevant in the resolution of many important clinical
      problems. As a consequence of a better understanding of the biology of neoplastic
      cells, more rationale therapeutic approaches as well as new diagnostic tools
      could be developed. The objective of the present work is to discuss the multiple
      contributions of Molecular Biology in research, diagnosis and therapy in
      oncology.

PMID- 1805530
TI  - [Unusual complications of bone marrow transplantation. Experience at the BMT Unit
      of the Francisco Gentil Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon Center].
AB  - Over the past 20 years allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been
      increasingly utilized in the treatment of acute and chronic leukemias, aplastic
      anemia, severe forms of thalassemia, immunodeficiency syndromes and metabolic
      disorders due to a lack of specific enzymes in the monocyte-macrophage system.
      Despite the overall success of this approach and besides the so-called classic
      complications arising from the toxicity of the conditioning regimen, occurrence
      of GVH disease and interstitial pneumonitis, there are other less common
      complications which have been reported mainly by teams transplanting on a large
      number of patients. With only a limited experience, concerning 60 patients with
      transplants between May 1987 and May 1991, we have seen some unusual
      complications such as toxoplasma encephalitis, myasthenia gravis and aseptic bone
      necrosis, which may give rise to difficult diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

PMID- 1805531
TI  - [Bone marrow transplantation. Preliminary results].
AB  - From May 1989 to March 1991 60 bone marrow transplants were performed--41
      allogeneic and 19 autologous--in patients with malignant and nonmalignant
      hemopathies and solid tumors. The transplant related mortality was 19.4% and
      10.5% for allografts and autografts, respectively. The projected relapse free
      survival at 22 months in patients with malignant hemopathies who underwent
      allotransplantation in early phase was 81% and, in patients in advanced phase
      21.4% (p less than 0.001). In patients with aplastic anemia the actuarial
      survival at 22 months is 60%. In autografted patients, only one failed to have
      full engraftment and is dependent on platelet support at day 79. Follow-up in all
      autografts is less than one year. These preliminary results of our bone marrow
      transplant program show low morbidity and mortality related to transplantation
      and suggest significant therapeutic effect.

PMID- 1805532
TI  - [The impact of AIDS in Portugal].
AB  - An outline of the AIDS epidemiological situation in Portugal is given. Its
      mortality is compared with that of other diseases connected with the behaviour of
      individuals. The weight of AIDS on mass media is discussed. Prevention strategies
      adopted in Portugal are mentioned and its impact on the Portuguese society is
      reflected upon. The interference of AIDS in questions concerning ethics and
      deontology is commented on. Reference is made to aspects of the impact of AIDS
      upon health research worldwide: a brief discussion is presented on the
      repercussion that AIDS might have on research in Portugal.

PMID- 1805533
TI  - [Ethical and legal aspects of AIDS in Portuguese Law].
AB  - HIV infection presents by its particular characteristics of contagion and by the
      fact that it is associated with human behaviours which are already object of
      social discrimination or criminal sanctions, new elements which shook the
      traditional legal means used in the fight against epidemics. In this context, the
      present article makes an analysis of the main ethical and legal problems posed by
      HIV infection, in the framework of Portuguese law, with special focus on: a)
      Conflict between the necessary protection of public health by the State and the
      protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens; b) Inadequacy of
      the existent laws to fight contagious diseases to HIV infection; c)
      Discrimination; d) Testing and compulsory hospitalization versus informed
      consent; e) Confidentiality; f) Voluntary contagion. One of the main conclusions
      of the article is that legislation, as a mean to fight HIV infection, must be
      essentially aimed to the increasing of educational and informational actions and
      not to the repression of situations which are, in rule, rare, as the voluntary or
      careless contagion.

PMID- 1805534
TI  - [Immunologic aspects of HIV infection].
AB  - Infection of Human organism by Human Immunodeficiency viruses induces, after a
      shorter or a longer period, a complex immune Deficiency (ID) that has been named
      Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Although the designation is not
      correct, it has been accepted by the scientific community. AIDS includes multiple
      clinical situations that have in common HIV infection and an almost constant ID,
      that at the end of natural course of infection manifestated by the presence of
      opportunistic infections and malignant tumors. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are slow RNA
      viruses with a common architecture and well known genomic organization. The
      characteristics that made HIV infectious agent n. 1 in XXth Century are their
      remarkable heterogeneity, close AA sequence homology between some of their
      proteins and relevant molecules in human beings: MHC molecules, IL-2, VIP, etc.
      and a strong affinity of gp 120 to CD4 receptor of T helper lymphocytes (T4),
      mononuclear phagocytes, natural killer cells, etc. all of them sharing a relevant
      role in normal immune response (IR). Affected in its cornerstones of cellular
      defense, human organism starts an immune defense through antibodies, cytotoxic T
      Lymphocytes (CTL) Natural Killer Cells (NK) antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity
      (ADCC), that fails. Activating immune system HIV turn that defense strategy to
      their own profit and enhanced replication. After an apparent latency period--in
      which the balance seems to favor the host--new viral variants arise due to high
      rate of HIV mutagenesis, that in turn stimulate immune system, induce new cycles
      of viral replication and new high virulent mutants, leading to the final collapse
      of Immune System.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805535
TI  - [Immunodeficiency viruses].
AB  - In the first part of this article some structural and biological aspects of the
      HIV viruses are presented, in our opinion among the most interesting ones,
      connected with the AIDS viruses. Viral infection and its evolution, particularly
      related with infection by HIV-2, will be presented later, in the light of our
      experience, obtained over several years work with African people infected by the
      virus. The AIDS viruses are complex retroviruses, with their own identity, but
      also with marked structural and biological resemblances to other retroviruses,
      equally pathogenical for animals. The lentivirinae subfamily to which the AIDS
      viruses belong includes other agents, usually classified according to the host
      they infect. In this way, the lentiviruses of the primates contain in the same
      group, besides those of HIV-1 and HIV-2, viruses that infect monkeys such as
      SIVMAC, SIVAGM, SIVSMM, etc. The comparative study of molecular genetics and
      biology of human and animal retroviruses in recent years has permitted
      significant progress in the understanding of the possible mechanisms that lead to
      the Immunodepressive Acquired Syndrome that characterizes AIDS. The presence of a
      gene that deactivates the activated lymphocytes only present in the lentiviruses
      of the primates, as well as the known tropism of those viruses to CD4
      lymphocytes, and not found in the other groups, are biological aspects that are
      pointed out. We also refer to other characteristics of HIVs such as the cytolytic
      and sincicial capacity of these viruses in lymphocyte culture. Finally we present
      an analysis of what we were able to observe in individuals infected by HIV-2 in
      their own and African habitat.

PMID- 1805536
TI  - [Immunologic profile of HIV-2 seropositive African individuals (follow-up)].
AB  - In the geographic distribution of HIV-2, it is known that this infection is most
      prevalent in West Africa. Since 1986 we have studied seropositive and
      seronegative clusters, in Guinea-Bissau with follow-ups in 1988, 1989, 1990 and
      1991. Analysis of the results show the high incidence of this infection. 8.51% of
      the 4,372 people of the general population studied were seropositive, showing the
      high predominance of HIV-2 infection. Only 4 cases were exclusively reactive to
      HIV-1 and a slow evolution of HIV-1 infections. In the seroconversions of HIV-2
      infections the antibodies appeared first to the core components and secondly to
      the surface glycoproteins. Some of the laboratory parameters affected in the
      evolution of the infection include a gradual increase in immunoglobulins and a
      decrease in CD4 lymphocytes and in the CD4/CD8 ratio. A comparison of these
      variations in HIV-2 infected people, with or without cross-reactivity to HIV-1,
      reveals that they are much more evident in exclusively HIV-2 positive people.
      This fact can indicate that the variants responsible for the cross-reactions are
      less pathogenic and phylogenetically less developed.

PMID- 1805537
TI  - [Therapeutic perspectives of HIV infection and of opportunistic infections.
      Multicenter projects of clinical investigation in the EEC].
AB  - Some centers in Portugal involved in the treatment of AIDS patients collaborate
      in clinical research programmes at a European level. The European Network for the
      Treatment of AIDS (ENTA) is a concerted action, with logistical and political
      support from the European Community. Four prospective European multicentre trials
      on opportunist infections in AIDS patients, have been implemented since the
      beginning of the ENTA, and 45 European centres, belonging to 11 countries,
      including Portugal, are so far involved in the present Trials in the Treatment
      and Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis and Toxoplasmosis. EUROAIDS is another concerted
      action whose aim is a retrospective study on opportunist infections and cancers
      related with AIDS registered in several countries in Europe, from 1979 to 1989,
      and correlate these data with demographic and clinical aspects. Another
      multicentric trial on antiretroviral treatment, The Iberian ddI study, started
      and several Spanish and Portuguese centres enrolled patients in this study.

PMID- 1805538
TI  - Transthyretin amyloidoses of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy as a paradigm
      for the genetic control of spontaneous generation of infectious amyloids by
      patterned configurational change in host precursors in Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.
AB  - Transthyretin amyloidosis. Infectious amyloid proteins. Unconventional slow virus
      diseases. Spongiform encephalopathies. Genetic control and point mutations.

PMID- 1805539
TI  - Perspectives. Caffeine and bone: directions for research.

PMID- 1805540
TI  - Voltage-dependent phosphate transport in osteoblast-like cells.
AB  - Phosphate ion (Pi) in sufficient concentrations is crucial for bone
      mineralization. The osteoblast (OB) may be responsible for the transport of Pi
      into the bone interstitium, where mineralization occurs. We previously
      characterized a Na(+)-dependent Pi transporter (NaPi) in the osteoblastic UMR-106
      01 cell line. In the present study, the alteration of Na(+)-dependent Pi
      transport by changes in membrane potential was investigated. Depolarizing the
      cells with increasing concentrations of ambient K+ and valinomycin resulted in a
      progressive decline in Na(+)-dependent Pi uptake to a maximum of 28% at a
      membrane potential of -18 mV compared to control Na(+)-dependent Pi uptake at a
      membrane potential of approximately -60 mV. Hyperpolarizing the cells with SCN-
      increased Na(+)-dependent Pi uptake over control by 50% at an SCN- concentration
      of 70 mM. Determination of membrane potential by using the fluorescent probe,
      DiSC3(5), showed that the addition of Pi to cells in Na(+)-containing medium
      resulted in a small depolarization. These data show that NaPi activity can be
      altered by membrane potential changes and that the initiation of Na(+)-dependent
      Pi uptake is associated with depolarization of the plasma membrane of UMR-106-01
      cells. Taken together, the cotransport of Na+ and Pi results in the movement of a
      net positive charge into the cell.

PMID- 1805541
TI  - Preventive effects of clomiphene citrate on estrogen-deficiency osteopenia
      elicited by LHRH agonist administration in the rat.
AB  - The estrogen agonist and antagonist clomiphene citrate has been shown to prevent
      bone loss induced by ovariectomy in the rat. In young women estrogen-deficiency
      bone loss is a clinical problem associated with the use of luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, such as buserelin, to treat endometriosis. The
      aim of this study was to determine whether clomiphene citrate (10 mg/kg body
      weight per week orally) would prevent the osteopenic effect of buserelin (25
      micrograms/kg body weight per day SC) in the rat. Four groups of animals with
      45Ca-labeled skeletons were studied for 4 weeks: group A, placebo controls; group
      B, buserelin; group C, clomiphene; and group D, buserelin + clomiphene. Bone
      resorption was monitored by measuring the urinary excretion of 45Ca and
      hydroxyproline. Clomiphene slowed bone breakdown and inhibited the osteopenic
      effect of buserelin. Total-body calcium values (mean +/- SD) were (mg) 2635 +/-
      181, 2267 +/- 85, 2566 +/- 126, and 2624 +/- 77 in groups A to D, respectively.
      Osteopenia was present only in group B (P less than 0.001). Interestingly
      buserelin lowered blood 17 beta-estradiol and uterine weights to a similar extent
      in the presence and absence of clomiphene. Because clomiphene inhibited estrogen
      deficiency bone loss in buserelin-treated rats without depressing the
      hypoestrogenic action of this LHRH agonist, it is suggested that the use of
      clomiphene to protect the skeleton during LHRH agonist therapy of endometriosis
      warrants further study.

PMID- 1805542
TI  - X-ray microanalysis of fluoride distribution in microfracture calluses in
      cancellous iliac bone from osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride and
      untreated.
AB  - Fluoride is able to augment cancellous bone mass in vertebral osteoporosis but is
      responsible for osteoarticular side effects in which microfractures are thought
      to be involved. During healing of these microfractures, a callus is formed all
      around the cancellous fracture line. Our hypothesis is that in fluoride-treated
      osteoporotic patients, calluses are bone sites where fluoride is focally
      deposited at a high concentration, and this could induce a local defect of
      calcification with a poor healing of microfractures. Our aim was to validate this
      hypothesis on several calluses following microfractures in undecalcified iliac
      cancellous bone from six women with osteoporosis (four fluoride treated and two
      untreated). Histologically normal iliac cancellous bone tissue, taken from a
      subject having neither fluoride treatment nor microfracture, was also examined.
      Selected areas, including new woven bone (calluses) and old lamellar bone, were
      carbon-coated and analyzed using an electron microprobe. Fluoride K alpha and
      calcium K alpha radiations were detected with wavelength and energy-dispersive
      spectrometers, respectively. In old lamellar bone at a distance from
      microfractures, the fluoride level was similar in normal and untreated
      osteoporotic patients but was slightly increased in treated osteoporotic
      patients. In untreated osteoporotic patients, the fluoride level was slightly
      higher (about 1.2 times) at the site of microfractures (lamellar and woven bone)
      than in lamellar bone far from such fractures, but fluoride was homogeneously
      distributed in lamellar and woven bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805543
TI  - Effects of 17 beta-estradiol on calcitonin secretion and content in a human
      medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line.
AB  - The presence of a direct estrogen effect on calcitonin secretion is
      controversial. Because most of the data available were obtained from complex in
      vivo systems, we chose an in vitro approach to assess the problem. Using a human
      C cell carcinoma cell line (TT cells) with well-documented estrogen receptors, we
      investigated the effect of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on basal and stimulated
      calcitonin secretion, on calcitonin content, and on total cellular protein. After
      short (30 and 180 minutes) and long-term (24 h to 6 days) incubation of the cells
      with different concentrations of E2 (from 0.01 to 100 nM) we observed no
      stimulatory but a transient dose-dependent inhibitory effect on CT secretion and
      content. The nadir of the effect on CT secretion appeared at 24 h, demonstrating
      a reduction to 80.5 +/- 7.8% of control at 1 nM and to 59.1 +/- 15% of control at
      100 nM E2. After 72 h, the CT levels of the E2-exposed groups returned to control
      levels. The acute stimulation of the cells with TPA plus forskolin after
      preincubation with E2 up to 6 days showed no difference in the increment of CT
      release compared to the control groups. Additionally, E2 had a dose-dependent
      stimulatory effect on cell protein content. The data demonstrate the absence of a
      direct stimulatory effect of E2 on CT secretion, revealing a dose-dependent
      inhibitory effect on CT secretion and content.

PMID- 1805544
TI  - Lack of effects of neutralization of parathyroid hormone-related protein on
      calcium homeostasis in neonatal mice.
AB  - Large quantities of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are present in
      the milk of various species. It has been suggested that PTHrP may play a role in
      neonatal calcium homeostasis. In the present study we evaluated the effect of
      neutralization of amino-terminal PTHrP activity by passive immunization in 1-day
      old mouse pups. Neutralization of amino-terminal PTHrP activity had no
      significant effect on serum calcium or whole-body calcium content in the neonatal
      mice. In additional studies, we demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of
      PTHrP-(1-34) increased serum calcium, whereas oral administration had no
      significant effect in 3-day-old pups. The studies therefore demonstrate that the
      amino terminus of PTHrP may not play a significant role in neonatal calcium
      homeostasis. Local effects of PTHrP cannot be excluded by the results of the
      present study.

PMID- 1805545
TI  - Role of physical activity in the development of skeletal mass in children.
AB  - A group of 118 children, aged 5.3-14 years, were enrolled in a prospective study
      of calcium supplementation and bone mass. At entry to the study, questionnaires
      regarding the child's usual physical activity were administered to the children
      and their mothers. Repeated activity assessments at 6 month intervals indicated
      good within-person agreement for total activity and for most individual
      activities. Consistent positive associations were observed between bone mineral
      densities (BMD) in the radius, spine, and hip and most activities. A summary
      measure (total hours of weight-bearing activity) was significantly related to BMD
      in the radius and hip, independently of age or gender effects. Self-reported
      sports and play activities were associated with BMD, but neither time spent
      watching television nor hours of physical education classes were associated
      either positively or negatively with skeletal mass. These data suggest that
      important increments in skeletal mass may result from physical activity during
      childhood.

PMID- 1805546
TI  - Failure to detect paramyxovirus sequences in Paget's disease of bone using the
      polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - It is widely believed that Paget's disease of bone is due to a "slow virus"
      infection of osteoclasts with one of the paramyxovirus group. Controversy
      continues to surround the identity of the virus involved, however, since at
      different times evidence has been presented implicating measles virus (MV),
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) as putative
      infective agents. In this study we used the technique of reverse transcription
      and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for paramyxovirus sequences in
      ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from pagetic bone. We were able to detect viral
      amplification products of the appropriate size in RNA extracted from as few as 50
      cells experimentally infected with a wide range of paramyxoviruses, including
      measles, canine distemper, parainfluenza 3, and respiratory syncytial virus, but
      we found no evidence of viral products in RNA extracts of affected bone from 10
      consecutive patients with Paget's disease. This study fails to support the
      hypothesis that active infection with one of these or a related paramyxovirus is
      involved in the pathogenesis of Paget's disease.

PMID- 1805547
TI  - Effects of antiestrogenic compounds on avian medullary bone formation.
AB  - Administration of estradiol to male Japanese quail induced the formation of
      medullary bone in the marrow cavities of the bird's femora and tibiae. This was
      accompanied by increased serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline
      phosphatase activity. We examined the effects of two structurally distinct
      "antiestrogens" on the estrogen-induced formation of medullary bone in this quail
      model. Trioxifene (LY133314) and tamoxifen are members of a group of compounds
      commonly referred to as antiestrogens that elicit mixed agonist-antagonist
      actions on estrogen target tissues. In our experiments, these compounds did not
      display estrogen agonist properties with respect to medullary bone formation.
      They also did not elicit changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, or alkaline
      phosphatase activity. When given concurrently with estradiol, the compounds
      inhibited both the estrogen-induced formation of medullary bone and the
      associated changes in serum parameters. Trioxifene appears to be somewhat more
      potent than tamoxifen in antagonizing estrogen effects in this model.

PMID- 1805548
TI  - Rapid publication. TGF-beta 1 induces bone closure of skull defects.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a multifunctional regulatory
      protein. It is capable of inducing site-specific healing responses by increasing
      collagen synthesis and deposition as well as remodeling at sites of soft tissue
      repair. Large bony defects in the skull heal by fibrous connective tissue and
      never form bone unless osteoinductive bony fragments or powders are placed in the
      defect. We have found, however, that the single application of human recombinant
      TGF-beta 1 in a simple 3% methylcellulose gel to skull defects induced a dose
      dependent increase in intramembranous bone formation. Complete bony bridging of
      defects occurred within 28 days after treatment with 2 micrograms TGF-beta 1.
      Sites treated with vehicle alone did not heal with bone formation but rather
      contained dense fibrous connective tissue between the defect margins.

PMID- 1805549
TI  - A third section of the autonomic nervous system: the serotoninergic one?

PMID- 1805550
TI  - Cluster headache. Our current concepts.
AB  - Cluster headache and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania are assumed to be so closely
      related that they from a classification point of view have been grouped together
      under the superstructure: cluster headache syndrome. If this grouping will prove
      to stand the test of time, the pathogenesis of the two subgroups ought to be
      quite similar. CPH per se has two subgroups: those with and those without
      mechanical precipitation of attacks. If the aforementioned grouping of CPH is
      correct, then the CPH subdivision with mechanical precipitation of attacks should
      also be closely akin to cluster headache. Cluster headache, however, seems to
      lack the "nuchal" factor. It is felt that "midline structures", like the
      cavernous sinus, are of importance in cluster headache (cluster headache
      syndrome?) pathogenesis. In CPH with mechanical precipitation, attacks may be
      precipitated via "cervical volleys" a.m. Kerr, activating "midline" cavernous
      sinus structures, while the activation mechanisms in cluster headache is unknown.

PMID- 1805551
TI  - Clinical relevance of anti-GM1 IgM antibodies.
AB  - Anti-GM1 IgM antibodies were found in 23% of 56 patients with motor neuron
      disease (MND), in 19% of 69 patients with neuropathy and in 7% of 107 controls
      with other neurological and non-neurological diseases. Most patients had anti-GM1
      IgM titers of 1:80 or less, while slightly higher titers (up to 1:640) were found
      in 1 patient with MND and 2 with neuropathy, and very high titers (1:20,480) were
      restricted to a patient with MND and an IgMk M-protein reacting with GM1, GD1b
      and asialo-GM1. Anti-GM1 IgM antibodies may be a normal constituent of the human
      antibody repertoire but their frequency and, at times, their levels are higher in
      patients with MND or neuropathy. The possible pathogenetic role of these
      antibodies remain to be established.

PMID- 1805552
TI  - Somnogenic cytokines with special reference to interleukin-1.
AB  - Cytokines (CKs) are involved in the mechanisms of sleep induction, and, in
      particular, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha seem to play an
      important role in the slow-wave sleep. Here are reported two cases of normal
      sleep and altered sleep in which plasma levels of IL-1 beta have been determined.
      In the subject with a normal sleep a dramatic increase of this CK has been
      observed, while beta-endorphin levels were reduced. In the light of these
      findings, the role of sleep in the host protection is discussed.

PMID- 1805553
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Probable heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease is still debated. Many authors
      report heterogeneity on phenotypic and/or genetic level. We have tried to reveal
      if variability exists also in an Italian kindred (family N) with early onset
      Alzheimer's disease in which the illness has been transmitted in a mendelian
      autosomal fashion since the early eighteenth century. The only parameter that
      varies widely is the age at death of affected members and it was taken as an
      index of expression, a measure of phenotypic variability. Extension of this
      concept will be discussed.

PMID- 1805554
TI  - Familial Alzheimer's disease. Evidences for clinical and genetic heterogeneity.
AB  - We report the genealogical, clinical and molecular genetic findings of a new
      family with autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer's disease (FAD) discovered
      in Torino (Italy). Up to now, the pedigree comprises 1500 members, distributed in
      8 generations. 22 patients affected with Alzheimer's disease have been
      identified. The clinical course of the disease was fairly uniform in all the
      patients. An high incidence of myoclonic jerks and epileptic seizures was found.
      Molecular genetic studies showed the presence of positive but nonsignificant lod
      scores between chromosome 21 anonymous DNA markers and the disease. The data
      obtained from the Torino family were computed together with those of additional
      47 pedigrees, with both early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. A
      predisposing locus for the disease was found on the pericentromeric region of
      chromosome 21 only in early-onset FAD pedigrees.

PMID- 1805555
TI  - Effect of physiological and pathological aging processes on topographic bit
      mapped cognitive evoked potentials in presenile subjects.
AB  - Bit-mapped multicomponent CNV complex and reaction time (RT) were recorded and
      measured in 24 presenile patients with initial symptoms of very mild to
      moderately severe primary mental deterioration without depression, and in 10 age
      matched controls. All patients underwent CT and MRI examinations, EEG spectral
      analysis and a battery of psychometric test. Significant group differences were
      obtained for measures of some post-S1 ERP and CNV components, particularly of the
      post-S1 N1b, P300 and early and late pre-S2 CNV. P300 with increased latency, no
      significant CNV activity, very prolonged RTs, EEG slowing down and diffuse brain
      atrophy were observed in the majority of patients with probable presenile
      Alzheimer's dementia. These results suggest that CNV/RT and EEG activity changes
      similar to those observed in our patients may constitute a valuable clue for the
      study of brain dysfunction in the early stage of presenile idiopathic cognitive
      impairment.

PMID- 1805556
TI  - Circadian hormonal rhythms in two new cases of fatal familial insomnia.
AB  - We used a chronobiological inferential statistical method to investigate
      circadian rhythms of hypophyseal hormones, cortisol, melatonin and catecholamines
      in two females of the same family affected by fatal familial insomnia. Case 1
      (confirmed at autopsy) presented an absent or progressive loss of circadian
      rhythms of all hormones. In case 2 there was a loss of GH circadian rhythm and a
      less significant rhythm for melatonin, catecholamines and gonadotropins. These
      results confirm the role of the thalamus in regulating hormonal circadian rhythm.

PMID- 1805557
TI  - Sleep in central nervous system disorders. An up to date.

PMID- 1805558
TI  - Structure and function in recombinant HIV-1 gp120 and speculation about the
      disulfide bonding in the gp120 homologs of HIV-2 and SIV.

PMID- 1805559
TI  - Cancer imaging and therapy with radiolabeled antibodies.

PMID- 1805560
TI  - Genetic approaches to a vaccine for pertussis.

PMID- 1805561
TI  - Strategies for type-specific glycoconjugate vaccines of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 1805562
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis of otitis media.
AB  - Prospects for an effective otitis media vaccine are bolstered by a number of
      encouraging observations. Results of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine trials
      beginning in 1975, the enormously enhanced immunogenicity of protein-Hib
      polysaccharide coupled vaccines in infants, and the apparent effectiveness of a
      protein-PCP coupled vaccine in experimental otitis media suggest that a
      pneumococcal vaccine targeted to prevent invasive and middle ear infections is
      not too distant. The identification of several conserved surface antigens on NTHi
      and demonstration of otitis media protection elicited by these antigens in an
      animal model give promise for the development of H. influenzae vaccines for
      otitis media. Evidence that attenuated influenza A virus vaccination may also be
      an effective strategy for otitis media prevention, at least in an animal model,
      suggests that priority should be given to testing the efficacy of influenza,
      parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with respect to otitis
      media prevention. It seems quite likely that not one but several
      immunoprophylaxis approaches will be necessary to reduce the overall incidence of
      otitis media given the multifactorial nature of the disease. Increasing parent
      and physician concern with the high incidence of otitis media and its morbidity
      suggests high participation rates in vaccine trials and high utilization of
      vaccines shown to be protective. Even if a vaccine could reduce the incidence of
      otitis media by 30%, an annual health care savings of $300-750 million would be
      achieved.

PMID- 1805563
TI  - Protection against streptococcal pharyngeal colonization with vaccines composed
      of M protein conserved regions.

PMID- 1805564
TI  - Augmentation by interleukins of the antibody response to a conjugate vaccine
      against Haemophilus influenzae b.
AB  - Interleukins have been recognized as potential adjuvants for use during
      vaccination. The immunogenicity of some poorly immunogenic bacterial capsular
      polysaccharides have been improved by conjugation to a protein carrier.
      Augmentation of the immune response to these glycoconjugates, however, may be
      realized in the presence of interleukins. The antibody response to one such
      vaccine which comprises a oligosaccharide derived from the capsule of Haemophilus
      influenzae type b coupled to CRM197 (HbOC) can be augmented in this manner. A
      suboptimal dose (0.1 microgram) of HbOC and varying concentrations of IL-1 alpha
      or IL-1 beta (10(2) - 5 x 10(5) U) were injected intramuscularly at 0 and 2 weeks
      into Swiss Webster mice. Vaccines were also formulated with and without aluminum
      phosphate. Antibody to the oligosaccharide was determined by Farr assay. In 3/3
      experiments, IL-1 alpha enhanced primary and secondary antibody responses whereas
      with IL-1 beta, only a slight increase in the primary antibody response was seen
      but enhanced secondary responses were observed. Thus, IL-1 alpha and to some
      extent IL-1 beta enhanced the primary and secondary antibody responses to a
      glycoconjugate vaccine.

PMID- 1805565
TI  - Factors produced by stromal cells involved in B-cell development.

PMID- 1805566
TI  - A purified saponin acts as an adjuvant for a T-independent antigen.
AB  - Three strains of mice were injected with a T-independent antigen, Escherichia
      coli 055:B5 polysaccharide (PS) combined with purified saponin, QS-21, isolated
      from Quillaja saponaria bank. PS was prepared by hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS). Nine week old mice were injected intradermally with 60 micrograms PS, as
      determined by an anthrone assay, with or without 15 micrograms QS-21 on days 0
      and 14. On day 22 sera were assayed by EIA for PS specific antibodies. Titers
      were 11-fold higher in CD-1 mice with QS-21. C3H/HeJ (Ipsd) and C3H/HeSnJ (Ipsr)
      mice also showed an adjuvant associated increase in titer with saponin.
      Therefore, LPS responsiveness was not required for the adjuvant effect. PS
      vaccinated C3H and CD-1 mice with and without QS-21 had similar antibody isotype
      profiles. IgG2b titers accounted for more than half of the total Ig response.
      IgG2a was next highest followed by IgG3, IgM, IgG1, and IgA. In comparison, CD-1
      mice injected with 0.1 microgram intact LPS had a different LPS specific isotype
      profile. IgG3 was the highest followed by IgG1, IgG2b, IgM, IgG2a, and IgA.

PMID- 1805567
TI  - Development of non-toxigenic vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis by gene
      replacement.

PMID- 1805568
TI  - Immunogenicity of lipopolysaccharide derived from Brucella abortus: potential as
      a carrier in development of vaccines for AIDS.
AB  - In view of its unique ability to stimulate human B cells, we have considered
      using Brucella abortus (BA) as a carrier for human vaccines. Recently we showed
      that HIV-1 coupled to BA, but not unconjugated HIV-1, was able to stimulate
      murine responses even in the relative absence of CD4+ T cells. This result
      suggested that HIV-BA may be useful in boosting the immunity of individuals
      infected with HIV-1 and who have impaired CD4+ T cell function. In order to
      refine this carrier we purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from BA and examined its
      effects on immune responses. Similar to LPS from E. coli (LPS-EC), LPS-BA was
      capable of stimulating mouse B cells to proliferate. In addition, LPS-BA could
      activate mouse spleen cells to secrete antibodies in vitro. Isotype analysis
      revealed that IgM and all the IgG subclasses were elicited. When comparing these
      responses to those of LPS-EC, LPS-BA induced a greater percentage of IgG2a and
      LPS-EC evoked more IgG3. IgG2a is probably important in protection against murine
      viral infection. LPS-BA was haptenated with trinitrophenol TNP-LPS (BA) and
      tested for carrier effect. Similar to TNP-BA and TNP-LPS (EC), TNP-LPS (BA)
      triggered anti-TNP antibody of the IgM and all IgG subclasses. In contrast, TNP
      ficoll induced mainly IgM and only small amounts of IgG3. These results suggest
      that LPS-BA, like intact BA, behaves as a T-independent type 1 carrier, and as
      such may be advantageous as a carrier for human vaccines development.

PMID- 1805569
TI  - Autoimmune recognition profile of the alpha chain of human acetylcholine receptor
      in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 1805570
TI  - Paucity of humoral response in patients to glioma-associated antigen(s): antigen
      localization by immunofluorescence.
AB  - Xenogeneic immunization of freshly-prepared human glioma extracts into goats has
      yielded a polyclonal antiserum, which after multiple absorptions specifically
      identifies antigenic entities only in glioma extracts, and not in appropriate
      controls, both by radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and Western immunoblots. The results
      from the absorbed polyclonal antiserum have been confirmed by the successful
      generation of six stable murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which recognize a
      subset of the same antigens with high specificity on immunoblots and with no
      apparent cross-reactivities by RIA to normal brain, serum, liver, muscle, kidney,
      spleen, or melanoma tissues. Moreover, the tested murine MAbs (B12C4) reveal a
      striking and abundant glial filament protein, possibly related to glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or other intermediate filament proteins, by
      frozen-section immunofluorescence. This is seen only in gliomas and is absent, or
      dramatically reduced, in normal human cortex. Use of potent immortalizing strain
      (FF41) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish antibody-secreting human
      lymphoblastoid lines, and the generation of mouse-human chimeric fusions, have
      yielded lines possessing variable supernatant human antibody secretion.
      Radioimmunoassays using culture supernatants, and sera from glioma patients and
      an normal individual, have demonstrated surprisingly similar reactivity profiles,
      even after a sensitive sandwich RIA employing the B6C6 murine MAb. These results
      suggest that, although human glioma-associated antigens, including possibly the
      up-regulation of GFAP expression, clearly exist, there seems to be a muted
      humoral response as evidenced by a paucity of tumor-specific B-cells. This may be
      due to antigenic shielding by the blood-brain barrier, or due to a form of
      immunological compromise in patients harboring these malignancies.

PMID- 1805571
TI  - Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of mesenchymal origin of unclear etiology and
      pathogenesis. The epidemic form of KS (AIDS-associated) occurs in up to 30% of
      HIV-1 infected individuals with lesions characterized by mixed cellularity,
      spindle cells proliferation and neoangiogenesis. The establishment of in vitro
      and in vivo model systems (AIDS-KS cell cultures and nude mouse) have allowed
      studies toward the understanding of the pathogenesis of KS. The data presented
      here support the hypothesis that KS is a cytokine mediated disease and that
      interactions between mesenchymal cell types and HIV-1 gene products might lead to
      a composite lesion such as KS. In fact, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate
      that the HIV-1 Tat protein acts as a growth factor for cells derived from AIDS-KS
      lesions, thus establishing an experimental link between HIV-1 infection and the
      development of KS in humans. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is implicated
      in various clinical manifestations associated with AIDS, including KS. KS
      represents the most frequent tumor arising in infected individuals, particularly
      homosexual and bisexual men. This form of KS (epidemic or AIDS-KS) is aggressive
      and often results in dissemination and invasion of lymph nodes and viscera.
      Histologically, KS is characterized by the proliferation of spindle-shaped cells
      ("KS cells"), considered to be the tumor element of the lesions, associated with
      endothelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and new blood vessel formation
      (early stage lesions). In a later stage, the spindle cells tend to coalesce in
      larger tumor masses, although the slit-like spaces, which are characteristic of
      the lesion, usually remain evident. The histogenesis of the KS spindle cells,
      however, is still controversial and both types of mesenchymal cells, endothelial
      and smooth muscle cells, have been proposed as potential cell progenitors.
      Although KS is clearly associated with HIV-1 infection, little is known about the
      molecular events underlying its pathogenesis. Recently, however, two experimental
      advances (the establishment of long-term cell cultures derived from KS lesions of
      AIDS patients and the development of animal models) have made the study of the
      pathogenesis of AIDS-KS possible. Here we discuss results obtained from these new
      systems suggesting that the induction of the AIDS-KS lesions involves a pathway
      of events mediated by specific cytokines and that the HIV-1 tat gene product may
      play a crucial role in the development and/or progression of KS in HIV-1 infected
      individuals.

PMID- 1805572
TI  - Preparation and characterization of antisera and of murine monoclonal antibodies
      to human glioma-associated antigen(s).
AB  - Human glioma-associated markers can be exploited for the development of new
      diagnostic strategies and treatment modalities for these malignancies. A goat
      antiserum was first raised against human anaplastic astrocytoma (AC or AA) and
      glioblastoma multiforme (GB or GBM) extracts. Extensive sequential absorptions
      with normal brain tissue, normal serum, and human serum albumin (HSA) gave an
      antibody fraction specific for glioma. Balb/c mice were subsequently immunized
      with these glioma extracts. B-cell hybridomas from these mice were then cloned
      and subcloned by limiting dilution, yielding six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
      that were entirely specific for tumor tissues, and did not react with normal
      human serum or with normal human brain, liver, kidney, spleen, or muscle.
      Moreover, the murine MAbs did not cross-react with certain other human tumors,
      including melanoma. The fully absorbed antiserum and the murine MAbs both
      identify a polypeptide pattern possibly related to human glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP) or other intermediate filament proteins on immunoblots. These
      immunological reagents could serve as powerful tools for the diagnosis and
      possibly therapy of these uniformly fatal tumors.

PMID- 1805573
TI  - A peptide antibody that specifically inhibits cathepsin L.

PMID- 1805574
TI  - Immunomodulating properties of corticotropin-releasing factor.

PMID- 1805575
TI  - Structure-function analysis of the HIV glycoprotein.

PMID- 1805576
TI  - Common sequence in HIV 1 GP41 and HLA class II beta chains can generate
      crossreactive autoantibodies with immunosuppressive potential early in the course
      of HIV 1 infection.
AB  - We have previously reported the identification of highly conserved homologous
      regions located in the carboxy terminus of the HIV 1 gp41 (aa 837-844), and the
      amino-terminal of the beta chain of all human HLA class II antigens (aa 19-25).
      Murine monoclonal antibodies raised against synthetic peptides from these
      homologous regions bound not only to the isolated peptides, but also to "native"
      HLA class II molecules on cells. Screening of sera from HIV 1 infected
      individuals revealed high frequency of sera (35%) containing anti-class II
      crossreactive antibodies (CRAb), not only in AIDS patients, but also in early,
      asymptomatic patients. The CRAb containing sera caused potent inhibition of
      normal CD4-bearing cells' proliferative responses to tetanus toxoid in vitro.
      They could also kill class II bearing cells by ADCC. The possible contribution of
      these antibodies to the establishment of immunodeficiency state in HIV 1 infected
      individuals and/or to disease progression, was examined in two clinical studies:
      I. Asymptomatic patients were tested in parallel for their PBL responses to
      flu/tetanus, HLA alloantigens, and PHA (proliferation and IL2 production), and
      for the presence of anti-class II CRAb. About 50% of these patients showed a
      selective loss of their in vitro responses to recall antigens (flu/tetanus),
      which depend on CD4+ cells, while still responding to PHA and ALLO.
      Interestingly, positive correlation was found (P less than 0.001) between
      patients' lack of responsiveness to flu/tetanus and the presence in their sera of
      anti-class II CRAb. II. Retrospective study of HIV 1-infected hemophiliacs,
      suggest that patients with high titers of CRAb early in the disease progressed
      faster to full blown disease.

PMID- 1805577
TI  - Radiolabeled antibody therapy of human B cell lymphomas.

PMID- 1805578
TI  - Activation of prodrugs by antibody-enzyme conjugates.

PMID- 1805579
TI  - The mechanism of enzyme decline in the red blood cell during the "in vivo" aging
      process.

PMID- 1805580
TI  - The relationship between the blood oxygen transport and the human red cell aging
      process.
AB  - We have studied the relationship between the in vivo aging process of the human
      red cell (RBC) and its main function, the transport of O2 from the lungs to the
      tissues. This study included several approaches. First, we observed that the
      affinity for O2 in young RBCs was lower than in old RBCs (p less than 0.0005) due
      to different intracellular concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, main effector
      of hemoglobin. Second, we explored whether there are some subgroups of the
      healthy human population with altered RBC age distribution: females in the age
      range 25-35 exhibited significantly younger RBCs (p less than 0.0005) and lower
      RBC-O2 affinity (p less than 0.01) than other groups. Correspondingly, the RBC-O2
      affinity in female blood was significantly lower (p less than 0.002) than in male
      blood. Third, we correlated by two independent methods the lowered RBC-O2
      affinity to a more efficient O2 delivery to the tissues by two independent
      methods: 1) calculating the size of the cardiac output increase required to
      sustain the tissue oxygenation after an increase of the RBC affinity for O2; and
      2) monitoring the enhanced cardiac function in isolated rat hearts perfused with
      RBCs at low O2 affinity. Finally, comparing some hematologic findings relevant
      for the O2 transport in two healthy populations with different RBC age
      distributions, such as age-matched females and males, it appeared that the low
      RBC-O2 affinity in females is an adaptive response to their lower [Hb].(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805581
TI  - Red cell metabolism, normal and abnormal implications for red cell aging.

PMID- 1805582
TI  - Significance and relevance of NAD synthesis in human erythrocyte life span.

PMID- 1805583
TI  - Hypotheses on the physiological role of enzymatic protein methyl esterification
      using human erythrocytes as a model system.

PMID- 1805584
TI  - The loss of enzyme activity from erythroid cells during maturation.
AB  - Erythrocyte enzyme activities in patients with reticulocytosis or transient
      erythroblastopenia show that loss of age-dependent enzyme activity is not a
      simple exponential process occurring throughout the life-span of the cell. In
      vivo studies of reticulocyte maturation in rabbits indicate that there are
      multiple mechanisms of enzyme decay, and that proteolysis continues after the
      maturation of (morphologically recognisable) reticulocytes into young
      erythrocytes. Most reticulocyte hexokinase is degraded by lysosomal proteolysis,
      apparently triggered by an initial attack by lipoxygenase.

PMID- 1805585
TI  - Heterogeneity of guanine nucleotide binding proteins in human red blood cell
      membranes.
AB  - Membranes from human erythrocytes bind radioactive GTP and GTP analogs according
      to apparently homogeneous patterns. In spite of this uniform type of association,
      multiple guanine nucleotide binding proteins have been identified both by SDS
      PAGE analysis of native and of variously ADP-ribosylated membrane preparations
      and by FPLC chromatography of solubilised erythrocyte membranes preliminarily
      incubated with [alpha-32P] GTP in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. From eight to nine
      peak fractions of pronase-digestible GTP-binding activity were separated on a
      MA7Q anion exchange column, this pattern being highly reproducible with different
      membrane preparations. Prior incubation of membranes with [alpha-32P] GTP in the
      presence of excess unlabeled GDP resulted in displacement of bound labeled
      nucleotide from all FPLC fractions. The patterns of GTP binding were also
      markedly modified by preliminary treatment of membranes with N-ethylmaleimide.
      Detectable GTPase activity was present in each of the FPLC peak fractions. This
      wide heterogeneity of guanine nucleotide binding proteins raises so far
      unanswered questions as to their physiological significance in the mature
      erythrocyte.

PMID- 1805587
TI  - A potential, intracellular trigger for removal of senescent erythrocyte:
      hemoglobin with methionine beta (55) D6 oxidized to the sulfoxide derivative.

PMID- 1805586
TI  - Role of hemoglobin denaturation and band 3 clustering in initiating red cell
      removal.

PMID- 1805588
TI  - Free radicals promote "in vitro" a different intracellular decay of rabbit
      reticulocyte and erythrocyte glycolytic enzymes.
AB  - Rabbit red blood cells (RBC) were exposed in vitro to an oxygen-radical
      generating system represented by iron and ascorbic acid. Under these experimental
      conditions we have investigated the effect of this system on some intracellular
      rabbit reticulocyte and erythrocyte enzymes. The results obtained have shown a
      pronounced decay of hexokinase activity both in the erythrocytes and
      reticulocytes when exposed to these radical species. We have found that the
      amount of hexokinase inactivated is at least three times higher in a blood sample
      with a percentage of reticulocytes of 50-60%. This different behaviour of the
      hexokinase decay in the erythrocytes and reticulocytes could be due to its
      different intracellular distribution related to the two distinct cells. In
      addition we have evaluated some important intracellular compounds involved in
      maintaining the redox and the energetic state of the cell such as the reduced
      glutathione and the adenine nucleotides and their degradation products, in order
      to understand if there is any correlation between the hexokinase decay and a
      change concerning the metabolic conditions of the rabbit reticulocytes and
      erythrocytes exposed to free radicals.

PMID- 1805589
TI  - The role of red cell aging in the diagnosis of glycolytic enzyme defects.

PMID- 1805590
TI  - Human erythrocyte D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl methyltransferases: enzymes that
      recognize age-damaged proteins.

PMID- 1805591
TI  - Phagocytosis of phenylhydrazine oxidized and G-6-PD deficient red blood cells:
      the role of sugars and cell-bound immunoglobulins.

PMID- 1805592
TI  - Role and mechanism of hexokinase decay during reticulocyte maturation and cell
      aging.

PMID- 1805593
TI  - Synthesis of the transferrin receptor in peripheral sheep reticulocytes: evidence
      for incomplete oligosaccharide processing.

PMID- 1805594
TI  - Molecular mapping of the active site of an aging antigen.

PMID- 1805595
TI  - Recognition signals for phagocytic removal of favic, malaria-infected and sickled
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 1805596
TI  - Inhibition by carbohydrates and monoclonal anticomplement receptor type 1, on
      interactions between senescent human red blood cells and monocytic macrophagic
      cells.

PMID- 1805597
TI  - In vitro sequestration of erythrocytes from hosts of various ages.
AB  - Erythrocytes from young and old human donors were separated according to age
      density on Stractan gradients. Old donors had more low age-density (young)
      erythrocytes than did young donors. Levels of IgG bound to old and young
      erythrocytes were determined by ELISA. Erythrocytes from old donors bore higher
      levels of IgG on their erythrocytes (123 +/- 55 IgG molecules per young RBC and
      196 +/- 43 IgG per old RBC) than did those from young donors (58 +/- 15 IgG per
      young RBC and 98 +/- 20 IgG per old RBC). In an in vitro erythrophagocytosis
      assay, young and old erythrocytes from old donors and old erythrocytes from young
      donors were shown to be recognized and phagocytosed by lymphokine activated human
      peripheral blood monocytes. Young erythrocytes from young donors were not
      phagocytosed in this assay. The in vitro erythrophagocytosis of erythrocytes from
      old and young donors can be specifically blocked by beta-galactoside but not
      alpha-galactoside sugars. This phagocytosis is not blocked by Protein-G which
      specifically blocks Fc-gamma mediated erythrophagocytosis of Rh-D+ erythrocytes
      coated with IgG anti-Rh-D antibodies. beta-galactoside and alpha-galactoside
      sugars have no inhibitory effect on erythrophagocytosis mediated by IgG anti-Rh-D
      antibodies coating Rh-D+ erythrocytes. It thus appears that erythrophagocytosis
      of young and old erythrocytes from old donors and old erythrocytes from young
      donors are all mediated by a lectin-like receptor on the monocytes which
      recognizes beta-galactoside-like sugar moiety on the erythrocytes rather than by
      recognition of IgG on the erythrocyte and an Fc receptor on the macrophage. It
      also appears that the membrane of both young and old erythrocytes of old donors
      are marked for phagocytosis whereas only the old erythrocytes from young donors
      are so marked.

PMID- 1805598
TI  - Characterization of antibody that binds in vivo to normal human red blood cells.

PMID- 1805599
TI  - Opsonic potential of C3b-anti-band 3 complexes when generated on senescent and
      oxidatively stressed red cells or in fluid phase.

PMID- 1805600
TI  - Behaviour of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during erythroid maturation.

PMID- 1805601
TI  - KCl cotransport in HbAA and HbSS red cells: activation by intracellular acidity
      and disappearance during maturation.
AB  - Low intracellular pH was shown to be a potent activator of the KCl cotransport
      system in HbSS red cells, and in reticulocyte-rich fractions of HbAA red cells.
      Rheological experiments indicated that cell dehydration via the KCl cotransporter
      in response to low pH decreased the filterability of HbSS red cells. In vitro
      maturation experiments showed that the KCl cotransport system was rendered
      cryptic rapidly, in contrast to choline transport, and serine transport via
      system ASC, which disappeared much more slowly.

PMID- 1805602
TI  - Conformational changes and oxidation of membrane proteins in senescent human
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 1805603
TI  - Selective binding of met-hemoglobin to erythrocytic membrane: a possible
      involvement in red blood cell aging.

PMID- 1805604
TI  - Characterization of senescent red cells from the rabbit.
AB  - The above data continue to demonstrate the metabolic well being of the aged red
      cell as it is isolated from rabbits. The abundance of ATP, the absence of surface
      bound IgG and a variety of other observations at this time lead to the tentative
      conclusion that the senescent red cell is amazingly healthy. Many investigators
      have predicted that the red cell is removed from the circulation as a
      metabolically exhausted effete cell. There is currently no evidence to support
      this other than a decrease in deformability of the cells with time, but it is not
      clear that this decline in deformability is sufficient to keep the cell from
      circulating. In either case, many of the previously proposed causes of cellular
      removal are clearly incorrect for the rabbit, and it is now time to focus on new
      directions for observing either cellular impairment or perhaps the presence of a
      cellular clock which is independent of the cell's metabolic state. Another point
      which should be addressed is the reliability of the biotinylation model in
      rabbits as it relates to red cells in other species. So far several observations
      in aged red cells isolated with valid models have been reproduced across species
      boundaries including the rise in ATP, the fall in AMP deaminase activity, the
      shift in the 4.1a to 4.1b protein ratio, the stability of a number of glycolytic
      enzymes, and the instability of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity. To this
      point, the rabbit has been a reliable model of red cell aging and one with
      implications for other species.

PMID- 1805605
TI  - Alabama Impaired Physicians Program.

PMID- 1805606
TI  - Turtle mountain Chippewas.

PMID- 1805607
TI  - Keep the faith.

PMID- 1805608
TI  - Dr. Summer: he's been there.

PMID- 1805609
TI  - The evolution of attitudes to the human hazards of ionizing radiation and to its
      investigators.

PMID- 1805610
TI  - Effect of repeated occupational exposure to lead, cessation of exposure, and
      chelation on levels of lead in bone.
AB  - A sensitive K-X-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument was used to measure lead
      levels in the tibia and patella on a series of twelve subjects who had relatively
      well-documented histories of lead exposure and blood lead levels. For some
      subjects, K-XRF measurements were taken at multiple points in time, and before
      and after chelation with EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid). Results confirm
      that K-XRF measured bone lead levels correspond to cumulative blood lead indices
      and not to current blood lead levels. Moreover, the data suggest that bone lead
      levels; (1) correspond to urinary lead following the EDTA mobilization test
      unless previous chelation has occurred; (2) rise initially after lead exposure
      ceases and blood lead levels decrease, probably from redistribution from soft
      tissue, and then fall; and (3) do not decrease with a 3- to 5-day course of
      therapeutic EDTA chelation. K-XRF levels in the patella were noted to decrease
      more rapidly than levels in the tibia after cessation of lead exposure, a finding
      that probably reflects the greater turnover of lead in trabecular bone than in
      cortical bone.

PMID- 1805611
TI  - Acute effects and exposure to organic compounds in road maintenance workers
      exposed to asphalt.
AB  - Subjective symptoms and exposure to organic compounds were recorded in road
      repair and construction workers. Abnormal fatigue, reduced appetite,
      laryngeal/pharyngeal irritation, and eye irritation were recorded more often in
      such workers handling asphalt than in a corresponding reference group without
      asphalt exposure. Mean daily exposure to volatile compounds was only occasionally
      above 1 ppm. Mean exposure to asphalt fume was 0.358 mg/m3. There was no
      correlation between symptoms and total amount of volatile compounds, but a
      significant positive correlation was demonstrated between symptoms and some
      substances. The highest correlation was found for 1, 2, 4 trimethyl benzene.
      Symptoms increased with increasing asphalt temperature and with increasing
      concentrations of asphalt fumes. Amine addition did not increase the sum of
      symptoms, but soft asphalt seems to result in fewer symptoms than the harder
      types. Symptoms were not related to external factors like weather, traffic
      density, or specific working operations. As preventive measures, asphalt
      temperature should be kept below 150 degrees C, fume concentrations below 0.40
      mg/m3, and if possible, the use of harder asphalt types which also require high
      temperatures should be avoided.

PMID- 1805612
TI  - Difficulties of attribution of effect in workers exposed to fiberglass and
      asbestos.
AB  - Man-made mineral fibers have many properties of asbestos that raise concern about
      their safety. We studied 175 fiberglass production workers, using chest
      radiographs, measurement of total lung capacity, chest examinations, and
      occupational and medical histories. Pulmonary volumes and flows were calculated
      as percent of predicted, adjusted for height, age, ethnicity, and cigarette
      smoking. Thirty-one men with radiographically evident small irregular opacities
      of profusion of 1/0 or greater and/or pleural abnormalities were observed. Eight
      of 38 men with such changes said they had been exposed only to fiberglass; the
      other 23 with radiologically detectable pleural and/or pulmonary changes were
      among the 137 whose histories indicated that they had been exposed to asbestos
      and to fiberglass. Pulmonary function measurements as group means were reduced in
      the 175: FVC was 94.8% predicted, FEV1 was 91.3% predicted, FEF25-75 was 80.7%
      predicted, FEF75-85 was 73.1% predicted and FEV1/FVC was 0.73. Total lung
      capacity (TLC) was elevated to 114.2% predicted (mean) and RV/TLC (mean 0.46) was
      also elevated. Although only 78% of fiberglass production workers gave histories
      of asbestos exposure, all had shared the air in a manufacturing plant where ovens
      insulated with asbestos were continuously cleaned, repaired, dismantled, and
      rebuilt. It appears that attribution of the effects of their exposure to
      fiberglass could not be estimated independently of the effects of asbestos
      exposure.

PMID- 1805613
TI  - Respiratory health status of 3098 Canadian grain workers studied longitudinally.
AB  - Analyses of data on 3098 male individuals surveyed twice by the Labour Canada
      Medical Surveillance Program for the Grain Industry are presented. The program
      collects information on respiratory symptoms, job description, and smoking habits
      of these workers. In addition, each worker performs pulmonary function tests
      obtainable through spirometry. Chronic sputum production and chronic wheezing
      were more prevalent during the latest testing period (rising to 17 percent and
      13%, respectively), while the prevalence of chronic cough (16%) and dyspnea (10%)
      did not change significantly. Eighty-two percent of these workers, in each time
      cycle, had normal pulmonary function despite an additional 3 years of work
      exposure. In each cycle, obstructive dysfunction (less than or equal to 12% of
      workers) was more prevalent than restrictive dysfunction (less than or equal to
      5%) or combined obstructive/restrictive dysfunction (less than or equal to 2.4%).
      It is unknown unknown whether this demonstrated dysfunction is due to previous
      workplace exposure, as Labour Canada and the Canadian grain industry have
      cooperated in lowering the grain dust levels found in grain elevators and
      terminals. In addition, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking has declined.
      (decreases 5%) among these grain handlers, and there is suggestive evidence that
      those continuing to smoke have reduced their consumption (mean pack-years changed
      only from 15.3 to 17.4). Knowledge of environmental dangers and educational
      programs have contributed to these encouraging results.

PMID- 1805614
TI  - Mortality pattern among pulp and paper mill workers in Sweden: a case-referent
      study.
AB  - The mortality pattern among Swedish pulp and paper mill workers was evaluated in
      a case-referent study encompassing 4,070 men decreased during the period 1950
      1987. The subjects were identified from the register of deaths and burials in six
      parishes. A significantly increased mortality was seen for diabetes mellitus and
      for secondary tumors of the lung and liver among the pulp and paper mill workers.
      Indications of excess risks were also found for obstructive lung disorders,
      pulmonary emboli, accidents, and pneumonia, as well as for malignant lymphomas,
      leukemias, and cancer of the pancreas and stomach. In the only parish where a
      sulfite process was exclusively used, cancer of the digestive tract and
      especially of the rectum was found to be in excess. Except for this parish, the
      sulfate process predominated in the plants included. The mortality pattern found
      in this study is in reasonable agreement with findings in various studies from
      this type of industry.

PMID- 1805615
TI  - Fissural thickening and exposure to asbestos: occurrence, determinants, and
      functional impact.
AB  - The occurrence and determinants of thickened interlobar fissures were assessed in
      147 insulators, in order to test the hypothesis that radiographic abnormalities
      in minor (FMN) and/or major (FMJ) interlobar fissures are associated with
      restrictive respiratory impairment, which may reflect early parenchymal lung
      fibrosis. According to the diagnostic criteria developed, definite interlobar
      thickening was found in 33 (FMN) and in 73 (FMJ) men, and was frequently
      associated with the presence of classical asbestos pleural disease, though not
      parenchymal abnormality. Multivariate analyses did not demonstrate any
      association between either FMN or FMJ and lung function. Such an association,
      however, was found in the case of the usual asbestos-related pleural change.
      These findings suggest that fissural thickening seen on chest radiography
      represents a component of asbestos pleural disease and not asbestosis.

PMID- 1805617
TI  - Evidence of biased recording of radiation doses of Hanford workers.

PMID- 1805616
TI  - A case of mistaken identity: herbal medicine as a cause of lead toxicity.
AB  - Folk remedies can be a significant unrecognized source of lead toxicity. This
      case report of lead toxicity due to Indian traditional herbal medicine
      illustrates that suspecting only occupational sources for lead poisoning in
      adults may mask a true source of lead exposure.

PMID- 1805618
TI  - Evaluation of delayed effects of ionizing radiation: an historical perspective.
AB  - It is widely assumed that after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were
      no lasting effects of the acute injuries (which included extensive damage to
      blood forming tissues by the radiation) or the massively high death rate (which
      was caused by environmental effects of the blast as well as personal injuries).
      However, close inspection of the dose response curves for non-cancer deaths has
      shown that this could be a false impression caused by one effect of marrow
      aplasia being confused with leukemia (defective erythropoiesis) and a second
      effect being confused with early selection in favor of general fitness (defective
      immune responses). Possible consequences of such confusion (for cancer risk
      coefficients) are discussed in relation to what is known about late effects of
      prenatal x-rays and occupational exposures to radiation.

PMID- 1805619
TI  - Re: "Are non-whites at greater risk for occupational cancer?".

PMID- 1805620
TI  - The IARC classification system for carcinogens.

PMID- 1805621
TI  - Comments on "Implications of OSHA's reliance on TLVs in developing the air
      contaminants standard".

PMID- 1805622
TI  - Statement: the occupational therapist as case manager.

PMID- 1805623
TI  - Statement: occupational therapy services management of persons with cognitive
      impairments.

PMID- 1805624
TI  - Statement: occupational therapy provision for children with learning disabilities
      and/or mild to moderate perceptual and motor deficits.
AB  - This paper discusses three major issues in the provision of occupational therapy
      services to persons with learning disabilities and/or mild to moderate perceptual
      and motor deficits. The issues are (a) the historical influence of federal
      legislation on the scope and content of occupational therapy services to persons
      with these disabilities; (b) the provision of occupational therapy services for
      this population from infancy to adulthood; and (c) the context of service
      provision and efficacy of occupational therapy models.

PMID- 1805625
TI  - Essentials and guidelines for an accredited educational program for the
      occupational therapist. The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., and
      the American Medical Association.

PMID- 1805626
TI  - Essentials and guidelines for an accredited educational program for the
      occupational therapy assistant. The American Occupational Therapy Association,
      Inc., and the American Medical Association.

PMID- 1805627
TI  - The effects of sensory stimulatory treatment on an autistic child.

PMID- 1805628
TI  - Should the representative assembly have voted as it did, when it did, on
      occupational therapists' use of physical agent modalities?

PMID- 1805629
TI  - Victims of perilymph fistulas.

PMID- 1805630
TI  - Defects in the bony wall of the mastoid bowl: a study based on staged intact
      canal-wall tympanoplasty.
AB  - The incidence and outcome of bony wall defects in the mastoid bowl were studied
      in 175 ears of 167 patients who underwent staged tympanoplasty by the intact
      canal-wall technique. In the first stage, the middle fossa dura was exposed
      iatrogenically in 38 ears and pathologically in eight ears through a defect at
      the tegmen. In the second stage, the bone defect was cured in 27 ears of the
      former group and in 3 ears of the latter group. The overall cure rate of the
      defect in the tegmen during these stages was 65.2 percent (30/46). Exposure of
      the sigmoid sinus or posterior fossa dura, which had occurred iatrogenically in
      12 ears in the first stage, was cured in 11 ears (91.7%) in the second stage.
      Defects of the anterior wall of the mastoid bowl, i.e., the posterior wall of the
      external auditory canal, were recognized in 105 ears in the first stage, 91 of
      which involved pathologic defects of the tympanic scutum caused by cholesteatoma.
      In the second stage, these defects remained unhealed with cures occurring in only
      two ears (1.9%), in which a small hole had been created iatrogenically in the
      middle of the canal wall. Defects in the canal wall due to bone resorption
      following the first stage operation were noted in the second stage in 26 of 175
      ears (14.9%).

PMID- 1805631
TI  - Mechanoacoustic properties of the tympanic membrane: a study on isolated
      Mongolian gerbil temporal bones.
AB  - In order to study the mechanical properties of the tympanic membrane in diseased
      ears, we have designed and evaluated an experimental tympanometric model.
      Isolated temporal bones of healthy Mongolian gerbils were studied with a Grason
      Stadler 1723 typanometer in two-component admittance measurements with probe
      tones of 220 and 660 Hz. The normal tympanometric curve is described, and the
      validity and reproducibility of the model are assessed. The morphology of the
      gerbil tympanic membrane is described and compared with those of other species.
      Various alterations were produced in the middle ear, and it was found that
      tympanometry showed high sensitivity for tympanic membrane stiffness but not for
      mass changes. The condition of the pars flaccida did not significantly influence
      admittance, which was also resistant to osmotic challenge to the membrane.
      Ossicular chain disruption caused an increased admittance, whereas malleus
      fixation, without affecting the tympanic membrane itself, caused a pronounced
      reduction. The tympanometric patterns during tympanic membrane mass increase, and
      with hypertrophic myringeal scars and perforations were also determined. We
      conclude that tympanometry in the in vitro middle ear of gerbils offers
      possibilities for studying changes of the tympanic membrane physiology in
      disease.

PMID- 1805632
TI  - Enhancement of posturography testing with head tilt and energy measurements.
AB  - We have attempted to increase the sensitivity of dynamic posturography testing by
      adding head extension and sway energy measurement to the standard Equitest
      protocol. Both procedures were applied to 121 patients and to 89 normal subjects.
      A portion of the standard protocol was repeated with the patient's head extended
      55 degrees. Head extension significantly increases the number of "falls" or
      losses of balance experienced by normal subjects 50 years or older. Using the
      formula, Energy = Force x Distance, and appropriate corrections for platform tilt
      and body weight, any previously recorded test can be analyzed with computer
      programming to give energy values in joules per kilogram. Adding the two criteria
      of head extension and sway energy to the standard protocol increased the
      percentage of patients classified as abnormal from 48 to 68 percent. The two
      added criteria are useful in separating symptomatic from asymptomatic subjects
      and patients.

PMID- 1805633
TI  - Cochleotoxicity of otic drops in the chinchilla: comparative study of Bestron and
      Cortisporin.
AB  - Bestron, a new otic preparation containing cefmenoxime, was applied to the round
      window membrane of the chinchilla and the long-term cochleotoxicity was evaluated
      by means of electrocochleography. The thresholds of the compound action potential
      (CAP) in all frequency areas tested ranged within normal values. The input-output
      and -latency relationships of the CAP resulted in no significant deterioration of
      hearing. However, identical treatment with Cortisporin resulted in elevated CAP
      threshold in the high frequency area and deterioration of the input-output and 
      latency of the CAP. These findings indicate that Bestron is noncochleotoxic as
      compared with Cortisporin and therefore may be used safely in the treatment of
      infected ears.

PMID- 1805634
TI  - Click evoked otoacoustic emissions in adult subjects: standard indices and test
      retest reliability.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate transiently evoked otoacoustic
      emissions in an otologically normal adult population. Using the ILO 88 Otodynamic
      Analyzer, the recorded otoacoustic emission responses were analyzed for five
      parameters. Considering the variability of instrumentation and technique in
      otoacoustic emission testing, we have defined a normative data pool using
      standard commercially available testing equipment. These data should facilitate
      comparison with data acquired in various pathologic states. The test-retest
      validity of this procedure also was evaluated and was found to be high. Use of
      click evoked otoacoustic emissions, with some caveats, appears to be a promising
      technique for further research into the assessment of normal/abnormal cochlear
      function.

PMID- 1805635
TI  - Stapedectomy modified by the application of fibrin tissue adhesive.
AB  - Certain failures of the stapes operation are caused by loosening of the crimped
      metal loop on the long process of the incus, atrophy or necrosis of the
      lenticular process, erosion of the long process with the prosthesis causing
      injury to the labyrinth, erosion of the incudostapedial joint with upward
      rotation of the long process, and dislocation of the prosthesis. To reduce the
      occurrences of these failures following stapes removal, we close the oval window
      by gluing a fascia graft into place with fibrin tissue adhesive. A ceramic strut
      with a cup on its upper end that fits the lenticular process is glued between the
      fascia graft and the lenticular process. This method does not cause bone necrosis
      or blood circulation disturbances. The hearing results are the same or better
      than those reported for other stapes procedures.

PMID- 1805636
TI  - Use of dilute epinephrine as an aid in facial nerve monitoring.
AB  - Facial nerve monitoring during otologic and neurotologic procedures has been
      previously described, and its use is becoming routine. Although these procedures
      are done under general anesthesia, lidocaine is often used as a vehicle for
      epinephrine to aid hemostasis during the procedure. The routine use of lidocaine
      in these preparations presents the theoretical and sometimes real problem of
      anesthetizing the facial nerve at the start of the procedure, thereby
      invalidating subsequent attempts at monitoring and stimulation. We present the
      data from our experience with 74 patients using an epinephrine solution 1:100,000
      for infiltration without any local anesthetic. We have found this procedure to be
      effective in maintaining hemostasis, quite safe and well tolerated, and without
      adverse effects on the desired monitoring of the facial nerve.

PMID- 1805637
TI  - Association of facial paralysis with HIV positivity.
AB  - Facial paralysis, although a rare complication of AIDS related complex (ARC) or
      AIDS, may well be the presenting symptom of HIV positivity. A case report of
      facial paralysis followed closely by discovery of HIV positivity is described,
      along with a pertinent and extensive literature review. Seroconversion to HIV
      positive status should be suspected in any high-risk patient presenting with
      idiopathic facial paralysis. HIV testing should be included in the evaluation of
      Bell's palsy and other idiopathic forms of facial paralysis in the at-risk
      patient.

PMID- 1805638
TI  - Odontoma of the middle ear cleft.
AB  - Odontoma of the middle ear cleft is an unusual cause of conductive hearing loss.
      We report two cases and discuss the developmental mechanism by which this anomaly
      may occur. The differential diagnosis of calcified masses in the middle ear is
      also discussed.

PMID- 1805639
TI  - Spontaneous hemotympanum associated with chronic middle ear effusion.
AB  - Idiopathic or spontaneous hemotympanum (SH) is an uncommon disorder characterized
      by a black-blue tympanic membrane discoloration as a result of recurrent
      hemorrhage in the middle ear or mastoid in the presence of eustachian tube
      obstruction. Initial evaluation of a blue middle ear mass includes an audiogram
      and computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast. CT may identify
      congenital vascular malformation or bone erosion due to chronic otitis media or
      tumors. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is useful in distinguishing
      hemotympanum from a vascular tumor and avoiding angiography, which is associated
      with significant morbidity. Evidence suggests that secretory otitis media and SH
      are different phases of the same disease process.

PMID- 1805640
TI  - Audiologic findings in a family with mitochondrial disorder.
AB  - Mitochondrial disorder is an inborn error of metabolism affecting the cellular
      respiratory chain. Defective energy production leads to a wide variety of
      clinical manifestations (ataxia, epilepsy, dementia, myopathy, polyneuropathy,
      retinal pigment anomalies, and cardiomyopathy with conduction anomalies). Hearing
      loss is a regular feature and is often the first clinical symptom. Audiologic
      data from 26 members of a family in three generations is presented. One of these
      patients was examined for the biochemical error. Respiratory study of muscle
      biopsy revealed a mild defect in the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase step of the
      oxidative phosphorylation (complex I). The content of cytochrome aa3 (complex IV)
      was also reduced. Adult onset sensorineural hearing loss starting in the high
      frequency region progresses with a fairly constant speed in this family. A
      cochlear type of hearing loss is found in the less pronounced cases. Advanced
      cases present features of retrocochlear affection with decreasing speech
      recognition, elevated acoustic reflex thresholds, and increased ABR latency with
      derangement of potentials. Caloric sensitivity was unaffected.

PMID- 1805641
TI  - Facial twitching due to a tumor mass of the facial nerve in the vertical segment
      noted on MRI scan.

PMID- 1805642
TI  - Recurrent facial paralysis associated with bouts of otitis media.

PMID- 1805643
TI  - Management of a left facial paralysis of 9 years duration associated with
      neurofibromatosis type II.

PMID- 1805644
TI  - Comments regarding prognostic significance of stapes reflex in Bell's palsy,
      application of electroneuronography in managing Bell's palsy, and tuberculosis of
      the middle ear in facial paralysis, management of an injured facial nerve
      following middle ear surgery.

PMID- 1805645
TI  - Differential diagnosis of primary petrous apex lesions.
AB  - Accurate preoperative diagnosis of petrous apex lesions is critical because the
      surgical approaches used for this region are different depending upon the
      specific disease process involved. While CT and MRI have each improved the
      accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of petrous apex pathology, these imaging
      studies are most helpful when used in conjunction with one another. When
      systematically applied, the combination of CT with contrast and MRI (with and
      without gadolinium) permits accurate differential diagnosis of primary petrous
      apex lesions. This review presents the imaging approach employed at the House Ear
      Clinic for the differential diagnosis of primary lesions of the petrous apex.

PMID- 1805646
TI  - The fluoroquinolones.
AB  - At the Eastern Section Meeting of the Triological Society January 26, 1990,
      Levinson et al reported outstanding success with ciprofloxacin in the treatment
      of malignant otitis externa. Moreover, several of the individuals so managed had
      been refractory to conventional therapy with semisynthetic penicillin and
      aminoglycoside protocols. This new class of antibiotics may result in a profound
      change in our management of patients with otologic, neurotologic, and skull base
      infections.

PMID- 1805647
TI  - Standardization of electronystagmography.

PMID- 1805648
TI  - Otologist versus otologist.

PMID- 1805650
TI  - Histologic features and sensitivity of diagnosis of clinically unsuspected
      cutaneous melanoma.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of clinical diagnosis of
      cutaneous malignant melanoma and to evaluate histologic characteristics of
      lesions not clinically diagnosed as such. Of 1,784 cases of histologically proven
      cutaneous malignant melanoma submitted routinely to a university dermatopathology
      laboratory between 1985 and 1990, 583 (33%) were not clinically suspected. The
      overall sensitivity in clinical diagnosis was 67%. Histologic features evaluated
      included presence of melanin, pagetoid spread of melanocytes, degree of
      inflammation, regression, presence and degree of sun damage as evidenced by solar
      elastosis, presence of melanin in the cornified layer, and coexisting nevus
      cells. Melanomas clinically thought to be nevi had less solar elastosis and most
      frequently had associated nevus cells. Those thought to be basal cell carcinomas
      had less melanin in lesions and less melanin in the cornified layer, and most
      often had foci of regression. Lesions thought to be keratoses showed melanin in
      the cornified layer 70% of the time, more often than any other type of lesion.
      Melanoma may be unsuspected clinically in a significant number of cases and can
      be mistaken for less serious cutaneous neoplasms. Histologic features of these
      lesions correlated well with original clinical diagnoses.

PMID- 1805649
TI  - Inflammatory cellular infiltrates in melanocytic nevi.
AB  - We examined 1,054 melanocytic nevi [137 (13%) simple lentigines, 158 (15%)
      junctional nevi, 337 (32%) compound nevi, and 422 (40%) dermal nevi] for the
      presence of lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. The following criteria were evaluated:
      age and sex of the patient, location, histological type, horizontal and vertical
      diameter, increase of melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, increase
      of melanophages in the papillary dermis, melanin content of keratinocytes, and
      melanin content of nevus cells. Lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were measured
      semiquantitatively; their presence within the center, in the lateral margins, or
      both was also determined. The results were analyzed statistically by means of chi
      square tests and univariate and multivariate analyses. We found that 824 lesions
      (78%) were associated with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate; whereas 230 (22%) were
      not. This infiltrate was weak in 273 cases (33%), moderate in 411 cases (50%),
      pronounced in 130 cases (16%), and very strong in 10 cases (1%). Multivariate
      analyses revealed that the only criteria associated with the presence of
      lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were the increase of melanocytes in the basal layer
      and the vertical thickness in compound nevi. All other parameters were
      statistically insignificant. We conclude that melanocytic nevi with a junctional
      hyperplasia of melanocytes--i.e., mostly early stages such as simple lentigines,
      junctional nevi, and superficial compound nevi--are often associated with a
      moderate to pronounced cellular stromal reaction. Their presence may reflect the
      appearance of antigens on proliferating melanocytes. It may also represent a
      stromal reaction to necrotic tumor cells and keratinocytes within the
      dermoepidermal junction. These findings rule out any relationship to an increase
      of melanin pigment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805651
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of HLA-DR antigen on mast cells and
      vessels in normal and tuberculin-reactive skin.
AB  - We investigated the ultrastructural localization of HLA-DR antigen in normal (NS)
      and tuberculin-reactive skin (TRS) with the aid of immunoelectron microscopic
      techniques. Most of the mast cells expressed HLA-DR antigen in TRS, but not in
      NS. Endothelial cells (ECs) in the microvasculature carried HLA-DR antigen in NS
      and TRS. The luminal surface of the ECs in NS had a stronger expression of HLA-DR
      antigen than the abluminal surface. This polar expression of the ECs was
      maintained in TRS. The percentage of HLA-DR positive junctions on ECs was
      significantly higher in TRS than in NS. Some of the HLA-DR-positive lymphocytes
      adhered to the HLA-DR-positive luminal surface of the ECs in NS and TRS.
      Pericytes and smooth muscle cells of vessels did not carry this antigen in NS or
      TRS. We discuss the role of mast cells in TRS and the relation between the
      function and ultrastructural localization of HLA-DR antigen on vessels in NS and
      TRS.

PMID- 1805652
TI  - Histochemical determinations of copper, zinc, and iron in pigmented nevi and
      melanoma.
AB  - Histochemical determinations of copper, zinc, and iron in intradermal pigmented
      nevi and melanomas revealed the presence of copper and iron in melanoma but not
      in nevi. Zinc was not detected in either melanomas or nevi. However, melanin was
      removed from the tissues prior to staining; therefore, it is possible that zinc
      was also removed by the procedure. Although the function of copper and iron in
      the melanoma cell is not known, they may be components of abnormal enzymes.

PMID- 1805653
TI  - Early melanoma. Histologic terms.

PMID- 1805655
TI  - Orbital dermoid cysts showing conjunctival epithelium.
AB  - The orbital area is one of the most common sites for dermoid cysts. Most often
      these cysts are lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium; however, dermoid cysts
      may rarely be lined with conjunctival epithelium. We describe such a cyst and the
      features that distinguish it from other dermoid cysts.

PMID- 1805654
TI  - Calcium deposition in the skin of a hemodialysis patient with widespread skin
      necrosis.
AB  - Rapidly progressive skin necrosis involving large areas of the skin associated
      with extensive vascular calcification was observed in a 39-year-old male patient
      on chronic hemodialysis. Histological examination of the periphery of a skin
      ulcer showed that subepidermal arterioles were occluded with fibrin deposits and
      that calcification was demonstrated in subcutaneous small arteries and
      arterioles. Electron microscopically, electron-dense materials, granular, crystal
      like, vacuolar, or laminated, were found not only in arterial walls of the
      periphery of an ulcer but also, to a lesser extent, in those of normal-appearing
      skin. The skin necrosis gradually healed with antiseptic topical treatments and
      the injection of recombinant erythropoietin. The relationship between the
      vascular lesions in hemodialysis patients and progressive skin necrosis is not
      well known, although a combination of local and systemic factors may play an
      important role in the development of vascular calcification and skin necrosis in
      uremic and hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 1805656
TI  - An alphabet of silence.

PMID- 1805657
TI  - CD8+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 1805658
TI  - Risk of spots.

PMID- 1805659
TI  - Focal endothelial cell degeneration and proliferative endarteritis in trauma
      induced early lesions of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum.

PMID- 1805660
TI  - Elements of a general theory of joints. 6. General kinematical structure of
      mandibular movements.
AB  - Movements of the mandible are recorded in vivo by a measuring system (MT 1602)
      that takes all 6 degrees of freedom of a rigid body into account. Class-I
      patients were asked to move their mandible in the sagittal-vertical plane. The
      evaluation of the measurements yields an almost plane mandibular movement that
      only uses 2 degrees of freedom although a general plane movement normally
      possesses 3 degrees and although the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a
      certain space of motion. This quantitative reduction of the degrees of freedom by
      one is produced by a neuro-muscularly guided dimeric link chain that cannot
      directly be related to anatomical landmarks. The diverse types of mandibular
      motion of a sound patient differ in the constant ratio of the angular velocities
      around the 2 axes of the dimeric link chain. Therefore, the paths of the
      individual mandibular points are epicycloids or hypocycloids. Patients with
      disorders of the TMJ and the neuromuscular feedback system do no longer show this
      constancy of the angular velocities' ratio. Besides that, we theoretically derive
      and empirically prove the fact that common axiographs do not record the "path of
      the hinge axis" of the TMJ, on principle. In this context we discuss some--in
      dentistry and anatomy widespread--fundamental misconceptions of the rigid body's
      kinematics.

PMID- 1805661
TI  - Effect of the infraorbital nerve transection on the sensory input subsystem in
      the masticatory system of newborn mice.
AB  - To confirm a hypothetical idea that the masticatory system will play a
      fundamental function in the postnatal growth of the body, the centripetal
      mastication-related information flowing in the system was interrupted by cutting
      the infraorbital nerve on the newborn mice. The sham- and axotomy-operation mice
      were returned to their mother. 20 days after the operation the sensory input unit
      was studied in the serial frontal section histologically. On the other hand the
      body weight was measured every 5 days after the operation and the significant
      level was examined statistically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The
      sensory input units (primary and secondary sensory neurons) have completely
      reduced to disappear in situ. 2) The significant differences between both groups
      were seen at the level of P less than 0.001 from the period of 20-day after the
      operation. In comparison with that of the sham-operation mice, the axotomy
      operation mice have decreased about 20 to 30% in the body weight and so reduced
      in shape, characterized by the smaller head, a shorter trunk and limbs and a
      shorter, thinner tail. The experimental data suggest that the centripetal
      mastication-related information plays an important role in the postnatal growth
      of the masticatory system and the other functional systems of the body.

PMID- 1805662
TI  - [A rule concerning the origin of the branches of the axillary artery].
AB  - An extremely proximal origin of the A. brachialis superficialis superior results
      in the fact, that the A. thoracoacromialis and the A. thoracica lateralis become
      branches of the A. brachialis superficialis superior.

PMID- 1805663
TI  - [Histological studies of the morphological relationship of the lateral pterygoid
      muscle to the articular disk in the human temporomandibular joint].
AB  - The biomechanical process which lead to the development of cracking sounds in the
      temporomandibular joints have received contradictory treatment in the literature.
      Most of the authors regard consider the cracking sounds to be caused by
      mechanical friction produced in translational movements of the condylus.
      According to this hypothesis the discus articularis which is dislocated in an
      anterior direction active pulling of the lateral pterygoid muscle, is regarded as
      being a mechanical obstacle. The morphological relationships however, between the
      lateral pterygoid muscle and the discus articularis are unclear. Our
      histomorphological investigations of 16 human temporomandibular joint samples
      from fresh cadavers of victims of accidental death revealed evidence that in the
      majority of cases a tendon connected the upper head of the lateral pterygoid
      muscle with the discus articularis. This would suggest that an anterior
      dislocation of the discus, resulting from an active pulling movement of the
      lateral pterygoid muscle, cannot be ruled out as a possible morphological cause
      for cracking sounds.

PMID- 1805664
TI  - [The razor blade sectioning technique in teratological research].

PMID- 1805665
TI  - [Morphological studies for the objective determination of a linear direct drill
      channel for standardized reconstruction or replacement of the anterior cruciate
      ligament].
AB  - In 30 definitive positioned, human, cadaver knee joints a single linear drill
      pass, in direction of the anterior cruciate ligament, suitable for reconstruction
      or replacement, was installed by the help of a drill guide through femur and
      tibia. Morphometric data of knee joints and drill passes underwent correlation-
      and regression analysis which showed, that the superficial drill holes in femur
      and tibia could be described by four functions to fix the course of a single
      linear drill pass individually.

PMID- 1805666
TI  - Taxonomy, evolution and life cycles.
AB  - Three lectures were given, the first on haplodiploidy in the Oxyurida (Nematoda),
      the second on rodent Oxyurida and the third on the life cycle of Leishmania
      (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae). The oral communications and posters were
      divided into five subsections, covering systematics at supraspecific, specific
      and subspecific levels, evolution, and life cycles of parasites with hosts in
      both aquatic and terrestrial environments. A wide range of topics was discussed,
      including recent developments in the fields of genetics and cellular and
      molecular biology, and computer-assisted numerical taxonomy.

PMID- 1805667
TI  - Parasitology collections in museum.
AB  - The continual growth of the main parasitological collections obliged their
      curators to transfer the paper files to computerized databases. Some examples
      have been presented and discussed during the workshop. The most difficult
      problems do not concern the choice of hardwares and softwares, but the
      considerable amount of informations to be transferred from the old files to the
      databases. One project of publishing a regularly updated type catalogue of the
      tapeworms has been adopted.

PMID- 1805669
TI  - Genetics and systematics of Trichinella.

PMID- 1805668
TI  - Polymorphism of helminths: from morphology to genetics.
AB  - Morphological polymorphism is a common phenomenon among several groups of
      nematodes. Morphs are readily distinguished from species as they differ only by
      few minor morphological features and are associated in a characteristic manner in
      their distribution within hosts. Morphological polymorphism has not been recorded
      in cestodes; strains of Echinococcus are not morphs. The study of eco-ethological
      polymorphism is still in its infancy but may prove of interest, in particular in
      trematodes.

PMID- 1805670
TI  - Trematodes nervous system.
AB  - Three main themes are discussed: 1. Development of the nervous system in the
      ontogeny of digenetic trematodes; 2. Central and integumentary nervous elements
      in Cercaria echinata (Echinostomatidae), their evolution in metacercaria and
      adult; 3. Chaetotaxy and systematics. The structure of the nervous system in
      digenetic trematodes is based on the occurrence of various neurotransmitters in
      the nerve tissue. Two major trends in the evolution of the nervous system from
      cercaria to adult are discerned, one leading to definitive, small number of
      commissures, established early in the development of the cercaria, the other one
      leading to formation of great number of commissures completed in the adult.
      Structure of the nervous system in sporocystic and/or redial generations in
      various groups of trematodes is compared. Its primitiveness in relation to that
      of other generations is noted. The central nervous system of Cercaria echinata is
      pointed out by fixation in glioxylic acid and examination in green light
      fluorescence. The integumentary sensory elements observed in light microscope,
      SEM and transmission electron microscope reveal a large variety in structures;
      propositions are made about their functions. In the corresponding metacercaria,
      the anterior part of the central nervous system remains unchanged; meanwhile the
      posterior part increases; several integumentary sensory elements disappear and
      poorly developed structures, improve; in the adult, transformations are
      completed. In about 200 various species of cercariae, the sensory receptors are
      arranged in a conspicuous relation with the nervous system. The study of their
      number and position; the chaetotaxy is used in systematics and allows very
      accurate conclusions in specific or infraspecific identifications and in all high
      taxonomical levels: family, sub-order, super-order. In the same way, miracidial
      and redial chaetotaxy are used n taxonomy.

PMID- 1805671
TI  - Advances in parasitism by larval cestodes.
AB  - A round table of international scientists was held to discuss status of research
      on parasitism and diseases caused by larval cestode infections. The principal
      species discussed included Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis,
      etiological agents of the cystic and alveolar forms of hydatid disease,
      respectively, and Taenia solium, the cause of cysticercosis. Recent advances in
      research include new experimental models, methods of in vitro culture, methods of
      immunodiagnosis, a vaccine, and new approaches to epidemiological investigation
      and control. Considerable progress has been achieved in the development of
      chemotherapy for larval cestode diseases, however, many questions and issues
      related to indications for and evaluation of treatment remain unresolved.
      Application of modern biotechnology in these diseases have produced many new
      diagnostic, therapeutic and prevention tools and a major current challenge is to
      make these available for clinical and field application, including control
      programs. The use of different methods--from the classical morphological one to
      the recently DNA based technologies--for differentiation of new strains, and most
      importantly, the use of these modern molecular methods for comparing antigens
      with potential vaccinating abilities against the different strain/species, was
      highlighted during this round table.

PMID- 1805672
TI  - Cellular biology.

PMID- 1805673
TI  - Eosinophils and parasites.

PMID- 1805674
TI  - [Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis].
AB  - Round table on toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis touch on treatment, pathogeny and
      involvement in biological diagnosis, antigenic structure and cellular immunity.
      The research of new toxoplasmicide molecules and that of pharmacological
      experimental models remain difficult. On the contrary, there is a large
      development in the parasitological diagnosis with PCR and in the immunological
      diagnosis with more targeted antigens produced by genetic engineering or by
      biochemical purification. A better knowledge of this antigenic structure will
      also enable to select protective molecules for vaccinations. This goal will be
      reached when our knowledge will be completed on the cellular immunity during
      toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 1805675
TI  - Influence of pollution on parasites of aquatic animals.
AB  - This workshop draws attention to an increasing body of evidence which supports
      the view that parasites of aquatic animals are influenced by pollution.
      Pollutants might promote increased parasitism by impairing the host's immune
      response or favouring survival and reproduction of intermediate hosts. Decreased
      parasitism might occur because of toxicity to free-living stages, intermediate
      hosts or alteration of the host's physiology. Prevalence and intensity of
      ectoparasites in conjunction with histopathology and concentration of xenobiotics
      in both fish and parasites appear to be a promising approach. Future research on
      the interaction of pollution on parasites of animals should focus on a
      combination of field and laboratory studies, especially exposing fish in cages to
      polluted water.

PMID- 1805676
TI  - Cryopreservation of parasites.
AB  - The Round Table addressed 4 main themes: 1. An overview (E. JAMES), summarising
      cryoprotectants and cooling procedures; 2. Cryobanks and genetic diversity (R.
      MULLER) with a list of parasite cryobanks; 3. New techniques in cryopreservation
      including those for Cryptosporidium (P. ROSSI), metacestodes of Echinococcus
      multilocularis (J. ECKERT), entomopathogenic nematodes (I. POPIEL) and
      Trichinella (P. ROSSI); 4. Large scale cryopreservation methods for use in
      vaccines (E. JAMES) and for industry (I. POPIEL).

PMID- 1805677
TI  - Cutaneous myiasis. Recent advances in biology, immunology and improvements of the
      control measures.
AB  - The evolution of the main topics of study related to the biology, the life-cycle
      and the distribution of insects causing cutaneous myiasis during the last century
      is presented. These subjects are still of interest and a synopsis of new data
      concerning Hypoderma tarandi, H. diana and Prezhevalskiana silenus is reported as
      well as the changes of distribution of some species such as Cochliomyia
      hominivorax. In the second part, an over view of what has been archived on
      myiasis immunology is reviewed. This is based on the work conducted on Lucilia
      cuprina and Hypoderma. The areas of research are serological diagnosis, disease
      monitoring, immunological mechanisms of host protection and parasite escape. The
      following topic reviewed the latest developments in chemotherapy, the problems
      associated with this approach to control the myiasis and the part played by these
      chemicals in successful eradication programs. In the last topic the latest
      results obtained with the use of biological measures to control C. hominivorax
      and H. bovis and H. lineatum are reported.

PMID- 1805678
TI  - [New data on the control of African animal trypanosomiasis].
AB  - The glossina control turns towards cheaper, ecological, easier techniques:
      trapping, which the efficacy might be increased by odour attractants; synthetic
      pyrethrinoids (impregnated targets; dipping or application of "Pour-on"
      formulations on skin of cattle). Only one new trypanocide was set up during the
      last 25 years: Melarsamine, arsenical derivative, effective in camels, cattle,
      horses infected by Trypanozoon (3.5 mg/kg b. w. by IM or SC routes). The
      trypanotolerant cattle is characterized by a better control of parasitemia and
      anaemia, dominant gene A of hemoglobin and gene F of albumin, a better immune
      response and a smaller drop of hematocrit. Monoclonal antibodies are used to
      detect, in micro-ELISA plates, circulating somatic trypanosomal antigens of T.
      brucei (s. l.) and T. evansi (common antigens), T. congolense and T. vivax
      (species specific antigens).

PMID- 1805679
TI  - [Innovation in antiparasitic agents].
AB  - The emergence of new parasitic diseases has encouraged studies on the elucidation
      of the mode of action of new and old antiparasitic drugs, and has led to the
      development of new chemical series. Resistance occurs rapidly when a single drug
      is used massively in human and animals. A better knowledge of the mode of action
      allow synergistic combination of compounds, slow-release devices proposed for
      cattle. Another alternative is to improve bioavailability of antiparasitic drugs
      by targetting at the parasite molecular level with prodrugs, drug-carriers as
      liposomes, nanoparticles. The use of new compounds should be expected with
      relative optimism.

PMID- 1805680
TI  - Animal models in the study of the phenomenon of parasitism: filariae and other
      parasites.
AB  - The Round table has emphasized the absolute necessity of in vivo research showing
      the complexity of host reaction to the parasite. The results obtained in vitro
      can only provide a preliminary indication, because any interference with the
      culture is susceptible of changing the precarious balance of the parasite in that
      artificial environment. The subject proposed here cannot be treated wholly, but
      some particular topics could be discussed: 1--searching for appropriate models; 2
      -parasite strains; 3--some aspects on pathology and drug development; 4-
      vaccines; what significance in a natural host-parasite relationship can be
      gathered from a non-natural one?

PMID- 1805681
TI  - Resistance of internal and external parasites to antiparasitic drugs.
AB  - Resistance to drugs and pesticides among internal and external parasites is an
      increasingly widespread problem both geographically and taxonomically. The
      development of highly effective pesticides by the chemical industry has led to an
      overreliance on chemotherapy aimed at maximum animal production or public health
      improvement through parasite control. Resistance to antiparasitic agents has
      developed in protozoa, helminths and insects. Considerable research efforts are
      being made around the world in an attempt to formulate sustainable programs of
      parasite control and resistance management. More than 120 delegates attended a
      spirited discussion at a Round table on resistance of parasites to antiparasitic
      drugs at ICOPA VII. Herein we attempt to summarise the main points made at the
      meeting. The complete texts of the papers submitted for discussion are being
      published: Resistance of Parasite to Antiparasitic Drugs (Boray, Martin and
      Roush, editors), MSD AGVET Division of Merck and Co. Inc. Rahway, NJ.

PMID- 1805682
TI  - Intravectorial cycle of Leishmania in sandflies.
AB  - The development of Leishmania spp. in their vectors is a complex process
      involving behavioural, morphological and biochemical changes. The process differs
      between Leishmania species. Recent information on the developmental process and
      its regulation, summarised in this report, relates to possible separation of
      amastigotes into two separate developmental lines, development of infective forms
      of promastigote, attachment of certain, possibly altruistic promastigotes to the
      gut wall, and the possibility of genetic exchange.

PMID- 1805683
TI  - [Which training for the parasitologist of tomorrow?].
AB  - The symposium "Which training for Parasitologists tomorrow" tried to define the
      difficulties met in this field, as well as to prospect the future. Parasitology
      is actually deeply changing, and its traditional approaches are frequently
      deserted as new methods look more favourable. The situation was first stated:
      applied parasitology (particularly medical) contrasts with fundamental. In the
      first case, there are important needs and training is expected. In the latter,
      many teams disappear or are included into units bearing different titles. In some
      fields (particularly systematic), it is no longer possible to find specialists
      able to secure the basis of the experiments carried out with the new tools. From
      such observations, the ways to train future Parasitologists, and to give to those
      who will use parasites as models substantial basis were prospected. An early
      initiation can be proposed, by choice of parasitic models to demonstrate general
      biological facts. Beyond, a common language must be acquired by any scientist
      concerned by parasitism. At the highest level, tools must not overshadow the
      essential. Moreover, an effort in communication is expected, to promote
      Parasitology. Under their Federation authority the scientific Societies are
      encouraged to define the needs in their areas and to organize training.

PMID- 1805684
TI  - Anti-HIV-1 activity of sulfated amphotericin B in vitro.
AB  - To reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), which shows some
      anti-HIV-1 activity, sulfated amphotericin B (SAB) was prepared from amphotericin
      B (AB), and its anti-HIV-1 activity was examined in vitro. SAB at concentration
      of 7.8 micrograms/ml completely suppressed the HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect in
      MT-4 cells, at 3.9 micrograms/ml inhibited the expression of HIV-1 antigen in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with freshly isolated HIV-1 and at 22
      micrograms/ml completely suppressed formation of giant cells in cocultures of
      MOLT-4 with MOLT-4/HIV-1 cells. Reverse transcriptase activity was inhibited by
      SAB, but only at higher concentrations (0.2-1 mg/ml). Furthermore, the toxicity
      of SAB was lower than that of AME or AB, and SAB did not affect the proliferation
      of MT-4 cells at concentrations up to 0.5 mg/ml. The anti-coagulant effect of SAB
      was 10-fold less than that of dextran sulfate (MW = 8000). The anti-HIV-1 effect
      of SAB is attributed to inhibition of binding of virions to target cells.

PMID- 1805685
TI  - Effects of a soluble CD4 and CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin A chimeric protein on human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes: lymphocyte activation and anti-HIV activity in
      vitro.
AB  - Recombinant sCD4-based proteins were evaluated for their effects on antigen
      stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and
      for antiviral activity against PBMC infected with human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIVD34). Two sCD4-based proteins were solubilized, refolded, and purified to
      homogeneity from recombinant E. coli and consisted of the 178 amino-terminal
      residues of CD4 fused with the translocating and catalytic domains of Pseudomonas
      exotoxin A (sCD4-PE40) or 183 amino-terminal residues of CD4 (sCD4-183); a third
      sCD4 consisting of 369 amino acids of CD4 was purified from recombinant mammalian
      cells for comparative purposes (sCD4-369). Increasing molar concentrations of
      these sCD4s were evaluated for inhibition of PBMC proliferation induced by
      alloantigen (MLR), by tetanus toxoid (TTOX), or in response to crosslinking with
      antibody to CD3 (OKT3). In addition, the concentrations of each protein required
      to inhibit replication of the HIVD34 isolate in primary PBMC was determined by
      quantitation of HIV p24 antigen released into supernatant fluids by infected
      cells. By comparing antiviral activity with anti-proliferative activity a
      relative estimate of the selectivity index for each recombinant sCD4 was
      determined. Proliferation of PBMC in response to alloantigen or OKT3 was less
      sensitive to inhibition than proliferation induced by TTOX, and the selectivity
      indices estimated for sCD4-PE40 were 170, 170 and 17, respectively. The
      selectivity index for sCD4-183 was greater than 350 under all assay conditions.
      Comparative evaluation of alloantigen-stimulated proliferation with antiviral
      activity of sCD4-183 versus sCD4-369 suggested that the E. coli-derived sCD4-183
      may have a higher selectivity index under these conditions than its mammalian
      cell-derived counterpart.

PMID- 1805686
TI  - Ozone inactivates HIV at noncytotoxic concentrations.
AB  - The inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytotoxic properties
      of ozone-treated serum and serum-supplemented media were examined. The titer of
      HIV suspensions in human serum was reduced in a dose-dependent manner when
      treated with total reacted ozone concentrations at a range of 0.5 to 3.5
      micrograms/ml-1. Complete inactivation of HIV suspensions was achieved by 4.0
      micrograms/ml-1 of ozone in the presence or absence of H-9 cells. In contrast,
      cellular metabolism, as measured by MTT dye cleavage, and DNA replication, as
      measured by BUdR incorporation, were enhanced in H-9 cells grown in media treated
      with quantities of ozone that completely inactivate HIV. The permissively HIV
      infected cell line HXB/H-9 was cultured in ozone-treated media for six days with
      culture supernatants being sampled and assayed on alternate days for HIV p24 core
      protein. HIV p24 was reduced in all treated cultures compared to control
      cultures, with an average reduction of 46% [p24].

PMID- 1805687
TI  - [Use of lipids isolated from mycelial waste during antibiotic production].

PMID- 1805688
TI  - [Biophysico-chemical purification of highly concentrated waste water from
      antibiotic-producing plant].
AB  - The data on the studies performed in laboratory and pilot plant units
      (oxybiosorbers) on purification of sewage from antibiotic production are
      presented. The main technological parameters of the process were defined: the
      duration of the purification was 60 to 90 minutes, the unit had sections (the
      modulus column reactor was composed of 3 sections), the total dose of the
      oxidizing agent was divided to the number of the sections and supplied to each
      section. The oxybiosorbers were used for conducting processes of the contaminant
      catalytic oxidation i.e. sorption, biosorption and biooxidation requiring low
      rates. The process of purification in the oxybiosorbers was intensified by
      periodical purification of the charges (catalyst, sorbent and activated
      charcoal).

PMID- 1805689
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of biological properties of Francisella tularensis
      strains isolated in the USSR].
AB  - With a large collection of the strains of F. tularensis isolated it has been
      recently shown that cultures belonging to holarctica and mediaasiatica circulate
      in the endemic foci of the USSR. By their biological and genetic properties the
      natural strains of F. tularensis were homogeneous and represented type cultures
      of F. tularensis. Various ecological conditions in the natural environment did
      not change within the last 20 years the sensitivity of the tularemia microbe to
      the antibacterial drugs.

PMID- 1805690
TI  - [The role of immunocytes in the production of interferon in response to its
      induction by aromatic hydrocarbons].
AB  - Interferon (IF) was synthesized in animals by diverse populations of immunocytes
      in response to induction by various low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons.
      The level of the involvement of either population of the immunocytes in IF
      production is determined by the chosen inductor. IF induction by acridanone L-1
      was mainly observed in macrophages and B-lymphocytes. T-Cells actively
      participated in IF synthesis induced by amyxin, a representative of the
      fluorenone group. IF synthesized by lymphocytes of human peripheral blood in
      response to L-1 was completely neutralized by antiserum to alpha-IF while IF
      induced by amyxin in the same culture was a mixture of alpha- and beta-IFs at a
      ratio of 3:1.

PMID- 1805691
TI  - [Protoplasts of lincomycin producer Streptomyces roseolus in genetic
      manipulations].
AB  - Protoplasts of commercial strain No. 1 of Streptomyces roseolus producing
      lincomycin were prepared. Conditions for protoplast storage and regeneration were
      defined. The protoplasts of strain No. 1 mutants marked by the rifampicin and
      thiostrepton resistance and the ability to synthesize melanin pigments were
      fused. Genetic analysis of the recombinants was performed. Systems for
      transformation of S. roseolus protoplasts by plasmid DNAs were developed.
      Efficiency of transformation by pIJ702, pIJ61, pVG101 and pBG3 and stability of
      the transformants were shown.

PMID- 1805692
TI  - [Effect of cyclosporine on the lymphoid organs of CBA mice].
AB  - The influence of cyclosporine which is an immunodepressant on morphology of the
      lymphoid organs was studied on CBA mice. The immunodepressant was administered
      intramuscularly in a single LD50 and in a dose of 7 mg/kg for the treatment
      course of 21 days. The examinations were performed in various periods within 28
      days after discontinuation of the drug use. It was shown that cyclosporine
      induced cell depletion in the thymus cortical and medullar zones, inhibition of
      lymphocyte mitotic activity, alteration of the Hassall corpuscles and impairment
      of their formation. It also induced devastation of the thymus-dependent zones in
      the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. When cyclosporine was used in the course
      doses the morphological changes in all the lymphoid organs were more marked. The
      morphological changes were reversible.

PMID- 1805693
TI  - [Study of trans-placental transport of methylamphotericin B in albino rats after
      intravenous administration].
AB  - Transplacental penetration of amphotericin B, an methyl derivative, was studied
      on rats after its intravenous administration. Microbiological and radioisotopic
      methods were used. When the microbiological method was applied the drug was
      administered on days 16 to 20 or on day 20 of pregnancy in a dose of 4 mg/kg. For
      extraction of the antibiotic dimethylformamide was added to the substrates. The
      labeled antibiotic was administered in a dose of 3.3 mg/kg on days 6 to 16 and on
      day 20 of pregnancy. It was noted that the antibiotic accumulated in the
      placenta. The accumulation was more pronounced after antibiotic use in the course
      doses. A significant part of the antibiotic was in the placenta in the bound
      state. The methyl derivative amphotericin B was not detected microbiologically in
      the umbilical cord serum, fetal organs and amniotic fluid. Neither was it
      detected by extraction with ++dimethylformamide. The labeled antibiotic was
      neither detected in the amniotic fluid and fetal organs during the whole
      observation period. Therefore, the methyl derivative amphotericin B did not
      penetrate through the placental barrier either in the free or bound state. The
      direct teratogenic action of amphotericin B, a methyl derivative, after its
      intravenous administration to female rats is likely possible.

PMID- 1805694
TI  - [Prevention of infectious complications in patients with acute bone marrow
      depression].
AB  - Clinical efficacy of intravenous gentamicin in combination with oral use of
      gentamicin, ristomycin and nystatin was studied in 1977. In 1980-1984 two
      antiinfectious regimens were tested: intravenous administration of gentamicin in
      combination with total decontamination (oral use of gentamicin and nystatin) and
      selective decontamination (biseptol with nystatin of amphoglucamine). It was
      shown that the incidence of severe infections in the patients under the
      observation dropped against the controls. The incidence and spectrum of
      infectious complications in cases with acute myelodepressions were proved to
      depend on the intestinal autoflora inhibition.

PMID- 1805695
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic monitoring of aminoglycoside therapy: an optimal method of
      administration of individualized doses of gentamicin and sisomicin].
AB  - One of the most promising approaches to design the optimal schedule for TDM
      provides a single determination of a drug content in the blood specimen being
      collected at the "ideal" sampling time equaled to the inverse value of the
      elimination rate constant. Three versions of the one-point method when the
      specimen was collected at the "ideal" time point (3 h after a single i.m. drug
      administration), as well as at the times of "maximum" (1 h after injection) and
      "minimum" (6 h after injection) concentrations were compared by the retrospective
      analysis of the routine TDM data obtained with HPLC-techniques in 47 patients
      treated with gentamicin or sisomicin. As optimal individualized doses were
      considered ones calculated on the base of three subsequent determinations of the
      aminoglycoside concentrations, i.e. 1, 3 and 6 h after injection, and the
      estimation of individual clearance values (Cli). The optimal doses (DCl) were
      calculated according to equation DCl = Dp.Cli/Clp, where Dp and Clp are
      population values of the dose (1 mg/kg) and Cl 72.4 ml/(h.kg), respectively. The
      approximate values of the individual doses (D) were calculated according to
      equation D = Dp.Cp/Ci, where Ci is the individual drug serum concentration 1, 3
      or 6 h after administration and Cp is the corresponded population value (4.8, 1.9
      and 0.8 mg/l, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805696
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in the blood serum and
      bronchial secretion in patients with chronic bronchitis after administration of a
      single 24-hour dose].
AB  - Concentrations of cefotaxime and its major active metabolite,
      desacetylcefotaxime, were determined in the serum and bronchial secretion of
      patients with chronic bronchitis aggravated after intramuscular injection of
      cefotaxime in a dose of 4 g once a day. Characteristic patterns of cefotaxime
      metabolism and high peak concentrations of desacetylcefotaxime in the serum (67.6
      +/- 17.2 micrograms/ml) defined the prolonged retention of the metabolite both in
      the blood and bronchial secretion. The metabolite concentrations in more than
      half of the patients maintained within 2 micrograms/ml in the bronchial secretion
      by the 12th hour after the injection and in the blood serum by the 24th hour.
      Therefore, 4 g cefotaxime administered intramuscularly once a day provided the
      blood concentrations of the metabolite comparable with the MIC for the majority
      of the pathogens causing nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract
      practically within the whole period of the daily dosage. In the bronchial
      secretion such concentrations were attained within half of the period of the
      daily dosage.

PMID- 1805697
TI  - [Effects of antibiotics and anti-bacterial components of preparations for local
      treatment of suppurative wounds on pathogens of odonto- genic infections].
AB  - The results of identification and sensitivity assay of 156 strains of pathogens
      causing odontogenic infections are presented. In the sensitivity assay
      antibacterial drugs were used. 42.3 percent of the strains were obligate
      anaerobes belonging to Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptococcus,
      Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella and Actinomyces. Significant differences in the
      microbial sensitivity to the drugs used for general and local therapy were
      detected. There was observed high sensitivity of the obligate anaerobes to
      gramicidin (0.02 micrograms/ml), nitazol (10 micrograms/ml), levomycetin and
      tetracycline (60 micrograms/ml). Antiseptics such as dioxidine and chlorhexidine
      used locally showed satisfactory results. The above mentioned drugs and
      especially levomycetin were also rather active against facultative organisms in
      associations of pathogens causing odontogenic infections: Bacillus coagulans, B.
      licheniformis, Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Staphylococcus sp.
      and Streptococcus sp.

PMID- 1805698
TI  - [Controlled administration of antineoplastic drugs].

PMID- 1805699
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of various bacterial growth inhibitors as selective
      agents for isolation of soil Actinomyces].
AB  - Tobramycin and dioxidine sensitivity of 57 strains belonging to 14 actinomycetes
      genera was studied. The cultures of Streptomyces were much more sensitive to
      tobramycin than the cultures of rare genera. The majority of the Streptomyces
      cultures showed a high resistance to dioxidine (MIC greater than or equal to 50
      micrograms/ml). At the same time the majority of the cultures of rare genera were
      inhibited by low concentrations of dioxidine (no more than 50 micrograms/ml). For
      isolation of actinomycetes from soil samples, tobramycin, dioxidine, ceftriaxone
      and novobiocin were used. Tobramycin added in a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml
      to the Gauze agar organic medium No. 2 promoted a 2-fold increase in detection of
      actinomycetes of the rare genera as compared to the control. It was especially
      favourable for detection of cultures belonging to Micromonospora, Amycolatopsis,
      Streptosporangium and Nocardiopsis. Dioxidine in concentrations of 10 and 50
      micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of the cultures belonging to rare genera.
      Ceftriaxone in the same concentrations inhibited the growth of the cultures of
      both Streptomyces and the rare genera. Novobiocin favoured detection of the
      cultures belonging to Amicolatopsis and Micromonospora. Therefore, among the
      tested compounds tobramycin and novobiocin appeared to be the most useful
      selective agents for isolation of actinomycetes of rare genera.

PMID- 1805701
TI  - [Improving the training of the personnel in the new working conditions in
      medicine and industrial microbiology].

PMID- 1805700
TI  - [Non-polyenic antifungal macrolide antibiotics].

PMID- 1805703
TI  - Development of the pars membranacea septi interventricularis of the human heart.
      I. Collagen fibers, fixed connective cells and amorphous fundamental substance.
AB  - The development of the pars membranacea septi interventricularis of the human
      heart, from the closure of the secondary interventricular foramen to the end of
      the fetal age, presents two phases well separated by a period of transition
      between the 119 mm long (CR) fetus, corresponding to 15.1 weeks, and the 149 mm
      long (CR) fetus, corresponding to 17.1 weeks. In the I phase, 78% the fixed
      connective cells and 22% of the amorphous fundamental substance were replaced by
      bundles of collagen fibers. In the II phase, 75% of the amorphous fundamental
      substance and 25% of the fixed connective cells were replaced by bundles of
      collagen fibers.

PMID- 1805702
TI  - [Study of components of standard samples of polyene macrolide antibiotics by the
      methods of high performance liquid chromatography and SIEAP mass spectrometry].
AB  - The component composition of reference samples of polyenic macrolide antibiotics
      such as nystatin, mycoheptin, amphotericin B and levorin was studied by HPLC and
      chromatographic mass spectrometry in comparison to the WHO standards. It was
      shown that the samples were close by their component composition to the analogous
      samples of the WHO standards.

PMID- 1805704
TI  - Number and topography of arteries and veins in the renal hilus of Murrah
      buffaloes.

PMID- 1805705
TI  - Morphology and innervation of the diaphragma of Myrmecophaga tridactyla.
AB  - The diaphragma of 4 "Myrmecophaga tridactyla" was described. The diaphragma
      follows the general pattern of EDENTATA, but it has special features which make
      it possible to differentiate it from that of "Bradypus tridactylus.

PMID- 1805706
TI  - Dissection of Rembrandt's "Anatomy of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp".

PMID- 1805707
TI  - The evolution of human periodontal tissues with ageing.
AB  - In this research, the structural modifications with ageing of clinically healthy
      periodontal tissues were analyzed by means of polarization microscopy and
      morphometrical methods for light microscopy. The new findings may be summarized
      as follows. The periodontal ligament was found to be widened in the cervical and
      apical regions. The thickening of cementum with ageing was shown to be
      accompanied by a modification in the shape of Sharpey's fibres, which in the
      elderlies were wavy instead of straight as in the control. Lamellar bone, forming
      an osteone, was found to substitute in part for cementum in one tooth. These
      results are interpreted as indicating that: (1) late active eruption occurs in
      man, causing the observed modification in the thickness of periodontal ligament
      and cementum in the apical region and in the direction of Sharpey's fibres within
      cementum; (2) cementum may undergo renewal during lifetime and in this case bone
      may be deposited in contact with dentin.

PMID- 1805708
TI  - Magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation of bone marrow in vertebral bodies.
AB  - Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging was used to examine the hematopoietic bone marrow
      in the vertebral bodies of eight healthy subjects, and of 35 cancer patients who
      had been previously treated with radiation therapy. MR was instrumental in
      distinguishing viable hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) from adipose tissue
      (yellow marrow), whose presence reflected the extent of radiation-induced bone
      marrow injury. Different water content in proliferating hematopoietic tissue and
      adipose tissue enabled clear distinction of the two components even inside the
      same vertebral body. Three patterns of bone marrow viability were observed in
      irradiated patients: 1. Patients undergoing therapy at the time of MR study, and
      patients who had received low-intermediate dose several years before MR
      examination showed no alteration as compared with healthy controls (i.e.
      homogeneous presence of red marrow). 2. Patients who had received low
      intermediate dose few years before MR, showed either partial re-colonization of
      yellow marrow or almost complete ablation of active red marrow with rare areas of
      re-colonization. 3. Patients who had received high dose, showed complete
      depletion of red marrow (fatty substitution) independently of the length of time
      elapsed since radiation therapy. Therefore, bone marrow recovery after radiation
      therapy was associate with two variables: received dose and length of time
      allowed for re-colonization by surviving hematopoietic tissue. In conclusion, our
      results provide evidence that MR can be purposively used to study composition and
      distribution of normal bone marrow, and to asses the extent of radiation-induced
      bone marrow injury; to monitor bone marrow recovery (or the lack of it); and in
      the general follow-up of treated cancer patients.

PMID- 1805709
TI  - 6,7-Dihydro-4H-indolones: synthesis and biological properties.
AB  - Syntheses of 6,7-dihydro-4H-indolones 6 and 10 by a selective Birch reduction of
      the benzene ring of the indole system are described. The antiestrogen zindoxifene
      and the 2-phenylindole 2 as well as 6 and 10 were tested for their relative
      binding affinities at the androgen receptor as well as for antiandrogenic and
      estrogenic properties. Both compounds 6 and 10 showed potent indirect
      antiandrogenic activity which were similar to those of the 2-phenyl-indoles
      zindoxifene and 2.

PMID- 1805710
TI  - [Antitumor platinum(II) complexes with substituted 2-aminomethylpyridine
      ligands].
AB  - Reaction of K2PtCl4 with the substituted 2-aminomethylpyridines 9, 14, and 22
      affords the corresponding dichloroplatinum(II) complexes 3-5. Compounds 3 and 22
      show remarkable relative binding affinities for the estrogen receptor. Towards
      the hormone-independent P388-tumor of the CD2F1-mouse the platinum(II) complexes
      4 and 5 are weakly active, complex 3 is inactive. Towards the hormone-independent
      MDA-MB 231-cell line, compounds 3-5, 9, 14, and 22 exhibit no significant
      antitumor activity. Towards the hormone-dependent MCF-7 cell line, compounds 3-5,
      9, 14 show weak antitumor activity, whereas compound 22 exhibits strong
      inhibition.

PMID- 1805711
TI  - Platelet aggregation inhibiting and anticoagulant effects of oligoamines, XVI:
      Cytostatic and cytotoxic side effects of oligoamines.
AB  - Selected synthetic oligoamines were able to inhibit (IC50) the growth of leukemic
      L 1210 cells in concentrations between 4-10 mumol/L. The essential structural
      features were at least two basic nitrogen functions in suitable distance,
      substituted with arylalkyl or alkyl groups. The favorable chain length is about
      eight carbon atoms. The cytostatic effect is complete after 30 min and cannot be
      washed out with buffer. Viability measurements showed that the leukemic cells
      were killed in a time dependent manner. As no influence on the cell nucleus could
      be observed this is most probably due to interaction with the cell membrane. When
      high local concentrations are applied in vivo, the oligoamines are toxic because
      of cytolytic properties. This toxicity can be overcome by administration of
      suitable prodrugs (LD50 greater than 1000 mg/kg).

PMID- 1805712
TI  - [Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 3-carbamoyl-4-aryl-isoquinolin-1(2H)
      ones].
AB  - The syntheses of nineteen 3-carbamoyl-4-aryl-isoquinoline-1(2H)-ones are
      described. The compounds show anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock
      test (i.p. administration). A representative substance is 3-carbamoyl-2-isopropyl
      4-(4-chlorophenyl)-isoquinoline-1(2H)-one, ED50 = 2.1 x 10(-4) mol/kg. This agent
      shows 20% of the activity of phenytoin (ED50 = 0.44 x 10(-4) mol/kg).

PMID- 1805713
TI  - [Pyridyl-substituted tetralone derivatives: a new class of nonsteroidal aromatase
      inhibitors].
AB  - Structural modification of flavone and flavanone, two weak inhibitors of
      aromatase, led to the new compounds 1-7, the syntheses of which are described as
      well as the evaluation of their aromatase and desmolase inhibitory potency. With
      the exception of 2 all compounds show a stronger inhibition of aromatase than the
      parent compounds and are more effective inhibitors than aminoglutethimide (AG),
      the only commercially available compound. In contrast to AG compounds 1 and 3-7
      exhibit no desmolase inhibitory activity. In case of AG this effect leads to
      undesirable side effects.

PMID- 1805714
TI  - 1,2-Dihydro-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one and 4H-1,2-dihydro-pyrido-[2,3-d]- [1,3]-oxazin
      4-one derivatives as potential prodrugs. Part I: Synthesis.

PMID- 1805715
TI  - Computerised analysis of pathological findings in longterm trials with
      phenylmercuric acetate in rats.

PMID- 1805716
TI  - Preclinical assessment of the cardiotoxic potential of anthracycline antibiotics:
      N-L-leucyl-doxorubicin.

PMID- 1805717
TI  - Hypertension is not exacerbated by chronic carbon monoxide exposure, with or
      without added salt, in the borderline hypertensive rat.

PMID- 1805718
TI  - Cardiovascular system and kidney as specific targets of chronic exposure to
      vanadate in the rat: functional and morphological findings.

PMID- 1805720
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of total and free digoxin and Fab fragments in 5 intoxicated
      patients after administration of specific anti-digoxin Fab fragments.

PMID- 1805719
TI  - Acute effects of dichloromethane on arrhythmia development during the early phase
      of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the rat.

PMID- 1805721
TI  - Characterization of the hypotensive side effect of macrolide antibiotics in
      animals.

PMID- 1805722
TI  - Toxic influences of platelet function.

PMID- 1805723
TI  - Animal models in behavioral toxicology and teratology.

PMID- 1805724
TI  - Hereditary and acquired disturbances of haemostasis in animals.

PMID- 1805725
TI  - Effects of snake venoms on tissue-type plasminogen activator release.

PMID- 1805726
TI  - Metabolic and toxicological studies on the anticoagulant rodenticide,
      flocoumafen.

PMID- 1805727
TI  - A comparison of the thrombogenic activity of prothrombin complex concentrates
      using stasis and non-stasis models.

PMID- 1805728
TI  - The effect of paracetamol on the hepatic uptake of microparticles in vivo and in
      vitro.

PMID- 1805729
TI  - Influence of iron chelators, 1,2-dialkyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones, on the lipid
      peroxidation and glutathione level in the liver of mice.

PMID- 1805730
TI  - The influence of cytochrome P-450 inducers on carbonyl reduction in mouse liver.

PMID- 1805731
TI  - Influence of inducers of cytochrome P-450 on dealkylation of 7-alkoxycoumarins.

PMID- 1805733
TI  - Antipyrine metabolism in coke oven workers.

PMID- 1805732
TI  - The effect of monoclonal antibodies on dipyrone-induced rat liver cytochrome
      P450.

PMID- 1805734
TI  - Comparative nephrotoxicity studies of cisplatin and its iodinized derivative in
      rats.

PMID- 1805736
TI  - Reduction of arsenic trioxide toxicity in mice by repeated treatment with
      glucose.

PMID- 1805737
TI  - Cyanide antagonism in a rodent model.

PMID- 1805735
TI  - The urinary excretion of specific proteins in workers exposed to lead.

PMID- 1805738
TI  - The quantitative determination of cadmium in Turkish tobacco.

PMID- 1805739
TI  - Modifying role of plasma glucose in acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

PMID- 1805740
TI  - Effect of pyrazole on dichloromethane metabolism to carbon monoxide.

PMID- 1805741
TI  - Ethylene oxide distribution in human blood.

PMID- 1805742
TI  - Cytotoxic brain oedema as a model in the examination of cerebroprotective
      substances.

PMID- 1805743
TI  - Distribution of methylene chloride in human blood.

PMID- 1805744
TI  - Acute experimental exposures to acetone and ethyl acetate.

PMID- 1805745
TI  - Toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride during short and long term ethanol intake
      in rats.

PMID- 1805746
TI  - Effects of pyridinium, 1-[[(4-carbamoyl-pyridinio) methoxy] methyl]-2
      (hydroxyimino-methyl) dichloride monohydrate (HI6) and atropine on the
      circulation and respiration of anesthetized guinea pigs.

PMID- 1805747
TI  - An in vivo method to assess the local tolerability of intranasally administered
      drugs.

PMID- 1805748
TI  - Study on the penetration of tetanus toxoid through the nasal mucosa.

PMID- 1805749
TI  - Stobadine toxicity and transplacental movement.

PMID- 1805750
TI  - Residues of carbadox metabolites in edible pork products.

PMID- 1805751
TI  - Pharmacological-toxicological investigations with a furan derivative produced
      from sugar-cane on laboratory animals.

PMID- 1805752
TI  - In vitro assessment of antidotes to organophosphorus toxicity.

PMID- 1805753
TI  - Toxicological investigations of waste products from the plasma etching process in
      the semiconductor industry.

PMID- 1805754
TI  - Sister chromatid exchanges in furniture workers exposed to unsaturated polyester
      resins.

PMID- 1805755
TI  - Acute intoxication as a cause of wild bird mortality in The Netherlands from 1975
      1989.

PMID- 1805756
TI  - The effects of organophosphorus compounds on the central nervous system of rats.

PMID- 1805758
TI  - Assessment of toxicopathological effects in ageing laboratory rodents.

PMID- 1805757
TI  - The effects of n-hexane and its metabolites on erythrocyte and synaptosome
      membrane acetylcholinesterase in vitro.

PMID- 1805759
TI  - New microtechniques in toxicopathology.

PMID- 1805760
TI  - Tumor registry data base: systematized nomenclature of preneoplastic and
      neoplastic lesions in rat gonads.

PMID- 1805761
TI  - Mortality and neoplastic lesions in untreated Sprague-Dawley rats.

PMID- 1805762
TI  - Investigations on the sensitivity of several biochemical and histological methods
      after liver intoxication induced by pentachlorophenol and carbon tetrachloride.

PMID- 1805763
TI  - The glutathione system in rat liver chronically injured by thioacetamide.

PMID- 1805765
TI  - Morphological lesions of pancreas and bile ducts in rats induced by dibutyltin
      dichloride.

PMID- 1805764
TI  - Hitherto unknown additive growth effects of fluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene on
      bile duct epithelium and hepatocytes in rats.

PMID- 1805766
TI  - Primary cultures of adult mammalian sensory neurons and other in vitro systems of
      use in neurotoxicological studies.

PMID- 1805767
TI  - Toxic action of platinum coordination complexes on the endocrine pancreas of the
      rat.

PMID- 1805769
TI  - The effect of aluminum loading on bones of mice.

PMID- 1805768
TI  - Investigations of myelotoxic effects in rats.

PMID- 1805770
TI  - Cobalt particles, identified by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, in diamond
      polisher's lung.

PMID- 1805771
TI  - Density of gastroendocrine cells in cynomolgus monkey and other species.

PMID- 1805772
TI  - Locums--professional colleagues or industrialised employees?

PMID- 1805773
TI  - Crystal arthritis: a clinician's view.
AB  - Arthritis, which can be acute, chronic or asymptomatic, is caused by a variety of
      crystal deposition in joints. The three main types of crystal arthritis are
      monosodium urate (gout), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, and calcium phosphate
      (usually hydroxyapatite). A clinical approach to diagnosis and management.

PMID- 1805774
TI  - Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Risk factors versus benefits.
AB  - NSAIDs can still provide significant symptom relief in patients with many forms
      of arthritis. Nevertheless, they need to be used judiciously and a careful watch
      kept for adverse reactions.

PMID- 1805775
TI  - NSAIDs, musculoskeletal disorders and gastrointestinal adverse effects.
AB  - Paracetamol should be considered as first line treatment for the common painful
      musculoskeletal disorders, especially osteoarthrosis. NSAIDs, which are
      beneficial should this fail and inflammation be present, should be prescribed in
      the lowest dose for the shortest possible time.

PMID- 1805776
TI  - A waiting time survey in general practice.
AB  - Keeping patients waiting unnecessarily can be a cause of stress for both patient
      and doctor. Waiting time is a tangible aspect of your practice that patients will
      use to judge you, even more than your knowledge and skill. Determine your own
      actual waiting time, and see if you 'measure up'.

PMID- 1805778
TI  - A pastorale (to be read while listening to Beethoven's Sixth Symphony).

PMID- 1805777
TI  - Getting started.

PMID- 1805779
TI  - A case of missed foreign body.

PMID- 1805780
TI  - The persistent nose bleed.

PMID- 1805781
TI  - Patient education. Your pregnancy.

PMID- 1805782
TI  - The painful ear.
AB  - The painful ear is caused commonly by otitis media, otitis externa and
      temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Difficulty in visualising the tympanic
      membrane due to debris in the ear canal can make diagnosis difficult, especially
      when otitis externa and otitis media co-exist. Another problem is determining the
      origin of referred pain. Due to the complex innervation of the ear, referred pain
      can arise from most sites in the head and neck, especially the upper cervical
      spine, the teeth and the throat.

PMID- 1805783
TI  - Rape victims.

PMID- 1805784
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans in the vitreous body of patients with retinal detachment.
AB  - The variation and changes of glycosaminoglycans in human vitreous body from
      patients with retinal detachment were studied. The isolated glycosaminoglycans
      from normal vitreous were identified as hyaluronate, which is the main component
      (92%) and chondroitin sulphate (8%). In contrast, in pathologic samples up to 18%
      of total glycosaminoglycans were identified as chondroitin.sulphate. In addition,
      in pathologic vitreous two fractions of glycosaminoglycans about 10% were
      identified as undersulphated chondroitin and heparan sulphate. The hydrodynamic
      size of hyaluronate differs between normal and pathologic samples. In samples
      from the patients with detached retinas the hyaluronic acid was of small
      hydrodynamic size.

PMID- 1805785
TI  - Characterization of 2S seed storage protein of Brassica campestris and its
      antigenic homology with seed proteins of other Cruciferae.
AB  - The low molecular weight seed storage protein of Brassica campestris has been
      isolated and its amino acid composition determined. Antibody raised against this
      low molecular weight protein has been used to compare the antigenic similarity
      between the low molecular weight storage proteins of different Cruciferae seeds
      by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. These studies revealed the existence
      of antigenically homologous proteins of identical molecular weights in seeds of
      other Cruciferae but absent in some other dicots like mung bean and tobacco
      seeds.

PMID- 1805786
TI  - Transforming growth factor-alpha binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor in
      gastric mucosa.
AB  - The ability of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) to interact with the
      gastric mucosal epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was investigated using a
      mucosal membrane preparation. TGF-alpha inhibited specific binding of [125I]EGF
      to its receptor, but the IC50 for TGF-alpha was at least 100 fold greater than
      that observed for unlabeled EGF. Cross-linking studies revealed no attachment of
      [125I]TGF-alpha to EGF-receptor size components, and the unlabeled TGF-alpha was
      only weakly effective in inhibiting cross-linking of [125I]EGF to the 170 kDa
      receptor. However, when the cytosolic fraction was reconstituted with the
      membrane preparation, an enhancement in binding of [125I]TGF-alpha to the EGF
      receptor occurred in a manner dependent on the concentration of cytosolic
      protein. Hence the binding characteristics of TGF-alpha to the EGF receptor in
      gastric mucosa are different from those for EGF.

PMID- 1805787
TI  - Rapid determination of alpha-tocopherol in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes by
      reverse phase HPLC.
AB  - A simple isocratic high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system is
      described to perform a rapid separation, identification and quantitative
      determination of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in biological membranes. It makes
      use of a reverse phase C18 column with pure methanol as the mobile phase, and an
      ultraviolet detector which enables its quantification in the nanogram scale. This
      procedure was applied to lipid extracts from whole muscle homogenate and from a
      preparation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from skeletal muscle, where the
      vitamin E contents was determined.

PMID- 1805788
TI  - Purification, characterization, and localization of a major membrane protein
      antigen from Porphyromonas (bacteroides) gingivalis.
AB  - Humans and rats infected with P. gingivalis develop a strong immune response to a
      75 kDa major membrane component of P. gingivalis and hence knowledge of the
      nature of this molecule may aid in understanding the host response to P.
      gingivalis during infection. Purification of the 75 kDa protein was achieved by
      repeated precipitation from a crude sonicate of P. gingivalis 2561 at pH 5.0.
      Homogeneity of the purified 75 kDa protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western
      immunoblot analysis using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The purified
      protein revealed an apparent molecular mass of 300 kDa in native form. Although
      most of the strains of P. gingivalis tested showed a major membrane protein band
      in the range of 61 to 78 kDa, on Western immunoblot analysis only the strains
      which have proteins in the range of 75 to 78 kDa were reactive with anti-75 kDa
      protein polyclonal antibodies. Affinity purified polyclonal antibodies were used
      to localized 75 kDa protein on the cell surface of P. gingivalis 2561 by
      immunogold electron microscopy. Immunolabeling of the 75 kDa protein demonstrated
      specific localization of the protein along the outer cell membrane, but not on
      the fimbriae. Furthermore, immunogold labeling of the 75 kDa protein on the thin
      sections showed that the 75 kDa component was present on not only the outer
      membrane, but also on the cell membrane, and on membrane bound organelles.
      Localization of this protein suggests that the 75 kDa component is a membrane
      associated protein.

PMID- 1805789
TI  - Effect of linoleic acid hydroperoxide on production of matrix metalloproteinases
      by human skin fibroblasts.
AB  - The effect of linoleic acid hydroperoxide on in vitro production of matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMPs) by human skin fibroblasts was studied. The addition of
      linoleic acid hydroperoxide significantly increased the production of MMP-1
      (tissue collagenase) and MMP-3 (stromelysin), while it rather decreased that of
      MMP-2 (gelatinase of 72 kDa; so-called "type IV collagenase"). The effect of
      lipid peroxides to alter collagen metabolism was discussed from pathogenic points
      of view.

PMID- 1805790
TI  - Studies on the substrate specificity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using
      diastereomeric peptides.
AB  - A set of six different diastereomeric hexapeptides RRASVA, each with a D-amino
      acid residue successively in the six positions, was synthesized and tested as
      substrates of protein kinase A. It was found that the peptide with D-Ser was
      neither a substrate, nor an inhibitor of the enzyme. The other five peptides were
      active as substrates with slightly lower kcat values than that of the all-L amino
      acid peptide. However, the apparent Km values increased by one to two orders of
      magnitude, especially when the second arginine or the alanine residue preceding
      the serine was substituted. The results are discussed.

PMID- 1805791
TI  - Effect of patulin on albumin fraction of plasma proteins studied in rats.
AB  - The toxic nature of the secondary metabolite of Penicillium patulum has been
      studied in rats. Plasma of the experimental animals showed a decrease in protein
      concentration. Detailed electrophoretic studies have been carried out, to find
      which fraction of the plasma protein is affected. It shows clearly that albumin
      fraction is very much affected, while in the tissues of the liver, kidney and
      intestine the DNA and RNA levels are found to be increased.

PMID- 1805792
TI  - The effect of enzyme-enzyme complexes on the overall glycolytic rate in vivo.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that most glycolytic enzymes can reversibly
      associate to form heterogeneous enzyme-enzyme (binary) complexes in vitro.
      However, kinetic analysis of these complexes has shown that the individual
      enzymes have a varied response to complex formation: some enzymes are inhibited,
      some are activated and some are unaffected. In order to determine the potential
      role of binary complexes in regulating glycolytic flux, we have mathematically
      calculated enzyme distributions and activities using data from in vitro binding
      and kinetic studies. These calculations suggest that, overall, formation of
      binary complexes would lower flux through phosphofructokinase and aldolase, would
      increase flux through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate
      dehydrogenase, and would not affect flux through triosephosphate isomerase,
      phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. The implications of these results
      are discussed with respect to the effect of complex formation on overall
      glycolytic flux and on the flux through individual enzyme loci.

PMID- 1805793
TI  - Antitumor effect of echitamine chloride on methylcholonthrene induced
      fibrosarcoma in rats.
AB  - Echitamine chloride a plant alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris has been used to
      examine the anticancer effects on methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma.
      Echitamine chloride dissolved in saline (10 mg/kg body weight) and injected
      subcutaneously for 20 days in fibrosarcoma rats has exhibited significant
      regression in tumor growth. The altered activities of plasma and liver
      transaminases and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lipid peroxidation in
      fibrosarcoma have been corrected to near normal after echitamine chloride
      treatment. The decreased liver glutathione content and the lowered activities of
      glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase have also been reversed
      to near normals after echitamine chloride treatment.

PMID- 1805794
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a beta-like DNA polymerase from
      Leishmania mexicana.
AB  - Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase beta (EC 2.7.7.7) from the lower eukaryotic
      parasitic protozoan Leishmania mexicana has been partially purified over 9,000
      fold and characterized for the very first time. Like mammalian DNA polymerase
      beta the protozoan enzyme is of low molecular weight (40,000), has a broad pH
      range, and is resistant to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide and aphidicolin. It is
      unlike mammalian DNA polymerase beta in utilization of various templates and
      response to various inhibitors and sensitivity to high ionic strength, but
      similar to a beta-like enzyme from a related organism Crithidia fasciculata. It
      is estimated that this enzyme constitutes 20% of the polymerase activity of the
      crude cell extract.

PMID- 1805795
TI  - Effect on immunoreactivity of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the GnRH
      BSA conjugates of variable stoichiometry.
AB  - In order to render hypothalamic 'self' decapeptide GnRH immunogenic, the GnRH and
      its azotized derivative were covalently coupled to the carrier protein, BSA. The
      azotization at histidine and or tyrosine of GnRH was carried out and
      characterized extensively. Three different molar ratios of GnRH/azo-GnRH with BSA
      were prepared and characterized by physico-chemical techniques. The conjugates
      purified by gel-filtration chromatography on G-100 and on gel permeation column
      using HPLC were subjected to molar ratio determination by amino acid analysis.
      The immunoreactivity of GnRH/azo-GnRH towards monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies was drastically hampered after conjugation. It is therefore suggested
      that in the GnRH-carrier conjugate, GnRH concentration should be determined
      carefully by using specific radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 1805796
TI  - Comparison of sialylation of maltase-glucoamylase in brush-border and soluble
      fractions of the small intestine of immature rats.
AB  - Two fractions of high-molar-mass soluble neutral maltase-glucoamylase (G1 and G2)
      of distal small intestine of 18-day-old rats separated on Sepharose 4B differ in
      sialylation which is reflected in their pI values obtained by chromatofocusing.
      The major soluble G1 fraction shows eight sialylated peaks converted by
      neuraminidase into a single fraction eluted at pH 4.21. Fraction G2 is less
      sialylated and neuraminidase causes its pI shift to 4.36. The chromatofocusing
      pattern suggests that G1 contains more acidic and G2 more basic glycoforms than
      their membrane-bound counterpart. Presence of less acidic pI values in the
      soluble G1 fraction of 18-day-old rats than in that of 13-day-old rats indicates
      that developmental decrease of sialylation concerns not only membrane-bound but
      also the soluble membrane-type of maltase-glucoamylase.

PMID- 1805797
TI  - Hormonotoxins: abrogation of ribosome inactivating property of gelonin in the
      disulfide linked ovine luteinizing hormone-gelonin conjugates.
AB  - In order to synthesize a bioeffective hormonotoxin for selective targeting to
      specific cells in the gonads, gelonin, a single chain ribosome-inactivating
      protein obtained from an Indian plant called Gelonium multiflorum was covalently
      linked to ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) by a disulfide bond. Ovine LH-S-S
      gelonin conjugates of different molar ratios were subjected to determine the
      ribosome-inactivating property in a cell-free translation assay using rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate system. A single amino group modification with N-succinimidyl
      3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate resulted in a loss of 90% protein synthesis
      inhibition activity. Upon conjugation of gelonin to oLH, the activity was further
      inhibited ranging from 2.5-6.4%. A 1:1 to 1:1.5 molar ratio (oLH-S-S-gelonin)
      conjugates showed 2.5-4.6% activity while 1:2.8 to 1:2.2 molar ratio exhibited
      5.5-6.4% inhibition ability.

PMID- 1805798
TI  - Insulin and IGF-1 manifest differential effects in a clonal capillary endothelial
      cell line.
AB  - 125I-insulin (10 fmoles) binding plus internalization (BI) to a clonal capillary
      endothelial (CE) cell line reached to a steady state after 20 min. Acid-washed
      fraction accounted for nearly half of the total specifically-bound hormone.
      Dissociation constants (Kd) for insulin-surface receptor in acid-extractable
      fraction were 0.04 nM (high affinity) and 4.7 nM (low affinity) with a total
      number of 210,000 high affinity receptors per cell. When 125I-labeled IGF-1 (15
      fmoles) was incubated similarly, BI reached only a quasi-equilibrium by 6 min and
      continued to increase thereafter. 2-Deoxyglucose transport in these cells was
      stimulated by insulin whereas IGF-1 inhibited its entry.

PMID- 1805800
TI  - Perturbations in nitrogen metabolic profiles in the tissues of fish, Labeo rohita
      exposed to fenvalerate.
AB  - Changes in the levels of nitrogen metabolic profiles in gill, brain, liver and
      muscle tissues of fish, Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration (10
      micrograms/L) of fenvalerate for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours were studied. Ammonia
      content was decreased, whereas urea and glutamine levels were increased in the
      tissues of fenvalerate exposed fish. Changes were more pronounced with an
      increase in the period of exposure. Within the tissues, the alterations in
      excretory products were in the following order: liver greater than muscle greater
      than brain greater than gill. The survivability of fish in the polluted habitats
      might be due to the operation of compensatory mechanism in the metabolic profiles
      such as detoxification and transamination of more toxic ammonia by conversion to
      less toxic compounds like urea and glutamine.

PMID- 1805799
TI  - Impact of chronic phosalone toxicity on erythropoietic activity of fish,
      Oreochromis mossambicus.
AB  - Effect of multiple sublethal concentrations of Phosalone on whole animal and
      kidney oxygen consumption, haematological indices and serum enzymes of freshwater
      fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, were carried out over a 90 day exposure period.
      Significant changes were observed which have been indicating that the presence of
      hypoxic condition in the biosystem, gradual increase in the rate of synthesis of
      haemoglobin and disruption of liver function during the toxicity of phosalone.

PMID- 1805801
TI  - Effects of thiamine deficiency on the secretion of insulin and the metabolism of
      glucose in isolated rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - Isolated pancreatic islets from thiamine deficient rats secrete less insulin. The
      secretion of insulin in response to glucose and tolbutamide is also decreased in
      these islets. Glucose and pyruvate oxidations to CO2, were decreased in the
      islets isolated from thiamine deficient rats. In the islets from control but not
      from thiamine deficient rats the oxidations of glucose and pyruvate to CO2 were
      increased by tolbutamide. The results suggest that in thiamine deficiency the
      insulin secretion is impaired due to the decreased glucose oxidation.

PMID- 1805802
TI  - Determination of glycosylation sites using a protein sequencer and
      deglycosylation of native yeast invertase by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.
AB  - Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae was tested for
      its capacity to release N-linked sugar chains from native yeast invertase. The
      enzyme liberated about 80% of the sugar chains from the native invertase.
      Deglycosylated invertase was digested by chymotrypsin or pepsin, and twelve N
      acetylglucosamine-containing glycopeptides were isolated. The amino acid
      sequences of these glycopeptides were analyzed by a protein sequencer, and the
      elution position of 4-L-aspartylglycosylamine was directly identified by
      conventional sequencing. The endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was found to
      remove mainly nine sugar chains from native invertase.

PMID- 1805803
TI  - Heparin as the cause of coagulopathy which may complicate grafting of the liver.
AB  - Disposal of heparin is accomplished rapidly by the normal liver, but the effects
      of ischemia, flushing and hypothermia during hepatic transplantation have not
      been investigated before. The results of the present study showed that neither
      laparotomy, hypothermia nor insertion of the portosystemic bypass seemed markedly
      to affect the coagulation profile, but autograft associated with 30 to 45 minutes
      of warm ischemia resulted in a twofold prolongation of the t1/2 heparin as
      calculated from sequential measurements of the activated clotting time.
      Unexpectedly, the storage of livers for four hours in EuroCollins solutions
      seemed to result in more rapid disappearance of heparin than in animals after
      laparotomy. After hepatectomy, the clearance of heparin was delayed for two hours
      but, thereafter, the slope of the disappearance resembled that in sham operated
      animals. Autograft and allograft of livers in normal pigs that did not receive
      transfusion were also associated with changes in fibrinolysis and declining
      levels of fibrinogen together with severe intraoperative bleeding problems and
      rapid death on the operating table in 30 per cent of the pigs. While
      administration of heparin alone did not appear to precipitate these changes, use
      of the drug after dissection, mobilization and storage of the liver may release
      other tissue factors that activate fibrinolysis.

PMID- 1805804
TI  - Location of port-wine stains and the likelihood of ophthalmic and/or central
      nervous system complications.
AB  - Of 310 patients with port-wine stains, 68% had more than one dermatome involved;
      85% had unilateral and 15% had a bilateral distribution of their port-wine stain.
      At the time of examination, 8% of all patients with trigeminal port-wine stains
      had evidence of eye and/or central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Extensive
      involvement, with port-wine stain over the trunk and extremities as well as the
      head and neck, was observed in 12%. Patients who did not have port-wine stains on
      the areas served by branches V1 and V2 of the trigeminal nerve had no signs or
      symptoms of eye and/or CNS involvement. Port-wine stains of the eyelids,
      bilateral distribution of the birthmark, and unilateral port-wine stains
      involving all three branches of the trigeminal nerve were associated with a
      significantly higher likelihood of having eye and/or CNS complications. Twenty
      four percent of those with bilateral trigeminal nerve port-wine stains had eye
      and/or CNS involvement compared with 6% of those with unilateral lesions. All
      those who had eye and/or CNS complications had port-wine stain involvement of the
      eyelids; in 91% both upper and lower eyelids were involved, whereas in 9% only
      the lower eyelid was involved. None of those with upper eyelid port-wine stains
      alone had eye and/or CNS complications. In addition, 3 (75%) of the 4 subjects
      with seizures alone had bilateral port-wine stain involvement. A third group,
      these with unilateral V1, V2, and V3 port-wine stains, had eye and/or CNS
      complications in 3 (19%) of 16 subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805805
TI  - Assessment of elderly people in general practice. 1. Social circumstances and
      mental state.
AB  - A survey of patients aged 75 years and over registered with general practitioners
      in north and north west London was carried out by trained interviewers to
      investigate cognitive impairment. A random sample of 239 patients was selected
      for the more detailed home assessment. General practitioners had seen nearly two
      thirds (65.3%) of their patients aged 75 years and over in the three months prior
      to the study, the majority of these consultations (82.1%) being initiated by the
      patient and occurring at the surgery. Half of the patients lived alone (50.2%),
      nearly one in three had no living siblings (31.9%), a similar proportion had no
      living children (29.5%), and contact with neighbours and relatives was relatively
      infrequent. One in five elderly patients had evidence of depression (22.0%)
      although this appeared to be severe in only two cases, and 36 participants
      (15.1%) had scores on the mini-mental state examination suggesting cognitive
      impairment. General practitioners underdiagnosed both dementia and depression.
      The population contained a small group of people who consumed alcohol on a daily
      basis (10.5%). This study showed that an annual assessment of elderly people as
      required by the new general practitioners' contract would yield much new evidence
      of depression and dementia and assist in the identification of heavy drinkers. Up
      to 30% of patients aged 75 years and over are likely to require further
      assessment on the basis of screening tests for depression and cognitive
      impairment, although it remains unclear to what extent identification of these
      patients will lead to improvements in outcome for them or their carers.

PMID- 1805806
TI  - Repeated measurement of maternal weight during pregnancy. Is this a useful
      practice?
AB  - A retrospective study of 1092 pregnant women showed that the use of a centile
      chart of maternal weight gain was not effective at detecting women who give birth
      to small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Multiple regression analysis showed
      that of the various weight measurements recorded, weekly weight gain and maternal
      size at booking were the only factors which had a significant association with
      infant birthweight after taking into account maternal gestation, age, smoking
      habit and parity. Low maternal booking weight (less than 51 kg) was the most
      effective maternal weight measurement for antenatal detection of SGA infants
      (positive predictive value 20.0%). Low average weekly maternal weight gain (less
      than 0.20 kg) had a positive predictive value of only 12.9% for detecting these
      pregnancies. Weight loss or failure to gain weight over a 2-week interval
      occurring in the third trimester was observed in 46% of all women studied.
      Maternal smoking had a positive predictive value of 16.3% in antenatal detection
      of SGA infants. Maternal weight need be recorded only at booking, with the
      exception of patients in whom nutrition is of concern. The subsequent routine
      weighing of patients may produce unnecessary anxiety and should cease.

PMID- 1805807
TI  - Laboratory correlates and prognostic significance of granular acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia in children. A Pediatric Oncology Group study.
AB  - As part of a comprehensive prospective clinicopathologic study by the Pediatric
      Oncology Group (POG), 2,092 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were
      evaluated by uniform morphologic, cytochemical, and immunologic methods to assess
      the frequency and implications of granular lymphoblasts. All cases were Sudan
      black or myeloperoxidase negative and met French-American-British (FAB)
      morphologic criteria for ALL. Granular ALL, characterized by the presence of more
      than 5% marrow blasts with at least three clearly defined azurophilic cytoplasmic
      granules, was identified in 56 of the 1,252 fully studied cases (4.5%). The
      frequency of granular features did not differ among early pre-B (4.3%), pre-B
      (3.6%), and T (5.8%) ALL; no cases were identified among the 12 patients with B
      ALL. Within the early pre-B/pre-B group, granular ALL was equally distributed
      between good- and poor-risk clinical groups but was more frequent among FAB L2
      than FAB L1 cases (12% vs. 2%; P less than or equal to 0.001). Patients were
      treated with standard POG protocols for early pre-B/pre-B and T ALL. Complete
      remission (CR) rates were significantly lower for those with granular
      lymphoblasts, regardless of risk group, immunophenotype, or FAB type. Analysis of
      event-free survival (EFS) showed a significantly poorer outcome for granular
      early pre-B/pre-B cases with FAB L2 morphologic characteristics (P less than
      0.001) and for those classified as poor risk (P = 0.015). These findings suggest
      a relationship between granules and L2 morphologic characteristics in childhood
      ALL and indicate that the presence of granular lymphoblasts conveys a worse
      prognosis for certain subgroups of children with ALL.

PMID- 1805808
TI  - Sunscreen protection against UVB, UVA and blue light: an in vivo and in vitro
      comparison.
AB  - The photoprotection against UVB, UVA and blue light provided by a widely
      prescribed sunscreen (RoC 15+ A+B) was compared with two new products containing
      microfine titanium dioxide (Sun E45 lotion SPF 15 and Sun E45 cream SPF 25)
      [corrected]. Comparisons were made in vivo using photosensitive patients with
      either chronic actinic dermatitis or erythropoietic protoporphyria, and in vitro
      using a newly developed spectrophotometric assay. Good agreement was obtained
      between the in-vivo and in-vitro methods at each waveband. All products showed
      high protection against UVB radiation, but the products containing microfine
      titanium dioxide showed significantly higher protection against both UVA and blue
      light than RoC 15+ A+B. Products containing microfine titanium dioxide are likely
      to offer superior photoprotection in those patients who are abnormally sensitive
      to long wavelength ultraviolet radiation than products which are currently
      available on prescription.

PMID- 1805809
TI  - Cancer of the testicle: an educational problem.

PMID- 1805810
TI  - The case against 'the case against childhood cholesterol screening'.

PMID- 1805811
TI  - The relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength in the elderly.
AB  - To determine the extent that muscle mass is predictive of muscle strength in the
      elderly, anthropomorphic estimates of muscle area and impedance measurements of
      muscle mass and peak isometric muscle strength were obtained in a relatively
      healthy older population over 65 years of age (mean age = 71.7; n = 218). Midarm
      muscle area correlated strongly with upper arm strength (r = 0.68, P less than
      0.0001) while midthigh muscle area had a much lower correlation with thigh muscle
      strength (r = 0.29, P less than 0.0001). These muscle area calculations also
      include bone area. Lean body mass calculated by bioelectric impedance correlated
      highly with cumulative muscle strength measured by summing all muscle groups (r =
      0.79, P less than 0.0001). To determine whether aging alters muscle strength per
      unit of muscle mass, additional middle-aged subjects were included, and three
      groups, middle-aged (55-64) (n = 78), young-old (65-74) (n = 161), and old-old
      (75+) (n = 57), were compared. A significant age-related trend of decreasing
      muscle strength per unit of lean body mass was noted. It is concluded that
      although muscle mass correlates with muscle strength in a healthy older
      population, use of simple age-independent clinical measurements of body mass
      should not be used to predict muscle strength.

PMID- 1805813
TI  - Cutaneous melanoma.

PMID- 1805814
TI  - A new clinical test in gastroduodenal perforation.
AB  - Forty-nine cases of gastroduodenal perforation were subjected to new air
      insufflation test. The clinical and radiological criteria of air insufflation
      test were applied to every patient of this study. Forty-seven cases (95.9%) were
      positive to the new test whereas 2 negative cases turned out to be old sealing
      perforation. The new test is highly useful in preoperative detection of site of
      perforation in perforative peritonitis.

PMID- 1805812
TI  - Early endoscopic sphincterotomy for retained bile duct stones after gallbladder
      surgery.
AB  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed in 36 patients (age range 33-88
      years; median 63 years) with retained bile duct stones after cholecystectomy (32
      patients) or cholecystostomy (4 patients). The median time interval between
      surgery and ES was 28 days (range 10-216 days). At the time of ES, 23 patients
      had a T-tube in situ. Clearance of the bile duct was achieved by T-tube
      irrigation in 15 patients, and by basket or balloon extraction in seven patients.
      Spontaneous clearance of the duct after ES occurred in 12 patients, while two
      patients required widening of the sphincterotomy to allow successful basket
      extraction. Complications occurred in four patients (11%). Two patients sustained
      significant haemorrhage from the ES site and subsequently died. One patient
      developed mild acute pancreatitis while another had persisting cholangitis before
      and after ES. Both of these patients recovered with conservative management.
      While ES performed soon after gallbladder surgery allows for early bile duct
      clearance, the small but significant risk of potentially lethal haemorrhage
      suggests that its use should be reserved for patients in whom other non-operative
      methods have failed or are inappropriate.

PMID- 1805815
TI  - The surfactant era--starting off right!

PMID- 1805816
TI  - Respiratory arrest during epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl.

PMID- 1805817
TI  - Radiological assessment of prolapsed disc.
AB  - Low back pain is an extremely common disorder, usually self-limiting and not
      requiring investigation or treatment. The correct approach to investigation
      results in the lowest radiation dose to the patient and the right diagnosis.
      There are many imaging techniques available and some traditional techniques are
      now of questionable value. The best approach to imaging is discussed, along with
      some common appearances.

PMID- 1805818
TI  - A randomized trial of amsacrine and rubidazone in 39 patients with acute
      promyelocytic leukemia.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) were
      randomly allocated to receive rubidazone (zorubicin) 200 mg/m2/d, days 1 to 4
      plus cytarabine (Ara C) 200 mg/m2/d, days 1 to 7 (arm A, 21 patients), or
      amsacrine (Amsa) 150 mg/m2/d, days 1 to 4 plus Ara C 200 mg/m2/d, days 1 to 7
      (arm B, 18 patients). Prophylaxis of disseminated intravascular coagulation was
      made by platelet transfusions and heparin. In case of leukemic resistance,
      patients received a second course with 2 days of rubidazone (arm A) or Amsa (arm
      B) and 3 days of Ara C. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR) received
      three consolidation courses with the two drugs used for induction and maintenance
      therapy for 3 years. Two patients in arm A and one in arm B were allografted in
      first CR. Initial characteristics were similar in both arms. In arm A, 18
      patients (86%) reached CR, two had hypoplastic death, and one had leukemic
      resistance after two courses. In arm B, 12 patients (66%) achieved CR, two had
      early death (CNS bleeding, one case; ventricular fibrillation, one case), and
      four had resistant leukemia after two courses. The difference in CR rate between
      the two arms was not significant. In arm A, disease-free survival (DFS) showed a
      plateau at 54.3% after 34 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.1% to 74.9%),
      with eight CRs longer than 34 months. In arm B, DFS was significantly shorter (P
      less than .03), showing a plateau at 16.7% after 38 months (95% confidence
      interval, 4.7% to 44.6%), and only two prolonged CRs were seen. The difference in
      DFS remained significant after censoring allografted patients and patients who
      died in CR (one in arm A, two in arm B). Our results suggest that Amsa-Ara C
      combinations may be inferior to anthracycline-Ara C combinations in the treatment
      of APL, because they seem to provide shorter DFS and, possibly, a higher
      incidence of initial leukemic resistance. However, studies with larger numbers of
      patients are required.

PMID- 1805819
TI  - Helping loved ones say good-bye.

PMID- 1805820
TI  - [Multicenter retrospective study of 3,024 patients operated on for stomach cancer
      in Italy. Epidemiology, surgical treatment and survival].
AB  - This study presents the results achieved in 2,000 patients who underwent gastric
      resection and who had been selected from amongst 3,074 cases of gastric neoplasia
      included in the Retrospective Study of Carcinoma of the Stomach, carried out by
      the "Italian Stomach Cancer Group" of the Association of Italian Hospital
      Surgeons (ACOI). In terms of the UICC TNM classification, these patients
      consisted of 234 stage I patients, 494 stage II patients 1,011 stage III patients
      and 261 stage IV patients. The overall operative mortality was 7.1 percent. This
      was lower after subtotal distal resection. The long-term survival tended to fall
      in proportion with the stage of the illness, whereas the degree of the exeresis
      did not appear to have any impact. The overall survival at 5 years in the
      patients who survived the operation was 45%, that following distal resection was
      54% and that after total gastrectomy was 33%. The survival rate in terms of the
      stage ranged from 86% for Early Gastric Cancers to 28% for the patients who
      underwent surgery at stage III i.e. when they had metastatic lymph nodes.

PMID- 1805822
TI  - Management of migraine.

PMID- 1805823
TI  - Developing new drugs for cancer.

PMID- 1805821
TI  - Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors and recurrence of affective psychosis
      after childbirth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that affective psychosis after childbirth is
      associated with an altered sensitivity to dopaminergic stimulation. DESIGN:
      Prospective study of pregnant women at high risk of developing an affective
      psychosis after childbirth. Clinical assessments in pregnancy and after delivery
      were made by using a semistructured interview (schedule for affective disorders
      and schizophrenia) and psychiatric illnesses were categorised according to
      operational criteria (research diagnostic criteria). SETTING: Obstetric and
      psychiatric departments in and around Greater London. SUBJECTS: 29 pregnant women
      with a history of bipolar or schizoaffective psychosis and 47 control pregnant
      women. Of these, 16 from each group participated in a growth hormone challenge
      test and the results for 15 women in each group were analysed. INTERVENTIONS: On
      the fourth day postpartum women participating in the hormone challenge test were
      given a subcutaneous injection of a small dose (0.005 mg/kg) of the dopamine
      agonist apomorphine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Growth hormone secretion in response
      to apomorphine as an index of the functional state of hypothalamic dopamine
      receptors. RESULTS: Eight of the 15 women at risk of psychosis subsequently had a
      recurrence of illness (five bipolar, one schizomanic, and two major depressive
      illnesses); these women had significantly greater growth hormone responses to
      apomorphine than the seven at risk women who remained well and the 15 controls,
      and there were no significant differences between groups in average baseline
      growth hormone concentrations. The mean (SD) concentrations for women with
      recurrence, women at risk who remained well, and control women respectively were:
      average baseline concentrations 1.06 (1.14), 1.44 (1.39), and 0.90 (1.34) mU/l;
      peak increase in concentrations 13.68 (12.95), 3.46 (4.68), and 3.40 (3.83) mU/l
      (between group difference p less than 0.05); average increase in concentrations
      6.74 (7.01), 1.78 (3.39), and 1.40 (2.05) mU/l (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      The onset of affective psychosis after childbirth was associated with increased
      sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus and possibly elsewhere in
      the brain. Such changes may be triggered by the sharp fall in circulating
      oestrogen concentrations after delivery.

PMID- 1805824
TI  - Cerebral hemispheres and the heart.

PMID- 1805825
TI  - Screening pilots for silent ischemia.

PMID- 1805826
TI  - Assault after ingestion of antidepressant.

PMID- 1805827
TI  - Assessing the response to pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 1805828
TI  - Condylomata acuminata and risk of cancer.

PMID- 1805829
TI  - The right to know.

PMID- 1805830
TI  - Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors in puerperal psychosis.

PMID- 1805831
TI  - Subtle injuries of the Lisfranc joint.

PMID- 1805832
TI  - ED codes: keep the family out.

PMID- 1805833
TI  - "Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content in solid tumors".

PMID- 1805834
TI  - Bilingual, bicultural education.

PMID- 1805835
TI  - Cesareans are more than skin deep.

PMID- 1805836
TI  - On demand epidural fenatanyl.

PMID- 1805837
TI  - APACHE II and clinical sickness score.

PMID- 1805838
TI  - Epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl infusions.

PMID- 1805839
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics.

PMID- 1805840
TI  - Development of an endoscopic discipline separate from gastroenterology or
      digestive surgery.

PMID- 1805841
TI  - Nurse clinical-specialists as nonphysician prescribers.

PMID- 1805842
TI  - The enigma of lymphedema--a search for answers.

PMID- 1805843
TI  - Postsplenectomy sepsis and antibiotic prophylaxis before dental work.

PMID- 1805844
TI  - Functional is distinct from cosmetic.

PMID- 1805845
TI  - Fregoli transformed.

PMID- 1805846
TI  - Guidewire-assisted esophageal dilation.

PMID- 1805847
TI  - Conservative management of hemorrhoids.

PMID- 1805848
TI  - More about anatomic rubber stamps.

PMID- 1805849
TI  - Call for doctors to support tobacco advertising ban.

PMID- 1805851
TI  - [42d World Health Assembly. Strengthening nursing and midwifery in support of
      strategies for 'Health for All'].

PMID- 1805850
TI  - The Fregoli syndrome and puerperal psychosis.
AB  - Four cases of the Fregoli syndrome occurring in the setting of puerperal
      psychosis are described. They are discussed in relation to previously reported
      cases and it is proposed that the acute onset of the psychosis and ambivalence
      arising with childbirth are important factors in the pathogenesis.

PMID- 1805852
TI  - [Pain and nursing--a holistic approach].
AB  - The nurse lives and works everyday at the bedside of the suffering, the invalid
      and the terminal patients. His main goal and mission to prevent, alleviate and
      cure human pain can be better fulfilled by the holistic individualized nursing
      care of each patient as a unique biopsychosocial and spiritual human being.

PMID- 1805853
TI  - [ICN--taking care of the caretakers. Nurses: health and safety at work].

PMID- 1805854
TI  - [Mental health and nursing].
AB  - World Health Organization, contributing to the International Nurses Day proposes
      that mental health should be taught as a special subject, parallel to the
      subjects of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing. Mental health is a dynamic
      process though one can not ignore the role of heredity to it. Research has shown
      that sex, nationality, social status and occupation do influence mental health to
      a great extend. The first formative years of life, family relations, school
      experiences and the events of life are decisive factors for the mental health
      state, of an individual. Alcoholism and drug addiction form a permanent threat on
      mental health in the context of community mental health and psychiatric care.
      There can be certain interventions in the field of prevention: (a) early
      interventions, (b) help to people to overcome stressful situations, (c) help to
      people in the old age, (d) policy making to face alcoholism and drug addiction.
      The role of community psychiatric nurse, in the prevention of mental disease is
      very important. The reorientation of our educational programmes according to the
      directions given by the World Health Organization will enable us to meet our
      challenge and new role in 1992.

PMID- 1805855
TI  - [Nurse's role in a program of alcoholism rehabilitation].
AB  - As far back as history goes alcoholism is known to have caused various problems:
      psychological, pathological and social. Theories regarding their causes are many
      and they vary in each case. In Cyprus, a special detoxification programme is
      being used, in which the nurse's role is very important. Special importance is
      accorded to the withdrawal symptoms in the nursing assessment and nursing care.

PMID- 1805856
TI  - [Activities of psychiatric nurses working in short-stay hospital psychiatric
      wards].
AB  - During the nursing period the person who has psychological problems goes through
      a transitional period, in which he becomes responsible for coping with his
      problems, which are being expressed in various ways. It has been observed that
      when a new patient is admitted to the hospital, some of his first affects as well
      as those of his relatives ones are anxiety and fear. What a nurse has to do is to
      cope with these (affects symptoms) by trying to come into communication with the
      patient who will start feeling accepted and the nurse will be able to approach
      and examine all the sides of the patient's personality (both the healthy and the
      unhealthy ones). The nurse can help the patient to recover to health, only if he
      or she knows the patient's sides of personality. Full record of all the
      information drawn through observation of the personal interviews with the patient
      is kept in the sheet of nursing notes and consists part of the nursing care
      history. The full and accurate keeping of the nursing care history combined with
      the medical and social record is very helpful in the assessment of the patient.

PMID- 1805857
TI  - The predominance of IgG1 and IgG3 subclass antisperm antibodies in infertile
      patients with serum antisperm antibodies.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for each of the four human IgG
      subclasses and immunofluorescence flow cytometry were used to evaluate the
      subclass of the IgG antibody response to sperm in serum samples from 13 men and 6
      women with a high titer (greater than 1:15,625) of IgG antisperm antibodies (ASA]
      determined by an indirect immunobead test. Five sera without ASA were also
      studied as a control. All 19 (100%) of the ASA-positive sera contained
      immunoglobulin (Ig)G ASA of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. A 1:1 correlation was
      observed between the presence of IgG1 and IgG3 ASA. IgG2 was essentially
      undetectable, while IgG4 reactivity, although less intense than IgG1 and IgG3,
      was more prominent in the sera from the five vasectomized men. The ability of the
      IgG1 and IgG3 ASA-positive sera to deposit complement (C) on sperm was
      demonstrated by the concomitant binding to antibody-laden sperm of polyclonal
      antibodies to the membrane attack complex (C5b-9) of C. Both C-fixing and non-C
      fixing ASA-positive sera were found to possess IgG1 and IgG3 antisperm
      antibodies. The predominance of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses suggested a T-cell
      dependent immune response to sperm antigens.

PMID- 1805858
TI  - Antisperm antibodies in split ejaculates.
AB  - The split ejaculation technique concentrates the most motile and viable
      spermatozoa in the first part of the ejaculate. Several clinicians use this
      fraction for insemination and in vitro fertilization. Eleven vasovasostomized men
      with antisperm antibodies participated in this study. The mixed antiglobulin
      reaction (MAR) for IgG, IgA, and secretory component was carried out on the whole
      ejaculate and the fractions of the split ejaculate. The isotype and concentration
      of free antisperm antibodies were determined in serum, the whole ejaculate and
      the fractions of the split ejaculate by the indirect MAR and the tray
      agglutination test. The detection of bound antisperm antibodies revealed almost
      identical reactions in fractions one and two and in the whole ejaculate. The
      results suggested that the majority of antisperm antibodies in the ejaculate from
      vasovasostomized men are transuded from serum not only at the epididymal and/or
      the prostatic level but also in the seminal vesicles.

PMID- 1805859
TI  - Sulfated glycoprotein-2 induced endogenous resistance to ischemia and reperfusion
      injury in the seminiferous tubules.
AB  - Evidence of increased resistance of Sertoli cells to ischemia and reperfusion
      injury was presented by numerous histological, morphological, and quantitative
      studies. In situ hybridization techniques and immunocytochemical studies
      demonstrated intense expression of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) in Sertoli
      cells. We propose that protective effects of SGP-2 are the core of the
      differential tolerance of ischemia by the various testicular cells and the
      morphology of the postischemic testis. We believe that suppression of ischemic
      damage selectively in Sertoli cells is the consequence of the ability to produce
      SGP-2, an endogenous inhibitor of ischemic injury. This hypothetical function of
      SGP-2 is supported by its immunosuppressive properties and its structural and
      functional identity to several types of human complement cytolysis inhibitors.

PMID- 1805861
TI  - Expression of transferrin receptor on human maternal and neonatal peripheral
      blood lymphocytes.
AB  - The levels of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing the receptor for
      transferrin (TSR) on untreated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cell
      samples from maternal-neonate pairs were evaluated 4-12 h postpartum.
      Significantly increased levels of TSR+ cells were observed on fresh, unstimulated
      neonatal and maternal cells, as compared to control cells from young adult males
      and females, and the values seemed to correlate with the sex of the neonate and
      with birth order. The level of TSR+ cells in culture was found to be increased on
      neonatal cells and decreased on maternal cells.

PMID- 1805862
TI  - Taking culture into account: a challenging prospect for cardiovascular nursing.
AB  - The intent of this paper is to provide nurses with a way of viewing and working
      with cultural differences of their clients. A second goal is to make such
      information relevant to nurses caring for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
      Using nursing and social science literature the author defines culturally
      sensitive care and identifies concepts basic to the provision of such care.
      Drawing upon interviews with nurses working in a variety of cardiovascular
      settings a perspective on how culturally sensitive care can be provided is
      presented.

PMID- 1805864
TI  - Cardiovascular nursing research: alive and well.

PMID- 1805863
TI  - [The experience of being a family caregiver to a person after a stroke: a review
      of the literature].
AB  - This paper presents a review of literature on the subject of being a family
      caregiver to a stroke patient. This review allows the nurse to better understand
      the factors which influence the role of the family caregiver and identifies
      directions for action to improve the quality of care to this population. The
      article examines the multidimensional aspects of being a family caregiver to a
      stroke patient. The Given et al. (1988) model of care explains the interaction of
      the factors which have an effect on the role of the caregiver. These factors
      include the quality of the marital relationship, the personal characteristics of
      the family caregiver, the needs and reactions of the ill person and the
      environment of the family caregiver. The aim of the model of care is to ensure
      maximum functioning of the ill person and minimize the negative effects of being
      a caregiver. The paper also explains how the Strauss and Corbin (1988) health
      problem trajectory model helps nurses to better understand the reactions and
      perceptions of a stroke patient. As well, it specifies the existential
      phenomelogical perspective advocated in caring theory. This care model teaches
      nurses to understand the individual reactions of the family caregiver and helps
      her realize the hard realities of life. Such insight assist the family caregiver
      to develop inner strengths and a sense of control over life which will help the
      caregiver to transcend her situation.

PMID- 1805860
TI  - The possible role of prolactin in autoimmunity.

PMID- 1805865
TI  - A nursing intervention: the design and implementation of a cardiovascular health.
AB  - The design and implementation of a Cardiovascular Health Education Program (CHEP)
      tailored to meet the needs of adolescents will be discussed. As well, findings
      concerning the impact of the program on the cardiovascular health knowledge of
      junior high school adolescents will be reported. The program consisted of seven
      educational modules implemented within seven of the health classes in one grade
      eight class of junior high school adolescents (N = 28). The impact of the program
      was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Knowledge Questionnaire (CHKQ)
      (Williams, Arnold & Wynder, 1977) with an experimental and control group. The
      CHKQ was administered prior to the implementation of the CHEP (pre-test),
      immediately after its implementation (post-test 1), and four months later (post
      test 2). Both the experimental and control groups scored poorly on the pretest.
      The experimental group mean score significantly improved on post-test 1 (p less
      than .05) and this improvement was maintained on post-test 2. The control group
      however did not demonstrate any significant improvement on any of the post-tests.
      The findings of this study demonstrate that a cardiovascular health education
      program tailored specifically for adolescents had an impact on the cardiovascular
      health knowledge of the adolescents in this study. Further research is warranted
      to assess the impact of the program on adolescent cardiovascular health attitudes
      and behaviors.

PMID- 1805866
TI  - Structure of tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate octahydrate.
AB  - Na4[C14H4O8].8H2O, Mr = 536.3, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 6.142 (1), b = 8.144 (3),
      c = 20.527 (4) A, beta = 93.97 (1) degrees, V = 1024.4 (5) A3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.74 g
      cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71073 A, mu = 2.14 cm-1, F(000) = 552 T = 295 K, R =
      0.039 for 1769 unique reflections having I greater than sigma I. In this
      structure, the title compound has an inversion center at the midpoint of the
      central naphthalene ring bond. The average C-C bond length in the naphthalene
      core is 1.41 (3) A; the average interior angle is 119.9 (1.0) degrees. The
      exterior angle at the central naphthalene carbon is 122.7 (3) degrees,
      significantly smaller than in 1.8-substituted naphthalenes. The two inequivalent
      carboxyl groups adopt a non-planar arrangement with respect to the naphthalene
      core, making an average dihedral angle of 53.8 (1) degree with it. The two
      inequivalent sodium ions have quite different environments. Na(1) is coordinated
      by six O atoms in a highly distorted octahedral arrangement with an average Na-O
      distance of 2.44 (10) A. Na(2) is coordinated by five O atoms in a highly
      distorted trigonal bipyramidal arrangement with an average Na-O distance of 2.36
      (3) A. Each of the eight inequivalent water H atoms is involved in a single
      hydrogen bond. The average H...O (acceptor) distance is 2.00 (5) A, the average
      O...O (acceptor) distance is 2.85 (5) A and the average O-H...O (acceptor) angle
      is 165 (8) degrees for these hydrogen bonds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805867
TI  - Structure of L-prolyl-L-tyrosine monohydrate.
AB  - C14H18N2O4.H2O, Mr = 296.32, triclinic, P1, a = 5.524 (3), b = 6.621 (2), c =
      10.307 (2) A, alpha = 78.82 (3), beta = 86.82 (4), gamma = 84.96 (4) degrees, V =
      368.11 A3, Z = 1, Dx = 1.34 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha 1) = 0.70930 A, mu = 1.10
      cm-1, F(000) = 158, T = 298 K, final R = 0.044 for 2182 observed reflections. The
      molecule crystallizes as a zwitterion with the peptide backbone folded and a
      water molecule of hydration. The water molecule and the dipeptide molecule are
      involved in an extensive hydrogen-bond network.

PMID- 1805868
TI  - Structure of a dihydrooxazole oxa-bridged octalin.
AB  - C26H41NO7, Mr = 479.61, triclinic, P1, a = 11.894 (4), b = 12.360 (2), c = 9.969
      (2) A, alpha = 106.11 (2), beta = 100.68 (2), gamma = 99.02 (2) degrees, V =
      1349.5 (6) A3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.180 Mg m-3, Mo K alpha, lambda = 0.71069 A, mu =
      0.079 mm-1, F(000) = 520, T = 296 K, R = 0.041, wR = 0.047 for 3196 observed
      unique reflections. A new approach to the total synthesis of the nargenicin
      macrolide system employing a [2,3] Wittig rearrangement to control the remote C16
      C17 stereochemistry required characterization of a pivotal intermediate by X-ray
      single-crystal methods. The structure is characterized by the formation of strong
      intermolecular alcohol to dihydrooxazole-N hydrogen bonds, an essentially strain
      free tricyclic oxa-bridged octalin nucleus, and low-energy conformations of the
      methoxymethyl ether side chains.

PMID- 1805869
TI  - Tris[(2-pyridinium)methyl]amine perchlorate.
AB  - Nitrilotrismethylenetri-2-pyridinium perchlorate, C18H21N4(3+).3C1O4-, Mr =
      591.74, cubic, P2(1)3, a = 13.289 (3) A, V = 2347 (2) A 3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.675 (2)
      g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71069 A, mu = 4.60 cm-1, F(000) = 1216, T = 189
      (3) K, R = 0.056 for 1073 unique observed reflections with I greater than
      sigma(I). All four ions lie on threefold axes. The perchlorate ions are nearly
      regular tetrahedra. The bond lengths and angles in the ions are normal. As the
      name implies, the cation is protonated on the pyridine N atoms and not on the
      amine N atom. Each H atom attached to an N atom is part of a three-centered
      hydrogen bond in which the H-atom acceptors are O atoms on two different
      perchlorate ions.

PMID- 1805871
TI  - Structure of (2'R*,5S*)-(+/-)-5-(tetrahydro-2'H-pyran-2'-yl)-2(5H)-furanone.
AB  - C9H12O3, Mr = 168.2, triclinic, P1, a = 5.5385 (6), b = 8.543 (1), c = 10.373 (1)
      A, alpha = 113.329 (9), beta = 100.78 (1), gamma = 99.82 (1) degree, V = 426.2
      (2) A3, Dx = 1.31 g cm-3, Z = 2, Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A, graphite
      monochromator), mu = 8.2 cm-1, F(000) = 180, T = 293 K. Final R = 0.036, wR =
      0.081 for 1559 reflections with I greater than 3 sigma(I). The relative
      configurations at the two chiral centers are (S,R). The dihedral angle between
      the five- and six-membered rings (O1--C4--C5--O3) is 69.9 (1) degree. The
      tetrahydropyran is in a chair conformation with the furanone ring equatorial.

PMID- 1805870
TI  - Structure of a lactone, (3 alpha,4 alpha,6 alpha)-4-(tert- butyldimethylsiloxy)
      3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-methyl-3-(2-oxopropyl)- 2H- pyran-2-one.
AB  - C15H28O4Si, Mr = 300.5, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 11.194 (4), b = 10.944 (3), c =
      14.815 (5) A, beta = 95.01 (3) degrees, V = 1808 (2) A3, Dx = 1.104 g cm-3, Z =
      4, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71069 A, mu = 1.43 cm-1, F(000) = 656, T = 293 K, final
      R = 0.052, wR = 0.058 for 1630 reflections with I greater than 3 sigma(I). The
      valerolactone ring is in a boat conformation and the three ring substituents are
      cis.

PMID- 1805872
TI  - Structures of 1-(3,3-dimethylamino)propyl naphtho[2,1-b]thiophene-4- carboxylate
      and N-(3,3-dimethylamino)propyl-8-methoxynaphtho[2,1- b]thiophene-4-carboxamide,
      intercalators into double-helical DNA.
AB  - (1) C18H19NO2S, Mr = 313.42, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 11.503 (3), b = 15.932 (2),
      c = 9.133 (2) A, beta = 102.17 (2) degrees, V = 1636.1 A3, lambda(Cu K alpha) =
      1.54178 A, mu = 1.762 mm-1, F(000) = 664, T = 293 (1) K, R = 0.047 for 2044
      significant reflections. (2) C19H21NO3S, Mr = 343.45, triclinic, Pl, a = 9.873
      (2), b = 13.163 (3), c = 14.065 (3) A, alpha = 101.33, beta = 94.30 (3), gamma =
      91.35 (3) degrees, V = 1785.8 A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.28 Mg m-3, lambda(Cu K alpha) =
      1.54178 A, mu = 1.699 mm-1, F(000) = 728, T = 293 (1) K, R = 0.052 for 1787
      significant reflections. The torsion angle between the naphthothiophene ring and
      the carbonyl O atom of the side chain is 5.5 (4) degrees in structure (1) and 25
      (2) and -32 (2) degrees in the two independent molecules of (2). This difference
      is due to out-of-plane distortions in (2) that arise from steric hindrance
      between H atoms on the amide and the ring system, at position 2.

PMID- 1805873
TI  - [Photochemistry of pharmaceutical substances].
AB  - The chemistry of excited states is now well understood, and the photo-instability
      of pharmaceutically active molecules can be rationalized or predicted. Some
      relevant examples are discussed and include both reactions of the excited state
      of the substrate and reactions caused by active species photochemically generated
      from other components, as well as the effect of the physical state of the sample
      on the reaction.

PMID- 1805874
TI  - [Protective action of some compounds against the toxicity of acetaldehyde,
      acrolein and formaldehyde in the rat].
AB  - The Authors report the protective activity of some compounds against the toxicity
      of acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde in the rat. The compounds were orally
      administered 30 min before and 5 hours after the toxicant aldehyde administration
      (acetaldehyde 2150 mg/kg os; acrolein 75 mg/kg os; formaldehyde 950 mg/kg os). L
      cysteine and L-ascorbic acid showed a good protective activity against the three
      toxicant aldehydes. Cysteamine, BHT and propyl gallate showed activity against
      acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Quercetin was active only against acetaldehyde
      whereas alpha-tocopherol was inactive.

PMID- 1805875
TI  - [Particulate contamination of amino acid solutions for parenteral use].
AB  - Three industrial batches of a 10% (w/v) amino acid solution have been checked for
      particulate contamination. The batches differed in preparative technology and/or
      type of additives. In particular, one batch was prepared under nitrogen, filled
      under vacuum and with the addition of sodium metabisulfite and cysteine. The
      other two batches were simply prepared under nitrogen and differed in the
      presence or not of cysteine and sodium metabisulfite. Accelerated stability tests
      were performed (40, 50, e 60 degrees C) and controls were effected both at room
      (25 degrees C) and refrigerator (6 degrees C) temperature. The results show that
      the preparation under nitrogen and the presence of cysteine result in an improved
      chemical stability and allow the particulate contamination level to be maintained
      within the limits of the Italian Pharmacopoeia. In particular, the batch prepared
      under nitrogen and filled under vacuum is characterized by a particulate
      contamination level which remains within the more restrictive limits of the
      British Pharmacopoeia for the entire period of the stability studies. Moreover,
      the particulate contamination control performed at 6 degrees C has proved to be a
      useful predictive tool with regards to batch quality evaluation.

PMID- 1805876
TI  - [Product innovation in the pharmaceutical sector. III.(II). The pharmaceutical
      sector].

PMID- 1805877
TI  - Developments in modern hematology.
AB  - In the past 40 years our concepts about hemopoiesis have been changed
      dramatically. The results of bone marrow transplantation into lethally irradiated
      mice since the mid-fifties suggested the existence of a hemopoietic stem cell,
      which was initially identified as a spleen colony forming cell (CFU-S). Later
      experiments showed that the stem cell compartment is rather heterogeneous and
      that the most primitive stem cell, unlike the CFU-S, has the ability for long
      term engraftment of an irradiated recipient. Daughter cells of such primitive
      quiescent stem cells lose their capacity for self-generation gradually with each
      mitosis and become more and more committed to a specific differentiation lineage.
      In vitro culture techniques in a serum-free semi-solid medium enabled the
      establishment and analysis of specific hemopoietic growth factors. Such factors,
      which are essential for the maintenance, proliferation and differentiation of
      progenitor cells and the functional activity of mature cells can now be produced
      with recombinant DNA techniques in pure form and large quantities. Hemopoiesis
      requires an appropriate microenvironment, consisting of various stromal cell
      types and an extracellular matrix. Intercellular contacts, adhesion of cells and
      growth factors to the matrix molecules seem essential in the regulating action of
      this hemopoietic microenvironment. In long-term bone marrow cultures the
      development of a stromal hemopoietic microenvironment can facilitate long-term
      maintenance of stem cells and hemopoietic differentiation. For bone marrow
      transplantation and infusion of hemopoietic growth factors many clinical
      indications are well established and our possibilities to interfere in the
      regulation of hemopoiesis are still growing.

PMID- 1805878
TI  - The human genome: a view from above.
AB  - The genome of vertebrates (and of eukaryotes in general) is not simply formed by
      genes that are randomly scattered over vast expanses of "junk DNA", but is
      organized in a system which obeys precise rules, that amount to a genomic code.
      Moreover, genes are concentrated in the chromosomal regions which are the richest
      in G (guanine) and C (cytosine) and seem to correspond to the telomeric regions
      of certain chromosome arms (T-bands). The study of the genome organization in
      different vertebrate classes allowed us to approach in a novel way a number of
      fundamental problems of genome evolution.

PMID- 1805879
TI  - Oxalate solution and collagen-oxalate solution as protective liners for dentine.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate under scanning electron microscopy
      the ability of different chemically reactive solutions to form a protective layer
      on dentine. The materials selected were an oxalate solution, a collagen-oxalate
      solution, a collagen-oxalate solution plus glutaraldehyde and a saline control
      solution. Small dentine fragments, obtained from extracted human teeth, were
      treated with the various chemical solution for 60 seconds. All samples were then
      examined in a Jeol scanning electron microscope. The preliminary observations
      suggest that dentine may be covered by a mixture of oxalate crystals and collagen
      producing a homogeneous layer of reactive agents.

PMID- 1805880
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy and dentinal permeability analysis of smear layer.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the surface morphology and the
      permeability of dentine after different acid treatments: polyacrylic acid, maleic
      acid, phosphoric acid and saline solution as control. Dentine permeability was
      expressed as hydraulic conductance. All the acid treatments removed the smear
      layer and increased the dentine permeability.

PMID- 1805881
TI  - Microleakage in composite resin restorations.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the marginal microleakage of the
      newest generation of composite resin restorative materials. Class V restorations
      were prepared in human extracted teeth. Different combinations of restorative
      materials were used. All the materials tested showed marginal microleakage along
      the dentinal walls, suggesting that the adhesion value is not sufficient to
      counteract the composite shrinkage and to reduce the marginal space.

PMID- 1805882
TI  - [Nuclear triiodothyronine receptors in the testis of the growing rat are
      regulated by the thyroid status].
AB  - The effects of thyroid status on the binding capacity, association constant (Ka)
      and receptor occupancy during postnatal rat testis development were evaluated.
      Hypothyroidism (induced by oral administration of 0.05% methimazole from the day
      of birth) increased the total T3 binding capacity in the testis, retarding the
      normal developmental decrease in T3 receptor number (mean maximal binding
      capacities estimated by Scatchard analysis for 21-day-old eu- and hypothyroid
      rats were 117 and 173 fmol/mg DNA, respectively). The rat thyroid status also
      affected the percentage of T3 receptor occupancy but not the affinity of binding
      (as measured by Ka). The postnatal developmental changes in T3 binding capacity
      induced by hypothyroidism were completely reversed by T3 replacement. These
      results suggest that T3 nuclear receptors in the developing rat testis are
      modulated by thyroid hormones.

PMID- 1805883
TI  - Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens is enhanced by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - T lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients and from
      healthy skin test PPD-positive subjects show a remarkably increased proliferative
      response in culture to purified protein derivative (PPD) when three anti
      mycobacterial monoclonal antibodies are added together with the antigen. This
      indicates an important role played by antibodies in the T cell response to the
      tuberculous infection.

PMID- 1805884
TI  - [Effect of age on the orientation of attention: effect of changing the interval
      between signal and stimulus].
AB  - The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of aging on spatial
      attention. One of two possible locations, horizontally arranged, was cued. The
      subject had to respond to the onset of a visual stimulus, wherever it appeared.
      The task demand was to orient attention to the stimulated location before
      producing a response, or to reorient it if the position is not the cued one.
      Younger and older adults showed the same response pattern, despite the overall
      slowing down of response presented by the latter.

PMID- 1805885
TI  - [Analysis of the replication kinetics in primary culture of isolates of HIV-1
      from infected patients in various stages of the disease].
AB  - The authors have studied the replicative kinetics and the induction of cytopathic
      effects of HIV-1 in primary co-cultures from infected subjects at various stages
      of the disease. Cultures from subjects with ARC or AIDS yielded HIV-1 replication
      more precociously and at higher levels compared to those from asymptomatic
      subjects; cytopathic effect "in vitro" were observed more frequently and earlier
      in cell cultures from ARC/AIDS subjects. Presented data indicate that the
      clinical and immunological deterioration during HIV-1 infection is related to
      viral replicative activity and suggest that the study of HIV-1 replicative
      kinetics in primary co-cultures may be helpful in predicting who will progress to
      AIDS.

PMID- 1805886
TI  - [Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from whole blood].
AB  - The authors describe a simple and sensitive technique for HIV isolation from
      small amounts of heparinized whole blood. This method demonstrated a high
      efficiency in detecting HIV at all stages of disease and appeared more sensitive
      with respect to viral isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Although
      further studies are needed to better understand the biological significance of a
      positive cultural result obtained by this method, HIV isolation from whole blood
      can be routinely employed, especially when small amounts of blood are available.

PMID- 1805887
TI  - [Antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in gastroenterology personnel, patients
      and the healthy population].
AB  - We have studied the prevalence of IgG antibodies to H. pylori in gastroenterology
      personnel, patients and healthy blood donors to determinate if there is a
      presumable high risk of infection among the first group, frequently at risk of
      exposure to gastrointestinal secretions. The positive percentage of sera in the
      gastroenterology personnel was 30.4% and in the healthy control group (mean age
      35.8 years) was 38.5% (p = 0.620). In the patient group, the rate of positive
      results was 90% and in their control group (mean age 58 years) was 78.1% (p =
      0.269). However, the differences were statistically significant when groups of
      different ages were compared (p less than 0.001). The results obtained suggest
      that the variations in the antibodies levels are age related and do not confirm
      the presumably increased risk among the gastroenterology personnel.

PMID- 1805888
TI  - [Therapeutic usefulness of antioxidant drugs in experimental intestinal
      reperfusion syndrome].
AB  - The intestinal reperfusion injury has been studied in Sprague-Dawley rats
      weighing 200 g. Intestinal ischemia has been induced by clamping the Superior
      Mesenteric Artery (SMA) for 120 minutes. In order to parallel clinical
      situations, free radical scavengers (allopurinol [ALLO]) and superoxide-dismutase
      [SOD] were inoculated at a low perfusion rate through the femoral vein during the
      last 20 minutes of the ischemic period. Both drugs have decreased the mortality
      rate (from 70% in control group, to 40%) and the mean percentage of damaged
      intestine (30.89% vs. 23.84% and 24.70%). Histologically, ALLO was less effective
      than SOD (12.54 control; 8.40 SOD; 11.54 ALLO). The modification of glucose,
      SGOT, SGPT and LDH found in all the ischemic animals shows the hepatocellular
      injury induced by intestinal reperfusion.

PMID- 1805889
TI  - [CT in radiation enteritis].
AB  - The computed tomography findings of 18 patients who had received radiation
      therapy for pelvic malignancies were reviewed retrospectively. They include bowel
      wall thickening, mainly in central areas and in contact with anterior abdominal
      wall, mesenteric thickening, without masses and rectal and presacral space
      involvement. The differential diagnosis of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 1805890
TI  - [Regenerative response of hepatocytes implanted in the spleen].
AB  - Regenerative activity of syngenic hepatocytes inoculated into the spleen has been
      assessed. Partial hepatectomy and cyclosporine were used as regenerative stimuli.
      Nuclear DNA has been quantified by means of a cytophotometric method, and the
      intensity of the response has been defined as the Mean Percentage of Regenerating
      Hepatocytes (MPRH). Both hepatectomy and cyclosporine (alone or associated) have
      significantly increased splenic MPRH.

PMID- 1805891
TI  - [Intraoperative echography during surgery for biliary lithiasis].
AB  - We present the experience with the use of intraoperative ultrasonography in
      detecting biliary calculi on 55 patients, 19 of which had lithiasis of the common
      bile duct. Operative ultrasonics imaging of the biliary tree and operative
      cholangiography had a similar accuracy when both explorations were performed. In
      this series, accuracy indexes of ultrasonography in diagnosing
      choledocholithiasis were: sensitivity, 84.21%; specificity, 100%; efficiency,
      94%; predictability of a positive test, 100%; predictability of a negative test,
      92%. We think ultrasonography is a better exploration in two conditions: when
      intrahepatic duct lithiasis exists and if calculi are at the end of choledochus,
      because differentiation with neoplastic changes is easier.

PMID- 1805892
TI  - [Gastric lipoma diagnosed using transcutaneous echography with a fluid-filled
      stomach].
AB  - A patient with a lipoma of the stomach was diagnosed preoperatively by
      transcutaneous ultrasound and replenishment of the stomach with fluid, obtaining
      in this way specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria. This technique might be
      considered as complementary to endoscopy in the diagnosis of submucous tumours
      and as an alternative to other expensive examinations such as endoscopic
      echography.

PMID- 1805894
TI  - [Reactive arthritis and infestation by Giardia lamblia].
AB  - The association between reactive arthritis and Giardia lamblia infestation,
      although it has been previously described, is not very common. We present a 32
      year-old woman who had oligo-arthritis and erythema nodosum after Giardia lamblia
      infestation. We think that a Giardiasis should be more frequently considered in
      patients with arthritis after an episode of diarrhea.

PMID- 1805893
TI  - [Rosai-Dorfman disease of the mesenteric lymph nodes and appendix. Secondary to
      salmonellosis?].
AB  - A 28 year-old female patient was operated for acute abdominal pain. At the
      surgical intervention the mesenteric nodes turned out to be enlarged and the
      appendix was apparently normal. Microscopically, the changes observed were of the
      Rosai-Dorfman disease type in the appendix as well as in the nodes. A salmonella
      D was cultivated in the mesenteric nodes. This association, which has not been
      described in the literature, permits us to comment clinicopathological aspects,
      poorly defined, with special reference to the possibility that some instances of
      Rosai-Dorfman disease could be secondary to an infectious process.

PMID- 1805895
TI  - [Massive lithiasis of the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. Presentation of a
      clinical case].
AB  - A case of massive intra and extrahepatic lithiasis in a 52 year-old-man is
      presented. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography, CT and percutaneous
      cholangiography. The value of the different diagnostic procedures is analyzed.
      The need for elective surgical treatment is insisted on in order to remove the
      majority of the calculi, treatment of stenosis and adequate biliary drainage. Our
      case was treated with an hepatico-jejuno-duodenostomy (end to side) on an
      isolated jejunal loop with sphincteroplasty for drainage of the distal
      choledochus. In the postoperative period the patient was treated with Methyl-tert
      butyl-ether for dissolution of the remaining calculi.

PMID- 1805896
TI  - [Liver abscess caused by Nocardia. Report of a case].

PMID- 1805897
TI  - [Simultaneous cancer of the bladder and the main bile duct].

PMID- 1805898
TI  - [Unusual presenting form of carcinoma of the colon: gluteal abscess].

PMID- 1805899
TI  - [Reply to the critique by Drs. Diaz de Rojas y Castello Tapias].

PMID- 1805900
TI  - [Osteosynthesis of proximal femoral fractures. Experience in the treatment of
      2012 patients].
AB  - Between 1973 and 1990 a total of 2012 patients with fractures of the proximal
      femur were operatively treated at the surgical accident and emergency department
      of the Stadtische Krankenanstalten Krefeld. The most commonly observed fracture
      in the high age group (mean: 81.2 years) was that of subcapital femoral neck (n =
      1067). A total hip replacement (TEP n = 768) or a hemiarthroplasty (n = 135) was
      indicated in 85% of the cases. All patients in which a head preserving internal
      fixation was possible, were normally treated as an emergency with a cancellous
      screw (n = 81) or stabilized with 130 grade angled plate (n = 83).
      Pertrochanteric femur fractures (n = 715) were mainly stabilized with 130 grade
      angled plates (n = 605). In subtrochanteric femur fractures (n = 230) a 130 grade
      angled plate (n = 155) or a 95 grade condylar plate (n = 75) was used. In
      principle early internal fixation followed by immediate mobilization was the aim
      in all patients (68% of patients were operated on within three days of
      admission). Sufficient stability was achieved using internal fixation to allow
      full weight bearing in 76% of the injures, or partial weight bearing in 21%
      postoperatively. The paper shows that the patients need spend less time in the
      hospital (60% stayed less than three weeks on the ward, 80% were discharged
      within four weeks) and that the mortality in this study was reduced to 10.1% in
      comparison with formerly studies. Complications such as fracture of the implant
      (0.5%) and dislocation (0.9%) were described. The rate of bone infection amounted
      to 0.9% of all operations.

PMID- 1805901
TI  - [Arthritis following osteosynthesis of supra-/intercondylar femoral fractures].
AB  - Of 104 supra-/intercondylar femur fractures in adults (AO/ASIF Classification
      types A 1-3 and C 1-3), who were treated by open reduction and internal fixation
      from 1975 to 1985 59 fractures in 57 patients could be traced and reviewed
      clinically and radiographically after a mean follow-up period of 5 years and 7
      months (range: 2-11 years). Among these, 47 knees/patients without preexisting
      knee-joint pathology were analyzed for the development of degenerative arthritis.
      The incidence for grade 2 and 3 changes in the femoropatellar compartment were
      23% for supracondylar fractures (A type) and 62% for intercondylar lesions (C
      type). In the femorotibial compartment the incidence for supracondylar fractures
      was 38% and 23% for intercondylar fractures. In 93% of the patients the arthritic
      changes were radiographical findings, which did not cause relevant symptoms. The
      development of radiographical degenerative changes depends mainly on the type of
      the fracture; it is favoured by axial malalignment of more than 5 degrees of
      varus or valgus and local complications.

PMID- 1805902
TI  - [Wagner revision of prosthesis stem].
AB  - INDICATIONS and results of the cement-free SL femoral stem. The SL femoral stem
      was designed to revise loosened femoral implants with extensive bone resorption
      and damage in the prosthetic bed. The stem bridges the damaged proximal area and
      the specific elasticity of the bridging part produces favourable conditions for
      new bone formation, whereas the distal section with 8 conical anchorage ribs
      allows a distal cementless fixation. Since 1987, 25 SL-revision stems were
      implanted at the Ziegler Hospital in Berne. INDICATIONS: aseptic loosening with
      extensive bone loss = 16; periprosthetic femoral fractures = 6; Girdlestone after
      removal of infected THA = 2; unstable infected osteosynthesis of a proximal
      femoral fracture = 1. As described elsewhere, our revisions showed an impressive
      bone remodelling in the proximal femur damaged area with an osseointegration of
      the titanium stem, as could be shown histologically on a retrieved specimen of
      one of our cases. The Wagner stem proved to be an ideal implant to treat
      periprosthetic femur fractures in cases with loss of bone stock. The
      postoperative complications were low compared with the severity of the cases.
      Infections 0; aseptic loosening 1: replaced with a bigger and longer stem;
      luxations 4.

PMID- 1805903
TI  - [A new therapy concept for unstable shaft fractures of upper and lower
      extremities in the growing period--indication and technique].
AB  - Up to now it was recommended in the literature to treat diaphyseal shaft
      fractures in childhood conservatively. In this paper it is shown in the example
      of the forearm- and the femoral shaft fractures, that the effort of conservative
      treatment can be very high as it means primary and secondary reductions in
      anaesthesia, changes of treatments, duration of the hospitalisation, the number
      of radiological controls etc. In relation to the functional and clinical result
      at the time around consolidation this effort seems often enough not to be
      justified. Deliberating on this fact it is demanded to treat all those fractures
      primarily definitively. Therefore it is recommended to use half-conservative
      methods: the intramedullary dynamic pinning with only movement stability and
      external fixation with the possibility of full weight bearing. Therefore it is
      recommended to treat instable diaphyseal shaft fractures in the upper limb by
      dynamic nailing and those of the lower limb by external fixation.

PMID- 1805904
TI  - [Monitoring of postoperative infections using ADP].
AB  - Infection, local or general, is the most frequent complication after surgery.
      This paper summarizes several prospective computerized studies undertaken in our
      surgical department. Various factors increase the risk of septic complications.
      Contamination of the wounds is present in sixty percent of the patients of the
      visceral surgery and thirty percent of the bone surgery. Among 541 surgical
      patients, 31 developed a wound abscess. Using adhesive sheets doesn't improve the
      results. The patient's immune defence state plays a role. Elderly patients are at
      risk when presenting malnutrition, cardio-vascular diseases, dementia, high
      dependency or are operated in emergency. Prophylactic measures: The use of
      suprapubic rather than an urethral catheter, as well as preoperative enteral
      feeding in malnourished patient avoid some infections complications.

PMID- 1805905
TI  - [Direction-dividing road construction measures and their consequences in traffic.
      An analysis of 1120 accident protocols prior to and following opening of a
      freeway section].
AB  - We analysed the traffic accidents on a typical Swiss road traffic about 14 km and
      over a period of 11 years before and after the building of a motorway. A new
      rotat is the most important factor for a really current number of traffic
      accidents. In the same time we registered a higher density flow of traffic on
      these roads.

PMID- 1805906
TI  - [The microsurgical reconstruction of the seminal pathways].

PMID- 1805908
TI  - [Acute torsion of the omentum majus. A case report].
AB  - The authors describe a case of acute torsion of the greater omentum. Possible
      aetiologic factors, poor clinical features as well as treatment of this rare
      pathologic condition are analyzed.

PMID- 1805907
TI  - [A rare case of a giant intra-abdominal mesocolic liposarcoma].
AB  - Intra-abdominal liposarcomas (IALS) represent a rare localization compared to
      other liposarcomatous (LS) sites such as the lower extremities and the
      retroperitoneum. The authors report their experience in a case of giant
      liposarcoma (weight: Kg 8.2) presenting a massive intra-abdominal extension.
      Diagnostic and therapeutic problems related to this type of neoplasm as well as a
      literature review are reported.

PMID- 1805909
TI  - [Wunderlich's syndrome: a case report of spontaneous bilateral perirenal
      hematoma].
AB  - Spontaneous bilateral perirenal hematoma is an uncommon disease that may be
      diagnosed by conventional X-ray, abdominal CT, echography, renal angiography and
      magnetic resonance imaging. The most common causes include renal cell carcinoma,
      periarteritis, and some coagulation disorders. Patients with no apparent etiology
      such as renal carcinoma should be treated with conservative surgery.

PMID- 1805910
TI  - [Colonic stenosis due to a "microcarcinoma" of the ovary: a clinical note].
AB  - The authors, on the basis of a case recently observed, suggest to take into
      account the presence of an ovarian "microcarcinoma" when a jejunal stenosis of
      uncertain origin is found in a female patient. In fact, ovarian carcinoma is
      often misdiagnosed. A complete surgical exploration is recommended even though
      diagnostic techniques such as endoscopy, CT scan, ultrasonography and X-ray
      barium enema are negative.

PMID- 1805911
TI  - [Idiopathic and torsion-induced omental infarct: case reports and a review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors review nosologic problems related to the infarction of the greater
      omentum on the ground of two cases (one idiopathic, the other by torsion)
      recently observed. Omental infarction, far from being a real diagnostic or
      surgical problem, is an unusual cause of acute abdomen; resection of the affected
      omentum is curative in 100% of cases.

PMID- 1805913
TI  - Underfunding: the reality exposed.

PMID- 1805912
TI  - [The incidence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic neoplasms in the rat: the
      effect of constipation].
AB  - The authors studied the role of slow bowel transit in the development of colonic
      neoplasias in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Forty Sprague-Dawley
      male rats, weighing 400 g, were used in the experiment and were divided into 4
      groups of 10 rats each. The first and the second group were given, weekly,
      subcutaneous injections of DMH at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 25 and 27 weeks
      respectively; in these groups constipation was obtained by reducing water intake
      throughout the period of the experiment. The third and the fourth group (control
      groups) received DMH at the dose of 25 mg/kg for 25 and 27 weeks respectively and
      water "ad libitum". The rats were weighed once a week and stool output, weight,
      and number of scybala/day were recorded once every four weeks. Rats were
      sacrificed one week after the final injection of DMH and every intestinal lesion
      macroscopically identified was histologically examined. All rats showed weight
      loss from the 22nd week to the sacrifice. The mean stool weight/day was 21.2 g +/
      1.47 in the groups A and B; while for the groups C and D it was 23.6 g +/- 1.81
      (p = 0.019). The number of scybala/day was 26 +/- 3 in the groups A and B,
      whereas in the groups C and D was 34 +/- 4 (p = 0.05). An increased number of
      cancers per rat was recorded in the groups A and B compared to control groups,
      respectively from 0.66 to 1.4 at 25 weeks (p = 0.02) and from 0.9 to 2.44 at 27
      weeks (p = 0.07). A corresponding increase in the number of polyps after 25 weeks
      was demonstrated, taking into account the possible polyp-cancer sequence. Our
      study suggests that the slow bowel transit induced an increased number of colonic
      neoplasia in relation to the prolonged contact of the carcinogen with the mucosa
      or to its greater concentration in the colonic lumen due to the fecal output
      reduction.

PMID- 1805914
TI  - Thiazide diuretics and osteoporosis.

PMID- 1805915
TI  - The cost-effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy following acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The increasing use of thrombolytic therapy following acute myocardial infarction
      has given rise to value for money questions. This study examines the cost
      effectiveness of the thrombolytic agent anistreplase (Eminase). Using clinical
      trial data on the efficacy of anistreplase compared to placebo, and
      retrospectively obtained cost data from the National Health Service, the study
      estimates the cost per life-year saved of using this therapeutic agent. The
      results suggest that the cost-effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy compares
      favourably with that of other forms of coronary disease treatment. The study
      concludes that comparisons of the relative cost-effectiveness of different
      thrombolytic agents are an obvious next step, once full results from recent
      clinical trials are available.

PMID- 1805916
TI  - Osteoporosis: a growing epidemic.
AB  - The osteoporosis epidemic will continue unabated unless the issue of prevention
      of bone loss is seriously addressed. While a continuing programme of education
      for both the medical profession and the general public is necessary, positive
      action is required. Women lose bone at an accelerated rate following the
      menopause and this seems to be the optimal time for intervention. Those women who
      enter the menopause with the lowest bone density are at greatest risk of
      subsequent fracture. An individual's bone density can be accurately measured and
      those women who have the lowest bone density should have hormone replacement
      therapy (HRT) recommended, but it is important to discuss fully the possible
      benefits and risks. It is probable that non-hormonal agents for prevention of
      bone loss will be available in the near future, and cyclical diphosphonate
      therapy appears particularly promising. However, at the present time, long-term
      HRT is the mainstay for the prevention of bone loss.

PMID- 1805917
TI  - Management of early breast cancer.
AB  - There is a popular misconception that, despite extensive research, there has been
      no improvement in either quality or quantity of life for patients with early
      breast cancer. This may have arisen because of inadequate communication of the
      results of both clinical trials and laboratory experiments which have greatly
      excited those who are working in the field.

PMID- 1805918
TI  - The clinical management of patients with HIV infection and AIDS.
AB  - The clinician is faced with a number of problems when treating patients infected
      with the human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus. Firstly, there is a lack of accurate
      data on the numbers of people infected by the HIV virus and uncertainty as to the
      natural history of the infection. This limits the ability to plan health care
      strategies for the future. Secondly, it is difficult to encompass detailed
      knowledge of the variety of illnesses which occur in patients with HIV infection
      and AIDS and the even broader range of therapies and outcomes reported in the
      literature. Thirdly, the clinician has to keep pace with the rapidly changing
      nature of the models for HIV pathogenesis and possible therapeutic interventions.
      However, despite these gaping holes in our knowledge, the main message of this
      clinical review is that a general awareness of the wide spectrum of conditions
      associated with HIV infection, coupled with a well organised, multidisciplinary
      and pragmatic approach, will provide the patients with the best chance of being
      correctly diagnosed and treated. Furthermore, it must be remembered that, while
      seeking scientific knowledge and experimenting for a cure, AIDS remains a
      universally fatal condition. It is essential that palliative care is available
      alongside and within facilities which are providing potentially curative clinical
      drug trials. It is equally vital that the patients be given autonomy in deciding
      which of these aspects of care they choose at any time. Such an approach, and the
      experience of caring for patients with HIV infection who pass from apparent
      health to fatal disease, will continue to test the skills and reserves of
      physicians well into the next century.

PMID- 1805919
TI  - An overview of mitozantrone.

PMID- 1805920
TI  - Still's disease.

PMID- 1805921
TI  - Which pacemaker?

PMID- 1805922
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum with large circumferential perianal skin loss in a child.
AB  - Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon skin disorder characterised by deep ulcers
      surrounded by a violaceous over-hanging edge. Although in many instances there is
      no clear association with any underlying disease, pyoderma gangrenosum has been
      described in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, polyarthritis, diabetes
      mellitus and myeloma. Pyoderma gangrenosum may also be seen as a rare
      manifestation of myeloproliferative disease including leukaemia. In children, as
      in our case, it may be the presenting feature.

PMID- 1805923
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica infection of a prosthetic knee joint.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica is a very common organism which is mainly associated with
      gastrointestinal symptoms. It has not previously been associated with early or
      late infection of a prosthetic joint replacement. We report a case of late
      infection, seven years after an uncomplicated knee replacement. This case
      demonstrates the ability of the organism to breach the joint capsule. There may
      well be an inherent under-diagnosis of Y. enterocolitica in infected prostheses
      due to the difficulty in the past of culturing the organism.

PMID- 1805924
TI  - [Biotinylated ligands for receptor localization. An alternative for
      immunohistochemistry].
AB  - Immunohistochemical techniques are prerequisite for the classification and
      characterization of numerous diseases. The incubation with labelled ligands is an
      alternative to immunohistochemistry, and allows the recognition of receptors
      independent from their immunogenic properties. The biotinylation and
      immobilization of small molecules such as sugars can be performed under the
      conservation of active receptor-binding sites. Certain sugars bound to bovine
      serum albumin are highly specific markers for bronchial carcinomas and lung
      parenchyma altered by cytostatic drug regimes, infection or inflammation.
      Biotinylated growth factors such as epidermal growth factor or biotinylated
      hormones are useful tools for the demonstration of the corresponding receptors.
      These tools are called "neoligandoproteins". The number specific binding sites
      and the thermodynamic binding parameters can be measured with sugars bound to
      enzymes. The number of and the expression of specific sugar binding sites can be
      correlated to the differentiation and metastatic potency of malignant tumors. In
      addition, cytostatic drugs can be bound to carbohydrates. This technique offers
      new perspectives in the affinity and quantification of target-related cytostatic
      drug regimens.

PMID- 1805925
TI  - [Pathology of the placenta. VIII. Asphyxial infiltrates of the placenta].
AB  - Asphyxial infiltrates of the afterbirth (umbilical cord and placenta) are
      believed to be non-inflammatory round-cell to leucocytic infiltrates on the
      following sites: wall of greater vessels of umbilical cord, chorionic membrane,
      and, less often, stem villi as well as in the chorionic membrane proper. There
      has also been cellular to primarily leucocytic subchorial demarcation, usually
      between chorionic plate and Langhans fibrin or even in Langhans fibrin. Also
      recorded were parietal thrombi in greater arteries of chorionic membrane and stem
      villi, usually in concomitance round-cell infiltration of the arterial wall in
      the sense of asphyxial infiltrates. Those alterations are considered to be an
      entity associated to intra-uterine foetal asphyxia, with extended duration of
      parturition being though to play a particular role as a trigger factor of
      asphyxia. The author's own investigations of such alterations to afterbirths from
      high-risk pregnancies as well as to a consecutive series of newborns without
      increased risk have shown for either group that no statistical relationship
      existed between high-risk factors of asphyxia prior to or during labour, on the
      one hand, and such asphyxial infiltrates, on the other, not even in cases of
      prolonged labour. While we are not in a position at present to clearly define
      this complex in terms of genetic causality, we should like to maintain it under
      the heading of "asphyxial infiltrates" for the purpose of placental diagnosis.

PMID- 1805926
TI  - Atherosclerosis in diabetes and hypertension. A comparative morphometric study of
      their progression using an atherometric system.
AB  - The three major epicardial coronary arteries of a set of 472 autopsy cases
      divided into four groups: a) non-diabetics and non-hypertensive, 322 subjects; b)
      hypertensive, 75 subjects; c) diabetics, 57 subjects and d) hypertensive and
      diabetic, 17 subjects, were studied. Classical pathomorphological procedures and
      an atherometric system (AS), suitable to characterize the atherosclerotic
      lesions, was used searching for differences between the level of atherosclerosis
      into these four groups and its eventual progression according to the time of
      evolution of these diseases. Raw data processing was full automated and some
      univariate and multivariate statistical procedures (means, standard deviations,
      ANOVA, MANOVA and principal components analysis) were performed using two
      commercial statistical packages: "NCSS" and "SYSTAT". The most remarkable
      findings were the following: Diabetes and hypertension have both strong impact
      upon the rate at which the atherosclerotic process takes place in subjects
      affected by these diseases. The time of evolution of both diseases correlates
      positively and independently of age with the velocity of the atherosclerotic
      process at the three coronary arteries. The impact of diabetes seems to be
      stronger and is particularly expressed by the severe plaques (Z) while the effect
      of hypertension is specially observable at the fibrous plaques (Y). There seems
      to be no significant interaction (synergism) between the two risk factors upon
      the measurement of the atherosclerotic lesions, that is, they have an additive
      effect. Two simple underlying factors can be used to account for interindividual
      differences. These two factors are "dominated", respectively, by fibrous (Y) and
      severe plaques (Z).

PMID- 1805927
TI  - [Measurement of the number, size and location of AgNORs in histologic sections of
      astrocytomas and bladder carcinoma].
AB  - Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are associated with proliferative activity of
      tumors. An image analysis method is presented in this paper by which it is
      possible to analyze NOR location within the nucleus and relative to each other.
      Several features which characterized locations were measured in 20 urinary
      bladder carcinomas, eight astrocytomas, and two glioblastomas. Correlations were
      found to exist between those features, on the one hand, and tumor malignancy, on
      the other. They were particularly close in astrocytoma. Mean distance among NORs
      and closeness to the nuclear membrane were found to increase, as well, along with
      aggravating malignancy. As to the urinary bladder carcinomas examined, an
      unambiguous difference was found to exist between G 1 and G 1-2 carcinomas.

PMID- 1805928
TI  - [Quantitative and qualitative findings in endomyocardial biopsies from patients
      with and without hypertension].
AB  - Histological and morphometric investigations were made of left-ventricular
      endomyocardial bioptates which had been obtained from 19 male patients with so
      called latent cardiomyopathy as well as from 21 patients with positively verified
      hypertension and with angiographically excluded coronary artery sclerosis. The
      patients were additionally divided in two cohorts according to the weight of the
      left ventricle below and above 170 g. Inflammatory and ischaemic conditions were,
      above all, histologically recorded from the first group, while microangiopathy
      was more frequent in the second. Aspects relating to differential diagnosis and
      possible relationship between microangiopathy and hypertension were discussed in
      some detail. Endomyocardial biopsy appears to be justified for patients with
      hypertension (and also for those with so-called latent cardiomyopathy), if other
      heart diseases are to be ruled out. Subjective perception of hypertension of
      myocardial cells was compared to measured myocardial cell diameters. Hypertension
      of myocardial cells was subjectively overestimated in roughly 50% of all cases.
      Such subjective overestimation did not necessarily lead to histological diagnosis
      of hypertension. The conclusion was suggested that subjective assessment of
      hypertension was sufficient for routine checks. No relationship was found to
      exist between the weight of the left ventricle or presence of hypertension, on
      the one hand, and diameter of myocardial cells or volume fraction of the
      interstitium, on the other.

PMID- 1805929
TI  - [AgNORs in cells of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. A quantitative study
      using automatic microscopic image analysis].
AB  - Biopsies taken from 52 cases of urinary bladder carcinoma together with samples
      collected from 6 controls were stained to visualize AgNORs, using a technique
      modified by the authors of this paper after its first introduction to
      histological practice by Ploton et al. (1986) as well as by Crocker and Nar
      (1987). AgNORs were quantitatively analyzed by means of an image processing
      system and a programme written by the authors' team for this particular purpose.
      The configuration was such that information was provided on the number and size
      of AgNORs. AgNORs were found to go up numerically along with aggravating
      malignancy, means values being 1.7/cell nucleus in Grade 1 urothelial carcinomas
      (controls being 1.6), 2.6 in Grade 2, and 3.3 in Grade 3. Mean AgNOR sum areas in
      the three above tumor groups were 3.4 microns 2, 7.4 microns 2, and 12.8 microns
      2 (controls being 2.6 microns 2). Analysis of AgNORs, consequently, should
      provide prognostically relevant information helpful in more effective grading of
      urinary bladder carcinoma.

PMID- 1805930
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of gold-labeled anti-IgM-antibodies and type A
      retrovirus particles in endoplasmic cisternae and vesicles of IgM-producing human
      B cell hybridomas.
AB  - Simultaneous appearance of IgM and type A retro-virus particles in endoplasmic
      cisternae and vesicles of human hybridomas has been demonstrated for the first
      time by immunogold-labeling at ultrastructural level. A suspected link between
      type A particle and IgM gene-expression in hybridoma cells could not be
      substantiated in this study.

PMID- 1805931
TI  - [The pancreatic toxicity of cyclosporin A. An experimental study in rats].
AB  - Animal experiments were conducted to elucidate effects of cyclosporine A (CsA)
      treatment on pancreas. A daily dose of 15 mg/kg B.W. of cyclosporine A was orally
      administered to recipient animals (rats), over a period of 28 days. Both
      endocrinic and exocrinic pancreas tissues were morphometrically investigated,
      using optical light microscopy and electron microscopy. Increase in the exocrinic
      pancreas portion in response to cyclosporine A treatment was suggested by these
      morphometric findings. Disorders in the exocrinic pancreas were additionally
      revealed by electron microscopy. Some of the mitochondria exhibited degenerative
      alterations, while decline in matrix density as well as separation or rupture of
      mitochondrial cristae were recorded from others. The assumption might be derived
      from these results that even therapeutic CsA doses were capable of inflicting
      disorders on mitochondrial functionally and thus of generating toxic action.

PMID- 1805932
TI  - [Diffuse primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis].
AB  - A woman died at the age of 22 years. Lifetime diagnosis had been inflammatory
      arachnopathy. The course of the disease had taken at least 6 years. Autopsy
      revealed primary diffuse leptomeningeal astrocytoma of the brain and spinal cord
      without neoplastic foci in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Patchy
      dystrophic calcifications were recorded from the cerebral and cerebellar cortex.

PMID- 1805933
TI  - [The history of the prosector's department of the Charite Berlin. 3. Rudolf
      Ludwig Carl Virchow, prosector of Charite, 1846 to 1849].
AB  - Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (1821-1902) had been prosector at the Charite of
      Berlin, from 1846 to 1849. He had moved to Berlin in October 1839 for army
      surgeon training at the Pepiniere, the Academy of Military Medicine. He had to
      choose that line of education, as it was free, for his parents were in no
      financial position to pay for ordinary university studies. On completion of
      theoretical classes, Easter 1843, he was delegated to Charite for an 18-months
      practical training programme. He worked in all compulsory clinical departments
      and, subsequently, took up service in the Prosector's Department then headed by
      Robert F. Froriep who guided and supported Virchow towards independent scientific
      activity. Virchow defended his doctoral thesis with good success in 1843. His
      application for the expected vacant office of Prosector was supported by Froriep
      before he left Berlin in 1846. The application was granted "ad interim", on May
      11, 1846. His name became known very soon on account of his ambitious commitment.
      He also began to take a growing commitment to political change in Prussia in
      general, and change to the medical system in particular. He achieved discharge
      from military service in 1847, formally qualified for university lecturing, and
      was officially appointed as Prosector and lecturer. In the same year, 1847, he
      founded the "Archives" in cooperation with Benno H. E. Reinhardt. During an
      epidemic cholera outbreak in Berlin and an outbreak of petechial typhus in Upper
      Silesia, early 1848, he realised social root causes of disease and accused the
      Prussian government for negligence of its own citizens. He then joined the March
      struggles of 1848 out of his insight into the need for change of society. A
      weekly under the heading of "Die medicinische Reform" ("Reform in Medicine") was
      published under Virchow's editorship, from mid-1848 to mid-1849. Early 1849, his
      involvement on the premises of Charite in a leaflet campaign against planned mock
      elections in Prussia led to his suspension from office. Widespread protest by
      medical doctors and students, together with concessions made by Virchow and the
      Ministry in charge, resulted in his reinstallment. Having received offers for
      professoral chairs from the universities of Wurzburg and Giessen, he was
      encouraged to bargain for acceptable conditions for continuation at the Berlin
      university. These were not granted, and he left for a lecturing post at the
      University of Wurzburg.

PMID- 1805934
TI  - Proton magnetic relaxation of manganese (II) tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)porphine ion
      in water.
AB  - Water proton nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation rates are reported as a
      function of magnetic field strength for aqueous solutions of manganese tetrakis(4
      sulfophenyl)porphine complexes. The manganese(III) complex displays relaxation
      that is remarkably independent of temperature at low magnetic field and a
      magnetic field dependence that is characteristic of the electron spin relaxation
      rates, making a contribution to the correlation time that dominates the electron
      nuclear coupling. The manganese(II) complex is much more effective in relaxing
      water protons, but the usual models of first coordination sphere and outer-sphere
      relaxation fail to account for the magnitude and the magnetic field dependence of
      the relaxation rates. The data suggest that the delocalization of the electron
      density into the ligand system provides an increase in the effectiveness of what
      may be called the outer-sphere paths for water proton relaxation.

PMID- 1805935
TI  - Interaction of doxorubicin with lipid systems.
AB  - The action of doxorubicin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, on liposomes of
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine obtained by extrusion, with or without
      cholesterol, and on monolayers of the same composition, was determined by photon
      correlation spectroscopy, penetration kinetics, and adsorption isotherms.
      Doxorubicin produced a wider vesicle distribution in both of liposomes, but
      liposomes containing cholesterol underwent an increase of mean diameter as well
      as polydispersity. In contrast, films containing cholesterol showed least
      interaction with the drug. Since both lipids are neutral, any interaction must be
      primarily hydrophobic.

PMID- 1805936
TI  - A novel technique to assay adducts of DNA induced by anticancer agent cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
AB  - The dideoxynucleotides d(pGpG) and d(pApG) and the tetradeoxynucleotide
      d(CpTpApG) were synthesized in solution phase by a modified phosphotriester
      technique and reacted with the anticancer agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)
      (cisplatin). The major products were isolated by HPLC and characterized by NMR
      and mass spectrometry as cross-link adducts of cisplatin with the neighboring
      purine bases. The cross-link adducts of d(pGpG) and d(pApG) were dansylated
      through a 5'-phosphoramidate linkage with ethylenediammine. The labeling
      efficiency of the adducts was quantitative as in the case of the normal
      dinucleotides. The modified tetramer was digested with nuclease P1. The excised
      adduct was enriched by HPLC and labeled with dansyl chloride. The analysis of the
      postlabeled adduct by HPCL, using a fluorescence detector, detected a peak with
      retention time corresponding to that of the dansylated cis-Pt(NH3)2d(pApG).
      Cochromatography with the authentic marker confirmed the identification. The same
      overall procedure was used to assay calf thymus DNA exposed to cisplatin. The
      major adducts were identified as cis-Pt(NH3)2d(pGpG) and cis-Pt(NH3)2d(pApG). The
      quantitative labeling efficiency of platinum adducts combined with highly
      sensitive fluorescence detection technique (subfemtomol) suggests that
      fluorescence postlabeling assay could be a novel approach for real-time analysis
      of DNA modification induced by platinated drugs in biological system.

PMID- 1805937
TI  - Technetium labeling of monoclonal antibodies with functionalized BATOs: 2.
      TcCl(DMG)3CPITC labeling of B72.3 and NP-4 whole antibodies and NP-4 F(ab')2.
AB  - BATO (boronic acid adduct of technetium dioximes) complexes, TcCl(dioxime)3BR,
      were prepared in which the boron substituent (R) was the protein-reactive 2
      carboxy-4-phenyl isothiocyanate (CPITC). The 99Tc complexes, where the dioxime
      was either dimethylglyoxime (DMG) or cyclohexanedione dioxime (CDO), were
      prepared and characterized. The 99mTc complex TcCl(DMG)3CPITC was prepared from a
      freeze-dried kit and used to label B72.3 (anti-TAG.72) and NP-4 (anti-CEA) whole
      antibodies, and the NP-4 F(ab')2 fragment. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis indicated
      that the labeling reagent was strongly bound to antibody. The labeled antibodies
      displayed high binding to affinity columns and good tumor uptake in GW39 tumor
      bearing mice.

PMID- 1805938
TI  - Antibody labeling with copper-67 using the bifunctional macrocycle 4-[(1,4,8,11
      tetraazacyclotetradec-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid.
AB  - The high kinetic stability of the Cu2+ complex of the chelator 4-[(1,4,8,11
      tetraazacyclotetradec-1-yl)-methyl]benzoic acid was demonstrated at physiological
      pH as well as under acidic conditions. The chelating agent was conjugated to
      AB35, a monoclonal antibody directed against CEA, without a significant loss of
      immunoreactivity. The conjugate could, under optimal labeling conditions, be
      labeled with 67Cu in acetate buffer with a full occupancy of ligands within 20
      min. This radiolabeled conjugate showed no transfer of radiocopper to serum
      proteins in human serum over 7 days. The biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice
      was measured and compared to that of iodinated AB35. Tumor uptake was high with
      15 +/- 3% ID (injected dose)/g after 24 h and 32 +/- 7% ID/g after 96 h for the
      67Cu-labeled antibody and 13 +/- 4% ID/g after 24 h and 14 +/- 2% ID/g after 96 h
      for the 125I-labeled antibody. Whereas radioactivity in normal organs decreased
      with time after 24 h, increased residence time was shown up to 4 days with the
      67Cu-labeled AB35.

PMID- 1805939
TI  - Effect of structural variations in cholesteryl-conjugated oligonucleotides on
      inhibitory activity toward HIV-1.
AB  - A number of oligonucleotide analogues containing internucleoside phosphorothioate
      linkages and a covalently attached cholesteryl residue was synthesized and tested
      for activity against HIV-1 in cultures of Molt3 cells. Structural features
      important for high antiviral activity are the presence of a cholesteryl moiety, a
      run of terminal phosphorothioate groups, and the presence of nucleoside residues.
      An increase in length of the tether between cholesteryl and phosphorus from six
      to 14 atoms has no significant effect on antiviral activity, and up to one-half
      of the internucleoside links in a cholesteryl-conjugated phosphorothioate
      oligomer and one-third of the internucleoside links in a nonconjugated
      phosphorothioate can be replaced with phosphodiester links without much change in
      antiviral activity. However, replacement of nucleoside units in the oligomers by
      a simple analogue (-OCH2CH2CH2O-) yields inactive or very weakly active
      compounds, even in the presence of a cholesteryl group. Dose-response patterns
      for assays in which cholesteryl-conjugated oligomers are added to test cells
      either simultaneously or subsequently to viral infection are similar for
      homooligomer derivatives and for oligomers containing "antisense" sequences,
      suggesting a similarity in mode of action for the two classes of oligomers in
      this system.

PMID- 1805940
TI  - Photooxidation of oligodeoxynucleotides by UO2(2+).
AB  - Photooxidation and consequent cleavage of oligodeoxynucleotides by the uranyl ion
      is greatly enhanced in the presence of a terminal 5'- or 3'-phosphate group. This
      enhanced cleavage is confined to nearby phosphodiester bonds in the case of a 5'
      phosphate, but is less localized in the case of a 3'-phosphate. Several attempts
      to use a complementary oligodeoxynucleotide to direct a uranyl "warhead" against
      an oligodeoxynucleotide target were unsuccessful. Our results are most easily
      explained if we suppose that uranyl ions form coordination complexes with
      terminal phosphates and that, on photoexcitation, coordinated uranyl ions extract
      a hydrogen atom from the CH bond of a nearby deoxyribose residue.

PMID- 1805941
TI  - Preparation and in vivo evaluation of an N-(p-[125I]iodophenethyl)maleimide
      antibody conjugate.
AB  - Protein sulfhydryl reactive N-(4-[125I]iodophenethyl)maleimide (IPEM, 5) was
      obtained from N-[4-(tri-n-butylstannyl)phenethyl]maleimide in 59-100%
      radiochemical yield. Conjugation of 5 to NR-ML-05 Fab, a murine anti-melanoma
      antibody Fab fragment that had been previously reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT),
      was effected in an average of 85% yield. Results from in vitro chemical
      challenges and serum stability studies on the IPEM conjugate of NR-ML-05 Fab (6)
      indicated a stable covalent attachment of the radioiodine. A biodistribution
      study of the IPEM conjugate in tumor-bearing athymic nude mice showed lack of
      significant accumulation of radioiodine in the thyroid and stomach which was an
      indication of in vivo stability. The observed uptake in tumor was consistent with
      that obtained for Chloramine-T- or p-iodobenzoate-labeled NR-ML-05 Fab
      conjugates.

PMID- 1805943
TI  - The covalent attachment of multiple fluorophores to DNA containing
      phosphorothioate diesters results in highly sensitive detection of single
      stranded DNA.
AB  - DNA fragments containing multiple internucleotidic phosphorothioate diesters,
      prepared by either chemical or enzymatic syntheses, are amenable to labeling with
      the fluorophore monobromobimane. With the incorporation of phosphorothioate
      diesters at each internucleotidic site, multiple fluorophores, ideally one for
      each nucleotide residue, can be covalently attached to the DNA fragment. The
      presence of multiple labels can be expected to interfere with analysis
      techniques, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. To avoid such problems,
      the fluorophores are introduced in a "postassay" fashion, that is, while the
      fragments are still embedded within the gel matrix. The detection limit (to the
      naked eye) for multiply labeled single-stranded DNA containing hundreds of base
      residues is in the low femtomole range. DNA containing greater than 1000 base
      residues can be visualized in some cases in the subfemtomole range without the
      use of sophisticated electronic instrumentation.

PMID- 1805942
TI  - Generation of 5-fluorouracil from 5-fluorocytosine by monoclonal antibody
      cytosine deaminase conjugates.
AB  - Cytosine deaminase (CDase) catalyzes the conversion of cytosine to uracil and is
      also able to convert the clinically used antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5FC)
      into the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU). The enzyme was purified from
      bakers' yeast in a six-step procedure. Studies indicated that bakers' yeast CDase
      had a molecular weight of approximately 32 kDa and was composed of two subunits
      of equal molecular weights. Monoclonal antibodies were covalently attached to
      CDase, forming conjugates that could bind to antigens on tumor cell surfaces. The
      combination of L6-CDase and 5FC was equivalent in cytotoxic activity to 5FU when
      tested against the H2981 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (L6 positive, 1F5
      negative). 5FC alone was noncytotoxic. The activation of 5FC was immunologically
      specific since 1F5-CDase did not enhance 5FC activity.

PMID- 1805944
TI  - Synthesis of N alpha-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N epsilon-[N-(bromoacetyl)-beta
      alanyl]-L-lysine: its use in peptide synthesis for placing a bromoacetyl cross
      linking function at any desired sequence position.
AB  - A new amino acid derivative, N alpha-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N epsilon-[N
      (bromoacetyl)-beta-alanyl]-L-lysine (BBAL), has been synthesized as a reagent to
      be used in solid-phase peptide synthesis for introducing a side-chain bromoacetyl
      group at any desired position in a peptide sequence. The bromoacetyl group
      subsequently serves as a sulfhydryl-selective cross-linking function for the
      preparation of cyclic peptides, peptide conjugates, and polymers. BBAL is
      synthesized by condensation of N-bromoacetyl-beta-alanine with N alpha-Boc-L
      lysine and is a white powder which is readily stored, weighed, and used with a
      peptide synthesizer, programmed for N alpha-Boc amino acid derivatives. BBAL
      residues are stable to final HF deprotection/cleavage. BBAL peptides can be
      directly coupled to other molecules or surfaces which possess free sulfhydryl
      groups by forming stable thioether linkages. Peptides containing both BBAL and
      cysteine residues can be self-coupled to produce either cyclic molecules or
      linear peptide polymers, also linked through thioether bonds. Products made with
      BBAL peptides may be characterized by amino acid analysis of acid hydrolyzates by
      quantification of beta-alanine, which separates from natural amino acids in
      suitable analytical systems. Where sulfhydryl groups on coupling partners arise
      from cysteine residues, S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine in acid hydrolyzates may also
      be assayed for this purpose. Examples are given of the use of BBAL in preparing
      peptide polymers and a peptide conjugate with bovine albumin to serve as
      immunogens or model vaccine components.

PMID- 1805945
TI  - Preparation of oligonucleotide-peptide conjugates.
AB  - A procedure for preparing oligonucleotide-peptide conjugates is presented. It is
      based on appending a maleimide group to the oligonucleotide for selective
      coupling to the thiol side chain of a cysteine residue in the peptide. A
      convenient chromatographic purification procedure, based on Fmoc-on/Fmoc-off, is
      described.

PMID- 1805946
TI  - [Risk factors and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia].

PMID- 1805947
TI  - [Effect of the extraction of LPS (R) on the demonstration of the serological
      response in acute brucellosis by immunoblotting].
AB  - In order to establish the possible influence of Brucella melitensis rough strains
      protein extracts contamination using LPS (R) in the immunoblotting evaluation of
      serologic response, we have studied sera samples from 41 patients with acute
      brucellosis before treatment was started and also from 62 healthy individuals
      (control group). A whole-cell B. melitensis 115 strain extract with an without
      LPS (R) was used. Extraction was carried using ether-chloroform of oil-phenol.
      Overall, more than 50% of patients showed an antibody response (protein bands 85,
      53, 50, 47, 41, 38 and 28 kD) to both antigenic products. Less than 6.4% of the
      control group sera showed response to any of these protein bands. There were no
      significant differences in the frequency of response development against these
      proteins using the two antigen types. However, there was some disagreement when
      each individual band response was compared to its homologous band.

PMID- 1805948
TI  - [Epidemiological study of the clinical forms of tuberculosis at the La Fe
      Children's Hospital of Valencia (1986-1989)].
AB  - We analyze, in a retrospective review, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis
      among 226 pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil La Fe of Valencia
      (Spain) during the years 1986-1989. We observed the persistence of severe forms
      of tuberculosis, such as miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis. Also,
      cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis seldom encountered nowadays like bone and
      joint, intestinal and lymph node infection were recorded. In view of the current
      status of pediatric tuberculosis, new recommendations should be developed,
      because this infection could potentially be eradicated if adequate treatment and
      prophylactic guidelines are followed.

PMID- 1805949
TI  - [Invasive aspergillosis in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency
      virus].
AB  - Invasive aspergillosis is a disease that affects immunosuppressed patients, in
      close relationship with the presence and duration of neutropenia. Although
      formerly included among the AIDS definition criteria, it was thereafter dropped
      out because of its very low prevalence. We describe here four cases of invasive
      aspergillosis in HIV infected patients, diagnosed at our institution. Three
      patients presented with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, including one patient
      with chronic ulcerative pulmonary aspergillosis. The fourth patient developed
      aspergillosis of the brain. Taking into account the difficulties in establishing
      a diagnosis of this infection before death (most of published cases were from
      autopsy reports) and because of the paramount importance of early diagnosis for
      improving survival, we support the use of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
      diagnostic criteria in a similar way as used in patients suffering
      lymphoproliferative disorders. Although classic treatment of this infection is
      based on the use of amphotericin B (with or without 5 fluorocytosine), the
      potential usefulness of itraconazole (a new imidazole drug) has to be considered.
      In spite of the low number of published cases, we believe that invasive
      aspergillosis among HIV infected patients has to be included as a likely
      diagnosis, specially in view of the prolonged survival and widespread use of
      cancer chemotherapy in this population.

PMID- 1805951
TI  - [Tuberculosis in 34 patients with HIV infection].
AB  - The clinical and microbiological finding of 34 patients with HIV infection and
      tuberculosis (30 were men), 32 were intravenous drug addicts. Fever,
      adenopathies, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were the most encountered
      manifestations on admittance. 61.8% had a disseminated form of tuberculosis; the
      main locations were lymphatic (73.5%) and lung (64.7%). The detection of
      circulating viral antigen was associated with disseminated form of tuberculosis.

PMID- 1805950
TI  - [Infection by Mucorales fungi].
AB  - Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection of immunosuppressed
      patients. We describe here 5 cases of mucormycosis: three with facial and eye
      involvement, one with lung involvement and one affecting skin and joints. All
      five patients had underlying diseases: diabetes, leukemia, lymphoma, neoplasia
      and AIDS. Four patients were treated with amphotericin B and also with surgical
      debridement. Infection could be controlled only in two patients. Both survived
      but with major sequelae. In two additional patients, death was directly related
      to the infection and the remaining patient was lost to follow-up.

PMID- 1805952
TI  - [Dermatophytes and dermatophytosis in Cordoba (Spain)].
AB  - During a two year period all patients referred to the Dermatology Department with
      the diagnosis of dermatophytosis were studied. We obtained 158 dermatophyte
      isolated belonging to 12 species of dermatophytes. The most frequent causal
      agents were M. canis in 58 (36.7%), T. mentagrophytes var mentagrophytes in 36
      (22.7%), E. floccosum in 29 (18.3%) and T. rubrum in 17 (10.7%). M. canis was the
      most prevalent causal agent of tinea capitis and tinea corporis. The most
      frequent species in the tinea cruris was E. floccosum. In 4 patients there were
      simultaneous infection by two different agents. The incidence of dermatophytosis
      in Cordoba is high. Due to the similarities with other diseases, the mycologic
      examination by culture is essential.

PMID- 1805953
TI  - [Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Galicia].
AB  - We studied the antibiotic sensitivity of 130 Streptococcus pneumonia strains
      isolated from respiratory samples (96 cases), blood (13 cases), CSF (6 cases),
      ocular secretions (5 cases) and other origins (10 cases). High-level penicillin
      resistance was found in 13.08% of strains, and intermediate-level penicillin
      resistance was also found in 22.3% of strains. A multiple-antibiotic resistance
      pattern was shown by 80.44% of all penicillin-resistant strains. Resistance rates
      found against antibiotics were as follows: tetracycline, 41.53%; chloramphenicol
      17.69%; cotrimoxazole, 16.92% and erythromycin 6.92%. All isolated strains were
      sensitive to rifampin and vancomycin.

PMID- 1805955
TI  - [Parasitological findings in pleural fluid].

PMID- 1805954
TI  - [The genus Proteus. Pathogenic and epidemiologic aspects].

PMID- 1805956
TI  - [Erythematopustular plaque of 7 month's duration].

PMID- 1805957
TI  - [Persistent purulent meningitis and multiple cerebral abscesses caused by
      Nocardia asteroides].

PMID- 1805959
TI  - [Erythema induratum of Bazin and peri-pancreatic lymphatic tuberculosis
      simulating neoplasia].

PMID- 1805958
TI  - [Imipenem-cilastatin cure of meningitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus].

PMID- 1805960
TI  - [Resistance to pyrazinamide in tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 1805961
TI  - [Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis].

PMID- 1805962
TI  - [Absence of HIV infection among the mentally retarded].

PMID- 1805963
TI  - [Streptococcus pyogenes not producing beta hemolysis during aerobiosis].

PMID- 1805964
TI  - Genetics of translation.

PMID- 1805965
TI  - Missense substitutions lethal to essential functions of EF-Tu.
AB  - We have used a simple selection and screening method to isolate function
      defective mutants of EF-Tu. From 28 mutants tested, 12 different missense
      substitutions, individually lethal to some essential function of EF-Tu, were
      identified by sequencing. In addition we found a new non-lethal missense
      mutation. The frequency of isolation of unique mutations suggests that this
      method can be used to easily isolate many more. The lethal mutations occur in all
      three structural domains of EF-Tu, but most are in domain II. We aim to use these
      mutants to define functional domains on EF-Tu.

PMID- 1805966
TI  - Sequence and functional analysis of mutations in the gene encoding peptide-chain
      release factor 2 of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Mutations in the prfB gene which encodes peptide-chain-release factor 2 of
      Escherichia coli were defined by DNA sequence analysis. prfB1 and prfB3
      substitute lysine and asparagine for glutamate and aspartate at amino acid
      positions 89 and 143, respectively. Temperature-sensitive mutations, prfB2 and
      prfB286, each contain the identical substitution of phenylalanine for leucine
      328. These mutations suppress UGA but not UAG or UAA. The efficiency of
      suppression was affected by the neighboring RNA context. The prfB gene encodes a
      premature UGA stop codon at position 26 and is expressed by +1 frameshifting. The
      efficiency of natural frameshift was 18% as measured by using the monolysogenic
      lambda assay vector containing prfB-lacZ fusions, and increased up to 30% in the
      prfB mutants. These observations can be interpreted as genetic evidence for the
      autogenous control of RF2 synthesis by frameshifting. Structural and functional
      organizations of release factors are discussed.

PMID- 1805967
TI  - Connections between translation, transcription and replication error-rates.
AB  - The analysis of published data from E coli suggests that in all three processes
      of translation, transcription, and replication, a minority of errors are produced
      by sub-classes of error-prone components. These add to the basal level of errors
      a noise of about 10 to 30%. Each one of the three processes contributes to the
      noisiness of the two others in a loose manner: a large increase in one error-rate
      produces a moderate increase in another error-rate. The strongest influence is
      that of transcription on translation errors. There it is possible that a majority
      of the misacylation errors are produced during the encounter of a correct amino
      acyl-tRNA ligase with a mistranscribed tRNA. Extreme mutator mutants are expected
      to produce a moderate increase in translation errors.

PMID- 1805968
TI  - Evidence for demand-regulation of ribosome accumulation in E coli.
AB  - We have determined the relative concentrations of ribosomes accumulated under
      different growth conditions for a number of translational mutants as well as for
      some natural isolates of Escherichia coli. The mutants are a tRNA modification
      mutant (miaA), a streptomycin resistant (SmR) and a streptomycin pseudodependent
      (SmP) mutant as well as two ribosome ambiguity (ram) mutants. The natural
      isolates used in this study are known to function with submaximal ribosome
      kinetics. The data show that for all the ribosome mutants the concentration of
      ribosomes relative to that in wild type bacteria increases when the growth rate
      decreases. A small increase is also seen in the natural isolates. In contrast,
      the miaA mutant shows no increase in ribosome concentration under the same slow
      growth conditions. The results suggest that bacteria with kinetically impaired
      ribosomes can to some extent increase the number of ribosomes accumulated under
      poor growth conditions in order to compensate for their slower function. We use
      this observation to explain in part how bacteria growing in natural environments
      can escape the strong selection for maximized growth rates and for optimized
      ribosomes that are characteristic of laboratory strains.

PMID- 1805969
TI  - Structural and functional domains of E coli initiation factor IF2.
AB  - Initiation of translation in prokaryotes requires the participation of at least
      three soluble proteins: the initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3. Initiation
      factor 2, which is one of the largest proteins involved in translation (97.3 kDa)
      has been shown to stimulate in vitro the binding of fMet-tRNA(fMet) to the 30S
      ribosomal subunit. After formation of 70S translation initiation complex, IF2 is
      believed to participate in GTP hydrolysis, thereby promoting its own release.
      Here we review evidence which indicates the functional importance of the
      different structural domains of IF2, emphasizing new information obtained by in
      vivo experiments.

PMID- 1805970
TI  - Measurement of translational accuracy in vivo: missense reporting using inactive
      enzyme mutants.
AB  - The measurement and potential technological significance of in vivo missense
      errors are briefly reviewed. A recently developed approach is described in which
      reporter enzyme activity is generated by mistranslation of a gene coding for an
      inactive mutant form of the enzyme. Initial results obtained using the alpha
      subunit of E coli tryptophan synthetase and bacterial luciferase are discussed,
      as well as the prospects for further development of this method.

PMID- 1805971
TI  - [Changes in the zymogenic cell mass, parietal cell mass and serum pepsinogen I in
      patients with gastric resection for duodenal ulcer].
AB  - Aim of this experience has been to evaluate the behavior of the chief cell mass,
      of the parietal cell mass and of the serum pepsinogen I in patients operated on
      for duodenal ulcer by the Billroth II compared to patients with chronic fundic
      gastritis in non operated stomach and to healthy controls. From the results, even
      in operated patients, emerges a progressive reduction of the two cell masses, in
      relation to the different degree of chronic gastritis of the stump, in analogy
      with chronic fundic gastritis in non-operated stomach. In chronic superficial
      gastritis no differences emerge between operated patients and patients with
      chronic superficial fundic gastritis in non operated stomach, while with the
      getting on the inflammation, it can be observed a higher fall of the parietal
      cell mass in operated subjects than in non operated ones. Such differences are
      even greater in relation with the evaluation of the time elapsed between the
      operation and the evaluation of the two cell masses. Furthermore, no significant
      differences have emerged between the two groups of patients as for serum
      pepsinogen I. Such data is not discriminant between the two conditions.

PMID- 1805972
TI  - [Early gastric cancer. Survival and prognostic factors in 95 consecutive cases].
AB  - In order to characterize prognostic factors and therapeutic strategies for EGC,
      we have studied 95 patients operated on from 1980 to 1988. EGC was limited to the
      mucosa in 36% and extended to the submucosa in 64% of the cases. Lymph nodes
      involvement was observed in 13 patients; in 12 of them EGC extended to the
      submucosa. Gastric resection was performed in 73 and total gastrectomy in 22
      patients with a postoperative mortality of 6% and 16% respectively. During the
      follow-up 8 patients died for causes related to EGC, 8 for unrelated causes. The
      5 years survival rate was 79, without differences according to site, type, size
      and histology of EGC, lymph nodes involvement, type of gastrectomy; only EGC
      limited to the mucosa was associated with a better survival experience (96% vs
      70% of tumors extended to the submucosa p less than 0.05). The prognosis of EGC
      is good and a curative surgery may be accomplished, especially if the lesion is
      limited to the mucosa. In EGC extended to the submucosa an accurate
      lymphadenectomy may further improve the prognosis, while total gastrectomy--de
      principe--carries a higher postoperative mortality, without significant
      improvement of the long term prognosis.

PMID- 1805973
TI  - [Treatment of postoperative biliary fistulas by endoscopic papillosphincterotomy
      and nasobiliary drain].
AB  - Personal experience in the non-surgical treatment of postoperative biliary
      fistulas observed between July 1987 and October 1990 is reported. Leakage were
      treated with an endoscopic technique (papillosphincterotomy+nasobiliary drain) in
      11 of 12 patients in an average time of 2 weeks. The 12 patient, who presented a
      lesion of an intrahepatic duct, needed 2 months to heal following combined
      endoscopic-percutaneous manoeuvres. On the basis, then, of the good results
      obtained, it is recommended that in these cases, non-surgical treatment should be
      carried out on principle, choosing endoscopy as the initial access route.

PMID- 1805974
TI  - [A clinical comparative study of crystalline pure lactulose and powder pure
      lactitol in portasystemic encephalopathy of cirrhotic patients].
AB  - The efficacy and the tolerability of the new crystalline pure lactulose
      formulation (Laevolac Cristalli) vs lactitol is evaluated in 40 patients
      suffering from liver cirrhosis and treated for the associated encephalopathy
      (PSE). Both disaccharides proved to be effective in the maintenance therapy of
      PSE. With respect to the previous formulation of lactulose, the crystalline one
      has a significantly lower incidence of side-effects. Pure crystalline lactulose,
      showing a similar efficacy and rise of side-effects, proved to be better accepted
      by the subjects of this study.

PMID- 1805975
TI  - [A new approach to gastric restriction surgery in treatment of obesity.
      Preliminary data].
AB  - Following gastric surgery for obesity, a satisfactory weight loss and, above all,
      long-term weight maintenance can only be achieved in patients who have succeeded
      in radically changing their preoperative eating habits. In this preliminary study
      gastric banding is associated with rehabilitative training which was carried out
      using similar methods to the programs used for eating disorders. One year after
      surgery the results were substantially the same as those reported in the
      literature, with an overall weight loss of approximately 50%. The lack of
      correlation between weight loss and the degree of gastric banding underlines,
      even after a short interval, the efficacy and importance of postoperative re
      educational training. The utility of this integrated approach will only be more
      fully evaluated after a longer period.

PMID- 1805976
TI  - [Severe obesity: 20 years of surgical experience].

PMID- 1805978
TI  - [Problems of biomimetic chemistry].
AB  - The main goals of biomimetic chemistry have been formulated on the basis of the
      concept of biochemical organization. Biomimetic chemistry is defined as a science
      which employs the principles of biochemical organization (i. e., the principles
      of structural organization, functioning and regulation of biological systems at
      the levels corresponding to biomacromolecules, supramolecular complexes and
      subcellular structures) for the construction of artificial systems with
      predetermined properties or for conferring desired properties on natural
      biochemical systems with the help of artificial elements. The relationships
      between biomimetics and biochemical modelling are discussed. As examples of
      biomimetic systems, some enzymes entrapped into hydrated reverse micelles of a
      surfactant in an organic solvent and conjugates of proteins with polyalkylene
      oxidases are considered.

PMID- 1805977
TI  - [Metabolic-nutritional changes after surgery of severe obesity].

PMID- 1805979
TI  - [Regulation of Ca(2+)-dsRNA for proliferation and terminal differentiation
      processes of human fibroblasts and HeLa cells].
AB  - Ca2+ complexes of dsRNA, poly(dA) and poly(dT) of yeast low molecular weight RNA
      produce a pronounced mitogenic effect on human fibroblasts at early stages of
      fibroblast proliferation in culture. At later stages of cell cultivation Ca(2+)
      dsRNA stimulates terminal differentiation by inducing the synthesis of proteins
      characteristic of the postmitotic population of human fibroblasts undergoing
      terminal differentiation. Ca(2+)-dsRNA produces a stimulating effect on c-fos and
      c-jun gene transcription in fibroblasts and HeLa-S-3.

PMID- 1805980
TI  - [Electrophoretic separation of high density lipoprotein subclasses in the
      presence of sodium tetraphenylborate].
AB  - It has been shown that the synthetic lipophilic anion, sodium tetraphenylboron,
      used at concentrations up to 15 mM causes modification of high density
      lipoproteins (HDL) by changing the electrophoretic properties of individual
      lipoprotein subclasses. The densitograms obtained after separation of sodium
      tetraphenylborate-modified HDL under non-denaturing conditions have a better
      resolution with respect to subclasses 2a and 2b, which markedly facilitates the
      analysis of the subfractional composition of lipoproteins.

PMID- 1805981
TI  - [Chemical modification of lysine residues in tyrosyl-tRNA-synthetase from cattle
      liver using pyridoxal-5'-phosphate].
AB  - Chemical modification of lysine residues of eukaryotic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase
      was studied. It was shown that only four out of 22 lysine residues per enzyme
      dimer could be modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. This modification led to the
      inactivation of tRNATyr aminoacylation by more than 90% but did not practically
      affect the rate of ATP-[32P]pyrophosphate exchange. Low molecular weight
      substrates (ATP, ATP-tyrosine) weakly protected the enzyme from inactivation,
      whereas tRNATyr afforded a much more effective protection. It was supposed that
      lysine residues of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase can be involved in the interaction
      with tRNATyr.

PMID- 1805982
TI  - [Characteristics and relationship of mitochondrial and microsomal oxidation
      processes with various intensities of lipid peroxidation].
AB  - Mitochondrial and microsomal oxidation reactions were studied at varying
      intensities of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The latter were modelled by using
      thermal burn and combined radiation-thermal injury in animals. It was found that
      the differences in the intensity and duration of free radical oxidation and LPO
      reactions may lead to the activation or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration
      due to the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling and impaired microsomal and
      microsomal-mitochondrial intermembrane electron transport and depend on the
      activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and catalase.

PMID- 1805983
TI  - [Regulation of aldose reductase activity. The influence of effectors on reverse
      isomerization of the enzyme].
AB  - The effects of ligands of active and inhibitory centers of homogeneous aldose
      reductase from cattle eye lens on glucose reduction were studied. Using
      spectrophotometric titration and equilibrium gel filtration, the interaction of
      the enzyme active center with substrates was investigated. It was shown that the
      reaction kinetics obeys a mechanism with a quasi-equilibrium non-ordered
      attachment of substrates and isomerization of enzyme complexes with nicotinamide
      dinucleotide phosphates in the course of the catalytic act. It was found that the
      NADPH in equilibrium NADP equilibrium in the enzyme active center is shifted to
      the right; however, NADP dissociation may occur only as a result of the aldehyde
      reduction. The mechanisms of regulation of the enzyme activity by NADP, ADP and
      alpha-glycerol phosphate were proposed. It was shown that the binding of catalin
      and morine to the enzyme results in the inhibition of the enzymatic reaction and
      in the isomerization blocking. It was found that the inhibitory site of the
      isomeric form of aldose reductase displays a lower affinity for morine.

PMID- 1805984
TI  - [Effect of antibodies on the catalytic properties of bacillary alpha-amylase].
AB  - The interaction between bacillar alpha-amylase and polyclonal antibodies was
      studied. It was found that the dependence of the enzyme activity on antibody
      concentration is biphasic, being increased at low concentrations of the
      antibodies with a further decline down to complete inhibition at their high
      concentrations. Starch hydrolysis by amylase-antibody complexes was characterized
      by the growth of the formation glucose and triglycoside. These results are
      consistent with theoretical calculations of the antigenic determinant
      localization relative to components of the enzyme active center. Starch
      hydrolysis by amylase complexes with immobilized antibodies was also studied. A
      method of amylase detection with the help of the given system was developed. It
      was demonstrated that reactions between amylase-hormone (estradiol, testosterone)
      conjugates and hormone-specific antibodies also change the levels of the
      amylolytic activity.

PMID- 1805985
TI  - [Tyrosine protein kinase from cattle cerebral cortex: purification,
      characteristics, protein substrates for phosphorylation and inhibitors of
      activity].
AB  - Tyrosine protein kinase present in the membrane fraction of bovine cerebral
      cortex were extracted and chromatographically fractionated. The activity
      associated with tyrosine protein kinases was fully extracted from the membranes
      by 1% sodium cholate and eluted in two peaks (I and II) during chromatography of
      protein extracts on DEAE-Toyopearl in the presence of sodium cholate. The
      predominant in cerebral cortex membrane tyrosine protein kinase of peak I (about
      75% of the total activity) was purified 1930-fold by gel filtration on Sephacryl
      S-300, chromatography on hexyl- and phenyl-Sepharose and by rechromatography on
      DEAE-Toyopearl. The amount of the enzyme prepared from 250 g of bovine brain was
      20 micrograms, the enzyme yield and specific activity being 3.8% and 3.9 nmol/mg
      protein/min, respectively. The purified protein kinase of peak I represents a
      protein with Mr of 62-63,000 (p62) capable of being autophosphorylated in the
      presence of [gamma-32P]. Protein kinase p62 phosphorylates enolase, tubulin and
      calpactin I as well as model substrates in the series: histone H5 greater than
      poly(G, T)n greater than or equal to histone H2A greater than poly(G, A, T)n,
      histone H4 greater than caseins, histones H1 and H2B, poly(G, A, L, T)n. The
      enzyme is specific for Mn2+ at the optimal concentration about 1 mM. The KmMn-ATP
      is 0.3 microM; Km for histone H5 and poly(G, T)n are 0.45 mg/ml and 0.06 mg/ml,
      respectively. The protein kinase p62 activity is inhibited by NaCl (IC50
      approximately 75-100 mM) as well as by quercetin, adriamycin and lasalocid (IC50
      approximately 14-34, 23 and 90 microM, respectively). It is concluded that
      protein kinase p62 is analogous to the c-src gene protein kinase.

PMID- 1805986
TI  - Post-transcriptional regulation of secretory protein production during the
      development of the guinea pig seminal vesicle.
AB  - To investigate the influence of androgens on secretory protein expression during
      the development of the guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium, we examined the
      patterns of mRNA and protein accumulation during the first 2 wk after birth.
      Hybridization of total seminal vesicle RNA to cDNA probes revealed that the
      secretory protein genes were active as early as 5 days after birth. However, the
      accumulation of secretory proteins was barely detectable between Days 5 and 10,
      and could not be enhanced by treatment of neonatal animals with exogenous
      androgens. Secretory protein mRNA and protein levels both increased rapidly
      between Days 10 and 15. However, the 800-fold rise in protein levels between Days
      5 and 15 greatly exceeded the magnitude of the increase in secretory protein mRNA
      that occurred during this interval. These data indicate that the rate of
      secretory protein accumulation in the guinea pig seminal vesicle is not
      determined strictly by the availability of secretory protein mRNA, and suggest
      that post-transcriptional mechanisms may contribute to the regulation of
      secretory protein accumulation in neonatal guinea pigs.

PMID- 1805987
TI  - Antibodies to sperm surface antigens and the c-myc proto-oncogene product inhibit
      early embryonic development in mice.
AB  - The effects of antibodies against sperm antigens and the c-myc proto-oncogene
      product on early embryonic development were investigated in mice. Affinity
      purified Fab' antibodies against lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS)-solubilized
      murine sperm extract and fertilization antigen (FA-1) reduced (p less than 0.01
      to p less than 0.001) blastulation rates of in vitro cultured 2-cell murine
      embryos primarily because of an arrest of development at the morula stage.
      Similarly, the c-myc monoclonal antibody (mAb) affected early embryonic
      development in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were specific, since
      immunoabsorption, with its respective peptide, completely blocked the inhibitory
      effect of the c-myc mAb. Anti-LIS sperm Fab' identified four protein bands
      (approx. 36, 29, 24.6, and 17.6 kDa) on Western blots of extracts from
      unfertilized and fertilized ova, one band (approx. 68 kDa) each on 4-8-cell
      embryo and morula extracts, and one band (approx. 53 kDa) on blastocyst extracts.
      Anti-FA-1 Fab' did not react with unfertilized or fertilized ova, but
      specifically identified two protein bands (approx. 53 and 25.7 kDa) on blots of 2
      cell-embryo extract, one band (approx. 25.7 kDa) on morula extract, and one band
      (approx. 53 kDa) on blastocyst extract. The c-myc mAb did not react with any band
      corresponding to the c-myc protein on blots of extracts from unfertilized or
      fertilized ova, 2-cell embryos, 4-8-cell embryos, morulae, or blastocysts. These
      results suggest that some of the cross-reacting sperm antigens that are expressed
      during early cleavages, and the product of the c-myc proto-oncogene may have a
      role in normal early embryonic development.

PMID- 1805989
TI  - Levels of alpha-inhibin in aging female mice.
AB  - alpha-inhibin was immunocytochemically localized in granulosa cells of different
      stages of developing follicles, freshly formed corpora lutea, and scattered
      interstitial cells (pigmented or ceroid cells) in ovaries of 6-, 14-, and 23-25
      mo-old C57BL/6NNia mice. Developing follicles exhibited the greatest amount of
      staining. Quantitation of the stain using an image analysis system indicated the
      staining intensity within ovarian follicles of 14-mo-old mice was greater than
      that in 23-25-mo-old mice. The levels of plasma alpha-inhibin and estradiol (E2)
      decreased with age. The number of follicles present in ovaries of middle-aged
      mice was comparable to those of 6-mo-old mice, yet plasma levels of FSH were
      significantly higher than those of 6-mo-old mice. This may be due to an age
      related loss in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary of middle
      aged mice to ovarian hormones. In contrast, ovaries of 23-25-mo-old mice
      contained few antral follicles and consequently produced little alpha-inhibin.
      There appeared to be little negative feedback regulation of FSH secretion in 23
      25-mo-old mice as a result of age-related ovarian impairments. This study
      supports an earlier hypothesis from our laboratory [Biol Reprod 1985; 32:989-997]
      that the primary defect(s) limiting age-related reproductive performance in mice
      appears to reside within the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, whereas secondary
      defects arise from the ovary.

PMID- 1805988
TI  - Hormonal and local factors control the immunohistochemical distribution of
      immunocytes in the rat uterus before conceptus implantation: effects of
      ovariectomy, fallopian tube section, and injection.
AB  - The distribution of immunocytes in the rat uterus undergoes profound changes
      during early pregnancy. This study was designed to evaluate the respective
      contributions of hormonal and local factors to regulation of the distribution and
      number of MCA341+ monocyte-macrophage antigen-bearing cells and T-lymphocyte
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) antigen-bearing cells before and during
      implantation of the fertilized ovum. Immunohistological data in normal rat
      pregnancy were compared to those found in cycling rats, ovariectomized rats,
      pseudopregnant rats (the oviducts of which had been sectioned on Day 0.5 of
      pregnancy), and pregnant rats injected with the antiprogesterone RU-486 on Day
      0.5 of pregnancy. Four major events were observed: (1) transient accumulation of
      T-lymphocyte-PMN antigen-bearing cells in the endometrium close to the lumen and
      occurring only in the pregnant state 12 h after mating; (2) accumulation of an
      MCA341+ antigen-bearing monocyte-macrophage subset in the uterus, especially the
      luminal endometrium, 12 h after ovulation in pregnant as well as cycling rats;
      (3) progressive disappearance of these labeled cells starting 1 day after
      ovulation in the pregnant and nonpregnant states and influenced by RU-486
      injection; (4) relative persistence of labeled cells in the deep endometrium
      before the implantation of the conceptus--which requires the presence of
      fertilized ovum in the genital tract. In conclusion, a complex multifactorial and
      sequential control of the distribution and number of cells bearing MCA341+
      monocyte-macrophage or T-lymphocyte antigens appears to be at work before and
      during implantation of the rat conceptus, and may involve hormonal factors as
      well as local factors produced by the embryo or trophoblastic cells.

PMID- 1805990
TI  - Cellular localization of cytochrome P450IIA1 in testes of mature Sprague-Dawley
      rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that a prominent site of extrahepatic cytochrome
      P450IIA1 in male rats is the testis. We investigated the cellular location of
      cytochrome P450IIA1 in the testes of adult rats. Using specific isolation of
      testicular compartments and individual cell types, as well as in vivo removal of
      Leydig cells by ethane dimethyl sulfonate, we determined the cellular location of
      cytochrome P450IIA1 using testosterone hydroxylation assay, Western
      immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Enriched Leydig cell fractions
      had the greatest testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity as well as
      immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the cellular
      location of cytochrome P450IIA1 was specific to Leydig cells. The specific
      localization of enzyme systems that are involved in xenobiotic activation may
      have important implications for inducing specific cell toxicity by compounds that
      exert their effects in the testes.

PMID- 1805991
TI  - Effects of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on ovarian follicles in
      cattle.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to examine effects of Buserelin, a potent
      agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, on characteristics of ovarian
      follicles in cycling cows and heifers. In experiment 1, heifers were injected
      once with 10 micrograms Buserelin on Day 11, 12, or 13 of the estrous cycle
      (estrus = Day 0), or once with 20 micrograms of Buserelin on Day 12.
      Additionally, two groups were injected with a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2
      alpha (PGF2 alpha) on Day 13 preceded with or without a Buserelin injection (10
      micrograms) on Day 12. A control group did not receive a Buserelin injection.
      Ovaries were recovered and weighed after animals were slaughtered on Day 15.
      Follicle diameters were measured with calipers. Follicles for all experiments
      were classified as small (class 1: 3-5 mm diameter), medium (class 2: 6-9 mm), or
      large (class 3: greater than 9 mm). Heifers receiving only Buserelin had an
      increased number of medium-sized follicles compared to controls. Buserelin
      injection administered 24 h before PGF2 alpha reduced the decline in the average
      weight of the ovaries containing the corpus luteum (7.8 g for Buserelin before
      PGF2 alpha vs. 6.7 g for no Buserelin before PGF2 alpha). Buserelin pretreatment
      appeared to delay or prevent complete luteolysis by the injected PGF2 alpha. In
      experiment 2, 0, or 10 micrograms Buserelin was injected on Day 12 and follicle
      development was monitored by ultrasonography in situ from Day 12 to estrus.
      Follicles also were classified as clear or cloudy; cloudy was associated with
      flocculent material in the follicular fluid or with an indistinct follicular
      wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805992
TI  - Early folliculogenesis in primate ovaries: testing the role of estrogen.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an exogenous estrogen,
      diethylstilbestrol (DES), on follicle development in the ovary of a juvenile
      primate. The immature cynomolgus monkey (12-22 mo) was used as a model since
      ovaries at this age lack endogenous gonadotropin support but are capable of
      responding to exogenous hormonal stimulation. In addition, the pituitary gland
      receives virtually no GnRH stimulation and under these conditions lacks
      responsiveness to estrogen feedback. Two groups of three monkeys each received
      DES for 14 days. Members of the second group also were given GnRH antagonist to
      assure no GnRH action upon the gonadotropes. The left ovary of each monkey was
      removed just prior to Day 1 of DES treatment and served as the control. The right
      ovary was removed on Day 14 of treatment. Both ovaries from each monkey were
      prepared for evaluation by light microscopy. Results indicated that both the
      number of preantral follicles and the mean number of medium-sized (0.5-1 mm in
      diameter) developing antral follicles decreased significantly (p less than 0.05)
      in the DES-treated ovaries with no increase in early-atretic antral follicles.
      These data suggest that DES, at the amount administered, inhibits the growth of
      both preantral and medium-sized antral follicles in the primate. Whether these
      effects are manifest directly at the follicle level or are mediated by other
      mechanisms remains to be determined.

PMID- 1805993
TI  - Rescue and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes collected from nondomestic
      felid species.
AB  - The potential for rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of females of rare
      felid species which die or undergo medical ovariohysterectomy was evaluated.
      Ovaries were recovered from 13 species representing 35 individuals in good-to
      poor health. Although the majority of females were 10 yr of age or older and in
      fair-to-poor health, a total of 846 oocytes were recovered of which 608 (71.9%)
      were classified as fair-to-excellent quality. One hundred of these oocytes were
      used for initial maturation classification and as parthogenetic controls.
      Overall, of the 508 fair-to-excellent quality oocytes placed in culture, 164
      (32.3%) matured to metaphase II in vitro. For species in which 3 or more
      individuals yielded oocytes, mean oocyte maturation rates were as follows: 36.2%,
      tiger; 27.9% leopard; and 8.3%, cheetah. In vitro insemination of oocytes
      resulted in fertilization (2 polar bodies, 2 pronuclei, or cleavage) rates of
      9.1% to 28.6% (leopard) using homologous fresh spermatozoa and 4.0% (lion) to
      40.0% (puma) using homologous frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Inseminations using
      heterologous (domestic cat) spermatozoa also resulted in fertilized oocytes in
      the tiger, leopard, snow leopard, puma, serval, and Geoffroy's cat (range in
      fertilization rate, 5.0% for leopard to 46.2% for puma). Cleaved embryos resulted
      from the insemination of leopard oocytes with homologous sperm (n = 1 embryo) and
      puma oocytes with domestic cat sperm (n = 3 embryos). These results demonstrate
      that immature ovarian oocytes from rare felid species can be stimulated to mature
      in vitro despite an excision-to-culture interval as long as 36 h.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805994
TI  - Dose-dependent effects of indomethacin on ovulation in the sheep: relationship to
      follicular prostaglandin production, steroidogenesis, collagenolysis, and
      leukocyte chemotaxis.
AB  - A few recent investigations have indicated that it is possible for mammalian
      ovulation to progress to completion in the absence of a preovulatory rise in
      ovarian prostanoid production and that the antiovulatory mode of action of
      antiinflammatory agents (e.g., indomethacin) could be independent of their
      ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Mature
      ewes were treated during the preovulatory period with a systemic dosage of
      indomethacin that either consistently did (500 mg) or did not (100 mg) prevent
      follicular rupture. With both dosages, the rise in follicular production of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha following the surge in secretion of LH was negated.
      Indomethacin did not affect periovulatory patterns of change in follicular tissue
      concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, testosterone, or progesterone. The 500-mg
      dose of indomethacin inhibited collagen breakdown within the follicular wall as
      deduced from measurement of tissue levels of hydroxyproline. In vitro secretion
      of a follicular leukotactic agent and accumulation of extravascular white blood
      cells within the theca interna of periovulatory follicles were also suppressed by
      the ovulation-inhibiting dose of indomethacin. It appears that the blockage of
      ovulation induced by indomethacin in the sheep is largely unrelated to its
      capacity to suppress follicular prostaglandin biosynthesis; rather, it is more
      directly associated with effects on follicular collagenolysis and leukocyte
      chemoattraction.

PMID- 1805995
TI  - Synergistic induction of ovulation and prostaglandin synthesis in goldfish
      (Carassius auratus) follicles by sodium orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) on
      ovulation and prostaglandin (PG) production were investigated in goldfish
      (Carassius auratus) follicles. H2O2, at levels that did not stimulate ovulation,
      significantly increased the ability of Na3VO4 to induce ovulation. The enhancing
      effect of H2O2 on Na3VO4-induced (10 microM) ovulation was observed over a wide
      range of concentrations (0.3-19.2 ppm) but was maximal at 1.2-4.8 ppm. The H2O2
      effect on ovulation diminished at concentrations greater than 4.8 ppm. Na3VO4 and
      H2O2 also stimulated prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF) levels in
      incubates. An interactive effect of the two agents was significant only on PGE
      production. However, optimal H2O2/Na3VO4 concentrations for the stimulation of PG
      production were much higher than those for stimulating ovulation. In most
      incubations, Na3VO4-induced or Na3VO4/H2O2-induced ovulation was not inhibited by
      the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IM), but was blocked by the
      lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Treatment of an
      Na3VO4/H2O2 mixture with catalase before the start of incubation totally
      abolished the enhancing effect of H2O2 on ovulation. This suggests that the
      enhancing effect of H2O2 on ovulation may not be a result of a chemical
      metabolite(s) produced by the two agents in mixture but rather is due to some
      direct effect of H2O2. This may have physiological significance in light of the
      published effects of H2O2 on various processes known to be involved in ovulation.

PMID- 1805996
TI  - What photoperiodic signal is provided by a continuous-release melatonin implant?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the insertion of a continuous
      release melatonin implant into ewes provides a short-day photoperiodic signal or
      acts as a functional pinealectomy (provides no specific photoperiodic signal but
      renders ewes incapable of responding to changes in photoperiod). Ewes primed with
      60 long days (18L:6D) during the spring were moved to intermediate day length
      (13L:11D) for 66 days and then given one of five treatments: 1) short-day
      control, second drop in photoperiod to 8L:16D; 2) intermediate-photoperiod
      control, kept on 13L:11D; 3) pinealectomy and kept on 13L:11D; 4) melatonin
      implant and kept on 13L:11D; 5) melatonin implant and moved to 8L:16D. Mean
      number of estrous cycles per group and total duration of reproductive activity
      were determined. Ewes in all groups began to exhibit estrous cycles after the
      initial reduction in photoperiod. The number of estrous cycles and duration of
      reproductive activity differed among groups. The number of estrous cycles and
      duration of reproductive activity was extended in ewes receiving the second drop
      in photoperiod compared to that of the intermediate-photoperiod controls.
      Pinealectomized ewes had a number of estrous cycles and duration of reproductive
      activity similar to those of ewes maintained on the intermediate photoperiod.
      Melatonin implants increased the number of estrous cycles and prolonged
      reproductive activity in ewes maintained on the intermediate photoperiod;
      melatonin implants did not prevent the extension of reproductive activity in ewes
      receiving the second photoperiodic drop to the short daylength.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1805997
TI  - Steroid-induced proteins secreted by the uterus of the guinea pig.
AB  - This study was conducted to identify proteins synthesized and secreted de novo by
      the guinea pig uterus. Uterine samples were obtained from cycling, late-pregnant
      as well as ovariectomized and steroid-treated guinea pigs and cultured with
      either L-[3H]leucine or L-[35S]methionine. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of culture
      medium followed by fluorography was used to determine proteins synthesized and
      secreted de novo during a 24-h incubation period. Two complexes of estradiol
      stimulated proteins (ESP) were detected. Each complex was composed of 5-7 unique
      proteins with slightly different isoelectric points. The higher molecular-weight
      complex had a molecular weight of 65,000-60,000 and an isoelectric point range of
      5.2-6.1. The lower molecular-weight complex had a molecular weight of 60,000
      55,000 and a similar range of isoelectric points. The two complexes of ESP were
      not observed in medium of explants from animals that received placebos, were late
      pregnant, or were treated with progesterone only. Progesterone administered in
      combination with estradiol enhanced production of both complexes of ESP to
      similar degrees. Neither complex of ESP was secreted by the explant culture in
      the presence of tunicamycin, suggesting that the proteins are glycosylated. These
      findings demonstrate that the uterus of the guinea pig produces two unique
      complexes of proteins in response to estradiol stimulation, and all results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that ESP are contained in the carbohydrate-rich
      secretory granules of endometrial gland cells.

PMID- 1805999
TI  - Changes in uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha and luteal secretion of
      progesterone in response to oxytocin during the porcine estrous cycle.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the ability of oxytocin
      to stimulate uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and luteal
      secretion of progesterone changes during the porcine estrous cycle. Nineteen
      multiparous sows were observed for estrus. After one estrous cycle of normal
      length, sows were assigned randomly to receive an injection of oxytocin (30 IU,
      i.v.) in the EARLY (Days 4-6; n = 6), MID (Days 9-11; n = 7), or LATE (Day 15; n
      = 6) stage of the estrous cycle. Concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2
      alpha (PGFM) and progesterone were determined in jugular venous serum samples
      collected at -60, -45, -30, -15, 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min
      after injection of oxytocin. The magnitudes of the PGFM and progesterone
      responses and the area under the respective response curves (AUC) were calculated
      for each sow. Concentrations of PGFM did not change in response to oxytocin
      administered during the EARLY or MID portions of the estrous cycle.
      Concentrations increased rapidly in 4 of 6 sows that received oxytocin LATE in
      the estrous cycle. Both magnitude and AUC were greater LATE in the estrous cycle
      than at either EARLY or MID cycle (p less than 0.05). Thus, uterine secretory
      responsiveness to oxytocin develops between Days 11 and 15 postestrus in the sow.
      For progesterone, a transient increase was observed immediately following
      injection of oxytocin at MID cycle (p less than 0.05), but not at the other times
      examined. Therefore, oxytocin appears to be capable of stimulating secretion of
      progesterone from the functionally mature corpus luteum.

PMID- 1806000
TI  - [Primary care in the rural environment].

PMID- 1805998
TI  - The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in heifers:
      follicular populations and peripheral hormones.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effect of recombinant
      bovine somatotropin (BST) on ovarian folliculogenesis and ovulation rate. Twelve
      Hereford x Friesian heifers received daily injections of either 25 mg BST (6
      heifers) or vehicle (6 heifers) for a period of two estrous cycles until
      slaughter. Blood samples were collected three times a week for measurements of
      peripheral growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), FSH, LH,
      estradiol, and progesterone. Serial blood samples were also taken every 10 min
      for 8 h on Days 12 and 19 of the second estrous cycle to monitor GH, IGF-I, FSH,
      and LH profiles. At the end of treatment (Day 7 of the third estrous cycle), the
      heifers were killed and their ovaries were collected. Ovulation rate was
      determined by counting the number of fresh corpora lutea (CL). All antral
      follicles greater than or equal to 2 mm in diameter were dissected to assess
      antral follicle populations. Granulosa and thecal cells from the three largest
      follicles and CL from each heifer were collected for FSH and LH binding
      measurements. All heifers had a single ovulation. The treated heifers had
      significantly more antral follicles (60.2 +/- 6.7) than did the animals in the
      control group (33.2 +/- 3.2) (p less than 0.001). When follicles were grouped
      according to diameter, the mean numbers of follicles greater than 10 mm, 5-10 mm,
      and 2-5 mm in diameter were 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.8 +/- 1.4, and 52.5 +/- 6.5 for the
      treated group, and 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.5 +/- 1.0, and 25.8 +/- 2.7 for
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806001
TI  - [From the assurance to the continuous improvement of the quality of care].

PMID- 1806002
TI  - [Quality assurance at a health center: 2 years' experience].
AB  - In the Primary Care field there is very little experience of organizing a quality
      control programme that covers all aspects of care. In our centre, at the
      beginning of 1989, a Quality Control Commission (QCC) was formed with the aim of
      establishing and coordinating these activities. We describe our two year
      experience in this report, with special emphasis on the programme's
      organizational side and the methodological difficulties we encountered while
      introducing the programme.

PMID- 1806003
TI  - [Attitude of the health care professionals toward hypertension in the health
      service area of Salamanca].
AB  - A survey was carried out in the ten Health Centers in Salamanca using a
      questionnaire about aspects related with hypertension, the material used,
      diagnostic methods, risk factors, therapeutic approach, and management of
      hypertensive paroxysms and emergencies. Participation was 59.5% and the median
      age 36 years. There was a definite male predominance (85.3%). The use of three
      blood pressure readings in successive visits for the diagnosis was preferred by
      the professionals with younger working age [Cl = 8.8 to 12.8 years; (p less than
      0.05)]. Regarding the type of Center (rural, urban, semiurban), significant
      differences regarding the investigated issues could not be established. The most
      relevant conclusions were deficiencies such as inadequacy of cuffs (53.3%), lack
      of calibration of sphygmomanometers (41.9%), introduction of thestethoscope
      within the cuff (34.7%), use of beta-blockers in hypertensive diabetics (13.5%).

PMID- 1806004
TI  - [Hospital emergency service utilization by the population from a primary health
      center: level of suitability].
AB  - A descriptive study on hospital record corresponding to 379 patients over 14
      years, from the Health Center of Rekaldeberri (Bilbao), who attended any of the
      hospital emergency services available in the province, during the last quarter of
      1989 is presented. Objectives were to identify circumstances that motivated
      consultation, and its apropriateness. Data were recorded by family doctors. As
      much as 76% of them attended on one's own initiative being this proporcion larger
      among the youngest. The most frequent diagnosis was the one that corresponded to
      "Accidents, injuries, poisoning, and violence", 37.5% of the total. 20.8% of the
      patients were admitted to the hospital. We considered consultation to be
      apropriate 55.1% of the times, with larger percentages among those who were sent
      by family doctors (91.1%) and those advanced in years. Lastly data are compared
      to other studies and we make some considerations about primary health care's
      responsibility for massification of hospital emergency services.

PMID- 1806005
TI  - [Diet monitoring in primary care].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To find out the dietary habits of a village, and to analyse the
      variables that relate them to sociocultural, economic and epidemiological
      factors. METHOD: Retrospective analyses of the diet of a random sample of heads
      of family and family members over 20. PLACE: Rural village. PATIENTS: 166
      families out of a total of 257: i.e. 338 out of 659 adults in the census.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN FINDINGS: We noticed that 52.4% of the families reported
      varied diets, 39.7% non-varied and 7.8% mixed. We found that when women were
      heads of family, the family tended to have a more varied diet (p less than 0.07);
      that a varied diet predominated in the better-supplied rural centre and that the
      average number of diagnoses per patient and per year was higher in individuals
      that reported eating few vegetables (p less than 0.8 women) (p less than 0.04
      men). CONCLUSIONS: By investigating dietary habits at the Primary Care stage,
      using a method of studying the weekly intake of certain foods, it is possible to
      make social, cultural, economic and epidemiological inferences that could be
      extremely useful in practice.

PMID- 1806006
TI  - [Gastric cancer].
AB  - Gastric cancer represents a disorder which incidence has come down last years.
      Its etiology is unknown, but diet is the principal determinant risk of suffering
      it. Clinic history is not much useful, because in the early stage symptoms can
      fail and in the late stage are inespecific. Election diagnosis is endoscopy.
      Surgery is the only curative treatment. By these features, it would be useful to
      left under vigilance to: a) patients 40 years older with dispepsia; b) patients
      following gastric operations; c) patients with disorders presenting aclorhidria.
      The authors report a clinic case that can be of frequent presentation in primary
      assistance.

PMID- 1806007
TI  - [Guidelines for the management of the asymptomatic HIV-positive patient in
      primary care].

PMID- 1806008
TI  - [Echography of the genital and urinary system of the adult].

PMID- 1806009
TI  - [The physician as communicator: the word as future?].

PMID- 1806010
TI  - [Psychopathologic implications of tattoos].

PMID- 1806011
TI  - [Transient global amnesia].

PMID- 1806012
TI  - [Cardiorespiratory arrest out of the hospital].

PMID- 1806014
TI  - [Quantitative pharmaceutic indicators and the primary care reform].

PMID- 1806013
TI  - [Screening of breast and cervix uteri cancer in aged women].

PMID- 1806015
TI  - [Utilization of hospital emergency services. Poor functioning of primary care?].

PMID- 1806016
TI  - [Irritative cough induced by the use of ACE inhibitors].

PMID- 1806017
TI  - [Grey literature and primary care].

PMID- 1806018
TI  - [Emergency individual team].

PMID- 1806019
TI  - [Emergency consultations at a urban health center].

PMID- 1806020
TI  - Evaluation of the purity of recombinant proteins and detection of residual
      protein contaminants via N-terminal microsequencing and database searching.
AB  - The N-terminal amino acid sequences of purified recombinant human gamma
      interferon, alpha 2a-interferon and interleukin-2 expressed in E. coli were
      determined on an Applied Biosystems 477A Protein/Peptide Sequencer and 120A PTH
      Amino Acid Analyzer. From the raw chromatographic data of these samples, the
      identity, heterogeneity, amount of methionine-plus species remaining in the final
      products, and the probable process contaminants were evaluated with the help of
      computer methods including database searching. General methods to characterize
      trace contaminants in protein samples were also discussed. Among the sequenced
      samples, only gamma-interferon was shown to be N-terminal homogeneous. Methionine
      containing species were found in interleukin-2 and alpha 2a-interferon. Chicken
      eggwhite lysozyme was detected in very small amounts in one batch of samples.
      These results provide valuable information for the development and improvement of
      preparation methods as well as regulatory responses to recombinant products.

PMID- 1806021
TI  - Expression of pro-urokinase cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cell line.
AB  - Expression vectors containing the pro-urokinase (pro-UK) cDNA (pSV2-proUK) and a
      dihydrofolate reductase cDNA (pSV2-dhfr or MMTV-dhfr) were cotransfected into CHO
      dhfr- cells by the calcium phosphate precipitation technique. The dhfr+
      transformants were selected by fibrinolytic agarose plate assay. Two colonies,
      named CLF-14 and CLF-8, exhibited significantly high expression levels of the
      biological activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (mu-Pa). They reached
      more than 24 IU/10(6) cells/48 h and 16 IU/10(6) cells/48 h, respectively.
      Examination of the cell supernatants for mu-Pa antigenicity using ELISA method
      also showed strong positive results, and the quantities of expression were about
      0.14-0.22 micrograms/10(6) cells/48 h and 0.08-0.14 micrograms/10(6) cells/48 h,
      respectively. The mu-Pa secreted by stable transformed cells could be completely
      inhibited by UK anti-serum, but not by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)
      antiserum nor by normal rabbit serum.

PMID- 1806022
TI  - Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant
      human tumor necrosis factor alpha.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) plays an important role in cytotoxicity and
      inhibition of tumor cells. Further studies on the structure, function and
      clinical application of TNF alpha will be useful. Nine clones of hybridoma
      secreting monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (rHTNF alpha) were obtained by using cell fusion technology. None of the
      monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with rIL-1, rIL-2, rIFN gamma, rIFN alpha and
      E. coli lysates. Western blot demonstrated that they specifically recognized the
      rHTNF antigen of M. W. 17000 daltons. Some of the antibodies can also recognize
      native rHTNF. These antibodies neutralized the cytotoxicity of rHTNF alpha to
      different extents. They will be utilized as immunoaffinity column to purify rHTNF
      alpha from recombinant E. coli lysates.

PMID- 1806023
TI  - Studies on the production of artificial seeds of coriander.
AB  - In this preliminary report, artificial seeds of coriander were produced by
      manipulating callus and somatic embryo formation as well as embryo encapsulation.
      The germination capacity of the artificial seeds under sterile conditions reached
      82%, and the survival rate of seedlings was more than 83% after they were
      transplanted into soil.

PMID- 1806024
TI  - Studies on breeding of antibiotic-producing strain 5102 by protoplast fusion. IV:
      Verification of fusant FR-008, and isolation and characterization of the new
      antimicrobial substance.
AB  - On the basis of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of Antibiotic
      5102-1, the principal components of this antibiotic were isolated from the
      cultures of starting strain 10-22 and the fusant FR-008. The result further
      verified that FR-008 was a recombinant of intraspecific fusion of Streptomyces
      hygroscopicus subsp. yingchengensis. A new antimicrobial substance was isolated
      and purified from the fermented product of fusant FR-008, which could not be
      produced by the starting strain. The color reactions of the new substance with
      concentrated sulphuric acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid and the UV-VIS
      absorptions indicated that it was a haptene macrolide antibiotic. The liquid
      chromatography for aromatic moiety showed that this antibiotic contained p-amino
      acetophenone moiety. The amino acid analysis of the antibiotic revealed that it
      contained an aminosugar moiety, which was different from that in any other
      haptene macrolide antibiotic. The detailed chemical structure of the aminosugar
      moiety has yet to be identified.

PMID- 1806025
TI  - Semi-continuous microcarrier culture of rCHO cells secreting HBsAg by feeding
      microcarriers.
AB  - On the basis of culturing rCHO cells semi-continuously with a constant
      concentration of microcarriers, cell yield and HBsAg expression were increased by
      feeding microcarriers, step by step, to provide a surface for cells to grow. A
      process of culturing rCHO cells semi-continuously to produce HBsAg by feeding
      microcarriers was established, in which the maximum microcarrier concentration
      was defined. The foundation has been laid for culturing rCHO cells continuously
      to reach high cell yield and high HBsAg expression.

PMID- 1806026
TI  - Purification of serum albumin with dye-ligand adsorption chromatography.
AB  - Dye molecules were coupled to agarose gel beads to form blue, red and yellow
      chromatography media for the separation of serum albumin. The adsorption
      properties of five dye-ligands were compared and the effects of temperature, pH,
      protein concentration and salt concentration were investigated. Human serum
      albumin (HSA) was purified from human placental plasma by a single step of dye
      ligand chromatography under suitable operating conditions. The product was
      electrophoretically pure, and the elution recovery was as high as 95%. This new
      technique is superior to the conventional salting-out process.

PMID- 1806027
TI  - Cloning of GL-7-ACA acylase gene from Pseudomonas sp. 130 and its expression in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Using BamHI digested and dephosphorylated pBR322 as vector, a GL-7-ACA acylase
      gene from Pseudomonas sp. 130 chromosomal DNA was cloned and expressed in
      Escherichia coli C600. Seven positive clones were detected from 3205 recombinant
      plasmids with 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes in situ hybridization. Out of
      them, three clones which produced active GL-7-ACA acylase were identified by
      radio-immunological assay, chemical test and chromatographic analysis of reaction
      mixture. The plasmid DNAs of recombinant pMR5, pMR6 and pMR7 were extracted.
      Analysis of gel electrophoresis indicated that pMR5 and pMR7 contained the same
      6.8kb fragment and the size of the insert in pNR6 was 5.7 kb. The effects of
      various E. coli hosts on the expression of cloned GL-7-ACA acylase gene is also
      presented.

PMID- 1806028
TI  - Hematopoietic growth factors in breast cancer--overview.

PMID- 1806029
TI  - Emerging differences between 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.
AB  - A brief review is presented of some recently described 5-HT3 receptor
      antagonists. These antagonists are primarily targeted for use as anti-emetics.
      However, evidence is emerging that there are differences in their basic
      pharmacology. This evidence is reviewed in terms of the selectivity of the
      antagonists in binding studies and also of their efficacy in emesis and gastric
      emptying. The possibility that these differences may translate into meaningful
      clinical differences between the available 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in their
      use as anti-emetics is also discussed.

PMID- 1806030
TI  - Generation of DNA damage by anti-neoplastic agents.
AB  - DNA has been one of the major targets of cancer chemotherapy. A variety of anti
      neoplastic agents can cause different types of DNA lesions, including base
      alterations, single- or double-strand DNA breaks, DNA-DNA cross-links and DNA
      protein cross-links. The exact processes by which these DNA lesions lead to cell
      death remain uncertain. However, pivotal roles of intracellular Ca2+ ion
      mobilization, activation of Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease and induction of
      several oncogenes have been proposed. Understanding the mechanism of DNA damage
      and subsequent cell death will be important to improve the efficacy of cancer
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 1806031
TI  - Poly(ADP-ribosylation) processing as a target for the anti-tumor effects of the
      cell differentiating agent, hexamethylenebisacetamide, and the N6-substituted
      adenosines.
AB  - The cellular process regulating the post-translational poly(ADP-ribosylation) of
      various nuclear acceptor proteins is discussed in relation to its significance as
      a target for cancer chemotherapy; and with particular reference to the mechanism
      underlying the anti-tumor effects of the cell differentiating agent,
      hexamethylenebisacetamide. Of special note are the influences which may be
      exerted on tumor cells expressing certain major types of oncogenically-activated
      cellular proto-oncogenes (oncogenes). A basis for a pharmacological approach to
      tumor therapy is further proposed from considerations of the action of a class of
      anti-tumor agents, the N6-substituted adenosines, by reason of their possible
      effects on poly(ADP-ribosylation) processing, as well as on other cellular
      processes of relevance for tumor therapy.

PMID- 1806032
TI  - Enhanced anti-cancer effects of intralymphatic aclarubicin on distal lymph node
      metastases: quantitative evaluation using a new experimental model in mice.
AB  - The anti-cancer drug aclarubicin (2.0 mg/kg body weight) was injected into the
      left popliteal lymph node (the primary draining node of the foot-pad region) or
      into the tail vein, 8 days after a subcutaneous inoculation of 5 x 10(5) P388
      leukemia cells/mouse in the left hind paw foot-pad of mouse (donor). During this
      time, metastases were established in the lower para-aortic nodes (the secondary
      draining nodes of this region). On day 10, the lower para-aortic nodes taken from
      each donor were transferred intraperitoneally to a normal mouse (recipient). From
      the recipients' survival time, the viable P388 leukemia cell number in the para
      aortic nodes per donor mouse was estimated with a calibration line. The
      recipients' survival curve in the intralymphatic chemotherapy group was
      statistically significantly better than that in the intravenous chemotherapy
      group.

PMID- 1806033
TI  - Interaction of melphalan and dexamethasone in a human myeloma cell line.
AB  - The effects of a combination of melphalan and dexamethasone on cell growth, cell
      cycle flow, cell loss and DNA cross-links were studied on a myeloma cell line
      (RPMI 8226). At low concentrations melphalan reduced the cell growth by
      prolonging the S and G2 stages. Steroid sensitivity of the cell line was
      characterized by dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth after exposure of up to
      1 micron dexamethasone with no cell loss found even at 10-fold saturation
      concentration. Dexamethasone induced prolongation of all cell cycle phases
      without any preferences. In combined treatment with melphalan and dexamethasone,
      inhibition of cell growth was found after 24 h followed by cell loss after 48 h.
      This cell loss was obtained with concentrations of the drugs which by themselves
      are only growth inhibitory. Calculation of cell flow showed that cell loss is a
      delayed process occurring after the cells have left the G1 phase. By alkaline
      elution it was found that dexamethasone treatment caused an increase in melphalan
      induced DNA interstrand crosslinks.

PMID- 1806034
TI  - Double-blind randomized cross-over trial comparing methylprednisolone with
      placebo in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a study with special
      reference to efficacy parameters.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with breast cancer who received chemotherapy participated in a
      double-blind randomized cross-over study with methylprednisolone (MP) 250 mg as a
      single i.v. injection before chemotherapy and placebo as antiemetic treatment.
      The determining efficacy parameter was preference. Other parameters used were a
      visual analogue scale for nausea, a categorical four-point nausea intensity scale
      recorded by a nurse observer, emetic amounts, emetic episodes, acceptance of
      nausea and vomiting, and global assessments for nausea and vomiting. MP showed a
      significant antiemetic effect compared with placebo which was most pronounced for
      moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. The visual analogue scale, emetic amounts,
      acceptance and global assessments were easy to handle and showed coherence with
      preference, whereas nausea intensity and emetic episodes were resource demanding
      to record and showed no coherence with preference. It is concluded that for a
      precise evaluation of nausea and vomiting the visual analogue scale and emetic
      amounts are most reliable; for ambulatory patients global assessments seem to be
      sufficient.

PMID- 1806035
TI  - In vitro effects of beta-carotene on human oral keratinocytes from precancerous
      lesions and squamous carcinoma.
AB  - Human keratinocytes, obtained from bioptic specimens of healthy and preneoplastic
      oral mucosa, and from human cell lines from oral cavity tumors (KB and SCC-25)
      were treated with beta-carotene (10 microM). The colony forming efficiency (CFE),
      the proliferation rate and the frequency of micronucleated cells were measured in
      these cultures. CFE was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) by beta-carotene
      treatment in cells from healthy mucosa and in KB cells. Decreases (p greater than
      0.05; NS) were also observed in cells from pathological mucosa and in SCC-25
      cells. Cell proliferation rate was not substantially affected by beta-carotene in
      all cultures. Finally, a decreased frequency of micronucleated cells was found in
      treated cultures, but significant reductions (p less than 0.05) were only
      observed in cultures from oral mucosa (healthy and pathological) as well as in KB
      cell cultures. Our results indicate that beta-carotene is able to reduce the
      clonogenic activity (CFE), even if it does not seem to influence cell
      proliferation, and that it has a protective effect against genotoxic damage.

PMID- 1806036
TI  - Nitroxyl radicals decrease toxicity of cytostatic agents.
AB  - Nitroxyl radicals of a series of piperidineoxyles and pirrolinoxyles increase the
      tolerance of experimental animals to the injection of otherwise lethal doses of
      anti-tumor cytostatic agents. Simultaneous injection of nitroxyl radicals in
      different doses with 6-mercaptopurine, thiophosphamide, cyclophosphamide and the
      other cytostatic agents results in decreased toxicity and survival of animals.
      Nitroxyl radicals normalize the level of the oxidized form of P450 cytochrome
      that is decreased by the injection of lethal doses of cytostatic agents.

PMID- 1806037
TI  - The effect of cisplatin and carboplatin on c-myc promoter in erythroleukemic
      cells.
AB  - The recombinant plasmids p324, p330 and p323 carrying 5' flanking c-myc sequences
      linked to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (cat) were
      introduced into the mouse erythroleukemia cell line F412B2TK- and stable
      transfectants resistant to geneticin were obtained. The effects of two platinum
      coordination compounds, cisplatin and carboplatin, were studied using a wide
      range of drug concentrations. It was found that cisplatin stimulates cat gene
      expression with maximum effect at 5 x 10(-5) M concentration, while carboplatin
      at concentrations from 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M did not have any effect. These
      results demonstrate that cisplatin stimulates transcription from the c-myc
      promoter in erythroleukemia cells and may support the use of carboplatin as
      compared to cisplatin in the treatment of cancer patients.

PMID- 1806038
TI  - Mapping DNA by stochastic relaxation: schedule for optimal annealing.
AB  - The analysis of the various cooling schedules for the simulated annealing
      algorithm is made towards the restriction map construction. Algorithm behaviour
      under control of three different cost functions is considered and the discrete
      cost function is found to handle successfully experimental data with realistic
      error sizes. A program using this function has been derived from the algorithm to
      construct linear and circular DNA maps.

PMID- 1806039
TI  - Rapid and simple preparation of plasmids suitable for dideoxy DNA sequencing and
      other purposes.
AB  - Plasmid DNA released from bacteria by boiling in the presence of lysozyme and
      Triton x-100 and without further purification can be sequenced by the dideoxy
      method using T7 DNA polymerase, when conditions during alkali denaturation and
      subsequent ethanol precipitation are adjusted to remove contaminants. The samples
      remain in the same microcentrifuge tubes from the harvesting of the bacteria
      until the splitting of the sample into four aliquots for the termination
      reactions. Less background label is observed with end-labelled primers
      (radioactivity or fluorescence), but even when radioactive nucleotides are
      incorporated during the sequencing reactions, 250 bases or more can be read from
      template prepared from 1.5 ml bacterial culture. The DNA can also be cut by
      restriction enzymes; the purification procedure described thus provides the rapid
      preparation of plasmids for a variety of purposes.

PMID- 1806040
TI  - Improvements in the chain-termination method of DNA sequencing through the use of
      7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine.
AB  - Significant improvements in the quality of DNA sequencing data have been shown
      when deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) is replaced by 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine
      triphosphate (c7dATP). The use of c7dATP in conjunction with 7-deaza-2'
      deoxyguanosine triphosphate (c7dGTP) further decreases anomalies in
      electrophoretic mobility which are caused by compressions involving G and/or A
      residues. This effect is observed for both isotope-based and fluorescence-based
      sequencing approaches. Replacing dATP with c7dATP also results in a higher degree
      of uniformity in the frequency of chain termination reactions, when such
      terminations involve the incorporation of fluorescence-labeled dideoxynucleotides
      by T7 polymerase. These improvements in the gel-resolution and distribution of
      chain-terminated DNA products result in higher accuracy in both manual and
      automated base assignment.

PMID- 1806041
TI  - A gene encoding a tyrosine tRNA synthetase is located near sacS in Bacillus
      subtilis.
AB  - Within the frame of an attempt to sequence the whole Bacillus subtilis genome, a
      region of 5.5 kbp of the B. subtilis chromosome near the sacS locus has been
      sequenced. It contains five complete coding sequences, including the sequence of
      sacY, three unknown CDS and a sequence coding for a tyrosine tRNA synthetase.
      That the corresponding CDS encodes a functional synthetase has been demonstrated
      by complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant possessing a thermosensitive
      tRNA synthetase. Insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette in the B. subtilis
      chromosome at the corresponding locus resulted, however, in no apparent
      phenotype, demonstrating that this synthetase is dispensable. Finally
      phylogenetic relationships between known tyrosine and tryptophan tRNA synthetases
      are discussed.

PMID- 1806042
TI  - Sequence analysis of a functional member of the Em gene family from wheat.
AB  - We report the complete sequence of one functional member of the Em gene family
      whose expression in wheat embryos is regulated by a complex set of environmental
      and developmental controls, including the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). The
      Em coding region contains one short intron, and there is an inverted repeat in
      the transcribed 3'-flanking region. A 646 bp fragment from the 5' promoter, which
      was previously shown to direct ABA-regulated expression in transformed tobacco
      tissue and rice cells, is characterized by: (1) three stretches of between 33 and
      73 nucleotides of A/T rich (greater than 86%) boxes, (2) one copy of an eight bp
      palindrome (CATGCATG) which is identical to the RY repeat found in the 5'
      promoters of many legume genes expressed during embryo development, (3) 15 copies
      of a six bp repeat (PuCACGPy), found primarily in the 5' region, and (4) two
      sequences in the ABA-response region, CGAGCAG and a CACGT motif, both of which
      are conserved in 5' non-coding regions of other plant genes that are expressed in
      response to ABA and/or in embryos. These sequence comparisons are discussed in
      relation to the regulation of Em gene expression and other ABA-regulated genes.

PMID- 1806043
TI  - Differences in human laminin B2 sequences.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding the B2 chain of laminin has been isolated from a human
      endothelial lambda gt11 cDNA library. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid
      sequences of the clone were determined and showed one amino acid substitution
      (Ser1519 instead of Asn) when compared to lung laminin B2 chain and one silent
      nucleotide change (G4200 instead of A) in relation to the human placenta laminin
      B2 chain. Other differences in the 3'-untranslated region were also found.

PMID- 1806044
TI  - Fluorescent and radioactive solid phase dideoxy sequencing of pcr products in
      microtitre plates.
AB  - In this paper we describe a rapid method for the direct generation of DNA
      sequencing templates from phage or bacteria. Sequencing of these PCR products can
      be performed by radioactive and fluorescent methods. The non-radioactive method
      has been used to sequence a total of approximately 100 kb of human DNA fragments
      generated by digestion with HpaII and subsequent cloning. The method depends on
      direct small scale amplification using a biotinylated primer, and the binding of
      the product to streptavidin coated magnetic beads. All the procedures are carried
      out in a microtitre plate thus facilitating the handling of large numbers of
      clones and has potential for automation.

PMID- 1806045
TI  - Effects of melatonin on the ultrastructure of the golden hamster parathyroid
      gland.
AB  - Ultrastructural changes of the parathyroid glands of melatonin-treated golden
      hamsters were studied. Many chief cells in the parathyroid glands after 1 hour of
      administration of melatonin contained poorly-developed Golgi complexes associated
      with a few prosecretory granules and numerous lipid droplets as compared with
      those of the control animals. The morphology of the parathyroid glands after 5
      hours of administration resembled that of the control animals. Many chief cells
      in the parathyroid glands after 24 hours of administration had well-developed
      Golgi complexes and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous
      prosecretory granules, a few lipid droplets and many secretory granules in the
      peripheral cytoplasm as compared with those of the control animals. The
      ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands after 48 hours of administration was
      almost similar to that of the control animals. It is considered that melatonin
      affects the secretory activity of the parathyroid gland.

PMID- 1806046
TI  - Morphometric study of the LH-immunoreactive gonadotrophic cells of rats following
      treatment with methoclopramide.
AB  - The LH-immunoreactive cells of the adult rat hypophysis were studied
      morphometrically after chronic treatment with methoclopramide. The morphological
      features of these cells showed modifications in both male and female rats, after
      treatment. Additionally, morphometric changes revealed a significant decrease (p
      less than 0.05) in both cytoplasmic area, which was more evident in the female
      rats, and nuclear area, with respect to the normal and control animals. These
      findings suggest that chronic inhibition of the dopaminergic system in rats
      atrophies LH-immunoreactive gonadotrophic cells of rats.

PMID- 1806047
TI  - Ultrastructural changes induced by alpha-sarcin in a human pulmonary tumor grown
      in naked mice.
AB  - alpha-Sarcin is a cytotoxic polypeptide produced by Aspergillus giganteus. It
      suppresses protein synthesis in yeast and wheat germ extracts and has a purine
      specific RNase activity. The substance has been tested for its antitumor
      properties in a series of induced tumor systems in mice such as sarcoma and
      carcinoma among others. Although some of the in vitro effects of alpha-Sarcin on
      certain cellular components have been elucidated, the biological effects leading
      to cellular damage are still obscure. In this work we analysed the morphological
      changes in tumor cells derived from human pulmonary adenocarcinoma
      heterotransplanted and grown in naked mice, induced shortly (24 hours) after a
      single intratumoral injection of alpha-Sarcin (0.4 mg/tumor). The results
      obtained were: 1) swelling of mitochondria; 2) cell necrosis with partial removal
      of necrotic cells by phagocytosis; 3) thickening of interlobular connective
      tissue; 4) hyperplasia of goblet-cell-like clear cells. The mode of action
      concerning these cellular changes is presently uncertain. In view of the severity
      of these structural alterations it seems conceivable that alpha-Sarcin may enter
      the cell undergoing interactions with different intracellular structures. This
      would require a selective membrane permeabilization, perhaps induced upon
      formation of complexes with negatively-charged membrane phospholipids.

PMID- 1806048
TI  - Glomerular pathology in surviving pigs experimentally infected with African swine
      fever virus.
AB  - Twelve miniature pigs were inoculated with an attenuated African swine fever
      virus to study glomerular involvement in surviving pigs. In acute phase, kidneys
      were severely affected and displayed a glomerular capillary thrombosis with
      fibrin deposition in vascular lumen, detected by immunofluorescence. Fibrin
      positive deposits were progressively cleared between one to three months after
      infection in surviving pigs. The histological picture in kidneys of surviving
      pigs, up to one post-infection year, showed a focal and segmental
      glomerulonephritis with hyalinosis, and IgM and C3 deposition was detected by
      immunofluorescence. Its pathogeny as an evolutive stage of acute glomerular
      injury is pointed out.

PMID- 1806049
TI  - Presence and possible function of Zn in the hyaline cartilage.
AB  - Using histochemical and autoradiographical techniques the location of Zn in the
      hyaline cartilage of the Wistar rat was studied. A triple location was observed
      in the territorial matrix; in the chondrocyte; and in the perichondrio (cellular
      area). We believe that the molecules which were observed carrying Zn could be
      alkaline phosphatase, timidin-kinase and chondroitin-sulphuric acid.

PMID- 1806050
TI  - Cadmium toxicity on cultured neonatal rat hepatocytes: biochemical and
      ultrastructural analyses.
AB  - The effects of cadmium exposure on the protein secretory functions of cultured
      neonatal rat hepatocytes were analyzed by both two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and electron microscopy. [35S]Methionine-labelled
      protein secretion was significantly depressed by cadmium exposure in a dose
      dependent manner (1, 10 and 100 microM). Protein secretory patterns resolved by
      2D-PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography showed that besides albumin and
      transferrin, three polypeptide spots decreased their radiolabelling intensities,
      whereas four spots appeared due to cadmium exposure. Ultrastructural alterations
      in cultured neonatal rat hepatocytes induced by cadmium exposure were
      characterized by condensation of the nuclear chromatin, appearance of intra
      nuclear inclusions, decrease in number of microvilli, increase in number of intra
      mitochondrial granules and transformation of rough endoplasmic reticulum to
      cytoplasmic vesicles in a dose-dependent manner. Both biochemical and
      ultrastructural findings indicate that cadmium adversely affects the protein
      secretory functions of cultured neonatal rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 1806051
TI  - Ultrastructure of mass of floccular substance in the parathyroid gland of golden
      hamster.
AB  - Mass of floccular substance was observed in the parathyroid glands of fetal,
      newborn and infantile golden hamsters. Mass composed of floccular substances was
      spherical with no limiting membrane around it. It was located near the nucleus
      and the Golgi area, but was also observed in the peripheral cytoplasm. No cell
      organelles were detected within area of mass.

PMID- 1806052
TI  - Lectin histochemistry of feline sphingomyelinosis.
AB  - The brain from a Siamese cat with sphingomyelinosis was examined with lectin
      histochemistry. Swollen neurons were stained with Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin
      (Con A). Some of them were also stained with Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA
      I) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I). A small number of axonal spheroids
      and glia cells were positive for Con A, RCA-I, UEA-I and wheat germ agglutinin.
      Control tissues were weakly stained with Con A, but not with any of the other
      lectins. These results indicate that affected neurons contain mannose and glucose
      residues in addition to sphingomyelin. This study points to the possibility that
      the characteristics of lectin histochemical study might be helpful for the
      diagnosis of sphingomyelinosis.

PMID- 1806053
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy study of small bowel biopsies in chronic diarrhoea
      in childhood.
AB  - In this study we have compared the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
      with Light- and Stereomicroscopy in a series of small bowel biopsies in children.
      In 9 cases displaying features of partial or subtotal atrophy, Light and
      Dissecting-Microscopy yielded similar results. The distinction between coeliac
      and non-coeliac chronic diarrhoea was only possible on clinical grounds, and by
      the immunological detection of specific antibodies. On SEM however coeliac
      patients showed characteristic alterations consisting of: absence of villi;
      prominent crypt outlets resulting in a mosaic appearance; concentric furrows
      running all around the openings; and downy brush feature at high power. The
      microvilli were loosely distributed and had an irregular pleomorphic outline;
      they often displayed a drumstick swelling of the tip and were bent. In contrast,
      non-coeliac chronic diarrhoea cases were characterized by a thick mucous layer on
      the mucosal surface, that made it impossible to visualize further changes.
      Peculiar vascular changes in lymphangiectasia and in sickle beta thalassemia
      could be detected only by Light Microscopy. In addition, in the lymphangiectasia
      case SEM allowed the detection of enteroadherent bacteria; and in the lambliasis
      case, of pseudomembranes. Absence of glycocalyx was noted both in controls and in
      patients. The results of this study point to a diagnostic utility of SEM
      particularly in the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea; moreover they
      suggest that enteroadherent bacteria may not be pathogenic and that the absence
      of glycocalyx is not specific for allergic enteropathy as previously claimed.

PMID- 1806054
TI  - Effects of hypothyroidism on the ultrastructure of rat pancreatic acinar cells: a
      stereological analysis.
AB  - The morphological and stereological characteristics of the exocrine pancreas
      subcellular organelles from healthy and thyroidectomized rats have been studied.
      The acinar tissue from hypothyroid rats showed an interstitial edema and evidence
      of degenerative processes. Stereological parameters of zymogen granules were
      significantly reduced in thyroidectomized rats. The hypothyroidism induced
      degenerative changes in the pancreatic acinar cells as well as a decrease in the
      number and size of the zymogen granules. These modifications probably cause
      functional alterations.

PMID- 1806055
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the gracile nucleus of the spontaneously diabetic BB
      rat.
AB  - The present study describes the structural changes in the gracile nucleus of the
      spontaneously diabetic BB rat. At 3-7 days post-diabetes, axons, axon terminals
      and dendrites showed electron-dense degeneration. Degenerating axons were
      characterized by swollen mitochondria, vacuolation, accumulation of glycogen
      granules, tubulovesicular elements, neurofilaments and dense lamellar bodies.
      Degenerating axon terminals consisted of an electron-dense cytoplasm containing
      swollen mitochondria, vacuoles and clustering of synaptic vesicles. These axon
      terminals made synaptic contacts with cell somata, dendrites and other axon
      terminals. Degenerating dendrites were postsynaptic to normal as well as
      degenerating axon terminals. At 1-3 months post-diabetes, degenerating electron
      dense axons, axon terminals and dendrites were widely scattered in the neuropil.
      Macrophages containing degenerating electron-dense debris were also present. At 6
      months post-diabetes, the freshly degenerating neuronal elements encountered were
      similar to those observed at 3-7 days. However, there were more degenerating
      profiles at 6 months post-diabetes compared to the earlier time intervals.
      Terminally degenerating axons were vacuolated and their axoplasm appeared
      amorphous. It is concluded that degenerative changes occur in the gracile nucleus
      of the spontaneously diabetic BB rat.

PMID- 1806056
TI  - The alveolar pores of Kohn in young postnatal rat lungs and their relation with
      type II pneumocytes.
AB  - In order to obtain more information on the development, morphology and function
      of the pores of Kohn, the lungs of Wistar rats are studied during their early
      postnatal period, up to 3 weeks of age, by scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy. The substantial development of the interalveolar pores on days 14 and
      21 coincides with the period of septal rearrangement when secondary interalveolar
      septa become lengthened and thinner. The high frequency of transseptal type II
      pneumocytes from day 7 onwards, and their typical localization near the pores of
      Kohn at this period of lung development especially suggests that type II
      pneumocytes are engaged in the formation of the pores of Kohn. During early lung
      development, the pores of Kohn seem to serve as passageways for alveolar
      macrophages.

PMID- 1806057
TI  - Ultrastructure of the rat hippocampus after isobaric respirative hyperoxia.
AB  - After exposing rats to an environment of isobaric hyperoxia, the ultrastructural
      alterations of the hippocampus were studied. No major alterations were found in
      the nerve cells. Of importance was the moderate osmiophilia and the spindle-like
      transformation of the mitochondria. Vacuolated synapses and neuraxons were found,
      containing amorphous material. Astrocytic perivascular end feet were found
      vacuolated in many places. Many endothelial cells of the capillaries presented
      high osmiophilia, which sometimes prevented structural details. Quantitatively,
      the findings were proportionally related to the time of exposure in the pure
      oxygen atmosphere (24, 48 and 65 hours).

PMID- 1806058
TI  - Lectins as differentiation markers of human gliomas.
AB  - The lectins Concanavalin A (Con A), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA-I), Peanut
      agglutinin (PNA) and Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) as well as the immunomarkers for
      glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were used
      in a series of 21 glial tumors (4 pylocytic astrocytomas, 5 grade II
      astrocytomas, 3 anaplastic astrocytomas, 4 glioblastomas and 5
      oligodendrogliomas). ConA binds to all tumoral astrocytes in low grade
      astrocytomas, as well as to well differentiated tumoral astrocytes in anaplastic
      astrocytomas and glioblastomas. RCA-I has a similar behaviour. PNA, and to a
      lesser degree WGA, binds selectively to the oligodendroglial plasma membrane in
      well differentiated oligodendrogliomas. The results suggest that these lectins
      are markers of differentiation in gliomas rather than of malignancy.

PMID- 1806059
TI  - Ultrastructural aspects of human nonunion.
AB  - A histological study on the tissue of nonunion of tibias of two young patients
      was performed to evaluate the ability of cells to start the mineralization of the
      matrix. The observations can be summarized as follows: 1) Tissue vessels often
      appear occluded by thrombotic material; 2) Fibroblasts and chondrocytes found in
      the nonunion tissue seemed normal, with a good secretion apparatus; 3) The cell
      membranes were able to produce matrix vesicles; 4) Matrix vesicles and cell
      membrane looked positive to ALPase reaction, 5) Hydroxyapatite crystals could be
      observed in the cell matrix or inside matrix vesicles. It may be concluded that
      cells populating nonunion tissue are well equipped to induct the mineralization
      of the matrix, but the absence of a blood supply, enough to bring them a normal
      calcium amount, is the real reason for the nonunion.

PMID- 1806060
TI  - Age-related quantitative changes in the organelles of rat neocerebellar Purkinje
      cells.
AB  - A quantitative study regarding the age-related changes occurring in the somatic
      organelles of the neocerebellar Purkinje cell is carried out, using female rats
      aged 2 to 24 months. Standard manual morphometric techniques are used to
      calculate the following parameters: somatic volume, volumetric fractions and
      absolute volumes of the intracellular structures as well as the membrane profile
      concentration, the membrane surface concentration and the mean surface of the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae per cell (RER-S). From a statistical point
      of view, all the cell components significantly modify their volumetric fractions
      (except the multivesicular bodies and nucleolus; the latter in relation to the
      nucleus) and their absolute volumes (except the mitochondria and the
      multivesicular bodies); the parameters regarding the reticulum are also modified
      during ageing. There is a linear trend between the age and either the somatic
      volume of the RER-S or the absolute volumes of the following structures:
      mitochondria, dense bodies, ground substance and total cytoplasm. A linear
      correlation is also observed between the cell volume and either the RER-S or the
      absolute volume of intracellular structures (the Golgi apparatus, the
      multivesicular bodies and nucleolus being excluded). Anatomophysiological
      considerations about the findings are discussed. The role of the ground substance
      as the major modulator of the volumetric plasticity of the Purkinje cell during
      ageing, is emphasized as a conclusion.

PMID- 1806062
TI  - Technical aspects of warm heart surgery.
AB  - Intermittent hypothermic cardioplegia has been adopted as the method of choice
      for myocardial protection by most surgeons. The most important aspect of this
      protection is believed to be adequate hypothermia. An alternative technique has
      been developed, based on the principles of electromechanical arrest and
      normothermic aerobic perfusion using continuous warm blood cardioplegia. With
      this method of myocardial protection the heart is maintained at 37 degrees C
      throughout the operative procedure. The specific technical aspects used shall be
      described in detail.

PMID- 1806061
TI  - Experimental thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis of the liver.
AB  - Hepatic cirrhosis is a complex disease in which several biological, biochemical
      and chemical alterations are combined, none of these alone being sufficient for
      diagnosis. The morphological characteristics of the final stages of cirrhosis are
      well known, but the initial lesions and intermediate stages still have not been
      fully clarified. An experimental model of hepatic cirrhosis by chronic
      administration over 30 weeks of thioacetamide (50 mg/kg twice weekly) to female
      Wistar rats has been produced. In a macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural
      study. The different lesions that appeared were evaluated according to the dose
      of the toxic agent administered up, until hepatic cirrhosis was finally
      installed; this was after 60 doses of the toxic agent (30 weeks). Discussion is
      made of the different types of administration and the doses employed to obtain a
      suitable survival rate for these cases; in our experiments this was 95%. It has
      been demonstrated in both human and experimental pathology that once the disease
      itself has been installed, currently there is no rational or useful treatment for
      it. A beneficial effect has been demonstrated for certain substances, improving
      the initial and intermediate lesions, so we conclude by stating that it is
      necessary to further study the hepatic lesions preceeding cirrhosis. Knowledge of
      these lesions could form the basis for establishing a useful and rational therapy
      for such cases.

PMID- 1806063
TI  - Internal mammary coronary artery anastomosis by CO2 laser: an acute experimental
      study.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the feasibility of anastomosing the internal
      mammary artery (IMA) and coronary artery with a carbon dioxide laser in a canine
      model. Twenty-two mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: group I (n =
      11) underwent laser-assisted vascular anastomosis (LAVA) of the left IMA to the
      left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, whereas in group II (n = 11) the
      anastomosis was done with the conventional technique (handsewn). Laser
      methodology was used to micro-weld vessels utilizing a power of 200 mW with a
      spot size of 500 mu, producing an effective power density of 102 W/cm2 and energy
      fluence of 9,172 joules/cm2 in a continuous mode at a distance of 2 cm. The short
      term patency rate, measured at 2 hours after completion of the anastomosis, was
      100% in both groups. The time required to perform the LAVA in group I was
      significantly shorter than group II (6.27 +/- 0.47 vs 11.6 +/- 0.67 min, p less
      than 0.05). The mean anastomotic bursting pressure in group I was significantly
      lower compared to group II (348 +/- 8 vs 402 +/- 9 mmHg, p less than 0.05).
      Histologic evaluation of all vessels showed moderate thermal injury of the
      adventitia and media in the laser group. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited a
      smooth anastomotic area in group I, whereas endothelial and perianastomotic
      changes with multiple needle craters occurred in group II (conventional
      anastomosis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806064
TI  - Total cavopulmonary connection: a modified technique without prosthetic material.
AB  - An alternative method to create an intraatrial, cavocaval channel without using
      any prosthetic material in total cavopulmonary connection is described. This new
      technique avoids possible thrombotic complication, limitation of heart growth by
      intraatrial prosthetic material, and reduction in secretion of antinaturetic
      peptide.

PMID- 1806065
TI  - Primary anastomosis for acute ascending aortic dissection.
AB  - Intimal tear resection and primary anastomosis of the aorta were used for the
      treatment of eight patients with DeBakey I and II type acute aortic dissection.
      Five patients were of DeBakey I type, and three patients were of the II type.
      Moderate or severe aortic regurgitation (AR) was observed in six of eight
      patients. The site of the intimal tear was diagnosed by intraoperative
      echocardiography, and the adventitia corresponding to the intimal tear was
      transversely opened under total cardiopulmonary bypass. While resuspension of the
      aortic valve was performed on only one of six patients, AR disappeared in four,
      postoperatively. Two of eight patients died early postoperatively. The cause of
      death was postoperative cardiac tamponade in one patient and cerebral herniation
      in the remaining one. The other six patients have been observed for a mean period
      of 27 months. There is no late death, and they show no dilatation of the aortic
      root and deterioration of AR. We believe that this operative method is a simple
      and safe emergency procedure for DeBakey I and II type acute aortic dissection.

PMID- 1806066
TI  - Surgical division of posterior septal accessory pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson
      White syndrome: a new modified approach.
AB  - A new modified surgical approach for the division of posterior septal accessory
      pathways is described. This method incorporates some of the desirable components
      of previously reported techniques, while eliminating difficult and unreliable
      aspects of those same techniques. Interestingly this procedure was initially
      illustrated by Sealy and Mikat in 1983, although it has not been used clinically
      until now. The recognized intent of this dissection is to totally separate atrial
      and ventricular structures within the posterior septal space so that all
      accessory pathways encountered are permanently interrupted.

PMID- 1806067
TI  - Preparation of the internal mammary artery graft with intraluminal papaverine.
AB  - Harvest of arterial grafts causes varying degrees of vascular spasm. Preparation
      of the internal mammary graft by intraluminal injection of diluted papaverine
      solution (60 mg of papaverine in 40 mL of normal saline) allows graft dilation to
      occur while pericardiotomy, cannulation, etc., is performed. Advantages are an
      increased mammary graft size with less chance of technical error, elimination of
      spasm with improved flow rates, and the identification of unclipped or
      uncauterized branches that may require reexploration. Newer vasodilating agents
      may prove even more effective in the future.

PMID- 1806068
TI  - Preparation of the internal mammary artery for coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - The described internal mammary artery (IMA) preparation reduces several
      shortcomings of the IMA graft procedure. The technique increases vessel diameter
      through single plane pedicle fascial incision assisted by gentle balloon
      dilatation. Trauma to the intima from instrumentation is minimized due to the
      atraumatic nature of a soft air-filled balloon catheter and avoidance of shear
      forces exceeding 40 g. The increase in vessel diameter effected by balloon
      dilatation creates a larger hood area to facilitate the distal anastomosis. The
      technique also maximizes the length of the IMA for sequential grafting.

PMID- 1806070
TI  - A reliable method for epicardial atrial and atrioventricular pacing: the loop
      electrode.

PMID- 1806069
TI  - Preparation of the internal mammary artery for coronary bypass surgery.
AB  - Preparation of the internal mammary artery (IMA) for coronary bypass grafting is
      depicted. It is felt that this technique offers a simple, safe method for
      providing an IMA of maximum caliber and flow that allows not only end-to-side but
      sequential IMA grafting to a coronary artery. Use of this technique prepares the
      mammary artery to be used for both in situ and free grafting procedures to allow
      maximum utilization of the IMA as a superior conduit. The technique described has
      been used in several thousand operations.

PMID- 1806071
TI  - Aneurysm of the distal aortic arch in a five-year-old patient.
AB  - Surgical repair of a distal aortic arch aneurysm in a 5-year-old boy with
      coarctation is presented. No synthetic material was incorporated thus allowing
      future growth of the anastomosis.

PMID- 1806072
TI  - Mycotic aneurysm of the aortic arch with aortoesophageal fistula.
AB  - An elderly man presented with an aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) and underwent
      resection of a mycotic aneurysm of the aortic arch. After an initial success, the
      patient ultimately succumbed to mediastinal sepsis. The various approaches to
      combined aortic and esophageal pathology are presented with the recommendation
      for aortic replacement along with early removal of mediastinal contamination.

PMID- 1806073
TI  - The risk factors of median sternotomy infection: a current review.
AB  - Sternal sepsis following median sternotomy is an infrequent yet devastating
      complication of cardiac surgery, leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased
      hospital expense, and a high associated morbidity and mortality. The development
      of sternotomy infection is multifactorial. Numerous prospective and retrospective
      studies have pointed to a multitude of clinical and perioperative variables as
      being causative, with as many other studies presenting evidence of the contrary.
      This has led to confusion about which clinical variables should be modified so as
      to minimize the individual patient's risk for developing this severe
      complication. Other less obvious factors also come into play. Malnutrition,
      whether overt or subclinical, is not uncommon in cardiac patients. Immune
      competency is affected by operative trauma, as well as a variety of perioperative
      factors including underlying nutritional status, transfusion, cardiopulmonary
      bypass, and anesthesia. This creates a complex milieu for the development of
      postoperative infection. In this review, the multiple risk factors of median
      sternotomy infection are studied and treatment options briefly discussed.

PMID- 1806074
TI  - Indication for pericardial glutaraldehyde-preserved xenograft in repair of
      congenital heart disease.

PMID- 1806075
TI  - Constrictive epicarditis after open heart surgery: the turtle cage operation.

PMID- 1806076
TI  - Magnetic stimulation: examination of motor function in patients with cervical
      spine or cord lesion.
AB  - In 20 patients with cervical spine or cord lesions, we examined motor evoked
      potentials (MEPs) by transcranially applied magnetic stimulation to the motor
      cortex. We used a large-diameter (12 cm) coil to induce equal current in both
      left and right hemispheres. The MEPs were recorded simultaneously from multiple
      muscles covering the C5 to C8 myotome distribution bilaterally. The MEP
      abnormalities correlated well with clinical muscle weakness in 15 patients. In
      two patients, MEP revealed abnormalities in muscles of normal strength. Three
      patients with sensory but without motor deficit had normal MEPs. We conclude that
      magnetic stimulation is a useful adjunct in confirming and objectifying motor
      weakness, and in localizing the level of dysfunction in cervical spine lesions.

PMID- 1806077
TI  - Management of adult spinal deformity with combined anterior-posterior arthrodesis
      and Luque-Galveston instrumentation.
AB  - Twenty-five consecutive adult women with nonparalytic spinal deformity were
      treated with fusion to the sacrum. Two patients were lost to follow-up and one
      patient died, leaving 22 patients for review. All patients underwent a first
      stage anterior spinal fusion without instrumentation followed by a second-stage
      posterior spinal fusion with Luque-Galveston instrumentation. The average age of
      the patients was 47 years (range, 25-64 years). The average follow-up was 39
      months (range, 24-60 months). Ten patients had had previous surgery in the area
      of the instrumentation. The main indications were pain (22 patients), loss of
      sagittal plane balance (17 patients), and progression of the deformity (13
      patients). Additional procedures included anterior corpectomies (five patients),
      anterior and posterior osteotomies (two patients), posterior osteotomies (eight
      patients), and posterior decompression (five patients). The average curve
      correction was 27% for thoracic scoliosis and 44% for lumbar scoliosis.
      Physiologic sagittal plane realignment was obtained in four patients who
      presented preoperatively with sagittal plane deformities. Pain improvement was
      reported in 14 of 22 (63%) patients. Nineteen (82%) patients had 34
      complications. Pseudarthrosis occurred in nine patients (41%) and was
      successfully repaired in four; hence the fusion rate was 77% at follow-up. Of the
      23 patients, one died from pulmonary embolism, 15 (66%) were in good condition,
      one (4%) was in fair condition, and seven (30%) were in poor condition. Previous
      surgery and additional procedures such as vertebrectomies or osteotomies did not
      adversely affect the outcome. There were no permanent neurologic deficits related
      to the instrumentation or the passage of sublaminar wires. The Luque-Galveston
      method provided correction of sagittal plane deformities and flatback syndrome.

PMID- 1806078
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the dorsal root ganglion associated with whole body
      vibration.
AB  - Morphological changes were identified in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of
      rabbits exposed to whole body vibration. Light- and electron-microscopic analysis
      were carried out in six vibrated and four control animals. Analysis by light
      microscopy revealed DRG cells ranging from less than 20 mu to greater than 80 mu
      in diameter, with much less variation in nuclear diameter. Vibration had no
      effect on either cell or nuclear dimensions. There was no evidence of acute
      cellular injury in the vibrated specimens either on light or EM evaluation.
      However, mitochondria were increased 42% and lysosomes 33% in the vibrated
      specimens compared to controls. The incidence of nuclear membrane clefts was 2.70
      per nucleus in control specimens and 3.74 per nucleus in vibrated specimens, an
      increase of 39%. These clefts were associated with numerous metabolic organelles,
      suggesting a relationship to cellular metabolism and, possibly, protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 1806079
TI  - Results of Harrington instrumentation in type A and type B burst fractures.
AB  - Comparisons of the reductions achieved with posterior Harrington instrumentation
      of 21 type A and 26 type B burst fractures revealed that the percent correction
      of angular deformity at surgery was significantly higher (type A, 52% versus type
      B, 65%) and was better maintained at 6 (type A, 13% versus type B, 36%) and 12
      months (type A, 0% versus type B, 28%) after surgery in type B fractures (p less
      than 0.05). Percent correction of anterior compression achieved at surgery was
      similar for both groups (type A, 33% versus type B, 37%), but maintenance of
      correction 6 (type A, 9% versus type B, 23%) and 12 months after surgery (type A,
      3% versus type B, 23%) also was significantly better in type B fractures (p less
      than 0.05). Percent correction of sagittal plane displacement immediately
      following surgery (type A, 71% versus type B, 73%), and 6 (type A, 62% versus
      type B, 61%) and 12 months after surgery (type A, 60% versus type B, 56%) was the
      same in both groups. Results of posterior instrumentation of burst fractures
      appears to be dependent upon the type of burst injury; significantly better
      reductions were achieved and maintained in Denis type B fractures.

PMID- 1806080
TI  - Flexion, extension, and lateral bending of the upper cervical spine in response
      to alar ligament transections.
AB  - The purpose of this in vitro experimental study was to determine the role of alar
      ligaments in providing flexion, extension, and lateral bending stability to the
      upper cervical spine. Ten fresh human cadaver specimens occiput-C3 were studied
      in a complete unconstrained and three-dimensional manner, first intact and then
      after sequential cutting of the left and right alar ligaments. At the C0-C1
      joint, there were increases in flexion motion with sequential cutting of the alar
      ligaments but none in extension. For the same joint, cutting of the left alar
      ligament resulted in a significant increase in neutral zone in right lateral
      bending but not in left lateral bending, whereas there were no significant
      increases in the ranges of motion. At the C1-C2 joint, there were significant
      increases both in flexion and extension due to cutting of the left alar ligament,
      but subsequent cutting of the right alar ligament resulted in a small increase
      for flexion only. At this joint, right lateral bending increased due to cutting
      of the left alar ligament, but the same was not true for the left lateral
      bending. Subsequent cutting of the right alar ligament resulted in significant
      increases for both the right and left lateral bending.

PMID- 1806081
TI  - Interference screw fixation of cervical grafts: a biomechanical study of a new
      method of cervical fixation.
AB  - The dislodgement of anterior bone graft in the cervical spine is a frequent
      complication of attempted fusion following discectomy or corpectomy. It has been
      hypothesized that fixation augmented with interference screws may increase the
      pull-out strength of the construct and decrease the rate of these complications.
      Mechanical tests were conducted to compare interference screw fixation methods
      for enhancing the fixation between the bone graft and the adjacent vertebra. The
      anterior pull-out strengths of cervical bone grafts were compared using fixation
      with and without the addition of interference screws. Both discectomy and
      corpectomy graft models were examined in vitro. The mean pull-out force for a
      Smith-Robinson type bone graft alone was 58.1 N (SD +/- 11.4 N); for the graft
      augmented with two 3.5 mm cancellous bone screws, 153.9 N (+/- 58.9 N); for the
      graft with four 3.5 mm screws, 217.1 N (SD +/- 69.9 N). The pull-out strengths of
      the two and four 3.5 mm screw constructs were significantly greater than the
      strength of the graft alone (p less than 0.05). Similarly placed 2.7 mm cortical
      screws of the same length provided increased pull-out strength (123.7 N +/- 38.6
      N and 142.5 N +/- 38.2 N for two and four screws, respectively); however, in
      comparison to the graft alone, these differences were not statistically
      significant. For both screw types, the four screw fixations were stronger than
      the two-screw fixations, although these differences were not statistically
      different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806082
TI  - Spinal cord distraction: an in vitro study of length, tension, and tissue
      pressure.
AB  - Since the Scoliosis Research Society released a report on cord injury related to
      Harrington rod instrumentation for scoliosis, little has been published on the
      pathophysiology of this disorder. Dolan et al. (4) described diminished cord
      blood flow associated with spinal distraction in a cat model, but failed to
      demonstrate its cause. In this article, we describe a series of in vitro
      experiments performed on dog and sheep cadaver spinal cords. Controlled
      distractive forces were applied to spinal cords while monitoring both cord
      interstitial pressure and cord elongation. A close (Ravg = 0.986) correlation was
      noted between applied tensile forces and cord interstitial pressure. At 1,000-g
      loads, the average tissue pressure obtained was 29.5 cm H2O, ranging from 17 to
      47 cm H2O. However, it was noted that the cord demonstrated nonlinear tensile
      elastic properties that appeared exponential in the range examined. These
      properties are consistent with those described for collagen-containing compounds.
      We conclude that spinal cord distraction is capable of generating cord tissue
      pressures that could cause a spinal cord compartment syndrome and thereby
      seriously impair spinal cord blood flow causing spinal cord injury.

PMID- 1806083
TI  - Analysis of factors related to truncal decompensation following Cotrel-Dubousset
      instrumentation.
AB  - Spinal imbalance following Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) instrumentation for adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis is a problem that is recognized with increasing frequency.
      We reviewed the clinical records and radiographs of 41 consecutive patients
      treated with CD instrumentation and attempted to identify factors related to
      postoperative worsening of spinal balance. Spinal balance was determined by the
      perpendicular distance of C7 to the center sacral line. Twenty-five were
      decompensated postoperatively. Sixteen patients had balance that was worse
      relative to the preoperative films. Eleven of 16 patients with worsened balance
      postoperative were King type III curves. Of 16 patients with worsened balance
      postoperatively, 13 had been fused to or below the lower neutral vertebra.
      Overcorrection of either the primary curve or the composite curve (sum of the
      measurable curves) relative to the preoperative bending films was not related to
      postoperative worsening of spinal balance. Fusion to the neutral or stable
      vertebra with CD instrumentation runs a high risk for postoperative worsening of
      spinal balance when the derotation maneuver is used. Consideration should be
      given to avoiding the derotation maneuver in larger type II curves in order to
      preserve spinal balance and avoid extension of instrumentation into the middle or
      lower lumbar spine.

PMID- 1806084
TI  - Vertebral column resection and arthrodesis for complex spinal deformities.
AB  - Sixteen patients aged 13 to 55 with severe rigid spine deformities were treated
      by two-stage anterior and posterior vertebral column resection, fusion, and
      segmental spinal instrumentation. The purpose of the vertebral column resection
      was to eliminate pain, prevent progressive deformity, and obtain the maximum
      correction necessary to achieve spinal balance in the coronal and sagittal plane.
      The final scoliosis correction averaged 43%. Physiologic sagittal alignment was
      achieved in all patients. Complications occurred in seven patients (43%). It is
      our conclusion, based on this series, that the concept of decancellation, radical
      vertebral column resection, spinal shortening, and segmental instrumentation
      posteriorly can achieve a balanced correction and significant pain relief for the
      select patient who presents with severe rigid spine deformity not adequately
      treatable by more established techniques.

PMID- 1806087
TI  - Neuropathologic changes with experimental spinal instrumentation: transpedicular
      versus sublaminar fixation.
AB  - Fifty-six mature beagles underwent lumbar spine destabilization, followed by
      fusion using four techniques. Spinal cord neuropathologic analysis was carried
      out to determine the number of abnormalities within each group. Group I (n = 14)
      had posterolateral bone grafting without instrumentation. Group IIa (n = 14) had
      Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) pedicle screws and rods. Group IIb (n = 14) had Steffee
      pedicle screws and plates. Group III (n = 14) had sublaminar wires and rods. All
      of the animals remained clinically neurologically normal throughout the 6 months
      of the study. The incidence of moderate to severe neuropathologic changes was 21%
      in Group I, 18% in Group II, and 64% in Group III. Thus, a significantly higher
      percentage of neuropathologic abnormalities occurred with sublaminar
      instrumentation than with no instrumentation (p = 0.027), or with transpedicular
      instrumentation (p = 0.027). In this controlled animal study, the theoretical
      advantage of pedicle screws, which should not violate the spinal canal, over
      sublaminar devices, which must enter the canal, was confirmed.

PMID- 1806085
TI  - Atlantoaxial mobility after screw fixation of the odontoid: a computed
      tomographic study.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1989, anterior screw fixation of the odontoid process was
      performed in 16 patients with fractures of the odontoid. One patient died
      suddenly 2 days after the operation. Postmortem examination could not disclose
      the cause of death. No other complication was noted. We followed 13 patients. At
      examinations 7 to 82 months after injury, all fractures were consolidated in
      reduced position. In all patients, a functional computed tomographic (CT)
      examination of the atlantoaxial rotation was performed. Atlantoaxial rotation
      measurement ranged from 7 to 38 degrees to the right (average: 25.2 degrees) and
      7 to 41 degrees (average: 24.1 degrees) to the left side. Five patients presented
      a normal range of atlantoaxial rotation, 29 to 41 degrees; 3 had a rotation of 20
      to 28 degrees; 3 a rotation of 10 to 20 degrees; and in 2, rotation was less than
      10 degrees to one side. Our results suggest that anterior screw fixation is the
      therapy of choice for Type II and cephalad Type III dens fractures. However,
      significant complications have been reported by other authors. Therefore, a
      careful surgical technique is mandatory, and contraindications should be
      respected.

PMID- 1806086
TI  - Treatment of Charcot spinal arthropathy following traumatic paraplegia.
AB  - Four cases of Charcot's spinal arthropathy in patients with complete traumatic
      paraplegia were diagnosed an average of 12 years (range, 4-22 years) postinjury.
      Each patient had previous posterior spinal fusion with Harrington
      instrumentation. The Charcot joint occurred just below the fusion near the
      thoracolumbar junction and well below the level of spinal cord injury. All four
      patients experienced progressive kyphosis, flexion instability, and loss of
      height. Each underwent a treatment protocol that included anterior fusion with
      partial resection of the Charcot joint and staged posterior spinal fusion and
      stabilization with Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) rods. At follow-up evaluation 18-30
      months postoperatively, three of four patients showed complete healing with
      kyphosis correction. One patient developed loosening of his lower hooks at 6
      months postoperatively and required posterior revision with ultimate healing.
      Resection of the involved segments along with two-stage fusion with segmental
      instrumentation provides excellent management of this difficult problem.

PMID- 1806088
TI  - Desmoplastic fibroma in the thoracic spine.
AB  - Desmoplastic fibroma of the spine is an extremely rare, benign tumor. So far,
      only 7 cases have been reported in the world. We have treated 1 case of
      desmoplastic fibroma in the thoracic spine. Due to insufficient removal of the
      tumor, local recurrence was observed, and a second surgery posteriorly and
      anteriorly was performed for complete removal 8 years following the first
      operation. After resection of the tumor, Luque instrumentation was used to
      reconstruct the destroyed spine. At present, 7 years after the second operation,
      there are no signs or symptoms. Therefore, complete resection of the tumor is
      most important in the treatment, and rigid spinal instrumentation and bone grafts
      must be used after removing the tumor in spine cases.

PMID- 1806089
TI  - Cervical spinal epidural hematoma with spontaneous remission.
AB  - Spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is comparatively rare. In most cases, urgent
      surgical decompression is necessary. Several reports have described spontaneous
      remission of SEH. The authors present a rare case of spontaneous resolution of
      cervical SEH.

PMID- 1806090
TI  - Thoracolumbar burst fracture.

PMID- 1806091
TI  - Application of Markov chains to linked genes with interference. I. No selection.
AB  - The case of a population that reproduces wholly by selfing and has three loci
      with two alleles each is considered. Expressions are obtained for the mean number
      of times that a process passes through a transient state and for the mean number
      of generations needed to reach an absorbing state; expressions for other
      interesting parameters are also obtained. Both the probability of recombination
      and the coincidence (C) have been considered as variables. The objective of the
      study was to find expressions that allow (i) direct computation of the entries of
      the inverse matrices with the aim of avoiding problems of ill-conditioning that
      could appear in the stochastic matrices involved and (ii) analysis of the psi
      i(C,s,q) functions of the coincidence C and gene distances s,q. In this part of
      the work, selective values for the genotypes and expressions for the asymmetry of
      the distributions are not included. Finally, values are assigned to each of the
      psi i, psi i(C0,q0,s0).

PMID- 1806092
TI  - A discrete-time model with vaccination for a measles epidemic.
AB  - A discrete-time, age-independent SIR-type epidemic model is formulated and
      analyzed. The effects of vaccination are also included in the model. Three
      mathematically important properties are verified for the model: solutions are
      nonnegative, the population size is time-invariant, and the epidemic concludes
      with all individuals either remaining susceptible or becoming immune (a property
      typical of SIR models). The model is applied to a measles epidemic on a
      university campus. The simulated results are in good agreement with the actual
      data if it is assumed that the population mixes nonhomogeneously. The results of
      the simulations indicate that a rate of immunity greater than 98% may be required
      to prevent an epidemic in a university population. The model has applications to
      other contagious diseases of SIR type. Furthermore, the simulated results of the
      model can easily be compared to data, and the effects of a vaccination program
      can be examined.

PMID- 1806093
TI  - A note on epidemics in heterogeneous populations.
AB  - Recent analysis has shown the importance of heterogeneity for understanding the
      course of epidemics. However, the results generally rely on computer models or
      the assumption that the population consists of internally homogeneous subgroups.
      This note presents some analytic results for the more general case, in which any
      distribution can characterize population heterogeneity in susceptibility under
      proportionate mixing. At any moment, epidemics in such a situation resemble
      classic epidemics, with rate of spread governed by the average susceptibility of
      those not yet infected. But, over time, this average susceptibility falls at a
      rate proportional to the dispersion of susceptibility among those not yet
      infected. The author concludes by noting some implications of heterogeneity for
      understanding epidemics.

PMID- 1806094
TI  - A theoretical analysis of radiation interception in a two-species plant canopy.
AB  - Classical radiation interception laws for monospecific canopies cannot be used
      directly for bispecific canopies. They are always based on the gap frequency
      concept (i.e., the probability of no interception), which does not provide any
      information about the sharing of intercepted radiation between species. A
      theoretical analysis is reported that relates the radiation interception
      probabilities to the geometrical structure of the crop (i.e., the leaf area
      density and the leaf angle distribution of each component) and the foliage
      dispersion. The leaf dispersion globally describes the spatial relations between
      the leaf elements; it may be regular if the leaves avoid mutual shading, random,
      or clumped if they tend to overlap. For such two-species canopies, the leaf
      dispersions within each component (WSLD: within-species leaf dispersion) and
      between two species (BSLD: between-species leaf dispersion) are distinguished.
      Using bivariate multinomial distributions, general expressions for the gap
      frequency and the interception probabilities of a homogeneous vegetation layer
      were set as exponential functions of the foliage thickness, taking into account a
      number of dispersion parameters as small as possible. First, one WSLD for each
      species describes the rate of foliage overlap between the leaves of this species;
      it is quite similar to the leaf dispersion of single-species canopies. Second,
      the rate of foliage overlap between species is characterized by one BSLD. As in
      monospecific canopies, this parameter is positive, zero, or negative,
      respectively, for regular, random, or clumped BSLD. Third, another BSLD parameter
      has to be used if the foliage overlap between species is more than random (i.e.,
      in the case of clumped BSLD); the latter shows the direction of overlap between
      species and may be taken as the probability of finding a leaf element of the
      first species in the case of marked overlapping. Suggestions for estimating the
      leaf dispersion parameters and possible uses of such relations are also
      discussed.

PMID- 1806095
TI  - Cell cycle kinetics with supramitotic control, two cell types, and unequal
      division: a model of transformed embryonic cells.
AB  - We develop a mathematical model of cell cycle kinetics of transformed embryonic
      cells. The model includes supramitotic regulation, in which decisions regarding
      growth control are made at a point inside the cell division cycle and their
      impact extends to the next decision point, located in the next division cycle.
      Another feature is the presence of two varieties of cells, which switch from one
      to the other with given transition probabilities. The third factor considered is
      unequal division of cells, also defined in probabilistic terms. We provide a
      rigorous description of the model and derivation of its equations and analyze its
      asymptotic properties by defining and investigating an abstract semigroup of
      positive linear operators in appropriate state space. The spectral properties of
      the semigroup yield the balanced exponential growth law for the model. To compare
      the model to experimental data, we derive basic pedigree statistics, beta curves,
      and generation time correlations. We present numerical calculations based on
      measurements available for the embryonic cells. We conclude that to yield the
      experimentally obtained pedigree statistics, switches from one cell variety to
      the other must be quite infrequent.

PMID- 1806096
TI  - Geometric and probabilistic stability criteria for delay systems.
AB  - A new approach to the study of the stability of delay systems is developed. The
      method is applicable to biological control systems and other systems where little
      information about time delays is available. The view proposed is that stability
      information can be deduced from the statistical properties of the probability
      distribution that encodes the structure of the time delay. The main statistical
      variables used are the usual expectation parameter E and a modified variance,
      called relative variance and denoted R, that is invariant under time-scale
      changes. In many cases, the stability of a model improves as R increases while E
      remains fixed. The statistical approach is shown to be closely related to a
      geometric method of Walther and Cushing that establishes stability in the case of
      a convex delay distribution function. In fact, it is shown that convex and
      concave distributions have R values respectively greater than and less than 1/2.
      A generalized version of the geometric theory is presented that relaxes the
      smoothness hypothesis on the density function; this brings it more into
      correspondence with statistical theory, which applies to general distributions
      irrespective of their smoothness.

PMID- 1806097
TI  - Mean-max bounds for worst-case endemic mixing models.
AB  - Recently developed models of HIV/AIDS demonstrate how epidemic trajectories and
      endemic levels of infection depend upon difficult to observe mixing patterns
      among population subgroups. Kaplan and Lee produced bounds for worst-case endemic
      mixing models without requiring knowledge of the underlying mixing patterns. This
      paper reduces the data requirements for bounding worst-case endemic mixing models
      even further. Specifically, given knowledge of the natural mortality rate, the
      mean incubation rate for AIDS, the average infectivity, and the mean and maximum
      contact rates over the entire population (hence the name mean-max), extremely
      simple upper and lower bounds for the maximum endemic prevalence possible owing
      to unobservable mixing patterns are derived and demonstrated.

PMID- 1806098
TI  - The application of a multistage model that incorporates DNA damage and repair to
      the analysis of initiation/promotion experiments.
AB  - In a previous article, a multistage model of carcinogenesis was introduced that
      takes into account the role of DNA damage, DNA repair, and cell replication on
      the incidence of malignancies. For this model the number of detectable clones of
      initiated cells is derived and model parameters are estimated using data arising
      from a two-stage skin-painting experiment in mice. The data from this experiment
      are interpretable in terms of the cellular events involved in initiation and
      promotion.

PMID- 1806099
TI  - Toward a quantitative characterization of patient-therapist communication.
AB  - The efficacy of psychotherapy, in its many and varied forms, is one of the most
      intensely contested issues in clinical practice. Though many theories have been
      advanced, quantitative evidence in their defense is limited. This contribution is
      directed to relatively unambitious objectives. Rather than establish yet another
      qualitative theory of psychotherapeutic practice, we wish to contribute to the
      construction of research methodologies that can quantitatively characterize the
      dynamic patterns of patient-therapist communication. It is hoped that a
      theoretical understanding of psychotherapy might eventually emerge naturally from
      a growing body of quantitative data.

PMID- 1806100
TI  - Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of certain quadratic
      invariants under a phylogenetic tree.
AB  - Invariants are functions of the probabilities of state configurations among
      lineages, with expected values equal to zero under certain phylogenies. For two
      state sequences, the existence of certain quadratic invariants requires a
      symmetric substitution model. For sequences with more than two states, the
      necessary condition for the existence of certain quadratic invariants in terms of
      independent events is much stronger than symmetry. For DNA sequences, only three
      parameters are allowed in the substitution model, which includes Kimura's two
      parameter model as a special case.

PMID- 1806101
TI  - Theory of asynchronous oscillations in loaded insect flight muscle.
AB  - A quantitative theory of the oscillatory behavior of loaded insect flight muscle
      is presented and is derived from the sliding filament model by calculating its
      nonlinear response to length changes out to third order. Oscillations may occur
      when the resonant frequency of the muscle and its load lie within the range of
      the negative second loop of the Nyquist plot for linear a.c. stiffness. They also
      require the total d.c. stiffness to exceed a threshold value, which may explain
      why these oscillations are not normally observed in other muscles. The tension
      length loops and waveforms, the oscillatory power output, and their variation
      with load damping are in good agreement with observations. The rise in ATPase
      hydrolysis rate with oscillatory power is predicted, but the effect is sensitive
      to details of the sliding filament model. The model also shows a slow growth of
      oscillations after Ca2+ activation. The even slower rate of decay after
      deactivation is attributed to cooperative binding in the absence of calcium.
      Also, the tension responses to large imposed a.c. length changes agree with
      experiment and show figure-of-eight loops at higher frequencies. Stretch
      activation effects will require a modification of the theory but are not
      essential because these oscillations arise from the instability indicated by the
      negative second loop of the Nyquist plot, which is universal to all striated
      muscle.

PMID- 1806102
TI  - A simulation model of AIDS in San Francisco: I. Model formulation and parameter
      estimation.
AB  - A model is formulated for the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      and the subsequent development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in
      the population of homosexual men in San Francisco. The dynamic simulation model
      includes sexually very active and active subpopulations, migration, and a staged
      progression of HIV-infected persons to AIDS and death. Numerous data sources are
      used to estimate parameter values in the model. In a companion paper, simulations
      using the model and parameter estimates are found that are consistent with HIV
      and AIDS incidence data.

PMID- 1806103
TI  - A simulation model of AIDS in San Francisco: II. Simulations, therapy, and
      sensitivity analysis.
AB  - The HIV and AIDS incidences each year for homosexual men in San Francisco are
      estimated from data. A computer simulation model for HIV transmission dynamics
      and progression to AIDS is used to reconstruct the HIV epidemic. Using some a
      priori parameter estimates, simulations are found that give good fits to the
      incidence data. In the stimulations the populations is divided into risk groups
      whose sexual activities are found to be strongly connected. There is saturation
      in the high-risk group, but changes in sexual behavior are more important in
      obtaining adequate fits. The simulation modeling yields useful parameter
      estimates, but the remaining uncertainty in parameter values implies that the
      simulation forecasts are also uncertain. Changes in HIV incidence lead to changes
      in AIDS incidence about 6-10 years later. Simulation models with and without
      zidovudine treatment both fit the incidence data; thus the effects of therapy on
      AIDS incidence are unclear. The fits of the simulation model are most sensitive
      to the yearly migration rate, the number of stages in the progression to AIDS,
      and the average number of new sexual partners per month; thus better estimates of
      these parameters would be desirable.

PMID- 1806104
TI  - Persistence in three-species food chain models with group defense.
AB  - Gause-type models of a three-species food web with group defense are analyzed.
      Persistence criteria are derived for both the case of no mutual interference and
      the case when there is mutual interference of predators.

PMID- 1806105
TI  - A model study of instability of the inverse problem in electrocardiography.
AB  - The inverse problem in electrocardiography is studied analytically using a
      concentric spheres model with no symmetry assumptions on the potential
      distribution. The mathematical formulation is presented, and existence and
      uniqueness of the solution are briefly discussed. Solution to the inverse problem
      is inherently very unstable. The magnitude of this instability is demonstrated
      using the derived analytical inverse solution for the spherical model.
      Regularization methods used to date are based on a regularization parameter that
      does not relate to any measurable physiological parameters. This paper presents a
      regularization method that is based on a parameter in the form of an a priori
      bound on the L2 norm of the inverse solution. Such a bound can be obtained from
      the theoretical estimates based on the measured values of the body surface
      potentials together with experimental knowledge about the magnitudes of the
      epicardial potentials. Based on the presented regularization, an exact form of
      the regularized solution and estimates of its accuracy are derived.

PMID- 1806106
TI  - On the optimal policies of cancer screening.
AB  - Some problems of optimal screening are considered. A screening strategy is
      allowed to be nonperiodic. Two approaches to screening optimization are used: the
      minimum delay time approach and the minimum cost approach. Both approaches are
      applied to the analysis of an optimization problem when the natural history of
      the disease is known and when it is unknown (a minimax problem). The structure of
      optimal screening policies is investigated as well as the benefit they can
      provide compared to the periodic screening policy. The detection probability is
      assumed to depend only on the stage of the disease, though it may not be constant
      throughout each stage. It is shown that periodic screening appears to be optimal
      when one has no information on the natural history of the disease, the minimum
      delay time criterion being used for optimization. Some applications to lung
      cancer screening are presented.

PMID- 1806107
TI  - Domain of validity of classical models of leucine metabolism assessed by
      compartmental modeling.
AB  - Whole-body modeling of in vivo leucine (an essential amino acid) metabolism is
      fundamentally difficult due to the complexity of the system. This has favored the
      use of two simple kinetic models, the so-called primary and reciprocal pool
      models, to interpret tracer data, but their domain of validity is uncertain. We
      define here the error of these two approaches by using comprehensive
      compartmental models of leucine metabolism as true representations of the leucine
      system. Of particular interest is the comparison of the two simple models with an
      11-compartment model characterized by a rich intracellular compartmentation that
      has recently been proposed as a sound physiological description of the system.
      Formulas are derived that define in structural terms the error of the primary and
      reciprocal pool models.

PMID- 1806108
TI  - A simple model of cannibalism.
AB  - A simple nonlinear discrete model is derived for the dynamics of a two-age class
      population consisting of juveniles and adults that includes cannibalism of
      juveniles by adults. The model is investigated analytically and numerically. It
      is shown how even this very simple model, by incorporating the negative and
      positive feedbacks due to cannibalism, can account for several important
      phenomena concerning the dynamics of cannibalistic populations that have been
      discussed and studied in the literature. These include the possibilities that the
      practice of cannibalism can (1) in certain circumstances be a form of self
      regulation that promotes stable equilibration, while in other circumstances it
      can lead to population oscillations; (2) result in a viable population in
      circumstances when its absence would otherwise result in extinction; and (3) be
      the source of multiple stable equilibria and hysteresis effects.

PMID- 1806109
TI  - Differential pathlength factor for diffuse photon scattering through tissue by a
      pulse-response method.
AB  - Although near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy may one day provide a noninvasive
      measurement of oxidative metabolism in tissue, the method cannot be fully
      quantitative until the mean pathlength traveled by photons between reference and
      output detectors (i.e, optrodes) is known. In NIR spectroscopy, photons are
      transported primarily by diffuse scattering, and their mean pathlength can be
      expressed by a differential path factor (DPF) whose value is greater than the
      interoptrode distance. Beginning with a P1 diffusion approximation of the
      Boltzmann equation, one-dimensional photon currents originating from plane, line,
      and point photon sources were analyzed. DPF was formulated from the attenuation
      of light intensity generated by constant sources, and an equation for the mean
      time of flight of photons between reference and output optrodes, delta tau, was
      derived for arbitrarily pulsed sources. The results indicate that (1) the
      attenuation of light in tissue does not, in general, vary with interoptrode
      distance in the manner predicted by Beer's law; (2) the relationship between DPF
      and interoptrode distance is nonlinear and geometry-dependent; and (3) in spite
      of these nonidealities, DPF is equal to the product of delta tau and the speed of
      light.

PMID- 1806110
TI  - Some remarks on definition and validity of terms used in models for infectious
      disease spread.
AB  - The epidemiology of infectious diseases makes use of a number of terms, such as
      exposure, infected, carrier, attack rate, and immunity. Researchers who intend to
      model the spread of epidemics should be aware of the problems with some of these
      terms. The role played by inapparent, or subclinical, infections is receiving
      increased attention in infectious disease epidemiology. Patients with such
      infections may never be reported as cases, which could give rise to problems
      when, for example, data from national surveillance bodies are being used for
      modeling. The assignment of patients to different transmission groups must, in
      most cases, rely on self-reported data from the medical interview. This possible
      source of bias should be recognized.

PMID- 1806111
TI  - Deterministic in contrast to stochastic modeling.
AB  - The first attempt to model a process is often a deterministic setup with
      differential equations. The existing stochastic influence is suppressed and
      hopefully negligible. However, sometimes the stochastic component is important.
      We demonstrate and clarify this for a growth process. The deterministic approach
      is given by Yn + 1 = Yn + g(Yn) or dYt = g(Yt)dt, Y0 = 1, g a positive function.
      The corresponding stochastic equation is Xn + 1 = Xn + g(Xn)(1 + xi n) or dXt =
      g(Xt)dt + f(Xt)dWt, xi some random variable, W the Brownian motion. We compare
      the asymptotic behavior of the deterministic solution versus the stochastic
      solution.

PMID- 1806112
TI  - Reproduction numbers and thresholds in stochastic epidemic models. I. Homogeneous
      populations.
AB  - We compare threshold results for the deterministic and stochastic versions of the
      homogeneous SI model with recruitment, death due to the disease, a background
      death rate, and transmission rate beta cXY/N. If an infective is introduced into
      a population of susceptibles, the basic reproduction number, R0, plays a
      fundamental role for both, though the threshold results differ somewhat. For the
      deterministic model, no epidemic can occur if R0 less than or equal to 1 and an
      epidemic occurs if R0 greater than 1. For the stochastic model we find that on
      average, no epidemic will occur if R0 less than or equal to 1. If R0 greater than
      1, there is a finite probability, but less than 1, that an epidemic will develop
      and eventuate in an endemic quasi-equilibrium. However, there is also a finite
      probability of extinction of the infection, and the probability of extinction
      decreases as R0 increases above 1.

PMID- 1806113
TI  - On the quasi-stationary distribution of the Ross malaria model.
AB  - Approximations are derived for the quasi-stationary distribution of the fully
      stochastic version of the classical Ross malaria model. The approximations are
      developed in two stages. In the first stage, the Ross process is approximated
      with a bivariate Markov chain without an absorbing state. The second stage of the
      approximation uses ideas from perturbation theory to derive explicit expressions
      that serve as approximations of the joint stationary distribution of the
      approximating process. Numerical comparisons are made between the approximations
      and the quasi-stationary distribution.

PMID- 1806114
TI  - Assessing the variability of stochastic epidemics.
AB  - In predicting the course of individual realizations of an epidemic it is
      important to know the magnitude of the variability of such realizations about
      their mean. In this paper and in the context of the general stochastic epidemic,
      some methods of obtaining approximate estimates of this variability are
      investigated; one is a multivariate normal approximation based on an asymptotic
      Gaussian diffusion process, and another uses an approximating linear stochastic
      process. The extension of these methods to the more detailed models used to
      describe the transmission dynamics of HIV infection and AIDS is discussed.

PMID- 1806115
TI  - The dimension of Reed-Frost epidemic models with randomized susceptibility
      levels.
AB  - A generalized Reed-Frost epidemic process is discussed in which variability among
      susceptible individuals is incorporated by randomizing the levels of resistance
      of the individuals to the infection. Our purpose is to derive the exact
      distribution of the ultimate number of susceptibles surviving the disease. This
      is achieved by a simple conditional argument and by using a particular family of
      polynomials defined recursively. The results can be viewed as a continuation of
      those obtained by the authors for the alternative situation with randomized
      infectivity levels.

PMID- 1806116
TI  - Measuring the severity of disease clustering using Tango's index.
AB  - Tango [Biometrics 40:15 (1984)] proposed an index for detecting disease
      clustering in time applicable to grouped data obtained from a population that
      remains fairly stable over the study period. This index has received considerable
      attention in the literature including the suggestion that it be used to detect
      the space-time clustering of diseases and the suggestion to use similar test
      statistics to detect disease clustering in space and/or time while accounting for
      a changing population size over the study period. This paper concerns the related
      question of measuring the severity of the disease clustering once it has been
      determined that cases are not randomly distributed over space and/or time. A
      family of alternatives to randomness is proposed in which space and/or time
      versions of Tango's index are sufficient statistics for the parameters measuring
      the severity of the clustering. For the special case of temporal clustering, an
      unbiased estimator of the clustering parameter and its sampling variance is
      derived, and a particularly simple interpretation of this estimator is suggested.
      These latter results are based on some asymptotic approximations due to Tango
      [Biometrics 46:351 (1990)]. An application to the trisomy data given by
      Wallenstein [Am. J. Epidemiol. 111:367 (1980)] is discussed.

PMID- 1806117
TI  - Modeling the overdispersion of parasite loads.
AB  - Many epidemic models lead to an approximately Poisson distribution of parasites
      among hosts. This is at variance with observation, where heavy overdispersion is
      the rule. A simple model is proposed that, while treating individuals alike,
      nonetheless gives rise to highly variable parasite loads.

PMID- 1806118
TI  - Dependence of epidemic and population velocities on basic parameters.
AB  - This paper describes the use of linear deterministic models for examining the
      spread of population processes, discussing their advantages and limitations.
      Their main advantages are that their assumptions are relatively transparent and
      that they are easy to analyze, yet they generally give the same velocity as more
      complex linear stochastic and nonlinear deterministic models. Their simplicity,
      especially if we use the elegant reproduction and dispersal kernel formulation of
      Diekmann and van den Bosch et al., allows us greater freedom to choose a
      biologically realistic model and greatly facilitates examination of the
      dependence of conclusions on model components and of how these are incorporated
      into the model and fitted from data. This is illustrated by consideration of a
      range of examples, including both diffusion and dispersal models and by
      discussion of their application to both epidemic and population dynamic problems.
      A general limitation on fitting models results from the poor accuracy of most
      ecological data, especially on dispersal distances. Confirmation of a model is
      thus rarely as convincing as those cases where we can clearly reject one. We also
      need to be aware that linear models provide only an upper bound for the velocity
      of more realistic nonlinear stochastic models and are almost wholly inadequate
      when it comes to modeling more complex aspects such as the transition to
      endemicity and endemic patterns. These limitations are, however, to a great
      extent shared by linear stochastic and nonlinear deterministic models.

PMID- 1806119
TI  - Computer analysis of the shape of spread of epidemics on a grid.
AB  - Models concerned with the spatial features of epidemic spread are often defined
      in terms of a nearest-neighbor grid network. It has been strongly conjectured,
      and can be proved in certain cases, that the infected area has an asymptotically
      well-defined shape. The present work concerns computer analysis of the shape of
      spread of a discrete-time single-parameter infection process on an eight-neighbor
      lattice. Results of extensive simulation are displayed using up-to-date
      exploratory data analysis software, and various attempts at fitting functions to
      the probability surfaces are considered.

PMID- 1806120
TI  - Dynamic population epidemic models.
AB  - Most multipopulation epidemic models are of the contact distribution type, in
      which the locations of successive contacts are chosen independently from
      appropriate contact distributions. This paper is concerned with an alternative
      class of models, termed dynamic population epidemic models, in which infectives
      move among the populations and can infect only within their current population.
      Both the stochastic and deterministic versions of such models are considered.
      Their threshold behavior is analyzed in some depth, as are their final outcomes.
      Velocities of spread of infection are considered when the populations have a
      spatial structure. A criterion for finding the equivalent contact distribution
      epidemic for any given dynamic population epidemic is provided, enabling
      comparisons to be made for the velocities and final outcomes displayed by the two
      classes of models. The relationship between deterministic and stochastic epidemic
      models is also discussed briefly.

PMID- 1806121
TI  - The basic reproduction ratio for sexually transmitted diseases: I. Theoretical
      considerations.
AB  - It is shown how one can calculate the basic reproduction ratio R0 for infectious
      disease models where an arbitrary but finite number of disease states are
      recognized and where the phenomena of pair formation and separation are taken
      into account. Several examples are discussed.

PMID- 1806122
TI  - Estimation of a preference matrix for women's choice of male sexual partner
      according to rate of partner change, using partner notification data.
AB  - Data from a study of partner notification for venereal chlamydial infection are
      used to estimate the contact preference matrix, according to sexual contact
      activity levels of the male partners, of young heterosexual women. A method for
      correcting data for the bias introduced by studying infected women only is
      presented. Results indicate that an overall proportional mixing model is not an
      adequate description of the mixing pattern.

PMID- 1806123
TI  - A log-linear modeling framework for selective mixing.
AB  - Nonrandom mixing can significantly alter the diffusion path of an infectious
      disease such as AIDS that requires intimate contact. Recent attempts to model
      this effect have sought a general framework capable of representing both simple
      and arbitrarily complicated mixing structures, and of solving the balancing
      problem in a nonequilibrium multigroup population. Log-linear models are proposed
      here as a general framework for solving the first problem. This approach offers
      several additional benefits: The parameters used to govern the mixing have a
      simple, intuitive interpretation, the framework provides a statistically sound
      basis for the estimation of these parameters from mixing-matrix data, and the
      resulting estimates are easily integrated into compartmental models for
      diffusion. A modified selection model is proposed to solve the second problem of
      generalizing the selection process to nonequilibrium populations. The
      distribution of contacts under this model is derived and is found to satisfy the
      assumptions of statistical inference for log-linear models. Together these
      techniques provide an integrated and flexible framework for modeling the role of
      selective mixing in the spread of disease.

PMID- 1806125
TI  - Analyzing effects of vaccines.
AB  - A population with (individually) varying susceptibilities to infection and a
      vaccine with (individually) varying protective effect are considered. A simple
      stochastic model is used to illustrate different effects of the vaccine on the
      spread of the infection. The behavior of different estimators of the vaccine
      efficacy using data from a clinical trial and the relation between vaccine
      efficacy and the effectiveness of a vaccination program are discussed.

PMID- 1806124
TI  - Toward a unified theory of sexual mixing and pair formation.
AB  - Sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and AIDS are
      driven and maintained in populations by epidemiological and sociological factors
      that are not completely understood. One such factor is the way in which people
      mix sexually. In this paper, we outline a unified approach to modeling sexual
      mixing structures, where such structures are defined in terms of a set of axioms
      for a finite number of distinct groups of people. Theorems for homosexual,
      heterosexual, and arbitrary group mixing are presented, leading to a
      representation of all mixing structures defined by the axioms. The representation
      and its parameters are interpreted in terms of intergroup affinities for sexual
      mixing. The use of the approach in sexually transmitted disease modeling is
      discussed.

PMID- 1806126
TI  - The use of operational modeling of HIV/AIDS in a systems approach to public
      health decision making.
AB  - Compartmental models of infectious diseases readily represent known biological
      and epidemiological processes, are easily understood in flow-chart form by
      administrators, are simple to adjust to new information, and lend themselves to
      routine statistical analysis such as parameter estimation and model fitting.
      Technical results are immediately interpretable in epidemiological and public
      health terms. Deterministic models are easily stochasticized where this is
      important for practical purposes. With HIV/AIDS, serial data on both HIV
      prevalence and AIDS morbidity have been available from San Francisco. Assuming
      the distribution of the incubation period to be biologically stable, statistical
      analysis is quite feasible in other regions, even those with no reliable HIV
      data. Transmission rates must be estimated locally. It is also often possible to
      estimate the effective size of a population subgroup at risk, from population
      data on AIDS morbidity only. Computer simulation provides estimates of the
      evolving pattern of both HIV prevalence and AIDS morbidity. Some public health
      questions can be answered only by appropriately formulated stochastic models.

PMID- 1806127
TI  - Three-stage stochastic epidemic model: an application to AIDS.
AB  - A three-stage stochastic epidemic model extending the so-called classical
      epidemic process to one that includes time-dependent transition probabilities is
      described, and a solution to the appropriate set of forward differential
      difference equations is given. When an individual can move from being a
      susceptible to one infected with the HIV virus to one diagnosed as having AIDS,
      we can use this general model to describe an AIDS epidemic process. We obtain
      expressions for the mean and variance of the number of AIDS cases for some
      special cases. By comparing these with actual data, it is suggested that, for
      some categories of cases (in particular, children), this model might be a
      plausible model to describe the underlying mechanism of the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 1806128
TI  - Model fitting and projection of the AIDS epidemic.
AB  - Previously it was possible to fit detailed models to incidence data (for example,
      of AIDS) only by trial and error and good judgment; the large number of
      parameters obstructed optimization of, for example, the (approximate) likelihood.
      Here, we analyze a model for the spread of AIDS in a homosexual population and
      identify a minimal set of primary components that dictate the dynamics of the
      Model: the initial growth rate theta, the basic reproductive ratio R0, and the
      heterogeneity coefficient S. It is then shown that it is sufficient to maximize
      the likelihood over these three primary components; further maximization over the
      remaining secondary parameters does not produce a significant improvement in the
      fit or affect the projection of the epidemic. This method also allows
      construction of confidence limits for the projected incidence curve, allowing us
      to quantify the uncertainties associated with such model fitting procedures. The
      method is tested on simulation data to analyze how the accuracy of estimates and
      projections changes as we gain more data.

PMID- 1806129
TI  - A stochastic model for the development of an AIDS epidemic in a heterosexual
      population.
AB  - A non-age-dependent model, describing the evolution of a bisexual population, is
      developed in this paper and applied to projecting an AIDS epidemic in a
      heterosexual population. Included in the formulation are frequency- and non
      frequency-dependent rules of partnership formation as well as five states of HIV
      disease, affecting the probability of infection per sexual contact. Results from
      computer experiments, designed to study the development of an AIDS epidemic in a
      heterosexual population fed by single males with a 50% prevalence of HIV
      infection prior to becoming active in heterosexual partnerships, are reported. In
      these experiments, the only source of HIV infection for females was sexual
      contacts with infected males within partnerships. Data on the probability of
      infection per sexual contact with an infected partner and the number of sexual
      contacts per month were incorporated into the model. However, the numbers used
      for the initial population of singles, couples, and those becoming sexually
      active per month were hypothetical. Even though the prevalence of HIV infection
      among males entering heterosexual partnerships was high, after 30 years the
      projected prevalence of HIV infection among females ranged from about 10 to 15%
      depending in part on the expected duration of partnerships and on whether the
      frequency- or non-frequency-dependent model was used. In these experiments,
      solutions of the embedded, nonlinear, deterministic equations for the incidence
      of HIV infection and the cumulative number of deaths due to AIDS proved to be
      good measures of central tendency for the sample functions of the stochastic
      population process.

PMID- 1806130
TI  - A stochastic mover/stayer model for an HIV epidemic.
AB  - A multicompartmental model is proposed to deal with the spread of the HIV
      epidemic. Stratification with respect to high- and low-risk groups is taken into
      account, introducing a "fuzzy" decomposition of the compartment of susceptibles.
      The infectivity period is staged using different levels of CD4 cell counts.
      Asymptotic behavior is studied, and some simulation results are reported in
      tabular and graphic forms.

PMID- 1806131
TI  - The effect of structural behavior change on the spread of HIV in a one-sex
      population.
AB  - Within a preferred mixing type of model for the spread of HIV in a one-sex
      population, the effects of structural behavior change, that is movements of
      individuals from one activity class to another, with accompanying changes of
      contact pattern are investigated. It is concluded that such behavior change makes
      it more difficult for an epidemic to arise if the contact pattern is of the
      restricted type, whereas the effect is indeterminate in the proportional mixing
      case. Some of the problems in analyzing sexual activity data from a population
      within which this behavior change mechanism is at work are also commented upon.

PMID- 1806133
TI  - Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction.
AB  - The effect of aerosol and intravenous administrations of furosemide was examined
      in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called 'heaves'.
      This recurrent airway disease bears many similarities to human asthma. Six ponies
      with the disease (principal animals) were studied during clinical remission and
      during an acute attack of airway obstruction precipitated by stabling and feeding
      dusty hay. Six control animals were also studied. Furosemide (1.0 mg/kg) or
      vehicle was administered by aerosol in the first study, and intravenously in a
      second study. In principal ponies with airway obstruction, furosemide
      administration significantly decreased pulmonary resistance and increased dynamic
      compliance, but had no effect on PaO2 or PaCO2. The time course and magnitude of
      lung function changes were similar following aerosol or intravenous drug
      administration. Vehicle was without effect in both groups of animals at all time
      periods and furosemide had no effect in controls or in principals in clinical
      remission.

PMID- 1806134
TI  - Cromakalim and K+ channels in canine trachealis.
AB  - The effects of cromakalim and glibenclamide on membrane properties and responses
      to acetylcholine of canine trachea were studied in the double sucrose gap to
      evaluate the presence and function of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Cromakalim
      produced a concentration-dependent hyperpolarization of muscle membrane potential
      which at maximum brought the membrane potential near the potassium equilibrium
      potential. Current clamping by hyperpolarizing current to this equilibrium
      potential abolished the hyperpolarization but not the membrane resistance
      decrease to cromakalim. Glibenclamide had no effect on resting membrane
      properties but reduced or abolished effects of cromakalim. Another K+ channel
      antagonist, tetraethylammonium at 20 mM, also reduced the effects of cromakalim,
      but 4-aminopyridine (5 mM), Ba2+ (1 mM), and apamin (10(-6) M) had no
      antagonistic effect. The EJP produced on stimulation of cholinergic nerves
      sometimes increased just after cromakalim-induced hyperpolarization, but within 5
      10 min as membrane resistance dramatically fell it was reduced, as was the
      depolarization to infused acetylcholine. Initially the reduction in EJP amplitude
      could be partially overcome by applying hyperpolarizing currents or by applying a
      second field stimulation; later the EJP was reduced further and was unaffected by
      these procedures. Even when depolarization to acetylcholine was markedly reduced,
      the contraction was not. Glibenclamide had no effects alone but antagonized all
      the effects of cromakalim. These results suggest that ATP-sensitive cromakalim
      activated K+ channels are present in canine trachea but are usually closed during
      resting conditions under our experimental conditions. When they are opened by
      cromakalim, they hyperpolarize to near EK, markedly decrease membrane resistance
      and reduce the depolarization response to acetylcholine, probably by short
      circuiting the acetylcholine-induced current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806132
TI  - In vitro responses of airway smooth muscle from horses with recurrent airway
      obstruction.
AB  - The in vitro contractile and relaxant responses of tracheal smooth muscle strips
      (TSM) and third-generation bronchi (3B) of control horses and horses with
      recurrent obstructive disease (heaves) were compared. Acetylcholine (ACH)
      sensitivity of the diseased tissues was less than that of tissues from control
      horses, especially at the level of the third generation (EC50 controls 15 +/- 11
      microM vs 81 +/- 17 microM for heaveys). Despite tracheal and bronchial
      hyporesponsiveness to ACH, these tissues from heavey horses were hyperresponsive
      to EFS. The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol and electrical field stimulation
      (EFS) was examined in histamine-precontracted airways pretreated with atropine (1
      microM), indomethacin (3 microM), and phentolamine (1 microM). Precontracted
      tissues of both groups at both levels of airway demonstrated similar
      concentration-dependent relaxation in response to cumulative doses of
      isoproterenol (0.1 nM to 0.1 mM). EFS of precontracted tissues caused 80-90%
      relaxation in the TSM in both groups and 21% relaxation in 3B of the control
      group. Electrical field stimulation relaxation of precontracted tissues was not
      seen in the diseased 3B, suggesting a lack of inhibitory innervation. EFS of
      similarly precontracted tissues plus propranolol (1 microM) resulted in only 46%
      relaxation in the TSM of both groups but did not reduce the EFS relaxation of
      control 3B, suggesting the presence of both sympathetic and nonadrenergic
      noncholinergic nerves (NANC) in the trachea but only NANC in the 3B.

PMID- 1806135
TI  - Inhibition by Ro 31-6930 of agonist and allergen induced bronchoconstriction in
      anaesthetised guinea-pigs and cats.
AB  - Ro 31-6930, a potent smooth muscle relaxant from the novel class of potassium
      channel openers, has been compared with BRL 38227, salmeterol and theophylline in
      a range of models of airway function. Ro 31-6930 relaxed isolated tracheal muscle
      from sensitised guinea-pigs which had been contracted by ovalbumin and was
      equipotent with salmeterol in inhibiting antigen-induced bronchospasm in
      anaesthetised, sensitised guinea-pigs. In both anaesthetised guinea-pig and cat,
      Ro 31-6930, BRL 38227 and theophylline were more potent against 5-HT evoked
      increases in lung resistance than they were on falls in dynamic compliance.
      Although salmeterol had equivalent activity on both parameters it is unlikely
      that the small difference seen with the other compounds reflect a preferential
      effect on large airways. In addition, Ro 31-6930 was an effective bronchodilator
      when given by inhalation to the anaesthetised guinea-pig. In view of the
      protective activity of Ro 31-6930 against antigen challenge in the sensitised
      guinea-pig and its potency in relation to other bronchodilators, it is considered
      that compounds which relax airway smooth muscle by the opening of plasmalemmal
      potassium channels may have a role in the treatment of asthma.

PMID- 1806137
TI  - Convulsions and anticonvulsants--how far have we come?

PMID- 1806136
TI  - Effects of platelet-activating factor on lung epithelial permeability in the
      guinea-pig.
AB  - We examined the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on lung epithelial
      permeability by measuring the clearance of intratracheally administered 99m
      technetium-labeled diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) in guinea
      pigs which were anaesthetised, paralysed and mechanically ventilated. The
      clearance of the radiolabeled tracer molecule 99mTc-DTPA from airways to the
      blood was expressed as changes in counts/min corrected for background. For each
      guinea-pig, 99mTc-DTPA clearance was assessed before and after i.v. PAF
      administration, when tracheal pressure had returned to near control values. Doses
      of 10, 50 and 100 ng/kg of PAF caused dose-dependent increases in 99mTc-DTPA
      clearance of 7 +/- 3%, 38 +/- 7% and 65 +/- 11% respectively. The respective
      effects of 0.5 mg/kg of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol and 0.3 mg/kg of
      the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist methoxamine on the increase in lung epithelial
      permeability induced by 50 ng/kg PAF were also studied. Salbutamol significantly
      reduced the acute bronchoconstrictor effects of PAF, but did not affect the
      increase in lung epithelial permeability, which was 58 +/- 10%. Conversely,
      methoxamine significantly enhanced the bronchoconstrictor effects of PAF but
      inhibited the lung epithelial permeability increase, which was only 10 +/- 13%.
      In the absence of PAF, salbutamol significantly increased this permeability by 49
      +/- 11%, whereas methoxamine alone slightly reduced, it by -11 +/- 4%. These
      results demonstrate that PAF increases lung epithelial permeability and suggest
      that vascular surface area recruitment may explain this increase.

PMID- 1806138
TI  - Parental epilepsy, anticonvulsant drugs, and reproductive outcome: epidemiologic
      and experimental findings spanning three decades; 1: Animal studies.
AB  - In conclusion, it is clear that the experimental animal literature has been
      extremely beneficial in validating the teratogenicity of selected anticonvulsant
      drugs such as phenytoin and valproic acid, and in providing much needed
      information on pharmacokinetic parameters that are involved in altering normal
      embryogenesis. Continued efforts are needed to further elucidate the mechanism of
      teratogenic action for these drugs. It is clear from the work on phenytoin that
      reactive intermediates are important, and care must be taken to either avoid drug
      therapies that promote the formation of or inhibit the rapid degradation of toxic
      oxidative metabolites. For valproic acid and carbamazepine the pathogenesis of
      congenital defects remains much less defined. Until adequate information is
      ascertained on just how antiepileptic drugs disrupt normal development, it will
      be difficult, if not impossible, to develop either alternative medications or
      treatment strategies that maximize clinical effectiveness without the risk of an
      adverse pregnancy outcome. Such information emanating from animal studies shall,
      hopefully, be available in the not-too-distant future.

PMID- 1806140
TI  - Effects of seminal vesicle and coagulating gland ablation on fertility in rats.
AB  - In rats the secretions of the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands clot after
      ejaculation in the female tract to form a copulatory plug. The plug plays a
      critical role in transcervical sperm transport. Factors that influence the
      secretions of accessory sex glands have the potential to alter fertility without
      adverse effects on the gametes themselves. In the present study, the effect of
      surgical removal of the rat seminal vesicles and coagulating glands (SVx) on
      mating and fertility was investigated. SVx males were completely infertile by
      natural mating. Observed mating of SVx males with LHRH synchronized females
      confirmed that mating performance was normal and that they were capable of
      ejaculating sperm but could not produce copulatory plugs. In the absence of the
      copulatory plug, no sperm was transported into the uterus. Epididymal sperm
      obtained from the same males were capable of fertilization after intrauterine
      insemination and gave comparable numbers of embryos and unfertilized oocytes as
      sham operated controls. These findings underscore the importance of examining the
      role of both males and females during insemination and that observed matings,
      uterine sperm counts, and intrauterine insemination are useful adjuncts to
      routine fertility assessment when effects on the accessory sex glands are
      suspected.

PMID- 1806139
TI  - Parental epilepsy, anticonvulsant drugs, and reproductive outcome: epidemiologic
      and experimental findings spanning three decades; 2: Human studies.
AB  - Evidence accumulated over the past three decades has established AEDs as human
      teratogens. Important developments in the delineation of these compounds as human
      teratogens include: the demonstration of a consistent association between in
      utero exposure to AEDs and an increased occurrence of single major malformations,
      the description of AED-induced dysmorphogenic syndromes; demonstration of a dose
      response relationship, both in terms of the number and dosage of AEDs; and
      evidence that pharmacogenetic differences in the metabolism of AEDs are strongly
      correlated with the occurrence of congenital malformations. Furthermore, the
      experimental animal findings, having accumulated in parallel to those of human
      studies, strongly support the teratogenic role of AEDs. Areas that require
      further amplification and clarification in future studies are the relative
      contribution of AEDs and other factors, such as genetic predisposition and
      maternal seizures, particularly with respect to the occurrence of minor
      anomalies, growth retardation, and developmental outcome; the relative
      teratogenicity of specific monotherapies and polytherapies; the predictive role
      of pharmacogenetic differences in the metabolism of AEDs in the occurrence of
      structural and functional abnormalities; and characterization of the precise
      nature of the pharmacogenetic defect underlying the aforementioned differences in
      AED metabolism. Attempts should also be made in future prospective studies to
      monitor metabolite levels of AEDs, particularly the oxidative metabolites, in
      order to further elucidate the relative contribution of individual differences in
      metabolism in the determination of adverse fetal outcome. Similarly, further
      efforts should be made to assess the clinical significance of decreased growth
      parameters in terms of mental and neurologic development, and to ascertain
      whether there is any risk for such abnormalities in children who do not display
      overt or persistent reductions in physical growth parameters. This is critically
      important in light of the animal studies that have shown functional abnormalities
      at doses that do not necessarily produce structural defects. Future
      investigations would be conducted through collaborative studies that would
      encompass sufficiently large numbers of women to provide adequate power to the
      statistical analyses of the data obtained. Care would have to be exercised to
      establish a uniform protocol for the collaborating centers. Regionally based
      investigations would be preferable to studies based at special centers, in order
      to assess the relative role of risk factors associated with abnormal pregnancy
      outcomes in the epileptic population at large.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1806141
TI  - The effect of neonatal exposure to DES and o,p'-DDT on pituitary responsiveness
      to GnRH in adult castrated rats.
AB  - While exposure of vertebrates to estrogens during early development has been
      shown to alter adult reproductive behavior, neuroanatomy, and neurophysiology,
      effects on gonadotropin secretion have not been studied. We conducted the present
      studies to assess the effects of neonatal exposure to xenobiotic estrogens on
      luteinizing hormone secretion in castrated adult rats. Rat pups were injected
      with either corn oil, 1 micrograms diethylstilbestrol (DES), or 0.5 mg o,p'-DDT
      on postnatal days 1 to 10, and castration was performed on day 21. On day 42 of
      life, GnRH (50 ng/kg) was administered via right heart catheters, and blood was
      sampled for LH at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. Neonatal exposure to DES in both
      males and females significantly decreased basal and GnRH-induced LH secretion
      throughout the sampling period in castrated adults. o,p'-DDT significantly
      suppressed initial LH levels and blunted GnRH-induced release in males at the 5
      min interval, while in females it had no effect. These data show that early
      exposure to environmental estrogens alters adult pituitary response to GnRH. Our
      results suggest that sexually distinct effects of environmental estrogens occur
      and can be readily demonstrated in this experimental model.

PMID- 1806142
TI  - Human granulosa-luteal cell response to vinblastine exposure in vitro.
AB  - We examined the response of isolated human granulosa-luteal cells (HGLCs) to a
      cancer chemotherapeutic agent, vinblastine (VLB), that has been implicated in
      ovarian failure during treatment for Hodgkin's disease. VLB doses of 1.0
      micrograms/mL for 4 h or 0.1 micrograms/mL for 24 h reduced HGLC progesterone
      production during exposure. The effect of high doses (10.0 and 100.0
      micrograms/mL) persisted for at least 1 day after exposure. Previous 24 h, but
      not 4 h, high-dose VLB exposure reduced subsequent progesterone release in
      response to 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Without hCG stimulation,
      only cells previously exposed to 100.0 micrograms/mL had persistently reduced
      progesterone release. We conclude that HGLCs can completely recover from a short
      exposure to VLB, but longer exposures to 10.0 and 100.0 micrograms/mL are
      detrimental to their hormone secreting capacity.

PMID- 1806143
TI  - Comparison of random and serial sections in assessment of ovarian toxicity.
AB  - Assessment of ovarian toxicity by follicle quantitation and morphometric analysis
      of serial sections is time consuming and expensive. This report compares the
      estimation of follicle number obtained from counting oocytes in serial sections
      or 5 random sections of mouse ovaries. Ovaries were obtained from C57BL/6N and
      B6C3F1 mice treated with ovarian toxicants. C57BL/6N mice were treated with
      cyclophosphamide (0, 75, 200, and 500 mg/kg, ip) and killed at 24, 72, and 168 h.
      B6C3F1 mice were treated daily, ip, with 4-vinylcyclohexene (0, 100, 400, and 800
      mg/kg/day for 30 days), vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (0, 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day
      for 30 days), or benzo(a)pyrene (100 mg/kg, single dose) and killed on day 31.
      Ovarian serial sections were prepared and oocytes counted in every tenth section.
      When serial sections were evaluated, 30 to 60 sections were counted. Random
      section counting involved randomly selecting 5 sections from the 30 to 60
      sections previously counted by the serial method. Chemically-induced follicle
      loss was evident by the reduction in follicle counts relative to control animals
      when estimating follicle number using serial or random section counting.
      Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of follicle counts over all treatment
      groups showed that the highest correlation between random and serial section
      counting and was for primordial follicles. Correlation coefficients (R2) for each
      follicle type were: primordial--C57BL/6N 0.82, B6C3F1 0.86; growing--C57BL/6N
      0.16, B6C3F1 0.46; antral--C57BL/6N 0.07, B6C3F1 0.11. Although other screens may
      need to be developed for growing and antral follicles, primordial follicle
      toxicity is adequately defined by counting 5 random sections.

PMID- 1806145
TI  - The first international symposium on the physiopathology of illicit drugs, held
      in Paris, France, on May 31, 1990.

PMID- 1806144
TI  - The agonist (d-leu-6,des-gly-10)-LHRH-ethylamide does not protect the fecundity
      of rats exposed to high dose unilateral ovarian irradiation.
AB  - Attempts to protect the ovary from the toxic effects of radiation and
      chemotherapy are relevant to the management of the young patient with cancer.
      Previous studies in a variety of animal species with several types of agonists of
      GnRH have shown promise in affording gonadal protection using indirect indices of
      reproductive function. The current investigations are based on these
      observations. Female rats were treated with (d-leu-6,des-gly-10) LHRH-ethylamide
      (GnRHa) from day 22 to day 37 of life. Sham-irradiation or unilateral irradiation
      of the left ovary was performed on day 30. The animals were mated following
      resumption of cycles and sacrificed on day 21 of pregnancy. There was no
      significant effect of ovarian artery ligation. Radiation reduced ovarian function
      ipsilateral to the radiation. GnRHa alone did not affect reproductive performance
      significantly. GnRHa and radiation combined resulted in no reproductive
      protection but augmented the damage done to the ipsilateral ovarian weight and to
      numbers of corpora lutea and fetuses. Under these experimental circumstances the
      agonist provided no protection.

PMID- 1806146
TI  - Making information work. Or "Let us not throw the baby out with the bathwater".

PMID- 1806147
TI  - Teratology information--a new effort.

PMID- 1806148
TI  - A multicenter, prospective study of fetal outcome following accidental carbon
      monoxide poisoning in pregnancy.
AB  - We report the results of the first prospective, multicenter study of acute carbon
      monoxide (CO) poisoning in pregnancy. We collected and followed cases of CO
      poisoning occurring during pregnancy between December 1985 and March 1989. The
      sources of CO were malfunctioning furnaces (n = 16), hot water heaters (n = 7),
      car fumes (n = 6), and methylene chloride inhalation (n = 3). Pregnancy outcome
      was adversely affected in 3 of 5 pregnancies with severe toxicity; two
      stillbirths, and one cerebral palsy with tomographic findings consistent with
      ischemic damage. All adverse outcome occurred in cases treated with high flow
      oxygen, whereas the 2 cases of severe toxicity with normal outcomes followed
      hyperbaric oxygen therapy. All 31 babies exposed in utero to mild or moderate CO
      poisoning exhibited normal physical and neurobehavioral development. Severe
      maternal CO toxicity was associated with significantly more adverse fetal cases
      when compared to mild maternal toxicity (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that
      while severe CO poisoning poses serious short- and long-term fetal risk, mild
      accidental exposure is likely to result in normal fetal outcome. Because fetal
      accumulation of CO is higher and its elimination slower than in the maternal
      circulation, hyperbaric oxygen may decrease fetal hypoxia and improve outcome.

PMID- 1806149
TI  - Embryologic and cytogenetic effects of ethanol on preimplantation mouse embryos
      in vitro.
AB  - Ethanol and its primary metabolite acetaldehyde were studied in cultured
      preimplantation mouse embryos with respect to embryotoxicity, embryolethality,
      chromosome breaking activities, and ability to induce sister chromatid exchange
      (SCE). Analysis of differentiation and cell number of mouse morulae and
      blastocysts show that acetaldehyde is three orders of magnitude more toxic than
      ethanol, indicating that the metabolite is responsible for the embryotoxicity of
      ethanol in preimplantation embryos. Concentrations of ethanol that do not inhibit
      growth induce SCEs and chromosome aberrations. The SCE-inducing effect of ethanol
      disappears in the presence of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of alcohol
      dehydrogenase (ADH). These data suggest that preimplantation embryos are able to
      convert ethanol to acetaldehyde and that ADH is the enzyme involved. It is,
      furthermore, shown histochemically that mouse oocytes as well as morulae and
      blastocysts are able to oxidize ethanol in the presence of NAD+.

PMID- 1806150
TI  - Disposition kinetics in the rat fetus.
AB  - Disposition kinetics of drug from the fetus were studied by subcutaneous
      injection of indomethacin, salicylic acid, and diazepam into the fetuses of the
      rats. The mean residence time (MRT) for drugs increased with the day of gestation
      and the clearance decreased. The values of MRT were in the order indomethacin
      greater than salicylic acid greater than diazepam, and degrees of the
      developmental change of MRT were in the order indomethacin greater than salicylic
      acid greater than diazepam. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) for
      drugs showed little change, corresponding to no significant change in the
      tissue/plasma drug concentration ratio. The developmental profile of the rate of
      transplacental transference calculated from a one-compartment open model
      decreased with the day of gestation.

PMID- 1806151
TI  - Interlaboratory evaluation of three culture media for postimplantation rodent
      embryos.
AB  - The first aim of the study was to compare the ability of rat serum, human serum,
      and a mixture of human and rat serum (4:1) to support in vitro development of
      rodent postimplantation embryos. The comparison was made in three laboratories
      using rat embryos and in one laboratory using mouse embryos. Batches of sera,
      initial developmental stage, duration of culture, and endpoints were identical in
      the laboratories. The second aim of the study was to evaluate if other variables
      that could not be standardized would significantly influence the results of the
      laboratories. No reproducible difference was observed among the culture media or
      among the laboratories except that growth and differentiation were slower in the
      laboratory using mouse embryos. Further experiments are needed to exclude small
      differences in performance of the media.

PMID- 1806152
TI  - Ultrastructure of vagina and uterus in young mice after methoxychlor exposure.
AB  - Ultrastructural effects of 17 beta-estradiol were compared with technical
      pesticide methoxychlor in uterus and vagina of young mice. Neonates received 14
      daily ip injections of either sesame oil, 10.0 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol, or
      0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg methoxychlor. Estradiol accelerated vaginal opening to
      11 days, increased reproductive tract weight gain, and induced vaginal
      cornification, the cells of which exhibited complex surface microridge patterns.
      The hypertrophied uterine cells were covered with dense, enlarged microvilli with
      bulbous expansions or clumps. The highest three methoxychlor doses were
      stimulatory. Exposure to 0.5 or 1.0 mg methoxychlor increased reproductive tract
      weights threefold due to excessive fluid accumulation, and induced vaginal
      cornification and opening by 10 days. The cornified cells lacked complex surface
      microridges, while uterine cells exhibited dense microvilli growth, atypical
      morphology, and separation. Although 0.5 and 1.0 mg methoxychlor were highly
      stimulatory, the surface alterations in uterus and vagina appeared different from
      estradiol.

PMID- 1806153
TI  - Protein secretions in mouse uterus after methoxychlor or estradiol exposure.
AB  - Four-month-old, ovariectomized mice were treated with 14 daily ip injections of
      either 10.0 micrograms of 17 beta-estradiol or 1.0 mg technical grade
      methoxychlor. Uterine luminal proteins were radiolabeled with 35S-methionine and
      run on 2-dimensional electrophoresis gels. The influence of methoxychlor or
      estradiol was compared to untreated controls by examining reproductive tract
      weights, uterine histology, and the patterns of uterine protein secretions. The
      data indicate that the stimulation of the uterus in ovariectomized, adult mice by
      methoxychlor is indistinguishable from that caused by estradiol. Both substances
      alter reproductive tract weights, promote cellular hypertrophy, stimulate uterine
      development, and induce the secretion of comparable levels of incorporation of
      methionine into a large number of proteins. The data further indicate that the
      alterations in gene expression promoted by estradiol in terms of secreted
      proteins appear to be qualitatively similar to those caused by the pesticide
      methoxychlor.

PMID- 1806154
TI  - Ultrastructural observations in testicular tissue of chromium-treated rats.
AB  - The administration of hexavalent chromium (2 mg/kg, ip as potassium dichromate)
      in adult rats daily for 15 days produced significant increases in the blood and
      testicular chromium levels. Although no light microscopic pathologic changes or
      alterations in epididymal sperm counts and motility were observed, lanthanum
      perfusion in treated rats revealed leakage of Sertoli-cell tight junctions under
      EM. A few tubules showed marked ultracellular alterations in the form of
      vacuolization of cytoplasm and degeneration of mitochondria in the epithelial
      cells. Late stage spermatids were the most affected germ cells. The mitochondrial
      sheath of the midpiece was vacuolated, incomplete, swollen, or broken in places.
      The observed alterations may result in the disruption of normal testicular
      physiology leading to reproductive impairment after chromium exposure.

PMID- 1806155
TI  - Rat sperm motility analysis: methodologic considerations.
AB  - The objective of these studies was to optimize conditions for computer-assisted
      sperm analysis (CASA) of rat epididymal spermatozoa. Methodologic issues
      addressed include sample collection technique, sampling region within the
      epididymis, type of diluent medium used, and sample chamber depth. In addition,
      sources of variation were identified and accuracy of the analysis was examined.
      All samples in this report were analyzed using a Hamilton Thorn Motility Analyzer
      (HTM-2000; Hamilton Thorn Research, Danvers, MA). We found that allowing the
      sperm to swim out from cuts made in the distal cauda epididymidis yielded samples
      with percentages of motile sperm 60% higher than samples collected using an
      aspiration method. Furthermore, sperm isolated from the distal cauda epididymidis
      exhibited slightly but significantly greater percentages of motile sperm and
      swimming speeds than sperm isolated from the proximal cauda epididymidis. Of the
      four motility media examined, all maintained a high percentage of motile sperm
      over an hour-long incubation period, but Medium 199 and modified Hanks' Balanced
      Salt supported substantially greater sperm velocity than Dulbecco's Phosphate
      Buffered Saline (with Ca++ and Mg++), with or without glucose. Motility and
      velocity endpoints were comparable in 200-, 100-, or 40-micron deep chambers, but
      significantly lower in 20-micron-deep chambers. Since these and presumably other
      variables in the preparation and analysis of rat sperm do influence the assessed
      motility endpoints, it is important to standardize these methods and to consider
      these issues when interpreting CASA data.

PMID- 1806156
TI  - Formation of the Organization of Teratology Information Services (OTIS). The OTIS
      Executive Committee.

PMID- 1806157
TI  - UCSF School of Nursing: hybrid on Parnassus heights.

PMID- 1806158
TI  - Nursing online: RLIN brings nursing's historical legacy to researchers
      nationwide.

PMID- 1806159
TI  - Public health nursing, 1916.

PMID- 1806160
TI  - Musings of a nurse historian on being a nurse historian.

PMID- 1806162
TI  - Adverse drug reactions: an integrated approach.
AB  - The need for early detection and a better understanding of adverse drug reactions
      (ADRs) is well recognized today. This paper describes an approach to the study of
      ADRs characterized by the integration of pharmacoepidemiology, clinical
      pharmacology and molecular/cellular biology (pharmacogenetics). Merging of these
      disciplines would greatly enhance our approach to unanticipated drug toxicity and
      would narrow the risk/benefit margin of pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Such
      an integrative strategy is a key element in any initiative directed toward the
      promotion of optimal drug therapy. (Ref. 16.)

PMID- 1806163
TI  - Effects of high methylphenidate doses on the cognitive performance of hyperactive
      children.
AB  - It has been reported that high doses of methylphenidate, required for optimal
      clinical efficacy in the treatment of hyperactive children impair cognitive
      performance. This study examines the effects of a four week placebo trial of high
      doses of methylphenidate on cognitive performance in hyperactive 81 children. In
      addition, effects of medication over more extended time (12 weeks) are examined.
      Dosage after 4 weeks averaged 1.78 mg/kg, and after 12 weeks 1.66 mg/kg. No
      significant decrements in cognitive performance were obtained on any measure
      which included tests of: IQ, reading, spelling, arithmetic, non-verbal reasoning,
      graphomotor performance, visual memory, and sustained attention. The results
      argue for titrating medication to obtain maximum behavioral improvement. (Tab. 2,
      Ref. 15.)

PMID- 1806164
TI  - Recognition and assessment of adverse drug reactions in children.
AB  - Recognition of a drug safety problem is connected with the perception of
      severity, rare occurrence of the suspected event in non-drug related pathology,
      knowledge of such drug-ADR association occurring and clearness of the clinical
      picture. With regard to children knowledge of differences between adult and child
      is of further help in particular in prevailing pathologies. A lesser variety of
      pathologies means a lesser variety of drugs used, what should facilitate
      recognition of an ADR. In the process of assessment the question of causality
      arises. In epidemiological studies the higher incidence of the event in the
      treated group suggests causal relationship in general probability terms. With
      individual cases it is done on the grounds of the strength of evidence provided
      in each case. The assessment of causality is done either by experts according to
      their knowledge or with a method of standardized assessment. A true expert does
      not need a method of standardized assessment but a less experienced evaluator
      would benefit from such a method or at least using it in addition to his
      unstructured judgement would benefit from a sort of a double-check. (Tab. 5, Fig.
      2, Ref. 6.)

PMID- 1806165
TI  - The methodology of safety data in clinical trials.
AB  - Only Type A adverse drug reactions are likely to be detected during the pre
      marketing clinical trial programme. The collection of adverse events may be by
      spontaneous reporting, a standard general question, a checklist, a self-answering
      questionnaire or a quality of life questionnaire. From these one needs to
      differentiate the adverse reactions due to the experimental drug from the
      ordinary every-day minor events occurring in healthy individuals, the adverse
      events relation to the target disease, the adverse events related to concurrent
      illnesses, the adverse reactions due to concomitant therapy and adverse events
      engendered by the comparator drugs or placebo. It is important to realise that
      the patients on the experimental drug may be infected with adverse reactions by
      the patients on the comparator drug. A post-treatment visit enables the doctor to
      check the laboratory investigations from the last visit whilst on treatment, any
      withdrawal symptoms from the drug, delayed adverse drug reactions, the response
      to dechallenge of any adverse reaction and arrange for follow-up of any problems
      or rechallenge. (Ref. 10).

PMID- 1806166
TI  - Methods available for monitoring the safety of marketed drugs.
AB  - Spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions may be the only way of
      revealing very rare events but they present great difficulties of rational
      interpretation. Some of these problems may be overcome by the application of
      quantitative epidemiological technique to data describing drug exposure and
      medical outcomes. Formal pharmacoepidemiological studies of this sort have proved
      valuable in the interpretation of "signals" generated by spontaneous reports.

PMID- 1806167
TI  - Identifying, evaluating and quantifying adverse drug reactions in children:
      opportunities and obstacles for the manufacturer.
AB  - The monitoring of the safety of its marketed products is a recognized
      responsibility of the pharmaceutical manufacturer. He has the advantage to
      concentrate efforts on a relatively small number of compounds and to include a
      large number of sources and methods. Drug monitoring is especially crucial for
      the vulnerable groups of patients (children, pregnant women, mentally incompetent
      and elderly) for whom adequate controlled clinical trials are often lacking with
      the notable exception of pediatric oncology and vaccinations. The surveillance of
      adverse drug reactions (ADR) in children represents a special challenge, because
      of the limited opportunity for usual post marketing surveillance studies. There
      is a surprising scarcity of epidemiologic projects on ADRs and even of drug usage
      data in younger age groups. Spontaneous reports are therefore still of great
      importance. Because of the development of national ADR reporting systems and
      concomitant regulations and guidelines direct reports to manufacturers account
      today in the Western world only about 50 percent of the accessible reports, 40%
      are addressed to national authorities and with only limited access to the
      manufacturer, sometime even information on age and sex is not provided. The
      proportion of these reports is increasing and it is important that a better
      exchange of information can be developed. Reports in the literature account today
      for about 10 percent of the ADR case reports. Spontaneous reports provide early
      signals, they can, however, not quantify a risk and need validation. Traditional
      investigations are often too onerous and time consuming. A promising approach has
      developed on the basis of computerized health insurance data that enable record
      linkage of prescriptions and subsequent health events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806168
TI  - Adverse reaction to drugs in children, experiences with "spontaneous monitoring"
      in The Netherlands.
AB  - Drug use may be the cause of a wide variety of different symptoms and disorders
      in children and many different mechanisms may be involved. A number of situations
      in childhood may predispose to the development of adverse reactions. In the
      country-wide "voluntary reporting system" for drug monitoring in the Netherlands,
      only a small percentage of 4.5 of the case reports concern children (14 years and
      younger). The reported experiences show that adverse reactions which are
      important in adults, e.g. blood dyscrasia, erythema multiforme and liver injury,
      may also be encountered in children. The predominance of physics reactions (e.g.
      agitation, hallucinations) in suspected relationship with a variety of drugs
      (sympathicomimetics, anticholinergics, antihistamines, oxolamine) and
      neurological effects (e.g. dyskinesia in association with metoclopramide or
      domperidone) suggest that the nervous system in childhood is susceptible to side
      effects of drugs; further study on this subject seems to be needed. Clinical
      trials in children are limited because of ethical considerations; as a
      consequence post-marketing surveillance should pay special attention to this
      vulnerable group of patients. (Tab. 10, Ref. 23).

PMID- 1806169
TI  - Risk factors for adverse drug reactions communication of the CHDM.
AB  - In the CHDM (Comprehensive Hospital Drug Monitoring for Adverse Drug Reactions,
      Bern/St. Gallen), the data of the 34,838 computer registered patient admissions
      1974-1988 were available for evaluation. We summarize the results of three
      different studies: 1. A multivariate analysis of the risk factors to developed an
      ADR during hospital stay, mainly the number of drugs, age, sex and renal
      function. 2. The occurrence rate of hyperkalemia under the treatment with
      diurectics, mainly potassium (K+)-losing with K+ substitution compared to the
      combination of K(+)-sparing with K(+)-losing preparations. 3. The occurrence-rate
      of exanthema in relation to amino-penicillin preparations an allopurinol. The
      results are presented in the communication. (Tab 7, Fig. 1, Ref. 15). Ref. 15.).

PMID- 1806170
TI  - Experimental models for drug teratogenicity.
AB  - Teratogenicity a specific manifestation of embryotoxicity, is explored in the
      course of the preclinical phase of drug testing. The official routine rat-rabbit
      procedures employ an integral experimental model--the whole animal with its
      species-specific metabolism. Although it has been widely accepted that pharmaco
      kinetics of drugs represents the most important source of interspecies
      differences in teratology, the official procedure is still considered
      satisfactory. The reason why a new thalidomide affair has not occurred can be
      explained by the extremely low expression of teratogenic potential at the human
      population level--a condition inherent in the principles of teratogenesis. On the
      other hand, many partial experimental models have been developed that use mainly
      suborganismic objects (i.e. isolated morphogenetic systems, explanted tissues and
      cell populations). These objects possess many limitations disgracing their use as
      candidates for replacing the whole-animal experiments. Nevertheless, some of the
      partial models can be used and must be used in deeper analysis of the teratogenic
      potential of drugs with the aim of improving the predictive power of
      embryotoxicity risk assessment. (Fig. 1, Ref. 7.)

PMID- 1806171
TI  - Use of drugs during pregnancy in Japanese women.
AB  - The use of drugs during pregnancy was studied in 890 women, who were delivered of
      their babies in 11 obstetric departments of general hospitals in Japan, during
      the one month period of November 1989. Of these women, 889 (99.9%) took one or
      more drugs during the whole period of pregnancy and the number of drugs taken
      averaged 9.6. During pregnancy 172 women (19.3%) did not take drugs, and the
      remaining 718 (80.7%) took a total of 1766 medications. The most commonly used
      drugs were anti-anemic, anti-abortion medications, digestives, and
      antimicrobials. Bronchodilators, psychotropic agents, anticonvulsants, and
      steroids were each prescribed during pregnancy for about 1% of the women.
      Malformations were found at birth in 12 infants (1.3%). No significant relations
      were found between these anomalies and ingestion of particular drugs. During
      pregnancy, 9.3% of the women continued to smoke, and 1.9% continued to consume
      moderate amounts or more of alcohol. (Tab. 8, Ref. 7.)

PMID- 1806172
TI  - Side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children.
AB  - Side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children have to be considered at all
      stages of maturation: during pregnancy, at birth, during breast feeding and in
      older children treated for epilepsy. The offspring of drug treated epileptic
      mothers have a higher incidence of congenital malformations than do those of
      normal controls or of non treated epileptic mothers. According to recent
      prospective studies teratogenicity appears to be attributable to antiepileptic
      drugs rather than to epilepsy since more congenital anomalies have been found
      among infants of treated epileptic mothers than among untreated epileptic
      mothers. Monotherapy might be associated with a less pronounced risk for facial
      defects than is polytherapy. Some studies suggest that the actual drug used is
      significant for the teratogenic effect: a significant association was seen
      between maternal use of valproic acid and spina bifida; facial clefts were
      associated with both phenytoin and phenobarbitone use and also with polytherapy.
      These side effects do not however justify discouraging a woman on antiepileptic
      medications from having a child, nor do they perhaps justify changing a
      satisfactory drug regimen during pregnancy when the epilepsy is well controlled.
      The use of combinations of anticonvulsants should be avoided as well as
      anticonvulsants considered as not being safe (valproic acid, diones). However the
      danger of precipitating severe seizures or status epilepticus by overcautious
      treatment should be avoided because it poses a greater hazard to the fetus as
      compared to the low risk of teratogenicity due to anticonvulsants. Infants born
      to mothers taking either phenytoin or barbiturate derivatives or both may show
      clinical signs of bleeding and diminished level of coagulation factors, usually
      during the first 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806173
TI  - Effects of antibiotics on the developing immune system.
AB  - A combination of penicillin and cloxacillin (Ampiclox, Beecham Research
      Laboratories) is indicated for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections
      in premature babies or neonates. We studied the functional development of the
      immune system in the offspring of female ICR mice administered Ampiclox on days
      13-16 of pregnancy in clinically relevant doses. Immune functions were assayed
      after immunization with sheep red blood cells in the 5th and 10th postnatal week.
      Changes of hemagglutinin antibodies, delayed-type hypersensitivity and
      proliferative responses of spleen lymphocytes and thymocytes were observed.
      Ampiclox influenced humoral immunity also when administered directly to rat young
      on postnatal days 9-11 or 14-16. Although the clinical relevance of our
      experimental data remains to be established an increased sensitivity of the
      developing immune system to immunomodulatory effects should be considered also in
      the context of antimicrobial therapy. (Fig. 6, Ref. 27.)

PMID- 1806174
TI  - Teratological experience from the drug surveillance of a pharmaceutical company.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to illustrate how adverse event reports can contribute
      to drug safety in the field of reproductive toxicity. This is a question of great
      public concern which is, however, normally not addressed in clinical trials
      unless pregnancy and lactation are the states intended for study. Most trials
      exclude pregnant or lactating women from entering. Since 1980, Hoechst AG had
      kept all spontaneous reports with respect to adverse events on computer file. To
      date about 20,000 reports have been entered. All cases which were in any way
      related to reproductive toxicity were compiled. There were three main categories
      of reports: abortion/stillbirth, functional abnormalities, anatomical
      abnormalities (teratologic events in a narrower sense). The results showed: an
      overall low incidence of reports, no specific teratologic pattern (however a
      pattern was seen with functional abnormalities). (Tab. 3, Ref. 5.)

PMID- 1806175
TI  - Methodological approaches to ADR detection in out-patient children.
AB  - Drugs are extensively used in both ill and healthy people, all over the world and
      at all ages. But, in fact, children are prone to receive a drug after every
      consultation. As drugs are not just "healing substances" but also chemicals able
      to interfere with the body and cause harm, the physician has to keep a balance
      between effects and side-effects: a risk/benefit analysis. Two potential ways of
      causing harm can be distinguished: the classical "Adverse Drug Reactions" (ADR),
      based upon the biochemical and physiological interactions between the drug and
      the body, and the so called "Drug Related Problems" (DRP). The last ones are
      situations in which a patient gets worse because a good medication has been
      stopped or the adequate treatment was never prescribed, overdosages and
      intoxications, or even the changes in the patient's conceptions and attitudes to
      drugs due to an unhealthy use of medicines. The incidence of ADR in children is
      very low (0.7 to 4% in outpatient children), but some methods for detecting and
      controlling these adverse effects must be at hand for making it possible to
      discover new, serious, unexpected ADRs. The most important characteristics of the
      main system used, such as the "Spontaneous Reporting System", "Record Linkage in
      Computerized Databases", "Prescription-Event Monitoring" or the "Sample
      Monitoring" and Therapeutic Audits", are discussed in the paper. (Fig. 2, Ref.
      29.)

PMID- 1806176
TI  - Effect of the cardioprotective agent stobadine on reproduction in rats.
AB  - The cardioprotective drug stobadine in the form of dipalmitate salt DP 1031 was
      evaluated for its effects on perinatal and postnatal development in the rat.
      Doses of 5, 15 and 50 mg/kg/day representing approximately 1, 3, and 10 times the
      anticipated maximum daily human therapeutic dose were administered to rats orally
      in aqueous suspension. Treatment of pregnant rats with stobadine continuously
      from day 15 of gestation through parturition and lactation had no adverse effects
      on reproductive parameters of dams or on survival and development of F1 offspring
      at any dose used. There were only signs of slight maternal toxicity at 50
      mg/kg/day, which consisted of sedated behaviour, reduced liver weight and
      reversible histopathological changes in kidney tissue. (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 24).

PMID- 1806177
TI  - Relationship between acetylator phenotype and intensity of the hypoglycaemic
      effect of a suplhonamide preparation in children with insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - The distribution of acetylator phenotypes was determined in 95 healthy children
      (4-15 y) and in 48 children with Type I diabetes (5-15) using the sulphadimidine
      test for the determination of acetylation capacity. The frequency of slow
      acetylators within the diabetic group (60.4%) closely resembled that in the
      healthy population (59.0%). There was no significant sex difference within either
      group. Subgrouping according to age showed a more marked preponderance of slow
      acetylators (65.0%) among children under six years of age on the control group
      but not in the diabetics (60.0%). Despite a relatively low dose of sulphadimidine
      used for acetylator phenotyping (20 mg/kg orally), a marked hypoglycaemic effect
      was observed in diabetics with slow but not with fast acetylator phenotype. The
      result appears to be coherent with the marked difference in the plasma
      concentrations of non-metabolized sulphadimidine which 6 h after the dose was 3.5
      fold higher in slow acetylators than in fast ones. (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 53.)

PMID- 1806178
TI  - Monitoring adverse drug reactions in pregnancy and lactation; the motherisk
      model.
AB  - The Motherisk Program represents a new clinical approach to the problems of
      estimating reproductive risk following exposure to drugs, chemicals and
      radiation. While the primary goal is to provide a much needed service to women
      and their physicians, a prospective database enables us to collect information on
      pregnancy outcome following exposure to agents on which there are no data.

PMID- 1806179
TI  - [Effect of colchicine on vasopressin and melanin-concentrating hormone neurons of
      rat hypothalamus: hybridocytochemistry and immunocytochemistry studies].
AB  - 48 hrs. after an intra-cerebroventricular injection of colchicine (100
      micrograms), antisera to three putative peptides included in the rat melanin
      concentrating hormone (MCH) precursor, strongly stained the secretory granules
      accumulated in perikarya. In control rats, these antisera stained endoplasmic
      reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or neurosecretory granules respectively. Colchicine
      also induced a dramatic decrease in hybridization signal obtained with a probe
      complementary to the prepro-MCH-mRNA. Similarly, colchicine induced a strong
      increase in vasopressin immunoreactivity in neurons of the paraventricular and
      supraoptic nuclei, and a strong decrease of the vasopressin precursor mRNA. These
      results demonstrated that, in two peptidergic neuron populations of the rat
      hypothalamus, colchicine lowers mRNAs and impairs neuropeptide protein synthesis,
      consecutively to the accumulation of neurosecretory granules in perikarya.

PMID- 1806180
TI  - [Nasal chemoreception in utero: preliminary experiences in fetal sheep].
AB  - Intranasal injections of a fragrant solution of 2-methyl-2-thiazoline elicited
      significant heart rate decelerations in late pregnancy fetal sheep, while the
      injection of a control fluid (isotonic saline) had no effect. This result
      indicates that the ovine fetuses are able to detect nasally administered
      odorants, as previously demonstrated in the fetuses of murine rodents.

PMID- 1806181
TI  - [Marguerite Tissier (1895-1991)].

PMID- 1806182
TI  - [Jean-Louis Parrot (1908-1991)].

PMID- 1806184
TI  - [Cytokine gene expression (IL-2 and IL-6) in tumoral lymph node pathology].
AB  - Cytokine gene expression could be studied by both immunohistochemistry and in
      situ hybridization. These techniques allowed us to demonstrate the role of IL-6
      and IL-2 in the pathophysiology of Castelman's disease and CD25 positive
      malignant lymphomas, respectively.

PMID- 1806183
TI  - [In situ production and possible role of interleukins in clinical
      immunopathology].
AB  - We used in situ hybridization to study the expression of interleukin genes in
      sarcoidosis and in persistent generalized lymphadenopathy of HIV disease. In both
      cases, we found a dramatic over-expression of the interferon-gamma (IFN gamma)
      gene as compared to that of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. In sarcoidosis, IFN
      gamma producing cells are CD4 T cells and are associated with IL-1 beta gene
      expressing monocytic cells. In HIV lymphadenopathy IFN gamma producing cells are
      C8 T cells engaged in cytotoxic function, as evidenced by the concomitant
      expression of serine esterase B gene. Thus distinct patterns of interleukin
      production can be defined in vivo in selected immunopathological situations.

PMID- 1806185
TI  - [IL 6 and lymphoproliferative diseases].
AB  - Interleukin 6 has pleiotropic effects on cells from various lineages. Several
      data indicate that it may play a critical role in the development of multiple
      myeloma by an autocrine or paracrine stimulation pathway. For instance, we showed
      that oligodeoxynucleotides antisens of IL6 mRNA were capable to decrease the
      proliferation of two different myeloma cell lines. In Waldenstrom's
      macroglobulinemia, at the initial stage of the disease, there is an autocrine
      differentiation pathway which is dependant of the secretion of IL6 by tumor
      cells. IL6 may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of some other lymphoid
      malignancies such as follicular lymphomas or large cell lymphomas. Its role in
      the systemic symptoms of Castleman disease has been clearly established.

PMID- 1806186
TI  - [T lymphocyte activation induced by monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies:
      physiopathology of cytokine release].
AB  - Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies are largely used as therapeutic agents in clinical
      transplantation. Constrating with their potent immunosuppressive activity anti
      CD3 antibodies also transiently express T cell activating properties. In vitro
      they promote T cell mitogenesis and in vivo, the self-limited cytokine release
      (including TNF, IFN gamma, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6) observed following the first anti
      CD3 injection, is responsible for an acute clinical syndrome. Clinical studies as
      well as the experimental data obtained in mice, confirmed that TNF plays a
      fundamental role in the anti-CD3 induced syndrome. The administration of anti-TNF
      monoclonal antibodies prior to the first anti-CD3 injection prevents the syndrome
      not only by blocking TNF bioactivity but also, by modulating the circulating
      levels of the other anti-CD3-induced cytokins. In particular, this model allowed
      the description of regulatory pathways existing between TNF and IFN gamma, which
      in turn regulate IL-3 and IL-6 release.

PMID- 1806187
TI  - [Isoprenylation of proteins: what is its role?].
AB  - The role of mevalonate in the control of DNA synthesis during the cell cycle has
      been studied and has lead to the detection of isoprenylated proteins. These
      proteins are modified by a polyisoprenoid (farnesyl or geranylgeranyl) moiety via
      a thioether linkage. This modification is required for the following steps of the
      post-translational maturation of these proteins: proteolysis of the last three C
      terminal amino-acids and carboxymethylation of the Cysteine-COOH. The
      isoprenylation could play a role in the membrane localisation of these proteins.
      Farnesylated proteins present a C-terminal CAAX domain. Moreover, the
      farnesylation is required for their biological activity independently of the
      membrane localization (Prelamine A, p21ras(Val 12)). Among geranylgeranyl
      proteins, two types of C-terminal sequences have been found: one with the motif
      CAAX, the other with the motif CC or CXC. In the last type, both Cysteines are
      geranylgeranylated. The hydrophobicity of the geranylgeranyl moiety leads to the
      membrane attachment, without any specificity. Moreover, geranylgeranylation as
      well as farnesylation seem important for protein-protein interactions. Among the
      identified isoprenylated proteins, the lamins, gamma-subunits of G proteins and
      the numerous (if not all) members of the Ras superfamily were characterized. The
      exact role of isoprenylation is still uncertain but it seems to affect the
      membrane localization and the protein-protein interactions.

PMID- 1806188
TI  - [Protein farnesyl and geranylgeranyl transferases].
AB  - Posttranslational prenylation of proteins synthesized as soluble precursors
      enhances their hydrophobicity and enables them to bind biological membranes.
      These modifications consist in the attachment of a C15 farnesyl or a C20
      geranylgeranyl moiety to the cysteine residue(s) of proteins bearing CAAX, CC or
      CXC C-terminal sequences (where C = cysteine, A = aliphatic residue and X = any
      amino-acid), such as proteins of the ras superfamily, gamma subunits of
      heterotrimetric G proteins, lamin B as well as yeast mating factor a. A farnesyl
      transferase (FTase) and two distinct geranylgeranyl transferases (GGTases I and
      II) have been recently identified. FTase and GGTase I modify proteins containing
      a C-terminal CAAX motif; such a sequence is necessary and sufficient for
      recognition by the enzymes. The nature of the fourth residue determines the
      nature of the modification: when X is a serine, a methionine or a phenylalanine,
      the protein is farnesylated, whereas the presence of a leucine residue results in
      the attachment of a geranylgeranyl group. Both these enzymes are alpha beta
      heterodimers; their purification, molecular cloning of their coding sequences as
      well as mutational studies in yeast have shown that they share a common alpha
      subunit, and that their beta subunits exhibit a significant level of sequence
      similarity. GGTase II modifies ras-related proteins exhibiting CC and CXC C
      terminal sequences; the enzyme as well as its recognition motif are yet largely
      uncharacterized.

PMID- 1806189
TI  - [Farnesyltransferase as target for non-cytotoxic anti-cancer agents: first
      steps].
AB  - Farnesylation is a key maturation step involved in the ras-dependent
      transformation of cells. This acylation step is catalyzed by protein:
      farnesyltransferase, a soluble enzyme. The present work describes the use of a
      new HPLC method of measurement of this enzymatic activity using the K-ras-derived
      CVIM tetrapeptide as substrate. The method is used to check the activity
      catalyzed by cytosols issued from various types of cancer cells. J82, a human
      bladder cancer cell line was retained for measurement of the inhibitory potency
      of a few peptide sequences and will be used as starting biological material for
      the purification of the enzyme. This HPLC method presented herein has the main
      advantages over other published methods of being automatisable and versatile,
      because it can be used with a wide spectrum of peptide substrates. Results
      presented herein are only first studies and need some more structural
      observations. The obtention of the cancer cell line-derived, partially purified
      farnesyltransferase will hopefully lead us to the discovery of specific
      inhibitors with potential non-cytotoxic anti-cancer activities.

PMID- 1806190
TI  - [Isoprenoide pathway and cell proliferation in the yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae].
AB  - Yeast mutants blocked in farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthetase have been
      isolated. Their specific phenotype is likely linked to a lowering in the FPP pool
      required for protein prenylation. The structural gene of FPP synthetase has been
      isolated. Complete inactivation of FPP synthetase by gene disruption is letal for
      the yeast cells.

PMID- 1806191
TI  - [Effect of proteins from bovine milk serum on the multiplication of human
      cancerous cells].
AB  - The addition of bovine milk whey to the culture medium of human cancerous cells
      (MCF-7 and PC-3) results in a significant reduction of cells growth. Milk whey
      acts more efficiently on MCF-7 than on PC-3 growth. The inhibition could be due
      to a protein. Its identification is now on progress.

PMID- 1806192
TI  - [Pathogenic mechanisms of acute pulmonary edema of hemodynamic origin in rats].
AB  - In normal anaesthetized rats (pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg i.p.), intravenous
      injection of a bolus of vasopressin (0.3 micrograms/kg) provoked a large increase
      in pulmonary and in systemic blood pressures. About three minutes later, some
      rats (60%) developed an acute pulmonary edema (OPA), froth appearing at the
      trachea. Other animals presented no OPA at the 4th minute following the
      injection, but OPA appeared immediately when bilateral vagotomy was performed at
      that time. Factors explaining the appearance of OPA are mechanical ones,
      circulatory or respiratory, without interferences with autonomous nervous
      processes.

PMID- 1806193
TI  - [Enzymatic release of mycobacteria in natural media].
AB  - Polysaccharases release mycobacteria from natural environment. The enzymatic
      activity works both on the microbial adherence polysaccharides and on the support
      surfaces (cellulose). The release of mycobacteria from natural environment
      increases both the number of isolates and the number of species of mycobacteria.

PMID- 1806194
TI  - [Kinetic study of mixed alpha glucosidase activity induced in honeybee hemolymph
      by in vivo injection of trehalose].
AB  - In vivo injection, into emerging bees, of a quantity of trehalose sufficient to
      double the initial natural haemolymph level of the sugar, leads first to a
      reduction in the maximal velocity (Vm) of the alpha-glucosidase activity, after 2
      hours, followed by an increase in Vm at 6 hours, then a return to normal. The
      substrate constant (KR) shows minor and insignificant fluctuations about the
      initial value, and the Hill coefficient (h) a slight, but significant, rise 2 h
      and 8 h after injection. The simultaneous injection of a protein synthesis
      inhibitor (ISP) reduces the changes in Vm and h, and lowers value of the ratio
      Vm/KR from 6 h to 16 h after injection. The overall pattern of results prompts
      the hypothesis of an intermediary ISP-sensitive induction of an inhibitor of the
      enzyme-substrate complex, preceding the phase of induction or liberation of
      active enzyme molecules whose aggregation is subject to a succession of
      rearrangements alternately favourable to sucrose (lesser specificity) or to
      trehalose (heightened specificity).

PMID- 1806195
TI  - [Involvement of protein kinase C in the acid secretion of gastric parietal
      cells].
AB  - In isolated parietal cells from gastric fundic mucosa of the rabbit, activation
      of protein kinase C by the stable diacylglycerol analogue, OAG, and by the
      phorbol ester, TPA, inhibited in a dose-dependant manner both histamine
      stimulated AP accumulation (EC50: 25 microM and 1.6 nM, respectively) and
      carbachol-stimulated AP accumulation (EC50: 15 microM and 0.6 nM, respectively).
      Stimulation by forskolin, but not that induced by db-cAMP, was also inhibited. A
      pretreatment of the cells with cholera toxin caused a reduction of the inhibitory
      effect of OAG on histamine stimulation, suggesting an action of the PKC on the Gs
      subunit of the adenylate cyclase. The IP3 generation induced by stimulation of
      the muscarinic receptor with carbachol was inhibited when the cells were
      pretreated with TPA. In the same way, the cholinergic-dependent rise of
      intracellular Ca2+ in parietal cells was dose-dependently inhibited by TPA or OAG
      and this inhibition was correlated with the inhibition of AP accumulation
      evaluated in the same conditions. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an
      involvement of the PKC in the control of the two pathways of the stimulation of
      acid secretion by a mechanism different from that involved in the negative
      regulation by prostaglandins.

PMID- 1806196
TI  - [Establishment of double grafted tumor model in mice and role of "tumor necrosis
      factor" (TNF)].
AB  - A double grafted tumor model (colon 26 and Meth-A) was established in BALB/c
      mice. The primary colon 26 tumor growth was inhibited by the secondary
      transplantation of Meth-A tumor cells into the same host, and the prolongation of
      mean survival time was also observed. To investigate the mechanism of the
      prolongation of survival, the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was examined.
      The intraperitoneal inoculation of human TNF-alpha (1 x 10(4) units) for 5 days,
      as well as the secondary Meth-A tumor cell transplantation, resulted in the
      prolongation of survival. Moreover, the prolongation of survival disappeared by
      the inoculation of rabbit anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. These results suggest that
      TNF-alpha play an important role in the mechanism of a prolongation of survival
      by the secondary transplantation of the tumor cells.

PMID- 1806197
TI  - [You said "sedation"].

PMID- 1806198
TI  - [Postoperative analgesia for nephrectomy].
AB  - The aim of this study of post-nephrectomy acute pain in 30 patients was to
      compare three methods of postoperative analgesia and determine which one could be
      the most satisfactory. Ten patients received epidural analgesia with pethidine
      (400 mg.24 h-1 for 48 hrs). Ten other patients received intrapleural analgesia
      with bupivacaine (0.2 mg.kg-1.h-1 of 0.5% bupivacaine with 1/200,000
      epinephrine). The ten remaining patients received systemic IV analgesia (2 g of
      propacetamol every 6 hrs and 0.15 mg of buprenorphine every 6 hrs). According to
      results of pain evaluation score (VAS) epidural analgesia with pethidine (VAS
      less than 2.5) appeared to be the best tested analgesic method. IV systemic
      analgesia (VAS less than 5) was less effective. Intrapleural bupivacaine (VAS
      greater than 5) was ineffective but apparently not toxic (serum concentration
      less than 1,200 ng.ml-1).

PMID- 1806199
TI  - [Treatment using traditional acupuncture of early scapulohumeral pains following
      heart surgery].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of traditional Chinese
      acupuncture in the treatment of scapulohumeral pain during the early stage
      following heart surgery, by puncture of points not related anatomically or
      metamerically with the scapulohumeral joint and without any needle stimulation.
      Reduction of pain and angular gain were almost immediate, durable, measurable and
      reproducible, which could be explained by possible effects of acupuncture on
      articular sympathetic mechanoreceptors, then suppressing reflex muscular
      contractions due to intraoperative postural constraints.

PMID- 1806200
TI  - [A rapid bacteriologic method for the diagnosis and surveillance of nosocomial
      pneumopathies].
AB  - The authors report a rapid quantitative culture of endotracheal aspiration
      samples in mechanically ventilated children. There was a good correlation (94.7%)
      between clinical and radiographic features of pneumonia and a cutoff point of
      10(5) cfu.ml-1. The sensitivity of this rapid quantitative culture was 85% when
      compared with usual quantitative culture.

PMID- 1806202
TI  - [Protection against the transmission of hematogenous diseases in a hospital
      milieu. A new device for venous puncture].

PMID- 1806201
TI  - [The use of 0.5% bupivacaine by infiltration for analgesia during
      thyroidectomies].
AB  - We studied the postoperative analgesia in 25 patients scheduled for a
      thyroidectomy or a parathyroidectomy. In 15 patients we used wound infiltration
      of bupivacaine 0.5%. In both groups we compared the pain score and the analgesic
      drugs administered after the surgery, within the first 24 hours. We found that
      wound infiltration is a very efficient way to prevent and to treat the
      postoperative pain.

PMID- 1806203
TI  - [Patient-controlled analgesia].
AB  - Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has been introduced to improve postoperative
      pain treatment. This review firstly emphasizes the reasons why postoperative
      analgesia is commonly inappropriately conducted. Secondly the principle of PCA
      and the practical realisation are explained. Safety and efficacy of the
      techniques require cooperation of the patients and of the nursing staff who need
      to be carefully educated.

PMID- 1806204
TI  - [Problems posed by a patient with dermatomyositis undergoing general anesthesia].

PMID- 1806205
TI  - [Systemic toxicity of para-phenylenediamine. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 1806206
TI  - [An unusual foreign body in the esophagus].
AB  - This is a case of oesophageal penetration by dental prosthesis probably brought
      on by alcoholism. No other classical complication occurred for three weeks. It
      was increasing dysphagia that led the patient to hospital. Endoscopy revealed an
      unfamiliar object and its nature, but did not enable it to be extracted. The
      object was taken out afterwards by cervicotomy.

PMID- 1806207
TI  - [The law relating to biomedical research: a menace to clinical research?].

PMID- 1806208
TI  - [The use of ether and chloroform in medicine up to the end of 1849].

PMID- 1806209
TI  - [Anesthesia for amygdalectomy, 1950-1990].

PMID- 1806210
TI  - Evaluation of beta-glucuronidase assay for the detection of Escherichia coli from
      environmental waters.
AB  - The new United States Drinking Water Regulations state that water systems must
      analyze for Escherichia coli or fecal coliforms on any routine or repeat sample
      that is positive for total coliforms. The proposed methods for the detection of
      E. coli are based on beta-glucuronidase activity, using the fluorogenic substrate
      4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucuronide (MUG). This study was conducted to
      determine whether beta-glucuronidase negative E. coli were present in significant
      numbers in environmental waters. Two hundred and forty E. coli cultures were
      isolated from 12 water samples collected from different environmental sources.
      beta-glucuronidase activity was determined using lauryl tryptose broth with MUG,
      EC broth with MUG, and the Autoanalysis Colilert (AC) procedure. The isolates
      were also evaluated by the standard EC broth gas fermentation method for fecal
      coliforms. The results confirm that assaying for the enzyme beta-glucuronidase
      utilizing the MUG substrate is an accurate method for the detection of E. coli in
      environmental waters.

PMID- 1806212
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806211
TI  - A comparative study on the biology of Cryptosporidium sp. from guinea pigs and
      Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa).
AB  - Cryptosporidium sp. from guinea pigs and C. parvum were compared morphologically,
      electrophoretically, and for the ability to infect suckling mice. Oocysts from
      guinea pigs measured 5.4 x 4.6 (4.8-5.6 x 4.0-5.0) microns and had a shape index
      (length/width) of 1.17 (1.04-1.33). Oocysts of C. parvum were similar and
      measured 5.2 x 4.6 (4.8-5.6 x 4.2-4.8) microns with a shape index of 1.16 (1.04
      1.33). All suckling mice inoculated with oocysts of C. parvum became infected,
      whereas most, but not all, mice fed oocysts of the guinea pig isolate also became
      infected. However, mice inoculated with oocysts from guinea pigs produced on
      average 100-fold fewer oocysts by day 7 postinoculation than did mice infected
      with C. parvum, and the resulting infections were sparse and patchy along the
      ileum. Electrophoretic profiles were similar, but 125I surface labeling of outer
      oocyst wall proteins revealed striking differences between the two isolates.
      Cryptosporidium parvum had a wide molecular size range of 125I-labeled bands,
      whereas C. sp. from guinea pigs had a banding pattern clustered between 39 and 66
      kDa, with a smaller number of bands greater than 100 kDa.

PMID- 1806214
TI  - Clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806213
TI  - History of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806215
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis. Atlas.

PMID- 1806216
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis: histopathologic findings.

PMID- 1806217
TI  - Immunopathology of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806218
TI  - The pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806219
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis: gastrointestinal association.

PMID- 1806220
TI  - Familial dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806221
TI  - Immunogenetics of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806222
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis: autoimmune disease associations.

PMID- 1806223
TI  - Overlapping cutaneous disorders related to dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806224
TI  - Malignant disease in dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806226
TI  - Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults.

PMID- 1806225
TI  - Childhood dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806228
TI  - Treatment and management of dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806227
TI  - Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous dermatosis of
      childhood).

PMID- 1806229
TI  - Details of the gluten-free diet for the patient with dermatitis herpetiformis.

PMID- 1806230
TI  - Gluten-free diet in clinical practice: a Scandinavian perspective.

PMID- 1806231
TI  - Age related attenuation of the endothelium dependent relaxation to noradrenaline
      in isolated pig coronary arteries.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the relationship between vascular
      aging and endothelial regulation of the vascular tone by various agonists in
      isolated pig coronary arteries. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND DESIGN: Coronary
      artery rings from young (4-6 month old) and aged (3-4 years old) Yorkshire pigs
      were studied under isometric tension by organ chamber experiments. Cumulative
      concentration-response curves were obtained for vasorelaxing agents including
      noradrenaline (with beta blocker), substance P, bradykinin, and glyceryl
      trinitrate in rings precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). The
      degree of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries was examined by light
      microscopy after the pharmacological experiments. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      In the presence of propranolol (3 x 10(-6)M), noradrenaline (10(-8)-10(-5)M)
      caused endothelium dependent relaxation. The maximum relaxation was significantly
      greater in the young [45.4(SEM 2.5)% of the magnitude of precontraction induced
      by PGF2 alpha] than in the aged group [26.9(3.0)%] (p less than 0.001). However,
      magnitudes of relaxation to substance P, bradykinin, and glyceryl trinitrate were
      not significantly different between the young and the aged groups. The alpha 2
      antagonist yohimbine (3 x 10(-6)M) inhibited the endothelium dependent relaxation
      to noradrenaline, but the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin (10(-6)M) failed to inhibit
      the response. Gossypol (3 x 10(-5)M) and methylene blue (10(-5)M), both
      inhibitors of endothelium dependent relaxation, abolished alpha 2 adrenoceptor
      mediated relaxation, but a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10(-5)M) did
      not affect the response. Histologically almost all young pig coronary arteries
      were free of atherosclerotic changes, whereas aged arteries had fatty streaks
      with slightly narrowed lumen in 22 of 38 rings (58%). The remaining aged pig
      coronary rings were free from atherosclerosis. Comparison of the endothelium
      dependent relaxation to noradrenaline between the rings with fatty streaks and
      those without lesions in the aged pigs suggested that the attenuated response was
      due both to vascular aging and to fatty streak development. CONCLUSIONS: The
      endothelium dependent relaxation to noradrenaline via the alpha 2 adrenoceptor
      was attenuated by vascular aging and also by fatty streak formation in isolated
      pig coronary arteries. Thus vascular aging may affect the sympathetic regulation
      of the coronary arterial tone by the attenuation of endothelium dependent
      relaxation to catecholamines via alpha 2 adrenoceptors.

PMID- 1806232
TI  - The rabbit dual coronary perfusion model: a new method for assessing the
      pathological relevance of individual products of the ischaemic milieu: role of
      potassium in arrhythmogenesis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to develop a new model for determining which factors
      associated with ischaemia and reperfusion are sufficient for arrhythmogenesis,
      and to use the model for examining regional hyperkalaemia and K+ washout. DESIGN
      AND EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: Rabbit hearts (n = 150) were perfused with a buffered
      solution containing K+ in the normal range (2,3,4, or 5 mM). The circumflex
      coronary artery was perfused independently with a similar solution at a similar
      rate. A regional increase in K+ concentration was produced, followed by
      restoration of control K+ to mimic regional changes in K+ during ischaemia and
      reperfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Regional hyperkalaemia (K+ = 9, 12,
      15, or 18 mM) mimicked (concentration dependently) the known effects of regional
      ischaemia on the ECG in three important respects, producing ventricular
      arrhythmias, regional changes in ECG configuration, and regional alternans. The
      relationship between arrhythmias and K+ was bell shaped with a peak in
      susceptibility at 15 mM K+. Arrhythmia susceptibility was reduced and onset
      delayed by raising the K+ concentration delivered to the adjacent coronary bed.
      Arrhythmogenesis could be replicated in five or more successive runs in a single
      heart, indicating a lack of preconditioning. Readmission of control K+ (washout
      of high K+) mimicked the effects of reperfusion by rapidly causing new episodes
      of ventricular arrhythmias. The concentration dependence of this effect was
      exponential, not bell shaped, with washout of 18 mM K+ most arrhythmogenic. There
      was no preconditioning phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: Regional hyperkalaemia and K+
      washout are factors sufficient to account for arrhythmogenesis during ischaemia
      and reperfusion, respectively. The new model is suitable for assessment of
      whether these factors are also necessary for arrhythmogenesis (by equivalent
      evaluation of other putative arrhythmogens).

PMID- 1806233
TI  - Sympathetic neurotransmission in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbit
      mesentery artery.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine sympathetic neurotransmission in the
      mesenteric artery of atherosclerotic (Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic, WHHL)
      rabbits. DESIGN: Contractile responses to perivascular nerve stimulation (8-64
      Hz) and exogenous application of the cotransmitters noradrenaline (0.1-100
      microM) and adenosine triphosphate (1 microM) were measured. Catecholamine
      containing nerves were localised using fluorescence histochemistry. EXPERIMENTAL
      MATERIAL: Female WHHL rabbits at 4, 6, and 12 months of age were used, with New
      Zealand white (NZW) rabbits as controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The
      contractile responses to nerve stimulation were significantly smaller in 12 month
      old WHHL compared to NZW rabbits, although there was no difference at 4 and 6
      months of age. Contractile responses of WHHL vessels to noradrenaline (0.1-100
      microM) were greater than NZW controls at 4 months, but no differences were seen
      at 6 and 12 months. Contractile responses to alpha, beta-methylene ATP (0.1
      microM) were greater in WHHL rabbits at 6 months but were unchanged at 4 and 12
      months. There was no difference in the contractile responses to potassium
      chloride (120 mM) between 4, 6, and 12 month old WHHL and NZW rabbits. There was
      no variation in either strain of rabbit in the density of catecholamine
      containing nerves between 4 and 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of
      sympathetic neurotransmission in WHHL rabbits at 12 months of age may largely be
      due to a reduction in the release of the cotransmitters noradrenaline and ATP.
      The reduced contractile response to nerve stimulation in 12 month old WHHL
      rabbits is discussed in terms of "protection" of the mesenteric artery from
      potential vasospasm and atherogenesis.

PMID- 1806234
TI  - Intracoronary adenosine and papaverine do not increase myocardial systolic
      thickening.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine if myocardial systolic thickening
      increases when coronary flow is augmented by infusing intracoronary vasodilators
      (adenosine and papaverine). DESIGN: Systolic thickening fraction was measured
      with pulsed Doppler crystals and sonomicrometer crystals before and during the
      intracoronary infusion of adenosine and papaverine. SUBJECTS: Sixteen
      anaesthetized mongrel dogs were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Intracoronary adenosine did not alter systemic haemodynamics, but did induce a
      three- to fourfold increase in myocardial blood flow. Intracoronary papaverine
      caused a slight decrease in systemic arterial pressure and rise in heart rate.
      Neither intracoronary adenosine nor intracoronary papaverine increased systolic
      thickening: control thickening fraction (TF%) = 20 (SEM 1)%, adenosine TF% =
      18(1)%; control TF% = 22(2)%, papaverine TF% = 20(2)%. CONCLUSIONS: These
      experiments do not support the hypothesis that an increase in myocardial blood
      flow induced by intracoronary vasodilators causes an increase in myocardial
      systolic function.

PMID- 1806236
TI  - Comparison of biphasic and monophasic defibrillation waveforms in an isolated
      rabbit heart preparation.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims were to develop a Langendorff rabbit heart model and to
      compare monophasic and biphasic defibrillation pulses. DESIGN: Hearts were
      perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution and two 1.4 cm2 Pt-Ir mesh patch
      electrodes were sutured onto the ventricles. A 5 ms monophasic or 10 ms biphasic
      pulse, with randomly selected voltages of 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, or 130 V,
      defibrillated the heart after 10 s of fibrillation. SUBJECTS: 11 adult male New
      Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.8(0.27) kg, were used for the studies.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 72 fibrillation and defibrillation
      sequences were conducted in each preparation. The results were fitted to a
      sigmoidal dose-response curve by logistic regression analysis. Voltage and energy
      values from the fitted data at 50% and 80% success (V50, V80, E50, E80) indicated
      a significantly lower (p less than 0.05) defibrillation threshold voltage and
      energy for the biphasic waveform [V50 = 48 (SD19) V, V80 = 87(27) V, E50 =
      0.15(0.12) J, E80 = 0.48(0.29) J] compared with the monophasic waveform [V50 =
      79(20) V, V80 = 110(20) V, E50 = 0.27(0.12) J, E80 = 0.5(0.12) J]. There was no
      observed difference in defibrillation success rate between the first and second
      halves of any study. CONCLUSIONS: The Langendorff rabbit heart model is suitable
      for assessing electrical fibrillation and defibrillation mechanisms.
      Defibrillation can be achieved with a lower energy when using a biphasic rather
      than a monophasic pulse.

PMID- 1806235
TI  - Transient ischaemia induced by rapid cardiac pacing results in myocardial
      preconditioning.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine whether rapid ventricular pacing can
      protect against the ventricular arrhythmias occurring during a subsequent
      coronary artery occlusion. DESIGN: The effect was examined of two 2 min periods
      of pacing (300 beats.min-1) in chloralose-urethane anaesthetised dogs on a
      subsequent 25 min coronary artery occlusion. Ventricular arrhythmias, ST segment
      elevation, and inhomogeneity of conduction were analysed. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL:
      25 anaesthetised mongrel dogs in a restricted body weight range were used.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Preocclusion pacing reduced the severity of
      occlusion induced ST segment elevation, degree of inhomogeneity, and arrhythmias:
      ventricular premature beats were reduced from 528(SEM 40) to 136(45), and there
      were lower incidences of ventricular fibrillation (0% v 47%) and ventricular
      tachycardia (30% v 80%). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid ventricular pacing "preconditions"
      the myocardium in a manner similar to that following short coronary artery
      occlusions. Short periods of ischaemia no matter how induced protect the heart
      against the arrhythmogenic effect of a prolonged coronary artery occlusion.

PMID- 1806237
TI  - Characteristics of endocardial monophasic action potentials recorded from areas
      with fractionated bipolar electrograms in infarcted canine ventricular
      myocardium.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to characterise monophasic action potentials
      recorded from subacutely infarcted myocardial regions, where fractionated bipolar
      electrograms could be obtained. DESIGN: Dogs underwent ligation of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery. Before and 8-12 d after ligation, monophasic
      action potentials and local electrograms were recorded endocardially from the
      apex of the left ventricle. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: 15 anaesthetised mongrel dogs
      (30 mg pentobarbitone.kg-1) were used. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Multiphasic
      fractionated bipolar electrograms could be recorded from infarcted sites of the
      left ventricle with a mean duration of 69(SD 10) ms and a mean amplitude of
      3.7(1.6) mV, compared to control values of 42(7) ms (p less than 0.05) and
      9.4(2.2) mV (p less than 0.05), respectively. Endocardial monophasic action
      potentials recorded from these areas were similar to action potentials obtained
      from non-infarcted sites before coronary ligation. The fractionated extracellular
      potentials were superimposed on the monophasic action potential upstroke. MAP90
      was 189(31) ms, MAP30 138(12) ms, versus control values of 182(27) ms and 139(10)
      ms (NS). Monophasic action potential amplitude was significantly reduced at
      infarcted sites compared to control, at 26(7) mV v 38(6) mV. Histological
      specimens were taken to confirm that measurements were obtained from infarcted
      tissue. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to record monophasic action potential in
      subacutely infarcted canine ventricular myocardium; this technique might help in
      further studies to characterise electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular
      arrhythmias in chronic myocardial infarction in man.

PMID- 1806238
TI  - Importance of endothelial function in stenotic haemodynamic responses.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine endothelium mediated flow dependence in a
      dynamic stenosis. DESIGN: The coronary circulation was modelled as a proximal
      compliant stenosis and a fixed distal resistance. Pressures and flow were
      calculated using standard haemodynamic equations. Within the stenosis, the vessel
      wall was composed of normal and rigid sections, and the normal section dilated
      proportionally with flow. From this theoretical analysis, three perfusion
      pressures (150, 100, and 75 mm Hg) and two distal resistances (high and low) were
      examined. MAIN RESULTS: In a stenotic artery (93% area reduction) with high flow
      dependence, decreasing distal resistance increased flow substantially. At 75 mm
      Hg perfusion pressure, flow increased from 40.8 to 81.6 ml.min-1. With moderate
      flow dependence, flow increases were attenuated. Without flow dependence, flow
      increases were smaller, and at low perfusion pressure, flow paradoxically
      decreased (39.0 to 0.0 ml.min-1) when distal resistance decreased.
      Vasoconstriction responses with and without flow dependence were analysed. In a
      stenotic artery, vasoconstrictors caused a concentration dependent decrease in
      flow. Without flow dependence, the flow dose-response curve was shifted to the
      left: a lower level of arterial vasoconstriction resulted in a greater flow
      decrease. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical analysis shows significantly different
      flow responses to decreasing distal resistance and to vasoconstriction depending
      on endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction may be important in the
      pathophysiology of angina pectoris.

PMID- 1806240
TI  - [Endocrinology 1990-1991].
AB  - The author presents an account of selected important findings in endocrinology
      during the last year. The mediator of action of STH, IGF-I, was tested as a
      protein anabolic in a child with Laron's nanism. STH is about to be tested as a
      geriatric drug. A non-peptide vasopressin antagonist was described. Melatonin is
      being tested in sleep disorders. A combination of methimazol and thyroxine is
      more suitable for treatment of Graves-Basedow's disease than the goitrogen alone.
      Dermal vasoconstriction can be an indicator of the effectiveness of
      glucocorticoids in asthma. Significant advances were made in the sphere of the
      new hormone, NO: it is not only an effective vasorelaxing agent but also a
      neuromodulator and participates in the natural lymphocytic cytotoxicity. Marked
      advances were made as regards knowledge of the endogenous ligand for
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 1806239
TI  - Effect of acute changes in aortic pressure on the coronary reserve.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effect of acute changes in aortic
      pressure on the coronary reserve and hyperaemic response. DESIGN: Aortic pressure
      changes were induced either by intra-aortic balloon pumping or by the production
      of acute aortic regurgitation. A transient 20 s occlusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery was used as the hyperaemic stimulus. EXPERIMENTAL
      SUBJECTS: The experiments were performed on 19 open chest anaesthetised dogs,
      weight 13-32 kg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During intra-aortic balloon
      pumping the mean diastolic aortic pressure increased by 24.7(SEM 2.9) mm Hg (p
      less than 0.001), while in aortic regurgitation it decreased by 47.7(11.1) mm Hg
      (p less than 0.01). At the peak hyperaemic response the driving coronary pressure
      was 121.4(2.8) mm Hg during intra-aortic balloon pumping and 59.8(11.5) mm Hg
      during aortic regurgitation. The peak hyperaemic flow increased by 12.0(3.8)
      ml.min-1 (p less than 0.01) during intra-aortic balloon pumping, compared to the
      values before pumping and decreased by 14.9(4.2) ml.min-1 (p less than 0.01)
      during aortic regurgitation, compared to the values before aortic regurgitation.
      The coronary reserve, expressed as the ratio of the hyperaemic to the resting
      flow, increased by 0.7(0.1) (p less than 0.001) during intra-aortic balloon
      pumping and decreased by 0.4(0.2) (p less than 0.05) during aortic regurgitation.
      A positive significant correlation coefficient was found at the peak hyperaemic
      response between the mean aortic pressure and the total forward effective
      coronary flow, and between the mean diastolic aortic pressure and the diastolic
      component of the coronary flow, during both intra-aortic balloon pumping and
      aortic regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that coronary reserve
      increases during intra-aortic balloon pumping and decreases during aortic
      regurgitation; these changes could be attributed to the effect of the pressure
      changes on the hyperaemic flow.

PMID- 1806241
TI  - [Lincosamide antibiotics].
AB  - A survey of microbiological and pharmacological properties of, of clinical
      experience with and of untoward reactions of lincomycin and clindamycin has been
      presented. Both antibiotics are active against gram-positive aerobic and many
      anaerobic bacteria. As to anti-anaerobic activity, clindamycin is superior to
      lincomycin. Consequently, anaerobic infections are main indication for
      clindamycin in clinical practice. On the other hand, lincomycin shows excellent
      penetration into body fluids and tissues and its dosage can be adapted to actual
      clinical situation in a very wide range. Recently, combinations of clindamycin
      with other drugs have proved effective in the treatment of falciparum malaria as
      well as of acute toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. Both
      lincomycin and clindamycin play still an important role in chemotherapy of
      infections.

PMID- 1806242
TI  - [110 years since the birth of Professor Rudolf Eiselt, founder of the Clinic for
      Diseases of Aging and clinical gerontology-geriatrics in Czechoslovakia. The
      famous Eiselt family].

PMID- 1806243
TI  - [100 years since the birth of Professor Vladimir Novak].

PMID- 1806244
TI  - [Recognition of Dr. Jan Zahradnicek, 13 June 1882-12 October 1958].

PMID- 1806245
TI  - Food consumption patterns of the people of Dangamvura in Mutare.
AB  - The pattern of food consumption of people in Dangamvura, Mutare, was studied
      during January, May and August 1989. Most of the foods were consumed regularly
      throughout the year. Only four non-cultivated leafy vegetables and one insect
      were used by this community. The types of foods consumed were similar to those
      reported as being used in Mutambara.

PMID- 1806246
TI  - Fluoride levels and dental fluorosis in two districts in Zimbabwe.
AB  - Water from two rural communities in Zimbabwe was analysed for fluoride content
      and school children in the two districts were examined for dental fluorosis. The
      survey for fluoride distribution in drinking water and the survey for the
      prevalence of fluorosis in the two districts were two complementary phases of the
      same project. In Gokwe District, water from artesian wells was found to contain
      between 5ppm and 10ppm fluoride ion concentration and as a result, fluorosis was
      found to be extremely severe in those communities solely dependent on artesian
      wells. In Chimanimani District, water from hot springs was found to contain five
      to six ppm fluoride ion concentration and in the catchment area of schools,
      drinking from hot springs fluorosis was also found to be very severe. In both
      cases, access to high fluoride water can be linked to administrative decisions
      taken some thirty years ago. Consideration for the long-term adverse effects of
      drinking water with excess fluoride had not been taken and now, corrective action
      will need to incorporate inter-disciplinary expertise.

PMID- 1806247
TI  - Trivalent chromium, in atherosclerosis and diabetes.
AB  - The known effects of trivalent chromium (Cr) in lowering blood levels of low
      density lipoproteins (LDL), raising high density lipoproteins (HDL) and improving
      glucose tolerance are summarised. Chromium deficiency cannot easily be
      established by direct means, but can be inferred by the reversal of symptoms and
      signs following the administration of trivalent chromium. This evidence can be
      supported by knowledge or suspicion of a deficiency in the diet, common in those
      who use highly refined cereal foods. It is considered that the beneficial effects
      of chromium repletion are now so well established and the trivalent form is so
      free of toxicity that it should now be used in clinical medicine for the benefit
      of those with some forms of diabetes and its complications and those suffering
      from atherosclerosis. Of perhaps more importance is the public health aspect,
      since most chromium is discarded in the cereal refinement process, we now have
      added evidence for a return to the diets in which complex carbohydrates
      predominated. In those who refuse or are unable to do this, possibly the addition
      of chromium to their drinking water may be of value.

PMID- 1806249
TI  - Raised intracranial pressure of obscure cause: prospective clinical review on
      African Tanzanian patients.
AB  - This paper reports a clinical review of 13 patients with raised intracranial
      pressure of obscure cause seen over a six-year period. Patients were young in the
      8 to 40 years age range. Female patients accounted for 54 pc. About half of the
      females had menstrual abnormalities. 15 pc were obese while the rest were normal
      or underweight. A previous long history of headache was present in patients with
      focal neurological signs. The main presenting symptoms were headache and
      reduction in visual acuity. Main signs were papilloedema and reduced visual
      Acuity. After a short term follow-up period of one to six years, (mean three
      years), the general outcome was good with recurrence in one patient. Headache and
      visual symptoms recovered early after treatment. Focal long tract signs recovered
      rather slowly. Twelve patients are at present free of symptoms. One died from
      mesenteric vessel thrombosis and was presumed to have pregnancy related sagittal
      sinus thrombophlebitis.

PMID- 1806248
TI  - Medical education and primary health care in Nigeria: the Sokoto University
      experience.
AB  - Despite the acknowledgement and adoption of the Alma-Ata declaration by majority
      of the countries of the world as a strategy for achieving Health For All, medical
      educational systems often remain as ivory towers from the health service system.
      This traditional system of medical education does not adequately prepare doctors
      in developing countries for their expected leadership role in meeting the health
      needs for their communities through primary health care. In Nigeria, primary
      health care forms the basis for an official health policy aimed at meeting the
      health care needs of the entire population particularly those in the rural areas.
      This article, while highlighting the need for integration of medical education
      and the primary health care services, also examines the structural relationships
      between the two components at the Sokoto University in Nigeria, a West African
      country with one of the oldest medical educational system in the area.

PMID- 1806250
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

PMID- 1806252
TI  - Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis in Zimbabwe.
AB  - Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis (CST) was diagnosed in 19 black African patients
      who presented to two large, general hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, over an eight
      year period. Diagnosis was based on clinical criteria. The mean age of patients
      was 22.5 years (range 8 months-70 years). Only three patients (15.5 pc), all of
      whom were promptly diagnosed and commenced on a regimen including intravenous,
      high-dose cloxacillin, recovered completely. In ten cases (52.6 pc), initial
      treatment was penicillin and chloramphenicol. Four of the 19 patients who had
      serious sequelae including residual blindness, complete ophthalmoplegia or
      unilateral proptosis, and six patients (31.6 pc) died. The higher than usual
      mortality rate in this series can be attributed to various factors including late
      presentation, delay in diagnosis and delay before initiation of effective
      antibiotic treatment. Whenever CST is suspected, antibiotic treatment should be
      administered without delay pending further evaluation, and the initial regimen
      should include high-dose antistaphylococcal antibiotics.

PMID- 1806251
TI  - Attitudes of teachers toward implementing AIDS prevention education programmes in
      secondary schools of Zimbabwe.
AB  - Eighty-three secondary school teachers and headmasters from Masvingo Province in
      Zimbabwe responded to a questionnaire eliciting their opinions toward
      implementation of AIDS prevention education programmes in the school setting.
      Results show that although 79 teachers (95.2 pc) supported implementing AIDS
      prevention programmes in the school setting, teachers were divided as to what
      should be taught (content) and when it should be taught (timing). Specific
      content areas such as the use of condoms was found to be controversial and
      supported only by 53 teachers (63.9 pc). Further, the 53 teachers could not agree
      as to what educational level this should be taught. These findings suggest that
      teachers alone cannot determine the "what" or "when" of an AIDS prevention
      programme in the school setting. Formation of a health council comprising of
      community members, school and health officials within each school district is
      proposed in order to receive community input.

PMID- 1806253
TI  - Infection after Harare valve V-P shunt operations: a review of 92 cases.
AB  - Case files of 92 patients who had their hydrocephalus relieved by the insertion
      of the Harare Valve shunt system were reviewed. All patients had undergone
      surgery for shunt insertion at the Harare Central and Parirenyatwa Teaching
      Hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, between January 1986 and January 1988. All but one
      patient reviewed had Harare valve ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertions. The
      commonest indication for shunt insertion was congenital hydrocephalus alone or
      coexisting with other abnormalities (62 pc). Post meningitic hydrocephalus and
      hydrocephalus associated with intracranial tumours were next in frequency at 26
      pc and 9 pc respectively. The etiology of hydrocephalus was not diagnosed in one
      four-year-old patient. The ages of the patients on admission ranged from one day
      to seven years (mean 12.4 months). Infection rates correlated well with the
      etiology of hydrocephalus; lowest (2 and half pc) in patients with simple
      congenital hydrocephalus and highest (29.2 pc) in post meningitic patients. A
      variety of organisms were isolated from CSF, blood, wounds and catheter tips.
      Lactose fermenting coliforms, S. epidermidis and E. coli predominated. Infection
      was combated by antibiotics, shunt removal or a combination of both. The
      antibiotics most commonly used were the penicillins, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin
      and gentamycin.

PMID- 1806254
TI  - Evaluation of a combined oral contraceptive pill in black Zimbabwean women.
AB  - A prospective exploratory study was carried out on lipid metabolism (41 women);
      as well as efficacy, acceptability and safety on another 190 women who all were
      using a combined oral contraceptive pill (OC) containing 30 micrograms Ethinyl
      oestradiol and 150mg Desogestrel (Marvelon) over a period of twelve months. The
      41 women had blood analysis of triglycerides, cholesterol and high density
      lipoproteins (HDL) before treatment and at each of follow-up visits scheduled at
      3, 6, 9 and 12 months following admission. Triglycerides, cholesterol and HDL
      levels were computed and there were no significant changes in any of the measured
      levels except HDL which was increased. No pregnancy was reported in one year of
      use in both groups. Cycle control was good, with a very low incidence of
      breakthrough bleeding and spotting being reported. The pill did not affect body
      weight and blood pressure significantly. It was concluded that the Marvelon
      formulation does not have adverse effect on lipid metabolism and is an
      efficacious and well tolerated contraceptive amongst Zimbabwean women.

PMID- 1806255
TI  - Abdominal trauma in south-eastern Nigeria.
AB  - In a review of 74 consecutive patients with abdominal trauma operated upon at the
      University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria, between March 1983 and
      March 1988, 84 pc were males and 16 pc were females. Seventy-eight percent were
      aged below 30 years. Fifty (67.6 pc) patients sustained blunt trauma and 24 (32.4
      pc) penetrating, from Road Traffic Accidents (50 pc), falls (34 pc), stabs and
      fights (7 pc) and gun shot (3 pc). Forty-eight (64.9 pc) patients presented
      within six hours of injury. Diagnosis and the decisions to operate were by a
      combination of clinical features and ancillary investigations which included
      abdominal X-rays, paracentesis abdominis in 45 (60.8 pc) and peritoneal lavage in
      three (4.1 pc). The spleen was the commonest organ damaged (40.5 pc) followed by
      small bowel (27.0 pc) and large bowel (13.5 pc). Eight (10.8 pc) deaths were
      recorded post-operatively. Delaying operation beyond 24 hours of presentation
      contributed significantly to the mortality rate. Prompt evacuation of the
      injured, early evaluation and timely surgical intervention are advocated to
      further reduce mortality.

PMID- 1806256
TI  - Survival of bacteroides species in Amies transport medium stored at different
      temperatures.
AB  - The viability of four Bacteroides species in Amies medium at different
      temperatures was evaluated by a series of quantitative and qualitative
      experiments using B. bivius, B. disiens, B. fragilis and B. melaninogenicus. In
      the quantitative assessment, the Bacteroides spp. were recovered from Amies
      transport medium stored at -20 degrees C up to the six weeks of storage. At -10
      degrees C no Bacteroides spp. was recovered after two weeks. At both storage
      temperatures, B. fragilis showed the highest survival rate. In the qualitative
      assessment, the test strains were recovered after four months of storage at -20
      degrees C in Amies medium with noticeable decline in number of surviving bacteria
      towards the end of that period. The effect of thawing and refreezing was also
      assessed and was found to affect survival rate considerably. Our results provide
      an alternative, convenient and cheaper method of preserving anaerobes.

PMID- 1806258
TI  - New insights: auto-immunity and connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 1806257
TI  - Condom acceptance and HIV prevention in reproductive health: the challenges.

PMID- 1806259
TI  - Closed suprapubic cystostomy: a cost-effective method for development countries.
AB  - Acute retention of urine is a fairly common emergency problem in medical
      practice. Suprapubic diversion through a closed or open cystostomy is a standard
      procedure. In developing countries where there is paucity of skilled manpower and
      adequate facilities, patients' suffering may be unduly prolonged through delay.
      This simple cost-effective method was carried out in 15 patients without untoward
      morbidity. The procedure is particularly useful in rural communities where
      elaborate facilities are non-existent.

PMID- 1806260
TI  - Outcome of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection admitted to
      intensive care: a preliminary study.

PMID- 1806261
TI  - [Therapeutic protocol in children with growth hormone deficiency during puberty].

PMID- 1806262
TI  - [Characteristics of human growth hormone produced by genetically engineered
      mammalian cells].
AB  - Saizen is human growth hormone produced by mammalian cells by genetic
      engineering. It is identical with hypophyseal GH as regards various physical and
      chemical parameters. A number of tests did not reveal an alien protein at the 1
      ppm level, nor the presence of viruses, and the DNA level is below the detection
      range. According to these results Saizen is a highly purified growth hormone.

PMID- 1806263
TI  - [Growth disorders].
AB  - In growth disorders it is important to consider carefully all causes which may
      lead to growth retardation. Therefore possible factors and diagnostic
      possibilities are listed. The importance of the prognosis of the affected child
      is emphasized.

PMID- 1806264
TI  - [Growth and biological age].

PMID- 1806265
TI  - [Problems in children with growth hormone deficiency in Slovakia].
AB  - The authors give an account of 71 patients treated on account of complete growth
      hormone deficiency in Slovakia. Before the age of five the diagnosis was
      established in 24 children, after the age of 10 in 17 patients. Nine patients
      suffer from panhypopituitarism, while isolated deficiency of growth hormone was
      recorded in 34 patients. Perinatal pathology plays an important role in the
      aetiology. A tumour caused the disorder in five children. Treatment of the
      majority of patients was not systematic and was inadequate because of shortage of
      growth hormone. When regular substitution treatment was started before the age of
      8 years, the therapeutic results were very satisfactory. The authors draw
      attention to the danger of further deterioration of care of children with growth
      hormone deficiency for economic reasons.

PMID- 1806266
TI  - [Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency: present state and perspectives].

PMID- 1806267
TI  - [Blood somatomedin levels in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and
      phenylketonuria].
AB  - A biological method was employed for assessing the somatomedin activity (SM)-IGF
      I-somatomedin C: 1) in 13 10 to 23-day old children with congenital
      hypothyroidism (CH) before starting substitution therapy with L-thyroxine and
      after one month lasting therapy. SM levels were significantly lower prior to the
      onset of therapy than in a control group (for p less than 0.01 on 1% level). The
      SM levels in treated children did not differ from controls. 2) 16 children with
      classic phenylketonuria (PKU) were also examined of the age of 12-23 days before
      starting dietary treatment with restricted phenylalanine (Phe). When compared
      with a control group SM levels were significantly lower in the PKU group (p =
      0.01 on 5% level). When stable serum Phe concentrations had been obtained,
      following restricted Phe intake, SM levels no longer differed from the control.
      However statistical correlation of Phe and SM levels was not attained.

PMID- 1806269
TI  - [Effect of growth hormone therapy in selected patients].

PMID- 1806268
TI  - [5 years' ambulatory care experience with the clonidine stimulation test].
AB  - The authors give an account of their five-year experience with the clonidine test
      of growth hormone (GH) secretion. They used the test in 231 children examined on
      account of small stature. They administered 0.1 mg clonidine/m2 body surface by
      the oral route; blood specimens were collected at time 0, 60 and 90 minutes after
      administration of the preparation. They recorded 174 positive GH responses (75%),
      30 negative responses (13%) and 27 marginal responses (12%). Falsely negative
      tests were recorded in a maximum of 10%. The test is a very useful screening
      examination of GH secretion due to the useful information it provides, and
      because it is simple and safe even when used in ambulatory practice.

PMID- 1806271
TI  - [The Camurati-Engelmann syndrome (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia)].
AB  - The presented case-history demonstrates an infant with a rare bone disease with a
      very serious prognosis. Based on X-ray findings on the skeleton (sclerosis of the
      diaphyses of long bones, ribs, vertebrae and in particular the base and vault of
      the skull), the diagnosis of morbus Camurati-Engelmann--progressive diaphyseal
      dysplasia was established. With regard to the striking progression of the process
      in the cranial area and the progressing stigmatization of the patient's face, the
      authors consider also a more recent diagnostic unit--craniodiaphyseal dysplazia.
      With advancing sclerotization of the skull the most serious complications are
      compression of the cranial nerves which can be resolved in the final stage only
      by surgery. From a brief review of the literature: the aetiology of the disease
      is not known, the therapeutic effect of prednisone or calcitonin is small.

PMID- 1806272
TI  - [Ambulatory pediatrics in Slovakia in 1990].

PMID- 1806270
TI  - [Analgesics and antipyretics in pediatrics].
AB  - We compared the most usual analgetics-antipyretics in pediatric indications,
      especially paracetamol and acetylosalicylic acid. We watched the effectivity and
      side effects of both substances according to literature.

PMID- 1806273
TI  - [Smoking in adolescents].

PMID- 1806274
TI  - Spectroscopic study on interaction of nucleic acid base with tryptophan
      containing tripeptides: acetyl-Trp-X-Trp-NHCH3 (X = Gly, Asn, Asp, Gln and Glu).
AB  - As part of a series of peptides designed to have binding ability selective for
      each of the nucleic acid bases, five tripeptides consisting of N-acetyl-Trp-X-Trp
      NHCH3 (X = Gly, Asn, Asp, Gln and Glu) were synthesized, and their abilities to
      form complexes with four different nucleotides were examined by the fluorescence
      and phase distribution methods. The association constants obtained indicated
      that, depending on the sort of X residue, the peptides showed a variation in
      their interaction with guanosine monophosphate (GMP), while no noticeable
      selectivity was observed for other nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP),
      uridine monophosphate (UMP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). The binding mode of
      N-acetyl-Trp-Asp-Trp-NHCH3 for the guanine base was further investigated using
      the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method. The mode was suggested to
      involve intimate cooperation of (1) the hydrogen bond formation between the
      carboxyl group of the Asp side chain and the guanine C2-amino group, and (2) the
      stacking interaction of the base with two terminal Trp residues of the peptide.
      Such interaction was strengthened by the protonation of the guanine base. A
      tentative binding mode is proposed based on these results.

PMID- 1806275
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of 11-[4-(cinnamyl)-1-piperazinyl]- 6,11
      dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin derivatives, potential agents for the treatment of
      cerebrovascular disorders.
AB  - A series of 11-[4-(cinnamyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] oxepins and
      related compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their protective activities
      against complete ischemia, normobaric hypoxia, lipidperoxidation and convulsion.
      Structure-activity relationship studies of this series led to the finding of (E)
      1-(3-fluoro-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-yl)-4-(3- phenyl-2
      propenyl)piperazine dimaleate (50), AJ-3941 with the most appropriate property
      for combined pharmacological activities. Compound 50 also shows an inhibitory
      effect against cerebral edema as well when orally given to rats.

PMID- 1806276
TI  - Chemical modification of an antitumor alkaloid camptothecin: synthesis and
      antitumor activity of 7-C-substituted camptothecins.
AB  - A radical substitution reaction of 20(S)-camptothecin (1) with methanol furnished
      7-hydroxymethylcamptothecin (2). Reaction of 1 with primary alcohols higher than
      methanol gave 7-alkylcamptothecins (4), of which alkyl groups were one carbon
      less than the alcohols used and also 7-hydroxyalkylcamptothecins (5). For the
      preparation of 7-alkylcamptothecin (4), aldehydes were used as a radical source
      and several alkylated derivatives were synthesized. 7-Acyloxymethyl derivatives
      (6), 7-carbaldehyde (7), iminomethyl derivatives (10), acid (11), esters (12) and
      amides (13) were synthesized starting from 2. 7-Ethyl- (4b) and 7
      propylcamptothecin (4c), acyloxymethyl compounds 6a, 6c and ethyl ester (12b)
      exhibited higher antitumor activity than 1 against L1210 in mice.

PMID- 1806277
TI  - Triazole antifungals. IV. Synthesis and antifungal activities of 3-acylamino-2
      aryl-2-butanol derivatives.
AB  - New triazole compounds were designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors of
      the fungal cytochrome P-450 14 alpha-demethylase. In testing for antifungal
      activity against a mouse systemic Candida albicans infection, (2R,3R)-3-acylamino
      2-aryl-2-butanol derivatives III exhibited remarkably high efficacy after oral or
      parenteral administration. The structure-activity relationships of these
      amidoalcohols were evaluated.

PMID- 1806278
TI  - Synthesis of optically active lipopeptide analogs from the outer membrane of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The synthesis of optically active lipopeptide derivatives has been accomplished
      by the use of chiral glycerol derivatives. Lipopeptide derivatives with (R)
      glycerol moieties showed higher mitogenic activities than those with the (S)
      configuration. N-2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl lipopeptide derivatives increased
      mitogenic activity.

PMID- 1806279
TI  - Saponins from Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
AB  - Four triterpenoid saponins were isolated from Amaranthus hypochondriacus which
      are grain crops in the Nepal, Mexico and South America. Their structures were
      elucidated based on spectral evidence to be: (1) 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1---
      3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta,3 beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester. (2) 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1----3)-beta-D
      glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta,3 beta- dihydroxyolean-12-en-23-al-28-oic acid 28-O
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester; (3) 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1----3)-beta-D
      glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta, 3 beta-dihydroxy-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic
      acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester. (4) 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1----3)
      beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta, 3 beta-dihydroxy-30-norolean-12, 20(29)-dien-23
      al-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester.

PMID- 1806280
TI  - Synergistic action of phenolic signal compounds and carbohydrates in the
      induction of virulence gene expression of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
AB  - Virulence (vir) gene expression of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is activated by
      plant phenolic compounds such as alpha-hydroxyacetosyringone (HOAS),
      acetosyringone (AS), methyl syringate, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol.
      Inositol was found to be a potentiating factor of vir-inducing activity, which
      enhanced the vir-inducing activity of AS and HOAS in a synergistic manner, in
      particular at a low concentrations of AS and HOAS. Of the other sugars tested D
      glucose, L-rhamnose, D-xylose and D-galacturonic acid, the main components of
      plant cell wall polysaccharides, remarkedly potentiated the vir-inducing activity
      of AS, indicating the cooperative action of the signal compounds and sugars in
      Agrobacterium infection to plants.

PMID- 1806281
TI  - Purification and characterization of an actin-, calmodulin- and tropomyosin
      binding protein from chicken gizzard smooth muscle.
AB  - An actin-binding protein (p33) has been purified from chicken gizzard smooth
      muscle. The homogenous protein has a molecular weight near 33000 as determined by
      both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and
      size exclusion chromatography. Its binding ability to F-actin remained after
      heating at 95 degrees C for 4 min. Immunoblot analyses indicated that p33 was not
      a degradation product from higher molecular components. The binding of p33 to F
      actin was saturable in a molar ratio of about one p33 to 2-3 actin molecules with
      an apparent binding constant of 6.6 x 10(7) M-1. p33 also bound to calmodulin and
      tropomyosin. The bindings of p33 to F-actin and tropomyosin were regulated by
      calmodulin in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. In addition to actin, caldesmon and
      tropomyosin, p33 was contained in the native thin filaments prepared from smooth
      muscle. Other actin-binding proteins, including alpha-actinin, caldesmon and
      filamin, had little effect on p33 binding to actin filaments. These results
      demonstrate that p33 may function in actin-based cellular processes which are
      mediated by Ca2+ and calmodulin.

PMID- 1806282
TI  - Inhibition of transcription by mammalian ribonucleic acid polymerase II: effects
      of diethylstilbestrol and its analogues.
AB  - We examined the effects of diethylstilbestrol (1), Z,Z-dienestrol (2), E,E
      dienestrol (3), indenestrol A (4), indenestrol B (5) and estradiol (6) on the
      activity of in vitro accurate transcription from adenovirus 2 major late promoter
      by mammalian ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase II using partially purified
      transcription factors from HeLa cell nuclear extract as well as on RNA polymerase
      II activity assayed for random incorporation of ribonucleotides. 1, 2, and 3
      inhibited both activities, whereas 4 and 5 were inhibitory only in the
      transcription activity at concentrations higher than 10 micrograms/ml. However 6
      had no effects on both activities.

PMID- 1806283
TI  - Constituents of seed of Malva verticillata. VII. Structural features and
      reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity of MVS-I, the major neutral
      polysaccharide.
AB  - The structural features of MVS-I, the major neutral polysaccharide isolated from
      the seeds of Malva verticillata L., were elucidated by controlled Smith
      degradation, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and enzymic
      degradation studies. It has a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D
      glucose and D-galactose residues having branches composed of alpha-1,5-linked L
      arabinosyl beta-1,4-linked D-galactose and of beta-1,4-linked D-galactosyl beta
      1,3-linked D-glucose residues at position 6 of a part of D-galactose units as
      side chains. MVS-I showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating
      activity in a carbon clearance test.

PMID- 1806284
TI  - Enzymatic sulfation of polyphenols related to tannins by arylsulfotransferase.
AB  - This report discusses a novel type of arylsulfotransferase (AST) which was
      derived from human intestinal bacterium sulfated polyphenolic compounds when p
      nitrophenyl sulfate (PNS) was taken as a donor substrate. (+)-Catechin, (+/-)
      catechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin gallate were better substrates than
      tyramine. (-)-Epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate were slightly
      worse substrates than tyramine. Although gallic acid was a bad substrate, alkyl
      gallate esters were better substrates than tyramine. The degree of acceptor
      specificity increased in proportion to the length of the alkyl group up to the
      carbon number of five. Pedunculagin, geraniin and corilagin were less effective
      than tyramine. Rosmarinic acid and penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose were similarly
      well sulfated. Two products, 4'-monosulfate and 4',5-disulfate of (+)-catechin,
      were detected at a two-fold molar excess of PNS over (+)-catechin. When (+)
      catechin-4'-monosulfate as an acceptor was enzymatically sulfated with PNS as a
      donor, only the 4',5-disulfate was produced. Thus, arylsulfotransferase was
      useful for the convenient preparation of sulfate esters of polyphenols at their
      specific hydroxyl groups.

PMID- 1806286
TI  - Enhancement effect of lauric acid on the rectal absorption of propranolol from
      suppository in rats.
AB  - In a previous paper, we have demonstrated that medium chain fatty acids
      significantly enhance the in vitro rectal absorption of propranolol (PL) and that
      the enhancement may be partly due to the formation of a complex with a fatty acid
      at a 1:1 molar ratio. To confirm in vivo the enhancement effect of lauric acid on
      PL absorption, PL suppositories with lauric acid at various molar ratios were
      administered to rat rectum. PL absorption from Witepsol and macrogol
      suppositories with lauric acid at a 1:1 molar ratio was much larger than that
      after PL alone and the 1:2 or 1:3 molar ratio ones. The bioavailability (BA)
      after administration of the 1:1 molar ratio suppository (PL, 4 mg/kg) was 1.6-
      and 2.1-fold for the Witepsol and macrogol formulations respectively, compared
      with that after PL alone. A similar result was obtained with the PL solid
      dispersion suppository with lauric acid at a 1:1 molar ratio, showing a 1.7-fold
      higher BA compared with PL alone. The release of PL from the macrogol suppository
      was significantly faster at a 1:1 molar ratio than that of other preparations,
      but not so in the solid dispersion suppository. There was not good agreement
      between the release rates of PL from the suppositories and the plasma levels
      after dosing. These results supported the concept that a portion of PL, by
      forming a 1:1 complex with lauric acid, would penetrate across the rectal mucosa
      more easily than PL alone.

PMID- 1806285
TI  - Synthesis of rat parathymosin alpha fragment 1-28 and examination of its
      inhibitory activity towards the restoring activity of thymosin alpha 1 on the
      impaired T-lymphocytes of uremic patients.
AB  - A fragment corresponding to N-terminal octaeicosapeptide of rat parathymosin
      alpha was synthesized by assembling 5 peptide fragments, followed by deprotection
      with 1 M trifluoromethanesulfonic acid-thioanisole (molar ratio 1:1) in
      trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of dimethylselenium. Incubation of impaired
      T-lymphocytes isolated from uremic patients with the synthetic parathymosin alpha
      fragment 1-28 showed no immunological restoring effect, but when it was
      administered together with thymosin alpha 1, it appeared to suppress the
      restoring effect of the thymosin alpha 1 on the impaired T-lymphocytes of uremic
      patients.

PMID- 1806287
TI  - Stability of human insulin in solutions containing sodium bisulfite.
AB  - The stabilities of human insulin (HI) in aqueous solutions were investigated in
      the pH range of 4.0-7.0 in the presence (1.0-3.0 x 10(-3) M) and absence of
      sodium bisulfite (SBS) both in the dark and under scattered light (1000 lux)
      using high performance liquid chromatography. Increasing concentrations of SBS
      tended to degrade HI. In the presence of SBS, with an increase in the pH value,
      the stability of HI decreased in the pH range of 4.0-7.0. There was a partial
      difference in the stability of HI in the presence of SBS in the dark and that
      under scattered light. HI was stabilized by glucose in the presence of SBS in the
      dark, and the stability of HI was revealed to depend on the concentration of free
      SBS. The reason for this phenomenon was postulated to be the formation of
      bisulfite-glucose adduct.

PMID- 1806288
TI  - Increase in the plasma protein binding of weakly basic drugs in carbon
      tetrachloride-intoxicated rats.
AB  - Plasma protein binding of weakly basic drugs such as propranolol and quinidine
      was determined in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic disease.
      Free fractions of propranolol and quinidine in the plasma of rats at 24 h after
      CCl4-intoxication were decreased by 41 and 30%, respectively, compared to those
      of control rats. An addition of Tris (butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), a specific
      displacer for basic drugs from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), to the plasma
      increased the free fractions of the basic drugs, resulting in no difference in
      the extent of the plasma free fraction of each drug between control and CCl4
      intoxicated rats. Plasma concentration of AGP in CCl4-intoxicated rats was
      elevated 2.7-fold of that in control rats at 24 h after the CCl4 intoxication and
      reached a peak of 4.8-fold elevation at 48 h. A regression analysis revealed a
      high degree of positive correlation between ratios of bound to free fraction of
      propranolol and plasma concentrations of AGP. These results suggest that the
      plasma protein binding of the basic drugs was increased mainly due to the rise in
      the plasma AGP concentration in CCl4-intoxicated rats.

PMID- 1806289
TI  - Effects of diazepam administration on melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland
      in vivo.
AB  - The effect of diazepam (DZP) on melatonin synthesis in rat pineal gland was
      investigated in vivo. Subcutaneous injection of DZP (3 mg/kg) 1 h before the
      start of darkness significantly suppressed nocturnal elevations of pineal N
      acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin contents in rats, and caused a 2-h delay in
      reaching the maximum melatonin level in the dark phase. DZP treatment also
      markedly suppressed the dark-induced increase of pineal N-acetyltransferase
      activity, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in melatonin synthesis, but had
      no effect on hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity, which catalyzes the
      final step of melatonin formation. Pineal norepinephrine and dopamine contents,
      in contrast, were not altered by DZP injection. The distribution rate of DZP to
      the brain reached the highest level 30 min after a single injection, while that
      to the pineal gland was observed 5 h later (i.e., 4 h after the start of
      darkness). It is clear that the inhibitory effect of DZP on melatonin synthesis
      in rat pineal gland appears concomitantly with the increase in the distribution
      volume of DZP into this gland. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect
      of DZP on melatonin synthesis results from the drug's direct action on the rat
      pineal gland.

PMID- 1806290
TI  - Effects of adrenergic blockers or bicuculline on diazepam induced changes in rat
      pineal melatonin synthesis in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The effect of propranolol (PPL), phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) or bicuculline (BCL) on
      the diazepam (DZP)-induced changes of pineal melatonin synthesis in male rats was
      examined in vivo and in vitro. Administration of PBZ did not affect the
      inhibitory action of DZP on pineal melatonin synthesis in vivo. A single
      injection of PPL inhibited the pineal melatonin synthesis similarly to the
      administration of DZP alone, but the two drugs together did not exhibit additive
      or synergistic effects on the melatonin synthesis. Significant decreases in the N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and the N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin
      contents were observed in the BCL-injected group, being greater than those in the
      DZP-treated group. Unexpectedly, however, the combination treatment of DZP and
      BCL causes an increase in the NAT activity and melatonin content compared with
      the BCL-alone group. Incubation with DZP at higher concentrations resulted in an
      increase of pineal NAT activity in vitro, but this increase was inhibited by
      preincubation with PPL, PBZ or BCL. DZP treatment thus appeared to have different
      effects on pineal NAT activity in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that
      both a GABAergic mechanism and peripheral benzodiazepine (BZP) receptors in rat
      pineal gland may be involved in the modulation of melatonin synthesis by DZP.

PMID- 1806291
TI  - Aryloxyacetic acid diuretics with uricosuric activity. II. Substituted [(4-oxo-4H
      1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetic acids and the related compounds.
AB  - Di- and tri-substituted [(4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetic acids, and 4-oxo
      3-phenyl-4H-furo[2,3-h]-[1]benzopyran-8-carboxylic acid were synthesized and
      tested for natriuretic and uricosuric activities. Among the compounds tested, 3,5
      disubstituted [(4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetic acids (6c-f, h, n and x)
      showed potent natriuretic and uricosuric activities, whereas 4-oxo-3-phenyl-4H
      furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-8-carboxylic acid (6dd) possessed only potent
      natriuretic activity. The structure-activity relationships are also discussed.

PMID- 1806292
TI  - Pharmacologic analysis of 7-O-ethyl-fangchinoline-induced vasodilation properties
      in isolated perfused common carotid arteries of Wistar Kyoto rats and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Using the cannula insertion method, we investigated vascular effects of 7-O-ethyl
      fangchinoline (TJN-220) derived from tetrandrine in isolated and perfused common
      carotid arteries of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR). A single dose of TJN-220 caused a vasodilation in a dose-related manner in
      arteries preconstricted by phenylephrine. The vasodilation was not inhibited by
      propranolol, a potent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. A potent alpha-antagonist
      bunazosin inhibited the vasoconstriction to norepinephrine while TJN-220 did not
      modify the norepinephrine-induced constriction, indicating TJN-220 had no alpha
      blocking activity. A potent calcium entry blocker, diltiazem, markedly attenuated
      the KCl-induced vasoconstriction, and TJN-220 slightly but significantly
      attenuated the KCl-induced one in large doses. The vasodilation of TJN-220 was
      not abolished after removing the endothelium by an intraluminal administration of
      saponin, although the ACh-induced dilation was completely abolished by it. A
      comparison of vascular responses in WKY and SHR revealed no significant
      differences. From these results, it is concluded that 1) a new tetrandrine
      derivative, TJN-220 has relatively long-lasting vasorelaxant properties, 2) the
      dilatory effects might not be related to adrenergic, muscarinic or endothelium
      dependent mechanisms, and 3) the effects might partially be due to calcium entry
      antagonistic properties.

PMID- 1806293
TI  - The nephritogenic glycopeptide from rat glomerular basement membrane. X.
      Synthesis of an N-triglycosyl dipeptide and characteristics of its cis-trans
      isomers.
AB  - Isomers of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1----6)-N
      [L-aspart-1-oyl-(L-proline)-4-oyl]-alpha-D-glucopyranos ylamine have been
      prepared, as models for a derivative possibly present in the glomerular basement
      membrane of rats, by condensation of the corresponding dipeptide derivative (5)
      with triglycosylamine (4) in the presence of O,O-diethylcyanophosphonate,
      followed by deprotection of the trisaccharide-dipeptide derivative. During the
      deprotection process, cis- and trans-isomers containing proline were separated by
      silica gel column chromatography and also reversed-phase high performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 1806295
TI  - Use of the o-phenylenediamine fluorescence system in the enzymatic assay of serum
      uric acid.
AB  - A manual enzymatic method is described for sensitive fluorometric determination
      of uric acid in human serum. This method is based on an enzymatic reaction with
      uricase to form hydrogen peroxide from uric acid and the following oxidation of o
      phenylenediamine with peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide for the production of a
      fluorescence compound. The specificity and the selectivity in the method are due
      to the uricase reaction and the fluorometry, respectively. The formed
      fluorescence in the reaction mixture is measured at 410 nm (an excitation) and
      550 nm (an emission). This enzymatic method can determine uric acid at 30-1000
      microM, with a between-assay relative standard deviation of 4.35% or less. A good
      correlation is obtained between the present method and the colorimetric kit
      method.

PMID- 1806296
TI  - The relationship between Van der Waals volume of 4-substituent of phenol and
      sulfation in the rat.
AB  - The influence of 4-substituent of phenol on the sulfate conjugation was studied
      in the rat. 4-Substituents used were 4-ethyl, 4-tert-butyl and 4-phenyl. The in
      vivo and in vitro sulfations decreased in the order of phenol, 4-ethylphenol, 4
      tert-butylphenol and 4-phenylphenol. The activity of sulfotransferase was
      correlated with the van der Waals volume of 4-substituent. The modification of
      thiol and arginyl residues of cytosol protein showed a similar degree of
      inactivation of sulfotransferase to all substituents used. Inactivation by the
      modification of histidyl residue of the protein increased with the increase of
      the van der Waals volume of 4-substituent. This result suggests that histidyl
      residue recognized van der Waals volume of 4-substituent.

PMID- 1806298
TI  - [Intensified quality control of isolation, disinfection and sterilization].

PMID- 1806294
TI  - Optical separation of racemic 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin by reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography using eluents containing beta
      cyclodextrin.
AB  - Both S-(-)- and R-(+)-enantiomers of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p
      HPPH), a main oxidative metabolite of the achiral antiepileptic drug phenytoin,
      could be determined simply, sensitively and accurately using reversed phase high
      performance liquid chromatography by using a methanol-monopotassium phosphate
      eluent containing beta-cyclodextrin. Using this assay procedure, it was
      determined that an S-(-)-enantiomer was formed predominantly by the oxidation of
      phenytoin in isolated rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 1806297
TI  - [Application of the systems theory in management of the injection room in the
      outpatient department].

PMID- 1806299
TI  - [Nursing care of one-stage arterialization of the veins in the treatment of
      obliterans arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 1806300
TI  - [Nursing care of total parenteral nutrition].

PMID- 1806301
TI  - [Application of changes in Chinese herb species used for prescriptions].

PMID- 1806302
TI  - [Treatment of 106 chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases with shou er kang pill
      and high dose beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol].
AB  - 106 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases were divided into two
      groups, 53 cases treated with Shou Er Kang (SEK) pill (Kidney-reinforcing
      regimen) and high dose beclomethasone dipropionate inhaler, and 53 cases in the
      control group with high dose beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol alone. 64
      patients were suffering from bronchial asthma and 42 patients from asthmatic
      bronchitis, sufficiently severe to be treated with inhaled corticosteroids. The
      results showed that the total effective rate was 100% and 96.9% in asthmatic
      patients of both groups; the total effective rates for asthmatic bronchitis
      patients were 85.7% in the SEK group and 52.4% in the control group. The
      Synacthen test showed that after the treatment, the adrenal cortex reserve power
      and secretive ability of the SEK group not only was intact but also improved
      markedly under high dose exogenous steroids. The adrenocortical secretive ability
      and reserve power of the control group were damaged with the inhalation of the
      newer steroids. The difference between the two groups was very significant (P
      less than 0.001); the relapse rate in the SEK group was 26.9%, but 40% in the
      control group. The results suggested that there were some occult disorders in
      COPD patients, especially asthmatic bronchitis patients at different levels on
      hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

PMID- 1806303
TI  - [Clinical research on repeated infantile respiratory tract infection treated by
      fang-gan mixture].
AB  - 131 cases of repeated infantile respiratory tract infection were selected and
      divided into 3 groups: fang-gan mixture (FGM) group, levamisole group, and the
      control group. The results showed that the total effective rate of FGM was 97.7%,
      which was more effective than the levamisole group. Its effective rate still
      reached 90.9% after 1 month of stopping treatment, and compared with the
      treatment period, there were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05).
      There were three parts of changes on clinical manifestation after patients using
      FGM: (1) The occurrence times reduced obviously; (2) the course of disease
      shortened obviously; (3) syndrome of patients relieved obviously. FGM was also
      more effective than the levamisole group in relieving symptoms and signs (P less
      than 0.05). Both the FGM and the levamisole groups could increase the body
      immunity function. After treatment both of salivary sIgA and PHA skin test were
      higher than before treatment (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 1806304
TI  - [Comparison study of various traditional Chinese medicine therapy in acute phase
      of cor pulmonale].
AB  - This article is a retrospective summary of 419 cases of acute phase of cor
      pulmonale from 1978 to 1989. These patients were divided into 4 groups by various
      TCM therapy, as a part of whole treatment combining TCM with the western
      medicine. They were (1) clearing the lung heat and eliminating the phlegm; (2)
      clearing the lung heat, tonifying the Qi and activating the blood; (3) clearing
      the lung heat, tonifying the Qi and nourishing the Yin; (4) clearing the lung
      heat, nourishing the Yin, tonifying the Qi and activating the blood. Under a
      similar condition, comparing the effects of the 4 various therapies in clinical
      efficacy and blood gas analysis, the authors found that the 4th therapy was the
      best among the 4 groups. According to the relation of modern pharmacology study
      of each single therapy, the authors explored the principle of clearing the lung
      heat, nourishing the Yin, tonifying the Qi and activating the blood therapy. The
      authors held that the therapy is a better one to treat many pathological changes
      in acute phase of cor pulmonale.

PMID- 1806305
TI  - [Clinical trial on the effects of shikonin mixture on later stage lung cancer].
AB  - The shikonin mixture was used for 19 cases of later-stage lung cancer who were
      not the candidates for operation, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The clinical
      observation showed that shikonin mixture could inhibit the growth of lung cancer
      and improve the immune function of the body. The tumors were reduced over 25% in
      diameter. The effective rate was 63.3%, remission rate 36.9%, survival rate of
      one year 47.3%. The intermedium survival period was about 10 months, including
      adenocarcinoma 10 months, squamous carcinoma 12 months. After treatment the life
      quality of patients were greatly improved. The patients got better appetite and
      their body weights were increased. They could manage themselves in daily life.
      The Karnofsky scores were enhanced by 20. The authors also observed that shikonin
      mixture could relieve such symptoms as cough, bloody sputum and chest pain caused
      by lung cancer. The levels of cells and interleukin-2 were increased (P less than
      0.001). It had no harmful effects on peripheral blood picture, heart, kidney and
      liver. Shikonin mixture is safe and effective for later-stage cancer.

PMID- 1806306
TI  - [Immunological change in pigmentary degeneration of retina and its relation to
      traditional Chinese medicine differentiation of syndromes].
AB  - Using monoclonal antibody technique, T lymphocyte cell subgroups, immunoglobins,
      complements, and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were measured in 60 patients
      with pigmentary degeneration of retina (RP) and 40 normal subjects. The results
      indicated that T1, T4, T8, C3 and C4 of the patients were lower than those of the
      controls; T4/T8, IgM and CIC of the patients were more than those of the
      controls. The differences between the patients and the controls were remarkably
      significant. Similarly, by investigating the objective quota of TCM
      differentiation of syndromes, the authors divided the RP patients into Liver
      Kidney deficiency of Yin and Spleen-Kidney deficiency of Yang groups, and
      compared them with normal subjects. The results indicated that the two groups
      underwent similar change of immunology. But they had their own characteristics.
      The Yin-deficiency group showed remarkable increase of T4/T8 and normal T4; the
      Yang-deficiency group showed remarkable reduction of T1 and reduction of T4.

PMID- 1806307
TI  - [Activity of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and urine excretion of
      catecholamines in patients with deficiency-cold and deficiency-heat syndromes].
AB  - Spectrophotometric assay of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) activity
      and fluorospectrophotometric assay of urine catecholamines (CA) were performed in
      30 patients and 21 normal persons. According to TCM, the patients were divided
      into two groups, 16 cases of deficiency-cold syndrome (DCD), and 14 cases of
      deficiency-heat syndrome (DHD). The results showed that in the patients with DCD,
      the activity of D beta H and the levels of CA were lower than those of the
      normal, whereas the activity of D beta H and the levels of CA of the patients
      with DHD were higher than those of the normal (P less than 0.01, P less than
      0.05). Variations of the involved visceral organs determined in the traditional
      way made no difference to the above-mentioned changes. D beta H and CA correlated
      significantly to each other. The authors also took the canonical correlation
      analysis to the cases, the result showed that the heat syndrome correlated with D
      beta H and CA positively. These results showed hyperfunctioning of the
      sympathetic-adrenomedullary system in DHD and hypofunctioning of this system in
      DCD.

PMID- 1806308
TI  - [Effect of water extract of 4 Chinese herbal drugs on the binding of insulin with
      human erythrocyte insulin receptor].
AB  - Chinese herbal drugs, Trichosauthes kirilowii (TK), Polygonatum sibiricum (PS),
      Scrophularia ningpoensis (SN), Anemarrhea asphodeloides (AA) were selected for
      the study of their effects on the binding of insulin with human erythrocyte
      insulin receptor. The results indicated that TK, PS, SN did not increase nor
      decrease the insulin receptor binding rate, whereas AA provoked a marked
      inhibiting effect on the rate of binding (P less than 0.01). These findings
      cannot completely deny the beneficial effect of the compound prescription of
      these drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus because of the following
      reasons: (1) The experiments were done in vitro but not in vivo and the
      erythrocytes from normal men but not from diabetics. (2) The drugs were not put
      together during exaction as in the traditional manner, but was studied
      separately. (3) The fact that there is no effect on insulin receptor binding
      cannot rule out their beneficial effect on other aspects of insulin or insulin
      secretion even on the amelioration of tissue insulin resistance.

PMID- 1806309
TI  - [The "shen" reaction to trauma--an experimental study].
AB  - An experimental study using adult Kunming male mice was designed to observe the
      Shen reaction to trauma (bone fracture and burn). It was shown that the mice
      testes of the experimental groups were degenerated and the spermatogenesis
      disturbed. Under the electron microscope, the granules reduction, pyknosis,
      vesicular degeneration in the plasma of gonadotrophs and hemorrhage were found.
      It was revealed that the pathological changes of shen by trauma were mainly
      attacked on the adenohypophysis-gonadal axis. According to the results of this
      experimental study, the shen in the hypothesis of "trauma hurts shen" should be
      related to testes and ovaries (gonadal organs).

PMID- 1806310
TI  - [Radiosensitizing effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for Lewis lung
      cancer].
AB  - The radiosensitizing effects of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) were
      observed by the model transplanted Lewis lung cancer on C57 BL mice. When LBP
      alone was administered, it was not obvious that LBP inhibited the growth of Lewis
      lung cancer. The significant radiosensitizing effects were obtained by
      combination of LBP and radiation. The mean numerical value of the dose modifying
      factors (DMF) was 2.05. The results also showed certain radiation enhancement
      effects of LBP to acute hypoxic cells of Lewis lung cancer. LBP presented few
      toxicity to the mice.

PMID- 1806311
TI  - [Effect of xiao banxia-fuling decoction on the amplitude of gastric electrical
      spike wave in rats after irradiation of the gastric region].
AB  - The effect of xiao banxia-fuling decoction on the amplitude of gastric electrical
      spike wave in rats after irradiation of the gastric region was investigated in
      this study. The result proved: by using the medicine every day, the amplitude of
      spike wave, which was reduced by irradiation, was significantly raised at the
      10th, 14th day in the corpus and 7th, 10th, 14th, 21st day in the antrum after
      15Gy irradiation (P less than 0.01). Since the altitude of spike wave correlated
      with the intensity of the gastric motility. The authors believe that this
      compound Chinese herbs may have some beneficial effects on preventing the
      inhibition of gastric motility and reducing the radiation reaction of digestive
      system.

PMID- 1806312
TI  - [Evaluation of the depth of de-qi for various acupuncture loci on human thorax
      and correlation between de-qi and electric resistance].

PMID- 1806313
TI  - [Current research of otorhinolaryngologic diseases treated with traditional
      Chinese medicine combined with Western medicine].

PMID- 1806314
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of eruptive haemangiomas (pyogenic granulomas).
AB  - Eight eruptive haemangiomas (pyogenic granulomas) were stained
      immunocytochemically. Many of the cells reacted with markers for endothelial
      cells. The reactions with anti-vWF antibody were weaker than those with UEA-I
      lectin and with the monoclonal antibody BMA 120. These results probably reflect
      reduced capability for storage of vWF by proliferating endothelial cells. Many
      cells were negative for endothelial-cell markers, and they reacted with a
      monoclonal antibody against muscle actin. These cells may be myofibroblasts and
      pericytes. The studies indicate that eruptive haemangiomas are composed of
      pericytes, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells.

PMID- 1806315
TI  - New aspects of the mechanism of corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy.
AB  - Glucocorticoids are effective for the treatment of various inflammatory skin
      diseases, but their long-term use may lead to serious side-effects such as
      osteoporosis and skin atrophy. The incidence of skin atrophy following
      application of potent corticosteroids is especially high among children and the
      elderly. During recent years the effects of glucocorticoids on connective tissue
      have been elucidated, and it is evident that skin atrophy is mostly due to a
      decrease in collagen synthesis. Since collagen is the most abundant protein in
      the skin, the inhibition of its synthesis leads to atrophy. This review discusses
      the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticosteroid-induced skin atrophy and
      therapeutic possibilities.

PMID- 1806316
TI  - The normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome--report of a case and
      response to colchicine.
AB  - A patient with a 15-year history of urticarial vasculitic rashes and chronic
      vasculitic skin ulceration has been followed at our Connective Tissue Disease
      Clinic for the past five years. Serum complement levels have been persistently
      normal. She has been unresponsive to a variety of medications including steroids,
      dapsone and hydroxychloroquine. She had a dramatic response to colchicine 500
      micrograms daily with total clearing of the urticarial vasculitic rash.

PMID- 1806318
TI  - Dyschromatosis universalis with X-linked ocular albinism.
AB  - A 10-year-old Chinese boy with the characteristic skin manifestations of
      dyschromatosis universalis is described. In addition, the patient had congenital
      nystagmus with poor visual acuity, and ophthalmological examination revealed
      foveal hypoplasia and albino-like fundi. Histopathology showed giant pigment
      granules in the skin. Based upon the finding of giant pigment granules in
      clinically normal skin of the patient's mother, the patient was diagnosed as a
      case of dyschromatosis universalis with X-linked ocular albinism. To the best of
      our knowledge, this is the first documented case of this combination.

PMID- 1806317
TI  - Cryotherapy for lentigo maligna.
AB  - Eleven patients, 10 with lentigo maligna (LM) and one with lentigo maligna
      melanoma (LMM), were treated with cryotherapy. The symptoms cleared in all
      patients except one with LM. There were recurrences in four patients and three
      cleared with further treatment.

PMID- 1806320
TI  - The finger-tip unit--a new practical measure.
AB  - A finger-tip unit (FTU) is the amount of ointment expressed from a tube with a 5
      mm diameter nozzle, applied from the distal skin-crease to the tip of the index
      finger. Thirty adult-patients treated various anatomical regions using FTU's of
      ointment. The number of FTU's required was: face and neck 2.5 (s.d. +/- 0.8);
      front of trunk 6.7 (s.d. +/- 1.7); back of trunk 6.8 (s.d. +/- 1.2); arm and
      forearm 3.3 (s.d. +/- 1.0); hand 1.2 (s.d. +/- 0.4); leg and thigh 5.8 (s.d. +/-
      1.7); foot 1.8 (s.d. +/- 0.6). One FTU covers 286 cm2 (s.d. +/- 80, n = 30). In
      males one FTU covers 312 cm2 (s.d. +/- 90, n = 16) and in females 257 cm2 (s.d.
      +/- 55, n = 14). The use of the FTU in dermatological prescribing provides a
      readily understandable measure for both patients and doctor.

PMID- 1806319
TI  - Changes in Kaposi's sarcoma induced by dapsone.
AB  - The authors describe the clinical and histological changes in well-established
      classic Kaposi's sarcoma lesions during 2-years therapy with dapsone. Both the
      patients noted a great improvement in their symptoms. Clinical examination did
      not show significant modifications of the lesions. Histology showed a striking
      reduction in the spindle-cell component and an increase in the number of mature
      vessels. Immunohistochemistry with an endothelial cell marker (FVIIIRAg)
      confirmed the presence of an increased number of mature vessels after treatment.
      This study seems to confirm that dapsone can modify well-established lesions of
      classic Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 1806321
TI  - Basal-cell carcinoma of the breast--treatment with retinoids.
AB  - Retinoids have previously been described in the treatment of cutaneous
      malignancies and premalignancies. A case is reported of a patient with multifocal
      basal-cell carcinoma treated with a synthetic aromatic derivative of retinoic
      acid (etretinate) which resulted in complete resolution of the carcinoma
      confirmed by microscopy.

PMID- 1806322
TI  - Pigmented nail with atypical melanocytic hyperplasia.
AB  - We report two cases showing black discoloration of the thumb nail which were
      histologically found to be acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) in situ. A pigmented
      subungual lesion is more frequently malignant than benign and it is generally
      believed that diagnosis of subungual melanoma during the radial-growth phase is
      very difficult. Our cases are particularly interesting because atypical
      melanocytic hyperplasia was confined to the epidermis despite the lesion being
      present for a long time.

PMID- 1806323
TI  - Malignant melanoma and systemic mastocytosis--a possible association?
AB  - Lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative malignancies have been noted in
      patients with systemic mastocytosis and urticaria pigmentosa. However, to our
      knowledge an association between mastocytosis and malignant melanoma has not been
      reported previously.

PMID- 1806324
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma arising from a lesion of disseminated superficial actinic
      porokeratosis.
AB  - We report a 69-year-old man with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis
      (DSAP) who developed a hyperkeratotic lesion on the distal third of the right
      forearm with the characteristic histopathological findings of squamous cell
      carcinoma and DSAP. A review of the literature revealed only four similar cases.

PMID- 1806325
TI  - Oral, skin and bone multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis and its response to
      etoposide--a case report.
AB  - We present a young man with the classical features of multisystem Langerhans cell
      histiocytosis (LCH), with emphasis on his disability and demonstrate his dramatic
      response to Etoposide when other treatments had clearly failed. We review the
      literature regarding oral and bone involvement in this disease and relate it to
      long term prognosis.

PMID- 1806326
TI  - A case of neurofibrosarcoma associated with neurofibromatosis--ganglioside
      analysis.
AB  - A patient with neurofibromatosis developed neurofibrosarcoma (NFS). The tumour
      was composed of spindle-shaped cells with atypical nuclei arranged in a
      fascicular or sheet-like fashion. The tumour cells had discontinuous basement
      membrane-like structures and were positively stained with the monoclonal antibody
      against S100 protein alpha chain. Both the primary tumour and its cultured cells
      contained GM3 and GD3 as major gangliosides. The ganglioside pattern of the
      primary tumour corresponds to that of NFS in our previous study. In the cultured
      NFS cells, the relative amount ratio of GM3 to GD3 is almost reversed compared to
      that of the primary tumour. This reversion may reflect some environmental
      influence on the ganglioside metabolism of NFS.

PMID- 1806327
TI  - Yellow nail syndrome in association with carcinoma of the gall bladder.
AB  - We report the case of a 54-year-old female who was found to have adenocarcinoma
      of the gall bladder 2 years after the onset of yellow discolouration and
      deformity of all 20 nails. She also exhibited a past history of chronic sinusitis
      and mild bronchiectasis. As the tumour was inoperable, palliative surgery was
      performed. This case adds further support to a possible association between
      malignancy and the yellow nail syndrome (YNS).

PMID- 1806328
TI  - Bowen's disease arising in a scar--a case report and review of the relationship
      between trauma and malignancy.
AB  - A 55-year-old female presented with a 1-year history of Bowen's disease on the
      leg at the site of a scar from an injury that occurred at 5 years-of-age. The
      clinical features in this case suggest a causal relationship, although trauma may
      have been acting as a co-carcinogenic factor to an unknown primary-cause. The
      relationship between trauma and malignancy is reviewed and proposals for further
      investigation are discussed.

PMID- 1806329
TI  - Pigmented neurofibrosarcoma mimicking a large haemangioma.

PMID- 1806330
TI  - Sequence of swallow, a gene required for the localization of bicoid message in
      Drosophila eggs.
AB  - We report the sequence of the Drosophila maternal effect gene swallow, one of the
      genes whose product is required for the localization of bicoid message during
      Drosophila oogenesis. The inferred swallow protein contains a domain that is
      predicted to be an amphipathic alpha-helix similar to those implicated in
      protein:protein associations in other systems. Another part of the predicted
      protein appears to be a diverged RNA-binding motif. We discuss these structural
      features in light of the function of the swallow protein in the bicoid message
      localization process.

PMID- 1806331
TI  - Phenotypic consequences and genetic interactions of a null mutation in the
      Drosophila Posterior Sex Combs gene.
AB  - The Posterior Sex Combs (Psc) gene of Drosophila is a member of the Polycomb (Pc)
      group of transregulatory genes. Previous analyses of the function of this gene in
      Drosophila embryogenesis have been hampered by the lack of a null mutation. We
      recently isolated a mutation that deletes the 5' end of the Psc gene. This allele
      appears to be a null mutation, and we have used it to determine the Psc zygotic
      null phenotype and to look at the interactions of a null allele of Psc with five
      other Pc group mutations. We find evidence for transformations along both the
      anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes in embryos of a variety of genotypes
      that include a null mutation in Psc. The phenotypes of embryos that are doubly
      mutant for a null allele of Psc and a mutation in a second Pc group gene show
      dramatic synergistic effects, but in their specifics they are dependent on the
      identity of the second Pc group gene. This is different from the relatively
      uniform phenotypes seen among double mutants that contained the allele Psc1,
      which has both gain and loss of function properties. The differences in the
      phenotypes of the doubly mutant embryos allow us to eliminate one class of
      molecular models to explain the dramatic synergism seen with mutations in this
      group of genes.

PMID- 1806332
TI  - Elevated paraquat resistance can be used as a bioassay for longevity in a
      genetically based long-lived strain of Drosophila.
AB  - A long-lived (L) strain of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from a normal-lived
      (R) strain by artificial selection, has a significantly different adult
      longevity. Previous work has shown that 1) the two strains age in the same
      manner, 2) the major genes responsible for much of the L strain's extended
      longevity are located on the 3rd chromosome, and 3) the extended longevity
      phenotype is significantly modulated by the larval environment. In this report,
      we investigate the resistance of the L and R strains to the lethal effects of
      dietary paraquat. We show that, within the limitations of our described
      chromosomal and environmental manipulations, the extended longevity phenotype
      always accompanies the phenotype of elevated paraquat resistance. In addition,
      reversed selection applied to the L strain results in the simultaneous decrease
      of both life span and paraquat resistance. Thus, the presence or absence of the
      latter phenotype may be used as a bioassay for the presence or absence of the
      extended longevity phenotype, without any necessary implication of causality. Use
      of this bioassay should greatly speed up the genetic analysis of this system by
      allowing us to identify long-lived animals at a young age. Finally, we show that
      the age-related loss of elevated paraquat resistance in both strains precedes all
      the other age-related functional decrements which we have previously noted in
      this system.

PMID- 1806333
TI  - Morphological abnormalities, neonatal mortality, and reproductive abnormalities
      in mice transgenic for diphtheria toxin genes that are driven by the promoter for
      adipocyte lipid binding protein.
AB  - Transgenic mice were used in an experiment that was designed to serve as a model
      of a possible approach to reducing the amount of carcass fat in meat animals. The
      objective was to reduce the number of adipocytes in transgenic mice thereby
      restricting the capacity to accumulate lipid. Our approach employed the technique
      of genetic ablation. The promoter for the adipocyte lipid binding protein gene
      was used in an attempt to direct expression of diphtheria toxin genes
      specifically to adipocytes. Three diphtheria toxin genes were used; they encode,
      respectively, an extremely cytotoxic wild type toxin, a less toxic attenuated
      toxin, and a nonfunctional toxin. While it was not possible to accurately assess
      effects of the transgenes on lipid accumulation, several informative observations
      were noted. A large percentage of transgenic founder mice that harbor either wild
      type or attenuated toxin genes are morphologically abnormal, die as neonates, or
      exhibit reproductive abnormalities including sterility or failure to transmit the
      transgene to offspring. In contrast, mice that harbor the nonfunctional toxin
      gene or are nontransgenic rarely have these same abnormalities. These results
      suggest that the transgenic mice are expressing the transgenes in cells other
      than adipocytes and that the aberrant production of functional toxin is
      responsible for the congenital abnormalities. The production of morphological and
      reproductive abnormalities in transgenic animals should be useful for
      investigating normal developmental processes.

PMID- 1806334
TI  - [A clinical trial of treating asthma of moderate severity with beclomethasone
      dipropionate aerosol].
AB  - In order to investigate the efficacy of steroid inhalation in treating asthma of
      moderate severity, a single-blind, randomized short-term (3-4 weeks) trial was
      performed in 25 asthmatics uncontrolled by salbutamol inhalation, oral
      aminophylline and beta 2-agonist. 22 patients finished the trial. Among them,
      twelve received beclomethasone dipropionate 300 mcg/day and ten received placebo.
      There was significant improvement in asthmatic symptoms and pulmonary function
      (FEV1.0, V50, V25) in the group treated with steroid inhalation at the end of
      this trial, whereas no significant changes were observed in the placebo group.
      The results demonstrated that steroid inhalation could effectively control asthma
      of moderate severity.

PMID- 1806335
TI  - [Clinical significance of human basophil releasability in bronchial asthma].
AB  - Human basophil releasability (HBR) was determined in 50 patients with asthma by
      modified human basophil degranulation test (HBDT). The result of HBDT was
      expressed as degranulation index (DI). 1. Anti-IgE-induced HBR: the mean value of
      DI in extrinsic asthma, intrinsic asthma and control subjects was 50.1 +/-
      2.26(%), 32.2 +/- 2.3(%) and 18 +/- 2.74(%) (x +/- sem) respectively. If a DI of
      30% or greater was considered as positive, the positive rate in the above three
      groups would be 96.9%, 60.0% and 20.0% respectively. There was significant
      difference between any two of the three groups (P less than 0.01). 2. Allergen
      induced HBR: HBDT was performed in the asthmatics with sixteen allergens and in
      the controls with mite allergen. The positive rates were 68% in the patients and
      0% in the controls. The coincident rate of the results between HBDT and skin test
      reached 82.9%. The results showed that anti-IgE-induced HBR could be regarded as
      an objective parameter for differentiating extrinsic and intrinsic asthma and
      allergen-induced HBR could be considered as an useful means for in vitro allergen
      diagnosis of asthma.

PMID- 1806336
TI  - [Experimental and clinical study of activated platelet in allergic asthma].
AB  - Twenty-five asthmatic Guinea pigs and fourteen asthmatic patients were included
      in this study. The results showed that the plasma concentration of lyso platelet
      activating-factor (lyso-PAF), B-thromboglobulin (B-TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4),
      TXB2, the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1a and the platelet aggregation rate (PAgT)
      were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) during acute attack, but the
      platelet count and plasma level of 6-keto-PGF1a were markedly decreased (P less
      than 0.01). During remission, the function of platelet gradually returned to
      normal. BN 52021 inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion and relieved the
      symptoms in seven asthmatic guinea pigs. We suggest that platelet may play an
      important role in allergic asthma and antiplatelet drugs may be used for
      prophylaxis and treatment.

PMID- 1806337
TI  - [Determination of pressure gradient across patent ductus arteriosus with
      simultaneous continuous wave Doppler and catheterization methods and non-invasive
      estimation of pulmonary artery pressure].
AB  - To evaluate the accuracy of Doppler technique for measuring the pressure gradient
      (delta P) across patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with a simplified Bernoulli
      equation (delta P = 4 V2) and estimating the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) by
      subtracting delta P from brachial arterial pressure (BAP) measured with cuff
      sphygmomanometry, Doppler echocardiography and catheterization (both left and
      right) were performed simultaneously in 20 patients with PDA. For the values of
      systolic peak delta P (SPPG), mean delta P (MPG) and end-diastolic delta P (EDPG)
      determined by both Doppler and catheter, the correlation was excellent (r = 0.99,
      0.99, 0.99). Doppler determined SPPG also correlated well with catheter
      determined peak to peak delta P (P-PPG) (r = 0.97). Comparison between Doppler
      derived and catheter measured systolic PAP (SPAP), mean PAP (MPAP) and diastolic
      PAP (DPAP) also showed high correlation (r = 0.95, 0.98, 0.97). This study
      demonstrates that Doppler echocardiography is valuable for measurement of delta P
      across PDA and non-invasive estimation of PAP in patients with PDA.

PMID- 1806338
TI  - [The influence of hypertension and antihypertensive agents on experimental IgA
      nephropathy (IgAN)].
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the influence of hypertension and antihypertensive
      agents on IgAN, IgAN and hypertension experimental models were induced in SD rats
      and divided into 4 groups: (1) IgAN(n = 8); (2) IgAN+by hypertension(n = 8); (3)
      captopril 4mg/100gBW/d, for 42 days administered to rats as group (2) (n = 8);
      (4) nifedipine 300ug/100gBW/d, for 42 days administered to rats as group (2) (n =
      8). Blood pressure was measured at the 12th, 14th, 16th, 18th and 20th week.
      Urinary protein, serum angiotensin II (AT II) and renal pathologic changes were
      examined at the 20th week. Our results suggest that hypertension worsens IgAN by
      glomerular mesangial proliferation in early stages. Though Captopril has the same
      therapeutic effect on hypertension as Nifedipine does, the former has been proven
      to have potentially beneficial effects on diminishing proteinuria as well as
      mesangial lesions. This is consistent with the suppression of serum ATII which
      favours glomerular microcirculation.

PMID- 1806339
TI  - [Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in gallbladder stones: report of 200
      cases].
AB  - The effect and experience in treating 200 patients having gallbladder stones with
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were reported. Traditional Chinese
      medicine was used in combination in these patients. The overall effective
      lithotriptic rate was 91%. In a follow-up study of 137 of the cases, the rate of
      complete disappearance of gallbladder stones was 16.8%, 25.5% and 39.4%,
      respectively 1, 3, and 6 months after lithotripsy. During treatment, the patients
      had no remarkable discomfort. The authors consider that the lithotriptic effect
      is related to the nature, size, morphology and structure of the stones and ESWL
      is promising non-operative treatment. However, improved instrumentation is
      necessary for better efficacy of lithotripsy.

PMID- 1806340
TI  - [A histopathological study of bone marrow in acute myeloid leukemia. Bone marrow
      biopsy changes before chemotherapy and comparison with bone marrow smears].
AB  - Histopathological changes of pretreatment bone marrow biopsy from 42 cases with
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were described. A considerable difference was shown
      between the results of aspirate smears and the findings of plastic embedded
      biopsy sections, particularly in bone marrow cellularity such as infiltration of
      inflammatory cells and presence of residual hemopoietic cells, qualitative and
      quantitative abnormalities of megakaryocytes suggestive of myelodysplastic
      features were more accurately assessed in the sections of marrow biopsy than in
      the aspirate smears. In three cases there was considerable infiltration of
      maturing but dysplastic granulocytic cells and erythroid precursors in the
      sections, but not in the aspirate smears. Our study shows that plastic embedded
      biopsy sections provide more information than aspiration smears for the diagnosis
      of AML.

PMID- 1806341
TI  - [Clinical effect and laboratory observation of ofloxacin in the treatment of
      typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonorrhea].
AB  - Ofloxacin was used in the treatment of 20 cases of typhoid fever, 32 cases of
      bacillary dysentery and 50 cases of gonococcal infection. Altogether 102 cases
      were treated, 53 being male and 49 female. The daily dosage was 400 mg to 600 mg,
      divided into two times. The result showed that the clinical effective rate for
      typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonococcal infections was 100%, 97% and
      94% respectively, while the bacterial eradication rate was 100%, 100% and 94%
      respectively. the bacterial eradication rate was 100%, 97% and 94% respectively.
      The side effects were mild in degree. The authors are of the opinion that since
      ofloxacin can be administered orally with only two times a day, its absorption is
      nearly complete and the cure rate is high, it should be considered as the drug of
      choice in the treatment of typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonorrhea,
      especially in the drug resistant cases. It is suggested that this drug be used
      more widely.

PMID- 1806342
TI  - [Oncogene ras P 21 expression and DNA ploidy in human bladder tumor].
AB  - The cellular DNA content was quantitatively and the expression of oncogene ras P
      21 qualitatively assessed in paraffin embedded tumor specimens from 62 patients
      with bladder tumors, using the paraffin-embedded bladder mucosa specimens from 7
      patients with non-neoplastic urinary diseases as control. The results were
      retrospectively analysed in relation to the outcome of patients on follow-up. In
      25 cases with superficial bladder tumor the positive rate of P 21 expression and
      the frequency of aneuploid were 92% and 12%, respectively. But in 37 cases with
      infiltrative bladder tumor the positive rate of P 21 expression and the frequency
      of aneuploid were 29.7% and 78.3%, respectively. It was considered that the P 21
      expression may imply early bladder tumor whereas the finding of aneuploid was a
      parameter of advanced bladder tumor. Our results also showed that the expression
      or non-expression of P 21 was closely related to DNA ploid patterns. The positive
      rate of P 21 expression was 90% in the diploid bladder tumors and 50% in the
      tetraploid bladder tumors. The P 21 expression was negative in all the cases with
      double aneuploid bladder tumors. The results suggest that DNA ploid patterns and
      P 21 expression, when analyzed simultaneously, would be prognostically more
      informative than either alone.

PMID- 1806343
TI  - [Comparison of point mutation induced by ethylnitrosourea in human fetus and
      Syrian hamster pulmonary epithelial cells].
AB  - Cytotoxicity and mutation at the HGPRT (hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase) locus induced by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) in human fetus and Syrian
      hamster pulmonary epithelial cells were studied. A dose-dependent relationship
      between ENU and both parameters was observed. Cell killing of ENU to both cell
      lines was similar when determined as a reduction in colony-forming efficiency.
      However, after treatment with 0.01 mg/ml of ENU, the frequency of point mutation
      was zero in the human cells, but 4.1/10(5) cells in the hamster cells. ENU at 0.8
      mg/ml induced 248.4 mutants per 10(5) cells in the hamster cells, but only 9.4
      mutants per 10(5) cells in the human cells. The average frequency of mutation
      from all doses in the hamster cells was 10.5-fold higher than in human cells.
      These results imply that hamster cells are more sensitive to mutation induction
      than human cells and the cytotoxic effect of ENU may not be responsible for point
      mutation in both cell lines. These results support our previous finding that
      human chromosomes are more stable than those of rodents.

PMID- 1806344
TI  - [Vitamin nutritional status of a high lung cancer risk population].
AB  - Vitamins A, C, D, (VA, VC, VE) and carotene (CAR) in plasma and riboflavin (VB2)
      in urine samples were measured to evaluate the nutritional status of 44 non
      mining workers, 81 miners and 43 lung cancer patients in Yunnan Tin Mine. Plasma
      VA in these 3 groups averaged 46.6, 52.8, and 47.8 micrograms/dl, respectively,
      with 0, 0 and 7.2% of the individuals having levels under 20 micrograms/dl. The
      average levels of plasma CAR among these 3 groups were 153.6, 123.0 and 137.1
      micrograms/dl. CAR contents in miners were significantly lower (P less than 0.01)
      than those of non-mining workers. About 1/4 of the miners and 1/6 of the lung
      cancer patients had values less than 80 micrograms/dl. Plasma VC among these 3
      groups averaged 423, 406 and 360 micrograms/dl, respectively, with 14.0, 11.5 and
      25.6% of the individuals having levels under 300 micrograms/dl. The average
      plasma VE contents ranged from 648.3 to 722.0 micrograms/dl for the 3 groups.
      70.5% of non-mining workers. 42.0% of miners and 39.5% of the lung cancer
      patients had levels less than 700 micrograms/dl, which is considered either low
      or deficient in nutritional surveys. 52.3% of the non-mining workers and 51.8% of
      the miners were either low or deficient in VB2. Although there was intermittent
      supplementation of riboflavin in lung cancer patients, the low and deficient VB2
      nutritional status was still observed in 27.9% of them. The study establishes the
      low nutritional status in vitamins of the high lung cancer risk population in
      Yunnan Tin Mine and provides a background for a nutritional intervention trial to
      prevent lung cancer in the miners.

PMID- 1806345
TI  - [Expression of protooncogenes c-myb and c-myc during the hexamethylene
      bisacetamide (HMBA)-induced commitment to terminal differentiation of murine
      erythroleukemia cells].
AB  - Modulation of a number of protooncogene expression occurs during differentiation
      of eukaryotes. Changes in expression of c-myb and c-myc during the HMBA-induced
      terminal differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells were characterized by an
      early decrease (within 4 hrs), followed by the recovery of c-myc mRNA by 10 hrs,
      and the retention of suppression of c-myb expression for the rest of the
      induction period. Two MELC variants were used to further define the relationship
      between the differentiation and the protooncogene expression. R1 was a MELC
      variant completely resistant to HMBA, and R1 (VCR), a vincristine resistant R1,
      became inducible by HMBA again. The cell differentiation and the c-myb and c-myc
      expression were determined on R1 or R1 (VCR) cultured with HMBA respectively. The
      results demonstrated that the c-myc mRNA increased and remained relatively high
      as the cells grew to a saturated density regardless of the induction of
      differentiation. The R1 (VCR) cultured with HMBA displayed an early decrease in c
      myb mRNA and a subsequent suppression of its expression, while the R1 cultured
      with HMBA showed a stable level of c-myb mRNA. These results suggest that the c
      myb expression, rather than c-myc expression, is closely related to the HMBA
      induced terminal differentiation.

PMID- 1806346
TI  - [Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes from different
      populations in areas with high and low mortality of esophageal cancer].
AB  - The effects of selenium (Se) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
      activity in the development of esophageal cancer was studied. The results
      indicated that there were no significant differences in Se level (P greater than
      0.2) and GSH-Px activity (P greater than 0.1) in the normal subjects from areas
      with high and low esophageal cancer mortality. In an area with high esophageal
      cancer mortality, the Se level and GSH-Px activity of the normal, mild
      hyperplasia, severe dysplasia and cancer groups decreased gradually. There was a
      significant difference in the erythrocyte Se concentration of the normal and
      severe dysplasia groups (P less than 0.03). Erythrocyte Se concentration and GSH
      Px activity were significantly lower in the cancer group than in the normal group
      (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.03). The findings suggest that low erythrocyte
      Se level and GSH-Px activity were the results of carcinogenesis rather than a
      cause.

PMID- 1806347
TI  - [Genetic etiology of esophageal cancer. VI. Significance of endoreduplication in
      the cultured lymphocytes from members of high risk cancer families in Linxian
      County].
AB  - Studies on 7045 metaphase plates in cultured lymphocytes of 40 members from 4
      high risk esophageal cancer families in Linxian County are reported. It was found
      that there were 58 endoreduplication and tetraploid cell appearance in 7045 cells
      of 18 members out of 40 (45%), with a frequency of 0.82%. Furthermore, 21% of
      cells with endoreduplication were found in one member of high risk cancer
      families. Thereupon, we conjecture that these endoreduplication cells may play an
      important role in the esophageal carcinogenesis in the high risk cancer families
      in Linxian County.

PMID- 1806348
TI  - [Comparative study of the relationship between in vitro motility and invasion
      potentials of three mouse forestomach cancer (MFC) cell lines].
AB  - The relationship between motility of cancer cells and their invasiveness is
      important in understanding the invasion mechanisms of malignant tumors. The in
      vitro motility of three MFC cell lines was measured by the Boyden chamber
      technique. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant differences in
      vitro motility among these three cell lines. The motility correlated with in
      vitro invasion potentials.

PMID- 1806349
TI  - [Invasion of spheroid aggregate of mouse lung adenocarcinoma (LA 795) cells into
      embryonic chick heart fragments].
AB  - An in vitro invasion model of tumor cell spheroid aggregate was established by
      using mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell line (LA795) and precultured embryonic chick
      heart fragments (PHF). The spheroid aggregates of LA795 cells were prepared by
      incubating a suspension of trypsinized LA795 cells on a gyratory shaker. Spheroid
      aggregates of LA795 cells in diameter of 0.2 mm were selected and confronted with
      PHF (diameter of 0.4 mm) on semisolid medium for 3-4 hours, then, individual
      confronting pairs were transferred into fluid medium for further co-culture on
      gyratory shaker. After 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, multiplicated confronting pairs were
      processed for histological and ultrastructural study. The invasive capacity and
      the invasion process of LA795 cells were examined. The results demonstrated that
      LA795 cell line has a high capacity of invasion and malignancy in vitro. This
      spheroid invasion model is very useful for studying invasiveness of tumor cells
      in vitro.

PMID- 1806350
TI  - [Comparison of two multi-drug chemotherapy regimens based on mitoxantrone and
      epirubicin in 44 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - From June 1987 to June 1989, a comparative study was carried out in 44 NON =
      Hodgkin's lymphoma patients to-evaluate the effect and side effects of two multi
      drug chemotherapy regimens: Group A (cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine,
      prednisone) and Group B (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, prednisone).
      The response rate was 86% in Group A (22 patients) and was 82% in Group B (22
      patients). By the end of August, 1989, 12 patients in Group A were still alive
      with a median survival of 16 (5-24) months while 18 patients in Group B were
      living with a median survival of 15 (4-24) months. The side effects were
      tolerable in both groups. From the authors' data, mitoxantrone is considered as
      effective as epirubicin for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 1806351
TI  - [COBDP combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant lymphoma--report on
      64 patients].
AB  - From February 1986 to February 1989, 64 patients with malignant lymphoma were
      treated in our hospital by combination chemotherapy. In this series, there were 7
      Hodgkin's and 57 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Twenty-five patients had untreated and
      39, treated lesions. Clinical staging showed 7 Stage I, 5 Stage II, 22 Stage III
      and 30 Stage IV lesions. The COBDP regimen was carried out as: cytoxan 600 mg iv
      on D 1.8; oncovin 2 mg iv on D 1.8; Bleomycin A5 10 mg im on D 1,4,8,11;
      cisdichlorodiamine-platinum 20 mg iv drip on D 1-5; and Prednisone 10 mg tid po
      on D-14. Treatment results revealed 39% (25 patients) CR, 52% (33 patients) PR,
      giving an over-all response rate of 91% (CR + PR). There was a significant
      difference in the CR of the untreated patients (56%-14/25) and that of the
      treated ones (28%-11/39) (P less than 0.05). However, between these two groups of
      patients, no statistical significance was observed in the median CR durations
      (greater than 12 months vs greater than 9 months) and the median survivals of the
      CR patients (greater than 16.5 months vs 15 months) (P greater than 0.05). The
      median survival after CR was significantly longer than that after PR (P less than
      0.05). The side effects were: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia and leucopenia
      without mortality or pulmonary complications. The authors believe that COBDP
      regimen may serve as the first line attack against malignant lymphomas. The
      prognostic factors are also discussed.

PMID- 1806352
TI  - [Cox regression model analysis of influence of the transitional mucosa adjacent
      to rectal carcinoma on anastomotic recurrence after anterior resection].
AB  - The influence of nine clinico-pathological factors on anastomotic recurrence of
      rectal cancer after anterior resection was analyzed using Cox regression model.
      Among the nine factors, the mucin histochemical changes in mucosa at the
      resection margins, Dukes' stage and histological type of the cancer were of
      significance (P less than 0.1). The most important variable for anastomotic
      recurrence was mucin histochemical changes at the resection margins according to
      the Wald statistic value. It is suggested that the transitional mucosa adjacent
      to rectal carcinoma in which mucin histochemical changes take place bears great
      weight on the further malignant transformation after anterior resection. The
      biological characteristics of the transitional mucosa and clinical significance
      of the application of Cox regression model for prognostic analysis are discussed.

PMID- 1806353
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study on clear cell chondrosarcoma].
AB  - Clear cell chondrosarcoma, a subtype and separate entity from the conventional
      chondrosarcoma, is characterized by its special histologic features, site of
      predilection, slow growth and better prognosis. Three cases are presented with
      elucidation of clinicopathologic correlation and detection by ABC
      immunohistochemical method using several antibodies. The observation of positive
      reaction to S-100 protein, vimentin, anti-alpha-chymotrypsin and Lysozyme by the
      tumor cells of clear cell chondrosarcoma, similar to chondrosarcoma and
      chondroblastoma, proves that this tumor has its origin from the cartilaginous
      tissue. It was found for the first time that the clear cell chondrosarcoma was
      positive for wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A. The authors believe that
      clear cell chondrosarcoma may result from the anaplastic change of
      chondroblastoma cells into another subtype of that tumor. The osteoblastlike
      multinucleated giant cells, retaining the antigens of phagocytes, are not
      considered to be neoplastic.

PMID- 1806354
TI  - [Histopathology of 73 cases of calcifying epithelioma].
AB  - In this paper, 73 patients with calcifying epithelioma are reported. It comprised
      0.094% of all our total biopsies and occurred in children as well as in adults of
      all ages despite the fact that most of the patients were children and youngsters
      (70.2%). Fourty-seven were female and 26 male. The lesion developed slowly into
      small masses with prolonged clinical course. The majority (88.5%) of the lesions
      were 0.5-1.5 cm in size usually located in the head, face, neck and the upper
      extremities. This tumor was composed of two cell types: the shadow cells and
      basophilic cells. The shadow cells were found in 100% of the cases from the
      beginning to the end whereas the basophilic cells reduced gradually with time.
      Ossification was observed in 21% of the cases, and increasing with time. In 86%
      of cases, calcification was observed.

PMID- 1806355
TI  - [Olfactory neuroblastoma--a report of 4 cases and review of literature].
AB  - This paper reports 4 patients with pathologically proven olfactory neuroblastoma.
      This tumor most commonly occurs along the medial line of the nasal cavity, base
      of the anterior cranial fossa, or the ethmoid sinuses. Special stain or electron
      microscopy should be done routinely to ensure diagnostic accuracy if a mass at
      the above sites was suspected to be an olfactory neuroblastoma. Ample excision
      and preoperative and/or postoperative radiotherapy was recommended. The
      irradiation field should be large enough and the dose more than 60 Gy. The
      prognosis of patients in Group C of Kadish classification and children was poor.
      Recurrence and metastasis might still occur many years after the initial
      treatment, necessitating close follow-up.

PMID- 1806356
TI  - [The effect of high pressure of protein dynamics from Rayleigh scattering of
      Mossbauer irradiation data].

PMID- 1806357
TI  - [Gene product p53 is involved in the regulation of activity of the c-fos proto
      oncogene promotor].

PMID- 1806358
TI  - [Memory, emotional status and affective valence. Critical review].
AB  - Literature emphasizes that affective factors such as the subject's emotional
      state or the emotional tone of the information influence memory: The present
      review is focused on two critical phenomena: 1) "State-Dependent Memory Effect"
      (or State-Dependent Recall) i.e. material memorized in a given emotional state is
      more easily recalled in the same emotional state. 2)"Mood Congruence Effect"
      where a subject memorizes more easily the material whose emotional tone is
      congruent to his own emotional state than the material having a non congruent
      emotional tone. By and large, studies using experimentally induced mood
      (generally happy or sad) have questioned the "State-Dependent Memory Effect" but
      frequently confirmed the "Mood Congruence Effect". Very few clinical studies have
      investigated the "State-Dependent Memory Effect" in affective disorders as
      compared to the "Mood Congruence Effect". Their results are consistent with the
      existence of a "Mood Congruence Effect" in depression, but the experimental
      conditions seem to have a great importance. Hence, the effect is reduced when the
      subject is aware of the emotional content of the material. This cognitive
      process, related to the categorisation of words depending on their affective
      tone, allows an efficient organization of the material during encoding and seems
      to modulate the automatic selective processing of emotionally loaded information.

PMID- 1806359
TI  - [Yawning and sexual excitation under clomipramine. Role of serotoninergic
      mechanisms. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of a singular side effect induced by clomipramine, one in a
      man, the other in a woman (both patients were beninese). This consisted of the
      occurring of the association of very frequent yawning and sexual excitation
      (sexual excitation with vaginal lubrification for the woman and hypogastric
      feeling of sexual pleasure for the man). It appeared after a few days of
      ambulatory treatment of a depression with clomipramine 75 mg/day. Clomipramine
      and demethylclomipramine blood levels were respectively 85 and 95 ng/ml and 70
      and 80 ng/ml for the two patients. Three similar cases had been reported in the
      literature with this same tricyclic antidepressant. Recently a first case has
      been reported with fluoxetin. On this basis, it could be suggested that
      serotoninergic mechanisms are involved in the development of such clinical
      manifestations. But it seems reasonable to consider that serotoninergic mechanism
      could interact with a dopaminergic one. In favour of this hypothesis is the
      implication of dopaminergic mechanisms in yawning in man or in the association
      yawning--penile erections in the rat. Some others clinical arguments are
      discussed.

PMID- 1806360
TI  - [Panic disorder and alcoholism].
AB  - Relationships between alcoholism and anxiety disorder are well known by
      clinicians. Studies have recently shown that the prevalence of alcohol abuse or
      dependence is very high in patients with panic disorder with or without
      agoraphobia (Thyer et al., 1986; Bibb and Chambless, 1986). The aims of this
      study were to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of alcohol abuse and
      dependence in a population of panic outpatients who were consecutive referrals
      for treatment of panic disorder (PD) in an anxiety clinic. Patients were
      interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime
      Version Modified for the study of anxiety disorders (SADS-LA) which is a
      standardized and semi-structured interview allowing to make diagnoses according
      to RDC, DSM III and DSM III-R criteria. One hundred and three panic patients (39
      males and 64 females) were included in the study. Their mean age was 38.5 years
      (SD: 11.6). In this sample, 24.3% met the DSM III-R criteria for alcohol abuse
      and 8.7% those for alcohol dependence. Among these patients, 26.2%, abused of
      benzodiazepines and 16.5% of them of other substances. We found a high
      comorbidity rate. In fact, 6.8% of the patients met diagnostic criteria for PD
      alone, 31.0% for one more diagnosis, 29.1% for two more and 33.0% for three or
      more besides PD. In this study, we found an association between alcohol abuse and
      the presence of a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive episode and/or other
      addictive behaviors. Otherwise, alcohol abuse did not occur more often in
      patients suffering from panic disorder associated with agoraphobia and/or social
      phobia.

PMID- 1806361
TI  - [Familial forms of schizophrenia. Cytogenetic study].
AB  - As a preliminary step in the search for chromosomal location of a susceptibility
      gene predisposing to schizophrenia, cytogenetic screening of patients might be
      useful. Search for chromosomal aberrations has successfully directed and
      accelerated the identification of several disease genes, such as the Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy gene, retinoblastoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic myeloid
      leukemia. Although karyotypes abnormalities do not account for a large portion of
      cases of Schizophrenia, the two candidate regions predisposing to this disease
      resulted from observation of chromosomal abnormalities. First, the identification
      of a partial trisomy of the 5q11-q13 region (Basset et al., 1988) led Sherrington
      et al. (1988) to report a positive linkage with markers localized on the long arm
      of chromosome 5, which has not yet been replicated (Kauffman et al., 1989;
      Kennedy et al., 1988; St Clair et al., 1989). Second, on the basis of frequent
      cytogenetic abnormalities of the sex chromosome (DeLisi, 1985) in addition to
      epidemiological observations, Crow (1988) suggested that there could be a locus
      for psychosis within the pseudoautosomal region, a data which has been recently
      confirmed (Collinge et al., 1991). With the hypothesis that such aberrations
      could be more frequent among schizophrenics who have at least one affected first
      degree relative, we undertook cytogenetic screening on a sample recruited from
      consecutive psychiatric admissions to a Psychiatric facility (Hopital Saint Paul)
      involving patients living in a limited geographical area on the island of La
      Reunion, a French Department in the Indian Ocean.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806362
TI  - Insulin resistance in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to obtain a comprehensive picture of the rate of
      insulin secretion and of tissue sensitivity to the endogenous hormone in myotonic
      dystrophy patients (MyD). The minimal model approach was utilized for the
      analysis of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test data (FSIGT).
      This method provided the characteristic parameters: SI, insulin sensitivity
      index; SG fractional glucose disappearance independent of dynamic insulin; n,
      fractional insulin clearance; phi 1 and phi 2 first and second phase insulin
      delivery sensitivities to glucose stimulation. In MyD patients SI was reduced (p
      less than 0.01) by 71% to 1.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(-4) min-1/(microU/ml), whereas in
      controls it was 4.85 +/- 0.77; SG was within the normal range: 0.044 +/- 0.012
      min-1 in MyD patients and 0.036 +/- 0.017 min-1 in controls; phi 1 increased in
      MyD patients (7.4 +/- 1.3 min (microU/ml)/(mg/dl) versus 4.1 +/- 1.2 in
      controls); phi 2 increased in MyD patients (126 +/- 47 x 10(4) min
      2/(microU/ml)/(mg/dl) versus 17 +/- 6 in controls; p less than 0.05). MyD
      patients showed a normal tolerance with the glucose disappearance constant, KG
      within the normal range: 2.75 versus 2.62% min-1 in controls. In MyD patients
      insulin resistance was associated with a higher than normal insulin delivery for
      both secretory phases, although the second phase was responsible for releasing a
      greater amount of hormone. In conclusion MyD patients try to compensate for
      overall insulin resistance by a more marked pancreatic response.

PMID- 1806363
TI  - Stimulation of GM3 ganglioside sialidase activity by an activator protein in
      patients with mucolipidosis IV and controls.
AB  - An activator protein that stimulates the enzymic hydrolysis of sialic acid from
      gangliosides by ganglioside sialidase was fractionated from human liver. This
      fraction was distinct from those stimulating the hydrolysis of galactose from GM1
      ganglioside by beta-galactosidase and the hydrolysis of N-acetylgalactosamine
      from GM2 ganglioside by hexosaminidase A. This fraction was highly specific for
      the hydrolysis of sialic acid from GM3 ganglioside, and was equally effective in
      fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis IV and in fibroblasts from controls.

PMID- 1806364
TI  - Dexamethasone and glucagon cause synergistic increases of urea cycle enzyme
      activities in livers of normal but not adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - Adrenalectomized and intact rats were given constant high-dose infusions of
      glucagon, 0.3 mg/kg per day for 7 days, with or without low-dose dexamethasone,
      0.01 mg/kg daily, to test whether glucocorticoids potentiate glucagon induction
      of the 5 urea cycle enzymes as they do in cultured rat hepatocytes. Glucagon did
      not induce any of the urea cycle enzymes in adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rats
      and only induced argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) in adrenalectomized inbred
      Wistar-Furth rats. Dexamethasone alone induced arginase in adrenalectomized and
      in intact Wistar-Furth rats and restored the other enzymes to normal levels in
      adrenalectomized rats. In intact Wistar-Furth rats, the combination of hormones
      gave synergistic increases of all 5 enzymes over the responses to each hormone
      alone, but in adrenalectomized rats the combination was only additive or less
      than additive compared with the sum of single hormone responses. The lack of
      synergism between the two hormones in adrenalectomized rats suggest that other
      factors play a role in glucagon induction of this cycle.

PMID- 1806365
TI  - The mechanism of decline of age-dependent enzymes in the red blood cell.
AB  - Buoyant density centrifugation on discontinuous gradients separates red blood
      cells (RBCs) according to age, as shown by radiolabelling experiments both in
      vitro and in vivo. Changes observed in these gradients reflect in vivo rates of
      decline. A progressive metabolic decline may render the RBC incapable of
      surviving stresses in the circulation. It was hypothesized that changes only take
      place at the reticulocyte-mature RBC transition. RBC hexokinase (HK) has two
      isozymes, one predominant in reticulocytes, the other in mature RBCs. We compared
      its decline in the density gradient, with that of pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase
      (P5N), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate kinase (PK). The
      decline of HK and P5N was clearly biphasic; for GOT and PK instead there was a
      single slope. Thus changes taking place at the reticulocyte-RBC transition are
      clearly identified by a biphasic slope in the gradient. The view of a progressive
      metabolic decline in vivo for the RBC therefore remains valid.

PMID- 1806366
TI  - Rapid accumulation of plasma acid-stable trypsin inhibitor in experimental acute
      renal injury.
AB  - Acid-stable trypsin inhibitor (ASTI) activity was measured during experimental
      acute renal tubular dysfunction and glomerulonephritis in rats. A marked
      elevation of ASTI activity occurred at a very early stage of acute renal tubular
      damage, and the changes were observed prior to histological abnormalities or
      elevation of blood creatinine. No alteration in ASTI activity was observed at an
      early stage of experimental glomerulonephritis. The data obtained confirm that
      ASTI is excreted through the renal tubules and that the plasma ASTI concentration
      is very sensitive to renal tubular dysfunction.

PMID- 1806367
TI  - Sugar chain heterogeneity of bone and liver alkaline phosphatase in serum.
AB  - Fractionation of bone and liver alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1; ALP) in serum
      by serial lectin affinity chromatography has demonstrated differences in the
      sugar chain structure of bone and liver ALP in serum from that previously
      reported in the corresponding tissues, with a lower content of high mannose or
      hybrid-type sugar chains and a higher content of biantennary complex-type chains.
      Furthermore, the bone and liver ALPs were found to differ in the latter with the
      bone fraction showing a greater content of fucose residues.

PMID- 1806368
TI  - Ultrasonic baths as substitutes for shaking incubator baths.
AB  - An easily assembled incubation bath for enzyme work is described. The bath is
      made from commercially available units: an ultrasonic bath of the type used for
      cleaning and a temperature-controlling device. The device is not only much
      cheaper, quieter, and more compact than a commercially built shaking-type bath,
      but is also gives superior mixing of heterogeneous enzyme incubation samples,
      particularly those containing tissue homogenates or subcellular particles.

PMID- 1806370
TI  - Role of recombinant DNA in inborn errors of the urea cycle. Short review.

PMID- 1806369
TI  - Derivatives of plant beta-glucans are hydrolyzed by intestinal lactase-phlorizin
      hydrolase of mammals.
AB  - Laminaribiose and gentiobiose, two O-beta-linked disaccharides deriving from
      plant beta-glucans, were found to be hydrolyzed in the rat small intestine by an
      enzyme anchored into the brush border membrane of the enterocytes. Immunological
      and biochemical data, together with the developmental pattern of expression,
      support that this activity is carried out by the bifunctional enzyme involved in
      the hydrolysis of lactose and glycosylceramides: the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
      complex.

PMID- 1806372
TI  - New trends in cardiovascular therapy and technology. 19-22 June 1991, Genoa,
      Italy. Proceedings.

PMID- 1806371
TI  - Direct and indirect mutation analyses in patients with ornithine transcarbamylase
      deficiency.
AB  - Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) is one of 5 enzymes in the detoxification of
      ammonia to urea, and its deficiency, an X-linked disease, is the most common
      inborn error of urea genesis in humans. Because of the devastating nature of the
      disease there is a strong demand for reliable and rapid molecular analyses in OTC
      families in order to offer carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. This paper
      presents the efficiency of direct and indirect mutation analyses in 22 OTC
      families using Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      amplification. For 89% of the mothers with an affected child, at least 1 RFLP of
      the OTC locus was informative concerning prenatal diagnosis. 100% informativity
      was reached by using the additional flanking markers 754 and LI.28. In total, 3
      deletions (14%) and 1 TaqI site mutation (4.5%) in exon 3 were detected. 13 (60%)
      of our 22 mothers were found to be carriers, 9 of them being obligate carriers
      and 4 detected by biochemical testing. 4 mothers were excluded as carriers by DNA
      analyses, and in 5 mothers the carrier status could not be assessed positively.
      DNA analyses permitted carrier detection in 32% and carrier exclusion in 55% of
      22 female relatives. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in 4 families: in 1 family
      by direct mutation detection and in 3 families by linkage analyses. It was
      possible to determine the mutation origin in 6 families, all of them with male
      probands. In 4 families the mutation had occurred during grandpaternal
      spermiogenesis, suggesting higher mutation rates in males, but in 2 cases it was
      the result of an event during maternal oogenesis, proving that new mutations in
      the OTC gene do also occur in eggs. Our recommended strategy for carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis in OTC deficiency is to examine routinely
      Southern blots of BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, MspI, PstI and TaqI digestions using the
      OTCcDNA probe pH0731 and the flanking markers 754 and LI.28, as well as the TaqI
      digested PCR products of exons 3, 5 and 9.

PMID- 1806373
TI  - Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in coronary heart disease. A model
      for studying the stunned myocardium in man.
AB  - The concept of myocardial stunning encompasses a wide variety of settings with
      major pathophysiological differences. Stresses, such as exercise-provoked
      myocardial ischaemia and dysfunction, are accompanied in most patients by a flow
      limiting coronary stenosis, while contractile dysfunction persists in some with
      cessation of exercise. Twenty-six patients with proven coronary artery disease
      were studied by exercise echocardiography. Left ventricular (LV) volumes, wall
      motion and myocardial thickening were detected in apical four- and two-chamber
      views at rest and during upright bicycle exercise. All patients had an increase
      in total asynergy score and a decrease in ejection fraction (EF) during exercise.
      Myocardial dysfunction persisted after exercise in 22 patients (84%) as shown by
      the persistence of low values of LVEF on recovery up to 30 min. When compared to
      control, nisoldipine reduces total asynergy score and prevents the decline in
      LVEF during exercise by reducing the extent of myocardial ischaemia. The value of
      LVEF on recovery is normal. Thus, this particular form of myocardial stunning
      after exercise-induced ischaemia offers an interesting model for studying (1) the
      susceptibility of an individual patient and (2) to test the capability of a drug
      to prevent and to reverse myocardial stunning.

PMID- 1806374
TI  - Should we treat silent myocardial ischaemia?
AB  - Silent myocardial ischaemia has been documented in various clinical entities.
      Exercise testing and ambulatory ECG monitoring are the most widely used tests for
      documenting silent ischaemia, and both exercise-induced and daily life ischaemia
      have the potential to trigger prolonged functional and structural changes.
      Numerous clinical investigations in apparently healthy subjects, in stable and
      unstable angina, in patients with a previous myocardial infarction indicate that
      ischaemia has an adverse prognostic influence, independent of whether the
      ischaemia is silent or symptomatic. Methods for documenting silent ischaemia lead
      to different considerations according to each clinical syndrome of coronary
      artery disease. This review deals with the different intervention strategies
      derived from the unique prognostic profiles offered by silent ischaemia in a
      variety of clinical entities.

PMID- 1806375
TI  - Chronic ischaemic ('hibernating') and postischaemic ('stunned') dysfunctional but
      viable myocardium.
AB  - Myocardial stunning might be defined as a transient postischaemic contractile
      abnormality seen after reperfusion has been achieved. The benefits of reperfusion
      therapy might be delayed, but will occur within hours to days after reperfusion.
      Consequently, the stunned myocardium is viable, but its full recovery might be
      delayed for a few weeks. While multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are
      reported to be responsible for the stunning phenomenon, a partial failure of
      calcium cycling seems to be the cause of the electromechanical uncoupling
      demonstrated in the stunned myocardium. No pharmacological or other means were
      used to detect myocardial viability in the stunned myocardium since it is, by
      definition, a viable myocardium. The 'hibernating' myocardium differs from the
      stunned myocardium in that it is a viable (partially or completely), chronically
      underperfused myocardium with an impaired metabolism and function which is slowly
      reversible when adequate blood flow is restored. This condition represents an
      'extreme defence mechanism' in response to profound and chronic ischaemia;
      however, it does not occur in all patients with chronic myocardial ischaemia. In
      some circumstances the myocardium might undergo ischaemic necrosis instead of
      hibernation, with irreversible structural and functional damage. The mechanism
      leading to one or other response to chronic ischaemia is unclear and might depend
      on the degree and duration of myocardial ischaemia and histopathological
      response. Thus, the detection of hibernated myocardium is highly significant
      because it constitutes a potentially salvageable myocardium. The gold standard
      for the clinical detection of these conditions is positron emission tomography
      (PET), but it is uncertain what role echocardiography and pharmacological tests
      could play in this field.

PMID- 1806376
TI  - Ticlopidine treatment for patients with unstable angina at rest. A further
      analysis of the study of ticlopidine in unstable angina. Studio della Ticlopidina
      nell'Angina Instabile Group.
AB  - Data collected to investigate the effects of ticlopidine in a subset of 489
      patients with angina at rest accompanied by transient ischaemic
      electrocardiographic changes have been analysed. Of the 489 patients, 255
      received conventional treatment including beta-blockers, nitrates, or calcium
      antagonists (control group); 234 received conventional treatment plus ticlopidine
      250 mg b.i.d. (ticlopidine group). The predefined end-points were vascular death
      and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of end-points was assessed
      according to the intention-to-treat principle. The post-hoc estimated statistical
      power was 80%. The rate of death or AMI in the 6-month follow-up period was
      reduced from 14.9 to 6.8% (-54.4%) (odds ratio: 0.42; confidence intervals: 0.22,
      0.80). The incidence of fatal or nonfatal AMI was reduced from 12.2 to 4.3% (
      65%) (odds ratio: 0.32; confidence intervals: 0.14, 0.70) and of nonfatal AMI
      from 10.2 to 3.8% (-63%) (odds ratio: 0.35; confidence intervals: 0.15, 0.80).
      Nineteen patients died; 12 in the control group (4.7%) and seven in the
      ticlopidine group (83%) (-36%) (odds ratio: 0.62; confidence intervals: 0.21,
      1.74); five patients in the control group and only one in the ticlopidine group
      died of an AMI. The post-hoc estimated statistical power was 80%. However, we
      cannot draw definitive conclusions about the clinical effect of ticlopidine
      treatment in the patients with angina at rest accompanied by transient ischaemic
      electrocardiographic changes because the subgroup analysis was not planned a
      priori. Nevertheless, this report strongly suggests that such patients can
      benefit from antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine; the benefit mainly depends
      on the protective effect against myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1806378
TI  - Rationale for pre-hospital thrombolysis.
AB  - Early thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction preserves
      left ventricular function and improves short- and long-term prognosis, as
      demonstrated in several trials. Unfortunately, most patients reach medical
      facilities more than 2 h into their infarction, and further time is lost in
      hospital before initiation of thrombolytic therapy. Thus, in the majority of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction the most critical period for effective
      therapy is missed. The delay between onset of cardiac symptoms suggestive of
      myocardial infarction and initiation of therapy has three components: (1) onset
      of symptoms, call for medical help; (2) travelling; (3) medical decision and
      start of treatment. Numerous studies show that it would be difficult to reduce
      the total time for onset of symptoms to call for medical help without an
      intensive media campaign. Recent observations documented the extraordinary delay
      in patient presentation and treatment in hospital. Thus, if the acute event could
      be diagnosed in the field and the team trained to initiate treatment immediately
      at home, time spent in travelling and in hospital will be significantly reduced.
      Therefore, the development of a plan of rapid intervention for diagnosis and
      treatment should become a major priority for all hospitals.

PMID- 1806379
TI  - Strategies for pre-hospital thrombolysis: an overview.
AB  - Improvement in survival as a result of thrombolytic therapy in patients with
      myocardial infarction is determined by the delay between coronary occlusion and
      reperfusion. Treatment at home can reduce this delay, provided that appropriate
      patients can be identified. Different strategies for pre-hospital thrombolysis
      have been developed. Most studies require ECG confirmation of evolving myocardial
      infarction. In many, the ECG is interpreted by a physician in the ambulance.
      Others transmit the ECG to a remote physician or use computer analysis of an ECG
      made 'on the spot', A few studies use no ECG criteria at all. The pooled data
      show that with physician interpretation, 723 patients in 14 studies could be
      treated within 103 min after onset of symptoms (range 60-138 min) with a time
      gain of 51 min (range 30-74 min), compared with thrombolytic treatment after
      hospital admission. The therapeutic delay was 93 +/- 45 min (SD) with time gains
      of 62 and 86 min in two studies with ECG transmission (61 patients). In another
      study using computer analysis, ambulance nurses were able to treat 300 patients
      within 102 +/- 63 min after onset of symptoms, resulting in a time gain of 48 +/-
      2 min. Without ECG confirmation, cardiologists accompanying the ambulance could
      administer thrombolysis within 83 +/- 4 min after onset of symptoms with a time
      gain of 45 min in one study. The diagnostic accuracy of this last approach was
      42%. With each of the four approaches, patients can be treated within
      approximately 100 min after onset of symptoms, resulting in a time gain of 45 min
      or more.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806377
TI  - Antiaggregating therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The clinical benefit of aspirin in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is
      dramatically suggested by the results of the ISIS-2 trial. However, the time
      course of pathophysiological events that lead to such a determining involvement
      of platelets still appears uncertain and further study is needed to single out
      exactly how early and how long antiplatelet drugs should be given, since there is
      a risk of bleeding complications due to the combination of the different
      antithrombotic therapies. Thrombolytic agents and heparin are in fact widely used
      for patients with acute myocardial infarction, even if the optimal schedule of
      treatment, including anti-aggregating therapy, is not yet firmly established. To
      avoid rethrombosis and to enhance the efficacy of coronary thrombolysis, thus
      reducing early mortality, several newer antiplatelet agents other than aspirin,
      such as antibodies against the platelet receptor of adhesive proteins, the
      glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and the RGD peptides, are currently under investigation.

PMID- 1806380
TI  - What is the role of invasive intervention after coronary thrombolysis?
AB  - Intervention to improve coronary flow after coronary patency has been restored by
      coronary thrombolysis is attractive in concept, but has been proved disappointing
      in practice. A number of randomized clinical trials which compared outcome after
      thrombolysis with and without early or delayed intervention has shown no benefit
      towards intervention in terms of survival or other clinical measurements. This
      may partly reflect the imperfection of current intervention techniques,
      particularly a high re-occlusion rate, and partly as yet unsolved problems of
      myocardial preservation. Revascularization does have an important role in
      patients who develop recurrent ischaemia after thrombolysis, or in patients with
      multi-vessel disease who initially present as myocardial infarction patients.

PMID- 1806381
TI  - New therapeutic strategies in the management of congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure is a syndrome with multiple causes and manifestations.
      While rheumatic heart disease and hypertension are in decline, coronary artery
      disease is the leading cause in patients referred for evaluation of heart
      failure. Decrease in cardiac contractility and general neurohormonal activation,
      which trigger alterations in mechanical and biochemical factors in cardiac muscle
      and bring derangements of haemodynamics, are now considered as excessively early
      compensatory mechanisms which can be regarded as deleterious in patients with
      heart failure. Therapeutic principles illustrated in this article emphasize the
      importance of basic research and clinical observations derived from trials set
      the stage for therapeutic interventions. The approach to the patient with silent
      myocardial dysfunction must be treated so as to have the greatest beneficial
      impact on the prognosis of this disease.

PMID- 1806382
TI  - Silent myocardial ischaemia: to treat or not to treat?
AB  - Silent myocardial ischaemia is now recognized with increasing frequency in
      patients with coronary artery disease. It is estimated to occur in 30-70% of
      patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris or with previous myocardial
      infarction, while, in totally asymptomatic healthy subjects, a prevalence of 2-4%
      is reported. However, these data must be evaluated with caution, because the
      predictive value of the tests employed in detecting silent ischaemia, depends on
      each test's sensitivity and specificity as well as on the prevalence of the
      disease in the evaluated population (Bayes's theorem). Available data suggest
      there is an important relationship between silent myocardial ischaemia, total
      ischaemic burden and adverse clinical outcome (non fatal myocardial infarction
      and cardiac death), especially in patients with documented coronary lesions.
      However, an elusive link between silent myocardial ischaemia and sudden cardiac
      death has currently been observed. Many reports have demonstrated that therapy
      with nitrates, beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers or revascularization
      procedures are effective in reducing silent myocardial ischaemia and its
      duration, but it remains unclear whether these treatments influence prognosis. A
      resolution of these uncertainties by controlled clinical trials will be necessary
      in order to choose therapeutic strategies, especially in totally asymptomatic
      subjects.

PMID- 1806383
TI  - Attenuation of ischemia-induced regional myocardial acidosis by LP-805, a newly
      developed vasodilator, in dogs.
AB  - The effect of 8-tert-butyl-6,7-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-e]-5-methyl- pyrazolo[1,5
      a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile (LP-805), a newly developed vasodilator, on
      myocardial acidosis induced by ischemia was studied in anesthetized open-chest
      dogs. Ischemia was induced by partially occluding the left anterior descending
      coronary artery. The coronary flow was artificially reduced to about 1/3 of the
      original flow. Myocardial pH was measured with a glass micro pH electrode
      inserted into the left ventricular wall perfused by the occluded artery.
      Myocardial pH decreased from about 7.5 to about 6.9 after the onset of ischemia
      and remained at this low level until the occluded coronary artery was released.
      After 30 min of ischemia, either saline containing 0.1 N HCl or 10, 30 or 100
      micrograms/kg of LP-805 was injected intravenously. LP-805 attenuated the
      decrease in myocardial pH induced by ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. In
      conclusion, LP-805 may reduce the influence of ischemia on the myocardium.

PMID- 1806384
TI  - Characterization of rat intestinal angiotensin II receptors.
AB  - In rat ileum and duodenum 125I-sarcosine1,isoleucine8-angiotensin II labels a
      single population of binding sites with comparable receptor densities of 98 and
      94 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Radioligand binding was dose dependently
      antagonized by angiotensin II (AII) and related peptides. DuP 753, a selective
      antagonist for the angiotensin AT1 receptor subtype, potently inhibited
      radioligand binding in both tissues (Ki: 12.7 and 11.8 nM), while AT2-selective
      ligands like PD 123.177 or p-amino-phenylalanine6-AII were inactive in
      concentrations lower than 1 microM. The contractile response to AII (1 microM) in
      ileal longitudinal and circular smooth muscle preparations amounted to 96 and
      16%, respectively, of the response to 100 microM methacholine. The contractile
      response to AII was inhibited by DuP 753 (pA2 7.53) but unaffected by PD 123.177
      (pA2 less than 5). The AII effect in longitudinal duodenal preparations amounted
      to only 24% of the methacholine response and was totally abolished in the
      presence of 1 microM DuP 753. No contraction due to AII was observed in duodenal
      circular smooth muscle preparations. The results obtained demonstrate the
      existence of functional AT1 receptors in the rat ileum and duodenum. In the ileum
      these receptors are mainly located on the longitudinal smooth muscle and coupled
      to contraction. In duodenal smooth muscle AII receptors may be either less
      effectively coupled to contractile elements or involved in another, additional
      function.

PMID- 1806385
TI  - Human growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues with much improved in vitro
      growth hormone-releasing potencies in rat pituitary cells.
AB  - Enhancement of the amphiphilic alpha-helical properties of the central and C
      terminal regions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) by substitution with
      helix-favouring amino acids, particularly Ala, can result in significant
      improvements in GH-releasing potencies using monolayer cultures of rat pituitary
      cells, a system which reflects analogue receptor affinity rather than effects of
      structural modifications on pharmacokinetic properties. For instance, previously
      reported, helix-enhanced [Ala15]GRH-(1-29)NH2 was presently 5 times more potent
      than [Gly15]GRH-(1-29)NH2 in this assay. The extent and importance of alpha
      helical character further towards the N-terminus is less clear since Chou-Fasman
      probability calculations indicate also the possibility of beta-bend formation in
      the 6-10 region. However, replacement of Asn8 with Ala resulted in a 4-fold
      improvement in potency and when this was combined with Ala15 to give [Ala8,15]GRH
      (1-29)NH2 a 15-fold increase in potency was achieved and combination of D-Ala2,
      Ala8 and Ala15 gave a 27-fold increase indicating that the effects of all of
      these modifications were additive. Computer analysis furthermore revealed that
      substitution of Ala for Ser in position 9 should also increase alpha-helix
      probability from 0.93 to 1.05. [D-Ala2,Ala8,9,15]GRH- (1-29)NH2 was 49 times more
      potent than GRH itself making it by far the most potent analogue thus far
      reported in an in vitro assay system. The Ala8 and Ala9 substitutions were also
      effective in improving the inhibitory potency of a GRH receptor antagonist, [D
      Arg2,Leu27]GRH-(1-29)NH2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806386
TI  - Antidepressants reduce inactivity during both inescapable shock administration
      and shuttle-box testing.
AB  - The occurrence of inactivity during inescapable shock is a good predictor of
      escape deficit because a positive correlation was obtained between the two
      factors. Chronic desipramine (DMI) administration prior to inescapable shock
      clearly reduced the inactivity during this aversive experience. Moreover,
      repeated DMI administration either before or after inescapable shock reversed the
      increase, in escape failures and in inactivity during shuttle-box testing
      produced by this inescapable shock. A single injection with DMI before either
      inescapable shock or shuttle-box test altered neither inactivity nor escape
      deficit. Clomipramine and phenelzine were also effective to reduce inactivity and
      escape failures. However, other drugs without antidepressant properties, such as
      haloperidol, amphetamine, and diazepam reduced neither inactivity nor escape
      deficit. These data suggest that an anti-inactivity effect is critically involved
      in the reversal of inescapable shock-induced escape deficit following chronic
      antidepressants. The involvement of antidepressant-induced changes in beta
      adrenoceptors with this behavioral reversal is discussed.

PMID- 1806387
TI  - Adenosine and the bradycardiac response to vagus nerve stimulation in rats.
AB  - The effects of intracardiac infusions of adenosine on the changes in heart rate
      (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and arterial blood pressure (BP) induced by both
      vagal stimulation and exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in anesthetized
      rats. Adenosine inhibited the bradycardia induced by vagal nerve stimulation, an
      effect antagonized by theophylline, decreased the elongation caused by vagal
      stimulation of the R-R intervals of the ECG, and caused a small but consistent
      decrease in the hypotensive effect of vagus nerve stimulation. At the dose that
      reduced the bradycardiac responses to vagal stimulation, adenosine enhanced the
      bradycardiac effect of exogenous ACh, increased R-R intervals and the number of P
      waves not followed by the ECG and had little or no effect on the inhibition
      induced by ACh on BP. The effects of adenosine on the bradycardiac responses to
      vagal nerve stimulation or to ACh administration were similar in both non
      reserpinized and reserpinized animals. These results suggest that exogenous
      adenosine can modify the vagal influences on the heart by exerting pre-junctional
      inhibition of the vagus nerve and post-junctional enhancement of the ACh actions,
      and that the adrenergic system does not contribute to these effects of adenosine.

PMID- 1806388
TI  - Comparison of some arthropod toxins and toxin fragments as antagonists of
      excitatory amino acid-induced excitation of rat spinal neurones.
AB  - Wasp and spider venom toxins, which block glutamatergic transmission at
      invertebrate neuromuscular junctions, have recently been shown to block
      transmission at glutamate-operated synapses in mammalian central nervous system.
      Using the technique of iontophoresis on spinal neurones in anaesthetised rats, we
      have compared the action of five arthropod toxins and two toxin fragments, on
      responses to excitatory amino acids including alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4
      isoxazolepropionate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). All toxins caused
      greater than 70% mean reduction of non-NMDA responses. Only argiotoxin636
      significantly reduced responses to NMDA. This blockade, like that induced by
      philanthotoxin-433 and -343, was readily reversible whereas blockade induced by
      Joro Spider toxin or Nephila Spider toxin was less readily reversible. Neither
      2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate nor 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetylasparagine blocked NMDA
      or non-NMDA responses. It appears, therefore that small structural differences in
      the polyamine part of these toxin molecules give rise to different activity
      profiles with respect to selectivity and reversibility.

PMID- 1806389
TI  - Carbachol has opposite effects to glucose in raising the sodium content of
      pancreatic islets.
AB  - Integrating flame photometry was used for measuring sodium in single pancreatic
      islets from ob/ob mice. Exposure to 100 microM carbachol resulted in a 25-40%
      increase in sodium without any effect on potassium during incubation with 0-5 mM
      glucose in media deficient or not in Ca2+. This action of carbachol was abolished
      by 10 microM atropine or by raising the glucose concentration to 20 mM. A minor
      increase of the steady state content of sodium occurred in the presence of 200
      microM ATP or 10 nM tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Carbachol differed
      from TPA in markedly stimulating sodium accumulation after ouabain inhibition of
      the Na/K pump. The results indicate that muscarinic receptor activation has
      opposite effects to glucose in inducing a rise of the islet content of sodium. It
      is suggested that the cholinergic control of the endocrine pancreas involves
      entry of Na+ in addition to the Na+ entry mediated by protein kinase C activation
      of Na+/H+ countertransport.

PMID- 1806390
TI  - Gum arabic (Acacia senegal): unambiguous identification by 13C-NMR spectroscopy
      as an adjunct to the Revised JECFA Specification, and the application of 13C-NMR
      spectra for regulatory/legislative purposes.
AB  - The JECFA Specification for gum arabic was revised in 1990 to reflect more
      closely the specification of the Test Article used in evaluations that led to its
      classification 'ADI not specified' in 1982/83. Some producers and traders have
      objected to the Revised Specification; in contrast, consumer-protection groups
      consider that it remains too lax to provide the degree of safety assurance
      expected. This paper presents analytical data that confirm the mean values
      previously established for nitrogen and the specific rotation of bulk commercial
      gum arabic from Acacia senegal. The data also establish that natural gum arabic
      imported into the USA and Europe in 1989/91 met the Revised Specification, but
      that a disturbingly high proportion of spray-dried, processed gums sold as 'gum
      arabic' did not. NMR spectroscopy has (a) indicated that some such samples are
      based on non-permitted gums and (b) confirmed that the 1983 Test Article
      represents not only typical 1990/91 shipments but also a wide range of reference
      gum arabic samples from other reputable sources. Details of a representative 13C
      NMR spectrum, derived by averaging the relative intensities for the
      characteristic resonances of 35 gum arabic samples, are given for future
      regulatory/legislative purposes. Some limitations of the Revised Specification
      and its susceptibility to commercial exploitation are discussed.

PMID- 1806391
TI  - The gum exudate from Combretum nigricans gum, the major source of West African
      'gum combretum'.
AB  - Gum samples from six individual Combretum nigricans trees and two additional
      reference samples have been characterized. 13C Fourier-transform NMR spectra show
      that all have the same structure and confirm that the variations observed in
      their analytical parameters reflect only small fine-structural differences. NMR
      spectra also reveal that eight West African 'gum combretum' samples from
      reputable commercial sources originated from Combretum nigricans. This
      identification is important because gum combretum, which is not permitted as a
      food additive, has been exploited as an adulterant and misrepresented as gum
      arabic, for which not even the 1990 Revised Specification is sufficiently
      rigorous to detect such commercial deceptions. NMR spectroscopy has also shown
      that the rhamnose and uronic acid contents of gum combretum are located within
      internal polysaccharide chains. This explains the well-known difference in
      emulsification functionality between gum arabic, in which all rhamnose and uronic
      acid groups chain-terminal, and gum combretum which is, in addition, markedly
      hygroscopic and characterized commercially by its tendency to 'block' in transit
      and storage.

PMID- 1806392
TI  - Food contamination by hydrocarbons from lubricating oils and release agents:
      determination by coupled LC-GC.
AB  - We have found that many foods are contaminated with mineral oil products used as
      lubricating oils/greases or as release agents. The mineral oil base of such
      products usually consists of branched alkanes ranging between C17 and C35. It
      forms a broad 'hump' of unresolved compounds in the gas chromatogram. Examples of
      such products are described; contamination is shown for a sample of bread,
      bonbon, and chocolate, respectively. The results suggest that contamination of
      foodstuffs with mineral oils does not always receive the required attention.
      However, there is also a lack of guidelines.

PMID- 1806393
TI  - Survey of the presence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and T
      2 toxin in Korean cereals of the 1989 harvest.
AB  - Twenty eight samples of rice, barley, millet, corn and Indian millet harvested in
      Korea in 1989 were subjected to assay for contamination of nivalenol (NIV),
      deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin by using gas chromatography and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seven samples were found to be positive for NIV
      and DON in the ranges of 189-624 micrograms/kg and 168-506 micrograms/kg,
      respectively. Of the contaminated samples, three samples, one barley, one Indian
      millet and one corn sample were contaminated simultaneously with both NIV and
      DON. T-2 toxin was not detected in any samples.

PMID- 1806394
TI  - Monitoring and identification of aflatoxins in wheat, gram and maize flours in
      Bihar state (India).
AB  - The occurrence of aflatoxins in some common food commodities: wheat, gram and
      maize flours is reported. Of the total 416 collections during three years (1987
      1989) 162 were recorded to be aflatoxin-positive. The incidence of aflatoxins was
      maximum in the samples of 1987. Most of the contaminated samples contained
      aflatoxins at levels above 20 micrograms/kg. The environmental conditions and
      traditional agronomic and storage practices relating to aflatoxin incidence are
      discussed.

PMID- 1806395
TI  - A survey of the occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereal samples from
      sources worldwide.
AB  - A method is reported for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin
      in cereals. The samples after extraction with acetonitrile/water are cleaned-up
      on a combination of reverse-phase and strong-anion exchange disposable cartridge
      columns. The extract is then analysed by ion-pair HPLC with UV detection. The
      method gave recoveries from 81 to 96% and a limit of detection of 0.05 mg/kg. A
      UK survey of 36 samples of maize products (principally meal and flour) generally
      showed detectable but low levels of contamination ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg
      (with the exception of three samples where moniliformin levels were less than
      0.05 mg/kg). Sixty-four samples of maize from ten different countries showed
      generally higher levels of moniliformin contamination, with samples from Gambia
      and South Africa containing 3.16 and 2.73 mg/kg respectively. Field samples of
      maize, oats, wheat, rye and tricticale that were hand-selected as showing signs
      of visible fungal damage were obtained from Poland. Moniliformin was consistently
      present at high levels with amounts ranging from 0.5 to 38.3 mg/kg being
      associated with F. avenaceum contamination and amounts ranging from 4.2 to 399.3
      mg/kg being associated with the presence of F. subglutinans.

PMID- 1806396
TI  - The identification and assay of 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole in pigs treated with
      dimetridazole.
AB  - An unidentified metabolite of dimetridazole (DMZ), found in pig plasma, muscle
      and kidney, was shown by chromatography and spectroscopy to be 2-methyl-5
      nitroimidazole (2-MNI), resulting from N-demethylation of DMZ. This route of
      degradation competes with the oxidation pathway previously described. The
      concentration of 2-MNI in the plasma of pig fed medicated diet (DMZ 0.0125%)
      ranged from 29 to 83 ppb, 2 hours after the morning meal, similar to DMZ, but
      lower than that of the major metabolite, 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5
      nitroimidazole (HMMNI). Its elimination profile in plasma was biphasic, similar
      to those of HMMNI and DMZ. Early and terminal half lives were 2.6 and 9.1 h
      respectively. None of the metabolites could be detected in any of the tissues
      studied 49 hours after withdrawal.

PMID- 1806397
TI  - Organic and total lead in selected fresh and canned seafood products.
AB  - Various fresh and canned seafood products were examined for ionic alkyl lead,
      tetraalkyl lead and total lead. Dimethyl lead, diethyl lead, trimethyl lead and
      triethyl lead were extracted with diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) at pH 8 and 9
      from enzymically hydrolysed samples. Butyl derivatives were formed by Grignard
      reaction prior to analysis by gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry
      (GC-AAS). Tetraalkyl lead was extracted from the hydrolysates with hexane. Total
      lead was determined by reductive coprecipitation with palladium in the presence
      of ascorbic acid after nitric-perchloric digestion. Many of the samples contained
      low (less than 0.09-0.7 ng g-1) levels of trimethyl- and dimethyl lead. Triethyl
      lead was found at similar levels in several samples. Total lead levels were
      higher with values ranging from less than 5 ng g-1 to 2.9 micrograms g-1.
      Detection limits for the organolead and total lead methods were 0.07-0.2 and 3-19
      ng Pb g-1 respectively.

PMID- 1806398
TI  - Lead and tin in canned foods: results of the UK survey 1983-1987.
AB  - Concentrations of tin and lead in canned foods have been monitored since 1983 to
      determine the effects of recent changes in can-making technology. In the sample
      studied the proportion of foods contained in non-soldered as opposed to soldered
      cans has risen consistently during the survey and now accounts for 83% of all
      samples (excluding sardines). Foods contained in non-soldered cans have lower
      lead concentrations than those contained in soldered cans and this changeover is
      likely to result in a decrease in dietary lead intakes in the UK.

PMID- 1806399
TI  - Extraction of pesticide residues in tea by water during the infusion process.
AB  - The extraction rate of pesticide residues in water during the infusion process is
      dependent on the water solubility. The extraction of pesticide residues by
      boiling water can be regarded as a reversible equilibrium between adsorption and
      dissolution. The influence of chemical degradation is not important. When the
      water solubility is lower than 5 mg/kg, the extraction rate is 1-4%. Within the
      water solubility range of 10-150 mg/kg the extraction rate (Ri) is very sensitive
      to the water solubility (S); the relationship can be described as Ri = 59.8log S
      42.5. When water solubility is higher than 170 mg/kg, the extraction rate is 90
      100%.

PMID- 1806400
TI  - Polychlorinated biphenyls in fresh and canned fish from the Central Adriatic.
AB  - By using the GLC method, levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
      determined in fresh and canned fish during the 1984-88 period. Forty-six samples
      of fish caught in the Central Adriatic's littoral, 11 of which in a control, non
      industrialized area, and 35 in an urbanized area strongly affected by industry,
      were collected. Also, 101 samples of canned fish were tested for PCBs. The
      average PCB values were 0.059 mg kg-1 and 0.287 mg kg-1 in control and polluted
      areas, respectively; the mean value in canned fish was 0.194 mg kg-1. Although
      the levels of PCBs in control and industrialized areas were found to differ, the
      difference was not significant statistically.

PMID- 1806401
TI  - Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in foods from a contaminated region of
      Yugoslavia.
AB  - PCB levels in food and the dietary intake of PCBs from food grown in a
      contaminated region in Bela Krajina (Slovenia, Yugoslavia) are reported. A large
      variation in the contribution of PCB congeners to total PCB levels in food of
      animal and leafy vegetable origin was found. Although guidelines for PCB
      tolerances exist only for food of animal origin, it was estimated that leafy
      vegetables and unpeeled fruits from the contaminated region present a significant
      source of human exposure to PCBs. PCB residues in fish and eggs exceeded the
      tolerances set by the FDA. Utilizing the official statistical data on food
      consumption, the dietary intake of PCBs from food of animal origin decreased from
      1985 to 1988 from 14.5 to 1.6 mg/year per person, respectively, after the use of
      PCBs ceased in the nearby plant. The dietary intake in 1988 of PCBs from
      foodstuffs of vegetable origin and fruits was 4.6 mg/year per person. The
      quantitation of PCBs was made from the sum of 36 individual PCB congeners,
      obtained by high resolution gas chromatography with an electron capture detector.

PMID- 1806402
TI  - Determination of tetrachloroethylene in olive oil by automated headspace gas
      chromatography.
AB  - A rapid screening method for detecting low levels of tetrachloroethylene
      (perchloroethylene, PCE) in olive oils has been developed using headspace
      capillary gas chromatography. Modification of this method allows quantitative
      results to be obtained down to 0.001 mg kg-1. Results obtained show that olive
      oil samples received in this laboratory over a two year period have not contained
      PCE residues in excess of the European Commission guidelines.

PMID- 1806403
TI  - Factors affecting the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of cereals, fats
      and other food products.
AB  - Factors affecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in oils
      and fats, cereals and related foodstuffs have been investigated. Levels of PAHs
      were low in retail fish and animal-derived oils and fats, such as butter, where
      the mean benzo(a)pyrene concentration was 0.06 microgram/kg. Higher and more
      variable amounts were present in retail vegetable oils for which the mean level
      of benzo(a)pyrene was 1.29 micrograms/kg. Margarine was the major dietary source
      of PAHs in the oils and fats total diet group accounting for 70% of the
      benzo(a)pyrene intake from these commodities. The levels of benzo(a)pyrene were
      less than 0.1 microgram/kg in white flour and similar amounts were found in bread
      showing that PAHs are not formed to any significant extent during baking of
      bread. Higher concentrations of up to 2.2 micrograms/kg benzo(a)pyrene were
      detected in cereal-derived products containing higher levels of edible oils such
      as pudding-based desserts, biscuits and cakes. The presence of vegetable oils as
      an ingredient also appeared to increase PAH levels in infant formulae as the mean
      benzo(a)pyrene content of 0.49 microgram/kg was four times higher than that found
      in skimmed milk. The mean value in the feed, after reconstituting the formulae
      with water, would however have been less than 0.1 microgram/litre. Investigations
      of rape seed drying showed no increase in any PAHs when cold, or electrically
      heated air was used. Combustion gas drying had no effect for the larger PAHs such
      as benzo(a)pyrene but caused mean increases of between 41% and 126% for
      fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene. These increases did not correlate with
      reductions in moisture content of the rape seed implying that the combustion
      conditions were more important to PAH contamination than the degree of exposure
      to combustion gases. Concentrations of these three PAHs and also
      benz(a)anthracene were all significantly reduced by up to a factor of five when
      crude oils were refined suggesting that carefully controlled direct drying need
      not contribute PAHs to refined oils and fats.

PMID- 1806405
TI  - Measuring familial aggregation by using odds-ratio regression models.
AB  - Detection of familial aggregation of a disease is important for studying possible
      genetic and environmental factors contributing to disease etiology. Accurate
      quantification of familial aggregation can provide guidance for subsequent, more
      sophisticated genetic studies. This article presents a statistical model and
      method for detecting both inter- and intra-class aggregation of a binary trait
      with family data. The method used here is based on the logistic regression model
      which incorporates effects of individual covariates while measuring familial
      aggregation of risk as the odds ratios among classes of relatives. An estimation
      equation approach is presented where the joint distribution of binary traits
      among family members need not be fully specified. Data from a genetic
      epidemiologic study on liver cancer in Shanghai are analyzed for illustration,
      and reveal strong aggregation of risk even after adjusting for covariates.
      Effects of non-random sampling and ascertainment bias are also discussed.

PMID- 1806404
TI  - The importance of endogenous histamine relative to dietary histamine in the
      aetiology of scombrotoxicosis.
AB  - Deliberately spoiled mackerel samples and mackerel samples implicated in
      outbreaks of scombrotoxicosis were, under medical supervision, tested blind on
      normal, healthy volunteers of both sexes. These experiments identified batches of
      fish which could induce nausea/vomiting and/or diarrhoea when 50 g samples were
      consumed. It was also established that the fillets in a batch were neither of
      equal potency nor homogeneous with respect to histamine content. Strong evidence
      was obtained that dietary histamine is not a major determinant of
      scombrotoxicosis since potency was not positively correlated with the dose, and
      volunteers appeared to fall into susceptible and non-susceptible subgroups.
      However, there is no reason to suspect allergy as being solely responsible for
      these differences in sensitivity. It is also possible to discount body weight as
      a factor. While the data suggest that females may be more susceptible than males,
      this effect cannot be confirmed at the present time. Studies with susceptible
      volunteers predosed with either placebo or H1 antagonist (chlorpheniramine 4 mg)
      demonstrated convincingly that the antihistamine can abolish vomiting and
      diarrhoea associated with the ingestion of 50 g of scombrotoxic fish. It is
      therefore postulated that endogenous histamine released by mast cell
      degranulation has a significant role in the aetiology of scombrotoxicosis,
      whereas the role of dietary histamine is minor. The nature and origin of the
      agent responsible for mast cell degranulation is being investigated.

PMID- 1806406
TI  - Effects of selective return on estimates of heritability for body mass index in
      the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study.
AB  - In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study, body mass index
      (BMI) was studied at military induction and at three subsequent examinations
      spanning five decades in a cohort of white, male World War II veterans. At
      military induction (1940s) and again at the first clinical examination of this
      study (1969-1973), there was close agreement of three commonly used estimates of
      heritability (range 0.72 to 0.80), and no evidence of a difference in total
      variance of BMI between the zygosities. However, at the last two examinations
      (1980s), the total variance in dizygotic (DZ) twins was significantly greater
      than that of monozygotic (MZ) twins (P less than 0.01) and these same
      heritability estimates varied widely. The among-pair estimate of heritability
      fell to unrealistic negative values, the within-pair estimate rose to values of
      1.0 or greater, and the intraclass correlation coefficient estimate was slightly
      lower than in the entire cohort at baseline. The cause of the unequal zygosity
      total variance appears to have been nonparticipation at later examinations of MZ
      twins with extreme values of BMI, with no evidence of a similar selection process
      influencing DZ twins. This selection process biased the three estimates of
      heritability, making it difficult to determine which estimate is the most
      appropriate. Despite these biases, it remains clear that genetic factors
      contribute substantially to BMI in this population.

PMID- 1806408
TI  - Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein
      levels in Italian children.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism on serum
      lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in a sample of 195 children, aged 8
      11 years, from Sezze, Central Italy. The relative frequencies of e2, e3, and e4
      alleles were 0.062, 0.867, and 0.072, respectively. Variation at the apo E gene
      locus explained 5.1% of the sample variance in serum total cholesterol levels,
      7.6% in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, 7.3% in apo B levels,
      and 14.1% in high-density lipoprotein-apo E (HDL-E) levels. The effect of the e2
      allele was to lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apo B and
      to raise levels of HDL-E, while the effect of the e4 allele was the opposite.
      Variation at the apo E gene locus was not associated with differences in serum
      triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, or apo AI levels. The effects of common apo E
      polymorphisms and genetic variation associated with the PvuII RFLP of the apo B
      gene on serum apo B levels were additive, explaining 11.3% of the phenotypic
      variance in this sample. When the effect of apo E polymorphism on serum lipid
      traits was estimated in boys and girls separately, variation at the apo E gene
      locus explained 10.4, 13.3, 13.3, and 13.5% of the phenotypic variance in serum
      total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apo B, and HDL-E levels, respectively, in
      boys, while in girls only the effect on HDL-E levels (19.3%) reached statistical
      significance. This study has demonstrated that genetic variations at the apo E
      locus contribute to the determination of serum lipid, lipoprotein, and
      apolipoprotein levels in youths and that the effects are gender specific.

PMID- 1806407
TI  - Power and validity of methods to identify variability genes.
AB  - A variability gene model [Magnus et al., Clin Genet 19:67-70, 1981] hypothesizes
      that environmental influences on the expression of additive genes for a
      quantitative trait such as cholesterol are under the control of alleles at a
      separate nonadditive locus. They suggest identifying such genes using an analysis
      of variance to compare absolute intrapair monozygotic twin trait differences
      between the genotypes of the postulated variability locus. However, quantitative
      traits such as cholesterol often have skewed distributions with a long right
      tail; what are the effects of such non-normality on the procedure suggested by
      Magnus et al. [1981]? We show that their method is a special case of the Levene
      tests, robust tests for variability differences. We introduce a statistical model
      representing sources of variability in twin pair differences and demonstrate with
      simulation studies that although the Levene tests have robust Type I error, power
      is enhanced when nonnormal data are transformed before analysis, and the apparent
      presence and degree of variability differences are dependent on the scale of
      analysis. These findings indicate the importance of appropriate transformation of
      the trait before analysis. Analysis of a well-characterized twin data set
      illustrates these conclusions.

PMID- 1806409
TI  - Extensions to methods of sib-pair linkage analyses.
AB  - Sib-pair methods provide simple, robust, easily implemented ways to screen for
      linkage between a marker locus and a suspected disease susceptibility locus. The
      basic analysis reflects the idea that, in the presence of linkage, siblings who
      share more alleles at the marker locus should also tend to be concordant for
      disease. Available sib-pair methods do not lead directly to estimates of risk
      associated with nongenetic factors, may not account for a variable age-at-onset,
      or may require that the age-at-onset distribution be known. In this paper, we
      propose a method for sib-pair linkage analyses that allows for a variable age-at
      onset using a logistic model, easily allows modelling of nongenetic factors,
      reflects the correlation of sibs within a sibship, and allows for nonzero risk in
      those without the susceptibility genotype. Based on a limited number of
      simulations, the method has as good or better power than another recently
      described method that also allows for a variable age-at-onset.

PMID- 1806410
TI  - Testing for association in SLE families.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease which is partly
      determined by genetic factors which influence susceptibility to the disease
      phenotype. In this association study we try to define the high risk haplotypes
      which are responsible for this disease, together with other environmental
      factors. In many other association studies a set of SLE patients is compared to a
      set of controls. The basic assumption about the underlying population is that the
      disease and control sample should originate from the same genetic population,
      which is not always completely satisfied in many studies. Therefore, we analyse
      our family data by applying the Haplotype Frequency Difference (HFD) Method,
      which constructs its internal control group from those haplotypes not transmitted
      to the affected individual. Results partially conform with other studies, showing
      that the haplotypes B8 DR3 as well as B7 DR2 have a high positive association
      with SLE. When the DR locus was analyzed alone, we found besides the alleles DR2
      and DR3 a negative association for DR1, DR5, and DR6.

PMID- 1806411
TI  - Are offspring of women with hereditary hematologic disorders at increased risk of
      congenital cardiovascular malformations?
AB  - Hereditary hematologic disorders (HHD) have been reported in excess among infants
      and families of infants with congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCM)
      compared with controls, suggesting possible common pathogenetic mechanisms. It is
      plausible that hemodynamic changes during pregnancy associated with HHD could
      affect cardiac morphogenesis. To investigate whether offspring of women with
      selected HHD have an excess risk of CCM, the authors examined data from a
      nationwide birth defects monitoring program (BDMP) covering about 2.9 million
      births in the United States between 1982 and 1988. The system ascertains major
      birth defects diagnosed in the newborn period. An anonymous linkage procedure
      linked maternal obstetric records with newborn records using demographic,
      diagnostic, and geographic variables. A total of 1,239 mothers were identified
      with selected HHD (47 hereditary spherocytosis, 575 thalassemias, 310 sickle cell
      anemia, 88 other hereditary hemolytic anemias, 159 von Willebrand disease, and 60
      other congenital coagulopathies). In all, 14 infants received a newborn discharge
      diagnosis of CCM (expected number based on population rates of CCM from the same
      hospitals and time period is 7.74; P = 0.0268). No single CCM entity accounted
      for this excess. In contrast, 8 infants had major non-CCM defects (expected
      number 7.46; P = 0.466). These data suggest an excess risk of CCM among offspring
      of women with selected HHD. Further studies are needed to explore these findings
      and to evaluate the pathogenetic significance of this association.

PMID- 1806412
TI  - Programs for determining parameters in complex genetic models for linkage
      analysis: GEN-PAR and EPI-PAR.

PMID- 1806413
TI  - [Gonadotropic action of tin sulphate in chronic inhalation].

PMID- 1806414
TI  - [Modern power industry and its effects on the environment (review)].

PMID- 1806415
TI  - [Kakhovka water reservoir: current status and possible ecologic-sanitary
      prognosis].

PMID- 1806416
TI  - [Oil-products pollution of key water reservoirs in the West Siberian oil and gas
      area: forecast and its verification].

PMID- 1806417
TI  - [Hygienic regulation of amidinothioacetic acid in reservoir water].

PMID- 1806418
TI  - [Metal leaching from polymer materials into water and model media simulating food
      products].

PMID- 1806419
TI  - [Role of soil air in the development of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural
      workers].
AB  - The mechanism of the high concentrations of pesticides in overground air is
      described. Equivocation and computer program for the pesticides concentration to
      calculations are worked out.

PMID- 1806420
TI  - [Nitrates in drinking water (review)].

PMID- 1806421
TI  - [Characteristics of biological hazards in industrial accommodations of feed
      preparation plants and workshops].

PMID- 1806422
TI  - [Characteristics of air microbiology in swine-breeding farms].

PMID- 1806424
TI  - [Effects of pesticide residues on fatty acid composition of lipid complex in
      grape juice].

PMID- 1806423
TI  - [Embryotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin (vomitoxin) in rats].
AB  - Study of embryotoxic action of deoxynivalenol in levels of 0.2, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg
      from 7 to 15 day of rat pregnancy was worked up. The 0.2 mg/kg determined as a
      maximal acceptable dose without toxic effects.

PMID- 1806425
TI  - [Age and sex characteristics of external respiration indicators in school
      children of lower classes].

PMID- 1806426
TI  - [Effects of industrial noise on the central nervous system of adolescents].

PMID- 1806427
TI  - [Use of computers in hygienic regulation of school children's studies].

PMID- 1806428
TI  - [Prognostication of the dynamics of the functional status of the body of students
      during adaptation to physical exercise].

PMID- 1806429
TI  - [Hygienic regulation of harmful chemicals absorbed by skin].
AB  - Data of toxicants uptake through the skin are generalized. Equivations for the
      acceptable levels of skin pollutants to calculate are worked up. The
      classification of the danger of chemicals for skin uptake is given.

PMID- 1806430
TI  - [Characteristics of movement activities of l6 to 17-year-old girls in rural and
      urban schools].

PMID- 1806431
TI  - [Effects of educational process on the body of school children of senior
      classes].
AB  - Development of functional abilities of senior pupils in 10-12 classes is
      terminated. Functional stress during education process was not even distributed.
      These data obtained on 46 persons.

PMID- 1806432
TI  - [Methods of hygienic regulation of schoolchildren's exertion regime].

PMID- 1806433
TI  - [WHO program: polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in breast milk. Assessment of
      the risk for health of young and older children (review)].

PMID- 1806434
TI  - [Toxicity of juvemon--a preparation with hormonal activity].
AB  - A new hormonal preparation--Yuvemon (analog of methoprene)--insecticide for
      mosquito larvae was synthesized in USSR. LD50 for rat is 25,000 mg/kg. Safety of
      the preparation was demonstrated.

PMID- 1806435
TI  - [Burning of organic fuel as a source of environmental pollution by N
      nitrosamines].

PMID- 1806436
TI  - Adolfo Ferrata Lecture 1991. Bone marrow transplantation: past, present and
      future.

PMID- 1806437
TI  - Long-term culture of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) bone marrow cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clonal Ph1+ hematopoiesis is not allowed to proliferate under a long
      term culture system: in 3,4 weeks residual normal (Phl-) hematopoiesis emerges.
      This culture system has recently been proposed as a method for purging
      autografts. METHODS: In our study we evaluated for cytogenetic conversion cells
      harvested from the non-adherent (NA) fraction of LTBMCs from CML patients.
      Moreover we investigated the effects of prior therapy (busulfan or hydroxyurea)
      on CML hematopoiesis maintained under long-term culture. RESULTS: Time-course
      analysis of a large number of metaphases of NA cells from LTBMCs showed that the
      disappearance of Ph1+ cells is fortuitous. Although most of the analyzed cells
      were more mature cells, a complete cytogenetic conversion at the level of the
      early hematopoietic compartment, located within the adherent stromal layers,
      seems unlikely, at least for the first 3,4 weeks of culture. Thus the possibility
      exists of reinfusing an indefinite number of Ph1+ progenitor or stem cells, which
      renders proper evaluation of the clinical benefits of this purging method
      difficult. Moreover we found that prior chemotherapy (busulfan or hydroxyurea)
      significantly affected CML hematopoiesis, reducing time-course recovery of
      clonogenic cells from LTBMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Overall data suggest caution in the
      reinfusion of bone marrow cells maintained under long-term culture for previously
      treated CML patients.

PMID- 1806438
TI  - Leukemic transformation in patients with 5Q- and additional abnormalities.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND METHODS: We analyze myelodysplastic patients with the 5q- marker
      as sole abnormality, or with additional anomalies, and their relationship to
      clinical evolution. The study was performed on 12 patients (6 females and 6
      males): 3 with refractory anemia (RA), 5 with RA with ring sideroblasts (RA-S), 3
      RA with excess of blasts (RAEB) and 1 with RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T). The
      cytogenetic study was carried out on bone marrow cells at the time of diagnosis.
      The G- banding technique was used for chromosome identification. The follow-up
      was for 50 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Five patients (3 with RA and 2 with
      RA-S) showed a single 5q- marker. They had a long survival without evolution to
      leukemia. All cases with 5q- plus additional abnormalities: del(12p), del(7q),
      del(14q), i(11q) and i(17q), showed a neoplastic evolution in a short period of
      time. We can conclude that the presence of the 5q- marker with complex karyotypes
      or additional abnormalities is associated with a high risk of neoplastic
      evolution, indicating the prognostic value of cytogenetic study in
      myelodysplasia.

PMID- 1806439
TI  - Unusual leukemic presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma: report of two cases with
      immunological, ultrastructural and cytogenetical studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone marrow infiltration occurs rarely at presentation of
      rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) or other childhood solid tumors. This possibility leads to
      misdiagnosis of leukemia and incorrect therapies might be administered. METHODS:
      We report two patients presenting with diffuse bone marrows involvement by
      neoplastic cells. Initial studies were not consistent with a diagnosis of
      leukemia and the cases were further studied extensively by indirect
      immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and cytogenetics.
      RESULTS: In both cases blast cells were large, poorly differentiated, with
      immunological reactivity to the anti-desmin antibody. Ultrastructural findings of
      muscular features and chromosomal translocation t(2;13) (q37;q14) further
      confirmed the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma of the alveolar subtype. This was
      then confirmed histologically in one patient. CONCLUSION: This study stresses the
      utility of analyzing cases of morphologically undifferentiated marrow blast cells
      by various techniques, as well as investigating for different types of both
      hematological and solid neoplasms.

PMID- 1806440
TI  - IFN-beta induced biochemical and immunological modifications in hairy cell
      leukemia patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although IFN-beta is 30-40% homologous with IFN-alpha, its intrinsic
      biological properties are not identical. Compared with IFN-alpha, IFN-beta exerts
      greater in vitro antiproliferative activity on many cell lines, stimulates
      peripheral blood stem cells of hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) patients to
      differentiate to erythroid burst forming cells, has higher specific type I IFN
      receptor affinity and modulates the expression of class II histocompatibility
      antigens. IFN-beta would, therefore, be expected to have a greater, or at least
      similar, antitumor activity as that of the various types of IFN-alpha. METHODS:
      We have treated 12 patients affected by HCL with IFN-beta and have investigated
      the biological and immunological changes induced by such treatment. RESULTS: A
      rise in beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin values throughout IFN-beta therapy was
      documented in most patients. An increase in NK activity was observed only in
      clinical responders whose CD57+/CD16+ cell ratio dropped below baseline. There
      was also a modulation in IFN-gamma synthesis that was dependent on baseline
      levels and in line with the clinical response. IFN-beta provoked a reduction in
      CD3+ and CD4+ cell subsets in patients with WBC greater than or equal to 10.0 x
      10(9)/1 and greater than or equal to 50% circulating HCs, an expansion in
      absolute number of CD3+ and CD8+ cell fractions and a slight rise in the absolute
      values of CD2+ and CD4+ cell subpopulations in patients with WBC less than or
      equal to 5.0 x 10(9)/1 and less than or equal to 50% circulating HCs. There was
      no correlation between either the IFN-beta induced increase in beta 2-M or Np
      levels and clinical response. Most immunological parameters improved or
      normalized later during the course of IFN-beta treatment, when pathological
      hematological signs of disease remission were already evident. CONCLUSIONS: The
      relevance of the IFN-beta induced changes as well as that of the IFN-alpha
      induced biological effects in the clinical control of HCL remain unclear.

PMID- 1806441
TI  - Phenotypic and functional analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes during
      interferon-alpha 2b therapy in multiple myeloma patients with low tumor mass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: IFN-alpha has recently been shown to prolong the remission phase in
      MM patients with low tumor mass. So far, it is not known whether IFN-alpha exerts
      its effect directly on the myeloma cells or is mediated by modulation of the host
      response. METHODS: The immune status of 12 multiple myeloma patients with low
      tumor mass (10 in remission phase, 2 with stage IA disease) was investigated by
      phenotypic and functional analyses before, after 3, and after 6 months of
      recombinant interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-alpha) therapy. RESULTS: Phenotyping of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) revealed a significant decrease of HLA-DR+ (P
      = 0.01) and CD20+ (P = 0.04) cells after 6 months of therapy. Two-color
      phenotyping of purified T cell populations (PBT) showed a significant increase of
      CD4+ CD11b+ cells (P = 0.01) after 6 months of therapy. Functional analyses were
      carried out on PBL (NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and PBT (alloreactive
      cytotoxicity, CTL; IL2-induced cytotoxicity, LAK activity). NK and CTL activities
      were poorly influenced by IFN-alpha treatment, whereas LAK activity showed a
      significant increase (P = 0.007). Any significant association between these
      immunological changes and the disease status was questioned by the lack of
      differences between MM in relapse and MM with stable disease at the sixth month
      of IFN-alpha therapy. CONCLUSIONS: i) IFN-alpha in MM with low tumor mass may
      exert its therapeutic activity by directly acting on the tumor cells; ii) the
      parameters which have been used in this study are not appropriate to monitor the
      immunological effects (if any) of IFN-alpha therapy.

PMID- 1806442
TI  - A cytomorphological and immunohistochemical study of bone marrow in the diagnosis
      of essential mixed type II cryoglobulinemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type II essential cryoglobulinemia may be associated with a
      lymphoproliferative disorder of beta lineage that shows a low degree of
      malignancy. METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors report a case recorded of 35
      patients (30 females and 5 males) affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia type II (MC
      II) that has been typed by immunofixation, a procedure that allows the
      identification of minute amounts of monoclonal components. In 20 patients with
      the "essential" form, the bone marrow histology revealed the presence of nodular
      aggregates of lymphocytes that were consistent with the diagnosis of immunocytoma
      in 14 cases and of early stage plasmocytoma in 1 case. The immunohistochemical
      analysis carried out in 5 of these cases allowed the identification of B
      lymphocytes in the nodules, thus confirming the diagnosis of low malignancy
      lymphoma. In our series the percentage of proliferative disorders of B lymphocyte
      lineage was 66%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the cytohistological
      analysis of bone marrow is highly recommended in the study of essential mixed
      cryoglobulinemia and that histological analysis supplemented with
      immunohistochemistry is preferred to the simple cytological analysis of bone
      aspirate.

PMID- 1806443
TI  - Proaggregating and procoagulant activities of human mesothelioma tumor cells at
      different stages of "in vitro" culture.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of the interactions between tumor cells and the
      hemostatic system are not completely understood; the purpose of this study was to
      elucidate whether tumor cells grown "in vitro" express the same proaggregating
      and procoagulant activities as cells isolated from tumor tissues, and whether the
      activities of such cultures are constant and consistent over time. METHODS: Tumor
      cells were collected and cultured from the pleural fluid of a 71-year-old patient
      with a sarcomatous malignant mesothelioma. Platelet aggregating activity was
      studied by adding tumor cells to platelet rich plasma or to washed, aequorin
      loaded platelets. The procoagulant activity of the tumor cells was measured by
      the one-stage recalcification time of different humans plasma substrates.
      RESULTS: Cells harvested after 4 culture passages possessed low, ADP-dependent
      platelet aggregating activity, while those studied after 16 or 40 passages
      activated platelets through the production of thrombin. In the washed platelet
      system and in the presence of trace amounts of platelet poor plasma, the
      difference in the aggregating activity of various tumor cell populations was more
      evident. Normal mesothelial cells did not induce platelet aggregation.
      Procoagulant activity (tissue factor-like) was low in normal mesothelial cells
      and in tumor cells after 4 passages, and it was about 10 times higher in tumor
      cells after 16 or 40 passages. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained with tumor cells
      cultured "in vitro" should be considered with caution because their effects are
      different from those of freshly isolated cells and may not be constant in the
      different culture passages.

PMID- 1806444
TI  - Oral idarubicin as treatment for advanced myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of haemopoietic stem
      cell disorders of unknown cause, occurring predominantly in elderly patients.
      They have a high mortality due to deaths from complications of cytopenias or
      transformation to leukaemia. No effective treatment is known. Preliminary studies
      have identified idarubicin (IDA), an anthracycline drug that can be administered
      orally, as an agent with possible activity in MDS. METHODS: In a phase I-II study
      we administered oral IDA to 14 predominantly elderly patients (age range 40-79,
      median 74) with advanced forms of MDS, namely chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
      (CMML) (one case), refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB) (7 cases) or
      refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) (6 cases). IDA
      was given at a dose of 30 mg/m2 once each 2 weeks for 8 doses. RESULTS: There was
      one complete remission (CR) and one partial response (PR), for an overall
      response rate of 14%. Mean survival from time of initiation of therapy was 10.0
      months (+/- 8.0 months [SD]; median, 7.0 months). 5 patients developed severe
      side-effects, including 3 with life-threatening infections, and there were two
      deaths from cytopenias during the drug therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this small
      uncontrolled trial, the overall response rate and extent of toxicity seem similar
      to those reported for other forms of experimental therapy for MDS, such as low
      dose cytosine arabinoside. Further evaluation of the drug's potential in this
      difficult condition may be warranted.

PMID- 1806446
TI  - Idarubicin in blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blastic crisis (BC) is the terminal event in the natural history of
      most chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. Depletion of the normal stem
      cell compartment, as well as the proliferative advantage and frequent
      pharmacoresistance of the blastic clone, contribute to the poor prognosis of CML
      patients in this phase. Recent clinical trials have shown that idarubicin (IDR)
      in combination with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) is more active than daunorubicin
      at comparable doses in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Furthermore, IDR alone
      also exhibits antitumoral activity in the BC of CML. METHODS: Twelve Ph+ CML
      patients in BC (male 8, female 4; median age 45 yrs., range 19-55 yrs.) were
      treated with IDR 12 mg/m2/die for 3 consecutive days in sequential combination
      with Ara-C (1 hour i.v. infusion) 120 mg/m2/12 hrs. for 7 consecutive days. BC
      exhibited a myeloid phenotype in 9 and a lymphoid phenotype in 3 cases. Median
      duration of the previous chronic phase had been 36 months (range 6-180). RESULTS:
      Clearing of peripheral and bone marrow blasts was achieved in all but one
      patient. Three other patients were classified as resistant because of blastic
      regrowth, and 3 died of infection during postchemotherapeutic aplasia. Two
      patients achieved complete remission (CR) and 3 partial remission (PR). The
      median duration of response was 11 months (range 6-32). CONCLUSIONS: In BC of CML
      the IDR/Ara-C combination led to an encouraging rate of either partial or
      complete responses. The relatively long duration of unmaintained response was
      even more interesting, with the duration of PR approaching that of CR. These data
      suggest that IDR should be considered as one of the first-line drugs in the
      treatment of BC of CML.

PMID- 1806445
TI  - Mitoxantrone in combination with etoposide and cytarabine for treatment of poor
      prognosis acute non lymphoid leukemia patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proved effectiveness and relatively low extrahematological
      toxicity of Mitoxantrone, Ara-C and Etoposide as single agents and in combination
      in the treatment of acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL) are well established. In a
      phase II study the efficacy and toxicity of an induction combination regimen with
      Mitoxantrone, Ara-C and Etoposide were evaluated for treatment of poor risk ANLL
      patients. METHODS: Twenty-seven poor prognosis ANLL patients were treated with
      Mitoxantrone, 7 mg/sm days 1-3; VP16, 150 mg/sm days 1-3; Ara-C, 200 mg/sm
      continuous infusion days 1-5. Median age of treated patients was 63 (17-78): 10
      de novo leukemias (4 greater than 65 yrs 3 with cardiomyopathy); 12 secondary
      leukemias (5 secondary to a myelodysplastic syndrome, 5 to myeloproliferative
      syndrome, 2 to other neoplasias); 3 relapses; 2 refractory. RESULTS: Fifteen
      patients (55.5%) achieved CR (8 de novo leukemias, 3 relapses, 4 secondary
      leukemias); 7 died in induction, 5 progressed. Median remission duration was 27
      weeks (range 5-70 wks) and overall median survival 13 weeks (range 4-80).
      Extraematological toxicity was low, but five patients died from infections and
      two from hemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS: The combination tested in this trial proved
      effective in the treatment of "poor risk" ANLL, but the results need to be
      confirmed on greater numbers of patients, mainly in the group of de novo
      leukemias that can't be treated with more aggressive regimens.

PMID- 1806448
TI  - Severe neutropenia in a patient with large granular lymphocytosis: prolonged
      successful control with cyclosporin A.
AB  - A case of severe neutropenia associated with large granular lymphocytosis in a 40
      year-old female is described. The patient, with no findings of an underlying
      systemic disorder, had suffered from recurrent life threatening, mainly
      pseudomonal, infections for about two years, despite the various regimes tried.
      During the last twelve months cyclosporin A treatment resulted in a significant
      increase in absolute neutrophil counts, concomitant with a remarkable decrease in
      bone marrow infiltration by GLs and almost normal counts of GLs in the peripheral
      blood. During this time she has remained completely free from infectious
      episodes. The mechanisms involved remain to be determined.

PMID- 1806447
TI  - Methods for evaluating iron stores and efficacy of chelation in transfusional
      hemosiderosis.
AB  - An accurate determination of the total amount and distribution of body iron
      stores is essential for prognostic purposes and to evaluate the efficacy of
      chelation therapy. In the clinical setting, a rough estimate of the total body
      iron burden may be obtained in patients with transfusion-dependent anemias by
      calculating the amount of blood administered plus the amount absorbed by the
      gastrointestinal route, which is influenced by the level of Hb and by bone marrow
      activity. An increase in serum iron and a decrease in total iron binding capacity
      are early indicators of iron overload, but their sensitivity and specificity are
      not very high. In normal individuals, serum ferritin correlates well with iron
      stores, as measured by phlebotomy, and with directly measured liver iron.
      However, plasma ferritin, being an acute phase reactant, is increased in cases of
      chronic disease, disseminated malignancy, or inflammatory disorders. Non
      transferrin bound iron, i.e. iron that circulates in plasma unbound to
      transferrin, is potentially toxic since it is capable of taking part in free
      radical-mediated reactions that result in irreversible tissue damage. This iron
      can be measured with a HPLC based assay. At present the most accurate way of
      estimating the iron burden is by direct measurement of iron concentration in
      tissues. The liver is the most accessible. The measurement is done by atomic
      absorption spectrometry on ashed or lyophilized samples obtained by needle
      biopsy, and correlates well with the total amount of blood transfused and with
      the extent of hepatic fibrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806449
TI  - Purpura fulminans as clinical manifestation of atypical SLE with antiphospholipid
      antibodies: a case report.
AB  - Purpura Fulminans and DIC were the main clinical manifestations of the
      antiphospholipid syndrome observed in a 62-year-old man. The patient was well
      until 44 years of age when he began to suffer from recurrent thrombophlebitis,
      without other symptoms suggestive of immune disease. At the time of hospital
      admission the pt. appeared acutely ill, showing high fever, severe anemia,
      massive urinary blood loss, multiple purpuric patches evolving to hemorrhagic
      bullae and gangrene rapidly spreading over about 30% of the total body area. No
      signs of neurological involvement or of visceral thrombotic occlusions were
      present. Clotting tests were consistent with a diagnosis of DIC, further
      confirmed by skin biopsy showing the presence of thrombi in dermal arterioles.
      The autoantibody research was positive as follows: Waaler-Rose 1:40, Anti-DNA
      1:80; ANF 1:640, aCA IgG 100 GPL. LA was diagnosed according to standard
      criteria: prolonged KCT and RVVT not corrected by a mixture of normal plasma and
      abnormal TTI. Plasma exchange in association with heparin and prednisone was
      effective in arresting the progression of the skin lesion; nevertheless the
      patient died ten days after hospital admission for sepsi and acute renal failure.

PMID- 1806450
TI  - Recombinant interferon alpha-2B for acute post-transfusion hepatitis in acute
      myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) is a major problem in patients with acute
      leukemias requiring blood products during induction or consolidation therapy. In
      fact, PTH causes delays of chemotherapy with major violations in the timing of
      protocols. In order to assess the efficacy and safety of a short course of alpha
      interferon (alpha-IFN) in inducing early remission of PTH, we treated seven
      patients who developed acute hepatitis during a post-remissional phase of AML.
      Patients received 3 MU of alpha-IFN i.m. three times weekly for one month. One
      patient stopped alpha-IFN at 2 weeks because of severe itching, after ALT
      normalization. Five out of 6 subjects normalized ALT within a mean time of two
      weeks. Minor side effects were observed in 2 cases. Three patients relapsed
      within eight weeks after stopping alpha-IFN. They underwent a second remission
      upon treatment with the same schedule. All patients continued their treatment
      protocol for AML without delay.

PMID- 1806451
TI  - Prevention of hemoperitoneum during ovulation by oral contraceptives in women
      with type III von Willebrand disease and afibrinogenemia. Case reports.
AB  - The follicle ruptures at the time of ovulation and fills with blood, forming a
      corpus hemorrhagicum. Minor bleeding from the follicle into the abdominal cavity
      may cause peritoneal irritation and, when it occurs in a patient with a defect of
      primary hemostasis, hemoperitoneum can occur. Von Willebrand disease and
      afibrinogenemia are two important bleeding disorders in which both primary
      hemostasis and coagulation are involved. Bleeding during ovulation is one major
      clinical complication in women with these disease. We have studied three patients
      with this hemorrhagic complication. Our data show that oral contraceptives are an
      effective way to avoid hemoperitoneum.

PMID- 1806452
TI  - Ascorbic acid as first-line therapy in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 1806453
TI  - Thrombocytosis, neutrophilia and anemia during interleukin-2 therapy.

PMID- 1806454
TI  - Red cell distribution width is helpful for diagnosis of celiac disease.

PMID- 1806455
TI  - Intranasal DDAVP: biological and clinical evaluation in mild factor VIII
      deficiency.
AB  - We report a study undertaken to test the biological effect of intranasal 1
      deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) and its efficacy in the treatment of
      bleedings in patients with mild factor VIII deficiency. The biological study was
      carried out in 20 patients: an increase of factor VIII:C and von Willebrand
      factor antigen levels was observed after inhalation of DDAVP at average post/pre
      inhalation ratios of 2.80 and 1.72, respectively. No relevant alterations of
      fibrinolysis were noted. In fact, we only observed a simultaneous increase of
      tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, without
      modification of D-dimer. In 10 cases intranasal DDAVP has been used in the
      prevention or in the treatment of bleeding complications: no bleedings were
      observed.

PMID- 1806456
TI  - The beneficial effect of lys-plasminogen upon the thrombolytic efficacy of
      urokinase in a dog model of peripheral arterial thrombosis.
AB  - The efficacy of thrombolytic therapy may be limited by local availability of
      plasminogen near a poorly perfused thrombus. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if the local (i.e., clot site) administration of 0.5 mg glu-plasminogen
      (glu-plg) or 0.5 mg lysplasminogen (lys-plg) could safely increase the
      thrombolytic efficacy of a 30-min intraarterial injection of 3,500 U kg-1 of two
      chain urokinase plasminogen activator (UK) in a dog model of arterial thrombosis.
      Thrombolysis was measured by monitoring the continuous decrement of 125I-gamma
      emissions from a radiolabeled thrombus. Reflow was evaluated by a distally placed
      flowmeter and by direct visual examination. Forty-two dogs (mean weight 10.1 +/-
      1.9 kg) were randomly sorted into six groups of 7 each. The dogs in each group
      were given either saline plus saline (group 1), saline plus UK (group 2), glu-plg
      plus saline (group 3), glu-plg plus UK (group 4), lys-plg plus saline (group 5),
      or lys-plg plus UK (group 6) by selective arterial catheterization 60 min after
      formation of an occlusive thrombus. Ninety minutes following drug administration,
      all groups which received UK (groups 2, 4, and 6) showed greater lysis (p less
      than 0.05) than the groups which received only saline or either glu- or lys-plg
      plus saline. Group 6, which received lys-plg plus UK, showed significantly
      greater lysis (34 +/- 4%) than both group 2 (23 +/- 2%), which received saline
      plus UK, and group 4 (19 +/- 3%), which received glu-plg plus UK (p less than
      0.05). All dogs (7/7) in group 6 had reflow at 90 min whereas only 3/7 dogs had
      reflow in both groups 2 and 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806457
TI  - Diagnostic value of D-dimer for deep venous thrombosis in outpatients.
AB  - We have studied the diagnostic value for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of an
      enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of D-dimer in plasma of 239
      consecutive outpatients suspected of having DVT by their general practitioner.
      DVT was confirmed by impedance plethysmography in 60 patients. Using the 95th
      percentile range of 42 healthy volunteers, the sensitivity for the detection of
      DVT was 92%, with a specificity of 21%. In our population with a prevalence of
      25%, the D-dimer EIA showed a negative predictive value of 88% and a positive
      predictive value of 28%. We conclude that this D-dimer ELISA has limited value,
      either to confirm or to exclude DVT in outpatients.

PMID- 1806458
TI  - Thromboembolic risk in children with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The in vivo activation of the hemostatic system was evaluated in 14 children (4
      13 years old) with nephrotic syndrome at different stages of the disease. The
      blood platelet count, beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4),
      fibrinogen, the coagulation inhibitors antithrombin III and protein C (ATIII:Ag
      and PC:Ag), and D-dimers were determined. Platelet number was significantly
      higher at the onset of the disease than in the next stages (p less than 0.05).
      beta-TG, PF4 and fibrinogen were significantly increased as compared with
      controls at the onset (p less than 0.001) and decreased progressively during the
      course of the disease without reaching the control values. Blood coagulation
      inhibitors behaved differently; PC was higher in patients than in controls at all
      stages (p less than 0.05) whereas ATIII values were significantly decreased at
      the onset (p less than 0.05), but increased during the course the disease (p less
      than 0.01). No changes were observed in the D-dimer plasma levels. These data
      suggest that the thrombotic risk in nephrotic syndrome is particularly evident at
      the onset of the disease, and appears to be due mainly to changes in platelet
      number and function, and to increased fibrinogen levels rather than to
      alterations of plasma anticoagulant factors.

PMID- 1806459
TI  - Sex-related differences in plasminogen activator activity and plasminogen
      activator inhibition of human and animal kidneys: effect of orchidectomy or
      ovariectomy.
AB  - Plasminogen activator activity (PAA), plasminogen activator inhibition (PAI) and
      plasmin inhibition (PI) have been studied with spectrophotometric methods in
      extracts of human, bovine, ovine and rat kidneys of both sexes. In all species
      studied, renal PAA (cortex or medulla) was higher in females than in males. The
      PAA was also higher in the medulla than in the cortex in all species and both
      sexes. The PAA was due to both types of plasminogen activator; tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). In
      the human kidney (cortex or medulla) the measurement of t-PA antigen showed that
      t-PA is higher in females than in males; t-PA is also higher in the medulla than
      in the cortex in both sexes. The PAI showed the opposite pattern in all species
      studied; it was lower in females than in males. It was also lower in the medulla
      than in the cortex. PAI-1 was identified in the human kidney. Sex-related
      differences in renal PAA or PAI almost disappeared after bilateral orchidectomy
      in rats. PI showed no sex or regional differences in the species studied. Sex
      related differences in renal PAA and PAI in man and various animal species might
      be of physiological or pathophysiological importance.

PMID- 1806460
TI  - Effects of epsilon aminocaproic acid on primary hemostasis.
AB  - These studies examined the effect of an oral dose of epsilon-aminocaproic acid
      (EACA) on primary hemostasis. Bleeding time tests (with and without the use of a
      blood pressure cuff) were measured before and 2 h following EACA in 56 patients
      with mild bleeding disorders and/or thrombocytopenia. Preliminary studies
      evaluated the reproducibility of these tests in 13 patients who had bleeding
      times (cuff) ranging from 8.0 to greater than 20 min. Their replicate bleeding
      time values with cuff agreed within 2.5 min and those without cuff within 3 min.
      Therefore, the 56 study patients were considered to have had no change in their
      bleeding times after EACA, if their bleeding time with cuff was +/- 2.5 min
      and/or their nonoccluded value was +/- 3 min of their baseline values,
      respectively. An isolated increase in bleeding times was observed in 6 of 56
      (11%) patients. All 6 had myelodysplasia associated with long bleeding times;
      their nonoccluded values increased by 5-14 min. Of the 56 study patients, 54%
      showed a decrease in their bleeding times following EACA. The changes were
      evident with venostasis in 18 of 30 (60%) and without venostasis in 12 (40%)
      patients. These studies suggest that EACA may improve primary hemostasis in some
      patients with prolonged bleeding times.

PMID- 1806462
TI  - Hypopituitarism and stalk agenesis: a congenital syndrome worsened by breech
      delivery?
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism, of whom 12 had multiple
      pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) and 25 isolated growth hormone deficiency
      (IGHD), were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-two of the 37
      showed congenital anterior pituitary hypoplasia, stalk agenesis and ectopic
      posterior pituitary gland at the infundibular recess (group A), while the
      remaining 15 presented isolated anterior pituitary hypoplasia (group B).
      Perinatal histories obtained from all patients demonstrated that 18/22 children
      of group A (81.81%) had histories of adverse perinatal events, with breech
      presentation in 15 (68.18%). Twelve of 12 children of group A born by breech
      delivery developed MPHD; 3 born by cesarean section for breech presentation had
      only IGHD. Patients of group B had also a high incidence of perinatal insults
      (12/15, 80%), but breech delivery was markedly less frequent (13.33 vs. 68.18% of
      group A) and responsible for only IGHD. Group B had also higher percentages of
      maternal spontaneous abortion and low birth weight. Our study suggests that
      several factors may play a role in the development of growth hormone deficiency.
      Some patients had severe perinatal insults apparently leading to hypopituitarism.
      We were able to define by MRI a group of patients with congenital abnormalities,
      such as anterior pituitary hypoplasia, stalk agenesis and posterior pituitary
      ectopia, among whom breech presentation was very common. In this group, breech
      delivery was always followed by MPHD while cesarean or normal delivery in such
      patients was followed by IGHD only.

PMID- 1806461
TI  - Intramedullary multiple hematomas in siblings with congenital alpha-2-plasmin
      inhibitor deficiency: orthopedic surgery with protection by tranexamic acid.
AB  - Congenital alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency is very rare, but causes bleeding
      problems similar to hemophilia. Three young Japanese sisters affected with
      congenital alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency have been reported by us earlier.
      Recently we encountered a particular form of intramedullary multiple hematomas in
      the long bones in all of them which was not reported previously. In 2 of the
      sisters orthopedic operations were successfully performed by using an antiplasmin
      reagent: tranexamic acid. In this paper we describe the characteristics of the
      hematomas and the hemostatic management with tranexamic acid.

PMID- 1806464
TI  - Recurrence following transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly.
AB  - The long-term results of transsphenoidal adenomectomy and the incidence of
      possible recurrences were studied in 61 patients who had normal basal serum
      growth hormone (GH) levels 1 week after surgery. The patients were followed up
      for an average of 6.0 years (range: 1.5-14.0 years) by repeated measurements of
      GH, oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and at the last follow-up visit also by
      assaying somatomedin C levels. In 4 of the patients, the basal GH levels had
      increased to values above 5 ng/ml. In 43 patients, a normal suppression of GH
      during an oral glucose load was observed shortly after surgery. In only 2 of
      these cases did a transiently inadequate suppression develop during the follow-up
      period, although clinical acromegaly did not recur and the somatomedin C levels
      remained normal. It is concluded that recurrence of active acromegaly is unlikely
      to occur in patients who achieve a normal glucose-induced suppression of GH
      levels shortly after adenomectomy. As such, an OGTT provides better prognostic
      information than basal human GH level measurements and may give a clearer and
      earlier indication of surgical success.

PMID- 1806465
TI  - Gonadal agenesis in a 46,XY female with multiple malformations and positive
      testing for the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome.
AB  - A full-term 46,XY female newborn presented with respiratory failure due to a
      right-sided diaphragmatic hernia. During surgical repair, exploration revealed
      isolated dextrocardia and hypoplasia of the right lung. Neither gonads nor
      wolffian or mullerian structures could be palpated. Cardiac catheterization
      demonstrated defects of the ventricular septum, hypoplasia of the right pulmonary
      artery, persistence of the left vena cava superior and a patent ductus
      arteriosus. Anthropometric data were normal at birth, but fell below the 3rd
      percentile during follow-up. Body proportions displayed a predominance of the
      upper compared to the lower segment. Endocrine studies indicated no defect of
      steroid biosynthesis and no functional gonadal tissue. Using genetic analyses of
      various loci within the testis-determining region of the Y chromosome, a mutation
      could not be detected. The patient died from pneumonia at the age of 19 months.
      Postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of gonadal agenesis.

PMID- 1806463
TI  - Left middle finger metacarpophalangeal growth in Turner syndrome. Normal values
      and changes after growth hormone treatment.
AB  - Tubular bone length of the left middle finger was determined by analysis of 259
      hand radiographs of 118 patients with Turner syndrome (TS). Specific standards
      for TS children were developed and compared with those of normal children. The
      results show that in TS the growth pattern of the tubular bones of the left
      middle finger parallels statural growth and is not disproportional to height. In
      14 patients with TS the length of the tubular finger bones was determined before
      and after a 1-year treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) (mean
      dose 2.8 IU/m2 BSA/day). No disproportionate increment in the length of these
      bones compared to the respective height change was observed. The data suggest
      that over a short period of time the relatively high doses of growth hormone
      given in TS are unlikely to induce acromegaloid hand growth. The derived
      standards may serve to monitor hand growth in relation to height in TS during
      treatment in long-term trials with rhGH.

PMID- 1806466
TI  - Propylthiouracil hypersensitivity with circumstantial evidence for drug-induced
      reversible sensorineural deafness: a case report.
AB  - Severe adverse reactions to propylthiouracil occur in 1-5% of patients. Three
      major side effects, namely agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity and drug-induced
      hypersensitivity, have been described though these syndromes are not distinct
      entities and there can be overlaps in the clinical manifestations. The drug
      induced hypersensitivity may be an immune-mediated reaction with multiorgan
      involvement in which a combination of polyarthritis, cutaneous vasculitis and
      fever is common. We report a patient with propylthiouracil-induced
      hypersensitivity with an unusual combination of high spiking fever, migratory
      polyarthritis, reversible sensorineural deafness, normochromic normocytic
      anaemia, leucocytosis and hepatotoxicity associated with polyclonal activation of
      multiple autoantibodies. This case illustrates the highly variable clinical
      manifestations of the syndrome. The prompt recovery upon withdrawal of the drug
      indicates the importance of early diagnosis.

PMID- 1806467
TI  - Comparison between a slow-release oral preparation of bromocriptine and regular
      bromocriptine in patients with hyperprolactinemia: a double blind, double dummy
      study.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of a slow-release preparation of bromocriptine
      (Parlodel SRO) were compared to those of conventional bromocriptine (Parlodel R)
      in a double blind, double dummy study of 12 hyperprolactinemic women (plasma PRL
      81.3 +/- 4.73, ng/ml mean +/- SEM). For 2 weeks, the patients received 2.5 mg
      b.i.d. Parlodel R or 5 mg once daily Parlodel SRO; for the following 2 weeks, the
      dose of the drugs was doubled. The patients were then treated, in an open study,
      with 2.5-10 mg daily Parlodel SRO for 6 months. Both preparations caused a prompt
      and sharp PRL fall. Hormone levels remained inhibited over the whole month of
      observation with both preparations. Daily PRL profiles were very close with
      either drug although morning PRl levels were slightly higher during Parlodel SRO
      than during Parlodel R administration. Doubling the doses of the two drugs did
      not result in further significant lowering of PRL values. During the 6-month
      study with Parlodel SRO, plasma PRL further decreased and normalized in 11 of 12
      patients. Clinical improvement occurred in the majority of cases. Tolerability of
      Parlodel SRO appeared to be better, though without statistically significant
      differences, than that of Parlodel R. Side effects were less important with the
      former compound in their number, severity and duration. In conclusion, thanks to
      its favourable pharmacological profile, Parlodel SRO appears to be a valuable
      alternative to regular bromocriptine in the management of hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 1806468
TI  - Long-term intramuscular administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate
      in patients with cerebrovascular disease: effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis.
AB  - We studied the effects of long-term (30 days) refracted daily intramuscular
      administration of 4 mg TRH tartrate (TRH-T) on the pituitary-thyroid axis in 20
      euthyroid patients affected by cerebrovascular disease (CVD). All subjects were
      assayed for T4, T3, FT4, FT3, TSH and TBG plasma levels before treatment (D0),
      after 15 and 30 treatment days (D15, D30), and after a 15-day washout (D45). In
      addition, TSH response to 200 micrograms intravenous TRH was assessed at D0, D30
      and D45. We observed a significant increase in T4, FT4 and FT3 levels in the face
      of decreased TSH concentrations. A blunted TSH response to TRH bolus persisted at
      D30. These data demonstrate that the down-regulation mechanism may be partially
      overcome in vivo when thyrotrophs are chronically exposed to pharmacological TRH
      T doses and that TSH pattern is mainly due to the negative feedback of thyroid
      hormones, even though pituitary TSH reserves may become depleted. Furthermore,
      prolonged TRH-T administration does not produce hyperthyroidism in euthyroid CVD
      patients.

PMID- 1806469
TI  - Human placental 17 beta-estradiol dehydrogenase: enzymatic activity in the last
      weeks of pregnancy and electrophoretic data.
AB  - A specific electrophoretic method for human placental 17 beta-estradiol
      dehydrogenase (17-HSD; EC 1.1.1.62) has been performed and a sample of about 180
      placentae from Italian women has been examined. A common phenotype and only one
      electrophoretic variant have been observed. Also 17-HSD activity has been tested.
      A statistically significant negative correlation has been found between 17-HSD
      activity and both gestational age and birth weight in the last weeks of gestation
      in a group of at term newborns with weight appropriate for date. This reduction
      in enzymatic activity is in good agreement with the data on estrone and estradiol
      which both show a declining rate of increase in the last weeks of pregnancy.

PMID- 1806471
TI  - A giant prolactinoma and the effect of chronic bromocriptine therapy on basal and
      TRH-stimulated serum prolactin levels.
AB  - The role of bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-producing tumors is
      currently well accepted in the literature. Bromocriptine decreases the
      concentration of serum prolactin and this decrease precludes tumor shrinkage,
      despite the lack of correlation between amount of decrease in tumor size and
      baseline serum prolactin. We submit the case of a patient on chronic
      bromocriptine therapy followed by measuring baseline and thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH)-stimulated serum prolactins. Bromocriptine affects both release and
      storage of prolactin. The literature has suggested that the effects of
      bromocriptine on storage and synthesis may be responsible for its effects on
      tumor size. It was felt that TRH stimulation would more accurately reflect
      storage and synthesis, and thus correlate better with tumor size. The pituitary
      was initially debulked via a right frontal approach; then the patient was placed
      on bromocriptine therapy and postoperatively followed with baseline and TRH
      stimulated serum prolactins. The size of the pituitary was measured by computed
      tomography. Baseline serum prolactin levels rapidly decreased, but despite the
      slow decrease in TRH-stimulated prolactins no change was noted in tumor size.
      Because of the time difference between the baseline and TRH-stimulated prolactin
      levels, we conclude that clinically bromocriptine affects primarily secretion of
      prolactin and secondarily storage and synthesis. We also show that TRH-stimulated
      prolactin does not correlate with size of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
      and therefore tumor size should be independently measured. The literature has
      shown that prolactinomas do not respond well to TRH stimulation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806472
TI  - Subacute thyroiditis presenting as Cushing's syndrome. Case report.
AB  - Subacute thyroiditis is a benign, self-limited disorder characterized by
      hyperthyroidism that resolves spontaneously. Although cortisol metabolism is
      accelerated in hyperthyroidism, cortisol levels are usually normal. We describe a
      child with subacute thyroiditis whose presenting complaints and preliminary
      evaluation suggested a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. There was spontaneous
      improvement in the signs and symptoms with concomitant normalization of
      laboratory values. We conclude that hypercortisolism may be a manifestation of
      hyperthyroidism, and the evaluation of Cushing's syndrome should include thyroid
      function tests.

PMID- 1806470
TI  - Combination ultrafiltration and 6 M urea treatment of human growth hormone
      effectively minimizes risk from potential Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease virus
      contamination.
AB  - Although genetically engineered human growth hormone (hGH) is now commercially
      available, native pituitary-derived hGH is still used by physicians in many
      countries for the treatment of hormone deficiency states. We describe a method
      using ultrafiltration and 6 M urea that reduced infectivity in human pituitary
      tissue that had been deliberately contaminated with scrapie virus (an animal
      analogue of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease virus) from an initial level of
      10(9.7) infectious units to just 5 infectious units. Based on estimates of the
      frequency of contamination and infectivity levels in batches of human
      pituitaries, the use of this protocol to prepare GH from cadaveric human glands
      yields a calculated probability of exposure to a contaminated vial of not greater
      than 1 in 3.2 million recipients; therefore, native hormone prepared by this
      method may be considered to be essentially risk-free. The same methodology may be
      useful in the preparation of other hormones, such as prolactin, for which no
      synthetic substitutes are currently available, as well as biological products
      derived from sheep or cattle, that may be infected with scrapie or bovine
      spongiform encephalopathy.

PMID- 1806473
TI  - Diurnal variations and temporal coupling of bioactive and immunoactive
      luteinizing hormone, prolactin, testosterone and 17-beta-estradiol in adult men.
AB  - Diurnal variations and temporal coupling in the circulating levels of
      immunoactive and bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL),
      testosterone (T) and 17-beta-estradiol (E2) in plasma of 6 healthy men (mean age
      33 years) were studied. Each hormonal profile was analyzed for circadian
      amplitude, acrophase and nadir. Acrophases for immunoactive LH and T were
      coincident and ranged between clock hours 1 and 5. Acrophase for bioactive LH
      ranged between 9 and 12 h and was coincident with nadir for T. Acrophase for E2
      ranged between 15 and 18 h and was coincident with nadir for immunoactive LH (15
      17 h). Acrophase for bioactive PRL and immunoactive PRL ranged between 20-23 and
      23-4 h, respectively. The circadian amplitude for T showed a negative correlation
      coefficient with circadian amplitude of bioactive LH (alpha = -0.86) and positive
      correlation coefficient with circadian amplitude of immunoactive LH (alpha =
      0.94). It is inferred that immunoactive LH may be a sensor of T concentration
      while bioactive LH may be actually involved in the feedback regulation of T
      secretion. It is suggested that PRL may have a key role in the regulation of LH
      secretion.

PMID- 1806474
TI  - Chronic growth hormone administration does not suppress endogenous growth hormone
      secretion in patients with neurosecretory growth hormone dysfunction.
AB  - Short children who respond normally to growth hormone (GH) stimulation, but have
      a subnormal spontaneous secretion of GH (neurosecretory GH dysfunction, NSD) are
      treated with exogenous GH which might suppress their endogenous GH secretion. The
      effect of chronic administration of GH (8-24 months) on plasma GH responses to
      GHRH, clonidine and spontaneous GH secretion were studied in 17 NSD patients. The
      diagnosis of NSD was based on a normal GH response to clonidine (greater than 10
      micrograms/l) and an integrated concentration of (IC-GH) GH less than 3.2
      micrograms/l. The GH dose used in this study was 0.25 IU/kg three times a week in
      10 patients and 0.05 IU/kg daily in 7 patients. Insulin-like growth factor I
      levels (nmol) increased significantly on therapy from 9.3 +/- 3.8 to 24.4 +/-
      22.4 (p less than 0.001). The GH response (microgram/l) to GHRH was 20.4 +/- 5.5
      before treatment and 22.4 +/- 6.2 on GH. Peak GH after clonidine was 22.4 +/- 8.9
      and 22.8 +/- 8.1, respectively. There was no significant decrease in the number
      of GH spontaneous peaks (1.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.7, respectively) or in the
      area under the curve. A subcutaneous GH bolus of 0.25 IU/kg in 4 patients
      resulted in a GH peak of 55-82 micrograms/l at 3-5 h and a gradual return to
      basal levels at 15-20 h after GH administration. The first spontaneous GH peak
      appeared 26-28 h after GH injection, peak amplitude was 10-15
      micrograms/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806475
TI  - Pyridostigmine enhances even if it does not normalize the growth hormone
      responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease.
AB  - Subjects with Cushing's disease have diminished growth hormone (GH) response to
      growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The aim of our study was to investigate
      the underlying mechanism of this diminished GH response in these patients using
      pyridostigmine (PD), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is reported to
      increase GH secretion by reducing somatostatin tone. Eight subjects with
      untreated Cushing's disease (caused by a pituitary adenoma) and 6 control
      subjects received GHRH 100 micrograms in 1 ml of saline, as intravenous bolus
      injection 60 min after (1) placebo (2 tablets, p.o.) or (2) PD (120 mg, p.o.).
      After GHRH plus placebo, the GH peak (mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower in
      subjects with Cushing's disease (2.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/l) compared to control
      subjects (25.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). After GHRH plus PD, the
      GH peak was significantly enhanced both in subjects with Cushing's disease (7.1
      +/- 2.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05) and in control subjects (42.3 +/- 4.3
      micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). In patients with Cushing's disease, the GH
      response to GHRH plus PD was lower with respect to the GH response to GHRH alone
      in normal subjects. We conclude that hypercortisolism may cause a decrease in
      central cholinergic tone which is in turn hypothesized to be responsible of an
      enhanced somatostatin release from the hypothalamus. However, other metabolic or
      central nervous system alterations may act synergistically with hypercortisolism
      in causing GH inhibition in patients with Cushing's disease.

PMID- 1806476
TI  - Our experience with quality control in current growth hormone assays.
AB  - For many years now the German Society for Clinical Chemistry has organized
      interlaboratory surveys by order of the Federal Medical Association. Human growth
      hormone (GH) is one of 20 endocrine parameters included in a set of two control
      specimens and offered to survey participants at least 4 times a year. Since no
      reference method exists for GH, the 'true value' remains unknown. Thus,
      evaluating survey results is limited to a presentation of how far one
      participant's results agree with those of other participants using the same or
      different methods. Medians and percentiles are calculated for all participants
      and, when possible, for subgroups using the same kit. Over the last years, 60-80
      laboratories have participated in each GH survey with 12-16 different kits. The
      participants' results have shown considerable scatter with differences in GH
      levels of several hundred percent. The largest discrepancies have occurred with
      specimens of low GH concentrations, those especially interesting for
      pediatricians. An evaluation of subgroups using the same kit has shown a
      relatively good group agreement but large method-dependent differences between
      these groups. As regards the median, the results of different kits varied by as
      much as 250%. Accordingly, different reference values have to be applied to
      different GH kits. For the last 3 years not only have several companies changed
      their methods, but also one third of the laboratories participating in the survey
      have switched to other GH kits. This leads us to wonder if all the clinicians
      served by these laboratories are being informed of this and of any resulting
      discrepancies in their GH parameters.

PMID- 1806477
TI  - Immunochemical aspects of growth hormone assays.
AB  - To construct an immunochemical assay of human growth hormone (hGH) is difficult
      due to the complicated nature of the hormone. Several forms coexist in the
      circulation with a 22,000 molecular weight form dominating. Related hormones with
      up to 93% homology are also present. hGH with its 191 amino acids presents more
      than 10 epitopes. Furthermore, the existence of two binding proteins adds to the
      complexity of the assay. Despite intensive efforts involving establishment of
      international standards, analytical consensus has not yet been reached. It is
      concluded that more specific immunoassays should be established.

PMID- 1806478
TI  - Accuracy of growth hormone measurements.
AB  - The availability of high quality reagents and new methodology have contributed to
      overall improvements in the performance of immunoassays of human growth hormone
      in recent years. Discrepancies between superficially similar methods do occur as
      a result of the heterogeneous nature of the hormone itself. However, there is
      also evidence of incorrect standardisation in widely used, commercially available
      assays. Careful interpretation of growth hormone assays is still required,
      therefore, especially when results from different laboratories are being
      compared.

PMID- 1806479
TI  - Measuring growth hormone activity through receptor and binding protein assays.
AB  - In most of the children with short stature, no organic basis can be found, which
      has led to the suggestion that some cases of growth failure may be due to an
      immunoreactive but bioinactive growth hormone (GH). In order to compare GH
      immunoreactivity and bioactivity (measured as receptor binding ability), a
      radioreceptor assay allowing the measurement of GH levels in human serum was
      developed using cultured human lymphocytes and 125I-labeled human GH purified by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum samples were obtained after
      pharmacological stimulation with either insulin, glucagon or GRF from 19 healthy
      control subjects and 114 patients with various growth disturbances, aged 2.3-24.8
      years. In general, there was a good correlation between the GH levels measured by
      the two methods, the RRA-GH levels being lower than the RIA-GH levels at all
      times irrespective of the stimulation test. In all the groups studied, most of
      the individual RRA/RIA ratios were within normal limits. It is concluded that the
      presence of an abnormal (bioinactive) GH molecule is extremely rare in patients
      with short stature.

PMID- 1806480
TI  - Metabolic effects of hypopituitarism and acromegaly.
AB  - Hypopituitarism is associated with reduced lean body mass and increased body fat,
      while in acromegaly the converse is true. Fasting plasma glucose is increased in
      acromegaly but fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide are increased in both groups.
      There is a positive association between fat mass and fasting serum insulin in
      hypopituitarism, suggesting insulin resistance. Hypoglycaemia unresponsiveness,
      rather than insulin sensitivity, is the feature of growth hormone deficiency.
      Basal metabolic rate (expressed per kg body weight) is increased in acromegaly
      and decreased in hypopituitarism but when expressed 'per kg lean body mass', is
      increased in both groups. There is a close correlation between fat mass and
      fasting free fatty acid and glycerol levels in obese but not normal weight
      patients with hypopituitarism; slim patients appear to metabolise and oxidise
      their fat stores more effectively than those who remain obese. Thus indirect
      evidence suggests that growth hormone has an important role in maintaining normal
      body composition and energy stores.

PMID- 1806481
TI  - Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) counteracts in general the effects of insulin on glucose and
      lipid metabolism, but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. Under
      physiological circumstances GH does not affect total glucose turnover directly.
      There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary
      to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose,
      suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway,
      which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. Since GH
      secretion is inhibited in the fed state these actions are mainly important in the
      postprandial or fasting state. Under pathological conditions of GH excess (e.g.
      acromegaly, poorly controlled tp. 1 diabetes or high dose GH treatment) the
      diabetogenic actions of GH become apparent. In these patients increased
      endogenous glucose production, decreased muscle glucose uptake and rising blood
      glucose levels are observed. In patients with intact beta-cell function these
      changes are counterbalanced by hyperinsulinemia--such hyperinsulinemia may in the
      long term induce increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality ('Reavens
      syndrome X'). When stimulated with insulin these patients exhibit insulin
      resistance at the liver, in adipose tissue and in muscle. Few elaborate studies
      on the effects of GH on glucose metabolism in GH deficient patients have been
      conducted. These patients are hypersensitive to the actions of insulin on glucose
      metabolism and there is some evidence that when GH initially is given to such
      patients in the GH deprived state, paradox insulin-like effects of GH may be
      observed. Whether this may relate to increased activity of insulin-like growth
      factors is unsettled.

PMID- 1806483
TI  - Growth hormone and protein metabolism.
AB  - Adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency have decreased lean body mass which
      can be normalized by GH treatment. The anabolic action of GH involves
      redistribution of nitrogen from ureogenesis to the extrahepatic anabolic process
      together with stimulation of amino acid uptake and protein synthesis.

PMID- 1806482
TI  - Growth hormone and lipids.
AB  - It has been known for more than 30 years that growth hormone has a lipolytic
      properties and growth hormone excess (acromegaly) and growth hormone deficiency
      have been reported to be associated with abnormalities in serum lipoprotein
      concentrations. Due to the lipolytic effect of growth hormone, its administration
      in man has been reported to increase plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA)
      concentrations. Ketone body production increases during acute growth hormone
      excess as a result of increased NEFA concentrations; similarly, the increase in
      serum triglycerides may be explained by an increase in substrate (NEFA) supply to
      the liver for VLDL production. The effect may be enhanced by a simultaneous
      decrease of serum lipoprotein lipase activity. The cholesterol-lowering effect of
      growth hormone administration has not been investigated in detail, specifically,
      the effect of growth hormone on LDL kinetics is unknown. Growth hormone-excess
      and growth hormone deficiency have been reported to be associated with increased
      risk for atherosclerosis; an association with serum lipoprotein changes is likely
      but evidence for a causal link is yet lacking.

PMID- 1806484
TI  - Role of growth hormone in fluid homeostasis.
AB  - Administration of human growth hormone (GH) is associated with clinically
      significant sodium retention. There is evidence that the antinatriuretic
      properties of GH are mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin system, as
      well as a direct action on the kidney. The antinatriuretic properties of GH may
      be of pathophysiological significance in acromegaly, where increased body sodium
      and plasma volume occur, and may contribute to the development of hypertension in
      this condition.

PMID- 1806485
TI  - Growth hormone and bone.
AB  - Bone and mineral metabolism is regulated by numerous hormones and local growth
      factors. Growth hormone (GH), directly and/or indirectly through local IGF1 and
      IGF2 production, stimulates bone turnover as it increases osteoblast number and
      function. It also stimulates bone resorption through unknown mechanisms. GH (by
      IGF1) stimulates the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity and
      therefore enhances calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestine. It also
      increases the maximal renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. The overall effect
      of GH on bone therefore seems beneficial as bone mass is increased together with
      the lean body mass. Large excess of GH, however, also increases the risk of
      osteoarthritis and has other serious metabolic side effects, so that its place in
      the treatment/prevention of osteoporosis is yet to be defined.

PMID- 1806486
TI  - Metabolism of growth hormone (GH) and different molecular forms of GH in
      biological fluids.
AB  - Human growth hormone (GH) consists of a number of molecular variants which derive
      from 2 genes, several alternative mRNA splicing mechanisms, and post
      translational modifications such as deamidation, acylation, glycosylation, and
      oligomerization. After secretion, GH binds to two (or possibly more) circulating
      GH-binding proteins, one of which is a truncated GH receptor. The resulting
      mixture of GH moieties in plasma is enormously complex, consisting of over 100
      molecular states. The various GH forms undergo differential clearance, receptor
      binding, and complexing with binding proteins, each exhibiting distinct kinetics.
      The net effect on bioactivity is correspondingly complex, and measurements by
      immunoassay or receptor assays are complicated by the lack of a homogeneous
      analyte. GH is best seen as a family of proteins, many of which fulfill as yet
      unknown functions in biology.

PMID- 1806487
TI  - Growth of children with hypochondroplasia treated with growth hormone for up to
      three years.
AB  - Hypochondroplasia is a skeletal dysplasia characterised by poor childhood growth
      and an inadequate pubertal growth spurt. 31 children with a radiological
      diagnosis of hypochondroplasia have been treated for up to 3 years with
      recombinant human growth hormone, mean dose 17.9 U/m2/week as daily subcutaneous
      injections. Mean pre-treatment height velocity standard deviation score (SDS) was
      -0.51; this increased to +1.58 after 1 year of treatment. This improvement
      diminishes over the next 2 years. The effect on final height remains unknown.
      There was a considerable variation in clinical response within the group treated.

PMID- 1806488
TI  - Role of growth hormone in infertility.

PMID- 1806489
TI  - GH-replacement therapy in adults.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults, whether GH deficient since childhood or
      patients rendered GH deficient in adult life, is associated with psychosocial
      maladjustment, reduced muscle strength and reduced exercise capacity. Body
      composition is significantly altered with increased fat and decreased muscle
      volume as compared to healthy subjects. Kidney function is subnormal, and so is
      sweat secretion. Epidemiological data suggest premature mortality due to
      cardiovascular disease in hypopituitary patients. Short-term GH treatment trials
      have shown improved psychosocial performance, normalization of body composition,
      increased muscle strength, improved exercise capacity, increased cardiac
      performance and increase in bone mineral mass as well as in serum markers of bone
      turnover, and normalization of kidney function. Thus GH replacement therapy in GH
      deficient adults exhibits potential long-term beneficial effects. A number of
      important questions has to be addressed before long-term GH replacement therapy
      in GH-deficient adults can be considered on a routine basis.

PMID- 1806490
TI  - Effects of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men.
AB  - Body composition changes progressively in mid and late adulthood. Lean body mass
      in men over 50 years old contracts at an average rate of -0.6% per year. Body
      weight tends to remain stable because of a reciprocal expansion of adipose mass.
      The shrinkage of the lean body mass reflects the atrophy of skeletal muscles,
      skin and visceral organs. Because growth hormone causes expansion of the lean
      body mass and contraction of the adipose mass, and because growth hormone
      secretion tends to diminish in late adulthood, it has been postulated that
      geriatric hyposomatotropism is a contributory cause to the body composition
      changes described above. The authors have tested this hypothesis by recruiting 45
      independent men over 61 years old with plasma somatomedin C level below 0.35
      U/ml, indicating little or no detectable growth hormone secretion. The 21-month
      protocol was as follows: baseline period 0-6 months, experimental period 6-18
      months and post-experimental period 18-21 months. During the experimental period,
      26 men (group I) received approximately 0.03 mg/kg of biosynthetic human growth
      hormone (hGH) subcutaneously 3 times a week, while 19 men (group II) received no
      treatment. Plasma somatomedin C was measured monthly. The following outcome
      variables were measured at 0, 6, 12 and 18 months: lean body mass, adipose mass,
      skin thickness (dermis plus epidermis), sizes of the liver, spleen and kidneys,
      the cross sectional areas of ten muscle groups, and bone density at 9 skeletal
      sites. Lean body mass and adipose mass were also measured at 21 months. In group
      I, hGH treatment raised the plasma somatomedin C level and maintained it in the
      range 0.5-1.5 U/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806491
TI  - Non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma: a 10-year experience.
AB  - There is growing awareness that the majority of traumatic splenic injuries should
      be managed non-operatively. This review of all traumatic spleen injuries at a
      large community teaching hospital over a 10-year period (1978-1988) confirms that
      principle. The study generated selection criteria and principles of non-operative
      management. Of a total of 91 patients, 23 were initially treated non-operatively.
      The average age was 27 years and all but two were adults. Splenic injury was
      confirmed by computed tomography scan in 20 patients (87 per cent) and by
      liver/spleen scan in three patients (13 per cent). Of the 23 patients, 21 (91 per
      cent) were successfully treated non-operatively. Of these, 14 had
      intraparenchymal or subcapsular haematomas and seven had splenic lacerations with
      haemoperitoneum. Two patients (9 per cent) initially treated non-operatively
      required splenectomy. Haemodynamically stable adult patients with blunt splenic
      injuries can be managed non-operatively if monitored in a setting where immediate
      operative intervention is available. Operative intervention is indicated not only
      in haemodynamically unstable patients, but also in patients who require more than
      four units of blood during a 48-h period.

PMID- 1806492
TI  - Preventable deaths after head injury: a clinical audit of performance.
AB  - A retrospective trauma audit of 267 consecutive patients presenting to the
      resuscitation room of an accident and emergency department identified 107 (M =
      0.73) patients with CNS predominant injuries in a period of 1 year. The mortality
      rate was 33 per cent. Application of the TRISS method indicated that 18 (51 per
      cent) of the 35 deaths (Z = 5.74, P less than 0.001) were mathematically
      unexpected; no unexpected survivors were identified. Subsequent peer review
      agreed that death was preventable in 11 cases. The peer panel suggested that the
      lack of an on-site neurosurgical service may have affected the outcome of this
      group of patients adversely.

PMID- 1806493
TI  - An analysis of traffic injuries in Taiwan in relation to alcohol use and economic
      loss.
AB  - Breath alcohol analysis of 449 patients with motor vehicle injuries attending the
      emergency department of a Taiwan urban general hospital during a 10-week period
      showed that 19.2 per cent had breath alcohol concentration (BAC greater than
      0.002 per cent and 8.5 per cent greater than or equal to 0.05 per cent). Injured
      males were more likely to have BAC greater than or equal to 0.05 per cent than
      women (11 per cent vs 0 per cent). Injuries resulting from alcohol-associated
      collisions were about 6.7 times more likely to occur between 1800 and 0600 than
      at other time periods. A telephone survey after hospital discharge showed that
      the risk factors of alcohol use, speed at time of collision and type and site of
      collision were significantly associated with degree of economic loss resulting
      from the accidents. Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of high
      economic loss associated with BAC greater than 0.002 per cent were three times
      greater than for persons in whom no alcohol was detected. This is the first study
      in Taiwan to use breath alcohol analysis in assessing the effect of alcohol
      consumption on motor vehicle injuries. The results show that alcohol use is an
      important cause of motor vehicle injuries. Preventive measures such as strict
      legal control of drunk driving and limitation of the hours that drinking places
      can stay open at night are recommended to reduce the damage caused by this severe
      public health problem.

PMID- 1806494
TI  - Survivors of the M1 aircrash. Outcome of injuries after 1 year. The Nottingham,
      Leicester, Derby and Belfast Study Group.
AB  - The 79 survivors of the M1 aircrash have been assessed at an average of great
      britain 1 year after the accident. Return to work, continued hospital care and
      recovery from injuries has been found to be related to the severity of injury.
      The 188 pelvic and limb fractures have been reviewed and the incidence of
      complications from these injuries has been low. Spinal and lower limb injuries
      account for the majority of the residual disability.

PMID- 1806495
TI  - The effects of road traffic accidents on driving behaviour.
AB  - Questionnaires about the effects of accidents on subsequent driving behaviour
      were sent to 869 people admitted consecutively to a general hospital as a result
      of involvement in road traffic accidents 4-6 years previously. There were 418 (48
      per cent) replies, 67 per cent of delivered questionnaires. One-fifth of the
      motorcyclists had stopped using a motorcycle. Nearly one-half the motorcyclists
      and vehicle drivers reported that they now drove more slowly and that they were
      more cautious. A considerable proportion of replies described emotional distress,
      avoidance and limitation of activities. Lack of confidence in driving was common
      immediately after the accident. After 4-6 years, one-third of respondents
      reported that they still suffered specific anxiety about the place of the
      accident and about situations similar to the accident. Many people were anxious
      about being passengers. The findings have implications for road safety, for the
      recognition and management of a common, and often disabling, clinical problem,
      and for the assessment of disabilities in medical reports for compensation
      proceedings.

PMID- 1806496
TI  - Introduction of a trauma team to a district general hospital. The Brighton
      Experience.
AB  - The response to major trauma in Britain has been demonstrated to be inadequate.
      One of the suggested approaches to tackling the problem has been the setting up
      of rapid response trauma teams at district general hospitals. We set up such a
      team in Brighton and report on its first year of operation. Numbers of patients
      were not sufficient to draw any firm conclusions, though no dramatic improvement
      in outcome was evident. Problems in setting up such a team are discussed.

PMID- 1806497
TI  - Conservative surgery for trauma to the pancreatic head: is it safe?
AB  - The results of conservative operative management (involving no pancreatic
      resection) for 13 patients presenting with trauma to the pancreatic head over a
      period of 10 years were reviewed. Seven patients with injury of the pancreatic
      head without duodenal or ductal involvement made an uneventful recovery after
      simple drainage. The average hospital stay was 6.7 days. The remaining six
      patients with either duodenal (four patients) and/or ductal involvement (five
      patients) developed 22 major complications. One of these patients died of
      multiple organ failure, and the rest had an average hospital stay of 43 days.
      Injury of the vena cava was noted in five patients, but was not significantly
      associated with additional morbidity or mortality. Although simple drainage of
      pancreatic head injuries is associated with a low mortality, there is an
      unacceptably high incidence of complications if either the duodenum or pancreatic
      duct is involved. The authors recommend that simple drainage be restricted to
      patients in whom neither of these structures is injured.

PMID- 1806498
TI  - Increased endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor in patients with
      tibial fractures.
AB  - Angiogenesis is an important step in the normal process of fracture healing,
      irrespective of the method of fixation. Using a quantitative assay, the amount of
      endothelial cell stimulating factor (ESAF) has been determined in a small group
      of patients with tibial fractures. ESAF levels were found to be increased when
      compared with normal volunteers, although this increase was relatively less in
      fractures held with intramedullary nails than with external fixation.

PMID- 1806499
TI  - Monitoring the response to injury.
AB  - Tissue trauma leads to a severity-dependent activation of plasma and cellular
      systems. This response can be recorded by determining parameters which represent
      the activation state of these systems. In severely injured patients with multiple
      trauma three out of 14 parameters measured at the time of admission proved to be
      indicators of subsequent septic complications with a high degree of accuracy:
      Fibrinopeptide A (FPA--the first split product of fibrinogen), the C3 split
      product C3a, and the elastase-alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor-complex (E alpha 1
      PI). In a second series of multiple-injured patients with femoral fractures who
      did not develop clinical sepsis (N = 25) these parameters were measured
      continuously to evaluate the influence of injury severity and of therapeutic
      strategy on the further course. We found a strong correlation between injury
      severity (ISS) and the degree of activation. The signs of activation decreased
      rapidly following immediate operative fixation, and remained elevated or even
      increased after primary femoral traction and secondary stabilization. The
      operative procedure did not cause any additional activation. Complications such
      as infection or the formation of haematomas were reflected by raised parameter
      levels.

PMID- 1806500
TI  - Healing of residual screw holes after plate removal.
AB  - A single photon absorptiometric method of imaging residual screw holes after
      plate removal is described. Application of this technique to seven patients
      demonstrated that ingrowth into these defects is a protracted process which
      remained incomplete at 18 weeks in all seven patients. Bone mass at the site of
      the screw holes was, however, close to normal at 18 weeks in four young adults,
      lending support to the AO-ASIF recommendation that athletic activity should be
      avoided for 4 months after plate removal.

PMID- 1806501
TI  - Subpulmonary haemothorax: 387 cases.
AB  - The diagnostic features of subpulmonary haemothorax (SH) are often overlooked. A
      retrospective review of 399 consecutive patients discharged with diagnoses of
      post-traumatic haemo- or haemopneumothorax yielded 51 (12.8 per cent) instances
      of SH on the initial radiographs. In 24 (47.1 per cent) of these initial
      diagnosis of SH had been missed. A concerted teach-in followed in order to reduce
      the rate of error. In a subsequent prospective study of 1773 consecutive patients
      with haemothorax (510) or haemopneumothorax (1263), mostly due to penetrating
      injuries, and who had undergone pre-interventional erect chest radiography, 336
      (19.0 per cent) had the blood confined to the subpulmonary position; 156 (12.4
      per cent) of the haemopneumothoraces and 180 (35.3 per cent) of the pure
      haemothoraces presented in this way. Confirmatory lateral decubitus radiography
      was necessary in 141 (42.0 per cent) of the SHs but initial diagnostic errors
      were confined to six cases (1.8 per cent). Comparison of the 336 SH patients and
      the 1437 presenting with more florid radiological signs showed only one
      significant difference in management and outcome: emergency thoracotomy rates of,
      respectively, 0.9 per cent and 9.2 per cent (P less than 0.0005). We conclude
      that SH is a common and normal presentation of less than massive haemothorax and
      we stress the diagnostic radiological features.

PMID- 1806502
TI  - Bi-articular hemiarthroplasty of the hip: a 7-year follow-up.
AB  - A bi-articular prostheses was used to replace the femoral head in 323 patients
      over 7 years in an attempt to reduce the incidence of acetabular erosion, which
      has been reported by others who have used different types of prostheses. No
      erosion of the acetabulum has yet been found in our series, but from the point of
      view of cost, we consider that the use of this prosthesis should be restricted to
      active younger patients.

PMID- 1806503
TI  - Conservative treatment of boxer's fracture: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - To investigate the outcome of conservative treatment, with and without closed
      reduction, 45 patients with fractures of the fifth metacarpal neck were evaluated
      1 to 5 years after the initial injury. Radiographs were then taken to compare
      angulation and length with the original radiographs. The range of motion of the
      joints of the little finger was measured and the grip strength was assessed. The
      effects of malrotation on cosmetic appearance were observed, as were any signs of
      dystrophy. Finally, the patient's subjective opinion was obtained. Disability due
      to the injury was found in three patients while two others had moderate symptoms
      during daily activities. There seems to be little indication for closed
      reposition or operative treatment.

PMID- 1806504
TI  - Diagnostic value of ultrasound in scaphoid fractures.
AB  - Diagnostic ultrasound was used in 103 patients with a clinically suspected
      fracture of the scaphoid bone in order to achieve an early diagnosis. There were
      48 women and 55 men aged 10-75 years (mean 31.4 years) tested with ultrasound. Of
      the patients, 72 were tested within 3 days after injury the remainder between 4
      and 42 days. Fracture was confirmed radiologically in 27. We found that the
      ultrasound test, applied with a frequency of 1 MHz and intensity of 0.5 W/cm2 and
      2.0 W/cm2 for 30s, had a sensitivity of 37 per cent and a specificity of 61 per
      cent. We thus conclude that ultrasound is not suitable for early diagnosis of
      scaphoid fracture.

PMID- 1806505
TI  - Reversed dynamic slings: results of use in the treatment of post-traumatic
      flexion contractures of the elbow.
AB  - We report our experience with reversed dynamic slings used in the treatment of
      post-traumatic flexion contractures of the elbow. There were 21 patients treated
      for deformities ranging from 35 degrees to 70 degrees (average 55 degrees). The
      flexion deformity after treatment varied from 25 degrees to 45 degrees (average
      34.8 degrees), giving an average increase in range of movement of 39.1 per cent.

PMID- 1806506
TI  - Operative treatment of ankle fractures in adults: correlation between types of
      fracture and final results.
AB  - By means of a simple and easy classification, namely uni, bi- and trimalleolar
      ankle fractures, and the localization of the fracture at the level of the fibula;
      all of the 612 ankle fractures that were surgically treated at the Leuven
      University Hospital were easily classified. In 590 cases the results were
      collected 1 year after the operation by means of an evaluation system based on
      symptoms, clinical findings and radiographic findings. The influence of the type
      of fracture was analysed and led to the following conclusion: 1. Unimalleolar
      fractures have a better prognosis than trimalleolar fractures. 2. An isolated
      medial malleolar fracture gives a worse final result than an isolated lateral
      malleolar fracture. 3. Multimalleolar fractures, including the medial malleolus,
      have a worse prognosis than multimalleolar fractures without medial malleolar
      fractures. 4. Even after perfect internal fixation, the presence of a posterior
      fragment larger than one-third of the articular surface leads to a worse final
      result than a small unfixed fragment. 5. Weber's classification may not be useful
      for prognosis.

PMID- 1806507
TI  - Parotid duct injury: is immediate surgical repair necessary?
AB  - This prospective study investigated the outcome for non-operative management of
      parotid duct injuries in 19 patients with injury confirmed by the methylene blue
      method. Nine (47 per cent) healed without complications. Short-term salivary
      fistulas complicated seven (36.8 per cent) wounds and a sialocele occurred in
      four (21.1 per cent). All complications resolved without the need for operative
      intervention. Acute surgical repair of damaged ducts can no longer be
      recommended, since conservative management of parotid duct trauma is both safe
      and effective; simple surgical procedures exist for the management of the rare
      long-term disorders.

PMID- 1806508
TI  - Dislocation of the trapezium: open reduction by the dorsal approach.

PMID- 1806509
TI  - Silent fractures of the ankle joint in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1806510
TI  - Crush fractures of the cuboid from indirect violence.

PMID- 1806511
TI  - Seat belts and reclining seats.

PMID- 1806512
TI  - Death following non-operative management of blunt liver trauma.

PMID- 1806514
TI  - Fracture of the hyoid bone following minimal trauma.

PMID- 1806513
TI  - Brachial artery rupture.

PMID- 1806515
TI  - 'Levis' jeans and motorcycle knee injuries.

PMID- 1806516
TI  - Marjolin's ulcer complicating a poorly fabricated prosthesis.

PMID- 1806517
TI  - Exploration of the hepatoduodenal ligament containing haematoma prevents
      development of post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm.

PMID- 1806518
TI  - Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 1806519
TI  - Puncture wound of the foot? Persistent pain? Think of Pseudomonas aeroginosa
      osteomyelitis.

PMID- 1806520
TI  - Treatment of excoriations with a transparent hydrocolloid dressing: a prospective
      study.
AB  - A transparent hydrocolloid dressing (THCD) was compared with a traditional
      paraffin gauze dressing (PGD) in the treatment of excoriations with special focus
      on patient acceptability. A series of 12 emergency ward patients with 16
      traumatic excoriations were included in the study. There were 9 women and 3 men.
      Average age was 26 years (range 12-66 years). Seven wounds were dressed with THCD
      and nine with PGD. Patients treated with THCD felt less pain than those treated
      with PGD. A significantly higher number of patients treated with PGD than THCD
      complained of wound or bandage sticking to their clothes (P = 0.0007). No
      infection was seen. We conclude that THCD is suitable for dressing acute
      excoriations. And the level of comfort is better than in traditional treatment
      with PGD.

PMID- 1806521
TI  - Injury severity score and BASICS.

PMID- 1806522
TI  - The concept of biological plating using the limited contact-dynamic compression
      plate (LC-DCP). Scientific background, design and application.

PMID- 1806523
TI  - [Excess mortality in an inner-city area: the case of Ciutat Vella in Barcelona].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to compare mortality indicators in the district of
      Ciutat Vella (the more socio-economically deprived in Barcelona) with the entire
      city, for the 1983-87 period. Crude death rates, as well as age, sex and cause
      specific deaths rates were calculated from vital statistics data; life
      expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), the Comparative Mortality Figure
      (CMF) and avoidable mortality rates were also computed. All indicators point out
      at an excess of mortality in Ciutat Vella, when compared to the whole city. Life
      expectancy was 73 years (4 years less than for Barcelona as a whole); infant
      mortality was 15.6 per 1,000 births (as opposed to 9 for Barcelona). The CMF was
      129 (95% confidence interval: 126.2-131.8), while the YPLL ratio was 182.1 (95%
      confidence interval: 173.1-191.8), mainly attributed to excess mortality due to
      tuberculosis, cirrhosis and to homicides and drug-related deaths. The percentage
      of avoidable deaths was 9.5% in Ciutat Vella compared with 8.23% for Barcelona as
      a whole. These data confirm the need to actively pursue intervention programs to
      improve health in Ciutat Vella, although further small-area analysis at the level
      of neighbourhood and of health care areas would be advisable.

PMID- 1806524
TI  - [Cancer in Spain (1977-1987): an analysis of the Hospital Morbidity Survey].
AB  - The aim of the present work is to evaluate the usefulness of the Hospital
      Morbidity Survey for the study of cancer morbidity in Spain. The study covers the
      period 1977-1987. Age-standardized rates for the following groups have been
      estimated: "hospital admissions by sex, age and final diagnosis" and "hospital
      admissions (new cases) by age, sex and final diagnosis". During the period 1983
      84 an important increase in the frequency of all malignant tumours has coincided
      with an equivalent decrease in the non-specified category, leading to the
      conclusion that an information bias is present. This bias limits the study of
      temporal series of cancer morbidity in Spain and suggests that a modification of
      the Spanish Hospital Morbidity Survey is urgently needed.

PMID- 1806525
TI  - [A comparison of the information obtained in a health survey by interview with
      primary care registries].
AB  - To estimate the levels of underreporting of medical visits and to compare the
      reporting of chronic restrictive diseases, 203 individuals who had been visited
      in a Primary Health Center were interviewed in the period of two weeks following
      the medical visit. Underreporting of a medical visit was identified in 31 (15.3%)
      of the users. The level of underreporting was not related with age, sex,
      education or socioeconomic status. Reporting of chronic restrictive illness was
      compared with the information recorded in the user's medical record. The highest
      global agreement (91.6%) was observed for hypertensive disease (kappa index =
      0.71), while the lowest agreement was found for chronic back pain (global
      agreement = 77.8% and kappa index = 0.14). Since underreporting of medical visits
      was moderate, the results suggest that this question can be used for the analysis
      of social differences in the access to health services. Nevertheless, estimation
      of the prevalence of chronic limiting conditions in a health interview survey
      should be done with great caution.

PMID- 1806526
TI  - [Meta-analysis in epidemiology (1): the general characteristics].
AB  - In the present work the general characteristics, aims and applications of meta
      analysis in public health are described. The general rules and the relevant steps
      for the development of this type of studies are considered. These points are
      illustrated with a number of real examples and the advantages and limitations of
      the different methodological options are commented.

PMID- 1806527
TI  - [AIDS in the Spanish medical literature (1985-1989): a review of six
      publications].

PMID- 1806529
TI  - [The crisis in health systems and the reform it provoked. The reform of the
      British National Health Service and its relevance for the Spanish health system].

PMID- 1806530
TI  - [The usefulness of a morbidity registry in primary care].

PMID- 1806528
TI  - The relevance of the US experience to the reforms in the British national health
      service. The case of GP budget holding.

PMID- 1806531
TI  - Potential role of beta-carotene in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 1806532
TI  - Dietary vitamin E deficiency and zinc metabolism.
AB  - In adult rats, the influence of vitamin E deficiency on zinc metabolism in
      general and specifically in 15 tissues was studied. After 50 days, we found
      evidence of vitamin E deficiency and at this time point we injected a tracer
      amount of 65Zn. During the next 18 days the zinc status was unaffected. The zinc
      metabolism, however, was altered: the apparent retention increased and the
      biological half life was prolonged. On day 68, the changes in various tissues
      varied. Some tissues were affected in zinc concentration (higher in plasma and
      spleen; lower in cerebrum, fur and tail), others in specific activity (higher in
      pancreas; lower in cerebellum). The different effects may reflect differences in
      tissue response on impairement, caused by vitamin E deficiency.

PMID- 1806533
TI  - Bioavailability of vitamin E in sheep administered intramuscularly with D-alpha
      tocopherol.
AB  - Two groups of five wethers each (40-50 kg body weight) were used. All were dosed
      intramuscularly (gluteus) with D-alpha-tocopherol. Five randomly selected sheep
      received a dose of 900 IU while the other five received 1800 IU. Doses were
      administered at 0, 6 and 14 days and at 7 day intervals for an additional 6
      weeks. Plasma and liver samples were taken at various times. Single exponential
      equations provided good characterization of the multiple dose trough D-alpha
      tocopherol concentrations in plasma and liver. There was a significant dose
      response relationship for maximum concentration, area under the plasma curve and
      levels of hepatic alpha-tocopherol. These levels were proportional to the D-alpha
      tocopherol dose given.

PMID- 1806534
TI  - Relationships between some lithogenetic factors and vitamin B6-status in
      idiopathic calcium lithiasis.
AB  - Several researchers have shown that a reduced intake of vitamin B6 can induce
      increased oxalate urinary excretion leading to a higher incidence of calcium
      oxalate stones. Furthermore, the treatment with pyridoxine in patients with
      urinary stones and high oxalate excretion has led to contradictory results as the
      excretion of oxalate was either decreased, unchanged or increased. To verify if
      these divergent results were linked to a different B6 status of the patients
      undergoing the treatment, we studied the vitamin B6 and the main lithogenetic
      factor levels in patients with idiopathic calcium lithiasis as compared to normal
      subjects. The results showed that a high oxalate excretion is not necessarily
      coupled with a low vitamin B6 status and viceversa. However, some stone formers
      present a non homogeneous vitamin pattern that could be the consequence of an
      abnormal vitamin B6 metabolism.

PMID- 1806535
TI  - Folate deficiency and an abnormal lymphocyte deoxyuridine suppression test in
      monkeys.
AB  - Cebus albifrons were fed folate-deficient diets in order to assess folate status
      at the cellular level with the deoxyuridine suppression test. Plasma and red
      blood cell folates were significantly lower at 2 months, compared to control
      values. Hematologic signs of megaloblastic anemia occurred after 6 months, with
      significantly lower hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell number values and
      increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte lobe counts. Urinary formiminoglutamic acid
      excretion also was elevated significantly. Whole blood lymphocyte cultures
      exhibited abnormal deoxyuridine suppression of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into
      DNA with folate deficiency. Thus this deoxyuridine suppression test can be used
      in isolated whole blood lymphocytes of these nonhuman primates to document folate
      deficiency.

PMID- 1806536
TI  - Branched-chain amino acids overcome cycloleucine growth inhibition in B12 and non
      B12-requiring microorganisms.
AB  - Because cycloleucine (CL) inhibits methionine, and probably B12, we studied CL
      activity in some B12 or methionine dependent microorganisms to determine whether
      methionine or other amino acids are targeted by CL. We found that branched-chain
      amino acids, valine in particular, effectively annulled CL growth inhibition,
      whereas B12 was ineffective. alpha-Ketoisovalerate was the only intermediate in
      pathways of branched-chain amino acids catabolism that overcome CL toxicity;
      propionate, methylmalonate, succinate, alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha
      ketoglutarate were inactive by themselves or in combination. This study suggests
      that CL antagonizes the action of not only B12 and methionine but also branched
      chain amino acids. Results seem comparable to those with B12-deficient fruit bats
      having neurologic involvement.

PMID- 1806537
TI  - Studies on the ascorbic acid 2-sulfate biosynthesis in rat.
AB  - The possible biosynthesis of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AsS) in rat was
      investigated. A in vivo test was conducted according to Mumma and Mohamram. 10
      mumoles ascorbic acid (AsA) and 25 mu Ci35SO4(2-) were injected intraperitoneally
      into rats once a day for four days. 24 hours after the final administration, the
      animals were sacrificed and the liver, kidneys and urine were collected. The
      result did not confirm the biosynthesis of AsS under the test conditions, though
      there appeared the possibility of the biosynthesis of a trace amount of AsS too
      small to permit detection.

PMID- 1806538
TI  - Vitamins and trace metals status in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The status of various vitamins and trace metals in plasma of 100 Non Insulin
      Dependent Diabetes Mellitus subjects was compared to those of 112 age and sex
      matched healthy subjects. The plasma concentration of riboflavin, pyridoxine and
      folic acid were found to be decreased in the diabetic patients while retinol and
      ascorbic acid were relatively increased, in comparison to the healthy subjects.
      However in the Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus subjects the mean plasma
      concentration of all the metals and vitamins except for riboflavin were within
      the range of normal values. In spite of these findings, the percent of diabetic
      patients with various vitamin or metal deficiencies, e.g. riboflavin, carotene,
      thiamin, retinol, zinc and iron were significantly higher than those in the
      healthy population. We conclude that vitamin and metal deficiency is common in
      Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus subjects.

PMID- 1806539
TI  - Serum albumin levels in elderly rural Africans.
AB  - Reports on white populations indicate an inverse relationship between serum
      albumin level and total death rate, also death rates from cardiovascular diseases
      (CHD) and cancer. Among rural African blacks, CHD is absent, and diet-related
      cancers rare, so that albumin levels in the elderly would be expected to be
      elevated. Studies on 50 men and 50 women, representative elderly rural blacks,
      revealed mean values to be high, 47.6 +/- 4.9 g/l and 48.2 +/- 4.2 g/l. Levels
      were not significantly associated with Body Mass Index, blood pressure, serum
      cholesterol level, nor blood glucose level. Hence, in the setting described, even
      elevated levels of these variables appear less noxious to health than is the case
      in white populations, since such levels are consistent with low mortality from
      the diseases mentioned. Explanation of the relationship between serum albumin and
      life expectancy is unknown. Longitudinal studies are necessary to clarify the
      situation.

PMID- 1806540
TI  - Nutritional status of the elderly V). Dietary and biochemical data and
      anthropometry of noninstitutionalized elderly in Perugia at the eleventh year
      follow-up.
AB  - The nutritional status of 93 noninstitutionalized elderly of the city of Perugia,
      mostly of them examined longitudinally, was assessed at the eleventh year follow
      up. Diet is still rather rich and unbalanced. Alcohol intake in men is very high.
      Biological dietary errors have an impact on the nutritional status, particularly
      for folates, of the individual. But in this regard it is interesting to note that
      in some cases vitamin and mineral nutriture has improved at this follow-up. In
      addition the distribution of malnutrition is rather different from that of the
      previous follow-up. As on previous occasions, no correlation was observed between
      vitamin intake and corresponding nutritional status (with the exception of
      riboflavin). Obesity is rather common among women; men present a higher muscular
      area and hand muscular strength. The clinical evaluation of nutritional status
      evidences principally changes which are mostly ascribable to old age. Among the
      pathologies, chronic ischemic heart disease, hypertension, chronic respiratory
      diseases, osteoarthrosis and diabetes occur most frequently.

PMID- 1806541
TI  - Functional and morphological abnormalities in the retina of albino rats fed with
      a low protein diet after weaning.
AB  - Previously, we have reported a morphological study of the retina in albino rats
      fed with a low protein diet. The aim of this study is to verify our previous data
      and to obtain further informations about morphological and functional damages of
      the retina following low protein diet in albino rats. For this purpose the
      retinas of a group of weanling albino rats fed with a hypoproteic diet were
      studied with Light Microscopy (LM), Electron Microscopy (EM) and
      Electroretinography (ERG). Our results pointed out a correlation between the
      anatomic and functional ocular damages and proteinic malnutrition. LM showed a
      vacuolar degeneration of the optic fiber layer; the EM confirmed these results
      showing an optic fiber cytoskeleton modification together with glial
      proliferation. The functional damage as well seems to be correlated to the
      nutritional imbalance: the scotopic ERG in the experimental group shows a
      significant decrease (p less than 0.001) of the b-wave amplitude.

PMID- 1806542
TI  - The effect of spices on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and on serum and
      hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat.
AB  - The effect of feeding curcumin, capsaicin, ginger, mustard, black pepper and
      cumin on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism was studied in rats. The activity
      of hepatic cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid
      biosynthesis, was significantly elevated in curcumin (turmeric), capsaicin (red
      pepper), ginger and mustard treated animals. The enzyme activity was comparable
      to controls in black pepper and cumin fed rats. Serum and liver microsomal
      cholesterol contents were significantly higher in the curcumin and capsaicin
      treated animals. Thus, this study has suggested that the spices--turmeric, red
      pepper, ginger and mustard can stimulate the conversion of cholesterol to bile
      acids, an important pathway of elimination of cholesterol from the body. However,
      simultaneous stimulation of cholesterol synthesis by the spice principles-
      curcumin and capsaicin suggests that there may not be any significant
      contribution of stimulation of bile acid biosynthesis to the hypocholesterolemic
      action of these spices, and the latter action may solely be due to interference
      with exogenous cholesterol absorption.

PMID- 1806543
TI  - Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy and infections.

PMID- 1806544
TI  - Serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed diets containing a
      lignosulphonate preparation.

PMID- 1806545
TI  - Lipoprotein immune complexes as markers of atherosclerosis.
AB  - Recently we have demonstrated that cholesterol level in LDL-containing
      circulating immune complexes (CIC cholesterol) correlates with the presence of
      coronary atherosclerosis. In the present study we attempted to clarify whether
      CIC cholesterol level correlates with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
      The second task was to reveal the diagnostic value of CIC cholesterol in
      comparison with other lipid and lipoprotein parameters used as markers of
      dislipidaemia associated with atherosclerosis. The subjects were 107 patients
      with angiographically-documented coronary atherosclerosis and 66 patients with
      documented extracoronary atherosclerosis. Only CIC cholesterol and the apo B/apo
      A-1 ratio contributed strongly to the discrimination between patients with
      coronary atherosclerosis and those without stenoses. On the other hand, total
      cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apo B, Lp[a] and apo A1 did not
      correlate with the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Subjects
      with stenosis of extracoronary arteries had significantly higher CIC levels than
      healthy donors. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of coronary atherosclerosis
      diagnosis were assessed for each parameter examined. It was revealed that CIC
      cholesterol is the most reliable marker of coronary atherosclerosis as compared
      to other chemical parameters. In addition, the CIC cholesterol level diagnoses
      extracoronary atherosclerosis with high accuracy.

PMID- 1806546
TI  - Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin: effects on gastrointestinal blood loss and gastric
      mucosal appearance in healthy men.
AB  - Thirty-six healthy men aged 20-31 years took part in a randomized, double-blind,
      double-dummy, parallel-group study to compare the effects of repeated doses of
      piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin, piroxicam and placebo on faecal blood loss and the
      endoscopic appearances of gastric and duodenal mucosa. After an initial
      endoscopy, subjects received on day 0 autologous erythrocytes labelled with 51Cr.
      Complete daily faecal collections were then made from days 6 to 12. From days 13
      to 40, subjects received daily by mouth either piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin
      (containing 20 mg piroxicam), piroxicam 20 mg, or placebo. Complete faecal
      collections were made daily from days 13 to 41; blood samples for red-cell 51Cr
      activity were taken weekly. Endoscopy was repeated 16-20 h after the last dose of
      medication. Faecal blood loss was calculated from 51Cr activity of blood and
      faeces. Compliance with medication was confirmed by blood sampling on days 20, 27
      and 34. General tolerability of the medication was good, although 1 subject was
      withdrawn from piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin and 1 from piroxicam treatment because
      of abdominal pain. There were no clinically significant changes in haematology,
      biochemistry or urinalysis results in any subject. Endoscopic appearances
      deteriorated moderately in 3 subjects receiving piroxicam and 3 receiving
      piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin, but did not deteriorate in any subject receiving
      placebo. There was a trend for cumulative blood loss to be higher for piroxicam
      than for the other treatments in the last 12 days of dosing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806547
TI  - Initiation of wound healing by proteinases released from damaged cells.
AB  - The wound-healing process is initiated as soon as the tissue is injured. Herein,
      we demonstrate that c-fos and c-myc mRNA transcripts are promptly increased in
      the wounded tissue in vivo and in vitro. A buffer solution from scraped serum
      starved quiescent fibroblasts, when added to resting fibroblasts, caused an
      increase of c-fos and c-myc mRNA among the indicator cells. Soluble factors
      contained in the wounding supernatant are responsible for these phenomena, and we
      call them wounding factors. Addition of proteinase inhibitors to the culture
      medium drastically reduced the c-fos mRNA induction by the wounding factors.
      Exogenously added trypsin or thrombin mimicked the activity of wounding factors.
      These results suggest that wounding causes soluble factors including various
      proteinases to be released from the damaged cells, which trigger the adjacent
      cells to respond to the injury.

PMID- 1806548
TI  - Prediction of retention indexes. III. Silylated derivatives of polar compounds.
AB  - Polar compounds containing hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, singly or in
      combination, can be chromatographed after the polar functional groups are
      silylated. The silylated derivatives of acids, alcohols, amines, diols, amino
      alcohols, amino acids are shown to behave chromatographically as hydrocarbons,
      and their retention indexes can be readily predicted from their base values. The
      column difference, namely, the difference between the retention indexes of the
      analyte on polar and non-polar columns is minimal for the silylated derivatives
      in comparison to that observed for the underivatized analytes. This minimal
      column difference is attributed to the hydrocarbon-like chromatographic
      characteristics of the silylated derivatives. The retention indexes of the silyl
      derivatives appear to correlate with the atom number Z of the analyte.

PMID- 1806550
TI  - Determination of cimetidine and related impurities in pharmaceutical formulations
      by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The analytical characteristics of cimetidine tablets were studied. A high
      performance liquid chromatographic method was developed in order to assay
      cimetidine and its related impurities simultaneously. A reversed-phase system and
      diode-array detector were used.

PMID- 1806549
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of peptides at reduced temperatures:
      separation of isomers.
AB  - Cholecystokinin analogues containing N-methyl amino acids were studied by
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at reduced temperatures. A
      reduction in temperature to -17 degrees C led to lower efficiency, but at the
      same time separations of cis and trans isomers (and some impurities) were
      achieved. The velocity constants for cis-trans equilibria were calculated.

PMID- 1806551
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of thiazolidinic compounds obtained by
      condensation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or pyridoxal with aminothiols (L- or D
      cysteine, cysteamine, L-cysteine ethyl ester).
AB  - We investigated six thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acids of biological interest,
      obtained by condensation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or pyridoxal with L- or D
      cysteine, cysteamine or L-cysteine ethyl ester. A reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method, using a C18 column for their separation, was
      developed by sequential optimization of the pH and the gradient of the mobile
      phase. Resolution of the compounds was obtained with an analysis time of less
      than 20 min.

PMID- 1806552
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of ethylenethiourea using pulsed
      amperometric detection.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic method was developed using pulsed amperometric detection
      at a gold working electrode to measure residue levels of ethylenethiourea (ETU)
      in crops and groundwater. Use of the sequential pulsing program eliminates
      electrode fouling while preserving the sensitive and selective detection of ETU.
      Minimum detection limits in crops were 5-10 ppb (1.25-2.5 ng on-column) and 5 ppb
      (0.5 ng) in groundwater. The commercial availability of the pulsed
      electrochemical detector and its gold working electrode that remains functional
      with a minimum of conditioning is an improvement in method simplicity.

PMID- 1806553
TI  - Two-dimensional mapping by high-performance liquid chromatography of pyridylamino
      oligosaccharides from various glycosphingolipids.
AB  - A method to map sugars two-dimensionally for the analysis of the structures of
      oligosaccharides from glycosphingolipids is described. Nine neutral and ten
      acidic oligosaccharides were obtained from glycosphingolipids by
      endoglycoceramidase digestion and labelled with 2-aminopyridine. The pyridylamino
      oligosaccharides were clearly separated by high-performance liquid chromatography
      on commercially available C18-silica and amide-silica column. All compounds
      tested were mapped without any overlapping. The separation of the pyridylamino
      oligosaccharides on the C18-silica column depended on the numbers and positions
      of sialic acid and N-acetylhexosamine residues; on the amide-silica column, the
      separation depended on the total number of sugar residues.

PMID- 1806554
TI  - Retention behaviour of a template-assembled synthetic protein and its amphiphilic
      building blocks on reversed-phase columns.
AB  - The retention behaviour of a six-helix bundle template-assembled synthetic
      protein (TASP) molecule and its amphiphilic building blocks was investigated. The
      TASP consists of a circular template, cyclo(1-12)[KG]6, and six identical
      potentially alpha-helical peptides of the sequence KLALKLALKALKLALKLA. As an
      alpha-helix, this peptide is amphiliphilic along the axis of its helix. Based on
      this sequence, the retention times of a set of acetylated peptides containing
      from seven to twenty amino acids on a Nucleosil C18 column were compared with
      another set of peptides with the same amino acid composition but a non
      amphiphilic structure. Peptide elution was effected with linear trifluoroacetic
      acid (TFA)-water to TFA-acetonitrile gradients. The difference in retention times
      increased with peptide length; the 9-mers eluted at the same time, but there was
      a difference of 3.5 min for the 13-mers and 22.3 min for the 20-mer, indicating
      the induction of secondary structure on binding to the stationary phase. The same
      pair of 20-mers on Vydac C18, C4 and biphenyl columns gave differences in
      retention times of 23.2, 16.7 and 12.3 min respectively. The TASP molecule was
      irreversibly adsorbed to C18 stationary phases, whereas it was eluted from C4 and
      biphenyl columns as a single sharp peak. Several side-products resulting from the
      synthesis of the TASP molecule were identified by matrix-assisted laser
      desorption ionization mass spectroscopy. A comparison of the retention times of
      these side-products and the results of pre-column denaturation experiments
      indicated that the tertiary structure of the TASP molecule is maintained on
      binding to biphenyl and C4 columns.

PMID- 1806555
TI  - High-performance affinity chromatography of NADP+ dehydrogenases from cell-free
      extracts using a nucleotide analogue as general ligand.
AB  - An epoxy-activated silica column (50 cm x 0.45 cm I.D.) was derivatized with 8-[6
      aminohexyl)amino]-2'-phosphoadenosine-5'-diphosphoribose; the bound ligand
      concentration was 11.4 mumol/g of dry silica, and the useful loading capacity was
      2.3 mg of glutathione reductase. The new high-performance liquid chromatographic
      column specifically retained NADP(+)-dependent enzymes, which were quantitatively
      eluted specifically by NADP+ or, with better resolution, by potassium chloride.
      The new high-performance liquid chromatographic support was applied to the
      purification of glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from
      cell-free extracts of baker's yeast, fish liver and rabbit hemolysates, with high
      recoveries and excellent purification factors.

PMID- 1806556
TI  - Determination of metacycline and related substances by column liquid
      chromatography on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene).
AB  - Isocratic column liquid chromatography on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymer
      allowed complete separation of metacycline, 4-epimetacycline, oxytetracycline,
      doxycycline and 6-epidoxycycline. 2-Acetyl-2-decarboxamidometacycline was eluted
      on the tail of metacycline. The mobile phase was 2-methyl-2-propanol-0.2 M
      phosphate buffer (pH 9.0)-0.01 M sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (pH 9.0)
      water (2.5:10:10:77.5, m/v/v/v). The flow-rate was 1.0 ml/min and detection was
      performed at 254 nm. Official standards were compared and a number of commercial
      bulk samples and specialties were analysed. 2-Acetyl-2 decarboxamidometacycline,
      6-epidoxycycline and doxycycline were the main impurities, while 4-epimetacycline
      and oxytetracycline were minor impurities.

PMID- 1806557
TI  - Prediction of retention indexes. II. Structure-retention index relationship on
      polar columns.
AB  - A method is described for the prediction of the retention index (I) from chemical
      structure, using the number of atoms in the molecule (Z), the I increment for
      atom addition (A) and the group retention factors (GRFs) of the functional groups
      and substituents. This method can predict the retention indexes of a wide range
      of compounds, such as acids, alcohols, amines, acid esters, aldehydes, ketones,
      ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, alicyclics, heterocyclics, etc. on polar as well
      as non-polar columns to within 3% error. Accurate A and GRF values are essential
      to the prediction. These values can be obtained from homologous series, but a
      system of arbitrarily assigned A value and adjusted GRFs are also used. The GRFs
      of the substituents and functional groups depend on the polarity and
      polarizability of the analyte and the stationary phase and also on the molecular
      connectivity of the atoms, namely, primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms
      or hydrogen atoms, to which these groups are attached. Highly polar and
      polarizable groups can alter the A value. When the functionality of a group is
      masked by substitution, the analyte molecule will tend to behave
      chromatographically like hydrocarbons. The difficulty in predicting the I values
      of compounds of multi-functionality by the rule of additivity is the unknown
      intramolecular interaction that can alter both A and GRF values.

PMID- 1806558
TI  - Pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian disease: new insights.
AB  - The incidence of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) varies from 0.6 to 92%,
      depending on the parameters analysed, PCOD has been reported to appear in
      association with Cushing's Syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, adrenal
      and ovarian tumours and some genetic abnormalities. The controversy regarding the
      pathophysiological mechanism underlying the disease still persists. Critical
      evaluation of old data, assessment of new findings concerning the possible role
      of insulin, growth factors and their binding proteins, and extrapolation of
      neuroendocrinological experiments enabled the construction of a concise
      hypothesis of the pathophysiology of PCOD. According to this hypothesis, PCOD is
      a multifactorial disease. The sequence of events finally leading to clinical
      manifestation of the disease (hyperandrogenism, abnormal luteinizing hormone
      pulsatility pattern and ovulation disturbances) may originate in different organs
      or be triggered by different mechanisms. It may stem from the adrenals, the
      hypothalamus or higher central nervous system centres, or from the ovary itself;
      it may originate from excess of fat tissue usually combined with hyperinsulinism;
      or may be the result of a net increase in active growth factors. Each of the
      above disturbances probably appears early in life, much before the clinical signs
      of the disease are evident. Predisposing factors such as gestational diabetes of
      the mother, childhood obesity, borderline adrenal hyperplasia and late menarche
      have to be looked for as early as possible in order to prevent the late
      consequences of the disease, such as increased risk of infertility, endometrial
      and breast cancer and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 1806559
TI  - Sex hormone-binding globulin, oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone
      at stimulation and after embryo transfer during in-vitro fertilization.
AB  - Serum concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), oestradiol-17 beta
      progesterone and testosterone were measured in 23 gonadotrophin-stimulated
      menstrual cycles and in the implantation period [days 11-19 after human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (HCG) injection] following in-vitro fertilization and embryo
      transfer. Nine cycles resulted in successful pregnancies, one pregnancy ended in
      spontaneous abortion (week 14) and 13 cycles were without conception. SHBG levels
      were significantly elevated above pretreatment values from day 3 after HCG
      injection onwards. A significant positive correlation was found between
      increments in SHBG (delta SHBG) during the luteal phase and
      oestradiol/testosterone ratios during the follicular and luteal phases. In the
      pregnant cycles a significant positive correlation was also found between delta
      SHBG during the implantation period and oestradiol/testosterone ratios during the
      luteal phase and the implantation period. Significant negative correlations were
      found between delta SHBG and testosterone during the luteal phase in pregnant and
      non-pregnant women as well as between delta SHBG during the period corresponding
      to implantation and testosterone during the luteal phase in non-pregnant cycles.
      The results may reflect a modulating action of the oestrogen/androgen balance
      upon SHBG levels in subjects with supraphysiological oestradiol levels, such as
      in stimulated cycles and in very early pregnancy.

PMID- 1806560
TI  - In-vitro synthesis of steroid hormones in corpora lutea from normal women and
      women treated with 300 micrograms norethisterone.
AB  - The in-vitro oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) production by corpora lutea
      (CL) obtained at sterilization from 30 untreated women and 43 women treated with
      norethisterone (NET) 300 micrograms daily was measured. The CL were obtained at
      different stages of the luteal phase in the untreated women [luteinizing hormone
      (LH) 0 to +3, n = 7; LH +4 to +7, n = 7; LH +8 to +11, n = 9; LH +12 to menses, n
      = 7] and on days LH +8 to +11 or cycle days 22 to 26 in the NET-treated women. In
      the treated women, four types of ovarian reaction were identified. Four women
      showed ovarian reaction Type A (completely inhibited ovarian activity), 14 women
      Type B (marked follicular activity, but no luteal function), 12 women Type C
      (normal follicular activity, followed by insufficient luteal function) and 13
      women Type D (apparently normal follicular and luteal activity). The CL were
      incubated in Eagle's medium with and without stimulation by human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (HCG) for 2 and 4 h. In the untreated women, P and E2 production
      increased significantly with both incubation time and stimulation by HCG
      throughout the luteal phase, except in the late luteal phase (LH +12 to menses)
      where P increased (P less than 0.01) only after 4 h stimulation by HCG. The
      maximal production of P was found after 4 h incubation with HCG stimulation of CL
      tissue in the early-mid luteal phase (LH +4 to +7).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806561
TI  - Plasma levels of oxytocin during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and following
      treatment with HMG.
AB  - In 15 women investigated during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases of
      the menstrual cycle, only small variations in plasma levels of oxytocin were
      found. There was no mid-cycle surge in oxytocin levels. A parallel variation in
      oxytocin and oestradiol levels was found in five of the women. In 10 women
      examined every 4th week during gestation starting at week 12, a small but
      significant increase in oxytocin levels was found. Pronounced fluctuations in
      oxytocin levels were observed in four of the pregnant women. These fluctuations
      were independent of the stage of gestation and were also observed in three of the
      menstruating women. Seven out of 12 women treated with human menopausal
      gonadotrophin exhibited a marked elevation of oestradiol levels; oxytocin levels
      also increased and were significantly elevated when the oestradiol level exceeded
      2 pmol/ml. Oxytocin levels were higher in the pregnant and human menopausal
      gonadotrophin-treated women than in the menstruating women. The oxytocin levels
      appeared to be only partly related to the oestradiol level. It is possible that
      the stimulatory effect of oestradiol is antagonized by a concomitantly high
      progesterone level. Alternatively, there may not be a linear dose-effect
      relationship between oestradiol and the release of oxytocin.

PMID- 1806562
TI  - Comparative stimulatory effect of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH
      agonist upon pulsatile human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion in superfused
      placental explants: reversible inhibition by a GnRH antagonist.
AB  - The roles of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) (D
      Ala6-Met-Leu7-Pro-N-ethyl-amide) in controlling pulsatile human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (HCG) secretion by superfused placental explants in the first
      trimester were examined. One minute pulses of both GnRH and GnRHa had a biphasic
      effect upon pulsatile HCG secretion. GnRHa was maximally effective at 10(-10) M
      concentration, at 10(-11) M the effect was mild while at 10(-8) M, no effect was
      noted. GnRH exerted a maximal stimulatory effect at 10(-8) M; at 10(-10) M no
      effect was seen, while at 10(-7) M the effect was mildly stimulatory. This was
      evaluated by carrying out both a between and within channel type of analysis. The
      effect of a GnRH antagonist GnRH(ant) upon GnRH and GnRHa-induced HCG secretion
      was examined. Explants were incubated overnight with 10(-8) M GnRH(ant), which
      was also continuously administered during superfusion. The addition of 1-min
      pulses of GnRH and GnRHa during the exposure to GnRH(ant) failed to stimulate
      pulsatile HCG secretion. This effect was reversible since the response to GnRH
      was restored within 10 min after stopping GnRH(ant) administration. In addition,
      by the third cycle, co-administration of GnRH(ant) for 2 min together with 10(
      10) M GnRHa for 1 min completely blocked the GnRHa-induced effect. Continuous
      administration of 10(-8) M GnRH(ant) decreased spontaneous HCG pulse amplitude
      and the area under the curve but failed to modify pulse frequency. In conclusion,
      GnRH appears to exert a receptor-dependent stimulatory effect upon pulsatile HCG
      secretion in superfusion in the first trimester placenta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806563
TI  - Human prolactin release induced by follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing
      hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin.
AB  - Plasma prolactin levels rise in stimulated cycles. To clarify the effects of
      gonadotrophin on the lactotrophs, three studies were performed. First, plasma
      concentrations of prolactin during clomiphene citrate (CC)-human menopausal
      gonadotrophin (HMG)-human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) treatment of women
      enrolled for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were compared with those during HMG-HCG
      administration while under pituitary suppression with a gonadotrophin releasing
      hormone (GnRH) analogue (buserelin). Women suppressed with buserelin had higher
      basal levels of PRL in plasma (14.4 +/- 4.3 ng/ml versus 6.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, P
      less than 0.001). Only buserelin-suppressed women showed a significant rise in
      plasma prolactin before HCG administration, while both patient groups had marked
      prolactin peaks after HCG injection. This peak was higher in the buserelin group
      (71.9 +/- 50.7 ng/ml versus 52.6 +/- 29.7 ng/ml). The second study showed that
      plasma levels of prolactin of 6 post-menopausal women were significantly
      increased 48 h after an injection of 5000 IU HCG, i.m. (24.9 +/- 17.4 ng/ml
      versus 12.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml P less than 0.05). Third, plasma prolactin was studied
      in 5 women over 30 days after surgical castration. An upward trend was observed
      similar to that of endogenous gonadotrophin, with the change in prolactin values
      closely correlating with the change in concentrations of follicle stimulating
      hormone (P less than 0.005). All these findings suggest that human gonadotrophins
      stimulate lactotrophs.

PMID- 1806565
TI  - Modern management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
AB  - The number of women receiving ovulation induction has markedly increased with the
      advent of medically assisted reproduction. Consequently, ovarian hyperstimulation
      syndrome (OHSS) has become a frequent clinical problem. It is a potentially life
      threatening situation. In its severe forms it is complicated by
      haemoconcentration, hypovolaemia, hypotension, acute renal insufficiency and
      thromboembolism. The pathophysiology of OHSS is poorly understood. The occurrence
      of OHSS correlates well with the level of oestradiol, the number of follicles,
      and administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The risk is increased
      in polycystic ovarian disease. The aim of this paper is to review critically the
      published literature on prediction, prevention and modern management of OHSS.
      Complete prevention of OHSS is not possible although several methods are used to
      predict and reduce its occurrence. Endocrine profile and ultrasonic follicular
      monitoring are the mainstays of prediction. The presence of a large number of
      small and intermediate size follicles at sonography is a risk factor. Withholding
      HCG, continuation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues and
      cryopreservation of embryos are optional courses of action for prevention. Mild
      OHSS is usually self-limiting and requires no active therapy. Moderate and severe
      cases are treated by correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and by
      prevention of thromboembolism. The use of surgery is limited to cases of torsion
      or rupture of ovarian cysts, or the presence of concomitant ectopic pregnancy.
      Aspiration of the ascitic fluid, preferably by the transvaginal route, is
      recommended in cases with severe ascites.

PMID- 1806564
TI  - Progesterone production by human granulosa cells cultured in serum free medium:
      effects of gonadotrophins and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I).
AB  - There is evidence that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a potent regulator
      of oestradiol synthesis by human granulosa and luteal cells; however, the
      question of whether IGF-I regulates progesterone synthesis by these cell types
      has yet to be answered. As a first step towards this goal, we have compared the
      effects of IGF-I, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (HCG) on progesterone production by human granulosa cells obtained
      from individual dominant and cohort follicles, and granulosa luteal cells from
      preovulatory follicles of patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
      Granulosa cells from normal, unstimulated follicles cultured in serum-free medium
      as controls (no additions) produced some progesterone spontaneously. In all
      cases, FSH stimulated basal progesterone levels (10-fold average increase) and
      the effect was dose-dependent (ED50 of FSH = 9.1 +/- 3.9 ng/ml). Similar effects
      were observed when granulosa cells from large follicles were incubated with HCG
      (ED50 of HCG = 6.9 +/- 2.8 ng/ml). By comparison, the effects of IGF-I on
      progesterone production were not marked, being absent in 80% of the follicles
      tested. However, granulosa cells from healthy follicles co-incubated with IGF-I
      and FSH or HCG produced more progesterone compared with cells treated with the
      gonadotrophins alone; this effect of IGF-I was dose dependent (ED50 of IGF-I = 10
      ng/ml). When the effect of each agonist was tested on IVF granulosa luteal cells,
      HCG but not FSH or IGF-I stimulated basal progesterone levels but the HCG effect
      required a two-day lag phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806567
TI  - Does the choice of catheter for embryo transfer influence the success rate of in
      vitro fertilization?
AB  - The performance of two different transfer catheters has been evaluated in 193
      consecutive embryo transfers. Forty pregnancies were achieved, corresponding to a
      pregnancy rate of 21% of all embryo transfers. The Frydman catheter was used in
      123 attempts whereas 70 embryo transfers were performed with the Tom Cat
      catheter. The Tom Cat catheter yielded a significantly higher pregnancy rate than
      the Frydman catheter (28% versus 16%; P = 0.03). The mean number of embryos
      transferred per attempt was similar in the two groups (2.9 +/- 0.1 and 3.0 +/-
      0.1 in the Tom Cat and Frydman groups respectively) as was the quality. When more
      than three embryos were transferred, a pregnancy rate of 37% per embryo transfer
      was achieved using the Tom Cat versus 20% using the Frydman catheters (P = 0.03).
      A higher frequency of difficult transfer procedures was observed when the Frydman
      catheter was used while the Tom Cat performed much better in difficult cases. An
      alternate use of the two catheters suggests a significantly better performance of
      the Tom Cat catheter in relation to the efficiency of establishing pregnancy.

PMID- 1806566
TI  - A new approach to the management of patients at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation
      in an in-vitro fertilization programme.
AB  - In this study, we report an alternative method of management of patients at a
      potential risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in an in-vitro
      fertilization (IVF) programme, by the use of gonadotrophin releasing hormone
      analogue (GnRHa). Thirty eight women considered at risk of this syndrome, having
      serum oestradiol greater than 4000 pg/ml following ovarian stimulation, received
      a GnRHa nasal spray for induction of the preovulatory endogenous luteinizing
      hormone surge for follicular maturation prior to oocyte recovery. Oocyte recovery
      (mean oocytes per cycle 18.60 +/- 4.79; range 15-35) and IVF were successfully
      completed in 27 cycles. Twenty six women had embryos replaced and 11 pregnancies
      occurred (28.9% per operation, 42.3% per replacement cycle). None of the patients
      developed OHSS. Where there is a risk of OHSS, the use of GnRHa to induce the
      preovulatory surge of endogenous luteinizing hormone for final follicular
      maturation provides a successful and more economical alternative to cancellation
      of cycles.

PMID- 1806569
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes from fertile women.
AB  - Several reports have shown a relatively high incidence of chromosome anomalies in
      human inseminated-unfertilized oocytes from infertile women. In the present
      study, cytogenetic analysis was attempted in 73 human oocytes from 17 fertile
      women in order to establish the incidence of chromosome anomalies in the fertile
      population and to compare this with the incidence in inseminated-unfertilized
      oocytes from infertile women. Of 56 oocytes that could be analysed, 42 oocytes
      were haploid, 12 were hypohaploid and two exhibited fragmented chromosomes. The
      low rate of chromosome anomalies (3.6%) found in this population suggests that
      there is natural selection at fertilization against diploid oocytes and oocytes
      with fragmented chromosomes. This result also questions the high incidence of
      chromosome anomalies found in previous reports using inseminated-unfertilized
      oocytes.

PMID- 1806568
TI  - Low-dose gonadotrophin therapy for induction of ovulation in 100 women with
      polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - Women with anovulation due to polycystic ovary syndrome are likely to develop
      multiple follicles during gonadotrophin therapy and therefore have a high risk of
      multiple pregnancy. We have developed a low-dose regimen for use in these women;
      100 women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome were treated.
      Ninety-five of the women ovulated at least once, 72% of the 401 cycles induced
      were ovulatory and the majority (73%) of these were uni-ovulatory. The overall
      cumulative conception rate was 55% at 6 months with only two multiple
      pregnancies. The rate of early pregnancy loss was 32%, which is similar to that
      reported by other groups. The prevalence of complications was low with no cases
      of severe hyperstimulation and less than 5% of cycles were abandoned because of
      development of multiple follicles. Analysis of baseline and mid-follicular
      luteinizing hormone levels showed that a raised baseline and/or mid-follicular
      luteinizing hormone level was associated with a poor response to treatment, i.e.
      anovulation, ovulation but no conception, or early pregnancy loss. There were no
      successful pregnancies in the women whose luteinizing hormone levels were
      persistently raised during ovulatory cycles. Low-dose gonadotrophin therapy is a
      safe and effective method of inducing ovulation; it is associated with a high
      incidence of single follicular development and a very low multiple pregnancy
      rate.

PMID- 1806570
TI  - Influence of polymorphonuclear granulocytes on the zona-free hamster oocyte
      assay.
AB  - To gain more insight into a possible detrimental influence of polymorphonuclear
      granulocytes (PMN) on fertility, PMN were added to spermatozoa and oocytes in the
      hamster oocyte assay. Addition of 2.5 x 10(6)/ml PMN to the sperm suspension at
      the start of the first incubation period (capacitation period) resulted in a
      significant decrease (P less than 0.03) in the number of decondensed sperm-heads
      per hamster oocyte (the decondensation index). When a concentration of 0.5 x
      10(6)/ml PMN was used, no decrease was found. Stimulation of PMN by phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA) did not enhance the inhibitory action of PMN. After
      incubation of oocytes with PMN for 1 h, an almost total inhibition of
      decondensation was observed. A significant inhibition could also be obtained when
      unstimulated PMN (2.5 x 10(6] were added at the start often 3 h coincubation
      period of spermatozoa and oocytes (P less than 0.004). The inhibition by PMN
      decreased to a nonsignificant level when the hydroxyl radical scavenger thiourea
      was present. The possible mechanisms by which PMN affect the results of the
      hamster oocyte assay and the possible implications of the presence of PMN in the
      genital tract are discussed.

PMID- 1806571
TI  - Semen and cervical mucus parameters and success in artificial insemination.
AB  - Over the last 2 years, data on cervical mucus, thawed semen and their interaction
      in vitro have been collected at the time of insemination in all patients referred
      to our clinic for artificial insemination by donor (AID). A total of 37 patients
      have become pregnant, including one who became pregnant twice, and 27 patients
      have completed a course of 6-12 inseminations or withdrawn without becoming
      pregnant after a minimum of four cycles of treatment. A comparison of data from
      these two groups reveals significant differences in cellularity, penetrability
      and ferning of the cervical mucus and in the motility of spermatozoa in the
      thawed semen. In a comparison of sperm parameters in the same semen sample prior
      to freezing and after thawing, those samples which were fertile showed a lower
      reduction in motility due to freezing and thawing. Studies on the in vitro
      interaction between mucus and spermatozoa show that, in certain combinations, the
      mucus appears to induce abnormalities in the midpiece region or the tail, which
      impair sperm progression. Collection and analysis of data from up to three
      inseminations per cycle demonstrates that there is considerable variation between
      patients in the stability of their periovulatory mucus and has also allowed a
      number of patients with 'problem mucus' to be identified.

PMID- 1806572
TI  - Predictive value of classical and automated sperm analysis for in-vitro
      fertilization.
AB  - The fertilization rates observed in 122 attempts at in-vitro fertilization were
      examined in relation to sperm characteristics assessed by visual and automated
      screening. Using linear regression analysis, a significant correlation was found
      between the fertilization rate and (i) evaluations in fresh semen sperm
      concentration, percentages of sperm motility, vitality and normal morphology and
      velocity, (ii) measurements in swim-up preparations of percentages of sperm
      motility, vitality and morphology, velocity and amplitude of lateral head
      displacement. No significant correlation was found between the fertilization rate
      and any of the parameters studied in 24-h-old swim-up suspensions. Analysis by
      multiple variable stepwise linear regression showed an optimal correlation (R6 =
      0.62) between the observed fertilization rate and theoretical calculation
      obtained from the following predictive function: fertilization rate = -0.3 +
      (0.008 x swim-up motility) + (0.004 x normal sperm morphology in fresh semen).
      Introduction of kinematic characteristics studied by automated screening improved
      the multiple correlation between the calculated and observed fertilization rate
      in cases of normal or mildly defective semen. Because of the limited availability
      of motile spermatozoa, automated analysis could not supersede classical sperm
      analysis in cases of more severe sperm defects.

PMID- 1806573
TI  - Antisperm antibody production following intrauterine insemination.
AB  - Fifty-one infertile women were studied prospectively to assess whether
      intrauterine insemination (IUI) led to the development of antisperm antibodies in
      cervical mucus and/or serum. All women were tested for the presence of antisperm
      antibodies in cervical mucus and serum before and after IUI treatment. Each woman
      underwent between 1 and 9 cycles of IUI (mean: 4.0 cycles). Five women (9.8%)
      developed serum antisperm antibodies after IUI treatment. Three of 49 women
      (6.1%) developed cervical mucus antisperm antibodies and three other women
      demonstrated disappearance of antibodies following IUI treatment. IUI did not
      increase mucus or serum antibody titres in women who presented with antisperm
      antibodies. The number of IUI cycles did not correlate with the development of
      antisperm antibodies. We conclude that IUI increases the risk of the female
      partner developing systemic antisperm antibodies but the clinical significance of
      this finding in unclear.

PMID- 1806574
TI  - Acrosomal integrity assessed by flow cytometry in men with variable sperm
      quality.
AB  - The binding of a specific, fluorescent acrosomal marker (FITC-labelled peanut
      lectin) to spermatozoa from men exhibiting differences in sperm quality by
      conventional criteria was quantitated by flow cytometry. When a standard number
      of cells was analysed, binding of the lectin diminished and became more variable
      as the degree of sperm pathology increased. In general, ejaculates with total
      sperm counts exceeding 120 x 10(6) cells exhibited a stable level of binding
      within relatively narrow limits. In two normozoospermic men, low levels of
      acrosomal fluorescence were demonstrated. The significance of these observations
      with regard to prognosis in assisted fertilization programmes is discussed.

PMID- 1806575
TI  - The human blastocyst: morphology and human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion in
      vitro.
AB  - Micromanipulation of human oocytes and embryos has provided new opportunities for
      both the treatment of infertility and the preimplantation diagnosis of genetic
      disease. It is important to determine whether manipulated embryos develop
      normally in vitro, as an indication of their suitability for transfer. However,
      at present there is little information on the development of non-manipulated
      embryos in vitro for comparison. We have therefore monitored morphological
      changes and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) secretion in 36 non-manipulated
      human embryos, including 26 blastocysts and 10 cavitating morulae, daily from day
      3 to day 14 of culture. Hatching was observed in 10 (38.5%) blastocysts and five
      of these adhered to the culture dish and appeared viable until day 14. The
      secretion of HCG was first detected on day 8, peaked at day 10 (51.11 +/- 8.7
      mIU/ml) and then declined but was still detectable in four blastocysts on day 14.
      There was no overall difference in HCG secretion by hatched blastocysts and those
      which remained within the zona. However, those hatched blastocysts which showed
      adherence had significantly increased (P less than 0.05) HCG secretion. For
      individual blastocysts, the pattern of HCG secretion correlated well with the
      assessment of morphology. These data provide the basis for comparative studies of
      morphological changes and HCG secretion in manipulated embryos.

PMID- 1806577
TI  - Isolation of endothelial cells from human first trimester decidua using
      immunomagnetic beads.
AB  - A technique was developed for the isolation of purified endothelial cells from
      first trimester decidual tissue, using QB End/40-coated magnetic polystyrene
      beads (Dynabeads). QB End/40 is an endothelial-specific monoclonal antibody which
      reacts with the coagulation cascade co-factor, thrombomodulin. Small endothelial
      cell aggregates were released from first trimester decidua by the sequential use
      of collagenase and trypsin. This dissociation method yielded 15-20% endothelial
      cells which were further purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by rosetting
      with QB End/40-Dynabeads. Cultures of purified decidual endothelial cells provide
      a useful tool for investigating cell-cell interaction in the first trimester
      placental bed.

PMID- 1806576
TI  - Multiple pregnancies: risk factors and prognostic variables during induction of
      ovulation with human menopausal gonadotrophins.
AB  - Multiple pregnancies still constitute a major and relatively frequent
      complication of induction of ovulation by human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG)
      despite the increasing sophistication of monitoring techniques. In order to
      define specific variables which may be associated with multiple pregnancies, we
      have compared 51 multiple pregnancy cycles to 51 consecutive control singleton
      pregnancy cycles, following HMG induction of ovulation. The aetiology and
      classification of anovulation, duration of infertility, total amount of HMG
      utilized per cycle and the duration of stimulation were not associated with an
      increase in the rate of multiple pregnancy. Basal serum oestradiol levels and its
      periovulatory pattern were remarkably similar in the singleton and multiple
      pregnancy groups. The mean age of the multiple pregnancy group (29.4 +/- 4.4
      years) was significantly lower than the mean age of the singleton pregnancy group
      (31.6 +/- 5.3 years) (P less than 0.05). In the multiple pregnancy group, there
      were significantly more cycles with intermediate sized (15-17 mm). (P less than
      0.002), small sized (12-14 mm). (P less than 0.02) and immature follicles (less
      than 12 mm) (P less than 0.03), at the time of human chorionic gonadotrophin
      (HCG) administration, as compared with the singleton pregnancy group.
      Furthermore, a direct linear correlation was observed between the number of
      intermediate sized follicles and number of implanted embryos. The presence of
      intermediate sized follicles at the time of HCG administration after HMG
      induction of follicular maturation is predictive of, and independently associated
      with, a higher incidence of multiple pregnancy.

PMID- 1806578
TI  - Development of the secondary human yolk sac: correlation of sonographic and
      anatomical features.
AB  - Transvaginal ultrasound examination of the secondary yolk sac was performed in
      145 first trimester pregnancies with a normal outcome (Group A), in 10 normal
      pregnancies undergoing artificial termination (Group B) and in 25 pregnancies
      that subsequently failed (Group C) due to embryonic death (n = 17) or to
      spontaneous abortion of a live embryo (n = 8). The yolk sac structure of all
      cases from Group B and from 12 cases of Group C were examined morphologically, in
      order to investigate the changes secondary to normal yolk sac senescence or to
      pregnancy complication and to evaluate the relationship existing between these
      changes and ultrasound features. The yolk sac diameter measured in vivo increased
      significantly between 6 and 10 weeks of gestation and then decreased
      significantly. Morphologically, the yolk sac showed degenerative changes after 9
      weeks of gestation suggesting that the disappearance of the yolk sac in normal
      pregnancies was a spontaneous event of embryonic development rather than the
      result of mechanical compression by the expanding amniotic cavity. Yolk sac
      measurements in complicated pregnancies were not predictive of pregnancy outcome.
      Irrespective of gestational age, important degenerative changes were found in
      pregnancies complicated by embryonic death or disappearance, suggesting that
      variation of yolk sac size and appearance in these cases is the consequence of
      abnormal embryonic development of death rather than being the primary cause of
      early pregnancy failure.

PMID- 1806579
TI  - The dilemma of the optimal surgical procedure in ectopic pregnancies occurring in
      in-vitro fertilization.
AB  - Ectopic pregnancy remains one of the undesired sequelae of in-vitro fertilization
      (IVF) treatment. It seems that mechanical infertility increases the risk of this
      complication in IVF. Thus, the surgeon treating such a case faces the dilemma of
      the optimal surgical procedure because of the increased risk for repeated ectopic
      pregnancy in subsequent IVF cycles. Two cases are presented with repeated ectopic
      pregnancy occurring in IVF. One case underwent salpingectomy on the first
      occasion and eventually developed a contralateral repeat ectopic gestation ending
      with salpingectomy. The second case underwent a conservative salpingotomy in the
      first event and developed a repeated ectopic gestation on the same side,
      undergoing bilateral salpingectomy. In order to prevent repeated ectopic
      pregnancies in an IVF programme, a definitive surgical procedure, such as
      bilateral salpingectomy, should be considered in the first episode in patients
      referred for IVF because of tubal pathology.

PMID- 1806580
TI  - Environmental factors and fertility.
AB  - This review deals with the decrease of male and female fertility during the last
      few decades which might to due to harmful environmental influences, stress and
      pollutants. Particular attention is drawn to the extent to which alcohol, coffee
      drinking, cigarette smoking and environmental pollutants may influence human
      fertility. Possible influences of increased radiation exposure after the nuclear
      accident of Chernobyl and possible hazards of electromagnetic fields are also
      discussed. Continuing research on the effects of environmental pollution on
      reproduction should be intensified and supported.

PMID- 1806581
TI  - Non-genetic surrogacy: no cure but problems for infertility?
AB  - Non-genetic surrogacy characterizes a situation where the gestational mother is
      not the genetic mother. It further widens a circle that started with the
      introduction of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and creates problems in defining
      motherhood and identifying at birth the mother who will have the rights and
      responsibilities of rearing the child.

PMID- 1806582
TI  - Spermatozoa as carriers of extrinsic DNA: consequences for intentional and
      unintentional gene transfer procedures.

PMID- 1806583
TI  - A biotin-streptavidin enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies to porcine
      granulosa cell antigens.
AB  - A colorimetric solid-phase enzyme immunoassay has been developed which quantifies
      antibodies to porcine granulosa cell membrane antigens in rabbits immunized with
      porcine granulosa cells. A cell-free, particulate membrane preparation of porcine
      granulosa cells was used as coating antigen. A biotinylated second antibody in
      conjunction with a streptavidin-beta-galactosidase conjugate was utilized to
      amplify reactivity. The enzyme beta-galactosidase was used due to high background
      obtained using peroxidase, presumably due to endogenous peroxidase activity of
      the tissue. Sigmoidal serum dilution curves were obtained with immune rabbit sera
      indicating that absorbance was related to the concentration of antibodies. Assay
      activity was reduced by preincubation of immune serum with granulosa cell
      membranes. Sera from ovariectomized or pre-immune rabbits did not yield any
      specific binding in the assay. This assay has potential applicability for
      quantifying antiovarian and antigranulosa cell antibodies in women suspected of
      having autoimmune premature ovarian failure.

PMID- 1806584
TI  - Development of the Abbott MATRIX Aero assay for the measurement of specific IgE.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay has been developed for the quantitation of specific
      immunoglobulin E (IgE) in human serum to a panel of allergens. The assay system,
      called the Abbott MATRIX Aero, includes an instrument, reagents and test cell
      disposables. Each test cell contains fourteen airborne allergens individually
      localized on a nitrocellulose solid phase. Individual calibration curves for each
      allergen are established by the manufacturer and included in barcode form with
      each test kit. Stable factory calibration eliminates the need to establish a
      calibration curve with each assay run. The instrument automatically incubates,
      washes, and reads the test cell and prints each result, which ensures assay
      reproducibility and provides ease-of-use. Analysis of test results shows good
      agreement with another in vitro assay for specific IgE. The Abbott MATRIX Aero is
      a sensitive, reproducible and easy-to-use system for the measurement of specific
      IgE to a panel of fourteen allergens simultaneously using a single, small volume
      of serum.

PMID- 1806585
TI  - Monoclonal-antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HMG 2b nonhistone
      protein in chick liver.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the high mobility group (HMG) protein
      2b from chick liver chromatin and a monoclonal-antibody-based enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for chick HMG 2b. The sensitivity of
      the assay is about ten times that of the previously described radioimmunoassay
      and solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for HMG proteins. With the use of ELISA
      technique, the amount of HMG 2b (micrograms protein/mg DNA) in the livers of 1
      day old and 70-day old chicks was found to be 2.56 +/- 0.4, and 1.20 +/- 0.2,
      respectively. The age-dependent change in the level of HMG proteins probably
      reflects changes in the functional state of chromatin during ageing.

PMID- 1806586
TI  - A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for adenosine.
AB  - We developed a simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for adenosine. The RIA
      is based on the double antibody method with adenosine 2', 3'-0-disuccinyl-3
      [125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester (diSc-adenosine-[125I]-TME) as a tracer. Anti
      adenosine antiserum for the RIA was raised in rabbits immunized with diSc
      adenosine conjugated to human serum albumin (diSc-adenosine-HSA). All samples and
      standards were succinylated prior to assay. The present immunoassay allows
      detection of 6.25-400 pmol/ml of adenosine in sample. Values obtained by the RIA
      and by a HPLC analysis showed a high correlation with correlation coefficient of
      0.997. In order to determine adenosine in plasmas, blood cells must be separated
      in the presence of 6 mM EDTA, 0.006% dipyridamole (Dip) and 23 microM 2'
      deoxycoformycin (dCF) at 2 degrees C. Adenosine in plasma could be accurately
      determined by the proposed method even without any pretreatments by
      deproteinizing. The adenosine levels with or without EDTA-treated normal human
      plasmas determined were 26.2 +/- 7.26 and 100 +/- 3.62 pmol/ml (mean +/- SEM),
      respectively.

PMID- 1806587
TI  - A microparticle enhanced nephelometric immunoassay (Nephelia) applied to thymulin
      measurement.
AB  - This article describes a microparticle enhanced nephelometric immunoassay
      (Nephelia) applied to the quantification of the thymic peptide hormone thymulin.
      Nephelia uses antibody recognition by the antithymulin antiserum in a competitive
      reaction between free thymulin and thymulin bound to the microspheres. The
      binding between microsphere and thymulin is achieved with the aid of a protein
      carrier. The sensitivity of the competitive reaction varied with the protein
      carrier and the antiserum sample. The most efficient reaction was obtained with
      the thymulin-metallothionein-microsphere conjugates; as little as 5 pg/ml of
      thymulin could be detected. In adult human serum or in its ultra-filtrate, spiked
      synthetic thymulin was totally recovered. Measurement of thymulin in serum or
      ultra-filtrate samples demonstrated the presence of interference from molecules
      in the serum. Nephelia led to the same conclusions as those reported with other
      methods and performs as well, and is more simple to use than radio- or enzymo
      immunoassays for thymulin measurement.

PMID- 1806588
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of Haemophilus Influenzae
      type b polysaccharide-specific IgG1 and IgG2 in human and infant rhesus monkey
      sera.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed and validated to
      quantitate IgG1 and IgG2 antibody to polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP), the
      capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The sera of
      children and infant Rhesus monkeys immunized with an Hib conjugate vaccine
      composed of Hib PRP covalently linked to an outer membrane protein complex (OMPC)
      from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (PedvaxHIB, PRP-OMPC, Merck, Sharp and
      Dohme Research Laboratories). The solid-phase antigen employed in the ELISA is a
      conjugate of PRP to human serum albumin. The enzyme-labeled antibody is alkaline
      phosphatase-conjugated mouse monoclonal (mAb) anti-human IgG1 or IgG2. A human
      serum standard was calibrated using parallel titrations with a known antibody
      standard. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of the anti-PRP IgG1 response to one
      dose of PedvaxHIB was 3.87 micrograms/ml (n = 82), 11.80 micrograms/ml (n = 62)
      and 14.57 micrograms/ml (n = 74) in infants and children 12 to 17 months, 18 to
      23 months and greater than or equal to 24 months old, respectively. Infants 2 to
      11 months old responded with an IgG1 anti-PRP response of 7.10 micrograms/ml
      while infant monkeys responded with a GMT of 150.65 (n = 9) after two doses of
      vaccine. The anti-PRP IgG2 GMT responses in all groups were less than 0.25
      micrograms/ml, except for humans greater than or equal to 18-months old who
      exhibited a GMT of greater than or equal to 0.40 micrograms/ml (n = 75).
      PedvaxHIB, immunization of human infants and children and infant Rhesus monkeys
      elicits primarily an IgG1 response to PRP. The monkey model appears to be a
      reliable indicator of the human immune response.

PMID- 1806589
TI  - Generation of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant human activin A.
AB  - A goat antiserum to purified recombinant human activin A (rhAct-A), a dimer
      formed by two beta A-subunits of inhibin, has been produced. The immunoreactivity
      of the antiserum has been evaluated in an antigen coated enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, in a radioimmunoassay using iodinated rhAct-A, and by
      Western blot analysis. The antiserum demonstrated some cross reactivity to
      inhibin A, a structurally related heterodimer which contains an identical beta A
      subunit coupled to a distinct, though similar, alpha subunit. A simple
      radioimmunoassay for rhAct-A in tissue culture supernatant has been developed
      with rhAct-A affinity column purified polyclonal antiserum. The assay is precise
      and sensitive with a range of 0.31-40 ng/ml. The cross reactivity of inhibin A in
      the RIA is about 4.3%. Despite its cross-reactivity this antiserum will
      facilitate studies of the physiology of activin A and inhibin A which includes a
      Western blot analysis where a molecular size distinction is accomplished.

PMID- 1806590
TI  - A novel enzyme immunoassay for quantitation of rat prothrombin in microsomal
      subfractions.
AB  - An enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantitation of rat prothrombin, based
      on a biotin-streptavidin alkaline phosphatase system is described. The assay
      utilizes rabbit antiserum raised against purified rat prothrombin. The assay was
      twenty fold more sensitive than a rat prothrombin assay based on amidolytic
      activity following activation by Echis carinatus venom. Results obtained with the
      two assays show good correlation. The ELISA is a valuable tool for quantitation
      of minute amounts of prothrombin in subcellular fractions and large series of
      plasma samples.

PMID- 1806591
TI  - Can the oral flora adapt to sorbitol?
AB  - The number of non-sugar sweeteners that are approved for use in foods and drinks
      is increasing and manufacturers are using these as alternatives to cariogenic
      sugar. These non-sugar sweeteners are generally classed as non-cariogenic. The
      most frequently used non-sugar sweetener is sorbitol, and concern has been
      expressed that the oral flora may adapt to sorbitol so that it looses its 'safe
      for teeth' property. The purpose of this review is to describe the mechanisms
      whereby oral microorganisms, and mutans streptococci in particular, might
      metabolize sorbitol and to summarize published research into changes in plaque
      acid production and changes in plaque flora after exposure to sorbitol. Finally,
      the possibility that some groups of people may be especially 'at-risk' from
      adaptation of oral microorganisms to sorbitol is considered. It is concluded that
      frequent or long-term use of sorbitol is unlikely to present any increased risk
      of dental caries in normal people, but that frequent use of sorbitol may present
      a small cariogenic risk in people with low salivary flow.

PMID- 1806592
TI  - Survival predictions of amalgam restorations.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate survival predictions made for four
      different amalgam alloy restorations, using a mixture model involving the
      standard Weibull function. The amalgam alloys were placed by students and staff
      in patients attending a dental hospital, and 1680 restorations were examined over
      periods of up to 18 years. Based on maximum likelihood estimations of the
      parameters of the mixture model distribution, predictive survival distributions
      were generated and found to match closely the actuarial survival estimates
      established from the same data. The 13-year restoration survivals of one low
      copper alloy could be predicted accurately from the 6-year survival results.
      However, another low-copper alloy and two high-copper alloys with much lower
      restoration failure rates required 18 years of data for accurate long-term
      survival predictions.

PMID- 1806593
TI  - Survival predictions of four types of dental restorative materials.
AB  - The present study assessed the survival predictions made for four different types
      of dental restorative materials, using a mixture model involving the standard
      Weibull distribution function. A large number of amalgam, anterior resin, glass
      polyalkenoate (ionomer) cement, and pit and fissure sealant restorations were
      examined over varying periods of up to 18 years. The materials had been placed by
      numerous staff and students at a teaching hospital. Based on maximum likelihood
      estimations of the parameters of the mixture model distribution, survival curves
      were generated and found to agree closely with the actuarial survival curves
      estimated from the same data. As the years of data used to fit the mixture model
      curves decreased, then the fitted curves started to exhibit obvious divergences
      from the actuarial curves at 12-13 years for amalgams, 3-4 years for anterior
      resins and sealants, and 1-2 years for glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cements. At
      least 5 per cent of restorations needed to have failed over any period to allow
      close agreement of the two curves, with the slower failing materials requiring
      longer observation periods.

PMID- 1806595
TI  - Influence of biofilms on microbial contamination in dental unit water.
AB  - Water from dental units (DU), used for cooling and clearing the field of dental
      operations, is frequently contaminated by microorganisms. Retrograde spread of
      oral microbes into DU tubuing, contaminated plumbing systems and endogenous DU
      contamination have been implicated. This study investigated the contribution of
      DU tubing to this contamination in 11 randomly selected DU. The times required,
      under standardized conditions, for DU bacterial levels to decrease in response to
      the flushing caused by DU operation, or increase in response to stagnation caused
      by shutting down the DU, were measured. The DU tubing was then removed and
      similarly manipulated. The results showed similar bacterial levels and
      populations in the DU and their corresponding tubes. Sixteen control samples
      taken from the connecting plumbing system at distant locations, after periods of
      stagnation which result in DU bacterial contamination, were negative. This
      suggests the plumbing, in our system, is not an important factor. Thus, DU can
      endogenously contaminate the water passing through them; their tubes have the
      potential to generate similar magnitudes of bacterial contamination to that
      determined from intact DU. Scanning electron microscopy of the tube lumens showed
      a biofilm, characterized by microorganisms embedded in an amorphous matrix in all
      cases. This biofilm could act as a reservoir to facilitate rapid recontamination.
      Further analysis of the data indicates there could be other contributing factors.

PMID- 1806594
TI  - Effect of impression tray design and impression technique upon the accuracy of
      stone casts produced from a putty-wash polyvinyl siloxane impression material.
AB  - This study examined the accuracy of stone casts produced from impressions taken
      in stock polycarbonate trays, some of which had been strengthened with
      autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate resin. Three techniques were used to
      make the impression of an acrylic master model of the mandibular arch on which
      two extracoronal preparations for bridgework and one intracoronal inlay
      preparation had been carried out. Each preparation had been indented with a
      reference point for later measurement. The impression material was a putty-wash
      polyvinyl siloxane material. Five impressions were taken for each type of tray
      for each impression technique and these were cast in die-stone after 24 h. The
      distances between the points were measured with a reflex microscope and the means
      determined for each design of tray. The mean difference between casts produced
      from the various tray designs and the acrylic master model were determined for
      each of the distances between the three measuring points for the various
      impression techniques. Statistical analysis showed that, with the polycarbonate
      stock trays, there were significant differences between some of the modifications
      and between them and the acrylic model, for the three distances (P less than
      0.05). These differences were limited to one measurement for one design of tray
      for each of the two-stage impression methods. With the one-stage technique the
      unreinforced tray and those reinforced with acrylic, over the heels and
      anteriorly, and the barred design were statistically significantly different from
      the acrylic model for measurement A-B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806596
TI  - An investigation into the incidence of voids in indirect composite inlays formed
      using different packing techniques.
AB  - An investigation is described into the incidence of voids in indirect composite
      inlays formed using different packing techniques and different composite systems.
      From the results it was found that packing inlays under a 6 bar air pressure
      prior to light curing produced significantly fewer voids than layering or bulk
      packing techniques.

PMID- 1806597
TI  - Effect of filler content of light-cured composites on bond strength to bovine
      dentine.
AB  - The bonding of light-cured composites to tooth tissues is known to be disturbed
      by polymerization shrinkage, and polymerization shrinkage is affected by the
      filler content of composites. This in vitro research examined the relationship
      between the filler content and bond strength to dentine of light-cured
      composites. Experimental light-cured composite systems with filler contents of
      45, 55, 65 and 75 per cent by volume were used in both bond strength to dentine
      and shrinkage tests. The surfaces selected as substrates were a flat surface and
      a box-shaped cavity prepared in bovine dentine. The lowest bond strength was
      obtained with the 45 per cent filler content composite in the box-shaped cavity.
      Bond strength increased with increasing filler content. Volumetric polymerization
      shrinkage decreased with increasing filler content. The polymerization shrinkage
      at 120 s after light curing was 5.24 per cent for the 45 per cent filler content
      system, 4.77 per cent for the 55 per cent, 2.14 per cent for the 65 per cent and
      1.68 per cent for the 75 per cent. The correlation between bond strength and
      shrinkage was greater for the cavity than it was for the flat surface. This
      implies that bond strength in the box-shaped cavity may have been affected more
      by polymerization shrinkage than with the flat surface. The findings lend support
      to the view that filler content is one of the important factors influencing the
      physical properties of composites.

PMID- 1806598
TI  - Enamel solubility profile of irradiated rat molars.
AB  - The solubility of molar enamel was tested in irradiated rats treated with
      fluoride (F-). Seventy-five 21-day-old rats were divided into five groups. The
      first group received F- in the drinking water (25 p.p.m.), one group was
      irradiated only (one single dose of 15 Gy to the head); one group was started on
      F- 3 weeks before irradiation, in one group the commencement of the F- regimen
      coincided with irradiation. The last group served as a control. The animals were
      sacrificed at 80 days old. Enamel solubility of the molar teeth, measured as Ca++
      release in an etchant, was determined separately in three consecutive immersions.
      Fluoridation and irradiation reduced enamel solubility, albeit in a dissimilar
      depth-related amplitude. Whether administered prior to or following irradiation,
      F- reduced enamel solubility in a pattern resembling that of the non-irradiated F
      treated group.

PMID- 1806599
TI  - Penetration of chlorhexidine around amalgam restorations.

PMID- 1806600
TI  - H1 histones contribute to candidacidal activities of human epidermal extract.
AB  - In the study of the purification of candidacidal cationic proteins from human
      epidermis by using high performance liquid chromatography, it was found that
      these proteins were composed of several groups. Among them, the most active group
      was purified. The amino acid compositions of this protein group were almost the
      same as those of human splenic H1 histones. The results of immunoblotting
      suggested that the proteins were human epidermal H1 histones. The killing speed
      of the epidermal H1 histone was very rapid, 8 micrograms of the protein killed
      90% of Candida tropicalis (1 x 10(5) CFU) within 10 minutes. The cidal activity
      increased in lower pH conditions and decreased at higher ionic strengths. Because
      nuclei of the epidermis disintegrate in the granular layer, it is suggested that,
      in this layer, nuclear histones may be released from the nuclei. My
      immunohistochemical results suggest that H1 histones may contribute to form a
      barrier which inhibits candida from invading deeper than the granular cell layer
      in cases of skin candidial infection.

PMID- 1806601
TI  - Efficacy of bimolane in the Malassezia ovalis model of psoriasis.
AB  - Bimolane, an analog of razoxane has been used in China with comparable efficacy
      but less toxicity than razoxane in the treatment of psoriasis. In an attempt to
      characterize further its mode of action it was administered both systemically and
      topically in the Malassezia ovalis animal model of psoriasis. Intravenous
      methotrexate and topical 0.1% betamethasone valerate were also used as positive
      control treatments. The animal model of psoriasis was effectively treated by
      bimolane, both systemically and topically, and also by parenteral methotrexate
      and topical betamethasone valerate. The time course of bimolane's effect with
      this model was different from methotrexate's suggesting the possibility of a
      different mode of action. Because bimolane, like razoxane, is an ethylene diamino
      tetraacetate acid (EDTA) derivative, it is possible that its effects on this
      reaction relate to its chelating properties and that inhibition of complement
      activation is important to its mode of action.

PMID- 1806602
TI  - Hair growth on nude mice due to cyclosporin A.
AB  - One of the most common dermatological side effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) is dose
      dependent hypertrichosis. Similar hair growth was noted in nude mice in an
      attempt to increase the acceptance of human xenografts with CsA in the T-cell
      deficient congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice. The aim of the present study
      was to further investigate the stimulation of hair growth on nude mice not only
      by oral administration of CsA but also by topical and subcutaneous administration
      of CsA. Young BALB/c female nude mice were treated for 3 or 4 weeks with topical,
      oral, or subcutaneous applications of CsA dissolved in olive oil at various
      doses. The hair of CsA-treated mice appeared to grow from 7 days after the
      treatment, even at low doses. Induced hair growth was dose-dependent and became
      clearly obvious 3 weeks after the treatment. The stimulation of hair growth was
      not restricted to the site of topical application. The distribution of the new
      hair depended on the natural pattern of hair growth in the mice. However, there
      was no hair growth in the control mice which were given only olive oil.
      Histological examination revealed that there were no differences in the
      structures of skin and hair between the control and the CsA-treated mice.
      Furthermore, the number of hair follicles did not remarkably increase after CsA
      treatment. The hair growth in the CsA-treated mice stopped after cessation of the
      treatment and returned to the level of the control mice on day 14 after the end
      of the treatment. Subsequent retreatment with CsA resulted in further regrowth of
      the hair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806603
TI  - Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: a clinical, histopathological, and
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - The clinical, histopathological, and electron microscopic features of ten
      patients with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CRP) of Gougerot and
      Carteaud were studied. Histopathologically, hyperkeratosis, decreased granular
      layer, irregular papillomatosis, and hypermelanosis of the basal layer were
      present. In an electron microscopic study, we found transitional cells between
      the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum that were increased in CRP. This
      finding supported the suggestion that this is a defect of keratinization.

PMID- 1806604
TI  - AgNOR (nucleolar organizer regions) staining in malignant melanoma.
AB  - Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of ribosomal DNA seen in nuclei,
      which are demonstrable as black dots (AgNOR) in tissue sections by silver (Ag)
      colloid staining. The number of such AgNORs is correlated with cellular activity
      and is an indicator of the degree of malignancy. In this study, 76 melanocytic
      lesions were analyzed by AgNOR staining, and the clinical and histopathological
      characteristics of malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevi were considered.
      Although the AgNOR counts for melanocytic nevi were significantly different from
      those in malignant melanoma, an obvious overlap between them was detected. The
      number of AgNORs in melanocytic nevi per cell was usually 1 or 2. On the other
      hand, the number of AgNORs per malignant melanoma cell was variable.
      Morphologically, malignant melanoma cells often showed dispersal of AgNORs
      throughout the nucleus as well as multiple nucleoli containing clustered AgNORs,
      whereas melanocytic nevus cells tended to have a regular nucleolus with tightly
      clustered AgNORs. The correlation between AgNOR count and pathological staging
      was uncertain, but a slight correlation between AgNOR count and thickness of the
      primary lesion was obtained. However, the AgNOR count in malignant melanoma was
      not a prognostic factor for the disease. Therefore, the AgNOR method is difficult
      to use for differential diagnosis between benign pigmented lesions and malignant
      melanoma. Nonetheless, an AgNOR count of more than two per cell favors a
      diagnosis of malignant melanoma.

PMID- 1806605
TI  - Cutaneous reaction induced by retained bee stinger.
AB  - The clinical features and histopathologic findings of a 54-year-old Korean male
      who had retained the sting apparatus of a bee for four months are described. The
      clinical features showed ulcerative, erythematous plaques with irregular borders
      which resembled cutaneous neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma.
      Histopathologic findings included epidermal necrosis and marked
      pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. In the dermis, the stick-shaped sting
      apparatus of the bee was demonstrated and intense lymphohistiocytic and
      eosinophilic infiltrations were noted.

PMID- 1806606
TI  - Acute dacryocystitis resembling an infected subcutaneous cystic tumor.
AB  - Two cases of acute dacryocystitis are described. Both cases manifested as a
      painful cystic tumor which enlarged suddenly with swelling of the involved cheek.
      The condition was quite similar to an infected epidermal cyst. The location of
      the tumor and an episode of epiphora are the characteristic features of this
      disease.

PMID- 1806607
TI  - Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in exfoliative dermatitis.

PMID- 1806609
TI  - Variations in the molecular forms of prolactin during the menstrual cycle,
      pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) was studied in serum samples
      obtained from eight normoprolactinemic women during the menstrual cycle and five
      additional patients at pregnancy and lactation. Gel filtration of sera from women
      with normal ovarian function tested at day 10-12th of their menstrual cycle
      showed two predominant PRL forms, approximately 22K and 26K mol wt. In addition
      two polymeric variants, 50K ("big" PRL) and 100K ("big-big" PRL) were found in
      less proportion, accounting for approximately 34% of the total PRL
      immunoreactivity detected in the sera. It was also noted a low mol wt form
      eluting around the region of 16K mol wt. In pregnant women the major PRL form was
      the 22K and its proportion showed a gradual increase as progression of gestation.
      The polymeric PRL forms were found in substantially less amount as gestation
      progressed. After parturition, in nursing mothers the 22K form remained prominent
      and in greater concentrations than the 26K monomeric variant. Large and low mol
      wt PRL forms were constantly detected in sera from women during the lactation
      period. From these data we confirmed that PRL circulates at various molecular
      forms and the relative proportion of these molecular variants exhibit changes
      according to the physiological state. In our study the predominant form was the
      22K PRL (nonglycosylated) and it was of interest to discover the presence of a
      low mol wt PRL which elutes in the 16K area. The significance of this latter
      finding is not clear at the present.

PMID- 1806608
TI  - Cumulative index. Medical and biological illustration: volumes 25-27 (1975-1977).

PMID- 1806610
TI  - Biochemical short-term changes produced by hormonal replacement therapy.
AB  - Seventy-one white women within 6 months to 6 years postmenopause were randomly
      assigned to three treatment groups: (a) placebo, (b) calcium, (c) cyclic estrogen
      progestin plus calcium. Calcium was given as calcium carbonate with meals to
      attain an intake of 1,700 mg daily in the latter two groups. All women received
      400 IU of vitamin D daily. Samples were obtained at baseline and after 2 months
      therapy. The hormonal treatment group had a decline in serum calcium, osteocalcin
      and urinary hydroxyproline and an increase in levels of calcitonin, parathyroid
      hormone and calcitriol. The increase in the latter two measurements could have
      resulted from the drop in serum calcium, it is also possible that the increase in
      calcitonin levels was a result of calcium supplementation. Although all these
      changes were statistically significant for the estrogen treatment group when
      considered alone, analysis of variance including the 3 groups demonstrated
      significance for the estrogen group for the parameters of skeletal metabolism but
      not for the changes in the calciotrophic hormones. There was an increase in serum
      calcium (p = 0.05) in the calcium augmentation group. It would be of interest to
      determine the effects of higher intakes of calcium in both the calcium and the
      estrogen treatment groups and to further explore differences in effects on bone
      remodeling between the two treatment approaches as well as the possibility of a
      additive effects. Early effects of estrogen replacement reduce bone remodeling
      whereas calcium supplementation to 1,700 mg per day of Ca CO3 did not appear to
      affect the parameters of bone remodeling.

PMID- 1806611
TI  - Effect of calcitonin deficiency on bone density and bone turnover in totally
      thyroidectomized patients.
AB  - To investigate the influence of calcitonin deficiency on bone turnover and
      density we studied 25 premenopausal female and 12 male patients (age 23 to 49
      years) who had undergone total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer 1
      to 15 years previously. Basal and calcium stimulated extractable calcitonin,
      representing the monomeric, biologically active form of the hormone, was lacking
      or markedly decreased in all patients. There was a relative increase of urine
      hydroxyproline excretion (an index of osteoclastic bone degradation) in relation
      to serum osteocalcin (an index of osteoblastic bone formation) indicating an
      imbalance of bone turnover with a tendency to increased degradation in all
      patients. Total and trabecular bone density, measured with quantitative computed
      tomography at the distal forearm were significantly decreased in the male and
      normal in the female patients, without a relation to the duration of the
      calcitonin deficiency. The study indicates that patients with calcitonin
      deficiency, suppressive thyroid hormone treatment, or both may have a higher risk
      of increased bone degradation and osteopenia. Whether the effect is more due to
      calcitonin deficiency or thyroid hormone therapy, cannot be concluded from this
      study design. The fact that only the male patients had a decreased bone density
      may be due to a lower parathyroid activity in our female patients and the greater
      thyroidectomy-induced decrement of monomeric calcitonin in our male patients
      compared with male controls.

PMID- 1806612
TI  - Evaluation of a repeatable depot-bromocriptine preparation(Parlodel LAR) for the
      treatment of acromegaly.
AB  - The effectiveness and side effects of a newly developed, repeatable depot
      bromocriptine preparation, (Parlodel LAR, depot-bromocriptine), were studied in 7
      acromegalic patients. A dose of 100 mg was injected at intervals of 28 days for 4
      months, followed by 200 mg for 2 months. GH profiles (14 h) and an oral glucose
      load (oGTT) were performed prior to each injection. Depot-bromocriptine
      suppressed the mean serum profile GH concentration to less than 50% of the
      pretreatment value in 3 out of 7 patients (responders). Normalization of GH
      secretion was not achieved. During oGTT the mean serum GH concentration declined
      to 73%, 19% and 56% of the pretreatment value in the three responders (while on
      depot-bromocriptine 200 mg). IGF-I was reduced to 84% and 65% with 200 mg depot
      bromocriptine in 2 GH responders only. No tumour shrinkage was observed in 3
      patients with a visible tumor mass in NMR tomography. Side effects consisted of
      pronounced orthostatic dysregulation, nausea and vomiting on the day of injection
      in 3/7 patients. These results are comparable to the reported effectiveness and
      side effects of oral bromocriptine therapy. Depot-bromocriptine may be useful in
      selected responsive patients, particularly when compliance during oral therapy is
      a problem.

PMID- 1806613
TI  - Selective venous catheterization in the evaluation of hyperandrogenism.
AB  - Retrograde bilateral ovarian-adrenal vein catheterization was carried out in 16
      patients with plasma testosterone levels exceeding 1.4 ng/ml (4.85 nmol/l). While
      pelvic ultrasonography and computerized axial tomographic scan failed to locate
      the androgen-producing ovarian tumors, catheterization led to a diagnosis of
      occult ovarian tumor in 5 patients, based on the observation of an abnormally
      high and unilateral ovarian-peripheral vein testosterone gradient, which was
      subsequently confirmed histopathologically. In one case, unilateral elevation of
      the adrenal-peripheral vein testosterone gradient was found, complementing the
      ultrasonographic finding of an adrenal mass and confirming the diagnosis of a
      virilizing adrenal tumor. In the other 10 patients, gradient analysis ruled out
      an androgen-producing tumor, leading to the identification of nontumoral
      hyperandrogeny, such as a severe form of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the 6
      premenopausal patients and of ovarian stromal and hilus cell hyperplasia in the 4
      menopausal patients. In conclusion, appropriate indication of selective
      catheterization may considerably reduce the need for exploratory surgery and may
      help in selecting the adequate surgical approach.

PMID- 1806614
TI  - Evaluation of L-thyroxine replacement therapy in children with congenital
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - The outcome of L-thyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy in children with congenital
      hypothyroidism (CH) remains to be completely evaluated. In this paper the overall
      pattern of response to L-T4 replacement therapy was studied in a group of 19
      children with CH diagnosed by neonatal screening (10 with hypoplastic/aplastic
      thyroid disease, group H/A; 9 with gland ectopy, group E) who were followed-up
      for 60 +/- 27 months (mean +/- SD). With 1 exception serum T4 at diagnosis was
      greater than 2 micrograms/dl in children of group E and less than 2 micrograms/dl
      in those of group H/A. The initial dose of L-T4 (8-10 micrograms/kg BW/day) was
      modified in relation to age and weight in order to maintain serum TSH less than
      or equal to 5 microU/ml and FT3 in the normal range. A general inverse
      correlation between serum TSH and FT4 or FT3 concentrations was found, and the
      mean levels of serum FT4 and FT3 were significantly higher according to the
      following order of TSH results: low TSH (0-0.5 microU/ml) greater than normal
      (greater than 0.5-5 microU/ml) greater than elevated TSH (greater than 5
      microU/ml). TSH levels less than or equal to 5 microU/ml were associated with FT4
      values in the upper half of the normal range (54% of observations) or even higher
      (46%). Elevation of serum FT4 alone with FT3 values in the normal range did not
      result in clinical thyrotoxicosis, alteration of growth or premature
      craniosynostosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806615
TI  - Acute complications in the course of "mild" hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - It is generally accepted that some patients affected by mild asymptomatic primary
      hyperparathyroidism need not be treated with surgery, but may be medically
      managed without risk. However, our experience regarding 5 of these cases observed
      in the last two years, suggests a different approach. These patients, initially
      diagnosed as having mild hyperparathyroidism based on only moderately elevated
      serum concentrations of calcium and followed medically for years, were referred
      to us for a sudden worsening of their clinical course. One 35-year-old man
      presented hemorrhagic gastritis with severe anemia and type II AV block with
      syncopal attacks. Three women, aged 51, 64 and 65 years, presented with severe
      hypercalcemia associated with renal failure in two and with marked bone disease
      in another. In all these cases parathyroid neoplasms were preoperatively
      localized (by ultrasonography, CT scan and radioactive 201-Tl 99-Tc scan) and
      surgically removed. Histological examination showed a parathyroid carcinoma in
      the male patient and single gland enlargements in the three females. A fifth
      patient, a 65-year-old woman, was referred to us in critical condition: severe
      hypercalcemia, osteopenia with femur fracture, myocardial infarction and renal
      failure. She died in a few days, in spite of intensive medical care. These cases
      suggest that patients with hyperparathyroidism initially diagnosed as "mild" need
      close medical observation and preferably, in our opinion, should undergo surgery.

PMID- 1806616
TI  - Giant aneurysms of the sellar region simulating pituitary adenomas: a diagnosis
      to be considered.
AB  - Aneurysms of the sellar region are commonly mistaken for pituitary adenomas,
      since they have similar clinical, endocrinological and neurological symptoms. The
      authors describe three patients with giant aneurysms of the internal carotid
      artery which were initially diagnosed as pituitary tumors. In all patients the
      clinical presentation was nonspecific, and consisted mainly of neurological
      symptoms such as headaches and visual field defects. Endocrine abnormalities were
      also found in the three cases. Patient no. 1 had short stature, lack of GH
      response to clonidine stimulation, low IGF-1 levels and blunted TSH response to
      TRH. Patient no. 2 had gonadotropin deficiency and patient no. 3 had
      hyperprolactinemia. CT scans showed a densely enhanced lesion in all patients,
      which was heterogeneous in one case and homogeneous in the remaining. Carotid
      angiography confirmed the diagnosis of aneurysm. Preoperative angiographic
      studies are necessary for the differential diagnosis of an aneurysm from a
      pituitary tumor. Furthermore, these studies could prevent the serious
      consequences of a transsphenoidal surgical approach in misdiagnosed cases.

PMID- 1806617
TI  - On the antenatal diagnosis of 17-hydroxylase deficiency.

PMID- 1806619
TI  - Neuroleptic actions on the thyroid axis: different effects of clozapine and
      haloperidol.
AB  - Twenty-six in-patients treated for schizophrenia, were divided in two groups. The
      first group received haloperidol, 20-40 mg p.d., and the second, clozapine, 150
      250 mg p.d. TRH-TSH test was performed by injecting 0.2 mg TRH. Four drug-free
      schizophrenic patients gave normal TSH response to TRH, as well as the group of
      patients treated with haloperidol. Contrary to that, the clozapine-treated group
      showed a blunted TSH response. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the
      different pharmacological profiles of haloperidol and clozapine, especially
      regarding their dopaminergic actions, alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic control
      upon thyroid axis.

PMID- 1806620
TI  - Agitation in the demented elderly: a role for benzodiazepines?
AB  - "Agitation" is a term that is used to describe a wide range of dysfunctional
      behaviours in geriatric populations. The term is so widely used that in many
      cases it loses clinical meaning and therefore a more restricted use of the term
      is suggested. When patients with agitation are identified it is important to look
      for underlying treatable pathology which is often present. Controversy
      surrounding the most appropriate medications is reviewed with particular
      reference to both neuroleptics and benzodiazepines. A randomized double-blind
      comparison of lorazepam and alprazolam in demented patients with agitation was
      carried out. While both drugs were efficacious for some patients, there were
      significantly more serious side-effects with lorazepam. It appears that there is
      a role for benzodiazepines such as alprazolam in the management of the agitated
      demented patient.

PMID- 1806618
TI  - In vitro bioassays of follicle-stimulating hormone: methods and clinical
      applications.

PMID- 1806621
TI  - Trimipramine--an atypical neuroleptic?
AB  - Trimipramine and clozapine show some similarities in their receptor binding
      profiles. Since both have the same affinity for the D2 receptor and since the
      affinity for this receptor correlates closely with the antipsychotic potency of a
      drug, an antipsychotic efficacy of trimipramine in acute schizophrenia could be
      expected. Therefore 28 schizophrenic patients in an acute phase were treated with
      trimipramine up to 400 mg/d in an open clinical trial. For the whole group of
      patients the BPRS total score changed from 58 +/- 5 before treatment to 46 +/- 18
      at the last rating (p less than 0.05). According to our clinical judgement the
      patients were divided into three subgroups. Thirteen patients showed a good
      remission under trimipramine so that they could be discharged on a trimipramine
      maintenance treatment. They improved on the BPRS from 58 +/- 6 before treatment
      to 32 +/- 8 at endpoint. Six patients deteriorated during the first week of
      treatment and had to be withdrawn from the study. Nine patients showed
      insufficient improvement or became worse after an initial improvement. The
      observed side-effects (dry mouth, sedation, sweating, increased appetite,
      constipation, tremor, vertigo) are well known under trimipramine and were
      therefore expected. Beyond these, one patient developed a cardiac insufficiency.
      No clinical relevant extrapyramidal side-effects occurred. Since the improvement
      of florid psychotic symptoms seems to be markedly higher under trimipramine than
      the one reported under placebo, our results indicate that trimipramine may have
      an antipsychotic potency.

PMID- 1806623
TI  - Amnesia for dental procedures and mood change following treatment with nitrous
      oxide or midazolam.
AB  - Fifty-eight patients undergoing restorative dental treatment at Guy's Hospital
      had been previously allocated on the basis of clinical assessment, including that
      of their dental anxiety, to treatment under local anaesthetic alone or in
      combination with i.v. midazolam or inhalation nitrous oxide. They were tested
      before and after dental treatment to determine their memory of dental procedures
      and changes in mood and bodily symptoms. The patients allocated to the midazolam
      treatment had significantly higher pre-treatment scores on the Bond & Lader mood
      factors of "anxiety" and "discontent". All the groups showed significant pre- to
      post-treatment reductions in sweating, palpitations, restlessness, dry mouth,
      muscular tension, nausea, loss of appetite and upset stomach and the extent of
      these reductions were not different for the different treatments. Midazolam
      treatment resulted in significantly greater reductions in self-ratings of bodily
      symptoms of anxiety, shaking and trembling compared with the control (local
      anaesthetic) group. Nitrous oxide resulted in a significant reduction in
      irritability, compared with controls. Both midazolam and nitrous oxide
      significantly reduced the patients' memory of the dental procedures and the
      impairments in memory were independent of any changes in anxiety or sedation. Of
      the items remembered there were no differences between the groups in their
      ratings of how well explained, how pleasant or unpleasant, or how painful the
      procedures were.

PMID- 1806622
TI  - A preliminary study of the effects of flosequinan on psychomotor function in
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - The central nervous system effects of flosequinan (100 mg), a chemically novel
      quinolone vasodilator, were assessed by a double-blind crossover comparison with
      placebo and diazepam (10 mg) in 12 healthy volunteers. After five practice
      sessions on a battery of automated psychomotor tests, assessments of psychomotor
      function and mood ratings were made on each volunteer at baseline and 1, 3, 6 and
      24 h after dosing. Compared with placebo, diazepam (10 mg), the verum control,
      significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced subjective alertness, impaired critical
      flicker fusion threshold at 1 and 3 h, digit symbol substitution at 6 h, overall
      total choice reaction time and overall rate on two of five finger tapping tests.
      Flosequinan (100 mg), however, was indistinguishable from placebo in all tests
      with two contrasting exceptions: improved alternate right and left finger tapping
      (mean 5.1/s) compared to either diazepam (4.7/s) or placebo (4.8/s) (p less than
      0.05), and impaired digit symbol substitution at 6 h (45.7/min) in comparison
      with placebo (50.7/min) (p less than 0.01). Ten volunteers reported 12 adverse
      effects after flosequinan treatment (10 of which were headaches), two reported
      drowsiness after diazepam and one reported headache after placebo. It was
      concluded that flosequinan has no central nervous system depressant effects
      despite the occurrence of headache in 10 volunteers.

PMID- 1806624
TI  - A controlled study of the efficacy and safety of mianserin and maprotiline in
      outpatients with major depression.
AB  - Efficacy and tolerability of mianserin (60-90 mg/day) or maprotiline (100-150
      mg/day) were tested in a 4-week double-blind control group study on 317
      depressive outpatients. The patients had to fulfill the criteria of a major
      depression according to DSM-III. The study was performed by psychiatrists after
      special rater training. Standardized rating procedures were applied to evaluate
      depressive symptoms and unwanted effects at three measurement points. A
      significant improvement was found in both groups, without any statistical
      differences between mianserin and maprotiline. According to the Clinical Global
      Impressions (CGI) 65% of the patients in both groups were judged as responders. A
      good tolerability of both drugs were demonstrated. With respect to
      anticholinergic side-effects there was a certain advantage in favor to mianserin.

PMID- 1806625
TI  - A double-blind parallel study comparing fluoxetine with imipramine in the
      treatment of atypical depression.

PMID- 1806626
TI  - Clinical implications of the pharmacology of sertraline.
AB  - Sertraline is slowly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma
      concentrations at 6-8 h. Plasma concentrations are linearly related to dose. The
      elimination half-life is about 32 h; metabolism is by demethylation to an
      inactive metabolite. Once-daily dosing is recommended, with steady state being
      reached after about 7 days. The kinetics of sertraline in the elderly and in
      patients with renal impairment are similar to those in young healthy female
      volunteers. In young male volunteers, peak plasma concentrations were lower, and
      elimination half-life shorter, than in elderly men or both groups of women.
      Nevertheless, no reduction in dosage is recommended for these groups. Sertraline
      is highly active in animal models of depression, and administration of the drug
      to healthy human beings causes a selective, dose-related inhibition of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake into blood platelets. Single doses of sertraline
      in volunteers caused changes in the quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalogram
      suggesting antidepressant and anxiolytic actions, with sedative potential evident
      only at doses of 200 mg or more. Sertraline does not impair psychomotor
      performance, including simulated car driving, and overall seems neither
      stimulating nor sedating: an increase in critical flicker fusion threshold
      suggests a slight alerting effect, whereas subjective tests indicate an increase
      in perceived sedation at doses of 100 mg or more. No potentiation of the effects
      of ethanol has been noted in either young or elderly subjects. No adverse effects
      on the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, or systolic time intervals have been
      detected, and sertraline lacks anticholinergic action. These studies imply a low
      probability of adverse central nervous and cardiovascular effects. Sertraline is
      probably a weak inducer of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Sertraline does
      not affect the clearance of lithium but there may be a pharmacodynamic
      interaction which leads to increased tremor when the drugs are given together. No
      clinically relevant effects were noted in the interaction studies with digoxin,
      atenolol and diazepam. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sertraline
      are generally favourable. However, caution is needed when sertraline is given to
      patients receiving lithium or drugs with a low therapeutic ratio, such as
      corticosteroids, oral hypoglycaemic agents, and warfarin.

PMID- 1806627
TI  - Controlling acute episodes of depression.
AB  - Three 6-8 week comparative studies have shown sertraline to be an effective, safe
      and well-tolerated treatment for acute depressive illness. The first, a double
      blind fixed-dose study, demonstrated the efficacy of sertraline over placebo; the
      second, a forced upward titration, active- and placebo-controlled, double-blind
      study, showed that sertraline was of equal efficacy to amitriptyline. The third
      was a double-blind comparison of sertraline and amitriptyline in elderly
      depressives, with the dose being increased as necessary and as tolerated. The
      overall results showed sertraline to be consistently superior to placebo and
      equivalent in therapeutic effect to amitriptyline on a number of measures
      including depression, anxiety, insomnia and suicidal ideation. Efficacy was found
      in both moderately and severely depressed patients whose primary psychiatric
      diagnoses included single-episode and recurrent major depression, with and
      without melancholia. Sertraline was also found to be effective in patients with a
      high baseline anxiety score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.

PMID- 1806628
TI  - Treatment, prediction of relapse and prognosis of chronic primary major
      depression.
AB  - Our study of chronic and non-chronic depressive patients suggests that the
      following individual factors may predispose a patient to develop chronicity:
      unipolar depression, neurotic premorbid personality, high familial loading for
      affective disorder and multiple life events before and after the onset of the
      illness episode. It is interesting to note that bipolar disorders appear to be
      under-represented. This may be due to symptomatic chronicity in bipolar illness
      being more often represented by rapid cycling disorder. Evidence from a group of
      prospectively ascertained depressives with a median duration of illness of one
      year showed that apparently 75% of the variance in length of illness episode can
      be explained. Thus time taken to introduce active treatments, premorbid
      neuroticism, the occurrence of life events before and after the onset of illness,
      age at onset of first illness episode and family history of affective disorders
      were confirmed as important predictor variables. The fact that 85% of patients
      who develop chronic primary major depressive disorders have previously had an
      episode of affective illness tends to militate against the stereotype of these
      patients having a personality disorder. In future, it is important that
      biological research (for example, neuroendocrine studies) is directed towards
      chronically depressed patients. In the past, these patients have tended to be
      excluded from such studies as they represent an atypical population. It is
      therefore quite clear that future research should be directed towards not only
      pharmacological but also psychological and social mechanisms which lead to the
      perpetuation of depressive illness.

PMID- 1806629
TI  - The influence of different relapse criteria on the assessment of long-term
      efficacy of sertraline.
AB  - The treatment of depression with antidepressant agents must be continued beyond
      the acute phase, until the response is complete. The precise length of this
      continuation phase is still debated, but most authors estimate that it should
      last for between 4-6 months after apparent recovery. If antidepressants are
      withdrawn sooner, the original depression will return (relapse) in a proportion
      of patients. Relapse rates on placebo are high, whether patients are first-time
      or recurrent depressives. Most depressions are recurrent and long-term treatment
      therefore ensures that the changes of a new episode of illness developing are
      reduced. The importance of this aspect of efficacy is recognized and new
      antidepressants are being tested in long-term prophylactic studies. A long-term
      efficacy study has shown that sertraline was significantly more effective than
      placebo in preventing both relapse and recurrence.

PMID- 1806630
TI  - Toleration and safety of sertraline: experience worldwide.
AB  - The clinical trial programme of sertraline, a selective serotonin re-uptake
      inhibitor, has shown the drug to have a favourable safety and toleration profile.
      In contrast, the tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, produced a significant
      level of side effects, particularly anticholinergic. The side-effect profile of
      sertraline was similar in young and old, and individual side effects did not make
      a notable contribution to the discontinuation rate. The incidence of side effects
      was related to both dosage and dosage regimen. An initial dose of 50 mg increased
      at 2-weekly intervals to 100 mg and then 200 mg daily produced a very low
      incidence, no side effect occurring with a frequency greater than 10%. In the
      long term (after 8 weeks' study), sertraline was well tolerated with little
      difference in side-effect reporting from placebo. There were no significant
      problems with safety. Sertraline was without effect on vital signs or
      electrocardiogram, and had no clinically relevant effects on laboratory values.
      In contrast to amitriptyline there was no significant effect on body weight. The
      overall incidence of mania was 0.4% and skin rash less than 2%. There were no
      cases of drug-related convulsions. Overdose with sertraline (four cases) was
      satisfactorily overcome with no significant sequelae and without the need for
      intensive monitoring.

PMID- 1806631
TI  - A review of fluvoxamine and its uses in depression.
AB  - Fluvoxamine is a potent and specific 5-HT reuptake inhibitor which has been
      available since 1983 and is estimated to have been given to two and a half
      million patients since it was first investigated in patients with depression in
      the late 1970s. The effectiveness of fluvoxamine in depression is therefore
      analysed in this review, on the basis of ten years experience. Results from 10
      international double-blind placebo-controlled trials, the large majority of which
      included a positive control (usually imipramine), have shown that fluvoxamine is
      as effective as the older tricyclic antidepressants and significantly more
      effective than placebo. In the majority of twenty direct comparative studies
      against other antidepressants, fluvoxamine has been found to be as effective and
      well-tolerated as the reference drug. Effectiveness in the elderly depressed and
      support for the use of fluvoxamine in tricyclic-resistant depression is
      discussed. Clinical trials of fluvoxamine conducted in anxiety states and
      obsessive-compulsive disorder, both of which commonly co-occur with depression,
      are reviewed, and the efficacy of fluvoxamine in the depressed obese and patients
      with bulimia nervosa is examined. Reports of adverse experiences, both from
      clinical trials and clinical practice are discussed, and the overall risk-benefit
      for fluvoxamine treatment in depression is critically assessed.

PMID- 1806632
TI  - Depression and 5HT.
AB  - 5HT has been implicated in mechanisms of anxiety and depression for many years
      but the evidence is contradictory. Perhaps one error has been to think of 5HT as
      a unitary system when in reality it is highly differentiated. There has been an
      explosive increase in knowledge about different 5HT receptor subtypes and it has
      long been known that there are different anatomical subsystems. Evidence will be
      summarised that the different systems subserve different psychological functions
      and that dysfunction in the different systems results in depression, anxiety,
      panic and OCD in an understandable way. Much evidence is compatible with the idea
      that 5HT systems reduce the impact of impending or actual aversive events.
      Anticipation of an aversive event is associated with anxiety and this motivates
      avoidance behaviour--a normal adaptive response. There is evidence that this is
      mediated by projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus and associated 5HT2 and 5HT3
      receptors. Projections of the median raphe nucleus and associated 5HT1A receptors
      appear to mediate resilience to aversive events once they have occurred or if
      they persist. When this system breaks down depression results. It will be argued
      that all effective antidepressants act on 5HT1A, natural mechanisms of
      resilience.

PMID- 1806633
TI  - The elderly depressed and treatment with fluvoxamine.
AB  - Depression is highly prevalent in the elderly and there are difficulties with
      definition and diagnosis. The signs and symptoms of depression may differ from
      those in younger patients since the elderly are frequently preoccupied with
      physical ailments and may have more agitation, insomnia and hypochondriasis. The
      aetiology and cause of depression and its association with psychosocial and other
      risk factors are discussed, with particular reference to masked depression,
      depressive delusional illness and 'pseudo dementia'. A range of treatments have
      been used in depressive patients, including psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, ECT
      and various drug treatments. In the elderly drugs may cause more problems than in
      younger patients. These can be divided into those associated with:
      pharmacokinetics, polypharmacy, side effects, dosage and lethality. Trials of
      antidepressants in the elderly are discussed and include trials with tricyclic
      antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and SSRIs. Particular reference is
      made to a trial of fluvoxamine versus mianserin in the elderly, which
      demonstrated that fluvoxamine is as effective as mianserin in treating
      depression, and has fewer side effects.

PMID- 1806634
TI  - Overdose and safety with fluvoxamine.
AB  - The large number of antidepressants available provides a wide range of choice.
      While clinical effectiveness is the most important consideration, toxicity in
      overdose must be considered in the risk-benefit assessment of each
      antidepressant. There are almost 300 deaths each year in Britain from tricyclic
      overdose, and very few deaths from newer antidepressants. Fluvoxamine appears to
      have low toxicity in overdose. Symptoms are often minimal: nausea, vomiting,
      dizziness and somnolence. There is one reported case of prolonged cerebral
      depression after ingestion of 5.5 g. Overdoses of up to 9 g have produced minimal
      symptoms and full recovery. No deaths from overdose with fluvoxamine alone have
      been reported in the literature, although one death certificate in Britain has
      mentioned fluvoxamine as the cause of death. Fluvoxamine appears to be a valuable
      alternative to the tricyclic antidepressants, and has a high margin of safety in
      overdose.

PMID- 1806635
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Within the past decade the field of psychiatry has rediscovered the
      neuropsychiatric syndrome of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although
      excellently described over 150 years ago, for many years OCD was thought to be
      rare, untreatable, and to arise from hidden psychodynamic conflicts. All of these
      earlier ideas now appear to be wrong. Occurring in approximately 2% of adults,
      OCD consists of recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) or senseless repetitive
      actions (compulsions). Although the aetiology of OCD remains unclear, recent
      neuro-imaging studies implicate the basal ganglia and frontal cortex as crucial
      structures in the pathogenesis of OCD. Genetic studies demonstrate a clear
      genetic component to OCD and an interesting link with chronic motor tics and the
      Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Although a true cure for the disorder remains
      elusive, most OCD symptoms respond well to treatment with 5HT reuptake
      inhibitors. The phenomenology and aetiology of OCD will be reviewed, with
      particular emphasis placed on the proper pharmacological treatment of this
      sometimes crippling disorder.

PMID- 1806636
TI  - The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessional disorder.
AB  - Georges Gilles de la Tourette first drew attention to the psychopathology of the
      Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) in 1889 when he commented on the anxieties
      and phobias of his patients. In this paper he acknowledged the contribution of
      Guinon, who in 1886 had noted that "tiquers" nearly always had associated
      psychiatric disorders characterised by multiple phobias, arithmomania and
      agoraphobia. Since that time many types of psychopathology have been documented
      in association with GTS, including depression, anxiety, phobic disorder,
      hostility and aggression. However, the exact association between these disorders
      and GTS remains unclear. What is becoming increasingly evident is that there is a
      clear and strong association between obsessional thoughts and behaviours and GTS,
      and this is seen both in patients with GTS and in their family members. There
      have now been at least twenty investigations which have reported on this
      association, which is evident in clinic patients, epidemiological studies and
      family/pedigree populations. There have also been convincing arguments for the
      association being genetic.

PMID- 1806637
TI  - Fluvoxamine and alcoholism.
AB  - There has been much recent interest in the pharmacological manipulation of
      alcohol intake and alcohol seeking behaviour. An effective drug treatment could
      form an important part of a multi-modal treatment programme and could make
      controlled drinking more of a reality. In animal models the serotonin reuptake
      inhibitors, including fluvoxamine, have been consistently shown to reduce alcohol
      consumption, even in alcohol-preferring rat strains. Clinical studies have shown
      that these specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors may also be useful in
      significantly reducing the alcohol intake of a group of early stage problem
      drinkers. Although there are many possible mechanisms, the most likely mechanism
      to explain this mode of action of these specific serotonin antidepressants is
      that the serotonin enhancement they produce reduces the positive reinforcement
      properties of alcohol and thereby produces an anti-craving effect. These studies
      now need to be replicated, with particular attention being given to those
      patients who fulfil the criteria of the alcohol dependence syndrome. Such an
      ongoing study with fluvoxamine will be described.

PMID- 1806638
TI  - Microelectrode measurements of the transmembrane potential in baby hamster
      kidney, (Chinese hamster ovary), NG108-15 neuroblastoma and Swiss 3T3 cells at
      37.0 or 43.0 degrees C.
AB  - Hyperthermia affects the physical state and function of the plasma membrane. This
      could alter the transmembrane potential (Vm) and associated functions in a manner
      that promotes cell killing. Previous investigations have reported differing
      results of the effect of heat on Vm, possibly due to artifacts associated with
      the methods employed to measure Vm indirectly. One such artifact is a membrane
      depolarization induced by cationic probes, as demonstrated in this paper. In this
      study, glass microelectrodes were used to avoid these artifacts and to make
      direct electrical measurements of Vm. Following 25 min-30 min at 43.0 degrees C,
      The mean Vm of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, within clusters of six or more
      cells, decreased from -16 +/- 5 to -38 +/- 6 mV, and remained at these levels
      during incubation times up to 3 h. All CHO cells resumed a normal Vm within 4.5 h
      after returning to 37.0 degrees C, regardless of the time of exposure at 43.0
      degrees C (0.5 to 3.0 h, with survival levels of 0.7 and 0.001, respectively).
      The membrane hyperpolarization decreased with cell to cell contact to where
      isolated cells exhibited no hyperpolarization. CHO cultures with different cell
      densities (number of cells per cm2), and thus differing degrees of cell to cell
      contact, were heated and then subjected to the colony formation assay. The degree
      of cell to cell contact at the time of heating had no effect on survival. Hence,
      the heat-induced, cell contact dependent hypolarization of CHO cell membranes was
      unrelated to clonogenic survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806639
TI  - Differential heat sensitivity of normal and transformed Syrian golden hamster
      embryo cells in confluence.
AB  - The heat sensitivities of normal and transformed cells derived from Syrian golden
      hamster embryo (SHE) cells were investigated. There were no differences in heat
      sensitivities between normal and transformed cells when they were exponentially
      growing. When confluent cultures were heated in situ, only normal cells showed a
      reduced heat sensitivity, 4-5 times less than that of exponentially growing
      cells. However, when these confluent cultures were trypsinized, diluted in medium
      and heated in suspension, the difference disappeared. When mixed cultures of
      normal and transformed S11 cells in confluence were heated at 43 degrees C,
      transformed S11 cells were selectively killed. The induction of HSP70 synthesis
      by heating in normal SHE cells and transformed counterparts were investigated in
      confluence using monoclonal antibody. The rate of enhanced HSP70 synthesis after
      heat treatment did not correlate with the difference in heat sensitivities
      between normal and transformed SHE cells in confluence as measured by cell
      survival. The results that normal SHE cells become more resistant to heat than
      their transformed counterparts only in confluence suggest that cell-to-cell
      contact plays an important role in the heat resistance of normal SHE cells in
      vivo.

PMID- 1806640
TI  - Hyperthermic effects on viability and growth kinetics of human lymphoblastoid
      cells.
AB  - During clinical hyperthermia, various blood elements may be exposed to elevated
      temperatures. The effect of heat on human lymphocyte viability and human
      lymphoblastoid cell viability and growth was therefore measured. In the viability
      studies, cells were heated for different times and temperatures and stained with
      fluorescein diacetate either immediately of at various times after treatment; dye
      uptake was then analysed using fluorescence microscopy. There was no significant
      decrease in lymphocyte viability when assayed at 0 and 24 h after heating at 42
      43 degrees C for varying times. Similarly, when proliferating lymphoblastoid
      cells were heated at 42-43 degrees C, there was no decrease measured in viability
      immediately after heating. However, in contrast to the lymphocyte results, a
      progressive decrease of lymphoblastoid cell viability was observed with
      increasing time after treatment. A nadir in viability was observed 48-72 h after
      heating, followed by a subsequent apparent recovery. This recovery showed a
      correlation with cell growth, as well as lysis of non-viable cells. The cell
      population doubling time was also lengthened, with longer doubling times observed
      for more severe heat treatments.

PMID- 1806642
TI  - Localized thermo-cisplatin therapy: a pilot study in spontaneous canine and
      feline tumours.
AB  - Local hyperthermia combined with intralesional cisplatin chemotherapy is a
      logical and potentially effective therapeutic approach for localized cancers. A
      trial using outbred animals with spontaneously occurring tumours was initiated to
      evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of this approach. Treatment consisted of
      injection of a colloidal suspension of cisplatin into the tumour prior to
      hyperthermia once a week for 4 weeks. Immediately after intratumoral injection of
      a mixture of cisplatin and collagen, thermotherapy was given. The goal
      temperature was 42 +/- 1 degrees C for 30 min. Ten animals (nine dogs and one
      cat) with soft tissue neoplasms were treated with one to four hyperthermia and
      cisplatin sessions for a total of 30 treatment sessions. Complete responses
      occurred in 4/10 cases (one carcinoma, two sarcomas, one melanoma). One dog with
      haemangiopericytoma had partial response. The lack of systemic toxicity and the
      minimal local normal tissue reactions indicate that the treatments were well
      tolerated. These data provide preliminary evidence that a combination of local
      hyperthermia and intratumoral cisplatin chemotherapy is a safe and effective
      method for the treatment of selected localized neoplasms.

PMID- 1806641
TI  - Effect of hypoxia and acidosis on the cytotoxicity of six
      metal(ligand)4(rhodamine-123)2 complexes at normal and hyperthermic temperatures.
AB  - Several analogues of PtCl4(Rh-123)2 in which the metal may be Pt or Pd and the
      coordinated ligand may be -Cl, -CN or -NO2 were prepared and tested in cell
      culture with EMT-6 cells at normal (37 degrees C) and hyperthermic (42 degrees C
      and 43 degrees C) temperatures and various environmental conditions (normally
      oxygenated vs. hypoxic and pH 7.40 vs. pH 6.45). Pd is a much more reactive metal
      than Pt, while -CN and -NO2 are more tightly bound ligands than is -Cl. The goal
      of these studies was to define the complex with the least cytotoxicity at 37
      degrees C and the greatest enhancement in cytotoxicity under hyperthermic
      conditions. The Pt complexes Pt(CN)4(Rh-123)2 and Pt(NO2)4(Rh-123)2 were much
      less cytotoxic than PtCl4(Rh-123)2 under both normothermic and hyperthermic
      conditions. The Pd complexes were, in general, more cytotoxic than the
      corresponding Pt complexes. The level of metal (Pt or Pd) in the cells did not
      appear to be a major factor in the level of cytotoxicity obtained. Complexes
      which were not cytotoxic at 37 degrees C regardless of oxygenation level or pH
      did not become cytotoxic at hyperthermic temperatures. In conclusion, the optimal
      members of this series were the complexes with chloro ligands, indicating that
      aquation is probably a necessary step in the cytotoxic mechanism and cytotoxicity
      at 37 degrees C was necessary to obtain cytotoxicity at higher temperatures.

PMID- 1806643
TI  - Addition of mitomycin C to cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II)/hyperthermia/radiation therapy in the FSaIIC
      fibrosarcoma.
AB  - Hyperthermia (temperatures greater than or equal to 42 degrees C) is used
      clinically to improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy and, although
      therapeutic gains have been reported, efficacy is limited when tumours are large
      and/or radiation tolerance is reduced. In order to improve the utility of the
      hyperthermia/radiation combination we have tested the addition of cisplatin
      (CDDP) in the laboratory and in the clinic. Our clinical studies have shown that
      the CDDP/hyperthermia/radiation combination is tolerable and effective, but
      laboratory investigations demonstrated a relative lack of cytotoxicity in the
      hypoxic tumour subpopulation. In order to improve the effectiveness of the
      CDDP/hyperthermia/radiation combination against hypoxic cells we have evaluated
      the addition of mitomycin C, a hypoxic cell cytotoxic agent to this combination.
      Mitomycin C (5 mg/kg) i.p. produced a tumour growth delay (TGD) of about 5.3 days
      in the FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma; hyperthermia (43 degrees C x 30 min) caused
      only about 1.4 day TGD and the combination of mitomycin C followed immediately by
      hyperthermia caused a TGD of about 8.6 days. CDDP (5 mg/kg) i.p. followed by
      hyperthermia and then 3 Gy on day 1 only of a 5 day x 3 Gy radiation protocol
      produced a TGD of about 25 days. With the addition of mitomycin C just before
      CDDP a TGD of about 44 days resulted. Whole tumour excision experiments
      demonstrated that mitomycin C was highly interactive with CDDP at 37 degrees C
      and was dose-modifying. When used with CDDP and hyperthermia, however, mitomycin
      C added little additional cytotoxicity. Hoechst 33342 dye diffusion-determined
      tumour subpopulation studies indicated a marked effect of the addition of
      mitomycin C in the dim (enriched in hypoxic cells) subpopulation and nearby equal
      cytotoxicity in both bright (enriched in euoxic cells) and dim cells resulted.
      These investigations suggest considerable potential therapeutic efficacy to the
      addition of mitomycin C to the CDDP/hyperthermia/radiation combination.

PMID- 1806644
TI  - Effect of environmental conditions (pH, oxygenation and temperature) on the
      cytotoxicity of flavone acetic acid and its dimethylaminoethyl ester.
AB  - Bioflavonoids are known to inhibit enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and have
      been reported to decrease tumour blood flow. The antineoplastic capabilities of
      flavone acetic acid (FAA), dimethylaminoethyl-flavone-8-acetate (FAA ester) and
      quercitin (Q) as a function of pH, level of oxygenation and in conjunction with
      hyperthermia or SR-4233. In vitro, exposure of FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma cells
      to various concentrations of FAA or FAA ester for 1 h demonstrated that both
      drugs were slightly more toxic toward hypoxic cells at 37 degrees C and pH 7.40
      (but were somewhat less cytotoxic at pH 6.45 and 37 degrees C) than towards
      normally oxygenated cells. The cytotoxicity of FAA and FAA ester increased only
      minimally by concomitant treatment of cells at 42 degrees C or 43 degrees C. When
      temperatures of tumour-bearing mice anaesthetized with chloral hydrate and
      pentobarbital were measured both FAA (200 mg/kg) and Q (200 mg/kg) caused a more
      rapid drop in tumour versus core temperature, indicating a relative shutdown of
      tumour blood flow had been produced by these flavonoids. In Hoechst 33342 dye
      defined subpopulations, both FAA and Q were only minimally cytotoxic in the
      subpopulation enriched in euoxic (bright) cells, producing surviving fractions of
      0.70 and 0.29, respectively but were approximately 2-fold and 3-fold respectively
      more toxic towards the subpopulation enriched in hypoxic (dim) cells. When FAA
      preceded hyperthermia approximately a 3-4-fold increase in cell kill resulted
      from the combination in both subpopulations. Finally, when SR-4233, a selective
      hypoxic cell cytotoxic agent, was administered prior to FAA or Q and followed by
      hyperthermia the level of tumour cell killing increased so that the surviving
      fractions were 0.009 and 0.0055, respectively, in the dim cell subpopulation.
      These results indicate that FAA, FAA ester and Q may be most effectively used in
      a setting involving a combined modality regimen with a focus on the hypoxic
      tumour cell population.

PMID- 1806645
TI  - Evaluation of the Sigma 60 applicator for regional hyperthermia in terms of
      scattering parameters.
AB  - Scattering parameters adequately describe the interference between ports of a
      multiportal electromagnetic device when the device dimensions are comparable with
      the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves within the device. Since the Sigma 60
      applicator is a four-port electromagnetic device, the interference between ports
      (quadrants) is described by a 4 x 4 scattering matrix. The load and frequency
      dependence of the scattering parameters were studied. The exact values of the
      parameters depends on the load within the applicator, but typically have minima
      at frequencies around 80 MHz and sometimes at 100-110 MHz. The effects of the
      coupling between quadrants can be substantial. Marked changes in the heating
      pattern can occur, particularly if the phase of the coupling element and the
      phase between quadrants both approach 90 degrees. Examples are shown in which the
      effects of coupling can qualitatively alter the intended SAR pattern. Simple
      steps which can be taken to minimize this phenomenon are demonstrated.
      Recommendations for clinical practice are discussed. Scattering parameters
      obtained with a non-absorbing phantom can be used for the quality assurance
      evaluation of the device.

PMID- 1806646
TI  - Phantom studies and preliminary clinical experience with the BSD 2000.
AB  - The BSD 2000 system is an array of microwave antennas operating in the 60-120 MHz
      range. It is a four-quadrant regional hyperthermia device with phase control
      permitting the operator to choose the point of constructive interference. A
      computer preplanning system is provided. We have compared the computer
      predictions with measured relative specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions
      in muscle equivalent phantoms and pig cadaver. The predicted SAR distribution is
      in qualitative agreement with observation, although differences of approximately
      3-5 cm in the location of iso- SAR contours were noted. The longitudinal
      dependence of relative of distance cephalad to the central plane of the power
      distribution was measured, and it was found that a length of 15-20 cm was covered
      by the 50% iso-SAR. SAR measurements in the spinal canal of a pig cadaver showed
      that, even at resonance frequency, the measured SAR in the cervical spine was
      small (0.07 of central axis SAR). However, the spinal canal SAR as measured in
      the central plane of an evenly balanced configuration was 0.6 of the peak SAR.
      Marked reduction of the spinal canal SAR could be obtained with steering
      techniques and was in good agreement with the computer preplan. This paper
      reviews preliminary clinical experience with 17 patients. All but 2 patients were
      treated with steering techniques to permit partial sparing of normal tissues. The
      goal of maintaining central tumour temperature at or above 42 degrees C for at
      least 30 min was maintained in 41 of 67 sessions (61%) and in at least one
      session for all but 2 patients. Seventy-seven per cent of monitored tumor points
      attained at least 42 degrees C in patients for whom thermal mapping was
      performed. Significant cardiovascular stress developed during hyperthermia in two
      patients. There have been five complete responses and seven partial responses in
      the 17 patients.

PMID- 1806647
TI  - Optimization of the intensity gain of multiple-focus phased-array heating
      patterns.
AB  - A new technique for enhancing the intensity gain at the focal points in multiple
      focus patterns is introduced. The new technique is shown to be effective in
      reducing the interference typically associated with multiple-focus patterns. This
      reduction in interference patterns allows multiple-focus scanning to generate
      highly localized heating. Simulation results indicate that multiple-focus
      scanning not only provides an alternative to single-focus scanning, but also
      achieves better localization in the heating pattern. The maximization of
      intensity gain of multiple-focus heating patterns significantly reduces the pre
      focal-depth high-temperature regions that can be caused by single-focus scanning.
      This is shown by computer simulation of a two-dimensional cylindrical-section
      array (CSA2D) as a heating applicator. Two series of simulations are presented in
      which different scan trajectories were used to therapeutically heat a small deep
      seated target volume. In every case the heating pattern was generated using
      single-focus scanning and multiple-focus scanning (with and without intensity
      gain maximization). Multiple-focus scanning with gain maximization offers the
      best localization of heating to the target volume of the three methods.

PMID- 1806648
TI  - Use of induced hyperglycaemia (IHG) for the improvement of hyperthermia efficacy
      in cancer therapy.

PMID- 1806650
TI  - Physico-chemical and morphological studies of horse dentin.
AB  - The well-developed thick peritubular matrix (PM) in the middle layer of horse
      dentin was physico-chemically and also morphologically compared with the
      intertubular matrix (IM) and the enamel using several microscopes. In scanning
      laser microscopy, the PM showed a higher laser-beam reflection than the IM, and
      the contrast image was similar to that of the backscattered electrons by SEM, but
      to be lower than that of X-ray opacity in microradiography. By SEM-EDX, Ca, P,
      and Mg were detected from the PM and IM. The mineral content of the PM composed
      of 15-20 nm sandygrain-shaped crystallites under SEM was significantly higher
      than that of the IM, but lower than the enamel. The PM/IM in each Ca and P
      content by weight showed a low average of 1.11, which corresponded to that of
      their specific gravities previously reported. In Vickers hardness tests, the PM
      was significantly harder than the IM but softer than the enamel. The PM/IM in the
      microhardness number showed a high average of 1.85.

PMID- 1806649
TI  - Appearance of the reticular cells which trap antigens in the rat lymph node in
      postnatal development.
AB  - The cells binding and retaining immune complexes on their cell surface existed in
      rat lymph nodes with no germinal centers. This study attempted to clarify the
      relationship between the two types of cells, reticular cells and follicular
      dendritic cells (FDCs), in the rat lymph node at early stages of postnatal
      development by immuno-electron microscopy on anti-horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      and HRP injected rat. On the 19th and 23rd day after birth, germinal centers were
      not yet constructed nor were typical FDCs visible. However, immune complex
      binding cells were observed on the 23rd day, and not on the 19th. HRP reactive
      materials (immune complexes) were localized between lymphocytes and large lucent
      cells, making meshworks. They were revealed by electron microscopy on the cell
      surface which invaginated into the cytoplasm. The HRP reactive cells extended
      their cytoplasmic processes and formed a connection by their processes. They were
      reticular cells which enclosed reticular fibers by their cytoplasmic processes or
      contacted with reticular fibers closely. The reticular cells may be precursors of
      the FDCs.

PMID- 1806651
TI  - Influence of subepithelial deposits on permeability of the glomerular capillary
      wall in serum sickness nephritis in the rat.
AB  - Serum sickness nephritis was induced in male Fisher rats by immunization with egg
      albumin (EA). Correlations of subepithelial deposits (SD) with size and charge
      barriers of the glomerular filter were investigated using native (NF) and
      cationized (CF) ferritin as tracer probes. In proteinuric animals large numbers
      of NF molecules perfused from the abdominal aorta were observed to cross the
      glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and enter SD. The concentration of NF
      molecules was higher in GBM segments with SD than in GBM segments without SD, and
      the concentration of these molecules was higher within SD than in the intervening
      GBM. In contrast, CF clusters were fewer in number in the lamina rara externa
      (LRE) of GBM segments with SD than in the GBM segments without SD. CF particles
      could not be observed within SD, even in the areas of podocyte detachment. It is
      suggested that permeability in GBM segments with SD increases and that the
      development of proteinuria in this model can be attributed to alterations in both
      charge- and size-selective barriers to glomerular filtration.

PMID- 1806652
TI  - Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in the Golgi apparatus of calcitonin-treated
      osteoclasts.
AB  - The thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activity described by Novikoff and
      Goldfisher was examined in osteoclasts affected by calcitonin in order to
      elucidate whether the morphological and functional changes of the osteoclasts
      have an influence over the secretion function of their Golgi apparatus. The Golgi
      apparatus of osteoclasts of which the ruffled border had disappeared and bone
      resorption discontinued as the result of treatment with calcitonin showed a
      slight TPPase activity. The reaction products of the enzyme in these inactive
      osteoclasts were distinctly fewer than that of control osteoclasts, which were
      not affected by calcitonin. From these results, it is suggested that there may be
      a connection between the morphological and functional changes of osteoclasts and
      the secretion function of the Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 1806653
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase activity in the osteoclasts induced by experimental tooth
      movement.
AB  - The localization of alkaline phosphatase (Alpase) activity in the osteoclasts was
      examined cytochemically. Alpase activity was located in the basolateral membrane
      in mature osteoclasts having ruffled borders and clear zones, and also in the
      basolateral membrane in the osteoclasts lacking a ruffled border or a clear zone
      on the bone surface. But in the preosteoclasts situated away from the bone
      surface the enzyme activity was noted in the whole plasma membrane. These results
      suggest that the localization of Alpase activity may be altered in relation to
      the changes in morphology associated with the functional activity of the
      osteoclasts.

PMID- 1806654
TI  - Three-dimensional representation and quantification of endosomes in the rat
      kidney proximal tubule cell.
AB  - The organization of the endosomal compartment in the rat kidney proximal tubule
      cell was studied by computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction based on
      tracing of serial thin sections. Besides the well-documented endocytic elements
      such as small vesicles, tubules and large vacuoles, the endosomal compartment
      contained a prominent structural complex consisting of a central vacuolar element
      (with diameters up to 2000 nm) and associated systems of radiating tubular
      profiles. The large endosomes examined had from two to twenty-four tubules as
      straight or bending extensions directed randomly from the central vacuole. The
      tubules were 70-90 nm in diameter and varied with the length up to 1500 nm.
      Quantitative evaluation from examples of the large endosomes with more than ten
      tubular extensions, showed that 25-40% of the membrane resided in the tubular
      portion in contrast to 5-10% of the volume. These results indicate the high
      efficiency of the role of the endosomal tubules as a mediator of the membrane
      recycling, because the tubules simultaneously allow retention of most of the
      content in the central vacuole during the recycling process.

PMID- 1806655
TI  - [Kinetics of receptor-mediated endocytosis of polypeptide hormones that governs
      the overall hormone disposition in the body: analysis of the uptake process of
      epidermal growth factor by the liver and kidney].
AB  - A remarkable feature of the disposition of polypeptide hormones and their
      analogues is the contribution of specific binding sites (receptors) to the
      polypeptides distribution and clearance in the body. The concept of "clearance
      receptor" is now well established, and receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) is
      known as a general mechanism in the uptake of biologically important
      polypeptides. This review article focuses on the kinetic analysis of the RME of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) based mainly on our observations of EGF handling by
      the liver and kidney. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the tissue distribution of EGF
      in rats performed in vivo clarified that the uptake of EGF by the liver and
      kidney exhibited clear saturation with Km values of 7 nM and 0.4 nM,
      respectively, and that both tissues could account for more than 80% of the total
      plasma clearance of EGF in the distribution phase. The hepatic and renal
      handlings of EGF by isolated perfused organs were also analyzed to obtain the
      kinetic parameters with respect to RME. In the overall RME process in the liver,
      the EGF-receptor association and dissociation processes are rapid (mean time less
      than 1 min), the degradation process is much slower (mean time 4-5 h) and the
      internalization process is intermediate (mean time 4-5 min). The mean time
      required for the recovery of receptors after being down-regulated in the liver is
      approximately 30 min, and was much shorter than those in other tissues. Such
      rapid recovery from the receptor down regulation in the liver reflects the
      process of recycling of internalized EGF receptors to the cell surface. The
      kinetic parameters obtained from the perfused livers and from isolated
      hepatocytes were compared, and a significant difference was observed only for the
      association rate constant (kon). A hypothesis accounting for this difference is
      proposed, in which the association rate of EGF to the cell surface receptor is
      considered to be limited by the diffusion in the unstirred water layer in the
      interstitial space of the intact liver such as the perfused liver. The comparison
      of EGF handling between the filtering and nonfiltering perfused kidneys
      demonstrated that the bulk of receptor-mediated EGF uptake takes place via the
      antiluminal plasma membrane with very high affinity (Kd = 0.1 nM).

PMID- 1806656
TI  - [Our drug metabolism studies during the last four decades].
AB  - The drug metabolism studies in which we have been engaging for about 40 years
      since 1952 are briefly reviewed in this paper. Our main efforts were initially
      made to elucidate the metabolic fates of various abused drugs including
      barbiturates, carbamates, opioids, amphetamines and cannabinoids in mammals from
      pharmacological and toxicological points of view. Among the interesting findings
      obtained from these studies, the most remarkable one was that morphine-6
      glucuronide, a minor metabolite of morphine, has much stronger analgesic activity
      than morphine. Recently we have also been interested in clarifying the enzyme
      system involved in the metabolic pathways of the above drugs. Several cytochrome
      P-450 isozymes were thus purified from the liver microsomes of mammals and their
      role in oxygenation of amphetamines and cannabinoids were elucidated. The finding
      that MALDO (microsomal aldehyde oxygenase), a purified P-450 isozyme, could
      catalyze an oxidation of lipid-soluble aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic
      acids was most noticeable. Metabolic and toxicologic studies on furylfuramide (AF
      2) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) have also been performed using rats and
      other animal species, and some interesting results were obtained.

PMID- 1806657
TI  - [Effects of tissue cultured ginseng on the function of the stomach and small
      intestine].
AB  - Effects of tissue cultured ginseng on the function of the stomach and small
      intestine were compared with those of cultivated ginseng. Fifty percent ethanol
      extracts of the tissue cultured and cultivated ginseng stimulated
      gastrointestinal propulsion in mice. The tissue cultured ginseng also inhibited
      ulcer formation induced by water immersion and restraint stress, and ligature of
      the pylorus. In contrast, the cultivated ginseng showed no such inhibitory
      action.

PMID- 1806658
TI  - [Effects of tissue cultured ginseng on gastric secretion and pepsin activity].
AB  - Effects of the tissue cultured and cultivated ginseng on gastric secretion and
      pepsin activity were investigated. Fifty percent ethanol extracts of both
      cultured and cultivated ginsengs reduced gastric secretion and acid output in
      pylorus-ligated rats. They did not affect pepsin activity. The tissue cultured
      ginseng inhibited histamine and pentagastrin-induced acid secretion in rats,
      whereas the cultivated ginseng showed no such effect. They also suppressed acid
      secretion induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and baclofen [beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma
      aminobutyric acid], which are known to stimulate gastric acid secretion via the
      central nervous system. However, they had no effect on acid secretion induced by
      vagal stimulation. These results suggest that both tissue cultured and cultivated
      ginsengs may have an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion. The effect seems to
      be due to the inhibition of acid secretion via the central nervous system.

PMID- 1806659
TI  - [Purification and some properties of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from
      pig adrenal cytosol].
AB  - A 3 alpha-reducing activity of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) was
      found in pig adrenal cytosol. The enzyme (3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3
      alpha-HSD) has been purified to homogeneity from pig adrenal cytosol by ammonium
      sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose, 2', 5'-adenosine diphosphate
      Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographies. The molecular weight was
      estimated to be 33,000 and 39,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric point was estimated to be 8.5 by
      isoelectric focusing. The Km and Vmax values for 5 alpha-DHT in the reduction
      were 10.2 microM and 10.6 nmol/min/mg. The enzyme utilized reduced nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or reduced nicotine amide adenine
      dinucleotide (NADH) in the reduction as a cofactor, but it preferentially
      required NADPH rather than NADH. Furthermore, the purified enzyme catalyzed not
      only 3 alpha-reduction of 5 alpha-DHT (9.65 nmol/min/mg), but also catalyzed 20
      alpha-reduction of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (0.58 nmol/min/mg). The enzyme
      activity of 3 alpha-HSD was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, but it was not inhibited
      by medroxyprogesterone acetate and some anti-inflammatory agents. No remarkable
      differences was demonstrated between 3 alpha-HSD and 20 alpha-HSD activity under
      the influence of heat treatment, divalent cation, anti-inflammatory agents and
      some inhibitory steroids. These results strongly suggest that 3 alpha-HSD
      purified from pig adrenal cytosol is a bi-functional enzyme catalyzing 3 alpha-
      and 20 alpha-HSD activities.

PMID- 1806660
TI  - [Development and evaluation of the comment aid system for therapeutic drug
      monitoring. I. Application to valproate].
AB  - A comment aid system for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which produces the
      primary comment on the dosage regimen of valproate, was developed. This system
      produces consulting comments with a fuzzy theory, by using the dosage regimen of
      valproate, pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by the Bayesian method, and
      therapeutic effect and toxicity of anticonvulsants evaluated by the physician.
      For nearly 90% in 42 cases, comments of the system were agreeable comparing with
      the notes of TDM technologists. There are a few disagreements between this system
      and experts, mainly because the system does not use enough information about
      combination therapy with other anticonvulsants. Developed comment aid system
      shows some clinical and educational utility, and suggests significance and
      possibility of more useful and al around TDM expert system. Then this system
      might be available as a prototype of the TDM expert system.

PMID- 1806661
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in tea leaves by high
      performance liquid chromatography].
AB  - The quantitative analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in tea (Camellia
      sinensis L.) was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
      a C-18 reversed-phase column. EGCG was then eluted within 20 min by using
      methanol-water-acetic acid (20:75:5 (v/v/v)) as an eluent. As an internal
      standard, tryptophan was used. The content of EGCG in five kinds of green tea
      (sencha, gyokuro, bancha, matsucha and oolong tea) and in a cup of those was
      determined by both the extraction method with 50% (v/v) methanol and the infusion
      method with water. The largest amount of EGCG was obtained from matsucha by the
      extraction method, or from sencha by the infusion method. Furthermore, EGCG
      contents in various parts of the tea plant were examined. The first leaf had the
      highest concentration of EGCG, and the concentration of EGCG decreased with the
      aging of the leaf.

PMID- 1806662
TI  - [Gastrointestinal absorption of nitrofurantoin: evaluation of a newly developed
      method for determination of the gastrointestinal transit time in dogs].
AB  - The relationship between the oral absorption and gastrointestinal transit time of
      nitrofurantoin was investigated in dogs by the double-marker method using
      acetaminophen and salicylazosulfapyridine as markers. The extent of
      bioavailability of nitrofurantoin gave correlations with both gastric emptying
      time and small intestinal transit time. The results indicate that the slower the
      passage from the stomach into the small intestine and/or the longer the residence
      time in the small intestine, the oral absorption efficiency of nitrofurantoin
      increases. These observations were consistent with the reported findings from in
      situ absorption study in rats and intestinal intubation study in humans,
      respectively. Moreover, it was clarified that small intestinal transit time is
      the most important determinant of absorption of nitrofurantoin, since the good
      correlation was observed between the small intestinal transit time and the extent
      of bioavailability. The double-marker method appears consequently to be useful
      tool for the determination of the gastrointestinal transit time in dogs.

PMID- 1806663
TI  - Gender roles, suicide attempts, and substance abuse.
AB  - In this article, the focus is on a comparison of suicide attempts and substance
      abuse in the United States. It is argued that suicide attempts and substance
      abuse may function as psychologically equivalent but gender-specialized forms of
      self-injurious behaviors. Possible explanations for the gender segregation of
      suicide attempts and substance abuse are reviewed, and the benefits of crossover
      theories and treatments are presented.

PMID- 1806664
TI  - Psychological adjustment among adult children of alcoholics: a cross-cultural
      study.
AB  - In this study, we compared Hispanic and Caucasian college students identified as
      adult children of alcoholics in terms of psychological adjustment using the
      Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms (DIPS; Vincent, 1985). Results
      of the study suggested that, among college students, Caucasian men seem to be at
      a greater risk for using alcohol and drugs than Caucasian women or Hispanic men
      and women.

PMID- 1806665
TI  - Gender differences in drinking motivations and outcomes.
AB  - To investigate gender differences in the dynamics of alcohol use, we gathered
      self-reported data from male and female college students. Results of our
      experiment showed that dominance power motivations were correlated with negative
      drinking outcomes for both men and women; assertiveness power motivations were
      associated with negative outcomes only for women. For both sexes, a higher
      proportion of positive social motivations was associated with fewer negative
      drinking outcomes. We expect that, in addition to the more traditionally defined
      needs for dominance power shown to be important for drinking among men, women may
      use alcohol in relation to needs for assertiveness and self-expression.

PMID- 1806666
TI  - Neurotic nucleus and test anxiety.
AB  - Undergraduate university students (N = 103) participated in a study of the
      relationship between test anxiety and the variables of trait anxiety, self
      esteem, locus of control, mental ability, and gender. Results indicated bivariate
      associations between total test anxiety and the other measures except for mental
      ability. Further analyses revealed independent relationships between the "worry"
      component of test anxiety and the variables of trait anxiety, internality,
      chance, and mental ability. We also found independent associations between the
      "emotionality" aspect of test anxiety and the measures of trait anxiety and
      chance.

PMID- 1806667
TI  - Derivation and implications of MMPI cluster groups in clinically depressed
      inpatient females.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to subclassify clinically depressed patients based
      on a cluster-analytic examination of the MMPI. Subjects were 79 female inpatients
      with major depression. A cluster analysis of the MMPI validity and clinical
      scales resulted in three clusters labeled psychotic (287 MMPI profile), hostile
      (24 MMPI profile), and histrionic (32 MMPI profile) depression. The psychotic
      group exhibited the greatest depression as measured by the Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI). The psychotic and hostile groups, however, did not differ on
      other associated aspects of depression, such as negative cognitions,
      nonassertiveness, or personality style. The hostile group reported the fewest
      physical difficulties and the most excessive alcohol use. The groups, however,
      did not differ on other aspects of depression history or presentation such as
      family history of depression or previous hospitalizations. A repeated measures
      ANOVA for the three cluster groups on the BDI at admission, discharge, and 6
      months after discharge indicated that all groups showed improvement at discharge
      but that only the hostile depressive group continued to show improvement at the 6
      month follow-up.

PMID- 1806668
TI  - Responses of medial geniculate neurons to species-specific vocalized sounds in
      the guinea pig.
AB  - We obtained extracellular single-unit recordings in the medial geniculate body
      (MG) of guinea pigs, and studied the responses of MG neurons to pure-tone stimuli
      and to species-specific vocalized sounds. Of pure-tone sensitive neurons with a
      characteristic frequency (CF) within the frequency range of the vocalized sounds,
      only 29% responded to the vocalized sound, 6% were inhibited by the vocalized
      sound, and 30% showed no response to the vocalized sounds. The responsiveness of
      MG neurons to the vocalized sound was low. The majority of neurons responsive to
      the vocalized sounds showed discharge patterns which were not predictable from
      response properties to pure tones. These results suggest the presence of neurons
      which specifically respond to the complex feature of sound in the subcortical MG
      level of the guinea pig.

PMID- 1806669
TI  - Ventilatory responses in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - We investigated the ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in patients
      with essential hypertension (HT) as compared with healthy subjects (NV). Further,
      to evaluate the contribution of the peripheral chemoreceptors to ventilatory
      response, we used a withdrawal test. Hypoxic ventilatory drive (HVR) was measured
      as the parameter A denoting the shape of VI (inspiratory minute ventilation)
      PETO2 (end-tidal PO2) curve which was calculated by the empirical equation: VI =
      V0 + A/(PETO2-32). Hypercapnic ventilatory drive (HCVR) was measured as the
      parameter S denoting the shape of the VI-PETCO2 (end-tidal PCO2) relation which
      was calculated by the empirical equation: VI = S(PETCO2-B). There were no
      significant differences in the parameters of HVR and HCVR between NV and HT. A
      positive correlation between A/BSA and S/BSA was found to be significant in NV (r
      = 0.873, p less than 0.05). Conversely, there was no significant correlation
      between A/BSA and S/BSA (r = 0.547) in HT. On the other hand, the withdrawal
      responses (delta VI/BSA and % delta VI:delta VI/VI x 100%) were obtained from the
      magnitude of depression in ventilation caused by two breaths of O2 in hypoxic
      hypercapnia. In the withdrawal responses, delta VI/BSA and % delta VI in HT were
      significantly higher than those in NV. A/BSA significantly correlated with delta
      VI/BSA (NV, r = 0.684, p less than 0.05; HT, r = 0.648, p less than 0.05) in both
      NV and HT. However, delta VI/BSA in HT tended to be higher than that in NV, under
      the same value of A/BSA. These results suggested that the peripheral
      chemoreceptor activity was augmented in HT.

PMID- 1806670
TI  - Assessment of threshold and saturation pressure in the baroreflex function curve:
      a new mathematical analysis.
AB  - The baroreflex function has been assessed with logistic function analysis, a
      mathematical model suitable for function curves of sigmoid shape. The nonlinear
      (sigmoid) relationship between carotid sinus pressure (CSP) and systemic arterial
      pressure (SAP) reflects threshold and saturation of the SAP responses to CSP
      changes. The threshold and saturation pressures (TP and SP) are often determined
      by gross inspection from the experimental recordings. Objective and accurate
      determination of TP and SP may be achieved by mathematical analysis. Kent et al.
      (Cardiology, Vol. 57, pp. 295-310, 1972) provided equations that estimated SP and
      TP to be +/- 1.317/k from the midrange CSP (k, the slope coefficient of a curve).
      Tan et al. (Circ. Res., Vol. 65, pp. 63-70, 1989) recently used an equation to
      calculate TP based on the consideration that it is about 95% of the maximal SAP.
      In this report, we elaborated new equations for the estimation of SP and TP,
      which approximate midrange pressure +/- 2/k. The accuracy of these new equations
      compared to other equations was tested using various sets of simulation data. In
      addition, experiments were conducted in anesthetized dogs with isolated carotid
      sinus. The open-loop CSP-SAP curves were obtained following various holding
      pressure (HPs) to demonstrate the phenomenon of baroreflex acute resetting. The
      effects of using different equations on the values of TP, SP, and delta TP/delta
      HP (extent of resetting) were analyzed. Both simulation and experimental data
      revealed that the equations of Kent et al. gave rise to values of TP and SP far
      different from the realistic values. The values of TP calculated by equation of
      Tan et al. were dependent on the maximal SAP and the slope of the function curve.
      The TP and SP (+/- 2/k from the midrange pressure of the sigmoid curve) obtained
      by our new equations were not significantly affected by the maximal SAP and the
      curve slope. The mathematical analysis may be particularly useful for comparison
      among various baroreflex curves with different maximal SAP and/or curve slope.

PMID- 1806671
TI  - Influence of central respiratory activity on the cough response in anesthetized
      dogs.
AB  - Cough responses evoked by mechanical stimulation of the tracheobronchial mucosa
      in anesthetized and tracheostomized dogs were studied. The most common response
      was a group of coughs. Phase relationships between coughing and spontaneous
      respiration during the cough initiation and resolution periods were categorized
      as either synchronized or unsynchronized. We defined the synchronization as the
      coincidence of an expiratory thrust and the early-expiratory phase of
      respiration. During the cough initiation period, the incidence of synchronization
      increased as central respiratory activity was enhanced by hypercapnia or as the
      cough center's activity was suppressed by deep anesthesia. Synchronization
      decreased as central expiratory activity was enhanced by expiratory threshold
      loading. During the cough resolution period, synchronization occurred in
      conjunction with a gradual decrease in the cough center's activity. Coughing
      could be evoked when the dog was made apneic either by hyperventilation or by the
      Hering-Breuer reflex. In either case, apnea persisted after coughing subsided.
      These findings suggest that mechanical stimulation directly activates the cough
      center rather than the respiratory center; and that synchronization is determined
      by the relative strengths of the respiratory and cough center's activities.

PMID- 1806672
TI  - Hypoxic inhibition of respiratory neural regulation in anesthetized rats.
AB  - To determine the neural mechanism of hypoxic respiratory inhibition, discharge
      patterns of efferent phrenic (Phr), vagal superior laryngeal (Xsl), and vagal
      pharyngeal (Xphar) nerves were analyzed during systemic hypoxia in the urethane
      anesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated rat. In the carotid sinus
      nerve (CSN) intact rat, moderate hypoxia (end-tidal Po2, 40-50 mmHg) caused an
      initial increase in respiratory activity which was followed by inhibition due to
      reduction in respiratory frequency (f). The decrease in f was associated with
      prolongation of decremental Xphar expiratory (E) activity and retardation of the
      onset of inspiratory (I) activity. Integrated peak Phr or Xs1 I and Xphar E
      activities remained augmented during respiratory inhibition. After bilateral CSN
      section, moderate hypoxia produced an extreme reduction in f due to delayed onset
      of I activity and a strong reduction in the Xphar E activity. Phr and Xs1 I
      activities were little affected, and changes in inspiratory time were small.
      These results suggest that hypoxia centrally inhibits the process of initiating
      the onset of rhythmic I activity and the activity of decremental Xphar E
      motoneurons. Carotid chemoreceptor stimulation was inadequate to offset the
      central inhibitory effect of hypoxia on the onset of I activity.

PMID- 1806673
TI  - Deformability of mammalian and fish erythrocytes: comparison of mean pore transit
      times of cells and estimation of cellular viscosity and elasticity.
AB  - Red blood cells (RBCs) of various species of mammals and fish were subjected to a
      modified Nuclepore filtration test, which determines average time required for
      cells to pass through filter pores under constant suction. The values so far
      obtained, when plotted against the ratio of mean cell diameter to pore diameter,
      fall in a region given by a formula, which has been derived from a simple
      viscoelastic model for the deformation of a cell, for a small range of cellular
      viscosity (1.0-2.0 x 10(3) dyn.s/cm for mammals at 37 degrees C, 3.0-5.0 x 10(-3)
      dyn.s/cm for fish at 15 degrees C). Furthermore, estimates of cellular elasticity
      given from pore transit times at the cell-pore diameter ratio beyond 2.0 also
      fall in a similar range (0.5-1.0 dyn/cm) for both the mammalian and fish cells.
      It is thus suggested that RBC filterability may not differ greatly, when compared
      at a comparative temperature, between different species studied so far, including
      mammals and fish, for a relatively large range of the extent to which cells are
      caused to deform. A question then arises about the shape and cytoplasm factors
      which have been accepted as the primary determinants of RBC deformability.

PMID- 1806674
TI  - Structure and mineral content in weight-bearing bones following hindlimb
      suspension in young rats.
AB  - Responses of structure and mineral content in weight-bearing bones to 1-week
      hindlimb suspension were studied in growing rats. The weight, volume, and length
      of femur, tibia, and fibula were less in suspended rats than cage controls,
      although there was no significant difference in the weight/volume ratio. The
      diameter of mid-shaft, the thickness of cortical bone, and the ratio of cortical
      bone thickness to femur diameter were significantly less in the suspended rats.
      The width of marrow space showed no differences, suggesting that the cortical
      bone was mainly affected. The sum of mineral content and the mineral content per
      diameter in the cross section of femurs were decreased following suspension,
      suggesting a change in the internal structure of cortical bone. Data also
      indicated that the reduction of femur diameter was caused by decreased thickness
      which is accompanied by the decreased mineral content of the cortical bone. It
      was suggested that there is a close relationship between the responses of bones
      and muscles to hindlimb suspension of young rats, although the degree of weight
      loss was greater in muscles than in bones.

PMID- 1806675
TI  - Sodium/calcium exchange in tonic skeletal muscle fibers of the frog.
AB  - The Na/Ca exchange system was investigated by contractile response to alteration
      of the extracellular sodium concentration in tonic skeletal muscle fibers of the
      frog. Contractures were evoked when the extracellular sodium was reduced or
      withdrawn in the normal solution. This effect was not associated with membrane
      depolarizations. In the presence of d-tubocurarine, the amplitude and time course
      of sodium withdrawal contractures were modified, except when sodium was replaced
      by TEA. When external calcium was omitted from the solution, the tension of
      sodium withdrawal contracture was greatly reduced. This effect was reversible.
      These results suggest that Na/Ca exchange is present in the membrane of tonic
      skeletal muscle fibers of the frog. This conclusion is further supported by the
      effect of veratridine and strophantidin, which increase the tension of the low
      sodium contractures.

PMID- 1806676
TI  - Equivalent heart rate during ventricular fibrillation in the dog heart:
      mechanoenergetic analysis.
AB  - We propose equivalent heart rate (eHR) as an estimate of the frequency of
      contractions of individual myocytes in a fibrillating ventricle by analyzing
      mechanics and energetics of the ventricle. Using the isolated, cross-circulated
      dog heart preparation, we determined eHR in two different ways. First, we
      obtained eHR (eHR1) from myocardial O2 consumption (Vo2)-equivalent pressure
      volume area (ePVA) data points during ventricular fibrillation (VF) by utilizing
      the Vo2-pressure-volume area (PVA) relation in the beating state. PVA is the area
      surrounded by the end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations and
      the systolic pressure-volume trajectory in the pressure-volume diagram. PVA has
      been shown to represent the total mechanical energy generated by each
      contraction. We have recently proposed ePVA as a measure of the total mechanical
      energy generated by single contractions of all individual asynchronously
      contracting myocytes in a fibrillating ventricle. ePVA is the area surrounded by
      the horizontal line at the VF pressure and the end-systolic and end-diastolic
      pressure-volume relations in the beating state. Second, we measured Vo2 in
      beating state at various heart rates and Vo2 during VF under a mechanically
      unloaded condition. By comparing these fibrillating and beating Vo2 values, we
      determined eHR (eHR2) for the fibrillating state. eHR1 was 216 +/- 27 beats/min
      and eHR2 was 223 +/- 26 beats/min. These two values were not significantly
      different. We conclude that the average frequency of contractions of individual
      myocytes in a fibrillating ventricle is equivalent approximately to 220 beats/min
      in terms of ventricular energetics.

PMID- 1806677
TI  - Whole-cell K+ currents in isolated rabbit corneal epithelial cells.
AB  - Membrane currents were recorded from enzymatically isolated cells from basal
      layers of rabbit corneal epithelium by the whole-cell clamp technique. Pipettes
      contained 140.4 mM KCl and extracellular K+ concentration was varied. The
      membrane currents on step voltage changes were rectangular currents with some
      fluctuations. The fluctuations disappeared near the zero-current potential. The
      reversal potential in normal Tyrode's solution with 5.4 mM K+ was -57.8 +/- 6.2
      mV (mean +/- S.D., n = 10). Increasing [K+]o from 5.4 to 140.4 mM shifted the
      reversal potentials in the positive direction with a slope of 41.0 mV/decade.
      Concomitant depolarization of the resting potential was observed on increasing
      [K+]o. The whole-cell currents were blocked by Cs+ or Ba2+. These suggest that
      the major current component in the corneal epithelial cells in K+.

PMID- 1806678
TI  - [Effects of construct accessibility and self-schema on person memory].
AB  - The present study investigated the relationship among construct accessibility,
      self-schema and person memory. Three hundred and thirty-four subjects received 40
      behavioral descriptions of a stimulus person, consisting of eight specific
      behaviors on each of five trait-dimensions. Subjects also rated personality
      traits of their acquaintances and themselves on nine-point bipolar scales and
      ranked the importance of the five trait-dimensions. Weights, which subjects
      assigned to each of the five dimensions, were calculated as indices of construct
      accessibility. Self-schema scores of each subject were also calculated based on
      his/her ratings. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the dimensional
      weights and self-schema scores were positively correlated with the recall
      performance of the descriptions of the stimulus person. The schematics recalled
      significantly more descriptions than the aschematics, whether their self-schema
      was positive or negative. Subjects who had positive self-schema showed higher
      construct accessibility than the aschematics. It was argued that the relationship
      between construct accessibility and self-schema might be affected by motivational
      factors such as self-esteem.

PMID- 1806679
TI  - [The advantage of active conformity as a communication strategy for compatibility
      between self assertion and smooth interpersonal relationship].
AB  - When a consensus is sought but no compromise seems to be obtainable among
      opposing opinions, people are often forced to choose one of them. This experiment
      investigated the effects of giving way and agreeing with the group under topics
      of either a high or low degree of importance. The results were as follows: 1)
      Those who have given way to others before perceived that their opinions would be
      accepted more easily in the next time than those who have insisted their own
      opinions. This tendency was greater under the condition of topics with higher
      importance. 2) Consequently, those who wish to assert oneself next time dared to
      give way and agree to others in the group. 3) Those who have stuck to their own
      opinions were much more regretful than what those who have given way would guess.
      From these results, it was suggested that people actively select conformity on a
      long view.

PMID- 1806680
TI  - [The effects of stimulus duration, component duration, and schedule of stimulus
      presentation on the observing response in rats].
AB  - Seven rats were exposed to a procedure where responses on an observing lever
      (observing responses) changed the schedule on a food lever from a mixed schedule
      to a schedule with a discriminative or uncorrelated stimulus for a fixed
      duration: Observing responses produced a stimulus associated with a variable
      ratio 50 (S+) or a stimulus associated with extinction (S-) in the S+/S-
      condition, an S- in the S- only condition, and an S+ in the S+ only condition,
      while they produced two uncorrelated stimuli in the uncorrelated condition.
      Experiment 1 employed two stimulus durations (30 or 6 s) and two schedules of
      stimulus presentation (a variable-interval 30 s or a fixed ratio 1), and examined
      observing response rates in the S+/S-, S- only, S+ only, and uncorrelated
      conditions. Experiment 2 employed two component durations (80 or 300 s), and
      examined observing response rates in the S+/S- and S- only conditions. In both
      experiments, rates of observing responses were maintained in both S+/S- and S+
      only conditions, but decreased in the S- only and uncorrelated conditions. These
      results indicate that an S- is not a conditioned reinforcer irrespective of
      manipulated variables.

PMID- 1806681
TI  - [Lexical representation in semantic memory and phonological priming effects].
AB  - The structure of lexical representations in semantic memory and their processes
      were investigated through phonological priming effects in lexical decision task.
      The SOA condition between prime stimuli and target stimuli was varied in three
      experiments. In each experiment, subjects were 16 graduate or undergraduate
      students, and 24 three-letter-words (phonologically related/unrelated) or plus
      signs (neutral) were used as prime, followed by target composed of 12 three
      letter-words and 12 three-letter-nonwords. The priming effects occurred in all
      the experiments, particularly when prime and target shared adjacent two letters.
      The effects at SOA 400 ms were not stable enough. At SOA 700 ms, only
      facilitation effects were obtained, but at SOA 1,000 ms, the effects of both
      facilitation and inhibition were obtained. These results suggested that in
      lexical representations phonologically similar words were closely related to each
      other in their structure, and that especially the phonological similarity between
      the sets of adjacent two letters was important regarding three-letter-words. The
      results also suggested that it might take longer time to spread activation in
      lexical representation than in conceptual representation.

PMID- 1806682
TI  - [The relation between achievement motive and fear of success].
AB  - The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between achievement motive
      and fear of success in order to understand these two concepts better. Two hundred
      and fifty undergraduate students (130 females, 120 males) were investigated using
      scales (two types of fear of success scales and an achievement motive scale).
      Results showed that the relationship between scores on fear of success subscales
      (consideration of others, low need for superiority, negative feelings towards
      success) and achievement motive subscales (self-fulfillment achievement motive,
      competitive achievement motive) differ according to gender and situation. The
      results also provide conclusive evidence for the presence of ambivalence in
      competitive situations.

PMID- 1806684
TI  - [Review of research on sex role attitudes].
AB  - There are many indices that roles of men and women have changed during the last
      two to three decades. This paper reviews psychological and sociological
      literature, and points out the following: (a) the shift of sex role attitudes,
      (b) their important predictors, and (c) some of cross-cultural comparisons. Sex
      role attitude is defined here as a learned tendency, which consistently responds
      favorably or unfavorably to certain sex roles. Since the 1970s, many panel
      surveys and longitudinal surveys, both in Japan and in USA, show that sex role
      attitudes have shifted toward an egalitarian direction in many fields. Cross
      cultural surveys in many countries revealed that the most important predictors of
      sex role attitudes are, sex, education, vocation, and age. Highly educated young
      women with a professional/managerial job show probably the most egalitarian sex
      role attitude. However, cross-cultural studies indicate that Japanese women have
      more traditional sex role attitudes than those in other countries.

PMID- 1806683
TI  - [Relationships between time perspective and time beliefs from adolescence to
      middle age].
AB  - This study attempted to clarify the age and sex differences in the perceptions of
      time perspective and time beliefs, and the relationships between them. A
      questionnaire consisted of Time Perspective Scale and Time Beliefs Scale was
      administered to 245 adolescents (range of age, 16-24), 46 young adults (25-39),
      and 150 middle aged persons (40-55). The main results were summarized as follows:
      (1) female adolescents showed a less sense of time perspective than the other age
      groups; (2) the same female adolescents expressed relatively higher degrees of
      Setsunashugi (the time belief of living only for the momentary pleasure); and (3)
      the Setsunashugi related with the lack of the sense of time perspective.

PMID- 1806685
TI  - [Relations between plasma amino acid metabolism and the functional state of the
      liver in inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder].
AB  - In 70 patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis, a change in content of free
      amino acids in the blood, which confirms involvement of the liver into a
      pathologic process, is noted. Operative intervention aggravates metabolic
      disorders. By day 7-10 after the operation, the amino acid disbalance more
      pronounced in chronic course of the disease retains.

PMID- 1806686
TI  - [Sequelae of increased pressure in the pancreatic ducts].
AB  - It was established that hypertension in the pancreatic ducts results in contrast
      media overstepping their limits. Most frequently, the contrast media appears at
      the region of the pancreatic body and tail.

PMID- 1806687
TI  - [Experimental substantiation of using a copper vapor laser for the healing of
      liver wounds].

PMID- 1806688
TI  - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of acute pancreatitis and its
      complications].
AB  - The results of treatment of 6681 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) were
      analysed. Operated on were 554 patients with AP, among them, 260-with acute
      destructive pancreatitis (ADP). Total lethality was 1.6%, the postoperative one
      20.2%. In ADP, the postoperative lethality was 28%. Mild forms of the AP course
      were characterized by constancy of the clinical symptoms and their rapid
      involution, severe forms of the disease (destructive pancreatitis)--by
      progressive periodicity and intensity of clinical signs. A morphologic pattern of
      the different forms of AP is described. It was established that at the early
      period of the disease, patients died mainly from posthemorrhagic anemia, anemia
      with intoxication, at the late period--predominantly from different purulent and
      necrotic complications.

PMID- 1806689
TI  - [Neuroendocrine aspects of the pathogenesis of fatty pancreonecrosis].
AB  - In fatty pancreonecrosis, ejection of the considerable amount of endogenous
      insulin into the blood occurs. Insulin is a potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis,
      a most important hormone of lipogenesis, and at the same time considerably
      inhibits lipolysis. This defines its pathogenetic role in the development of
      fatty pancreonecrosis.

PMID- 1806690
TI  - [Post-traumatic pancreatic cysts in children].
AB  - The analysis of 10 cases of a posttraumatic pancreatic cyst in children ranging
      in age from 3 to 11 years was carried out. No complicated course of the disease
      was noted. Resulting from conservative treatment, cysts disappeared in 4
      patients, 6 children were operated on. Prognosis and long-term results of
      treatment are good.

PMID- 1806691
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of diaphragmatic and hiatal hernia].
AB  - On the basis of analysis of the results of treatment of diaphragmatic hernia in
      115 patients, the authors, recommend for more precise establishment of a
      diagnosis and choice of a method for surgical intervention, to perform in
      patients with axial hiatal hernia roentgenoscopy and roentgenography of the
      stomach and intestine, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and pH-metry, and in patients
      with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia--roentgenography of the chest and contrast
      roentgenological study of the stomach and intestine. In axial hiatal hernia and
      small paraesophageal hernia, the A. A. Shalimov operation is a method of choice;
      in large paraesophageal hernia--the left-sided thoracotomy with plasty of the
      hiatus according to Allison and Belsey.

PMID- 1806692
TI  - [Spontaneous hemopneumothorax].
AB  - The author analyzes his own experience with diagnosis and treatment of
      hemopneumothorax. He presents the rare causes of intrapleural hemorrhage. In all
      the observations, the performance of thoracoscopy is considered by the author to
      be a method of choice.

PMID- 1806693
TI  - [Use of fistula extraction in the treatment of non-ramified pararectal fistulas].
AB  - A method of fistula extraction was used in treatment of 42 patients with non
      ramified pararectal fistulas. The duration of hospital stay of the patients was 8
      days, that of their out-patient treatment--14 days. Within a follow-up period of
      from 3 mos to 2 yrs, 1 patient with intra-sphincteric fistula developed a disease
      recurrency.

PMID- 1806695
TI  - [Classification of pancreatic pseudocysts].
AB  - Pancreatic pseudocysts were observed in 50 patients and created in the experiment
      in 48 dogs. Depending on cyst communication with the pancreatic ducts, their
      patency and outflow through them of a pancreatic secret into the duodenum, the
      progressive, stable and intermittent pancreatic pseudocysts have been
      distinguished.

PMID- 1806694
TI  - [Foreign bodies of the stomach and intestines].
AB  - The experience with surgical treatment of foreign bodies of the stomach and
      intestine in 127 patients is summarized. In presence of acute foreign bodies, the
      use of drugs increasing intestinal peristalsis, or causing vomiting is not
      recommended.

PMID- 1806697
TI  - [Antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and the methods of its testing in the
      surgical clinic. Report II. The oxygen-dependent bactericidal system of the
      neutrophils].

PMID- 1806696
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology and cephalosporins and their value in the treatment and
      prevention of surgical infection].

PMID- 1806698
TI  - [Association of acute phlegmonous cholecystitis with gangrenous appendicitis].

PMID- 1806699
TI  - [Experimental model of suppurative parapancreatitis].

PMID- 1806701
TI  - [A method of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in peripapillary diverticula].

PMID- 1806702
TI  - [Drainage of the pancreatic bed].

PMID- 1806700
TI  - [Modification of the method of forming an anastomosis between a hollow organ and
      the pancreatic stump].

PMID- 1806703
TI  - [A probe-obturator].

PMID- 1806704
TI  - [Lipidosis of the gallbladder and various forms of cholecystitis].
AB  - On the basis of morphologic study of the gallbladders in 224 patients who died
      from pathology not related to the abdominal organs, 278 gallbladders removed for
      chronic calculous cholecystitis, and 23--removed for chronic acalculous
      cholecystitis, the singling out of gallbladder lipidosis into a separate
      nosologic form is substantiated. Structural peculiarities of lipidosis are
      studied. Its role in the development of chronic calculous and acalculous
      cholecystitis is elucidated.

PMID- 1806705
TI  - [A method of extra-anatomic femoro-femoral prosthesis].

PMID- 1806706
TI  - [A method of restoration of the outflow of pancreatic secretion into the
      duodenum].

PMID- 1806707
TI  - [Acute hepatorenal insufficiency as a complication of subpectoral hematoma after
      cholecystectomy].

PMID- 1806708
TI  - [Clinico-morphological substantiation of selection of the method of management of
      the gallbladder bed after cholecystectomy].

PMID- 1806710
TI  - [Effectiveness of laser treatment of patients with hepatic echinococcosis].

PMID- 1806711
TI  - [Severe trauma of the abdomen and pelvis in a miner].

PMID- 1806709
TI  - [Gangrenous calculous cholecystitis in situs inversus of the abdominal organs].

PMID- 1806712
TI  - [Foreign bodies of the abdominal cavity as a cause of intestinal obstruction].

PMID- 1806713
TI  - [Treatment of combined injuries of the spleen and left kidney].

PMID- 1806714
TI  - [Splenic rupture with formation of an extensive intra-abdominal hematoma].

PMID- 1806715
TI  - [Association of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction, Meckel's diverticulum and
      phlegmon of the hernial sac].

PMID- 1806716
TI  - [Invagination of the small intestine after gastrectomy].

PMID- 1806717
TI  - [Rare associations of surgical diseases of the abdominal organs].

PMID- 1806718
TI  - [Association of obstruction of the intestines with their incomplete bend and
      torsion of an ovarian cyst].

PMID- 1806719
TI  - [Severe closed thoraco-abdominal trauma].

PMID- 1806720
TI  - [Value of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of foreign bodies].

PMID- 1806721
TI  - [Characteristics of diagnosis of peptic ulcer of an anastomosis and in the
      jejunum].

PMID- 1806722
TI  - [Intestinal perforation caused by fish bones].

PMID- 1806723
TI  - [Chylous cyst in the mesentery of the small-intestine causing strangulation and
      intestinal obstruction].

PMID- 1806724
TI  - [Incarcerated hernia of the falciform ligament of the liver].

PMID- 1806725
TI  - Physiological correlates to 800 meter running performance.
AB  - Much of the previous research efforts aimed at determining those physiological
      characteristics that contribute to distance running success have centered around
      distances greater than 1500 meters with little attention to events such as the
      800 meter run. Therefore, this investigation examined the relationship between
      selected physiological and body composition, characteristics and performance in
      an 800 meter run. Measurements of body composition, VO2max, running economy, and
      performance times for 100 and 300 meter dashes were obtained on 11 male track
      athletes. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed using 800 meter
      race time as the dependent variable. Although the combination of 300 and 100
      meter run times, percent body fat, running economy and VO2 max as independent
      variables accounted for the greatest amount of total variance (r2 = .89), the
      additional variance explained by the model did not increase significantly (p
      greater than 0.05), when VO2max, percent body fat, and running economy were added
      to a model which contained 300 and 100 meter run time (r2 = .85) as the
      explanatory variables. These data offer additional support for the notion that
      much of the intramuscular ATP produce and utilized during an 800 meter run comes
      from anaerobic metabolic pathway.

PMID- 1806726
TI  - Effects of prior strength exercise on the heart rate oxygen uptake relationship
      during submaximal exercise.
AB  - Fourteen young males (mean age 26.7 yrs) were tested to determine if there was an
      alteration, in the heart rate-oxygen uptake relationship during submaximal cycle
      ergometer exercise following isokinetic strength training activity as has been
      documented following high intensity endurance activity. Results indicated that
      there was a significant increase rate without a concomitant increase in heart
      oxygen uptake during the first five minutes of submaximal cycle riding at 73%
      VO2max after heavy strength leg exercise, angular velocity of 30 degrees/second,
      when compared to no prior exercise. This alteration in the heart rate-oxygen
      uptake relation is not apparent by 20 minutes of the same submaximal exercise
      despite higher lactate values and greater ratings of perceived exertion. For
      individuals using heart rate as a guide to exercise intensity, the elevated heart
      rate at five minutes of submaximal exercise following heavy strength leg exercise
      does not exceed the 20 minute value which is an accurate reflection of energy
      cost and intensity.

PMID- 1806727
TI  - Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and
      senior men judokas.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe the physical performance abilities of
      high level, developing Juvenile men and Junior and Senior men and women judokas.
      The subjects were 17 women and 43 men identified as members of the 1989 Alberta
      Judo Team by the Alberta Kodokan Black Belt Association. Physical characteristics
      and performance abilities were assessed through a battery of tests which
      included: height, weight and skinfold thickness; static strength (grips, arms,
      back, and total (TST)); flexibility (trunk forward flexion (TF)); maximum aerobic
      power (VO2max) (treadmill run); and upper body maximal anaerobic power (PP) and
      capacity (MP) (upper body Wingate test). Physical performance abilities were not
      different between the Junior and Senior women and substantially better than
      normative values for untrained women. Combined values (+/- SD) for Junior and
      Senior women were: VO2max 44.45 (3.56) ml/kg.min; PP 342.68 (76.92) w; MP 234.99
      (46.62) w; TF 39.77 (6.39) cm; TST 127.91 (20.95) kg. The physical performance
      abilities of the Juvenile men: VO2max 57.62 (3.42) ml/kg.min; PP 406.89 (171.55)
      w; MP 281.68 (113.42) w; TF 39.35 (6.89) cm; TST 164.63 (51.07) kg; were superior
      to those of similarly aged, untrained young men, but comparable to those reported
      for trained adolescent athletes. The Junior men's physical performance abilities:
      VO2max 59.26 (3.95) ml/kg.min; PP 573.13 (116.83) w; MP 395.12 (61.95) w; TF
      39.00 (4.39) cm; TST 221.60 (30.24) kg; were not different from the Senior men's,
      except for relative maximum oxygen uptake, and generally better than those values
      reported for other Junior judokas and Junior athletes in some other sports. The
      Senior men's physical performance abilities: VO2max 53.75 (5.57) ml/kg.min; PP
      674.50 (133.26) w; MP 447.85 (87.19) w; TF 38.06 (8.86) cm; TST 223.37 (46.15)
      kg, were comparable with those reported for other developing, high level Senior
      judokas, but lower than the values reported for elite judokas competing
      internationally. These data support the position that successful participation in
      judo by high level, developing athletes is dependent upon appropriate levels of
      technical skill supported by above average endurance capacity, upper body
      anaerobic power and capacity, static strength, and flexibility.

PMID- 1806728
TI  - Effects of ramp time on sensory, motor and tolerance thresholds during exogenous
      electrical stimulation.
AB  - This investigation examined the effects of ramp time on the current intensity
      needed to elicit sensory, motor and pain tolerance response. Forty-seven healthy
      subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Subjects in group one (no. 17),
      group two (no. 15), and group three (no. 15) had the onset (ramp time) knob
      present at 1.0, 3.5 and 5.0 seconds, respectively. Subsequently, the wrist and
      finger flexors of the dominant hand were stimulated following standardized
      instructions. For each subject, the current intensity needed to elicit: (1) the
      sensory response, (2) minimum perceptible contraction, and (3) the maximum
      tolerance level of painful stimulation was determined. Significant F ratio was
      found for the current intensity at different perceptual level (p less than 0.5)
      but not for ramp time (p greater than .05). The findings suggest that with the
      stimulator used in this study, ramp time has no effect on the three basic
      excitatory responses, i.e., thresholds of sensory, motor and painful stimulation.

PMID- 1806729
TI  - Factors affecting force loading on the hand in the tennis forehand.
AB  - The effect of preimpact hand forces and impact location on the postimpact force
      loading on the hand in the tennis forehand drive was examined. Force sensing
      resistors and strain gauges were mounted on a midsized tennis racket. Three
      dimensional cinematography was used to reconstruct the motion of the ball,
      racket, and upper extremity of two varsity tennis players. One subject performed
      fifteen strokes using his normal grip while another performed sixteen, eight with
      a normal grip and eight with a significantly firmer grip. Postimpact peak forces
      on the hand were significantly (p less than 0.01) related to force at the base of
      the index finger in preparation for impact and the distance the ball impacted
      from the longitudinal axis of the racket. Impact location and preimpact force on
      the hand were found to account for 66% of the variability of postimpact peak
      force loading in the tennis forehand drive, and are important factors related to
      force loading in the tennis forehand. Smaller grip forces and rackets minimizing
      the effect of off-center impacts should be considered as intervention to reduce
      the risk of tennis elbow.

PMID- 1806730
TI  - Variations in performance in simple muscle tests at different phases of the
      menstrual cycle.
AB  - The effect of the menstrual cycle on the performance of women in sporting
      activities is a very confused subject. In this study, performances in simple
      muscle tests--the handgrip and standing long jump, were studied at three phases
      of the menstrual cycle--menstrual (day 1-4), follicular (day 12-14) and luteal
      (day 19-21). Within subject paired "t" testing showed that in the handgrip test,
      performance was significantly superior during the menstrual phase than those
      during both the follicular and luteal phases. In the standing long jump test,
      performance was again superior during the menstrual phase, although not
      significantly with respect to the luteal phase. This finding is discussed in
      terms of the reported effects of the menstrual cycle on sporting performance, the
      variation in the types of exercise, and the possible role of the female sex
      hormones.

PMID- 1806731
TI  - Plasma cortisol and testosterone following 19-km and 42-km kayak races.
AB  - Plasma cortisol and testosterone levels were examined in five, elite, male
      kayakers before and after 19-km and 42-km kayak races. Both races resulted in
      significant elevation in plasma cortisol and observed increase is likely to
      depend on race duration, being much more pronounced after 42-km race compared to
      19-km. It should be stressed that observed elevation in cortisol level after 42
      km race was higher than reported previously after a marathon run. This finding is
      in line with reports on hormonal changes in response to arms exercise. Both
      contests caused a decrease in plasma testosterone level, but the difference
      between races was not significant. Testosterone/cortisol ratio dropped
      significantly immediately after the races and the observed decrease was more
      dominant after the 42-km distance. On the next day, 18 h after the races plasma
      cortisol, testosterone levels and T/C ratio returned to basal level indicating
      recuperation from post exercise changes.

PMID- 1806732
TI  - Decreases in resting plasma beta-endorphin and depression scores after endurance
      training.
AB  - That endurance training changes resting plasma beta-endorphin (BE) at the same
      time that there are improvements in non-clinical depression was tested in
      medically healthy middle-aged men (40-60 years). Subjects were self-selected
      based on compliance into treatment (T, n = 10) and placebo (P, n = 6) groups. T
      attended an eight month fitness program. P had less than 50% attendance in the
      program. Treadmill tests at the pre and post program were used to estimate the
      Physical Fitness Score (PFS). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
      (MMPI) was used to measure depression. All psychological scores were within non
      pathological, normal limits. BE was measured with the subjects fasting and
      resting in the early morning. BE, detected by radioimmunoassay, decreased (p less
      than .005) from pre 48.53 +/- 3.32 (SE) to post 31.73 +/- 4.43 pg/ml in T. The
      MMPI depression score also decreased in T (p less than .05) from pre 58.90 +/-
      2.81 (SE) to post 53.20 +/- 1.48 T-score units. In contrast, the PFS increased in
      T (p less than .005) from pre 254.57 +/- 18.62 (SE) to post 304.94 +/- 15.95 PFS
      units. No pre to post program changes were detected in P. In conclusion,
      endurance training of eight months duration appeared to decrease the resting
      plasma BE concentrations and the MMPI depression scores of the middle-aged men in
      the present study.

PMID- 1806733
TI  - Exercise-induced changes in blood minerals, associated proteins and hormones in
      women athletes.
AB  - The acute effects of prolonged exercise on the body's distribution of trace
      minerals in women athletes has not been examined. To this end, plasma
      concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron; erythrocyte zinc (EZn) and copper
      (ECu); and the associated proteins, ceruloplasmin and transferrin were measured
      in 38 highly trained women runners under resting conditions and again after
      running a competitive 26.2 mile marathon. The hormones, cortisol (C), estradiol
      (E2), prolactin (Prl), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
      (LH) were also measured because of reported effects of hormones on trace mineral
      distribution. Menstrual status was assessed by questionnaire: 8 women were in the
      follicular phase, 13 in mid-cycle, 8 in the luteal phase and 9 were amenorrheic
      (AM). Significant post-race increases were noted for all plasma minerals,
      associated proteins, and the hormones C and Prl, whereas EZn decreased. No
      significant changes in ECu, E2, FSH or LH were noted. Menstrual status in terms
      of cycle phase or amenorrhea did not appear to modify the response. Exercise
      induced changes in minerals may reflect release from other tissues and/or changes
      in the concentration of associated proteins. Whether these changes serve adaptive
      and/or specific functions during exercise is unknown.

PMID- 1806734
TI  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in trained
      runners.
AB  - Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a short-acting oral inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase
      enzyme. Ingestion of ASA is associated with a decrease in prostaglandins,
      including those of the E2 series, as well as prostacyclin, and thromboxane.
      Consumption of therapeutic doses is associated with decreased pain and
      inflammation and is therefore used in a variety of inflammatory conditions.
      Platelet aggregation is also inhibited. Because of these observations, and the
      fact that platelet aggregation has been noted to be altered during exercise, the
      effects of ASA on exercise tolerance was of interest. We studied 17 healthy male
      volunteers who regularly ran as a source of exercise. During the study they
      ingested either 650 mg of ASA or placebo 30 min before running 2 miles (3.2 km).
      Outcome of the double-blind crossover study was measured by the time required to
      run a 2-mile distance. No differences between ASA or placebo were noted in the
      subjects. These data suggest that 650 mg of ASA as a premedication has little
      effect on exercise performance in normal endurance runners. However, whether ASA
      may affect pain after exercise or whether other dosage intervals would be more
      beneficial needs further study.

PMID- 1806735
TI  - Effects of hydration and dehydration on body composition analysis: a comparative
      study of bioelectric impedance analysis and hydrodensitometry.
AB  - Since 1983, bioelectric impedance has been researched with respect to its
      validity and reliability in the determination of body composition. It continues
      to be compared to hydrostatic weighing, the anthropometric "gold standard". This
      study was designed to investigate the relationship between bioelectric impedance
      analysis (BIA) and hydrodensitometry (HW) under three conditions: control,
      hydration and dehydration. Caucasian males (aged 18-44 years) served as subjects
      (n = 10). Body composition was determined by BIA and HW before intervention, 30
      minutes post-hydration, and following a combination of exercise and sitting in a
      steam room to decrease body weight by two to four percent (mean = 2.81%).
      Statistical treatment by two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures
      revealed that although there were no significant differences between the two
      techniques of body composition determination under any of the three conditions,
      there was a statistically significant decrease in percent body fat determined in
      the dehydrated state as compared to the control and hydrated conditions.
      Recommendations include the determination of hydration state prior to engaging in
      body composition analysis by either method.

PMID- 1806736
TI  - Effects of participation in a collegiate sport season on body composition.
AB  - Fifty-three collegiate athletes (18 female and 35 male) were recruited from
      university varsity basketball, football, swim, and wrestling team rosters. Body
      composition was estimated before the beginning and before the end of sport
      seasons by using hydrodensitometry to determine the effect of participation in
      competitive sport seasons on the body composition of collegiate athletes. ANOVAs
      applied to the estimates of body composition indicated that the interaction of
      sport team by season was significant for body weight, F (5,47) = 3.2, p less than
      0.05; fat weight, F (5,47) = 5.1, p less than 0.01; and fat-free weight, F (5,47)
      = 2.4, p less than 0.05. Only football players did not change in body
      composition. Wrestlers lost the greatest amount of body weight (3.4 kg). Female
      and male basketball players, female and male swimmers, and wrestlers lost
      significant amounts of body fat (2.6, 2.3, 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 kg, respectively).
      Female and male basketball players and female and male swimmers gained
      significant amounts of fat-free weight (2.0, 1.6, 2.4, and 1.8 kg, respectively).
      It was concluded that participation in a collegiate sport season could affect
      changes in fat weight and fat-free weight components of body composition but that
      the nature of the changes are a function of the demands of the sport of
      participation.

PMID- 1806737
TI  - Dietary status and anthropometric assessment of child gymnasts.
AB  - This study on gymnasts found the subjects' body fat to be 5-8% higher than that
      found in comparable studies on the subject. With the exception of protein,
      vitamin C, and riboflavin, the subjects' dietary intake of energy and other
      nutrients, i.e., calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and niacin, was found to be
      inadequate. The athletes were recommended to observe a proper diet and training
      program which could enable them to reduce the amount of body fat and compensate
      for dietary inadequacies.

PMID- 1806738
TI  - The somatotype in a group of "top" free-climbers.
AB  - Thirty-one "top" level european free-climbers (FC) aged 26.1 +/- 4.3 years old,
      have been measured according to the Health/Carter anthropometric somatotype
      method, in order to collect data on the morphotypes needed to excel in this not
      well established sporting activity. The average somatotype for FC revealed to be:
      mesomorph-ectomorph (2.0 +/- 0.6; 4.0 +/- 0.8; 3.7 +/- 0.9), a facies found in
      the 54.8% of the performers. With their 8.3% FAT%, they fall inside the category
      of lean athletes, a well stated feature found in all those activities demanding
      endurance. When compared with 25 "sedentary" young italians aged 21.7 years old,
      FC showed to differ significantly in: weight, mean of the sum of the skinfolds,
      upper arm and geminal circumferences, RPI (reciprocal of the ponderal index),
      ectomorph component (less than .01). Concluding, their somatotype appeared to be
      similar to that of athletes whose fatness is lower, to some adolescent performers
      and to some extra-European cohorts of males living in stressing habitats.

PMID- 1806739
TI  - The response of obese females to low impact exercise and diet counselling.
AB  - Obese women enrolled in a 24 week low impact exercise program were assigned to
      either an exercise or an exercise plus diet counselling treatment. Overweight
      volunteers were recruited to serve as the control group. No significant changes
      were observed in maximal oxygen uptake, serum lipids, body composition, self
      esteem or physical body image during the program. A significant negative
      correlation was found between changes in serum HDL-C and changes in percent body
      fat. Maximal oxygen uptake was significantly and positively related to self
      esteem and physical body image. Participants who received diet counselling were
      less likely to drop out of the program than other members of the exercise group,
      and were more likely to attend classes. Changes in dietary intake were similar in
      all exercising subjects, regardless of counselling. These results suggest that a
      short term program of low impact exercise may not be sufficient to produce
      significant adaptations in this population.

PMID- 1806740
TI  - Simple anthropometry and peak expiratory flow rate in elite South Asian athletes.
AB  - The athletes (n = 40) of South Asian Federation (SAF) Games were examined each
      taking a very short time. The athletes were runners (short distance, long
      distance and marathon), jumpers and throwers who were persuaded for the purpose.
      The throwers and the jumpers respectively comprised the oldest and youngest group
      of athletes in the study. The throwers were observed to be the tallest (mean
      height 179.96 +/- 1.49 cm) and heaviest (mean weight 92.27 +/- 3.81), whereas the
      long distance runners were of short height (mean value 162.80 +/- 2.61 cm) and
      light weight (mean value 50.41 +/- 2.58 kg). The highest mean values of PEFR
      (lit/min) were noted among the throwers (596.60 +/- 27.53) followed by marathon
      (590.0 +/- 32.18) and long distance runners (588.0 +/- 27.35). The lower values
      of PEFR were noted among the short distance runners (528.60 +/- 15.83) and
      jumpers (525.70 +/- 22.60). The PEFR values, when arranged according to height,
      were noted to be insignificantly increasing with the increase in age. The overall
      values of height, weight and PEFR were all found to be higher in these elite
      sportsmen when compared with their non-sportsman Indian counterparts.

PMID- 1806741
TI  - Prevalence of smoking among Israeli male athletes.
AB  - A survey of smoking habits was carried out on 2447 males age 14-40 years. The
      subjects were athletes trained in a wide variety of sports. Overall 15.5% of the
      athlete population were smokers. When broken down into training groups, the
      highest smoking prevalence was reported by subjects not engaged in specific
      training, while the lowest prevalence was reported by endurance trained athletes.
      When divided into specific sports, the highest percent of group smoking was found
      in soccer players. Smoking prevalence increased with increasing age. No
      significant differences in smoking prevalence existed between groups of varying
      ethnic origin. This study provides data on groups of athletes to target in
      smoking intervention programs.

PMID- 1806742
TI  - Judo and choking: EEG and regional cerebral blood flow findings.
AB  - Ten judoka were examined at rest by EEG and regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
      (133-Xenon inhalation method); in seven of them a syncope was induced by choking
      and EEG was recorded during the loss of consciousness while rCBF was measured
      immediately after recovery. Baseline EEG and rCBF examinations were normal.
      During choking, EEG showed diffuse 2-3 Hz. high voltage waves, predominantly in
      the anterior regions, then the EEG gradually recovered to normal. After choking,
      rCBF decreased in all but one subject, slightly in four and more markedly in two.
      Our findings suggest that there is no evidence of permanent CNS functional
      changes due to judo practice and choking. The variable rCBF features soon after
      choking-induced syncope may reflect a different timing of recovery from cerebral
      ischemia for each subject.

PMID- 1806743
TI  - Perceived somatotype as related to self-concept in Nigerian adolescent high
      school students.
AB  - Some 288 Nigerian high school male adolescents in two different age brackets were
      administered the perceived somatotype scale and the Tennessee self-concept scale
      to determine the trend of self-concept ratings among subjects differentiated
      according to perceived somatotype-self, ideal and self-ideal discrepancy. Series
      of one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in global self-concept among
      the perceived somatotype-self (PSS), the perceived somatotype-ideal (PSI) and
      perceived somatotype discrepancy (PSD) groups. Univariate analyses showed that
      the PSS groups differ significantly in all dimensions of self-concept except
      moral-ethical dimension. The PSI groups differed significantly on all self
      concept dimensions except the behavioural and the moral-ethical self subscales.
      This study, which also revealed that perceived-ideal somatotype and self-ideal
      somatotype discrepancy differentiated markedly among measures of self-concept, is
      consistent with those obtained from other parts of the world.

PMID- 1806744
TI  - A review of anabolic steroids: uses and effects.

PMID- 1806745
TI  - Judo as a possible cause of anoxic brain damage. A case report.
AB  - The rules of judo provide for strangulation techniques in which the blood supply
      to the brain is blocked by pressure on the carotid arteries; such techniques
      produce anoxia and possible unconsciousness if the victim fails to submit. A case
      is presented of a patient with signs of anoxic brain damage, with psychometric
      investigation showing memory disturbance consistent with a left temporal lobe
      lesion. This patient had been frequently strangled during his career as a judo
      player; it is suggested that such frequent strangulation was the cause of the
      damage. Such an observation indicates the need for caution in the use of such
      techniques.

PMID- 1806746
TI  - Comment on heart rate recording in field studies.
AB  - This is a report of our experience using the Uniq Heart Watch for recording the
      heart rate in epidemiologic settings. Relatively few heart rates are missed
      during occupational and leisure activities. However the mean daily heart rate
      among subjects is somewhat variable so that several week days and Saturday and
      Sunday should be monitored to obtain a representative daily average.

PMID- 1806747
TI  - Functional anatomy of the shoulder: first reliefs with polyarticular goniometer.
AB  - The aim of this study is to explain the basic principles of functional anatomy of
      the shoulder, and to give further data on the maximum mobility of the upper limb.
      The measurement of the articular movements was performed using a new model of
      polyarticular goniometer. The discussion of these results gives way to further
      possibilities of research, which are useful for the functional evaluation of the
      athlete in sports medicine.

PMID- 1806748
TI  - The definition of physical fitness. A definition to make it understandable to the
      laity.

PMID- 1806749
TI  - The distribution of restriction fragment lengths for non-overlapping restriction
      sites in a random DNA sequence model.
AB  - Overlapping subsequences in a DNA sequence are not independent even if
      independence is supposed for the single nucleotides. Therefore the often used
      geometric distribution for the length of restriction fragments is not exact. The
      exact distribution of this random variable is derived for non-overlapping
      restriction sites in a DNA sequence with an infinite (or very large) number of
      nucleotides. Correction to the finite case is easy. It is shown that the simple
      geometric distribution is a good approximation as long as the basic probability
      for the occurrence of the recognition sequence at a given site is small.

PMID- 1806750
TI  - Morphogenesis in shape-space. Elementary meta-dynamics in a model of the immune
      network.
AB  - A unique feature of the immune system is that it possesses meta-dynamics: the
      process governing the removal of certain clones from the active population and
      the recruitment of new clones from the pool of lymphocytes freshly produced by
      the bone marrow. In this paper, we present a computer model which focuses on
      those aspects of the system that characteristically derive from the meta-dynamics
      as such. We observe that when a region of shape-space is densely populated, there
      is an emergence of dynamically quasi-stable configurations. Moreover, when the
      system develops in the presence of permanent self-antigens, the latter are
      systematically incorporated into such coherent configurations. We conclude that
      the meta-dynamics of the biological immune system may be such that it gives rise
      to the emergence of a connected, self-sustaining network that we call the Central
      Immune System: a coherent self-identity which incorporates the molecules of the
      somatic self and, more generally, reflects the history of its own development.

PMID- 1806751
TI  - A general method for modeling cell populations undergoing G1----G0 transitions
      during development.
AB  - The transition from the dividing state to a non-dividing, terminally
      differentiated state is common to the history of most populations of cells during
      development. Quantifying such transitions and events related to them is often
      difficult, even in those cases for which there is a good tissue culture model,
      because the process is asynchronous and occurs against a background of continued
      extensive growth. A general model for analyzing these complex population changes
      is presented here. In the absence of definitive data, the model provides
      projections of the possible range, under a given set of boundary values, for the
      rate of terminal differentiation, the overall growth rate, and the degree of cell
      death. On the other hand, given data on the rate of DNA accumulation, dividing
      cell fraction, and generation time, the model provides the effective partitioning
      coefficient between the dividing and non-dividing states averaged over the
      population, at a given time. These data also allow for an assessment of the
      degree of actual cell death against a background in which significant numbers of
      cells are withdrawing from the cell cycle. The types of data required with
      respect to the model's ability to resolve the nature of a G0 transition "window"
      within the cell cycle are also discussed.

PMID- 1806752
TI  - Genetic scrambling as a defence against meiotic drive.
AB  - Genetic recombination has important consequences, including the familiar rules of
      Mendelian genetics. Here we present a new argument for the evolutionary function
      of recombination based on the hypothesis that meiotic drive systems continually
      arise to threaten the fairness of meiosis. These drive systems act at the expense
      of the fitness of the organism as a whole for the benefit of the genes involved.
      We show that genes increasing crossing over are favoured, in the process of
      breaking up drive systems and reducing the fitness loss to organisms.

PMID- 1806753
TI  - [A latex immunologic method of analysis of low-molecular proteins and albumin in
      urine. II. Beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein and albumin levels in
      the urine of general Polish population and workers exposed to cadmium].
AB  - The aim of the work was to collect data about beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M),
      retinol-binding protein (RBP) and albumin (Alb) levels in subjects not exposed to
      nephrotoxic agents in Poland. The data are necessary to interpret determination
      results in persons occupationally exposed to these chemicals. Concentrations of
      beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein and albumin in urine were
      determined using latex-immunological method. Examination of levels of low
      molecular proteins and albumin was made on population from agricultural regions
      of Poland (the Suwalki region) and on textile plant workers from Lodz not exposed
      to nephrotoxic agents. It was found that upper normal level of low molecular
      proteins in urine was 300 micrograms/l and of albumin 60 mg/l. The data obtained
      indicate that sex and age play an important role in beta 2-M and RBP excretion.
      In the workers of an alkaline accumulator plant who were occupationally exposed
      to cadmium, a statistically increased excretion of low molecular proteins in
      urine was observed compared to the controls from Lodz. In 20% of the subjects
      beta 2-M and RBP concentration in urine were higher than the accepted upper
      normal levels. Collected data make one aware of necessity to study the above
      determinations which lead to an early detection of renal function disorders.

PMID- 1806754
TI  - [Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids
      and 17-ketosteroids in workers producing iron-manganese alloys].
AB  - Excretion of suprarenal hormones' metabolites was examined in workers producing
      ferro-manganese alloys. The subjects were exposed to manganese, iron , chromium
      compounds, thermal radiation, high temperature and noise. In comparison to the
      control group, those examined workers had increased excretion of 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxy-mandelic acid and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. It can be assumed that this
      increase results from organism's physiological adaptation to negative
      environmental and working conditions.

PMID- 1806755
TI  - [Effect of working conditions in the coke-processing department on the secretory
      function of the adrenal cortex].
AB  - In 85 randomly chosen employees of the coal tar distillation department working
      at least 5 years, exposed to toxic substances not exceeding MAC except tar
      substances and benzo(a)pyrene, whose concentrations were high, blood level of
      cortisol and 17 OHCS and 17 KS excretion in urine were examined. In the most
      exposed group cortisol level decreased and the 17 OHCS excretion augmented.

PMID- 1806756
TI  - [Study of the changes in the morbidity and disease incidence patterns based on
      the absenteeism data analyzed during the 20-year period].
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine which of the absenteeism parameters was
      responsible for the changes in absenteeism rate in the period between 1967 and
      1987 and to detect the major reasons of sick absenteeism over the period. The
      study was carried on in an electronic plant. Changes in the sick absenteeism rate
      in this plant reflect general variations in morbidity and disease incidence
      during these years. The changes result mainly from an extremely fast growth of
      absenteeism rate caused by circulatory and musculoskeletal system diseases and
      from a constant level of absenteeism rate observed as a result of digestive
      system diseases. Overall, the analysis showed that the duration of individual
      cases of absenteeism grew with time, the process which resulted in higher
      absenteeism among workers suffering from circulatory and musculoskeletal system
      diseases, chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer diseases, hepatopathies, gallbladder
      diseases, +pancreatic diseases and from pregnancy, delivery and puerperium
      complications. This growing duration of absenteeism cases may be related to the
      intensity of the observed pathologies, to complications and to effectiveness of
      medical treatment.

PMID- 1806757
TI  - [Exposure to chromium compounds during processing of chromium iron ore].
AB  - The work verifies data gathered by Occupational Hygiene departments of Sanitary
      Epidemiological Stations about workers exposure to chromium compounds in the
      processing of chrome iron ore. Research showed that 7 plants were involved in the
      processing of chrome iron ore and that the number of workers directly employed in
      the process amounted to 215-230. About 150 workers were exposed to high
      concentrations of chromium compounds which exceeded hygienic standards. All of
      them were employed only in metallurgical plants. The remaining 80-100 workers
      subjected to the study exposed to relatively low chromium concentrations were
      employed in chemical plants and refractory materials plants.

PMID- 1806758
TI  - [Genotoxic properties of 1,3-butadiene and its derivatives].
AB  - 1,3-butadiene gas is widely used in manufacture of synthetic rubber and plastics.
      In groups of workers occupationally exposed to 1,3-butadiene secondary leukemia
      and lymphoma were observed. Quite frequently, in these groups combined exposure
      to other chemicals such as styrene and benzene was observed. Studies on bacteria
      suggest that 1,3-butadiene is an indirect mutagen whose mutagenic potency depends
      on metabolic activation. Mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of 1,3-butadiene
      were investigated on laboratory animals. The results have shown that 1,3
      butadiene induced multiple organ cancer, as well as increase in SCE, chromosome
      aberrations and micronuclei in mice and rats. 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites
      produced an effect of growth inhibition, an increase in SCE and chromosomal
      aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro. Up till now is known about genotoxic and
      carcinogenic properties of 1,3-butadiene in humans.

PMID- 1806759
TI  - [Health effects of exposure of humans to inorganic arsenic compounds].
AB  - This paper is a review of references concerning health effects of environmental
      and occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic compounds. Special attention is
      paid to epidemiological studies indicating a relationship between time and amount
      of arsenic absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract (drinking water, contaminated
      food, drugs) and an increase in skin cancer rate. Occupational and environmental
      exposure of humans to arsenic dust induces a higher risk of lung cancer.

PMID- 1806760
TI  - Mutations in cardiac myosin heavy chain genes cause familial hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a genetically inherited disorder of
      heart muscle. Over the past 40 years many studies have been done to describe in
      detail the clinical presentation of this disease and its associated
      pathophysiological consequences. The primary focus of this review is to discuss
      more recent studies involving the genetic mapping of one locus on chromosome 14,
      which causes FHC, and then to summarize studies demonstrating that this locus
      contains mutations in the cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. The chromosomal
      location of other putative FHC loci will also be considered. Finally, the
      implications of results that demonstrate that cardiac myosin heavy chain defects
      produce the pathophysiology of FHC will be considered from both clinical and
      basic research perspectives.

PMID- 1806761
TI  - Molecular biology of myogenic regulatory factors.
AB  - A family of proteins has recently been identified, each member of which has the
      capacity to initiate muscle differentiation in many non-muscle cell types. These
      factors, which include MyoD1, myogenin, myf-5 and MRF4, share homologies with
      each other and belong to a superfamily of Myc-related proteins. Expression of
      these regulatory proteins results in auto-activation and cross-activation of
      other members of the family and in the transcriptional activation of the markers
      of terminal differentiation. Sequence analysis has shown a conserved basic domain
      in each protein that is required for binding to specific DNA sequences of the E
      box type and for myogenic activation. A conserved helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain
      allows homo- and heterodimerization of these muscle-specific proteins with each
      other and with ubiquitously expressed proteins such as the E2A gene products
      (E12/E47). This review describes the discovery and characterization of these
      muscle regulatory proteins and their actions in the context of proposed models
      for the determination and differentiation of muscle tissue.

PMID- 1806762
TI  - Stress proteins and cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Understanding the molecular basis by which cells of the heart and blood vessels
      adapt to physiological stress conditions is an important goal for cardiovascular
      investigators. The ubiquitous heat shock response provides a model for cellular
      adaptations to metabolic stresses that are encountered in cardiac disease. Stress
      induced synthesis of a family of highly conserved proteins serves to protect
      cells from injury. In addition, members of this family have essential roles in
      protein processing and assembly of macromolecular complexes, and in regulation of
      gene expression, even in unstressed cells. Research concerning the regulation and
      function of stress proteins potentially is pertinent to the pathophysiology of
      myocardial hypertrophy, remodeling, and failure, to age-related changes in the
      cardiovascular system, as well as to ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 1806763
TI  - Considerations affecting selection of thrombolytic agents.
AB  - The data reviewed above show that the ideal thrombolytic or thrombolytic plus
      anticoagulant regimen does not exist. Nor is it clear to me that one regimen is
      unequivocally better than another in regards to clinical outcome. Publication of
      the full results of the ISIS-3 study and completion of the TAPS study, the GUSTO
      study, the TIMI-4 study plus others only now in the planning phases, should help.
      This review will not stay current very long. These data do, however, give some
      guides to certain circumstances in which one regimen might be preferred over
      others. If economics is a compelling issue, as it may be in public hospitals on a
      fixed budget or in the developing world, streptokinase may be the best choice.
      For early application of thrombolytic therapy, such as at the site of infarct
      occurrence and in automotive and aerial ambulances, anistreplase may be preferred
      because of its ease of administration. Previous administration of streptokinase
      or anistreplase (within the period of 48 h to 6 months after prior use) militate
      against their use as does a recent streptococcal infection. Heightened concerns
      about bleeding risk, except intracranially, in the absence of absolute
      contraindication of fibrinolytic therapy, e.g. remote gastrointestinal hemorrhage
      or the expected imminent need for an invasive procedure, may lead to preference
      for alteplase over streptokinase or anistreplase. On the other hand, heightened
      concerns about intracranial hemorrhage may lead to preference for streptokinase
      over alteplase or anistreplase. Alteplase may be preferred over non-fibrin
      selective agents in the treatment of patients when administration is begun more
      than three hours after the presumed onset of infarction. These considerations
      notwithstanding, it is crucial that debates over the best choice of a regimen
      must not be allowed to prolong the time before administration of an effective
      thrombolytic agent to a patient with evolving Q-wave infarction who is a good
      candidate for this therapy. This review may also become dated in the not-too
      distant future because of expected further advances in thrombolytic regimen.
      Application of new antithrombotic regimens was noted above. Future thrombolytic
      and antithrombotic regimens may be "cocktails" of one or more thrombolytic agents
      plus more powerful antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents. New generations of
      thrombolytic agents may replace the current first and second generation agents
      now used. Combination thrombolytic and anti-fibrin antibody agents and mutant
      tissue-type plasminogen activators with lower affinity for plasminogen activator
      inhibitor and longer half-lives are being developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806764
TI  - Strategies for administration of tissue plasminogen activator.
AB  - Since the first patient was treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
      (t-PA) in 1984, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of
      optimal methods for administration of this thrombolytic agent. As a background
      and foundation to clinical trials, the experimental data for bolus t-PA,
      adjunctive treatments and new plasminogen activators for more optimal
      thrombolysis are reviewed. The major findings in clinical evaluation for acute
      myocardial infarction to date include (1) substantial mortality reduction and
      improvement in cardiac function; (2) an excess of serious bleeding complications
      at high doses (150 mg) of t-PA; (3) rapid infarct vessel recanalization with an
      accelerated "front-loaded" regimen; (4) the importance of conjunctive intravenous
      heparin; and (5) the potential for new, combined plasminogen activator therapies.
      The recent data, collectively, have set the stage for a new greater than 30,000
      patient mortality reduction trial entitled Global Utilization of Streptokinase
      and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO).

PMID- 1806765
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy: enhancement by platelet and platelet-derived mediator
      antagonists.
AB  - Coronary thrombolysis is the treatment of choice for patients with acute Q wave
      myocardial infarcts who have no contraindication to such therapy. However, the
      time required for thrombolysis to occur and the possibility of reocclusion of the
      infarct-related artery following thrombolytic therapy are problems. The time
      required for thrombolysis to occur with currently available agents ranges from 40
      to 60 minutes and the frequency of reocclusion of the infarct-related artery
      after tissue-type plasminogen activator is 10 to 20%. We review experimental
      studies and clinical evaluations in which attempts have been made to develop
      adjunctive therapies that when coupled with available thrombolytic interventions
      might shorten the time to thrombolysis and delay or prevent reocclusion. From the
      studies done to date, it appears that a combination of thromboxane synthesis
      inhibitor and receptor antagonist with a serotonin receptor antagonist and
      heparin shortens the time to thrombolysis and delays or prevents coronary artery
      reocclusion in experimental canine models with copper coil-induced coronary
      artery thrombi. A monoclonal antibody to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
      receptor given with tissue plasminogen activator and heparin also shortens the
      time to thrombolysis and delays or prevents reocclusion in experimental canine
      models. A mutant tissue plasminogen activator with a glycosylation defect and
      prolonged systemic clearance delays coronary artery reocclusion following lysis
      of three-hours coronary thrombi, induced by a copper coil. Thrombin inhibitors,
      including heparin, and synthetic inhibitors, given with tissue plasminogen
      activator and aspirin, appear to shorten the time to thrombolysis and delay or
      prevent coronary artery reocclusion in experimental canine models.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806766
TI  - Hybrid molecules: insights into plasminogen activator function.
AB  - Hybrid molecules containing the catalytic domain of either tissue plasminogen
      activator (tPA) or single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scuPA), and
      the fibrin binding domain of a murine antifibrin monoclonal antibody were
      constructed using either cDNA or genomic DNA encoding the plasminogen activator
      and genomic DNA encoding antifibrin monoclonal antibody 59D8. In order to
      optimize expression of these fusion proteins in hybridoma cells, we compared
      plasminogen activator 3' UT domains (which decrease mRNA stability) with
      immunoglobulin and beta globin 3' UT domains (which increase mRNA stability). The
      presence of the plasminogen activator 3' UT domain resulted in approximately
      tenfold lower steady-state mRNA levels, and 300 to 500-fold lower levels of
      expressed functional protein. The initial goal of these studies was to increase
      the fibrinolytic potency and selectivity of tPA or scuPA. Fusion proteins
      comprising an antifibrin antibody domain and the catalytic domain of either tPA
      or scuPA were expressed and shown to have very different properties. The fusion
      protein that comprised the Fab portion of an antifibrin antibody and the
      catalytic domain of tPA, while displaying antigen binding properties
      indistinguishable from those of the parent antibody and amidolytic activity
      similar to that of tPA, was not more efficient than tPA in an in vitro clot lysis
      assay. In contrast, it had been shown that tPA chemically coupled to the same
      antibody was four- to sixfold more efficient in fibrinolysis both in vitro and in
      vivo. A recombinant scuPA-antifibrin antibody hybrid, however, was sixfold more
      potent than scuPA in vitro and 20-fold more potent in a rabbit thrombolysis
      model. An explanation for this apparent discrepancy may relate to the requirement
      for stimulation by fibrin in order for tPA to achieve its maximal catalytic
      activity, a property that was demonstrated to have been lost in the antifibrin
      tPA fusion protein. In contrast, the activity of urokinase is independent of the
      presence of fibrin. This may explain the greater success achieved in enhancing
      catalytic activity in the urokinase-antifibrin fusion protein. It is of
      additional interest that fibrin or soluble fibrin fragments stimulate the
      catalytic activity of both tPA and the isolated tPA B chain, demonstrating that
      at least part of the enhanced catalytic activity of tPA observed in the presence
      of fibrin is independent of fibrin binding either by the tPA kringles or finger
      domain (or any heavy chain domain). These data indicate that it is possible to
      construct recombinant hybrid molecules in which both plasminogen activator
      catalytic function and antibody binding are preserved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806767
TI  - Retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into endothelial cells.
AB  - Over the last few years several groups have used retroviral vectors to achieve
      stable gene transfer into endothelial cells. In vitro experiments include
      transduction of cultured cells with genes of potential therapeutic interest, such
      as growth hormone and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Animal studies have
      demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo recombinant gene expression from
      transduced endothelial cells, but have thus far been accomplished only with the
      lacZ marker gene. All studies to date have been oriented primarily toward the use
      of transduced endothelial cells to provide gene therapy. Numerous issues remain
      to be addressed with experimental data prior to the initiation of a clinical
      protocol using transduced endothelial cells. These issues include the
      introduction of larger numbers of transduced cells into the vasculature and the
      achievement of appropriate regulation of transgene expression. The use of
      retroviral vectors to study basic endothelial cell biology has been relatively
      ignored. The tool of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer is available for
      use in answering both therapeutic and pathophysiological questions in endothelial
      cell biology.

PMID- 1806768
TI  - [Modern drug therapy in alcoholism].
AB  - The recent investigations on biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of ethanol in
      acute intoxication, tolerance and physical dependence suggest that the cell
      membrane, intracellular metabolism and central neurotransmitters are involved. In
      acute intoxication ethanol increases the "fluidity" of the cell membrane and
      stimulates the central gabergic system. In alcoholics, the body adapts, and in
      the presence of ethanol, the cell membrane becomes more "rigid" and the gabergic
      system hypoactive. When alcohol intake is discontinued the hypoactivity of the
      gabergic system is unmasked and it is manifested as withdrawal syndrome. The
      alcohol intake compensates for the clinical symptoms of decreased gabergic
      activity and thereby continuously prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms. On
      the other hand, intact central noradrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic systems
      as well as the neuropeptide vasopressin maintain the tolerance. After withdrawal
      syndrome, membrane alterations and the state of diminished gabergic activity
      gradually return to normal. This period of slow recuperation corresponds to the
      subacute withdrawal syndrome. In this period, there is a continuous desire for
      alcohol intake. Further, alcoholics, in this situation, are very vulnerable with
      feelings of insecurity, fragility and isolation. All these factors additionally
      induce a latent desire for ethanol. It follows then that a stimulation of
      decreased gabergic activity is a new approach in drug therapy of alcoholism. One
      of these new stimulants is acamprosate. The new substance is a structural
      analogue of GABA and acts as an agonist on gabergic receptors. Therefore,
      acamprosate improves the central gabergic activity. Alcoholics treated with
      acamprosate stated that they no longer felt a desire for alcohol intake. In this
      way, acamprosate maintains the abstinence for several months during the post
      withdrawal phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806769
TI  - [An experimental model of ischemic lesions of the small intestine].
AB  - Ischemic (necrotic) lesions of the small intestine are caused by the influence of
      elevated environment temperature on the rat. The initial change which was gained
      was a subnuclear vacuolization of the absorptive cells on the tips of the
      intestinal villi. Later on, the vacuoles blend into the subnuclear space which
      contains a serous exudate in some places. With the expansion of the subnuclear
      space the epithelium separates from the stroma, and after it's desquamation there
      comes to an autolysis of the denuded stroma of the intestinal villi. The lesions
      are comparable with lesions of the small intestine caused by hypothermia, shock,
      mesenterial blood vessel ligation in experimental models of other authors, and
      with ischemic lesions of the small intestine in humans as well. These changes can
      be considered as a nonspecific consequence of mesenterial ischemia in the
      appearance of which vascular factors play a key role.

PMID- 1806771
TI  - [A case of attempted suicide with an enormous quantity of food].
AB  - Presented is a suicide attempt with an enormous amount of food in a young female
      affected with Anorexia mentalis of symptomatic alcoholism. Reacting to a conflict
      situation with her boyfriend, in a fit of anxiety and depression on a principal
      of a "short circuit reaction" she took an uncontrollably large amount of food.
      After an attempt of gastric lavage which was unsuccessful, a laparotomy and
      gastrotomy was carried out because of vital reasons. Eight kilograms of various
      types of undigested food and mushy contents were removed from the stomach. The
      surgical treatment lasted for 26 days, and treatment was resumed at the
      department for neuropsychiatry and the patient was released to go home as
      recovered after 84 days of treatment. The authors have presented this case as a
      very rare suicide attempt, because they have not found a description of a suicide
      attempt with food in domestic nor available world literature.

PMID- 1806770
TI  - [Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of duodenal ulcer in patients from the
      Tis River region from the aspect of functional status of the gastric mucosa and
      therapeutic effects].
AB  - A group of 300 patients with peptic ulcers was formed by the method of accidental
      choice and consists of 252 males (84.00%) and 48 females (16.00%) with a ratio
      between sexes of 5.25:1 in favor of the male sex. Out of risk factors of the
      disease, the most frequent ones were the caffeine beverage (in 69.66% of
      patients) and smoking (in 67.0% of all examined subjects). Laboratory findings
      were of no greater significance in the diagnostics of peptic ulcer, while
      radiological examination verified ulcers of this location in 43.33% of patients.
      By means of endoscopic examination a defect of duodenal mucosa was visualized in
      100% of patients and this was most frequently seen on the anterior wall of the
      bulb (60.33%), small ulcerations up to 0.5 mm in diameter (in 55.0% of cases).
      Different forms of chronic atrophic gastritis were determined in 48.00% of
      patients by means of pathohistological expert opinion, and chronic enteritis was
      the fact in 71.66% of patients. In duodenal ulcer therapy, the best results were
      achieved with preparations of the third generation of H2 antagonists (complete
      reepithelialization in 94.00% of cases H2 = 38.72, p less than 0.001), and with
      omeprazol (healing of ulcer in 98.00% of patients, H2 = 68.50, p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 1806772
TI  - [Rare forms of ectopic pregnancy in surgical data from the Women's Health Service
      -case reports].
AB  - Three rare forms of ectopic pregnancies are presented. Each case is interesting
      because of it's rare occurrence and because of difficulties in the setting of the
      diagnosis. Ultrasound diagnostics with modern equipment helps the gynecologist in
      the solving of diagnostic problems. The diagnosis of bilateral tubal pregnancy
      was established in our case also intraoperatively, and it was proved with a
      pathohistological finding. With each ectopic pregnancy there is a possibility
      that the same changes can occur on the opposite side also. Because of this
      possibility, an intraoperative revision is obligatory. Primary ovarian pregnancy
      is diagnosed intraoperatively. Our case also presents a rarity because of the
      size of the embryo. Simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy is
      interesting because of the setting of an on-time diagnosis, and because of a
      successful carrying out of the pregnancy and birth. Postoperative course had gone
      well in all the cases and the patients were released as cured, and one of them
      was released after childbirth.

PMID- 1806773
TI  - [Sudden death due to dysplasia of the right ventricle].
AB  - The authors present two cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in
      two young males, who had died by sudden death. A brief presentation is given of
      the clinical manifestation, uninvasive and invasive diagnostic possibilities, of
      the pathoanatomic finding and the pathohistological presentation, and the
      possibilities of treatment.

PMID- 1806774
TI  - [Multiple gastrointestinal polyps].
AB  - A case of a ten year old adopted girl is presented, who had gastrointestinal
      disturbances, anal pruritus and relapses of urticaria from her fourth year of
      age. By means of radiological and endoscopis analysis, multiple gastrointestinal
      polyposis was established. Pathohistological examination of the polyp indicated
      that tubular adenomas were in question, therefore in the case of this girl it can
      be stated that she has diffuse tubular gastrointestinal adenomatous polyposis,
      which is a characteristic of Gardner's syndrome. At the moment of the setting of
      the diagnosis, the girl had no skin changes nor did she have any radiological
      changes on the bones of her skull. The first skin changes appeared one year after
      the diagnosis was set, and they were in the form of maculopapular nodules,
      comedos of the closed and open type on the forehead and chin.

PMID- 1806775
TI  - [Secondary dilatation of the stump of the cystic duct and stone formation within
      it].
AB  - In the paper the authors analyze the operative material of the surgery department
      of the Senta Hospital in relation to the secondary expansion of the ductus
      cysticus stump as a complication following cholecystectomy. In relation to 727
      performed cholecystectomies this complication occurred in our material in only
      0.39%, which is a much lesser percentage in relation to the facts which are
      presented in literature. Three cases of secondary ductus cysticus stump expansion
      (regeneratio cholecystae) are described along with diagnostic procedures and
      operative protocols. As conclusions, the authors state that with cholecystectomy
      it is very important that the surgeon observes the basic postulates of the
      operative technique, i.e., that the stump of ductus cysticus must not exceed the
      length of 5-6 mm, that i.v. cholangiography must be done in all operations on
      extrahepatic passageways, and that in all cases of late postoperative biliary
      colics the "cysticus stump syndrome" must be taken into consideration always.

PMID- 1806776
TI  - [Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Jaffe-Lichtenstein)].
AB  - The study describes two cases of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the pelvis
      tending to progress along the lower extremities. The disease is of unknown origin
      and develops in the period of puberty. Has chronic qualities with remissions
      which could last for several years. The disease leads to deformities but
      spontaneous fractures are also possible. It is diagnosed by means of thorough
      radiologic examinations and histologically. Therapeutical treatment consists of
      symptomatic therapy and physiatric procedures, while cases of marked deformities
      and spontaneous fractures require surgical treatment.

PMID- 1806778
TI  - [Doping in sports].
AB  - In the aim of achieving the best possible results in sports, very often various
      chemical substances are used, which are not present in the organism or they have
      been present in a considerably smaller quantity. All these substances are used
      for a fairly long amount of time, in the last few years on a scientific basis.
      With their activity they stimulate protein metabolism, and promote the function
      of the central nervous system. The harmful activity of doping substances is
      serious with early and late consequences. Proof by chromatographic methods is
      certain.

PMID- 1806777
TI  - [Induction of labor--personal results].
AB  - In a five-year period (1981-85) the authors analyzed the labor induction rate and
      the injuries of mothers and newborns in relation to them. They had 13.12% of
      inductions. The mortality and birth rate was 1.73 0/1000. Early neonatal
      mortality was 1.52 0/1000, and perinatal mortality (on the five-year material)
      3.25 0/1000. This is in the group of low perinatal mortality (10.0 0/1000). Labor
      induction demands permanent CTG control during labor, as well as labor in the
      hospital, which they had. The prematurity rate has decreased thanks to better
      prepartal evaluation (from 14.06 0/1000 to 1.24%) of criteria for the indication
      of labor induction. They found a significant difference between labor induction
      and obstetric interventions, as well as between birth injuries and obstetric
      interventions.

PMID- 1806779
TI  - [Postural disorders as risk factors for the onset of degenerative diseases of the
      spine in meat-processing workers].
AB  - The authors present a postural finding in 150 workers of the meat industry. The
      frequency of lumbar painful syndromes is 28.66%, and 6.66% for chronic cervical
      pain. In 97 workers without painful syndromes of the spine there were 63.9% of
      cases with a proper posture between the ages of 30 and 39 years. Kyphotic backs
      (21.9%) appear at the age of 50 to 59 years. In 53 workers with a clinically
      manifest degenerative disease, 13.2% of cases had a proper posture. In this group
      the percentage of persons with kyphotic backs was 50.9% in the age group of 30 to
      39 years. Scolosis was present in 13.2% of cases. The authors suggest an
      individual approach to kinesitherapy, on the basis of a previous postural
      analysis of each patient. They emphasize the need for the reduction of excessive
      weight and give an important role to the education of workers, according to the
      ergonomic requirements of the work place. The authors point to the problem and
      the necessity of preventing postural disorders as early as the school age.

PMID- 1806780
TI  - [Characteristics of colonic carcinoma in our material].
AB  - By analyzing the characteristics of colonic carcinoma on the ten-year material of
      the Department for pathology of the Senta Hospital we came to a conclusion that
      this disease has a greater part in the mortality structure of the region along
      the river Tisa in relation to the Vojvodina average. Some morphologically
      prognostic elements (the tumor type, the intensity of peritumoral lymphocytic
      infiltration) do not show any significant deviations from literature facts, while
      tumor differentiation, the type of invasion and grading according to Dukes
      indicate a less favorable situation in our surroundings. An attempt was made to
      evidence the relation between colonic adenoma and carcinoma on the basis of
      classic morphology and the presence of nucleolar organizers. Our results indicate
      the insufficient discovering of precancerous states and early stadiums of colonic
      cancer in our surroundings.

PMID- 1806781
TI  - [The significance of gestational age and body mass in the manifestations of
      hypoglycemia in neonates].
AB  - In this paper the author studies the influence of body mass and gestational age
      on the range of glycemia. A group of 204 children which were born under the
      influence of various risk factors was studied; 54 of these children had low
      glycemia values, and 150 of them had other risks. The glycemia values of these
      children were compared to the glycemia values of 30 children from the control
      group. The author found that the gestation of age and body mass at birth are of
      great significance for the appearance of hypoglycemia. The mean body mass is much
      lower in the group of children with hypoglycemia (X = 2741.6) than in the control
      group (X = 3306.6 gr) and the group of children with all the other risks (X =
      3112.7 gr). The group of children with a body mass that is small for their
      gestation of age (SGA) stands out in particular. In this paper there have been 9
      SGA children, and 6 of them belonged to the group of children with hypoglycemia,
      and 3 of them had symptomatic hypoglycemia, while out of the entire group (54) 15
      children had symptomatic hypoglycemia. None of the children from this group had
      convulsions. Glycemia was registered every 2 hours even after 24 hours following
      birth. If low values happened to be discovered, every 4 hours following birth 10%
      glucose was introduced per os. In all the children feeding was introduced 12
      hours after birth, and in children with hypoglycemia this was supplemented by
      adding 10% glucose which was mixed with the milk which was drawn from the
      mother.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806783
TI  - [The spa-sanitarium in Senta].

PMID- 1806782
TI  - [Results of laryngo-microscopic examinations over a 10-year period at the ORL
      Department of the Senta Hospital].
AB  - In the period from 1980-1989, 199 laryngomicroscopical examinations were
      conducted at our department. There were 20 cases of laryngeal carcinoma, 55 cases
      of keratosis with the presence of dysplasia in 21.8%, as well as 19 papillomas in
      adult individuals. In our material keratoses appear a few years before the onset
      of laryngeal carcinoma in an average statistical distribution. With one
      exception, the carcinomas were detected before the appearance of metastases. Our
      data indicate the exceptional benefit of laryngomicroscopy in the detection of
      precancerous lesions and carcinoma of the larynx.

PMID- 1806784
TI  - [Development of the hospital health service in Senta].

PMID- 1806785
TI  - [Hemodialysis and the surgery patient].

PMID- 1806786
TI  - [The mechanism of cholinergic effects on lowering intraocular pressure].
AB  - The relationship between vasomotoric activity and blood vessel permeability was
      studied in the course of discovering the ocular hypotonising mechanism of
      cholinergic drug activity (pilocarpin and carbamylcholin). The authors found, in
      experimental conditions, that the vasomotoric activity (vasodilatation) of the
      two cholinergic drugs is expressed in the increased permeability of the blood
      aqueour barrier. In the presence of an elevated extracirculatory pressure (IOP),
      as in glaucoma, vasodilatation under the influence of cholinergic drugs, is
      converted to passive vasoconstriction which leads to reduced aqueous humor
      production. Carbamilcholin reduces aqueous humor production in a greater extent
      than pilocarpin.

PMID- 1806787
TI  - [Characteristics of the vascular network in the hypothalamic median eminence in
      man].
AB  - The aim of these studies is to determine the sources of vascularization, the
      vascular areas, the appearance and density of the median eminence capillary
      network in prenatal human brains of both sexes. The brain blood vessels under
      examination were filled with a mixture of India ink and gelatin. Serial paraffin
      sections 20-40 microns thick, cleared after Spaltehol. Two arterial stems take
      part in median eminence vascularization together with their branches: a.
      hypophisialis superior and a. hypophisialis inferior. In order to quantify the
      density of the capillary network, the authors used the standard stereologic
      parameters--volume density and mean radius of blood vessels. No statistically
      significant sex-dependent differences were established regarding the appearance
      and density of the median eminence capillary network of the human brain in the
      course of the comparative testing of the mean values of these parameters in the
      male and female sex.

PMID- 1806788
TI  - [Mumps infection and disorders of glucose tolerance].
AB  - In the last few years there is a more frequent appearance of papers which suggest
      the viral etiology of juvenile diabetes mellitus, where the mumps virus is
      primarily pointed to as the etiological factor. Since there is a high incidence
      of diabetes in our Province as well as the presence of an epidemic appearance of
      mumps infections, we were of the opinion that there was good reason for us to
      study the influence of mumps infection on glucose tolerance. With our research we
      have proved that mumps leads to the disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism and
      this is the case not only in the acute stage of infection but also in the course
      of a two-year follow-up, and they develop as a consequence of the direct
      influence of the virus on the beta cells of the pancreas. Glucose tolerance
      disturbances were not in correlation with the changes on the exocrine part of the
      pancreas neither in the acute stage nor in reconvalescence. Hereditary factors
      also didn't influence the more frequent appearance of these disturbances in
      persons with a hereditary disease, which was confirmed statistically also (X2 =
      0.67). By research we have proved that disturbances which take the course of the
      "slow virus infection" type also occur and that they are statistically more
      significant (X2 = 22.31) in relation to the glucose tolerance disturbances which
      develop due to a direct activity of the mumps virus.

PMID- 1806789
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of chemotherapy in squamous cell bronchial carcinoma].
AB  - Chemotherapy according to the MACC protocol (Methotrexate, Adriamycin,
      Cyclophosphamide, CCNU) was applied in 32 patients with squamous cell bronchial
      carcinoma. The following criteria were used for the evaluation of the effect of
      therapy: response to therapy (evaluation of decrease in tumor mass), duration of
      response and survival time. A positive response to therapy was achieved in 3
      (9.4%) cases. In 22 (68.7%) the condition remained unchanged, while in 7 (21.9%)
      cases there came to a progression of the disease. Mean duration of survival was
      15.1 +/- 8.2 months. More than a half of the patients lived for a year (59.4%),
      while 12.5% and 9.4% survived two and three years, respectively. By comparison of
      the results with findings from literature it seems that the application of
      chemotherapy in the combination of Cisplatin and Vindesin is more effective in
      the case of poorly differentiated squamous cell bronchial carcinoma.

PMID- 1806790
TI  - [Chilaiditi syndrome].
AB  - The paper deals with a patient who was admitted through the surgical emergency
      service under the suspicion of subphrenic abscess. From the moment of admittance
      the patient was carefully followed. Laboratory tests were repeated several times.
      The following examinations were performed within a very short period of time: a
      posteroanterior X-ray of the chest and both subphrenic spaces, an ultrasonogram
      of the upper abdomen, a CT scan of the upper abdomen, roenthgenography of the
      gastroduodenum with gastrografin, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy and irrigography.
      Apart from the interposition of the colon between the liver and the diaphragm, no
      other pathological changes were found. Clinical follow-ups of the lungs and the
      abdomen were normal. The patient was discharged in a good general condition.

PMID- 1806791
TI  - [Psycho-organic sequelae of hypoglycemia].

PMID- 1806792
TI  - [Cerebellitis? Case report of acute cerebellar ataxia in childhood].
AB  - The authors present a severe clinical manifestation of acute cerebellitis with a
      favorable outcome, most likely of viral etiology, without fever. An emphasis is
      placed on the value of complex investigations, clinical as well as laboratory
      ones, and the exclusion of other diseases which come into consideration in
      differential diagnostics.

PMID- 1806793
TI  - [Growth, body weight and the yearly increase in height in children and
      adolescents in Novi Sad].
AB  - The paper presents a graphical account of the growth and nutritional status out
      of anthropometric values which were attained by means of a longitudinal study on
      Novi Sad children. The paper states the advantages which these graphical accounts
      provide through a quick, simple and exact evaluation of the growth and the
      nutritional status of children and young people from the second to the 18th year
      of age. The paper also gives nomograms of the annual height increase separately
      according to sexes. The average height of the eighteen-year old population (boys
      179.8 and girls 166.5 cm) in our surroundings is among the highest in Europe. By
      comparing the named average height values with those of fifteen years ago we
      observe a positive difference in favor of today's young generation, this being
      2.3 cm in boys and 2.0 cm in girls. The value of the T coefficient is 3.66 in
      boys and 3.7 in girls which means that the differences are very significant at
      the level of 1%.

PMID- 1806794
TI  - [Malignant tumors in patients in our hospital 1985-1989].
AB  - An analysis was conducted concerning the data on malignant digestive-tract tumors
      which were treated in the period from 1985 to 1989 at the Department for
      Gastroenterology of the Clinical-Hospital Center in Zemun. The research results
      showed that malignant digestive-tract tumors are not in an increase, they are
      rare in persons which are younger than 40 years of age (10%) and are two times
      more frequent in males. The share of malignant tumors of the large intestine in
      overall morbidity is somewhat more frequent, they occur two times more in males
      and with 10.6% in persons younger than 40 years. The malignant tumors of the
      stomach are the only ones which are in a decrease, they are considerably less
      frequent in younger persons (3.7%), but are also two times more frequent in
      males. Malignant tumors of the pancreas are somewhat more represented in overall
      morbidity, they are very rare in young persons (3.7%) and are more frequent in
      males. The data on malignant tumors of the liver show that in the last few years
      they are somewhat more represented in overall morbidity, they are rare in persons
      younger than 40, and are more frequent in males.

PMID- 1806795
TI  - [Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, pathoanatomic substrate and mechanisms of
      pathogenesis].
AB  - The polycystic ovary syndrome was described for the first time in 1935 and it
      consists of: menstrual irregularity (amenorrhea or dysfunctional bleeding from
      the uterus), obesity and hirsutism. The advancement of visualization techniques,
      especially of the ultrasound method with a high resolution, has enabled simpler
      diagnostics and a wider recognition of the named syndrome and the defining of
      it's subvariants, which has led to a tendency that the entity be named polycystic
      ovary disease (PCOD). The paper presents the clinical, pathoanatomical and
      laboratory definition of the disease. Also analyzed, are the deviations which
      occur within each of the mentioned methods for the definition of the disease in
      patients in whom there was "surgical proof" of polycystic ovary disease. The
      prevalence of the disease, it's pathoanatomical substrate and pathogenetical
      mechanisms for individual subgroups are presented. In regard to the heterogeneity
      of possible etiological causes, we considered the disturbances which occur at the
      level of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis; the ovaries peripheral tissues,
      adrenal glands as well as the metabolic hypothesis which includes the
      gonadotropic effect of insulin within itself.

PMID- 1806797
TI  - [Medical informatics].
AB  - The fundamentals of medical informatics education are described on the basis of
      the current understanding of its aims and tasks. The use of a system in medical
      decision making is pointed out together with its basic characteristics. The
      significance of the introduction of information systems into the health system is
      presented as well as the perspectives of their further development in the future.
      The principles of medical informatics education are presented as well as the
      present situation in medical informatics education in the world and in this
      country with a view of the future.

PMID- 1806796
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of a lecture and film on smoking on the attitude of
      students toward smoking].
AB  - Within the activities of biology class four pupils conducted an acclaimed poll of
      all the classes of two elementary schools on the experience with smoking tobacco
      and the attitude towards smoking and smokers. The investigation was supplemented
      with the same poll of six classes of the high school center. By processing the
      answers of 1086 pupils, data was received that pupils tried smoking from 18.6 in
      the younger grades to 61.7% among high-school students. Projecting the wish
      towards smoking when they grow up ranges from 8.2 over 14.5 to 6% with the older
      pupils. But beside these opposite tendencies the number of those who still "light
      a cigarette" increases from 4% over 7-8 to 23.3% with age. Less than 10% of the
      pupils from the younger grades has shown that they like smokers, but the
      attractiveness of the smoking style increases with age. Thus, the proportion of
      those who do not like smokers and rooms filled with smoke decreases from 95% with
      the younger pupils to 45% among high-school students. Between the two schools
      there is a difference of proportion in the replies to the questions asked which
      is significant at the level of 0.1%. But the distribution of proportions
      according to the age of those who still "light a cigarette", as well as of those
      who want to smoke when they grow up coincides with the creating of two maximums:
      with the youngest pupils and with the highschool students. The testing concerning
      the influence of the lecture and film on the attitude towards smokers did not
      reach a 5% level of significance (x2 = 5.19).

PMID- 1806798
TI  - [Social factors related to deficient mental development].
AB  - The authors examine the outer-social factors which contribute and sometimes even
      lead to insufficient mental development. In the first place, they point out that
      the children of socially inferior surroundings are underfed, then, that during
      pregnancy, the mother of a poor environment is not only underfed, but also
      subjected to a series of physical strains of hard labor, and to maltreating as
      well. Apart from that, social inferiority is also expressed through the lack of
      information and the unpreparedness of the pregnant woman for childbirth, as well
      as for childbirth outside of organized delivery facilities. A special emphasis is
      placed on the unfavorable social factors in the postpartal period, which are
      expressed through the bad nursing, feeding and health care of the newborn. In
      further discourse, also considered are the immediate influences of social
      inferiority on the child at the time of starting school. Finally, the authors
      point to the possibilities of preventing unfavorable sociogenetic factors.

PMID- 1806799
TI  - [Present possibilities of treatment of chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia].
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) belongs to the group of diseases with a
      malignant course and bad outcome. Clinically, the course of CLL exceptionally
      varies, survival ranges from one to twenty years. The choice of treatment for
      those affected with CLL is not simple because of the different course of the
      disease in individual patients and because of the different attitudes in the
      application of available means of therapy. By introducing antitumor drugs
      (Interferon alpha-2, Interleukin 2b), new chemotherapeutics (Fludarabin,
      Pentostatin), monoclonal antibodies and especially by introducing allogenic bone
      marrow transplantation into therapy, new possibilities are attained for the more
      efficient treatment of these patients.

PMID- 1806800
TI  - [Evaluation of various methods and means in atraumatic dilatation of the uterine
      cervix].
AB  - The method of dilation of the uterine cervix precedes the evacuation and
      curettage of the uterine cavity and at the same time presents the oldest method
      of conducting an artificial abortion. In the aim of decreasing the possibility of
      damaging the uterine cervix by a forcible mechanical dilation by means of metal
      dilators, it has always been attempted to dilate the cervix by various materials
      which would alleviate aggression towards tissue. A significant contribution to
      the solving of this problem has been made by the discovery and the application of
      laminaria which consist of seaweed. More recently, synthetic hygroscopic
      laminaria and prostaglandin preparations are in use, and they show a whole line
      of advantages in relation to traditional laminaria. The advantages are reflected
      in a faster and more gradual cervical dilation and the absence of genital tract
      infections following their application.

PMID- 1806801
TI  - Drugs, the criminal law, and the administration of justice.
AB  - Are criminal laws against the sale and use of drugs such as heroin and cocaine
      helpful in maintaining a liberal community? Answering this question is partly a
      matter of political philosophy, but the answer also depends on judgments about
      practical effects. Although it is clear that drug laws tend to worsen the conduct
      and condition of individuals who continue to use drugs, and strain the
      institutions of the criminal justice system, it is also plausible that these same
      laws succeed in reducing overall levels of drug use by suppressing the supply and
      helping sustain the community norm that disapproves of drug use.

PMID- 1806802
TI  - Compulsory treatment for drug-dependent persons: justifications for a public
      health approach to drug dependency.
AB  - Compulsory treatment for drug users is often rejected as neither an effective nor
      an acceptable exercise of state authority. Recent research studies indicate that
      compulsory treatment can work and that, if carefully put into effect, it can
      represent an important public health component of the response to drug use.
      Finally, a program of compulsory treatment can be shaped with concerns for due
      process in mind, so that civil liberties will not be violated.

PMID- 1806803
TI  - Helping women helping children: drug policy and future generations.
AB  - Our primary social response to substance abuse during pregnancy has been legal,
      punitive, and coercive. Rooted in the belief that the maternal-fetal relationship
      is primarily adversarial in nature, this response is unlikely to deter women from
      abusing drugs during pregnancy. An alternative perspective in which the maternal
      fetal relationship is viewed as an interactive unit where the needs of one define
      the needs of both would be more appropriate. Only by assisting rather than
      punishing women are we likely to help them, their fetuses, and their children.

PMID- 1806804
TI  - Medicalization of psychoactive substance use and the doctor-patient relationship.
AB  - Any attempt at medicalization of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and other
      psychoactive substances of abuse in the United States is likely to encounter
      strong opposition by many responsible physicians. Such opposition would be
      grounded in their perception that medicalization would be contrary to the
      purposes of medical practice. Most physicians would, however, be willing to
      consider prescribing such substances for pathological users if such prescribing
      took place within the context of a fully developed doctor-patient relationship in
      which the patient recognized the dependency as undesirable and wanted to
      cooperate with the physician in a mutual effort to end the dependency or, if this
      were not feasible, to mitigate its destructive effects.

PMID- 1806805
TI  - Legalizing drugs: lessons from (and about) economics.
AB  - Although applications of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to the problem of drug
      policy are few in number and relatively primitive, they illustrate both the
      potential and limitations of CBA to produce critical insights that might improve
      drug policy making. But even the ideal CBA of drug policy could never produce a
      definitive conclusion about the desirability of drug legalization. Another tool
      of economics, analysis of price elasticity of demand, holds the potential to
      generate understanding of the likely effects of policy changes in the monetary
      and psychological prices associated with policy reforms.

PMID- 1806806
TI  - [Analysis of seminal fluid: modern aspects of an old examination].
AB  - Semen analysis stands as the most widely employed test for the diagnosis of male
      infertility. Subjectivity of evaluation and intra-individual variations of sperm
      concentration and motility are major limitations of this technique. Intra
      individual variations are due to spontaneous circannual rhythmicity, to
      collection artifacts or to several environmental, physiological and pathological
      factors. The diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of semen analysis is related to
      strict compliance with the guidelines recently suggested by the World Health
      Organization. In recent years, the development of computerized systems provides
      an objective and rapid method for semen analysis, suitable for the study of more
      sophisticated parameters of sperm motility. Electron microscopy should be
      performed for the evaluation of ultrastructural abnormalities of spermatozoa in
      men with infertility of uncertain origin.

PMID- 1806807
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism. Our experience.
AB  - We report our experience in the clinical presentation and management of 12
      patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, who underwent successful surgery.
      Comparing our results with those previously reported in the literature, we have
      attempted to correlate the kind of parathyroid lesion, the magnitude of
      hypercalcemia and PTH increase, and clinical symptoms. Often these relationships
      are intriguing; we have tried to classify our patients describing four groups,
      according to clinical and humoral findings: 1) patients with very mild
      hypercalcemia and aspecific symptoms; 2) patients with a finding of recurrent
      hypercalcemia and prevalent renal involvement; 3) patients with severe
      hypercalcemia, plurisystemic involvement and general decay; 4) patients with
      medical emergencies. Finally, some considerations on rare histological pictures
      (hyperfunctioning carcinoma, oxyphil cell adenoma) are reported.

PMID- 1806808
TI  - [Preclinical hypothyroidism: early involvement of memory function, behavioral
      responsiveness and myocardial contractility].
AB  - Subclinical hypothyroidism in characterized by elevated TSH levels in the face of
      normal thyroid hormone concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      whether these subjects show alterations of neuropsychological and behavioural
      features and of myocardial contractility as patients with overt hypothyroidism
      do. We evaluated in 14 subjects the hormonal profile (total and free T3 and T4,
      TSH), memory ability (Wechsler Memory Scale), behavioural reactivity (Crown &
      Crisp Experimental Index) and the pre-ejection period (isometric systole). We
      found an evident impairment of some cognitive functions correlated to memory and
      a behavioural alteration, perhaps secondary to the disease state, and moreover an
      early defect of myocardial contractility, represented by prolonged pre-ejection
      period. These results suggest that these patients should be treated with adequate
      doses of L-Thyroxine, like in overt hypothyroidism.

PMID- 1806809
TI  - [Multicenter study of the risk of infection in diabetics. I. Correlation between
      altered glucose metabolism and cutaneous reactivity to the Multitest IMC].
AB  - Within the framework of a multicentre study on the risk of infection in diabetes,
      organised to document the frequency of subjects predisposed to infoffion among
      the diabetic population and to evaluate the effects of Thymostimulin on the
      latter, 176 subjects (38%) with a deficient response (less than or equal to alarm
      score), of which 82 (18%) were totally anergic, were selected from a population
      of 460 diabetic subjects, both type I and type II, using the Multitest IMC
      multiantigenic delayed hypersensitivity test. It was not possible to establish
      any relationship between altered skin response and age, whereas males appeared to
      be more predisposed than females. The degree of metabolic compensation also
      influenced the degree of skin response, although this was not decisive. Hypergic
      and anergic responses were more frequent in type I diabetic subjects than in type
      II subjects, probably due to the greater immunological involvement of this type
      of diabetes.

PMID- 1806810
TI  - [Changes in hormonal and biochemical parameters in gastric adenocarcinoma].
AB  - In 51 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma the fasting blood concentrations of
      hCG, beta hCG, alpha subunits, ADH, calcitonin, enteroglucagon, gastrin, GH,
      melatonin, somatostatin, estradiol, CEA and pepsinogen I in the peripheral vein
      were estimated by radioimmunoassay at the time of diagnosis and, in those who
      underwent surgery, 7 days after the operation, to determine the incidence of the
      modifications of the above mentioned substances' blood levels and the existence
      of possible markers. In presence of increases of the examined parameters greater
      than 50%, considering M +/- 2 SD of 10 control subjects as normal range, the
      tumours were examined immunohistochemically. In patients with gastric
      adenocarcinoma, in comparison with normal subjects, we found significant higher
      blood levels of hCG alpha subunits, gastrin and CEA and lower of melatonin,
      pepsinogen I and GH. The immunohistological results demonstrated CEA in both
      examined cases, alpha subunits in 2 of 6 (respectively in dysplasic areas and in
      surrounding non neoplastic mucosa) and enteroglucagon in 1 of 3 (dysplasic
      areas). Our results indicate that none of the parameters we examined, because of
      their non-specificity or of the low incidence of their modifications, can be
      considered a marker of gastric adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 1806811
TI  - [Treatment of central diabetes insipidus using oral DDAVP. Comparison with
      intranasal treatment].
AB  - The Authors have done a clinical study on the efficacy of desmopressin (DDAVP)
      tablets in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus in 13 patients who were
      previously treated with intranasal DDAVP. A comparison has been made between
      peroral and intranasal forms of DDAVP measuring the urinary volume and osmolarity
      daily. The right dosage of DDAVP tablets was between 150 and 600 micrograms/die.
      The patients showed very good compliance during the 4 weeks of treatment with
      DDAVP.

PMID- 1806813
TI  - Philosophy statement nurse practitioner practice. Advanced Practice Task Force,
      Division of Patient Care Services, of the University of Missouri--Columbia
      Hospital and Clinics. Sept. 1991.

PMID- 1806812
TI  - [Association of sporadic limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and autonomous thyroid
      nodule in 3 Germans].
AB  - The paper reports an association of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and autonomous
      functioning thyroid nodule in two brothers and in one sister, a healthy carrier
      of this muscular dystrophy and with analogous thyroid pathology. It is
      interesting to outline the rarity of this association and the affinity of the
      clinical and electromyography pictures in thyrotoxic myopathy and in muscular
      dystrophy. In this three patients were studied: the muscular enzymes,
      electromyography and biopsy, HLA typing, thyroid scanning, thyroid hormone levels
      and TGA and TMA antibodies. However, the peculiarity of this case report may
      suggest the influence of genetic factors; moreover the existence of possible
      linkage between HLA system and association of two pathologies must be excluded,
      taking in account that the results of HLA types in these three Germans indicate
      different haplotypes.

PMID- 1806815
TI  - [Evaluation of oxygen consumption as an early prognosis index in massive hepatic
      resections].

PMID- 1806814
TI  - Profile of Missouri RNs, Part II.

PMID- 1806816
TI  - [Jugular oxygen saturation as an index of cerebral blood flow during carotid
      endarterectomy].

PMID- 1806817
TI  - [Oxygen consumption as a guide in volemic replacement in patients undergoing
      normovolemic intentional hemodilution].

PMID- 1806818
TI  - [The use of mixed venous saturation and percutaneous capillary saturation for
      determining the level of PEEP].

PMID- 1806819
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation during continuous positive or negative pressure
      ventilation: a clinical case].

PMID- 1806820
TI  - [Validity and limitations of mixed venous oxygen saturation in resuscitation].

PMID- 1806821
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation during orthotopic transplantation of liver in
      cirrhotic patients: is there a correlation with availability and peripheral
      extraction of O2?].

PMID- 1806822
TI  - [Monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in multiorgan donors. Preliminary
      data].

PMID- 1806823
TI  - [Mixed venous saturation in septic shock].

PMID- 1806824
TI  - [The use of opticath (Abbott) in the correct measurement of pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure (PCWP)].

PMID- 1806825
TI  - [Preliminary research of various factors of optic mixed venous oxygen saturation
      in surgery of the abdominal aorta].

PMID- 1806826
TI  - [Changes inmixed venous oxygen saturation in ventilation with PEEP and continuous
      negative external pressure].

PMID- 1806827
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation during total intravenous
      anesthesia in thoracic surgery].

PMID- 1806828
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous saturation during mechanical ventricular
      assistance in heart surgery].

PMID- 1806829
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring in selected patients in heart
      surgery].
AB  - Continuous SvO2 was monitored in 25 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, selected
      by preoperative conditions, risk and perioperative indications. SvO2 trends were
      compared to cutaneous temperature, left atrial pressure and pulse oximetry. The
      results indicate a good correlation of all trends.

PMID- 1806830
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation as optimization of the therapeutic response in
      low output syndrome].
AB  - The Authors report on their experience about SvO2 continuous monitoring in order
      to find out the best therapeutic answer to inotropic drugs, knowing that, at
      constant values of SaO2 and Hb, possible variations of SvO2 reliably correspond
      with parallel variations of cardiac index (IC). Two groups of 15 patients each,
      suffering from low out-put syndrome, have been studied; patients have been
      treated with inotropic therapy based on Dobutamina and Amrinone. The 2 groups
      only differed from each other for the kind of monitoring: the first group was
      exposed to intermittent measurements of the cardiac out-put, while the second
      group was exposed to continuous monitoring of SvO2. Analysing the obtained
      results, the Authors notice not only a close correlation between the improvement
      of SvO2 and IC, but also a significant rediction in time required to dose drugs,
      owing to the constant help provided by on-line monitoring of SvO2. (table; see
      text)

PMID- 1806831
TI  - [Method for the analysis of changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation in vascular
      surgery].
AB  - Continues monitoring of SvO2 was carried aut using an Oxi metrix pulmonary
      arthery catheter in 12 patients undergoing aortic surgery. Hemodynamic
      measurements were made before skin incision (baseline values), before aortic
      cross clamping, after aortic declamping and postoperatively during shivering.
      Hemodynamic measurements were also taken whenever SvO2 changed more than 10% from
      baseline value. Results showed that in clinical setting, if SvO2 do not change
      more than 10% from baseline values, an equilibrium exists between oxygen delivery
      (DO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2). As DO2 and VO2 were correlate after measuring
      cardiac output from the same technique, a mathematical correction of a common
      error for linear calculations was applied. It was also concluded that changes of
      SvO2 greater than 10% of baseline values should prompt the assessment of
      hemoglobin, cardiac output, SaO2 and oxygen demand, but changes of SvO2 less than
      10% of baseline value should not prompt measurements.

PMID- 1806832
TI  - [Role ++of mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring in patients in intensive
      therapy].

PMID- 1806833
TI  - [Role of mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring in critical patients in
      intensive care].

PMID- 1806834
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation: useful hemodynamic index in patients in critical
      cardiac status].

PMID- 1806835
TI  - [Mixed venous oxygen saturation during major vascular surgery carried out with
      combined anesthesia: continuous peridural anesthesia + general anesthesia].

PMID- 1806836
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in pediatric heart
      surgery].

PMID- 1806837
TI  - ["Oximetry of the jugular bulb as index of brain oxygenation"].

PMID- 1806838
TI  - [Invasive monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation during intraoperative
      hemorrhage].

PMID- 1806839
TI  - [Usefulness of the determination of mixed venous oxygen saturation in predicting
      peri- and postoperative heart complications in surgery not involving the heart].

PMID- 1806840
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in pediatric
      anesthesia].

PMID- 1806841
TI  - [Optimization of PEEP levels in the treatment of ARDS by means of monitoring the
      atrial mixed venous oxygen saturation].

PMID- 1806842
TI  - [A case of monolateral pulmonary pathology treated with independent lung
      ventilation continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation].

PMID- 1806843
TI  - [Usefulness of monitoring the mixed venous oxygen saturation in critical patients
      in surgery and recovery. A clinical example].

PMID- 1806844
TI  - Enzyme-histochemical study on the fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics
      at the ileocecal junction of the monkey intestine.
AB  - The fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics at the ileocecal junction of
      the monkey intestine, especially in the lamina propria of the ileocecal valve,
      was examined by light and electron microscopy using enzyme-histochemical
      staining. The distinction between the lymphatics and the blood vessels was made
      by light microscopy on cold glycol methacrylate resin (JB-4) sections using 5'
      nucleotidase (5'-Nase)-alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) double staining. The
      lymphatics were found to show strong 5'-Nase activity and to comprise irregularly
      shaped vessels or spaces. The central lymphatic vessels (central lacteals) in low
      villi were seen to lie deep within the ALPase-positive subepithelial capillary
      network. In the ileum side of the ileocecal junction, the 5'-Nase-positive
      lymphatics were seen both in the superficial layer and the deep layer of the
      lamina propria. On the contrary, in the cecum side the mucosal lymphatics were
      less numerous in the superficial layer and were distributed mainly in the deep
      layer near the lamina muscularis mucosae. These lymphatics ran through the lamina
      muscularis and merged into the lymphatic network in the submucosa. The submucosal
      lymphatics communicated with each other at the ileocecal junction and formed a
      well-developed network. Collecting lymphatics with valves were also seen near the
      tunica muscularis (sphincter muscle) in the deep submucosa. These lymphatics
      traversed the muscle layer and drained into the subserosal lymphatics.

PMID- 1806845
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of GABA in rat striatum by intraperitoneal
      injection of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine).
AB  - To study MPTP-induced muscular rigidity, we try to detect the changes of both
      dopamine (DA) and GABA within rat striatums by immunohistochemical means. A high
      dose (30 mg/kg) of MPTP i.p. injected into rats produces behavioral abnormalities
      (tremor and ataxia), and higher doses (greater than 60 mg/kg) develop an acutely
      muscular rigidity without producing a measurable histological change. GABA is
      induced in the striatum of 4 MPTP (30 mg/kg) i.p. treated-rats developed tremor
      and ataxia. But the animals recovered to an apparently normal state and are not
      showed GABA-immunoreactivity. Dense GABA-immunoreactivity is observed in the
      striatum developed muscular rigidity, when the animals are injected with 60 mg/kg
      MPTP i.p.. At this time, their striatums show slight decrease of DA
      immunoreactivity in medium sized-spiny neurons. The results give some insight as
      to how DA and GABA function within the striatum with respect to the development
      of neuronal abnormalities. It is also suggested by our behavioral and
      immunohistochemical studies that effects induced by the depletion of DA within
      the striatum may be mediated through the inhibition of the striato-nigral
      GABAergic pathway, which in turn may lead to an activation of the nigrothalamic
      or nigro-collicular GABAergic pathway. This study indicates that the role of
      striatal GABAergic transmission is important in the development of muscular
      rigidity. The activity within the striatum can be followed with
      immunohistochemical technique for GABA morphologically.

PMID- 1806846
TI  - Functional anatomical studies of the elbow movements. I. Electromyographic (EMG)
      analysis.
AB  - Activities of the elbow flexors and extensors during the movement of the elbow
      flexion and extension were analyzed in six normal human volunteers by
      electromyography (EMG). In the flexors, the majority of the muscles showed EMG
      activities during both the flexion and extension phases, although patterns and
      amplitudes of EMG activities varied from individual to individual. The biceps
      brachii always became less active when the forearm was in pronation. In the
      extensors, increase of EMG activities was observed at the period of the maximum
      elbow extension in the majority of cases, while no EMG activity was shown
      throughout the movement in some cases. During the elbow movement except at the
      maximum extension, the triceps brachii was almost inactive and some of their
      three heads, in particular the long head, often showed no EMG activity. In
      contrast, the anconeus was usually active, sometimes showing strong EMG activity.

PMID- 1806847
TI  - Glands distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the esophagus in the gecko
      and Japanese lizard.
AB  - In an earlier study, we found compound tubular glands distributed in the lamina
      propria mucosae of human and fowl esophagus. Subsequently, we discovered bottle
      shaped glands in the Japanese lizard and gecko esophagus in the same lamina as
      that of the human and fowl. Moreover those glands produced equivalent pepsinogen
      granules. We provide below, a detailed description on the results. 1. Bottle
      shaped glands were distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the Japanese
      lizard and gecko esophagus. 2. A large number of those glands were distributed in
      the lower region of the esophagus, but did not exist in the upper and middle
      regions of the esophagus. 3. The esophageal mucous membrane of the gecko and
      Japanese lizard were covered with a simple columnar ciliated epithelium, and the
      same epithelium reacted strongly to PAS and AB (pH 2.5), moderately to AB (pH
      0.5) or negatively. 4. PAS-AB (pH 2.5) stain presented a dark blue color or a
      deep red color or a deep red and dark blue mixed color in one section. 5. The
      above-mentioned glands contained pepsinogen granules. 6. Those glands do not
      possess parietal cells.

PMID- 1806848
TI  - An improved fixation method for transmission electron microscopy for the
      histological study of the lens.
AB  - An improved fixation technique for transmission electron microscopic observation
      that enables good fixation of all areas of the rat lens was devised. Immersion
      fixation with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered 1.25% glutaraldehyde at 4 degrees C for 12
      hours followed by postosmication produced good results for all areas of the lens-
      anterior, equatorial, and posterior zones. The technique was particularly
      suitable for maintenance of the shape of the lens since practically no
      irregularity, vacuolar degeneration, or expansion of the intercellular spaces was
      noted. This technique, which requires only a relatively short time, was also
      useful for the detection of early ultrastructural changes associated with
      cataract in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats. We anticipate that our procedure
      will be widely applied.

PMID- 1806849
TI  - Histochemical demonstration of heavy metals in the hippocampal formation embedded
      in Quetol 523M.
AB  - To facilitate improvement of investigations on the distribution of mossy fibers
      in the hippocampal formation, a method is described using Timm's stained
      preparations after methacrylate embedding with the hydrophilic resin, Quetol
      523M. Fixation with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde yielded
      satisfactory staining results and good structural preservation. During the course
      of histochemical experiments employing Timm's staining, examinations revealed
      that sulfide silver reaction products were consistently present in both the mossy
      fibers themselves and their terminals associated with the dendrites of pyramidal
      cells in tissue sections of 1-2 microns in thickness. The results obtained also
      revealed that variations of the mossy fiber system occurred in the neurological
      mutant mouse dreher (dr). The bundles of mossy fibers forming the intrapyramidal
      synaptic field may be considered to reflect genotype-dependent differences in the
      mutation. The present method is adequate for allowing the histochemical
      demonstration of mossy fibers and their giant boutons by light microscopy.

PMID- 1806850
TI  - [Endoprosthesis of the elbow joint in sequelae of gunshot wounds].
AB  - 5 patients have been implanted the endoprostheses of Sivash K. M. to restore
      functions of the upper limb after the gunshot injury in the area of elbow joint
      with the clinico-roentgenologic bone defect detection. Coarse cicatricial changes
      in the area of an articulation with presence of foreign bodies are characteristic
      for those patients. There have been achieved significant improvement of
      restoration of active movement of elbow joint and upper limb in whole with 4 of
      them in spite of high danger of possible post-operative inflammation. In one case
      due to hard physical labour there have been noted break of an endoprosthesis with
      the subsequent inflammation. The endoprosthesis has been removed. The most stable
      positive outcomes proved by physiological tests of the neuromuscular system of
      upper limbs are observed at endoprosthetics of elbow joint with replacement of
      the soft tissue defect with completely vascularized musculocutaneous
      autotransplant.

PMID- 1806851
TI  - [Functional treatment of uncomplicated extension transcondylar fractures of the
      humerus in children].
AB  - In the article is summarized experience of early functional treatment of children
      with extension trans-condyle fractures of humerus proposed by the authors. The
      proposed method allows to achieve complete restoration of the damaged elbow joint
      function in 40 +/- 2 days after the fracture reposition and to obtain excellent
      functional results with 85% of patients.

PMID- 1806852
TI  - [Instrumental correction of valgo-varus and torsion deformities of the proximal
      segment of the femur in children].
AB  - Apparatus correction of deformations of proximal segment of femur becomes one of
      the most effective method of treatment of hip joint diseases in children. The
      authors propose new arrangements of Ilizarov's apparatus to treat the most common
      diseases of locomotor apparatus: thigh subluxation, aseptic necrosis of the head
      of femur and coxa vara. The tactics of Ilizarov's apparatus application, its
      arrangements and indications for its utilization are based on the results of
      treatment of 40 patients with the above-mentioned diseases. There are presented
      the apparatus application outlines and clinical examples of the treatment methods
      realization.

PMID- 1806853
TI  - [Lengthening of the extremities by the G.A. Ilizarov method].
AB  - In the article are analysed the results of limb segment lengthening after
      Ilizarov with 101 patient (49 thighs, 29 cruses, 13 feet, 9 arms, 4 forearms) at
      the age of 2-50 years. The average lengthening values are: crus--3.8 cm., thigh-
      3.4 cm., foot--2.5 cm., arm--4.7 cm., forearm--2.0 cm. For complete regenerate
      ossification, in terms of I cm. lengthening, the stable fixation by means of an
      apparatus is necessary during: crus--29.4 day, thigh--15.5, foot--33.2, arm-
      17.4, forearm--28.1. Good results have been obtained in 99 cases (95.3%),
      satisfactory--4 (3.8%), unsatisfactory--1 (0.9%).

PMID- 1806854
TI  - [The rod apparatus for orthopedic treatment of pathology of the knee joint].
AB  - On the basis of study of remote results of application of wire apparatus,
      designed at KhNIIOT, for immobilization after correcting osteotomies in the area
      of knee joint due to varus-valgus deformation (114 cases, including 94 on crus,
      14 on thigh, 6 on crus and thigh at the same time) there have been revealed
      essential advantages of this fixation method. It ensures possibility of
      additional postoperative correction, rated rigidity of fixation (depending on the
      stage of consolidation), strength of fixation, comfort for a patient and nursing.
      Consolidation has been achieved in all cases. Failure of rods in 6 cases (of 461
      detected) and 5 cases of inflammation of soft tissues (skin bedsores-type).

PMID- 1806855
TI  - [Distraction biostimulation in the treatment of gonarthrosis].
AB  - There is described the method of operative treatment of gonarthrosis, ensuring
      prolonged trophic influence on the articulation by means of slow distraction of
      osseous transplants from the periarticular knee fragments with its simultaneous
      decompression at the Ilizarov's apparatus. Prolonged (3 and more months) process
      of osseous reparation in the immediate proximity of knee joint with simultaneous
      unloading of articulation cartilage creates better conditions for involutional
      development of arthrosis with significant decrease of pain syndrome for 20
      months, that has been noted with all patients.

PMID- 1806856
TI  - [Development anomalies of the menisci and transverse ligament of the knee].
AB  - A rare variant of knee joint developmental anomaly in the form of faulty fixation
      of knee transversal ligament to the menisci and absence of its connection to
      tibia is described. Defect of knee transversal ligament fixation is combined with
      discoid menisci and anomalous variants of menisci fixation. There have been
      operated 21 child aged 8-14 years. Knee transversal ligament has been fixed to
      the tibia epiphysis and in case of meniscus formation distortions they were
      paracapsularly resected. The results of treatment have been followed during 3
      years, the stability of a knee joint has been restored.

PMID- 1806857
TI  - [Functional treatment of injuries of the tibiofibular syndesmosis].

PMID- 1806858
TI  - [Restorative surgery of the ligament apparatus of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint
      and metatarsus in hallux valgus].
AB  - The new operation method of 'hallux valgus' after Boriss Tserliuk is described.
      The innovation consists in creation of an artificial medial metatarsal ligament
      and bringing tarsal bones closely together. Thus the first finger is fixed in
      right position and tarsal sesamoid complex is recovered. The methods of
      metatarsal and intertarsal angles' measurements are described. The results of 40
      operations in 30 cases (27 females and 3 males) are presented. The functional and
      cosmetic results are positive.

PMID- 1806859
TI  - [Pathogenesis of congenital clubfoot].
AB  - Experiments, carried out by the author, have shown that the pathogenesis of
      congenital talipes is based on congenital muscular disbalance between flexors
      supinators and extensors-pronators at the expense of strengthening of the former
      and insufficiency of the latter. An object of treatment of the considered
      developmental defect is restoration of myogenic balance. The existing methods of
      conservative treatment result in preservation of insufficiency of the
      anterolateral group of the crus muscles. Only the method of Vilensky V. Ya.
      allows to completely solve the posed problem. Operations on the posteromedial
      section of foot result in reduction of the myogenic disbalance as there is
      preserved insufficiency of extensors-pronators. Only operations, accompanied by
      shortening of anterolateral groups of the crus muscles allow to restore the
      myogenic balance straight on the operating table. The cause of recurrencies in
      case of congenital talipes is preservation of myogenic disbalance between flexors
      spinators and their antagonist more frequent at the expense of insufficiency of
      the latter.

PMID- 1806860
TI  - [Surgical treatment of humero-scapular periarthroses].

PMID- 1806861
TI  - [Traces of skeletal injuries on fossil bones of an ancient man].

PMID- 1806862
TI  - [A method of stable osteosynthesis in diaphyseal fractures of the femur].
AB  - The known methods of operative treatment of femur by means of intraosseous
      osteosynthesis, based on jamming of intraosseous structure in the bone, don't
      ensure sufficient level of the osteosynthesis stability that results in the
      secondary displacements. According to the method, proposed by the authors, a rod
      is introduced through the intercondylar fossa of the distal fractured fragment of
      femur (Imamaliyev, 1987) and is pierced through into the proximal fractured
      fragment of femur so that it perforates cortical layer of the bone in the region
      of greater trochanter with strong fixation in it. The structure is removed
      through the small incision in the area of the greater trochanter of femur. 35
      patients have been operated according to this method. The remote results have
      been studied with 22 of them. Consolidation terms equal to 2.5-5 months. The
      secondary displacement has been noted with 4 patients with comminuted fractures.

PMID- 1806863
TI  - [An apparatus for reposition and fixation of bone fragments].

PMID- 1806864
TI  - [Splint for immobilization of patients with spinal injuries during
      transportation].

PMID- 1806865
TI  - [A device for moving supporting hooks of Harrington's distractor].

PMID- 1806866
TI  - [A rotatometer for radiography of the ankle joint].

PMID- 1806867
TI  - [Problems of organization of emergency medical services for trauma patients].

PMID- 1806868
TI  - [Socio-hygienic factors in the development of pathology of the musculoskeletal
      system in newborn infants].

PMID- 1806869
TI  - [Stable osteosynthesis in diaphyseal fractures (a method of using compression
      plates)].

PMID- 1806870
TI  - [Restorative treatment of blast injuries of the hand in children].
AB  - The experience of surgical treatment of children with the most grave hand
      injuries is presented. The authors consider that the restorative treatment is to
      begin from the moment of initial surgical processing of the explosive hand
      injuries. Three periods of treatment have been singled out. Each of them has its
      own objects and tasks. Logical combination of surgical treatment stages allows
      for maximum restoration of form and function of an injured hand during the
      shortest possible time and with the minimum losses for a patient.

PMID- 1806871
TI  - [Use of periarterial sympathectomy in the complex treatment of delayed
      consolidation, ununited fractures and pseudarthroses].

PMID- 1806872
TI  - [Individual chart-record of injuries of the hand and fingers].

PMID- 1806873
TI  - [The first scientific society of traumatologists and orthopedists in the USSR
      (1000 meetings)].

PMID- 1806874
TI  - [Prevention of traumatism at industrial plants of the Donbass region].

PMID- 1806875
TI  - Locoregional fibrinolysis using tissue plasminogen activator in 2 cases of acute
      thrombosis of the renal artery.
AB  - The use of tissue plasminogen activator gave good results in the treatment of
      acute coronary thrombosis. Comparable results appear to have been obtained in the
      first clinical trials in cases of acute thromboses of the peripheral arteries. A
      successful experiment in the locoregional treatment of acute thrombosis of the
      renal artery is reported.

PMID- 1806876
TI  - Rational basis of modern therapy of bacterial meningitis. Review of the
      literature and our clinical experience of 122 pediatric cases.
AB  - In recent years the treatment of bacterial meningitis has been modified on the
      basis of a better understanding of its physiopathological mechanisms. It has been
      shown, for example, that the inflammatory reaction is the primary cause of brain
      damage in bacterial meningitis. Inflammation and consequent brain damage are
      greatest in the first hours of antibiotic treatment when rapid and massive
      bacteriolysis takes place. In effect, the bacterial components activate metabolic
      pathways and cellular elements leading to the release of inflammation mediators:
      cytokines (TNF, IL-I) neutrophil degranulation products, complement components
      and clotting factors. Initially these substances make the blood-fluid and blood
      brain barriers permeable. The result is cerebral oedema, excessive fluid
      pressure, congestion of the cerebral blood vessels and finally endocranial
      hypertension, reduced cerebral flow, cerebral hypoxia and brain damage. This
      sequence of events can be stopped by a multifactorial therapy that is not only
      aetiological (antibiotic) but also treats the inflammation, oedema
      (Dexamethasone, Mannitol) and symptoms. In this study 129 patients with non
      tubercular bacterial meningitis were treated as described. All patients were
      administered Ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg per diem) Dexamethasone (0.2-0.3 mg/kg/per
      diem), Mannitol, fluid restriction and--where necessary--intensive symptomatic
      therapy (against shock, convulsions, fever). Both the antibiotic and the
      corticosteroid were also administered intrathecally at the time of the first
      lumbar puncture at intake. Of these 129 patients, 7 died very soon after
      admission as they had arrived in a moribund condition. Duration of therapy was 3
      6 days in 90% of these cases. There were no recurrences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806877
TI  - Malignant ventricular arrhythmias: clinical guidelines for diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 1806878
TI  - Treatment of peripheral arteriopathies with a new low weight heparin. Results of
      a double blind, controlled study.
AB  - Forty out-patients, 28 males and 12 females (mean age: 50.75 +/- 5.28); range: 39
      to 67) suffering from peripheral arteriopathies of the lower limbs, were admitted
      to the study. The treatment, assigned at random in a balanced way, was performed
      with an LMWH or with placebo (one vial by s.c. route/day, for a mean duration of
      6 months). During the therapy we observed a gradual symptomatology, claudicatio
      intermittens and Winsor index improvement in patients treated with the active
      drug, in comparison with evident stationarity in patients treated with placebo.
      The haemocoagulative balance control, performed through the determination of
      Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, of Xa factor inhibition and of
      plasminogen, confirmed the poor influence of the treatment with LMWH both on
      haemostatic function and on a possible increment in haemorrhagic risk. Systemic
      and local (at the injection site) tolerability were good in particular as to
      haematoma frequency.

PMID- 1806879
TI  - The question of ameliorating the aging process, even macula regeneration with
      magnetic fields.
AB  - The aim of this presentation is to introduce in a brief manner the logical course
      by which to ameliorate the aging process utilizing physiological magnetic fields.
      Additionally, a consideration of macula regeneration is also introduced wherein
      one may begin to understand the connection between genomic magnetic domains,
      physiological magnetic fields and biological fusion.

PMID- 1806880
TI  - [Effect of glutathione on brain energy metabolism in antenatal hypoxia].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of reduced glutathione and its combination with
      sodium succinate, which are used during intrauterine development, on the energy
      metabolism in the mitochondria of the cortex and stem part of the brain, as well
      as the spasmodic readiness of young rats after antenatal exposure to hypoxic
      hypoxia. It was found that the effect of antenatal hypoxia causes disorders of
      oxidative phosphorylation in the brain mitochondria and increases the spasmodic
      readiness of the offsprings. In animals who were exposed to antenatal hypoxia and
      given the mentioned agents, compensation of the disturbed oxidative
      phosphorylation and reduced spasmodic readiness were encountered.

PMID- 1806881
TI  - [Effect of hypoxia and heparin on blood and abdominal aorta of rats].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on albino rats to study the effect of hypoxia and
      heparin on the electrolyte composition of plasma, red cells, abdominal aorta, the
      activity of ATPase and the charge of red-cell membranes, the viscosity of the red
      cells. Hypoxia disturbed hemostasis and changed the electrolyte balance in the
      red cell-plasma-abdominal aorta system. Heparin corrected significantly the
      changes of these values induced by hypoxia.

PMID- 1806882
TI  - [Role of the patho-autokinetic element in the pathogenesis of disturbances of
      myocardial lipid composition induced by experimental atherogenic
      dyslipoproteinemia].
AB  - The lipid and phospholipid composition of the myocardium and mitochondria of
      cardiac myocytes of rabbits was studied after correction of atherogenic
      dyslipoproteinemia induced by intravenous infusion of atherogenic lipoproteins.
      Discontinuation of lipoprotein infusions and subsequent normalization of the
      blood lipoprotein spectrum was not attended by removal of lipidosis of the
      cardiac muscle characteristic of hyperlipoproteinemia. The disturbance of the
      lipid composition of the mitochondria of the cardiac myocytes also persisted
      after disappearance of atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia. The results of the study
      provide evidence of the existence of a patho-autokinetic element of the
      pathogenesis of disturbances of myocardial lipid metabolism occurring in
      atherogenesis.

PMID- 1806883
TI  - [Character and mechanisms of changes in vascular wall reactivity in prolonged
      hypercholesterolemia].
AB  - Changes in the structure and functional properties of the vascular wall after 8
      months of alimentary hypercholesterolemia (HCE) were studied. The experiments
      were conducted on the circular bands of the arch of the aorta in rabbits. Sharp
      inhibition of the reactivity of the vascular bands was established, which was
      associated first of all with thickening of the intima due to the development of
      fibro-atheromatous changes in it. At the same time, the smooth-muscle cells of
      the vascular wall maintained marked reactivity to various direct and receptor
      mediated test effects. The functional significance of the endothelium in
      regulation of the vascular tonus, manifested by weakened endothelium-dependent
      relaxation, was sharply inhibited in the late stages of HCE. It is shown that
      reduction of the sensitivity of the smooth-muscle cells to the endothelium
      dependent relaxation factor is the principal factor of weakening of the
      endothelium-dependent dilatational effects. After 8 months of HCE the aortic wall
      is capable of liberating a substance which is similar to the endothelium
      dependent relaxation factor in its action, even when the thickened intima is
      completely removed.

PMID- 1806884
TI  - [Effect of ionizing radiation on the microcirculation and rheologic properties of
      blood].
AB  - Changes of circulation and rheological properties of blood occurring in exposure
      of the organism to ionizing radiation depend directly on the irradiation dose.
      Marked microcirculatory disorders appear in the first hours in the cerebral form
      of acute radiation lesion and lead to the development of brain edema, which may
      be the cause of death.

PMID- 1806885
TI  - [Effect of combined use of typhoid vaccine with sexta-anatoxin and the
      antimetabolite methotrexate on hematopoiesis in irradiated mice].
AB  - It was demonstrated in experiments on rats irradiated by gamma-quanta in a dose
      of 7 Gy that a single injection of methotrexate (5 mg/kg) with vaccine made 4.5-5
      hours after exposure to radiation intensifies the stimulating effect of the
      vaccine on bone marrow regeneration.

PMID- 1806887
TI  - [Balance of electrolytes and catecholamines in tissue of blood vessels in
      experimental toxic hepatitis and its pharmacotherapy].
AB  - Experiments on cats with dichloroethane affection of the liver showed that
      changes in the electrolyte balance in the wall of blood vessels differing in
      structure and function occurred in phases in different periods of the
      examination. The course of hepatitis was characterized by gradual exhaustion of
      epinephrine and norepinephrine stores in the vascular wall. Aevit causes increase
      of the calcium content, riboflavin--a decrease of the calcium level and increase
      of the sodium concentration, and legalon causes an increase of the potassium,
      calcium, and magnesium content.

PMID- 1806886
TI  - [Colony- and cluster-forming ability of mouse bone marrow depending on its
      functional state and cultivation conditions].
AB  - The dependence of colony- and cluster-forming ability (CFA and CLFA) of bone
      marrow cells on its initial state and the conditions of cultivation was studied.
      Intact mice and mice with stimulated erythropoiesis were used in the experiment.
      The bone marrow was separated on a density gradient and cultivated in diffusion
      chambers (DC) on a plasma clot with addition of the tissue fluid of a chick
      embryo. Uni- and bicameral milliporous cylindrical microchambers were used. The
      DC were put into the abdominal cavity of mice first given a cyclophosphamide
      injection and on the vascular membrane of the chick embryo. The bicameral DC were
      employed in cocultivation of yolk-sac cells of a 4-week-old chick embryo and bone
      marrow mononuclears of both experimental groups. The CFA and CLFA of bone marrow
      mononuclears depend in respect of quantity and quality on the condition of its
      cultivation rather than on its initial state. It is concluded on the basis of
      tests for the inductive effects of yolk-sac cells on the CFA and CLFA that in
      study of cell inductors under conditions of DC and in cultivation in vivo one
      should take into account the initial state of the hematopoietic target cells, the
      sensitivity of cells to stimulation, the conditions of cultivation which allow
      the cells to emerge into the process of this or that differentiation even in the
      presence of an inductor.

PMID- 1806888
TI  - [The glucocorticoid mechanism of renin-angiotensin regulation].

PMID- 1806889
TI  - [Effect of humoral factors of the spleen of rats with acute and chronic toxic
      liver involvement on the physiologic and reparative regeneration of hepatocytes].
AB  - It was demonstrated in experiments on Wistar rats with carbon tetrachloride
      induced acute and chronic affection of the liver that the supernatant of the
      splenic cells of the poisoned animals contains 2 undialyzable factors with a
      molecular mass of more than 150 and 10-12 kDa. The splenocytic substances
      stimulate hepatocyte proliferation both in healthy allogeneic recipients and
      under conditions of increased proliferative activity of hepatocytes in
      experimental pathology of the liver.

PMID- 1806890
TI  - [Succinate dehydrogenase activity in hepatocyte mitochondria in experimental
      cholestasis].
AB  - The method of electron microscopy was used to study the activity of succinic
      dehydrogenase (SDH) in hepatocyte mitochondria during cholestasis and after
      restoration of the flow of bile. The activity of the enzyme was detected on the
      membrane of cysts and the inner membrane of the hepatocyte mitochondria.
      Cholestasis was accompanied by gradual inhibition of SDH activity in the
      mitochondria to total inhibition by the 30th day of the experiment. SDH activity
      and the degree of mitochondrial destructive changes were found to be closely
      related. Restoration of the enzyme activity in the mitochondria after cholestasis
      correction occurred in a different manner depending on the duration of jaundice.
      SDH activity was restored rapidly in 10-day cholestasis and slowly in cholestasis
      of a long duration (20 days), which is attributed to deeper destructive changes
      of the mitochondria.

PMID- 1806891
TI  - [Effect of renal peptides-cytomedins on blood coagulation and lipid peroxidation
      in experimental Heymann nephritis].
AB  - The effect of renal cytomedin on coagulative and microcirculatory hemostasis and
      lipid peroxidation was studied in 30 Wistar rats with induced Heymann's
      nephritis. The course of nephritis caused activation of lipid peroxidation,
      development of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood in
      the animals, and diminution of antiaggregation properties of the kidney.
      Administration of the polypeptide normalized these processes. Thus, the discussed
      cytomedin produces a marked positive regulatory effect in experimental renal
      pathology.

PMID- 1806892
TI  - [Effect of enkad on the development of experimental chloroquine retinopathy].
AB  - The effect of enkad on the development of chloroquine retinopathy in rabbits was
      studied by electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods. It is shown that
      subconjunctival enkade injection inhibits the development of a dystrophic process
      in the retina induced by intravitreous chloroquine administration.

PMID- 1806893
TI  - [Morpho-functional changes in tissues surrounding a gunshot wound].
AB  - The authors studied the dynamics of changes of microcirculatory disorders in
      tissues surrounding the wound canal in experimental animals with gunshot injuries
      of the soft tissues of the thigh. Tissue radiometry and scanning were used. The
      damage was found to be regularly distributed in 4 zones of microcirculatory
      disorders differing also in morphological characteristics on a light and electron
      level: zone 1 of primary necrosis or traumatic destruction of tissues; zone 2 of
      secondary necrosis (forms on the 3rd day after the injury); zone 3 of reactive
      destructive changes of tissues, which is the source of granulation tissue
      development (microcirculation in this zone is restored by the end of the 2nd week
      after the injury); zone 4 of reactive changes in the tissues with complete
      abatement of microcirculatory disorders by the end of the 1st week after the
      injury. The obtained data possess theoretical and practical significance.

PMID- 1806895
TI  - [Regurgitation and motor reactions in infants].
AB  - An interrelationship of regurgitation and a motor reaction (MR) of the type of a
      shudder was revealed in infants. A jerking motor activity occurred in lower rate
      of respiration and decrease of its amplitude. The muscles of respiration are also
      involved in the activity in this case, which leads at first to expiration and
      regurgitation and then to inspiration only. Expiration is attended by a specific
      component of a vomiting reaction--jerky contraction of the abdominal muscles
      directed at evacuation of the food from the gastrointestinal tract. It is shown
      that regurgitation occurs most frequently in babies born in a state of asphyxia
      in whom a shudder-type MR occurs very often.

PMID- 1806894
TI  - [Activation of lipid peroxidation in early degeneration of motor nerve fibers and
      the effect of antioxidants on its development].
AB  - It was established that early degeneration of motor fibers of the sciatic nerve
      of rats (24 and 48 hours after division) is marked by diminished activity of the
      antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase and activation
      of lipid peroxidation leading to increased accumulation of malonic dialdehyde.
      alpha-tocopherol acetate prevents activation of lipid peroxidation and partly
      suppresses the development of functional signs of degeneration (lowered amplitude
      of the M-response, slow restoration of the neuromuscular synapse, and decrement
      reaction to rhythm stimulation). OBQ2 oxidant (derivative of 4-anilino-5-methoxy
      1,2-benzoquinone) had no effect on the rate of degeneration development, which is
      evidence of insufficiency of radical protection for realization of the anti
      degeneration effect.

PMID- 1806896
TI  - [General pathophysiology of the nervous system].

PMID- 1806897
TI  - [Methods for calculating mechanical work (total mechanical energy) of an isolated
      heart or its fragments contracting in isometric fashion].

PMID- 1806898
TI  - [Modelling of alcoholic damage to the heart: progress and contradictions].

PMID- 1806899
TI  - [Effect of altitude hypoxia on ultrastructure of the left ventricle of rabbit
      heart and the response of the myocardium to acute verapamil administration at
      different altitudes].
AB  - It was shown in experiments on intact male rabbits that moderate-altitude hypoxia
      causes over-stress of the cardiomyocyte energy-producing apparatus in unadapted
      animals. Acute infusion of verapamil leads to a high mortality rate among these
      animals, whereas among aborigines of moderate and low altitudes as well as among
      animals living in the planes mortality in acute verapamil infusion does not
      exceed 30%.

PMID- 1806900
TI  - [Mechanisms of emergency adaptation of the erythron system to hypoxia in rats
      receiving cavinton].
AB  - The authors conducted comparative study of the red cell 2,3-biphosphoglycerate
      concentration, serum erythropoietin titer, acid-base equilibrium, reticulocyte
      count, and lactic acid concentration in rats after 3, 24, and 48 hours exposure
      to hypobaric hypoxia and Cavinton administration under the same conditions. It
      was established that Cavinton accelerates the emergency mechanisms of the
      erythron system adaptation through increases of red cell production. Besides, the
      adaptational role of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate increases due to normalization of
      blood pH under the effect of Cavinton in the first 3 hours of hypoxia.

PMID- 1806901
TI  - The perception of mirror-reflected objects.
AB  - In what ways and under what conditions does an object appear to differ from its
      enantiomorph (its mirror reflection)? This 'mirror question' or its popular
      counterpart, "Why does a mirror reverse left and right but not up and down?" is
      frequently encountered, but an acceptable answer is not to be found in the
      literature. The question is approached as an experimental problem in visual
      psychophysics. A mirror optically reverses the axis perpendicular to its surface.
      What are the perceptual consequences of this stimulus transformation? This
      question is examined in four experiments by using stimuli of varying complexity
      and familiarity. Apparent reversals are demonstrated along right-left, front
      back, top-bottom, and oblique axes, depending on the perceived asymmetries of the
      stimulus object. Perceived asymmetry is shown to depend both on structural
      asymmetries and on canonical axes and orientations defined by social convention.
      It is concluded that an object appears to differ from its enantiomorph by an
      apparent reversal along the axis of least perceived asymmetry. Implications for
      perceptual frames of reference and for the perception of symmetry are discussed.

PMID- 1806902
TI  - Evidence for complete translational and reflectional invariance in visual object
      priming.
AB  - The magnitude of priming on naming reaction times and on the error rates,
      resulting from the perception of a briefly presented picture of an object
      approximately 7 min before the primed object, was found to be independent of
      whether the primed object was originally viewed in the same hemifield, left-right
      or upper-lower, or in the same left-right orientation. Performance for same-name,
      different-examplar images was worse than for identical images, indicating that
      not only was there priming from block one to block two, but that some of the
      priming was visual, rather than purely verbal or conceptual. These results
      provide evidence for complete translational and reflectional invariance in the
      representation of objects for purposes of visual recognition. Explicit
      recognition memory for position and orientation was above chance, suggesting that
      the representation of objects for recognition is independent of the
      representations of the location and left-right orientation of objects in space.

PMID- 1806903
TI  - Unity and variety in visual form.
AB  - Some stimuli are perceived as unitary patterns, and others as dual or plural
      patterns. Such 'unity-and-variety' phenomena are explained by various process
      approaches of perception, such as the global precedence hypothesis, the
      preattentive orientation detection assumption, and the recognition-by-components
      model. However, these three approaches, which will be discussed in this paper,
      each explain a different subset of these phenomena. It will be argued that not
      only these three subsets but also other unity-and-variety phenomena can be
      explained from just one point of view by adopting the descriptive minimum
      principle. This principle states that the preferred interpretation of a pattern
      is reflected by the simplest of all possible representations of that pattern. The
      highest hierarchical level in the simplest pattern-representation will be called
      the 'superstructure' of the pattern. The superstructure of a pattern neither
      refers necessarily to the largest or global pattern component, nor is assessed
      necessarily in a primary stage in the perception process. Yet, it will be argued
      that the superstructure is decisive in determining whether a shape is perceived
      either as unitary or as dual.

PMID- 1806904
TI  - Is amodal completion necessary for the formation of illusory figures?
AB  - Kanizsa's hypothesis suggests that the creation of an anomalous surface is due to
      the amodal completion of the inducers. In the present paper a new pattern that is
      able to disconfirm this explanation is presented. According to the Helmholtz
      Ratoosh law amodal completion only occurs when the borders of two adjacent
      surfaces meet forming T-shaped junctions. When the borders of the two adjacent
      surfaces have Y-shaped junctions, amodal completion is absent. However, when a
      pattern inducing an anomalous figure has the latter figural characteristics, in
      spite of the absence of amodal completion, an illusory figure is still visible.
      In this paper a set of experimental results (carried out by means of a magnitude
      estimation procedure as well as the method of constant stimuli) supporting the
      aforementioned observations is presented.

PMID- 1806905
TI  - Illusory depth from moving subjective figures and neon colour spreading.
AB  - If a pattern of concentric circles, interrupted so as to produce the perception
      of a subjective bar extending from the centre to the periphery of the pattern,
      was slowly rotated in a plane perpendicular to the line of sight, observers
      reported seeing the bar slanted in depth and moving over complete and stationary
      concentric circles. When the interrupted concentric circles were completed by red
      segments--thereby giving rise to a neon colour-spreading effect--observers
      reported seeing a reddish bar, which sometimes appeared to be slanted in depth,
      moving behind the plane of the concentric circles. A combination of the two
      patterns was found to originate a compelling percept of a unitary bar slanted in
      depth: part of the bar (the subjective half) appeared to be located in front of
      its inducing elements, whereas the other part (the neon-like half) appeared to
      continue behind them. When translatory instead of rotary motion was used, the
      bars did not look slanted in depth: however, the neon bar appeared either behind
      or in front of the inducing lines, depending on the luminance contrast between
      the segments and the inducing lines themselves.

PMID- 1806906
TI  - Perceptual fade-out occurs in the binocularly viewed Ganzfeld.
AB  - The conviction that time-varying signals are essential for normal visual
      perception was recently challenged by Bolanowski and Doty who observed that no
      'blankouts' occurred in the binocularly viewed Ganzfeld. They suggested that
      monocularly perceived fading is caused by the eye in darkness suppressing the non
      Ganzfeld-viewing eye. In the present paper, fade-out perception under monocular
      and binocular Ganzfeld viewing is compared, and the effect of the free eye on the
      Ganzfeld-viewing eye is tested directly. Results show that fading takes place
      under both monocular and binocular viewing. The data reenforce the view that
      transient inputs are necessary for maintaining visual perception. It is also
      shown that there are two Ganzfeld-related phenomena--fade-out and blackout. Fade
      out, a slow gradual loss of brightness and of saturation perception, is observed
      by all subjects under both monocular and binocular viewing, and is affected by
      the light intensity and wavelength. It is probably retinal in origin. Blackout, a
      brief intermittent loss of all visual sensation, is experienced by some subjects
      in the monocular Ganzfeld only and is not appreciably affected by the light
      intensity or wavelength. It may be caused by a central blocking of all input to
      the perceiving stage.

PMID- 1806907
TI  - Colour changes as a function of luminance contrast.
AB  - When spectral light increases in luminance, the hues change. Normally, long
      wavelength light becomes increasingly yellow, and short-wavelength light turns
      blue or blue-green. This is known as the Bezold-Brucke hue shift. Less notice has
      been paid to the change in relative chromatic content (saturation or chromatic
      strength) that accompanies these shifts in hue. As luminance contrast increases
      from zero, chromatic strength increases to reach a maximum at a luminance that is
      wavelength dependent. Short-wavelength blueish light reaches this maximum at low
      relative luminances, whereas midspectral yellowish stimuli need several log units
      higher luminance. Red and green are somewhere in between. For luminances above
      this maximum, the chromatic content usually diminishes, and most light becomes
      more whitish in appearance. In this study it is demonstrated how the combined
      chromatic appearance of hue and chromatic strength change with intensity. Both
      phenomena find a common physiological interpretation in the nonlinear and
      nonmonotonic responses of colour-opponent P cells in the retina and lateral
      geniculate nucleus of the primate. A model that combines the outputs of six P
      cell types accounts for observers' estimates of hue and chromatic strength.

PMID- 1806908
TI  - Preferential inspection of views of 3-D model heads.
AB  - The importance of different perspective views for the recognition of model heads
      was studied. In experiment 1 subjects were instructed to learn the appearance of
      six heads placed individually on a turntable free to rotate through 360 degrees.
      Subjects did not distribute their time evenly but focussed their inspection on
      particular views (the full face view and a view close to the profile). Despite
      differential inspection of these two views during the learning phase, the face,
      half profile, and profile views were recognized with equal efficiency in a
      subsequent recognition task with static views. Experiment 2 used the inspection
      paradigm to investigate view preference during the recognition of heads from
      memory. In this experiment subjects were asked to learn the appearance of three
      heads each seen rotating at an even speed. In a subsequent retrieval task the
      subjects actively inspected six model heads on the turntable and were asked to
      differentiate the three heads previously seen rotating from three novel heads.
      The pattern of inspection in this retrieval task was equivalent to that in
      experiment 1. Results suggest that during the encoding into memory subjects
      construct descriptions of specific prototypical views of the head and that
      descriptions of these same views are preferentially utilised during recognition.

PMID- 1806909
TI  - Numerosity estimation as a function of stimulus organization.
AB  - It was proposed that stimulus organization of a set of homogeneous items can best
      be measured by using the mean distance to nearest neighbours. Patterns of dots
      were generated that fell on four different positions along the cluster continuum,
      from highly regular, through random, to clustered. When thirty subjects were
      asked to judge numerosity, their estimates decreased significantly as cluster
      measures increased. Four possible interpretations of the effect of organization
      on numerosity perception are discussed.

PMID- 1806910
TI  - Reorganization of tactile perception following the simulated amputation of one
      finger.
AB  - The tactile counterpart of diplopia has recently been described: tactile diplopia
      or diplesthesia. The human fingers show a rather precise organization of the
      cutaneous areas eliciting diplesthesia. In particular, these areas are very
      extensive between nonadjacent fingers (second and fourth, second and fifth, and
      third and fifth), suggesting that the illusory doubling depends on the lack of
      reciprocal interaction between cutaneous zones during manipulation. In the
      present study, four subjects agreed to explore and manipulate objects only
      through nonadjacent fingers for a period of up to six months. The amputation of
      the third finger was simulated by excluding it from active exploration by means
      of a bandage. After six months, the diplesthetic areas of the nonadjacent fingers
      decreased in size or completely disappeared. It is suggested that this
      reorganization of tactile perception is due to the increase in temporal
      correlation of the sensory inputs between nonadjacent fingers.

PMID- 1806911
TI  - [Child maltreatment (II): "institutional discomfort"].
AB  - In the present study, the A. puts in evidence some aspects of the disfunction of
      the organization in the paediatric care, ad emphasizes that the lack of
      organization is cause of the "institutional discomfort". The importance of this
      analysis for the operators of the public health system is great; in effect, some
      "borderline" cases are not entirely recognized. The explanation of this problem
      may be useful for the modification of the planning in the paediatric public care.

PMID- 1806912
TI  - [Auxological data and definitive height in short patients without hormonal
      deficiencies. A longitudinal study].
AB  - 61 children (49 males and 12 females) with stature before puberty less than 3.
      centile were studied. They had been previously diagnosed with the various GH
      stimulation tests as "constitutional short" and they were measured after reaching
      final adult height. During longitudinal follow-up, the following auxological data
      were calculated: height for chronological and bone age sds (HCAsds, HBAsds),
      height age/bone age ratio (HA/BA), bone age sds (BA sds); all the latter were
      calculated both in prepuberty and in puberty (mean 1.24 years after the onset of
      puberty). Target height and predictable height according to Bayley and Pinneau
      were also calculated. Final height for males was 152-175 cm (mean 162.3) and for
      females 144-163 cm (mean 151.5). These values were lower than expected with both
      target height and Bayley and Pinneau prediction, especially if the values of
      Bayley and Pinneau had been calculated before puberty. In females there was a
      significant positive correlation with target and final height. In males final
      height was positively correlated with Target height, with prepuberal data of HCA
      sds and with pubertal data of HBA sds and HA/BA. A negative correlation was found
      with final height in males and BA sds during puberty. A delay in bone age,
      probability, represented a positive factor in increasing final height only if it
      was maintained during puberty. Bayley and Pinneau's method overestimated final
      height, in particular when it was used before puberty or with a severe bone
      delay. Subject with pubertal delay are 2.42 cm taller than normal pubertal
      children. This difference had been acquired before puberty.

PMID- 1806913
TI  - [The urological complications of fused kidneys in childhood].
AB  - From January 1972 to August 1991 twenty-eight children with renal fusion were
      observed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Regional Hospital of Vicenza.
      Of the 28 children nine, (32%), had associated congenital malformations. Nineteen
      children with renal fusion showed twenty major urological complications (68%).
      Four were treated conservatively and 16 surgically. Results have been excellent
      in all the cases. Renal fusion often are associated with congenital malformations
      and fused units are often involved by pathological process. Renal surgery in
      fusion is conditioned by the renal position degree of malrotation of the renal
      pelvis and by the abnormal blood supply. The surgical approach must be in
      children conservative and the long term results are very often good.

PMID- 1806914
TI  - [The urological complications of renal ectopia in childhood].
AB  - Fifty-four cases of anomalies of position in 52 children were reviewed. Of the 52
      children 24 (46%) had anomalies involving organs outside the urinary tract and
      contralateral renal units. Twenty-five ectopic kidneys showed major urological
      complications (46%). Four were treated conservatively and 21 with surgery. The
      postoperative results have been excellent in all the cases. Renal anomalies of
      position often are associated with congenital renal and extrarenal malformations.
      Nearly 50% of ectopic kidneys are involved by pathological process that often
      require surgery. Surgical treatment of urological complications of renal ectopia
      is discussed.

PMID- 1806915
TI  - [Cholesterol screening in a pediatric population at atherosclerotic risk].
AB  - We studied 344 children (174 girls and 170 boys) between the ages of 6 and 15
      years (average age 11 years 9 months) chosen on the basis of a positive family
      anamnesis for dismetabolic and/or precocious cardiovascular pathologies, and also
      on the basis of objective data obtained at medical examinations, such as obesity
      and hypertension. These subjects underwent blood tests for glycaemia, total
      cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Children with
      total cholesterol levels above 170 mg/dl were considered to be
      hypercholesterolemic. 127 young people (65 girls and 62 boys) turned out to have
      excessively high cholesterol levels with an average level of 195.71 +/- 23.11
      mg/dl and average LDL level of 127.05 +/- 25.08 mg/dl. 217 subjects (109 girls
      and 108 boys) turned out to be within the norm with total cholesterol level of
      137.76 +/- 23.04 mg/dl and LDL cholesterol 75.59 +/- 22.89 mg/dl. We found a
      greater difference between the average values of LDL cholesterol and those of
      total cholesterol (40.5% compared to 29.61%), which shows that even at pediatric
      ages the LDL cholesterol concentration is the factor which best indicates the
      risk level for atherosclerotic development.

PMID- 1806916
TI  - [A multicenter epidemiological study of burns of the head in childhood in the
      period of 1986-1990].
AB  - A retrospective study was performed over the children admitted to three regional
      pediatric burn units, over a 5-year period (1986-1990). Out of 695 pediatric
      patients, 270 (38.8%) were admitted with burns of the head and neck. This whole
      childhood age group (up to 14 years of age) was examined epidemiologically. The
      age group presenting the highest incidence was within 0-3 years (71%); scalds
      were involved in high percentage (68%) and many injuries occurred at home (93%).
      Epidemiological aspects of the report are discussed with particular consideration
      of preventive programs.

PMID- 1806917
TI  - [An anthropometric study of the population of Sassari from 3 to 36 months old:
      males].
AB  - The average values (+/- SD) for height and weight and head circumference of 745
      males 3 and 36 months of ages from the city of Sassari (Sardinia) have been
      determined. Numerical values and smooth curves from the 3rd to the 97th
      percentile for height and weight and head-circumference have also been
      calculated. The results were compared with those published by E. De Toni ed al.
      20 years ago. The data show a significant increase in height and weight among
      sardinian children during the past 20 years. The availability of these new curves
      will permit a more correct evaluation of growth in Sardinian children.

PMID- 1806918
TI  - [Experience with pediatric cardiology in a regional hospital].
AB  - Since 1986 we have studied the occurrence of various congenital heart diseases in
      our neonatal population. 43 (9.7%) newborn infants were admitted in our Pediatric
      Department by cardiovascular involvement. We have also used echocardiography as
      diagnostic tool to reach clinical information.

PMID- 1806919
TI  - [The assessment of skeletal age in hypothyroidism during the first year of life.
      The features of a new method].
AB  - Determining skeletal maturity in the first year of age with usual methods is
      often quite difficult. Some years ago, we investigated a new method based on the
      time of appearance of appreciable ossification centres in the upper limbs with
      the following succession: humerus head, capitate, coracoid process, hamate,
      humerus capitulum, greater tuberosity and radius distal epiphysis; in the first
      month of age it must be associated to knee and foot study. We studied with our
      method the skeletal maturity of 16 hypothyroid patients before and after 6 and 12
      months of therapy; in the first month of age we associated the study of left knee
      and foot and study of left hand and wrist using Greulich and Pyle's method at 12
      months of age. We compared data of hypothyroid patients to data of 399 infants
      hospitalized in Pediatric Clinic of Florence for infectious diseases or for
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Our study has showed that skeletal maturity,
      retarded before therapy, rejoined normal values over a period of time of 12
      months of substitutive treatment; it was accelerated in some patients.

PMID- 1806920
TI  - [Variations of the immunological parameters and the clinical response in 25
      children treated with thymopentin].
AB  - We studied the effects of thymopentin on 25 children aged between 15 months and
      11 years, suffering from relapsing herpes, malnutrition and recurrent infections
      of respiratory tract. None of these children had previously received vaccines or
      immunostimulating drugs. Our purpose was to test thymopentin efficacy on various
      pathologies. We carried out a series of blood tests before, during and after drug
      administration in order to evaluate the variations of immunological parameters
      (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgAs, C3, C4 and cellular immunity), as well as changes in weight
      and height. Thymopentin was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/Kg three times a
      week for three weeks. Seric IgA (Tab. 2) were also affected by thymopentin. As
      far as cellular immunity is concerned we observed a progressive increase of CD3
      and CD8 during thymopentin treatment. Tolerability was excellent. Only one child
      had a slight fever that disappeared at the end of treatment. No hematological
      disorders were reported.

PMID- 1806922
TI  - [The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in childhood: a comparison between
      echography and pH measurement].
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a very common event in childhood. Therefore we
      must use an exact and nontraumatizing test to differentiate between physiologic
      and pathologic conditions. Sonography appears to be a methodology endowed with
      these particularities. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic
      efficacy of Ultrasound (US) in comparison with a very precise test: the pH
      monitoring. We studied, by both methodologies, 76 children with suspected GER.
      Compared to pH-metry data, sonography showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 88,46%
      and a specificity of 58,33%. Therefore US appears to be an efficacious and
      innocuous test both in the screening and in the follow-up of patients with GER.

PMID- 1806921
TI  - [A multicenter study of child poisonings. Preliminary epidemiological results].
AB  - The project of a multicentre study of poisoning in children planned by 4 Italian
      pediatric departments to get epidemiologic and clinic information is presented.
      The study is carried out retrospectively on admissions during 1975-90 and
      prospectively during 1991-92. Poisonings are classified as not-confirmed,
      asymptomatic because of early treatment or symptomatic. In the latter group three
      degrees of severity are assessed. Diagnostic-therapeutic protocols will be
      elaborated and quality of the hospital care evaluated according to peer review
      methodology. Preliminary data on changing pattern of poisoning over the time and
      on main toxic agents involved in younger children are also reported. The first
      topic has been studied taking into account 1831 patients aged 0-13 years,
      admitted during 1977-79 and 1987-89. A decrease of exposures to drugs and an
      increase of poisonings under the age of 3 years have been observed in more recent
      period. On the other hand household products resulted to be the main poisoning
      agents in 1044 children under the age of 5 years during 1984-86. Lack of infant
      supervision by parents and possible influence of compulsory child resistant
      containers only for drugs are stressed. The findings suggest the need of health
      education campaigns in general population as well of safety devices for some
      domestic harmful products.

PMID- 1806923
TI  - [Foreign bodies in childhood: general considerations and the report of an
      exceptional case of splenic abscess caused by an ingested foreign body].

PMID- 1806924
TI  - [Syndromal paucity of the interlobular bile ducts (Alagille's syndrome). A report
      of 2 Sicilian siblings].
AB  - The authors describe a sister and brother [correction of two brothers] affected
      by syndromic paucity of interlobular bile ducts in which a marked heterogeneity
      in the beginning of symptoms puts serious difficulties in differential diagnosis.
      The evident similarity to the mother and the presence of hypertelorism support
      the hypothesis of a genetic inherited autosomal dominant disorder at variable
      penetration and expressivity.

PMID- 1806925
TI  - [Hodgkin's lymphoma with nodular sclerosis. A report of a case with an unusual
      sternal location at the onset].
AB  - The authors report the case of a boy, 9 years old, with a mass in the sternum and
      the anterior region of the mediastinum. A biopsy of the sternal mass was
      performed and demonstrated a Hodgkin disease variety nodular sclerosis. The
      disease was classified as stage III A after that two lymph nodes on the right
      side of the groin were revealed by lymphography. Therapy consisted of 6 alternate
      MOPP/ABVD cycles, followed by mantle and inverted Y field radiotherapy for a
      total of 25 Cg and 5 Cg booster on a sternum. During chemotherapy there was a
      complete regression of the disease in all sites. At present the patient is
      healthy and in complete remission and "off therapy", with a follow-up of 32
      months. The most interesting aspect of this case is the sternum involvement as
      the initial manifestation of the nodular sclerosing form of Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 1806926
TI  - [Chronic diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium in an immunocompetent subject].
AB  - The protozoan Cryptosporidium has been described in many cases of acute self
      limiting diarrhoea in immunocompetent patients and of more protracted or life
      threatening diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients. We found the parasite in the
      stools of a child with chronic diarrhoea and without deficiency of immunity. The
      test for common causes of chronic diarrhoea were normal. The end of the clinical
      manifestation and the normalization of the test to identify Cryptosporidium in
      the stools, after a specific therapy, prove the presence of a casual relation
      between the patient's symptomatology and the finding of the protozoan in his
      stools.

PMID- 1806927
TI  - [Empyema due to an anaerobic Streptococcus in childhood].
AB  - Anaerobic infections are quite rare in pediatric age, being that, they affect
      only neonates and immunodepressed patients. We think to be somewhat interesting
      to describe the case of our patient, a 9 year old boy, unaffected by any
      predisposing factor, came under our observation because of a severe respiratory
      distress. He showed evident clinical and radiological signs of pleural effusion
      in the right lung, together with a gas coil in the upper field and a left
      mediastinal shifting. A thoracentesis was then performed, giving rise to 600 ml
      of foul smelling purulent material; this procedure promptly improved his
      respiratory function. A permanent drainage trough the chest wall was set and an
      antibiotic therapy, based on the clinical picture and the character of the
      exudate, begun. In effect, the typical smell of the purulent material led us to
      suspect an anaerobic infection, and for this reason we employed the teicoplanin
      iv, a rarely used in the pediatric age drug. While blood cultures were negative
      for any organism, exudate cultures yielded Peptostreptococcus anaerobius; the
      last one resulted highly sensible following antibiogram to the previously chosen
      drug. The x-ray pattern and the rapid disappearing of the gas coil induced us to
      exclude further either congenital or acquired lung diseases. We conclude that, in
      absence of other proved sources of entry, the air presence in the pleural space
      was secondary to gas formation by the anaerobic micro-organism. The clinical
      course was very satisfactory allowing the patient to be dismissed on the 28th
      hospital day, with no need of further surgical therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1806928
TI  - Sudden infant death.

PMID- 1806929
TI  - Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 1806930
TI  - Surgery for refractive defects.

PMID- 1806931
TI  - Alcohol abuse clinics.

PMID- 1806932
TI  - Urology.

PMID- 1806933
TI  - The MEQ paper.

PMID- 1806934
TI  - Nurses in the management of asthma.

PMID- 1806935
TI  - Antibiotics for respiratory infections.

PMID- 1806936
TI  - Respiratory tuberculosis.

PMID- 1806937
TI  - New mechanism of melanosomes transport into hair of lambs of different breeds and
      genotypes.
AB  - By light microscopic investigation of skin and wool specimens of newborn lambs,
      we discovered a previously unknown mechanism for melanosomes transport in the
      process of dermal papilla melanocytes regular mitosis and migration into the hair
      shaft. This mechanism plays a great role in hair pigmentation especially in
      dominant (ED/ED) and recessive (Aa/Aa) black lambs of all investigated breeds.
      The rate of pigment cell mitosis, proliferation, and migration differs greatly in
      lambs of investigated color genotypes. In black genotypes the rate of melanocyte
      mitosis is very high and is approximately the same as in the hair bulb matrix
      cells, whereas in brown and red genotypes this rate is much lower. Melanocyte
      mitosis in the light red and tan groups was not found.

PMID- 1806938
TI  - A random walk through a cannabis field.
AB  - The present overview covers various aspects of research going on in the Cannabis
      field in the Department of Natural Products at the Hebrew University. In the
      first part we discuss, and try to explain, the reason for the absence of the term
      Cannabis (and possibly also opium) in the Old Testament. In the second part we
      bring evidence that, contrary to widely held views, stereospecificity of
      cannabinoid action is extremely high, and in certain cases almost absolute.
      Previous results seem to have been due to impurities in the samples tested. (+)
      Delta-1-THC, (+)-delta-6-THC and (+)-7-hydroxy-delta-6-THC, when purified
      sufficiently, exhibit activity of about 1% of that of the natural (-)
      enantiomers. A new labelled cannabinoid ligand has been prepared by catalytic
      reduction of (-)-7-hydroxy-delta-6-THC dimethylheptyl. The equatorial C-1 epimer
      obtained binds to the cannabinoid receptor with a KI of 40 pM. This compound is
      one of the most active cannabinoids tested so far for binding to the canabinoid
      receptor, and may become an important tool in cannabinoid research.

PMID- 1806939
TI  - Analysis and pharmacotoxicity of feruloyltyramine as a new constituent and p
      coumaroyltyramine in Cannabis sativa L.
AB  - Feruloyltyramine (FT), a new amide compound, together with p-coumaroyltyramine (p
      CT) was isolated and identified in ethanol extract of cannabis seeds. FT and p-CT
      were also detected in the roots, leaves and resin of Cannabis sativa L. The
      intracerebroventricular injection of these amides caused hypothermia and motor
      incoordination in mice, and the maximal effects were caused 160 to 240 min after
      the injection. Furthermore, p-CT also exhibited cataleptogenic effect in mice,
      although FT did not show any effect. These results suggest that these amide
      compounds may be responsible for some pharmacotoxicity of marihuana.

PMID- 1806940
TI  - A rational search for the separation of psychoactivity and analgesia in
      cannabinoids.
AB  - The compound 9-beta-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol [(-)-9 beta-OH-HHC] was designed
      to fit a combined theoretical profile of an analgesic cannabinoid (equatorial
      alcohol at C-9, phenol at C-1 and a C-3 side chain) with reduced psychoactivity
      (axial C-9 substituent which protrudes into the alpha face). (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC
      was synthesized by the addition of methyl Grignard to 9-oxo-11-nor-HHC. Its alpha
      epimer was obtained by the regiospecific epoxide ring opening of 9 alpha, 10
      alpha-epoxy-HHC acetate. (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC and (-)-9 alpha-OH-HHC were each
      evaluated in a battery of tests in mice and were found to be 10-25 times less
      potent than (-)-trans-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in all tests
      including the tail flick test for antinociception (analgesia). Molecular
      mechanics calculations [MMP2(85)] revealed that, in the global minimum energy
      conformation of (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC, the axial methyl at C-9 protrudes into the
      alpha face of the molecule, while the axial hydroxyl at C-9 in (-)-9 alpha-OH-HHC
      protrudes into this same face. These calculations also identified a higher energy
      carbocyclic ring (twist) conformer of each in which there is no protrusion of a C
      9 substituent of the carbocyclic ring into the alpha face. The minimal activity
      of both compounds is attributed to these higher energy forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806941
TI  - Self-induced nonequivalence in the 1H-NMR spectra of the (+)- and (-)-isomers of
      a cannabinoid ketone intermediate.
AB  - The 1H-NMR spectra in deuteriochloroform of racemic and optically pure (trans)
      6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenz o [b,d]pyran
      9(8H)-one (1) are nonsuperimposable, while nonracemic mixtures of the (+)- and (
      )-isomers show two sets of signals for the phenolic and aromatic protons in
      ratios directly proportional to the enantiomeric composition of the mixture. This
      is a new example of "self-induced nonequivalence" or "diastereomeric solute
      solute interaction," a known but seldom reported phenomenon. The magnitude of the
      chemical shift differences are dependent on the ratios of the two enantiomers
      while the chemical shift delta values are concentration dependent. The overall
      effect was clearly observable even at a concentration of 0.01 M. In a practical
      sense, optical purities of samples of the cannabinoid ketone (1) are readily
      determined by 1H-NMR without the use of additional chiral shift reagents.

PMID- 1806942
TI  - Comparative metabolism of cannabidiol in dog, rat and man.
AB  - Urinary metabolites of cannabidiol (CBD) were extracted from human, dog and rat
      urine, concentrated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and identified by GC/MS.
      Over 50 metabolites were identified with considerable species variation. CBD was
      excreted in substantial concentration from human urine, both in the free state
      and as its glucuronide. In dog, unusual glucoside conjugates of three metabolites
      (4''- and 5''-hydroxy and 6-oxo-CBD), not excreted in the unconjugated state,
      were found as the major metabolites at early times after drug administration.
      Other metabolites in all three species were mainly acids. Side-chain hydroxylated
      derivatives of CBD-7-oic acid were particularly abundant in human urine but much
      less so in dog. In the latter species the major oxidized metabolites were the
      products of beta-oxidation with further hydroxylation at C-6. A related, but
      undefined pathway, resulted in loss of three carbon atoms from the side-chain of
      CBD in man with the production of 2''-hydroxy-tris,nor-CBD-7-oic acid. Previous
      experiments indicate that 3'-hydroxy-metabolites are the precursors of compounds
      having this side-chain. Metabolism by the epoxide-diol pathway, resulting in
      dihydro-diol formation from the delta-8-double bond, gave metabolites in both dog
      and human urine. It was concluded that CBD could be used as a probe of the
      mechanism of several types of biotransformation, particularly those related to
      carboxylic acid metabolism, as intermediates of the type not usually seen with
      endogenous compounds were excreted in substantial concentration.

PMID- 1806943
TI  - Comparative in vitro metabolism of the cannabinoids.
AB  - The metabolism of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-THC, delta
      11-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol
      (CBG) and the equatorial-isomer of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) was studied in
      microsomal preparations obtained from rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters,
      gerbils and a cat. Identification of metabolites was by GC/MS and quantification
      by gas chromatography. Major metabolites were monohydroxylated compounds but the
      pattern of hydroxylation varied considerably between the species, no doubt
      reflecting the variable nature of the cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidases.
      Although the primary carbon allylic to the endocyclic double bond of tricyclic
      cannabinoids was usually the major site of attack, the 4' (side-chain, omega-1
      position) and the terpene ring were usually favoured by the cat and hamster
      respectively. The guinea pig generally produced more metabolites hydroxylated in
      the side-chain (all positions) than did the other species. The results from HHC
      were very similar to those from THC, namely hydroxylation at C-11 in most
      species, and the production of high concentrations of 8 alpha-hydroxy-HHC in the
      mouse and 8 beta-hydroxy-HHC in the hamster. As this molecule lacks the double
      bond of the THCs and, hence, the allylic nature of C-11 and C-8, the results
      suggest that it is the orientation of the molecule to the active site of the
      cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase rather than the reactivity of the C-H
      bond that governs the position of hydroxylation.

PMID- 1806944
TI  - Cannabielsoin as a new metabolite of cannabidiol in mammals.
AB  - Cannabielsoin (CBE) was identified as a novel metabolite of cannabidiol (CBD) in
      the guinea pig in vivo and in vitro. Its formation by liver microsomes of guinea
      pigs needed NADPH and molecular oxygen, and was inhibited with SKF 525-A,
      metyrapone and alpha-naphthoflavone, indicating participation of cytochrome P-450
      (P-450). The CBE-forming activity was highest in guinea pigs, followed by mice,
      rabbits and rats. In the rat, sex difference was found in the CBE formation (male
      greater than female). CBD monomethylether (CBDM) was also biotransformed to CBE
      monomethylether (CBEM) in the guinea pig in vivo and in vitro. When CBD
      dimethylether (CBDD) was employed as substrate, 1S,2R-epoxy-CBDD was identified.
      The results suggest that CBD and CBDM are biotransformed by P-450 to CBE-type
      metabolites via 1S,2R-epoxides. In pharmacological studies using mice, CBDD and
      1S,2R-epoxy-CBD-2',6'-diacetate produced hypothermia, and CBD, CBDM and CBEM
      prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep. Moreover, 1S,2R-epoxy-CBD-2',6'-diacetate
      was examined in the Ames test, but had no mutagenicity.

PMID- 1806945
TI  - Solid state 2H-NMR as a method for determining the orientation of cannabinoid
      analogs in membranes.
AB  - In order to investigate the correlation between the pharmacological activities of
      cannabinoids and the geometric features of their interactions with membranes, we
      have calculated the molecular orientations of five analogs in model membrane
      bilayers. The studies involved the stereospecific 2H-labeling of each analog in
      different positions and the use of solid state 2H-NMR. The cannabinoids included
      in our study are (-)-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (-)-delta 8-THC and its
      methylated ether analog (-)-O-methyl-delta 8-THC, as well as two
      hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) having an additional hydroxyl in the 11-position, (-)
      11-OH-9 alpha-HHC and (-)-11-OH-9 beta-HHC. A new algorithm is used to circumvent
      the problem of deuterium quadrupolar splitting signs. The method has general
      applicability for calculating the orientation of a molecule in a anisotropic
      environment. Our calculations show that the biological inactive O-methyl-delta 8
      THC orients with its long axis parallel to the lipid acyl chains, whereas the
      psychoactive cannabinoids assume "awkward" orientations in which the hydroxyl
      groups are pointing towards the bilayer interface, presumably to maximize the
      amphipathic interaction with the membrane. To produce their biological effects,
      cannabinoids may need to acquire an appropriate location and orientation in the
      membrane bilayer so that, through lateral diffusion, they can reach their sites
      of action and interact productively with these sites.

PMID- 1806946
TI  - The cannabinoid receptor: biochemical and cellular properties in neuroblastoma
      cells.
AB  - The cannabinoid receptor that has been pharmacologically characterized for
      hypothermia, spontaneous activity, analgesia and catalepsy in rodents is the same
      pharmacological receptor that inhibits adenylate cyclase in vitro. The inhibition
      of adenylate cyclase by the cannabinoid receptor results from an interaction with
      Gi, based on the biochemical kinetic properties of the response, the sensitivity
      to pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation, and the thermodynamic characteristics of the
      response. From precedents based on studies of the well-characterized G protein
      coupled receptors, rhodopsin and the beta-adrenergic receptor, we can predict the
      tertiary structure of the cannabinoid receptor. Three sites of potential
      glycosylation are present on the receptor. However, treatment of N18TG2
      neuroblastoma cells with tunicamycin to prevent glycosylation of newly
      synthesized receptors failed to alter cannabinoid-induced inhibition of cyclic
      AMP accumulation. The cannabinoid response was rapidly desensitized (within 1/2
      h). Treatment of cells with tunicamycin failed to alter agonist-induced
      desensitization processes. These findings can be more veraciously interpreted as
      we gain a better understanding of the cellular dynamics of the cannabinoid
      receptor.

PMID- 1806947
TI  - Marijuana's interaction with brain reward systems: update 1991.
AB  - The most pervasive commonality amongst noncannabinoid drugs of abuse is that they
      enhance electrical brain stimulation reward and act as direct or indirect
      dopamine agonists in the reward relevant dopaminergic projections of the medial
      forebrain bundle (MFB). These dopaminergic projections constitute a crucial drug
      sensitive link in the brain's reward circuitry, and abused drugs derive
      significant abuse liability from enhancing these circuits. Marijuana and other
      cannabinoids were long considered "anomalous" drugs of abuse, lacking
      pharmacological interaction with these brain reward substrates. It is now clear,
      however, that delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), marijuana's principal
      psychoactive constituent, acts on these brain reward substrates in strikingly
      similar fashion to noncannabinoid drugs of abuse. Specifically, delta 9-THC
      enhances MFB electrical brain stimulation reward, and enhances both basal and
      stimulated dopamine release in reward relevant MFB projection loci. Furthermore,
      delta 9-THC's actions on these mechanisms is naloxone blockable, and delta 9-THC
      modulates brain mu and delta opioid receptors. This paper reviews these data,
      suggests that marijuana's interaction with brain reward systems is fundamentally
      similar to that of other abused drugs, and proposes a specific neural model of
      that interaction.

PMID- 1806948
TI  - Cannabinoids inhibit fertilization in sea urchins by reducing the fertilizing
      capacity of sperm.
AB  - Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN)
      inhibit fertilization in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus by reducing
      the fertilizing capacity of the sperm. Sperm fertility depends upon their
      motility, and their capacity to undergo the acrosome reaction upon encountering a
      specific ligand derived from the egg's jelly coat. The acrosome reaction involves
      exocytosis of the acrosomal granule at the apex of the sperm head and elongation
      of the acrosomal filament. This process exposes the sperm membrane that will
      attach to and fuse with the egg. Pretreatment of sperm with THC prevents the
      triggering of the acrosome reaction by solubilized egg jelly in a dose and time
      dependent manner. Motility of THC-treated sperm is not reduced compared to
      control sperm in sea water or vehicle dissolved in sea water. The adverse effects
      of THC on the acrosome reaction and sperm-fertilizing capacity are reversible.
      Studies with ionophores suggest that THC blocks the acrosome reaction by
      affecting event(s) in the stimulation-secretion coupling mechanism in the sperm
      preceding the opening of ion channels. Ultrastructural studies show that THC, CBD
      and CBN block the membrane fusion reaction between the sperm's plasma membrane
      and the acrosomal membrane that normally is elicited in response to stimulation
      by egg jelly to initiate the acrosome reaction. However, lipid deposits are found
      in the subacrosomal and centriolar fossae of cannabinoid treated sperm. The
      nuclear envelope is fragmented in close proximity to the lipid deposits within
      the subacrosomal fossa. These morphological observations suggest that
      cannabinoids may activate phospholipase(s) within the sperm. Biochemical studies
      show that THC activates phospholipase A2 activity in sperm homogenates.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806949
TI  - Influence of marihuana on cellular structures and biochemical activities.
AB  - Cannabinoids are known to affect a number of cellular systems and functions, but
      the basis for their action is unclear. In this paper we review the current
      evidence describing cannabinoid effects on various levels of cellular structure
      and activity and we present our current studies on the influence of delta-9
      tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol on one cellular system, the
      cytoskeleton. The organization of two cytoskeletal structures, microtubules and
      microfilaments, were examined and the mRNA levels of tubulin and actin, the major
      protein components of microtubules and microfilaments, respectively, were
      analysed.

PMID- 1806950
TI  - Marijuana and tobacco smoke gas-phase cytotoxins.
AB  - To evaluate the in vivo versus in vitro paradoxical effects of marijuana and
      tobacco smoke on pulmonary defenses, the responses to smoke constituents were
      assessed with an alveolar macrophage tissue culture bioassay. A dose-response
      impairment of macrophage bactericidal activity was associated with water-soluble,
      gas-phase constituents. A model airway surface was constructed to examine the
      behavior of specific gas-phase constituents removed as they passed over wetted
      surfaces simulating the characteristics of the human respiratory system. Chemical
      analyses in the bioassay flask and in the model airway were compared. Gas-phase
      cytotoxins were measured after passage over wetted surface areas analogous to the
      trachea between the larynx and second-order bronchus. A wetted surface comparable
      to only 5% of the human airway, or less than 0.05% of the gas-exchanging surface
      of the entire lung, was capable of complete detoxification of the highly water
      soluble gas-phase cytotoxins. In conclusion, gas-phase cytotoxins demonstrable by
      in vitro bioassays may have no cytotoxic potential when inhaled by humans.

PMID- 1806951
TI  - Marijuana exposure and pulmonary alterations in primates.
AB  - As part of a large multidisciplinary study, we examined lungs from 24
      periadolescent male rhesus monkeys that were sacrificed seven months after daily
      marijuana smoke inhalation of 12 months duration. Animals were divided into four
      exposure groups: A) high-dose (one marijuana cigarette 7 days/week), B) low-dose
      (one marijuana cigarette 2 days/week and sham smoke 5 days/week), C) placebo (one
      extracted marijuana cigarette 7 days/week), and D) sham (sham smoke 7 days/week).
      Lungs, removed intact, were formalin inflated, sectioned and examined. Several
      pathological alterations, including alveolitis, alveolar cell hyperplasia and
      granulomatous inflammation, were found with higher frequency in all cigarette
      smoking groups. Other alterations, such as bronchiolitis, bronchiolar squamous
      metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis, were found most frequently in the marijuana
      smoking groups. Alveolar cell hyperplasia with focal atypia was seen only in the
      marijuana-smoking animals. These changes represent mostly early alterations of
      small airways. Additional follow-up studies are needed to determine their long
      term prognostic significance.

PMID- 1806952
TI  - Chronic marijuana smoke alters alveolar macrophage morphology and protein
      expression.
AB  - Male rhesus monkeys were subjected to chronic exposure to marijuana smoke. High
      dose animals (HI) were exposed 7 days/week to 1 MJ cigarette/day; low dose
      animals (LO) were exposed on 2 consecutive weekend days to 1 MJ cigarette/day;
      placebo animals (EM) were exposed to 1 ethanol-extracted MJ cigarette/day for 7
      days/week; sham animals (SH) were exposed to sham smoking conditions 7 days/week.
      This regimen was maintained for 1 year and was followed by a 7 month rest period.
      Alveolar macrophages of animals exposed to the LO and HI dose smoking regimens
      exhibited irregular cell surface morphology, increased vacuolization, and a
      spherical conformation upon adherence to plastic. Gel protein profiles of
      purified macrophages from HI and LO animals showed marked differences in both
      constitutive and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-elicited protein expression when
      compared with those of macrophages from the EM or SH animals. These results
      indicate that chronic THC exposure alters macrophage morphology and protein
      expression to external stimuli even after a 7 month rest period.

PMID- 1806953
TI  - Effects of long-term cannabis use on selective attention: an event-related
      potential study.
AB  - Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from nine long-term cannabis
      users during a complex auditory selective attention task and compared with nine
      nonuser controls. Stimuli consisted of a random sequence of tones varying in
      location, pitch and duration. Subjects were instructed to respond to long
      duration tones of a particular pitch and location. Cannabis users' task
      performance was significantly worse than controls. The most striking difference
      between the ERPs of the two groups was in the greatly enhanced early processing
      negativity in the user group to short-duration stimuli which matched the target
      on location only. This is indicative of users engaging in unnecessary pitch
      processing and thus having difficulty in setting up an accurate focus of
      attention and in filtering out irrelevant information. The data suggest a
      dysfunction in the allocation of attentional resources and stimulus evaluation
      strategies. These results imply that long-term cannabis use may impair the
      ability to efficiently process information.

PMID- 1806954
TI  - [The value of the Nankovic internal fixator in surgical treatment and
      rehabilitation of spinal fractures].
AB  - By fixateur interna light for spine fractures introduced and used by Magerl and
      Dick, we wanted to estimate fixateur interna validity by Nankovic. We considered
      37 patients with spine fracture, operated by method previously mentioned. With no
      patient there was no deformation or fixateur fracture during the rehabilitation.
      With 3 patients (8%) fixateur was removed according to documentation because of
      infection. Because of all the things mentioned we consider the fixateur to be
      good and applied in the case of any indication for it.

PMID- 1806955
TI  - [Posterior lumbar fusion using spongious-metal pins in lumbar instability and
      spondylolisthesis].
AB  - A new technique of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) using a cast
      cancellous metal blade is presented. A new shape of the metal implant which
      insures an immediate lumbar fusion is designed by the authors. This technique is
      used in 8 patients with spondylolisthesis and in 11 patients with lumbar
      instability. In all patients good and immediate fusion is achieved as well as
      satisfactory clinical effect. The operative technique is presented and advantages
      of this technique are discussed.

PMID- 1806956
TI  - [Conservative treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis].
AB  - Conservative treatment has been applied to patients suffering from low degree of
      lumbar spondilolysthesis, better to say those with light symptoms, or as an
      attempt before an operation. The treatment aims to spine functional capacity
      improvement and to reduce patients' unhealthy behaviour. The stress has been put
      to patient's active role in the treatment, and to the importance of the right
      choice of kinesitherapeutic exercises. In this report there is a preliminary
      review of observation of 28 patients suffering from lumbar spondilolystheses and
      conservatively treated with a definite kind of kinesitherapeutic exercises.

PMID- 1806957
TI  - [Comparison of the results of early and delayed rehabilitation in patients with
      surgery for disco-radicular problems in the lumbar spine].
AB  - When painful remission and functional spine restitution with patients with
      verificated lumbal dischernia haven't been achieved by an adequate conservative
      treatment, an operation is to be performed. The aim of post-operative way of
      rehabilitation is to give the spine back the most possible nimbleness, to remove
      remained pains, to make the existing motoric deficit better if possible and to
      make the patient fit socially as well as professionally. Post-operation
      rehabilitation results of patients treated by inter-laminectomy of L4/L5 or L5/S1
      segments were analysed retrospectively in this study. Compared groups differed in
      rehabilitation programme beginning time, so with group A it began 10-20 days and
      with group B 35 or more days after the operation. Clinical parametres observed
      were lumbal spine flexibility, paravertebral muscularity tension, motile
      painfulness, Lasegue sign presence and neurotic outbursts in motorical and
      sensual sphere. The achieved results show that late beginning of rehabilitation
      has no advantage in definite medical treatment results. Therefore the patients
      should be sent to rehabilitation centres after the catgut being taken out.

PMID- 1806958
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of abscesses in tubercular spondylitis of the vertebrae].
AB  - Over the period of the last year morbidity of TBC spondylitis of vertebrae due to
      orthopaedic research in Special clinical orthopaedic hospital Lovran, is found to
      be increasing once again. In consideration of difficulties of citing TBC abscess
      of vertebrae in several cases, to help ourselves we have tried to solve this
      problem with ultrasound. In the last two years 15 patients with TBC spondylitis
      of vertebrae have been examined. From these, inflammation process was located in
      thoracal part of vertebrae at 7 patients, and at 8 patients in lumbar part. After
      result evolution, we have found out that abscesses located in abdominal part
      could have been cited with ultrasound. With the present degree of accoutrements
      abscesses in thoracal part located close to spine couldn't be cited by this
      method of research. The reason was absorption of ultrasound waves in bony
      structures of torax. By guidance of ultrasound it is possible to accomplish
      puncture of abscess's sack.

PMID- 1806959
TI  - [The lumbar spine in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1806960
TI  - [Changes in the lumbar vertebrae in patients with diabetes].
AB  - Lumbar spine changes were studied in two groups of subjects. Group 1 included 35
      diabetic patients, and Group 2 35 non-diabetic patients. Lumbar spine frequency
      of changes, distribution of subjects and frequency of changes according to age
      and sex were studied in both groups. The second part of the study was done in
      group 1 (diabetic patients). We've studied possible connection of lumbar spine
      changes with duration, sort of therapy and regulation of diabetes. Investigation
      results are shown on two graphs and seven tables and they show the frequent
      beginning of changes among elder subjects in both groups and more frequent
      beginning of the same changes among diabetic subjects treated by insulin which
      lasted for a longer time and basic disease was not well regulated.

PMID- 1806961
TI  - [Urodynamic aspects of pharmacologic rehabilitation in patients with lesions of
      the spinal cord].

PMID- 1806962
TI  - [Aspects of rehabilitation in surgical treatment of lumbar spine instability (use
      of spongious metal)].

PMID- 1806963
TI  - [Lumbar spine fractures].
AB  - In Special Hospital for orthopaedy, neurosurgery and neurology "Vaso Cukovic" in
      Risan, during last 30 months, 51 patients with lumbar spinal fractures were
      treated. Surgical intervention was performed in 12% of the patients while 88% of
      them were treated by postural reduction. In the moment of arrival, neurological
      deficit was noticed in ten patients, and after the treatment three of them had a
      significant improvement of the function. During the treatment we had one exitus
      as a consequence of the polytrauma. The authors analyse the results of the
      treatment favorising early mobilisation in compressive lumbar spinal fractures
      and surgical intervention in the patients with neurological deficit.

PMID- 1806964
TI  - [The level of reliability of Lasegue's symptoms measured in the sitting position-
      results of a multicenter study].
AB  - The results of Lasegue test /LT/ examination are not always enough objective
      owing to subjective complaints superposition. The first favourable clinical
      experiences with analysis of the LT in sitting position stimulated our previous
      anatomical, biometrical and clinical investigations (Mandic and col. 1970.).
      There has been established the stretching of the ischial nerve in classical LT to
      12.7 cm, in sitting position to 4.8 cm, and the changing of position from supine
      to sitting to 6.4 cm. That means that the stretching in sitting LT is greater
      then in classical way/i.e. 13.26 cm/. The stretching forces in both ways were
      equal (0-3.7 kp/. The multicentric investigation included 330 patients of both
      sexes, aged 15-62 years. In 57 patients/17.3%/was LT in sitting position positive
      and in supine negative. That demonstrate the higher degree of reliability 17.3%.
      These quantitative results will be continued in qualitative investigation of
      statistical correlation of relative flexion degrees. The advantages of sitting LT
      are:more simple, more quick, the taking off patient's clothes is not needed, and
      the result is more suitable for the objective evaluation of psychogenic
      complaints superposition or simulation.

PMID- 1806965
TI  - [Usefulness of the Roho mattress in the prevention and therapy of decubitus
      ulcers].

PMID- 1806966
TI  - [Degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joint in persons with amputations of the
      thigh and biomechanical disorders of gait].
AB  - In order to evaluate degenerative changes with amputated persons' sacroiliacal
      joints--upper leg amputations, 20 male subjects aging 31-57 years and a control
      group of 56 subjects with no amputation were tested. Changes evaluation was
      confirmed by a radiologic and scintigraphic result. Changes were observed after
      amputation-0 level 6 months' walk with an artificial limb. There was a comparison
      to a control group-56 subjects with no amputation. After evaluating degenerative
      changes of lumbocoxal triangle it could be concluded that the amputation and the
      time of amputation were a relevant factor in the beginning of degenerative
      changes. 6-12 months after the amputation, sacroiliacal joint's degenerative
      changes on ipsylateral side begin using an adequate orthopedic expedient-an
      artificial limb used permanently, degenerative changes can be held up at
      reversibility level or stagnation. Using an adequate physical therapy and an
      orthopedic expedient by an early discovery of degenerative changes their progress
      can be prevented.

PMID- 1806967
TI  - [External ear and abnormality of the urinary tract: a comparative study of 2
      series (100 and 150 cases)].
AB  - Pinnal anomalies were observed in 46% of 150 children with urinary tract
      malformation. This ear feature was only recorded in 16 cases among 100 control
      children. The observation of abnormalities of the auricle (flattened structure of
      the pinna, deformed shape of the helix) should thus prompt to investigate a
      possible urinary tract malformation (vesico-renal reflux, mega-ureter). The
      identification of this disorder should occur as early as possible in order to
      perform corrective surgery before irreversible kidney damage. Any urinary
      disorder associated to atypical morphology of the external ear should lead to
      abdominal echography. Urinary infections, sometimes mistaken for upper
      respiratory tract infections, will sometimes provide a diagnostic lead, confirmed
      by cyto-bacteriological examination of urine. These observations further confirm
      the concomitant development of the external ear and urinary tract during
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 1806968
TI  - [Residual cholesteatoma: its prevention by surgery with endoscopic guidance].
AB  - In comparing two series of 72 operated cholesteatomas covered by a systematic
      surgical second look between 12 and 18 months, the authors have observed a
      distinct regression of residual cholesteatomas since oto-endoscopy came into use
      (from 47.7% to 10.7%). This new approach, with a minimum amount of practice,
      makes it possible to perform true endoscopy-guided surgery of the entire tympanic
      cavity, and reduces the indications of later tympanotomy.

PMID- 1806970
TI  - [Ethical and economical considerations on cochlear implants in developing
      countries].
AB  - An important factor that all cochlear implant teams have to deal with one way or
      another is the coast of the prostheses. This problem takes on very special
      characteristics in developing countries. This paper is based on the authors'
      experience in establishing the cochlear implant program of the "Hospital General
      Manuel Gea Gonzalez", a public hospital in Mexico City, and tries to determine
      which should be the optimal characteristics of an implant to be used in
      developing countries.

PMID- 1806969
TI  - [Value of oto-endoscopy in the follow-up treatment of cholesteatoma of the middle
      ear].
AB  - The endoscopic approach to the middle ear in eradication of cholesteatoma is now
      very frequently realised as in the control of the cavities of the middle ear in
      second stage of cholesteatomas for revision. The improvement of eradication will
      help to prevent recurrent cholesteatoma and to manage ossiculoplasty. Retraction
      pockets must also lead to endoscopic control and management.

PMID- 1806971
TI  - [Surgery of the facial nerve: current trends].
AB  - Recent operative variations in the surgery of the facial nerve are discussed
      through data from the literature and the author's personal experience. The
      analysis relates to two different situations: on the one hand the approach and
      preservation of an intact facial nerve in pathologies requiring the baring or
      freeing of the nerve; on the other hand, the operative attitude with respect to
      facial palsies requiring a decompression or repair of the nerve. The techniques
      are studied according to the intracranial, intrapetrosal or extracranial
      topography of the lesion. Extralabyrinthine transmastoid decompression is
      increasingly adopted in cases of intrapetrosal palsy. The different types of
      derouting and suture are discussed in the case of the solution of continuity of
      the nerve trajectory.

PMID- 1806972
TI  - [Limits to the practice of craniofacial oncology in Black Africa: the example of
      cancer of the larynx].
AB  - Cervico-facial carcinology is currently one of the major concerns of oto-rhino
      laryngologists. The authors have chosen laryngeal cancers to determine the limits
      of the practice of such cervico-facial carcinology in the topics. Over a 10-year
      period, 61 patients with a suspected malignant laryngeal disease were examined at
      the E.N.T. Clinic of the University Hospital in Dakar. Histological confirmation
      was found in only 38 patients, and a curative treatment was undertaken with 27
      patients. No significant differentiation could be found from the results as far
      as sex, age and histology were concerned. On the other hand, the TNM breakdown of
      our 36 carcinomas revealed that in 78% of the cases large tumours (T3, T4) were
      involved. In the vast majority of these cases (18/27), treatment was purely
      surgical, with a total laryngectomy in 90% of the cases. Pharyngostomas accounted
      for the majority of the early postoperative complications (6/14). Over 10 years
      of practice, 70% of our patients have died or have been lost from sight. These
      poor results are due to numerous factors, including late consultation, the lack
      of specialists and the insufficiency of technical facilities. To improve results,
      the authors recommended the setting-up of proper cancer institutes.

PMID- 1806973
TI  - [Ethmoid-frontal mucocele. Apropos of 15 cases from 1985 to 1990].
AB  - Between 1985 and 1990, 15 ethmoid frontal mucoceles were collated. All our
      patients consulted us at the exteriorization stage. A CT-scan is the ideal
      examination, making it possible to assert the diagnosis and to individualize the
      bone destruction and the neighbouring tissue repression. Trans-ethmoid or trans
      nasal marsupialization by an external or endonasal approach provided excellent
      results after a 1 to 5 year follow-up period.

PMID- 1806974
TI  - [Nasopharyngeal fibroma. Our own experience with 12 cases].
AB  - Our study is devoted to 12 cases of NPF collated in the ENT department of the Ibn
      Sina University Hospital in Rabat from 1983 to 1990. All our patients were male,
      aged from 11 to 24, with late consultation for nasal obstruction and recurring
      epistaxis. The diagnosis suspected clinically was confirmed by angiography and a
      CT scan. Surgery of the tumour was the only therapy employed for all our
      patients. Surgery was preceded by embolization in 5 cases, which considerably
      reduced per-operative bleeding.

PMID- 1806975
TI  - [Post-traumatic cholesteatoma of the ear: medicolegal aspect].
AB  - Post-traumatic cholesteatomas pose the medicolegal problem of determining the
      causal link between trauma and cholesteatoma. The author reports on an
      observation of an antro-attical cholesteatoma that occurred ten years after a
      fracture of the pars petrosa. The pathogeny of the different types of post
      traumatic cholesteatoma is discussed. From a study of the literature, it is
      possible to distinguish between cholesteatomas of the external auditory canal
      which are revealed relatively soon after the trauma (less than 5 years), and
      cholesteatomas of the middle ear that can be revealed more than 10 years after
      the trauma.

PMID- 1806976
TI  - [Post-traumatic facial paralysis without any fracture of the petrous bone].
AB  - Post-traumatic facial palsies are generally observed after a transverse,
      longitudinal or comminuted fracture of the pars petrosa. Occasionally, the
      fracture does not involve the Fallopian aqueduct and another mechanism must be
      sought. The authors present a case of facial palsy that occurred after a Le
      Fort's fracture of the base of the skull, not involving the Fallopian aqueduct on
      the CT scan. This was confirmed by surgical exploration. The authors recall the
      possibility of a facial palsy through the stretching of the nerve by the petrosal
      nerve.

PMID- 1806977
TI  - [Contribution of early electromyography in the prognostic assessment of facial
      paralysis].
AB  - 26 patients suffering from total facial palsy of different etiologies underwent
      an electromyography of the facial muscles between the 5th and 15th day, and were
      followed up for one year. The muscular activity in forced mimetics, the blink
      reflex, and the electric response latency were studied after stimulation of the
      stylomastoid foramen. Early EMG with detection of one or several motor units is a
      decisive factor in the final prognosis. The methodology and advantages of EMG are
      compared to those of electroneuronography.

PMID- 1806978
TI  - [Severe subglottic hemangioma in the infant: corticotherapy, intubation or
      surgery?].
AB  - In the case of sub-glottic hemangioma, with serious immediate or cortico
      resistant dyspnea, it is not always possible to wait for the growth of the
      laryngo-tracheal skeleton and the spontaneous involution of the angioma. On the
      basis of a series of 25 cases, we propose in these serious forms the following
      therapeutic escalation: very high dose corticotherapy, with betamethasone at 0.12
      to 0.48 mg/kg/day for 15 days, followed by a degressive treatment over 6 weeks to
      3 months; intubation to overcome a difficult stage in the event of aggravation of
      the angioma with a rhinopharyngitis. Embolization and the use of the laser proved
      unsatisfactory in the extensive forms of angiomas. In the event of failure of the
      preceding treatment, we perform a tracheotomy, the duration of which can be
      reduced by the surgical exeresis of the angioma with a widening of the larynx.

PMID- 1806979
TI  - [Critical study of surgical approaches in esthetic rhinoplasty].
AB  - Not only the approach is the first but also one of the most important steps of
      every surgical operation. This is specially true about the nose, which is a
      cavernous, complex and inextensible structure. Nevertheless these difficulties it
      is possible to have a good exposure allowing to make the greatest number of
      aesthetic rhinoplasties, from endonasal incisions. In spite of a recent vogue
      external incisions seem to be reserved for few special and difficult cases or
      secondary corrections.

PMID- 1806980
TI  - [Sphenoidal sinusoscopy].
AB  - Description of a technique of sphenoidal puncture and sinusoscopy under
      radioscopic monitoring under general anaesthesia employed in 23 patients with
      various sphenoidal pathologies at the University Cantonal Hospital of Geneva. The
      results of the study evidence that this technique made it possible to specify in
      all cases the exact nature of the sphenoidal impairment, that had been suspected
      radiologically, and produced a therapeutic effect in more than half of the cases
      by draining of the sinus. Moreover, no surgical complications were recorded in
      this series, thus underlining the value of this endoscopic operation in cases of
      impairment of the sphenoid sinus.

PMID- 1806981
TI  - [Apropos of functional studies in patients with acoustic implants].
AB  - The comparison of acoustic and electric explorations in 20 patients implanted
      with an extra-cochlear single-channel system provides information on the missing
      cochlea. The practical value is also clear, providing a planned adaptation of the
      prosthesis.

PMID- 1806982
TI  - Experimental latent and acute porphyria in the non-fasted rat; preventive effect
      of propranolol.
AB  - This study demonstrates an experimental model of the biochemical pattern of the
      'latent phase' of hepatic porphyria subject to 'acute attack', upon application
      of prophyrinogenic stimuli. The 'latent phase' was achieved by administering 3,5
      diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine [DDC], 70 mg kg-1 day, orally to non
      fasted rats. A two- and threefold increase in coproporphyrin in urine and
      protoporphyrin in faeces, respectively, were observed. An 'acute attack' was
      induced by phenobarbitone (PB), 100 mg kg-1, administered on the third day of
      treatment with DDC, followed by administration of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide
      (AIA), 470 mg kg-1, on the fourth day. A fourfold elevation in urinary
      porphobilinogen (PBG) and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and further increase of
      three- and fourfold in urinary coproporphyrin and faecal protoporphyrin,
      respectively, was observed. The effect of DDC, AIA and PB on the excretion of PBG
      and porphyrins was found to be synergistic rather than additive. dl-Propranolol,
      700 mg kg-1, given to DDC treated rats 'latent phase' reduced the amount of
      porphyrins excreted in urine and faeces to those observed in control dimethyl
      sulphoxide (DMSO) treated rats. It also prevented induction of 'acute attack'
      caused by the combination of PB and AIA. It is shown that dl-propranolol affects
      a few parameters in the haem biosynthetic pathway. Its beneficial effect in
      porphyria is probably the result of increasing the concentration of haem in the
      free haem pool.

PMID- 1806983
TI  - Characterization of immunoreactive pancreastatin in porcine tissues.
AB  - Pancreastatin is a 49 amino acid peptide with a C-terminal glycine amide
      originally isolated from porcine pancreas. There are strong indications that
      pancreastatin is derived from chromogranin A, since the amino acid sequence 240
      288 in porcine chromogranin A contains pancreastatin flanked by typical signals
      for proteolytic processing. In the present study the distribution and molecular
      nature of immunoreactive pancreastatin were examined in selected porcine tissues.
      For this purpose a radioimmunoassay specific for the C-terminal sequence of
      porcine pancreastatin, that did not cross-react with porcine chromogranin A was
      used in combination with gel permeation chromatography and reverse-phase high
      pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrated the presence of
      pancreastatin, a C-terminal pancreastatin fragment and N-terminally extended
      molecular forms in the examined tissues. Pancreastatin predominated in the
      pancreas and stomach antrum, while N-terminally extended molecular forms were
      mainly present in the stomach body, jejunum and adrenal gland. The specific
      distribution pattern of the molecular forms probably reflects a tissue-specific
      processing of chromogranin A.

PMID- 1806984
TI  - Elevated hyaluronan blood concentrations in severely burned patients.
AB  - Hyaluronan (HYA) is a polysaccharide found in the interstitial matrix in most
      tissues. HYA is removed by lymphatic drainage and degraded in local lymph nodes
      and in the liver. Its normal concentration in human plasma is very low (10-100
      micrograms l-1). Following major burn injury in sheep plasma HYA can increase to
      levels tenfold greater than normal. In the present study, serum HYA
      concentrations were determined in 10 severely burned patients (burn size: 28 +/-
      5% of body surface area (mean +/- SEM)). Serum HYA concentration was 206 +/- 71
      micrograms l-1 at 24 h post-injury, twice the upper normal HYA concentration, and
      remained moderately elevated for the first week post-injury. It appears that
      mobilization and transport of HYA from the tissues is increased after thermal
      injury. Increased systemic concentrations of an interstitial matrix component
      have not previously been reported in burn patients. Possibly, plasma
      concentrations of connective tissue components might serve as indicators of the
      severity and extent of burn injuries.

PMID- 1806985
TI  - The [14C]-triolein breath test is not valid as a test of fat absorption.
AB  - The [14C]-triolein breath test is used as a test of fat absorption. However, its
      validity has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate,
      whether the absorption of [14C]-triolein could be estimated from the breath test,
      and whether the breath test could be useful as a clinical test. The [14C]
      triolein absorption was estimated from faecal measurements, using 51CrCl3 as non
      absorbable marker. The breath test was done according to the standard technique
      with hourly estimations of the 14CO2 expiration. Fifty-one patients participated.
      A nearly perpendicular, curvilinear relation between the 6-h cumulative 14CO2
      expiration and the [14C]-triolein absorption was found, and no obvious cut-off
      level for normal 14CO2 expiration could be identified. Accordingly, the
      diagnostic sensitivity of the breath test was 80% at the expense of a specificity
      of 45%. In 19 patients duplicate measurements were done. A high intra- and inter
      individual variation in the fraction of absorbed [14C]-triolein, expired within 6
      h, was found. It is concluded that expiration of 14CO2 is influenced by factors
      other than the absorption of [14C]-triolein, and that the [14C]-triolein breath
      test is not useful as test of fat absorption.

PMID- 1806986
TI  - Serum dolichols in different clinical conditions.
AB  - We studied the effect of seven different clinical diseases (viral infections,
      bacterial infections, malignant diseases, cardiovascular diseases,
      gastroenterological diseases, endocrinological diseases, and rheumatic diseases)
      as well as normal pregnancy on serum dolichol concentrations in 76 hospitalized
      patients and in 10 pregnant women. In contrast to urinary dolichols, serum
      dolichols were not significantly increased in any of these conditions, suggesting
      that dolichol levels in serum and urine are independently regulated. Furthermore,
      we found that serum dolichol concentration does not undergo diurnal variation, as
      in healthy volunteers time of blood sampling did not affect serum dolichols. Our
      results suggest that serum dolichol concentration, which has earlier been found
      to be exceptionally high in aspartylglucosaminuria and mannosidosis, might serve
      as a laboratory marker for these recessively inherited lysosomal storage
      diseases.

PMID- 1806987
TI  - The clearance of iohexol as a measure of the glomerular filtration rate in
      children with chronic renal failure.
AB  - The plasma clearances of technetium-99m-labelled DTPA ([99Tcm]-DTPA) and the non
      ionic contrast medium iohexol were estimated in 11 children with chronic renal
      failure for determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Equal values
      were obtained with the two substances provided plasma sampling was simultaneous,
      but when plasma was sampled within 3.5 h after injection of iohexol and [99Tcm]
      DTPA the GFR was overestimated by more than 50%. For clearance values below 20 ml
      min-1 1.73 m-2, valid GFR estimates were obtained both from two plasma samples
      taken 3 h and 24 h after the injection of iohexol and from a single plasma sample
      taken 24 h after the injection.

PMID- 1806988
TI  - Biological variation in the catalytic concentration of pancreatic alpha-amylase
      and triacylglycerol lipase in serum.
AB  - The within-subject and between-subject biological variation in the catalytic
      concentration of pancreatic alpha-amylase and triacylglycerol lipase in serum
      have been studied. The study was performed during a 13-month period in a group of
      42 supposedly healthy individuals, 19 women and 23 men. All measurements were
      carried out using a Hitachi 717 analyser at 37 degrees C. The medians of the
      within-subject biological coefficients of variation obtained for the catalytic
      concentration of pancreatic alpha-amylase and triacylglycerol lipase in serum
      were 8.1 and 38.9%, respectively. The index of individuality for the catalytic
      concentration of pancreatic alpha-amylase and triacylglycerol lipase in serum was
      0.27 and 1.20, respectively. Consequently, it is not advisable to use population
      based reference intervals for the catalytic concentration of pancreatic alpha
      amylase and triacylglycerol lipase in serum.

PMID- 1806989
TI  - [Pregnancy, labor and the neonate in multiparas under 34 years of age].
AB  - The authors describe the pregnancy, labour and baby in 63 multiparae (five or
      more births), aged up to 34 years. The control group was composed of 6,480
      pregnant patients (2-4 births), aged up to 34 years. The pregnancy in 17.5% of
      multiparae developed without medical examination and 19.0% of patients had one or
      two medical control examinations. This finding exceeded the findings in the
      control group (p less than 0.001). Rural house-wives predominated (p less than
      0.001). During labour meconic foetal fluid was found in multiparae. Also
      exploration of the uterus or desquamation of the placenta were more frequent in
      them (p less than 0.05). However, the other course of pregnancy was the same as
      that in the control group (p greater than 0.05). There was no difference in
      babies born by a multipara or by a mother in the control group (p greater than
      0.05). No death was recorded in the two groups. The authors conclude that there
      was no difference in pregnancy, labour and baby in a multipara with five or more
      labours and in a pluripara (2-4 births) aged up to 34 years.

PMID- 1806990
TI  - [The effect of preliminary administration of dimethylsulfoxide on the development
      of experimental myocardial necrosis in rats treated with isoprenaline].
AB  - It has been suggested that in the genesis of isoprenaline-induced myocardial
      necrosis in rats, along with the intracellular calcium homeostasis and energy
      production breakdown, the mechanism of cytotoxic oxygen free radical generation
      is also included. The effects of dimethylsulphoxide, a hydroxyl radical
      scavenger, on the appearance of isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in rats,
      were investigated. The verification of the efficacy of such pretreatment was
      based upon the monitoring of changes in plasma activity of enzymes creatine
      kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and upon
      the heart muscle sample light microscopy. The results have shown that the total
      plasma activity of all the observed enzymes was six hours after isoprenaline
      application several times increased, as compared with the control values.
      Histopathological changes in unprotected animals were evident and consisted of
      coagulation necrosis and myocytolysis. In both dimethylsulphoxide and
      isoprenaline treated groups of rats only a statistically insignificant increase
      in enzyme plasma activity was observed, while heart histopathological changes
      showed considerable reduction both in extensity and intensity of the tissue
      damage. The evident efficiency of dimethylsulphoxide in the prevention of the
      extent of myocardial necrosis in rats after the administration of the toxic dose
      of isoprenaline suggests that the generation of hydroxyl anion radicals, probably
      via autooxidation of isoprenaline, is a possible mechanism of the tissue injury
      in this experimental model.

PMID- 1806991
TI  - [The effect of food containing various quantities of fats on the level of fatty
      acids in rat liver tissue].
AB  - We studied the influence of different quantities of fat in the diet (sunflower
      oil, pork fat) on the fat content in hepatic tissues of the rat. 20g of fat were
      given comprising 44% of the total energetic value of the diet. The study was done
      in male rats of the Wistar strain, 2 months old at the commencement of the
      experiment. The study lasted 6 months. The results showed that the saturated
      fatty acid content of the liver (16:0; 18:0) was higher in animals who were fed
      with sunflower oil. The content of unsaturated fatty acids (18:2; 18:3, 20:4) was
      higher in the liver of animals fed on pork fat. The content in dokosaheksaenic
      fatty acid (22:6) was higher in the hepatic tissue of the animals fed with pork
      fat.

PMID- 1806992
TI  - [Pseudopregnancy in rats with ovarian autografts and homografts].
AB  - The influence of sterile coitus on prolonged unoestrus in female rats is
      investigated with auto- and homotransplanted ovaries. In the group with
      orthotopic autotransplanted ovaries and oestrus rhythm the presence of a male
      provoked the blockade of oestrus rhythm et diestrus. In the same group the
      iwection of FSH interrupted unoestrus. In the group with ectopic homotransplanted
      ovaries and stabile oestrus rhythm the sterile coitus after copulation provoked
      prolonged unoestrus.

PMID- 1806993
TI  - [Femoro-popliteal bypass in situ].
AB  - The authors present early and late results of femoro-popliteal/crural
      reconstruction where "in situ" technic is used. Of 35 patients 10 had the third
      stage of occlusive disease by Fontain, and 25 were in the fourth stage. Therefore
      the reconstruction consisted of "limb salvage procedure". The aim of the study
      was to present the possibilities of this technique in cases with ischaemic
      extremities and poor "run off". The early potency of prosthesis within the first
      month was 97% (34 patients) and late (after one year) 91% (32 patients). In three
      patients, in early postoperative stage, AV fistulas were found and successfully
      surgically treated. AV fistulas were caused by non-ligated branches of the
      saphenous vein. Thus, a conclusion was drawn that intraoperative control
      angiography vas of great importance. Better potency of prosthesis, when compared
      to the quality of saphenous vein graft and when used "in situ", over the
      classical method was achieved thanks to the following facts: no damage of the
      intima caused by hydrostatic dilatation; possible use of a vein whose diameter is
      less than 4 mm; no damage of adventitia (vasa vasorum) due to the slower
      degenerative process of the vein wall; impossible graft torsion; low compliance
      level between the graft and the small artery, and small artery caused by the
      conic shape of graft.

PMID- 1806995
TI  - [Changes in the continuous electrocardiogram during the exercise stress test in
      women with angina pectoris and normal coronarography findings].
AB  - Ischaemic cardiac disease is usually diagnosed in patients with obstruent
      coronary arteries. However, it is also found in subjects with normal coronary
      arteries. Ten female patients, aged 30-40 years, with angina pectoris and normal
      coronary findings, were studied. Electrocardiographic changes were studied during
      physical tests and 24-hour electrocardiography. The findings suggested a mixed
      form of angina pectoris with both vasospasm and obstruent prearterioles.

PMID- 1806994
TI  - [Acute signs and symptoms of toxicity due to the BOPP regimen (BCNU, vincristine,
      procarbazine, cisplatin) during treatment of high-grade astrocytoma].
AB  - BOPP chemotherapy regimen was introduced in patients with high-grade astrocytoma
      after surgery and radiotherapy. There were 10 anaplastic astrocytomas and 19
      multiforme glioblastomas. Protocol consisted of BCNU 50 mg/m2, days 1-3,
      Vincristine 1,4 mg/m2 (max 2 mg), day 1, Procarbazine 50 mg/m2, days 1-7 and
      Cisplatin 20 mg/m2, days 1-3. All patients received at least three cycles of BOPP
      chemotherapy. The used toxicity criteria corresponded to ECOG. We observed 12
      changes in WBC, 29 changes in haemoglobin, 18 changes in platelets and 11 changes
      in hematocrite. All patients had nausea and vomiting. We also observed 4
      neurologic toxicities. Toxicities we observed responded favourably to standard
      means of therapy which can suggest either shortening of the interval between the
      cycles or increasing the dose per cycle.

PMID- 1806996
TI  - [Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: distribution, role and importance].
AB  - TRH is one of the first hypothalamic releasing hormones which has been identified
      and applied in humans. It is a tripeptidamid which belongs to the family of
      neuropeptides together with endorphins, neurotensin and substance P. TRH is
      widely distributed not only in hypothalamus, but also in extrahypothalamic parts
      of CNS as well as in many peripheral tissues and organs. TRH receptors are one of
      the first discovered peptide receptors in the brain. TRH coexists with other
      neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in brain neurons. In addition to its
      endocrine function in the regulation of TSH secretion, it also releases
      prolactin, FSH and NOR. Moreover, its extrapituitary actions have not yet been
      fully elucidated. Although TRH receptors are identified in CNS, it is not yet
      known whether it is a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. In particular, its
      relationship with cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic and
      opioid systems as well as other putative neurotransmitters in the brain, has been
      discussed. Finally, TRH is used as a diagnostic means in some endocrine and
      nonendocrine disorders.

PMID- 1806997
TI  - [The opioid peptide, beta-endorphin, in spontaneous vaginal delivery and cesarean
      section].
AB  - The opioid peptide, beta-endorphin, originates from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
      under the influence of corticotropin releasing hormone (CHR). It increases the
      threshold of pain and has a certain influence on the formation of hypophyseal
      hormones, especially in stress. It is found that beta-endorphin stimulates the
      secretion of prolactin, a growth hormone, and vasopressin; it inhibates formation
      of follicle-stimulating and luteinizating hormones, oxytocin and dopamine, and
      gonadotropin, a releasing hormone. The process of acetylization decreases its
      activity. The results of experimental trials revealed that acetylisation in the
      foetal period was absent. The aim of the study was to define beta-endorphin
      concentration during normal vaginal labor and Cesarean section. Samples of
      peripheral blood of patients with spontaneous vaginal labor (n = 15) and of those
      in whom labor was operatively terminated (Cesarean section) (n = 10), were
      analysed. Values of this opiate were determined in the umbilical cord of newborn
      infants, in the amniotic fluid and placental compartment. The obtained results
      were statistically analysed. In intrapartum beta-endorphins were significantly
      increased reaching the highest level during expulsion (326 pg/ml); in the
      placental compartment these values were higher (in retroplacental blood 514
      pg/ml) reaching the highest value of 917 pg/ml, p less than 0.01 in the placenta.
      In Cesarean section beta-endorphin values in the peripheral blood showed no
      significant differences during spontaneous vaginal labor. However, increased
      values of this natural opiate were observed six hours after surgery. Beta
      endorphin concentrations in the placental compartment and the placenta during
      normal vaginal labor were significantly higher in comparison with labor by
      Cesarean section (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1806998
TI  - [A new method in delivery of the second twin].
AB  - In order to avoid any risk in labour of the second twin-baby, the author had
      developed a special new method. By this method the second baby is always born by
      head. If the head of the second twin-baby is not coming first, then gyneacologist
      should push, with his hand, the back of the foetus to the fundus in the vagina
      while, at the same time, he should push with his other hand the foetal head
      toward the pelvis entry. In this way the amnion is not torn off until the turn
      has not been completed, and the head brought to the entry of the pelvis. The
      further labour is then performed as any other normal labour.

PMID- 1806999
TI  - [Modern approach to the diagnosis and therapy of myasthenia gravis].
AB  - Only two decades ago myasthenia gravis (MG) has been considered to be a severe
      neuromuscular disease with a very high mortality rate. Contemporary diagnostic
      and therapeutic approach resulted in standardized methodology for clinical
      management of myasthenia gravis. As an example, we present a case of generalized
      MG in a 22-year-old female patient. The diagnosis was based on the results of
      characteristic clinical, pharmacologic and electrophysiologic tests. Preoperative
      treatment with anticholinesterase drugs, thymectomy and postoperative course of
      the disease are presented. The importance of the thymus pathology and
      immunological serum abnormalities is emphasized. The results of this kind of
      clinical approach are compared with the published experience of other
      neurological groups.

PMID- 1807000
TI  - [Castleman's tumor in the retroperitoneal space].
AB  - A patient, aged 28, was admitted to the Department of Urology of the Military
      Medical Academy in Belgrade, for the operation of the right adrenal gland tumour.
      The adrenal gland tumour was first diagnosed as an inactive hormonal tumour.
      Intraoperatively it was found in retroperitoneal area, over the right adrenal
      gland and the right kidney, near the Cava inferior and under the liver it was
      extirpated. It was a Castleman's tumour of hyaline-vascular type.

PMID- 1807001
TI  - [von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis].
AB  - We present a case of unusual clinical picture of the well defined Morbus Von
      Recklinghausen. In a 35-year-old male patient, after an uncontrolled rapid
      movement of the neck, the disease was suddenly manifested with spastic
      quadriparesis. Three years later the clinical picture showed spastic
      quadriplegia. Antalgic torticollis confirmed by X-ray of the neck clearly showed
      vertebral subluxation at the level of C3-C4. However, additional magnetic
      resonance imaging revealed large extradural tumorous formation at the level of C1
      C2, and two small oval tumours in the splenium of the corpus callosum as well as
      in the left lateral ventricle. "Cafe au lait" spots, "molluscum fibrosum" and few
      subcutaneous fibromas appeared as skin changes which explained the possible
      nature of the registered intracranial and intraspinal tumours. Neurosurgery has
      been performed at the spinal level with good results; it confirmed the diagnosis
      of Von Recklinghausen's Neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 1807002
TI  - [Echotomographic picture of splenic rupture].
AB  - Over a period of four years, June 1986-June 1990, we examined 100 patients with
      semitraumas of the abdomen and the thorax. We sonographically confirmed rupture
      of the spleen in 12 patients. Sonographic verification of the ruptured spleen can
      offer direct or indirect sonographic indications. The indirect indication is the
      liquid in the abdominal cavity (haematoperitoneum). The direct sonographic
      indication is subcapsular haematoma of the spleen, and heterosonographic
      indication is the parenchyma in the form of deep unechogenic and liquid fissures
      of the spleen in all directions. In some patients these unechogenic parts of the
      spleen converge to the hilus of the spleen.

PMID- 1807003
TI  - Effects of proteinase inhibitors on polymorphonuclear neutrophil polarization.
AB  - Polarization of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) can be elicited by the
      chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and the
      microtubule-disrupting compound colchicine. Here we report on whether natural and
      synthetic proteinase inhibitors alter the polarizing response to these two
      agents. The alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl
      ketone, and N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone suppress fMLP-induced
      polarization and locomotion in a dose-dependent fashion, but none of them affects
      colchicine-induced polarization. We suggest that proteinase inhibitors suppress
      fMLP-induced polarization by blocking cell surface proteinases that generate an
      intracellular signal for cytoskeletal change and polarization.

PMID- 1807004
TI  - Effects of MCPA and other phenoxyacid compounds on hepatic xenobiotic metabolism
      in rats.
AB  - The effects of ethyl 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate (MCPA) and other phenoxyacid
      compounds on hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes were studied in male rats.
      These compounds were administered orally 200 mg/kg/day to the rats for 2 weeks.
      Both MCPA and clofibrate increased the hepatic level of cytochrome P-450. In the
      MCPA-treated group, the activities of aniline hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O
      deethylase increased by 15% and 1.5-fold, respectively. The free acid form of
      MCPA increased these activities more potently than MCPA. Both MCPA and its free
      acid did not change the activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase. A marked increase
      in the activity of aniline hydroxylase was noted in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
      acid-treated group, whereas the aminopyrine N-demethylase activity significantly
      decreased in the same group. Clofibrate also increased the activities of hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation tested, but to a lesser extent
      when compared with the effects of MCPA. These results indicate that MCPA may have
      a potent effect on the hepatic metabolizing enzymes in rats, and also that the
      induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes may change when the chemical moiety
      of phenoxyacid compounds is modified.

PMID- 1807005
TI  - Simultaneous measurements of cytosolic free calcium level and prostaglandin
      synthesis reveal a correlation between them in perfused monolayer of cultured rat
      vascular smooth muscle cells: effects of bradykinin and angiotensin II.
AB  - The level of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and the production rate of
      prostacyclin were simultaneously measured in perfused monolayers of cultured
      vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. After loading of fura-2 (a fluorescent
      calcium indicator), the monolayer of VSM cells (cultured on a cover glass) was
      fixed in the perfusion cuvette and the cuvette was placed in a fluorometer to
      monitor the change in [Ca2+]i. The monolayer was perfused and the fractionated
      perfusion solution was collected to determine 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (a metabolite of
      prostacyclin) production found in the solution. Afterwards, the time-dependent
      changes in [Ca2+]i and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis were compared. Bradykinin (BK,
      10(-6) M), angiotensin (Ang) II (10(-7) M) as well as ionomycin (10(-6) M)
      induced simultaneous increases in [Ca2+]i and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production. An
      inhibitor against prostaglandin synthesis, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 10(-6) M)
      abolished BK-induced 6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis, whereas ASA did not affect the
      increase in [Ca2+]i. BK-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha
      production occurred in a dose-dependent manner and the half-maximal response was
      observed at the same concentration of BK (10(-7) M). These results indicate that
      an increase in [Ca2+]i is closely associated with BK as well as AngII-induced
      prostacyclin synthesis. It is suggested that an increase in [Ca2+]i plays a prior
      role in prostacyclin synthesis. Thus, an interaction between phospholipase A2
      (prostaglandin synthesis) and phospholipase C (inositol trisphosphate-Ca2+
      mobilization) is suggested.

PMID- 1807006
TI  - Efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia for management of pain after abdominal
      operations.
AB  - In order to control pain during the early post-operative period, patient
      controlled analgesia (PCA) with buprenorphine as an analgesic drug was applied in
      23 patients undergoing abdominal operations. With this "on demand" system, the
      patient was allowed to self-administer narcotic analgesic medication using a
      programmable infusion pump. Overdose could be minimized with a mandatory lock-out
      interval between allowable injections. Average total requirement of buprenorphine
      was 0.355 mg at 48 hr after operation. Nineteen of the 23 (82.6%) patients
      characterized their pain control as "excellent" or "good". In these patients
      there existed high correlation between the total number of patient attempts and
      the number of successful injections. The PCA system was thought to provide
      improved pain relief at smaller total drug dosages. In addition, earlier and
      greater spontaneous physical activity was maintained with PCA therapy. The
      potential for overdose could be minimized, and thereby PCA appears to be an
      efficacious and safe method of providing for postoperative pain relief.

PMID- 1807007
TI  - No adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulindac and
      diclofenac sodium, on blood pressure control with a calcium antagonist,
      nifedipine, in elderly hypertensive patients.
AB  - Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on blood pressure (BP)
      control was evaluated in elderly hypertensive patients treated with calcium
      antagonist. The study was based on a randomized, crossover design to compare the
      effect of an NSAID, sulindac, with that of another NSAID, diclofenac sodium, in
      the hypertension treatment. The study was completed in six elderly female
      subjects (the average age: 66 +/- 3 year) whose systolic BP and diastolic BP were
      more than 160 mmHg and more than 95 mmHg, respectively. When BP was controlled by
      nifedipine (20 mg x 2 per day in slow releasing form) within normal limits,
      sulindac (100 mg x 3 per day) or diclofenac sodium (25 mg x 3 per day) was
      administered for a week. After one week-washout period, the other NSAID was
      substituted. Plasma and urinary variables were measured on the final day of each
      study period. The average systolic BP and diastolic BP and the entry of study
      were 167 +/- 5 mmHg and 93 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively. Nifedipine significantly
      decreased the systolic BP to 140 +/- 4 mmHg (p less than 0.02) and the diastolic
      BP to 84 +/- 4 mmHg (p less than 0.05). Addition of either sulindac or diclofenac
      sodium did not affect BP, whereas urinary PGE2 excretion and plasma renin
      activity were significantly inhibited. Plasma creatinine and electrolyte
      concentration were not changed by the NSAIDs. The results indicate that either
      sulindac or diclofenac sodium does not interfere with control of hypertension by
      a calcium antagonist, nifedipine in in elderly hypertensive patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807008
TI  - The structure-function relationship of GLP-1 related peptides in the endocrine
      function of the canine pancreas.
AB  - In order to clarify the relationship between the structure and function of
      glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 in the endocrine function of the pancreas, the
      response of insulin and glucagon to various synthetic GLP-1-related peptides was
      investigated in anesthetized dogs. GLP-1-related peptides were administered in a
      dosage of 400 pmol within 10 min into the pancreatic artery during glucose or
      arginine infusion and the changes in plasma insulin and glucagon in the
      pancreatic vein were studied. GLP-1 (7-36) and (7-37), as well as glucagon
      enhanced insulin release during glucose infusion, whereas neither GLP-1 (1-37),
      (7-20), (6-37) nor (8-37) stimulated insulin release. The administration of GLP-1
      (1-37), (7-36) and (7-37) reduced glucagon release during glucose infusion. When
      arginine was infused, GLP-1 (7-20), (7-36), (7-37), and glucagon enhanced insulin
      release. In contrast, glucagon release was increased by the administration of GLP
      1 (7-20), (8-37), and (7-37). The present study indicates that histidine at the
      7th position of GLP-1 is important in eliciting biological action and that only
      truncated GLP-1 (7-36), (7-37), and (7-20) showed an insulinotropic action as
      strong as glucagon in dogs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the response of
      insulin and glucagon to GLP-1-related peptides is dependent on a background
      condition.

PMID- 1807009
TI  - O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in human brain tumors.
AB  - It is well known that resistance in tumor cells to alkylating agents and, in
      particular, chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs), which are widely used in the
      chemotherapy of brain tumors, correlate well with activity of the DNA repair
      enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (O6-AT). We measured O6-AT activity
      in human brain tumors in order to obtain basic knowledge of whether or not CENU
      chemotherapy can be applied selectively on brain tumors. The subjects included 17
      gliomas (seven malignant astrocytomas, two glioblastomas, two medulloblastomas,
      two oligodendrogliomas, two ependymomas, one fibrillary astrocytoma, one
      primitive neuroectodermal tumor) and five non-glial tumors (three meningiomas,
      two neurinomas). The value of O6-AT activity for the gliomas varied widely and
      indicated 111 +/- 65 fmol of 3H-methyl adducts transferred/mg protein extract/hr
      (mean +/- S.D., range 0-258, 18 tumors), while the non-glial tumors showed a
      relatively high value of 270 +/- 43 fmol/mg/hr (range 225-330, 5 tumors). A
      significant difference in the O6-AT activity was noted between the gliomas and
      the nonglial tumors at the p-value of 0.001. Six (38%) out of 17 glioma cases
      showed a value below 100 fmol/mg/hr and four cases (24%) a value below 60
      fmol/mg/hr. These results provide a biological basis for applying CENU
      chemotherapy on glioma patients with a lower value of O6-AT enzyme.

PMID- 1807010
TI  - Hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure in non-obese middle-aged subjects with normal
      glucose tolerance.
AB  - A possible link between hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure was studied in non
      obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance. First, the responses in plasma
      glucose and serum insulin to an oral glucose load (75-g oral glucose tolerance
      test) were compared between 42 patients with essential hypertension and 93
      normotensive control subjects. Second, of the 93 normotensive subjects, the
      relations of serum insulin levels to blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and
      triglycerides concentrations were assessed in 8 hyperinsulinemic (serum insulin
      level [during fasting, or after glucose loading, or both] greater than 2 S.D.
      higher than the mean) and 8 pair-matched normoinsulinemic subjects (serum insulin
      level within 1 S.D. of the mean), individually matched for age, sex, and body
      mass index. Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses to the glucose load in
      hypertensive subjects were identical to the respective responses in normotensive
      subjects, while the mean total serum cholesterol level was slightly higher (p
      less than 0.05) in hypertensive subjects. The respective values for systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures, and total serum cholesterol and triglycerides
      concentrations were comparable in hyperinsulinemic and normoinsulinemic subjects.
      These results did not suggest a close association between hyperinsulinemia and
      elevated blood pressure in non-obese middle-aged Japanese subjects with normal
      glucose tolerance.

PMID- 1807011
TI  - Nuclear DNA analysis of the periampullary carcinoma using cytologic bile
      specimens.
AB  - DNA cytofluorometric analysis of carcinoma cells of the periampullary region was
      performed using cytologic bile specimens. The materials were obtained from three
      cases of obstructive jaundice through percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage
      tubes. The DNA ploidy histograms of bile samples could be evaluated as well as
      those of paraffin-embedded tissue samples. DNA analysis using cytologic bile
      specimens may reveal biological behavior of carcinoma cells and provide useful
      information for the choice of therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 1807012
TI  - Potent vasoconstriction by tyramine but no significant constriction by nicotine
      in isolated dog ear arteries.
AB  - Using the cannula inserted method, vascular effects of nicotine were investigated
      in isolated, perfused dog intermediate auricular arteries, comparing with those
      of norepinephrine and tyramine. Norepinephrine and tyramine produced strong
      vasoconstrictions in a dose-related manner, but nicotine did not induce any
      significant vasoconstriction.

PMID- 1807013
TI  - Effect of clenbuterol on contractile response in periurethral striated muscle of
      rabbits.
AB  - The effect of clenbuterol, a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on isolated
      periurethral striated muscle preparations from rabbits has been investigated. The
      periurethral striated muscle produced a contraction in response to field
      stimulation. An application of clenbuterol resulted in a dose-dependent
      potentiation of the field stimulation-induced contraction. This potentiation was
      antagonized by propranolol and was greater than that of isoproterenol, suggesting
      a beta 2-agonistic action.

PMID- 1807014
TI  - [Secretory activity of ovarian granulosa cells in cows in relation to production
      of prolactin or prolactin-like substances in vitro].
AB  - Ovarian functions are regulated by a wide variety of substances of hypothalamic,
      pituitary and intraovarian origin. In particular, prolactin (PRL) plays an
      important role in the control of ovaries. The aim of our in-vitro experiments was
      to prove a possibility of PRL production by bovine granulosa cells and to search
      into the endocrine regulators of this process. In the course of experiment 1 it
      was observed that the marked time-dependent accumulation of immunoreactive PRL
      took place during long-time cultivation of granulosa cells both in serum-free and
      in serum-dependent medium. After 12-24 hours of cultivation this level was
      reduced, but after 120 hours of cell culture the medium PRL-immunoreactivity
      gradually rose to exceed the starting level 2.1-2.4 times. FSH additions (10
      10,000 ng/ml) led to a dramatical rise of PRL-immunoreactivity in a dose
      dependent manner. A greater increase in FSH doses (1000 or 10,000 ng/ml)
      activated this process 14.0-18.0 times. In the other experiments the effects of
      LH, LH-RH and various nonapeptide hormones on the PRL-like substance production
      were investigated. LH stimulated PRL-like substance production at a great dose
      only (10 IU/ml). The lower doses did not have any significant influence on the
      process. Low doses of oxytocin (1 or 10 IU/ml) blocked, and higher doses (100
      1000 IU/ml) stimulated the granulosa PRL-like production. Arginine-8-vasopressin
      (AVP) (1-1000 ng/ml), arginine-8-vasotocin (AVT) (10-1000 ng/ml), or LH-RH (10
      10,000 ng/ml) failed to influence the immunoreative PRL accumulation in the
      culture medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807015
TI  - [Comparison of various cryopreservation media for vitrification of 7-day bovine
      embryos].
AB  - A vitrification medium, attested for cryopreservation of mouse eight-blastomere
      embryos (6.85 mol/l glycerol as a cryoprotective agent), was checked up with
      respect to preservation of bovine seven-day morulas and blastocysts. As this
      medium was not found to be convenient either as to its technical parameters or
      the reached embryo survival, its composition was modified. The glycerol content
      was complemented or partly replaced by other cryoprotectives (methanol,
      saccharose, L-proline). A comparison of technical parameters and viability of
      rewarmed embryos shows that our requirements (technically simple technique of
      freezing and rewarming and good survival) are met in the best way by a
      cryoprotective combination of 4.11 mol/l glycerol and 1.0 mol/l saccharose. The
      total of 54.5% embryos developed in-vitro conditions following vitrification in
      the medium of this composition and after rewarming.

PMID- 1807016
TI  - [The minimal effective dose of vaccine against trichophytosis in heifers].
AB  - Calves at the age of one month were vaccinated with a lyophilized vaccine against
      bovine trichophytosis, or with an avirulent vaccine against bovine trichophytosis
      (mfd by Bioveta, Ivanovice in Hana). Prophylactic doses of the vaccines (15 mil.
      CFU of production strain Trichophyton verrucosum per calf) were used for
      immunization, and doses 10 times, 100 times and 1000 times lower. The calves were
      revaccinated with the same doses in 12 days after the first vaccination. Twenty
      eight days later since revaccination, the vaccinated calves and a group of
      control nonvaccinated calves was challenged epicutaneously with a virulent strain
      of T. verrucosum. The protectiveness of both vaccines implanted at doses of 2 x
      15 mil. and 2 x 1.5 mil. CFU per test animal was very good. No dermal lesion were
      observed in the challenged calves of these groups, or if any, they were not clear
      and could be observed for a short time. If the vaccines were used diluted at a
      ratio 10(-2) (150 thousand CFU of production strain), trichophytic lesions
      persisting for the whole period of observation were found in four of the seven
      calves vaccinated with a lyophilized vaccine against bovine trichophytosis and in
      two of the eight calves implanted an avirulent vaccine after challenge. Mycotic
      lesions were formed after challenge in all test animals in the groups vaccinated
      with doses of 2 x 15 thousand CFU of production strain per calf. The extent of
      these lesions was practically the same as in all nonvaccinated controls--on the
      surface of infected skin the hair was shed and scales and crusts were formed. A
      challenge strain of T. verrucosum was cultivated from these lesions.

PMID- 1807017
TI  - [Changes in lipid levels in the blood of pregnant sows].
AB  - Variations of plasma volume (PV) and variations of triglyceride, cholesterol,
      total lipid, beta-lipoprotein and phospholipid concentrations in the blood plasma
      were investigated in trials with ten sows, crossbreds of the White Thoroughbred
      and Landrace breeds, at the age of 2-3 years, kept on a defined diet; the trials
      were performed before the sows became pregnant and during their pregnancy (days 1
      40, 41-60, 61-80, 81-100 and 101-120). The PV in nonpregnant sows is 9.8 +/- 0.33
      1. Following a decrease to the values of 7.8 +/- 0.33 l (p less than 0.01) in the
      first 40 days of pregnancy the plasma volume increases in the successive periods
      and it makes 15.4 +/- 0.19 l at the end of pregnancy (p less than 0.001). Total
      lipaemia decreases during pregnancy from 2.80 +/- 0.054 in nonpregnant sows to
      2.49 +/- 0.245 g per 1 in sows at the end of pregnancy. Cholesterol
      concentrations in the blood plasma also decrease from 2.48 +/- 0.53 in
      nonpregnant ones to 1.88 +/- 0.173 mmol per 1 (p less than 0.001) in sows at the
      end of pregnancy, beta-lipoprotein concentrations from 3.95 +/- 1.134 in
      nonpregnant ones to 3.47 +/- 0.199 g per l in sows on days of pregnancy 81-100 (p
      less than 0.05), phospholipid concentrations in the first 60 days of pregnancy
      from 1.62 +/- 0.079 before insemination to 1.29 +/- 0.05 mmol per l in sows of 41
      60 day pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807018
TI  - [Biometric parameters of the uterus and ovaries in sheep after administration of
      Depotocin inj. Spofa in early puerperium].
AB  - Objectivisation of the physiological course of puerpery and control of involution
      processes of uterus represent topical questions of an increased frequency of
      lambing. Our study was directed at the determination of the weight, length of
      body and horns of uterus as well as of the weight, length, width and height of
      ovaries, following the administration of carbetocin (Depotocin inj. Spofa), in
      the puerperal period of Slovak Merino sheep. The study was aimed at obtaining
      objective biometric data on uterus and ovaries and recording the influence of
      carbetocin on the involution of uterus and ovaries of sheep. Thirty ewes, divided
      into two groups, were included in the experiment. The animals of the experimental
      group (n = 15) were subjected to treatment with carbetocin (Depotocin inj. Spofa)
      at the amount 2 x 0.07 mg. The first dose was applied intramuscularly (i. m.) on
      the 2nd day after parturition and the second dose was injected subcutaneously
      (s.c.) on the 4th day after lambing. The second group (n = 15) served as a
      control. Three ewes (n = 3) were bled on each of the following days: 1, 7, 17, 25
      and 34 after parturition. After bleeding the sexual organs were removed by
      excision and their weight and the length of the body and horns of uterus and of
      ovaries was determined. The number and size of follicles were determined on the
      surface of ovaries. The weight of uterus body showed a declining tendency in
      sheep of the control group with a statistically significant decrease from the
      17th till the 34th day after parturition (P less than 0.01). Its weight varied
      from 56.0-14.6 to 5.2-0.3 g in the above-mentioned time interval. The
      experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in weight as early
      as on the 7th day after lambing compared to the 1st day after parturition, down
      to the values 185.66-38.91 g (P less than 0.05). The decrease in the weight of
      uterus body recorded on day 17 (106.56-41.08 g) was less pronounced than in the
      control group. The final average weight of the body of uterus on the 34th day
      after parturition was 41.36-8.52 g, that means higher than in the control group
      (5.2-0.3 g). The weight of gravid horns in the experimental group declined
      significantly as early as on the 7th day after parturition to the average weight
      of 60.89-9.45 g and reached 9.86-3.49 g on the 34th day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1807019
TI  - [Patho-morphologic and histoenzymologic findings after VX (organophosphate)
      poisoning in sheep].
AB  - Sixty-one sheep were administered experimentally a VX chemical (organophosphate)
      at different rates. In the process of dissection, samples were taken for a
      histopathological examination. These were samples of brain, liver, kidneys, rumen
      wall, small intestine, muscles, myocardium, lungs and spleen. For another
      histochemical examination, samples of tongue, m. longissimus dorsi, jejunum,
      rumen, liver, kidneys and m. interconstalis were also taken. The activities of
      alkaline and acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, acetylcholinesterase and
      dehydrogenase of lactic acid were investigated. The most significant changes were
      found out in the lungs - in form of oedemas and acute catarrhal bronchopneumonias
      in those animals which died within three days after chemical administration.
      Sporadic haemorrhages or haemorrhages in form of vast spots were found out under
      the epicardium. Their range did not relate to the amount of the chemical
      administered. Rather dilated vessels were observed in the brain and also in the
      meninges. The histochemical examination showed different activities of enzymes in
      particular organs of sheep.

PMID- 1807020
TI  - [The effect of gamma irradiation on the strain W of Tetrahymena pyriformis].
AB  - It the present study the effects of gamma-radiation at doses of 102.1 Gy-1,633.4
      Gy were investigated as exerted on the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis W strain.
      An investigation of lethality showed that all irradiated cells survived after the
      doses of 102.1 Gy and 204.2 Gy, When the doses of 408.4 and 816.7 Gy were
      applied, 60.6% and 8.8%, resp., of irradiated cells survived. Not a cell survived
      the dose of 1,633.4 Gy. The effects of gamma-radiation on the generation time of
      Tetrahymena pyriformis are shown in Tab. II. A markedly longer generation time
      than in the control was observed if the radiation doses made 408.4 and 816.7 Gy.
      There were no significant changes there when the effects of irradiated incubation
      media on the growth of nonirradiated cells of the W strain of Tetrahymena
      pyriformis were investigated. The results confirmed the relatively high
      radioresistance of the Tetrahymena protozoon with respect to gamma-radiation;
      this protozoan is a suitable biological model for a study of the effects of
      various kinds of ionizing radiation at the level of both cell and population.

PMID- 1807021
TI  - [Changes in the hypothalamus and adjacent ependyma after hormonal stimulation of
      the ovaries in ewes].
AB  - Superovulation treatment leaves alternations in the controlling regions of the
      hypothalamus and in the adjacent ependyme after ovulation. The test ewes were
      synchronized with Agelin (20 mg chlorsuperlutin in one vaginal sponge) and
      stimulated (after the removal of the sponges) with 750 IU PMSG + 750 IU HCG and
      with 1000 IU HCG and 750 IU PMSG + 5 ml Antisergon (goat antiserum against PMSG),
      administered 68 hours after PMSG (i.e. 40 hours after HCG). The control ewes were
      in different stages of the ovarial cycle. The experimental ewes were killed 120
      to 130 hours after the start of stimulation. Routine histological techniques were
      used to treat the brain samples; this treatment was followed by assessment under
      light microscope. The ependyme epithelium of the third cerebral chamber was
      studied under scanning microscope. Preparations with different FSH:LH ratios had
      different effects on the nucleus ventromedialis. Antisergon administration
      influenced the secretion of NPV (prevented persistent stimulation), which was
      observed after administration of PMSG + HCG. On the surface of the lower part of
      the third cerebral chamber the administration of Antisergon slowed the formation
      of the miniblebs. Supraependyme cells disappeared after stimulation for
      superovulation.

PMID- 1807022
TI  - [The effect of age on pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline and
      rolitetracycline in rabbits].
AB  - The effect of rabbit age in the Californian White breed was investigated on
      oxytetracycline and rolitetracycline concentrations in the blood serum and soft
      tissues, and on the biological half-life of the given antibiotics. The animals
      were at the age shortly before sexual maturity or they had reached sexual
      maturity. Oxytetracycline was administered in form of the preparation Oxymykoin
      inj. a. u. v. Spofa and roliteracycline nitrate in form of the preparation
      Rolitetracycline inj. Spofa. These tetracyclines were administered
      intramuscularly at a single dose of 20 mg per kg liveweight. In comparison with
      adult animals, in young rabbits the starting concentrations of the two
      tetracyclines in the blood (first hour) were statistically insignificantly
      higher; they were resorbed in the systemic circulation in a shorter time and were
      excreted faster from the blood (mainly oxytetracycline). The significantly lower
      serum concentrations were recorded in the 6th, 12th and 24th hour after
      oxytetracycline administration, and in the 12th and 24th hour after
      rolitetracycline administration. At the same time a decrease was observed in the
      concentrations of the two oxytetracyclines in the organs and muscles of young
      animals.

PMID- 1807023
TI  - [The effectiveness of the repellents diethyltoluamide and phenylpropandiol in
      grazing primiparous cows].
AB  - In practical farming conditions of an agricultural enterprise situated in South
      East Moravia, the repellents N,N'-diethyl-m-toluamide and 2-phenyl propanediol
      1,3 were tested after their application to grazing first-calves of the Bohemian
      Pied breed. The experiment was conducted in July and August 1986 and it took 40
      days. In the first experimental group, 2-phenyl propanediol 1,3 was applied and
      in the other group a 1:1 mixture of the repellents N,N'-diethyl-m-toluamide and 2
      phenyl propanediol 1,3 in form of a 10% water emulsion in the interval of 48
      hours. No flights and bites of annoying insects (gad-flies, black-flies, gnats,
      midges, symbovine flies) were observed in treated first-calves in the two
      experimental groups. The economic efficiency of 2-phenyl propanediol 1,3
      application in the first experimental group was manifested by the higher milk
      yield by 1.20% and by the higher milk fat yield by 0.13%; when the mixture of
      N,N'-diethyl-m-toluamide and 2-phenyl propanediol 1,3 was used, the milk yield
      increased by 2.27% and the milk fat yield by 0.17%, in comparison with the
      control group. Considering that some meteorological factors had worse values in
      the test year, after their mathematico-statistical evaluation they had
      significantly different values from those recorded in the two preceding years,
      the differences in milk production and fat percentage were not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 1807024
TI  - [The effect of Fenbion, an anthelmintic, on blood in heifers].
AB  - The complex effects of the anthelminthic Fenbion (prepared on the basis of
      fenbendazole, Bioveta Nitra) were investigated; its effects on the blood picture
      were studied in heifers with the liveweight of 400 kg, until the sixth day after
      its single application at doses of 15 and 30 mg per kg liveweight. The
      haemoglobin (Hb) content decreased in keeping with the physiological standard.
      The haematocrit (Hk) value decreased below the reference standard from 0.31 and
      0.32 l per l on days five and six to 0.28-0.29 l per l. The total leucocyte
      counts increased from 8.60-9.64 G per l to 10.54-11.0 G per 1. This means that on
      the first days after administration Fenbion has negative effects on
      erythropoiesis, and as a stressor it evokes defense reactions of the organism.
      Differential blood counting: leucocyte counts increased to 0.71-0.73 arb. u. on
      days three to four. The increase in lymphocyte counts in the blood after Fenbion
      administration is likely to be related to the cellular immunobiological defense
      reaction of the organism. The counts of segmented leucocytes decreased, the
      counts of eosinophils increased irregularly, those of basophils and monocytes
      were highly variable, and the counts of monocytes increased irregularly in a
      large span, or they decreased.

PMID- 1807025
TI  - [Analysis of the motility of bull sperm in fresh ejaculates using computer
      technology].
AB  - The activity of spermatozoa was measured in the fresh non-diluted ejaculates of
      10 breeding bulls, using the HTM motility analyzer version 7. The average path
      speed was 83.6 microns.s-1, the average progressive speed was 48.2 microns.s-1
      and the average straightness of the movement path was 58%. The spermatozoa were
      classified and it was found that most frequently they moved at a path speed of 60
      80 microns.s-1 (28.2%) and at a progressive speed of 20-40 microns.s-1 (33.2%).
      The path straightness classes above 40% included evenly distributed numbers of
      spermatozoa; in classes with a less than 40% straightness the numbers of
      spermatozoa were much smaller. These data are characteristic of fresh undiluted
      bull ejaculates, suitable for artificial insemination.

PMID- 1807026
TI  - [Histochemistry of acid phosphatase in small intestine mucosa in experimental
      coccidiosis in suckling piglets].
AB  - The activity of acid phosphatase (phosphohydrolase of orthophosphate monoesters;
      EC. 3.1.3.2) was evaluated densitometrically in the mucosa of duodenum, jejunum
      and ileum of 22 conventional piglets which were experimentally infected by
      oocysts of the coccidiae Isospora suis (infection dose of 200,000 oocysts) on day
      one after parturition (DAP). The activity of the studied hydrolase was
      investigated in the infected piglets during days two to ten after infection (DAI)
      in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) and in goblet cells. The density of the
      reaction product of acid phosphatase was simultaneously determined in the same
      mucosal cells of different sections of the small intestine in five control
      conventional piglets at the age of 2-14 days. In the small intestine mucosa of
      control piglets the activity of acid phosphatase was demonstrated to be located
      especially in the supranuclear zone of enterocytes. As for goblet cells, the
      reaction product of acid phosphatase is distributed in all zones (supra-, para-,
      infranuclear zones); the lowest density of this enzyme was found in the
      infranuclear zone. The activity of acid phosphatase is also localized in
      intestinal crypts: in their cells the enzyme concentration is decreasing from
      duodenum to caudal sections. Important changes were revealed, in comparison with
      the control data, in the development of the activity of acid phosphatase in the
      intestinal mucosa cells in the experimentally infected piglets. In the period of
      investigation (DAI 2-10) there were two stages of the development of the density
      of the enzyme reaction product. The first stage can be characterized by an
      increase, the other by a decrease in the level of acid phosphatase activity.
      Enterocytes are influenced in both stages, but the decrease in the density of the
      reaction product of acid phosphatase was observed only in absorption cells, and
      not in goblet cells. The increase in the activity of acid phosphatase occurs in
      the periods of DAI 4 and 9-10. Enzymatic deviations occur mainly in the
      absorption cells of the mucosa of duodenum and middle jejunum; in the cells of
      posterior jejunum and ileum an increase in the density of the reaction product of
      acid phosphatase was also demonstrated, but at the lower quantitative level
      (especially on DAI 4). The decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase has a
      protracted development and it takes place on DAI 5 to 8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1807027
TI  - [Milk thistle (Silybum marianum, L., Gaertn.) in the feed of ketotic cows].
AB  - Two comparative trials were performed, each with 16 cows which in the period of 2
      6 weeks after parturition had 7.9 mg and more acetone in 1 litre of milk. The
      cows, crossbreds of the Czech Red-Pied cattle with the Holstein cattle, were
      divided into control and test groups, eight in each using the system of pairs.
      The cows of test groups were given for a fortnight feed rations containing a meal
      of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, L., Gaert.) seeds, at a rate of 0.3 kg per
      head/day with the contents of 2.34% silybin and silydianin (substances of the so
      called silymarin complex of the flavonolignane group). In comparison with the
      control cows, in the blood and milk of the former ones a decrease was
      demonstrated in the sum of acetone + acetoacetic acid (up to P less than 0.01)
      and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood (up to P less than 0.05). The ketonuria
      degree dropped remarkably. Although there were not observed any differences in
      the parameters of acid-base metabolism in the blood (pH, PCO2, BE, SB, BB), the
      pH values and net acid-base output in urine were higher in these cows. Milk
      production in the cows of control groups was decreasing during the trial (up to P
      0.01), but in the test cows it was higher by 7.7% (trial 1) and by 3.4% (trial
      2), in comparison with the milk yield at the beginning of the trials. Differences
      in metabolism parameters and milk production in favour of the cows which were
      given milk thistle in their feed rations were observed even in a fortnight after
      the diet stopped to contain this ingredient.

PMID- 1807028
TI  - [Dynamics of protozoan counts in the rumen of calves during a period of milk
      feeding].
AB  - Protozoan counts were followed in the rumen of calves in the period of milk diet.
      In the third week of calves' age the total counts of protozoans in 1 ml of rumen
      contents made 1.48 +/- 0.91 (log 10 +/- SEM). These counts were increasing
      gradually to reach in the seventh week of age the value of 5.54 +/- 0.19 (log 10
      +/- SEM) in 1 ml of rumen contents. An increase in the protozoan counts in the
      seventh week of age was significant in comparison with the preceding four weeks.
      Total protozoan counts were converted also per 1 g of rumen content dry matter.

PMID- 1807029
TI  - [Lactic acid production and urease activity in strains of Enterococcus faecium
      found in the rumen and their genetic stability].
AB  - Lactic acid production, urease activity and genetic stability were investigated
      in five selected rumen strains of Enterococcus faecium. The average value of
      urease activity in the tested strains was 16.5 +/- 0.953 nkat per ml, two strains
      were urease-negative. The values of E. faecium strains produced lactic acid
      ranged from 1.087 +/- 0.134 to 1.787 +/- 0.213 mmol per 1 l. Cultivation of the
      strains in ethidium bromide (EB) eliminated urease activity of these strains
      already in the first subculture, but the elimination effects of sodium dodecyl
      sulphate (SDS) and acridine orange (AO) were manifested later on (1-8
      subcultures). Lactic acid production was eliminated in all strains from 1st to
      8th subculture after cultivation in SDS, EB and also AO.

PMID- 1807030
TI  - [Influences on radiocesium retention in minipigs].
AB  - The efficiency of an active substance (AL) prepared in our laboratory as a
      composite sorbent on the basis of hexacyanoferrates (II) bound on pearl
      cellulose, in affecting the radiocesium (Cs-137) retention in white miniature
      pigs was investigated. The function of the composite sorbent in dependence on the
      way of administration, i.e. its effect on a decrease of primary resorption and
      its ability to interrupt the enteral cycle was studied, too. The efficiency of
      stable cesium administration in the form of CsCl in the same process was also
      determined. It was proved that AL accelerated significantly the excretion through
      its effect both on primary resorption causing an approx. 11-fold reduction of
      resorption when administered simultaneously with radiocesium and on the enteral
      cycle, causing an approx. 3.5-fold increase of excretion of Cs-137 when
      administered daily. Thus the composite sorbent (AL) administered at long-term
      along with contaminated feed reduced the equilibrium concentration of radiocesium
      in meat 30-40 times. This might be of great importance in the time of nuclear
      emergencies. On the other hand, administration of non-active Cs at a level up to
      1 mg Cs/1 kg of liveweight had no significant effect on Cs-137 elimination.

PMID- 1807031
TI  - [Counts of selected strict and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms in the crop
      and appendix of chickens and their adhesion characteristics].
AB  - The counts of strictly anaerobic amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria,
      streptococci, lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and lactoso-negative bacteria were
      followed in chicks at the age of three to seven weeks. Age dependences of the
      counts in the given groups were investigated. An increase in the counts of
      amylolytic bacteria was observed in the caecum contents in the seventh week (4.63
      +/- 0.322), and on the other hand a decrease in their counts in the caecum wall
      in the seventh week (3.30 +/- 0.833). The counts of E. coli adherent to the
      caecum wall also showed a decreasing tendency. Lactobacilli and streptococci were
      a stable component of the microflora of craw wall, in contrast with the
      decreasing counts of anaerobic amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria. The
      average adherence index of lactobacillum isolates for adherence to the epithelial
      cells of craw or caecum wall ranged from 7.433 +/- 1.521-11.866 +/- 2.661, and/or
      4.366 +/- 1.373-9.70 +/- 0.935. The average adherence index of the
      Propionibacterium acnes ranged from 7.766 +/- 0.408 to 17.40 +/- 4.721, and/or
      5.10 +/- 0.738 to 7.60 +/- 1.784.

PMID- 1807032
TI  - [Detection of estrus and determination of the optimal time for insemination in
      polar foxes (Alopex lagopus)].
AB  - Oestrus cycles were investigated in seven polar foxes: the investigation
      consisted of evaluation of clinical symptoms of heat (vulva enlargement),
      measurement of vaginal mucus electrical resistance and determination of
      progesterone concentrations in the blood plasma of foxes; the objective was to
      determine optimum insemination time. The females were inseminated with fresh
      semen intravaginally by means of a pseudopenis, a day following the record of
      maximum electrical resistance of vaginal mucus and at the minimum progesterone
      concentration in blood plasma of 30 ng.ml-1. The females were reinseminated on
      the following day. The insemination dose had a volume of 1 ml with sperm
      concentrations of 150.10(6). Clinical symptoms of heat were observed in six out
      of the seven test foxes. Heat detection by means of measuring vaginal mucus
      electrical resistance was successful also in six females. Progesterone test
      enabled to detect heat in five females. Out of six inseminated females, five
      foxes became pregnant (83.3%) and a total of 33 cubs were born; this is 5.5 cubs
      per female.

PMID- 1807033
TI  - [Distribution of harmful metals in sheep after experimental administration of
      industrial emissions].
AB  - Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb distribution was followed in the organisms of
      seven lambing ewes after these animals had been on a diet with industrial
      contaminants generated by the copper and zinc works. The amount of ingested
      contaminants per lambing ewe was 31.99 g a day pursuant to the starting
      liveweight. Per-head daily intake of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb in mg:
      402.02; 95.97; 6158.07; 1.436; 2.975; 15.38; 0.597; 22.14. The first ewe with
      symptoms of zinc intoxication died on day 42 and the last on day 58. The highest
      Zn concentrations were recorded in the dry matter of dead ewe liver (1167.3 +/-
      314.1 mg per kg). An amount of 1048 +/- 283.7 mg Zn per kg was cumulated in the
      kidneys in the process of contaminant administration. High Zn contents were also
      observed in the uterus and spleen. The highest amounts of Cu were cumulated in
      liver (445.6 238.1 mg per kg). Spleen was an organ with the highest
      concentrations of Fe, the ovaries cumulated the highest amounts of Mo and bony
      tissue and ovaries the highest amounts of Se. An exposure of the organisms to As,
      Cd and Pb in ewes intoxicated with zinc from a source of industrial pollutants,
      was reflected in their high contents in the ovaries, kidneys, liver and bony
      tissue. These results demonstrate that in sheep the liver, kidneys, uterus,
      spleen and ovaries are the most suitable organs if it is to prove zinc
      intoxication caused by pollutants from the copper and zinc works. Liver, kidneys,
      ovaries, uterus, spleen, skeletal muscles and bony tissue seem to be suitable for
      an evaluation of Cu, Fe, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb distribution in the organisms of
      ewes which died from zinc intoxication caused by pollutants from the above
      mentioned source.

PMID- 1807034
TI  - [The effects of some technologies on survival of Campylobacter jejuni in food of
      animal origin].
AB  - The effects of some technologies (cooling, freezing, salting, packaging,
      fermentation, cold smoking, heat treatment) on the survival of Campylobacter
      jejuni were investigated. The different technological procedures can be
      considered as barriers influencing to a certain degree the survival of C. jejuni.
      The low value aw on the surface of chilled meat and oxygen presence reduce the
      occurrence of C. jejuni, but the low storage temperature prolongs the survival of
      C. jejuni to two days. In chilled poultry the high relative water content is
      combined with the low temperature and C. jejuni is able to survive even for five
      days. In the freezing process the low temperature has only partial effects on C.
      jejuni devitalization; C. jejuni can survive in this case for two to eight weeks.
      The survival of C. jejuni is prolonged considerably by packaging: six to seven
      days in polyethylene sheet, 10 days in vacuum packing and 10 to 13 days in gas
      packing (80% N2 and 20% CO2). NaCl can partly devitalize C. jejuni, and in
      comminuted meant it survives for five to seven days. In the non-precooked meat
      products (TNMV) and with the minimally fortnight time of ripening a number of
      barriers play their role which are destroying C. jejuni (aw, pH, antagonistic
      microflora). Due to these barriers C. jejuni was isolated in these products
      maximally for seven days. In this type of products with short durability (two to
      three days) the action of barriers is limited, that means C. jejuni could be
      demonstrated for two to six days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807035
TI  - [Methods of isolating pure cultures of invasive intestinal helminth larvae of the
      genus Strongyloides, suborder Strongylata].
AB  - A special diagnostic laboratory aid L-STAR has been made and new methodics has
      been worked out of isolating pure cultures of invader larvae of Strongyloides
      papillosus and nematodes of ruminant gastrointestinal tract of the Strongylata
      suborder from various substrates. L-STAR competes successfully with a currently
      used device and with potential modifications of Baermann's method (1917). Invader
      larvae of strongyloids and strongylata are easy to recover in a short time if L
      STAR is used. When the material is treated and examined in veterinary and human
      parasitological laboratories, or when the material is recovered directly in field
      conditions (on pastures, in runs, etc.), safe and hygienic conditions are secured
      with respect to labour safety in an infectious environment. This aid can be used
      not only for diagnostics, but also for effective isolation of pure cultures of
      invader larvae for further studies and experimental purposes.

PMID- 1807036
TI  - [Relation between milk production and biochemical indicators in high- and low
      producing cows].
AB  - 23 cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed during second lactation were used in the
      experiment. All animals were housed in one stable with tying. The blood was
      collected from each cow four times during first to third, fourth to sixth,
      seventh to ninth and above nine months of lactation. After 305 days of lactation,
      the milk cows were classified as with high (n = 14) and lower performance (n =
      9), the limit value was 5000 kg of milk. The difference in milk production
      between groups was highly significant even during the period of the first 90 days
      (501 kg) and this difference increased for 305 days of lactation to 1538 kg (Tab.
      I); the dairy cows with high performance produced 6162 kg of milk per 305 days
      and that with the lower performance gave 4624 kg during the same period. Another
      significant differences occurred in the fat contents per kg and in the amount of
      milk converted on 4% fat content. During the first stage of lactation a slightly
      higher haemoglobine level was found in cows with high performance, the opposing
      results were obtained in another studies (Tab. II), the highest difference was
      recorded in the course of 7th to 9th month. The level of total protein was,
      except 7th to 9th month, always higher in cows of the first group. The difference
      was significant at the beginning of lactation. Insulin concentration (INS)
      exhibited identical tendency for the whole lactation--dairy cows with high milk
      production exhibited lower values, significant differences were recorded in the
      first observation at the beginning of lactation and in the period above 9 months.
      Similarly as in case of insulin, it is also in hormones of thyroid gland, the
      cows with high milk capacity had the lower values (Tab. III). The highest
      differences in triiodothyronine (T3) concentration were recorded in the second
      half of lactation, significance ranged from 7th to 9th month of lactation. In
      thyroxine content (T4), marked differences were recorded during the first and
      last observations, the difference was highly statistically significant during the
      seventh to ninth month of lactation. The levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      (AMP) were higher for the whole experiment in animals with lower milk production.
      Tab. IV gives the correlation coefficient of different parameters between periods
      under study. Almost all parameters are in a close positive relation, the closest
      dependences were observed between second, third and fourth periods in hormones of
      thyreoidea. The most significances were recorded in adenosine monophosphate, thus
      confirming its stability of minimum variance between observations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1807037
TI  - [The onset and course of estrus in young heifers].
AB  - In 1990 three experiments were performed in heifers 184 to 505 day-old with the
      weight 190 to 390 kg to test some biotechnical methods while studying the level
      of reproduction functions. Heifers were examined in 4 to 24-hour intervals by
      direct observations of animal behaviour, by clinical and gynaecological
      examinations of larger animals. The progesterone concentration in the peripheral
      blood was determined by the RIA method and simultaneously with the blood
      samplings, the values of impedance of vaginal mucosa were measured by means of
      several types of the Estral device (CSFR) for cattle. To detect the functional
      responses to prostaglandins administered, the following forms of substances were
      used: racemic mixture of optically active forms D (+) and L (-) in the
      Czechoslovak preparation Oestrophan inj. Spofa (0.25 mg of cloprostenol in 1 ml
      of solution) and the dextrorotatory D isomer--cloprostenol (0.075 mg in 1 ml of
      solution) in the Czechoslovak preparation Remophan inj. Spofa. Evaluating the
      results of the group 1 based on clinical and ethological examinations, the values
      of impedance of vaginal mucosa and progesterone levels (Tab. I), the functional
      maturity of sexual organs in heifers were determined. No significant differences
      were found while compared the luteolytic effects between D-cloprostenol in the
      Remophan preparation and the conventional mixture of optically active forms of
      Oestrophan. All methods used confirm the functional maturity of sexual organs
      (including a response to prostaglandin analogues administered) in heifers 11-12
      month old. The values of impedance of vaginal mucosa varied during oestrus in
      some heifers and this fact is to be taken into account in practice.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807038
TI  - [Ethologic risks of early weaning in pigs].
AB  - Regularities of social behaviour in sheep have been studied in large-scale
      production conditions. Efforts were made to work out an hypothesis and to
      determine the extent in which the biosocial relation mother-young one represent a
      limiting factor for animal sociability during their ontogeny. For this purpose,
      two forms of weaning were defined and compared: lasting 28 days (early) and 10
      days (very early). Sociability of animals in a group and indexes of their
      sociability (IS) were criterions under study. The IS values in the first form of
      weaning varied within the values 3.24-4.09. An average IS value was mean = 2.68
      and the dynamics of social hierarchy of the group was stable on the 8th day of
      their age (Fig. 1). The IS values varied within 1.21-4.30 in the second form of
      weaning. Average IS value of animals in the group was mean = 3.55 and the
      sociability was stable on the 28th day of their age. The study was aimed at
      analysing the social adaptation, eventually maladaptation as a potential
      consequence of deprivation resulting from very early weaning of pigs. Fig. 3
      shows the results of research in the form of different indexes of sociability
      between simulated weanings of pigs, form I--2.68 and form II 3.55. The IS
      difference is significant at the significance level alpha = 0.01 and alpha =
      0.05. This fact confirms hypothesis of social maladaptation as a consequence of
      social deprivation of young animals very early weaned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1807039
TI  - [Changes in antiproteolytic activity in blood and ovarian follicular fluid in 3
      breeds of sheep after stimulation of superovulation].
AB  - Serine proteases help to regulate the ovarian cycle at different levels and they
      are subjected to the control of gonadotropic hormones and protease inhibitors.
      Superovulation stimulations influence the activities of trypsin inhibitors (model
      serine protease) in blood plasma (BP) and in follicular fluid (FF), and also in
      dependence on the breed. Trypsin inhibiting activities were determined from the
      reduced rate of trypsin hydrolysis of a chromogenic substrate (TAPA) and they
      were determined in percent. A change in absorbancy at 405 nm = 1.0 after 10
      minute incubation at 25 degrees C and pH = 8.05 was taken as 100%. The incubation
      mixture as a sample contained 100 microliters blood plasma or 10 microliters
      follicular fluid, diluted with gammaglobulin at 1:10. The differences in the
      trypsin inhibiting activities (TIA) of BP in ewes of the Merino, Tsigai and
      Wallachian breeds were insignificant, but Agelin synchronization (20 mg
      chlorsuperlutin per vaginal swab) induced statistically significant differences.
      The lowest TIA BP was recorded in the Tsigai breed (T), P less than 0.001 in
      comparison with the Wallachian (W) and Merino (M) breeds. Following the
      administration of 1,500 IU PMSG, the TIA BP within 120 hours decreased in W (P
      less than 0.001), it increased in T (P less than 0.1) and in M the changes in the
      TIA BP were insignificant. The average numbers of ovulations increased from 2.25
      +/- 2.5 to 3.0 +/- 1.2 in W; from 0.25 +/- 0.43 to 2.5 +/- 1.6 in T and from 0.00
      +/- 0.0 to 2.5 +/- 2.3 in M. Following the single administration of 2,000 IU PMSG
      after Agelin synchronization, the changes in M ewes were also insignificant, and
      there were no different responses in pregnant (1st to 2nd month) and nonpregnant
      ewes. In pregnant T ewes the TIA BP increased after Agelin synchronization and
      stimulation (P less than 0.01), in nonpregnant ewes these changes were not
      significant. In W lambing ewes the TIA BP increased (P less than 0.001), the
      effects of Agelin were greater than those of PMSG. The TIA of follicular fluid
      (FF) of antral follicles were on average tenfold if compared with BP. After
      hormonal treatment of ovaries, the TIA FF mostly increased at different levels of
      statistical significance. The TIA FF of follicles less than 10 mm were lower than
      in follicles greater than 10 mm (P less than 0.001 for M and W, P less than 0.1
      for T).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1807040
TI  - [In vitro transport of amino acids across the rumen mucosa in sheep].
AB  - Transfer of six amino acids through rumen epithelium of sheep has been studied on
      mucous and serous sides. Amino acids were classified into two groups: 1. lysine
      arginine-glutamic acid, 2. glycine-alanine-leucine. The transfer of amino acids
      in triads was measured after 60 min. incubation. To determine amino acids
      transfer through rumen epithelium, three concentrations of amino acids were used:
      1500: 150 and 15 mumol per 50 ml. In the first group of amino acids, the highest
      transfer of arginine was found in comparison with lysine and glutamic acid in all
      concentrations. The lowest transfer was found in glutamic acid. It follows from
      this that initial concentration of amino acids in the first group had no effect
      on amino acids transfer as far as the transfer of amino acids was as follows in
      all concentrations: arginine greater than lysine greater than glutamic acid. On
      the other hand, the composition of amino acids and initial concentration of amino
      acids in the second group exhibited the marked dependence on the transport of
      amino acids. The transfer of amino acids at the concentration of 1500 mumol per
      50 ml was as follows: the passage of amino acids was the highest while this was
      lowest in alanine and leucine, at the concentration 150 mumol per 50 ml the
      highest transfer was found in alanine, it was lower in glycine and lowest in
      leucine and at the concentration 15 mumol per 50 ml the transfer of glycine was
      highest, lower in leucine and lowest in alanine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807041
TI  - [A skin allergy test in chlamydial abortion in sheep].
AB  - 46 head of pregnant sheep, the Tsigaya breed, were subjected to the skin allergy
      test and subsequently divided into two groups. Sheep were in the 3rd month of
      gravidity and were a part of a flock consisting of 300 head, in which chlamydia
      induced abortion was recorded in sheep. The skin allergic test was done by the
      Rodolakis et al. (1977) method, modified by us, to indicate the level of cell
      mediated immune response. Simultaneously with it, serological examinations
      (complement fixation test--CFT) were performed to find out the levels of antibody
      against Ch. psittaci. The results of skin allergy test (SAT) and serological
      examination in sheep after bivalent vaccine administration are given in Tab. II.
      Of the total number of sheep ranked to vaccinated group, 18 head responded
      positively on SAT. After vaccination, 12 head responded positively though
      previously responded negatively. In vaccinated group one abort recorded in the
      sheep. No. 12 which was on the 0 day slightly positive in the skin test. High
      levels of antibody were found after abortion and the skin test was highly
      positive. The results of SAT and serological examination in sheep, when placebo
      was administered, are given in Tab. III. 6 sheep aborted in the group, placebo
      was administered, are given in Tab. III. 6 sheep aborted in the group, of which 5
      were negative and one was slightly positive on the day 0 in SAT. In 4 sheep abort
      was accompanied with significant increase in humoral antibody against Ch.
      psittaci. In sheep which aborted and were negative in SAT on the day 0, a marked
      positivity has been indicated in the replicated SAT test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807042
TI  - [Small mammals at community refuse dumps as reservoirs of pathogens and
      parasites].
AB  - Five-year studies (1981-1986) were performed to investigate a total number of
      2589 small mammals of 18 species. Refuse dumps are marked for highly specific
      conditions. The difference between refuse dumps and natural habitats consists in
      more sufficient quantity of food, better sheltering possibilities and in highly
      specific microclimate particularly. As a result of aerobic and anaerobic
      decompositions of organic materials, temperature in dumps is approximately 50
      degrees C. From ecological point of view mammalian populations in refuse dumps
      could be classified in three groups according to the degree of their adaptation
      to this specific habitat: 1. permanent, abundant species, well-adapted to and
      closely connected with the habitat of dumps (Crocidura suaveolens, Mus musculus,
      Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus arvalis), 2. permanent, common
      species which are, however, loosely connected with this habitat (Sorex araneus,
      Mustela nivalis), 3. rare species whose occurrence in this habitat is largely
      accidental.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807043
TI  - [Primary blast injuries].
AB  - Blast injuries are defined as injuries occurring under effects of blast wave
      caused by explosion. They can be primary (exclusively due to blast wave effects),
      secondary (impact of fragments from the environmental material), and tertiary
      (whole body displacement and impact into solid objects or ground). Today they are
      result of war operations, terrorist actions and accidents in industry and
      households. One of the basic characteristics of primary blast injury are severe
      and even fatal damages, primarily of air-containing organs (respiratory and
      digestive tracts, auditory system) with simultaneous lack of visible external
      signs of injuries. Except for magnitude and duration (over-pressure) of the blast
      wave, the severity of injury depends also on other factors. When the blast wave
      reaches the lethal level, most of the lethal cases occur during the first 2 hours
      after injury, and those who survive have good chance for recovery. Some measures
      and procedures can lessen the harmful effects of blast wave, however, effective
      protection is not available.

PMID- 1807044
TI  - [Pathophysiologic reactions in sheep to blast waves from detonation of aerosol
      explosives].
AB  - In the controlled field experiments 18 sheep were exposed to the detonation of
      the aerosol explosive generating the blast wave necessary to produce death in 50%
      of cases. The time of death and characteristic damages on the predilection sites
      of some organs are interpreted as blast type injuries. General response of the
      body to blast wave was similar to the one produced by other etiological factors.
      A special characteristic of the experiment was the frequency and severity of
      pathologic changes on the internal organs of the chest and abdomen. According to
      the authors' opinion the severity and type of pathologic changes could be
      explained by effects of the complex blast wave generated by detonation of the
      aerosol explosives.

PMID- 1807045
TI  - [Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema caused by blast waves].
AB  - In the study of pathogenetic mechanisms of pulmonary edema to blast wave
      generated by detonation of the aerosol explosive in the open air, the dynamics of
      changes of the eicosanoid contents, the products of the energy metabolism as well
      as the glucose metabolism in the lung tissue of sheep have been examined. On the
      basis of data from the literature as well as own results the authors have given
      the original scheme of possible mechanisms of pulmonary edema caused by effects
      of the blast wave.

PMID- 1807046
TI  - [Metabolic changes as part of the general response of the body to the effect of
      blast waves].
AB  - Aiming to understand general response of the body to effects of blast wave there
      have been examined products of carbo-hydrates metabolism (glycogen, glucose,
      pyruvate, malate, oxalacetate) and of energy metabolism (ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic
      phosphorus, energy state, potential of phosphorylation) in tissues of the liver
      and heart of sheep exposed to blast wave generated by detonation of the aerosol
      explosive. The authors have concluded that changes in the metabolism of carbo
      hydrates and energy occurred in the tissue of the liver and heart after effects
      of blast wave are nonspecific and that they developed in the scope of general
      response of the body to trauma. It is possible that lung damages, as a local
      reaction to blast wave modify/modulate (aggrevate) the found changes.

PMID- 1807047
TI  - [Occurrence and evolution of primary non-perforating lesions in blast injuries of
      the abdomen].
AB  - In the experiments on rats subjected to effects of blast waves after explosion of
      the aerosol explosive in the open air the frequency and evolution of primary
      injuries of the internal abdominal organs have been studied. The authors have
      concluded that primary non-perforating blast injuries of the abdominal organs
      occurred in a relatively high percentage after effects of the blast wave caused
      by the detonation of the aerosol explosive. The evolution of primary lesions
      toward necrosis and secondary perforation could be a large diagnostic problem.

PMID- 1807048
TI  - [Characteristics of primary blast injuries at the beginning of armed conflict in
      Yugoslavia in 1991].
AB  - At the beginning of combat operations in Yugoslavia among 290 wounded members of
      the Y.P.A. and Territorial Defence sent to the treatment at the Military Medical
      Academy, 60 (20.7%) were with explosive mine wounds. In the group of 12 wounded
      with rupture of one or both tympanic membranes or with traumatic hearing
      impairment of various degrees, the chest x-ray was also performed. Radiologic
      signs characteristic of primary blast injury of the lung were found in a high
      percentage (42%). A possible relationship of primary auditory and primary
      nonauditory blast injury was discussed, and it has been concluded that more
      severe rupture of the eardrum in the injured by mine explosion can suggest the
      presence of primary blast injuries.

PMID- 1807049
TI  - [Morphologic characteristics of persons killed in armored vehicles].
AB  - The authors have analysed macroscopic and microscopic changes in tissues and
      organs of 8 members of the Y.P.A. killed by granate explosion in the armoured
      vehicles. In all the analysed cases multiple mechanic injuries were found as well
      as combined mechanothermal injuries. Injuries caused by the blast wave were
      mainly found in the internal air-containing organs and three cases of solid blast
      injury were described too.

PMID- 1807050
TI  - [Changes in serum enzyme values as possible indicators of the severity of blast
      injuries].
AB  - In order to detect biochemical parameters in the peripheral blood which would
      serve as an indicator of severity of blast injuries, the enzyme dynamics
      (creatine kinase, aspartat transaminase, alanin transaminase, lactic
      dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin convertase) has been followed up
      in the serum of sheep. The significant increase was found in the values of
      creatine kinase, aspartat transaminase and alanine transaminase in the serum of
      the experimental animals an hour after effects of the blast wave. The authors
      have concluded that changes of the mentioned enzymes can serve as one of signs of
      damages of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract caused by blast wave in the early
      posttraumatic period.

PMID- 1807051
TI  - [Morphologic changes in the tissues and organs of sheep in blast injuries caused
      by detonation of aerosol explosives].
AB  - The morphologic changes of the tissues and organs of sheep caused by effects of
      the overpressure wave due to the detonation of the aerosol explosive in the open
      air are analysed. The experiments were performed on 21 sheep of which 3 served as
      the control. All animals were autopsized and organ samples were taken for
      analysis. The most impressive pathologic changes were found in the upper
      respiratory ways and lungs in the form of massive haemorrhage, edema and
      emphysema as well as numerous and severe intraabdominal changes both of the air
      containing and parenchymatous organs.

PMID- 1807052
TI  - [Morphologic damage in internal organs in miners caused by explosions of methane
      gas in mines].
AB  - Four cases of blast injuries in miners caused by methane explosion in the mine
      are described. In all cases besides burns, changes in tissues and organs,
      according to their microscopic and macroscopic characteristics, corresponded to
      blast type injuries described in the literature.

PMID- 1807053
TI  - [Blast injuries of the ear].
AB  - Blast injury of the ear is the actual military medical problem. The ear, due to
      its anatomo-physiologic characteristics, is more sensitive to effects of blast
      waves than other organs and systems. The anatomic and functional ear damages,
      their symptoms, etiology and clinical course are described. The diagnosis and
      treatment have been pointed out.

PMID- 1807054
TI  - [Are the injuries caused by the "water bombs" dropped by the Canadair airplane
      blast injuries?].
AB  - During the forest fire extinguishing in summer using the fire-fighting amphibia
      (the Canadair) seven soldiers were injured by the "water bomb" dropped from the
      amphibia and two soldiers died. The way of injury occurrence as well as type and
      nature of injuries, imposed the question to the author: could it be a case of
      blast injuries, especially of primary blast injuries? Except for pure scientific
      reasons, a positive answer could have a practical importance both in regulation
      of work of persons engaged in fire combat on the ground during extinguishing of
      fire by the amphibia as well as for physician's work with those exposed to water
      impact from the plane and who could be eventually injured. Defining any
      mechanical injuries as transmission of the corresponding kinetic energy, the
      author considers that the mechanism of injury occurrence of the internal organs
      caused by the impact of the "water bomb" from the amphibia is the transmission of
      the energy impact wave into the body. The author has concluded that the impact of
      the "water bomb" dropped from the fire fighting amphibia can cause changes in the
      internal organs which are characteristic of primary blast injury. It is proposed
      that persons exposed to impact even in the absence of visible changes should be
      subjected to otorhinolaryngologic, and, in special cases, to pulmonary
      examinations.

PMID- 1807055
TI  - [Secondary perforation of the colon in a patient with blast injury of the abdomen
      -case report].
AB  - The patient was admitted to the M.M.A. for correction of defects of both hands
      seven days after injury caused by explosion. Acute abdomen developed on the same
      day of admission and laparotomy was performed immediately. Perforations of the
      cecum and distal part of the sigmoid were found. Based on the data about the time
      and type of injury sustained it has been concluded that secondary perforations of
      the colon after blast abdominal injury were present.

PMID- 1807057
TI  - Blood donation may be good for the donor. Iron, heart disease, and donor
      recruitment.

PMID- 1807056
TI  - [Emphysema of the neck caused by a blast injury of the anterior oral cavity].
AB  - Parapharyngeal emphysema after blast injury of the oral cavity is very rare. It
      occurs as a consequence of sudden increase in the air pressure in the oropharynx
      which lacerates the buccogingival mucosa and enables entering of the air into the
      neck spaces. A possible mechanism of development and the way of penetration of
      the air into the parapharynx are explained.

PMID- 1807058
TI  - Storage of platelets in a new plastic container. Polyvinyl chloride plasticized
      with butyryl-n-trihexyl citrate.
AB  - The effect of storage of platelets in a new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic
      material with a butyryl-n-trihexyl citrate (BTHC) plasticizer (PL 2209) was
      evaluated. The PL 1240 container, i.e. PVC plastic with a different plasticizer,
      tri-(ethylhexyl)-tri-mellitate, was used as a reference. Measurements of pH, pO2,
      pCO2, glucose, lactate, adenosine triphosphate, total adenine nucleotide content,
      lactate dehydrogenase and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were made during 5 days of
      storage. Similar results were noted comparing PL 2209 and PL 1240. Differences in
      pO2 and pCO2 indicate greater gas permeability in PL 2209 than in PL 1240.
      Significantly higher PF4 levels were found in PL 2209, but the difference could
      not be attributed to the PL 2209 container itself. Paired autologous reinfusion
      studies (111Indium) of 6 normal donors gave mean recovery values after 5-day
      storage of 41.1 +/- 7.4% (PL 2209) and 45.5 +/- 7.7% (PL 1240), t1/2 66 +/- 13
      and 75 +/- 5 h, survival time (linear model) 6.3 +/- 1.0 and 6.8 +/- 0.7 and
      survival time (multiple-hit model) 6.0 +/- 0.7 and 6.5 +/- 0.4 days,
      respectively. Only the difference in survival time (multiple-hit) was
      significantly higher in PL 1240. The corrected count increments at 12-24 h
      following transfusion were 13,300 +/- 10,800 (PL 2209) and 13,600 +/- 11,600 (PL
      1240) with no statistically significant difference found. These results indicate
      PL 2209 as an equivalent alternative to PL 1240 for the 5-day storage of
      platelets.

PMID- 1807059
TI  - High-dose intravenous IgG for the treatment of severe rhesus alloimmunization.
AB  - The value of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of 24 severely Rh
      sensitized pregnant women was studied. IVIG was infused at a daily dose of 0.4
      g/kg maternal body weight for 4-5 consecutive days, and was administered again 15
      21 days later until delivery, depending on the evolution of the hemolytic
      disease. Our population was divided into 3 groups according to the time of onset
      of therapy: group 1 (n = 8), before 20 weeks' gestation; group 2 (n = 7), 20-28
      weeks, and group 3 (n = 9), after 28 weeks. Initial mean anti-D level was
      significantly higher in group 1 (25.9 +/- 12.9 IU/ml) than in the other 2 groups,
      whose mean values were, however, higher than 10 IU/ml. Amniotic-fluid total
      bilirubin levels before the onset of therapy were pathologic, and in 55% of the
      cases they coincided with zone 3 of Liley's chart. Hydrops fetalis at the onset
      of treatment accounted for the only 3 fetal deaths in groups 1 and 2. None of the
      fetuses developed hydrops during treatment. Six of the 9 neonates in group 3 were
      depressed at birth (1-min Apgar below 7). However, at 5 min only 1 newborn showed
      an Apgar below 7. Mean birth weight was over 2,500 g in all the cases. Neonatal
      hematological condition in group 2 (50% of the babies required only phototherapy)
      was better than in the other 2 groups (transfusional therapy). There was a
      significant fall in maternal anti-D titers and intrauterine hemolysis after IVIG
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807060
TI  - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to anti-phospholipid antibodies.
AB  - The clinical course and laboratory findings of a patient with autoimmune
      haemolytic anaemia due to anti-phospholipid antibodies and secondary to a
      systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome are described. IgG and IgM with anti
      phospholipid activity coexisted in both sera and acid eluates prepared from the
      patient's red cells, as demonstrated by ELISA using a panel of anionic and
      neutral phospholipids. The anti-erythrocyte binding activity of eluted
      autoantibodies, determined by a radioactive antiglobulin technique, was totally
      inhibited by absorption with phospholipid micelles. The patient's serum also
      contained an IgM warm haemolysin detectable with enzyme-treated cells only, as
      well as anti-C, -E and -S alloantibodies.

PMID- 1807061
TI  - Polyreactivity of human monoclonal antibodies: human anti-Rh monoclonal
      antibodies of IgM isotype are frequently polyreactive.
AB  - The specific aim of this study was to characterize human anti-Rh monoclonal
      antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens. We studied supernatants from man
      mouse hybridomas and from lymphoblastoid cell lines. Man-mouse hybridomas were
      established by fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals
      recently immunized against Rh alloantigens, with mouse myeloma (or man-mouse
      heteromyeloma) cell lines. Lymphoblastoid cell lines were produced by Epstein
      Barr virus induction of lymphocytes from identical sources. Of the 55 monoclonal
      alloantibodies studied, 11 also reacted with intracellular self-antigens as
      demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay on cryostat sections of human tissues.
      This cross-reactivity was mainly a property of monoclonal alloantibodies
      belonging to the IgM isotype (among the 11 cross-reacting mAbs 10 were IgM). The
      cross-reactivities of these monoclonal antibodies were ascertained by absorption
      of alloreacting antibodies with red blood cells. Similar results were obtained on
      a panel of purified cellular antigens by ELISA. The results confirm that during
      an immune response against a foreign antigen (alloantigen), B cells that produce
      polyreactive antibodies are not excluded from the pool of responding cells.
      Therefore, polyreactive autoantibodies present in sera from healthy individuals
      may be the result of an immune response against foreign antigens.

PMID- 1807062
TI  - Lewis blood group antigens in salivary glands and stratified epithelium: lack of
      regulation of Lewis antigen expression in ductal and buccal mucosal lining
      epithelia.
AB  - The expression of Lewis antigens is thought to be controlled by the Secretor and
      Lewis genes. While secretor status is known to regulate the expression of ABH
      antigens in many tissues, few studies have attempted to correlate Lewis antigen
      expression on erythrocytes and saliva with that of epithelial tissues. We
      examined the expression of Lewis a and b and related antigens in human epithelium
      of minor salivary glands and labial nonkeratinized oral mucosae from 16
      individuals by immunohistology using monoclonal antibodies. The expression of
      these antigens, as detected by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) used, was correlated
      with erythrocyte phenotype and saliva secretor status. In acinar cells of glands,
      Leb antigen was expressed only in secretors, and Lea only in nonsecretors.
      However, in gland ducts and oral mucosae, Leb was found in both secretors and
      nonsecretors, as well as in 2 cases of Lea-b-, secretors. Thus, antigen
      expression in acinar cells of minor salivary glands was correlated with the
      predicted genotypes, whereas inappropriate expression of Leb antigen was found in
      epithelial cells of gland ducts and oral mucosae. The present data indicate that
      the Lewis blood group phenotype is regulated differently in duct cells and
      stratified epithelium than in saliva and erythrocytes.

PMID- 1807063
TI  - HIV seropositivity in Greek blood donors (1985-1990)

PMID- 1807064
TI  - Significance of p24 on immunoblot with an absent HIV antibody assay.

PMID- 1807065
TI  - The importance of monitoring 'enzyme-only' red cell antibodies during pregnancy.

PMID- 1807066
TI  - Haemophilia in the 1990s: report of a joint meeting of the World Health
      Organization and World Federation of Hemophilia.

PMID- 1807068
TI  - The triple threat: a discussion of gender, class, and race differences in weight.
AB  - Gender, poverty and race, the "triple threat" referred to in the title, are three
      major risk factors that contribute to the high prevalence of weight-related
      problems in this country. Current psychological literature on weight management
      has generally ignored the effects of these variables and their implications for
      developing interventions for underserved populations which include women,
      minorities and poor people. The present paper discusses the literature on the
      effects of gender, race, and class on weight levels and associated psychosocial
      variables. Conclusions drawn illustrate that weight is a major issue for women,
      and that race and class also have effects on weight levels which can affect
      health status. Areas of further exploration and of action are identified to
      address problems that women face regarding weight.

PMID- 1807067
TI  - Race, class and multiple role strains and gains among women employed in the
      service sector.
AB  - Race and social class differences in the quality of job and parenting
      experiences, and multiple role gains and strains, are examined in a sample of 229
      black and white female social workers and licensed practical nurses. Both race
      and class differences in job-role quality were found, but only class differences
      were found in parenting concerns. Race and class differences were found in
      multiple role gains and strains.

PMID- 1807069
TI  - Romance and help-seeking among college women: "it hurts so much to care".
AB  - Although previous research shows that adult women in intimate relations tend to
      enjoy better health than women without partners, this study finds the opposite
      tends to be true for late adolescent women. We followed a college entering class
      prospectively for 4 years and measured romantic involvement and various aspects
      of health and illness behavior in a questionnaire. Health service use was
      determined from the medical record, and disaggregated into distress and health
      maintenance visits, as well as visits expressly for psychological counseling.
      First year students who were romantically involved had more physical symptoms,
      more medical visits, but not more counseling visits, than non-involved women. At
      senior year, they continued to have more health maintenance, more counseling, but
      not more distress visits, and they tended to experience greater interference in
      social role performance due to illness when compared to non-involved women. When
      several mediators of the relationship between romantic involvement and health
      service use were controlled-number and intensity of physical symptoms, sexual
      activity, stress in the relationship, and social network characteristics--the
      differences persisted. Romance appears to motivate help-seeking among late
      adolescent women for reasons that are not easily explained empirically. Recent
      work on adolescent women's development offers theoretical leads that can guide
      future investigations.

PMID- 1807070
TI  - Cognitive orientation and genital infections in young women.
AB  - The purpose was to explore the psychological determinants of common genital
      infections in young women. The study was done in the framework of the cognitive
      orientation theory which assumes that cognition guides behavior and provides
      predictions of behaviors and psychophysiological phenomena. We expected that
      beliefs of four types (about self, norms, goals, and general) would predict the
      occurrence and/or frequency of 17 gynecological symptoms (e.g., itching,
      swelling, different vaginal discharges, abscesses). The subjects were 195 female
      volunteers, undergraduates, about 23 years old, without gross gynecological
      disorders, mostly (87.7%) unmarried, mostly (83.6%) having had intercourse. They
      were administered anonymously questionnaires about demographic variables,
      frequency and treatment of gynecological symptoms and 3 urological ones (for
      control), and about cognitive orientation that referred to pretested themes
      (e.g., assertiveness, hypochondriasis). Stepwise discriminant and regression
      analyses showed that the belief types enabled predicting the occurrence and
      frequency of all symptoms, with a mean 34.5% improvement over the 50% chance
      level, accounting for 45.7-67.2% of the variance. Also the urological symptoms
      were predicted although at a lower level. Discussion focuses on the specificity
      of cognitive-motivational determinants and their role in producing conditions
      favoring physical pathology.

PMID- 1807071
TI  - Body shape satisfaction in female exercisers and nonexercisers.
AB  - Twenty-eight high frequency exercisers, twenty-six moderate frequency exercisers,
      and twenty nonexercisers were recruited to examine the relationship between
      exercise and body shape satisfaction in women. All subjects were within average
      body weight and body fat percentage, and those subjects who reported the clinical
      features of anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa were not included in the data
      analysis. Results showed that the high frequency exercisers had a significantly
      more negative view of their body shape than a group of moderate exercisers and
      nonexercisers. In addition, high frequency exercisers were more likely to
      continue to exercise even when feeling ill than were moderate exercisers. Group
      differences between moderate and high frequency exercisers were not found for
      exercising while injured. Differences in exercise attitudes and habits of the two
      groups are discussed in addition to their reasons for exercising.

PMID- 1807072
TI  - Taking charge: death control as an emergent women's issue.
AB  - Advances in medical technology in recent decades have produced an array of life
      sustaining technologies which can delay the moment of death for almost everyone,
      making the timing and circumstances of death more a matter of deliberate choice
      than ever before in human history. Continuing proliferation of such technologies,
      their escalating social and economic costs, a growing population of older people,
      and the feminization of old age make right-to-die concerns ever more compelling.
      This paper points out how such issues are particularly salient for aged women as
      consumers of long-term care, both in the formal and informal sectors. The dual
      dilemmas of "premature" versus "delayed" death are also explored in each context.
      Finally, the implications of social change are interpreted in light of feminist
      health care goals.

PMID- 1807073
TI  - Sulpiride attenuates ranatensin-M-induced antinociception.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ranatensin-M (RM), a bombesin
      like peptide isolated from the skin of Chinese frog Rana margaratae, produced a
      dose-dependent prolongation in the hot-plate latency in mice. Naloxone 1, 2, or
      10 mg.kg-1 ip failed to antagonize the effects of RM. However, RM-induced
      antinociception was attenuated by pretreatment with sulpiride (Sul, 100 mg.kg-1,
      ip), a selective DA2 receptor blocker. Sul (100 mg.kg-1, ip) did not affect hot
      plate latencies when administered alone. Sch 23390 (0.2 mg.kg-1, ip), a selective
      DA1 receptor blocker, did not significantly affect RM-induced antinociception.
      The results suggest that RM-induced antinociception may be mediated by dopamine
      neurotransmission within the CNS and that it is mainly the D2 receptor which was
      involved in this effects.

PMID- 1807075
TI  - Effects of nimodipine on l-glutamate-induced seizures and Ca2+ influx in
      hippocampus in freely moving rats.
AB  - Seizure (EEG) was studied in rats unilaterally injected in the dorsal hippocampus
      with l-glutamate (Glu). Extracellular Ca2+ content [(Ca2+)e] in the injected area
      was assessed by brain microdialysis coupled to automatic atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. In this experimental epileptic model, an inhibition of Glu
      stimulated epileptic activity and a fall in (Ca2+)e by nimodipine (Nim, 100
      micrograms.kg-1) were seen. The spike- and wave-burst frequency was reduced from
      30 to 5 bursts.min-1 (P less than 0.01, n = 8). Nim 25 and 50 micrograms.kg-1,
      without anticonvulsant activity, did not prevent the drop in (Ca2+)e. These
      results indicate that Nim exerts an antiepileptic effect on Glu-induced epilepsy.
      The mechanisms may be involved in blocking Ca2+ influx into neurons.

PMID- 1807074
TI  - Effects of anticholinergic drugs on rabbit efferent phrenic discharges.
AB  - In conscious, vagotomized, curarized, and artificially-ventilated rabbits, the
      efferent phrenic discharges were recorded. When scopolamine, atropine,
      pirenzepine or AF-DX 116 (11-2[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]
      5,11-dihydro- 6H[2,3-6] [1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one) was injected into the
      cerebello-medullary cistern, the frequency and voltage of phrenic discharges were
      decreased (P less than 0.05) by scopolamine (0.5 mg.kg-1) and pirenzepine (0.5
      mg.kg-1), but were increased (P less than 0.01) by atropine (0.05 mg.kg-1) and AF
      DX 116 (0.1 mg.kg-1). It is probable that scopolamine inhibits the respiratory
      center by blocking the M1 cholinergic receptors while atropine excites the
      respiratory center blocking the M2 cholinergic receptors.

PMID- 1807076
TI  - Effects of l-daurisoline on quinolinic acid-induced Ca2+ influx in hippocampus
      neurons in freely moving rats.
AB  - In freely moving rats, hippocampus neuronal extracellular calcium concentration
      (Ca2+)e and seizures were investigated. Application of quinolinic acid 156 nmol
      (exciting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDA) to dorsal hippocampus elicited a
      decrease in (Ca2+)e by 48 +/- 5% in the infusion area and produced a
      characteristic abnormal EEG. l-Daurisoline dramatically prevented the reduction
      in (Ca2+)e, but not seizures (EEG). The results suggest that NMDA-operated
      calcium channels, but not NMDA-receptors, are involved in the effects of l
      daurisoline on Ca2+ influx observed.

PMID- 1807077
TI  - Effect of intrahippocampal quinolinic acid infusion on the amygdala kindling in
      rat.
AB  - The effect of intrahippocampal infusion of quinolinic acid (Quin), an endogenous
      excitatory amino acid, was studied on the amygdala kindling. Quin 120 nmol
      injected intrahippocampally 2 wk prior to the beginning of amygdala kindling
      significantly not only produced dorsal hippocampal pyramidal and granule cell
      loss but also decreased the number of stimuli to trigger the stage 5 seizures of
      amygdala kindling. In kindled rats, intrahippocampal 20 nmol Quin infusion fully
      inhibited the stage 5 of amygdala-kindled seizures. The inhibitory effect of Quin
      was antagonized by dl-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, a selective antagonist
      of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type receptors. The results suggest that NMDA-type
      receptors in the hippocampus may play a role in the control of the seizure
      threshold in the amygdala.

PMID- 1807078
TI  - Effects of anisodamine and dauricine on proliferation, DNA synthesis, and calcium
      influx in bovine anterior cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells in culture.
AB  - The in vitro culture of bovine anterior cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells
      (BACASMC) was first established in our laboratory. Anisodamine and dauricine
      inhibited the proliferation, DNA synthesis and calcium influx in the cells in
      dose-dependent manners. At 0.01 mmol.L-1, both drugs inhibited the proliferation
      by 17.6% and 8.3%, the DNA synthesis by 11.9% and 56.8%, the calcium influx by
      26.6% and 31.4%, respectively. The results indicated that anisodamine and
      dauricine might have prospect in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 1807079
TI  - Effects of naloxone on tissue oxygen supply and somatosensory evoked potentials
      in cat brain during focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The effects of naloxone on local tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and on the
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were studied in the brain of cat during
      focal cerebral ischemia. Ischemia, produced by clamping of the middle cerebral
      artery (MCA) by a transorbital approach, was performed in two series of cats for
      3 h. In one group of cats (n = 5), naloxone 5 mg.kg-1 was injected i.v. 0.5 h
      after clamping. The pO2 was continuously recorded on different depths (0-5000
      microns) of the median gyrus by a polarographic oxygen microelectrode. After MCA
      clamping, pO2 (depth of 0-1000 microns) decreased markedly and hypoxia occurred
      in the ischemic area. But in the deeper brain (1001-5000 microns) pO2 did not
      change significantly. The amplitude of SEP decreased after MCA clamping, while
      the conduction time of SEP did not significantly decrease. The mean pO2 values in
      the ischemic area were increased as compared to the control group after naloxone,
      especially at the depths of 0-1000 microns, and the hypoxia was improved. The
      amplitude of SEP was increased after naloxone in comparison to the situation of
      ischemia without naloxone. The conduction time of SEP was not improved
      significantly. We conclude that naloxone can improve the oxygen supply and the
      electrical activity of neurons in the ischemic region of the brain.

PMID- 1807080
TI  - Prevention of global myocardial reperfusion injury on isolated rabbit hearts with
      furyl-dihydropyridines I.
AB  - In the isolated rabbit heart of recirculating nonpulsatile perfusion circuit,
      furyl-dihydropyridines I 20 mumol.L-1 greatly reduced the leakage of myocardial
      enzymes and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, decreased the
      myocardial calcium and sodium contents, maintained normal coronary vascular
      resistance and prevented reperfusion arrhythmias of global postischemic
      reperfusion hearts. Its mechanism of protecting the ischemic-reperfused
      myocardium might be associated with the diminution of calcium influx of
      myocardial cells and cellular lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals.

PMID- 1807081
TI  - Effects of isocorydine on action potentials in isolated canine Purkinje fibers
      and ventricular muscles.
AB  - Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study the effects of isocorydine
      (Isoc) on potential characteristics of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers (PF) and
      ventricular myocardium (VM) in vitro. In PF, the action potential durations
      (APD), APD50, and APD90, were prolonged at 3 mumol.L-1 but shortened at 30
      mumol.L-1 by Isoc. The action potential amplitude (APA) and the maximal upstroke
      velocity (Vmax) were decreased at 100 mumol.L-1. In VM, the action potential
      characteristics were changed by Isoc at above 30 mumol.L-1. APD50 was shortened
      by APD90 was prolonged. Vmax were decreased at 30 mumol.L-1. The effective
      refractory period (ERP) was prolonged by Isoc in PF and VM. The results suggest
      that Isoc may interfere with K+, Na+, and Ca2+ currents in myocardiac cell
      membrane at different concentrations.

PMID- 1807082
TI  - Effects of CI-930 on hemostasis, thrombosis, and AA-induced hemodynamic reaction.
AB  - In mice, CI-930 0.5-2 mg.kg-1 ip not only prolonged the tail bleeding time but
      also protected the mice from sudden thromboembolic death induced by arachidonic
      acid (AA, 100 mg.kg-1, i.v.) or TXA2/PGH2 mimetic U46619 (200 micrograms.kg-1,
      i.v.). CI-930 0.625 and 2.5 mg.kg-1 i.v. exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory
      effect on thrombus formation in rat arteriovenous shunt. All these effects of CI
      930 were more potent than those of dazoxiben, a known antiplatelet drug. In
      rabbit, AA 0.75 mg.kg-1 i.v. caused a rapid and marked increase in pulmonary
      vascular resistance and a concomitant sharp decrease in cardiac output and
      carotid arterial pressure. CI-930 itself 0.5 mg.kg-1 i.v. resulted in a long
      lasting fall in carotid arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and a
      slight decrease in cardiac output. In addition, CI-930 protected rabbit from all
      the harmful hemodynamic responses to the occlusion of pulmonary microcirculation,
      which was induced by AA. The results suggest that CI-930 possess a potent anti
      hemostatic, antithrombotic, and probably antihypertensive effects on experimental
      animals.

PMID- 1807083
TI  - Effect of L-4-oxalysine on ultrastructures of liver cells in mice.
AB  - Mice were given ig L-4-oxalysine (I-677) 10, 50, and 100 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 7 d. On
      d 8 the hepatocytes showed accumulation of lipid droplets followed by loss of
      matrices in cytoplasm. The total area of lipid droplets was far less than 25% of
      mean section of hepatocytes. The injury of mitochondria and RER was only found in
      the groups of medium and high dose. The lipidoses and regional topolysis of
      cytoplasm graduated away at same pace. After 4 wk the hepatocytes were restored
      to normal. Such finding suggests that the site of action of I-677 be at the
      cytoplasmic ground substance. The inhibition of protein synthesis causes a
      decrease in albumin carrier, that may be the main mechanism of steatosis of liver
      cells induced by I-677.

PMID- 1807084
TI  - [Influences of intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on passive
      avoidance response, acetylcholine, and muscarinic receptors in mouse brain].
AB  - In step-through and step-down tasks, icv 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) 20 micrograms
      on d 14 before training impaired the learning and memory processes in mice. But
      the amnesic effects in mice received icv 6-OHDA were overcome by ip scopolamine
      (Scop) 0.5 mg.kg-1 at 15 min before trial. When mice were pretreated with icv 6
      OHDA the content of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain showed no change, whereas
      the ACh-depleting action of Scop (2 mg.kg-1) was diminished. [3H]Quinuclidinyl
      benzilate binding assay indicated that the brain muscarinic receptor density
      (Bmax) and Kd in the mice after icv 6-OHDA were respectively decreased 48% and
      57% as compared to the icv sterile water group. These findings suggested a
      possible participation of brain cholinergic nervous system in memory impairment
      induced by icv 6-OHDA in mice.

PMID- 1807085
TI  - [Low-affinity binding sites of glucocorticoid].
AB  - The low-affinity glucocorticoid binding sites (LAGS) with steroid specificity
      were demonstrated in hepatic cytosol, cerebral cytosol, and thymocytes of rat.
      The Kd of LAGS was 1-10 mumol.L-1 as estimated by Scatchard, pseudo-scatchard,
      and competitive analysis. The specific binding of dexamethasone 1-100 nmol.L-1
      was roughly parallel with its inhibition of [3H]UdR incorporation in thymocytes
      of rat, and both were blocked by mifepristone (RU-486), the competitive
      antagonist of glucocorticoids. These results suggest that the pharmacological
      activity of glucocorticoid might be mediated at least partially by LAGS.

PMID- 1807086
TI  - [Uptake and release of mebendazole, albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide by
      secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro].
AB  - Mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb) or albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) were taken
      rapidly in vitro by secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus removed out from
      mice infected with protoscoleces 8-9 months previously. The amounts of the drugs
      taken by the cysts were apparently increased followed by exposure of the cysts to
      the drugs at 10 micrograms.ml-1. The Alb penetrated into the cysts was
      distributed mainly in cyst wall, whereas the content of Meb in cyst wall was
      twice as much as that in cyst fluid. The distributions of AlbSO in cyst wall and
      cyst fluid were similar. When the cysts in the medium were exposed to Alb, some
      AlbSO and albendazole sulphone were detected in both cyst wall and cyst fluid,
      indicating that a part of Alb was metabolized by the cysts. In another experiment
      cysts exposed to the drug for 2 h were transferred to the medium without the drug
      for another 24 h. The release rates of the 3 drugs from the cysts were alike. In
      1-2 h after transfer about 65-70% of the drugs absorbed by the cysts previously
      were released. Twenty-four hours after exposure the release rates increased to 75
      85%, and the release of the drugs from the cyst wall was somewhat faster than
      that from cyst fluid.

PMID- 1807087
TI  - [Effect of nitroquine on protein synthesis of Plasmodium yoelii in vitro].
AB  - The erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium yoelii (BY 265 strain) were incubated with
      nitroquine (0.2 pmol.L-1 - 20 mumol.L-1), cycloheximide (0.1-10 nmol.L-1) and
      aminopterin (0.2 pmol.L-1 - 20 mumol.L-1) during 8 h in vitro. The results showed
      that the incorporation of [3H]-isoleucine into the protein by Plasmodium yoelii
      was inhibited by nitroquine (0.2 pmol.L-1) and cycloheximide (0.1 nmol.L-1), the
      inhibitory effect of nitroquine (IC50 = 0.16 nmol.L-1) was 397 times higher than
      that of cycloheximide (IC50 = 63.5 nmol.L-1). However, the incorporation of
      [3H]isoleucine into protein was not affected during at least 8 h of exposure to
      aminopterin (20 mumol.L-1). The results suggest that the inhibition of protein
      synthesis by nitroquine is one of the mechanisms of the early antimalarial
      action.

PMID- 1807088
TI  - [Effects of trilobine on platelet aggregation, thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin
      formation in rats].
AB  - Using turbidimetry we found that trilobine inhibited ADP-induced platelet
      aggregation both in vitro and in vivo. Incubated with TrL 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0
      mg.ml-1, platelet aggregation was inhibited by 38.2%, 68.2%, and 94.0%
      respectively. The inhibitory rates were 47.6% and 84.0% with TrL 20 and 40 mg.kg
      1 ip respectively in vivo. The formation of platelet TXB2 was inhibited by 40%
      with TrL 20 mg.kg-1 ip in vivo, while the formation of carotid artery wall PGI2
      was not affected. The production of TXA2-like substance was inhibited by 37%,
      53%, and 78% with TrL 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg.ml-1 respectively.

PMID- 1807089
TI  - [A HPLC method for determining piroxicam in body fluids].
AB  - Minimal detectable concentration of serum piroxicam by using HPLC reported in
      literature was mostly around 50 ng.ml-1 serum. Though the sensitivity was enough
      for pharmacokinetics study, it could not meet the needs of drug formulation
      screen study in developing precision drug delivery system (DDS) such as
      transdermal delivery system. A new HPLC method providing a detection limit of
      0.75 ng, sensitive enough to quantify low concentrations of serum piroxicam down
      to 5 ng.ml-1 was reported in this paper. A Waters Model 481 instrument was used
      throughout the experiment. Isoxicam was proved to be the most suitable internal
      standard at maximum absorption wave length of 360 nm. A mixture of methanol and
      ammonium acetate 0.1 mol.L-1 (1:0.9 vol.vol-1) was selected as mobile phase with
      a flow rate of 1 ml.min-1. 0.025% tetramethyl ethylene diamine was added to
      ammonium acetate solution and adjusted to pH 4.5 with citric acid before mixing.
      Calibration curve was linear (r = 0.9999) in the concentration range of 10-5,000
      ng.ml-1. The within-day and day-to-day precisions (CV) of this method were 2.88%
      and 2.89% respectively, with average recoveries of 96.0-102.4% (10-5,000 ng.ml
      1). No interference was found in the body fluids of subjects who took piroxicam
      concomitantly with other commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines
      such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic
      acid.

PMID- 1807090
TI  - [Screening of HIV infection in prisoner++ populations at prison facilities in the
      Southern region].
AB  - Blood samples collected from 1017 individuals incarcerated in the prisons of
      Caxias, Linho and Tires, during 1990, were tested for anti-HIV. Rates of
      seropositivity were interpreted in the view of statistical data issued from the
      Council of Europe.

PMID- 1807091
TI  - [Therapy of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant interferon alfa and
      factors that influence the response to the treatment].
AB  - To assess the efficacy of therapy with alfa Interferon in chronic hepatitis C
      (NANB), 18 patients were enrolled in an open trial. Eleven were males and 7
      females with a mean age of 43 years. Interferon alfa 2b was used in titrated
      doses for 9 months and the treatment was started with 5 m.U./Ti. During therapy,
      the patients were evaluated clinically and biochemically. A liver biopsy was done
      within 3 months after the completion of treatment. The serum alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) level 1 became completely normal in 11 patients (61%) at 3
      months of therapy and a partial response was seen in 3 (16%). At the 6 months the
      ALT sustained normal in 10 patients (55%) and a partial response was seen in 5
      (27.7%). Four out of 7 patients (57%) who completed the therapy had complete
      response and 2 (28.5%) a partial response. From 5 patients who completed the
      follow-up, 3 (60%) had a relapse of ALT levels. A low level of ALT at the
      beginning of treatment had a predictive value of response to the therapy (P less
      than 0.05). The side effects of interferon therapy were usually mild. Fever,
      myalgias and headaches were seen in 72% of patients in the first two weeks of
      therapy. No haematological alterations were seen. We conclude that a 9 month
      course of interferon therapy is effective in controlling disease activity in many
      patients with chronic NANB hepatitis. However, the high relapse rate suggest that
      future studies should establish the optimal dose and duration of treatment to
      induce a complete resolution of the disease.

PMID- 1807092
TI  - [Laser therapy of inflammatory lesions of the soft parts of the locomotor
      system].
AB  - Soft Laser has been suggested as a useful tool in the management of a large
      number of pathologies. The aim of this study has been to test the utility of this
      radiation in the treatment of some Locomotor Apparatus Soft Tissues Inflammatory
      Conditions. One hundred and fourteen patients with clinical data suggesting
      tendinitis, bursitis or enthesitis entered this study; 97 patients (Group I) were
      treated with Infra-Red or/and Helion-Neon Laser using a pontual and/or a scanning
      technique. The remaining 17 patients were considered as a comparison group (Group
      II). For evaluation purposes, a semi-quantitative data file was used and the
      pain, mobility, edema and muscular status were observed. The observation of these
      items was done prior, two weeks and one month after the Laser treatment. Results
      were classified as positive when complete or significant remission of symptoms
      and signs were observed, and negative when there was no improvement or a very
      slight regression of the complaints observed. A significant difference (p. 001)
      between Group I and II was found; the acute cases registered better results than
      the chronic ones (86.8% positive results versus 69.4%). The shoulder patients
      showed the worst results with only 62% positive cases. Significant differences
      among the different kinds of Laser applications weren't found. This study seems
      to confirm the Soft Laser utility in the treatment of the Locomotor Apparatus
      Soft Tissues Inflammatory lesions.

PMID- 1807093
TI  - [Neurophysiologic study of the phrenic nerve].
AB  - Phrenic nerve conduction was studied in 19 volunteers using two different
      percutaneous methods of stimulation, mono and bipolar. A response was obtained in
      all nerves studied. The results are comparable using mono or bipolar stimulation
      method. No significant difference in latency, amplitude, or intensity stimulation
      applied was found between left and right sides. There was no correlation of age
      or height with the latency. Latencies above 10 ms or differences between right
      and left above 1.6 ms are abnormal values. We studied two patients with
      neurological disorders, one of them with Guillain-Barre syndrome and the other
      with a bulbar form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and respiratory failure. Both
      of them had prolonged conduction time. This method permits reliable analysis of
      localized phrenic lesions and abnormalities induced in either the phrenic nerveor
      diaphragm by generalized disease processes.

PMID- 1807095
TI  - [Myopathy caused by hypothyroidism].
AB  - The authors report a case of primary hypothyroidism where the main symptoms were
      caused by muscular lesions and disappeared after treatment with L-thyroxine.
      Based on this case study the authors then review both the clinical aspects and
      the diagnostical methods of hypothyroidism myopathy, noting its frequency, be it
      in terms of isolated laboratory changes or in terms of functional changes.

PMID- 1807094
TI  - [Endocarditis caused by Candida parapsilosis after total correction of tetralogy
      of Fallot. Medico-surgical treatment].
AB  - Three children with Candida Parapsilosis endocarditis after total surgical
      correction for Tetralogy of Fallot, are reported. Blood cultures became negative
      in one child with amphotericin-B and in the other two with Ketoconazole, before
      reoperation for septal patch replacement. Oral therapy with Ketoconazole
      continued for a total of 24 months, and during a mean follow-up of 36 months no
      side effects or reinfection occurred. Medical and surgical conjoined therapy,
      with surgical timing decided on clinical and laboratorial grounds, were important
      for good results and cure.

PMID- 1807096
TI  - [Paroxysmal tonic seizures in 2 female black patients with multiple sclerosis].
AB  - We present the clinical cases of two black patients from the Cabo Verde Islands,
      in whom Painful Tonic Seizures have been witnessed. In both cases the diagnosis
      of multiple would be certainly established and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
      disclosed the cervical spinal cord lesions that, hypothetically, were responsible
      for the paroxysmal attacks.

PMID- 1807097
TI  - [Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis].

PMID- 1807098
TI  - [Adenosine deaminase. A pluridisciplinary enzyme].
AB  - Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme that actively participates in the metabolism of
      the adenine nucleotides. It catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of
      deoxyadenosine and adenosine with the production of deoxyinosine and inosine
      respectively and of ammonia. This enzyme thus plays an important role in lympho
      monocyte maturation and activation. The increase in its activity in different
      biological fluids (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, intra-articular and
      cerebrospinal fluids) has been used as a rapid diagnostic test in tuberculosis
      infection. In human immunodeficiency virus infection, it was verified that
      enzymatic activity progressively increases in serum and blood cells, accompanying
      the natural evolution of the disease. The physiopathological mechanism has not
      been definitely established but the CD4+ lymphocytes and macrophages are pointed
      to as being accountable for the enzyme's increase in activity. For this reason,
      adenosine deaminase could be a marker of the cellular immune response. The study
      of adenosine deaminase activity in blood cells elucidated the diagnosis of severe
      combined immunodeficiency (due to a congenital lack of the enzyme) in 30 to 50%
      of the cases. One type of congenital hemolytic anemia is due to an exaggerated
      enzymatic activity in red blood cells.

PMID- 1807099
TI  - [Main left coronary artery disease. Aspects of its diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - The Left Main Disease (LMD) assumes a special particularity within the coronary
      pathology, because of its seriousness and of its urgent need of surgical
      treatment. The lesion is associated mainly with clinical situations of unstable
      angina, and who's diagnose by non-invasive methods is extremely difficult; among
      these methods the echocardiography and specially the stress test still remain of
      most value in this diagnosis. Coronary arteriography remains the standard exam
      and is indispensable for a positive confirmation of diagnosis. However, the risk
      involved here is significantly higher than in other coronary pathologies
      especially if the lesion of LMD is localized in the proximal region or is ostium
      level. Therefore, in this review, the need of special care is emphasized before,
      during and after catheterization, in patients with sunpect of LMD or in those in
      which the diagnosis was placed during the angiographic examination. Finally, it
      is very important to recognize the most dangerous situations in order to rightly
      identify those who need urgent surgical treatment.

PMID- 1807100
TI  - [Prevalence and psychosocial patterns of alcohol consumption in Cantabria].
AB  - This is a cross-sectional community survey directed to investigate aspects
      related ot the alcohol consumption of 1,816 persons, of 16-65 years of age,
      representative of the population of Cantabria. It was found, among other things,
      that 7% of the male and 23% of the female were abstinent, being the prevalence
      for excessive alcohol consumption of 14.36% for males and of 0.22% for females.
      We also found, especially among the younger age groups, a growing female
      incorporation into the masculine patterns of alcohol consumption. It was also
      analyzed in the study the characteristics of the patterns of alcohol consumption.
      We found, in this respect, for the different socio-demographic groups of this
      community, specific profiles of alcohol consumption.

PMID- 1807101
TI  - [Stress factors and disease].
AB  - In the study of psychosocial stress, three different types of factors can be
      established: external related to the induction of the stress response and
      pertaining to the environment, such as life events; internal related to the
      individual response to stressors such as stress reactivity, and modulators, which
      are not directly related to the induction or response to stress, but which
      condition, modify or modulate, nevertheless, the interaction of external and
      internal factors, such as social support or depression. The adaptation of Holmes
      life-event questionnaire to Spanish and the development of the stress reactivity
      index are reviewed.

PMID- 1807102
TI  - [Personality and emesis in the patient treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy].
AB  - A sample of twenty cancer patients following chemotherapy realize MMPI
      questionnaire, and another one for valuation of emetic and anticipatory phenomena
      in relation to said therapy. The authors came to the conclusion that 36.8% of the
      sample had anticipatory nausea and vomiting, 63.6% anticipatory dysphoria, and
      66% emetic incidents after chemotherapy. The conclusion, through comparison of
      personality variables, is that all patients showed neuroticism and depression
      scales increased, in relation to healthy population. Depression variable
      increased especially in patients that didn't present anticipatory nausea and
      vomiting. Likewise, patients with anticipatory symptoms or emetic incidents after
      chemotherapy present an increased social introversion variable.

PMID- 1807103
TI  - [Prostatic hyperthermia].

PMID- 1807104
TI  - [Nephro-urologic manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in our
      country].
AB  - We intend to approach the genitourinary and nephrological pathologies presented
      in our environment by patients with HIV infection. To this end we have carried
      out a retrospective study on a series of patients selected on the basis of follow
      up possibility. A continuous history, recording a detailed clinical examination
      including repeated sampling and serological testing, would allow us to stress the
      relevance of hidden urological pathologies which these patients rarely complain
      about. Further studies with larger series are required to be able to establish a
      relationship between nephro-urological symptoms and the disease evolution
      parameters.

PMID- 1807105
TI  - [Carcinoma of the penis: long-term follow-up].
AB  - Penis epidermoid carcinoma is responsible for about 1% of deaths by neoplastic
      diseases in developed countries. During a 5-10 years follow-up review, we found
      14 patients, 9 of which started as localized stages in glans and/or prepuce.
      Lymph node affection was found in 9 cases, either at beginning of diagnosis or
      during follow-up. Lymphadenectomy, which demonstrated metastatic affection in 4
      cases, was considered indicated in 6 patients. Two cases received inguinal chain
      radiotherapy and the remaining one underwent chemotherapy as first therapy.
      Percentage of actual survival rate, found after 5 years, among the 14 patients
      studied was 42.8% (6 cases), still unchanged after a 10-year follow-up. Five
      patients died due to their basic illness progression and 3 died of other tumour
      unrelated processes. The paper analyzes the results obtained based on the
      literature reviewed, and discusses current therapy approaches for inguinal
      metastatic conditions.

PMID- 1807106
TI  - [Infiltrating transitional carcinoma of the bladder (I). Comparison of 2 groups
      treated with preoperative radiotherapy (long-term protocol and short-term
      protocol) + radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy only. Analysis of local
      recurrence and metastasis].
AB  - We analyze our experience in 175 patients with transitional bladder cancer for
      whom radical cystectomy was indicated. Patients were divided into three groups:
      one group was managed with radical cystectomy only and the other two with pre
      operative radiotherapy: long-term approach and short-term approach. No
      significant differences have been observed when comparing current survival rate
      and disease-free intervals of all three groups. It can be deduced from our series
      that, by the scarce number of local recurrences observed, there is no other
      measure to be added to surgery directed to improve the tumour's local management.
      Most metastasis were diagnosed within 18 months after cystectomy. 58.4% patients
      presented bone dissemination. The risk of distant dissemination increases with
      the extent of vesical wall invasion, degree of anaplasia and presence of positive
      glands. The gland stage is not necessary for the metastasis to be present.
      Death's ratio with distant dissemination is significantly lower in the group
      managed Without pre-operative radiotherapy than in the others. Of the 11 patients
      where no tumour was observed in the cystectomy piece, 2 developed metastasis,
      indicating that this was already present before bladder extraction. Management of
      patients with infiltrating++ bladder cancer is complex, but no efforts should be
      spared to advise the most appropriate approach for each particular case.
      Chemotherapy plays an unquestionable role among the procedures we have to
      control, since most patients' deaths happen within two years after local-regional
      treatment of the primitive tumour and nearly all of them as a consequence of
      metastasis. Cytostatic agents are the only effective therapy for distant
      dissemination. We believe that every patient with a cancer extended to the
      perivesical fat or with dissemination to regional glands, whichever the stage,
      should be treated with chemotherapy after extirpation of the bladder, and
      starting as early as the patient's general status would allow it.

PMID- 1807107
TI  - [Superficial tumor of the bladder with associated carcinoma in situ: new
      occurrences and increase of tumor stage].
AB  - The paper presents our experience with in situ carcinoma associated to bladder
      surface tumour. The relationship between in situ carcinoma associated to surface
      tumour and new occurrences, as well as increase of tumoral stage, versus those
      tumours not associated to in situ carcinoma is assessed through a comparative
      study. It is concluded that bladder surface tumours with associated in situ
      carcinoma begin to recur from the first months at higher rate than other surface
      tumours. Bladder surface tumours with associated in situ carcinoma, however, do
      not increase tumoral stage at a different rate than other surface tumours, at
      least not for a period of 18 months.

PMID- 1807108
TI  - [Vesicovaginal fistulas: correction using lyophilized dura mater].
AB  - Thirty three cases of surgically corrected vesicovaginal fistulae, from a total
      of 73 patients with iatrogenic or pathological urinary tract conditions examined
      and treated in our service, are presented in this paper. Both the etiology and
      different surgical techniques that can be used are reviewed, contributing the
      novelty use of freeze dried dura mater as the material to interpose for the
      correction of the fistulae by means of abdominal surgical techniques. The
      material was used in 6 patients, with recovery being obtained in all cases and
      achieving the fistulae closure with a single surgical procedure.

PMID- 1807109
TI  - [Technique of simplified retropubic colpourethrocervicopexy in the treatment of
      genuine urinary stress incontinence in women].
AB  - A surgical technique is described for the treatment of genuine urinary exercise
      incontinence (U.E.I.) in the female, consisting in the performance of simplified
      retropubic colpouretrocerico- pexia which allows to obtain a 89.2% urinary
      incontinence recovery rate and 97% cystocele reduction (n=40 cases).

PMID- 1807110
TI  - [Image diagnosis in primary retroperitoneal tumors].
AB  - We present our experience in the diagnosis-through-image with 25 primitive
      retroperitoneal tumours over a period of 17 years. The histological type most
      frequently found was that derived from mesodermal tissue (64%). Abdominal pain
      and mass were the typical symptoms of the presentation. The paper analyzes the
      radiological studies used (except NMR) with regard to the diagnostic value they
      have in this sort of pathology. UIV continues to be the initial examination when
      a retroperitoneal tumour is suspected, obtaining a diagnostic orientation of 70%.
      The remaining diagnostic techniques (except arteriography and CAT) should be used
      as a diagnostic supplement or to assess the disease progression, unless the
      initial clinical symptoms make their use advisable, since the diagnostic
      orientation provided is usually below 50%. The use of CAT together with monitored
      aspiratory puncture provided a diagnostic reliability over 90%, so we conclude
      this should be the examination technique of choice when retroperitoneal tumour is
      suspected.

PMID- 1807111
TI  - [Urinary diversions: our experience and selection approach].
AB  - Retrospective review of 126 urinary by-passes performed in our service over the
      last 15 years where efficacy and complications arisen from the ureteroileal by
      passes, ureterosigmoidostomy and skin ureterostomy are analyzed. Patients were
      found to be pre-operatively homogeneous with no statistically significant
      differences with regard to age, renal function or previous radiotherapy, except
      in the case of ureterostomies which are always initiated from a poorer renal
      function and general condition. It was concluded that there was no difference
      between the various Bricker types according to the anastomosis, which allows
      joint a comparison with other groups. After three months, Bricker's showed better
      radiologic evolution than Goodwin's (p less than 0.08) and a statistically lower
      number of complication (p less than 0.05) therefore establishing they should be
      the choice procedure versus any other type of by-pass. Literature review with
      regard to results and conditions of container reservoirs and vesical
      substitutions, evaluating their contraindications within the neoplastic scope
      and/or psychosocial range, as well as comparing the reflux, stenosis and
      infection rates with our series, make the ureteroileal by-pass a technique
      entirely legitimate at present.

PMID- 1807112
TI  - [Verrucous carcinoma of the penis].
AB  - The present work reports one case of penis verruciform carcinoma. Such neoplastic
      process is considered to be a variation of the scaly carcinoma with specific
      histopathological features. Clinical and histopathological as well as therapeutic
      aspects (conservative or radical surgical therapy, depending on the evolutive
      stage and laser electrocoagulation) were analyzed.

PMID- 1807113
TI  - [Renal metastasis caused by an epidermoid carcinoma of the lung].
AB  - A case of renal metastasis from lung epidermoid carcinoma with florid clinic is
      presented. We point out the great diagnostic help obtained by using Computerized
      Axial Tomography (C.A.T.) and echo-monitored fine needle aspiration puncture
      (F.N.A.P.).

PMID- 1807116
TI  - [Giant hydronephrosis with an unusual angiographic pattern].
AB  - The paper describes an unusual angiographic pattern within the context of
      stenosis of the pyeloureteral union and giant hydronephrosis of the adult, with a
      presumed congenital origin. From the embryonic point of view we discuss the
      remote possibility of this being a real "agenesis" of the renal artery with no
      agenesis of the kidney, irrigated by multiple segmental arteries following the
      characteristic metamerism of the mesonephros. On the other hand, it seems more
      consistent to explain such vascular pattern as an image of severe atrophy, in
      correlation with the hydronephrosis advanced stage, and not as a primary
      congenital defect. However, the interaction of both factors (congenital
      malformative and acquired-involutive) could be more overlapped than what
      initially appears to be.

PMID- 1807115
TI  - [Prune belly syndrome. Necropsy study of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of Prune Belly syndrome (female and male newborn)
      with urethral obstruction and other associated malformations: imperforate anus,
      vaginal septae and bicornuate uterus in the female case; unilateral anorchia and
      hyaline membrane disease in the male. These findings support the mechanical
      pathogenic theory. In the cytogenetic studies no chromosomal abnormalities were
      detected. Both karyotypes were normal.

PMID- 1807114
TI  - [Fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter. Report of a new case].
AB  - Fibroepithelial polyps are rare benign tumours presenting in one every hundred
      cases of ureter primitive tumours. Interest on this type of pathology is founded
      in its low incidence and on being able to reach a pre-operative diagnosis prior
      to taking surgical action. Uretero-renoscopy is currently the best method
      available for the identification and histological diagnosis of this polyp.

PMID- 1807117
TI  - [Growing teratoma syndrome].
AB  - Appearance of residual masses following chemotherapy of retroperitoneal
      metastasis from testicle's non-seminomatous germinal cell tumour does not always
      imply we are facing an active tumoral disease. When exeresis of these masses
      discovers the presence of a mature teratoma during the histological study, what
      we have is the so called Growing Teratoma Syndrome. Such teratoma is unresponsive
      to chemotherapy but the patient can be cured by means of a full exeresis of the
      residual mass, thus the relevance of having into account the likelihood of this
      pathology. The paper presents the case of a patient with retroperitoneal non
      seminomatous testicle tumour and metastasis which, following chemotherapy,
      presented a residual mass with normal serological markers. After the exeresis it
      was found out that it was made up by mature teratoma. Four months after rescue
      surgery, the patient remains asymptomatic, has normal markers and no signs of
      neoplastic recurrence.

PMID- 1807118
TI  - [Kidney preservation].
AB  - Extensive literature review on the current state of organs preservation;
      solutions and methodology. Major advances in immunosuppression methods and the
      ongoing increase in the number of renal transplants encourage the search and
      investigation of better preservation techniques. Continuous pulsatile perfusion
      and perfusion plus hypothermal storage represent the two most frequently used
      techniques nowadays. In spite of the advantages shown by the former in the case
      of prolonged cold ischemia, hypothermal storage remains as a practical technique
      widely used in our environment.

PMID- 1807119
TI  - [Infiltrating transitional carcinoma of the bladder (4). Our approach to stage
      pT2 and critique of other risk factors. Multifactorial analysis].
AB  - From the analysis of our experience with pT2 and pT3a tumours it could be deduced
      that the former have better prognosis. The papillary appearance, invasion in a
      wide front and extent, whether with good or moderate differentiation, in T2 are
      signs of good prognosis, as well as the non-existence of unilateral dilation or
      an effaced kidney. Considering the good evolution obtained with radical
      cystectomy only, these patients should be recruited for study in order to see
      whether evolution with bladder preservation is similar. Patients with pT2 tumours
      should not be included in protocols to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant
      therapies used with surgery. The evolution is not equivalent to that expected in
      tumours of deeper invasion.

PMID- 1807120
TI  - [Iatrogenic foreign bodies. A complication in urologic practice].
AB  - Report on the presence in 43 patients of various foreign materials left in the
      urinary tract following a surgical procedure. The clinical symptoms exhibited by
      these patients correspond to a urinary syndrome with irritation or lumbar pain
      when the foreign body blocked the upper urinary tract. In most cases, diagnosis
      and treatment was made by ultrasound scan techniques.

PMID- 1807121
TI  - [Usefulness++ of total parenteral nutrition in radical surgery for bladder
      cancer].
AB  - Thirty patients diagnosed with non-metastatic infiltrating vesical cancer (pT2-3,
      NoMo) due to receive radical cystectomy and transintestinal urinary by-pass,
      underwent Pre-operative Nutritional Assessment (PRNA), Cystectomy, post-operative
      Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN), and Post-operative Nutritional Assessment
      (PONA) in day 7. The purposes of this prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial
      were: to identify, prior to surgery, undernourished patients, to assess the
      effectiveness of post-operative TPN with regard to a decrease in morbidity and
      mortality, and to evaluate the influence of a deficient nutritional condition in
      the occurrence of post-operative complications. It was found the 16.6% patients
      were undernourished prior to surgery, 80% of which showed complications, while
      only 28% patients considered to be in a normal state of nutrition had
      complications (there were no fistulae, intraabdominal abscesses, and abdominal
      sepsis). 6.6% complications were TPN-related. The conclusions were: the
      percentage of patients with malnutrition prior to surgery is large enough to
      justify a routine PRNA; TPN decreases morbidity and mortality in patients with
      previous good nutritional state but not in those with malnutrition;
      undernourished patients have a very high rate of complications and surgery should
      be delayed until a acceptable state of nutrition is achieved.

PMID- 1807122
TI  - [Papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney. Report of 12 cases and update].
AB  - Revision of 12 cases of papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney operated in this
      Unit over a period of 20 years, representing 6.03% of all renal adenocarcinomas.
      Their main characteristics were evaluated finding that they appear at a similar
      age than non papillary cases (55 years of age) and have a similar average size
      (9.1 cm). They show no differences with non papillary cases with regard to
      clinical signs and symptoms. Among the various diagnostic procedures used, the
      most typical one is the hypo or avascular patterned arteriography. The tendency
      to appear at low stages (79.9% in stage I and II) is higher than with the non
      papillary cases (51.86%), having a better prognosis than the latter.

PMID- 1807123
TI  - [Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy:
      prospective, randomized study].
AB  - Two hundred patients that underwent ESWL were randomized into 4 groups in order
      to determine the benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis. All comparisons among groups
      were not statistically significant. Neither cephalosporin nor quinolone
      prophylaxis impacted significantly on bacteriuria rate after ESWL. Thus, in
      patients without infected stones, urinary tract obstruction and ancillary
      procedures ESWL could be performed without prophylactic antibiotic regimes.

PMID- 1807124
TI  - [Current treatment of ureteral lithiasis. Review of our experience].
AB  - Retrospective analysis from June '89 to January '91 of 198 patients seen in our
      Hospital for ureteral lithiasis using 'in situ' ESWL as the first therapeutic
      choice. The number of sessions per calculus was 1.45, 68.7% cases receiving only
      one session. 84.2% calculi were resolved by ESWL, with associated instrumental
      manoeuvres in less than 15% cases. Our hospital's therapeutic algorithm for the
      15.8% calculi where ESWL failed is presented. The conclusion is that 'in situ'
      shock wave extracorporeal lithotripsy represents a perfectly valid alternative
      for the treatment of ureteral lithiasis regardless its location.

PMID- 1807125
TI  - [Eosinophilic cystitis].
AB  - The etiology as well as clinical and diagnostic features of eosinophilic cystitis
      are reviewed establishing their differential diagnosis with different ways of
      eosinophilic infiltration in a vesical location.

PMID- 1807126
TI  - [Prognostic value of isolated invasion of the renal vein in renal
      adenocarcinoma].
AB  - A total of 38 renal adenocarcinomas with isolated invasion of the renal vein and
      maximum local extension to perirenal fat, operated over a 20-year period and with
      long-term follow-up were reviewed. They were divided in two subgroups, 12 T1
      2,N0,M0,V1 cases were compared to 54 T1-2,N0,M0,V0 cases treated in the same
      period of time, but no significant differences were found in survival (83% and
      68% at 5 and 10 years for V1 versus 80% and 64% for V0); and 26 T3,N0,M0,V1 cases
      compared to 49 T3,N0,M0,V0, again with no significant difference found in
      survival (40% at 5 years and 26.5% at 7 years for V1, versus 38.5% and 34% for
      T3V0). When comparing the survival rate of T1-2,N0,M0,V0-1 with that of
      T3,N0,M0,V0-1, the difference was significant (p). It is concluded that the
      isolated invasion of the renal vein and an equal locoregional extension of the
      tumour do not modify the prognosis for renal carcinoma, and that this parameter
      should be included in the new TNM classification of the isolated UICC, since when
      included within the T3b category it places cases with good prognosis (T1-2 V1)
      above cases with poor prognosis due to the existence of invasion of the perirenal
      fat (T3a).

PMID- 1807128
TI  - [Scrotal leiomyosarcoma: report of a case].
AB  - A case of scrotal leiomyosarcoma, which is considered to be an exceptional type
      of tumour. Also, a literature review highlighting the good prognosis and
      relatively benign course for this location.

PMID- 1807127
TI  - [Intestinal perforation after treatment of radiation cystitis using the
      neodymium:YAG laser].
AB  - Female patient with multiple episodes of pelvic surgery and with radical
      cystopathy, treated by Neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation with haemostatic
      purposes. During the post-operative she developed intestinal perforation with
      fatal evolution. The cases described on this serious and infrequent complication
      of laser endovesical application are reviewed, commenting the technical and
      anatomical elements that justify it.

PMID- 1807129
TI  - [Deferred repair of surgical ureteral lesions].
AB  - Our experience in surgical injuries of the ureter, as well as the therapeutic
      approach followed to repair them as expounded in this paper. Immediate
      nephrostomy following diagnosis, and restoration deferred a minimum of three
      weeks have provided good results, as well as it has allowed us to detect and
      achieve spontaneous restoration in one case. These reasons, together with the
      absence of technical difficulties during the second intervention, invite us to
      consider the reevaluation and deferred restoration--if appropriate--of the
      surgical ureteral injuries as a therapeutic approach from which a number of
      patients can profit.

PMID- 1807130
TI  - [Alkaline encrusted cystitis: factors affecting prognosis].
AB  - Alkaline encrusted cystitis is characterized by the formation of calcareous
      plaques in the bladder mucosa and submucosa in the presence of several factors:
      infection by urolithic organisms, earlier pathology of the vesical wall and
      precipitation of calcium phosphate salts. Treatment includes: urine
      acidification, correction of the urinary infection and use of acetohydroxamic
      acid. This paper presents three patients where the response to medical treatment
      was conditioned by the evolution of the existing vesical impairment. The
      conclusions state that in the alkaline encrusted cystitis, the concurrent
      pathology is a major predictor of the disease's future evolution.

PMID- 1807131
TI  - [Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma].

PMID- 1807132
TI  - [Tumor of the vitelline sac of the testicle (yolk sac carcinoma)].
AB  - The tumour of the yolk sac is a germinal cell neoplasia arising in the
      prepubertal testicles which was included in the WHO's histological classification
      of neoplasia of the testicles in 1977. We contribute a case of this histological
      variety in Stage I, according to the Royal Marsden criteria. The patient was
      treated with inguinal orchidectomy only and 3 years later remains disease-free.

PMID- 1807133
TI  - [Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Reporting 2 cases of paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with different
      locations, one epididymal and one in the testicle tunic vaginalis. In both cases
      a retroperitoneal disease was present at the time of diagnosis. Although the
      treatment was similar the clinical evolution has been very different. One patient
      died 3 years after diagnosis with pulmonary metastasis, the other one is still
      disease-free 7 years after diagnosis. Discussion of the clinical presentation,
      differential diagnosis and most important the multidisciplinary therapy used in
      this type of tumours.

PMID- 1807135
TI  - The need for scientific approaches in forensic pathology.

PMID- 1807134
TI  - [Leukemoid reaction as a paraneoplastic manifestation of bladder carcinoma].
AB  - Sometimes vesical malignant tumours present themselves with highly characteristic
      paraneoplastic signs like hypercalcemia, or more rarely like a leukaemoid
      reaction within the symptomatic setting typical of vesical neoplasia. We present
      a case of vesical urothelioma where the leukaemoid reaction was present in the
      diagnosis and later in the tumour relapse after the appropriate treatment.

PMID- 1807136
TI  - Medicolegal aspects of tornadic storms in Kansas, U.S.A.
AB  - Kansas is known for its fierce whether, including tornados in the spring and fall
      and blizzards in the winter. A recent series of tornados cut a path of
      destruction a mile wide for greater than 40 miles (64 km), killed 20 people, and
      caused several hundred casualities on the evening of April 26, 1991, in Tornado
      Alley, which runs from the northern border of Oklahoma through southern Kansas
      past Wichita toward Emporium, Kansas. The wind velocity was greater than 200 mph.
      Twenty people were killed, 17 of these in Andover, Kansas, a small town east of
      Wichita. Injuries caused by the tornados and the excellent emergency response and
      care provided by medical, law-enforcement, and volunteer personnel in the wake of
      the storms are described here.

PMID- 1807137
TI  - How some medicolegal aspects of the Zeebrugge Ferry disaster apply to the
      investigation of mass disasters.
AB  - The capsizing of a British Channel ferry as it left Zeebrugge, Belgium's harbor,
      on the 6th of March, 1987, resulted in an all-out effort by Belgian and British
      authorities to identify the victims as well as to determine the medicolegal
      ramifications. This report describes the investigation and the lessons learned
      from it.

PMID- 1807138
TI  - Evaluation and identification of dismembered human remains.
AB  - On occasion, pathologists are confronted with cases involving dismembered human
      remains. Such cases present unique and interesting problems of postmortem
      identification. Four cases involving dismembered human remains are presented here
      and practical suggestions on how identification can be achieved are provided.

PMID- 1807139
TI  - Wischnevsky's gastric lesions in accidental hypothermia.
AB  - We examine the pathogenesis of Wischnevsky's lesions. These gastric lesions were
      found in 15 of 17 deaths due to accidental hypothermia. Deaths occurred at
      various minimum temperatures (-2.4-20.4 degrees C); gastric lesions did not
      always reflect exposure temperatures. However, all victims exposed to
      temperatures greater than 10 degrees C had severe lesions. At temperatures less
      than 5 degrees C, on the other hand, severe gastric lesions were seen in victims
      younger (43.2 years old) than those with mild lesions (61.0 years old). These
      findings suggest that gastric lesions develop by exposure to temperatures at
      which the body's response to cold stress continues, or as result of a strong
      response to short-term stress. Histopathologic examination demonstrated a
      characteristic finding of cystic dilatation of the capillaries, presumably due to
      massive reperfusion after functional collapse of the microcirculation in the
      gastric mucosa.

PMID- 1807140
TI  - Sudden death due to unsuspected coronary vasculitis.
AB  - Coronary artery vasculitis is a well-recognized complication of polyarteritis
      nodosa and is occasionally seen in other forms of systemic vasculitis. However,
      involvement of the major epicardial coronary arteries leading to myocardial
      infarction and death is uncommon. Isolated coronary arteritis is even more rare.
      We report three cases of sudden death due to myocardial ischemia associated with
      arteritis of the major coronary arteries. All three decedents were previously
      healthy young to middle-aged men who had died suddenly after complaints of chest
      pain and shortness of breath. The autopsy findings and differential diagnoses are
      presented. Such cases are of particular interest to the medical examiner because
      of the sudden, unexpected nature of the deaths. An approach to the correct
      diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 1807141
TI  - Tattoos and tattooing. Part I: History and methodology.
AB  - Most medical examiners and pathologists who routinely perform autopsies identify
      tattoos on a daily basis. However, these dermagraphics generally are given only
      cursory inspection and description, if at all, although many pathologists
      photograph particularly unique, unusual, or bizarre examples. From a medicolegal
      perspective, these permanent skin designs are most often used as identification
      markers, especially in cases of unknown or questionable identity. The majority of
      pathologists and other physicians are not familiar with the way in which tattoos
      are applied, much less the history of this unusual art or the various aspects of
      tattoos that may provide even more complete information as to how, where, why,
      and when the tattoos were done. This article, the first of three parts, provides
      a brief but comprehensive history of tattooing from both the worldwide and
      Western perspectives, describes how professional tattooing is done, and
      illustrates the machines involved and the various constituents of the inks that
      are currently used. The second and third articles will explore the gross and
      histopathology of tattoos, methods of tattoo removal, medical applications and
      complications associated with tattoos, psychology and psychopathology of tattoos,
      and the importance of tattoos in forensic medicine.

PMID- 1807142
TI  - Poisoning with sodium hypochlorite solution. Report of a fatal case, supplemented
      with an experimental and clinico-epidemiological study.
AB  - A case of fatal poisoning in a 1-year-old girl after ingestion of a household
      cleanser containing 4.5% sodium hypochlorite (Klorin) in an alkaline solution (pH
      12.0) is reported. The forensic medical and toxicological investigations were
      supplemented by animal studies. These studies indicate that 5, 10, and 15 ml of
      Klorin/kg body wt given to rats is highly toxic, and that local tissue damage and
      secondary systemic involvement develops with a severity corresponding to the
      amount administered. The rats, all of which died, showed various degrees of
      degeneration and necrosis of the esophagoventricular mucosus membranes, changes
      analogous to those found at the autopsy of the child. A follow-up investigation
      of similar cases reported to the Swedish Poison Information Centre, during a
      limited time, was made to complete the picture.

PMID- 1807143
TI  - Radiographic personal identification with characteristic features in the hip
      joint.
AB  - This case demonstrates a radiographic personal identification. A body was found
      but no positive results were obtained from the remains regarding the cause of
      death, the manner of death, or precise identification. At the autopsy, a
      characteristic radiographic deformity was found in the hip joints. After
      searching the registry of persons with congenital acetabular dysplasia and super
      imposing the postmortem radiograph on the films of the registry, the
      identification was successful.

PMID- 1807144
TI  - The case of the empty body.
AB  - Autopsy on an externally intact decomposed body showed empty thoracic and
      abdominal cavities with no trace of normal organ content. The process producing
      this previously unencountered situation is discussed.

PMID- 1807145
TI  - A case of external beveling with an entrance gunshot wound to the skull made by a
      small caliber rifle bullet.
AB  - The external beveling caused by an entrance gunshot wound to the skull has not
      been completely explained, but the mechanism is probably a combination of several
      factors including the angle of shot, twisting force of a rotating bullet, blow
      back effect, velocity, shape and size of the bullet, outspread of the kinetic
      energy from the bullet, and resistance of the skull.

PMID- 1807146
TI  - Rupture of a giant splenic artery aneurysm. Report of an autopsy case.
AB  - We describe an autopsy case of a 61-year-old woman with von Recklinghausen's
      disease, who died suddenly following intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to the
      rupture of a giant splenic artery aneurysm. The aneurysm measured 16 x 13 x 5.5
      cm--much larger than those in most previous reports. The pancreatic body, which
      was pressed by the aneurysm, was widely atrophic. In general, splenic artery
      aneurysms are more frequent in pregnant women or patients with portal
      hypertension. The pathogenesis of this aneurysm is presumed to be arterial
      dysplasia, focal arterial inflammation, or portal hypertension, unlike other
      aneurysms due to arteriosclerosis or syphilis. Since the patient had not been
      pregnant and had not had liver cirrhosis or arteriosclerosis, the pathogenic
      factor could not be determined in this case. The relationship between the genesis
      of the aneurysm and von Recklinghausen's disease was not clear either.

PMID- 1807147
TI  - Sudden death associated with a cardiac diverticulum.
AB  - We describe the unusual case of a 20-year-old Aboriginal man who was admitted to
      hospital with chest pain. He died 1 day later. Necropsy showed extensive anterior
      myocardial infarction in the left ventricle. An isolated diverticulum arising
      from the subaortic valve region of the left ventricle had compressed the left
      main coronary artery.

PMID- 1807148
TI  - The trials of Steven Truscott.
AB  - Determination of time of death (postmortem interval) is one of the most difficult
      problems confronting forensic pathologists. One noteworthy such case is that of
      Steven Truscott, a 14-year-old Canadian youth who was convicted of the June 1959
      rape-murder of 12-year-old Lynne Harper in rural southwestern Ontario. The two
      had been seen together on the evening when Lynne was last seen alive. At her
      autopsy approximately 48 h later, the prosecutor, relying almost entirely on
      examination of the gastric contents, placed the time of death during the period
      in which the two were apparently in each other's company. Truscott's defense was
      unable to refute this opinion, and Truscott was sentenced first to death, then to
      life imprisonment. Isabel LeBourdais, a Canadian journalist, published a book
      defending Truscott that eventually led to a judicial rehearing, but his
      conviction was upheld. The examination of gastric contents is only one measure
      employed in the often difficult determination of time of death. It has not been
      made inherently more reliable in this regard since 1959. It is crucial,
      therefore, to use all available evidence in determining time of death.

PMID- 1807149
TI  - Proposal to change official governmental medicolegal death scene investigations,
      New York City.

PMID- 1807150
TI  - Variants of the long scarf syndrome.

PMID- 1807151
TI  - A comparative study of peroxidases from horse radish and Arthromyces ramosus as
      labels in luminol-mediated chemiluminescent assays.
AB  - The properties of a peroxidase from Arthromyces ramosus (ARP) in the
      chemiluminescent reaction of luminol oxidation have been studied. These were
      compared with the properties of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) in the cooxidation
      of luminol and p-iodophenol, the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction. By
      means of the stop-flow technique, ARP was shown to have an enzymatic activity
      toward luminol higher than that toward HRP. ARP can efficiently catalyze luminol
      oxidation in the absence of substrate enhancer. pH and substrate concentrations
      were optimized to determine ARP with the highest sensitivity. The detection limit
      of ARP was 5 x 10(-13) M, the same as that for HRP in the ECL reaction. The data
      on the use of ARP as a label in enzyme immunoassay of human IgG are presented.
      ARP was shown to have all the advantages of HRP as a label in chemiluminescent
      enzyme immunoassays: (i) high signal intensity, (ii) slow decay of luminescence,
      (iii) high signal/noise ratio, and (iv) as a consequence of (i)-(iii), high
      detection sensitivity. However, the low thermostability of ARP can limit the
      potential fields of its application.

PMID- 1807152
TI  - Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing of
      homologous sequences: point mutation analysis of the ras genes.
AB  - ras proto-oncogenes are activated by point mutation in a wide variety of human
      and animal tumors, making ras gene analysis a major area of clinical and basic
      cancer research. Activating point mutations, in each of the three ras genes (Ha-,
      Ki-, or N-ras), usually occur in one of three specific codons (12, 13, or 61).
      Thus, an adequate assessment of activating ras gene mutations should include the
      analysis of at least nine codons. We have developed a rapid method for point
      mutation analysis of the ras genes, which involves simultaneous (multiplex) PCR
      amplification of all three homologous ras genes (in the regions surrounding
      codons 12-13 and codon 61) in a single reaction starting with only 1 microgram of
      genomic DNA. Although multiplex PCR has been previously used for unrelated
      sequences, we demonstrate here that multiplex PCR can also be used for highly
      homologous sequences. Importantly, after coamplification, each of the homologous
      ras genes can be individually and specifically sequenced even though the other
      two closely related genes are present in the same template mixture, by using high
      stringency conditions permitted by Taq DNA polymerase. An automated multicycle
      DNA sequencing procedure is used to allow the double-stranded PCR products to be
      sequenced directly without the need to generate single-stranded templates,
      further simplifying the protocol. Our multiplex PCR amplification and direct DNA
      sequencing procedures should greatly facilitate more complete analyses of
      activating ras gene point mutations, particularly in studies involving many tumor
      samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807153
TI  - Computer-assisted structural analysis of oligosaccharides using CASPER.
AB  - The computer program CASPER for structural analysis has been tested on some
      oligosaccharides. The program is shown to predict the correct structure of five
      linear or branched tri- to hexasaccharides using information on components and
      linkage positions and NMR chemical shifts. Theoligosaccharides are either
      reducting or methyl glycosides.

PMID- 1807154
TI  - A nonradioactive assay for N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine
      methyltransferase (methionine synthase) based on o-phthaldialdehyde
      derivatization of methionine and fluorescence detection.
AB  - The enzyme N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine
      synthase, EC 2.1.1.13) catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine in
      the presence of a reducing system. N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate serves as a methyl
      donor in this reaction. An assay for the enzyme is described, which is based on
      methionine quantitation by o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatization and reversed
      phase liquid chromatography. The enzymatic reaction is linear for at least 120
      min under reducing conditions (125 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) and running the assay
      below an oil layer. This reducing system does not interfere with formation of the
      methionine-OPA adduct, which is separated from interfering compounds and an
      internal standard (norvaline) by a mobile phase adjusted to pH 5.0. The inclusion
      of internal standard increases the precision of the assay and corrects for the
      variable fluorescence yield due to occasional inaccurate pH adjustment before the
      derivatization step. Norvaline was suitable for this purpose because it elutes
      close to methionine and is not a natural amino acid present in biological
      extracts. This nonradioactive assay for methionine synthase was evaluated by
      comparison with a conventional method based on isolation of radioactive
      methionine by anion-exchange chromatography and by determination of enzyme
      activity in extract from cultured cells and liver.

PMID- 1807155
TI  - A chemiluminescent assay for quantitation of beta-galactosidase in the femtogram
      range: application to quantitation of beta-galactosidase in lacZ-transfected
      cells.
AB  - An optimized chemiluminescent assay for beta-galactosidase using a
      chemiluminescent substrate AMPGD (3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2'-tricyclo
      [3.3.1. 1(3,7)]decan]-4- yl)phenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) is described. This
      assay is rapid and sensitive and can detect as little as 2 fg of beta
      galactosidase. Its use for the quantitation of beta-galactosidase in cells
      transfected with lacZ-expressing vectors is described. It is possible to detect a
      single cell stably expressing lacZ by this technique.

PMID- 1807156
TI  - A method for the quantitation of tryptophan in Escherichia coli fermentation
      broth by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
      detection.
AB  - A rapid, isocratic method for the determination of tryptophan in Escherichia coli
      fermentation broths by reversed-phase HPLC is described. Tryptophan can be
      measured in fermentations containing either chemically defined media or media
      with hydrolyzed protein supplements. The procedure was rugged and rereproducible
      (RSD = 1.7%). The sample response was found to be linear up to 10 mcg of
      tryptophan/ml. Two different columns--Vydac C18 30 mm and "deactivated"
      SupelcoSil LC-18-DB--were compared and evaluated for use in the analysis. The
      deactivated columns had the residual silanols on the silica gel chemically
      inactivated to reduce the interaction with basic groups or analytes. The
      deactivated column was found to provide better peak shape (peak assymetry factor
      less than 1.1) and superior efficiency (plate count greater than 40000/m) and
      durability (greater than 3000 injections per column) than the non-deactivated
      column. The procedure described was found to be more selective than a
      fluorometric procedure.

PMID- 1807157
TI  - Determination of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in human blood plasma.
AB  - Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in 18 microliters of human capillary blood plasma is
      determined by catalytic amplification using the apoenzyme of aspartate
      aminotransferase. Prior isolation from interfering substances is accomplished by
      employment of a cation exchange resin in batch operation. The procedure consists
      of the following stages. Stage I, denaturation of proteins. Trichloroacetic acid
      is used to precipitate plasma proteins and liberate any bound coenzyme. Dilute
      NaCl is added to expand the volume thus minimizing coenzyme entrapment in the
      precipitate. Stage II, isolation of the coenzyme. A sulfonated polystyrene ion
      exchange resin is used inside a centrifugal filter. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in
      the supernatant from Stage I adsorbs to the resin. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, other
      organic phosphates, and Pi are removed by centrifugation. Rinsing with dilute
      NaBH4 destroys traces of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and washes off residual
      inhibitors. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate is then desorbed with NaOH and Tris buffer
      and recovered by centrifugation. Stage III, reconstitution and assay. The
      desorbate from Stage II is incubated with excess apoenzyme. Specific activity of
      the reconstituted enzyme is measured. Interpolation from a standard curve
      relating enzyme specific activity and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate concentration
      yields the plasma level of the cofactor. Approximately 3 h are required to carry
      out the procedure. Much of the coenzyme was found not be assayable if plasma was
      refrigerated overnight or if whole blood was left standing at room temperature
      for a few hours. The degradation was arrested with freezing at -80 degrees C. In
      a 13-day experiment involving a healthy subject, sharp rises of plasma
      pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate were found to occur in response to small doses of oral
      vitamin B6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807158
TI  - Quantitation of cross-linked protein: an alternative to counting cornified
      envelopes as an index of keratinocyte differentiation.
AB  - Covalently cross-linked protein is the key feature of the cornified envelope, an
      important marker of squamous differentiation. Enumeration of cornified envelopes
      is widely used to assess keratinocyte differentiation, but is tedious and
      subjective. We report here a rapid, objective, sensitive, and quantitative assay
      that measures total cross-linked protein in keratinocytes. The method is based on
      the resistance of cross-linked protein to solubilization in boiling SDS-beta ME,
      separation of cross-linked from soluble protein by collection of cross-linked
      protein on sheets of regenerated cellulose, binding of Coomassie blue to protein,
      and quantitation by scanning laser densitometry. There is excellent correlation
      between the cross-linked protein measured by this assay and the number of
      cornified envelopes.

PMID- 1807159
TI  - Ultraviolet nicking of large DNA molecules from pulsed-field gels for southern
      transfer and hybridization.
AB  - Large DNA molecules separated in pulsed-field gels are not efficiently
      transferred from the gel for Southern hybridization. Various procedures for
      fragmenting the DNA prior to transfer are in use, but quantitative details that
      permit reproducible application have not been reported. We have determined the
      optimum level of energy for uv nicking of large DNA needed to promote efficient
      Southern transfer and detection by hybridization. To ensure consistent results we
      have used a uv oven equipped with a detector that measures only 200-400 nm
      wavelengths, and we report the total energy delivered. Using uv nicking and the
      transfer techniques described, we can obtain hybridization signals overnight with
      single-copy DNA probes on Southern blots of large DNA fragments separated by
      pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 1807160
TI  - Effect of various detergents on protein migration in the second dimension of two
      dimensional gels.
AB  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D)1 is a powerful technique used to
      separate complex protein mixtures. The technique involves the separation of
      proteins by charge in the first dimension and by molecular weight in the second
      dimension. The effect of substituting various detergents for sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS) in the second dimension (PAGE) was investigated. Individual C-10
      through C-14 alkyl sulfates, C-11 through C-14 alkyl sulfonates, sodium N-lauroyl
      N-methyl-taurine, N-lauroylsarcosine, sodium laurate, or benzyldimethyl-n
      hexadecylammonium chloride were substituted for SDS in equilibration buffer, gel
      buffer, and upper running buffer. The cationic benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammonium
      chloride system was run with reversed polarity. Dramatic effects on protein
      migration from human mesothelial cell extracts were observed when different
      detergents were utilized. The C-12 (SDS) through C-14 alkyl sulfates and
      sulfonates resulted in anomalous migration of the simple epithelial keratins.
      Unlike SDS, the C-10 and C-11 alkyl sulfates and C-11 sulfonate resulted in gels
      in which the keratins were separated accurately with respect to their gene
      sequence-determined molecular weights. However, with these shorter chain alkyl
      sulfates and sulfonate, resolution was compromised, especially with respect to
      the high-molecular-weight polypeptides. The C-12 alkyl sulfate (SDS) and alkyl
      sulfonate provided the best resolution of polypeptides. Mixtures of C-11 sulfate
      and SDS resulted in gels with better sequence molecular weight estimates and high
      resolution. In addition, trace amounts of sodium tetradecyl sulfate/sodium
      heptadecyl sulfate in commercial SDS preparations had an effect on polypeptide
      resolution.

PMID- 1807161
TI  - N-terminal sequence analysis of N alpha-acetylated proteins after unblocking with
      N-acylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase.
AB  - The enzyme acylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase represents an attractive reagent for
      the removal of acetylamino acids from the N-terminus of proteins prior to
      sequencing. However, the enzyme will not accept intact proteins as substrates,
      and a blocked protein must consequently be fragmented to generate a relative
      short blocked peptide, and all the newly generated amino termini must be blocked
      with an hydrolase-resistant reagent before the enzyme can be used to specifically
      unblock the N-terminus. When a number of N-acetylated proteins (enolase, alpha
      crystallin, ovalbumin, cytochrome c, parvalbumin, superoxide dismutase, and
      myelin basic protein) were subjected to fragmentation with proteases or cyanogen
      bromide, treatment with succinic anhydride and exhaustive extraction with ether,
      and the resulting salt-free, succinylated peptides were incubated with the
      hydrolase, the N-terminal sequence was specifically unblocked. An aliquot of the
      entire peptide mixture was applied to the protein sequencer, and a single
      sequence, corresponding to the known N-terminal sequence starting at residue 2,
      was obtained. When another aliquot of the same hydrolase-treated peptide mixture
      was treated with the enzyme acylase I, the liberated acetylamino acid was
      cleaved, and the N-terminal amino acid (residue 1) could be identified by amino
      acid analysis. The amount of sequence information obtained from different
      proteins with different fragmentation methods varied considerably; in the case of
      parvalbumin a sequence of 12 residues was obtained, while for myelin basic
      protein, only 3 residues could be identified; the other proteins yielded from 5-
      to 9-residue sequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807162
TI  - An infrared and circular dichroism combined approach to the analysis of protein
      secondary structure.
AB  - Selected regions of infarred (ir) and circular dichroism (CD) spectral data from
      10 proteins were combined and analyzed by a factor analysis method. The regions
      consisted of the area normalized amide I region from 1700 to 1600 cm-1 for the ir
      spectra and from 178 to 240 nm for the CD spectra. Each CD spectrum was scaled by
      a factor of 0.5 before appending the data to the ir spectral data. The scaling
      factor was deemed necessary to account for relative intensity differences between
      the ir and CD data and provided nearly optimum agreement between secondary
      structure estimated by the combined approach to secondary structure determined by
      X-ray crystallography. The ir/CD combined approach to estimation of helix, beta
      sheet, beta-turn, and other or undefined secondary structure agreed with X-ray
      crystallographic determined structure better than estimation using data from
      either method alone. Correlation coefficients between X-ray and ir/CD combined
      secondary structure determinations were 0.99 for helix, 0.90 for beta-sheet, 0.70
      for beta-turn, and 0.78 for other structure. The four most significant
      eigenvectors or basis spectra from eigenanalysis of the ir/CD data are presented
      as well as generalized inverse spectra for four secondary structures.

PMID- 1807164
TI  - Mass assay for inositol 1-phosphate in rat brain by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for direct mass measurement of
      inositol 1-phosphate (I(1)P) in rat brain is described. Separation of I(1)P from
      its isomers and from endogenous components is achieved by polymeric anion
      exchange chromatography with a sodium hydroxide/sodium acetate mobile phase.
      Detection is performed at high pH by pulsed amperometric detection at a gold
      electrode. Sample preparation involves liquid-liquid extraction and ion-exchange
      solid-phase extraction, prior to HPLC. The method is sufficiently sensitive and
      selective to enable facile determination of basal levels of I(1)P in small
      amounts of brain tissue. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by the
      in vivo monitoring of I(1)P levels in rat brain after administration of the
      inositol monophosphatase inhibitor lithium and the cholinergic agonist
      pilocarpine. The method is a significant improvement over existing published mass
      assays for I(1)P by virtue of its simplicity, speed, sensitivity, and ruggedness.

PMID- 1807163
TI  - The compositional analysis of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides by high
      performance anion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with pulsed-amperometric
      detection (PAD) was developed for the compositional analysis of the acidic,
      neutral, and basic monosaccharides recovered from the acid hydrolysis of
      bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. This HPLC-PAD method involved the
      chromatography of the acid hydrolysis products on a CarboPac PA-1 anion-exchange
      column of pellicular resin, with PAD detection following postcolumn addition of
      alkali. Complete resolution of a mixture of 19 monosaccharides, comprising 9
      neutral, 3 basic, and 7 acidic sugars, frequently found in bacterial
      polysaccharides was achieved within 60 min by the system. The presence of amino
      acids in the mixture was shown not to affect the analysis. This protocol was
      applied to the compositional analysis of 2 extracellular polysaccharides produced
      by Escherichia coli, colanic acid, and K30 antigen, which share constituent
      monosaccharides. The overproduction of extracellular polysaccharide in E. coli
      CWG56 was shown to be a consequence of deregulation of K30 biosynthesis and not
      of coexpression of an additional polymer.

PMID- 1807165
TI  - Simultaneous determination of two antioxidants, uric and ascorbic acid, in animal
      tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A rapid and simple method for the simultaneous analysis of uric and ascorbic acid
      in extracts of animal tissue is described. The method uses reversed-phase ion
      pair chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The technique allows efficient
      separation of both acids while showing high selectivity, recovery,
      reproducibility, and sample stability. Calculated levels of both substances in
      mouse liver tissue were 1.00 +/- 0.05 mumol ascorbic acid/g and 130 +/- 5 nmol
      uric acid/g.

PMID- 1807166
TI  - An ion-exchange chromatography procedure for the isolation and concentration of
      basic amino acids and polyamines from complex biological samples prior to high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The original objective of this study was to develop a selective and sensitive
      method for the analysis and quantification of basic amino acids from biological
      samples via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Using various
      previously described techniques for the separation of amino acids, we were
      unsuccessful in measuring levels of histidine, arginine, ornithine, and lysine in
      biological samples due to the presence of interfering compounds. A "cleanup"
      procedure for the isolation of the basic amino acids using a weakly acidic cation
      exchange resin, Biorex-70 (Bio-Rad), is described in detail. Upon separation from
      the bulk of the neutral and acidic amino acids, the basic amino acids were
      subjected to precolumn fluorescence derivatization using 9-fluorenylmethyl
      chloroformate (FMOC) and the fluorescent derivatives were separated by RP-HPLC.
      The advantages of this method over previously described amino acid analysis
      techniques are (i) isolation and stable recovery (greater than 95%) of the
      desired basic amino acids, (ii) sensitivity of detection (low pmol range), (iii)
      complete resolution of derivatized amino acids via HPLC, (iv) limited amount of
      sample required for analysis, and (v) samples readily concentrated by
      lyophilization or rotoevaporating. This ion-exchange cleanup procedure was also
      adapted for the analysis of polyamines in concentrated culture media samples and
      proved additionally advantageous by eliminating the use of costly C-18 extraction
      columns required by previously described techniques.

PMID- 1807168
TI  - Analysis of acylcarnitines as their N-demethylated ester derivatives by gas
      chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - A novel approach to the analysis of acylcarnitines has been developed. It
      involves a direct esterification using propyl chloroformate in aqueous propanol
      followed by ion-pair extraction with potassium iodide into chloroform and
      subsequent on-column N-demethylation of the resulting acylcarnitine propyl ester
      iodides. The products, acyl N-demethylcarnitine propyl esters, are volatile and
      are easily analyzed by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
      For medium-chain-length (C4-C12) acylcarnitine standards, detection limits are
      demonstrated to be well below 1 ng starting material using selected ion
      monitoring. Well-separated gas chromatographic peaks and structure-specific mass
      spectra are obtained with samples of synthetic and biological origin. Seven
      acylcarnitines have been characterized in the urine of a patient suffering from
      medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 1807167
TI  - Direct identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the sequencing of vitamin
      K-dependent proteins.
AB  - We report the first direct method for the identification of the vitamin K
      dependent Ca2+ binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), in the
      sequencing of proteins. The carboxyl groups on the protein are first converted to
      methyl esters with methanolic HCl, a procedure that reduces the polarity of the
      resulting ATZ derivative of dimethyl-Gla and so greatly improves its extraction
      from the polybrene-treated glass fiber filter. After conversion to the PTH
      derivative in methanolic HCl, the resulting dimethyl ester of PTH Gla can be
      identified directly by a simple modification of the standard HPLC program for the
      separation of PTH derivatives. This methylation procedure can be used to identify
      Gla residues in proteins bound to PVDF membranes, as we demonstrate for matrix
      Gla protein and prothrombin, and to evaluate directly the degree of partial gamma
      carboxylation at given glutamic acid residues, as we demonstrate for the 50%
      gamma-carboxylation of residue 17 in human bone Gla protein.

PMID- 1807169
TI  - [Expression of results in clinical biology: current update].
AB  - The aim of this review is to present some essential characteristics of the
      International System of Units (SI), especially the base kinds of quantities,
      units and symbols. IUPAC and IFCC recommendations to report results from clinical
      laboratories are indicated, including some recent developments in the
      nomenclature of derived quantities. It is constantly necessary to indicate 3
      parts of a format, i.e. the system, the measured component or process and the
      kind of quantity. Each part of this format may be supplemented with information
      to improve understanding and comparability of data obtained at different calendar
      times or coming from different patients or from different laboratories. The
      proposed format is flexible enough to accept technical changes and is well
      adapted to microcomputers.

PMID- 1807170
TI  - [Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, plasma fibrinogen
      determination. Comparison of two automated coagulation systems: Koagulab 40-A and
      ACL-100].
AB  - In this study the authors compare two automated coagulation instruments: the
      koagulab-40A (Orthodiagnostics Systems) and l'ACL-100 (Instrumentation
      Laboratory) using two different methods of detection, photo-optical and
      nephelemetric respectively. The three parameters studied are: prothrombin time
      (PT) (82 samples), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (86 samples) and
      fibrinogenemia (FIB) (109 samples). For each test, they use two reagents of
      different origins. Samples come from people without any haemostatic disorder and
      from patients showing abnormal levels of these parameters (heparins or
      antivitamins K treatments, hypo or hyperfibrinogenemias). For the tree parameters
      examined, they obtain coefficients of correlation: 0.94 to 0.99 between the two
      instruments. These values are not noticeably modified by reagent substitution.
      For fibrinogenemia, the coefficient of variation (CV) is about 4%. Finally, in
      comparison with the photooptical classical method, the ACL-100 is more rapid,
      more economical (reduced volumes of reagents) and more feasible (dilutions of
      plasmas and tubulure changing are not necessary for fibrinogen).

PMID- 1807171
TI  - [Determination of serum activity of placental alkaline phosphatase].
AB  - The authors have developed an enzymatic method for the measurement of serum
      placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) based on the hydrolysis of paranitrophenyl
      phosphate into para-nitrophenol. The specificity for the isoenzyme involved is
      achieved by means of its characteristics thermostability. After one hour
      incubation at 60 degrees C, PLAP still maintains its full activity, while other
      isoenzymes are completely inactivated. The sensitivity of the method was improved
      (less than 1 U/l) by optimizing parameters such as the volume of specimen, the
      nature of the buffer (2-methyl-amino-ethanol), the reaction time and the pH.
      Analysis of the method performances has revealed a lower detection limit of 0.12
      U/l, a linearity from 0 to 50 U/l, a precision lower than 10% for most of the
      analytical range and a complete enzyme recovery. The reference range was
      estimated from 0 U/l to 0.33 U/l in a group of 125 non-smokers without any
      cancerous disease.

PMID- 1807172
TI  - [Chemotaxis of polynuclear neutrophils during a four-day storage in a liquid
      medium].

PMID- 1807173
TI  - The effects of common matrices for assay standards on performance of "ultra
      sensitive" immunometric assays for TSH. Report of a joint WHO/IFCC collaborative
      study.
AB  - This report describes the results of a collaborative study organized by a joint
      working group of IFCC and WHO and involving nine manufacturers of TSH
      immunometric assay kits. The study was designed to determine whether a calibrator
      with a common matrix gives better between-laboratory agreement for calibration of
      serum samples than the various kit calibrators, and to assess various materials
      for their suitability for use as common matrices. Kit calibrators or calibrators
      consisting of the IRP for TSH made up in two common matrices, 1) serum from
      patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis or 2) serum taken from subjects treated
      with suppressive doses of triiodothyronine, gave similar results for the between
      laboratory variation of estimates of TSH concentration for a range of serum
      samples. Dose-response curves for the two calibrators in 'common' matrices were
      similar to one another and to those fort the kit calibrator. However, the
      occurrence of non-specific serum effects is shown by the comparison of results
      for these calibrators with results for calibrators made up in a third common
      matrix, serum treated with wheat germ lectin. Dose response curves for this
      calibrator were dissimilar to those for the other calibrators and between
      laboratory variation for estimates in terms of this latter calibrator showed a
      substantial increase. Moreover, although the between-laboratory variances for
      estimates of the TSH concentration in terms of each of these calibrators (except
      those made up in serum treated with in the wheat germ lectin) were similar for
      any one sample from five hyperthyroid patients, the variances were not consistent
      between samples, even for samples with similar mean TSH concentrations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807174
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. The expanding role of robotics in
      the clinical laboratory.
AB  - Increasing numbers of robots are going to be employed industrial chemical
      laboratories. Most of these will be used to reduce the monotonous tasks of sample
      preparation, to minimize human exposure to dangerous environments or to carry out
      huge numbers of repetitive experimental procedures. For example, looking for the
      most effective condition or combination in chemical synthesis or the best
      microorganism in a large number of cultures. In the clinical laboratory the
      situation is slightly different and robotics is not so widely applied in clinical
      laboratories, but there is a definite trend to employ robots or robotic systems
      both to reduce labor volume and exposure of employees to possible biohazards and
      to help get more precise and correct results. These needs will be hard to fulfill
      via the usual automated devices and especially when adequate devices are not
      available. Specially designed machines will have to be produced to satisfy these
      demands and robotics will play a part. Finally we need to evaluate the
      effectivity of introduction of robotics in terms of economy, strategy, biosafety
      and other aspects. Typical examples of implementation of robotics in the clinical
      laboratory are transportation of specimens, front-end automation of sample
      preparation, separation and aliquotting as well as selected processes in a large
      scale automation systems. As described previously, robots that are commercially
      available now, are not intelligent enough to be easily handled by personnel who
      are not trained for robotics. There is a need for personnel dedicated to robotics
      who join the project from the very beginning of the plan and who can maintain the
      system properly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807175
TI  - [Polypathology and co-morbidity: a dynamic way for describing morbidity in aged
      patients. Study of 100 patients, aged 80 and over, in a short-stay geriatric
      internal medicine unit].
AB  - Descriptive epidemiology has demonstrated the increase with age of the number of
      identifiable diseases per subject. However, the clinical relevance of this
      polypathology varies according to the type of affliction, and all pathologies are
      not necessarily implicated in all morbid events. This prospective study analyzed
      the length of hospitalization (mean stay: 17.26 +/- 10.52 days) of 100 subjects
      at least 80 years old (mean age: 85.2 +/- 4.35 yr). The mean total number of
      recognized diseases per patients was 4.12 +/- 1.83 (range: 1-10). The mean number
      of diseases concerned by the hospitalization studied was 3.13 +/- 1.60 (range: 1
      9). Dynamic analysis of the morbidity of these patients led to their
      classification into two groups: a) co-morbid patients with several diseases among
      which interaction is not possible; and b) polymorbid patients with several
      diseases able to interact. In a polymorbid patient, a disease event can occur as
      the result of such an interaction (leading to multiple organ failure) or the
      evolution of a single entity. The number of diseases concerned by the
      hospitalization varied significantly according to the different models of
      morbidity, which reflect the different types of medical activity. The lengths of
      the hospital stay observed did not seem to be influenced by the morbidity model,
      thereby indicating the existence of other factors prolonging hospitalization. The
      data collected supported the validity of this approach to disease in the elderly
      whose objective is a new description of medical activity in this population.

PMID- 1807176
TI  - [Long-term results of surgical valvuloplasty for non-ischemic mitral
      insufficiency. Apropos of 155 cases].
AB  - One hundred and fifty-five patients with isolated mitral regurgitation were
      referred from our Department of Cardiology for mitral valve repair between 1972
      and 1990. Men were in the majority (59%), the mean age was 51 years and 61% of
      the patients were in NYHA class III or IV. Degenerative or dystrophic etiologies
      predominated, followed by rheumatic origins (17%) and bacterial endocarditis
      (14%). Surgical repair was performed using Carpentier's techniques: insertion of
      a prosthetic ring (87%) valvular resection (73%), valvular mobilization (11%),
      closure of a perforation (4,5%) and resection of vegetations (4,5%). Two patients
      died during surgery and 7 were lost to follow-up; the others were followed for an
      average of 4 years, i.e., a cumulative follow-up of 584 years/patients. The
      overall results at 11.5 years were satisfactory: 84.5% survival rate and 64.5%
      with good valvular function. The linearized rates of endocarditis, thromboemboli,
      hemorrhagic complications (51 patients were taking anticoagulants) and repeated
      interventions were, respectively: 0.35, 1.54, 0.17 and 2.05%/patient-year.
      Residual mitral regurgitation was sought by clinical and Doppler examinations:
      55.5% of the patients had none, 26% had mild, 10.3% had moderate and 8.2% had
      severe regurgitation. Analysis of the latter two groups identified 3 influencing
      factors: rheumatic origin of the regurgitation, surgery on the anterior cusp and
      the year surgery was performed (the post-surgical incidence has decreased in
      recent years). Other, less-well-known complications were also found: left
      ventricular outflow tract obstruction, progressive evolution towards mitral
      stenosis, development of aortic regurgitation (usually discreet) and formation of
      left atrial thrombi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807177
TI  - [Cardiovascular manifestations associated with interferon alfa-2A].
AB  - Interferon-alpha is currently prescribed for many viral and neoplastic diseases;
      however, its side effects are poorly known. In this study, cardiovascular
      manifestations were specifically evaluated in 138 patients given interferon-alpha
      2a for various dermatological diseases between 1987 and 1990. These patients were
      subjected to an indepth cardiovascular examination before the initiation of
      therapy and were monitored regularly throughout the treatment period. Six cardiac
      manifestations (4.3%) were observed, among which one unreported complete
      atrioventricular block. These side effects occurred at low doses (3-12 x 10(6)
      IU) in patients whose mean age was 63 years; 5 of the 6 patients had had previous
      cardiovascular incidents. These events seem to be independent of the cumulated
      dose. These findings draw attention to the cardiovascular side effects of
      interferon-alpha and advise prudence in high-risk patients.

PMID- 1807178
TI  - [Spondylo-arthritis in Togolese patients].
AB  - A survey was conducted to determine the frequency and semiological
      characteristics of spondylarthropathies encountered in hospital consultation in
      Lome, Togo. Spondylarthropathy was diagnosed in 13 out of 1498 consulting
      patients. All the patients were male, ranging in age from 18 to 44 years at the
      onset of the disease. Six patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis had
      bilateral sacroiliitis: 5 were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and
      had no signs of sacroiliitis on pelvic X-rays; the remaining 2 patients had no
      sacroiliitis and were HIV-negative. HLA typing was not carried out in any
      patient. The symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis in our patients were comparable
      to those of European patients. The symptoms of HIV-positive patients were
      reminiscent of those describing reactive arthritis in such patients. The results
      of this study contradict the reputed scarcity of ankylosing spondylitis and other
      spondylarthropathies in black Africa. HIV infection may increase the incidence of
      reactive arthritis and, as a consequence, that of spondylarthropathies in this
      region.

PMID- 1807180
TI  - [Steinert's disease and endocrine diseases].

PMID- 1807181
TI  - [Anatomoclinical conference at the Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital. Psoas abscess in a
      17-year-old male].

PMID- 1807179
TI  - [Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis].

PMID- 1807182
TI  - [Acute eosinophilic myocarditis. An original entity during cardiac complications
      of hypereosinophilic syndrome].

PMID- 1807183
TI  - [Intra-articular listeria monocytogenes: pathogenic role or asymptomatic carrier
      state?].

PMID- 1807184
TI  - [Loffler syndrome following administration of minocycline].

PMID- 1807185
TI  - [Thrombopenia induced by isoniazid].

PMID- 1807186
TI  - [Panic attack after therapeutic administration of mefloquine].

PMID- 1807187
TI  - [Standards of birth weight in Italy].
AB  - The Italian standards of birth weight have been computed using information
      routinely collected by the Italian Central Institute of Statistics on about
      1,200,000 births in the period 1984-1985. Individual records include data on
      birth weight and main fetal and maternal characteristics and delivery modalities.
      The crude and smoothed 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 95th centiles of weight at birth
      as function of gestational age according to sex, type of birth, maternal age and
      parity are presented. Centiles of weight at birth were higher (about 5%) in males
      than in females in all gestational ages: for example the 50th centile of weight
      at 40 weeks gestation was 3479 g in males and 3332 g in females. Between the 28th
      and the 32nd week the 50th centile of birth weight for multiple births grew at a
      rate similar to that of singletons; but beyond 32 weeks the weight growth in
      multiple birth was markedly lower than in singleton ones, the median multiple
      birth weight reaching the 10th centile of singleton at 38 weeks. The values of
      centiles increased with parity in both sexes and all gestational ages. The
      difference was however limited: for example with reference to the 50th centile
      the value for births in women reporting three or more births was about 5% higher
      than in those reporting no previous birth. Likewise, centiles of weight were
      higher in older women, but the difference tended to disappear after 36 weeks
      gestation. This analysis shows from a large national data-set standards of weight
      at birth from a Southern European population, providing to obstetrics and
      perinatologists curves of fetal growth more directly representative of the
      population under their care.

PMID- 1807188
TI  - [Florid vulvar condylomatosis. Comparison of therapeutic schedules].
AB  - The problem of warts' therapy is of great interest for the diffusion of this
      pathology, for its high rate of recurrence and for its relation to CIN. So we
      evaluated the efficacy of different therapeutic methods for vulvar condylomata,
      used in 254 patients treated in our center from January '86 to July '90. 55 women
      underwent hot cautery, 31 laser-therapy, 42 excisional biopsy, 62 were treated
      with alpha interferon, 11 with beta interferon, 13 with thymopentin in
      association with electro-cautery or laser and in 40 cases no treatment was
      performed. The follow up, from 6 to 36 months, showed a remission of 88.1% in
      excisional biopsy, of 77.4% in laser-therapy, of 70.9% in electro-cautery, of
      45.4% in beta interferon, of 45.2% in alpha interferon, of 76.9% in thymopentin
      and of 65% in the not treated group. No one therapy yielded optimal results,
      although surgical methods appeared to allow complete removal of the wart lesion
      with one application only, and to be better accepted by the patients because of
      the psychologic benefit of immediate remission notwithstanding the possibility of
      recurrencies. The results of the studied medical therapies appeared scanty. We
      conclude that, being the tissues around florid lesion purely affected by HPV,
      medical therapy needs further research in the hope of a more radical treatment.

PMID- 1807191
TI  - Quantitative aspects of growth and metabolism of microorganisms. Dedicated to
      Professor A.H. Stouthamer on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

PMID- 1807189
TI  - [Fertility and pregnancy after conization].
AB  - Conization is frequently used as a diagnostic and curative method for the
      prevention of the cervical cancer on women of the fertile age. Conization was
      performed on 408 women up to 40 years in our Clinics during the years 1967 to
      1989. The percentage of attested postoperative pregnancies among these women
      amounts to 13.51% and declines with age; it is high among women up to 25 years of
      age (29%) and low (3%) among women between 36 and 40 years. The percentage with
      premature births before the operation was 15.25%; after the operation the
      percentage declined to 13.31%. Preventive cerclage was used on one part (8.1%) of
      the latter percentage and no cerclage on the remaining 5.4%. It is concluded that
      there is not high danger of premature birth after conization and therefore
      performance of the operation does not seem to necessitate preventive cerclage.

PMID- 1807192
TI  - Quantitation of microbial metabolism.
AB  - Quantitation is a characteristic property of natural sciences and technologies
      and is the background for all kinetic and dynamic studies of microbial life. This
      presentation concentrates therefore on materials and methods as tools necessary
      to accomplish a sound, quantitative and mechanistic understanding of metabolism.
      Mathematical models are the software, bioreactors, actuators and analytical
      equipment are the hardware used. Experiments must be designed and performed in
      accordance with the relaxation times of the biosystem investigated; some of the
      respective consequences are discussed and commented in detail. Special emphasis
      is given to the required density, accuracy and reproducibility of data as well as
      their validation.

PMID- 1807193
TI  - Microbial growth dynamics on the basis of individual budgets.
AB  - The popular theories for microbial dynamics by Monod, Pirt and Droop are shown to
      be special cases of a model for individual budgets, in which growth and
      maintenance are on the expense of reserve materials. The dynamics of reserve
      materials is a first order process with a relaxation time proportional to cell
      length; maintenance is proportional to cell volume, and uptake, which depends
      hyperbolically on substrate density, is proportional to cell volume as well.
      Because of the latter, population dynamics depends on the behaviour of the
      individuals in a simple way, such that the cell volume distribution has no
      quantitative effect. When uptake is proportional to the surface area of the cell,
      which is realistic from a physical point of view, the relation between the
      individual level and the population one becomes more complicated and the cell
      size and shape distribution affects population dynamics. It is shown how the
      changing shape of rods modifies uptake and, consequently, growth. The concept of
      energy conductance, defined as the ratio of the maximum surface area specific
      uptake and the volume specific energy reserve has been introduced in the analysis
      of microbial dynamics. The first tentative results indicate that the value for E.
      coli is close to the mean value for a wide variety of animals. Properties of the
      model for cell suspension at constant substrate densities are analyzed and tested
      against a variety of experimental data from the literature on both the individual
      and the population level.

PMID- 1807194
TI  - Quantitative aspects of cellular turnover.
AB  - Living organisms do not just grow by synthesizing cellular components. As part of
      the necessary steps for existence, some components are degraded after synthesis.
      Even for bacteria in balanced, exponential growth some substances, under some
      conditions, are turned over. In other phases of growth turnover can be much more
      extensive, but it is still selective. This review covers studies with animals as
      a way to put the studies on microorganisms in perspective. The history, the
      mathematics, and experimental design of turnover experiments are reviewed. The
      important conclusion is that most of the proteins during balanced growth are very
      stable in bacteria, although ribosomal proteins are degraded under starvation
      conditions. Another generalization is that the process of wall enlargement in
      general is associated with obligatory turnover of the peptidoglycan.

PMID- 1807195
TI  - Quantification of control of microbial metabolism by substrates and enzymes.
AB  - The control of substrates or enzymes on metabolic processes can be expressed in
      quantitative terms. Most of the experimental material found in the literature,
      however, has been obtained under non-standardized conditions, precluding definite
      conclusions concerning the magnitude of control. A number of representative
      examples is discussed and it is concluded that a quantitative analysis of the
      factors that control metabolism is essential for understanding the microbial
      behaviour.

PMID- 1807196
TI  - A new thermodynamically based correlation of chemotrophic biomass yields.
AB  - A new, generally applicable, thermodynamically based method is proposed to
      provide an estimation of the biomass yield on arbitrary organic and inorganic
      substrates. Aerobic, anaerobic, denitrifying growth systems with and without
      reversed electrontransport are covered. The biomass yield can be estimated with
      only 15% error in a very wide range of microbial growth systems and biomass
      yields (0.01-0.80 C-mol/(C)-mol). This method is based on the use of 'Gibbs
      energy dissipated per C-mol produced biomass' (designated as Ds01/rAx) as the
      central parameter. Moreover the insufficiency of other methods based on YATP,
      YAve, eta o, YC and enthalpy or Gibbs energy efficiencies is shortly discussed.
      Also it appeared to be possible to understand the obtained correlation of
      Ds01/rAx in general biochemical terms.

PMID- 1807197
TI  - The use of stoichiometric relations for the description and analysis of microbial
      cultures.
AB  - A general method is described, which enables the derivation of predictive
      fermentation equations for any microbiological process. The method combines the
      well-known achievements of the elemental balance approach with microscopic,
      metabolic balances and biochemical restrictions, using the key intermediates
      concept. Special attention is paid to the distinction between independent and
      dependent flow variables of a system. The method is fully illustrated for the
      very simple example of heterotrophic growth on a single substrate without product
      formation. Other examples include growth on mixed substrates and the description
      of catabolic and anabolic product formation.

PMID- 1807198
TI  - Application of a metabolic balancing technique to the analysis of microbial
      fermentation data.
AB  - A general method for the development of fermentation models, based on elemental
      and metabolic balances, is illustrated with three examples from the literature.
      Physiological parameters such as the (maximal) yield on ATP, the energetic
      maintenance coefficient, the P/O ratio and others are estimated by fitting model
      equations to experimental data. Further, phenomenological relations concerning
      kinetics of product formation and limiting enzyme activities are assessed. The
      results are compared with the conclusions of the original articles, and
      differences due to the application of improved models are discussed.

PMID- 1807199
TI  - Metabolite production and growth efficiency.
AB  - The capacity to sustain the large fluxes of carbon and energy required for rapid
      metabolite production appears to be inversely related to the growth efficiency of
      micro-organisms. From an overall energetic point of view three main classes of
      metabolite may be distinguished. These are not discrete categories, as the
      energetics of biosynthesis will depend on the precise biochemical pathways used
      and the nature of the starting feed stock(s). (1) For metabolites like
      exopolysaccharides both the oxidation state and the specific rate of production
      appear to be inversely related to the growth efficiency of the producing
      organism. Maximum rates of production are favored when carbon and energy flux are
      integrated, and alteration of this balance may negatively effect production
      rates. (2) The production of metabolites like organic acids and some secondary
      metabolites results in the net production of reducing equivalents and/or ATP. It
      is thought that the capacity of the organism to dissipate this product-associated
      energy limits its capacity for rapid production. (3) For metabolites like
      biosurfactants and certain secondary metabolites that are composed of moieties of
      significantly different oxidation states production from a single carbon source
      is unfavorable and considerable improvements in specific production rate and
      final broth concentration may be achieved if mixed carbon sources are used. By
      careful selection of production organism and starting feedstock(s) it may be
      possible to tailor the production, such that the adverse physiological
      consequences of metabolite overproduction on the production organism are
      minimized.

PMID- 1807200
TI  - Determination of the maximum product yield from glucoamylase-producing
      Aspergillus niger grown in the recycling fermentor.
AB  - Aspergillus niger has been grown in glucose- and maltose-limited recycling
      cultures to determine the maximum growth yield, the maximum product yield for
      glucoamylase production, and the maintenance requirements at very slow specific
      growth rates. Using the linear equation for substrate utilization, and using the
      experimental data from both recycling experiments, both the maximum growth yield,
      Yxsm, and the maximum product yield, Ypsm, could be determined. The values
      estimated were 157 g biomass per mol maltose for Yxsm and 100 g protein per mol
      maltose for Ypsm. Expressed on a C1-basis these values are 0.52 and 0.36 C-mole
      per C-mol for respectively Yxsm and Ypsm. The found value for Ypsm is half the
      value found for alkaline serine protease production in Bacillus licheniformis,
      and it can be concluded that formation of extracellular protein is more energy
      consuming in filamentous fungi than in prokaryotic organisms. Maintenance
      requirements are no significant factor during growth of Aspergillus niger, and
      reported maintenance requirements are most probably due to differentiation.

PMID- 1807203
TI  - [Sclerosing treatment of hydrocele].
AB  - We present the results of treatment with aspiration and tetracycline
      sclerotherapy of 24 cases of hydrocele with a follow-up of 9 months. Only minor
      complications were observed and the cure rate was less than 50%. The indications
      of this therapeutic modality versus surgery are discussed.

PMID- 1807202
TI  - Formation of fermentation products and extracellular protease during anaerobic
      growth of Bacillus licheniformis in chemostat and batch-culture.
AB  - For a relaxed (rel-), protease producing (A-type) and a stringent (rel+), not
      protease producing (B-type) variant of Bacillus licheniformis we determined
      fermentation patterns and products, growth parameters and alkaline protease
      production (if any) in anaerobic, glucose-grown chemostats and batch-cultures.
      Glucose is dissimilated via glycolysis and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
      simultaneously; the relative share of these two routes depends on growth phase
      (in batch) and specific growth rate (in chemostat). Predominant products are
      lactate, glycerol and acetaldehyde for A-type batches and acetaldehyde, ethanol,
      acetate and lactate for B-type batches. Both types show a considerable
      acetaldehyde production. In chemostat cultures, the fermentation products
      resemble those in batch-culture. From the anaerobic batches and chemostats, we
      conclude that the A-type (with low ATP-yield) will have a YATPmax of probably
      12.9 g/mol and the B-type (with high ATP-yield) a YATPmax of about 10.1 g/mol.
      For batch-cultures, both types have about the same, high Yglucose (12 g/mol). So,
      the slow-growing A-type has a relatively high efficiency of anaerobic growth
      (i.e. an efficient use of ATP) and the fast-growing B-type a relatively low
      efficiency of anaerobic growth. In aerobic batch-cultures, we found 48,
      respectively 41% glucose-carbon conversion into mainly glycerol and pyruvate,
      respectively acetate as overflow metabolites in the A- and B-type. In both
      aerobic and anaerobic batch-cultures of the A-type, protease is produced
      predominantly in the logarithmic and early stationary phase, while a low but
      steady production is maintained in the stationary phase. Protease production
      occurs via de novo synthesis; up to 10% of the total protease in a culture is
      present in a cell-associated form. Although anaerobic protease production
      (expressed as protease per amount of biomass) is much higher than for aerobic
      conditions, specific rates of production are in the same range as for aerobic
      conditions while, most important, the substrate costs of anaerobic production are
      very much higher than for aerobic conditions.

PMID- 1807204
TI  - [Duplex echography in acute scrotum. Diagnostic possibilities].
AB  - Acute scrotum is a frequent reason for consultation at the urological emergency
      service. The most common causes, apart from trauma, are acute orchiepididymitis,
      torsion of the hydatids of Morgagni and torsion of the spermatic cord. Apart from
      a detailed examination of patient history and a careful physical examination, few
      diagnostic techniques can be utilized. To date, only the Doppler ultrasound has
      proved useful in corroborating the suspicion of vascular involvement, although
      this technique is very limited. With the availability of the duplex ultrasound,
      the possibility of making the differential diagnosis in the acute scrotum is
      enhanced. This technique permits morphological and functional assessment and
      avoids unnecessary exploration surgery within the scrotum.

PMID- 1807201
TI  - Physiology of yeasts in relation to biomass yields.
AB  - The stoichiometric limit to the biomass yield (maximal assimilation of the carbon
      source) is determined by the amount of CO2 lost in anabolism and the amount of
      carbon source required for generation of NADPH. This stoichiometric limit may be
      reached when yeasts utilize formate as an additional energy source. Factors
      affecting the biomass yield on single substrates are discussed under the
      following headings: Energy requirement for biomass formation (YATP). YATP depends
      strongly on the nature of the carbon source. Cell composition. The macroscopic
      composition of the biomass, and in particular the protein content, has a
      considerable effect on the ATP requirement for biomass formation. Hence,
      determination of for instance the protein content of biomass is relevant in
      studies on bioenergetics. Transport of the carbon source. Active (i.e. energy
      requiring) transport, which occurs for a number of sugars and polyols, may
      contribute significantly to the calculated theoretical ATP requirement for
      biomass formation. P/O-ratio. The efficiency of mitochondrial energy generation
      has a strong effect on the cell yield. The P/O-ratio is determined to a major
      extent by the number of proton-translocating sites in the mitochondrial
      respiratory chain. Maintenance and environmental factors. Factors such as osmotic
      stress, heavy metals, oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, temperature and pH
      affect the yield of yeasts. Various mechanisms may be involved, often affecting
      the maintenance energy requirement. Metabolites such as ethanol and weak acids.
      Ethanol increases the permeability of the plasma membrane, whereas weak acids can
      act as proton conductors. Energy content of the growth substrate. It has often
      been attempted in the literature to predict the biomass yield by correlating the
      energy content of the carbon source (represented by the degree of reduction) to
      the biomass yield or the percentage assimilation of the carbon source. An
      analysis of biomass yields of Candida utilis on a large number of carbon sources
      indicates that the biomass yield is mainly determined by the biochemical pathways
      leading to biomass formation, rather than by the energy content of the substrate.

PMID- 1807205
TI  - [Spinal cord compression by epidural metastases of urologic tumors].
AB  - We report our experience of 5 consecutive cases of acute spinal cord compression
      from epidural metastasis of genitourinary tumors seen over a period of 14 months.
      Three patients developed paraplegia and the remaining two patients developed
      paraparesis of the lower extremities. Four patients underwent emergency
      decompression laminectomy and the remaining patient received spot radiotherapy to
      the metastatic vertebral lesion. The degree of neurologic deterioration and its
      rapid progression to the more severe forms have significantly influenced patient
      quality of life and survival. The literature is reviewed highlighting the
      epidemiological, physiopathological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects
      of this condition.

PMID- 1807207
TI  - [Penile metastases. Report of 3 new cases and review of the national literature].
AB  - Penile metastasis from primary tumors at other sites are extremely rare. To our
      knowledge, Alonso Gorrea reported the first case in the Spanish literature in
      1980. Since then, 20 cases have been reported. Three additional cases of penile
      metastasis from tumors at other sites are described herein. The pathogenesis,
      symptoms, prognosis and treatment of this tumor type are discussed.

PMID- 1807206
TI  - [Calcified bladder lesions secondary to the instillation of mitomycin C].
AB  - We report on 10 cases of bladder wall calcification after mitomycin C
      instillation. The cystoscopic and microscopic features of these lesions are
      described. In our view, these lesions can be ascribed to the use of mitomycin C
      instillation therapy immediately after TUR. Because they are asymptomatic and
      occasionally present features of tumor recurrence, biopsy is advocated to
      determine the true nature of these lesions.

PMID- 1807209
TI  - [Long-term results of conservative treatment of ureteral fistulas].
AB  - Techniques for conservative management of different upper urinary tract
      pathologies have been widely used in the last decade. Endourological treatment of
      ureteral fistulas is one of the fields which has developed significantly. Our
      experience in the management of this condition consists of 9 patients that had
      been treated from 1983 to the present time. Four of these were in transplanted
      kidneys. Fistula repair was achieved in 8 cases, although one developed secondary
      urethral stricture. One patient required open surgical correction. There were no
      deaths or loss of any renal unit. A mean follow-up of 44 months revealed no
      complications. We consider this therapeutic modality to be the procedure of
      choice in patients with ureteral fistulas.

PMID- 1807208
TI  - [Corynebacterium D2 as a ureolytic organism: report of 5 cases].
AB  - Corynebacterium D2, a saprophytic microorganism of skin, causes alkaline
      encrusted cystitis in patients with a previous bladder injury. In 5 patients that
      had presented this nosological entity, these gram-positive rods were isolated in
      urine cultures and calculi. Four patients had undergone urological
      instrumentation maneuvers and one patient (female) had a history of recurrent
      cystitis from gram-negative bacteria. Corynebacterium D2 grows slowly and under
      certain conditions, as those described above, must be considered pathological
      despite counts of less than 100,000/ufc-cc. It is ureolytic and highly resistant
      to antibiotics. The synergistic effects of antimicrobials, acetohydroxamic acid
      and transurethral resection of the lithiasic plaques achieve satisfactory
      treatment of alkaline encrusted cystitis from Corynebacterium D2.

PMID- 1807210
TI  - [Internal urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral stenosis. Experience at the
      "Marques de Valdecilla" University Hospital].
AB  - The results of treatment of urethral strictures using the Sachse urethrotome in
      31 patients are presented. These patients had consulted between 1985 and 1990 and
      were followed for a minimum of 6 months. The most common etiology in our series
      was iatrogenic (57.57%), particularly incorrect catheter placement. Single
      (66.66%) and short (72.72%) strictures were more common than the multiple
      (15.15%) and long (15.15%). The strictures were more frequently localized to the
      bulbous urethra (42.42%). Spinal and general anesthesia were utilized. The
      catheters were made of silastic material with calibers ranging from 16-22 FR and
      patients remained in the hospital from 4-30 days. Good results were achieved in
      51.61%, fair in 22.58% and poor in 25.80%. The literature on endoscopic
      management of urethral stricture is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 1807211
TI  - [Treatment of ureteral lithiasis in situ with an EDAP LT01 lithotriptor].
AB  - Herein we present the results of 237 ureteral calculi that had been treated,
      without previous manipulation, with piezoelectric extracorporeal lithotripsy
      (PEL) using the EDAP LT01 lithotriptor. The lumbar ureter was divided into UP1
      and UP2, the segments above or below the inferior border of the kidney,
      respectively. Forty-seven calculi were located in UP1 and 19 in UP2. The pelvic
      segment of the ureter was divided into UD1 and UD2, the segment above the sciatic
      notch and the remaining portion of the pelvic ureter, respectively. Fifty-seven
      calculi were located in UD1 and 114 in UD2. Treatment was performed in 246
      sessions. Localization of the calculi was achieved without difficulty in 56.9%,
      with difficulty in 35.3% and this could not be achieved in 7.7%. Localization
      became more difficult as we moved further away from the kidney and urinary
      bladder. The overall success rate was 83.5%. No correlation was observed between
      stone size and success. Most of the calculi (62%) were 6 to 10 mm in size. The
      incidence of satisfactory resolution of calculi increased with the operator's
      experience. PEL is an effective alternative in the treatment of ureteral calculi
      in situ. In our setting, it is our first approach in the management of calculi,
      fundamentally in those cases without a markedly obstructive component.

PMID- 1807213
TI  - [Verrucous carcinoma of the penis or Buschke-Lowenstein tumor. A rare tumor.
      Apropos of a case].
AB  - An additional case of verrucous carcinoma of the penis is described. This tumor
      type accounts for approximately 5% of squamous carcinomas of the penis. Today
      penile verrucous carcinoma is widely considered to be the same tumor as that
      described by Buschke and Lowenstein in 1925. The histological and clinical
      features as well as the therapeutical aspects of this tumor type are briefly
      reviewed herein.

PMID- 1807212
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in the
      evaluation of erection disorders. Preliminary data].
AB  - Nocturnal penile tumescence measurements continues to be an important step in the
      diagnosis of impaired erectile function. We present our experience with this
      technique employed on 65 patients who consulted at our andrologic center. Our
      results corroborate the importance of the NPR-R test with the Rigi-Scan in the
      evaluation of this pathology to ensure these patients receive the most
      appropriate treatment.

PMID- 1807214
TI  - [Recurrent nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder: report of a case].
AB  - Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder is a metaplastic lesion of the urothelium
      which is usually associated with infection or surgery. An additional case of
      nephrogenic adenoma that recurred one year following endoscopic treatment is
      described in a patient with a history of recurrent cystitis and hematuria. A
      review of the literature has shown that numerous cases have been reported in the
      past years. Thus, this disease entity is not as infrequent as it is considered to
      be.

PMID- 1807215
TI  - [Primary carcinoma of the male prostatic urethra. Report of a case and review of
      the literature].
AB  - A case of advanced primary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra
      (stage D1 of the Ray classification) is described. The patient was submitted to
      TUR and received a radical dose of external radiotherapy. Patient follow up at 22
      months has revealed no local recurrence or distant metastasis. The literature is
      reviewed with a special reference to the therapeutic approach.

PMID- 1807216
TI  - [Acute anuric renal failure in a patient with diabetic neurogenic bladder].
AB  - Herein we describe a patient with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus who
      developed acute anuric renal failure following eye surgery. This condition,
      ascribable to diabetic neurogenic bladder and probably to the use of
      anticholinergic agents, improved following placement of a urethral catheter. The
      physiopathological mechanisms and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1807217
TI  - [Monoclonal gammopathy and osteolytic lesions as the initial manifestation of a
      metastatic hypernephroma].
AB  - We report on a patient with metastatic renal adenocarcinoma that had been
      detected following evaluation for monoclonal gammopathy associated with
      osteolytic lesions. When the foregoing associated conditions present, we must
      discard the presence of a myeloma. No objective data relating gammopathy with
      tumor behaviour are currently available.

PMID- 1807218
TI  - [Utilization of the Uromat for cavernosometry and cavernosography in the
      diagnosis of penile venous leakage].

PMID- 1807219
TI  - Inguinal pick in invasive penile carcinoma: can it stage node negative patients?
AB  - In node negative patients of invasive penile carcinoma, prophylactic
      lymphadenectomy is associated with considerable morbidity, while a "wait and
      watch" policy is associated with up to 20% cancer related mortality in many
      series. In between, selective node biopsies, including sentinel node biopsies,
      have been suggested to stage these patients. However, these procedures are
      unreliable and associated with high false negative rates. The inguinal pick
      procedure was devised by us to stage these patients more accurately. It is more
      elaborate that the previously described selective biopsies and includes biopsy of
      all identifiable nodes in the inguinal region, including the sentinel node area.
      In our experience of the procedure in 52 patients with invasive penile carcinoma,
      it was positive in 5 patients (9.6%). However, 7 of the 47 patients with negative
      result developed inguinal recurrences and 3 other patients developed distant
      metastases on follow up. The 5-year disease free survival of inguinal pick
      positive and negative patients was 100% and 82.9%, respectively. The sensitivity
      of the procedure in detecting regional spread in these patients was only 72%.
      Thus, the inguinal pick, though associated with no morbidity, can be meaningful
      only if it is positive and a negative result does not guarantee absence of
      regional metastases in node negative patients of invasive penile carcinoma.

PMID- 1807220
TI  - Primary intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. An approach to diagnosis and
      therapy.
AB  - The diagnosis of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid
      hemorrhage (SAH) has become easier with the advent of modern imaging techniques.
      The incidence of ICH has declined, while SAH has remained relatively constant.
      The prognosis for both disorders remains dismal and the mortality rate is
      substantially higher than that observed with ischemic stroke. Early imaging with
      CT or MRI is important for rapid and accurate diagnosis. General medical
      management in a skilled nursing facility should be available for patients who are
      not moribund. Therapy for ICH is predominantly supportive and effective medical
      and surgical intervention remains elusive. For SAH, calcium channel blockers may
      reduce cerebral ischemic complications related to vasospasm, but effective
      medical therapy to prevent rebleeding has not been established. Early surgery
      after SAH should be considered in clinically stable patients. Many challenges
      remain regarding the prevention and treatment of both these cerebral hemorrhage
      subtypes.

PMID- 1807221
TI  - The brain/mind complex. An epistemological approach.
AB  - It is stressed that the brain/mind complex constitutes a monolithic system that
      functions with emergent properties at several levels of hierarchical
      organization. These hierarchical levels are non-reducible to one another; they
      are at least three (neuronal, functional, and semantic), and they function within
      an interactional plan. From the epistemological view-point, the brain/mind
      complex uses logical and non-logical mechanisms to deal with day-to-day problems.
      Logic is necessary for the thinking process, but it is not sufficient. Emphasis
      is given to non-logical mechanisms; fuzzy logic and heuristics, which allow the
      mind to develop strategies to find solutions, are analysed.

PMID- 1807222
TI  - Etiology of epilepsy. A prospective study of 210 cases.
AB  - The objective of this study was to establish the etiology of epilepsy in 210
      chronic epileptics (110 female, 100 male), aged 14-82 years (34.2 +/- 13.3).
      Patients less than 10 years-old and alcoholism were excluded. All underwent
      neurological examination, routine blood tests, EEG and CT-scan. Twenty patients
      (10.5%) were submitted to spinal tap for CSF examination. Neurological
      examination was abnormal in 26 (12.4%), the EEG in 68 (45.5%), and CT-scan in 93
      (44.3%). According to the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures
      (1981), 101 (48.1%) have generalized seizures, 66 (31.4%) partial seizures
      secondarily generalized, 25 (11.8%) simple partial and complex partial seizures,
      and 14 (6.6%) generalized and partial seizures. Four patients (2.0%) could not be
      classified. In 125 (59.5%) patients the etiology was unknown. Neurocysticercosis
      accounted for 57 (27.1%) of cases, followed by cerebrovascular disease 8 (3.8%),
      perinatal damage 5 (2.4%), familial epilepsy 4 (1.9%), head injury 4 (1.9%),
      infective 1 (0.5%), and miscelanea 6 (2.8%).

PMID- 1807224
TI  - Narcolepsy in childhood and adolescence.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical, polysomnographic and the
      multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) features in young narcoleptics. We evaluated
      14 patients with mean age of 13.6 years old (ranging from 6 to 18 years); 11 were
      males and 3 females. Daytime sleepiness was the main complaint in all cases and
      started at the ages of 6 to 17 years. Cataplexy was described in 10 cases and it
      was considered mild to moderate in all but one case. Sleep paralysis was present
      in 6 cases and hypnagogic hallucinations in 7 cases. The main polysomnographic
      characteristics were the short sleep latency in 9 cases and the sudden onset of
      REM periods in 7 cases. The MSLT showed short or borderline sleep latencies in 13
      cases, with a mean of 4.9 min; 2 or more REM periods were present in 13 cases.
      Clinical, polysomnographic and MSLT characteristics in the age bracket focused
      were remarkably similar to those of adult narcoleptics suggesting the stability
      of these physiopathological markers.

PMID- 1807223
TI  - Knowledge about epilepsy among teachers and epileptic patients.
AB  - 223 epileptics patients and their families and 136 teachers from public and
      private schools were submitted to similar questionnaires related to inheritance,
      transmission, cure, complication rates, care during seizures, need for
      information on the disease, habits, comparison with other diseases and to the
      educational and social performance of epileptics. Cure and complication rates
      accounted for the main differences between those populations. Epileptics could
      recognize a bigger number of complications but still expected to be cured from
      the disease. The majority of teachers and patients have never been informed about
      epilepsy and this finding was related to the big number of equivocal answers
      obtained from them. Put together, the data showed that social and educational
      performance of epileptic patients could be disturbed by medical and social
      parameters. Some of them could be improved by an educational program towards
      these aspects of epilepsy.

PMID- 1807225
TI  - [Congenital muscular dystrophy: clinical study of 17 patients].
AB  - We concur with the idea that congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) is a distinct
      clinical entity, and report 17 patients (2 negroes and 15 whites; 12 M and 5 F;
      median age 6 years, range 1 to 24 years) with genetic, clinical, laboratorial,
      electrophysiological and histochemical studies. All our cases have an inheritance
      compatible with an autosomal recessive pattern. A decrease in fetal movements was
      reported by 57% of the mothers, generalized hypotonia at birth was present in
      82%, limb girdle and neck weakness, absent or decreased deep tendon reflexes, and
      limb contractures were present in all. Severe muscular wasting was found in 41%.
      Calf pseudo-hypertrophy was observed in one patient. A patient was severely
      mentally retarded and another was borderline. During a 30-month follow-up, the
      muscle weakness of the majority remained essentially unchanged but the degree of
      motor activity deteriorated and was proportional to the worsening of the limb
      contractures. Serum CK levels were normal or increased to a maximum of 8 times.
      The electromyogram was myopathic in 74%, neurogenic in 13% and normal in 13%. CT
      scans showed a symmetrical white matter hypodensity in the hemispheres in 8
      cases. All but 5 patients were operated upon to release the limb contractures and
      all were submitted to physical therapy. The contractures recurred in 4 patients
      submitted to surgery and were probably related to the cessation of physical
      therapy.

PMID- 1807226
TI  - [Mitochondrial myopathy: report of 12 cases with histochemical study of the
      skeletal muscle].
AB  - Twelve patients with histologically defined mitochondrial myopathy are described.
      There were 9 males and 3 females. The age of onset ranged from birth to 35 years
      with a median of 14 years. The most common clinical picture was that of
      ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and muscle weakness found in 10 patients. One presented
      with exercise intolerance due to muscular aches and pains, and the other besides
      his muscular weakness had mental retardation and an aggressive behavior. The
      clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of these patients are discussed.

PMID- 1807227
TI  - [Treatment of neurotoxoplasmosis with the combination sulfamethoxazole
      trimethoprim: report of 10 cases].
AB  - Toxoplasmosis is the most frequent parasitic infection of the CNS in the
      immunocompromised host. When promptly treated with the sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine
      combination patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis characteristically respond with
      clear clinical and CT improvement within 1-2 weeks. We report the results
      achieved with the combination sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and conclude that
      both combinations have similar effects in the treatment of CNS toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 1807228
TI  - Late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. A family description and linkage
      analysis with the HLA system.
AB  - A family suffering an autosomal dominant form of late onset hereditary cerebellar
      ataxia is described. Eight affected family members were personally studied, and
      data from another four were obtained through anamnesis. The mean age of onset was
      37.1 +/- 5.4 years (27-47 years). The clinical picture consisted basically of a
      pure ataxic cerebellar syndrome. CT-scan disclosed diffuse cerebellar atrophy
      with relative sparing of the brainstem and no involvement of supratentorial
      structures. Neurophysiological studies (nerve conduction, VEP and BAEP) were
      normal. Twenty-six individuals were typed for HLA histocompatibility antigens.
      Lod scores were calculated with the computer program LINKMAP. Close linkage of
      the ataxia gene with the HLA system in this family could be excluded--0 = 0.02, z
      = (-2.17)--and the overall analysis of the lod scores suggest another chromosomal
      location than chromosome 6.

PMID- 1807229
TI  - [Non tumor intracranial expansive processes: clinico-topographical correlation].
AB  - Presentation of clinical-tomographic correlation in 111 cases of non tumoral
      intracranial expansive processes seen between 1984-1988 in the Hospital Cayetano
      Heredia (Lima, Peru). Emphasis is given fundamentally to: (1) the importance of
      establishing the organicity of partial and late epilepsy; (2) the high incidence
      rate of inflammatory infectious processes with CNS compromise in underdeveloping
      countries; (3) the necessity of making public the importance of two parasitic
      diseases in the differential diagnosis of non tumoral intracranial expansive
      processes: free living amebiasis, and toxoplasmosis (especially in association
      with AIDS).

PMID- 1807231
TI  - [Measurement of the dura mater displacement in median suboccipital puncture].
AB  - Report of a study of the dynamic anatomy of the median suboccipital puncture of
      the cisterna magna cerebello medullaris, carried out on fresh cadavers. Direct
      inspection of the internal surface of the dura mater (DM) at the craniocervical
      region was possible by removing the calvarium and brain (sectioned at the upper
      cervical cord), during routine necropsies. Dislocation of the DM over the needle
      tip preceding dural penetration (so-called "dural tenting") was observed in all
      punctures (n = 30), measuring 3.12 (2.0-4.2) mm.

PMID- 1807230
TI  - [Late effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary function after the treatment of
      parasellar tumors].
AB  - Long term follow-up of patients submitted to treatment of parasellar tumours
      region is important for the detection of late therapeutic complications. In this
      study the authors conducted an evaluation of six patients with craniopharyngioma,
      one with germinoma, one with meningioma, and one epidermoid cyst. All above
      tumours were localized at parasellar region. Six out of nine patients had been
      treated both by surgery and by radiotherapy and the other three surgically only,
      on an average 3.8 +/- 3.2 years before this observation was carried out. Five
      patients were female with their ages average 24.3 +/- 18.8 years old. Evaluation
      consisted: in the first place, an intravenous infusion of thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH, 200 micrograms), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, 100
      micrograms), and insulin tolerance test (0.1 IU/Kg, regular insulin); and
      secondly, in measurements of pituitary hormones secretion at different time
      points--0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes. We found both diminished response of growth
      hormone and cortisol in all the patients. Seven out of nine patients did not have
      adequate response to follicle-stimulating hormone. Three out of nine responded
      unsatisfactory to luteinizing hormone. Four out of nine showed inadequate
      responses to prolactin as well as, two out of eight to thyrotropin. We concluded
      that: (a) growth hormone and cortisol deficiency are the most frequent finding in
      these patients; (b) post-radiotherapy lesions can be located in the hypothalamus
      or pituitary, or even in both; (c) hypophysial and hypothalamic cells sensitivity
      to irradiation is different, according to their respective hormones; and (d) it
      is necessary a frequent endocrinologic follow-up of patients to detect late
      hormonal deficiencies.

PMID- 1807232
TI  - [Visual-spatial function in cerebral palsy and proposal of a new test computer
      assisted].
AB  - The first idea of this study is that there may be a disturbance of the visuo
      spatial function in cerebral palsy. This idea is based upon the theories of Luria
      and Piaget. The second idea of this study is that the computer can help the
      investigation of visuo-spatial function. With the intention of evaluating the
      spatial function in cerebral palsy, the literature related to these themes was
      revised. We justify the proposal of a new test to study visuo-spatial function.
      This test uses straight lines in four different orientations and the subject has
      to recognize and arrange them individually or sets of them. This was done through
      the use of pencil and paper, and computer. The results confirm that there is a
      spatial disturbance and that a better understanding of the subject's difficulties
      was made possible through the use of the computer and the Logo computer language.

PMID- 1807233
TI  - [Persistent primitive trigeminal artery: critical review of the clinical
      significance].
AB  - The authors report three cases of persistence of primitive trigeminal artery with
      no evidence of a relationship between its presence and any specific clinical
      syndrome. They discuss embryological aspects and establish the correlation
      between the presence of this malformation and other intracranial pathologies,
      such as "tic douloureux" and morphologic alteration of the circle of Willis. A
      critical review of the literature is also presented.

PMID- 1807234
TI  - Eating epilepsy.
AB  - Eating epilepsy is a rare type of reflex epilepsy. A 24 years-old male with
      eating reflex complex partial seizures was submitted to clinical, neurological,
      neuroradiological and EEG studies. Neurologic and CT examinations were normal.
      EEG recordings including video-EEG monitoring during meals disclosed focal
      abnormalities related to both temporal lobes prevailing at the left side and
      secondary bilateral synchrony mainly in more anterior regions. Ictal findings
      were similar to the interictal secondary bilateral synchrony except for its
      longer duration. PB, VPA and DPH monotherapies were ineffective. High dose CBZ
      monotherapy yielded good but incomplete seizure control. Since a big number of
      precipitants could be involved, no specific physiopathological basis could be
      established.

PMID- 1807235
TI  - [Kleine-Levin syndrome. Report of a case].
AB  - A case of a 14 year-old boy suffering from Kleine-Levin syndrome is described.
      The diagnosis was made by symptoms which suggested this disorder: megaphagia,
      hypersomnia and hypersexuality. A brief review is made emphasizing the
      pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome which is frequently
      misdiagnosed.

PMID- 1807236
TI  - Secondary bilateral synchrony associated to a parasagittal tumor. Case report.
AB  - A 32 years old woman who had postural limbic and primarily generalized tonic
      clonic seizures since the age of 11 presented to us with a CT image strongly
      suggestive of a mesial meningioma near the right cingulum. Her ictal EEG pattern
      was characterized by regular 1.5-2.0 Hz sharp and slow wave complexes. A right
      craniotomy was performed under general anesthesia and intraoperative
      electroencephalographic and electrocorticographic recordings were obtained by
      means of scalp steel electrodes and modified cerebellar stimulation electrodes,
      respectively. These recordings demonstrated that surface spikes were often
      independent from the electrocorticographically recorded ones. Before tumor
      excision, electrical stimulation of the peritumoral mesial cortex resulted in an
      increase in the epileptic activity. The stimulation of the cavity left after
      tumor excision led to a prolonged electrographic seizure and neurophysiological
      procedures were stopped. Post-operatively, the patient has remained seizure free
      for 6 months and her EEG was normal. The pre-, intra- and postoperative findings
      in this case suggest that the gliotic peritumoral mesial cortex was at least
      involved in the epileptogenic process.

PMID- 1807237
TI  - [Parkinson disease associated to a brain tumor: a case report].
AB  - We are presenting an uncommon case of cerebral tumor whose major manifestation
      was parkinsonism. The patient was a 50-year-old woman presented with a 5-month
      history of tremor of the right hand, particularly at rest, and headache. On
      neurological examination of March, 1987 there were: slight right-sided
      hemiparesis with symmetrical hyperreflexia; discrete bradykinesia in combination
      with cogwheel rigidity also on the right-side; resting tremor of the right hand;
      and bilateral papilledema. The neuropsychological examination disclosed:
      nominative aphasia, impaired recent memory and right-left disorientation. The
      computed tomography showed a large, left frontotemporal tumor. Angiograms of the
      left internal and external carotid arteries revealed a tumor blush in the left
      frontotemporal region supplied by a enlarged middle meningeal artery. An
      electromyogram revealed a 4-6 HZ tremor on right hand. A course of treatment with
      dexamethasone 16 mg/day and levodopa plus benzerazine (500 mg/day) was
      unsuccessful. A left fronto-temporo-parietal craniotomy was performed and an
      attached sphenoid wing tumor was macroscopically completely removed. Microscopy
      indicated that the tumor was a meningioma. Postoperatively, the patient made an
      uneventful recovery. After two weeks, her right-sided palsy and parkinsonism had
      disappeared, and neuropsychological deficits improved. Two months later there was
      no abnormalities on neurological and neuropsychological examination. It was
      concluded that the parkinsonism was caused by mechanical pressure on the basal
      ganglia.

PMID- 1807238
TI  - Abnormally increased iron concentration in basal ganglia in Shy-Drager syndrome.
      MR imaging and autonomic study.
AB  - Report of an early case of Shy-Drager syndrome in a 67 year-old woman patient.
      Autonomic failure was diagnosed by functional evaluation as well as laboratory
      tests. MR imaging disclosed a prominent putamina hypodensity in T2-weighted
      images at high field strength due to iron increased depositing in this basal
      ganglia. MR imaging evidences confirm Shy-Drager syndrome diagnosis, and
      contributes for differential diagnosis of idiopathic hypotension (pure autonomic
      failure) in special in SDS early cases.

PMID- 1807239
TI  - [Peripheral neuropathy and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: review of the
      literature apropos of a case with atypical presentation].
AB  - Involvement of the nervous system in the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is
      a common finding, peripheral neuropathy being the most frequent neurologic
      manifestation, usually appearing at the onset or following the appearance of
      eosinophilia. We describe here the case of a 42 year-old male patient with
      persistent eosinophilia (greater than 1500/mm3) for a period greater than six
      months in the absence of a known cause for the eosinophilia with end-organ
      injury, in whom the neurologic involvement preceded by months the elevation of
      peripheral blood eosinophil count, and consisted of peripheral neuropathy and the
      unusual involvement of a cranial nerve. There was severe distal wasting and
      weakness of the four limbs with sensory abnormalities which developed over a
      period of four months, along with left-sided deafness which was due to eighth
      cranial nerve involvement. Electrodiagnostic studies showed generalized nerve
      involvement of the axonal type. Nerve biopsy did not reveal eosinophilic
      infiltration or vasculitic changes, suggesting that neurotoxic eosinophil
      products may play a role in the neuropathy. There was marked improvement of the
      eosinophilia and slight improvement of the sensorimotor disturbance in the course
      of corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 1807240
TI  - [AIDS and myopathy: report of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - Report of an unusual case of myopathy in an HIV infected patient, responsive only
      to the immunosuppressor drug methotrexate. The patient was a 39 year old
      homosexual male with no past history of HIV-related manifestations. One month
      prior to admission he noticed that his left thigh was swollen and painful. Two
      weeks later both arms became enlarged and tender. A few days before admission he
      noticed intermittent fever and progressive dyspnea. Upon admission, oral thrush,
      dyspnea and global enlargement of both arms was noted. There was no articular
      involvement. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
      (PCP). Serology for HIV was positive. Tests for antinuclear antibodies were
      negative. Serum CPK level was 1019 IU. Capillaroscopy was compatible with
      vasculitis. Muscle biopsy revealed multifocal myonecrosis. PCP was successfully
      treated with standard doses of TMP/SMZ. Although indomethacin, prednisone and
      dexamethasone were administered in succession, there was relentless progression
      of myopathy and persistence of fever. Six days after administration of
      methotrexate, the patient defervesced, volume of arms and legs diminished. CPK
      levels returned to normal after a second course of methotrexate. Upon reduction
      of the dose thigh enlargement recrudesced. The patient remained asymptomatic on
      weekly doses of methotrexate. He died five months later of acute respiratory
      failure.

PMID- 1807241
TI  - Adult peripheral neuroblastoma.
AB  - Report of clinical features, diagnostic and surgical aspects observed in a case
      of adult peripheral neuroblastoma infiltrative of the lumbosacral plexuses. The
      patient, a 39-year-old male, presented with sciatalgia and progressive crural
      monoplegia. Characteristic histological features of this rare tumor are
      described. Surgical resection was attempted via a posterior transgluteal approach
      to the retroperitoneum through the greater sciatic foramen.

PMID- 1807242
TI  - [Vaginal perforation as complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: report of a
      case].
AB  - Report of a case with vaginal perforation by the catheter following a
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The possible causative factor and results observed
      are discussed.

PMID- 1807243
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of canine disseminated aspergillosis.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study of 25 lesions from 7 dogs with disseminated
      aspergillosis (Aspergillus terreus) is presented. All had multiple fungal
      granulomas in many viscera, with centres of necrotic tissue and hyphal elements
      surrounded by a mixed infiltrate of predominantly mononuclear cells. Within these
      lesions, hyphae coated with immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) and complement (C3,
      C4) were identified, together with peri-lesional mononuclear cells that reacted
      with antisera directed towards either IgG, IgM, IgA or a T lymphocyte marker
      (MUII). A conspicuous feature was the prominent hyphal fluorescence seen with IgA
      and C3 antisera. The IgA reagent also marked large numbers of mononuclear cells
      both around lesions and scattered throughout interstitial tissue, suggesting an
      abnormality of IgA production or regulation as a factor predisposing to this
      condition.

PMID- 1807244
TI  - Meningoencephalitis and other conditions associated with Histophilus ovis
      infection in sheep.
AB  - Histophilus ovis was isolated from 29 sheep in 20 flocks and 2 artificial
      insemination (AI) centres in southern New South Wales from 1984 to 1990. The
      clinical and pathological findings were consistent with previous reports and
      included polyarthritis (7 flocks), epididymo-orchitis (5), meningoencephalitis
      (3), pneumonia (3), septicaemia (2), mastitis (1) and metritis (1). Six sheep had
      meningoencephalitis, a syndrome not previously associated with H ovis infection
      in sheep, which was similar pathologically to thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
      in cattle, caused by the related organism, Haemophilus somnus. H ovis was
      isolated from the semen of 12-month-old rams in a flock that had polyarthritis
      due to H ovis, in 4-month-old ram lambs and from the uterus of a ewe in a flock
      that had sporadic cases of H ovis septicaemia.

PMID- 1807245
TI  - Seasonality of sarcoptic mange in pigs in South Australia.
AB  - Retrospective analysis of records, from July 1987 to June 1991, of 1140
      inspections of slaughtered pigs from 154 swine herds in the Pig Health Monitoring
      Scheme of South Australia was conducted to evaluate patterns of variation in the
      prevalence and severity of skin lesions typical of sarcoptic mange. An increase
      in the severity of sarcoptic mange in winter and spring was observed. There was a
      substantial reduction in the severity of mange over the period of monitoring.
      These observations support the role of monitoring at slaughter in the management
      of endemic disease. They provide some basis for refining control programs for
      mange to improve cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 1807246
TI  - Serological assessment of chlamydial infection in the koala by a slide EIA
      technique.
AB  - A rapid and simplified slide enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) was developed for
      the diagnosis of chlamydial infection in the koala. HeLa 229 cells infected with
      koala strain Chlamydia psittaci were fixed on the surface of multiwell slides and
      used as the antigen. The assay consisted of first reacting koala antiserum with
      the fixed C psittaci antigen, followed by reaction with biotinylated rabbit anti
      koala IgG, ABC reagent and substrate. The chlamydial EIA antibody titres obtained
      were compared with those of a complement fixation (CF) test using koala strain C
      psittaci as antigen. Of 35 koala sera tested, 16 CF positive sera (greater than
      or equal to 1:8) also had a positive titre (greater than or equal to 1:200) in
      the slide EIA test (sensitivity 93.8%, 15/16). Nineteen CF negative sera were
      also negative in the slide EIA (specificity 100%, 19/19). Sixty-eight samples of
      koala blood were collected by ear-prick using a sampling paper method and were
      assayed by both tests. Sensitivity of the slide EIA was 100% (15/15) and
      specificity of the test was 96.2% (51/53). To simplify the slide EIA for use as a
      practical screening test, a 3-point serum dilution series (1:100, 1:200, 1:400)
      was used. This 3-point slide EIA was compared with the CF test using sheep strain
      chlamydial antigen. Thirty-nine sera were assayed by both tests. The sensitivity
      of the 3-point method was 85.7% (6/7) and the specificity was 71.9% (23/32) as
      compared with the sheep antigen CF test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807247
TI  - The humoral response in natural Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs.
AB  - Plasma samples from dogs with infections of Dirofilaria immitis were assessed
      using ELISA and Western blotting techniques. These results were then assessed in
      relation to age and sex of the host, and to the numbers of microfilariae and
      adult filariae. Dogs with microfilariae tended to have lower levels of infection.
      In infected dogs, mean ELISA titres increased directly with the degree of
      infection. Dogs that were either young or mildly infected, showed a preferential
      antibody reactivity to antigens in the high molecular weight regions of the
      immunoblots. With increasing age and/or the extent of infection, an antibody
      response to antigens in the low molecular weight regions was apparent.

PMID- 1807248
TI  - The effect of an extended artificial photoperiod and gonadotrophin-releasing
      hormone infusions in inducing fertile oestrus in anoestrous mares.
AB  - The occurrence of fertile oestrus early in the breeding season is of paramount
      importance to the Thoroughbred industry to facilitate early conception. This
      paper compares 2 techniques for inducing fertile oestrus in anoestrous mares
      using either an extended photoperiod alone or together with gonadotrophin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) infusions. Eleven mares were placed under conditions of
      16 h light and 8 h darkness and 5 of these were implanted with osmotic minipumps
      delivering approximately 100 ng GnRH/kg/h for 28 days (treated mares). The
      treated mares ovulated 27.7 days earlier than and conceived 32 days earlier than
      the 6 mares not given GnRH. GnRH-induced ovulations were followed by a competent
      luteal phase. The combination of GnRH pumps implanted 2 weeks before commencement
      of service together with extended photoperiod from July 1 has promise in
      assisting the stud breeder to improve reproductive efficiency on commercial stud
      farms.

PMID- 1807249
TI  - Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit degradation of equine synovial fluid induced by
      free radicals.

PMID- 1807250
TI  - Suboptimal growth associated with porcine intestinal adenomatosis in pigs in
      nutritional studies.

PMID- 1807251
TI  - Vaccination of dogs with multi-component vaccines.

PMID- 1807252
TI  - [Structure-functional study of glycosaminylmuramoyl peptides. The effect of
      chemical modification of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramoyldipeptide on its
      immunomodulating properties in vivo and in vitro].
AB  - The structure-function relationships in a series of synthetic glucosaminylmuramyl
      peptides--glycopeptide adjuvants of the bacterial origin--have been investigated.
      Modification of the N-acetylglucosaminyl-(beta 1-4)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D
      isoglutamine (GMDP) molecule affects its adjuvant and pyrogenic activity in vivo.
      GMDP is shown to readily stimulate the synthesis of the IgG2a and IgG3 of the
      immunoglobulin subclasses upon the secondary immune response to the protein
      antigen. The adjuvant effect correlates with the comitogenic test of the reaction
      of splenocytes blast-transformation in the presence of B-cell mitogen. No direct
      dependence has been revealed between the level of the glycopeptides adjuvant
      action and their effect on the IL-1 production by macrophages.

PMID- 1807253
TI  - [Amino acid sequence of myoglobin from seals from Lake Baikal].
AB  - The primary structure of myoglobin of the seal of Lake Baikal (East Siberia)
      Phoca siberica, determined by sequencing the whole protein and peptides obtained
      by the cyanogen bromide or proteinase cleavage and separated by the microcolumn
      liquid chromatography, was found to be identical to the primary structures of
      myoglobins of the harbour seal Phoca vitulina largha and the grey seal Halehoerus
      gryphus. It suggests that these species separated from a common ancestor less
      than seven million years ago.

PMID- 1807254
TI  - [Effect of flanking regions on the expression of the human interleukin-2
      chromosomal gene in a murine myeloma cell line].
AB  - A human interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene was isolated from genomic DNA library. The
      isolated gene with 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences of various lengths was inserted
      into plasmids derived from the retroviral vector pPSneo. The recombinant plasmids
      were transfected into myeloma X63Ag8-653 cells. The transfected cells, harbouring
      the IL-2 gene with the shortened (to position -165) or totally deleted 5'
      flanking sequence, constitutively expressed biologically active IL-2. Deletion of
      3'-flanking region on did not affect the IL-2 expression.

PMID- 1807255
TI  - [Mutations in structures of homologous proteins confirm the existence of an amino
      acid interaction code].

PMID- 1807256
TI  - Managing a failing heart.

PMID- 1807257
TI  - [Echocardiography in massive pulmonary embolism].

PMID- 1807259
TI  - Comparative study of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates
      using conventional cell culture, shell viral centrifugation culture,
      immunofluorescence and biotin-avidin enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.
AB  - 133 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were simultaneously tested for the presence of
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by conventional cell culture (CCC), shell vial
      centrifugation culture (SVC), immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and biotin-avidin
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (B-A ELISA). These yielded positive results in
      32(24%), 45(33.8%), 36(27%) and 40(30%) of specimens, respectively. Specimens
      positive by IFA and B-A ELISA were all also positive by SVC. The sensitivity of
      CCC, IFA, and B-A ELISA comparing to SVC was 71%, 80%, and 88.9%, respectively.
      For rapid detection of RSV, we recommend the SVC method where a cell culture
      laboratory is available and the B-A ELISA method where a cell culture laboratory
      is not available.

PMID- 1807258
TI  - Studies of human leprosy lesions in situ using suction-induced blisters: cell
      changes with IgM antibody to PGL-1 and interleukin-2 receptor in clinical
      subgroups of erythema nodosum leprosum.
AB  - To examine the immunopathogenesis of type 2 erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL)
      reactions in leprosy, we studied cellular and soluble immunologic components of
      skin lesions in 57 patients with reactions (19 acute ENL and 38 chronic ENL), 61
      active patients without reactions, and 33 control patients whose leprosy had been
      treated and cured. Cells, IgM antibody to PGL-1 and Tac peptide levels were
      obtained from fluid aspirated from blisters induced by suction directly over
      representative skin lesions. During ENL reactions: a) the lesions in chronic ENL
      showed a decreased number of CD8+ (T-suppressor) cells and increased
      helper/suppressor ratio as compared to those in acute ENL and non-reactional
      leprosy; b) Tac peptide and IgM antibody to PGL-1 levels were elevated in the
      chronic ENL lesions; c) and systemic administration of corticosteroids appeared
      to cause a reduction in the intralesional CD4+ cell population and IgM antibody
      to PGL-1 but did not change CD8+ cell population and the levels of Tac peptide in
      the lesions. The elevated levels of Tac peptide were localized in the skin
      lesions while increased levels of IgM anti-PGL-1 seemed to be filtered from the
      peripheral blood. We conclude that spontaneous lymphocyte activation in situ,
      primarily of decreased CD8+ and relatively increased CD4+ cells, are important
      features of chronic, recurrent ENL reactions and may be an intermittent or cyclic
      phenomenon during the reaction. Understanding the mechanisms of these spontaneous
      changes in immunity in leprosy will enlarge our knowledge of reactions and of the
      underlying determinants of delayed type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated
      immunity in leprosy, which in turn will allow us to realize the potential for
      artificially manipulating these responses as proposed with vaccines or
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 1807260
TI  - Danazol in treatment of lupus thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), persistent
      thrombocytopenia (TP), in whom it was considered undesirable to institute an
      increase in steroid or immunosuppressive agents, were treated with danazol. Five
      patients completed the minimum period of 8 weeks. Two patients showed early
      response to danazol but were switched over to cyclophosphamide or azathioprine
      after 4 weeks because of systemic disease. Of the remaining five patients, four
      had complete responses. In one patient who failed treatment the TP was considered
      to be related to another drug (ranitidine). Other manifestations of SLE also
      improved with treatment. Side effects included amenorrhea in one patient, and
      hypoglycemia and hyponatremia in another. Infections were absent. Danazol can be
      a useful alternative treatment of lupus TP.

PMID- 1807261
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG antibodies to honey bee venom: cross sectional
      and sequential studies in bee sensitive subjects.
AB  - To investigate the specific IgE and IgG immune response to honey bee venom (bv),
      we performed immunoblot analysis of sera from 47 bee sensitive subjects and
      followed the response during and after venom immunotherapy in 15 of these
      subjects. Fifteen venom proteins varying in molecular size from 20 to 105 kDa
      were identified as being antigenic and consisted of a high molecular weight (HMW)
      group (5 to 105 kDa, containing the previously identified allergens B and C) and
      a low molecular weight group (LMW) containing hyaluronidase and phospholipase A.
      In general for a given individual the anti-venom IgE and IgG response was
      qualitatively similar although some variation between individuals was apparent.
      Reactivity with hyaluronidase and phospholipase A appeared only in those subjects
      showing reactivity with HMW components. During immunotherapy specific anti-venom
      IgG and IgE responses tended to be linked. Increased responses being seen against
      all components in 4 of 12 subjects, reductions in 3 and unchanged responses in
      the remainder. Following immunotherapy (mean 4.0 years), spontaneous reduction of
      IgE and IgG was seen in 5 of 5 subjects. Loss of reactivity with the LMW
      components was prominent in these sera.

PMID- 1807262
TI  - Sensitization to Aspergillus antigens in perennial rhinitis.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the frequency of sensitization to
      Aspergillus antigens in 27 patients with perennial rhinitis. Immediate cutaneous
      reactivity was observed in 7 (26%) patients. In 3 of these 7 patients,
      hypersensitivity was restricted to Aspergillus antigens alone. One patient had an
      isolated late cutaneous reaction. Hypersensitivity was observed most commonly
      with A. flavus. Serum precipitins to A. flavus were detected in one patient. It
      is possible that sensitization to Aspergillus antigens may play an important role
      in the causation of perennial rhinitis and could also increase the risk of
      developing other Aspergillus associated hypersensitivity respiratory disorders
      subsequently.

PMID- 1807264
TI  - Cancer and immunology.

PMID- 1807263
TI  - Serum IgE levels: correlation with skin test reactivity in Thai adults with
      respiratory allergy.
AB  - A history of respiratory allergic disorders was obtained in 68 patients. Allergic
      skin testing was performed with measurement of total IgE by enzyme immunoassay
      (EIA). The mean level of total IgE from the control group of 13 healthy adults
      with no history of allergic diseases was 24.7 IU per ml. The average serum IgE
      level among the allergic patients with positive skin tests was 97.6 IU per ml and
      it was significantly higher than that of the controls (p less than 0.005). It was
      also found that the positive skin test patients had significantly a higher mean
      serum IgE level than that of patients with negative skin test results (97.6 vs
      33.6 IU per ml, p less than 0.01). Since 73.2% of the allergic patients with
      positive skin tests had serum IgE levels over 45 IU per ml while only 23.1% of
      the control group had IgE levels exceeding this figure, we consider that a
      patient with clinical symptoms and a serum IgE level over 45 IU per ml is likely
      to be suffering from allergic disease.

PMID- 1807266
TI  - Comparison of the sensitivity of various anti-HIV tests in early seroconversion
      sera.
AB  - Paired sera from 4 patients with proven HIV infection whose initial specimens
      obtained 14-51 days earlier were indeterminate were simultaneously retested with
      7 screening anti-HIV test kits and the immunoblot assay. The study aimed to
      evaluate the sensitivity of various new and old anti-HIV screening tests. The
      test kits evaluated were 4 ELISA test kits from Wellcome (Wellcozyme), Organon
      (Vironostika anti-HTLV-III), Pasteur (Rapid Elavia) and Diagnostic Biotechnology
      (DB, HIV-1 ELISA), 2 rapid tests based on microfiltration enzyme immunoassay
      procedure from Rapport (SUDS) and Disease Detection International (SeroCard), and
      1 particle agglutination (PA) test (Serodia-HIV). Immunoblot strips from
      Diagnostic Biotechnology (HIV-1 Western blot) were used to confirm the HIV
      infection in these serum specimens. Out of the 4 initial serum specimens tested,
      all were positive by PA, 2 by SUDS, Wellcome and Pasteur, 1 by SeroCard and DB,
      and none by Organon. When tested by immunoblot, 1 was negative (i.e., completely
      without any bands) whereas 3 were indeterminate (i.e., 1 with very weak band for
      p18, 1 with weak band for p24, 1 with very weak band for gp160. All repeat
      specimens obtained 14-51 days later (mean 32.5 +/- 16 days) were positive by all
      screening tests as well as immunoblot. Therefore, with these 4 early
      seroconversion sera, the sensitivity of the PA was 100%, that of SUDS, Wellcome
      and pasteur was 50%, of that SeroCard and DB was 25%, and Organon, 0%. None of
      these sera was considered positive by immunoblot.

PMID- 1807265
TI  - A study of the efficacy of liposomes in comparison to new and established
      adjuvants in potentiating the antibody response against hepatitis B virus surface
      antigen.
AB  - The dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method was used to encapsulate
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and distearoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) liposomes giving entrapment values of 31.7% and 33.1%
      respectively. A comparison of antibody levels, as determined by ELISA, in the
      primary and secondary immune responses in mice immunized twice with 1 microgram
      HBsAg free, or in formulations of PC DRV, DSPC DRV, Syntex Adjuvant Formulation
      (SAF), alum and Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) showed that by far, FCA was the
      best adjuvant in both the primary and secondary IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b responses.
      In the secondary response, apart from FCA, DSPC DRV and SAF were equally
      efficacious and better adjuvants than alum and PC DRV for the IgG2a and IgG2b
      subclasses. SAF was a better adjuvant for HBsAg than alum, DSPC DRV and PC DRV
      (in descending order of efficacy) in the secondary IgG1 response.

PMID- 1807267
TI  - In situ hybridization histochemistry of Spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding
      protein, in the rat brain.
AB  - Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the localization of mRNA for Spot 35
      protein (Spot 35), a calcium-binding protein of the EF-hand type, in the rat
      cerebellum at various developmental stages. A cDNA fragment corresponding to part
      of the 3'-noncoding region was 35S-labeled and used as a hybridization probe.
      Autoradiographic signals for Spot 35 mRNA were detected in all the Purkinje
      cells, but not in any other neurons or glial cells in the adult rat cerebellum.
      There was no significant difference in signal intensity among individual cells.
      The signals were observed exclusively in Purkinje cell bodies, but not in their
      processes, in striking contrast to previous immunohistochemical studies in which
      Spot 35 protein was demonstrated in both cell bodies and processes. In the time
      course study, signals for Spot 35 mRNA were detected in Purkinje cell bodies
      weakly at embryonic day 19, thereafter more intensely at more developed stages
      and most intensely at postnatal days 30 and 60 (adulthood). The signal
      intensities of individual cells were similar at each of these developmental
      stages except for the very early stages at which signals were weak and slightly
      variable among cells. These findings, especially that of the characteristic
      coordinated expression of Spot 35 mRNA at given stages, should prove useful in
      studies of degenerative diseases in the cerebellum in experimental animals and
      man. A weak expression of Spot 35 mRNA in some of non-Purkinje cells was also
      noted.

PMID- 1807269
TI  - [The medical director in the hospital: his or her function within the
      organizational structure].

PMID- 1807268
TI  - Intracellular alterations of the creatine kinase isoforms in brains of
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Postmortem brain tissues of schizophrenic patients were found to contain 5-10
      times less water-soluble creatine kinase (BB CK) and 1.5-3 times less
      mitochondrial creatine kinase as compared to control. The major part of BB CK in
      schizophrenic brain tissues, contrary to control, was found to be insoluble in
      water (particulate form of BB CK) and could be extracted from brain tissue with
      strong denaturating agents. The particulate form of BB CK did not have any
      enzymatic activity but activity was found after the solubilization of this
      isoenzyme. The observed BB CK translocation into the particulate inactive form
      and the decrease of mitochondrial CK content to schizophrenic brains may reflect
      changes in the synthesis and the utilization of creatine phosphate.

PMID- 1807270
TI  - [Integrated health services--the ideal and the reality].

PMID- 1807271
TI  - Chemical sensitivity in physicians.
AB  - By the nature of their work environment, physicians may be exposed to potentially
      toxic substances that can trigger chemical sensitivity. Nineteen physicians with
      chemical sensitivity were evaluated at the Environmental Health Center - Dallas
      regarding: type of specialty, history of chemical exposure, symptoms produced,
      food and water tolerance, immune parameters and double-blind chemical inhalation
      challenge. Food and chemical sensitivities were demonstrated in these physicians
      by oral, intradermal and inhalation challenges. After treatment, fifteen of the
      nineteen physicians were able to resume medical practice. Potential sources of
      chemical exposure in medical environments are evaluated.

PMID- 1807272
TI  - Confirmation of chemical sensitivity by means of double-blind inhalant challenge
      of toxic volatile chemicals.
AB  - Fifty chemically sensitive patients with vascular, asthmatic and arthritic signs,
      ranging in age from 21 to 61, were exposed to double-blind challenges of ambient
      doses of inhaled toxic chemicals in a specially designed booth in an
      Environmental Control Unit (ECU). Primary signs and symptoms were recorded before
      and after challenge with five chemicals and three placebos. Inhaled challenges
      included phenol (less than .0025 ppm), petroleum-derived ethyl alcohol (less than
      .5 ppm), formaldehyde (less than .2 ppm), chlorine (less than .3 ppm), and
      pesticide (2, 3,-D at less than .0034 ppm). Placebos were water or saline. A set
      on testing criteria were evaluated for maximizing the likelihood of well-defined,
      reproducible information from these ambient-dose double-blind challenges. For
      best results, these testing criteria include: Before testing, the patient must be
      housed in a chemically less polluted environment. The individual must have been
      de-adapted to food, air, and water pollutants by means of a water fat for three
      to four days. At the time of the challenge, the patient must be on food and water
      previously determined to be safe. An enclosed non-pulluted challenge booth must
      be used for these chemical exposures. Sign and symptom scores appropriate for
      that patient must be recorded, before and after challenge. Appropriate doses of
      the chemical in question (determined by air concentration and length of exposure)
      are necessary to investigate a particular problem. The conclusion of the study is
      that in these patients, chemical sensitivity clearly does exist (pulse rate
      differences between positive responses and placebo - p .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807273
TI  - Some aspects of clinical & anesthetic management of heart transplantation.
AB  - Heart transplantation has become a widely and frequently used therapeutic
      approach for end stage cardiac disease. However, there is no absolute agreement
      concerning certain aspects related to the clinical and anesthetic management of
      the donor and the recipient. The most common indications for heart
      transplantation are the dilated cardiomyopathy of idiopathic origin and the
      ischemic cardiomyopathy. There are several contraindications for transplantation.
      Once a patient is initially accepted as a possible candidate for transplantation,
      it is important to rule out the presence of fixed pulmonary vascular
      hypertension, since its presence has been associated with dismal results. The
      immunosuppression protocols are multiple and diverse. Use of sterile intubation
      techniques, rapid induction anesthesia and vasopressors as needed are the
      hallmarks of the anesthetic management of the recipient. Among the most
      challenging problems in the immediate post-operative period are the low cardiac
      output and the control of potassium balance. These and other problems will be
      addressed in the following article.

PMID- 1807274
TI  - Hypertension: a new perspective in therapy and metabolic effect. Part I.
AB  - Antihypertensive Therapy has been ineffective in reducing the incidence of
      coronary artery disease. It has been suggested that the metabolic and biochemical
      alterations induced by some antihypertensive drugs may be responsible for their
      failure to reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension.
      Hypertension is only one of multiple coronary risk factors associated to insulin
      resistance. This cluster of risk factors is call "The Syndrome of Insulin
      Resistance" by some and "Syndrome X" by Reaven and others. Is important to know
      this information when pharmacological antihypertensive therapy is contemplated.

PMID- 1807276
TI  - [The pediatrician and sports medicine. Participation in sports by children and
      adolescents with chronic health problems].

PMID- 1807275
TI  - Painful inguinal mass: uncommon presentation of a retroperitoneal abscess.
AB  - We report the unusual clinical presentation of a retroperitoneal abscess in a 40
      year old insulin dependent diabetic patient.

PMID- 1807277
TI  - Facts and myths about sugar.
AB  - There is now considerable evidence that the concern about sugar consumption as
      reflected by the media in the 1970s was misplaced. Knowledge of sugar consumption
      has led to the conclusion that current consumption levels are consistent with the
      achievement of healthful diets. The myths surrounding sugar and health, including
      the myth that sugar causes hyperactivity, are slow to disappear. Because these
      myths are misleading and harmful, nutrition educators need to continue to place
      sugar in the diet in perspective.

PMID- 1807278
TI  - Taste and smell losses with age.

PMID- 1807279
TI  - AAP recommends athletes infected with HIV be allowed to participate in al sports.
      American Academy of Pediatrics.

PMID- 1807280
TI  - Cellular dry mass during macrophage development in malignant lymphoma.
AB  - In order to throw light on known mononuclear phagocyte disturbances in malignant
      lymphoma, scanning and integrating microinterferometry was employed to measure
      dry mass in developing mononuclear phagocytes after 0, 2, 4 and 6 days of
      suspension culture, using cells from 19 healthy subjects, 19 patients with
      Hodgkin's disease and 17 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Analysis of variance showed
      that highly significant increases in dry mass (approximately twofold) occurred
      over the six-day period. No significant differences were found between the
      subject groups, nor were any attributable to age or sex. In terms of their dry
      mass, mononuclear phagocytes from lymphoma patients undergo developmental changes
      in suspension culture that are similar to normal, but a comparison with earlier
      cell volume studies suggests that differences in cellular water content may be
      present.

PMID- 1807281
TI  - Clear cell dysplasia of the bladder. Report of a case with flow cytometric
      analysis.
AB  - Clear cell dysplasia of the bladder is a well-described morphologic entity that
      has been found in association with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
      Its biologic role in bladder tumorigenesis is unknown, and no instances of its
      polidy analysis have been reported. The authors describe a case of clear cell
      dysplasia of the bladder found in association with a primary adenocarcinoma of
      the bladder. Flow cytometric analysis of bladder tissue involved by clear cell
      dysplasia, adenocarcinoma and cystitis cystica (all from the same bladder)
      demonstrated no DNA aneuploid populations. Cells from the area of clear cell
      dysplasia had an S + G2 + M fraction of 7%, indicating that it was a
      proliferative lesion. Cells from the adenocarcinoma had an S + G2 + M phase of
      18%, and cells from an area of cystitis cystica had an S + G2 + M phase of 4%.

PMID- 1807282
TI  - Coefficient of variation of nuclear diameters as a prognostic factor in papillary
      thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - To determine whether the coefficient of variation (CV) of nuclear diameters can
      be used as a prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma, we reviewed fine
      needle aspiration smears with Riu's stain from 55 operated-on and pathologically
      verified cases with a median follow-up of 6.5 years. For each case we measured
      the nuclear diameters of 100 cancer cells by ocular micrometry and calculated the
      CV of the nuclear diameters. Then we correlated the CV with the clinical stage,
      recurrence and death. There was a positive correlation between the CV of the
      nuclear diameters and the clinical stage (r = .59, P less than .0001). Recurrent
      cases (n = 10) had a higher CV than did those without recurrence (n = 45) (18.04
      +/- 4.1% [mean +/- SD] versus 13.2 +/- 2.7%, P less than .0005). All recurrent
      cases had a CV greater than 13%. The cases in which death occurred (n = 5) had a
      higher CV than did those with survival (n = 50) (20.1 +/- 4.9% versus 13.5 +/-
      2.7%, P less than .0005). All cases in which death occurred had a CV greater than
      15%. The extent of variation of nuclear diameters was one of the factors
      influencing prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. It offers a prognostic
      adjunct to standard clinical and histologic analysis.

PMID- 1807283
TI  - Reproducibility of nuclear morphometric measurements in benign human epithelial
      cells. Simulation of variations in routine tissue processing.
AB  - The value of nuclear morphometric measurements in diagnostic pathology is
      determined largely by the reproducibility of the measurements. Although a variety
      of factors have been shown to affect tissues during processing, the regulation of
      fixative type and the avoidance of air drying in particular have been shown to
      avoid significant variations in nuclear measurements. The current study simulated
      routine tissue processing in order to identify any factors that may introduce
      variability of nuclear morphometric values in day-to-day processing if air drying
      is avoided and fixative type and pH are regulated. Samples of benign endometrium
      were collected from three uteri, fixed in phosphate-buffered formalin (PBF) from
      2 hours to 15 days and dehydrated in an automated tissue processor on four
      occasions. In addition, tissue from one case was cut at 4, 6 and 8 microns,
      simulating the potential variations in section thickness that may occur during
      routine processing. Mean nuclear areas and shape factors of epithelial cells were
      then determined using computed planimetry. By analysis of variance, no
      significant differences were found in nuclear morphometric values in relation to
      time of fixation, dehydration runs or tissue section thickness; coefficients of
      variation for all variables were less than 7%. This study suggested that
      routinely processed tissues are adequate for morphometric analysis, including
      retrospective analysis, provided that tissues are fixed in a pH-regulated
      fixative such as PBF and air drying is avoided.

PMID- 1807284
TI  - Germ line configuration of the BCL-2 major breakpoint region in hyperplastic
      lymph nodes.
AB  - The configuration of the BCL-2 major breakpoint region was analyzed by Southern
      blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction amplification in DNA derived
      from 44 benign hyperplastic lymph nodes with follicular overgrowth. None of the
      cases exhibited translocation of the BCL-2 gene at the major breakpoint region of
      chromosome 18. The potential usefulness of molecular genetic detection of BCL-2
      translocation in the differential diagnosis between hyperplastic lymph nodes and
      lymphomas is suggested.

PMID- 1807285
TI  - DNA distribution pattern in colorectal carcinoma. A methodologic study comparing
      two different biopsy techniques.
AB  - DNA content was measured in 59 samples from 20 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 5
      adenomas by single cell microspectrophotometry. Samples were obtained
      simultaneously by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and touch imprints of punch (IMP)
      biopsies. The results showed that specimens obtained by the two biopsy methods
      displayed similar DNA ploidy patterns in 46 of 59 samples (78%). The DNA patterns
      in six samples were aneuploid in IMP and nonaneuploid in FNA and vice versa in
      seven samples. When DNA patterns of the individual tumors were classified
      according to the most aggressive one, the two biopsy methods showed 88%
      concordance, with similar DNA patterns in 22 of 25 patients. The DNA patterns in
      three patients were classified as aneuploid in FNA specimens and nonaneuploid in
      IMP. The results indicate that imprints of punch tissue biopsies can be used for
      a reliable evaluation of the DNA pattern in colorectal tumors.

PMID- 1807286
TI  - Monitoring DNA cytometric parameters during the course of chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - The prognostic value of three DNA cytometric parameters--stemline ploidy (STL),
      stemline shoulder fraction (SSF) and "proliferative" fraction (PRF)--for the
      prediction of disease transformation and survival was examined for 20 patients
      with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) during the course of their disease and
      compared with two commonly used hematologic parameters (degree of leukocytosis
      and percentage of circulating leukemic progenitor cells). With disease
      progression, STL and SSF increased significantly, whereas PRF showed a steady
      decrease from diagnosis to blast crisis. The most significant part of these
      changes took place during the chronic phase, before the clinical onset of disease
      transformation. Hematologic parameters, in comparison, revealed significant
      changes later, shortly before blast crisis. The remaining duration of the chronic
      phase diminished from 25.5 months at the time of diagnosis, when the median STL
      was 2.0c, to 19.6 months for patients showing an STL of 2.1c, to 15.0 months with
      an STL of 2.2c and to 1.0 months for those with an STL of greater than or equal
      to 2.3c. Prognostically relevant limits for SSF and PRF were at 20%. When the SSF
      passed this limit or the PRF fell below it, the mean remaining chronic phase of
      these patients amounted to only 14.1 and 10.1 months. Interactive cytometry
      allows analysis of the DNA cytometric equivalent of changes in leukemic
      progenitor cells, which are well known from cytogenetic and cell kinetic studies.
      These three DNA cytometric parameters reflect the "natural history" of CML with
      the development of a cytogenetically hyperdiploid clone during disease
      progression in most patients and a simultaneous loss of proliferative potential
      on the level of myelobasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807287
TI  - Ada software for cytometry.
AB  - Ada is a new general-purpose language that embodies the concepts of software
      engineering. Although it was initially developed for military purposes, it is
      suitable for developing software for cytometry and other health-related
      applications. A pilot study has demonstrated the feasibility of employing Ada for
      cytometry applications. Three packages were created. The first subtracts a
      control three-dimensional population from multiple individual experimental
      populations and presents the results in spread sheet form. A second package has
      the capability of finding aggregates of cells. The results of this package are
      visualized employing a commercially available program for three-dimensional
      presentation of the data that permits rotation in real time. A third package
      consists primarily of interface drivers for two commercially available personal
      computer boards, an ADC and a stepper motor controller. The major problems with
      the coding were due to incomplete implementation of the language. This pilot
      study, together with others, indicates that it would be both cost effective and
      beneficial to implement cytometry and other medical devices in Ada.

PMID- 1807288
TI  - Preparation of potentially bioactive aza and thiaza polycyclic compounds
      containing a bridgehead nitrogen atom synthesis and antimicrobial activity of
      some pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzothiazines.
AB  - The synthesis of the 2,3-dihydro-pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzothiazine 1a and 11b,
      12-dihydro-isoquino[1,2-c]-1,4-benzothiazine 8 has been accomplished by using a
      Bischler type cyclization of the N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4
      benzothiazines 3a and 3d, respectively. The new compounds 1a and 8 together with
      the known pyrrolobenzothiazines 1b,c and some their derivatives and intermediates
      of preparation were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity. Compound 1b
      was the most active against the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Compound 7b
      showed interesting antifungal activity when tested against Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.

PMID- 1807289
TI  - omega-Dialkylaminoalkyl esters of 3-dialkylamino-4,7,7-trimethyl-N
      phenylbicyclo[2.2.1] hept-2-ene-2-iminothiolic acids with local anesthetic
      activity.
AB  - A series of omega-dialkylaminoalkyl esters of 3-dialkylamino-4,7,7-trimethyl-N
      phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2- iminothiolic acids 3 was prepared by reaction
      of 4,7,7-trimethyl-3-(dimethylamino or 1-piperidinyl)-N-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1] hept
      2-ene-2-thiocarboxamides with a number of omega-chloroalkyldialkylamines in the
      presence of sodium hydride in DMF or benzene solution. Some esters 3 showed an
      appreciable local anesthetic activity in mice.

PMID- 1807290
TI  - Choline incorporation into phospholipids in brain areas from spontaneously
      hypertensive rats: effect of oxiracetam treatment.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develop
      severe hypertension and cerebrovascular lesions on drinking 1% NaCl from weaning.
      These animals present a learning and memory impairment as well as impairment of
      both energy metabolism and membrane phospholipid turnover. We tested both choline
      uptake into the cells and incorporation into choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) by
      incubating slices from hippocampus and cortex. After 5 min of incubation, a
      noticeable decrease in free labelled choline content inside the cells as well as
      its incorporation into phospho-choline (PC) and CPG were found in the brain of
      SHR, as compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. This may indicate that in the SHRs
      with cerebrovascular lesions there is a reduction in choline uptake which in turn
      causes a decline in CPG biosynthesis through de novo pathway. Oxiracetam
      treatment is able to restore the labeled choline content in the cells from SH
      rats, as well as the incorporation of choline into its derivatives PC and CPG, to
      the levels found in the WK or more. Tests performed in the presence of such a
      high affinity choline uptake as hemicholinium (HC) confirmed the capacity of
      oxiracetam to stimulate choline uptake into the cells even if the results
      obtained up to now are not sufficient to hypothesize a direct effect of
      oxiracetam on acetylcholine metabolism. In conclusion, from the results obtained
      it would seem reasonable to hypothesize that the effects of the drug above
      mentioned on the cholinergic system may be secondary to its effect on choline
      phosphoglycerides biosynthesis.

PMID- 1807291
TI  - In vitro and in vivo behaviour of narciclasine released from matrices based on
      poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate).
AB  - Narciclasine (1,2,3,7-tetrahydroxy-8,9-methylendioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophena
      ntridone) is a natural substance with strong antimitotic effects on cells and
      potential antitumor activity. Its release form a hydrogel matrix was studied with
      the purpose of avoiding the concentration spikes of the parenteral
      administration. The matrix prepared by gamma ray polymerization of a mixture of 2
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate (85%) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (15%) was
      found to release narciclasine for several days, according to a diffusion
      controlled mechanism. In agreement with its antimitotic effect, narciclasine
      inhibited the growth rate of healthy mice, when the drug-loaded matrix was
      introduced subcutaneously. Antitumor effect was observed in an experimental model
      of Erlich ascitic tumor when low amounts of tumor cells were inoculated. No
      effect was observed at high concentrations of inoculum or towards solid tumors
      (Sarcoma 180). This behaviour was related to the rapid clearance of narciclasine
      from the body which prevented the reaching of sufficient therapeutical
      concentrations. A pharmacokinetic investigation carried out by an original method
      of assay demonstrated that narciclasine was accumulated in significant amounts in
      the kidney only and eliminated in urine with a half time of less than 20 min.

PMID- 1807292
TI  - First dose and steady state pharmacokinetics of nimesulide and its 4-hydroxy
      metabolite in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of nimesulide (4-nitro-2-phenoxymethane-sulfonanilide, NMS),
      a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, and of its 4-hydroxy metabolite (4-nitro-2
      (4'-hydroxy-phenoxy)-methane sulfonanilide, OH-NMS) was studied after a single
      oral dose (200 mg) and after repeated treatments (100 mg every 12 hours for 7
      days) of NMS to two groups of 12 healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations of NMS
      and OH-NMS were followed for 48 hours after the single dose and up to the 12th
      hour on the 1st day and on the 7th day during repeated treatment. After the
      single dose of 200 mg peak plasma concentrations of the drug (9.85 micrograms/ml)
      were reached at 3.17 hours and the half-life during the elimination phase was
      4.95 hours. The metabolite reached highest plasma levels (3.03 micrograms/ml) at
      5.33 hours and its apparent half-life was similar to that of the parent drug
      (4.78 hours). NMS plasma levels on the 7th day, predicted from the results of the
      1st day, were similar to the measured values. The pharmacokinetics of NMS or OH
      NMS after single or repeated dose was not time or dose dependent.

PMID- 1807293
TI  - Determination of the "chromatographic pattern" for the identification of dipyrone
      urinary metabolites.
AB  - Sodium [N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenylpyrazolin-4-yl)-N-methylamino]
      methanesulfonate (dipyrone) cannot be detected as such in biological fluids since
      absorption is preceded by hydrolysis to 4-methylaminoantipyrine, which is
      actually absorbed and further metabolized. In the present work standardized TLC
      Rf values and gas chromatographic retention indices for the four main urinary
      metabolites of dipyrone were determined. Inclusion of these parameters in the
      principal component analysis "scores plot" allows dipyrone to be included as a
      possible candidate in the not oriented search for unknown drug assumption in
      cases of overdose intoxication or poisoning.

PMID- 1807294
TI  - Malonamic acid derivatives as M1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AB  - A series of malonamic acid esters with suitable amino alcohols, typical of
      antimuscarinic compounds, was synthesized and the affinities for the three
      pharmacologically defined muscarinic receptor subtypes, namely M1, M2 and M3,
      were evaluated by radioligand displacement experiments. It was found that the
      esters with 3-quinuclidinol 7b, 7f-g, 8 and 9 are ligands with intermediate to
      high affinity for the M1 receptors, for which they show a preferential binding.
      Unexpectedly, the ester 7a with tropine bound with negligible affinity to all the
      receptors investigated. The introduction of a phenyl group on the carboxamido
      moiety of 7b gave compound 9, which showed an affinity for the M1 receptor
      comparable with that of the reference drug Pirenzepine 1.

PMID- 1807295
TI  - [Atherosclerosis, degenerative disease? Inflammatory disease? Cancerous
      disease?].

PMID- 1807296
TI  - [Myocardiopathy caused by Portuguese-type familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
      Sequential morphologic and functional study of 60 patients].
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the cardiac involvement of familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy--Portuguese type (FAP) in a prospective study. INTRODUCTION: FAP
      is a sensitive, motor and autonomic familial polyneuropathy, due to amyloid
      deposits on nerve and vascular structures, related to abnormal transthyretin
      synthesis. FAP is a progressive systemic disease. The associated cardiomyopathy
      is well characterized in the Japanese form, but studies on FAP--Portuguese type
      cardiomyopathy remains controversial, regarding its occurrence and clinical and
      morphofunctional aspects. POPULATION: The Authors studied 60 Portuguese caucasoid
      patients, belonging to 55 different families: 23 women from 27 to 67 years old (m
      = 40.78 +/- 18.4) and 37 men, from 31 to 60 years old (m = 40.8 +/- 12.8). The
      diagnosis was established by characteristic clinical aspects, electromyograms and
      nerve or gut biopsies, positive for amyloid. Patients were classified in phases
      from I to VI according to the severity of neurological involvement and
      disability. METHODS: All the patients carried out clinical evaluation, thorax X
      Ray, conventional EKG, Holter EKG (20-24 hours), M + 2D echocardiography and
      phonocardiography. Morphological and functional data were obtained from 85
      echocardiographic recordings; special attention was paid to the evidence of
      structural abnormalities, evaluation of internal chamber dimension, left
      ventricular mass and systolic function indexes (left ventricular fractional
      shortening, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-systolic
      stress index and Vcf). CONCLUSIONS: Suggestive aspects of pericardial and
      myocardial amyloid infiltration were found even in the earliest phases of the
      disease; all the records of patients in advanced phases (III to VI) were
      abnormal. The most frequent abnormalities founded were: a bright sparkling
      pericardial and myocardial echo pattern and increased ventricular wall thickness,
      with increased left ventricular mass index in 85% of patients in phases III to
      VI. Vcf was abnormally increased when plotted together with left ventricular end
      systolic stress index, which was normal or decreased, probably reflecting
      "excessive" inotropism, in 1/3 of patients in phases III to VI. Systolic function
      was never depressed; no cardiac chamber enlarged. So, this study points out the
      presence of an infiltrative and/or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in FAP--Portuguese
      type; suggestive aspects of diastolic dysfunction and decrease in systolic
      function were recorded. However, in the clinical setting of FAP, symptoms and
      signs like dyspnea, fatigue, oedema, may not be diagnosis of congestive heart
      disease.

PMID- 1807297
TI  - [Temporal electric stimulation and right ventricular extension in acute postero
      inferior myocardial infarction. Influence on clinical characteristics and
      prognosis].
AB  - In 386 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction (AIMI) who were
      admitted to our institution from 1984 to 1990, temporary pacemaker (TP) was
      required in 34 patients (9%) due to disturbances in the genesis and/or conduction
      of the electric stimulus (Group I). The remainder, 352 AIMI, conform the Group
      II. Each group was divided into groups depending on the presence (Groups Ia and
      IIa) or absence (Groups Ib and IIb) of right ventricular necrosis (ECG criteria:
      ST elevation greater than 0.1 mV in a V3r and V4R). Clinical data (cardiovascular
      risk factors, history of myocardial infarction or angina, CPK and CK-MB peak,
      Killip class, atrioventricular block and right ventricular infarction) and
      hospital mortality rate and its cause were analyzed. The Group I patients related
      to Group II had significantly higher diabetes rate (p less than 0.01), CPK and CK
      MB peak (p less than 0.001), Killip class (p less than 0.001), right ventricular
      involvement and atrioventricular block (p less than 0.001), the mortality rate
      equally was statistically higher (Group I, 11 patients, 31%, versus group II, 38
      patients, 11%) (p less than 0.001). The Group Ia patients related to Group Ib had
      a higher CPK and CK-MB peak (p less than 0.001), Killip class and
      atrioventricular block (p less than 0.001). The mortality rate was statistically
      equal. The group IIb patients related to Group IIb patients had a higher CPK and
      CK-MB peak (p less than 0.001), without differences in the mortality
      rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807298
TI  - [Study of the autonomous nervous system with heart rate spectral analysis in
      acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Characterize power spectrum pattern of heart rate variability (HRV)
      and assessment of relative cardiac nervous system in patients with acute
      myocardial interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic infarction. We also
      compared the spectral power with some known prognostic risk variables. STUDY
      DESIGN: Study of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sedentary
      healthy subjects sex matched. SUBJECT AND METHODS: 19 postinfarction patients
      aged 55.7 +/- 10.5 years and 19 healthy subjects controls aged 53.9 +/- 11.0. ECG
      signals were recorded after 15 minutes of supine rest with controlled breathing
      at 15 cycles/min. Signal acquisition was done at 300 samples/sec. From 512
      consecutive sinus beats, we calculated the average, standard deviation, maximum
      and minimum values and rate between the longest and shortest R-R interval (E/I).
      We also calculated, after computing the fast Fourier transform, the total
      spectrum power, low frequency component (LF, from 0.01 to 0.15 Hz), high
      frequency component (HF, from 0.15 to 0.50 Hz) and its ratio (LF/HF). Thereafter,
      we correlated these results with radionuclide ejection fraction, duration of
      treadmill test, Holter ventricular premature complex and localization of
      infarction. RESULTS: The average R-R interval was 757.9 +/- 116.3 and 850.9 +/-
      133.9 msec (p less than 0.05), the R-R corrected standard deviation was 15.3 +/-
      6.0 and 38.2 +/- 8.5 msec (p less than 0.001) and ratio E/I was 1.13 +/- 0.06 and
      1.32 +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.001) in AMI and control group, respectively. In AMI
      group, low frequency spectral band was very decreased (LF = 0.03 +/- 0.02 sec2)
      and high frequency was virtually absent (HF = 0.01 +/- 0.01 sec2) compared with
      control group (LF = 0.13 +/- 0.06 and HF = 0.14 +/- 0.15 sec2), p less than
      0.001; ratio LF/HF was increased in AMI group. There were no significant
      differences between groups for normalized LF (LF%) and HF (HF%). CONCLUSIONS:
      These results showed that spectral pattern in AMI patients had very low LF and HF
      power density. Decreased HRV in that group was mainly due to diminished
      parasympathetic influence in cardiac regulation; nevertheless ratio LF/HF was
      increased which represents an imbalance of sympatho-vagal activity with
      predominance of sympathetic tone. We found poor correlation between frequency
      domain indices and other risk variable; best correlation was between total
      spectral power and radionuclide ejection fraction (r = 0.642, p less than 0.01),
      which could express independent prognostic value in AMI patients risk
      stratification.

PMID- 1807299
TI  - [Influence of age on systolic and diastolic time intervals in normal
      individuals].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of age (I) on the left ventricle (VE)
      systolic time intervals, the S2O interval, the pulse transmission time (TTP) and
      the relative amplitude of the a wave (Aa%) of the apexcardiogram (ACG) of normal
      individuals. METHODS: 202 subjects considered as normal by clinical and
      electrocardiographic examinations were studied. Their age (I) was 38 +/- 13 years
      (average +/- 1 SD), being 125 male and 77 female. The electrocardiogram (ECG),
      phonocardiogram, ACG and carotid arterial pulse tracing (PC) were simultaneously
      recorded. The following intervals were determined: Electromechanical (IEM)--from
      the onset of QRS complex of the ECG to the ascending branch of the great wave of
      the ACG (A point); mechanical systole (SM)--from the A point of the ACG to the
      beginning of first high frequency vibration of the aortic component of the second
      heart sound (S2); ejection period (FE)--from the beginning of the anacrotic
      branch of the PC to the nadir of its dicrotic notch (ID); isovolumic contraction
      time (FIS)--subtracting FE duration to the SM duration; S2O interval--since S2 to
      the O point (nadir) of the ACG; Aa%--relation percentage expressed between a wave
      amplitude and total amplitude of the ACG; pulse transmission time--since S2 to
      ID. Statistically significant correlations (p less than 0.05) between I (years
      expressed) and the previously mentioned variables were investigated. RESULTS: It
      was possible to verify: a) the IEM and FIS intervals were not significantly
      correlated with I; b) the FE had a linear, positive and significant correlation
      with I (r = 0.222); c) the correlations between FE and heart rate (FC) were not
      significantly different between the considered age groups (14-34, 35-49, 50-69
      years); d) the S2O interval had a linear, negative and significant correlation
      with FC (r = -0.196), and a linear, positive and significant correlation with I
      (r = 0.392); e) multiple regression equation between S2O, I and FC was: S2O = 70 
      0.36 x FC + 0.55 x I; f) the Aa% had a linear, positive and significant
      correlation with I (r = 0.252); g) TTP has a linear, negative and significant
      correlation with I (r = -0.793). CONCLUSIONS: a) The FE increases with I related
      probably to the afterload increasing that follows aging process; b) the S2O
      interval increases with I reflecting the elongation of the relaxing time that is
      associated to the senescence; c) the Aa% increases with I, expressing the
      reduction of the compliance of the VE associated to the aging; d) the TTP
      decreases with I related to the increasing of velocity of the pulse wave that
      follows senescence and is attributed to the increasing of the aortic stiffness.

PMID- 1807302
TI  - Royal College of General Practitioners' 40th anniversary: taking stock and
      looking forward.

PMID- 1807301
TI  - [Diastolic function in arterial hypertension].

PMID- 1807300
TI  - [Endomyocardial fibrosis. Presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - The authors report a case of right ventricle endomyocardial fibrosis in a 6-year
      old boy. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the new methods for
      diagnosing and treating these conditions, namely echocardiography, endomyocardial
      biopsy and surgery.

PMID- 1807303
TI  - Controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary stress
      incontinence in general practice.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of pelvic floor exercises in
      the treatment of urinary incontinence in women and to analyse the factors which
      determine a successful outcome. The study involved 66 women who had reported
      'genuine stress incontinence' to their general practitioner. They were assigned
      at random to the treatment or control group. The treatment group received
      instructions in pelvic floor exercises from a general practitioner. The control
      group received no therapy. At the start of the trial the severity of the
      patients' incontinence was assessed objectively. This assessment was repeated
      after three months and patients were also asked for their own perception of
      whether their incontinence had improved. After the three months' evaluation the
      patients in the control group were also given instructions in pelvic floor
      exercises. After another three months they were assessed in the same way. About
      60% of the patients in the treatment group were dry or mildly incontinent after
      three months compared with only one patient in the control group; the mean weekly
      frequency of incontinence episodes fell from 17 to five in the treatment group
      but remained virtually unchanged in the control group; and about 85% of the women
      in the treatment group felt that their incontinence had improved or was cured
      compared with no one in the control group. These results were later corroborated
      by those for the control group. The most important factor in the success of the
      treatment was the patients' motivation, as demonstrated by their adherence to the
      daily exercises.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807304
TI  - Factors leading to the reporting of 'functional' somatic symptoms by general
      practice attenders.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of 'functional' somatic
      symptoms in general practice and the factors associated with reporting these
      symptoms. During a one month period, all attenders aged 16 years and over at a
      general practice near Leeds were screened for functional somatic symptoms using
      the Bradford somatic inventory. The general practitioner recorded the patients'
      personal data and diagnostic assessment. Data were analysed from 670 Europid
      patients who completed the Bradford somatic inventory at their first attendance
      during the month. Higher mean numbers of functional somatic symptoms were found
      in patients with psychiatric and functional syndromes than in patients with
      organic illness or in well patients. The symptom score on the Bradford somatic
      inventory was significantly related to five factors: current anxious mood,
      current depressed mood, sex, chronic physical illness in a parent and a history
      of depressive illness. Using multiple linear regression analysis, all five
      factors were found to be independent predictors of symptom scores on the Bradford
      somatic inventory. This study highlights the multifactorial aetiology of
      functional somatic symptoms reported by general practice attenders.

PMID- 1807305
TI  - Assessment of elderly people in general practice. 3. Confiding relationships.
AB  - Little is known about the importance of confiding relationships in elderly
      people. Associations between lack of confiding relationships and depression,
      lifestyle characteristics, medication use, and contacts with doctors were studied
      by interviewing a random sample of 235 elderly people aged 75 years and over
      registered with nine general practices in inner London. It was found that men
      were not significantly more likely than women to report lack of confiding
      relationships. Married people of both sexes were more likely to have confiding
      relationships than those who were single, separated, divorced or widowed.
      Depression was not associated with lack of a confiding relationship, but those
      lacking such relationships were significantly more likely to smoke, and were
      prescribed significantly more medicines than those with confiding relationships.
      Individuals without a confiding relationship were significantly less likely to
      admit to any alcohol consumption in the previous three months, suggesting that
      alcohol consumption in this age group is largely a social phenomenon. Confiding
      relationships do not appear to confer strong protection against depression and a
      question on confiding relationships should not therefore be routinely
      incorporated into surveillance programmes for elderly people in the community.

PMID- 1807306
TI  - How well do nurse-run telephone consultations and consultations in the surgery
      agree? Experience in Swedish primary health care.
AB  - The telephone consultation service is an important part of Swedish primary health
      care. However, few studies have compared telephone consultations managed by
      nurses with surgery consultations managed by both doctors and nurses in terms of
      information obtained from the patient regarding his or her symptoms, and the
      management decisions made. In this study, the information obtained from a patient
      during a telephone consultation with a health centre nurse and the management
      decisions made, were compared with those obtained at a subsequent surgery
      consultation with the same nurse, and then with a doctor. Of 200 telephone
      consultations at a health centre (50 in each of the following four categories as
      defined by the management decision of the nurse: acute case, semi-acute case,
      referral case and self-care case), 193 patients were included in the study. The
      information given to the nurse during the telephone consultation was recorded.
      The patient was then asked to come for a surgery consultation on the same day,
      first with the same nurse and then with a general practitioner. A comparison was
      made between the information obtained and the decisions taken in these three
      situations. In 185 of the 193 cases (96%) the information led to the same
      management decision by the nurse, in both the telephone consultation and later in
      the surgery consultation. In all cases the same history was recorded by the nurse
      during the telephone and surgery consultations as by the general practitioner.
      This indicates that in most cases little or no information is missed in a
      telephone consultation with a nurse as compared with a surgery consultation with
      a nurse or doctor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807307
TI  - Value of written health information in the general practice setting.
AB  - The value of a library for patients as a way of providing written health
      information in the general practice setting has been investigated using a
      questionnaire. In 15 months, 243 books were borrowed from one library. Each book
      contained a questionnaire and 163 questionnaires were returned (67%). It was
      found that 106 respondents (65%) would not have sought the information elsewhere
      and 159 respondents (98%) found the books they had read to be very useful or of
      some use. The perceived level of anxiety after reading was raised in nine
      respondents (6%) but reduced in 71 (44%). Patients read books on 53 separate
      topics overall, although 73 respondents (45%) read on 10 recurring topics. A
      patients' library thus enables most patients to gain useful information from
      their general practice without increasing their anxiety.

PMID- 1807309
TI  - General practice in Italy.
AB  - General practitioners in Italy work as independent contractors in a national
      health service. There are, however, many differences between Italy and the United
      Kingdom regarding the status, contract and culture of primary health care. The
      similarities and differences offer valuable insights into the benefits and
      disadvantages of the position in the UK, and serve to highlight the significant
      gains made in the past 30 years. This account of Italian general practice is
      based on the author's personal experience gained during a one month sabbatical
      visit to Italy in 1990.

PMID- 1807308
TI  - Provision of mental health care in general practice in Italy.
AB  - The main features of the psychiatric system and of the general practice system in
      Italy since the psychiatric reform and the introduction of a national health
      service are briefly described. Research conducted in Italy confirms that a large
      proportion of patients seen by general practitioners have psychological disorders
      and that only some of those patients whose psychological problems are identified
      by general practitioners are referred to specialist psychiatric care. Thus, the
      need to identify the best model of collaboration between psychiatric services and
      general practice services is becoming increasingly urgent. The chances of
      improving links between the two services and of developing a satisfactory liaison
      model are probably greater in countries such as Italy where psychiatric services
      are highly decentralized and community-based, than in countries where the
      psychiatric services are hospital-based.

PMID- 1807310
TI  - Acute laryngeal oedema following self-medication with Chloraseptic.

PMID- 1807311
TI  - Analysis of general practice consultation rates among Asian patients.

PMID- 1807312
TI  - Delay in admitting patients with chest pain.

PMID- 1807313
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1807314
TI  - Increased demands on services as a result of screening elderly people.

PMID- 1807315
TI  - Percentage body fat as a predictor of raised cholesterol level.

PMID- 1807316
TI  - Sodium valproate, carbamazepine and spina bifida.

PMID- 1807317
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 1807318
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 1807319
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 1807320
TI  - Primary care psychiatry.

PMID- 1807321
TI  - Junior doctors' hours--the chance for change?

PMID- 1807322
TI  - A new initiative on depression.

PMID- 1807323
TI  - Training experience of doctors certificated for general practice in 1985-90.
AB  - The computerized records held by the Joint Committee on Postgraduate Training for
      General Practice have been reviewed to determine the post-registration experience
      offered by doctors who were issued with a joint committee certificate during the
      years 1985-90, inclusive. The percentage of certificates issued on the basis of
      experience prescribed in the vocational training regulations rose from 74.4% in
      1985 to 89.7% in 1990. Since 1985 obstetrics/gynaecology has been the specialty
      in which the greatest number of successful applicants have offered experience,
      increasing from 86.4% in 1985 to 93.8% in 1990. The next most popular specialty
      was accident and emergency/general surgery (offered by 65.5% of successful
      applicants in 1985 and 73.6% in 1990) followed by paediatrics (56.7% in 1985 and
      62.2% in 1990). The percentage of certificates issued on the basis of experience
      in geriatric medicine rose slowly from 35.6% in 1985 to 41.7% in 1990, for
      psychiatry the figures were similar (36.4% in 1985 and 40.7% in 1990), and for
      general medicine there was a slight decrease (46.2% in 1985 and 44.7% in 1990).
      There is a need for more doctors to acquire experience in general medicine,
      geriatric medicine and psychiatry. Since 1985, the trend has been for applicants
      to offer a more broadly based range of experience. In 1985, 48.5% of successful
      applicants offered experience in four hospital specialties and this rose to 63.6%
      in 1990. Although the vocational training regulations offer a degree of
      flexibility only a small number of successful applicants have taken advantage of
      this.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807324
TI  - Twenty years of vocational training in the west of Scotland: the practice
      component.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the experience and opinions of doctors receiving
      vocational training in general practice was obtained by postal questionnaire.
      Questionnaires were received by 974 doctors who had been vocationally trained in
      the west of Scotland between 1968 and 1987. The response rate was 64%. It was
      found that 94% of the respondents had enjoyed their trainee period, 82% had been
      given a choice of training practice and 86% had spent 12 months in a training
      practice. Only 81 respondents had trained in two practices. The most common
      method of monitoring the trainee's consultation was the trainer sitting in on the
      consultation; half of the doctors had experience of this (51%). For the majority
      regular tutorials were commonplace, but for 41% of respondents this was not so.
      However, those training after 1979 were significantly less likely to have never
      had tutorials than those training earlier. Nearly half of the doctors (49%) felt
      that certain aspects had been poorly covered or omitted from their training,
      notably practice management and finance. Again, this was significantly less
      likely among those training after 1979. When asked to give a rating of the
      training they had received 21% of the respondents rated it as excellent, 37% as
      very good, 30% as fairly good and 12% as poor/fairly poor or very poor. Notably,
      significantly fewer respondents training after 1979 rated their training as
      poor/fairly poor or very poor. Very few respondents had participated in a
      practice exchange but virtually all of those who had felt it had been
      beneficial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807325
TI  - Usefulness of blood tests carried out during screening of the elderly population
      in one practice.
AB  - A screening programme for elderly patients in a six partner rural practice in
      west Wales had been found to be unhelpful. When screening became mandatory in
      April 1990 it was decided to make the programme more medical. The 773 patients
      aged 75 years or over in the practice were therefore offered a blood test as part
      of the mandatory screening programme. A total of 631 blood samples were taken. On
      checking haemoglobin concentrations, 39 patients (6.2%) were found to have levels
      below 11.5 g dl-1 (30 women, nine men). Forty two patients (7.1%) were found to
      have a blood urea concentration of more than 10.0 mmol l-1 and only three
      patients were found to be deficient in potassium, none of whom were receiving
      long term diuretic medication. Of the 16 patients (2.8%) discovered to have a
      lower than normal serum thyroxine concentration, 12 were not known to the
      practice. A raised mean corpuscular volume (greater than 100.0 fl) was found in
      35 patients (5.9%) (24 women, 11 men), but only one of these was anaemic.
      However, among the patients with a low mean corpuscular volume (less than 80.0
      fl), seven had a haemoglobin concentration of less than 11.5 g dl-1. Although
      this exercise has produced clinical benefit for a few patients, and has been
      interesting and academically stimulating, it cannot be concluded that the
      benefits obtained are worth the effort that has been involved.

PMID- 1807326
TI  - Providing information and detecting concerns about health in general practice
      populations using a computer system in the waiting area.
AB  - Theoretical and practical problems for general practice exist following the
      increased emphasis placed upon preventive care in the 1990 contract for general
      practitioners. In particular, the risk that questionable systematic activity is
      encouraged while opportunistic prevention is discouraged, suggests the need for
      better targeted and more efficient methods of health promotion. This paper
      describes computer software which provides a broad range of information about
      health on a patient-dedicated terminal in general practice waiting areas. The
      software is interactive and monitors both the level of use of the component parts
      of the database and specific information sought but not found. In this way the
      system generates an indicator of 'health concerns' in the practice population.
      Experience of the system at four contrasting sites in Merseyside is reported.
      Data from the first year suggest that site-specific differences in use and
      perceived need are emerging, and could lead to an information source which
      evolves in response to local demand. In addition, the system should provide a
      resource for opportunistic prevention in primary care and a way of monitoring the
      emergence of new concerns about health.

PMID- 1807327
TI  - Management of upper respiratory tract infection in Dutch general practice.
AB  - A questionnaire, sent to a 10% random sample of Dutch general practitioners (n =
      635) included descriptions of four cases of upper respiratory tract infections
      (acute tonsillitis, recurrent tonsillitis, acute otitis media and sinusitis).
      This was used to study the general practitioners' management of upper respiratory
      tract infections. A total of 376 doctors responded (59%). The majority of general
      practitioners would prescribe antibiotics for sinusitis (80% of respondents) but
      only 29% would prescribe antibiotics for acute otitis media. For acute
      tonsillitis and recurrent tonsillitis the proportions were 52% and 59%,
      respectively. The low prescription rate for acute otitis media was in accordance
      with national standards, such as the standard of the Netherlands college of
      general practitioners. A penicillin (phenoxymethylpenicillin or phenethicillin)
      was most likely to be selected for the two types of tonsillitis, amoxycillin for
      acute otitis media and doxycycline for sinusitis. Other antibiotics such as
      erythromycin, other tetracyclines and ampicillin, were seldom selected. Most
      respondents would prescribe antibiotics for seven days, but there was
      considerable variation. The influence of the characteristics of the general
      practitioners and their practices on their antibiotic prescribing was small. Only
      type of practice correlated with antibiotic treatment, in that general
      practitioners in single-handed practices would prescribe antibiotics more often
      than their colleagues in health centres. Among those who would prescribe
      symptomatic treatment nearly all would prescribe nosedrops for acute otitis media
      and sinusitis. Eighty five per cent of the respondents would refer the patient
      with recurrent tonsillitis, while 10% would refer the patient with acute otitis
      media. The results suggest that some aspects of the prescribing behaviour of
      Dutch general practitioners might be improved.

PMID- 1807330
TI  - Metered dose inhaler technique.

PMID- 1807329
TI  - Encopresis in children: a cyclical model of constipation and faecal retention.
AB  - Encopresis afflicts one in 100 children causing considerable stigma and parental
      concern. General practitioners are in a position to help in most cases but are
      often deterred by the psychoanalytical theories which have been developed to
      explain this problem. It is currently accepted that children with encopresis tend
      to retain stools. This leads to constipation, overstretching of sphincters and
      resultant faecal soiling. Physical and psychological perpetuating factors result
      in retention once again, thus completing a cycle of constipation and retention.
      Various precipitant and predisposing factors can maintain this cycle. Once
      physical causes have been excluded a simple behavioural approach can be adopted
      aimed at retraining the bowel. By using laxatives to prevent retention, gaining
      the child's confidence, cooperation and understanding and involving both the
      family and school, encopresis can be successfully managed in general practice.

PMID- 1807328
TI  - Understanding the uptake of cervical cancer screening: the contribution of the
      health belief model.
AB  - The health belief model, explaining health and illness behaviour, is 25 years
      old. Criticisms of the model have included its abstract nature and its emphasis
      on the rationality of patients' behaviour. Its lack of predictive power means it
      provides a useful framework rather than a true model. The health belief model is
      used here to review the literature that has advanced our understanding of the
      factors affecting uptake of cervical screening. The influence of age and social
      class on perceptions of vulnerability, and the costs and benefits of screening
      are highlighted. The body of work reviewed has helped expose inherent limitations
      of screening programmes. The main obstacles to the success of cervical screening
      are organizational, for example, the inaccuracy of address registers. Numerous
      ways of encouraging uptake are identified. These include appropriately worded
      invitations and educational material, personalized approaches from members of the
      primary health care team and flexible surgery hours. The incentives introduced
      under the 1990 general practitioner contract are likely to help increase uptake.

PMID- 1807331
TI  - Patients' preferences for appointment or non-appointment surgeries.

PMID- 1807332
TI  - Fatal cryptosporidiosis in association with Sheehan's syndrome.

PMID- 1807333
TI  - Does nose blowing improve hearing in serous otitis?

PMID- 1807334
TI  - Randomized controlled trials.

PMID- 1807335
TI  - Rating scales for the assessment of vocational trainees.

PMID- 1807336
TI  - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity.

PMID- 1807337
TI  - Asthma care.

PMID- 1807338
TI  - Asthma care.

PMID- 1807339
TI  - Shortbread wrist.

PMID- 1807340
TI  - Orthodontic aspects of vocational training. British Standards Working Party.

PMID- 1807341
TI  - [Child-hostile work life. Interview by Bente Foldvik].

PMID- 1807342
TI  - [Colleagues take extra work. Interview by Bente Foldvik].

PMID- 1807343
TI  - [Switching over for 6,000,000].

PMID- 1807344
TI  - [Nurses--tell what you can do!. Interview by Kjell Arne Bakke].

PMID- 1807345
TI  - [Anders in the hospital].

PMID- 1807346
TI  - [Bad for children to be in adult wards. Interview by Margit Fonn].

PMID- 1807347
TI  - Electron microscopic studies of the endoplasmic reticulum in whole-mount cultured
      cells fixed with potassium permanganate.
AB  - A method for visualizing the endoplasmic reticulum and other membrane organelles
      in whole-mount cells with a standard, 60-kV transmission electron microscope has
      been developed. By use of a new formulation of potassium permanganate as a
      fixative, intracellular membranes were preserved and stained, while cytosolic
      proteins were digested, giving a pattern of membranous organelles against a clear
      background, suitable for transmission EM of whole-mount cells at 60 kV.
      Mitochondria, lysosomes, and ER were clearly visible in whole-mount cells fixed
      by this method. We have employed this technique to examine the organization of
      the ER in a variety of different cell lines. This method also allowed
      visualization of the three-dimensional organization, relationships, and fine
      structure of mitochondria. With prolonged permanganate fixation, mitochondrial
      cristae were clearly visible in whole-mount cells. This method was also useful
      for fixation and staining of thin sections, and allowed examination of thicker
      sections than previously possible, thus giving improved imaging of organelle
      relationships and fine structure. Using this method, we have examined the ER,
      mitochondria, and Golgi in thin section.

PMID- 1807348
TI  - Early mineral deposition in calcifying tendon characterized by high voltage
      electron microscopy and three-dimensional graphic imaging.
AB  - Extracellular matrix organization and the spatial relationship between collagen
      fibrils, vesicular structures, and the first deposits of mineral in the
      calcifying leg tendon from the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, have been
      investigated by high voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional computer
      graphic imaging of serial thick tissue sections. The work demonstrates that the
      tendon extracellular matrix is a complex assembly of somewhat flexible, highly
      aligned collagen fibrils with different diameters and occasionally opposite
      directionality. Smaller collagen fibrils appear to branch from larger fibrils or
      to aggregate to form those of greater size. While the matrices are dominated by
      fibrils, space exists between adjacent packed fibrils. The three-dimensional
      perspective indicates that approximately 60% of the total tendon volume is
      extrafibrillar over the regions examined. The first observable mineral in this
      tissue is extrafibrillar and appears to derive from vesicles. This view of three
      dimensional matrix-mineral spatial relations supports earlier two-dimensional
      results that mineral is initially associated with membrane-invested vesicles and
      is deposited between collagen fibrils, but it is distinct in showing the mineral
      at different depths in the matrix rather than at a single depth as deduced from
      two-dimensional conventional electron microscopy. These results are important in
      the onset and development of tendon calcification in that they suggest, first,
      that collagen fibrils appear to be aligned three-dimensionally such that their
      hole zones are in contiguous arrangement. This situation may create channels or
      grooves within the collagen volume to accommodate extensive mineral deposition in
      association with the fibrils. Second, the results indicate that there are widely
      dispersed sites of vesicle-mediated mineralization in the tendon matrix, that the
      bulk of mineralization in this tissue is collagen-mediated, and that, while
      vesicles may possibly exert some local influence temporally on mineralization of
      neighboring collagen, vesicle- and collagen-mediated mineralization arise at
      spatially and structurally distinct sites by independent nucleation phenomena.
      Such concepts are fundamental in considerations of possible mechanisms of
      mineralization of tendon and potentially of other normally calcifying vertebrate
      tissues in general.

PMID- 1807349
TI  - Surfactant-like material on the chemoreceptorial surface of the frog's taste
      organ: an ultrastructural and electron spectroscopic imaging study.
AB  - Tannic acid treatment was used to study the morphology of surfactant-like
      material (SLM) in the taste organ of Rana esculenta and the relation between this
      material and the cell types of the organ. On the surface of the taste organ SLM
      was associated with the apical processes of wing and putative taste cells. In
      SLM, a biphasic pattern was visible, a portion showed a lamellar periodicity (the
      repeating period of lamellae approximated 45 A), and a second portion showed an
      homogeneous electron density. Electron spectroscopic imaging revealed the
      presence of phosphorus and a large amount of calcium associated with the SLM. The
      result of our work suggests that SLM has a role in the perireceptorial events in
      the gustatory transduction by concentrating calcium in specific sites of the
      chemoreceptorial surface.

PMID- 1807350
TI  - Conjugational junctions: morphology of specific contacts in conjugating
      Escherichia coli bacteria.
AB  - F-plasmid-mediated bacterial conjugation was studied with hfr (traDts) and tra I
      mutant Escherichia coli donor strains. This allowed us to observe a statistically
      significant number of conjugation-specific contacts by video and electron
      microscopy. Single mating events between E. coli were observed in real time by
      video-enhanced light microscopy. Conjugation in vivo takes place by initial
      contact formation via pili, followed by direct and transient wall-to-wall
      contact, during which DNA is transferred and disaggregated. Electron microscopic
      observations of the contact zone between donor and recipient bacteria were made
      by thin sectioning of mating pairs that were arranged in monolayers. We defined
      the conjugation-specific contact found in stabilized mating pairs as the
      conjugational junction. Within this junction no specific substructure such as
      plasma bridges by fusion could be detected during transfer of DNA.

PMID- 1807351
TI  - The structure of murine interleukin-1 beta at 2.8 A resolution.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of recombinant murine interleukin-1 beta has been
      solved by X-ray crystallographic techniques to 2.8 A resolution and refined to a
      crystallographic R factor of 0.192. Although murine interleukin-1 beta
      crystallizes in the same space group as human interleukin-1 beta with almost
      identical unit cell dimensions, the packing of the molecules is quite different.
      The murine interleukin-1 beta structure was solved by molecular replacement using
      the refined structure of human interleukin-1 beta as trial structure, and found
      to be related to the human structure by a nearly perfect twofold rotation about
      the crystallographic y-axis and a 14 degrees rotation about the z-axis, with no
      translation. The folding of murine interleukin-1 beta is similar to that found
      for the human variant, consisting of 12 beta strands wrapped around a core of
      hydrophobic side chains in a tetrahedron-like fashion. Significant differences
      with respect to the human structure are seen at the N terminus and in 4 of the 11
      loops connecting the 12 beta strands.

PMID- 1807352
TI  - The hand of the helix of deoxyhemoglobin S fibers.
AB  - Electron micrographs of deoxyhemoglobin S fiber cross sections provide an end-on
      view of the fiber whose appearance is sensitive to small changes in orientation.
      We have developed a procedure to exploit this sensitivity in order to determine
      the hand of these particles. In a sickle hemoglobin fiber the hemoglobin
      molecules form long pitch helical strands which twist about the particle axis
      with a pitch of about 3000 A. Tilting a 400-A-thick cross section by a few
      degrees aligns one of the long pitch helices so that it is nearly parallel to the
      direction of view. When a strand of hemoglobin molecules in a fiber is aligned in
      this manner it appears as a strongly contrasted bright spot. It is this spot,
      rather than the fiber axis, which appears to be the apparent center of rotation
      of the cross section. The direction of the displacement of the spot from the
      particle axis depends upon the particle hand and tilt direction. We have used
      this property to determine that sickle hemoglobin fibers are right-handed
      particles. This method may be applicable to other particles with long pitch
      helices as well.

PMID- 1807354
TI  - Membrane traffic after inhibition of endocytosis in renal proximal tubules.
AB  - This study was performed to examine quantitatively the cellular organelles
      involved in membrane recycling after inhibition of luminal endocytosis in renal
      proximal tubules. Paraffin oil was microinfused into rat renal proximal
      convoluted tubules to prevent luminal endocytosis. After 1-2 hr the kidneys were
      fixed by perfusion and prepared for electron microscopy. Segment 1 proximal
      tubules infused with paraffin oil and control tubules from the same kidney were
      studied. In addition we examined proximal tubules from kidneys fixed by immersion
      30 sec after removal of the kidney. In the oil-infused tubules the large
      endocytic vacuoles (greater than 0.5 micron) disappeared, the amount of small
      endocytic vacuoles (less than 0.5 micron) was reduced to about 10%, and the
      amount of dense apical tubules was significantly increased. The dense apical
      tubules were very seldom seen connected to the apical plasma membrane in controls
      but this was occasionally observed in tubules fixed by immersion and relatively
      often in oil-infused tubules. An ultrastructural morphometric analysis
      substantiated and extended the qualitative observations and provided quantitative
      estimates of volumes and surface areas for large endocytic vacuoles, lysosomes,
      mitochondria, small endocytic vacuoles, and dense apical tubules in control and
      experimental tubules. The results strongly support the suggestion that the dense
      apical tubules located in the apical cytoplasm represent the vehicle for the
      recycling of membrane from endocytic vacuoles back to the plasma membrane, and
      show that in renal proximal tubule cells small and large endocytic vacuoles are
      transformed into dense apical tubules when endocytosis is stopped.

PMID- 1807353
TI  - Effects of retinyl acetate on surface morphology and intramembrane particle
      distribution in the plasma membrane of 10T1/2 cells.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy and freeze fracture electron microscopy were used to
      characterize membrane ultrastructural differences between parental, C3H/10T1/2,
      and carcinogen-initiated, INIT C3H/10T1/2, cells and treatments with retinyl
      acetate. The intramembranous particle distribution on the E-face was detected and
      quantitated by the methods of automated image analysis to obtain statistically
      meaningful numerical characteristics of intramembranous particle size and
      density. Subtle differences were found when no differences were apparent by light
      microscopy or by scanning electron microscopy. Initial retinyl acetate treatment
      caused a significant increase of the intramembranous particle size in parental
      cells. Intramembranous particle density increased for retinyl acetate treatment
      in parental and INIT cells and in INIT cells previously maintained but withheld
      from retinyl acetate. Intramembranous particle distribution analysis includes the
      interparticle distance of nearest neighbors and the randomness of the
      distribution by the differential density distribution function, which compares
      the observed sample to Poisson modified for particle size. These measures show
      that the three cell groups that have been treated with retinyl acetate have a
      more even distribution of intramembranous particles than was found for untreated
      parental cells. The relationship between the freeze fracture morphology and the
      biological responses to retinyl acetate treatment is discussed.

PMID- 1807355
TI  - X-ray diffraction testing for weak-binding crossbridges in relaxed bony fish
      muscle fibres at low ionic strength.
AB  - Equatorial X-ray diffraction patterns from single skinned fibres from bony fish
      muscle (turbot) were obtained with the fibres at 6 degrees C bathed in relaxing
      solutions of 170 down to 26 mM ionic strength. Diffraction patterns from rigor
      fibres were also obtained as controls. Unlike fibres from rabbit muscle, which
      show very clear evidence of substantial crossbridge formation at low ionic
      strength in what is mechanically a rapid equilibrium ("weak-binding") state
      (Brenner et al., 1982), diffraction patterns from bony fish fibres showed only a
      small change in relative peak intensities at low ionic strength (26 mM) compared
      with normal (170 mM) ionic strength. However, there was a slight ordering of the
      filament lattice at low ionic strength. The specimen temperature used (about 6
      degrees C) was not far from the normal physiological temperature of the fish.
      Likewise, only a small change was seen by Xu et al. (1987) in patterns from frog
      fibres at low ionic strength at 2 to 6 degrees C. (Rabbit fibres previously
      studied, where large changes were seen at temperatures of 5 to 20 degrees C, were
      about 17 to 32 degrees C below physiological.) The I11/I10 ratio for fish fibres
      at 26 mM ionic strength was actually lower than that for rabbit even at normal
      ionic strength. This may be associated with an intrinsic structural difference
      between these muscles or alternatively with the disordering of the crossbridge
      helix in rabbit muscle found at low temperature by Wray (1987), and could support
      the view that rabbit fibres at 5 degrees C and normal ionic strength may already
      have a significant population of weak-binding crossbridges.

PMID- 1807356
TI  - The crystal structures of recombinant glycosylated human renin alone and in
      complex with a transition state analog inhibitor.
AB  - Recombinant human glycosylated renin has been crystallized in complex with CGP
      38'560, a transition state analog inhibitor (IC50 = 2 x 10(-9) M), in a
      tetragonal crystal form. The structure has been determined to a resolution of 2.4
      A and refined to a crystallographic Rfactor of 17.6%. It reveals the conformation
      of the inhibitor as well as its interactions with the enzyme active site. The
      active site is a deep cleft between the N- and the C-terminal domains to which
      the inhibitor binds in an extended conformation filling the S4 to S2' pockets.
      The structure of the complex is compared with that of the related uninhibited
      enzyme pepsin. Significant changes in the relative orientation of the N- and C
      terminal domains are observed. In the inhibited renin structure the C-terminal
      loop segments forming the active site are closer to those from the N-terminal
      domain than in the related "open" pepsin structure. In addition, the structure of
      uninhibited glycosylated renin has been determined at 2.8 A resolution from a
      cubic crystal form with two renin molecules in the asymmetric unit. The two
      independent renin molecules show different conformations with respect to the
      relative orientation of their N- and C-terminal domains; one molecule is found in
      the "closed inhibited" conformation, the other in the "open uninhibited"
      conformation.

PMID- 1807357
TI  - Zones of membrane adhesion in the cryofixed envelope of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The envelopes of Escherichia coli B and E. coli K29 were examined using
      cryofixation and freeze substitution. Emphasis was directed toward the question
      whether membrane adhesion zones (which connect inner membrane (IM) and outer
      membrane (OM) after plasmolysis in 10-20% sucrose) can be visualized with the use
      of cryotechniques. Plasmolysis in 10-20% sucrose was observed to have no effect
      on cell viability. We found that simple plunge-freezing methods preserve adhesion
      sites, whereas these sites were not observed after impact-freezing. Also,
      plasmolysis "bays," visible in light microscopic preparations of living cells,
      were seen to be maintained intact after plunge-freezing. Employment of
      photocrosslinking with UV-flashes before or after plasmolysis showed a
      significant increase in the number of adhesion areas compared to noncrosslinked
      specimens. To control the contact speed of the specimen during immersion into the
      cryogen, a hollow rotor was constructed in which the cryogenic liquid is moving
      at desired high speeds. Adhesion sites presented themselves in the plasmolyzed
      cell as sites of close contact of the outer and inner membrane, an arrangement
      that would leave very limited space for peptidoglycan layers at the contact site
      of the two membranes. Adhesion sites may occur either as single, isolated sites
      or within stretches of IM/OM apposition where they appear to function as "spot
      welds" between the two membranes. Exposure of cells to sucrose concentrations of
      35% caused rupture of adhesions with cytoplasmic fragments remaining attached to
      the envelope. The cryofixation procedures described here do not presently yield
      the number of membrane adhesions obtainable with conventional aldehyde fixation.
      However, since the combination of millisecond photocrosslinking and cryofixation
      of plasmolyzed cells resulted in a higher membrane stabilization and in an
      increase of the number of adhesion sites, this combination appears to be a useful
      tool for the analysis of sensitive membrane structures.

PMID- 1807358
TI  - What is endometriosis in the 1990s?
AB  - Intensive research into endometriosis over the last decade has failed to
      elucidate its aetiology and pathogenesis. There are uncertainties, too, regarding
      its diagnosis and management. Trends in endometriosis research in this period are
      reviewed with reference to histopathology, markers, immunology, peritoneal fluid
      biology, GnRH agonists and bone physiology. The research effort has never been
      more intense, but much remains to be clarified in the next decade.

PMID- 1807359
TI  - Endometriosis--what can medical therapy offer?
AB  - Endometriosis is often debilitating and can adversely affect fertility. Medical
      management has largely consisted of hormonal therapy, employing the entire
      spectrum of sex steroids, singly or in combination, and has primarily aimed to
      relieve pain and increase conception rates. Recently the efficacy of such
      treatment has been called into question. The current status of the hormonal
      therapy of endometriosis is critically reviewed, with sufficient historical
      background and summaries of clinical trials to allow interpretation of the
      available data. The impact of hormonal therapy on the cause and the natural
      history of disease is also assessed. Finally, recommendations regarding therapy,
      along with necessary directions for future clinical studies, are presented.

PMID- 1807361
TI  - Is there a solution for recurrent endometriosis?
AB  - Endometriosis may be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Recurrence rates are
      mostly calculated on the basis of symptomatic patients re-presenting to their
      doctor. Based on the number of patients who experience recurrence of symptoms
      after medical or surgical therapy, recurrence rates of up to 45% after five years
      have been calculated. Whether the symptoms are due to real recurrence of disease
      or expanding, previously microscopic, endometriotic implants has not yet been
      established. Therapy should be tailored to the patient's complaints, but does not
      necessarily have to differ from that in patients with primary disease.

PMID- 1807360
TI  - An approach to endometriosis with infertility.
AB  - Owing to the lack of an ideal treatment for endometriosis when fertility must be
      preserved, there are differences of opinion between those in favour of a mainly
      surgical approach to therapy, those favouring expectant management of the
      disease's less severe forms and those who prefer an active medical approach. Such
      controversy has made endometriosis a constantly reviewed subject. According to
      the figures published in the medical literature regarding different treatment
      strategies for improving fertility in endometriosis cases, none of them shows any
      clear advantage over the next. Apparently, in minimal endometriosis, the
      expectation and correction of associated factors should produce identical results
      to any other therapy. Severe endometriosis should be treated surgically, since no
      response can be expected from medical therapy. Discussion on the best way to
      proceed arises in moderate endometriosis. The selection of the clinical treatment
      should be individualised with regard to the patient's condition: age, length of
      infertility, degree of severity of the condition, the patient's wishes and the
      surgical risks involved.

PMID- 1807362
TI  - Endometriosis in primary medical care.
AB  - The role of the family doctor in the management of endometriosis is considered in
      three phases. With the exception of a small minority of cases in which there are
      superficial endometriotic lesions, it will be difficult for the general
      practitioner to confirm the diagnosis without referral for laparoscopy or similar
      gynaecological investigation. In the majority of patients, clinical diagnosis
      based on symptomatology and physical findings on pelvic examination is not
      reliable enough to be a sound basis on which to initiate medical therapy.
      However, the early referral of patients with a suspicious history allows prompter
      confirmation of endometriosis, if present, and the establishment of a treatment
      regime, if required. Where medical therapy is instigated, this is usually by the
      gynaecological team, but, for the convenience of the patient, her surveillance
      during treatment is conducted jointly with the referring doctor. Compliance with
      and continuation of therapy will largely depend on the knowledge and skill of the
      general practitioner in assessing the significance of side-effects of medication.
      A significant proportion of endometriosis sufferers experience recurrence of
      their symptoms, and it may be possible for the general practitioner to initiate
      re-treatment, with the same or alternative medication, prior to a re-evaluation
      by the gynaecological team.

PMID- 1807363
TI  - Endometriosis: the next ten years.
AB  - Several modalities can be employed in managing the patient with endometriosis,
      but the ultimate selection is determined by evaluating a number of criteria
      including age, extent of disease, severity of symptoms and pain. Scoring systems
      used in many clinical trials are based on the Revised American Fertility Society
      system but have their limitations. There is a possibility of using such
      innovations as receptor studies to individualize therapies in the future. Future
      research must also include dose-response studies, not only for the new GnRH
      agonists but also for danazol. These are essential to investigate efficacy. It
      may be that the different subtypes of endometriosis require quite dissimilar
      approaches to achieve the therapeutic goal. Despite advances in therapy for
      endometriosis, the disease remains largely a mystery in terms of its aetiology
      and pathogenesis, but we are drawing closer to refining our diagnostic and
      scoring techniques and individualizing our approach to therapy.

PMID- 1807364
TI  - What is important to the patient with endometriosis?
AB  - The uncertainties surrounding the diagnosis and management of endometriosis often
      leave the patient in pain, feeling confused by the limited information provided
      by her doctor and with a mixed bag of emotions: fear, grief, anger and self-guilt
      prominent among them. An open, mutually understanding relationship between doctor
      and patient is necessary if the diagnosis is to be made without undue delay.
      Appropriate management will then include the doctor taking time to explain the
      condition and its associated uncertainties, to discuss the treatment options and
      to forewarn about possible side-effects.

PMID- 1807365
TI  - Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty using the double balloon technique: immediate
      results and determinant factors of increasing mitral regurgitation.
AB  - Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) was successfully performed in 112 (95%)
      out of 118 patients (32 M, 80 F, mean age: 38 +/- 11 years) with mitral stenosis.
      There was a significant increase in the mitral valve area (MVA) from 0.9 +/- 0.2
      to 2.0 +/- 0.7 cm2 p less than 0.0001, a decrease in the mean mitral gradient
      from 17 +/- 6 to 6 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.001, and a rise in cardiac output
      from 4.3 +/- 0.8 to 4.8 +/- 1.2 L/min, p less than 0.001. The morphologic
      features of the mitral stenosis was evaluated using echocardiographic score.
      Patients with a low-score (less than or equal to 8) had more effective dilation
      of mitral stenosis compared to patients with a high-score over 8 (0.9 to 2.2 vs
      0.8 to 1.6 cm2, p less than 0.001), despite the similar EBDA/BSA (effective
      balloon dilating area/body surface area). The patients with good results after
      PMV (MVA greater than or equal to 1.5 cm2) were more likely to be in normal sinus
      rhythm (p less than 0.0001), younger age (p less than 0.001), smaller left atrial
      size (p less than 0.05), and lower total echoscore (p less than 0.002),
      especially in leaflet mobility (p less than 0.02) and degree of calcification (p
      less than 0.002), compared to patients with relatively poor result after PMV (MVA
      less than 1.5 cm2). There were no differences in EBDA/BSA, calcification on
      fluoroscopy, and history of previous surgical commissurotomy between the 2
      groups. Mitral regurgitation (MR) developed or increased in severity in 41 (37%)
      cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807366
TI  - Etiologic considerations of nonspecific pleuritis.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with nonspecific pleuritis were studied to determine
      clinical outcome. After a mean follow-up period of 6 months (1 to 36 months), a
      diagnosis was reached in 17 patients, while 6 patients remained unknown. The
      causes of the nonspecific pleuritis diagnosed on initial pleural biopsy were
      tuberculosis (11 patients, 48%), neoplasm (2 patients, 8.7%), parapneumonic
      effusion (1 patient), subphrenic abscess (1 patient), congestive heart failure (1
      patients), and nephrotic syndrome (1 patient). The diagnosis was made by
      therapeutic trials (tuberculosis: 11 patients, parapneumonic effusion: 1 patient,
      congestive heart failure: 1 patient), by repeat pleural biopsy in 1 hepatoma, by
      open thoractomy in 1 lung cancer, by exploratory laparotomy in 1 subphrenic
      abscess, and by kidney biopsy in 1 nephrotic syndrome. The WBC counts (more than
      2,000/mm3) and lymphocyte percentage (more than 60%) in the pleural fluid were
      significantly elevated in the patients with tuberculosis compared to those with
      malignant pleurisy, and other laboratory data were meaningless. As a result of
      this investigation, we suggest that tuberculous pleurisy is the most common cause
      of nonspecific pleuritis in Korea and that therapeutic trial with antituberculous
      medication for patients with high WBC count and lymphocyte percent in pleural
      fluid can help to locate the nonspecific pleuritis.

PMID- 1807367
TI  - The urine urokinase concentration in end stage renal disease with acquired renal
      cyst.
AB  - To see whether there was any difference in the urine urokinase concentration
      between acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) group and control (non cyst) group
      in end stage renal disease patients (ESRD), we evaluated fifty ESRD patients who
      had been maintained on chronic hemodialysis for various period. The urine
      urokinase concentration was higher in the ACKD group (17.5 +/- 14.7 unit/ml,
      range 13.5-47.0 unit/ml, n = 9) than the control group (4.1 +/- 3.4 unit/ml,
      range 0.5-12.0 unit/ml, n = 36) (p less than 0.001), and polycyst group (2.6 +/-
      1.8 unit/ml, range 1.0-5.1 unit/ml, n = 5) (p less than 0.01). But there was no
      difference between the control group and polycyst group. In the control group and
      the ACKD group, there was a direct relation between the dialysis duration and the
      urokinase concentration and the longer the dialysis duration, the higher the
      urine urokinase concentration (r squared = 0.424, p = 0.0001). The hemodialysis
      duration was longer in the ACKD group (42 +/- 17.0 months) than the control group
      (20.0 +/- 12.5 months) (p less than 0.005). These findings suggest that urokinase
      may be responsible for cystogenic degeneration in ESRD.

PMID- 1807368
TI  - Influence of amineptine on changes of blood pressure evoked by norepinephrine and
      dopamine.
AB  - The influence of amineptine, an antidepressant currently employed having mainly
      selective dopaminergic neurochemical activity, on the pressor responses evoked by
      norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was studied in anesthetized whole rats.
      Amineptine at doses of 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mg/kg/30 min infused into the femoral
      vein of the rat caused a dose-related inhibition of the pressor responses of NE
      and DA. The hypertensive responses of NE and DA augmented by pretreatment with
      reserpine, a catecholamine depletor, were also clearly depressed following the
      infusion of amineptine with a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/30 min. Furthermore, the pressor
      responses of NE and DA potentiated by pretreatment with debrisoquin, a
      sympathetic neuron blocker, were markedly diminished after pretreatment with the
      infusion of amineptine at the above same rate (1.5 mg/kg/30 min). These
      experimental results demonstrate that amineptine causes an inhibitory effect on
      the pressor responses evoked by NE and DA. It is thought that the amineptine
      effect may be due to the blockade of the peripheral adrenergic alpha-receptors in
      addition to the previously described uptake inhibition of dopamine.

PMID- 1807369
TI  - A case of intrapericardial extralobar pulmonary sequestration--first case in
      Korea.
AB  - Extralobar pulmonary sequestration, known as accessory lung, is a rare congenital
      anomaly and intrapericardial lung sequestration is extremely rare. To the best of
      our knowledge, only four reported cases were intrapericardial. We report a case
      with intrapericardial extralobar pulmonary sequestration confirmed by operation
      and morphologic basis.

PMID- 1807371
TI  - Encephaloceles: a review 1971-1990.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with an occipital encephalocele were managed at our
      institution between 1971-1990 inclusive. The case notes of fifty-one patients
      were available for review. Thirty-four of the patients presented in the first
      decade of the study. Fifty-seven per cent (29) developed hydrocephalus and 18 of
      these required shunting. The overall one year mortality was 23% (12) but only one
      patient died within the last decade. Of 23 patients followed up by postal
      questionnaire to general practitioners; 14 had no obvious deficit and 9 had a
      combination of deficits. Only one death occurred after one year of life in a
      child with a very severe handicap.

PMID- 1807370
TI  - Successful management of mechanical complications following acute myocardial
      infarction--a case report.
AB  - Rupture of the heart as a complication of myocardial infarction is one of the
      most common causes of in-hospital mortality. Rupture of the free wall of the
      ventricle or interventricular septum has a poor prognosis when treated
      conservatively. So, rupture of the heart after infarction requires prompt
      diagnosis and early surgical repair despite the high overall incidence of early
      operative mortality before hemodynamic deterioration and multiorgan failures
      develop. Rupture of the left ventricle results in pseudoaneurysm if the overlying
      pericardium adhers to the surface of the heart. Pseudoaneurysms which rarely
      develop after infarction, tend to rupture. Their presence alone is an indicator
      for operation because of the very poor prognosis following rupture. We
      experienced successful management of 2 rare complications after acute myocardial
      infarction: ventricular septal defect and pseudoaneurysm. The first patient was a
      49-year-old man who had an apical septal defect. His electrocardiogram showed Q
      wave in leads V2-V6, II, III, and aVF but a coronary angiogram showed normal
      findings. He was successfully treated by patch closure of the septal defect. The
      second patient was a 65-year-old female who had false aneurysm of the left
      ventricle. She had neither chest pain nor abnormality on the electrocardiogram. A
      coronary angiogram showed complete occlusion of the distal circumflex artery.
      Under cardiopulmonary bypass, the neck of the aneurysmal sac was successfully
      closed with a prolene suture.

PMID- 1807372
TI  - Spirometric changes in myelomeningocele patients after surgical correction of
      scoliosis.

PMID- 1807373
TI  - Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound as a noninvasive means of monitoring
      cerebrohaemodynamic change in hydrocephalus.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) measurements by Transcranial Doppler (TCD)
      ultrasound were performed on 27 patients with hydrocephalus (Group I: neonates,
      Group II: children). Simultaneous measurements of direct ICP and CBFV were
      performed during ventricular taps in 16 patients. There was a significant
      correlation between ICP and Resistance Index (RI = peak systolic-end
      distolic/peak systolic velocity) overall in Group II patients (p less than 0.02)
      and in individual neonatal patients (p less than 0.001). After ventricular taps
      and ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (17 patients) there was a consistent
      significant decrease in RI due to increased end diastolic velocity in all
      patients (p less than 0.001). This suggests the RI is a reliable index of
      cerebrovascular resistance for serial monitoring in individual patients. There
      was an exponential pattern of decay in RI with CSF volume depletion (volume-flow
      velocity response) in 50/56 taps which allows calculation of a volume-buffering
      reserve before perfusion change occurred. Simultaneous ICP/CBFV monitoring during
      sleep may help to identify patients who are unable to compensate haemodynamically
      during episodic increase in ICP and are a greater risk of ischaemic insult. TCD
      is a useful noninvasive technique of monitoring cerebrohaemodynamic change for
      initial assessment and further management of children with hydrocephalus.

PMID- 1807374
TI  - Investigation of children with suspected spinal dysraphism by magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - Findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of 52 children with suspected spinal
      dysraphism have been reviewed. In 24, no significant spinal abnormality was
      demonstrated. Seven patients had scoliosis or vertebral segmentation anomalies
      without demonstrable abnormality of the underlying soft tissues and one had an
      isolated subcutaneous haemangioma. In 20 children with spinal dysraphism, a low
      tethered cord was the most frequent finding, occurring in 80%. Other
      manifestations included myelo- or meningocoele (60%), syringomyelia (30%), lipoma
      (25%), congenital tumour (20%), diastematomyelia (15%) and thickened filum
      terminale (5%). The relationship between the clinical reason for requesting MRI
      and the scan results are discussed.

PMID- 1807375
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in 10-day-old rats with congenital hydrocephalus.
AB  - Rats from the H-Tx strain develop hydrocephalus through a developmental
      obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct. The progressive ventriculomegally is
      accompanied by thinning of the cerebral cortex which is already present 10 days
      after birth. However, a previous study found that the CSF pressure was not
      significantly raised until 21 days after birth. New experiments have now been
      performed over a 90 min. period using control and hydrocephalic 10-day-old rats
      under light pentobarbitone anaesthesia, in order to study the level, time-course
      and morphology of the resting intraventricular pressure. The mean pressure and
      its fluctuations were calculated for each minute. Control rats had a mean
      pressure of 19.3 +/- 1.23 (SEM) mm H2O (n = 9, range: 13.6-24.7) and in
      hydrocephalic rats, pressure was significantly higher at 23.5 +/- 1.13 mm H2O (n
      = 9, range: 18.1-28.3). There was no consistent trend with time and no
      significant difference between groups in pressure fluctuations, but at least two
      of the hydrocephalic rats showed episodic waves similar to "B"-waves in humans.

PMID- 1807376
TI  - Nutrition risk factors in children with myelomeningocele.

PMID- 1807377
TI  - A systematic approach to bowel continence for children with spina bifida.
AB  - One of the most difficult problems facing professionals working with children
      having a neurogenic bowel is incontinence, for it is one of the greatest
      obstacles to socialization and independence. This program which developed
      continence protocols based upon age and stool consistency, trained nurses in
      spina bifida clinics in the USA. Many nurses using the protocols among spina
      bifida children are enabling them to achieve bowel continence.

PMID- 1807379
TI  - The Doppler pulsatility index as a screening test for blocked ventriculo
      peritoneal shunts.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound studies have demonstrated a raised Gosling pulsatility and
      Pourcelot resistance index in untreated hydrocephalus. The application of
      transcranial Doppler ultrasound to the diagnosis of blocked ventriculoperitoneal
      shunts was studied by comparing the Gosling pulsatility indices of 63 children
      with symptoms of shunt malfunction with a reference range derived from 248
      asymptomatic shunted children. An abnormally raised pulsatility index predicted a
      blocked shunt with a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 97%. The pulsatility
      index correlated with intracranial pressure in patients with confirmed shunt
      blockage.

PMID- 1807378
TI  - Long-term assessment of intracranial pressure using the tympanic membrane
      displacement measurement technique.
AB  - The tympanic intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement technique was used to assess
      intracranial pressure over several months in two patient populations. In the
      first study, 43 shunted hydrocephalic children, aged 4-17 years, were tested over
      a period of 18 months when clinically well. Of these 11 (26%) were later admitted
      with symptoms suggesting acute shunt blockage. The tympanic ICP measurement
      correlated with clinical and/or operative findings in 10 cases. In the second
      study, illustrated by a case report, repeated testing over a period of 5 months
      in children with chronic symptoms suggestive of periods of increased ICP,
      demonstrated a correlation between symptoms and ICP and helped influence
      management decisions. Tympanic ICP measurement in shunted children is a valuable
      tool in the assessment of acute and chronic shunt malfunction. Serial testing was
      shown to be clinically useful in the long-term management of these patients as a
      diagnostic indicator of pressure variation and shunt dysfunction.

PMID- 1807380
TI  - Wrongful birth.
AB  - In the U.K. there has been a considerable increase in medical negligence
      litigation. Children born with congenital abnormalities cannot sue for having
      been allowed to be born but their parents can claim for the costs of their care
      if they can prove that appropriate care would have led to a termination of
      pregnancy. Six children who are the subject of such proceedings are described and
      the alleged faults that led to their neural tube defects not being recognised are
      detailed. General recommendations for a consistent antenatal approach to the
      diagnosis and management of neural tube defects are suggested.

PMID- 1807381
TI  - The car use of young drivers with spina bifida and hydrocephalus.
AB  - This study aimed to collect information on the car use and driving experiences of
      drivers with spina bifida and hydrocephalus and their disabled and able-bodied
      peers. A questionnaire was completed by 36 drivers with spina bifida and
      hydrocephalus (SBH) and two control groups, 36 able-bodied (AB) drivers and 14
      drivers with cerebral palsy (CP). Results indicated that although those with SBH
      and CP took longer to learn to drive than their AB peers and reported more
      difficulties during the tuition period, the nature of the difficulties
      experienced were the same for all groups. In the first year of driving those with
      SBH and CP reported a lower weekly mileage but a higher number of accidents than
      their able-bodied peers. The SBH group were also less likely to travel on
      unfamiliar routes and reported greater difficulties with route planning and route
      following. Many drivers from both disabled and able-bodied groups reported
      difficulties with parking and reversing during the first year of driving and
      would have welcomed advice in these (and other) areas. Many SBH and CP drivers
      were unable to use service stations independently due to physical difficulties,
      and some would have liked advice on how to use the equipment. Although most
      drivers considered that being able to drive had given them more freedom and
      independence, the provision of on-going advice and training was needed to develop
      driving skills in the early years as a qualified driver.

PMID- 1807382
TI  - Are the selection criteria for the conservative management in spina bifida still
      applicable?
AB  - Management of spina bifida is still controversial. At one extreme is the policy
      of total care in all cases while some form of selection is practised in many
      centres. We reviewed 104 patients treated over the last five years. Forty-nine
      patients, who had one or more adverse criteria, were managed conservatively.
      Twenty-four of these 49 patients required VP shunt insertions subsequently. Four
      patients had delayed closure of back lesions, three of them were followed by
      shunts. There was an overall increased (57%) incidence of surgical intervention
      in conservatively managed patients over the last five years as compared with 34%
      from our previous report. We found no difference in the timing of insertion of
      shunts in actively and conservatively managed patients in this study. The
      mortality in the actively and conservatively managed patients was 7% and 47%
      respectively. Eighty-five per cent of the patients who had no surgery died at an
      average age of 23 days. Patients who died without surgical intervention did not
      survive long enough to warrant surgery, while the mortality was 20% and had among
      those who survived surgical intervention. Paraplegia alone was not a predictor of
      high mortality but the presence of two or more adverse criteria were more
      accurate indicators of poor prognosis. As 78% of all the deaths in conservatively
      managed patients occurred within three months, reappraisal of management policy
      is necessary in the infants surviving beyond three months of age as death is less
      likely after this time.

PMID- 1807383
TI  - Sexuality and disability.

PMID- 1807385
TI  - Engineering attitudes.

PMID- 1807384
TI  - Testing the hydrocephalus shunt valve: long-term bench test results of various
      new and explanted valves. The need for model for testing valves under
      physiological conditions.
AB  - 13 new and 19 explanted hydrocephalus shunt valves were tested under perfusion
      for two weeks, using a modified ASTM test. Some manufacturers seem to have
      problems with quality control. Our results show large deviations in pressure-flow
      characteristics in different valves, in some cases leading to an extremely high
      pre-shunt pressure. Test results almost corresponding to manufacturer's
      specifications were found in diaphragm valves and in some ball and spring valves.
      Results from slit valves usually varied widely, some being good, but others bad
      (much too high a pressure) or dangerous with even possibly fatal characteristics.
      Whilst laboratory performance may not correlate with clinical results, due to
      different impact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and flow on hydrocephalus
      shunting systems, manufacturers should provide devices that meet their supposed
      specifications. We developed an apparatus allowing simulation of different CSF
      production rates, CSF outflow resistances, CSF pressure waves caused by arterial
      and venous pulsation, breathing and coughing, and hydrostatic differential
      pressure caused by body position changes. This model enables testing of shunt
      valves under almost physiological conditions, thus closing the gap between
      conventional bench test results and clinical performance of hydrocephalus shunt
      valves.

PMID- 1807386
TI  - Children with myelomeningocele: their urinary and bowel control.

PMID- 1807387
TI  - Suspended judgment--does taking extra vitamins prevent spina bifida?

PMID- 1807388
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension in myelomeningocele children.

PMID- 1807389
TI  - Ventriculoatrial shunt colonisation and immune complex nephritis.

PMID- 1807390
TI  - The myelodysplastic hip and scoliosis.

PMID- 1807391
TI  - Therapeutic risks of anti-siphon devices.
AB  - Anti-Siphon devices need a siphon length of about 25 cm H2O to activate them. SCD
      and ASD show a dependence on the prepressure. The subcutaneous pressure can
      obstruct Anti-Siphon devices.

PMID- 1807392
TI  - The Chiari II malformation in neonates--a prospective study.

PMID- 1807393
TI  - Spina bifida aperta and the tethered cord syndrome.

PMID- 1807394
TI  - Shunt-technology and overdrainage--a critical review of hydrostatic, programmable
      and variable-resistance-valves and flow-reducing devices.

PMID- 1807395
TI  - Results of orthotic treatment in children with myelomeningocele.
AB  - The level of paralysis in children with myelomeningocele is not necessarily the
      only factor determining whether they will be able to walk. If children, even with
      a high level of paralysis, have an appropriate motivation to walk they should be
      enabled to do so by surgically correcting their hip and knee flexion contraction
      and/or high degree of scoliosis. 106 children with spina bifida were provided
      with walking orthosis and were examined concerning their walking speed, walking
      distance, stepping distance, and how long they used their orthosis. We found that
      hip and knee flexion contraction as well as scoliosis substantially influenced
      their mobility. Therefore those handicaps should be surgically corrected if
      patients show an appropriate motivation to walk.

PMID- 1807396
TI  - Parawalker: energy cost of walking.
AB  - Relative oxygen cost (ml/kg/m) was compared in five paraplegic subjects (4
      children, 1 adult) while wearing a reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) and
      Parawalker. An Oxylog was used to record oxygen consumption while the subjects
      ambulated during steady state. Although all of the subjects trained and used the
      orthoses for varying amounts of time, the trend from these data shows that the
      Parawalker enables a more energy efficient gait. On the average the oxygen cost
      while using the Parawalker was 27% less compared to the RGO. The reductions in
      oxygen cost ranged from 12 to 42%. Following this trend of greater efficiency,
      the subjects ambulated 33% faster (on the average) with the Parawalker than with
      the RGO. These preliminary results indicate that the Parawalker appears to be a
      more efficient orthosis for level ambulation in the paraplegic population.

PMID- 1807397
TI  - [Opportunistic protozoans].

PMID- 1807398
TI  - The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Case reports.
AB  - Two additional cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are described. One of them, a 19
      year-old female, is a sporadic case, whereas in the other case, also a 19 year
      old female, there are two members of the family with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
      A review of some salient features of this entity is made. These include clinical
      presentation, histopathological features, malignant potential and treatment.

PMID- 1807399
TI  - [Prevalence of bone dysplasias in newborns at the Ruiz y Paez Hospital in Bolivar
      City. Venezuela. 1978-1990].
AB  - A congenital malformations surveillance program in effect at the Ruiz y Paez
      Hospital in Ciudad Bolivar since April 1978, has allowed us to detect 25 patients
      with osteochondrodysplasias (OCD) in a total of 70,152 newborns, up to August
      1990, for a prevalence of one case of OCD every 2,806 newborns. The clinical
      entities found were: Achondroplasia, Thanatophoric Dysplasia, Osteogenesis
      Imperfecta II-A, Camptomelic Dysplasia, Kniest Dysplasia, Conradi-Hunnerman
      syndrome, Parenti-Fracaro type Achondrogenesis and Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic
      Dysplasia. The results presented in this paper indicate that this type of
      diseases represent a relatively important group of nosological entities adding up
      to more than 200 new annual cases in the country. This relatively high frequency,
      the different inheritance mechanisms involved, the variable complications and the
      high morbidity and mortality rate of these diseases, make the patients affected,
      a problematic group not receiving, in general, adequate medical attention
      regarding diagnosis, genetic counselling and treatment.

PMID- 1807400
TI  - The influence of environment and parasitism on the prevalence of asthma in two
      Venezuelan regions.
AB  - The point prevalence of bronchial asthma and the influence of environmental
      conditions among 100 individuals chosen from two Venezuelan regions, i.e., rural
      and urban, were investigated by history, routine laboratory tests, determination
      of total and specific IgE antibody to common allergens and spirometric tests. The
      point prevalence of bronchial asthma was 3.0% in rural subjects who were also
      highly parasitized by helminths and 3.6% in subjects from the urban region. A
      significative difference in skin responses to Dermatophagoides pteronnysinus was
      observed in urban asthmatics when compared with rural asthmatics. A similar
      response to selected allergens was found among both populations. The prevalence
      of infestation by Ascaris in rural asthmatics was high compared with that of
      rural controls. Total IgE levels were elevated for both populations, but
      significatively higher (p less than 0.05) for rural individuals. Results suggest
      a significative point prevalence of bronchial asthma in both regions, despite the
      helminth infestation of rural subjects. The effects of environmental factors,
      their concentration and time of exposure are considered as main factors
      responsible for allergic reactivity observed in the Venezuelan regions studied.

PMID- 1807401
TI  - [Role of complement in experimental glomerulonephritis].
AB  - The complement system is composed by 26 plasmatic proteins. The activation of
      either the classical or alternative complement pathway leads to the formation of
      the membrane attack complex C5b-C9 (MAC) which is capable of producing damage of
      the cellular membrane. MAC has been identified in renal biopsies from human and
      experimental, immune and nonimmune renal diseases, but it has not been possible
      to demonstrate any enzymatic activity on the glomerular basement membrane
      components (GBM). MAC can produce a lytic or a nonlytic effect on renal cells
      depending upon the dose used. The lytic effect in vitro has been demonstrated in
      epithelial, mesangial and endothelial cells, whereas the lytic effect in vivo has
      been described in a model of acute glomerulonephritis produced by the
      administration of monoclonal antibody anti-Thy 1.1. which reacts with mesangial
      cells. The nonlytic effect of MAC on renal cells is characterized by alterations
      in cell metabolism which can lead the production of prostaglandins, type IV
      collagen, reactive oxygen species, and a growth factor resembling interleukin I
      which can contribute to glomerular damage, to the modification of the filtration
      barrier permeability and hemodynamic changes in experimental glomerulonephritis.
      The effector mechanisms by which the complement system participates in the
      pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis are different in the various experimental
      models of nephritis. In nephrotoxic nephritis the complement pathway participates
      at least in 3 different ways: a) complement-neutrophil mediated injury, b) MAC
      dependent mechanism and c) producing hemodynamic alterations. In acute serum
      sickness the complement system beyond C2 is not necessary for the development of
      proteinuria and glomerular inflammation, but the MAC assembly seems to be
      important for the formation of large deposits. In the chronic serum sickness
      model, the complement system participates in the early proteinuria as well as in
      the histological expression of the disease. In the heterologous phase of
      Heymann's nephritis, the proteinuria is complement dependent whereas in the
      autologous phase the damage depends upon cellular mediated immunity. In passive
      Heymann's nephritis the complement system and particularly MAC, has a central
      role for the histological lesion of the epithelial cell as well as in the
      proteinuria. In conclusion, the complement system can mediate renal damage by the
      following mechanism: a) Releasing chemotactic factors which result in neutrophil
      recruitment and neutrophil mediated glomerular damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1807402
TI  - [The effect of chlorpromazine on the temperature and osmotic sensitivity of
      erythrocytes].
AB  - The effect of chlorpromazine on the development of cold shock in erythrocytes
      exposed to sodium chloride was shown to depend on the tonicity of the medium in
      which the cells were cooled from 37 degrees C down to 0 degrees C as well as on
      the amphipate concentration. After cooling of erythrocytes in a NaCl (0.75-1.5 M)
      containing medium with chlorpromazine (7 x 10(-5) M, 2.1 x 10(-4) M and 3.5 x 10(
      4) M) the hypertonic cold shock was inhibited, the protective effect of the
      amphipate being less pronounced at its increasing concentrations. After cooling
      of cells under conditions of moderate hypertonicity (0.3-0.6 M NaCl) no modifying
      effect of chlorpromazine on the sensitivity of erythrocytes to the temperature
      decrease from 37 degrees C down to 0 degrees C was manifested. However, under iso
      and hypertonic conditions chlorpromazine used at 2.1 x 10(-4) M and 3.5 x 10(-4)
      M stimulated the cold shock development in erythrocytes. A sharp increase in the
      medium tonicity (up to 1.8-3.0 M and higher) the cells underwent isothermal
      hemolysis which was more expressed at 0 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. These
      data suggest that chlorpromazine significantly activates the hemolytic process at
      low temperatures.

PMID- 1807403
TI  - [Cross-linking of crystalline sperm whale myoglobin using glutaraldehyde].
AB  - The salt composition of the solution has been found, which does not interact with
      glutaraldehyde and myoglobin at an ionic strength corresponding to that of the
      mother liquid, i.e., 4.5 M (NH4)2SO4. Cross-linking conditions have been
      elaborated when crystalline myoglobin retains its native structure: myoglobin in
      3 M Cs2SO4 pH 5.4 is cross-linked by diffusion in 5% glutaraldehyde vapours in
      the same salt solution (5 days, room temperature).

PMID- 1807404
TI  - [Regulation of intracellular cholesterol synthesis in hypercholesterolemia by
      glucocorticoids].
AB  - The rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis in blood lymphocytes and skin
      fibroblasts from patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia was found to be increased
      in comparison with healthy donors. The cells of hyperlipidemic patients had
      lowered levels of glucocorticoid receptors concomitantly with a partial loss of
      their sensitivity to glucocorticoids. In fibroblasts from patients with
      hereditary hypercholesteremia of homozygous type the number of glucocorticoid
      receptors did not exceed 10% of their content in normal cells. The decrease of
      the number of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia
      seems to be a compensatory response of cells culminating in activation of
      endogenous cholesterol synthesis.

PMID- 1807405
TI  - [Characteristics of microsome-bound lactate dehydrogenase from skate white
      muscles].
AB  - Microsomes possessing the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were isolated from
      white driving muscles of the skate (Raja clavata) using differential
      centrifugation. It was shown that the increase of the ionic strength after
      addition of 0.6 M KCl and alkalinization of the medium result in the
      solubilization of the LDH activity - by 50% and 80%, respectively. The Km values
      for pyruvate and NADH are 171 microM and 7.5 mM, respectively. Membrane-bound
      LDH, is not inhibited by pyruvate excess (up to 20 mM); the rate of the enzyme
      inactivation by trypsin is 3 times as low as that of the solubilized enzyme. The
      existence of two-membrane-bound LDH pools is postulated. The enzyme from the
      first pool is bound to the membrane by electrostatic whereas the second pool LDH 
      by hydrophobic forces.

PMID- 1807406
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of ligand specificity of VLA-1 integrin from human
      smooth muscles].
AB  - Using affinity chromatography with immobilized monoclonal antibodies to the beta
      1-subunit of human integrin, a total integrin fraction (subfamily beta 1) was
      isolated from the detergent extract of human smooth muscle (uterus).
      Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific antibodies revealed
      integrins VLA-1 and VLA-5. The former was isolated in a homogeneous state by
      chromatography on immobilized type I collagen in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+. The
      pure receptor yield was 2-4 mg per 400 g of smooth muscle tissue. Analysis of
      substrate specificity of VLA-1 in the liposome test revealed that this integrin
      possesses a broad spectrum of ligand specificity and can interact via a Ca2+,
      Mg(2+)-dependent mechanism with interstitial collagens of I, II and III types and
      with basal membrane proteins (type IV collagen and laminin). VLA-1 does not
      interact with fibronectin, thrombospondin or albumin. Denaturation of type I
      collagen decreases the liposome binding 5-7-fold. The peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser
      Pro added to the incubation mixture does not inhibit the liposome interaction
      with incorporated VLA-1 integrin, type I collagen and laminin.

PMID- 1807407
TI  - [Inhibition of NADH-dehydrogenase by low concentrations of NAD+].
AB  - Low concentrations of NAD+ inhibit the NADH: acceptor reductase reactions
      catalyzed by soluble NADH dehydrogenase from bovine heart mitochondria. The
      degree of incomplete inhibition of the enzyme depends on the nature and
      concentration of artificial electron acceptors and is manifested only at low
      concentrations of the latter. Marked inhibition was demonstrated for the 2.6
      dichlorophenolindophenol-, ferricyanide- and O2-reductase reactions, being weakly
      pronounced during the measurement of the NADH: cytochrome c reductase activity.
      The inhibition of the above reactions by oxidized NAD+ isn't competitive towards
      NADH. A kinetic scheme is proposed, which postulates NADH: acceptor reductase
      reactions occurrence via two mechanisms, namely, a ping-pong mechanism and
      oxidation of the product-enzyme complex by the acceptor. It was shown that low
      concentrations of NAD+ also inhibit the NADH oxidase reaction catalyzed by
      complex I.

PMID- 1807408
TI  - [Redox regulation of DNA-binding activity of fos and jun oncogene proteins in
      vitro].

PMID- 1807409
TI  - Maxillary antral bone grafts for repair of orbital fractures.
AB  - Use of bone from the maxillary antrum to repair defects in the orbital floor was
      described more than 20 years ago but has not been reported for correction of
      orbital rim fractures. The method is appealing because the source is contiguous
      with the recipient site; enhanced exposure might allow better fracture reduction
      and evacuation of debris and hematoma from the maxillary sinus. The intraoral
      approach also avoids an external incision and scar, prevents such complications
      as pneumothorax or dural perforation, and reduces postoperative pain. In 60 cases
      of orbital and zygomatic complex fractures seen between 1985 and 1990, less than
      8% required more extensive graft material than the maxillary antra could provide.
      To assess the potential advantages of local over extraanatomical bone grafts, we
      evaluated maxillary antral bone grafts obtained through buccal sulcus incisions
      in 14 patients for restoration following fractures of the orbit. Several of these
      patients are described. Bone union was complete in all patients and there was no
      morbidity related to infection, oroantral fistula formation, dehiscence, or
      disfigurement. Sufficient bone was available from the uninvolved contralateral
      side to repair even severely comminuted fractures. In zygomatic complex
      fractures, maxillary antral grafts appeared to provide additional strength in the
      region of the fractured maxillary buttress. The success of the procedure in our
      experience, coupled with the safety of bone harvesting from this source, and the
      avoidance of an external scar make maxillary antral bone well suited to
      reconstruction of all areas of the orbit.

PMID- 1807410
TI  - Frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele. A one-stage correction, reconstruction, and
      plating by means of the micro system.
AB  - This case report on one stage surgical treatment of meningoencephalocele offers
      the opportunity for a revision of the most recent trends expressed by other
      authors on this topic. Surgical technique involved a system of rigid fixations by
      means of microplates which, according to our experience in other cases, is
      particularly advisable in pediatric age. We find that the simultaneous
      utilization of calvarial bone grafts facilitates a better reconstruction of the
      cranial base, and also offers greater stability in results.

PMID- 1807411
TI  - Frontal bone advancement stability with or without microplate fixation: an
      experimental study in rabbits.
AB  - Recent advancements in surgical correction of coronal suture craniosynostosis
      involve the overcorrection of a frontal bone segment to allow unrestricted growth
      of the developing brain. However, problems with segment stability and collapse
      have been reported. Such problems may be alleviated with microplate fixation of
      the segments. The present experimental study tests this hypothesis in a growing
      rabbit frontal bone advancement model. Sixteen 6-week-old rabbits were divided
      into three groups, consisting of animals with short bone segments advanced with
      two bone struts and fixed with Vicryl, long bone segments advanced with one bone
      strut and fixed with Vicryl, or long bone segments advanced with one bone strut
      and fixed with microplates. Frontal bone advancement collapse was assessed from
      lateral x-rays through 12 weeks postoperatively. Animals with microplate fixation
      exhibited significantly (p less than 0.01) less collapse (about 1% height
      reduction) compared to animals with short segments (about 30%) and long segments
      (about 45%). These results support, with experimental evidence, the utility of
      rigid three-dimensional fixation afforded by the microplate system in overcoming
      the effects of cranial growth and scalp and epicranial musculature closing
      tensions.

PMID- 1807412
TI  - Bone-ceramic composite for enhancement of bone graft regeneration.
AB  - A new technique in bone grafting for the correction of a bony cleft and other
      associated bony defects is discussed. The technique involves the use of composite
      bone grafts.

PMID- 1807413
TI  - Frontofacial advancement with a free flap: deadspace versus drainage.
AB  - Presented is an adult case of Crouzon's syndrome undergoing a single stage
      frontofacial advancement where the employment of a microvascular free flap for
      extradural deadspace obliteration and to seal any communication with the nose may
      have contributed to the development of a major extradural infection.

PMID- 1807414
TI  - Midline cleft syndrome with sphenoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report.

PMID- 1807415
TI  - The use of tissue expanders for induction of facial skeletal growth.
AB  - We present a case of successful orbital expansion with a tissue expander in 1
      patient. This method will be valuable in preventing the facial deformities of
      anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The method was successful from a technical
      standpoint because of scleral investment of the expander and because of relative
      fixation of the expander by passage of the filling tube through the lateral
      orbital wall. The early experience of this patient confirms our expectations of
      successful orbital expansion based on the natural history of patients with
      orbital tumors or congenital glaucoma and on the experimental work of other
      investigators.

PMID- 1807416
TI  - Prophylactic lacrimal intubation for protection of the nasolacrimal apparatus
      during elective orbital osteotomies.
AB  - The lacrimal excretory system may be damaged after midface trauma or tumor
      resection, or injured in association with elective osteotomies involving the
      medial and inferior orbital walls and rims. Epiphora or problems of recurrent
      purulent ocular discharge and dacryocystitis may arise. Using the technique
      described by Crawford, we recently began to intubate at the time of surgery the
      lacrimal systems of our patients undergoing total midface and orbital osteotomy.
      Examples of the outcome of this procedure are presented. There were no cases of
      worsened epiphora or dacryocystitis. We detailed the use of lacrimal intubation
      in patients who are at high risk for postoperative obstruction of the lacrimal
      excretory system. Although our study was small and uncontrolled, our intention is
      to draw attention to the potential of intubation as an adjunct to the
      craniofacial surgeon's usual procedures.

PMID- 1807417
TI  - Psychological aspects of parents of children with craniofacial anomalies.
AB  - Parents of 27 children with pure craniosynostosis seen at a craniofacial clinic
      were surveyed to measure variables associated with family psychological stress.
      Each parent was asked to complete the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress and
      to provide information on various family and demographic characteristics. The
      level of psychological stress was positively associated with the number of older
      children in the home, not having one's own car, and not having prior experience
      caring for a handicapped person. Having someone to help care for one's child was
      also positively associated with family stress level. The level of family stress
      was negatively associated with the respondent's current health and degree of
      satisfaction with the amount of time clinic staff spent with one's child. These
      findings suggest a means of identifying families at high risk for stress
      associated with having a child with a craniofacial disorder who may need
      supportive services.

PMID- 1807418
TI  - Estimation of angulation of Branemark titanium fixtures from radiographic thread
      images.
AB  - Identity of film positioning and of X-ray beam angulation is essential for valid
      comparisons of marginal bone height around osseointegrated implants. The purpose
      of the present study was to analyze the possibilities of estimating fixture
      angulation in relation to film plane from the threads of Branemark fixtures. 10
      observers compared 62 images of fixtures with angulations ranging from 0 degrees
      to +/- 15 degrees with a set of reference radiographs. Out of 620 recordings, 29%
      were right, and 71% differed by greater than or equal to 1 degree. The observers
      distinguished with great accuracy between negative and positive angulations. 81%
      of the recordings differed by 2 degrees or less. It is concluded that the threads
      of Branemark fixtures are helpful in controlling the identity of serial
      radiographs of implants. The test circumstances were ideal compared to clinical
      cases, and it is possible that accuracy will be less in patient cases.

PMID- 1807419
TI  - A removal torque and histomorphometric study of commercially pure niobium and
      titanium implants in rabbit bone.
AB  - Screw-shaped commercially pure (c.p.) niobium and c.p. titanium implants were
      inserted in rabbit bone. After a healing period of 3 months, a significantly
      higher removal torque was demonstrated to unscrew the niobium implants (average
      32.9 Ncm) compared to the c.p. titanium implants (average 25.3 Ncm). In the
      histomorphometric part of the study, there were no significant differences in
      bone-to-metal contact between the 2 implant materials. An average of 41.1% bony
      contact was demonstrated for the niobium screws compared to an average of 37.2%
      for the c.p. titanium ones. Our removal torque findings could be related to the
      differences that we observed between the 2 implant surfaces as indicated by SEM.
      Since niobium implants showed a more irregular surface topography and niobium is
      a softer metal than c.p. titanium, this seems the most probable reason for the
      differences observed in removal torque between the 2 metals. Hypothetically, a
      more "positive biocompatibility" of the c.p. niobium in comparison to the c.p.
      titanium remains as another possible reason for the observed differences.
      However, against such a difference in biocompatibility between c.p. niobium and
      c.p. titanium, there is the very similar amount of bony contact registered in the
      histomorphometric analysis.

PMID- 1807420
TI  - Histological and histomorphometrical evaluation of tissue reactions adjacent to
      endosteal implants in monkeys.
AB  - A qualitative and quantitative histological study of the initial healing response
      adjacent to 24 submerged and non-submerged implants placed in the lower jaws of 6
      monkeys is presented. The histomorphometric analysis showed no significant
      differences in mineralized bone-implant contact length between submerged and non
      loaded non-submerged titanium implants. The infrabony defects around some of the
      implants on the radiographs were significantly correlated to the histological
      measurements. Qualitatively, a greater number of gingival inflammation cells and
      a longer junctional epithelium were seen adjacent to non-submerged implants
      without oral hygiene than were seen adjacent to non-submerged implants with oral
      hygiene in the initial healing period.

PMID- 1807421
TI  - In vivo early human dental plaque formation on different supporting substances. A
      scanning electron microscopic and bacteriological study.
AB  - Different studies have shown that various substances may have an influence on
      early human dental plaque formation. The purpose of the present study was to
      compare on tooth substances and supporting prosthetic materials the amount of
      plaque deposition by SEM and the quantity of selected bacteria using anaerobic
      culturing techniques. 5 bridges, replacing a missing molar or premolar, were
      incorporated in 3 patients. In the midbuccal area of each pontic, a semi
      precision attachment was placed allowing the insertion of the following test
      facings: enamel, dentine, non gamma 2-amalgam, alloys of 85% and 55% gold, silver
      palladium, chrome-cobalt, chrome-cobalt-titanium, and ceramic. For each material,
      2 facings were fabricated. After 4 and 24 hours in situ, bacteriological samples
      were taken and processed for further identification. After a 2nd period of 4 and
      24 hours in situ, the same facings were carefully removed and prepared for SEM
      examination. All 4-hour specimens exhibited various areas covered by plaque, the
      amount of which varied with the different supporting substances. The very smooth
      surfaces (e.g., gold) harbored sparse deposits, while the rougher (e.g., amalgam)
      were covered by more plaque. After 24 hours of plaque development, an increase in
      the number of micro-organisms was noted for all the specimens. After 4 and 24
      hours of plaque accumulation, no specific trends suggesting a preferential
      colonization on the different substances were observed. This study has shown that
      the amount of early deposits on different substances seems to be related to the
      degree of their surface roughness, while plaque formation was qualitatively
      similar.

PMID- 1807422
TI  - [Asthma epidemics in Barcelona].

PMID- 1807423
TI  - [Between fashion and need: factors to be considered in the management of primary
      care].

PMID- 1807424
TI  - [Program for the decentralization of health services in the statutory community
      of Navarra].

PMID- 1807425
TI  - [Vaccine coverage against tetanus in the population over 30 years old cared for
      at a health center].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine by questionnaire the incidence of effective vaccination
      against tetanus in the population aged over 30 years attending a health centre.
      As a secondary objective we wish to determine the patients who sought vaccination
      after immunoprophylaxis was indicated as a result of incorrect vaccination.
      RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross section study to determine the incidence of effective
      vaccination and the number who sought vaccination. LOCATION: Inicial visit
      patients. "Chopera I" Health Centre, Alcobendas (Madrid). PATIENTS: Stratified
      sample of 385 patients representative of the population aged over 30 attending
      the Health Centre. For calculation of number who sought vaccination, 263 patients
      completed the study. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Vaccination coverage was
      13.24% +/- 3.38% for alpha = 0.05, with statistically significant disfavouring
      difference in women and older age groups. 66.15% of the patients for whom
      immunoprophylaxis was indicated sought vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: There is poor
      vaccination coverage in the over thirties population, especially in women. We
      note the high percentage of patients who sought vaccination without any risk
      factor at that time, indicating the fundamental role of the initial visit medical
      service in immunoprophylaxis.

PMID- 1807426
TI  - [Community trial for the evaluation of the fluoride mouthwash program among
      students in Palma de Mallorca].
AB  - It is presented the assessment of the weekly fluoride mouthwash program conducted
      among public primary school students in Palma de Majorca, Balearic Islands,
      Spain. It was carried out with students of 5th year (aged 10 years old) who had
      been participating in the program for four years. The prevalence of caries
      according to the CFLT index (Cavity Filling Lost Tooth) in those students who
      followed the program is compared with the rest of the 5th year students to whom
      the program was not applied. According to the CFLT index, the difference noticed
      between the two groups was 21.15%. This caused a 0.52% reduction of decayed
      pieces per child following the program. In the same way, the restoration index is
      50% higher in the group of intervention than in that of control.

PMID- 1807427
TI  - [Research on drug utilization in primary health care in national journals].
AB  - In order to discover the present state of research into the use of medication
      (UM) in primary care, articles published in the "Original Articles" sections of
      Medicina Clinica (MC) (Clinical Medicine) and Atencion Primaria (AP) (Primary
      Care) between 1983 and 1990, were studied. A total of 130 articles that meet the
      definition of the WHO for studies into the use of Medications (SUM) were
      identified. The instigator and organiser of the research, the drugs included, the
      kind of study, the source of the data, the main variables used and the
      qualitative analysis made, were all studied. In conclusion we were able to point
      out that the characteristics of UM were met in the majority of the studies;
      although they are the main objective of the study in only a minority of cases.
      The people who undertook most of the research were those who themselves
      prescribed the drugs or dealt with very common pathologies. In general, the
      studies are only descriptive and have a poor level of assessment of the results.

PMID- 1807428
TI  - [The influence of health education on nutrition].
AB  - To assess the effectiveness of health education in relation to the changes it
      produces in both information and the general population's outlook on food
      consumption. DESIGN. A controlled intervention study, with a randomized double
      blind sample. PLACE. Village covered by the Fuenlabrada Health Centre.
      PARTICIPANTS. 88 families agreed to take part, out of the 408 that made up the
      total sample for the field study on food consumption previously undertaken. 24
      families in the intervention group (46% loss) and 35 in the control group (20%
      loss) completed the study. ACTIVITY. A group of nurses with diplomas in Health
      Education delivered advice and instruction on diet and health to the families in
      the study group, during April, May and June, 1990. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS.
      Two kinds of questionnaires, both previously validated, were used to measure the
      varying levels of food consumption and of information. These questionnaires were
      filled by both sample groups (intervention and control), before and after the
      health education. The level of knowledge, taking into account the number of
      positive answers in the information questionnaire, was significantly higher in
      the intervention group than in the control one (p less than 0.005). The level of
      food consumption was significantly higher in the meat intervention group,
      attaining an average of 3.08 (2.46-3.67); whereas in the control group an average
      of 4.39 was obtained. (3.72-5.06) (p less than 0.005). CONCLUSIONS. There was
      scant participation among the healthy population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1807429
TI  - [Health instruction in adult education as instrument for community participation.
      Analysis of an experiment in La Nora (Murcia)].
AB  - AIM: The main aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of establishing
      stable contacts between the PC study and citizens' groups, in order to promote
      Health Education. The experience of Adult Education in a Health Centre, initiated
      by its Consejo de Salud (Health Council), was analysed. DESIGN: The study's
      methodology is of Participatory Research based on an earlier descriptive
      analysis, which had followed the educational input. PLACE: It takes place in a
      PCC and is a Community-based activity. PARTICIPANTS: The PC study, Adult
      Education teachers, the Social Health Department of the Faculty of Medicine and
      136 adult students from nine villages in the rural area of La Nora (Murcia), took
      part in the study. ACTIVITIES: Essentially to develop a programme of Health
      Instruction within Adult Education, in order to encourage Community
      Participation. RESULTS: They focus on checking the effect of the programme on all
      the groups concerned and analysing the characteristics of the adult student body.
      CONCLUSIONS: The most important have been the generally positive feelings about
      the experiment and thus the possibility of tackling new ones. It was important
      that the study had been the fruit of a programme of Community Participation, with
      the Health Centre as the point of reference.

PMID- 1807430
TI  - [Intervention to improve the quality of continuing drug prescription at a primary
      care center].
AB  - An evaluation study has been done on the quality of long-term drugs prescription.
      The aim was to check the effectiveness of certain corrective measures agreed by
      the professionals working in a primary care centre. Using the results of a first
      evaluation made in 1989, a series of recommendations were made to reduce the
      prescription of drugs with a low intrinsic value (LIV). A further evaluation took
      place 9 months later. A relative reduction of 20.2% in LIV drugs was obtained.
      This represented a reduction from 25% to 20.8% of the total number of
      prescriptions. In the relevant pharmacological subgroups a reduction of 77.9% in
      the prescription of nitrites linked to barbiturites was obtained; of 60% in LIV
      antacids; of 50.3% in antivaricose drugs; of 36.1% in LIV laxatives; and of 30.1%
      in Dipiridamol. There was no improvement in the prescription of external LIVs nor
      cerebral vasodilators. It is concluded that the intervention has proved its
      usefulness in the improvement of long-term drugs prescription.

PMID- 1807431
TI  - [Articles from Castilla-La Mancha, of primary health care interest, published in
      national journals. Review of 5 years (1986-1990)].
AB  - The publications cover the research undertaken and express the scientific level
      of a community or of a field of study. To describe the scientific development of
      Primary Health Care (PHC) in Castilla-La Mancha (CLM), 71 projects carried out in
      the area are studied. These projects were found in seven national magazines,
      through a survey of the period 1986-1990. Of these, variants in both authors and
      articles have been studied. 44% are in Primary Care. There are 141 authors (only
      two with greater than 10 articles). Professionals working in Health Centres
      participate in 31 articles (44%). The subject most commonly dealt with is that of
      drugs. 58% of the bibliographical references fall within the previous 5 years.
      83% are "originals" and "letters to the editor"; of these, 71% use descriptive
      and 22% analytical methods. 39% use inferential statistics. The results have
      confirmed Bradford and Lotka's bibliometric laws. Those in the scientific
      community of CLM who have researched into PHC do not appear to differ from any
      other research groups. A greater use of analytical methods would raise the
      scientific level of PHC.

PMID- 1807432
TI  - [Prevention of breast cancer: current status of screening].

PMID- 1807433
TI  - [Vascular ultrasonography].

PMID- 1807434
TI  - [Return to the white paper. The reform of the British primary health care system
      seen from Catalonia].

PMID- 1807435
TI  - [Multivariate methodology in the studies of utilization and satisfaction in
      primary care].

PMID- 1807436
TI  - [The role of primary care nursing in the information on drugs given to the
      clients].

PMID- 1807437
TI  - [Analysis of the intrinsic and potential value of the pharmacologic use of the
      prescriptions carried out at a primary care center].

PMID- 1807438
TI  - [Claims at the emergency ambulatory services : structural quality and analysis].

PMID- 1807439
TI  - [Analysis of home injectables and nursing time].

PMID- 1807440
TI  - [The previous appointment system: waiting time before the appointment].

PMID- 1807441
TI  - [Determination of antitoxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women].

PMID- 1807442
TI  - The role of oxidative processes in metal carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1807443
TI  - The role of oxidative damage in metal carcinogenicity.

PMID- 1807445
TI  - Structure of formamidopyrimidine adducts as determined by NMR using specifically
      15N-labeled guanosine.

PMID- 1807444
TI  - Is there a role for reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of chromium(VI)
      carcinogenesis?

PMID- 1807447
TI  - Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 2E1 by diallyl sulfide and its metabolites.
AB  - Diallyl sulfide, a major flavor ingredient from garlic, was previously shown to
      inhibit chemically induced carcinogenesis and cytotoxicity in animal model
      systems. It modulated cytochrome P-450 compositions by inactivating P-450 2E1 and
      inducing P-450 2B1. The present studies examined the inhibition of P-450 2E1
      mediated p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity by diallyl sulfide and its putative
      metabolites diallyl sulfoxide and diallyl sulfone (DASO2). Each compound
      displayed competitive inhibition of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity in
      incubations using liver microsomes from acetone-pretreated male Sprague-Dawley
      rats. Preincubation of the microsomes with DASO2 inactivated p-nitrophenol
      hydroxylase activity in a process that was time- and NADPH-dependent and
      saturable, exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics, was protected by alternate
      substrate, was accompanied by a loss of microsomal P-450-CO binding spectrum, and
      was unaffected by exogenous nucleophile. The Ki value for DASO2 was 188 microM
      and the maximal rate of inactivation was 0.32 min-1. DASO2 was ineffective in the
      inactivation of ethoxyresorufin dealkylase, pentoxyresorufin dealkylase, or
      benzphetamine demethylase activity. Purified P-450 2E1 in a reconstituted system
      was inactivated in a time- and NADPH-dependent manner by DASO2. The metabolic
      conversion of diallyl sulfide to the sulfoxide and sulfone was observed in vivo
      and in vitro. The results suggest that diallyl sulfide inhibits the metabolism of
      P-450 2E1 substrates by competitive inhibition mechanisms and by inactivating P
      450 2E1 via a suicide-inhibitory action of DASO2.

PMID- 1807446
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of purine deoxynucleoside adducts.

PMID- 1807448
TI  - Positional effects on the structure and stability of abbreviated H-ras DNA
      sequences containing O6-methylguanine residues at codon 12.
AB  - Activation of the H-ras protooncogene in rats by methylating carcinogens results
      from a G-to-A transition mutation at the second position of codon 12 (GGA),
      presumably due to formation of an O6-methylguanine (m6G) at this position. A
      similar transition at the first position of codon 12 appears not to occur in
      vivo. To study the possible structural basis for this bias in mutation, we
      synthesized a series of 11-base H-ras sequences [e.g., 5'-d(CGCTG*G*AGGCG)-3' and
      two complementary strands] containing an m6G at the first, second, or both
      positions of codon 12 (i.e., G* = m6G). The results of solution chemical studies
      indicated that the individual strands formed stable hairpin structures among
      which that containing m6G at the second position of codon 12 was most stable.
      Further, the DNA duplex with m6G at the second position was significantly more
      stable than that with m6G at the first position, and under certain conditions, it
      was more stable than the unmodified duplex as well. It is possible that such a
      difference in stability might lead to more ready recognition of an m6G at the
      first position by repair proteins, and this could contribute to the apparent site
      specificity of mutation by methylating carcinogens at codon 12 of the H-ras gene.

PMID- 1807449
TI  - Reactivity of cysteine S-conjugate sulfoxides: formation of S-[1-chloro-2-(S
      glutathionyl)vinyl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide by the reaction of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)
      L-cysteine sulfoxide with glutathione.
AB  - S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) sulfoxide, a putative metabolite of the
      toxic cysteine S-conjugate DCVC, was synthesized by the reaction of DCVC with
      H2O2 and characterized by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and
      proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. DCVC sulfoxide was stable when
      kept at room temperature overnight in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8-7.8) or when
      heated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2 or 7.6) or H2O (pH 3.5 or 10.5) for 20 min at
      37 degrees C. However, in the presence of glutathione (GSH), DCVC sulfoxide was
      readily converted to S-[1-chloro-2-(S-glutathionyl)vinyl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide
      (I), a product formed by the Michael addition of GSH to DCVC sulfoxide followed
      by the loss of HCl. Evidence for the mechanism of this reaction was obtained by
      the finding that DCVC, which cannot act as a Michael acceptor, did not react with
      GSH under conditions similar to those used with DCVC sulfoxide. When the reaction
      of DCVC sulfoxide with GSH was carried out at room temperature and pH 7.4,
      formation of I was complete at 5 min, but when the reaction was carried out for 2
      h at pH 6.0 or 4.4 at 37 degrees C, product formation was nearly 37 or 3% of that
      formed at pH 7.4, respectively; product formation did not increase when the
      reaction was carried out at pH 8.5. When DCVC sulfoxide (100 mg/kg) was
      administered to rats, hepatic and renal reduced nonprotein thiol concentrations
      were decreased at 1 h to 74 and 27% of that in control rats,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807450
TI  - Formation of glutathionyl-spironolactone disulfide by rat liver cytochromes P450
      or hog liver flavin-containing monooxygenases: a functional probe of two-electron
      oxidations of the thiosteroid?
AB  - We have previously reported that the diuretic thiosteroid spironolactone (SPL)
      inactivates rat liver microsomal cytochromes P450 [P450 (P450 3A and P450 2C11)]
      in a in a mechanism-based fashion, and we have identified two polar SPL
      metabolites (SPL-sulfinic acid and -sulfonic acid), formed in a partition ratio
      of approximately 20:1 in such rat liver microsomal incubations [Decker et al.
      (1989) Biochemistry 28, 5128-5136]. We proposed at the time that these
      metabolites were most likely derived from further enzymatic (or nonenzymatic)
      oxidations of the one-electron oxidation product [SPL-thiyl radical (SPL-S.)]
      and/or the two-electron-oxidized species [SPL-sulfenic acid (SPL-SOH)]. In those
      studies, glutathione (GSH) was found to attenuate both SPL-mediated P450 loss as
      well as polar metabolite formation by approximately 40%. We have now reexamined
      this in greater detail and report that it is due to GSH trapping of an
      electrophilic oxidized SPL species to form an adduct that we have isolated and
      unambiguously characterized by mass spectral analyses as the glutathionyl-SPL
      adduct (SPL-SSG). Moreover, we have found not only that rat liver microsomal
      formation of this adduct is enhanced at pH 9.0, the pH optimum for flavin
      containing monooxygenase (FMO), but also that such adduct formation was indeed
      efficiently catalyzed by purified hog liver FMO. Because FMO oxidations of thiols
      are thought to entail a two-electron process to form the corresponding sulfenic
      acids, we infer that such a SPL-SSG adduct most likely reflects FMO-catalyzed
      oxidation of SPL to SPL-SOH, which on leaving the FMO active site is then trapped
      by GSH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807451
TI  - Urinary metabolites of [1,2,3-13C]acrylonitrile in rats and mice detected by 13C
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Acrylonitrile, a carcinogen in rats, undergoes extensive metabolism via two
      routes: direct glutathione conjugation or epoxidation. Metabolism to
      cyanoethylene oxide may mediate the carcinogenic and toxic activity of
      acrylonitrile. To characterize comprehensively the metabolism in vivo of
      acrylonitrile, the detection and identification of metabolites in urine of
      rodents dosed with acrylonitrile have been carried out using NMR spectroscopy.
      Following administration of [1,2,3-13C]acrylonitrile to male Fisher 344 rats (10
      or 30 mg/kg, po) or B6C3F1 mice (10 mg/kg, po), urine samples were collected for
      24 h. Carbon-13 NMR spectra were acquired directly on the urine samples after
      centrifugation and addition of 10-25% D2O. Resonances were assigned to carbons of
      acrylonitrile metabolites on the basis of chemical shift, proton multiplicity,
      carbon-carbon coupling, and calculated values of shift, and by comparison with
      standards. The proton multiplicity of each carbon was determined by heteronuclear
      2D J-resolved spectroscopy (HET2DJ), and the carbon-carbon connectivities of
      resonances were determined using incredible natural abundance double quantum
      transfer spectroscopy (INADEQUATE). The metabolites identified in rat urine were
      thiocyanate, N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(2
      hydroxyethyl)cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine,
      thiodiglycolic acid, thionyldiacetic acid, and S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine or its N
      acetyl derivative. These metabolites were also identified in mouse urine.
      Metabolites were quantitated by integrating metabolite carbon resonances with
      respect to that of dioxane added at a known concentration. Thiodiglycolic acid
      and (carboxymethyl)cysteine (or its N-acetyl derivative) were the major
      metabolites in the mouse, while N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S
      (2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine were the major metabolites in the rat. Metabolites
      derived from cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) accounted for approximately 60% of the
      products excreted in rat urine, compared with 80% in the urine from mice.
      Differences between rat and mouse in the further metabolism of CEO were also
      observed. The proportion of the dose metabolized via CEO may be an important
      determinant of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of acrylonitrile.

PMID- 1807452
TI  - Quantitation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil in DNA by gas chromatography with mass
      spectral detection.
AB  - 5-(Hydroxymethyl)uracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage. This hydroxylated
      base was quantified in DNA by GC-MS using either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of
      the DNA and isotopically labeled internal standards. Both 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil
      and thymine were quantified in each DNA sample and the results expressed as a
      ratio. This procedure controlled for possible errors in the quantitation of DNA
      prior to hydrolysis and derivatization. In addition, quantitation of thymine was
      important due to possible variations in DNA hydrolysis efficiency for each
      sample. The isotopically labeled internal standards controlled for compound
      instability through the procedure and for variations in derivatization
      efficiency. The conditions used for acid hydrolysis of the DNA resulted in
      considerable degradation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil; however, since isotopically
      labeled 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil was added prior to acid treatment, 5
      (hydroxymethyl)uracil still could be quantified. The degradation of 5
      (hydroxymethyl)uracil was avoided using enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA. In DNA
      that had been treated with hydrogen peroxide and iron in the presence of EDTA,
      the observed level of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil using enzymatic hydrolysis was 1.6
      fold higher than when using acid hydrolysis of the DNA. With analysis of 2
      micrograms of DNA, the detection limit for 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil was 3/10(5)
      thymines.

PMID- 1807454
TI  - Dental materials in pediatric dentistry.
AB  - Dental materials for the restorative armamentarium in pediatric dental care
      continue to improve in esthetics and function. This review describes the
      application of some contemporary materials and concepts. Fluoride-releasing glass
      ionomers are appropriate for use as luting cements and as liners and bases. The
      glass ionomer cements have minimal solubility in oral fluids and possess the
      capability of inhibiting secondary caries. Amalgam and composite resin are
      effective for class II restorations, although amalgam placement is considerably
      less time consuming and less technique sensitive. Composite resins, particularly
      more highly filled resins, are appropriate for anterior restorative care. The use
      of ceramic glass inserts may provide strength and decrease restorative time for
      composite resin restorations in the future. When planning treatment for pediatric
      dental patients, each patient and restorative material to be used should be
      evaluated on an individual basis, in order to provide appropriate care within
      each material's limitations. Pediatric restorative dentistry involves the use of
      many materials. As materials improve in durability, strength, esthetics, and
      anticariogenic properties, the concepts of contemporary pediatric restorative
      dentistry change. Certainly, the traditional principles of restorative dentistry
      remain practical and significant in the practice of dentistry. Although these
      traditional concepts are extremely relevant, newer materials allow for
      modifications to be made during treatment planning in restorative dentistry. This
      review presents some newer materials and concepts and their applications in
      current pediatric restorative dentistry.

PMID- 1807453
TI  - Structure-activity relationships for in vivo cadmium mobilization by
      dithiocarbamates derived from lactose and maltotriose.
AB  - The relationships between chemical structure and the relative ability to mobilize
      cadmium in vivo from its aged renal and hepatic deposits have been examined in a
      series of newly synthesized dithiocarbamates derived from lactose and
      maltotriose. The results suggest that, in the selection of hydrophobic groups to
      counter the hydrophilicity contributed by the disaccharides, aromatic groups
      provide compounds which have a superior efficacy to compounds containing
      aliphatic groups. The compounds derived from trisaccharides are much less
      effective than those derived from disaccharides, suggesting that there is a
      practical size limit to the hydrophilic groups which can be used in the
      structures of such compounds. With both di- and trisaccharides, aliphatic
      derivatives with straight chains containing more than eight carbon atoms tend to
      be less effective than the ones with seven or fewer carbon atoms in the alkyl
      chain. The three compounds prepared from lactose which contain a benzyl or a
      methyl-substituted benzyl group are the most effective compounds reported to date
      for the reduction of whole-body cadmium levels.

PMID- 1807455
TI  - Pulp therapy in the primary dentition.
AB  - Several treatment options for pulp therapy in primary teeth are reviewed.
      Conservative treatments are recommended for primary teeth whose pulps have the
      potential to recover once the irritation has been removed. The role of dentin
      permeability and microleakage is emphasized when protective basis and indirect
      pulp treatment are discussed. Alternative dressings for formocresol pulpotomies
      such as 6.25% glutaraldehyde solution, antigen-extracted allogeneic dentin
      matrix, and crude bone morphogenetic protein are reported with promising results.
      Pulpectomy is recommended for teeth with evidence of chronic inflammation
      involving radicular pulp or pulp necrosis with and without periapical
      involvement. The main disadvantage of zinc oxide-eugenol paste, widely used for
      primary root fillings in the United States, is its slow resorption rate,
      frequently much slower than that of the root. Other root canal pastes containing
      iodoform, or a modification of this with the addition of calcium hydroxide, are
      being utilized in South America, Japan, and Europe.

PMID- 1807456
TI  - Patient monitoring in the conscious sedation of children for dental care.
AB  - Monitoring physiologic parameters in young patients sedated for dental care using
      noninvasive electronic monitors is a relatively new phenomenon. Several reasons
      contribute to the increased use of electronic monitors during these sedations,
      including rapid advances in technology and concerns for patient safety. This is a
      review of the most recent studies reporting the use of electronic monitors when
      sedating pediatric patients for delivery of dental care. The function,
      advantages, and shortcomings of several electronic monitors in this setting are
      discussed.

PMID- 1807457
TI  - Current fluoride therapy in dentistry for children.
AB  - The literature on fluoride therapy for children continues to document the
      effectiveness of systemic and topical delivery in reducing dental caries in the
      recipients. The value of optimally fluoridated water supplies continues to be
      confirmed, but studies reflect a growing concern for an increased prevalence of
      very mild and mild enamel fluorosis in both optimally fluoridated and fluoride
      deficient communities. Studies document the need to educate health care
      professionals about appropriately prescribing supplemental fluorides. There is
      evidence of further need to minimize unnecessary ingestion of self-applied
      fluoride products, particularly dentifrices.

PMID- 1807458
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics.
AB  - Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning topics have become predictable in
      that reports seem to be reactive to societal dilemmas rather than addressing
      fundamental questions of our science. Issues and reports abound on
      temporomandibular disorders and their relationship to orthodontics.
      Investigations of airway function and other topics have tended to compound
      misunderstandings rather than eliminate them. Furthermore, new technologies
      heralded as having great promise may eventually fall to the side as mere
      gimmickry. Well-controlled prospective studies are needed to address many
      fundamental issues underlying orthodontic treatment. The progress and results
      from these works will take time to bear fruit.

PMID- 1807459
TI  - Nonsurgical and interactive orthodontics.
AB  - Cephalometric radiographic evaluation needs to be supplemented with soft tissue
      analyses that assist in the proper mechanics. Radiographs remain prescriptive to
      alter therapy. Patient cooperation is directly related to understanding and
      applying learning principles that are essential for quality orthodontic care.
      Prescriptions and new wires continue to make treatment more efficient and
      exacting. The anomalies of the teeth profoundly affect tooth placement in the
      occlusion. The transverse plane is the first and most important plane of
      occlusion that needs early intervention. This plane is directly related to
      correction of the sagittal through vertical development. The scope of airway and
      function needs to supplement specific modalities of therapy. Functional
      appliances usually have significant dentoalveolar effects within the growth
      process. Individual variation remains the hallmark of human growth and
      development, with or without therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 1807460
TI  - Growth and development in orthodontics.
AB  - Growth and development comprise the infrastructure of clinical diagnosis and
      treatment planning in orthodontics. The two current key issues have been growth
      prediction and growth stimulation induced by functional appliances. The stability
      of results in orthodontics and in the combined orthognathic-orthodontic treatment
      modality are likewise linked to growth and development. Changes in the untreated
      dentition after the permanent teeth are present in the mouth provide another
      important frame of reference for the clinician. The hazards of cephalometric
      analysis when relying on intracranial reference lines has recently captured a
      wave of attention, and if comprehended, should revitalize cephalometrics in
      clinical practice and in research.

PMID- 1807461
TI  - Complications of orthodontic treatment.
AB  - Certain complications and limitations have been associated with orthodontic
      treatment. The current literature obviously has not addressed all complications,
      but the following review highlights interesting findings and studies that may
      improve understanding and management of root resorption, ankylosis, implants,
      periodontal damage, instability, and relapse.

PMID- 1807462
TI  - Materials and appliances in orthodontics: brackets, arch wires, and friction.
AB  - The focal point for any orthodontic patient is the form and comfort of his or her
      appliance. To the practitioner, both can influence the function of the arch wire
      bracket combination. The most critical interaction that occurs within the so
      called couple is friction. When friction is high, sliding is hampered, as the
      efficiency and reproducibility of the appliance may be impaired. In this review,
      the recent advances to control friction and to modify the arch wire-bracket
      combination are reviewed.

PMID- 1807463
TI  - Surgical orthodontics.
AB  - This was an interesting year for the surgical orthodontic literature. Excellent
      large long-term studies addressed the stability of rigid versus wire fixation,
      lag screws versus bicortical screws, and osteotomy site selection. The effect of
      orthognathic procedures on speech and hearing deficits, condylar position, and
      the patient's psyche were reported in detail. Possible solutions to financial
      difficulties and the concern about blood transfusions were presented. Treatment
      failures and prediction shortcomings were candidly discussed.

PMID- 1807464
TI  - Education, research, and personnel needs in orthodontics.
AB  - Because of changing patterns of dental care delivery, the nature of orthodontic
      education, research, and personnel needs has changed markedly in recent times.
      Changes have occurred in the university environment, dental education, and
      undergraduate and graduate orthodontic education. Orthodontic research is
      shifting to more clinically oriented topics. Orthodontic personnel needs are
      being addressed by changing levels of specialist and general practitioner
      involvement.

PMID- 1807465
TI  - Capitation and indemnity in dental insurance.
AB  - The literature reviewed over the past year indicates several new trends in the
      area of health care capitation and indemnity third-party coverage. These trends
      point toward an increase in capitation and managed care and a decrease in
      traditional indemnity insurance. As employers seek to control all types of health
      care costs, they will also require employees to take care of a larger portion of
      the bill. As managed care plans increase, there will be a new emphasis on methods
      of plan evaluation. Cost will cease to be the only consideration. As quality
      comes into greater focus, there will be a need to define quality care in
      objective terms. Parameters of care will be needed as well as performance
      standards. Providers will be put increasingly at financial risk as managed care
      administrators seek to reduce provider numbers and control utilization. Capitated
      dental care is not as prevalent nationwide as is capitated medical care.
      Developments in general health care will influence how widespread it will become
      in the next decade.

PMID- 1807466
TI  - Computers in dental practice management.
AB  - More and more, dentists are using computers to manage their practices. This
      review discusses current trends in computer use, operating systems, and software
      among dentists. It also discusses how computers make a dental practice more
      efficient.

PMID- 1807467
TI  - Risk management in dentistry.
AB  - Risk management continues to define itself as an integral element in quality
      dental care. Issues reviewed range from periodontal record keeping to assessment
      of temporomandibular joint dysfunction and from cosmetic patients to after-hours
      emergency care. Two common denominators emerge throughout the articles reviewed.
      First, thorough and accurate documentation of all phases of patient contact and
      treatment remains at the heart of risk management. Communication, as a system of
      relationships between physician, staff, and patients, ensures understanding and
      agreement toward a common goal. Risk management remains a unifying principle that
      joins legal responsibilities with sound clinical practice.

PMID- 1807468
TI  - Dental office design.
AB  - Dental office design affects many aspects of dental practice often not realized
      or understood by the practitioner. These range from efficient operatory layout
      and equipment selection to lighting, effective appointment and business area
      design, and increased case acceptance. Although a major portion of the material
      presented in the area of office design is empirical and subjective in nature,
      there is a large enough body of information to suggest the need for dentists to
      consider strongly the opinions reviewed here. The financial investment required
      in achieving a new office or remodeling an existing one must be considered. The
      effective use of design professionals, ie, architects and interior designers, in
      planning and executing a project is also discussed in the literature reviewed.

PMID- 1807469
TI  - New dental products and equipment.
AB  - Reviewing current advances, new products, and equipment in dentistry is difficult
      due to the lack of scientific publication in professional journals. The majority
      of information available is garnered from nonrefereed sources as well as from
      information provided by the manufacturers themselves. However, it is clear that
      several significant technical and innovative advances were made in 1990 and 1991.
      Among the more significant developments, major advances were made in dental
      handpiece technology with the introduction of wear-resistant ceramic rotor
      bearings and fused fiberoptic bundles for increased light transmission.
      Refinement of delivery systems continues primarily on the asepsis and infection
      control front. The use of laser technology is rapidly advancing for dental
      treatment. Food and Drug Administration approval has been granted to two
      different types of laser units. Video imaging and computer simulation are
      advancing in delivery of esthetic restorations as well as diagnosis and treatment
      planning of complex maxillofacial treatments. Dental radiography is moving
      forward rapidly into the realm of digital imaging and analysis. Many other
      important advances are outlined in the text.

PMID- 1807470
TI  - Analyzing dental practice value: doing your own appraisal.
AB  - Analyzing practice value consists of a simplified method of determining practice
      value that allows the dentist to periodically review and value his or her own
      practice. Three formulas are outlined and averaged, considering cash flow and how
      it can affect the total picture. The subjective portion of practice analysis is
      also detailed to show how practices with the same production levels and assets
      can have varying worth.

PMID- 1807472
TI  - The three H's are not enough.

PMID- 1807471
TI  - Governmental regulations concerning infection control in dentistry.
AB  - This review discusses how governmental regulations concerning infection control
      affect dental practice procedures. Recently, changes have been made in state and
      federal legislation regarding these matters. These changes have forced dentists
      to evaluate seriously the risks involved in providing patient care.

PMID- 1807473
TI  - Endodontic diagnostic techniques.
AB  - Successful endodontics begins with accurate diagnosis. A systematic routine must
      be followed to obtain the information necessary to arrive at the correct
      diagnosis. This paper discusses the role of the patient's medical history, as
      well as subjective, objective, and radiographic examinations in the diagnostic
      process with special emphasis on information published within the past year.

PMID- 1807474
TI  - Endodontic materials and techniques.

PMID- 1807475
TI  - Cleanliness, disinfection, and sterilization of the root canal.
AB  - Disinfection is a key aspect in the preparation of root canals prior to
      obturation. Irrigation and intracanal medicaments are the chemical means of
      debridement. The bacterial role is significant, and intracanal medicaments must
      be cidal in their effect on bacteria and the dentinal tubules. Topical
      application of medicaments seem to be as effective or more effective than
      antibiotic applications. Glutaraldehyde and calcium hydroxide are two of the more
      recently studied medicaments. Calcium hydroxide shows promise as an effective
      microbicide. The importance of removal of bacteria and necrotic debris from the
      canal by chemomechanical means--mechanical preparation, cidal irrigation,
      antimicrobial medicaments--will enhance the successful outcome of endodontic
      therapy.

PMID- 1807476
TI  - Microbiologic and pathologic aspects of endodontics.
AB  - Oral microorganisms, either directly or indirectly, produce the majority of cases
      of pulpal and periapical disease. Because microorganisms play such an important
      role in the pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical disease, a fundamental
      understanding of the disease process is important. Culture studies have
      identified infections of endodontic origin as being polymicrobial and
      predominantly anaerobic. Although several species of bacteria have been
      associated with infections of endodontic origin, there is no absolute correlation
      with signs and symptoms. The use of immunologic studies in addition to
      traditional microbiologic studies provides a better understanding of the
      mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical disease.

PMID- 1807477
TI  - Management of endodontic emergencies.
AB  - Endodontic emergencies include situations of pain or swelling that require the
      immediate attention of a dentist. These emergencies interrupt the schedule of the
      patient and the dental team. This article reviews the clinical conditions that
      might require emergency therapy, etiologies of these conditions, and the minimal
      treatment needed to alleviate the signs and symptoms. Current opinions on these
      issues are presented.

PMID- 1807478
TI  - Surgical endodontic and retrograde procedures.
AB  - This article reviews the recent literature on endodontic surgery and root end
      filling materials. Root end filling materials have been studied extensively
      during the period of this review. The materials that have proved to consistently
      seal the apex in both leakage and success studies are the reinforced zinc oxide
      eugenol cements such as IRM (The L.D. Caulk Co., Milford, DE) and SuperEBA (Harry
      J. Bosworth Co., Skokie, IL) cement. Articles on treatment planning and surgical
      armamentaria are also reviewed. Two textbooks and 21 journal articles are cited.

PMID- 1807479
TI  - Bleaching and restoring endodontically treated teeth.
AB  - Internal, or "walking," bleaching has been successfully used in dentistry for
      many years to reverse stains associated with nonvital teeth. The procedure is
      predictable for color change but is not without problems. Current research has
      identified the cause of cervical resorption, which has been associated with
      internal bleaching. Second-generation esthetic bonding materials theoretically
      should provide an improved seal at the tooth-restorative interface, but the
      limited current research does not support this contention. A suggested method for
      internal bleaching and restoring the access cavity is presented.

PMID- 1807480
TI  - Aphthous stomatitis and its management.
AB  - The clinical features and etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis are reviewed
      briefly. Because etiology and pathogenesis are not yet well established,
      recurrent aphthous stomatitis continues to be a difficult disease to treat.
      Several therapy modalities are discussed, including corticosteroids (both topical
      and systemic), antibiotics, mouth rinses, levamisole, and thalidomide. The recent
      literature contains several discussions of the treatment of recurrent aphthous
      stomatitis with thalidomide.

PMID- 1807481
TI  - Lichen planus.
AB  - During the past year, few articles have been published regarding the various
      aspects of oral lichen planus. The work reported dealt with a variety of aspects
      including patient profile, immunopathogenesis, and treatment. The papers served
      to confirm previous concepts of an immunologic etiology, the demographic
      consensus on patient profiles, and the use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
      as the most effective treatment approach. This review also summarizes some
      highlights of previous studies of oral lichen planus prior to 1990 and summarizes
      a current unpublished prospective study reflecting the findings in a large number
      of patients with oral lichen planus who have been followed for a long period of
      time.

PMID- 1807482
TI  - Precancerous lesions of the mouth.
AB  - Leukoplakia is the only important precancerous lesion of the mouth. The
      epidemiology of oral leukoplakia has been well established in white adults in the
      United States. There is a hole in the epidemiologic literature, however, on
      leukoplakia in American minority populations. Recent literature has begun to
      address the issue of the pathophysiology of leukoplakia, its causes and
      treatment, and predicting its malignant transformation. Computerized image
      analysis, retinoid compounds, beta-carotene, and laser surgery are contributing
      to advances in these lines of research. Though leukoplakia is often seen in
      patients who use smokeless tobacco products, it is usually benign and reversible
      if use of the tobacco product is discontinued. The direction of current research
      in leukoplakia studies eventually should lead to an understanding of the nature
      and cure of this ubiquitous lesion.

PMID- 1807483
TI  - Oral mucous membrane reactions to drugs and chemicals.
AB  - This article reviews recent reports of interest to practitioners concerned with
      the damaging effects of drugs and exogenous substances on the oral mucosa. Major
      topics include the incidence of the use of dentally important drugs in selected
      populations, lichenoid reactions in oral mucosa, diagnosis and management of
      mucositis related to cancer therapy, and issues relating to the diagnosis of oral
      foreign body reactions.

PMID- 1807484
TI  - The pathogenesis, oral manifestations, and implications for dentistry of
      metabolic bone disease.
AB  - Metabolic bone diseases often result in striking oral manifestations that can
      lead to a diagnosis of the underlying systemic condition. Numerous studies
      suggest that subclinical derangements in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism
      may also contribute to alveolar ridge resorption and periodontal bone loss in
      predisposed individuals. The significance of this spectrum of diseases and their
      overall impact on oral health and dental management are likely to increase as the
      elderly segment of the population increases in the coming decades.

PMID- 1807485
TI  - Saliva and dental diseases.
AB  - Recent studies have greatly extended our understanding and appreciation of the
      various functions of saliva and its role in preventing dental disease.
      Elucidating the functions of the various salivary components as well as the
      mechanisms underlying normal salivary gland physiology is essential for
      developing rationales for the prevention and treatment of oral pathology.
      Individuals suffering from the consequences of a variety of forms of salivary
      gland dysfunction will benefit from therapies developed as the result of these
      advances. The application of relatively simple techniques for evaluating the
      functional status of salivary glands and salivary composition will aid in the
      identification of individuals most susceptible to oral disease.

PMID- 1807486
TI  - Cell adhesion molecules in oral mucosa.
AB  - The way in which cells communicate with each other is fundamentally important for
      developing and maintaining normal tissue structure and function. In order to get
      a better understanding of cell adhesion, researchers have long been trying to
      identify and characterize chemical structures at the cell surface that might
      participate in, or mediate, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. During the last
      decade, this has led to the identification of a number of cell-surface adhesion
      proteins and their ligands, which may be either proteins or carbohydrates. The
      LEC cell-adhesion molecule family is a group of cell-adhesion molecules with a
      lectinlike domain. They bind to carbohydrate structures, some of which have been
      identified on dendritic cells in oral epithelium. LEC cell-adhesion molecules are
      found on endothelial cells during inflammation and may, in such situations, be
      involved in the recruiting of dendritic and other inflammatory cells, thereby
      playing a role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions in the oral mucosa.
      The integrin family is another group of cell-surface adhesion molecules recently
      identified in oral mucosa that participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion
      in many important processes including wound healing, immunodefense mechanisms,
      and oncogenic transformation. Knowledge of the distribution of cell-adhesion
      molecules and their ligands and of the mechanism that controls their expression
      is, therefore, of great importance in understanding of the development of disease
      in the oral mucosa.

PMID- 1807487
TI  - Biologically active mediators: platelet-derived growth factor, monocyte
      chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - The advent of tissue culture techniques provided efficient means to measure the
      activities of hormones that act at very low concentrations. By following a
      specific activity, biologically active mediators could then be efficiently
      purified from impure starting materials. Different assay systems allowed the
      purification of different types of factors. Growth-inducing factors, such as
      platelet-derived growth factor, were discovered because they could stimulate DNA
      synthesis in vitro. Chemotactic factors, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein
      1, were discovered based on their capacity to stimulate migration of cells in
      vitro. Transforming growth factors were originally described because of their
      capacity to stimulate the growth of nontransformed cells in soft agar. This
      review describes the effects of biologically active mediators using platelet
      derived growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming
      growth factor-beta as examples.

PMID- 1807488
TI  - Periodontal connective tissue.
AB  - Connective tissues of the periodontium are composed of cells and their related
      extracellular matrix components. For these tissues to respond appropriately
      during development and regeneration as well as in health, a precise regulation of
      cell-cell interactions and cell-substrata interactions must occur. Thus, in order
      to achieve more predictable clinical results, it is critical that the mechanisms
      and proteins and factors guiding tissue development, maintenance, and
      regeneration be understood at the cellular and molecular level. This has resulted
      in an increased emphasis on identifying components of the periodontium and
      subsequently determining how these proteins and factors regulate cell behavior.
      This review summarizes our current knowledge of the proteins and factors
      considered important to development, maintenance, and regeneration of periodontal
      tissues.

PMID- 1807489
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature.

PMID- 1807490
TI  - Alternative parameters for evaluating the performance of skeletal muscle in
      cardiac assistance.
AB  - This article describes a system designed to study the force, intramuscular
      pressure (IP), thickening (TH), and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the
      latissimus dorsi muscle in response to electrical stimulation. Experiments were
      carried out on fresh unconditioned muscles freed from the left flank insertion
      and fixed to contract isometrically. Statistical analysis of the data obtained
      demonstrated that IP and EMG activity were linearly related to force. The
      thickening of the muscle was found to be sensitive only to large variations in
      force, in a linear fashion.

PMID- 1807491
TI  - Latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty in severe congestive heart failure: the Lyon
      experience.
AB  - Eleven male patients, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III, have undergone
      cardiomyoplasty (Chachques and Carpentier technique). There were no deaths. Two
      patients suffered from low cardiac output, one patient suffered a massive aortic
      bifurcation embolism, and one patient had a Legionella pneumonia. All patients
      recovered well. The follow-up was 6.9 +/- 2.3 months. One patient had a
      Cardiomyostimulator Pulse Train Generator failure and had it replaced. The first
      seven patients were evaluated 6 months after surgery. They all improved (Class
      II) except for one, who was transplanted. The maximal level of exercise was
      improved (92 +/- 18 W vs 60 +/- 24 W), as was the heart rate-systolic blood
      pressure product (30,262 +/- 3,119 vs 19,908 +/- 4,190), mainly due to an
      increase in systolic blood pressure (200.0 +/- 25.5 vs 141.5 +/- 20.3 mmHg).
      Echographic parameters, maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular ejection
      fraction (LVEF), cardiac index, oxygen arteriovenous difference, and cardiac
      filling pressures did not change. The left ventricular (LV) angiography always
      showed good contraction of the latissimus dorsi. A problem needing investigation
      is the principle of cardiomyoplasty (CMP) itself, as the muscle acts more as a
      lift than as pincers. Our patients, and patients from other series, improved
      functionally, and they exercised more. Improvement in survival can be studied
      only by a randomized clinical trial.

PMID- 1807492
TI  - The value of the echo-Doppler in cardiomyoplasty procedures.
AB  - Echo-Doppler determinations were performed in patients submitted to
      cardiomyoplasty procedure using the latissimus dorsi muscle graft (LDMG). In four
      patients who had 1 year of follow-up or more the left ventricular internal
      dimension in diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal dimension in systole
      (LVIDs), septal-E point separation (E-septum), distance of the mitral valve (E
      E'), maximal aortic cuspid separation (MACS) and left atrium dimension (LA) were
      determined by two-dimensional echocardiogram. With a pulsed Doppler in the aortic
      root the following parameters were obtained: aortic peak flow (AoPF), velocity
      time integral (VTI), and ejection period (EP). With the stimulator on, the
      determinations were done using a ventricle muscle (VM) delay of 25, 75, and 250
      msec. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed by Echo determinations
      between the stimulator off and on. With the supporting contraction of the LDMG
      the best hemodynamic performance was obtained when the VM delay ranged between 75
      and 250 msec. Values with the stimulator off and on were as follows: AoPF: 90.8
      +/- 8 cm/sec and 104.5 +/- 9 cm/sec; VTI: 14.8 +/- 2 cm and 19.2 +/- 2 cm; EP:
      230 +/- 10 msec and 245 +/- 20 msec. A decrease in the systolic pressure of the
      pulmonary artery and a decreased functional regurgitation of the mitral and
      tricuspid valve were observed in the follow-up determinations. All patients
      showed restricted mitral flows that remained unchanged during the follow-up.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients the echo-Doppler showed an improvement of
      the systolic function of the left ventricle when it is supported by the
      LDMG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807493
TI  - Theoretical considerations in the use of dynamic cardiomyoplasty to treat dilated
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Clinical data describing the hemodynamic benefits of cardiomyoplasty are
      inconclusive, and there has not been any study detailing the mechanisms by which
      dynamic cardiomyoplasty may improve the functional and mechanical impairments of
      the failing heart. The left ventricle in dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized
      by increased end-diastolic volume, inadequate systolic myocardial wall
      thickening, increased wall stress, and decreased stroke volume. Based on
      experimental and preliminary clinical data, we propose that cardiac assistance by
      dynamic cardiomyoplasty is the consequence of enhanced volume translocation
      rather than increased potential for pressure generation. A small augmentation of
      dimensional shortening results in a large increment of stroke volume because of
      the enlarged resting chamber volume. Key geometric effects are enhanced systolic
      chamber shortening and increased wall thickening, resulting in a net decrease of
      myocardial wall stress. The contractile skeletal muscle may improve myocardial
      mechanics, and normalization of the afterload mismatch may be an important
      mechanism by which dynamic cardiomyoplasty augments cardiac output.

PMID- 1807494
TI  - Canine latissimus dorsi cardio-double myoplasty: acute feasibility study.
AB  - Cardio-double myoplasty was performed in eight mongrel dogs. Both latissimus
      dorsi muscles were dissected from the chest wall and wrapped around the heart.
      They were then stimulated using an R wave synchronous stimulator. Hemodynamic
      measurements were obtained, first with the stimulator off and then with
      stimulator activated. After measuring hemodynamic effects in a normal heart,
      acute heart failure was induced by the infusion of propranolol (5 mg/kg).
      Hemodynamic data were then obtained in the same fashion. In a normal heart state,
      cardio-double myoplasty increased the cardiac output 9.9% +/- 2.24 (p less than
      0.005), the left ventricular pressure 18.7% +/- 3.53 (p less than 0.001), the
      pulmonary artery pressure 72.2% +/- 25.4 (p less than 0.01), and the stroke
      volume 13.4% +/- 5.73 (p less than 0.05). In a failing heart, the cardiac output
      increased 21.6% +/- 3.34 (p less than 0.005), the left ventricular pressure
      increased 20.8% +/- 3.34 (p less than  0.005), the pulmonary artery pressure
      increased 87.2% +/- 39.9 (p less than 0.05), and the stroke volume increased
      46.9% +/- 22.9 (p less than 0.05). The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
      decreased slightly and the central venous pressure did not change in either the
      normal state or during cardiac failure. Cardio-double myoplasty resulted in a
      significant circulatory augmentation particularly in the setting of cardiac
      failure.

PMID- 1807495
TI  - Ventricular assistance by right free wall dynamic cardiomyoplasty following acute
      right heart failure in canines.
AB  - The efficacy of right ventricular assistance provided by electrically conditioned
      skeletal muscle was studied in 17 canines. The right ventricular free wall was
      made ischemic and akinetic by ligating all coronary branches supplying it. The
      latter procedure led to deterioration of hemodynamic parameters. After that, 14
      canines were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 8) was observed without
      cardiomyoplasty for 2 hours; group 2 (n = 6) underwent right ventricular dynamic
      cardiomyoplasty with the conditioned left latissimus dorsi. The deterioration in
      hemodynamic parameters in group 1 showed no further significant change during the
      period of observation. In group 2, right ventricular function was augmented by
      cardiomyoplasty, as shown by a significant increase in right ventricular and
      pulmonary artery pressures. In addition, decreased CVP suggested improved right
      ventricle (RV) filling. Right ventricular function curves obtained by volume
      loading in a further group of three canines, group 3, also demonstrated improved
      right ventricular function. Thus right ventricular dynamic cardiomyoplasty
      appears to contribute significantly to right ventricular function in a model of
      acute right heart failure.

PMID- 1807496
TI  - CNS effects on cardiomyoplasty in goats: preliminary study.
AB  - Following cardiomyoplasty, the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle contracts in response
      to both pacemaker and central nervous system (CNS) derived action potentials. To
      evaluate the effect of this dual stimulation on cardiac function, six goats (56
      kg to 80 kg) underwent treadmill tests 4 to 5 months after surgery.
      Sonomicrometer crystals were used to measure changes in the left ventricular
      short-axis dimension (LVSAD) and regional length changes in the LD muscle. Pacing
      mediated stimulation resulted in 17 +/- 4% fractional shortening of the muscle
      pedicle lasting 400 +/- 17 msec. Walking at speeds of 0.8 and 2.4 km/hr produced
      muscle contractions of variable duration and intensity. LVSAD was decreased by
      both pacing (14%) and walking (up to 10%). Pacing in combination with walking
      caused erratic muscle contractions with concomitant changes in LVSAD suggestive
      of impaired ventricular filling. No arrhythmias were noted during exercise.

PMID- 1807498
TI  - Skeletal muscle powered ventricle: comparison of double-layered small ventricle
      and single-layered large ventricle.
AB  - Canine left latissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were used to construct two kinds of
      skeletal muscle powered ventricles (SMPV): a double layered small size (10-17 mL)
      SMPV (A), and a single-layered large size (40-70 mL) SMPV (B). The same muscle
      was used sequentially for the construction of both SMPV. A mock circulation
      system was used for testing. This allowed for change of the preload (10-60 mmHg)
      and afterload (40-160 mmHg) independently. The peak developed pressure (PDP) and
      stroke volume (SV) were measured, and the stroke work (SW) was analyzed on line
      by a computer. The isovolumic PDP was 93.3 +/- 11.8 mmHg at 10 mmHg preload, and
      157.7 +/- 20.2 mmHg at 60 mmHg for A, and 37.8 +/- 5.5 mHg and 107.8 +/- 8.5 mmHg
      for B. The SV and SW at 50 mmHg preload and 80 mmHg afterload were 18.30 +/- 1.25
      mL and 1.06 +/- 0.10 x 10(6) erg for A, and 34.18 +/- 2.36 mL and 2.51 +/- 0.28 x
      10(6) erg for B. The SV and SW at 20 mmHg preload and 160 mmHg afterload were
      2.65 +/- 0.31 mL and 0.27 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) erg for A, and 1.03 +/- 0.23 mL and
      0.04 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) erg for (B). The SW generated by the large single-layered
      SMPV is similar to that reported for the canine left ventricle but requires a
      high preload. The large single-layered SMPV showed a higher dependence on pre-
      and afterload changes than the double layered small SMPV, which generates a
      higher pressure even at low preloads.

PMID- 1807497
TI  - Skeletal muscle ventricles: a promising treatment option for heart failure.
AB  - Our most recent work on cardiac assist with canine latissimus dorsi muscle in a
      skeletal muscle ventricle (SMV) configuration is reported here. One animal's SMV
      has been pumping blood effectively in the circulation for more than 16 months. To
      date there is no evidence of thromboembolism, and the dog has suffered no
      untoward effects. It has recently been shown, in a mock circulation study, that
      canine SMVs are capable of developing stroke work, at physiological preloads,
      much greater than that of the right ventricle and equivalent to that of the left
      ventricle. The improved ability of conditioned SMVs to perform work, independent
      of the circulation, during severe hypotension is also demonstrated. In the face
      of a 75% drop in left ventricular stroke work, the SMV stroke work dropped by
      only 50%. The continuing work on this subject suggests that a skeletal muscle
      ventricle may have the potential of becoming a viable alternative in the
      treatment of heart failure.

PMID- 1807499
TI  - Hybrid biomechanical assist for acute biventricular failure.
AB  - It is now clear dynamic cardiomyoplasty alone will not be able to support
      patients in severe cardiogenic shock. On the other hand, implantable
      univentricular electromechanically driven devices for permanent circulatory
      support are undergoing early clinical trials. Because of the potential for
      existing or subsequent biventricular failure and to avoid the need to implant two
      space-occupying mechanical devices, hybrid biomechanical assist devices could
      have certain advantages. To evaluate the feasibility of supporting profound
      biventricular failure, utilizing the combination of dynamic cardiomyoplasty and
      mechanical ventricular assistance, six dogs underwent simultaneous right
      latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty and left heart bypass. Microspheres were
      embolized into the pulmonary artery resulting in pulmonary hypertension and
      acutely impairing the right ventricle. The left ventricle was unloaded via a
      centrifugal Biomedicus pump. To create severe biventricular failure, the aorta
      was cross-clamped and potassium cardioplegia was infused into the aortic root to
      achieve a flaccid diastolic arrest of the heart. Infusion of microspheres into
      the pulmonary artery resulted in a dose-dependent increase in pulmonary artery
      pressure. Stimulation of the cardiomyoplasty under these conditions showed a 25.9
      +/- 7.9% (S.E.M.) (p less than 0.05, paired t-test) increase in mean pulmonary
      artery flow. There was a corresponding increase of 6.75 +/- 10.6% in the
      centrifugal pump flow. Following diastolic arrest, the mean pulmonary artery and
      centrifugal pump flows increased 90.8 +/- 11.5% (p less than 0.001) and 16.4 +/-
      12.1%, respectively. These preliminary results suggest this approach could be a
      useful alternative to patients who require long-term biventricular support.

PMID- 1807500
TI  - Ex vivo performance of muscle powered cardiac assist device: potential for right
      ventricular support.
AB  - The present study addressed the filling sensitivity and power output of the
      TOYOBO VAD (TVAD) and Utah soft artificial ventricle (USAV) to evaluate these
      pumps as a muscle powered cardiac assist device (MCAD). Two pumps were assembled
      with three different types of driving chambers placed underneath the latissimus
      dorsi (LD) muscle: the soft spindle (SS) type, elastic spindle (ES) type and
      bellows (B) type. The USAV required a filling time of greater than 1000 msec at
      any preload with any driving chamber, although the TVAD allowed this only with
      the ES-type chamber assembly. In an ex vivo mock study, the ES- and SS-type
      chamber assembly demonstrated a maximum stroke volume (SV) of 7.7 mL (39% stroke)
      by the USAV and 12 mL (17% stroke) by the TVAD at an afterload below 20 mmHg. On
      the other hand, the B-type chamber increased SV according to afterload in both
      pumps, resulting in a maximum SV of 25 mL (36% stroke) by the TVAD and 7.6 mL
      (38% stroke) by the USAV at a 30 mmHg afterload. The maximum stroke work (SW)
      achieved was 1.3 x 10(6) erg by the TVAD and 0.5 x 10(6) erg by the USAV, which
      exceeds that of the canine right ventricle. In conclusion, the ES-type chamber
      provided best pump filling and the B-type chamber best pump ejection, but back
      pressure at the chamber diaphragm determined performance efficiency. An active
      filling mechanism for the driving chamber will be necessary to offset the low
      preload requirements of a VAD, and provide the maximum power output necessary for
      right ventricular support.

PMID- 1807501
TI  - Development and training of skeletal muscle ventricles with low preload.
AB  - One-layered skeletal muscle ventricles (SMV) were constructed from latissimus
      dorsi (LD) muscles extrathoracally in six calves and trained under electrical
      stimulation on totally implanted mock circulation systems. These ventricles had
      low preloads of about 5 mmHg. The results showed that training against a
      resistance similar to the human aorta does not create an effective blood pump.
      But conditioning against a highly complaint workload makes them six times more
      effective. Therefore, further research on this observation is mandatory. After a
      conditioning of 16 to 63 days, all implanted mock circulations became infected
      due to perforated skin, so these experiments had to be terminated. To avoid these
      infections, we developed and tested an intrathoracic implantable mock circulation
      system with a highly compliant workload. With a double-layered muscle pump,
      systolic pressure 120-140 mmHg was generated and an output of more than 31/min
      was obtained. SMVs with a low end-diastolic pressure seem to be suitable for
      construction of an effective blood pump between the left atrium and the aorta as
      a left heart assist device.

PMID- 1807502
TI  - Extraaortic counterpulsation with a latissimus dorsi flap: hemodynamic effects in
      a heart failure model.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of extraaortic
      counterpulsation with a latissimus dorsi (LD) neurovascular flap in a canine
      heart failure model. Five dogs (8-18 kg) had a left LD neurovascular muscle flap
      raised. The muscle was brought into the chest through the second interspace and
      wrapped around the aorta. Parameters studied were heart rate (HR), systolic
      pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP) pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mixed
      venous oxygen saturation (MVO2), and cardiac output (CO). Baseline measurements
      were obtained with the muscle nonstimulated and stimulated by a prototype burst
      stimulation. The only parameter that changed significantly with muscle
      stimulation was DP (55.8 +/- 3.8 mmHg to 72.4 +/- 4.8 mmHg, p less than 0.05).
      Propranolol (3-4 mg/kg) and verapamil (2-3 mg) were given intravenously to induce
      heart failure. Mean blood pressure decreased from 64.12 +/- 5.03 mmHg to 43.3 +/-
      9.28 mmHg (p less than 0.05). Repeat measurements were obtained. With stimulation
      of the muscle flap there was an increase in DP from 36.8 +/- 9.2 mmHg to 55.4 +/-
      19.3 mmHg (p less than 0.05). Although CO increased from 8% to 18% in all animals
      (1.42 +/- 0.33 L/mm to 1.58 +/- 0.34 L/mm) this did not reach statistical
      significance. This data indicates that both DP and CO can be improved by this
      method of cardiac assist in a heart failure model.

PMID- 1807503
TI  - Free microneurovascular muscle grafts: deficits resulting from transplantation
      and speculations for myocardial repair.
AB  - Muscle homograft transplantation and transposition have been performed to the
      heart, yet little data is available on the functional and structural changes
      after "simple transposition" of the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle to the thoracic
      wall. Our aim was to compare the results of transplantation and transposition of
      the same muscle under experimental conditions. Five LD muscles were transposed to
      the anterior thoracic wall on an intact neurovascular pedicle. Five LD muscles
      were transplanted to the rectus femoris muscle site in the leg with microvascular
      techniques. Five control LD muscles were examined morphologically and
      functionally. The force measurements displayed a significant reduction in both
      experimental groups compared to control. The nearly 70% preservation of maximum
      isometric tension and the higher resistance to fatigue in the transplant support
      the concept of microneurovascular muscle transplantation to the heart. The
      experimental data also indicate that LD transpositions experience a significant
      reduction in force and mean fiber area despite an intact neural support.

PMID- 1807504
TI  - Influence of tension reduction and peripheral dissection on histologic,
      biochemical and bioenergetic profiles, and kinetics of skeletal muscle fast-to
      slow transformation.
AB  - Seven goat latissimus dorsi muscles were submitted to a progressive
      electrostimulation program through intramuscular electrodes (Medtronic SP5528).
      Group 1 (n = 3) consisted of muscles stimulated in situ, and group 2 (n = 4), of
      muscles dissected distally and reinserted on the chest wall with a reduced
      tension. In group 1, complete fiber switch from type II to I occurred within 60
      100 days after the beginning of stimulation, as demonstrated by myosin isoforms
      and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes pattern. Respiratory chain oxidases
      first increased within 30-70 days after stimulation, then progressively decreased
      to stabilized values, higher than the basal ones. Total LDH activity showed
      progressive decrease to one-fifth of the initial value. Morphological analysis
      confirmed the structural integrity and physical reinforcement of the muscles. In
      group 2, respiratory chain oxidases showed initial increase followed first by a
      fast reduction to values less than the starting ones, and then by a slow
      secondary increase between day 40 and 90. LDH activity displayed a sharp decrease
      between day 15 and 36. Myosin as well as LDH isoforms showed progressive
      conversion. This kinetic study suggests a three-phase adaptative evolution of the
      goat latissimus dorsi submitted to increased workload (group 1): a fast increase
      (phase I) in oxidative capacities is followed by the development of an efficient
      contractile machinery (phase II), with subsequent adaptation (phase III) of the
      terminal chemosmotic enzymes involved in energy production.+2

PMID- 1807505
TI  - Basic studies on skeletal muscle for cardiac assistance.
AB  - It is well recognized that skeletal muscle is incapable of maintaining the
      continuous power output needed for significant circulatory assistance unless it
      is rendered fatigue resistant by electrical stimulation. Most studies using
      conditioning patterns related to the pumping rate of the natural heart have
      suggested that such patterns can produce complete transformation to a slow
      phenotype. Such a transformation has two undesirable accompaniments: a reduction
      in the contractile speed of the muscle and an extreme reduction in its power
      generating capacity. We have investigated the chronic effect on rabbit muscle of
      intermittent high frequency contractions either alone or overlaid on a continuous
      background of 10 Hz. If the amount of stimulation were the overriding stimulus
      for transformation, then the rate and/or extent of transformation should, if
      anything, be greater with the additional activation. If, on the other hand,
      components of the transformation could be modulated independently by the pattern
      of impulses, then the reduction in power output might be avoided to some extent
      by a pattern somewhat analogous to a strength-training exercise regime. Our
      results suggest that high force contractions may indeed preserve power output
      without compromising the acquisition of fatigue resistance.

PMID- 1807506
TI  - Fatigue resistant muscle with preserved force and mass for cardiac assist.
AB  - Sheep under general anesthesia had their left and right latissimus dorsi muscles
      mobilized for paraneuroelectrode and pulse generator implantation. After a 10-day
      recovery period, the left-side muscles were stimulated with a gradually
      increasing duration and rate over 3 months. At 4 months after operation, the
      tendinous end of each latissimus dorsi muscle was freed from its humeral
      insertion and attached to a strain gauge force transducer. Both left and right
      latissimus dorsi muscles, from each animal, were stimulated to contract for 2
      hours for the fatigue study before being isolated, trimmed, and weighed. Frozen
      tissue biopsies were used to determine creatine phosphate, adenosine
      triphosphate, lactate, and glycogen content and muscle myosine ATPase, and
      succinate dehydrogenase activities. The arterial diameter in the conditioned
      muscle was 30% larger than that of the control muscle and had a 40% higher blood
      flow at rest. A three- to fivefold increase in blood flow during the fatigue test
      was observed. The force decreased 47% for the conditioned muscle and 91% for the
      control muscle. The mass and cross-sectional area of conditioned and
      unconditioned muscles were similar. Electric conditioning increased fatigue
      resistant fiber content from 33% to 92%, as evidenced by myosine ATPase activity.
      During the early phase of the fatigue test, higher glucose uptake but
      significantly lower lactate production were found for the conditioned muscle.
      This study indicates that it is possible to produce fatigue resistant muscle with
      preserved force and mass. In addition to skeletal muscle fiber transformation,
      metabolic adaptations appear to be important factors for fatigue resistance of
      skeletal muscle.

PMID- 1807507
TI  - The role of passive stretch and repetitive electrical stimulation in preventing
      skeletal muscle atrophy while reprogramming gene expression to improve fatigue
      resistance.
AB  - The effects of mechanical stimuli on preserving muscle mass while transforming
      them into slow, fatigue resistant muscles have been studied in the rabbit. When
      combined, stretching and electrical stimulation (10 Hz) induce rapid and marked
      growth of muscles. This procedure also more rapidly activates the transformation
      process(es) than when either stretching or electrical stimulation (10 Hz) are
      used alone. Stretch by itself is also anabolic causing useful lengthening of
      muscles and preventing collagen accumulation. In contrast, muscle inactivity
      leads to rapid atrophy, fiber shortening and reduced muscle compliance. We
      believe these findings have important implications to cardiomyoplasty.

PMID- 1807508
TI  - Performance of dynamic cardiomyoplasty related to the functional state of the
      heart.
AB  - Cardiomyoplasty (CMP) was performed with the left Latissimus dorsi in five
      beagles (group 1) with intact hearts and seven foxhounds (group 2) in whom the
      left ventricle was enlarged by 31 +/- 11.9% of cross-sectional area. Ventricular
      function curves were constructed at filling pressures ranging from 15-40 mmHg
      (group 2). Myocardial contraction patterns were investigated by epicardial 2-D
      echocardiography. Skeletal muscle contraction caused a significant increase in
      aortic pressure, dP/dt, stroke volume, work and performance in all animals.
      Function curves were shifted upward in a parallel manner. Echocardiography showed
      an increase of the LV cross-sectional delta area of 14.8% +/- 5.8% (group 1) and
      of 39.5% +/- 15.1%, and approximation of the edges of the wall defects (group 2).
      In conclusion, dynamic CMP as applied in this acute model, increased the
      performance of normal canine hearts and hence, a model of cardiac failure may not
      be a prerequisite for the investigation of certain technical aspects of CMP. In
      the failing heart, a parallel upward shift of myocardial function curves
      suggested increased performance of the heart/skeletal muscle complex over a wide
      range of filling pressures. However, the descending limb of the function curve
      with increasing filling pressures was observed despite skeletal muscle
      contraction. Hence, similar to other assist systems, the residual function of the
      heart may be of considerable importance in the overall performance of dynamic
      CMP.

PMID- 1807509
TI  - Optimization of the timing of skeletal to cardiac muscle contraction during
      dynamic cardiomyoplasty: analysis using a mathematical model.
AB  - Cardiomyoplasty, or the use of skeletal muscle to assist the failing heart, has
      been studied for many years but has enjoyed only minimal success. It has been
      suggested that a delay in the start of skeletal muscle contraction relative to
      the QRS complex would enhance aortic flow. To study the effects of simulated
      changes in the relative timing of skeletal muscle contraction, heart rate and
      skeletal muscle contraction duration, a mathematical model was used to predict
      the vascular pressures and flows during cardiomyoplasty. The vascular pressures
      and cardiac output generated by the model for both the normal and heart failure
      state were similar to previously published canine data. Skeletal muscle
      contraction synchronous with cardiac mechanical systole (i.e., delayed
      approximately 50-75 ms from the QRS) was able to provide improvements in cardiac
      output, arterial blood pressure and aortic flow velocity up to 40% over the
      baseline heart failure state. A delay in the start of skeletal muscle
      contraction, prolonged skeletal muscle contraction duration or an increase in the
      heart rate from 90 to 120/min reduced this benefit. Thus, mechanical synchrony of
      skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction optimizes hemodynamics during
      cardiomyoplasty.

PMID- 1807510
TI  - First experimental application of multichannel stimulation devices for
      cardiomyoplasty.
AB  - The effect of long-term application of epineural electrodes to nerves was
      investigated in rat experiments. Neural damage reached a maximum of 6% shortly
      after implantation and decreased to 3% after 1 year. Impedance and threshold of
      epineural electrode were investigated in sheep experiments for up to 12 months.
      The mean impedance was in the range of 1 kohm, while the threshold less than 1
      mA. The reduction in fatigue produced by multichannel stimulation was
      demonstrated by sequential isometric contractions of rectus muscles in sheep. The
      decrease in force was only 10% after 60 minutes of multichannel stimulation as
      compared to a reduction of 50% for single channel stimulation. Studies of
      cardiomyoplasty with single channel stimulation confirmed results reported by
      other investigators. In acute experiments with sheep, we demonstrated fiber
      selective stimulation which led to isolated contraction of the left or right
      distal part or the right proximal part of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Potential
      advantages in the application of implantable multichannel stimulation devices as
      compared to single channel stimulation for cardiomyoplasty include: (1) fatigue
      free stimulation at submaximal force level; (2) selection of hemodynamically
      effective electrode combinations; (3) potential for consecutive activation of
      muscle fiber groups, thereby allowing better simulation of the physiological
      contraction of the heart muscle; (4) redundancy of electrodes in case of
      technical failure or dislocation; and (5) stimulation of more than one muscle, if
      necessary.

PMID- 1807511
TI  - A new method to select stimulus strength after cardiomyoplasty.
AB  - At present, there is no technique available for the determination of optimal
      stimulus strength in patients after cardiomyoplasty. To stimulate the latissimus
      dorsi (LD) muscle, we implanted Itrel stimulators in two goats and
      cardiomyostimulators in three goats following the routine cardiomyoplasty
      procedure. During the following 3 months, these LD muscles were conditioned at
      2.5-4.0 volts (V). After conditioning, LD muscle shortening was measured on x-ray
      films using the distance between two stimulation electrodes as references. LD
      muscle shortening increased rapidly at higher stimulus strength and reached 13%
      +/- 2% at 2.0 V. Shortening was calculated in one patient at 4, 6, and 9 weeks
      following surgery. The increase in the number of pulses per burst (2, 3, and 6,
      respectively) had a positive effect on muscle shortening between the two
      stimulation electrodes (10%, 14%, and 20%, respectively). Also, muscle shortening
      was measured between two clips attached to the distal part of the LD muscle.
      Muscle shortening in the area wrapped around the left ventricle was 15% after 9
      weeks. In a second patient, shortening between the electrodes was 16% at 14
      months after surgery, and distal muscle shortening was 11%. We concluded that
      optimal stimulation after cardiomyoplasty could be detected more accurately by
      measurement of LD muscle shortening using the stimulation electrodes or surgical
      clips as markers.

PMID- 1807512
TI  - Canine-specific adaptation of energy metabolism of latissimus dorsi muscle in
      response to chronic electrical stimulation.
AB  - Continuous electrical stimulation ot canine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle in situ
      during 24 weeks induced an increase of immunohistochemically assayed type I
      fibers from about 30 to 80%. Concomitantly, the activity of fructose-6-phosphate
      kinase, a key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, declined markedly, but the
      capacity for fatty acid oxidation remained unaltered. With respect to
      myofibrillar and metabolic properties the dog LD muscle initially resembled
      soleus muscle, and after 24 weeks of stimulation had acquired the properties of
      gastrocnemius muscle. It is concluded that in the dog, unlike the rat, the LD
      muscle has an inherently fixed capacity for oxidative energy production. Further
      expansion of its resistance to fatigue, as induced by chronic stimulation, most
      likely results mainly from a more efficient coupling between tension development
      and energy production.

PMID- 1807513
TI  - The effect of L-carnitine on force development of the latissimus dorsi muscle in
      dogs.
AB  - Using the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of the dog in situ, the effect of
      carnitine was tested for increase of force in the first period after stimulation.
      Carnitine administration resulted in an increase of force of 31 +/- 6% (mean +/-
      SEM). It is hypothesized that, during muscle stimulation, a relative carnitine
      deficiency occurs in cells of the vascular compartment. The previously observed
      lesser effect of carnitine in the trained muscle than in the untrained muscle is
      in line with this hypothesis, since the number of capillaries is known to
      increase by training. Also in agreement with this hypothesis is the observation
      that carnitine increased flow during exercise of the muscle.

PMID- 1807514
TI  - A standardized nomenclature for latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty.
AB  - As worldwide clinical and experimental data accumulate, a standardized
      nomenclature for latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty must be accepted and
      universally applied in order to increase the potential for meaningful and
      reproducible comparison of results. This article presents a uniform nomenclature
      for latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty that is precise, anatomic and complete.

PMID- 1807516
TI  - Patient management and clinical follow-up after cardiomyoplasty.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of patient management
      following latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty, based on clinical experience with 34
      patients operated on between 1985 and 1990. Postoperative patient care includes:
      (1) clinical follow-up, (2) electrostimulation management, and (3) management of
      complications. The efficacy of cardiomyoplasty is principally evaluated by the
      quality-of-life before and after cardiomyoplasty (New York Heart Association
      [NYHA] functional class), number of rehospitalizations due to congestive heart
      failure, amount of pharmacological support, exercise capacity, postoperative
      reintegration and adaptation to working life, and late survival.

PMID- 1807515
TI  - Dynamic cardiomyoplasty: clinical follow-up results.
AB  - From 1985 to April 1990, 78 clinical dynamic cardiomyoplasty procedures were
      performed using the latissimus dorsi muscle stimulated with the Medtronic
      Cardiomyoplasty System. Indications for surgery were mostly ischemic and
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies with patients in severe cardiac insufficiency
      (NYHA Class III and IV). Results of this multicenter study (11 centers) indicate
      that the dynamic cardiomyoplasty procedure can be transferred and reproduced in
      many centers with low perioperative mortality and that it improves the functional
      status of patients who survive the procedure. The survival rate suggests a long
      term benefit (average implant time: 11.7 months). Although clinical functional
      improvement was reported, actual hemodynamic augmentations could not be clearly
      demonstrated under the protocol. Further studies of functional and hemodynamic
      parameters are necessary to determine if dynamic cardiomyoplasty is efficacious
      for a well-defined group of congestive heart failure patients. These points will
      be addressed in forthcoming studies.

PMID- 1807517
TI  - The use of the right atrial flap in total cavopulmonary connection.
AB  - A technical modification of total cavopulmonary anastomosis (TCPC) is described.
      Inferior vena cava (IVC) channel is constructed from the right atrial wall in a
      fashion similar to Senning's operation. The use of Gore-TexR (W.L. Gore &
      Associates, Inc.) patch or tube is avoided. We have used the technique in 11
      patients between 1988 and 1991 (six complex transpositions or double outlets with
      one hypoplastic ventricular chamber and/or straddling of the atrioventricular
      (AV) valve, four double inlet ventricles with pulmonary stenosis, and one
      tricuspid atresia). Superior vena cava (SVC)/IVC to pulmonary artery gradient was
      less than 2 mmHg in all patients. SVC/IVC pressure was 10-15 mmHg (mean 12.3
      mmHg), transpulmonary gradient 5-8 mmHg (mean 6.4 mmHg). We have not observed any
      adverse effects such as arrhythmias or increased pleural drainage when we
      compared those patients with 85 children in whom the TCPC was performed with Gore
      TexR patch/tube. The presented technique is simple, avoids the use of
      anticoagulants, and may have a possible long-term advantage in allowing growth of
      the IVC channel.

PMID- 1807518
TI  - Atrioventricular canal defects: results of repair in the current era.
AB  - Between December 1986 and December 1990, 37 consecutive patients underwent repair
      of complete atrioventricular (AV) canal with the two-patch technique. Mean age at
      repair was 22 months and 51% were less than 1 year of age. Eighteen (48.6%) had
      undergone previous palliative operations. Two operative deaths (5.4%) occurred
      and another patient died in-hospital for an early mortality of 8.1%. One late
      death (2.9%) has occurred from a respiratory infection. Actuarial survival is
      87.7% at 3 years. Small size (p less than 0.05), unbalanced ventricular size (p
      less than 0.05), New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV (p less than 0.05),
      and severe preoperative AV valve insufficiency (p less than 0.05) were
      significant preoperative risk factors for death. Five survivors (14.7%) required
      reoperation for severe AV valve insufficiency (two) or patch leaks (three). The
      risk for reoperation was increased in non-Down's patients (p less than 0.02). All
      survivors are in NYHA Class I (93%) or II (7%). The risk for early AV valve
      insufficiency was increased in patients who did not have the cleft sutured (p
      less than 0.05), and in those with unbalanced ventricles (p less than 0.01). Risk
      of late AV valve insufficiency was increased only by small size (p less than
      0.02). Previous pulmonary artery banding did not increase the risk of repair or
      of postoperative AV valve insufficiency. Complete AV canal can be repaired with
      low mortality. Pulmonary artery banding may still have a role to play in the very
      small (4-5 kg) infant in refractory heart failure.

PMID- 1807519
TI  - Technique and results of cardiac transplantation using "domino-donor" hearts.
AB  - Heart-lung transplantation is now well established for treatment of patients with
      terminal cardiopulmonary disease. More than 50% of heart-lung transplant
      recipients have normal or near normal hearts, with the majority having some
      degree of right ventricular hypertrophy. This potential source of "prepared"
      cardiac allografts remained untapped until the introduction of the "domino-donor"
      operation, a procedure in which the heart-lung recipient serves as a cardiac
      donor. The implantation of these available allografts contributes to the
      alleviation of the short supply of donor organs for cardiac transplantation.
      Aspects of the surgical technique, results, and potential benefits of this
      procedure are presented.

PMID- 1807520
TI  - Intrathoracic skeletal muscle ventricles: a feasibility study.
AB  - For skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) to be applied clinically, it is likely that
      they will have to be placed within the chest. Ease of subsequent connection to
      the circulation, and avoidance of significant lung compression, are factors that
      could influence SMV size and shape in a way that may prejudice their ability to
      pump effectively at physiological preloads. In five dogs, specially designed SMVs
      were constructed from the latissimus dorsi muscle, and placed in the apex of the
      left hemithorax. After a 3-week delay, the muscle was preconditioned electrically
      by 2-Hz continuous stimulation for 6 weeks. At a later thoracotomy, this
      positioning of SMVs permitted easy surgical access to the heart and great
      vessels. SMVs were then connected to a mock circulation device for functional
      evaluation. As right-sided pumps, at a preload of 10 mmHg, SMVs generated a
      stroke volume (SV) and stroke work (SW) exceeding that of the native right
      ventricle (SV = 8.9 +/- 0.8 vs 7.9 +/- 0.6 mL; SW = 0.44 +/- 0.03 vs 0.20 ergs x
      10(6)). As left-sided pumps, also at a preload of 10 mmHg, SMV SV, and SW was
      roughly half that of the left ventricle (SV = 3.7 +/- 0.2 vs 7.9 +/- 0.6 mL; SW =
      0.29 +/- 0.03 vs 0.57 +/- 0.05 ergs x 10(6)). SMVs may conveniently be positioned
      inside the chest, where they have the potential to function as left or right
      heart assist devices.

PMID- 1807521
TI  - Postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture: original management and
      surgical technique.
AB  - A case of postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture is successfully
      treated. Prompt diagnosis was provided by echocardiography and an emergency
      operation was carried out. Following sternotomy, hemodynamic stabilization was
      obtained by gradually evacuating blood from the pericardium, while the femoral
      vessels were cannulated and the extracorporeal circulation was established. An
      autologous glutaraldehyde stiffened pericardial patch was sealed over the
      infarcted area using fibrin glue and fixed with a running suture on the
      surrounding healthy myocardium.

PMID- 1807522
TI  - Directions in cardiac assistance.
AB  - The use of mechanical circulatory support devices came to prominence with the use
      of the Jarvik 7 total artificial heart, both as a permanent implant and as a
      bridge to transplantation. Over the past decade, however, interest in the use of
      left ventricular assist devices has overshadowed that of the total artificial
      heart and great strides have been made, both in the use of such devices as
      temporary support, and towards the ultimate goal of permanent implantation. A
      variety of devices are available to support either or both ventricles with a
      great range of complexity and expense. This test discusses the use of ventricular
      assist devices and briefly describes the options available. The era is rapidly
      approaching when the use of implantable circulatory support devices will become
      commonplace and may outpace, and possibly outperform, the results currently
      obtained with cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 1807523
TI  - Interventional cardiology techniques for coronary artery disease.
AB  - This review updates and extends observations made in this journal in March 1988.
      The focus then was on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the
      clinical results of its practical application. A concern was expressed that
      science lagged in solving the major problems of rethrombosis and restenosis. The
      NHLBI Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) study was still
      in the planning phase. In 1991, the scene has changed. Interventional cardiology
      now embraces a multitude of different catheter devices--angioplasty, atherectomy,
      laser, stents. Basic scientists are increasingly involved in addressing the
      restenosis issue. Our national heart meetings are increasingly oriented towards
      molecular biology approaches to solving the remaining problems. The BARI trial
      has nearly completed patient entry, and we eagerly await its results. The
      cardiologist and surgeon are faced with increasingly complex decisions with
      respect to interventional technologies, involving not only whether to use them,
      but which ones.

PMID- 1807524
TI  - An unusual appearance of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic spine.
AB  - Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) have been reported in essentially every bone of the
      human skeleton. This case report documents a very unusual clinical appearance for
      this entity: a superior mediastinal mass. Also, the patient underwent multiple
      imaging studies that demonstrated both common (absence of septations) and unusual
      (extensive involvement of vertebral body with little involvement of posterior
      elements) characteristics of ABCs.

PMID- 1807525
TI  - Gunshot wound and spinal cord injury.

PMID- 1807526
TI  - Posterior cervical fusion with triple-wire strut graft technique: one hundred
      consecutive patients.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients were treated by the triple-wire stabilization
      and fusion technique for acute cervical trauma (36 patients), rheumatoid
      arthritis (27 patients), degenerative osteoarthritis (20 patients), congenital
      deformities (13 patients), or neoplasms (11 patients). The triple wire technique
      developed by Bohlman is versatile enough to be used at any level of the cervical
      spine, with 60 patients undergoing subaxial fusions, 20 with atlantoaxial
      fusions, and 20 with stabilization to the occiput. The immediate stability is
      evidenced by the fact that only two of 60 subaxial triple-wire stabilizations
      required the use of a Halovest, 58 being managed postoperatively in two-poster
      orthosis. The fusion rate was 100% for subaxial fusions. The only pseudarthrosis
      occurred in an occiput to C2 triple wire fixation procedure, which was managed
      nonoperatively. There were no iatrogenic neurologic complications, unlike the use
      of techniques utilizing sublaminar wires, and there were no cervical infections.

PMID- 1807527
TI  - The treatment of lumbar disc herniation: simple fragment excision versus disc
      space curettage.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any difference in
      the clinical outcome between groups of patients treated with lumbar discectomy
      and vertebral endplate curettage as compared with disc fragment excision without
      endplate curettage. Eighty-three patients requiring lumbar disc excision for
      herniated nucleus pulposus were evaluated retrospectively at minimum 2-year
      follow-up. Forty-three patients had undergone fragment excision and disc space
      curettage at one center, whereas 40 patients underwent fragment excision without
      curettage at two other centers. There was no increased rate of reherniation or
      reoperation in the excision-only group. Vertebral endplate curettage carries a
      risk of annular penetration and damage to the great vessels. This study shows
      that this potentially dangerous step of the operation is unwarranted. In
      addition, patients who underwent endplate curettage had a higher incidence of low
      back pain on follow-up.

PMID- 1807528
TI  - Lumbar spinal stenosis: results of surgical treatment.
AB  - One hundred forty patients with surgically treated lumbar stenosis were
      evaluated. There were 70 men and 70 women with an average age of 63 years. The
      average duration of preoperative leg pain and/or claudication symptoms was 16
      months. The average follow-up time was 42 months (range, 12-116 months). Average
      leg pain improvement was 82%, and average back pain improvement was 71%. Thirteen
      patients (9%) had no leg improvement, 15 (11%) between 25-74% improvement, and
      112 (80%), 75% or greater improvement. Ninety-four patients (67%) had 75% or
      greater back pain improvement, 29 patients (21%) between 25-74% back pain
      improvement, and 17 patients (12%) no back pain improvement. Factors
      significantly correlated with poorer outcome included female sex, the presence of
      compensation or litigation factors, no relief of symptoms from prior surgical
      procedures, a diagnostic nerve root block preoperatively, and an objective
      postoperative sensory deficit.

PMID- 1807529
TI  - Indirect spinal canal decompression in patients with thoracolumbar burst
      fractures treated by posterior distraction rods.
AB  - The ability of posterior distraction instrumentation to produce indirect
      reduction of retropulsed bone fragments was studied in 44 patients with
      thoracolumbar burst fractures. Using the Denis Classification, two predominate
      fracture types were identified: 13 patients had type A and 29 had type B
      fractures. Two others had Denis type D fractures. Spinal canal stenosis was
      reduced from a preoperative mean of 65% to 32.8% postoperatively. Denis type A
      fractures had significantly better reduction of 62.5% pre- to 19.2%
      postoperatively. Denis type B fractures reduced from 66.3% pre- to 38.9%
      postoperatively. The initial kyphotic deformity and the loss of vertebral height
      did not influence results of indirect decompression. Neurologic function at
      follow-up correlated with preoperative canal stenosis, but did not correlate with
      residual stenosis after instrumentation. This study demonstrated that posterior
      distraction instrumentation can achieve approximately 50% reduction in canal
      stenosis and that results will be influenced by fracture morphology.

PMID- 1807530
TI  - On the predictive value of radiological signs for the presence of dural
      lacerations related to fractures of the lower thoracic or lumbar spine.
AB  - The predictive value of radiological signs for the presence of lacerations of the
      thoracolumbar dura in spine-injured patients could represent an important adjunct
      to the rationale for the optimal management, owing to the possible onset of early
      or delayed complications of these lesions. Occurrence of signs assumed to be
      related to dural tears, such as separation of the pedicles, fractures of the
      laminae, and encroachment of the spinal canal, was analyzed in a consecutive
      series of 25 patients submitted to surgical reduction and stabilization of the
      fractured lower thoracic or lumbar spine in a 24-month period. No statistically
      significant correlation was found between dural lacerations and any of the
      examined signs. Leaks of cerebrospinal fluid through traumatic breachs of the
      meninges were found in 16 of the 25 cases. The high rate of occurrence of dural
      lesions associated with fractures of the lower thoracic or lumbar spine adds a
      further argument to the aggressive approach to these injuries.

PMID- 1807531
TI  - Three-dimensional quantitative morphology of lumbar spinal ligaments.
AB  - The three-dimensional (3-D) morphology of lumbar spinal ligaments was studied
      using 22 functional spinal units. A specially constructed 3-D morphometer
      instrument was used for quantitative measurements of each ligament's attachment
      point locations, origins and insertions, and attachments to the lower and upper
      vertebral bodies, respectively. Lengths and orientations of the ligaments
      according to the vertebral level were then computed and presented in reference to
      a local anatomic coordinate system. Associated cross-sectional areas are also
      obtained.

PMID- 1807532
TI  - Strength and motion analysis of the human head-neck complex.
AB  - This study was conducted to correlate the pathology of the experimentally tested
      human cervical spine with biomechanical strength information and localized
      temporal movements of the various spinal components. Eight fresh human cadaveric
      head-neck complexes were subjected to compressive forces at a quasistatic rate of
      2.5 mm/s until failure. Biomechanical force and deflection data were collected.
      Localized kinematic data as a function of time were obtained from retroreflective
      targets placed in the anterior and posterior regions of the vertebral body, facet
      column, and spinous process at every level of the cervical spine. The specimens
      were radiographed prior to, during, and following failure; they were then deep
      frozen at the level of failure to preserve the localized tissue deformations.
      Specimens underwent computed tomography scanning and sequential sectioning using
      a cryomicrotome. The failure forces and compressions ranged from 1.3 to 3.6 kN
      and 0.9 to 3.7 cm. Stiffness and energy-absorbing characteristics ranged from
      96.1 to 220.5 kN/m and 12.2 to 53.6 J, respectively. Varying localized temporal
      motions among spinal components were found to exist at all levels of the head
      neck complex. With increasing compressive loads, the specimen components reorient
      as demonstrated by kinematic changes in the spinal elements; failure was imminent
      when the structure no longer resisted any further increase in external load. The
      study demonstrated that an evaluation of the human head-neck complex in a relaxed
      state, as in clinical observations on posttraumatic radiographs, is often
      different from that documented immediately following the traumatic insult; this
      underscores the importance of conducting controlled in vitro investigations to
      determine the injury biomechanics of the human cervical spine.

PMID- 1807533
TI  - Spinal transpedicular drill guide: design and application.
AB  - Short-segment stability problems of the spine, such as fracture, pseudoarthrosis,
      tumor, degenerative disc, and spondylolisthesis should be resolved by short
      segment stabilization methods. The "rod long, fuse short" technique using
      traditional Harrington or Luque rods still have unavoidable problems of facet
      arthritis at the segments temporarily instrumented but not grafted.
      Transpedicular fixation of the spine is currently being used in many systems.
      Biomechanical studies have shown that three-level transpedicular fixation is more
      rigid than five-level fixation of Harrington or Luque rods. Regardless of the
      system used, the primary concern is how the transpedicular screw can be inserted
      safely through the pedicle as deep into the vertebral body as possible. A spinal
      transpedicular drill guide has been designed for transpedicular screws, and a
      prototype has been completed. Cadaver studies have been carried out and
      transpedicular screw position has been confirmed by computed tomography scan.
      Early clinical experience has demonstrated its efficacy and safety.

PMID- 1807534
TI  - Reproductive and developmental toxicity of styrene.

PMID- 1807535
TI  - Fertility of workers chronically exposed to chemically contaminated sewer wastes.
AB  - Few studies have investigated the reproductive effects of exposure to chemical
      mixtures. The purpose of this study was to assess fertility in males exposed to
      mixed industrial and domestic wastes. A detailed reproductive history was
      obtained from the wives of 231 employees in order to evaluate fertility. Daily
      work records were used to define exposure status. To ascertain problems of
      infertility, the ratios of observed live births to expected live births
      (generated from U.S. birth probabilities) for exposed and nonexposed groups were
      calculated, and the ratios of these Standardized Fertility ratios (SRFs) were
      compared. Other analyses considered the couples' contraceptive history and
      preexposure versus postexposure experience. Though multiple statistical
      approaches were used to examine the data, the conclusion of this study was that
      exposure to chemical mixtures was not associated with a decrease in the couples'
      fertility.

PMID- 1807537
TI  - Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for detection of lead in mouse
      blastocysts.
AB  - Mice were injected intravenously with lead chloride, 75 micrograms/g body weight.
      The mice were in an experimental delay of implantation, which offered the
      functionally steady conditions required for developing the testing procedures.
      One day after the administration of lead, blastocysts were flushed from the
      uterine cavity, placed on thin foils of Kapton, and air-dried. The dried
      blastocysts were analyzed in a nuclear microprobe with a particle intensity of 10
      nanoampere (nA) for 300 s using a spatial resolution of 3 microns. The average
      lead concentration of blastocysts at implantation was 3.90 micrograms/g dry
      weight. We judge this technique to be useful for evaluating the transport of
      heavy metals from mother to preembryos, not only under the present experimental
      conditions but also in normal pregnancies and in other species.

PMID- 1807536
TI  - Reversibility of the effects of lead on the reproductive performance of female
      rats.
AB  - Potential reversibility of the reproductive effect of lead was studied in female
      albino rats after cessation of oral exposure to 7500 ppm lead as acetate in
      drinking water. Females mated and gave birth to their first offspring during 9
      weeks of lead exposure. They then continued or discontinued exposure, were mated
      for the second time, and had their second offspring during a longer exposure (20
      weeks) or after a period without lead. Food consumption, body weights, and
      fertility index were not altered irrespective of the exposure conditions. In the
      first and especially in the second offspring of exposed females, survival rates,
      litter sizes, and body weights of newborn and 11-day-old pups were decreased.
      Offspring born to dams in which exposure had been stopped were not different from
      controls. It was concluded that the adverse reproductive action of lead is
      reversible after withdrawal of the female from exposure.

PMID- 1807538
TI  - Cytotoxicity test using blastocyst-derived euploid embryonal stem cells: a new
      approach to in vitro teratogenesis screening.
AB  - To develop a mammalian in vitro system for teratogenicity testing, cytotoxicity
      of xenobiotics was evaluated in pluripotent euploid embryonal stem cells (ESC)
      derived from mouse blastocysts. The dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
      (MTT) assay was the most appropriate test system for cytotoxicity determinations
      with ESC. Only compounds that do not require metabolic activation were selected
      for testing from the database for validation of in vitro teratogenesis assays by
      Smith et al. Results obtained with ESC were compared to corresponding data from
      fibroblasts from day-14 mouse embryos to detect differences in sensitivity
      between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. ESC showed a higher
      sensitivity to known teratogens than fibroblast cultures, which allows
      calculation of a sensitivity ratio of "adult" cells (differentiated fibroblasts)
      to embryonal cells (undifferentiated ESC) in a mammalian system similar to the
      hydra assay. Although some xenobiotics had to be classified as false negatives in
      our system, the ESC cytotoxicity assay holds promise as a new in vitro screening
      assay in teratology.

PMID- 1807539
TI  - Effect of cyclophosphamide on mouse oocyte in vitro fertilization and cleavage:
      recovery.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced ovarian failure,
      we previously reported that CTX metabolites added in vitro inhibit mouse oocyte
      fertilization and embryo development. In this study, we injected CTX (100 mg/kg)
      intraperitoneally in female mice at 0, 1, 4, 14, 18, and 24 h before sacrifice.
      Mice were superovulated with PMSG and hCG. Oocytes were recovered, washed, and
      fertilized with sperm obtained from nontreated proven breeders, and incubated for
      3 days in 5% CO2 in air. CTX reduced oocyte fertilization and early cleavage
      rates. To examine the recovery process, CTX was injected at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14
      days before sacrifice. The most pronounced adverse effects on oocyte number and
      function were observed 1 and 3 days after exposure to CTX. Evidence of partial
      recovery was observed one week after CTX treatment. The data demonstrate that
      exposure of oocytes to CTX metabolites in vivo adversely effects oocyte function.
      This process, however, appears to be partially reversible. The oocytes may be
      involved in the mechanism of CTX-induced ovarian failure.

PMID- 1807540
TI  - Fetal outcome following intrauterine amantadine exposure.
AB  - Amantadine hydrochloride is a well-known antiviral agent that has been used for
      the prevention of influenza A2, the treatment of Parkinson disease, and, more
      recently, multiple sclerosis. However, very few data exist about its use in
      pregnant women. We report a 34-year-old woman who had used amantadine to prevent
      relapse of her multiple sclerosis throughout two of her pregnancies who
      subsequently delivered two normal infants. We review the available animal data
      and two other human pregnancy exposure reports.

PMID- 1807541
TI  - Ovulation induction and neural tube defects: a registry study.

PMID- 1807542
TI  - Individuality of DNA denaturation patterns in human sperm as measured by the
      sperm chromatin structure assay.
AB  - Eight monthly semen samples from 45 men not known to be exposed to industrial
      toxicants were measured by the flow cytometric sperm chromatin structure assay
      (SCSA). This assay determines susceptibility of sperm DNA to in situ, acid
      induced denaturation and is quantitated by the metachromatic shift of acridine
      orange fluorescence from green (native DNA) to red (denatured DNA). The observed
      green versus red fluorescence scattergram (cytogram) patterns were generally
      unique between donors and homogeneous within a donor over time. Within a donor,
      the cytogram patterns were the same whether intact sperm cells or detached nuclei
      were measured. For some individuals the cytogram patterns differed for some
      months and then returned to the original pattern. Intraclass correlations for
      mean and standard deviation of alpha t [alpha t = red/(red + green) fluorescence]
      were higher (.67 to .90) than any classically measured semen variables,
      suggesting that SCSA results within an individual were more consistent than other
      measures. Furthermore, average within-donor CV of alpha t parameters expressed as
      a percent of any given individual's means was around 10%, which is significantly
      lower than those derived from common semen measures. The SCSA is an objective,
      technically sound, biologically stable, sensitive, and feasible measure of semen
      quality.

PMID- 1807543
TI  - Acute and subacute effects of naturally occurring estrogens on luteinizing
      hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rat: Part 1.
AB  - Acute pretreatment of ovariectomized rats with genistein (G) alters gonadotropin
      releasing hormone-(GnRH)-induced LH secretion in a fashion comparable to
      estradiol (E2). In the present studies we wished to (A) determine whether G can
      acutely inhibit tonic LH secretion by oral (po) or intravenous (iv) routes, (B)
      compare GnRH-induced LH responses following higher iv dose pretreatments with G
      or E2, and (C) determine effects of G or E2 pretreatments on progesterone (P)
      induced secretion of LH. Mature Charles River CD rats were ovariectomized, and 2
      to 5 weeks later intraatrial cannulae were placed. Serial blood samples were
      drawn and LH was measured by RIA. In experiments 1 and 2, G or E2 was
      administered acutely by gavage or iv, while in experiment 3, G and E2 were given
      subcutaneously (sc) oil 3 days prior to cannulation and sampling. Acute po
      administration of vehicle or G (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg BW) had no effect on tonic
      LH, while E2 suppressed LH at all doses (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg BW). Acute iv
      administration of vehicle and higher doses of G (1 and 10 mg/kg BW) had no effect
      on tonic LH, while the lowest dose G (0.1 mg/kg BW) and all doses of E2 (0.1, 1,
      and 10 mg/kg BW) suppressed tonic LH. In the iv-treated rats, GnRH-induced LH
      secretion was more profoundly suppressed by G at all doses than by E2.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807544
TI  - Acute and subacute effects of naturally occurring estrogens on luteinizing
      hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rat: Part 2.
AB  - Acute intravenous administration of the phytoestrogen genistein (G) blocks the
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone-(GnRH)-induced rise of luteinizing hormone (LH) in
      ovariectomized rats. The present experiments were performed to determine whether
      subacute administration of G or the mycoestrogens zearalenone and zearalenol
      would affect GnRH-induced or progesterone-induced LH secretion in ovariectomized
      rats. Charles River CD rats were ovariectomized and used 2 to 5 weeks later.
      Blood samples were obtained either via decapitation or via intraatrial cannulae
      three days after compounds were injected subcutaneously in sesame oil or corn oil
      vehicle. LH was measured by RIA. Pretreatment with estradiol benzoate suppressed
      LH levels at 1200 h, while G had no effect. Challenge with progesterone (8 mg/kg
      BW, sc) evoked LH release at 1600 h in rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate,
      but LH levels did not change in rats pretreated with G, zearalenone, or
      zearalenol. While GnRH-induced LH secretion was preserved in rats pretreated with
      estradiol, no LH response was detected in rats pretreated with the higher dose of
      G (8 mg/kg BW) or either dose of zearalenol (0.8 mg/kg BW or 8 mg/kg BW). We
      conclude that in the ovariectomized rat 1) subacute administration of G,
      zearalenone, or zearalenol do not inhibit tonic LH secretion, 2) G, zearalenone,
      and zearalenol do not provide "estrogenic priming" for progesterone-induced LH
      secretion; however, 3) G and zearalenol do block GnRH-induced LH secretion. The
      seemingly selective neuroendocrine effects of these naturally-occurring dietary
      estrogens emphasize that actions of each putative estrogen must be characterized
      for each "estrogenic" endpoint.

PMID- 1807545
TI  - Effects of methoxychlor on the reproductive system of the adult female mouse. 1.
      Gross and histologic observations.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the pesticide methoxychlor
      (MXC) on the reproductive system of the adult female mouse. Sexually mature (7-
      to 8-week) virgin female CD-1 mice were exposed to 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg MXC (50%
      technical grade) via oral gavage for 5 consecutive days each week for either 2 or
      4 weeks. Control groups received either 0.025 mg estradiol-17 beta (E-17 beta) or
      the sesame oil vehicle for the same time period. Vaginal smears were taken daily,
      and weights were recorded weekly. Twenty-four hours following the final exposure,
      animals were sacrificed. Ovaries and reproductive tracts were removed and
      weighed. One ovary from each animal was prepared for light microscopic
      evaluation. Results revealed a dose dependency of MXC in inducing persistent
      vaginal estrus (PVE). Ovaries of MXC-exposed and E-17 beta-exposed animals
      weighed significantly less than the sesame oil controls. In addition, there was
      an increase in the number of atretic large follicles in the E-17 beta group and
      in those mice treated with the two highest doses of MXC, indicating a potential
      reduction in the immediate fertility of the animal. Thus, this commonly employed
      pesticide appears to mimic closely those effects on the female reproductive
      system induced by estrogens.

PMID- 1807546
TI  - Androgen metabolism in control and neonatally estrogenized male mice.
AB  - Reduction, oxidation, and aromatization of androgens were studied in the male
      genital tract of untreated control and neonatally estrogenized mice. This study
      shows regional differences in 5 alpha-reductase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid
      oxidoreductase activities in untreated male genital tract; 3 alpha/3 beta
      hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3 alpha/3 beta-HSOR) activity varied little
      between tissues. Neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES, 2
      micrograms/pup/day on days 1 through 5) caused an alteration in the androgen
      metabolism of the male genital tract, resulting in apparent decreased net
      accumulation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This developmentally-induced 5 alpha
      reductase deficiency may play a role in the long-term inhibitory effects of early
      estrogenization by DES in the growth and function of male sex accessory glands.
      No aromatase activity could be demonstrated in the male genital tract of control
      or neonatally estrogenized mice.

PMID- 1807547
TI  - Perinatal toxicity of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether in the rat.
AB  - Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGdiME) was administered by gavage to pregnant
      Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 30, 60, 120, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day from
      day 8 through day 18 of gestation. The effects of the compound on maternal weight
      gain, length of gestation, perinatal mortality, teratogenicity, average fetal
      weight on day 19, and average pup weight one day after birth were assessed. A
      clear pattern of dose-dependent maternal and fetal toxicity was observed. EGdiME
      caused maternal deaths at 1000 mg/kg/day and was fetolethal at doses ranging from
      120 to 1000 mg/kg/day. A dose of 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a 7% weight decrease
      and severe edema in pups surviving to birth. Skeletal examinations in this group
      revealed fetotoxicity as evidenced by the lack of ossified bone, but there was no
      indication of anomalies in soft tissues. The same concentration in dams allowed
      to go to term resulted in a delay in the onset of parturition and produced
      litters with only one-third the number of live pups as controls. Of these, an
      average of less than 1 per litter survived to day 1 postpartum. The compound was
      not fetolethal on day 19 at a dose level of 30 mg/kg/day. Perinatal mortality in
      the interval between day 19 of gestation and birth was manifested, however, by an
      average reduction of 2 live pups per litter at birth. There was a close
      correlation between the fetotoxic effects of the various concentrations and the
      degree to which the maternal weight gain pattern of each departed from the
      control profile.

PMID- 1807548
TI  - Prenatal substance abuse: a ubiquitous cry for help.

PMID- 1807549
TI  - The neuroteratology of cocaine: background, theory, and clinical implications.

PMID- 1807550
TI  - The cardiovascular effects of cocaine use in pregnancy.

PMID- 1807551
TI  - When scientists become policy makers: shaping hazard identification under
      Proposition 65.

PMID- 1807552
TI  - Antiepileptic drug therapy and reproductive consequences: functional and
      morphologic effects.

PMID- 1807553
TI  - Toxic effects of cadmium on LHRH-induced LH release and ovulation in rats.
AB  - CFY rats were given 5 or 10 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride (CdCl2) or 0.9% NaCl
      solution (1 mL/kg) subcutaneously on the day of diestrus II. Six days later
      (proestrus) at 1200 h they were anesthetized with pentobarbital, 0.5 or 2
      micrograms/kg LHRH was injected intravenously at 1400 h, and blood was collected
      for LH determination. A second group of animals pretreated with 10 mg/kg bw CdCl2
      and treated with 2 or 4 micrograms/kg LHRH was allowed to recover from the
      anesthesia and checked for ovulation the next day (estrus). In rats treated with
      10 mg/kg of CdCl2, the LH content of pituitary gland diminished, but no
      significant difference was found in the LH response to LHRH. In controls
      (ovulation blocked by anesthesia) 2 as well as 4 micrograms/kg of LHRH completely
      restored ovulation, while after Cd pretreatment, ovulation recovered depending on
      the dose of LHRH. It is concluded that Cd-induced anovulation is related to
      altered function of the pituitary gland and ovary, which can be restored by
      excess LHRH.

PMID- 1807554
TI  - Ultrastructural demonstration of mercury in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the rat
      following methyl mercuric chloride or mercuric chloride treatment.
AB  - The autometallographic silver enhancement technique has been used to demonstrate
      the ultrastructural localization of mercury in the testes of adult rats.
      Administration of mercuric chloride or methyl mercuric chloride in the drinking
      water (20 mg/L for 12 weeks) resulted in intracellular accumulations of mercury
      in the interstitial Leydig cells as well as in the Sertoli cells of the
      seminiferous tubules.

PMID- 1807555
TI  - Lead-induced fetal nephrotoxicity in iron-deficient rats.
AB  - Lead administration (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm, as lead acetate) in drinking
      water during fetal development (from 15 to 20 days of gestation), in normal and
      iron-deficient pregnant rats, revealed dose-dependent increases in the lead
      content of maternal blood that was more marked in iron-deficient animals. The
      placentae and fetuses did not show a dose-dependent increase in lead content.
      Lead administration revealed dose-dependent hydropic degeneration of renal
      proximal cells in the fetuses. The highest dose (2000 ppm lead) and iron
      deficiency exhibited more lead accumulation in maternal blood, placentae, and
      fetuses, and maximum pathologic changes in the fetal kidney when compared with
      the other doses and also with the fetuses of dams not deficient in iron.

PMID- 1807556
TI  - Culture media for postimplantation embryos.
AB  - The search for an effective culture medium for postimplantation mammalian embryos
      is considered from two viewpoints: identification of the medium that gives the
      best development in culture and of the problems associated with formulating a
      fully defined medium for such embryos. The types of media that have been applied
      to the culture of mammalian embryos are reviewed and their effectiveness
      assessed. At present, the media that support the best development of explanted
      embryos are composed partly or wholly of heat-activated rat serum, prepared by
      centrifugation of blood immediately after withdrawal from the donor. Experimental
      approaches to elaborating fully defined media are considered, and progress with
      identifying the nutrient requirements of postimplantation mammalian embryos in
      culture is reviewed. Particular attention is given to the use of extensively
      dialysed serum which, when supplemented with glucose, amino acids, and vitamins,
      supports good development of midgestation rodent embryos in vitro.

PMID- 1807557
TI  - Use of embryo culture to study normal development and developmental mechanisms.
AB  - Mammalian embryo culture techniques have been used to study many aspects of
      embryonic development. The advantages and limitations of such studies as models
      for in vivo development are discussed by reference to the following specific
      examples: development of the paraxial mesoderm, regulation of growth, protein
      uptake and metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Embryo culture techniques are
      useful for the study of morphogenesis and growth because the embryo is made
      accessible for manipulation and observation. Development in vivo and in vitro
      over equivalent periods can be compared. The limitations of the system have
      important implications for the interpretation of studies of embryonic metabolism.
      In vitro metabolic activity can be assessed by assays of the culture media and
      embryonic tissue at intervals throughout the culture. However, the sensitivity of
      the metabolic pathways to explantation remains unknown because of the technical
      difficulties involved in studying embryonic metabolism in vivo.

PMID- 1807558
TI  - Whole embryo culture: interpretation of abnormal development in vitro.
AB  - An overview will be given of a number of problems that arise when we attempt an
      interpretation of data obtained with the whole embryo culture method (WEC). The
      following aspects will be considered: 1) Types of deviation from normal
      development in the whole-embryo culture system: (a) problem of "artifacts" (for
      example, due to preparation mistakes and suboptimal culture conditions), (b)
      types and frequency of abnormal development in controls, retardation as an
      abnormal outcome, and the difficulty of assessing its significance, (c) gross
      structural defects and, specifically, attempts to answer the following questions:
      (i) What are the limitations for an assessment of abnormal development with the
      WEC? (ii) Is a specific abnormality pattern recognizable under specific
      pathologic conditions? (iii) Is the rate of induced abnormal development
      concentration-dependent? (2) Problems encountered when interpreting concentration
      effect relationships (for example, statistical and pharmacokinetic aspects). (3)
      Necessity of verifying in vitro effects with in vivo studies.

PMID- 1807559
TI  - Adaptation of postimplantation embryos to culture: membrane lipid synthesis and
      response to valproate.
AB  - The environment of the conceptus in culture is quite different from that in
      utero. It is likely that the embryo adapts to this environment in various ways,
      but little is known of adaptation, nor of its significance to mechanistic studies
      using embryo culture. To illustrate this area, we summarize data from two
      comparative studies: of membrane lipid synthesis by conceptuses in culture and in
      utero, and of the morphologic response of conceptuses to valproate in these two
      environments. The synthesis of the major membrane lipids, cholesterol and
      phospholipids, is significantly affected by culture. De novo synthesis of
      cholesterol progressively increases during culture, compared to equivalent stages
      in utero. In contrast, phospholipid synthesis decreases in culture. Cultured
      conceptuses were morphologically similar to those in utero, suggesting that
      apparent structural normality does not guarantee biochemical activity equivalent
      to that in vivo. Conceptuses exposed to valproate in vivo showed a wide range of
      severity of defects. Those abnormalities that apparently permit survival to term
      seem relatively subtle, while more severe defects (as usually reported in culture
      studies) appear to be lethal. Subtle defects, very similar to those induced in
      vivo, can be reproduced in culture, but only with short-term, not continuous,
      exposure. We have previously proposed that valproate may interfere with embryonic
      lipid synthesis. Thus, despite lipid synthetic pathways adapting to the culture
      environment, the response to valproate in vitro, can mimic that in utero, with
      appropriate exposure conditions.

PMID- 1807560
TI  - In vivo and in vitro structure-dosimetry-activity relationships of substituted
      phenols in developmental toxicity assays.
AB  - Structure-dosimetry-activity relationships (SDARs) of a series of substituted
      phenols were evaluated following exposure of gestation day 11 rats in vivo and in
      comparable stage embryos in vitro. In the in vivo study, 27 congeners were
      assayed and log P (a term used synomously with lipophilicity in this paper) and
      Hammett sigma values (a measure of the electronic withdrawing ability of the
      substituent) were shown to correlate with maternal toxicity; however, no
      relationships between these parameters and developmental effects were observed.
      In the in vitro system, 13 congeners were evaluated and molar refractivity and/or
      lipophilicity were shown to correlate with the ability of the phenols to induce
      embryonic growth retardation and structural defects in the absence of the
      hepatocytes. In contrast, when a metabolic activating system (primary
      hepatocytes) was present in the in vitro system, the potential to induce growth
      retardation was inversely related to lipophilicity, although the relationships
      were weaker than the positive relationship seen without the hepatocytes. The
      binding of the phenols to macromolecules in the culture medium was highly
      correlated with log P. Correcting the in vitro potency data for the variable
      amount of binding improved the predictiveness of the quantitative structure
      activity relationships (QSARs). The potential to induce embryotoxicity in vitro
      was not well correlated with the potential to induce developmental toxicity in
      vivo: whereas the in vitro data demonstrates that the phenols are intrinsically
      embryotoxic, few of them actually produced significant developmental toxicity in
      the in vivo system, and there were few positive correlations between effects
      observed in the two systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807561
TI  - Cytochrome P450-dependent bioactivation of prodysmorphogens in cultured
      conceptuses.
AB  - These investigations were undertaken to determine the extent to which tissues of
      cultured rat conceptuses contain cytochrome P450 isoforms in sufficient
      quantities to significantly influence the capacity of certain chemicals to elicit
      dysmorphogenic effects in vitro. Investigations with highly sensitive probe
      substrates/inhibitors and with immunologic methods enabled the detection of at
      least four separate P450 isoforms in tissues of the visceral yolk sac,
      ectoplacental cone, and embryo proper. One of the isoforms was identified as
      P450IA1 and was found to be inducible by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in all
      three tissues. Other isoforms exhibited properties differing from characterized
      adult rat hepatic isoforms. Each of the isoforms was detectable in conceptuses on
      gestational days 10, 11, 12, and 14 and was present in the highest concentrations
      in the visceral yolk sac. Conceptal P450IA1 catalyzed the conversion of
      dysmorphogenically inactive 2-acetylaminofluorene to 7-hydroxy-2
      acetylaminofluorene, a proximate dysmorphogen. Investigations with
      microinjections suggested that visceral yolk sac hydroxylation was largely
      responsible for the bioactivation reaction in vitro. The same isoform exhibited
      no capacity to influence the dysmorphogenic activity of cyclophosphamide. The
      results demonstrated that tissues of cultured rat conceptuses may contain P450
      isoforms in sufficient amounts to markedly influence the dysmorphogenic activity
      of substrates of the corresponding isoforms.

PMID- 1807562
TI  - Ranking radiotherapy treatment plans using decision-analytic and heuristic
      techniques.
AB  - Radiotherapy treatment optimization is done by generating a set of tentative
      treatment plans, evaluating them and selecting the plan closest to achieving a
      set of conflicting treatment objectives. The evaluation of potential plans
      involves making tradeoffs among competing possible outcomes. Multiattribute
      decision theory provides a framework for specifying such tradeoffs and using them
      to select optimal actions. Using these concepts, we have developed a plan-ranking
      model which ranks a set of tentative treatment plans from best to worst.
      Heuristics are used to refine this model so that it reflects the clinical
      condition of the patient being treated and the practice preferences of the
      physician prescribing the treatment. A figure of merit is computed for each
      tentative plan, and is used to rank the plans. The approach described is very
      general and can be used for other medical domains having similar characteristics.
      The figure of merit can also be used as an objective function by computer
      programs that attempt to automatically generate an optimal treatment plan.

PMID- 1807563
TI  - Performance of a diagnostic system (Iliad) as a tool for quality assurance.
AB  - Quality Assurance improves health care through detection of quality problems and
      feedback to the care giver. Current review procedures employed by the Peer Review
      Organizations (PROs), however, appear to under-detect quality problems,
      particularly those arising from diagnostic errors. We studied the use of an
      expert diagnostic system, Iliad, to detect quality problems arising from
      diagnostic errors. 100 cases were selected from among those Medicare cases
      reviewed by the Utah PRO (UPRO) and which contained diagnoses recognized by
      Iliad. Iliad flagged 28 cases out of the 100 as containing diagnostic errors, and
      a gold standard physician review confirmed quality problems in 17 cases (60.7%).
      The UPRO review found 28 cases with quality problems, mostly treatment and
      documentation errors. The quality problems detected by Iliad appeared to be more
      serious than those detected by the UPRO review. Among the six cases with quality
      problems detected by both the UPRO and Iliad review, there was none for which the
      same quality problem was detected by the two procedures. The two review
      procedures were therefore complementary.

PMID- 1807564
TI  - An automatic indexing method for medical documents.
AB  - This paper describes MetaIndex, an automatic indexing program that creates
      symbolic representations of documents for the purpose of document retrieval.
      MetaIndex uses a simple transition network parser to recognize a language that is
      derived from the set of main concepts in the Unified Medical Language System
      Metathesaurus (Meta-1). MetaIndex uses a hierarchy of medical concepts, also
      derived from Meta-1, to represent the content of documents. The goal of this
      approach is to improve document retrieval performance by better representation of
      documents. An evaluation method is described, and the performance of MetaIndex on
      the task of indexing the Slice of Life medical image collection is reported.

PMID- 1807565
TI  - Representation of preferences in decision-support systems.
AB  - The recommendations of computer-based decision-support systems depend on the
      preferences of an expert on which the model is based. Often, these preferences
      are represented only implicitly, rather than explicitly, in the system. Decision
      theoretic preference models that explicitly represent the preferences of the
      decision maker provide numerous advantages for decision-support systems. In this
      paper, we describe these advantages. The creation and refinement of decision
      theoretic preference models, however, remains a difficult task. We describe an
      accurate and efficient method for determining the preferences of domain experts
      and for refining the model that captures those preferences. In this preference
      assessment method, we simulate decisions common in the expert's area. We then
      infer the preferences of the expert from the choices that she makes on the
      simulated decisions, and use the preference information to refine the model
      automatically.

PMID- 1807566
TI  - A specialized framework for Medical Diagnostic Knowledge Based Systems.
AB  - To have a knowledge based system (KBS) exhibiting an intelligent behavior, it
      must be endowed even with knowledge able to represent the expert's strategies,
      other than with domain knowledge. The elicitation task is inherently difficult
      for strategic knowledge, because strategy is often tacit, and, even when it has
      been made explicit, it is not an easy task to describe it in a form that may be
      directly translated and implemented into a program. This paper describes a
      Specialized Framework for Medical Diagnostic Knowledge Based Systems able to help
      an expert in the process of building KBSs in a medical domain. The framework is
      based on an epistemological model of diagnostic reasoning which has proved to be
      helpful in describing the diagnostic process in terms of the tasks by which it is
      composed of.

PMID- 1807567
TI  - Performance of a diagnostic system (Iliad) as a tool for quality assurance.
AB  - Quality Assurance improves health care through detection of quality problems and
      feedback to the care giver. Current review procedures employed by the Peer Review
      Organizations (PROs), however, appear to underdetect quality problems,
      particularly those arising from diagnostic errors. We studied the use of an
      expert diagnostic system, Iliad, to detect quality problems arising from
      diagnostic errors. 100 cases were selected from among those Medicare cases
      reviewed by the Utah PRO (UPRO) and which contained diagnoses recognized by
      Iliad. Iliad flagged 28 cases out of the 100 as containing diagnostic errors, and
      a gold standard physician review confirmed quality problems in 17 cases (60.7%).
      The UPRO review found 28 cases with quality problems, mostly treatment and
      documentation errors. The quality problems detected by Iliad appeared to be more
      serious than those detected by the UPRO review. Among the six cases with quality
      problems detected by both the UPRO and Iliad review, there was none for which the
      same quality problem was detected by the two procedures. The two review
      procedures were therefore complementary.

PMID- 1807568
TI  - Outpatient medical records for a teaching hospital: beginning the physician
      computer dialogue.
AB  - We have developed an outpatient medical record (OMR) system designed to
      facilitate direct physician interaction with the computer-based medical record.
      During the first two years the system was in use, staff physicians, residents,
      and nurse practitioners entered 15,121 active and 1996 inactive problems for 3524
      patients, and 12,651 active medications and 1894 discontinued medications for
      3430 patients. These clinicians entered 20,321 items on health promotion and
      disease prevention screening sheets and with the help of automatic updating by
      the computer an additional 21,897 entries on screening sheets were made for 8686
      patients. On the computer, clinicians wrote more than twice as much--10.9 words
      per problem, in contrast to 4.3 words per problem in the paper record (p less
      than 0.0001, Student's t). We conclude that clinicians perceived the computer
      based problem list to be more valuable than its paper counterpart.

PMID- 1807569
TI  - Implementation of a local area network for nursing management.
AB  - This paper describes the planning and implementation of a Local Area Network
      (LAN) for the nursing service of a 504-bed urban teaching hospital. The major
      goals of the network were: support for nurse executives, nurse managers, and the
      departmental assistants assigned to administrative offices; increased efficiency
      and effectiveness of the nursing administrative areas; and improved communication
      systems. Collaboration between the nursing service and the Computer Information
      Center (CIC) resulted in a network of over 70 workstations, spanning 11
      buildings. The network provides access to multiple programs that support
      clinical, managerial, and research activities. Gateways provide access to the
      hospital's two mainframes.

PMID- 1807571
TI  - Beyond cost benefit: an assessment approach for the '90s.
AB  - A new evaluation approach is needed to evaluate clinical and management
      applications of H.I.S.-- where the major benefits may not be related to labor
      savings. New evaluation approaches also need to reflect a "bottom line" business
      orientation. We will describe an evaluation approach which is based on TQM
      concepts and meets both these criteria and incorporates benefits realization into
      the evaluation process.

PMID- 1807570
TI  - Two methods for developing and maintaining a database of clinical information on
      outpatient encounters: a comparison of process, costs, and benefits.
AB  - We describe and compare two relational databases that capture and store clinical
      information about ambulatory patients. One system is based on an encounter form;
      the other is a "parasite" that passively collects data from other hospital
      computers. We compare the system development processes, costs, and benefits of
      these two computerization strategies.

PMID- 1807572
TI  - Development of an immunization tracking system in a large health maintenance
      organization. Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.
AB  - We have successfully developed a mainframe system for tracking all immunizations
      administered to enrollees in a large HMO. This system will provide comprehensive
      immunization records on a population of over 350,000 patients. Data required by
      the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 are locally entered into
      terminals, and records of immunization are stored in a database. Preliminary
      results show that data entry times are practical, but that improvement in data
      quality is needed. This immunization tracking system will be used for research,
      and as the foundation of an immunization reminder system under development.

PMID- 1807573
TI  - Increasing patient satisfaction and nursing productivity through implementation
      of an automated nursing discharge summary.
AB  - At New England Deaconess Hospital (NEDH), identifying nursing diagnoses and
      collaborative problems treated during the patient's hospitalization and saving
      this information as part of the computerized core clinical data base is essential
      to a professional practice model for the delivery of nursing care. Providing the
      patient with concise, easy-to-read discharge instructions and referral agencies
      with consistent information about the patient's functional status and directions
      for patient care are important components of delivering high quality patient
      care. ODISY (the On-line Deaconess Information System) facilitates an automated
      nursing discharge summary function in addition to an automated medical discharge
      summary, interdepartmental communication via order entry and results reporting,
      and other user designed functions that support patient care. Utilization of this
      function strengthens the multidisciplinary discharge care planning process,
      increases patient satisfaction, facilitates the identification of nursing
      diagnoses and collaborative problems treated by nurses and physicians, saves a
      significant amount of nursing time in the preparation of discharge information,
      and enables the hospital to meet Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care
      Organizations (JCAHO) standards and state regulations for discharge planning.

PMID- 1807574
TI  - FORMREVU: an online formulary adjunct to the HELP System in a community hospital.
AB  - The hospital formulary is an important information source on drug availability
      for staff physicians, nurses and therapists. To facilitate rapid access to
      formulary data and reduce printing costs, an online formulary review program,
      FORMREVU, was developed as an adjunct to the HELP System at Rex Hospital.
      FORMREVU, written in the PTXT Application Language (PAL), is menu-driven, and
      qualified users can select drug entries from lists matching a specific drug
      category or subcategory (e.g. cardiovascular drugs, cephalosporins) or keyword
      (e.g. lasix). Individual drug entries consist of trade and generic names,
      category and subcategory, comments, and available doses and corresponding
      manufacturers. A detailed description of the formulary review program, along with
      a review of implementation objectives and qualitative and quantitative benefits,
      will be presented.

PMID- 1807575
TI  - Use of DHCP to provide essential information for care and management of HIV
      patients.
AB  - The Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) has reported over 10,000 Acquired Immune
      Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cases since the beginning of the epidemic. These cases
      were distributed throughout 152 of the VA's network of 172 medical centers and
      outpatient clinics. This network of health care facilities presents a unique
      opportunity to provide computer based information systems for clinical care and
      resource monitoring for these patients. The VA further facilitates such a venture
      through its commitment to the Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP).
      This paper describes a new application within DHCP known as the VA's HIV
      Registry. This project addresses the need to support clinical information as well
      as the added need to manage the resources necessary to care for HIV patients.

PMID- 1807576
TI  - Extending the capabilities of diagnostic decision support programs through links
      to bibliographic searching: addition of "canned MeSH logic" to the Quick Medical
      Reference (QMR) program for use with Grateful Med.

PMID- 1807578
TI  - Field data collection for disease monitoring of brucellosis.

PMID- 1807577
TI  - The acute abdomen in emergency with Hypercard.
AB  - A non-sequential Bayesian program for diagnosing acute abdominal pain was
      developed using an Amdahl mainframe accessed by a Texas Instrument remote
      terminal. Transferring the program to a MacIntosh SE/30 using hypercard was
      attended by increased utilisation from 15 to 44%.

PMID- 1807579
TI  - The need and user requirements for integrating images with radiology reports.
AB  - Radiology reports are likely to be more useful if they contain appropriate
      graphic material. Diagnostic conclusions and recommendations become more
      convincing and useful when the clinician personally can review the image on which
      these are based. Modern desk-top publishing techniques make it possible to
      incorporate radiographic images, appropriately selected and annotated, as part of
      the radiology report. It is believed that such illustrated reports would be
      preferred by referring physicians, notwithstanding a significant loss of image
      detail. A survey of these referring physicians was carried out to determine
      whether this hypothesis was correct.

PMID- 1807580
TI  - A free-text processing system to capture physical findings: Canonical Phrase
      Identification System (CAPIS).
AB  - The task of gathering detailed patient information from free-text medical records
      presents a significant barrier to clinical research. In this paper, we describe a
      prototype system for extracting physical examination findings from dictated
      admission summaries. Our computer program applies a concept-based free-text
      processing algorithm that identifies user-selected target physical examination
      findings. We are using the extraction system to enrich an existing clinical
      database. The system was evaluated by comparing the physical examination findings
      extracted by our computer program with findings extracted by an independent
      investigator. Our prototype system was able to recall 92 percent (sensitivity) of
      the relevant physical findings, with a precision of 96 percent (positive
      predictive value).

PMID- 1807581
TI  - Knowledge gains from a computer-based health risk appraisal.
AB  - During 1990, 83 patients seen for a general physical examination at a family
      practice clinic completed a computer-based health risk appraisal in one of two
      formats, batch or interactive. They also completed a written questionnaire on
      their health risks and knowledge before taking the appraisal, and 65 of them
      completed another health risk appraisal and questionnaire three months later. No
      difference in user evaluation of the appraisal regarding its helpfulness, their
      intent to change behavior based on the appraisal, or amount learned from the
      appraisal was found between batch and interactive formats. About half (48%) of
      the individuals correctly estimated their overall health risks before taking the
      health risk appraisal. Among those who initially misjudged their health risks,
      few women adjusted their health risk rating at followup. Men showed a tendency to
      adjust their rating to more closely agree with the health risk appraisal
      estimates although the differences are not statistically significant. Eighty
      percent of the men and 55% of the women accurately rated their overall risk at
      followup. Knowledge of specific causes of death did not improve at followup.

PMID- 1807582
TI  - Nurses' perspectives on problems of hospitalized PCP patients: implications for
      the development of a nursing taxonomy.
AB  - The phenomena of interest in nursing informatics research are the data,
      information and knowledge related to nursing. This study presents nurses'
      perspectives on the problems of patients hospitalized for Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia from four data sources: nurse interview, intershift report, care plan,
      and nurses' notes. Even within this narrowly specified sample, patient problems
      showed variation across sources of data. The results of this study demonstrate
      the difficulties inherent in developing a nursing taxonomy when there is not
      consensus about the relevant data for nursing within a specific patient sample.
      Although existing information technology is capable of processing large volumes
      of nursing data, the lack of a common taxonomy limits the usefulness of the
      technology for documentation of care and decision support applications.

PMID- 1807583
TI  - Evaluation of a Computerized Clinical Information System (Micromedex).
AB  - This paper summarizes data collected as part of a project designed to identify
      and assess the technical and organizational problems associated with the
      implementation and evaluation of a Computerized Clinical Information System
      (CCIS), Micromedex, in three U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
      (VAMCs). The study began in 1987 as a national effort to implement decision
      support technologies in the Veterans Administration Decentralized Hospital
      Computer Program (DHCP). The specific objectives of this project were to (1)
      examine one particular decision support technology, (2) identify the technical
      and organizational barriers to the implementation of a CCIS in the VA host
      environment, (3) assess the possible benefits of this system to VA clinicians in
      terms of therapeutic decision making, and (4) develop new methods for identifying
      the clinical utility of a computer program designed to provide clinicians with a
      new information tool. The project was conducted intermittently over a three-year
      period at three VA medical centers chosen as implementation and evaluation test
      sites for Micromedex. Findings from the Kansas City Medical Center in Missouri
      are presented to illustrate some of the technical problems associated with the
      implementation of a commercial database program in the DHCP host environment, the
      organizational factors influencing clinical use of the system, and the methods
      used to evaluate its use. Data from 4581 provider encounters with the CCIS are
      summarized. Usage statistics are presented to illustrate the methodological
      possibilities for assessing the "benefits and burdens" of a computerized
      information system by using an automated collection of user demographics and
      program audit trails that allow evaluators to monitor user interactions with
      different segments of the database.

PMID- 1807584
TI  - Latent Semantic Indexing of medical diagnoses using UMLS semantic structures.
AB  - The relational files within the UMLS Metathesaurus contain rich semantic
      associations to main concepts. We invoked the technique of Latent Semantic
      Indexing to generate information matrices based on these relationships and
      created "semantic vectors" using singular value decomposition. Evaluations were
      made on the complete set and subsets of Metathesaurus main concepts with the
      semantic type "Disease or Syndrome." Real number matrices were created with main
      concepts, lexical variants, synonyms, and associated expressions. Ancestors,
      children, siblings, and related terms were added to alternative matrices,
      preserving the hierarchical direction of the relation as the imaginary component
      of a complex number. Preliminary evaluation suggests that this technique is
      robust. A major advantage is the exploitation of semantic features which derive
      from a statistical decomposition of UMLS structures, possibly reducing dependence
      on the tedious construction of semantic frames by humans.

PMID- 1807586
TI  - Extending a natural language parser with UMLS knowledge.
AB  - Over the past several years our research efforts have been directed toward the
      identification of natural language processing methods and techniques for
      improving access to biomedical information stored in computerized form. To
      provide a testing ground for some of these ideas we have undertaken the
      development of SPECIALIST, a prototype system for parsing and accessing
      biomedical text. The system includes linguistic and biomedical knowledge.
      Linguistic knowledge involves rules and facts about the grammar of the language.
      Biomedical knowledge involves rules and facts about the domain of biomedicine.
      The UMLS knowledge sources, Meta-1 and the Semantic Network, as well as the UMLS
      test collection, have recently contributed to the development of the SPECIALIST
      system.

PMID- 1807585
TI  - Biomedical database inter-connectivity: an experiment linking MIM, GENBANK, and
      META-1 via MEDLINE.
AB  - The linkage of disparate biomedical databases is an important goal of the Unified
      Medical Language (UMLS) Project. We conducted an experiment to investigate the
      feasibility of using UMLS resources to link databases in clinical genetics and
      molecular biology. References from MIM ("Mendelian Inheritance in Man") were
      lexically mapped to the equivalent citations in MEDLINE. The MeSH major subject
      headings by which the citations in a particular MIM entry had been indexed were
      used to develop a "genetic-disorder-centered view of the world" in Meta-1 (the
      first official version of the UMLS Metathesaurus). Our hypothesis was that these
      MeSH subject headings could provide access to a "semantic neighborhood" in Meta-1
      that would be relevant to a particular genetic disorder. By browsing in this
      "semantic neighborhood," a user could select various combinations of terms with
      which to search MEDLINE through an interface between Meta-1 and Grateful Med.
      Such searches might retrieve citations that were more recent than those in MIM or
      that provided useful supplementary information. Since some MEDLINE records
      contain pointers to entries in GENBANK, information about genetic sequences
      related to a particular clinical genetic disorder could also be retrieved. This
      scenario was implemented for a small number of MIM entries, providing a concrete
      demonstration that linking disparate electronic databases in an important
      subdomain of biomedicine is relatively straightforward.

PMID- 1807587
TI  - Representation of clinical laboratory terminology in the Unified Medical Language
      System.
AB  - The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) was examined to determine its coverage
      of clinical laboratory terminology in use at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical
      Center (CPMC). The Metathesaurus (Meta-1) contains exact matches for 30% of 1460
      CPMC laboratory terms and near matches for an additional 42%, with better
      coverage of atomic-level concepts ("substance" terms) than complex ones (tests
      and panels). The Semantic Network includes types for representing laboratory
      procedures (2), measured substances (at least 56) and sampled substances (at
      least 14), but no type to represent specimens. Few of the UMLS semantic
      relationships are applicable to the CPMC vocabulary. These results have
      implications for the utility of the UMLS for linking clinical databases to
      electronic medical information sources.

PMID- 1807588
TI  - A schematic analysis of the Unified Medical Language System.
AB  - The UMLS is a complex collection of medical terms and relationships derived from
      standard classifications. Appreciating the scope and layout of these relations
      from text descriptions of relational schema is difficult. The graphical technique
      of Logical Data Structure (LDS) representation was employed to illustrate the
      UMLS schema as a data abstraction, affording additional insights that might
      otherwise escape notice. An LDS representation of the Metathesaurus offers the
      following advantages: 1) the separation of a viewpoint from physical data
      structures enables a global outline of the contents; 2) the graphical map makes
      the interrelation of data visible; and 3) the logical entities explicitly reflect
      the decision-making which was implicit or ambiguous in the relational scheme.

PMID- 1807589
TI  - From meaning to term: semantic locality in the UMLS Metathesaurus.
AB  - The Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus represents the results of a
      synthesis of existing biomedical naming systems (thesauri). The naming and other
      information about the meanings in the Metathesaurus can be used to find the
      preferred naming of that meaning in the source chosen by the user, by exploiting
      the property of semantic locality. The aspects of semantic locality in the
      Metathesaurus which can be thus exploited are the terms, the semantic types, the
      use of that term in a source context, and the co-occurrence of terms in MEDLINE.
      To find how a meaning is named in the source of choice, a user must exploit one
      of these aspects of semantic locality, entering a term somehow related to the
      term being sought, and navigating to the preferred term. While the first three of
      these aspects of semantic locality are normative, the last is empirical. Testing
      of the utility of the aspects of semantic locality in information retrieval would
      require a uniform interface with 1, no Metathesaurus, 2, the Metathesaurus
      without the aspects in question, and 3, the Metathesaurus including all the
      aspects. Other potential uses of empirically derived semantic locality include
      defining or suggesting potentially relevant concepts in a given situation.

PMID- 1807590
TI  - Conceptual graphs as an operational model for descriptive findings.
AB  - Clinical findings are often based on impression and expressed by verbal
      descriptions. For their structured documentation a coherent and consistent
      representation model is demanding. The proposed approach is an attempt to take
      conceptual graphs as a formal notation for findings. Conceptual graphs are
      finite, connected, and bipartite graphs consisting of concept nodes that are
      linked by conceptual relation nodes. Concepts are organized in a type hierarchy.
      A subclass of conceptual graphs, called conceptual finding graphs, will be
      introduced that capture descriptive findings with well-defined characteristics.
      It will be shown, how conceptual finding graphs can serve as a coherent and
      consistent basis for data acquisition, database storage, and verbalization of
      descriptive findings. The data entry of findings can be supported by the
      definition of selectional constraints for conceptual relations. Database storage
      can be achieved by mapping conceptual finding graphs into a relational database
      schema. Findings can be verbalized by a text generator which takes conceptual
      finding graphs as input and produces morpho-syntactic surface structures. The
      model has been applied to an interactive report generator for bone scan studies.
      It provides the user with a controlled reporting vocabulary on an adaptive
      graphical interface, and allows the assembling of complex findings by term
      selection and combination based on selectional constraints. The entered findings
      can be stored without loss of structure. A text generation produces acceptable
      German reports.

PMID- 1807591
TI  - Adding your terms and relationships to the UMLS Metathesaurus.
AB  - The National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System [1]
      Metathesaurus contains the richest single corpus of biomedical names in
      existence. Yet, developers wishing to make use of the Metathesaurus will be
      confronted by users who want to add local terminology and relationships not
      already represented there. We urge developers to fill those needs, while, at the
      same time, they plan for the many consequences of unilateral Metathesaurus
      enhancement. Foremost among these consequences is the need to maintain local
      enhancements across subsequent releases of the Metathesaurus. These problems are
      illustrated via examples of candidate Metathesaurus enhancement terms in use at
      the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), at the Mayo Clinic, and in
      Current Disease Descriptions (CDD). Sharing and reuse of Metathesaurus
      enhancement methods may permit local enhancements to be used at other sites, and
      it may permit the global Metathesaurus utilization effort to benefit from
      economies of scale.

PMID- 1807592
TI  - Hospital information systems (HIS): looking into the future.
AB  - Hospital information systems have to date failed to live up to the expectations
      of healthcare providers and informaticians. Events in the summer of 1991 call for
      major changes in healthcare, and new technologies offer the power to make the
      computer-based patient record a reality.

PMID- 1807593
TI  - Framework for a new generation of medical information systems.
AB  - This paper describes the design philosophy underlying an information system for
      an outpatient specialty department. Flexibility, the ability to adapt the system
      to a specific hospital situation and to user desired tasks, now and in the
      future, are the main issues with which the design is dealing. This flexibility is
      supported in the functional design and in the way communication of data is
      handled. The use of standards is a key factor in structured data interchange. The
      system design is independent of any actual standard used. It can incorporate
      standards that are currently available, and anticipates those that will become
      available. The open system design is based on data interchange between functional
      elements within the system, and electronic data interchange with external
      systems.

PMID- 1807594
TI  - Development of a computerized adverse drug event monitor.
AB  - Adverse events during drug therapy are receiving renewed attention. Some adverse
      drug events (ADEs) are identified only after the widespread clinical use of a
      drug. The Food and Drug Administration advocates post-marketing surveillance
      systems to provide early warnings of previously undetected ADEs. The
      identification of ADEs by U.S. hospitals is now required by the Joint Commission
      on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. We developed a series of computer
      programs and data files on the HELP System to help identify ADEs. The HELP System
      monitors laboratory test results, drug orders, and data entered through a
      computerized ADE reporting program. A nurse or pharmacist verifies computer
      alerts of possible ADEs. The computerized system identified 401 ADEs during the
      first year of use compared to 9 by voluntary reporting methods during the
      previous year (p less than 0.001). This paper describes the development and early
      use of the computerized ADE surveillance system.

PMID- 1807595
TI  - End-user participation in the needs assessment for a clinical information system.
AB  - The successful introduction of a new information system requires technological
      and behavioral changes. Intended users of the new system should participate in
      defining goals for the system, examining alternatives for achieving these goals,
      and selecting from these alternatives. Broad-based end-user involvement is
      especially useful during the needs assessment (goal definition) phase, both to
      identify the diverse expectations of the end-user community and to develop a
      sense of system ownership by these users. System planners can stimulate active
      end-user involvement by inviting each constituent user group (for example, each
      hospital department) to assume responsibility for specifying its objectives for
      the new system. The collection of all groups' objectives defines the
      organization's expectations of a new system, provides a means for comparing
      systems, and aids in predicting the overall acceptance of any proposed system.
      Each constituent group's list of objectives likewise provides a measure of
      anticipated acceptance for that group.

PMID- 1807596
TI  - Software quality regulation under the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990: hospitals
      are now the canaries in the software mine.
AB  - The 1990 Medical Device Amendments to the Food and Drug Act have caused a
      significant change in the regulation of medical software. The 1990 Act replaces
      the prior emphasis on premarket approvals with an emphasis on postmarket
      surveillance. Hospitals and other institutional users are now required to report
      to the FDA product defects that cause injuries or death. They are also required
      to report product defects to the manufacturer. The Act provides for rapid
      suspensions of device approval, recalls of defective products and civil penalties
      for violators. The combination of these factors may lead to enhanced FDA
      supervision of the purchase and use of medical software, and particularly an
      emphasis on finding unregistered producers. In addition, the new Act will have a
      direct effect on the regulation of software, because it is much better suited to
      addressing the problem of software quality than the 1976 Act.

PMID- 1807597
TI  - Knowledge representation in pharmacology. A possible application area for the
      Arden Syntax?
AB  - In 1990 the Arden Syntax was proposed as a first version of a standardized syntax
      for the representation of medical knowledge. For the evaluation of the
      practicability of this first release we have analyzed the medical and
      pharmacological knowledge applied in the process of drug prescription. The
      separation of declarative (e.g. in a semantic network) and procedural knowledge
      is a basic issue of our research. We therefore propose to further extend the
      Arden syntax with declarative knowledge representation facilities. One way to do
      this may be the incorporation of a standardized medical data dictionary (e.g. the
      UMLS Metathesaurus) which promotes the representation of medical terms in a
      semantic network. Furthermore the problem of 'institution-specific knowledge',
      which is especially important for the issue of knowledge sharing between
      different institutions, is analyzed based on examples of knowledge modules for
      monitoring drug allergies and drug-drug-interactions.

PMID- 1807598
TI  - The Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center decision-support system as a model for
      implementing the Arden Syntax.
AB  - Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center is implementing a decision-support system
      based on the Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules (MLM's). The system uses a
      compiler-interpreter pair. MLM's are first compiled into pseudo-codes, which are
      instructions for a virtual machine. The MLM's are then executed using an
      interpreter that emulates the virtual machine. This design has resulted in
      increased portability, easier debugging and verification, and more compact
      compiled MLM's. The time spent interpreting the MLM pseudo-codes has been found
      to be insignificant compared to database accesses. The compiler, which is written
      using the tools "lex" and "yacc," optimizes MLM's by minimizing the number of
      database accesses. The interpreter emulates a stack-oriented machine. A phased
      implementation of the syntax was used to speed the development of the system.

PMID- 1807599
TI  - Managing Medical Logic Modules.
AB  - A key element of IAIMS development at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
      (CPMC) is the Medical Logic Module (MLM), designed to provide decision support to
      clinical users. A standard has been established for MLMs, and a number of
      institutions have agreed in principle to share them. At CPMC, MLMs are under
      development and MLMs from other institutions are being reviewed. The Columbia
      Health Sciences Library has developed a management system for MLMs which supports
      both internal development and sharing of MLMs among institutions. This paper
      describes the elements of the MLM management system.

PMID- 1807600
TI  - The sensitivity of medical diagnostic decision-support knowledge bases in
      delineating appropriate terms to document in the medical record.
AB  - A pertinent, legible and complete medical record facilitates good patient care.
      The recording of the symptoms, signs and lab findings which are relevant to a
      patient's condition contributes importantly to the medical record. The
      consideration and documentation of other disease states known to be related to
      the patient's primary illness provide further enhancement. We propose that
      developing sets of disease-specific core elements which a physician may want to
      document in the medical record can have many benefits. We hypothesize that for a
      given disease, terms with high importance (TI) and frequency (TF) in the DX
      plain, QMR and Iliad knowledge bases (KBs) are terms which are used commonly in
      the medical record, and may be, in fact, terms which physicians would find useful
      to document. A study was undertaken to validate ten such sets of disease-specific
      core elements. For each of ten prevalent diseases, high TI and TF terms from the
      three KBs mentioned were pooled to derive the set of core elements. For each
      disease, all patient records (range 385 to 16,972) from a computerized ambulatory
      medical record database were searched to document the actual use by physicians of
      each of these core elements. A significant percentage (range 50 to 86%) of each
      set of core elements was confirmed as being used by the physicians. In addition,
      all medical concepts from a selection of full text records were identified, and
      an average of 65% of the concepts were found to be core elements.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807601
TI  - Doctoral specialization in nursing informatics.
AB  - A prototype program of doctoral study has been developed at the University of
      Maryland School of Nursing to prepare students with nursing expertise in the
      conceptualization and research of computer based information systems in
      hospitals, industry and other health care organizations. The graduate will be
      prepared to design effective nursing information systems; create innovative
      information technology; conduct research regarding integration of technology with
      nursing practice, administration, and education; and develop theoretical,
      practice, and evaluation models for nursing informatics.

PMID- 1807602
TI  - Trends in measures of computer experience and computer anxiety for students in
      three successive medical school classes.
AB  - Computer-related variables, including measures of computer anxiety and computer
      experience, were evaluated for three successive classes of matriculating medical
      students. Across the three classes, average computer anxiety measures declined
      and differences in the levels of computer anxiety for males and females
      diminished. Average measures of computer experience rose over time and were
      comparable for males and females, although there was a trend toward increasing
      divergence in the range and distribution of students' computer experience scores.
      Implications of these findings for addressing computer literacy in the medical
      curricula are discussed.

PMID- 1807603
TI  - Education and medical informatics--five years of experience at the University of
      Limburg.
AB  - In this paper the experience of five years of medical informatics education at
      the university of Limburg is described. The university of Limburg uses the
      problem-directed educational system. This system is described. The blocks in
      Medical Informatics are then presented. Then several program packages that were
      developed by the department of Medical Informatics of this university are
      described. Finally the assessment by the students of this type of education is
      given.

PMID- 1807604
TI  - An integrated informatics curriculum in a baccalaureate nursing program.
AB  - As health care requirements change, nurses will not only have to process and
      communicate more information, but the nature and types of this information will
      dramatically change as well. It is imperative that nurses understand the
      potential information technologies offer to assist the nurse in this expanded
      role. This paper describes an innovative endeavor to incorporate information
      technology with its undergraduate nursing program. The challenge was to design a
      program that would help develop the students' skills to critically appraise their
      information needs and conceptually evaluate the utility of gathering information
      in providing patient care. After completing the first nursing informatics course,
      there was an increase in the students' perception and understanding of the uses
      of information technology to support the nursing process in providing patient
      care.

PMID- 1807606
TI  - Maximum likelihood training of connectionist models: comparison with least
      squares back-propagation and logistic regression.
AB  - This paper presents maximum likelihood back-propagation (ML-BP), an approach to
      training neural networks. The widely reported original approach uses least
      squares back-propagation (LS-BP), minimizing the sum of squared errors (SSE).
      Unfortunately, least squares estimation does not give a maximum likelihood (ML)
      estimate of the weights in the network. Logistic regression, on the other hand,
      gives ML estimates for single layer linear models only. This report describes how
      to obtain ML estimates of the weights in a multi-layer model, and compares LS-BP
      to ML-BP using several examples. It shows that in many neural networks, least
      squares estimation gives inferior results and should be abandoned in favor of
      maximum likelihood estimation. Questions remain about the potential uses of multi
      level connectionist models in such areas as diagnostic systems and risk
      stratification in outcomes research.

PMID- 1807605
TI  - The effect of computer-based reminders on the management of hospitalized patients
      with worsening renal function.
AB  - We performed a prospective time-series study to determine whether computerized
      reminders to physicians about rising creatinine levels in hospitalized patients
      receiving nephrotoxic and renally excreted medications led to more rapid
      adjustment or discontinuation of those medications, and to evaluate physician
      acceptance of computerized reminders. Laboratory data were followed on 10,076
      patients over 13,703 admissions generating 1104 events of rising creatinine
      levels during treatment with nephrotoxic or renally excreted medications. During
      the intervention period, medications were adjusted or discontinued an average of
      21.1 hours sooner (p less than 0.0001) after such an event occurred when compared
      with the control period. This effect of the reminders was strongest for patients
      receiving renally excreted and mildly nephrotoxic medications. Of physicians who
      responded to a computerized survey, 53% said that the reminders had been helpful
      in the care of their patients, while 31% felt that the reminders were annoying.
      Seventy-three percent wished to continue receiving computerized reminders. We
      conclude that computerized reminders are well-accepted in our hospital and have a
      strong effect on physician behavior.

PMID- 1807607
TI  - Evaluation of a parallel implementation of the learning portion of the backward
      error propagation neural network: experiments in artifact identification.
AB  - Various methods have been proposed in an attempt to solve problems in artifact
      and/or alarm identification including expert systems, statistical signal
      processing techniques, and artificial neural networks (ANN). ANNs consist of a
      large number of simple processing units connected by weighted links. To develop
      truly robust ANNs, investigators are required to train their networks on huge
      training data sets, requiring enormous computing power. We implemented a parallel
      version of the backward error propagation neural network training algorithm in
      the widely portable parallel programming language C-Linda. A maximum speedup of
      4.06 was obtained with six processors. This speedup represents a reduction in
      total run-time from approximately 6.4 hours to 1.5 hours. We conclude that use of
      the master-worker model of parallel computation is an excellent method for
      obtaining speedups in the backward error propagation neural network training
      algorithm.

PMID- 1807609
TI  - Assessing the value of medical informatics. Fifteenth Annual Symposium on
      Computer Applications in Medical Care. November 17-20, 1991, Washington, DC.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 1807608
TI  - Neural network approach to detection of metastatic melanoma from chromatographic
      analysis of urine.
AB  - Chromatographic analysis of sera or urine is important in medicine for the
      evaluation of patients whose clinical status is associated with the presence of
      specific biochemical markers. Malignant melanoma has been a model for such
      studies due to the elaboration of melanin precursors and pigment as the tumor
      metastasizes. Computer-assisted methods for categorizing chromatographic data and
      clinical status are imperative due to the large number of detectable compounds
      and possible correlations. In addition, computer-based analysis of the data can
      readily extract patterns that are not obvious by visual inspection. In this
      paper, we present a neural network analysis of melanoma chromatographic and
      clinical data that categorizes subjects into normals, NED patients (No Evidence
      of Disease), and metastatic patients. The set of marker compounds for metastatic
      disease represents a significant advance over the correlations derived by visual
      inspection.

PMID- 1807610
TI  - Field trials of medical decision-aids: potential problems and solutions.
AB  - Only clinical trials can assess the impact of prototype medical decision-aids,
      but they are seldom performed before dissemination. Many problems are encountered
      when designing such studies, including ensuring generality, deciding what to
      measure, feasible study designs, correcting for biases caused by the trial itself
      and by the decision-aid, resolving the "Evaluation Paradox", and potential legal
      and ethical doubts. These are discussed in this paper.

PMID- 1807611
TI  - Modelling acquired dyslexia: a software tool for developing grapheme-phoneme
      correspondences.
AB  - In extending a computer model of acquired dyslexia, it has become necessary to
      develop a way to group printed characters in a word so that the character groups
      essentially have a one-to-one correspondence with the word's phonemes (speech
      sounds). This requires deriving a set of correspondences (legal character
      groupings, legal associations of character groups with phonemes, etc.) that yield
      a single grouping or "segmentation" of characters when applied to any English
      word. To facilitate and partially automate this task, a segmentation program has
      been developed that uses an interchangeable set of correspondences. The program
      segments words according to these correspondences and tabulates their success
      over large sets of words. The program has been used successfully to segment a
      20,000 word corpus, demonstrating that this approach can be used effectively and
      efficiently.

PMID- 1807612
TI  - Computer recognition of brain stem auditory evoked potential wave V by a neural
      network.
AB  - A neural network simulator was used to create a connectionist model for the
      recognition of the peak of wave V of the brain stem auditory evoked potential
      (BAEP) test. Wave forms were selected from BAEPs performed in the last four years
      at the University of Pittsburgh Presbyterian University Hospital (PUH). The
      ipsilateral and contralateral wave forms were digitized and then sampled at 0.1
      msec intervals using linear interpolation. The resulting amplitudes were
      normalized to the range less than -1, 1 greater than. The normalized amplitudes
      were used as the initial activation values for the processing elements of the
      input layer. The desired outputs (the target locations for wave V) were
      determined by adjusting the latencies recorded by the physician interpreter for
      any distortion in the digitizing process. The location of wave V was represented
      in the output layer by setting the output element which correspond to the target
      location and its immediate neighbors to high activation levels and all the
      remaining output units to zero activity. Two network architectures, differing
      only in the hidden unit layer, with 40 and 16 hidden units respectively, were
      used. The networks were trained using standard back-propagation. Several trials
      from different starting points were performed for each architecture. The training
      set was composed of the wave forms resulting from the stimulation of 50 ears. The
      best network, found after 60 epochs (3000 presentations) was able to correctly
      identify 17 out of 20 cases (85%) from a set of test cases which were independent
      from the training set.

PMID- 1807613
TI  - Application of a virtual neurode in a model thyroid diagnostic network.
AB  - Screening laboratory tests for thyroid disease often include serum levels for
      thyroxine (T4), thyrotropic hormone (TSH), and triiodothyronine resin binding
      (T3) as a measure of T4 binding to serum. A neural network using the above values
      as input was unable to converge during training to identify an output diagnoses
      of six common thyroid functional states. When binding protein (TBG) data were
      supplied the network readily converged. Since thyroxine binding can be roughly
      estimated from a relationship between T4 and T3, a virtual input node reflecting
      the binding was calculated from each T4/T3 input set and used as additional
      input. With this addition, the system trained easily and accurately diagnosed
      from the training set. CONCLUSION: 1) Quantitative laboratory data can be used in
      input neurodes in a diagnostic network 2) Training and diagnostic accuracy for
      the network is more efficient using the virtual TBG neurode than by either
      omitting TBG data or using actual TBG values.

PMID- 1807614
TI  - Modeling shift workers' scheduling desires: an application involving nursing
      personnel.
AB  - We are developing a computerized scheduling program that considers the schedule
      preferences of individual nurses. We want schedules that satisfy the staffing
      requirements of the unit and the work preferences of the nurses, while being
      fair. To reach this goal, we must calculate the desirability of every possible
      schedule for every nurse. The calculated preference scores of the schedules will
      be used by the computer to assign individual schedules and to keep a running
      tally of how well nurses' desires have been met. We present here the first model
      of nurses' scheduling desires. We modeled the schedule preferences as the desire
      to work the assigned shifts, plus the pattern of day-off, plus the pattern of
      tour splitting. Using this model, we account for an average of 81% of the
      variance.

PMID- 1807615
TI  - A computerized representation of a medical school curriculum: integration of
      relational and text management software in database design.
AB  - We describe the development of a computer-based representation of the medical
      school curriculum at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH).
      Over the past seven years the Medical School's Office of Academic Affairs has
      employed both relational database and text management software to design an
      integrated curriculum database system. Depending on the function selected-
      exploring the curriculum, searching through course outlines, retrieving elective
      descriptions, identifying teaching faculty, or searching for specific topics-
      either text management or relational database management routines are activated
      in a manner transparent to the user. Initial evaluation of the system has been
      positive but highlights the need for a more robust biomedical language for use as
      a controlled vocabulary to index content. Efforts are now underway, with support
      from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), to engage other
      interested schools in the U.S. and Canada in collaborating on further development
      of a system.

PMID- 1807616
TI  - Issues in the design of a clinical microbiology database within an integrated
      hospital information system.
AB  - The LASTWORD hospital information system contains a clinical microbiology
      database which permits both review of patient reports and retrospective data
      searches using clinical and/or demographic criteria. The elements supporting this
      database are dictionary tables of coded phrases, a general purpose query language
      (Tandem ENFORM), an HL7 interface to a laboratory computer system, and long-term
      data storage of demographic, microbiology and other clinical data in a relational
      database.

PMID- 1807617
TI  - Assessing the effectiveness of a computerized blood order "consultation" system.
AB  - To optimize blood ordering and accurately assess transfusion practice, in 1987,
      an "on line" computerized, knowledge-based, blood order critiquing system was
      integrated into the HELP Hospital Information System (HIS) at LDS Hospital.
      Evaluations of the computerized ordering system demonstrated its benefits and
      limitations on transfusion practice. Based on this experience, a second
      generation blood ordering system using a consultation mode was developed. A pilot
      test of this blood order consultant system, using historical data in the HELP
      system's database, was performed. This pilot test demonstrated that the
      consultation system provided accurate recommendations for red blood cell (RBC)
      and platelet orders. Comparing the appropriateness of blood orders with the
      recommendations made by the director of the blood bank, the orders recommended by
      the computer "consultant" agreed 95.5% of the time. The computer consultation
      system also recommended fewer RBC units for transfusion. Preliminary results
      obtained using the consultant approach suggest that we may be able to simplify
      blood ordering practice and also reduce the number of units of blood products
      ordered. Based on these findings we are now preparing to compare the "critiquing"
      and "consultation" approaches using a clinical trial.

PMID- 1807618
TI  - CD-ROM prototype applications within the Department of Veterans Affairs.
AB  - The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been actively involved in examining
      the benefits of Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) to its operations.
      Approximately twenty VA titles either have been produced or are scheduled for
      production by Summer of 1991. Both textual and database CDs have been prototyped.
      Several of the CDs have been integrated directly into the VA's MUMPS-based
      hospital information systems. Titles which contain patient information employ the
      Data Encryption Standard (DES) for sensitive information. A related project
      involves the installation of a system which allows common VDTs on the hospital
      system to access commercial CDs such as MEDLINE, PDR, and CCIS. The prototypes
      have been successful and very favorably received by users.

PMID- 1807619
TI  - Intelligent management of epidemiologic data.
AB  - In the lifecycle of epidemiologic data three steps can be identified: production,
      interpretation and exploitation for decision. Computerized support can be
      precious, if not indispensable, at any of the three levels, therefore several
      epidemiologic data management systems were developed. In this paper we focus on
      intelligent management of epidemiologic data, where intelligence is needed in
      order to analyze trends or to compare observed with reference value and possibly
      detect abnormalities. After having outlined the problems involved in such a task,
      we show the features of ADAMS, a system realized to manage aggregated data and
      implemented in a personal computer environment.

PMID- 1807620
TI  - Retrieval from full-text medical literature: the dream & the reality.
AB  - While the retrieval of the full-text of a document might seem to end all the
      hassle of using traditional retrieval systems, the results of the MEDLINE/Full
      Text Project indicate that retrieval from the current full-text databases of
      biomedical journal literature does not match the dream. During the first phase of
      the project the researchers learned that searching the full-text databases
      resulted in the retrieval of a significantly larger number of relevant documents
      than MEDLINE. However, the full-text databases also resulted in a large number of
      non-relevant documents. Currently the researchers are focusing on how to search
      these databases to continue retrieving the large number of relevant documents but
      without so many non-relevant items.

PMID- 1807621
TI  - Integrated approach for designing medical decision support systems with knowledge
      extracted from clinical databases by statistical methods.
AB  - In clinical research data is often studied by a particular method without
      previous analysis of quality or semantic contents which could link clinical
      database and data analytical (e.g. statistical) procedures. In order to avoid
      bias caused by this situation, we propose that the analysis of medical data
      should be divided into two main steps. In the first one we concentrate on
      conducting the quality, semantic and structure analyses. In the second step our
      aim is to build an appropriate dictionary of data analysis methods for further
      knowledge extraction. Methods like robust statistical techniques, procedures for
      mixed continuous and discrete data, fuzzy linguistic approach, machine learning
      and neural networks can be included. The results may be evaluated both using test
      samples and applying other relevant data-analytical techniques to the particular
      problem under the study.

PMID- 1807622
TI  - A common and clonable environment to support research using patient data.
AB  - The volume and complexity of information systems for data oriented clinical
      research at Mayo Clinic began to exceed available database-analyst resources. A
      decision was made to generate a clonable, generic system for health services
      research; this was implemented for a medium-sized prototype project. Since 1988,
      it has been reconfigured to support several score data projects at less than one
      tenth the cost for database analysts. Further, user involvement and empowerment
      has increased their satisfaction and inquiry abilities with their specific
      systems.

PMID- 1807623
TI  - Heterogeneous databases integration in a hospital information systems
      environment: a bottom-up approach.
AB  - The paper describes the problem of heterogeneous databases, discusses the need
      for an integrated hospital information system and provides a five-step method for
      integrating heterogeneous databases in the hospital environment. The scope of
      this method facilitates the integration of medical, administrative and fiscal
      information elements of a hospital into a unified environment.

PMID- 1807624
TI  - Heterogenous database integration in a physician workstation.
AB  - We discuss the integration of a variety of data and information sources in a
      Physician Workstation (PWS), focusing on the integration of data from DHCP, the
      Veteran Administration's Distributed Hospital Computer Program. We designed a
      logically centralized, object-oriented data-schema, used by end users and
      applications to explore the data accessible through an object-oriented database
      using a declarative query language. We emphasize the use of procedural
      abstraction to transparently integrate a variety of information sources into the
      data schema.

PMID- 1807625
TI  - Estimating frequency of disease findings from combined hospital databases: a UMLS
      project.
AB  - Merging data from the Salt Lake VA hospital database and the LDS hospital HELP
      system into a UMLS sponsored unified patient database has demonstrated that
      distribution of variables within a disease is hospital independent. Although
      disease prevalence is clearly not the same among hospitals, analysis of data
      within a disease group across hospitals can be done using such a merged database.
      This unified patient database would allow study of unusual diseases not possible
      using data from a single institution.

PMID- 1807626
TI  - The Department of Veterans Affairs Optical Patient Card Workstation.
AB  - The Department of Veterans Affairs has developed an optical patient card
      application which will undergo alpha testing in 1991. The optical cards are
      carried by patients and contain administrative, clinical, and image information.
      An optical patient card workstation (OPCW) will read/write these cards and pass
      this information to the VA Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP), the
      VA's health care information system. The intent of this work is to study the
      potential benefits of this technology to the VA's distributed health care
      network, with a large mobile patient population. It is hoped that the use of
      optical cards and the OPCW will enhance clinicians ability to work with a timely
      composite health record, and expedite the administrative workload of the medical
      center.

PMID- 1807627
TI  - Effects of computerized nurse careplanning on selected health care effectiveness
      measures.
AB  - A computerized nurse careplanning system (CNCP) was implemented on two nursing
      units of the Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC. This pretest, post
      test experimental study sought to determine the effects of implementing this
      system on selected nursing care activities and associated patient outcomes.
      Effects on outcomes of job satisfaction, use of careplanning and competency of
      staff nurses were also examined. The sample consists of four medical nursing
      wards with registered nurses (n = 40) and patients (n = 160 as subjects). Data
      collection included nurse questionnaires, patient interviews and chart reviews.
      Results of the multiple regression analyses will be summarized here. Plans for
      further enhancement of CNCP will be discussed.

PMID- 1807628
TI  - Conceptual data model for a central patient database.
AB  - This paper presents methods used to develop a conceptual model for a patient
      database forming the centerpiece of a clinical information system under
      development. Various modeling techniques are discussed using a simplified
      fragment of the model. A method for mapping the model onto a relational design
      optimized for single patient retrievals is described. The results section
      discusses a number of issues pertaining to the flexibility and usability of this
      architecture.

PMID- 1807629
TI  - Evaluation of an SQL model of the HELP patient database.
AB  - We tested a new model of the HELP patient database that makes use of relational
      tables to store patient data and provides access to data using SQL (Structured
      Query Language). The SQL database required more storage space and had many more
      physical records than the HELP database, but it was faster and more efficient in
      storing data than the standard HELP utilities. The HELP utilities used disk space
      more efficiently and were faster than the SQL tools when retrieving data for
      typical clinical reports. However, the SQL model provides networking
      capabilities, general report writing tools, detailed user documentation, and an
      ability for creating secondary indexes that offset its poorer performance.

PMID- 1807630
TI  - Dissemination, standardization and user-flexibility in implementing TOMRs for
      cardiology.
AB  - A great many clinics are interested in using software programs in daily practice.
      We report on the construction of a time oriented medical record unit (TOMRU). It
      runs on MS-DOS personal computers. TOMRU handles the follow-up data of ambulatory
      patients. Of the possible database customizations allowed by TOMRU, the
      cardiology patient database (TOMRU/C) and hypertensive patient database (TOMRU/H)
      were developed and are described here. Customizing TOMRU should in any case be
      left to an expert user, in charge of database management. The clinical
      information to be included in the customizations was obtained by discussing the
      needs of and obtaining the consensus of clinical practitioners. TOMRU/C was
      handed over to some hundreds of clinical centres during the computerized
      itinerant courses held to train users.

PMID- 1807631
TI  - Patterns in protein primary sequences: classification, display and analysis.
AB  - The protein folding code, which is contained in the amino acid chain of a
      protein, has so far eluded elucidation. However, patterns of hydrophobic residues
      have previously been identified which show a specificity towards certain
      secondary structural elements. We are developing an analysis toolkit to find,
      visualize, and analyze patterns in primary sequences. Preliminary results show
      that there exist patterns in primary sequences which are useful for predicting
      the structural class of amino acid chains, performing especially well for the all
      alpha helix and all-beta sheet classes.

PMID- 1807632
TI  - Parallel computation for biological sequence comparison: comparing a portable
      model to the native model for the Intel Hypercube.
AB  - A parallel program for inter-database sequence comparison was developed on the
      Intel Hypercube using two models of parallel programming. One version was built
      using machine-specific Hypercube parallel programming commands. The other version
      was built using Linda, a machine-independent parallel programming language. The
      two versions of the program provide a case study comparing these two approaches
      to parallelization in an important biological application area. Benchmark tests
      with both programs gave comparable results with a small number of processors. As
      the number of processors was increased, the Linda version was somewhat less
      efficient. The Linda version was also run without change on Network Linda, a
      virtual parallel machine running on a network of desktop workstations.

PMID- 1807633
TI  - Modeling uncertainty in a database for physical gene mapping data.
AB  - We are building a database for the storage, retrieval, and graphical display of
      physical gene mapping data. To allow this information to be analyzed robustly,
      such a database must confront the inherent uncertainty of the data as a central
      design issue. The paper describes the overall database design, the types of gene
      mapping data which the system will contain, the types of uncertainty in the data,
      and certain of the design issues involved in allowing the database to handle
      uncertainty in a comprehensive fashion. Only if a full appreciation of
      uncertainty is built into the system from its inception will a physical gene
      mapping database be truly robust and successful.

PMID- 1807634
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation on a network of workstations using a machine
      independent parallel programming language.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations investigate local and global motion in molecules.
      Several parallel computing approaches have been taken to attack the most
      computationally expensive phase of molecular simulations, the evaluation of long
      range interactions. This paper develops a straightforward but effective algorithm
      for molecular dynamics simulations using the machine-independent parallel
      programming language, Linda. The algorithm was run both on a shared memory
      parallel computer and on a network of high performance Unix workstations.
      Performance benchmarks were performed on both systems using two proteins. This
      algorithm offers a portable cost-effective alternative for molecular dynamics
      simulations. In view of the increasing numbers of networked workstations, this
      approach could help make molecular dynamics simulations more easily accessible to
      the research community.

PMID- 1807635
TI  - Development of a national genetic services database.
AB  - The Council of Regional Networks for Genetics Services (CORN) designed and
      developed a database collection project to collect minimum data regarding genetic
      services provided throughout the United States. The data collection project has
      been designed to improve the provision of services and to determine areas of
      utilization.

PMID- 1807636
TI  - Data collection in the Great Plains Genetics Service Network: using limited funds
      to collect data from centers with varying resources.
AB  - The Data Committee of the Great Plains Genetics Service Network (GPGSN)
      coordinates the collection of data relating to delivery of genetic services in
      eight states. These states are Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas,
      Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota. The funds allocated to this project by
      the GPGSN are limited. The distance between genetics service sites is great and
      the population density in the regions being served is low. The local resources
      available to the genetics services sites participating in data collection vary
      from robust to "bare-bones". The approach to solving the problem involved the
      following. First the committee the data items to be collected were identified and
      defined. Second, a standard format for transmitting the data to the GPGSN
      regional coordinating center in Iowa City was developed. Third, the services
      sites and their resources for collecting data were identified. Fourth, resources
      were allocated to different sites in a manner that seemed most able to help that
      center to contribute data to the regional center. Fifth, data were aggregated at
      the regional center and aggregated data reports were returned to collecting
      sites. Finally, items were modified in response to the feedback received from the
      genetics services sites. Although the philosophy is that data collection should
      be a by-product of providing quality genetic services, the region recognizes that
      service sites will need help to conform with regional standards. Therefore the
      region encourages each service site to develop its own method to collect data,
      and provides assistance to it in getting the data into the regional transmission
      format.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807637
TI  - Evaluation of UNIS: Urological Nursing Information Systems.
AB  - Unis is a nurse expert system prototype specifically designed to assist nurses
      caring for elderly, incontinent patients residing in nursing homes. Two studies
      measuring the performance level of UNIS were implemented. In the first study,
      results of sessions with UNIS on case studies of elderly, incontinent patients
      were compared to sessions with nurse experts. The relevance of questions, value
      of recommendations and overall performance were rated by an evaluation panel. In
      the second study, UNIS was implemented on two nursing units in a nursing home.
      The number of wet occurrences of patients residing on units where UNIS was
      consulted by nurses was compared to the number of wet occurrences of patients
      residing on units where UNIS was not consulted by nurses. The knowledge of
      urinary incontinence of nurses who consulted UNIS and those who did not consult
      UNIS were also compared. The results indicate that when judged by an evaluation
      panel, the relevance of the questions and value of the recommendations generated
      by UNIS were not rated significantly different than ratings assigned to nurse
      experts consulting on the same case studies. There was a significant difference
      between assigned ratings for overall performance; F.01 (4,16) = 10.4. UNIS scored
      the highest on four out of five case studies. In the second study, the number of
      wet occurrences of patients residing on units where nurses consulted UNIS
      decreased significantly; F.01 (2,9) = 34.67. The knowledge of urinary
      incontinence also improved significantly when nurses' consulted UNIS; F.001
      (2,157) = 19.46. The methods and results of these two studies are presented.

PMID- 1807638
TI  - Human genome protein function database.
AB  - A database which focuses on the normal functions of the currently-known protein
      products of the Human Genome was constructed. Information is stored as text,
      figures, tables, and diagrams. The program contains built-in functions to modify,
      update, categorize, hypertext, search, create reports, and establish links to
      other databases. The semi-automated categorization feature of the database
      program was used to classify these proteins in terms of biomedical functions.

PMID- 1807639
TI  - The EINTHOVEN system: toward an improved cardiac arrhythmia monitor.
AB  - Contemporary cardiac arrhythmia monitors, used commonly in intensive care
      settings, are highly sensitive to artifact, resulting in high false alarm rates,
      inability to detect P waves reliably, and crude rhythm interpretation. We report
      on two new approaches that address these problems: a noise preprocessor that
      characterizes the type and degree of artifact in an ECG, and a model-based rhythm
      interpretation algorithm.

PMID- 1807640
TI  - Estimation of entire cardiac left ventricular pressure cycle from brachial
      arterial pressure during systemic hypoxia.
AB  - In functional study of the cardiac pump during systemic hypoxia, noninvasive
      measurement of the cardiac left ventricular pressure (LVP) during hypoxia is a
      tempting problem. The authors found from point of view of systems physiology that
      there existed correlation between brachial arterial blood pressure (BP) and LVP.
      Using method of normalization and stepwise regression, models were established
      for estimating LVP upon BP. For the LVP estimated with single hypoxia condition
      models the average relative area errors e less than 4.3%, with the general
      hypoxia condition model, e = 5.6%. This approach may be expected to be developed
      into a method of noninvasive measuring of the LVP.

PMID- 1807641
TI  - A parallel computing interface to facilitate development of physiologic signal
      processing algorithms.
AB  - We have created a system to aid in the development of algorithms related to the
      blood pressure waveform. The system performs all of the basic analyses of the
      waveform, and allows the user to utilize the results of those analyses for the
      algorithm under development. We have used a parallel programming architecture
      which keeps the different tasks, or processes, within the system independent of
      each other. Additionally, we have developed a graphics interface to enable the
      user to visualize the waveform, the system analysis, and the internal workings of
      the algorithm under development.

PMID- 1807642
TI  - Nonlinear algorithm for identification of a fiducial marker for various cardiac
      events.
AB  - We report on a nonlinear algorithm which identifies R-wave peaks on the surface
      electrocardiogram, consistent reference points on the left ventricular pressure
      waveform and the initiation of the QRS complex on the epicardial electrogram. The
      algorithm has been used to evaluate data from horses, ponies, dogs and humans at
      rest and during exercise. It permits rapid, accurate evaluation of data on a beat
      by-beat basis even with noisy signals and varying waveform configurations. The
      algorithm facilitates the acquisition of detailed information previously
      difficult or impossible to obtain by more conventional methods of analysis.

PMID- 1807643
TI  - Spatial anatomic knowledge for 2-D interactive medical image segmentation and
      matching.
AB  - A representation is described for two-dimensional anatomic shapes which can be
      described by single-valued distortions of a circle. The representation, called a
      radial contour model, is both generic, in that it captures the expected shape as
      well as the range of variation for an anatomic shape class, and flexible, in that
      the model can deform to fit an individual instance of the shape class. The model
      is implemented in a program called SCANNER (version 0.61) for 2-D interactive
      image segmentation and matching. An initial evaluation was performed using 7
      shape models learned from a training set of 93 contours, and a control model
      containing no shape knowledge. Evaluation using 60 additional contours showed
      that in general the shape knowledge should reduce interactive segmentation time
      by a factor of two over the control, and that for specific shapes such as the
      eye, the improvement is much greater. A matching function was also devised which
      showed that the radial contour model should allow diagnosis of subtle shape
      changes. These results suggest that the use of spatial anatomic knowledge, when
      combined with good interactive tools, can help to alleviate the segmentation
      bottleneck in medical imaging. The models, when extended to more complex shapes,
      will form the spatial component of a knowledge base of anatomy that could have
      many uses in addition to image segmentation.

PMID- 1807644
TI  - Automatic generation of plans for biomedical image interpretation.
AB  - This paper presents a new object-centered, goal-driven planning approach to
      biomedical image interpretation. We describe here a prototype system which takes
      advantage of spatial and detectability constraints from an expert-derived model
      of expected anatomical structures to automatically generate plans for the
      interpretation of multimodality images.

PMID- 1807645
TI  - Segmentation of magnetic resonance images using an artificial neural network.
AB  - Signal intensities from intermediate and T2 weighted spin echo images of the
      brain were used as inputs into an artificial neural network (ANN). The signal
      intensities were used to train the network to recognize anatomically-important
      segments. The ANN was a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network which develops a
      continuous topographical map of the signal intensities within the two images. The
      neural network segmented images demonstrated good correlation with white matter,
      gray matter, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) spaces. This technique was rated
      better than manual thresholding of the intermediate images, but not as good as
      manual thresholding of the T2 weighted images.

PMID- 1807646
TI  - A system's architecture which dissociates management of shared data and end-user
      function.
AB  - An architecture for providing an institutional systems infrastructure is
      proposed. The architecture permits distributed applications while maintaining an
      integrated patient database.

PMID- 1807647
TI  - Evaluation of benefits derived from a computerized data management system for
      clinical trials data.
AB  - Identification and reporting of adverse events is an important responsibility of
      investigators conducting clinical trials of new pharmaceutical compounds. We have
      designed and implemented a computerized data management system for clinical
      trials data and have evaluated its performance in managing adverse event
      information from clinical studies. All cases in which adverse event occurred and
      a random sample of cases without adverse events were selected from two clinical
      trials managed with the new computerized system and compared with identically
      selected cases from two clinical trials managed with the paper system. Rates of
      transcription errors, data selection errors and failure to identify adverse
      events were examined by logistic regression. Analysis of variance of the time
      required to evaluate clinical information or report adverse events to sponsors
      was also conducted. Implementation of the computer system resulted in
      significantly fewer errors in data transcription (17% vs 0%; P less than 0.001)
      and fewer cases in which adverse events were overlooked (35% vs 3%; P less than
      0.001). However, data selection errors were more common using the computer system
      (2% vs 8%; P = 0.03) because the items evaluated were transferred electronically,
      rather than selected for appropriateness by a clinician. The average time
      required to evaluate clinical information and to report adverse event information
      to sponsoring agencies has been reduced by 2-4 months (P less than 0.001)
      depending on the severity of the event. This reduction has improved compliance
      with federal regulations governing the responsibilities of clinical
      investigators. It has also permitted early identification of toxicities and
      appropriate amendment of research protocols, thus reducing risk to patients
      enrolled in clinical trials.

PMID- 1807648
TI  - A new model for enhanced information services in an academic medical center.
AB  - The information base used in the biomedical enterprise, already large, continues
      to expand at a striking rate. Networking and desktop computing technology is
      playing a more important role in the operations of academic medical centers.
      Integration efforts aimed at enhancing information access by using distributed
      computing are very substantial technical challenges. However, if these
      integration efforts focus only on the technical aspects, they are doomed to
      failure. New organizational approaches are also needed. This paper describes an
      new model for enhanced information services. This model calls for the central
      information supplier to provide a set of core services. Users, who may be
      individuals or units and generally have more insight into the nature of their
      problems, will be encouraged to add value to these core services in the form of
      specialization or customization to meet their unique and critical needs. This
      model provides a way to adapt and transform current organizational elements to
      effectively use the large information technology investments and to meet the
      increasing challenges of biomedical information use.

PMID- 1807650
TI  - A framework for uniform access to data, software and knowledge.
AB  - An object-oriented framework is presented that offers integration of various
      types of entities at one workstation. Five types of entities are distinguished:
      data, knowledge, functions, presentation forms and hardware, and for each of
      these entities an 'accessor' is introduced. An accessor offers abstraction from
      the particularities of access to the entities. For the interaction with this
      framework a programming language has been defined. A restricted form of the
      framework has been used to implement a prototype medical workstation for the
      support of clinical data analysis.

PMID- 1807649
TI  - An open systems architecture for development of a physician's workstation.
AB  - We are developing a physician's workstation consisting of highly integrated
      information management tools for use by physicians in patient care. We have
      designed and implemented an open systems, client/server architecture as a
      development platform which allows new applications to be easily added to the
      system. Applications cooperate by exchanging messages via a broadcast message
      server.

PMID- 1807651
TI  - Providing an integrated clinical data view in a hospital information system that
      manages multimedia data.
AB  - The VA's hospital information system, the Decentralized Hospital Computer Program
      (DHCP), is an integrated system based on a powerful set of software tools with
      shared data accessible from any of its application modules. It includes many
      functionally specific application subsystems such as laboratory, pharmacy,
      radiology, and dietetics. Physicians need applications that cross these
      application boundaries to provide useful and convenient patient data. One of
      these multi-specialty applications, the DHCP Imaging System, integrates
      multimedia data to provide clinicians with comprehensive patient-oriented
      information. User requirements for cross-disciplinary image access can be studied
      to define needs for similar text data access. Integration approaches must be
      evaluated both for their ability to deliver patient-oriented text data rapidly
      and their ability to integrate multimedia data objects. Several potential
      integration approaches are described as they relate to the DHCP Imaging System.

PMID- 1807652
TI  - Distribution and communication in software engineering environments. Application
      to the HELIOS Software Bus.
AB  - Modularity, distribution and integration are current trends in Software
      Engineering. To reach these goals HELIOS, a distributive Software Engineering
      Environment dedicated to the medical field, has been conceived and a prototype
      implemented. This environment is made by the collaboration of several, well
      encapsulated Software Components. This paper presents the architecture retained
      to allow communication between the different components and focus on the
      implementation details of the Software Bus, the communication and integration
      vector of the currently running prototype.

PMID- 1807653
TI  - Implementing a record-oriented clinical lab interface using HL7 version 2.1 at
      Indiana University Hospital.
AB  - At the Indiana University Hospital (IUH) site on the Indianapolis campus, HL7
      version 2.1 is being implemented via a TCP/IP LAN, (using the "Minimal" Lower
      Layer Protocol). HL7 is currently being used to convey record-oriented lab
      results from the local clinical laboratory system to a clinical database system
      via an intelligent router, which also provides store and forward capabilities.
      The database application displays the lab results in a variety of configurable
      formats to clinical users.

PMID- 1807654
TI  - Mayo Foundation Electronic Results Inquiry, the HL7 connection.
AB  - Rapid access to patient information is critical for care in both inpatient and
      outpatient settings. Ancillary systems (Lab, Microbiology, Electrocardiogram
      (ECG), Echocardiography, etc.) contain test result information. Mayo Foundation
      is piloting an Electronic Results Inquiry System (ERIS), using the Phamis
      Lastword database, that aggregates some of this information into a central
      location. The results may then be accessed by workstations or forwarded to
      surgical, critical care, and transplant information systems. All communications
      messages, except for the workstation interface, will be based on the Health Level
      7 (HL7) specification, version 2.1. The specification has benefitted Mayo by
      shortening interface design effort and providing common messages between various
      computer systems. At this time, HL7 is the most practical solution for these
      interfaces[1]. HL7 gives all parties involved in the interfaces a "blueprint" to
      begin design. Unlike a formal blueprint, the specification is flexible and
      handles most of the needs encountered to date. The areas in which the
      specification was lacking were reported to the HL7 working group. These areas
      have been addressed by the working group to allow completion of the interfaces
      described here. This paper describes the HL7 interfaces to ERIS, with the ECG
      result and client query interfaces emphasized.

PMID- 1807655
TI  - EDI developments in Dutch health care.
AB  - In the past two years EDI developments in Dutch Health Care have gained some
      momentum. These developments are focussed on the communication between hospitals
      on the one hand, and General Practitioners, Health Care insurers and suppliers of
      health care products on the other hand. Experiences show that although the
      results are promising there is a great need for broadly accepted standard EDI
      messages based on a thorough analysis of the existing information exchange
      between organisations.

PMID- 1807656
TI  - From patient reports to bibliographic retrieval: a Meta-1 front-end.
AB  - A software front-end has been programmed to help construct Medline query
      expressions from selected text in clinical records. The user "clicks" to choose
      pertinent words or phrases from the text with a pointing device and the words are
      translated into Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The National Library of
      Medicine's Unified Medical Language System Meta-1 Thesaurus is used to look up
      the words selected by the user. The software traces through chains of synonyms to
      assemble a small set of MeSH indexing terms. The user then makes the final
      selection from among the MeSH terms and combines chosen terms using logical
      connectives to form a Medline query which is passed on to Grateful Med. This
      approach provides the clinical user with a natural starting point, the text of a
      patient report with no need to know the MeSH terminology. The software handles
      the translation that otherwise would necessitate looking up terms in MeSH
      guidebooks, as well as handling the added drudgery of checking out different
      synonyms. Preliminary evaluation of this approach with clinical trainees
      indicated that they find the front-end a straightforward way to search for
      literature relevant to a clinical case. Having a tool for immediate translation
      from clinical terminology to indexing terminology seems to be an important
      factor. Apparently minor issues in interface design, such as keeping the clinical
      report displayed simultaneously along with the search under construction, and
      keeping both visible during the search itself seem to help orient the user.

PMID- 1807657
TI  - Improved diabetic prognosis following telecommunication and graphical processing
      of diabetic data.
AB  - The thesis that an integrated telecommunications/reporting system would affect
      diabetic prognosis was tested. Over fifteen months a double crossover study
      compared traditional diaries versus graphical display of telecommunicated blood
      glucose data. Significant drops in glycohemoglobin were observed in both groups
      during the telecommunications period, while no significant drops were observed in
      the groups while diaries were employed.

PMID- 1807658
TI  - Integrating the university medical center. Phase one: providing an information
      backbone.
AB  - UCLA School of Medicine represents a diverse computing community where the
      creation of each individual network has been driven by applications,
      price/performance and functionality. Indeed, the ability to connect to other
      computers has had no bearing on selection. Yet, there exists a need to seamlessly
      connect the individual networks to other minicomputers, mainframes and remote
      computers. We have created a school wide backbone network that will enable an
      individual from a single workstation to access a wide variety of services
      residing on any number of machines.

PMID- 1807659
TI  - An open system network for the biological sciences.
AB  - A description of an open system, distributed computing environment for the
      Biological Sciences is presented. This system utilizes a transparent interface in
      a computer network using NCS to implement an application system for molecular
      biologists to perform various processing activities from their local workstation.
      This system accepts requests for the services of a remote database server,
      located across the network, to perform all of the database searches needed to
      support the activities of the user. This database access is totally transparent
      to the user of the system and it appears, to the user, that all activities are
      being carried out on the local workstation. This system is a prototype for a much
      more extensive system being built to support the research efforts in the
      Biological Sciences at UMC.

PMID- 1807660
TI  - The creation and early implementation of a high speed fiber optic network for a
      university health sciences center.
AB  - In late 1989 the University of Missouri Health Sciences Center began the process
      of creating an extensive fiber optic network throughout its facilities, with the
      intent to provide networked computer access to anyone in the Center desiring such
      access, regardless of geographic location or organizational affiliation. A
      committee representing all disciplines within the Center produced and, in
      conjunction with independent consultants, approved a comprehensive design for the
      network. Installation of network backbone components commenced in the second half
      of 1990 and was completed in early 1991. As the network entered its initial
      phases of operation, the first realities of this important new resource began to
      manifest themselves as enhanced functional capacity in the Health Sciences
      Center. This paper describes the development of the network, with emphasis on its
      design criteria, installation, early operation, and management. Also included are
      discussions on its organizational impact and its evolving significance as a
      medical community resource.

PMID- 1807661
TI  - Implementing a complex internetwork: a case study.
AB  - This paper concerns the implementation of a complex internetwork in late 1989
      through early 1990. The purpose is to discuss the methods and approaches
      employed. The context is that as technology improves and computer science
      advances, the same problems are re-solved over and over for slightly different
      environments. The perspective is that the methods and approaches will remain
      viable while the hardware and software changes.

PMID- 1807662
TI  - 4GL ward management system.
AB  - After many years of extensive research of computerized information systems for
      nursing, inpatient care, clinics and HMOs, laboratories, diagnostic imaging,
      pharmacy and other services, an integrated Ward Patient Management system was
      developed. A mature, relational data base management system (RDBMS) ORACLE was
      selected as the design tool. The system is running under VMS, DOS and UNIX
      operating systems and ORACLE version 6 on nearly all computer platforms, although
      multiprocessors are preferred. A host of potentials and pitfalls is associated
      with the implementation of this new approach to Patient Management.

PMID- 1807663
TI  - Quality assurance and utilization assessment: the major by-products of an ICU
      clinical information system.
AB  - In 1985 we developed a method of automatically extracting indices of severity of
      illness and intensity of interventions from CIS charts daily. These indices, when
      combined with outcome measures such as length of stay and mortality, provide a
      powerful new tool for quality management in the ICU. In this paper we describe
      our ICU's severity adjusted survival rates as compared to internationally publish
      norms. In addition we provide a detailed analysis of glucose levels in our ICU,
      which suggests that glucose control in surgical ICU patients is more closely
      related to measured severity of illness than administration of intravenous
      alimentation per se. CIS extracted indices provide a new basis for continuous
      quality measurement and improvement in the ICU.

PMID- 1807664
TI  - Blending administrative and clinical needs: the development of a referring
      physician database and automatic referral letter.

PMID- 1807665
TI  - Design considerations of CareWindows, a Windows 3.0-based graphical front end to
      a Medical Information Management System using a pass-through-requester
      architecture.
AB  - The Care Windows development project demonstrated the feasibility of an approach
      designed to add the benefits of an event-driven, graphically-oriented user
      interface to an existing Medical Information Management System (MIMS) without
      overstepping economic and logistic constraints. The design solution selected for
      the Care Windows project incorporates three important design features: (1) the
      effective de-coupling of severs from requesters, permitting the use of an
      extensive pre-existing library of MIMS servers, (2) the off-loading of program
      control functions of the requesters to the workstation processor, reducing the
      load per transaction on central resources and permitting the use of object
      oriented development environments available for microcomputers, (3) the selection
      of a low end, GUI-capable workstation consisting of a PC-compatible personal
      computer running Microsoft Windows 3.0, and (4) the development of a highly
      layered, modular workstation application, permitting the development of
      interchangeable modules to insure portability and adaptability.

PMID- 1807666
TI  - Physicians' workstations: integrated information management for clinicians.
AB  - This paper describes a project to specify, design, develop, and evaluate a
      physician's workstation for use in patient care. We conducted an ethnographic
      study of physicians' information needs in an outpatient setting, from which we
      derived a set of functional specifications for a physician's workstation. We have
      implemented an experimental prototype using an open systems, client/server
      architecture, and are exploring research issues in heterogeneous database
      integration, object-oriented database technology, model-based reasoning, and
      semantic integration. We plan to evaluate our workstation prototype in a clinical
      setting to assess its impact on quality of care and health care costs.

PMID- 1807667
TI  - Implementing the Medical Desktop: tools for the integration of independent
      information resources.
AB  - The increasing availability of medical information resources has moved the
      "Medical Desktop" from a theoretical construct to a practical necessity. Many
      micro-computers are becoming available in clinical and academic settings that can
      access several medical information applications. These computers are usually not
      powerful workstations that are part of a clinically oriented information support
      system, but are personal computers with varied capabilities. The applications on
      these computers come from different sources, are accessed through different user
      interfaces and do not share data well. The de facto "Medical Desktop" this
      situation presents will discourage most end-users because the combination of
      applications is complex, the applications are poorly integrated, and individual
      applications are inconsistent. At the State University of New York at Buffalo
      School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences we have developed several Microsoft
      Windows-based tools that accept a systems level diversity of resources, but work
      toward the construction of a coherent "Medical Desktop." These tools include a
      lexical term linker, a resource database, and a context sensitive help system
      that is tailored to locally available resources.

PMID- 1807668
TI  - Integrating CD-ROM Medline with electronic mail: first step in implementing new
      strategy for online reference library.
AB  - Simultaneous ACCESS to and DISSEMINATION of electronically available PROFESSIONAL
      KNOWLEDGE, in a productive, Cost-of-Ownership effective, and affordable manner
      are now achievable. Emerging MANAGEMENT-OF-INFORMATION and SYSTEMS-INTEGRATION
      disciplines are essential contributing factors to devising and implementing NEW
      STRATEGIES for ONLINE REFERENCE LIBRARIES. Bringing integrated information closer
      to the ultimate user and RESHAPING the electronic databases and full-text
      management systems MARKETPLACE are the most significant outcomes. Key technology
      attributes are advancements in CD-ROM, Networking, and office automation. We have
      proven this concept by developing an INTERFACE between MEDLINE from COMPACT
      CAMBRIDGE and ALL-IN-1 from DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. Saved search results
      are automatically routed to the individual's ALL-IN-1 account where further
      DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT and electronic mail functions may be performed. A 486Ware
      system from Logicraft and a five-members VAX-Cluster (respectively), are linked
      in a DECNet environment that is the foundation of Children's Integrated Hospital
      Information System. In phase one of the project up to 8 SIMULTANEOUS USERS may
      access the 8 RECENT YEARS, from any one of 1500 ACCESS POINTS (local and remote),
      and utilize any one of 150 NETWORKED PRINTERS. Opportunities are now within reach
      to expand the electronic library services while utilizing progressive methods and
      taking advantage of the best available technologies.

PMID- 1807669
TI  - Electronic Data Interchange in medical care: an evaluation study.
AB  - This paper describes the evaluation of the first phase of the Communication
      Project Apeldoorn (COPA). The aim of COPA was to investigate the contribution of
      Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to quality of care and practice efficiency. In
      this project over 33 general practitioners (GPs), 12 pharmacists and two
      hospitals (with one management) participated. In order to limit the number of
      variables for the evaluation study a limited number of messages was implemented:
      free-text messages between GPs; admission/discharge reports from hospitals to
      GPs, laboratory test reports from hospital to GP. The goal of the evaluation of
      the first phase of the project was to study message flow, the effect of
      integration with the Electronic Medical Record and the use of those data for
      patient care. In order to compare the use of EDI with the original situation
      (i.e. regular mail) a baseline study was performed. In this study the procedure
      for handling laboratory test reports and admission/discharge reports was also
      investigated. The results of the baseline study were compared with the evaluation
      of the use of EDI.

PMID- 1807670
TI  - Exploring a hospital-wide database: integrating statistical functions with
      ClinQuery.
AB  - Routinely collected clinical data are a valuable source of information for
      clinical epidemiology, health services research, and outcomes research. To
      explore, graph, and analyze such a large amount of material easily, one needs
      three kind of tools: a database management system, graphic displays, and
      statistical software. Although commercial software packages with these three
      functions do exist, it may be difficult to find one that fulfills the multiple
      requirements of a large hospital, allowing researchers to use the hospital
      information system to study various hypotheses. To address this issue we have
      integrated new exploratory modules with ClinQuery, a user-friendly computer
      program for online searching of clinical data. In this paper we describe some of
      the newly implemented graphics and statistical functions, along with practical
      examples of the way they may be used.

PMID- 1807671
TI  - Validating patient names in an integrated clinical information system.
AB  - Methods for validating patient names during the upload of clinical records are
      described. Exact string matching, Soundex method and a pattern matching algorithm
      (LCS method) are described and compared to a manual analysis of 10000 patient
      name pairs. In addition, the types of spelling and typographical errors that
      occur in patient names in the pathology database at CPMC are described. The data
      analysis shows that the LCS method performs better than the other techniques when
      compared to manual analysis.

PMID- 1807672
TI  - Automated selection of clinical data to support radiographic interpretation.
AB  - Modern computerized hospital information systems can store much of the clinical
      information required for patient care. In some settings the amount of this
      information is great enough to interfere with its efficient use. Supplying
      information in support of radiographic interpretation provides an example of this
      problem. We describe an automated process that abstracts select data from a
      clinical database and creates a report recounting salient facts designed to
      assist the radiologist in interpreting the chest x-ray. The reporting system
      selects data using a combination of expert systems technology and information
      theory. It produces a brief summary of relevant clinical data. The original
      version of this process required run-time use of expert systems techniques that
      were time-prohibitive in the clinical setting. Through the use of pre-compiled
      tables of finding specific information contents we have reduced the time
      requirement to a point where the applications will soon be clinically feasible.

PMID- 1807673
TI  - An integrated, hospital information system based obstetrical medical record and
      database.
AB  - Described in this paper is the implementation and integration of an obstetrical
      medical record and database into an existing hospital information system. A
      unique feature of this system was the integration of existing data captured by
      the established hospital information systems with the newly implemented
      obstetrical database to form a complete patient data profile. This complete
      database integrated data from hospital functions such as demographic data
      obtained at patient registration, outpatient visits and tests, inpatient
      admission historical data, tests and procedures, newborn data and miscellaneous
      data required for birth registration. An important second feature was the
      utilization of physicians and nurses to enter the obstetrical data. This
      permitted immediate access to patient data from any hospital information system
      terminal, immediate retrieval for generating reports, and subsequently, ad hoc
      queries, statistical analysis and the electronic transfer of birth registration
      data to the State Vital Statistics Registry.

PMID- 1807675
TI  - Influences on the performance of hospital clinical event monitoring.
AB  - The implementation of real-time clinical monitors in large hospital information
      systems places large performance demands on these systems. Meeting these demands
      not only requires methodologies to augment the performance of individual monitors
      but an understanding of how patient population and monitor characteristics might
      influence overall system performance. We have built a multimonitor simulator to
      study these influences on performance. In doing so, we have focused on the impact
      of a variety of techniques to cache a subset of a large number of monitors in
      primary memory.

PMID- 1807674
TI  - Needs assessment for diagnostic decision support systems (DDSS).
AB  - Diagnostic decision support systems are often developed without a clear idea of
      how well the system will meet the needs of its users. The present study was
      designed to assess the information needs of clinicians. A set of questions
      submitted to an information service by family physicians was used to determine
      how much need there was for diagnostic decision support, the types of support
      needed, and the general content areas of their questions. Results showed that
      less than half of the questions were related to diagnosis and that most of those
      were requests for general information about a given condition. In addition, the
      fewest diagnosis questions were for conditions that were seen frequently in
      ambulatory care in a survey of family practitioners.

PMID- 1807676
TI  - The probability of disease.
AB  - This paper addresses the nature of the prior probabilities of diseases for
      probabilistic diagnostic reasoning. Because diseases differ in their chronicity,
      occurrence, reoccurrence, and likelihood of becoming part of the patient
      population, reasoning in terms of the frequency of disease episodes is necessary
      to capture the important distinctions. Even with these complexities, it is
      possible to formulate a reasonably accurate, computationally tractable, frequency
      estimation method for combinations of diseases. This method also suggests ways in
      which the needed numbers can be estimated from patient data.

PMID- 1807677
TI  - Exploring a new best information algorithm for Iliad.
AB  - Iliad is a diagnostic expert system for internal medicine. One important feature
      that Iliad offers is the ability to analyze a particular patient case and to
      determine the most cost-effective method for pursuing the work-up. Iliad's
      current "best information" algorithm has not been previously validated and
      compared to other potential algorithms. Therefore, this paper presents a
      comparison of four new algorithms to the current algorithm. The basis for this
      comparison was eighteen "vignette" cases derived from real patient cases from the
      University of Utah Medical Center. The results indicated that the current
      algorithm can be significantly improved. More promising algorithms are suggested
      for future investigation.

PMID- 1807678
TI  - Temporal-abstraction mechanisms in management of clinical protocols.
AB  - We have identified several general temporal-abstraction mechanisms needed for
      reasoning about time-stamped data, such as are needed in management of patients
      being treated on clinical protocols: simple temporal abstraction (a mechanism for
      abstracting several parameter values into one class), temporal inference (a
      mechanism for inferring sound logical conclusions over a single interval or two
      meeting intervals), and temporal interpolation (a mechanism for bridging non
      meeting temporal intervals). Making explicit the knowledge required for temporal
      abstractions supports the acquisition of planning knowledge, the identification
      of clinical problems, and the formulation of clinical-management-plan revisions.

PMID- 1807679
TI  - TEXTINFO: a tool for automatic determination of patient clinical profiles using
      text analysis.
AB  - The clinical data contained in narrative patient documents is made available via
      grammatical and semantic processing. Retrievals from the resulting relational
      database tables are matched against a set of clinical descriptors to obtain
      clinical profiles of the patients in terms of the descriptors present in the
      documents. Discharge summaries of 57 Dept. of Digestive Surgery patients were
      processed in this manner. Factor analysis and discriminant analysis procedures
      were then applied, showing the profiles to be useful for diagnosis definitions
      (by establishing relations between diagnoses and clinical findings), for
      diagnosis assessment (by viewing the match between a definition and observed
      events recorded in a patient text), and potentially for outcome evaluation based
      on the classification abilities of clinical signs.

PMID- 1807680
TI  - Representation requirements for supporting knowledge-based construction of
      decision models in medicine.
AB  - This paper analyzes the medical knowledge required for formulating decision
      models in the domain of pulmonary infectious diseases (PIDs) with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Aiming to support dynamic decision-modeling,
      the knowledge characterization focuses on the ontology of the clinical decision
      problem. Relevant inference patterns and knowledge types are identified.

PMID- 1807681
TI  - AI/Consult: a prototype directed history system based upon the AI/Rheum knowledge
      base.
AB  - An expert system is designed which uses the AI/Rheum knowledge base as the basis
      for a directed workup system for rheumatological disorders. A Turbo Pascal
      prototype is demonstrated which, unlike AI/Rheum, permits entry by the clinician
      of a patient's chief complaint(s) and subsequently develops a dynamic
      differential diagnosis for this limited set of findings. The system restricts its
      line of questioning to those pertinent in order to rule in or rule out items on
      this dynamic differential diagnosis, and, unlike AI/Rheum, it provides immediate
      notification to the user when a critical mass of information has been entered in
      order to meet a diagnosis at one of the AI/Rheum criteria table's three levels of
      diagnosis (possible, probable, definite). Thus the system allows for a more
      rapid, focused decision making approach than does AI/Consult, while it follows
      the trend established by QMR in that it abandons the Greek Oracle problem solving
      approach and instead adopts a physician-assisted hypothesis investigation
      approach. The system is currently a prototype, without AI/Rheum's page oriented
      and mouse driven interface, and thus the total user interaction time may be
      longer than with AI/Rheum even though fewer user interactions (responses) are
      required. Plans for future development include optimization of the knowledge base
      to allow for more efficient, problem oriented questioning and modification of the
      knowledge base compiler in order to dynamically rule out diseases through the
      addition of three new levels of diagnosis in the knowledge base criteria tables.

PMID- 1807683
TI  - Knowledge-based support for a physician's workstation.
AB  - We describe knowledge-based support for a Physician's Workstation prototype. Our
      knowledge base uses a qualitative simulation model of patient physiology. We
      present the motivation behind our design, discuss the components of the knowledge
      base, and show how the knowledge base supports a physician's workstation in the
      patient management process. We describe a graphical knowledge base editor used by
      the domain expert for knowledge acquisition, and a graphical knowledge base
      presenter which monitors the qualitative simulation during patient event
      processing.

PMID- 1807682
TI  - HF-Explain: a natural language generation system for explaining a medical expert
      system.
AB  - Causal models have been used, with considerable success, to reason in the medical
      domain. While these systems typically have a robust reasoning mechanism and
      knowledge base about their specific area of expertise, their ability to
      satisfactorily explain their results in a meaningful, coherent and concise manner
      has been less impressive then their diagnostic capabilities. This paper describes
      a program, HF-Explain, that generates natural language explanations of one such
      system--the Heart Failure Program. HF-Explain, is loosely based on work done by
      McKeown in the Text system, using augmented transition networks (ATN) as a
      formalism to guide the explanation process. The result is a coherent, concise,
      accurate and rich explanation of Heart Failure Programs' diagnostic hypotheses.

PMID- 1807684
TI  - Integration of an object knowledge base into a medical workstation.
AB  - A simple, yet powerful, knowledge base and its development environment is
      described that can act as a "knowledge server", integrated into a medical
      workstation. In many areas, such an integration of a knowledge base with other
      modules and systems is required, but difficult or impossible to achieve with
      existing commercial development shells. Three applications of the knowledge base
      are described: a controlled vocabulary for the classification of Congenital Heart
      Diseases, an extended data model for cardiology, and management of syntax
      descriptions for the BMDP command language.

PMID- 1807685
TI  - Design and implementation of a rule based system for ambulatory nursing data
      management.
AB  - In order to effectively organize the use of nursing time during clinic check-in,
      we designed a forward chaining rule based program for nursing history taking,
      problem tracking, and documentation. The program consists of a medical logic
      module trigger engine which identifies relevant rules for nursing history, an
      interactive question manager for nursing history taking, and a rule generation
      shell implemented within a specially designed Medical Query Language (MQL)
      shcema. At clinic check-in, the engine refreshes the rule set for the patient
      from interaction with the computerized medical record. The interaction driver
      assists the nurse with tracking of elapsed time, and allows him/her to pursue
      questions, record data, and create or complete nursing interventions. Nursing
      question sets and interventions are maintained longitudinally to assure
      continuity of care. Nursing problems are created on the problem list within the
      computerized record as the rule system identifies their existence.

PMID- 1807686
TI  - RedSoar--a system for red blood cell antibody identification.
AB  - The primary goal of our research is to build an intelligent tutoring system for
      red blood cell antibody identification. In this paper, we describe the basis for
      a tutoring system--an expert system called RedSoar. RedSoar is built from two
      task-specific architectures that were designed for building flexible systems
      (i.e. systems that can use a variety of problem-solving strategies, and to which
      knowledge can easily-be added). RedSoar solves the antibody identification task
      correctly 81% of the time and new knowledge can be added in a straightforward
      manner. The system is capable of exhibiting human-like behavior which we believe
      is a necessary condition for building a successful tutoring system.

PMID- 1807687
TI  - PREOP: development of an evidence-based expert system to assist with preoperative
      assessments.
AB  - PREOP is a prototype expert system that is designed to provide physicians with
      evidence-based recommendations concerning the assessment and care of patients
      with comorbid medical problems who are about to undergo surgery. The
      knowledgebase for this system is currently undergoing transition from the
      conventional advice of medical experts, which is variably related to evidence
      published in the medical literature, to a more formal approach in which the best
      available evidence is used for each recommendation and the quality of the
      evidence made apparent to the user. This work seeks to address important
      questions concerning improvement of the information contained in expert
      knowledgebases, namely, how to find and recognize new evidence when it is
      published, how to assess the quality of evidence in a uniform and efficient
      fashion, how to replace evidence in the knowledgebase efficiently when it has
      been superseded by higher quality evidence, and how to represent evidence in a
      manner that is most valuable for the user.

PMID- 1807688
TI  - An expert system for simulation of coronary heart disease risk factor
      interventions.
AB  - The feasibility of using an expert system to support intervention studies within
      CRISPERS was investigated. A prototype expert system named CRISPERT was designed
      to accept user inputs, adjust the values to CRISPERS requirements, start a
      sequence of simulations, and analyze and interpret the results. The rule-based
      system was implemented using the expert system development language OPS5 combined
      with FORTRAN, as well as SAS procedures and DEC VMS system service routines.
      Results of initial tests suggest that using an expert system as an interface
      between users and CRISPERS is a viable approach. The development of CRISPERT
      facilitates the usability of CRISPERS for intervention studies of coronary heart
      disease.

PMID- 1807689
TI  - Iliad training effects: a cognitive model and empirical findings.
AB  - Iliad is a diagnostic expert system consisting of an "inference engine"
      (collection of rules and procedures for making decisions) and a "knowledge base"
      (collection of medical facts). Iliad's internal medicine knowledge base
      recognizes 5000 medical findings and covers 1150 diagnostic conditions in 10
      subspecialty fields. We used Iliad's simulator mode to train diagnostic skills in
      junior-year medical students. The results corroborate previous findings
      documenting Iliad's teaching efficacy. Recent developments in cognitive
      psychology provide a framework for explaining Iliad's training effects.

PMID- 1807690
TI  - Composing user models through logic analysis.
AB  - The evaluation of tutorial strategies, interface designs, and courseware content
      is an area of active research in the medical education community. Many of the
      evaluation techniques that have been developed (e.g., program instrumentation),
      commonly produce data that are difficult to decipher or to interpret effectively.
      We have explored the use of decision tables to automatically simplify and
      categorize data for the composition of user models--descriptions of student's
      learning styles and preferences. An approach to user modeling that is based on
      decision tables has numerous advantages compared with traditional manual
      techniques or methods that rely on rule-based expert systems or neural networks.
      Decision tables provide a mechanism whereby overwhelming quantities of data can
      be condensed into an easily interpreted and manipulated form. Compared with
      conventional rule-based expert systems, decision tables are more amenable to
      modification. Unlike classification systems based on neural networks, the entries
      in decision tables are readily available for inspection and manipulation.
      Decision tables, descriptions of observations of behavior, also provide automatic
      checks for ambiguity in the tracking data.

PMID- 1807691
TI  - Use of augmented decision tables to convert probabilistic data into clinical
      algorithms for the diagnosis of appendicitis.
AB  - Decision table techniques have been shown to be useful for ensuring logical
      completeness, eliminating ambiguity, and optimizing the translation of logic into
      flowcharts or computer programs. Nevertheless, they have not been widely applied
      in medicine. We have used decision table techniques to demonstrate the derivation
      of two sets of rules for determining whether to operate on patients with
      suspected appendicitis based on patterns of observed signs and symptoms. One rule
      set is based on a diagnostic threshold whereby morbidity is minimized; the other
      rule set minimizes mortality. For this purpose, we have developed an augmented
      decision table format that allows the incorporation of probability and utility
      data.

PMID- 1807692
TI  - A computational model of approximate Bayesian inference for associating clinical
      algorithms with decision analyses.
AB  - The lack of rationale or explanation is a major deficiency of clinical
      algorithms. To address this issue, the authors present a computational model for
      associating decision analyses with clinical algorithms. Automata theory is used
      to model categorical reasoning with approximate Bayesian inference based on
      probability intervals. This approximation reduces the number of computations to
      linear-order instead of the exponential-order combinations of clinical findings
      in exact Bayes. The linkage of decision analyses and clinical algorithms by means
      of this model exploits a new concept of "regular" clinical algorithms and their
      equivalency in theory and provides valuable perspectives in practice for
      developers of clinical algorithms.

PMID- 1807693
TI  - Stochastic simulation algorithms for query networks.
AB  - One of the barriers to using belief networks for medical information retrieval is
      the computational cost of reasoning as the networks become large. Stochastic
      simulation algorithms allow one to compute approximations of probability values
      in a reasonable amount of time. We previously examined the performance of five
      stochastic simulation algorithms applied to four simple belief networks networks
      and found that the Self-Importance algorithm performed well. In this paper, we
      examine how the same five algorithms perform when applied to a belief network
      derived from the cardiovascular subtree of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).
      Both the Likelihood Weighting and Self-Importance algorithms perform well when
      applied to the MeSH-derived network, suggesting that stochastic simulation
      algorithms may provide reasonable performance in medical information retrieval
      settings.

PMID- 1807694
TI  - U-titer: a utility assessment tool.
AB  - We have developed an automated, modular utility assessment software package
      called U-titer. The package implements the rating scale, category scaling,
      standard gamble, chronic and temporary time trade-off methods of assessing
      patient's preferences, and allows extensive tailoring of each method. In addition
      to calculating utilities, U-titer records information on the process experienced
      by the user. It can use information gathered in one module to coordinate another
      module. Our early experience suggests U-titer assessments are similar to
      traditional assessments. This software should facilitate both the study of
      patient's utilities and the study of the assessment methods and their
      implementation.

PMID- 1807695
TI  - A test selection module for MEDAS.
AB  - A test selection module to recommend proper tests to the physician during the
      diagnostic process has been added to MEDAS (the Medical Emergency Decision
      Assistance System). Test selection is an important part of the diagnostic
      process. This module can use either diagnostic hypotheses set up by the physician
      or derive its own diagnostic hypotheses from the differential diagnosis. This
      module recommends pertinent questions to be asked about the patient's history and
      physical examination and recommends laboratory and radiological tests. The
      recommended tests are presented in two different ways: as individual tests and as
      groups of sequential tests.

PMID- 1807696
TI  - PC Pathlab. A Toolbook based learning environment for pathology.

PMID- 1807697
TI  - Casebook: a system for tracking clinical encounters.
AB  - Casebook is a clinically oriented database, written in MUMPS, and designed for
      recording the clinical encounters of medical students at Harvard Medical School.
      Its main goals are to 1) increase student use of computer technology, 2) help
      faculty evaluate the diversity of clinical experiences on their service, 3)
      provide data to the faculty on the "typical" experience of medical students on
      their service to aid in the evaluation of the curriculum and, 4) provide report
      generation capabilities for the students to improve dialog with their preceptors.
      Students are able to enter information on "Problems" and "Procedures" selecting
      from a pop-up menu of medical terms or by entering free text. Casebook is
      currently in use in the Medicine, OB/GYN, Pediatric and Ambulatory rotations. At
      sites where the faculty take an active interest in the use of Casebook students
      perceive it to be valuable and subsequently use it more frequently. It is
      currently being expanded for use by medical students in their second, third, and
      fourth years of school.

PMID- 1807698
TI  - Showcase, a veterinary case authoring and presentation system.
AB  - Showcase is an instructional authoring and case presentation system for
      veterinary medicine. It is intended to permit instructors and students to deal
      with clinical case information in a dynamic and interactive way. The programs are
      distributed as "adware;" and, it is hoped, the case files will be freely shared
      and distributed.

PMID- 1807699
TI  - A multimedia Anatomy Browser incorporating a knowledge base and 3D images.
AB  - We describe a multimedia program for teaching anatomy. The program, called the
      Anatomy Browser, displays cross-sectional and topographical images, with outlines
      around structures and regions of interest. The user may point to these structures
      and retrieve text descriptions, view symbolic relationships between structures,
      or view spatial relationships by accessing 3-D graphics animations from
      videodiscs produced specifically for this program. The software also helps
      students exercise what they have learned by asking them to identify structures by
      name and location. The program is implemented in a client-server architecture,
      with the user interface residing on a Macintosh, while images, data, and a
      growing symbolic knowledge base of anatomy are stored on a fileserver. This
      architecture allows us to develop practical tutorial modules that are in current
      use, while at the same time developing the knowledge base that will lead to more
      intelligent tutorial systems.

PMID- 1807700
TI  - A study to enhance clinical end-user MEDLINE search skills: design and baseline
      findings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine if a preceptor and timely, individualized feedback
      improves the performance of physicians in searching MEDLINE using GRATEFUL MED in
      clinical settings. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: A 300 bed
      primary to tertiary care teaching hospital. Computers were installed in wards and
      clinics of 6 major clinical services, and the emergency room, intensive care and
      neonatal intensive care units. SUBJECTS: All physicians and physicians-in
      training from the departments of Medicine, Family Medicine, Surgery, Psychiatry,
      Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology were included if they made patient care
      decisions for at least 8 weeks during the study period. INTERVENTION: All
      participants were given a 1-hour training class and 1 hour of individualized
      searching with 1 of the 2 study librarians. After training, participants were
      randomized to a control group who received no further intervention or to an
      intervention group in which each person chose a clinical preceptor experienced in
      MEDLINE searching and received individualized feedback by a study librarian on
      their first 10 searches, indicating search quality and providing suggestions for
      improvement. Feedback was mailed the first week day after the search was done.
      MAIN MEASURES: Baseline characteristics by study group, department and level of
      training, study participation rates, and searching rates. MAIN RESULTS: 308 of
      392 eligible physicians joined the study. Participation was almost 80% with some
      variation by department and level of training. Excellent balance in the baseline
      characteristics was achieved for the 2 groups, as well as for the number who did
      first searches. Intervention group participants searched MEDLINE more often than
      did controls (3.5 searches per month vs 2.5 per month for controls, P = 0.046).
      The recall and precision for first searches for both groups was significantly
      less than that of librarians. The analysis of study data will be completed by
      September 1991. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians are willing to do self-service searching
      of MEDLINE in clinical settings but their precision and recall are less than a
      trained librarian at baseline. Search skills enhancements are needed and the
      effect of feedback and preceptors is being tested. SOURCE OF FUNDING: U.S.
      National Library of Medicine and Ontario Ministry of Health.

PMID- 1807702
TI  - Establishing criterion validity of a computer-based clinical simulation.
AB  - Clinical simulations, depictions of real-life patient care situations, have been
      used extensively in medical education. This study determined the criterion
      validity of a computer-based simulation which permits natural language interface
      and runs interactively with videotape to be fair to good (K = .61).

PMID- 1807701
TI  - A student-oriented study tool for heterogeneous HyperCard courseware.
AB  - Several computer-assisted instruction initiatives at our institution rely on a
      shared laserdisc for image storage and HyperCard for interactive programming.
      This paper furnishes a brief overview of problems encountered with multimedia
      projects and how we are attempting to overcome them using a generic, student
      oriented study tool. The tool provides bookmarks, annotations, quotations, and
      other utilities across our entire HyperCard courseware collection.

PMID- 1807703
TI  - Continued research on computer-based testing.
AB  - The National Board of Medical Examiners has developed computer-based examination
      formats for use in evaluating physicians in training. This paper describes
      continued research on these formats including attitudes about computers and
      effects of factors not related to the trait being measured; differences between
      paper-administered and computer-administered multiple-choice questions; and the
      characteristics of simulation formats. The implications for computer-based
      testing and further research are discussed.

PMID- 1807704
TI  - Evaluation of videodisc modules: a mixed method approach.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the design and implementation of 10
      neuropathology interactive videodisc instructional (IVI) modules used by Michigan
      State University medical students in the College of Osteopathic Medicine and the
      College of Human Medicine. The evaluation strategy incorporated a mixed method
      approach using qualitative and quantitative data to examine levels of student
      acceptance for the modules; ways in which IVI modules accommodate different
      learner styles; and to what extent the modules facilitate the attainment of
      higher level learning objectives. Students rated the units highly for learning
      effectiveness; many students reported group interaction as beneficial; and
      students expressed a desire for more IVI in the curriculum. The paper concludes
      with recommendations for future use of interactive videodisc technology in the
      teaching/learning process.

PMID- 1807705
TI  - A collaborative institutional model for integrating computer applications in the
      medical curriculum.
AB  - The introduction and promotion of information technology in an established
      medical curriculum with existing academic and technical support structures poses
      a number of challenges. The UNC School of Medicine has developed the Taskforce on
      Educational Applications in Medicine (TEAM), to coordinate this effort. TEAM
      works as a confederation of existing research and support units with interests in
      computers and education, along with a core of interested faculty with curricular
      responsibilities. Constituent units of the TEAM confederation include the medical
      center library, medical television studios, basic science teaching laboratories,
      educational development office, microcomputer and network support groups,
      academic affairs administration, and a subset of course directors and teaching
      faculty. Among our efforts have been the establishment of (1) a mini-grant
      program to support faculty initiated development and implementation of computer
      applications in the curriculum, (2) a symposium series with visiting speakers to
      acquaint faculty with current developments in medical informatics and related
      curricular efforts at other institution, (3) 20 computer workstations located in
      the multipurpose teaching labs where first and second year students do much of
      their academic work, (4) a demonstration center for evaluation of courseware and
      technologically advanced delivery systems. The student workstations provide
      convenient access to electronic mail, University schedules and calendars, the
      CoSy computer conferencing system, and several software applications integral to
      their courses in pathology, histology, microbiology, biochemistry, and
      neurobiology. The progress achieved toward the primary goal has modestly exceeded
      our initial expectations, while the collegiality and interest expressed toward
      TEAM activities in the local environment stand as empirical measures of the
      success of the concept.

PMID- 1807706
TI  - NMINT--introductory courseware for nuclear medicine: database design.
AB  - Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) provides a dynamic and self-paced learning
      experience to the medical trainee. Microcomputer based hypermedia systems
      integrate text, graphics, and image information. We present the design of an
      introductory CAI course for nuclear medicine called NMINT and elaborate on the
      underlying relational database that contains clinically relevant information and
      links to local or remote image storage over high speed networks. The IBM PS/2
      Windows system uses Toolbook software augmented by C language modules for image
      and image-overlay database access. The current implementation stores text,
      graphical lesson material, and image index information on microcomputer magnetic
      disk; image data are stored on the attached optical disk. The storage
      architecture is described in detail. We emphasize its multi-access methods and
      its expandability into department-wide image networks.

PMID- 1807707
TI  - A veterinary digital anatomical database.
AB  - This paper describes the Veterinary Digital Anatomical Database Project. The
      purpose of the project is to investigate the construction and use of digitally
      stored anatomical models. We will be discussing the overall project goals and the
      results to date. Digital anatomical models are 3 dimensional, solid model
      representations of normal anatomy. The digital representations are electronically
      stored and can be manipulated and displayed on a computer graphics workstation. A
      digital database of anatomical structures can be used in conjunction with gross
      dissection in teaching normal anatomy to first year students in the professional
      curriculum. The computer model gives students the opportunity to "discover"
      relationships between anatomical structures that may have been destroyed or may
      not be obvious in the gross dissection. By using a digital database, the student
      will have the ability to view and manipulate anatomical structures in ways that
      are not available through interactive video disk (IVD). IVD constrains the
      student to preselected views and sections stored on the disk.

PMID- 1807708
TI  - MACLimbs: human peripheral anatomy and kinesiology implemented by HyperCard.
AB  - Physicians in various subspecialties routinely perform physical examinations of
      the back and extremities utilizing their understanding of peripheral anatomy,
      extremity kinesiology, and neuro- musculo-ligamentous pathologies. We are
      developing a HyperCard computer application which combines text, graphics, and
      sound to teach, review, and test functional limb anatomy and kinesiology in an
      independent, non-confrontational, user-friendly environment. The software
      incorporates principles which maximize learning, runs on hardware accessible to
      most people, encourages independent learning and self evaluation, and utilizes
      links which take advantage of the network structure inherent to anatomy.

PMID- 1807709
TI  - Use of a microcomputer database system in a statewide effort for data collection
      in medical genetics.
AB  - The Genetics Office Automation System (GOAS) is a database management system for
      the collection and reporting of medical genetics data. We have previously
      reported on its implementation in a single university center [1,2]. We report
      here on its implementation in a coordinated data collection effort for the State
      of Missouri. We discuss the current status of the data collection activities and
      procedures to share data collected at an individual center with state, regional,
      and national data collection efforts.

PMID- 1807710
TI  - The DeSyGNER data access element: a readily reusable component for the
      construction of data-compatible multimedia programs.
AB  - Dynamic assembly of applications from diverse and possibly disparate collections
      of information components is a key element for powerful information management
      environments. Traditional methods of application development hinder flexible
      integration of information components because they treat computer programs as
      single, isolated units of functionality where inter-application connections and
      sharing of intra-application information components are achieved only by special
      cooperation between program authors. Although many programmers strive to develop
      re-usable program code, it is rare that independently developed components can be
      readily combined into new applications. One of the major reasons for this is that
      there is no overall agreement as to the types of segments written, how the
      segments communicate, or how their data is stored. We have created a multimedia
      applications development architecture called DeSyGNER (the Decision Systems Group
      Nucleus of Extensible Resources) that provides a type-independent definition of
      the fundamental information-bearing unit for the construction of data-compatible
      applications. By incorporating a common high-level architecture and an
      intrinsically modular object-oriented design, DeSyGNER applications process
      information in smaller, isolatable, and more mobile and reusable units than do
      monolithic computer programs.

PMID- 1807711
TI  - Assessing and enhancing the value of the UMLS Knowledge Sources.
AB  - The goal of the UMLS Project is to give practitioners and researchers easy access
      to machine-readable information from diverse sources. Assessment of the first
      experimental versions of the UMLS Knowledge Sources is essential to measuring
      progress toward that goal and to identifying needed enhancements. As of July 30,
      1991, copies of the first edition of the UMLS Knowledge Sources had been
      distributed to 143 individuals and institutions; 66 had provided initial feedback
      information. The information received indicates that the UMLS Knowledge Sources
      will undergo broad testing in the patient care, medical education, library
      service, and product development environments. Preliminary data support the
      hypothesis that expanded coverage of routine clinical concepts is needed. Key
      enhancements planned for 1992 and beyond include expanded coverage of ICD-9-CM
      and CPT.

PMID- 1807712
TI  - A graphical ICU workstation.
AB  - A workstation designed to facilitate electronic charting in the intensive care
      unit is described. The system design incorporates a graphical, windows-based user
      interface. The system captures all data formerly recorded on the paper flowsheet
      including direct patient measurements, nursing assessment, patient care
      procedures, and nursing notes. It has the ability to represent charted data in a
      variety of graphical formats, thereby providing additional insights to facilitate
      the management of the critically ill patient. Initial nursing evaluation is
      described.

PMID- 1807713
TI  - Modelling work practices: input to the design of a physician's workstation.
AB  - To ensure tight coupling between users' work practices and the system's model of
      these practices, designers need methods to generate accurate descriptions of what
      users actually do. This paper illustrates how we model physicians' information
      needs and translate knowledge about these needs into design specifications.

PMID- 1807714
TI  - Bedside computerization of the ICU, design issues: benefits of computerization
      versus ease of paper & pen.
AB  - This paper describes the design considerations for the implementation of a
      bedside computer system in an intensive care environment. Specific issues
      discussed include application design, implementation problems, design revisions,
      and design solutions. Specific examples of the above issues include passive data
      acquisition from bedside devices and computer systems, automated nursing
      assessments, respiratory therapy assessments and integrated reports.

PMID- 1807715
TI  - Optical mark reader technology and data base development in anesthesiology and
      critical care medicine at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
AB  - The Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (DACCM) has
      substantially upgraded its computer resources within the past two years by
      installing a local area network (LAN) and replacing low-end PC's with PC's
      utilizing Intel 80286 or 80386 microprocessor technology. Data base development
      has now become a priority. Data bases are being developed for both clinical and
      administrative purposes. We are replacing the traditional method of "keypunching"
      with optical card scanners which results in faster and more accurate data entry
      directly into the data bases. Previously, such card scanners have been confined
      to large organizations. We describe a method of data capture and data base
      development with wide applicability in medicine.

PMID- 1807716
TI  - Broadening our approach to evaluating medical information systems.
AB  - Evaluation in medical informatics tends to follow the paradigm of controlled
      clinical trials. This model carries with it a number of assumptions whose
      implications for medical informatics deserve examination. In this paper, we
      describe the conventional wisdom on evaluation, pointing out some of its
      underlying assumptions and suggesting that these assumptions are problematic when
      applied to some aspects of evaluation. In particular, we believe that these
      assumptions contribute to the problem of user acceptance. We then suggest a
      broader approach to evaluation, offering some conceptual and methodological
      distinctions that we believe will be of use to the medical informatics community
      in rethinking this issue.

PMID- 1807717
TI  - Information retrieval using a "digital book shelf".
AB  - WALT (Washington University's Approach to Lots of Text), is a prototype interface
      designed to support information retrieval research. The WALT interface serves as
      a "front end" to a wide array of retrieval engines including those based on
      Boolean retrieval, latent semantic indexing, term frequency--inverse document
      frequency, and Bayesian inference techniques. The WALT interface is composed of
      seven distinct components: a document examination component known as the Document
      Browsing Area; four navigation components called the Book Shelf, the Book Spine,
      the Table of Contents, and the Path Clipboard; a term-based information retrieval
      component called Control Panel; and a relevance feedback component known as the
      Reader Feedback Panel. WALT's most unique feature may be it's use of "book shelf"
      and "book spine" metaphors both to facilitate navigation and to provide a
      histogram-based display showing documents deemed appropriate for answering user
      queries.

PMID- 1807718
TI  - Evaluation of SAPHIRE: an automated approach to indexing and retrieving medical
      literature.
AB  - An analysis of SAPHIRE, an experimental information retrieval system featuring
      automated indexing and natural language retrieval, was performed on MEDLINE
      references using data previously generated for a MEDLINE evaluation. Compared
      with searches performed by novice and expert physicians using MEDLINE, SAPHIRE
      achieved comparable recall and precision. While its combined recall and precision
      performance did not equal the level of librarians, SAPHIRE did achieve a
      significantly higher level of absolute recall. SAPHIRE has other potential
      advantages over existing MEDLINE systems. Its natural language interface does not
      require knowledge of MeSH, and it provides relevance ranking of retrieved
      references.

PMID- 1807719
TI  - Real time data acquisition: experience with the Medical Information Bus (MIB).
AB  - Care of the acutely ill patient requires rapid acquisition, recording and
      communications of data. In the modern hospital it is not unusual for a patient to
      be connected to several monitoring and recording devices simultaneously. Each of
      these devices is typically made by a different manufacturer who may specialize in
      one sort of measurement, for example, pulse oximetry. Most of the modern
      monitoring and recording devices are micro-processor based and have
      communications capabilities. Unfortunately, there is no operable standard
      communications technology available from all devices. In addition different
      clinical staff (physicians, nurses, or respiratory therapists) may be responsible
      for collecting data. As a result there is a need to develop methods, standards,
      and strategies for timely and automatic collection of data from these monitoring
      and recording devices. We report on more than 5 years of clinical experience of
      automated ICU data collection using a prototype of the Medical Information Bus
      (MIB).

PMID- 1807720
TI  - A flexible system for vital signs monitoring in hospital general care wards based
      on the integration of UNIX-based workstations, standard networks and portable
      vital signs monitors.
AB  - The article describes a study conducted on general surgical and thoracic surgical
      floors of a 1000-bed hospital to assess the impact of a new network for portable
      patient care devices. This network was developed to address the needs of hospital
      patients who need constant, multi-parameter, vital signs surveillance, but do not
      require intensive nursing care. Bedside wall jacks were linked to UNIX-based
      workstations using standard digital network hardware, creating a flexible system
      (for general care floors of the hospital) that allowed the number of monitored
      locations to increase and decrease as patient census and acuity levels varied. It
      also allowed the general care floors to provide immediate, centralized vital
      signs monitoring for patients who unexpectedly became unstable, and permitted
      portable monitors to travel with patients as they were transferred between
      hospital departments. A disk-based log within the workstation automatically
      collected performance data, including patient demographics, monitor alarms, and
      network status for analysis. The log has allowed the developers to evaluate the
      use and performance of the system.

PMID- 1807721
TI  - Non-categorical problem lists in a primary-care information system.
AB  - An ambulatory-care patient-tracking system has been implemented that records non
      categorical problem descriptions in the outpatient problem list. The system does
      not restrict physicians to the use of predefined diagnostic categories. Instead,
      the system stores patient problems in a database as free-text records. Subsequent
      diagnostic categorization and coding is accomplished through prompted free-text
      input and appropriate reference databases. This system design allows an
      outpatient problem-list summary to reflect non-categorical health-status
      information in addition to coded medical diagnoses.

PMID- 1807722
TI  - The design of a user interface for a ventilator-management advisor.
AB  - The lack of user acceptance for many medical decision-support systems should
      force medical software developers to rethink strategies for user interaction with
      decision-support programs. Participatory design is an emerging method for the
      development for computer applications that emphasizes user involvement in both
      the design and implementation phases. We have applied participatory design to the
      development of a user interface for VentPlan, an application that assists
      physicians in the management of artificial respiration of critically ill
      patients. In this paper, we present a case history of the participatory design
      process and describe the resulting interface for the VentPlan program. As a
      result of applying participatory design ideas, we gained insight as to how to
      implement VentPlan more effectively.

PMID- 1807723
TI  - Evaluating the impact of MEDLINE using the Critical Incident Technique.
AB  - An adaptation of the Critical Incident Technique for the evaluation of an online
      information system is described. 552 users of the National Library of Medicine's
      MEDLINE database, interviewed by telephone and responding to a highly structured
      set of open-ended questions, reported 1,158 incidents in which the results of a
      MEDLINE search was especially helpful (or not helpful) in carrying out
      professional activities. Systematic analysis of these "critical incidents"
      produced three comprehensive and detailed views of the purposes and outcomes of
      MEDLINE searches: (1) why information is sought from MEDLINE; (2) the impact of
      MEDLINE-derived information on medical decision-making; and (3) the ultimate
      outcome of having (or not having) the desired information on medical situations
      prompting a MEDLINE search. Results revealed that MEDLINE is used to satisfy a
      diversity of medical needs concerning patient care, the progress of biomedical
      research, the quality of education received by health professionals in training,
      the safety and effectiveness of health care institutions, the operation of the
      system of third-party reimbursement, for legal decisions, and for the knowledge
      of the public.

PMID- 1807724
TI  - Adopting TMR for physician/nurse use.
AB  - A major problem which must be overcome before on-line medical records become
      widely accepted and used is the interface between the human and the computer.
      This paper presents the evolution of an interface, over time, which recognizes
      and addresses important characteristics a system must exhibit to encourage human
      acceptance. Areas discussed include data entry, displays, and function and
      parameter specifications.

PMID- 1807725
TI  - A computerized medical record with direct data entry for community clinics in
      Israel.
AB  - CLINIC is a computerized medical record system currently being used in two
      primary care clinics in Israel. Clinic features direct coded data-entry by the
      medical personnel via a system based on categories of problems and complaints
      with common signs and symptoms.

PMID- 1807727
TI  - Increasing physician acceptance and use of the computerized ambulatory medical
      record.
AB  - Because physicians have been reluctant to accept computerized medical records
      systems, we sought to identify the barriers to acceptance and redesigned our
      ambulatory records system accordingly. We identified several problems physicians
      encounter in using our computerized medical record system (COSTAR), including
      physicians' hesitation to use a computer in front of their patients, physicians'
      poor keyboard skills, and the structural organization of the computerized medical
      record. We formed a users group to educate users and the group has helped
      identify solutions to these problems. We equipped the exam room terminals with a
      user-friendly, patient-specific menu. We created a new physician interface for
      COSTAR that was organized to function similarly to a patient's chart and features
      user-friendly menus that provide cues to the unsophisticated user. Physician use
      of exam room terminals tripled after the installation of the exam room menu. The
      new physician interface doubled physician use of COSTAR's scheduling features.
      Acceptance of the new interface as gauged by a user survey was excellent, with
      the majority stating it improved their patient care.

PMID- 1807726
TI  - A free-text processing system to capture physical findings: Canonical Phrase
      Identification System (CAPIS).
AB  - The task of gathering detailed patient information from free-text medical records
      presents a significant barrier to clinical research. In this paper, we describe a
      prototype system for extracting physical examination findings from dictated
      admission summaries. Our computer program applies a concept-based free-text
      processing algorithm that identifies user-selected target physical examination
      findings. We are using the extraction system to enrich an existing clinical
      database. The system was evaluated by comparing the physical examination findings
      extracted by our computer program with findings extracted by an independent
      investigator. Our prototype system was able to recall 92 percent (sensitivity) of
      the relevant physical findings, with a precision of 96 percent (positive
      predictive value).

PMID- 1807728
TI  - A patient care workstation based on user centred design and a formal theory of
      medical terminology: PEN&PAD and the SMK formalism.
AB  - The PEN & PAD clinical workstation is for use by clinicians for direct patient
      care. It is based on a highly structured and detailed medical record but is
      intended to be simple and intuitive to use, allowing clinicians to summarise and
      view information in many ways, and quickly enter information through structured
      forms. It also provides mechanisms for tailoring the system to individual users
      without compromising its overall integrity. This has been achieved by following a
      process of user centred design and by developing a novel formalism, Structured
      Meta Knowledge, to represent the terminological knowledge, the medical record,
      and pragmatic knowledge about clinical practice.

PMID- 1807729
TI  - An interactive report generator for bone scan studies.
AB  - An interactive report generator for bone scintigraphy will be demonstrated. It
      comprises a controlled reporting vocabulary, an adaptive user interface, and a
      text generator. The controlled vocabulary represents the relevant concepts for
      bone scan reports: anatomical sites, scintigraphical phenomena, and diagnoses,
      and various attributes for these concept domains. Within the vocabulary
      selectional constraints are defined that restricts to meaningful combination of
      concepts. The interface provides intelligent views on the vocabulary, and
      presents only those terms that are relevant in a certain context. Through the
      interface the user may choose appropriate terms and combine them to complex
      findings. A German text generator for a restricted finding language transforms
      the entered data into morpho-syntactic surface structures and produces acceptable
      reports.

PMID- 1807730
TI  - Practical use of optical cards in medical care.
AB  - This paper reports excellent results with respect to application of optical cards
      in medical care, based on improvements in the technology for encoding optical
      cards and devices used to increase read-write speed, and also reports the
      issuance of the first Japanese standards for the data format of optical cards.

PMID- 1807731
TI  - An innovative method of teaching Advanced Cardiac-Life Support, or why Cosmic
      Osmo may someday save your life.
AB  - A demonstration and discussion of the effectiveness of an animated and
      interactive simulation of cardiac and/or respiratory arrest with tools to allow
      the user to reverse the fatal course of events. The simulation is designed to
      reinforce and teach the American Heart Association's course in Advanced Cardiac
      Life Support (ACLS). Using an animated interactive simulation allows the student
      to rehearse various critical events without assembling all the components
      typically used in the ACLS course "MegaCode." The simulation is written in a
      commercial authoring shell made by Authorware, Inc, and currently runs on an
      Apple Macintosh II platform. Cosmic Osmo (Activision) is an animated and
      interactive exploration game based in Hypercard that allows the user to explore
      and control the game by clicking on various switchs, buttons, objects, even
      telephones. The interactive spirit of this program has been carried over to the
      ACLS tutorial.

PMID- 1807732
TI  - Incorporating client-server database architecture and graphical user interface
      into outpatient medical records.
AB  - Computerized medical record systems require structured database architectures for
      information processing. However, the data must be able to be transferred across
      heterogeneous platform and software systems. Client-Server architecture allows
      for distributive processing of information among networked computers and provides
      the flexibility needed to link diverse systems together effectively. We have
      incorporated this client-server model with a graphical user interface into an
      outpatient medical record system, known as SuperChart, for the Department of
      Family Medicine at SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse. SuperChart was
      developed using SuperCard and Oracle SuperCard uses modern object-oriented
      programming to support a hypermedia environment. Oracle is a powerful relational
      database management system that incorporates a client-server architecture. This
      provides both a distributed database and distributed processing which improves
      performance.

PMID- 1807734
TI  - A new clinical information system for emergency psychiatry.
AB  - A unique and novel Clinical Information System has been set up to link all of the
      Psychiatric Emergency Rooms in The Bronx, New York. The system is designed from a
      clinician's perspective and it is an inexpensive system using personal computers.
      This new system of information exchange utilizes two interesting aspects of
      applying computer technology to assist clinicians: 1) use of a scannable medical
      record form to speed the input of data; and, 2) information exchange among many
      emergency rooms via a dial up access to a central database.

PMID- 1807733
TI  - VentPlan: a ventilator-management advisor.
AB  - VentPlan assists physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists in the management
      of artificial respiration for critically ill patients in the intensive-care unit
      (ICU). VentPlan interprets clinical observations, monitored data, and arterial
      blood-gas analyses to make recommendations for setting the ventilator. The
      VentPlan interface allows users to examine the physiologic model, to inspect
      details of the data on which the model is based, and to exercise the model to try
      out different ventilator settings before they implement a new setting. We also
      report here a preliminary evaluation of VentPlan's ability to predict the
      arterial oxygen and carbon-dioxide tensions following adjustments to the
      ventilator. We conclude that VentPlan's physiologic models are acceptably
      accurate for predicting the effects of small adjustments of the ventilator.

PMID- 1807735
TI  - AuthorBase: a database of authoring systems software.
AB  - A working prototype database of authoring system software was developed as part
      of a study of authoring software conducted by the National Library of Medicine.
      The database and development issues ranging from the scope of the database to
      what information to document are described. The protype demonstrates that records
      of reasonable integrity can be derived from vendor supplied information as long
      as users understand the database is only an initial starting point in searching
      for authoring software and a resource for becoming generally familiar with the
      technology.

PMID- 1807736
TI  - DXPLAIN--demonstration and discussion of a diagnostic clinical decision support
      system.

PMID- 1807737
TI  - "Medical informatics in a medical research facility. An interactive multimedia
      presentation". Diabetes as a model.
AB  - This interactive demonstration provides a model for integrating information in a
      medical facility. By the use of networking computers, diagnostic data and
      scientific data are shared between geographically-separated clinical and research
      units. Data collected in a patient database in the outpatient clinic is sorted on
      specified qualifying criteria and the resulting subset further analyzed for
      research studies. To show the process of patient selection from a general
      database to a diabetes database, and further selection to a subset of diabetes,
      i.e., Diabetic Neuropathy, the authors used HyperCard. Firstly, HyperCard
      provided us with a flexible design allowing for both vertical and horizontal
      progressions. Because we wanted to include an educational component on diabetes
      and its complications, this flexibility was important. At any point in the
      demonstration, the viewer is able to access more information nested in several
      levels. Secondly, we wanted to be able to import a variety of programs that are
      used to translate diagnostic data into scientific data that is analyzed and
      prepared for publication in a medical textbook or journal. According to Douglas
      Adams, author of "Pathways and Relationships", HyperCard occupies the same niche
      in the evolution of software as human beings do in the evolution of life. "It's
      the fact that we are unspecialized but infinitely adaptable that has been our
      success as a species. In the same way, HyperCard is unspecialized but can turn
      its hand to any kind of task. And if the task is beyond it, HyperCard can use the
      phone, go for a ride on Excel, or go out and find a powerful graphics tool or
      sophisticated wordprocessing program!"

PMID- 1807738
TI  - Findings from an evaluation of PlanAlyzer's double cross-over trials of computer
      based, self-paced, case-based programs in anemia and chest pain diagnosis.
AB  - We report on three years of research trials of the PlanAlyzer I Project--a
      carefully controlled research study using a microcomputer-based, self-paced, case
      based, event-driven system for medical education. PlanAlyzer presents cases,
      elicits and critiques a second year student's approach to the diagnosis of
      anemias and chest pain. PlanAlyzer uses text, hypertext, images and critiquing
      theory. Students were randomized, one half becoming the experimental group who
      received the interactive PlanAlyzer cases in anemia, the other half becoming the
      controls who received the exact same content material in a text format. Later in
      each year there was a crossover, the controls becoming the experimentals for a
      similar intervention with the cardiology PlanAlyzer cases. Results at the end of
      the first two years of trials show that the programs have achieved some
      significant efficiency and economy gains. 96 faculty hours of classroom time were
      saved by using PlanAlyzer in their place, with no loss in student achievement. In
      terms of student proficiency and efficiency, combining the anemia and cardiology
      trials, the 328 students in the two years of full scale trials were able to
      accomplish the project's instructional objectives. The experimentals accomplished
      this in 43% less time than the controls. On the average, for both the anemia and
      chest pain programs, this amounted to students spending 7.5 hours longer on the
      30 text cases than on the same 30 computer cases to achieve the same level of
      mastery. There have been no significant proficiency differences (as measured by
      current post-tests) between the experimental and control groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807739
TI  - medTrendo: an interactive medical newsletter created with hypermedia.

PMID- 1807740
TI  - On-line databases of human chromosome anomalies and variants.
AB  - Gradual refinements in chromosome technology over the years have enabled
      biologists to study the chromosomes at the molecular level. An account of the
      development of a computerized technique for cataloguing all structural and
      numerical aberrations in human chromosomes and setting up of registries of
      abnormal human karyotypes for delineation of karyotype-phenotype relationship for
      future use has been emphasized in the present paper.

PMID- 1807742
TI  - "Spanish for Medical Professionals" an interactive videodisc program.
AB  - "Spanish for Medical Professionals" is an application authored using the IBM
      InfoWindow Presentation System (IWPS). It consists of a double-sided videodisc
      featuring four doctor/patient dialogues interrupted by comprehension quizzes,
      plus a large visual and audio data base for drill and practice of Spanish words
      and phrases in the following classifications: Medical History, Review of Systems,
      Anatomy Vocabulary, General Vocabulary and Pronunciation Guide. These five broad
      headings yield easy access to more than seventy sub-groups of material available
      for practice. The entire application stresses communication, not diagnostic skill
      or interview techniques. This is not a course in basic Spanish, but rather a
      needs-based language course designed to teach Spanish for a medical environment.
      Basic knowledge of Spanish is strongly recommended as a prerequisite.

PMID- 1807741
TI  - Demonstration of SLUMIS: a clinical database and management information system
      for a multi organ transplant program.
AB  - Because of the rapid evolution of the heart, heart/lung, liver, kidney and
      kidney/pancreas transplant programs at our institution, and because of a lack of
      an existing comprehensive database, we were required to develop a computerized
      management information system capable of supporting both clinical and research
      requirements of a multifaceted transplant program. SLUMIS (ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY
      MULTI-ORGAN INFORMATION SYSTEM) was developed for the following reasons: 1) to
      comply with the reporting requirements of various transplant registries, 2) for
      reporting to an increasing number of government agencies and insurance carriers,
      3) to obtain updates of our operative experience at regular intervals, 4) to
      integrate the Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory (HLA) for online
      test result reporting, and 5) to facilitate clinical investigation.

PMID- 1807743
TI  - A computer simulation of cardiac emergencies.
AB  - Code Red! software simulates typical cardiac emergencies with a full color
      interactive educational simulation. The trainee can master the basic skills of
      recognizing cardiac rhythms and appropriately treating abnormalities through
      interaction with a variety of scenarios (e.g. ventricular fibrillation,
      bradycardia, asystole). Older character-based computer programs are limited in
      their ability to assist in the training of proper cardiac arrest resuscitation.
      Medical Directors, residents, medical students, critical care nurses, ER staff,
      paramedics and many other health care professionals can benefit from the
      software. The software, running within the Windows 3.0 graphical environment on a
      386/486 PC, demonstrates the capability of today's computers to simulate a
      complex task and provide a powerful training tool.

PMID- 1807744
TI  - The Bottom Line Medicine Clinic.
AB  - The financial experience of an actual medical practice was used to develop a
      spreadsheet model of the business of medicine. The model is designed to provide
      reasonably accurate predictions of the financial outcome of business decisions
      affecting the practice. It has been used very successfully to teach practice
      management to senior residents in Family Practice training at the University of
      Minnesota. Students are placed in the role of a managing partner presented with a
      financially ailing practice, and asked to suggest business decisions which might
      salvage the situation. The model instantly and convincingly presents the impact
      of such decisions on the "bottom line". The entertaining and interactive format
      have made this one of the most popular offerings in our practice management
      curriculum.

PMID- 1807745
TI  - Modeling and simulation in biomedicine.
AB  - A group of researchers and educators in The Netherlands, Germany and
      Czechoslovakia have developed and adapted mathematical computer models of
      phenomena in the field of physiology and biomedicine for use in higher education.
      The models are graphical and highly interactive, and are all written in
      TurboPascal or the mathematical simulation language PSI. An educational shell has
      been developed to launch the models. The shell allows students to interact with
      the models and teachers to edit the models, to add new models and to monitor the
      achievements of the students. The models and the shell have been implemented on a
      MS-DOS personal computer. This paper describes the features of the modeling
      package and presents the modeling and simulation of the heart muscle as an
      example.

PMID- 1807746
TI  - MacGeneRisk and MacMedRisk--HyperCard programs which tutor Bayesian risk
      assessment.
AB  - Programs have been devised for the Macintosh computer which tutor medical
      students in the solution of risk assessment problems in human genetics and
      clinical test interpretation, using Bayesian probability.

PMID- 1807747
TI  - Smart Pharmacy Cards to automate patient records for prospective drug utilization
      review.
AB  - The Smart Pharmacy Card automates the patient's medical and prescription history
      so that every new prescription can be analyzed by a pharmacist to determine if it
      conflicts with disease states, allergies, prescription and non-prescription drugs
      documented in the card. The prototype that will be demonstrated at SCAMC 1991
      will use an integrated-circuit card ("smart card") that holds 16,000 bits of
      electronically-erasable data.

PMID- 1807748
TI  - Fox Chase Cancer Center Referral Resource Directory.
AB  - The Cancer Information Service at the Fox Chase Cancer Center receives over 8,000
      calls per year requesting referrals to local health care services. We developed a
      multi-user microcomputer-based system for entering, storing, updating and
      retrieving cancer referral resource information. Counselors use a menu-based
      system to retrieve referral resources by agency name, subject, state, county,
      city, telephone area code, zip code, or fee code. The system also includes menus
      for expediting database management: data entry, updating, browsing, and report
      generation. A data entry screen allows records to be entered or edited. The
      system can print mailing labels and update sheets for each agency. This system
      enhances our ability to disseminate high-quality information to the public.

PMID- 1807749
TI  - Authoring multimedia clinical problem-solving exercises with CaseBase.

PMID- 1807750
TI  - Application development in the DeSyGNER environment: dynamic assembly of
      independent information resources via direct manipulation authoring.
AB  - Dynamic assembly of applications from diverse and possibly disparate collections
      of information components is a key element for powerful information management
      environments. Traditional methods of application development hinder flexible
      integration of information components because they treat computer programs as
      single units of functionality; inter-application connections and sharing of intra
      application information components are achieved only by special cooperation
      between program authors. We have created a multimedia applications development
      architecture called DeSyGNER (the Decision Systems Group Nucleus of Extensible
      Resources) that provides a generalized framework for the inter-connection of
      independently developed units into applications. By focusing on composition
      methods or paradigms for constructing applications from modular, reusable units,
      DeSyGNER fosters sharing and cooperation in application development.

PMID- 1807751
TI  - ASR, NLP and database manager.

PMID- 1807752
TI  - The practice-unit centered clinical database--the implementation.
AB  - A clinical database system under the name ClinTrac has been developed for the
      purpose of acquiring, processing, storing, analyzing, and communicating clinical
      information. The core of this system consists of a practice-unit centered
      database.

PMID- 1807753
TI  - The USC*PACK PC programs for population pharmacokinetic modeling, modeling of
      large kinetic/dynamic systems, and adaptive control of drug dosage regimens.
AB  - Programs for PC's and compatibles provide nonparametric (NPEM) population
      pharmacokinetic modeling, BOXES for compartments and arrows for pathways, to make
      large kinetic and dynamic models, and clinical software for Bayesian adaptive
      control of drug dosage regimens, with D-optimal sampling strategies and explicit
      determination of assay error patterns.

PMID- 1807754
TI  - The Regenstrief medical record: 1991 a campus-wide system.

PMID- 1807755
TI  - Medical Information Management System (MIMS) CareWindows.
AB  - The demonstration of MIMS/CareWindows will include: (1) a review of the
      application environment and development history, (2) a demonstration of a very
      large, comprehensive clinical information system with a cost effective graphic
      user server and communications interface.

PMID- 1807756
TI  - Medical Practice Support System. A medical practitioner's multimedia workstation.
AB  - The United States Navy has developed a computer based Medical Practice Support
      System (MEPSS) intended for use by medical practitioners working in isolated
      situations. The system, now being tested in operational settings, emphasizes
      inexpensive, easily obtained off-the-shelf hardware and specially developed,
      readily implemented software to provide users with: 1) medical record keeping, 2)
      an electronic medical library, 3) interactive video instruction programs suitable
      for continuing medical education, 4) computer based medical diagnosis and
      treatment assistance, and 5) electronic communications with other facilities.
      This demonstration emphasizes a user based developmental approach, integration of
      diverse systems under a single user interface, and portable hardware. The
      resulting system makes medical information needed by practitioners instantly
      available at the time of a patient encounter, whenever and wherever that
      encounter may occur. Making clinically valuable information immediately
      available, MEPSS demonstrates how practitioners can use computers to help their
      own efforts to improve patient care quality and efficiency.

PMID- 1807757
TI  - HistoLogical, a computer atlas and drill of histology.
AB  - An educational program has been developed to aid the instruction of Histology, a
      required course for the first year medical student. The program was developed
      using SuperCard on an Apple Macintosh IIci computer. It incorporates high quality
      color images with a hypermedia format, i.e. the student can jump from topic to
      topic as he/she wishes. The program has an "atlas," which provides information
      about each image and topic being discussed, and a "drill," which presents to the
      student a question about an image and provides feedback tailored to the student's
      answer. In the drill, the student is asked to type in responses to the questions;
      the answer is judged by text recognition. For each question, feedback is written
      for the correct answer, incorrect answer, and up to 10 "accessory answers"
      (answers which might be expected although they are not correct). The faculty of
      the UMMS Histology course has encouraged the use of this program in this years'
      course, and evaluation received from faculty and students has been quite
      positive.

PMID- 1807758
TI  - Using comparative clinical information to understand practice patterns and affect
      organizational change.
AB  - The University Hospital Consortium is collecting clinical, administrative and
      financial data from its members to develop a Clinical Information Network. The
      value of this collective data lies in how comparative information about peer
      hospitals and physicians in the same specialty can be used to influence practice.
      The raw data from each hospital is analyzed, classified, normalized and stored in
      a data repository which is easily accessible. This data becomes information when
      it is presented in a variety of ways, and is supported by a knowledge-base of
      health care rules. The "drilling down" technique to progressive levels of detail
      serves the needs of all levels in the organization--executives, managers, and
      analysts. The system combines the power of a mainframe for the data repository
      with the ease of use of a PC-based workstation. With an open-ended approach, the
      users can ask a variety of questions of the data, as well as perform statistical
      analysis, create graphical presentations and generate explanations of the
      analysis techniques.

PMID- 1807759
TI  - The design and automated testing of an expert system for the differential
      diagnosis of acute stroke.
AB  - Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and a major
      source of morbidity. [1] Recent studies have shown a potential use for
      thrombolytic agents in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) but these agents are
      contraindicated in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A computed tomographic scan is
      used to distinguish between these two stroke types prior to the use of
      thrombolytic agents, but may not be readily obtainable. Decision making aids such
      as algorithms developed at Guy's Hospital and Strong Memorial Hospital have been
      designed in an attempt to make this distinction on clinical grounds. We have
      constructed computerized medical decision-making (CMD) systems based upon these
      algorithms and compared their performance to a system we developed with the use
      of National Stroke Data Bank data. Relevant medical data for each of 337 patient
      cases in the Mount Sinai Hospital Stroke Data Bank were presented to each of the
      CMD systems. In consideration of the clinical task of using thrombolytic agents,
      we attempted to maximize the positive predictive value (PPV) for ischemic stroke.
      The CMD systems based upon the Guy's Hospital and Mount Sinai algorithms produced
      PPV's of 95% and 94% with sensitivities of 77% and 78% respectively compared to a
      PPV of 93% and sensitivity of 56% with the Strong Memorial CMD system. The Mount
      Sinai CMD system was judged more efficacious than the Guy's Hospital system in
      that it required less clinical information that could be more easily obtained to
      arrive at similar results.

PMID- 1807760
TI  - Information management in ambulatory care: the nurse and computerized records.
AB  - The ambulatory office setting is increasingly becoming a central focus of patient
      care. The nursing staff are integral to patient care management in this
      environment. They are frequently the heaviest users of medical records and are
      generally early advocates of well designed computer records systems. As our
      implementation of a Computer Stored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR V) has grown in
      complexity and utility, reorganization of the record and development of new
      features to support nursing has become critical. This demonstration will show how
      nursing information management has changed using a variety of computer record
      tools, including features of exam room data entry, specialized nursing displays
      and problem based patient summaries. Specific items for demonstration will
      include: nursing check-in module, rule driven nursing history program,
      prescription refill functions, documentation and billing for nursing procedures,
      nursing telephone management functions, a module for management of
      anticoagulation and document retrieval and display utilities.

PMID- 1807761
TI  - A local area networked based patient information management system and patient
      information protocol system.

PMID- 1807762
TI  - Psychopharmacology education software. The first of a series.
AB  - A psychopharmacology testing package was generated by Multiple Choice, a Claris
      HyperCard 2.1 based software application. Multiple Choice was developed
      specifically to allow for the simple preparation of non-networked computerized
      testing. It permits tests of unlimited length to incorporate true/false, multiple
      choice (with 3-5 possible answers), and K-type questions. These examinations may
      incorporate explanations if desired. The tests maintain records to more easily
      permit the examination's creator to quickly determine scores and question
      specific results. The psychopharmacology testing package is a multi-level group
      of three examinations. It is to be the first in a series of psychiatry exams
      targeting medical students, psychiatry residents, and other interested
      professionals. Work is also in progress to convert both the psychopharmacology
      testing package and Multiple Choice itself to the PC-compatible platform.

PMID- 1807763
TI  - HyperText across the curriculum: implications of quizzes linked to full text
      course materials.
AB  - This demonstration shows a hypertext self assessment and teaching system that is
      linked to an extensive set of referenced course handouts. The system allows easy
      courseware development with multiple authors working in a networked environment
      with either DOS or Macintosh computers. Searchable hypertext course handouts
      benefit not only the student trying to relate material between courses, but also
      assist the faculty in the development of appropriate instructional materials as
      well as course goals and objectives.

PMID- 1807764
TI  - The Physician's Information Assistant.

PMID- 1807765
TI  - A computer-based tutorial for H.I.S. orientation: laboratory results retrieval.
AB  - Computer-based training developed with high-level software packages offers a cost
      efficient means of orienting large numbers of personnel to a hospital information
      system. Equally important, a decentralized, self-administered, self-paced
      tutorial allows professional personnel to get training where and when they want
      it, with as little or as much reinforcement as they desire. We will demonstrate
      the tutorial we developed to train 2500 clinical and unit support personnel to
      use the first clinical module of our Patient Care Information System. Although
      the Laboratory Results Inquiry function was simple to use, many of our staff had
      had little or no exposure to computers, and none knew how to use the system we
      would be implementing. About 300 of our 2500 personnel elected to come to
      mentored group classes, where the same computer-based tutorial was used, but a
      trained "superuser" was available to answer questions and offer guidance.

PMID- 1807766
TI  - Hypermedia in medical decision analysis: HyperDecision.
AB  - Early in the evolution of medical decision analysis, computers were employed to
      remove the tedium and insure the accuracy of repetitive calculations, a capacity
      they still serve today. However, user interfaces could be so complex as to be
      overwhelming, except for the capable few who designed them or used them often.
      HyperDecision is a hypercard-based decision analysis program with a simple user
      interface. A comprehensive tutorial and generic decision tree are integrated so
      that the fledgling user, whether medical student or seasoned clinician lacking
      evolved computer and/or decision analysis skills, can reap the benefits of
      computer support in their clinical practice. In the current political environment
      surrounding the practice of medicine, having easily accessible tools for both
      teaching and using medical decision analysis to evaluate and present the rational
      for medical decisions has taken on a new importance which the medical community
      must remain abreast of as we move toward the 21st century.

PMID- 1807767
TI  - Hypertext and three-dimensional computer graphics in an all digital PC-based CAI
      workstation.
AB  - In the past several years there has been an enormous increase in the number of
      computer-assisted instructional (CAI) applications. Many medical educators and
      physicians have recognized the power and utility of hypertext. Some developers
      have incorporated simple diagrams, scanned monochrome graphics or still frame
      photographs from a laser disc or CD-ROM into their hypertext applications. These
      technologies have greatly increased the role of the microcomputer in education
      and training. There still remain numerous applications for these tools which are
      yet to be explored. One of these exciting areas involves the use of three
      dimensional computer graphics. An all digital platform increases application
      portability.

PMID- 1807768
TI  - An interactive case study assessment. Nursing care of the cancer patient with
      compromised immunity: practicum cases.
AB  - This demonstration will present an interactive videodisc (IVD) case study
      assessment of nursing care of the immunocompromised cancer patient. This module
      is the third part of a series of instructional IVD programs entitled Nursing Care
      of the Cancer Patient with Compromised Immunity. The series has been developed to
      provide education for fourth year nursing students, experienced nurses new to the
      field of oncology nursing, and for continuing education. The series has been
      developed to run on an InfoWindow platform and can also run on an M-Motion
      system. The demonstration will cover the rationale, treatment, content, and
      instructional strategies used in the module. The technology including the
      development platform and authoring environment will also be presented.

PMID- 1807769
TI  - TUMORS--Oncology Registry System.
AB  - The TUMORS Oncology Registry database and functionality has been designed in
      cooperation with Certified Tumor Registrars and Oncologists, exceeding current
      American College of Surgeons requirements. The Networked Data Management System
      provides secure in-house registry functions with additional benefits of Central
      Databases for Case Consolidation, Shared Followup and Biostatistical Functions.
      The system used readily available Microcomputer Technologies and is developed
      from a Sound Background of experience in Networked, Consortium Oriented Oncology
      Registries. Using the latest in microcomputer LAN Compatible Database Management
      Systems, the system embodies the Most Recent Generation of Oncology Registry
      Software and is currently enjoying its first year of implementation. The
      demonstration includes examples of Data Entry, Query, Report and Statistical
      Functions operating on an IBM AT Compatible PC connected to a Laser Printer.

PMID- 1807770
TI  - Integrated imaging workstations using MS-DOS and UNIX/X Windows.

PMID- 1807771
TI  - Automated speech technology for gastrointestinal endoscopy reporting and image
      recording.
AB  - Endoscopic databases will not be used until they are more efficient than (but as
      easy for physicians to use as) traditional dictate-and-transcribe methods.
      VoiceGI, a voice recognition system for endoscopic data entry, editing, storage
      and retrieval, and for capturing and storage of endoscopic images, is efficient
      and easy to use.

PMID- 1807772
TI  - The Physician's Workstation: an example of end user integration of information
      systems.
AB  - Many hospitals today have implemented widely disparate information systems on
      mainframe and mini-computer hardware. The advent of network technology in
      hospitals has made it possible to access information in these systems.
      Unfortunately, the user interfaces to applications on these system are unique and
      difficult to learn, which makes them unsuitable for use by clinical services. In
      this paper we describe the development using rapid prototyping object-oriented
      programming tools of a Physician's Workstation which integrates information from
      five different applications running on three separate computer systems.

PMID- 1807773
TI  - Object-oriented controlled-vocabulary translator using TRANSOFT + HyperPAD.
AB  - Automated coding of surgical pathology reports is demonstrated. This public
      domain translation software operates on surgical pathology files, extracting
      diagnoses and assigning codes in a controlled medical vocabulary, such as SNOMED.
      Context-sensitive translation algorithms are employed, and syntactically correct
      diagnostic items are produced that are matched with controlled vocabulary.
      English-language surgical pathology reports, accessioned over one year at the
      Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, were translated. With an interface to
      a larger hospital information system, all natural language pathology reports are
      automatically rendered as topography and morphology codes. This translator frees
      the pathologist from the time-intensive task of personally coding each report,
      and may be used to flag certain diagnostic categories that require specific
      quality assurance actions.

PMID- 1807774
TI  - PRELOG: precedence logic inference software for blood donor deferral.
AB  - Blood collection facilities have recently witnessed a substantial increase in the
      complexity of tests used to detect infectious disease in donor populations, and
      there is a stringent regulatory effort by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
      to validate the software for managing this information. PRELOG is precedence
      based inference software used to determine a donor's suitability for continued
      donations and whether the donation can be released for transfusion. PRELOG
      accepts ternary input for test results (positive, negative, or undetermined), and
      solves the logic rules sequentially, so that the rulebase can be validated in a
      concise and consistent manner.

PMID- 1807775
TI  - A tool for the computer-assisted creation of QMR medical knowledge base disease
      profiles.
AB  - QMR-KAT is a computer-based tool which assists physicians in the construction of
      the QMR medical knowledge base. Each QMR disease profile results from an in-depth
      analysis of the published medical literature, and from consultations with expert
      clinicians. QMR-KAT is an interactive knowledge acquisition program which
      facilitates the creation of new disease profiles, records the supporting evidence
      for each disease profile entry, and enforces consistency with the existing
      knowledge base. The program has been used in the creation of all new QMR disease
      profiles over the past two years. It has also been used to support a study on the
      reproducibility of knowledge base construction.

PMID- 1807776
TI  - Bringing the medical library to the office desktop.
AB  - This demonstration illustrates LRC Remote Computer Services- a dual operating
      system, multi-protocol system for delivering medical library services to the
      medical professional's desktop. A working model draws resources from CD-ROM and
      magnetic media file services, Novell and AppleTalk network protocol suites and
      gating, LAN and asynchronous (dial-in) access strategies, commercial applications
      for MS-DOS and Macintosh workstations and custom user interfaces. The
      demonstration includes a discussion of issues relevant to the delivery of said
      services, particularly with respect to maintenance, security, training/support,
      staffing, software licensing and costs.

PMID- 1807777
TI  - LABWORK: PC acquisition and display for physician offices.

PMID- 1807778
TI  - NeuroDatabase: multimedia exploration of the nervous system.

PMID- 1807779
TI  - Utilizing findings from the APACHE III research to develop operational
      information system for the ICU--the APACHE III ICU Management System.
AB  - The APACHE III data base reflects the disease, physiologic status, and outcome
      data from 17,400 ICU patients at 40 hospitals, 26 of which were randomly selected
      from representative geographic regions, bed size, and teaching status. This
      provides a nationally representative standard for measuring several important
      aspects of ICU performance. Results from the study have now been used to develop
      an automated information system to provide real time information about expected
      ICU patient outcome, length of stay, production cost, and ICU performance. The
      information system provides several new capabilities to ICU clinicians, clinic,
      and hospital administrators. Among the system's capabilities are: the ability to
      compare local ICU performance against predetermined criteria; the ability to
      forecast nursing requirements; and, the ability to make both individual and group
      patient outcome predictions. The system also provides improved administrative
      support by tracking ICU charges at the point of origin and reduces staff workload
      eliminating the requirement for several manually maintained logs and patient
      lists. APACHE III has the capability to electronically interface with and utilize
      data already captured in existing hospital information systems, automated
      laboratory information systems, and patient monitoring systems. APACHE III will
      also be completely integrated with several CIS vendors' products.

PMID- 1807780
TI  - Understanding differential diagnostic disagreement in pathology.
AB  - The Diagnostic Encyclopedia Workstation (DEW) was developed to support
      pathologists in diagnosing ovarian tumors. In this evaluation study, we had
      pathologists at several levels of experience diagnose a number of cases using
      either books or the DEW. In the context of this study, we needed a standard by
      which to measure performance of these pathologists. We, therefore, had experts
      enumerate for each test case the diagnoses they considered morphologically
      similar. To our surprise, the resulting lists of the experts varied considerably.
      The differential diagnosis of a disease based on its morphological
      characteristics, however, constitutes important reference knowledge in solving
      diagnostic problems. The question rose why the experts differed so much in their
      differential diagnostic knowledge. The ontogeny of a pathologist's personal
      knowledge is discussed and used to derive a model that can explain the limited
      consensus in differential diagnosis. The model helps to identify factors that may
      cause pathologists to diverge and others that may cause them to converge with
      respect to their knowledge. Strategies are proposed that are useful in achieving
      a better (differential) diagnostic consensus.

PMID- 1807781
TI  - Patient management in the ICU: the PDB System.
AB  - The Intensive Care Unit is the area in patient care where the amount of patient
      data from a variety of sources is particularly large. The problem for clinicians
      lies in the ability to gather, and use these data in the decision making process.
      A well designed computer based patient data management system, incorporating a
      variety of data analysis tools, would have a dramatic impact in patient care in
      an environment such as this. The PDB System has been in continuous use at the
      Montreal General Hospital's Surgical and Trauma Intensive Care Unit since Jan.
      88. Its initial implementation in two beds in our SICU has allowed the complete
      replacement of the conventional patient paper record. It is used by all ICU
      staff, including nurses, physicians, and ward clerks for the recording/viewing of
      all patient vital data, laboratory data, medications, and optionally chart notes.
      In addition, medical staff has the option to use the entered data to perform a
      variety of data analysis procedures.

PMID- 1807782
TI  - Analysis of physician questions in an ambulatory care setting.
AB  - We collected 38 questions generated by physicians based on their active patient
      medical records. Each question was associated with a single term in a specific
      record (Key Term). These questions were analyzed with respect to word content and
      concept content. Concepts were matched to the National Library of Medicine's
      Metathesaurus (Meta-1). Thirty-seven Key Terms matched completely to Meta-1
      terms. Each question matched to an average of 4.1 Meta-1 terms for a total of 156
      concepts. Based on word count, these 156 concepts accounted for 40 percent, stop
      words accounted for 39 percent, and numbers and drug trade names accounted for
      less than 1 percent of the words. The remaining 20 percent of the words could be
      matched to 69 concepts not in Meta-1. Review of all concepts showed that they
      could be divided into medical terms (Noun Concepts), modifiers (Modifier
      Concepts), and concepts that provided context for the questions (Relation
      Concepts). The majority of Relation Concepts did not match to Meta-1. A
      vocabulary of Relation Concepts would provide a useful starting point for a
      computer system designed to aid physicians in answering clinical questions.

PMID- 1807783
TI  - [Opinion of extra-hospital nurses about their work in hospitals].
AB  - The article displays the interviews of 32 nurses who have never worked within or
      have left hospitals. The aim is to assess the reasons of nursing shortage which
      is currently plaguing French hospitals. Many causes have been emphasized by the
      interviewed nurses: lack of responsibility and autonomy within the hospital
      departments, heavy work schedule and in particular night work, lack of career
      perspective ... Last but not least, the contact with the hospital work during
      their training has been often extremely disappointing.

PMID- 1807784
TI  - [How to reduce health inequalities between regions?].
AB  - The article addresses the question how public decision makers can manage, through
      resources allocations, to reduce health inequalities between regions. After a
      description of the British experience, the author suggests a simplified method
      for determining the gap between the effective allocation of resources and that
      which would be optimal. Application to France is proposed.

PMID- 1807785
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding for the mature form of
      a specific androgen dependent epididymal protein.
AB  - During its reproductive period, the epididymis of the lizard Lacerta vivipara
      produces large amount of proteins among which "L" proteins are very prominent
      components. L proteins have been characterized as an androgen dependent protein
      family composed of 9 elements of identical MW and different pHi. An epididymal
      cDNA library was performed and a cDNA clone, C73 was isolated using a specific
      anti L immunoserum. We tested the tissue specificity and the androgen dependency
      of this clone in different physiological and experimental conditions by dot-blot
      analysis. The aminoacid deduced sequence of the C73 clone revealed that it
      strictly corresponds to the NH2 terminal sequence of the LIV element of the
      family. It consists of a 151 amino acids mature protein with a 17.2 kDa MW that
      present homologies with a rat epididymal protein supposed to be a retinoic acid
      binding protein.

PMID- 1807787
TI  - Biological significance of circulating polyamines in oncology.
AB  - Malignant cell proliferation is associated with an increase intracellular
      polyamine metabolism which itself appears to be in equilibrium with the
      extracellular circulating polyamine compartments. Erythrocyte polyamine contents
      may be used clinically as an index of cell proliferation, but the exact
      biological roles of circulating polyamines, considered as physio(patho)logical
      parameters involved in the homeostatic(dys)regulation of cell proliferation,
      remain obscure. It is known that circulating polyamines help promote malignant
      cell proliferation and metastatic dissemination, but their ultimate targets are
      not yet completely understood. Either produced by actively proliferating normal
      or cancer cells, or absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract (food and colonic
      microfloral population), circulating polyamines could favour in vivo malignant
      cell proliferation. 1) Since these organic polycations are more rapidly
      internalized by cancer cells than by normal ones, do they join and facilitate the
      malignant intracellular polyamine metabolism? 2) Does binding of polyamines to
      specific acceptor sites at the surface of cancer cells, thereby modulating
      endocytosis of biological factors present in the extracellular spaces, modify the
      homeostatic control of cell proliferation and differentiation? 3) Do
      modifications of blood polyamine compartmentalization, observed in cancerous
      organisms, responsible for new enzyme and/or immune capacities, contribute to
      tumor progression? Answering the above-mentioned questions would lead to new
      therapeutic approaches in human oncology.

PMID- 1807786
TI  - Comparative and simultaneous effects of simvastatin and ciprofibrate on plasma
      lipid parameters and upon hepatic drug metabolizing and peroxisome proliferation
      marker enzymes in the male Wistar rat.
AB  - The effects of an associated treatment with Ciprofibrate and Simvastatin upon
      plasma lipid parameters, liver Mixed Function Oxidases enzymes and peroxisomal
      markers have been studied in male Wistar rats. The association was efficient upon
      triglycerides, but not upon cholesterol. The inducive and proliferative effects
      commonly exerted by Ciprofibrate (5 mg/kg/day) were not significantly modified by
      the simultaneous treatment with Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day). The increase of the
      seric alanine amino transferase activity was however much more pronounced after
      the associated treatment than after single administration of Ciprofibrate or
      Simvastatin.

PMID- 1807788
TI  - Differential protein phosphorylation in human gastric adenocarcinomas.
AB  - A qualitative analysis of endogenous protein phosphorylation in microsomal
      fractions from surgical specimens of human gastric cancer, benign gastric ulcers
      and normal gastric tissues is presented. Fractions were incubated in the presence
      of (gamma-32P)ATP to measure the transfer of (gamma-32P) to natural substrates
      mediated by endogenous protein kinases. Phosphoproteins were characterized
      through PAGE-SDS and detected by autoradiography. KOH at high temperature was
      used to select for tyrosine-phosphorylated polypeptides on dried gels. We report
      a notorious enhancement in overall protein phosphorylation in gastric cancer
      samples over benign ulcers and normal controls as well. Moreover, a highly basic
      low molecular weight phosphoprotein is found through 2-D protein gel analysis and
      a 50 kDa protein is detected only in the presence of Mg2+ after KOH treatment.
      These two proteins might become putative molecular markers to detect this type of
      neoplasia.

PMID- 1807789
TI  - Microtubule affinity chromatography: a new technique for isolating microtubule
      binding proteins from rat pancreas.
AB  - We have developed an affinity chromatography method for the isolation of
      microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) from soluble cytoplasmic extracts of rat
      pancreas. Among the ten proteins which copurify with pancreas tubulin on a
      colchicine derivatives-affinity chromatography, three polypeptides of
      respectively 58, 55 and 48 kDa strongly bind to the microtubule affinity column.
      To begin to characterize these proteins, we have generated polyclonal antibodies
      against tau polypeptides from brains of immature chicken or rat. As judged by
      immunoblots, the three polypeptides seem to be immunologically related to the tau
      proteins previously localized in brain.

PMID- 1807790
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for the overexpression of protein kinase C in
      proliferative diseases of human thyroid.
AB  - We report immunohistochemical evidence for the overexpression of protein kinase C
      in various proliferative diseases of human thyroid. Immunohistochemical
      characterization of various surgically removed thyroid tissues, viz., cancer
      tissues: papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma; adenoma tissues: tubular,
      trabecular and colloid adenomas; adenomatous goiter; and normal thyroid was done
      using the monospecific monoclonal antibodies MC-1a, MC-2a and MC-3a, each of
      which is specific for types I, II and III isozymes of protein kinase C,
      respectively. For protein kinase C type II, a remarkable difference in staining
      intensity was noted between the cancerous and normal tissues. The cytoplasm of
      papillary and follicular carcinoma cells stained more intensely than that of
      normal thyroid cells. In the benign tumor and adenomatous goiter tissues,
      stronger staining was noted in the papilliform-proliferating portion and cubic
      epithelial cells. In the normal thyroid tissues, epithelial cells of greater
      height were more strongly stained than simple squamous epithelial cells. These
      results indicated that protein kinase C type II isozyme is expressed in larger
      amounts in cancerous and proliferative tissues of the human thyroid.

PMID- 1807791
TI  - Interleukin-4 stimulates collagen synthesis by normal and scleroderma fibroblasts
      in dermal equivalents.
AB  - Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is one of the products of T-lymphocytes and mast cells,
      inflammatory cells which accumulate in connective tissues at early stages of
      fibrosis. We tested the effects of IL-4 on human fibroblasts from normal and
      scleroderma skin seeded in three dimensional collagen lattices ("dermal
      equivalents"). IL-4 (10 and 100 U/ml) stimulated collagen synthesis in a dose
      dependent manner. No significant alteration of lattice retraction and cell
      proliferation was observed. At the concentration 100 U/ml, Il-4 was approximately
      twice more efficient on collagen synthesis than Transforming Growth Factor beta
      (10 ng/ml). IL-4 secretion in connective tissues might be an important factor for
      the development of fibrotic processes.

PMID- 1807792
TI  - Modulation of cytochemically detected dihydrofolate reductase during cell cycle.
AB  - Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, EC 1.5.1.3) is an important enzyme involved in DNA
      metabolism. In this connection the cell cycle modulation of DHFR levels in HeLa
      S3 and HL 60 cell lines was investigated by flow cytometric analysis. A
      concentration of 4 micrograms/ml of aphidicolin was employed to synchronize the
      cell lines. DHFR was cytochemically detected by using tetrazolium salt and
      immunofluorescence techniques; DNA content was evaluated by means of propidium
      iodide staining. At 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 hrs. after the removal of the drug we
      observed a low DHFR level in G0-G1 phase, followed by an increase during late S
      and G2/M phases. The variations of this enzyme may represent, under well defined
      conditions, a marker of cycling cells.

PMID- 1807793
TI  - Surface antigenic analysis of rosette-forming cells in rat thymus--using
      monoclonal antibodies against T cell surface markers.
AB  - We have assumed that rat thymocytes capable of rosette-formation with guinea pig
      erythrocytes were double positive (CD4+8+) cells. Therefore surface-binding
      erythrocytes on rosette-forming lymphocytes (RFLs), separated in highly pure
      state, were eliminated by a hypotonic shock. The surface markers of RFLs, without
      surface erythrocytes, were analyzed by flow cytometry using two kinds of
      monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD4, anti-CD8) labelled with different fluorescence
      materials. About 96.2% of cells in the RFL population were sorted in two areas,
      into which double positive cells were separated. This result substantiates the
      assumption mentioned above. It was, furthermore, discussed that the RFLs without
      surface erythrocytes would be one of the valuable materials for disclosing the
      mechanisms of differentiation and maturation from double positive thymocytes to
      single positive ones.

PMID- 1807794
TI  - Time of delivery--effect on obstetric outcome: a retrospective study.
AB  - This retrospective study involving 3,896 births is performed to see if there is
      any association between time of delivery and feto-maternal outcome. 34 pc of all
      deliveries occurred in the four-hour period 2000 hours to 2400 hours. Generally,
      there were more unbooked women arriving during the night. The higher caesarean
      section rate during the day time is probably related to the number of elective
      procedures performed during this time. This study, however, failed to confirm
      others which demonstrate a poorer outcome during the night infant outcome, in
      fact tended to be worse during the period 0800 hours to 2000 hours, and this was
      particularly so for the women delivering between 1600 and 2000 hours.
      Implications for reorganisation of the mid-wifery staff are discussed.

PMID- 1807795
TI  - Severe iodine deficiency in two endemic goitre areas of Zimbabwe.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to investigate the iodine status of the population
      and the possible role of goitregens (that are metabolised to thiocyanate), in two
      endemic goitre areas of Zimbabwe. This was done through estimation of iodine (I)
      and thiocyanate (SCN) levels in spot urine samples collected from goitrous and
      non-goitrous subjects. Mean and median urine iodine concentrations respectively
      for Wedza (n = 50) were 1.4 micrograms/dl and 1.0 micrograms/dl and for Chiweshe
      (n = 60) were 2.1 micrograms/dl and 1.65 micrograms/dl. The differences between
      the two districts are significant (P = 0.005) and mirror the overall differences
      in goitre rates found. Urine I levels were generally lower in goitrous than non
      goitrous subjects, but the difference was not significant. Mean urine SCN
      concentrations and mean I/SCN ratios respectively for Wedza were 0.5
      micrograms/dl and 2.9 micrograms/dl and for Chiweshe were 0.7 micrograms/dl and
      3.4 micrograms/dl. These results indicate that the populations studied are
      affected by severe iodine deficiency, but that thiocyanate does not have a
      significant goitrogenic effect. The implications of the results, and the reasons
      for the discrepancies between them and ones obtained in earlier studies, are
      discussed.

PMID- 1807796
TI  - The risk of cancer in endemic multinodular goitre.
AB  - From 1971 to 1985 at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, 245 patients
      with multinodular goitre were operated upon mostly for cosmesis. Clinically
      unsuspected malignancy was present in 50 (20 pc) of the resected specimens of
      which 26 were follicular and 20 papillary. This pattern conforms with the reports
      from other African Zones of endemic goitre where the frequency of cancer is lower
      in the clinically solitary nodular goitre. Thus, the management strategy ought to
      regard the multinodular goitre as pre-malignant and operations should be
      performed earlier on this account.

PMID- 1807797
TI  - Combined ascitic--fluid and furosemide infusion: a therapeutic option for massive
      diuretic-resistant ascites and severe oliguria of hepatic cirrhosis.
AB  - We describe the successful use of combined ascitic-fluid and furosemide infusion
      as a therapeutic option in the management of massive diuretic-resistant ascites
      and severe oliguria of hepatic cirrhosis in a 30-year-old Nigerian male farmer.
      It is simple, safe, convenient and effective treatment modality. The mechanics of
      this procedure seen against the backgroup of the pathogenesis of sodium retention
      and renal dysfunction in hepatic cirrhosis is discussed.

PMID- 1807798
TI  - Disease pattern in the elderly.
AB  - Analysis of the disease pattern in elderly patients was carried out over a seven
      year period (1980-1986) on the medical wards of the University College Hospital,
      Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 2,676 patients were reviewed. Cardiac, neoplastic and
      infective diseases accounted for the most common diseases. Early diagnosis and
      treatment as well as improvement in preventive medicine are suggested ways to a
      vigorous healthy old age with concomitant reduction of morbidity and mortality in
      this age group.

PMID- 1807800
TI  - Electric burns: a case report.

PMID- 1807799
TI  - Therapeutic review: tuberculosis.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is increasing in Zimbabwe and other countries in Africa and
      world-wide. TB treatment and control face new difficulties including the impact
      of the HIV epidemic and drug resistance. There is now abundant evidence that six
      month regimens are highly effective and, by improving compliance, can improve
      results and the cost-effectiveness of therapy. Intermittent therapy reduces drug
      costs and allows for the possibility of complete supervision. The optimal
      management of the HIV-infected TB patient has not yet been established but an
      increased rate of drug reactions suggests that standard treatment should be
      reassessed.

PMID- 1807801
TI  - Congenital contractural arachnodactyly in a black African kindred.
AB  - Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly is an inherited disorder of connective
      tissue characterised by congenital contractures, arachnodactyly, marfanoid
      habitus, crumpled auricles and in some kindreds, progressive kyphoscoliosis. An
      extensive kindred with many affected members is described. The importance of the
      early recognition of this syndrome is highlighted.

PMID- 1807802
TI  - Subxiphoid pericardiastomy in the management of pericardial effusions.
AB  - Subxiphoid pericardiostomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion
      was used in 21 patients. Total evacuation of the pericardial contents, direct
      inspection to break down loculations, simultaneous biopsies of the pericardium
      and pericardial fluid samples for diagnostic tests were achieved while avoiding
      the need for repeated pericardiocentesis and more invasive and difficult open
      drainage methods. Complete drainage without recurrence was obtained in 19
      patients with one death and recurrence of effusion in another one. Two of these
      19 cases developed constrictive pericarditis on follow-up and required a
      pericardiectomy. No other complications were encountered. The procedure can be
      done safely under local anaesthesia for all types of pericardial effusions
      providing prompt and long term relief of the abnormal haemodynamics.

PMID- 1807803
TI  - Hearing loss in the child following streptomycin administration during pregnancy.
AB  - The risk of deafness developing in the unborn child following the use of
      streptomycin (SM) during pregnancy remains uncertain. We have followed up 30
      children whose mothers received SM during pregnancy. One child (3pc), whose
      mother received SM during the first trimester of pregnancy, had profound
      unilateral hearing loss which could possibly be ascribed to SM. This child had
      however, in addition, features of congenital hypotonia and a unilateral single
      crease. Two further children had conductive deafness which could not be due to
      SM, associated with serious otitis media. Although the risk to the foetus of
      hearing loss following the use of SM during pregnancy appears relatively low it
      should, where possible, be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy.

PMID- 1807804
TI  - Plague in Botswana.

PMID- 1807805
TI  - Early growth faltering in rural Zimbabwean children.
AB  - Longitudinal data on weight and height were collected during the first 30 months
      of life from children living in a deprived rural community in Zimbabwe. All were
      breast-fed for up to a mean of 21 months; maize porridge being introduced from
      three months onwards. During the first 6 months, growth was similar to, or even
      exceeded, that of the NCHS reference population. Thereafter, growth faltering was
      common. By the age of 30 months, there was a mean deficit in weight of 2,0 kg in
      girls and 2,3 kg in boys, and a mean deficit in height of 8 cm in boys and 9 cm
      in girls. No seasonal variation in growth pattern was found. The substantially
      better growth of more privileged children in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in Africa,
      would suggest that these children were failing to realise their full genetic
      potential for growth because of adverse environmental factors.

PMID- 1807806
TI  - SLE in Zimbabwean patients: a review of clinical and serologic features and
      evaluation of criteria for classification.
AB  - The clinical and serologic features have been reviewed in a group of 18 black
      Zimbabwean patients with SLE, a rare condition in this racial group. The relative
      merits of the preliminary and revised criteria for the classification of the SLE
      have been assessed. The prevalence of individual clinical criteria was
      essentially similar in this group when compared to a larger North American
      cohort. Minor variations were attributable to racial and environmental
      differences. Serologic tests were identified. The revised criteria had greater
      sensitivity for SLE than the preliminary criteria although this was not the case
      if individual serologic items were omitted. Clinically, SLE is a uniform
      condition when our cases are compared with those in other areas. In areas where
      the technology does not exist to perform specific serologic testing, the
      preliminary criteria with their greater dependence on clinical features still
      have a useful role when compared to the revised criteria with their greater
      dependence on serologic testing.

PMID- 1807807
TI  - Pulmonary metastatic malignant tumours in Ibadan, Nigeria: 10 years autopsy
      review.
AB  - This study reports the findings of a ten year review of autopsy records at the
      University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria of patients who died of malignant
      tumour metastases to the lungs and pleurae. During the study period 1977 to 1986,
      a total of 3,549 autopsies were performed out of which 339 cases 10.5 pc died of
      malignant tumours. One hundred and thirteen of these tumours (33.3 pc)
      metastasised to the lungs and pleurae among other sites. Further analysis of
      these 113 patients showed that 49 were male and 64 females giving a male:female
      ratio of 1:1,3. In addition, the ages of the patients ranged between 9 months and
      90 years with a mean of 38.3 years. The uterus was the commonest organ from which
      pulmonary metastases occurred (28.3 pc), with choriocarcinoma being the
      predominant historical type of uterine tumour. The liver was the next most common
      organ 26.5 pc with male to female ration of 3:3,1. Twenty other organs were also
      identified, the breast, kidney and oesophagus 7 pc each; pancreas ovary and
      thyroid 3 pc each being the most important. Other organs are adrenals, foot,
      neck, cervix and rectum--2 pc each.

PMID- 1807808
TI  - Malignant melanoma--pathological findings of 628 cases.

PMID- 1807809
TI  - Experience with human bites in Zimbabwe.
AB  - We present a study of 64 patients treated for human bites at Mpilo Central
      Hospital in the two-and-a-half-year period from January 1988 to June 1990. The
      majority of patients, i.e. 35 (55 pc) were treated on an outpatient basis, where
      as the remaining 29 patients (45 pc) required in-patient treatment. There were
      more female victims, 36 (56 pc) than male victims, 28 (44 pc), during the course
      of this study. The commonest human bites involved the lower lip and the fingers
      which between them accounted for 53 pc of the cases. The assailant was a women in
      61 pc of cases, a man in 35 pc of cases and a child in the remainder.
      Altercations between husband and wife were the most likely to end up in human
      bite cases.

PMID- 1807810
TI  - Sleeping sickness and tsetse awareness: a sociological study among the Tambo and
      Lambya of the northern Luangwa Valley, Zambia.
AB  - Data on awareness of tsetse flies and knowledge of trypanosomiasis were collected
      in May, 1988, in the Luangwa Valley of Isoka District in the Northern Province of
      Zambia. One thousand and nine hundred adult males and females were interviewed.
      There was a high level of fly awareness among all the respondents, regardless of
      duration of residence and age groups. Malaria was considered as the most serious
      illness in the community, and hence overshadowed the impact of trypanosomiasis in
      the community. Disease awareness gravity cannot be attributed to individual's
      socio-economic levels.

PMID- 1807811
TI  - Sexual function in males following abdomino-perineal resection in Nigeria.
AB  - Twenty-six male patients who had abdomino-perineal resection for ano-rectal
      carcinoma between 1980 and 1988 were interviewed during their follow-up visits.
      Emphasis was on their sexual function. The age range was between 19 to 40 years
      with a mean of 27 years. Eight patients (31 pc) had complete loss of sexual
      function. Eighteen patients (69 pc) had complete or partial sexual function. 15
      patients (57 pc) had normal sexual function. Compared to what obtains in
      developed countries, cancer of the ano-rectum is relatively commoner in the young
      in our region. A good proportion of these will develop impaired sexual function
      after abdomino-perineal resection. It is important that this probable
      complication be discussed fully with the patient before the operation, since the
      loss of sexual function in a young male is a major form of morbidity in this sub
      region.

PMID- 1807812
TI  - Ocular cysticercosis: a case report and literature review.
AB  - We have described a case of cysticercosis in the vitreous chamber of the left eye
      of a 16-year-old female student. The patient had presented with marked loss of
      visual acuity of about two months duration, but there were no other clinical
      signs and no evidence of intestinal taeniasis. The initial response to
      chemotherapy with praziquantel was good, but the patient defaulted treatment and
      when seen again, there was an indication of increased inflammatory responses in
      the eye. A vitrectomy was carried out to remove the cysticercus and associated
      fibrous strands. When last seen, the patient was well with improvement of vision.

PMID- 1807813
TI  - Epilepsy.

PMID- 1807814
TI  - A demand in the United States and in Britain that all health staff should be HIV
      negative or that if they are HIV positive they should inform their patients.

PMID- 1807815
TI  - Relation of giant cell arteritis to polymyalgia rheumatica.
AB  - Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis appear to be separate syndromes
      rather than two manifestations of an underlying giant cell arteritis. Polymyalgia
      rheumatica is a synovitis that may be persistent or recurrent, while temporal
      arteritis is almost always a single episode; documented recurrences are rare. The
      two syndromes frequently occur in the same patient although not necessarily at
      the same time and they may be separated by a long interval. In some patients with
      polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis is found on biopsy of an
      asymptomatic temporal artery. The frequency of this concurrence is variable in
      different populations. It is high in Scandinavia, low in Israel and intermediate
      between these extremes in other populations that have been studied.

PMID- 1807816
TI  - Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 1807817
TI  - Surgical pathology of cranial arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
AB  - In both clinical and histological terms cranial arteritis is one of the most
      distinctive of all vascular disorders. The dense granulomatous inflammatory
      infiltrates which characterize the acute stages of the disease resemble those of
      Takayasu's arteritis or granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system, but
      the clinicopathological features in patients with positive temporal artery
      biopsies are diagnostic. Well over a third of patients with classical signs and
      symptoms of cranial arteritis have negative temporal artery biopsies, and focal
      involvement of arteries of the head and neck is the probable explanation for
      this. Pathologists should be aware of the wide spectrum of histological changes
      that occur in muscular arteries as part of normal ageing and must not interpret
      these as evidence of healed arteritis. The histological changes of healed
      arteritis include medial chronic inflammation with ingrowth of new blood vessels,
      focal medial scarring and a bizarre pattern of intimal fibrosis. Although
      ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have provided some insight into
      the underlying pathological changes, they have not contributed directly to the
      diagnosis of cranial arteritis. Between 15 and 55% of patients with polymyalgia
      rheumatica have positive temporal artery biopsies, but apart from an elevated ESR
      there are no other laboratory investigations or biopsy procedures that contribute
      to diagnosis.

PMID- 1807818
TI  - Immunological studies in giant cell arteritis.
AB  - The results of investigations on the humoral immunological mechanisms are
      conflicting in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and have not been able to explain the
      pathological findings in the inflamed arterial wall. Altogether, immunological
      studies suggest that a cell-mediated immune reaction, possibly against an
      autologous antigen, occurs locally in the arteritic lesions of GCA. The excellent
      effect of treatment with glucocorticosteroids on the inflammation in GCA can also
      be explained by this model. The glucocorticosteroids inhibit the synthesis of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) by the macrophages and suppress the IL-2 production from the
      T cells (Palacios, 1982). The observed HLA-DR expression in the arterial wall can
      be accounted for by the sum of macrophages and activated T cells, the macrophages
      being the most probable antigen-presenting cells. The interdigitating reticulum
      cells observed in some of the GCA patients may also be involved in antigen
      presentation. What the antigen(s) may be is, however, still unknown, as are the
      factors initiating the inflammatory process. It has recently been possible to
      extract T lymphocytes from the inflamed tissue and to culture these cells in
      vitro. After culture, it is possible to study the gene for the T-cell receptor,
      and probably even the antigenic specificity of the T cells. I hope that this
      approach may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in GCA.

PMID- 1807819
TI  - Clinical features of giant cell arteritis.
AB  - The clinical features of GCA can be classified into: (1) the systemic
      manifestations of malaise, weight loss, fever, night sweats and depression; (2)
      the proximal muscle pain and stiffness of polymyalgia rheumatica; (3) arteritic
      manifestations of pain or tenderness due to local inflammation; and (4) arteritic
      manifestations of ischaemia due to narrowing or occlusion of vessels. These may
      occur singly or in any combination and may come and go with the passage of time.
      Thus GCA can result in many different clinical signs and symptoms. The feared
      ocular and cerebrovascular complications of the condition can be prevented by the
      early institution of corticosteroid treatment. Early diagnosis is therefore
      vital. This is a simple matter when GCA presents in the classical textbook
      manner, but in atypical cases diagnosis can be exceedingly difficult. The absence
      of a reliable way of excluding the disease means that diagnosis is often a
      clinical exercise. A sound knowledge of the many and varied clinical
      manifestations of GCA is therefore required if the physician is going to prevent
      the ocular and cerebrovascular complications of GCA by early diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 1807820
TI  - Ophthalmic features of giant cell arteritis.
AB  - Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an ophthalmic emergency because, if undetected or
      managed inadequately, there is a high risk of developing a painless, permanent
      blindness in one or both eyes; however, if it is quickly identified and treated
      urgently and aggressively, blindness is almost entirely preventable. The ocular
      manifestations of GCA are essentially ischaemic in nature, with blindness as the
      most dreaded complication. Blindness is usually due to anterior ischaemic optic
      neuropathy (AION) and occasionally to other causes, e.g. posterior ischaemic
      optic neuropathy or central retinal or cilioretinal artery occlusion, although
      extremely rarely it may be cortical in origin. Diplopia and other types of
      ophthalmoplegias are seen in some cases but are usually transient in nature.
      Ischaemic lesions of the anterior segment of the eye are also seen in a few
      cases. Diagnosis of arteritic AION is discussed at length. Finally, management of
      GCA from the point of view of visual loss is discussed in detail.

PMID- 1807821
TI  - Complications of giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 1807822
TI  - Laboratory investigations including liver in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell
      arteritis.
AB  - The most useful investigation in supporting the clinical diagnosis of PMR/GCA is
      elevation of the ESR or viscosity. Acute phase proteins, particularly C-reactive
      protein, are also elevated but in most cases are not more helpful than the ESR in
      either diagnosis or follow-up. The definitive investigation is the demonstration
      of giant cell arteritis histologically, usually from temporal artery biopsy. The
      classical changes are internal elastic lamina fragmentation and destruction, with
      marked intimal thickening and an inflammatory infiltrate in the vessel wall with
      giant cells. Changes of healed arteritis can be distinguished from ageing changes
      and can therefore confirm the diagnosis. Positive biopsies are found in about 70%
      of patients with clinical GCA but are unlikely to be helpful in pure PMR.
      Elevation of alkaline phosphatase of liver origin is seen in one-third to half of
      patients with both PMR and GCA. Abnormal tracer uptake has been reported in
      radionuclide scans with a variety of non-specific abnormalities on liver biopsy.
      Promising developments include measurement of CD8+ lymphocytes and interleukins.

PMID- 1807823
TI  - Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis.
AB  - Corticosteroids control arteritis in GCA and suppress polymyalgic symptoms within
      days of starting treatment. PMR patients can be treated with approximately 15 mg
      prednisolone/day, reducing the dose to 7.5-10 mg by 8 weeks. GCA is normally
      controlled on 40 mg prednisolone/day, although patients with persistent visual
      symptoms may need 60-80 mg. Slow reduction to about 20 mg by 8 weeks should
      minimize relapses. For both PMR and GCA a maintenance dose of 7.5 mg after 6-9
      months should be enough. Steroid withdrawal is possible within 2 years of
      starting treatment, although some will need 4 years or more. Relapse should be
      defined clinically; the ESR is the most useful laboratory parameter. Steroid side
      effects can be minimized by using low doses of prednisolone whenever possible and
      azathioprine may be used as a steroid-sparing agent.

PMID- 1807824
TI  - Prognosis of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.
AB  - Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are amongst the most satisfying
      conditions for clinicians to diagnose and treat because the unpleasant effects
      and serious consequences of these conditions can be almost entirely prevented by
      corticosteroid treatment; the fact that the side-effects of this treatment
      sometimes seem to be more serious than the complications of the disease is an
      indication of its effectiveness. Unfortunately, there is no objective way of
      determining the prognosis in the individual, and decisions concerning duration of
      treatment remain empirical.

PMID- 1807825
TI  - Codon usage is imposed by the gene location in the transcription unit.
AB  - A characteristic profile of the fluctuations of codon usage is observed in
      bacteriophages and mitochondria. By following the DNA in the direction of
      transcription, one moves slowly from a region where selective pressure favours
      codons ending with C to a region where the bias is in favour of codons ending
      with T; then, abruptly, one again enters a region of codons ending in C. The
      transcription end point takes place in the area of abrupt change in codon usage.
      By comparing Drosophila yakuba and mouse mitochondrial genomes, it is possible to
      show that the strategy of codon usage for a given gene depends on its location
      along the transcription unit and not on the encoded protein. The choice of codons
      ending in T or C allows large scale variations of DNA stability which could
      regulate the speed of propagation of the RNA polymerase.

PMID- 1807826
TI  - Isolation and primary structure of the ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      encoding squalene synthetase.
AB  - The ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by complementation of
      the erg9-1 mutation which affects squalene synthetase. From the 5 kb insert
      isolated, the functional gene has been localized on a DNA fragment of 2.5 kb. The
      presence of squalene synthetase activity in E. coli bearing the yeast DNA
      fragment isolated, indicates that the structural gene encoding squalene
      synthetase has been cloned. The sequence of the 2.5 kb fragment contains an open
      reading frame which could encode a protein of 444 amino acids with a deduced
      relative molecular mass of 51,600. The amino acid sequence reveals one to four
      potential transmembrane domains with a hydrophobic segment in the C-terminal
      region. The N-terminus of the deduced protein strongly resembles the signal
      sequence of yeast invertase suggesting a specific mechanism of integration into
      the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 1807827
TI  - PDC6, a weakly expressed pyruvate decarboxylase gene from yeast, is activated
      when fused spontaneously under the control of the PDC1 promoter.
AB  - Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation
      where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of
      PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1 delta
      pdc5 delta double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose
      medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated
      which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity
      due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the
      control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain.
      However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for
      PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains
      carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1
      wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1
      locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains
      and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in
      PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion
      protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild
      type PDC1 gene.

PMID- 1807828
TI  - The mating type in fission yeast is switched independently of its expression.
AB  - The mating type of fission yeast is determined by the mat1 locus on chromosome
      II. The sequence content of this locus, and hence the mating type, is switched in
      a strictly regular pattern by transposition from one of two unexpressed mating
      type sequences. The expressed and the two silent sequences are located on the
      same chromosome. It is not understood how one of the two donor sequences is
      selected in this reaction. Here I test the possibility that the selection is
      governed by gene expression from the mat1 locus. Such a mechanism could favor
      transposition of a donor sequence of opposite mating type to the one present at
      mat1. Alternatively it could disfavor transposition of a synonymous sequence. The
      present data argue strongly against any type of participation of mat1 gene
      products in the choice of donor during the mating type switch. Alternative
      steering mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 1807829
TI  - Altered expression of the steroid bioconverting pathway in pAN 7-1 transformants
      of Cochliobolus lunatus.
AB  - The filamentous fungus C. lunatus converts progesterone mainly to its 11 beta
      hydroxy derivative. C. lunatus transformed with the plasmid pAN 7-1, which
      contains the E. coli hph gene expressed under the control of the A. nidulans gpd
      and trpC expression signals, lacks this activity, but exhibits acetyl side chain
      degradation of progesterone through the reaction scheme progesterone----20 beta
      hydroxy-progesterone----delta 4-androstene-3,17-dione---- testolactone +
      testosterone. The main part of this metabolic pathway is not expressed in the non
      transformed strain. It was determined that the site-specific integration of the
      plasmid into the genome directly influences the expression of genes involved in
      the bioconversion of steroids.

PMID- 1807830
TI  - Differentiation of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae races 1 and 2 by random
      amplification of polymorphic DNA.
AB  - We have used a PCR-based technique, involving the random amplification of
      polymorphic DNA (RAPD), to assess genome variability between 21 isolates from F.
      solani f. sp. cucurbitae races 1 and 2. Based on RAPD marker patterns the
      isolates fell into two distinct groups corresponding to mating populations MPI
      and MPV. Four isolates that could not be assigned to one or other mating
      population by traditional means were distinguished by RAPD patterns. Seven
      polymorphic RAPD products were used to probe Southern blots of MPI and MPV
      genomic DNA. Six of the seven probes hybridized to single-copy sequences and five
      of the seven probes showed specificity for one or other mating population. We
      suggest that not only is the technique a rapid and reliable tool for isolate
      typing of fungi but it also provides a rapid method for obtaining species- or
      race-specific hybridization probes.

PMID- 1807831
TI  - The ADP/ATP translocator from potato has a long amino-terminal extension.
AB  - The ADP/ATP translocator is an abundant protein of the mitochondrial inner
      membrane, which in fungi and mammals is synthesized without a presequence. Here
      we report that the translocator from potato has an amino-terminal extension which
      may function in mitochondrial targeting. Several cDNA clones encoding the
      nucleotide sequence of the ADP/ATP translocator have been isolated from potato
      leaf and tuber cDNA libraries constructed in lambda phages. Only one class of
      cDNA clones was found but possibly different translocator genes are expressed in
      other tissues. High levels of transcripts for the translocator are found in all
      tissues analysed. Sequence determination of the complete insert of one of the
      clones reveals a long open reading frame of 1158 bp encoding a protein of 386
      amino acids corresponding to a calculated molecular weight of 42 kDa. In
      contrast, the ADP/ATP translocator proteins from fungi and mammals are
      significantly smaller. Comparison of the Neurospora translocator with the potato
      protein shows about 75% sequence homology, being confined to the region after
      amino acid 85 of the potato polypeptide. Antibodies directed against the fungal
      translocator recognize a protein of 30 kDa in the inner membrane of potato
      mitochondria, suggesting that the mature protein has a similar size as the
      translocators from fungi and mammals. Thus, the additional segment of the potato
      ADP/ATP translocator forms an amino-terminal extension which may be involved in
      the import of the protein into plant mitochondria.

PMID- 1807832
TI  - Evolutionarily recent transfer of a group I mitochondrial intron to telomere
      regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The junctions between X and Y' subtelomeric repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      usually contain a stretch of telomere sequences, (G1-3T)n. Two of three cloned X
      Y' junctions from strain YP1 have a replacement of about 200 bp of X, the
      internal telomere sequence, and 49 bp of Y' by a 292 bp sequence. The first 227
      bp of this insertion sequence are 100% identical to the fourth intron of
      cytochrome b. The rest of the insertion has homology to an unknown dispersed
      nuclear sequence. Recombination among subtelomeric regions can explain the
      nuclear distribution of this sequence and why telomeres can trap and maintain
      sequences that would otherwise be lost.

PMID- 1807833
TI  - A mitochondrial intron sequence in the 5'-flanking region of a plant nuclear
      lectin gene.
AB  - A sequence fragment from the cis-splicing intron between exons a and b of the
      NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (nad5) in plant mitochondria is also present in
      one of two closely related nuclear-encoded lectin genes of Dolichos biflorus.
      This sequence of 116 nucleotides is the major difference in the 5'-flanking
      region of two recently described lectin genes (Harada et al. 1990). The stem and
      leaf lectin DB58 does not contain the insert, while the otherwise more than 90%
      identical 5'-flanking region of the seed lectin is interrupted by this
      mitochondrial intron sequence.

PMID- 1807834
TI  - Plastid genomes of the Rhodophyta and Chromophyta constitute a distinct lineage
      which differs from that of the Chlorophyta and have a composite phylogenetic
      origin, perhaps like that of the Euglenophyta.
AB  - A phylogenetic tree has been constructed from comparisons of entire 16S rRNA gene
      sequences from different prokaryotes and from several algal plastids. According
      to this study, and to previous work on the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
      oxygenase (Rubisco) large and small subunit genes, we postulate that: (1)
      rhodophyte and chromophyte plastid genomes have a common, composite phylogenetic
      origin which implies at least two different ancestors, a cyanobacterial and a
      beta-proteobacterial ancestor; (2) chlorophyte (green algae and land plants)
      plastids have a cyanobacterial ancestor which probably differs from that of
      rhodophyte and chromophyte plastids, and in any case constitute a different
      lineage; (3) euglenophyte plastid genomes also seem to have a composite
      phylogenetic origin which involves two different lineages.

PMID- 1807835
TI  - Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the gene cluster trnQ-zfpA-psaI-ORF231
      petA in pea chloroplasts.
AB  - A 5.1 kb segment of pea chloroplast DNA containing the upstream region of petA
      was sequenced. RNAs produced from this DNA were characterized. This region
      encodes putative genes for psbK, trnQ, zfpA, psaI, ORF231, and petA. These genes
      are all on the same reading strand except for psbK. The gene organization is
      somewhat different from that of tobacco, rice, and liverwort, which lack the psbK
      trnQ genes in this region and contain ORF184/185. Northern blot and primer
      extension analysis show that the pea transcript covers the zfpA-psaI-ORF231-petA
      gene cluster and trnQ. These results indicated that the psbK-trnQ genes have been
      rearranged and a new transcription unit was formed.

PMID- 1807836
TI  - A novel method for in situ screening of yeast colonies with the beta
      glucuronidase reporter gene.
AB  - Expression of the beta-galactosidase gene in yeast has served as a screening
      marker for many purposes. Here it is shown that in two yeasts, Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene can
      be used as an alternative marker. Since the histochemical substrate can not be
      taken up by yeast cells, direct colony screening of plates was found to be
      impossible. However, by a replica plating technique, GUS expression became
      visibly detectable within 10 min when the GUS gene was strongly expressed. The
      staining method could still be performed for expression at a 100-fold lower
      level, but incubation times of several hours were needed. Furthermore, specific
      GUS expression levels of yeast protein extracts could be quantified by a
      fluorometric assay which is both very simple to perform and highly sensitive.
      Since the GUS gene can also tolerate large N-terminal fusions, this method should
      be particularly attractive for studying such diverse problems as transcriptional
      and translational regulation or subcellular localization in yeast.

PMID- 1807837
TI  - Tobacco companies to be allowed to increase the numbers of our citizens maimed
      and killed by smoking, 2.

PMID- 1807838
TI  - Health and economics. 2.

PMID- 1807839
TI  - The toxicology of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) flour.

PMID- 1807840
TI  - The impact of anaesthesiology on the progress of surgery and medicine.

PMID- 1807841
TI  - Non-epithelial neoplasms of the stomach.
AB  - Non-epithelial neoplasms of the stomach are rare in all countries, in contrast to
      neoplasms of epithelial origin. They can be either benign or malignant. The
      distinction between these two groups is based entirely on histopathology. This
      paper reports a series of 27 patients managed during the period June 1978 to
      March 1991.

PMID- 1807842
TI  - Insensible water loss in resting adults in Kandy, Sri Lanka.
AB  - Sixty three adults (44 men) were observed over a 4 hour period in Kandy to
      measure insensible water loss. Six adult men were similarly studied over 24
      hours. The average loss per day, computed from the 4 hour studies was 1,333 ml
      for men and 1,230 ml for women. The 24 hour study showed an average loss of 1,423
      ml. A reasonable working estimate for insensible water loss for resting adults in
      Kandy would be about 1,000 to 1,200 ml per day. However, when renal excretion of
      water is impaired, it is safer to err on the side of mild dehydration than to
      attempt complete hydration.

PMID- 1807843
TI  - Myasthenia gravis in Sri Lanka.
AB  - The clinical features and therapeutic aspects of 94 patients with myasthenia
      gravis seen in the Neurology Institute, General Hospital Colombo, over an eight
      year period are analysed. The manifestations were similar to that described in
      the West, but there was a preponderance of male patients, and the ocular
      myasthenics showed a better response to anticholinesterase medication than
      described in the world literature. The response to treatment with
      anticholinesterases, steroids, plasma exchange and thymectomy are assessed.

PMID- 1807844
TI  - Changing antibiotic sensitivity patterns in shigellosis.
AB  - Over five and a half months stool cultures were performed in 154 patients
      admitted with suspected bacillary dysentery to the Professorial Paediatric Unit
      of the Teaching Hospital, Galle. Thirty one patients had a positive stool
      culture; Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated in 23 patients, and S flexneri
      in 8. In both groups the antibiotic sensitivity pattern was uniform, the only
      difference being S dysenteriae type 1 being resistant to nalidixic acid while S
      flexneri was sensitive. This antibiotic sensitivity pattern was different to that
      reported from Colombo during the same period. Complications were observed in some
      patients with S flexneri infection.

PMID- 1807845
TI  - Comparative efficacy of single dose anthelmintics in relation to intensity of
      geohelminth infections.
AB  - The efficacy of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg, levamisole 2.5 mg/kg,
      mebendazole 500 mg, mebendazole 200 mg and pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg was
      evaluated in relation to the intensity of infection of Ascaris lumbricoides,
      Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura. The study group comprised 667 3 to 12
      year old children from poorer segments of the community. All 5 treatments
      produced high egg reduction rates ranging from 95.9% to 99.7% and substantial
      cure rates for Ascaris infection; the differences observed in the 5 treatment
      groups were not significant (p greater than 0.05). Although all treatment groups
      were effective against Necator, the number of patients was too small to draw
      useful conclusions. In Trichuris infections, although higher cure rates were
      obtained in light compared to heavy infections, the results were uniformly poor
      in all treatment groups. The few side effects encountered were mild and did not
      require any intervention.

PMID- 1807846
TI  - Chronic pain syndrome should be recognized as a separate clinical entity.
AB  - Chronic pain is a relatively new concept in our understanding of pain. It is
      rarely recognised or diagnosed as a separate clinical entity in Sri Lanka. Thus
      the extent of this problem is not known. The case histories of two patients with
      the chronic pain syndrome are presented, with a brief review of the theoretical
      aspects of chronic pain. Trends in the management of chronic pain are summarized.
      Unfortunately, organized treatment programmes for chronic pain are unavailable in
      Sri Lanka.

PMID- 1807847
TI  - [Results of a systematic search for Plasmodium in internal medicine in Gabon].
AB  - Among 158 adults hospitalized at the University Hospital of Libreville who did
      not receive any treatment against malaria before blood screening, 20 were
      carriers of malaria parasites. Plasmodium falciparum was seen in 19 cases with a
      parasitic density lower than 1,000 trophozoits/mm3 of blood in 18 cases. The most
      important prevalence was observed into the group of older people. In most cases
      symptoms related to malaria did not occur during the hospitalization. We conclude
      that, in such patients, a parasitic density lower than 1,000 trophozoits/mm3 is
      not sufficient to assess the diagnosis of malaria and does not deserve systematic
      treatment.

PMID- 1807848
TI  - [Biological diagnosis of malaria: dangers of the automated blood differential
      count].
AB  - Automated differential counting systems deprive laboratories of blood smear study
      and so malaria risks not to be diagnosed if plasmodium search is not prescribed
      by the physician. Some abnormalities (atypical lymphocytes called LUC and
      thrombopenia) can induce a blood smear. But a study of 96 patients shows that,
      during the first analysis, these abnormalities can miss for nearly a third of
      one's case. So it is very important to prescribe malaria search on blood smears
      when there is the least clinical symptom.

PMID- 1807849
TI  - [Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Major MON-26 in the region of
      Damascus (Syria)].
AB  - In response to an epidemic of oriental sore around Damascus, an ecological and
      epidemiological survey was carried out in the village of Dmeir, 40 km NE of
      Damascus. Parasites isolated from six cases from Dmeir, and two other cases from
      Syria were identified as Leishmania major, zymodeme MON-26. This zymodeme is
      known as the agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis from the Sub-Saharian
      Sahel to the Near and Middle East. This is the first report of L. major in Syria.
      In a group of 234 school children aged 5-11 years, the leishmanin skin test was
      positive in 37%, indicating a high transmission rate. The epidemic seems to be
      the result of agricultural and industrial development projects in the area:
      numbers of both the gerbil reservoir host and sandfly vector appear to be
      increased by the land improvement.

PMID- 1807850
TI  - [Hemolytic anemia associated with minor salmonellosis in an HIV positive, G6PD
      deficient Congolese woman].
AB  - Haemolytic anaemia in G6PD-deficient patients with thyphoid fever is well known,
      but there is only one case-report associated with non-typhic salmonella fever. We
      report here a case observed in a black african young woman whose HIV infection
      has been discovered on this occasion. Because of the high prevalence of HIV
      infection, salmonellosis and G6PD deficiency in sub-saharian Africa, an
      increasing number of such haemolytic anaemias should be expected in this
      geographic area.

PMID- 1807852
TI  - [Visceral leishmaniasis caused by a dermotropic strain of Leishmania infantum in
      an AIDS patient].
AB  - A case of fatal visceral leishmaniasis due to a dermotropic strain of Leishmania
      infantum (Zymodeme MON-24) is related in an AIDS patient in spite of a specific
      treatment.

PMID- 1807851
TI  - [A case report: septicemia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient
      infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Burundi].
AB  - The authors report a case of septicaemia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in one
      AIDS patient. This case arouse the interest of the clinicians for a systematic
      study on blood dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in all patients with
      HIV infections prolonged fever of unknown origin.

PMID- 1807853
TI  - [Utilization of health statistics in peripheral structures in developing
      countries].
AB  - Health information in developing countries serves mostly to diseases notification
      and activity registration, but rarely is it used for analyzing the health status
      of populations or the results of health intervention. Moreover, it is stored at a
      national level, mainly to fill monthly or yearly reports, and very seldom at a
      peripheral level where it would be probably more helpful. On the basis of
      experiences realized in Senegal and Nepal, we try to answer the two following
      questions: how to make health statistics utilizable, i.e. which criteria of
      relevance and quality recommend and how to utilize them concretely where they are
      produced, taking into account their well known limits?

PMID- 1807854
TI  - [Impact of utilization of permethrin impregnated curtains on malaria in a rural
      zone of high transmission in Burkina Faso].
AB  - The efficacy of permethrin impregnated curtains as a malaria control measure was
      evaluated in a rice field area nearby Ouagadougou (BF). Two groups of children
      aged 1-5 years matched for age, sex and malaria exposure, were followed through
      the rainy season of 1987 for illness and febrile episodes. One group of 118
      children lived in houses protected with impregnated curtains, the other in houses
      without curtains. All children were examined for parasitaemia spleen index packed
      cell volume (PCV) and antisporozoites antibodies at the beginning and the end of
      the rainy season. During rainy season no difference could be found in the number
      of clinical episode between the two groups. A reduction in the prevalence of
      splenomegaly and parasitaemia and an increase in the PCV was observed during the
      dry season.

PMID- 1807855
TI  - [Survey during 4 years of the infestation level of the tick Ixodes ricinus (acari
      Ixodidae) by Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in 2 forests in
      Brittany].
AB  - The authors followed, during 4 years consecutively, from 1987 to 1990, by
      immunofluorescence, the frequency of B. burgdorferi in an amount of 677 nymphs of
      I. ricinus tick, collected fasting by flagging in 2 forests in Brittany (France).
      Percentages obtained in each of these forests do not reveal significative
      differencies statistically and seem to show a relative stability, from one year
      to the following, during the considered period, of the infestation levels in
      ticks.

PMID- 1807856
TI  - Differential effects of unsaturated fatty acids on modulation of endotoxin
      induced tissue factor activation in cultured human leukemia U937 cells.
AB  - We examined the direct effects of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (18:1 n-9),
      linoleic (18:2 n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3)
      on tissue factor (TF) activity in the human leukemia monocytic U937 cell line.
      After exposing cells to fatty acids for 16 h, there were no significant effects
      on either TF activity or its activation induced by bacterial endotoxin (LPS).
      When the cells were primed with fatty acids for 24 h, 48 h or 72 h, the TF
      activity remained essentially unchanged. However, the extent of TF-activation
      induced by LPS depended on the length of priming, and the dose and the degree of
      unsaturation of the fatty acids to which cells were exposed. After a 72-h
      priming, 18:1 produced 40-60 per cent elevation in LPS-challenge. In contrast,
      approximately 20-50 per cent reduction in LPS-challenge was achieved by 18:2,
      20:5 and 22:6 at high concentrations. The results suggest that chronic exposure
      of U937 cells to unsaturated fatty acids leads to modulation of the TF-activation
      in response to LPS.

PMID- 1807857
TI  - Relation between hyaluronan and sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesis and
      degradation in cultured embryonic fibroblasts. Effect of concanavalin A and
      ammonium chloride administration.
AB  - In order to evaluate the relationship between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis
      and degradation, the effect of NH4Cl, which inhibits lysosomal degradation, on
      GAG production was analysed in vitro in concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated
      fibroblasts from 7 and 14-day-old chick embryos. 35SO4 incorporation into total
      proteoglycan (PG), 3H incorporation into individual GAG classes, beta-N-acetyl-D
      glucosaminidase and beta-D-glucuronidase activity were determined. The results
      indicate a correlation between Con A and NH4Cl effects: NH4Cl induced a reduction
      principally in the GAG classes most stimulated by Con A. Thus HA and DS are much
      more stimulated by Con A and inhibited by NH4Cl than are CS and HS.

PMID- 1807858
TI  - Phorbol myristate acetate inhibits phosphoinositol lipid-specific phospholipase C
      activity via protein kinase C activation in conditions inducing differentiation
      in HL-60 cells.
AB  - We have studied, in streptolysin O-permeabilized HL-60 cells and in HL-60
      membrane preparations, the effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on
      polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) activity and on terminal
      differentiation towards macrophagic-like cells. We showed that terminal
      differentiation was induced when differentiating concentrations of the drug were
      present for only 1-2 h in the culture medium. Conditions inducing differentiation
      also inhibited PLC activity for a long lasting period (at least 5 h). When
      terminal differentiation affected only part of the cell population, inhibition of
      phospholipase C activity was found to be less marked and reversible over the
      period studied. Moreover in experiments done in an HL-60 clone resistant to PMA,
      no inhibition of PLC activity was provoked by this tumour promotor. In order to
      study the involvement of protein kinase C in this process, we measured
      modifications of PLC activity by PMA in the presence of two different protein
      kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and H-7. They both prevented the inhibition of
      PLC activity by PMA indicating that this inhibition is likely to be related to
      the effect of PMA on protein kinase C activity. This was also confirmed by the
      fact that active protein kinase C, by itself, was able to decrease PLC activity
      when added to membrane preparations or to streptolysin O-permeabilized control HL
      60 cells. These results indicate that PMA acts in inhibiting phospholipase C
      activity through its effect on protein kinase C activation and/or on protein
      kinase C translocation to the plasma membrane and that terminal differentiation,
      might be related to changes in both protein kinase C and PLC activities.

PMID- 1807859
TI  - Inhibitory action of melatonin and structurally related compounds on testosterone
      production by mouse Leydig cells in vitro.
AB  - The possible effect of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, 6
      chloromelatonin and 2-iodomelatonin on testosterone production by Leydig cells in
      vitro was investigated. The ability of individual indoles to inhibit testosterone
      production was found to depend on the concentration used. The relative inhibitory
      potency of the compounds tested was: 6-chloromelatonin greater than 2
      iodomelatonin greater than melatonin greater than 5-methoxytryptamine greater
      than 5-methoxytryptophol. The results revealed that natural indoles which are
      synthesized in the pineal gland and their halogenized derivatives are capable of
      influencing directly testosterone production by Leydig cells. Also, these results
      demonstrated that melatonin exerts its remarkable antigonadotrophic effects, at
      least in part, through the direct decrease of testosterone production. Moreover,
      6-chloromelatonin and 2-iodomelatonin, which are reported to inhibit melatonin
      binding to target tissues, possess properties of biological melatonin analogues
      under the conditions of the model system used.

PMID- 1807860
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Division. IFCC
      recommendation--recommendation on sampling, transport and storage for the
      determination of concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and
      serum.

PMID- 1807861
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Division:
      Committee on Analytical Systems. Guidelines (1990) for selection of safe
      laboratory centrifuges and for their safe use with general purpose appendices
      concerning centrifuge nomenclature, quantities and units, and calculation of
      centrifugal acceleration.

PMID- 1807862
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry IFCC. IFCC recommendation--theory
      of reference values. Part 4. Control of analytical variation in the production,
      transfer and application of reverence values.

PMID- 1807863
TI  - Quantitation of urobilinogen in feces, urine, bile and serum by direct
      spectrophotometry of zinc complex.
AB  - Previous methods to quantitate urobilinogen lack precision due to either
      incomplete reduction of urobilin or to losses of pigment before the use of
      Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction or due to pigment precipitation, as occurs in
      Schlesinger's fluorescent assay. The present procedure modifies the latter assay
      to obviate described problems as it is based on direct spectrophotometry (or
      spectrofluorometry) of a zinc complex of urobilin in dimethylsulfoxide. The
      sample is extracted with dimethylsulfoxide to increase recovery of urobilinogen
      from samples of various origin (feces, urine, bile, serum etc.) and to prevent
      the precipitation of proteins. After oxidation of urobilinogen with iodine, the
      concentration of the resulting urobilin is directly determined from the
      absorption (or fluorescent) spectrum. High sensitivity and high specificity for
      the procedure result from the high value of absorption coefficient and by the
      characteristic absorption spectrum of zinc complex of urobilin, respectively.
      Within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation of stool and bile samples
      range from 1.6 to 9.2%. The smallest concentration of urobilinogen measurable by
      spectrophotometry is approximately 0.5 mumol/l, by fluorometry it is 0.25
      mumol/l. The recovery varies from 82.2 to 93.8% depending on re-extraction of the
      sample. The method is linear in the range of 1 to 35 mumol/l and of 0.5 to 17.5
      mumol/l for spectrophotometric and fluorescent determinations, respectively. The
      results obtained with the present method correlated well with Ehrlich's
      determination (r2 = 0.912), but are approximately two-fold higher. Storage of the
      samples at -20 degrees C or extraction with dimethylsulfoxide prior to storage
      are good ways for sample preservation. Twenty stool samples from healthy adults
      were determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807864
TI  - Carbon monoxide production from L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; a method for
      assessing the oxidant/antioxidant properties of drugs.

PMID- 1807865
TI  - Investigation and validation of the affinity chromatography method for measuring
      glycated albumin in serum and urine.
AB  - Affinity chromatography on m-aminophenyl boronate columns together with albumin
      measurement by radioimmunoassay has been validated as a method for determining
      glycated albumin in serum and urine. Optimisation of sample volume and of elution
      buffer composition and volume ensured reproducibility of results. Fructosamine
      assay confirmed the absence of glycated albumin species from the non-glycated
      fraction. It was possible to elute the glycated fraction from the affinity
      columns with Tris or glycine which do not contain 1,2 diols but have similar
      functional groups. Column affinity was, therefore, not specific for glycated
      protein moieties. Inhibition of binding by glucose, and other small molecules in
      urine, necessitated ultrafiltration or dialysis of samples before analysis.
      Reference ranges for glycated albumin in non-diabetic subjects were 0.6-1.8% in
      serum and 0.9-2.6% in urine. In patients with diabetes mellitus, glycated albumin
      ranged from 1.4-10.9% in serum and from 1.5-12.5% in urine.

PMID- 1807866
TI  - Plasma lactoferrin levels after bone marrow transplantation monitored by a two
      site enzyme immunoassay.

PMID- 1807867
TI  - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum of patients with preeclampsia/eclampsia
      complicated by the HELLP syndrome.

PMID- 1807868
TI  - A competitive radioimmunoassay for peptidoglycan monomer.
AB  - The preparation and characterization of the essential components to be used in
      the radioimmunoassay of peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) is described. In order to
      raise the anti-peptidoglycan monomer antibodies 14C-labelled peptidoglycan
      monomer-bovine serum albumin conjugate was prepared by the coupling of 14C
      peptidoglycan monomer to bovine serum albumin in the presence of glutaraldehyde
      in 0.1 M NaHCO3 at pH 8.3. The prepared conjugate elicited anti-PGM response in
      rabbits. A synthetic analog of peptidoglycan monomer, Boc-L-tyrosyl-peptidoglycan
      monomer was prepared by condensation of unprotected peptidoglycan monomer and N
      hydroxysuccinimidester of Boc-L-tyrosine in the presence of triethylamine and the
      obtained disaccharide-hexapeptide was labelled with Na125I. This compound
      exhibited the ability of binding to anti-peptidoglycan monomer antibodies. The
      prepared compounds, namely anti-PGM antibodies and 125I-labelled Boc-L-tyrosyl
      peptidoglycan monomer, were used as essential components in competitive
      radioimmunoassay for peptidoglycan monomer determination in mammalian and human
      sera and plasma, respectively.

PMID- 1807869
TI  - In thiamine deficiency, activation of erythrocyte transketolase by thiamine in
      vivo exceeds activation by cofactor in vitro.
AB  - In 60 thiamine deficient patients, the mean erythrocyte transketolase activity
      after activation by thiamine diphosphate cofactor in vitro, representing the
      apparent sum of holoenzyme and apoenzyme activities, was 0.609 (SD 0.166) U/g Hb
      before thiamine therapy and rose to 0.772 (SD 0.152) U/g Hb immediately after the
      administration of thiamine to the patients. The difference between these values,
      0.163 (SD 0.130) U/g, is the mean activity of transketolase protein which can be
      activated by thiamine in vivo but not by thiamine diphosphate in vitro. This
      difference correlated with low initial erythrocyte transketolase activity in
      these patients, but not with their alcohol intake, liver function or diagnoses.

PMID- 1807870
TI  - Microheterogeneity of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in healthy elderly subjects:
      patterns obtained by crossed affino-immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Total serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration and concanavalin A
      dependent microheterogeneity were studied in 31 healthy elderly subjects (18 men,
      13 women, 71 to 76 yr old). Crossed affino-immunoelectrophoresis (CAIE) revealed
      three microheterogeneity variants of AGP: non-reactive, weakly reactive and
      strongly reactive with ConA. Two patterns were found in both elderly men and
      women, i.e. a normal pattern and one with an increase in the non-reactive form.
      Mean serum AGP levels in the elderly subjects with slightly higher than in a
      reference group of younger subjects. The Con A non-reactive form of AGP was
      increased in 42% of the elderly population. An increase in the non-reactive form
      of AGP in CAIE should be considered as general expression of chronic inflammation
      which is of no clinical relevance.

PMID- 1807872
TI  - Comparison of sampling systems for the collection of 14CO2 in 14C breath tests.

PMID- 1807871
TI  - Serum F-protein concentration following halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia.
AB  - We have investigated the prevalence of hepatic injury following uncomplicated
      anaesthesia using a sensitive and specific marker of hepatic damage, the serum F
      protein concentration. The median variation in serum F-protein in fit adults over
      six days is 16 ng/ml, minimum 0 ng/ml, maximum 36 ng/ml. A significant rise in
      serum F-protein was demonstrated six days following anaesthesia and surgery, but
      not earlier after 3 or 24 h. There was no significant difference between patients
      who received halothane (n = 12) or isoflurane (n = 13). These changes were not
      related to duration of anaesthesia, quantity of delivered volatile agent or mode
      of ventilation. Hepatocellular damage may occur following anaesthesia for minor
      surgery.

PMID- 1807873
TI  - Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma lipoproteins of healthy men
      and women.

PMID- 1807874
TI  - A planar second-order DC SQUID gradiometer.
AB  - In this work we describe a DC SQUID gradiometer, sensitive to the second spatial
      derivative of the magnetic field. The sensitive area of the gradiometer is the
      inductive body of the DC SQUID itself. The isoflux line distribution generated by
      a dipolar source, obtained by performing magnetic measurements with an array of
      such detectors, is relatively complicated, but its localisation capability is
      similar to that one usually achieves with axial detector arrays. Planar
      gradiometers also show a better resolution for near sources and a stronger
      rejection of far disturbances. The final device is expected to have an inductance
      of a few hundreds of pH in order to obtain performances typical of a low noise DC
      SQUID. The pick-up coils will be the combination of four square holes of 500
      microns side with a 1.05 cm baseline. Due to the magnetic field concentration (in
      the final device it can be a factor 10) the gradiometer will have a sensitivity
      of 10(-11) T m-2 Hz-1/2 and a field sensitivity of about 2 fT Hz-1/2. Some
      preliminary results, obtained on detectors with an intermediate area between the
      prototype and final device, are reported here. The process used to fabricate this
      second-order gradiometer is based on Nb-NbO chi-PbAuIn Josephson tunnel
      junctions. Some possible improvements will also be described.

PMID- 1807875
TI  - A 37-channel DC SQUID magnetometer system.
AB  - A 37-channel DC SQUID magnetometer system has been built for biomagnetic studies.
      The SQUID loop of each magnetometer serves as the active sensing element, thereby
      eliminating the need for flux coupling circuits. The magnetometers are located
      approximately 3 cm above the outer dewar bottom. The SQUIDs are directly coupled
      to highly simplified read-out electronics using only five wires per channel; no
      helium temperature impedance matching circuits are required. Each channel can be
      independently inserted into or removed from the dewar. Using a novel electronic
      noise reduction technique the system white and 1 Hz flux density noise values are
      typically 5 and 10 fT Hz-1/2, respectively, including the noise contribution of
      the in-house fabricated dewar and the magnetically shielded room. The two parts
      of the data-processing system allow independent handling of the acquisition and
      analysing task. Two example measurements demonstrate the advantage of the
      electronic noise reduction method.

PMID- 1807876
TI  - Multichannel hybrid system for neuromagnetic measurements.
AB  - This paper describes progress toward the development of a 28-multichannel system
      for neuromagnetic measurements. A novel 'hybrid' design consisting of 16 first
      order axial gradiometers and 12 first-order planar gradiometers was chosen, which
      optimises the use of the available cylindrical volume of the dewar tail. This
      configuration maintains the symmetry of the detected pattern with respect to
      rotation of a biomagnetic source located under the centre of the array and
      features a localisation power considerably better than an array of all first
      order planar gradiometers. The detecting array permits simultaneous magnetic
      measurements over a circular scalp region of 16 cm diameter. The magnetic sensors
      used are Nb/PbAuIn DC SQUIDs fabricated at the IBM. The devices incorporate
      resonant damping resistors shunting the inductance, resulting in smooth flux
      voltage characteristics and, consequently, very low noise figures in a flux
      locked loop configuration. A simple and low cost electronic system has been
      designed and fabricated for the DC SQUID sensors.

PMID- 1807877
TI  - Development of multichannel neuromagnetic instrumentation in Finland.
AB  - In this paper we describe the instrumentation for biomagnetic measurements
      available in our laboratory. The focus is on our 24-channel planar gradiometer
      system. In addition, a 122-channel system under construction will be discussed.

PMID- 1807878
TI  - The UT 19-channel DC SQUID based neuromagnetometer.
AB  - A 19-channel DC SQUID based neuromagnetometer is under construction at the
      University of Twente (UT). Except for the cryostat all elements of the system are
      developed at the UT. It comprises 19 wire-wound first-order gradiometers in a
      hexagonal configuration. The gradiometers are connected to planar DC SQUIDs
      fabricated with a Nb/Al, AlO kappa/Nb technology. For this connection we
      developed a method to bond a Nb wire to a Nb thin-film. The SQUIDs are placed in
      compartmentalised Nb modules. Further, external feedback is incorporated in order
      to eliminate cross talk between the gradiometers. The electronics basically
      consist of a phase-locked loop operating with a modulation frequency of 100 kHz.
      Between SQUID and preamplifier a small transformer is used to limit the noise
      contribution of the preamplifier. In the paper the overall system is described,
      and special attention is paid to the SQUID module (bonding, compartments,
      external-feedback setup, output transformer).

PMID- 1807879
TI  - Multichannel magnetography in unshielded environments.
AB  - Any biomagnetic instrumentation requires a very sensitive sensor. As the strength
      of the magnetic field of interest ranges from about 10 fT to 50 pT, the only
      field sensor having the required sensitivity and small sampling volume is the
      superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) e.g. thin-film DC SQUIDs. For
      transforming the signal from the antenna to the SQUID, a thin-film coupling coil
      is used. The SQUID itself is shielded and therefore insensitive to external
      noise. In a five-channel system second-order gradiometers are used in an
      unshielded environment. The measuring system enables us to balance each channel
      by means of lead plates without removing it from liquid helium. The lead plates
      can be handled by a revolver system from outside the dewar. By an iterative
      balancing procedure inside an artificial uniform field, imbalances less than 10(
      4) could be achieved. These results are confirmed by mathematical calculation of
      mechanical balancing. Sensitivities down to 20 fT Hz-1/2 could be achieved during
      'quiet' hours. Another method for the suppression of disturbances is electronic
      balancing. One of the most important problems in the multichannel system is the
      cross talk between the single channels. With respect to the geometry of our five
      channel device the cross talk coefficient was calculated to be 3.9% and measured
      at 3.8%.

PMID- 1807880
TI  - A serial read-out scheme for SQUID systems.
AB  - A serial read-out scheme for multichannel SQUID systems is discussed, which can
      decrease the expense of electronic components needed for conventional
      multichannel systems. In case of RF SQUID systems, this scheme allows the use of
      only one transmission line between all SQUIDs and the room temperature
      electronics, thus decreasing helium losses caused by heat transport through
      electrical wires. Additionally, part of the read-out electronics can be shared by
      all channels. The noise properties as well as the influence of multiplex
      frequency on the stability of the flux-locked loop and on slew rate are studied
      in some detail.

PMID- 1807881
TI  - Josephson junctions and DC SQUIDS based on Nb/Al technology.
AB  - A process for fabricating high-quality Josephson junctions and DC SQUIDs on basis
      of Nb/Al technology has been developed. DC magnetron sputtering is used for the
      deposition of the metal layers and the barrier is formed by thermal oxidation of
      the Al-layer. The junction area of 5 microns x 5 microns is obtained using
      anodisation. Three types of Josephson tunnel junctions have been prepared:
      standard Nb/Al, AlO kappa/Nb, symmetric Nb/Al, AlO kappa, Al/Nb and Nb/Al, AlO
      kappa/AlO kappa/Nb, the latter having a double oxide layer. We performed current
      voltage and conductance-voltage measurements at different temperatures and
      special attention was paid to the noise behaviour. Gap and sub-gap parameters as
      well as barrier parameters are presented. Three different DC SQUID configurations
      were developed on basis of the Nb/Al Josephson junctions. The measured
      characteristics of the standard Tesche-Clarke DC SQUID, the resistively shunted
      SQUID and the inductively shunted SQUID are compared with special attention being
      paid to the noise properties. A 19-channel DC SQUID magnetometer with standard
      and/or resistively-shunted DC SQUIDs is under construction.

PMID- 1807882
TI  - SQUID and SQUID system developments for biomagnetic applications.
AB  - This report describes developments carried out at the author's institution
      concerning SQUIDs and SQUID systems, based on both conventional niobium
      technology and high-Tc superconductors. The developments are aimed at increasing
      the acceptance of SQUID systems by the user from the technical point of view.
      Reliability and ease of operation are improved by simpler electronics, faster
      response and reduced number of leads in multichannel systems, and higher
      operating temperature. The developments include a DC SQUID with FM read-out,
      resulting in the most compact SQUID electronics so far, a planar microwave biased
      RF SQUID with very high slew rate, and efforts to create reliable SQUIDs with
      sufficient sensitivity for biomagnetic applications that are cooled by liquid
      nitrogen.

PMID- 1807883
TI  - A modular approach to multichannel magnetometry.
AB  - A 19-channel SQUID system for biomagnetic measurements has been developed. This
      system differs from standard instruments in its modular approach. Various
      gradiometers can be coupled to the SQUIDs, the cryogenic system allows the
      exchange of single channels and the electronics is based on a cassette system.
      Problems with thermal insulation, vibrations of the gradiometers and tilted
      gradiometer geometries are discussed and solutions are presented.

PMID- 1807884
TI  - Biomagnetometers for unshielded and well shielded environments.
AB  - The paper describes magnetometers for operation in well shielded and unshielded
      environments. For unshielded environments, the noise cancellation is accomplished
      by spatial filtering using higher-order gradiometers which are formed in
      software. The theory of the software formation of high-order gradiometers has
      been successfully tested experimentally to the second-order gradient level, using
      a seven-channel prototype system. An unshielded, open environment system,
      designed to operate with third-order noise cancellation is presently under
      construction. It is a whole head system, consisting of a minimum of 64 sensing
      channels, and is expected to be operational by late 1991. In the opposite
      extreme, a magnetometer is being developed for operation in a well shielded
      environment of a whole body superconducting shield. The high temperature
      superconducting shield will operate in liquid nitrogen, while the magnetometer
      detection system will operate in liquid helium. The high level of shielding will
      allow detection of biomagnetic signals using magnetometers. The whole body high
      temperature superconducting shielded system is presently under development and a
      half scale working shield already exists. The complete whole body shielded system
      is expected to be operational in 1994/95.

PMID- 1807885
TI  - Design and performance of a biomagnetic multichannel system for MEG and MCG
      studies.
AB  - Considerations which have lead to the design of the Siemens biomagnetic
      multichannel system are discussed. Algorithms developed for data evaluation
      include removal of periodic signals, averaging of sporadic events, and separation
      of background activity. Means are described to fuse biomagnetic locations with
      three-dimensional medical images.

PMID- 1807886
TI  - Cell activation and the role of cell-mediated immunity in vasculitis.

PMID- 1807887
TI  - Short- and long-term follow-up in twenty-four patients with idiopathic
      necrotizing glomerulitis.

PMID- 1807888
TI  - Clinical outcome of Wegener's granulomatosis. Personal data.

PMID- 1807889
TI  - Acute renal failure in Churg-Strauss syndrome. A case report.

PMID- 1807890
TI  - In Wegener's granulomatosis initial renal biopsy predicts response to treatment
      better than peak plasma creatinine.

PMID- 1807891
TI  - Goodpasture's syndrome with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies. A case report.

PMID- 1807892
TI  - Clinical and pathologic study on eleven cases of systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 1807893
TI  - Clinical significance of the ANCA test for diagnosis of systemic necrotizing
      vasculitis.

PMID- 1807894
TI  - Clinicohistological features and long-term outcome of Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 1807895
TI  - Renal disease in the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Diagnosis, management and outcome.

PMID- 1807896
TI  - Does 'idiopathic' extracapillary glomerulonephritis exist as a distinct entity?

PMID- 1807897
TI  - Treatment and prognosis of renal and systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 1807898
TI  - Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated with Goodpasture's syndrome. A
      case report.

PMID- 1807899
TI  - Altered mRNA expression of basement membrane components in focal glomerular
      sclerosis.

PMID- 1807900
TI  - Internephron heterogeneity in susceptibility to glomerular sclerosis and
      responsiveness to therapeutic measures.

PMID- 1807901
TI  - Role of purine synthesis on renal function: effect of adenylosuccinate synthetase
      inhibition.

PMID- 1807902
TI  - Isotopic measurement of glomerular intracapillary volume as a quantitative index
      for mesangial cell contractility.

PMID- 1807903
TI  - Progression of renal failure: role of red cell deformability.

PMID- 1807904
TI  - Studies for pronounced susceptibility of deep nephrons to glomerular sclerosis in
      young animals.

PMID- 1807905
TI  - Changes in cellular proteins induced by tobramycin in renal proximal tubules.

PMID- 1807906
TI  - Amelioration by ascorbic acid of cisplatin-induced injury in cultured renal
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 1807907
TI  - Species differences in cellular adenosine triphosphate turnover within the
      nephron.

PMID- 1807908
TI  - PGF2a inhibition of renal ammoniagenesis.

PMID- 1807909
TI  - Is the basolateral potassium conductance of isolated proximal tubule inhibited by
      amiloride?

PMID- 1807910
TI  - Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in rat early proximal tubule.

PMID- 1807911
TI  - The role of protein kinase C in mediating the stimulatory effect of angiotensin
      II on renal tubular transport.

PMID- 1807912
TI  - Structure of the outflow segment of the efferent arteriole in rat superficial
      glomeruli.

PMID- 1807913
TI  - Changes in activities and mRNA levels of glycolytic enzymes of ischemia
      reperfused rat kidney.

PMID- 1807914
TI  - Activation of calcium-dependent K channels by parathyroid hormone in rabbit
      proximal convoluted tubules in culture.

PMID- 1807915
TI  - Mechanisms of cell volume regulation in kidney and liver.

PMID- 1807916
TI  - Distribution and regulation of organic osmolytes along the nephron.

PMID- 1807917
TI  - Betaine excretion increases by water loading after dehydration.

PMID- 1807918
TI  - Coordinated response of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase regulates net
      sorbitol production in the rat renal inner medulla.

PMID- 1807919
TI  - Levels of organic osmolytes in normal and diuretic rat kidneys.

PMID- 1807920
TI  - Structural specializations of their basement membrane and their mechanical
      relevance in the kidney.

PMID- 1807922
TI  - Interaction between rat cultured mesangial cell and type IV collagen. Effect of
      active oxygen-induced cross-linkage.

PMID- 1807921
TI  - Effect of plasma volume expansion on glomerular function after unilateral
      ureteral occlusion in rats.

PMID- 1807923
TI  - Chloride conductance of mesangial cells. Insight into the transcellular signaling
      of tubuloglomerular feedback.

PMID- 1807924
TI  - Effects of ureteral obstruction on eicosanoid production by isolated glomeruli.

PMID- 1807925
TI  - The polyguanidinium-ring-complex cation shield in the human red cell glucose
      transporter.
AB  - Widdas and Baker (1991) have described a possible structure and functioning of
      the human erythrocyte glucose transporter, based on its amino acid sequence. It
      was noted that eight positively charged side chains surrounded the proposed
      transfer cleft on the inside. These could form a ring shield which prevented the
      loss of K+ ions. Theoretical and model-making considerations point to this shield
      being made up of a polyguanidinium-ring-complex cation with eight (or ten)
      positive charges distributed over two identical rings of hydrogen bonds and
      normal linkages.

PMID- 1807926
TI  - Effect of parvalbumin and S-100 protein on protein synthesis in rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate.
AB  - The effect of two high affinity Ca+ binding acidic proteins, parvalbumin and S
      100 protein on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates (RRL), was
      investigated. Nuclease-treated RRL, supplemented with yeast mRNA, and 3H-leucine
      were incubated at 37 degrees C, and incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein was
      determined for 24 min. At 20 micrograms/100 microliters lysate concentration,
      both parvalbumin and S-100 protein caused a marked inhibition of protein
      synthesis compared with the control lysate. At a lower concentration parvalbumin
      was less inhibitory than histone H1; the effect of S-100 protein was not
      significant. The combined inhibitory effect of parvalbumin and H1 was not
      additive probably due to strong interaction between them as was evidenced by the
      enhanced absorbance of parvalbumin-H1 mixture. Spectrophotometric profiles of
      parvalbumin-tRNA mixture indicated that, unlike H1, parvalbumin did not inhibit
      protein synthesis by binding with nucleic acids. These results suggest an
      important role for parvalbumin in translational regulation.

PMID- 1807927
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of cobalt chloride on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo.
AB  - Various dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40) of the lethal toxic dose of cobalt chloride,
      a non-carcinogenic salt, were found to be clastogenic to bone marrow cells of
      mice when administered orally in vivo. The clastogenic effects, mainly chromosome
      breaks, increased significantly with increasing concentration. The frequency of
      cell division was affected only by higher concentrations of the salt.

PMID- 1807928
TI  - Contact sites between mitochondrial membranes: comments.
AB  - Extensive contact sites between the two mitochondrial membranes are visualized
      particularly when tissues are prepared by freeze-substitution methods for
      electron microscopy. Such contacts rapidly diminish if animals are asphyxiated
      even for a relatively short period of 8 min. Thus contacts between the
      mitochondrial membranes are likely to be labile.

PMID- 1807930
TI  - Experience with laser surgery of malignant tumours in the area of head and neck.

PMID- 1807931
TI  - Autoantibodies against histones and actin in patients with rheumatic diseases
      assessed by the western blot method.
AB  - Using the Western blot method, the authors analyzed 85 sera obtained from
      patients with rheumatic diseases, focused on the presence of antihistones and
      antiactin autoantibodies. The authors detected a 32% incidence of the two
      investigated autoantibody specificities. In a group of 42 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus in 22 sera (52%) positive antihistone antibodies were
      present, whereby autoantibodies anti-H1 and anti-H2B were most frequent. In 15
      sera in this group of patients (36%) antiactin autoantibodies were present.

PMID- 1807929
TI  - Electron microscopic band-interband pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila
      nasuta albomicans. 2. Salivary gland chromosome 2L.
AB  - The band-interband pattern (division 28-52) of salivary gland chromosome 2L in
      Drosophila nasuta albomicans was studied by light (LM) and electron microscopy
      (EM) using squash preparations and surface-spread polytene (SSP) chromosome
      preparations, respectively. LM and EM maps were complied. Based on the digitized
      EM patterns of five homologous SSP chromosomes a computerized EM chromosome map
      was plotted. The EM pattern analysis showed a total number of 479 chromosome
      bands with an almost 83% increase compared with the LM analysis of squash
      preparations. By extrapolation of the data from 39% of the polytene genome
      analysed so far in D. n. albomicans, a total number of 2,926 chromosome bands was
      calculated. This is almost the same number of bands as was calculated earlier for
      Drosophila hydei using the same SSP chromosome preparation technique. The data in
      the literature concerning variations in the number of chromosome bands in
      different Drosophila species, the various chromosome preparation techniques
      adopted, and the different criteria used for the EM pattern analyses, are
      discussed.

PMID- 1807932
TI  - Seasonal differences in the incidence of congenital heart defects.
AB  - The incidence of congenital heart defects was studied prospectively in all 664
      218 children born in 1977 to 1984. Those suspected of having a heart disease were
      examined at the centre specialized in pediatric cardiology. All children who died
      were autopsied and those where a heart defect was proved were included in our
      series. In total, 4409 infants (6,64/1000 live births) were born with a heart
      defect in Bohemia. Differences from one year to another were not statistically
      significant. The incidence of infants with a heart defect was highest in October,
      lowest in December, June and July (p less than 0.05). Seasonal incidence of
      individual forms of heart defects differed also. The seasonal variation was not
      influenced by the total number of live births. The high incidence of congenital
      heart defects in infants born in October and November coincides with the
      epidemics of influenza in early pregnancy.

PMID- 1807933
TI  - Hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular response to the duration of a combined
      slimming regimen.
AB  - The rapid weight decrease at the beginning of strict slimming regimens leads
      often to an inconsiderate shortening of these cures. Our long-term experience
      with a slimming regimen lasting 13 days based on diet (3.7 MJ) and 4 hours of
      supervised exercise of low to moderate intensity was omitted by the organizers.
      They shortened the cure to 8 days. We checked therefore a group of obese women on
      the first, eight and twelfth day in the course of this regimen. A statistically
      significant decrease of serum insulin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine and
      cholesterol was observed on the twelfth day. These trends were not significant on
      the eighth day. On the other hand, the step-test revealed on the eighth day a
      reduction of the heart rate during recovery. Nevertheless, a higher level of
      significance was obtained after 12 days. No significant response to the regimen
      was obtained in the case of blood glucose, thyroxine, cortisol, uric acid, AST
      and ALT. The advantages of the 12-day regimen are discussed--especially the
      decrease of insulinemia, because hyperinsulinemia is responsible for several
      complications of obesity. The importance of the decrease of cholesterolaemia and
      the modification of heart rate after a load was also stressed. These favourable
      effects are not depreciated by a smaller weight loss in the second week due to an
      enhanced protein synthesis, stimulated by exercise and supported by a decrease of
      T3 which protects the organism against energy deficit.

PMID- 1807934
TI  - Levels of the soluble receptor for interleukin-2 in serum of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The authors assessed, using the method of sandwich enzyme immunoassay (ELISA),
      the soluble receptor for interleukin-2 (s-r IL-2). In patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis mean values of 620.5 = 500.0 u./ml were recorded which was
      significantly higher than in patients with osteoarthritis (p less than 0.001)
      (313.3 +/- 155 n./ml) and in healthy controls (181.7 +/- 159.6 n./ml). In
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis a correlation was found between the activity
      of the disease expressed by means of Lansbury's index (r = 0.61, p less than
      0.01). There was no correlation between s-r IL-2 and the sedimentation rate (r =
      0.32, p = n.s.). The author reviews the literature and discusses the hypothesis
      that s-r IL-2 acts as a competitive inhibitor for interleukin-2.

PMID- 1807935
TI  - Personality of semen donors and their social behaviour.
AB  - The authors examined, using three generally accepted methods, the personality
      structure of 80 semen donors (Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire, 16PF, Eysenck's
      personality questionnaire, EOD, and Leary's method of interpersonal diagnosis of
      personality). The donors were selected by means of the Questionnaire of semen
      donors. The group is subdivided into four sub-groups by the grade of education,
      i.e. university graduates, men with secondary and elementary education and
      university students. All are 20-40 years old. The authors describe the assembled
      results in different sub-groups and in the group as a whole and compare them
      mutually and with the standardized norm. With regard to the specificity of
      individual methods and their application the findings are summarized. The donors
      are balanced personalities, slightly extrovert, emotionally well developed with a
      realistic outlook. They have positive, sensitive relations with their environment
      an behaviour towards other people, they are considerate, careful and disciplined.
      They respect social norms as regards preservation of originality of personality.
      They have a slight tendency of sheltering behaviour, they wish to be somewhat
      more aggressive. No pathological phenomena were observed in the donors. Their
      intelligence is above average. They make a favourable impression with regard to
      the demand of mental health and transmission of genetic information. The authors
      evaluate favourably the Questionnaire for semen donors as the method for
      selection of donors.

PMID- 1807937
TI  - Transformation of the medical research organization in the Czech Republic.

PMID- 1807936
TI  - Clavicular fractures (group of patients treated in the Traumatological Research
      Institute in 1986-1989).
AB  - The author submits an analysis of a group of casualties with clavicular fractures
      treated in the Traumatological Research Institute in Brno in 1986. Based on the
      analysis, recommendations were adopted for the surgical treatment and for
      increased attention to the termination of conservative treatment. As a control, a
      group of patients with clavicular fractures treated in 1989 was analyzed. The
      assembled results are discussed and the conclusion is reached that predominantly
      conservative treatment of clavicular fractures is still indicated. No other
      method of immobilization gives better results than mere suspension of the
      extremity. In a certain percentage of injured patients subjective complaints
      typical for the healing of the fracture persist. The period of work incapacity
      must be assessed individually.

PMID- 1807938
TI  - [Inhibition of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by products of a dehydrogenase
      reaction].

PMID- 1807940
TI  - [Study of a kinesin complex with microtubules by electron microscopy].

PMID- 1807939
TI  - [Preparation and study of albebetin, an artificial protein with a given spatial
      structure].

PMID- 1807941
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the interaction of F-actin with muscle (M4)
      lactate dehydrogenase].

PMID- 1807942
TI  - [The role of a purinergic mediator in the reflex regulation of arterial
      pressure].

PMID- 1807943
TI  - [Adequacy of a status measuring approach for assessing the tempo of the mutation
      process in the human population].

PMID- 1807944
TI  - [Spatial structure of binase in solution. Sequential resonance assignment in 2D
      (1)H-NMR spectra].

PMID- 1807945
TI  - [Theoretical risk assessment for decompression sickness during single-step
      pressure drops].

PMID- 1807946
TI  - [Iron as an exogenous cofactor, determining the appearance of anticellular
      activity, mediated by tumor necrosis factor].

PMID- 1807947
TI  - [Health personnel and the principles which underlie the goal of "Health for All
      in the Year 2000"].

PMID- 1807948
TI  - [Perspectives on nursing training in the context of the goal of "Health for All
      in the Year 2000"].

PMID- 1807949
TI  - [Perspectives on the training of dentists in the context of the goal of "Health
      for All in the Year 2000"].

PMID- 1807950
TI  - [Education the health sciences in Cuba].

PMID- 1807951
TI  - [Perspectives on the profession of nursing in the context of the goal of "Health
      for All in the Year 2000." Prospects for nursing in Mexico].

PMID- 1807952
TI  - [Medical education and health for all].

PMID- 1807953
TI  - [Past, present and future of "Educacion Medica y Salud"].

PMID- 1807954
TI  - [Depressive disorders. Development of the nosographic concepts].
AB  - Between the nosological position of Kraepelin a century ago and the present
      situation, there are only surface differences despite all what has been claimed.
      Main lines separating entities remain the same and the consensus on the value of
      evolution, as a key factor for nosological problems, is not questioned. However,
      concepts characterising subtypes have changed and, overall, the many attempts in
      this direction in the last 30 years have not been unanimously accepted. These
      concepts appear heterogeneous enough since they tackle either the notion of
      clinical type, or of etiology, or of prognosis. The predictive value of these
      various concepts is discussed.

PMID- 1807955
TI  - [What is a predictive factor?].
AB  - Everyday clinical and therapeutic practice relies on signs, variables or factors
      allowing to adjust strategies influencing the short and if possible long term
      evolution of mental disorders. The possible prediction of the future course of
      illness by such variables is debated. Actually in the present literature a
      confusion appears between several terms. Stricto sensu the predictive value of a
      test or of a diagnostic procedure supposes the assessment of a discriminative
      sensibility and specificity relative to a well established fact: the illness. The
      importance of some clinical and biological factors may be gauged by such means.
      More frequently risk factors are proposed. A risk factor represents a particular
      characteristic or condition associated to an increased probability of a specific
      disorder being present or developing ulteriorly. However, such factors are not
      necessarily causal factors. The search of prognostic factors also constitutes an
      important step in our understanding of pathological processes as well as of
      evolution.

PMID- 1807956
TI  - [Biological risk factors in depression].
AB  - Various biological abnormalities have been reported in depressed patients. They
      concerned: Monoamines, assessed by measuring neurotransmitters precursors,
      catabolites, activity of synthesis and catabolism enzymes, uptake and release
      velocity. Membrane structure and physiology via receptors and transmembrane.
      Ionic changes. Neuroendocrine systems. Biological rhythms. Abnormalities are
      inconsistent and varied. No coherent theory of depression can account for these
      abnormalities: no biological measure can be considered as a specific marker. It
      is important to look for non specific factors of variation of these indices.
      Overall it is difficult to determine whether a reported biological abnormality
      can be considered as a cause or a consequence of the clinical feature. A vista
      for future research may be the availability of new investigation techniques as
      brain imaging and molecular genetics.

PMID- 1807957
TI  - [Genetic factors of depressive risk].
AB  - Since 1987, several sensational publications resulting from work performed with
      the new strategies of modern genetics--epidemiological genetics and molecular
      biology--have shed new light on the importance of genetic vulnerability factors
      in determining certain forms of mood disorders. The technical progress of
      genetics allied with the advances made in diagnosis now enable the testing of new
      theories on the etiopathology of thymic disorders. A considerable effort is now
      being made internationally and in Europe to develop the applications of molecular
      biology in order to clarify--at least partially--the role of genetic
      vulnerability factors in the etiopathology of mood disorders. In the relatively
      near future, standardising the methodology of linkage and association studies,
      and even the application of other more complex methods of analysis should lead to
      the nullification or confirmation of the presence of such factors on the short
      arm of chromosome 11 and on the long arm of the X chromosome, and should lead to
      the systematic detection of their presence on the entire genome. It should then
      be feasible to outline the genetic breakdown of mood disorders, particularly
      bipolar disorders, since some families seem to be linked to chromosome 11, others
      to X, and others, doubtless still more numerous, linked to other chromosomes. The
      different studies on genetic linkage performed these last four years will be
      presented and discussed with special emphasis on the factors which may explain
      the non-replication of certain studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807958
TI  - [Psychosocial factors of depressive risk].
AB  - The influence of psychosocial factors on the incidence and evolution of
      depressive illness is well established. The joint study of different aspects of
      the psychosocial field involved in the risk of depressive illness substantiated
      interactions between these various factors, modulating the risk of depression.
      Several psychosocial models of depression, as Harris and Brown's model, have
      taken into account those interactions, discriminating vulnerability factors and
      precipitating factors (stressful life events, lasting difficulties):
      vulnerability factors, not inducing depression per se, increase the depressing
      effect of precipitating factors when both factors happen to be combined. However
      the validity of those models has to be confirmed, and mechanisms underlying
      interactions between psychosocial factors call for further elucidation. Other
      studies will also have to specify the role of psychological and biological
      variables in the way psychosocial factors interfere with the occurrence of
      depression.

PMID- 1807959
TI  - [Prediction of suicide risk].
AB  - Suicide is a great problem for public health. In France it causes more than
      12,000 deaths every year, and it has been estimated that 45 to 70% of these
      subjects were suffering of affective disorders. Some epidemiological aspects of
      the links between suicide and depression are analytic and concern the risk
      factors of suicide among depressed patients: sociodemographic factors: risks are
      more important for men and for people living alone or suffering of social and
      affective isolation. Violent suicides increase with age; clinical and evolutive
      characteristics of the illness: the risk of suicide is correlated with the global
      severity of the depression, whatever are the nosographic subtypes, with anxiety,
      sleep disorders and anhedonia, with personal and familial history of suicide;
      among biological factors, a decrease of 5-HT transmissions has been implicated,
      but it seems to be more correlated with a modification of the ability to delay,
      with a poor impulse control. The association of several of these factors
      increases suicidal risk but it is impossible to describe a specific picture of
      the depressed suicidal patient, and clinical scales to estimate suicide risk are
      of limited interest. Finally, the clinical vigilance adapted to each individual
      case and the quality of the therapeutical relation remain the most important
      point for preventing suicide.

PMID- 1807960
TI  - [Depressive disorders. Risk factors of recurrence].
AB  - The prediction of recurrence in affective disorders is very difficult and in
      individual cases not possible at all. Socio-demographic variables as body build,
      positive family history, marital status and social class, do not predict
      recurrence. This is probably true for sex and age, too. The impact of stressors
      and social support on the course is relatively weak. In this context the research
      on expressed emotion is of interest, as it gives some evidence that the presence
      of a sick spouse may increase the relapse rate. On the other hand an inadequate
      premorbid personality, especially a high neuroticism score, could predict
      recurrence. Classification of the illness is an other variable with prognostic
      value. Relapse rate is probably higher in endogenous than in neurotic
      depressions. Comorbidity and a history of other psychiatric disorders correlate
      with a high relapse rate. One of the best established clinical and
      epidemiological finding is the prognostic value of the past course. Recurrence is
      higher in bipolar disorders and in patients with a high number of previous
      episodes. An older age of onset probably increases the likelihood of recurrence.
      A prospective study on the course of affective disorders was initiated in Zurich
      in 1959. All patients suffering from affective and schizoaffective psychoses (n =
      406) who were admitted to the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zurich between
      1959 and 1963 were followed up every 5 years. The last assessment was carried out
      in 1985. On the basis of a multiple regression analysis, we tried to establish
      correlations of several independent variables with the length of cycles and the
      number of episodes per year. Correlations were only found in bipolar
      disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807961
TI  - [Depressive disorders. Sociodemographic factors predicting therapeutic response].
AB  - The choice of an antidepressant according to the possible course of depression is
      a fundamental step in the treatment approach. Socio-demographic factors are
      considered in order to predict the outcome of depression receiving an adequate
      treatment. Only a few studies deal with this topic, probably because of the role
      the same factors play in the occurrence of depression. The influence of age, sex,
      marital status, socio-economic level and life events on compliance with treatment
      is considered as well as main clinical issues such as treatment resistance, risk
      of chronicity and of suicide. Generally speaking, socio-demographic factors do
      not constitute a major parameter when selecting an antidepressant. They are
      useful to identify patients at risk requiring special therapeutic measures. The
      poor prognosis of depression in males after 65 has must be emphatized, as well as
      the negative influence of life events occurring during the course of endogenous
      depression. Conversely, a decrease in the number of life events or a life event
      experiencing a new start in life, play an important role in the improvement of
      depression according to Brown. Those factors remain in the background of the
      pathological process and of its evolution, acting indirectly, with a poor
      association power. Moreover, most of those predictors have been determined a
      posteriori.

PMID- 1807962
TI  - [Semiological and psychological predictive factors of response to antidepressive
      agents].
AB  - Since the discovery of the first antidepressive compounds, very few progress have
      been made for the efficacy of these drugs. All the antidepressants, even the more
      recent of them, are efficient only in 60 to 75% of the depressive disorders
      treated. Many studies have been conducted to define clinical or psychological
      predictive factors of the response to antidepressants. Emphasis was carry mostly
      on the clinical characteristics of the depressive disorder and the importance of
      "endogenous" features for the response to treatment, have been well established.
      Some works have also emphasized the importance of personality disorders and
      environmental disturbances for the issues of treatment. More recent works aim to
      define the characteristics of the best responders to more selective
      antidepressive compounds. But, it is still very difficult today to define
      precisely what are the clinical or psychological features which are specifically
      responsive to antidepressive drugs.

PMID- 1807963
TI  - [Somatic and biological factors predicting a response to antidepressive agents].
AB  - In order to assess the predictive value of somatic and biological factors in
      antidepressant trials, non specific parameters, i.e. natural course of illness,
      life events, placebo effect ... have to be controlled by means of studies vs
      placebo. Among somatic factors, retardation seems to predict a positive response
      to antidepressants. The predictive value of other endogenous signs--like insomnia
      or weight loss--is still questioned. Few biochemical parameters appear relevant
      when metabolites of central monoamines, their precursors and the enzymatic
      processes involved are considered. The serotoninergic system is the focus of many
      studies. Among the neuroendocrine indices, the DST proved too poorly specific of
      depression. Among the physiological parameters, some characteristics of sleep
      EEG, like a shortening of REM latency, seem promising. Pharmacological
      challenges, for instance response to stimulant drugs, gave inconsistent results
      and should be discussed on ethical grounds. Many studies have been undertaken but
      presently no routine reliable biological index is available to predict a response
      to antidepressants.

PMID- 1807964
TI  - [Prediction of the efficacy of thymoregulators].
AB  - Among clinical factors, the compliance amounts to 47 to 82% of the patients.
      Recent data contradict the classical poor response of unipolar patients to
      lithium. Most studies realized on bipolar patients concern bipolars type I.
      Bipolar patients type II often show comorbidity factors which predict poor
      response to lithium or carbamazepine. The clarity of mood disorders and the
      frequency of cyclers have a bearing on the treatment response. But
      hypothyroidisms described in rapid cyclers do not predict response to L.
      thyroxine. We should also take into account the sequence of episodes and the type
      of index episode. The data concerning other possible mood stabilizers are scarce.
      Among biological parameters, the results are very upsetting. The calcium levels,
      serotonin levels, the red blood cell/plasma lithium ratio essentially predict
      tolerance or compliance. The various psychological tests do not enable us to
      identify a sub-group of patients responding to lithium. The remaining
      difficulties in the predictive capacity enhance the importance of establishing
      for each patient the precise history of the illness and previous treatments.

PMID- 1807965
TI  - [Predictive factors of response to electronarcosis].
AB  - There is an international consensus on the indications of electroconvulsive
      treatment (ECT): they result in particular from the limitations of antidepressant
      drug treatment. Even though the global effect of ECT is considered as
      satisfactory, 10 to 20% of depressed patients eligible for ECT are treatment
      refractory. This warrants a search for factors predicting efficacy or lack of
      efficacy of ECT. Predicting factors prior to ECT: Usual clinical criteria, such
      as the presence of delusional thoughts, are generally classified with endogenous
      signs of depression. Among biological criteria, EEG data, tests assessing
      reactivity of autonomous nervous system, plasma measures of catecholamines,
      calcium and cortisol do not seem relevant parameters. Dexamethasone suppression
      test and stimulation of TSH by TRH have no more predictive value. Predictive
      indices during treatment: Empirically clinicians identified a sequence in the
      response of depressive symptoms, although no conclusion can be drawn from these
      clinical impressions. Among biological factors some authors stress the importance
      of the epileptogenic threshold and of measuring plasma levels of peptides
      released by the posterior lobe of hypophysis. Such data have to be confirmed and
      their physiopathological value better understood. Actually some parameters
      representing good therapeutic practices are valued by physicians using ECT:
      sufficient duration of electrical crisis, total seizure time during the series of
      electroshocks. Those conceptions are close to the classical emphasis on the
      adequate number of ECTs and to the discussion on the comparative efficacy of
      unilateral and bilateral ECT. After ECT most authors shift to antidepressants,
      although data about medium and long term outcome prediction with this approach
      are also lacking.

PMID- 1807966
TI  - [Predictive factors of a good response to cognitive therapies in depression].
AB  - Thanks to Beck's cognitive model of depression, cognitive therapies for
      depressive disorders have been developed. Such therapies have been proven
      effective when used alone or in conjunction with antidepressant drugs. However,
      it seems that the effectiveness of such therapies depends on some factors related
      either to the type of depression itself or to the specificity of the cognitive
      therapy. Understanding these factors helps both to know under what conditions
      cognitive therapy is best prescribed and to improve the therapeutic procedures
      used. The nature of depression and the disturbed associated cognitions is likely
      to have more influence on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy than the
      intensity of the depressive syndrome. The type of cognitive therapy used does not
      appear to be an essential factor in predicting therapeutic success. Two factors,
      however, are fundamental: carrying out assigned homework tasks; establishing a
      therapeutic relationship based on trust and cooperation. This is not a surprise
      for anyone familiar with the "didactic" as well as "therapeutic" process of
      cognitive therapy.

PMID- 1807967
TI  - [Antidepressive treatments. Predictive factors of tolerability].
AB  - Conducting an antidepressant treatment supposes the analysis of various
      parameters concerning patients, depressive illness and psychotropic drugs. The
      first determinant of prescription is the expected antidepressant effect. But
      regarding the role of compliance in the efficacy of treatment, probable
      tolerability also plays a role. It remains difficult to predict tolerability. A
      questionnaire was designed to assess the relevance of various predictive factors
      taken into account in the prognosis of tolerability: global tolerability,
      patient's psychopathological structure, clinical aspects of depression and
      characteristics of the particular antidepressant being used.

PMID- 1807968
TI  - [Implications of 5-HT2 receptors in the increase of slow wave sleep in healthy
      volunteers under amoxapine].
AB  - Amoxapine is an antidepressant drug which increases stages III and IV of slow
      wave sleep to both bad sleepers and volunteers. This effect appears within
      several studies during the whole period of amoxapine administration (3 or 4
      weeks). On the other hand, specific 5-HT2 antagonists produce the same effect
      upon the slow wave sleep, to both bad sleepers and volunteers. Biological studies
      showed that amoxapine is the strongest 5-HT2 inhibitor among antidepressant
      drugs. Therefore amoxapine effect upon slow wave sleep would be relied to 5-HT2
      receptor blocking. The author reviews some hypothesis related to slow wave sleep
      regulation by serotonin.

PMID- 1807969
TI  - [Antidepressive agents and somatic complaints].
AB  - Somatic complaints are core symptoms of depressive illness. Although none can be
      said to be specific, some combinations appear typical of depression. In the field
      of somatic complaints, depression constitutes a factor of good prognosis because
      of a positive response to antidepressants. On the other hand, in the field of
      depression, somatic complaints constitute a factor of poor prognosis and of
      resistance to treatment. Peripherally to depression, the clinical picture of
      anxiety, somatoform disorders and hypochondriasis contains somatic complaints.
      Anxiety is less refractory to treatment than somatoform disorders and somatoform
      disorders less than hypochondriasis. Antidepressants are a major treatment in
      those cases. No study could identify a mechanism of action but dopaminergic
      antidepressants could be particularly interesting. Ohayon and Caulet reported the
      efficacy of amoxapine in a population of 134 patients with somatic complaints and
      diagnoses of depression, anxiety or somatoform disorders.

PMID- 1807970
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of amoxapine. A pragmatic study].
AB  - 136 psychiatrists recruited 752 depressed outpatients considered to be a good
      indication for chemotherapy. Psychiatrists were trained both to diagnosis and to
      rating scales evaluation. The main features of the depressed syndrome was
      considered to be anxious in 21%, hostile in 14%, retarded in 12%, agitated in
      12%, retarded and anxious in 41%. The symptomatology was present for more than
      six months in 2/3 of the patients. Among the psychological traits including some
      difficulties independently from the episode the existence of an aggressivity
      and/or hyperemotion were the more common (greater than 50%). 60% of the patients
      also qualified for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. This population was treated by
      Amoxapine 200 mg/day. Improvement on the MADRS was of 65% after a month of
      treatment. Tolerance was very good for a tricyclic. Hostility and impulsivity
      predicted poor response while the existence of a retardation and/or of anxiety or
      hyperphagia predicted a good response.

PMID- 1807972
TI  - [Evaluation by evoked potentials of attentional abilities in patients with
      depression under amoxapine or imipramine].
AB  - ERPs are described as a new dependent variable class allowing a dynamic
      exploration of cognitive activities. Attentional processes play a fundamental
      role in those activities. An original conception of attention is outlined. In
      this view, attention is considered as responsible of managing of different
      cognitive processes. The interest of attentional impairment assessment with ERPs
      particularly in psychiatric disorders such as depression is underlined. This is
      illustrated by Buchsbaum M.S. et al. (1988) study. These authors recorded EPs,
      during a continuous performance test, in 3 groups of depressive patients under
      amoxapine, imipramine or placebo. Results showed in the amoxapine group and
      enhanced N120 amplitude in midline and right parietal cortex. In normal subjects,
      an amplitude increase in those areas usually reflects a selective attention
      effect. Behavioral performance was improved in the amoxapine group compared to
      that of patients who received imipramine or placebo. This improvement as soon as
      48 h after drug administration could be related to the higher amoxapine affinity
      for serotonin S2 receptors.

PMID- 1807971
TI  - [Amoxapine and clomipramine. A controlled multicenter study in patients with
      major depression].
AB  - This multicentric study carried out in 1987 in 6 University hospital Centers
      enabled the comparison, under double blind conditions, of the antidepressant
      efficacy of amoxapine with that of clomipramine. For the planning, the design and
      the documentation of this study, the BLIPS/BDP (Biometric Laboratory Information
      Processing System/Banca Dati Psicofarmacologia) at the CCPDD (Center for Clinical
      Psychopharmacology Data Documentation) from the Institute of Psychiatry of the
      Pisa University was used. A total number of 108 patients, who fulfilled the DSM
      III criteria for major depressive episode, were treated (54 by amoxapine, and 54
      by clomipramine). The results have shown: 1) The antidepressant activity of
      amoxapine was at least comparable to that of clomipramine. 2) The onset of action
      of amoxapine was quicker than that of clomipramine. 3) Amoxapine is well
      tolerated and the frequency of unwanted effects is lower compared to that of
      clomipramine.

PMID- 1807973
TI  - Coordination geometry for cadmium in the catalytic zinc site of horse liver
      alcohol dehydrogenase: studies by PAC spectroscopy.
AB  - Active site substituted Cd(II) horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been studied
      by Perturbed Angular Correlation of Gamma rays Spectroscopy during turnover
      conditions for benzaldehyde and 4-trans-(N,N-dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde. The
      ternary complex between alcohol dehydrogenase NAD+ and Cl-, and the binary
      complex between alcohol dehydrogenase and orthophenanthroline have also been
      studied. The Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction parameters have been interpreted in
      terms of different coordination geometries for Cd(II) in the catalytic zinc site
      of the enzyme. Calculation of the nuclear quadrupole interaction for cadmium in
      the catalytic site of the enzyme with and without coenzyme, based upon the four
      coordinated geometries determined from X-ray diffraction, agrees with the
      experimentally determined values. The ternary complexes between enzyme, NAD+ and
      either Cl- or trifluoroethanol and the binary complex between enzyme and
      orthophenanthroline have almost identical spectral parameters which are not
      consistent with a four coordinated geometry, but are consistent with a five
      coordinated geometry. The non-protein ligands for the ternary complex with
      trifluoroethanol are suggested to be an alkoxide group and a water molecule. The
      Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction parameters for the productive ternary complex
      between enzyme, NADH and an aldehyde is consistent with the four coordinated
      geometry predicted from X-ray diffraction data having the carbonyl group of the
      aldehyde substituting the water molecule as ligand to the metal.

PMID- 1807974
TI  - [The role of the midwife in the dispensary care of pregnant women with
      neurocirculatory dystonia].

PMID- 1807975
TI  - [Chronic myelocytic leukemia in children].

PMID- 1807976
TI  - [Hemorrhagic telangiectasia].

PMID- 1807977
TI  - [Gastroduodenitis].

PMID- 1807978
TI  - [The treatment of hemorrhages from the upper digestive tract].

PMID- 1807979
TI  - [Anesthesia following operations].

PMID- 1807980
TI  - [Scientific and practical conferences of paramedical workers--one of the forms
      for raising qualifications].

PMID- 1807981
TI  - [The problems of protecting wild-growing medicinal plants].

PMID- 1807982
TI  - [The economic mechanism in public health].

PMID- 1807983
TI  - [Anemia in pregnant women].

PMID- 1807984
TI  - [Tonsillogenic sepsis].

PMID- 1807985
TI  - [The exacerbation of chronic pneumonia in a patient with stenocardia].

PMID- 1807986
TI  - [Uterine myoma and menorrhagia].

PMID- 1807987
TI  - [Scarlatina].

PMID- 1807988
TI  - Obstructive nephropathy.
AB  - In summary, obstructive nephropathy accounts for 2 to 10 percent of acute renal
      failure. Clinical signs, such as anuria with a rising serum creatinine, with or
      without low back pain, may suggest the diagnosis. Ultrasound is a good screening
      test, but pyelography may be required to make the diagnosis. Treatment is
      primarily aimed at relieving the obstruction and managing the post-obstructive
      diuresis. If found early, even patients with complete obstruction, once relieved,
      experience a complete return of renal function.

PMID- 1807990
TI  - What is hypnosis?

PMID- 1807989
TI  - Medical-care funding alternatives.

PMID- 1807991
TI  - An abbreviated medical education and "counterculture" thoughts.

PMID- 1807992
TI  - Radiographic screening for identification of children in need of orthodontic
      treatment?

PMID- 1807993
TI  - The effect on radiographic definition of X-ray tube movement.
AB  - This study was designed to measure the vibration of three X-ray tubes in
      simulated clinical conditions and the effect of this on image quality. Vibration
      was measured by exposing film to an X-ray beam collimated by a lead diaphragm
      with a pin-hole. Exposures were made of a test specimen with the X-ray tubes
      stationary and while oscillating after positioning by vertical, lateral and
      forward movements. The damping time for the X-ray tube to stop oscillating varied
      with the machine from 3 s to 102 s. The radiographic patterns caused by tube
      oscillation varied from closed loops to figure of eight movements with
      periodicities of between 0.5 and 1.0 s. Amplitudes of up to 5.9 mm were recorded;
      they were greater in a horizontal direction and affected by arm extension. Images
      of bone trabeculae and of small holes drilled in the proximal surfaces of two
      teeth were little affected by tube movement. Only under magnification was the
      definition of a ball-bearing seen to be slightly less distinct, with less than 1%
      variation in size. These effects are likely to be of little clinical
      significance.

PMID- 1807994
TI  - The use of bitewing positioning devices in children's dentistry.
AB  - The use of film-holding, beam-aiming devices have been shown to have a number of
      potential advantages in achieving high quality bitweing radiographs, however,
      little information is available about their acceptability to children. The aims
      of this study were: (1) to determine the level of acceptance of a conventional
      type of film positioner to child patients in a general practice setting in
      Scotland and (2) to compare the acceptability to children of bitewing procedures
      using: the freehand technique, a 'Rinn' positioner and a new positioner, the
      'HPL' device. In the general practice group, following modifications made during
      a pilot study, 211 children aged 3-15 years were offered a bitewing examination
      with a modified Rinn positioner at recall. The overall acceptance rate of the
      bitewing procedure was 82.5%. All 10 children aged 3-4 years offered bitewings
      refused, while 77 (69%) of subjects aged 5-9 years accepted, as did all the 89
      children aged 10-15 years. In the comparison of acceptability investigation,
      three groups of 30 children aged 6-15 years requiring bitewing radiographs were
      selected at random. Each group had a different bitewing technique carried out by
      the same operator. The children's acceptance of all three techniques was high (87
      97%) and no statistically significant difference was found between the
      acceptability of the freehand method and those involving film positioning
      devices. Although the unmodified Rinn design suffered from a number of problems,
      the modified version was found to be acceptable by many children.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1807995
TI  - Observer performance in the assessment of periapical pathology: a comparison of
      panoramic with periapical radiography.
AB  - Observer performance in the assessment of the periapical pathology from panoramic
      and periapical radiography was examined. Five endodontists, five general
      practitioners and five oral radiologists were asked to assess the periapical
      status of 117 teeth. The observers assessed the panoramic and periapical
      radiographs of the teeth, which were evenly distributed throughout the jaws with
      a 50% probability that either an osteolytic or sclerotic lesion was present. The
      results of the comparison between panoramic and periapical radiography were
      influenced by the selection of observers. When the oral radiologists acted as
      observers, the mean P(A) value for periapical radiography was higher than for
      panoramic radiography (P less than 0.001), resulting in periapical radiography
      presenting a higher overall diagnostic accuracy than panoramic radiography for
      all 15 observers (P less than 0.01). There was, however, no difference between
      panoramic and periapical radiography when the two groups of endodontists and
      general practitioners acted as observers. The comparison of the three groups of
      observers showed no difference between their diagnostic accuracy when assessing
      panoramic radiographs. With periapical radiography, the oral radiologists
      demonstrated a higher diagnostic accuracy than the endodontists (P less than
      0.05). The observers in each group with the highest diagnostic accuracy also had
      the highest intra-observer agreement. The mean intra-observer agreement of the
      five general practitioners was higher than those of the other two groups of
      observers for panoramic radiography. For periapical radiography, the mean
      agreement rates of the groups were comparable.

PMID- 1807996
TI  - Image quality comparisons of X-Omat RP, L and B films.
AB  - The Eastman Kodak Company has recently developed a new film, X-Omat B (XB),
      designed to be interchangeable with X-Omat RP (XRP) film. The manufacturer claims
      the new film can be manually developed in half the time of other X-Omat films
      while automatic processing is unchanged. Three X-Omat film types were processed
      manually or automatically and the image qualities were evaluated. The XRP film
      had greater contrast than the XB and X-Omat L (XL) films when manually processed,
      and the XL film showed less contrast than the XB and XRP films when processed
      automatically. There was no difference in the subjective evaluation of the
      various film types and processing methods, and the XB film could be interchanged
      with XRP film in a simulated clinical situation.

PMID- 1807997
TI  - Influence of scattered radiation and tube potential on radiographic contrast:
      comparison of two different dental X-ray films.
AB  - The fundamental concept in image quality of contrast has been analysed in terms
      of its elements; film, radiation and object contrast, and the theoretical formula
      to describe their interrelationship have been evaluated. Experiments were
      designed to investigate the dependence of radiographic contrast on the kV, the
      type of generator and dental film used (D and E speed). An ivory wedge was used
      as the object, both alone and within a polymethyl methacrylate phantom as
      scattering medium. Precise definition and control of the X-ray generators were
      achieved by means of measurements of the primary X-ray spectra using a Compton
      spectrometer. D speed was found to have higher film contrast than E speed when
      compared at the same optical density, due to its lower base and fog and lower
      level of saturation in these experiments. On the other hand, E speed was found to
      have wider latitude. The experimental object was reproduced with the highest
      radiographic contrast using D-speed film and, with a given type of generator,
      this increased when the kV was decreased. While no difference in scatter/primary
      ratios was observed using the two different films, a weak dependence on kV in the
      range from 36 to 77 kV was found and confirmed by Monte Carlo calculations. The
      results indicate that the D and E speed films used had equal energy absorption
      properties; the difference in radiographic performance is due to their different
      film characteristics. The importance of controlling the physical parameters
      (photon energy spectrum, base and fog and optical density level) when comparing
      image qualities is clearly demonstrated.

PMID- 1807998
TI  - Computed tomography of maxillofacial infection.
AB  - Eighteen patients with maxillofacial infections, who had trismus and swelling of
      the masseteric region, were investigated by CT. Spread of infection was evaluated
      with particular reference to the fascial spaces. The masticator space was divided
      into four parts and the changes in each were assessed together with the
      surrounding fascial spaces. There were changes in the masseter muscle and
      infection had spread into the upper parts of the masticator space in more than
      half of the patients. There was a fall in the CT value in the affected muscles,
      whereas it was raised in the parotid gland and adipose tissue. The clinical
      importance of CT is shown to have a significant role in the diagnosis and follow
      up of maxillofacial infections.

PMID- 1807999
TI  - Radiation safety and quality assurance in US dental hygiene programmes, 1990.
AB  - A 1990 survey of US dental hygiene programmes indicated substantial advances in
      radiation safety and quality assurance techniques since 1985. None the less,
      further improvements are possible to minimize operator and patient exposure to
      ionizing radiation from dental radiography. Conversion to faster receptor speed,
      the use of rectangular collimation and more frequent performance of quality
      assurance tests represent possible improvements for some establishments.

PMID- 1808000
TI  - Agreement between panoramic and intra-oral radiography in the assessment of
      marginal bone height.
AB  - Panoramic and intra-oral radiographs from 400 consecutive patients were evaluated
      for the assessment of the marginal bone height. Two hundred panoramic radiographs
      were exposed with the rotational technique and 200 with the intra-oral X-ray tube
      technique. Measurements of the approximal marginal bone level were independently
      performed by two observers. Complete agreement between panoramic and intra-oral
      radiographs was, on average, obtained in 55% and 49% of the sites, respectively.
      When the criterion for agreement was widened to include recordings with a
      difference of +/- 1 mm, the agreement was on average 87% irrespective of the
      techniques compared. The agreement varied with tooth type and severity of the
      marginal bone loss. Angular bony defects and furcation involvements were recorded
      separately. For angular bony defects there was a variation in agreement from 33%
      to 46% for the rotational technique and from 35% to 51% for the intra-oral X-ray
      tube technique depending on localization. Furcation involvements of the molars
      were equally recorded in 60% and 59%, respectively, but in only 12% and 28% for
      the upper premolars. Interobserver agreement was 58% for the intra-oral
      radiographs, 60% and 59% for the two panoramic techniques. Mean intra-observer
      agreement was 68%, 66% and 68%. It is concluded that panoramic radiography can
      often be used for the assessment of marginal bone loss alone, supplemented when
      necessary by intra-oral radiographs.

PMID- 1808001
TI  - Absorbed dose to organs in the head and neck from bitewing radiography.
AB  - Dose measurements were carried out to estimate the absorbed dose to organs at
      risk from bitewing radiography under exposure conditions similar to those found
      in general dental practice in The Netherlands. The measurements were carried out
      in the head and neck of a Rando phantom using TLD-100 ribbons. Three different X
      ray machines were used simulating 10 different exposure conditions to determine
      the effects of beam energy, beam size and focus-skin distance on the absorbed
      dose. The absorbed dose in the primary beam, close to the focal spot, decreased
      as the beam energy increased, while behind the film plane it increased with the
      beam energy. Outside the primary beam, at short distances from the skin surface,
      the absorbed dose decreased as the energy increased, while behind the film plane
      and at greater distances from the primary beam the absorbed dose increased as the
      beam energy increased. The absorbed dose was significantly lower for smaller beam
      sizes and for larger focus-skin distances, independent of beam energy.

PMID- 1808002
TI  - Multiple dental developmental anomalies.
AB  - An unusual case is presented of three dental developmental anomalies, a
      hypomaturation-hypoplastic with taurodontism form of amelogenesis imperfecta,
      hypodontia of the premolars and an odontoma, occurring in an otherwise normal
      boy.

PMID- 1808003
TI  - The origin of a case of severe image distortion in rotational panoramic
      radiography.
AB  - A rotational panoramic radiograph with an apparently severe error in patient
      positioning was obtained. There was no image in the middle part of the film which
      was black. The origin of this severely degraded image is explained by simulating
      the position of the jaws in relation to the path of the beam during the exposure.
      The error was caused by incorrect positioning of the patient so that the X-ray
      beam actually passed outside the jaws when the anterior region was radiographed.
      Similar misalignment could be reproduced using a phantom head which had been
      displaced 3 cm lateral and 1 cm behind of the ideal position.

PMID- 1808004
TI  - Oculodentodigital syndrome: report of a case.
AB  - The clinical and radiographic changes in a case of oculodentodigital syndrome are
      presented. The characteristic features of this rare developmental disorder,
      microphthalmus with microcornea and iris anomalies, hypertelorism, thin nose with
      hypoplastic alae and anteverted nostrils, syndactyly with camptodactyly and
      clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers associated with bony anomalies of
      the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers and toes, were all present. In
      addition, histological examination of a lateral incisor showed the enamel
      dysplasia to be due to enamel hypoplasia; the dentine also showed marked
      hypocalcification. There were widespread pulp denticles and hypercementosis
      throughout the dentition. Both the patient and his mother had coronoid
      hypoplasia.

PMID- 1808005
TI  - Automatic analysis of radiographic images: I. Theoretical considerations.
AB  - Making accurate measurements from radiographic images is time consuming and
      expensive. Simple and inexpensive diagnostic/monitoring systems will require a
      high degree of automation if they are to be used by radiographers or nurses in
      routine clinical practice without special training. Completely automatic image
      analysis systems are rare in radiology, although a number of experimental
      automated (initial human interaction) systems do exist. No fully automatic system
      exists for analysing dental bitewing radiographs. The role of multiple layer
      image models and multiple sources of information are discussed in relation to
      dental images. The potential role of interdental spaces is suggested as necessary
      key image regions to be identified for the model building process. A theoretical
      image model data structure is proposed which is experimentally tested in the
      following paper.

PMID- 1808006
TI  - Automatic analysis of radiographic images: II. Software implementation and
      testing on bitewing radiographs.
AB  - A prototype, completely automatic image-analysis system for dental bitewing
      radiographs was implemented in 'C' on a Unix workstation. A multiple layer
      hierarchical image model was created in software for each radiograph using
      production rule-based knowledge. The highest model layer formed an English-like
      description of anatomical structures including tooth type, interdental alveolar
      bone crest margins and spaces. A representation of spatial relationships between
      anatomical structures was formed, providing a method for comparing similar
      regions of a patient in serial, but not absolutely standardized, images. In 31
      clinical radiographs, the system automatically identified 93% (193) of all
      available interdental spaces which are the key image regions for model creation.
      Each image required 2 minutes of processing time. The reproducibility of finding
      34 interdental spaces in five films revealed one error. Further work is required
      to improve the recognition rate of the interdental regions towards 100% and to
      develop automatic comparisons between areas of change (disease?) in serial films.

PMID- 1808007
TI  - Reliability of hypocycloidal tomography for the evaluation of the distance from
      the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal.
AB  - When implants are to be inserted in the mandible posterior to the mental foramen,
      tomography is required to determine the exact location of the mandibular canal
      and assess the dimensions of the body and alveolar process. Previous studies have
      shown discrepancies between the true distance between the alveolar crest and the
      upper border of the mandibular canal and that measured from computed tomograms.
      This study evaluates the reliability of such measurements made from hypocycloidal
      tomograms. Six examiners, three radiologists and three oral surgeons,
      independently measured the distance from the alveolar crest to the upper border
      of the mandibular canal in transverse hypocycloidal tomograms of the mandible.
      Analysis of variance showed an average standard deviation between observers of
      1.33 mm. This variation, which is the total of inter- and intra-observer
      variation conditional upon patient and radiograph, was mainly due to the latter
      which amounted to a mean of 1.04 mm. Calculation of lower confidence limits
      showed that these could be decreased by the use of several observers. Various
      confidence levels, equal to the probabilities of obtaining lower confidence
      limits which are below the true values, can be used to choose acceptable levels
      of risk in overestimating the true distance.

PMID- 1808008
TI  - Angulation and prominence of the posterior slope of the eminence of the
      temporomandibular joint in relation to disc position.
AB  - A steep articular eminence has been proposed as an aetiological factor in
      internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Arthrograms of 20 joints
      each of three groups, superior disc position (SDP), anterior disc displacement
      with reduction (ADDWR) and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWOR)
      were compared. No correlation was found between a steep articular eminence and
      anterior disc displacement. The posterior slope of the articular eminence of the
      joints with ADDWOR was significantly less prominent than in those with SDP and
      ADDWR.

PMID- 1808009
TI  - Risk assessment from bitewing radiography.
AB  - The effective dose equivalent and the effective dose from bitewing radiography
      have been estimated for three different X-ray sets under 10 different exposure
      conditions using the ICRP 26 (1977) and the ICRP 60 (1990) recommendations. The
      results of dose measurements in the head and neck with an Alderson Rando phantom
      and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100 ribbons) were used (Velders XL et al.
      Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991; 20: 161-5). The effective dose equivalent (ICRP 26)
      was calculated using the salivary glands and brain as remainder organs. The
      highest effective dose equivalent was 11 microSv for the Philips Oralix 50 unit
      with a round, pointed cone; the lowest was 2 microSv for the X-ray sets with a
      rectangular open-ended tube. The highest effective dose using the ICRP 60
      weighting factors was 4 microSv for the Oralix 50, the lowest 1 microSv for the X
      ray sets with a rectangular open-ended tube. The probability of stochastic
      effects was calculated as at the most 0.18 x 10(-6) using a nominal probability
      coefficient of 165 x 10(-4) Sv-1 (ICRP 26); when using the ICRP 60
      recommendations (where the nominal probability coefficient for stochastic effects
      including non-fatal cancer is 730 x 10(-4) Sv-1) the maximum probability was 0.25
      0.31 x 10(-6). The maximum probability of fatal cancer induction was calculated
      as 0.18 x 10(-4) for both fatal probability coefficients, 125 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in
      ICRP 26 and 500 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in ICRP 60. The calculated probability of the total
      stochastic effects is nearly twice as high when using the new recommendations,
      whilst the estimated probability of fatal cancer induction is of the same order
      of magnitude with both.

PMID- 1808010
TI  - Scottish dentists' use of and opinions regarding bitewing radiography.
AB  - This study examined Scottish dentists' claimed use of and opinions regarding
      bitewing radiography. Information was obtained from a questionnaire sent to all
      dentists practising in Scotland in 1987 and from national statistics published in
      the Annual Reports of the Dental Practice Boards in the UK. The response rate to
      the questionnaire was 72% (926 general dental practitioners and 201 clinical
      community dental officers). Respondents considered radiography to be of value for
      the detection of approximal caries, assessment of caries progression and
      evaluation of alveolar periodontal support. They considered it to be of less
      value for a variety of other tasks, including detecting occlusal caries,
      unerupted teeth or calculus. One hundred and fifty-eight dentists (15% of
      respondents) claimed not to have taken any bitewings of their 12-year-old
      patients in the preceding year. Those respondents who did claim to have exposed
      some bitewings said that approximately one-quarter of this patient group had
      received the examination in the past year. The overall Health Service statistics
      appear to confirm that the utilization of radiography by dentists practising in
      Scotland is somewhat lower than that by dentists in England and Wales, a factor
      which requires further investigation.

PMID- 1808011
TI  - Effects of niobium filtration and constant potential on image quality in dental
      radiography. 1: Subjective assessment and contrast.
AB  - Two half-wave, self-rectified dental X-ray units and two constant potential units
      were compared with respect to the image quality of dental radiographs, and the
      effect of additional niobium filtration on the half-wave beams was explored.
      Eight beam qualities were investigated and subjective assessments of the films
      were made by 20 observers. An aluminium phantom was constructed which produced
      densities similar to those found on dental radiographs in periapical regions and
      in enamel. The effect of beam quality on the radiographic contrast between these
      densities was studied. Subjectively, there was a preference for the softer beams
      and for films in the middle range of exposures. The addition of niobium reduced
      preference by 50% at both 70 and 90 kVp. With one exception, the constant
      potential units fell within the range of preferences recorded for the self
      rectified units. However, the relationship of preference to half-value layer was
      not significant. Radiographic contrast decreased linearly as the half-value layer
      increased (r2 = 0.956, P less than 0.0005), and no specific effects of constant
      potential or niobium filtration were revealed.

PMID- 1808012
TI  - An unusual presentation of a high-grade, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the maxilla.
AB  - A case of a high-grade, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma affecting the maxillary alveolus
      which exhibited the classical radiological features of a malignant lesion
      occurring in the jaws is presented. CT demonstrated considerable upward
      displacement of an expanded but intact antral floor. Such a feature is more
      usually suggestive of involvement of the antrum by a benign lesion arising within
      the alveolar bone.

PMID- 1808013
TI  - The significance of the anterior buccal mandibular depression in oral
      implantology.

PMID- 1808015
TI  - Isolation, purification and primary structure of insulin from the turtle
      Chrysemys dorbigni.
AB  - Insulin A and B chains from pancreas of the turtle Chrysemys dorbigni have been
      purified to homogeneity, and their primary structures have been determined. The
      sequence of the A chain is G-I-V-E-Q-C-C-H-N-T-C-S-L-Y-Q-L-E-N-Y-C-N, and that of
      the B chain is A-A-N-Q-H-L-C-G-S-H-L-V-E-A-L-Y-L-V-C-G-E-R-G-F-F-Y-S-P-K-A. The
      amino acid sequence of Chrysemys insulin is identical to that of another turtle
      (Pseudemys scripta), the chicken, and turkey. When compared with alligator
      insulin, it has three conservative substitutions in the B chain. However, there
      are seven substitutions when compared with the insulin of the rattlesnake.

PMID- 1808014
TI  - Plasma vitellogenin and 17 beta-estradiol levels during the annual reproductive
      cycle of Podarcis s. sicula Raf.
AB  - Plasma vitellogenin and 17 beta-estradiol concentration were determined during
      the annual reproductive cycle of the female lizard Podarcis s. sicula Raf. living
      around Naples. Plasma vitellogenin was purified from estrogenized males for
      characterization and to raise specific immune serum. Using ELISA, plasma
      vitellogenin titers were determined in relation to ovary weight; plasma 17 beta
      estradiol was measured by RIA method. Native vitellogenin was present as two
      polypeptide bands: alpha and beta. The electrophoretic patterns, studied in
      normal male and estrogenized male and female, showed vitellogenin to be a protein
      present in female and in estrogenized male plasma but not in normal males. Lizard
      monomeric VTG, determined by SDS-PAGE, was about 200 kDa. Correlations between
      seasonal ovarian weight variations and plasma vitellogenin and 17 beta-estradiol
      suggest that ovarian development in Podarcis depends on plasma vitellogenin
      synthesis, which in turn relies on plasma estradiol levels. The two ovulatory
      waves observed in this study coincided with the two peak values of plasma
      vitellogenin and 17 beta-estradiol.

PMID- 1808016
TI  - Involvement of dopamine in prolactin release induced by electrical stimulation of
      the hypothalamus of the female turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).
AB  - Controversy exists regarding the role of dopamine (DA) in the regulation of avian
      prolactin (PRL) secretion. Consequently, we injected apomorphine, a DA agonist,
      and pimozide, a DA receptor blocker, into laying and nest-deprived incubating
      turkeys and studied their effect on PRL secretion before (-20, -10, 0 min),
      during (5, 10, 20, 30 min), and after (5, 15, 30 min) electrical stimulation in
      the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Apomorphine (10 mg/kg, ip)
      completely abolished the electrical stimulation-induced PRL increase in both
      laying and nest-deprived incubating hens. Pimozide (2 mg/kg, ip) potentiated
      electrical stimulation-induced PRL secretion in laying hens. In the two pimozide
      experiments, peak responses were 10.9-fold for the pimozide-treated group vs 2.9
      fold for the control group, and 5.4-fold for the pimozide-treated group vs 2.6
      fold for the control group. In nest-deprived incubating hens, PRL response to
      electrical stimulation was unaffected by pimozide treatment. These data support
      the concept that DA is inhibitory to the neuroendocrine system which stimulates
      PRL secretion in laying hens. In incubating hens, the dopaminergic inhibition is
      diminished, allowing for the increased PRL level observed during incubation.

PMID- 1808017
TI  - Growth hormone heterogeneity in American plaice pituitaries: isolation,
      characterization, and partial amino acid sequence.
AB  - Growth hormones (GHs) have been isolated from pituitary glands of American plaice
      (Hippoglossoides platessoides), a marine flatfish, using affinity and gel
      filtration chromatography, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE). A bioassay based on serum triiodothyronine elevation in
      immature rainbow trout was used to monitor biological activity. These GHs
      originate from two molecular mass regions, 42K and less than 33K relative
      molecular mass (Mr), in their native state. The 42K Mr region yielded two forms
      of GH, which differ in terms of quantity and net charge as evidenced by native
      PAGE, a major variant with a relative mobility of (Rf) 0.22 and a lesser variant
      with Rf 0.28. The less than 33 Mr region has a single GH species with Rf 0.22.
      Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, without reduction, both GH variants from the
      42K Mr region gave Mrs of 21K, while the GH from the less than 33K Mr region was
      20K Mr, typical of monomeric vertebrate GHs. The proteins composing the 42K Mr
      region are proposed as GH dimers since they yield 21K Mr peptides. The less than
      33K Mr region contains a GH monomer (20K Mr) in its native state. An amino
      terminal amino acid sequence, identical for both the 42K and the 20K Mr Rf 0.22
      forms, has good homology with other complete fish GH sequences near their
      carboxyl-terminal regions (between amino acids 130 and 196). The GH dimers (42K
      Mr) predominate in the plaice pituitary, contributing 93% of the total, of which
      86% gives rise to the Rf 0.22 variant.

PMID- 1808018
TI  - Isolation of sockeye salmon growth hormone utilizing serum triiodothyronine
      enhancement in rainbow trout to monitor biological activity.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) was isolated from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
      pituitary glands using established techniques of affinity and gel filtration
      chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The GH
      activity was followed throughout the fractionation procedure with a bioassay
      based on the increase of serum triiodothyronine (T3) in rainbow trout
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss), measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Amino-terminal amino
      acid sequence analysis and subsequent comparison with established GH sequences
      from other Oncorhynchus sp. were used to confirm the isolation of sockeye salmon
      GH (ssGH). The bioassay was sensitive to a dose of 55 ng of purified ssGH/g fish.
      Monomeric GHs, located in the carbohydrate-poor protein fraction, were the only
      pituitary components that elevated serum T3. Twenty-four hours after GH injection
      was an appropriate and practical time to blood sample, allowing completion of the
      bioassay, including RIA, in 3 days. The generic homology, between the source of
      pituitaries and the bioassay animals used in this study, should permit the
      bioassay to be useful during GH isolation from pituitaries of all Oncorhynchus
      sp.

PMID- 1808020
TI  - 5 alpha-pregnane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17,20 alpha- and -20 beta-tetrols as
      metabolites of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in carp (Cyprinus carpio)
      ovarian incubations.

PMID- 1808019
TI  - Ovarian control of oostegite formation in the terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium
      vulgare (Malacostraca, Crustacea).
AB  - The correlation between oostegite formation and ovarian maturation was
      investigated in the isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Females whose ovaries had been
      removed and males whose androgenic glands had been removed were used in these
      experiments. Ovariectomy of puberal females did not stop oostegite formation.
      Whether oostegites develop in puberal females whose ovaries have been removed
      depends upon the degree of maturation of the ovaries at the time of removal. On
      the other hand, ovariectomized juvenile females and andrectomized juvenile males
      were unable to form oostegites when they attained puberty. An extract of
      vitellogenic ovaries induced oostegite formation in ovariectomized females and
      andrectomized males, but not in intact males. The ability of ovarian extracts to
      induce oostegite formation was dose-dependent. The nature of this ovarian factor
      that induces oostegite formation in A. vulgare remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 1808021
TI  - Day and nighttime concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the
      retina and pineal gland from different classes of vertebrates.
AB  - 5-Methoxytryptophol (ML) and melatonin concentrations were determined by
      radioimmunoassay in the retinae and pineal glands of frogs (Rana esculenta),
      chickens (Gallus domesticus), quails (Coturnix coturnix), and European hamsters
      (Cricetus cricetus), killed in the afternoon (1500-1700 hr) and around midnight
      (2400-0200 hr). ML was only detectable in significant amounts in the frog retina.
      In the pineal gland ML levels showed the opposite profile to retinal ML, with
      measurable levels in the chicken, quail, and hamster and undetectable levels in
      the frog (less than 2.0 pg/gland). A significant day/night variation was observed
      in the bird pineal only, with higher levels occurring during the day. In contrast
      to ML, the interspecies variation in melatonin content was similar in the retina
      and pineal, with the highest concentrations occurring in the chicken greater than
      quail much greater than frog greater than hamster. Significantly higher night
      levels of melatonin were observed in the retina of the chicken and quail and in
      the pineal of the chicken, quail, and frog. The ratio of ML:melatonin
      concentrations in the retina and pineal also showed interspecies variations. In
      the birds the amount of ML was minimal in comparison with the amount of melatonin
      (1-4% retina; 0.3-12% pineal). The highest ML:melatonin occurred in the retina of
      the frog and in the pineal of the European hamster.

PMID- 1808022
TI  - Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and AVT-related peptide are major aldosterone-releasing
      factors in the bullfrog neurointermediate lobe.
AB  - Two major components which stimulate aldosterone release from Xenopus
      adrenocortical tissue were isolated from an acid-acetone extract of the
      neurointermediate lobes of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) using C18 Sep-Pak
      cartridges, Sephadex G-50, and reverse-phase HPLC columns. One of the components
      was identified as arginine vasotocin (AVT) from its HPLC profile and amino acid
      sequence analysis. The other was an AVT-like decapeptide with an extra glycine
      residue at the C-terminus of nonamidated AVT, which was recently termed hydrin 2.
      The yields of these two peptides were almost the same. They also showed
      equipotent activity in stimulating water flux from the isolated urinary bladder
      of the toad (Bufo japonicus).

PMID- 1808023
TI  - Effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the development and
      involution of the bursa of fabricius and the thymus in the Japanese quail.
AB  - We investigated the effects of castration on the development of lymphoid organs
      (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen) in the Japanese quail during 4-8 weeks
      of age under a long photoperiod (16L:8D) and the effect of testosterone
      implantation on the involution of the lymphoid organs under long (16L:8D) and
      short (8L:16D) photoperiods. Under 16L:8D, the bursa of Fabricius and thymus in
      intact quail grew rapidly and reached a peak at 6 weeks of age and regressed
      thereafter. In contrast, development of the lymphoid organs in castrated quail
      was well correlated with the body growth. Testosterone treatment induced a
      significant reduction in relative bursal weight to body weight at 6 weeks of age
      under 16L:8D and 8 weeks of age under 16L:8D and 8L:16D, in relative thymus
      weight at 6 weeks of age under 16L:8D and 8L:16D, and in relative spleen weight
      at 6 weeks of age under 8L:16D. Thus, we conclude that gonadal hormones play an
      important role in the development and involution of lymphoid organs.

PMID- 1808024
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates biosynthesis of prostaglandin F2 alpha
      by the interrenal gland of the water frog, Rana esculenta, in vitro.
AB  - The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro effects of mammalian
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH) on the production of prostaglandin F2
      alpha (PGF2 alpha) and sex steroids (progesterone, androgens, and 17 beta
      estradiol) by the interrenal gland of male and female Rana esculenta during three
      different periods of the sexual annual cycle. In both sexes, mGnRH induced a
      significant increase in PGF2 alpha in the incubation medium in all examined
      periods. Progesterone and androgens were undetectable, while 17 beta-estradiol
      was significantly increased by mGnRH in interrenals incubated during the
      postreproductive period in both sexes. These results suggest that R. esculenta
      interrenals could be a GnRH-dependent PGF2 alpha-secreting tissue. In addition,
      the simultaneous increase in PGF2 alpha and estradiol from postreproductive
      cultured interrenals support the notion that mGnRH-induced estradiol synthesis is
      mediated through PGF2 alpha formation. This finding, taken together with other
      previous studies, strongly suggests that the end of the breeding period in R.
      esculenta depends on GnRH-induced PGF2 alpha-mediated enhancement of estradiol
      synthesis in a steroidogenetic organ (probably interrenals).

PMID- 1808025
TI  - Primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from four species of Perissodactyla
      (Przewalski's horse, zebra, rhino, tapir).
AB  - Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been purified from extracts of the pancreas of
      four species of odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla): Przewalski's horse, mountain
      zebra, white rhinoceros, and mountain tapir. The amino acid sequence of
      Przewalski's horse pancreatic polypeptide was established as Ala-Pro-Met-Glu-Pro
      Val-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Asp10-Asn- Ala-Thr-Pro-Glu-Gln-Met-Ala-Gln-Tyr20-Ala-Ala-Glu-Leu
      Arg-Arg-Tyr- Ile-Asn-Met30 - Leu-Thr-Arg-Pro-Arg-Tyr.NH2. Zebra PP was identical
      to Przewalski's horse PP, rhinoceros PP contained three substitutions relative to
      the horse (Ser for Ala1, Leu for Met3, and Glu for Gln16), and tapir PP contained
      one substitution relative to the horse (Leu for Met3). On the basis of
      morphological characteristics and the fossil record, the rhinocerotids are
      classified with the tapirids in the suborder Ceratomorpha, whereas the horse and
      zebra belong to a separate suborder, Hippomorpha. On the basis of structural
      similarity of the PP molecules, however, it would appear that the tapir is more
      closely related to the horse than to the rhinoceros. These observations provide a
      further example of the need for extreme caution when inferring taxonomic or
      phylogenetic relationships between species from the structures of homologous
      peptides.

PMID- 1808027
TI  - Human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (1-44) stimulates GH cells in an
      anuran amphibian (Rana perezi).
AB  - Subcellular responses of amphibian growth hormone (GH)-producing cells to in vivo
      administration of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (1-44) (hpGRF)
      were investigated. The volume density (Vv) of secretory granules (SG), rough
      endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and Golgi complex (GC) and the numerical density
      (Nv) of the granules were estimated by ultrastructural morphometry. Immunogold
      staining was applied to ultrathin sections using an antiserum to ovine GH to
      identify GH-producing cells. In vivo treatment with hpGRF significantly decreased
      the Vv of the SG and the Nv of medium SG after 6 hr. The peptide also stimulated
      development of the cellular biosynthetic machinery and increased the number of
      small SG 24 hr after stimulation. Four-day-stimulated GH cells did not recover
      control morphological appearances. These morphological results suggest that: (1)
      In vivo administered hpGRF stimulates GH cells in Rana perezi by inducing hormone
      release and enhances biosynthetic activity; (2) after four injections, the
      cellular response is more intense, indicating that GH cells remain hyperactive,
      probably because the exogenous hpGRF overcomes the endogenous inhibitory control
      of GH secretion.

PMID- 1808028
TI  - Enzyme variants of Eimeria parasitizing the domestic fowl and possibilities of
      species diagnostics.
AB  - Electrophoretic variation of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and
      glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) of Eimeria parasitizing the domestic fowl in
      Czechoslovakia is summarized and the differentiation of species of poultry
      coccidia is discussed. A new method for evaluation of zymograms of coccidial
      enzymes is presented. This method enables the results of different experiments to
      be compared by calculating standardized rates of mobility of each enzyme band
      relative to the positions of reference variants coded LDH-8 or GPI-9.

PMID- 1808026
TI  - Pattern of secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the sexually
      mature male turkey.
AB  - Whether luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) are secreted in pulsatile
      patterns was determined in sexually mature male turkeys. Turkeys were chronically
      cannulated and serially bled for three 8-hr periods covering the 24-hr day
      (14L:10D, n = 7, series B), or for two 12-hr periods covering the 24-hr day
      (14L:10D, n = 4, series C). Pulses of both LH and T occurred during both the
      light and dark portions of the 24-hr day. A portion of the secretory episodes of
      T, where the baseline level of LH was relatively low, was associated with prior
      peaks of LH secretion. Secretory episodes of T also occurred, where baseline
      levels of LH and T were both relatively high, without detection of prior peaks of
      LH. No differences were found between the photophase and scotophase portions of
      the photoperiod for either LH or T concentration. It is concluded that T is
      secreted in a pulsatile pattern in sexually mature male turkeys. However, LH is
      secreted in a pulsatile pattern only when baseline levels of both LH and T are
      relatively low. Neither LH nor T secretion is entrained by the photoperiod.
      Corticosterone was measured in hourly samples, but no changes in concentration
      occurred in association with the photoperiod.

PMID- 1808029
TI  - Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen and Bhaskaran, 1952 from the common house
      crow (Corvus splendens Vieillot) of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia.
AB  - Faecal samples of 56 common house crows (Corvus splendens Vieillot) were
      collected from the Petaling Jaya and Kelang districts of Selangor, peninsular
      Malaysia, and examined for coccidia. Intestinal tracts of 8 of the above crows
      wee histologically examined under light microscopy to determine the site of
      coccidial infection and the endogenous stages present. Fifty three (94.6%) crows
      had coccidial oocysts morphologically conforming to only one species of Isospora
      in their faeces at the time they were examined. The sporulated oocysts were found
      to be Isospora corviae (Ray et al. 1952) which has been emended to I. corvi.
      These oocysts are redescribed in greater detail. Corvus splendens is a new host
      record for I. corvi. Coccidial infection was observed in all the intestinal
      tracts and generally confined to the anterior two thirds of the intestine. The
      parasites occurred within intestinal epithelial cells, located usually above the
      host cell nucleus. Developmental stages of both the asexual and sexual phases
      were found in the epithelium, and are deemed to be the endogenous stages of I.
      corvi on the basis of the oocysts recovered from the same crows used for
      histological study. These stages are described here for the first time. The
      prevalence of I. corvi, its relationship with the host C. splendens, and its
      probable transmission from C. macrorhynchus are discussed.

PMID- 1808030
TI  - Developmental cycle of Rubenstrema exasperatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Trematoda:
      Omphalometridae).
AB  - The developmental cycle of the trematode Rubenstrema exasperatum (Rudolphi,
      1819), a common parasite of insectivores of the family Soricidae, is described
      here for the first time. The first intermediate host in nature is the snail
      Planorbarius corneus. Metacercariae encysted experimentally in larvae of the
      mosquito Culex molestus; exceptionally, these were found encysted in daughter
      sporocysts. Adult specimens of R. exasperatum were found after experimental
      infections in the hamster Mesocricetus auratus. Daughter sporocysts, cercariae,
      metacercariae and adults are described in detail.

PMID- 1808031
TI  - The life cycle of Rubenstrema opisthovitellinum Soltys, 1954 (Trematoda:
      Omphalometridae).
AB  - The life cycle of Rubenstrema opisthovitellinum Soltys, 1954, a parasite of
      shrews, is elucidated. The following developmental stages are described in
      detail: daughter sporocyst, cercaria, metacercaria, and adult. The freshwater
      snail Planorbarius corneus was found to be the first intermediate host in nature.
      The metacercariae were obtained from the larvae of mosquitoes Culex molestus and
      only exceptionally from snails Physa acuta. The adults were obtained from the
      small intestine of hamsters Mesocricetus auratus. The life cycle and the larval
      stages of R. opisthovitellinum are described for the first time.

PMID- 1808032
TI  - Development of Khawia sinensis Hsu, 1935 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) in the fish
      host.
AB  - The development of the tapeworm Khawia sinensis has been observed up to the stage
      of sexually mature parasites releasing eggs in an experimentally infected
      definitive host (Cyprinus carpio) at 15-16 degrees C. Juvenile, maturing, adult
      and gravid tapeworms were found 2-12, 19-24, 36-62, and 78-91 days post
      infection, respectively. No apparent size difference between tapeworms from carp
      kept at 20-22 degrees C, examined 1-16 days post infection, and those from 15-16
      degrees C was observed. In naturally infected and fed carp, kept at 21-22 degrees
      C, some tapeworms survived till the end of experiment (44 days) while in unfed
      fish they survived only 15 days from the beginning of experiment.

PMID- 1808034
TI  - Resistance levels of nine mosquito species to 4% DDT in Phnom Penh, Kampuchea.
AB  - According to the standard WHO method criteria, the mosquitoes Anopheles
      campestris and Culex vishnui were found to be susceptible to DDT in the territory
      of Phnom Penh. An. vagus and An. sinensis were approximately at the limit of
      susceptibility and the remaining five species (Aedes vexans, Cx.
      tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus) were
      found to be more or less resistant. Except for An. vagus, the males of all
      species were more susceptible than the females.

PMID- 1808033
TI  - Colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium
      chlamydosporium Goddard.
AB  - The process of colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus
      Verticillium chlamydosporium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The
      preparations were made by fractionation of egg suspension exposed to the fungus
      for four days and frozen in liquid nitrogen according to Sterba and Milacek
      (1986). Ovicidal fungus forms an abundant ramifying mycelial network in the area
      between the eggs. However, egg-shells are penetrated only by some hyphae without
      any penetration organs produced (simple hyphal penetration). In a liquid medium,
      after penetration, hyphae inside the eggs rapidly grow among inner structures of
      egg-shells and on the surface of developing larvae. In the next phase, hyphae
      colonize the developing larva. The eggs attacked by this fungus remain
      morphologically unchanged for a long time except the sites of penetration.
      Verticillium chlamydosporium is a fungus with unique ovicidal properties. It
      colonizes the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides at all stages of embryo development
      and also attacks larvae inside the eggs.

PMID- 1808035
TI  - Susceptibility of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say
      (Diptera; Culicidae) to DDT in Kampuchea.
AB  - The susceptibility to 4% DDT was tested in adult Aedes aegypti and Culex
      quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in houses in Phnom Penh (Kampuchea). It was
      found that in spite of the fact that insecticide treatment had not been performed
      for many years, the populations of both species as a whole remained resistant.
      However, there were some differences in the susceptibility between males and
      females and between engorged and hungry females. Possible causes of these
      differences are discussed in the present paper.

PMID- 1808036
TI  - Preliminary comparison of four antigens of the genus Trichinella in an ELISA
      test.

PMID- 1808037
TI  - Surgical-prosthetic voice restoration: timing of puncture and radiation.

PMID- 1808038
TI  - A study of EGG and simultaneous subglottal pressure signals.

PMID- 1808039
TI  - The temporal characteristics of aerodynamic phenomena associated with patients
      manifesting varying degrees of velopharyngeal adequacy.

PMID- 1808040
TI  - Comparison of pitch perturbation extraction procedures with adult male and female
      speakers.

PMID- 1808041
TI  - Perceived oral opening and lip/jaw displacement during speech.

PMID- 1808042
TI  - [Evaluating speech perception of children with the cochlear implant: approaches
      to a new test procedure].
AB  - The Auditory Test Battery for children, a test instrument for the German
      language, which measures acoustic orientation and speech perception on different
      linguistic levels, is described. Speech perception data for each subject,
      gathered from 8 implanted children, are presented.

PMID- 1808043
TI  - Recent advances in management of neonatal septicemia.

PMID- 1808044
TI  - Coagulase negative staphylococcal septicemia in newborns.
AB  - The case records of 2177 newborn infants admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care
      Unit (NICU) from January, 1989, through July, 1990, with positive blood cultures
      for coagulase-negative staphylococci (C-NS) were evaluated. Seventy four (3.4%)
      neonates yielded C-NS in blood cultures during the study period. Of these, 58
      (2.7%) infants had clinical and hematological features compatible with the
      diagnosis of septicemia. Remaining 16 babies with positive cultures had no
      evidence of sepsis, and were designated as "C-NS bacteremia". The age at which
      positive cultures were obtained differed between the bacteremic and septicemic
      groups. In bacteremic group, the onset occurred between one to four days of age.
      In contrast, in septicemic group the range was 6-20 days, with a mean of 10.22
      (+/- 3.53) days. More than two third of total cases of C-NS sepsis were premature
      and low birth weight (LBW). Prominent clinical features included lethargy, poor
      feeding and fever. Besides this apneic spells were seen predominantly in babies
      weighing less than 1500 g. Further, before the diagnosis of C-NS sepsis, more
      than half of neonates had received prolonged intravenous fluid therapy, a quarter
      had undergone umbilical catheterization and a further quarter needed a ventilator
      support. Overall mortality in C-NS sepsis was 17.24%, distinctly higher in
      neonates with RDS and those requiring mechanical ventilation (p less than 0.05).
      Only 1.34% C-NS isolates were resistant to all routinely used antibiotics and
      sensitivity was maximum with newer cephalosporins, ciproflox and amikacin.

PMID- 1808045
TI  - Mortality in neonatal septicemia with involvement of mother in management.
AB  - In most Special Care Neonatal Units (SCNUs) in India, mothers are excluded from
      the care of their sick babies for fear of over-crowding and dislocation. We have
      attempted to study the feasibility of involving mothers in the care of their
      babies admitted for neonatal septicemia and to analyse whether this changed the
      sepsis related case fatality rate. The study material consisted of 158 neonates
      with blood culture positive neonatal septicemia whose mothers were actively
      involved in their care during their stay in the SCNU of LNJPN Hospital throughout
      1987-88. The mothers lived in with their sick neonates and were extremely useful
      in feeding, cleaning, and monitoring for some important signs and symptoms. There
      were no epidemics of infection in the nursery during this period. All the babies
      discharged were receiving breast feeds, and the mothers were confident in taking
      care of them before discharge. The mortality in this group was 43%. The onset of
      septicemia was most often in the first week (36%) being 25.9% in second week,
      26.6% in the third, and 11.4% in the fourth. Mortality was maximum (64.5%) when
      the onset of illness was in the first 3 days. Klebsiella and S. aureus were
      commonly isolated organisms (38.6 and 21.5%, respectively). Gram negative
      organisms were isolated in 66.5% cases with higher mortality in this group.
      Nearly 46% of the babies weighed 2 kg or less, with a mortality of 60.2% compared
      to 28.2% in those more than 2 kg. Only 3 to 5% and 40 to 66.7% of Gram negative
      and 23 and 70% of Gram positive organisms were sensitive to ampicillin and
      gentamicin, respectively.

PMID- 1808046
TI  - Neonatal septicemia: a reappraisal with special reference to the use of
      cefotaxime.
AB  - In a study period of one year, 381 babies (38.7% of all nursery admissions) were
      clinically diagnosed to have sepsis. Of these, 156 (40.9%) had positive blood
      cultures. Klebsiella was by far the commonest organism isolated (41%) followed by
      other Gram negative organisms. Gram positive organisms were uncommon (8%).
      Sensitivity of Gram negative organisms was poor to penicillin (11%) and
      ampicillin (18%); significantly better to kanamycin (65%), gentamicin (74%) and
      best to cefotaxime (79%). Only 8% isolates were resistant to all antibiotics.
      Combination of cefotaxime and gentamicin was effective against 90% of the
      isolates (in vitro) as compared to 74% for gentamicin and ampicillin. In vivo,
      mortality in the cefotaxime treated group was significantly lower (24.3%) than
      control group (47%) although both groups were clinically and bacteriologically
      comparable (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 1808047
TI  - Perinatal outcome of infants born to diabetic mothers.
AB  - Two hundred and sixty three pregnant diabetic mothers' perinatal outcome was
      evaluated. Two hundred and twenty five infants were born to gestational diabetic
      mothers (IGDM) and 38 infants to mothers with established diabetes mellitus
      (IDM). In IGDM group, 34 babies (15%) were preterm and 45 (20%) were low birth
      weight (less than 2500 g). Thirty eight babies (17%) were large-for-dates (LFD)
      and 14 (6.2%) were small-for-dates (SFD). Among IDM group, 8 (21%) babies were
      preterm and 8 (21%) were low birth weight (less than 2500 g). Fifteen babies
      (39.5%) were LFD and 3 (8%) were SFD. Out of all babies, hypoglycemia occurred in
      43 (16%), birth asphyxia in 24 (9%) and respiratory distress in 21 (8%). Nearly
      half of respiratory distress were due to hyaline membrane disease. Perinatal
      mortality rate was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in IDM (237/1000 live
      birth) as compared to IGDM (40/1000 live birth).

PMID- 1808048
TI  - Spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation in the neonate.
AB  - Twenty seven cases of spontaneous gastro-intestinal perforation were treated from
      1981 to 1990. Four perforations were in the stomach, 17 in the small bowel and
      seven in the large bowel. One of them had dual perforation, one in the stomach
      and another in the duodenum. The exact etiology remained obscure. Various factors
      observed were maternal obstetric complications, prematurity and perinatal
      asphyxia. Stress should be laid on early diagnosis by following up 'at risk
      neonates' thus, giving a better overall survival rate.

PMID- 1808049
TI  - Computed tomography of brain in symptomatic birth asphyxia.
AB  - Twenty five asphyxiated newborns (seventeen term and eight preterm) with mean
      gestational age of 37 weeks (range 28-48 weeks) and mean birth weight of 2.4 kg
      (range 0.75 kg to 3.5 kg), respectively, constituted the cases in present study.
      Normal CT scan was found in five term (29.4%) and two preterm babies (25%). CT
      abnormalities noted in term babies included hemorrhage (subarachnoid 5.8%,
      intracerebral 11.6%), hypodensity (mild 23.2%, moderate 11.6% severe 5.8%);
      hypodensity with hemorrhage 5.8% and cerebral atrophy 5.8%. In the preterm babies
      abnormalities included intraventricular hemorrhage in 25%, isolated hypodensity
      in 37.5% and hypodensity with hemorrhage in 12.5% cases. Where as mild
      hypodensity on CT scan in the absence of hemorrhage or other gross abnormality
      was indicative of a favourable outcome, moderate to severe hypodensity was
      indicative of ischemic brain injury and an unfavourable outcome. The presence of
      intraventricular hemorrhage irrespective of the size of bleed was associated with
      mortality in all in the present study.

PMID- 1808050
TI  - Measurement of neonatal skinfold thickness--is it of any clinical relevance?
AB  - The skinfold thickness (SFT) was measured in 750 Punjabi newborns at triceps and
      subscapular sites using a Harpenden's Caliper. It was correlated with various
      maternal and neonatal factors. SFT increased with increasing gestation but showed
      a decline after 40 weeks. There was a positive correlation of SFT with birth
      weight and length of the baby in both sexes. The correlation co-efficient for all
      these parameters was 0.9. The female babies had a higher SFT at all weight and
      length groups. Increasing maternal age, parity, weight and height all influenced
      the neonatal SFT positively. Mothers with higher SFT produced babies with more
      skinfold thickness. Similar relationship was observed between birth weight and
      these maternal factors. While severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia led to a
      significant fall in SFT, hypertension alone did not affect it. A higher than
      normal SFT was seen among infants of diabetic mothers. It was concluded that the
      SFT does not give any additional information than that provided by the commonly
      measured parameters like birth weight and length.

PMID- 1808051
TI  - Intrauterine growth predictors.
AB  - The present study was conducted to construct standards for midarm circumference
      and midarm/head circumference ratio to identify neonates at risk for metabolic
      complications and to assess the anthropometric variable which could be used to
      substitute weight to identify low birth weight neonates. A study of 2925
      consecutive live births showed significant correlation (p less than or equal to
      0.001) between different anthropometric variables studied. Since midarm
      circumference (MAC), midarm circumference/head circumference ratio (MAC/HC) and
      ponderal index (PI) had the least correlation with gestation, these were used as
      independent markers for gestation. Among these three, MAC had the best
      correlation with birth weight (r = 0.808). A midarm circumference of less than or
      equal to 8.6 cm and less than or equal to 7.4 cm had the best sensitivity and
      specificity for identifying neonates with a birth weight of less than or equal to
      2500 and less than or equal to 2000 g, respectively. All the anthropometric
      variable studied can rule out low birth weight with great accuracy (high negative
      predictive value greater than 90%).

PMID- 1808052
TI  - Stress associated gastric bleeding in newborn--role of ranitidine.
AB  - Stress associated gastric bleeding in sick neonates is an ominous sign and
      frequently heralds mortality. This study was aimed at evaluating the H2 receptor
      antagonist drug-ranitidine in the treatment of this bleeding. Thirty eight
      neonates with gastric hemorrhage were included in the study. Twenty neonates were
      given ranitidine while 18 acted as controls. Both groups were well matched with
      respect to various parameters. Gastric bleeding was controlled earlier in the
      ranitidine group in contrast to the control group. No untoward side effects were
      observed with the use of ranitidine. The use of this drug in stress associated
      gastric bleeding in neonates is recommended.

PMID- 1808053
TI  - Neurocysticercosis in children.
AB  - Twenty seven cases (13 male, 14 female) in the age group of 3-12 years with
      cerebral cysticercosis were studied and followed up to 3.9 years (mean 1.85 +/-
      0.91 years). Seizures (partial 76% and generalized 23.8%) was the feature in 21
      patients (77.7%) and raised intracranial tension in 15 (55.5%). Five patients
      (18.2%) had meningoencephalitis, while 4 (14.8%) had obstructive hydrocephalus
      due to intraventricular cysts in the 4th ventricle. Twenty two patients received
      cysticidal drugs (praziquantel or albendazole), while 8 had surgical intervention
      (CSF diversion, cyst removal, subtemporal decompression or extirpation of the
      cortical cyst). Mortality was 18.2%. Survivors had epilepsy in 18 patients
      (81.8%), dementia in 2 (9%), mental subnormality in 6 (27.2%) and hyperkinesia in
      12 (54.5%).

PMID- 1808054
TI  - Neonatal shigellosis.

PMID- 1808056
TI  - Congenital short small bowel presenting as neonatal intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 1808055
TI  - Neonatal side effects of intrathecal morphine for painless labor.

PMID- 1808057
TI  - Jugular vein cannulation.

PMID- 1808058
TI  - Unusual presentation of gastroesophageal reflux with corpus callosum agenesis,
      cleft palate and mental retardation.

PMID- 1808060
TI  - Local tetanus initially mistaken as compressive thoracic myelopathy: a case
      report with electrophysiological findings.

PMID- 1808059
TI  - Neonatal appendicitis: a rare cause of surgical emergency in preterm babies.

PMID- 1808061
TI  - Congenital skull and scalp defect.

PMID- 1808062
TI  - Farber's disease.

PMID- 1808063
TI  - Normal values for penile standards in newborns.

PMID- 1808064
TI  - Eyelid injury during breast feeding.

PMID- 1808065
TI  - Caffey's disease in twins.

PMID- 1808066
TI  - ORS in feeding bottle--a cause of concern.

PMID- 1808068
TI  - Segmental dilatation of the ileum.

PMID- 1808069
TI  - Urinary tract infections in children: epidemiology, etiology and diagnosis.

PMID- 1808067
TI  - Limitations of BERA as a diagnostic tool.

PMID- 1808070
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of neonatal apnea.

PMID- 1808071
TI  - A study of Baroda Development Screening Test for infants.
AB  - Baroda Development Screening Test for Infants based on Baroda Norms on BSID
      Research Form 1961 were studied at the Child Development Unit of the Department
      of Pediatrics in the K.E.M. Hospital, Pune. Screening validity, sensitivity,
      specificity, over-referrals and under-referrals were calculated in three samples-
      (i) 730 records of 130 babies evaluated on BSID-Baroda Norms during 1979 and
      December 1984; (ii) 101 records of babies tested at six months out of the first
      sample; and (iii) 50 babies screened by interviewing the mothers and tested on
      the full scales by the experts. Screening validity, sensitivity and specificity
      were more than 76, 66 and 77%, respectively. Over-referrals were highest (35%) in
      the sample screened by interview. Suggestions are made to improve the screening
      by interview. Baroda Development Screening Test for Infants is recommended for
      use in the field for further evaluation.

PMID- 1808073
TI  - Trial of a screening technique of the developmental assessment of infants and
      young children (6 weeks-2 years).
AB  - Six hundred and nineteen infants and young children from the slums of Jabalpur
      City were screened by twenty trained paramedical workers using the Woodside
      Screening Technique. A second screen was given by the author within three days of
      the first screen on 350 (56.5%) children. The tester/author agreement was 97%.
      The results of the Woodside Screening Technique were validated against the
      standard Gesell's Schedules. The specificity and sensitivity rates of 88 and 83%,
      respectively were better than the original Denver Developmental Screening Test
      (77% each). Over referral rates which vary between 10-28% were comparable to the
      original Denver Developmental Screening Test. The under referral rate was 24%.
      All children tested belonged to the deprived sections of society, having weights
      below 50th centile of Harvard Standards. Inspite of this 74% of children scored
      above and at par on the Gesell's Developmental Schedule, only 11% children
      showing any developmental abnormality. The need to eliminate the cultural bias
      from the test and draw a new threshold line to separate questionable cases from
      abnormal ones is highlighted. Recommendations and specific modifications of the
      Woodside Screening Technique are suggested.

PMID- 1808072
TI  - Training of non-professional health workers in a simple technique of
      developmental screening of infants and young children.
AB  - Twenty Anganwadi Workers were trained for developmental screening of infants and
      young children (6 weeks to 2 yrs) and their results compared with that of a
      trained medical practitioner. The screening tool used was the Woodside System of
      screening. A reference test (Gesell's Developmental Schedules) was given to 56.5%
      of the sample. The tester/tester reliability worked out on 50% of the testers was
      comparable. The results of the tester/author reliability worked out on 150
      children were statistically comparable. A high level of proficiency of the
      workers was retained throughout the study through constant supervision and cross
      check by the author. The successful training of insufficiently used paramedical
      manpower for decreasing cost of medical care and improving utilization of the
      health delivery system is highlighted.

PMID- 1808074
TI  - A longitudinal follow up of development of preterm infants.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the development of preterm (PT)
      babies (gestation less than 37 weeks). One hundred and seventy two preterm babies
      and 36 control babies were followed up for a period of 18-24 months. Psychomotor
      development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 3, 6,
      9, 12, 18, 24 months, using the corrected or post conceptional age. Preterm
      babies, as a group, caught up with normal babies between 18-24 months, both on
      the motor and mental scale. Higher the birth weight, better was the mean motor
      development quotient at 18 months. Uncomplicated preterm babies showed higher
      mean development quotients at 18 months than preterm babies with additional
      complications and they also caught up earlier (12-18 months) than the latter
      group who caught up between 18-24 months. Similarly, PT appropriate for
      gestational age (AGA) babies showed, earlier 'catch up' than PT small for
      gestational age (SGA) babies. The incidence of cerebral palsy was low (4%).

PMID- 1808075
TI  - Usefulness of calf circumference as a measure for screening low birth weight
      infants.
AB  - Usefulness of calf circumference (CC) for screening low birth weight (LBW) was
      assessed in comparison with other anthropometric measurements, crown heel and
      crown rump lengths (CHL, CRL), Chest (Ch C), head (HC) and arm (AC)
      circumferences in 256 infants within 24 hours of birth. Calf circumference showed
      highest degree of correlation (r = 0.83) with birth weight followed by arm and
      chest circumference and crown heel length. Step down multiple linear regression
      analysis of birth weight showed highest R2 value with combination of calf, arm
      and crown heel length (82.1%). Addition of other measurements did not improve the
      predictive value of the model. Sensitivity of these parameters in screening LBW
      infants (less than 2500 g) showed 95.7% critical limit for calf followed by 82.6%
      with arm circumference and 72.5% with crown heel length. False positive responses
      were similar (18-20%) with all the three parameters. Calf circumference being
      highly sensitive and easy to measure, is useful in screening most of the low
      birth weight infants in the communities where weighing scales are not available
      or cannot be used by peripheral workers.

PMID- 1808076
TI  - Knowledge and perceptions of residents regarding case management of acute
      diarrhea.
AB  - The knowledge and perceptions about case management of acute diarrhea were
      studied amongst 330 resident doctors working in Pediatric Departments of various
      Medical Colleges in the country. Our observations highlight the inadequacies in
      the medical curriculum and deficient clinical training in the management of acute
      diarrhea in the teaching institutions. Knowledge of signs of dehydration was
      correctly perceived by only 79.8% interns, 80.9% house physicians and 81.1%
      postgraduate students. It was appalling to observe that despite spending 1-3
      years in pediatric wards, the knowledge and perceptions of postgraduate students
      had not significantly improved. On the contrary, the responses of postgraduate
      students were poorer as compared to interns in their perceptions of use of ORT in
      moderate dehydration (p less than 0.005) and in presence of vomiting (p less than
      0.05). Adequate thrust on diarrhea and its management during undergraduate as
      well as during postgraduate teaching and proper training in diarrhea case
      management with "hands on training" needs to be viewed as a priority in the
      teaching institutions.

PMID- 1808077
TI  - Assessment of knowledge and skills about growth monitoring amongst multipurpose
      workers in an ICDS project.
AB  - Knowledge and skills amongst 34 multipurpose workers working in an ICDS project
      about growth monitoring was assessed using interview technique. All workers had
      correct knowledge about rationale of growth monitoring. A total of 73.5% and
      94.1% had knowledge that flattened growth curve indicates no weight gain and
      descending growth indicates decrease in weight, respectively.

PMID- 1808078
TI  - Auditory brainstem response in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy
      following perinatal asphyxia.
AB  - The technique of auditory brainstem evoked responses testing (ABR) was applied to
      twenty four new born infants with asphyxia complicated by hypoxic-ischemic
      encephalopathy (HIE) in an attempt to study potential influence of HIE on hearing
      impairment. Twenty normal term neonates with no apparent neurological disorder,
      were also examined for comparison. Twenty two per cent (n = 5) of the patients
      with HIE showed some abnormality in the ABR pattern, the major one being a
      transient elevation in threshold of wave V (n = 4; 16.6%). ABR abnormalities,
      however, were found with greater frequency in neonates with Stage II HIE (75% vs
      10%, p less than 0.001). Further ABR abnormalities were found in Stage II HIE
      only when duration of neurological abnormalities was greater than 5 days. There
      was no difference, however, between the ABR latencies of the asphyxiated and non
      asphyxiated newborn infants (p greater than 0.05). One neonate (4%) with severe
      HIE, however, had persistent ABR abnormality in the form of bilateral absence of
      all waves in the later part of the ABR with preservation of wave I. This implied
      only cochlear functions and absence of any brainstem conduction. These results
      indicate that birth asphyxia complicated by HIE is a significant high risk factor
      for hearing impairment in the affected neonates. This justifies ABR testing of
      neonates with HIE (particularly Stage III), at the time of their discharge, as a
      screening procedure for early detection of permanent hearing loss.

PMID- 1808079
TI  - Behavioral training for mothers of mentally handicapped children: teaching of
      self-help skills.
AB  - Deficits in self help skills are an inevitable problem with the mentally
      handicapped. The acquisition of self-help skills, learned effortlessly by more
      intelligent children, is a crucial aspect of the overall development of the
      mentally handicapped child. In the present study, thirty seven mothers of
      mentally handicapped children aged between 3 1/2 and 8 years, with an IQ of less
      than 70, were trained in behavioral techniques such as shaping, task analysis,
      prompting, and modelling, to develop independent self-help functioning in their
      children. The self-help areas were toileting, feeding, bathing, washing, and
      dressing. Thirty two per cent of mothers reported complete skill learning. The
      problems encountered in the course of training and the subsequent evaluation of
      its efficacy are discussed.

PMID- 1808080
TI  - Detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in acute diarrheal stools.
AB  - Three hundred and fifty stool samples from patients with acute diarrhea and 30
      samples from normal healthy controls were examined for the presence of various
      parasitic and bacterial enteropathogens by conventional techniques.
      Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 15 out of 350 (4.3%) fecal samples. In
      10 cases (2.9%) it was identified as a sole pathogen while in 5 cases (1.4%) it
      was isolated in association with cysts of E. histolytica, Giardia lamblia and
      with Salmonella typhimurium. Ten out of fifteen cases were in the pediatric age
      group. None of the 30 control cases had Cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools.

PMID- 1808081
TI  - Valproic acid.

PMID- 1808082
TI  - Neonatal assessment beyond birth weight.

PMID- 1808083
TI  - Myositis ossificans progressiva.

PMID- 1808084
TI  - Chondrodysplasia punctata--Conradi Hunermann syndrome.

PMID- 1808085
TI  - Tolbutamide: teratogenic effects.

PMID- 1808086
TI  - Zygomycosis of colon.

PMID- 1808087
TI  - An unusual case of atropine toxicity.

PMID- 1808088
TI  - Hydatid disease.

PMID- 1808089
TI  - Relation between Enterobius vermicularis infestation and dysuria, nocturia,
      enuresis nocturna and bacteriuria in primary school girls.

PMID- 1808090
TI  - Effect of delayed contact on neonatal behavior.

PMID- 1808091
TI  - Foreign body bronchus--spontaneous expulsion.

PMID- 1808092
TI  - Inequal drop rate with different droppers.

PMID- 1808093
TI  - Prevention of HIV infection.

PMID- 1808095
TI  - [The dentist and the speech therapist. A team for diagnosis and treatment of
      atypical deglutition].

PMID- 1808094
TI  - Emergency tips.

PMID- 1808097
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint imaging. What examinations are needed?].

PMID- 1808098
TI  - [Concepts in removable partial dentures. 2. Posterior extension edentulism].

PMID- 1808096
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of tiaprofenic acid for extraction complications. Results
      of a randomized double-blind study, tiaprofenic acid versus paracetamol].

PMID- 1808099
TI  - [Immediate treatment of a coronal fracture].

PMID- 1808100
TI  - Platelet adhesion/aggregation in an in vitro model of coronary artery stenosis.

PMID- 1808101
TI  - Nonionic contrast media and blood clotting. A critical review.

PMID- 1808102
TI  - Concentration-dependent myocardial effects of citrate in a nonionic contrast
      medium.

PMID- 1808103
TI  - Muscular reactions to femoral angiography with low osmolality contrast media.

PMID- 1808104
TI  - The effects of intracoronary contrast in the denervated human heart.

PMID- 1808105
TI  - New methods for cost-performance assessment in diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 1808106
TI  - Iodinated contrast agents for brain tumor localization and radiation dose
      enhancement.

PMID- 1808107
TI  - Characterization and mechanism of side-effects of Imagent BP (highly concentrated
      fluorocarbon emulsion) in swine.

PMID- 1808108
TI  - Renal handling and physiologic effects of the paramagnetic contrast medium,
      gadolinium-DOTA.

PMID- 1808109
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging enhanced with a macromolecular contrast agent.
      Detection of the zonal renal ischemia.

PMID- 1808110
TI  - Gadopentetate dimeglumine as a marker of renal function. Magnetic resonance
      imaging to glomerular filtration rates.

PMID- 1808111
TI  - Manganese-DPDP as a hepatobiliary contrast agent in the magnetic resonance
      imaging of liver tumors. Results of clinical phase II trials in Germany including
      141 patients.

PMID- 1808112
TI  - Hepatic transport of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Ferrioxamine B
      derivatives.

PMID- 1808113
TI  - Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver with Mn-DPDP for known
      or suspected focal hepatic disease.

PMID- 1808114
TI  - New x-ray contrast agents. The chemical, biological, and physical properties of 5
      heterocycle substituted 2,4,6-triiodo-1,3-benzenedicarboxamide derivatives.

PMID- 1808115
TI  - Primary carboxamides. Nonionic isotonic monomers.

PMID- 1808116
TI  - Second Harry Fischer Lecture. Sex, surfaces, sulfation, and sensitivity.

PMID- 1808117
TI  - Comparison of iodinated and noniodinated contrast media in computed tomography.

PMID- 1808118
TI  - Interdigitation-fusion vesicles. A new approach for selective opacification of
      the RES.

PMID- 1808119
TI  - Biodistribution and imaging characteristics of iotrolan-carrying interdigitation
      fusion vesicles.

PMID- 1808120
TI  - Preclinical characterization of iopromide-carrying liposomes.

PMID- 1808121
TI  - Intestinal follow-through examinations with iohexol and iopentol. Permeability
      alterations and efficacy in patients with small bowel obstruction.

PMID- 1808122
TI  - Comparison of iopamidol and diatrizoate with iotrolan as a contrast medium for
      radiographic gastrointestinal tract examinations.

PMID- 1808123
TI  - The potential clinical impact of perflubron emulsion on general sonography.

PMID- 1808124
TI  - Blood-pool enhancement with SH U 508 A. Results of phase II clinical trials.

PMID- 1808125
TI  - A new ultrasound contrast agent based on biodegradable polymeric microballoons.

PMID- 1808126
TI  - Immunologic reactions of human recipients to repeated exposures to Albunex
      microspheres.

PMID- 1808127
TI  - Particle-stabilized bubbles for enhanced organ ultrasound imaging.

PMID- 1808128
TI  - Iodinated contrast media. State of the art and the thorny path toward reduction
      of osmolality.

PMID- 1808129
TI  - Surfaces and sensitivity in contrast material reactions.

PMID- 1808130
TI  - Safety and tolerability of iodixanol. A dimeric, nonionic contrast medium: an
      emphasis on European clinical phases I and II.

PMID- 1808131
TI  - Randomized, double-blind comparison of Omnipaque 300 and Hypaque 60 in patients
      undergoing bolus-enhanced dynamic computed body tomography.

PMID- 1808132
TI  - Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA effects on metabolism of glucose and phosphatidylinositols.

PMID- 1808133
TI  - Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of gadoteridol injection (a low osmolal
      magnetic resonance contrast agent). Clinical trials report.

PMID- 1808134
TI  - Safety and tolerance after intravenous administration of 0.3 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA.
      Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

PMID- 1808135
TI  - The thermodynamics of complexation of lanthanide (III) DTPA-bisamide complexes
      and their implication for stability and solution structure.

PMID- 1808136
TI  - The effects of contrast media on coagulation factor XII.

PMID- 1808137
TI  - Strategies for differential enhancement of myocardial ischemia using echoplanar
      imaging.

PMID- 1808138
TI  - Characterization of reperfused myocardial infarctions with T1-enhancing and
      magnetic susceptibility-enhancing contrast media.

PMID- 1808139
TI  - New magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for infarct imaging based on
      phosphonate derivatives of Gd-DTPA.

PMID- 1808140
TI  - Magnetization transfer contrast in Gd-DTPA-enhanced imaging of brain tumors.

PMID- 1808141
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of brain perfusion using the nonionic contrast agents
      Dy-DTPA-BMA and Gd-DTPA-BMA.

PMID- 1808142
TI  - Magnetization transfer technique for improved magnetic resonance imaging contrast
      enhancement in whole body imaging.

PMID- 1808143
TI  - New aspects of osmotic pressure, flow, load, and bolus in adverse reactions and
      toxicity of contrast media.

PMID- 1808144
TI  - Effect of contrast agents on adherence characteristics of granulocytes.

PMID- 1808145
TI  - Full-scale investigation into adverse reaction in Japan. Risk factor analysis.
      The Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media.

PMID- 1808146
TI  - Prospective two-phase study of delayed symptoms after intravenous injection of
      low-osmolality contrast media.

PMID- 1808147
TI  - Facilitated magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of pulmonary disease using a
      macromolecular blood-pool contrast agent, polylysine-(Gd-DTPA)40.

PMID- 1808148
TI  - Blood-pool magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. New developments.

PMID- 1808149
TI  - Ultrasound contrast agents. State of the art.
AB  - In the development of sonographic contrast agents it is clear that the material
      properties of the contrast have a profound effect on the resulting effectiveness
      of the product requiring careful manipulations of its properties. The important
      parameters are particle size, imaging frequency, density, compressibility,
      particle behavior (surface tension, internal pressure, bubble-like qualities),
      and equally important biodistribution characteristics and tolerance. Particulate
      agents appear to be the most likely materials, and gas filled particles are by
      far the most effective reflectors. However, the gas-based agents reported to date
      appear to have a short blood half-life. The fluorocarbon emulsions and the solid
      particles with entrapped air appear to be the most promising agents for abdominal
      imaging.

PMID- 1808150
TI  - Blood-pool contrast media are the ideal agents for computed tomography.

PMID- 1808151
TI  - Results of the phase III trials with Imagent GI as an oral magnetic resonance
      contrast agent.

PMID- 1808152
TI  - Superparamagnetic particles as an oral contrast agent in abdominal magnetic
      resonance imaging.

PMID- 1808153
TI  - Use of urographic contrast media to determine glomerular filtration rate.
      Determining the glomerular filtration rate of each kidney with computed
      tomography and scintigraphy.

PMID- 1808154
TI  - The extrarenal clearance of water-soluble iodinated contrast media. An
      experimental study in rabbits.

PMID- 1808155
TI  - Iodinated contrast media. Renal pharmacokinetic study by factor analysis dynamic
      computed tomography in the rabbit.

PMID- 1808156
TI  - Clinical and nephrologic tolerance of iopromide and iotrolan in computed
      tomography.

PMID- 1808157
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of low osmolality contrast media versus high osmolality media.

PMID- 1808158
TI  - Effects of various contrast media on rat kidneys under normal or loaded
      conditions.

PMID- 1808159
TI  - Anticoagulant effect of ionic and nonionic contrast media. Scanning electron
      microscopic study on clot formation.

PMID- 1808160
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic analysis of catheters during routine angiographic
      procedures. Role of the contrast agent. The European Clotting Group.

PMID- 1808161
TI  - A follow-up study of allied health educational and career interests of graduates
      of a high school for health professions.
AB  - In response to reports and trends suggesting a national shortage of health
      professionals, a survey was administered to graduates from Houston's High School
      for Health Professions, in part to measure their interests in pursuing higher
      education and careers in the allied health fields. Project administrators were
      concerned that only 82 of 1,028 survey respondents indicating a career choice
      (8.0%) expressed interests in allied health. The career choices, educational
      pursuits, perceptions regarding likelihood of career attainment, and factors
      influencing career attainment of these 82 respondents were examined. Ultimately,
      it is believed that many students are unaware of allied health professions, and
      that others simply do not perceive allied health disciplines as attractive career
      options. Results of this study are consistent with other reports suggesting that
      new strategies must be employed nationally to promote greater participation in
      allied health, especially by groups previously underrepresented in these
      professions.

PMID- 1808162
TI  - A study of tenure among allied health faculty.
AB  - Most allied health faculty are practitioners who hold a master's degree.
      Consequently, they may not be prepared to face the rigorous criteria of the
      tenure system. A study was conducted to identify the demographic characteristics
      of allied health units, their tenure policies, the criteria for tenure, and any
      trends in tenure. Deans and directors of 310 allied health units were surveyed
      and 47.0% responded. In general, allied health tenure policy is drafted by
      faculty, then sent to the administration for approval. The availability of
      alternatives to tenure, tenure fractions, and requirements for tenure vary with
      institutional type. Allied health units reported a tenure fraction of 35.5%,
      compared to 58.2% for campuses in general. Most of the survey respondents agreed
      that there is a trend toward increasing the rigor of tenure criteria, and that
      this trend will come from both within and outside of allied health. As allied
      health faculty become more involved with research, their tenure fraction will
      increase and their policies for tenure will more closely conform to those of
      other units within the parent institution.

PMID- 1808163
TI  - Effect of a prostaglandin F2 alpha injection 96 hours after introduction of
      intact bulls on estrus and calving distribution of beef cows.
AB  - Most estrus synchronization schemes facilitate the use of artificial
      insemination; however, combining estrus synchronization with natural service also
      offers several benefits to beef producers. This experiment was designed to study
      the effectiveness of one injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) 96 h
      after introduction of intact bulls on estrus synchronization and calving
      distribution of beef cows and heifers. Three hundred sixty beef cows and 45 beef
      heifers in seven trials were allotted by age, breed, and prior calving date to
      one of two treatments. Within each subclass, one group was injected with an
      appropriate dose of PGF2 alpha and the second group at each location received 5
      ml of saline (SAL). Cows were classified as estrual or anestrual at the start of
      breeding based on serum progesterone levels and were observed for behavioral
      estrus regularly during the first 25 d of the breeding season in two of the
      trials (d 0 = day before bull turn-in). Pregnancy data and calving dates were
      recorded in each of the studies. All cows were palpated per rectum for pregnancy
      approximately 70 d after the introduction of bulls. During d 5 to 9 after
      treatment, the percentage of cows exhibiting behavioral estrus (P = .02) and the
      pregnancy rate (P = .02) obtained was greater for PGF2 alpha-treated cows than
      for SAL-treated cows. There were 6.5% more (P = .05) calves born during the
      overall calving period from animals treated with PGF2 alpha compared with those
      in the SAL group. In summary, treatment of cows and heifers with PGF2 alpha 96 h
      after bull turn-in was effective in synchronizing behavioral estrus of beef cows
      and heifers and increasing the calving rate during the subsequent calving season.

PMID- 1808164
TI  - The performance and carcass composition responses of finishing swine to a range
      of porcine somatotropin doses in a 1-week delivery system.
AB  - Four experiments using 580 barrows and 580 gilts (Study 1) and seven experiments
      using 500 barrows and 500 gilts (Study 2) were conducted at various geographical
      locations in the United States to determine the dose response of a pelleted form
      of porcine somatotropin (pST) relative to ADG, feed/gain (F/G), and percentage of
      carcass protein. Average initial weights for Studies 1 and 2 were 67.6 and 72.6
      kg, respectively, and four pigs/pen were slaughtered when they achieved weights
      of 106.5 to 111.0 kg. In Study 1, pigs were implanted subcutaneously with
      pelleted pST doses of 0, 12, 24, 36, or 48 mg/wk and self-fed a corn-soybean meal
      diet containing 13.75% CP. Study 2 included two control groups self-fed a diet
      containing either 13.75 or 17% CP with added lysine. The pST-treated pigs were
      administered 12, 24, or 36 mg/wk, and all were offered the 17% CP diet. The pST
      treatments in Study 1 resulted in a linear reduction (P less than .05) in average
      daily feed intake (ADFI) and a quadratic (P less than .05) improvement in F/G and
      percentage of carcass protein. The pST treatments in Study 2 resulted in a linear
      reduction in ADFI (P less than .05), a linear improvement in F/G, and a quadratic
      increase in the percentage of carcass protein (P less than .05). Average daily
      gain was not affected in either study with this form of pST. The greatest
      increase in efficiency of lean gain was observed with the 36-mg dose for both
      Study 1 (9.4%) and Study 2 (10.8%). In Study 1, the force required to shear cores
      of the longissimus muscle was increased linearly with pST treatment (P less than
      .05). There was a similar linear increase in Study 2 with pST treatment (P less
      than .05); however, there was also an effect of sex (P less than .05) on shear
      force (gilts greater than barrows) that was similar in magnitude to that observed
      for pST treatment. Differences in sensory evaluation because of pST were minor
      and of the same magnitude as those observed between barrows and gilts. It was
      therefore concluded that weekly administration of pST improved F/G and percentage
      of carcass protein with no detrimental effects on palatability of cooked lean
      pork.

PMID- 1808165
TI  - Factors influencing difficulty of removing pelts from lamb carcasses.
AB  - Forty-eight Suffolk x white-faced ram and wether lambs approximately 5, 7, or 9
      mo of age were slaughtered to evaluate the effects of age and gender on
      difficulty of pelt removal, pelt damage, and leg damage. A commercial belt-type
      pelt puller and a scale that recorded force required to remove the pelt from the
      thickest part of the legs was used as lambs hung suspended from their front legs.
      Rams required more force (P less than .05) to remove the pelt than wethers, and
      the difference between genders became larger as age increased. Neither pelt
      damage due to grain crack nor leg damage judged by amount of fell and fat removed
      by the pelt puller changed with age. Rams possessed thicker pelts (P less than
      .05) than wethers; this plus a greater amount of collagen crosslinking in ram
      skins could be responsible for the slightly smaller amount of grain crack
      observed in ram pelts. Factors involved in difficulty of pelt removal in ram
      lambs included age, splenius weight, and overall maturity. Difficulty of pelt
      removal in wether lambs was best predicted by including age and splenius weight
      in the model. These data tend to support packers' common practice of discounting
      rams over 5 mo of age because rams develop masculine characteristics and become
      harder to dress with increasing age.

PMID- 1808166
TI  - Effect of an implant of trenbolone acetate and estradiol on growth, feed
      efficiency, and carcass composition of Holstein and beef steers.
AB  - The effects of an implant of 140 mg of trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol
      (TBA + E2) on performance and carcass composition were evaluated with 72
      individually fed steers. Holstein (n = 24), Angus (n = 24), and Angus x Simmental
      (n = 24) steer calves were allocated by breed and implant treatment to either an
      individual feeding pen (n = 36) or an electronic feeding door in a group pen
      (three pens with 12 animals per pen). Intake and refusal of the 85% concentrate
      diet were recorded daily. Animals were slaughtered when ultrasonic attenuation
      values of the longissimus muscle at the 12th rib reached .55, which is correlated
      with low Choice marbling. At slaughter, complete carcass measurements were taken
      and the right side of each carcass was separated into boneless wholesale cuts.
      Implanting with TBA + E2 improved (P less than .01) daily gain and feed
      efficiency. Daily gain was increased 17, 26, and 21% in Holstein, Angus, and
      crossbred steers, respectively. The implant increased overall daily protein and
      fat accretion 23%. Carcass conformation and dressing percentage were not affected
      (P greater than .05) by TBA + E2 treatment. Implantation with TBA + E2 had little
      effect on yield of wholesale boneless cuts when expressed as a percentage of
      carcass weight but increased absolute weight as a small degree of marbling by 6
      to 40 kg.

PMID- 1808167
TI  - Utilization of grass silage by growing cattle: effect of a supplement containing
      ruminally protected amino acids.
AB  - Sixteen crossbred steers (278 +/- 4.9 kg) were used to determine the influence of
      supplemental ruminally protected lysine and methionine on performance of growing
      cattle fed grass silage. During the 154-d experiment, all steers were allowed ad
      libitum consumption of a good-quality grass silage during the first 70 d and of a
      lesser-quality silage during the remaining 84 d of the trial. The steers received
      a supplement of .5 kg/d of barley with or without a mixture of ruminally
      protected amino acid (RPAA) containing 8.2 g of lysine and 2.6 g of methionine.
      Compared with controls, steers supplemented with RPAA showed 16.3% improved (P
      less than .03) ADG (.92 vs 1.07 kg/d). Dry matter intake was not affected (P
      greater than .50) by treatment and averaged 2.03% BW across treatments.
      Supplementation with RPAA improved feed/gain by 13.6% (7.88 vs 6.81 for control
      and RPAA treatments, respectively, P less than .01). Plasma levels of methionine,
      lysine, arginine, and glutamic acid were higher (P less than .05) and of
      histidine were lower (P less than .001) when RPAA were fed. These results
      indicate that feeding RPAA can improve the performance of growing steers fed
      grass silages of varying qualities.

PMID- 1808168
TI  - Use of a simulation model to evaluate the influence of reproductive performance
      and management decisions on net income in beef production.
AB  - A stochastic dynamic model of reproduction and a deterministic cow-herd economic
      simulation model were used to evaluate how management decisions and reproductive
      performance interact to influence net income in a cow-calf operation (1,000 cows)
      for 1 yr of production. The stochastic model was used to determine herd
      performance when length of breeding season (45, 70, or 120 d) interacted with
      three postpartum intervals of anestrus (48, 65, or 90 d) and three conception
      rates at first service (60, 70, or 80%). Short, moderate, and long postpartum
      intervals were used to reflect differences in reproductive performance. In
      addition, replacement heifers were bred beginning either 3 wk ahead of the cow
      herd or at the same time as the cow herd. Fifty-four simulations were generated.
      Inputs into the economic model were herd performance, livestock and feed prices,
      nonfeed costs, and feed requirements for 1 yr of production. Feed requirements
      were calculated separately for each postpartum interval to reflect three
      different body condition scores, thin, moderate, and good, to correspond with
      long, moderate, and short postpartum intervals. Net income was greatest with 70-d
      breeding seasons when the postpartum interval was short or moderate. When the
      postpartum interval was long, net income was greatest with 120-d breeding seasons
      because pregnancy rates, as a result of the long breeding season, were highest
      and feed costs were lowest for thin cows. Overall, net income was greatest when
      cows were managed to have postpartum intervals of moderate length. Breeding
      heifers 3 wk before the cows provided the most economic benefit with long
      postpartum intervals.

PMID- 1808169
TI  - Comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets for feedlot cattle.
AB  - A feedlot growth-performance trial and a metabolism trial were conducted to
      evaluate the comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets (TP). In the growth
      performance trial treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based
      finishing diet in which a blend of 86% TP and 14% peanut meal replaced SFC at the
      rate of 0, 15, or 30% of diet DM. Daily weight gain (P less than .10) and DM
      intake (P less than .01) were greatest when 15% of the diet DM consisted of TP.
      Feed/gain increased linearly (P less than .01) with TP substitution into the
      diet. Treatment effects on carcass merit were small (P greater than .10), except
      that marbling score was greater with 15% TP than with either 0 or 30% TP. In the
      metabolism trial involving four Holstein steers, treatments consisted of an 88%
      concentrate diet containing 67% of either SFC or TP. Ruminal and total tract
      digestibility of starch was similar (P greater than .10) for SFC and TP,
      averaging 91 and 99%, respectively. Postruminal (P less than .05) and total tract
      (P less than .01) digestibility of N was lower for the TP than for the SFC diet.
      Total tract digestibility of N in TP was 3%. Little, if any, ADF in TP was
      fermented in the rumen. Total tract digestibility of ADF in TP was 16%. Total
      tract digestibility of DM (P less than .01) and OM (P less than .05) decreased 7
      and 5%, respectively, with TP substitution for SFC. Virtually all the difference
      in OM digestibility could be attributed to differences in ADF excretion. The DE
      value of the diet decreased 11.5% (P less than .01) with the substitution of TP
      for SFC. It was concluded that TP can replace up to 30% of the DM in growing
      finishing diets without adversely affecting ADG or DM intake of feedlot cattle.
      Tapioca pellets have approximately 86% the NE value of SFC.

PMID- 1808170
TI  - Effects of inbreeding on reproduction and wool production of Rambouillet,
      Targhee, and Columbia ewes.
AB  - Because of a traditional interest in inbreeding as a tool for breed improvement,
      it was desirable to evaluate the effects of inbreeding on the most important
      products of the sheep industry, lamb and wool production. The data for this study
      were based on 13,807 ewe and 16,470 lamb records from Rambouillet (R), Targhee
      (T), and Columbia (C) sheep collected over 9 or 10 yr from 54 inbred lines.
      Average inbreeding of the lambs and ewes involved was near 25 and 20%,
      respectively. The combined effects of lamb's and dam's inbreeding reduced litter
      weight weaned at 120 d approximately .5 kg for each percentage of increase in
      inbreeding in every breed. For ewes and lambs of average inbreeding, the
      reductions relative to noninbred ewes amounted to 12.4, 10.3, and 11.3 kg for R,
      T, and C, respectively. The reductions constituted declines in weight weaned per
      ewe of 34, 25, and 28%. Similarly, net reproduction rate (lambs weaned per ewes
      put into breeding) was reduced more than one percentage point for each percentage
      of increase in inbreeding, with net declines at average inbreeding of 31.7, 23.5,
      and 25.7 percentage points for each breed, respectively. These reductions were
      equivalent to reductions in net rate of 29, 20, and 23%. The combined effect of
      lamb and dam inbreeding reduced weaning weight by 3.5, 2.6, and 2.2 kg, which
      constituted reductions of 10, 7, and 6%, respectively. Reduced weaning weight was
      approximately 30% as important as reduced net reproduction rate in contributing
      to the decline in litter weight weaned. Effects on fleece weight were curvilinear
      and amounted to reductions of .35, .18, and .00 kg, respectively, at levels of
      average inbreeding; however, Columbia fleece weights declined rapidly at levels
      exceeding 20% for ewes. Potential selection differentials were reduced 16% at
      inbreeding levels of 25 and 20% for lambs and dams, respectively, and 62% at
      levels of 55 and 50%. The average economic loss per ewe in value of production
      was estimated at $17 for average inbreeding and as high as $36 for inbreeding
      approaching 50%. It seems that the use of inbreeding as a tool for improving
      productive merit in sheep is much more certain to be a detriment, economically
      and genetically, than an advantage.

PMID- 1808171
TI  - Genetic parameters for nuclear and nonnuclear inheritance in three synthetic
      lines of beef cattle differing in mature size.
AB  - Genetic parameters for nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic effects were estimated
      from preweaning growth data collected on three synthetic lines of beef cattle
      differing in mature size. Lines of small-, medium-, and large-framed calves were
      represented in each of two research herds (Rhodes and McNay). Variance components
      were estimated separately by herd and size line for birth weight and 205-d weight
      (WW) by REML with an animal mode using an average of 847 and 427 calf records
      from Rhodes and McNay, respectively. Model 1 included effects of fixed year, sex
      of calf, age of dam, and random additive direct (a), additive maternal genetic
      (m), covariance (a,m), permanent environment affecting the dam, and residual
      error. Model 2 differed from Model 1 by including random cytoplasmic lineage
      effects and by ignoring permanent environmental effects. Model 1--direct
      (maternal) heritability estimates for birth weight at Rhodes were .62(.03) for
      small, .67(.06) for medium, and .30(.11) for large lines. Genetic correlations
      between direct and maternal effects for birth weight were .67, -.16, and .48 for
      the respective size groups. For WW at Rhodes, direct (maternal) heritability
      estimates were .30(.29), .30(.14), and .10(.16) for small, medium, and large
      lines, respectively, with genetic correlations of -.34 (small), -.12 (medium),
      and .17 (large). Heritability estimates at McNay were similar to those at Rhodes,
      except that maternal genetic heritabilities for WW were smaller (.10, small; .01,
      medium; .00, large). Model 2--estimates for nuclear genetic effects were
      consistent with the estimates from Model 1. Cytoplasmic variance accounted for 0
      to 5% of the total random variance in birth weight. For WW, cytoplasmic variance
      was negligible at Rhodes and accounted for 4% of the total random variance in the
      large line at McNay, averaging less than the permanent environment. Results
      failed to indicate that cytoplasmic variance was important for preweaning
      performance.

PMID- 1808172
TI  - Heterosis retention for birth and weaning characters of calves in the third
      generation of a five-breed diallel.
AB  - Data were 876 birth records and 727 weaning records of straightbred and F3
      crossbred calves produced in the third generation of a five-breed diallel. Among
      straightbreds at birth, Holstein calves were heaviest and widest at the shoulders
      and hips. Jersey calves were lightest and narrowest at the hips, and Brahman
      calves were narrowest at the shoulders. Holstein crosses tended to be larger at
      birth than crosses among other breeds. Among straightbreds at weaning, Holstein
      calves were heaviest and tallest, and Hereford calves were lightest and shortest.
      Angus calves had the highest survival to weaning rate, and Holstein calves had
      the lowest survival rate. Among crossbred calves, Holstein crosses tended to be
      larger at weaning. Estimates of average heterosis retained for birth characters
      were not significant. Significant breed mean heterosis retention was observed for
      birth weight, shoulder width, and hip width of Hereford calves and for shoulder
      width and hip width of Holstein calves. Estimates of average heterosis retained
      for weaning weight and height were 6.1 kg (P less than .01) and 1.02 cm (P less
      than .05), respectively. In general, estimates of specific and average heterosis
      retained for survival to weaning were nonsignificant. Significant breed mean
      heterosis was observed for weaning weight and height of Brahman, Hereford, and
      Holstein calves and for survival to weaning of Hereford, Holstein, and Jersey
      calves.

PMID- 1808173
TI  - Across-breed expected progeny differences: use of within-breed expected progeny
      differences to adjust breed evaluations for sire sampling and genetic trend.
AB  - Data on 2,034 F1 calves sired by Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Charolais,
      Limousin, Simmental, Gelbvieh, and Tarentaise bulls with Hereford or Angus dams
      and data on 3,686 three-breed-cross calves with 700 F1 dams of the same breed
      crosses were used for this study. Traits analyzed were birth, weaning, yearling,
      and 420-d weights (BWT, WW, YW, and W420, respectively) of F1 calves and WW of
      three-breed-cross calves. Expected progeny differences from national cattle
      evaluation programs for sires of F1 calves and cows for BWT, WW, YW, and net
      maternal ability (milk) were used to assess their value in prediction of
      crossbred performance. Regressions of actual F1 calf performance on sire EPD were
      positive for BWT (1.09 +/- .12 kg/kg of BWT EPD), WW (.79 +/- .14 kg/kg of WW
      EPD), YW (1.44 +/- .16 kg/kg of YW EPD), and W420 (1.66 kg/kg of YW EPD). These
      regression coefficients were similar to the expected value of 1.0 for BWT and WW
      but were larger than expected for YW and W420. Regressions of actual three-breed
      cross calf WW on milk and WW EPD of their maternal grandsires were .95 +/- .14
      and .42 +/- .10 kg/kg, respectively, and differed little from their expectations
      of 1.0 and .5, respectively. Observed breed of sire means for each trait were
      adjusted for sire sampling by using EPD regressions to adjust them to the average
      EPD of all sires of each breed born in 1970.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808174
TI  - Effects of alternative lamb production systems, terminal sire breed, and maternal
      line on ewe productivity and its components.
AB  - The 4 yr productivity of 25% (QF; n = 533) and 50% (HF; n = 531) Finnsheep ewes
      exposed to either Suffolk or Columbia rams in one of three production systems was
      monitored to test the effects of system, terminal sire breed, maternal line, and
      their interactions on annual market lamb production. Ewe lambs and yearlings were
      randomly assigned to either a high-input accelerated lambing system (HIGH), a
      high-input annual system (MED), or a low-input annual system (LOW). Nursery
      facilities were available for weak lambs or those born in triplet or more births
      for the HIGH and MED but not for the LOW systems. Accelerated lambing protocol
      required early weaning. Sex-adjusted lamb weaning weights were corrected to
      within-system mean ages of 42 d for HIGH and 70 d for MED and LOW. The HIGH ewes
      weaned 1.55 lambs per year compared with 1.46 for MED and 1.18 for LOW (P less
      than .01). However, because of early weaning, HIGH yielded the lowest weight of
      weaned lamb per year. The MED ewes weaned 5.9 and 11.1 more kilograms of lamb per
      year than the LOW and HIGH ewes, respectively (P less than .01). The HIGH system
      may be economically feasible if young lambs could be inexpensively grown to
      feeder or market lamb weight. The HIGH ewes did not, however, increase lamb
      numbers in proportion to increased exposures compared with the annual systems.
      Breed-group effects for ewe productivity (kilogram of lamb weaned per ewe per
      year) were consistent across management systems, although some interactions among
      breed group and system were present for components of productivity. Suffolk rams
      yielded an advantage of 1.6 kg of weaned lamb per exposure over Columbia rams (P
      less than .05) due to a 3% better lamb survival (P less than .01) and heavier
      weaning weight, especially in the LOW system. The HF ewes weaned .1 more lambs
      per exposure than QF ewes (P less than .01); .06 of the lambs were nursery
      reared. However, lambs from HF ewes had a 2% lower survival rate (P less than
      .05) and were 1.4 kg lighter at weaning (P less than .01), so overall
      productivity among HF and QF ewes was similar.

PMID- 1808175
TI  - Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental parameter estimates of calving difficulty,
      weight, and measures of pelvic size in beef heifers.
AB  - The heritabilities for and the genetic, phenotypic, and environmental
      correlations among calving difficulty scores (CDS) and measures of size of the
      pelvic inlet were estimated using 547 records of 2-yr-old heifers from three
      synthetic breed groups. Calving difficulty score was treated first as a trait of
      the dam and then as a trait of the calf and was analyzed on three scales: raw
      scores from 0 to 3 (0 = normal birth, 3 = most difficult delivery requiring a
      hard pull, veterinary assistance, or surgical intervention), Snell-transformed
      scores, and a binary (0, 1) scale. Estimates of heritability for CDS as a trait
      of the dam were similar to those when it was considered a trait of the calf.
      Heritability estimates for CDS on the raw and transformed scales were similar and
      moderate in magnitude (.36 +/- .15 to .47 +/- .18) but were higher than most
      reported estimates. However, on the binary scale the estimates were lower (.26 +/
      .17, .28 +/- .14). Estimates of heritability for the horizontal and vertical
      pelvic diameters and the pelvic area were high, implying that pelvic size in
      heifers might be readily modified by selection. The genetic and phenotypic
      correlations between CDS as a dam trait and pelvic dimensions were low, whereas
      the correlations between CDS and dam weight at calving were moderate. As a calf
      trait, CDS was highly correlated genetically with calf birth weight, but the
      phenotypic correlations were moderate.

PMID- 1808176
TI  - Estimates of genetic parameters for direct and maternal effects on embryonic
      survival in swine.
AB  - Survival of 16,838 potential embryos was determined by counting corpora lutea and
      fetuses at 50 d of gestation for 1,081 litters by 225 sires. These data, coded as
      1 or 0 depending on whether an ovulation was represented by a fetus, were used to
      estimate direct and maternal additive genetic variances and their covariance for
      embryonic survival. Data were from first-parity gilts of a Large White-Landrace
      composite population subdivided into two lines, one selected for an index of
      ovulation rate and embryonic survival for seven generations and a contemporary
      control line. Variance components were obtained by ANOVA and expectations of
      covariances among relatives and by derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood
      (DFREML) in an animal model. As a trait of the embryo, heritability of direct
      effects obtained with ANOVA was 3.8%, heritability of maternal effects was 1.5%,
      and the genetic correlation between them was -.51. After adjustment of embryonic
      survival for ovulation rate, lower estimates of each parameter were obtained with
      ANOVA. Heritability of embryonic survival as a trait of the dam was 9 to 10%.
      Estimates of heritability of both direct and maternal effects obtained with
      DFREML were less than 1% and the genetic correlation between them was -.64. When
      survival of embryos from only those dams with 15 or more ovulations was analyzed,
      heritability of maternal effects was 4.4%. Estimates of common environmental
      effects on embryonic survival ranged from 5 to 7%.

PMID- 1808177
TI  - Effect of ractopamine on growth, carcass traits, and fasting heat production of
      U.S. contemporary crossbred and Chinese Meishan pure- and crossbred pigs.
AB  - Twenty-four U.S. crossbred (Duroc x White composite; D x Wc; 83.9 kg), 24
      purebred Meishan (M; 59.4 kg), and 24 Meishan x White composite crossbred (M x
      Wc; 83.4 kg) barrows were allotted within genotype to a 16% CP corn-soybean meal
      diet or this basal diet + 20 ppm of ractopamine and allowed ad libitum access to
      feed for 52 d. No genotype x ractopamine interactions were detected (P greater
      than .05) in pigs for growth, lean cuts, ham and loin characteristics, leaf fat
      and visceral organ weights, fasting whole-animal heat production, and carcass
      traits except longissimus muscle area (LMA). The LMA was increased by ractopamine
      in D x Wc and M x Wc pigs (P less than .05) but not in M pigs. Compared with D x
      Wc and M x Wc pigs, M pigs had lower ADG, ADFI, and gain to feed ratio (G/F),
      shorter carcasses, and lower dressing percentage, LMA, predicted amount of
      muscle, weights of trimmed picnic, loin, and ham cuts, percentage of ham lean,
      and CP in ham lean, but heavier liver, kidneys, pancreas, and entire
      gastrointestinal tract with greater percentage of ham fat and ham bone (P less
      than .05). The M x Wc pigs had lower ADG, G/F, dressing percentage, LMA, amount
      of muscle, weights of trimmed cuts, and percentage of ham lean but heavier lungs,
      pancreas, stomach, and large intestine than did D x Wc pigs (P less than .05).
      Supplemental ractopamine increased ADG, G/F, dressing percentage, amount of
      muscle, trimmed loin weight, percentage of ham lean, and CP in ham lean and
      decreased weights of heart, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas in pigs (P less than
      .05). Neither genotype nor ractopamine had any effect on 4- to 24-h postprandial
      whole-animal heat production of pigs (P greater than .05). These results indicate
      that ractopamine will improve growth performance and carcass leanness in pure-
      and crossbred Meishan pigs.

PMID- 1808178
TI  - Estimates of beef carcass intermuscular fat.
AB  - Three experienced persons evaluated 158 carcasses 24 h postmortem for USDA yield
      grade (YG) and quality grade factors, nine subcutaneous (SC) fat indicators, and
      four intermuscular (IM) fat indicators. Forty sides (YG 1.1 to 3.8) were selected
      for determination of chemical composition, two measures of cutability, and total
      IM fat from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. The IM fat estimates at the 12th
      rib, rib-plate juncture, and 5th rib were correlated with percentage of chemical
      fat (r = -.72, -.70, and -.55, respectively). Simultaneous consideration of YG
      factors accounted for 61% of the variation in chemical fat. Substituting the IM
      fat estimate at the 12th rib for adjusted fat thickness (AFT) in the equation
      explained 60% of the variation in percentage of chemical fat. An equation
      containing two IM fat estimates, marbling score and longissimus muscle area
      explained 68% of the variation in chemical fat. Simultaneous consideration of the
      YG factors accounted for 59% of the variation in boneless, closely trimmed (6 mm
      SC fat and no IM fat) retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck.
      Substituting the IM fat estimate at the 12th rib for AFT in the equation
      accounted for 65% of the variation. These data from a fairly uniform set of steer
      carcasses show that percentage of chemical fat and cutability can be reliably
      predicted from IM fat estimates and other traits that can be visually estimated
      on hot-fat trimmed carcasses.

PMID- 1808179
TI  - Determining beef carcass retail product and fat yields within 1 hour postmortem.
AB  - Hot carcasses from 220 steers (progeny of Hereford or Angus dams mated to Angus,
      Charolais, Galloway, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese,
      Pinzgauer, Salers, or Shorthorn sires) were used to develop equations to estimate
      weights and percentages of retail product (RP) and trimmable fat (TF) yields.
      Independent variables examined were 1) 12-13th rib fat probe (12RFD), 2) 10-11th
      rib fat probe (10RFD), 3) external fat score (EFS), 4) percentage of internal fat
      estimated hot (H%KPH), 5) hindquarter muscling score (HQMS), and 6) hot carcass
      weight (HCW). Right sides of the carcasses were fabricated into boneless retail
      cuts, trimmed to .76 cm of subcutaneous and visible intermuscular fat, and
      weighed. Cuts were trimmed to 0 cm of subcutaneous and visible intermuscular fat
      and reweighed. Multiple linear regression equations containing 12RFD, EFS, H%KPH,
      and HCW accounted for 95 and 89% of the variation in weight of total RP at .76
      and 0 cm of fat trim, respectively. When weights of RP from the four primal cuts
      (.76 and 0 cm of fat trim) were the dependent variables, equations consisting of
      12RFD, EFS, H%KPH, and HCW accounted for 93 to 84% of the variation. Hot carcass
      equations accounted for 83% of the variation in weight of total TF at both .76
      and 0 cm of fat trim. Furthermore, equations from hot carcass data accounted for
      54 and 51% of the variation in percentage of total RP and 57 and 50% of the
      variation in percentage of RP from the four primal cuts at .76 and 0 cm of fat
      trim, respectively. Hot carcass prediction equations accounted for 72% of the
      variation in percentage of total TF at both fat trim levels. Hot carcass
      equations were equivalent or superior to equations formulated from chilled
      carcass traits.

PMID- 1808180
TI  - Relationships between pork loin palatability traits and physical characteristics
      of cooked chops.
AB  - Pork loins (n = 72) were selected so that marbling scores would range from
      "practically devoid" to "abundant" in the longissimus muscle. Loin chops were
      cooked and rated by a trained six-member sensory panel. Physical and chemical
      characteristics were stratified according to marbling level (divided into 10
      subclasses), muscle structure, shear force, overall palatability, and juiciness
      (each divided into three subclasses). The highest ratings for overall
      palatability were assigned to chops with high reflectance (685 nm), low moisture
      (70.1%), high i.m. fat (9.1%; or, high marbling score), low protein (19.4%), and
      low cooking loss (25.9%). Chops with the highest percentage of cooking loss were
      high in moisture content (75.59%), low in i.m. fat (1.78%), and high in protein
      content (21.54%). Differences in muscle structure, shear force, overall
      palatability, and juiciness were associated with differences in percentages of
      protein, moisture (whole tissue basis [WTB]) and fat (WTB). Pork loins with
      marbling between "practically devoid-plus" and "small" had (P less than .05) more
      protein and less fat (WTB) than loins with marbling scores between "modest" and
      "abundant." Loins with overall palatability ratings between 4.0 and 6.0 had more
      moisture and protein (P less than .05) than did loins with palatability ratings
      of 6.1 to 8.0. Selecting pork loins with "small" or less marbling, extremely open
      structure, a juicy rating of "slightly juicy," and an overall palatability rating
      of "like slightly" would identify fresh loins that had lower fat and(or) higher
      protein content.

PMID- 1808181
TI  - Comparison of steaks from Holstein and Simmental x Angus steers.
AB  - Boneless rib eye steaks from 32 Holstein and 32 Simmental x Angus steers were
      evaluated by 55 supermarket meat managers. Within breed, steers were divided into
      light or heavy initial weights. Within initial weight groups, steers were either
      implanted with Revalor or not implanted. Steers were slaughtered commercially
      when they reached a small degree of marbling, and rib eye steaks were cut from
      the carcass and stored at -20 degrees C until the day before evaluation. After
      thawing overnight in a 0 to 4 degrees C cooler, uncooked steaks were randomly
      assigned to positions on paper plates. Each of the 55 evaluators was then told to
      record whether each steak was from a Holstein or a traditional beef breed. The
      percentage identified correctly was 50.9 +/- .96, which was not different from
      being random. Steaks were later assigned to blocks of eight treatments and cooked
      to an internal temperature of 68 degrees C before six or seven participants
      evaluated steaks from each block. Sensory attributes were acceptable for all
      steaks. Steaks from Holstein steers generally were superior to those from
      Simmental x Angus steers. Steaks from steers with heavy initial weights generally
      were superior to steaks from steers with light initial weights. Steaks from
      steers implanted with Revalor were slightly less acceptable than steaks from
      unimplanted steers for several sensory attributes, but the difference in overall
      acceptability was minor and nonsignificant. All the differences were small, and
      may have limited commercial relevance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808182
TI  - Effects of calcium chloride injection and hot boning on the tenderness of round
      muscles.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of CaCl2 injection on
      round muscles obtained from Bos indicus bulls and late-castrate steers. In Exp.
      1, the biceps femoris (BF) muscle from the left side of each of 15 bull carcasses
      was injected within 30 min postexsanguination with .3 M CaCl2 at 10% by weight
      while either intact (n = 8) on the carcass or after hot boning (n = 7). The right
      sides served as controls. In Exp. 2, the semimembranosus (SM) muscles from the
      carcasses of nine steers (castrated at 16 mo of age) were hot-boned within 30 min
      postexsanguination and one-half were injected with CaCl2 as described above. Hot
      boning had no effect (P greater than .05) on shear force values. Calcium chloride
      injection dramatically reduced shear force requirements at 1, 8, and 14 d
      postmortem compared with noninjected controls in both experiments. Cooking traits
      of the SM muscle were not affected (P greater than .05) by CaCl2 injection.
      However, BF muscles injected with CaCl2 required more (P less than .05) time to
      cook and had greater (P less than .05) cooking losses than BF controls. Calcium
      chloride injection of prerigor round muscles reduced aging time needed for normal
      tenderization to 1 d postmortem. Hot boning was successfully used in conjunction
      with CaCl2 injection to facilitate the injection process.

PMID- 1808183
TI  - Effects of a zinc-deficient diet on tissue zinc concentrations in rabbits.
AB  - Young male New Zealand White rabbits given a diet containing 2 ppm of Zn (Zn
      deficient diet) ceased to grow after 5 wk. Control rabbits given diets containing
      80 or 85 of ppm Zn and experimental animals given 7 ppm of Zn (low-Zn diet) grew
      normally. The rabbits given the Zn-deficient diet also exhibited alopecia, skin
      lesions, and frequent pasteurella infections. These conditions were not observed
      in rabbits fed the other diets. The testes and thymus were smaller in the rabbits
      fed the Zn-deficient diet than in rabbits fed the control diet. Serum Zn
      concentrations in rabbits given the low- or Zn-deficient diets reached new lower
      levels after 2 wk, and these concentrations were maintained for up to 12 wk. The
      serum Zn concentration was, however, lower in the rabbits fed the Zn-deficient
      diet (approximately .35 micrograms/ml compared with .8 micrograms/ml for rabbits
      fed the low-Zn diet and 1.4 micrograms/ml for rabbits fed the control diet).
      Tissue Zn concentrations generally declined in rabbits fed the low- and Zn
      deficient diets, but this response depended on the particular tissue and diet.
      Zinc levels in bone decreased by approximately 45% and in fur by 20 to 30% on
      either low-Zn or Zn-deficient treatments. With a Zn-deficient diet, Zn in liver
      and testes decreased by 20%, Zn in skin by 35%, and Zn in brain by 10%. The Zn
      concentration in the skeletal muscle and thymus was, however, maintained. In the
      eye, Zn concentration in the aqueous humor declined by approximately 20% in
      rabbits fed the Zn-deficient diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808184
TI  - Kinetic characteristics of beta-carotene uptake after an injection of beta
      carotene in pigs.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to study the uptake of beta-carotene in plasma,
      lipoproteins, and blood cells in pigs (50 to 55 kg; n = 40) after an i.m.
      injection of 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg of beta-carotene. Blood was sampled at 0, 3, 6,
      12, 24, and 48 h postinjection. beta-Carotene was not detectable in plasma,
      lipoproteins, or blood cells of control pigs. However, concentrations of beta
      carotene in plasma and lipoproteins increased in a dose-related manner in
      injected animals. Distribution of beta-carotene in the lipoproteins changed with
      time postinjection. The beta-carotene associated with very low density
      lipoproteins increased and that in low density lipoproteins decreased with time
      in treated pigs. Concentrations of beta-carotene in lymphocytes of treated pigs
      also increased within 3 h postinjection. The profile of beta-carotene in
      lymphocytes was different from that observed in plasma and lipoproteins. Carotene
      was not detectable in neutrophils and erythrocytes. Treatment did not alter
      concentrations of retinol or alpha-tocopherol in plasma, lipoproteins, or blood
      cells. Therefore, lymphocytes specifically take up beta-carotene, thereby
      suggesting a possible role of beta-carotene in this immune cell.

PMID- 1808185
TI  - Subcellular distribution of beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol in
      porcine lymphocytes after a single injection of beta-carotene.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol in
      lymphocytes was studied in pigs (50 to 55 kg) injected once with 0, 20, or 40 mg
      of beta-carotene. Blood was sampled at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h postinjection. Plasma
      beta-carotene in treated pigs peaked at 24 h and decreased rapidly thereafter.
      Beta-carotene was found in all subcellular fractions of lymphocytes.
      Concentrations in nuclei mirrored changes in plasma. However, beta-carotene in
      mitochondria and cytosol peaked at 24 h, whereas that in microsomes peaked at 48
      h. Concentrations in the latter three subcellular fractions remained high at 48
      and 72 h even though plasma beta-carotene had decreased to very low
      concentrations. Peak concentrations of beta-carotene were highest in the nuclei,
      intermediate in the mitochondria and microsomes, and lowest in the cytosol.
      Treatment did not influence concentrations of retinol or alpha-tocopherol in the
      various subcellular fractions. These data provide more compelling evidence for
      the possible role of beta-carotene in lymphocytes.

PMID- 1808186
TI  - Amino acid supplementation of meat meal in lysine-fortified, corn-based diets for
      growing-finishing pigs.
AB  - Three experiments involving 320 Yorkshire x Hampshire pigs were conducted to
      assess the effects of L-tryptophan additions to meat meal-supplemented, corn
      based diets on rate and efficiency of growth of growing-finishing pigs. The meat
      meal used in Exp. 1 and 2 was a blend from two sources and that used in Exp. 3
      was from a single source. A fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet (13.3% CP
      during the growing stage; 11.7 or 12.0% CP during the finishing stage),
      supplemented with .15 to .20% lysine (as L-lysine.HCl), was fed in each
      experiment. This diet was formulated to be adequate in dietary lysine (.75 to
      .80% during the growing stage; .65 to .71% during the finishing stage). Meat meal
      was added at 5 to 10% and was substituted for corn and soybean meal on a lysine
      basis. Diets containing meat meal were then supplemented with various levels (0
      to .05%) of L-tryptophan. Levels of Ca and P were approximately the same across
      treatments, with levels based on the amounts provided by the highest level of
      meat meal in the diets. The pigs initially averaged 24, 29, and 45 kg of BW in
      the three experiments, and they were on test until they reached market weight (93
      to 101 kg of BW). Pigs were switched from the growing to the finishing diet at 57
      and 61 kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Feed intake, growth rate, and efficiency
      of feed utilization were reduced when meat meal was included in the diet,
      particularly at the higher dietary inclusion (10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1808187
TI  - Effects of season and estradiol-17 beta on luteinizing hormone release in
      ovariectomized sows.
AB  - This study examined the ability of estradiol-17 beta (E2) to suppress LH release
      in the sow during different months of the year. Six chronically ovariectomized
      sows were fitted with vena caval cannulas (d 0) and blood samples were collected
      at 6-h intervals for 6 d. Sows were treated s.c. with E2 capsules (24 mg of
      E2/275 kg of BW) at d 3. Additional blood samples were collected at 15-min
      intervals for 8 h on d 2 and 5. After each 8-h frequent sampling period, sows
      were treated i.v. with GnRH at .5 microgram/kg of BW, and blood samples were
      collected at 10-min intervals for 3 h. The protocol was repeated at monthly
      intervals for 13 mo. Luteinizing hormone concentrations were determined for all
      serum samples, and E2 concentrations were quantified in samples collected at 6-h
      intervals. Data were analyzed by split-block analyses of variance. Serum E2
      concentrations increased (P less than .001) from 5.0 +/- .3 pg/ml before E2
      treatment to 26.0 +/- .2 pg/ml after E2 treatment. The interval from GnRH
      administration to peak LH concentration was shorter (P less than .001) before E2
      treatment than after E2 treatment (28.7 +/- 2.2 vs 71.0 +/- 2.2 min). It was
      evident that baseline LH, mean LH, pulse frequency, and pulse amplitude and LH
      release after GnRH administration failed to demonstrate seasonal changes. In
      summary, LH release was suppressed after treatment with E2 and was affected
      minimally by month of the year. In addition, E2 inhibitory effects of LH release
      included hypothalamic and anterior pituitary sites of action.

PMID- 1808188
TI  - Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor on growth
      and onset of puberty in beef heifers.
AB  - Angus and Charolais heifers (195 +/- 7 kg) were actively immunized against growth
      hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on concentrations of
      somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin (INS), growth,
      and onset of puberty. Primary immunizations were given at 184 +/- 7 d of age (d 0
      of experiment) by injecting (s.c.) 1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2
      conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 22) or 1.5 mg of human
      serum albumin (HSAi, n = 21). Booster immunizations of .5 mg of antigen were
      given on d 62, 92, 153, and 251. Antibody binding (percentage at 1:2,000
      dilution) to [125I]GRF on d 69 was greater (P less than .01) in GRFi (53.7 +/-
      4.5) than in HSAi (10.1 +/- .6) heifers. Serum concentration (ng/ml) and
      frequency (peaks/5 h) of ST release, respectively, on d 78 were lower (P less
      than .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers (3.3 +/- .1 vs 5.6 +/- .2 and .9 +/- .3 vs
      2.3 +/- .2). Serum IGF-I (ng/ml) was lower (P less than .01) in GRFi than in HSAi
      heifers on d 69 (41 +/- 5 vs 112 +/- 4). Serum INS (microU/ml) on d 78 was lower
      (P less than .05) in GRFi (2.2 +/- .1) than in HSAi (3.8 +/- .2) heifers. Feed
      intake, ADG, and feed efficiency were lower (P less than .05) in GRFi than in
      HSAi heifers. Hip height was lower (P less than .01) and fat thickness was
      greater (P less than .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers by d 132 and 167,
      respectively. Percentage of heifers attaining puberty (progesterone greater than
      1 ng/ml for two consecutive weeks) by d 209 and 379 (12.9 and 18.5 mo of age),
      respectively, was lower (P less than .05) in GRFi (40.9 and 45.5) than in HSAi
      (81.0 and 100). In conclusion, growing heifers were successively immunized
      against GRF. Active immunization against GRF resulted in decreased serum
      concentration of ST, IGF-I, and INS. In addition, GRF immunization led to lowered
      feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency, increased fat depth, and delayed onset of
      puberty in heifers. We propose that ST and IGF-I are important metabolic
      mediators involved in the initiation of puberty in heifers.

PMID- 1808189
TI  - Effects of supplemental protein source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid
      supply and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen
      peroxide-treated wheat straw.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental CP source
      and level of urea on intestinal amino acid (AA) supply and feedlot performance of
      lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS).
      In Exp. 1, five cannulated (ruminal, duodenal, and ileal) crossbred wethers (61
      kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of different
      sources of CP and included soybean meal (SBM), a combination of urea, distillers
      dried grains (DDG), and fish meal, each provided an equal portion of supplemental
      CP (UDF), and three levels of urea (17, 33, and 50% of supplemental CP) fed in
      combination with DDG (U17, U33, and U50). Organic matter and N digestibilities
      decreased (P less than .05) when lambs were fed U17 compared with those fed SBM.
      There were no differences (P greater than .05) in bacterial N or AA flows to the
      duodenum due to CP source despite large differences in ruminal NH3 N
      concentrations and lower ruminal OM digestion when lambs were fed U17. Duodenal
      nonbacterial N and AA flows were highest (P less than .05) in lambs fed U17 and
      UDF and lowest when lambs were fed U50 and SBM. Lysine concentration in duodenal
      digesta decreased with incremental increases in DDG. In Exp. 2, 30 individually
      penned ram lambs (33 kg) were allotted to five CP treatments in a randomized
      complete block design. Treatments were similar to those of Exp. 1, with the
      exception that U17 was replaced by a 14% CP diet with SBM as the supplemental CP
      source; all other diets were formulated to contain 12% CP. Lambs fed U50 had
      decreased (P less than .08) ADG and gain/feed compared with all other treatments,
      and lambs fed UDF had greater (P less than .05) ADG and gain/feed than lambs fed
      U33. It was concluded that 17% of the supplemental CP from urea seems adequate to
      maximize bacterial protein synthesis and that no more than 33% of the
      supplemental CP should be provided by urea in diets based on AHPWS. Feeding a
      combination of ruminally resistant protein sources with complementary AA profiles
      of lysine and methionine (UDF) may enhance quality of protein entering the
      duodenum and feedlot performance.

PMID- 1808190
TI  - Effect of growth conditions on the Streptococcus bovis phosphoenolpyruvate
      glucose phosphotransferase system.
AB  - Four strains of the ruminal bacterium Streptococcus bovis were surveyed for
      phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose and the
      nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. All four strains had high rates
      of glucose phosphorylation with either phosphoryl donor, but 2-deoxyglucose
      activity was much higher in the presence of PEP. These results provide evidence
      for a PEP-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system in these bacteria. Mannose
      and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited PEP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose by S. bovis
      JB1 by 50 and 38%, respectively, whereas alpha-methylglucoside had little effect.
      Mannose was a competitive inhibitor of PEP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose
      with an inhibition constant of 2.8 mM, and PEP-dependent activity in cells grown
      in batch culture was optimal at pH 7.2. When S. bovis JB1 was grown in continuous
      culture, PEP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose was highest
      in cells grown at a dilution rate of .10/h and at low glucose concentrations.
      Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent activity was optimum at a growth pH of 5.0 for
      cells grown in medium that contained less than 6.0 g/liter of glucose. These data
      indicate that PEP-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system activity can be
      influenced depending on the growth conditions used to culture S. bovis.
      Furthermore, these results suggest that environmental conditions within the rumen
      will affect how glucose is transported by S. bovis.

PMID- 1808191
TI  - Influence of source and level of ruminal-escape lipid in supplements on forage
      intake, digestibility, digesta flow, and fermentation characteristics in beef
      cattle.
AB  - Six ruminally fistulated steers (550 kg) and 24 heifers (315 kg) were used to
      determine the effect of source and amount of ruminal-escape lipid in a supplement
      on forage intake and digestion. Steers were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square
      digestion study to evaluate six supplementation treatments: 1) negative control
      (NC), no supplement; 2) positive control (PC), soybean meal:grain sorghum
      supplement; 3) low-Megalac (calcium salts of fatty acids; LM) supplement; 4) high
      Megalac (HM) supplement; 5) low-Alifet (crystallized natural animal fat, LA)
      supplement; and 6) high-Alifet (HA) supplement. Supplements were fed at .30% of
      BW on a DM basis and were isoenergetic within fat levels (high vs low). Steers
      were fed mature brome hay (7.2% CP) at 1.5% of BW on a DM basis. In the forage
      intake trial, heifers were assigned randomly to the same supplement treatments.
      Prairie hay (4.4% CP) was offered at 130% of ad libitum intake. Dry matter and
      NDF digestibility, ruminal DM fill, indigestible ADF passage rate, and fluid
      dilution and flow rates were not different (P greater than .10) among treatments.
      Total VFA concentrations were greater (P less than .01) and acetate-to-propionate
      ratio (Ac:Pr) was less (P less than .01) in supplemented groups; however, neither
      source nor level of escape lipid influenced either total VFA or Ac:Pr. Forage
      intake was greater (P less than .01) for supplemented groups than for the NC. At
      the high level of fat inclusion, heifers supplemented with Alifet ate slightly
      more (P less than .05) forage than those supplemented with Megalac.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808192
TI  - Seafood processing wastes ensiled with straw: utilization and intake by sheep.
AB  - Ensiled mixtures of seafood processing wastes and wheat straw were evaluated.
      Thirty-six crossbred wethers (average BW = 34 kg) were fed 1) a basal diet (hay
      and concentrate) alone, or a 1:1 ratio (DM basis) of basal and 2) ensiled fish
      waste plus straw (70:30, wet basis), 3) ensiled fish waste and straw (51:49), 4)
      ensiled crab waste plus straw (60:40), 5) ensiled crab waste plus straw (40:60),
      or 6) ensiled wheat straw (50% moisture). Dry molasses (5%) was included in all
      ensiled mixtures, and glacial acetic acid (16% vol/wt) was added to the crab
      waste mixtures. Among diets containing ensiled fish waste, DM digestibility was
      greater (P less than .01) for the diet containing silate with 70% fish waste than
      the diet containing 51% fish waste. There was no difference (P greater than .05)
      in DM digestibility between the two crab waste silages. Apparent digestibility of
      CP was greater (P less than .01) for diets containing fish than for those
      containing crab waste. Nitrogen retention (g/d) was positive for sheep receiving
      all diets but not different among treatments. Apparent absorption of P (g/d) was
      greater (P less than .01) by sheep fed fish waste silage diets than by those fed
      crab waste silage diets. Among seafood silages, DMI was greater (P less than .01)
      for sheep consuming the 60:40 than for those consuming the 40:60 crab waste
      silage diet and less (P less than .01) for sheep fed the 70:30 than for those fed
      the 51:49 fish waste silage diet. Seafood processing wastes potentially are
      valuable to ensile with crop residues for use as ruminant feedstuffs.

PMID- 1808193
TI  - The importance of animal cognition in agricultural animal production systems: an
      overview.
AB  - To describe and then fulfill agricultural animals' needs, we must learn more
      about their fundamental psychological and behavioral processes. How does this
      animal feel? Is that animal suffering? Will we ever be able to know these things?
      Scientists specializing in animal cognition say that there are numerous problems
      but that they can be overcome. Recognition by scientists of the notion of animal
      awareness has been increasing in recent years, because of the work of Griffin and
      others. Feeling, thinking, remembering, and imagining are cognitive processes
      that are factors in the economic and humane production of agricultural animals.
      It has been observed that the animal welfare debate depends on two controversial
      questions: Do animals have subjective feelings? If they do, can we find
      indicators that reveal them? Here, indirect behavioral analysis approaches must
      be taken. Moreover, the linear additivity of several stressor effects on a
      variety of animal traits suggests that some single phenomenon is acting as a
      "clearinghouse" for many or all of the stresses acting on an animal at any given
      time, and this phenomenon might be psychological stress. Specific situations
      animals may encounter in agricultural production settings are discussed with
      respect to the animals' subjective feelings.

PMID- 1808194
TI  - How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans.
AB  - Visual recognition of objects and individuals is important for humans and many
      animal species. How does the brain process such visual information and how does
      experience modify such processing? To answer these questions we have used single
      cell, electrophysiological recording techniques to investigate the responses of
      single neurons in the temporal cortex of the brain of the conscious sheep to
      visual images of animals and humans. Results show that a small population of
      these cells responds (latencies less than 180 ms) specifically to projected
      images of animal and human faces. Different cells respond to 1) faces with horns,
      and how large the horns are; 2) faces of sheep of the same breed, particularly to
      socially familiar individuals, and 3) faces of humans or dogs. In general,
      frontal views of faces (i.e., direct eye contact) are more effective stimuli than
      profiles or views of the back of the head. Some other cells in the temporal
      cortex respond to the sight of a human shape, rather than to the face. These
      latter cells are specialized for visual recognition of the human shape dependent
      on what actions are displayed (approaching or withdrawing figure), posture
      adopted (bipedal or quadrupedal), and view presented (front or side). These
      results provide important information on the complex neural processing of visual
      recognition of individuals by sheep and suggest that experience may modify
      sensory processing. Thus, behaviorally important, distinguishing features (such
      as horns), preferred individuals (socially familiar animals), and potentially
      threatening individuals (humans and sheep dogs) are specifically coded for, at a
      sensory level, so that appropriate behavioral or emotional responses can be made
      with the minimum delay.

PMID- 1808195
TI  - The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare.
AB  - In general, codes that have been designed to safeguard the welfare of animals
      emphasize the importance of providing an environment that will ensure good health
      and a normal physiological and physical state, that is, they emphasize the
      animals' physical needs. If mental needs are mentioned, they are always relegated
      to secondary importance. The argument is put forward here that animal welfare is
      dependent solely on the cognitive needs of the animals concerned. In general, if
      these cognitive needs are met, they will protect the animals' physical needs. It
      is contended that in the few cases in which they do not safeguard the physical
      needs, it does not matter from a welfare point of view. The human example is
      given of being ill. It is argued that welfare is only adversely affected when a
      person feels ill, knows that he or she is ill, or even thinks that he or she is
      ill, all of which processes are cognitive ones. The implications for welfare of
      animals possessing certain cognitive abilities are discussed. For example, the
      extent to which animals are aware of their internal state while performing
      behavior known to be indicative of so-called states of suffering, such as fear,
      frustration, and pain, will determine how much they are actually suffering. With
      careful experimentation it may be possible to determine how negative they feel
      these states to be. Similarly, the extent to which animals think about items or
      events absent from their immediate environment will determine how frustrated they
      are in the absence of the real item or event but in the presence of the cognitive
      representation.

PMID- 1808196
TI  - Distribution of the intermediate elements operating in ER to Golgi transport.
AB  - We have used a 58 kDa membrane protein (p58) as a marker to study the transport
      pathway between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus.
      Immunolocalization of p58 in fibroblasts showed its presence in a single cisterna
      and in small tubular and vesicular elements at the cis side of the Golgi
      apparatus. In addition, the protein was detected in large (200-500 nm in
      diameter) tubulovesicular structures, clustered in the Golgi region but also
      found in peripheral locations. These represent intermediates in ER to Golgi
      transport since they contained newly synthesized viral glycoproteins, arrested in
      cells at 15 degrees C. The peripheral structures accumulated at low temperature
      but reclustered rapidly to the Golgi region upon shift of cells back to 37
      degrees C. This movement involved long intracellular distances and was
      efficiently inhibited by nocodazole, indicating that it requires the integrity of
      microtubules. In contrast, reclustering was unaffected by brefeldin A (BFA),
      suggesting that this compound affects ER to Golgi transport prior to the
      temperature-sensitive step. In BFA-treated cells p58 was localized to scattered,
      tubular, smooth ER clusters, found in close association with rough ER cisternae.
      The cellular distribution of the intermediate elements indicates that the sites
      of protein exit are widely distributed within the rough ER network. We suggest
      that the smooth ER locations where p58 accumulates in BFA-treated cells could
      represent such peripheral exit sites.

PMID- 1808197
TI  - Reorganization of cytoplasmic structures during cell fusion.
AB  - In order to provide a better understanding of the dynamic process of cell fusion,
      we studied the reorganization of cytoplasmic structures in electro-fused CV-1
      cells. Using fluorescence microscopy and double staining methods, we examined
      correlations between the structural patterns of the major cytoskeletal proteins
      (microtubules, actin and vimentin intermediate filaments) and the distribution of
      various organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and nuclei) at different
      stages of cell fusion. Our results suggest that microtubules appear to play a
      primary role in the process of cytoplasmic reorganization. At the early stage of
      cell fusion, microtubules were observed to infiltrate rapidly into the newly
      formed cytoplasmic bridges and establish a connection between the cytoskeletal
      networks of fusing cells. The reorganization of microtubules was found to be
      correlated with the redistribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vimentin
      intermediate filaments, mitochondria, and the aggregation of nuclei. The F-actin
      system, on the other hand, appeared to be independent of the reorganization of
      the other cytoplasmic structures. The principal function of F-actin during cell
      fusion is probably to widen the cytoplasmic bridges by lamellipodial extension.

PMID- 1808198
TI  - Contact-dependent transfer of a lysosomal enzyme from lymphocytes to fibroblasts.
AB  - In this study we have examined the mechanism underlying the contact-mediated
      transfer of a lysosomal enzyme from lymphocytes to fibroblasts in culture. We
      found that although antibody against the mannose 6-phosphate lysosomal targetting
      receptor (MPR) completely inhibited fibroblast uptake of the lysosomal enzyme
      beta-glucuronidase (Gus) from the culture medium, it had no effect on the
      transfer of the enzyme from normal lymphocytes. In contrast, the presence of
      antibody that prevented the adhesion of the lymphocytes to the fibroblasts
      inhibited Gus acquisition but had no effect on endocytosis. Immunogold electron
      microscopy of the contact site between the two types of cell showed that the
      transfer of Gus involved uncoated vesicles localized near the cell surface of the
      fibroblast at sites of contact with the lymphocytes. The acquired lymphocyte
      enzyme was shown to be transported to the fibroblast lysosomes.

PMID- 1808199
TI  - Induction of vacuolar apical compartments in the Caco-2 intestinal epithelial
      cell line.
AB  - Complete disruption of the microtubular network by colchicine or nocodazole in
      Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells results in the appearance of basolateral
      microvilli and brush border-containing intracellular vacuoles (vacuolar apical
      compartment: VAC). These vacuoles are surrounded by a terminal web, express
      apical markers and exclude basolateral markers. The vacuoles do not originate
      from internalized apical or basolateral plasma membrane and their development is
      blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that they are newly
      synthesized. After removal of the microtubule inhibitors, VACs are usually
      degraded and/or released into the lateral intercellular space. Rarely was fusion
      with the apical membrane observed. These experiments support a role for
      microtubules in the biogenesis of the apical surface and indicate that, under
      some conditions, apical plasma membrane assembly may occur in the cytoplasm, as
      observed in some human pathological states.

PMID- 1808200
TI  - Characterization of luminal and basal cells flow-sorted from the adult rat
      mammary parenchyma.
AB  - Differentially expressed membrane antigens have been used to flow-sort viable
      luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells from freshly disaggregated adult
      virgin rat mammary parenchyma. Resulting cultures and clones have been
      characterized morphologically and by a panel of antibodies that recognise cell
      type-specific cytoskeletal antigens in the intact mammary gland. Five clonal
      phenotypes were recognisable by morphological criteria, three (types 1-3)
      exclusively associated with sorted luminal epithelial (25.5-positive) cells, and
      two (types 4 and 5) generated from the sorted myoepithelial (CALLA/neutral
      endopeptidase 24.11-positive) cells. All clones derived from myoepithelial cells
      continued to express a basal parenchymal marker in the form of the rat equivalent
      of human cytokeratin 14, while smooth muscle alpha-actin was expressed by the
      small slowly growing type 4 clones but was found in fewer cells in rapidly
      proliferating type 5 myoepithelially derived clones. Two of the luminal clone
      types, characterized by an attenuated appearance and slow growth (types 1/2),
      expressed only luminal-specific markers, including the equivalent of human
      cytokeratins 7/18/19. Type 3 clones, by contrast, consisted of rapidly
      proliferating cells, many of which either co-expressed CK14 and CK18 antigens
      (type 3a) or were composed of a mosaic of CK14+/CK18-, CK14+/CK18+ and CK14
      /CK18+ cells (type 3b). The sorted myoepithelially derived clones grew faster
      than clones from sorted luminal cells as evidenced by the larger fraction of
      cells synthesizing DNA. All types of clone could be obtained from both isolated
      ducts and alveoli, when these were cloned separately, although there were some
      differences in their relative frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808201
TI  - Studies of chemotactic factor-induced polarity in human neutrophils. Lipid
      mobility, receptor distribution and the time-sequence of polarization.
AB  - Differences in membrane composition between the anterior and posterior poles of
      human blood neutrophils on exposure to chemoattractant were studied using a laser
      microscope, and the effects of attractant concentration and time on the ability
      of neutrophils to polarize were determined. The findings were as follows. (1) The
      fluorescein-labelled chemotactic hexapeptide fLeu-Norleu-Phe-Norleu-Tyr-Lys was
      asymmetrically distributed on polarized cells with the highest concentration at
      the anterior pole of the cell. (2) Differences in membrane lipid behaviour were
      studied by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using the probe 5-N
      (octadecanoyl)-aminofluorescein. Recovery curves suggested that the proportion of
      mobile lipid probe at the anterior pole of the cell was higher than at the
      posterior. However, no difference was found in the rate of recovery between the
      two poles. (3) Studies of the time-course of polarization were undertaken using
      neutrophils in suspension exposed to different isotropic concentrations of fMet
      Leu-Phe (fMLP). At low concentrations (less than or equal to 10(-9) M), the cells
      polarized immediately on exposure to the attractant. At a high concentration (10(
      7) M) they assumed multipolar morphologies and polarized very poorly, suggesting
      that ligand binding was too rapid for the cells to form a dominant pole. At the
      optimal concentration, 10(-8) M fMLP, the cells assumed irregular, ruffled,
      morphologies after 30s, but showed an increasing proportion of polarized forms
      over the next 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808202
TI  - Epidermal growth factor induces rapid reorganization of the actin microfilament
      system in human A431 cells.
AB  - Double immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      treatment of A431 cells results in more apparent co-localization of EGF receptor
      (EGFR) and actin filaments, as compared to control cells. This indicates that EGF
      induces actin polymerization as well as additional association of the EGFR with
      similar sites on the membrane-skeleton. We show that immunoprecipitation of the
      cytoskeleton-linked EGFR after fragmentation of the cytoskeleton results in
      specific co-precipitation of F-actin and a limited set of other unidentified
      proteins. Interestingly, EGF treatment of intact cells results in increased
      immunoprecipitation of cytoskeleton-associated EGFR as well as of F-actin, while
      actin does not co-precipitate with the non-ionic detergent-solubilized EGFR.
      These results demonstrate that the cytoskeleton-linked EGFR is associated with
      the actin microfilament system. EGF induces additional formation of protein
      complexes, containing the EGFR and F-actin and a limited set of other
      unidentified proteins. The increased co-precipitation of F-actin is most likely
      related to EGF-induced actin polymerization, which is specifically associated
      with the apical cortical microfilament system, as demonstrated by confocal laser
      scanning microscopy and a phallicidin-binding assay.

PMID- 1808203
TI  - Physarum plasmodia do contain cytoplasmic microtubules!
AB  - It has been claimed that the plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum
      constitutes a very unusual syncytium, devoid of cytoplasmic microtubules. In
      contrast, we have observed a cytoplasmic microtubule network, by both electron
      microscopy and immunofluorescence in standard synchronous plasmodia, either in
      semi-thin sections or in smears, and in thin plasmodia, used as a convenient
      model. Cytoplasmic microtubules could be seen after immunofluorescent staining
      with three different monospecific monoclonal anti-tubulin antibodies. The
      immunolabelling was strictly restricted to typical microtubules as shown by
      electron microscopy. These cytoplasmic microtubules were entirely and reversibly
      disassembled by cold treatment and by either of two microtubule poisons: methyl
      benzimidazole carbamate and griseofulvin. The microtubule network, present in all
      strains that have been studied, contains single microtubules and microtubule
      bundles composed of two to eight microtubules. Cytoplasmic microtubules form a
      dense and complex three-dimensional network, distinct from the microfilamentous
      domains and from the nuclei. The orientation of the microtubule network varies
      according to the plasmodial domain examined. Generally microtubules show no
      special orientation except in plasmodial veins where they are oriented parallel
      to the long axis of the veins. Differences between our observations and those of
      previous workers who failed to find cytoplasmic microtubules in plasmodia are
      discussed. We propose that they reflect difficulties of observation mainly due to
      the fluorescent background. In contrast with the previous view, the discovery of
      a microtubule cytoplasmic cytoskeleton in Physarum plasmodia raises several
      questions concerning its relationships with other cellular organelles and its
      dynamics during different cell cycle events.

PMID- 1808204
TI  - Tubulin in sea urchin embryonic cilia: characterization of the membrane
      periaxonemal matrix.
AB  - When the membranes of isolated embryonic cilia from three species of sea urchin
      are detergent-solubilized, the major proteins found are two equi-molar
      polypeptides comigrating with tubulin subunits. Cross-reactivity with a variety
      of tubulin antibodies confirms their identity. Calmodulin and other calcium
      binding proteins are prominent minor constituents of the extract. Removal of the
      solubilizing detergent by adsorption to polystyrene beads, followed by a freeze
      thaw cycle, produces membrane leaflets and vesicles of uniform bouyant density.
      Such reconstituted membranes incorporate most of the tubulin and minor proteins
      but not calmodulin. Equivalent cross-reactivity with antibodies to acetylated or
      detyrosinated alpha-tubulin indicates that the tubulin derived from the membrane
      periaxonemal matrix and axoneme are indistinguishable from each other in terms of
      these posttranslational modifications but are distinct from the mainly unmodified
      tubulin of the embryonic cytoplasm. Pulse labeling with [3H]palmitate does not
      label either tubulin subunit but acylation does occur on a 190 x 10(3) Mr
      membrane protein. Its specific activity is essentially the same whether label is
      applied to embryos with existing or regenerating cilia, suggesting rapid ciliary
      membrane protein exchange or physical turnover. Using pulse-chase labeling with
      [3H]leucine during steady-state ciliary growth or induced regeneration in both
      normal and zinc-animalized embryos, the specific activity of the membrane
      periaxonemal matrix-derived tubulin is initially higher than that of the axoneme
      but the degree of labeling equalizes in successive regenerations, consistent with
      derivation from a common pool. Many heavily labeled axonemal architectural
      proteins, such as tektin-A, are not reflected in the membrane-periaxonemal matrix
      fraction, suggesting that this fraction is not simply a pool of unassembled
      axonemal precursors.

PMID- 1808205
TI  - Postmitotic reassembly of the cell nucleus in whole cells: an electron
      spectroscopic study.
AB  - By electron-spectroscopic imaging it is possible to visualize selectively the
      distribution of phosphorus-rich structures such as nucleosomes, ribosomes or
      other ribonucleoprotein particles. Using this method we re-examined assembly of
      the nucleus in telophase of dividing onion root cells and human HeLa cells. Our
      observations disagree considerably with conclusions drawn from work with cell
      free systems. We consistently observed reassembly of nuclear envelope cisternae
      from vesicles in the cytoplasm without direct contact with chromatin. The
      preassembled envelope cisternae then enclosed the telophase chromosome mass,
      contacting the chromatin in some tracts, but also trapping cytoplasmic material
      such as ribosomes between chromosomes and envelope. Until a late stage in
      telophase the re-forming nuclear envelope left large gaps between the nuclear and
      the cytoplasmic compartments. Exclusion of cytoplasmic material from the re
      assembling nucleus was facilitated by prenucleolar material, which accumulated in
      the deep furrows of the chromosomes and interchromosomal spaces. This material
      expanded considerably while the envelope was still open, in this way displacing
      cytoplasm non-selectively from the future nucleus. The model we propose for
      reassembly of the nucleus in whole cells does not postulate contact with and
      complete enclosure of chromosomes by the re-forming envelope, and suggests a
      decisive role for expanding prenucleolar material in the process of
      nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization.

PMID- 1808206
TI  - Organization of talin and vinculin in adhesion plaques of wet-cleaved chicken
      embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - We have studied the fine structure of adhesion plaques in chicken embryo
      fibroblasts (CEF) and visualized the localization of vinculin and talin using
      immunoelectron microscopy on CEF opened by 'wet-cleaving'. This procedure,
      performed with nitrocellulose on cells grown on electron microscope grids,
      cleaved the CEF close to the inner face of the ventral membrane or at a slightly
      higher level through the cytoplasm. In the resulting preparations, adhesion
      plaques were identified by their localization at the end of microfilament bundles
      and by their density of vinculin and talin. The plaques showed a substructure of
      moderately electron-dense parallel bands that were interconnected. Both the
      parallel bands as well as the interconnecting threads showed a high density of
      vinculin and talin labels, whereas neither the surrounding membrane cytoskeleton
      nor the overlaying bundled microfilaments were labeled. In stereomicrographs, we
      observed no difference between the distances from vinculin or talin label,
      respectively, to the plasma membrane. In early spreading cells, vinculin and
      talin were found to be deposited simultaneously in fine radiating streaks that
      covered rather large parts of the ventral membrane at areas of close contact with
      the substratum. These streaks, which were initially overlayed by an isotropic
      cytoskeletal network without filament bundles, were the apparent precursors of
      later formed adhesion plaques. These observations suggest that there are no
      separate layers of talin and vinculin, but rather that adhesion plaques consist
      of a dense network of talin and vinculin. The observations strongly support the
      model proposed by Bendori et al. (1989), J. Cell Biol. 108, 2383-2393, that was
      based on the location of vinculin- and talin-binding sites in the vinculin
      molecule.

PMID- 1808207
TI  - Ectopic expression of an A-type lamin does not interfere with differentiation of
      lamin A-negative embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - The nuclear lamina is an intermediate filament-type network underlying the inner
      nuclear membrane. It is believed to be important for nuclear envelope integrity
      and the organization of interphase chromatin. On the basis of biochemical
      properties and sequence criteria, vertebrate lamin proteins are classified as
      either A- or B-type. While B-type lamins are expressed in almost all cell types,
      no A-type lamins are present in early vertebrate embryos or undifferentiated
      embryonal carcinoma cell lines. Intriguingly, expression of A-type lamins occurs
      concomitant with cell differentiation and embryonic development. These findings
      have led to the hypothesis that A-type lamins might play a role in establishing
      or stabilizing cell-type specific differences in nuclear organization, which in
      turn might relate to the developmental potential of a cell. To test this
      hypothesis, we have stably expressed chicken lamin A in undifferentiated murine
      embryonal carcinoma (P19) cells, and examined the consequences of ectopic lamin A
      expression for the differentiation state and potential of these cells. Our
      results demonstrate that the P19 cells, although normally devoid of lamin A,
      properly incorporate and process chicken lamin A. Moreover, the stably
      transfected cell lines maintain the properties of undifferentiated cells,
      demonstrating that expression of lamin A does not directly induce
      differentiation. Conversely, when exposed to retinoic acid, an inducer of
      differentiation, lamin A-expressing P19 cells are able to differentiate normally.
      Taken together, our results suggest that unscheduled expression of A-type lamins
      is not sufficient to deregulate cell differentiation programs. The implications
      of these findings for the possible role for lamin A expression during development
      are discussed.

PMID- 1808208
TI  - Arrangement of cellular fibronectin in noncollagenous fibrils in human fibroblast
      cultures.
AB  - The assembly of fibronectin into fibrils was examined by high-voltage
      immunoelectron microscopy in subconfluent cultures of ascorbate-treated human
      skin fibroblasts. Cells grown in the presence of ascorbic acid for 24, 48 or 72 h
      were labeled with Ist-9, a monoclonal antibody specific for the EIIIA site in
      fibronectin, and polyclonal antibodies to type I collagen. Cells were then
      labeled with goat anti-mouse IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG coupled to 5 or 18 nm
      colloidal gold beads. Our results show that by 24 h, fibronectin is observed in
      fibrils in the extracellular matrix. The majority of fibronectin in fibrils does
      not co-localize with type I collagen. Morphometric analysis of the distance
      between EIIIA sites in fibronectin fibrils (less than 12 nm in diameter) show
      that the EIIIA sites appear to be spaced approximately 84 nm apart. The distance
      of 84 nm suggests that fibronectin is fully extended in fibrils and that the
      amino termini of adjacent fibronectin dimers overlap by 20 nm. As fibronectin
      fibrils become thicker, the average distance between EIIIA sites in fibronectin
      dimers decreases to 42 nm. This decrease in the distance between EIIIA sites may
      be due to a staggering of fibronectin dimers within the fibril as the fibril
      matures.

PMID- 1808209
TI  - Characterisation of potential adhesins of the bacterium Pasteuria penetrans, and
      of putative receptors on the cuticle of Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode host.
AB  - Pasteuria penetrans spores were fragmented by glass bead vortexing, producing
      exosporial membranes and spore fragments, which consisted of fibre bundles. Both
      exosporia and spore fragments are capable of host-specific attachment to the
      cuticle of Meloidogyne incognita, a root-knot nematode host. Putative M.
      incognita receptors appear to be soluble in beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) but not
      SDS, and are also sensitive to tryptic digestion and deglycosylation by
      endoglycosidase F. Polyclonal antibodies against intact spores and spore
      fragments of antispore antibodies produced 100% inhibition. The antibodies,
      however, did not show preferential staining of particular spore structures in
      thin section immunolabelling studies. Exposure of Pasteuria penetrans spores to
      HCl or urea-SDS-dithiothreitol renders them incapable of attachment to their host
      juveniles and extensively disrupts fibres that surround the spore core. Protein
      extracts from spore fragments or from exosporial membranes are identical, and
      urea-BME extracts from either structure, but not SDS extracts, can inhibit the
      attachment of spores to juveniles by 60-80%. An inhibitory BME extract from spore
      fragments was analysed by anion-exchange chromatography and adsorption onto host
      cuticle followed by immunoblotting. It appeared to contain six potential spore
      adhesins of approximate Mr 24-29, 38-47, 59, 89, 126, and 190 (x10(3)). Lectin
      affinity blotting with wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A showed that all
      of these proteins bear terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues and the 38-47 kDa
      band also bears terminal Glc/Man residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808210
TI  - Hormonal regulation of spermatid binding.
AB  - A Sertoli-spermatid coculture model is described in which a large percentage
      (greater than 76%) of round spermatids remain viable for 48 h and bind to Sertoli
      cells. The effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone on
      spermatid binding (expressed as the spermatid density; SD = the number of
      spermatids per unit area of Sertoli cell cytoplasm), ultrastructure of the
      Sertoli-spermatid junctional complex, and distribution in the Sertoli cell of
      junction-related F-actin and vinculin are described. Following 48 h of
      incubation, neither FSH alone nor testosterone alone affected spermatid binding
      to Sertoli cells beyond that observed in control cocultures. However, the
      combination of FSH and testosterone (FSH + testosterone) resulted in a
      significant increase in the density of spermatids bound to Sertoli cells.
      Junction-related structure of the Sertoli cell cytoskeleton between the Sertoli
      cell and the pre-step 8 spermatid was different than that observed between the
      Sertoli cell and the post-step 8 spermatid. The junction-related cytoskeletal
      modification of the Sertoli cell (JCMS) in the latter was similar in appearance
      to the well-described 'Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization' observed adjacent to
      post-step 8 spermatids in vivo. FSH + testosterone and FSH alone, but not
      testosterone alone, resulted in the peripheral distribution of actin and
      vinculin, which otherwise remained in stress fiber-like structures throughout the
      Sertoli cell. Results show that maximal spermatid binding to Sertoli cells in
      vitro requires FSH + testosterone and is associated with the peripheral
      distribution of actin and vinculin.

PMID- 1808211
TI  - Isoproterenol downregulation of statin-related gene expression in the rat parotid
      gland.
AB  - Statin, a 57 kilodalton (kDa) nuclear protein, is characteristically found in
      nonproliferating cells in culture as well as nondividing cells of a wide range of
      highly differentiated tissues. Moreover, cells in culture that are statin
      positive lose this statin expression when re-entering the cell-cycle traverse. In
      this work, statin expression was investigated in the parotid gland of untreated
      rats and those treated with isoproterenol (IPR), a proliferation-inducing
      catecholamine. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed specific nuclear
      staining with anti-statin monoclonal antibody (S-44) in the acinar and ducts
      cells of the untreated rats but significantly reduced in those induced with
      isoproterenol. To characterize the protein recognized by S-44, protein extracts
      from both tissues were immunoblotted and incubated with S-44. The antibody
      reacted specifically with a 48 kDa protein in the extract of the parotid glands
      from untreated rats while no reaction was detected in that of the proliferation
      induced ones. These observations along with the result that a statin-like (S1)
      transcript is downregulated by isoproterenol in the parotid glands further
      support the notion that the disappearance of statin-related expression is
      associated with the IPR-induced proliferation in the rat parotid glands. The
      discrepancy between the apparent molecular mass of the protein identified by S-44
      in nonproliferating parotid cells and that of statin originally found in
      fibroblasts, suggests that either a modified form of statin may be present in the
      parotid gland, or this 48 kDa protein may be a member of the nonproliferative
      statin-like family.

PMID- 1808212
TI  - Altered response of progeria fibroblasts to epidermal growth factor.
AB  - The Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria) is a rare disorder in childhood
      characterized by premature and accelerated aging. This study reports the effect
      of a potent growth factor, EGF, on the proliferative capacities and extracellular
      matrix macromolecules and collagenase expression of two strains of progeria skin
      derived cells. At low population doubling levels (PDL less than 10), confluent
      cultures of progeria fibroblasts made quiescent by lowering the concentration of
      serum in the medium did not respond to EGF while the mitotic activity of normal
      PDL-matched fibroblasts was almost maximally restored upon addition of EGF. No
      obvious difference between normal and low PDL progeria fibroblasts was observed
      in the number and in the affinity of the receptors measured by [125I]EGF binding.
      The synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins was similar in normal and
      affected cells at low and high serum concentration and both types of cells
      responded to EGF by a specific inhibition of collagen synthesis. Besides a normal
      level of mRNA coding for type I and type III collagens, collagenase and laminin,
      progeria fibroblasts expressed a high level of elastin and type IV collagen mRNA.
      Like normal fibroblasts, progeria cells responded to EGF by a decrease in the
      level of mRNA for fibrillar collagens and elastin. In contrast, a complete lack
      of response to EGF was observed for collagenase mRNA whereas the expression of
      this enzyme was strikingly induced by EGF in normal PDL-matched cells. The
      abnormal expression of type IV collagen was not significantly modified by EGF. At
      PDL greater than 10, progeria cells exhibited features of senescence. A
      significant reduction of collagen synthesis was observed and no further
      inhibition by EGF was recorded.

PMID- 1808213
TI  - The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid on the cell growth and the
      phenotype of ovarian cancer cells.
AB  - We have compared the in vitro effects of the differentiation inducers dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA) on a polyclonal human ovarian cancer cell
      line (HOC-7). Density gradient fractionation of untreated cells reveals that a
      proportion of rapidly growing, polygonal cells with medium density is capable of
      spontaneous reversion into a slowly growing low-density phenotype with flattened
      morphology similar to non-transformed human ovarian surface epithelial cells.
      Clonal expansion of these low-density cells proves that the observed
      characteristics are stable for prolonged culture periods. Exposure of HOC-7 cells
      to DMSO and RA or removal of the serum from the medium is effective in enhancing
      the proportion of these low-density cells. Application of DMSO causes the cells
      to become flattened and elongated, and to develop rod-like protrusions. In these
      cytoplasmic extensions thick filament bundles are dominant. Immunofluorescence
      studies demonstrate that both untreated low-density subclones and DMSO-treated
      polyclonal cells are much more reactive for cytokeratin than medium-density
      subclones or untreated parental cells. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry and fixed
      cell ELISA reveal 2- to 5-fold greater amounts of desmoplakins I and II and of
      fibronectin in low-density subclones and in DMSO-treated cells as compared to
      medium-density subclones and control cultures. RA exerts weaker effects on the
      phenotype of the cells. Both inducers reduce DNA synthesis and inhibit the
      anchorage-dependent and the anchorage-independent cell growth in a dose- and time
      dependent manner. The restoration of the original morphology and growth rate
      after removal of the differentiation-inducing agents proves that the observed
      changes are reversible; this indicates that the cells do not become terminally
      differentiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808214
TI  - A quantitative method for the detection of sulfonamide residues in meat and milk
      samples with a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method.
AB  - Sulfonamides are widely used in veterinary medicine for prophylactic purposes and
      for the treatment of various infections of food-producing animals. This means
      that residues of these drugs and their possible metabolites may occur in food of
      animal origin. In Belgium, a zero tolerance level for sulfonamides in edible
      animal tissues has been set. In order to check this zero level on a routine
      basis, a rapid and sensitive method has to be available. For this purpose, a
      quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the
      detection of sulfonamide residues in animal tissue and milk samples has been
      developed. The sample preparation consists of a liquid extraction followed by a
      solid phase extraction (SPE) on disposable columns for the meat samples and a
      matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) for the milk samples. A three-multiple
      development chromatographic system is used for the separation and a
      derivatization with fluorescamine decreases the minimal detectable quantity per
      spot from 1.42 to 0.32 ng. The limit of quantification is 4 micrograms/kg for
      milk and meat samples.

PMID- 1808215
TI  - Application of a novel form of solid-phase sorbent (Empore membrane) to the
      isolation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs from blood.
AB  - We employed a new form of solid-phase material, the Empore octyl (C8) extraction
      membrane (SPEM), for the efficient extraction of tricyclic drugs from patients'
      serum specimens. Both extraction and companion high-performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) assay of doxepin (DOX), desmethyldoxepin (DDOX),
      imipramine (IMI), desmethylimipramine (DESI), amitriptyline (AMI), nortriptyline
      (NOR), clomipramine (CLO), and desmethylchlomipramine (DCLO) are presented here.
      Routinely, serum (1.0 mL or less) adjusted to pH 5.5 with phosphate buffer is
      passed through the SPEM secured in a MF-1 microfilter unit. Proteins and
      potential interferences retained on SPEM are removed with an acetonitrile-water
      wash. The tricyclic drugs are eluted with HPLC mobile phase and the eluate is
      injected directly on a Zorbax cyanopropyl (CN) HPLC column, thereby avoiding time
      consuming evaporation-concentration steps that can affect drug stability.
      Recovery for all drugs exceeds 90% and analytical responses are linear from a
      lower limit of sensitivity of 8 micrograms/L up to at least 1000 micrograms/L.
      Between-run coefficients of variation (CV) range from 2.9 to 8.3% through the
      concentration range of 75 to 300 micrograms/L. Performance characteristics of the
      SPEM are compared to those of conventional large particle silica- and polymeric
      based sorbents. Within the requirements of this assay, the SPEM extraction
      requires less sample volume and reduces elution and solvent volumes.

PMID- 1808217
TI  - HPLC separation of human plasma catecholamines and their urinary metabolites.
      Liquid chromatographic separations.

PMID- 1808216
TI  - Diode array detection and simultaneous quantitation of the coeluting atenolol
      related synthetic route impurities, PPA-Diol.
AB  - The diode array multichannel detector is used to acquire spectral information at
      specified intervals in the elution profile of atenolol and its related impurities
      for post-chromatographic data analysis. The applicability of a number of peak
      homogeneity testing methods, including spectral normalization, absorbance ratio,
      chromatographic derivatives, and spectral suppression (SS), are assessed for
      suitability in simultaneous determinations of the coeluting atenolol-related
      synthetic impurities, PPA-Diol. Spectral suppression displays a superior
      performance in comparison to all the other techniques in that both qualitative
      and quantitative information are acquired on the system.

PMID- 1808218
TI  - Accuracy and reproducibility of portal flow measurement by Doppler US.

PMID- 1808219
TI  - Endoscopic sclerotherapy in the management of gastric variceal haemorrhage.
AB  - The value of injection sclerotherapy in the management of active gastric variceal
      bleeding is unclear. A retrospective study was therefore performed of 46 episodes
      of acute variceal haemorrhage in 41 patients who were treated by endoscopic
      sclerotherapy. The site of gastric variceal haemorrhage was the lesser curve
      (Group 1) in 13, within a hiatus hernia (Group 2) in six, and fundal with or
      without associated oesophageal varices (Type 3) in 22 cases. Haemostasis was
      achieved by sclerotherapy in 54%, 71.4% and 26%, respectively. After additional
      measures including balloon tamponade or surgery 85% of the Group 1 cases had
      stopped bleeding significantly more frequently than was observed in Group 3
      (44.4%). More patients in Group 3 died due to uncontrolled bleeding (41%) than in
      Group I (7.7%). Hospital mortality depended on the severity of the liver disease
      with 15% of Child's grade A and 56% of grade C cases dying. It is concluded that
      endoscopic sclerotherapy of gastric varices should be reserved only for lesser
      curve or hiatal varices and that early surgery (or sclerotherapy using tissue
      adhesive) be considered for variceal haemorrhage originating from fundal varices.

PMID- 1808220
TI  - A performance evaluation of the expert system 'Jaundice' in comparison with that
      of three hepatologists.
AB  - The diagnostic performance of an Expert System (Jaundice) designed to
      discriminate between different causes of jaundice was evaluated in a test sample
      of 200 consecutive in-patients with serum bilirubin greater than or equal to 51
      mumol/l. The average probability assigned to true diagnosis, the non-error rate
      and the overall accuracy were, respectively, 55%, 77% and 70%. The Expert
      System's discriminatory ability in probabilistic prediction, assessed by a method
      based on continuous functions of the diagnostic probabilities (Brier score) was
      good. We also compared the ability of our Expert System to that of three
      experienced hepatologists, who were required to give a diagnosis in 20 cases
      following the same protocol used by computer (i.e., by asking only clinical and
      laboratory items). Both the hepatologists and Jaundice achieved a correct
      diagnosis in 70% of 20 cases, but the Expert System asked a significantly higher
      average number of questions during each consultation. Analysis of the reasoning
      pathway made by an external referee showed a high agreement between the
      diagnostic strategies of the Expert System and the physicians. We conclude that
      Jaundice can be a useful tool to support a physician with insufficient clinical
      experience in this field to generate correct diagnostic hypotheses.

PMID- 1808221
TI  - A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided anterior subcostal liver biopsy versus
      the conventional Menghini technique.
AB  - An ultrasound-guided double pass biopsy technique using a large bore cutting
      needle via an anterior subcostal route (USAB) is described. The diagnostic
      adequacy of this biopsy procedure was evaluated in comparison with the
      traditional Menghini technique in 200 cases of suspected chronic liver disease
      randomly assigned to the two different procedures. Retrieval rate was better in
      the USAB group. The sample length was less than 15 mm in four cases in the USAB
      group and in 19 cases in the Menghini group. In three cases in the USAB group the
      second pass modified the diagnosis of the first specimen from chronic active
      hepatitis to active cirrhosis. In order to evaluate the safety and discomfort of
      the two procedures 340 patients assigned to the different techniques had liver
      ultrasound scans 6 and 24 h following percutaneous biopsy. USAB was associated
      with a reduced frequency of complications (one out of 170 patients vs. seven out
      of 170 patients who had the intercostal Menghini procedure). In our study, USAB
      seems to offer better sampling and size of individual samples, together with
      reduced frequency of major and minor complications.

PMID- 1808222
TI  - Predictive value of serum procollagen-III-peptide for the survival of patients
      with cirrhosis.
AB  - The value of the aminoterminal procollagen-III-peptide (P-III-P) in predicting
      death or survival was evaluated in a group of 43 patients with proven
      postnecrotic or alcoholic cirrhosis. Patients were followed-up prospectively for
      2 years. The prognostic value of P-III-P was compared with the Child
      classification, fasting and postprandial serum bile acids, and standard
      laboratory tests such as bilirubin, prothrombin index, pseudocholinesterase,
      albumin, GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, and clinical findings such as ascites,
      encephalopathy (assessed with the number connection test = NCT), and nutritional
      status. Between patients who died and those who survived the following 2 years,
      there were significant differences in the following parameters at the time of
      inclusion in the study: encephalopathy judged by NCT (p = 0.001), serum albumin
      (p = 0.0012), postprandial serum bile acids (p = 0.0024), fasting serum bile
      acids (p = 0.0025), pseudocholinesterase (p = 0.0044), GOT (p = 0.015), bilirubin
      (p = 0.016), and prothrombin index (p = 0.01). None of the other parameters
      investigated, including SP-III-P (p = 0.46), revealed any statistically
      significant differences between patients who died and survivors. The prognostic
      significance of laboratory tests and recorded clinical findings was evaluated,
      either alone or in combination with life-table analysis using the Cox model. SP
      III-P, alone or in combination with other parameters, failed to improve
      prediction of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. In comparison to the Child
      classification (p = 0.0004) the combination of NCT and postprandial serum bile
      acids showed a similar ability (p = 0.0003) to predict patient survival.

PMID- 1808223
TI  - Asialoglycoprotein receptor in human isolated hepatocytes from normal liver and
      its apparent increase in liver with histological alterations.
AB  - We have characterized a binding site for galactosyl terminal glycoproteins in
      hepatocytes isolated from human biopsies. The binding of asialoorosomucoid on
      hepatocytes previously treated by Triton X-100 was saturable, calcium-dependent
      and highly affine (Ka = 1.11 +/- 0.87.10(9) M-1) thus corresponding to a ligand
      receptor binding. The total number of receptors in the normal human liver was
      140,000 +/- 65,000 sites per cell. This corresponded to the value obtained in the
      human hepatoma cell line HepG2, but was significantly lower than for isolated rat
      hepatocytes. Furthermore, in hepatocytes isolated from livers with histological
      features of either fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma with cirrhosis or nodular
      regenerative hyperplasia, the number of asialoglycoprotein receptors per cell was
      increased, while the binding affinity was unchanged.

PMID- 1808224
TI  - Hepatitis B virus antigen-specific T-cell activation in patients with acute and
      chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - Since the hepatitis B virus is noncytopathic, it is generally believed that the
      individual specific immune response determines the course of infection. The lack
      of data about hepatitis B virus-specific T-cell reactions in acute infection led
      us to investigate the specific cellular immune response of infected individuals
      in terms of proliferation, and gamma-interferon and lymphotoxin production. Our
      results demonstrate that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from patients
      with acute and chronic hepatitis B respond weakly to HBsAg. In contrast, patients
      with acute hepatitis show a vigorous response to the nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg)
      in terms of proliferation and lymphokine production, while only few chronic virus
      carriers gave a proliferative response. Either of the antigens could activate
      lymphocytes to produce gamma-interferon and lymphotoxin, cytokines which may
      modulate antiviral immune response.

PMID- 1808225
TI  - Effect of bile acids on ischemia-reperfusion liver injury.
AB  - We investigated whether stimulation of bile flow by taurocholic acid (TCA),
      ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or its taurine conjugate (TUDCA) could protect the
      liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The isolated perfused rat liver model was
      used. In livers perfused without bile acids (n = 8), 60 min of ischemia induced a
      significant reduction in bile flow and in portal flow, together with a marked
      increase in LDH, AST and uric acid release in the perfusate. These alterations
      were maximal at the beginning of reperfusion. In livers perfused with TCA (n =
      6), UDCA (n = 7) or TUDCA (n = 6), bile flow was significantly increased as
      compared to controls during the pre-ischemic phase, as well as during the
      reperfusion phase. However, no significant improvement was observed in any of the
      biochemical, hemodynamic or histologic parameters studied. The results show that
      stimulation of bile flow either by TCA, UDCA or TUDCA does not reduce ischemia
      reperfusion liver injury. Furthermore, the results do not provide evidence for a
      cytoprotective effect of UDCA or TUDCA in this model of liver injury.

PMID- 1808226
TI  - Follow-up of recurrent hepatitis B and delta infection in liver allograft
      recipients after treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha.
AB  - Reinfection of the graft with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus
      (HDV) is a potential complication in patients undergoing orthotopic liver
      transplantation (OLT). Therefore, we added recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFNa)
      to the standard immunosuppressive regimen in 11 patients who received transplants
      following liver failure attributed to cirrhosis B (n = 10, with HDV co-infection
      in four cases) or fulminant hepatitis B (n = 1). Patients were treated with rIFNa
      for periods ranging from 2 to 3 months between the first and the 13th month after
      OLT. All patients received immunosuppressive treatment with low-dose
      corticosteroids, azathioprine and cyclosporine. Anti-HBs hyperimmune globulin was
      also administered. None of the patients showed evidence of severe allograft
      rejection. Seven patients suffered HBV reinfection of the graft with histological
      signs of acute hepatitis in five cases and transition to chronic hepatitis in one
      patient. Treatment with rIFNa did not prevent or reduce HBV replication.
      Reinfection of the graft with HDV was demonstrated by PCR in four patients co
      infected with HDV. During treatment with rIFNa liver biopsy specimens from three
      reinfected patients were transiently negative for HDV antigen but not for HDV
      RNA, and the sera from two patients were transiently negative for HDV RNA. The
      data indicate that rIFNa can reduce HDV replication in reinfected liver
      allografts.

PMID- 1808227
TI  - Duplex Doppler measurements of portal venous flow in normal subjects. Inter- and
      intra-observer variability.
AB  - We investigated the variability of quantitative duplex Doppler measurements of
      portal flow. Measurements were validated in vitro using a flow phantom. The
      measured flow Q (ml/min), is related to the actual phantom output P (ml/min)
      according to the following formula: Q = 1.08 (P + 44) (r = 0.998). To estimate
      inter- and intra-observer variance, 38 subjects without portal hypertension were
      examined in two groups. Two observers examined the first group of subjects (n =
      19), from a routine daily ultrasound schedule. Significant differences were found
      in mean +/- S.D. portal flow (692 +/- 182 ml/min vs. 613 +/- 185 ml/min, p =
      0.04) and mean +/- S.D. velocity (15.3 +/- 3.9 cm/s vs. 13.2 +/- 2.6 cm/s, p =
      0.01). The combined inter- and intra-observer coefficient of variation (S.D.) was
      24% (158 ml/min), 9% (0.92 mm) and 24% (3.4 cm/s) for portal flow, diameter and
      velocity respectively. Non-systematic components of variance were the largest.
      Patient characteristics, age, sex, height, weight and body surface area did not
      influence measurement variations. In the second group of healthy volunteers (n =
      19), where variance in measurements over 3 consecutive days was comparable to the
      combined variance in the first group, the non-systematic variance component was
      also the largest. We conclude that quantitative duplex Doppler measurements of
      portal venous flow are mainly subject to non-systematic variability. A
      coefficient of variation of 24% can be expected in diagnostic measurements in a
      single patient. Examination by a single observer is advisable. The value of this
      technique lies in the analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms in portal flow
      changes in large groups of subjects.

PMID- 1808228
TI  - Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment.

PMID- 1808230
TI  - Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.

PMID- 1808229
TI  - Glibenclamide-induced cholestasis.

PMID- 1808231
TI  - Can we predict the first variceal bleeding in the individual patient with
      cirrhosis and esophageal varices?

PMID- 1808233
TI  - IL-1 production by human monocytes in viral hepatitis type B.

PMID- 1808232
TI  - Prevalence of delta hepatitis markers among parenteral drug abusers and
      homosexual men with and without AIDS.

PMID- 1808234
TI  - Anti-HCV in post transfusion hepatitis: deductions from a prospective study.

PMID- 1808235
TI  - Sexual contact patterns between men and women and the spread of HIV-1 in urban
      centres in Africa.
AB  - A simple model of the transmission of HIV-1 by heterosexual contact and from
      mother to unborn infant is developed to assess the influence of patterns of
      mixing between low and high sexual activity classes of the two sexes on the
      pattern of spread of the virus and the demographic impact of AIDS. Numerical
      studies of model behaviour are based, where possible, on parameter estimates
      derived from epidemiological studies of HIV-1 spread in Africa. Analyses reveal
      that the assumed pattern of mixing, ranging from assortative (like with like)
      through random (proportional) to disassortative (like with unlike), has a very
      major impact on the predicted spread of the virus and the concomitant demographic
      impact of AIDS. Patterns of strong assortative mixing are predicted to generate
      the least spread and demographic impact, by comparison with proportional or
      disassortative mixing. Analyses also reveal that the rules governing behaviour
      changes, once AIDS-induced mortality changes the structure of the population
      (i.e. the numbers in the low and high sexual activity classes of the two sexes),
      have a very significant influence on the course of the epidemic. Where possible,
      predicted patterns are compared with observed trends in Africa.

PMID- 1808236
TI  - Contact matrices for multipopulation epidemic models: how to build a consistent
      matrix close to data.
AB  - In models of the dynamics of sexually transmitted diseases between and within N
      interacting populations, it is necessary to specify the matrix of contacts
      between populations. Mixing matrices have to satisfy a consistency condition that
      generally will not be satisfied by empirically obtained matrices. The problem of
      inferring a mixing matrix from data is phrased here as the problem of finding a
      matrix in a prescribed set that minimizes an opportune distance from the matrix
      of data. Two different distances that attempt to measure relative errors are
      suggested. When no constraints are posed on the activity rates of the
      populations, the author shows that the minimum distance from data is attained at
      Knox's (1986) matrix. When activity rates are to be preserved, the minimum cannot
      be found explicitly for N greater than 2. An algorithm proposed by Arca, Perucci,
      Spadea, and Rossi (1990) is then investigated, and shown always to converge to a
      consistent matrix. Through several examples, it is shown that this limiting
      matrix does not minimize distance from data, but is generally close to the
      minimum. Finally, the author simulated the collection of data with sampling
      errors and possible bias and evaluated the performance of this algorithm in
      approximating the 'true' contact matrix starting from the simulated 'data'
      matrix.

PMID- 1808237
TI  - Study on brain uptake of local anesthetics in rats.
AB  - Brain uptake of local anesthetics under steady-state plasma condition and/or
      following intravenous bolus administration was investigated in rats. All ester
      type anesthetics examined such as ethyl (Et), propyl (Pr), butyl (Bu) esters of p
      aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and procaine disappeared rapidly from plasma in a dose
      dependent manner. Plasma profiles of these compounds were well explained by a 2
      compartment model with a Michaelis-Menten type elimination process from a central
      compartment. On the other hand, lidocaine, amide-type anesthetic, showed a linear
      pharmacokinetic characteristic and its half life in the elimination phase was far
      longer than those of ester type agents. Extents of brain uptake (brain-to-plasma
      partition coefficient, Kp value) of these drugs were determined at 3 different
      steady-state plasma concentrations (1-15 microM). The Kp value of each drug was
      similar under the three different steady-state plasma concentrations. The Kp
      value increased in the following order; procaine (1.1) less than PABA-Et (1.9)
      less than lidocaine (2.2) less than PABA-Pr (2.7) less than PABA-Bu (3.6). A
      linear relationship was observed between the Kp value and the logarithmic value
      of the partition coefficient obtained in n-heptane/water or n-octanol/water
      partition system. The value of PABA-Et and PABA-Bu following intravenous bolus
      administration were varied with time elapsed but the mean values were almost same
      with those obtained under steady-state plasma conditions.

PMID- 1808238
TI  - Analyses of rabbit platelet proteo-chondroitin sulfates localized on the surface
      and in the granules.
AB  - Platelet proteo-chondroitin sulfates localize on the surface and in the granules.
      Western blotting method is able to selectively detect core-proteins prepared from
      proteo-chondroitin sulfates by chondroitinase ABC digestion. A very highly
      sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the
      determination of chondroitin sulfates as their unsaturated disaccharides. These
      methods were applied to rabbit platelet proteo-chondroitin sulfates. It was found
      that both rabbit platelet surface proteo-chondroitin sulfate and granule proteo
      chondroitin sulfate consist of a predominantly homogeneous chondroitin 4-sulfate
      and a single core-protein having a molecular weight of approximately 26 kDa.

PMID- 1808239
TI  - [Blood purification therapy. Part I--fundamental theory and recent progress].

PMID- 1808240
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing blood purification].

PMID- 1808241
TI  - [Dialysis].

PMID- 1808242
TI  - [Extracorporeal immunomodulation].

PMID- 1808243
TI  - [Computer aided system in blood purification].

PMID- 1808244
TI  - [Overview of hemodialysis: characteristics, indications and recent progress].

PMID- 1808245
TI  - [Membranes for hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808246
TI  - [High-performance membranes].

PMID- 1808247
TI  - [High flux membrane].

PMID- 1808248
TI  - [Removal of inorganic phosphate on hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808249
TI  - [Low molecular protein (beta 2-microglobulin)].

PMID- 1808250
TI  - [Erythropoietin].

PMID- 1808251
TI  - [Anticoagulant].

PMID- 1808252
TI  - [Filtration--hemofiltration and peritoneal diafiltration].

PMID- 1808253
TI  - [Adsorption of glucoregulatory hormones by dialysis membrane].

PMID- 1808254
TI  - [Adsorption of other drugs by hemodialysis membrane].

PMID- 1808255
TI  - [Single dialysis system].

PMID- 1808257
TI  - [Bedside monitor for hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808256
TI  - [Central dialysate supply system].

PMID- 1808258
TI  - [Ultrafiltration control system].

PMID- 1808259
TI  - [Full automatic blood recovery unit with automatic priming system].

PMID- 1808260
TI  - [Membrane separation].

PMID- 1808261
TI  - [Dialysate supply unit for personal demand].

PMID- 1808262
TI  - [External arterio-venous shunt].

PMID- 1808263
TI  - [Internal arterio-venous shunt].

PMID- 1808264
TI  - [Blood access for emergency hemodialysis and its catheter, percutaneous central
      venous cannulation techniques].

PMID- 1808265
TI  - [Single needle dialysis].

PMID- 1808266
TI  - [Artificial blood vessel for hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808267
TI  - [Maintenance and reconstruction of angioaccess for hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808268
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for blood access in hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808269
TI  - [Anticoagulation].

PMID- 1808270
TI  - [Centrifugal plasma separation].

PMID- 1808271
TI  - [Clinical aspect of dialysate].

PMID- 1808272
TI  - [Low calcium dialysate].

PMID- 1808273
TI  - [Bicarbonate dialysate].

PMID- 1808274
TI  - [The purification of dialysate].

PMID- 1808275
TI  - [Water purification and regeneration of hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808276
TI  - [Prevention of air embolism during hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808278
TI  - [Biofiltration, short-time dialysis].

PMID- 1808277
TI  - [Short-time dialysis].

PMID- 1808279
TI  - [High sodium hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808280
TI  - [Sodium-ultrafiltration gradient method in hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808281
TI  - [Wearable artificial kidney, portable artificial kidney and implantable
      artificial kidney].

PMID- 1808282
TI  - [Urea kinetics during hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808283
TI  - [An application of a computer data base to the hemodialysis treatment].

PMID- 1808284
TI  - [Theoretical basis of hemoadsorption].

PMID- 1808285
TI  - [Emergency hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808286
TI  - [Non-machinery dialysis].

PMID- 1808287
TI  - [A clinical trial on prescribed hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808288
TI  - [Computer assisted system of team medicine at hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808289
TI  - [Outline of hemofiltration--its specialty, indication and progress in recent
      years].

PMID- 1808290
TI  - [Membranes for hemofiltration].

PMID- 1808291
TI  - [Hemofiltration devices].

PMID- 1808292
TI  - [Replacement fluid for hemofiltration].

PMID- 1808293
TI  - [Continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration and continuous veno-venous
      hemofiltration].

PMID- 1808294
TI  - [Hemofiltration and computer].

PMID- 1808295
TI  - [Characteristics of hemodiafiltration; in comparison with hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808296
TI  - [Hemodiafiltration with high-performance membrane filters].

PMID- 1808297
TI  - [Introduction to polymer science involved in membrane preparation technology].

PMID- 1808299
TI  - [Push and pull hemodiafiltration].

PMID- 1808298
TI  - [Dialysate and substitute fluid used for hemodiafiltration].

PMID- 1808300
TI  - [Portable hemodiafiltration system].

PMID- 1808301
TI  - [Continuous hemodiafiltration].

PMID- 1808302
TI  - [Use of anticoagulant in continuous hemodiafiltration therapy].

PMID- 1808303
TI  - [An outline of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)].

PMID- 1808304
TI  - [Clinical aspect of indication in CAPD therapy].

PMID- 1808305
TI  - [Peritoneal function in CAPD patients].

PMID- 1808306
TI  - [Catheter-related complications in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis].

PMID- 1808307
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of peritoneal dialysis catheter-related infections].

PMID- 1808308
TI  - [Computer-aided patient management system in continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis therapy].

PMID- 1808309
TI  - [Machinery home peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 1808310
TI  - [Peritoneal dialysis as therapy for electrolyte and acid base disorders].

PMID- 1808311
TI  - [Low calcium dialysate].

PMID- 1808312
TI  - [Biocompatibility of synthetic membrane for blood purification therapy].

PMID- 1808313
TI  - [Neutralized continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis dialysate].

PMID- 1808314
TI  - [Continuous intensive peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 1808315
TI  - [Improvement of catheters and bag exchange systems for continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 1808316
TI  - [Plasma exchange--an overview of plasma treatment].

PMID- 1808317
TI  - [Plasmapheresis with membrane type plasma separator].

PMID- 1808318
TI  - [Complications with plasmapheresis].

PMID- 1808319
TI  - [Anticoagulant in plasmapheresis].

PMID- 1808320
TI  - [Technological development of plasma separation].

PMID- 1808322
TI  - [Removal of lymphocyte subset].

PMID- 1808321
TI  - [Selective removal of autoantibody and immune complex by plasma exchange].

PMID- 1808323
TI  - [Removal of beta 2-microglobulin].

PMID- 1808324
TI  - [Respiratory function under extra-corporeal circulation].

PMID- 1808325
TI  - [Precipitation plasmapheresis and its automated system].

PMID- 1808326
TI  - [Plasma exchange and plasma perfusion applying arteriovenous pressure
      difference].

PMID- 1808327
TI  - [Combination therapy of plasmapheresis and other blood purification therapy].

PMID- 1808328
TI  - [Hemoadsorption].

PMID- 1808329
TI  - [Development of hemoperfusion microapparatus].

PMID- 1808330
TI  - [Direct hemoperfusion combined with other blood purification].

PMID- 1808331
TI  - [Complications and side effects of hemoperfusion].

PMID- 1808332
TI  - [Combination of modalities of blood purification therapy for various diseases].

PMID- 1808333
TI  - [The kinds and characteristics of recombinant human erythropoietin].

PMID- 1808334
TI  - [Indication and administration method in erythropoietin treatment].

PMID- 1808335
TI  - [Erythropoietin--complications, side effects].

PMID- 1808336
TI  - [Erythropoietin treatment in children with chronic renal failure].

PMID- 1808337
TI  - [Hemodynamics].

PMID- 1808339
TI  - [Concept and classification of blood purification].

PMID- 1808338
TI  - [Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on hemodynamics in chronic
      hemodialysis patients].

PMID- 1808340
TI  - [Treatment for dialysis-associated hypotension].

PMID- 1808341
TI  - [Novel active analogues of vitamin D3 for therapy of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism due to long-term hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney
      failure].

PMID- 1808342
TI  - [Vitamin D "pulse" therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism due to long-term
      hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 1808343
TI  - [Calcitonin for therapy of renal osteodystrophy due to long-term hemodialysis in
      patients with chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 1808344
TI  - [Low molecular weight heparin as anticoagulants in hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808345
TI  - [Protease inhibitors as anticoagulant in hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808346
TI  - [Prostaglandin for prevention of blood coagulation due to hemodialysis].

PMID- 1808347
TI  - [Oral adsorbent for therapy of chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 1808348
TI  - [Phosphate binders for therapy of hyperphosphatemia causing secondary
      hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal
      failure].

PMID- 1808349
TI  - [Essential amino acids supplementation therapy in uremic patients with regular
      dialysis treatment].

PMID- 1808350
TI  - [Hyperlipidemia and drug treatment].

PMID- 1808351
TI  - [Chemotherapy in hemodialyzed patients].

PMID- 1808352
TI  - [Development of blood products--the status and appropriate application of blood
      transfusion].

PMID- 1808353
TI  - [Acid-base balance].

PMID- 1808354
TI  - [Effect of blood purification on immunity].

PMID- 1808355
TI  - [A study of urinary immunoglobulins and electrolyte excretion after lordosis].
AB  - We described a transient low or non-selective proteinuria after forced lordosis
      as a characteristic of orthostatic proteinuria and the heteroporous theory and
      sieving function theory which might explain the mechanism of orthostatic
      proteinuria. The angiogenic action of the renin-angiotensin system played an
      important part in these theories. Angiotensin II was recognized as the key
      regulator of renal sodium excretion, because it reduced the urinary Na/K ratio.
      Since the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the renin
      angiotensin system on the mechanism of orthostatic proteinuria, proteins and
      electrolytes in the urine were examined before and after lordosis in 9 healthy
      children (Group A) and in 6 children with orthostatic proteinuria (Group B). The
      urinary ratio of protein/creatinine (P/cre) in Group B was already significantly
      higher than that in Group A before lordosis and significantly increased after
      lordosis, while P/cre in group A did not increase after lordosis. The urinary
      Na/K ratio (Na/K) in Group B was already significantly lower than that in Group A
      before lordosis, and after forced lordosis, Na/K in Group A decrease with no
      difference between both groups observed. It is suggested that a significant
      increase on P/cre after lordosis was obtained only in Group A, whereas in both
      groups the renal vein may be compressed by forced lordosis and as a result
      angiotensin II may be stimulated. There might be a difference of the
      responsibility to angiotensin II in glomerular mesangium contraction between both
      groups.

PMID- 1808356
TI  - [The role of sulfatides in autoimmunity in children with various glomerular
      disease].
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that autoimmunity to a number of kidney antigens
      may exist in glomerular disease. Our own work suggested that sulfatide which is
      one of the major acidic glycolipids of human kidney may be antigenic. Glycolipids
      were isolated from lipid extract of human kidney using thin-layer chromatography
      (TLC). As the major acidic glycolipids, sulfatide, CDH-sulfate, GM3, GD3 were
      identified. Acidic fraction of lipid extract were chromatographed and then tested
      for antigen by immunostaining. Sera from patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and
      Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) contained antibody to the sulfatide of
      human kidney as determined by the direct binding of antibody to TLC. In addition,
      we measured the presence of sulfatide antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) in sera of patients with various glomerular disease: IgAN, HSPN,
      mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis (MPGN), focal and segmental glomeruosclerosis (FSGS),
      membranous nephropathy (MN), minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), acute post
      streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSAGN), and lupus nephritis (LN). IgM class
      sulfatide antibody were demonstrated in many cases of them. The incidence of IgA
      class sulfatide antibody in HSPN and IgAN was significantly high, and also the
      high incidence of IgG class sulfatide antibody occurred in IgAN. On the other
      hand, we evaluated cellular hypersensitivity to sulfatide in IgAN, HSPN, and FSGS
      using an active E-rosette assay. Positive results occurred in IgAN and HSPN. It
      was suggested that delayed hypersensitivity to sulfatide may generate an
      autoimmune inflammatory process. It has been reported that laminin binds
      specifically to sulfatide. Autoimmunity to sulfatide may disturb the laminin
      binding and consequently interfere with renal function. These results suggested
      sulfatide antigen may play important role in occurrence and aggravation of
      glomerular disease.

PMID- 1808358
TI  - [Semiquantitative histological evaluation of IgA nephropathy and Cox's
      proportional Hazzard model analysis].
AB  - In order to examine the relationship between microscopic findings and the
      prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy, a multiple regression lifetable
      analysis was performed using a Cox's proportional Hazzard model. Histological
      changes were evaluated on the basis of nine parameters. By using the changes in
      serum creatinine concentration (S-Cr) as the criterion for assessing the
      prognosis, calculations were made at two points, the first point of S-Cr reached
      2 mg/dl and the second of 4 mg/dl following the biopsy. As a result, the
      following conclusions were obtained: 1) At the S-Cr value of 2 mg/dl, two
      regression coefficients for mesangial lesions and crescent formations showed a
      correlation (P less than 0.10) with respective risk ratios of 4.517 and 9.970. 2)
      At the S-Cr value of 4 mg/dl, the regression coefficient for complete glomerular
      sclerosis was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) with a risk ratio of
      6.527. Mesangial lesions and tubulo-interstitial lesions had a risk ratio ranging
      from 3.0 to 4.0. 3) In assessing renal histological findings in IgA nephropathy,
      it is important to take consideration into the variations in the severity and the
      stage of the renal dysfunction. 4) Although statistical significance of the
      pathological findings could not be achieved, such speculation as described before
      was made. More definitive conclusions may be attained by the longer following up
      on the clinical course, increasing the number of patients to be examined, and
      devising a more appropriate method for the evaluation of renal tissue lesions.

PMID- 1808357
TI  - [The renal nerve and cardiovascular responses to renal receptor stimulation with
      veratrine in dogs].
AB  - Renal nerve and cardiovascular effects of intrarenal veratrine (Ver) were
      investigated using the cross-perfused kidney preparations of anesthetized dogs.
      Ver (1 and 3 micrograms/kg), injected as a bolus, elicited increases in arterial
      blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR) and renal efferent nerve activity (RENA).
      Ganglion blockade, hexametonium (2 mg/kg) markedly diminished increases in ABP,
      HR and RENA induced by Ver. In a separate group of animals, significant increases
      in renal afferent nerve activity (RANA) occurred after Ver administration. It is
      concluded that selective intrarenal Ver activates renal nerve afferents, and
      these results in cardiovascular changes are consistent with efferent sympathetic
      activation.

PMID- 1808359
TI  - [The influence of exercise loading for a long period on the renal function of the
      children with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis].
AB  - We have studied the influence of exercise on renal function in chronic
      glomerulonephritis with mesangial proliferation. The mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis consisted of (1) IgA nephropathy (Mild group), (2) IgA
      nephropathy (Moderate group), (3) diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis = DPGN
      (Mild group), were divided 2 groups between (A) exercise loading groups and (B)
      control groups, respectively. The period of observation was one or one year 6
      months. None of cases deteriorated in the renal function during the period of
      observation were found in the exercise loading groups. The prescription of
      exercise for permits with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis indicates
      approximately 130 values of %BMR, which is estimated by calorie counter.

PMID- 1808360
TI  - [The effects of lowering of blood pressure on pain sensitivity in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats].
AB  - It has been reported that elevation of blood pressure produces a reduction in
      pain sensitivity. This study was designed to clarify the correlation in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) between fall in blood pressure and pain
      sensitivity. In seven-weeks-old male SHR, the angiotensin converting inhibitor
      delapril (10 mg/kg/day) or calcium antagonist nifedipine (3 mg/kg/day) was
      administered orally every day for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
      pretreatment was significantly higher in the SHR than in normotensive Wistar
      Kyoto (WKY) rats and pain sensitivity measured with the hot plate method was
      significantly lower in the SHR than in the WKY rats. Administration of both drugs
      produced a significant suppression of elevation of SBP, and produced a
      significant elevation of pain sensitivity. Furthermore, at 8 weeks after drug
      administration, urinary norepinephrine (UNE) significantly decreased and plasma
      beta-endorphin (beta-end) significantly increased. A significant correlation was
      noted between pain sensitivity and SBP and also between pain sensitivity and UNE.
      Of these, pain sensitivity was the more closely correlated to degree of change in
      UNE than to degree of change in SBP. It appears that elevation of pain
      sensitivity is due to suppression of the sympathetic nervous system by
      antihypertensive drugs, but not to elevation of beta-end levels. These data
      suggest that a fall in blood pressure through administration of delapril or
      nifedipine reverses decrease in pain sensitivity in SHR and that decrease in
      sympathetic tone plays an important role in the restoration of levels of
      sensitivity to pain.

PMID- 1808361
TI  - [Clinical study of tubular creatinine secretion in renal dysfunction].
AB  - Endogenous creatinine clearance (Ccr) has been much more commonly used to
      estimate renal function in clinical medicine, in comparison with inulin clearance
      (Cin) which is more accurate measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). There
      is, however, increasing difference between Ccr and Cin as renal function
      deteriorates. Since this difference is considered to be resulting from the
      tubular secretion of creatinine, Cin and Ccr were simultaneously measured in 81
      patients with chronic renal disease, as well as 12 control subjects in this
      study. As Cin decreased, the Ccr/Cin ratio increased and the ratio varied widely
      even in patients with similar degree of renal impairment. The subjects were
      classified into 3 groups, group I (Cin greater than 80 ml/min), group II (80
      ml/min greater than or equal to Cin greater than or equal to 40 ml/min) and group
      III (Cin less than 40 ml/min). The mean values of tubular creatinine secretion
      (Tcr) were 0.07 +/- 0.173 mg/min (+/- SD) in group I, 0.205 +/- 0.136 mg/min in
      group II and 0.333 +/- 0.139 mg/min in group III, respectively. Therefore, Tcr in
      the group of the severe impairment was the highest. In addition, Ccr and Cin were
      measured in 15 patients with chronic nephritis before and after an intravenous
      bolus injection of cimetidine (5 mg/kg BW). Following the injection Ccr/Cin ratio
      was reduced from an initial value of 1.51 +/- 0.23 to 1.18 +/- 0.13 in group II
      and from 2.00 +/- 0.44 to 1.55 +/- 0.25 in group III, respectively. Tubular
      secretion of creatinine appeared to be inhibited by cimetidine even in the
      patients with severe renal dysfunction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808362
TI  - [Study on usefulness of an aspirating biopsy needle (Vacu-Cut) and an automatic
      biopsy needle (Biopty-Cut) for renal biopsy--comparison with a Tru-Cut biopsy
      needle].
AB  - Our medical team conducted the percutaneous renal biopsy, using an aspirating
      biopsy needle (Vacu-Cut) in 101 cases, and an automatic biopsy needle (Biopty
      Cut) in 82 cases. Thereafter, we examined the usefulness of the two types of
      needles in comparison with that of Tru-Cut used in 101 cases. The test confirmed
      that in the cases of Vacu-Cut, 7.6 glomeruli (p less than 0.01), on the average,
      existed in LM specimen; 9.0 glomeruli (ns), Biopty-Cut, and 10.7 glomeruli, Tru
      Cut, respectively. However the incidence of cases containing more than 5
      glomeruli was not significant statistically between Vacu-Cut/Biopty-Cut and Tru
      Cut. The incidence that each type of needles obtained more than one glomerulus in
      IF specimen was as follows: 73.3%, Vacu-Cut (p less than 0.05), 81.7%, Biopty-Cut
      (ns), 87.1%, Tru-Cut, respectively. As for in EM specimen, 61.4%, Vacu-Cut (ns),
      67.1%, Biopty-Cut (ns), and 70.3%, Tru-Cut, respectively. As for complications,
      in the cases of Vacu-Cut and Biopty-Cut, gross hematuria and post-biopsy pain
      occurred in 6.9 to 9.8% (p less than 0.01- p less than 0.05), whereas in Tru-Cut,
      they occurred in 20.7 to 24.8%. As for blood pressure lowering (less than 90
      mmHg) and anemia (the cases in which blood transfusion was required), 0%, Vacu
      Cut and Biopty-Cut, 2 to 3%, Tru-Cut, respectively. As for fever, Vacu-Cut 0%,
      Vacu-Cut (p less than 0.01), 3.7%, Biopty-Cut (ns), and 7.9%, Tru-Cut,
      respectively. The above findings lead to conclusion that both Vacu-Cut and Biopty
      Cut are useful instruments for renal biopsy.

PMID- 1808363
TI  - [Research on the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism as a complication of
      chronic renal failure].
AB  - The effects of internal treatment were compared with those of surgical procedures
      on secondary hyperparathyroidism as a complication of chronic renal failure
      patients in order to study their applications and problems. Maintenance
      hemodialysis patients complicated with 2HPT were selected as test subjects. The
      following internal treatment was administered. 1) Elcitonine to 6 cases and 2)
      Ipriflavon to 5 cases respectively and applied 3) pulse therapy of 1.25(OH)2D3 to
      12 cases. On the other hand, total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation were
      carried out as surgical procedures. The results of the treatment were evaluated
      by comparing serological data including tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TAP)
      measured with the passage of time, bone scintigram findings, and change of bone
      mineral content (BMC) measured by single photon absorptiometry and dual photon
      absorptiometry. In the pulse therapy group, an oral tolerance test of 6
      micrograms of 1.25(OH)2D3 was carried out to investigate its relation to long
      term prognosis. Furthermore, in both the pulse therapy group and PTX group, serum
      aluminum (A1) and delta A1 calculated by Defferoxamine (DFO) tolerance test were
      measured. The results are as follows. 1) In Elcitonine and Ipriflavon
      administration groups, increase of ALP and PTH and decrease of BMC (p less than
      0.05) were recognized. 2) In the pulse therapy group, although the patients with
      PTH-C less than 30 ng/ml showed decrease in PTH both in short and long terms,
      cases with PTH-C more than 30 ng/ml kept the same level in PTH. Regardless of the
      change of PTH and ALP, there was no significant change observed in BMC. 3) In the
      PTX group, ALP/TAP ratio rose by 900% temporarily and BMC increased (p less than
      0.01) in all regions measured. 4) Serum A1 and delta A1 were decreased (p less
      than 0.01) in PTX cases and in the pulse therapy cases in which ALP was
      decreased. In recent years, internal treatments on 2HPT patients have become
      diversified. However, exacerbation of 2HPT considered as an escape phenomenon
      caused the decrease in BMC after exclusive calcitonine preparatives
      administration. Pulse therapy, which is regarded at present as most effective in
      reducing PTH, ALP, did not work to increase BMC efficiently. In other word, in
      order to attain efficient BMC increase action, it is necessary to transfer from
      bone resorption phase to formative phase rapidly with drastic decrease of PTH and
      TAP observed in PTX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1808364
TI  - [A case of reflux nephropathy associated with pheochromocytoma].
AB  - A 26-year-old female patient complicated with reflux nephropathy and
      pheochromocytoma is reported. We could not find either intrinsic or extrinsic
      factor of urinary tract obstruction. The open bilateral renal biopsy was
      performed at the time of resection of the tumor. The renal biopsy specimen
      demonstrated minor glomerular change, severe tubular "thyroid-like" appearance
      and cast formation in the obvious reflux side. Otherwise focal glomerular
      sclerosis (FGS) lesion was found in less reflux side. In reflux nephropathy, FGS
      lesion is reported as main cause of progression, but mechanism of FGS lesion is
      unknown. This case which has both vesicoureteral reflux the high plasma nor
      epinephrine concentration was considered to be important to emphasize circulative
      factor in the pathogenesis of FGS like lesion.

PMID- 1808365
TI  - [Study on the objective identification of the origin of urinary erythrocyte using
      flow cytometry].
AB  - We examined fresh urine samples from patients with hematuria using flow cytometry
      to evaluate its clinical usefulness and accuracy in objectively identifying
      glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria. Two parameter analysis was applied for
      forward light scattering (0LS), chiefly representing cell volume, and
      perpendicular light scattering (90LS), chiefly representing cell structure. In
      patients whose diagnosis were established by renal biopsy or diagnostic
      procedures, the patterns of the distribution curves of 0LS and 90LS were divided
      into three groups: (1) glomerular, (2) non-glomerular and (3) debris patterns.
      After a prospective blind study was undertaken, the results of flow cytometry
      were later compared with the results of clinical diagnosis. Glomerular hematuria
      above 30/high power field could be detected with high sensitivity (92.9%) and
      specificity (90.5%). Glomerular diseases showed a significantly lower peak
      channel number than non-glomerular diseases did (0LS: 53.8 +/- 16.4 versus 97.5
      +/- 26.5, p less than 0.01, 90LS: 48.4 +/- 17.0 versus 85.5 +/- 32.9, p less than
      0.01, respectively). It is suggested that flow cytometric analysis of hematuria
      is an useful diagnostic procedure as a rapid, non-invasive, accurate and
      objective test for determination of origin of hematuria.

PMID- 1808366
TI  - [Improvement of malnutrition indices in adult patients with end stage renal
      disease by recombinant human growth hormone].
AB  - Recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH), 1 U/kg body weight/week, was
      administered subcutaneously for 2-4 weeks to two end stage renal disease patients
      with severe malnutrition. Following r-hGH, there were significant increase in
      hematocrit level and serum concentration of albumin, IGF-1 and GH, and decrease
      of urea nitrogen. It was concluded that r-hGH exerts a therapeutic effect to
      nutritional status in renal failure patients by improving severe hypoalbuminemia,
      susceptibility to infectious disease, intractable ascites and so on.

PMID- 1808368
TI  - [Learning and resistance to extinction in external-self dual reinforcement as
      compared with those in external reinforcement].
AB  - Learning and resistance to extinction in external-self dual reinforcement (ESR)
      were compared with those in external reinforcement (ER). delta ESR (delta:
      extinction process) was also compared with the corresponding process of other two
      conditions; 1) discontinuation of self reinforcement after external-self dual
      reinforcement (delta SR), 2) discontinuation of external reinforcement following
      the dual reinforcement (delta ER). Undergraduates (n = 58 in Experiment I, n = 74
      in Experiment II) were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. Subjects
      were given association learning in Exp. I and memory task in Exp. II,
      respectively. Those who responded successfully were then shifted to extinction
      session for testing. Effects of ESR on learning were same as those of ER in the
      two experiments. Resistance to extinction in Exp. I was significantly higher for
      delta SR and delta ESR as compared with delta ER and *ER (extinction switched
      from external reinforcement). Resistance for delta SR in Exp. II was
      significantly higher than for the remaining conditions. Based on these findings,
      high level of the resistance for delta ESR was discussed by attributing it to the
      internalization of ESR.

PMID- 1808367
TI  - [Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium channel blocker on
      renal function of spontaneously hypertensive rat].
AB  - Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and calcium channel
      blockers (CaB) on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and
      autoregulation (AR) of RBF were studied on the uninephrectomized spontaneously
      hypertensive rat (SHR) under the conditions of high (H) and low (L) salt loading.
      SHR was given with 0.9% or 0.09% NaCl solution as drinking water (GH, GL). Each
      group was divided into three groups for treatment with enalapril (Enp) and
      nitredipine (Nit); i.e. Enp group (GHE, GLE), Nit group (GHN, GLN) and control
      group (GHC, GLC). After 6 weeks, inulin clearance (Cin) was determined and RBF
      was measured by means of an electromagnetic flow meter. The renal arterial
      pressure was lowered by clamping and changes in RBF and AR were examined. Cin
      showed higher values of 1.85 and 1.69 ml/min in GHN and GLN, as compared to be
      1.33 and 1.28 ml/min in GHC and GLC (p less than 0.01). Filtration fraction (FF)
      showed lower values of 0.18 and 0.20 ml/min in GHE and GLE (p less than 0.01),
      whereas 0.29 and 0.30 in GHC and GLC respectively. RBF was markedly lower at 7.4
      ml/min in GLC as compared to 9.9 ml/min in GHC (p less than 0.01). In GH, GHE
      showed a higher value of 11.6 ml/min, as compared to GHC (p less than 0.01). In
      GL, comparing with GLC the value was much higher of 12.1 ml/min in GLE (p less
      than 0.01). AR of RBF diminished in GLC at higher blood pressure as compared to
      GHC (p less than 0.01). It was maintained at lower blood pressure in GLE (p less
      than 0.01), but there were no significant differences between four groups; i.e.
      GLN, GHC, GHE and GHN. In summary, low salt loading reduced RBF and suppressed
      AR. Enp elevated RBF, lowered FF and caused AR to be maintained even at lower
      blood pressure. Nit elevated RBF and GFR without changing FF, and did not
      suppress AR. These results indicate that, in hypertension complicated with
      moderate dysfunction, both ACEI and CAB are expected to exhibit the beneficial
      effects on maintenance of renal circulation, despite though the different
      mechanism.

PMID- 1808369
TI  - [Sequential structure of behavior and its modification in inbred strains of mice
      in a passive avoidance situation].
AB  - Behavior in a shuttle-box of four inbred strains of mice (BALB, C3H, C57BL and
      DBA) was observed by time-sampling method with 11 behavioral items in order to
      determine how their dyadic sequential structure of the items would be modified
      under a passive avoidance procedure. Mice in the safe-compartment could enter
      freely into the shock-compartment, the grid of which was electrified during Days
      1-5. A common structure mainly composed of six items was found in every strain on
      Day 0 when the grid floor was not electrified. The structure was modified on Days
      1-5. Entries into the shock-compartment were greatly reduced in all strains as
      the shock-experience increased, indicating the establishment of passive
      avoidance. However, the way they avoided shocks was quite different between BALB
      and the other strains. In the latter the transitions between 'locomotion' and
      'peeping' and between 'sniffing' and 'peeping' did not extinguish, while in BALB
      these transitions extinguished after Day 1, which means they avoided even
      'peeping' into the shock-compartment. It was concluded that the passive avoidance
      strategy may be different among inbred strains.

PMID- 1808370
TI  - [An active part of female mice in sexual interaction].
AB  - Proceptive behavior, according to Beach (1976), maintains and accelerates sexual
      interactions toward the end goal. Such distinctive type of proceptive behavior as
      darting or hopping of female rats is not apparent in mice. Nevertheless, it seems
      more reasonable that females may take an active part as much as their male
      partners also in this species. Twenty sexually experienced females in estrus were
      paired with 20 naive males of the same strain (ICR/JCL) and the pairs were
      observed for 6 hours. Eleven males of the 20 pairs successfully ejaculated.
      Females exhibited lordosis more frequently when they actively approached the male
      partners than when they were approached and mounted by males. This indicated that
      the rate of mating success was higher in the case of female's approach. Female's
      approaching behavior thus possibly plays a role as a proceptive behavior in mice.

PMID- 1808371
TI  - [Effects of feedback and changing criterion on the control of skin temperature].
AB  - Effects of feedback and changing criterion procedure on the skin temperature
      control and cognitive events (motivation, perceived control of skin temperature,
      and sensations accompanied with autogenic training) during an autogenic training
      (AT) were examined. Fifteen male students, five of each, were assigned to either
      AT with feedback under a fixed criterion (AT-FC), AT with feedback under a
      changing criterion (AT-CC), or AT without feedback (AT-NF) groups. Subjects were
      asked to increase the temperature of the right index finger using the AT in 12
      training sessions. The criterion of feedback was fixed in the AT-FC group while
      it was increased in the AT-CC group when the temperature had satisfied the
      criterion in the previous session. Feedback had no effect on the performance of
      skin temperature control. However, it functioned as a cue for the judgement of
      performance and weakened the feeling of heaviness of the limbs. Changing
      criterion improved the performance gradually and increased the perceived efficacy
      of AT. These results suggested that the arousal elicited by feedback stimuli
      might suppress the feedback effect, and that the criterion could control the
      pattern of skin temperature change.

PMID- 1808372
TI  - [Awareness and electromyograph biofeedback in the acquisition of control of a
      novel muscular activity].
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to examine what kind of awareness to the internal
      control process should be encouraged in order to effectively acquire the control
      of a novel muscular activity with electromyograph (EMG) biofeedback. The m.
      auricularis posterior (the muscle to draw an ear backward) was selected as the
      target muscle of this study. Experiment I investigated the relation between
      control ability and awareness of the target muscle activity. Results showed that
      subjects who were able to move their ears could be aware of the target muscle
      activity more precisely than those who were unable to do it. In experiment II, 32
      undergraduate and graduate students who could not move their ears were required
      to activate their left m. auricularis posterior. Results provided evidences
      supporting the hypothesis that, in the initial stage of the acquisition of
      control, subjects who were encouraged to be aware of ways and feelings of
      striving (efferent process) and were given EMG feedback signals from the target
      muscle could acquire the control of the target muscle activity more effectively
      than those who were encouraged to be aware of a bodily feeling brought about by
      the striving (afferent process) and who were given no EMG feedback signals.

PMID- 1808373
TI  - [Is the "false projection phenomenon" (Jampolsky, 1970, 1978) an artefact?].
AB  - Jampolsky (1970, 1978) found that the light from the nasal visual field seen
      through the eyelid of one eye is seen in the direction of the temporal visual
      field when the other eye is occluded. We examined whether the "false projection"
      is an artefact of the light "leaking" into the occluded eye. Completely occluding
      one eye did not eliminated the "false projection": four observers saw the light
      in the nasal field as coming from the temporal field in 89.4% of the trials
      whereas the light in the temporal field as coming from the temporal field in
      95.6% of the trials. The phenomenon still needs an explanation.

PMID- 1808374
TI  - [Effects of cognitive strategies on motor-learning].
AB  - The effectiveness of cognitive strategies and the training procedure for a motor
      learning, which seemed difficult to control voluntarily, was examined. The task
      was the abduction without fluctuation of the big toe. Two experiments were
      conducted with 16 and 20 subjects in each. Results suggest that (1) it is
      necessary to provide a relatively long duration for each trial in the training
      session in order to let the subjects to find their appropriate strategies; and
      (2) the greatest facilitatory effect is obtained when they individually attempt
      to control the abduction of the big toe with attention to the direction of its
      movements which inevitably contract the M. abductor hallucis, whereas the
      knowledge of the location of the muscle has little effect on its motor learning.
      The implication of these results to the rehabilitation for physically handicapped
      persons was discussed.

PMID- 1808375
TI  - [Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine induced by intravenous administration
      of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in guinea-pigs].
AB  - Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) has been suggested to play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. In this study the effects of intravenous
      administration of TXA2 on bronchial smooth muscle in guinea-pigs were
      investigated by measuring dynamic compliance and dynamic respiratory resistance,
      using a formula to exclude the effects of differences in airway wall thickness.
      Using this formula, the ratio of bronchial smooth muscle constriction by
      histamine can be estimated as an index of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
      Administration of TXA2 did not induce airway wall edema. The ratio of bronchial
      smooth muscle constriction by histamine was significantly (p less than 0.01)
      enhanced by the administration of TXA2. Moreover, TXA2 antagonists, ONO-NT-126
      and ONO-8809, inhibited the effect of TXA2 administration. These results suggest
      that TXA2 is an important mediator affecting bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 1808377
TI  - [Effects of denopamine on hemodynamics and blood gases in secondary pulmonary
      hypertension].
AB  - The acute hemodynamic and blood gas changes caused by denopamine (2
      micrograms/kg/min, d.i.) were investigated in 13 patients with chronic
      respiratory failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Denopamine
      significantly reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 25 +/- 7 to 23 +/- 7
      mmHg (p less than 0.05), and pulmonary vascular resistance from 314 +/- 166 to
      276 +/- 168 dyne/sec/cm-5 (p less than 0.05), while mean systemic arterial
      pressure and systemic vascular resistance showed no significant change. Pulmonary
      systemic vascular resistance ratio was reduced significantly from 0.22 +/- 0.09
      to 0.18 +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that denopamine has
      more marked effects on the pulmonary artery than on systemic arteries. Arterial
      oxygen tension (PaO2) increased significantly from 59.0 +/- 8.1 to 62.5 +/- 10.5
      Torr (p less than 0.01), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) decreased
      significantly from 49.1 +/- 6.8 to 44.6 +/- 7.0 Torr (p less than 0.01) by
      denopamine. Mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2), which is an indicator of tissue
      oxygenation, increased significantly from 33.3 +/- 3.5 to 34.4 +/- 3.3 Torr (p
      less than 0.05). We conclude that denopamine is thought to be useful for the
      improvement of hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with secondary
      pulmonary hypertension. However, further long-term studies are necessary to
      establish its therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 1808376
TI  - [Effect of almitrine in acute canine lung injury induced by paraquat].
AB  - The effects of intravenously administered almitrine (0.3 or 1.0
      micrograms/kg/min, for 30 min) on hemodynamics and pulmonary gas exchange were
      assessed in eight dogs with acute lung injury induced by paraquat under
      controlled ventilation. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary and systemic
      hemodynamics, and ventilation-perfusion distribution (VA/Q) using the multiple
      inert gas elimination technique were examined before (control) and during
      infusion of almitrine. Almitrine produced significant increases in mean pulmonary
      arterial pressure from 17.4 +/- 3.3 (control, mean +/- SD) to 20.4 +/- 1.5 mmHg
      (1.0 micrograms/kg/min), and in total pulmonary vascular resistance. There was no
      change in other hemodynamic parameters, arterial gas tensions, or VA/Q
      distribution. These results indicate that almitrine causes pulmonary
      vasoconstriction without changing ventilation-perfusion distribution in dogs with
      paraquat-induced lung injury.

PMID- 1808378
TI  - [Analysis of transmission of continuous adventitious lung sounds in asthmatic
      patients--a comparison with continuous sounds due to bronchial stenosis].
AB  - We studied the acoustic features of continuous adventitious lung sounds in
      asthmatic patients, and analyzed the characteristics of transmission by comparing
      the continuous sounds in asthmatic patients with those due to bronchial stenosis.
      The results were as follows. 1) Continuous adventitious lung sounds in patients
      with bronchial stenosis confirmed by bronchoscopy were well transmitted to the
      neck over the trachea. Therefore, it was demonstrated that continuous
      adventitious lung sounds generated in the lung are able to be transmitted to the
      tracheal region. 2) Continuous adventitious lung sounds in asthmatic patients
      were divided into monophonic tones and polyphonic tones, according to sound
      spectrographic findings. From the results of the coherence analysis, the
      monophonic tones were considered to be generated in the right or left lung, and
      were well transmitted to the neck over the trachea. The origin of the polyphonic
      tones was unknown, but they were also relatively well transmitted to the neck
      over the trachea. It was confirmed that the tracheal region is a very important
      location for auscultating and monitoring asthmatic patients.

PMID- 1808379
TI  - [Inhibition of airway smooth muscle contraction by airway epithelium in human
      bronchus].
AB  - To clarify the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of epithelial cells on
      smooth muscle contraction, we studied two types of human bronchial tissue
      preparations: (1) "acceptor" bronchial strip without epithelium, (2) "donor"
      bronchial ring with or without epithelium. We measured the contractile responses
      of acceptor bronchial strip surrounded by donor bronchial ring to increasing
      concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh). Removal of the epithelium of the donor
      bronchial rings significantly enhanced the contractions of the acceptor bronchial
      strips. Thus, airway epithelium decreases the airway smooth muscle contraction to
      ACh in human bronchus. The mechanism of this inhibitory effect of airway
      epithelium was not due to a change in mechanical property of the airway, nor to a
      change in diffusion path for the chemical mediators. These results suggest that
      human airway epithelium may have an important role in modulating airway smooth
      muscle tone, possibly by the release of an epithelium-derived relaxing factor.

PMID- 1808381
TI  - [Clinicopathologic study of various lung diseases with bronchiolitis obliterans
      organizing pneumonia (BOOP) pattern in open lung biopsy].
AB  - The histologic findings of BOOP are nonspecific, and the diagnosis of idiopathic
      BOOP is one of exclusion. We studied the clinicopathologic features of various
      lung diseases with histopathological appearance of bronchiolitis obliterans
      organizing pneumonia (BOOP) pattern in open lung biopsy specimens. The 17
      patients with BOOP pattern studied included idiopathic BOOP (n = 7), unclassified
      interstitial pneumonia (n = 1), collagen vascular disease (n = 3, RA 1, PM/DM 2),
      hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP, n = 2), eosinophilic pneumonia (EP, n = 1),
      multiple lung abscesses (n = 1), limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis (n =
      1), and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with adult T cell leukemia (n =
      1). There were no differences in clinical symptoms, laboratory data, respiratory
      function, and cytological findings in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) between
      cases of idiopathic BOOP and other lung diseases. The duration of clinical
      symptoms was less than one year in 16 patients (one case had no symptoms). Chest
      X-rays showed bilateral patchy, nodular, or reticular shadows in all cases.
      Multiple patchy migratory shadows were only observed in cases of idiopathic BOOP
      or EP. Organizing pneumonia was recognized in the transbronchial lung biopsy
      specimens of all patients with idiopathic BOOP, HP or EP. Regarding prognosis,
      relapses occurred in idiopathic BOOP (n = 5), polymyositis, EP, limited form of
      Wegener's granulomatosis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Four patients with
      idiopathic BOOP relapsed when steroid therapy was decreased or stopped. These
      findings indicate that idiopathic BOOP should be differentiated from other lung
      diseases, and these patients should be followed for a long period of time.

PMID- 1808380
TI  - [Clinicopathological study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      detected by pulmonary microbial culture in autopsied cases].
AB  - Microbial culture of lung specimens from 569 autopsied cases from 1986 to 1989
      revealed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 28 cases, which
      were subsequently analyzed clinicopathologically. The number of MRSA positive
      cases has markedly increased in recent years (2 cases in 1986, 2 in 1987, 6 in
      1988, 18 in 1989). The most frequent underlying disease was neoplasm, which was
      seen in 17 cases. Of non-neoplastic diseases, liver cirrhosis and diffuse
      panbronchiolitis were prevalent. Twenty-four cases had received a course of
      antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics frequently administered were third-generation
      Cephem and Imipenem/cilastatin sodium (used in 20 cases). Antibiotics o which
      MRSA was sensitive were administered in only one case (minocycline). Sputum
      culture was performed in only 10 cases, 5 of which were MRSA positive. MRSA had
      acquired resistance to fosfomycin and ofloxacin. Histological examination
      revealed complication by pneumonia in 19 cases. In 7 of these 19 cases, MRSA was
      the only pathogen detected. Pulmonary MRSA infection detected at autopsy is
      frequently seen in patients with terminal stage cancer, but it is frequently not
      diagnosed and is undertreated. This may be a factor responsible for the recent
      marked increase in the proportion of MRSA in pathogens causing infection within
      medical institutions.

PMID- 1808382
TI  - [A case of bronchial artery aneurysm demonstrating a mass shadow on chest X-ray
      film].
AB  - A 66-year-old woman was admitted on May 13, 1989, because of an abnormal round
      shadow in the right hilum on chest X-ray film. Bronchoscopy revealed a stenosis
      of the right B8 caused by a bulging lesion. An aortogram showed a large
      meandering bronchial artery and a saccular aneurysm. The aneurysm was about 25 mm
      in diameter and associated with a bronchopulmonary anastomosis. It was surgically
      removed by right lower lobectomy. Pathological examination proved that the
      resected lesion was an arterial aneurysm. Patchy arteriosclerotic change was
      present in the intima of the aneurysm, but there was no evidence of inflammatory
      change in the arterial wall and the adjacent alveoli and bronchi. Twenty-six
      cases of bronchial artery aneurysm have been previously reported in the
      literature, but this is the first case that appeared as a solitary nodule on
      conventional chest X-ray.

PMID- 1808383
TI  - [Pulmonary interstitial pneumonia in association with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome].
AB  - A 33-year-old albinotic woman whose parents were consanguineous was referred to
      our hospital with dry cough, dyspnea on exertion, and diffuse reticulonodular
      shadows on chest X-ray film. She had no apparent bleeding diathesis, although
      platelet serotonin content and ATP release were reduced. Open lung biopsy
      revealed pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with deposition of ceroid-like material
      with alveolar and interstitial macrophages. From these findings, the diagnosis of
      Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) with interstitial pneumonia was mode. The
      reported characteristics of pulmonary interstitial pneumonia associated with HPS
      are occurrence of this disease in the thirties to forties, diffuse
      reticulonodular shadows in all lung fields with sparing of the subpleural zones,
      and bullous formation in the upper lobes. Progression usually occurs to diffuse
      interstitial fibrosis, but these is little decrease in lung volume. The prognosis
      of HPS with interstitial pneumonia is worse than that of uncomplicated HPS, and
      patients die of respiratory failure within 1 to 6 years after diagnosis. Steroid
      therapy is not effective.

PMID- 1808384
TI  - [A case of benign localized mesothelioma with occupational history of asbestos
      exposure].
AB  - A case of localized mesothelioma with a history of asbestos exposure is reported.
      A significant number of ferruginous bodies were detected in the lung of autopsy.
      The tumor mainly consisted of which did not show mitosis. The tumor stained
      weakly with cytokeratin and vimentin. Thus, this tumor was very difficult to
      differentiate from malignant mesothelioma. Clinical symptoms such as pulmonary
      osteoarthropathy, hypoglycemia, and very slow growth are important
      characteristics in the diagnosis of localized benign mesothelioma.

PMID- 1808385
TI  - [A case of spindle cell (squamous) carcinoma (WHO) of the lung].
AB  - A 76-year-old man with spindle cell (squamous) carcinoma of the lung developed
      fatal respiratory failure after limited thoracic irradiation at a total dose of
      18 Gy. He developed severe pulmonary toxicity, which presented as dry cough,
      dyspnea, and pulmonary infiltrates extending beyond the radiation field.
      Microscopically, a transitional form of squamous to spindle-shaped cells was
      observed in the primary tumor, located at right S8. Immunohistochemical
      examination showed positive staining of spindle cells for keratin, vimentin, and
      EMA, but not for desmin. These results indicate that the spindle cells had
      characteristics of squamous epithelial cells, and differed from carcinosarcoma.
      Distant metastatic lesions were composed of only the spindle cell component.

PMID- 1808386
TI  - [A case of pulmonary embolism following acute respiratory failure with
      hypercapnia].
AB  - A 18-year-old boy was admitted to hospital in an unconsciousness state as a
      result of taking a large dose of several psychotropic drugs simultaneously in an
      attempt to commit suicide. Blood studies revealed hypoxia (55.7 mmHg) and
      hypercapnia (59.7 mmHg). Hypoxia (74.3 mmHg) and hypercapnia (46.7 mmHg) were
      still present on the fourth day after admission, and the patient was becoming
      lethargic. Reduced vascular markings in the right upper lung field on chest
      roentgenogram in spite of hypercapnia suggested that the persistent hypoxia was
      the result of a pulmonary embolism. This diagnosis was supported by a perfusion
      defect on 99mTc-MAA scintigram and arterial obstruction in right pulmonary
      angiogram. Hypercapnia is an unusual finding in pulmonary embolism, and in this
      case was considered due to depression of respiration by psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 1808387
TI  - [A case of asymptomatic paraganglioma diagnosed by abnormal shadow on chest X
      ray].
AB  - A 65-year-old man was noted to have an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray at mass
      screening examination, and was seen at Douhoku Byoin National Sanatorium. Chest X
      ray showed a homogeneous mass shadow and a lytic lesion of the right 5th rib with
      extra-pleural tumor sign at the right upper and middle lung fields.
      Retroperitoneal tumor of 5 cm in diameter was detected in the right adrenal area
      by ultrasonography. Because of increasing plasma levels of norepinephrine and
      dopamine, the diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma with rib metastasis was
      made. Histologically, chromogranin staining was positive in each resected
      specimen. The retroperitoneal tumor was separate from the right adrenal gland. We
      report a rare case of malignant paraganglioma which was asymptomatic in spite of
      increasing plasma levels of catecholamines.

PMID- 1808388
TI  - [A case of sleep apnea syndrome with variant angina].
AB  - A 56-year-old male was admitted because of respiration arrest during sleep, and
      precordial crushing sensation which repeatedly occurred early in the morning. He
      had been hypertensive and aware of daytime sleepiness for ten years. After
      admission, all night polysomnography was recorded a total of four times. Apnea
      index was 37.5 times/hour, and central type apnea was predominant. The diagnosis
      of sleep apnea syndrome was made. In the early morning of the fourteenth day
      after admission, the patient developed anterior chest pain associated with ST
      elevation in leads II, III, and aVF of the electrocardiogram. Thus, the case was
      thought to be complicated by variant angina. There were no anginal attacks during
      the all night polysomnography recordings. However, a causal relationship between
      the sleep apnea and variant anginal attacks was suspected. Since both the sleep
      apnea and the variant anginal attacks tended to occur during the stages of REM
      sleep, and they are both related to changes in activity of the autonomic nervous
      system. It was considered that hypoxemia following sleep apnea and/or the
      hyperventilation after the apneic episodes might be the cause of the variant
      anginal attacks.

PMID- 1808389
TI  - [Acute myocardial injury and repeated angina pectoris-like attacks in a young
      patient with Churg-Strauss syndrome].
AB  - A 23-year-old male with bronchial asthma developed eosinophilia (eosinophils
      greater than 2,000/mm3) and was observed at our hospital. After using a
      prescribed indomethacin suppository for fever at home, he experienced an attack
      of acute chest pain and severe dyspnea. He suffered cardiac arrest while being
      transferred to the ward. After resuscitation, he was diagnosed as having acute
      myocardial infarction on the basis of electrocardiographic and ultrasonic
      cardiographic findings, and marked elevation of serum concentrations of
      myocardial enzymes. Thereafter, he often complained of precordial pain and
      abdominal pain. When he was administered an analgesic in another hospital, he
      developed severe precordial pain, and marked ST elevation was recorded on the
      electrocardiogram. Coronary angiography revealed no stenosis nor atherosclerotic
      changes, suggesting that severe spasm of the coronary arteries and direct
      myocardial injury by eosinophils were the causes of the myocardial infarction
      like symptoms and angina pectoris-like attacks. He was diagnosed as having Churg
      Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatous angiitis) on the basis of the clinical
      findings; skin biopsy and transbronchial lung biopsy findings were consistent
      with the diagnosis. Following steroid administration, his angina-like attacks and
      abdominal pain ceased. This patient developed two episodes of acute
      cardiovascular symptoms upon administration of antipyretic analgesics. This
      suggests that in cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome with aspirin-induced asthma,
      physicians must be aware of the cardiovascular complications, and such drugs
      should be administered with caution.

PMID- 1808390
TI  - [A case of leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus].
AB  - A 67-year-old woman was admitted on June 21, 1990 because of an abnormality on
      chest roentgenogram, a three-month history of palpitations on exertion, and a 2
      kg weight loss. Chest roentgenogram revealed a huge mass in the posterior
      mediastinum. The results of needle aspiration cytology from the mass and celiac
      angiography were suggestive of leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus. The patient
      underwent tumor enucleation. The tumor originated from the lower-portion of the
      thoracic esophagus, measured 23 x 13 x 13 cm, and weighted 1110 g. The tumor was
      diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma histologically. Esophageal leiomyosarcoma is a very
      rare malignant tumor. The present case had no history of dysphagia in spite of
      the large tumor size.

PMID- 1808392
TI  - [A case of bilateral Bochdalek hernia in an adult].
AB  - A 71-year-old male was found to have bilateral posteromedial masses on routine
      roentgenogram during admission for treatment of traffic accident related
      injuries. These masses were initially considered to be posterior mediastinal
      tumors, however, CT scan demonstrated a left diaphragmatic defect and the adipose
      nature of the bilateral masses (CT number: left -29, right -132). MRI also
      demonstrated a large amount of fat accumulation in the abdomen. CT scan and MRI
      are therefore very useful for the diagnosis of Bochdalek hernia in adults.

PMID- 1808393
TI  - [The effectiveness of one-year internship in a clinical specialty and
      possibilities of its improvement].
AB  - The tests applied to assess interns' qualification in different cities of the
      country indicate defects in the current system of postgraduate training in the
      internship. Measures to update the system are suggested.

PMID- 1808394
TI  - [Diagnosis of small intestinal diseases].

PMID- 1808391
TI  - [A rare case of allergic granulomatous angitis (Churg Strauss syndrome) with
      positive anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody in serum].
AB  - A 33-year-old man with a 6-month history of rhinitis and bronchial asthma was
      referred to our hospital with polyarthralgia, severe anemia, hypoxemia,
      mononeuropathy multiplex, and renal insufficiency with hematuria. Marked
      eosinophilia was observed in his sputum, peripheral blood, and bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, his sputum contained many hemosiderin-laden
      macrophages, indicative of pulmonary hemorrhage. His chest roentgenogram on
      admission showed diffuse ground grass appearance. High resolution computed
      tomography (HRCT) demonstrated diffuse high density areas throughout the lung
      fields and characteristic irregularity and enlargement of the peripheral
      pulmonary arteries. His general condition rapidly deteriorated, but dramatically
      improved with oral steroid administration, and his major symptoms disappeared
      within a few days. Examination of the biopsied lung tissue revealed unequivocal
      evidence of pulmonary angitis with marked eosinophilic infiltration and
      perivascular granulomas. Bone marrow biopsy showed hyperplasia of eosinophilic
      leukocytes in contrast to the low cellularity. Suppression of erythroid
      hemopoiesis was thought to be the primary cause for his rapidly progressive
      anemia. Serum anti-GBM antibody titer returned to within the normal range soon
      after the initiation of steroid therapy.

PMID- 1808395
TI  - [Non-specific ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease].
AB  - The paper is concerned with current status of nonspecific ulcerative colitis and
      Crohn's disease. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are considered.
      Crohn's disease was studied in its variants. Hyperbaric oxygenation introduced in
      combined treatment of the two diseases is evaluated.

PMID- 1808396
TI  - [Ischemic disease of the intestines].

PMID- 1808397
TI  - [New information about physicians among the acquaintances of M. Iu. Lermontov
      (for the 150th anniversary of death of the great Russian poet)].

PMID- 1808398
TI  - [Systemic effects of smoking (review of the foreign literature)].

PMID- 1808399
TI  - [Psychological aftereffects of the disaster at the Chernobyl NPS].
AB  - Available are the data on the trend in psychoneurological syndromes demonstrable
      in all the periods of developing acute radiation disease in the victims of the
      disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. It is shown that the risk of
      small-dose ionizing radiation may lead to psychological dysadaptation.
      Psychogenias are outlined as far as their triggering factors and manifestations
      in members of the emergency teams are concerned.

PMID- 1808401
TI  - [Gastroenterology in chronological perspective].

PMID- 1808400
TI  - [The role of sex hormones in rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 1808402
TI  - [Rare types of myocardial infarction in young patients].
AB  - The authors report 5 cases of myocardial infarction pathogenetically unrelated to
      coronary heart disease. All the patients were males under 40 with pathological
      conditions: Marfan's syndrome, malformation of coronary artery, erythremia,
      infectious endocarditis, mechanic chest trauma.

PMID- 1808403
TI  - [The effect of extracorporeal blood cleansing procedures on the countertransport
      of sodium and lithium in erythrocytes].

PMID- 1808404
TI  - [A new peripheral vasodilator prostaglandin E1 in atherosclerosis of lower limb
      vessels and Raynaud disease].

PMID- 1808405
TI  - [The use of prostaglandin E2 (prostenon) in broncho-obstructive syndrome of
      patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - PGE and PGF2 alpha were measured by radioimmunoassay in bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid obtained from the affected and contralateral lung of 86 patients with
      different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. The findings were correlated with
      parameters of external respiration. Bronchial obstruction (BO) was found to
      entail lower values of PGE in the intact lung though higher PGE2 alpha levels
      near the focus. To normalize the proportion PGE/PGF2 alpha in the respiratory
      tracts, 24 tuberculous patients with BO received adjuvant ultrasound inhalations
      of PGE2 (prostenon). The course of 10 daily procedures produced positive shifts
      in bronchial patency in 3/4 of the patients. This positive trend was still
      demonstrable two months later. Prostenon anti-BO effect proved the highest in new
      onset tuberculosis, in tuberculosis-induced intoxication and in moderate BO.

PMID- 1808406
TI  - [Platelet aggregation inhibitors in the comprehensive treatment of bronchial
      asthma].
AB  - Platelet aggregation in infectious bronchial asthma patients was examined in
      vitro and in vivo upon administration of disaggregation agents trental, curantyl,
      sermion. A significant disaggregation related to trental and sermion action was
      recorded in vitro and in vivo as shown by hemolysate-aggregation test, ADP
      induces aggregation, plasma levels of the platelet factor IV. Introduction of
      disaggregation agents in to combined therapy of infectious bronchial asthma
      contributes to more rapid arrest of bronchoconstriction in relevant patients.

PMID- 1808407
TI  - [Computerized consult system in gastroenterology].
AB  - Expert computer systems proved their efficacy in medicine, being a useful tool of
      solving complicated diagnostic and therapeutic tasks. One of these is being
      developed in the field of gastroenterology by the therapists of the Sverdlovsk
      Medical Institute and mathematicians of the Mathematical and Mechanical Institute
      of the Ural Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The system operates in
      the language REXX and PASCAL using ES 1045 computer and is able to teach
      subinterns skills of gastroenterological examinations, to assess professional
      skills of the gastroenterologist, to consult the internist in complicated
      diagnostic situations.

PMID- 1808408
TI  - [The role of ultrasonics in the detection of metastatic tumors of abdominal
      organs].
AB  - Ultrasonic investigation of 357 abdominal and retroperitoneal cancer patients
      provided echographic signs of distant metastases and local malignant involvement.
      In view of high informative value of the method, ultrasonography is recommended
      as a substantial component of the early diagnosis.

PMID- 1808409
TI  - [The role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the differential diagnosis of acute
      cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal
      tract].
AB  - The examination of 411 patients with diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (AH) and
      pancreatitis (AP) showed that 14% of the examinees had malignant or benign
      affections of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. AH and AP were
      noted to occur frequently in combination with duodenal ulcer. As for gastric
      ulcer, it often simulates the above diseases.

PMID- 1808410
TI  - [Erosive changes of the gastroduodenal mucosa--is it a pre-ulcer state?].
AB  - The evidence obtained on 280 ulcer patients, 107 of whom have preulcer erosive
      gastritis, duodenitis or gastroduodenitis, suggest the conclusion on
      ulcerogenesis dependence on the type and site of erosions, response of blood
      germs, characteristics of protein, carbohydrate and electrolyte metabolism.
      Erosive processes in the gastroduodenal mucosa seem a facultative preulcer state.

PMID- 1808411
TI  - [Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and conservative treatment of slowly healing
      stomach ulcers].
AB  - The paper presents the analysis of examination and treatment data on 80 patients
      with long-healing gastric ulcer (12 weeks or longer), of contributing factors
      (sex, age, ulcer site and size, smoking, alcohol abuse, associated diseases), of
      changes in the antral and fundal gastric mucosa as well as in immune system, of
      conservative treatment results.

PMID- 1808412
TI  - [Psychosomatic correlations in patients with functional disorders of the colon].
AB  - Basing on comprehensive clinical investigations of 50 patients with colon
      dysfunction, relevant somatic and psychological aspects have been analysed. Colon
      dysfunction in shown to attend neurotic and personality disorders, to be in some
      cases a somatoform manifestation of endogenic depression. The majority of the
      patients had psychogenic neurotic affections closely related to colon dysfunction
      which is considered a psychosomatic pathology.

PMID- 1808413
TI  - [The effect of plasmapheresis on the clinical and laboratory parameters of
      patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].
AB  - It is shown that plasmapheresis (PA) as an adjuvant modality in combined
      treatment of idiopathic purpura resistant to glucocorticosteroids helps to
      partially overcome resistance and induces a positive trend in the clinical and
      hematological indices. Pretreatment number of glucocorticoid receptors in
      lymphocytes and the androgenic cortisol level in patients resistant to
      glucocorticosteroids were significantly lowered and rose after a course of
      therapeutic plasmapheresis. A PA positive effect is attributed to elimination
      from the vascular bed of circulating immune complexes, mid-mass molecules as well
      as raising the blockade of lymphocytic membranes.

PMID- 1808414
TI  - [Changes of electrocoagulographic parameters and erythrocyte deformability in
      multiple myeloma patients on various regimens of polychemotherapy].
AB  - Clinical and laboratory indications of hemocoagulatory disorders (according to
      the data of electrocoagulograph H-334 and red blood cell deformability) were
      compared for multiple myeloma patients. They received drugs according to 3
      different polychemotherapy schemes involving various combinations and doses of
      cyclophosphamide, vincristine, rubomycin, paphencyl, sarcolysin and prednisolone.
      Pretreatment measurements in relevant patients revealed severe hemocoagulative
      and rheologic shifts responsible for hemorrhages, impaired microcirculation and
      cardiac failure. The most efficient polychemotherapy was found that gained
      benefit with addition of plasmapheresis. To control the effect of
      polychemotherapy, its intensity, individual deviations and duration, it is
      advisable to combine routine tests with citrated plasma electrocoagulography,
      assessment of AT-III activity and red blood cell deformability indicating
      hemocoagulative and rheologic disorders.

PMID- 1808415
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in patients with iron deficiency anemia complicated by
      frequent acute respiratory diseases].
AB  - Lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates and lipofuscinoid pigments) and activity of
      antiperoxidation defense enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6
      phosphate dehydrogenase) were studied in 55 patients with iron deficiency anemia.
      It was found that in uneventful iron deficiency anemia the above parameters
      change insignificantly in contrast with anemic patients prone to acute
      respiratory infections. The latter demonstrate enhancement of lipid peroxidation
      in spite of high activity of glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 1808416
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in the treatment of anemia in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - The study included 136 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with anemia. Adjuvant
      plasmapheresis (PA) was performed in 81 of them. The control group of 55 patients
      received chemotherapy alone. Hemoglobin levels measured in the end of the
      treatment course rose significantly only in the PA group. The trend to anemia
      normalization correlated with decline of inflammation. This favours introduction
      of PA in the treatment of RA patients.

PMID- 1808417
TI  - [Diagnosis and prevention of diabetic angiopathies].
AB  - The paper presents a new method to diagnose the I preclinical stage of diabetic
      angiopathy permitting identification of the risk groups and design of preventive
      measures. The method implies evaluation of the biochemical index characterizing
      serum lipids structural defense against lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 1808419
TI  - [Early clinical and laboratory diagnosis of pseudotuberculosis].
AB  - As shown by the examination of 188 patients with suspected pseudotuberculosis,
      the latter produces a greater total of clinical manifestations than any other
      nosological entities differentiated from it. Conventional (retrospective)
      techniques of laboratory diagnosis (bacteriological ones, indirect
      hemagglutination) confirmed the diagnosis in 76.1% of the cases against 93.1%
      under new rapid techniques of seroindication (enzyme immunoassay and antibody
      neutralization). Moreover, the diagnosis with new techniques can be managed
      earlier. The overall assessment of clinical symptoms and techniques of
      seroindication allow early administration of valid treatment thus avoiding
      recurrences and complications of pseudotuberculosis.

PMID- 1808420
TI  - [Recognan therapy of motor disturbances in patients with stroke].

PMID- 1808418
TI  - [The role of the complement system in the origin of respiratory insufficiency in
      patients on hemodialysis].
AB  - A study was made of changes in functional status of complementary system in 42
      patients with chronic renal failure on programmed hemodialysis. Early stages of
      hemodialysis were accompanied by short-term and reversible activation of
      complementary system. 100 sessions were followed by complement depression.
      Complement system was found to be involved in two pathogenetic mechanisms of
      respiratory insufficiency: block of pulmonary microcirculation by leukocytic
      aggregates and DIC syndrome associated with microthrombosis of the lesser
      circulation vessels. To manage the above complications, plasmapheresis is
      advocated.

PMID- 1808421
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in dermatology].

PMID- 1808422
TI  - [Cancer of the gallbladder with leukemoid eosinophilic reaction].

PMID- 1808423
TI  - [A case of Louis-Bar syndrome].

PMID- 1808424
TI  - [Current differentiated tactics in the treatment of hypertension].

PMID- 1808425
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in a patient with lymphosarcoma].

PMID- 1808426
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in a patient with leptospirosis].

PMID- 1808427
TI  - [Recurrent purulent meningitis as a complication of anterior sacral meningocele
      with rectal fistula].

PMID- 1808428
TI  - [Clinical aspects and prevention of various forms of viral hepatitis].
AB  - The paper presents clinicoepidemiological characteristics of VHB associated forms
      in case of parenteral entry of the infection. This predetermines systemic
      dissemination of the virus. The preventive measures are discussed.

PMID- 1808429
TI  - [Mushroom poisoning].

PMID- 1808430
TI  - [Palpation of the small intestines on the surface of the spleen in splenomegaly].

PMID- 1808431
TI  - [Unemployment and depression. Results of a psychometric evaluation].
AB  - The Authors evaluate the issue about the search of first employment and the
      depressive effects possibly linked to it. The research includes two groups of
      unemployed and two control groups of workers. Sex difference has been taken into
      account. After a preliminary semi-structured interview, all subjects have been
      evaluated by the means of psychological tests. The psychometric values considered
      include the D and Ma scales of MMPI and their difference as proposed by Diamond,
      and the Beck Depression Rating Scale. The results do not show a significant
      correlation between the search for first employment and the presence of
      depressive traits.

PMID- 1808432
TI  - [Mood changes and premenstrual syndrome].
AB  - The Authors consider particularly significant the studies on premenstrual
      syndrome (PMS) which point out a relationship between affective disorders and
      premenstrual depression indicated by several Authors as useful pattern for
      studying depression. Considering this results, the Authors studied a sample of
      women suffering from PMS sharing it on the basis of subjective depressive
      feelings. The Authors obtained two groups which were submitted to a further
      clinical study in order to point out specific personality and psychopathologies.
      The Authors used the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) and the Daily Ratings
      Form (DR). The results showed that premenstrual depression can be considered a
      marker of the seriousness of the syndrome and it is closely linked to anxiety
      symptomatology. In women with PMS the Authors did not point out important
      psychopathological aspects, therefore the PMS is not evidence for psychiatric
      illness.

PMID- 1808433
TI  - [Tension, depression, pain. Critical considerations and experimental data
      regarding idiopathic headache].
AB  - Following a discussion of the main psychodynamic theories concerning the etiology
      of idiopathic headache, the Authors describe their own research. The data
      reported suggest the existence of a wide range of psycho-behavioural aspects in
      the different diagnostic groups and it is therefore misleading to consider these
      in global terms. A revised method of psycho-genetic interpretation relating to
      migraine patients is proposed. In the second half of the paper the Authors
      outline a definitive rather than causal interpretation of psychosomatic
      disorders.

PMID- 1808434
TI  - [Depressive features in unemployed individuals].
AB  - The present research deals with a psychometric evaluation of depressive features
      in a group of laid-off compared with a control group of full-time workers. Sex
      differences has been taken into account in the comparison. (The laid-off workers
      belong to a group under an unemployment fund, Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, which
      continues paying about 80% of the ex-employee's last wage for an undetermined
      period of time). The psychometric elements considered include the D and Ma scales
      of MMPI and their difference as proposed by Diamond, and the Beck Depression
      Rating Scale. The results, still preliminary, show that work deprivation, even
      with the financial subsidy from the unemployment fund, can be considered a life
      event able to provoke a depressive symptomatology.

PMID- 1808435
TI  - [Dynamic psychopathology of anorexia nervosa. Clinical hypothesis].
AB  - In this paper the Authors discuss the psychopathological problem of nervous
      anorexia. Moving from a psychodynamic point of view, they examine the anorexic
      defensive strategy and the psycho-pathogenetic aspects which are probably
      involved in its expression.

PMID- 1808437
TI  - [Time, memory, institution. Analysis of past experiences which emerge at times of
      crisis as a memory tract in the staff of a nursing home for the aged].
AB  - The paper analyses the feelings of the staff of an old people's home. Following
      an identification crisis, the group faced a massive regression. An attempt was
      made to solve this problem by dividing the staff into teams, each of which was
      entrusted with a group of old people for whose needs they would be entirely
      responsible. After two years, the staff were faced with problems which had
      previously seemed resolved. Old people in poor health were not respected as
      individuals. They were called by name and treated with familiarity; they were
      kept in bed to prevent them falling, and had to perform all their bodily
      functions in bed. Rebellious attitudes and depressive states were underestimated
      and ascribed to arteriosclerosis. An attempt was made to understand the reasons
      behind this regression. Small discussion groups were formed in order to
      reestablish the group's memory track which reorganisation and change had caused.

PMID- 1808438
TI  - [The problem of "middle cases". Psychopathologic and nosographic evaluation].
AB  - A group of 246 psychotic patients diagnosed on the basis of DSM III R was
      compared to standard parameters in order to define the so-called "middle cases".
      A group of 12 patients who matched these parameters was thus obtained
      independently of the initial diagnosis. This group was then compared with two
      other groups of similar sizes made up of schizophrenic patients and patients
      suffering from major depressive disorders respectively; neither of the latter
      groups corresponded to the above mentioned standard parameters. This comparison
      revealed a substantial equi-distance between the three groups, thus confirming
      the inadequacy of a method of classification into categories when applied to such
      a complex and articulated field as psychosis.

PMID- 1808436
TI  - [Discontinuation of chronic treatment with lithium salts].
AB  - The present research reports some results concerning the discontinuation of a
      long-term treatment with lithium in two groups of bipolar patients, BPI and BPII.
      The aim of the research is the evaluation of the causes leading to the
      discontinuation of the treatment and its effects. In all subjects the treatment,
      not combined with other medications, was effective for at least two years before
      discontinuation. The results show a percentage of recurrences similar to that
      reported by other Authors, with significant differences that point out a greater
      risk of recurrences after an abrupt discontinuation. The hypotheses concerning
      early recurrences are discussed, taking into account the different features of
      the recurrences in the two groups.

PMID- 1808439
TI  - [Suicide at the USSL No. 6 in L'Aquila. Prevalence of the event, clinical and
      personality correlations].
AB  - During the last 10 years, suicidal behaviour has become an important social and
      health problem. The paper identifies 55 cases of suicide registered at a local
      health unit in L'Aquila (98,751 inhabitants) during the period 1982-1987. It
      examines the social-demographic variables and the way suicide was carried out. A
      sample group of 12 cases was selected and the following aspects were examined:
      personality, psychiatric symptoms and other diseases, use of drugs, the
      relationship with the health system, drug abuse, familial tendency to suicide,
      life history, previous suicide attempts, and messages left before death. ISTAT
      tests concerning the report of death were used to collect data and semi
      structured interviews were arranged with medical officers and the victim's
      relatives.

PMID- 1808440
TI  - [Effect of noise, exertion and thermal load on temporary auditory threshold shift
      (TTS) and on fatigue].
AB  - Temporary threshold shifts were determined in 14 voluntary subjects who were
      exposed during one hour to noise levels 70, 85 and 100 dB(A) accompanied by
      physical exercise (30% VO2max), thermal load (TE = 32.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C), and
      after combined exposure to these three factors. Before and after each exposure,
      temporary were measured threshold shifts (TTS2) at frequencies 3, 4 and 6 kHz.
      The psychophysical fatigue was determined using flicker and blinking tests. The
      results showed that exposure to noise, noise and thermal load, noise and
      exercise, and combined noise-exercise -thermal load exposure induced
      statistically significant increases of TTS values, especially at 85 and 100 dB(A)
      noise levels. Noise and thermal load, noise and exercise, and the combination of
      the three did not cause psychophysical fatigue, probably on account of the short
      duration of exposure. The results of this work show that estimation of exposure
      to noise, performed by measuring noise levels at workplaces and comparing them
      with the current standards without considering the effects of exercise and/or
      thermal load is not sufficient to evaluate occupational exposure and the risk of
      permanent hearing loss.

PMID- 1808441
TI  - [Evaluation of the reliability of freight elevator operators].
AB  - The study involved 58 workers employed at winding machines. Their reliability was
      estimated from the results of psychomotoric test precision, condition of the
      vegetative nervous system, and from the results of psychological tests. The tests
      were carried out at the laboratory and at the workplaces, with all distractive
      factors and functional connection of the work process present. We have found that
      the reliability of the workers may be affected by a variety of factors. Among the
      winding machine operators, work monotony can lead to "monotony syndrome". Among
      the signalists , the appreciation of great responsibility can lead to
      unpredictable and non-adequate reactions. From both groups, persons displaying a
      lower-than-average precision were isolated. All those persons demonstrated a
      reckless attitude and the opinion of their superiors about them was poor. Those
      persons constitute potential risk for the reliable operation of the discussed
      team.

PMID- 1808442
TI  - [Occupational exposure to asbestos-containing dust at the plants manufacturing
      and using asbestos products during the years 1986-1989].
AB  - During 1986-1989, dust levels at workplaces in 19 plants manufacturing or using
      asbestos products in Poland were measured. Total dust concentrations were
      determined by the gravimetric method and respirable asbestos fibre concentrations
      were determined by the phase contrast optical microscope method (PCOM). Air was
      sampled at the breathing zones of the workers by using Casella personal air
      samplers. Average respirable asbestos fibre concentrations at the workplaces were
      from 0.06 fibre/cm3 (control desk operator) to 2.25 fibre/cm3 (spinning machine
      operator), and the average total dust concentrations were from 0.7 mg/m3
      (technicians) to 2.3 mg/m3 (preparatory department workers). Compared with the
      1980-1985 period, total dust concentrations were 1.5 times, and respirable
      asbestos fibre concentrations 2.9 times lower. Considering the obtained data and
      the analysis of the occupational diseases in workers exposed to asbestos dust
      during 1983-1988, the national expert group for industrial dusts has suggested
      that the MAC values for chrysotile dusts be lowered to 1.0 mg/m3 (total dust) and
      0.5 fibre/cm3 (respirable fibre).

PMID- 1808443
TI  - [Effect of occupational exposure in coke production on various parameters of the
      hematopoietic system].
AB  - The basic parameters of the erythrocytes, white blood cell and coagulation were
      determined in 201 workers exposed occupationally to organic substances containing
      benzene and its homologues. Occupational exposure to many factors during coke
      production, especially to high concentrations of BaP, did not cause perceptible
      changes in the erythrocytes. Moreover, total number of the lymphocytes was
      increased in the peripheral blood of exposed workers. That maybe considered as a
      nonspecific exposure test for the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons. In
      haemostasis system the thrombocytopenia and the abnormalities of the plasma
      coagulation factors were revealed.

PMID- 1808444
TI  - [Cerebellar syndrome after long-term exposure to organic solvents. Case report].
AB  - A clinical picture of cerebellar syndrome with cerebellar atrophy revealed by CT
      scan in a worker for 28 years occupationally exposed to petrol and
      trichloroethylene vapours has been described. The relationship between the
      illness and the occupational exposure to the organic solvents has been discussed.

PMID- 1808445
TI  - [Absenteeism as an indicator of health status of patients with long-term and
      frequent diseases]].
AB  - Results of the feasibility analysis of using sickness absenteeism as a measure of
      worker health condition, especially in long (above 30 days p.a.) and often (above
      3 cases p.a.) ailing workers have been reported. Information on health condition
      of 5197 random-selected textile industry workers and their sickness absenteeism
      over one year period served as teh basis of the study. Sensitivity, specificity,
      negative and positive predictive value of the sickness absenteeism due to most
      frequently diagnosed illnesses in the investigated population were employed.
      Sickness absenteeism has proved to be a specific, but not very sensitive health
      condition measure. In the groups of long and frequently ailing persons, sickness
      absenteeism has proved to be the more sensitive but less specific measure than in
      the whole investigated group. Among the frequently ailing group, the percentage
      of persons absent because of digestive system diseases, circulatory system
      diseases and back diseases satisfactorily approximates the percentage of the
      chronically sick.

PMID- 1808446
TI  - [Excretion of hydroxyproline in the urine of workers engaged in the production of
      iron-manganese alloys].
AB  - Statistically significant increase of the excretion of hydroxyproline with urine
      has been found to occur in workers employed in iron-manganese alloy manufacture,
      compared with the excretion of hydroxyproline in urine of the control group.
      Besides, the workers employed for 10 years and longer were characterized by
      statistically significantly increased excretion of hydroxyproline with urine as
      compared to the workers employed for shorter periods. No significant differences
      in excretion of hydroxyproline with urine, however, were detected among workers
      with chronic bronchitis and among those with smoking factor less than or equal to
      10 and smoking factor greater than 10. (Smoking factor = number of packages of
      cigarettes smoked per day times years of smoking).

PMID- 1808447
TI  - [Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in human environment and the risk
      of cancer in the light of epidemiological studies-- based on the literature].
AB  - Numerous reports suggest that there is a relationship between the increased
      incidence of cancer and congenital defects in children on one hand and exposure
      to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at the place of habitation on
      the other. Some authors suggest that electromagnetic fields persisting in flats,
      produced by home electric installations, various forms of their execution and
      external electric power lines may enhance the occurrence of cancer. Living flat
      buildings are generally remote from electric power lines. They are, however,
      supplied with electric power by means of trafo stations. The maximum averaged
      values for 356 living flats in Denver, Colorado, were 14 V/m for the electric
      component and 0.25 microT for the magnetic component of the field. Besides,
      various household devices supplied with power from the mains also produce ELF EM
      fields. From the available epidemiological data it can be concluded that the
      relationship between exposure to ELF EM fields and increased incidence of cancer
      has not been unequivocally proved. The estimated risk remains within 0.9-3.2
      range.

PMID- 1808448
TI  - [Toxicological Forum (Budapest, June 18-22, 1990)].

PMID- 1808449
TI  - [Evaluation of occupational exposure of workers engaged in mining of rock raw
      materials in the Sleza massif].
AB  - In two serpentinite mines and in a factory producing asphalt pavements using
      serpentinite, exposure to dusts and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (WWA
      fraction soluble in benzene) was assessed. In rock samples taken in the
      serpentinite mine and in dust samples from work posts crystalline phases were
      determined (using X-ray radiography and spectrometry in infrared). Also,
      morphology of dust particles was performed using electron microscopy. Both in the
      rock samples and in dust fibrous antigorite, a mineral of strong cancerogenic
      properties, was found. Total dust concentrations varied between 1.05 and 280
      mg/m3, concentration of respirable mineral fibres from 0.01 to 3.56 fibre/cm3,
      and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons varied between 266.7 and 850
      micrograms/m3. The study will be continued concerning evaluation of biological
      effect of serpentinite in animal experiments and assessment of extraoccupational
      exposure of people living in the neighbourhood of serpentinite mines and plants
      processing this mineral.

PMID- 1808451
TI  - [The role of physical load in the reaction of the circulatory system to
      professional work].
AB  - In order to evaluate the effect of particular elements of physical workload on
      the heart rate in a group of 148 women working at 18 work-posts whose jobs were
      characterized by different physical workload, 24-hour cardiograms were made using
      Holter's method and applying the Medilog 3000 (Oxford). It was observed that
      heart rate heart rate during work was higher in women who performed jobs
      demanding dynamic physical effort, and lower in those subjects who performed
      static work. Heart rate during work was positively correlated with the dynamic
      effort intensity and negatively--with the intensity of light dynamic work and
      static workload, which means that particular elements of physical workload are of
      different physiological importance. Therefore, the synthetic indicator of
      physical workload cannot be treated as a sum of the intensity of particular
      elements. Consequences of physical workload lasted during daytime. During sleep
      and leisure hours the effect of physical workload intensity upon the cardiac
      contraction frequency is not significant.

PMID- 1808450
TI  - [Evaluation of the cancer risk among men exposed to occupational asbestos dust
      based on cohort studies].
AB  - The results of the study of a cohort of 2403 men occupationally exposed to
      chrysotile asbestos dust during the manufacture of various asbestos products have
      been reported. The study covered the period 1945-1985. Cohort availability was
      91%. Risk estimates were based on SMR and SRR calculated by the man-year method.
      The general Polish male population served for the reference. The analysis was
      performed for sub-cohorts selected according to the period of employment in the
      plant, taking into account the dust dose and the age at the moment of the
      beginning of employment under exposed conditions. A significantly increased risk
      of pulmonary carcinoma (SMR: 238.0-211.0) and of gastric carcinoma (SMR: 197.9
      238.5) was found in men exposed to high doses of the asbestos dust (above 50
      mg/m3 x years). No statistically significant increases in the mortality rates
      either from cancer in general or from the cancer varieties specified above were
      detected in men exposed to low doses of dust. One case of death from pleural
      mesothelioma was reported.

PMID- 1808452
TI  - [Effect of simultaneous exposure to fluorine and manganese on health status of
      workers].
AB  - The effect of fluorine and manganese on the health of workers continually exposed
      to these elements was studied. The concentration of the chemicals did not
      significantly exceed maximum allowable concentrations only during three hours of
      work daily. Thirty-six workers directly exposed to fluorine and manganese were
      examined and compared with the controls. The authors demonstrated that exceeding
      permissible norms did not cause evident intoxication symptoms even though working
      in exposure had lasted for many years. However, some changes in the activity of
      liver indicatory enzymes may be one of the first symptoms of this organ's damage.
      Frequently occurring ++periodontosis and leukoplakia of the mucous membrane
      needed careful stomatological prophylaxis .

PMID- 1808454
TI  - [Differences in health status of students from vocational education schools in
      the Katowice province].
AB  - Based on secondary statistical data, an analysis was made of health condition of
      vocational schools students remaining under medical care of industrial physicians
      in the Katowice province. Twenty-six thousand students schooled in 1985/86 and
      1986/87 were examined. Six groups of schools were distinguished: mechanical,
      chemical, metallurgical, building and food processing. It was observed that 59%
      of students from the Katowice province vocational schools were healthy, 23%
      showed certain health disorders, and 18% remained under special observation. In
      the particular kinds of vocational schools percentage of students who did not
      need continual medical care varied between 47% in mechanical schools and 68% in
      building schools. The greatest number of students with health problems was found
      in mechanical schools (28%) and the smallest (17%)--in building and food
      processing schools.

PMID- 1808453
TI  - [Comparison of the effects of the irritant action of different amounts of cooling
      mineral oil with biocides on the rabbit skin].
AB  - Effects of different concentrations of Emulgol EN-BIO C/88 oil on rabbit skin
      were studied. Experiments were carried out to examine oil irritancy to the skin
      and the inner surface of the ear skin subjected to a 24-hour closed exposure and
      repeated open exposure for 10 days, respectively. The data obtained have shown
      that 5 and 10 per cent emulsions of Emulgol EN-BIO C/88 produce mild skin
      irritation, while a 50 per cent emulsion and concentrate cause irritation of
      moderate degree. This means that the irritating potential of Emulgol depends on
      its concentration in oil-water emulsion. It is concluded that EN-BIO C/88 oil
      should be used in a 5 per cent concentration in industry.

PMID- 1808455
TI  - [The occupational medicine graduate training system in the field of occupational
      medicine].
AB  - The analysis of data on the teaching of occupational medicine in particular
      medical schools in Poland shows great diversity in presenting the subject to the
      students of medicine. It relates both to the curriculum and organizational and
      didactic methods and opinions and postulates expressed by the lecturers .
      Currently, occupational medicine is a separate subject in the curricula of four
      medical colleges in Poland, which does not, however, mean that in other colleges
      the conditions of lecturing on occupational medicine are unsatisfactory. On the
      contrary, the variety of problems of occupational medicine presented as part of
      other subjects points to the fact that this particular branch of medical science
      has been taken seriously. Although the present form of lectures and classes
      devoted to occupational medicine does enable students to get certain knowledge
      and competence in this field of science, it does not help shaping a proper
      attitude toward the subject: still too few students are interested in
      specializing in occupational medicine and working as industrial health service
      staff. In such circumstances, some activity must be undertaken to improve the
      process of pre-graduate studies in occupational medicine.

PMID- 1808457
TI  - Surface hydrophobicity of "rheumatogenic" and "nephritogenic" strains of group A
      streptococci and the ultrastructural surface feature of pharyngeal cells exposed
      to group A streptococci.
AB  - The present study was carried out to determine the surface hydrophobicity of
      group A streptococcal strains responsible for rheumatic fever (RF),
      "rheumatogenic" strains (RG strains) and strains causing glomerulonephritis,
      "nephritogenic" strains (NG strains) in relation to their adhesion to human
      pharyngeal cells. Scanning electronmicroscopic (SEM) studies were carried out to
      the difference, if any, in the adherence of group A streptococci (M type 5) to
      pharyngeal and buccal cells (PEC and BEC). By employing two techniques for
      hydrophobicity determination, salt aggregation titre (SAT) and n-hexadecane
      binding technique, it was observed that RG strains (M5, M1 and M6) were more
      hydrophobic than NG strain, M49. However, NG strain M12 was almost equally as
      hydrophobic as RG strains. The adherence of RG strains, except M1 and M24, to PEC
      was greater in number than that of NG strains. Although M1 strain was
      hydrophobic, its adherence to PEC was less. Pepsin and trypsin treatment with
      streptococci reduced the hydrophobicity and adherence of RG and NG strains to
      PEC. SEM studies revealed firmly adhered indigenous bacteria on PEC and BEC.
      Streptococci (M5) adhered more to PEC than to BEC. SEM studies also showed that
      PEC had a peculiar ultrastructural surface feature to which streptococci adhered.
      These findings suggest that streptococcal hydrophobicity alone does not determine
      their adhesion to PEC. The surface nature of PEC might be a characteristic
      feature of the epithelial cells that allows streptococci to adhere and colonize
      or it might be a consequence of streptococcal adhesion.

PMID- 1808456
TI  - [Aromatic amines, oncogenes and cancer of the bladder].
AB  - The role of aromatic amines in cancer inducing is mainly connected with their
      metabolism in the organism. During successive cell changes certain adducts are
      generated which may bind DNA. Their ability to cause mutations depends on whether
      a given adduct was generated with a free form or an acetylated amine. Adducts
      generated with non-acetylated amines are the main cause of mutations, i.e.
      changes of base in a DNA-coding triplet. Also, an important effect in
      cancerogenic activity of aromatic hydrocarbons is attributed to recently
      discovered oncogenes. Changes in oncogene expression may result in proliferations
      of the cells of the urinary bladder epithelium, which may induce their
      transformation into neoplastic cells. Diagnostic tests based mainly on
      cytological studies do not make it possible to detect early changes of the
      proliferation process in the cells of the urinary bladder epithelium. Only the
      recently introduced methods using monoclonal antibodies, which facilitate
      determination of oncogene protein products in organism's fluids, are sensitive
      indicators of initiating the neoplastic process in the urinary bladder.

PMID- 1808458
TI  - Quantitative fluorometric assay for rapid enzymatic characterization of
      Bifidobacterium longum and related bifidobacteria.
AB  - The quantitative, semi-automated assay described here is an alternative
      characterization method allowing for highly sensitive and specific detection of
      bifidobacterial enzymes. Twenty strains of Bifidobacterium longum, including the
      type strain ATCC 15707, and type strains of 15 other Bifidobacterium species were
      enzymatically characterized using 20 4-methylumbelliferyl conjugated substrates.
      Enzyme activities were determined by directly measuring the intensity of
      fluorescence derived from 4-methylumbelliferone, a fluorescent metabolic by
      product. For this method, a Titertek Fluoroskan II fluorometer was used. Enzymes
      included glycosidases, an esterase, phosphatase, sulphatase, and neuraminidase.
      B. longum showed strong activity (greater than 1,000 absolute fluorescence units,
      afu) for alpha-L-Arabinopyranosidase and alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidase, beta-D
      Fucosidase, alpha- and beta-D-Galactosidase, alpha-D-Glucosidase, and alpha-D
      Mannosidase. No activity (less than or equal to 50 afu) was observed for beta-D
      Cellobiosidase, alpha- and beta-L-Fucosidase, beta-D-Glucuronidase, beta-D
      Mannosidase, Neuraminidase and Sulphatase. Enzymatic activity profiles in other
      bifidobacteria were different according to the species. This assay is simple and
      rapid (6 hr). Special cultural requirements are unnecessary. Results are
      objective and quantitative. This assay may be a useful tool for bifidobacterial
      taxonomy.

PMID- 1808459
TI  - Vascular permeability enhancement by Vibrio mimicus protease and the mechanisms
      of action.
AB  - Vibrio mimicus, a causative agent of gastroenteritis, has also been reported to
      attribute to extraintestinal infections. Recently we have purified a
      metalloprotease produced by the pathogen: however, the role of the protease in V.
      mimicus infection has not been documented. The V. mimicus protease (VMP) was
      found to enhance vascular permeability and form edema when injected into the
      dorsal skin of guinea pig and rat. The permeability enhancement by VMP was
      observed in a dose-dependent manner in both guinea pig and rat skin. In guinea
      pig, an inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme was found to augment the
      permeability enhancement reaction. The permeability enhancement was significantly
      blocked by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein
      reaction. In vitro conversion of plasma prekallikrein to kallikrein by VMP was
      also noted. In rat skin, the permeability enhancement reaction was not blocked by
      antihistamine or SBTI. However, the reaction was partially blocked when a mixture
      of antihistamine and SBTI was administered with VMP. It is apparent from the
      study that in guinea pig skin, VMP enhances vascular permeability through
      activation of plasma kallikrein-kinin system which generates bradykinin, whereas
      in addition to the activation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade in the case of
      rat, stimulation of histamine release from mast cells and other unknown mechanism
      seem to be also a cause of the permeability enhancement reaction. These results
      suggest that VMP may play a role in extraintestinal infections with edema caused
      by the pathogen.

PMID- 1808460
TI  - Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against Branhamella catarrhalis.
AB  - The antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against Branhamella catarrhalis was
      studied. All of the 65 clinical isolates tested were inhibited at and below 1.56
      micrograms/ml, both at 10(7) and at 10(5) CFUs. The following was further studied
      on B. catarrhalis N-5 which showed average susceptibility to each drug examined.
      Bactericidal activity was observed at and above the MIC. Scanning and
      transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes, such as cellular
      swelling, bleb formation, inhibition of septum formation, and lysis, of the cells
      exposed to cefpodoxime at concentrations around the MIC. Cefpodoxime was poorly
      hydrolyzed by the beta-lactamase and it showed affinity for two penicillin
      binding proteins that had approximate molecular weights of 83 and 74 kilodaltons,
      with I50 values of 3.7 and 2.1 micrograms/ml, respectively.

PMID- 1808461
TI  - Two generalized transducing phages in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio
      alginolyticus.
AB  - Two bacteriophages named phi VP253 and phi VP143 isolated after ultraviolet
      induction from lysogenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been shown to be
      generalized transducing phages. So far, seven different auxotrophic markers of a
      V. parahaemolyticus strain could be transduced at the frequencies ranging from
      2.2 x 10(-7) to 7.5 x 10(-5) per infected cell at the m.o.i. of approximately
      1.0. The phage phi VP143, but not phi VP253, lysed 20 of the 28 strains of V.
      alginolyticus and the occurrence of generalized transduction by this phage in
      this Vibrio species has been confirmed. Molecular size of the genomes of both
      phages were estimated to be approximately 48 kb as judged from electrophoretic
      mobilities of the DNAs digested with HindIII endonuclease. The results and
      similarity of the two phages in morphology and other properties suggest very
      close relatedness of the phages.

PMID- 1808462
TI  - Adaptational changes of fatty acid composition and the physical state of membrane
      lipids following the change of growth temperature in Yersinia enterocolitica.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica is capable of growing in a broad range of temperatures
      from 4 to 45 C. How this organism alters its membrane lipids in response to the
      change of growth temperature is very interesting. The fatty acids of membrane
      lipids of cells cultured at 5, 15, 25 and 37 C were analyzed and the physical
      states of these membrane lipids were characterized. The major phospholipids of
      this bacterium were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin,
      lysophosphatidylglycerol and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. No significant
      difference in phospholipid composition in response to culture temperatures was
      observed. It was reported in our previous paper that the major fatty acids of
      membrane phospholipids of Y. enterocolitica were C15:0, C16:0, C16:1,
      cyclopropane C17:0 and C18:0. Some differences in the fatty acid composition
      were, however, observed with the change of culture temperature. When the culture
      temperature was raised, the saturated and cyclopropane fatty acids substantially
      increased and the unsaturated ones decreased. A reverse phenomenon was observed
      when culture temperature was lowered. From the viewpoints of membrane physical
      state, adaptational changes were analyzed using a nylon microcapsule method.
      Phase transition in membrane lipids of cells grown at each culture temperature
      took place in the range of about 5 C below and about 10 C above the culture
      temperature. It is, therefore, considered that Y. enterocolitica maintains its
      membrane rigidity and fluidity in response to growth temperature by changing the
      membrane fatty acid composition.

PMID- 1808463
TI  - Characterization of neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strain by DNA
      hybridization test and by in vivo and in vitro germination tests of spores.
AB  - The germination of spores of a neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strain (BL
      6340), which was isolated from infant botulism in Italy, and that of a
      nontoxigenic C. butyricum type strain (NCIB 7423) were studied. The spores of BL
      6340 strain were killed at 80 C for 10 min, and required the mixture of L
      alanine, L-lactate, glucose and bicarbonate for their optimal germination. These
      characteristics are the same as those of Clostridium botulinum type E strain, but
      different from those of NCIB 7423 strain. In a hybridization test, however, the
      labeled DNAs extracted from NCIB 7423 strain highly (98%) hybridized to the DNAs
      of the BL 6340 strain, but little (45%) to the DNAs of C. botulinum type E
      strain. The biochemical properties of the BL 6340 and NCIB 7423 strains were
      identical, but different from those of C. botulinum type E. These data confirmed
      that the BL 6340 strain belongs to C. butyricum species, but that only its
      characteristics of toxin production, its minimum requirements for germination,
      and the behavior of its spores to heat treatment are the same as those of C.
      botulinum type E. When conventionally raised suckling mice were injected with 5 x
      10(7) spores of BL 6340 strain intra- or orogastrically, botulism was not
      observed. However, 8- to 13-day-old mice had type E botulinum toxin in the large
      intestine 3 days after introduction of its spores.

PMID- 1808464
TI  - Pharmacodynamic and protective properties of a murine lipopolysaccharide-specific
      monoclonal antibody in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in mice.
AB  - We employed a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mouse pneumonia model to evaluate the
      ability of a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the O-side chain of P.
      aeruginosa Fisher Immunotype-1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to achieve and sustain
      therapeutic levels in plasma and lung tissue, reduce bacterial populations in the
      lung, and prevent pneumonia-associated mortality. An IgG3 MAb (Y1-5A4)
      administered to mice i.v. over a dose range of 125-1,000 micrograms/mouse
      produced plasma and lung tissue levels at 2 hr of 61-507 micrograms/ml and 4.3
      150 micrograms/g, respectively. The 1,000 micrograms MAb dose reduced bacterial
      counts in lung tissue (log10 cfu/g +/- S.D.) and blood (log10 cfu/ml +/- S.D.) 20
      hr post-treatment (18 hr post-challenge) from 10.00 +/- 0.66 to 7.66 +/- 0.91 (P
      less than 0.01) and from 4.39 +/- 0.81 to less than 3.0, respectively.
      Administration of MAb to mice in doses of 125-500 micrograms 2 hr prior to a 3 x
      50% lethal bacterial challenge produced significant protection against death,
      with a calculated 50% protective dose of 167 micrograms. Protection was noted
      following administration of 1,000 micrograms of MAb up to 6 hr after bacterial
      challenge (P less than 0.05, compared with untreated control). Histological
      examination of lung tissue from infected mice revealed less acute inflammation,
      necrosis, and hemorrhage in MAb-treated compared with untreated control animals
      and greater localization of Pseudomonas antigen within the phagocytic cells in
      alveolar space. These findings document the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of an
      LPS-specific IgG MAb in a murine model of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia, based in
      part upon the achievability of effective MAb concentrations in plasma and lung
      tissue.

PMID- 1808465
TI  - Accumulation of ascites and increase in skin vascular permeability observed by
      injection of adsorbed diphtheria-purified pertussis-tetanus combined vaccine in
      guinea pigs.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of adsorbed diphtheria-purified pertussis-tetanus
      combined vaccine (DPPT) often causes an ascites-accumulating (A-A) reaction in
      guinea pigs. Those vaccines which caused A-A reaction increase the vascular
      permeability (VP) of the skin tissue at the intracutaneous injection sites. A
      total of 23 lots of DPPT were assayed for A-A and VP-increasing activities. A
      positive correlation between the volume of ascites accumulated and the intensity
      of VP was significant. Other kinds of aluminum-adsorbed (Al-Ad) vaccines such as
      Al-Ad tetanus and Al-Ad diphtheria-tetanus combined and Al-Ad hepatitis B
      vaccines induced little or no A-A reaction. These results were discussed from the
      viewpoint of quality control in the process of the production of DPPT.

PMID- 1808466
TI  - Serologic survey of spotted fever group rickettsiosis on Hainan Island of China.
AB  - A serosurvey for antibodies to Rickettsia japonica was conducted on Hainan Island
      of China. Serum specimens were collected from 1,030 outpatients at hospitals in
      different parts of the island regardless of their diagnosis. Only two among 538
      serum specimens collected in Baoting and Tongshi counties, located in the
      southern part of the island, were demonstrated to contain antibodies reactive
      with R. japonica at a high dilution. The specimens also reacted with R.
      rickettsii at the same titer as with R. japonica. These two specimens reacted
      with other pathogenic spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae to a lesser extent.
      On the other hand, the specimens were shown to possess antibodies reactive with
      R. typhi at a significantly lower dilution or were not reactive at all. The
      findings suggested the occurrence of an SFG rickettsiosis on Hainan Island. More
      than half of the serum specimens collected from patients with suspected
      rickettsial infections in the southern area were found to contain IgM and IgG
      antibodies to R. typhi, indicating a high incidence of murine typhus.

PMID- 1808467
TI  - Serological survey for Lyme disease in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
AB  - Seventy-six wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) from areas endemic for
      Borrelia burgdorferi during 1988 to 1989 had the IgG antibody to the bacteria in
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The percentage of seropositive deer was 25.0%
      to strain HO14 and 22.4% to strain HP3, respectively. Specific IgG antibody
      titers were high in summer but low in winter. In summer, seropositive deer were
      75.0%. Similar results were obtained in serum specimens obtained monthly from 4
      farmed deer. It was suggested that the sika deer could be one of the wild
      reservoirs for B. burgdorferi in Hokkaido, Japan. The transmission risk of B.
      burgdorferi is considered to be greatest during late spring to early summer.

PMID- 1808468
TI  - An aberrant hemolysin of Vibrio cholerae non-O1.
AB  - An aberrant hemolysin produced by a Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strain N037 (N037-hly)
      was purified and characterized. N037-Hly was antigenically very similar to El Tor
      hemolysin but differed in molecular weight (48,000 vs. 60,000), interaction with
      glucose, and hemolytic activity. Of 100 V. cholerae non-O1 strains other than the
      N037 strain examined, none produced this aberrant hemolysin. The N-terminal amino
      acid sequence of N037-hly was highly homologous to that of El Tor hemolysin.

PMID- 1808470
TI  - B-B cell interactions in the spontaneous activation of B cells in autoimmune NZB
      mice.
AB  - We analyzed the mechanism of spontaneous B cell activation in lupus mice by using
      anticlass-II antibody in vitro. The in vitro culture of B cells from old NZB mice
      markedly produced Ig without any stimulation, while B cells from NZW mice did
      not. The addition of anticlass-II antibody (anti-Iad antibody) to the culture
      inhibited Ig production of NZB B cells in a concentration-dependent manner. On
      the other hand, the addition of anticlass-I antibody (anti-H-2Dd antibody) and
      anticlass-II antibody with different specificity (anti-Iak) gave no effect on the
      Ig production of NZB B cells. When mitomycin C-treated B cells were added to in
      vitro culture of responder B cells as a stimulator, Ig production of responder B
      cells was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the enhancing
      effect of the stimulator B cells was abrogated by the pretreatment with anticlass
      II antibody. The stimulator B-cell activity to NZB B cells was marked in NZB B
      cells, moderate in NZB/W F1 B cells, and weak in NZW B cells. Furthermore, the
      stimulator B-cell activity with regard to NZB B cells was marked in old female
      NZB B cells, moderate in old male NZB B cells, and weak in young NZB B cells. The
      expression of class II antigens on the surface of old female NZB B cells was
      significantly higher than that of old male NZB and young NZB B cells. These
      results suggest that in lupus mice the spontaneous B-cell activation is induced
      by an abnormal B-B cell interaction mediated by class II antigens.

PMID- 1808471
TI  - Antibody production useful for cytotoxicity against mouse MM2 tumor cells by
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - We applied an antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (ADMC) test in
      order to analyze the effector mechanism of the host-mediated antitumor effects
      induced by OK-432. Adherent peritoneal exudate (PE) cells were obtained from each
      of high (C3H/He) and low (B10) responder mice treated with OK-432, and 51Cr
      labeled MM2 tumor cells were used as target cells. The cytotoxic activity in
      vitro coincided well with the results obtained in in vivo antitumor experiments.
      When adherent PE cells from C3H/He mice reacted with anti-MM2 serum from B10
      mice, the degree of ADMC was significantly lower than that obtained with the anti
      MM2 serum from C3H/He mice. The removal of IgG1 from the anti-MM2 serum induced
      in B10 mice resulted in the enhancement of ADMC activity. Then mean level of IgG2
      in each of anti-MM2 sera from C3H/He and B10 mice was higher than in normal
      serum, and the IgG1 level in the antiserum from B10 mice was also higher than
      that in the serum from normal B10 mice. The present work suggested that the
      active component(s) in anti-MM2 serum participating in ADMC was a specific
      antibody of the IgG2 subclass, and that the inhibiting factor(s) was the IgG1
      subclass.

PMID- 1808469
TI  - Sensitive detection of viral antigens with a new method, "laser magnet
      immunoassay".
AB  - A new method, "laser magnet immunoassay" (LMIA), has been developed for sensitive
      detection of viral antigens. Target viruses captured on microbeads were made to
      react with antibodies labeled with magnetite particles. In a magnetic field,
      magnetically labeled antigens dispersed in water were attracted to and
      concentrated at one point on the surface, resulting in the lifting up of a small
      surface area. A laser beam which was incident on the point reflected, making an
      interference fringe. The intensity of the fringe indicates the amount of the
      magnetite conjugated with antigen. A very low concentration of antigens, such as
      5 particles of influenza virus and 0.1 pg/ml of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) p24 antigen in human serum, could be detected by this method. Application
      of this method to diagnoses of viral diseases in early stages is discussed.

PMID- 1808472
TI  - Suppression of lymphocyte signal transduction by murine mastocytoma ascites.
AB  - The lymphocyte signal transduction, as determined by intracellular free Ca2+
      mobilization of concanavalin A-stimulated T lymphocytes and of anti
      immunoglobulin mu chain antibody-stimulated B lymphocytes, was suppressed in
      spleen cells from mice injected with murine P1.HTR mastocytoma-induced ascites
      and in spleen cells treated with the ascites in vitro. The suppression was
      observed both at the peak level and in the reactive pattern of Ca2+ influx. In
      the suppression, the ascites were replaceable with tumor culture supernatants or
      tumor homogenates. Correspondingly, primary and secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte
      (CTL) responses of DBA/2 mice to allogeneic antigen were also significantly
      suppressed by injection of the syngeneic P1.HTR tumor-derived ascites. This new
      finding suggested that the mechanism of the tumorous ascites or of the tumor
      derived factor-mediated immunosuppression involves at least in part the
      suppression of the early event of the signal transduction for lymphocyte
      activation.

PMID- 1808473
TI  - Effects of biocidal treatments to inhibit the growth of legionellae and other
      microorganisms in cooling towers.
AB  - The effects of biocidal treatments for cooling towers were examined through the
      use of chemicals and ultraviolet irradiation to inhibit the growth of legionellae
      and other microorganisms. In the water of cooling towers without continuous
      biocidal treatments, heterotrophic bacteria and bacterivorous protozoan first
      appeared, and then legionellae increased up to 10(4) CFU/100 ml. When a UV
      sterilizer was connected to the cooling tower, the legionellae count was 1/10 or
      1/100 of that in the nontreated tower water. In the water of towers supplemented
      continuously with the biocidal chemicals, legionellae were not found during a 4
      month period. The biocidal treatments tested were proved to suppress the increase
      of legionellae in cooling-tower water, and thus are useful in preventing the
      outbreak of legionellosis due to inhalation of contaminated aerosol from the
      cooling tower system.

PMID- 1808474
TI  - Novel cell surface antigens expressed on mouse alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Two new cell surface antigens expressed on mouse alveolar macrophages were
      defined by rat monoclonal antibodies. One marker, AVM-1, was detected on mouse
      alveolar macrophages, but it was undetectable on resident peritoneal cells,
      thioglycollate medium-induced peritoneal cells, and splenic macrophages. Splenic
      lymphocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells were also AVM-1 negative. Anti-AVM
      1 monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated a single polypeptide with a molecular
      weight of 200,000. Of particular interest was the finding that the anti-AVM-1
      antibody could inhibit the formation of EA and EAC rosette on macrophage line
      cells. A second antigen (AVM-2) was also present on alveolar macrophages, and its
      molecular weight was 38,000.

PMID- 1808475
TI  - Militarism, militarization, health and the Third World.
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between militarism, militarization, health
      and development. It draws attention to the fact that world military expenditure
      has continued to soar since the Second World War. Wars increasingly exact a heavy
      civilian toll. Third World countries are consuming, producing, and exporting more
      armaments than ever before. The rate of growth of military expenditure in
      developing countries has been far greater than their rate of growth in gross
      national product or in foreign economic aid. Countries under military control
      tend to be more repressive and to have suffered more years at war than those
      under civilian rule. Widespread availability of arms makes the settlement of
      disputes through violence more likely. Internal wars and violence are stimulated
      by a range of factors including inequalities in political and economic power,
      uneven development, and lack of popular participation in policy decisions by the
      majority of the population. The support of the industrialized countries for
      armament sales should be monitored, challenged and made politically unpalatable.
      Local development and regional cooperation should be stimulated. Health workers,
      as witnesses to the destruction to public health caused by war and violence,
      should play a part in advocating a reduction in the arms trade and the promotion
      of development in Third World countries.

PMID- 1808476
TI  - International conference on the consequences of organized violence in southern
      Africa.

PMID- 1808477
TI  - [Quo vadis arthroplasty?].
AB  - The application of alloarthroplasties is exactly the epochal event for the
      locomotor apparatus, and by it's importance in orthopedic surgery, it presents,
      perhaps the greatest progress in the last fifty years. However, the question,
      what will generally happen with arthroplasties in the future ("quo vadis"), still
      remains open. Namely, in spite of it's great success, the problem of alloplastic
      joint replacement has not yet been solved entirely. This mainly relates to the so
      called biomechanical synthesis, in other words, the mutual relationship of the
      implant with the organism in a biological and mechanical sense. The frequent
      occurrence of endoprosthesis loosening during long-term use is the most important
      problem of alloarthroplasty, and still remains "problem number one". The optimal
      success of alloplastic joint replacement could be achieved only if the
      endoprosthesis could be not only tolerated by the organism, but constitute a
      lasting functional whole together with it. However, it seems that the
      endoprosthesis will never be a permanent, constituent part of the organism, but
      this can be the case for only a certain amount of time. In the search for more
      permanent results, joint transplantation will be attempted once again, which
      would be of great importance for younger patients, and the contemporary
      achievements of microsurgery and immunology would be of great significance for
      it's possible success.

PMID- 1808478
TI  - [Early functional and anatomic results after total condylar knee prosthesis
      implantation].
AB  - The results of total knee replacement in 30 patients have been analyzed. Total
      knees were implanted during 1990, and the shortest follow-up time after the
      operations amounted to 6 months. All 30 total condylar prosthesis were of Insall
      Burstein posterior stabilized design. The average age of the operated patients
      was 61 years. Osteoarthritis caused serious knee damage in 21 patients and was
      the indication for the operation; in 7 patients it was rheumatoid arthritis; in 1
      patient synovitis villonodularis; and severe posttraumatic osteoarthrosis in 1
      patient. In 18 patients axial knee deformity was noted prior to operation in the
      sense of valgus or varus. The continuous passive motion machine was used in the
      postoperative treatment of all patients. Clinically acceptable results were
      obtained in 90%. Wound healing complications were noted in 2 patients. Full axial
      deformity correction was achieved in all the patients with a full extension and
      flexion of over 90 degrees in the operated knees. Preliminary results after the
      implantation of this type of prosthesis are very encouraging and justify it's
      further routine use.

PMID- 1808479
TI  - [Acute poisoning in children in the region of Vojvodina].
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the frequency, characteristics and regional
      differences of acute poisoning in children on the territory of AP Vojvodina. The
      medical histories of children aged from 0 to 15 years which were hospitalized in
      all hospitals throughout Vojvodina in the course of 1985 and 1986, were
      retrospectively analyzed. Acute poisoning in children on the territory of AP
      Vojvodina is represented by 2.5% in hospital morbidity. The most frequent causes
      of poisoning are drugs (62.8%), and after that follow pesticides (7.4%), alcohol
      (6.5%) and dissolvents (6.3%). The average age of those poisoned is 4 years and 2
      months. Boys are more frequently poisoned than girls (54.5%: 45.5%). In the
      largest number of cases the circumstances of the poisoning remained unknown.
      Regional differences were observed in relation to the type of substance which was
      taken, as well as in relation to the age and sex of the poisoned, therefore the
      circumstances under which the poisoning occurred. The number of poisonings, the
      age of those poisoned and circumstances of poisoning indicate that preventive
      measures were absent and that they were suppressed.

PMID- 1808480
TI  - [Morphologic analysis of damage in renal grafts in various preservative
      solutions].
AB  - In this study experimental research was conducted concerning the morphology of
      renal lesions, in the function of time (12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) on potential
      renal allografts, which were stored in various cooled preservative fluids. A
      physiological solution was used, Euro-Collins and modified Euro-Collins, where
      dextrose was substituted with mannitol in the quantity of 35 g/l. With the
      modification of the Euro-Collins solution, in other words by the substitution of
      dextrose with mannitol, better results were achieved, and the differences grow in
      the function of time. The electrolytic content of this solution successfully
      maintains the intracellular ionic balance, and mannitol, as a highly osmotically
      active substance, offers better protection of the cells of the nephron complex
      from intracellular water penetration, which immediately results in the
      prolongation of preservation time and better quality of cadaveric renal graft.

PMID- 1808481
TI  - [Prognostic significance of cytologic and histomorphologic changes in bone marrow
      in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia].
AB  - In the aim of establishing the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (HLL) in
      relation to the severeness and course of the disease, during the course of
      treatment of the patients, two parameters were followed prior to therapy and one
      year following conducted therapy regarding the morphological changes of
      lymphocytes in bone marrow specimens and peripheral blood samples and the type of
      cell infiltration in the bone marrow by means of histomorphological examination.
      The obtained results point to the fact that progression of illness can be
      expected also in those patients who are in a milder clinical stadium (stadium A),
      in the cases when we find more than 20% of atypical lymphocyte forms
      (prolymphocytes and forms with nucleus aberrations) in the peripheral blood and
      in the bone marrow, as well as in the cases with a diffuse type of bone marrow
      infiltration. Such forms should be checked more often. At the same time
      application of therapy is suggested right after the diagnosis is set, even though
      the patient may be in the early clinical stadium of the disease, as well as the
      decision about aggressive treatment.

PMID- 1808482
TI  - [Low-energy laser irradiation in the treatment of gallstones in various physico
      chemical stages].
AB  - The influence of helium-neon laser radiation on the physico-chemical bile
      characteristics in in vitro conditions and on the course of the development of
      the disease in patients with the physico-chemical stadium of the gallbladder
      stone was studied. It has been established that this form of laser in an
      optimally selected regimen, has a positive therapeutical effect--the improvement
      of the bile chemical characteristics, a cholekinetic and antiinflammatory
      activity which enables it's wide recommendation in the treatment of the physico
      chemical stadium of the gallbladder stone and as a prophylactic procedure
      regarding concrement formation.

PMID- 1808483
TI  - [Arterial vascularization of the amygdaloid body in man].
AB  - The arterial supply of the amygdaloid body was studied on 20 brains of adult
      individuals of both sexes. The middle cerebral and anterior choroidal artery were
      selectively injected with a mixture of India ink and 5% gelatin solution. By
      injecting the middle cerebral artery, we filled the blood vessels of the putamen,
      the lateral part of globus pallidus, the internal capsule, claustrum, insular
      cortex and the cortex of the convex side of the hemisphere, whereas the blood
      vessels of the amygdaloid body remained unfilled by the mixture. By injecting the
      anterior choroidal artery, the blood vessels of the medial part of globus
      pallidus and of the amygdaloid body were filled, except in one case, when the
      blood vessels were filled only in it's posterior part. Based on the results
      obtained, a conclusion may be drawn that the branches of the anterior choroidal
      artery play the main role in the amygdaloid body arterial supply.

PMID- 1808484
TI  - [Hypoglycemia--a delirious state with vestibular hallucinations].
AB  - The existence of a less frequent, but very impressive form of psychopathological
      hypoglycemia manifestation has been pointed out. A special form of delirious
      psychosis with massive acoustic hallucinations is described.

PMID- 1808485
TI  - [Hot water burns of the upper aerodigestive tract].
AB  - The authors present a case of a 56 year old patient who had a rare injury, a
      laryngeal scald. The paper offers the complete clinical manifestation, the
      circumstances in which the injury was acquired and the course of recovery of the
      injured patient.

PMID- 1808486
TI  - [Visualization of epileptic foci using 99mTc-HM-PAO in SPECT].
AB  - A case of a 16 year old female patient with complex partial seizures has been
      presented. At the beginning of the illness the seizure focus had been located on
      the left temporal region according to the EEG finding and the clinical
      manifestation. Later on the epileptic focus changed sides to the right temporal
      region. The CT finding of this patient had been normal and the SPECT-HM-PAO
      method revealed a significant reduction of rCBF in the parietotemporal region of
      the left hemisphere, as well as the existence of a region of hyperperfusion in
      the right temporal lobe.

PMID- 1808487
TI  - [Attitude of an urban female population to detection of breast carcinoma].
AB  - An anonymous poll was conducted among Novi Sad women (957 employed and 1000
      unemployed) in order to investigate the attitude of women towards breast cancer
      (BC). Preliminary research established the fact that the majority of women did
      not have their breasts examined in the last 3 years (64% employed and 60.7%
      unemployed). The consideration of the possibility of becoming affected by BC is
      rare or doesn't exist at all in 86.3% of women, therefore the very important
      emotional stimulus is absent. The general knowledge about BC is insufficient and
      1395 women (69.4%) have no knowledge about the methods of breast examination or
      are very poorly informed, and that also regards the method of breast self
      examination which is regularly used by only 9.9% of employed, and 13.3% of
      unemployed women. A part of the polled women does not want to see a physician out
      of various reasons: ignorance, indifference, cancerophobia or distrust of used
      methods, but a portion of the women wants to be examined but cannot make this
      happen because of the small number of institutions in which such examinations are
      conducted. Seeing a physician for breast examination is usually provoked by
      personal motivation, and the influence of the press, radio and TV is very small
      (1.7% with the employed and 3.1% with the unemployed), as well as the advise of
      girlfriends or the presence of BC in the family. Under all of these circumstances
      about 50% of the women are ready to pay all costs of breast examination
      regardless of the existing health insurance, and the rest of them do not accept
      this because of various reasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808488
TI  - [Clinical study of the therapeutic value of Kybernin in the treatment of
      antithrombin III deficiency].
AB  - Together with a detailed presentation of the physiological role of antithrombin
      III and a description of the pathological states in which it's acquired
      deficiency requires substitutional therapy with an antithrombin preparation, this
      report contains the results of a clinical trial of such a preparation which is in
      use under the name of Kybernin. Patients with severe diseases and traumas, of a
      septic nature mostly, were included in the trial. The experimental group includes
      20 such patients treated with Kybernin, and the control group had 12 patients who
      did not receive this preparation. The level of antithrombin III at the time of
      entering the study was an average of 40.1% in the experimental group, and 53.2%
      in the control group. The mortality of the treated group was 45%, and in the
      control group it was 66.7%. Clinical and laboratory results point to a favorable
      effect of Kybernin therapy in the suppression of disseminated intravascular
      coagulation.

PMID- 1808489
TI  - [Breast feeding--incidence and duration].
AB  - The frequency and incidence of breast feeding in the region of Vojvodina was
      analyzed and the development trend of breast feeding was also followed. The paper
      points out the most important advantages of breast feeding which make human milk
      the unique food for infants. The material consists of a group of 707 children of
      the age of 2 to 24 months from the territory of Vojvodina. A semiquantitative
      poll on nutrition supplied the facts which were computerly processed and
      presented in tables and graphs. The findings differ somewhat when a subgroup of
      children on dual-type nutrition (the milk of the mother and another type of milk)
      was included regarding the term human milk feeding. At the end of the age of one
      month 77.8% of infants are on breast feeding, although 92.6% get human milk; at
      the age of three months this amounts to 46.4% in other words to 63.2%. A marked
      decrease in breast feeding--an abrupt ablactation occurs in the fourth month, and
      only 30.3% of the subjects remains to be breast fed. The breast feeding trend is
      followed through mutual curves, with the singling out and presenting of extremes.
      The linear trend model is given separately for two environments. The segment
      angle which designates breast feeding i.e. the representation of human milk in
      daily nutrition clearly differs in the presented samples. The findings are
      compared with the statements of other authors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808490
TI  - [Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis].
AB  - The paper presents two cases of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in
      one family. The first case is the first-born female child with symptoms of an
      abrupt onset of hepatic failure and encephalopathy at the age of 2.5 months, and
      the second case is the third-born male child from the fourth pregnancy who died
      in his first month with a similar clinical manifestation. By means of
      histological examination, a diffuse proliferation of histiocytes of benign
      appearance with numerous phagocytized erythrocytes in the cytoplasm was found in
      both patients. These infiltrates existed in numerous organs and tissues of the
      body, but they were mostly visible in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and in the
      bone marrow. The course of the disease is rapidly progressive with an up to now
      insufficiently explained etiology of the disease, with the existence of an
      autosomal recessive type of inheritance and defects in cellular and humoral
      immunity.

PMID- 1808491
TI  - [Sarcoidosis activity markers].
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous multisystemic disorder, of unknown origin, that
      commonly affects young adults between 20-40 years of age. The disease usually
      manifests itself with changes in the chest which are radiologically visible in
      90% of the patients in the form of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy to
      interstitial infiltrates in the lungs and bronchi. Once the diagnosis of
      sarcoidosis has been established, the next step is to evaluate the activity and
      stadium of the disease. These activity markers include clinical, biochemical and
      immunological parameters. The clinical criteria include symptoms which indicate
      the clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis, as well as symptoms which are of
      prognostic importance for the further course of the disease: dry cough, dyspnea,
      erythema nodosum, posterior uveitis, polyarthralgia, myopathy, cardiac, renal or
      nervous system involvement, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, splenomegaly, enlarged
      parotid and lacrimal glands, changes in chest x-ray and changes in pulmonary
      function tests. Biological criteria: biochemical markers in serum which are
      related to: macrophage and epithelioid cell activity, to lymphocyte activity, to
      granuloma activity and to collagen metabolism alterations; isotopic markers--67
      gallium scan and cellular and soluble components in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      (BAL).

PMID- 1808492
TI  - [Conditions and indications for urodynamic examinations].
AB  - Urodynamic investigations (UDI) present a new diagnostic method for the research
      of the physiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics and hydrodynamics of the urine
      flow. The purpose of UDI is to establish the function of the lower part of the
      urinary tract, most frequently in the presence of urinary incontinence. They are
      used in gynecology, urology, neurology, pediatrics, rehabilitation, geriatrics
      and general surgery. There are absolute and relative indications for UDI.
      Adequate preparations of the patient are necessary prior to UDI. Exact
      diagnostics of the impaired function of the lower part of the urinary tract can
      be maintained only by a complete performance of the UDI objectivity tests. A
      correct diagnosis will enable adequate therapy.

PMID- 1808493
TI  - [Standardization of liver dimensions for the local population].
AB  - A retrospective and consecutive analysis of the autopsy records for a statistical
      group of 298 cases revealed 138 pathohistological states of cyanopathies and
      liver steatoses of the first and second degree i.e. liver conditions which
      scarcely disturb the dimensions and weight of the liver. Statistical processing
      of the exactly monitored parameters (length, thickness, height and weight) of the
      liver in 109 males and 78 females point to a homogenous group of cases without
      statistically significant differences between male and female subjects. The
      average liver length in males of the regional population is 26 cm, while in
      females it is 25 cm, average liver thickness in males of the regional population
      is 22 cm and 21 cm in females, and the average liver height both in male and
      female subjects is 7 cm. Average liver weight in males of the regional population
      is 1700 g and in females it is 1600 g. The values of the established liver
      parameters can be considered as valid and normal features of the regional
      population.

PMID- 1808494
TI  - [Electroencephalography and normal aging].
AB  - It is a widely accepted that normal ageing hardly modifies basal rythms: alpha
      frequency remains occipital, symmetrical, and reactive when eyes are opened.
      There is probably a frequency decrease, but this is hard to determine
      individually in the absence of longitudinal studies. In any event, alpha
      frequency never drops below 9 cycles per second until after 80 years of age.
      Localized and mostly left-sided temporal abnormalities in normal subjects have
      been noted several times in the literature. However, these pose the problem of
      early detection of brain damage in patients with hypertension, heart of pulmonary
      disease. Therefore, further EEG studies on normal and pathological cerebral
      ageing should investigate clinically well-defined populations.

PMID- 1808496
TI  - [Unusual EEG pattern in Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 1808495
TI  - [Quantified EEG in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's type dementia].
AB  - 79 subjects (mean age 70.2 ans, 31 males, 48 females) selected as probable
      dementia of the Alzheimer type, at the early stage of the disease and 17 normal
      aged people (mean age: 72.2, 5 males, 12 females) were recorded with a 16 channel
      computerized-EEG (C-EEG) with topographical analysis of the observed changes and
      with classical visual analysis of the EEG. Quite simple C-EEG parameters as mean
      dominant frequency (MF) and alpha to theta ratio are able to discriminate
      patients from normal with a greater accuracy than visual analysis. The values of
      8.6 for the MF and 1.3 for the alpha/theta ratio are proposed as cut off values
      between normal and DAT patients. The topographical analysis appear to be of no
      additional usefulness in the discrimination of the two groups.

PMID- 1808497
TI  - [Comparison of SPECT and quantified EEG features in Alzheimer's type dementia].
AB  - Forty-one patients with probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) have been
      studied by computerized EEg (C-EEG) and single photon emission tomography (SPECT)
      using 123-IMP. Four groups have been distinguished according to SPECT
      hypoperfusion topography: frontal, temporo-parietal, fronto-parietal and fronto
      temporo-parietal. C-EEG parameters were much more disturbed in the 2 latter than
      in the 2 former groups. Thus a normal C-EEG could indicate a dominant frontal or
      temporo-parietal form of DAT. Therefore some bias due to duration or rate of
      disease progression cannot be excluded. So far the important finding is that EEG
      changes are diffuse and do not reflect the topography of SPECT hypoperfusion
      questioning the value of EEG topographical analysis in DTA.

PMID- 1808498
TI  - [EEG value for the prediction of the evolution of Alzheimer's type dementia].
AB  - Twenty patients selected as probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) have
      been examined two times during a mean follow-up period of 14.5 months. Two groups
      have been distinguished at the end of this period: a cognitively impaired one and
      a stable one. EEG features at T1, at T2 or the difference T1-T2 does not allow an
      accurate and predictive discrimination between the two groups. But we cannot
      conclude that EEG is useless for prediction of the rate of progression of the
      disease in DAT because most of the cognitively stable patients are also stable
      for mean frequency. So mean frequency could be an interesting marker of
      evolutivity but this to be tested with more patients including more subjects
      reaching the severe stage of dementia.

PMID- 1808499
TI  - [EEG in elderly cardiac patients without cerebral lesions].
AB  - Ageing is known to be accelerated by risk-factors. The continuity between normal
      and pathological ageing is still quite disputed. Concerning cerebral ageing, the
      use of statistical methods on electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters appeared
      to be interesting. In this study, three different groups of elderly subjects were
      examined by EEG: normal subjects without neurological nor cardiac disease,
      subjects with Alzheimer-dementia (AD) and cardiac patients without cerebral
      clinical signs. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that EEG-parameters
      discriminating normal subjects from cardiac patients were different from those
      discriminating AD-patients from normal. Furthermore, AD-patients could be well
      discriminated from elderly cardiac patients.

PMID- 1808500
TI  - [The significance of quantified EEG in Alzheimer's disease. Changes induced by
      piracetam].
AB  - One study was performed in 12 patients with presenile Alzheimer's disease (group
      I), the other one in 16 patients with mild senile dementia of Alzheimer type
      (group II). In each study, patients were divided into two randomized parallel
      groups, one receiving placebo, the other piracetam (9 g daily in group I
      piracetam and 2.4 g daily in group II piracetam) during three months, piracetam
      induced a decrease in EEG power on the 2-6 Hz range (group I piracetam), 3-5 Hz
      and 7 Hz (group II piracetam) and an increase of EEG power in the 9-11 Hz range
      (group I piracetam) and in the 10 Hz and 13 Hz frequencies (group II piracetam).
      There was also a significant improvement in the Trail Making Test part A in group
      II piracetam. Correlations between decreased EEG low frequency components and
      improvement in some psychometric tests were found significant in the two groups.
      It seems that the main effect of piracetam was to induce increased alertness. The
      same results were found in both studies; the good reproducibility suggests that
      EEG spectral analysis is a reliable tool in the assessment of psychotropic drug
      effects.

PMID- 1808501
TI  - [Specificity of visual evoked potential alterations in Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - We have studied visual evoked potentials (VEP) in four groups: healthy young and
      aged subjects and aged patients suffering from depression or Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). In the flash modality, peak IV delay in AD patients as compared to aged
      controls corresponded to lengthened III-IV interlatency (IL). When AD and
      depressed patients were compared, peak IV delay in the former did not reach
      significance. Normal aging resulted in delayed peaks II and III, without IL
      modification. In the pattern reversal modality, no difference was observed
      between AD patients and aged, healthy or depressed controls. Aging delayed peaks
      P50 to P180. The abnormality exhibited by AD patients was specific to this group.
      However, the lack of significant difference between AD and depressed groups
      argues against the ability of VEP to differentiate those conditions.

PMID- 1808502
TI  - [Cognitive evoked potentials in the diagnosis of senile dementia and dementia of
      Parkinson's disease: significance of multivariate analysis].
AB  - P300 latency is often delayed in dementia but some authors have questioned its
      value in clinical practice, because of the relatively low specificity and
      sensibility of the method. Numerous parameters (latency, duration, amplitude and
      surface) of N100, N200 and P300 waves were therefore studied in patients with
      senile dementia, subjects suffering from Parkinson's disease with dementia, and
      non-demented elderly patients. Using discriminant analysis, more than 90% of the
      patients were correctly classified. This method could thus be contributory in
      diagnosing dementia in clinical practice.

PMID- 1808503
TI  - [Topographical analysis of endogenous evoked potentials in depressed old people
      and in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia].
AB  - Latencies, amplitudes and localization of the maximum of the peaks of late onset
      evoked responses have been studied in 3 groups of elderly people: normal,
      depressed and demented (probable dementia of Alzheimer type DAT) at the early
      stage of the disease. Evoked responses with an auditory oddball paradigm have
      been recorded with 16 electrodes in 2 situations: counting the target sounds, and
      motor response with measurement of the reaction time. No difference in amplitude
      was observed between the 3 groups. Only a significant difference for P3 latency
      was observed between the DAT and the depressed groups and only in the counting
      situation. The maximum P3 response was most often found on the anterior areas in
      the DAT group and in the posterior areas in the normal and depressed groups. The
      topographic localization of the P3 peak could therefore be of some help in the
      characterize of subjects with probable DAT at the early stage of the disease.

PMID- 1808504
TI  - [Evoked potentials and age: different aging by sex?].
AB  - Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses, Pattern-Shift Visual Evoked Potentials, and
      Short-latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for upper and lower limbs have been
      recorded in 60 male and female normal control subjects, aged 20-84 years. Age and
      gender effects were analyzed from the comparison of linear regressions with age
      and from the comparison of the mean values calculated in 3 age groups (20-40
      years, 40-60 years, over 60 years). No noticeable effect of age was observed on
      Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses. A gender-differential aging process is
      discussed for some of the short-latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials. The
      constitution of reference norms which differ for male and female subjects is
      considered to be necessary.

PMID- 1808505
TI  - Topographic CNV activity mapping, presenile mild primary cognitive decline and
      Alzheimer-type dementia.
AB  - The CNV complex evoked with a standard paradigm (S1-2 sec-S2-motor response) and
      reaction time (RT) to the imperative signal (S2) were recorded and measured in 12
      patients with initial presenile idiopathic cognitive decline (PICD), 12 with
      presenile Alzheimer-type dementia (PAD) and 10 healthy age-matched controls.
      Significant group differences were obtained for measures of some CNV components,
      particularly of the late pre-S2 CNV. No significant CNV activity, very prolonged
      RTs and sometimes characteristic post-imperative negative variations (PINV) were
      observed in the majority of patients with PAD. These results suggest that similar
      CNV complex and RT changes to those observed in our patients may constitute a
      valuable clue in the study of pathophysiological brain functioning in the early
      stages of presenile idiopathic mental deterioration.

PMID- 1808506
TI  - [Nonradioactive detection of DNA probes during in situ hybridization using a new
      photoactivated reagent for biotinylation of nucleic acids].

PMID- 1808508
TI  - [Alternative localization of the determinant of pathogenicity coded by the
      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pVM82 plasmid].
AB  - The chromosomal DNA regions in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains occur that are
      homologous to 25 Md DNA segment of the plasmid pVM82 encoding the bacterial
      capability of immunosuppression. The character of the chromosomal DNA regions
      dispersion reacting with the 25 Md segment probes is different in
      epidemiologically hazardous and nonvirulent strains of Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis. The specific DNA regions occur as well as identical ones. The
      suppression of antibody formation to a number of main Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
      antigens by epidemiologically hazardous strain is demonstrated. The suppression
      is analogous to the one previously described for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
      strains harbouring the plasmid pVM82.

PMID- 1808507
TI  - [Connection of outer membrane protein composition in Yersinia pestis cells with
      intrinsic plasmids].
AB  - A set of isogenic derivatives of Yersinia pestis EV strain was obtained including
      the variants harbouring the different compositions of Yersinia own plasmids. The
      protein profiles of outer membranes of the set of strains were defined. The
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has shown the small 6.1 Md plasmid to code an
      outer membrane protein with mol mass 29 kDa, different from pesticin I, while the
      heavy 60.0 Md plasmid encodes the 15-16 kDa polypeptide different from monomers
      of F1 and T-antigens of plague microbe.

PMID- 1808509
TI  - [New plasmidovars of Yersinia pestis isolated in Mongolia].
AB  - The plasmid spectres of 122 strains of Yersinia pestis isolated in Mongolia from
      patients, wild mammals and arthropods were studied. The populations of three
      plasmidovars of Yersinia pestis were found to be circulating in the natural foci
      of plague in Mongolia. The first plasmidovar harbours three plasmids with mol
      masses 6, 47, 65 Md. The second and third plasmidovars contain the plasmids with
      mol masses 6, 16, 47, 65 Md and 8, 47, 75-80 Md.

PMID- 1808510
TI  - [A new variant of myosin light chain 1 detected in human cardiac tissue].
AB  - Proteins from biopsy of human heart muscle (n = 250) were studied. The
      supplementary fraction was found in a material from an individuum that coincided
      in molecular mass but differed in pI from the light chain of myosin usually
      expressed in the ventricular tissue of the heart muscle (LCM-1 v). The two
      dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting have shown this supplementary
      fraction to be a rare allele of LCM-1 v.

PMID- 1808511
TI  - [Potential vectors for molecular cloning in Brevibacterium flavum].
AB  - Construction of the shuttle cloning vectors for Escherichia coli-Brevibacterium
      flavum system is described. Expression of the Sp/Sm resistance determinant
      derived from the Corynebacterium plasmid pCG4 was registered in Escherichia coli
      cells. The genetic determinant for Sp/Sm resistance was shown to be located in a
      2.2 kb PstI-SphI fragment by the deletion analysis mapping in Escherichia coli
      cells. Using Escherichia coli as a host we cloned the unique 0.8 kb EcoRI-EcoRI
      fragment of Brevibacterium flavum bacteriophage phi BSh6 in the plasmids with
      dual replication origins. Blocking of the shuttle vector transfer to
      Brevibacterium flavum by the insertion of bacteriophage phi BSh6 DNA was
      observed. The deletion of entire phage fragment or a specific part of it made it
      possible introduction of plasmids harboured by Escherichia coli cells into
      Brevibacterium flavum. A potential vector for homologous DNA cloning in
      Brevibacterium flavum was constructed.

PMID- 1808512
TI  - [Phosphorylation of proteins in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of human cells
      treated with double-helical RNA and human recombinant interferon type I].
AB  - The dynamics of protein kinases activity in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of
      human fibroblasts treated by preparations of natural and synthetic dsRNA
      (ridostin, rifastin, larifan and poly(I).poly(C), DEAE-dextran and dsRNA
      complexes with DEAE-dextran), as well as by preparations of recombinant alpha-2
      and beta-1 interferons was obtained. The early activation of enzymes in treated
      cells extracts and their presence in dsRNA-activated and nonactivated forms were
      found. In cytoplasmic cellular fractions treated by interferons the dsRNA
      dependent protein kinases (nonactivated forms- were prevalent.r In contrast, in
      dsRNA treated cells or dsRNA complexes with DEAE-dextran treated ones the dsRNA
      independent protein kinases (activated forms) were found, while dsRNA dependent
      forms induced by interferons were found at later periods. Nuclear protein kinases
      are mainly dsRNA independent making possible the supposition of their
      intracellular activation by incoming dsRNA or interferon-induced formation of ds
      structures in cellular nuclei. In phosphorylated proteins spectre the 90, 69, 45
      40 and 30-35 kDa polypeptides were found. At early intervals in nuclear fractions
      was found a nuclease resistant and partially EDTA resistant high molecular
      phosphorylated complex (120 kDa). The complex is, probably, capable of
      dissociation to low mol mass components. DEAE-dextran induces strong activation
      of protein kinases in cytoplasm and nuclei and increases the content of activated
      forms of enzyme in larifan treated cells.

PMID- 1808513
TI  - [Scientific activities of Prof. Adam Kunicki].

PMID- 1808514
TI  - [Usefulness of somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of low-pressure
      hydrocephalus].
AB  - The study group comprised 35 patients in whom previous computed tomography had
      demonstrated significant dilatation of the ventricular system. On the basis of
      analysis of clinical manifestations and tomograms the patients were divided into
      two groups: 24 cases (group I) low-pressure hydrocephalus, 11 cases (group II)
      brain atrophy. For establishing of final diagnosis in both groups the resistance
      of cerebrospinal fluid outflow was determined (using continuous infusion at a
      rate of 2 ml/min) and somatosensory evoked potentials were produced by
      stimulation of median nerve. In patients with increased resistance to CSF
      resorption (low-pressure hydrocephalus) the conduction time in the N14-P15
      segment involving brain stem structures was prolonged (in 17 out of 19 cases). In
      cases with not increased resistance no changes of evoked potentials were noted.
      It is thought that the so called posterior cranial fossa conduction time (N14
      P15) may be a useful indicator for differential diagnosis of low-pressure
      hydrocephalus from brain atrophy.

PMID- 1808515
TI  - [Analysis of the correlations of volume-pressure parameters and visual evoked
      potentials during disturbances of intracranial volume compensation].
AB  - The experiment was carried out on 19 cats with changed intracranial volume
      pressure relations by means of an epidural balloon which was inflated to 1.0 ml
      volume over 60 minutes. The intracranial pressure, the resistance to
      cerebrospinal fluid resorption, the volume-pressure responses and visual evoked
      potentials were determined at balloon volumes of 0.3 ml, 0.5 ml, 0.8 ml, 1.0 ml,
      1.3 ml, 1.5 ml, 1.8 ml, 2.0 ml and 2.3 ml. It was demonstrated that intracranial
      pressure is of important informative value only after exhaustion of 63% of the
      intracranial volume reserve. This value of the volume-pressure responses and
      resistance to CSF resorption appeared after exhaustion of 28% of this reserve,
      and the visual evoked potentials were changed after exhaustion of 43% of the
      reserve. The correlation coefficient between these parameters was high during
      decompensation. At the time of compensation of the volume the correlation
      coefficient between the intracranial pressure and the remaining determined
      parameters was only 0.6.

PMID- 1808516
TI  - [Changes in the intracranial volume-pressure relations and visual evoked
      potentials produced by stabilized and compensated additional volume].
AB  - The experiment was carried out on 17 cats with intracranial volume-pressure
      relations changed by means of an epidural balloon of 1.0 ml volume (group I--12
      cats) and 0.5 ml (group II--5 cats). The duration of compression exerted by the
      balloon was 360 min. The intracranial pressure, volume-pressure responses,
      resistance to cerebrospinal pressure resorption and visual evoked potentials were
      determined at intervals of 60 minutes. In group I pressure exerted by 1 ml
      balloon was followed by changes of volume-pressure relations and visual evoked
      potentials which increased with duration of the experiment. In group II the
      changes were noted only in the volume-pressure responses and resistance to CSF
      resorption at the time of balloon volume rise from 0 to 0.5 ml. Maintenance of
      this balloon volume in the cranial cavity caused no further changes of volume
      pressure parameters or visual evoked potentials during 360 minutes of the
      experiment.

PMID- 1808517
TI  - [Occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus caused by meningioma, intracranial
      volume-pressure relations and brain edema].
AB  - Fifty-one cases of parasagittal meningiomas were analysed. In 37 cases the tumour
      was situated in the middle and posterior part of the falx. In 17 cases occlusion
      of the superior sagittal sinus was diagnosed and confirmed by angiography. No
      correlation was found between the extent of brain oedema and sinus occlusion and
      tumour size. However, extensive oedema was present in tumours of high malignancy.
      Occlusion of the sagittal sinus caused no increase of intracranial pressure or
      venous stasis. This suggests that sinus occlusion caused by meningioma is
      completely compensated and has no effect on the preoperative and postoperative
      course.

PMID- 1808518
TI  - [Our evaluation of the usefulness of CUSA in poorly accessible brain tumors and
      intramedullary tumors].
AB  - The intention of this report is to present the experience with CUSA gathered in
      an over 5 year period of time in operations of tumours of various characteristic
      and localization. The subject of this evaluation is the usefulness of CUSA NS
      100, which has been in constant use in the Neurosurgical Department of CCH MMS
      since February 1986. The material includes 163 patients with brain and
      intraspinal tumours, which were entirely or partly removed using CUSA. The
      tumours were located in basal region of the skull, posterior fossa, other regions
      of the brain and spine. Most of those tumours histologically were meningiomas,
      gliomas, neurinomas, invasive adenomas of hypophysis and craniopharyngiomas. The
      analysis of the obtained results decisively contradicts the current opinion of
      CUSA versatility and its almost unlimited possibilities. Its usefulness is
      limited only to selected cases. The radicality of the operation is still
      conditioned by many factors, the most important of which are location of the
      tumour and its sensitivity to ultrasounds.

PMID- 1808519
TI  - [Intracranial hematoma as a complication after surgical treatment of
      meningiomas].
AB  - The causes of postoperative haematomas after operations for intracranial
      meningiomas are analysed. The percentage of this complication in this material
      was 5.2%. The most frequent concomitant disease in this series was arterial
      hypertension. The majority of postoperative haematomas was observed after longer
      lasting operations with totally excised large tumour. Perhaps, one of a large
      number of causes, is slight coagulopathy.

PMID- 1808520
TI  - [Value of computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in difficult
      diagnosis of the cases of pituitary adenoma].
AB  - Thanks to endocrinological and radiological diagnostic improvement and
      development of pituitary adenoma neurosurgery, CT-examination became a routine
      examination in such cases, in selected situations supported with MRI-examination.
      The authors report a short bibliography review of radiologically difficult cases,
      explained thanks to CT and MRI-examinations.

PMID- 1808521
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of determining thymidine kinase activity in the
      differential diagnosis of CNS tumors].

PMID- 1808522
TI  - [Anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve in the cubital area-- a contribution
      to the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy].
AB  - A variety of symptoms makes difficult the diagnosis and causes therapeutic
      problems after blunt limb trauma, particularly after long time from the immediate
      treatment. Three cases of sympathetic reflex dystrophy of the ulnar nerve as a
      late consequence of blunt upper limb traumas are presented. Long-term medical and
      surgical treatment produced temporary remission only. Full efficiency of the limb
      and remission were achieved only when anterior transposition of the nerve was
      done.

PMID- 1808523
TI  - [So-called mirror injuries in severe head trauma].
AB  - Severe head traumas cause high mortality. It was the reason to analyze such a
      group of patients, treated in the Neurosurgical Department of the CCH MMA in the
      years 1980-1990. All cases of mirror injuries were divided into three groups. The
      lesions of frontal and temporal lobes present brain-stem lesion like syndromes.
      Personality disorders were associated with lesions of both frontal lobes. The
      third syndrome is caused by focal lesions according to their location. The
      authors discuss medical and surgical treatment and stress the importance of early
      brain protection.

PMID- 1808524
TI  - [Fate of patients after surgical treatment of premature closure of cranial
      sutures].
AB  - From 1954 to 1971, 69 operations in patients with crs, resulting in relieving the
      intracranial hypertension symptoms, were performed. The patients were aged 1-34
      years. In 1989, i.e. 20-29 years after the operation (mean 22.8 years), 14
      patients were submitted again for a neurological, neuropsychological, EEG and
      brain CT check-up. The patients were divided into 3 groups: I gr. (3 patients)-
      with negligible disorders of attention and memory, without neurological changes
      in the EEG and CT--in a good social and occupational status. II gr. (4 patients)-
      with slight headaches, with discrete neurological and neuropsychological
      symptoms, slight generalized changes with the moderate burst activity in EEG,
      signs of hydrocephalus in CT scan. III. gr (7 patients)--with seizures, deficit
      symptoms, some with symptoms of mental impairment, generalized epileptic changes
      in EEG, signs of cortical and subcortical atrophy in CT scan. In this group some
      patients did not work and had no families. We have found that the frequency of
      epileptic seizures in the crs patients is higher, and their social and
      occupational status is worse.

PMID- 1808525
TI  - [Treatment of functional disorders of the masticatory system in patients with
      headaches].
AB  - In 114 cases of spontaneous headaches treated at the Migraine Centre at the
      Department of Neurology, Medical Academy in Lodz, various types of stomatognathic
      system dysfunctions were found, and 24 were qualified for stomatological
      treatment of these dysfunctions. The treatment was causative and included
      rehabilitation of the stomatognathic system and denture reconstruction. This
      treatment gave particularly good results in atypical pains in the face and head.
      Less good effects were obtained in chronic tension headaches and mixed headaches.
      The discussed method gave no improvement in migraine and cluster headaches.

PMID- 1808526
TI  - [Epidural injections of steroids in the treatment of patients with chronic
      sciatica in discopathy].
AB  - The authors tried to assess the effectiveness of the treatment with epidural
      steroid injections in cases with lumbar discopathy and chronic ischialgia++.
      Thirty patients were given one or two injections of Depo-Medrol or Polcortolon
      with added bupivacaine++ into the epidural space. The same number of patients
      were treated without such injections. Control examinations after 21 days showed
      greater and earlier improvement after Depo-Medrol . The results of Polcortolon
      were less evident. No side effects were observed.

PMID- 1808527
TI  - [Multimodal evoked potentials in the early period after cranio-cerebral trauma].
AB  - In 83 patients aged 17-68 years somatosensory evoked potentials by median nerve
      stimulation, and visual and auditory evoked potentials were studied 5-28 days
      after craniocerebral trauma. Brain concussion was diagnoses in 43 cases on the
      basis of neurological examination, CT and duration of unconsciousness. In the
      remaining 40 cases brain contusion was diagnosed. In SSEP the latency was
      calculated of waves N9, N13, P16, N20, P22, N35 and P40: in the visual evoked
      potentials the latency of the P100 component, and in auditory evoked potential
      the latency of waves I, III and V, and interpeak latency I-III, III-V and I-V
      SSEP changes were found in 39% of cases of brain concussion and 52.9% of brain
      contusion cases. The abnormalities in both groups involved mainly the component
      of latency and deviation P100 of visual evoked potential P40 and N35.
      Prolongation of the latency of P100 of the visual evoked potential was recorded
      in 20% of patients with brain concussion and 16.7% with brain contusion. Auditory
      evoked potentials were abnormal in 10.3% of brain concussion and 26.5% of brain
      contusion cases. In 64 cases all three types of evoked potentials were studied
      and pathological changes in at least one of these types were found in 56.4% of
      brain concussion and 72% of brain contusion cases. The results show that as least
      in a part of cases diagnosed as brain concussion according to generally accepted
      criteria, central nervous system injury is present.

PMID- 1808528
TI  - [Prospective studies of multimodal evoked potentials in patients after cranio
      cerebral injury].
AB  - In 42 patients aged 18-68 years somatosensory, visual and brainstem auditory
      evoked potentials were studied in the first month after trauma and after 6-8
      months after craniocerebral trauma for evaluation of their diagnostic importance
      in less severe craniocerebral trauma. On the basis of the results of neurological
      examination, CT of the head, and duration of unconsciousness in 22 cases brain
      concussion and in 20 cases brain contusion was diagnosed. In patients after brain
      concussion the frequency of early and late abnormalities after head trauma was as
      follows: for SSEP 36.4% and 27.3% respectively, for visual evoked potentials
      21.1% and 5.3%, for auditory potentials 9.5% and 4.8%. In cases of brain
      contusion abnormalities were found in the 1st month and 6-8 months after trauma
      in SSEP in 60% and 20% respectively, in visual EP in 11.1% and 22.2%, and in
      auditory EP in 30% and 40%. In the group of concussion the greatest and most
      persistent changes developed in the later components od SSEP. Among certain
      patients with brain contusion deterioration of the results of visual and auditory
      evoked potentials were noted late after trauma.

PMID- 1808529
TI  - [Changes in cerebral blood flow and microcirculation caused by cranio-cerebral
      injuries].
AB  - Posttraumatic cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral microcirculation (CM)
      changes are discussed separately in acute and chronic stage. The acute changes
      depend mostly on adrenergic and cholinergic reactions and posttraumatic vasomotor
      disturbances. The mechanisms of posttraumatic brain swelling, CBF and metabolism
      coupling and uncoupling are described. Late posttraumatic circulatory changes are
      caused mainly by brain oedema. The important influence on CBF and CM has also the
      applied therapy including infusions, osmotherapy and hyperventilation.

PMID- 1808530
TI  - [Disorders of intracranial volume-pressure relations].
AB  - The clinical aspects of volume-pressure relations and their disturbances are
      presented with description of acute and chronic changes after intracranial
      lesions and various physiological situations. The diagnostic methods which are
      applied for the assessment of intracranial volume-pressure relations are
      discussed. A method clinically useful is the numerical analysis of CT images,
      which is a direct methods, while the indirect methods include computer analysis
      of the ICP value, lumbar infusion tests and analysis of electrophysiological
      studies, especially evoked potentials. Further development of studies of volume
      pressure relations for diagnostic purposes is foreseen.

PMID- 1808531
TI  - [Methods of evaluation of disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow
      resistance].
AB  - Diagnostic methods for estimating the disturbances of the intracranial fluid
      resorption process were presented. The following tests are described: constant
      rate infusion test, boluses, perfusion test, constant pressure infusion test. The
      methods were compared in the face of the concept of nonlinear outflow resistance-
      pressure relationship. The author presents his concept of the test for complex
      examination of outflow resistance--pressure relationship.

PMID- 1808532
TI  - [A case of primary abscess of the pituitary gland].
AB  - This report details the management of a patient with a primary pituitary abscess
      with secondary amenorrhea, mimicking pituitary adenoma. The preoperative
      diagnosis of intra- and suprasellar pituitary abscess was established by X-ray
      examination of the skull, CT-scans and anamnesis. After transsphenoidal removal
      of the abscess with accompanying antibiotic therapy the patient had a progressive
      and nearly complete recovery with normalization of menstruation.

PMID- 1808533
TI  - [A case of intrasellar craniopharyngioma with the symptoms of pituitary
      apoplexy].
AB  - Craniopharyngiomas account approximately for 2.5% of all intracranial neoplasms.
      They statistically most often arise in Japanese people (8%) and in children (9%).
      Despite their typical localization in suprasellar region and their close
      neighbourhood, 10-20% of them occupy intrasellar space, but only very few grow up
      as intrasellar cysts. Such localization predisposes to hypothalamus-pituitary
      axis dysfunction more often, than other localizations. The symptoms of pituitary
      apoplexy caused by sudden, intrinsic haemorrhage of intrasellar craniopharyngioma
      are very rare, because the tumour grows very slowly and its vascular supply is
      usually poor. A very rare localization, extremely atypical course of disease,
      interesting intraoperative observations and good results of transsphenoidal
      tumour removal prompted the authors to present this case report.

PMID- 1808534
TI  - [A case of ventriculoatrial drainage in hydrocephalus--modification of the
      procedure].

PMID- 1808536
TI  - [Angiocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular function in adult and
      pediatric subjects with interatrial defect of the ostium secundum type].
AB  - In order to assess left ventricular function in adults and children with ostium
      secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), 42 patients were examined by hemodynamic and
      angiocardiographic techniques. Patients were divided into three groups: Group I,
      18 patients (mean age 42 years) with ASD; Group II, 14 patients (mean age 9
      years) with ASD; Group III, 10 patients without cardiopathies who represented the
      control group. The following parameters of ventricular function were assessed:
      left ventricular end diastolic volume, global and regional left ventricular
      ejection fraction, left ventricular telediastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery
      pressure, the ratio between pulmonary flow and systemic flow (QP/QS). Group I
      patients showed higher values of left ventricular end diastolic pressure and mean
      pulmonary artery pressure (16 +/- 0.6 mmHg; 33 +/- 1.5 mmHg) in relation to those
      of Group II (5.1 +/- 0.4 mmHg; 14 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and Group III (8.1 +/- 0.5 mmHg;
      18 +/- 1.6 mmHg). In both cases the difference was statistically significant (p
      less than 0.001). A significant difference (p less than 0.05) was also noted in
      the incidence of mitral valve prolapse between patients in Group I and II. There
      was no significant difference (p = NS) however, between overall ejection fraction
      values in the three groups of patients; a lower regional ejection fraction
      (postero-basal segment) was recorded in Group I patients with mitral valve
      prolapse in comparison to patients in the other two groups (p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808537
TI  - [Correlation of arterial lesions evaluated with "ultrasonic biopsy", occult
      coronary disease and incidence of cardiovascular events in 4 years].
AB  - Two thousand normal subjects and 600 vascular patients, divided into 9 age groups
      were studied with the techniques of the "ultrasonic biopsy" based on high
      resolution scans of the arterial walls. Subjects in Class I had normal walls
      while patients in Class V were asymptomatic with complex plaques and those in
      Class VI were symptomatic. The variation in UB score (the score relative to the
      classes) with age was found to be proportional to age. Also the UB score was
      significantly higher in vascular patients. The incidence of occult coronary
      ischemia was increasingly high in the 6 classes and the incidence of
      cardiovascular events in 4 years was proportionally higher in Class V and VI. No
      events were observed in patients belonging to Class I and II. The progression of
      arterial changes in 4 years in the patients of each class was observed.

PMID- 1808535
TI  - [Transient right-side hemiplegia in Addison's disease].

PMID- 1808538
TI  - [Visceral aneurysmal arterial pathology].
AB  - In this paper the Authors report their experience on diagnostic and surgical
      procedures with respect to aneurysms of the visceral district. The clinical
      review during the last ten years of surgical activity in the Istituto di Clinica
      Chirurgica (Universita di Ferrara) regards 13 patients with different visceral
      aneurysms. The study reports the different percentage of localization, the
      diagnostic approach, the surgical procedure performed and discussion of results
      obtained. Patients at risk for this disease are pointed out.

PMID- 1808539
TI  - [Late potentials in patients with prolapse of the mitral valve].
AB  - Recently published reports have highlighted the presence of a high incidence of
      late potentials in patients with mitral valve prolapse. In order to verify this
      observation 29 patients suffering from this pathology were studied using high
      resolution electrocardiography. Late potentials were present in 24% of patients
      with mitral valve prolapse in comparison to 5% of control subjects (p less than
      0.05); no correlation was found however in patients with mitral valve prolapse
      between the presence of late potentials and Holter's ventricular hyperkinetic
      tachycardia. At a follow-up after 16 +/- 4 months no patient presented persistent
      ventricular tachycardia or sudden death. The presence of late potentials might be
      yet symptom of the mitral prolapse syndrome whose prognostic role, although not
      yet clear, does not appear to represent a negative factor in relation to major
      tachycardia attacks.

PMID- 1808541
TI  - [AIDS in the world].

PMID- 1808542
TI  - [AIDS in transplant patients].

PMID- 1808540
TI  - [Pseudonecrosis waves: simulation of myocardial necrosis by retrograde P wave].
AB  - The Authors describe a case of a patient showing, during an episode of chest
      pain, an ecg-pattern of wide and tall "Q" wave simulating inferior myocardial
      infarction. In fact, a further ecg recorded during sinus rhythm denotes that the
      "Q" wave was a retrograde P wave generated by a nodal rhythm. The other known
      causes of "pseudonecrosis" are discussed.

PMID- 1808543
TI  - The efficacy of nursing models and theories in nursing practice.

PMID- 1808544
TI  - The academia of the nursing profession has made tremendous advances in developing
      conceptual frameworks of nursing.

PMID- 1808545
TI  - Effects of using a nursing model-based assessment instrument on quality of
      nursing care.

PMID- 1808547
TI  - The role of conceptual frameworks in nursing practice, administration, education,
      and research.

PMID- 1808546
TI  - Nursing models and theories: do they work in practice?

PMID- 1808548
TI  - Nursing practice in an osteopathic community.

PMID- 1808549
TI  - True believers: a case for model-based nursing practice.

PMID- 1808550
TI  - Merging nursing theories, models, and nursing practice: more than an
      administrative challenge.

PMID- 1808551
TI  - Making theories work for you.

PMID- 1808552
TI  - The utility of nursing theory in nursing case management practice.

PMID- 1808553
TI  - Nursing, planning, and marketing: from theory to practice.

PMID- 1808554
TI  - Nursing theory: a tool to put nursing back into nursing administration.

PMID- 1808555
TI  - Concept and theory identification in nursing service administration.

PMID- 1808556
TI  - Staying alert for endocarditis.

PMID- 1808557
TI  - Evaluating red blood cell indices.

PMID- 1808558
TI  - Myths & facts ... about central venous catheters.

PMID- 1808559
TI  - Action stat! Malfunctioning A.I.C.D.

PMID- 1808560
TI  - Six more charting rules to keep you legally safe.

PMID- 1808561
TI  - Autonomic dysreflexia.

PMID- 1808562
TI  - Saying good-bye to Andy.

PMID- 1808563
TI  - David could have died of thirst--yet he never felt thirsty.

PMID- 1808564
TI  - Preparing your patient for surgery.

PMID- 1808565
TI  - What to do when a patient needs defibrillation or cardioversion.

PMID- 1808566
TI  - Detecting hypomagnesemia. The most overlooked electrolyte imbalance.

PMID- 1808567
TI  - Caring for the suicidal patient.

PMID- 1808568
TI  - Preventing nitrate tolerance.

PMID- 1808570
TI  - Correctly positioning an arm sling.

PMID- 1808569
TI  - Hearing the sunshine.

PMID- 1808571
TI  - Helping A.I.D.S. patients eat.

PMID- 1808572
TI  - S-M-A-R-T planning for teaching sessions.

PMID- 1808573
TI  - Committing to your co-workers.

PMID- 1808574
TI  - Not just a drunk.

PMID- 1808575
TI  - Transportation of hazardous materials requires compliance with P.L. 101-615.

PMID- 1808576
TI  - Mexico: challenge and opportunity.

PMID- 1808577
TI  - Canada, U.S. fight acid rain.

PMID- 1808578
TI  - The European connection.

PMID- 1808579
TI  - Contrast sensitivity important tool for industrial vision screening.

PMID- 1808580
TI  - [Otogenic brain abscesses in children].
AB  - In the years 1953-1989 in the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Academy in
      Poznan 75 patients were treated for otogenic brain abscesses, among them 19 were
      children. In the last ten years the number of cases of this complication was not
      increased significantly in children and adults. In 3 cases abscess was diagnosed
      in acute otitis media, in the remaining cases it was a complication of chronic
      otitis media with cholesteatoma. Brain abscesses were situated more frequently in
      the temporal lobe. In children they developed more frequently on the right side.
      The survival in temporal lobe abscesses in children was 90%, and in cerebellar
      abscesses 75%. In adults the survival rate was about 80% for both localizations.
      In the treatment of these otogenic complications wide radical operation on the
      middle ear or ++antro-mastoidectomy with exposure of the dura and simultaneous
      approach to the abscess from the postoperative ear cavity, with puncture of the
      abscess and replacement of its contents with normal saline with antibiotic is the
      routine method in the Department.

PMID- 1808581
TI  - [Cytological picture of nasal smears suggestive of Chlamydia infection].

PMID- 1808582
TI  - [Malignant or necrotizing otitis externa].
AB  - The authors report one case of the malignant external otitis treated with
      Ciprobay in 72-year-old diabetic female. They are calling attention to the
      diagnostic difficulties in the initial period of the disease due to similar
      clinical manifestations in the chronic otitis. The control examination after 7
      months found no recurrence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

PMID- 1808583
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the infra-temporal fossa].
AB  - Authors present ten cases of tumors of the infratemporal fossa that have
      different etiology being treated by operation. Six of the patients died, four of
      them are alive. Authors describe diagnostical principles of these types of
      tumors.

PMID- 1808584
TI  - [Curability of laryngeal cancer in relation to the starting point].
AB  - In 1960-1987, 2387, 2352 cases of larynx cancer were treated and observed. In
      1484 (63.1%) cases the cancer of the epiglottis was found, in 851 (36.2%)--in
      glottis and in 17 (0.7%) in subglottis. Cancers of supraglottis, in 60.0% cases.
      were in state III and IV of clinical advance and cancers of glottis in the same
      state were found in 20.6% of cases. Generally 52.4% of cases of epiglottis cancer
      were cured of and 74.4% of glottis cancer. Relative survivals were accordingly:
      59.0% and 87.0%. In the period of 5-year observation 47.6% of cases of epiglottis
      cancer died and 25.6% died of glottis cancer. The chances of recovering of
      epiglottis and glottis cancer are similar when the cancer is in the same state of
      clinical advance. 76.3% of objects with epiglottis cancer and 83.8% of glottis
      cancer in the early state (I and II) of clinical advance survived for 5 years and
      37.6% objects sick of epiglottis cancer and 38.7% with glottis cancer in clinical
      state III and IV.

PMID- 1808585
TI  - [Cervical esophagostomy in cases of incarcerated foreign bodies].
AB  - One thousand and twenty incarcerated foreign bodies of oesophagus were observed
      in ENT Department in Szczecin in the period 1973-1989. To remove five of them,
      the external esophagotomy was required. Particular description of these cases as
      well as the surgical technique and the indications to this operation are
      discussed in the paper.

PMID- 1808586
TI  - [Late results of the treatment of laryngeal cancer by extended fronto-lateral
      laryngectomy and reconstruction with a muco- cartilaginous transplant from the
      nasal septum].
AB  - The late results of the larynx reconstruction by means of the ++muco-septal nasal
      graft after an enlarged fronto-lateral laryngectomy were described. The analysis
      of 118 patients shower a satisfying larynx lumen in almost all cases, there were
      9 patients with a partial rotation of the graft. A 5-year survival rate was found
      in 82% of cases.

PMID- 1808588
TI  - [Phlegmon of the mouth floor with extremely severe course].
AB  - A case of the 38-years old patient with a severe streptococcal phlegmon fundi
      oris and secondary deficiency of gamma-globulins was reported. The patient was
      successfully treated by surgery, proper antibiotico-therapy and immunoregulation.

PMID- 1808587
TI  - [Prostheses of the PORP and TORP type constructed by our method].
AB  - Authors have described their own method to prepare for prosthesis to
      reconstruction of transmissive system in tympanoplasty. Prosthesis PORP and TORP
      were prepared to use of simple apparatus from a polyethylene drain.

PMID- 1808589
TI  - [Contribution to surgical treatment of voice disorders].
AB  - The lack of positive health effect in the treatment of cordis vocalis
      insufficiency after having used the accessible methods, made the authors analyze
      the anatomic conditions of the organ of voice. Long-lasting observation brought
      to our mind an original idea the appliance of which gave us rapid and fruitful
      effect.

PMID- 1808590
TI  - [Giant liposarcoma of the hypopharynx].

PMID- 1808591
TI  - [A rare case of auricular piloleiomyoma].
AB  - The authors described the case of leiomyoma of soft tissues of external ear
      auricle. It was arising from the wound due to ear ring sticking.

PMID- 1808592
TI  - [Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxillary sinus].
AB  - The work is based on the related literature and describes clinical features of
      plasmocytoma solitary of soft tissues and maxillofacial bones. A case of
      extramedullary maxillary sinus plasmocytoma a 39-year-old man is described.
      Attention has been called to diagnostic difficulties in this type of tumour.

PMID- 1808593
TI  - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the maxilla].
AB  - The author, on the basis of 72 cases of eosinophilic granuloma of the
      viscerocranium treated in the past 41 years suggested his own terminology. He
      distinguishes several forms depending on their localization: 1) formae simplices
      granulomatosis eosinophilici: gingivae, interosseum, tunicae mucosae sinus
      maxillaris. 2) formae mixtae granulomatosis eosinophilici: gingivo- osseum,
      gingivo-osseo-sinusale, osseo-vestibulare, osseo-sinusale, sinu-osseo
      vestibulare. The first part of the mixed form points the initial place of the
      focus of eosinophilic granuloma, the latter suggests the direction of expansion
      of the lesions. The author discussed the methods and results of applied by him
      therapy.

PMID- 1808594
TI  - [Two dramatic events in the life of Giacomo Puccini].

PMID- 1808595
TI  - [The hydrolysis and transport of sugars in the cestode Caryophyllaeus laticeps
      and in the intestines of its host, the bream].
AB  - A comparative study of hydrolysis and transport of carbohydrates by the cestode
      C. laticeps and in the intestine of its host, bream, has revealed a considerable
      influence of the host's enzymes on the characteristics of the parasite's enzyme
      system. The cestodes have been found to possess effective transport systems of
      glucose absorbing it in an active way while in the intestine of bream during the
      glucose absorption prevail the mechanisms of simple and easy diffusion.

PMID- 1808596
TI  - [Simulium kachvorjanae sp. n. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the forest-steppe zone
      of Ukraine].
AB  - Female, male, larva and pupa of Simulium kachvorjanae sp. n. belonging to the
      group morsitans are described. The species is recorded in the forest-steppe zone
      of the Ukraine. Differential diagnosis of the species at different developmental
      stages is given.

PMID- 1808597
TI  - [Effect of bloodletting on the proliferative activity of erythroid progenitor
      cells from the bone marrow of patients with polycythemia and polycythemia vera].
AB  - We assessed the effect of phlebotomy on the proliferative activity of less (BFU
      E) and more (CFU-E) mature bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitors from
      patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and polycythemia symptomatic (PS) in vivo in
      diffusion chamber culture. The cloning efficiency of erythroid progenitors under
      the effect of normal and increased erythropoietin (Epo) concentrations in PS was
      comparable with controls, whereas in PV the BFU-E and CFU-E-derived colony
      formation was significantly higher (p less than 0.01). In PV, the erythroid
      progenitors formed markedly more colonies in cultures stimulated with higher Epo
      concentration (p less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate that
      phlebotomy both in PV and PS does not affect the reactivity of erythroid
      progenitors to various Epo concentrations.

PMID- 1808598
TI  - [Cytogenetic studies in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL)].
AB  - Cytogenetic examinations were carried out in 24 untreated patients with non
      Hodgkin, non-Burkitt lymphoma. 10-20 G-banded metaphases, obtained from short
      term cultures of unstimulated lymph++ node, bone marrow and blood cells were
      analyzed in each case. In 18 patients only, the obtained metaphases were suitable
      for cytogenetic analysis. In 11 patients (group A) karyotype was normal or only
      single, +non-clonal aberrations were observed. In 7 patients (group B) clonal
      aberrations were found, among them, in 3-structural changes of chromosome 1, but
      with different breakpoints: 1p31, 1p31, 1p36. The group of patients with
      chromosomal aberrations showed statistically significantly shorter survival time
      than the group without aberrations (p = 0.04). In the former group more patients
      had low grade malignancy lymphoma. Our observations confirm those data from the
      literature which indicate that the presence of chromosomal aberrations is a
      factor of poor prognosis, independent of other clinical and histopathological
      prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

PMID- 1808599
TI  - [Evaluation of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity using C-l4-labeled aminopyrine
      breath test in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 treated with tolbutamide].
AB  - Among 116 diabetic patients of the District Diabetic Polyclinic in Zabrze (51
      type II treated with tolbutamide++, 36 type I treated with insulin, 29 type II
      treated with diet only) and 30 health persons functional microsomal hepatic
      fraction with ABT was assessed. Classical hepatic function test were done too.
      Among 49% patients under examination with type II diabetes treated with
      tolbutamide++ statistically significant decrease of value of ABT was observed as
      compared with other groups. Values of classical hepatic function tests in
      investigated patients were within normal values. Decrease in demethylation of
      aminopyrine shown as the abnormality in values of ABT can be considered as early
      symptom of hepatocyte damage caused by tolbutamide++. ABT is valuable method of
      appraising the liver's detoxication function in type II diabetes. Patients
      treated with tolbutamide++ should not receive any other drug known as inhibitor
      of microsomal enzymes of the liver.

PMID- 1808600
TI  - [Uric acid and arterial hypertension. I. Relation between serum uric acid level
      and its renal excretion in primary arterial hypertension].
AB  - In forty patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and in twenty
      healthy subjects serum uric acid was measured and parameters of renal excretion
      of urate were evaluated. Serum uric acid concentration and prevalence of
      hyperuricemia were significantly higher in hypertensive patients. Patients with
      essential hypertension and concomitant hyperuricemia showed significantly
      decreased clearance and fractional excretion of uric acid in comparison with
      normotensive subjects. Adverse correlation between serum uric acid and clearance
      as well as fractional excretion of urate found in hypertensive patients indicates
      that high prevalence of hyperuricemia in essential hypertension is caused by
      impaired renal excretion of uric acid.

PMID- 1808601
TI  - [Uric acid and arterial hypertension. II. Evaluation of uric acid transport in
      the nephrons in primary arterial hypertension].
AB  - In forty patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension correlation
      between serum uric acid as well as renal excretion of urate and the transport of
      uric acid in nephron was evaluated. Quantity of the separate phases of uric acid
      transport in nephron was calculated based upon pharmacological tests with
      pyrazinamide and benzbromarone. The results obtained in twenty normotensive
      subjects were assumed to be a normal values. Positive correlation between serum
      uric acid and presecretory reabsorption of urate was found in hypertensive
      patients. However presecretory reabsorption of urate did not significantly differ
      between hypertensive patients with concomitant hyperuricemia and normotensive
      subjects. Tubular secretion of uric acid was significantly lower in hypertensive
      patients in comparison with normotensive subjects. Plasma uric acid correlated
      inversely++ with tubular secretion of urate in patients with essential
      hypertension. There was no difference in postsecretory reabsorption of uric acid
      between the groups. Plasma uric acid did not correlate with postsecretory
      reabsorption of urate in hypertensive patients. These findings suggest that
      decreased uric acid clearance in hypertension with concomitant hyperuricemia is
      connected with impaired tubular secretion of urate.

PMID- 1808602
TI  - [Uric acid and arterial hypertension. III. Effect of nifedipine on serum uric
      acid level and its renal excretion in primary arterial hypertension].
AB  - In sixteen patients with moderate essential hypertension the effects of 10-day
      nifedipine treatment on serum uric acid and renal excretion of uric acid were
      evaluated. Neither serum uric acid nor clearance and fractional excretion of uric
      acid changed significantly during treatment with nifedipine. Positive correlation
      between fall in systolic arterial pressure and decrease of serum uric acid in
      hypertensive patients treated with nifedipine was found.

PMID- 1808603
TI  - [Sclerosing peritonitis].

PMID- 1808604
TI  - [Many-year observations of 4 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis].
AB  - Four cases of Wegener's granulomatosis were presented. Pathologic lesions and
      symptoms were observed in numerous organs but in all patients upper airways,
      lungs and kidneys were involved. Patients were observed from 3 to 12 years and
      two patients are still alive after more than 10.5 years.

PMID- 1808605
TI  - [Wegener's granulomatosis--evaluation of diagnostic problems and the progress in
      its treatment based on the review of 54 cases published in Poland in 1959-1990].
AB  - 54 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis published in Polish literature in 1959-1990
      are presented. There were 37 women and 17 men from 17 to 70 years of age. The
      diagnosis was histologically proved during life in 30 cases and by autopsy in 14
      others. In 10 patients it was based on clinical symptoms only. Diagnosis was
      established after 1 months to 4 years of symptoms, mean equals 10.3 months. The
      delay of diagnosis was caused by the ineffectiveness of biopsy, usually from the
      upper airways and also by the wrong interpretation of histopathological pictures.
      All patients had upper airways disease, 56% of patients had lung involvement, 66%
      renal lesions, 37%--eye changes, 35% skin lesions and 11%--nervous system
      involvement. In addition in 83% of patients systemic symptoms were observed. The
      prognosis of WG ameliorate with the time of publications due to cyclophosphamide
      and other cytotoxic drugs introduction to WG treatment.

PMID- 1808606
TI  - The influence of peptide structure on transport across Caco-2 cells.
AB  - The relationship between structure and permeability of peptides across epithelial
      cells was studied. Using confluent monolayers of Caco-2 cells as a model of the
      intestinal epithelium, permeability coefficients were obtained from the steady
      state flux of a series of neutral and zwitterionic peptides prepared from D
      phenylalanine and glycine. Although these peptides ranged in lipophilicity (log
      octanol/water partition coefficient) from -2.2 to +2.8, no correlation was found
      between the observed flux and the apparent lipophilicity. However, a strong
      correlation was found for the flux of the neutral series and the total number of
      hydrogen bonds the peptide could potentially make with water. These results
      suggest that a major impediment to peptide passive absorption is the energy
      required to break water-peptide hydrogen bonds in order for the solute to enter
      the cell membrane. This energy appears not to be offset by the favorable
      introduction of lipophilic side chains in the amino acid residues.

PMID- 1808607
TI  - Solubilization and wetting effects of bile salts on the dissolution of steroids.
AB  - The ability of sodium taurocholate to increase the initial dissolution rate of
      five steroids was studied in terms of effects on solubility, wetting, and
      diffusion coefficient. For all compounds, wetting effects predominated over
      solubilization effects at bile salt concentrations representative of the fasted
      state. For hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone, this
      trend also continued at the higher bile salt concentrations typical of the fed
      state. Bile salts solubilized these compounds by a factor of two or less, and
      diffusivity changes were negligible at bile salt concentrations up to 30 mM. For
      the more lipophilic danazol, the wetting effects were small and of importance
      only at premicellar levels of bile salt. At higher concentrations, the increase
      in solubility was the predominant factor. Incorporation into micelles appeared to
      decrease the diffusivity slightly, but this was important only at bile salts
      concentrations of 15 mM or higher. In conclusion, it appears that even within a
      series of structurally related compounds the mechanism by which bile salts
      mediate increases in dissolution rate can differ considerably.

PMID- 1808608
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and three of its metabolites in the rabbit:
      intravenous administration of pure metabolites.
AB  - Antipyrine (AP) is a commonly used probe of oxidative metabolism. Indirect
      evidence demonstrates formation rate limited disposition of its metabolites.
      Kinetic studies using antipyrine and its major metabolites 3
      hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA), norantipyrine (NORA), and 4-hydroxyantipyrine
      (OHA) were completed to investigate the metabolic fate of preformed antipyrine
      metabolite and to demonstrate directly formation rate-limited metabolite
      disposition in vivo. Bolus injections of antipyrine and preformed metabolites (40
      50 mg/kg) were administered to male, New Zealand white rabbits. Plasma and urine
      were analyzed using HPLC. These studies demonstrate that HMA, NORA, and OHA are
      formation rate limited in the rabbit. NORA appears to undergo further extensive
      oxidative and conjugative metabolism. Unknown additional peaks were detected in
      urine after NORA dosing but not after HMA or OHA administration. Mass
      spectroscopy of the unknown HPLC eluents identified potential structures of these
      NORA metabolites.

PMID- 1808609
TI  - Desolvation energy: a major determinant of absorption, but not clearance, of
      peptides in rats.
AB  - The oral delivery of peptidic drugs is problematic because of their degradation
      in the gastrointestinal tract and low absorption through the intestinal mucosa.
      Earlier in vitro studies with two series of digestion-resistant, radiolabeled
      peptides that varied in physical properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity, and
      hydrogen bonding sites) had suggested that intestinal transport of these peptides
      was most influenced by the number of hydrogen bonding sites, the major
      determinant of desolvation energy. To determine whether this correlation could be
      confirmed in vivo, intestinal absorption was determined by comparing the biliary
      and urinary recovery of these radiolabeled peptides in rats given intravenous or
      intraduodenal doses. Absorption was inversely correlated to the number of
      calculated hydrogen bonding sites for the model peptides, similar to what had
      been found in vitro. Clearance by liver and kidneys appeared to be unaffected by
      desolvation energy but was well correlated with lipophilicity.

PMID- 1808610
TI  - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of whole and half tablets of sustained-release
      adinazolam mesylate.
AB  - The mechanism of release from sustained-release adinazolam mesylate tablets was
      assessed by the Higuchi equation and by analysis of drug release profiles through
      60% released using the Peppas equation. Computed values of the diffusional
      exponent, n, ranged from 0.59 to 0.66. Values of n in this range are consistent
      with a mixed mechanism of release, with diffusion of drug through the hydrated
      polymer matrix and relaxation of this matrix being the principal processes
      controlling release. The rate of in vitro drug release was increased for half
      tablets relative to whole tablets and is attributed to an increase in the surface
      to volume ratio of half tablets of about 16%. This increase in surface-to-volume
      ratio of half tablets was reflected by an increase in the constant, k, from the
      Peppas equation of 20-23% and by an increase in the slope of Higuchi plots of 12
      18% for four lots of tablets. In vivo/in vitro relationships from two
      bioavailability studies were thoroughly evaluated. Using either a linear or a
      quadratic relationship, an in vivo/in vitro correlation exists for sustained
      release adinazolam mesylate tablets.

PMID- 1808612
TI  - Effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the ocular absorption of
      dexamethasone and dexamethasone acetate.
AB  - Complexation of dexamethasone (DX) and dexamethasone acetate (DXA) with 2
      hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) was investigated with an ultimate goal of
      formulating a topical ophthalmic solution of DXA. Aqueous solubility of DX and
      DXA was markedly increased due to formation of soluble inclusion complexes with
      HPCD. Based on characterization of complex formation by phase solubility and UV
      spectroscopy methods, a stoichiometry of 1:1 and 1:1, 1:2 was assumed for DX-HPCD
      and DXA-HPCD complexes, respectively. The stability constants for complex
      formation estimated by phase solubility and UV-spectroscopy methods,
      respectively, were as follows: for DX-HPCD complex, K1:1 = 2193 and 2221 M-1; and
      for DXA-HPCD complex, K1:1 = 2240 and 2445 M-1 and K1:2 = 3 and 17 M-1. K1:1 of
      2266 M-1 and K1:2 of 20 M-1 were also estimated for the DXA-HPCD complex by
      kinetics. The kinetics of DXA degradation in pH 7 phosphate buffer at 25 degrees
      C followed pseudo first order. The addition of HPCD decreased the rate but the
      order of reaction remained unchanged. Free DXA degraded at a faster rate than
      complexed DXA. Ocular bioavailability in conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and aqueous
      humor postadministration of a 25-microliters dose of formulations containing an
      equivalent of 0.1% (w/v) DX followed a rank-order of DXA-HPCD solution greater
      than DXA suspension greater than DX-HPCD solution greater than DX suspension.

PMID- 1808611
TI  - Experimental determinations of diffusion coefficients in dilute aqueous solution
      using the method of hydrodynamic stability.
AB  - Diffusion coefficients were experimentally determined in dilute aqueous solution
      at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees C, ionic strength 0.5 M, using Taylor's method of
      hydrodynamic stability. The methodology described is accurate enough to show
      significant differences in diffusion coefficients between the various ionic forms
      of the same species as a function of degree of ionization. In Taylor's method,
      diffusion coefficients were measured by allowing two solutions of differing
      solute concentration to contact in a capillary tube, forming a stable, measurable
      concentration gradient. The solute diffusion coefficient is a function of the
      gradient, the solution viscosity, the solution density, and some capillary
      dimensions. Viscosity was maintained constant across experiments and values of
      sufficient accuracy were available in the literature. Solution densities were
      measured with a tuning fork densimeter. Compounds studied were o-aminobenzoic
      acid, benzoate anion, the four forms of phosphate and citrate, and the
      zwitterionic forms of glycine, diglycine, and triglycine. Based on the results
      for the four forms of phosphate and citrate, experimental diffusivity values vary
      with the ionic state of the diffusant, presumably because of the altered state of
      hydration as charge varies. For the glycine series, the diffusivity showed an
      unexpected dependency on molecular weight (size).

PMID- 1808613
TI  - Influence of physical aging on mechanical properties of polymer free films: the
      prediction of long-term aging effects on the water permeability and dissolution
      rate of polymer film-coated tablets.
AB  - The effects of physical aging on the water permeation of cellulose acetate and
      ethylcellulose, the mechanical properties of ethylcellulose, and the dissolution
      property of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were investigated. The water
      permeabilities of cellulose acetate and ethylcellulose and the dissolution rate
      of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were found to decrease with physical
      aging time after being quenched from above the glass transition temperatures to
      sub-Tg temperatures. The gradual approach toward thermodynamic equilibrium during
      physical aging decreases the free volume of the polymers. This decrease in free
      volume is accompanied by a decrease in the transport mobility, with concomitant
      changes in those properties of the polymer that depend on it. The effects of long
      term aging on the dissolution rate and water permeabilities of these polymers can
      be estimated from a linear double-logarithmic relationship between the mobility
      properties and physical aging time. The existence of the linear double
      logarithmic relationship can be derived from the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation,
      the Doolittle equation, Struik's model, and Fujita's relationship between
      diffusion and free volume.

PMID- 1808614
TI  - Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetics and methemoglobin pharmacodynamics
      of an 8-aminoquinoline candidate antimalarial (WR 238605).
AB  - Methemoglobin (MHb) formation can be a clinically significant and dose-limiting
      side effect of 8-aminoquinoline antimalarials. MHb may also protect against
      cyanide poisoning. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, linked to a sigmoid
      Emax pharmacodynamic model, was developed to predict the MHb levels after
      administration of 8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[(3-
      trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] quinoline succinate (WR 238605 succinate), a primaquine
      analogue. Six healthy male beagle dogs received four daily doses of 6.0 mg/kg
      (base) orally. Forty plasma drug concentrations and 19 MHb levels (effect) were
      determined over 7 weeks on each dog. Compartmental and noncompartmental
      pharmacokinetic and parametric and nonparametric pharmacodynamic analyses were
      performed. Model parameters (mean +/- SD) included a Vss/f of 18.5 +/- 2.8 L/kg,
      CL/f of 83 +/- 24 ml/hr/kg, terminal elimination t1/2 of 169.7 +/- 52.0 hr,
      t1/2keo of 123.0 +/- 22.4 hr, an Emax of 31.3 +/- 15.9% MHb, an EC50 of 596 +/-
      128 ng/ml, and a sigmoidicity coefficient (n) of 1.94 +/- 0.47. The model was
      then validated in three additional dogs given three different dosing regimens. It
      predicted the peak plasma concentrations and MHb levels and the times of their
      occurrence well. This model could be useful for dose and sampling time selection
      in further animal studies and initial human phase I clinical testing.

PMID- 1808615
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in
      normal and diabetic rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase
      inhibitor, were examined in normal male rats dosed intravenously at 2 mg/kg and
      in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats after oral administration at 50
      mg/kg. After oral dosing, Cmax was 127 micrograms/ml for normal rats and 144
      micrograms/ml for diabetic rats. AUC(0-infinity), however, was lower for diabetic
      rats than for normal rats and plasma half-life was longer in normal rats (8.0 vs
      6.6 hr). Half-lives of zopolrestat in nerve, kidney, and lens were longer than
      plasma half-life and were similar for both diabetic and normal rats. Less than 2%
      of the dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged zopolrestat during the 48-hr
      period following dosing by diabetic or normal rats. Protein binding of
      zopolrestat was less extensive in plasma from diabetic rats than in plasma from
      normal rats. Similar kinetics were observed in diabetic animals receiving five
      daily doses of zopolrestat at 50 mg/kg/day. There was no plasma or liver
      accumulation of zopolrestat at steady state, consistent with the observed half
      lives. However, zopolrestat did accumulate in nerve, kidney, and lens to varying
      degrees during multiple dosing, reflecting the longer half-lives of zopolrestat
      in these tissues.

PMID- 1808616
TI  - The effect of raising gastric pH with ranitidine on the absorption and
      elimination of theophylline from a sustained-release theophylline tablet.
AB  - Prior to evaluating the effect of ranitidine on theophylline absorption from a
      sustained-release theophylline tablet, the effect of ranitidine on the time
      course of gastric pH in 12 healthy subjects was evaluated with an encapsulated
      radio-telemetry device (Heidelberg capsule). Gastric pH was measured hourly from
      7 AM to 1 PM prior to beginning ranitidine treatment at 2 PM (150 mg every 4 hr
      for eight doses). The next day, pH was again measured hourly from 7 AM to 7 PM.
      Subjects fasted overnight and remained fasted until lunch at 11 AM. Prior to
      ranitidine treatment, the mean morning gastric pH remained between 1.5 and 2.2.
      After lunch, the pH increased to 2.2-2.3. During ranitidine treatment the mean
      morning gastric pH measurements were 5.5 to 5.8, decreasing after lunch to 3.1 by
      4 PM and increasing to 3.9 at 7 PM. One week later the subjects participated in a
      three-way crossover theophylline bioavailability study receiving at weekly
      intervals, single doses at 7 AM of (a) 5 x 100-mg immediate-release tablets, (b)
      2 x 300-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets, and (c) 2 x 300-mg sustained
      release theophylline tablets after ranitidine pretreatment of 150 mg every 4 hr
      beginning at 2 PM the previous day. The increase in gastric pH with ranitidine
      had no effect (P greater than 0.05) on the rate and extent of absorption or on
      the elimination rate of theophylline.

PMID- 1808618
TI  - Determination of cefsulodin, cefmenoxime, and cefadroxil as residues on surfaces.
AB  - Cefsulodin, cefmenoxime, and cefadroxil are degraded instantaneously in aqueous
      sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite-detergent, or alkaline detergent
      solutions. These alkaline solutions are used to clean surfaces that have been
      exposed to the cephalosporins. The cleaned surfaces are monitored for residual
      drug levels (microgram) using a wet swab-dry swab technique. After extraction
      from the swabs, the content of the respective cephalosporin is determined in the
      solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. The limit of detection for
      each of the compounds is 0.1 microgram/ml. Recoveries from nonporous surfaces
      ranged from 56 to 102%.

PMID- 1808617
TI  - Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in the isolated perfused rat
      kidney.
AB  - The renal clearance of ibuprofen enantiomer was studied separately in the
      isolated perfused rat kidney at initial perfusate concentrations of 10
      micrograms/ml (n = 4) and 100 micrograms/ml (n = 4). Perfusate and urine samples
      were measured for R(-) and S(+)-ibuprofen using a stereospecific HPLC assay;
      urine samples were also analyzed after alkaline hydrolysis. Functional viability
      of the kidney was assured by determining the fractional excretion of glucose and
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at similar perfusion pressures. The clearance of
      ibuprofen was equivalent to the apparent formation clearance of conjugated
      enantiomer since unchanged ibuprofen could not be detected in the urine. At 10
      and 100 micrograms/ml, the clearance (+/- SD) of R(-)-ibuprofen was 2.50 +/- 1.28
      and 2.19 +/- 1.42 microliters/min, respectively. At 100 micrograms/ml, the
      clearance of S(+)-ibuprofen was 0.805 +/- 0.290 microliters/min. The protein
      binding of ibuprofen was found to be concentration dependent and favored the R(-)
      enantiomer. The excretion ratio (clearance corrected for free fraction and GFR)
      of R(-)-ibuprofen was 0.398 +/- 0.209 and 0.295 +/- 0.209 for perfusate
      concentrations of 10 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively. The excretion ratio of
      S(+)-ibuprofen was 0.0886 +/- 0.0335 for perfusate concentrations of 100
      micrograms/ml. These results demonstrate that the sum of renal mechanisms
      involved for the clearance of R(-)- and S(+)-ibuprofen was net reabsorption.
      Ibuprofen was recovered in the urine solely as conjugated material and no
      evidence of R(-) to S(+) conversion was observed. In addition, the data suggest
      that R(-)-ibuprofen is cleared through the kidney faster than its S(+)
      enantiomer.

PMID- 1808619
TI  - The stereospecific determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in
      human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence
      detection.
AB  - A quantitative method for the simultaneous HPLC resolution and detection of the
      enantiomers of (R,S) fluoxetine (F) and their metabolites (R,S) norfluoxetine (N)
      in human plasma has been developed. F is a serotonin uptake inhibitor used in the
      treatment of depression and is administered as a racemate. After liquid-liquid
      extraction and derivatization with (R) napthyl ethyl isocyanate (NEI), the
      separation and detection of the resultant diasteriomers were achieved using
      normal phase HPLC and fluorescence. The four NEI diastereomers and the internal
      standard [(-)-N-methyl-gamma-(2-methylphenoxy) benzenepropanamine hydrochloride],
      representing the enantiomers S-F, R-F, S-N, and R-N were resolved within 15 min.
      The assay for each analyte was linear using two concentration ranges of 1-10 and
      10-500 ng/ml of human plasma. The precision and accuracy are reported as the
      coefficient of variation (%CV) and relative error (%RE). The sum of the chiral
      HPLC results from plasma samples were compared to the achiral gas
      chromatographic/electron capture (GC/EC) results. The correlation between these
      two methods, for total F and N, resulted in r2 values of 0.98 and 0.89,
      respectively. The chiral HPLC method is currently being applied to clinical
      studies for the evaluation of the enantiomeric disposition of F.

PMID- 1808620
TI  - Prodrugs of peptides. 13. Stabilization of peptide amides against alpha
      chymotrypsin by the prodrug approach.
AB  - Various derivatives of the C-terminal amide group in N-protected amino acid and
      peptide amides were synthesized to assess their suitability as prodrug forms with
      the aim of protecting the amide or peptide bond against cleavage by alpha
      chymotrypsin. Whereas N-acetylation, N-hydroxymethylation, and N-phthalidylation
      did not afford any protection but, in fact, accelerated the terminal amide bond
      cleavage, condensation with glyoxylic acid to produce peptidyl-alpha
      hydroxyglycine derivatives and, to a minor extent, N-aminomethylation were found
      to improve the stability of the parent amides. Besides protecting the terminal,
      derivatized amide moiety toward cleavage by alpha-chymotrypsin, alpha
      hydroxyglycine derivatization resulted in a significant protection, by a factor
      ranging from 5 to 75, of the internal peptide bond in various N-protected
      dipeptide amides. These derivatives are readily bioreversible, the conversion to
      the parent peptide or amino acid amide taking place either by spontaneous
      hydrolysis at physiological pH, as demonstrated for the N-Mannich bases, or by
      catalysis by plasma, as for peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine derivatives.

PMID- 1808622
TI  - Monthly prostaglandin bibliography prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 1808621
TI  - Improved corneal pilocarpine permeability with O,O'-(1,4-xylylene) bispilocarpic
      acid ester double prodrugs.
AB  - O,O'-(1,4-Xylylene) bispilocarpic acid esters are pilocarpine prodrugs containing
      two pilocarpic acid monoesters linked with one pro-moiety. Each mole of prodrug
      forms two pilocarpine moles in the presence of esterases. Corneal uptake and
      permeability of various bispilocarpic acid diesters were investigated in vitro
      using isolated albino rabbit corneas. The permeability coefficient of pilocarpine
      was 2.8 x 10(-6) cm/sec, whereas for bispilocarpic acid diesters, despite their
      large molecular weights (between 638 and 722), permeability coefficients were 6.5
      20.2 x 10(-6) cm/sec. Only pilocarpine, and no intact prodrug, was observed at
      the endothelial side. Corneal uptake was increased with increasing lipophilicity,
      but a parabolic relationship between the logarithm of the apparent partition
      coefficient (1-octanol-pH 7.4 phosphate buffer) (log PC) and the corneal
      permeability was noticed. Corneal permeability and the rate of enzymatic
      hydrolysis of the compounds correlated well. The corneal permeability of
      pilocarpine given as lipophilic bispilocarpic acid diester (log PC greater than
      or equal to 3) prodrugs seems to be controlled by the formation of pilocarpine in
      the corneal epithelium rather than by the absorption of prodrugs into the
      epithelium or their epithelium-stroma transport rate.

PMID- 1808623
TI  - The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in the pathogenesis of gastric
      ulcers.

PMID- 1808624
TI  - Effects of diltiazem on thromboxane B2 production from platelet-rich plasma and
      whole blood.
AB  - The present study evaluated the effects of the calcium-channel blocking agent
      diltiazem on platelet aggregation and on synthesis of thromboxane B2 (the stable
      metabolite of thromboxane A2) from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood
      samples. Our results showed that diltiazem inhibits collagen- and thrombin
      induced platelet aggregation and TXB2 production from PRP. Since no significant
      interference with conversion of arachidonate to thromboxane A2 was demonstrated,
      inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity may be the prevailing mechanism of the
      diltiazem effect. The drug demonstrated a dose-related inhibitory activity on
      TXB2 synthesis from whole blood samples during spontaneous clotting or following
      stimulation with collagen or thrombin. The present results give further evidences
      for an antiplatelet activity of diltiazem and support the hypothesis that
      inhibition of platelet function contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of this
      drug in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 1808625
TI  - Influence of aminophylline and ketotifen in comparison to the lipoxygenase
      inhibitors NDGA and esculetin and the PAF antagonists WEB 2170 [correction of
      2107] and BN 52021 on endothelin-1 induced vaso- and bronchoconstriction.
AB  - Theophylline (p less than 0.05) and ketotifen (p greater than 0.05) markedly
      reduced, but the lipoxygenase inhibitors and PAF receptor antagonists were
      without any influence on the endothelin-1 (ET-1 1 nmol/kg i.v.) induced increase
      of pulmonary inflation pressure of anaesthetised and ventilated guinea-pigs. The
      ET-1 induced increase in mean arterial blood pressure as well as the secondary
      TXB2 release into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or plasma was not decreased. TXB2
      release cannot be the only mechanism of bronchopulmonary ET-1 effects in guinea
      pigs in vivo.

PMID- 1808626
TI  - Two year Cottbus reinfarction study with 30 mg aspirin per day.
AB  - All 701 heart infarction patients admitted to 15 hospitals in the district of
      Cottbus between 1981 and 1983 were randomly administered 30, 60 or 1000 mg
      aspirin daily according to the territorial affiliation of their local hospitals.
      The physical and drug therapy during the 2 years follow-up was highly
      standardized; deviations--as far as they occurred--were documented. Lower all
      cause mortality was statistically demonstrated in patients over 60 and a lower
      fatal reinfarction rate in patients over 50 as well as in men. Deaths and fatal
      reinfarctions were significantly lower among patients with a history of angina
      pectoris, marked ST-depression, with an infarction location except for the
      posterior wall and among hypercholesterolemic patients. The preventive effect of
      60 mg aspirin daily was less than that of 30 mg in comparison to the 1000 mg
      group. Side effects were seen in 4 and 8% (first and second year), respectively,
      of the patients administered 30 mg aspirin as opposed to 22 and 17% in patients
      allocated 1000 mg. We conclude that the optimum dose of aspirin for preventing
      reinfarctions could be as low as 30 mg daily.

PMID- 1808627
TI  - Generation of leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in peritoneal
      macrophages of tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - To examine the potential role of lipoxygenase products in the pathophysiology
      observed after experimental tumor implantation, we examined the generation of
      leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in peritoneal
      macrophages. C57BL/6 mice were given subcutaneous inoculations of B16 melanoma
      cells, and peritoneal macrophages were isolated various days after the
      inoculation. Macrophages were incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C in serum-free
      RPM11640 containing 10 microM calcium ionophore A23187, 10 microM exogenous
      arachidonic acid (AA), 5 mM cysteine hydrochloride and 1 mM reduced glutathione.
      LTs and HETEs were separately extracted, passed through Sep-Pak cartridges, then
      identified and quantitated with a HPLC system using UV absorbance. The B16
      melanoma-cell-treated/untreated macrophages were found to produce substantial
      amounts of 15-HETE, 12-HETE and 5-HETE and LTC4 by enzymatic mechanisms. Thus,
      when determined under various conditions, the production of HETEs was dependent
      on substrate-concentration, incubation-time and cell-number. The production of
      LTC4 was dependent on incubation-time and cell number but not substrate
      concentration, indicating utilization of endogenous AA stores. Of these products,
      12-HETE and LTC4 showed a significant increase on the fourth day after the tumor
      cell inoculation and returned to the control level by the 11th day after the same
      treatment. These results suggest that in vivo tumor cell implantation may induce
      a transient increase of 12-HETE and LTC4 production in macrophages.

PMID- 1808628
TI  - Kinetic analysis of delta-6-desaturation in liver microsomes: influence of gamma
      linoleic acid dietary supplementation to young and old rats.
AB  - Previous experiments demonstrated the ability-of a gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)
      dietary supplementation (as evening primrose oil--EPO) to counteract the fall off
      in delta-6-desaturase (D6D) activity of linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid in
      aged rats. Kinetic parameters of the D6D were determined in order to test the
      possibility that there may be a significant influence of GLA administration to
      young and aged rats on the Vm and Km values for 6-desaturation of both the
      substrates. In young rats GLA supplementation did not affect the kinetic
      parameters, while in old rats it produced an increase of Vm values of 6
      desaturation for both the substrates. Thus the administration of small doses of
      GLA to old rats might offer substantial protection against the loss of D6D
      affinity observed in aging, enhancing the capacity of the enzyme itself.

PMID- 1808629
TI  - Renal biopsy and the prognosis of lupus nephritis.

PMID- 1808630
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus--a review.

PMID- 1808631
TI  - Predictors of one year outcome in lupus nephritis: the importance of renal
      biopsy.
AB  - The short-term prognosis of lupus nephritis was evaluated by assessing serum
      creatinine 12 months after renal biopsy in 87 patients with lupus nephritis. On
      univariate analysis, significant clinical and laboratory predictors of this
      outcome included clinical signs of renal injury (serum creatinine, 24-hour
      urinary protein, prolonged renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, serum albumin), as
      well as thrombocytopenia, older age, and coexisting illness or hypertension at
      the time of biopsy. On renal biopsy, diffuse proliferative nephritis, higher
      activity, chronicity, or tubulointerstitial scores, or subendothelial or
      subepithelial electron dense deposits predicted a higher serum creatinine 12
      months after biopsy. A clinical predictive model was developed which included as
      independent predictors serum creatinine, age, platelet count and 24-hour urinary
      protein. Any one of three biopsy variables added information to the clinical
      prediction model: a marked quantity of subendothelial deposits (p = 0.02), a
      higher activity index score (p = 0.02), or the presence of diffuse proliferative
      lupus nephritis (p = 0.05). However, the relative predictive accuracy of the
      clinical model did not improve with the addition of any of the biopsy variables.
      The value of renal biopsy in lupus nephritis is discussed based on the ability of
      biopsy information to confirm the prognosis, to add new predictive information
      for a group of subjects, and to improve predictive accuracy for individual
      patients.

PMID- 1808632
TI  - The antihypertensive and metabolic effects of low and conventional dose
      cyclopenthiazide in type II diabetics with hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and metabolic effects of cyclopenthiazide 125
      micrograms were compared with cyclopenthiazide 500 micrograms in patients with
      non-insulin dependent diabetes and hypertension in a double blind, randomized
      crossover study. After a 6-week placebo period 24 patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus, stabilized on diet or oral hypoglycaemic agents, who
      had a mean diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 120 mmHg after receiving
      placebo for 6 weeks were given 125 micrograms or 500 micrograms cyclopenthiazide
      for 12 weeks. Patients then received placebo for a further 6-week period,
      following which they received the alternate treatment dosage for 12 weeks. There
      were no differences between doses in their antihypertensive effects. While 500
      micrograms significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, only
      diastolic pressure was significantly reduced by 125 micrograms from pre-treatment
      values. The higher dose of cyclopenthiazide had greater effects on measures of
      diabetic control than did the 125 micrograms dose and the rise in blood glucose
      after 12 weeks' treatment with 500 micrograms was significantly different from
      pre-treatment values. Cyclopenthiazide 125 micrograms had significantly less
      effect on triglycerides, potassium and urate, than did 500 micrograms.
      Cyclopenthiazide 500 micrograms resulted in a significant fall in serum potassium
      from pre-treatment values. There were no intertreatment differences in the other
      variables measured. Cyclopenthiazide 125 micrograms is as effective as 500
      micrograms in reducing diastolic blood pressure in mildly hypertensive non
      insulin dependent diabetic patients. The higher dose had more pronounced adverse
      effects on glucose control and serum concentrations of triglycerides, potassium
      and urate.

PMID- 1808633
TI  - A long-term clinical review of patients with oesophageal pain.
AB  - Oesophageal and cardiac chest pain are often difficult to distinguish on clinical
      grounds. The clinical course of 32 patients with recurrent chest pain due to
      oesophageal dysmotility has recently been assessed by questionnaire 9 years after
      diagnosis. Twenty-six of the 27 who replied continued to have pain, but despite
      this there was a significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions
      associated with chest pain. Repeat oesophageal manometry in nine showed that the
      disturbance in motility persisted. Three had died, one of them from a myocardial
      infarction; two patients could not be traced.

PMID- 1808634
TI  - Familial nephropathic non-neuropathic amyloidosis: clinical features,
      immunohistochemistry and chemistry.
AB  - Classification of familial amyloidosis by the chemical nature of the fibrillar
      protein has become possible. Most such amyloidogenic proteins so far recognized
      are variant transthyretins, but two kindreds with the same apolipoprotein AI
      modification have been reported. We describe the clinical features of another
      such family in whom petechial skin rash appeared to be a marker for the disease,
      which was non-neuropathic and of the Ostertag-type. Immunohistochemistry showed
      the protein to be apolipoprotein AI, but allele-specific DNA amplification
      indicated that it was not the Arg26 variant previously identified.

PMID- 1808635
TI  - Age and other determinants of survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation.
AB  - A retrospective review of 274 patients who received in-hospital cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation was performed to determine whether age is independently associated
      with survival to discharge. Eighty-two (29.9 per cent) of the 274 patients were
      resuscitated initially, but only 25 (9.1 per cent) were discharged alive.
      Survival to discharge was significantly poorer in patients aged greater than or
      equal to 70 years (6/175; 3.4 per cent) than in patients less than 70 years old
      (19/99; 19.2 per cent) (p less than 0.001). Severity of illness, assessed by the
      number of diagnoses and a multifactorial morbidity index, did not differ between
      the two age groups. The best results were obtained with witnessed arrests,
      ventricular arrhythmias and resuscitation lasting less than 5 minutes; however,
      elderly patients were less likely to be resuscitated in all circumstances. Age (r
      = -0.31, p less than 0.001) and the morbidity index (r = -0.18, p less than 0.05)
      were independently associated with survival by multivariate analysis. These
      results indicate that advanced age is an important independent determinant of
      survival after resuscitation. This should be taken into consideration when making
      in-hospital resuscitation decisions.

PMID- 1808636
TI  - Measurement of lung tissue mass in interstitial lung disease.
AB  - A gamma camera and 99m Technetium were used to obtain transmission and emission
      scans of the thorax in order to estimate transthoracic tissue thickness, and
      volumes of blood and interstitial tissue in each pixel of the gamma camera image.
      This technique has been applied to six patients with stage 2/3 pulmonary
      sarcoidosis and eight with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and age and sex
      matched control groups without lung disease. In both conditions transthoracic
      tissue thickness was significantly increased: mean values (SD) were 14.6 (1.8) cm
      in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and 12.3 (2.2) cm in stage 2/3 sarcoidosis.
      This was partially accounted for by an increase in the interstitial fluid
      compartment. Blood volume was unaffected. Measurement of transthoracic tissue
      thickness involves minimal radiation exposure and may be of value in monitoring
      these diseases; measurement of interstitial fluid volume may give information on
      disease activity.

PMID- 1808637
TI  - The Coventry Diabetes Study: prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose
      tolerance in Europids and Asians.
AB  - The Coventry Diabetes Study compared the prevalence of diabetes and impaired
      glucose tolerance in adult Asians and Europids in relation to age, sex and body
      mass index. The study involved a cross-sectional house to house screening for
      diabetes in the electoral ward of Foleshill, Coventry, a traditional area for
      migration into the city. Subjects with a high blood glucose and 10 per cent of
      others were referred for a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Of the 10,304 adult
      residents aged 20 years or above, 3529 (64 per cent) of 5508 Europids and 3692
      (84 per cent) of 4395 Asians were either screened for diabetes or already
      diabetic and 719 (65 per cent) of 1114 Europids and 780 (72 per cent) of 1084
      Asians invited to glucose tolerance test attended. Although the prevalence of
      insulin-dependent diabetes was similar, the age-adjusted prevalence of non
      insulin-dependent diabetes was 3.2 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval
      (CI): 2.6-4.0) and 4.7 per cent (CI per cent 4.0-5.5) in Europid males and
      females but 12.4 per cent (CI 11.0-13.8) and 11.2 CI per cent (10.0-12.5) in
      Asian males and females giving prevalence ratios of 3.9 per cent (3.1-5.0) in
      males and 2.4 per cent (2.0-2.9) in females. These differences were not due to
      differences in body mass index. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was
      also higher in Asians aged below 60 years, and in 65 per cent of Europids and 40
      per cent of Asians non-insulin-dependent diabetes was previously undiagnosed. The
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance ratio was significantly
      higher in Asians than Europids. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes in Asians differs
      from that in Europids. Besides the higher overall prevalence, there is a greater
      proportion of males, a lower proportion undiagnosed disease, a younger age at
      diagnosis and a greater proportion of abnormal glucose tolerance that is due to
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 1808638
TI  - Study of lupus nephritis in males.
AB  - Clinical and pathological findings were studied in 23 male patients with lupus
      nephritis who were followed up for a period of 41 +/- 36 months after renal
      biopsy. Age at renal biopsy was 31 +/- 14 years and 19 patients (83 per cent)
      were between 15 and 50 years old. C3 and C4 levels were below normal in 23 (100
      per cent) and 16 (70 per cent) respectively, CH50 was less than 25 u/ml in 67 per
      cent, and antinuclear and anti-DNA antibodies were found in 87 per cent and 82
      per cent respectively. Serum albumin level increased from 2.9 +/- 0.8 g/dl to 3.7
      +/- 0.8 g/dl during the follow up period (p less than 0.01), while urinary
      protein decreased from 2.0 +/- 2.3 g/day to 1.4 +/- 2.5 g/day. There was a
      significant improvement in the degree of haematuria (p less than 0.01), but serum
      creatinine levels showed no change (mean 1.5 mg/ml). Active proliferative lupus
      nephritis of moderate or severe degree was observed in 65 per cent of patients at
      the initial biopsy. A trend to regression in this activity was seen in most
      serial biopsies, but the chronicity index showed a slight increase. These data
      demonstrate that systemic lupus erythematosus in males, in comparison to our
      previous report of the disease in female patients, is accompanied by more active
      nephritis, but that it follows a benign course with therapy.

PMID- 1808640
TI  - Resuscitation--time for a re-think?

PMID- 1808639
TI  - Medicine in Sheffield. Incorporating a developed section on the history of
      penicillin.

PMID- 1808641
TI  - Mechanisms of sleep-disordered breathing in chronic neuromuscular disease:
      implications for management.

PMID- 1808642
TI  - Pulse cyclophosphamide for severe neuropsychiatric lupus.
AB  - We studied the effect of parenteral pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in nine
      patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus and severe central nervous
      system involvement. Seven patients had focal neurological deficits and/or
      seizures associated with abnormalities on cerebrospinal fluid analysis and/or
      magnetic resonance imaging. Two patients had organic brain syndrome with
      psychosis and normal cerebrospinal fluid and/or magnetic resonance imaging
      analysis. Six patients were unresponsive to treatment with high dose
      corticosteroid. Cyclophosphamide, 0.75-1.0 g/m2 body surface area, was
      administered intravenously every month for at least 2 months. Eight patients had
      a complete recovery or recovered with minor residuals. Cyclophosphamide was well
      tolerated with few side effects. We conclude that parenteral pulse
      cyclophosphamide is an effective adjunctive therapy for the management of
      patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system
      symptoms.

PMID- 1808643
TI  - The effect of external pituitary irradiation on elevated serum prolactin levels
      in patients with pituitary macroadenomas.
AB  - The response of serum prolactin to external radiotherapy was studied in 58
      patients (32 women) with pituitary tumours, aged between 16 and 75 years. Forty
      four patients underwent pituitary surgery before radiotherapy. Six patients were
      irradiated with a regimen of 20 Gy in eight fractions over 10-11 days and the
      remainder received 35-42.5 Gy in 15 fractions over 20-22 days. Following
      radiotherapy, 44 patients received additional treatment with dopaminergic
      agonists. Prolactin levels ranged from 1078 to 491,000 mU/l (median 11,750 mU/l)
      before radiotherapy and all but three patients showed a fall in serum prolactin
      (measured 4 weeks after stopping bromocriptine in those on dopamine agonist
      therapy) during observation over periods of up to 154 months. All patients had
      evidence of pituitary fossa erosion or expansion at presentation and large
      tumours (Hardy-Vezina Grade 3-4) were more common in male patients (chi 2 =
      10.08, p less than 0.01). The rate of fall of serum prolactin levels was greater
      in patients with true prolactin-secreting tumours when compared with those who
      had stalk or hypothalamic damage (p less than 0.005). The rate of decline of
      serum prolactin was also significantly related to the pre-radiotherapy value (rho
      = 0.519, p less than 0.01). A serum prolactin level less than 500 mU/l was
      achieved in 31 out of 44 patients treated with radiotherapy and dopaminergic
      agonist but only nine remained normoprolactinaemic when medication was
      discontinued for 4 weeks or more. The serum prolactin level fell permanently to
      less than 500 mU/l in two of 14 patients treated with radiotherapy only.
      Actuarial analysis of data from all patients indicated a 50 per cent probability
      that prolactin would be reduced to less than 500 mU/l by 10 years; this increased
      to 58 per cent for patients with smaller tumours (Hardy-Vezina grade 2).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808644
TI  - Sputum examination in the screening and diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in
      the elderly.
AB  - Pulmonary tuberculosis is not uncommon in the elderly, particularly those in
      institutions, and is notoriously difficult to diagnose. Few bacilli are excreted
      by individuals with non-cavitating disease and positive cultures are usually
      required to confirm the diagnosis. Radiography is a poor screening method, and
      the role of the Mantoux test in this population controversial. The value of
      sputum culture as a screening procedure in elderly people with a productive cough
      was therefore investigated. In a prospective surveillance study over 26 months,
      all permanent residents in homes for the elderly were entered on the basis of a
      productive cough for 3 weeks or more irrespective of any known or presumed cause.
      Both smears and cultures were performed on sputum specimens, and Mantoux tests
      and chest radiographs were performed on those who were sputum positive. The 205
      subjects investigated yielded 446 smears, seven of which were positive for acid
      fast bacilli, and 433 cultures, 32 of which were positive for M. tuberculosis.
      From this 19 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were identified, 18 of whom had
      non-cavitating disease on chest radiography. The numbers of bacilli in these
      patients were shown to be low and the excretion pattern haphazard. Smears were
      not sufficiently sensitive to diagnose non-cavitating tuberculosis in this
      population, and the sputum must be cultured in order to exclude the diagnosis.
      Four negative cultures are required in order to exclude the presence of pulmonary
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 1808645
TI  - Delayed biologic reactions to stereotactic charged-particle radiosurgery in the
      human brain.
AB  - Over 350 patients have been treated for inoperable intracranial arteriovenous
      malformations with charged-particle radiosurgery. Focussed accelerated helium ion
      beams derived from charged-particle cyclotrons are stereotactically directed into
      the brain to obliterate abnormal shunts. Treated patients demonstrate delayed
      changes in brain anatomy and function that occur months to years after
      radiosurgery. The underlying mechanisms of the brain's delayed reaction to
      charged-particle radiosurgery involve complex perturbations in cerebrovascular
      and metabolic function. This report describes the wide range of delayed reactions
      that may occur in the brain after radiosurgery, including hemodynamic changes,
      blood-brain barrier disruption and vasogenic edema, metabolic suppression, and
      parenchymal necrosis. These delayed reactions to injury in the brain involve
      potential target cells that include cerebral endothelial cells, oligodendroglia
      and astrocytes.

PMID- 1808646
TI  - A device for experimental radiosurgery.
AB  - As radiosurgery evolves into a widely available treatment modality for a variety
      of intracranial lesions, the need for basic research concerning the radiobiology
      of high-dose single-fraction ionizing radiation becomes crucial. A device
      especially designed for experimental radiosurgery in the cat is described. It
      incorporates basic parts of the Kopf stereotactic frame for accurate target
      positioning. A motorized pendular movement of the machine is used to describe a
      radiation arc, while the radiation source (either a linear accelerator or a
      cobalt machine) remains stationary. The pathway of the different radiation arcs
      is modified by rotation of the animal platform around the machine isocenter.
      Mechanical accuracy tests have shown a maximal alignment error of 0.15 mm,
      comparing favorably with that reported for modern clinical radiosurgical systems.

PMID- 1808647
TI  - Contact combinations in epidural spinal cord stimulation. A comparison by
      computer modeling.
AB  - The geometrical characteristics of longitudinal fiber populations in the dorsal
      columns (DC), recruited by various contact combinations in epidural spinal cord
      stimulation (SCS), were compared in a theoretical study. A 3-dimensional computer
      model was used, representing the geometry and electrical conductivity of the low
      thoracic spinal cord and surrounding tissues, in combination with a model
      representing the electrical properties of a myelinated nerve fiber. It was
      calculated that, among usual dorsomedial contact combinations, the ratio of
      mediolateral and dorsoventral extent of the recruited area in DC only varied by 2
      5%. The model predicts that in bipolar stimulation the relative lateral extent
      was smallest at a contact separation of 3-3.5 times the dorsal cerebrospinal
      fluid width, which seems to fit the highest ratio of discomfort
      threshold/paresthesia threshold. It is concluded that the optimal combination
      varies with distance between cathode and DC and that a unique 'best contact
      combination' does not exist. When both a decrease of primary afferent diameter in
      DC and collateral branching near their entrance are considered, the model
      predicts that recruitment of cutaneous afferents will start in lateral DC and
      proceed medially at increasing stimulus, which fits clinical observations on the
      spread of paresthesia. The model predicts that large fibers in the posterior
      spinocerebellar tract will also be recruited in SCS.

PMID- 1808648
TI  - How do geometric factors influence epidural spinal cord stimulation? A
      quantitative analysis by computer modeling.
AB  - Effects of both anatomic and electrode geometry on the recruitment of
      rostrocaudal fibers in the spinal cord were investigated by computer simulation
      of epidural spinal cord stimulation. A three-dimensional model was used,
      representing the geometry and electrical conductivity of the spinal cord and
      surrounding tissues, in combination with a model representing the electrical
      properties of a myelinated nerve fiber. Recruitment contours in the dorsal
      columns were calculated at various spinal geometries as a function of electrode
      position, combination and area. Cathodal position appeared to be most
      significant. Recruitment areas resulting from different contact combinations of a
      mediodorsal array were almost identical. It was shown that perception threshold
      largely depends on both dorsal cerebrospinal fluid width and fiber size. The
      usual bipolar contact separation appeared to approximate the theoretically
      optimal value, resulting in maximum fiber recruitment at minimum stimulus.

PMID- 1808649
TI  - Percutaneous retroperitoneal stimulation of the sacral plexus. Initial report and
      technical note.
AB  - A new percutaneous approach to stimulate the sacral plexus for the treatment of
      pain is described. The percutaneous electrode is inserted under fluoroscopy
      through the chosen dorsal and ventral sacral foramen and is advanced into the
      retroperitoneal layer where the plexus lies. The electrode, can be advanced
      several centimeters and lies in close proximity to the branches of the sacral
      plexus. Both motor and sensory responses can be elicited with electrical
      stimulation. Our initial experience with 4 implanted patients is presented and
      discussed. Several areas of the nervous system have been target for implantation
      of stimulating and recording electrodes for management of pain, as well as other
      indications. This includes parts of the cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord and
      peripheral nerves. We report our initial experience with a new approach to
      stimulation of the peripheral nervous structures. That is stimulation of the
      sacral plexus through electrodes implanted percutaneously along the plexus in the
      retroperitoneal area. This initial report is not meant to give clinical results
      of this methodology, but simply to point to another route to apply electrical
      stimulation safely to various parts of the nervous system.

PMID- 1808650
TI  - Quality assurance of Leksell gamma units.
AB  - A Leksell Gamma Unit was commissioned and a Lars Leksell Center for Radiosurgery
      was established at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center in March
      1989. At that time a formal quality assurance program designed for the Leksell
      Gamma Unit was put into effect. This paper will review the components of
      suggested daily, monthly, semiannual and annual quality assurance reviews of
      United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory as well as nonregulatory
      items for Leksell Gamma Units. The acceptance criterion for each quality
      assurance test has been established based on federal requirements and the
      recommendations of national scientific organizations as well as the practical
      experience gained from this quality assurance program.

PMID- 1808651
TI  - Gamma knife radiosurgery of meningiomas.
AB  - Fifty patients with meningiomas were treated during the initial 30 months
      experience using the 201 source cobalt-60 gamma knife at the University of
      Pittsburgh. The most frequent site of origin was the skull base. Stereotactic
      radiosurgery was the primary treatment modality in 16 (32%) patients with
      symptomatic tumors demonstrated by neuroimaging. Thirty-six patients (72%) had
      undergone at least one craniotomy, and 4 patients (8%) previously had
      fractionated external beam radiation therapy. The proximity of cranial nerves,
      vascular, pituitary and brainstem structures to the often convoluted tumor mass
      was crucial to dose selection. Follow-up imaging studies and clinical analysis of
      patients were performed at 6-month intervals. The actuarial 2-year tumor control
      rate was 96%. Only 2 patients have shown delayed tumor growth outside the
      radiosurgical treatment volume. To date, stereotactic radiosurgery proved to be a
      relatively safe and effective therapy for selected patients with symptomatic
      meningiomas, either as an adjuvant treatment to prior resection, or as a primary
      treatment alternative for patients whose advanced age, medical condition or high
      risk tumor location mitigated against surgical resection.

PMID- 1808652
TI  - Heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery of the pituitary gland: clinical results of
      840 patients.
AB  - Since 1954, 840 patients have been treated at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory with
      stereotactic charged-particle radiosurgery of the pituitary gland. The initial 30
      patients were treated with proton beams; the subsequent 810 patients were treated
      with helium ion beams. In the great majority of the 475 patients treated for
      pituitary tumors, marked and sustained biochemical and clinical improvement was
      observed. Variable degrees of hypopituitarism developed in about one-third of
      patients treated solely with radiosurgery. In the earlier years of the program,
      365 patients underwent radiosurgery to treat selected systemic diseases by
      inducing hypopituitarism. Focal temporal lobe necrosis and cranial nerve injury
      occurred in about 1% of patients who were treated with doses less than 230 Gy.

PMID- 1808653
TI  - Stereotactic helium ion Bragg peak radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous
      malformations. Detailed clinical and neuroradiologic outcome.
AB  - 89 patients with angiographically documented arteriovenous malformations were
      treated with helium ion Bragg peak radiation. The rate of complete angiographic
      obliteration 2 years after radiation was 94% in those lesions smaller than 4 cm3
      (2.0 cm in diameter), 75% for those 4-25 cm3 and 39% for those larger than 25 cm3
      (3.7 cm in diameter); at 3 years after radiation, the corresponding obliteration
      rates were 100, 95 and 70%. Major clinical complications occurred in 10 patients
      (8 permanent, 2 transient) between 3 and 21 months after treatment; all were in
      the initial stage of the protocol (higher radiation doses). 10 patients bled from
      residual malformation between 4 and 34 months after treatment. Seizures were
      improved in 63% and headaches in 68% of patients. Excellent or good clinical
      outcome was achieved in 94% of patients. Compared to the natural history and
      risks of surgery for these difficult malformations, we consider these results
      encouraging. Heavy-charged-particle radiation is a valuable therapy for
      surgically inaccessible symptomatic cerebral arteriovenous malformations. The
      current procedure has two disadvantages: the prolonged latent period before
      complete obliteration and the small risk of serious neurological complications.

PMID- 1808654
TI  - Radiosurgery: enhancement of clinical excellence. Introduction.

PMID- 1808655
TI  - Heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - We have treated over 400 patients with symptomatic inoperable intracranial
      arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with stereotactic heavy-charged-particle Bragg
      peak radiosurgery at the University of California at Berkeley in a collaborative
      program with Stanford University Medical Center and the University of California
      Medical Center, San Francisco. A long-term dose-searching clinical trial protocol
      has been developed and we have followed more than 250 patients for more than 2
      years. Initially, radiation doses ranged from 45 to 35 GyE, and now doses of 25,
      20, 15 and, under special circumstances, 10 GyE, depending on a number of
      factors, are being evaluated. The characteristics of charged-particle beams
      provide a relatively homogeneous dose distribution with the 90% isodose contour
      to the periphery of the lesion. When the entire arterial phase of the AVM core is
      included in the treatment field, the rates for complete obliteration 3 years
      after treatment are: 90-95% for volumes less than or equal to 4 cm3; 90-95% for
      volumes greater than 4 and less than or equal to 14 cm3; and 60-70% for volumes
      greater than 14 cm3. The total obliteration rate for all volumes up to 70 cm3 is
      approximately 80-85%. For complete radiation-induced obliteration there is a
      relationship of dose and volume primarily, and location secondarily. Results on
      relationships between dose, AVM obliteration, and complications and sequelae of
      the radiosurgical procedure are presented and discussed.

PMID- 1808656
TI  - Stereotactic helium ion Bragg peak radiosurgery for angiographically occult
      intracranial vascular malformations.
AB  - Between July 1983 and July 1989, we treated 35 patients with surgically
      inaccessible, symptomatic angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs)
      using stereotactic heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery. AOVMs were located in the
      brainstem (19), thalamus or internal capsule (9), basal ganglia (3), deep
      cerebral hemisphere and motor area (3), or cerebellopontine angle (1). All
      patients presented with clinical and radiological evidence of previous
      hemorrhage, usually with multiple episodes of hemorrhage. Treatment volumes
      ranged from 80 to 15,200 mm3 and treatment doses from 7.7 to 34.6 Gy. Mean follow
      up was 40 months, with 31 patients followed for at least 2 years. Clinical
      outcome was excellent in 46%, good in 34% and poor in 14%; 6% died. Twenty-seven
      patients in excellent and good condition prior to treatment remained stable or
      improved neurologically. Two patients initially in poor condition, who had
      previously received conventional radiotherapy, died at 9 and 14 months after
      treatment, respectively. Six patients experienced recurrent hemorrhage 2-60
      months following treatment. Three of these patients made a complete recovery.
      Although a larger number of treated patients must be followed over longer periods
      of time, stereotactic heavy-particle radiotherapy may be a valuable treatment
      modality for surgically inaccessible intracranial AOVMs.

PMID- 1808657
TI  - Radiosurgical treatment of cerebral metastases. Method, indications and results.
AB  - Stereotactically guided single-dose irradiation of brain metastases with low
      radiosensitivity has been performed in a series of 30 patients. Clinical symptoms
      improved in 18 of 27 evaluated patients and remained stable in another 7. Tumour
      regression was achieved in 13 of 22 patients, and arrest of tumour growth in 7
      other patients. The treatment was usually well tolerated. The incidence of side
      effects was low. Thus, radiosurgery seems to be a valuable alternative to
      microsurgical extirpation of solitary brain metastases with low radiosensitivity.

PMID- 1808658
TI  - The neuropathology of radiosurgery.

PMID- 1808659
TI  - Radiosurgery with a linear accelerator. Methodological aspects.
AB  - Based on the concepts of Leksell and on recommendations of different Swedish
      physicists on the use of linear accelerator for radiosurgical use, we developed a
      new methodology coupling the Talairach stereotactic system with a commercial
      linac. Anatomical facts encouraged us to use coronal angles of irradiation
      employing the angular displacement of the linac above the horizontal plane.
      Different coronal planes are obtained by rotation of the stereotactic frame. The
      center of the irradiated target coincides with the irradiation and rotation
      center of the linear accelerator. Multiple targets can be irradiated in the same
      session. We use as recommended a secondary collimator in heavy alloy. Special
      software was prepared after different dosimetric controls. The use of a PC allows
      us to employ 1-6 targets and different collimators to displace the isocenters in
      order to obtain geometrical isodose modification, and to change the value of each
      irradiation arc or portions of each arc in some minutes. Simple or sophisticated
      neurosurgical strategies can be applied in the treatment of frequently irregular
      shape and volume AVMs.

PMID- 1808660
TI  - [An agenda for an ethics in the nursing profession].

PMID- 1808661
TI  - [For an epidemiology of ethics].
AB  - Two permanent education seminars on ethics, held in Trento and Catanzaro, for
      student nurses and registered nurses, were the occasion to identify and obtain a
      sample of the main and more burning questions nurses arise on ethical problems,
      and for a reflection on contents and models for teaching ethics to the nursing
      profession. A data collection form is presented at the end of the contribution to
      obtain data on problems and situations that elicit "ethical" questions. Data
      collected could be used to write reports, as study material and for publication.

PMID- 1808662
TI  - [The control of postoperative pain in Calabrian hospitals: its epidemiology and
      perception by nurses. The Catanzaro Nurses' Cultural Association and the Ospedale
      di Matera working group].

PMID- 1808663
TI  - [The epidemiology of patients with pain in the hospital. The Cantazaro Nurses'
      Cultural Association and the Ospedale di Matera working group].

PMID- 1808664
TI  - [Terminal patients: their epidemiology and the problems of care noted by nurses
      in Calabrian hospitals. The Cantazaro Nurses' Cultural Association and the
      Ospedale di Matera working group].
AB  - Results of three surveys made by Associazione Culturale degli Infermieri di
      Catanzaro and by a group of nurses of the Matera Hospital are published. Two
      surveys focus on epidemiology of pain in the hospital (postoperative pain and
      colic, methastasis and infarction pain) and the third one on terminal patients in
      the hospital, specifically on patients problems and problems encountered by
      nurses in their care, according to nurses' perception. The discussion focuses
      more on methodological problems related to the pilot trial of forms used for data
      collection and on methodological problems related to the sample selection than on
      results of the research itself.

PMID- 1808666
TI  - [New developments in psychiatry. 2].

PMID- 1808665
TI  - [The International Observatory and Confrontations: the reading of 10 years of
      this journal].
AB  - Osservatorio Internazionale e Confronti are maybe very unusual sections for a
      nursing journal. The analysis of original contributions published during the 10
      years of publication of the Rivista dell'Infermiere is the occasion for an
      evaluation on some common trends and problems of the health care systems and the
      "outside" world. In spite of the different contents and aims of articles
      published in these sections, common problems and interdependence of the health
      care system from other major systems can be easily drawn out.

PMID- 1808668
TI  - [Iraq: dying of hunger in 6 months. The effects of the Gulf War on the children
      in Iraq].

PMID- 1808667
TI  - [Other therapies in chronic pain].

PMID- 1808669
TI  - [Logic and the method of pain control in medicine].

PMID- 1808670
TI  - Dealing with trauma and settlement cases.

PMID- 1808671
TI  - [CAT and MRI in the study of partial epilepsy: comparison of the 2 methods and
      correlations with EEG].
AB  - Seventy five adult patients suffering from partial epilepsy were investigated by
      MRI. Results were then compared with those obtained with CT scan and EEG
      analysis. The interval between the two neuroradiological studies did not exceed
      five years. MRI and CT showed abnormalities respectively in 45 and 55% of
      patients, MRI showed a better sensitivity in detecting ischemic or atrophy
      gliosis chronic focal alterations. In the remaining lesions such as tumors,
      vascular malformations, cysts and diffuse atrophies, where often an urgent
      diagnosis is necessary, both tests were equally sensitive. EEG showed alterations
      in 80% of patients and agreed with results of CT scan and MRI in about 80% of
      cases.

PMID- 1808672
TI  - [Ophthalmoparesis as a presentation form of subacute euthyroid thyroiditis].
AB  - The present study describes a case of subacute thyroiditis characterized by
      involvement of ocular motility that appeared many months before bioumoral
      findings of the disease. The authors believe that when the etiological diagnosis
      of an ophthalmoparesis, especially when isolated, is uncertain, one must
      carefully evaluate the function of the thyroid and levels of the specific
      antibodies, in order to start the appropriate treatment.

PMID- 1808673
TI  - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: presentation of a case treated with sulpiride].
AB  - The authors, in this case, stress the importance that cases of N.M.S. can arise
      as possible complication of sulpiride treatment, a drug of large use and with
      less unwished extrapyramidal effects that other neuroleptics.

PMID- 1808674
TI  - [Study of neurovegetative function in type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood].
AB  - The passive (tilting) orthoclinostatic test was performed on 44 young subjects
      affected by type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes. In 11 cases the test was repeated
      after a 3-4 years interval. The results, compared with age matched controls,
      showed in the diabetic patients a supersensitivity of the two antagonist systems,
      increasing with age and duration of the disease, up to an overexcitability and a
      functional exhaustion. It would thus seem that diabetic dysautonomia involves not
      only the peripheral nervous system but also the hypothalamic centers, with an
      impoverishment of the capacity of self-regulation. The hypersympathicotonus in
      diabetic young patients seems to be only apparent, as a result of the
      hypersensitivity of an overstimulated system.

PMID- 1808675
TI  - Propofol in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus: a report of four
      cases.
AB  - Propofol is a new anaesthetic agent commonly used because of its rapid
      pharmacokinetic. Lately, anecdotal reports suggest its utility in the treatment
      of convulsive status epilepticus. We describe four cases of convulsive status due
      to severe encephalopathy of various etiology. They were resistant to diazepam and
      other drugs and remitted only after treatment with propofol. The infusion, even
      protracted to 8 days, did not cause any toxic or proconvulsive side-effects. The
      very short duration of its central depressant action permitted monitoring of the
      underlying neurological status whenever needed.

PMID- 1808676
TI  - [Paralysis of the parasympathetic ocular nerve after influenza syndrome].
AB  - A 41 year-old-man developed diplopia, bilateral ptosis, paralysis of conjugate
      eye movement upwards and horizontal, with dilated and fixed pupils, after an
      influenza syndrome. Radiological, cerebrospinal fluid and electrophysiological
      data were normal, except BAEPs. The different aetiologies and pathogenesis are
      discussed.

PMID- 1808677
TI  - [Parkinsonian syndrome during viral meningoencephalitis].
AB  - During a viral meningoencephalitis, a 60-year-old woman developed a full
      parkinsonian syndrome, unchanged four months after the onset. The viral
      researches demonstrated an increase of the anti-CMV antibodies, especially in the
      cerebrospinal fluid. CSF's and neuroimaging data are discussed.

PMID- 1808678
TI  - [Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and myoclonic status epilepticus].
AB  - The Authors present a case of post-anoxic coma accompanied by myoclonic status.
      They describe the clinical picture and instrumental data. The outcome seems to be
      determined by the serious anoxic-pathological damage rather than the myoclonic
      jerks. They discuss the problem concerning preventive treatment by use of
      thiopental sodium (T.P.S.) in such cases.

PMID- 1808679
TI  - [Fatigue at various muscular lengths in myotonic dystrophy].
AB  - In myotonic dystrophy alteration in membrane excitability characterizes, in
      addition to the dystrophic process, modifications of contractile function
      detectable after fatigue. To verify in which extent sarcolemmal activation or
      contractility mechanisms are involved in fatigue, some electrophysiological and
      dynamometer parameters have been studied in tibialis anterior of 5 myotonic
      dystrophy patients. Evaluation has been performed basally and after protocol
      consisting of intermittent isometric voluntary contractions lasting 15', at two
      different muscle lengths, optimal and short. Administration at several recovery
      times of 20 and 50 Hz tetanizing sequences shows how processes distal to membrane
      excitability are mainly responsible for fatigue at optimal length, while relative
      potentiation of excitability preserves the muscle from excessive force loss at
      short length.

PMID- 1808681
TI  - [Radiologic anatomy of the wrist].
AB  - Wrist imaging still relies first on plain X-Ray films, MRI allows excellent
      appreciation of the sculture of bones, ligaments, tendons and even nerves. C.T.
      is essentially useful in traumatology, while Wrist arthrography can be useful for
      detection of small ligament lesions.

PMID- 1808680
TI  - [Intravenous infusion of L-dopa: current prospective therapies].
AB  - Most of Parkinson's disease patients treated with Levodopa develop the Long
      Treatment Levodopa Syndrome. Many authors showed a correlation between clinical
      features and plasma level of Levodopa. In our study, five parkinsonian patients
      with severe clinical response fluctuations, oral levodopa treatment was replaced
      by repeated continuous infusions of Levodopa (with oral carbidopa). Our results
      confirm that repeated intravenous infusion are very effective in PD patients with
      LTS.

PMID- 1808682
TI  - [Diagnosis of carpal bone fractures].
AB  - The diagnosis of carpal bone fractures has been facilitated by new radiological
      projections and by the advent of modern imaging methods. Fractures of the
      scaphoid bone still account for 75% of carpal fractures with their complications
      (pseudarthrosis, malunion) and their sequelae of arthrosis. However, the
      frequency of other fractures appears to be increasing due to a better knowledge
      of their mechanism and to the possibilities of the new imaging methods.

PMID- 1808683
TI  - [Rheumatoid wrist].
AB  - The wrist is involved, often as the initial lesion, in 85% of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. . An early diagnosis results in a better management. At an
      advanced stage the functional disablement may be severe; it can be due to
      instability of the wrist, sometimes associated with palmar dislocation of the
      carpus, to rupture of tendons facilitated by dorsal dislocation of the ulnar
      head, and to the limited mobility of the wrist, notably in supination. Treatment
      is part of the overall management of rheumatoid arthritis, with surgery playing a
      major role.

PMID- 1808684
TI  - [Tendinitis and tenosynovitis of the wrist].
AB  - Tendinitis and tenosynovitis of the wrist are often encountered in daily medical
      practice. This frequency is due to the long course of the tendons over the wrist,
      to the role played by these tendons in the mobilization and stabilization of that
      joint and to overuse of the hand in daily life as well as in professional and
      sporting activities. In their common form tendinitis and tenosynovitis are benign
      and episodic diseases which may present under two aspects: straightforward
      tenosynovitis with exsudation, crepitus, stenosis or adhesion, and tendinitis at
      the sites of attachment. In certain cases the condition is specific and of
      infectious or inflammatory origin. The diagnosis is based on questioning and on
      the demonstration, during examination, of a symptomatic triad characterized by
      resurgence of pain at palpation, inducement of passive tension of the tendon, and
      resisted muscular contraction. Treatment is based on local injections of
      corticosteroids and rest. Surgery is seldom indicated.

PMID- 1808685
TI  - [Intracarpal instabilities].
AB  - Intracarpal instabilities result from severe lesions of the ligaments. They
      present as an anatomico-functional disorganization which may be permanent or
      intermittent but always carries a high risk for arthrosis. They are usually
      caused by severe sprains or by dislocations around the lunate bone. All the
      joints of the wrist can be affected, but lesions of the scaphoid-lunate
      articulation are the most frequent. The clinical signs of these various
      instabilities are well known; they consist of pain, snapping and reduced muscle
      strength--all signs that are suggestive of an internal derangement of the wrist.
      The radiological signs are specific to each of the anatomical types that may be
      encountered. An adequate treatment of all instabilities must be instituted as
      early as possible and in any case before the development of degenerative
      intracarpal or radiocarpal lesions of the cartilages which would jeopardize the
      results of any treatment.

PMID- 1808686
TI  - [Root arthrosis of the thumb].
AB  - Root arthrosis of the thumb results from a degenerative lesion of the
      trapezometacarpal joint. It is particularly frequent in menopausal women. The
      often prolonged pain it produces sometimes raises therapeutic problems. Treatment
      is always medical at first, but when it fails several surgical operations will
      ensure permanent painlessness.

PMID- 1808687
TI  - [Cytokines and blood vessels. New ways to understand vascular diseases].

PMID- 1808689
TI  - [Infective particles in non-conventional virus encephalitis. A mystery of modern
      biology].

PMID- 1808688
TI  - [Long-term outcome of very low birthweight newborn infants. Normal progress as a
      result of intensive regular care].

PMID- 1808690
TI  - [Critical reading of medical periodicals. II. Judging the value of a diagnostic
      test].

PMID- 1808691
TI  - [Probes for peroperative radioactivity detection in oncology].

PMID- 1808692
TI  - [Diffuse goiter and thyroid nodule. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1808693
TI  - [Hypothyroidism in children. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, development,
      prognosis, principles of the treatment].

PMID- 1808694
TI  - [Antineoplastic chemotherapies (including hormone therapy). Classification and
      mechanism of action].

PMID- 1808695
TI  - [Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Diagnosis, principles of medical treatment].

PMID- 1808696
TI  - [Alopecia circumscripta. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1808697
TI  - [Varices of the lower limbs. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, complications,
      therapeutic principles].

PMID- 1808698
TI  - [Pregnancy and diabetes. Diagnosis, complications, principles of the treatment].

PMID- 1808699
TI  - [Measles. Epidemiology, diagnosis, development, prevention].

PMID- 1808700
TI  - [Early complications of limb fractures. Diagnosis, principles of the emergency
      treatment].

PMID- 1808701
TI  - [Non-traumatic coma in children. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 1808702
TI  - [Parasympatholytic agents. Principles and rules of usage].

PMID- 1808703
TI  - Enhancing the laser scanning confocal microscopic visualization of Lucifer yellow
      filled cells in whole-mounted tissue.
AB  - The laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) is an extremely useful tool that
      allows fluorescently labelled cells to be visualized in whole-mount preparations.
      This is particularly advantageous, for example, in studying the dendritic trees
      of neurons with respect to their environment. One of the most popular, and
      easiest, ways to visualize a cell is to inject it intracellularly with the
      fluorophore Lucifer Yellow (LY). However, the argon gas lasers of most LSCM's are
      not well matched to the excitation spectrum of aqueous LY. When this largely
      inappropriate excitation is combined with standard filters, designed for
      fluorescein fluorescence rather than Lucifer Yellow, the resulting image is poor.
      We report that clearing LY-injected neurons in methyl salicylate and mounting
      them in Entellan, a non-aqueous medium of high refractive index, enhances their
      visualization on a Bio-Rad LSCM with standard fluorescein (FITC) filters to an
      unexpected degree. This technique also leads to a substantial reduction in
      photobleaching.

PMID- 1808704
TI  - Scanning tunneling microscope images of adenine and thymine at atomic resolution.
AB  - The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to obtain images of DNA that
      reveal its major and minor grooves and the direction of helical coiling, but
      sufficient resolution has not yet been achieved to identify its bases. To
      determine if this technology is capable of identifying individual DNA bases, we
      have examined the molecular arrangements of adenine and thymine attached to the
      basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Both molecules form highly
      organized lattices following deposition on heated graphite. Lattice dimensions,
      structural periodicities, and the epitaxy of adenine and thymine molecules with
      respect to the basal plane of graphite have been determined. Images of these
      molecules at atomic resolution reveal that the aromatic regions are strongly
      detected in both molecules while the various side-groups are not well-resolved.
      These studies provide the first evidence that tunneling microscopy can be used to
      discriminate between purines and pyramidines.

PMID- 1808705
TI  - High-resolution, real-space imaging of conformational structures of poly-L
      proline helixes.
AB  - In 1954, Edsall postulated that the imino-acid proline, which is a frequently
      found constituent of protein molecules, is a key determinant to the three
      dimensional architecture of proteins. It not only should play a fundamental role
      in stabilizing helical structures of polypeptides, it should allow for sharp
      bends and even for a complete reversal of the direction of a helix looping back
      on itself. No direct evidence has yet been published to prove this prediction.
      Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we have presented high-resolution, real
      space images of two conformations of poly-L-proline, where one structure clearly
      exhibits the predicted 180 degrees back-folding behavior. The measured length,
      1.89 nm, of the repeating unit cells agrees with available X-ray data for poly-L
      proline I with cis-peptide bonds. We further observe aggregated poly-L-proline
      II, consisting of highly-ordered, periodically and parallel-linked trans-peptide
      chains which are 2.4 nm apart from each other. Stacking of these aggregates with
      their orientation rotated by 90 degrees is also observed.

PMID- 1808706
TI  - The role of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and Nephrocalcin in calcium oxalate
      monohydrate crystallization processes.
AB  - Theoretical considerations as well as clinical observations suggest that the
      aggregation of nucleated crystals is the most dangerous step in the formation of
      calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stones. The effects of 2 major urinary
      glycoproteins, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) and Nephrocalcin (NC), on calcium
      oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal aggregation in vitro are studied. At low ionic
      strength (IS) and high pH (within urinary limits), THP is a powerful crystal
      aggregation inhibitor (90% inhibition at 40 mg/l). Decreasing pH to 5.7 and
      raising IS to 0.21 increases TRP viscosity, thereby lowering THP crystal
      aggregation inhibition. Upon addition of calcium (5 mmol/l), some THPs are no
      more soluble and promote crystal aggregation (up to 70%). In the presence of
      citrate (5 mmol/l), which is only slightly inhibitory (14%), the promoting effect
      of THP is reversed into aggregation inhibition (up to 55%). There is evidence for
      a molecular abnormality in THPs from severe recurrent CaOx stone formers, since
      they exhibit increased polymerization and reduced solubility. The 14 kD
      (kilodalton), Gla-containing glycoprotein NC also strongly inhibits crystal
      aggregation. However, NC isolated from urines of recurrent CaOx stone formers and
      from CaOx renal stones are 10 times less inhibitory. Both are structurally
      abnormal in that they lack Gla and are less amphophilic.

PMID- 1808707
TI  - Influence of ageing, pH and various additives on crystal formation in artificial
      urine.
AB  - In order to investigate the effect of various factors on urinary crystallization
      processes, a series of five experiments was carried out using an artificial urine
      (AU) in a rotary evaporator. The influence of ageing, pH and organic, inorganic
      and potential inhibitory additives formed the basis of the study. Precipitates
      were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and
      energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In the ageing experiment, AU aliquots, adjusted
      to various pH values, were allowed to stand for several days and were not
      evaporated. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was formed at low pH, while
      whitlockite, apatite and struvite occurred at pH greater than 7. In the second
      experiment, AU aliquots at various pH values, were evaporated. Similar results to
      those of series 1 were recorded but, in addition, calcium oxalate trihydrate
      (COT) precipitated in the pH range 3 to 6.5 and brushite at pH greater than 5.5.
      In series 3, uric acid, creatinine and urea were included in AU aliquots (pH 5.5)
      which were subjected to evaporation. Uric acid promoted the formation of uric
      acid dihydrate; however, when present with creatinine, dihydrate formation was
      inhibited. Urea appeared to inhibit precipitation. In the fourth experiment, MgO,
      methylene blue and chondroitin sulphate A were independently included in the AU
      (pH 5.5). Precipitates of calcium oxalate mono-, di- and trihydrates were
      obtained. In the final experiment fluoride aliquots of variable concentrations
      were included in the AU (pH 5.5 and 6.5). COT crystals of superior quality to
      those observed in control solutions were obtained.

PMID- 1808708
TI  - Retention of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules.
AB  - Crystal retention within the renal tubules is essential for nephrolithiasis and
      the development of urinary stone disease. We studied the mechanisms involved in
      this process by inducing calcium oxalate crystal deposition within the rat renal
      tubules and examining them using various microscopic techniques. Crystals
      appeared to be retained either by attachment to the tubular epithelium or by
      aggregating with other crystals thus becoming large enough to be retained by
      their collective size.

PMID- 1808709
TI  - Heterogeneity of crystals attached to the human enamel and cementum surfaces
      after calculus removal in vitro.
AB  - Twenty one extracted human teeth with dental calculi on the enamel and cementum
      surfaces, fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde, were selected for this study. After
      ethanol dehydration and air drying, these calculi were removed by tweezers to
      observe the teeth surfaces under them. The inspection of these surfaces using SEM
      and EDX revealed hexahedrally based crystals including pseudocuboidal,
      rhombohedral and variable rugged rocky shapes. These crystals were identified as
      Mg-containing whitlockite. The pseudocuboidal crystals, measuring about 4.5
      microns in maximum length, were widely distributed on the cervical enamel surface
      previously covered by calculus. On the root surface, however, these areas
      decreased remarkably; the shapes changed from pseudocubes into rhombohedrons and
      rugged rocky structures, while their sizes were smaller and the Mg content
      decreased. The difference in frequency and morphological variation of the
      hexahedrally based crystals might be caused by the different characteristics of
      enamel and cementum surfaces and the Mg present on these surfaces.

PMID- 1808710
TI  - Morphological study of calcospherites in rat and rabbit incisor dentin.
AB  - Calcospherites from incisors of rats and rabbits were studied, by means of
      secondary and backscattered electron images, using scanning electron microscopy.
      Part of each incisor specimen was made anorganic to allow observation of the
      surface of the mineralization front by scanning electron microscopy; the other
      part was ground on one side for observation by scanning electron microscopy with
      a backscattered electron image detector. In both species the labial
      mineralization front was wavy and the image showed fused calcospherites, whereas
      the lingual mineralization front appeared to consist of a combination of linear
      and globular forms. In rat labial dentin the calcospherites were large and
      globular form, but they did not develop in the lingual dentin and were small and
      oval. The shape and size of rabbit incisor calcospherites varied from the pulp
      horn to the root apex. There were great differences between rats and rabbits with
      respect to the size and shape of the calcospherites at the mineralization front.
      This may be due to species differences and possibly the differing rates of
      dentinogenesis in rats and rabbits.

PMID- 1808711
TI  - In vitro and in vivo replication for scanning electron microscopy of the cervical
      region of human teeth.
AB  - A replica technique for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cervical region
      of human teeth was evaluated on extracted premolar teeth by comparing the
      replicas and the original specimens in the SEM. For in vivo application, the
      technique was modified to circumvent contamination by saliva and gingival
      exudate. Impressions were taken with an addition silicone polyvinylsiloxane
      material and the replicas were poured in epoxy resin die material. A surface
      active dentine conditioner facilitated flow of the impression material into
      irregular surface areas; in vivo a scavenger impression was used to remove
      surface debris. Custom trays were made of light-cured acrylic resin for the in
      vivo impressions. The method faithfully reproduced surface detail in the
      amelocemental region. In vivo the scavenger impression followed by application of
      the surface-active conditioner effectively cleaned the tooth surface. The custom
      tray allowed selection and inclusion of landmarks and ensured reproducibility.
      The method meets the requirements of a simple, reproducible, non-invasive means
      of documenting the micromorphology of the cervical region of the teeth.

PMID- 1808712
TI  - Localisation of putative mechanoelectrical transducer channels in cochlear hair
      cells by immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - Displacement of the apical stereociliary bundle of cochlear hair cells
      mechanically gates transducer channels. Knowing the position of the channels with
      regard to the apical structures of the hair cell could indicate how this
      mechanism operates. At present, there is conflicting evidence regarding their
      precise location; the channels have been suggested to be located either towards
      the base of the stereocilia or at the tips where they could be operated by
      extracellular links running from the top of shorter stereocilia to the sides of
      adjacent taller ones. The channels have been shown to be reversibly blocked by
      amiloride. This has prompted us to use a polyclonal antibody raised against
      another amiloride-sensitive channel to search for them using immunolabelling. The
      location of the primary antibody has been revealed using pre-embedding labelling
      with a colloidal gold-conjugated secondary antibody followed by scanning
      transmission electron microscopy of semi-thin sections. In this way, more
      complete information on the relationship of the labelling to the three
      dimensional organisation of the stereociliary bundle has been obtained in
      comparison with previous immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopic
      results. Labelling occurs in discrete areas towards the tips of the stereocilia,
      one of the possible sites for the transducer channels, predominantly between the
      membranes of shorter and taller stereocilia.

PMID- 1808713
TI  - Three dimensional intracellular structure of the cochlea using the A-O-D-O
      method.
AB  - We have observed the three-dimensional intracellular structure of the organ of
      Corti and the spiral ganglion of the chinchilla using the aldehyde osmium-DMSO
      osmium (A-O-D-O) method, and compared our findings with previous studies in the
      guinea pig. In cells of the spiral ganglion and the organ of Corti, microtubules
      and other cytoplasmic filaments were digested by OsO4 during processing to
      provide a clear view of membranous structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic
      reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The appropriate digestion time with 0.1% OsO4
      solution was found to be 60-80 hrs for the organ of Corti and 70-90 hrs for the
      spiral ganglion. The A-O-D-O method has been especially useful to show the
      organization of the endoplasmic reticulum of the outer hair cells. We have made a
      further characterization of the apical cistern, a reticular network which appears
      to link the basal body of the (vestigial) kinocilium to both Hensen's body and
      the subsurface cisternae.

PMID- 1808714
TI  - The vestibular epithelia in experimental hydrops.
AB  - Morpho-pathological features, observed by scanning electron microscopy, in guinea
      pigs with endolymphatic hydrops of 4-14 months included shortening of the hair
      cell tufts, loss of tufts, retraction of sensory hair cells away from the
      surrounding tissue and hair cell loss. After 22 months of hydrops, there was
      complete loss of hair cells with indifferentiation of the epithelium. The loss of
      ciliary tufts involved loss of both stereocilia and kinocilia identified as short
      stubs and holes respectively. Control macular epithelia showed no hair tuft loss
      although ampullae in control ears could show some loss.

PMID- 1808715
TI  - Effect of a platinum chemotherapy drug on intracellular elements during the cell
      cycle, using X-ray microanalysis.
AB  - Intracellular elemental concentrations were measured in the cytoplasm, nucleus
      and nucleolus of cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using energy
      dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis and transmission electron
      microscopy. Synchronous CHO cell populations were analyzed at different times
      during the growth cycle. The elements K, P, Mg and Zn were all more concentrated
      in the nucleus and nucleolus than in the cytoplasm, while no specific subcellular
      compartmentalization was evident for the elements Na, Cl, Ca, Fe and S.
      Significant changes in intracellular elemental concentrations were associated
      with the progression of cells from G1 phase to S phase of the growth cycle. Most
      significant were the effects on the monovalent ions, Na, K and Cl. The effect of
      a second generation platinum chemotherapy agent, cis-dichloro-bis
      (isopropylamine) trans-dihydroxy platinum IV (iproplatin) on intracellular
      elements was investigated by analyzing subcellular compartments of drug-treated
      synchronous CHO cell populations. Changes in intracellular elemental levels
      occurred, most notably in the nucleus of G1 phase cells, when a general depletion
      of most essential elements was evident. Attempts to analyze cells for their Pt
      content proved disappointing, since quantitation for Pt was not possible.
      However, measurement of Pt peak/background ratio yielded significant Pt peaks on
      analyzing lysosomes of cells treated with high concentrations of iproplatin.
      These Pt peaks were associated with high levels of S and Fe.

PMID- 1808716
TI  - The vascularization of the digestive tract studied by scanning electron
      microscopy with special emphasis on the teeth, esophagus, stomach, small and
      large intestine, pancreas, and liver.
AB  - The periodontal vessels in adult rats show a ladderlike pattern; in guinea pigs
      molars, by contrast, they present a honey-comb pattern. The vascular architecture
      in human teeth seems to be similar to that of rabbits. In guinea pigs, rats,
      rabbits and humans esophagus circumferential vessels give off perforating
      vessels. In human esophagus the number and diameter of the vessels in the
      submucous venous plexus decrease from proximal to distal. In the stomach the
      subepithelial capillary network shows a honey-comb pattern reflecting the
      arrangement of the gastric pits. A local portal system between the gastric glands
      and the surface mucosal cells for the transport of HCO3- ions has been suggested.
      In the small intestine of humans and rabbits the existence of a dual blood supply
      of the villus has meanwhile been established. It consists of pericryptal
      capillaries for the lower portion of the villus (tuft pattern) and a direct
      arterial supply up to the villus tip (fountain pattern). The colonic
      microvasculature closely resembles that of the stomach. In the pancreas the
      insulo-acinar portal system is physiologically significant in that it connects
      the venules draining the islets with the acini. Venous sphincters in the vascular
      system of the exocrine pancreas of the rat are of particular functional
      importance. The hepatic sinusoids are supplied both by the hepatic artery and the
      branches of the portal vein. The peribiliary plexus is supplied by the afferent
      vessels of the hepatic artery, the efferent vessels drain the plexus either into
      the sinusoids or into the lobular vein.

PMID- 1808717
TI  - Hereditary hair changes revealed by analysis of single hair fibres by scanning
      electron microscopy.
AB  - In many disorders with a genetic background the sparsity of scalp hairs may deter
      the clinician from trying to extract information from single hair fibres.
      Presenting a number of diverse conditions, we propose to show that simple
      measures can be taken in the doctor's office which makes single fibre analysis a
      useful tool for assessment of factors involved in genetic disorders including the
      integument and its appendages. The paper is focussed on the utilization of the
      scanning electron microscope with the goal of demonstrating that pertinent
      information can be gained where information from transmission electron microscopy
      and other techniques are not immediately available.

PMID- 1808718
TI  - Proton induced X-ray emission analysis of biological specimens--past and future.
AB  - Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis is a comparatively new member of
      the family of spectrographic methods. In the last decade PIXE techniques have
      been applied to biological problems with great success. This review gives a
      condensed presentation of recent developments in biological (medical, zoological,
      and botanical) applications of PIXE analysis with special focus on factors which
      commonly influence the results, such as calibration, contamination, and
      preparation. The great advantage of PIXE analysis in studying physiologically
      important trace elements such as Zn, Mg, Fe, and Cu is underlined. Elemental
      mapping not only allows quantitative elemental analysis, but can also demonstrate
      the important differences in the morphological distributions of elements by
      comparing normal and pathological tissue.

PMID- 1808719
TI  - Elemental analysis and fine structure of mitochondrial granules in growth plate
      chondrocytes studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy and energy dispersive X
      ray microanalysis.
AB  - Electron energy loss spectrometry--EELS, and energy dispersive X-ray
      microanalysis--XRMA, were used to study the elemental composition of
      mitochondrial dense granules-mdg. The study was performed on dry cut thin
      sections (80-200 nm) of freeze-dried and low temperature embedded cartilage.
      Results obtained by means of XRMA clearly showed high phosphorus and calcium
      content in the mdg. Using EELS at 100 kV primary voltage we found that small
      concentrations of elements (i.e. below typically 1% atomic weight) are difficult
      to analyze and map, this especially in sections thicker than 50-60 nm.
      Surprisingly, analysis of calcium can be successfully performed on thicker
      sections though the edge lies above the carbon K edge while this is not possible
      for the phosphorus edge which is located at lower energies. This is likely due to
      the edge shapes (sharp for calcium and delayed for phosphorus), and to the more
      intense contribution of multiple low loss scattering in the background for
      phosphorus between 100 and 130 eV. By means of EELS elemental mapping a centrally
      located core was found in numerous mdg. In the calcium map the signal was
      strongest in the middle of mdg which corresponds to the area of reduced carbon
      signal. We found that carbon maps might be used for high resolution structural
      studies of chemically unfixed and anhydrously processed biological tissues. As
      carbon is the main constituent of Lowicryl resin its distribution is reversed to
      the distribution of biological tissue in which the proportion of carbon is lower,
      but is proportional to water content in the specimen in vivo. Use of EELS in
      combination with electron microscope with accelerating voltages in range of 140
      200 kV together with anhydrous techniques of the tissue preparation will provide
      a new type of information which might lead to better understanding of the
      etiology and function of small structures in the cell.

PMID- 1808720
TI  - An integrated study of the morphological and gross-elemental consequences of
      methyl mercury intoxication in rats, with particular attention on the cerebellum.
AB  - Methylmercury accumulates in the kidney and liver of rats, but fairly selectively
      damages the cerebellum, resulting in the clinical symptoms of neurological ataxia
      after prolonged exposures. Within the cerebellum, morphological examination
      indicated that the small granule cells beneath the Purkinje layer are especially
      susceptible to the toxin, showing signs of pyknosis during the phase of
      locomotory disability, whilst the large Purkinje cells are relatively resistant
      to cytotoxic injury. Flame photometric and electron probe X-ray microanalysis
      (EPXMA) of digested samples of the major organs failed to detect any significant
      changes in the Na, K, Ca, Mg, S and P concentrations of the organs, including the
      cerebellum, at intervals after methylmercury administration by either gastric
      gavage or via the drinking water. It was suggested that if the lesion within the
      cerebellum is restricted, as the morphological evidence suggests, to a small
      cohort of functionally important granule cells, then it may be difficult to
      detect elemental changes within this subpopulation against the compositionally
      unaltered majority of cerebellar cells and their extracellular spaces. To
      identify and compositionally characterize the injured cells requires electron
      probe X-ray microanalysis of frozen sections, or fractured bulk samples. The deep
      seated nature of the 'target cells' within the cerebellum presents formidable
      cryopreparative problems.

PMID- 1808721
TI  - Recruitment and retention of MSW graduates.

PMID- 1808723
TI  - DRGs and the social worker's role in discharge planning.
AB  - Cost containment measures have positive and negative consequences for the
      hospitalized patient and the health care professional. The impact of DRGs on the
      work environment and daily practice of the hospital-based social worker is
      examined. Strategies to enhance social workers' ability to effectively provide
      comprehensive, coordinated psychosocial services to patients within a cost
      containment climate are suggested.

PMID- 1808724
TI  - The legal clinic: helping social workers master the legal environment in health
      care.
AB  - The social environment for all is becoming increasingly legalized. This fact is
      evidenced in the extensive entitlement regulations and ethical decision-making
      processes surrounding health care consumers and professional providers. The
      authors of this paper describe a program designed to educate social workers in an
      acute care hospital to the legal issues and considerations that influence
      decision-making and interventions in social work practice. The purpose of the
      paper is two-fold: to highlight the program planning process in establishing and
      institutionalizing a Legal Clinic for social work, and secondly to stress the
      significance of legal content in the knowledge base of social workers in health
      care settings.

PMID- 1808722
TI  - Women's voices after pregnancy loss: couples' patterns of communication and
      support.
AB  - This paper reports results of a study of prenatal diagnosis patients who lost
      pregnancies. The women felt they shared much in common with their male partners
      and generally felt understood and supported by the men. However, many of the
      women also saw their responses to the loss as different from those of their male
      partners. A variety of coping patterns were adopted by the women in the face of
      these differences. Implications are considered for preventive efforts to minimize
      distress; treatment approaches to help couples who experience greater
      difficulties; and future research directions.

PMID- 1808725
TI  - Social work role in developing and managing employee assistance programs in
      health care settings.
AB  - The hospital setting presents special needs for an Employee Assistance Program
      and special complications for sponsorship, development, and maintenance. What has
      been learned, how certain problems can be solved or avoided, how responsibility
      and accountability can be negotiated are presented by a team that has
      successfully established such a program at a large metropolitan medical center.
      In addition to successes, some unsolved problems are identified for further
      study.

PMID- 1808726
TI  - The many faces of cocaine: the importance of psychosocial assessment in
      diagnosing and treating cocaine abuse.
AB  - Cocaine abuse is a major social health problem in the United States. However,
      much too frequently, cocaine abuse is overlooked by social workers, physicians,
      and other health team members who are busy directing their interventions at
      solving and treating the biological and psychosocial effects of taking cocaine,
      but fail to see the connection between these symptoms and cocaine use. In order
      to help social workers in health care settings recognize and deal effectively
      with cocaine-abusing patients, the author presents a three stage practice model.
      The first two stages focus on strengthening assessment skills via symptom
      identification and diagnosis confirmation, with attention to patterns and
      severity of illness. The third stage highlights the referring process leading to
      appropriate treatment resources.

PMID- 1808727
TI  - [Executive Board. Educational institutions in useful cooperation].

PMID- 1808728
TI  - [Executive Board. Reduction in personnel following objective criteria].

PMID- 1808729
TI  - [Attractive theories].

PMID- 1808730
TI  - [Home nursing--Slagelse said no].

PMID- 1808731
TI  - [Psychiatry. When rules are relaxed].

PMID- 1808733
TI  - [Cultural sociology. The aged are not identical].

PMID- 1808732
TI  - [Drug information. Nurses and natural preparations--necessary to follow up].

PMID- 1808735
TI  - [Yugoslavia--emergency aid amid a hail of bullets].

PMID- 1808734
TI  - [Along with Greenland's separation].

PMID- 1808736
TI  - [I think we should move him].

PMID- 1808737
TI  - [Research--an end to a nomadic existence].

PMID- 1808738
TI  - [Social gerontology. Research in wisdom. Interview by Lars Peter Bergqvist].

PMID- 1808739
TI  - [Home care. Kirsten's last weeks].

PMID- 1808740
TI  - [Prehospital treatment. Inexpensive model for rapid aid to heart patients].

PMID- 1808741
TI  - [Silent onlookers].

PMID- 1808742
TI  - [Patient grievance tribunal--review in every 5th case].

PMID- 1808743
TI  - [Problem Falck. Did not tell the entire truth].

PMID- 1808744
TI  - [The problem Falck. New on-duty centers reduce turn-outs].

PMID- 1808745
TI  - [Our everyday management].

PMID- 1808746
TI  - [Geriatrics. That's how we create patients in need of care].

PMID- 1808747
TI  - [Europe--trends in public policy for the elderly].

PMID- 1808748
TI  - [Geriatric care. Demented persons must not be locked up. Interview by Grethe
      Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1808749
TI  - [Illness explanation. When cancer is caused by mental anguish].

PMID- 1808750
TI  - [Joint challenge].

PMID- 1808751
TI  - [Cytostatics--work environment. Reassuring studies--but need for more].

PMID- 1808752
TI  - [Europe against cancer. Prevention dilemma].

PMID- 1808753
TI  - [Wise words from a guru].

PMID- 1808754
TI  - Models on butterfly protandry: virgin females are at risk to die.
AB  - Current models on protandry in butterflies assume that females are mated
      instantaneously upon eclosion. However, for most butterfly species this
      assumption is not realistic. In this paper a model is formulated in which the
      mating rate depends on both male and female density. Given the female presence
      curve, protandry is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for males. The
      evolutionarily stable amount of protandry decreases with increasing death rate
      and decreasing encounter rate. Given the male presence curve, protandry also is
      an ESS for females. However, male and female ESS are not identical; moreover, in
      the present model a simultaneous ESS does not exist. Protandry critically depends
      on the assumption that females mate only once, whereas males are capable of
      multiple mating. If females too are capable of multiple mating, absence of
      protandry is the ESS for males as well as females. The model predicts that
      protandry depends on population density: protandry should be more pronounced in
      populations with high density than in populations with low density. Protandry
      also depends on sex ratio. It becomes more pronounced when the proportion of
      males among emerging adults increases.

PMID- 1808755
TI  - Disease in changing populations: growth and disequilibrium.
AB  - This paper examines simple age-structured models of childhood disease
      epidemiology, focusing on nonstationary populations which characterize LDCs. An
      age-structured model of childhood disease epidemiology for nonstationary
      populations is formulated which incorporates explicit scaling assumptions with
      respect both to time and to population density. The static equilibrium properties
      and the dynamic local stability of the model are analyzed, as are the effects of
      random variability due to fluctuations in demographic structure. We determine the
      consequences of population growth rate for: the critical level of immunization
      needed to eradicate an endemic disease, the transient epidemic period, the return
      time which measures the stability of departures from epidemiological equilibrium,
      and the power spectrum of epidemiological fluctuations and combined demographic
      epidemiological fluctuations. Growing populations are found to be significantly
      different from stationary ones in each of these characteristics. The policy
      implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 1808756
TI  - Time required for gene frequency change in a deterministic model of gene-culture
      coevolution, with special reference to the lactose absorption problem.
AB  - The time required for gene frequency change under natural selection in a
      deterministic model of gene-culture coevolution is investigated. A discrete
      generations model is formulated, and its continuous time approximation is
      derived. In passing to the continuous time limit, it is assumed that the
      frequency of the culturally transmitted trait does not change under oblique
      (between generations) transmission. The system of ordinary differential equations
      thus obtained are solved, and the dependence on the parameters of horizontal
      (within generations) transmission and natural selection is examined. The time
      required is found to be substantially longer when the determination of a
      phenotypic difference subject to natural selection is partly cultural rather than
      completely genetic. The predictions are relevant to the possibility of the
      coevolution of lactose absorbers and milk drinkers in some human populations.
      Alternative hypotheses are briefly discussed in the light of the theoretical
      results.

PMID- 1808757
TI  - The dynamics of simultaneous infections with altered susceptibilities.
AB  - We describe a model in which individuals can be infected simultaneously by
      multiple diseases or parasites, taking into account the fact that individuals
      already infected by a subset of n co-circulating diseases may see their
      susceptibility to concurrent infection by another disease from the pool either
      enhanced or reduced. We propose an n-dimensional approximation to the 2n
      dimensional model required to describe the dynamics of each possible subset of
      the pool of n co-circulating diseases, using as state variables the overall
      prevalence of each infection. Analysis of the two disease case shows that the
      reduced model provides a very good approximation throughout the full dynamics for
      small alterations of susceptibility, and, after a transient error, a good
      approximation to the complete model when susceptibilities are highly enhanced. As
      the number of diseases becomes large, the approximation remains close for small
      alterations of susceptibility.

PMID- 1808758
TI  - Low dose danazol is effective in management of erythropoietin induced thrombosis.
AB  - Two patients (one male and one female) with end stage renal disease on chronic
      hemodialysis were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). Both
      patients developed significant clotting in the vascular access and extracorporeal
      circuits. Coagulation studies indicated that both patients acquired high levels
      of tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) with deficiency in tissue
      type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and consequent impaired fibrinolysis. Their
      fibrinolytic activity was normalized with danazol therapy in doses as low as 2-4
      mg/kg given orally once daily. We conclude that r-HuEPO-induced thrombosis is
      associated with impaired fibrinolysis due to acquired elevation of PAI which can
      be effectively prevented by small doses of danazol.

PMID- 1808759
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity in patients with idiopathic and secondary deep venous
      thrombosis.
AB  - Decreased fibrinolytic activity (FA) is considered a risk factor in the
      development of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The purpose of this study was to
      test the hypothesis that an abnormally low FA is more likely in idiopathic DVT as
      opposed to DVT in the presence of other predisposing risk factors. 156 patients
      were studied three months after an acute DVT confirmed by venography. In 82
      patients a predisposing factor such as trauma, surgery or malignancy was present.
      In 74, DVT was idiopathic. Fibrinolytic activity was measured in all patients
      using the following tests: 1. Euglobulin Lysis Time (ELT, in minutes). 2. Global
      Fibrinolytic activity (FA in mg fibrin lysed per hour). ELT measures plasminogen
      activator activity (PAA) while FA which is a more global test measures the net
      effect of the PAA, the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and the clot
      structure. PAI was measured in 67 patients from both groups using an Enzyme
      Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results obtained show a significant
      increase in the incidence of abnormal FA and ELT in the idiopathic group. This
      supports the hypothesis that low FA is an aetiological factor in the development
      of idiopathic DVT. The results also demonstrate the importance of associating the
      FA test to the classical tests such as ELT, PA and PAI for the detection of
      hypofibrinolysis.

PMID- 1808760
TI  - Immunopurification of an S-antigen-like protein from human platelets.
AB  - S-antigen (also named arrestin or 48K protein) is a protein abundant in
      photoreceptor cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. The presently known
      function of this protein in retina is to arrest the enzymatic cascade of
      phototransduction in retinal rods, through its binding to photoactivated and
      phosphorylated rhodopsin. Proteins closely related to S-antigen were recently
      demonstrated in several non photosensitive cells. In this work, we demonstrated
      the presence of a protein similar to retinal S-antigen with regards to its
      immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and its molecular weight
      in soluble extracts of human platelets. This protein was purified by
      immunoaffinity chromatography using a rabbit antibody to retinal S-antigen. This
      S-antigen-like protein could have a regulatory function in G-protein-mediated
      transduction of chemical signals in platelets, similar to arrestin function in
      phototransduction.

PMID- 1808761
TI  - An evaluation of prothrombin assay method using MD805 by means of warfarin
      treated plasma.
AB  - The prothrombin assay method using the synthetic thrombin-inhibitor MD805 was
      standardized by fixing the concentrations of MD805 and S-2238 through their
      extinction coefficients (epsilon 333 for MD805 and epsilon 316 for S-2238). The
      prothrombin assay was directly proportional to the concentration of plasma up to
      200% of the normal level and was not significantly influenced by the variety of
      three kinds of commercially available tissue thromboplastin preparations. Using
      plasma from Warfarin-treated patients and healthy volunteers, the correlation was
      studied between the prothrombin assay and the conventional coagulation tests such
      as Prothrombin time (INR), Thrombotest and Hepaplastintest (Normotest), and the
      correlation coefficients of -0.85, 0.81 and 0.94 were obtained respectively. FUT
      175 and MD805 in the test plasma hardly affected the prothrombin assay in the
      concentration ranges which affected remarkably the conventional coagulation
      tests. These results indicated that the prothrombin assay was useful for
      monitoring the hyper- or hypoprothrombin state even on anticoagulant therapy.
      Eighteen healthy volunteers at 18 to 20 years old showed the mean and standard
      deviation of 0.96 +/- 0.097.

PMID- 1808762
TI  - IgA antiphospholipid and adrenal insufficiency: is there a link?
AB  - We present two females with antiphospholipid antibody (APA) syndrome who came
      with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), recurrent abortions and extensive
      deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Both cases were positive for lupus anticoagulant
      (LA), global antiphospholipid test (APA), and IgG, IgA, IgM APA antibodies.
      Seventeen other cases with documented lupus anticoagulant and various clinical
      associations were tested for APA IgG, IgA, IgM. Only two were positive for IgA as
      well as IgG and IgM APA. Thirty volunteer blood donors (24 males and 6 females,
      aged 19-35 years) were taken as a control group. One person was moderately
      positive for LA and showed low positivity for IgG APA. These data suggest that
      the presence of IgA APA may signify a severe disease. Further studies are needed
      to confirm this observation.

PMID- 1808763
TI  - In vitro studies on thrombin generation in citrated, r-hirudinized and
      heparinized whole blood.
AB  - The generation of thrombin in citrated, r-hirudinized and heparinized whole blood
      (final concentrations 10, 25, 50 micrograms/ml) was studied in the presence or
      absence of various activators. Whole blood from healthy volunteers was activated
      either by glass or dextran sulfate (contact activation; CA) as well as by
      thromboplastin/calcium chloride (extrinsic activation; EA) and by ellagic
      acid/cephaloplastin/calcium chloride (intrinsic activation; IA) and incubated 10
      (CA, EA, IA) and 30 (CA) min at 37 degrees C. After the incubation period plasma
      levels of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and thrombin-antithrombin III
      complex (TAT) were measured utilizing ELISA methodology. After EA or IA no blood
      clotting occurred in all r-hirudinized samples and in heparinized blood at the
      highest concentration used. Despite inhibition of clotting F1 + 2 levels were
      increased both in r-hirudinized and in heparinized blood. However, in blood
      anticoagulated with heparin F1 + 2 levels after EA, IA and especially after CA
      were markedly lower than in r-hirudinized blood. Furthermore, in r-hirudinized
      blood an increase of TAT levels was found. The enhancement of F1 + 2 and TAT
      levels by r-hirudin was concentration-dependent and was lower in the higher r
      hirudin concentration. The results indicate that in r-hirudinized whole blood
      significant amounts of thrombin can be generated which may elicit thrombin
      mediated feedback mechanisms.

PMID- 1808764
TI  - Nonradical oxidants of the phagocyte type induce the activation of plasmatic
      single chain- urokinase.
AB  - Single chain- urokinase (scu-PA) is the proenzyme of the plasminogen activator
      urokinase (tcu-PA). In human blood scu-PA is of great stability. Activated
      phagocytes generate large amounts of single chain- urokinase and of reactive
      oxidants (chloramines and HOCl). Since these cells participate in physiologic
      fibrinolysis, we were interested in the interaction between plasmatic scu-PA and
      chloramines. The oxidants dose dependently induce the activation of plasmatic scu
      PA. Optimal activation of scu-PA occurs at about 3-5 mmol/l of chloramine-T. The
      findings suggest a control mechanism of scu-PA stability/activity by oxidatively
      modifiable plasma proteins, such as alpha-2-antiplasmin. The oxidation mechanism
      seems to be mediated by singlet molecular oxygen, an excited oxygen species.
      Basing on this scu-PA/oxidant synergism a sensitive and fast functional assay of
      scu-PA in human plasma is presented. Plasmatic inhibitors normally interfering
      with functional scu-PA measurements are inactivated by addition of chloramine-T,
      imitating the physiological oxidants generated by activated phagocytes. The scu
      PA concentration in plasma of n = 36 healthy individuals has been determined to
      be 5.8 +/- 1.6 ng/ml. The lower detection limit of plasma scu-PA by the procedure
      described is about 1.5 ng/ml of plasma. By means of this technique scu-PA
      concentration during thrombolytic therapy can be measured within minutes in
      undiluted (direct) plasma samples, allowing adjustments of the scu-PA dosage. The
      present study gives further credence for a role of singlet molecular oxygen,
      possibly a new type of locally acting hormones (autacoid), in the regulation of
      the fibrinolytic pathway.

PMID- 1808765
TI  - Coagulation of flowing native blood: advantages over stagnant (tube) clotting
      tests.
AB  - A broad-based, dynamic model of intrinsic coagulation is described. Non
      anticoagulated whole blood was perfused through polyethylene tubing under
      standard conditions, and coagulation (cessation of flow) was monitored by
      pressure changes. The dynamic coagulation test (DCT) is a sequel to the shear
      induced haemostasis, a platelet function test routinely performed prior to
      coagulation. DCT has two important advantages over stagnant overall clotting
      tests: i./DCT reflects platelet coagulant activities; selective activation by
      adenosine diphosphate or shear-stress or inhibition of platelets by prostacyclin
      greatly enhanced or prolonged dynamic coagulation, respectively. Furthermore,
      activation of platelets by plasminogen activators (streptokinase, t-PA) was
      manifested in a significantly shortened coagulation. ii./ DCT allows the rapid
      assessment of fibrin crosslinking, the mechanical stability of the clot formed.
      Antibody against factor XIIIa greatly prolonged the time until completion of
      clotting. In patients taking oral anticoagulant (n = 54), strong correlations
      were observed between DCT, the prothrombin time (INR) and the thrombelastograph
      measurements. It is concluded that this simple assay could be useful in the
      overall screening for coagulation abnormalities.

PMID- 1808766
TI  - A common point mutation producing type 1A antithrombin III deficiency: AT129 CGA
      to TGA (Arg to Stop).

PMID- 1808768
TI  - [Hepatitis E].

PMID- 1808767
TI  - [Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathies--recent physiopathological data].

PMID- 1808769
TI  - [Brucellosis: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects-- 47 cases].

PMID- 1808771
TI  - [Sperm characteristics in infertile consulting patients at a Tunisian center].

PMID- 1808770
TI  - [Evaluation of microalbuminuria in diabetics with and without retinopathy].

PMID- 1808772
TI  - [Epidemiological aspects of congenital malformations of the central nervous
      system].

PMID- 1808773
TI  - [Pancreatic pseudocyst in the child].

PMID- 1808774
TI  - [4 cases of retained lithiasis in 4 years].

PMID- 1808775
TI  - [Gastric lymphomas of the MALT type: 2 case reports with review of the
      literature].

PMID- 1808776
TI  - [A case of tuberculous lupus complicating BCG vaccination].

PMID- 1808777
TI  - [Vertebral chordoma-- a case report].

PMID- 1808778
TI  - [Lyme disease: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and biological diagnosis].

PMID- 1808779
TI  - [Respiratory thermal cures at the Djebel-Oust resort].

PMID- 1808780
TI  - [Drainage of liver hydatid cysts into the bile ducts in 19 cases].

PMID- 1808781
TI  - [Techniques and indications for Mikulicz's drain in abdominal surgery].

PMID- 1808782
TI  - [Delivery in the cicatrized uterus. 300 cases].

PMID- 1808785
TI  - [Intestinal amebic disease. 52 cases].

PMID- 1808783
TI  - [Nutritional anemia in pediatrics].

PMID- 1808786
TI  - [Non-diphtheria corynebacterial infections. 7 cases].

PMID- 1808787
TI  - [Duodeno-colonic fistulas of ulcerous origin].

PMID- 1808788
TI  - [Generalized enchondromatosis associated with angiomas-- a case report].

PMID- 1808784
TI  - [Therapeutic efficacy of iodine 131 in autonomous thyroid adenomas--59 cases].

PMID- 1808789
TI  - [Intracerebral cryptococcosis in a man with apparently healthy immune status].

PMID- 1808790
TI  - [Therapeutic incidence of attempted suicide in paranoid schizophrenia. A case
      report].

PMID- 1808791
TI  - Ultrasound in medicine and biology prize.

PMID- 1808792
TI  - Spectral composition of Doppler signals.
AB  - The spectral content of the Doppler signal (as revealed by spectral analysis)
      provides useful diagnostic information about local hemodynamic conditions.
      Changes in these conditions are used to diagnose atherosclerotic lesions in
      arteries accessible to ultrasound. Extremely high frequencies, as found in and
      distal to a tight stenosis, indicate the presence of a jet, while Doppler signals
      with a wide bandwidth are related to regions with wide velocity ranges and/or
      disturbed flow patterns. However, the random interactions of the scatterers, the
      dimensions of the sample volume, the velocity of the scatterers and the method of
      signal processing used affect the displayed spectral composition of the Doppler
      signal. This article reviews the basic mechanisms and cautions the investigator
      against a quick and superficial interpretation of the results obtained without a
      proper appreciation of the random fluctuations due to the methods used to record
      and process the signals.

PMID- 1808793
TI  - Cavitation-generated free radicals during shock wave exposure: investigations
      with cell-free solutions and suspended cells.
AB  - Extracorporeally generated shock waves as used in lithotripsy of urinary and
      biliary stones exhibit side effects in vivo. Furthermore, these shock waves
      destroy eukaryotic cells during in vitro treatment in suspension. A possible
      cause of these damaging effects might be cavitation, the growth and collapse of
      bubbles in liquids exposed to tensile stresses. During the collapse, temperature
      inside these cavitation bubbles rises up to several thousand K, leading to the
      formation of free radicals. We demonstrated the occurrence of cavitation
      generated free radicals by direct reaction with fluorescent dyes in solution
      after shock wave treatment and investigated the resulting cell killing by
      variation of the cellular antioxidative defense status. We present evidence for
      the generation of intracellular free radicals during shock wave treatment of
      suspended cells.

PMID- 1808795
TI  - Clinical trial of umbilical artery Doppler waveform quality indices.
AB  - The ability of two Doppler waveform quality indices to discriminate between high-
      and low-quality waveforms was tested using 427 sets of umbilical artery Doppler
      waveforms from patients. The waveforms had been acquired using a 4-MHz continuous
      wave Doppler unit. The quality indices (QI) were based on an assessment of the
      degree of noise of the maximum frequency envelope of the waveforms, and were
      first a correlation between successive waveform envelopes (QI1), and, second, a
      sum of local linearity measures (QI2). The sets of waveforms were graded
      subjectively according to the clarity of the outline of the waveforms, the degree
      of interference in the region of the spectrum above the outline, and in terms of
      the degree of variability caused by fetal breathing. At 90% sensitivity for
      detection of low-quality waveforms according to a high envelope clarity score,
      the specificities were 68.2% and 52.7%, respectively, for QI1 and QI2. QI1 was
      independent from pulsatility index and waveform length, but showed strong
      dependence on fetal breathing. QI2 showed strong independence from pulsatility
      and fetal breathing and reasonable independence from waveform length. Both QI1
      and QI2 performed poorly when there was a large degree of noise in the region of
      the spectrum above the envelope; however, this poor performance was often related
      to the inability of the maximum frequency follower to estimate correctly the
      maximum frequency envelope in those conditions so that the high waveform quality
      values reflected the erroneous calculation of pulsatility index in those cases.

PMID- 1808794
TI  - Spectral analysis criteria in duplex scanning of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal
      arterial disease.
AB  - To validate the use of duplex scanning in the detection of lesions in the
      aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arteries, duplex scanning was prospectively
      compared to intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography in 61 patients with
      peripheral atherosclerotic disease. Based on a peak systolic velocity ratio
      greater than or equal to 2.5 or the absence of a Doppler signal, the overall
      sensitivity and specificity to detect lesions of greater than or equal to 50%
      diameter reduction was 84% and 96%, although some segments in the femoropopliteal
      arteries showed a sensitivity of only 60%-70%. Occlusions were detected with an
      overall sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 99%. The existence of a
      bi/triphasic Doppler signal, a window in the systolic spectral waveform and an
      end diastolic velocity greater than or equal to 60 cm/s has additional value in
      further grading of stenoses. This study shows that duplex scanning is highly
      comparable to angiography in the detection greater than or equal to 50% diameter
      reducing lesions in the aortoiliac arteries. Further evaluation is needed for the
      femoropopliteal arteries.

PMID- 1808796
TI  - Effect of fetal breathing movements on fetal cardiac hemodynamics.
AB  - Maximum flow velocity waveforms were studied at atrioventricular and outflow
      tract level in 12 cases during fetal breathing activity and in 12 cases during
      fetal apnea matched for maternal and gestational age and maternal parity.
      Gestational age ranged between 27 and 40 weeks (median 30 weeks). All flow
      velocity waveforms were obtained using a mechanical sector scanner with a pulsed
      Doppler system (carrier frequency 3.5 MHz). Time-averaged flow velocities were
      clearly different between inspiration and expiration at all four recording
      levels, reflecting changes in venous return as a result of fluctuations in
      intrathoracic pressure during fetal breathing activity. Percentage change between
      inspiration and expiration at outflow tract level was positively correlated with
      gestational age. Time-averaged flow velocity at mitral level and ascending aorta
      level was significantly higher during fetal breathing activity than during apnea,
      suggesting increased shunting of blood flow through the foramen ovale.
      Acceleration time at outflow tract level demonstrated very little change relative
      to inspiration and expiration.

PMID- 1808797
TI  - Early metabolic response to high energy shock waves in a human tumor kidney
      xenograft monitored by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - The effects of electromagnetically generated high-energy shock waves (HESW,
      Siemens Lithostar) on the phosphate metabolite levels of the NU-1 human kidney
      cancer xenograft implanted under the skin of the hind limb of nude mice were
      monitored by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Administration of 200 and
      800 HESW (18.1 kV, P(+) = 37.5 MPa, P(-) = 5.2 MPa, tr = 30-120 nsec, tw = 340
      nsec, freq. = 1.25 Hz), focused on the tumor centre, resulted in an immediate
      tumor decline; 2 h after exposure to the HESW, the high-energy phosphate
      resonances had decreased drastically. This decline in energy rich molecules was
      accompanied by a concomitant increase in the inorganic phosphate resonance and a
      decrease in pH of the tumor. During the following period, a dose-time dependent
      recovery of the original high-energy phosphate resonance intensities was
      observed. These changes are qualitatively similar to those produced by ischemic
      inhibition of energy metabolism and are correlated with early histological
      features like vascular disruption, stasis within capillaries, and focal
      thrombosis. These results demonstrate that experimental HESW treatment of the NU
      1 kidney tumor is effective in provoking a temporary reduction of both high
      energy phosphate metabolism and tissue pH of the tumor. The data presented here
      strongly suggest that these effects are predominantly indirect by affecting tumor
      vascularity. Overall, this study shows that MRS is a powerful technique for
      longitudinal investigations of HESW-induced effects and can provide information
      about its mode of action.

PMID- 1808798
TI  - Accuracy of velocity and shear rate measurements using pulsed Doppler ultrasound:
      a comparison of signal analysis techniques.
AB  - An experimental investigation was instituted to evaluate the performance of
      Doppler ultrasound signal processing techniques for measuring fluid velocity
      under well-defined flow conditions using a 10-MHz multigated pulsed ultrasound
      instrument. Conditions of fully developed flow in a rigid, circular tube were
      varied over a Reynolds number range between 500 and 8000. The velocity across the
      tube was determined using analog and digital zero crossing detectors and three
      digital spectrum estimators. Determination of the Doppler frequency from analog
      or digital zero crossing detectors gave accurate velocity values for laminar and
      moderately turbulent flow away from the wall (0.969 less than or equal to r less
      than or equal to 0.986). Three digital spectrum estimators, Fast Fourier
      Transform, Burg autoregressive method, and minimum variance method, were slightly
      more accurate than the zero crossing detector (0.984 less than or equal to r less
      than or equal to 0.994), especially at points close to the walls and with higher
      levels of turbulence. Steep velocity gradients and transit-time-effects from high
      velocities produced significantly larger errors in velocity measurement. Wall
      shear rate estimates were most precise when calculated using the position of the
      wall and two velocity points. The calculated wall shears were within 20%-30% of
      theoretically predicted values.

PMID- 1808799
TI  - Evaluation of cerebral blood flow in rabbits with transcranial Doppler
      sonography: first results.
AB  - A transcranial Doppler sonographic system with a special 2-MHz probe for
      prolonged experimentation has been developed for Doppler waveform recordings from
      the basilar artery on rabbits. Measurements were made from the maximum velocity
      wave form, and Pourcelot's resistance index was used to express the results. The
      diastolic flow, similar to that observed in humans in physiological conditions,
      decreases with increased intracranial pressure during chronic intracranial
      hypertension. This Doppler model may be valuable for assessing rapid changes of
      cerebral blood flow in conscious animals during prolonged or acute experimental
      procedures.

PMID- 1808800
TI  - Influence of water conductivity on the efficiency and the reproducibility of
      electrohydraulic shock wave generation.
AB  - In an electrohydraulic generator, two underwater metal electrodes are connected
      with a capacitor charged to a high voltage. When the circuit is switched on, a
      plasma is generated reaching temperatures of thousands of K, resulting in a
      compressive pressure pulse. The formation of the plasma is a nonreproducible
      phenomenon inducing great variations of the pressure pulse. When the electrodes
      are immersed in an electrolyte instead of degassed water, the conditions of
      electrical discharge are dramatically modified. The latency time and the
      amplitude of the oscillations of the discharge current decrease as the
      conductivity of the electrolyte increases. For a conductivity of 7 omega.cm,
      there is no latency, and the critically damped discharge is achieved. The
      expanding pressure wave is increased by 10%, and the mean peak pressure value
      over 120 shocks at the second focus after focalization is increased by 50%. The
      relative standard deviation of the pressure value at the second focus is only 5%,
      while it is about 30% in ordinary water. The fragmentation efficiency is
      considerably increased because total fragmentation is obtained in 220 shocks
      instead of 450 shocks in ordinary water when standard stones are used, and in 131
      shocks instead of 304 shocks when gallstones are used. Last, we show that the
      wear of the electrodes is reduced by a factor 8 when electrolyte is used. The
      improvement is supposed to have two causes: First, the energy is delivered into
      the medium in a shorter time, and, second, the center of the shock wave is always
      located at the same place. The decreased wear should make it possible to treat a
      much greater number of patients without changing electrodes, and the enhancement
      of the pressure should increase the efficiency of the fragmentation of the
      gallstones without aggravating the patient's pain.

PMID- 1808801
TI  - Applications of mixture laws for predicting the compositions of tissue phantoms.
AB  - This paper generalizes the mixture law methodology for ultrasonic tissue
      characterization by combining mixture laws used by Apfel and Seghal et al. in
      producing nine different combinations. After applying these combinations of
      mixture laws to 10 tissue phantoms, it is shown that three of the combinations
      consistently give better predictions of the composition of the phantoms than
      others. The results verify directly that the phase shift parameter law is
      probably not a good choice in predicting tissue composition. The potential uses
      of the mixture methodology are discussed.

PMID- 1808802
TI  - Members, American Ophthalmological Society.

PMID- 1808803
TI  - Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with rhodopsin, valine-345-methionine.
AB  - Rhodopsin gene mutations appear to cause some forms of autosomal dominant
      retinitis pigmentosa. In the family described, the mutation called rhodopsin,
      Val345Met segregated perfectly with the disease. All affected individuals had
      abnormal ERGs; the two oldest members of this family had more loss of function
      than the two youngest members. Some intra-familial variability existed as an
      older member showed larger visual fields and ERG amplitudes than a younger
      member. This mutation was not seen in 106 control subjects nor in any other
      patients yet described with other rhodopsin gene mutations. Patients so far
      studied with rhodopsin, Val345Met, have smaller 0.5-Hz full-field ERG amplitudes,
      on average, than those with Pro23His or Thr58Arg and larger ERG amplitudes than
      those with Pro347Leu or Pro347Ser. These forms of retinitis pigmentosa can now be
      detected through analysis of leukocyte DNA.

PMID- 1808804
TI  - The isolated ciliary bilayer is useful for studies of aqueous humor formation.
AB  - An intact ciliary epithelial bilayer has been isolated from the rabbit eye by
      perfusion, microsurgical dissection, and recovery techniques. Vital subcellular
      organelles and intercellular junctions of this epithelial bilayer preparation are
      very well preserved. The total electrical resistance of the epithelial bilayer is
      350 ohms, and the transepithelial potential is 650 microV, nonpigmented
      epithelium side negative. The electrical resistance is reduced by 0.2 mM EGTA and
      the transepithelial potential reduced by 0.1 mM ouabain. Bicarbonate depletion at
      a constant pH of 7.4 rapidly and significantly reduces the transepithelial
      potential. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease transmembrane potential by as
      much as 30%. These morphologic and physiologic experiments authenticate the
      validity of this bilayered epithelial preparation for future use in detailed
      studies of the mechanism of aqueous humor formation.

PMID- 1808805
TI  - Use of the 193-NM excimer laser for myopic photorefractive keratectomy in sighted
      eyes: a multicenter study.

PMID- 1808806
TI  - Thermal variations of the human eye.

PMID- 1808807
TI  - Decreased tear osmolarity and absence of the inferior marginal tear strip
      following sleep.

PMID- 1808808
TI  - Scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens implants combined with
      vitrectomy.

PMID- 1808809
TI  - Cytopathologic diagnosis of benign lesions simulating choroidal melanomas.

PMID- 1808810
TI  - Outcome and cost analysis of scheduled versus emergency scleral buckling surgery.
AB  - Conventional wisdom holds that a retinal detachment of recent onset should be
      regarded as a surgical emergency. A delay in surgery may result in an extension
      of detachment for patients with an attached macula and a worse visual outcome for
      patients with a detached macula. However, the potential disadvantages of
      performing surgery on an emergency basis must be weighed against the risks of
      delaying surgery; disadvantages include a greater frequency of operative
      complications resulting from fatigue factors among the operating personnel, an
      increased anesthetic risk due to inadequate time to assess and stabilize
      coexisting medical problems, and higher hospital costs. In this retrospective
      study covering 4 1/2 years, we compared the risks, benefits, length of
      hospitalization, and costs of scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachments
      performed as an emergency procedure or on the day following admission. After a
      15% random selection from 884 consecutive operations, 48 emergency procedures
      were compared with 89 scheduled procedures. Patients selected for emergency
      surgery had better visual prognoses than scheduled patients. The potential for
      risk of systemic complications was not a reason for postponing surgery. None of
      the 18 patients with an attached macula experienced macular involvement while
      awaiting scheduled surgery. There were no differences between emergency and
      scheduled patients in ocular or systemic complications, rate of reattachment,
      rate of decreased visual acuity following surgery, visual outcome adjusted for
      prognosis, or, since 1985, length of hospital stay. Cost was greater for patients
      having emergency surgery, because of a difference in pay scales for support
      personnel.

PMID- 1808811
TI  - Beta radiation of recurrent corneal intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 1808812
TI  - Anterior uveitis and hypopyon.

PMID- 1808813
TI  - Anaerobic orbital cellulitis: a clinical and experimental study.
AB  - In this article we have reviewed the clinical and bacteriologic aspects of
      anaerobic orbital cellulitis and have presented six patients to illustrate these
      points. Physicians who treat patients with orbital cellulitis should have a high
      index of suspicion for possible instances involving anaerobes, so that
      appropriate management can be started early. To investigate this problem further,
      we created an animal model of anaerobic orbital cellulitis. This model may be
      useful in future studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of this serious and
      often devastating disease.

PMID- 1808814
TI  - Advanced Coats' disease.
AB  - Advanced Coats' disease and retinoblastoma can both present with the triad of a
      retinal detachment, the appearance of a subretinal mass, and dilated retinal
      vessels. Thus, even the most experienced observer may not be able to
      differentiate these entities on ophthalmoscopic findings alone. Coats' disease is
      the most common reason for which eyes are enucleated with the misdiagnosis of
      retinoblastoma. Ultrasonography is the auxiliary diagnostic test most easily
      incorporated into the clinical examination, and can be utilized repeatedly
      without biologic tissue hazard. Ultrasonically identifiable features allowing
      differentiation between Coats' disease and retinoblastoma include the topography
      and character of retinal detachment and presence or absence of subretinal
      calcifications. Ultrasonography is of lesser use in poorly calcified
      retinoblastoma and in detecting optic nerve or extraocular extension in heavily
      calcified retinoblastoma. CT is perhaps the single most valuable test because of
      its ability to: (a) delineate intraocular morphology, (b) quantify subretinal
      densities, (c) identify vascularities within the subretinal space through the use
      of contrast enhancement, and (d) detected associated orbital or intracranial
      abnormalities. Optimal computed tomographic studies, however, require multiple
      thin slices both before and after contrast introduction and expose the child to
      low levels of radiation if studies are repeated periodically. MR imaging is
      valuable for its multiplanar imaging capabilities, its superior contrast
      resolution, and its ability to provide insights into the biochemical structure
      and composition of tissues. It is limited in its ability to detect calcium, which
      is the mainstay of ultrasonic and CT differentiation. Aqueous LDH and isoenzyme
      levels were not valuable in distinguishing between Coats' disease and
      retinoblastoma. The value of aqueous NSE levels in the differentiation of
      advanced Coats' disease and exophytic retinoblastoma deserves further study.
      Specimens from patients with intraocular hemorrhage should be viewed cautiously,
      since erythrocytes contain high levels of enolase. Analysis of subretinal
      aspirates is an extremely accurate method of confirming the diagnosis of Coats'
      disease. The key diagnostic findings are the presence of cholesterol crystals and
      pigment-laden macrophages and the absence of tumor cells on fresh preparations.
      The technique should be reserved for patients where retinoblastoma has been ruled
      out by all noninvasive means and massive subretinal drainage is anticipated. The
      natural progression in advanced Coats' disease is toward the development of a
      blind, painful eye. Spontaneous regression does rarely occur, and some eyes
      quietly progress to a phthisical state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1808815
TI  - Argon laser trabeculoplasty controls one third of patients with progressive,
      uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma for five years.
AB  - This study demonstrates that ALT can provide a 5-year benefit to around one third
      of patients with glaucoma sufficiently severe and uncontrolled that filtration
      surgery is considered advisable. Whether or not this conclusion can be
      generalized to patients with earlier stages of glaucoma or better IOP control
      cannot be stated.

PMID- 1808816
TI  - The ophthalmic implications of the correction of late enophthalmos following
      severe midfacial trauma.
AB  - Severe midfacial trauma presents several challenges to the reconstructive
      surgeon. Acute rigid fixation of the facial skeleton accompanied by bone grafting
      to restore the confines and volume of the orbit provide the best opportunity for
      acceptable aesthetic results. The severity of the trauma causes the late
      postoperative complication of enophthalmos. Injury to orbital structures with
      subsequent cicatricial change results in significant alteration in extraocular
      motility with resultant diplopia. There are no reports in the literature which
      critically evaluate the effect of late enophthalmos correction on extraocular
      motility, diplopia, and vision in patients who have suffered Le Fort or NOE
      fractures. A retrospective study is presented which reviews the results of late
      surgery for the correction of enophthalmos in 40 patients, all of whom had severe
      "impure" orbital fractures. This study addresses the following questions: (1) Can
      the globe effectively be repositioned?, (2) Is there a change in subjective
      diplopia?, (3) Does a change in extraocular motility occur, and if it does, is it
      predictable?, (4) Is there a risk to visual acuity? and finally, (5) Do the
      answers to questions 1 through 4 suggest that late surgical intervention for the
      correction of enophthalmos should be recommended for this patient population?
      During a 9-year period, 44 patients with severe diplopia trauma received surgery
      for enophthalmos correction. A review of 40 patients on whom 56 operations were
      performed is presented. Thirty-eight patients had enophthalmos and 35 had
      inferior displacement of the globe. Medial displacement of the globe occurred in
      11 patients. Twenty-nine patients had diplopia. Six patients had vision too poor
      on the injured side to have diplopia. Enophthalmos was improved in 32 patients.
      Dystopia of the globe was improved in 31 cases. However, neither enophthalmos nor
      dystopia of the globe could be improved with every operation. Only 35 of the 48
      operations for enophthalmos for which measurements were available produced an
      improvement; in 1 case the enophthalmos was thought to be worse postoperatively.
      Dystopia operations resulted in improvement in 40 of 48 operations; in 2
      instances dystopia was worse postoperatively. Diplopia was unchanged by 33
      operations, improved by 11 procedures, and worsened by 6. If patients are
      considered before and after their total reconstruction course, diplopia was
      improved in 9 of the 29 patients. In seven of these nine, diplopia was
      eliminated. There was no change in or production of diplopia in 19 patients, and
      5 patients had worsening of their double vision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1808818
TI  - Long-term results of extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber
      intraocular lens insertion in Nepal.
AB  - We performed a prospective study evaluating the 2-year success rate of
      extracapsular cataract surgery and posterior chamber IOL insertion performed in
      610 eyes by an experienced surgeon in the Nepal Eye Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
      All patients were followed for 2 years. All eyes underwent manual irrigation and
      aspiration of cortical materials with the insertion of a modified J-loop
      posterior chamber IOL. Almost one half of eyes had final uncorrected visual
      acuities of 20/50 or better. Devastating complications, including retinal
      detachment, corneal decompensation, and endophthalmitis, occurred in 7 (1.2%)
      eyes. Extracapsular cataract surgery with IOL implantation appears to be a
      possible alternative in underdeveloped nations where the prevalence of cataract
      is high and aphakic spectacles are not easily obtained by poor patients and may
      be lost or broken. The procedure may improve the quality of vision, and therefore
      the quality of life, in those patients able to obtain pseudophakic vision.

PMID- 1808817
TI  - The pars plana incision: experimental studies, pathologic observations, and
      clinical experience.

PMID- 1808820
TI  - Optic nerve sheath decompression: neuropathologic, clinical, and hemodynamic
      results and rationale.

PMID- 1808819
TI  - Thalidomide embryopathy: a model for the study of congenital incomitant
      horizontal strabismus.

PMID- 1808821
TI  - The limbal palisades of Vogt.

PMID- 1808822
TI  - A cohort study of transcutaneous oxygen tension and the incidence and severity of
      retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 1808823
TI  - Successful oral therapy for diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

PMID- 1808824
TI  - Efficacy of aqueous and butanolic fractions of Albizzia anthelmintica against
      experimental Hymenolepis diminuta infestation in rats.
AB  - The oral administration of the aqueous fraction of Albizzia anthelmintica bark
      extract in a concentration range of 50-150 g/kg body weight was safe and
      infestation with Hymenolepis diminuta was completely eliminated. The butanolic
      fraction of A anthelmintica bark extract given by stomach tube in concentrations
      ranging from 25-150 g/kg was highly toxic to rats and was inactive against H
      diminuta.

PMID- 1808825
TI  - The renal histology and ultrastructure in rats given methylmercury and ethanol in
      combination.
AB  - The effects of combined administration of methylmercury (MeHg) and ethanol (EtOH)
      on renal morphology were examined in the rat. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were
      divided into 6 groups of 8 rats each as follows: group 1 was given feed ad
      libitum with no treatment; group 2 was restricted to 70 mL of feed daily with no
      treatment; groups 3-6 were restricted to 70 mL of feed daily and gavaged with
      distilled water, MeHg alone, EtOH alone, or MeHg in combination with EtOH,
      respectively, daily for 45 days. The ingestion of MeHg and EtOH in combination
      caused severe structural renal lesions which involved the glomerulus and all
      segments of the uriniferous tubule. Only with this combination treatment (group
      6) was glomerular pathology observed; accumulations of platelets and inflammatory
      cells, fibrosis and thickening of the mesangium were observed in the glomerulus.
      There was also severe tubulointerstitial nephritis characterized by tubular
      atrophy, accumulation of inflammatory cells especially neutrophils, and increased
      collagen deposition in the same group. In contrast, the ingestion of either MeHg
      or EtOH produced less severe lesions mainly in the proximal tubular epithelium.
      This study suggests that EtOH enhanced the nephrotoxicity of MeHg.

PMID- 1808826
TI  - Denatonium benzoate: review of efficacy and safety.
AB  - The efficacy and toxicity studies on denatonium benzoate are limited and may be
      subject to varying interpretations when viewed in the context of a potential
      poisoning situation. Efficacy studies to date in children have shown that in a
      controlled environment, addition of denatonium benzoate to an otherwise palatable
      liquid will decrease the volume ingested. Important considerations include the
      fact that the number of studies are small (two utilizing orange juice as the
      liquid; one using a dilute liquid detergent), and these studies involved single
      test situations wherein the liquid was available to the child for a limited
      period of time. Inadequate data are available to analyze one orange juice study
      and in the other study, 7 of 30 children took more than one swallow. Depending on
      the "pleasantness" of the liquid (color, smell, similarity to 'drinkable' liquids
      in appearance) prior to addition of denatonium, it is possible that children may
      take more than one swallow. Toxicity data indicate a low toxicity profile.
      However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge, especially relating to
      chronic toxicity in humans, teratogenicity, and human hypersensitivity potential.
      The role of denatonium benzoate in preventing serious poisonings has yet to be
      defined. Aversive agents such as denatonium should augment but not replace proven
      methods of poison prevention including parental education and child-resistant
      closures. When selecting products for inclusion of denatonium benzoate,
      consideration should be given to the inherent toxicity of the product as well as
      the potential for long-term human exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808827
TI  - Lack of in vitro and in vitro effects of fenbendazole on phase I and phase II
      biotransformation enzymes in rats, mice and chickens.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg fenbendazole/kg bw daily for 5 d caused
      no significant alterations in the activities of hepatic microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzymes viz aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and
      cytosolic glutathione S-transferase in rats, mice and chickens. Similarly no
      significant difference in the amount of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH
      cytochrome c reductase was found between control and treated animals. In vitro
      incubation of fenbendazole with rat, mouse and chicken microsomes suggests that
      the drug neither binds to microsomal protein cytochrome P-450 nor inhibits the
      activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase. Similarly in
      vitro addition of fenbendazole to cytosolic glutathione S-transferase from the
      above species did not alter the activity of this enzyme. The results indicate
      that fenbendazole does not alter the activity of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase
      system significantly in rats, mice and chickens at a dosage level of 10 mg/kg
      body weight. In vitro studies also indicate that fenbendazole does not interact
      with the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system, indicating it is not a
      substrate for cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system.

PMID- 1808828
TI  - Determination of metoclopramide in the serum and urine of cattle.
AB  - Metoclopramide, a dopamine-2 agent, has been shown to be useful in the antagonism
      of fescue toxicosis in grazing steers. The determination of this drug is
      described for the purpose of pharmacokinetic study and consideration of potential
      delivery devices to combat this economically significant condition.

PMID- 1808829
TI  - Acute toxicity studies of tri-n-butyltin and triphenyltin acetates in rats.
AB  - Two organotin compounds, tri-n-butyltin acetate (TBTA) and triphenyltin acetate
      (TPTA), that have antifungal potentials and are intended for use on yam root
      crops to prevent rot were evaluated for acute mammalian toxicity in rats. The
      median lethal doses po were 297.54 mg TBTA/kg and 402.38 mg TPTA/kg. Both
      compounds produced significant central nervous system and respiratory depressions
      at single doses of 200 mg TBTA/kg or 300 mg TPTA/kg. The histopathological
      findings due to TBTA included pulmonary, hepatic and renal congestion, brain
      hemorrhages, and destruction of the intestinal mucosa. TPTA produced brain
      congestion, and hepatic and pulmonary petechial and generalized hemorrhages.

PMID- 1808830
TI  - Effect on ochratoxin A on Lohmann-type chicks.
AB  - Ochratoxin A was fed at 0.5 ppm to Lohmann-type chicks from 7 d of age for 4 w.
      Body weights and efficiency of feed utilization were depressed and the activity
      of serum SDH and GDH and the concentration of uric acid were significantly
      increased. The concentration of serum total protein and potassium and Hb, PCV,
      RBC and WBC were significantly decreased in the test group. Lesions were seen in
      vital organs, with hemorrhage in the thigh. A slow recovery in the kidney was
      observed 3 w after removal from the experimental diet.

PMID- 1808831
TI  - The effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) crude saponins on Hisex-type
      chicks.
AB  - The effects of po and parenteral administration of various doses of fenugreek
      crude seed saponins were measured in Hisex-type chicks. Forty-nine 7-d-old Hisex
      chicks were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: no fenugreek; 10 mg fenugreek/kg BW im; 50
      mg fenugreek/kg BW ip; 50 mg fenugreek/kg BW sc; or 500 mg fenugreek/kg BW in
      drinking water. Daily dosing was for 21 d. Body weights were depressed and serum
      LDH and GOT activities and uric acid concentration were significantly elevated.
      Pathological changes were liver fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation and necrosis of
      hepatocytes with lymphocytic infiltration, epithelial degeneration of renal
      tubules, catarrhal enteritis, and varying degrees of hemorrhage in the thigh and
      breast. Myositis and peritonitis were observed in chicks given fenugreek crude
      saponins respectively im or ip.

PMID- 1808832
TI  - Objective measures of ocular irritation as a consequence of hydrogen sulphide
      exposure.
AB  - Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) exposure has been reported to adversely affect the eyes.
      Objective information regarding the extent of injury relative to varied exposure
      concentrations of H2S has not been published. The exfoliative eye cytology
      procedure has been demonstrated to provide quantitative information regarding the
      degree of ocular irritation and to allow for comparisons to be made between the
      irritants. This paper evaluates this procedure's efficiency in determining the
      degree of ocular irritation resulting from hydrogen sulphide exposure in rats.

PMID- 1808833
TI  - Regional brain blood flow in swine following T-2 toxin administration.
AB  - Three groups of swine (6/group) were used to assess alterations in regional brain
      blood flow induced by T-2 toxin. One group served as vehicle (70% ethanol)
      control, and groups were dosed intravascularly with T-2 toxin at 0.6 or 2.4 mg/kg
      body weight. Cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem blood flows were evaluated at 0
      h (predosing) and at 90-min intervals for 6 h postdosing. Fifteen-micron diameter
      radionuclide labeled microspheres were used to determine blood flow. Hemodynamic
      variables were determined at the same time points. The infusion of T-2 toxin
      resulted in dose-dependent reductions in both cardiac index and mean arterial
      pressure, accompanied by significant increases in heart rate. In animals given
      the lower dose of T-2 toxin, significant reductions in blood flow were evident in
      the cerebrums and cerebellum but not in the brain stem. Reductions in blood flow
      to all regions of the brain were evident in those animals given 2.4 mg T-2
      toxin/kg. Brain blood flow was less severely compromised than was cardiac output,
      suggesting intact local autoregulation.

PMID- 1808834
TI  - Protection against cyanide toxicity by oral alpha-ketoglutaric acid.
AB  - The efficacy of orally administered alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), alone and in
      combination with n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), in reducing the lethal effects of
      injected potassium cyanide was examined in the mouse. A behavioral scoring system
      was developed to monitor and measure the signs of toxicity associated with
      cyanide exposure. AKG significantly reduced the lethality of KCN (6.7 mg/kg ip)
      in a dose-related manner. The protective effect of AKG was observed if given
      between 10 and 30 min prior to cyanide exposure. NAC increased the protective
      effect of AKG but did not alter the time course of protection. AKG alone or in
      combination with NAC significantly reduced the duration of the toxicity
      associated with cyanide exposure. This study identifies AKG as an orally
      effective cyanide antagonist. The protective effect of AKG is enhanced by
      concomitant administration of NAC. Our work also describes a scoring system which
      quantifies the signs of toxicity associated with cyanide poisoning.

PMID- 1808835
TI  - Effects of azamethiphos, an organophosphorus insecticide, on serum cholinesterase
      activity and isoenzymes in the rat.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of azamethiphos (Az), an organophosphorus insecticide, was
      detected in both the serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity and the ChE isoenzyme
      concentration in male Wistar rats. In our highest Az dosage group (270 mg/kg),
      following a single po administration, the serum ChE activity was significantly
      inhibited at 6 and 24 h post-Az administration. Five days after Az treatment, the
      ChE activity was still inhibited, but the observed difference was not
      statistically significant. The ChE activity increased to levels comparable to the
      control group by day 10. For the other Az-dosed groups, the ChE activities were
      inhibited only 6 h following administration. The serum ChE isoenzymes for all Az
      dosed and control groups had 6 bands, indicating that Az did not effect the
      number of isoenzyme bands, indicating that Az did not effect the number of
      isoenzyme bands. However, Az had a significant effect on the ratios of the
      concentrations of these isoenzyme bands. The ratio of the main ChE isoenzyme
      bands (bands 5 and 6) was band 6 greater than band 5 for the young control group.
      As our control group aged, this ratio was reversed, with band 5 greater than band
      6. For the highest Az dosage group (270 mg/kg), the ChE isoenzyme band ratio was
      band 5 greater than band 6 6 h after Az dosing. This proportion of band 6
      decreased in parallel with an increase in band 5 during our 30-d experimental
      period. A correlation between the total ChE activity and ChE isoenzyme band 6 was
      found.

PMID- 1808836
TI  - Postsurgical mortality secondary to zinc toxicity in dogs.
AB  - Zinc may be extremely toxic when absorbed from a metallic foreign body retained
      in the stomach. The most common cause of zinc toxicosis in dogs appears
      associated with accidental ingestion of copper-coated zinc pennies minted after
      1982. In a retrospective literature search, zinc toxicosis due to penny ingestion
      was reported in 5 dogs, 2 of which died postoperatively, and 1 was euthanatized
      due to severe multiorgan system failure. In this report, we describe 3 additional
      cases of zinc toxicosis due to penny ingestion that resulted in a fatal outcome.
      Two dogs died during the early postoperative period, and another dog was
      euthanatized 5 d postoperatively due to continued deterioration. These cases
      emphasize the potential of perioperative complications associated with zinc
      toxicosis due to penny ingestion and suggest the need for better treatment
      options to decrease postsurgical mortality associated with this disease entity.

PMID- 1808837
TI  - Snake venom poisoning.

PMID- 1808838
TI  - Pulmonary edema possibly developing secondary to the intravenous administration
      of oxytocin.
AB  - Oxytocin, a posterior pituitary hormone, is commonly used for induction of labor,
      stimulation or reinforcement of labor, management of incomplete or inevitable
      abortion and control of post partum bleeding. We describe a case of acute
      pulmonary edema possibly developing secondary to the administration of iv
      oxytocin. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for pulmonary edema
      secondary to iv oxytocin. Close hemodynamic monitoring should be done during
      oxytocin therapy.

PMID- 1808839
TI  - Atropine intoxication from the ingestion and smoking of jimson weed (Datura
      stramonium).
AB  - Anticholinergic effects occur due to jimson weed intoxication. The most common
      intoxication involves teenagers desiring mind-altering properties from the plant.
      We report 4 cases of jimson weed intoxication due to ingestion and inhalation
      (smoking) of jimson weed. Clinicians should be aware of the potential abuse of
      botanicals such as jimson weed.

PMID- 1808841
TI  - A review of selected herbicides and their toxicities.
AB  - Since 2500 BC man has strived to develop methods of orderly pest control (1).
      These methods included prayer, physical labor, mechanical devices and chemicals.
      Through chemistry many new pesticides have been developed. Pesticides are
      "chemicals used to kill a species or a group of species that causes trouble,
      annoyance or destruction" (2) and include insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides
      and herbicides. This review focuses on the fastest growing group of pest control
      agents agents--herbicides. Arsenicals, chlorates, chlorophenoxy acids, biprydyl
      and substituted phenols are discussed as to their physical and chemical
      properties, sources, environmental fates, absorption/distribution/elimination,
      modes of action, toxic effects and recommended treatments.

PMID- 1808840
TI  - Chronic arsenicalism suspected from arsine exposure: a case report and literature
      review.
AB  - This report describes an unusual case of long-term arsenic exposure, apparently
      of industrial origin. The afflicted worker suffered from a complex of medical
      problems of sudden onset. Chemical (atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS) and
      physical (electron dispersion spectrometry, EDS) examination of the work
      environment showed long-term deposition of high levels of arsenic in a cleaning
      bath. When a new acidic cleaning solution was employed, elemental arsenic was
      apparently volatilized as arsine gas, resulting in sudden toxicity. Periodic
      reoccurrences of debilitation were explained by repeated use of the acid cleaning
      solution; each new application released a deeper layer of the metallic arsenic
      previously deposited on the bath walls electrolytically. The original source of
      the arsenic appears to have been prior cleaning of arsenic-contaminated
      agricultural spray equipment.

PMID- 1808843
TI  - Contaminant identification: the importance of thorough interviewing techniques.
AB  - The exact name of a contaminant is of extreme importance to the poison
      information specialist (SPI) in order to make a correct assessment of the
      poisoning exposure and to recommend proper treatment modalities. Incorrect
      contaminant information could lead to a serious and possibly fatal mistake on the
      part of the SPI. Thorough and effective interviewing techniques must be employed
      to avoid errors. We conducted a prospective study to determine how often
      misinformation is provided to the SPI at the time of the initial contact with the
      poison center. Over a 6-mo period 159 calls were identified in which the original
      caller mistakenly identified the contaminant. Fifty-two (33%) of these calls were
      received from health care professionals and 107 (67%) were from the lay public.
      Drug names were improperly reported in 80 cases, cleaning products in 26,
      cosmetics 14 times, general products 19, chemicals 7, rodenticides 8, and plants
      were incorrectly identified in 5 cases. In 110 of these cases, proper
      identification of the contaminant changed the assessment and also the treatment
      recommendations made by the SPI. Errors in contaminant identification occurs more
      frequently than is realized by poison center professionals. It is imperative to
      have the caller clarify the contaminant name by checking the container, when
      available, and supplying the SPI with as much information as possible. It is
      equally important that the SPI employ precise interviewing techniques to obtain
      information to avoid a serious error in assessment and treatment of the poisoned
      victim.

PMID- 1808842
TI  - Probable anaphylactic reaction to corn-derived dextrose solution.
AB  - Secondary to the i.v. administration of a corn-derived dextrose solution, a 23-y
      old pregnant female patient admitted to the hospital at term gestation developed
      an anaphylactic reaction. Orofacial swelling, difficulty in breathing,
      hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia, voice hoarseness, total body warmth and flushing
      occurred within 8 min of initiation of a 5% dextrose Lactated Ringer's solution.
      The i.v. solution was discontinued and plain lactated Ringer's solution was begun
      with no sequelae. The patient delivered a viable male infant with a post
      operative course being unremarkable. A sample of suspect solution was sent to the
      manufacturer but no contamination was reported. Although the reaction elicited in
      this patient was rare, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of corn
      allergy due to the administration of i.v. fluids containing corn-derived
      dextrose.

PMID- 1808844
TI  - Quinidine-induced hepatotoxicity revisited.
AB  - Although quinidine has been widely used since the beginning of the century,
      quinidine-induced hepatotoxicity has been recently reported in the literature. We
      describe a reversible case of quinidine-induced hepatotoxicity. A 62-y-old male
      with a past medical history of atrial flutter and adult onset diabetes was
      admitted to the hospital with a 3-d history of diarrhea, nausea, fever, chills
      and palpitations. Past medications included 7.5 mg glyburide daily for 4 y, 0.25
      mg digoxin daily for 3 w, 324 mg quinidine gluconate 3 times daily for 2 w, and
      150 mg papaverine daily for 2 y. On admission, liver enzyme levels were elevated
      (SGOT 606, SGPT 1104). Quinidine was considered an etiologic agent and was
      discontinued after administration of 1 dose. The patient became afebrile within
      48 h, liver enzyme levels gradually decreased, and the patient was discharged on
      day 6 of hospitalization. Repeat enzyme levels obtained 12 d after discharge were
      mostly within normal limits. The symptoms were atypical as described in the
      literature. We conclude that unexplained fever or elevated liver enzyme levels
      should alert the clinician to the possibility of quinidine-induced
      hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 1808845
TI  - Death camas poisoning in cattle.

PMID- 1808846
TI  - Perirenal edema associated with Amaranthus spp poisoning in Brazilian swine.

PMID- 1808847
TI  - Health service areas for the United States.
AB  - The objectives of this report are to document methods used to identify health
      service areas for the United States and to describe and evaluate these areas. A
      health service area is defined as one or more counties that are relatively self
      contained with respect to the provision of routine hospital care. Service areas
      that include more than one county are characterized by travel between the
      counties for routine hospital care.

PMID- 1808848
TI  - [Serum reactivity of antigen fractions of atypical mycobacteria in patients with
      lung diseases].
AB  - In connection with studies on the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis antigen fractions
      were isolated from 8 mycobacteria species, three out of each strain. These
      fractions were tested for their reactivity to serum antibodies by means of RIA
      technique, using 40 selected sera from controls, and patients with sarcoidosis,
      tuberculosis and asthma. Comparing the results (average titer steps) sera from
      asthmatics showed the lowest and those from sarcoidosis patients the highest
      reactivities to the mycobacterial antigen fractions. The reactivities clearly
      differed in dependence on the mycobacteria species. The highest mean reactivity
      in sarcoidosis patients was found with the HIP-antigen fraction of M. xenopi. It
      was 8 times higher compared to the control sera as well as the tuberculosis sera
      and 32 times higher than that of the asthma sera. There were also clear
      differences in the reactivities within the sarcoidosis sera tested. In sera from
      patients with clinically inactive sarcoidosis there were found nearly the same or
      only slightly higher titer steps than in control sera as well as tuberculosis
      sera, however in clinically active sarcoidosis the titer steps were clearly
      elevated. The findings are seen in connection with the role of atypical
      mycobacteria (MOTT) in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. The potential
      applications of the HIP- and Triton X-100 antigen fractions for in vitro
      diagnostics are discussed.

PMID- 1808849
TI  - Induction of a mucosal immune response by oral immunization. An overview.
AB  - The function of secretory antibodies is to prevent or limit the entrance of
      pathogens into the internal milieu of the body. The mucosal immune system may be
      stimulated by orally applied immunomodulators. Oral immunization circumvents the
      stringent criteria for injectable vaccines and large populations can be immunized
      simultaneously. Oral immunization may improve the chances in eliminating severe
      respiratory diseases, venereal diseases and infectious diarrhoea. In this
      overview the results of 144 international publications are discussed critically.

PMID- 1808850
TI  - [Dyspnea--disproportion between expense and success].
AB  - There is no comprehensive theory for the various reasons for dyspnea. It is
      proposed to regard the disproportion between "input" and "output" as the common
      cause of the various forms. This disproportion may be located between
      psychological drive and neural response or between neural excitation and muscular
      response or between muscular activity and ventilatory effect. Thus insufficient
      perfusion of respiratory muscles--as in cardiac failure--may cause dyspnea.
      Arterial oxygen pressure as the criterion of sufficient ventilation is misleading
      in anemia and CO-poisoning, so that there is no dyspnea despite of insufficient
      O2-transport.

PMID- 1808852
TI  - [Splenectomy in sarcoidosis].
AB  - It is reported about 6 patients suffering from sarcoidosis with splenomegaly. In
      these cases indication for splenectomy was given by symptoms of hypersplenism,
      abdominal pain and ineffective cortisone therapy. In general after operation
      activity of sarcoidosis is unchanged. Different markers of activity were used
      after a time interval of 2-11 years. In one case it has to be discussed an
      overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI).

PMID- 1808851
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology in optimization of therapy of lung diseases].
AB  - The optimization of the therapy of lung tuberculosis and asthma bronchiale was
      supported since 1955 by clinical-pharmacological investigations. The
      prerequisites therefore--using highly specific methods of distribution and
      quantification in biological material till to the synthesis of 3H-INH and 3H-RMP
      were introduced step by step. The investigations--in most cases estimations of
      the nonbiotransformated part of antituberculotic drugs and theophylline had
      following purposes: security of the necessary dose especially in the case of INH
      (hereditary INH-polymorphismus), proof of a sufficient permeation of INH and RMP
      in the tuberculous kidney, control of the usefulness or uselessness of the INH
      depot-preparations, relations between the concentration in the serum and dose
      respectively of the appearance of side effects, estimation of bioavailability and
      pharmacokinetic parameters during the development of an useful retard-preparation
      of theophylline.

PMID- 1808853
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of antituberculosis chemotherapy. A review of
      its methods.
AB  - The various methods for the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapy in
      pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis that have been developed over time are
      described, and their rationale is discussed. With growing experience and
      improvement of efficacy an ongoing need for change of techniques is to be
      observed, in the end always leading to higher specificity, sensitivity and
      reproducibility of evaluation.

PMID- 1808854
TI  - [Studies about the therapy of tuberculosis in East Germany (former GDR)].
AB  - On the basis of a questionnaire the therapy of 2285 patients with tuberculosis
      was evaluated for the years 1987-1989. The data of the GDR National Tuberculosis
      Register (9827 patients) were used for statistical comparison. 85% of the
      patients had a pulmonary tuberculosis, 947 patients (41% of all) excreted
      tubercle bacilli in the sputum. The average duration of treatment was 31.8 weeks,
      94.7% of the patients were hospitalised for treatment for an average time of 12.4
      weeks, the following outpatient treatment was 19.4 weeks in average. The initial
      phase (daily-treatment) in all cases of tuberculosis was 8.6 weeks, the follow-up
      phase was 23.2 weeks (all data are averages). The intermittent outpatient drug
      administration was made in 95% of cases under nurse control in outpatient
      departments. The initial treatment was started in 92.1% with 3 or 4 drugs
      (H/R/Z/S or E). Isoniacid and rifampicin were prescribed in 89.7% and
      pyrazinamide was used as a 4th drug. In the follow-up phase the combination
      isoniacid and rifampicin was employed intermittent in 75.7%. The delaytime for
      the evaluated cases was 38.8 days in average. The result of study shows, in most
      cases the patients were treated according to the recommendation of therapy. The
      clinical stay of patients is too long.

PMID- 1808855
TI  - [Standardized controlled antitubercular therapy and results in 755 patients].
AB  - 755 patients were treated because of tuberculosis from 1984-1989. The treatment
      was standardized according to the recommendations. INH and RMP were used in over
      95% as in the hospital as in the ambulatory phase. During the period of 6 yrs.
      the use of SM was markedly reduced (21.8%) while the use of PZA increased from
      14.6% to 55.0%. At least four drugs were used in 22.5%. In 36.2% mycobacteria
      were found only before starting treatment. After four weeks treatment further
      45.1% were negative. Adverse reactions were registered in 9.3%. Concomitant
      diseases rendering the treatment were observed in 24.7%. Ten patients died
      because of tuberculosis. Until now only 3 patients had relapses. Controlled
      treatment is valuable and therefore recommended.

PMID- 1808856
TI  - External quality control of mycobacterial laboratories in the Czech and Slovak
      Federal Republic and in the former German Democratic Republic.
AB  - Simulated samples of sputa respectively negative sputa artificially contaminated
      with mycobacteria were sent to mycobacteriological laboratories in CSFR and the
      former GDR for the purpose of conducting an external quality control of the
      process employed in bacteriological examination. The average percentage of
      positive results corresponding with the reference material came to 75.7% in CSFR
      and 92.0% in former GDR. Methodological differences influencing the results of
      external laboratory control in both countries are discussed. Systematic external
      controls are recommended as an invaluable aid for improvement of the
      bacteriological demonstration of mycobacterial infections.

PMID- 1808857
TI  - [Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis--a clinically relevant pathogen of
      bronchopulmonary diseases?].
AB  - Branhamella catarrhalis, previously named Neisseria catarrhalis was known as a
      saprophytic inhabitant of the human respiratory tract. The importance as a
      facultative pathogen has increased during the last years. This study demonstrates
      the presence of B. catarrhalis in sputa and bronchial secretions of adults as
      well as children with bronchopulmonary diseases in a part of Berlin. From March
      1989 to July 1990 in routine examinations in the bacteriological laboratory of a
      lung hospital 46 isolates (from 32 patients) of B. catarrhalis were identified.
      B. catarrhalis was found in pure culture and in mixed culture usually in
      association with Haemophilus sp. 75% were positive for beta-lactamase. B.
      catarrhalis is oxidase- and catalase positive and does not produce acidification
      of sugars. The strains reduce nitrate and hydrolyze tributyrin. The tributyrin
      hydrolysis proved to be useful for differentiation Branhamella from Neisseria.

PMID- 1808858
TI  - [Clinical findings in patients with lung diseases caused by non-tuberculous
      mycobacteria in former East Germany and Hungary].
AB  - The importance of lung diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria is
      increased. Clinical findings in 54 patients of the former GDR and 110 patients
      from Hungary were investigated. Most of the patients were men in average age of
      55 years. More than 80% of the patients had an exposition and disposition, for
      instance, pre-existing pulmonary damage, such as healed tuberculosis, chronic
      bronchitis or emphysema. X-ray findings are presented and discussed. Signs and
      symptoms of disease are very similar to the pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 1808859
TI  - [Factors affecting correct use of metered dose aerosols].
AB  - Pressurized bronchodilators (PB) play an important role in the treatment of
      obstructive lung diseases. Therefore, the correct use of PB is a decisive factor
      for a successful therapy. In our study 207 patients were tested concerning their
      ability to use PB correctly. Nearly half of the patients (47%) used their PB
      inadequately, women more frequently then men. Most frequent errors had been an
      insufficient expiration before the use of PB (33%) and a lack of synchronization
      between inspiration and the ventilation of the drug. The value of demonstration
      and role of a medical employee in teaching the correct use of PB is underlined
      because of the frequency of errors using PB in untaught patients.

PMID- 1808860
TI  - [Prednisolone-dependent asthma patients--often under-treated in ambulatory care?
      Results of a retrospective study].
AB  - A retrospective descriptive analysis of 140 asthmatic patients, classified in our
      hospital as corticosteroid dependent and treated in outpatients departments
      showed, that 63% received slow release theophylline (SRT). 33% of them were
      within the therapeutic dose range, 44% did tolerate a further dose increase of
      SRT and 23% showed signs of intoxication which could be reduced by decreasing the
      dose. 12% of all patients were not on oral or inhaled corticosteroids at all.
      Only 52% received a combined antiasthmatic treatment including corticosteroids
      and both slow release theophylline and beta-agonists. This percentage was reduced
      to 18% if secretolytics are counted as a part of combination therapy. During
      hospital treatment it became evident that actually only 3% of all patients did
      not tolerate Theophylline retard due to side effects. In hospital 94% of all 140
      patients received combined treatment (SRT, beta-agonists and corticosteroids).
      All of them showed a clear-cut improvement of major asthma symptoms (PEF
      monitoring, symptom scores, consumption of additional bronchodilators). It is
      concluded, that steroid dependent asthmatic out-patients are often undertreated:
      a minor part does not receive steroids at all; about one half does not receive
      drug therapy combined with bronchodilators; 67 per cent of the patients, who
      receive SRT (about 2/3 of the total number) is not under optimal theophylline
      dose regimen.

PMID- 1808861
TI  - [Primary pulmonary hypertension. An overview with special reference to risk
      benefit analysis of therapy].
AB  - The primary pulmonary hypertension is a severe disease with bad prognosis. It can
      be subdivided into three subtypes with various vasoreactive properties of the
      arterial lung blood vessels what is important to know concerning the
      medicamentous therapy. Long term effects of vasodilators are still in dispute,
      although, recently some drugs with vasodilating properties seem to be promising
      in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. The heart-lung
      transplantation could be an alternative in therapy.

PMID- 1808862
TI  - [A standardized in vivo model for determining the effectiveness of surfactant
      preparations].
AB  - The premature rabbit neonate of the 27th day of gestation is a useful model for
      testing intratracheally applied surfactant preparations. Immediately after
      application of an effective surfactant the thorax lung compliance--as the
      decisive measure--rises significantly. We could exclude effects of the applied
      fluid per se. The most reliable result about the efficiency of a surfactant
      preparation is given by the cumulative dose response relationship. In a
      semilogarithmic system there is a linear relationship between the surfactant dose
      (25-200 mg phospholipids per kg b.w.) and the thorax-lung-compliance.

PMID- 1808863
TI  - The influence of intratracheal saline upon the dynamic lung-thorax compliance of
      premature newborn rabbits.
AB  - A modern therapy for the respiratory distress syndrome in neonates is the
      substitution of alveolar surfactant. Supplementary surfactant has to be applied
      to the lung via an aqueous emulsion. To estimate the effects of fluids instilled
      into the lungs a total of 144 premature newborn rabbits were used. They were
      delivered by hysterotomy after 27, 28 or 29 gestational days (term = 31 +/- 1
      days; mean +/- SD), anaesthetized (0.5 mg ethylurethane/kg b.w.), paralyzed (1 mg
      pancuronium bromide/kg b.w.) and ventilated by positive pressure (P = 25 hPa; f =
      40/min; I:E = 1:1) with 100% oxygen. By means of body-plethysmography the tidal
      volume (VT) was recorded before and regularly during 90 min after the application
      of 0 (controls), 5, 10 or 20 ml saline (0.9% NaCl solution) per kg b.w.
      intratracheally. Dynamic lung-thorax compliance (Crs) was calculated as VT/P and
      related to the body weight. The initial Crs values (mean +/- SD) were 0.06 +/-
      0.02 (27 days), 0.62 +/- 0.52 (28 days) and 1.08 +/- 0.21 (29 days) ml/hPa/kg,
      respectively (p less than 0.001). Intratracheal saline application had no
      detectable effect on Crs in rabbit neonates on day 27 of gestation. On day 28 or
      29 of gestation there was a transient (approximately 15 min) Crs reduction,
      increasing with the volume of applied liquid. At a given saline quantity the
      severity of Crs reduction depended more on the magnitude of the initial Crs
      values than on the gestational day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1808865
TI  - [Evaluation of free walking as a provocation method for detection of nonspecific
      bronchial hyperreactivity in children].
AB  - The bronchial hyperreactivity alone does not stand for illness but it is typical
      of asthma. Nonspecific tests are on a low level of standardization and the
      results of various research groups are difficult to compare. We used the free
      running provocation test compared with the inhalation test of acetylcholine in a
      routine lung function laboratory. Using the flow-volume curve both methods were
      of a comparable value although not absolute equal. Running-provocation seems to
      be especially qualified for the ascertainment of exercise-induced bronchospasm. A
      preexisting obstruction more often led to a positive result with increased
      reaction. The MEF values on low level of FVC proved to be especially sensitive.
      Free-running using the flow-volume curve for evaluation of ventilation is a
      cheap, noninvasive, natural, and in our opinion qualified method for the
      estimation of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 1808864
TI  - [Effects of laparotomy on respiratory function in patients without and with pre
      existing respiratory compromise].
AB  - The direct effect of the upper laparotomy on the ventilation were examined in 23
      patients without and in 22 patients with preexisting disorders of breathing.
      During the first 3 postoperative days the parameters FVC and FEV1 were decreased
      for 50-20% in an inverse relation to the preexisting degree of respiratory
      dysfunction and the arterial PO2 decreased about 2 kPa (15 mm Hg). Clear
      hypoxaemia (without hypercapnia) were only found in the group with a high degree
      of preexisting respiratory dysfunction (FEV1 less than 1.4 l). Especially
      pretreatment and aftercare are recommended for this patients in the case of
      laparotomy.

PMID- 1808866
TI  - [Isocapnic cold air provocation in healthy probands].
AB  - To study the physiological response to cold air challenge, the "flow-volume-loop"
      method was used. Fifty-one healthies (31 males and 20 females, mean age 30 +/- 9
      years) served as the subjects. Measurements were done before and subsequently 5
      and 30 min after challenge. In normal subjects it were observed both an increase
      and decrease of the airway obstruction. All registered changes were statistically
      significant. The range of normal alterations of parameters as a response to the
      cold air challenge was calculated on the base of obtained data.

PMID- 1808867
TI  - [Comparative methodologic studies of closing volume and increase in airway
      resistance volumes].
AB  - The early recognition of obstructive lung diseases plays an important role in the
      subsequent therapy; the closing volume, determined by means of single-breath
      oxygen test has been established as a suitable parameter. This technique,
      however, has not succeeded as a routine method due to prohibitive costs. In a
      clinical study the closing volume and the easier estimatable so-called flow
      resistance elevation volume (Ros-volume-curve parameter obtained from
      oscilloresistometry/volumetry) were compared and a correlation sought. It could
      be concluded, that for characterization of small airways diseases the closing
      volume is a more suitable parameter than the flow-resistance elevation volume.

PMID- 1808868
TI  - [Clinical and histomorphologic findings in Wegener's granulomatosis].
AB  - The Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare primary systemic vasculitis. It is
      diagnosed more frequently in the last years. Because of various manifestations
      (rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, arthralgie, "red eye", neuritis, carditis) and
      different symptomatics the disease is misjudged over month and years. Clinical
      findings, problems of bronchopulmonary and histomorphological diagnostics and
      differential diagnosis are discussed. The prognosis is favourable in cases of
      early and timely diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 1808869
TI  - [Measurement accuracy of oscillatory and whole body plethysmography determination
      of airway resistance. Study of a mechanical model].
AB  - The degree of accuracy of the plethysmographic and oscillatory method in
      determining respiratory resistance has been examined on a mechanical lung model.
      At this model different levels of the resistance could be reproducibly adjusted
      and exactly determined with sensitive measuring instruments. The plethysmographic
      method allows a precise estimation of the resistance. It was found that the
      absolute variation of the plethysmographically measured values is not greater
      than 5%. The Ros pointer scale of the Siregnost FD 5 yields systematically
      incorrect curve diagrams. In the lower range of the resistance the measured
      values are to high while the measured results of the resistance become
      progressively to low with an increasing resistance. The reason is the Ros pointer
      scale which does not show the real component of the impedance at a phase angle of
      0 degree. The values of the real component of the respiratory impedance (Rreal)
      which yields the Siemens standard set show a great coincidence with the lung
      model resistance (R(aw)). The coincidence could be even improved by use of
      electronic data processing. With a computer program developed by us it is
      possible for the first time to indicate and registrate consecutively individual
      and average values of the real component (Rrealcomp) and the reactance of the
      respiratory impedance as well as the phase angle between the alternating pressure
      delta p and the oscillating flow (V). Thereby the accuracy of measurement is
      improved and the long winded analysis with the "phase diagram" is not necessary
      anymore. Further experimental and clinical investigation have to show whether the
      oscillatory method in the way described above will offer new possibilities for
      the assessment of the pulmonary function. The phase angle and its course during
      the respiration cycle is in this connection of special importance as a possible
      new parameter.

PMID- 1808870
TI  - [Bronchoalveolar lavage in systemic scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus-
      differential cell values and enzyme cytochemistry].
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell
      differentiation and the activity of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase in alveolar macrophages. In 12 patients with systemic sclerosis
      (SS), 4 with systemic lupus erythematosus and 4 healthy controls BAL was
      performed. The activity of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
      was measured semiquantitative by means of cytochemical methods. Lymphocytes and
      neutrophils in BAL cell differentiation are increased, also the activity of beta
      glucuronidase. The activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase is decreased in SS
      and SLE in comparison with controls. The activity of beta-glucuronidase seems to
      be a marker of activity of alveolar macrophages in SS and SLE.

PMID- 1808871
TI  - [Modification of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive lung
      diseases by trapidil (Rocornal) in an acute trial].
AB  - Acute effects of Trapidil (Rocornal, Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben) on pulmonary
      hemodynamics were studied in 47 patients. A marked decrease of pulmonary artery
      pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and of right ventricular stroke work at
      rest and during exercise in different degrees of severity of pulmonary
      hypertension was shown. Especially the influence on stable pulmonary hypertension
      is of interest, but there was no statistical significance during exercise because
      of the small number of patients. Considerable objective or/and subjective side
      effects were not noticed. Possible multifactorial mechanisms of these effects
      including the left ventricular function and the role of prostaglandins are
      discussed. The effect of trapidil is compared with other investigated pulmonary
      vasodilators, such as nitrates and nifedipine. Because of hitherto there are no
      other studies with Rocornal in patients with COPD, further acute studies and
      placebo controlled long term studies with monitoring of pulmonary hemodynamic are
      necessary. Than it will be possible to clarify the role of trapidil in
      therapeutical concepts of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 1808872
TI  - [Correlation between respiratory tract symptoms in young children and NO2
      concentration of outside air].
AB  - The aim of a one year study was to ascertain whether air pollution measured as
      NO2-concentration has an measurable influence on the health of infants in
      Switzerland. Measurements of NO2-concentration were carried out by means of
      passive collectors in ambient air, living room and at the child itself. The
      results of 1225 children printed to a significant coherence between respiratory
      symptoms per day and child and the NO2 load of ambient air as an guide pollutant.
      Even in consideration of other childish, familiar and environmental factors the
      coherence remains. Although no causal relation thereby proved this factor
      supports the observation of parents and physicians that children more often fall
      ill of respiratory diseases in polluted air being in accordance with similar
      investigations abroad.

PMID- 1808873
TI  - [Cooperation of the Society of Pulmology and Tuberculosis of former East Germany
      with the Czechoslovakian Pneumophthisiologic Society 1977-1990].

PMID- 1808874
TI  - [Does internal medicine still exist today?].

PMID- 1808875
TI  - [Interventional therapy of angina pectoris].

PMID- 1808877
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia--diagnostic dilemma and challenge].

PMID- 1808876
TI  - [Distribution of procollagen transcripts in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
      using in situ hybridization].

PMID- 1808878
TI  - [Development of heart failure after myocardial infarct].

PMID- 1808879
TI  - [Causes of heart failure].

PMID- 1808880
TI  - [Pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry of heart failure: the myocardium].

PMID- 1808881
TI  - [Pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry of heart failure: peripheral circulation].

PMID- 1808882
TI  - [New aspects for therapy of chronic heart failure with positive inotropic
      substances].

PMID- 1808883
TI  - [The role of peripherally acting drugs in the treatment of chronic heart
      failure].

PMID- 1808884
TI  - [The role of heart transplantation in the therapy of heart failure].

PMID- 1808885
TI  - [Problems in long-term therapy from the viewpoint of the pharmacologist].

PMID- 1808886
TI  - [The role of Helicobacter pylori in ulcer disease].

PMID- 1808887
TI  - [Adult polycystic kidney disease--phenotype and genotype properties of the cyst
      epithelium in vitro].

PMID- 1808888
TI  - [The disease spectrum of Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Borreliosis)].

PMID- 1808889
TI  - [DNA probes instead of culture methods in diagnosis of infectious diseases?].

PMID- 1808890
TI  - [The pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 1808891
TI  - [Dietary fats and atherosclerosis].

PMID- 1808892
TI  - [Drug therapy of high risk patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1808893
TI  - [Decision guidelines for therapy of increased blood lipids--who should be treated
      how?].

PMID- 1808894
TI  - [Intensive therapy of malignant diseases].

PMID- 1808895
TI  - [Chronic lung diseases].

PMID- 1808896
TI  - [Prognostic assessment of hypoxic brain damage after resuscitation].

PMID- 1808897
TI  - [Non-variceal hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 1808898
TI  - [Bleeding esophageal varices].

PMID- 1808899
TI  - [Intensive therapy of liver coma].

PMID- 1808900
TI  - [Development of image properties of new diagnostic imaging procedures].

PMID- 1808901
TI  - [The central nervous system].

PMID- 1808902
TI  - [Lung, mediastinum and chest wall].

PMID- 1808903
TI  - [The heart and great vessels].

PMID- 1808904
TI  - [The liver and bile ducts].

PMID- 1808905
TI  - [Pancreas].

PMID- 1808906
TI  - [Kidney and retroperitoneum].

PMID- 1808907
TI  - [The role of IL-6 and IL-8 in inflammatory processes in chronic polyarthritis].

PMID- 1808908
TI  - [New approaches in therapy of chronic polyarthritis by T-cell vaccination].

PMID- 1808909
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Cardiology].

PMID- 1808910
TI  - [What we know about the drug taking behavior of our patients: results of
      surveys].

PMID- 1808911
TI  - [What do we know of the drug taking behavior of our patients: clinico
      pharmacologic studies].

PMID- 1808912
TI  - [Sexual morals and aging].

PMID- 1808913
TI  - [Hormonal changes in aging from the viewpoint of the gynecologist].

PMID- 1808914
TI  - [Hormonal changes in aging from the viewpoint of the andrologist].

PMID- 1808915
TI  - [Sex disorders after surgery].

PMID- 1808916
TI  - [Sex disorders in diabetic men].

PMID- 1808917
TI  - [Sex counseling of elderly patients].

PMID- 1808918
TI  - [Modern serologic diagnosis of HIV 1 and HIV 2 infection].

PMID- 1808920
TI  - [Danger to medical personnel of HIV].

PMID- 1808919
TI  - [Managing HIV infected patients in general practice].

PMID- 1808921
TI  - [Prospects for vaccine development against HIV infection].

PMID- 1808922
TI  - [Cellular biology of human cancers as a basis for seeking tumor markers].

PMID- 1808923
TI  - [Morphologic tumor markers].

PMID- 1808924
TI  - [Biochemistry and histochemistry of new tumor-associated antigens and their
      relation to blood group substances].

PMID- 1808925
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Hypertension].

PMID- 1808926
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Rheumatology].

PMID- 1808927
TI  - [Tissue concentration of tumor-associated antigens in the colorectal adenoma
      carcinoma sequence].

PMID- 1808928
TI  - [Aspects of radioimmunoscintigraphy in diagnosis of malignant tumors].

PMID- 1808929
TI  - [Growth factors and cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 1808930
TI  - [Growth factors and cytokines in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis].

PMID- 1808931
TI  - [Cytokines in chronic intestinal inflammation].

PMID- 1808932
TI  - [Growth factors and cytokines in the pathogenesis of bone diseases].

PMID- 1808933
TI  - [Therapeutic trials and legal aspects].

PMID- 1808934
TI  - [Therapeutic trials as a prerequisite for drug permits--standards of the German
      public health office].

PMID- 1808935
TI  - [Problems of therapeutic trials in cardiology].

PMID- 1808937
TI  - [Cerebral ischemia as a sequela to disorders of microcirculation].

PMID- 1808936
TI  - [Interactions between vascular endothelium and blood rheology].

PMID- 1808938
TI  - [The role of renal microcirculation in kidney diseases].

PMID- 1808939
TI  - [Hepatic and intestinal sequelae of inflammatory vascular processes].

PMID- 1808940
TI  - [Myocardial ischemia in disorders of coronary microcirculation].

PMID- 1808941
TI  - [Pulmonary microcirculation].

PMID- 1808942
TI  - [Importance of extrarenal renin systems in the pathogenesis of arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 1808943
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Endocrinology].

PMID- 1808944
TI  - [Nephroprotection with ACE inhibitors].

PMID- 1808945
TI  - [Peripheral and cardiac adaptive mechanisms in heart failure: the role of the
      renin-angiotensin system and its inhibition].

PMID- 1808946
TI  - [ACE inhibition: indications in mild heart failure and asymptomatic left
      ventricular dysfunction?].

PMID- 1808947
TI  - [Endothelium-dependent mechanisms of vascular regulation].

PMID- 1808948
TI  - [Cellular biology of the vascular wall and arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 1808949
TI  - [Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of signal transduction in cardiovascular
      cells].

PMID- 1808951
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Psychotropic drugs].

PMID- 1808950
TI  - [Endothelial factors in hypertension and arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 1808952
TI  - [Clinical interventions for prevention and therapy of restenosis of coronary
      heart disease].

PMID- 1808954
TI  - [Indications and limits of coronary laser angioplasty].

PMID- 1808953
TI  - [Angioplasty: state and comparison of laser angioplasty methods in peripheral
      vessels].

PMID- 1808955
TI  - Endoscopic laser treatment for rectosigmoid villous adenoma: factors effecting
      the results.

PMID- 1808956
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Gastroenterology].

PMID- 1808957
TI  - [Problems of long-term therapy and therapeutic damage considering the clinical
      aspects. Hematology/oncology].

PMID- 1808958
TI  - [Macro- and micropathology of coronary vessels].

PMID- 1808959
TI  - [The stunned and hibernating myocardium].

PMID- 1808960
TI  - [Fetal echocardiography: Part III. Fetal arrhythmia].
AB  - The paper is a review of cardiac arrhythmias, as the most common cardiological
      symptom in the fetus. After exposing the basic knowledge of fetal pathophysiology
      necessary for the better und understanding of cardiac rhythm disturbances in the
      fetus, the classification of fetal arrhythmias is presented. The possibilities of
      modern diagnosis and differential diagnosis, such us the fetal ECG, the control
      of the heart rate patterns and the sonography are discussed. The usefulness of
      the real-time-directed and color-coded M-Mode-echocardiography in the diagnosis
      and classification of arrhythmias are emphasized as well as the significance of
      the intracardiac Doppler and simultaneous Doppler recordings in the inferior vena
      cava and aorta. The indications, ways and drugs used in the intrauterine therapy
      of arrhythmias are presented. The differentiated management related to the
      diagnosis is described, after reporting about our own experience with 261 fetuses
      with arrhythmias (27 tachycardias, 21 bradycardias and 213 ectopic beats).

PMID- 1808961
TI  - [Effect of regionalization of perinatal management on mortality and long-term
      sequelae of small premature infants].
AB  - In Germany and Switzerland only 20% of the high risk neonates are born in
      perinatal centers with a neonatal intensive care unit adjacent to the delivery
      rooms. Several studies have shown that both mortality and long term morbidity
      (i.e. brain damage, retinopathy and chronic lung disease) of very low birth
      weight (VLBW) infants (less than 1500 g) are by approximately 50% lower in
      inborns compared with outborns. The results of the Bavarian Neonatal Study and of
      the perinatal centers in Baden-Wurttemberg indicate that every year approximately
      2000 VLBW infants die and 4000 survive with severe handicaps in the western
      states of the Federal Republic of Germany because they are not born in a
      perinatal center.

PMID- 1808963
TI  - [Possibilities of surgical management of local recurrence and radiogenic chest
      wall damage using the latissimus dorsi transposed flap in advanced breast
      cancer].
AB  - Due to its constant vascular supply, the musculus latissimus-dorsi flap is an
      ideal therapeutic option for large tissue defects of the thorax. Using this flap
      technique, the problem of peripheral necrosis only occurs in less than five
      percent of cases. Indications for the latissmus-dorsi flap include repair of
      excised radiation induced ulcerations, tissue defects of the thorax as well as
      surgical repair of extended excisions necessary in the treatment of breast
      cancer. The main advantage of this flap lies with its comparably simple surgical
      technique and the use of a highly mobile flap with a maximal length to width
      ratio of seven to one. Post-operative complications include infections, rarely
      occurring due to the good vascular supply of the flap. Formation of haematoma and
      seroma can largely be prevented by using fibrin glue. In our experience, the
      musculus latissimus-dorsi flap has very successfully been as a surgical option
      for palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 1808962
TI  - [Regionalization of obstetrics exemplified by the Bern University Obstetric
      Clinic].
AB  - Report about practical experience with concentration of high risk pregnancies in
      a regional center. It is better to transport the fetus in utero than to transport
      the neonate.

PMID- 1808964
TI  - [Cytophotometric studies for evaluating the prognosis in endometrial cancer].
AB  - This paper deals with a prospective cytophotometric study of specimens from 48
      cases of primary endometrial carcinoma. The tumor material was obtained from the
      region of tumor invasion immediately after an operation and in 8 cases by
      fractional curettage after ultrasonographic localisation of the tumor. The
      specimens were air-dried and Feulgen stained. The cytophotometric examinations
      were performed with a scanning cytophotometer. A computer-assisted data
      registration and processing was carried out. The histological diagnosis of the
      tissue specimen and curettage specimen was established according to standardized
      criteria. 32 out of the 48 investigated cases of endometrial carcinoma were
      diploid. Observations conducted over a period of 12 months showed a partially
      significant correlation (u-test according to Mann and Whitney) between DNA
      content and stage of the tumor (FIGO), histological grade of the tumor, relative
      depth of myometrial invasion as well as the clinical course. A differentiation
      based on the ploidy and the average relative DNA content (AE) in relation with
      typing is not possible. It was not possible to state the difference between
      average nuclear surface (F) and individual morphological variables. The average
      extinction, as a measure of the chromatin density, was determined for each
      specimen. A significant increase of the average extinction was established for
      carcinomas which infiltrated more than 2/3 of the uterine wall. Ploidy, average
      relative DNA content and average extinction provide an invaluable additional
      parameter in the assessment of the prognosis, post-operative therapy and
      aftercare of patients with endometrial carcinoma.

PMID- 1808966
TI  - [Effect of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol and their combination on
      biotransformation reactions].
AB  - Caffeine is mainly metabolized by 3-methylcholanthreneinducible cytochrome P-450,
      whereas metamizol (Analgin) is probably mainly metabolized by the phenobarbital
      inducible cytochrome P-450 family. Therefore the elimination of caffeine from
      serum and the elimination of the main metabolites of metamizol in urine reflect
      the activity of these two cytochrome P-450 families. Sex hormones can influence
      the activity of cytochrome P-450. Intake of levonorgestrel (0.125 mg) daily for
      14 days reduced the metabolism of caffeine slightly, but the elimination of
      metamizol-metabolites is not influenced. Longterm administration of
      levonorgestrel (0.250 mg daily) for three months did not change the metabolisms
      of both model substances tested. In contrast, ethynylestradiol (0.050 mg) alone
      and also the combination with levonorgestrel markedly retarded the elimination
      rate of caffeine and metamizol-metabolites. This fact should be taken into
      consideration in drug therapy.

PMID- 1808965
TI  - [Face presentation in labor].
AB  - Persistent face presentations are relatively uncommon. The aetiology, management
      and results of 30 face presentation in labour are analyzed. The low fetal
      mortality and morbidity substantialles the effectiveness of conservative
      management in face presentation.

PMID- 1808967
TI  - Isolated torsion of the fallopian tube as differential diagnosis to acute
      abdominal pain in a thirteen years old girl.
AB  - The authors report a case of isolated torsion of the Fallopian tube in a thirteen
      years old girl. Only because of laparoscopy, the diagnosis was determined.
      Torsion of the fallopian tube as a differential diagnosis to acute abdomen is
      discussed.

PMID- 1808968
TI  - [The use of the methods of toxicology in studying the problem of the evolution of
      kidney functions (a problem-oriented paper)].

PMID- 1808969
TI  - [The principles of determining nerve center function (exemplified by the
      mammalian neostriatum) (a problem-oriented paper)].

PMID- 1808970
TI  - [The importance of the phylo- and ontogenetic study of the wakefulness-sleep
      cycle for understanding sleep pathology (a problem-oriented paper)].

PMID- 1808971
TI  - [The excitability of neurons of the medial septal area in brain slices from
      hibernating and active Citellus undulatus susliks].
AB  - Spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity of the medical septum-diagonal band
      complex (MS-DB) has been investigated in slices from the brain of hibernating and
      active ground squirrels, as well as guinea pigs. In all experimental groups, the
      majority of the MS-DB neurones exhibited high regular of rhythmic burst
      spontaneous activity which persisted even after synaptic blockade in half of the
      neuronal population. Under the same conditions, the activity of the surrounding
      structures was completely suppressed. The density of the spontaneously active
      neurones in the slices, as well as the mean frequency of discharges in the MS-DB
      of hibernating ground squirrels, were significantly higher than in active ground
      squirrels and guinea pigs. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle evoked
      initial suppression of the activity in the majority of MS-DB units; in many of
      them, the suppression was followed by a burst discharge. Neurones with background
      rhythmic burst activity always reacted by resetting the spontaneous bursts. In
      total, 50-60% of the MS-DB neurones in active ground squirrels and guinea pigs
      reacted by post-inhibitory bursts, whereas in hibernating animals these responses
      were observed nearly in all neurones. Threshold values of the stimulating current
      were lower in hibernating animals; the intraburst density of spikes was
      increased.

PMID- 1808972
TI  - [The olfactory orientation traits of white rats in a maze].
AB  - Some characteristics of olfactory behaviour of albino rats in three-arm maze have
      been studied. It was found that the olfactory discrimination of different food
      reinforcements may be elaborated in passages as long as 90 cm. Choice reactions
      were determined by olfactory, not visual, stimuli on their simultaneous
      presentation.

PMID- 1808973
TI  - Barrels III: Proceedings of a satellite symposium of the 1990 Society for
      Neuroscience meeting.

PMID- 1808974
TI  - Interactions between chemical and thermal cutaneous stimuli: inhibition
      (counterirritation) and integration.
AB  - Methyl salicylate, a commonly used chemical counterirritant, was applied
      topically to the forearm to determine whether a nonpainful chemical irritation
      could inhibit the perception of another (weaker) chemical irritation. In the
      first experiment, sensations of irritation (burning and stinging) produced by a
      10% solution of methyl salicylate were significantly attenuated when a 15%
      solution of the same chemical was applied to the opposite forearm. In the second
      experiment, neither the perception of warmth nor the heat pain threshold was
      affected by application of 10% or 15% methyl salicylate to a site 10 cm from the
      thermal stimulus. Inhibition did, however, occur in the opposite direction:
      Chemical irritation was reduced after the thermal stimulus reached a painful
      level. In the third experiment, a 15% solution of methyl salicylate was applied
      immediately adjacent to the thermal stimulus, with the result that ratings of
      warmth intensity increased rather than decreased, and perceived irritation was
      again attenuated following a painful heat stimulus. Overall, the results indicate
      that (1) chemical counterirritation can occur at nonpainful levels; (2) the
      resulting inhibition is confined to the nociceptive system; and (3) when the
      nociceptive and warmth system are activated together, the tendency is toward
      integration rather than inhibition.

PMID- 1808975
TI  - Basal forebrain lesions with or without reserpine injection inhibit cortical
      reorganization in rat hindpaw primary somatosensory cortex following sciatic
      nerve section.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that cortical reorganization depends on acetylcholine and
      one or more of the monoamines, the hindpaw cortex was mapped in eight different
      groups of mature rats: (1) untreated; (2) after sciatic nerve transection; (3)
      after intraperitoneal injections of reserpine, to reduce the level of cortical
      monoamines; (4) after ibotenic acid lesion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert
      (NBM), to destroy cholinergic cells projecting to the cortex; (5) after reserpine
      treatment and transection; (6) after ibotenic acid lesion and transection; (7)
      after reserpine treatment and ibotenic acid lesion; and (8) after reserpine
      treatment, ibotenic acid lesion, and transection. Four days after transection,
      the cortex had reorganized in the transected group. However, this process of
      reorganization was prevented in transected animals with NBM lesions. Treatment
      with reserpine alone did not inhibit the process of reorganization, nor did it
      enhance the effect of NBM lesion. Nonetheless, the animals treated with reserpine
      and transected had higher response thresholds in the reorganized cortex than did
      the animals that were treated but not transected. These data suggest that
      acetylcholine plays an important role in the early reorganization that follows
      deafferentation, and that one or more of the monoamines may have other influences
      on reorganization of the primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats.

PMID- 1808976
TI  - Age of appearance of circadian rhythm in blood 17-hydroxyprogesterone in 21
      hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - Sixty-one daily profiles of blood-spot 17-hydroxyprogesterone derived from
      patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
      were analysed to determine the age of appearance of circadian rhythm in
      hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity. The results revealed that typical
      circadian adrenocortical rhythm is established at approximately three months
      after birth. In conclusion, the maturation of supra-hypothalamic brain structure
      proceeds normally also in humans with constant low level of cortisol in blood.

PMID- 1808977
TI  - Suppression of food intake by porcine gastrin (possible role as satiety factor).
AB  - In this study 150 male and female albino rats were divided into 5 groups (30 per
      group) for control (physiological saline) 4, 6, 8 and 10 micrograms.kg-1 b.wt.
      intraperitoneal injection of crude porcine gastrin, after 12 h fast. All the
      animals were given normal rat chow and drinking water following the injection of
      crude gastrin. It was found that the crude gastrin administered significantly
      decreased food intake by 21.7, 25.4, 29.8 and 32.0% at gastrin doses of 4, 6, 8
      and 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. respectively (P less than 0.01, t-test). Suppression of food
      intake was significantly correlated with dose of gastrin r = -0.984 (P less than
      0.01). It is concluded that crude gastrin suppresses food intake in rats and many
      act as a satiety factor in these animals.

PMID- 1808978
TI  - Differential vascular actions of ethanol in feline middle cerebral and mesenteric
      artery.
AB  - The vascular actions of ethanol on feline middle cerebral and mesenteric arteries
      were investigated in vitro. Ethanol (20-500 mM) caused potent contraction in
      cerebral arteries, but it contracted the mesenteric arteries only weakly. In the
      middle cerebral artery (but not in the mesenteric artery) ethanol (300 mM)
      potentiated the noradrenaline (5.10(-6) M) induced contractions. Antiserum for
      endothelin (in an appropriate concentration to inhibit endothelin-induced
      contraction; 0.02 mg/ml) did not inhibit the ethanol-induced contractions.
      Endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by acetylcholine and ATP were also
      affected by ethanol (300 mM); in the cerebral artery acetylcholine- but not ATP
      induced relaxations, whereas in the mesenteric artery ATP- but not acetylcholine
      induced relaxations were inhibited significantly. The results suggest that
      ethanol causes strong (endothelin-independent) contraction and facilitates the
      response to noradrenaline in the middle cerebral, but not in the mesenteric
      artery; and it selectively inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxation. These
      actions of ethanol may contribute to the development of vascular diseases.

PMID- 1808979
TI  - Effects of 60Co gamma-irradiation of mice on the temporal changes of acid
      phosphatase activity in spleen and liver.
AB  - Acid phosphatase activity and protein content of spleen and liver, and organ
      weight of whole-body 10 Gy 60Co gamma-irradiated mice were measured every four
      hours during a 24-hour period. In irradiated mice, in comparison with those non
      irradiated, increased acid phosphatase activity in spleen related to both 1 mg of
      protein at 20.00I, 04.00, 08.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00II and 1 g of fresh tissue
      at 20.00I, 08.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00II; decreased weight of spleen and
      protein amount in spleen during the whole 24-hour period, as well as fluctuations
      in all the parameters measured in spleen, except the level of protein related to
      1 g of fresh tissue, were observed. In irradiated mice, compared with the
      controls, the increased acid phosphatase activity in liver calculated per both 1
      mg of protein at 24.00, 08.00 and 16.00 and 1 g of fresh tissue at 08.00 and
      16.00; the decreased protein concentration in liver related to 1 g of fresh
      tissue and the whole organ weight at 12.00, as well as temporal changes in the
      protein level in liver expressed per 1 g of fresh tissue, were found. 60Co
      irradiation of mice influenced the acid phosphatase activity and protein
      concentration in liver are less than in spleen.

PMID- 1808980
TI  - Acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in testes after AET or MEA
      treatment of adult mice.
AB  - Temporal changes of acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) and arylsulphatase (E.C.
      3.1.6.1) activities in testes of adult Swiss mice after AET (2-amino
      ethylisothiouronium Br. HBr) or MEA (cysteamine HCl) treatment, were studied. The
      animals were injected intraperitoneally with the S-containing substances in a
      single dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. The enzyme activities in crude organ
      homogenates were assessed every four hours during a 24-hour period.
      Administration of the aminothiol agents to mouse organism caused greater changes
      in the acid phosphatase activity than in the arylsulphatase activity, and the two
      chemical compounds AET and MEA given, influenced the enzyme activities in testes
      in a different way. Treatment of mice with AET resulted in a decrease of the acid
      phosphatase activity related to 1 g of fresh tissue at 16.00 and the whole organ
      weight at 24.00 and 16.00 as well as in a decrease of the arylsulphatase activity
      expressed per the whole weight of testes at 08.00. After MEA injection, the acid
      phosphatase activity related to 1 mg of protein, 1 g of fresh tissue and the
      whole organ weight was decreased at 20.00(1), and the enzyme activity expresse
      per 1 mg of protein and 1 g of fresh tissue was increased at 24.00, but the
      arylsulphatase activity related to both 1 mg of protein at 08.00, 12.00 and to
      the whole weight of testes at 08.00, was reduced.

PMID- 1808981
TI  - Impact of neonatal benzpyrene imprinting on liver microsomal enzyme induction by
      benzpyrene and phenobarbital in adulthood.
AB  - A single neonatal treatment of rats with benzpyrene accounted for a durable
      induction of the liver microsomal enzyme (PSMO) system. Neonatal treatment with
      benzpyrene enhanced the inducing action of phenobarbital administrated in
      adulthood, but did not change the effect of benzpyrene treatment in the adult
      age. It follows that the imprinting and inducing effects of the neonatal
      benzpyrene treatment took different trends.

PMID- 1808982
TI  - The effect of various PGI2 analogues on free and phospholipid-bound fatty acids
      in rat brain, following complete ischaemia, normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia.
AB  - The effect of various prostacyclin analogues on free and phospholipid-bound fatty
      acids in rat brain following complete ischaemia, normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia
      were investigated. Both ischaemic and hypoxic conditions cause a significant rise
      in both unsaturated (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic) and saturated (palmitic and
      stearic) fatty acids. Under same conditions, a significant fall in
      phosphatidylinositol level in brain was observed. Prostacyclin and its analogues
      significantly reduce the rise of free fatty acids, as well as the decrease of
      phosphatidylinositol.

PMID- 1808983
TI  - Blood platelet serotonin following enterectomy in rats.
AB  - The role of the intestine as a source of platelet serotonin was investigated.
      Radioactive serotonin precursor. 5-Hydroxytryptophan was injected into
      enterectomised and sham-operated rats. Blood samples were taken at time intervals
      and serotonin uptake was estimated by radioactive counting. Soon (1-2 hrs) after
      surgery and under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia, platelet 5HT activity was
      higher in enterectomised rats than in controls. The intestine may not be the
      major source of platelet serotonin.

PMID- 1808984
TI  - Removal of 5-hydroxytryptamine by rat lungs.
AB  - Isolated rat lungs perfused with Krebs solution removed free radioactive 5
      Hydroxytryptamine (5 HT or serotonin) from the fluid perfusing them. However,
      when platelets labelled with 111In-oxine to tag them individually, and with 14C
      labelled 5 HT were also perfused via the lungs, there was no significant removal
      of the labelled 5 HT from the platelets. Paper chromatography showed that 46.7%
      of the platelet bound 5 HT was metabolished to an unidentified material. Rat
      lungs remove free 5 HT from plasma but not when it is platelet bound.

PMID- 1808985
TI  - The effect of lanthanum on the mechanical function of the isolated perfused rat
      heart at different extracellular calcium concentrations.
AB  - The effects of 50 microM lanthanum (La3+) on the contractile force, rate and
      coronary flow of rat hearts perfused with solutions containing 2.5, 5, 7.5 mM
      calcium (Ca2+) have been investigated. La3+ produced a rapid and marked decrease
      in contractile force within 1-3 min ("early La(3+)-effect"). The inhibition of
      contractility by La3+ was reduced progressively when the Ca2+ ion concentration
      in the perfusion fluid was raised from 2.5 to 7.5 mM. However, after 10-80 min of
      La3+ perfusion the contractile force was increased significantly ("late La(3+)
      effect"). Elevation of Ca2+ during exposure to La3+ increased its effect. During
      the late La(3+)-effect, a marked decrease in heart rate and a significant
      increase in time to reach peak tension, time for half relaxation and twitch
      duration was observed. High concentrations of perfusate Ca2+ decreased the
      chronotropic response to La3+, in contrast, elevated Ca2+ potentiated La(3+)
      induced increase in time to reach peak tension, time for half relaxation and
      twitch duration. La3+ produced a significant decrease in coronary flow. High Ca2+
      augmented the decrease coronary flow. The findings indicate that La3+ may produce
      marked effects on myocardial function. High extracellular Ca2+ reduces the La(3+)
      induced initial decrease in force of contraction, but potentiates the late
      increase in contractile force by La3+. Elevated external Ca2+ also increases the
      effects of La3+ on twitch parameters, heart rate and coronary flow.

PMID- 1808987
TI  - Immunology of milk and the neonate.

PMID- 1808986
TI  - Characteristics of human milk antibodies and their effect in relation to the
      epidemiology of breastfeeding and infections in a developing country.

PMID- 1808989
TI  - The effects of colostrum on neutrophil function: decreased deformability with
      increased cytoskeleton-associated actin.

PMID- 1808988
TI  - Role of IL-6 in human antigen-specific and polyclonal IgA responses.

PMID- 1808990
TI  - Free fatty acids and monoglycerides: anti-infective agents produced during the
      digestion of milk fat by the newborn.

PMID- 1808991
TI  - The role of milk-derived antimicrobial lipids as antiviral and antibacterial
      agents.

PMID- 1808992
TI  - Anti-adhesive molecules in human milk.

PMID- 1808993
TI  - T cell development in the fetus and neonate.

PMID- 1808994
TI  - The effect of human milk on the adherence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli to rabbit
      intestinal cells.

PMID- 1808995
TI  - Identification and use of protective monoclonal IgA antibodies against viral and
      bacterial pathogens.

PMID- 1808996
TI  - Production and use of monoclonal IgA antibodies complexed with recombinant
      secretory component for passive mucosal protection.

PMID- 1808997
TI  - Epithelial transport of IgA immune complexes.

PMID- 1808998
TI  - Association of human milk SIgA antibodies with maternal intestinal exposure to
      microbial antigens.

PMID- 1808999
TI  - Serum and breast milk antibodies to food antigens in African mothers and relation
      to their diet.

PMID- 1809000
TI  - Modulation of the immune response by maternal antibody.

PMID- 1809001
TI  - Immunoglobulin G subclasses in human colostrum and milk.

PMID- 1809002
TI  - Secretory defenses against Giardia lamblia.

PMID- 1809003
TI  - Epidemiological perspective of breastfeeding and acute respiratory illnesses in
      infants.

PMID- 1809005
TI  - Characterization of a human milk factor that inhibits binding of HIV GP120 to its
      CD4 receptor.

PMID- 1809004
TI  - Human milk and HIV infection: epidemiologic and laboratory data.

PMID- 1809006
TI  - Growth factors and the development of neonatal host defense.

PMID- 1809007
TI  - The antibody response in infants after colonization of the intestine with E. coli
      O83. Artificial colonization used as a prevention against nosocomial infections.

PMID- 1809008
TI  - Antibodies to Streptococci pneumoniae in sera and secretions of mothers and their
      infants.

PMID- 1809009
TI  - The potential impact of group B streptococcal antibodies in breast milk.

PMID- 1809010
TI  - IgA proteases of Haemophilus influenzae dividing in human milk are inhibited by
      IgA antibody in the milk.

PMID- 1809011
TI  - Bovine lactogenic immunity against pediatric enteropathogens.

PMID- 1809012
TI  - Milk secretory IgA related to Shigella virulence antigens.

PMID- 1809013
TI  - Cortisone strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier in a rodent necrotizing
      enterocolitis model.

PMID- 1809014
TI  - The relevance of immunoglobulin in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis.

PMID- 1809015
TI  - Strategies for the prevention of food allergic associated atopic disease.

PMID- 1809016
TI  - Secretory antibodies to cow milk proteins and to respiratory syncytial virus.

PMID- 1809017
TI  - Characterization of cow milk proteins in human milk: kinetics, size distribution,
      and possible relation to atopy.

PMID- 1809018
TI  - Amniotic fluid: the first feeding of mucosal immune factors.

PMID- 1809019
TI  - Levels of IgA and cow milk antibodies in breast milk vs. the development of atopy
      in children. Low colostral IgA associated with cow milk allergy.

PMID- 1809020
TI  - Sensitization via the breast milk.

PMID- 1809021
TI  - Management of infants with cow milk allergy.

PMID- 1809022
TI  - Breast milk and special formulas in prevention of milk allergy.

PMID- 1809023
TI  - Atopy prophylaxis in high-risk infants. Prospective 5-year follow-up study of
      children with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination.

PMID- 1809024
TI  - Natural history and immunological markers in children with cow milk allergy.

PMID- 1809026
TI  - The clinical expression of allergy in breast-fed infants.

PMID- 1809025
TI  - IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies to cow milk proteins in an allergy prevention study.

PMID- 1809027
TI  - Ontogeny of the secretory IgA system in humans.

PMID- 1809028
TI  - IgA-secreting cells in the blood of premature and term infants: normal
      development and effect of intrauterine infections.

PMID- 1809029
TI  - The effect of human milk, protein-fortified human milk and formula on immunologic
      factors of newborn infants.

PMID- 1809030
TI  - Ontogeny of the mucosal immune response in children.

PMID- 1809031
TI  - Are cytokines in human milk?

PMID- 1809032
TI  - The developing gastrointestinal tract and milk-borne epidermal growth factor.

PMID- 1809033
TI  - Pregnancy and renal disease: predictors for fetal and maternal outcome.

PMID- 1809034
TI  - Decreased size of peritoneal macrophage during peritonitis in continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.
AB  - From January 1987 to July 1988, 30 patients suffering from end-stage renal
      disease were treated with continuous ambulatory peritonitis dialysis (CAPD)
      therapy. Serial cell number, size and cycle of the peritoneal macrophage (PM) in
      these patients were measured before and during episodes of peritonitis from the
      time they started CAPD therapy. Patients with peritonitis were divided into high
      peritonitis occurrence (HPOG) and low peritonitis occurrence (LPOG) groups. Both
      before and during occurrence of peritonitis, there were no significant
      differences in the number of PM cells in the dialysate taken from patients in the
      HPOG and LPOG. When peritonitis occurred, the size and cell cycle S/Go-G1 ratio
      decreased about 3 days after the onset of peritonitis. It progressed to the
      lowest level 7-10 days later, then progressively recovered. However, the
      dialysate PM cells from the HPOG took a much longer time to recover to the
      preperitonitis size. When dialysate PM cells from patients without peritonitis
      were put into the dialysate of HPOG patients on day 10 of peritonitis and
      incubated for 24 h, an obvious decrease in cell size could be identified. On the
      other hand, when the PM cells from HPOG patients with peritonitis on day 10 were
      incubated 24 h with the dialysate from patients without peritonitis, there were
      obvious increases in cell size. These results suggest there may be a substance
      (or substances) in the peritonitis dialysate, which contribute(s) to the
      shrinkage of PM cell size.

PMID- 1809035
TI  - A special, supplemented 'vegan' diet for nephrotic patients.
AB  - High dietary protein intake, in the past recommended for nephrotic syndrome, does
      not improve hypoproteinemia and may accelerate progressive renal damage. In
      contrast, low-protein diets reduce proteinuria and preserve renal function in
      experimental renal models of nephrotic syndrome. In this study, 20 steroid
      resistant, nephrotic patients were treated with a pure vegetarian, low-protein
      diet, supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues (supplemented
      vegan diet, SVD) for 4.6 +/- 3.1 months. Before the study, these patients
      followed an unrestricted protein, low-sodium diet (LSD). Proteinuria, daily urea
      nitrogen excretion and creatinine clearance decreased significantly on SVD. A
      similar lowering effect of SVD was observed on serum total cholesterol. Seven of
      the 20 patients changed from LSD to SVD and vice-versa on 3 occasions, and in all
      cases, we found an increase of proteinuria during the LSD period. Serum albumin,
      HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and anthropometric measurements did not change on
      SVD. Our data suggest that SVD exerts a favorable effect on proteinuria and
      hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic patients, without inducing clinical or
      laboratory signs of malnutrition.

PMID- 1809037
TI  - A prospective study on intradialytic symptoms associated with reuse of
      hemodialyzers.
AB  - The benefits and disadvantages of hemodialyzer reuse is controversial. While
      biochemical data have suggested potential benefits from reuse, there is dispute
      over the clinical impact on the patient. Limited data show that reuse is
      associated with less intradialytic symptoms compared to first use. We conducted a
      prospective study of acute symptoms during clinical dialysis using new and reused
      cellulose acetate membrane hollow-fiber dialyzers. A total of 106 sessions using
      new dialyzers and 871 sessions employing reused dialyzers were monitored.
      Dialyzers were processed with an automated machine using hydrogen peroxide and
      peroxyacetic acid as sterilants. We found that, compared to new ones, reused
      dialyzers were associated with a similar frequency of overall and specific
      symptoms. In addition, there was no difference in the magnitude of changes in
      blood pressure during and after the treatments between the two groups. We
      conclude that maintenance hemodialysis with reused cellulose acetate membrane
      dialyzers processed with hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid was not
      associated with more or fewer subjective symptoms than dialysis with new
      dialyzers.

PMID- 1809036
TI  - Lipoprotein levels and post-heparin lipase activities in kidney transplant
      recipients: ciclosporin- versus non-ciclosporin-treated patients.
AB  - Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured in 118 clinically stable patients who
      had received a kidney transplant more than 1 year earlier. Seventy-one were
      treated with ciclosporin (CS), 47 were not. The CS group had significantly higher
      mean cholesterol (6.54 versus 6.00 mmol/l) and triglyceride (1.83 versus 1.34
      mmol/l) concentrations than the non-CS group. LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios were
      similar in the two groups. The CS patients had higher creatinine and prednisolone
      doses and used beta-blockers and loop diuretics more frequently. Multiple
      regression analysis did not show an independent correlation between lipid levels
      and treatment with CS. On the other hand, there was an independent correlation
      between cholesterol levels and treatment with loop diuretics, suggesting that
      such treatment contributes to the higher cholesterol levels in kidney transplant
      recipients. The diabetics had a more favorable lipoprotein profile than the
      nondiabetics, especially in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels. The marked
      difference in triglyceride levels between the treatment groups prompted us to
      evaluate the lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities in 20
      hyperlipidemic, nondiabetic patients. Both enzyme activities were moderately
      reduced with no difference between the treatment groups, suggesting that factors
      other than CS interfere with the lipase activities in kidney transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 1809038
TI  - Enigma of contracted granular kidney: a chapter in the history of nephrology.
AB  - British successors of Richard Bright came to regard the disease which bore his
      name as consisting of several distinct clinical and pathological types, one of
      which was referred to as contracted granular kidney. The insidious nature of this
      form of the disease, the lack of clear-cut precipitating factors and, above all,
      the associated cardio-circulatory disorders gave rise to much speculation and
      debate. Whether the renal disease or the vascular disease was the primary and
      essential change was a question which sharply divided eminent Victorian
      physicians and gave rise to a bitter quarrel between Sir George Johnson and Sir
      William Gull. The anser to this conundrum, that the kidney was sometimes the
      cause and sometimes the consequence of circulatory disease was suggested by
      Mahomed's discovery of essential hypertension but confirmation had to await the
      invention of a clinically useful sphygmomanometer.

PMID- 1809039
TI  - Digoxin-induced abdominal pain in a patient undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - A patient who had recently been started on digoxin developed acute severe right
      upper quadrant pain shortly after hemodialysis. He underwent an extensive work-up
      for abdominal pain but all findings were normal. With reduction of digoxin
      dosage, a substantial relief of pain was achieved. The pain totally resolved when
      digoxin was discontinued and recurred when it was restarted. Cardiac glycosides
      may be a cause of abdominal pain in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
      and this side effect should be considered before costly work-up is performed.

PMID- 1809040
TI  - Bilateral renal cortical necrosis in two patients with Neisseria meningitidis
      sepsis.
AB  - Two patients who developed bilateral renal cortical necrosis as a consequence of
      Neisseria meningitidis infections are described: 1 patient had meningococcemia
      and the other had meningococcal meningitis. Both patients developed a Shwartzman
      like reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and irreversible renal
      failure. Renal biopsy showed sclerosis of the majority of glomeruli; some
      glomeruli showed capillary congestion, thrombosis and an increased number of
      neutrophils; the intralobular arterioles showed thrombotic occlusions.

PMID- 1809041
TI  - Chronic renal failure for bilateral spontaneous kidney rupture in a case of
      tuberous sclerosis. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of spontaneous, but not contemporary rupture of both kidneys in a 42-year
      old man with tuberous sclerosis is described. Despite the high incidence of renal
      involvement, chronic renal failure due to replacement and compression of renal
      tissue by hamartomas is rare. We reviewed 25 cases in the literature and found
      only 1 other case which necessitated maintenance hemodialytic treatment for
      kidney rupture. It is suggested that early diagnosis and conservative partial
      nephrectomy could prevent or delay the onset of chronic renal failure, malignant
      transformation and dramatic rupture of hamartomas.

PMID- 1809042
TI  - Collagen type III glomerulopathy: a new idiopathic glomerular disease.
AB  - A new type of idiopathic glomerular disease is reported in a 49-year-old Italian
      woman who presented with uncharacteristic renal symptoms, i.e., hypertension and
      slight proteinuria. Clinical investigation excluded a familial renal disease and
      more specifically nail-patella syndrome. Diagnostic renal biopsy by light
      microscopy showed a picture similar to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
      The enlarged glomeruli were lobulated, the peripheral basement membranes were
      thickened by the deposition of light-microscopically undefined material, cell
      proliferation was lacking. By electron microscopy, the material was
      nonhomogenous, partly granular partly fibrillar, containing typical collagen
      fibers. The latter were identified as collagen type III, to a lesser extent
      collagen type I. Review of the literature resulted in 12 similar or identical
      cases reported from Japan and one additional case reported in a white American
      female. Evidence of systemic disease is lacking. Etiology and pathogenesis are
      elusive. A progressive deterioration of renal function must be expected. Collagen
      type III glomerulopathy is suggested as term of this new type of idiopathic
      glomerular disease.

PMID- 1809043
TI  - Rapidly progressive renal failure associated with angiofollicular lymph node
      hyperplasia.
AB  - The authors report a case of rapidly progressive renal failure associated with
      Castleman's disease. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis
      associated with marked tubulointerstitial nephritis. This kind of renal lesion
      has never been reported in association with angiofollicular lymph node
      hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) or other immunoblastic disorders. The patient
      initially required hemodialysis therapy. However, steroid therapy was effective
      in treating the systemic manifestations of Castleman's disease and some renal
      function was recovered. The patient was finally withdrawn from hemodialysis
      therapy.

PMID- 1809044
TI  - Glomerular basement membrane thinning is acquired in minimal change disease.

PMID- 1809045
TI  - IgA nephropathy in HIV infection.

PMID- 1809046
TI  - Health hazards and nitrous oxide: a time for reappraisal.
AB  - Recent adoption by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
      of a Threshold Limit Value of 50 ppm for an 8-hour average exposure to nitrous
      oxide (N2O) increases the likelihood for its regulation by state and federal
      occupational health agencies. This review outlines current information on the
      health risks of N2O inhalation to provide a basis from which safe and reasonably
      attainable exposure limits can be proposed. Although N2O was for many years
      believed to have no toxicity other than that associated with its anesthetic
      action, bone marrow depression in patients administered N2O for extended periods
      of time and neurological abnormalities in health care workers who inhaled N2O
      recreationally have disproved this notion. Retrospective surveys of dental and
      medical personnel have also linked occupational exposure to N2O with a number of
      health problems and reproductive derangements. Nitrous oxide reacts with the
      reduced form of vitamin B12, thereby inhibiting the action of methionine
      synthase, an enzyme that indirectly supports methylation reactions and nucleic
      acid synthesis. Many, if not all, of the nonanesthetic-related adverse effects of
      N2O may be ascribed to this action. Animal and human studies indicate that the
      toxic effects of N2O are concentration- and time-dependent. It is suggested that
      a time-weighted average of 100 ppm for an 8-hour workday and/or a time-weighted
      average of 400 ppm per anesthetic administration would provide adequate
      protection of dental personnel and be achievable with existing pollution control
      methods.

PMID- 1809047
TI  - Reversal of central benzodiazepine effects by intravenous flumazenil.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of flumazenil in safely
      expediting patient recovery from benzodiazepine sedation. This double-blind,
      randomized, placebo-controlled study involved 30 patients who received conscious
      sedation induced by intravenous midazolam given for a dental surgical procedure.
      Patients who received flumazenil were rated significantly more alert than were
      placebo-treated patients at 5 and 15 min following test drug administration. They
      also had significantly superior scores on the digital symbol substitution test
      and on tests in a comprehensive modified neurological examination 5 min after
      receiving flumazenil. Group differences were not as impressive on recall and
      recognition tests. However, flumazenil patients scored somewhat more favorably
      than the placebo group patients in identifying simple objects they had been shown
      during the observation period following surgery. Flumazenil appears to be a
      promising drug for reversing midazolam conscious sedation.

PMID- 1809048
TI  - Flumazenil antagonizes the suppressive effect of midazolam on the somatosensory
      evoked potentials in the rat.
AB  - The effect of flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, on the midazolam
      induced suppression of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following strong
      electrical stimulation of the upper lip was investigated in Wistar albino rats.
      The averaged SEPs were recorded from the contralateral surface of the skull in
      the temporal area. Each rat received midazolam in a dose of 10 mg/kg
      intraperitoneally. Five min after midazolam injection, the relative amplitude of
      the P1N1 wave of the SEPs was reduced significantly. A 0.5 mg dose of flumazenil
      or physiological saline was injected intraperitoneally 7.5 min after midazolam
      injection. The P1N1 amplitude recovered rapidly to the control value in the
      flumazenil group but not in the physiological saline group. No significant
      differences were found in the latencies of the P1 and N1 peaks before or after
      midazolam or flumazenil injection. It is suggested that flumazenil strongly
      antagonizes the midazolam-induced suppression of SEPs in the rat.

PMID- 1809049
TI  - Clinical study of diffusion hypoxia after nitrous oxide analgesia.
AB  - In order to estimate the incidence of diffusion hypoxia, arterial oxygen
      saturation was measured in 104 healthy adult dental patients who were
      administered nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia and who did not receive postcessation
      oxygen. Pretreatment saturation levels as determined by pulse oximetry ranged
      from 93% to 100%. When the nitrous oxide-oxygen administration ceased, the
      saturation levels were from 95% to 100%. The mean saturation dropped about 2%
      over the next 4 min and then stabilized. No patient had a posttreatment oxygen
      saturation of less than 92%.

PMID- 1809050
TI  - A simple, disposable end-tidal carbon dioxide detector.
AB  - Detection of expired carbon dioxide is one of the most reliable methods of
      avoiding accidental esophageal intubation. Although capnography has become a
      standard monitoring technique in the hospital operating room, it is rarely
      available in the office setting or other arenas where emergency endotracheal
      intubation may be required. A new and inexpensive device, however, has been
      developed for assessing end-tidal carbon dioxide. This semi-quantitative detector
      fits between the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit and uses a pH
      sensitive indicator that changes color in response to different concentrations of
      carbon dioxide. Clinical studies indicate that this device provides similar
      results to standard capnography, and its inclusion in the emergency kit is
      strongly recommended.

PMID- 1809051
TI  - Obstruction of naso-endotracheal tube by inferior turbinate.
AB  - An unusual complication of naso-endotracheal tube obstruction by the inferior
      turbinate is reported. The delay of onset of signs and symptoms of endotracheal
      tube obstruction, and the lack of hemorrhage, made a difficult diagnosis.

PMID- 1809052
TI  - Analytical quality and diagnostic performance in immunoassay.

PMID- 1809053
TI  - The reference method value.
AB  - The basis for the achievement and the control of accuracy in routine testing is
      represented by a hierarchy of methods. Different materials are used for
      transferring accuracy and for monitoring traceability. In these two operations,
      unreliable results may be obtained by using different materials (e.g. clinical
      specimens and reference materials) when matrix-sensitive methods are being used,
      as is frequently the case with routine methods. Intermediate-level (reference)
      methods may help to bridge the gap between the highest and the lowest levels, by
      using clinical specimens for method comparisons. If non-commutable materials are
      used for calibration and control of routine methods, these should have system
      specific values, assigned with an appropriate experimental design, including
      appropriate use of clinical specimens. Setting up networks of reference
      laboratories to implement and run reference systems on an ongoing basis, appears
      to be the practical pathway to accuracy. Improvements should be directed to
      lowering the matrix-sensitivity of routine methods and increasing the
      commutability of reference materials.

PMID- 1809054
TI  - Reference values in the nineties: from theory to practice?
AB  - Following a brief summary of the published documents on the theory of reference
      values, the reasons for the still limited practical implementation of the theory
      itself in clinical laboratories are discussed. It is suggested that cooperative
      efforts could overcome the difficulties in obtaining an adequate reference sample
      group, provided that some basic requirements are strictly fulfilled, such as the
      stability and the homogeneity of the analytical quality and of the reference
      population. Banks of biological materials will further reduce the complexity and
      the cost of production of reference values.

PMID- 1809055
TI  - Generation and application of analytical goals in laboratory medicine.
AB  - Desirable standards of performance of laboratory tests, termed analytical goals,
      are required for use in quality assurance, evaluation of methods, reagent kit
      sets and instruments, discussions with clinicians and gaining additional
      laboratory resources. Traditionally, goals have been derived from fractions of
      the reference interval, opinions of clinicians, the state of the art, views of
      individuals and groups and data on biological variation. All have disadvantages,
      but the last is currently favoured by many as the best strategy to delineate
      general goals. Recent more novel approaches have been concerned with the
      definition of goals for particular clinical situations, but these have not been
      widely accepted as yet. Further work is required on the setting of goals for
      performance characteristics other than imprecision and inaccuracy and on the use
      of goals in the design of effective quality control procedures.

PMID- 1809056
TI  - Statistical tools in the clinical laboratory.
AB  - Method evaluation, control of data and transformation of laboratory results into
      diagnoses all involve a decision step. A survey of the statistical tools
      available to organize the information and check the congruity of decision making
      is provided is focused on: (a) the use of classical statistical tools (including
      computer based simulation and replication techniques) which enable theoretical
      distributions to be obtained and their optimal limits to be defined for
      classification purposes; (b) the analysis of multivariate distributions, which
      evidences the relationships among the variables involved, whatever they might be:
      e.g. results obtained on the same specimens with different methods (in test
      evaluation), different laboratory data related to the same pathophysiological
      situations (in making diagnoses), etc. As for the latter, the most common
      techniques of statistical analysis of data (discriminant and cluster analysis,
      principal components analysis) are also illustrated by general examples.

PMID- 1809057
TI  - The Bayesian approach to evaluation of diagnostic data.
AB  - Following review of the basic principles of Bayes' theorem, its application to
      diagnostic procedures is discussed. It is asserted that Bayes' theorem can be
      applied to clinical diagnostics, provided that disease prior probabilities can be
      calculated and it can be assumed that a particular patient and those included in
      the calculation of prior probabilities represent two samples of the same
      homogeneous population. Problems associated with both these requirements are
      briefly reviewed. With the aid of some clinical examples, the usefulness of
      Bayes' theorem is detailed in: (a) evaluating the information obtained through
      the results of diagnostic studies, (b) evaluating the level of diagnostic
      reliability achieved with obtained data and (c) a priori evaluation, i.e. before
      knowing the result, of what kind of information a test can supply. It is
      concluded that Bayes' theorem is a powerful tool in the rational control and
      improvement of diagnostic procedures, if not relevant in the formulation of the
      diagnosis of a single patient.

PMID- 1809058
TI  - The misuse of predictive value--or why you must consider the odds.
AB  - The predictive value of a test is often misinterpreted because it is presented as
      a percent. It is intuitive to assume that low percentages (70% or less) are "bad"
      and high percentages are "good". A positive predictive value of 20%, for example,
      was cited as proof that a test should not be used even though the positive
      likelihood ratio for that same test was 50. A likelihood ratio of 50 means that
      the post test odds of disease for a positive test result will be 50 times higher
      than the pretest odds of disease. Now, that is a large increase in the odds.
      Critics of laboratory medicine fail to recognize that sensitivity and specificity
      vary with the strength of the signal. Thus, a value well above the cutoff is far
      more likely to indicate disease than does a value just above the cutoff--even
      though both are reported as "positive". Tables of likelihood ratios for a wide
      range of specific test results, or for multiple test results, provide more
      information than a simple four-by-four predictive value table. Likelihood ratios
      are also more informative than predictive values or ROC curves. Finally, critics
      of laboratory medicine fail to take into account the information to be derived
      from a confirmatory test, a repeat test at a later time, and from other tests.

PMID- 1809059
TI  - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry: definitive methods and reference materials in
      clinical chemistry.
AB  - The application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the
      quantitative analysis of endogenous compounds as well as drugs in clinical
      biochemistry is taken into account. For this purpose, it is of the utmost
      importance the choice of a good internal standard (IS). It is demonstrated that
      the best IS in GC-MS is a stable isotope-labelled analogue of the analyte. In
      this case only we can speak of isotope dilution mass spectrometry. All the
      advantages and disadvantages inherent to the use of such a molecule as IS are
      discussed. The use of a calibration curve to perform the quantitative analysis is
      described, together with the criteria applied for the definition of the
      reliability of a method (precision, accuracy and limit of quantification).
      Examples taken from the literature are described.

PMID- 1809060
TI  - Practical aspects of internal quality assurance.
AB  - The final analytical quality of a result is influenced by external and internal
      factors. The quality of external elements is influenced by the individual
      laboratory through its choice of method and supply; such elements are, e.g.
      reference materials, calibrators, control materials, reagents, reagent kits,
      instruments and disposables. The internal elements can be described through rules
      for good laboratory practice (GLP), and include all aspects of internal quality
      assurance. In this paper, GLP is used to describe the proper milieau in which the
      optimally selected method is working. The control system for acceptance or
      rejection of any particular batch of analysis, as well as the long-term control,
      are also described separately.

PMID- 1809061
TI  - Multirule quality control procedures.
AB  - Multirule quality control procedures employ combinations of individual quality
      control rules to increase the probability of error detection without increasing
      the probability of false rejections to unacceptable levels. Performance
      characteristics of several example multirule procedures are described, and
      general recommendations are made for their selection and use. Multistage quality
      control procedures tailor the control rules employed to the frequency of errors
      expected during a given phase of analyzer operation. During analyzer startup,
      sensitive rules are employed; after acceptable analyzer performance is
      demonstrated, less sensitive rules are used for routine monitoring. As they tend
      to deteriorate quality control rule performance, between-run variations should be
      minimized.

PMID- 1809062
TI  - Assessment of qualitative tests.
AB  - For qualitative (2-class) tests, which provide binary (yes/no) information, the
      correctness of specimen classification remains the most important criterion for
      performance evaluation. However, a more informative picture emerges from the
      relationship between percentage of positive results and analyte concentration,
      which allows some inherent test characteristics to be derived (the
      positive/negative discrimination concentration and the "grey zone" around it).
      The information content of evaluation approaches is decidedly improved by the
      availability of numerical results (counts per minute, absorbance) in most
      situations of clinical interest. The concentration/response functions underlying
      the quality of individual tests may thus be derived and compared, and laboratory
      staff given a more objective criterion to judge individual performance. Examples
      are drawn from the authors' experience in running external quality assessment
      programs for tests for infectivity markers.

PMID- 1809063
TI  - External quality assessment of immunoassays of peptide hormones and tumour
      markers: principles and practice.
AB  - External quality assessment schemes (EQAS) have traditionally emphasised the
      achievement of between-laboratory consensus. Although this is important, the
      application of EQAS to relatively new and evolving techniques such as immunoassay
      calls for a wider and more searching remit if the goals of accurate assays,
      properly used, are to be achieved. This article outlines the principles of EQAS
      for peptide hormones and tumour markers, emphasising key aspects such as
      validation of target values, dependency of results on sample type, and assessment
      of method characteristics such as vulnerability to interfering factors. The
      latter are considered to be important as they can affect patient care more
      seriously than modest degrees of imprecision or inaccuracy. EQAS play a unique
      role in providing objective data on assays performed in many laboratories under
      routine conditions and the data they provide can guide improvement in diagnostic
      reagents and laboratory practice.

PMID- 1809064
TI  - UK external quality assessment scheme for immunoassays in endocrinology.
AB  - UK EQAS provide the UK with a comprehensive system for EQA in endocrinology, as
      well as in other aspects of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. UK EQAS
      in endocrinology are scientifically designed to yield an objective assessment of
      participants' performance and stimulate improvements in between-laboratory
      agreement. The design uses appropriate specimens, based on liquid human serum and
      prepared with minimal processing and additives in the organising centres to
      enable detailed study of recovery and other important factors. Target values are
      validated by reproducibility on repeated distribution and by recovery and
      parallelism studies. Reports are presented informatively, and emphasise the
      cumulative scoring system (bias and variance) for performance assessment.
      Computerised data processing and data presentation form an integral part of these
      schemes, and a common core computing system is in use throughout these UK EQAS.
      Participants receive advice and assistance in the interpretation of performance
      data and, when appropriate, in the resolution of problems.

PMID- 1809066
TI  - External quality assessment programs in Italy.
AB  - Regulatory control of diagnostic clinical laboratories activities has been
      defined in Italy since 1984, by an act (DPCM 10/2/84) that regulates such
      activities and establishes all over the country Quality Control (QC) programs.
      Before the 1984 act, External Quality Assessment (EQA) programs were exclusively
      conducted on a voluntary basis by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), by
      scientific societies, or by diagnostic manufacturers. The Subproject "Quality
      Control" of the Finalized CNR Project "Biomedical and Health Technologies",
      activated in 1982, is articulated in three fields: (1) EQA of the immunoassays,
      (2) EQA in the hematology laboratory and (3) EQA in radiodiagnosis. The problems
      of EQA have been also faced at the European level: initiatives, on both national
      and regional scale, have been promoted in the majority of the European States in
      the last ten years (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
      Netherlands, United Kingdom, etc.) and include the main fields of the clinical
      laboratory analysis: hematology, clinical chemistry, immunochemistry,
      microbiology, cytogenetics, parasitology. The European Community plans the
      harmonization of the EQA programs starting from 1993, when reference preparations
      and commercial diagnostic kits will be subjected to free exchange and trade in
      the twelve Member States.

PMID- 1809065
TI  - External quality assessment of steroid hormone assays in the United Kingdom.
AB  - A brief history of the UK quality assessment schemes and their mode of operation
      is given, with summaries of overall and method-related performance for each
      analyte. Cortisol and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone assay performance is very
      good, but clear differences between methods exist for the former. Both the
      progesterone and oestradiol schemes demonstrate marked differences between
      methods. The testosterone scheme is affected by differences in behaviour of
      direct and extraction methods for specimens from males and females. Results of
      recovery experiments indicate considerable under-recovery by some direct methods.
      Future developments and plans for the schemes are described.

PMID- 1809067
TI  - The CNR external quality assessment program for immunoassays: statistical
      analysis and reports for participants.
AB  - The results collected in the CNR/Tecno-standard external quality assessment (EQA)
      program for immunoassays of hormones and tumor markers are computer-processed to
      prepare a "periodic" report and an "end-of-period" report to be sent back to the
      participants in the survey. The aim of the periodic report is to allow comparison
      between the result obtained by a laboratory on a single EQA sample with those of
      all the other laboratories and with the users of the same method/kit; the report
      contains a histogram of all results and the mean, SD, CV, median and range
      (computed after trimming of outliers). The same statistics are also reported for
      data grouped according to the method/kit used. The end of period report provide
      the participant with a scored estimate of individual analytical performance
      (average bias and average imprecision) achieved assaying all the EQA samples
      dispatched in the control cycle (usually a six-month period during which 12-18
      samples have been assayed); this cumulative report contains estimates of the
      performance of those kits more widely used in the survey. Beside helping
      laboratories to monitor their performance against an external reference, the EQA
      allows the collection of a large amount of data from which the state of the art
      and trends in the quality of immunoassays can be soundly evaluated and
      documented. To achieve this aim, the average total variability is computed from
      all data collected in the EQA cycle; this index is used for comparing the between
      laboratory agreement of different immunoassays and for demonstrating trends of
      the quality over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809068
TI  - External quality assessment of assays for hormones and tumor markers in Italian
      laboratories.
AB  - External quality assessment (EQA) programs run by CNR/Tecnostandard for
      immunoassays of hormones and tumor markers, started in 1980, presently include as
      many as 20 analytes; about 300 laboratories are involved in these programs. For
      all immunoassays submitted to the EQA, the inspection of cumulative results
      allows the current situation to be documented for total variability and its
      within-kit and between-kit components (the former accounting for the
      reproducibility and robustness of the kits and the latter for their systematic
      differences of estimation). For 13 assays subjected to EQA for longer, the
      variability trends over time are depicted, and single factors affecting the
      overall quality of particular assays are identified. Among these, experimental
      simplification of kit structure, alignment of calibrators with an acknowledged
      reference material, and adoption of monoclonal-antibody based two-sites assays
      can be mentioned. On the contrary, neither automation of the procedures nor (more
      expectedly) increasing use of nonisotopic techniques has proved effective in
      significantly improving the analytical quality.

PMID- 1809069
TI  - Immunoassay external quality assessment in Italy: HBsAg and anti-HBs tests.
AB  - The mode of operation of the CNR/Tecnostandard external quality assessment scheme
      for HBsAg and anti-HBs assays is outlined, and the relevant results reported.
      Emphasis is given to the retrospective evaluation of data in an attempt to derive
      a picture of the state of the art in Italian laboratories. The approaches
      followed for this evaluation include analysis of the rate of correct results and
      inspection of the relationships between analyte concentration and either the
      percentage of positive classifications of samples or the numerical test
      responses. Information is given on the "average" performance of individual kits
      as actually used in participants' laboratories.

PMID- 1809071
TI  - Ten years of external quality assessment in France.
AB  - Since 1979, a national external quality assessment (EQA) scheme has been
      conducted in France by the Laboratoire National de la Sante. At present, as many
      as 4990 laboratories participate in the EQA. The general organization and
      strategies of this national scheme are briefly described in this paper and a few
      examples are given to illustrate its impact on laboratory performance.

PMID- 1809070
TI  - Immunoassay external quality assessment in the Federal Republic of Germany.
AB  - The state of the art in practical external quality assessment (EQA) in the
      Federal Republic of Germany is described. Two organizations, INSTAND (Institute
      for Standardization and Documentation in Medical Laboratories) and the German
      Society for Clinical Chemistry (DGKCh) have been appointed by the central
      government to organize and run EQA schemes. Although legislation rules that
      participation for seven analytes (five steroids, thyroxine and theophyllin) is
      mandatory, using gas chromatography-isotope dilution-mass spectrometry as the
      reference method, this has been suspended. For remuneration from the local health
      insurance organizations, the laboratory must provide evidence of having
      participated in one of the two national EQA schemes. The schemes are run between
      3 and 6 times yearly and cover the whole field of endocrinology and related
      substances.

PMID- 1809072
TI  - Immunoassay external quality assessment schemes in France.
AB  - Several immunoassay external quality assessment schemes (EQAS) are currently
      operating in France. Three of them are described, special reference being made to
      their philosophy, aims, structure and organisation. The results obtained since
      the EQAS were set up, enable us to appreciate the state of the art of
      immunoassays and its evolution with time. The results, also, point out the need
      to use control samples of high quality.

PMID- 1809073
TI  - HBV and HIV serological markers: the National External Quality Assessment Scheme
      in France.
AB  - Participation in external quality assessment (EQA) has been mandatory in France
      as from 1978. The Ministry of Health has responsibility for maintenance of a list
      of laboratories and contracts EQA schemes to be organised and supervised by
      scientific groups. Serological markers for viral hepatitis B and anti-HIV were
      included in surveys, four times per annum, as from 1985. The number of
      laboratories participating increased from 178 for anti-HIV and 499 for viral
      hepatitis markers in 1985 to 3421 for anti-HIV and 2384 for viral hepatitis
      markers at the present time. The percentage of correct results varies depending
      on the method and specimen from 98% to 99% for anti-HIV and from 95% to 97% for
      HBsAg; the false negative rate has been as high as 14% for anti-HBs.

PMID- 1809074
TI  - External quality assessment in therapeutic drug monitoring: an Italian
      experience.
AB  - Pharmacontrol is an external quality assessment (EQA) for therapeutic drug
      monitoring initiated in Italy in 1986 on regional basis. Since then, interest and
      involvement being on a national level, participation has expanded to some 180
      laboratories currently. The EQA concerns assays for the drugs most frequently
      monitored in Italy (seven drugs until 1989, 13 at present). The results obtained
      in 1989, reported in this paper, indicate a generally satisfactory level of both
      precision and accuracy.

PMID- 1809075
TI  - Steroid receptor assays: an Italian quality assessment program.
AB  - An Italian Committee for the quality assessment of steroid receptor assay was
      instituted in 1979; the number of laboratories participating in this program
      increased from 7 in 1979 to 43 in 1989. The Italian program in collaboration with
      EORTC (European Organization Research and Treatment of Cancer) initiatives,
      utilizes as working standards lyophilized samples that tolerate prolonged storage
      at 4 degrees C. The national representatives agreed, according to EORTC, that all
      laboratories would perform, for measurement of steroid receptors, the dextran
      coated charcoal (DCC) method using the same concentration of radioactive ligands
      (3-H-estradiol, 3-H-ORG-2058) and would determine the non-specific binding with
      the same compounds (diethylstilbestrol and ORG-2058). The computation method is a
      potential source of interlaboratory variation; the multipoint Scatchard analysis,
      though difficult to apply for receptor problems, is the most widely used approach
      at present. The standardized DCC method is the most common and recognized (Food
      and Drug Administration) procedure for quantifying hormone receptor in human
      cancer. Since new technologies are being introduced (receptor enzyme immunoassay,
      EIA), adequate programs of quality assessment are required; in general, it has
      demonstrated an excellent correlation between radioligand binding assay (DCC) and
      immunochemical assay (EIA). Other prognostic factors, such as proteins produced
      by oncogenes and growth factors of the malignant cells have become more
      important. Some of these factors, as well as estrogen receptor status, seem the
      major determinants of recurrence after the first treatment.

PMID- 1809076
TI  - Thyroid function tests and diagnostic protocols for investigation of thyroid
      dysfunction.
AB  - Since many tests to investigate thyroid function are currently available,
      appropriate selection is required to limit the number of assay needed to
      establish the correct diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. The limitations inherent
      in the different tests, and the interferences caused by nonthyroidal factors,
      especially drugs, must, therefore, be taken into account. Serum total thyroid
      hormone (TT4 and TT3) determinations are largely affected by changes in the
      concentrations of thyroid hormone transport proteins (mainly T4-binding
      globulin). Thus, in many cases, serum TT4 and TT3 measurements do not reliably
      establish thyroid status. Serum free thyroid hormone (FT4 and FT3) concentrations
      are independent of transport proteins and more appropriately reflect thyroid
      status. Serum FT3 measurement is more appropriate for the diagnosis of
      hyperthyroidism and drug-overdosage in L-T4-treated patients. Conversely, serum
      FT4 measurement more correctly identifies hypothyroid patients. Serum TSH
      determination by the currently available sensitive (low detection limit) assays
      constitutes an indispensable complementary test in both conditions.

PMID- 1809077
TI  - Clinical protocols for the application of tests for circulating tumor markers.
AB  - Circulating marker level determination in clinical practice requires an adequate
      strategy of application, in view of the particular features of the parameter
      related to the marker. The test result, which is usually expressed in terms of
      concentration, cannot be considered as an absolute value because every
      biochemical tumor indicator expresses an activity of the tumor which generally
      leads to increased levels of a "normal" substance in blood or biological liquids.
      Therefore, the result should be interpreted as a dynamic variation occurring in
      time, and should always be related to a previous reference value. This means that
      marker determination in clinical practice should be repeated periodically, both
      for the evaluation of tumor response to treatment and for the detection of
      recurrence after radical surgery. A single measurement at the time of disease
      presentation can characterize the tumor with regard to its capacity of producing
      the signal, and consequently regarding its extent and growth. These laboratory
      findings are of no value whatever if they are not integrated with all the other
      available clinical and instrumental data concerning the neoplasm; only then can
      they provide useful additional information. Also, all biological variables should
      be taken into account which may affect circulating marker levels independently of
      the history of the tumor such as sex, age, clearing organ function, race, alcohol
      and tobacco habits, concomitant diseases. These procedural protocols should be
      outlined and codified for each individual neoplasm since it is useless to work
      with scattered data which are not ordered in some kind of procedural
      logic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809078
TI  - The molecular and structural biology of hair: introduction.

PMID- 1809079
TI  - Quantitative models for the study of hair growth in vivo.

PMID- 1809080
TI  - Hair follicle embryogenesis in the human. Characterization of events in vivo and
      in vitro.

PMID- 1809081
TI  - High-sulfur protein gene expression in a transgenic mouse.
AB  - We analyzed the effect of minoxidil on hair follicles isolated from transgenic
      mice. These transgenic animals synthesize the reporter enzyme CAT in their hair
      follicles only during the active phases of hair growth. The recombinant gene used
      to generate these mice contained the bacterial enzyme CAT under the control of
      the promoter from the gene of UHS protein. Studies using in situ hybridization
      showed that UHS proteins are expressed specifically in the matrix cells of the
      hair follicle during the terminal stages of hair differentiation. Hence the
      expression of the UHS proteins is a clear sign of active hair growth. With other
      in situ hybridization studies we demonstrated that CAT mRNA is expressed in
      differentiating matrix cells of the hair shaft in a location similar to that in
      which mRNA encodes UHS proteins. Thus we can use the levels of CAT activity as a
      measure of hair growth. We have confirmed that expression of the transgene is
      found in hair that is high in anagen and low in catagen follicles. The usefulness
      of our model was further demonstrated by showing that minoxidil, a drug that
      stimulates hair growth, increased the expression of CAT in cultured hair
      follicles. Thus we have demonstrated that expression of this reporter gene is
      sensitive, hair specific, and also useful for monitoring effects in cultured hair
      follicles. Hence these transgenic mice provide a model system for studying the
      biology of hair growth.

PMID- 1809082
TI  - Stem cells of pelage, vibrissae, and eyelash follicles: the hair cycle and tumor
      formation.

PMID- 1809083
TI  - Inductive properties of hair follicle cells.

PMID- 1809084
TI  - Proteoglycans and glycoproteins in hair follicle development and cycling.

PMID- 1809086
TI  - Adhesion molecules in skin development: morphogenesis of feather and hair.
AB  - Figure 9 summarizes the morphogenetic process of feather and hair. Hair of
      feathers are formed from a layer of homogeneously distributed mesenchymal cells.
      The mesenchymal cells start to condense to form foci in response to some
      unidentified induction signal (Fig. 9B). Several adhesion molecules, including L
      CAM, N-CAM, integrin, tenascin, as well as proteoglycan, are involved. These
      adhesion molecules appear to have different roles in this process, because
      perturbation with specific antibodies leads to different aborted patterns. Hair
      or feather follicles then form following cell proliferation and epithelial
      invagination (Fig. 9C). The dermal papilla is enriched with N-CAM and tenascin,
      whereas the feather collar (equivalent of hair matrix) is enriched with L-CAM and
      PDGF receptor. Epithelial cells in the feather collar receive a signal from the
      dermal papilla and are able to continue to divide. Several growth factors, such
      as PDGF and EGF, may be involved. As epithelial cells are pushed upwards, they
      differentiate and keratinize in a cylindrical structure into hair. In feather,
      another morphogenetic event takes place to form the branched structure. The
      epithelial cylinder of the feather shaft invaginates to form rows of cells that
      die to become space and create the secondary branch or barbs (Fig. 9D). N-CAM is
      enriched in the cells destined to die and appears to form the border of cell
      groups within which the "death signal" is transmitted. In some, but not all,
      feathers the same process is repeated, in a way analogous to fractal formation,
      to form the tertiary branches or the barbules (Fig. 9E). Thus, in each step of
      the morphogenesis of feather and hair, different adhesion molecules are expressed
      and are involved in different functions: induction, mesenchymal condensation,
      epithelial folding, and cell death, depending on different scenarios. We have
      just begun to elucidate these molecular events.

PMID- 1809085
TI  - Distribution of extracellular matrix molecules in human hair follicles.

PMID- 1809087
TI  - Modulation of hair follicle cell proliferation and collagenolytic activity by
      specific growth factors.

PMID- 1809088
TI  - Immunology of the hair follicle.

PMID- 1809089
TI  - Intermediary metabolism of the human hair follicle.

PMID- 1809090
TI  - Hair growth induction: roles of growth factors.
AB  - The hair follicles of eutheria arise during fetal life as a consequence of
      interactions between the cells and matrices of the epidermis and mesenchyme. In
      some instances, communication may be mediated by growth factors, receptors, and
      similar molecules. We have focused on epidermal growth factor and fibroblast
      growth factor, since both are expressed in skin, where they are presumed to
      perform regulatory functions. In sheep, EGF receptors are located on skin
      epithelia. An EGF-like protein was detected by immunochemistry in fetal epidermis
      but was not associated with the cells of developing wool follicles. During
      subsequent development the molecule was associated with the sebaceous glands and
      the outer root sheath. If the ORS may be considered a source of stem cells for
      the proliferating matrix, EGF may act as a differentiation factor, determining
      cell fates by cell contact mechanisms similar to those in invertebrates. FGF was
      localized in the epidermis and basal lamina and in follicle plugs during
      morphogenesis. At maturity, FGF was found in the ORS and in the region of the
      basal lamina of the follicle bulb, suggesting a role in bulb proliferation and
      fiber growth.

PMID- 1809091
TI  - Expression of TGF-beta-related genes during mouse embryo whisker morphogenesis.

PMID- 1809092
TI  - Androgens and the hair follicle. Cultured human dermal papilla cells as a model
      system.

PMID- 1809093
TI  - Steroid chemistry and hormone controls during the hair follicle cycle.
AB  - Human hair follicles contain several steroid enzymes capable of transforming weak
      androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone, into more potent target tissue
      androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Kinetic constants have
      been evaluated for the 3-alpha, 3-beta, and 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      enzymes, 5a-reductase, and the aromatase enzyme in isolated human HF from scalp
      of men and women with androgenetic alopecia. The apparent Km values did not
      differ for each enzyme whether present in bald, receded HF or thick, anagen HF of
      men or women. However, levels of specific activity varied greatly in the frontal
      versus occipital HF analyzed. The androgen receptor content and activation
      factors also differ between men and women. The steroid mechanisms influencing AGA
      in men and women may be similar, but differences in the specific activity/amounts
      of enzymes, receptors, and activation factors differ between men and women. These
      findings may explain the varied clinical presentations of men and women with AGA,
      and may shape treatment options for the future.

PMID- 1809094
TI  - Mechanism of action of androgen in dermal papilla cells.

PMID- 1809095
TI  - Hair pigmentation in transgenic mice.
AB  - A mouse tyrosinase minigene, mg-Tyrs-J, in which genomic 5' noncoding flanking
      sequence was fused to a mouse tyrosinase cDNA, was introduced into fertilized
      eggs of BALB/c albino mice. Six transformed mice that exhibited brown agouti hair
      with some variations in the intensity of pigmentation were obtained. By crossing
      the founder mice with BALB/c albino mice, transgenic lines and sublines were
      established. Each subline expressed a characteristic phenotype with their
      respective band patterns in Southern blot analysis. This indicates that the
      character is expressed by transgenes integrated at a single location of the
      chromosomes. The difference in phenotypes among sublines is probably due to the
      position effect of the chromatin where the transgene is integrated, although a
      possibility that modification in the nucleotide sequence of the transgene is
      responsible for the difference cannot be excluded at present.

PMID- 1809096
TI  - Genomic organization and molecular genetics of the agouti locus in the mouse.
AB  - The agouti locus regulates a switch in pigment synthesis by hair bulb melanocytes
      between eumelanosomes and phaeomelanosomes. The agouti locus appears to encode a
      trans-acting product that acts within the hair follicle to direct the pigment
      synthesis of melanocytes. In addition to coat color, several agouti mutations
      affect development, obesity, and susceptibility to neoplasms. The genomic
      organization of the agouti region suggests that there are three functional units
      involved in prenatal lethality flanking the agouti coat color locus. Molecular
      probes for the agouti region are needed to identify and study the genes
      responsible for these pleiotropic effects. Classical genetic crosses coupled with
      molecular genetic analyses have been used to determine the map distance and
      orientation of molecular loci in the agouti region of mouse chromosome 2. The
      proximity of some of these molecular probes to the agouti region enables the use
      of molecular markers designed to clone sequences from the agouti locus. Pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis is being used to establish long-range restriction maps
      surrounding the agouti region. Identification of DNA alterations corresponding to
      specific agouti mutations will enable determination of the molecular basis of
      agouti locus phenotypes. The mechanism by which the agouti gene product(s) tells
      the melanocyte what type of pigment to produce may involve cell-cell
      communication and signal transduction pathways. Future experiments will determine
      the type of protein(s) encoded by the agouti coat color locus and establish the
      mechanism by which these protein(s) control the nature and timing of pigment
      production by melanocytes in the hair follicle.

PMID- 1809097
TI  - An improved method for the isolation and cultivation of human scalp dermal
      papilla cells: maintenance of extracellular matrix.

PMID- 1809098
TI  - Immortalization of dermal papilla cells by viral oncogenes.

PMID- 1809099
TI  - A comparison of the cross-linked components of stratum corneum of epidermis and
      the cuticle of the cortex of hair.

PMID- 1809100
TI  - A structural marker of cultured dermal papilla cells?

PMID- 1809101
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix and medium of cultured human hair
      papilla cells.

PMID- 1809102
TI  - Androgen receptors in dermal papilla cells of scalp hair follicles in male
      pattern baldness.

PMID- 1809103
TI  - Metabolism of testosterone by cultured dermal papilla cells from human beard,
      pubic, and scalp hair follicles.

PMID- 1809104
TI  - Coculture of human hair follicles and dermal papillae in type I collagen gel.

PMID- 1809105
TI  - Pro-opiomelanocortin expression and potential function of pro-opiomelanocortin
      products during induced hair growth in mice.

PMID- 1809106
TI  - Position-specific expression of homeoprotein gradients in different feather
      tracts.

PMID- 1809107
TI  - The effect of activated platelet supernatant on synthesis of hair protein and DNA
      in microdissected human hair follicles.

PMID- 1809108
TI  - The hair follicle-stimulating properties of peptide copper complexes. Results in
      C3H mice.

PMID- 1809109
TI  - The hair growing effect of minoxidil.

PMID- 1809110
TI  - Sulfation of minoxidil in keratinocytes and hair follicles and the stimulatory
      effect of minoxidil on the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 1809111
TI  - The ultrastructure of the dermal papilla-epithelial junction in normal and
      alopecia areata hair follicles.

PMID- 1809112
TI  - Evidence for a subclinical state of alopecia areata.

PMID- 1809113
TI  - Reduced linear hair growth rates of vellus and of terminal hairs produced by
      human balding scalp grafted onto nude mice.

PMID- 1809114
TI  - Transient defects in cortical cell differentiation form the exclamation-mark
      shaft in acute alopecia areata.

PMID- 1809115
TI  - Three distinct patterns of cell degeneration in acute alopecia areata.

PMID- 1809116
TI  - Changes in the histology and distribution of immune cell types during the hair
      growth cycle in hairless rat skin.

PMID- 1809117
TI  - Differentiating dermal papilla fibroblasts express specific cellular and secreted
      proteins in vitro.

PMID- 1809118
TI  - Hair growth and hair follicle cell proliferation in histocultured mouse skin.

PMID- 1809119
TI  - Trichohyalin and matrix proteins.

PMID- 1809120
TI  - The third wave of asbestos disease: exposure to asbestos in place. Public health
      control. Introduction.

PMID- 1809121
TI  - Asbestos-associated deaths among insulation workers in the United States and
      Canada, 1967-1987.

PMID- 1809122
TI  - The international labour office classification: use and misuse.
AB  - The main characteristics of the International Labour Office (ILO) International
      Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses (1980) are reviewed.
      Applications to epidemiological, research, and clinical problems are outlined.
      The need for multiple readings, reading protocols and appropriate administrative
      arrangements is emphasized. Possible improvements to the Classification are
      discussed. The basic descriptive features of the scheme are distinguished from
      supplementary interpretative facilities; it is suggested that misuse of the
      Classification occurs primarily when these two functions are confused.

PMID- 1809123
TI  - Variability in interpretation of radiographs for asbestosis abnormalities:
      problems and solutions.
AB  - Interobserver variation continues to be a substantial problem for interpretation
      of asbestos-workers' X-rays, despite incremental improvements in the
      International Labour Office (ILO) classification system. The apparent degree of
      agreement/variability is affected by the population disease prevalence. For most
      populations, experts will be able to agree routinely about normal films. Yet
      designed trials show that selected experts exhibit a two-fold or greater range
      for perceived prevalence of abnormal profusions. This degree of variability would
      be adequate for many population studies were it achieved under real-life
      conditions of interpretation. Unfortunately, the realistic degree of
      interobserver variability is probably much higher under actual population
      surveillance conditions. Asbestos population surveillance programs have provided
      little or no quality assurance for ILO interpretations, so the very high
      variability suggested by available data are not surprising and are not the fault
      of the classification. Recommendations include required participation in quality
      assurance panels for those who wish to be certified as interpreters, with
      consistent feedback and the dropping of outliers. If quality-assurance programs
      are implemented, the classification will achieve its intended epidemiologic
      purposes.

PMID- 1809124
TI  - Noninvasive detection of early asbestos-related disease of the thorax:
      algorithmic analysis of radiographic, nuclear, and serologic tests.
AB  - Improved imaging techniques may assist in the diagnosis of early asbestosis, such
      as could occur from "asbestos in place." These include (1) increased
      visualization of visceral pleural thickening, (2) high-resolution computed
      tomography (HRCT), and (3) gallium scanning, combined with evidence of serum
      markers indicating inflammation-associated pulmonary collagen formation.
      Combining these imaging and serum test observations with a clinically useful
      algorithmic approach may permit the diagnosis of "early" asbestosis, which is not
      now possible from the individual test results or from an unweighted combination
      of such data.

PMID- 1809125
TI  - Application of pulmonary function tests to the evaluation of asbestosis.

PMID- 1809126
TI  - Is respiratory function diminished?
AB  - An association between diminished respiratory function and an environmental agent
      should reflect the magnitude of the exposure and not be due to technical error,
      bias, confounding factors, or chance. Bias is difficult to avoid; the best course
      is to make comparisons within a population of exposed individuals, not between
      them and a control group; the population should be defined and a high response
      rate achieved. The principal confounding factors are age, smoking, and other
      environmental exposures; their effects should be fully estimated for the
      population in question as otherwise they will be wrongly attributed to the
      environmental agent. Finally, the results should be scrutinized and, if possible,
      a second independent study should be planned.

PMID- 1809127
TI  - Carcinogenicity of chrysotile asbestos: evidence from cohort studies.

PMID- 1809128
TI  - Pleural abnormality as a cause of impairment and disability.

PMID- 1809129
TI  - The effect of asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis on pulmonary function:
      quantitative evaluation.

PMID- 1809130
TI  - The clinical relevance of asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis.
AB  - Asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis is the most common radiographic abnormality
      among asbestos-exposed persons. Circumscribed pleural plaques and diffuse pleural
      thickening account for more than 90% of the asbestos-induced chest wall
      abnormalities, and their prevalence is expected to increase for the next 15 to 20
      years. Several investigators have recently found that pleural plaques and diffuse
      pleural thickening independently contribute to the development of restrictive
      lung function. The work presented in this paper indicates that asbestos-induced
      pleural fibrosis is also associated with evidence of interstitial lung
      abnormalities, even among those with normal parenchyma on chest X-ray film. These
      parenchymal abnormalities include an increased percentage of lymphocytes on
      bronchoalveolar lavage and an increase in the interstitial changes observed on
      high-resolution chest computerized tomography (HRCT) scan. However, neither a
      lymphocytic alveolitis nor an interstitial parenchymal fibrosis influenced the
      relationship between pleural fibrosis and restrictive lung function. We conclude
      that asbestos-induced pleural disease contributes to the development of
      restrictive lung function and identify a group of exposed individuals who are at
      excess risk of asbestosis.

PMID- 1809132
TI  - Absence of evidence for a significant background incidence of diffuse malignant
      mesothelioma apart from asbestos exposure.
AB  - The incidence of diffuse malignant mesothelioma is rising. Physicians can
      diagnose a disease only when they know that it exists, so one explanation for the
      rise in incidence is more widespread appreciation of the clinical and
      pathological features of the disease. Modern pathology has ascribed specific
      requirements for the diagnosis of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. A priori one
      cannot assume that these requirements have increased the likelihood of the
      diagnosis because the requirements also can serve to exclude the diagnosis
      depending on the findings. Most cases of diffuse malignant mesothelioma are
      suspected by macroscopic and routine microscopic techniques that have been
      available since the last part of the nineteenth century. Although single reported
      instances of some pulmonary diseases have survived from the nineteenth century,
      pathologists did not identify enough cases to convincingly establish the
      existence of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura as an entity until the
      1930s or 1940s. One must conclude that the background level of diffuse malignant
      mesothelioma in Europe and in the United States prior to 1930 was extremely low.
      No case was detected at the Massachusetts General Hospital until 1946.

PMID- 1809133
TI  - Neoplastic findings in experimental asbestos studies and conclusions for fiber
      carcinogenesis in humans.

PMID- 1809131
TI  - Asbestos disease at low exposures after long residence times.

PMID- 1809134
TI  - Comparability of mesothelioma in humans and in experimental animal studies.

PMID- 1809135
TI  - Contributions of experimental asbestosis in sheep to the understanding of
      asbestosis.

PMID- 1809136
TI  - The pathobiology of asbestos-induced lung disease: a proposed role for macrophage
      derived growth factors.

PMID- 1809137
TI  - Role of peptide growth factors in asbestos-related human lung cancer.

PMID- 1809138
TI  - Observations on the carcinogenicity of asbestos fibers.
AB  - This paper summarizes animal experiments and in vitro data carried out to study
      the oncogenic effects of asbestos fibers on mesothelial cells. An interpretation
      of the results is made in light of current statements on the carcinogenicity of
      asbestos fibers. Experimental results appear to show that the carcinogenicity of
      mineral fibers is a complex, multiparametric phenomenon. Chromosomal mutations
      and possibly oxygen derivatives are involved in the genesis of the fiber-induced
      neoplastic process and may be the result of the intrinsic fiber properties, size,
      and physicochemistry. The role of fiber solubility is discussed; it is suggested
      that additional experiments are necessary for a better understanding of the
      importance of solubility in the concept of biopersistence.

PMID- 1809139
TI  - Analysis of asbestos fibers in lung parenchyma, pleural plaques, and mesothelioma
      tissues of North American insulation workers.
AB  - Asbestos fibers and ferruginous bodies (FBs) in lung parenchyma, lung cancer
      tissues, pleural plaques, and pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma tissues from 13
      North American insulation workers were analyzed and quantified using an
      analytical transmission electron microscope and a polarized microscope. Diseases
      from which these workers suffered included asbestosis, lung cancer, and
      mesothelioma. They had been occupationally exposed to materials containing
      chrysotile and amosite; their pathological diagnoses, occupational and cigarette
      smoking histories, and clinical summaries have been reported. Large numbers of
      FBs were found in the lungs and small numbers found in extrapulmonary sites. Most
      of the FBs had cores of amosite fibers. In all instances, lung parenchyma and
      lung cancer tissues showed chrysotile and amosite fibers in high concentrations
      (63.1 x 10(6) and 150.2 x 10(6) fibers/g dry tissue as mean values,
      respectively). Crocidolite fibers were seen in seven of the 13 cases, but in much
      smaller numbers. Other amphiboles were rarely found. In pleural plaques and in
      pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma tissues, amosite fibers were markedly fewer
      in number, whereas chrysotile fibers were seen in similar numbers as in the
      lungs. No significant differences in the size distribution of asbestos fibers
      were seen in the different sites. However, the mean widths of chrysotile fibers
      were thinner than those of amosite fibers. These results strongly suggest that
      translocation of inhaled asbestos fibers from the lung to other tissues, such as
      the pleura and the peritoneum, occurs frequently, and that chrysotile may be more
      actively translocated from the lung, compared to amosite or amphibole asbestos.
      The likelihood of translocation seems to be strongly related to the thinness of
      the fibers. Translocated chrysotile fibers may play an important role in the
      induction of either malignant mesothelioma and/or hyaline plaques, since the
      asbestos fibers detected in both these sites were mainly chrysotile.

PMID- 1809140
TI  - Asbestos fibers are mutagenic after all: new signs of orthodoxy for a paradoxical
      group of carcinogens.

PMID- 1809141
TI  - A population of children at risk of exposure to asbestos in place.

PMID- 1809142
TI  - Asbestos-related disease among sheet-metal workers. Preliminary results of the
      National Sheet Metal Worker Asbestos Disease Screening Program.

PMID- 1809143
TI  - The increasing importance of asbestos-related pleural disease.

PMID- 1809144
TI  - Asbestos disease in construction, refinery, and shipyard workers.

PMID- 1809145
TI  - Swedish approaches to industry-wide studies: the construction industry.

PMID- 1809146
TI  - Cancer mortality in merchant seamen.
AB  - Cancer mortality excess has been reported repeatedly over the past hundred years
      to occur in merchant seamen. More recently lung cancer has been found to account
      for some of this excess and the question of the contribution made by cigarette
      smoking raised. In the one study where there was some information on smoking
      habit, it did not appear that cigarettes would have accounted for all the excess
      cancer observed. In other mortality studies, where excess cancer mortality was
      observed, the other cigarette-linked causes of death were not prominent. In a
      preliminary mortality analysis of a small population of merchant seamen, two
      cases of malignant mesothelioma have so far been identified, and in a national
      mesothelioma register 28 cases have been reported in seamen: both instances
      constitute abnormal occurrences. The presence of substantial amounts of asbestos
      containing materials in naval construction which are continuously subjected to
      vibration and intermittently disturbed during servicing, and the detection of
      radiological stigmata consistent with asbestos exposure, add plausibility to the
      hypothesis that occupational asbestos exposure contributes to the apparent excess
      cancer mortality in merchant seamen. Methodologic deficiencies in epidemiologic
      studies reported to date make for uncertainty. Properly designed studies will be
      needed to quantify disease excess and to identify potentially causal
      associations. Even in the absence of such data it would be prudent to contain the
      asbestos currently installed and to promote smoking cessation programs.

PMID- 1809147
TI  - Mesotheliomas among railroad workers in the United States.

PMID- 1809149
TI  - Dangerous and cancer-causing properties of products and chemicals in the oil
      refining and petrochemical industries. Part IX: Asbestos exposure and analysis of
      exposures.

PMID- 1809148
TI  - Mesotheliomas due to asbestos used in railroads in Italy.
AB  - The available knowledge of the oncogenic risks of asbestos, the presentation of
      some data on the uses of asbestos in railroads, with particular regard to the
      Italian State Railroads (Ferrovie dello Stato = FS), and the identification of
      groups at risk because of exposure to asbestos used in railroads are briefly
      reviewed. The available data in the literature on the pathologic effects of such
      exposure, and in particular on the onset of mesotheliomas among machinists and
      other railroad workers, are also summarized. Eighty-three cases, in various
      Italian regions, of mesothelioma (78 pleural, 4, peritoneal, and 1 pericardial)
      are reported that are related to the exposure to asbestos used in railroads.
      Twenty-six of these cases (among which 25 were reported in the Emilia-Romagna
      region) were submitted to a detailed study at the Bologna Institute of Oncology.
      Forty-nine cases of mesothelioma occurred among FS workers, in particular
      machinists; 29 cases occurred among machinists of rolling-stock workshops not
      belonging to the FS; 3 cases occurred among travelling workers of rolling-stock
      not belonging to the FS; 2 cases were found in members of the family (a daughter
      and a wife) of FS workers. This series of cases, together with similar data from
      the literature, proves the existence and gravity of an actual health risk due to
      asbestos used in the railroads. On the basis of the available data, the following
      steps are considered necessary: the adoption of preventive measures, the
      performance of medical oncological surveillance, the promotion of systematic
      epidemiologic investigations, and, finally, the placement of greater emphasis on
      basic research, aimed at generating information on the biological events taking
      place during the incubation period of the tumors. This information, hopefully,
      could be used to reduce the biological effect of exposure, and therefore for
      controlling the neoplastic process before onset of the disease in those who,
      having been exposed, although healthy, are potentially at risk.

PMID- 1809150
TI  - Asbestos-related X-ray changes in refinery workers.

PMID- 1809151
TI  - Asbestos-related disease in employees of a steel mill and a glass bottle
      manufacturing plant.

PMID- 1809153
TI  - Aspects of asbestos exposure in place in the Federal Republic of Germany.

PMID- 1809152
TI  - Mesothelioma in Swiss railroad workers.

PMID- 1809154
TI  - Mortality experience of family contacts of asbestos factory workers.

PMID- 1809155
TI  - Asbestos in the lungs of children.

PMID- 1809156
TI  - Pleural plaques in the general population.

PMID- 1809157
TI  - Pleural effects of environmental asbestos pollution in Corsica.

PMID- 1809158
TI  - Trends in mesothelioma incidence in Norway.

PMID- 1809159
TI  - Asbestos-associated pleural mesothelioma in school teachers: a discussion of four
      cases.
AB  - The causal relationship between malignant mesothelioma and exposure to asbestos
      is well established. In part as a result of that association, much public
      attention has focused on asbestos abatement in buildings, such as public schools,
      in which that asbestos was used as a construction material. The present
      communication is a report of four cases of malignant mesothelioma in school
      teachers whose only apparent exposure to asbestos was in the schools in which
      they taught. The concerns raised by this report are also discussed.

PMID- 1809160
TI  - The carcinogenicity of chrysotile asbestos.
AB  - In in vitro test systems, chrysotile is markedly toxic, causes chromosomal
      aberrations, and is capable of inducing morphological and preneoplastic
      transformation. In carefully designed animal experiments, chrysotile produces
      lung cancer and mesothelioma as effectively as do the amphiboles tested. Human
      population studies do not refute these experimental results. Chrysotile asbestos
      is carcinogenic to humans, especially for the induction of lung cancer and
      mesothelioma in exposed populations. For cancers of other sites, with the
      exception of laryngeal and possibly gastrointestinal cancer, the evidence for
      association with exposure to all forms of asbestos, including chrysotile, is not
      yet adequate for evaluation.

PMID- 1809161
TI  - Variations in the carcinogenicity of tremolite dust samples of differing
      morphology.
AB  - Six samples of tremolite of different morphological type were prepared as dusts
      of respirable size and used in intraperitoneal injection studies in rats. Three
      "asbestiform" tremolites produced mesotheliomas in almost all animals, although
      with significantly different tumor-induction periods. A brittle type of fibrous
      tremolite which, when manipulated to prepare "respirable dust," produced a sample
      with relatively few asbestiform fibers remaining nonetheless produced tumors in
      70% of rats. Two samples of nonfibrous tremolite produced respirable dust samples
      containing numerous elongated fragments with aspect ratios greater than 3:1,
      which therefore fitted the definition of respirable fibers. Both these samples
      produced relatively few tumors, although one had more long "fibers" than did the
      brittle tremolite that produced 70% of tumors. This study has therefore
      demonstrated that different morphologic forms of tremolite produce dusts with
      very different carcinogenic potential. Carcinogenicity does not depend simply on
      the number of elongated particles injected, and we need to develop methods of
      distinguishing carcinogenic tremolite fibers from relatively innocuous tremolite
      dusts, with similar numbers of elongated particles of similar aspect ratios.

PMID- 1809163
TI  - Asbestos exposure from activities in buildings with asbestos-containing
      materials.

PMID- 1809162
TI  - Health effects of tremolite. Now and in the future.
AB  - Although tremolite asbestos has been well characterized since 1916, appreciation
      of its role in disease induction is relatively recent. It has always been
      understood that the morphology of tremolite is complex, and part of the slowness
      in recognizing it as a hazard has been definitional in nature. Reduced to simple
      terms the questions are, when is tremolite "asbestos-like," when is it an
      innocuous amorphous particle, do these forms occur together, with what confidence
      can they be separated for regulatory purposes, and what is the spectrum of
      disease potential for varying exposure? A brake on regulation is partially due to
      a convergence of opinion of unlikely and unintentional allies: industries
      producing tremolite-containing materials and some epidemiologists resisting
      attribution of risk to tremolite on the grounds that its known effects--pleural
      plaques, asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma--are principally due to
      chrysotile, which is often contaminated with fibrous tremolite. The latter group
      concentrate their skepticism on internal-dose biomarker studies associating lung
      tremolite content with mesothelioma (but not so clearly with lung cancer or
      asbestosis). They ignore the basic carcinogenic quality of fibrous tremolite,
      shown in both animal and epidemiological studies. Evidence from the Quebec
      chrysotile/tremolite mining districts suggests that very low concentrations of
      tremolite in ambient air can be translated into high concentrations in lung, even
      in those without occupational exposure. Disease incidence, especially for
      mesothelioma, seems also to be associated with tremolite air and lung content.
      The risk associated with tremolite has been demonstrated in Corsica, Cyprus, the
      United States, and Canada. Of particular importance is an apparent increase in
      the proportion of mesothelioma risk attributable to tremolite, since the fibers
      heretofore most responsible for that disease--commercial amphiboles--have been or
      are being severely regulated or completely eliminated in production and use.
      Further, amosite and crocidolite, while still a concern, form a small fraction of
      "asbestos-in-place": most of this material is chrysotile and we do not really
      know to what degree it is contaminated with tremolite. The available evidence
      suggests that bulk analysis or airborne fiber analysis will not answer this
      question, and perhaps only animal bioaccumulation assay is sufficient. Until we
      know more, it seems prudent for public health to avoid dispersing
      chrysotile/tremolite into the environment, and, where we can, to regulate all
      tremolite "fibers" conservatively.

PMID- 1809164
TI  - Mineral fiber content of lung tissue in patients with environmental exposures:
      household contacts vs. building occupants.
AB  - Analysis of tissue mineral fiber content in patients with environmental exposures
      has seldom been reported in the past. Our studies of six household contacts of
      asbestos workers indicate that these individuals often have pulmonary asbestos
      concentrations similar to some occupationally exposed individuals. In contrast,
      our studies of four occupants of buildings with asbestos-containing materials
      indicate that these individuals often have pulmonary asbestos burdens
      indistinguishable from the general nonoccupationally exposed population. However,
      one such building occupant exposed for many years and who later developed pleural
      mesothelioma was studied in detail, and it was concluded that her exposure as a
      teacher's aide in a school building containing acoustical plaster was the likely
      cause of her mesothelioma.

PMID- 1809165
TI  - Asbestos-related abnormalities in school maintenance personnel.

PMID- 1809166
TI  - A comparison of asbestos burden in lung parenchyma, lymph nodes, and plaques.

PMID- 1809167
TI  - Radiological abnormalities and asbestos exposure among custodians of the New York
      City Board of Education.
AB  - Six hundred sixty custodians employed by the New York City Board of Education
      underwent examination from 1985 through 1987 for asbestos-related disease and
      other general medical conditions by the clinical staff of the Division of
      Environmental and Occupational Medicine of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine of
      the City University of New York. Two-thirds of the men (no women were examined)
      were 20 or more years from onset of any custodial work, with 44% having had at
      least 20 years of employment as custodial workers in New York City Board of
      Education schools. Twenty-four percent had begun custodial work in buildings 30
      or more years earlier. Findings among them were of particular interest since
      asbestos-related disease might forecast what might be expected among school
      custodians with less seniority. Since the Board of Education, in selecting
      custodians for examination, had chosen only custodians currently employed, the
      study group comprised men still working in the school system. These, then,
      represented a "survivor population" (4% had retired between the time of
      enrollment in the study and the date of examination, and only one of the
      seventeen retirees had left work owing to disability). Although a considerable
      amount of clinical information was obtained, abnormalities on chest X-ray
      consistent with asbestos-induced scarring were used as the key index of disease
      resulting from exposure to asbestos. Since scarring of the lung tissue or lining
      of the lung or chest wall (pleura) may be present but undetectable on standard
      chest radiographs (a relatively insensitive diagnostic technique), the prevalence
      of abnormality on X-ray film represents a conservative estimate of the actual
      burden of scarring lung disease in the group. Such changes are indicative of
      previous asbestos exposure, however, and provide evidence of an increased risk of
      later asbestos-related malignancy. Overall, abnormalities on chest X-ray
      consistent with asbestos-related scarring were found in 28% of the men examined.
      The expected relationship of increasing prevalence of radiographic changes with
      increasing time since onset of exposure in buildings was demonstrated; among
      those with 35 or more years since beginning custodial work, 39% had abnormal
      films. This is evidence that custodial workers as a group have had asbestos
      exposure in the past, as reflected also in the work histories obtained at the
      time of examination. Eighty-four percent reported that they themselves removed
      asbestos-containing materials in the course of their work. Eighty-nine percent
      had been present in the work area during asbestos abatement projects in the
      schools in more recent years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1809168
TI  - Asbestos-related disease in custodial and building maintenance workers from a
      large municipal school district.

PMID- 1809170
TI  - Asbestos exposure and fire fighting.

PMID- 1809169
TI  - Mesothelioma among employees with likely contact with in-place asbestos
      containing building materials.
AB  - The occurrence of mesothelioma is a sentinel event in occupational and
      environmental disease. A mesothelioma surveillance system was established
      utilizing existing computerized Wisconsin vital statistics data maintained since
      1959 and a Cancer Reporting System (CRS) established in 1978. Review of the death
      certificate listing of usual occupation and industry from 487 mesothelioma deaths
      in Wisconsin from 1959 to 1989 led to the investigation of 41 persons with likely
      exposure to inplace asbestos-containing building materials (ACBM): 12 school
      teachers, 10 school maintenance employees, 7 public building maintenance workers,
      5 private building maintenance workers, and 7 commercial and factory workers
      performing maintenance activities. For 10 (34%) of the 29 maintenance workers the
      only source of asbestos exposure identified was their maintenance work. For five
      (17%) histories indicated some prior employment in occupations and industries
      with probable asbestos exposures. Opportunities for indirect occupational
      exposure were identified for ten who had been employed in the residential
      construction industry. One maintenance worker was exposed to asbestos in the
      household and another had neighborhood exposure. For 9 (75%) of the school
      teachers, the only identifiable potential source of asbestos exposure was derived
      from in-place ACBM in schools. One teacher had spent a season in the merchant
      marine aboard an iron ore-hauling ship and 2 had worked in the residential
      construction industry. Two of the teachers were sisters, and in two instances,
      two teachers had taught in the same school facility. We conclude that individuals
      occupationally exposed to in-place ACBM are at risk for the subsequent
      development of mesothelioma.

PMID- 1809171
TI  - The costs of imprecision: perspectives in asbestos abatement.

PMID- 1809172
TI  - Asbestos in place: a building management perspective.

PMID- 1809173
TI  - The Veterans Administration's Asbestos Abatement Program.
AB  - 1. The Veterans Administration has developed a program of asbestos abatement for
      its more than 1000 buildings, where health care personnel from 173 hospitals and
      238 ambulatory care clinics are likely to encounter respirable asbestos. 2. This
      is a costly program, which has averaged about $25 million annually for the past
      ten years. 3. The VA has banned the use of new asbestos products containing more
      than 1% of asbestos in building construction or renovation projects. 4.
      Industrial hygiene engineering programs have been ordered instituted at all VA
      medical centers to monitor dust levels in compliance with OSHA and EPA
      requirements. 5. Health surveillance programs, managed by an environmental health
      physician at each medical center, have been instituted for all personnel who have
      been identified to have breathed asbestos fibers in excess of OSHA-EPA threshold
      limit values. 6. The health care program focuses on the identification of
      asbestosis and asbestos-related cancer through periodic X-ray films, lung
      function tests, and electrocardiographic and physical examination screening. 7.
      The program also stresses cessation of smoking.

PMID- 1809174
TI  - Should asbestos in buildings be regulated on an environmental or occupational
      basis?

PMID- 1809175
TI  - Limitations in drawing etiologic inferences based on measurement of asbestos
      fibers from lung tissue.

PMID- 1809176
TI  - Asbestos in place in Metropolitan New York.

PMID- 1809177
TI  - Comparative dose-response relationships of asbestos fiber types: magnitudes and
      uncertainties.

PMID- 1809178
TI  - Analysis of the exposure-response relationship for mesothelioma among asbestos
      cement factory workers.

PMID- 1809179
TI  - Improved detection of asbestos-related pleural plaques with digital radiography.

PMID- 1809180
TI  - Prospectives and challenges in genetic engineering.

PMID- 1809181
TI  - Cloning and expression of an HIV-1 specific single-chain Fv region fused to
      Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - We have constructed a single-chain Fv fragment representing the variable domain
      of the human monoclonal antibody 3D6, binding specifically to HIV-1 gp41. This
      gene was fused to the coding region of E. coli alkaline phosphatase (EcPhoA) and
      expressed in E. coli. The EcPhoA signal peptide was used to direct the
      recombinant fusion protein to the periplasmic space of the bacteria, from where
      it was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration
      followed by antigen-affinity chromatography using a synthetic HIV-1 peptide as
      ligand. The purified fusion protein was bifunctional, showing both phosphatase
      activity as well as antigen-binding specificity identical to that of the original
      antibody.

PMID- 1809183
TI  - Ethics, trust, and the future of recombinant DNA.

PMID- 1809182
TI  - Comparison of the Fv fragments of different phosphorylcholine binding antibodies
      expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The development of general methods to express functional antibody fragments in E.
      coli greatly facilitates the engineering of antibodies. Some of the essential
      features of the technology are summarized. As a model system, phosphorylcholine
      binding antibodies are used. The immune response against this antigen results in
      three classes of antibodies, exemplified by the myeloma proteins McPC603, TEPC15,
      and MOPC167. Fv fragments of these antibodies can now be conveniently prepared in
      E. coli to aid in understanding the structural logic of this well-characterized
      immune response.

PMID- 1809184
TI  - Construction of expression vectors for gene fusions on the model of beta
      galactosidase-human fibroblast beta-interferon for the purpose of immunoenzyme
      assay.

PMID- 1809185
TI  - Hybrid genes expressing fusion peptides. A strategy for bacterial production of
      recombinant human interleukin-3 with a defined NH2-terminus.

PMID- 1809186
TI  - A cloned gene for human transferrin.

PMID- 1809187
TI  - Use of yeasts in production and discovery of pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 1809188
TI  - Long-distance deoR regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 1809189
TI  - Biochemistry and molecular genetics of penicillin production in Penicillium
      chrysogenum.

PMID- 1809190
TI  - Improvements in fungal product synthesis by recombinant DNA technology.

PMID- 1809191
TI  - Expression of a human monoclonal anti-HIV-1 antibody in CHO cells.
AB  - The cDNA coding for the light and heavy chains, respectively, of the human
      monoclonal antibody 3D6 (IgG1, kappa), which binds specifically to human
      immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp41, was inserted into three different
      mammalian expression vectors and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells. Transcription was under the control of Rous sarcoma virus long terminal
      repeat (RSV LTR), human cytomegalovirus major immediate early (CMV IE) promoter,
      and mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV LTR), respectively.
      Antibody productivity was monitored in the supernatants of selected clones. The
      binding characteristics of the CHO-derived antibody to HIV-1 gp41 were found to
      be identical to that of the original antibody produced by hybridoma cells.

PMID- 1809192
TI  - Swinepox virus as a vector for the delivery of immunogens.

PMID- 1809193
TI  - Gene expression in insects. Biotechnical applications.

PMID- 1809194
TI  - A sugar-inducible excretion system for the production of recombinant proteins
      with Escherichia coli.

PMID- 1809195
TI  - Study of high density Escherichia coli fermentation for production of porcine
      somatotropin protein.
AB  - Recombinant E. coli strains and culture conditions were studied for the
      fermentation expression of porcine somatotropin (PST) inclusion bodies under the
      control of a pL promoter. Our objective was to achieve high cell density together
      with a high level of recombinant protein expression. Improved fermentation
      conditions included oxygen enrichment, yeast extract (YE) effect, optimal
      specific growth to switch on gene expression, and feeding strategies. To maintain
      a low residual glucose concentration, a medium feed rate was controlled on a real
      time basis by using cell density information estimated from on-line carbon
      dioxide monitoring of a fermentor's exhaust gas. The optimal specific growth rate
      required to initiate a temperature shift in our system was found to be around 0.2
      hr-1. The cell density and PST expression level could reach 55 OD600 and 35%,
      respectively, after 16 hours of cultivation under optimal conditions by applying
      computer-controlled nutrient feed. In our recombinant host/vector system, the
      location of cl gene appears to affect gene expression under YE-supplemented
      and/or a high cell density culture condition. With cl gene placed on plasmid, our
      E. coli host no longer showed sensitivity toward YE in PST gene expression.

PMID- 1809196
TI  - High cell density fermentation of recombinant Escherichia coli with computer
      controlled optimal growth rate.
AB  - In recent years recombinant DNA technology has enabled us to produce various
      proteins of therapeutic importance with microorganisms. As an appropriate host
      organism, E. coli plays a dominant role. Yields of E. coli dry cell mass in
      shaker flask culture range from 1-2 g/L, whereas in fermentors up to 10 g dry
      cells/L can be achieved. ZIMET and GBF have developed a high cell density
      fermentation process that produces E. coli (on a glucose/mineral salt medium) up
      to more than 100 g dry cells/L in a special fed-batch mode. This cultivation
      strategy prevents oxygen limitation and hence the accumulation of acetate and
      other metabolic byproducts. The specific growth rate can be adjusted so that
      product formation reaches its optimum value. An example of the production of
      alpha1-interferon is presented. The high cell density fermentations were realized
      in 30- and 450-L Chemap fermentors (ZIMET) and in a three-stage bioreactor scale
      up system (72, 300, and 1,500 L) developed in cooperation with GBF and B. Braun
      Melsungen AG. Multiloop controllers were used to control the process variables.

PMID- 1809197
TI  - Application of biochemical engineering principles to develop a recovery process
      for protein inclusion bodies.

PMID- 1809199
TI  - Engineering metal binding sites into recombinant proteins for facile
      purification.

PMID- 1809198
TI  - Ribosomal RNA and the site specificity of chloramphenicol-dependent ribosome
      stalling in cat gene leaders.

PMID- 1809200
TI  - Integration of cell culture with continuous, on-line sterile downstream
      processing.
AB  - The development of an integrated system for the continuous, automated production
      of pure cell culture derived proteins is discussed. The system comprises a cell
      culture subunit for the continuous culture of mammalian cells and a purification
      subunit linked on-line to the cell culture subunit. The cells are
      compartmentalized and continuously perfused with culture medium. The cell culture
      medium leaving the bioreactor is perfused through a sterile immunoaffinity column
      that instantaneously removes the product from the culture fluid. This results in
      improved product quality because the product is quickly removed from the cell
      culture, thus minimizing contact with degradative enzymes. The culture medium,
      stripped from the secreted product, is recirculated into the bioreactor. The
      system allows simple, automated, and economical production of purified proteins
      with higher quality than that possible with current production methods. The
      integration also allows on-line, real-time process monitoring, thus simplifying
      process development and allowing more consistent production of biologics.

PMID- 1809201
TI  - Rational design of purification processes for recombinant proteins.
AB  - Recent developments in the rational design of purification processes for
      recombinant proteins are discussed. A review of the main issues involved in
      process design for protein separation and purification is presented with
      particular emphasis on the challenges posed by recombinant proteins. This
      includes physicochemical characterization of target protein and main
      contaminants, the use of rigorous mathematical modeling and process simulation as
      well as the development of an expert system and the application of this
      technology for optimization and design of large scale processes. An expert system
      for selection of optimal protein separation sequences will give the user a number
      of alternatives chosen on the basis of extensive data back-up on proteins and
      unit operations.

PMID- 1809202
TI  - Horseradish peroxidase gene expression in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 1809203
TI  - Cloning of a beta-glucosidase gene from Ruminococcus albus and its expression in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A HindIII fragment of R. albus DNA encoding beta-glucosidase was cloned into E.
      coli. The DNA sequence (3158 bp) was determined, and the longest potential
      encoding sequence consisted of 2,841 bp (947 amino acids with the calculated
      molecular weight of 104,276. The deduced NH2-terminal amino acid sequence from
      the first (methionine) to the twentieth (glycine) was identical to that of the
      purified enzyme, suggesting that the gene for beta-glucosidase does not encode a
      signal peptide. The enzyme purified from the culture supernatant of the
      transformant had a molecular weight of 120,000 and its maximum activity was
      revealed at pH 6.5 and 30 degrees C. Reducing reagents activated the enzyme,
      whereas the sulfhydryl group-blocking reagents and reaction products (glucose)
      inhibited the activity. Hydrolyzates of celloorigomers contained glucose as a
      major product, indicating that the enzyme acts as beta-glucosidase. The enzyme
      from the transformant revealed similar properties to that from R. albus, and both
      enzyme proteins were immunologically the same to each other, indicating that the
      cloned gene encodes beta-glucosidase from R. albus.

PMID- 1809204
TI  - Role played by international meetings of genetics of industrial microorganisms.

PMID- 1809205
TI  - Construction and evaluation of a self-luminescent biosensor.
AB  - The genes encoding bioluminescence (lux genes), derived from the marine bacterium
      V. fischeri, have been fused next to the genes encoding mercury detoxification
      (mer genes), derived from a clinical isolate of S. marcescens. The fusion has
      been made so that the expression of the light genes comes under the control of
      the mer regulatory gene and promoter. These genetic elements activate the
      expression of the light genes in the presence of mercury. The light can readily
      be collected and quantitated, resulting in a biosensor for the detection of
      mercury.

PMID- 1809206
TI  - Rhizobium meliloti exopolysaccharides. Structures, genetic analyses, and
      symbiotic roles.

PMID- 1809207
TI  - Construction and use of a Bacillus subtilis mutant deficient in multiple protease
      genes for the expression of eukaryotic genes.

PMID- 1809208
TI  - Drug development through the genetic engineering of antibiotic-producing
      microorganisms.

PMID- 1809209
TI  - Cloning of an NADH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase gene from Clostridium
      acetobutylicum.
AB  - The acetone-butanol fermentation of C. acetobutylicum is characterized by the
      unique shift from acid to solvent production. The mechanism of the solventogenic
      switch involves the induction of several enzymes, including NADH-dependent
      butanol dehydrogenase (BDH) at the onset of solventogenesis. This enzyme is
      responsible for the final conversion of butyraldehyde to butanol, and is distinct
      from the NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) also present in the
      organism. To characterize the genetic control of this gene, we have cloned and
      expressed it in E. coli. A lambda EMBL3 phage library of C. acetobutylicum DNA
      was screened via plaque hybridization using a [32P]-radiolabeled, 32-fold
      degenerate, 62-mer oligonucleotide probe. The probe was designed by reverse
      translation of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of purified BDH II. Southern
      blot experiments indicate that the phage insert was of clostridial origin and had
      no homology with the previously cloned NADPH-dependent ADH. Subcloning of DNA
      from purified positive plaques has localized the gene to a 3.5-kb EcoRI fragment
      from which the enzyme is well expressed. The sequence of the 25 NH2-terminal
      amino acids for the cloned enzyme purified from E. coli was determined and found
      to be identical to that for the clostridial NADH-dependent BDH II. Maxicell
      analysis of [35S]-radiolabeled plasmid-encoded proteins identified a species
      encoded by the clostridial insert with the expected Mr of 42 kD.

PMID- 1809210
TI  - Transformation of a methylotrophic bacterium, Methylobacterium extorquens, with a
      broad-host-range plasmid by electroporation.
AB  - Electroporation was used to transform the methylotrophic bacterium
      Methylobacterium extorquens with broad-host-range plasmid pLA2917, which contains
      a gene specifying resistance to kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was introduced into M.
      extorquens in the presence of an electric pulse, and kanamycin-resistant
      transformants were obtained. These transformants harbored plasmid DNA that was
      identical to plasmid pLA2917. We examined several factors independently and found
      up to 8 x 10(3) transformants per microgram of DNA using 10 pulses with a
      duration of 300 microseconds at a field strength of 10 kV/cm.

PMID- 1809212
TI  - Plasma kinetics of tritiated d-alpha-tocopherol in sheep given intravenously in
      emulsion or ethanol.
AB  - Thirteen crossbred wethers were given intravenously tritiated d-alpha-tocopherol
      (2 microCi/kg of bw) dissolved in emulsion or ethanol. Kinetic evaluation of the
      plasma specific activity versus time data was performed using either the 2- or 3
      compartment model. The disappearance of the radiolabelled alpha-tocopherol from
      the plasma pool was affected by the nature of the vehicle administered.
      Radiotocopherol was cleared from plasma much faster when it was dissolved in
      ethanol than in emulsion; when radiotocopherol was injected as an emulsion
      concentration time curves were best described as a 2-compartment open model and
      in ethanol the kinetic data fitted a sum of three exponentials. The data showed
      higher bioavailability of the intravenously injected vitamin E in emulsion over
      ethanol.

PMID- 1809211
TI  - An aetiological hypothesis for the nutrition-induced association between retained
      placenta and milk fever in the dairy cow.
AB  - In the dairy cow, a statistical association between milk fever (MF) and placental
      retention (PR) has been observed in epidemiological studies. In order to prevent
      both diseases, an understanding of their common aetiological mechanism is
      necessary. In this paper, a new causal hypothesis concerning the nutrition
      induced association between PR and MF has been put forward. This hypothesis
      integrates the aetiological concepts arising from the studies carried out by the
      authors of this paper, and those reviewed from the literature. The aetiological
      pathway leading to associated MF and PR in the dairy cow appears to include 3
      main interrelated mechanisms: 1), decreased synthesis of cyclooxygenase products
      (mainly PgF2 alpha) via precalving linolenic acid-rich diets; 2), lack of calcium
      availability at calving via calcium-rich diets before calving; 3), intensive
      lipomobilization around calving due to a lack of energy supply. The risk for both
      MF and PR appears to be maximum with old cows fed diets rich in green fodder
      (fresh or ensiled) and in calcium, and poor in cereals in the prepartum period.

PMID- 1809213
TI  - [Differentiation of glucidolytic mycoplasmas isolated from goats by the API 50 CH
      system and electrophoresis].
AB  - Carbohydrate metabolism of 62 glucidolytic strains of mycoplasma belonging to 4
      species (M ovipneumoniae, M putrefaciens, M mycoides, M capricolum) has been
      studied using the API 50 Ch system for bacterial identification. This
      microtechnique and colony aspect were relevant in distinguishing M ovipneumoniae
      and M putrefaciens from the group M mycoides and M capricolum isolated from
      goats, but still presented a lack of specificity in distinguishing M mycoides
      from M capricolum. Similar results were obtained when the mycoplasma strains were
      tested by electrophoresis.

PMID- 1809214
TI  - [Lethal activity of benzamido-2 nitro-5 thiazole and its derivatives against
      Lymnaea peregra ovata Muller (Mollusca: Pulmonata) and Gammarus pulex pulex L.
      (Crustacea: Amphipoda)].
AB  - The toxicity of benzamido-2-nitro-5-thiazole (BNT) and 3 derivatives was studied
      on Lymnaea peregra ovata and Gammarus pulex pulex. These results were compared
      with the toxicity obtained by application of a basic product, niclosamide. The
      evaluation of LC50 (50% lethality concentration) was studied to evaluate the
      toxicity of each product after 4 different assay periods: 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.
      The compounds had a high toxicity against snails. Molluscicidal effect was higher
      than the lethal activity against Crustacea. The ortho substitution decreased the
      toxicity of products compared with BNT.

PMID- 1809215
TI  - Critical analysis of the histomorphometry of rat thyroid after treatment with
      thyroxin and propylthiouracil.
AB  - The morphological variations of rat thyroid follicles after treatment with either
      thyroxin or propylthiouracil were evaluated by histomorphometry. A silver
      impregnation technique allowed a precise visualization of thyroid follicles on
      histological sections. The histomorphometric values (cell height, follicular
      diameter, percentage of epithelial cells) were obtained using a semi-automatic
      image analyser. The statistical tests used were analysis of variance (Fisher's
      test) and the Newman-Keuls tests. The results obtained showed that thyroxin
      treatment did not lead to any modification in histomorphometric values.
      Propylthiouracil, on the contrary, caused profound alterations in the morphology
      of thyroid follicles and in particular an increase in the height of the
      follicular epithelium. These changes were induced by a deficiency in thyroid
      hormones leading to an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release.
      This study shows that with rigorous methodology, histomorphometry is adaptable to
      the requirements of a simple and reproducible evaluation of substances capable of
      causing functional perturbations and their effects on the thyroid gland.

PMID- 1809217
TI  - Jubilee issue. Festschrift. Dr. James L. German.

PMID- 1809216
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate administered by intravenous and
      intramuscular routes in the calf].
AB  - Pharmacokinetic characteristics of an extemporaneous form of colistin sulfate in
      young calves were studied for a dosage of 25,000 IU.kg-1. The intravenous route
      (IV) is characterized by a 3-compartment model whose main parameters are: volume
      of distribution (1.02 l.kg), body clearance (0.15 l.h-1 kg-1) and mean residence
      time (3.87 h). By intramuscular route (IM), a mean serum peak of 37 IU.ml-1 was
      reached at a mean time of 0.5 h. The mean half-time of terminal phase (6.47 h)
      does not differ significantly from that of the intramuscular route (4.52 h).
      Absolute bioavailability calculated based on 4 calves was 109 +/- 28%. Repeated
      IM administrations seem to be adapted to maintain a bactericidal activity and to
      reduce risks of toxicity and neurological disorders (25,000 IU.kg-1) every 12 h
      over 3d.

PMID- 1809218
TI  - James German: an appreciation and biographical annotation.

PMID- 1809219
TI  - The malignant primate?
AB  - Speciation and carcinogenesis result from genomic instability at the gametic or
      at the somatic levels. After an infinity of trials they occur, by chromosome
      rearrangements, in single individuals or in single cells and evolve by similar
      chromosomal or clonal evolutions. Loss of heterozygosity for the first event is
      essential in both processes: in evolution, a chromosomal rearrangement, a
      pericentric inversion or a Robertsonian fusion, must become homozygous to ensure
      a reproductive barrier for a new species; Knudson's two-event sequence is a
      similar situation in cancer. Position effect is equally important: we have shown
      overexpression of the SOD1 gene in the orangutan phylum probably by an
      intrachromosomal rearrangement; the t(9;22) in CML acts by typical position
      effect. Parental imprinting underlies the evolution of genome function and the
      unset of certain cancers. Evolution and malignancy are interweaved by viruses and
      oncogenes since the dawn of life. Cancer uses its intelligence to expand and to
      destroy the other tissues, using subtle metabolic pathways and a variety of
      tricks to metastasize other cells. It always wins but saws the branch on which it
      sits. Mankind also grows exponentially, killing thousands of other species,
      poisoning the oceans and soft waters, polluting the atmosphere, all for his
      egoistic needs. Man also travels and metastasizes other Earths. He modifies his
      genome or that of other species, and develops new technologies for his
      reproduction. He can destroy the planet in an eyeblink. To be or not to be the
      malignant primate, that will be the dilemma for the 21st Century.

PMID- 1809220
TI  - The genetic basis of xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - The chemical integrity and proper functioning of DNA is threatened by numerous
      chemical and physical agents that cause a wide spectrum of DNA lesions. When
      unrepaired, DNA injury interferes with vital, cellular functions such as DNA
      replication and transcription and give rise to mutations leading to genetic
      defects, carcinogenesis and cell death. The contribution of DNA repair systems in
      preventing cancer is apparent from the high rate of tumorigenesis found in many
      repair syndromes. A classical example is the excision repair disorder xeroderma
      pigmentosum (XP) in which patients exhibit hypersensitivity to sun (UV) light and
      predisposition to skin cancer. Genetic analysis of cultured cells from XP
      patients has revealed the presence of at least 7 complementation groups, all
      showing a deficiency in the excision of UV-induced lesions in the DNA. To
      identify the genes and characterize the genetic defects in these complementation
      groups, cloning of human DNA repair genes has been attempted by a number of
      investigators. Recently, the first human DNA repair genes have been cloned
      including at least two genes involved in XP. Comparison of the coding sequences
      of these genes with sequences of cloned (repair) genes of lower organisms (e.g.
      E. coli and yeast) provides information on their function. This leads to
      understanding of the relationship between molecular defect at the level of the
      gene and the gene product and the clinical manifestation of the disease in
      different XP patients and complementation groups.

PMID- 1809221
TI  - The functional significance of nucleolar structures.
AB  - The structure of nucleoli differs widely according to their functional state.
      Main structural components of human and mammalian nucleoli are: the fibrillar
      centres (FC), the dense fibrillar component (DF), and the granular component
      (GC). A critical review of the recent literature and of the author's results
      suggests that in active nucleoli the rRNA gene repeats of the nucleolus
      organizing regions (NORs) are localized in the DF. The DF contains also enzymes
      and factors necessary for transcription, RNA processing, and pre-ribosome
      synthesis. The FC serves possibly as a stock of proteins, among them RNA
      polymerase I. The GC is made up mainly of preribosomes. Non active (non
      transcribed) NORs may be situated far away from nucleoli within the cell nucleus.

PMID- 1809222
TI  - Molecular structure of mutations at an autosomal locus in human cells: evidence
      for interallelic homologous recombination.
AB  - A high proportion of spontaneous mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase
      (TK) locus in a human B-lymphoblast cell line involved loss of the entire active
      allele. Loss of heterozygosity often extended to other loci on chromosome 17q.
      The authors have developed a system for analysing the role of homologous
      recombination and gene conversion in such events. A heteroallelic (TK-/-) cell
      line containing single + 1 frameshifts in exons 4 and 7 was generated by repeated
      exposures to ICR-191. Revertant mutations to TK+/- were selected and analysed for
      the presence or absence or each frameshift as well as changes in linked
      polymorphic markers on 17q. The molecular changes associated with reversion to
      TK+ can thus be analysed. Preliminary results indicate that homologous
      recombination can be detected with this system, though it occurs at low frequency
      (less than 10(-7]. The authors believe this represents the first quantitative
      assay for measuring recombination between alleles of a specific intact gene in
      human cells. It should prove useful in evaluating the potency of various classes
      of mutagens in inducing recombinational and gene conversion events.

PMID- 1809223
TI  - Genetic factors that regulate cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity in normal
      human lymphocytes.
AB  - To determine whether genetic mechanisms control large variations in cytosolic
      epoxide hydrolase (cEH) activity of unstimulated lymphocytes from normal human
      subjects, cEH activity was measured in: a) 6 sets of monozygotic (MZ) twins and 6
      sets of dizygotic (DZ) twins; b) 100 unrelated male subjects and c) 6 families.
      The twin study revealed predominantly genetic control (H2/1 = 0.95). Variability
      was markedly less within MZ (intrapair variance = 0.25) than DZ twins (intrapair
      variance = 6.33). In 100 unrelated male subjects the extent of interindividual
      variation was 11-fold. Unimodal distribution of values among 99 subjects
      encompassed a six-fold range. One outlier with very high activity clearly stood
      apart. Using the whole distribution curve we phenotyped members of 6 families. In
      the outlier's family, analysis of 3 generations suggested autosomal dominant
      transmission of high cEH activity. Analysis of the other 5 families and 12 sets
      of twins, all from the large unimodal distribution, was consistent with either
      monogenic or polygenic control of variations within this mode.

PMID- 1809224
TI  - Clinical, genetic and regulatory consequences of exposure to mutagens.
AB  - Not a single agent is known to cause an increase of genetic disorders in humans.
      Even studies on large numbers of children born to parents after exposure to
      ionizing radiation or DNA alkylating agents failed to detect significant genetic
      consequences. This is in contrast to effects observed in human somatic cells or
      germ cells, and to various investigations with laboratory animals. A definite
      explanation of these discrepancies does not exist. Nevertheless, on the basis of
      the currently available human data it cannot be justified to advise a previously
      exposed person against having children, if this individual is otherwise healthy.
      There are obvious incongruencies between the potency of an agent to cause
      mutations at all, and to induce genetic effects in the offspring. It should
      therefore be emphasized that a regulatory classification of agents according to a
      potential genetic hazard in man must not solely be based on in vitro mutagenicity
      data.

PMID- 1809225
TI  - Bloom's syndrome: the German experience.
AB  - Ten patients with Bloom's syndrome observed in Germany during the last 20 years
      are described. They were born between 1964 and 1986. Seven are alive at the age
      of 8 to 27 years. Three have died at the age of 5 years (acute leukemia), 18
      years (pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis), and 21 years (Hodgkin lymphoma and
      subsequently leukemia). All show the characteristic clinical and cellular
      phenotype. In addition to the known early occurrence of malignancies, certain
      behavioral patterns, the occurrence of hyper- and hypopigmented areas in the
      skin, pulmonary manifestations, and exquisite sensitivity to chemotherapy and
      probably also to radiotherapy are emphasized. The potential usefulness of bone
      marrow preservation for later use in autologous transplantation has not yet been
      determined. Several features of Bloom's syndrome can be understood on the basis
      of a genetically determined high rate of somatic recombination.

PMID- 1809226
TI  - Bloom's syndrome in an Iranian Jewish male.
AB  - Bloom's syndrome is described in an Iranian Jewish male who subsequently
      developed myocardial disease. This may represent the first definitely non
      Ashkenazi Jewish patient in the literature and the only one to develop this
      complication.

PMID- 1809227
TI  - Immunological studies in Bloom's syndrome. A follow-up report.
AB  - Longitudinal immunological studies were performed in five patients with Bloom's
      syndrome. Serum IgG concentration showed no age-related increase. IgA levels were
      below the 10th percentile in childhood, but rose to normal in all but one. IgM
      was decreased in four patients at diagnosis and remained so in three of them.
      Cellular immunity results were very variable, even within one patient. An
      immunologic attrition was not demonstrated.

PMID- 1809228
TI  - Fanconi anemia: a pleotropic mutation with multiple cellular and developmental
      abnormalities.
AB  - Fanconi anemia (FA), an autosomal recessive disorder of children, is
      characterized by congenital or childhood aplastic anemia, multiple developmental
      anomalies, increased incidence of myeloid leukemia, increased spontaneous
      chromosome breakage, and cellular and chromosomal hypersensitivity to DNA
      bifunctional crosslinking and alkylating agents. Attempts to understand the
      biochemical basis of the disorder over the past two and a half decades have
      resulted in a number of descriptive studies pertaining to cytogenetic and
      biochemical abnormalities, especially of DNA repair proficiency following
      treatment with DNA bifunctional crosslinking agents. More recent approaches such
      as DNA transfection offer the potential for isolation and molecular
      characterization of the gene. The FA gene is postulated to belong to the family
      of genes that regulate the development of hematopoietic and other cell types.

PMID- 1809229
TI  - Consecutive chromosomal studies in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
      Czechoslovak MDS Cooperative Group.
AB  - In order to detect a possible relationship between clonal chromosomal
      abnormalities acquired during the course of the disease and its prognosis in
      patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) the authors have performed
      consecutive analyses in 77 patients with this disease. They were part of the
      large series of 209 patients cytogenetically examined during the last ten years.
      According to the cytogenetic findings we have distinguished three groups: 1)
      sixteen patients who has a normal karyotype in bone marrow cells at the beginning
      of the investigation and this finding remained unchanged during the course of the
      disease. Three of them progressed into acute leukemia (AL) without any detectable
      change in the chromosomal complement of the bone marrow cells; 2) twenty-five
      patients who had at the beginning of the study, different pathological
      chromosomal clones in bone marrow cells. There was no chromosomal evolution
      detectable during the disease; eight of them progressed into acute leukemia; 3)
      thirty-six patients who had either normal or pathological chromosomal findings at
      the first examination and in whom further clonal abnormalities had developed
      during the course of the disease. Twelve of them progressed into acute leukemia.
      Two to nine cytogenetic examinations were successfully performed with a mean of
      three studies per patient. The results confirmed strictly individual development
      of chromosomal abnormalities during the course of the disease, with an
      unfavorable prognosis for the patients with complex chromosomal changes. Three
      patients with del 7q had very poor prognosis with rapid progression of the
      disease. Two cases with the same acquired abnormalities (del 20q, +8, -22)
      transformed into acute leukemia within the period of 36 months from the onset of
      the disease.

PMID- 1809230
TI  - Metabolic anomalies in cri du chat syndrome (5p-) lymphocytes and de novo purine
      synthesis.
AB  - Having previously demonstrated that patients with cri du chat, 5p- syndrome, have
      a highly significant excess of the plasmatic and urinary relative amount of
      asparagine and aspartate, the authors tested the hypothesis according to which
      this excess could be in relation with a defect of purine metabolism. Using a
      previously reported in vitro assay, they found a paradoxal increase in the
      mitotic index in the presence of L-alanosine in lymphocyte cultures of patients
      with 5p- who were on no medication. They also observed particularly severe
      toxicity to HAT medium. This response, apparently characteristic for 5p-
      syndrome, was highly significant when compared to the one observed in samples of
      normal controls, of patients with mental retardation of various etiologies,
      patients with Down syndrome or with Xqfra syndrome. When patients with cri du
      chat syndrome received inosine with folinic acid, an inversion of their response
      to alanosine was observed as well as the normalization of their response to HAT
      medium. These findings suggest that deletion of 5p14-5p15 leads to some
      impairment of de novo purine synthesis, the implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 1809231
TI  - Anti-Mullerian hormone in three intersex conditions.
AB  - Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), secreted by embryonic testicular Sertoli cells,
      inhibits the development of Mullerian ducts in the male. An enzyme-linked
      immunoassay (ELISA) for AMH was used to investigate three intersex infants. The
      AMH level was correlated with each patient's degree of Mullerian duct
      development. Complete inhibition of Mullerian structures correlated with the
      normal levels of AMH in the infant with testicular feminization. Detectable
      levels of AMH were found in the hermaphroditic infant; however, these low levels
      reflected Sertoli cell inadequacy of the ovotestis, which was documented by a
      right rudimentary Fallopian tube and a normal uterus. In the infant with
      persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, (PMDS), the normal Mullerian derivatives are
      compatible with 1) an AMH receptor defect; 2) a biologically and immunologically
      abnormal AMH molecule, or 3) a functional AMH deletion. The lack of detectable
      AMH in this infant excluded the AMH receptor abnormality and thus directed
      authors' search for the specific defect to the AMH gene. Thus, this ELISA for AMH
      is as valuable a tool to the molecular biologist studying a precise genetic error
      as it is to the physician making a precise clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 1809232
TI  - No evidence of mutations in four candidate genes for male sex
      determination/differentiation in sex-reversed XY females with campomelic
      dysplasia.
AB  - Campomelic dysplasia (Cd) occurs combined with sex reversal resulting in XY
      females. The recent identification of candidate genes for sex
      determination/differentiation and of a sex determining region on the human Y
      chromosome prompted the authors to study these genes for mutations in patients
      with Cd and sex reversal. In a total of five cases, no evidence for a mutation in
      the genes SRY, ZFY, ZFX, MEA and some anonymous Y-linked sequences was found. In
      addition to Southern analysis, gene expression of ZFY, ZFX and MEA was found to
      be normal as well. It is concluded that sex reversal in this condition is due to
      mutation in a so far unidentified gene which may act secondary to the testis
      determining factor (TDF).

PMID- 1809233
TI  - Roberts syndrome: phenotypic variation, cytogenetic definition and heterozygote
      detection.
AB  - Five cases of Roberts syndrome (RS) in four nuclear families are reported and the
      wide range of phenotypic variation among them is described. This is in contrast
      with the remarkable uniformity of the cytogenetic findings. Indirect
      immunofluorescence with seric antibodies from patients with CREST, revealed that
      the centromeric structures are normal in RS thus confirming J. German's
      assumption that the chromatid repulsion is confined to the heterochromatin. The
      authors quantified the phenomenon of centromeric heterochromatin separation (as
      occasionally revealed by C-bands in normal subjects) in obligate heterozygotes
      and possible heterozygotes for RS. The results are indicative of the possibility
      to screen for heterozygotes. The nosology of RS and related syndromes is
      discussed in view of the cytogenetic findings and the natural history of the
      disease.

PMID- 1809234
TI  - Interstitial deletion of chromosome 9q with coexistence of the deleted segment as
      a ring chromosome. A case report.
AB  - In a mentally retarded female an interstitial deletion of a chromosome 9 and an
      additional ring chromosome was shown, which by positive hybridisation with a no 9
      library was considered to be the excised segment. The functional centromere and C
      and DA/DAPI positive material as well on the ring chromosome are explained by a
      break within the centromere close to the constitutive heterochromatin and
      supports the hypothesis of "latent" centromere(s).

PMID- 1809235
TI  - Identification of Y-chromosomal DNA in a Turner syndrome mosaic by polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - A 15.5-year-old female was referred for primary amenorrhea and slow development
      of secondary sex characteristics. The karyotype revealed 45,X/46,X,+mar
      (75%/25%). The small marker chromosome was C-band and Q-band negative. It
      appeared to be primarily centromeric with some light G-band staining material on
      either side. Females with Y-chromosomal material are at an increased risk for
      gonadal neoplasia and this patient was studied further to investigate the
      possibility that the marker was a deleted Y chromosome. Polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) analysis of this patient's DNA revealed the presence of Y-chromosomal
      material presumably derived from the marker chromosome. These results indicate
      that the PCR technique, in conjunction with cytogenetic analysis, can identify
      possible Y-chromosomal material. This testing provides critical information
      necessary for correct medical followup of Turner syndrome mosaic patients.

PMID- 1809236
TI  - Translocation (3;21)(q26;q22) in secondary leukemia. Report of two cases and
      literature review.
AB  - The authors report two cases of secondary myelodysplasia and acute myeloid
      leukemia with t(3;21)(q26.3;q22) as the only cytogenetic abnormality in
      neoplastic bone marrow. This translocation was identified as a rare, recurring,
      non-random aberration in chronic myeloid leukemia less than five years ago and in
      secondary acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia in 1990. The known and
      suspected cases in the literature are reviewed.

PMID- 1809237
TI  - Nonrandom chromosome changes in methylnitrosourea (MNU) induced mouse T-cell
      lymphomas.
AB  - Since nonrandom chromosome changes in neoplastic cells have proven to be good
      indicators of the site of gene alterations related to transformation, the authors
      examined the chromosomes of T-cell lymphomas induced in RF/J strain mice with
      methylnitrosourea (MNU). All treated mice developed thymic lymphomas within 10
      weeks of injection. Chromosomes of the thymus cells were examined at intervals
      before and during lymphoma development, as well as after they were passaged in
      syngeneic and in nude mice for periods up to 424 days. In preparations made
      directly from the thymus cells nonrandom numerical and structural alterations
      were found that involved the X, 3, 15, 4, 8, 12, 14 and 17. (Chromosomes showing
      alterations are listed in decreasing order of the frequency of their occurrence).
      In cells passaged in nude mice the chromosomes similarly altered were the 10, X,
      3, 12, 6, 1, 4, 19, 15, 18 and 14. In tumor cells passaged in syngeneic mice most
      of the same chromosomes were involved but the order was 15, 14, X, 1, 5, 6, 3, 11
      and 12. The X, 15, 14, 3 and 12 were aberrant in both direct preparations and in
      those from passaged cells, suggesting that these chromosomes carry genes which,
      when altered, are particularly important in the multistep process of neoplastic
      transformation. Most of these chromosomes, or their homologs in other species,
      have been found to be involved frequently in several different cancers of mice
      and men, as for example the region on the mouse 15 carrying the Myc and Pvt-1
      genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809238
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity in neural tube defects.
AB  - In 1985-1987, the authors attempted to ascertain all cases of confirmed neural
      tube defects (NTD) in California and Illinois, not only among live-born infants
      (postnatal) but also cases ascertained during pregnancy (prenatal). Mothers of
      both prenatal and postnatal NTD cases were interviewed within 5 months. Among
      postnatal NTD cases, 14.9% (45/303) had anomalies not ordinarily associated with
      NTD. The frequency of non-NTD related anomalies was 9.4% (5/53) in anencephaly,
      0/3 in craniorachischisis, 22.9% (8/35) in encephalocele, 14.5% (27/186) in spina
      bifida, 20% (1/5) in multiple NTD cases and 19% (4/21) in other NTDs. However,
      relatively few postnatal NTD cases had known multiple malformation patterns;
      Meckel-Gruber syndrome was the most common, with 2 postnatal cases, and 3
      additional prenatal cases. Maternal age, paternal age and birth order in
      postnatal cases were 26.7 +/- 5.4 SD, 28.9 +/- 5.8 and 2.8 +/- 1.8, respectively.
      These characteristics were similar in prenatal NTD cases (27.9 +/- 6.0, 30.1 +/-
      6.3, 2.5 +/- 1.5, respectively). We also found no differences in parental ages
      among different types of NTD. Frequency of prior spontaneous abortion differed
      neither between postnatal NTD (9.3%) and postnatal controls (8.1%), nor between
      prenatal NTD (10.7%) and prenatal control (8.7%). Loss rates in the pregnancy
      immediately prior to the index NTD cases were not significantly higher than in
      control subjects. The high frequency of non-NTD associated malformations (14.9%)
      indicates the caution must be exercised before assuming that a given NTD case is
      polygenic-multifactorial in etiology, especially cases of encephalocele.

PMID- 1809239
TI  - Mosaic variegated aneuploidy with microcephaly: a new human mitotic mutant?
AB  - We report the case of a 17 year old girl with severe microcephaly and mental
      retardation, in whom karyotype analysis of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, cultured
      skin fibroblasts, direct and cultured bone marrow and EBV-transformed
      lymphoblasts all showed at least 10% of cells with trisomy, which could be for
      many different chromosomes. All trisomies except 5, 10, 13, 14 and 17 were
      observed. Tissue-specific differences in the predominant trisomy occurred. The
      existence of this mosaic trisomy in four different tissues and in repeated
      cultures over a three year period suggests that it is due to a genetic
      abnormality resulting in mitotic instability. This case is compared with six
      previously reported human cases with a similar phenomenon, including two pairs of
      siblings. It is unclear whether all cases represent the same condition, since
      clinical and cytogenetic differences exist among them. The term "mosaic
      variegated aneuploidy with microcephaly" is suggested as a descriptive term for
      this syndrome.

PMID- 1809240
TI  - An epidemiological study of malaria in Bioko and Annobon islands (Equatorial
      Guinea).
AB  - A seroparasitological study of malaria was carried out in two of the more
      important islands of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko (ex Fernando Poo) and Annobon. The
      study involved a randomly-chosen population of children aged from two to nine
      years. In Bioko 1130 children were chosen from 29 of the 51 villages on the
      island; in Annobon 185 children were chosen from the capital town, where all the
      population lived. Indirect immunofluorescence tests (IFAT) showed a prevalence of
      malaria infection of 29.8% in Bioko and 55.7% in Annobon. The parasitic
      prevalence (malaria index) was 26.6% and 55.1% respectively, and the splenic
      index was 57.0% and 54.6% respectively. The results indicate that this is an area
      of stable hyperendemic malaria, which may benefit from an antimalarial programme.

PMID- 1809241
TI  - The status of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in an endemic area of Argentina
      prior to control attempts, 1985.
AB  - A field survey of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi was carried out in an area
      which had never been sprayed with insecticide. A population census, mapping and
      house classification, examination of insects in houses, and a human serological
      survey were performed. The entomological examination showed that 97% of the
      houses (433/445) were infested by Triatoma infestans and that 31% of the bugs
      examined were infected with T. cruzi. The level of infection, as well as the
      number of insects captured, had no apparent relationship with the type of house.
      Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 30% of the human population, and in 10% of
      children up to four years old. The rates of infection were significantly lower
      for inhabitants, especially children, living in 'urban' houses. The prevalence
      rate for the children did not correlate with the number of insects collected in
      the houses. The improvement of houses, outside the framework of an integrated
      control programme, had no obvious impact on the level of transmission.
      Nevertheless, the replacement of the original houses by houses with plastered
      walls and roofs of metal or cement resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of
      infection in children younger than four years of age. The community showed little
      confidence in sanitary precautions against Chagas' disease prior to the start of
      the survey.

PMID- 1809242
TI  - The failure of traditionally used desert plants to act against cutaneous
      leishmaniasis in experimental animals.
AB  - Several desert plants that are traditionally used by the Bedouin community as
      folkloristic treatment for skin diseases were examined for their efficacy against
      cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in BALB/c mice. Water and chloroform extracts made
      from these plants were incorporated into cetomacrogol and soft white paraffin
      respectively and some were supplemented with DMSO. These preparations were
      applied twice daily for up to 30 days to CL lesions caused by Leishmania major.
      None of the extracts tested showed any leishmanicidal effect.

PMID- 1809243
TI  - Serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Portugal: comparison of three
      methods.
AB  - Sera collected in Portugal from 43 dogs were screened for specific antibodies to
      Leishmania donovani antigens. Three different techniques were compared: an
      indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and a competitive-ELISA (C-ELISA) using two species-specific
      monoclonal antibodies, D2 and D13. By IFA, 22 of the sera examined showed
      positive reactions, compared with 26 by ELISA or 27 by C-ELISA. There was no
      direct correlation observed between the serum titre by IFA and the strength of
      the reaction in ELISA or inhibition in C-ELISA. However, a good correlation was
      observed between sera identified as positive (95.5%) by all three techniques.
      Western blotting on leishmanial membranes showed that common antigens with Mr of
      26,000 and 70-84,000 were recognized by all infected dog sera, regardless of the
      serum titre. In large scale studies, ELISAs are preferred to IFA for the rapid
      diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis because of their greater simplicity.

PMID- 1809244
TI  - Autochthonous amoebiasis in institutionalized mentally-retarded patients:
      preliminary evaluation of isoenzyme patterns in three isolates.
AB  - Three autochthonous cases of Entamoeba histolytica infection in institutionalized
      mentally-retarded patients are reported. Isoenzyme analysis by starch-gel
      electrophoresis shows the pathogenicity of the three isolates: two belong to
      zymodeme II, and one to zymodeme XIX. The study shows that invasive E.
      histolytica strains occur in Italy and can be isolated from institutionalized
      oligophrenic patients.

PMID- 1809245
TI  - Uptake of chloroquine by Onchocerca volvulus in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Patients infected with Onchocerca volvulus in the Cayapa River focus in north
      east Ecuador were given 500 mg chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) orally prior to
      nodulectomy. The concentrations of CQ were determined in parasite fragments and
      host tissue dissected from the nodules, in skin overlying the nodules, and in
      plasma at 3, 4, 7, and 24 hours after dosing. Onchocerca volvulus took up CQ
      rapidly, in some cases accumulating the drug to concentrations of over 600 pmol
      mg-1 worm tissue by three hours, and maintaining similar concentrations through
      24 hours. These amounts were markedly higher than peak concentrations in plasma
      (3.16 pmol microliters-1) and in host tissues (78 pmol mgm-1) and skin (up to 93
      pmol mg-1). In vitro uptake of CQ by females of O. volvulus was greater under
      alkaline conditions (pH 8.4) than at pH 6.8 and 7.4. Uptake reached equilibrium
      after one to two hours, with final concentrations being approximately 10 times
      lower than those reached in vivo. Inhibitory effects of chloroquine and its major
      metabolite desethylchloroquine on the motility of O. volvulus and other filariae
      have been observed previously in vitro; whether or not the drug had adverse
      effects on adult parasites in vivo was not determined in these experiments.
      However, the results illustrate the accessibility of O. volvulus to blood borne
      agents in vivo, and the potential importance of pharmacodynamic characteristics
      in the search for new macrofilaricidal agents.

PMID- 1809246
TI  - Identification of Dirofilaria in man by multilocus electrophoretic analysis.
AB  - Biochemical keys based on the electrophoretic patterns of nine enzymatic loci
      diagnostic between Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis were used to examine an
      immature female of Dirofilaria removed from a 32-year-old woman resident in
      Caserta, Italy. The worm, tentatively assigned on a morphological basis to D.
      conjunctivae-D. repens, showed at all the loci examined the same electrophoretic
      pattern as an Italian dog strain of D. repens. This genetic evidence is in
      substantial agreement with the hypothesis, already supported by morphological and
      epidemiological data, that D. conjunctivae (Addario, 1885) Desportes, 1939-1940
      and D. repens Railliet and Henry, 1911 should be considered as synonyms.
      According to the law of priority D. conjunctivae should be the valid name for the
      species; however, it is proposed to preserve the name repens, well-established
      for the dog subcutaneous filaria. Multilocus electrophoretic analysis appears to
      be a valuable tool for the identification of aetiological agents of human
      zoonotic filariae, particularly in areas where more than one species of the
      subgenus Nochtiella are present.

PMID- 1809247
TI  - Host genetic factors do not account for variation in parasite loads in
      Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi.
AB  - Previous work in Papua New Guinea has shown considerable variation in egg counts
      between different people infected with Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi, although
      individual egg loads remained relatively constant over a 14-month period.
      Possible explanations include genetic predisposition, a surprising longevity of
      the worms, or external auto-infection. We have now analysed the pedigrees of 177
      individuals for whom egg counts were available, and find no evidence for
      polygenic inheritance of factors related to egg counts. The use of genetic models
      postulating the segregation of a single unknown susceptibility gene did not
      enable us, using the data available, to distinguish between this hypothesis and
      environmental determination of egg counts; nor did we find any association
      between egg load and the class 1 HLA genotype of the host.

PMID- 1809248
TI  - Ticks (Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in four provinces of north-western
      Argentina.
AB  - In four provinces of north-western Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta and
      Tucuman), between March 1976 and March 1990, 514 ticks were found on humans. They
      were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus group (1 male), Boophilus microplus
      (6 male, 1 female), Amblyomma parvum (9 male, 13 female), A. cajannense (35 male,
      30 female, 81 nymphs), A. neumanni (33 male, 41 female, 144 nymphs) and Amblyomma
      spp. (10 nymphs, 110 larvae). Most of the ticks were from the phytogeographical
      region of Chaco, one (B. microplus) was from an ecotone between the Chaco and the
      Andean Patagonia region, and the remainder of the ticks were from the Amazon
      region.

PMID- 1809249
TI  - The effects of parasite infections on cognitive processes in children.
AB  - Two studies were carried out in the Nyuswa area of Natal to investigate the
      effects of parasitic infection on cognitive function in children. In the first
      study, children infected with intestinal helminths were given tests of
      information processing and perceptual speed before and after treatment with a
      single 500 mg dose of Mebendazole. The pattern of results was consistent with the
      hypothesis that parasitic infections combine with nutritional deficits to impair
      the efficiency of cognitive processes. There was, however, some confounding of
      variables, and the single drug treatment reduced but did not eliminate the
      parasites. The second study removed the confounding effects due to age and
      nutrition and employed a more comprehensive drug-treatment programme. A memory
      task and a test of sustained attention were administered. Poor performance on the
      attention task showed a significant association with parasite status, but no
      association was observed with educational attainment or memory function. The
      study also examined various ways of assessing parasite load, and an index
      weighted for estimated pathogenicity was found to give the best estimate. The
      results provide evidence of the effects of parasitic infection on attentional
      processes.

PMID- 1809250
TI  - Observations on a goat naturally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
      like organisms.

PMID- 1809251
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. A delayed development disaster?

PMID- 1809252
TI  - Sexual development of Taenia solium in hamsters.

PMID- 1809253
TI  - [The theory of ecosystems: new views for a better understanding of the
      distribution of matter and energy within a viable system].
AB  - Seasonal periodicity of phytoplankton was studied in a eutrophic lake (Lake
      Aydat, Massif Central, France), from March to November 1985. Weekly samples were
      taken from both the euphotic and dysphotic zones (245 samples). An attempt is
      made to check the general concepts of the theory of ecological succession using
      the H-diversity index of Shannon and Weaver. The population community of Lake
      Aydat appears to be constantly juvenile and permanently immature confirming the
      bias introduced by calculation of H, whose values are strongly influenced by the
      number of species present. In evaluating correlations between specific diversity
      (H) and several biotic parameters, some of our results approach the theoretic
      statements of Frontier. However some results contradict the ecological succession
      theory when specific biomasses H-based were considered. These findings imply that
      this concept should be further " rethought".

PMID- 1809254
TI  - On being an HIV-positive pharmacist.

PMID- 1809255
TI  - The physician and Sherlock Holmes.

PMID- 1809256
TI  - The mysterious case of the doctor with no patients.

PMID- 1809257
TI  - Twenty-four-hour spectral analysis of heart rate variability in congestive heart
      failure secondary to coronary artery disease.

PMID- 1809258
TI  - The hospital-based dental specialties.

PMID- 1809259
TI  - MRCGP: examining the exam.

PMID- 1809260
TI  - Regional anaesthesia requires attention to detail.

PMID- 1809261
TI  - Necrotising arachnidism in Australia.

PMID- 1809262
TI  - Dr. Nunneley's message from the president.

PMID- 1809263
TI  - Computers in audit: servants or sirens?

PMID- 1809264
TI  - The health of the nation.

PMID- 1809265
TI  - A testing time for doctors: counselling patients before an HIV test.

PMID- 1809266
TI  - The diphosphonate space: a useful quantitative index of disease activity in
      patients undergoing hydroxy methylene diphosphonate (HMDP) bone imaging for
      Paget's disease [corrected].
AB  - Comparison between the plasma levels of intravenously injected technetium 99m
      hydroxy methylene [corrected] diphosphonate (99mTc-HMDP) and chromium 51 ethylene
      diamine tetra-acetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) reflects the uptake of diphosphonate into
      bone (the diphosphonate space). This can be used as an index of skeletal function
      in metabolic bone disease. In a series of 49 patients with Paget's disease the
      diphosphonate space (DPS) correlated well with other indicators of disease
      activity such as alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline levels. The DPS
      is a good predictor of the volume of skeletal involvement as estimated from bone
      images. The DPS also provides a sensitive indicator of response to treatment with
      intravenously administered bisphosphonate. The DPS is simple to perform and is a
      useful adjunct to routine bone imaging.

PMID- 1809267
TI  - Harlequin syndrome due to superior mediastinal neurinoma.

PMID- 1809268
TI  - Re: Complex struvite calculi treated by primary extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy and chemolysis with hemiacidrin irrigation.

PMID- 1809269
TI  - Impaired glucose tolerance and height.

PMID- 1809270
TI  - Tattoos.

PMID- 1809271
TI  - Sudden death due to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 1809272
TI  - Regenerated synapses persist in the superior colliculus after the regrowth of
      retinal ganglion cell axons.
AB  - Synapse formation by retinal ganglion cell axons was sought in the superior
      colliculus of four adult rats 16-18 months after the optic nerve was transected
      and replaced by a peripheral nerve graft that guided regenerating RGC axons from
      the eye to the superior colliculus. The terminals of retinal ganglion cell axons
      were labelled by intravitreal injections of tritiated amino acids and studied by
      light and electron microscopic autoradiography. We found that (i) retinal
      ganglion cell axons had extended from the tips of the peripheral nerve grafts
      into the superior colliculus for approximately 350 microns; (ii) within the
      superior colliculus, some regenerated retinal ganglion cell axons became
      ensheathed by CNS myelin; (iii) retinal ganglion cell terminals formed asymmetric
      synapses with dendrites of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior
      colliculus, mainly the stratum griseum superficialis. Regenerated (n = 418) and
      normal retinal ganglion cell terminals (n = 1775) in the superior colliculus were
      compared in terms of their size (area, perimeter, and maximum diameter), contacts
      per terminal, contacts per 10 microns terminal perimeter, and post-synaptic
      structure contacted (dendritic spine, shaft, or soma). No statistically
      significant differences in the ultrastructural characteristics of the pre
      synaptic profiles were apparent between the two groups. The post-synaptic
      structures contacted by axon terminals were similar in regenerated and control
      animals, although there were quantitative differences in the distributions of
      these contacts among dendritic spines and shafts. These results suggest that the
      regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons in adult rats can lead to the
      formation of ultrastructurally normal synapses in the appropriate layers of the
      superior colliculus. The re-formed connections appear to persist for the life
      span of these animals.

PMID- 1809273
TI  - Selenium status of HIV-1 infected individuals.

PMID- 1809274
TI  - Dialysis membranes inhibit synthesis and release of beta 2-microglobulin in
      lymphocyte culture.

PMID- 1809275
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of acute inflammatory endodontic and periodontal
      lesions].

PMID- 1809277
TI  - [Normal mandibular opening with articular block. Review of incidental findings].
AB  - After observing the existence of a case of articular blockade and normal
      aperture, we must ask ourselves if we can diagnose all such articular blockade
      following this example as a guide to predict articular blockades.

PMID- 1809276
TI  - [Clinical methods for evaluation of a posterior composite resin].

PMID- 1809278
TI  - [Periodontal treatment needs in an elderly institutionalized Vizcaya population].
AB  - The aim of this study is guessing the needs of periodontal treatment of the
      population of elderly, residents in Publics Institutions and Private ones in the
      province of Vizcaya. A total of 565 patients have been explored, using the
      Community Periodontal Index of Needs of Treatment (CPITN). After the evaluation
      of the obtained data, we observe that the 91.70% needs a kind of periodontal
      treatment, 62.64% need basic treatment, at least in one sextant. 13.58% need an
      advanced periodontal treatment. The severity of the Periodontal Disease increase
      in proportion to the age and it's bigger in men. 53.10% of the total of the
      sample were edentate.

PMID- 1809279
TI  - [Orodental problems in geriatrics. Comparative study of social factors that
      affect implementation of oral preventive programs for the elderly].

PMID- 1809280
TI  - [Evaluation of quality and function of stainless steel crowns for primary
      molars].
AB  - A study of 30 stainless steel crowns placed on primary molars by students od
      Stomatology was performed. The following criteria were taken into consideration:
      occlusion, proximal contact, marginal extension, marginal adaptation and absence
      of cement. In spite of the numerous errors in the five criteria studied, only
      three crowns were considered unacceptable and not clinically functional.

PMID- 1809281
TI  - [Pain-dysfunction syndrome and maxillofacial neoplasms. A diagnostic error].

PMID- 1809283
TI  - Incontinence. Practical products.

PMID- 1809282
TI  - Advocacy. Home truths.

PMID- 1809284
TI  - Education groups for carers.

PMID- 1809285
TI  - Quality. Open to question.

PMID- 1809287
TI  - Devil's advocate?

PMID- 1809286
TI  - Continuing care. Model for the future?

PMID- 1809288
TI  - An acute problem.

PMID- 1809289
TI  - Moving forward.

PMID- 1809290
TI  - As I was saying ....

PMID- 1809291
TI  - Service of distinction.

PMID- 1809292
TI  - Chiropody. Stepping to success.

PMID- 1809293
TI  - Nursing homes. Building bridges.

PMID- 1809294
TI  - For whom the bell tolls.

PMID- 1809295
TI  - [Evaluation of the analgesic activity of a new ketoprofen-sucralfate
      combination].
AB  - The Authors reported a therapeutic antalgic trial carried out on 50 patients,
      affected with head-ache, tooth-ache, menstrual pain, muscular and rheumatic
      pains. They were treated with tablets with ketoprofen covered by sucralfate
      compared with ASA tamponed tablets for 6 days. Results show that the therapeutic
      activity of the two drugs is substantially the same, but ketoprofen with
      sucralfate gastroprotection reports a very good tolerability.

PMID- 1809296
TI  - Phytosome: new cosmetic delivery system.
AB  - Modern cosmetology is increasingly alternating with dermatology as a discipline
      concerns the treatment of non pathological skin. One of the main problems is the
      transcutaneous absorption of active principles. The modern cosmetologist, is
      confronted with the need of findings means to facilitate the passage across skin
      of active products. Liposomes are artificial phospholipid membranes that can
      facility the passage of active principles across the stratum conneum. After the
      fortuitous observation that phospholipids exhibit a marked affinity for some
      classes of flavonoids, we have developed a new series of compounds denominate
      "phytosome", which we have obtained by complexation with very polar botanical
      derivatives. From the chemical viewpoint the PHYTOSOME are complexes between a
      pure phospholipid and a pure active principles. The authors realize at industrial
      level a certain number of that complexes. In the work are presents the chemico
      physical properties of complexes with catechin, quercetin, escin and
      glycyrrhetinic acid; some pharmacological data obtained are presented.

PMID- 1809297
TI  - [Biological and HPLC analysis of heparin after thermal treatment].
AB  - Heparin solutions ampoules have been autoclaved at 105 degrees C-110 degrees C
      121 degrees C-134 degrees C for 15 minutes. The biological activity has not
      decreased after the treatment, but a reduction was observed after a storage
      period of 36 months at room temperature for sterilizing treatments. Analysis of
      heparin by size exclusion and reversed phase HPLC with the method developed in
      our laboratories allowed us to demonstrate a substantial stability of the
      molecular structure. These methods showed to be suitable for a qualitative
      evaluation of the heparin itself.

PMID- 1809298
TI  - A computer-aided simulation approach in the development of a prolonged release
      formulation.
AB  - Prolonged medication with diltiazem has proved advantageous in the treatment of
      coronary insufficiency and arterial hypertension. Consistently, a number of
      extended release formulations, based on different retardation mechanisms, have
      been proposed. In the present work two prolonged release oral formulations
      containing diltiazem, one intended for twice-a-day and one for once-a-day
      administration, were tested for in vitro behaviour; the in vitro release test had
      been opportunely validated using an in vitro-in vivo correlation approach. On the
      basis of in vitro release profiles, simulations were effected, using a computer
      program previously developed, in order to generate the plasma levels that could
      be expected on single dosing of the two formulations. The two formulations were
      then tested in vivo and the measured plasma profiles were compared with those
      predicted from in vitro data. For both formulations, a good agreement was found
      between the measured and the simulated plasma levels, thus demonstrating the
      usefulness of the simulation approach in the formulative development.

PMID- 1809299
TI  - Validation of a HPLC method for the determination of bendazac and its main
      metabolite 5-hydroxybendazac in rabbit aqueous humor and its applicability to
      human aqueous.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to validate an analytical method for the
      determination of bendazac and its main metabolite 5-hydroxybendazac in aqueous
      humor. The method was validated with rabbit aqueous but it can be used also for
      human aqueous since no differences between the two matrices were observed. The
      results obtained indicate that the method is reproducible, accurate, precise,
      sensitive and specific for the measurement of bendazac and 5-hydroxybendazac in
      the aqueous humor. Therefore it can be considered suitable for experimental
      purposes, drug monitoring and adequate for regulatory requirements.

PMID- 1809300
TI  - [Product innovation in the pharmaceutical sector. IV. Internationalization and
      technologic innovation].

PMID- 1809301
TI  - [Human erythropoietin from recombinant DNA: (r-HuEPO)].

PMID- 1809302
TI  - Nucleolar protein P120 and its targeting for cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - Identification of the G1-P120 antigen with the aid of the monoclonal antibody to
      its "human-specific epitope" has resulted in rapid development of information on
      its molecular biology. With the monoclonal antibody, it rapidly became possible
      to identify and subsequently sequence its cDNA and with cDNA clones to isolate
      and sequence its genomic DNA. It was demonstrated that the protein had 4 major
      domains: a basic domain, an acidic domain, a hydrophobic and methionine-rich
      domain and a domain rich in cysteine and proline residues. In addition to a
      nuclear recognition signal, the epitope region is juxtaposed to phosphorylation
      sites. The epitope region contains the sequence Gln-Ala-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ile-Asn-Trp
      which is unique to the human P120 molecule; this may be a site for drug attack
      either by analogs to the region or by novel constructs based on antisense
      oligonucleotides. When tumor cells were transfected with antisense constructs of
      the P120 gene, growth rates were markedly reduced. 3T3 cells transformed by
      transfection with the P120 gene reverted to a nontransformed state by subsequent
      transfection and activation of a P120 antisense construct. Opportunities for
      control of malignant cells with antisense oligonucleotides are currently under
      study.

PMID- 1809303
TI  - The effect of N2O on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is mediated by CO2.
AB  - In order to test whether the previously reported effect of N2O on the
      oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) depends upon the presence of 2, 3 DPG or
      CO2, the blood of healthy subjects was balanced in microtonometers at 37 degrees
      C with gas mixtures containing N2O but CO2 depleted. Samples of the same blood
      were exposed to the above gases after incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours in
      order to deplete them of 2, 3 DPG. After a 10 minute tonometry, the hemoglobin
      saturation and the pH were measured. The pH was corrected into 7.4.P50 increased
      5.7% in fresh blood and 5% in 2, 3 DPG depleted blood after samples exposure to
      N2O. No effect of N2O on P50 was found in samples exposed to gas without CO2. The
      authors conclude that the effect of N2O on the ODC is mediated by CO2.

PMID- 1809304
TI  - [Glomerular filtration and renal volume in type II diabetes (non-insulin
      dependent): study in normal and microalbuminuria patients].
AB  - In type 2 diabetes elevated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased renal
      volume (RV), often accompanied to normo or microalbuminuria, were demonstrated.
      This condition is considered a pathogenetic factor for clinical nephropathy. As
      this topic is little studied in type 2 diabetes, we have investigated 73 type 2
      diabetic patients (34 normo and 39 microalbuminuric), looking for a correlation
      between GFR, RV, hypertension, duration of diabetes and indexes of metabolic
      control. GFR was measured by a scintigraphy, after infusion of 99Tc-DTPA. Renal
      volume was determined by ultrasound scanning. Between the groups GFR and RV
      weren't different; elevated GFR was demonstrated in 3 patients; increased RV in 1
      patient. In the hypertensive group GFR was lower than in normotensive group and
      in controls. Multivariate analysis in stepwise demonstrated that GFR presents a
      negative correlation to systolic blood pressure as in normo as in
      microalbuminuric patients. In the normotensive group GFR didn't correlate to the
      other variables. The present data suggest that in type 2 diabetes there is a
      little prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration and increased renal volume and
      that hypertension plays a role on GFR of hypertensive diabetic patients.

PMID- 1809305
TI  - [Measurement of various polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area of Naples].
AB  - In order to investigate the organic compound fraction of the Naples aerosol a
      chromatographic method was used for the separation and analysis of the polycyclic
      aromatic (PAH). As a first step a suitable one-step thin-layer chromatography
      (TLC) separation of the cyclohexane extractable material from airborne
      particulate was sought. After the TLC separation the concentrated samples were
      analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. We
      obtained chromatographic separation of five PAH on the EPA Priority Pollutant
      List and we determined the concentration of these PAHs present in atmospheric
      matter.

PMID- 1809306
TI  - [Sugar residues of glycoconjugates in the olfactory epithelium of the human
      fetus: histochemical study using peroxidase-conjugated lectins].
AB  - The oligosaccharide content of glycoconjugates was studied at the olfactory
      epithelium of human fetuses ranging from 8 to 12 weeks of gestation by mean of
      peroxidase labelled lectins (DBA, PNA, WGA, SBA, ConA, LTA, UEA I). The main
      results demonstrated that: 1-The olfactory epithelium (olfactory cells,
      supporting cells and basal cells) was generally characterized by different amount
      of a-D-mannose, a-D-galactosamine, a-D-glucose, D-galactose-(beta 1-3)-N-acetyl
      galactosamine, sialic acid and a-L-fucose. 2-At the 11th-12th week of gestation
      the largest amount of sugar residues was detected at the olfactory cells and at
      some basal cells. 3-At the 12th week of gestation, UEA I may be considered a
      specific marker of the olfactory cells in different stages of development.

PMID- 1809307
TI  - [Hormone profile of hypothyroidism in an area of the Central African Republic
      with endemic goiter].
AB  - In the Ouham region of Centro African Republic, one of the present Authors (B.P.)
      described a severe goiter endemia due to marked iodine deficiency and high daily
      intake of manioc as staple food. In the present study serum TSH, T3 and T4 of 233
      subjects were determined; 150 of them lived in rural villages (Group 1) and 83
      lived in Bocaranga, chief town of the province (Group 2). The blood samples done
      contemporaneously to the epidemiological survey, were strictly randomized in the
      population examined. The subjects of each group were divided in 4 sub-groups: A)
      with TSH, T3 and T4 in normal range; B) with elevated TSH; C) with elevated TSH
      and sub-normal T4; D) with elevated TSH and sub-normal T3 and T4. An apparently
      euthyroid pattern of TSH, T3 and T4 was evident in only 60 subjects (19.3% from
      group 1; 37.35% from group 2); the remaining 173 (80.67% from group 1; 62.65%
      from group 2) were hypothyroid (subclinical in the sub-group B; mild in the sub
      group C; overt in the sub-group D). The mean hormonal values of the apparently
      euthyroid subjects (sub-group A) in the villages and in the chief town, were
      significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the control values of our
      laboratory. More significant differences were clearly evident between the control
      values and the mean values of sub-groups B, C and D in each of the two groups (1
      villages; 2 chief town).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809309
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in the rabbit.
AB  - Eight white New Zealand rabbits were submitted to auditory stimulation in order
      to obtain normative BAEP parameters. A monaural alternating 0.1 ms click
      stimulation at 20 Hz, 90 dB was used. Two series of 1000 responses were averaged
      (10 ms time-base, 160-3000 Hz band-pass) and highly reproducible peaks were
      obtained. Peaks P1, P2, P3, P4 were obtained in all ipsilateral recordings,
      whereas peak P5 was detectable in only 6 animals. In contralateral recordings P1
      was absent and the following peaks were similar to those of ipsilateral
      recordings. Normative values of absolute and interpeak latencies, peak amplitudes
      and amplitude ratios were obtained. The procedure was repeated 24 hours after
      basal recordings and measures of test-retest variability were obtained.

PMID- 1809308
TI  - [Thyroid hormone profiles in goitrous and non-goitrous subjects seen in an
      endemic goiter area of the Central African Republic].
AB  - In the present study T3, T4, TSH serum concentrations were measured in 166
      subjects whose goiter grading was ascertained according to WHO classification; 39
      of them had no goiter (grading 0), 127 were goitrous with a grading comprised
      between 1a and 4. The two samples were composed by Males and Females of various
      ages whose choice was strictly predetermined by random numbers. The median ages
      of 127 goitrous and 39 non goitrous subjects were respectively 23.5 years and
      33.5 years; 30 Males and 5 Females were in the first group; 58 Males and 69
      Females in the second. They lived in the Ouham region of Centro African Republic
      where some of the Authors ascertained a severe goiter endemia due to iodine
      deficiency and manioc consumption as staple food. All the values of T4 and TSH of
      the two group of subjects, were significantly different from the control values
      (p less than 0.01) excepting T3. Goitrous subjects had T4 value lower than non
      goitrous subjects (p less than 0.05). The subjects of each group were distributed
      in the four subsequent subgroups: A) with T3, T4, TSH in the normal range; B)
      with elevated TSH and T3 and T4 in normal range; C) with elevated TSH, subnormal
      T4, and T3 in normal range; D) with elevated TSH and subnormal T3 and T4. From
      fig. 1 it can be seen that the 79.5% of goitrous subjects had a supranormal TSH
      (subgroups B + C + D) and 40.7% of them had a subnormal T4 (subgroups C +
      D).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809311
TI  - Autogenous bone grafts for endosteal implants--indications and failures.
AB  - The use of autogenous bone grafts (ABG) combined with endosteal implants permits
      to restore patients with conditions of extreme bone atrophy or with very
      demanding final results. The improvement of the biomechanics conditions, moment
      forces, C/I ratio, ridge relationship, length, diameter, number and location of
      the implants and esthetics improve the prognosis of the restoration. Large
      segments of autogenous bone is harvested from the iliac crest or cranium.
      Excellent autogenous membranous bone can be obtained intra-orally from the
      mandibular symphysis when smaller dimensions are needed. Indications for
      treatment with autogenous bone grafts are presented following the Misch/Judy
      available bone classification. In division C-w ridges, ABG improve the width of
      the ridge to permit the placement of root form implants. In Division C-h ridges,
      ABG improve the height available for implant placement, and permits to obtain a
      FP-1 or FP-2 result. In Division D ridges, ABG represent the treatment of choice.
      RP-4 restorations are encouraged. High success rates obtained by the author
      depend upon strict patient evaluation, treatment planning, careful placement of
      the minimum number of implants with the bone grafting procedure only to
      immobilize the grafted segment, progressive bone loading during the prosthetic
      phase, proper soft tissue management and sufficient number of implants for the
      planned prosthesis.

PMID- 1809310
TI  - Use of an established cell line in the evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of
      various chemicals.
AB  - The HTC hepatoma cell line was used as an "in vitro" model to detect the
      cytotoxicity of eighteen chemicals, chosen on the basis of different biological
      activities and physicochemical characteristics. Two different cytotoxicity assays
      measuring cell lethality (CS) or inhibition of cell growth (CF) were applicated
      to confluent cell monolayers or to colony-forming cells, respectively. Cells were
      exposed to the chemicals at doses ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-2) M for 24 h. The
      results indicated a wide range of IC 50 (the concentration resulting in 50%
      inhibition of toxicity parameters) from as low as 1 microM (Potassium dichromate)
      to as high as 407.5 mM (Ethanol), the sensitivity of the CF test being greater
      than that of the CS test. A battery of cytotoxicity tests could be established in
      order to offer simple, rapid and economic methods which can be complementary and,
      in part, alternative to the use of laboratory animals.

PMID- 1809312
TI  - Prosthetic rehabilitation with HA-coated root form implants after restoration of
      mandibular continuity.
AB  - Utilization of implants to aid in oral reconstruction after partial mandibular
      resection entails coordination of multiple health care co-therapists as well as
      funding sources for the underprivileged. An illustrative case emphasizes these
      points. Ablation of a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue resulted in a partial
      mandibulectomy, as well as multiple sensory, physical and psychosocial deficits.
      Continuity of the mandible was restored with a vascularized iliac crest bone
      graft. (Fig. 1) Total functional restoration, however, was only possible with
      implant supported overdenture prostheses. (Figs. 3-5).

PMID- 1809313
TI  - Improving implant survival rates by using a new method of at risk analysis.
AB  - The objective of this project was to improve an implantology practice by
      developing a computer program that would allow in depth analysis of dental
      implants placed over a 20 year period. It was anticipated that certain trends of
      survival would emerge that would allow refinement of techniques providing an
      improvement in survival. It was felt that a progressive study would give
      scientifically reliable results and that a retrogressive analysis would also be
      very valuable if rigid bias control was incorporated. The analysis of over 2000
      implants of all types produced some rather striking differences in survival
      rates, particularly when examined as to location and prosthetics. This paper
      reports on over 70 categories of search, examining survival statistics relating
      to implant types by location, prosthetics, fresh extraction sites, etc. These are
      illustrated with over 20 graphs. Recognition of these differences during implant
      case planning, produced an improvement in survival rates in this practice from
      91% to approximately 98% up to 6 years.

PMID- 1809314
TI  - Retrievable/fixed prosthetics for implant and natural dentitions.
AB  - Even though restorative procedures employed in oral implantology vary from
      traditional restorative techniques, meticulous attention to the sound, time
      tested prosthetic principles of traditional restorative procedures are the basis
      on which the foundation of implant prosthodontics is based. In addition, the
      retrieval of a portion of/or the entire implant prosthesis to facilitate
      serviceability and/or oral hygiene maintenance is often desirable. To this end,
      the Castable-Telescopic Screw is unique in that it allows retrievability of
      implant prosthetics without compromise to sound prosthetic principles. In
      addition to retrievability, the Castable-Telescopic Screw offers flexibility of
      prosthetic design, maximum strength, a perfected occlusal scheme, life-like
      esthetic results, and is applicable with natural abutments as well as implant
      abutments. This paper outlines the potential, the indication, and advantages of
      the attachment. A case study is presented to demonstrate one of the many
      applications of the Castable Telescopic Screw.

PMID- 1809315
TI  - Myofacial stress release syndrome.

PMID- 1809316
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of tricalcium phosphate in intrabony defects.

PMID- 1809317
TI  - Dental implant registry history and findings.

PMID- 1809318
TI  - Simultaneous detection of multiple single-base alleles at a polymorphic site.
AB  - PCR amplification of multiple specific alleles (PAMSA) is a rapid method of
      detecting single-base polymorphisms. We demonstrate its utility by detecting a
      polymorphism in an Alu sequence in the factor IX gene.

PMID- 1809319
TI  - Culture of eukaryotic cells with macro-reticulate buffers: fermentation of
      cellulolytic fungi.
AB  - Fermentation of fungi for large-scale production of extracellular cellulolytic
      enzymes requires a strict control of pH. At the lab scale, where bioreactors are
      not available, a culture in the exponential growth phase requires frequent manual
      pH adjustments. When fungi are grown in the presence of macroreticulate buffers,
      the culture is stable and does not require any pH control for as long as two
      weeks. These insoluble buffers are polyacrylamide beads (e.g., 10%T, 8%C)
      containing acrylamido weak acids and bases in such ratios as to unequivocally
      define a single pH value along the pH sale. At such pH, the macroreticulate
      buffers possess a strong buffering power (up to 100 milliequivalent liter-1 pH
      1). In the present example, a Trichoderma sp. strain is grown in the presence of
      12% beads (v/v) with an isoelectric point of 5.6, containing 100 mM of a pK 6.2
      weak acrylamido base and 89 mM of a pK 4.6 weak acrylamido acid. Enzyme
      production (exoglucanase, endoglucanase, xylanase, beta-glucosidase) is as good
      as (and often better than) the control in which the pH is adjusted manually 2-3
      times/day.

PMID- 1809320
TI  - A rapid, accurate, nonradioactive method for quantitating RNA on agarose gels.
AB  - In order to study quantitative gene expression with Northern blots, it is
      important to have an internal standard that can be used to verify even loading or
      to correct for uneven loading between lanes. In this study it is shown that two
      dimensional quantitation of ethidium bromide-intercalated 28S rRNA fluorescence
      can be used for such standardization. It was found that the film response of the
      fluorescence was linear with respect to total loaded RNA in the range of 2.5-12.5
      micrograms RNA under the conditions used, after which the linear relationship
      falls off. This method eliminates the use of radiation for internal
      standardization of Northern blots.

PMID- 1809321
TI  - Direct in-gel hybridization, without blotting, using nick-translated cloned DNA
      probe.
AB  - Hybridization of DNA and RNA to labeled probes is central to molecular biology. A
      method is described here for hybridization of cloned DNA probes directly to DNA
      in agarose gels. This in-gel hybridization method has several advantages over
      conventional techniques using transfer to membranes. It is extremely rapid,
      highly sensitive, less expensive and particularly suited for high molecular
      weight genomic DNA analysis.

PMID- 1809322
TI  - A rapid procedure for detecting recombinant plasmids using butanol extraction.
AB  - A convenient procedure using butanol to extract DNA from bacteria is described.
      This procedure is suitable for rapidly screening a large number of bacterial
      cultures for recombinant plasmid DNA without the need for further purification
      and expensive chemicals.

PMID- 1809323
TI  - A simple technique for electroelution of DNA from environmental samples.
AB  - A novel method was developed for the extraction of DNA from environmental
      material. Soil or sediment samples were encapsulated in agarose blocks and,
      following treatment with lysis reagents, the DNA was extracted by electroelution.

PMID- 1809324
TI  - DNA footprint enhancement using tandem binding sites.
AB  - A concatenated DNA fragment containing a five-repeat binding site was used for
      DNase I footprinting. Under the same conditions, the tandem repeat assay greatly
      enhanced the DNA footprint as compared with a native DNA sequence with only one
      binding site. This technique provides an approach for improving poor DNA
      footprints.

PMID- 1809325
TI  - Automated kinetic assay of beta-galactosidase activity.
AB  - An automated kinetic assay for beta-galactosidase activity in Escherichia coli
      was developed to permit the measurement of many independent samples
      simultaneously. Bacteria are grown, lysed from without (by adsorption of a high
      multiplicity of bacteriophage T4) and assayed in microtiter plates with 96 wells.
      Absorbance data are collected and analyzed by computer. The growth and lysis
      procedure, apparatus and software used in this assay can be used for other
      spectrophotometric enzyme assays.

PMID- 1809326
TI  - A sensitive method for the detection of beta-galactosidase in transfected
      mammalian cells.
AB  - A sensitive method has been developed for the detection of E. coli beta
      galactosidase in transfected HeLa cells. The chromogenic substrate, CPRG
      (chlorophenol red-beta-D-galactopyranoside), was compared with ONPG (o
      nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) by kinetic analysis with purified beta
      galactosidase. The Km for CPRG was 1.35 mM and the Vmax was 21.4, whereas the Km
      for ONPG was 2.42 and the Vmax was 41.1. CPRG at 8.0 mM (6-fold Km) gave 86% of
      the Vmax and was used as the standard concentration for quantitation of enzyme
      levels. The Vmax for CPRG was half that for ONPG, and chlorophenol red has an
      extinction coefficient that is 21-fold higher than o-nitrophenol; these factors
      make CPRG about 10-fold greater in sensitivity for the quantitation of enzyme
      levels. The use of Nonidet P-40 to lyse the cells and the use of CPRG as
      substrate permitted the rapid detection of low levels of enzyme production from
      transfected human cells that could not be detected using ONPG.

PMID- 1809327
TI  - Blotting mRNAs with oligonucleotide probes using formamide.

PMID- 1809328
TI  - Transillumination can profoundly reduce transformation frequencies.

PMID- 1809329
TI  - An efficient method to purify active eukaryotic proteins from the inclusion
      bodies in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 1809330
TI  - A synergistic gelling and sieving agent for gel electrophoresis in normal and low
      melting temperature agarose.

PMID- 1809331
TI  - Susceptibility of AatII and ApaI 3' protruding ends to exonuclease III
      degradation.

PMID- 1809332
TI  - Low-tech method for removing coomassie blue from polyacrylamide gels.

PMID- 1809333
TI  - Synthesis and purification of large amounts of RNA oligonucleotides.
AB  - Biophysical studies of RNA oligonucleotides require milligram amounts of RNA of
      specific length and sequence. Transcription from synthetic DNA templates using T7
      RNA polymerase is a convenient method for synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides
      ranging in size from 9 to about 45 nucleotides. Here we present methods that make
      the large-scale synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides practical. This paper describes
      a rapid method for isolating T7 RNA polymerase free from RNases for use in
      transcription reactions. Protocols are also described for purification of the
      desired RNA oligonucleotide from the other products of transcription.

PMID- 1809334
TI  - A short protocol for micro-purification of nuclear proteins from whole animal
      tissue.
AB  - Although a number of small-scale procedures have been described for the
      preparation of crude nuclear extracts from established cell lines, none were
      provided for the preparation of similar extracts from small amounts of animal
      tissue. In addition, no small-scale procedures contain enrichment steps that
      render the detection of low-abundant DNA-binding proteins easier. Here we
      describe a simple, efficient procedure for the rapid preparation of high-quality
      nuclear extracts from either whole animal tissue or established cell lines. It is
      based on a rapid isolation of the nuclei followed by a KCl extraction and a
      further micro-enrichment of the DNA binding proteins on heparin Sepharose CL-6B.
      Extracts prepared in such a way are suitable for the analysis of specific
      DNA/protein interactions by the use of gel shift assays or by DNaseI and
      dimethylsulfate footprinting techniques. Most importantly, the entire process can
      be fulfilled at minimal cost within a day on as little as one gram of fresh
      tissue, which renders this procedure extremely attractive for the analysis of DNA
      binding proteins involved in the control of gene expression.

PMID- 1809335
TI  - SOFI: a bidimensional detector for fast direct on-line quantification of beta
      particles on blots.
AB  - We present a high-speed, high-resolution beta imager developed to replace
      autoradiographic films currently used in molecular biology experiments. It allows
      the user to locate and make quantitative analyses of 32P-labeled molecules on a
      25.6 x 25.6-cm flat surface. Combining new techniques--scintillating optical
      fibers and multianode photomultipliers--this fast imager offers several
      advantages when compared with recent gas detectors and flexibility for further
      improvements. Several biological applications will be discussed.

PMID- 1809337
TI  - [Infections of cerebrospinal fluid diversion systems].

PMID- 1809336
TI  - Cloning, restriction digestion and DNA labeling of large DNA fragments (greater
      than or equal to 1 kb) in the presence of remelted SeaPlaque GTG agarose gels.
AB  - Large DNA fragments (greater than or equal to 1 kb), separated in low melting
      temperature SeaPlaque GTG agarose gels, can be enzymatically processed directly
      in the presence of this agarose (in-gel). Time saving protocols are discussed for
      in-gel processing of large DNA fragments in the presence of remelted SeaPlaque
      GTG agarose, including cloning into pUC18, nick translation, random priming and
      restriction digestion. These in-gel molecular biology techniques are as efficient
      as those using DNA recovered from agarose. The effects of UV irradiation, Mg2+
      concentration and agarose concentration on selected in-gel protocols are also
      discussed.

PMID- 1809338
TI  - [Comparative study of magnetic resonance and evoked potentials in patients with
      clinically defined multiple sclerosis].
AB  - In an attempt to establish the efficacy of the most recent diagnostic tests-
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and multimodal evoked potentials (EP), 28
      patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) (1.a Poser's
      categories) were studied. The MR was positive in 26 (92%) patients; the EP were
      altered in 23 (82%)--the visual EP in 18 (64.2%), the auditory EP in 5 (17.8%),
      and the somatosensory EP in 15 (53.5%). Three patients with abnormal brain stem
      MR had normal EP. Two patients had normal MR and altered EP. There was not any
      patient with normal MR and EP. The MR was the most sensitive technique for the
      diagnosis of MS, but only during the 3 first years of evolution. After this study
      we consider the convenience to have both MR and EP positive to give a patient the
      diagnostic of clinically definite with paraclinic support (category 1.b of
      Poser).

PMID- 1809339
TI  - [Neck-tongue syndrome secondary to abrupt head movements. Clinical study and
      conservative treatment].
AB  - The neck-tongue syndrome is an extremely rare entity consisting of the
      compression of the second cervical root in the atloaxoid space in relation to
      certain brusque movements of the neck. Given the infrequency of this syndrome,
      the authors present a diagnosed and controlled case of the same in the Reina
      Sofia Hospital in Tudela. A 25 year old patient was consulted who, for some time,
      had presented paresthesia in the right half of the tongue and contraction of the
      cervical musculature related to certain neck postures made during sports
      activities. Clinical examination was completely normal. Radiography only
      demonstrated a defect in the segmentation between the posterior C2, C3 arches.
      Herewith, the authors have revised the literature concerning the topic, discuss
      the physiopathological theories made in other studies and analyze the therapeutic
      possibilities of the disease inclinning towards conservative treatment.

PMID- 1809341
TI  - [Paroxysmal dystonia induced by exercise secondary to flecainide].

PMID- 1809340
TI  - [Pleural effusion and constrictive pericarditis secondary to bromocriptine
      treatment].
AB  - The case of a 60 year old patient with Parkinson's disease is reported, who,
      following 2 years of treatment with bromocriptine, presented a left pleural
      effusion in which chronic constrictive pericarditis was demonstrated. Studies
      aimed at establishing the etiology were negative. Upon withdrawal of
      bromocriptine, the pleural effusion disappeared and the patient remained
      asymptomatic, with only pleural thickening persisting in the thoracic
      radiography. The appearance of polyserositis as an undesirable effect of the use
      of bromocriptine is discussed. The first case associated to chronic pericarditis
      is reported.

PMID- 1809342
TI  - [Chronic bilateral paresis of the sixth nerve following lumbar puncture].

PMID- 1809343
TI  - [Unilateral calcification of the basal ganglia and contralateral hemichorea
      syndrome].

PMID- 1809344
TI  - [Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis of long course].

PMID- 1809345
TI  - [Neuroimaging of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease: bilateral hyperintensity of basal
      ganglia in magnetic resonance].

PMID- 1809346
TI  - Structures of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers.

PMID- 1809347
TI  - Development of the legume root nodule.

PMID- 1809348
TI  - Cell cycle regulation in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

PMID- 1809350
TI  - Activation of replication origins within yeast chromosomes.

PMID- 1809349
TI  - Centromeres: an integrated protein/DNA complex required for chromosome movement.

PMID- 1809351
TI  - Spindle fiber action and chromosome movement.

PMID- 1809352
TI  - The Notch locus and the cell biology of neuroblast segregation.

PMID- 1809353
TI  - Replication and transcription of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA.

PMID- 1809354
TI  - Cell and substrate adhesion molecules in Drosophila.

PMID- 1809355
TI  - Analyses of the cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 1809356
TI  - Mechanisms and functions of cell death.

PMID- 1809358
TI  - Combating the spread of AIDS.

PMID- 1809357
TI  - Microtubule dynamics: mechanism, regulation, and function.

PMID- 1809359
TI  - Elderly people. Between the lines.

PMID- 1809360
TI  - Gulf War. 'What if a baby comes?'. Interview by Charlotte Alderman.

PMID- 1809361
TI  - PREPP. Ready to make the change.

PMID- 1809362
TI  - A nursing model for orthopaedics.
AB  - A nurse manager, an educationalist and a clinician describe their nursing model,
      which has been implemented on an orthopaedic unit. Based on an appreciation of
      the unique nature of the nurse-patient relationship, the model aims to foster and
      develop patient empowerment as a means of encouraging rehabilitation.

PMID- 1809363
TI  - Wilful neglect.

PMID- 1809364
TI  - Infection control and chronic wounds.

PMID- 1809365
TI  - Health care research methods. Part 2.

PMID- 1809366
TI  - Caesarean section: perinatal risks.
AB  - Caesarean section is now used more frequently in obstetric practice than ever
      before. The first article in this series considered the risks to the mother that
      are associated with Caesarean delivery. In this article, Edith Hillan describes
      some of the risks of the operation for the infant.

PMID- 1809367
TI  - No half measures in holistic care.

PMID- 1809368
TI  - Points of view.

PMID- 1809369
TI  - No care, no excuses.

PMID- 1809370
TI  - Cambodia. Little or no attention.

PMID- 1809371
TI  - Profile: a new age Nightingale. Interview by Linda Bailey.

PMID- 1809372
TI  - Breastfeeding initiatives.

PMID- 1809373
TI  - Invisible illnesses.

PMID- 1809374
TI  - Differential expression of two distinct MyoD genes in Xenopus.
AB  - We previously reported the isolation of several complementary DNAs from Xenopus
      laevis that encode distinct MyoD proteins. Two of these genes, Xlmf1 and Xlmf25,
      appear to represent a gene duplication as a consequence of the polyploid Xenopus
      genome. Although both MyoD genes are expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle in
      adult animals, they have very different temporal patterns of expression in early
      development. In the present work, we show that Xlmf1 transcripts rapidly
      accumulated to high levels shortly after activation of the zygotic genome at the
      midblastula transition. In contrast, Xlmf25 was expressed as a maternal
      transcript that was maintained at a relatively constant level throughout early
      development. Xlmf25, like Xlmf1, was capable of converting 10T1/2 fibroblasts to
      a myogenic phenotype. In addition, both proteins directly transactivated reporter
      genes linked to muscle-specific regulatory elements. Xlmf1 was twice as active in
      this regard as Xlmf25 and required a carboxy-terminal domain for its function.
      The absence of apparent effect of the maternally expressed myogenic gene in early
      embryos, but not in transfected fibroblasts, suggests the existence of regulatory
      mechanisms that repress the function of this gene in cells with nonmuscle fates
      during early amphibian development.

PMID- 1809375
TI  - Up-regulation of Jun/AP-1 during differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Neuroblastoma cell lines isolated from neuroblastoma tumors can be induced to
      differentiate into neuronal cell types by treatment with chemical agents, such as
      dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid. The molecular mechanisms underlying this
      differentiation process, however, are completely obscure. In this paper, we show
      that neuronal differentiation of mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells by dimethyl
      sulfoxide is accompanied by a prolonged rise in c-jun, junB, and junD expression
      and AP-1 activity. Multiple sequence elements in the Jun promoters are involved
      in this process. Furthermore, we show that c-jun and junD, but not junB, are
      expressed at high levels in the neuronal cell types obtained after dimethyl
      sulfoxide treatment. These results suggest an important role for c-jun and junD
      in neuronal differentiation of N1E-115 cells.

PMID- 1809376
TI  - Bone marrow extracellular matrix induces HL-60 cells to produce an autonomous
      differentiation factor.
AB  - Conditioned medium from cultures of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells grown on
      extracellular bone marrow matrix induces macrophage-like differentiation of fresh
      HL-60 cells. The active medium component is sensitive to protease treatment,
      indicating that it is a protein, but it is heat stable. Conditioned medium from
      HL-60 cells grown on protease-treated bone marrow matrix still contains the
      active component. Thus, it appears that the differentiation-inducing protein is
      produced by HL-60 cells and is not released from the bone marrow matrix. To
      identify this differentiation factor, RNA was isolated from HL-60 cells grown on
      bone marrow matrix and assayed by Northern analysis for expression of mRNA for
      human differentiation factor, tumor necrosis factor, and macrophage colony
      stimulating factor, all inducers of monocyte/macrophage differentiation.
      Expression of differentiation factor, tumor necrosis factor, or macrophage colony
      stimulating factor mRNA was not enhanced in HL-60 cells grown on matrix compared
      to cells grown on uncoated plastic flasks. Thus, the maturation factor does not
      appear to be differentiation factor, tumor necrosis factor, or macrophage colony
      stimulating factor within the limits of detection of Northern analysis. Elution
      of the active conditioned medium fraction on a Sephacryl S-200 column revealed a
      molecular weight of approximately 40,000. The active protein eluted on a DEAE
      cellulose ion-exchange column at an ionic strength of 0.3 M NaCl, indicating that
      it is fairly anionic. Thus, bone marrow matrix is able to induce HL-60 cells to
      produce a maturation-inducing 40 kilodalton protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1809377
TI  - Involvement of wild-type p53 protein in the cell cycle requires nuclear
      localization.
AB  - Transfection of wild-type p53 into a pre-B, p53 nonproducer cell line yielded the
      generation of stable clones. Although constitutively expressing the growth
      suppressor wild-type p53 protein, these cells proliferate continuously in vitro.
      However, expression of wild-type p53 in these cells altered their cell cycle
      pattern and reduced their growth in vivo. When the same parental cells were
      transfected with a plasmid coding for a wild-type p53 lacking nuclear
      localization signals, a wild-type cytoplasmic p53 protein was expressed.
      Expression of this cytoplasmic p53 product did not exert any changes in the
      growth of the parental cells, suggesting that wild-type p53 affects the cell
      cycle only when localized in the nuclear cell compartment.

PMID- 1809378
TI  - [The effect of ATP on the cell membrane structure].
AB  - ATP influence on the structure of plasma membranes thymocytes of cattle was
      studied. Fluorescence anisotropy of tryptophan residues of membrane proteins,
      fluorescence anisotropy of 3-methoxybenzanetron and fluorescence intensity of 1
      anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate were determined. Changes of tryptophan
      fluorescence anisotropy and of ANS fluorescence intensity were established. It is
      supposed that the observed changes are connected with the change of membrane
      proteins structure and plasma membrane charge.

PMID- 1809379
TI  - [Temperature dependence of kinetic parameters of single potential dependent K+
      channels in mollusc neurons. Similarity in the action of potential and
      temperature].
AB  - Using the patch-voltage-clamp method on excised membrane fragments from molluscan
      neurones temperature dependences of kinetic parameters of the fast and slow K(+)
      channels were investigated in the temperature range 1 to 40 degrees C.
      Temperature dependences of probability of the channel open state (P0) for the
      slow and fast K(+)-channels are, generally, opposite, that is P0 increases for
      the slow channel and decreases for the fast channel with temperature. Similar
      dependences characterize durations of single channel open intervals (tau 0) and
      burst durations (t(p)). Durations of interburst and interpulse intervals
      (respectively, t(i) and tau) decrease for the slow channel and increase, in
      contrast, for the fast channel with temperature. For the channels of both types
      temperature dependences of P0 (as for other parameters) are essentially
      nonmonotonous. There are two local extrema, at least: for the slow K(+)-channel
      maximum at 15 degrees C (minimum for the fast channel) and minimum at 20-25
      degrees C (maximum for the fast channel). In some cases the number of local
      extrema may be greater than two. Some similarity in the action of temperature and
      membrane potential on the kinetic parameters was observed. For the slow K(+)
      channel P0, tau 0 and t p increase with temperature and membrane potential. For
      the fast channel these parameters decrease at the same conditions. Moreover, for
      the channels of both types temperature dependences of the kinetic parameters are
      slightly pronounced at the potentials where potential dependences of the
      parameters are least. As a whole, temperature measurements showed that there are,
      possibly, several points of structural transitions (similar to phase transitions)
      in the temperature range 0 to 40 degrees C. Primarily, the kinetic parameters are
      determined by these transitions.

PMID- 1809380
TI  - [Use of the principle of reverse problems for detecting processes, occurring in
      cells suspended in culture. I. Distribution in the exponential growth phase of
      the age component of the cell population by its dynamic characteristics].
AB  - A mathematical model of age distribution in the suspension culture was verified.
      This model used the principle of reverse problems and allowed determination of
      age distribution from the cell numbers dynamics in the population. The
      verification was based on the complex non-destructive measurement of the
      microorganism parameters, which allowed simultaneous determination of the cell
      population dynamics and the distribution of cells according to their projection
      areas. The experiments were carried out on E. coli culture.

PMID- 1809381
TI  - [Use of the principle of reverse problems for detecting processes, occurring in
      cells suspended in culture. II. Distribution of glutathione, SH groups, and
      optical density in the E. coli cell cycle].
AB  - A method was proposed for calculating the content of intracellular components
      during the cell cycle of an individual cell. The principle of reverse problems
      was used in the mathematical model proposed. The model allowed us to calculate
      changes of intracellular parameters of an individual cell from corresponding
      parameters measured in the whole culture. Optical density, total SH-group and
      glutathione content in synchronous culture of E. coli were the parameters
      studied. The proposed method may be applied for both synchronous and asynchronous
      cell cultures.

PMID- 1809382
TI  - [Structure of an Escherichia coli bacterial suspension].
AB  - The structure of bacterial suspensions of Escherichia coli M-17 at the counting
      concentrations of the cells 10(7), 10(8), 10(9) i/ml and in the temperature range
      of (18-50) degrees C has been investigated by means of orientational
      conductometric, electron microscopic and UV-spectroscopic methods. On the basis
      of experimental relationships of the anisotropy of suspensions electric
      conductivity upon the intensity of a sinusoidal electric field and relaxation of
      anisotropy after switching off the field the function of the distribution of
      bacteria with respect to their sizes was evaluated at different temperatures and
      concentrations. The conductometric function of bacteria distribution is in a good
      agreement with the analogous function obtained with the help of the electron
      microscope. In accordance with the functions the suspension of E. coli contained
      three kinds of cells: high electronic density, low electronic density bacteria
      and bacteria aggregates. Relative amounts of every kind of bacteria depended on
      temperature and concentration of cells. The minimum of bacteria aggregates and
      maximum of low electronic density cells were obtained in the temperature range of
      (32-42) degrees C. This fact could be explained by the activation of the
      transport membrane systems in this temperature range. This hypothesis was
      confirmed by the UV-spectroscopic method.

PMID- 1809383
TI  - [Comparative study of the effect of phenazine methosulfate and vitamin K3 on
      human erythrocytes by hemolysis curves].
AB  - Hemolysis curves were used for comparative study of phenazine methylsulfate (PMS)
      and vitamin K3 action on human erythrocytes. Some differences in PMS and vitamin
      K3 action were revealed while the concentration of studied compounds and
      incubation time with them were changed. It is considered that the observed
      differences in PMS and vitamin K3 action are caused by different degree of
      oxidation of intracellular hemoglobin.

PMID- 1809384
TI  - [Thermohemolysis of erythrocytes in the temperature range including physiologic
      (autohemolysis)].
AB  - The activation energy of thermohemolysis of erythrocytes changes from 36 +/- 5
      kcal/mol (35-45 degrees C) to 97 +/- 5 kcal/mol (45-55 degrees C) at the
      temperature about 45 degrees C in isotonic buffer. The break on Arhenius' plot is
      preserved also when erythrocytes are placed into plasma. The character of
      Arhenius' plot is the same when erythrocyte hemoglobin is totally oxidated into
      methemoglobin by chemical way, though thermal stability of such erythrocytes is
      decreased. The scheme is presented in which thermohemolysis of erythrocytes
      occurs by two independent ways: thermodenaturation of hemoglobin (limiting stage
      of the process when t greater than 45 degrees C) and modification of membrane
      proteins by hemin, the last being a product of hemoglobin oxidation (limiting
      stage of the process when t less than 45 degrees C).

PMID- 1809385
TI  - [The effect of temperature on lysis of human erythrocytes by palmitic acid].
AB  - An analysis of kinetic curves of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by palmitic acid
      has shown the existence of some stages of this process. The activation energy of
      hemolysis, as determined by the temperature dependence of the hemolysis rate
      constant, was 210 +/- 30 kJ/mol. It was shown by the method of stepwise
      thermoinactivation of erythrocytes proteins that at temperature of 49 degrees C
      which corresponded to the framework protein spectrin denaturation temperature,
      the erythrocyte membrane stability sharply decreased. On the contrary, changes of
      the cell shape induced by the hyperosmotic medium (0.5 M sucrose) inhibited the
      palmitic acid-induced erythrocytes hemolysis.

PMID- 1809386
TI  - [Psoralen sensitized thermoactivated photodamage to leukocyte membranes].
AB  - Psoralen sensitized photodamage of rat peritoneal exudate cells was investigated.
      Irradiation of cells induced latent lesions in membranes which during thermal
      activation at the post-irradiation stage were transformed into permeability
      channels for trypan blue. The effect linearly increased with fluence of
      irradiation which indicates one hit production of thermolabile psoralen
      photoproducts in the membranes.

PMID- 1809387
TI  - [Distribution of carbon isotopes ((13)C/(12)C) in cells and temporal organization
      of cellular processes].
AB  - Recent studies on fractionation of carbon isotopes in biological systems are
      reviewed. It follows that direct experimental proofs have been obtained that 1)
      basic fractionation of carbon isotopes in the cell is related to isotope effect
      in pyruvate decarboxylation; 2) fractionation of carbon isotopes in the above
      reaction in vivo proceeds with exhausting substrate pool. The latter provides
      natural relationship between metabolites isotope distribution and sequence of
      their synthesis in the cell cycle, or with the temporal organization of cellular
      metabolism. The non-steady and periodic pattern of pyruvate decarboxylation due
      to the exhausting substrate pool well agrees with the existing notions on
      reciprocal oscillations in the cell glycolytic chain. Experimental data are
      presented corroborating indirectly the existence of oscillations in bacterial
      cells. Earlier proposed model of the mechanism of carbon isotope fractionation
      based on the above principles can be used for analysing changes in isotopic
      characteristics of the organisms and interpreting their relations with metabolic
      processes.

PMID- 1809388
TI  - [Transitions of the left poly-L-proline II helix-right alpha helix type in the
      regions of myosin subfragment S2 of cross-striated muscle as a possible
      conformational basis for a mechanical-chemical act].
AB  - Local conformational states of fibrous fragments of myosin molecules from
      striated muscle have been studied. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of the
      rat embryonic skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain and the nematode myosin heavy
      chain have been performed with the aim to estimate the influence of electrostatic
      interactions on secondary structure stability of these fragments. The
      heterogeneity of stability of alpha-helical conformation along the fibrous
      fragment have been found on the basis of estimation of interaction between side
      group charges and between side group charges and main chain charges. Periodically
      located short sections have been found in the N-terminal half of the myosin rod
      where clusters of Asp and Glu destabilize alpha-helical structure being ionized.
      Changes of the distribution of charges near the latter sections bring about
      conformational transitions from left-handed polyproline II helix to right alpha
      helix or vice versa. The new scheme of orientation of fibrous part of the cross
      bridge in relation to the thick filament for various stages of muscle contraction
      process suggests asynchronous character of transitions in the different sites. It
      may be proposed that existence of alteration left- and right-helical fragments in
      N-terminal half of fibrous part of heavy myosin chain determines zigzag form of
      this part of myosin molecule in resting muscle. A model of the cross-bridge
      movement in the course of ATP hydrolysis has been suggested.

PMID- 1809389
TI  - [Provision for ionic homeostasis].
AB  - A supposition that ion homeostasis of the human blood plasma, of warm-blooded
      animals plasma is secured thermodynamically by a more stable state of balanced
      action of the ions of opposite hydration sign upon plasma water has been
      substantiated. Ion homeostasis of blood plasma is supported by evolutionary
      mechanisms of the organism.

PMID- 1809390
TI  - [The photodestruction of hemoglobin].
AB  - It was shown that hemoglobin photodestruction occurs in the process of light
      absorption by protein globin, as well as by its hem. Quantum yields of
      photoreactions decreased with the increase of irradiation wave length. We
      observed two mechanisms of photodestruction: dependent and independent on the
      existence of the dissolved oxygen in solution. Hemoglobin photodestruction due to
      hem absorption did not exist in the absence of dissolved oxygen.

PMID- 1809391
TI  - [Precise recognition method of structure-function determinants of protein
      molecules].
AB  - This paper is devoted to a computer system designed for formal description and
      knowledge about protein structural-functional determinants. Structural-functional
      determinant is a region of amino acid sequence with certain structural,
      functional or evolutionary properties specific for each class of macromolecules.
      Here the problem is solved by a special method which allows to design programs
      able to distinguish these structural-functional determinants. The method is based
      on the expert system technology and integrated data bases.

PMID- 1809392
TI  - [Classification of DNA- (RNA)-interacting proteins based on recognition of
      structure-function determinants].

PMID- 1809393
TI  - [Study of properties of the actomyosin complex using photo-cleavage of proteins
      by vanadates].
AB  - Study of myosin and actomyosin preparations photocleavage conditioned by
      polyvanadates confirmed the data on V1 and V2 centre cleavage independence of
      bivalent cations. Actin does not change sufficiently the reaction in V1 centre
      and considerably slows down the reaction in V2 centre. These actin properties do
      not depend on bivalent cation (Mg2+), nor on preliminary incubation with
      vanadate. It was also discovered that preincubation with vanadate in EDTA medium
      results in myosin molecule cleavage with producing light (M 18 kD) fragments in
      both cases: with myosin and actomyosin preparations. Besides vanadate-dependent
      photocleavage of myosin peptide bonds, there were discovered photocrosslinkings
      of polypeptide chains in myosin and actomyosin preparations also depending on the
      presence of vanadate. In actomyosin preparations they probably lead to
      crosslinking of heavy minor proteins to heavy myosin chains.

PMID- 1809394
TI  - [The role of temperature as a factor of structure and functional fit of a "prey"
      virus based on the example of phage T4].
AB  - By means of high-precision acoustic measurements and by the methods of
      fluorescent and electron microscopy investigations were performed of
      thermoinduced conformational changes in T4 bacteriophage and its thermolabile
      mutants altered in baseplate proteins (gene products "7", "8", "10"). A
      relationship was found between the conformational changes in T4 bacteriophage
      structure in the temperature range of 33-45 degrees C and the efficiency of
      bacteriophage adsorption and changes in the orientation of long tail fibers.
      Possibility of heat regulation of "recognition" of "host" cells by bacterial
      viruses is suggested.

PMID- 1809395
TI  - The promoter of DNA puff gene II/9-1 of Sciara coprophila is inducible by
      ecdysone in late prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - DNA puffs occur in Sciarid salivary gland chromosomes; they are sites of DNA
      amplification and intense transcription and they appear to encode secreted
      structural proteins needed for pupation. In this report we have used P-element
      transformation of Drosophila to study regulation of a Sciara DNA puff gene. We
      found that a 718-bp promoter fragment of DNA puff gene II/9-1 from Sciara
      coprophila directs expression of the bacterial reporter gene CAT in late prepupal
      salivary glands of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. The identical tissue and
      analogous stage specificity indicate that some aspects of the ecdysone response
      are evolutionarily conserved between Drosophila and Sciara. When transgenic
      salivary glands are cultured in vitro, CAT activity is rapidly induced by
      ecdysone, suggesting direct control of gene expression by the ecdysone receptor.
      Putative stage-specific factors limit expression of the chimeric Sciara-CAT gene
      in transgenic Drosophila to late prepupae but not to third instar larvae when
      ecdysone titers are also high.

PMID- 1809396
TI  - Endothelin-1 activates phospholipase D and thymidine incorporation in fibroblasts
      overexpressing protein kinase C beta 1.
AB  - Endothelins (ETs) are a family of extremely potent vasoconstrictor peptides. In
      addition, ET-1 acts as a potent mitogen and activates phospholipase C in smooth
      muscle cells and fibroblasts. We examined the effects of ET-1 on
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism and thymidine incorporation in control Rat-6
      fibroblasts and in cells that overexpress protein kinase C beta 1 (PKC). PC pools
      were labeled with [3H]myristic acid, and formation of phosphatidylethanol (PEt),
      an unambiguous marker of phospholipase D (PLD) activation, was monitored. ET-1
      stimulated much greater PEt formation in the PKC overexpressing cells. ET-1
      action was dose-dependent with a half-maximal effect at 1.0 x 10(-9) M. With
      increasing ethanol concentrations, [3H]PEt formation increased at the expense of
      [3H]phosphatidic acid (PA). Propranolol, an inhibitor of PA phosphohydrolase,
      increased [3H]PA accumulation and decreased [3H]diacylglycerol (DAG) formation.
      These data are consistent with the formation of [3H]DAG from PC by the sequential
      action of PLD and PA phosphohydrolase. Phorbol esters are known to stimulate
      thymidine incorporation and PLD activity to a greater extent in PKC
      overexpressing cells than in control cells. ET-1 also stimulates thymidine
      incorporation to a greater extent in the PKC overexpressing cells. The effect of
      ET-1 on thymidine incorporation into DNA in the overexpressing cells was also
      dose-dependent with a half-maximal effect at 0.3 x 10(-9) M. Enhanced PLD
      activity induced by ET-1 in the overexpressing cells may contribute to the
      mitogenic response, especially in light of a possible role of the PLD product,
      PA, in regulation of cell growth.

PMID- 1809397
TI  - Distinct determinants on collagen support alpha 2 beta 1 integrin-mediated
      platelet adhesion and platelet activation.
AB  - Recent studies have revealed that the sequence of amino acids asp-gly-glu-ala
      represents an essential determinant of the site within the alpha 1(I)-CB3
      fragment of collagen recognized by the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin cell surface
      collagen receptor (Staatz et al., 1991). Studies employing chemical modifications
      of collagen amino acid side chains confirm both the essential nature of the
      acidic side chains of aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues and the
      nonessentiality of lysine epsilon-amino groups in supporting adhesion mediated by
      the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin. The approach also indicates the presence of a
      distinct determinant on collagen separate from the alpha 2 beta 1 recognition
      site that contains essential lysine side chains and that is necessary for
      subsequent interactions with the platelet surface that give rise to collagen
      induced platelet activation and secretion. The two-step, two-site model for
      cellular signaling involving both an integrin and a signal-transducing coreceptor
      suggested by these data may be common to other integrin-mediated processes.

PMID- 1809399
TI  - In vitro and in vivo experimental studies on single crystal sapphire dental
      implants.
AB  - Successful attachment of the oral tissues to an endosseous dental implant relies
      in part on its chemical stability, nontoxic properties and maintenance of normal
      cell functions in the surrounding tissues. The aim of this study was therefore to
      investigate these 3 factors experimentally. The corrosion resistance of single
      crystal sapphire (alpha-Al2O3) implants was analysed with respect to the release
      of aluminium ions; no ions could be detected in the test solutions. The influence
      of single crystal sapphire on the behaviour of human epithelial cells and
      fibroblasts derived from biopsies of the oral mucosa, was studied. The cells were
      cultured in chemically defined or in low serum-containing media. Compared to the
      corresponding control cultures, no effects on cell morphology and growth
      characteristics were observed. Sapphire rods were inserted subcutaneously into
      rats and tissue responses were examined after 4, 8 and 12 weeks post
      implantation. None or slight reactions were found in the tissues. The combined
      evaluation of these experimental approaches indicates that single crystal
      sapphire is a material well suited for biological implantation.

PMID- 1809400
TI  - Protease activities in peri-implant sulcus fluid from patients with permucosal
      osseointegrated dental implants. Correlation with clinical parameters.
AB  - The 15 patients included in this study each had 2-6 permucosal Branemark
      osseointegrated implants that had functioned successfully for 18 months or more.
      They were given a full oral examination which included measurements of probing
      depth and gingival, bleeding and plaque indices around the implants. Marginal
      bone reduction during the functional life of the implants was estimated from
      radiographs. At a separate visit, peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) was collected
      on filter paper strips from the deepest probing site of each implant. PISF
      volumes were measured and the samples eluted into buffer. Protease activities in
      the eluates were determined by fluorimetric assay with peptidyl derivatives of 7
      amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin. Enzyme levels followed the order: cathepsin B/L
      greater than elastase greater than dipeptidyl peptidase IV greater than trypsin
      like activity. Total enzyme activities and concentrations both correlated
      positively with all clinical parameters in linear regression analysis. This was
      true on both a patient level using mean patient values and a site level using
      pooled patient data. Nearly all of the site level correlations were statistically
      significant, though coefficients were generally higher for total enzyme
      activities than concentrations. Elastase-like activity gave the best overall
      correlations of the different proteases measured. Amongst the clinical
      parameters, correlations were generally best with gingival index and bone
      reduction. Total enzyme activities had good diagnostic specificity and
      sensitivity as predictors of clinical parameters and the figures were especially
      high for elastase-like activity as a marker of bone reduction. PISF proteases may
      thus be of value in monitoring tissue responses to osseointegrated implants.

PMID- 1809398
TI  - Regulation of Ca2+ influx during mitosis: Ca2+ influx and depletion of
      intracellular Ca2+ stores are coupled in interphase but not mitosis.
AB  - Activation of a wide variety of membrane receptors leads to a sustained elevation
      of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) that is pivotal to subsequent cell responses. In
      general, in nonexcitable cells this elevation of [Ca2+]i results from two
      sources: an initial release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores followed by an
      influx of extracellular Ca2+. These two phases, release from intracellular stores
      and Ca2+ influx, are generally coupled: stimulation of influx is coordinated with
      depletion of Ca2+ from stores, although the mechanism of coupling is unclear. We
      have previously shown that histamine effects a typical [Ca2+]i response in
      interphase HeLa cells: a rapid rise in [Ca2+]i followed by a sustained elevation,
      the latter dependent entirely on extracellular Ca2+. In mitotic cells only the
      initial elevation, derived by Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, occurs.
      Thus, in mitotic cells the coupling of stores to influx may be specifically
      broken. In this report we first provide additional evidence that histamine
      stimulated Ca2+ influx is strongly inhibited in mitotic cells. We show that
      efflux is also strongly stimulated by histamine in interphase cells but not in
      mitotics. It is possible, thus, that in mitotics intracellular stores are only
      very briefly depleted of Ca2+, being replenished by reuptake of Ca2+ that is
      retained within the cell. To ensure the depletion of Ca2+ stores in mitotic
      cells, we employed the sesquiterpenelactone, thapsigargin, that is known to
      affect the selective release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores by inhibition of a
      specific Ca(2+)-ATPase; reuptake is inhibited. In most cells, and in accord with
      Putney's capacitative model (1990), thapsigargin, presumably by depleting
      intracellular Ca2+ stores, stimulates Ca2+ influx. This is the case for
      interphase HeLa cells. Thapsigargin induces an increase in [Ca2+]i that is
      dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and is associated with a strong stimulation of
      45Ca2+ influx. In mitotic cells thapsigargin also induces a [Ca2+]i elevation
      that is initially comparable in magnitude and largely independent of
      extracellular Ca2+. However, unlike interphase cells, in mitotic cells the
      elevation of [Ca2+]i is not sustained and 45Ca2+ influx is not stimulated by
      thapsigargin. Thus, the coupling between depletion of intracellular stores and
      Ca2+ influx is specifically broken in mitotic cells. Uncoupling could account for
      the failure of histamine to stimulate Ca2+ influx during mitosis and would
      effectively block all stimuli whose effects are mediated by Ca2+ influx and
      sustained elevations of [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 1809401
TI  - Effects of chlorhexidine gel on periodontal health of abutment teeth in patients
      with overdentures.
AB  - The aim of this study was to test the effect of chlorhexidine gel application on
      periodontal health of abutment teeth in patients with overdentures. 19 patients
      with immediate overdentures were distributed at random among 2 experimental
      groups. In these groups, a placebo and chlohexidine gel were daily applied.
      Patients were recalled at 6-month intervals over a period of 2 years. In both
      groups, pocket depth, tooth mobility and bleeding index were initially found to
      decrease after insertion of the overdenture. In the chlorhexidine group, the
      bleeding index remained very low over the 2-year period. Whereas in the placebo
      group, the bleeding index gradually returned to the baseline values. The pocket
      depth in the chlorhexidine group remained below the baseline value, in contrast
      to values in the control group. The width of the attached gingiva decreased in
      both the groups, but less in the chlorhexidine group.

PMID- 1809402
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the oral tactile function by means of teeth or implant
      supported prostheses.
AB  - To clarify more of the tactile function of oral implants, both an interocclusal
      thickness detection and discrimination task were carried out in 4 different test
      conditions on 37 patients: t (tooth)/t, i (implant)/t, i/i and d (denture)/o
      (overdenture supported by implants). For the interocclusal detection of steel
      foils, the 50% detection threshold level (RL) in the 4 conditions was 20, 48, 64
      and 108 microns, respectively, which indicates significant differences. The
      ability to discriminate interdental thickness differences was tested with a 0.2
      and 1.0 mm standard. It was evaluated as the 75% discrimination level (DL). In
      the 0.2 mm discrimination task, corresponding DL-values for the t/t, i/t, i/i and
      d/o condition were 25, 55, 66 and 134 microns, whereas the 1.0 mm standard gave
      values of 193, 293, 336 and 348 microns, respectively. All results differed
      significantly from each other (p less than 0.05) except for the i/i-d/o
      comparison of the 1.0 mm discrimination task where the difference was negligible.
      The present findings indicate that the tactile sensibility of implants is reduced
      with regard to natural teeth. Remaining receptors of the peri-implant tissues
      might play a compensatory role in the decreased exteroceptive function.

PMID- 1809403
TI  - The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth.
AB  - In the present animal experiment, analyses and comparisons were made between the
      structure and composition of clinically healthy supraalveolar soft tissues
      adjacent to implants and teeth. 5 beagle dogs were used. The right mandibular
      premolar region was selected in each dog for placement of titanium implants,
      while the left mandibular premolar region served as control. Extractions of the
      mandibular premolars were preformed, healing allowed, following which titanium
      fixtures were installed in the edentolous premolar region. Abutment connection
      was carried out 3 months later. After another 2 months of healing, plaque control
      was initiated and maintained for 8 weeks. At the end of the plaque control
      period, clinical examinations were performed and biopsies harvested from the
      implant site and the contralateral premolar tooth region. Following fixation and
      decalcification, all tissue samples were embedded in EPON and examined by
      histometric and morphometric means. The result from the analyses demonstrated
      that the periimplant mucosa which formed at titanium implants following abutment
      connection had many features in common with gingival tissue at teeth. Thus, like
      the gingiva, the peri-implant mucosa established a cuff-like barrier which
      adhered to the surface of the titanium abutment. Further, both the gingiva and
      the peri-implant mucosa had a well-keratinized oral epithelium which was
      continuous with a junctional epithelium that faced the enamel or the titanium
      surface. In the periimplant mucosa, the collagen fibers appeared to commence at
      the marginal bone and were parallel with the abutment surface. All gingival and
      periimplant units examined were free from infiltrates of inflammatory cells. It
      was suggested that under the conditions of study, both types of soft tissues,
      gingiva and periimplant mucosa, have a proper potential to prevent subgingival
      plaque formation.

PMID- 1809405
TI  - Hypertension in blacks. Implications for health care.

PMID- 1809404
TI  - Maxillary sinus augmentation using mandibular bone grafts and simultaneous
      installation of implants. A surgical technique.
AB  - This paper presents a specific technique for maxillary sinus augmentation and
      simultaneous placement of implants in partially edentulous patients. In such
      patients, there is from time to time insufficient interarch distance for any type
      of onlay grafting. Health, non-smoking patients without previous or present sinus
      pathology, where the radiological and clinical examination revealed insufficient
      height and/or width of the remaining alveolar process in the posterior maxillary
      region, were selected. They were operated on using a mandibular bone graft
      obtained from the symphyseal region between the mental foramina and placed in the
      maxillary sinus. The recipient site was prepared by cutting in a rectangular
      shape the lateral sinus wall into the sinus lining. The bone wall was then
      separated towards the lateral nasal wall by rotating the inferior portion of the
      cut sinus wall medially. In the space thus created, the bone graft was placed.
      Fixtures were installed at the same session. The method described has proved to
      be uncomplicated to perform under local anesthesia and no major disadvantages for
      the patient or pre- or postoperative complications have so far been observed.

PMID- 1809406
TI  - The Caggins Synergy Nursing Model.
AB  - The Caggins Synergy Nursing Model (CSNM) is a conceptual framework which was
      developed by the author during her doctoral coursework at Texas Woman's
      University-Houston. The conceptualization of the phenomena described in the CSNM
      represents an integration of several theoretical frameworks and the sequencing of
      concepts based on the influence of other theoretical frameworks. The theoretical
      and conceptual frameworks that were integrated and had the most influence during
      the development of the model were Rogers' (1970) life process model, Akers'
      (1970) conceptual framework for professional cohesion, and Cattell's (1948) group
      syntality theory. The CSNM supports the use of the nursing process and is
      applicable to the analysis of group interaction.

PMID- 1809407
TI  - Building a research track record through grant production.

PMID- 1809408
TI  - Health care in the black community.

PMID- 1809409
TI  - Health care crisis in the black community: an epidemiological view.
AB  - Health care professionals must recognize Black populations' health care needs and
      target efforts to meet those needs whenever possible. In the future we hope
      mandated by federal regulations--congressman Louis Stokes of Ohio forwarded me a
      copy of the Disadvantaged Minority Health Improvement Act of 1990 (H.R. 5702)
      which was passed by the House of Representatives in October (1990). This amends
      the Public Health Service Act and provides for a Deputy Assistant Secretary for
      Minority Health who is charged with, among a myriad of functions, promoting
      minority health through the support of "research, demonstrations and evaluations
      to test new and innovative models, to increase knowledge and understanding of
      health risk factors, and to develop mechanisms that support better information
      dissemination, education, prevention and service delivery to individuals from
      disadvantaged backgrounds, including racial and ethnic minorities" (Dingell,
      1990, p.3). Scholarships will be available to increase the number of minority
      health care workers. Hopefully, all health care workers will recognize the needs
      of Blacks and attempt to meet those needs. Nurse educators can facilitate this
      through their practices, research and teaching to increase access to health care
      for the Black community. Epidemiology in the curriculum will help accomplish this
      goal.

PMID- 1809410
TI  - The relationship of personality variables and patient recruitment to pain coping
      strategies and psychological distress in tension headache patients.
AB  - The relationship of personality variables and patient recruitment to pain coping
      strategies and psychological distress was assessed in a Dutch sample of 111
      chronic tension headache patients. Using the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ),
      high scores on the factor of helplessness proved to be associated with
      psychological distress. In particular, patients who manifested neuroticism and
      hostility as personality traits and who were referred for treatment by physicians
      achieved higher scores on the factor of helplessness. Patients who reported a
      lower level of pain intensity manifested a higher perceived control of pain.
      Patients who reported shorter daily pain periods indicated a lower level of
      active coping with pain. It is concluded that future research must be more
      attentive to the complex interactions between personality variables,
      environmental factors, and the coping demands posed by the nature of the pain
      problem.

PMID- 1809411
TI  - Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evaluation of results, complications,
      and technical considerations in sixty-nine patients.
AB  - Sixty-nine patients undergoing spinal cord stimulation (SCS) were studied for a
      period of up to 8 years. Indications, implantation techniques, and stimulation
      systems are presented in this article. Pain-suppressor effects of SCS are
      reviewed, assessing the clinical efficacy over time as well as complications with
      the stimulation device. Immediately following implantation, inadequate pain
      relief was noted in 20% of the patients. Decrease of the efficacy of pain
      alleviation occurs during the first 3 years after implantation. Most failures are
      noted in patients presenting with failed back surgery. This study also
      demonstrates that SCS systems should offer the capability of both monopolar and
      bipolar stimulation modes by the use of multipolar electrodes.

PMID- 1809413
TI  - Chronic neck pain and cervicogenic headache.
AB  - Acute and chronic neck pain and headaches are a major medical, industrial, and
      financial problem. In many cases, the pathophysiology is unknown, and the
      disability is often greatly in excess of the apparent tissue pathology and
      physiological impairment. Diagnosis and management of neck pain and cervicogenic
      headache calls for a rational and comprehensive approach. Many cases will have no
      identifiable pathology, and the pain and disability will continue despite the
      best efforts of all concerned.

PMID- 1809412
TI  - Completed suicide in chronic pain.
AB  - Although convergent lines of evidence indicate that one can expect a high rate of
      suicide completion for chronic pain patients, this problem has not previously
      been investigated. Follow-up data from our pain center revealed three chronic
      pain patients (two men and one woman) who completed suicide. These three cases
      are presented. The sequential nature of the data enabled us to calculate suicide
      rates for our chronic pain population and subsamples of this population: 16.5
      women per year; 29.3 men per year; 57.1 white men and 34.9 white women in the age
      range of 35-64 years per year; and 78.6 white worker compensation men in the age
      range of 35-64 years per year. Calculation of the 95% confidence interval and
      comparison of these suicide rates to the general population of the United States
      using the Z statistic indicated that all chronic pain patient suicide rates were
      significantly greater than that of the general population. White men, white
      women, and white worker compensation men with chronic pain in the age range of 35
      64 years are twice, three, and three times as likely, respectively, as their
      counterparts in the general population to die by suicide. Although no firm
      conclusions can be drawn because of the small suicide sample, these case reports
      indicate a need for further studies of chronic pain patient suicide rates at
      other pain centers.

PMID- 1809414
TI  - Sphenopalatine block.

PMID- 1809415
TI  - In response to article by Dr. Fisher et al.

PMID- 1809416
TI  - Symptom report in orofacial pain patients: relation to chronic pain, experimental
      pain, illness behavior, and personality.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine symptom report patterns in a heterogenous
      population of orofacial pain patients and to evaluate how symptom patterns relate
      to various dimensions of the human pain experience. Results indicated that
      symptoms frequently associated with chronic orofacial pain disorders can be
      described by four indices related to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its
      movement; discomfort of and parafunctional activities related to the masticatory
      muscles; interference of pain with activities of daily living; and presence of
      orofacial pain unrelated to myogeneous or arthrogenous TMJ disorders. Of these
      four symptom indices, only the pain interference (symptom) index was related to
      clinical pain and illness behavior. None was related to personality. Two of the
      indices were influenced by diagnosis. Biomechanical symptoms and parafunctional
      activities appear to be insignificantly related to perceived pain intensity, pain
      responsiveness, illness behavior, or personality, but are related to diagnosis.
      The results indicated that relatively simple symptom checklists have potential
      utility in screening orofacial pain patients and in evaluation of treatment
      outcome.

PMID- 1809417
TI  - Leg pain in the rural Iowa 65+ population. Prevalence, related factors, and
      association with functional status.
AB  - Research tabulating the existence and effects of pain and related factors in the
      elderly is lacking, in spite of the continued growth of the aged population. Leg
      pain, in particular, may interfere with activities and interpersonal
      interactions. This study of 3,097 rural elderly examines the prevalence of
      complaints of leg pain and related factors in a geographically-defined
      population. Findings indicate that leg pain is clearly a common experience which
      impacts daily activities of the elderly.

PMID- 1809418
TI  - Modulation of heat pain perception by high frequency transcutaneous electrical
      nerve stimulation (TENS).
AB  - Although many studies have indicated that high frequency nonpainful
      transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces clinical pain,
      controlled studies of the modulation of experimental pain by TENS have produced
      conflicting results. This study evaluated the effect of high frequency nonpainful
      TENS on heat pain perception using a model that we have previously shown to be
      sensitive to other nonpharmacological analgesic treatments. We found that TENS
      significantly reduced subjects' ratings of painful and near painful heat stimuli
      (43-51 degrees C) (p = 0.01) and increased the pain threshold from 46.7 to 47.9
      degrees C (p = 0.002). Placebo stimulation had no effect on the subjects' ratings
      or on their pain thresholds. Furthermore, TENS did not alter subjects' ratings of
      visual stimuli, indicating that the analgesic effect was not due to a nonspecific
      distraction. These data suggest that TENS alters the perception of experimentally
      produced natural pain stimuli. The TENS related modulation also appears to be
      comparable to that produced by other nonpharmacological analgesic manipulations
      such as counterirritation and changes in attention.

PMID- 1809419
TI  - The effect of hypnotically induced emotional states on brain potentials evoked by
      painful argon laser stimulation.
AB  - The relationship between pain perception and emotional states is well known.
      However, the nature of this relationship and how different emotional states
      affect sensory and cognitive dimensions of pain remains uncertain. Results from
      experimental investigations are often contradictory, which may be due to
      methodological difficulties in inducing pain and monitoring physiological
      responses. In addition, most studies have focused on a single emotion, and data
      on the relative effects of different emotional states are lacking. In the present
      study we attempted to eliminate some of these methodological problems. Laser
      evoked potentials were used as a quantitative correlate to pain perception and
      were measured in 12 highly hypnotically susceptible subjects during seven
      conditions: (a) a prehypnotic baseline condition; (b) a neutral hypnotic control
      condition; (c-e) hypnotically recalled anger, fear, and depression in randomized
      order; (f) a hypnotically recalled happy condition, and (g) a posthypnotic awake
      control condition. The pain evoked potentials were significantly decreased in the
      angry condition and significantly increased in the depressed condition compared
      with baseline. No differences could be detected for either the happy or the fear
      related condition compared with the baseline or neutral hypnotic condition. A
      significant positive correlation between the subjective intensity of depression
      and the increase in evoked potentials was found, but none for the other three
      emotions. The results support earlier findings that clinical depression is
      related to increased pain perception, and findings that the expression of anger
      can inhibit the experience of pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809420
TI  - Long-term, open catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space for continuous
      infusion of narcotic and bupivacaine in patients with "refractory" cancer pain. A
      technique of catheterization and its problems and complications.
AB  - The technique of long-term, open catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space
      for infusion of analgesics in patients with refractory cancer pain is sparsely
      reported in the literature. We report on a technique using 18G Portex nylon
      catheters and 16G-17G Tuohy needles, and its problems and complications. One
      hundred fifty-seven catheters were inserted in 142 patients, in most of them
      (79%) under deep sedation and local anesthesia. Attempts were made to place the
      catheter tip as close to the painful segments as possible. The catheters were
      tunneled subcutaneously (87% of them paravertebrally, over the shoulder, and
      further parasternally to the third chondrocostal cartilage). The Luer connections
      of the catheters were fixed to the patients' skin with monofilament steel sutures
      of dimension 0 and connected to a bacterial filter. At the end of the procedure,
      10 ml isotonic saline was injected intrathecally to prevent postspinal puncture
      headache. Absorbent and impermeable dressings were applied over the tunnel exit,
      catheter Luer connection and bacterial filter. Antibiotics were given on the day
      of insertion and 2 days thereafter. During the insertion procedure, the following
      problems and complications were encountered; two or more attempts before
      successful spinal-dural puncture (32%), accidental puncture of an extradural
      vessel (10%), difficult dural puncture (18%), absence of free dripping of
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in spite of successful dural puncture (4%), blood
      stained CSF (9%), radicular pain and paresthesiae (4%), difficult advancement of
      the catheter (6%), difficult tunneling (11%), and bleeding in the tunnel
      (0.7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809422
TI  - Controversy corner.

PMID- 1809421
TI  - Acupuncture: the position paper of the National Council Against Health Fraud.

PMID- 1809424
TI  - Taxonomy again?

PMID- 1809423
TI  - Clinical aspects of depression in chronic pain patients.
AB  - It has been widely recognized that an appreciable proportion of chronic pain
      patients have depressive disorders. Although numerous studies and several
      literature reviews have examined the relationship between chronic pain and
      depression, disorders of mood come in many forms, and little attention has been
      paid to the different types of depressive disorders found among patients with
      chronic pain. In this article, the different ways in which a chronic pain patient
      may manifest depression are discussed. Diagnostic criteria for major depression,
      dysthymia, and atypical depression are described, and the relevance of these
      disorders and of masked depression to chronic pain is discussed. The medical
      illnesses and medications that can cause symptoms of depressive disorders are
      also briefly described. Depressive disorders and their concomitants are an
      integral part of the experience of chronic pain and are important in developing
      an optimal treatment plan. For these reasons, they should be carefully evaluated
      in all patients with chronic pain.

PMID- 1809425
TI  - Treatment of chronic pain syndromes.

PMID- 1809426
TI  - Strategies for success.

PMID- 1809427
TI  - Control of postoperative pain in the orofacial region.

PMID- 1809428
TI  - Pain of dental origin.
AB  - Patients experience oral pain in ways that make an accurate diagnosis difficult.
      The same complaints can be caused by either dental or nonodontogenic diseases.
      The author systematically explores symptoms and etiologies to direct the health
      care provider to an accurate diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 1809429
TI  - A comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and bolus PRN intravenous morphine
      in the intensive care environment.
AB  - We compared the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine and p.r.n.
      intravenous morphine in an intensive care unit setting. Thirty-eight patients
      scheduled for admission to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) were
      prospectively randomized to either a PCA group or a p.r.n. intravenous morphine
      group. Assessments included pain and sedation scores, respiratory rates, pulse
      oximetry, and morphine utilization. PCA was found to be comparable in safety and
      efficacy to nurse-administered morphine in the intensive care environment. An
      unexpected finding was the higher initial morphine utilization seen in the
      patients utilizing PCA.

PMID- 1809430
TI  - Is major depression comorbid with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction
      syndrome? A pilot study.
AB  - There is a lack of information about the precise strength of the relationship
      between chronic pain and depression. In a prior study, women with
      temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) had much higher scores
      than did controls on a measure of nonspecific psychological distress. The
      question arose as to whether rates of clinical depression are also unusually high
      in TMPDS patients. Their former treating clinician rates cases for likely
      lifetime presence or absence of depression. A subset of those rated as likely
      depressed then had their diagnoses verified independently through a structured
      clinical interview by a psychiatrist and clinical psychologist. Results revealed
      a minimum lifetime prevalence rate for major depression of 41%. A rate of this
      magnitude in TMPDS cases is clearly much higher than would be found for women of
      similar background in the general population.

PMID- 1809431
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials are unchanged by reflex sympathetic dystrophy and
      by stellate ganglion block.
AB  - Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored in patients
      with chronic pain before and after stellate ganglion blockade. A change caused by
      the syndrome or by the block would suggest that SEPs might be useful in the
      diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. We observed 20 subjects. Group I (n =
      10) had chronic pain not involving the upper extremity. Group II (n = 8) had
      reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the arm. All patients underwent unilateral
      stellate ganglion block using an anterior paratracheal approach. The SEPs were
      recorded by median nerve stimulation on the blocked (affected) side and unblocked
      (unaffected) side before and 30 min after the block. Recording sites were
      ipsilateral brachial plexus, the cervical spinal cord, and the contralateral
      sensory cortex. There were no between-group differences before or after the
      block. Paired analysis within each group showed that the SEPs were not different
      from baseline (unaffected side before block) at any time throughout the study. We
      conclude that since SEPs are not changed by the reflex sympathetic dystrophy or
      stellate ganglion block, they would not be useful in the evaluation of pain or in
      determining the effectiveness of sympathetic block. Both the pain and the block
      appear to involve alteration of conducting pathways separate from those monitored
      by median nerve SEPs.

PMID- 1809432
TI  - Continuous lumbar sympathetic block.
AB  - A 74-year-old woman with peripheral vascular disease suffered from rest pain in
      the right big toe and intermittent claudication. Because of concomitant venous
      congestion, a chemical lumbar sympathectomy was considered to carry an increased
      risk of leg edema. A continuous lumbar sympathetic block with local anesthetic
      abolished the pain in the toe without side effects. After this reversible block,
      a chemical lumbar sympathectomy was performed producing pain relief for 4 weeks
      when the patient was last seen.

PMID- 1809433
TI  - The needle and the brain: psychophysiological factors involved in nerve blocking
      for chronic pain.

PMID- 1809434
TI  - Spinal cord stimulation.

PMID- 1809435
TI  - In response to review article by Dr. Wilson.

PMID- 1809436
TI  - Sphenopalatine block--the cheapest technique in the management of chronic pain.

PMID- 1809437
TI  - In response to position paper by National Council Against Health Fraud.

PMID- 1809438
TI  - Multi-centre trials in pain research.

PMID- 1809440
TI  - Relationship of pain drawing scores to ratings of pain description and function.
AB  - We examined the relationship between pain distribution and measures of self
      reported behavioral functioning, pain intensity, frequency, and quality in 51
      patients with chronic pain. Results indicate that patients with more distributed
      pain report their pain as more disruptive to important areas of functioning and
      also report their pain as more intense and frequent. These results corroborate
      previous findings and suggest that pain distribution may be used as a useful
      clinical marker of disability status in chronic pain patients.

PMID- 1809439
TI  - Epidemiologic features of pain in pediatric cancer patients: a co-operative
      community-based study. North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo Clinic).
AB  - The prevalence, etiology, and management of pain in pediatric cancer patients
      seen at the Mayo Clinic and member institutions of the North Central Cancer
      Treatment Group were assessed. Participating centers, including both primary care
      and referral institutions, surveyed all patients seen during a 1-week period
      (Monday through Friday); procedure-related pain was excluded. Of the 160 children
      surveyed, 28 reported pain of which 57.8% was related to a side effect of
      anticancer treatment, 21.1% was unrelated to the malignancy, and 21.1% arose
      directly from the cancer. Pain intensity assessment was performed by both health
      care professional and patient using a variety of measurement tools. Correlation
      between assessors was close except in young children. The predominance of
      treatment-related rather than cancer-related pain differs from results in series
      in adult cancer patients.

PMID- 1809441
TI  - A comparison of models describing reports of disability associated with chronic
      pain.
AB  - We examined pain-related disability from two perspectives. A disability model,
      suggesting that disability is a direct consequence of pain, is compared with a
      symptom perception model emphasizing individual differences in perception and
      report of physical symptoms. Disability estimates (reported activity interference
      and employment status) were obtained from a sample of 179 patients with chronic
      pain. Using multiple regression analyses, we showed that distress, symptom
      reporting, and pain intensity accounted for comparable levels of variance in
      reports of activity interference. When we controlled for distress, the frequency
      of reporting physical symptoms made the largest contribution to prediction of
      this kind of disability (14%). Neither symptom report or pain intensity was
      useful in predicting the more objective disability criterion of employment
      status. Results were interpreted as probable evidence against a disability model
      of pain-related disability and suggest the relative importance of individual
      cognitive differences in symptom responsivity.

PMID- 1809443
TI  - The role of litigation in predicting disability outcomes in chronic pain
      patients.
AB  - This study examined the extent to which being involved in civil and industrial
      litigation predicted outcome in an population of chronic pain patients. Data were
      collected in a structured telephone interview for a litigant group of 80 patients
      and a nonlitigant group of 47 patients. There were no significant differences in
      the amount of medication used, the number of hours spent resting per day, or the
      number of individuals who were able to return to work. Litigants showed
      significantly higher levels of depression. Multiple regression analyses indicated
      that litigation was not the primary predictor of downtime or medication use.
      Litigation was found to be the primary predictor of Zung depression scores.
      Discriminant function analyses indicated that litigation was not the most
      important variable in distinguishing between those working and not working.
      Results lend support to previous studies that suggest that the suspicion and
      disbelief with which litigating patients are often treated is unfounded.

PMID- 1809442
TI  - Coping strategies of patients with lung cancer-related pain.
AB  - Previous findings in patients with nonmalignant pain indicate a relationship
      between pain coping strategies and psychological factors. Although coping
      strategies have been explored in patients with cancer pain, relationships with
      such factors have not been reported. We wished to examine relationships between
      selected pain and psychological variables and the use of pain coping strategies.
      Forty-five patients with pain related to lung cancer indicated how they expressed
      their pain to others and completed the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire (MPQ),
      State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Visual Analogue Scale of pain intensity, and the
      Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). Forty-two percent of the patients reported
      that they tried not to let others know they had pain, and 40% indicated they told
      others when they had pain. Preferences for not telling others was associated with
      more frequent pain coping attempts for all CSQ subscales but those of
      catastrophizing and reinterpreting pain sensation. State anxiety demonstrated
      positive correlation with catastrophizing coping strategies (r = 0.48) and
      negative correlation with ability to control (r = -0.50) and decrease (r = -0.50)
      pain. The number of pain sites was correlated with coping self-statements (r =
      0.34). Pain intensity and state anxiety demonstrated similar relationships. Pain
      quality as measured with the MPQ demonstrated moderately strong correlation with
      diverting attention, praying and hoping, catastrophizing, and increased activity.
      Interventions aimed at reinforcing or expanding a patient's pain coping
      repertoire should be developed with consideration given to the patient's anxiety
      level, pain intensity, pain quality, and pain expression preference.

PMID- 1809444
TI  - Decreased clinic use by chronic pain patients: response to behavioral medicine
      intervention.
AB  - The treatment of chronic pain is costly and frustrating for the patient, health
      care provider, and health care system. This is due, in part, to the complexity of
      pain symptoms which are influenced by behavior patterns, socioeconomic factors,
      belief systems, and family dynamics as well as by physiological and mechanical
      components. Assessment of treatment outcomes is often limited to the patient's
      subjective, multidimensional, self-reports. Outcome measures based on data about
      return to work or clinic use can provide more objective assessments of
      intervention benefits. In this study, a 36% reduction in clinic visits in the
      first year postintervention was found among the 109 patients who participated in
      an outpatient behavioral medicine program. Decreased clinic use continued in the
      first 50 patients followed 2 years postintervention. Decreased use projected to
      an estimated net savings of $12,000 for the first year of the study posttreatment
      and $23,000 for the second year.

PMID- 1809446
TI  - Measurement of tissue impedance in dorsal root entry zone surgery for pain after
      brachial plexus avulsion and herpes zoster.
AB  - Fifteen patients with brachial plexus avulsion and five patients with
      postherpetic pain underwent dorsal root entry zone surgery with intraoperative
      impedance monitoring. The usual range of initial impedance values recorded in the
      superficial layers of the normal cord is from 1,000 to 1,500 omega. The
      recordings usually decrease to less than 1,000 omega in the segments of root
      avulsion injuries. Some variation in recordings occurs owing to atrophy and
      scarring of the damaged cord. In postherpetic neuralgia, measurements of
      impedance are abnormally low in the involved area, in which the roots appear
      macroscopically abnormal. In this study, tissue impedance was correlated with
      gross pathologic changes in the spinal cord.

PMID- 1809445
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone for chronic biliary pain after
      cholecystectomy.
AB  - Activation of the sympathetic nervous system appears to be relevant in some
      patients with unexplained pain after cholecystectomy, particularly those who show
      increases in plasma transaminase activity after challenge with morphine (morphine
      responders). In this study, the hypothesis that dexamethasone would improve
      chronic biliary pain, perhaps by suppressing activation of the sympathetic
      nervous system, was tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over
      trial in 20 patients, 10 morphine responders and 10 nonresponders. Before
      treatment with dexamethasone and placebo, urinary excretion of norepinephrine
      (NE) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in morphine responders than in
      nonresponders. During treatment with dexamethasone, 1 mg each night for 4 weeks,
      neither morphine responders nor nonresponders showed a significant improvement in
      pain or nausea or a significant reduction in sympathoadrenomedullary activity as
      assessed by urinary excretion of catecholamines. At the dose administered,
      dexamethasone was unhelpful for chronic pain after cholecystectomy and did not
      result in suppression of the sympathetic nervous system as assessed by urinary
      excretion of NE.

PMID- 1809447
TI  - Chronic pain and the disability epidemic.
AB  - Individuals with chronic pain frequently experience a complex and convoluted
      journey through the health care system that is often unrewarding for all
      involved. Excessive pain behavior may lead to unnecessary diagnostic testing or
      invasive procedures and result in iatrogenic complications and prolonged
      disability. Injured workers maintained on Worker's Compensation may be at
      increased risk for developing chronic pain syndromes unresponsive to conventional
      treatments. These individuals may have significant financial, psychosocial, and
      environmental reinforcement for maintenance of their disability and little
      incentive to return to work. Often there is no direct correlation between
      objective impairment and an individual's request for disability status. As job
      satisfaction and financial security diminish during our economic recession, the
      impact of the disability epidemic becomes more profound.

PMID- 1809448
TI  - Continuous epidural methadone treatment for cancer pain.
AB  - Seventy cancer patients suffering from visceral or somatic pain received
      continuous epidural methadone (EM) analgesia. Initially, 4 mg of 0.1% methadone
      was given three times daily. If this dose proved ineffective, it was gradually
      increased to 8 mg four times daily. With this regimen good pain control was
      obtained in 56 patients (80%). Patients continued the EM therapy for periods up
      to 140 days, with an average duration of 27 days. Morphine was substituted for
      methadone in 14 patients (20%). Four of these patients responded well and
      continued treatment for an average of 18 days. No serious side effects have been
      observed with EM. With a proper selection of patients and following strict
      therapy guidelines, epidural methadone is efficacious in treating cancer pain.

PMID- 1809449
TI  - Opioids in nonmalignant pain: questions in search of answers.

PMID- 1809450
TI  - In response to article by Dr. Zachariae et al.

PMID- 1809451
TI  - In response to letter by Dr. Jerome.

PMID- 1809452
TI  - Respiratory muscle function in asthma.
AB  - Asthma increases the load on the ventilatory pump by causing simultaneous
      increases in airway resistance, lung volume, and minute ventilation. The
      inspiratory muscles bear the majority of this load, whereas expiratory muscle
      recruitment is relatively minor. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance appear
      to be normal in stable asthmatics. During acute attacks, airway closure and
      expiratory airflow limitation result in a dynamic increase in end-expiratory lung
      volume. In turn, hyperinflation compromises the function of inspiratory muscles,
      especially that of the diaphragm, by reducing their force-generating capacity
      (muscle shortening) and impairing their mechanical advantage on the chest wall.
      Thus, exacerbations of asthma cause an acute increase in mechanical load together
      with decreased ventilatory capacity, thereby predisposing to inspiratory muscle
      fatigue and precipitating hypercapnic respiratory failure in severe cases.
      Management of ventilatory failure in asthma consists of mechanical unloading of
      the inspiratory muscles by positive pressure ventilation together with
      pharmacotherapy (anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating agents) to improve airway
      function. The strategy of mechanical ventilation is aimed at minimizing dynamic
      hyperinflation, which increases inspiratory muscle load as well as promotes
      barotrauma.

PMID- 1809453
TI  - Corticosteroids in asthma.
AB  - Corticosteroids have a definite role in acute and chronic asthma therapy. The
      benefits of intravenously administered corticosteroids in acute asthma have been
      shown in many randomized and nonrandomized trials. Indications for corticosteroid
      use, corticosteroid preparation used, dosage, frequency of administration, and
      duration of therapy differ in every study. Analysis of these studies suggests
      that hydrocortisone (4 mg/kg) or methylprednisolone (125 mg) as the initial dose,
      followed by a continuous infusion of hydrocortisone (12 mg/kg over 24 hours), or
      bolus injections of methylprednisolone (125 mg every 6 hours) may be the most
      appropriate corticosteroid therapy in acute asthma. Methylprednisolone may have
      some pharmacologic advantages over hydrocortisone. A clinical approach to
      tapering of corticosteroids after treatment of an acute exacerbation is outlined.
      Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis suppression with chronic oral and inhaled
      corticosteroid use and the management of corticosteroid therapy in such patients
      are discussed. Inhaled corticosteroids are extremely useful in management of
      asthma poorly controlled with bronchodilators, and physicians may consider adding
      them to bronchodilators from the earliest phases of therapeutic intervention for
      adult asthma. A practical guide to the use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma
      is presented.

PMID- 1809454
TI  - Theophylline in asthma management: current controversy.
AB  - Recent controversy regarding the use of theophylline has prompted this review of
      its role in the treatment of bronchospastic diseases. Salient points regarding
      theophylline's available preparations, pharmacology, metabolism, indications,
      side effects, and treatment of its toxicity are discussed.

PMID- 1809455
TI  - Childhood asthma mortality: the Brooklyn experience and a brief review.
AB  - Pediatric asthma mortality is a perplexing and increasingly serious problem.
      Although many possible etiologic factors have been suggested, clear relationships
      are yet to be delineated. In addition to reviewing the literature, we studied the
      clinical and pathologic features of 14 local pediatric asthma deaths that
      occurred over a 7-year period. Thirteen of 14 children were African-American.
      Nine of 14 children (64.3) were older than 10 years of age, and 11 of 14 (78.6)
      were males. Based on a history of clinical features, 10 of the 14 children were
      characterized as severe asthmatics. Despite the fact that the majority of the
      children were regarded as severe asthmatics, only 1 of 14 had been evaluated with
      pulmonary function testing, and only 2 of 14 were receiving corticosteroids.
      Furthermore, only 2 of 14 were regarded as having good medical follow-up for
      their asthma. Ten of 14 children died suddenly secondary to asthma. One child was
      possibly abusing sympathomimetic inhalers, and none had evidence of toxic serum
      levels of theophylline. Six of 14 children (all adolescents) who died suddenly
      were negative on urine toxicology screening for cocaine, heroin, etc. Pathologic
      findings available for 10 children revealed mainly mucus plugging of the airways
      and collapse of various segments of the lungs, as well as pneumonia and
      pneumothorax in one child. In this group of children with sudden deaths (except
      for one child with pneumothorax), no other cause of death could be found.

PMID- 1809456
TI  - Use of troleandomycin as a steroid-sparing agent in both asthma and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Troleandomycin has been reported to be useful for reducing the steroid
      requirement of patients with asthma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the usefulness of troleandomycin in treating patients with steroid-dependent
      asthma as well as in patients with steroid-dependent chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD). Twelve patients with obstructive airway disease were
      studied; 6 patients had a diagnosis of asthma, and 6 patients had COPD. All had
      failed previous attempts to reduce their dosage of steroids. Among the patients
      with asthma, it was possible to taper methylprednisolone dosage from 29.3 +/-
      21.8 mg to 11.1 +/- 7.4 11.1 mg (P less than .05). In the group with COPD there
      was also a significant decrease in steroid dosage--from 22.6 +/- 12.2 to 6.0 +/-
      4.5 mg. These changes were not associated with a decline in spirometric values;
      nor was improvement secondary to improved theophylline levels, as demonstrated by
      a significant decrease in serum theophylline levels from 12.4 +/- 3.6 mg/dL
      baseline to 8.5 +/- 2.8 mg/dL (P less than .001) after maximal steroid tapering.
      We conclude that troleandomycin is effective in reducing the steroid dosage in
      patients with COPD or asthma.

PMID- 1809457
TI  - Status asthmaticus: an overview.
AB  - Status asthmaticus (SA) is a life-threatening exacerbation of asthma that is
      refractory to usual therapeutic interventions. The etiologic factors leading to
      SA and pathophysiologic alterations in airway caliber, respiratory muscle
      function, and respiratory gas exchange are reviewed. Important parameters in the
      assessment of patients presenting with SA are highlighted, including the
      necessity to document the severity of airflow obstruction with measurement of
      peak expiratory flow rate or one-second vital capacity. The indications for
      measurement of arterial blood gases, characteristic alterations in oxygen and
      carbon dioxide tension, and the appropriate therapeutic measures are emphasized.
      In addition, the roles of beta-adrenergic agonist and anticholinergic
      bronchodilators, methylxanthines, and glucocorticoids are discussed in the
      context of the rational management of patients with SA. Airway management and
      assisted mechanical ventilation are reviewed, with helpful guidelines for
      respirator adjustment based on patient responses to the physiologic alterations
      that develop during assisted ventilation.

PMID- 1809458
TI  - Alcohol usage among preadolescents and adolescents.
AB  - Since adults in our society drink alcohol, it follows that adolescents--and
      school-age children--will too. Patterns of alcohol use are apparent even among
      fifth grade students. Thus, an educational effort directed at the problem is
      clearly in order.

PMID- 1809459
TI  - The school nurse: enhancing professional recognition.
AB  - The image of the school nurse has much to do with the advancement and
      effectiveness of programs. Each school nurse can play an individual role in the
      concerted effort necessary to enhance this image.

PMID- 1809460
TI  - Nursing practice management: a ten-year-old fourth grader, newly diagnosed with a
      simple partial seizure disorder.

PMID- 1809461
TI  - Immunization: a 1991 update. Part I.
AB  - Immunization is an important and changing area in pediatric practice. The school
      nurse plays a pivotal role in the ascertainment of appropriate immunization
      status for school children. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
      Infectious Disease has made a number of recent substantive changes in
      immunization requirements for both preschool and school-age children. This
      article will review the salient features of those changes, especially those
      related to school nursing practice.

PMID- 1809463
TI  - An holistic approach to school dental health.
AB  - While progress has been made in improvement of dental health, school children are
      still at risk for dental disease. In this era of limited school budgets, there is
      much the school nurse can do to improve the dental health of students. Using an
      holistic approach, the school nurse can reinforce the student's health support
      systems to promote healthy dental attitudes and practices.

PMID- 1809462
TI  - Employee wellness program: cardiac risk reduction in the school setting.
AB  - Corporate wellness programs have been implemented in various work settings. When
      the Baltimore County (Maryland) School System initiated such a program, benefits
      were quickly realized and at a low cost.

PMID- 1809464
TI  - A school nurse in Moscow.
AB  - When the opportunity arose for a one-month stay in Moscow, the author, a school
      nurse from Maryland, found much to share with her counterpart at an English
      language school. Besides the inevitable similarities, the Russian nurse and the
      American discovered wide differences in their duties, reflecting the differences
      between our health care systems.

PMID- 1809465
TI  - Immunization: a 1991 update. Part II.
AB  - Immunization is an important and changing area in pediatric practice. The school
      nurse plays a pivotal role in the ascertainment of appropriate immunization
      status for school children. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
      Infectious Disease has made a number of recent substantive changes in
      immunization requirements for both preschool and school-age children. This
      article will review the salient features of those changes, especially those
      related to school nursing practice.

PMID- 1809466
TI  - Nursing practice management: Roland, 12 years old, was diagnosed with asthma.

PMID- 1809467
TI  - Doing more with less.

PMID- 1809468
TI  - Factors associated with obesity in school children.
AB  - Factors associated with obesity in school children, based on current research in
      the field, are described. Both family environment and individual characteristics
      have been shown to relate to children's weight status. Research to date supports
      the complex interrelationships between nutritional knowledge, feeding practices,
      values, and select demographic variables and the development of obesity in school
      children. An example of an ethnic group at risk for the development of obesity is
      provided. The present study suggests implications for school nursing practice in
      relation to the problem of obesity in children.

PMID- 1809469
TI  - Endoscopic thermometry in healthy controls and in gastroesophageal malignancy.
AB  - A thermocouple passed through the biopsy channel of an upper gastrointestinal
      fiberscope was used to measure mucosal temperature in health and disease. We
      documented significant mucosal temperature differences at nine sites in 32 normal
      controls. Duodenal bulb, stomach and the esophagus were warmer than the
      sublingual site. Mid-esophagus was warmer than the distal esophagus. Next,
      patients with 50 histologically benign gastric ulcers (GU) were compared with 18
      malignant GU containing adeno-div carcinoma. In benign GU there was a marked
      temperature gradient between a normal reference site (lesser curvature) and a
      warmer edge (+0.47 degrees C, p less than 0.01) and the crater (+0.73 degrees C,
      p less than 0.001) of the ulcer. Malignant GU showed no difference to the
      reference site. In thirteen patients with esophageal cancer, the tumor and also
      the adjacent mucosa proximal and distal to the tumor were cooler than the
      corresponding sites in normal controls. Upper GI malignancy appears to have a
      cooler mucosa. This pattern differs from normal and from non-malignant
      inflammation. These results support the need for further evaluation of the
      diagnostic potential of mucosal thermometry, especially of infrared
      videoendoscopy. (Fig. 1, Tab. 3, Ref. 10).

PMID- 1809470
TI  - [Side effects and toxicity of new quinolones].
AB  - A review paper is presented treating of problems of organotoxicity, mutagenicity,
      carcinogenicity and adverse effects of quinolones, as well as their interaction
      with other drugs. Not considering some rather sporadic exceptions, quinolones are
      not regarded as safe in children up to the age of 14 and in pregnant and breast
      feeding women. Compared to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol,
      rifampicin and other antibacterial chemotherapeutics, the overall toxicity of
      quinolones is relatively low. The questions of adverse effects upon the
      intestinal microflora and of tolerance of novel quinolones are also addressed.
      With regard to the above mentioned aspects, ofloxanice, ciprofloxacine,
      enoxacine, pefloxacine, norfloxacine, and fleroxacine have been most thoroughly
      studied. For the other recently developed quinolones reliable information is
      scarce. (Tab. 2, Ref. 53).

PMID- 1809471
TI  - [The role of Toxoplasma gondii in the etiology of chronic tonsillitis in
      children].
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is know to have an affinity to lymphatic tissue. The authors
      studied whether after infection of the child's body T. gondii does or does not
      determine the chronic course of tonsillitis. In 712 children with chronic
      tonsillitis serological examinations for toxoplasmosis were carried out by means
      of RVK, NIR and ELISA. Low titers of toxoplasme antibodies were found in 8.0% of
      the children examined. In light of the following findings the authors conclude
      that toxoplasme tonsillitis did not occur in their series: toxoplasma antibodies
      failed to be increased; their titers in seropositive children were low;
      toxoplasma was not isolated from tonsillar tissue; no direct microscopic evidence
      of the parasite could be established in smears of cell aspirate from lymph nodes
      regional to the palatine tonsils; the same smears failed to present the
      cytopathologic picture characteristic of nodal toxoplasmosis. In our ecologic
      conditions T. gondii is presumably not involved in the etiology of chronic
      tonsillitis, or it may be involved but to an epidemiologically not appreciable
      extent. (Tab. 10, Ref. 18).

PMID- 1809472
TI  - [Treatment with antitubercular agents after kidney transplantation].
AB  - After kidney transplantation 1-3.6% of patients develop tuberculosis. At early
      diagnosis and addressly applied treatment the disease is not life threatening. On
      the basis of the author's own experience and literary data, suitable combinations
      of antituberculotics are recommended. At normal or reduced function of the kidney
      transplant a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide is advocated.
      In deranged liver function the combination of choice consists of isoniazid,
      streptomycin, and ethambutol. (Ref. 9).

PMID- 1809473
TI  - [Maternal age in the etiology of schizophrenia].
AB  - The relationship between maternal age at time of delivery and the incidence of
      schizophrenia in the offspring was investigated. By the method of regression
      analysis the value of the regression coefficient was found to be positive,
      indicating that with an increase of the mean maternal age by one year the
      incidence of schizophrenia rises in the offspring by 0.68%. Statistical
      evaluation of the incidence of the disease in the offspring of two age groups of
      mothers showed that maternal age ranging from 31 to 40 (means = 25.1 y.) was
      accompanied with a statistically significant increase in the risk of developing
      schizophrenia in the offspring as compared to maternal age ranging from 18 to 30
      year (mean = 25.1 y.). The difference in the incidence of the disease in the
      offspring of the two age groups was 9.64% (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 13).

PMID- 1809474
TI  - [Interaction of the cerebral hemispheres in relation to their functional
      asymmetry].
AB  - Neurophysiological and neuropsychological methods are used to investigate the
      influence of one hemisphere on the activity of the other one. The findings
      concern contralateral motor irradiation, mirror movements and contralateral
      transmission of evoked potentials. At transcallosal transmission of information
      both quality and quantity of the information as well as the functional
      specification of the hemispheres is called into play. In derangements of the
      corpus callosum various disconnection syndromes develop, determined by the extent
      and localization of the lesion. Examination of patients with commissurotomy
      revealed a remaining partially operative interaction between the two hemispheres.
      The question of the relationship between conscious subjective experience and
      cerebral activity remains a philosophical problem. (Ref. 49).

PMID- 1809475
TI  - [Eulogy for Charles Dubost (1914-1991)].

PMID- 1809476
TI  - [Evolution of the conceptualization of diabetic retinopathy].
AB  - The latest studies on diabetic retinopathy reveal important clinical and
      therapeutic advances. From a clinical point of view, diverse methods of
      examination have enabled to study the primary damages of the pigmentary
      epithelium in cases of diabetic retinopathy in the young at the age of puberty
      and post-puberty. Moreover, neuro-functional exploration discloses the visual
      alterations which could not be objectified with classical methods of examination.
      The study of the circulation in different ocular tissues gives evidence of
      important facts concerning the evolution of the disease. The comparison of
      fluorescein angiography with other techniques of in-vivo injection has
      demonstrated the existence of a retino-choroidopathy with a particular pattern.
      Indications for pan-retinal coagulation and photo-coagulations can be better
      defined. Insulin pumps or combined pancreatic and kidney transplantation may
      contribute to achieve the glycemic balance but they do not solve the problem of
      diabetic retinopathy at an advanced stage. Other general therapies which are
      intended to improve the circulation of the hematological or immunological data
      have not yet proved to be effective in serious cases of retinopathy. Providing
      the latest research findings to ophthalmologists, primary care physicians and
      allied health professionals is the first priority in order to significantly
      reduce blindness due to diabetes by the year 2000.

PMID- 1809477
TI  - [The future of hemodialysis in the adult].
AB  - By the year 2000, the perspectives for hemodialysis performed in adults will be
      oriented towards facilitation of the practice of hemodialysis as a better control
      of clinical symptoms observed in end stage renal failure treated by hemodialysis.
      Blood access is the main problem which remains to be solved. The authors describe
      the advantages and disadvantages of the methods presently used and give the
      "state of the art" of "blood access" prosthesis. Almost all symptoms encountered
      in renal failure patients treated by hemodialysis can be efficiently treated.
      Hypotensive drugs usually reduce hypertension which resists adequate treatment by
      hemodialysis. Most of the symptoms of osteodystrophy can be avoided by adequate
      diet associated with the prescription of vitamin D analogs. Nevertheless, the
      prolongation of hemodialysis treatment duration over 7 years has led to the
      apparition of destructive arthropathies which are very painful and handicapping.
      They are related to amyloid deposit of beta 2-microglobulins. Progress in
      hemodialysis technics and a better control of uremic symptoms allow application
      of this treatment at all ages of life. The authors examine specific problems
      concerning school-aged teenagers and aged persons. They show that results already
      achieved allow a daily treatment of these patients. This is a first step for the
      generalisation of this procedure to all patients and its advantages are
      described. Improvement of hemodialysis technics for the year 2000, as can be
      expected, mainly depends upon progress in knowledge of biocompatibility
      parameters between materials used in the artificial kidney and patients tissues,
      mainly blood vessels.

PMID- 1809478
TI  - [Commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Dean Leon Binet (1891
      1971)].

PMID- 1809479
TI  - [Cardiovascular pathology in sickle cell anemia].
AB  - The author, in the light of 14 cardiovascular pathology cases among patients
      affected by sickle cell disease, itemizes the following data: Cardiovascular
      pathology in sickle cell disease can be a preoccupation not only among
      homozygotes but also among heterozygotes. The clinical polymorphism of this
      pathology concern not only the common anemia heart disease and the type of sickle
      cell heart disease what looks like a rheumatic heart disease, but also includes
      cases of cor pulmonale among young patients, sickle cell cardiomyopathy, and
      myocardial infarction among young. The sickle cell disease area, which outstrips
      the borders of the traditional african "sickle cell belt" requires that all
      practitioners be widely informed of the sometimes disconcerting polymorphism of
      this cardiovascular pathology which has a fairly particular etiology.

PMID- 1809480
TI  - [Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism (therapeutic and nosologic considerations
      from a personal experience of 2,395 cases)].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the author's surgical experience (2,395 operations)
      demonstrates that the surgical treatment of hyperthyroid is nowadays simple and
      benign without mortality and with a very low morbidity. This dramatic improvement
      can be explained by the combination of a better medical preparation, and a
      meticulous surgical technic in the hands of an experimented team. The long term
      results are excellent with no recurrence of hyperthyroid. In about 30% of
      patients is observed a residual hypothyroid, which is milder, less evolutive and
      easier to manage than hypothyroid following radio-iodine therapy. Surgery thus
      appears in most cases to be the best solution, when the impossibility or failure
      of a medical treatment leads to consider a more radical approach. A
      classification of hyperthyroid lesions is proposed which seemed more suitable for
      the establishment of a rational surgical strategy. This classification is based
      on the opposition of diffuse hyperfunctional hyperplasia (with or without nodes)
      and localised toxic adenomas (single or multiple).

PMID- 1809481
TI  - [Interventional imaging: a new specialty in between radiology and surgery].
AB  - Interventional radiology can be defined as the medical field of all diagnostic
      and therapeutic procedures performed with imaging techniques (Sonography,
      angiography, X-scanner, Magnetic resonance, radionuclides ... ). Interventional
      Radiology comprises 350 types-procedures in common use, that represent more than
      half a million acts/year in France. Its development was promoted by all the
      innovations in imaging and by pioneers of Radiology who created new and
      adaptative tools in order to act as atraumatically as possible but specifically
      on the pathological process. Interventional radiology needs practitioners who
      received a double education in imaging and medico-surgical specialty (before
      entering in an interventional imaging training). To develop and evaluate the
      tools of tomorrow, Interventional Radiology needs to develop one or several
      research interfaces where interventional radiology, companies and searchers could
      meet and work altogether.

PMID- 1809482
TI  - [Interventional cardiology in adults].
AB  - Interventional cardiology has become an alternative to surgery in the treatment
      of coronary artery and stenotic valvular diseases. Percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty is a method of treating severe coronary stenoses under
      simple local anaesthesia with a primary success rate of 90% and a mortality of
      about 1%--nearly zero in single vessel disease. These results have to be tempered
      by the relatively common occurrence of restenosis (30 to 40%) which are treatable
      by repeat angioplasty. Amongst the new techniques under evaluation at present,
      coronary endoprostheses (stents) seem to be the most effective in reducing the
      rate of restenosis. Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with an inflatable balloon
      catheter is associated with excellent results in cases of mitral stenosis when
      the valvular and subvalvular apparatus is not stiff and not calcified. On the
      other hand, the results of aortic valve dilatation are often inadequate and
      temporary, and this technique is now reserved for very elderly patients with
      severe aortic stenosis and irreducible cardiac failure, inoperable, and for
      patients with symptomatic calcific aortic stenosis who have to undergo urgent
      extracardiac surgery and who could benefit from valvular replacement at a later
      date. Interventional cardiology may replace or postpone surgery and allows
      effective treatment of patients too old or too ill to undergo cardiac surgery.

PMID- 1809483
TI  - [Coronary angioplasty today].
AB  - The rise of coronary angioplasty has been rapid in the last ten years. It is a
      method of myocardial revascularisation without thoracotomy or cardiopulmonary
      bypass and is curative in the absence of restenosis. Recent advances concern the
      development of the material and the pharmacological support which reduce the risk
      of coronary thrombosis during the procedure. The primary success rate now
      approaches 90%, that of emergency bypass surgery less than 5%. The use of
      autoperfusion catheters and the use of intra-aortic balloon pumping improve the
      safety of the procedure but surgical stand-by remains a necessity in cases of
      dilatation of proximal main coronary stenosis. Stable and unstable angina are the
      main indications of a technique particularly appropriate for elderly patients and
      the treatment of residual post-thrombolytic stenoses, post-radic stenosis or
      stenosis of a single functional coronary artery. Restenosis is observed in 30 to
      40% of cases during the first six months after the dilatation. Its occurrence is
      not influenced by any of the drugs tested but it could be reduced by the
      insertion of an endocoronary stent. Abrasive endocoronary techniques and laser
      angioplasty are alternative methods of treating coronary stenoses inaccessible to
      conventional balloon angioplasty but they do not reduce the risk of restenosis.

PMID- 1809484
TI  - [Interventional neuroradiology].
AB  - Interventional procedures in neuroradiology have three great applications:
      endovascular therapy, stereotactic brain procedures, percutaneous therapeutic
      radiology of the spine. Endovascular therapies consist of occlusions of vessels
      or arteriovenous malformations, desobstruction of totally or partially occluded
      vessels and intraarterial chemotherapy. Stereotactic brain procedures consist of
      biopsies and stereotactic radiosurgery. Biopsy of the spine, facet joints
      infiltrations under fluoroscopic guidance, intervertebral disk infiltration,
      chemonucleolysis and percutaneous automated nucleotomy, vertebroplasties are the
      different interventional procedures of the spine. This activity with an
      increasing development must lead to the creation of interventional neuroradiology
      units associated with fundamental research.

PMID- 1809485
TI  - [Vascular interventional radiology].
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal recanalization of vessels (angioplasty) has been
      invented by radiologists. Their recent huge development may conceal 120 others
      endovascular interventional procedures performed by radiologists, surgeons,
      cardiologists, anesthetists. A variety of interventional endovascular instruments
      have been produced and used in a wide field of pathologies: balloons for proximal
      clamping, distal embolization by particles, arterial desobstruction by seeking
      devices, propping of vascular lumen by stenting, in situ infusion of drugs
      (fibrinolysis), filters, foreign body retrieval systems. Training in vascular
      interventional radiology must include experience with endovascular instruments,
      but also instruction in radiation effects and protection, practice in
      angiographic lab and perfect knowledge of clinical manifestations and natural
      history of the disease to be treated.

PMID- 1809486
TI  - [Interventional radiology in oncology].
AB  - Oncology represents a very wide field of applications in interventional
      radiology. Procedures are diagnostic as well as therapeutic; approaches may be
      endovascular (either arterial or venous), endocanalar, or transcutaneous;
      guidance may need X-ray, sonographic, CT scan or endoscopic control. Such a
      diversity in methods makes clinical and technical training especially long. Main
      indications of endoarterial approaches are: pain, bleeding, abnormal secretion
      (endocrine tumors and paraneoplastic syndrome), abnormal function (kidney,
      spleen), preoperative devascularization of tumors, redistribution of arterial
      flows before intra arterial chemotherapy, chemoembolizations. Venous pathology is
      known to be particularly frequent in oncology. Current indications are inferior
      vena cava filter placement, angioplasty and stenting in case of superior vena
      cava syndrome, local fibrinolysis, foreign bodies extraction. Drainages, stenosis
      dilations and stent placements are daily procedures in urinary and biliary tracts
      in order to treat obstructions, sepsis or fistulas. Transcutaneous approaches
      under radiological guidance allow biopsies, drainage of deep collections,
      antalgic nerve infiltrations, gastrostomy. Nowadays, interventional radiology can
      be considered as a requisite weapon for a correct cancerous patient management,
      since it is useful from the initial diagnostic biopsy to the palliative care of
      cancer complications.

PMID- 1809487
TI  - [The new organizational approach introduced by interventional radiology].
AB  - The primary approach to the interventional radiology is to substitute what could
      have been a major intervention by something done on either in the out-patients
      department or during a brief hospitalization. This evolution on the medical
      practice is coupled with the problem of a multidisciplinary team (radiologist,
      anesthetist, surgeon organ specialist) approach oriented to the same technical
      platform.

PMID- 1809488
TI  - [Research in interventional imaging].
AB  - Interventional Imaging research has two objectives: developing new materials for
      atraumatic percutaneous and image-guided access to pathologies and organs, and
      their treatment tools. This represents a new field of research of Biomedical
      Engineering, which is at the cross-point of medical and engineering techniques.
      It requires a major input from industrial firms.

PMID- 1809489
TI  - [Gray platelet syndrome, an example of myelofibrosis of megakaryocytic origin].
AB  - In this study, the clinical history of two patients with the gray platelet
      syndrome, a rare congenital disorder associating thrombopathia and myelofibrosis
      is recalled. Complementary studies on platelets and megakaryocytes were
      performed, mainly with an immunocytochemical approach. In gray platelets, a
      general decrease of alpha-granule proteins, including PF4, beta tg and PDGF was
      observed. The decrease in platelet mitogenic activity (PDGF) was confirmed by
      biological and radio-immunological measurements. An abnormally high level of
      these compounds was also found in the plasma. In megakaryocytes cultured from the
      bone marrow of these patients, alpha-granule proteins were normally expressed in
      early maturation stages, whereas they were found to be absent in the mature
      megakaryocytes. An alpha-granule membrane glycoprotein, GMP 140 has been studied
      in resting and thrombin stimulated gray platelets and was found to be normally
      expressed at the surface of stimulated platelets. GMP140 was studied in resting
      platelets by immunoelectron microscopy and found to be present in vacuole
      probably corresponding to empty granules. This observation allows to conclude
      that alpha-granule membrane is formed in the gray platelet syndrome, but that
      there is a storage defect of alpha-granule soluble proteins, possibly due to an
      abnormal targetting of these proteins to the alpha-granule. Synthesis and
      subsequent release of these proteins, namely of the mitogenic factors, which can
      induce myelofibrosis and lung fibrosis by abnormal fibroblast stimulation, is
      discussed.

PMID- 1809490
TI  - [Children's respiratory health and air pollution].
AB  - Two surveys--one in children 9-11 living in an industrially polluted area, the
      other one on younger children in an urban environment--combined the collect of
      previous health impairments through a standardized questionnaire, clinical
      examination and respiratory functional testing with automatized air pollution
      measurement. Results confirmed those of similar surveys, that is the mildness of
      observed anomalies and the diverging perturbations: clinical symptoms without
      functional alterations or the reverse. Complementary research is therefore
      needed, if possible longitudinal.

PMID- 1809491
TI  - [The anatomical and functional origin of the first bipedalism].
AB  - This communication is the synthesis of ten years of researchers of comparative
      anatomy done by the author or under his control on fossil Hominids, three million
      years old, found by his expeditions in Eastern Ethiopia. It brings, for the first
      time, the odd picture of a skeleton adapted to arboricolism and bipedalism
      together. The rachis has already the curves of an erect being but with at least a
      thoraco-lumbar cyphosis a bit more elongated than in our own rachis; the pelvis
      is wide and shallow like the pelvis of a biped but with many particular features
      like the width of the iliac wings, a great biacetabular diameter, the small size
      of the coxo-femoral joints; the femur is short with a special long neck, a very
      oblique diaphysis like in Man and an intercondylar fossa, deep and wide like in
      chimp; the tibia is also short, its spines very tight in such a way that the knee
      shows a great laxity. The foot is short and flat, with an abducted hallux and
      long curved toes; the scapular, elbow and wrist joints show, at the opposite of
      the knee joint, a great solidity, but both characteristics of the hind and fore
      limb joints are not in contradiction: they are, as in chimpanzees again,
      functionally adapted to climbing and moving in the trees where are needed firm
      grip of the hands as well as mobility of the knee and of the foot. It seems that
      the early Australopithecine' bipedalism was original, different from ours and
      quite instable: short steps were necessary to maintain equilibrium as well as a
      strong rotation of the pelvis around the vertebral axis (50 to 60 degrees on each
      side). This analysis is then demonstrating a real evolution of bipedalism which
      was not at all, at once, the bipedalism of Homo sapiens, as it has been claimed.
      This paper is also showing that bipedalism anatomic organization is taking place
      from the pelvis to the foot and not the other way round. At last, as we have
      found, also in Ethiopia, stone-tools more than three million years old in
      association with Australopithecus, it seems that the very first made tools were
      the invention of prehumans who did not have yet the hands completely free from
      locomotion.

PMID- 1809492
TI  - [Outpatient surgery. Why? How?].
AB  - One day surgery--defined by the fact that the patient enters the clinic in the
      morning and returns at home late in the afternoon--requires the observation of a
      whole of criteria which are absolutely necessary to guarantee the highest
      security as possible. At first an outstanding collaboration with the anesthetist
      is mandatory. Material conditions of its practice should'nt be neglected. Rooms
      and medical staff have to be appropriate. Indications of its performance are
      large but depend of the experience of the surgeon. Limits are ruled by the
      general status of the patient and also by his social conditions and his
      surroundings, not to forget an excellent collaboration with the general
      practitioner. Economic advantages seem obvious but have to be calculated. It is
      above all necessary to persuade the public hospital administrations and the
      social Security structures, of the interest and the advantages of one day
      surgery.

PMID- 1809494
TI  - [Two years' experience teaching medical ethics in a hospital clinic course].
AB  - Ethics problems arise from conflict of values: a physician has to take charge of
      his patients, but advances of sciences and technics make such conflicts more and
      more frequent. Their solution cannot be left to a mere improvization. Medical
      ethics have to be taught. In Strasbourg, we have elected to teach compulsory
      medical ethics in the course of compulsory hospital training, for five mornings
      running, to groups of ten fifth-year medical students, the place being different
      each day. Fifteen departments including five specialties, internal medicine,
      intensive care, pediatrics, gynecology-obstetrics, geriatrics, are involved in
      this experience. The training takes place near the patient bed in the presence of
      a medical teacher. Communication and multi-disciplinarity are the
      characteristics. The teaching is done with the purpose of bringing about
      reflection in the students, of proposing methods for the discovering and the
      approach of ethics problems, of leading the students up to the enlightenment of
      their own scale of evaluation. A few previous lectures about history of ethics
      through different philosophical systems, about social, economical and cultural
      implications, are given for basic formation of the students. This teaching
      experience interests students and teachers greatly. The first ones have the
      opportunity to perceive a new dimension of medical responsibility, the second
      ones appreciate this form of recovered fellowship.

PMID- 1809493
TI  - [New techniques for investigation of human nutrition].
AB  - Accurate determination of energy requirement and nutrients metabolism is
      essential to improve physiological knowledge and for physiopathological purpose
      in human nutrition. This evaluation is an absolute necessity for food industry.
      Energy expenditure could be precisely determined by indirect calorimetry or
      doubly labeled water technic. Nutrients metabolism (kinetics?) and substrates
      turn-over studies are now accessible without health hazard using tracers labelled
      with stable isotopes. These three methods are the basic tools for the new
      Research Nutrition Center which are now in progress.

PMID- 1809495
TI  - [Hirschsprung disease].
AB  - From forty years new knowledges about Hirschsprung's disease have dramatically
      transformed classical concepts of congenital megacolon. The author emphasizes
      successive steps of knowledges fron his personal experience of 500 patients
      observed at Pediatric Surgical Department, Hopital des Enfants Malades, Paris,
      and own contribution at several research programs on this topic. They concern
      Radiology, Manometry, Histochemistry, Immunocytochemistry. Using technics of
      molecular biology, recent progress in knowledge of neural crest cells migration
      towards myenteric plexus, light etiopathogenesis of the disease. Several
      pathological associations suggest the genetic origin of the neuro transducers
      defect. Whatever be the scientific interest of it, clinical lethal risk of early
      enterocolitis remains a daily evidence. Simple routine precocious deflation of
      colonic hyperpression is still the most important message to be stressed.

PMID- 1809496
TI  - [Chemotherapy of soft tissue sarcoma in adults].
AB  - The results of several studies of chemotherapy in treatment of soft tissue
      sarcomas of adults (except embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma) are presented. Most of
      these studies have been performed and published by the EORTC Bone and Soft tissue
      sarcoma group. In advanced disease, a randomized trial including 551 evaluable
      patients and comparing doxorubicin alone (75 mg/m2 q. 3 weeks), and two
      combination regimens: DI (Doxorubicin (50 mg/m2) + Ifosfamide (5 g/m2 + mesnum q.
      3 weeks), and Cyvadic (Doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 d1, DTIC 750 mg/m2 d1, VCR 1.5 mg/m2
      d1 (maximum 2 mg/m2), Cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 d1 q. 3 weeks), failed to prove
      any significant difference between these 3 treatments for response rate (25%,
      31%, 28%), quality of the response and survival. There is a dose/effect
      relationship doxorubicin, it is possible that if combination is not superior to a
      single agent, the reason could be that the dose of doxorubicin is too low when
      used in combination as compared with the dose when used alone. So, in a phase II
      trial including 48 evaluable patients, optimal dose of doxorubicin (75 mg/m2 and
      Ifosfamide (5 g/m2) was given in association with rhGM-CSF. The response rate
      observed with this combination was 50%. For localized disease, in a randomized
      trial of the EORTC including 374 evaluable patients with resectable tumors with a
      mean follow-up of 44 months, the interest of 8 Cyvadic as adjuvant chemotherapy
      after adequate locoregional treatment (surgery with or without radiotherapy) was
      demonstrated only for locoregional relapse free survival but no for metastatic
      disease free survival or overall survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809497
TI  - [Eulogy for Rene Martin (1898-1991)].

PMID- 1809498
TI  - [Diverticular sigmoiditis: surgical treatment].
AB  - From 1966 to 1990, 226 consecutive patients were operated on electively for
      diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon. The indications for surgery were
      colovesical fistula or suspicion of residual abscess, existence of two or more
      previous attacks of acute inflammation, existence of chronic symptoms and
      suspicion of colonic carcinoma. Colonic resection with primary anastomosis was
      performed in 217 patients with a covering colostomy in 1 case only. The Hartmann
      procedure was performed in 9 patients with extension of the lesions to the rectum
      and/or high operative risk. One or more abscesses were found by the surgeon or
      the pathologist in 50% of the patients. There were no postoperative deaths, no
      clinical anastomotic leakages. Long-term results were evaluated for the patients
      operated on before 1987, with a follow-up from 2 to 22 years. 85% of the patients
      had no more symptoms, 11% complained of persistent symptoms and 3% had recurrent
      attacks of pain and fever. Colonic barium enema is the best examination for
      diverticulitis and chronic abscesses. Surgical treatment is easier for abscesses
      located within the colonic wall and mesentery, than for extracolic abscesses with
      local peritonitis. Correlations between preoperative symptoms and operative
      findings are often not good. The good results obtained in 82% of the patients
      operated on for chronic symptoms suggest that chronic symptoms should be part of
      the indications for elective surgery. The low incidence (3%) of recurrent attacks
      of pain and fever is in favour of a resection limited to the sigmoid colon even
      when diffuse colonic diverticula are present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809499
TI  - [Definition of acupuncture].

PMID- 1809500
TI  - [Vitamin E: protection of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids against radical
      peroxidation in the course of cerebral aging, particularly in cerebral
      capillaries and microvessels].
AB  - Nerve tissue (as well as capillaries and cerebral microvessels) has a very high
      concentration in polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to linoleic and alpha
      linolenic series. Nerve tissue also requires large amounts of oxygen. Radical
      peroxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids represents a serious risk to the
      biochemistry and physiology of the membranes: it can be a cause of cellular
      death. During aging, the capillaries and cerebral microvessels undergo extensive
      modifications at the level of the polyunsaturated fatty acids: for example, the
      concentration of arachidonic acid decreases by half. In brain in general, vitamin
      E is very well protected: after oxidation, it is rapidly regenerated; it seems to
      undergo only slight degradation. In case of dietary deficiency, the brain loses
      much less vitamin E, and at a slower rate, than other non-nerve tissue. During
      aging, there is a relation between the content in vitamin E and the concentration
      of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic series, but not of the alpha
      linolenic series. In addition, vitamin E deficiency also leads to a decrease in
      the enzymatic activities that protect against peroxidation of fatty acids.

PMID- 1809501
TI  - [Where is the experience of "Pilot-Hospitals" in hospital hygiene? First approach
      of a quality label].
AB  - The testing of "Pilot-Hospitals", which started in early 1990, is being continued
      and expanded: the continuous monitoring of cross infections in "Pilot-Hospitals"
      according to one single methodology, the one recommended by the Council of
      Europe, has enabled us to record and to analyse 5,389 reports of infections for
      the year 1990. Urinary tract infection is the most common site of nosocomial
      infection (36.5%), followed by broncho-pulmonary complications (22%), local
      complications (15%) and septicaemias (12.2%). Enterobacteria, and especially
      Escherichia coli, predominate and Staphylococci infections, especially coagulase
      negative Staphylococci, increase. According to the wish of the "Academie
      Nationale de Medecine de France", which required us to establish a Quality Label
      which could be applied to the various hospitals, "Pilot-Hospitals" are
      progressively establishing the criteria of this label. At present, eleven
      criteria have been kept: the first three ones are inherent in the Recommendations
      of the Council of Europe and require the introduction of a continuous monitoring
      of nosocomial infections, the setting up of an Infection Control Committee--which
      meets at least three times a year--, as well as a pluri-disciplinary training
      scheme. The eight other criteria emphasize the necessity for an operational cell
      in hospital hygiene, according to the size of the hospital, and determination of
      a personnel ratio assigned to the cell according to the number of beds occupied
      and to the type of activity of the department.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809502
TI  - Dental lasers--myths, magic and miracles? 2. Present and future uses.

PMID- 1809503
TI  - Early management of maxillary dentofacial deficiency: three case reports.

PMID- 1809504
TI  - Mandibular fractures.

PMID- 1809505
TI  - The dentist's role in pain control: understanding the differences between general
      anesthesia and conscious sedation.

PMID- 1809506
TI  - Saddle-Lock hidden-clasp partial dentures.

PMID- 1809507
TI  - A compact guide to ultrasonic instrumentation.

PMID- 1809508
TI  - What ever happened to denturism?

PMID- 1809509
TI  - Soft-tissue considerations in esthetic dentistry.
AB  - The marriage of periodontics with esthetic/restorative dentistry, or the "perio
      esthetic connection," may be the most critical interdisciplinary relationship in
      contemporary dental practice. The foundation provided by healthy, well-contoured,
      biologically sound, symmetrical supporting tissues significantly enhances the
      cosmetic and functional value of restorative and prosthetic reconstruction.
      Conversely, the finest restorative fabrication can be markedly diminished by
      unhealthy, poorly maintained gingival and periodontal tissues. The remarkable
      advances in the materials sciences have enabled us to restore the dentition to
      natural function and appearance, but, as with a portrait, the esthetic results
      are either enhanced or diminished by the boundaries of the frame. This paper
      focuses on the marginal and attached gingival tissues and the relationship of the
      lip line, without delving into the various surgical modalities currently
      available.

PMID- 1809510
TI  - Ridge augmentation to enhance esthetics in fixed prosthetic treatment.
AB  - There are a number of periodontal plastic surgery procedures that can be used to
      reconstruct deformed, partially edentulous ridges in order to enhance dentofacial
      esthetics in fixed prosthetic treatment. The preprosthetic-presurgical phase of
      treatment planning is critical to a successful overall result. The information
      gained at this stage of treatment governs the techniques that should be used and
      the integration and staging of events in therapy. Four case reports are presented
      to illustrate successful management of different types of esthetic and prosthetic
      problems.

PMID- 1809511
TI  - Covering denuded maxillary root surfaces with the subepithelial connective tissue
      graft.
AB  - The subepithelial connective tissue graft is an esthetic gingival grafting
      procedure used to cover denuded single and multiple surfaces primarily of
      maxillary anterior and bicuspid teeth. A clinical study of 10 private practice
      periodontal patients is presented with results of 97.04% root coverage achieved
      on average in 21 sites treated, which had an average recession of 3.86 mm. The
      technique and the rationale for its use are presented with documented case report
      results.

PMID- 1809512
TI  - Adult orthodontics: periodontic and cosmetic enhancements.
AB  - Approximately 30 years ago it became apparent that the periodontal, occlusal, and
      restorative needs inherent in the therapeutic management of the stomatognathic
      system required repositioning the teeth or the entire dentition. Precedence in
      adult orthodontics concentrated on correcting diastemas and malpositioned teeth,
      leveling infrabony defects, reducing periodontal depths, leveling occlusal
      planes, and creating harmonious gingival-lip line relationships. The desired
      result can be obtained by any of these procedures, but the perception and
      acceptance of an improved appearance or a beautiful smile will determine the
      ultimate success for the patient.

PMID- 1809514
TI  - [New trends in the treatment of Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1809515
TI  - [Congenital myasthenic syndrome].

PMID- 1809513
TI  - Multidisciplinary approach to a combined endodontic-periodontal lesion: a case
      report.
AB  - Esthetic dental treatment under ideal conditions is usually managed routinely
      without complication. Under such conditions, the periodontium is in a state of
      health and active periodontal therapy is not needed. However, in the presence of
      dental pathology, achieving our esthetic goals becomes exceedingly difficult.
      Correction of periodontal defects often leads to increased recession and
      interdental spaces, both difficult esthetic problems to manage. When existing
      periodontal defects are coupled with other pathologic entities, such as caries or
      trauma, the problems in trying to satisfy our treatment goals are compounded. A
      multidisciplinary approach is indicated and can provide excellent results.

PMID- 1809516
TI  - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases in children].
AB  - Recently in the literature occasional reports were published on the use of
      computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. The authors
      compared in a group of 23 children aged 3 to 15 years the results of clinical,
      laboratory, electromyographic, bioptic and CT findings on muscles. Only in four
      children the result of CT did not correlate with the clinical finding because of
      the incipient stage of the disease with structural changes which were yet only
      slightly expressed. Consistent with data in the literature it was possible from
      the CT to differentiate primary myopathies from neurogenic ones. The objective of
      the work was to prove the assets of the new method in the diagnosis of
      neuromuscular diseases, in particular in young children who do not cooperate
      during routine EMG examinations. There CT is an important guide for selective EMG
      and in particular for aimed bioptic studies which still hold priority in the
      specification of the disease. In already diagnosed and treated patients it is
      possible to investigate by means of CT the course of the disease by a non
      invasive approach.

PMID- 1809517
TI  - [Tumor compression of the conus and cauda].
AB  - The author analyzed a group of 17 patients with spinal tumours with symptoms of
      compression of the conus or cauda. Early clinical symptoms were sought and the
      entire clinical course before surgery was evaluated. The objective clinical
      finding was compared with the surgical one. Causes of diagnostic errors were
      analyzed. Most frequently a discogenic or other vertebrogenic cause of complaints
      was suspected. In all patients a local or root symptoms were the first
      manifestation of the disease. From the investigation ensues that a tumour must be
      considered when pain radiates into both lower extremities, in case of striking
      stiffness of the spine up to the neck and in case of damage of the higher lumbar
      roots. Tumours are more frequently located higher than prolapsed discs with
      manifestations of caudal compression. When bone structures are affected in
      primary tumours, the objective clinical finding may be very sparse. Tumours at
      the borderline of Th-L may be manifested by root symptoms L5 or S1. During PMG
      attention is focused lower, usually a prolapsed disc of L4/5 or L5/S1 is
      suspected and the tumour may be missed. Values of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in
      fluid collected at the lumbar level were high in all patients of the group.

PMID- 1809518
TI  - [Anterior choroidal artery syndromes].
AB  - Three cases of anterior choroidal artery territorial infarction, diagnosed by
      computerized tomography, with the triad of hemiplegia, hemianaesthesia and
      hemianopia, pure motor stroke and ataxic hemiparesis are described. Major and
      minor (lacular) infarctions in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery
      involve almost exclusively the basal segment of the posterior limb of the
      internal capsule and manifest themselves by symptoms of long pathway lesion.
      Based on the published case reports and the authors' own observations, the
      complete capsular syndrome characterized by the triad of hemiplegia,
      hemianaesthesia and hemianopia was differentiated from partial capsular syndromes
      including the following forms: pure motor stroke, pure sensory stroke,
      sensorimotor stroke, sensory stroke with hemiataxia, ataxic hemiparesis,
      dysarthria and/or clumsy hand, and homonymous hemianopia (quadrantanopia or
      sectoranopia). The characteristic features of the above types of capsular
      syndromes were analyzed. Distant symptoms of territorial infarctions involving
      the anterior choroidal artery are transcortical sensory or motor aphasias and
      construction apraxia in the dominant hemisphere, left side perception failure and
      visual-construction apraxia in the non-dominant hemisphere, and cerebellar
      hemiataxia. These distant symptoms are a manifestation of distant cortical or
      cerebellar metabolic depression due to the mechanism of diaschisis.

PMID- 1809519
TI  - [Cerebellar malacias in younger patients].
AB  - Based on four observations of cerebellar malacia in patients aged 40-45 years the
      authors describe the clinical picture of the disease, characterized by acute
      fierce occipital headache associated with nausea and vomiting. Focal cerebellar
      and stem symptoms develop frequently after a latency of several hours or days.
      None of the patients had signs of advanced arteriosclerosis or arterial
      hypertension:in two during the premorbid period arteriospastic manifestations
      were present--in one migraine, in the other angina pectoris. In three patients CT
      revealed bilateral malatic cerebellar affection, in one instance bilateral
      affection could be assumed from correlation of the clinical and CT finding. One
      patient died, necropsy revealed extensive malatic foci in both cerebellar
      hemispheres, while the finding on the entire vascular system was normal. Based on
      these observations and similar reports in the literature the authors discuss the
      possibility that arteriospasms are the decisive pathogenetic factor in the
      development of cerebellar malacia in young and middle age. The authors emphasize
      the importance of secondary oedematous changes for the prognosis and recommend
      for therapy a combination of common vasoactive substances with intensive
      antioedematous treatment and administration of calcium antagonists.

PMID- 1809520
TI  - [Somatosensory evoked potentials in workers exposed to toluene].
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluated by means of SEPs possible subclinical
      impairment of the nervous system during long-lasting toluene exposure. A group of
      36 rotogravure printers (men, mean age 39.3 +/- 11.6 years) exposed to toluene
      from a polygraphic plant in Prague was investigated. The severity of toluene
      exposure was documented by the measurements of toluene concentration in the
      breathing zone air, by the toluene concentration in blood and by biological
      monitoring (urinary hippuric acid concentration). The duration of exposure was
      0.1-41.0 (mean 12.0) years. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited by
      stimulation of the median a tibial nerves, clinical neurological examinations and
      laboratory tests were performed on each worker. The results of SEPs
      investigations were compared with findings in a control group of 23 healthy men
      (mean age 31 +/- 10 years). Most of printers abused alcohol regularly. Peripheral
      conduction velocities in both extremities and central conduction time in case of
      lower limb stimulation were decreased statistically significant (P less than
      0.05). All abnormalities of SEPs at peripheral and/or spinal and cortical levels
      were found in 8 cases, of these in 3 workers were found the SEP abnormalities of
      "central" type (the increased central conduction time at normal conduction values
      in the periphery). An impairment of all SEP pathways was found in 2 workers. Our
      results indicate an impairment in both central and peripheral parts of nervous
      system. Peripheral abnormalities could be interpreted as an incipient ethylic
      polyneuropathy and central abnormalities as an early sign of subclinical
      dysfunction at spinal and cortical levels due to toluene exposure potentiated by
      alcohol consumption.

PMID- 1809521
TI  - [Low-molecular transfer factor and its use in the treatment of amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis].
AB  - A low-molecular leukocyte dialysate, suppressor transfer factor (STF), exerting a
      stimulating effect on CD8 subpopulations in man, was administered to 17 patients
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Following three s.c. injections of STF,
      activation of CD8 subpopulations was noted in 11 patients while a decrease in CD4
      in seven. Progression of the disease was found to slow in nine outpatients
      administered STF injections at an interval of 3-4 weeks. No therapeutic effect
      was seen in four patients in whom STF injection failed to show stimulating
      activity on lymphocyte subpopulations. Remission of the stimulating effect of STF
      occurs within four weeks. No side effects were seen in any of the patients
      treated. The effect of STF on immune reactivity and on the clinical course of ALS
      supports the hypothesis of autoimmune character of the disease.

PMID- 1809522
TI  - [Spinal column diseases of the dentist. Etiology, prevention and treatment].

PMID- 1809523
TI  - [The place of arthroscopy in diagnosis and treatment of occlusal problems].

PMID- 1809524
TI  - A comparison of the effectiveness of two systems for the prevention of radiation
      caries.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two systems for the
      prevention of dental caries in patients who have received radiation treatment
      (mean number of rads; 5672 +/- 1113) for head and neck cancer. The baseline
      examination of 184 dentulous patients included measures of DMFS and the Root
      Caries Index (RCI), field of radiation, gingival inflammation, oral hygiene
      status, pocket depth and attachment loss. The patients were assigned randomly
      into two treatment groups. One group was instructed to use 0.4% Sn2 gel while
      toothbrushing everyday, and the other group was instructed to use a 1.1% neutral
      NaF gel for three months, followed by twice daily rinsing with a remineralizing
      mouthrinse (Salminsol Solutions, Iowa City, Iowa). One hundred and forty-three
      patients were re-examined after one-year, and 69, 56 and 18 patients continued in
      the NaF gel/remineralizing mouthrinse, SnF2 and non-compliant groups,
      respectively. Inter-group comparisons showed that the incidence of MT, DMFT, and
      DF surfaced, and the RCI were significantly higher in the non-compliant group
      compared to either the SnF2 or NaF gel/remineralizing mouthrinse groups (P less
      than 0.05). Also, the NaF gel/remineralizing mouthrinse group demonstrated a
      significantly higher incidence of carious root surfaces compared to the SnF2
      group (P less than 0.05). Also the incidence of radiation caries was
      significantly higher when the field of radiation exposed a greater surface area
      of the major salivary glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809525
TI  - Effect of vitamin E gel, placebo gel and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a topical 5% vitamin E
      gel, a placebo gel and chlorhexidine on established and developing plaque and
      periodontal disease in 48 adult subjects. Baseline data included Plaque Index,
      Gingival Index and periodontal probing depth. All data were collected by a single
      calibrated examiner using a double-blind methodology. One group of subjects
      applied 12 mL of a vitamin E-containing gel delivering 800 mg of alpha
      tocopherol, another applied 12 mL of a placebo gel, and the final group rinsed
      with 0.5 oz of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. After two weeks, the clinical data
      were again recorded, and two quadrants were randomly selected and treated by root
      planing and scaling, with data collection repeated after both 4 and 6 weeks. Our
      results indicated that no significant effects upon plaque or gingivitis were
      obtainable in either the placebo or the vitamin E groups. However, use of 0.12%
      chlorhexidine significantly reduced plaque. These results do not support the use
      of vitamin E as a topical chemotherapeutic agent for the control of gingivitis or
      periodontal disease.

PMID- 1809526
TI  - Study of malarial chemoprophylaxis and pregnancy gingivitis in Nigerian women.
AB  - Resolution of pregnancy gingivitis during pregnancy despite the usual therapy of
      scaling has not proved to be satisfactory. A clinical study of pregnancy
      gingivitis in 55 pregnant women (23 primigravid, 32 multigravid) showed
      pyrimethamine prophylaxis had a significant positive effect in the resolution of
      gingivitis during pregnancy. At the end of the gestation period, pregnant women
      who received pyrimethamine as malarial chemoprophylaxis showed significant
      improvements, as compared with placebo, in relation to gingival bleeding and
      enlargement, whether primigravid or multigravid. These clinical observations
      suggest that pyrimethamine may exhibit properties that may be inflammatory, act
      as immune enhancer and antihyperplastic agent by probably possessing an
      antagonistic effect upon nucleic acid synthesis.

PMID- 1809527
TI  - Effect of amine fluoride subgingival irrigation on periodontally diseased sites.
AB  - Amine fluoride gel, a surfactant and bactericidal compound was tested for
      irrigation of periodontal sites in inflammatory periodontal disease. Eight
      volunteer-patients who had at least 4 sites with probing depths of 6 mm or more
      in two different quadrants participated in the study. The start of the study was
      preceded by supragingival scaling. At the selected sites clinical (PI, GI, BOP,
      probing attachment) and microbial examinations (percentage motile rods and
      spirochetes) were performed at baseline, 30, 60 and 9 days. Irrigation with AmF
      gel and saline was performed at experimental and control sites twice weekly
      during one month. The mean Plaque Index, bleeding on probing and percentage
      mobile rods and spirochetes, at baseline, were not significantly different
      between the experimental and control groups, where as the mean gingival index and
      probing attachment were significantly different. There were decreases in the
      Plaque and Gingival Indexes, bleeding on probing, percentage motile rods and
      spirochetes and gain in probing attachment in both experimental and control
      groups during the test period of 60 days. However, these improvements from
      baseline values to the periods of 30, 60 and 90 days between the treatment and
      control groups were not significant. Although mean improvements of the parameters
      examined were greater in the experimental group, this was probably due to higher
      baseline values in this group.

PMID- 1809528
TI  - Agranulocytosis--periodontal manifestations and treatment of the acute phase: a
      case report.
AB  - A case report of oral and periodontal manifestation of agranulocytosis in a 12
      year-old girl is presented. The agranulocytic state may have been caused by
      chronic brucellosis since childhood. On admission to the hospital, the acute oral
      symptoms were treated in order to enable the child to eat and perform standard
      oral hygiene measures. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% was irrigated daily under
      pressure for supra- and subgingival plaque control. Resolution of inflammation
      was achieved without increase in white blood count and thus can be attributed to
      the control of the local etiologic factor, i.e., plaque.

PMID- 1809529
TI  - Cosmetic ingredient labelling in the European Community.

PMID- 1809530
TI  - Formaldehyde is a significant allergen in women with hand eczema.
AB  - Among patients consecutively patch tested at St John's from 1984-1989, the
      prevalence rate of formaldehyde sensitivity was 2.2% for men and 3.7% for women.
      During these 6 years, 117 women were primarily sensitized by formaldehyde, of
      whom 61 (52%) had hand eczema. Exposure was occupational in 12% and domestic in
      88%. Cleaning products were the main source of exposure in the domestic group. 20
      women with hand eczema avoided formaldehyde and their hands healed in 2, greatly
      improved in 11 and were better in 7.

PMID- 1809531
TI  - Chemical and pharmacologic skin irritation in man. A reflectance spectroscopic
      study.
AB  - Attention is increasingly being focused on the relationship of dissociation
      constant (pKa) of chemicals and skin irritation presumably caused by pH effects
      at epidermal levels. Human skin studies of irritation have utilized both
      subjective visual-palpation scores and reflectance spectroscopy (RS) or laser
      Doppler velocimetry (LDV) respectively. Several studies document that erythema
      determined subjectively and objectively correlates with the degree of skin
      irritancy, but others report lack of correlation between LDV and irritancy scored
      subjectively. In this study, pharmacological and chemical in vivo skin irritation
      was evaluated utilizing an improved reflectance spectrophotometer equipped with
      computerized data analysis. In 16 white females, a model for skin irritation was
      induced by a 24-h patch application of 4 basic chemicals, imipramine,
      norephedrine, nicotine and 8-aminoquinoline, with pKa'S ranging from 3.8 to 9.5.
      Skin pigmentation (melanin) and the relative amounts of oxygenized (arterial) and
      deoxygenized (venous) hemoglobin present in the erythematous skin were
      calculated. A clear increase in the hemoglobin content was observed in chemical
      and vehicle exposed sites. Although skin irritation is a complex phenomenon
      involving chemical and solution properties, percutaneous absorption and the
      biological drug response, high pKa (p greater than 0.01) was predictive of acute
      skin irritation in man using computerized analysis of reflectance spectroscopy. A
      high correlation between visual score and RS was found (r = 0.91).

PMID- 1809532
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from tocopheryl acetate in cosmetic creams.
AB  - 4 cases of cosmetic allergy to tocopheryl acetate are reported. The literature on
      contact allergy to vitamin E and its derivatives is reviewed.

PMID- 1809533
TI  - Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens
      solutions.
AB  - Although a common cause of allergic reactions, topically applied ophthalmic drugs
      and contact lens solutions are seldom verified as such. This review documents
      reported allergens and suggests an 'ophthalmic tray', based on the literature
      search, to simplify patch test verification. The criteria for literature
      selection were that each patient had a history of allergic reaction to local
      application of ophthalmic drugs or contact lens solutions, and tested positive to
      putative allergen patch tests. We established 38 chemicals causing allergic
      reactions. 5 authors published suggestions for patch test trays.

PMID- 1809534
TI  - Evaluation of customers' complaints about sunscreen cosmetics sold by the Swedish
      pharmaceutical company.
AB  - Sweden's pharmacies hold more than a 1/3 of the country's market for sunscreen
      cosmetics (sunscreens). Customers complaining of skin problems associated with
      the use of sunscreens obtained from the pharmacies were offered dermatological
      investigation and tests with standard allergens and sunscreens. 27 of 58
      complaining customers were fully investigated, and another 8 partly tested. 2
      disease entities, a burning sensation and erythema for one or a few days, and
      dermatitis with scaling lasting for up to 3 weeks, were about equally common.
      Contact or photocontact allergy to 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone caused severe
      contact dermatitis in 3 individuals.

PMID- 1809535
TI  - Allergic contact blepharoconjunctivitis caused by phenylephrine eyedrops.

PMID- 1809536
TI  - Contact allergy to colophony in Chinese Musk and Tiger-Bone Plaster.

PMID- 1809537
TI  - Contact allergy to dihydroxyacetone.

PMID- 1809539
TI  - A new image analysis system for the assessment of allergic patch test reactions
      recorded by B scanning.

PMID- 1809540
TI  - Burns due to moxibustion.

PMID- 1809538
TI  - Contact dermatitis due to rifamycin.

PMID- 1809541
TI  - Formaldehyde-induced anaphylaxis after dental treatment?

PMID- 1809542
TI  - [In complete removable dentures prosthetic treatment is medical treatment].

PMID- 1809543
TI  - [The respective roles of the dentist and technician in fabrication of an
      intracoronal cast metal Class II inlay].

PMID- 1809544
TI  - [The fight against AIDS: a pedagogic tool].

PMID- 1809545
TI  - [Permanent incisor injuries in the child and adolescent. Pulp complications].

PMID- 1809546
TI  - [Permanent incisor injuries in the child and adolescent. Clinical course and
      respective roles of the children, parents and dentists].

PMID- 1809547
TI  - [The use of dura mater in implantology].

PMID- 1809548
TI  - [Stelligraphy expert system].

PMID- 1809549
TI  - [Cervicometry for postural analysis in the dysfunctional patient].

PMID- 1809550
TI  - [Trauma to permanent incisors in the child and adolescent. Temporary
      restorations].

PMID- 1809551
TI  - Oviductal vein resection affects pregnancy rates in sheep.
AB  - Progesterone is delivered locally via the oviductal vein to the cranial uterine
      horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the corpus luteum. Removal of the oviductal
      vein reduces this local delivery of progesterone. The objective of this
      experiment was to determine if local delivery of progesterone via the oviductal
      vein is necessary for embryo survival. Twenty-five nulliparous ewes were bred at
      estrus to fertile rams. On day 4 following breeding, ewes were randomly assigned
      to one of two treatment groups: oviductal vein resection (n = 11) or sham
      operated controls (n = 14). Following midventral laparotomy, the oviductal vein
      was isolated, ligated and removed. In the sham surgery control ewes, the
      oviductal vein was isolated, sutures were placed around the vein but were left
      unsecured. Following surgery, ewes were returned to the flock. Jugular venous
      blood samples were collected daily for 25 days after surgery and every third day
      until day 68 post breeding. On day 85 post breeding, ewes were laparotomized
      again to confirm pregnancy and location of the fetus. Blood samples were analyzed
      for progesterone via radioimmunoassay. The proportion of ewes pregnant in the
      oviductal vein resected groups were greater (p less than or equal to .08) than in
      the control, sham surgery group. Transuterine migration of embryos occurred in
      2/4 pregnant, sham operated control ewes whereas migration occurred in 0/8 of the
      pregnant, oviductal vein resected ewes. Patterns of progesterone secretion
      differed (p less than or equal to .001) between pregnant and nonpregnant ewes
      across the entire sampling period. During maternal recognition of pregnancy, days
      13 to 21 after breeding, overall mean jugular venous concentrations of
      progesterone were lower (p less than or equal to .05) in the oviductal vein
      resected ewes and patterns of secretion tended to differ (p less than or equal to
      .09) between oviductal vein resected and sham operated control ewes. It is
      concluded that oviductal vein resection increases pregnancy rates in nulliparous
      ewes and this may be due to a reduction in the local delivery of an inhibitor of
      embryo survival, possibly progesterone, or by maintaining the appropriate uterine
      environment conducive to a successful pregnancy.

PMID- 1809552
TI  - Different relaxations between L-arginine and acetylcholine in spontaneously
      hypertensive rat aortae treated with N omega-nitro-L-arginine.
AB  - The relaxing effects of L-arginine and acetylcholine were compared on contracted
      thoracic aortic rings from Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR) in the present study. Results demonstrated that both vasodilatations
      induced by L-arginine and acetylcholine in WKY were greater than those in SHR.
      The maximal relaxation induced by acetylcholine was greater than that induced by
      L-arginine in both WKY and SHR. However, the difference of relaxation induced by
      L-arginine was less than that induced by acetylcholine between WKY and SHR. In
      addition, phenylephrine caused contractions, which were similarly augmented after
      the removal of the endothelium or the treatment with N omega-nitro-L-arginine in
      aortic rings from WKY and SHR. On the aorta preparations from SHR a larger
      contraction was produced by phenylephrine and the maximal relaxations produced by
      L-arginine and acetylcholine were significantly reduced. These effects were not
      seen after the endothelium had been removed. We suggest that the ability of the
      endothelium to synthesize NO may be reduced in hypertension.

PMID- 1809553
TI  - Afferent and efferent connections of the mesencephalic cardioinhibitory area
      (CIM) in the cat.
AB  - The afferent and efferent connections between the cardioinhibitory area in the
      midbrain tegmental field (CIM) and brain stem structures related to
      cardiovascular integration in cats were investigated by horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) for both cell origins and axonal terminations and by chemical (kainic acid)
      lesion for topographic pathways. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in
      the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN), the pontine reticular nucleus of the
      pons (PON), the ambiguus nucleus (AN) and the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN).
      A few neurons were also labeled in the following structures i.e., ventrolateral
      medulla (VLM), dorsomedial medulla (DMM), dorsomotor nucleus of the vagus nerve
      (DMV) and nucleus of solitary tract (NTS). Anterograde HRP labeled terminals were
      found surrounding the cell bodies of the aforementioned structures. They were
      most abundant in VLM, DMM, DMV, NTS, moderate in GRN, PRN and AN, but only scanty
      in hypothalamus. The fiber pathway of CIM neurons was also traced by degenerating
      fibers consequent to kainic acid lesion and by means of silver stain.
      Degenerating fiber bundle was found primarily projecting through the medial
      portion of the mesencephalic pontine structures. As the bundle reached the
      medulla oblongata, it bifurcated into a dorsal and a ventral tracts on its
      course. The dorsal tract was primarily coursing through the dorsomedial area,
      including DMM, NTS and DMV, and the ventral tract was mainly passing VLM, AN and
      inferior olivary nucleus (ION) areas. The present findings suggest that neurons
      in the CIM may receive inputs from various cardiovascular-related structures and
      make output bilaterally to some of pontine and medullary structures to modulate
      cardiovascular functions. Based on the anatomical findings, the profound
      bradycardia produced by CIM stimulation may be mediated through the following
      mechanisms: A. Direct activation of vagal preganglionic neurons in DMV, AN and
      ION. B. Indirect activation of neurons in GRN for vagal activation and of neurons
      in PRN for sympathetic inhibition.

PMID- 1809554
TI  - Evaluation of the role of noradrenaline precursor on LH release induced by
      ovarian steroids.
AB  - The role of noradrenaline precursor on the release of luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone based on the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH)
      was studied in rats. Rats were ovariectomized at 1000h on diestrus day 1(D1) and
      primed with estradiol immediately after the operation. They received progesterone
      at 0930h in the next morning (the expected diestrus day 2, D2). Dynamic changes
      of plasma LH levels were examined in the afternoon of D2. Treatments and results
      are as follows: 1) Administration of DL-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS,
      200mg/kg BW, ip) at 0900h on D2, 30 min prior to progesterone treatment, results
      in 87.5% of rats showing LH surges. 2) Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5
      HTP, 100mg/kg BW, ip) 30 min before DOPS completely inhibits the action of DOPS
      on LH release induced by ovarian steroids. 3) Making a change of the whole
      working schedule of operation, estrogen was given 5 hours earlier on D1. DOPS and
      progesterone were given at 0500 hand 0530 h on D2, respectively. It does not
      induce the LH surge during the whole morning of D2. These results demonstrate
      that DOPS might just reduce the threshold of the central neurons governing LH
      release. The time in a fixed lighting schedule was important in determining the
      LH release induced by ovarian steroids.

PMID- 1809555
TI  - The effect of exogenous dopamine on canine trachea.
AB  - The response of canine trachea to exogenous dopamine was studied in vivo.
      Pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were treated with dopamine through i.v. injection
      and i.v. infusion. The dopamine-induced constriction of the trachea was evaluated
      from changes in the intraluminal pressure of a semi-isolated section. The
      respiratory flow was monitored with a pneumotachograph. Dopamine administered
      through i.v. infusion (4-12 micrograms/kg/min) increased the blood pressure but
      decreased the respiratory rate and flow. At infusion rate of 8 micrograms/kg/min
      or higher, the intraluminal pressure went up gradually and recovered at the end
      of infusion. Bolus i.v., injection of dopamine (10-100 micrograms/kg) increased
      the blood pressure and the intraluminal pressure of trachea, but decreased the
      respiratory rate and flow. The pressure change in the tracheal tube lasted 2 to 3
      minutes. These results demonstrate that, in addition to its well known effect on
      raising blood pressure, exogenous dopamine can induce transient constriction of
      the trachea in living animals. The constriction is accompanied by changes of
      respiratory pattern.

PMID- 1809556
TI  - Prenatal ontogeny of growth hormone releasing hormone expression in rat
      hypothalamus.
AB  - The prenatal development of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene
      expression was studied in rat hypothalamus using hybridization histochemistry.
      Two populations of neurons expressing the GHRH gene were found and they had a
      different pattern of development. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus first expressed
      GHRH on E16 and 4 days later an adult-like pattern was found. Few neurons along
      the laterodorsal aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus expressed GHRH
      on E17, with a subsequent increase of expression over the next days. On the day
      before birth, adult-like patterns were seen. These results demonstrate the
      differential regulation of GHRH gene expression in the rat hypothalamus.

PMID- 1809557
TI  - N-acetyl-L-aspartate is a major source of acetyl groups for lipid synthesis
      during rat brain development.
AB  - The function of N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), a predominant substance in the CNS,
      has not yet been determined. To investigate the possible function of NAA as a
      lipid precursor [14C]-N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) or [14C]-acetate (AcA) was
      injected intracerebrally into 8, 15- and 22-day-old rats. These time points were
      selected because NAA concentration and the activity of the NAA synthetizing
      enzyme L-aspartate-N-acetyltransferase (ANAT) were low in 8-day-old rats,
      intermediate in 15-day-old rats and high in 22-day-old rats. During an incubation
      period of 4 h the radioactive acetyl group of NAA is incorporated into the lipid
      fraction in amounts of 42.9 to 65.7% of recovered total radioactivity, increasing
      with the age of the rats. In contrast, radioactivity incorporated from AcA is
      constant for all three ages. With NAA as precursor only 7.2-9.4% of the recovered
      total radioactivity is incorporated into the protein fraction. With AcA as
      precursor 27.0-18.1% of recovered radioactivity is incorporated into the protein
      fraction, the amounts decreasing with age. Taking into account that in vivo NAA
      concentration in the brain is much higher than the AcA concentration, NAA is
      clearly the more efficient precursor for lipid synthesis than AcA. Further, we
      compared NAA and AcA as lipid precursors by analyzing the radioactivity in single
      lipid fractions, expressed as normalized specific incorporation or normalized
      incorporation. The measured differences between NAA and AcA in normalized
      specific and normalized incorporation of acetyl groups imply that NAA is not
      simply degraded to AcA before incorporated into lipids. We conclude that NAA is a
      major source of acetyl groups for lipid synthesis during rat brain development.

PMID- 1809558
TI  - Expression of peptides derived from the melanin-concentrating hormone precursor
      in serum-free culture of rat fetal hypothalamic neurons: role of attachment
      factors.
AB  - A serum-free medium culture was developed in order to study the secretory
      behavior of neurons producing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) precursor.
      The present results show that our culture conditions (supplemented RPMI 1640,
      poly-D-lysine substrate) are efficient in promoting attachment and growth of MCH
      neurons dissociated from rat fetal hypothalamus. These neurons acquire a
      differentiation stage in which neuropeptides of interest to us are expressed in a
      pattern similar to that observed on tissue sections: (1) coexpression of salmon
      MCH, growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF37), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone and acetylcholinesterase immunoreactivities, and (2) different
      intracellular distribution of salmon MCH and 1-37 sequence of GRF37 staining.
      Neurite growth was rapid and interneuronal connections were observed early. These
      observations suggest that our model of defined medium culture is suitable for
      functional investigations on MCH neurons.

PMID- 1809560
TI  - Intake of energy and nutrients. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - As part of the Euronut SENECA study, food consumption has been assessed in 1217
      men and 1241 women, born between 1913 and 1918 and living in 18 towns in 12
      European countries. The method used was a standardized modified dietary history,
      including a 3-day estimated record and a food frequency list based on local food
      patterns. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fatty acids, cholesterol
      and alcohol are described in this paper. As expected, a difference between men
      and women in energy and nutrient intake was observed in all towns. There was a
      great variation between towns in mean dietary intakes of all dietary components.
      Mean energy intake of men ranged from 12.7 MJ in Marki (Poland) to 8.2 MJ in
      Yverdon (Switzerland) and Chateau Renault-Amboise (France). For women the range
      was from 10.9 MJ in Marki (Poland) to 6.3 MJ in Yverdon (Switzerland) and Vila
      Franca de Xira (Portugal). A geographical pattern can be detected for the intake
      of fatty acids. Intakes of saturated fat were lower in southern than in northern
      European towns. The calculated ratio for intakes of unsaturated and saturated
      fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids plus monounsaturated fatty
      acids/saturated fatty acids) for all participants was higher in the southern
      European centres than in the northern centres and ranged from 2.7 in Markopoulo
      (Greece) to 1.2 in Elverum (Norway) and Marki (Poland). Alcohol consumption was
      considerable higher in men than in women. In men a north-south gradient in
      alcohol intake can be detected, with the highest intake in the two centres in
      Italy, where, on average 11% of energy intake was derived from alcohol.

PMID- 1809559
TI  - Origin of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans is further questioned by the
      expression of neuronal intermediate filament proteins, peripherin and NF-L, in
      the rat insulinoma RIN5F cell line.
AB  - Intermediate filament proteins of the rat insulinoma RIN5F cell line were
      characterized. Two-dimensional gel analysis followed by immunostaining of
      proteins demonstrated that these cells express both peripherin and the low
      molecular-mass neurofilament protein (NF-L); this was confirmed for peripherin by
      immunohistochemistry, peptide analysis and Northern blot. No expression of these
      proteins could be detected with these same methods either in the adult pancreas
      or in the tumor at the origin of the cell line, although such expression was
      apparent on sections of rat pancreas at embryonal day 16. These results were
      compared to those obtained on the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line: expression
      in the adrenal medulla of the embryo, no expression either in the adult tissue or
      in the tumor, but solely in the derived cell line. The expression of neuronal
      intermediate filament proteins in the rat insulinoma RIN5F cell line is discussed
      in relation to its similarity in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line, and its
      meaning as to the developmental cell lineage; an ectodermal origin is suggested
      for the pancreatic islet cells.

PMID- 1809561
TI  - Intake of vitamins and minerals. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - In 18 towns of 12 European countries, 1217 men and 1241 women born between 1913
      and 1918 participated in a dietary survey (modified dietary history). Each
      country used its own nutrient data bank for the conversion of food intake data
      into vitamin and mineral intakes. Information on the use of nutrient supplements
      was collected through a questionnaire answered by the participants. Enormous
      variability in nutrient dietary intake was observed between and even within the
      different sites. The dietary intake of vitamin A was higher in northern towns
      and, conversely, the intake of beta-carotene and vitamin C was lower. A
      considerable percentage of the elderly in some towns had intakes of some
      nutrients below the lowest European recommended daily intakes (RDIs) and so might
      be at risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Women in almost all towns had
      diets of higher nutrient density than men, except for iron. There was great
      variability in supplementation practices between different towns, even within a
      country. In northern towns, supplements were used much more frequently than in
      the other sites, but their use was not nutrition-oriented. Sometimes vitamin
      supplements were taken in large quantities, with risk of toxicity. Differences
      between the sexes in supplementation practices were not consistent.

PMID- 1809562
TI  - Life-style: physical activities and activities of daily living. Euronut SENECA
      investigators.
AB  - In 19 towns and cities across Europe, physical activity and activities of daily
      living were studied in 2586 elderly people born between 1913 and 1918. Data were
      obtained as part of a standardized questionnaire. Large variations in both levels
      of physical activity and activities of daily living existed among research towns
      and cities. Altogether, women spent more hours per day on physically active tasks
      than men, including more time on housework (2.6-3.9 h/day versus 0.7-2.3 h/day
      for men) and on leisuretime activities (2.0-4.2 h/day versus 0.9-2.3 h/day for
      men). According to 16 items of functioning, including both items of personal
      functioning and more complex tasks, functioning was rated as good in most of the
      elderly. In all centres good functioning was most prevalent in men, and in the
      younger elderly born in 1917 or 1918. In further cross-sectional analyses the
      relationship between physical activity, nutrition and other life-style factors,
      on the one hand, and anthropometry, health and performance, on the other hand,
      will be examined.

PMID- 1809563
TI  - Life-style: marital status, education, living situation, social contacts,
      personal habits (smoking, drinking). Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - Data on marital status, living conditions and social contacts of 2586 elderly
      persons living in 19 towns from 12 European countries, who were born between 1913
      and 1918, and who participated in the Euronut SENECA study on Nutrition of the
      Elderly in Europe, reflect on the whole a high quality of life in the elderly
      population of these small traditional European towns. Housing offers adequate
      comfort in general and many elderly people have access to gardens. In most survey
      towns the majority of men and women of this age group have at least one child
      within the town or nearer. In some of the southern and eastern towns 40% or more
      live with their children. In most survey towns 30-50% of the women live alone
      (more than 50% in the Danish and Norwegian towns Roskilde and Elverum) but in
      general social nets are strong enough to prevent the danger of acute isolation.
      But in four towns (Roskilde/Denmark, Chateau Renault-Amboise/France,
      Elverum/Norway and Padua/Italy) 10-13% of all women lived alone and did not know
      a neighbour well enough to call on for help. In three towns (Monor/Hungary, Vila
      Franca de Xira/Portugal and Marki/Poland) social contacts were distinctly less
      frequent than in all other towns and participation in community activities
      virtually non-existent. These were the same towns in which substantial groups
      reported food budgeting problems. Danger of isolation, however, seemed to be
      rather low. A high intensity of social contacts and no danger of acute isolation
      in spite of relatively few available children was noted in the German-speaking
      town of Switzerland (Burgdorf). Further analyses will have to test whether food
      consumption or nutritional status is related to any of the studied life-style
      factors.

PMID- 1809564
TI  - Assessment of health: self-perceived health, chronic diseases, use of medicine.
      Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - In 17 towns in 11 countries across Europe, 10 questions on health were asked as
      part of a general standardized interview regarding self-perceived global and
      relative health, quality of life, chronic diseases, use of medicine and specific
      ailments. 2544 men and women born between 1913 and 1918 participated in the
      survey. No age-related health differences were found within this 5-year age
      group. Self-perceived global health was better in men than in women, and more men
      than women judged their health to be better than that of other persons of their
      age. The gender difference in prevalence of chronic diseases and use of medicine
      was less pronounced. Most people judged their health to be good (20-82%) despite
      a high prevalence of chronic disease (59-92%) and symptoms from different organ
      systems (leg problems: 16-60%). There were large variations in all measures of
      health between towns, even between towns within the same country. The trend was
      in the direction of better health in northern industrial towns than in southern
      rural towns. The differences were still significant after correction for
      differences in non-participation rate. The findings are consistent with findings
      in other health surveys. The findings about self-rated health, chronic diseases
      and specific ailments will be used in further cross-sectional analyses of the
      role of differences in diet habits and nutrition for health in Europeans,
      controlled for living conditions and life-style.

PMID- 1809565
TI  - Summary and recommendations for further analysis. Euronut SENECA investigators.

PMID- 1809566
TI  - Description of survey towns and populations. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - Some 2600 elderly people born between 1913 and 1918 have been enrolled in the
      Euronut SENECA study. In 12 European countries they were randomly selected from
      the resident populations of 19 'traditional' towns, mostly with a population size
      between 10,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. Site characteristics of these towns differ
      from mainly rural to urban and from lowland to mountainous with a range of
      temperate climates. In the rural areas work opportunities are primarily
      agricultural whereas in mixed rural/urban, suburban and urban areas most of the
      working population are engaged in industry, administration and commerce. The
      percentage of people over the age of 65 ranged from 8% to 22%. Medical and social
      facilities for the aged vary widely from site to site.

PMID- 1809567
TI  - Nutritional status: anthropometry. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - In 19 towns and cities across Europe anthropometric data--body weight, height,
      skinfold thicknesses and circumferences--have been obtained from 2332 elderly
      subjects born between 1913 and 1918, according to a strictly standardized
      methodology. Large variations exist among research towns even within countries.
      For body weight, means ranged from 70.1 +/- 15.4 kg to 78.2 +/- 10.7 kg in men
      and from 56.8 +/- 8.1 to 71.4 +/- 11.4 kg in women. In the North European towns
      and cities both men and women were taller than their counterparts in the southern
      towns. Mean body mass index varied from 24.4 +/- 3.8 kg m-2 to 30.3 +/- 5.2 kg m
      2 among men. In women the range of means was from 23.9 +/- 3.6 kg m-2 to 30.5 +/-
      5.1 kg m-2. Triceps skinfold thicknesses suggest that females had more fat at
      subcutaneous sites than the males, and the waist-hip ratio was consistently lower
      in elderly women.

PMID- 1809568
TI  - Nutritional status: haematology and albumin. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - In the context of the Euronut SENECA study of nutrition and the elderly,
      performed in 19 towns situated in 12 European countries, blood haemoglobin and
      haematocrit, and serum albumin were measured in a large sample of 70-75-year-old
      subjects. The mean haemoglobin (Hb) values for the different towns ranged from
      144 g l-1 to 157 g l-1 for men and from 131 g l-1 to 150 g l-1 for women. The
      town haematocrit (Hct) means ranged from 43.0% to 48.9% for men and from 39.7% to
      46.4% for women. No clear geographical pattern emerged for either Hb or Hct. The
      95% ranges (2.5-97.5 percentile intervals) for Hb and Hct for all towns combined
      (without any claim of being representative of Europe) were very similar to those
      reported in the NHANES II study of the USA. Prevalences of anaemia, using the WHO
      definition (Hb less than 130 g l-1 for men and Hb less than 120 g l-1 for women)
      were 5.2% for men and 5.7% for women. The town mean serum albumins ranged from
      40.3 g l-1 to 44.3 g l-1 for men and from 40.3 g l-1 to 43.2 g l-1 for women. No
      clear geographical pattern emerged. Mean values were somewhat lower than for
      younger adults and comparable to other published data. Most albumin values were
      in the normal range, with only 2.0% of both men and women having levels below 35
      g l-1 and only 0.4% of men and no women having levels below 30 g l-1. These
      results show that these 70-75-year-old subjects who chose to participate in the
      study were in relatively good health as judged from their haemoglobin,
      haematocrit and serum albumin levels.

PMID- 1809569
TI  - Design, methods and participation. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - At the initiative of EC/Euronut a European Community project (SENECA) began in
      1988, with 19 research groups working on the major nutritional issues affecting
      the growing number of elderly people in Europe. Some 2600 people born between
      1913 and 1918 were studied, using strictly standardized methodology. Data have
      been collected on the dietary intake of these people, their nutritional status,
      physical activity, life-style, health and performance. It is envisaged that the
      SENECA project will be continued according to a mixed longitudinal design. The
      mean response rate in a group of 18 communities in which a non-participation
      study was conducted was 51%, while 60% of the non-responders were prepared to
      complete a non-responders' questionnaire. On the basis of the data collected from
      both responders and non-responders, it was found that males, non-smokers, healthy
      and better educated persons participated better in the SENECA study than females,
      smokers, persons who judged their health to be poor, and persons with
      comparatively poor education, respectively. Housing (having a garden), age, and
      marital state (single) were only of minor importance for the participation.
      Persons who did not eat a cooked meal daily, generally participated less, but
      this differed between towns. It is demonstrated how stratum-specific weighting
      factors can be calculated to partially remove bias due to selectivity in
      participation.

PMID- 1809570
TI  - Nutritional status: serum lipids. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - Serum lipid levels are considered to be one of the main risk factors for
      cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men and women. The significance, however,
      of serum lipid metabolism as a cardiovascular disease risk factor in the elderly
      has yet to be clarified. This paper focuses upon the serum lipid levels of groups
      of elderly people from 18 centres with diversified socioeconomic backgrounds in
      11 European countries. Serum cholesterol was measured with an enzymatic
      colorimetric method by autoanalyser in one laboratory and accuracy was checked by
      participation in the quality control programme of the Centre for Disease Control,
      Atlanta, GA, USA. Mean (+/- SD) serum cholesterol levels ranged from 6.56 +/-
      0.66 mmol/l (Bellinzona, Switzerland) to 5.22 +/- 0.68 mmol/l (Coimbra, Portugal)
      in men, and in women from 7.77 +/- 1.61 mmol/l (Elverum, Norway) to 5.86 +/- 1.07
      mmol/l (Anogia-Archanes/Greece). The mean levels of high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) cholesterol ranged from 1.40 +/- 0.58 mmol/l (Chateau Renault-Amboise,
      France) to 1.05 +/- 0.28 mmol/l (Elverum, Norway) in men and from 1.62 +/- 0.41
      mmol/l (Padua, Italy) to 1.23 +/- 0.29 mmol/l (Anogia-Archanes, Greece; Vila
      Franca de Xira, Portugal) in women. The highest median serum triglyceride values
      were found in Norway (Elverum) (men: 1.50 mmol/l, women: 1.75 mmol/l), and one of
      the French groups (Chateau Renault-Amboise) had the lowest median values (men:
      1.07 mmol/l, women: 1.15 mmol/l). Significant differences between participating
      centres and between sexes were found for the following variables: serum
      cholesterol, HDL, and the ratio total HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol. For
      triglycerides the differences were significant only between centres, not between
      the sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809571
TI  - Nutritional status: blood vitamins A, E, B6, B12, folic acid and carotene.
      Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - This chapter describes the vitamin plasma concentration data collection,
      preliminary analysis and results of the Euronut SENECA study. Blood plasma was
      collected from approximately 2500 elderly subjects born in 1913-1918 living in 17
      small towns in 11 European countries, and the plasma levels of carotene, retinol,
      alpha-tocopherol, vitamin B12, folic acid and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were
      determined. There were very large within- and between-centre differences in
      vitamin levels with no definite geographical pattern emerging. The vitamin status
      for retinol and folic acid was adequate in all centres. The prevalence of
      biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency was widespread and reached over 50% in some
      centres. Vitamin B12 biochemical deficiency was limited to ten centres and its
      prevalence was 1.6%-10%. Vitamin E biochemical deficiency was found in seven
      centres and varied from 0.5% to 25%.

PMID- 1809572
TI  - Dietary habits and attitudes. Euronut SENECA investigators.
AB  - This chapter describes data on dietary behaviour collected from 2586 elderly
      persons, born between 1913 and 1918 and living in 19 towns from 12 European
      countries, who participated in the Euronut SENECA Study on Nutrition of the
      Elderly in Europe. Groups of elderly subjects with particular dietary habits were
      identified. They included those persons having low or high meal frequencies,
      those not having regular cooked meals, those consuming home-produced foods, those
      having special interest or awareness in nutrition, those eating alone and those
      with food-budgeting problems. In future analyses, we shall endeavour to determine
      whether the dietary intake, nutritional status and health of these groups are
      related to their dietary habits.

PMID- 1809573
TI  - Validity of the dietary history method in elderly subjects. Euronut SENECA
      investigators.
AB  - The modified dietary history, which was used for assessment of food consumption
      in the Euronut SENECA study, was validated against a 3-day weighed record in a
      subsample of 82 elderly subjects from 11 of the 19 participating centres. The
      modified dietary history provided consistently higher intakes of energy and
      nutrients than the weighed record, with a median difference of 14% (energy) of
      the record mean. Unattenuated correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes
      varied from 0.18 (vitamin A) to 0.79 (water) with a median coefficient of 0.58
      (energy). On the whole there was a fair agreement between the dietary history and
      the 3-day weighed record when nutrients were expressed in weight units and a good
      agreement when standardized for the apparently lower energy intake by the record
      method.

PMID- 1809574
TI  - An international terminology of colposcopy by the International Federation of
      Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy.

PMID- 1809575
TI  - Recurrent ovarian carcinoma: presentation as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
      and a splenic mass.
AB  - We report a case of a 38 year old female who was treated for a Stage IIIb serous
      cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary with cytoreduction, combination chemotherapy,
      negative second look laparotomy, and adjuvant chemotherapy, who eight months
      later presented with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) and an isolated
      splenic recurrence. Review of the literature shows only four other cases of
      gynecologic malignancy which exhibited this pattern of recurrence. This case is
      the first where the primary lesion was an ovarian carcinoma and the patient
      presented with thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 1809576
TI  - Problems after hysterectomy. A comparative content analysis of 60 interviews with
      cancer and non-cancer hysterectomized women.
AB  - Sixty patients who had undergone hysterectomy for neoplastic pathologies (30
      cases) and benign pathologies (30 cases) were interviewed with the aim of
      understanding the relationship they had with the disease, the loss of the uterus
      and sexuality. Out of the cancer group 21 cases showed fear of recurrence of the
      disease, 19 cases showed sexual dysfunctions, while only 9 patients referred to
      having experienced the loss of the uterus as a traumatic event for their
      femininity. Non-cancer patients revealed reactive sexual difficulties. Out of
      this sample, 17 cases described their sexual life as unsatisfying.

PMID- 1809577
TI  - Cisplatin based combination chemotherapy in the treatment of stage III ovarian
      epithelial tumors of low malignant potential.
AB  - Eleven patients diagnosed with Stage III epithelial ovarian tumors of low
      malignant potential were treated with a combination of cisplatin and
      cyslophosphamide with or without doxorubicin following primary cytoreductive
      surgery. Residual disease after initial cytoreduction was macroscopic in nine
      patients and not observable in two. Eight of the nine patients with macroscopic
      residual were assessed by second look laparotomy (one refused the procedure),
      seven showed tumor and one was found to be a complete responder. Of the two
      patients with no residual disease, one refused second look operation and one had
      a negative second look. Our findings plus those of other authors suggest that
      cisplatin based combination chemotherapy is of limited value in the treatment of
      metastatic ovarian epithelial tumors of low malignant potential.

PMID- 1809579
TI  - Sonographic, hysteroscopic, histological correlation in the early diagnosis of
      endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - The authors evaluate the diagnostic role of hysteroscopy and sonography in the
      early detection of endometrial cancer. In their experience diagnostic accuracy of
      transabdominal ultrasound was 87.5%; the introduction of transvaginal sonography
      increased it up to 95.8%, whereas hysteroscopy had diagnostic accuracy of 100%.
      The hysteroscopy allowed us to establish cervical canal involvement in 100% of
      cases. Since sonography is well accepted by patients, the authors propose to
      perform it in high risk patients once a year as a first level exam to show
      abnormal endometrial echoes. Therefore patients can be selected to undergo
      hysteroscopy and, if necessary, biopsy.

PMID- 1809578
TI  - High dose melphalan and ABMT with or without abdominal radiotherapy as
      consolidation treatment for ovarian carcinoma in complete remission or with
      microscopic residual disease.
AB  - We initiated in February 1982 a pilot study of high dose melphalan (HDM) and ABMT
      as consolidation treatment for ovarian carcinoma. Eleven patients entered into
      this study; 6 patients received HDM and ABMT (group 1), 5 patients received HDM
      in combination with flash abdominal radiotherapy followed by ABMT (group 2). Two
      of 6 group 1 patients and 3 of 5 group 2 patients are still alive with NED more
      than 3 years after ABMT (58+, 72+, 37+, 39+, 43+) and are hopefully cured. Main
      toxicity was haematological, we have not observed any death related to therapy.
      HDM and ABMT compared favorably with other consolidation treatments
      (abdominopelvic radiotherapy or IP chemotherapy) and merits a larger evaluation.

PMID- 1809580
TI  - Evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase activity as an index of cervical malignancy.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of an investigational test for cervix cancer screening is
      studied. The method involves a vaginal tampon that changes colour in relation to
      LDH activity and can detect preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions. The test
      was applied in 50 women with CIN, 50 women with histologically proved cervical
      cancer and in 500 women with no history of malignancy. The test was positive in
      54% of CINs and 86% of cervix cancer patients, while it was not specific in 16%
      and 4% respectively. Among 268 healthy controls the test results were negative in
      77.99% and false positive in 12.31%. The test can be performed any day of the
      menstrual cycle apart from the time of menstruation. It can also be performed,
      without any serious problem of misinterpretation in women suffering from myomas,
      vaginal relaxation or menstrual disorders. On the contrary, the test should be
      avoided if vaginitis or cervicitis are present, since false positive conclusions
      might be drawn. The test results suggest that the sensitivity of this method was
      77% and the specificity 86% if we exclude the benign conditions that influence or
      possibly influence the colour indication of the tampon.

PMID- 1809581
TI  - Pelvic mass biopsy by operative transvaginal sonography (OTVS).
AB  - Operative transvaginal sonography (OTVS) is widely used in clinical Obstetrics
      and Gynecology, however it has no definite role in Gynecologic Oncology. Between
      January 1990 and February 1991, we performed 18 ultrasonically-guided biopsies on
      suspected pelvic malignancies. The aim of our work was to assess to efficiency of
      OTVS in imaging, evaluating and biopsying pelvic masses. Fifteen patients had
      already been treated for gynecological malignancy, 3 were at their first
      evaluation. We used a Bruel & Kjaer mechanical transducer (7.5 MHz, type 8538).
      Biopsy needles were Menghini type (Surecut) 23 cm long, 16 or 18 G. The paper
      describes the results of the 18 biopsies. One false negative histological
      evaluation and one inadequate sample were obtained. No complications were
      observed. From our preliminary data, ultrasound-guided transvaginal scans may be
      usefully used in imaging and biopsying pelvic masses. It is a safe technique,
      easy to perform and well accepted by the patients.

PMID- 1809582
TI  - [The oncologic patient and the gynecologist].
AB  - Affliction from cancer imposes heavy stress on the patient and her family, which
      raises important psychological problems. Adequate information, that is an
      adaptative strategy based on gradual explanation of the various steps of illness,
      can help the patient to accept it. Telling the simple truth is the best tool in
      the phase of prevention. In cancer management, too, information must respect the
      truth but it must also respect the patient's personality and the word "cancer"
      should be relieved of its terrible weight, leaving a window open to hope. The
      cancer patient must therefore be assisted by a team of experts in which the
      gynaecologist-oncologist has the fundamental role as coordinator.

PMID- 1809583
TI  - Palmar skin is not involved in severe atopic eczema.
AB  - Irritant hand eczema is a well-known risk in adults, who have suffered from
      severe atopic dermatitis during childhood. We therefore studied the involvement
      of the skin on the hands in 29 consecutive patients admitted for severe atopic
      dermatitis. Only 5 of the 29 patients had eczema in the palmar skin (p less than
      0.01; sign test). There was no correlation with the existence of hyperlinearity,
      extent of disease, concomitant asthma, total serum IgE or work.

PMID- 1809585
TI  - Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region counts in malignant melanoma associated
      with benign intradermal nevus.
AB  - A silver colloidal technique to demonstrate argyrophilic proteins of the
      nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was performed on sections of 20 cases of
      malignant melanoma (MM) associated with underlying benign nevus (BN). In these
      cases, significant different AgNOR counts were found for MM and BN. In addition,
      this technique permitted the identification of melanocytic cells located between
      malignant and benign cells showing AgNOR scores intermediate (5.51) between BN
      (2.6) and MM (7.71) with a more complex and bizarre morphology than that observed
      in BN. The AgNOR technique can be suitable in the identification of residual
      nevus cells in MM, especially when their number is minimal and the common
      histologic criteria are unsatisfactory; it can also increase the understanding of
      the natural history of MM.

PMID- 1809584
TI  - Vitiligo and cutaneous melanoma. A case study.
AB  - The examination of 623 melanoma patients in North Germany yielded the
      depigmentation disorder vitiligo in 23 cases (i.e. 3.7%). In 11 patients, the
      disease preceded their tumor, whereas in 11 patients, vitiligo developed after
      diagnosis of primary and/or metastatic melanoma into the regional lymph nodes. In
      1 case, the onset of melanoma in relation to the tumor remained undefined. The
      prevalence of vitiligo increased with tumor risk factors based on tumor thickness
      and anatomical site of tumor location (i.e. for low risk 1.75%, intermediate risk
      5.2% and high risk 5.8%). A comparison of the prevalence of vitiligo to the
      normal population of Northwestern Europe (i.e. 0.38-0.57%) showed a 7- to 10-fold
      increase for the patients with melanoma. A reverse analysis of the data yielded a
      180-fold higher prevalence of melanoma in the group of patients with vitiligo.
      These results strongly support a more thorough examination of patients with
      vitiligo for primary melanoma.

PMID- 1809586
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations and impaired chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      associated with Kartagener's syndrome.
AB  - Persistent deep-seated folliculitis and impaired chemotaxis are described in a 24
      year-old woman with situs inversus, bronchitis and sinusitis, i.e. the three
      characteristics of Kartagener's syndrome. While patients with chemotactic defects
      not associated with the syndrome often suffer from skin infections, to the best
      of our knowledge this is the first report of a Kartagener patient with cutaneous
      manifestations.

PMID- 1809587
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of neutrophilic disease. A study of seven cases.
AB  - Seven patients with a complex form of neutrophilic dermatosis are reported.
      Clinically, they had variable associations of four types of lesions:
      blisters/pustules, plaques, nodules and ulcerations. Histologically, a
      neutrophilic infiltrate was observed at variable levels in the epidermis, dermis
      and subcutis. Systemic manifestations were present in all cases (general
      symptoms, joint, renal, ocular and lung involvements). Three patients had an
      associated disease (myelodysplasia, metastatic carcinoma, IgG gammopathy).
      Steroids were the most efficient treatment. These observations, as well as a
      review of the literature, support the opinion that the neutrophilic dermatosis
      represents a continuous spectrum encompassing four well-defined entities:
      subcorneal pustular dermatosis, Sweet's syndrome, erythema elevatum diutinum and
      pyoderma gangrenosum. We propose that the different patterns of the neutrophilic
      dermatosis are the most obvious manifestations of a potentially multisystemic
      neutrophilic disease and allow its recognition.

PMID- 1809588
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid antigen expression in Pam 212 cells induced by the addition of
      platelet activating factor.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (Paf-acether) is a phospholipid which has various
      activities including platelet and neutrophil aggregation and eosinophil
      chemotaxis. We have previously reported that the blister fluids of bullous
      pemphigoid possess platelet aggregation activity and suggested that Paf-acether
      might be concerned with the accumulation and activation of neutrophils and
      eosinophils. In this study, we examined the influence of Paf-acether on BP
      antigen expression on Pam 212 cells. Paf-acether enhanced the expression of BP
      antigen on Pam 212 cells and this expression was blocked by Paf-acether
      antagonist. Our observations might suggest that Paf-acether contributes to the
      blister formation not only by the activation of inflammatory cells but the
      enhancement of BP antigen.

PMID- 1809589
TI  - Intermittent corticosteroid maintenance treatment of psoriasis: a double-blind
      multicenter trial of augmented betamethasone dipropionate ointment in a pulse
      dose treatment regimen.
AB  - Ninety psoriasis patients, who were either completely cleared of or manifested
      only a minimal presence of disease signs following 3-4 weeks of twice daily
      treatment with augmented betamethasone dipropionate (ABD) ointment 0.05%, were
      enrolled in this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The study
      was designed to determine if an intermittent pulse dose regimen of ABD ointment
      could safely and effectively maintain a remission disease status when treatment
      was applied in three consecutive applications 12 h apart, once a week for a
      maximum treatment period of 6 months. The disease of 60% of the patients in the
      active treatment group was successfully controlled for 6 months, while 80% of the
      placebo-treated patients experienced exacerbation of disease signs. No serious
      local or systemic treatment-related adverse experiences were reported. ABD
      ointment 0.05%, when applied using the intermittent treatment regimen described
      here, was shown to be a clinically beneficial and well-tolerated method of long
      term (up to 6 months) maintenance therapy for psoriasis patients.

PMID- 1809590
TI  - Effects of topical calcipotriol on calcium metabolism in psoriatic patients:
      comparison with oral calcitriol.
AB  - The analogue of calcitriol, calcipotriol (MC 903, Daivonex) has been proven
      effective in the treatment of psoriasis, when given topically. However, the
      possible influence of cutaneously absorbed MC 903 on calcium metabolism is still
      unclear. We evaluated various parameters of calcium metabolism in 17 psoriatic
      patients treated for 5.4 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) weeks with MC 903, on 16 +/- 6% of
      the body surface. The dose administered (100 g of Daivonex corresponding to 5 mg
      of MC 903) decreased the PASI score by 40.9 +/- 20.0% (p less than 0.001). Among
      these patients, 12 were studied before and after MC 903 therapy. In none could be
      detected any change in protein-adjusted calcium, ionized Ca, plasma levels of
      creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH),
      calcidiol and calcitriol, or in daily or fasting urinary excretion of Ca or cAMP.
      After an MC-903-free period, 9 patients received 1.5 micrograms/day of calcitriol
      orally for 7 days. Whereas this treatment did not control the skin relapse in
      most of the patients, it induced a significant increase in plasma levels of
      protein-adjusted Ca and calcitriol, and in 24-hour urinary Ca excretion, as well
      as a significant fall in PTH as compared with pretreatment values. These results
      indicate that 150 micrograms/day of MC 903, despite a possible 1% absorption,
      i.e. a systemic dose of 1.5 micrograms, did not produce any detectable alteration
      of Ca metabolism, whereas an equivalent dose of oral calcitriol was associated
      with significant changes. The threshold dose of topical calcipotriol that might
      induce alterations similar to 1.5 micrograms/day of oral calcitriol remains to be
      evaluated.

PMID- 1809591
TI  - Postlymphography linear dermatitis.
AB  - Cutaneous effects secondary to lymphography are rare events. We herein report a
      patient with Hodgkin's disease who developed a linear dermatitis in both lower
      limbs 6 days after a pedal lymphography. Histopathologic examination of the
      lesions demonstrated a subacute dermatitis. Patch tests with the substances used
      in the lymphography yielded negative results. We discuss the possible pathogenic
      mechanisms of this striking linear dermatitis.

PMID- 1809592
TI  - Cutaneous metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma: histology,
      immunohistology, and electron microscopy. A report of two cases.
AB  - Cutaneous metastases from thyroid carcinoma are extremely rare. We report 2 cases
      of skin metastases from a follicular thyroid carcinoma. A 53-year-old female
      patient underwent subtotal thyroidectomy because of the clinical suspicion of
      malignancy. Histological examination of the resected tissue did not clearly prove
      malignant features. Eight years later a cutaneous metastasis erupted next to the
      operation site at the neck. A 66-year-old female patient noticed a growing
      solitary skin nodule in the occipitoparietal region of her scalp 2 years before a
      follicular thyroid carcinoma was detected.

PMID- 1809593
TI  - CO2 laser therapy for steatocystoma multiplex.
AB  - The case of a 22-year-old Philippine woman with a nonhereditary, classical
      syndrome of steatocystoma multiplex with histological and ultrastructural
      findings is reported. The good results of CO2 laser therapy are shown and the
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 1809594
TI  - [Metabolic consequences of the nonenzymatic glucosylation of apolipoproteins].
AB  - The non enzymatic glucosylation (NEG) of proteins is a complex chemical reaction
      resulting in the formation of a stable bond between a glucose molecule and a
      protein aminogroup. In diabetics, hyperglycaemia may induce a large increase of
      NEG. Although the NEG of apolipoproteins remains moderate because of their short
      half-life, it may alter some of their properties. The NEG of LDL apo B induces a
      decrease of their catabolism due to a lowering of their binding to the LDL
      receptor. Glucosylated LDL can accumulate in macrophages, thereby facilitating
      the development of foam cells. The LDL NEG may also cause other processes
      including apo B oxidation and production of anti-LDL antibodies. The HDL NEG
      which essentially corresponds to that of apo A-I, induces a shortening of their
      half-life. In vitro, the NEG of apo A-I results in a decrease of its interaction
      with HDL surface. Finally, the binding of glucosylated HDL3 to HDL receptors is
      decreased in cultured fibroblasts. Since the level of lipoprotein NEG in vivo is
      moderate, the question as to whether this process may affect quantitatively the
      metabolic behaviour of lipoproteins and participate to the development of
      atheroma in diabetic patients, has not been clearly answered.

PMID- 1809595
TI  - [Early detection of limited joint mobility in diabetic children and adolescents].
AB  - Limited joint mobility (LJM) is a common complication of juvenile diabetes,
      usually assessed by a clinical method, the prayer test. Recently, the interest of
      the use of a goniometer in measuring subclinical joint limitation has been shown
      in adult diabetic patients. Joint mobility has been systematically assessed with
      a goniometer in 58 consecutive diabetic children (mean age = 12.8 yrs, mean
      duration of diabetes = 3.6 yrs) and compared to 119 normal children, for elbows,
      wrists, metocarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal
      interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the 5th finger, in order to detect subclinical
      anomalies. The results showed a significant loss of the MCP flexion and
      extension, of the PIP flexion and of the DIP extension in diabetic children when
      the values were analysed according to the physiological variation with age. The
      prayer test detected LJM in three patients only. The degrees of elbow and DIP
      extension, and wrist flexion, decrease when the duration of diabetes increases,
      independently of the age. Anomalies of the 5th finger joint mobility were found
      to be correlated with microvascular anomalies of retinal angiography and nailfold
      capillaroscopy. However, no correlation was found with the measure of HbA1c
      performed at the time of the joint assessment. The measure of joint mobility with
      a goniometer has detected a decrease of finger mobility in diabetic children,
      early in the course of diabetes. These preliminary data should be confirmed in a
      longitudinal study that will be performed in a larger setting, in order to
      propose diagnostic criteria of infraclinical diagnosis of LJM.

PMID- 1809596
TI  - Lipid and apoprotein behaviour after oral fat load in hypertriglyceridaemia.
AB  - Post-prandial profiles of plasma lipids and apoproteins have been studied in 13
      hypertriglyceridaemic patients and in 24 normolipidaemic subjects who acted as
      controls. Triglyceride curves were different in the two groups: type IV patients
      reached the peak later than the controls (7-h vs 4 1/2-h) and cleared plasma
      triglycerides more slowly. The magnitude of post-prandial response was found to
      be higher in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Positive correlations were also
      found between triglycerides response and fasting levels of triglycerides, apo B,
      apo C-II, apo C-III and apo E levels and negative correlations (not significant)
      with HDL-C levels in both hypertriglyceridemics and controls. In normolipidaemic
      subjects the triglyceride increase area was also correlated with age, BMI and
      total cholesterol, while in type IV patients with apo A-I and apo A-II levels.
      These data confirm that the magnitude of post-prandial phase is influenced by
      fasting levels of triglycerides-rich lipoproteins and that HDL are important
      determinants in the control of the post-prandial response. The most relevant
      finding in this study was the difference of the post-prandial profile of
      apoproteins C-II, C-III and E. These apoproteins significantly decreased nine
      hours after meal in the controls, while in hypertriglyceridaemics these
      apoproteins showed a rise over time. On the contrary apo A-I, apo A-II and apo B
      curves presented a similar profile in both groups. Possible mechanisms have been
      discussed, but further studies are necessary to understand the metabolic defects
      responsible for this behaviour in hypertriglyceridaemia.

PMID- 1809597
TI  - Sensorimotor evaluation of ano-rectal complex in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - To evaluate the status of ano-rectal complex in diabetic patients, 20 patients
      with no fecal incontinence and/or local ano-rectal disorders and 18 normal
      subjects underwent to: 1) ano-rectal manometry; 2) defecography; and 3) rectal
      sensation tests. In all subjects, the five classic cardiovascular reflexes tests
      were performed to detect autonomic neuropathy. No significant difference between
      diabetic patients and controls was found in length, maximum resting pressure and
      strength of phasic external anal sphincter or anal canal at ano-rectal manometry;
      similarly, no significant difference between diabetic and normal subjects was
      found by the same technique in threshold and amplitude of ano-rectal inhibitory
      reflex. Ano-rectal angle of diabetic patients was not significantly different
      from normals both at resting and during straining at defecographic study. By
      rectal sensation testing, it was possible to demonstrate a significant difference
      between diabetic and normal subjects in perception of rectal distension (87.5 +/-
      27.5 vs 39.2 +/- 6.5 ml, p less than 0.05; mean +/- SEM) and of stimulus of
      defecation (147.0 +/- 56.3 vs 52.9 +/- 18.5 ml, p less than 0.001) but not in
      perception of maximum tolerable volume (343.5 +/- 69.9 vs 322.0 +/- 48.5 ml, p =
      NS). No relationship was found between these results and the score of autonomic
      neuropathy and/or duration of diabetic disease. These data suggest that an early
      involvement of only sensory parasympathetic fibers of ano-rectal complex occurs
      in diabetic patients without gastrointestinal symptoms.

PMID- 1809598
TI  - Residual effects of a short-term intensified insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic
      patients with oral drug failure.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the long-term effects of a short
      course of insulin therapy on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients after
      failure with oral therapy. Twenty type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with
      maximal doses of sulfonylurea were given intensified insulin treatment for 12-14
      days adjusted so as to achieve near normoglycaemia. They were then restarted on
      their previous oral medication to which one bedtime injection of NPH insulin was
      added if the mean diurnal glucose profile exceeded 10 mM (n = 8). At the follow
      up evaluation (n = 18), 6 +/- 1 months later, fasting glucose (12.3 +/- 1.1 to
      8.3 +/- 0.6 mM) and HbA1c (10.2 +/- 0.5 to 8.5 +/- 0.5%) levels were
      significantly improved in the patients receiving a combined therapy. In the group
      maintained on sulfonylurea alone, fasting glucose (13.2 +/- 0.7 to 6.9 +/- 0.7
      mM) and HbA1c (9.6 +/- 0.6 to 6.9 +/- 0.6%) were also significantly improved in 5
      patients who had lost weight (-6 +/- 1 kg) whereas none of these parameters were
      significantly different from the preinsulin value in the 6 patients whose weight
      remained unchanged. In conclusion, the current results do not provide any
      evidence that short-term insulin therapy is able to reinduce the efficacy of a
      previously ineffective sulfonylurea treatment, on a long term basis.

PMID- 1809599
TI  - Ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume and contractility in diabetic
      patients of different ages.
AB  - Gallbladder volume and contractility were measured, by means of real-time
      ultrasonography, in 48 insulin treated diabetic patients free from autonomic
      neuropathy, and in 91 healthy control subjects. All controls and diabetic
      patients were on a isocaloric and balanced diet. Gallbladder measurements were
      taken after an overnight fast and again 60-75 minutes after each meal.
      Gallbladder volume was at all times significantly greater in diabetic patients
      than in controls, while gallbladder contractility was similar. In diabetic
      patients, but not in controls, gallbladder volume was greater in the elderly than
      in adults, with no relationship between gallbladder volume and duration of
      diabetes. It is concluded that enlargement of the gallbladder might be a risk
      factor for gallstones in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1809600
TI  - Evaluation of an electro-enzymatic system (Satellite G) for blood glucose
      monitoring in hospital use.
AB  - Since blood glucose is routinely determined in health care providing
      institutions, there is a need for a simple, portable, reliable, and low cost
      system designed for this purpose. In order to evaluate the accuracy of a newly
      developed blood glucose monitor (Satellite G), 101 venous blood samples from
      diabetic patients were measured. Glucose readings were compared with plasma
      glucose measurements obtained from a standard glucose-oxidase method. The mean
      difference between the Satellite G blood glucose readings and plasma glucose was 
      0.8 mmol/l, with limits of agreement (+/- 2SD) of -3.2 and 1.6 mmol/l (plasma
      glucose ranging between 2.4 and 22.5 mmol/l). Error grid analysis showed that 95%
      of the respective Satellite G readings fell in zone A, i.e. gave clinically
      accurate results, the remaining 5% fell in zone B. Due to the high accuracy the
      Satellite G can be recommended for routine blood glucose measurements in daily
      hospital use.

PMID- 1809601
TI  - [Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diabetic patients].

PMID- 1809603
TI  - Anticipation in obstetrical care. Proceedings of the postgraduate course in
      reproductive medicine. Amsterdam, June 7-8, 1990.

PMID- 1809602
TI  - [Clinical management of a diabetic patient treated with an implantable insulin
      pump].

PMID- 1809604
TI  - Doppler velocimetry studies of the uterine artery in the early prediction of pre
      eclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation.
AB  - Pre-eclampsia/proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension (PPIH) and intra-uterine
      growth retardation (IUGR) are associated with incomplete trophoblastic invasion
      of the uterus in the first half of pregnancy. The uteroplacental circulation can
      be observed using Doppler ultrasound. We have performed two mid pregnancy
      screening studies of our antenatal population in the last three years, to assess
      the use of Doppler velocimetry studies at that time in predicting the subsequent
      development of PPIH and IUGR. In the first study continuous wave Doppler
      ultrasound was used to study the uterine circulation. The Resistance Index (RI)
      was measured once in both uterine arteries in 925 patients between 16 and 24
      weeks gestation. There was a significant association between an abnormal RI
      (greater than 95th centile) and the subsequent development of PPIH, IUGR and
      severe complications of pregnancy. However, even though the specificity (95%) was
      high the sensitivity was low (25%). There was no significant association with
      nonproteinuric hypertension. In an attempt to improve the sensitivity for the
      second study, colour flow imaging and the use of a diastolic notch as well as an
      elevated RI were introduced. 2437 patients had continuous-wave Doppler studies of
      the uterine circulation performed at 20 weeks gestation. 16% had abnormal
      waveforms, persisting in 5.4% at 24 weeks and 4.6% at 26 weeks when measured with
      colour/pulsed Doppler. The high sensitivity (76%) of this innovation at 20 weeks
      is retained at 24 and 26 weeks, while the specificity (from 86% to 97%) and
      positive predictive value (13% to 44%) improve progressively with
      gestation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809605
TI  - Fetal biochemical reactions to hypoxia.

PMID- 1809607
TI  - Prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease.

PMID- 1809606
TI  - Maternal mortality and its prevention.
AB  - Maternal mortality rates in developed countries have declined steeply during the
      last 50 years. The introduction of sulphonamides and blood transfusion techniques
      contributed much to lowering maternal mortality rates. The maternal mortality
      rate in The Netherlands in 1983-1988 was 8.8/100,000 livebirths. In 57%
      substandard care factors could be identified. This suggests that further
      improvement in preventing maternal mortality is possible. Maternal mortality
      rates in developing countries are still unacceptably high as a result of high
      fertility and a high risk of dying each time a woman becomes pregnant.
      Complications of illegal abortion are responsible for 25-50% of maternal deaths.
      Safe contraception could probably result in an important reduction in the number
      of maternal deaths, but also the provision of accessible maternal health services
      is essential to reduce maternal mortality in developing countries.

PMID- 1809608
TI  - Invasive hemodynamic monitoring in pregnancy.
AB  - Invasive hemodynamic monitoring is indicated in the critically ill pregnant or
      postpartum patient, whose hemodynamic state cannot be reliably determined by
      clinical observation and noninvasive methods. In addition, precise hemodynamic
      information must be indispensable to determine and monitor treatment.
      Complications of central hemodynamic monitoring using the Swan-Ganz catheter
      appear to be rare in experienced hands. To maintain and expand the necessary
      skills and experience, invasive hemodynamic monitoring should be centralized in
      obstetric intensive care units.

PMID- 1809609
TI  - Computerised analysis of the fetal heart rate.

PMID- 1809610
TI  - Doppler echocardiography as a non-invasive hemodynamic technique in pregnancy.

PMID- 1809611
TI  - Control of type-I diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.
AB  - Type-I diabetes mellitus is a serious risk factor in pregnancy. To reduce the
      chance of congenital defects, macrosomia, intrauterine death and neonatal
      morbidity, tight control of glucose has to be achieved before and during
      pregnancy. Disadvantage of this tight regimen is an increase of retinopathy of
      the mother in good controlled cases of diabetes mellitus. Waiting for spontaneous
      labour is possible in combination with fetal surveillance by cardiotocography.

PMID- 1809612
TI  - Diagnosis and management of intrapartum fetal distress.
AB  - Fetal distress is a frequent reason for obstetric intervention during labour. The
      final diagnosis generally is based upon the information in the cardiotocographic
      tracings, whether or not combined with the information from fetal scalp blood
      sampling. Reading, classification and interpretation of fetal heart rate (FHR)
      recordings is subject to considerable interobserver variation, even among
      experienced obstetricians. Far too often, individual decelerations in the heart
      rate are classified as early or late, merely on the basis of the relationship
      between the decelerations and the accompanying contraction. Hon's original flow
      sheet for classification of decelerations dictates assessment of the full tracing
      with, as a primary step: are decelerations uniform or not? Non-uniform
      decelerations should automatically be classified as variable. Comparison between
      the onset of the deceleration and the uterine contraction curve is the second
      step. Variable decelerations are the predominant type in the majority of
      intrapartum recordings. Features in the FHR rhythm to be assessed in case of
      variable decelerations include assessment of the baseline level, presence or
      absence of accelerations, variability in the baseline pattern and during the
      decelerative part of the tracing, initial and secondary acceleration, overshoot
      following the deceleration whether or not with smoothing, recovery from the
      deceleration, continuation of the baseline level and the time intervals between
      contractions or recurrent efforts of pushing activity. The paper further
      addresses pathophysiologic mechanisms of fetal distress, maternal and fetal risk
      factors and various alternatives in the management of intrapartum distress.

PMID- 1809613
TI  - Management of the growth-retarded fetus.
AB  - In this paper techniques for monitoring the condition of the intra-uterine growth
      retarded (IUGR) fetus are reviewed. Doppler measurements of umbilical artery
      velocity waveforms may be used to identify IUGR fetuses at risk of becoming
      hypoxaemic. With the use of antenatal fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring the
      actual fetal condition can quite accurately be assessed. The timing of delivery
      of the IUGR fetus depends on many aspects. A proposal for the timing of delivery
      of these fetuses, based on three variables (gestational age, FHR pattern,
      Doppler) is presented. Such a proposal contains many uncertainties, as controlled
      trials in which early versus later delivery are compared, are lacking.
      Particularly at early gestation the obstetrician is confronted with the dilemma
      of delivering a fetus before signs of hypoxaemia occur, with a consequent risk of
      prematurity related neonatal problems, or leaving the fetus in utero longer in
      the hope of improving maturation, but then the impact of prolonged malnutrition
      on the brain may offset these benefits. Possibilities for in utero treatment of
      fetal growth retardation--briefly discussed in this paper--are limited. This
      implies that the impact of obstetrical management on perinatal morbidity will
      only be marginal.

PMID- 1809614
TI  - An approach to fetal surgery: endoscopic use of excimer laser.
AB  - Recent progress in the area of prenatal diagnosis by means of ultrasound forces
      the improvement of surgical techniques for intra-uterine fetal therapy. By the
      use of short, intense pulses of ultraviolet laser light (20-200 ns long) a
      photoablation of defined samples of biological tissue is performed with no
      substantial thermal side effects. The experimental set-up applied in this study
      included endoscopic operation on five fetal lambs. Macroscopically, a sharp edge
      in the incision area was observed at both prechosen laser frequencies of 10 and
      40 Hz. The clinical application of pulsed ultraviolet laser systems with the
      characteristics of guided photoablation and atraumatic incisions avoiding thermal
      side-effects opens new perspectives for fetal surgery.

PMID- 1809615
TI  - Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetrics.

PMID- 1809616
TI  - Natural history determinants of the time constants of the fetal
      electrocardiogram.
AB  - A total of 92 fetuses have been studied during labour using a technique of real
      time fetal electrocardiography. This study showed differences in the PR and QRS
      intervals between male and female infants and also confirmed previous findings of
      a positive correlation between QRS width and fetal birthweight. The importance of
      taking natural biological factors into account in the interpretation of the time
      constants of the FECG is demonstrated.

PMID- 1809617
TI  - Management of severe red cell immunization in pregnancy.

PMID- 1809618
TI  - Management of pre-eclampsia remote from term.
AB  - The desired goal in the management of patients with pre-eclampsia is safety of
      the mother first and then delivery of a live mature newborn that will not require
      intensive and prolonged neonatal care. Initial management includes maternal
      hospitalization for evaluation of maternal and fetal conditions. Subsequent
      management is individualized based on the above evaluation and fetal gestational
      age. Expectant management results in good pregnancy outcome in most patients with
      mild disease remote from term. For patients with severe disease, the success rate
      of expectant management will depend on both fetal gestational age and maternal
      and fetal conditions at time of hospitalization. In general, maternal and
      perinatal complications are significantly increased in patients with severe
      disease prior to 34 weeks' gestation and in those with HELLP syndrome. Thus,
      these patients should be managed only at regional hospitals with adequate
      maternal and neonatal intensive care facilities. Finally, patients with pre
      eclampsia are at increased risk for recurrence of pre-eclampsia in subsequent
      pregnancies.

PMID- 1809619
TI  - Intracoronary streptokinase in unstable angina: a prospective randomised study.
AB  - Results of our prospective, randomised pilot trial to evaluate the clinical
      effects and the angiographic correlates of early thrombolysis in patients with
      unstable angina are reported. Sixty-seven patients had coronary angiography 10 +/
      8 (median 7) hours after an episode of transient chest pain at rest with
      reversible ischaemic changes on the electrocardiogram. Patients with left main
      disease (4), or diffuse coronary disease and unidentified ischemia-producing
      lesions (13) were excluded, as were those without severe (greater than or equal
      to 70%) stenosis (10). Intracoronary thrombus was identified at angiography in 7
      patients (17%) and complex coronary lesions in 5 (12%) of the remaining 40
      patients who were randomised to either intracoronary streptokinase 250,000 IU
      followed by intravenous heparin along with conventional treatment (20 patients),
      or to conventional treatment alone (20 patients). All patients received Aspirin.
      No differences between the streptokinase and the conventional treatment groups
      were observed with respect to demographic and clinical characteristics at
      admission to the study. During observation in the intensive care unit for 3 +/- 1
      days, 8 patients (40%) with streptokinase and 10 (50%) with conventional
      treatment were free from angina and infarction (p = 0.75; 95% confidence interval
      for the difference in response rates = -20 to 40%). There were no bleeding
      complications and no patient died. Patients enrolled in our study had fewer
      coronary thrombi at angiography than currently reported. Our data did not show
      that adjunct treatment with streptokinase and heparin is superior to conventional
      treatment alone in these patients.

PMID- 1809620
TI  - [Cardiac changes induced by deconditioning in athletes: an echocardiographic and
      electrocardiographic study].
AB  - The relationships between echocardiographic and electrocardiographic variations
      and the sensibility of three different electrocardiographic criteria of left
      ventricular (LV) hypertrophy were assessed during deconditioning in 18 top-level
      oarsmen (mean age 23 +/- 4 years). After seven months of training and on the 7th
      and 21st deconditioning days the oarsmen underwent clinical examination,
      electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram with Doppler evaluation. The following
      ECG measurements were obtained: heart rate (HR), QTc, QRS and T waves axes, QRS
      and T wave angular gradients, R, S and T wave amplitude and T wave area.
      Moreover, the sums of S wave in lead V1 plus R wave in lead V5 or V6, of S wave
      in lead V1 or V2 plus R wave in lead V5 or V6, and of R wave in lead aVL plus S
      wave in lead V3 were calculated as indices of left ventricular hypertrophy. The
      following echocardiographic parameters were also analyzed: intraventricular
      septal (IVST) and posterior wall thickness (PWT), LV internal diameter (LVID),
      left ventricular mass (LVM) and volumes, LV endocardial/epicardial diastolic
      surface area ratio, peak systolic meridional wall stress (PSS), end-systolic
      stress (ESS) and mean systolic wall stress (MWSI), LV ejection fraction (EF) and
      total peripheral resistances (TPR); early (E) and late (A) transmitral peak flow
      velocity, E/A ratio. Systolic blood pressure was reduced after 3 deconditioning
      weeks, while diastolic blood pressure and HR were unchanged. Left ventricular
      mass and end-systolic volume were reduced after 1 week, while LV end-diastolic
      volume only after 3 weeks; therefore, EF improved at the end of the first week
      when TPR were lower. End-systolic stress always remained unchanged; PSS increased
      at 1 week and then returned to previous values. In addition, the endocardial
      epicardial area ratio increased after 1 week and then returned to starting values
      after 3 weeks. Doppler parameters were in the normal range and remained unchanged
      during the study. Amplitudes of R wave in aVL, V5, V6 and of S wave in V2 did not
      change, while S wave amplitude in V1 and V3 decreased after three weeks and one
      week, respectively. The most sensible criterion for LV hypertrophy was the sum of
      S wave in V1 or V2 plus R wave in V5 or V6 (range from 33.3% to 22.2%); the sum
      of S in V1 plus R in V5 or V6 performed better than the sum of R in aVL plus S in
      V3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1809621
TI  - [Adaptation to effort myocardial ischemia].
AB  - BACKGROUND: During PTCA it has been observed that in two sequential coronary
      occlusions, the second is characterized by less subjective anginal discomfort,
      less ST segment depression, less myocardial lactate production and lower mean
      pulmonary pressure than that recorded during the first inflation. The phenomenon
      is known as "cardiac adaptation to ischemia". PTCA, as a model for controlled,
      reversible myocardial ischemia must be viewed in a substantially different
      context from other models concerning different types of ischemia. The purpose of
      our investigation was to examine the hypothesis that phenomena similar to those
      observed during PTCA can occur during effort ischemia. METHODS: Six patients with
      stable effort ischemia, fixed ischemic threshold (bpm x mmHg variability less
      than 3200) and fixed recovery period (variability of time at ST on isoelectric
      line less than 1 min and variability of rate-pressure product at ST on
      isoelectric line less than 2000 bpm x mmHg) were studied. Our aim was to study
      the ischemic threshold (IT) and the recovery period in an exercise test performed
      a short time after an initial one. The programme consisted of: 1) exercise test
      at a fixed load (the load was predetermined by the level of ischemia reached in a
      previous multistage exercise test); 2) exercise test ending at ST decreases 1 mm;
      3) recovery period; 4) 2nd exercise test similar to the first one and ending at
      ST decreases 1 mm, to be performed 3 minutes after the end of recovery period
      (that is, 3 minutes after ST on isoelectric line). In both exercise tests we
      registered rate-pressure product at ischemia (RPPI), time to ischemia (TI), rate
      pressure product at ST on isoelectric line (rate-pressure product at
      normalization: RPPN) and time at ST on isoelectric line (time of normalization:
      TN). RESULTS: [table: see text] In all pts RPPI in the second exercise test was
      similar to RPPI registered in the first one, while RPPN in the second exercise
      test was higher than in the first. In the second exercise test, time to ST on
      isoelectric line was also shorter. CONCLUSIONS: We think that the shorter
      recovery period from myocardial ischemia in the second exercise test may be an
      expression of a "cardiac adaptation to ischemia", a phenomenon which has been
      previously observed during PTCA.

PMID- 1809622
TI  - [Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy: immediate and short-term results].
AB  - 31 symptomatic patients with mitral stenosis were selected for percutaneous
      transvenous mitral commissurotomy using Inoue catheter. The patients were
      selected using the echocardiographic score for: leaflets mobility, leaflets
      thickening, subvalvular thickening, degree of calcifications. All patients had a
      score less than or equal to 8 and represented 17.5% of the patients studied in
      our echocardiographic laboratory for mitral stenosis. We were able to perform the
      commissurotomy in 30 of them. Mean left atrial pressure decreased from 26 +/- 5.2
      mmHg to 14.6 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.001). The mean mitral diastolic pressure
      gradient decreased from 8.9 +/- 3.1 mmHg to 3.9 +/- 1.3 mmHg (p less than 0.001).
      The mitral valve area, using the echocardiographic Pressure Half Time (PHT),
      increased from 0.94 +/- 0.17 cmq to 1.96 +/- 0.33 cmq (p less than 0.001). Mitral
      regurgitation, angiographically evaluated in 29 patients, increased in 11 (38%),
      being of degree + + + in 3 patients. There were 2 heart tamponades and 5 cases
      (16.6%) of left-to-right shunt with Qp / Qs less than 2. After 3 months, the
      follow-up showed improvement of one or more functional classes in 96.6% of all
      patients. The mitral valve area, determined after 6 months in 24 patients by PHT,
      was stable (1.98 +/- 0.31 vs 1.93 +/- 0.25) (p = 0.5); we did not find mitral
      stenosis recurrence in any instance. In the first 10 patients, after 1 year, the
      results are stable (1.85 +/- 0.28 cmq vs 1.93 +/- 0.21 cmq) (p = 0.5) without
      mitral stenosis recurrence. These data suggest that in selected tight mitral
      stenosis the percutaneous transvenous commissurotomy may be alternative to the
      open surgical solution. Using an Inoue catheter, the percutaneous transvenous
      mitral commissurotomy is easier and the complications are few. The major
      procedural hazards derive from the transseptal technique.

PMID- 1809623
TI  - [Hemodynamic response to high-dose nitroglycerin infusion in patients with severe
      heart failure after pretreatment and clinical stabilization].
AB  - It is a common opinion that the use of nitrates may have a harmful effect on
      cardiac output (CO) in patients (pts) with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to
      left ventricular (LV) dilatation and systolic dysfunction in whom previous
      treatment with diuretics and vasodilators considerably reduced LV filling
      pressure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects on CO and LV
      filling pressure of high dose intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) in eight pts with
      dilated cardiomyopathy and with CHF in functional class IV NYHA; they had
      previously undergone intensive treatment with diuretics and vasodilators, and at
      the time of the study were in stable clinical conditions. Hemodynamic monitoring
      was performed by Swan-Ganz catheterization and CO was determined by
      thermodilution. NTG was administered at increasing doses (maximal doses 350 +/-
      220 microgr./m, range 100-800 microgr./m) until systolic arterial pressure (BPs)
      less than or equal to 85 mmHg and/or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
      less than or equal to 4 mmHg. Our results showed that NTG caused a significant
      reduction of right atrial pressure (RAP, 4 +/- 3.5 vs -1 +/- 4 mmHg, p less than
      0.001), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (36 +/- 8 vs 21 +/- 11 mmHg, p less
      than 0.001) and PCWP (16 +/- 5 vs 7 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.001). LV transmural
      pressure (TMP) calculated as the difference between PCWP and RAP, showed a
      nonsignificant reduction from 12 +/- 5 to 8 +/- 3.75 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809624
TI  - [Congenital malformations of the mitral valve: clinical and morphological
      aspects].
AB  - The clinical, anatomic and functional features of 23 pts with congenital mitral
      valve malformation, seen at the University of Padua over a period of 10 years,
      are described. All pts underwent hemodynamic investigation and echo-Doppler
      evaluation. Diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 17 cases, and at necropsy in
      six. In 9 pts mitral anomalies determined prevalent stenosis; the remaining 16
      pts had moderate to severe mitral regurgitation. Associated cardiac malformations
      were present in 19 cases (82.6%). The clinical presentation occurred earlier in
      pts with mitral stenosis (16.9 months vs 6.55 years). The morphologic and
      echocardiographic features of each malformation are described. The term "valve
      dysplasia", as proposed by Becker et al to define the non-Ebstein malformations
      of the tricuspid valve, is herein applied to the congenital anomalies of the
      mitral valve in order to obtain a uniform and homogeneous approach to this vast
      spectrum of malformations.

PMID- 1809625
TI  - [Physiopathology of cardiac decompensation in the fetus].

PMID- 1809626
TI  - [Inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (PAI) and ischemic cardiopathy].

PMID- 1809627
TI  - [Right accessory pathway simulating a nodo-ventricular pathway: an
      electrophysiologic study and intraoperative mapping].
AB  - We report a case of a patient with episodes of wide QRS tachycardia and syncope.
      During the electrophysiologic study, a wide QRS tachycardia (200 b/m) with left
      bundle branch block morphology was reproducibly induced by incremental atrial
      pacing with progressive shortening of the HV interval and lengthening of the AV
      interval, suggesting the presence of a nodoventricular accessory pathway (Mahaim
      fiber). The intraoperative mapping performed during tachycardia showed the
      earliest ventricular activation to be over the right antero-lateral AV groove,
      different from the usual epicardial activation previously described. According to
      the earliest epicardial breakthrough point, we performed an epicardial AV fat pad
      dissection which produced irreversible disappearance of preexcitation, confirmed
      at the postoperative electrophysiologic study. No recurrence of tachycardia was
      observed during a follow-up of 11 months. This case further confirms previous
      data that the "so-called" Mahaim fibers could be a right accessory pathway with
      decremental properties.

PMID- 1809628
TI  - [Inpatients with congestive heart failure in Italy: one, none, hundred
      thousand?].

PMID- 1809629
TI  - [Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 1809630
TI  - [Aluminum in the drinking water and the health of the population].

PMID- 1809631
TI  - [An evaluation of the toxicity of manganese and iron in their separate and joint
      body uptake].
AB  - Different effects for the manganese and iron uptake with a drinking water were
      received. An antagonism and/or synergism of these ions at levels of 1/50 and 1/10
      CL50 were noted.

PMID- 1809632
TI  - [The combined action of the components of compound PSB-500 and its hygienic
      standardization in the water of reservoirs].
AB  - A multi-component composition of RSB-500 of the not strictly fixed quantitative
      composition as a model one and four additional mixtures of the fixed composition
      have been studied, as well as the character of the combined effect of its
      components. It has been found out, that for the composition of RSB-500 the total
      threshold concentration is 0.4 mg/l according to BOD, and the maximal no-effect
      dose is 0.27 mg/kg. Potentiation of the effect of the components is observed
      according to the influence on BOD, additivity--according to the degree of
      cumulation. Embryotoxic, gonadotoxic, mutagenic and allergic effects were not
      observed. The limiting degree of harmfulness is general toxic (BOD stimulation),
      the fourth degree of danger. It is recommended to maintain sanitary control
      according to nitriltrimethylphosphonic acid on the level 0.3 mg/l and phosphorous
      acid on the level 0.07 mg/l.

PMID- 1809633
TI  - [The hygienic validation of the permissible content of N-acylamino acid-based
      flotation agents in the water of reservoirs].

PMID- 1809634
TI  - [The viability of species of microscopic fungi in nitrate-polluted water].
AB  - It has been found out, that contamination of marine and river water and soil with
      nitrates significantly influence the viability of microscopic fungi living there.
      This influence was positive when the nitrates content was moderate (from 0.2 to 2
      g/l), extremely high concentrations of nitrates (20 g/l) lead to the inhibition
      of fungi growth and to their death.

PMID- 1809635
TI  - [The hygienic assessment of soil pollution in functional urban areas during the
      multiyear operation of chemical enterprises].
AB  - Long-term exploiting of chemical plants resulted in the severe soil pollution.
      Thus, the contaminated soil became the secondary source of the environmental
      pollution in the town and around it.

PMID- 1809636
TI  - [The effect of the physical hygienic properties of the materials of protective
      clothing on the length of time working wearing it].
AB  - Experimental correlation of physical and chemical properties of materials and its
      protective properties was found. This correlation may be used in screening of
      unprotective materials.

PMID- 1809638
TI  - [Debatable questions of the hygienic regulation of the activities of
      schoolchildren].

PMID- 1809637
TI  - [The prediction of adolescent success in mastering the job of machinery operator
      in underground installations at an urban vocational-technical secondary school].
AB  - Professiographic analysis of the labour in coal mining resulted in the model for
      forecast of successful vocational education for the machinists of underground
      installations, and allowed the differential admission to mining special
      vocational schools to carry out.

PMID- 1809639
TI  - [The work productivity of upper-grade students with deviations in their health
      status during the mastery of electrical engineering jobs in vocational training
      centers].

PMID- 1809640
TI  - [The use of thermoluminescent dosimeters for measuring low-energy x-ray and gamma
      radiation].

PMID- 1809641
TI  - [The elaboration of a complex of indices for the intensiveness of an experimental
      infectious process to be used in hygienic research].
AB  - Study with the chromium, barium, aniline, lead acetate, phosphamide and ambush
      show, that changes in the resistance levels measured by the complex of the
      immunological, biochemical parameters and of the resistance to infection are
      connected. Therefore the integrative index of infection intensity was worked out.

PMID- 1809642
TI  - [The content of lead and cadmium in the hair as an index of body exposure].

PMID- 1809643
TI  - [The structural organization of the erythrocyte membranes of representatives of
      different ethnic groups following a single drink of ethanol].
AB  - Comparative data of phospholipids and fatty acids contents in erythrocytes of the
      people working in the North after the single uptake of ethanol are given. The
      increase of the fatty acids saturation index in all groups was noted. The
      modifications of the polyunsaturated fatty acids from omega-6-series for
      Europeans and omega-3-series for Mongolians was also found.

PMID- 1809644
TI  - [The mechanism of the bactericidal action of chemical disinfectants].

PMID- 1809645
TI  - [The prediction of the membrane-damaging action of chemical substances in
      experiments on bacteria].
AB  - Comparative study of the cytoplasmic membrane sensitivity in procaryotic cells
      (E. coli) and eucaryotic cells (rat red blood cells) to bis-quaternary ammonea
      compounds and diatomic aliphatic alcohols was carried out. Comparative study of
      the membrane permeability demonstrated, that E. coli is more sensitive for these
      xenobiotics. Cells of E. coli recommended as a biotest-object for the membrane
      tropic toxic reactions to study.

PMID- 1809646
TI  - [The comparative toxicity of inorganic mercury compounds for a cell culture and
      the whole organism].
AB  - In experiments with two tissue culture lines it was shown, that cytotoxicity of
      mercury (1) derivatives (measured by CL50) is lesser two times, than it was for
      mercury (2) derivates. No significant differences in cytotoxicity were noted by
      the cell morphology and monolayer mitosis activity coefficient studies. This
      demonstrates the equal toxicity and dangerous to both derivates.

PMID- 1809647
TI  - [The cytogenetic effects of separate and combined exposures to a manganese
      dioxide aerosol and wide-band noise].
AB  - Negative cytogenetic effects of manganese dioxide aerosol and noise (40-12,000
      Hz, 80-100 dB) were studied. The modification of aerosol's effects by the noise
      was found.

PMID- 1809648
TI  - [Human ecology and hygiene].
AB  - Theoretical aspects of the human ecology, its place and significance in solution
      of biosphere protection problems are discussed. "Human ecology", "socioecology",
      interrelations of the terms with hygiene were also noted. Author supported the
      homocentric conception in the ecology problem aricing. Special attention was paid
      to the ecological education of physicians.

PMID- 1809649
TI  - [The hygienic aspects of modern deontology in physician training].

PMID- 1809650
TI  - [The concept and essence of state health inspection].

PMID- 1809651
TI  - [The work experience of an epidemiological health station in analyzing the health
      status of the population in relation to environmental pollution].

PMID- 1809653
TI  - [A life style study of epidemiological health station physicians in the Dagestan
      ASSR].

PMID- 1809652
TI  - [Methodological approaches to the study and shaping of a healthy life style for
      the population].

PMID- 1809654
TI  - [The comparative evaluation of research results taking into account the value and
      dynamics of the bioeffect].

PMID- 1809655
TI  - [The use of alveolar macrophages in the hygienic standardization of industrial
      strains of microorganisms].

PMID- 1809656
TI  - [A method for the quantitative evaluation of laboratory research results using
      universal value tables].

PMID- 1809657
TI  - [The determination of glycidol in the air by photometric and gas chromatographic
      methods].

PMID- 1809658
TI  - [The gas chromatographic determination of chlorinated derivatives of 4-methyl
      penten-2-ol in the air of a work area].

PMID- 1809659
TI  - [The use of an atmospheric pollution index].

PMID- 1809660
TI  - Some observations on gestational age and birth weight as indicators of risk in
      newborn infants.
AB  - The neonatal mortality rate has so far been used as the most reasonable risk
      indicator of pregnancy outcomes in a community. This rate, however, has decreased
      considerably, and a new indicator is required. The proportions of pre-term
      infants, infants with foetal growth retardation and high-risk infants were
      defined on the basis of both weight and gestational age at birth. Using these as
      pregnancy outcome indicators, perinatal risk factors in a rural community were
      examined. The study results agreed with the general knowledge on perinatal risk
      factors. This method can be used as an alternative to the conventional method for
      assessing the maternal and child health in a community.

PMID- 1809661
TI  - An observation on pregnancy outcomes in relation to haemoglobin levels.
AB  - The relations between maternal haemoglobin levels in pregnancy and pregnancy
      outcomes were examined. The data source for the examination was medical records
      of 460 singleton deliveries. The high haemoglobin level was associated with
      increased incidence of toxaemia. Both high and low haemoglobin levels were
      associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. The mean birth weight of term
      babies was higher in the low haemoglobin level and was not affected by toxaemia.
      It is concluded that the high haemoglobin level during pregnancy should be
      considered another perinatal risk factor.

PMID- 1809662
TI  - Three cases of anomic aphasia after lesions in and/or around the basal ganglia.
AB  - The present paper reports 3 cases of aphasia with small lesions in the region of
      the basal ganglia to discuss whether neostrial dysfunction can cause aphasic
      symptoms. The Standard Language Tests of Aphasia (SLTA) was used to assess the
      type and degree of aphasia. Two patients with infarction either in the left
      putamen or in the head of the left caudate nucleus showed severe disturbance only
      in recalling words, especially nouns. The other patient showed the same symptom,
      in addition to writing disturbance that developed shortly after surgical
      extirpation of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the left caudate nuclei.
      The symptoms common to the 3 patients corresponded well to the "anomic aphasia"
      proposed by Benson. The aphasic symptoms disappeared completely or largely within
      several months. This easy reversibility suggests that the aphasic disorder in the
      three patients was caused by damage not to the basal ganglia themselves, but to
      the affecting axons passing through or by the nuclei.

PMID- 1809663
TI  - Anticipatory grief: its measurement and proposed reconceptualization.
AB  - Factor analysis of an Anticipatory Grief Inventory composed of thoughts,
      feelings, and behaviors believed to be associated with anticipatory grief,
      completed by 159 male and female spouses of deceased cancer patients within three
      months of their loss yielded three interpretable factors: Conjugal Coping,
      Anticipatory Grief, and Cognitive Coping. Only Anticipatory Grief correlated
      significantly with measures of depression and subjective stress (rs = .36-.35),
      but did so positively, suggesting that, rather than serving an adaptive function,
      Anticipatory Grief may be a risk factor for poor early bereavement adjustment.
      Thus, recommendations concerning its facilitation in spouses of patients in the
      terminal stages of illness should be reconsidered.

PMID- 1809664
TI  - Death anxiety, death competency and self-actualization in hospice volunteers.
AB  - A total of 248 hospice volunteers completed the Personal Orientation Inventory,
      the Templer/McMordie Death Anxiety Scale, the Bugen Coping with Death Scale, and
      a Death Self-Efficacy Scale constructed for this research. Death anxiety
      significantly negatively correlated with four Personal Orientation Inventory
      scales, Coping with Death Scale positively correlated with seven of the twelve
      Personal Orientation Inventory Scales, and the Self-Efficacy Scale significantly
      correlated with eleven of them. These findings suggest that death competency
      constructs may be more useful than the concept of death anxiety in
      conceptualizing people's emerging self-actualization in the process of
      confronting mortality.

PMID- 1809665
TI  - Variations among nurses in behavioral intentions toward the dying.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to describe nurses' behavioral intentions toward
      the dying and to determine if they were related to selected characteristics of
      nurses caring for the dying. A questionnaire containing behavioral intention
      items and a characteristics profile was completed by 372 registered nurses
      working in a variety of settings in one midwestern state. Analyses of the data
      suggested that although nurses were very likely to provide general nursing care
      and to communicate openly with the dying, they were not likely to provide
      continuing care for bereaved family members. Major implications of the study were
      that the continuing care needs of bereaved family members are not being met by
      nurses in traditional health care settings, and that different groups of nurses
      have different approaches to care of the dying as well as different learning
      needs.

PMID- 1809666
TI  - Guided bone regeneration next to osseointegrated implants in humans.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the technique of guided tissue
      regeneration on a clinical and histologic level for generating new bone adjacent
      to osseointegrated implants. Cylindrical, press-fitted, titanium plasma flame
      coated implants were modified by a disk screwed onto the implant. After implant
      insertion, the disk-implant assembly was covered by an expanded
      polytetrafluorethylene membrane. In one group, the space underneath the membrane
      was filled with hydroxylapatite granules; in the control group, no membrane was
      used. Clinical and histologic results demonstrate that the principle of guided
      tissue regeneration is applicable to osteogenesis in humans.

PMID- 1809667
TI  - Complement activation by dental implants.
AB  - Activation of complement leads to the generation of C3a and C5a inflammatory
      peptides. C5a is a potent chemotactic factor, stimulating the secretion of
      proteolytic enzymes by neutrophils and osteoclast activating factor/Interleukin-1
      by monocytes. In vitro generation of C3a and C5a was measured by radioimmunoassay
      techniques. The results showed significant complement activation by all implants
      tested when compared to the control serum incubation. It is concluded that all of
      the implants studied activated the complement system and are not physiologically
      inert. Complement activation, therefore, may contribute either positively to
      healing or negatively to a poor outcome in osseoadaptation initially or over
      time.

PMID- 1809668
TI  - Early failures in 4,641 consecutively placed Branemark dental implants: a study
      from stage 1 surgery to the connection of completed prostheses.
AB  - This study comprised 4,641 Branemark dental implants, which were retrospectively
      followed from stage 1 surgery to completion of the prosthetic restorations. The
      implants were placed during a 3-year period (1986 to 1988) in 943 jaws,
      representing 889 patients with complete and partial edentulism. The jaw and sex
      distribution revealed a predominance of mandibles (564/943) and females
      (534/943). The mean age of the patients was 57.5 years (range 13 to 88 years) at
      implant placement. Only 69 (1.5%) fixtures failed to integrate, and most losses
      were seen in completely edentulous maxillae (46/69), in which the jaw bone
      exhibited soft quality and severe resorption. A preponderance of failures could
      also be seen among the shortest fixtures (7 mm). A majority of the mobile
      implants were recorded at the abutment connection (stage 2) operation (48/69).

PMID- 1809669
TI  - Dental implants retrieved from humans: a diagnostic light microscopic review of
      the findings in seven cases of failure.
AB  - With the increased use of dental implant systems, an increase in the number of
      implants removed from patients has also been observed. This investigation
      attempted to elucidate some underlying causal determinants of implant failure
      employing light microscopic analyses. Valuable data can be obtained from implants
      retrieved from patients. Implant success is predicted on proper patient selection
      and treatment planning, careful surgical procedures, careful prosthodontic
      management, and continued oral hygiene maintenance.

PMID- 1809670
TI  - A new design for a hybrid prosthesis supported by osseointegrated implants: 2.
      Preliminary clinical aspects.
AB  - A fixed partial denture is preferred as a prosthetic restoration supported by
      tissue-integrated oral implants. However, there are occasions, especially in
      restoring an edentulous maxilla, when a fixed partial denture does not satisfy a
      patient's requirements for esthetics, good phonetics, proper oral hygiene, and
      oral comfort. A removable hybrid prosthesis attached to a bar that is
      conventionally fixed to tissue-integrated implants ad modum Branemark was
      therefore designed to satisfy such needs and to meet requirements for splinting
      of the implants. Following the placement of prostheses, patients were asked to
      give their opinion on the comfort, phonetics, and esthetics of the prosthesis by
      marking a visual analog scale. The results indicate a successful initial outcome
      of the treatment.

PMID- 1809671
TI  - Digital subtraction radiography for the assessment of changes in peri-implant
      bone density.
AB  - Digital subtraction radiography is proposed as a potential diagnostic tool for
      implant research and patient monitoring. Examples of the application of this
      technique are given observing peri-implant density changes during the early
      healing phase and during ligature-induced peri-implantitis in an animal model.
      Additional cases document the loss of peri-implant bone density associated with
      an infection and increase in density caused by remodeling after functional
      loading of an implant with a single crown. Digital subtraction radiography might
      be one of the most sensitive noninvasive methods for assessing subtle density
      changes in peri-implant tissues, providing additional diagnostic information on
      implant tissue integration and maintenance.

PMID- 1809672
TI  - Automated microdensitometric quantification of bone ingrowth into porous
      implants.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a technique of automated histometric
      quantification of bone ingrowth into porous implant bodies that minimizes errors
      of volume determination arising from the section thickness of histologic
      specimens. A theoretical and experimental deduction is provided for the
      calculation of implant and bone layer thicknesses from the grey levels of
      microradiographs made from thick-section specimens. The presented method allows
      rapid raising of large amounts of histometric data when a computer-aided video
      system is available. A histologic preparation of specimens that permits the
      spatial reconstruction of the examined implant volume and analysis of three
      dimensional distribution of bone ingrowth is suggested.

PMID- 1809673
TI  - Mechanical aspects of a Branemark implant connected to a natural tooth: an in
      vitro study.
AB  - Mechanical in vitro tests of the Branemark implant disclose that the screw joint
      which attaches the prosthetic gold cylinder and the transmucosal abutment to the
      fixture forms a flexible system. This inherent flexibility seems to match well
      the vertical mobility of a supporting tooth connected to the implant.
      Calculations of vertical load distribution based on measured flexibility data
      demonstrate that the forces are shared almost equally between tooth and implant
      even without taking the flexibility of the surrounding bone or the prosthesis
      into account. The therapy of a single Branemark implant connected to a natural
      tooth should be considered without any additional element of a flexible nature.
      Mechanical tests and theoretical considerations, however, indicate that the
      transverse mobility of the connected tooth should be limited and that the
      attachment of the prosthesis to the tooth should be of a rigid design to avoid
      gold-screw loosening.

PMID- 1809674
TI  - Biomechanical analysis of osseointegration of IMZ implants in goat mandibles and
      maxillae.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the effect of time on the biomechanical
      integration of cylindrical dental implants in the mandible and maxilla. A total
      of 136 IMZ dental implants was placed bilaterally in the endentulous maxillae and
      mandibles of 17 goats. Pullout tests were used to assess biomechanical
      integration at intervals from 2 to 24 weeks. This study indicated that there is a
      time-dependent, progressive increase in pullout force to 24 weeks. The forces
      were consistently higher for the mandible than the maxilla. Moreover, there was
      no correlation between the intraoperative stability of the implant and the
      postoperative pullout force.

PMID- 1809675
TI  - An esthetic titanium abutment: report of a technique.
AB  - New esthetic two-piece titanium abutment cylinders have recently been introduced
      for the Branemark implant system. The conical design allows for the fabrication
      of fixed partial dentures with improved esthetics compared to the conventional
      abutment design. The improved feature provides for the ability to begin the
      restoration closer to the implant while still maintaining a titanium/soft-tissue
      interface. Two designs, one short and one long, are currently being produced. The
      components, techniques, and clinical advantages of the short two-piece esthetic
      abutment are reviewed.

PMID- 1809676
TI  - ITI hollow-cylinder and hollow-screw implants: prosthodontic management of
      edentulous patients using overdentures.
AB  - ITI implants, which are transmucosal from the time of placement, require
      relatively few components or instruments for the procedures involved in
      prosthetic restoration. The salient features of postsurgical care and management
      are discussed with respect to treatment of edentulous patients using overdentures
      retained by retentive anchors and bar attachments.

PMID- 1809677
TI  - The use and fabrication of a self-retaining surgical guide for controlled implant
      placement: a technical note.
AB  - A technique for using a surgical guide construction with a self-retaining
      feature, which has proven to be a significant improvement for stage 1 surgical
      procedures, is described. This design is more convenient to use than previously
      described occlusal extension splints. It maintains the concepts for ideal fixture
      placement that have proven so valuable in creating both a functionally and
      esthetically uncompromised prosthesis supported by implants.

PMID- 1809678
TI  - Tissue-integrated prostheses on malaligned implants in a partially edentulous
      patient: a clinical report.
AB  - Whether the result of technical errors or anatomic aberrations, malalignment of
      osseointegrated implants can create significant difficulty for the restorative
      dentist who fabricates the final tissue-integrated prosthesis. As a result, the
      planned prosthesis may defy completion or the implants may have to be left
      buried. This clinical report illustrates a solution to fabricating a
      fixed/detachable tissue-integrated prosthesis on malaligned posterior mandibular
      implants.

PMID- 1809679
TI  - Infected suture granuloma: a case report.
AB  - Suture granulomas mimic neoplasms in clinical appearance and may increase in
      frequency as dental implant therapy increases. This case report illustrates the
      clinical and histologic features of this sometimes perplexing postoperative
      complication.

PMID- 1809680
TI  - [Correlation between bone age, dental age, and chronological age].

PMID- 1809682
TI  - [Labial non-occlusion. Esthetic and functional deficits].

PMID- 1809681
TI  - [A large residual maxillary cyst with intrasinus changes].

PMID- 1809683
TI  - [Correlations between endodontics and fixed prosthodontics].

PMID- 1809684
TI  - [Alopecia of dental origin. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 1809685
TI  - [Relationship of orthodontics and endosseous implantology. Review of the
      literature].

PMID- 1809686
TI  - [The different stages of scaling-root planing].

PMID- 1809687
TI  - Sequence polymorphism of Amb a I and Amb a II, the major allergens in Ambrosia
      artemisiifolia (short ragweed).
AB  - Two of the major allergens in the pollen of short ragweed are Amb a I and Amb a
      II (formerly antigen E and antigen K, respectively). The genes for Amb a I and
      Amb a II have recently been cloned, and it was shown that Amb a I is a family of
      proteins with at least three distinct polymorphic family members. This study
      addresses the number of individual Amb a I and Amb a II family members, the
      polymorphism in each family member and the expression of these genes in ragweed
      plants from different geographical locations. This work led to the cloning and
      characterization of a fourth Amb a I family member, designated Amb a I.4.

PMID- 1809688
TI  - Complement activation by house dust: reduced reactivity of serum complement in
      patients with bronchial asthma.
AB  - Among ten different allergens, house-dust extract proved to be the most potent
      complement activator. It was therefore chosen to investigate the susceptibility
      of complement in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with
      extrinsic asthma and control persons. Complement activation in serum was assessed
      by the appearance of C3d as well as the activation-specific protein-protein
      complexes C1rs-C1inhibitor (classical pathway) and C3b(Bb)P (alternative
      pathway). Complement was activated via both the classical and the alternative
      pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast to earlier
      observations, however, complement was less affected in the serum of asthmatics
      than in the serum of normal individuals. Differences were restricted to
      alternative-pathway activation, probably due to preactivation and/or a
      significantly higher serum concentration of the regulatory protein factor H in
      asthmatic patients. In vitro generation of C3a in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      could not be achieved, although the presence of alternative pathway proteins C3,
      B and D was demonstrated.

PMID- 1809689
TI  - Studies of dialysates from Dermatophagoides farinae: partial purification and
      haptenic properties of dialysates from Dermatophagoides farinae.
AB  - Dialysates from Dermatophagoides farinae were partially purified. Fractionation
      on HPLC and anion exchange chromatography revealed that the dialysates consisted
      of 5 major fractions of glycoprotein whose apparent molecular sizes were 5.1,
      4.1, 3.2, and less than 1.35 kD on HPLC. The apparent molecular size of two
      fractions was 5.3 and 2.9 kD on SDS-PAGE. They were basic glycoproteins which had
      a pI ranging from 7.46 to 8.71 on PAG-IEF. These fractions were allergenic in the
      RAST and ELISA inhibition tests but not in the skin prick test (SPT). Our results
      suggest that the dialysates from D. farinae have haptenic properties. The
      dialysates from D. farinae (low molecular weight) and its 5 fractions bound
      noncovalently to human serum albumin (HSA) at the free tyrosine residues of HSA.
      They proved to bind noncovalently to serum proteins and collagens. Once they
      bound to proteins, the conjugates became allergenic not only in the RAST and
      ELISA inhibition test but also in the SPT. Our results provide evidence that the
      dialysates from D. farinae have haptenic properties.

PMID- 1809690
TI  - Induction of mediator release from human glomerular mesangial cells by the
      terminal complement components C5b-9.
AB  - Exposure of cultured human glomerular mesangial cells (GMC) to normal human serum
      and an activator of the complement system results in rapid uptake of the terminal
      complement proteins C5b-9 by the cells. This 'innocent bystander' complement
      attack, however, does not result in cell killing, but in the stimulation of the
      GMC to release prostaglandin E (PGE), interleukin 1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF). Endogenously synthesized Il-1 in turn activates PGE release,
      indicating that the C5b-9 attack initiates an autocrine feedback stimulation.
      Together with the fact that C5b-9 is found in many forms of glomerulonephritis,
      the data point to a role of the terminal complement proteins in the initiation
      and perpetuation of an inflammatory response.

PMID- 1809691
TI  - Asthma in Tanta, Egypt: serologic analysis of total and specific IgE antibody
      levels and their relationship to parasite infection.
AB  - The relationship between asthma, IgE and parasite infection was compared in 68
      randomly selected patients with asthma and 37 nonasthmatic controls living in
      Tanta, Egypt. Sera were assayed for total IgE and for IgE antibodies to inhaled
      allergens (mite, cat, cockroach, ryegrass, ragweed and 3 fungi) and to parasite
      antigens (Schistosoma mansoni and Brugia malayi). Parasite infection was
      determined by microscopic examination of stool specimens. Total IgE levels were
      significantly higher in patients with asthma (geometric mean 909 IU/ml), than in
      controls (geometric mean 145 IU/ml, p less than 0.001). The high IgE levels
      correlated with parasite infection and the presence of IgE antibodies to S.
      mansoni antigens, which were also elevated compared to controls. The prevalence
      of allergen-specific IgE antibodies among Egyptian asthmatics was low by
      comparison with 'Western' asthmatics, but nonetheless higher than among Egyptian
      controls. A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) values of greater than 40 U/ml to any
      allergen was found in 19/68 (28%) sera from the asthma group, as compared to only
      1/37 (3%) sera from controls (p less than 0.001). The highest RAST values were to
      dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae) allergens, followed by
      rye grass and ragweed allergens. The results suggest that in this area of Egypt,
      several factors may influence the development of asthma, including nonspecific
      activation of IgE and/or inflammatory mechanisms by helminth parasites and
      sensitisation to environmental allergens.

PMID- 1809692
TI  - Glomerulonephritis in NZW kidneys grafted into NZB/W mice.
AB  - After left nephrectomy, 3 10-week old NZB/W mice received orthotopic grafts of
      kidneys from parental NZW mice of the same age. At autopsy conducted at the age
      of 33-38 weeks, glomerulonephritis of similar extent was noted in the recipients'
      own and in the grafted kidneys. Also, very similar granular deposits of
      immunoglobulins and complement were demonstrated in these kidneys. It was
      concluded that the absence of glomerulonephritis in NZW mice cannot be attributed
      to the refractoriness of their kidney to this disease.

PMID- 1809693
TI  - Studies on immunological tolerance induced in mice by kidney allografts.
AB  - (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 murine recipients of DBA/2 kidney allografts developed
      tolerance to DBA/2 tissues, which was measured by observation of growth of a
      DBA/2 tumor. Eleven, 14 and 18 days after inoculation, the size of the tumor was
      considerably larger in kidney-grafted than in nongrafted animals. Still, the
      susceptibility of grafted animals to the tumor did not equal the susceptibility
      of the DBA/2 mice syngeneic with the tumor. Removal of the renal graft left the
      recipients with significant tolerance which, however, was weaker than that of the
      mice in which the kidney graft was left undisturbed. In parabiosis experiments,
      it was noted that the size of the DBA/2 tumor was equal in the partner which
      received the DBA/2 kidney graft and in the partner which was not grafted. These
      experiments rather clearly showed that the tolerance studied was of an
      'infectious' type and that it was apparently transferred by some suppressing
      factor(s) present in the circulation.

PMID- 1809694
TI  - Bovine milk, including pasteurised milk, contains antibodies directed against
      allergens of clinical importance to man.
AB  - Pasteurised and raw bovine milk and bovine colostrum samples were assayed by
      enzyme-linked immunoassay for the presence of antibodies directed against a
      selection of allergens of importance in human atopic disease. Samples were tested
      for the presence of antibodies directed against or cross-reacting with ryegrass
      pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mould and wheat proteins. Antibodies of
      each specificity were detected in every sample tested, including all samples of
      commercial pasteurised milk. The results are discussed with reference to a
      hypothesis that dietary xenogeneic antibodies may play a role in the emergence of
      some human atopic disease, and the recent demonstration that oral immunisation
      with xenogeneic antibodies may lead to the production of anti-immunoglobulin
      antibodies including anti-idiotypic antibodies.

PMID- 1809695
TI  - Antigen-induced contraction of human isolated lung preparations passively
      sensitized with monoclonal IgE: effects of indomethacin.
AB  - Human isolated lung preparations were passively sensitized using mouse monoclonal
      dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific IgE antibodies. The contractile response to antigen
      (DNP-bovine serum albumin; DNP-BSA) was approximately 80% of the histamine
      response (50 microM: 0.20 +/- 0.03 g/mm2) in bronchial muscle preparations. In
      passively sensitized pulmonary vascular and parenchymal preparations, the
      contraction to antigen was negligible. Indomethacin (1.7 microM; 30 min) did not
      alter the contractile response to DNP-BSA (5 micrograms/ml) in bronchial tissues.
      In passively sensitized bronchial muscle preparations stimulated with DNP-BSA,
      there was a significant increase (2-fold) in prostanoid production. This
      production was inhibited by indomethacin. These data suggest that endogenous
      prostaglandins may not play a role in the regulation of human isolated bronchial
      muscle contraction to antigen in vitro.

PMID- 1809696
TI  - Surgical latex glove allergy: characterization of rubber protein allergens by
      immunoblotting.
AB  - Immunoblot analysis employing IgE antibodies derived from sera of 3 physicians
      and 2 nurses allergic to surgical latex gloves, disclosed 10 allergens in natural
      rubber sap. Nine of the 10 allergens were detected in ammoniated natural rubber
      latex, but only 4 allergens in a latex glove extract. The allergenic proteins had
      apparent molecular weights ranging from 14 to 70 kD. Allergens with molecular
      weights of 14 and 21 kD showed the most intense immunoblot reactions suggesting
      that these proteins could be the major allergens in the natural rubber. An 11-kD
      protein and a 26-kD protein were only seen in the glove extract, indicating that
      they could be modified rubber proteins formed during glove manufacture.

PMID- 1809698
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of pranoprofen in the elderly.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to examine whether the pharmacokinetic profiles
      of pranoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are altered in the
      elderly. Pranoprofen (75 mg) was given orally to six young and seven elderly
      subjects, and blood sample was obtained 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 h after
      administration of the drug. The elimination half-life of pranoprofen was
      significantly longer and its plasma clearance was significantly lower in the
      elderly than those levels in the young subjects. The area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve in the elderly group was significantly greater than that
      in the younger group. No significant difference was observed in the maximum
      plasma concentration or the time to maximum plasma concentration between the two
      groups. These data indicate that the pharmacokinetic profiles of pranoprofen are
      altered in the elderly.

PMID- 1809697
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in healthy subjects and patients with varying
      degrees of renal impairment.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial ofloxacin were
      studied in 18 subjects with normal renal function or varying degrees of renal
      impairment, including patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD) and haemodialysis. Apparent total body and renal clearances
      declined and elimination half-life increased with decreasing creatinine
      clearance. CAPD and haemodialysis removed clinically insignificant fractions of
      ofloxacin body burden over the study period (6-15% and 9-11% of the dose,
      respectively). The apparent volume of distribution, peak concentration, time to
      peak concentration, and non-renal clearance were not altered significantly by
      renal insufficiency. An extended dosing interval of 24-48 h is recommended,
      depending upon the degree of renal impairment, when creatinine clearance falls
      below 50 mL/min. In addition, supplemental doses would not appear to be necessary
      during CAPD and following haemodialysis.

PMID- 1809699
TI  - Pharmacokinetic study of a new oral buffered acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
      formulation in comparison with plain ASA in healthy volunteers.
AB  - A single-blind, randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study was carried out to
      investigate the bioavailability of a new oral buffered 325 mg acetylsalicylic
      acid (ASA) formulation (ASPIRINA 03) in comparison with a 325 mg plain tablet.
      Twelve healthy volunteers of both sexes, aged between 20 and 37 years, received
      buffered or plain ASA on two separate occasions with a wash-out interval of at
      least two weeks. ASA and salicylic acid (SA) plasma levels were determined by a
      chromatographic method. The results showed no difference between the area under
      concentration time curve (AUC0-infinity) ASA values of both formulations (p =
      0.19), and buffered ASA relative bioavailability was 102.49% (= bioequivalence).
      A significant difference was found between the AUC0-30 min ASA values: 90.5
      micrograms. min/ml with buffered and 67.7 micrograms. min/ml with the plain
      tablet (p less than 0.05). The buffered ASA time of maximum concentration was
      shorter (28 +/- 8 min) than the plain one (38 +/- 19 min, p less than 0.05). The
      plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of SA were not significantly
      different after the administration of the two ASA formulations. The plain ASA
      tablet had a significantly lower (p less than 0.05) dissolution rate than
      buffered ASA tablet. Moreover, the buffered ASA tablet significantly (p less than
      0.01) increased the pH by 0.5 units. In conclusion, the bioavailability of the
      new oral buffered ASA was equivalent to that of plain ASA, but the plasma
      concentration peak was reached in a shorter time.

PMID- 1809700
TI  - Single dose and steady state pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in adult epileptic
      patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid was studied in ten adult epileptic patients
      (five f + five m, 19-48 years; 28 +/- 12, mean +/- SD, and body mass 45 to 70 kg;
      61 +/- 7, mean +/- SD) both after single dose and at the steady state. Sodium
      valproate was given in a 900 mg single oral dose on the first day of therapy,
      followed by 3 x 300 mg/day during the three subsequent days (at the intervals of
      7, 8 and 9 h). During the first day, plasma was obtained just before the drug was
      given, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after drug administration. On
      the fourth day of therapy (at steady state), plasma was obtained just before the
      next dose and 3 h after the drug administration. The plasma concentrations of
      valproic acid were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization
      detection, after extraction with chloroform. The pharmacokinetic parameters,
      necessary to define the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid, were calculated both
      after single dose: Cmax, tmax, kel, t1/2, Vd, AUC and Cl, and at steady state:
      Cminss Cmaxss and Fl%. These parameters, as well as plasma levels of the drug,
      were used to describe the pharmacokinetic behaviour of valproic acid under these
      clinical conditions, and mainly were in agreement with the values published in
      the literature.

PMID- 1809701
TI  - Arthroscopy for the diagnosis of shoulder pain.
AB  - Arthroscopy under anaesthesia was used to investigate 123 patients with painful
      shoulders. The clinical diagnosis was compared with the arthroscopic findings.
      Four types of rotator cuff lesions were found in which there were significant
      differences between sex and age. Instability detected under anaesthesia was an
      important cause of pain. These examinations proved valuable in the diagnosis of
      shoulder pain, particularly when the clinical diagnosis was uncertain.

PMID- 1809702
TI  - Treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal scaphoid by iliac bone grafts and
      Herbert screw fixation.
AB  - Internal fixation with a Herbert screw was used to treat 70 ununited fractures of
      the carpal scaphoid. Bone grafts were utilised in all cases of nonunion (56) and
      in 10 out of 14 with delayed union. The results were assessed at a mean time of
      13 months. Definite radiographic union was achieved in 90% of patients after a
      mean period of postoperative immobilisation of 5.4 weeks. Although the rate of
      union was basically the same as in Russe's series, the final functional results
      were better than those obtained by using his technique. The use of an image
      intensifier is essential to avoid technical problems.

PMID- 1809703
TI  - False aneurysm of a digital artery. A case report.
AB  - Traumatic aneurysms of a digital artery are rare, and only 11 cases have been
      reported in the literature. This paper describes the aetiology, physical
      appearances, investigation and management of a false aneurysm of the digital
      artery of the left little finger.

PMID- 1809704
TI  - Epidemiology of lower limb amputations in diabetics in Denmark (1980 to 1989).
AB  - From 1980 to 1989, 4852 diabetic patients in Denmark underwent 5642 lower limb
      amputations. Records of the Danish Amputation Register and the National Patient
      Register indicate a decrease of amputations in diabetics from 681 to 463 per year
      in this time. There has also been a decrease in above knee amputations in
      diabetics from 30 to 20 percent of all amputations with a corresponding increase
      of amputations at or below the knee. Demographic factors and possible reasons for
      these changes are reviewed. There seems to be a relationship between the
      improvement of diabetic foot care by the free service of trained podiatrists and
      the reduction of amputations in diabetics in Denmark.

PMID- 1809705
TI  - Preservation of the amputated canine hind limb by extracorporeal perfusion.
AB  - The hind limbs of six dogs were reimplanted immediately after amputation. Another
      nine were conserved by extracorporeal circulation for 24 h, and then examined
      histologically. A further six were conserved by the same method and then
      reimplanted after 24 h. Conservation by extracorporeal circulation maintained the
      limbs in good condition. Less than 5% of the muscle fibres showed abnormality
      when examined, and the lesions were reversible.

PMID- 1809706
TI  - [Experimental study of surgical cement reinforced with wire mesh].
AB  - We have used wire mesh in association with PMMA cement in six patients to
      reinforce a deficient medial acetabular wall. None of these cups show signs of
      loosening. We therefore investigated experimentally the mechanical
      characteristics of HDP cups embedded in cement reinforced with wire mesh. The
      mesh appears to increase the resistance of the cement to tensile stress and
      associated loading forces at the bone/cement interface by the "stiffening" affect
      of the metal framework.

PMID- 1809707
TI  - Cementless fixation of hip prostheses in dogs.
AB  - Fixation of smooth cementless femoral prostheses was studied in 16 dogs which
      were killed 2, 3 and 4 months after operation. Rotational stability, examined by
      hand, was good in 9 cases and all stable prostheses could be extracted. Five out
      of 6 dogs, who did not bear weight after the operation, had a stable prosthesis
      compared with 4 out of 10 who walked early. Histology showed close bone
      apposition in 4, tight fibrous encapsulation in 4 and lack of tissue apposition
      in 8 which were loose. Bone remodelling in radiographs reflected the histological
      appearances; narrow radiolucent spaces were associated with dense well organised
      fibrous tissue, and wide radiolucent spaces with loose connective tissue.
      Prostheses with stems which fill the femoral canal should improve the fixation of
      smooth cementless prostheses.

PMID- 1809708
TI  - The release of gentamicin after total hip replacement using low or high viscosity
      bone cement. A prospective, randomized study.
AB  - Low viscosity bone cement is expected to give improved long term fixation of
      prosthetic components by increased intrusion into cancellous bone. Fixation is
      more difficult to achieve after revision for infection because of the inferior
      quality of the bone. We have compared the amount of gentamicin released from high
      viscosity and low viscosity bone cements in 41 patients undergoing total hip
      replacement. The concentration of gentamicin in serum and the wound secretion,
      and the amount recovered from the urine, was about three times higher for low
      viscosity cement. A possible explanation for this is an increase in surface area
      of the cement body because of improved intrusion of cement into bone. The
      improved mechanical fixation and the high concentration of gentamicin of the bone
      cement interface favours the use of low viscosity cement, especially in revision
      for deep infection.

PMID- 1809709
TI  - Changes in C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate after hip
      fractures.
AB  - Serial measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rates (ESR) were performed during the week after operation in 140
      patients with hip fractures. There was no selection, and patients with minor or
      major complications before or after operation were included. In uncomplicated
      cases, the ESR was variably raised during the first week, whereas the CRP showed
      a distinct pattern with a rapid increase on the second day; it then decreased by
      the 7th day. In cases with early postoperative bronchopneumonia and deep wound
      infection, the CRP was high, but minor infections did not influence the usual
      levels. Complications had no effect on the ESR during the 1st week.

PMID- 1809711
TI  - The role of computerised tomography in the management of spinal tuberculosis.
AB  - Computerised axial tomography of the spine has been carried out in 56 patients
      with spinal tuberculosis; the extent of the bone and soft tissue involvement,
      spinal canal encroachment and neural compression were demonstrated. This accurate
      information made it possible to lay down guide lines for conservative and
      surgical management.

PMID- 1809710
TI  - Function of the hip after femoral neck fractures treated by fixation or secondary
      total hip replacement.
AB  - Two matched groups of 28 patients each, with femoral neck fractures treated by
      primary internal fixation or by secondary total hip replacement after a
      complication of primary treatment, were evaluated and compared five years or more
      after primary pin fixation or secondary total hip replacement. The Nottingham
      Health Profile questionnaire was sent and returned by mail and the patient groups
      were matched with regard to age, sex, health, and social situation. Patients with
      healed fractures had less problems with sleep, housework and hobbies, and thus
      functioned better than patients who had required a secondary total hip
      replacement.

PMID- 1809712
TI  - Coccidioidal osteomyelitis of a metatarsal. A case report.
AB  - Coccidioidal osteomyelitis is difficult to diagnose. Confirmation depends on
      culture and histopathological examination. This rare type of fungal osteomyelitis
      is to be considered in the differential diagnosis of a chronic infection in some
      areas of the world. Specific treatment with excision and amphotericin-B can be
      effective.

PMID- 1809713
TI  - Tissue adhesives inhibit experimental new bone formation.
AB  - The effect of the cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive Histoacryl on new bone formation
      was studied in rats. Experimental heterotopic new bone formation was induced by
      implanting pieces of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM) in the abdominal
      wall of 10 growing Sprague-Dawley rats. This produces cartilage formation within
      and around the implants after 10 days, followed by enchondral ossification and
      the formation of an ossicle with remodelling bone and bone marrow after three
      weeks. Prior to implantation, the DABM-implants were treated with increasing
      amounts of the tissue adhesive n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-monomer (Histoacryl). New
      bone formation was quantified at three weeks by assay of the ash content of the
      implants as a measure of net bone formation, by 45calcium uptake prior to
      sacrifice, and by histology. Treatment of DABM with the cyanoacrylate caused an
      intense inflammatory process with a foreign body reaction, and abolished bone
      induction and new bone formation. Tissue adhesives should be used with caution in
      fracture surgery since they inhibit new bone formation, cause a foreign body
      reaction, and may impede fracture healing.

PMID- 1809714
TI  - Experimental trauma of the triradiate epiphysis of the acetabulum and hip
      dysplasia.
AB  - Experimental traumatic lesions of the iliac and pubic parts of the triradiate
      cartilage of the acetabulum in young Wistar rats, were created to study the
      effect on the development of the hip joint. Radiological, functional and
      morphometric results were evaluated at twelve weeks of evolution, a time when the
      epiphysis was mature in a control series. Interference with the pubic growth
      plate caused acetabular dysplasia and dislocation of the hip. Both lesions caused
      deformities of the acetabulum and the femoral head. It is concluded that varied
      traumatic lesions of the triradiate cartilage may be of prognostic significance.

PMID- 1809715
TI  - Effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields on cultured cartilage cells.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on
      cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and to study the action
      site of PEMF stimulation in the cells, we performed a series of experiments on
      rabbit costal growth cartilage cells and human articular cartilage cells in
      culture. A PEMF stimulator was made using a Helmholz coil. Repetitive pulse burst
      electric currents with a burst width of 76 ms, a pulse width of 230 microseconds
      and 6.4 Hz were passed through this coil. The magnetic field strength reached 0.4
      mT (tesla) on the average. The syntheses of DNA and GAG were measured by 3H
      thymidine and 35S-sulfuric acid incorporations. The effects on the cells treated
      with lidocaine, adriamycin and irradiation were also measured using a colony
      forming assay. The PEMF stimulation for the duration of 5 days promoted both cell
      proliferation and GAG synthesis in growth cartilage cells and intermittent
      stimulation on and off alternatively every 12 h increased them most
      significantly, while, in articular cartilage cells, the stimulation promoted cell
      proliferation, but did not enhance GAG synthesis. PEMF stimulation promoted cells
      treated with lidocaine more significantly than with other agents. These results
      present evidence that intermittent PEMF stimulation is more effective on both
      cell proliferation and GAG synthesis of cartilage cells than continuous
      stimulation, and that the stimulation could exert effects not by nucleus
      directly, but by the cellular membrane-dependent mechanism. This study provides
      further basic data to encourage the clinical application of PEMF stimulation on
      bone and cartilage disorders.

PMID- 1809716
TI  - Results of meniscal repair and partial meniscectomy in stable knees.
AB  - In a study using matched pairs of 50 patients, meniscal repair was compared with
      partial meniscectomy in knees without major ligament injuries. There was a
      failure rate of 24% after meniscal repair in a follow up from 6 to 9 years after
      operation. A further meniscectomy was needed in 16% of those who had had a
      partial meniscectomy. Function was better after meniscal repair, but the
      compliance rate was lower because of the prolonged rehabilitation. Repair led to
      less osteoarthritis than menisectomy.

PMID- 1809717
TI  - Re: Meniscal repair vs meniscectomy (by K.G. Sommerlath)

PMID- 1809718
TI  - A prospective review of arthroscopic debridement for degenerative joint disease
      of the knee.
AB  - A prospective review of 254 patients with moderate or severe knee pain due to
      degenerative joint disease, treated by arthroscopic debridement of menisci,
      articular cartilage, osteophytes and loose bodies has been made 24 to 140 months
      (average of 44 months) after surgery. Patients ranged in age from 28 to 82 years
      with an average of 49 years. At review, 75% had minimal discomfort and improved
      function and 85% were satisfied with the treatment. Those with less radiographic
      arthritis, less severe involvement of articular cartilage at operation and of
      younger age had more worthwhile improvement. This procedure allows worthwhile
      relief of symptoms, and only 14% had a subsequent operation after an average
      period of four years.

PMID- 1809719
TI  - Intraarticular meniscal cysts of the knee. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of unusual location of meniscal cysts were encountered in a large
      series of arthroscopies of the knee. These cysts were entirely intraarticular in
      relation to the substance of the lateral meniscus but without any joint line
      swelling or overt evidence of their presence. The cysts probably accounted for
      the symptoms of internal derangement of the knee and are likely to be encountered
      more often with increased used of knee arthroscopy.

PMID- 1809720
TI  - Low level laser treatment of chondromalacia patellae.
AB  - A randomized, double blind study of low level laser treatment of chondromalacia
      of the patella in 40 patients has been undertaken. Chondromalacia was established
      by arthroscopy and was related to subjective symptoms. Eight treatments were
      given during five weeks by a physiotherapist with the use of a GAAS pulsed laser,
      real or sham. Assessment of the location, quality and intensity of pain, and the
      influence on mood, gait, sleep, work, and sports was made before and after
      treatment including an eight to twelve week evaluation. No statistical difference
      was found between real and sham use of low level laser for the symptoms of
      chondromalacia of the patella.

PMID- 1809721
TI  - Restoration of patellofemoral congruity by combined lateral release and tibial
      tuberosity transposition as assessed by MRI analysis.
AB  - Twelve knees in eleven patients with subluxation or dislocation of the patella
      were assessed by MRI at 0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees of knee flexion, before and
      after vastus lateralis release and medial transplant of the tibial tuberosity.
      The preoperative position of the patella deviated the greatest from normal in 0
      20 degrees of knee flexion. The operations were found to correct the lateral
      patellofemoral angle and the lateral patella tilt with or without quadriceps
      muscle contraction, but did not completely correct the marked preoperative
      lateral patellar displacement and tracking.

PMID- 1809722
TI  - Osteoarthritis of the knee after ACL reconstruction.
AB  - One hundred and fourteen knees with deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament
      (ACL) which had undergone reconstruction of the ligament using semitendinosus and
      gracilis were reviewed at a mean of 61 months after operation. Radiological and
      clinical evaluation was undertaken. A significant correlation was found between
      the number of meniscectomies performed in acute cases and those undertaken on the
      chronic knee. There was also significant correlation between meniscectomy and the
      Fairbank grading of degenerative changes seen on the radiographs. There was no
      correlation between the clinical results, residual laxity and the development of
      osteoarthritis. In ACL deficient knees with irreparable meniscal tears, or in
      which meniscectomy had been undertaken, the development of osteoarthritis seemed
      independent of the degree of stability, but in such knees with no meniscal tear
      or meniscal repair, reconstruction appeared to save the menisci and preserve the
      joint.

PMID- 1809723
TI  - Low dose irradiation for limb salvage in malignant bone tumours.
AB  - We have assessed the value of adding low dose radiotherapy to preoperative
      chemotherapy in 20 patients with high grade malignant bone tumours. Histology of
      the resected specimens showed a considerable tumouricidal effect and a distinct
      capsule enclosing the extraosseous part of the tumour. There were no serious side
      effects.

PMID- 1809724
TI  - Ollier's disease with secondary chondrosarcoma associated with ovarian tumour. A
      case report.
AB  - The association of an ovarian tumour with Ollier's disease or the Maffucci
      Syndrome is rare. We report what we believe to be the first patient with Ollier's
      disease associated with an ovarian tumour who later developed a secondary
      chondrosarcoma.

PMID- 1809725
TI  - Metastases to bone affected by Paget's disease. A report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases of metastatic disease in bone affected by Paget's disease are
      presented. The literature has been reviewed and a total of 26 similar cases
      found. The occurrence is rare compared to the frequency of sarcomatous
      transformation in Paget's disease, and low considering the frequency with which
      metastatic disease and Paget's disease each affect the elderly. This suggests
      that pagetic bone may resist the implantation of metastatic tumour cells.

PMID- 1809726
TI  - The shoulder: facts, confusions and myths.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to address some of the myths, facts and confusions
      about the shoulder. Myth: Recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the shoulder
      requires surgery. Fact: The most important shoulder muscle is the anterior
      deltoid. Myth: You can diagnose shoulder problems with two anterior/posterior x
      rays. Fact: You must keep track of the pins you insert for shoulder problems.
      Confusion: The position of the shoulder for arthrodesis: which to choose?
      Confusion: What if the arthrodesis is painful? Myth: You don't need the clavicle
      and can resect it without any problems. Fact: All sternoclavicular dislocations
      are not dislocations. Fact: Do not repair or reconstruct spontaneous
      sternoclavicular dislocations in children and young adults. Confusion: What is
      the role of the arthroscope in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder problems?
      Fact: There are more than just Type I, II and III injuries to the
      acromioclavicular joint. Fact: Total shoulder arthroplasty is not an experimental
      operation. Myth: All patients with a sore shoulder need an arthrogram. All
      patients with positive arthrograms need an operation. All rotator cuffs must be
      repaired.

PMID- 1809727
TI  - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potential and event-related potential in
      patients with multiple cerebral infarcts.
AB  - Although the short-latency somatosensory evoked (SSEPs) and the cognitive event
      related potentials (ERPs) have been found to change in patients with cerebral
      vascular disease, the relationship between these parameters has yet to be
      determined. For clarification of this relationship, SSEPs and ERPs were measured
      in 33 patients with multiple cerebral infarcts (MCI) and 25 age-matched normal
      subjects. ERPs were recorded during auditory discrimination tasks. The latency of
      P300 from the Pz region was measured. SSEPs evoked by median nerve stimulation
      were recorded from the second cervical vertebra and contralateral primary
      somatosensory cortex with a midfrontal reference. The central conduction time
      (CCT), the interpeak latency between N13 and N20, was measured. P300 latency in
      patients with MCI was significantly longer than that of the normal subjects.
      Patients with MCI also showed longer CCT than the normal subjects. CCT and P300
      latency were significantly correlated in patients with MCI. This correlation was
      not found in normal subjects. From these results, the severity of the lesion with
      respect to SSEPs appears related to the prolongation of P300 latency in patients
      with MCI.

PMID- 1809728
TI  - Direction selective neurons respond to short-range and long-range apparent motion
      stimuli in macaque visual area MT.
AB  - To examine the involvement of macaque visual area MT in the short-range process
      and the long-range process of visual motion (Braddick 1974), direction selective
      MT neurons responding to alternating slits and alternating random dots were
      analyzed. Experiments were performed in awake macaque monkeys trained to fixate a
      pair of small stationary lines. Visual stimuli were presented on a CRT display
      screen. About 82% of direction selective MT neurons showed directional responses
      to alternating slits and/or alternating random dots. The maximum spatial
      separation for eliciting directional responses (Dmax) was determined for each
      neuron. In most of cases, Dmax for the alternating random dots was smaller than
      Dmax for the alternating slits. The Dmax for both alternating random dots and
      alternating slits increased when retinal eccentricity increased. It is suggested
      that MT neurons might be involved in the long-range process rather than the short
      range process of the apparent motion.

PMID- 1809730
TI  - Asymmetries in classically conditioned head movements and cingulate cortex slow
      potentials in cats.
AB  - Presuming that conditioned head movements in the cat indicate a preference for a
      specific direction, asymmetries were also expected to be found in bilaterally
      recorded cingulate cortex slow potentials to a symmetrical tone stimulus during
      discriminative conditioning. Conditioned stimuli (CS, 1000 and 2500 Hz tones)
      were delivered through two miniature loudspeakers fitted to the head in front of
      both ears. The unconditioned stimulus (US) was an electrical stimulation of
      either the left or right lateral hypothalamus yielding, in addition to its
      rewarding effects, an unconditioned head turning response (UR) either to the
      left, right, forwards or upwards. Discrimination learning appeared as more
      extended and more rapid headturns and greater negativity in the cingulate cortex
      to the CS+ than to the CS-. The preferred conditioned behavioral response (CR)
      was a headturn to the left in 11 of 12 cats accompanying increased negativity in
      evoked slow potentials in the right cingulate cortex during the 128-324 ms period
      after the CS onset. No differences in the movements and in the cingulate
      potentials were found between the left versus right US stimulations. The results
      showed that regardless of the direction of the original unconditioned head
      movement, the direction of the CR was at the end of the training period to the
      left in 11 out of the 12 cats. Larger evoked slow potentials observed in the
      right cingulate cortex which were not present in the baseline measurements
      suggest a population bias between the hemispheres.

PMID- 1809731
TI  - In vivo enhancement of NK cell activity with met-enkephalin and glycyl-glutamine:
      their possible role in the conditioned response.
AB  - These studies investigated the effect of met-enkephalin, glycyl-glutamine, and
      naltrexone on NK cell activity in vivo and in vitro. It was found that both met
      enkephalin (which shares the amino-terminal end of beta-endorphin) and glycyl
      glutamine (which reflects the carboxyl-terminal end of beta-endorphin) can
      enhance the NK cell activity of mice prestimulated with a low dose (1
      microgram/mouse) of poly I:C. Naltrexone had no effect. In vivo prestimulation of
      the mice with 1 microgram poly I:C was necessary as mice which were not
      pretreated with poly I:C did not show enhanced NK cell activity when treated with
      either met-enkephalin or glycyl-glutamine. In vitro studies however indicate that
      the drugs when cultured together with the NK cells from mice preactivated with
      poly I:C did not have a direct stimulatory effect on the NK cells. These studies
      imply that while beta-endorphin released from the pituitary could be involved in
      enhancement of activated NK cells in vivo other indirect peripheral pathways
      might be involved. The results suggest beta-endorphin probably reacts with other
      accessory type cells which in turn release the mediators which are required for
      the stimulation of NK cells in vivo.

PMID- 1809729
TI  - Reproducibility of P3.
AB  - The P3 event-related potential has been widely employed in both clinical and
      research investigations. In the present study, P3 latency and amplitude
      intersession reliability were evaluated in 4 sessions over an average of 33 days
      in 24 healthy adults using the P3 tonal oddball paradigm. Mean group latencies
      ranged from 302-305 ms and mean amplitudes ranged from 7.75-8.87 microV. No
      significant group differences were found across sessions for latency or
      amplitude. Intrasubject variability was large; the 95% confidence interval for
      the difference between the means of two combined sessions was +/- 20 ms for
      latency and +/- 4.63 microV for amplitude. The results suggest that P3 latency
      and amplitude are reliable and reproducible over weeks for groups, but have
      greater variability for individuals.

PMID- 1809732
TI  - Prolactin secretion in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 1809733
TI  - A clinical test battery of face processing.
AB  - This paper proposes a clinical tool to investigate face processing by brain
      injured patients. A test battery is described, which is organized according to
      the cognitive model of face recognition proposed by Bruce and Young (1986), as
      well as Ellis' (1981) suggestion of an early facial decision stage. The battery
      consists of 6 basic tests tapping several loci of the cognitive architecture,
      together with 13 optional subtests provided to explore in greater depth defects
      eventually detected by means of the basic tests. The performances of 72 normal
      subjects are described and the battery is then illustrated by the analysis of
      performance by a prosopagnosic subject.

PMID- 1809734
TI  - Event related potentials recorded in normal and dyslexic subjects when reading in
      and out of context.
AB  - Clinical evidence has shown that expectancy or anticipatory reactions influence
      the ability to read. It is possible that the reading problems shown by dyslexic
      children could be due to the absence of anticipatory hypotheses when they decode
      verbal material. Research was therefore carried out into these clinical
      observations to see if they could be detected on an electrophysiological level
      using a technique for recording Event Related Potentials (ERPs). In this study,
      our intention was to observe if there were any differences between a sample
      population of normal children and one of dyslexic children in the ERPs recorded
      on the presentation of words both in and out of context. The words recorded
      during the reading in context were: the word "la" (the feminine article "the" in
      Spanish), an "intermediate" word and a "final" word in a series of sentences. The
      first two have a greater anticipatory load than the reading of the final word
      since this is the word that closes the meaning of the sentence. Furthermore, as a
      control, the ERPs that were produced when reading isolated words were recorded, a
      situation that does not require the presence of anticipatory processes. The
      control group was made up of subjects with adequate school performance and no
      pathological background, and the experimental group was composed of subjects
      whose performance on a psychoeducational battery, previously administered to 120
      Mexican children, had been found to be two standard deviations below the
      established norms. Following the 10-20 international system, electrodes were
      placed in zones F3, Cz, P3, O1 and O2 and referred to both earlobes. Statistical
      analysis revealed significant differences between groups in the amplitude of the
      ERP recording in the left occipital zone for all conditions when reading in
      sentences ("la," "intermediate" and "final"). It is suggested that this cortical
      zone participates in decoding verbal material and that it is deficient in
      subjects with reading problems.

PMID- 1809735
TI  - The pineal gland in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of unknown etiology.
      Clinical, neurochemical, and neuroradiological data implicate the pineal gland in
      the pathophysiology of MS. To investigate the relationship of MS to the pineal
      gland further, we surveyed the prevalence of pineal calcification (PC) on CT scan
      in a cohort of 29 MS patients (7 men, 22 women, mean age: 40.1 years, SD = 8.9)
      who were admitted consecutively to a neurological service for acute exacerbation
      of symptoms. For the purpose of comparison, we also surveyed the prevalence of
      choroid plexus calcification (CPC) in the sample. Twenty-one age and sex-matched
      neurological patients served as controls (5 men, 16 women, mean age: 37.0, SD =
      9.2). PC was seen in 100% of MS patients, while 72.4% patients (N = 21) had CPC.
      In the control sample, PC was found in 42.8% (N = 9) and CPC in 28.5% (N = 6).
      Thus, the strikingly high prevalence of PC in MS provides indirect support for an
      association between MS and abnormalities of the pineal gland. Moreover, since
      pineal melatonin is involved in neuroimmunomodulation, we propose, for the first
      time, that abnormalities of pineal melatonin functions are implicated in the
      pathophysiology of the disease.

PMID- 1809736
TI  - Central and peripheral nervous system involvement in the L-tryptophan associated
      eosinophilia myalgia syndrome.
AB  - A case of L-tryptophan associated eosinophilia, myalgia, eosinophilic fasciitis,
      peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, and multiple white matter lesions on MRI scan
      is reported. The various effects of eosinophilia on the nervous system are
      reviewed. The persistence of the neurological complications despite resolution of
      eosinophilia and steroid therapy is emphasized.

PMID- 1809737
TI  - A simple tremor model induced by pentobarbitone in guinea pig.
AB  - We have recently reported that a combined application of chlorpromazine and
      pentobarbitone induced intermittently occurring tremor bursts in guinea pigs (Tan
      et al., in press). This was a chance discovery. It will be shown in the present
      work that chlorpromazine is not essential for this postural tremor; only
      pentobarbitone in low dosages produced intermittent tremor bursts in guinea pigs
      lying in a supine position. Chlorpromazine alone was not effective in producing
      tremor. The pentobarbitone-induced tremors were attenuated by the i.v.
      application of biperiden or lioresal. These results indicate that these tremors
      would be produced by the basal ganglia as in Parkinsonism.

PMID- 1809738
TI  - Factor stability of the lateral preference schedule.
AB  - The stability of the factor structure of the Lateral Preference Schedule (LPS)
      was investigated with a sample of 568 preadolescents to determine whether the
      original factor structure displayed with the adult standardization sample would
      be maintained. Instead of the six laterality factors initially reported, this
      preadolescent sample's factor analysis exhibited four factors. The findings
      suggested that care must be taken if the six factor solution of the LPS is
      presumed to exist when studying preadolescent samples.

PMID- 1809739
TI  - Magnesium deficiency in chronic schizophrenia.

PMID- 1809740
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetry characterization of rabbit brain membrane
      fractions.
AB  - Various membrane fractions have been prepared from rabbit brain synaptosomes by
      centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients after osmotic shock. These
      fractions were characterized by electron microscopy (E.M.), SDS-PAGE and GABA
      binding. The fractions were then studied by differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC). The calorimetric results indicate that all the fractions studied show
      thermal transitions at around 60 degrees C which correspond to the "melting" of
      membrane structures. An additional transition at higher temperature (82 degrees
      C) seems to be associated with an enrichment in central myelin fragments.

PMID- 1809741
TI  - Cerebral dominance and sleep: a comparison according to handedness and time of
      sleep.

PMID- 1809743
TI  - [Liver traumas].

PMID- 1809744
TI  - [The surgeon in front of hepatic injuries].

PMID- 1809742
TI  - The effect of hypercholesterolemia on SEPs recorded from rats.
AB  - Twenty-four albino rats, weighing 180-200 g were studied. Twelve of them were fed
      with a diet containing 1% cholesterol for 12 weeks and the others were fed with a
      normal lab diet for the same period. As a result, plasma cholesterol level was
      found in the diet group 134.04 +/- 21.11 mg/dl with respect to control 72.72 +/-
      10.5 mg/dl. In the two groups, following left posterior tibial nerve (PTN)
      stimulation, SEPs were recorded from central (Cz) referenced to frontal (Fz). In
      the hypercholesterolemic group, the first negative component (N24) was found to
      be prolonged (p less than .001) and the peak-to-peak amplitudes (N24P40, P40N80)
      were observed to be decreased (p less than .001). These results have shown that
      the latency and amplitude can be changed by hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 1809745
TI  - [Liver injuries. Anatomical lesions, attempt at classification].

PMID- 1809746
TI  - [Liver injuries in war surgery].

PMID- 1809748
TI  - [Non-operative treatment of hepatic contusions].

PMID- 1809747
TI  - [Hepatic injuries in civilian practice].

PMID- 1809749
TI  - [Hepatic injuries: emergency decision study].

PMID- 1809750
TI  - [Therapeutic abstention for hepatic contusion. Criteria and results].

PMID- 1809751
TI  - [Iatrogenic hepatic injuries].

PMID- 1809752
TI  - [Hepatic injuries. Analysis of a series of 141 cases].

PMID- 1809753
TI  - [Liver injuries].

PMID- 1809754
TI  - [Hepatic injuries. Personal experience].

PMID- 1809755
TI  - [Severe liver contusions. 103 cases (1973-1990)].

PMID- 1809756
TI  - [Liver injuries].

PMID- 1809757
TI  - [Principles for the surgical treatment of severe liver injuries or why re
      intervention is needed?].

PMID- 1809758
TI  - [Temporary tamponade].

PMID- 1809759
TI  - [Choice of weapons].

PMID- 1809760
TI  - [Intestinal obstruction after Nissen's fundo-plication].
AB  - Nissen's fundal plication is acknowledged as the most effective procedure to
      suppress gastroesophageal reflux. It entails some morbidity (dysphagia, gas bloat
      syndrome), in which obstruction is the least frequently evoked but most severe
      risk. We report about 6 cases (4 children and 2 adults). The 4 children had been
      operated 3 times during the first few months of life, and their reflux was
      secondary to the cure of atresia of the esophagus in 2 cases, and caused severe
      apneas in 1 case, a former premature infant. In three cases, the obstruction was
      complicated within a few hours by intestinal ischemia causing death. In one case,
      the emergent insertion of a gastric tube allowed the decompression of the
      digestive tract and second surgery; the obstruction recurred 2 months later, with
      no postoperative complications. Two adults (aged 64 and 66) presented with
      gastric perforation 7 days and 9 months after fundal pliction; one of them died.
      These cases show how serious these obstructions are (4 deaths/6 cases). The
      emergent measure in such cases consists of inserting a gastric tube, although
      which may be impossible (1 case). The patients and their parents must be informed
      of this risk of complication and of its expressions. Prevention is based on a
      strictly submesocolic surgical approach, without any exposure of the small bowel.

PMID- 1809761
TI  - [Abdominal pregnancy. An autochtonous case with full-term living normal infant].
AB  - Abdominal pregnancy is a serious obstetrical dilemma for mother and baby.
      Exceptional in the western world, it's often unsuspected or lately diagnosed. We
      report an autochtonous case, discovered at operation, with an alive, normal and
      full-term baby, and dramatic hemorrhagic consequences, threatening the mother's
      life.

PMID- 1809762
TI  - [Intestinal obstruction caused by postoperative adhesion. 79 cases].
AB  - The intestinal post-operative bridle represents the third most important etiology
      of obstructions at the clinic of the University Hospital of Dakar, behind hernia
      strangulations and the volvulus of the digestive tube. Between 1970 and 1989, a
      retrospective study has led to a sample of 79 patients with post-operative bridle
      obstructions. The group was made of 47 women and 32 men between 17 and 84 years
      of age. Stomach ache was by far the most common functional symptomatology,
      followed by the stoppage of the transit and vomiting. In most cases palpation
      revealed the presence of tympanism. For almost all the patients, the abdomen
      without preparation revealed either a hydroaeric level or a diffuse grey area.
      The initial intervention concerned mainly gynecological affections or pathologies
      of appendicular type. The resection of the bridles was carried out in most cases.
      There were 10 deaths. The intestinal obstructions by post-operative bridles
      continue to be a surgical emergency still characterized by a high mortality rate.
      The late consultation of the patients, often received when presenting
      considerable visceral deficiency, is one of the main causes of the high rate of
      fatalities.

PMID- 1809763
TI  - [Pelvic localization of benign schwannoma: report of a case].

PMID- 1809764
TI  - [An unusual cause of non-lithiasic acute cholecystitis: campylobacter jejuni].

PMID- 1809765
TI  - Long-term effect of intra-articular injections of a glucocorticosteroid into the
      TMJ: a clinical and radiographic 8-year follow-up.
AB  - The long-term (8 years) effect of intra-articular injections of
      glucocorticosteroid into the TMJ on subjective and clinical dysfunction in the
      stomatognathic system and on the radiographic appearance of the TMJ was
      investigated in 16 patients with signs of TMJ arthritis. The subjective symptoms
      as well as the clinical signs were significantly reduced at the follow-up
      examination. Erosions of the bony articular margins of the TMJ that could be
      observed radiographically before treatment were found to be remineralized at the
      follow-up and associated with bony remodeling (deviation in shape) of the joint.
      The results indicate that the long-term prognosis of intra-articular
      glucocorticosteroid injections for TMJ arthritis is good and that there are no
      radiographically demonstrable side effects of the treatment.

PMID- 1809766
TI  - A functional approach to the treatment of temporomandibular joint internal
      derangement.
AB  - The goal of treatment for temporomandibular joint internal derangement has
      traditionally been the anatomic reduction of the displaced disc. Recent magnetic
      resonance imaging postoperative studies suggest that successful treatment may
      require only the mobilization of the adhered disc and release of capsular
      restraints rather than anatomic reduction. It is hypothesized that this
      mobilization of fibrosed and inflamed tissues decreases load concentration and
      allows pain-free function through physiologic adaptation.

PMID- 1809767
TI  - Biomechanical properties and collagen fiber orientation of TMJ discs in dogs:
      Part 1. Gross anatomy and collagen fiber orientation of the discs.
AB  - The present study investigated the gross anatomy and collagen fiber orientation
      of TMJ discs in dogs using macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, light microscopic, and
      scanning electron microscopic techniques. Results showed that (1) the surface of
      the disc has an undulated configuration (a "fingerprint pattern" under
      stereomicroscope), which appears to aid in storing synovial fluid and providing
      lubrication to the joint; (2) the fine fibrils in the middle part are twisted
      together tightly, presenting a wavy, winding, lamina layer structure
      anteroposteriorly that works to absorb shock; (3) the mediolateral fibers are
      composed of loose and less wavy bundles, and they are crossed perpendicularly by
      anteroposterior fibers in anterior and posterior bands. In fact, a fibrous anulus
      in the periphery of the disc is composed of the mediolateral fibers of anterior
      and posterior bands and the anteroposterior fibers of the medial and lateral
      portions of the middle band, which suggests a stabilizing function.

PMID- 1809768
TI  - Etiology of craniomandibular disorders: evaluation of some occlusal and
      psychosocial factors in 19-year-olds.
AB  - This study involved 264 19-year-old adolescents who comprised 93% of an
      epidemiologic sample followed longitudinally from the age of 17. Case histories
      as well as self-ratings of anxiousness and comfort in daily living were collected
      with the aid of a questionnaire. The clinical examination included evaluation of
      TMJ, muscles, jaw mobility, and occlusion. The number of contacting teeth in the
      intercuspal position during light pressure was the occlusal factor with the most
      significant relationships to symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. Being tense was
      significantly related to a number of signs and symptoms of mandibular
      dysfunction. The risk ratio of having craniomandibular disorders was about three
      times as high in the group with few contacting teeth in the intercuspal area
      compared to those with the most occlusal contacts. The group who estimated
      themselves as tense had a risk ratio of craniomandibular disorders 3.4 to 8.5
      times higher than those who did not experience tension. When the groups were
      constructed on the basis of combination of tension and few contacting teeth,
      these factors seemed to potentiate the risk ratios to values from 3.9 to 21 times
      those with most occlusal contacts and no experience of being tense.

PMID- 1809769
TI  - The research on temporomandibular joint clicking: a methodological review.
AB  - The large variance in the reported prevalence of TMJ clicking is a result of the
      study of nonrepresentative groups, the use of different instruments, and the lack
      of a definition of "abnormal" clicking. Etiologic studies must be regarded with
      caution because it is not clear which mechanisms trigger TMJ clicking (or how)
      and because TMJ research is usually quasi-experimental, which precludes
      definitive conclusions concerning cause and effect. The lack of objective
      criteria makes diagnosis difficult. It is suggested that psychological factors
      such as symptom perception and report play a role in the decision to seek help,
      in the diagnosis, and in the treatment.

PMID- 1809770
TI  - Error analysis of a magnetic jaw-tracking device.
AB  - This paper evaluates a new instrument for the analysis of jaw movements in three
      planes of space. The range of linearity, the saturation point, and the effect of
      the different positions of the magnet in relation to the sensors are presented.
      It is concluded that linear analysis of chewing movements via this system is
      reasonably adequate without major distortion, whereas linear analysis of maximal
      mandibular movements should be viewed with caution.

PMID- 1809771
TI  - An evaluation of the need and demand for treatment of craniomandibular disorders
      in a young Swedish population.
AB  - In an epidemiologic sample of 119 20-year-olds, it was found that both signs and
      symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were fairly common but in most cases were
      mild. Twenty-seven percent of the sample were judged by the examiners to be in
      need of some functional treatment, but the treatment advocated was simple and not
      time consuming. Three percent of the sample actively demanded some functional
      treatment.

PMID- 1809772
TI  - Clinical implications of anomalous muscle insertion relative to jaw movement and
      mandibular dysfunction: the anterior belly of the digastric muscle in a cadaver.
AB  - This case report of an anomalous insertion of the anterior belly of the digastric
      muscle in a cadaver considers the components involved in mandibular movement as
      well as the radiologic changes that could be expected in asymmetric function of
      the temporomandibular joints. The occlusal scheme of the cadaver was noted and,
      after transcranial radiographs were taken, both joints were anatomically
      dissected. While the left condyle-disc relationship appeared normal and properly
      approximated, the right joint (which was assumed to be translating in an
      anterior, inferior, and medial direction on each opening, ie, left lateral
      deviation) was found to have a complete articular disc perforation with severe
      bony erosion and condylar spicule formation. These findings may shed some light
      on dyskinesia diagnosis and treatment outcome; ie (1) what degree occlusally
      related etiologies may be affixed to individuals with aberrant mandibular
      movement, (2) why many diagnosed cases of mandibular dysfunction continue
      following irreversible dental restorative treatment via augmentation of the
      existing "malocclusion," and (3) what may be the clinical implications of or
      limitations inherent in the use of jaw-tracking devices in the diagnosis and
      interpretation of dyskinetic movement in the presence of aberrant muscle
      attachments.

PMID- 1809773
TI  - The effects of an insurance coverage mandate and care parameters for TMJ in
      Minnesota.

PMID- 1809774
TI  - Emotional considerations in spasmodic dysphonia: psychometric quantification.
AB  - Whereas recent research has focused upon neuromotor aspects of spasmodic
      dysphonia, the disorder has historically been regarded as having a psychogenic
      basis. Relatively little empirical evidence, however, has been offered either to
      support or refute that claim. The present study examines emotional
      characteristics of 18 female spasmodic dysphonic subjects in comparison to
      matched normal controls across psychometric measures of depression, anxiety, and
      somatic complaints. Statistically significant differences were noted between
      groups for all measures and over half of the dysphonic subjects exhibited
      clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety relative to published
      test norms. Correlational analysis revealed the presence of an "affective factor"
      among the dysphonics that was not evident among the controls. These findings
      raise serious concerns for neuromotor interpretations given in various areas of
      recent spasmodic dysphonia research. Theoretical, clinical and methodological
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 1809775
TI  - Individual differences in the production of word classes in eight specific
      language-impaired preschoolers.
AB  - The production of word classes in eight 53-62-month-old specific language
      impaired (SLI) children was described and compared with that of 30 normal 24-33
      month-old children in the same play situation. SLI subjects and nonimpaired
      children were selected within specified mean length of utterance ranges (low MLU
      versus high MLU). Production of word classes by subjects was evaluated in order
      to determine (1) whether SLI children showed a similar or a different word-class
      profile among themselves and when compared with non-impaired children and (2)
      whether MLU related to word classes would be useful as a single clinical index in
      assessment of language acquisition. Results showed that scores of SLI children in
      production of word classes reflect important individual differences among
      subjects. In the high-MLU sample, all SLI children produced each word class
      relatively within the same range as the nonimpaired group. In the low-MLU sample
      two SLI children were very different in their word-class profile and individual
      differences were further confirmed by a discriminant function analysis.
      Correlations between MLU and word classes were significant in nonimpaired
      children for all variables except Questions and Onomatopoeia and were only
      significant in SLI children for Verbs, Prepositions, and Personal Pronouns. Such
      findings contribute support to the view that there is "deviant" pattern of
      language in SLI children and once again questions whether MLU is one of the best
      discriminating indicators to use in the clinical assessment of language
      organization.

PMID- 1809776
TI  - Changes in communication apprehension, satisfaction, and competence in foreign
      dialect and stuttering clients.
AB  - This study examined changes in predispositions toward communication over the
      course of therapy. Results indicated that both foreign dialect and stuttering
      clients had significantly lower levels of communication apprehension and higher
      levels of communication competence after 3 1/2 months of their respective
      therapies; each client group also demonstrated significant improvements in the
      speech parameters upon which treatment focused. Discussion focused on the utility
      of using communication measures with clinical populations.

PMID- 1809777
TI  - Assessing the assessments: a comparison of two clinical pragmatic profiles.
AB  - Recent years have seen a growth in interest in pragmatic aspects of
      communication, and the application of this area to language disorders. This has
      led to the development of a range of "pragmatic profiles" to assess the
      disordered language of children and adults. In this study we investigate two such
      profiles designed for use with aphasic patients. In particular we look at aspects
      of interscorer reliability (comparing scorers from different linguistic
      traditions), scoring sensitivity (two- versus five-point scales), and diagnostic
      accuracy (the ability to differentiate different aphasic syndromes). We conclude
      that training in scoring these profiles must be uniform, but also that greater
      sensitivity is needed in the categories available.

PMID- 1809778
TI  - Prevalence of articulatory disorders of different sounds in a group of Finnish
      first-graders.
AB  - Occurrence and type of articulatory speech disorders were studied in 157 7-year
      old first-graders found to have articulatory disorders at school and referred for
      further treatment to the Department of Phoniatrics, University Central Hospital.
      The control group consisted of all 130 first-graders in two elementary schools in
      Kuopio. About one third of the control group had articulatory speech disorders,
      one fifth of them expressing need for speech therapy. In both groups distortions
      of the /s/-sound were the most common disorders, distortions of the /r/-sound
      being rather uncommon and those of the /l/-, /d/- and /t/-sounds very rare.
      Occurrence of articulatory speech disorders did not vary systematically with sex
      nor was it associated with handedness. Some spontaneous correction of /s/
      disorders occurred, while /r/-disorders were rather resistant to early treatment.
      The results suggest the need for reevaluation of differential diagnostics and
      timing of speech therapy during kindergarten and elementary school.

PMID- 1809779
TI  - Dysarthria of motor neuron disease: longitudinal measures of segmental durations.
AB  - Motor neuron disease encompasses a group of terminal, demyelinating diseases
      affecting upper- and lower-motor neurons and producing muscular weakness
      resulting in a flaccid, spastic, or spastic-flaccid dysarthria of speech. The
      present study presents measurements of the temporal-acoustic characteristics of
      dysarthria in three subjects with Motor Neuron Disease over a two-year recording
      period. Changes seen over the course of the disease varied by type of motor
      neuron disease, though all types demonstrated some degree of neutralization of
      the prevocalic VOT, target vowel duration, and postvocalic closure duration.
      These changes are discussed with relation to physical manifestation and
      progression of the disease.

PMID- 1809780
TI  - [The mitochondrial theory of carcinogenesis].
AB  - This is a brief review of different ideas on the mechanism of cell malignization
      united by the mitochondrial conception of carcinogenesis. According to this
      conception, primary trigger factors of carcinogenesis (free radicals,
      carcinogens, heat fluctuations) induce damage to mitochondrial DNA and membranes
      that results in the rearrangement of cell energy metabolism to glycolytic type
      and disturbance of mitochondrial structure and reproduction. The injured part of
      mitochondrial DNA incorporating into nuclear DNA induces activation of oncogenes,
      appearance of oncoproteins and malignization of cells.

PMID- 1809781
TI  - [The dependence of the cytokinetic effects of alkylating antitumor preparations
      on the phase of the hepatocyte cell cycle in regenerating liver].
AB  - Effects of alkylating antitumor drugs on resting (G0 phase of cell cycle) and
      proliferating (G1, S, G2 and M phases) hepatocytes were studied in regenerating
      mouse liver. Cell cycle kinetics (fraction of labeled mitoses, labeling and
      mitotic indices) were determined by 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Dipin and
      fotrin as a DNA-damaging agents attack mainly resting (G0) and proliferating (G1)
      cells. Effect of the damage results in the inhibition of DNA synthesis and G2
      phase arrest in the following mitotic cycle. An alkylating drug phopurin as well
      as ara-C both suppress the mitotic progression in proliferating hepatocytes and
      do not influence the resting cells.

PMID- 1809782
TI  - [The growth-inhibiting activity of mixed complexes of platinum(II) with ammonia
      and cycloalkylamines].
AB  - The effect was studied of mixed cys- and 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-nomial cycloalkylamines or
      substituted 2-, 3-, 4-methyl- and 4-hydroxycyclohexylamines as well as similar
      carboxylatocomplexes containing anions of malonic hydroxymalonic, succinic and
      malic acids on the growth of corn sprout roots. Complexes with non-substituted
      cycloalkylamines possessed the most pronounced cytostatic activity. Complexes
      with substituted cyclohexylamines were less active than their non-substituted
      analogue as well as other complexes with lesser size of cyclic substitute. The
      cytostatic activity of carboxylatocomplexes, as compared to that of
      chlorocomplexes, generally manifested itself at ten times higher concentraiton
      and depended not only on the size of cycloalkylamine but also on the nature of
      acidoligand.

PMID- 1809783
TI  - [New biologically active substances from protozoa and an evaluation of their
      action].
AB  - Novel biologically active substances were obtained from nonpathogenic for humans
      and free-living protozoa: Crithidia oncopelti, Trypanosoma lewisi, and Astasia
      longa. There were studied conditions of biosynthesis, composition and biological
      activity of the total lipid fraction from the protozoa species, sucrose ethers
      and fatty acids, the latter were isolated from A. longa--(astazilide
      preparation), reserve beta-1,3 glucan from A. longa (astazian preparation), and
      fraction of surface glycophospholipids and peptides from Crithidia oncopelti (GLP
      preparation). Two of three preparations studied (astazilide and GLP) are the
      complexes of natural substances with certain composition. Conditions of the
      protozoa cultivation were developed to provide standardization of the complex
      composition. Division of the complexes into separate components decreased or
      abolished the biological activity. It was established that the substances studied
      modify biological reactions, that is exert a systemic effect. They may be used
      for inhibiting the growth of experimental tumors and preventing the metastatic
      spreading in tumor-carrier animals. The substances obtained belong to the group
      of nonspecific stimulators for cellular immunity which can be used in medicine,
      veterinary medicine, food industry, pharmacologic industry and cosmetology.

PMID- 1809784
TI  - [An informational approach to recognizing the similarity of tRNA genes and their
      global classification].
AB  - Based on informational approach to the comparative analysis of DNA sequences and
      the conception of fuzzy relations, new classification schemes were suggested for
      two aggregates of tRNA genes from the EMBL-8 data bank connecting amino acids TRP
      and ASP. These classification schemes are presented as a dendrogram and reflect
      possible evolutionary interrelation between tRNA genes in both aggregates.
      Evolutionary interrelations between tRNA genes were analyzed from two
      standpoints: 1) taking into consideration the interrelation between DNA sequences
      by all four nucleotides; 2) taking into account possible evolutionary pressure to
      the divergence of DNA sequences towards transitions. The similarity and
      difference of dendrograms for each gene aggregate were considered in both
      instances. It was shown that the analysis of all possible directions of the
      evolutionary pressure to the divergence of DNA and RNA sequences provides a new
      approach to the construction of a global tRNA phylogeny.

PMID- 1809785
TI  - [Heparin from the meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and its properties].
AB  - In the present work, the nature of an anticoagulant from Philipendula ulmaria was
      studied. A method for purification of this anticoagulant was developed. Using
      diverse methods it was shown that the molecular weight, data on element (sulphur,
      nitrogen, and hydrogen) content, spectral characteristics in the infrared region
      of the spectrum, and electrophoretic properties of the product indicate its
      similarity to heparin of animal origin.

PMID- 1809786
TI  - [A microbiological examination of the skin and vaginal mucus of Amazon River
      freshwater dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) in relation to an assessment of the
      physiological state of the animals].
AB  - There is a definite relation between the state of dolphin's health and the
      abundance of bacterial associations developing on the skin surface around the
      dorsal fin. The disease was accompanied by an increase in bacterium amount more
      than fourfold due to the enhancement of staphylococcus and pseudomonad number.
      The development of dystrophy in the animal resulted in a threefold decrease in
      bacterium number. Pseudomonas aeruginosa dominated in this case. In the vaginal
      mucose of female, the development of bacteria had an oscillatory character and
      was correlated with the dynamics of leukocyte number against the background of
      morphologically diverse epithelial cells discharged in different periods of
      observation. Periods of the abundant bacterium development were connected with
      the cyclic recurrence of sexual (estrous) processes in the female organism.

PMID- 1809787
TI  - [The interaction of circahoral and circadian rhythms. A cybernetic model].
AB  - Parameters of ideal circadian cycle were compared with those of a circadian cycle
      composed of near-hour fluctuations. The integral cycle was optimized by the
      algorithm of matrix random search studying the approximation of its parameters to
      the ideal cycle after the phase shift of the latter. Computer calculations
      revealed a low efficiency of the search by fluctuation amplitude. The search by
      phase and frequency was effective in a narrow range of changes and needed time.
      The average level of fluctuations tuned up practically immediately: ideal and
      optimized curves coincided in all points. Examples of interactions between day,
      near-hour and shorter cycles are cited.

PMID- 1809788
TI  - Dental disease prevalence in Alabama school-aged children.

PMID- 1809789
TI  - In vivo functional implications of isoproterenol-mediated relaxation of isolated
      human iris sphincter.
AB  - The isolated human iris sphincter contracted with carbachol produced relaxation
      with an average ED50 of 1.30 x 10(-7) M for (-)-isoproterenol. The effect is
      sensitive to block by (-)-timolol with KB 3 x 10(-9) M. The magnitude of the
      average relaxation mediated by the beta-adrenoceptor agonist was only 31%.
      Lowering of the temperature did not potentiate the effect of (-)-isoproterenol to
      a significant extent. Thus, in contrast to bovine iris sphincter, where the beta
      adrenoceptor mediated response of (-)-isoproterenol produces a maximum relaxation
      or complete mydriasis, the maximum beta-adrenoceptor mediated mydriasis of human
      iris may not be more than 1/3 of the maximum pupillary dilatation achieved by
      physiologic or pharmacologic procedures.

PMID- 1809790
TI  - Safety and tolerability of two percent cyclosporine (Sandimmune) ophthalmic
      ointment in normal volunteers.
AB  - Thirty-six healthy male volunteers were enrolled in two sequential double-masked,
      placebo-controlled trials with the objective of assessing the safety and local
      tolerability of 2% cyclosporine ophthalmic ointment. Subjects were randomly
      assigned to active or placebo groups and dosed once, twice, or thrice daily for
      14 days. Safety and tolerability were assessed through patient interviews,
      ophthalmologic examinations, routine laboratory testing, and blood cyclosporine
      assays. Relative to placebo, cyclosporine ointment was associated with higher
      frequencies of ocular burning, tearing, redness, itching, and headache. These
      intolerances were dose-related and reported predominantly in the TID group; QD
      and BID cyclosporine ophthalmic ointment were better tolerated than the placebo
      control. Symptoms were usually mild, were reported only once beyond Day 2 in the
      QD-BID groups, and never required interruption of the study. Transitory,
      asymptomatic, and unexplained elevations of serum transaminases were seen in five
      subjects in the first study, but were not confirmed in the second and are not
      felt to be drug-related. Cyclosporine blood levels were uniformly below the
      limits of detection. We conclude that the tolerability profile of 2% cyclosporine
      ointment, dosed once or twice daily in normal volunteers, is acceptable and
      supportive of trials in patient populations.

PMID- 1809791
TI  - An evaluation of intrastromal injection of antifungal agents.
AB  - The effect of the intrastromal injection of a mixture of amphotericin B,
      miconazole, natamycin, and nystatin and the component agents alone was studied in
      Dutch-belted rabbits by standard bioassay. Twenty-four hours following injection,
      the inhibiting effect of the mixture was equivalent to that of nystatin alone.
      All other agents exhibited inferior activity. The intrastromal injection of this
      mixture appears to offer no therapeutic advantage.

PMID- 1809792
TI  - Ocular disposition of acetaminophen and its metabolites following intravenous
      administration in rabbits.
AB  - Time-courses of both 'total' (unchanged plus metabolized) and unmetabolized
      acetaminophen were investigated in plasma and ocular tissues of rabbit after
      intravenous administration. The drug freely diffuses across the haemato-ocular
      barriers, reaching eye levels equal to those in the plasma; ocular concentrations
      are higher than those of all other investigated drugs. The time-course in aqueous
      is superimposable to that observed in the plasma; in other ocular tissues it is
      much slower. There is evidence of an ocular metabolism or a concentration into
      the eye of minor metabolites formed elsewhere.

PMID- 1809793
TI  - Systemic absorption of oxytocin and vasopressin through eyes in rabbits.
AB  - In order to avoid injections, oxytocin and vasopressin were systemically
      administered through ocular route. Although oxytocin and vasopressin are small
      peptide drugs with only 9 amino acids, their absorptions were relatively poor.
      The systemic absorption of these peptides through eyes was markedly enhanced by
      the addition of an absorption enhancer, 0.5% Brij-78 (polyoxyethylene-20-stearyl
      ether), in the eyedrops of these peptides. It is concluded that it is feasible to
      administer oxytocin and vasopressin as eyedrops to avoid parenteral injections.

PMID- 1809794
TI  - Beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity: assessment of blood levels in patients with
      tumors of different origin.
AB  - Beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (beta-ELIR) blood levels in control subjects
      and in patients with different carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma tumor types,
      were found within the same range, with the exception of one carcinoma type. This
      pertained to a group of patients with small cell lung cancer who had a
      significantly higher median beta-ELIR level compared to controls. This finding,
      and the fact that proopiomelanocortin expression is enhanced in tissues of this
      cancer type, suggest that the latter might secrete elevated beta-ELIR amounts
      into the blood of the affected patients.

PMID- 1809795
TI  - Ultrastructural study of a murine model for Chediak Higashi syndrome.
AB  - The kidneys and platelets of homozygous and heterozygous Chediak-Higashi syndrome
      mice and normal controls were studied for electron microscopic characteristics.
      Morphologic features were described and discussed concerning their relevance to
      the clinical symptoms.

PMID- 1809796
TI  - Inhibitory effect of pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 on the release of
      neutrophil elastase from FMLP-stimulated neutrophils.
AB  - We measured the enzymatic and immunologic activities of neutrophil elastase to
      determine whether pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 are useful for inhibiting
      the enzymatic activity of released neutrophil elastase. Both activities in the
      medium decrease in the presence of pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1. These
      results showed that pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 inhibited the release of
      neutrophil elastase from activated neutrophils, and that they may be useful in
      the improvement of neutrophil-mediated cellular injury.

PMID- 1809797
TI  - Effect of three sterilization techniques on finger pluggers.
AB  - The effects of different sterilization methods on the fatigue life of finger
      pluggers were investigated. Ninety finger pluggers for each of four sizes (A, B,
      C, and D) were subdivided into subgroups of 10. Each subgroup was subjected to 1,
      8, or 15 cycles of steam autoclave, dry heat, or bead sterilization. Ten control
      pluggers for each size were not sterilized. After sterilization, experimental and
      control finger pluggers were subjected to cyclic bending until fracture. Only the
      A finger pluggers autoclaved for eight cycles had a significantly lower number of
      cycles to failure compared with that of the controls. Nine subgroups had
      significantly greater number of cycles before failure than did the control.
      Because all but one sterilized group had fatigue lifetimes statistically equal to
      or greater than nonsterilized controls, clinicians generally can use any of the
      three sterilization methods without fear of plugger failure.

PMID- 1809798
TI  - Intracoronal isolating barriers: effect of location on root leakage and
      effectiveness of bleaching agents.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of several intracoronal
      isolating barrier materials to prevent leakage of a bleaching agent into the
      roots of teeth and to determine whether placement of the barrier material at the
      cementoenamel junction or below the cementoenamel junction has an effect on the
      bleaching results of the crowns. Fifty teeth were stained in vitro, and gutta
      percha fillings were placed in the root canals. The experimental isolating
      barriers were placed at the cementoenamel junction or 2 mm below the
      cementoenamel junction. A walking bleach of Superoxol and sodium perborate was
      placed in the pulp chamber for three treatments. The roots of the teeth were
      evaluated for the presence of root decoloration, and the crowns of the teeth were
      evaluated for bleaching effect. Findings from this study showed a significant
      difference between gutta-percha alone and gutta-percha with barrier in preventing
      root decoloration (p less than 0.05). No significant differences were found
      between the other experimental groups in preventing root decoloration. Placement
      of an intracoronal isolating barrier material 2 mm below the cementoenamel
      junction resulted in a more acceptable esthetic bleaching result of the crowns
      than did placement of barrier material at the cementoenamel junction.

PMID- 1809799
TI  - A 24-week study of the microleakage of four retrofilling materials using a fluid
      filtration method.
AB  - The microleakage after retrofillings of amalgam, amalgam with cavity varnish,
      silver-containing glass ionomer cement, and intermediate restorative material was
      compared in vitro. Thirty-six extracted human incisors and canines were
      instrumented, obturated with gutta-percha without sealer, subjected to
      apicoectomy, and retrofilled with the materials described above. After removal of
      the gutta-percha filling, the microleakage from both directions (apically and
      coronally) was measured quantitatively and longitudinally for 24 wk after filling
      by a fluid filtration technique. All four retrofilling materials revealed some
      apical and coronal leakage at all time periods. The amalgam group showed
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001) apical leakage at 1.5 h. The use of
      cavity varnish significantly reduced the apical leakage of the amalgam group at
      1.5 h. The silver-containing glass ionomer cement and intermediate restorative
      material groups showed significantly (p less than 0.05) less coronal leakage
      compared with the amalgam group at 1.5 h. Scanning electron microscopy of
      selected samples showed marginal defects of approximately 5 microns between the
      root dentin and the retrofilling material.

PMID- 1809800
TI  - pH variation among materials used for intracoronal bleaching.
AB  - Intracoronal bleaching of pulpless teeth with 30% hydrogen peroxide may result in
      external cervical root resorption. One of several suggested etiological factors
      associated with this complication is the pH of the bleaching materials. Because
      the available data on the pH values of bleaching materials were conflicting, it
      was the purpose of this study to measure the pH of the materials commonly used
      for bleaching pulpless teeth. The pH of different concentrations of sodium
      perborate and 30% hydrogen peroxide, alone or in combination, were measured for a
      period of 14 days. Sodium perborate was confirmed to be alkaline, whereas 30%
      hydrogen peroxide was acidic. The pH of the materials when mixed together
      gradually changed from acidic to alkaline as the concentration of sodium
      perborate was increased. A thick clinical consistency mixture of both materials
      was alkaline, and its alkalinity increased with time. These results do not
      support the theory relating bleaching-induced root resorption to an acidic pH of
      the bleaching pastes.

PMID- 1809801
TI  - Bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected root canals.
AB  - Ten freshly extracted teeth which had carious pulpal exposures and periapical
      lesions contiguous with the root apex were placed inside an anaerobic chamber and
      the apical 5 mm of the root canals cultured. In addition to anaerobic incubation,
      duplicate cultures were incubated aerobically. Fifty strains of bacteria from the
      10 root canals were isolated and identified. The most prominent bacteria cultured
      from the 10 root canals were Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, black-pigmented
      Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, nonpigmented Bacteroides, Veillonella,
      Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans. Of the
      50 bacterial isolates, 34 (68%) were strict anaerobes. This study demonstrates
      the presence of predominantly anaerobic bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected
      root canals in teeth with carious pulpal exposures and periapical lesions.

PMID- 1809802
TI  - Anatomical and histological features of C-shaped canals in mandibular second
      molars.
AB  - The mandibular second molar has many root canal variations. This investigation
      used two evaluation methods to examine the canal morphology of mandibular second
      molars having C-shaped canals. Fifteen extracted mandibular second molars with a
      conical root and C-shaped canal orifice were separated into two groups. A
      polyester cast resin technique allowed three-dimensional visualization of the
      root canal system in eight teeth; the remaining seven molars were prepared for
      histological examination in cross-section in the coronal, middle, and apical
      thirds for study under the light microscope. The results illustrated that C
      shaped canals in mandibular second molars can vary in number and shape along the
      length of the root with the result that debridement, obturation, and restoration
      in this group may be unusually difficult.

PMID- 1809803
TI  - Clinical experience in root canal obturation by an injection thermoplasticized
      gutta-percha technique.
AB  - Forty-one human teeth with a total of 71 root canals were obturated with the high
      temperature injected thermoplasticized technique (Obtura). Patients were recalled
      6 to 36 months postoperatively. Cases were evaluated on the basis of clinical and
      X-ray findings. The success rate was 93.1%.

PMID- 1809804
TI  - Dye leakage in retrofilled dog teeth and its correlation with radiographic
      healing.
AB  - In a previous study in beagle dogs, statistically significant differences in
      healing were observed radiographically 6 months after apicoectomy and
      retrofilling with amalgam and varnish, glass ionomer cement, or a composite
      resin. The purpose of this study was to compare the leakage of these retrofilling
      materials and to correlate leakage data with healing. After the dogs were
      sacrificed, 48 roots were extracted. Half of the roots had been irradiated with a
      CO2 laser on the bevelled root surface after retrofilling. The roots were coated
      with nail polish, except for their bevelled surface, and were suspended together
      with positive and negative controls in 2% methylene blue for 8 h. After the
      specimens were longitudinally split, they were ranked according to the severity
      of dye penetration, as observed with a dissecting microscope. The differences in
      dye leakage among the three retrofilling materials were not statistically
      significant. Consequently, dye leakage did not correlate with the previously
      assessed healing. Dye penetrated into the root through the bevelled root surface,
      regardless of CO2 laser exposure of that surface.

PMID- 1809805
TI  - Cavitational bone defect: a diagnostic challenge.
AB  - A patient with a history of trauma to the maxillary left anterior region
      presented with chronic pain of unknown etiology. Root canal therapy and
      periradicular surgery failed to resolve the persistent pain. A second surgical
      procedure revealed a bone cavity superior and distopalatally to the apex of the
      maxillary left lateral incisor. The suspected etiology was necrotic bone removed
      from the bone cavity.

PMID- 1809806
TI  - Healing of surgical wounds in oral mucoperiosteal tissues.
AB  - This report provides a review of the major biological events that occur in the
      oral mucoperiosteal tissues following simple surgical wounding. The chronological
      sequence and interrelationships of mucoperiosteal tissue wound healing responses
      are described. The objectives of this review are to provide clarification of
      wound healing terminology and a basic reference source for further investigative
      research into the wound healing responses to endodontic surgery.

PMID- 1809807
TI  - The incidence and beta-lactam resistance of Proteus vulgaris in hospital
      infections: the last decade.
AB  - During the period of 1980-1990, 581 Proteus vulgaris strains were obtained in a
      general hospital. They were considered as the significant isolate in 0.6% of soft
      tissue infections, 0.6% of urinary tract infections and in 0.2% of bacteremic
      episodes. Sixty-three percent of the 393 tested strains showed resistance to
      ampicillin, cefazolin and cefamandole or cefuroxime. About 7% were susceptible to
      all beta-lactam drugs, and showed a very low beta-lactamase activity and 5% of
      the strains showed a phenotype of resistance including ampicillin, carbenicillin
      ticarcillin, cefazolin and cefamandole or cefuroxime, and presented increased
      chromosomal beta-lactamase activity. Cefotaxime-resistance was detected in 2% of
      the isolates which appeared in the period 1987-1990.

PMID- 1809808
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of isepamicin (SCH21420, 1-N-HAPA gentamicin B)
      combinations with cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, imipenem,
      mezlocillin and piperacillin tested against gentamicin-resistant and susceptible
      gram-negative bacilli and enterococci.
AB  - Isepamicin, formerly SCH21420 or 1-N-HAPA gentamicin B, is an aminoglycoside that
      was tested alone or in combination with one of seven broad spectrum drugs against
      80 clinical isolates. Half of the strains were gentamicin-resistant but only one
      isolate (1.3%) was resistant to isepamicin. The broadest spectrum comparison
      drugs tested alone (ciprofloxacin at 3.8% resistance and imipenem at 5.0%
      resistance) were associated with the lowest synergy rates when combined with
      isepamicin. The rank order of synergy (complete or partial) was; cefotaxime =
      ceftazidime = ceftriaxone = mezlocillin = piperacillin (75% to 80%) greater than
      imipenem (66%) greater than ciprofloxacin (38%). Isepamicin/ampicillin
      combinations produced synergistic killing of those enterococci not having high
      grade resistance to gentamicin or kanamycin. Enterococcus faecium strains were
      also refractory to isepamicin/ampicillin synergy. Isepamicin appears to be widely
      useable against gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli either alone or
      combined with most commonly used broad spectrum beta-lactams.

PMID- 1809809
TI  - Antifungal activity of two benzofuran-imidazoles in different experimental
      conditions.
AB  - A number of experiments was performed in order to analyze the in vitro activity
      of two new benzofuran-imidazoles, IM/B/4-62 and IM/B/4-66. Studies included the
      determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) on three culture media,
      at different pH values and at different inoculum sizes. Furthermore, the killing
      activity and induced resistance were determined. In all the experiments
      econazole, clotrimazole and bifonazole were the reference compounds. The best MIC
      values of the two new imidazoles were observed on modified Sabouraud's medium, at
      neutral pH and an inoculum size of 10(4) cells/ml. The two substances showed
      killing activity and no resistance was observed. On the whole, the more favorable
      results were obtained with the compound IM/B/4-66.

PMID- 1809810
TI  - A reliable two-hour Staphylococcus plate assay of rifampicin, erythromycin,
      lincomycin, chloramphenicol and amikacin in human sera.
AB  - A simple and precise agar diffusion microassay was developed for rifampicin (RIF)
      in serum. The method involved the addition of sera containing RIF (0.125-4.0
      micrograms/ml) to wells cut in an agar medium (pH 6.6) surface seeded with an
      adjusted inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 P and incubated for 2h at 40
      degrees C. Repetitive assays of sera containing known concentrations of RIF
      revealed an average mean recovery of 93.6% with a coefficient of variation of
      5.7%. This rapid method allowed accurate determination of RIF in the presence of
      erythromycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin and amikacin. These four antibiotics
      were also separately measured in sera by the rapid assay at different pH values.

PMID- 1809811
TI  - Clinical results of a multicenter study with sulbactam/ampicillin for the
      treatment of patients with lower respiratory and urinary tract infections.
AB  - A total of 124 patients with lower respiratory tract (44) or urinary tract
      infections (80) were enrolled in an open, multicenter study to evaluate the
      efficacy and tolerability of sulbactam/ampicillin, administered at the dosage of
      3 g/die by intramuscular route. Pretreatment pathogens from patients with lower
      respiratory tract infections included: Streptococcus alpha-haemolyticus in 8
      cases, Streptococcus beta-haemolyticus in 2 cases, Staphylococcus albus in 7
      cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 7 cases, Staphylococcus aureus in 6 cases,
      Klebsiella oxytoca in 5 cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 3 cases,
      Streptococcus pneumoniae in 3 cases, Escherichia coli in 2 cases; in one subject
      (2.75%), no microorganisms were isolated. In vitro, 36 isolates (84%) were
      sensitive to SA and 7 (16%) were resistant. At the end of therapy, all the
      causative pathogens sensitive to sulbactam/ampicillin were eliminated. In
      patients with urinary tract infections, pretreatment pathogens were: E. coli in
      40 cases, S. albus in 16 cases, Proteus mirabilis in 8 cases, Enterobacter
      agglomerans in 6 cases, Proteus vulgaris in 3 cases, Streptococcus faecalis in 3
      cases, Streptococcus liquefaciens in 2 cases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 cases.
      In vitro, 64 isolates (80%) were sensitive to sulbactam/ampicillin and 16 (20%)
      were resistant. At the end of therapy, 63 out of the 64 pathogens sensitive to
      sulbactam/ampicillin were eliminated; in one case the therapy was interrupted due
      to adverse effect. Clinical efficacy: in subjects with lower respiratory tract
      infections, sulbactam/ampicillin cured 32 patients (72.72%) and ameliorated the
      clinical status of 8 patients (18.18%); efficacy rate: 90.9%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809812
TI  - Ifosfamide and etoposide salvage treatment in advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - Twelve FIGO stage III-IV ovarian cancer patients progressing or relapsing after
      primary cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy were treated with
      ifosfamide and etoposide. Only patients with clinically evaluable disease entered
      the trial. The 12 patients received a median number of 3 courses (range 1-6). No
      complete or partial response and two disease stabilizations were observed. Ten
      patients progressed on therapy. The combination of ifosfamide and etoposide does
      not appear to be an effective salvage treatment for advanced ovarian cancer.

PMID- 1809813
TI  - [Selective intestinal decontamination--yes or no?].
AB  - Various studies have shown that as a result of selective decontamination of the
      digestive tract, the incidence of pneumonia in artificial ventilation caused by
      gram-negative bacteria is reduced; however, a few studies have pointed out that,
      at the same time, the rate of pneumonia caused by gram-positive bacteria is
      increased. Most investigators agree that mortality cannot be reduced. A few
      studies have demonstrated that simultaneous administration of cefotaxime is not
      necessary. Various recent reports indicate that under certain conditions
      selective decontamination of the digestive tract undoubtedly leads to the
      development of resistance to gram-negative bacteria and in particular, to
      oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, S. epidermidis, and enterococci. Multicenter,
      randomized, and prospective double-blind studies will have to investigate and
      establish definitively which antibiotics have to be applied in which patients in
      order to reduce the rate of pneumonia as well as mortality. In addition, these
      studies will have to determine the microbiological and hospital hygiene measures
      necessary to avoid the risk of resistance or colonization developing by certain
      agents. As long as this is not the case, broad, non-selective use of SDD is not
      justified, especially in intensive care units.

PMID- 1809815
TI  - [Tracheobronchial pathogen colonization].
AB  - Tracheobronchial colonization is mediated by the patients host defence
      mechanisms, the extent of therapeutic interventions and the virulence of
      endogenous or exogenous bacteria mainly from the nasopharynx and the stomach.
      Aspiration from the stomach plays the main role in colonizing the respiratory
      tract in ventilated patients.

PMID- 1809814
TI  - [Prevention of stress ulcer and pneumonia: sucralfate].
AB  - Pneumonia in ventilated intensive care patients is one of the most serious
      nosocomial infections with a frequently fatal outcome. Retrograde colonization of
      the oropharynx originating from the stomach is a recently described phenomenon
      associated with increased pH values of gastric fluid. Microaspiration of gastric
      fluid colonized with great numbers of pathogens can lead to ventilator-associated
      pneumonia. Since the degree of microbial growth is dependent upon the pH of
      gastric fluid, pH values of gastric aspirates should not exceed pH 4 if stress
      ulcer prophylaxis is required. It is now known from several clinical studies that
      the mean pH values of gastric fluid under sucralfate prophylaxis are considerably
      lower than under conventional stress ulcer prophylaxis. This is at least partly
      due to the inherent antibacterial activity of the substance. Finally, the most
      important result is the markedly reduced frequency of pneumonia in ventilated
      patients compared with conventional prophylaxis regimens.

PMID- 1809816
TI  - Comparative study on essential oil of some Teucrium species from Cyprus.
AB  - A comparative study on the essential oil of Teucrium cyprium ssp. cyprium, T.
      micropodioides, T. divaricatum ssp. canescens and T. kotschyanum has been carried
      out. The four specimens are found in Cyprus and were used in the traditional
      medicine of the island. The first three are endemic to Cyprus. The essential oil
      was extracted by steam distillation of the dried flowers, leaves and stems and
      analyzed by GLC and GC-MS. The percentage of the essential oil obtained varies in
      the different parts of the plants from 0.07 to 1.3%. Forty-eight components have
      been identified. Some of them were present in all the species which have been
      investigated, others were characteristic of one species only.

PMID- 1809817
TI  - Study of the anatomy and of the essential oil of Origanum cordifolium, an endemic
      of Cyprus.
AB  - A study was made of the anatomy and of the essential oil of Origanum cordifolium
      (Aucher-Eloy et Montbret ex Benth.) Vogel, an endemic subshrub of Cyprus. The
      anatomical study revealed the typical features of the different parts of the
      plant. The leaves and the flowers of this aromatic species bear glandular and non
      glandular hairs on both sides of the epidermis. Gas chromatography and mass
      spectrometry showed that the main component of the essential oil of O.
      cordifolium is alpha-terpineol followed by gamma-terpinene, p-cymene and
      carvacrol.

PMID- 1809818
TI  - Repertory of standard herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharmacopoea.
AB  - The traditional uses of plants for medicine were studied in Morocco. To this
      date, 231 medicinal plants belonging commonly to the Moroccan pharmacopoea have
      been identified and are presented in a table with the vernacular name in Arabic
      and/or Berber, the ecological distribution, the useful part and the medicinal
      use. The study of the main therapeutic indications of the medicinal plants gives
      a clear picture of the health problems which are treated by traditional medicine
      in Morocco.

PMID- 1809819
TI  - Effect of ambrein on blood glucose levels of rats.
AB  - Ambrein reduced the blood glucose level of normal and moderately alloxan-diabetic
      rats but did not reduce the blood glucose levels of severely-diabetic rats.
      Ambrein did not reduce the hyperglycemia of glucose-loaded rats also given
      mannoheptulose but it reduced the hyperglycemia of glucose-loaded rats in the
      absence of mannoheptulose. Results suggested that the hypoglycemic activity of
      ambrein may be mediated by enhanced glucose utilization.

PMID- 1809820
TI  - Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats.
AB  - The effects of beta-sitosterol on fertility, epididymal sperm counts and
      testicular and accessory reproductive organ weights were evaluated in male albino
      rats. The effects were studied at two dosages (0.5 and 5 mg/kg per day rat
      subcutaneously) for 16, 32 and 48 days. The antifertility effect of beta
      sitosterol was pronounced only at the high dose level, but there was a
      significant decrease in testicular weight and sperm concentrations after long
      term treatment with the low dose of beta-sitosterol. The weights of all accessory
      sex tissues except caput epididymis increased following low dose sitosterol
      treatment. High dose treatment reduced the sperm concentrations as well as the
      weights of testis and accessory sex tissues in a time-dependent manner.
      Withdrawal of treatment for 30 days restored only the weights of accessory sex
      tissues to near normal conditions.

PMID- 1809821
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of young pine shoots (Picea abies
      L.).
AB  - The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of young pine shoots was
      investigated and compared with that of a commercial pine needle oil and
      chloramphenicol. The correlation between the antimicrobial activity of the
      essential oils and their compositions, analysed by gas chromatography, is
      discussed.

PMID- 1809822
TI  - Studies on the constituents of Aconitum species. IX. The pharmacological
      properties of pyro-type aconitine alkaloids, components of processed aconite
      powder 'kako-bushi-matsu': analgesic, antiinflammatory and acute toxic
      activities.
AB  - Eight pyro-type aconitine alkaloids contained in the processed aconite powder
      'Kako-bushi-matsu' were studied for their analgesic, antiinflammatory and acute
      toxic actions. All these compounds showed significant analgesic and
      antiinflammatory actions. Among the pyro-type alkaloids, 16-epi-pyrojesaconitine
      and pyrojesaconitine were the most potent analgesics. The analgesic activity of
      pyro-type aconitine alkaloids was lower than that of each of the parent
      alkaloids, aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine. However, pyro
      type aconitine alkaloids had very low toxicity, and the decreasing rates of the
      toxicity in changing from the parent alkaloids to the pyro-type aconitine
      alkaloids were much larger than those relating to the analgesic activity. Eight
      pyro-type aconitine alkaloids were found to inhibit the carrageenin-induced hind
      paw edema at 2 to 6 h after the carrageenin subplantar injection. Consequently,
      it was demonstrated that the pyro-type aconitine alkaloids produced through the
      processing of raw aconite roots, 'Bushi', have a role in the medicinal effects of
      the processed aconite powder 'Kako-bushi-matsu'.

PMID- 1809823
TI  - Screening of plants used in south Brazilian folk medicine.
AB  - Thirty-seven species of medicinal plants used in folk phytotherapy were
      chemically screened for alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthraquinones,
      saponins, sterols and/or triterpenes and tannins. Seven of these were also
      screened for the presence of mutagenic activity using the Ames test
      (Salmonella/microsome).

PMID- 1809824
TI  - Antimicrobial activities of the stembark of Kigelia pinnata.
AB  - Chemical investigation showed that the aqueous extracts of the stembark of
      Kigelia pinnata contain iridoids as major components. In the light of the
      traditional uses of this plant, antimicrobial activities of the aqueous extracts
      and two major iridoids were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The crude
      aqueous extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity which could be
      partially explained by the activity of the iridoids present.

PMID- 1809825
TI  - Similarities between various systems of traditional medicine. Considerations for
      the future of ethnopharmacology.
AB  - Traditional medicine using herbal drugs exists in every part of the world. The
      major areas are Chinese, Indian and European traditions. The philosophies of
      these traditional medicines have some resemblance to each other but differ widely
      from modern Western medicine. In view of the progress of Western medicine not
      only new synthetic drugs but also herbal drugs have to fulfill the international
      requirements on quality, safety and efficacy. Herbal drugs have the advantage of
      being available for patients in the geographical area of the special traditional
      medicine. The development procedure of herbal drugs for world-wide use has to be
      different from that of synthetic drugs.

PMID- 1809826
TI  - Traditional medicine in Turkey. I. Folk medicine in northeast Anatolia.

PMID- 1809827
TI  - Antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa seed powder.

PMID- 1809828
TI  - A note on the use of topical digitalis prior to William Withering.
AB  - Attention is called to the fact that, long before the systematization of oral
      digitalis therapy by Withering in the eighteenth century, the drug was applied to
      the skin by inunction, producing effects that can now be recognized as due to an
      overdosage of Digitalis glycosides. The history of digitalis is briefly reviewed:
      the drug appears not to have been known to Greek and Roman physicians, but by the
      Middle Ages was widely used in folk medicine. Contrary to current wisdom, there
      is a wealth of historical information suggesting that topically applied Digitalis
      glycosides are capable of exerting physiological activity. It is perhaps time to
      re-examine this feature, in view of the present-day general interest in
      transdermal medications.

PMID- 1809829
TI  - Leader peptidase.
AB  - The Escherichia coli leader peptidase has been vital for unravelling problems in
      membrane assembly and protein export. The role of this essential peptidase is to
      remove amino-terminal leader peptides from exported proteins after they have
      crossed the plasma membrane. Strikingly, almost all periplasmic proteins, many
      outer membrane proteins, and a few inner membrane proteins are made with
      cleavable leader peptides that are removed by this peptidase. This enzyme of 323
      amino acid residues spans the membrane twice, with its large carboxyl-terminal
      domain protruding into the periplasm. Recent discoveries show that its membrane
      orientation is controlled by positively charged residues that border (on the
      cytosolic side) the transmembrane segments. Cleavable pre-proteins must have
      small residues at -1 and a small or aliphatic residue at -3 (with respect to the
      cleavage site). Leader peptidase does not require a histidine or cysteine amino
      acid for catalysis. Interestingly, serine 90 and aspartic acid 153 are essential
      for catalysis and are also conserved in a mitochondrial leader peptidase, which
      is 30.7% homologous with the bacterial enzyme over a 101-residue stretch.

PMID- 1809830
TI  - The use of a rare codon specifically during development?
AB  - A range of circumstantial evidence suggests that in Streptomyces spp., genes
      required for vegetative growth do not contain the leucine codon TTA. Instead, the
      codon seems to be confined to a few genes necessary during differentiation, when
      the colonies begin to produce aerial hyphae and antibiotics. Thus, mutations in
      bldA, the structural gene for tRNATTALeu, do not retard vegetative growth, but
      they prevent normal aerial mycelium and antibiotic production. Most of the known
      TTA-containing genes specify regulatory or resistance proteins associated with
      antibiotic-production clusters. Possibly the ability to translate the UUA codons
      in mRNA from such genes is confined to late stages of colony development. Factors
      that might have contributed to the evolution of this unusual situation are
      discussed.

PMID- 1809831
TI  - Alternative sigma factors and the regulation of flagellar gene expression.
AB  - Synthesis of bacterial flagella and the accompanying array of chemotaxis
      receptors and transducers represents a major commitment of energy and resources
      for a growing bacterial cell and is subject to numerous levels of regulation.
      Genes for flagellar and chemotaxis proteins are expressed in a complex
      transcriptional cascade. This regulatory hierarchy acts to ensure that the highly
      expressed filament structural protein, flagellin, is synthesized only after a
      prerequisite set of structural proteins has been expressed and properly
      assembled. Recent evidence suggests that many bacteria utilize an alternative
      sigma (sigma) subunit, similar in specificity to the Bacillus subtilis sigma 28
      protein, to direct transcription of flagellin, chemotaxis and motility genes. In
      Caulobacter crescentus and Campylobacter spp., both a sigma 54-like factor and a
      sigma 28-like factor participate in the transcription of flagellar and chemotaxis
      genes. Conversely, a sigma 28-like factor controls non-motility functions in at
      least one non-flagellated organism.

PMID- 1809832
TI  - Evidence for a TonB-dependent energy transduction complex in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli TonB protein is required for the active transport of vitamin B12
      and Fe(III)-siderophore complexes across the outer membrane, infection by
      bacteriophages T1 and phi 80, and sensitivity to B-group colicins. TonB appears
      to function as an energy transducer in these processes, coupling cytoplasmic
      membrane electrochemical potential to receptors in the outer membrane. Previous
      reports have demonstrated that chromosomally encoded TonB is functionally
      unstable in the absence of protein synthesis (half-life approximately 15-30
      minutes) and have shown that plasmid-encoded, overexpressed TonB is chemically
      unstable (half-life approximately 5 minutes). In contrast, this study has shown
      that chromosomally encoded TonB was chemically stable for greater than 90 minutes
      while maintaining its functional instability. These data suggest that proteolytic
      degradation of TonB protein is not the basis of its functional instability.
      Auxiliary proteins such as ExbB also play a role in TonB-dependent energy
      transduction. In this study, we have shown that the chemical half-life of
      chromosomally encoded TonB in an exbB::Tn10 mutant was reduced at least 18-fold,
      suggesting that TonB is a part of a cytoplasmic membrane complex that includes,
      at the minimum, ExbB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809833
TI  - Expression of the gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpD) in
      Bacillus subtilis is controlled by antitermination.
AB  - The Bacillus subtilis glpD gene encodes glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase.
      A sigma A type promoter and the transcriptional startpoint for glpD were
      identified. Between the transcriptional startpoint and glpD there is an inverted
      repeat followed by a run of T residues. The inverted repeat prevents expression
      of a reporter gene, xylE, when positioned between this gene and a constitutive
      promoter. Expression of xylE, like expression of glpD, is induced by G3P and
      repressed by glucose. Induction also requires the product of the glpP gene. Our
      results suggest that glpD expression is controlled by antitermination of
      transcription. The inverted repeat appears to be a target for induction by G3P
      and GlpP. We speculate that glucose repression is mediated via an inhibitory
      effect on synthesis or activity of GlpP.

PMID- 1809834
TI  - Cloning, characterization and expression of the Zymononas mobilis eda gene that
      encodes 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase of the Entner-Doudoroff
      pathway.
AB  - The eda gene that encodes 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase of the
      Entner-Doudoroff pathway was cloned from Zymomonas mobilis by genetic
      complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant. The gene is present in a single
      copy on the Z. mobilis genome and is not tightly linked to the edd gene.
      Nucleotide sequence analysis of the eda region revealed that the structural gene
      is 627 bp long and capable of encoding a protein of 208 amino acids with a
      deduced molecular weight of 21,505. The eda gene is monocistronic and is
      transcribed from a single promoter. The transcriptional initiation site was
      determined and an improved consensus promoter sequence for Z. mobilis was
      derived. High-level expression of the eda gene can be attributed to very
      efficient translational initiation caused by the high quality of the ribosome
      binding site and stability of the mRNA, which has a decay rate of 7.6 min. A
      comparison of highly expressed Z. mobilis genes indicated that the relative
      quality of the ribosome-binding sites of these genes might play an important role
      in determining the level of enzyme synthesis. This possibility is discussed with
      regard to the role of gene expression in co-ordinating the enzyme levels of the
      Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway.

PMID- 1809835
TI  - Molecular analysis of two fructokinases involved in sucrose metabolism of enteric
      bacteria.
AB  - Sucrose-positive derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12, containing the plasmid
      pUR400, and of Klebsiella pneumoniae hydrolyse intracellular sucrose 6-phosphate
      by means of an invertase into D-glucose 6-phosphate and free D-fructose. The
      latter is phosphorylated by an ATP-dependent fructokinase (gene scrK of an scr
      regulon) to D-fructose 6-phosphate. The lack of ScrK does not cause any visible
      phenotype in wild-type strains of both organisms. Using genes and enzymes
      normally involved in D-arabinitol metabolism from E. coli C and K. pneumoniae,
      derivatives of E. coli K-12 were constructed which allowed the identification of
      scrK mutations on conventional indicator plates. Cloning and sequencing of scrK
      from sucrose plasmid pUR400 and from the chromosome of K. pneumoniae revealed an
      open reading frame of 924 bp in both cases--the equivalent of a peptide
      containing 307 amino acid residues (Mr 39 and 34 kDa, respectively, on sodium
      dodecyl sulphate gels). The sequences showed overall identity among each other
      (69% identical residues) and to a kinase from Vibrio alginolyticus (57%) also
      involved in sucrose metabolism, lower overall identity (39%) to a D-ribose-kinase
      from E. coli, and local similarity to prokaryotic, and eukaryotic
      phosphofructokinases at the putative ATP-binding sites.

PMID- 1809836
TI  - Characterization of an oxytetracycline-resistance gene, otrA, of Streptomyces
      rimosus.
AB  - The sequence of a 2657 bp DNA fragment containing the coding and regulatory
      regions of the oxytetracycline (OTC)-resistance gene, otrA, from the OTC producer
      Streptomyces rimosus was determined. The predicted amino acid sequence of OtrA
      had extensive identity with tetracycline-resistance genes from other bacteria
      which mediate resistance via non-covalent ribosomal modification. The N-terminal
      domain had extremely high identity with the GTP-binding sites of elongation
      factors, such as EF-G and EF-Tu, suggesting that binding and hydrolysis of GTP is
      important to the function of the protein. Significant identity with EF-G was
      present throughout the polypeptide. Transcriptional activity upstream of the otrA
      coding region was investigated. An Escherichia coli-type promoter, otrAp1, was
      identified. Transcriptional readthrough of otrA from the upstream gene (otcZ) was
      also detected in S. rimosus cultures. A divergent promoter activity was
      identified with subclones of the OtrA fragment in promoter probe vectors analysed
      in Streptomyces lividans. However, this activity was not identified in a subclone
      containing more than half of the otrA coding sequence in S. lividans or at all in
      S. rimosus, indicating that OtrA negatively regulates the expression of the
      divergent transcript. The data are consistent with regulation of antibiotic
      production by OtrA to prevent 'suicide'.

PMID- 1809837
TI  - Genetic diversity among the T-protein genes of group A streptococci.
AB  - T protein is a trypsin- and pepsin-resistant molecule on the surface of group A
      streptococci used as a serological tool to differentiate streptococci of this
      group. The purpose of this study was to determine the relatedness among the T
      protein genes of the 25 known T serotypes. DNA probes were constructed which
      represented various regions of the structural gene for the T6 protein, tee6. The
      probes were assayed for their ability to hybridize HindIII digests of chromosomal
      DNA from the 25 different T serotypes. Probe pTEE6.3, coding for the entire T6
      protein, and pTEE6(1-299), coding for the amino-terminal half of T6, displayed
      the highest amount of homology, each binding to 10 of 25 T serotypes. Probes
      coding for sequences in the carboxy-terminal half of T6 showed considerably less
      homology among T serotypes with one probe hybridizing with only three out of 25.
      A synthetic oligonucleotide coding for the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain of
      T6, an area conserved to some degree among several bacterial surface proteins,
      showed homology with only seven out of 25 T serotypes. Hybridization with
      sequences outside the tee6 coding area provided additional information on the
      relatedness of certain sets of T serotypes according to restriction-fragment size
      heterogeneity. Clearly, there is considerable diversity among T-serotype genes.
      The data suggest that two or more families of structurally variant T proteins
      exist, which share only the property of proteolytic resistance and/or, perhaps,
      some biological function.

PMID- 1809839
TI  - Molecular action of tricholin, a ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from
      Trichoderma viride.
AB  - An extracellular protein was isolated from a species of soil-borne fungi
      (Trichoderma viride) and its amino acid composition has been determined. The
      protein is acidic with a molecular mass of 14,200 daltons and is given the
      trivial name tricholin. Tricholin is a potent inhibitor of cell-free protein
      synthesis. When rabbit reticulocyte lysate was incubated with tricholin at a
      concentration of 6.3 x 10(-7) M, it completely abolished the capacity of the
      lysate to support protein synthesis. The inhibition appears to be due to its
      reaction to ribosomes, since it generates a specific cleavage product, an alpha
      sarcin RNA fragment, from reticulocyte ribosomal RNA. This reaction to ribosomes
      mimics that of alpha-sarcin. The antibody of alpha-sarcin strongly cross-reacts
      with tricholin, while the antibody of tricholin shows a weak reaction with alpha
      sarcin.

PMID- 1809838
TI  - A protein kinase C-like activity in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises calcium- and phospholipid-dependent
      kinases whose activity is stimulated by diacylglycerol and tumour-promoting
      phorbol esters such as 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In the Gram
      negative bacterium Escherichia coli, functional similarity to PKC was
      demonstrated in crude extracts by calcium and phospholipid-dependent, TPA
      stimulated phosphorylation of a small number of endogenous substrates. Activity
      was reduced by sphingosine, a known inhibitor of eukaryotic PKC. Structural
      similarity to PKC was demonstrated in crude and partially purified bacterial
      extracts by cross-reactivity with several monoclonal antibodies. This revealed
      isozyme-specific homology between a protein(s) of relative molecular mass 80
      85,000 in E. coli and the alpha- and gamma-isozymes, but probably not the beta
      isozyme, of eukaryotic PKC.

PMID- 1809840
TI  - Co-operative autoregulation of a replication protein gene.
AB  - In this work we present the localization and characterization of the repl
      promoter (Prepl) and show aspects of the regulation. Comparison of Prepl with
      other autoregulated replication protein gene promoters revealed similarities, but
      Prepl differs from some of these characterized promoters in not being regulated
      by the heat-shock RNA polymerase. Primer extension analysis showed that Prepl is
      contained within five helically aligned 18 base pair repeats, or 18-mers of the
      previously defined minimal origin. In addition, we find that Prepl is
      autoregulated by a trans-acting product encoded in the REPI region. Purified Repl
      protein binds to the 18-mer region of the origin, suggesting that the repl gene
      is autoregulated by the protein product. The autoregulation appears to be co
      operative since decreasing the 18-mer binding site region results in a
      concomitant non-linear loss of autorepression. The deletion derivatives show a
      decreased ability to bind the Repl protein when compared with origin DNA
      containing all of the binding region. The diminished capacity of the various
      deletion derivatives to bind Repl in vitro correlates with the loss of
      autorepression seen in vivo.

PMID- 1809841
TI  - Chloramphenicol-induced stabilization of cat messenger RNA in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - The expression of the chloramphenicol-inducible chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase
      gene (cat), encoded on Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pUB112, is regulated via a
      translational attenuation mechanism. Ribosomes, which are arrested by
      chloramphenicol during synthesis of a short leader peptide, activate catmRNA
      translation by opening a 5'-located stem-loop structure, thus setting free the
      cat ribosome-binding site. We have determined the 5' and 3' ends of catmRNA and
      analysed its stability in Bacillus subtilis. In the absence of the antibiotic,
      the half-life of catmRNA is shorter than 0.5 min; it is enhanced to about 8 min
      by sub-inhibitory concentrations of the drug. No decay intermediates of catmRNA
      could be detected, indicating a very fast degradation after an initial rate
      limiting step. ochre nonsense mutations in the 5' region of the cat structural
      gene, which eliminate catmRNA translation, did not affect its chloramphenicol
      induced stabilization. Mutations in the leader-peptide coding region, which
      abolish ribosome stalling and, therefore, cat gene induction, also eliminate
      catmRNA stabilization. We conclude that catmRNA is stabilized on induction by a
      chloramphenicol-arrested ribosome, which physically protects a nuclease-sensitive
      target site in the 5' region of catmRNA against exo- or endonucleolytic
      initiation of degradation. This protection is analogous to ermA and ermC mRNA and
      seems to reflect a general mechanism for stabilization of mRNA derived from
      inducible antibiotic resistance genes in B. subtilis.

PMID- 1809842
TI  - Involvement of the syrM and nodD3 genes of Rhizobium meliloti in nod gene
      activation and in optimal nodulation of the plant host.
AB  - We identified and sequenced the regulatory syrM and nodD3 genes of Rhizobium
      meliloti 41. Both genes were shown to contribute to optimal nodulation of
      alfalfa. In R. meliloti strains carrying syrM and nodD3 on plasmid, the nod genes
      are expressed constitutively, resulting in host-range extension to siratro. This
      is due to the presence of multiple syrM copies, suggesting that SyrM participates
      directly in nod gene activation. NodD3 activates nod genes in conjunction with
      flavonoids and enhances syrM expression, which is controlled also by its own
      product, NodD2, and two putative trans-acting factors. nodD3 is regulated by
      SyrM, NodD1, nodD3, the repressor NoIR, and two putative factors.

PMID- 1809843
TI  - A cytosine- over guanosine-rich sequence in RNA activates rho-dependent
      transcription termination.
AB  - We have constructed an expression vector carrying the Escherichia coli his operon
      control region to study the ability of defined segments of DNA to cause rho
      factor-mediated transcription termination both in vivo and in vitro. We have
      previously identified a consensus motif consisting of a region of high cytosine
      over guanosine content common to several cryptic intracistronic transcription
      termination elements unmasked by polar mutations. We show that a DNA fragment
      possessing features similar to the ones previously identified is capable of
      causing rho-mediated mediated release of transcripts in vivo and in vitro. The
      efficiency of termination depends on the length and efficiency of termination
      depends on the length and relative cytosine over guanosine ratio of the element.

PMID- 1809844
TI  - Purification, characterization and nucleotide sequence of the periplasmic C4
      dicarboxylate-binding protein (DctP) from Rhodobacter capsulatus.
AB  - A periplasmic binding protein essential for high-affinity transport of the C4
      dicarboxylates malate, succinate and fumarate across the cytoplasmic membrane of
      the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus has been purified to
      homogeneity and some of its ligand-binding properties characterized. The protein
      was not produced in a Tn5 insertion mutant unable to transport C4-dicarboxylates
      under aerobic conditions in the dark. Wild-type DNA corresponding to the location
      of the transposon insertion site was subcloned and a 1.5 kb section sequenced. A
      complete open reading frame of 999 bp was identified that encoded a 333-residue
      protein (DctP) with a molecular weight of 36,128 with a 26-residue amino-terminal
      signal peptide. The identify of this protein with the purified dicarboxylate
      binding protein and the position of the predicted signal peptide cleavage site
      was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. No significant homology with other
      proteins was detected in database searches. A GC-rich region of dyad symmetry was
      located 7 bp downstream of the dctP translational stop codon. This structure may
      be of significance in regulating the relative abundance of DctP and other dct
      gene products which comprise the high-affinity dicarboxylate transport system in
      this bacterium.

PMID- 1809845
TI  - Prevalence of gene sequences coding for hypervariable regions of Opa (protein II)
      in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Opas (protein IIs) are a family of surface-exposed proteins of Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae. Each strain of N. gonorrhoeae has multiple (10-11) genes encoding
      for Opas. Identifiable elements in opa genes include the coding repeat within the
      signal sequence, conserve 5' and 3' regions, and hypervariable regions (HV1 and
      HV2) located within the structural gene. N. gonorrhoeae strains appear to have
      many biological properties in common that are either HV-region-mediated or
      associated with the presence of specific HV regions, suggesting that HV regions
      could be found in many clinical isolates. Oligonucleotides from three source
      strains representing three conserved regions of opa, 12 HV1 regions, and 14 HV2
      regions were used by dot blot analysis to probe 120 clinical isolates of N.
      gonorrhoeae. The probe for the coding repeat hybridized to all 120 strains, the
      3' conserved-region probe reacted with 98% of the strains, and the 5' conserved
      region probe with 90% of the strains. Nine HV1 probes hybridized to 3.3-39.2% of
      the strains, and 13 of the HV2 probes hybridized to 1.7-25% of the isolates.
      Analysis of the number of probes that hybridized to each of the isolates showed
      that 19% did not hybridize with any of the HV1 probes and 25% did not hybridize
      with any of the HV2 probes. Approximately three-quarters of the isolates
      hybridized with one, two or three of the HV1 probes or one, two or three of the
      HV2 probes; 89% of the isolates hybridized to least one HV1 or one HV2 probe. The
      data indicate that some genes encoding HV regions of N. gonorrhoeae Opa proteins
      are widely distributed in nature.

PMID- 1809846
TI  - Molecular cloning and transcriptional analysis of the cpeBA operon of the
      cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena species PCC7409.
AB  - The cpeBA operon of the Group III chromatically adapting cyanobacterium
      Pseudanabaena species PCC 7409 was cloned, sequenced and characterized. The cpeBA
      genes are transcribed in green-light-grown cells as an abundant 1400-nucleotide
      mRNA which initiates 69 nucleotides upstream from the cpeB translation start.
      Extensive sequence identity, extending 70 nucleotides 5' to the transcription
      start, occurs among cpeBA promoters of Group II and III chromatic adapters. Cell
      extracts of green-light-grown Calothrix species PCC 7601 contain an activity
      which specifically binds a restriction fragment containing the Pseudanabanea
      species PCC 7409 cpeBA promoter. Green-light-dependent cpeBA transcription in
      Group II and III chromatically adapting cyanobacteria is suggested to be
      similarly controlled by a transcriptional activator.

PMID- 1809847
TI  - Cloning, expression and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the 120 kDa
      surface-exposed protein of Rickettsia rickettsii.

PMID- 1809848
TI  - Biomolecules: the origin of their optical activity.
AB  - The origin of biomolecular optical activity is a problem that has been wide open
      since the days of Pasteur. A most promising approach attributes a causal function
      to optically active minerals (1). It has been proposed that pyrite, crystallized
      at comparatively low temperature, has a non-cubic crystal structure (2, 3) which
      would indeed be optically active. It has further been proposed that the formation
      of pyrite may be linked with early carbon fixation (4, 5, 6). It is here shown
      that these two proposals jointly could offer a straightforward explanation for
      the origin of optically active biomolecules.

PMID- 1809849
TI  - Chaos and predicting varix hemorrhage.
AB  - Despite a wide array of mechanisms implicated in esophagogastric varix
      hemorrhage, predicting the onset of bleeding or even identifying the dominant
      factor in its causation has proved elusive. In this article we re-examine
      variceal pathophysiology and hypothesize that bleeding is rooted in turbulent
      portal system flow, a phenomenon embodied in the 'new' science of chaos and the
      principles of non-linear, rhythmic fluid dynamics. Analogous to forecasting the
      weather, predicting turbulent flow hinges on defining the initial physical
      conditions, and, like the field theory of quantum physics, depends on
      probabilities and instabilities rather than direct proportional analysis. Based
      on the complex regional and systemic hemodynamic forces and local physical
      properties underlying formation and perpetuation of esophagogastric varices, we
      propose, as with climatologic events, that a relatively minor or remote
      physiologic adjustment may set into motion a sequence of destabilizing splanchnic
      blood flow kinetics that ultimately causes a varix to erupt. In other words, the
      onset of varix bleeding derives from a sudden, erratic switch from disorganized
      but stable to disruptive turbulent variceal blood flow, and as a 'chaotic'
      phenomenon, is likely to remain for the foreseeable future highly unpredictable.

PMID- 1809850
TI  - On monosegmental sister chromatid exchanges (SCE).
AB  - Considerations are given to special features of the nuclear envelope that might
      occasion segmental exchange between sister chromatids. The underlying dynamics
      may lead to illegal apposition of originally distant sequences and/or to
      modulations in the topologic orientation of genes on chromatid segments involved
      in such exchanges.

PMID- 1809851
TI  - Midsegmental exchanges between sister chromatids.
AB  - The model for SCE, proposed by (1), is adapted to the exchange of one or more
      segments located midway along the chromatid axis. In spite of conflicts in the
      handedness of these midsegments, the model accounts for the undistorted stacking
      of both sister chromatids.

PMID- 1809852
TI  - A new philosophy of medical imaging.
AB  - In general, the traditional approach to medical imaging is based on the solution
      of the inverse problem of deducing the characteristics of tissues within the body
      from the received field resulting from probing radiation. Ambiguities and lack of
      complete data, and physical limitations such as diffraction, field non-uniformity
      and so on, prevent the image from being an exact representation of what would be
      seen if the imaged part of the patient were to be exposed to direct vision or
      drawn by an artist. Much more exact representation could be produced, however, if
      the philosophy of imaging were to be changed to involve the solution of the
      forward problem in which the received field is iteratively compared with that
      calculated to be produced by a computer-simulated model of the object from a
      knowledge base of anatomy, pathology, histology, physical properties of tissues
      etc. As a result of this converging process of comparison and iterative
      minimisation of the difference signal, a model of the object would be simulated
      consistent with the received field resulting from probing radiation as well as
      with all the relevant information form a knowledge base containing general
      knowledge and also including the personal records of the particular patient.
      Using such a model, any required cross-section or three-dimensional pictorial
      representation of the region of interest in the investigated object could be
      displayed in the form of a pictorial image. Thus the proposed philosophy would
      make medical imaging much less subjective and increase its information value,
      because inherently it includes all relevant biomedical data in the displayed
      image.

PMID- 1809853
TI  - Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores): a consequence of high oral submucosal
      viscosity (the role of extracellular matrix and the possible role of lectins).
AB  - Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) or canker sores occur in 20-60% of all
      persons. The lesion occurs because of increased viscosity of oral submucosal
      extracellular matrix (ECM). The lesions begin in the second decade and peak in
      the third decade. Sex hormones are an important influence on fibroblasts,
      especially in the early phase of exposure. Sex hormones are known to concentrate,
      to a degree, in the bucal mucosa in animals. Lesions of RAS localize clinically
      and experimentally at sites of trauma. In the skin, edema is known to trigger
      early cellular inflammation. Increased viscosity of ECM heightens the response.
      The histopathology of the ulcerated lesions is similar to that which occurs under
      sites of acute inflammation in the skin. Systemic corticosteroids completely
      supress the lesions. Caustics, such as silver nitrate and phenol, stop the growth
      and pain of lesions. Irritants are known to break ECM viscosity. The oral mucosa
      exerts some control on underlying ECM. Substances such as lectins influencing the
      mucosa could influence ECM. Soluble substances in food or organisms could also
      penetrate to influence ECM. A number of different foods have been incriminated as
      trigger agents in individual cases. This includes gluten in patients with gluten
      sensitive enteropathy. Gluten is known to alter the mucosa of the small intestine
      in persons with celiac disease.

PMID- 1809854
TI  - The use of content analysis in the assessment of medical controversies.
AB  - Medicine is fraught with controversies, and several strategies have been
      developed in order to reach rational conclusions. Examples are using more
      subjects or an improved research design, developing consensus statements or using
      meta-analysis. An additional strategy is described in this paper. The language
      content of scientific papers is examined to establish whether the authors use
      factual (informational) language or emotional appeals (directive language) to
      convince the reader. This type of content analysis is then applied to a sample
      controversy. The paper shows that directive language content analysis can be
      applied effectively to scientific publications to clarify the basis of and
      reasoning behind some controversies.

PMID- 1809855
TI  - Osteoarthritis, chiropractic, and nutrition: osteoarthritis considered as a
      natural part of a three stage subluxation complex: its reversibility: its
      relevance and treatability by chiropractic and nutritional correlates.
AB  - It is proposed that chiropractic and nutritional treatment contribute to the
      amelioration and perhaps reversal of osteoarthritis (OA). It is further proposed
      that the chiropractic manipulative thrust, is in effect, treating dysfunctional
      bio-mechanics of joints, affecting positive cartilaginous change. The
      pathophysiology and multi-factorial causes of OA are reviewed. New
      interpretations of the literature surrounding OA are discussed which offer
      arguments for OA's treatment and reversal through chiropractic manipulation and
      nutrutional support. Presented is a new model of the chiropractic concept of
      subluxation (abnormal joint complex resulting in fixation or decrease in normal
      range of motion) and the chiropractic manipulative thrust. The associated
      histologic correlates are also discussed. A review of the literature of anti
      inflammatory and muscle/joint complex supportive nutrients appropriate for OA is
      presented. Finally, a complete treatment protocol for OA is summarized.

PMID- 1809856
TI  - Pathogenesis of kidney stones.
AB  - Although many risk factors and theories exist in the literature for urinary stone
      formation, a hypothesis is suggested for the pathogenesis of renal stones.
      According to the matrix theory, a protein such as uromucoid activates the initial
      crystallisation process by promoting the formation of calcium oxalate and calcium
      phosphate crystals as well as clumping in whole urine. We put forward a theory
      whereby one of the most important factors in the matrix theory would be the
      composition and concentration of the protein. In support of this hypothesis,
      emphasis is placed on the activities of urokinase and sialidase.

PMID- 1809857
TI  - Sleep deprivation-induced dermatitis: further support of nicotinic acid depletion
      in sleep deprivation.
AB  - It is noted that some of the manifestations of prolonged sleep deprivation are
      similar to changes seen in pellagra. Dermatitis is one of the cardinal clinical
      manifestations of human pellagra. Prolonged sleep deprivation also typically
      induces a dermatitis in experimental animals. Both dermatidities are
      histopathologically similar. It is plausible that both may have a similar
      etiology, i.e. depletion of nicotonic acid and products derived from it.

PMID- 1809858
TI  - Multiple sclerosis and latitude: a new perspective on an old association.
AB  - For 68 years latitude has been identified as an important risk factor in the
      occurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS), but not satisfactory explanation has been
      offered for this relationship. Epidemiological studies of MS, however, have
      failed to take into account the degree of change in the amount of ambient light
      over the course of the year, a variable which is closely related to photoperiod
      and latitude. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), another illness for which
      latitude is a risk factor, appears to be related to the decrease in ambient light
      during the winter months, and offers some relevant insights into the geographical
      distribution of risk for developing MS. Researchers have found a relationship
      between degree of reported seasonal difficulties in a population sample and
      altered immunological function. Furthermore, the effects of bright light on mood
      have been shown to be regulated through the eye. We hypothesize that the risk of
      developing MS is related to impairment of the immune system caused by light
      deprivation prior to adulthood.

PMID- 1809859
TI  - HIV infection of the adult thymus: an even more conventional theory explaining
      CD4 cell decrease and CD8 cell increase in AIDS.
AB  - CD4 cells are known to drop and CD8 cells are known to increase in patients with
      HIV infection. It is accepted that this is the result of HIV selectively killing
      CD4 cells; we propose an alternative explanation for this phenomenon.

PMID- 1809860
TI  - A presumed reflex by which upward gaze induces relaxation of accommodation, a way
      to overcome instrument myopia.
AB  - This hypothesized reflex relates the vertical direction of gaze to the amount of
      tension exerted by the ciliary muscle. Based on simple observations the following
      is assumed. When looking downwards a tendency for closer focusing (near
      searching) exists even without a specific visual stimulus, whereas looking up
      favors a more relaxed state of the accommodative mechanism. This reflex is much
      weaker than accommodation induced by visual stimuli but may have potential
      practical implications with regards to automated objective ocular refraction
      devices. When using such instruments it is crucial to eliminate entirely all
      accommodation. The inability to achieve such relaxation has prevented automated
      devices from completely replacing all manual and subjective techniques in
      ophthalmology practice. If the reflex is empirically proven to exist, then by
      performing objective examinations while the patient's gaze is directed up, more
      precise measurements may be achieved. An additional benefit can be derived from
      comparing upward versus forward gaze measurements. Even a small difference can
      imply that accommodation has been triggered, so that ultimately this screening
      method enables identification of the accommodators sub-group and reciprocally
      approving the accuracy of the non-accommodators sub-group results.

PMID- 1809861
TI  - Admissions of patients with epileptic seizures (E) and dizziness (D) related to
      geomagnetic and solar activity levels: differences in female and male patients.
AB  - Admissions of 762 patients for epileptic seizures and 1553 for dizziness were
      studied for the connection with the level of monthly and yearly solar activity in
      the 11-year solar cycle and with four levels of daily geomagnetic activity levels
      (400 epileptic patients and 802 patients suffering with dizziness). The most
      significant differences of the studied groups were in the male/female ratio in
      different conditions of solar and geomagnetic activity. Changes in the group of
      epileptic patients were accompanied by similar, but adverse changes in the group
      suffering from dizziness. Different conditions of responses of females and males
      to environmental changes can explain the demonstrated results.

PMID- 1809862
TI  - Epidemiological and biochemical support for a theory on the cause and prevention
      of breast cancer.
AB  - Damage to the breast epithelium by chemical carcinogens as products of oxygen
      free radical release can lead to fibroblast proliferation, hyperplasia of
      epithelium, cellular atypia and breast cancer. Chemical carcinogens may
      accumulate in breast fluid in the non-lactating breast consequent to superoxide
      free radical production which occurs via the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      hypoxanthine pathway. This pathway is initiated by hypoxia of local tissue. Under
      hypoxic conditions ATP is broken down to form hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine itself
      is broken down to produce xanthine and then uric acid. This results in the
      production of superoxide free radicals, the products of which are carcinogenic.
      The development of localized hypoxia, which is central to this hypothesis, is
      caused by acinal gland distention from fluid secreted by raised prolactin levels
      in the absence of oxytocin. Stimulation of the nipple in a non-lactating breast
      may raise plasma oxytocin and lower plasma prolactin levels. Contraction of the
      myoepithelial cells of the breast under the influence of oxytocin would relieve
      distention of the acinal glands and thus reduce hypoxia and the generation of
      lipid peroxidoses as products of free radical damage. The epidemiology of breast
      fibrosis and cancer support the notion that lack of nipple stimulation over time
      may be a significant variable. A review of this literature linked with current
      biochemical work on fibrosis and carcinogenesis suggest that draining the breasts
      of the products of superoxide free-radical release by the encouragement of
      regular nipple erections may prevent such breast disease.

PMID- 1809863
TI  - Family history of breast cancer and screening behavior: an inverted U-shaped
      curve?
AB  - There are conflicting reports regarding the association between breast cancer
      risk factors, especially family history, and early detection/screening behavior.
      While some studies have reported that women at higher risk for breast cancer
      engage in more screening behavior than those at lower risk, others have found no
      relationship between the two variables, and still other studies have found the
      opposite effect--less screening in high risk women as compared to lower risk
      women. It is suggested that these conflicting results might be explained by
      including anxiety or fear as a mediating factor in the relationship between risk
      status and screening behavior. Specifically, it is hypothesized that anxiety or
      fear associated with family history of breast cancer operates in a manner similar
      to that observed in other behavioral tasks. That is, an optimal amount of anxiety
      or fear facilitates performance, but too much inhibits it. Previous studies are
      examined in the context of this hypothesis.

PMID- 1809864
TI  - Is early onset of gray hair a risk factor?
AB  - An office and autopsy study was performed to see if early graying was associated
      with increased morbidity, earlier age at death, and specific cause of death. 195
      consecutive office patients over the age of 40 were studied to see if premature
      graying of scalp hair (50% or more gray before age 50) was associated with
      increased incidence of disease before age 50 (P = ns). Their parents' mean ages
      at death, prematurely gray or not, were compared. For fathers, mean age at death
      if prematurely gray was 68.27 years; if not prematurely gray, 66.03 years (P =
      0.35). For mothers, the values were 70.55 years and 70.37 years respectively (P =
      greater than 0.50). 874 autopsy patients dying over a 23-year period (1966-1989)
      were studied to see if the median age at death (of patients 50% or more gray)
      differed for any of the six categories of disease (myocardial infarction,
      congestive heart failure, cancer, stroke, pneumonia/bronchitis, or cirrhosis of
      the liver/GI problems) when compared to the entire autopsy sample of 19
      categories of disease (P = ns for each comparison). This dual office and autopsy
      study provides no evidence to support the contention that early gray hair is a
      risk factor.

PMID- 1809865
TI  - [Focal infection in dentistry: the in vitro specific lymphocyte blast test].
AB  - The authors used an "in vitro" test of specific blastogenic response to
      streptococcal antigens, to evidence a sensitivity status in chronic odontogenic
      infections. The authors didn't find always a direct correlation between specific
      lymphoproliferative response and haematologic tests but found a good correlation
      with clinics. They conclude an increased value of specific lymphoproliferative
      response as predictive meaning of metafocal diseases.

PMID- 1809866
TI  - [Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) in HIV antibody-positive
      subjects].
AB  - The paper reports five cases of acute ulcero-necrotic gingivitis in AbHIV
      positive subjects and stresses that the frequency of this pathology in the AbHIV
      positive population is 0.67% (3.3% if only the homosexual population is taken
      into consideration) compared to 0.02-0.08% in the normal population. These
      findings may therefore suggest an association between AUNG and HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 1809867
TI  - [The evaluation of anxiety and the analysis of pain perception in Down's syndrome
      patients undergoing dental procedures].
AB  - Twenty Down's syndrome dental patients between 9 and 20 years of age have been
      identified in order to evaluate anxiety and pain induced by various kinds of
      dental treatment such as some "moderately painful" dental out-patient procedures
      (10 subjects), general anaesthesia dental treatment (5 subjects) and painless out
      patient visit or routine orthodontic services (5 subjects). Each patient received
      a previous psychological evaluation to assess his intellectual and cognitive
      developmental degree. Anxiety was assessed twice, before and after intervention
      by means of a questionnaire; pain was tested in a subjective way during the
      procedure (or the control oral visit 12 hours after the g.a. treatment) and by a
      questionnaire in the post-treatment phase. This investigation indicates that
      anxiety increased in Down's syndrome subjects receiving out-patient
      interventions, remained at the original level in the general anaesthesia
      hospitalized patients, while it showed a clear reduction in the out-patient
      painless control group. Anxiety, however, proves to be influenced also by the
      patient's effective mental age so it my be lessened after painful dental
      treatment when the intellectual development is about or above that of a 7 year
      old boy. Our study could prove to be important since it underlines the need to
      assess, at least approximately, the Down's syndrome patient's cognitive
      development before giving dental treatment, especially if it is an out-patient
      intervention. This may not be necessary for routine free of pain dental visits.

PMID- 1809868
TI  - [Dentists' knowledge and attitudes on HIV infection].
AB  - A questionnaire was given out to a group of 124 dentists in order to find out
      their level of knowledge of HIV infection. The answers show that dentists are
      reluctant to work with HIV-seropositive patients and that knowledge of control
      and diffusion of the disease is poor.

PMID- 1809869
TI  - [Diagnostic delay in neoplasms of the oral cavity].
AB  - The authors present the results of a study of delayed diagnosis in oral cancer.
      They report 93 cases of malignant oral tumors collected since 1987 at "Regina
      Elena" Cancer Institute Rome. The study revealed a very high incidence of
      advanced stage patients, in spite of the easy clinical examination of these
      malignancies, because there is a very high delay between subjective symptoms and
      appropriate therapy. Stress is laid on the importance of diagnostic delay on the
      prognosis and quality of residual life after therapy, early diagnosis being the
      best strategy against cancer.

PMID- 1809870
TI  - [A statistical evaluation of the surgical therapy of TMJ condyle-disk
      incoordination].
AB  - Biomechanical pathology of the TMJ occurs most frequently in 4 clinical variants:
      anterior dislocation of the jaw, reciprocal click, closed lock, osteoarthrotic
      degeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of TMJ surgery,
      using statistical comparative analysis, in resolving condylo-meniscal
      incoordination. Eighty-one patients were included in the study who had been
      treated surgically for various symptoms of condylo-discal incoordination from
      1982 to 1989, assessing a series of objective and subjective parameters and
      making a statistical comparison of results.

PMID- 1809871
TI  - [The operating and preventive dental ergonomic aspects in a public dentistry
      service].
AB  - The authors describe some aspects of an activity of prevention directed to a
      target group in a hospital stomatology department. They describe locations and
      their operative destination; the time of intervention in different phases; the
      considerations on the efficiency of a program of prevention constant in time.

PMID- 1809872
TI  - [Chronic specific cervicofacial lymphadenitis: the clinical and therapeutic
      considerations of a case of tubercular-origin submandibular adenopathy].
AB  - After a short review of the most recent literature on the topic, the paper
      reports a case of submandibular adenopathy of tubercular origin: the diagnostic
      difficulties which arose appear to be mainly correlated to the superimposed
      presence of chronic sialoadenitis. The clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic
      aspects of the case are discussed.

PMID- 1809874
TI  - [Recent progress in the anesthesiology].

PMID- 1809873
TI  - [Dentin adhesives. An update].
AB  - Even if mechanical bonding to enamel utilizing the acid-etch technique has been
      very successful, adhesion to dentin is still a challenge to researchers and
      clinicians. Dentin is a vital tissue and differs in composition from enamel: acid
      etching does not enhance the bond strength of composite resins to dentin and may
      elicit a severe pulpal response. For an effective bond to occur, a dentin bonding
      system has to be used. The first generation of methacrylate-based dentin
      adhesives was capable of chemical bonding to the inorganic phase of dentin. The
      chemical basis for this resin-dentin adhesive was the interaction between a
      phosphate group attached to the methacrylate and the calcium ions on the dentin
      surface. This system yielded rather low bond strengths which were clinically
      unsatisfying. The second generation of dentin adhesives became available to the
      profession recently. Each of these new bonding systems use similar chemical
      composition for the same purpose of bonding with physicochemical interaction to
      the hard tooth tissues. All these systems contain a mild acid dentin conditioner
      to remove the smear layer and an aqueous resin containing primer to improve
      monomer penetration into the hydrophilic dentin surface. The second generation
      dentin bonding systems are extremely sensitive to variations upon the
      completeness of instructions and how accurately these are followed by dental
      practitioners.

PMID- 1809875
TI  - [Catabolism of lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) induced by infusion of 10% intralipid].
AB  - In order to clarify the metabolism of Lipoprotein X (Lp-X) induced by intravenous
      Intralipid 10%, in vitro experiments using purified Lp-X from the sera of the
      patients receiving Intralipid 10% were carried out. 1) Lp-X or high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) was incubated with J-774 macrophages laden with [3H]
      cholesterol. Marked extraction of cholesterol from macrophages by Lp-X as well as
      HDL was observed. 2) [3H] cholesterol labelled Lp-X or oxidized LDL (o-LDL) was
      incubated with J-774 macrophages. Incorporation of Lp-X into macrophages was
      negligible comparing to o-LDL. 3) [3H] cholesterol labelled Lp-X, low density
      lipoprotein (LDL), or HDL was incubated with Hep G2 cells was less than LDL, but
      similar to that of HDL. These results indicated that Lp-X extracted cholesterol
      from peripheral tissues during its formation, and it was not catabolized by the
      scavenger pathway, but catabolized by the LDL pathway of hepatocytes.

PMID- 1809876
TI  - [Lymphatic permeation of colorectal cancer--evaluation as a prognostic factor by
      prospective studies].
AB  - To evaluate lymphatic permeation as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer,
      long-term prospective studies were conducted and the following results were
      obtained. 1) The degree of lymphatic permeation increased as the depth of
      invasion, lymph node metastasis, and stage advanced. 2) Moderate or marked
      lymphatic permeation (ly2 or ly3) was observed at a high rate in moderately and
      poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. 3) Recurrence was more common in the
      patients with ly2 or ly3. 4) In stage 2 and 3 patients with slight plus no
      lymphatic permeation (ly0 or ly1), the seven-year survival rates were 89.8% and
      85.6%, respectively. In the ly2 + ly3 group, the rates were 67.1% and 66.1%,
      respectively and a significant difference was noted. In stage 4, however, there
      was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions were as
      follows. 1) The degree of lymphatic permeation was considered to be extremely
      closely related to the progression of cancer, histological type and recurrence.
      2) In stage 2 and stage 3, the degree of lymphatic permeation was an important
      prognostic factor, but in stage 4 it was not. 3) It was shown that lymphatic
      permeation as classified by the authors was a reliable index for survival rates.

PMID- 1809877
TI  - [The excisional range of tracheal infiltration of the thyroid cancer].
AB  - We studied histopathologically the infiltrative modes in 17 cases with tracheal
      infiltration of the thyroid cancer, and studied its excisional range. 1)
      Macroscopically, morphologies in the regions of the trachea were divided into 3
      types. Types I and II were noted in 4 cases for each and Type III was noted in 9
      cases. 2) When the infiltrative modes in the trachea were divided into localized
      and infiltrative types, localized type was noted in all cases of type I, and
      infiltrative type was noted in all cases of Type II. The both types were noted in
      2 cases and 7 cases of Type III, respectively. 3) Infiltrative region of the
      tracheal mucous membrane in all cases of Types I and III was localized in the
      range of the infiltrative region of the extratracheal mucous membrane. The
      infiltrative region of the tracheal mucous membrane was wider in 2 cases of Type
      II comparing with that of the extratracheal mucous membrane. It is considered
      that radical treatment of types I and III can be obtained by the excisional range
      of the infiltration of the extratracheal mucous membrane. Operative diagnosis is
      necessary because wider range infiltration of the cancer is observed in the
      tracheal mucous membrane of Type II.

PMID- 1809879
TI  - [Evaluation of chest wall resection in the patients with breast cancer involving
      chest wall].
AB  - Twenty-three patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer involving bony
      chest wall were treated by extended full-thickness chest wall resection and
      immediate reconstruction. The results were as follows: 1) Distant metastases were
      found concurrently or subsequently in more than half of the patients. Therefore,
      we should regard chest wall lesions as a systemic disease. 2) Long term result
      was encouraging, with 73.9% local control rate. 3) Post-surgical prognosis of the
      patients with sternal metastasis and solitary chest wall lesions were favorable,
      in that order. 4) Both local control rate and survival of the patients with
      mediastinal invasion, however, were fairly poor. 5) Disease-free interval
      (D.F.I.) after mastectomy longer than 5 years correlated significantly with a
      long survival after chest wall resection. As a result, we confirmed that chest
      wall resection was the treatment of choice for the patients with long D.F.I. and
      solitary chest wall lesion without mediastinal invasion nor metastasis, but the
      postoperative systemic therapy was indispensable to improve the patient's
      survival.

PMID- 1809878
TI  - [Study of hormone replacement therapy following total thyroidectomy in thyroid
      cancer--with special reference to the analysis of thyroid hormone peripheral
      effects, using indirect calorimetry].
AB  - Peripheral effects of thyroid hormones were examined using an indirect
      calorimetry in 18 patients with thyroid cancer before and after total
      thyroidectomy. Peripheral effects of exogenous thyroid hormones in TSH
      suppression therapy after thyroidectomy were also studied. The subjects were
      maintained without hormone replacement for 3 weeks after total thyroidectomy. The
      ratio of resting energy expenditure to basal energy expenditure (REE/BEE) was
      determined before operation, before hormone replacement, and 1 and 5 weeks after
      the beginning of replacement, and the values were compared with changes in the
      blood thyroid hormone levels. Positive correlations were observed between the
      changes in endogenous thyroid hormone levels before and after total thyroidectomy
      and those in REE/BEE (free T3 vs. REE/BEE; r = 0.756, p less than 0.01),
      suggesting that evaluation of REE/BEE is clinically useful as an index of
      peripheral effects of thyroid hormones. Five weeks after the beginning of hormone
      replacement, T4 and free T4 were slightly range, and no enhancement of energy
      metabolism was noted. From these findings, the post-operative TSH suppression
      therapy carried out at our department is considered to be justifiable also from
      the viewpoint of energy metabolism.

PMID- 1809880
TI  - [A study of fibroblasts in the chemosensitivity testing on human lung cancer cell
      lines].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to assess effects of fibroblasts in the vitro
      chemosensitivity testing on human lung cancer cells and to remove them. Fourteen
      lung cancer cell lines and 14 fibroblasts derived from resected specimens of lung
      cancers were used, whose S.D (succinate dehydrogenase) activities were measured
      with MTT colorimetric assay. The chemosensitivity of a lung cancer cell alone was
      compared with that of mixed cancer cell and fibroblast. As results, S.D
      activities of fibroblasts were less 2-4 fold than those of lung cancer cells.
      Fibroblasts were as sensitive to CDDP, MMC and 5-FU as lung cancer cells, but
      more sensitive to ADM and VP-16 than them. When sensitivity testings were
      performed on mixed cancer cells and fibroblasts, or mixed cancer cells and
      conditioned media of fibroblasts to CDDP with 3 day's incubation times, the
      sensitivity was affected in 61%, or 10% of all the pairs, respectively. However,
      when these tests were done without any incubation times, the sensitivity was not
      affected. Therefore, it was suggested that anticancer drugs had to be
      simultaneously added when single cell suspensions were plated if resected
      specimens were used in a anticancer drug sensitivity test.

PMID- 1809881
TI  - [Effect of surgery for combined abdominal aortic and internal iliac artery
      aneurysm on postoperative intestinal ischemia and sexual dysfunction].
AB  - The effect of surgery for combined abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and internal
      iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) on postoperative intestinal ischemia and sexual
      dysfunction was studied. Nineteen men and three women, aged 51 to 79 years, were
      included in this study. The IIAA was unilateral in 13 cases and bilateral in 9.
      The maximum diameter of the IIAAs ranged from 3.0 to 7.5 cm. Seven cases
      underwent emergent surgery for aneurysmal rupture. A bifurcated graft was
      implanted in all cases. Among cases with unilateral IIAA, aneurysmectomy and IIA
      reconstruction was performed in 2 cases, and ligation of the IIA was performed in
      the remaining 11. Among cases with bilateral IIAAs, IIA reconstruction was
      performed on one side and IIA ligation on the another side in 1 case. Bilateral
      ligation was performed in 4 and exclusion of the AAA and both IIAAs were
      performed in 4. The inferior mesenteric artery was reconstructed in 10 cases. The
      average postoperative follow-up period was 6.2 years. Postoperatively 2 cases
      experienced bowel necrosis and 4 had diarrhea and/or mucous stool. An erectile
      disturbance occurred postoperatively in 33.3% of cases which had undergone
      unilateral and 50% of cases which had undergone bilateral IIA ligation.

PMID- 1809882
TI  - [Analysis of mutagen in contents of the biliary tract in pancreatico-biliary
      malfunction: preliminary report].

PMID- 1809883
TI  - [Modulation of monoclonal antibody H-15 in human colon cancer xenograft in nude
      mice by human gamma-interferon: preliminary report].

PMID- 1809884
TI  - [A fundamental study of the thyroid transplantation for the patient with
      irreversible hypothyroidism (the first report: an autotransplantation of
      cryopreserved thyroid): preliminary report].

PMID- 1809885
TI  - [Dilemmas in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal epidural metastases].

PMID- 1809886
TI  - [Asthma in children; consensus by pediatric pulmonologists on long-term
      treatment. I. Diagnosis].

PMID- 1809887
TI  - [Asthma in children; consensus by pediatric pulmonologists on long-term
      treatment. II. Treatment].

PMID- 1809888
TI  - [Puberty and puberty disorders].

PMID- 1809889
TI  - [Living regime following coronary surgery; sense or nonsense?].

PMID- 1809891
TI  - [The psychosocial development of boys treated with pulsatile LHRH administration
      for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism].
AB  - Eight male adolescents with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, who were being treated
      with pulsatile GnRH administration, were examined psychologically. We focused on
      the development of independence and on the manner in which they experienced their
      illness and treatment. The patient group was compared with a group of male
      adolescents of normal height and a group of male adolescents of short stature. We
      found that there were problems in the patient group in the development of
      independence, specifically relating to their own body image and social
      functioning. The retarded sexual development of these patients is probably of
      greater importance than the height growth-related problems, if any. The problems
      we found appeared to be caused primarily by the presence of the physical disorder
      and not by the stress of treatment.

PMID- 1809890
TI  - [Induction of spermatogenesis in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using pulsatile
      administration of LHRH].
AB  - In male patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism development of the testicles
      may be brought about by means of pulsatile administration of LHRH. The results in
      29 treated patients are described. The treatment lasted 53 weeks on average and
      in all patients led to a rise of the plasma levels of LH, FSH and testosterone,
      and to an increased testicular volume. Spermatogenesis started in 22 patients.
      The LHRH treatment induces the secretion of gonadotrophins and consequently,
      testicular steroidogenesis. This causes virilization to begin. Furthermore, under
      the influence of the FSH in particular, the tubules and spermatogenesis develop.
      Fertility may then be achieved. It is concluded that pulsatile LHRH treatment is
      a suitable method to induce development of the testicles, including
      spermatogenesis. Once spermatogenesis is initiated, HCG treatment can maintain
      and even improve this development.

PMID- 1809893
TI  - [Acute circulatory shock following administration of the non-regular enzyme
      preparation Wobe-Mugos].
AB  - A 54-year-old female patient was treated by a homoeopathic physician with non
      orthodox enzyme therapy because of complaints pointing to multiple sclerosis. The
      therapy consisted of courses of German enzyme preparations (Wobe-Mugos
      injections, Wobenzym tablets and Wobe-Mugos suppositories), each of which lasted
      three weeks. During the third course the patient developed a circulatory shock
      immediately following an injection. She recovered successfully in hospital. On
      inquiry it became evident that symptoms of tightness, light-headedness and dry
      mouth had already occurred after a previous injection. In connection with this
      case a table is presented which reviews the alternative therapies that have been
      associated with anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions.

PMID- 1809892
TI  - [Revision of consensus cholesterol].
AB  - A new text of the Dutch Cholesterol Consensus has been prepared by an expert
      committee, including general practitioners. Population screening is not advocated
      since the general cholesterol level in the Netherlands is higher than desired
      with regard to the atherosclerosis risk. Case-finding is advised in view of
      mutual enhancement of risk factor effects. Women and the elderly are not excluded
      from this strategy. Cholesterol levels should be measured repeatedly and if
      elevated, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol levels should be measured also. If
      the cholesterol level is strongly elevated cholesterol synthesis inhibitors are
      medication of first choice.

PMID- 1809894
TI  - [Stabilization of the number of HIV referrals in family practices since 1989].

PMID- 1809895
TI  - [Conversional or somatic?].

PMID- 1809896
TI  - [Chronic fatigue syndrome].

PMID- 1809897
TI  - [Psychological factors affect the erectile response to papaverine injection].

PMID- 1809898
TI  - Practice made perfect.

PMID- 1809899
TI  - Positively no smacking.

PMID- 1809900
TI  - Management of venous ulcers.

PMID- 1809901
TI  - Primary nursing in ophthalmology.

PMID- 1809902
TI  - Access to training.

PMID- 1809903
TI  - The role of medicine as a social control.

PMID- 1809904
TI  - Where did you train?

PMID- 1809905
TI  - Standard setting and peer review.

PMID- 1809906
TI  - Sexual roles in nursing care.

PMID- 1809907
TI  - Sexuality and the patient.

PMID- 1809908
TI  - Sexuality and arthritis.

PMID- 1809909
TI  - Working together for quality care.

PMID- 1809910
TI  - Facing the challenge.

PMID- 1809912
TI  - The rising cost of leaving.

PMID- 1809911
TI  - Loyalty: a confidence trick.

PMID- 1809913
TI  - A handmaiden's tale.

PMID- 1809914
TI  - Patterns of sexuality.

PMID- 1809915
TI  - Changes needed in advance directive law.

PMID- 1809916
TI  - Tragic times?

PMID- 1809917
TI  - States of mind.

PMID- 1809919
TI  - Catheter concerns.

PMID- 1809918
TI  - Growing pains.

PMID- 1809920
TI  - The return of matron.

PMID- 1809921
TI  - Well women?

PMID- 1809922
TI  - In the dock.

PMID- 1809924
TI  - When considering working relationships between doctors and nurses, we need to
      define professional roles better and ensure that skills are understood, respected
      and well used.

PMID- 1809923
TI  - The games nurses play.

PMID- 1809925
TI  - Tidings of comfort.

PMID- 1809926
TI  - Epilepsy. Fighting the label.

PMID- 1809927
TI  - Qualified differences.

PMID- 1809928
TI  - Sensible stockings.

PMID- 1809929
TI  - Human resources.

PMID- 1809931
TI  - The role of the psychiatric ICU.

PMID- 1809930
TI  - The way we were.

PMID- 1809932
TI  - Co-dependency. Caring chameleons.

PMID- 1809933
TI  - Co-dependency. Take three nurses.

PMID- 1809934
TI  - Mental health. Centre forward.

PMID- 1809935
TI  - Role conflict in nursing profession: a study.

PMID- 1809936
TI  - Mental health--nurses in action.

PMID- 1809937
TI  - Nurses' role in holistic patient care.

PMID- 1809938
TI  - Role conflict in nursing profession--a study (Part II).

PMID- 1809939
TI  - Schistosomiasis--control and change--highlights from among 76 countries.

PMID- 1809940
TI  - Vitamin A.

PMID- 1809941
TI  - Hypothermia. Keeping young infants warm.

PMID- 1809942
TI  - Geriatric nursing.

PMID- 1809943
TI  - The teacher-child-parent-triad.

PMID- 1809944
TI  - Role of a nurse in stoma care.

PMID- 1809945
TI  - Nursing: the noble profession.

PMID- 1809946
TI  - Confrontation of the nursing image within a changing society.

PMID- 1809948
TI  - Delivery kits for traditional birth attendants.

PMID- 1809947
TI  - Utilization of maternal and child health services in rural areas of Jammu and
      Kashmir.

PMID- 1809949
TI  - Bangladesh: success with TBA kits.

PMID- 1809950
TI  - General nursing care in intensive care unit.

PMID- 1809951
TI  - [Dental training of assistants in the operatory. 2].
AB  - A multiple choice test concerning etiopathogenesis, prevention and therapy of
      caries and periodontal disease was presented to dental assistants during a
      meeting in May '91. Despite an adequate information about these subjects, an
      incomplete view of dental-periodontal health was noted. This is a reason to
      confirm the need of professional Schools, in order to improve the knowledge about
      dental health.

PMID- 1809953
TI  - [Murata city project: principal epidemiologic parameters of a target group].
AB  - Authors describe epidemiological data (DMF: 0.23; dmf: 3.86) about children
      involved in Progetto Citta Murata attending first elementary school, born in the
      1983. The 80.39% of children took regularly fluoride tablets in the last year.
      For the first time 35.18% were visited by the dentist. During the program have
      been applied 1499 sealants and made 50 fillings.

PMID- 1809952
TI  - [Cleanability test of surfaces in the dental area].
AB  - The Authors present a simple test that allows to define the surface of big and
      small dental instrumentation related to their possibility to be washed off, with
      a dye artificially place on their surface.

PMID- 1809954
TI  - [Emergencies in the dental office].

PMID- 1809955
TI  - [Oral hygiene and orthodontic treatment].

PMID- 1809957
TI  - [Hygienists in Denmark and the world].

PMID- 1809956
TI  - [Structural differences shown in enamel of deciduous and permanent teeth].
AB  - Enamel is the first dental tissue to be injured by acid substances deriving from
      the metabolism of dental plaque in the development of caries lesions. The aim of
      this paper is the evaluation of structural differences between enamel of
      deciduous and permanent teeth, particularly the different toughness and degree of
      mineralization.

PMID- 1809958
TI  - [Assistants and hygienists: a current profile of two professions].

PMID- 1809959
TI  - The Mediterranean diet: fish and olives, oil on troubled waters.

PMID- 1809960
TI  - The Mediterranean Italian diet: keys to contemporary thinking.

PMID- 1809961
TI  - Hypothalamic regulatory peptides and the regulation of food intake and energy
      balance: signals or noise?

PMID- 1809962
TI  - Gut hormones in glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 1809963
TI  - Metabolic control of insulin gene expression and biosynthesis.

PMID- 1809964
TI  - Direct and indirect actions of nutrients in the regulation of insulin secretion
      from the pancreatic beta cells.

PMID- 1809965
TI  - Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism by insulin and counter-regulatory
      hormones.

PMID- 1809966
TI  - Abnormalities of glucose homeostasis in diabetes.

PMID- 1809967
TI  - Abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism in diabetes.

PMID- 1809968
TI  - Disturbances of micronutrient and antioxidant status in diabetes.

PMID- 1809969
TI  - Interrelationships between obesity and diabetes.

PMID- 1809970
TI  - Hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for the control of diabetes.

PMID- 1809971
TI  - Traditional dietary adjuncts for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1809972
TI  - What is nutritional surveillance?

PMID- 1809973
TI  - The decision-making process in nutritional surveillance in Europe.

PMID- 1809974
TI  - Nutritional surveillance: experiences from developing countries.

PMID- 1809975
TI  - Nutritional surveys: ongoing activities in Europe.

PMID- 1809976
TI  - Nutritional implications of political and economic changes in eastern Europe.

PMID- 1809977
TI  - A case study: Bulgaria.

PMID- 1809978
TI  - The nutritional implications of changing food systems in eastern Europe.

PMID- 1809979
TI  - Diet and disease in East and West Germany.

PMID- 1809981
TI  - Some considerations in clinical evaluation of mental health care products.
AB  - Mental health professionals in clinical settings have a responsibility to ensure
      that product evaluations are carried out safely and produce results useful to
      patients, clinicians and administrators. Little information regarding this issue
      has appeared in mental health literature. Increasing concern in this area has led
      to new Food and Drug Administration regulations which require more stringent
      product evaluations. A case study of a product evaluation carried out in a large
      mental health facility is presented. The study illustrates the questions mental
      health professionals should address in a product evaluation: prior product
      testing, consequences of product use for staff and ethical issues in carrying out
      the evaluation. The authors conclude that a comprehensive evaluation design will
      help to ensure the safety of both patients and staff and identify the overall
      costs to the institution of using the product.

PMID- 1809980
TI  - Negative symptoms, defect state and Huber's basic symptoms: a comparison of the
      concepts.
AB  - Comparing Crow's schizophrenia model with the defect state and Huber's basic
      symptoms shows that this model is an oversimplification of the complex reality of
      schizophrenic outcomes. The concept of negative symptoms is undermined by several
      factors, such as differing definitions, other confounding cross-sectional
      variables (e.g., akinesia and depression), short follow-ups and lack of
      confirmation by factorial analysis. The longitudinal concept of a defect state,
      which has been used in long-term follow-up studies, includes enduring symptoms
      currently classified as positive and negative. Huber's conceptualization of basic
      symptoms describes prodromal and enduring residual symptoms of schizophrenia
      associated with structural brain abnormalities. The overlap and lack of
      equivalence of these concepts and the limited empirical evidence does not allow
      firm conclusions. New longitudinal studies using clinical, psychosocial, and
      neuropsychological measures are needed to understand the natural history and
      etiology of the defect state.

PMID- 1809982
TI  - The evaluation of homicidal patients by psychiatric residents in the emergency
      room: a pilot study.
AB  - The authors report the results of a preliminary prospective study involving 110
      patients who were involuntarily committed from the emergency room. The study was
      designed to clarify the process of how psychiatric residents evaluate homicidal
      patients. Eighteen patients (16%) were committed for homicidal ideation, of whom
      89% were psychotic. Surprisingly, for patients committed because of a risk of
      homicide, vital signs were obtained for only 11%, during a mean evaluation time
      of 2.5 hours. Aspects of an appropriate physical examination and laboratory
      studies that enable the clinician to distinguish organic from functional illness
      are described. The authors conclude that patients with homicidal ideation may
      receive inadequate assessment prior to their involuntary commitment. Possible
      explanations and solutions for this, and recommendations for further studies are
      offered.

PMID- 1809983
TI  - [Use of thermoplasticized gutta-percha in retrograde obturation].
AB  - In 29 teeth, apicoectomies with retrograde instrumentation and retrofilling with
      low temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha were performed. Nineteen of them
      were clinically an radiographically evaluated, showing the following average
      rate: successes 84.2% (16 cases), failures 10.5% (2 cases) and incomplete healing
      5.2% (1 case). The observation period varied from 12 to 41 months. The use of
      retrograde instrumentation an retrofilling with thermoplasticized gutta-percha is
      suggested as a useful method in surgical procedures.

PMID- 1809984
TI  - [Use of guided tissue regeneration for bone regeneration around osseointegrated
      implants].

PMID- 1809985
TI  - [Current and future status of clinical use of glass ionomer cements].

PMID- 1809986
TI  - [Value of radiofrequency in osseointegration].

PMID- 1809987
TI  - [Cleft lip and palate. Care by multidisciplinary team].

PMID- 1809988
TI  - [Antibiotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis].

PMID- 1809989
TI  - [Fee psychology].
AB  - The problem of dental fees is always a difficult issue to discuss because of the
      great subjectivity of the word money and its emotional load in the dentist
      patient relationship. The teaching of dentistry with the emphasis on the
      technical aspects as a primary goal, usually neglects the study of the person and
      of the factors that lead to stressful situations in the dental practice. The
      author insists on the importance of analysing the objective handicaps and inner,
      unconscious, barriers in order to attain a more mature attitude in this matter,
      and also makes some considerations concerning fees in pediatric dentistry.

PMID- 1809990
TI  - [Increased profits from computerization].

PMID- 1809991
TI  - [Parafunction of the stomatognathic system: etiology and consequences. 2].

PMID- 1809992
TI  - [Epidemiologic characteristics of rheumatic fever throughout the world].
AB  - In this article we discuss the epidemiologic changes in rheumatic fever leading
      up to the recent resurgence. The multifocal outbreaks occurred within the same
      time period, 1984 to 1988, in different sections of the United States and in
      Italy and Chile. The clinical manifestations in the current outbreaks were
      strikingly different than in the recent past--carditis was frequently present and
      very severe. One of the most unsual demographic features was that the majority of
      the patients lived in suburban or rural communities and were mostly white and
      middle class. However the average size of the families in which the index cases
      occurred was higher than in the corresponding populations, pointing out to the
      importance of crowding for spreading of streptococcal infectious and rheumatic
      fever occurrence. Still another contrast to prior outbreaks was that the recent
      ones did not follow clinically apparent epidemics of streptococcal infections. It
      is clear from the resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the mid--1980s in
      developed countries among people with good living conditions, that rheumatic
      fever is worldwide problem. Intesified efforts to understand the pathogenesis of
      rheumatic fever should undertaken, but in the meantime, the preventive methods
      that are available should be vigorously applied.

PMID- 1809993
TI  - [Diet of patients with ankylosing spondylitis].
AB  - Diet in 77 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, among them 51 men (66%) and 26
      women (34%), has been examined. All the patients use constantly or occasionally
      foodstuff which contains flour (bread and paste) and occasionally cakes, every
      day or occasionally they use meat and meat products, most frequently pork,
      chicken and beef. Majority of examinees use milk and milk products (tough cheese)
      every day. Further more, 38 out of 77 patients do not use butter, oil is used by
      56 of them every day and by 19 of them occasionally. Only 1/3 of the patients use
      vegetables every day, while fresh fruit is used by only 55 of them every day and
      by 21 of the patients occasionally. It has not been noticed that our patients
      have any restriction in their diet because it is very much alike diet in other
      population. Therefore it would be useful to create and organize specific "menu"
      for the patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 1809994
TI  - [Effectiveness and safety of Lubor capsules in patients with gonarthrosis and
      extra-articular rheumatism].
AB  - We performed the double-blind study comparing the two groups of patients with
      osteoarthrosis. One group was receiving one Lubor ampoul a day during 14 days,
      while the other group received also one ampoul of Voltaren during 14 days. The
      other group consisted of patients with soft tissue rheumatism who were treated
      with Lubor or Ketonal cream during 14 days. The duration of the morning stiffness
      of the knee joint was shortened significantly in the patients who were treated by
      Lubor ampouls. The intensity of pain during various activities was also
      significantly reduced. The objective parameters: the distance between the top of
      the patella and the xypohoid process and the extent of movements were improved at
      the end of the therapy. In the patients treated with Lubor cream we observed the
      significant reducement of the intensity of the pain. Two new forms of Lubor
      (ampouls and cream) with capsules and suppositories enrich the large choice of
      this drug; it can be given in the large number of implications, it has the better
      adjustment of application and doses. Because of the very rare side-effects it
      provides the safety for the patient and physician.

PMID- 1809996
TI  - Respiratory infections among the economically and medically disadvantaged.

PMID- 1809995
TI  - [Socioeconomic aspects of rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - This study investigated the financial parameters of the hospital treatment and of
      the rehabilitation in the Centers for Rehabilitation for the patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The control group consisted of patients who were ill
      or had been ill from some other diseases which were controlled at the physician
      of the primary health service. The average duration of the treatment of the
      patients with RA in hospital was 28 days (ranging from 21 to 35 days), while the
      average duration of the treatment of the patients from the control group was 18
      days (ranging 7 to 45 days). 45 patients with RA were hospitalized and 22 from 65
      patients from the control group (P greater than 0.05). The duration of the
      hospital treatment of 45 patients with RA was 2548 days and it was 1818 days for
      the patients from the control group (P = 0.039). The cost of one stay of 28 days
      in the hospital amounted 56.000 din per one patient with RA and it was 36.000 din
      per one patient from the control group (according to the price-list from 31. 7.
      1991.). 49 patients with RA went for several times to the rehabilitation into the
      Centers for Rehabilitation and 11 from 65 patients from the control group (P less
      than 0.0001). The average duration of rehabilitation for the patients with RA was
      23 days while it was 26 days for the patients from the control group (P greater
      than 0.06). The rehabilitation for the patients with RA lasted 4278 days and 832
      days for the patients from the control group (P less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1809997
TI  - Environmental factors and atmospheric pollutants.
AB  - Respiratory infections result from complex interactions between the infectious
      organism and the host, and exposure to environmental pollutants may alter host
      resistance. The atmospheric pollutants implicated in respiratory infections
      include acidic aerosols, particles, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and
      household allergens. An extensive epidemiological literature has been established
      linking environmental tobacco smoke to increased occurrence of lower respiratory
      tract infections in children; exposure to smoke from cooking and heating fires
      may also increase the risk of serious infections. Experimental evidence suggests
      that exposure to nitrogen dioxide and acidic aerosols may impair specific host
      defense mechanisms. Individuals with underlying lung or heart disease, as well as
      infants and the elderly, are among those most susceptible to the effects of
      environmental pollutants. Efforts should be directed toward reducing the exposure
      of children to environmental tobacco smoke and products of unvented combustion
      while investigations continue.

PMID- 1809998
TI  - Pathogenesis of respiratory infection in the disadvantaged.
AB  - People living in poverty suffer from an increased burden of illness. The increase
      in respiratory illnesses in poor populations spans a spectrum from immuno
      preventive respiratory infections in refugee populations to tuberculosis among
      the inner-city homeless. Such populations suffer from greater exposures to
      disease-causing agents and from depressed host resistance to those microbes. This
      article discusses the latter cause. Studies are reviewed that show the
      associations between poverty and respiratory disease; between poverty and such
      factors as stress, poor nutrition, low birth weight, and co-infections; and those
      associations that help dissect the pathogenic pathways by which these factors
      impair host defenses against infection. In the end, such influences are
      aggregate, and the conditions of poverty and the growing inequality in resource
      distribution emerges worldwide as a major determinant of health.

PMID- 1809999
TI  - Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections in childhood.
AB  - In the past decade, immunization rates among preschool-age children in the United
      States have decreased to levels lower than those in many developing countries. As
      a result, epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases have occurred, especially in
      urban areas. Six of the infections prevented by immunization--those caused by
      Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B,
      Corynebacterium diphtheriae, measles virus, and influenza virus--frequently cause
      respiratory tract disease. Pneumonia in children may have subtle presentations
      and require special considerations depending on the age and condition of the
      child and the current rate of disease in the community. In addition to the
      epidemics occurring throughout the country, the growing number of
      immunocompromised children has also influenced diagnostic, treatment, and
      prevention considerations. These patients include children with cancer, organ
      transplants, congenital immune disorders, sickle cell disease, human
      immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as other disorders that lead to
      increased risk of infection. The current recommendations for routine and special
      childhood immunizations are reviewed in this article.

PMID- 1810000
TI  - Acute respiratory infections in children in the developing world.
AB  - The profound decline in death rates from respiratory infections in recent decades
      in the developed countries of the world is a complex phenomenon that probably
      results from a combination of socioeconomic and environmental change and modern
      medical care. Death rates from respiratory infections in the developing world are
      very variable, and there is evidence that they can decrease dramatically when
      effective health services are engrafted onto a social environment in which
      mothers are literate and trained to observe their children's health. A worldwide
      case management program aimed at making lifesaving antibiotics and oxygen
      available for treatment of children in deprived areas is currently being
      spearheaded by the World Health Organization and rests on simplified approaches
      to diagnosis that are widely disseminated to parents and primary health workers.
      These guidelines have been shown in field studies to contribute to changes in
      child mortality. The epidemiology of pneumonia in childhood seems similar
      worldwide. Most children suffer five to eight respiratory infections annually if
      they live in the cities and fewer if they live in rural areas but, in deprived
      circumstances, pneumonia complicates the infection much more often and the
      principal organisms are pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. A vaccine
      approach to these two organisms is attractive and needs further field testing.
      Meanwhile, a case management approach, making antibiotics available on a rational
      basis worldwide, is capable of saving lives. Until mothers in the developing
      world have confidence in the survival of their children, they are unlikely to be
      attracted to control of their fertility.

PMID- 1810001
TI  - The influence of lower respiratory illness on childhood asthma: defining risk and
      susceptibility.
AB  - This article reviews the role of lower respiratory illness as a risk factor for
      the development of asthma in childhood. Lower respiratory illness may influence
      the natural course of lung-function growth and decline directly or indirectly
      promoting the development of asthma symptoms in susceptible individuals. The
      authors discuss the current definitions of lower respiratory illness and asthma
      and the characteristics of the individuals most prone to their effects. Last,
      they review how socioeconomic status and race affect the lower respiratory
      illness-asthma relationship.

PMID- 1810002
TI  - Pulmonary infections in immigrants and refugees.
AB  - Immigrants and refugees are susceptible to a wide array of pulmonary diseases,
      including familiar infections that are acquired after entry and unusual
      infections that are imported from abroad. The challenges are great; tuberculosis
      (TB) is now 13 times more prevalent among immigrants than among the general US
      population. Melioidosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and paragonimiasis are often
      mistaken for TB. Pulmonary disease caused by parasites is uncommon and
      particularly perplexing unless a peripheral blood eosinophilia suggests
      helminthic infection. TB, melioidosis, fungal infections, and strongyloidiasis
      may remain inapparent for years and then produce devastating illness in the
      setting of immunosuppressive therapy or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
      Proper health care of immigrants requires an understanding of unusual exposures
      and infections and should include preventive measures as well.

PMID- 1810003
TI  - Nontuberculous respiratory infections among the homeless.
AB  - In contrast to the extensive studies of pulmonary tuberculosis among homeless
      persons, virtually no data are available on nontuberculous respiratory infections
      in this population. This article reviews the literature on pulmonary infections
      and homelessness. The clinical experience of the Boston Health Care for the
      Homeless Program is detailed, with emphasis on the role of multidisciplinary
      teams of physicians, nurses, and case workers in the integration of hospital- and
      shelter-based clinics necessary to provide primary care to a fragmented and
      transient population. The shelters facilitate the transmission of airborne
      pathogens, and homeless persons are often debilitated and susceptible hosts.
      Outbreaks of specific respiratory infections are examined, including pneumococcal
      pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia, and influenza.

PMID- 1810005
TI  - A tale of two cities: tuberculosis control in Nicaragua and New York City.
AB  - The tuberculosis (TB) control programs in Managua, Nicaragua, and New York City
      are compared, including their methods of case finding, treatment, follow-up, data
      collection, and cure rate. In all areas, Managua's program has proven more
      successful than New York City's, despite the enormously greater resources
      available in the latter. Nicaragua's TB program concentrated on active cases, had
      immediately available diagnosis with a microscope in each clinic, had nearly 100%
      directly observed therapy during at least the first 2 months, and sent its
      workers into the field immediately after a patient broke an appointment. New York
      City's program has fewer than 2% of its patients under directly observed therapy,
      operates a laboratory and clinic system in which obtaining sputum smear results
      requires 10 to 20 days, and has delays of weeks to months in returning patients
      to supervision after a broken appointment. The numbers speak for themselves: the
      Nicaraguan TB program cured nearly 80% of the patients enrolled in the mid-to
      late 1980s, whereas New York City's program rarely cured 50% and in some areas
      cured less than 15%.

PMID- 1810004
TI  - Tuberculosis, poverty, and "compliance": lessons from rural Haiti.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among rural Haitian adults, and
      TB control in Haiti is widely acknowledged to be a failure. The causes of both
      the endemicity of TB and the failure of attempts to address it are briefly
      reviewed before data from a study conducted in rural, central Haiti are
      presented. Members of one group of patients with active TB were given free
      medical care; members of a second group were given free care as well as financial
      aid, incentives to attend a monthly clinic, and aggressive home follow-up by
      trained village health workers. Comparing the two groups shows significant
      differences in mortality, sputum positivity after 6 months of treatment,
      persistent pulmonary symptoms after 1 year of treatment, average amount of weight
      gained, ability to return to work, and cure rate. The roles of human
      immunodeficiency virus and cultural factors are also examined. When adequate
      nutrition and access to free care were assured, drug-dependent and patient
      dependent factors were shown to be of secondary importance in determining
      treatment outcome. Based on these data from a small, community-based TB-control
      project, the authors conclude that high cure rates can be achieved if the primacy
      of economic causes of TB is acknowledged and addressed.

PMID- 1810006
TI  - Treating hard-to-treat tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts.
AB  - For most patients with tuberculosis (TB), treatment has never been shorter or
      cure more certain than with current drug regimens. However, in Massachusetts and
      elsewhere in the United States there is a growing minority of patients who are
      not easily cured with the best available outpatient regimens. Close treatment
      supervision through culturally appropriate outreach workers has been successful
      for some foreign-born TB patients in whom therapy might otherwise fail. Full
      supervision of outpatient therapy, sometimes with incentives, has also been used
      successfully to treat selected homeless patients. However, a growing number of
      hard-to-treat homeless patients are addicted to illicit drugs, human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected, or have major behavioral problems. These
      patients often do not cooperate with fully supervised therapy and acquire drug
      resistance as a result of erratic drug taking. They can then transmit these
      dangerous organisms to others, especially to other HIV-infected persons within
      shelters, jails, prisons, detoxification centers, clinics, and hospitals,
      infecting institutional workers at the same time. In Massachusetts these hard-to
      treat TB patients are increasingly being legally committed to involuntary, long
      term, inpatient therapy. Although long-term inpatient TB treatment is expensive,
      it is likely to be cost effective when it successfully breaks the chain of
      transmission within institutions, and achieves cures not otherwise possible. A
      new model of lower-cost inpatient care that incorporates psychosocial
      rehabilitation techniques to modify the behavior of the hardest-to-treat patients
      is briefly described. Ultimately, however, the reversal of the current upsurge in
      hard-to-treat TB cases in Massachusetts and elsewhere depends not on inpatient
      care but on substantial changes in the socioeconomic order that perpetuates
      homelessness, substance abuse, crime, and the transmission of both TB and HIV
      infections.

PMID- 1810007
TI  - ["Postoperative biliary fistulas"].

PMID- 1810009
TI  - [Endoscopic management of postoperative biliary fistulas].
AB  - Biliary fistulas have been managed by surgical correction with no good results.
      From 1986 to 1990, endoscopic therapy was attempted in 24 patients with
      postoperative persistent biliary-cutaneous fistulas. Endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiography demonstrated residual biliary stones in 19 patients (79%). The
      mean fistula drainage was 540 ml/day, and in 75% the site of the fistula was near
      the cistic duct stump. Sphincterotomy with or without biliary stent placement
      resulted in rapid resolution of the fistula in 23 patients (95.8%). In those
      patients treated with biliary stents the fistula healed spectacularly in 24-72
      hrs.

PMID- 1810008
TI  - [Intestinal arteriovenous malformations in children].
AB  - Four children with arteriovenous malformation were studied during a two year
      period (1989-1991). The main localization of these arteriovenous malformations
      were: sigmoid rectum, ascending colon, terminal ileum and apoendix. The diagnosis
      was made with colonoscopy and arteriography. The surgical resection was the
      procedure of choice.

PMID- 1810010
TI  - [Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors in patients with primary lymphoma
      of the intestine].
AB  - Forty-six patients with stage IE and IIE malignant lymphoma of the intestine were
      analyzed to assess the efficacy of prognostic factors to predict the course and
      therapeutic approach in these patients. Because the lesion was considered
      unresectable in all cases, chemotherapy was given after surgery. Using Cox's
      univariate regression analysis, survival was found to correlate with stage (IE vs
      IIE) and high levels of lactic dehidrogenase, nevertheless in the multivariate
      analysis only beta 2 microglobulin levels were associated with a shorter
      survival. We believe that treatment of extranodal lymphomas, like nodal
      presentations, as those of the intestine, could be based in the determinations of
      prognostic factors and that beta 2 microglobulin would be considered the most
      powerful prognostic factor. Most studies on patients with malignant lymphoma of
      the intestine are necessary to define the role of beta 2 microglobulin as
      therapeutic prognostic index.

PMID- 1810011
TI  - [Emergency endoscopic sclerosis in esophageal varices].
AB  - In 52 patients we performed endoscopic sclerotherapy during active bleeding with
      good results in stopping hemorrhage in 93%. Most patients were Child "C" (66%)
      and postnecrotic cirrhosis was the commonest etiology (50%). Major complications
      were pleural effusion (2%) and mediastinal inflammation (2%), no mortality was
      found directly by this method. Conclusions are that endoscopic sclerosis of
      variceal hemorrhage have a special role in stopping bleeding but has no effect in
      one year survival.

PMID- 1810012
TI  - [Right subphrenic abscess secondary to amebic hepatic abscess].
AB  - Subphrenic abscess is a rare complication of amebic liver abscess, its diagnosis
      and treatment are problematic. We present one patient with a right subphrenic
      abscess secondary to amebiasis. Treatment with chloramphenicol and percutaneous
      drainage had good response. Radiological intervention is an option in treatment
      of this kind of complication.

PMID- 1810013
TI  - [Non-pigmented melanoma of the rectum].
AB  - A 49 year-old woman underwent a palliative abdominoperineal resection because
      rectal adenocarcinoma that produced pain, bleeding and transanal tumor
      protrussion. Histologic studies showed and amelanotic melanoma. She died 3 months
      later. Any pigmented lesion in the anorectum must be excised to rule out
      melanoma. In some cases abdominoperineal resection may be done but as the
      majority of patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis, paliative wide
      local excision is the preferred treatment of this highly letal neoplasm.

PMID- 1810014
TI  - [Intrahepatic ascaridiasis. Report of a case].
AB  - Adult ascariasis is rarely seen outside of gastrointestinal lummen but
      occasionally there are migration to extrahepatic bile ducts with production of
      obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. A patient with a six years of intermittent
      cholangitis is was seen, we found the adult worm in the left hepatic duct
      requiring hepatic resection. Definitive diagnosis was done by histopathology;
      surgical findings and a previous ERCP were not conclusive.

PMID- 1810016
TI  - [The gastroenterologist's dilemma].

PMID- 1810015
TI  - [Hepatitis B virus markers in alcoholics: clinical importance].
AB  - The prevalence of HBV markers is greater in alcoholics, with or without liver
      disease, than in general population. The high prevalence of HBsAg carriers in
      alcoholics suggests an inadequate immune response or a different expression of
      the HBV genome. Some studies suggest that in alcoholics HBsAg carriers, the HBV
      plays an important role in the progression of the liver disease, while others
      indicate that continuous alcohol consumption could intensify the liver damage
      caused by HBV. Active HBV infection has been demonstrated in alcoholics, even in
      absence of usual serologic markers. Finally, the integration of HBV in the
      hepatocites is frequent in alcoholics with liver disease; this could have
      importance in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 1810017
TI  - Physiology and pathophysiology of GIP: a review.

PMID- 1810018
TI  - Possible role of vascular intima for generation of coagulant activity in patients
      undergoing coronary thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen
      activator. A randomized, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - In our present placebo-controlled study on recombinant tissue-type plasminogen
      activator (rt-PA) and heparin treatment of patients with acute ischaemic heart
      disease (IHD), we studied the extent of fibrin resolution and generation of
      coagulant activity. In rt-PA treated patients the lysis of fibrin in vivo (median
      60 nmol of fibrin--estimated as fibrinogen equivalents) was significantly higher
      (p less than 0.02) than can be accounted for solely by lysis of a coronary
      thrombus (approximately 2 nmol) and circulating soluble fibrin (median 15 nmol).
      We observed a 200% increase of plasma concentrations of both prothrombin fragment
      1 + 2 (p less than 0.001) and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (p less than
      0.001) as a consequence of rt-PA treatment, indicating that the coagulant
      activity is primarily caused by a physiological activation of the coagulation
      system. We conclude that an important contribution to the activation of
      coagulation in patients undergoing coronary thrombolysis is lysis of fibrin
      deposited widespread on the vascular intima, and that this process causes an
      intimal-dependent activation of the coagulation system.

PMID- 1810019
TI  - Effects of short-term treatment with naproxen on kidney function in insulin
      dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
AB  - The renal effects of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor naproxen was
      investigated in eight patients with incipient type I diabetes nephropathy. The
      patients were treated with 1000 mg naproxen daily for 4 days in a placebo
      controlled double-blind cross-over study. Naproxen reduced urinary prostaglandin
      E2 (PGE2) excretion by 60%, from 276 ng/24 h to 110 ng/24 h (P less than 0.05).
      Plasma renin activity (PRA) was reduced by 45% (P less than 0.05). Glomerular
      filtration (GFR) (single bolus 99mTc-DTPA technique) and effective renal plasma
      flow (ERPF) (131I-Hippuran clearance) were unchanged by naproxen.
      Microalbuminuria and renal albumin clearance was unchanged as was also urinary
      excretion of sodium, glandular kallikrein and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M).
      Our results show that albumin excretion in incipient diabetic nephropathy is not
      solely dependent on the renal prostaglandin system. The difference in action
      between naproxen in this study and indomethacin in previous reports, could be
      caused by renal actions of indomethacin independent of the prostaglandin system.

PMID- 1810020
TI  - The independent effect of ketone bodies on forearm glucose metabolism in normal
      man.
AB  - Ketone bodies and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) inhibit insulin stimulated
      glucose uptake in muscle in-vitro. In man the infusion of ketone bodies lowers
      plasma NEFA levels thus confounding the interpretation of individual effects. The
      aim of this study was to examine the effect of ketone bodies on insulin mediated
      forearm glucose metabolism independent of the changes in the plasma NEFA levels.
      Seven healthy men received sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate (15 mumol kg-1 min-1) or
      sodium bicarbonate (control) for 240 min. Heparin (0.2 U kg-1 min-1) and insulin
      (0.01 U kg-1 h-1) were infused for 90 min (pre-clamp), followed by insulin alone
      (0.025 U kg-1 h-1) and euglycaemia was maintained (clamp). Plasma NEFA levels and
      rates of forearm NEFA uptake (+23 +/- 14 and +49 +/- 21 [mean +/- SEM] nmol 100
      ml forearm [FA]-1 min-1) were comparable during the pre-clamp periods, and were
      suppressed equally during hyperinsulinaemia. Sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate infusion
      raised the blood ketone body levels from 70 +/- 4 mumol/l to a plateau of 450 +/-
      30 mumol/l, while control levels declined from baseline (ketone body vs control;
      P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810021
TI  - Radio-immunoassay of endothelin in human plasma.
AB  - Endothelin (ET) is a newly described endothelium-derived 21-amino-acid peptide
      with potent vasoconstrictive properties. The present study describes a radio
      immunoassay utilizing an antibody without cross-reactivity with big endothelin,
      produced after immunization of rabbits with endothelin-1 (ET-1). Measurement of
      endothelin in human plasma was performed after prior extraction on Sep-pak C18
      cartridges. Recovery of unlabelled endothelin-1 added to human plasma (3.5 pg ml
      1) was 84.8 +/- 11.1% (mean +/- SD, n = 12). The minimum detectable level in
      plasma was 50 fmol 1-1. High-pressure liquid chromatography on reverse-phase C18
      column established that the measured irET eluted identically to ET-1. The
      concentration of irET in plasma from healthy control subjects was 1.11 +/- 0.2
      pmol-1 (mean +/- SD, n = 30). Agarose electrophoresis of plasma with [125I]-ET-1
      indicated a reversible binding to albumin. It is concluded that ET-1 is present
      in measurable amounts in human plasma. It is suggested that ET-1 in plasma is
      associated with albumin. The importance of an adequate extraction procedure is
      stressed.

PMID- 1810022
TI  - Evaluation of DNA-based diagnosis for haemophilia A.
AB  - Haemophilia A is an X-linked disorder affecting 1.7/10,000 males. Carrier
      detection in females and prenatal diagnosis of male foetuses is greatly improved
      by DNA-based diagnosis. This study describes the use of the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) and allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASO) in a clinical study
      comprising 190 individuals in 27 families. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in
      eight cases. Of three male fetuses, two were found to be affected and one
      unaffected. It is shown that 62% of women in the Swedish population are
      heterozygous for the intragenic BclI or XbaI polymorphisms and consequently a
      majority of them (53%) can be analysed in the PCR-based format. Using three
      intragenic polymorphisms, a combined heterozygosity of 64% was recorded in the
      females. If the extragenic loci DXS52 and DXS15 were used in addition, 97% of the
      women could be counselled by DNA-analysis. Our study demonstrates the usefulness
      of PCR-based analysis of the BclI- and the XbaI-polymorphisms in genetic
      counselling. The counselling of women with conflicting results between
      coagulation data and DNA-based linkage analysis is discussed.

PMID- 1810023
TI  - Iron stores in 1433, 30- to 60-year-old Danish males. Evaluation by serum
      ferritin and haemoglobin.
AB  - Iron status including S-ferritin and haemoglobin (Hb) was assessed in a
      population survey comprising 1433 Danish males in age cohorts of 30, 40, 50 and
      60 years. There was no significant difference in S-ferritin levels between the
      age groups. In the entire series, median S-ferritin was 126 micrograms 1-1, 5-95%
      tile 31-378 micrograms 1-1, range 5-3600 micrograms 1-1; 1.2% had values less
      than 15 micrograms 1-1 (i.e. depleted iron stores), 3.7% values from 15-30
      micrograms 1-1 (i.e. small iron stores), and 95.1% values greater than 30
      micrograms 1-1 (i.e. replete iron stores); 73.8% had values from 61-300
      micrograms 1-1, and 9.5% values greater than 300 micrograms 1-1. Blood donors had
      lower S-ferritin than non-donors and a higher frequency of depleted iron stores
      (p less than 0.0001). Hb values showed no age variation; median values was 155 g
      1-1 (9.6 mmol 1-1), 5-95% tile 137-171 g 1-1 (8.5-10.6 mmol 1-1). Hb values less
      than 129 g 1-1 (8.0 mmol 1-1) were observed in 1.7%, and values less than 121 g 1
      1 (7.5 mmol 1-1) in 0.8%. Males with S-ferritin less than 15 micrograms 1-1 (n =
      17) had lower Hb, median 148 g 1-1 (9.2 mmol 1-1), than those with S-ferritin
      greater than or equal to 15 micrograms 1-1, median 155 g 1-1 (9.6 mmol 1-1) (p
      less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810024
TI  - Calprotectin (the L1 protein) during surgery in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Calprotectin (L1) is a major leukocyte protein which is released during
      activation or death of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. Previous studies
      have shown that L1 may be a useful marker of disease activity in patients with
      adult or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, the plasma
      concentrations of L1 were analysed during shoulder-joint surgery in 16 patients
      with adult or juvenile RA. Decreased L1 concentrations were found 48 h
      postoperatively. Thereafter, the L1 concentrations were increased at 72 h, with a
      following decrease until day 14 postoperatively. In contrast, increased serum
      concentrations of both C-reactive protein (CRP) and orosomucoid (i.e. alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein) were found at 48 h after surgery. Plasma samples obtained
      before and after surgery were analysed by gel filtration. Approximately 3/4 of
      the plasma L1 was found in fractions corresponding to the native molecule, while
      the rest was detected in higher molecular mass fractions. The distribution of L1
      antigen in low and high molecular mass regions did not differ between the pre-
      and postoperative plasma samples. The L1 protein consists of light and heavy
      chains. Increased serum levels of the cystic fibrosis antigen, which is identical
      to L1 light chain, have been described in patients with cystic fibrosis. The
      existence of circulating free L1 chains was presently investigated in plasma
      obtained before and after surgery. After gel filtration of plasma samples, no
      free L1 chains were detected by use of enzyme immunoassay and dot blot.

PMID- 1810025
TI  - A comparison between haematological parameters in 'capillary' and venous blood
      samples from hospitalized children aged 3 months to 14 years.
AB  - In 16 hospitalized children aged 3 months to 14 years EDTA-blood samples were
      taken simultaneously from an anticubital vein and from a finger tip.
      Haematological measurements were subsequently performed in an Ortho ELT 800/WS
      analyzer. The thrombocyte count and the red cell indices were nearly identical in
      the two sets of samples. The 'capillary' erythrocyte count, haematocrit and
      haemoglobin values exceeded those of venous blood by 2%, and the mean 'capillary'
      total leukocyte count by about 20%. The relative frequency of lymphocytes,
      granulocytes and mononuclear cells did not alter between the two sets of samples.
      The significant differences demonstrated may in certain clinical settings be of
      medical importance. Their possible explanations are discussed.

PMID- 1810026
TI  - Respiratory gas exchange during treadmill exercise testing: reproducibility and
      comparison of different exercise protocols.
AB  - Ten subjects performed 4 maximal exercise tests to evaluate reproducibility and
      effects of treadmill inclination on submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption.
      They performed a standard Bruce protocol twice, and 1 protocol with progressive
      speed increase with constant, or without, inclination. At maximal exercise there
      was no significant difference between the protocols in oxygen consumption,
      respiratory gas exchange ratio, minute ventilation, plasma lactate, serum
      potassium or heart rate. Exercise time and treadmill distance were shorter than
      Bruce protocol with inclination, and considerably prolonged without.
      Reproducibility for Bruce protocol was good for group comparison of oxygen
      consumption throughout exercise. The individual variations for oxygen consumption
      were small at maximal exercise, but were considerable at rest and at the lowest
      exercise steps, this was slightly improved by analysing longer sampling time.
      Thus, measurement of oxygen consumption is reliable for group analysis, but
      interpretation must be careful in individuals unless maximal exercise is
      obtained. Treadmill inclination may be adjusted according to individual
      preferences.

PMID- 1810027
TI  - [Change-over. You make no decisions. Interview by Grethe Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1810028
TI  - [Amnesty--nurses in danger].

PMID- 1810029
TI  - [The wounded and those who help].

PMID- 1810030
TI  - [Breaking taboos].

PMID- 1810031
TI  - [Nutrition--2 simple messages].

PMID- 1810032
TI  - [What do nurses do?].

PMID- 1810033
TI  - [EEC--on the road towards new playing rules].

PMID- 1810034
TI  - [Work environment. Muscle training and local refreshing].

PMID- 1810035
TI  - [Switch-over. Farewell to a disgraceful moving circus. Interview by Grethe
      Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1810036
TI  - [Change-over. The grey zone. Interview by Grethe Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1810037
TI  - [Ways to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute intestinal
      infections at the prehospital stage].

PMID- 1810038
TI  - [The screening diagnosis of bronchitis and its premorbid states in the workers of
      the nonferrous metallurgy enterprises of the Arctic].
AB  - Mass screening diagnosis of the workers and employees engaged in nickel industry
      of the Noril'sk industrial region (n = 3049) according to the clinico
      epidemiological program of the All-Union Research Institute of Pulmonology
      demonstrated a high incidence of chronic bronchitis (CB) and its preclinical
      conditions. The persons at risk for CB accounted for 41.5%, for prebronchitis for
      23%, and those with CB for 19%. Among men, CB and its preclinical forms were
      demonstrable at a greater rate (63.7%). The disease prevalence depends on the
      time of residence in the Extreme North. Irregularity of the disease prevalence
      among different occupational groups is determined not only by the industrial and
      hygienic working conditions but also by the whole complex of ecological factors
      of the extreme region.

PMID- 1810039
TI  - [A respiratory syndrome in patients with neurocirculatory dystonia].
AB  - The purpose of the work was to evaluate the compensatory and adaptive
      possibilities of oxygen transport systems in moderate hypoxic hypoxia to define
      the sensitivity to hypoxia of patients suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia
      (NCD) with the respiratory syndrome and to elaborate training therapy methods. 40
      patients suffering from cardial NCD were examined. Of these, 23 complained of
      dyspnea. The general hypoxemic test (GHT) was used; parameters of external
      respiration, hemodynamics, gas composition of blood, and the content of oxidation
      substrates were examined. Analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory
      disorders in patients with cardial NCD revealed the differences in their nature.
      In addition to psychogenic factors of dyspnea, of importance was a decrease in
      the compensatory and adaptive possibilities of the body as regards hypoxia, which
      occurs in mental, physical stress, changes in meteorological conditions, in
      closed premises, and in vegetovascular crises.

PMID- 1810040
TI  - [Mortality, morbidity, lethality and the cardiovascular risk profile in the
      population of Novosibirsk].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of investigations in accordance with the WHO
      program "MONICA" in one of the districts of Novosibirsk. The bases of the
      objective information system pertaining to the tendencies in mortality, morbidity
      and lethality due to cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of risk factors in
      the population, the possibilities of their monitoring have been established.

PMID- 1810042
TI  - [Experience in treating metabolic osteopathies with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3
      (oksidevit)].
AB  - The action of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (oxydevit) was estimated in 204
      patients with renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis of varying etiology,
      osteomalacia because of malabsorption, congenital rickets-like diseases. The drug
      was shown to be highly effective in the treatment of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in uremia, steroidal and senile osteoporosis. The treatment
      involved replacement therapy.

PMID- 1810041
TI  - [The autonomic regulation of the heart rhythm in patients with iron-deficiency
      anemia].
AB  - Overall 155 patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia were subjected to
      bicycle ergometry to estimate autonomic regulation of cardiac rhythm using
      variation pulsometry readings. The changes in vegetative regulation proceed by
      the type of sympathicotonia which increases clearly as the disease gravity rises.
      Moderate sympathicotonia is an adequate compensatory mechanism that favours
      adaptation of the body to anemia. On the contrary, excessive sympathicotonia is
      an unfavourable factor producing an adverse effect on work fitness of anemic
      patients. This requires the elaboration of measures aimed at eliminating in
      necessary cases the excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system in
      patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia.

PMID- 1810043
TI  - [Primary prevention problems in digestive organ diseases].
AB  - Questionnaires were used for examining workers of one of the shops of an
      industrial enterprise. Out of 300 persons examined, only 160 did not note any
      deviations from normal. Before filling in a questionnaire 10 persons had been
      registered at a dispensary for alimentary diseases; 76 persons noted that they
      had sensed deviations from normal functioning of the alimentary organs despite
      the fact that they did not regard themselves as being ill. Profound clinical,
      instrumental, laboratory and x-ray studies revealed peptic ulcer in 25, chronic
      gastritis in 25, chronic cholecystitis in 13, chronic pancreatitis in 2, and
      chronic enterocolitis in 11 out of the 76 persons examined. As to 54 persons who
      indicated the signs of disturbed well-being in the questionnaires, a detailed
      examination failed to discover any morphological or steady functional disorders
      so that, these persons were attributed to a group with premorbid conditions:
      abdominal discomfort (23), dyspepsia (11), gastrointestinal dyskinesia (10), and
      asthenia (10).

PMID- 1810044
TI  - [Experience in organizing the work of oral rehydration centers in a hot climate].

PMID- 1810045
TI  - [The clinico-morphological assessment of the efficacy of local radiation therapy
      in rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent arthroscopy of knee joints and
      spot biopsy of the synovial membrane before and 6-12 months after intraarticular
      injection of radioactive gold-198. In 8 joints there was a decrease of
      inflammatory infiltration of the synovial membrane. Still, the clinical signs of
      arthritis persisted in 5 of them. In 3 cases, the clinical and morphological
      manifestations of arthritis remained practically unchanged. The decrease of
      inflammatory infiltration of the synovial membrane may favour a reduction of
      destructive potential of chronic synovitis even if the exudative component of
      inflammation is preserved. The clinicomorphological estimation of the results of
      local radiotherapy is more informative than the purely clinical one, for it
      allows the positive dynamics to be recorded even in the absence of evident
      clinical improvement.

PMID- 1810046
TI  - [Immunocorrection in rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The clinical and immunological parameters were compared over time in 125 patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis subjected to immunocorrection. As a result of the study
      the drugs and their combinations used are distributed in the following order as
      regards their efficacy: combined treatment with prospidin and tactivin;
      prospidin; immunoglobulin therapy with high doses; combined therapy with
      thymohexin and immunoglobulin (low doses); thymohexin; prodigiosan;
      immunoglobulin (low doses). The dynamics of cellular immunity did not always
      correlate with the clinical efficacy of the immunocorrection. No relationship was
      discovered between the functional activity of natural killers and peripheral
      macrophages and the dynamics of the clinico-laboratory characteristics.
      Stimulation of endogenous and con A-induced suppression provided a therapeutic
      effect only in cases of the induction of both suppression types whereas the
      combined use of prospidin and tactivin allowed the reduction of the intensity and
      rate of side effects and maintained functions of peripheral macrophages.
      Immunocorrection which enabled the decrease of the level of lymphocytes
      expressing HLA-DR antigens in blood turned out most effective.

PMID- 1810047
TI  - [Still's syndrome in adults as one of the causes of fever of unknown origin].
AB  - Based on their own investigations and reported data, the authors describe the
      clinical and laboratory signs of Still's syndrome in adults. Special attention is
      paid to an analysis of the feverish syndrome. The clinical cases of Still's
      syndrome running its course under the mask of fever of obscure genesis for a long
      time are provided. The possibilities of early diagnosis of the disease are under
      discussion.

PMID- 1810049
TI  - [The evaluation of the efficacy of 1st- and 2d-generation oral rehydration
      solutions in treating patients with acute intestinal infections].
AB  - The efficacy of the solutions of oral rehydration salts (ORS) of the first and
      second generations was estimated in the treatment of patients with acute
      intestinal infections. 150 patients with food toxicoinfections were examined. Two
      groups of the patients received the solutions of ORS of the first generation
      (glucosalan and citroglucosalan) and one group were given the second generation
      ORS solution based on the rice and salt, manufactured by Galactina (Switzerland).
      The clinical cases were analyzed. Some biochemical parameters that characterize
      certain aspects of homeostasis and bioenergetics were explored. The authors
      emphasize a greater effectiveness of the second generation solutions of ORS
      producing not only detoxification and rehydration but also serving as a food.

PMID- 1810050
TI  - [The clinical importance of determining immunoglobulin G subclasses].

PMID- 1810048
TI  - [Mycobacterioses and tuberculosis in people with HIV infection].

PMID- 1810051
TI  - [The knowledgeableness of the population and medical personnel in the problems of
      the prevention and control of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 1810052
TI  - [The role of a secondary immunodeficiency in the pathogenesis of different forms
      of dysentery].

PMID- 1810053
TI  - [The treatment of protracted forms of Flexner dysentery].
AB  - The clinical efficacy of sodium nucleinate (SN) combined with splenin and
      quercetin given for lingering Flexner's dysentery in a group of 43 patients was
      compared with that of routine therapy used in a group of the same number of
      patients. It has been established that the above drug combination favours the
      elimination of the pathological symptoms of dyspepsia, the arrest of bacterial
      isolation and normalization of the immune status. Provided the effect of the
      combined drug treatment is insufficient, the method of choice is the
      administration of gene engineering alpha 2-interferon (reaferon) in combination
      with tocopherol acetate and rectal suppositories containing methyluracil.

PMID- 1810054
TI  - [Humoral and cellular immunity in patients with acute dysentery].

PMID- 1810055
TI  - [The functional status of the endocrine pancreas in patients with acute
      intestinal infections].
AB  - RIA was used to measure the content of insulin, C-peptide and glucagon in blood
      plasma of 84 patients with acute dysentery and food toxicoinfections. The studies
      were carried out in the acute disease period and before the discharge from
      hospital. The data obtained indicate that despite the appreciable differences in
      the disease pathogenesis, the pathophysiological mechanisms influencing
      pancreatic function are similar in many respects. The changes are characterized
      by an increase in plasma insulin and a reduction in C-peptide and glucagon. The
      content of hormones in the peripheral blood is dependent on the disease period.
      In the authors' opinion, despite the high insulin content, the reduced level of C
      peptide attests to hypofunction of beta-cells in acute intestinal infection,
      since it reflects their function more precisely. The reduced content of plasma
      glucagon points to hypofunction of alpha-cells.

PMID- 1810057
TI  - [Controlling infectious diseases].

PMID- 1810056
TI  - [The correction of disorders in the cytoenzymatic status of the immunocytes in
      Shigella infection by using taktivin].
AB  - Cytoenzymatic and morphological methods were used to reveal local and general
      immunity disorders in patients with lingering and chronic dysentery. In this
      connection the therapeutic effect of the immunomodulator T-activin was estimated.
      51 patients with the above forms of dysentery were examined. The patients were
      distributed into basic groups given T-activin and control groups not on the drug.
      The function of immune cells was evaluated by the enzymic status--the ratio of
      the activity of the following enzymes: succinate and glycerophosphate
      dehydrogenases, NADP and acid phosphatase. One of the causes of chronic dysentery
      was functional deficiency of lymphoid and phagocytizing cells of the colonic
      mucosa, supported by the data on their enzymic status. Analogous deficiency was
      discovered in peripheral blood leukocytes. T-activin successfully corrects the
      revealed immune disorders, stimulates metabolic processes in the cells and
      reduces inflammation and ameliorates the repair of the intestinal mucosa as well.

PMID- 1810058
TI  - [The clinico-allergic indices of yersiniosis patients].
AB  - Eighty patients with yersiniosis (40 with intestinal yersiniosis, 40 with
      pseudotuberculosis) were examined for clinical and allergic characteristics
      (collection of allergological histories, identification of the most common
      allergic symptoms of the disease and determination of the index of mast cell
      degranulation). According to the data obtained, the patients with yersiniosis are
      admitted to the hospital with an aggravated premorbid condition in the form of
      body allergization, in whose origin both hereditary and acquired factors are of
      importance. The allergic manifestations of the disease are more pronounced in
      patients with pseudotuberculosis. In the acute disease period, noticeable
      allergization of the sick body develops whatever the gravity of the disease in
      both infections whereas during convalescence, only in patients with the recurrent
      infectious process.

PMID- 1810059
TI  - [The characteristics of the course of Yersinia hepatitis in cholelithiasis
      patients].
AB  - The paper is concerned with a clinical description of yersiniosis in 12 women who
      suffered from manifest or uneventful cholelithiasis. The disease started by an
      attack of biliary colic. The clinical symptomatology was noticed to run in stages
      during which the signs of calculous cholecystitis vanished while the symptoms of
      hepatitis persisted. In the acute period, the conservative treatment of the
      patients was carried out by the infectionist jointly with the surgeon, followed
      by dispensary observation lasting 1 to 3 months until complete and stable
      normalization of aminotranferase activity. The outcomes were favourable.

PMID- 1810060
TI  - [AIDS--a crisis infection].

PMID- 1810062
TI  - [The clinical manifestations and the plasma levels of fibronectin and fibrin
      fibrinogen degradation products in different morphological forms of chronic
      hepatitis].
AB  - The paper provides the results of studying the clinical disease manifestations,
      the plasma content of fibronectin and fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products
      in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH). It is shown that they are determined not
      only by the morphological form of CH but also by the structure of inflammatory
      infiltrates in liver tissue.

PMID- 1810061
TI  - [The characteristics of pseudotuberculosis with joint involvement in the presence
      of chronic opisthorchiasis].
AB  - A study was made of the clinical picture, certain laboratory and immunological
      findings in pseudotuberculosis patients with involved joints in the presence of
      opisthorchiasis invasion. The patients suffering from pseudotuberculosis and
      chronic opisthorchiasis frequently demonstrated icteric sclera, erythema nodosum,
      skin itch, tenderness in the right hypochondrium, hepatomegaly, liquid stool,
      leukopenia, eosinophilia, hyperbilirubinemia, activation of aminotransferases.
      Later they showed the diagnostic titers of the indirect hemagglutination test, an
      increase in disease duration, delayed disappearance of the main clinical
      symptoms. As compared to patients suffering from arthritides without invasion,
      the patients with associated pseudotuberculous arthritides and opisthorchiasis
      demonstrated a higher activity of the inflammatory process in the joints, an
      increase of the duration and number of polyarthritis relapses, alterations in the
      immunological indicators (a stable reduction of the T lymphocyte and T helper
      count as well as a rise of the IgM level during late convalescence).

PMID- 1810063
TI  - [The importance of the antioxidant protection systems of the blood in adaptation
      to the infectious process in viral hepatitis B].
AB  - The components of the blood antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase,
      ceruloplasmin, glutathione system) take a direct part in the molecular mechanisms
      of the body adaptation under conditions of viral hepatitis infection. The
      peculiarity of the mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation is regulated in
      different grades of hepatitis is of a role in the disease pathogenesis and
      underlies the prediction of the course of hepatitis.

PMID- 1810064
TI  - [The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of acute viral hepatitis with a
      prolonged convalescence and protracted course].
AB  - The paper presents the data on a comprehensive examination of 410 patients
      suffering from acute viral hepatitis (AVH) with lingering convalescence and
      lingering course. Based on the use of clinico-epidemiological, serological,
      bacteriological, immunological, cytochemical, ultrasonography and x-ray research
      methods, it has been established that virobacterial associations are essential in
      the pathogenesis and course of the disease. The author provides evidence for risk
      factors of the lingering course of AVH and recommends methods of rapid diagnosis,
      prediction and treatment of lingering convalescence and lingering disease.

PMID- 1810065
TI  - [IgM anti-HBc in the differential diagnosis of co- and HDV superinfection].
AB  - EIA was used to study the titers of IgM anti-HBc in 38 patients with chronic
      hepatitis B, 10 with acute viral hepatitis B and 18 patients with D-infection (6
      with coinfection and 12 with D-superinfection) depending on the presence of
      HBe/anti-HBe. Chronic active hepatitis (CAH) was diagnosed in 18 patients,
      chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) in 15, and the "healthy" HBsAg carriership in
      5. The titers of IgM anti-HBc 1:100 were detectable in 14 out of the 18 patients
      with CAH and in 3 out of the 15 patients with CPH and correlated with the clinico
      biochemical activity of the process and the presence of HBeAg in serum. In
      coinfection, the antibody titers were determined in the range of the antibody
      titers were determined in the range of 1:3200 to 1:25600 for the first two weeks
      of the disease and did not depend on the presence of HBe/anti-HBe. Anti-D were
      identified only on the 3d week since the first disease manifestations. In the
      presence of the replicative form of CAH, HDV-superinfection was diagnosed in 3
      patients with HBeAg in serum and the titers of IgM anti-HBc 1:100 and higher. The
      follow-up studies demonstrated inhibition of HBV replication shown up by HBeAg
      elimination from serum and a decrease in the titers of IgM anti-HBc. Therefore,
      the titers 1:100 cannot serve as a diagnostic criterion for coinfection, for in
      the replicative form of CAH, their concentration may be higher.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810066
TI  - [The use of pantothenic acid preparations in treating patients with viral
      hepatitis A].
AB  - Calcium pantothemate in the daily dose 300 mg and 600 mg and pantetheine in the
      dose 90 mg and 180 mg per os were applied for 3-4 weeks in combined therapy of
      156 patients with viral hepatitis A. In addition to the positive clinico
      biochemical effect, these drugs produced an immunomodulatory action and a
      beneficial effect on the level of blood serum immunoglobulins and the phagocytic
      activity of peripheral blood neutrophils. Pantetheine provided the most
      pronounced therapeutic effect.

PMID- 1810067
TI  - [The treatment of different forms of B and delta hepatitis with interferon
      preparations].
AB  - A study was made of the therapeutic efficacy of human leukocytic interferon (HLI)
      and leikinferon in the treatment of HBV- and HDV-infection. 21 patients were
      placed under observation. Of these, 6 presented with lingering hepatitis B (HB),
      8 with chronic HB, 1 was a HBsAg carrier, 4 had Grades I-IV, acute hepatic
      encephalopathy, and 2 acute hepatitis delta. 15 patients received leikinferon, 6
      were given HLI for injections. Indications and schemes for the treatment with
      interferon preparations are provided as are the clinico-biochemical and
      serological criteria for estimating the efficacy of interferon therapy. In
      lingering and chronic forms of HB, leikinferon exerts a beneficial effect. It is
      not costly, thus enabling one to carry out continuous treatment in patients
      suffering from chronic forms. HLI may be recommended as an effective agent.

PMID- 1810068
TI  - [The functional-morphological state of the liver in chronic opisthorchiasis].

PMID- 1810069
TI  - [A case of a severe course of helminthic invasion].

PMID- 1810070
TI  - [Efferent therapy in the combined treatment of sepsis].
AB  - Efferent therapy (hemosplenosorption, plasmapheresis, autologous blood radiation)
      was used in multimodality treatment of 45 patients with sepsis. The therapy
      exerted a beneficial effect on the disease, favoured the elimination of or
      minimized intoxication, normalized hemostasis and immunity. Indications for use
      of hemosplenosorption, plasmapheresis and autologous blood radiation are
      provided.

PMID- 1810071
TI  - [Pyoderma vegetans as an early sign of HIV infection].
AB  - Skin and mucosal lesions are described in a 40-year-old man who suffered from HIV
      infection in the stage of secondary diseases. The diagnosis was supported by
      demonstration of antibodies to HIV in the immune blotting test. The clinical
      manifestations were reduced to steady fever, generalized lymphadenopathy,
      pyoderma vegetans and chancriform pyoderma, candidiasis of the oral cavity, and
      seborrheic dermatitis, HIV infection was diagnosed 4 years after the appearance
      of pyoderma which initially was amenable by external antibacterial agents and
      then became resistant to them. Eruptions of pyoderma vegetans simulating wide
      condylomas were located in inguinal folds, on the internal surface of the thighs
      and scrotum; the chancriform focus was located in the internal preputial layer.
      The treatment with azothymidine combined with antibacterial and antimycotic
      agents led to the improvement of the patient's general status and to the
      reduction of local lesions. However, on recommendations of an unknown witch
      doctor who started treating him with the aid of reflexotherapy, phytotherapy and
      bioenergetic actions the patient stopped receiving the treatment prescribed and
      did not report for control examinations. After 5 months he died of brain edema.

PMID- 1810073
TI  - [The clinical efficacy of autofibronectin obtained by heparin cryoprecipitation
      in patients with trophic skin lesions].
AB  - The authors studied the clinical efficacy of the local external use of
      fibronectin obtained from autoplasma by heparin cryoprecipitation in 8 patients
      with immune complex pathology, paraproteinemic hemoblastoses and beta-thalassemia
      complicated by erosive and ulcerous skin lesions. Autofibronectin was shown to
      bring about complete healing of ulcerous defects within 10 to 45 days. The
      therapeutic approach suggested is money-saving and excludes a possibility of
      transmitting hepatitis B and immunodeficiency viruses by the patient.

PMID- 1810072
TI  - [Liquid brucellar allergen in the combined treatment of brucellosis patients].
AB  - The efficacy of liquid brucellar allergen (LBA) was studied in 227 brucellosis
      patients with active infectious process and marked DTH, in need of a
      pathogenetically based decrease of specific infectious allergic background. The
      reference group was made up of 140 brucellosis patients given only basic therapy
      (antibiotics, antiinflammatory and symptomatic agents). The administration of
      LBA, whose active principle is a polysaccharide and protein complex, reduced high
      sensitivity to brucellar antigen and raised the functional activity of
      neutrophilic granulocytes and T-lymphocytes, improved the late results of the
      treatment of patients with brucellosis running its course with pronounced
      sensitization.

PMID- 1810074
TI  - [Granulocyte metabolic activity in chronic nonspecific lung diseases].
AB  - Biochemiluminescent (BCL) investigation of oxidative metabolism in patients
      suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNLD) has shown activation of
      granulocyte metabolism measured by zymosan-dependent luminol-amplified
      chemiluminescence and the intensification of lipid peroxidation estimated by
      spontaneous serum BCL. At the same time H2O2-induced BCL was decreased, attesting
      to the abatement of antioxidative activity. The revealed imbalance of oxidative
      and antioxidative processes may be the pathogenic factor in CNLD development.

PMID- 1810075
TI  - [The prevalence and prognostic significance of the symptoms of chronic bronchitis
      detected via a standard questionnaire (prospective epidemiological research)].

PMID- 1810076
TI  - [Ergospirometry in the diagnosis of disorders of the oxygen transport system in
      patients with chronic bronchitis].
AB  - Ergospirometry was used to carry out a study with the increasing exercise in 56
      patients with chronic bronchitis and 46 healthy subjects. The limit physical
      potentialities, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ventilation,
      hemodynamics, gas exchange at the height of the exercise were compared. It has
      been established that in the early disease stages, there was a tendency to
      hyperventilation during exercise in response to the deterioration of bronchial
      patency, which was accompanied by significant deterioration of the efficacy of
      ventilation with respect to the level of gas exchange attained. A close
      relationship has been discovered between the magnitude of energy activity and
      bronchial patency. The authors give practical recommendations for determining
      work fitness prognosis on the basis of the linear regression equation with the
      use of the parameters of external respiratory function.

PMID- 1810077
TI  - Long-term effects on glucose tolerance and insulin secretory response to glucose
      following a limited period of severe protein or energy malnutrition in young
      rats.
AB  - The long-term effects on growth, glucose tolerance and insulin secretory response
      to glucose of temporary malnutrition early in life have been investigated. Rats
      were weaned onto either normal diet (18% protein), a protein-restricted diet (5%
      protein) or a diet adequate in protein but restricted in amount to equal the
      energy intake of protein-restricted rats ("energy restriction"). From 6 weeks of
      age and onwards all rats were fed normal diet. Body weight gain was inhibited by
      both protein and energy restriction but growth was resumed when rats were
      transferred to normal diet. Protein restriction impaired glucose tolerance and
      blunted insulin secretory response to glucose. Following refeeding glucose
      tolerance was normalized but insulin secretory response remained impaired at 12
      weeks of age. Energy restriction did not initially affect glucose tolerance and
      insulin secretion. However, after refeeding male energy restricted rats developed
      a delayed and exaggerated insulin secretory response to glucose without
      concomitant deterioration of glucose tolerance. It is suggested that temporary
      protein restriction at a young age impairs pancreatic B-cell function and
      decreases peripheral sensitivity to insulin. By contrast, temporary energy
      restriction does not directly affect B-cell function but confers insulin
      resistance and compensatory increases of the insulin secretory response to
      glucose later in life. These models of malnutrition offer possibilities to
      further study long-term effects of early nutritional insults.

PMID- 1810078
TI  - Gestational diabetes-perinatal outcome with a policy of liberal and intensive
      insulin therapy.
AB  - During 3 years of continuous screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in the
      county of Uppsala, 133 pregnant women (1.2%) were given this diagnosis. Maternal
      characteristics and the perinatal outcome of the pregnancies were examined
      retrospectively. Maternal overweight [body mass index greater than 23.9 kg/(m)2]
      was noted in 54.9% of the 133 women. Insulin therapy, with a mean daily dose of
      42 U, was given to 62.4% of the patients, whereas the others were given dietary
      instructions alone. The frequency of infants with a birth weight greater than 2
      SD was 24.1% and was significantly (p less than 0.025) related to pre-pregnancy
      overweight and also to pregnancy weight gain 18kg (p less than 0.01). Caesarean
      section was performed in 27% of the pregnancies complicated by diabetes, compared
      with the overall figure of 11% in Uppsala during the study period. Neonatal
      hypoglycaemia (blood glucose greater than or equal to 1.6 mM) was noted in 17.3%
      of the infants and was significantly (p less than 0.01) related to maternal
      sympathomimetic therapy. Despite liberal and intensive insulin therapy, there was
      a considerable rate of perinatal complications. Although not severe, they
      indicate a need for further improvement in the care of women with gestational
      diabetes.

PMID- 1810079
TI  - No major metabolic alterations accompany the hypotensive effect of active vitamin
      D.
AB  - A hypotensive effect of active vitamin D treatment (alphacalcidol 1 mg daily) has
      previously been reported in three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies over 4
      6 months in subjects with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), intermittent
      hypercalcemia and essential hypertension. The commonly used antihypertensive
      drugs, thiazides and betablockers, both induce impairments in both glucose and
      lipid metabolism and the thiazides are known to cause an elevation of serum
      urate. The effects of vitamin D treatment on these metabolic variables were
      recorded in these studies. Alphacalcidol did not induce any changes in fasting
      glucose HbA1c or insulin, serum triglycerides, cholesterol or serum urate in any
      of the treated groups. Neither was HDL cholesterol affected, except for a rise
      seen in the HPT subjects. It is therefore concluded that no major metabolic
      alterations in glucose or lipid metabolism or serum urate accompany the
      hypotensive effect of vitamin D.

PMID- 1810080
TI  - Short-term effects of pamidronate on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in
      osteoporosis--a placebo-controlled dose-finding study.
AB  - The bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption that
      mainly have been used for treatment of hypercalcaemia secondary to malignancy. We
      have performed a controlled dose-finding study of oral pamidronate that was given
      to 60 patients with a history of fracture of the distal forearm, an enhanced bone
      turnover and a lowered bone mineral density. Different doses of pamidronate, 75
      mg and 150 mg daily, or placebo were given to parallel groups. Fasting specimens
      of blood and urine were collected before the treatment period and at regular
      intervals. Oral pamidronate caused a dose-related reduction on the biochemical
      markers of bone resorption, i.e. fasting urinary calcium, hydroxyproline,
      pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline that was seen already after the first week.
      The inhibition was evident during the treatment period and 4 weeks thereafter but
      not 12 weeks after cessation of therapy. Also the levels of serum osteocalcin, a
      marker of bone formation, were lowered during treatment with the higher dose.

PMID- 1810081
TI  - Goitre and deaf-mutism.
AB  - The occurrence of congenital deafness, mutism and goitre unassociated with
      cretinism or mental retardation in euthyroid patients is known as Pendred's
      Syndrome. It has been estimated that 4-10 % of children with congenital deafness
      suffer from this condition. The perceptive hearing loss is considered to be
      present at birth although it is frequently not recognized for several years. The
      cause of the hearing defect is a congenital bilateral malformation of the cochlea
      of the Mondini type. The goitre is not recognized clinically at birth or in early
      childhood. It becomes apparent in the pre-pubertal years when it presents as a
      colloid enlargement progressing to a nodular goitre. The thyroid defect has been
      shown to be a partial defect in iodine organification leading to the
      underproduction of thyroxine and subsequent thyroid hyperplasia. The syndrome is
      caused by a single mutant recessive gene responsible for both the deafness and
      goitre. Its autosomal mechanism gives an equal incidence in both sexes, unusual
      in thyroid disease. This article reviews the current aspects of pathogenesis and
      treatment of this syndrome and reports its occurrence in two Sudanese siblings.

PMID- 1810082
TI  - A ventilator generating a positive or negative internal compliance.
AB  - This paper describes technical details of a ventilator for altering the resistive
      and elastic load placed on respiratory muscles during spontaneous breathing in
      intubated infants. Positive or negative values for ventilator resistance and/or
      ventilator compliance can be chosen by superimposing the weighted sum of the flow
      and/or the volume signal over the input to a pressure controller within the
      pressure feedback control system of the ventilator. The aim of the study was to
      compare values of the ventilator's compliance (Cv), as measured with a
      ventilation mechanics calculator, with those Cv values set by the ventilator's Cv
      control knob on the front panel. Another aim was to compare measured values of
      total compliance of a combined ventilator-lung model system (Ct) with the values
      expected according to theory where 1/Ct = 1/Cv + 1/C1m (Eq. alpha; C1m is the
      lung model's compliance). The Cv values set on the front panel were nearly
      identical to those measured (Cvm = 0.97 * Cvs + 0.54) over the whole tested range
      from -20 to +20 ml/kPa. Similarly, the measured Ct values were almost equal to
      those expected according to Eq. alpha; the standard deviation of the relative
      residuals was 2.7% for elastic loading and 12.4% for elastic unloading. We
      conclude that the ventilator described in this study can effectively provide both
      elastic loading and elastic unloading of spontaneous breathing, as expected
      according to theory.

PMID- 1810083
TI  - Posterior angulation in trochanteric fractures detected with roentgen
      stereophotogrammetry.
AB  - Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis has been carried out in 8 patients with
      trochanteric fracture after fixation with a sliding screw-plate. In 6 of the 8
      cases the proximal fragment angulated posteriorly after the operation. Posterior
      angulation may be an important mode of failure of trochanteric fractures.

PMID- 1810084
TI  - Influences of familial and environmental factors on hypertension.
AB  - A group of 293 middle-aged subjects with a parental history of hypertension was
      compared with 210 middle-aged subjects without this history. The adjusted odds
      ratio for hypertension (WHO-criteria) was 2.0 with parental hypertension -
      independent of obesity, physical leisure time activity, age and sex.
      Comparatively in all 503 participants, the independent odds ratio for
      hypertension was 3.3 with obesity. Analysis of variance in all participants
      disclosed that blood pressure was independently related to three predictors,
      parental hypertension (p less than 0.05), body mass index (p less than 0.001),
      and 2-h blood glucose (p less than 0.001). Additional analysis of variance in all
      subjects, to estimate if these three predictors were interrelated, disclosed that
      parental hypertension was not related to either 2-h glucose or body mass index. A
      clear association was seen between 2-h glucose and body mass index (p less than
      0.001). This was underlined in a separate analysis of the 88 hypertensives, among
      which 25% had impaired glucose tolerance (WHO-criteria). In conclusion, own
      obesity (environment) had about 1.5 times stronger influence on hypertension than
      parental hypertension (heredity). Parental hypertension seemed to have a separate
      influence on the blood pressure. Body mass index and 2-h glucose seemed to have
      partly separate, and partly interrelated, influences on the blood pressure.

PMID- 1810085
TI  - Embryo transfer: putting welfare first.

PMID- 1810086
TI  - [Ultrastructural analysis of morphogenesis of immunodeficiency viruses].

PMID- 1810087
TI  - [Pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].

PMID- 1810088
TI  - [Murine retrovirus vector expressing env gene of human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV-1)].

PMID- 1810090
TI  - [Ethical problems in correlation with genetic diagnosis. A meeting report].

PMID- 1810089
TI  - [Identification of RS virus by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
      reaction].

PMID- 1810091
TI  - [Epidemiology and pathogen spectrum of urinary tract infections].
AB  - Urinary tract infections still are a diagnostic as well as a therapeutical
      problem. The knowledge on the frequency of the causative organisms and their
      sensitivity to antibiotics and the different modes of urinary tract infections as
      well are very important, especially because of remaining organizational and
      medical-technical problems to identify the organisms. E. coli-bacteria are up to
      now the most frequent pathogens of urinary tract infections, with a resistance
      rate of 30% against aminopenicillins. An increase of resistant Enterobacter- and
      Pseudomonas-aeruginosa-strains against quinolones is known and could be observed
      also in our hospital. The demand for knowledge of sensitivity pattern of the
      causative organisms still remain for a successful antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1810092
TI  - Bacterial attachment, inflammation and renal scarring in urinary tract infection.
AB  - E. coli cause greater than 90% of urinary tract infections (UTI) in childhood.
      The capacity to adhere to urinary tract epithelial cells characterizes E. coli
      strains that cause acute pyelonephritis. Galactose alpha 1-4Galactose beta is the
      minimal receptor for adhering uropathogenic E. coli. Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta
      binding bacteria caused significantly higher body temperature, C-reactive protein
      (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), pyuria, and lower renal
      concentrating capacity than E. coli lacking this specificity. The binding
      bacteria thus appeared to be more potent inducers of acute inflammation. Since
      inflammation may lead to tissue damage, we examined the relationship of infection
      with Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta-positive bacteria to renal scarring. The frequency of
      renal scarring was 5% in boys with Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta-positive and 40% in boys
      with Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta-negative E. coli. Analysis of binding capacity with
      the help of a newly developed latex agglutination assay can thus be used as an
      effective predictor of risk for renal scarring.

PMID- 1810093
TI  - [Importance of early diagnosis of urinary tract infections in childhood. Results
      of a retrospective study of children with vesico-uretero-renal reflux].
AB  - Urinary tract infections (UTI) in children are common. In the case of high grade
      vesico-ureteric-renal reflux (VUR) or urinary tract obstruction the abnormality
      may lead to end-stage renal failure. An early evaluation and adequate therapy
      after UTI are mandatory. Between 1980 and 1987 we evaluated 63 children with VUR.
      The symptoms of UTI are variable and age-dependent. Only in 13% of the children
      the urinary tract was evaluated after their first UTI. In 70% of the cases there
      were more than 1, mostly multiple UTI. The remaining 17% were admitted for other
      reasons. The relation boys to girls was 1:2. In boys the diagnosis of VUR was
      made earlier than in girls: 57% of boys and 17% of girls in their first year of
      life. In 24% of the boys and in 36% of the girls VUR was found between the 5th
      and 15th year of life. In the case of high grade reflux (IV-V) the kidneys showed
      heavy damage, loss of function and hypertension at the time of diagnosis. The aim
      must be early diagnosis and adequate therapy to prevent avoidable damages.

PMID- 1810094
TI  - [Therapy of urinary tract infection].
AB  - The choice of therapy in urinary tract infections depends on the infection site,
      complications, previous history, and recrudescence. Acute uncomplicated urinary
      tract infections which do not respond to general measures as increased fluid
      intake will be cured with antibiotics for 3 days. If the compliance of the
      patient is sufficient a single shot therapy may be applied. Infections of the
      upper urinary tract with typical signs such as fever, nausea and increase of the
      so-called acute phase proteins have to be treated with antibiotics for 7 to 14
      days. When treating the first episode of urinary tract infection the choice of
      antibiotics is unimportant. Trimethoprim and quinolones are standard. In
      recurrent infections urine cultures and susceptibility testing are mandatory.
      Patients with recurrent urinary tract infections should receive a long-term
      suppressive therapy with low-dose trimethoprim or a quinolone. Patients with
      urinary catheters must not receive any long-term therapy.

PMID- 1810095
TI  - [Therapy of complicated urinary tract infections].
AB  - The term "complicated urinary tract infections" includes all microbial infections
      of the urinary tract in the presence of abnormalities within the urinary tract
      which may be different in kind but all are disturbing the urodynamics to a
      relevant extent independently from the severity of the infection. The clinical
      aspects, however, are of important influence on the bacterial spectrum and thus
      on the choice of antibiotics. It has to be distinguished whether the treatment is
      performed according to the sensitivity testing or whether it has to be started
      empirically. In complicated urinary tract infections, especially when hospital
      acquired, multiresistant pathogens are frequent. Therefore, the classical oral
      antibiotics should only be chosen if sensitivity testing is available. Empiric
      therapy usually requests the newer broad-spectrum quinolones. Regarding the
      clinical status of the patient sometimes therapy has to be started parenterally
      with acylureidopenicillins or cephalosporins of the 2nd and 3rd generation. As
      soon as possible, however, the therapy should be switched to an oral one. With
      antimicrobial therapy long-term success in complicated urinary tract infections
      can only be obtained, if the underlying abnormalities can be corrected and the
      urodynamics become normal. In patients this condition cannot be reached by any
      reason relapses and reinfections are common. But in these patients usually
      treated several times and with various antibiotics by selection multiresistant
      pathogens are frequently found. Therefore, a repeated antibiotic therapy is only
      indicated, if necessary according to the infectious symptoms and if diagnostic
      and therapeutic interventions within the urinary tract are considered.

PMID- 1810096
TI  - [Percutaneous drainage of complicated infections of the upper urinary tract].
AB  - Acute pyelonephritis associated with obstruction may result in urosepsis and
      septic shock. Besides the administration of antimicrobial agents, quick removal
      of the obstruction is the essential part of the therapeutic regimen. In 43
      patients with urosepsis the obstruction which was mainly due to urinary calculi
      was removed by percutaneous nephrostomy. Nephrostomy drainage was the only
      therapeutic measure required in all but 3 patients in whom nephrectomy had to be
      performed. 1 patient died after nephrectomy; no death occurred after percutaneous
      nephrostomy. Once diuresis has started after drainage, the patient will improve.
      If the kidney does not produce urine immediately after drainage the decision has
      to be made as soon as possible whether nephrectomy has to be performed for
      survival or whether it is justified to wait. Perfusion studies with radioisotopes
      have proven to be very helpful in such decisions. If there is no perfusion,
      immediate nephrectomy is mandatory; however, if perfusion can be demonstrated,
      recovery of the kidney can be expected. 21 patients with pyonephrosis were
      drained percutaneously. In 2 patients the infection could be controlled by
      nephrectomy only. The rate of secondary nephrectomy because of a non-functioning
      kidney was 50%. Percutaneous drainage has proven to be very effective in 6
      patients with infected renal cysts, 7 patients with intrarenal abscesses and 4
      patients with perinephric abscesses. There was only 1 patient presenting with
      intrarenal abscess in whom percutaneous drainage was insufficient and surgical
      intervention became necessary.

PMID- 1810097
TI  - [Neurogenic bladder as a cause of urinary tract infection].
AB  - Life expectancy and physical fitness of patients with neurogenic bladder
      dysfunctions is highly dependent on the urine status of the patient, and on the
      integrity and function of the upper urinary tract. Residual urine and urine
      incontinence give rise to infections, a vicious circle which ends with uraemia.
      Following nerve disorders can be the cause of a bladder dysfunction with outflow
      obstruction thus bearing the risk of ascending urine infection: 1) complete or
      incomplete spinal cord lesion, 2) myelomeningocele, 3) diseases of the CNS, 4)
      peripheral neuropathy (diabetes, chronic alcoholism, infectious diseases), 5)
      effect or side-effect of medications. An infravesical obstruction can occur at
      the alpha-adrenergic receptor site, at the level of the bladder neck or at the
      level of the striated external sphincter. The latter condition was termed
      detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia. Instrumental bladder emptying for prevention of
      UTI can be achieved by: 1) catheterisation, 2) intermittent self catheterisation,
      3) indwelling catheter--should be avoided for long term drainage, 4) suprapubic
      bladder drainage (cystocath)--the best treatment option for emptying the bladder
      and to avoid infections.

PMID- 1810098
TI  - [Perioperative antimicrobial preventive treatment in urology].
AB  - Infectious complications following urologic surgery include bacteriuria,
      bacteremia, sepsis, acute pyelonephritis, and wound infection. Antimicrobial
      prophylaxis reduces the risk of some of these complications and is recommended in
      transrectal core biopsy of the prostate, transurethral surgery, open
      prostatectomy, and stone surgery. Prophylaxis does not appear to be beneficial in
      patients undergoing transrectal needle or transperineal core biopsy of the
      prostate, cystoscopy, orchiectomy, hydrocelectomy, and simple nephrectomy.
      Patients with urinary tract infection preoperatively should receive antimicrobial
      treatment prior to surgery.

PMID- 1810099
TI  - Urbanization and health in developing countries: a challenge for health for all.

PMID- 1810100
TI  - Early detection of ovarian cancer: background, rationale, and structure of the
      Yale Early Detection Program.
AB  - Ovarian cancer has received national attention as a highly virulent disease. Its
      lack of early warning symptoms and the failure to develop highly sensitive
      screening tests have led some physicians to recommend prophylactic oophorectomies
      to women with relatives who have had ovarian cancer. Others have recommended
      routine screening of otherwise normal women for CA 125, a circulating tumor
      marker, and ultrasound examinations. Each of these techniques is associated with
      substantial false-positive rates that could lead to unnecessary surgery. A review
      of epidemiologic data suggests that familial ovarian cancer kindreds are rare,
      but women with first-degree relatives who have had ovarian cancer have a
      significant risk themselves for developing ovarian cancer. In addition, women
      with a great number of ovulatory cycles are at an increased risk for the disease.
      Circulating tumor markers are frequently elevated in women with advanced ovarian
      cancer, but their value in early detection of ovarian cancer has yet to be
      established. Advances in endovaginal ultrasound and color Doppler flow technology
      have significantly improved our ability to assess pelvic organs. This article
      presents the background, rationale, and structure of the Yale Early Detection
      Program for ovarian cancer, whose goals are to identify the best techniques for
      diagnosing ovarian cancer in an early stage, to determine the frequency with
      which such tests should be employed, to assess false-positive results, and to
      identify women who might benefit from prophylactic oophorectomies.

PMID- 1810101
TI  - Early detection of ovarian cancer: preliminary results of the Yale Early
      Detection Program.
AB  - Eighty-four women at high risk for ovarian cancer by having first-degree
      relatives with epithelial ovarian cancer participated in a newly established,
      early ovarian cancer detection program at Yale University. Participants were to
      be evaluated with physical examinations and circulating tumor markers at entry
      and every six months thereafter. Endovaginal ultrasound and color Doppler flow
      studies were to be performed at three and nine months following entry into the
      program. In addition, women were encouraged to follow American Cancer Society
      guidelines for mammography. Stool was checked for occult blood. Endometrial
      sampling was offered to post-menopausal women. No participant has developed an
      ovarian cancer since entering the program. One woman has been diagnosed to have
      breast cancer. False-positive levels of circulating tumor markers (CA 125, 4/84
      [4.8 percent]; lipid-associated sialic acid in plasma, 13/84 [15.5 percent];
      NB/70K, 4/84 [4.8 percent]; and urinary gonadotropin fragment, 1/65 [1.5
      percent]) were observed on entry into the program. Low resistive indices (less
      than 0.5) were documented in 8/91 (8.8 percent) ovaries studied by the color
      Doppler flow technique. One participant underwent a laparotomy based on a false
      positive endovaginal ultrasound examination. Tests now being employed in
      community practice have a high likelihood of being associated with false-positive
      results. Therapeutic interventions based on isolated abnormal tumor markers or
      ultrasound studies obtained from women with family histories of ovarian cancer
      may lead to inappropriate surgery. It is necessary for cancer centers to develop
      expertise in ovarian cancer detection techniques to advise physicians in their
      geographic areas appropriately about the significance of the abnormal screening
      test.

PMID- 1810103
TI  - The significance of Otfrid Foerster's work for the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
      Neurochirurgie.

PMID- 1810104
TI  - Foerster's activity and neurosurgery in Wroclaw (Breslau).

PMID- 1810105
TI  - [Anatomic relations of the cranial nerves to cerebral vessels and their medical
      importance].

PMID- 1810106
TI  - Relative surface hydrophobicity, antigen K1 and haemagglutinating activity are
      associated in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Hydrophobic property of 136 Escherichia coli strains was examined by salt
      aggregation test (SAT). Out of the tested strains 61 were SAT positive. The
      correlations among the surface properties characterized by SAT and other
      phenotypical properties, e.g. mannose resistant haemagglutinating activity
      (MRHA), mannose sensitive haemagglutinating activity (MSHA), presence of antigen
      K1 and adsorption to Al(OH)3 gel were examined. The results showed that (i)
      Possession of antigen K1 provides the bacterial cell a hydrophilic character and
      covers its relative surface hydrophobicity; (ii) Correlation exists between the
      relative hydrophobicity of the bacteria determined by SAT and their
      haemagglutinating activity. SAT values are also influenced by non
      haemagglutinating fimbriae and also by other non fimbrial structures; (iii) The
      hydrophilic surface characters are mainly expressed by the results of adsorption
      to Al(OH)3 gel and the hydrophobic characters rather by the SAT values.

PMID- 1810107
TI  - Binding of lectins (Con-A, lens, helix, PHA) to binding sites induced in
      Tetrahymena by insulin and lectins.
AB  - Concanavalin-A (Con-A) gave rise to a moderate aggregation in untreated (control)
      Tetrahymena pyriformis GL populations. The cells pretreated (imprinted) with
      insulin or lectins underwent aggregation earlier and to a greater degree than the
      untreated control cells. Lens lectin, although of the same sugar specificity as
      Con-A, was considerably less active than the latter. Helix lectin and
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), although of similar sugar specificity, accounted for a
      dissimilar extent of cell aggregation, in that Helix lectin was comparable in
      activity to Con-A. Pretreatment (imprinting) with insulin enhanced the
      aggregation inducing effect of those lectins which were capable of overlapping on
      the insulin receptor owing to similar specificity.

PMID- 1810102
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in high-risk cancer patients.
AB  - Menopausal estrogens are now being prescribed not only for symptom relief, but
      also to prevent the long-term sequelae of estrogen deficiency, namely
      osteoporosis and atherosclerotic disease. The well-established association
      between endometrial cancer and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has become less
      of a clinical concern due to the recognition of the protective effect of
      progestogens in this setting. A small literature has emerged suggesting that
      extending ERT to the woman with a history of endometrial carcinoma imposes no
      increased risk of recurrence and may improve survival. Candidates for ERT should
      be women with a better prognostic profile with reference to their cancer. The
      relationship between ERT and breast cancer remains a topic of intense debate and
      investigation. Overall, the current literature finds no significant increase in
      risk among healthy women without a family history of breast cancer. There are no
      guidelines with reference to the woman with a history of breast cancer and the
      use of ERT. The most prudent approach with this population is to consider
      alternative treatments until more is known.

PMID- 1810108
TI  - Heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in naturally infected and inoculated
      cow's milk.
AB  - A two phase slug flow tubular heat exchanger was used for the thermal
      inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in natural infected milk from seven cows.
      L. monocytogenes serotype 4b inoculated UHT sterilized milk was monitored in a
      parallel study. The two milks were heated at 71.1 degrees C for holding times of
      2, 4, 10, 15, 20 and 30 s. Milk was assayed for survivors immediately after heat
      treatment and weekly thereafter for 4 weeks during storage at 4 degrees C. No
      survivors were detected in the naturally infected milk at any of the holding
      times. Survivors were found at 2 and 4 s in the inoculated UHT milk with initial
      titres of 8 x 10(2) to 7.1 x 10(3) c.f.u./ml, only after storage at 4 degrees C
      for 28 days. No survivors were detected for 10 through 30 s holding times.

PMID- 1810109
TI  - Resistance of Escherichia coli to some antibiotics and biocides in the intestinal
      biofilm of mice.
AB  - An artificial monoflora of Escherichia coli in mice, as well as their
      autochtonous E. coli, exhibited enhanced resistance to streptomycin,
      chloramphenicol, sodium hypochlorite and silver nitrate. The level of resistance
      of the monoflora, which was 10-32 times higher than the in vitro determined
      Minimal Bactericidal Dose (MBCD), reached its maximum on the 7th-9th day after
      implantation. This latency is a requirement for the stabilization of the
      monoflora. Formaldehyde and carbenicillin were equally effective in the
      planktonic and in the biofilm mode of growth. In the case of carbenicillin the
      pieces of mouse colon contained about 60% of the dose used for exposure, in
      contrast to the 3% rate of streptomycin, showing the excellent penetrating
      ability of carbenicillin into the intestinal biofilm.

PMID- 1810110
TI  - A mathematical method for the identification of the ATGCAT recognition sequence
      of a Streptococcus mutans restriction endonuclease.
AB  - Taking advantage of a mathematical equation applied so far in different fields
      the calculation of ATGCAT recognition sequence of restriction endonuclease from
      Streptococcus mutans serotype C (SmuC I) is reported together with confirming
      computer and physical mapping data.

PMID- 1810111
TI  - Identification of ATGCAT sequence at sites of SmuC I restriction endonuclease by
      computer and physical mapping of adenovirus type 1 DNA.
AB  - Physical mapping of adenovirus type 1 DNA was carried out in order to analyze the
      recognition sequence of a novel Streptococcus restriction endonuclease. In
      addition to the new map and homology data on this poorly analyzed serotype, the
      result offers the definite evidence for the ATGCAT recognition sequence on
      adenovirus DNA and the physical map of cleavage points.

PMID- 1810112
TI  - Purification of a new restriction endonuclease from Streptococcus mutans and
      identification of its recognition sequence.
AB  - SmuE I, a type II restriction endonuclease, has been isolated from Streptococcus
      mutans serotype E, which is an isoschizomes of Ava II recognizes the palidromic
      pentanucleotide sequence 5' GG/W/CC 3'. Similarly to Ava II, SmuE I cleaves the
      sequence, G--G/W/CC, generating 5' protruding fragment termini.

PMID- 1810113
TI  - Clonal distribution of K1 and K5 antigen possessing Escherichia coli isolates.
AB  - A significant difference was observed in the occurrence of the examined markers
      (Col+, ColV+, Hly+, Aer+, AbR) and in the plasmid carrier state between strains
      with and without K1 and K5 antigens. Plasmids of the same size were harboured by
      serotypes possessing K1 and K5 antigens, e.g. among O1: K1: H- strains plasmids
      of 60-79 Md, among O1: K1: H7, O18ac: K1: H7, O45: K1: H7 and O83: K1: H- strains
      plasmids of 80-95 Md were frequent. The average plasmid number was higher in K1
      strains than in K5 strains. In serogroup O1 the frequency of the plasmid carrier
      state was associated with the O serogroup and not with the K antigen. The plasmid
      number in K5 of serogroups O6 and O18 was lower than in K5- strains. Plasmids of
      80-95 Md were predominant among the strains derived from blood and cerebrospinal
      fluid, whereas these plasmids were rare among the K1 and K5 strains isolated from
      other sources. Plasmids of 60-79 Md were frequent among strains derived from
      different sources. The 30-40 Md plasmids were relatively frequent among strains
      isolated from urine. In contrast with literary data, O1: K1: H-, O1: K1: H7 and
      other frequent serotypes consisted of different clones. Different clones were
      found within a single serotype, too.

PMID- 1810114
TI  - Distribution of nitrifying bacteria in fish culture tanks: influence of
      management factors.
AB  - Examination of microbial populations of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in model
      tanks used for farming of air-breathing catfish (ABFFS), polyculture of
      herbivorous carps (PS) and control system (CS) revealed maximum abundance of
      ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in ABFFS and minimal in CS. In any of the two
      culture systems, the chemical concentration or density of bacteria developed due
      to feed application was many times higher than other management factors. At a
      given time, the bacteria of each group occurring in any management protocol of
      ABFFS was about 10% higher than PS. Culture of air-breathing fishes caused
      greater abundance of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers than the herbivorous carps.
      There was a strong positive correlation between each of the chemical
      concentration of produced nitrite (ammonia oxidizers) and density of nitrite
      oxidizers and ratio of total nitrogen to phosphate.

PMID- 1810115
TI  - [Belgian Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma. Administrative compilation.
      1991].

PMID- 1810116
TI  - [Developmental consequences of early eye contact behavior].

PMID- 1810117
TI  - [Harmony in continuing education guidelines in child and adolescent psychiatry in
      the European Community. Approach to founding a European specialty section for
      child and adolescent psychiatry].

PMID- 1810118
TI  - [Defenses and socio-moral development of psychiatrically disordered adolescents].

PMID- 1810119
TI  - [Depression in pre-adolescence].

PMID- 1810120
TI  - [Developmental psychopathology of autistic disorders: what is primary?].

PMID- 1810121
TI  - [Treatment of families in an inpatient and ambulatory environment of a pediatric
      and adolescent psychiatric clinic].

PMID- 1810122
TI  - [Separation in early childhood: current effects and long-term sequelae].

PMID- 1810123
TI  - [Critical reflection on the pathology concept "psychogenic vs. endogenous" from
      general practice of a system-oriented family therapy].

PMID- 1810124
TI  - [Comments on main procedures with public criminals from the viewpoint of
      adolescent psychiatry experts].

PMID- 1810125
TI  - [SEKL: an instrument for the assessment of self concept in children in the
      latency stage].

PMID- 1810126
TI  - [Development of socio-moral competence within the context of familial stress].

PMID- 1810127
TI  - [Legal prognosis of homicide crimes].

PMID- 1810128
TI  - [Anxiety neuroses in adolescence].

PMID- 1810129
TI  - Mechanism of thyroid hormone action.

PMID- 1810130
TI  - The thyroidectomized pregnant rat--an animal model to study fetal effects of
      maternal hypothyroidism.

PMID- 1810131
TI  - Thyroid system ontogeny in the sheep: a model for precocial mammalian species.
AB  - There is now extensive data in two animal models to characterize the events of
      thyroid system maturation in mammalian species. Data from the rat have
      contributed importantly to our understanding of thyroid development in the
      altricial species while studies in the sheep have characterized thyroid
      ontogenesis in precocial mammals. More limited data are available from human
      studies and this information, with the animal data, indicate that the major
      features of thyroid system development are qualitatively similar in all three
      species. The combined data has provided an important overview of mammalian
      thyroid ontogenesis. However the picture remains unfinished. We have limited
      insights into the maturation of the molecular events of hypothalamic pituitary
      control, the maturation of TSH and thyroid nuclear receptors and postreceptor
      events, and the mechanisms of the thyroid effects on brain maturation. We can
      look forward to continuing contributions in these areas.

PMID- 1810133
TI  - Thyroid function and hyperfunction in the pregnant woman.

PMID- 1810132
TI  - Maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy: effects on the fetus in congenital
      hypothyroidism and in iodine deficiency.

PMID- 1810134
TI  - Postpartum thyroid disease.

PMID- 1810135
TI  - Transfer and metabolism of thyroid-related substances in the placenta.

PMID- 1810136
TI  - Regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal repercussions.

PMID- 1810137
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism: new insight regarding etiology.

PMID- 1810138
TI  - Maternally transferred thyroid disease in the infant: recognition and treatment.

PMID- 1810139
TI  - Thyroid function in the preterm infant.

PMID- 1810140
TI  - Use of TRH in the fetus to advance lung maturity.
AB  - Maturation of the fetal lung is a complex process involving interactions between
      intrinsic biologic development of several cell types and hormonal triggering of
      biochemical and functional alterations. Catecholamines, corticosteroids, thyroid
      hormones and perhaps prolactin, all influence the transition from non-functional
      to functional pulmonary tissue, the most critical component necessary for
      extrauterine existence. The assimilation of clinical observation, in vitro
      experimentation, and animal studies has led to the potential of therapeutic
      intervention in a manner with minimal hazard to the fetus. The use of maternally
      administered TRH to reduce the incidence and severity of RDS, although still in
      the early stages of clinical application, appears to justify the long years of
      careful research in this area.

PMID- 1810141
TI  - Diverse abnormalities of the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor gene in
      generalized thyroid hormone resistance.

PMID- 1810142
TI  - Pathologic studies of fetal thyroid development.

PMID- 1810143
TI  - Cutaneous response to intradermal histamine in lung cancer.
AB  - Recent evidence has suggested that human neoplastic patients show decreased blood
      histamine levels and cutaneous responses to intradermal histamine. In this study
      we evaluate the skin response to intradermal injections of histamine and IgE
      levels in 34 male patients with lung cancer (of which 21 had metastasis) and in
      16 control subjects. Analysis of our data does not reveal any difference in the
      areas of wheal and flare between control subjects and lung cancer patients with
      or without metastasis. Moreover the evaluation of the different histologic cell
      type of lung cancer provides the same results. In addition, the sensitivity
      (Histamine Threshold Concentration) and reactivity (slopes) to histamine is not
      statistically different. No difference is found for IgE levels between controls
      and cancer patients. In the light of our finding we believe that in lung cancer
      patients skin response to intradermal histamine is not decreased, and therefore
      that the hypothesis concerning the existence of H1-histamine receptor antagonist
      released by tumour is not confirmed.

PMID- 1810144
TI  - Circulatory depression and ventricular arrhythmias induced by compound 48/80 in
      anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The effects of graded doses of compound 48/80 on various cardiovascular and
      respiratory parameters were studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats.
      Following intravenous injections, this compound significantly depressed the mean
      blood pressure (MBP), left ventricular pressure (LVP) and dLVP/dtmax, and caused
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) and death. Heart rate (HR)
      response were variable, and there were no marked changes in airway resistance or
      blood gases. Pretreatment of the animals with either cimetidine or
      diphenhydramine significantly prolonged the time of onset of VT/VF but failed to
      alter the changes in other circulatory variables. A combination of cimetidine and
      diphenhydramine significantly alleviated the decreases in MBP and LVP and
      prevented the occurrence of VT/VF. It is suggested that the circulatory
      depression and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias following the
      administration of compound 48/80 result from activation of H1- and H2-receptors
      by elevated blood histamine levels due to release of the amine from tissues.

PMID- 1810145
TI  - Metalloproteinases: role in pathology and development of inhibitors. 6th British
      Inflammation Research Association Meeting, 4 April 1990, University of Bath.

PMID- 1810146
TI  - The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are vasodilators in the canine coronary
      vasculature in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The effect of complement fragments on coronary blood flow in vivo and the
      contraction of coronary arteries in vitro was determined. In pentobarbital
      anesthetized dogs, intraarterial bolus injection of C3a and C5a, zymosan
      activated serum and methylcholine in the coronary vascular bed caused transient
      and dose-dependent increases in coronary blood flow. Similar increases were
      obtained with 25 micrograms of C3a (104 +/- 13%, n = 5) and 0.1 microgram of
      methylcholine (102 +/- 4%, n = 3). Smaller increases in blood flow were elicited
      by 25 micrograms of C5a (41 +/- 18%, n = 4) and 0.2 ml of zymosan-activated serum
      (48 +/- 5%, n = 4). None of these responses were associated with significant
      changes in left ventricular contractile force measured with a strain gauge,
      arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. C3a dilated the coronary vascular bed in
      conscious dogs with an activity equal to or greater than that observed in
      anesthetized dogs. Isolated canine coronary arteries that were precontracted with
      serotonin relaxed in response to C3a, whether or not the endothelium was intact.
      Overall these data suggest that physiologically high doses of anaphylactic
      complement fragments vasodilate the canine coronary circulation.

PMID- 1810147
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat arterial and venous vessels: sensitivity
      to capsaicin, bradykinin and FMLP.
AB  - Sensitivity of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) to
      capsaicin was investigated in different arterial and venous tissues (mesenteric,
      renal and femoral artery and vein and carotid artery and jugular vein) of the
      rat. In vivo capsaicin pre-treatment depleted or reduced tissue CGRP-LI in all
      the vessels examined with the exception of the carotid artery. Likewise, in vitro
      exposure to capsaicin evoked release of CGRP-LI from all vessels, excluding the
      carotid artery. Remarkable amount of CGRP-LI sensitive to capsaicin was present
      in both mesenteric artery and vein as compared to the other vascular tissues.
      Endogenous (bradykinin) or exogenous (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine)
      proinflammatory agents, were found to release CGRP-LI from mesenteric veins.

PMID- 1810148
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of ibuprofen in the rabbit.
AB  - The stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen was studied in male New Zealand
      White (NZW) rabbits (n = 4) following an infusion (0.16 mg/kg/min) to steady
      state of each of the enantiomers of ibuprofen with one week between treatments.
      The mean (+/- SEM) steady-state clearances of (R)-ibuprofen (15.5 +/- 1.1
      ml/min/kg) and (S)-ibuprofen (13.6 +/- 1.9 ml/min/kg) were not significantly
      different from each other (p greater than 0.05) and exceeded the plasma clearance
      of indocyanine green (4.3 +/- 0.4 ml/min/kg) in a separate group of rabbits (n =
      6). When the infusion rate of the enantiomers was doubled there was a significant
      decrease in the mean clearance of both (R)-ibuprofen (28%; p less than 0.018) and
      (S)-ibuprofen (24%; p less than 0.003). There was enantiospecific chiral
      inversion of (R)-ibuprofen to (S)-ibuprofen (fi = 0.30 +/- 0.07) as has been
      observed in all species so far studied for this 2-arylpropionic acid. The
      metabolic capacity for elimination of ibuprofen enantiomers was much greater than
      reported for either fenoprofen or ketoprofen and suggests that the clearance of
      ibuprofen enantiomers may be flow dependent in this species.

PMID- 1810149
TI  - Action of bradykinin at the cyclooxygenase step in prostanoid synthesis through
      the arachidonic acid cascade.
AB  - Bradykinin enhances prostanoid synthesis in aorta smooth muscle cells. Free
      arachidonic acid also enhances prostanoid synthesis and bradykinin, unlike fatty
      acid releasing agents, has a synergistic effect with free arachidonic acid.
      Bradykinin promotes metabolite release from cells prelabeled with [14C]
      arachidonic acid and this effect is blocked completely by indomethacin. High
      performance liquid chromatography shows increase amounts of labeled 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha, prostaglandin E2 and three additional cyclooxygenase
      dependent metabolites but no increase in free arachidonic acid or other
      metabolites either in the absence or presence of indomethacin. Fatty acid
      releasing agents such as A23187 and cyclosporine A have very different effects on
      cells. These agents enhance levels of prostanoids, a number of other
      cyclooxygenase-independent metabolites, and free arachidonic acid which is even
      more elevated with added indomethacin. Bradykinin behaves in all respects like
      another agent, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and the action of both agents is
      consistent with a mechanism involving cyclooxygenase rather than fatty release in
      the arachidonic acid cascade.

PMID- 1810151
TI  - Anti-tumoral and anti-inflammatory effects of biological stains.
AB  - The biological stains, methylene blue and its metabolite azure B, were evaluated
      as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory agents. Azur B, administered in drinking
      water to tumor-bearing mice, inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors and the
      growth of primary tumors induced by methylcholanthrene. Inhibition of growth of
      primary tumors was observed only in female mice. Azure B also reduced the wet
      weight of carrageenin-induced granulomas in rats. Azure B, given intravenously to
      BCG-sensitized mice 15 minutes prior to challenge with lipopolysaccharide,
      decreased TNF production (to 10% of control values) and prevented death from
      endotoxic shock. Methylene blue decreased TNF production (to 50% of control
      values) but did not protect the animals from endotoxic shock. Our results suggest
      that some of the effects previously ascribed to methylene blue are probably
      mediated via its metabolite, i.e. azure B. Low toxicity and easy administration
      of the dyes explain their use in clinical settings.

PMID- 1810150
TI  - Effects of copper depletion and D-penicillamine treatment on the ocular
      inflammatory response.
AB  - Rabbits placed on a copper (Cu)-deficient diet for four weeks had lower plasma Cu
      concentration, ferroxidase activity, and antioxidant activity than rabbits fed an
      identical Cu-adequate basal diet. Inflamed aqueous humor from rabbits on the Cu
      deficient diet also had less Cu, ferroxidase and antioxidant activity than
      inflamed aqueous humor from control rabbits. These differences mirrored changes
      in plasma levels. Furthermore, there was an increase in cellular infiltration
      into the aqueous humor of Cu-deficient rabbits. It is hypothesized that in Cu
      deficient rabbits there is an increase in free radical production and formation
      of chemotactic substances in the eye due to the decreased aqueous humor
      concentration of the endogenous antioxidant, ceruloplasmin. It is therefore
      likely that ceruloplasmin plays a protective role in the intraocular inflammatory
      response.

PMID- 1810152
TI  - Effects of vinblastine on neuropeptide Y levels in the sympathoadrenal system,
      bone marrow and thrombocytes of the rat.
AB  - The dose-related and time-related effects of vinblastine on tissue, platelet and
      plasma content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated in the rat and compared
      to the effects on catecholamine (CA) content. CA was quantified by HPLC with
      electrochemical detection and NPY-like immunoreactivity (LI) was analyzed by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). Vinblastine (3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased levels of both
      NPY-LI and CA after 48 h in the kidney, vas deferens and adrenal gland, whereas
      in the coeliac ganglion and bone marrow vinblastine induced an increase of NPY-LI
      which occurred already at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Also the content of NPY-LI in
      platelet-poor plasma and platelets as well as the decapitation-induced increase
      of plasma levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were attenuated by
      vinblastine (3.0 mg/kg). The elevation of NPY-LI content in the kidney, coeliac
      ganglion and bone marrow as well as the reduced levels of NPY-LI in platelets and
      platelet-poor plasma was observed already after 24 hours, whereas the reduction
      of NPY-LI and CA in the kidney and adrenal gland was present after 2 days.
      Vinblastine caused a biphasic effect on the content of NPY-LI in the sympathetic
      nerves of the kidney with an initial increase (by 120% at 24 h) followed by a
      decrease (by 79% at 4 days). The effect on NA-levels, however, was only a
      decrease. The axonal transport of NPY-LI as revealed by accumulation above a
      ligation of the sciatic nerve was reduced by 27% 2 days after vinblastine 3
      mg/kg. The vinblastine-evoked depletion of NPY-LI and catecholamines in the
      kidney as well as in the adrenal was largely prevented by chlorisondamine, a
      nicotinic ganglionic blocking agent, suggesting that preganglionic neuronal
      activity was a key factor for this effect, in contrast to the influence on the
      coeliac ganglion cells and the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Furthermore,
      the delayed vinblastine depletion of NPY-LI in the kidney resembled the influence
      of surgical axotomy while reserpine caused a more rapid and complete depletion of
      both NPY-LI and NA. It is concluded that the multiple effects of vinblastine on
      sympathetic nerves, adrenal gland and megakaryocytes/thrombocytes can be
      monitored by analysis of NPY and be related to interference with microtubuli
      function and/or neuronal activation.

PMID- 1810153
TI  - The long-term effects of seizures on the developing brain: clinical and
      laboratory issues.
AB  - The long-term effects of seizures on the developing brain is a difficult clinical
      problem to study since cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities may be
      related to the etiological agent responsible for the seizures, age at time of
      onset of seizures, the type, frequency, or duration of the seizures, or the
      antiepileptic drugs used to treat the seizures. Many of these variables can be
      eliminated by using animal models of epilepsy. Work in our laboratory using the
      kainic acid (KA) model has demonstrated that status epilepticus in prepubescent
      and mature rats leads to significant deficits in memory, learning and behavior as
      adults when compared to control littermates without seizures. These rats also had
      a high incidence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and an increased
      susceptibility to seizures using kindling and flurothyl. However, younger animals
      (less than or equal to 20 day old) with KA-induced seizures of similar severity
      were not associated with later neurological deficits. The immature animals also
      had a low rate of SRS and did not differ from controls in susceptibility to
      kindling or flurothyl. Studies using the continuous hippocampal stimulation model
      of epilepsy have also demonstrated that prolonged seizures in the developing
      brain are less severe than those in the mature animal. The pathophysiological
      mechanisms that "protect" the young brain from long-term detrimental effects of
      prolonged seizures are unknown.

PMID- 1810155
TI  - Cerebral blood flow velocity in term infants treated with phototherapy.
AB  - The relationship between phototherapy and changes in the cerebral circulation was
      studied in 50 jaundiced newborn infants. The aim of the study was to determine
      whether important alterations in cerebral hemodynamic occur under blue light
      therapy. Blood flow velocity, i.e., the pulsatility index (PI) and the area under
      the velocity curve (AUVC), was measured in the anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)
      using a Duplex scan technique. No prominent changes compromise flow in the ACA.
      PI and AUVC values were similar during and after phototherapy (p greater than
      0.5) suggesting effective cerebral autoregulation in term infants undergoing
      light treatment for hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 1810154
TI  - Multiple sclerosis in childhood: report of 15 cases.
AB  - We report the preliminary results of an ongoing study of multiple sclerosis (MS)
      in childhood. The investigations include an analysis of the clinical picture and
      course. Multiple sclerosis in early childhood may present atypically, with a
      symptomatology suggesting diffuse encephalomyelitis, meningeal reaction, brain
      oedema, seizures, impaired consciousness and in some cases take a lethal course.
      Imaging studies including MRI and MR-spectroscopy, CSF-analysis,
      electrophysiology (VEP, BAEP, SER), and virological and immunological
      investigations are performed. So far 15 children have been studied. Their age at
      the onset of the disease ranged from 3 to 15 years. Abnormal CSF-findings with
      pleocytosis and oligoclonal IgG bands were present in 11 and 10 out of 15
      patients respectively. MRI revealed numerous white matter lesions in the brain
      stem and cerebral hemispheres. VEP, BAEP and SER's were abnormal in most
      children. Proton magnetic resonance spectra from plaques exhibited a 50-80%
      decrease in N-acetyl aspartate, which is a potential marker of vital neuronal
      tissue, a decrease of the creatine pool and an increase of choline-containing
      compounds. Lactate was not increased. Our observations of MS in early childhood
      cast doubt on some of the previous notions concerning a latency period of several
      years between the exposure to a still unknown agent and the manifestation of MS.
      In view of atypical features in the initial phase, it would seem desirable to
      record cases of encephalomyelitis of undetermined origin as potential cases of MS
      and to register the further course for verification or exclusion.

PMID- 1810157
TI  - Blink reflex in young children with medullary kink in Chiari malformation.
AB  - We studied the blink reflex (especially the late components ipsi- and
      contralateral to stimulation site, R2 and R2') in 17 patients under 6 years of
      age; 12 with Chiari malformation, 1 with Dandy-Walker syndrome and 4 with
      brainstem tumor. We investigated the correlation between the R2 or R2' and neuro
      image findings. Out of various features of the brainstem lesion revealed by MRI
      or CT examinations, the medullary kink characteristic in Chiari malformation was
      most responsible for abnormality of R2 and R2'. In addition, the fact that the
      disturbance of R2 and R2' in patients with Chiari malformation was more apparent
      in younger children than older ones confirms the intrinsic vulnerability of the
      blink reflex in the younger age groups as noted in normal children.

PMID- 1810156
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow in relation to MRI and EEG findings in tuberous
      sclerosis.
AB  - To identify the focus of paroxysmal neuronal activity causing epilepsy in
      tuberous sclerosis (TS), the regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) in 19 patients
      with TS was assessed using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      with I-123 iodoamphetamine (IMP), in correlation with serial interictal EEGs and
      organic changes observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There was a general
      irregularity of cortical IMP uptake and retention in TS, and two-thirds of the
      cerebral regions exhibiting high intensity in T2-weighted MRI images (cortical
      tubers) showed a decrease in r-CBF. In addition to in tubers, decreased r-CBF was
      observed in regions in which MRI was considered to indicate destruction of the
      normal cortex, atrophy or vascular abnormalities, although these areas did not
      consistently show epileptic changes in serial EEGs. Among the cortical regions
      which consistently showed epileptic foci in serial EEGs, none showed abnormal r
      CBF without lesions on MRI. We conclude that IMP-SPECT is useful for visualizing
      the epileptogenic laterality in cases with bilateral MRI lesions and EEG
      epileptic changes, and to differentiate epileptogenic foci from
      electrophysiological propagated areas. However, regarding the severity of
      epilepsy, the MRI findings showed a better correlation than the IMP-SPECT
      findings did.

PMID- 1810158
TI  - Educational achievement in non-verbal children: are they learning disabled?
AB  - From a data-base of all nonspeaking children in North Dakota we analyzed the data
      on those children functioning above the retarded range to determine the
      prevalence of children meeting the main inclusion criteria for learning
      disabilities (LD), a severe discrepancy between IQ and achievement. The mean IQ
      for this group of 38 nonspeaking, nonretarded children of 104.0 was significantly
      higher than IQ equivalent scores in the academic subjects of reading (66.4), math
      (70.4), written language (65.2), and spelling (71.2). Using a stringent criterion
      for an IQ-achievement discrepancy of 2 standard deviations, 27 of 38 (71%) met
      this criterion in at least one subject. Academic subjects dependent upon higher
      linguistic functioning, written language and reading, were more affected than
      spelling and math. While the vast majority (73%) of these 38 children were deaf,
      the prevalence of IQ-achievement discrepancies was also found in 57% of the
      nonspeaking children without hearing impairments. These data suggest the common
      practice of excluding a diagnosis of a learning disability in a deaf child on the
      basis of the child's hearing impairment may not be appropriate. Further research
      is needed on the role of speech in academic achievement.

PMID- 1810159
TI  - Continuous comparison of cerebral blood flow velocity and volume on hypoxia.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the basilar artery, monitored by Doppler
      sonography, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the parietal cortex, monitored by
      Laser Doppler flowmetry, were continuously recorded and compared during and after
      hypoxic loading with nitrogen (N2) or carbon dioxide (CO2). On severe hypoxic
      loading (10% O2) of N2, CBFV and CBF increased with an increase in blood pressure
      (BP). On the other hand, with 18% and 15% O2 with CO2, CBFV and CBF increased
      with BP. However, there was a difference between CBF and CBFV in the recovery
      stage. CBF continued to be elevated for a long time, while CBFV rapidly
      normalized after loading. With 10% O2 with CO2, CBFV, CBF and BP decreased at
      first, and then increased during loading. Also, the difference between CBF and
      CBFV in the recovery stage being more definite. Thus, on continuous measurement,
      CBFV shows similar changes to CBF in response to hypoxia. However, CBFV shows
      different changes from CBF in association with dilatation or constriction of
      cerebral vessels. Resistance index (RI) shows different changes and have a
      different significance from CBF and CBFV.

PMID- 1810160
TI  - The Rett syndrome: the first case report from Pakistan.
AB  - We report an 11-yr-old girl who visited the outpatient department of Islamabad
      Children's Hospital with uncontrolled seizures, psychomotor retardation and hand
      washing movements since early childhood. She had an uneventful peri- and neonatal
      history with a normal head size at birth and fulfilled the criteria of classic
      Rett syndrome. This is the first report of the Rett syndrome in Pakistan.

PMID- 1810161
TI  - Mental retardation in congenital nonprogressive myopathy with uniform type 1
      fibers.
AB  - A 12-year-old girl with proximal muscle weakness and delayed psychomotor
      development from early infancy is presented. She had a myopathic face, high
      arched palate, nasal tone vocalization, positive Gowers' sign, waddling gait and
      decreased deep tendon reflexes. Her IQ was 40 (PIQ = 39, VIQ = 51). The serum
      creatine kinase level and peripheral nerve conduction velocity as well as
      electrocardiogram were normal. The electromyogram showed myopathic changes.
      Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of thigh muscles revealed fatty infiltration of
      all muscle groups, the hypertrophic biceps femoris and semimembranous muscles
      being spared. A biopsy specimen from the left biceps brachii muscle revealed
      small caliber fibers, increased variability of fiber size and uniformity of type
      1 fibers (greater than 99%). This case was diagnosed as having congenital
      nonprogressive myopathy with uniform type 1 fibers, and had a non-deteriorating
      clinical course as in most congenital nonprogressive myopathy cases.

PMID- 1810162
TI  - Severe outcome of brain perfusion failure: a pre-hydranencephalic state?
AB  - Four children surviving severe hypoxic-ischemic brain damage showed subtotal
      destruction of the cerebral hemispheres, with partial preservation of some
      infratentorial and supratentorial brain structures. True multicystic
      encephalopathy features were identified in two cases on CT scanning. The other
      patients showed more pronounced brain tissue destruction, with overall malacia of
      the hemispheres. An echographic study demonstrated that the brain damage occurred
      progressively, within about one month, and was preceded by oedema, white matter
      malacia and cavitation. The role of the compensatory mechanisms responsible for
      preservation of structures supplied by the vertebral-basilar circle is discussed.
      The authors suggest that the observed outcome could be considered a stage
      immediately preceding the most severe damage represented by hydranencephaly.

PMID- 1810163
TI  - Tongue dyskinesia as an early manifestation of Wilson disease.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy was diagnosed as having Wilson disease. He perceived
      involuntary tongue movement and speech disorder since March 1990. The tongue
      movements presented in the resting state and during action. It contracted
      transversely and bilaterally with an irregular frequency about 1 Hz. As a result,
      the sides of the tongue moved to form a narrow central groove. This was quite
      different from the tongue protrusion of tardive dyskinesia. His speech had
      imprecise consonants, monopitch, low pitch, low volume, harsh voice, and
      hyponasality. These suggested that tongue dyskinesia could be an early sign of
      Wilson disease and was not the main cause of his dysarthria.

PMID- 1810164
TI  - Left occipital hypoperfusion in a case with the Asperger syndrome.
AB  - The Asperger syndrome, a less severe variant of autism, has drawn increasing
      interest among child psychiatrists. Cerebral blood flow studies with autistic
      subjects have failed to reveal consistent findings. We are reporting a case with
      the Asperger syndrome, whose single photon emission computed tomography showed
      left occipital hypoperfusion.

PMID- 1810165
TI  - Characteristic changes on brain CT in a case of Leigh encephalopathy with
      deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
AB  - A girl aged 23 months of Leigh encephalopathy with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
      (PDHC) deficiency was reported. Brain CT scan showed atrophy of the frontal and
      parietal cortex, low density in the midbrain and putamina, and rounded caudatum.
      CT change was showed from rounded to atrophic caudatum during a three-month
      period. The rounded caudatum may be an early CT finding in Leigh encephalopathy.

PMID- 1810166
TI  - Bilateral porencephalic defect and bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria.

PMID- 1810167
TI  - Simultaneous electrochemical measurements of oxygen and dopamine in vivo.
AB  - Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, a demonstrated analytical method for the in vivo
      detection of catecholamine neurotransmitters, is extended to the simultaneous
      determination of molecular oxygen (O2). Cyclic voltammograms were recorded at a
      scan rate of 400 V/s at carbon-fiber disk electrodes coated with a perfluorinated
      ion-exchange material. The peak current for O2 occurs near -1.2 V under these
      conditions. In flow-injection experiments, these electrodes respond to step
      changes in dopamine and O2 with a half-rise time of less than 200 ms. The
      voltammetric peak current is independent of flow rate, indicating a diffusion
      limited response unaffected by convection. Several compounds present in the in
      vivo matrix (adenosine, glutathione, and NAD and glutamic, lactic, and uric
      acids) were tested and shown not to interfere with the voltammetric signal for
      O2. These electrodes maintain a stable response in vivo for at least 6 h. They
      have been used to measure transient increases in both dopamine and O2 in the
      extracellular fluid of the caudate nucleus of an anesthetized rat in response to
      an electrical stimulus.

PMID- 1810168
TI  - Human genome initiative: analytical challenges.

PMID- 1810169
TI  - Protocol for resolving protein mixtures in capillary zone electrophoresis.
AB  - The separation of protein mixtures by capillary zone electrophoresis can be
      plagued by wall adsorption of the protein components, causing peak broadening and
      distortion. A method is presented for overcoming this problem by adding ethylene
      glycol to the protein sample and by choosing the running buffer and protein
      sample to be at different pH values and molarities. This protocol appears to work
      for a wide class of proteins having different molecular weights and pI values.
      The method has been applied to the analysis of proteins in human serum. Compared
      to the traditional method of agarose gel electrophoresis, the present method is
      more rapid and offers better resolution, suggesting its potential as a clinical
      diagnostic of certain disease states.

PMID- 1810170
TI  - [Application of artificial intelligence techniques in organic chemistry. Study,
      by computer, of NMR 13C of steroids].
AB  - This work describes the utilization of two groups of programs in searching for
      characteristic signals of NMR 13C of steroidal compounds. The first group of
      programs used data bases with the spectral data and a methodology that enables
      the choice and the search of substructures. The chemical shifts and
      multiplicities for each specific substructure are used as rules to identify
      different types and subtypes of steroidal compounds. The second one was built to
      apply the rules formulated by the first group of programs and to foresee any
      skeletal based on a spectral analysis.

PMID- 1810171
TI  - [Growth, thyroid function, pubertal development and gonadal function in survivors
      of childhood brain tumors].
AB  - The aggressive use of multiple therapeutic modalities has led to a significant
      increase in the number of survivors of childhood malignancy. Abnormalities of
      linear growth, thyroid function and sexual development are encountered often in
      children and adolescents following the successful treatment of brain tumours.

PMID- 1810172
TI  - [Family counseling in pediatrics].
AB  - In this article it is outlined the medical biopsychosocial approach with
      particular emphasis on the family viewed as the primary health care agency. It is
      presented the concept of consultation, its advantages and applications within the
      clinical work with families.

PMID- 1810173
TI  - [Psychoses and relational games].
AB  - This paper examines psychosis as a manifestation of the internal logic of a
      relation system. Our interest thus shifts from the singular individual to what
      may be considered his significant system--the family. The paper shows how the
      systemic view of this specific clinical syndrome has developed since the initial
      researches.

PMID- 1810174
TI  - [Clinical case of alloimmunization with a rare anti-Cartwright antibody
      associated with anti-Kidd antibody].
AB  - A patient with a rare IgG anti-Cartwright (anti-Yt(a)) is reported. An
      association with anti-Kidd(a) was also found. The behavior of this antibody "in
      vivo" is discussed. The clinical importance of this is compared with data in the
      literature. A satisfactory intercenter cooperation is emphasized.

PMID- 1810175
TI  - [Usefulness of preoperative biliary drainage: comparison of therapeutic
      strategies].
AB  - This work shows the results obtained by the comparison between a period in which
      obstructive icterus was treated only surgically and a mixed period, based on
      endoscopic or endoscopic surgical treatment. In a period of 9 years (1979-87),
      186 patients suffering from obstructive icterus were admitted into the 1st
      Division of General Surgery at Ospedale Maria Vittoria, Turin. In the first five
      years (1979-83) all the patients (78) were indistinctly operated after the usual
      diagnostic controls. In the following four years (1983-87) 62 out of 108
      patients, considered as high-risk ones, underwent drainage by endoscopic way. In
      the high-risk patients, both neoplastic and not, morbidity rate, death rate and
      average stay in hospital were evidently lower after endoscopic or endoscopic
      surgical treatment than after surgery alone. In conclusion, endoscopic pre
      operating drainage in selected and/or high-risk patients greatly reduces
      perioperative complications and mortality.

PMID- 1810176
TI  - [Treatment of large laparoceles: review and personal experience].
AB  - Surgical correction of laparocele is still today a problem for the surgeon.
      Physiopathological aspects, preparation to surgery and most of all the
      indications to the use of synthetic prosthesis are reviewed. Easy application and
      lesser evidence of recurrency and complications suggest a wider field of
      indications of these procedures. Attention should be payed to the rules of a
      careful operative technique involving the use of foreign bodies.

PMID- 1810177
TI  - [Bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer: indications for surgical intervention].
AB  - The best chance for a patient with a bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer is: "a
      diligent doctor and a reluctant surgeon". It is necessary to evaluate clinical
      and endoscopic elements and to check haemodynamic and general conditions of the
      patient. A better prognosis is ensured by prompt initiation of therapy. All
      patients with a bleeding since 12 hours or rebleeding must be selected for urgent
      surgery. The success of surgical intervention is the result of an exact
      indication and the most correct surgical procedure. Selection of patients for
      surgery must ensure careful local haemostasis and control of hyperchlorhydria.

PMID- 1810178
TI  - Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases.

PMID- 1810180
TI  - Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis.
AB  - The emergence of pneumococci resistant to penicillin and other agents prompted us
      to evaluate intravenous vancomycin for the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis,
      which has an overall mortality of 30%. Eleven consecutive adult patients with
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-culture-proven pneumococcal meningitis and positive
      initial CSF Gram stain were given intravenous vancomycin (usual dosage, 7.5 mg/kg
      every 6 h for 10 days). The MBCs of vancomycin ranged from 0.25 to 0.5
      micrograms/ml. Early adjunctive therapy with intravenous dexamethasone, mannitol,
      and sodium phenytoin was also instituted. After 48 h of therapy, all 11 patients
      showed a satisfactory clinical response, although the CSF culture remained
      positive in one case; median trough CSF and serum vancomycin levels were 2 and
      5.1 micrograms/ml, respectively, and trough CSF bactericidal titers ranged from
      less than 1:2 to 1:16. On day 3, one patient died of acute heart failure. Four
      patients had clinical failure at on days 4 (two patients), 7 (one), and 8 (one)
      of therapy; they all immediately responded to a change in antibiotic therapy. The
      remaining six patients were cured after 10 days of vancomycin therapy. At this
      point, median peak CSF and serum vancomycin levels were 1.9 and 18.5
      micrograms/ml, respectively. A transient alteration of renal function occurred in
      two patients, and persistent slight hypoacusia occurred in three patients. In
      summary, 11 adults with pneumococcal meningitis were treated with vancomycin and
      early adjunctive therapy including dexamethasone. All patients initially
      improved, and 10 were ultimately cured of the infection. However, four patients
      experienced a therapeutic failure, which led to a change in vancomycin therapy.

PMID- 1810179
TI  - Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants.
AB  - To determine the extent of antiviral activity present in a number of plant
      extracts, hot glycerin extracts were prepared from Rheum officinale, Aloe
      barbadensis, Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnus purshianus, and Cassia angustifolia and
      their virucidal effects were tested against herpes simplex virus type 1. All the
      plant extracts inactivated the virus. The active components in these plants were
      separated by thin-layer chromatography and identified as anthraquinones. A
      purified sample of aloe emodin was prepared from aloin, and its effects on the
      infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus,
      pseudorabies virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus were tested by
      mixing virus with dilutions of aloe emodin for 15 min at 37 degrees C,
      immediately diluting the sample, and assaying the amount of infectious virus
      remaining in the sample. The results showed that aloe emodin inactivated all of
      the viruses tested except adenovirus and rhinovirus. Electron microscopic
      examination of anthraquinone-treated herpes simplex virus demonstrated that the
      envelopes were partially disrupted. These results show that anthraquinones
      extracted from a variety of plants are directly virucidal to enveloped viruses.

PMID- 1810181
TI  - Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for prevention and treatment of
      experimental Candida endocarditis.
AB  - Fluconazole and amphotericin B were compared in the prophylaxis and treatment of
      Candida albicans aortic endocarditis in a rabbit model. In the prophylaxis study,
      catheterized rabbits received, prior to intravenous (i.v.) challenge with C.
      albicans (2 x 10(7) blastospores), either no therapy, single-dose i.v.
      amphotericin B (1 mg/kg of body weight), single-dose fluconazole (50 mg/kg or 100
      mg/kg i.v. or intraperitoneally [i.p.]), or fluconazole (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg
      i.v. or i.p.) with a second dose 24 h after inoculation. A single dose of
      amphotericin B was significantly more effective than either the one- or two-dose
      regimens of fluconazole at both 50 mg/kg (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.03,
      respectively) and 100 mg/kg (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001,
      respectively) in the prevention of C. albicans endocarditis. In parallel
      treatment studies of established C. albicans endocarditis, i.v. amphotericin B (1
      mg/kg) or i.p. fluconazole (50 mg/kg) was begun 24 or 60 h postinfection and
      continued daily for 9 or 12 days. At these dose regimens, amphotericin B was
      consistently more effective than fluconazole in reducing fungal vegetation
      densities, regardless of the timing of initiation of therapy. We also examined
      the efficacy of fluconazole at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. administered for 21
      days in the treatment of established C. albicans endocarditis. When therapy was
      continued for 2 weeks or longer, fluconazole was more effective than no drug and
      approximately twice as effective as 12 days of amphotericin B in reducing
      intravegetation fungal densities. Our results suggest that amphotericin B is
      superior to fluconazole in both the prophylaxis and treatment of C. albicans
      endocarditis in the rabbit model. These findings may relate to the predominantly
      fungistatic activity of fluconazole against C. albicans in vitro.

PMID- 1810182
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of efficacy of incorporation of trimethoprim
      and sulfamethoxazole in brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) used for prophylactic
      chemotherapy of fish.
AB  - The brine shrimp Artemia, an excellent live food source in aquaculture, has been
      studied as a carrier to deliver selected chemotherapeutic agents to fish for
      prophylactic treatment of infectious diseases. To monitor the efficiency of
      incorporation of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in Artemia franciscana, a
      sensitive and specific analytical method was developed. It is based on
      homogenization of Artemia nauplii in methanol, extraction of lipids with hexane,
      solid-phase cleanup on C18 cartridges, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography
      with detection at 210 nm. The method is sensitive (detection limit, on the order
      of 3 micrograms/g with a sample quantity of 30 mg [dry weight]) and reproducible
      (coefficients of variation, 2.2 and 1.8% for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole at
      levels of 79.6 and 257 micrograms/g of body weight, respectively). Preliminary
      quantitative data indicated excellent uptake and persistence of both therapeutic
      agents in A. franciscana, with levels of 115 micrograms/g for trimethoprim and
      277 micrograms/g for sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 1810183
TI  - Conjugative transfer genes in staphylococcal isolates from the United States.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from various
      geographic areas in the United States were examined by using a conjugative
      transfer gene DNA probe in dot-blot hybridization assays. Of 175 S. aureus
      isolates, 47 (27%) hybridized with the probe, while 24 of 208 (11.5%) coagulase
      negative staphylococci hybridized. However, among methicillin-resistant S. aureus
      52% (45 of 89) were probe positive while only 2% (2 of 86) of methicillin
      susceptible S. aureus were probe positive. In contrast, 12.5% (22 of 176) of
      methicillin-resistant and 6% (2 of 32) of methicillin-susceptible coagulase
      negative staphylococci contained transfer genes. All but one of the staphylococci
      containing transfer genes were resistant to gentamicin; 91.5% of S. aureus and
      65% of coagulase-negative staphylococci containing transfer genes transferred
      gentamicin resistance to a S. aureus recipient. Of the 12 isolates that
      hybridized with the probe but did not transfer resistance, 10 (6 coagulase
      negative staphylococci and 4 S. aureus) carried both gentamicin resistance and
      conjugative transfer genes on the same plasmid. Of these 10, 6 contained plasmid
      target fragments of sizes different from that of the probe, suggesting additions
      or deletions of DNA essential for transfer, while in 4 no such alterations could
      be detected. In two coagulase-negative staphylococci the entire transfer region
      was apparently integrated into the chromosome. Thus, staphylococci carrying
      conjugative transfer genes are widely disseminated in the United States and are
      usually found in multiresistant isolates on plasmids that also encode gentamicin
      resistance.

PMID- 1810184
TI  - Steady-state pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma from patients with
      nosocomial pneumonia: penetration of the bronchial mucosa.
AB  - A 30-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion of 200 mg of ciprofloxacin was administered
      twice daily to 12 patients with nosocomial pneumonia scheduled to undergo
      diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were
      examined at the presumed steady state after 5 days of treatment. Eleven
      successive plasma samples were collected in the interval from 0 to 12 h after
      administration, and bronchial mucosa samples were taken 2 h after administration.
      Concentrations of drug in all samples were assayed by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorimetric detection. The results showed that the kinetics
      in plasma did not differ from those determined previously in healthy volunteers.
      The mean concentrations in plasma peaked at 4.94 +/- 2.90 mg/liter at the end of
      infusion. The terminal half-life was 4.95 +/- 2.81 h, and the mean residence time
      6.13 +/- 3.17 h. A large volume of distribution was calculated: 2.59 +/- 1.43
      liters/kg. Mean total body clearance was 23.3 +/- 10.1 liters/h. The
      concentrations in bronchial mucosa reached 21.6 +/- 5.63 micrograms/g 2 h after
      drug intake. The tissue-versus-plasma concentration ratios ranged from 10.1 to
      26.3 (mean value, 16.9 +/- 5.43). After 6 to 12 days of i.v. treatment, four
      patients were switched to oral ciprofloxacin. We propose a model for the
      simultaneous fit of the concentration-time curves obtained after i.v. infusion
      and oral dosing. The concentrations in tissue observed in this study were in
      excess of the MICs for bacteria considered to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 1810185
TI  - Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila grown extracellularly and in human
      monocytes to indole-3-propionic acid.
AB  - Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a phytohormone derivative, is a potent inhibitor
      of growth of Legionella pneumophila cultivated extracellularly in a chemically
      defined hypotonic medium and intracellularly in human monocytes. The inhibitory
      activity turns into bactericidal activity with increasing concentrations. The
      susceptibility of the microorganism to IPA was more evident in "fast-growing"
      cultures (under conditions of vigorous shaking) than in static cultures growing
      under an atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air, which resulted in a decreased growth rate.
      The MIC, after incubation with the drug for 48 h and as determined by counting of
      the CFU, was 1.58 microM for fast-growing cultures and 2.64 microM for those
      grown under static conditions. The MBCs were 5.28 and 26.43 microM, respectively.
      Tryptophan (Trp) at 150 microM prevented the inhibition caused by 2.64 microM
      IPA, increased the MIC about 3-fold, and increased the MBC by 10-fold. The effect
      of Trp was less remarkable in "slow-growing" cultures. The susceptibility of L.
      pneumophila proliferating in human monocytes was markedly lower than that when it
      was cultivated extracellularly in the chemically defined hypotonic medium. The
      MIC after incubation for 48 h was 5.28 microM, and a decrease in viable count was
      achieved with 105.70 microM. The lower susceptibility was apparently due (at
      least partially) to the presence of Trp (24.50 microM) in the RPMI 1640 medium
      that was used for the monocyte cultures. The effect of IPA was time dependent,
      and prolonged exposure enhanced the bactericidal activity and turned the
      inhibitory dose into a bactericidal dose. The present data demonstrate that IPA
      is a potent anti-L. pneumophila factor, although it has a markedly lower activity
      against bacteria growing intracellularly compared with its activity against
      extracellularly proliferating microorganisms.

PMID- 1810186
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of GLQ223 in rats, monkeys, and patients with AIDS or AIDS
      related complex.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of GLQ223 administered as a single short intravenous
      infusion to rats, monkeys, and patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC)
      are presented. GLQ223 was given at a dose of 3,500 micrograms/kg of body weight
      to five Sprague-Dawley rats; a dose of 300 micrograms/kg was given to three
      cynomolgus monkeys; and doses of 1, 8, 16, 24, and 36 micrograms/kg were given to
      10 patients with AIDS and 8 patients with ARC in an escalating dose design.
      Plasma clearance was 0.85 +/- 0.24 liter/h/kg in rats, 0.16 +/- 0.08 liter/h/kg
      in monkeys, and 0.13 +/- 0.07 liter/h/kg in patients with AIDS or ARC. The volume
      of distribution at steady state was 0.42 +/- 0.12, 0.21 +/- 0.20, and 0.18 +/-
      0.50 liter/kg in rats, monkeys, and patients, respectively. The elimination half
      life was 1.3 +/- 0.4, 3.7 +/- 1.5, and 3.2 +/- 1.0 h in rats, monkeys, and
      patients, respectively. The disposition of GLQ223 was not dose dependent within
      the dose range tested in patients with AIDS or ARC. Interspecies pharmacokinetic
      scaling resulted in a good linear correlation for plasma clearance and the volume
      of distribution at steady state plotted versus species body weight on a log-log
      scale, indicating the predictability of elimination and distribution of GLQ223
      among species. Allometric equations derived may be useful for the prediction of
      doses and dosage regimens to be used in animal models.

PMID- 1810187
TI  - Correlation between human lactoferrin binding and colicin susceptibility in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli H10407 demonstrated low 125I-human lactoferrin (HLf) binding
      (7%) and was insusceptible to group A (A, E1, E2, E3, E6, and K) and group B (B,
      D, Ia, Ib, and V) colicins. Conversely, a spontaneous HLf high-binding (44%)
      variant, H10407(Lf), demonstrated an increase susceptibility to both colicin
      groups. Colicin-insusceptible E. coli wild-type strains 75ColT, 84ColT, and
      981ColT showed a low degree of HLf binding, i.e., 4, 8, and 10%, respectively.
      The HLf binding capacity was high in the corresponding colicin-susceptible
      mutants 75ColS (43%), 84ColS (32%), and 981ColS (43%). Furthermore, HLf low-
      (less than 5%) and high- (greater than 35%) binding E. coli clinical isolates (10
      in each category) were tested for susceptibility against 11 colicins. Colicin V
      susceptibility did not correlate with HLf binding in either categories. However,
      with the remaining colicins, three distinct HLf-binding, colicin susceptibility
      patterns were observed; (i) 10 of 10 HLf low-binding strains were colicin
      insusceptible, (ii) 6 of 10 HLf high-binding strains were also colicin
      insusceptible, and (iii) the remaining HLf high binders were highly colicin
      susceptible. Certain proteins in the cell envelope and outer membrane of wild
      type H10407 (HLf low binder, colicin insusceptible) showed a lower mobility in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis compared to the
      corresponding proteins of mutant H10407(Lf) (HLf high binder, colicin
      susceptible). These mobility differences were also associated with HLf-binding
      proteins in Western blot (ligand blot) analysis. The wild type showed a smooth
      form of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a distinct ladder of O-chains, compared to
      the rough LPS of the mutant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810188
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and activity of intravenous dextran sulfate in human
      immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Polysulfated polysaccharides are attractive candidates for antiviral drug
      development because of their potent in vitro activities against human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpesviruses, and other enveloped viruses. To
      determine the potential anti-HIV activity of a prototypical polysulfated
      polysaccharide, we administered the maximally tolerated dose of dextran sulfate
      by continuous intravenous infusion to 10 subjects with symptomatic HIV infection
      for up to 14 days. Since parenteral dextran sulfate is an anticoagulant, the
      infusion was adjusted to produce the greatest acceptable increase in activated
      partial thromboplastin time. Drug concentrations in plasma achieved with this
      protocol were up to 200-fold greater than the 50% inhibitory concentration for
      free HIV infectivity in vitro. Despite this, circulating HIV antigen (p24) levels
      increased in all eight subjects who received the drug for more than 3 days
      (median proportional increase, 73.5%; range, 32 to 130%); this increase was
      highly significant when it was compared with that in a large cohort of untreated
      historical controls (Fisher's exact test, P less than 0.001). Frequent decreases
      in infusion rate were required in all subjects to maintain a constant activated
      partial thromboplastin time; plasma dextran sulfate levels did not fall as the
      infusion rate decreased, suggesting a decline in estimated drug clearance over
      time. Continuous intravenous dextran sulfate was toxic, producing profound but
      reversible thrombocytopenia in all eight subjects who received drug for more than
      3 days and extensive but reversible alopecia in five of these subjects. Because
      of its toxicity and lack of beneficial effect on surrogate markers, dextran
      sulfate is unlikely to have a practical role in the treatment of symptomatic HIV
      infection.

PMID- 1810189
TI  - High-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiological assay of serum ofloxacin
      levels in adults receiving intravenous and oral therapy for skin infections.
AB  - Thirty-two adults hospitalized with skin and skin structure infections received
      intravenous ofloxacin followed by oral ofloxacin. The standard treatment was 400
      mg every 12 h. One patient with renal failure received 400 mg every 24 h. Serum
      ofloxacin levels were measured (1.5 h postdose and 1 h predose) during
      intravenous (32 patients) and oral (30 patients) therapy. Levels were assayed by
      high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microbiological assay (MBA). Mean
      levels +/- standard deviation (in micrograms per milliliter) when measured by MBA
      after intravenous dosing were (postdose versus predose) 6.23 +/- 2.49 versus 2.42
      +/- 1.56, and those after oral dosing were 6.17 +/- 3.25 versus 3.49 +/- 2.77.
      When measured by HPLC, mean levels +/- standard deviation after intravenous
      dosing were 5.81 +/- 2.08 versus 2.14 +/- 1.26 and those after oral dosing were
      5.63 +/- 2.92 versus 3.41 +/- 2.98. There were no significant differences between
      levels achieved with oral or intravenous dosing when measured by either MBA or
      HPLC. Levels in serum did not correlate with side effects. The MICs for 50 and
      90% of the 40 aerobic pathogens isolated from 21 patients were 0.5 and 2.0
      micrograms/ml, respectively. Cure or improvement was achieved in 30 patients.
      Intravenous and oral administration of ofloxacin yielded similar levels in serum
      which were safe and effective in the therapy of skin infections in adult
      patients.

PMID- 1810190
TI  - Genotypic identification of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative
      staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - A rapid method for the detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci was
      developed. The method was based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
      primers that targeted the internal region of the coding frame of the mec gene.
      The amplification reaction was carried out with crude cell lysates as a source of
      target DNA and provided data in less than 5 h. Seventy-four isolates of coagulase
      negative staphylococci were tested by PCR, DNA hybridization with a probe derived
      from the mec gene, and an agar dilution susceptibility assay. PCR results showed
      a 100% correlation with the susceptibility assay carried out with high inocula
      (10(8) CFU) and incubation at 32 degrees C for 48 h. PCR was more sensitive and
      specific than DNA hybridization in detecting methicillin resistance in coagulase
      negative staphylococci. The former technique identified the mec gene in all the
      strains which were phenotypically resistant but which did not hybridize with the
      probe. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains by PCR offers a very
      specific, sensitive, and rapid alternative to traditional susceptibility tests
      and DNA hybridization as a guide for the treatment of infections caused by
      staphylococci.

PMID- 1810191
TI  - Comparison of conventional susceptibility tests with direct detection of
      penicillin-binding protein 2a in borderline oxacillin-resistant strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Six selected strains of Staphylococcus aureus classified as borderline oxacillin
      resistant, according to standard disk diffusion and microdilution susceptibility
      test methods, and seven methicillin-resistant and seven methicillin-susceptible
      control strains were examined for the presence of penicillin-binding protein 2a
      (PBP 2a) by fluorography and immunoblotting and for DNA hybridization with a mec
      specific probe in a dot blot assay. Oxacillin agar screen tests with and without
      NaCl supplementation were also performed with all strains. PBP 2a was detected
      both by fluorography and by immunoblotting in all seven methicillin-resistant
      control strains and in none of the susceptible controls. PBP 2a was detected in
      two borderline strains. Results of agar screen tests performed without NaCl
      supplementation were completely concordant with susceptibility determined by PBP
      2a and mec detection methods. Agar screening with NaCl supplementation was less
      accurate. These findings were confirmed with 20 additional borderline strains.
      Direct detection methods for the presence of PBP 2a or mec, the gene encoding it,
      allow accurate and definitive classification of borderline strains. Further
      efforts to develop a rapid, clinically useful, antibody detection system for PBP
      2a are warranted.

PMID- 1810192
TI  - Phase 1 study of recombinant human CD4-immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with
      AIDS and AIDS-related complex.
AB  - The safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant CD4-immunoglobulin G (rCD4-IgG)
      were evaluated in a phase 1 study with dose escalation. A total of 16 patients, 6
      with AIDS and 10 with AIDS-related complex, were evaluated at two university
      affiliated hospital clinics. rCD4-IgG was administered once weekly for 12 weeks
      to four patients each at doses of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight.
      Dosing was intravenous for two patients in the 1.0-mg/kg dose group and
      intramuscular for the remaining patients. Dosing was intravenous for two patients
      in the 1.0-mg/kg dose group and intramuscular for the remaining patients.
      Pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and immunologic variables were monitored with all
      patients. Administration of rCD4-IgG was well tolerated, with no important
      clinical or immunologic toxicities noted. No subjects required dose reduction or
      discontinuation of therapy due to toxicity. No consistent changes were seen in
      human immunodeficiency virus antigen levels in serum or CD4 lymphocyte
      populations. The volume of distribution was small, and compared with that of
      rCD4, the half-life of the hybrid molecule was markedly prolonged following
      intramuscular or intravenous administration. The rate and extent of absorption
      following intramuscular dosing were variable. Intramuscular administration of
      rCD4-IgG appears to be inferior to intravenous dosing from a pharmacokinetic
      standpoint, with lower peak concentrations and variable absorption. After
      intravenous administration, peak concentrations of rCD4-IgG in serum (20 to 24
      micrograms/ml) that have shown antiviral activity in vitro against more sensitive
      clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus were achieved. The peak
      concentrations in serum after intramuscular administration were below these
      levels. Treatment with rCD4-IgG was well tolerated at the doses administered to
      patients in this study but did not result in significant changes in CD4
      lymphocyte counts or p24 antigen levels in serum.

PMID- 1810193
TI  - Long-term protection of polyaspartic acid in experimental gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Polyaspartic Acid (PAA) protects the kidney from experimental gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity despite large increases in renal cortical gentamicin content. In
      these experiments, prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles were noted in all animals that
      received PAA with or without gentamicin. The present study showed that there were
      no renal structural or functional consequences of PAA given alone or with
      gentamicin for up to 14 days, followed by a 16-week washout period. Creatinine
      clearance was similar to that of controls in animals that received gentamicin and
      in those that received PAA alone. Thus, complete functional protection was
      conferred by PAA and gentamicin, confirming previous reports from our laboratory.
      There was no protection by PAA from the nephrotoxic effects of mercuric chloride
      and cis-platinum.

PMID- 1810194
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single 1,000-milligram, intravenous
      dose of metronidazole for antibiotic prophylaxis of colorectal surgery.
AB  - The levels of metronidazole in serum and tissue penetration of metronidazole were
      studied after prophylactic administration in 11 patients undergoing elective
      colorectal surgery. A single dose of 1,000 mg given intravenously was
      administered before surgery. Adequate drug levels in serum (greater than or equal
      to MIC for 90% of strains tested [MIC90] for Bacteroides fragilis) were found in
      all patients throughout the procedure. Mean peak (15-min) and last-determined (24
      h) metronidazole levels in serum were 28.8 +/- 8 and 4.2 +/- 1.7 mg/liter,
      respectively. The beta-phase elimination half-life was 9.5 +/- 2.3 h, and the
      clearance and apparent volume of distribution were 57 +/- 13 ml/min and 0.7 +/-
      0.1 liter/kg, respectively. In the colonic wall at surgical anastomosis, tissue
      metronidazole levels greater than or equal to MIC90 for B. fragilis were found in
      91% of patients. In the abdominal wall fat and epiploic fat, tissue metronidazole
      levels greater than or equal to MIC90 for B. fragilis were found in 40 to 60% of
      patients at surgical incision and closure. No anaerobic infection occurred during
      the study.

PMID- 1810195
TI  - Penetration of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime into brain abscesses in humans.
AB  - Since clinical trials comparing the efficacies of different antibiotic regimens
      for treatment of brain abscesses are difficult to perform, the choice of
      antibiotics must rely on the antibacterial spectrum and the ability of the drug
      to penetrate into the abscess fluid. The aim of this investigation was to study
      the ability of cefotaxime and its active metabolite desacetylcefotaxime to
      penetrate into brain abscesses. Eight patients were given 3 g of cefotaxime
      intravenously every 8 h. Abscess fluid samples, obtained at surgery at various
      times after dosing, and blood samples were analyzed for their concentrations of
      cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime by using a newly developed microbiological
      assay. The brain abscess concentrations of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime
      were 1.9 +/- 1.7 and 4.0 +/- 2.2 mg/liter, respectively. Simultaneous
      concentrations in plasma were 2.0 +/- 1.0 and 3.9 +/- 1.8 mg/liter, respectively.
      With increasing time following cefotaxime dosing there was a significant increase
      in the abscess:plasma concentration ratio of desacetylcefotaxime. Since both
      cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime penetrate well into the brain abscess,
      reaching concentrations above the MIC for probable bacteria except gram-negative
      anaerobes, it is concluded that cefotaxime in combination with metronidazole may
      be used as an alternative in the treatment of brain abscesses.

PMID- 1810196
TI  - Successful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations.
AB  - We compared the efficacy of a long-duration (3-week) therapy of vancomycin,
      fleroxacin, fleroxacin plus rifampin, and vancomycin plus fleroxacin and rifampin
      in a recently developed rat model of chronic staphylococcal foreign-body
      infection. Subcutaneous tissue cages containing polymethylmethacrylate coverslips
      were infected with 1 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) CFU of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus. Three weeks later, a quantitative culturing of the fluid
      that had accumulated in the cages was done (mean, 6.72 log10 CFU/ml; n = 110) and
      treatment was initiated after randomization. The CFUs in the cage fluid were
      counted on days 11 and 22 and 1 week after the termination of treatment; in
      addition, a final culture of coverslips (surface-bound microorganisms) was
      performed. The three-drug therapy was significantly superior to the other
      treatments on day 11 (a 5.16 log10 decrease of bacterial counts versus a 2.12
      log10 to 2.94 log10 decrease for vancomycin, fleroxacin, and fleroxacin plus
      rifampin; P less than 0.01). On day 22, count decreases were 4.16 log10 for
      vancomycin, 4.91 log10 for fleroxacin (vancomycin versus fleroxacin, not
      significant), 6.14 log10 for two-drug therapy, and 6.34 log10 for three-drug
      therapy (vancomycin-fleroxacin-rifampin versus fleroxacin-rifampin, not
      significant; fleroxacin-rifampin versus monotherapies, P less than 0.01); the
      numbers of CFU in most cage fluids were under the detection limit (20 CFU/ml) in
      combination groups. One week after the end of treatment, 92% of fluids and
      coverslips (detection limit, 1 CFU) were culture negative with tritherapy, 88% of
      fluids and 41% of coverslips were negative with bitherapy, and less than 12% of
      fluids and coverslips were negative with single drugs (for coverslips, P was
      <0.01 for vancomycin-fleroxacin-rifampin versus fleroxacin-rifampin and P was
      <0.001 for fleroxacin-rifampin versus the monotherapies). No mutants resistant to
      rifampin or fleroxacin were detected. In conclusion, antimicrobial combinations
      were highly effective and superior to single drugs in treating a chronic
      staphylococcal foreign-body infection for 3 weeks. The three-drug therapy
      decreased bacterial counts more rapidly than the two-drug therapy under study and
      appeared to be curative in most cases.

PMID- 1810197
TI  - Impact of pH and cationic supplementation on in vitro postantibiotic effect.
AB  - Most studies on pharmacodynamic variables in vitro, including the postantibiotic
      effect (PAE), are performed at pH 7.4 in noncationic-supplemented media, a
      situation which may differ significantly from the true microenvironment in most
      infected foci. We studied the impact of five different pH levels (pH 5, 6, 7,
      7.4, and 8) on the duration of the PAE, the MIC, and bactericidal activity. Acid
      pH was found to have in general a deleterious effect on the activity of
      aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, with the MIC being higher, the bactericidal rate being lower, and the
      PAE being shorter at pH 5 (and to a lesser extent at pH 6) than at more alkaline
      pH levels. Similar results were observed for imipenem against P. aeruginosa. The
      PAEs induced by ampicillin against E. coli and dicloxacillin against
      Staphylococcus aureus were not predictably dependent on the pH, whereas the PAEs
      induced by ciprofloxacin against S. aureus were longest at either end of the pH
      spectrum. The bactericidal activity of these agents was, however, pH dependent,
      being slower at acid pHs. The addition of 50 mg of Ca2+ and 20 mg of Mg2+ per
      liter of liquid medium at pH 7.4 did not affect the duration of the PAE. Since
      the pH in abscess cavities may be close to 5, these observations may be of
      importance for employment of the agents studied in closed or poorly drained
      infections.

PMID- 1810198
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida to flumequine.
AB  - The activity of the fluoroquinolone flumequine was investigated against the fish
      pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida and was compared with that of oxolinic acid.
      Flumequine was more active than oxolinic acid in terms of its MIC against
      oxolinic acid-resistant isolates of A. salmonicida and was as active as oxolinic
      acid against susceptible isolates. In contrast to oxolinic acid, flumequine was
      bactericidal, with only 1% of the bacteria surviving 6 h of exposure to the drug
      at concentrations slightly above the MIC. Mutation to resistance to flumequine
      was found to occur at a lower frequency than that to oxolinic acid. Hence, in
      vitro, flumequine appears to possess some advantages over oxolinic acid against
      this fish pathogen.

PMID- 1810199
TI  - The ability of suramin to block CD4-gp120 binding is reversed in the presence of
      albumin.
AB  - We have shown that suramin can directly inhibit the binding of the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 envelope protein to immobilized CD4, thus
      helping to explain the previously described antiviral properties of suramin.
      However, physiological concentrations of serum albumin significantly attenuated
      suramin's antiviral effects, suggesting that only free suramin has antiviral
      properties. Reported discrepancies between in vitro and clinical activities of
      suramin may be due to differences between free suramin levels in experimental
      assays and those achievable clinically.

PMID- 1810200
TI  - Lack of evidence for a saturable tetracycline transport system in Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - Previous studies on tetracycline transport into Staphylococcus aureus identified
      a high-affinity, saturable uptake system for the antibiotic (Km, 4.76 microM)
      (B.L. Hutchings, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 174:734-738, 1969). However, the earlier
      results could not be confirmed using conditions that permitted energy-dependent,
      concentrative uptake of tetracycline. Kinetic artifacts introduced by
      inappropriate washing procedures may explain the previous results.

PMID- 1810202
TI  - Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin in nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited
      growth conditions in vitro by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Five serial exposures of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic
      fibrosis to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin resulted in stepwise
      increases in the MIC, with a mean proportional increase of 10. MICs were
      significantly lower in an iron-limited chemically defined medium than in Iso
      Sensitest broth. The mucoid phenotype was maintained in chemically defined
      medium. Acquired resistance was retained either partially or completely in 85% of
      the isolates following 10 transfers in drug-free media. In cases in which
      susceptibility was regained, an increase in the MIC was observed on one further
      exposure to ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 1810201
TI  - Effects of quinolones on nucleoid segregation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The effects of quinolone antibiotics on nucleoid segregation in growing
      Escherichia coli were examined by using fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240, AM 833) as a
      prototype compound. At levels that were close to its MIC and induced growth
      arrest and filamentation, fleroxacin caused large nucleoids to appear in midcell,
      suggesting inhibition of nucleoid segregation. With increasing fleroxacin
      concentrations, nucleoids became progressively smaller, suggesting inhibition of
      DNA replication. Removal of fleroxacin restored normal cell and nucleoid
      morphology in filaments with large nucleoids but not in filaments with small
      nucleoids. The results are consistent with inhibition of chromosome decatenation
      at low quinolone concentrations (bacteriostatic effect) and DNA supercoiling at
      high concentrations (bactericidal effect).

PMID- 1810203
TI  - In vitro activities of cefepime alone and with amikacin against aminoglycoside
      resistant gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - The in vitro activity of cefepime was compared with those of ceftazidime,
      cefotaxime, and cefpirome against aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative
      bacteria. Cefepime was the most active cephalosporin, with a MIC for 90% of
      strains tested for all non-Pseudomonas aeruginosa species of less than or equal
      to 4 micrograms/ml. No cefepime resistance was encountered among members of the
      family Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 40 aminoglycoside-resistant P. aeruginosa
      isolates, 15% were resistant to cefepime, compared with 18% for ceftazidime, 30%
      for cefpirome, and 35% for cefotaxime. Synergism between cefepime and amikacin
      was observed and occurred most frequently in P. aeruginosa strains resistant to
      cefepime but susceptible to amikacin. In no case did cefepime and amikacin
      exhibit antagonism against P. aeruginosa.

PMID- 1810204
TI  - Characterization of unusual tetracycline-resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AB  - Tetracycline-resistant Tet M-negative isolates of Actinomyces viscosus,
      Eubacterium lentum, Mobiluncus curtisii, and Mobiluncus mulieris were screened
      with the Tet K, Tet L, and Tet O DNA probes. Ten (71%) of the resistant
      Mobiluncus strains hybridized with the Tet O probe, two of the three E. lentum
      strains hybridized with the Tet K probe, and the A. viscosus isolate hybridized
      with the Tet L probe.

PMID- 1810206
TI  - [Advances in the treatment of the dystonias].
AB  - Except in Wilson's disease, few secondary dystonias are susceptible te benefit
      from an etiological treatment. The somatic distribution of dystonia often
      determines the therapeutic strategy. Thus, stereotactic surgery may be the
      treatment of choice for hemidystonia while anticholinergic medication may
      alleviate generalized dystonia, particularly in childhood. Finally, local
      infiltrations of botulinum toxin are particularly useful for various forms of
      local and segmental dystonia. Certain subsyndromes as myoclonic dystonia,
      levodopa sensitive dystonia and paroxysmal choreoathetosis may benefit from
      relatively specific treatment strategies.

PMID- 1810205
TI  - Quantitation of postantibiotic effect by measuring CO2 generation of bacteria
      with the BACTEC blood culture system.
AB  - The duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) determined by bacterial CO2
      production measured by using the BACTEC NR 730 blood culture system was compared
      with PAEs determined by standard viability counting. PAEs for Staphylococcus
      aureus after exposure to dicloxacillin, vancomycin, rifampin, gentamicin, and
      ciprofloxacin and for Escherichia coli after exposure to ampicillin, gentamicin,
      and ciprofloxacin were quantitated by the two methods, and an excellent
      correlation (r = 0.93) was demonstrated. The difference in the PAE durations
      determined by the two methods was 0.1 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- standard deviation) h.
      Thus, the BACTEC CO2 generation method provides a simple, alternate way of
      determining the PAE in vitro.

PMID- 1810207
TI  - [Treatment with botulinum toxin in blepharospasm].
AB  - Blepharospasm is a cranial dystonia characterized by forceful spasms of the
      orbicularis oculi muscle which may lead to functional blindness in approximately
      two-thirds of patients. Botulinum toxin injections is a simple procedure, very
      effective and with little morbidity. It is considered as the treatment of choice
      for patients with disabling blepharospasm.

PMID- 1810208
TI  - [Focal dystonias and facial hemispasm: treatment with botulinum A toxin].
AB  - We report the results of the treatment of 80 patients with various idiopathic
      focal dystonia and essential hemifacial spasm with Botulinum A toxin. A
      statistically significant improvement was obtained in our 34 patients with
      blepharospasm, 19 patients with hemifacial spasm, 59% of 22 patients with
      cervical dystonia and 60% of 5 patients with hand dystonia. Mean duration of the
      benefit of each injection was 15.3, 16.3, 7.6 and 8.7 weeks respectively. Adverse
      effects were local and transient. We concluded that botulinum A toxin is a safe
      and effective therapy for patients with focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.

PMID- 1810209
TI  - [Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology].

PMID- 1810210
TI  - Interventional neurology: treatment of neurological conditions with local
      injection of botulinum toxin.

PMID- 1810211
TI  - The influence of the age of donors and recipients on the regional graft-versus
      host reaction in mice.
AB  - Regional graft versus host (GVH) reaction in mice induced by injection of
      parental strain spleen cells into the footpad of F1, recipients, was measured 7
      days later by a popliteal lymph node (PLN) enlargement index. Young, 6-week-old
      F1 hosts can be used for studying the age- and sex-dependent GVH reactivity of
      parental strain donors. On the other hand, senescent, 21-24-month-old F1
      recipients are able to mount a host versus graft response against parental
      antigens which may obscure the typical GVH reaction. The PLN enlargement in
      syngeneic old F1 mice points to an autoimmune mechanism of this phenomenon.

PMID- 1810212
TI  - Graft versus host reaction induced by thymectomized and bursectomized chicken
      blood.
AB  - Graft versus host reaction in chicken embryos was induced by blood taken from
      thymectomized or bursectomized or nonoperated donors. The intensity of graft
      versus host reaction induced by the blood of thymectomized chickens was increased
      comparing to the reaction induced by blood from control donors. No such result
      was recorded when the blood donors had the bursa of Fabricius removed.

PMID- 1810213
TI  - The influence of bursocytes and thymocytes on graft versus host reaction and IgG
      level in chickens.
AB  - Graft versus host reaction was induced by the blood of chickens previously
      transferred by the bursa and thymus cells. These bursa and thymus cells were
      taken from bursectomized or thymectomized chicken. It was occurred that graft
      versus host reaction was influenced by transfer of bursa and thymus cell. IgG
      level was affected by the transfer of these cells too.

PMID- 1810214
TI  - Control of interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity. I. Inhibition of IL-1 activity by
      soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) in vitro.
AB  - Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS), a nonspecific inhibitor of cellular
      and humoral immune responses and cellular proliferation, reversed IL-1-induced
      inhibition of autologous rosette formation by thymocytes. In addition, SIRS
      prevented the IL-1-induced increase in resistance of thymocytes to the lytic
      action of hydrocortisone. Kinetic experiments showed that the action of SIRS on
      thymocytes was rapid (less than 15 minutes), although a longer time was required
      to exert protective effects on thymocytes. SIRS also inhibited the stimulation of
      thymocyte proliferation induced by Con A and IL-1 a costimulatory assay of IL-1
      activity. Moreover, SIRS inhibited the IL-1-stimulated expression of complement
      receptors on neonatal B cells. The inhibitory effects of SIRS were selectively
      directed towards IL-1, since SIRS did not interfere with induction of LAK cells
      by IL-2, and did not reverse inhibition of autologous rosette formation induced
      by factors other than IL-1, such as IL-4, a proline rich polypeptide and
      lactoferrin. The results presented in this report demonstrate that SIRS may be a
      selective inhibitor of IL-1 activity with respect to T and B cells, rendering
      them unresponsive to IL-1 activation and/or maturation signals.

PMID- 1810215
TI  - Further studies on the specificity of anti-human B cell monoclonal antibodies
      (BR3, BR31)--reactivity with hematopoietic malignant cells.
AB  - We present results concerning the reactivity of two moAbs (BR3, BR31) with human
      B cell lines and malignant B cells from patients. The first antibody BR3 shows a
      broad reactivity with B cell malignancies and B cell lines. It also weakly stains
      some non-T ALL cells and is negative on plasma cell tumors. The second moAb BR31
      shows a restricted reactivity. It stains only HCL and PLL cells as well as
      Burkitt's lymphoma lines. Some moderate staining was also observed on 4 out of 12
      cases of CLL and some non-Hodgkin lymphomas. PLL cells, cultured with polyclonal
      activators, lose BR31 Ag by day 4 of culture. These results suggest that BR3 Ag
      is present on the cell surface throughout B cell ontogeny while BR31 Ag
      expression is related to a particular stage of B cell maturation.

PMID- 1810216
TI  - Immunomagnetic removal of L1210V leukemic cells from mouse bone marrow ex vivo.
AB  - The purging of mouse bone marrow from L1210V leukemic cells was attained ex vivo
      by using monoclonal IgM antibody against leukemic cells and magnetic particles
      charged with goat anti-mouse IgM antibodies (immunobeads), followed by magnetic
      separation. The monoclonal antibody MoAb-16 recognizes oncofetal antigen on
      target cells and binds to 100% L1210V cells. The number of the remaining
      clonogenic leukemic cells was examined by LCFU and bioassay tests. The clonogenic
      capacity of the bone marrow progenitor cells was measured by NCFU test. After
      first treatment cycle the number of LCFU was reduced in a dose-dependent manner.
      After second cycle of purification a complete elimination of L1210V cells from
      marrow was achieved at the concentration 10 mg/ml of magnetic particles. Although
      at lower concentrations of immunobeads no leukemic spleen colonies were found,
      some residual L1210V cells were still present in the bone marrow and were able to
      grow and kill the recipient mice. The loss of bone marrow progenitor cells during
      magnetic removal procedure was about 10%.

PMID- 1810217
TI  - Modulation of anticancer drug toxicity by solcoseryl.
AB  - The studies of the effect of solcoseryl on toxicity of selected anticancer drugs
      were performed in mice. The observed differential influence of solcoseryl was
      dependent on the type of anticancer drug as well as on the schedule of solcoseryl
      administration. The protective effect of the biostimulator was noticed
      exclusively against 5-FU toxicity. The results of our studies could provide
      possible implications for therapeutic approach.

PMID- 1810218
TI  - Synthesis and immunopharmacological analysis of selected derivatives of N,N'-bis
      /3-aziridine/butanoylalkylenediamines and imides of 3-aziridinesuccinic acid. I.
AB  - A series of aziridinederivatives of N,N'-bis-butanoylalkylenodiamines (Scheme 1,
      1-4) and aziridinederivatives of substituted succinic acid (Scheme 2, 16-19) was
      obtained. Pharmacological analysis revealed that these compounds were
      immunotropic, of marked suppressive effect (PFC, RFC, circulating
      immunoglobulins). Outstanding in this group was phenyloimide of succinic acid
      (prep. 16) which reduced PFC and RFC number but increased the level of
      circulating IgG.

PMID- 1810219
TI  - Synthesis and immunopharmacological analysis of selected butanic and butanodionic
      acid amides containing aziridine unit. II.
AB  - In the reaction of butanic and butanodionic acid chlorides with amines, amides 1
      10 were produced. Addition of aziridine to a double bonds was performed in
      alkaline medium which resulted in aziridine derivatives of both acids.
      Pharmacological study revealed that the preparations examined possess
      immunotropic, strongly suppressive activity (PFC, E-RFC), partly IgG level; they
      leave the titer of circulating IgM unchanged. It seems that rather the basic
      system of acids than the substituents introduced to it are responsible for the
      effect of the compounds.

PMID- 1810220
TI  - Sensitivity of human melanoma cells in vitro to retinoic acid incorporated in
      liposomes.
AB  - The ability of retinoic acid to inhibit the growth of three human melanoma cell
      lines (MEW18, MEW22, MEW81) was studied in culture. The exposure of the cell
      lines to different concentrations of RA resulted in an inhibition of the cell
      growth, dependent on the quantity of RA in the medium. Effects on cell growth of
      MEW81 cells by RA, introduced into the medium in DMSO solution or incorporated in
      MLV, were also compared. The inhibitory potencies of the drug in two forms were
      similar, however, the inhibitory effects of RA in MLV were more stable than the
      effects of RA dissolved in DMSO.

PMID- 1810221
TI  - Lymphotoxin production in multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - Lymphotoxin (LT) is a cytotoxic and cytostatic lymphokine produced by activated T
      and B lymphocytes. Recently, the influence of cytokines on the pathomechanism of
      demyelinization was investigated. The authors studied LT production in the
      multiple sclerosis patients. The control group were patients with other
      neurologic diseases. Spontaneous LT production by T lymphocytes in multiple
      sclerosis patients was statistically increased during relapse in comparison with
      the LT production in OND patients. Despite of mitogen stimulation T and B
      lymphocytes from MS patients produced gradually decreased amounts of LT. The
      authors suggest that LT might be the product of activated lymphocytes that cause
      demyelinization during multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 1810222
TI  - In vivo leucocytes migration agarose technique. A new and simple method for
      measuring the migration of tissue-pool granulocytes.

PMID- 1810223
TI  - The effect of azo dyes on the formation of immune complexes.
AB  - The azo dyes were found to react with antibodies aggregated in immune complex in
      a similar way to heat-aggregated IgG. The whole micelles of the dye, instead of
      single molecules, are fixed to antibodies. In a consequence, the number of dye
      molecules, determined per one antibody molecule, differs but may be as large as
      50-60. The dye, bound to antibody complexed with antigen, enhances its affinity
      to antigen. The increase of affinity, expressed as the relation of changed by the
      dye association constants to its initial value, was found to be 6.27 x 10(8):1.
      The corresponding energy change, calculated from this value, equals 11.97
      kcal/mol. The resulting amount of antibodies, bound to antigen, is essentially
      enlarged. The enhancement effect does not seem to depend on the number of
      antibodies bound to the red cell up to about 3 x 10(4) molecules. It indicates
      that in this range a single antibody binding may be affected by the dye. The
      situation changes at growing antibody densities in the complex when the dye
      antibody network, formed by crossbridged molecules, additionally increases the
      stability of the immunoglobulin molecules engaged in the complex.

PMID- 1810224
TI  - Detection and assay of some human proteins by immunoconcentration technique.
AB  - For detection and semi-quantitative assays of some human proteins by
      immunoconcentration techniques, specific antibodies covalently bound to nylon
      microparticles and then captured in the form of small dots on glass microfibre
      disc, were used. The discs were placed on a water absorbant material in a simple
      plastic device. For the technique, antibodies labeled with peroxidase were also
      applied. The use of several chromogenic substrates for peroxidase was checked in
      the technique.

PMID- 1810225
TI  - Binding of C-reactive protein (CRP) by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in
      vivo.
AB  - Antigenicity of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the surface of human lymphocytes was
      investigated by use of indirect immunofluorescence technique with anti-CRP
      antibodies. CRP on the lymphocyte surface (sd-CRP) belongs to two different
      categories: i) CRP produced by lymphocytes and inserted into cell membrane (s
      CRP), ii) CRP produced primarily by the liver and bound by the lymphocytes (sb
      CRP) in calcium-dependent manner. In human peripheral blood of healthy donors
      approximately 2.5% of lymphocytes expressed membrane CRP (s-CRP) and 1.5% of
      lymphocytes bound CRP in calcium-dependent manner (sb-CRP). Percentage of s-CRP
      lymphocytes increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, while population of
      sb-CRP lymphocytes did not change significantly, except cases where serum CRP
      concentration reached more than 50 micrograms/ml. Thus, it can be concluded that
      CRP is bound to the distinct population of lymphocytes, bearing specific membrane
      receptors.

PMID- 1810226
TI  - [Prions].

PMID- 1810227
TI  - Night sleep electroencephalogram power spectral analysis in excessive daytime
      sleepiness disorders.
AB  - A group of 53 patients (40 males, 13 females) with mean age of 49 years, ranging
      from 30 to 70 years, was evaluated in the following excessive daytime sleepiness
      (EDS) disorders: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (B4a), periodic movements in
      sleep (B5a), affective disorder (B2a), functional psychiatric non affective
      disorder (B2b). We considered all adult patients referred to the Center
      sequentially with no other distinctions but these three criteria: (a) EDS was the
      main complaint; (b) right handed; (c) not using psychotropic drugs for two weeks
      prior to the all-night polysomnography. EEG (C3/A1, C4/A2) samples from 2 to 10
      minutes of each stage of the first REM cycle were chosen. The data was recorded
      simultaneously in magnetic tape and then fed into a computer for power spectral
      analysis. The percentage of power (PP) in each band calculated in relation to the
      total EEG power was determined of subsequent sections of 20.4 s for the following
      frequency bands: delta, theta, alpha and beta. The PP in all EDS patients sample
      had a tendency to decrease progressively from the slowest to the fastest
      frequency bands, in every sleep stage. PP distribution in the delta range
      increased progressively from stage 1 to stage 4; stage REM levels were close to
      stage 2 levels. In an EDS patients interhemispheric coherence was high in every
      band and sleep stage. B4a patients sample PP had a tendency to decrease
      progressively from the slowest to the fastest frequency bands, in every sleep
      stage; PP distribution in the delta range increased progressively from stage 1 to
      stage 4; stage REM levels were between stage 1 and stage 2 levels.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810228
TI  - Cognitive functions of epileptic patients on monotherapy with phenobarbitone and
      healthy controls.
AB  - Quantitative measurements have indicated that heredity, cerebral damage, psycho
      social aspects, ictal and inter-ictal phenomena and antiepileptic drugs may
      interfere in the cognitive dysfunction of epileptic patients. In the present
      study objective methods included immediate and late recall and recognition of
      pictures, Stroop test and auditory selection. Twenty patients with symptomatic
      localized epilepsy aged 17-52 years (27 +/- 10, mean +/- sd) were compared to age
      and socially matched healthy controls. Patients were on therapeutic serum
      concentrations (25 +/- 12 mu/ml) of phenobarbitone and had active epilepsy with
      1.94 generalized tonic-clonic, 0.85 simple partial and 6.28 complex partial
      seizures monthly (means). Patients performed worse than controls in all 6 tests
      (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.001), indicating a generalized cognitive
      deficit related to seizures and/or barbiturate therapy. We suggest further
      studies should be carried out in populations with uniform monotherapeutic
      regimens and epileptic syndromes in order to isolate factors related to the
      cognitive dysfunction of epileptic patients.

PMID- 1810229
TI  - [Sexual differences in functional hemispheric asymmetry: verbal tachistoscopic
      evaluation using microcomputers].
AB  - Study of sexual differences for the hemispheric prevalence on visual verbal
      stimuli using a microcomputer-based tachistoscope technic. Seventeen right-handed
      individuals, 10 males and 7 females (mean age 32 years old), without neurological
      or visual abnormalities were studied. The subjects performed a verbal trigram
      tachistoscope test, using a IBM PC microcomputer compatible. The trigram consists
      of 80 consonant-vowel-consonant pairs of stimuli presented randomly to right and
      left visual fields. The evaluation was made through two conditions: T1 and T2. In
      T1 Experiment stimuli exposition time was 260 ms, and in T2 Experiment the
      stimuli exposition time was 160 ms. In T1 Experiment 80% of females showed a
      Right Hemispherical Preference while 100% of males showed a Left Hemispherical
      Preference. In T2 Experiment, both sexes showed Left Hemispheric Preference. A
      close relationship between sexual difference and hemispheric preference was
      found. We point out the importance of stimuli exposition time in determination of
      sexual differences in lateral hemispherical asymmetry.

PMID- 1810230
TI  - [Compliance in epilepsy. I. Concept factors and influence factors].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to introduce compliance concept and to classify
      technicals, biologicas, socials and mixed factors that may influence compliance.
      The importance of conscious attitudes in a good patient compliance is emphasized.

PMID- 1810232
TI  - [Rolandic epilepsy: report of 53 cases].
AB  - The clinical and EEG features of 53 out-patients with benign partial epilepsy of
      childhood with rolandic spikes were studied. The age mean (years) of seizures
      onset was 5.5 +/- 3.2. Simple partial seizures with speech arrest were more
      frequent than other seizure types. In seven cases (13.2%) cognitive disabilities
      were present. In the left-side foci a expected correlation between the interictal
      EEG focus and clinical lateralization of seizure was observed; in the right-side
      foci, the right-side interictal focus was correlated with ipsilateral seizures.

PMID- 1810231
TI  - [Compliance in epilepsy. II. Practical aspects].
AB  - Therapeutic regimen compliance was assessed in 84 epileptic patients. The
      compliance measurement was based on two interviews, one has been taken by the
      physician and the other by the nurse. Most patients (72.6%) were detected as non
      compliance by the nurse's interview. The forgetfulness of drugs intake was found
      in 50% subjects. The treatment length and changes from Medical Centers were
      negatively associated with compliance. Our findings point out the important role
      of detailed interview in order to detect the most influencing factors in
      compliance.

PMID- 1810233
TI  - [Neurological complications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: experience at
      the Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho-Universidade Federal do Rio de
      Janeiro].
AB  - The frequency of neurological manifestations was evaluated in 653 HIV infected
      patients admitted in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, in the
      1985-1989 period. A total of 172 (26%) patients developed neurological symptoms.
      Central nervous system complications included: cerebral toxoplasmosis (80),
      cryptococcal meningitis (57), subacute encephalitis (17), tuberculosis (8) and
      aseptic meningitis (2), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (2) and
      vacuolar myelopathy (6). Peripheral neuropathy occurred in three cases. The
      clinical and tomographic aspects were analysed. The majority of the patients died
      within six months after the onset of the neurological disease.

PMID- 1810235
TI  - [Machado-Joseph disease: description of 5 members of a family].
AB  - The authors report the clinical and laboratorial findings of 5 affected members
      (all males) of a family with Machado-Joseph disease. The mode a inheritance was
      autosomal dominant. The mean onset age was 38 years (range 30-50 years). The
      clinical picture was pleomorphic and included cerebellar ataxia, external
      ophthalmoplegia with bulging eyes, extrapyramidal/pyramidal syndromes, amyotrophy
      with fasciculations and peripheral neuropathy, in variable degrees of severity.
      In one patient parkinsonian rigidity was greatly improved with the use of
      trihexaphenidyl and L-dopa. CT scan examinations disclosed a variable degree of
      cerebellar atrophy, with mild cerebral atrophy in one patient. Brainstem evoked
      potentials were normal in two patients. EMG showed denervation in three patients.
      Muscle biopsy (gastrocnemium) with histochemical studies revealed chronic muscle
      denervation in four cases. Sural nerve biopsy with conventional pathological
      study was normal in four cases. This family was living in Florianopolis, Santa
      Catarina, where there is a great number of Portuguese descendants from the Azores
      Islands. The worldwide presence of the disease seems to result from the genic
      diffusion of the disease with the Portuguese emigration during the Great
      Navigations Era and with some later emigratory settlement.

PMID- 1810234
TI  - [Macrosomia, macrocrania and motor disorders in childhood, Sotos syndrome
      (McKusick 11755): report of 7 cases and review of clinical aspects of 198
      reported cases].
AB  - Children with Sotos syndrome have growth acceleration, macrocephaly, acromegaloid
      features and delay in neuropsychomotor development during infancy. Syndrome
      delineation and differential diagnosis are based on evaluation of phenotypic
      characteristics and evolutive history of the patients. Seven patients with this
      syndrome are reported, and the relative occurrence of the phenotypic
      characteristics present in 198 reported cases are reviewed. Motor difficulties
      present in those patients during early infancy are responsible for the poor
      performance on IQ tests. Oriented stimulation should be encouraged in order to
      help the affected children to overcome their initial difficulties and to achieve
      normal scholarity and life performance.

PMID- 1810236
TI  - Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials: studies on latency variability as a
      function of subject height, limb length and nerve conduction velocity.
AB  - Report on the results of regression analysis studies concerning median nerve
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) latencies, as dependent variables, and
      subject height, limb length and nerve conduction velocity (NCV), as independent
      variables. The tests were performed on 23 normal volunteers. Absolute SEP
      latencies could be predicted by a linear regression model when the independent
      variable was arm length; when it was subject height, however, both exponential
      and polynomial models proved better, the latter showing the best coefficients of
      determination, R 2. Multiple linear regression with two independent variables
      (arm length and NCV) was found to be better than simple linear regression for
      predicting P/N13 latency. The regression line for EP-P/N13 latency on height was
      found to be a polynomial curve; although the regression was found to be
      significant by the "F" test (alpha = 1%), the model had a low R 2 value (0.41).
      The same applies to the P/N13-N19 interpeak latency regression curve, but the
      regression was significant for alpha = 5% in that case. Although interwave
      latencies are the most useful parameters for clinical interpretation of median
      SEPs, absolute latencies may occasionally be important, and should be corrected
      for body size. In unusually tall subjects, it might be useful to double-check EP
      P/N13 interwave latency prolongation by estimating the maximum expected P/N13
      latency, using a model that takes into account both limb length and NCV.

PMID- 1810237
TI  - [Congenital muscular dystrophy: histochemical study of the skeletal muscle in 17
      patients].
AB  - A thorough histological description of 17 patients with congenital muscular
      dystrophy (CMD) is presented. The biopsies were performed in the left superficial
      deltoid muscle and processed with histochemical techniques. All samples showed
      connective tissue proliferation, changes in the internal architecture, necrosis,
      increase of adipose tissue, macrophagia, fiber regeneration and segmentation,
      central nuclei, and type I fiber predominance. The histological hallmarks of this
      entity are the marked endomysial connective tissue proliferation that frames one
      fiber from the other, and the important changes in the fiber's internal
      architecture. Those two abnormalities are extremely helpful to differentiate, on
      histological grounds, CMD from limb girdle muscular dystrophy and Duchenne/Becker
      muscular dystrophy. CMD presents a particular natural course and should be
      individualized apart from other muscular dystrophies.

PMID- 1810238
TI  - [Paracoccidioidomycosis of intramedullar and cerebral localization].
AB  - It is reported our diagnosis and therapeutical experience with a patient that
      presented clinical, radiological and tomographical manifestations of
      paracoccidioidomycosis with involvement of lungs, brain and spinal cord. Besides
      being a rare case the authors call attention for the extreme difficulty in
      defining the final diagnosis, which was achieved only after laminectomy and
      surgical biopsy of the intra spinal cord tumor at the C5 level. The patient
      received two series of treatment with ketoconazole (400-600 mg/day). After both
      the patient presented tonic and clonic convulsive disorders. We speculated about
      a possible perigranulomatous inflammatory response related to the therapeutical
      intervention, not yet described in literature.

PMID- 1810239
TI  - [Ovulatory period and epileptic crisis].
AB  - We prospectively follow up 80 mentally healthy women at menacme age, with chronic
      epilepsy and had had least one seizure in the month preceding the study. We
      selected 59 patients from whom we were able to observe at least three regular
      menstrual cycles with seizures. We defined regular, irregular cycle,
      perimenstrual and ovulation period. According to our concepts we have got 19, 30
      and 6 patients with respectively severe, moderate and mild exacerbation of
      perimenstrual seizures. Using our definitions 6, 20 and 17 patients showed
      severe, moderate and mild accentuation of seizures during ovulation, while 15
      patients showed no ovulatory accentuation. Our attention was drawn to the great
      number of perimenstrual and ovulatory exacerbation of seizures, according to our
      criteria. From 55 patients with perimenstrual accentuation of seizures 44
      (74.54%) showed exacerbation during the ovulatory period. In our opinion, these
      data speak out in favor of the hormonal theory to explain these occurrences. We
      discuss these data based on the available literature. We think the estrogen peak
      is probably the main cause of the increased frequency of epileptic seizures
      during the ovulation period. New studies, documenting objectively the ovulation
      and seizures are mandatory to clarify the relationship of these aspects of the
      female endocrine reproductive physiology in epileptics.

PMID- 1810240
TI  - [Evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis: recent experience at the Locomotor
      System Diseases Hospital].
AB  - Description of main abnormal findings in eight patients with a suspected
      diagnosis of multiple sclerosis who underwent multimodality evoked potentials
      studies at HDAL-SARAH--Hospital for Diseases of the Locomotor System, in Brasilia
      -, during three years (1987-1989). Four of those patients have also been studied
      with magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and in all of them the results were
      also typical of demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The most
      useful evoked potentials were pattern-shift visual (VEP) and somatosensory
      (SSEP), which yielded much more information than did brainstem auditory (BAEP)
      components. This is in agreement with results previously described in the
      literature. It is concluded that multimodality evoked potentials studies are an
      easily obtainable and valuable diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 1810242
TI  - CT hypodensity on cerebral white matter in Wilson's disease.
AB  - Wilson's disease in an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism where
      systemic manifestations are secondary to the accumulation of copper in hepatic,
      nervous and other tissues. In CNS, the structural lesions most commonly found by
      CT scan are ventricular dilatation, cortical atrophy, basal ganglia
      hyperdensities, and brainstem and cerebellar atrophy. Degenerative changes of
      cerebral white matter seen on early anatomo-pathologic studies, but were almost
      never found on CT scan from recently described patients. We report a case of
      Wilson's disease with an unusually rapid deterioration where asymmetric low
      densities in the subcortical white matter were disclosed by CT scan.

PMID- 1810241
TI  - Ketoconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system.
AB  - Two patients with cryptococcosis of the CNS were treated with ketoconazole (KTZ),
      an imidazole derivative with fungistatic properties: they had either failed
      standard therapy (Amphotericin-B + 5-Fluorocytosine) or suffered intolerable side
      effects to it. Both patients were administered KTZ 800 mg/day as monotherapy for
      six months without interruption and both responded. One month after KTZ therapy
      was withdrawn, however, a relapse of the infection was seen in one case. Side
      effects were minimal during the trial of treatment. KTZ could be a useful drug in
      some cases of neurocryptococcosis.

PMID- 1810243
TI  - Frontal lobe syndrome from bilateral globus pallidus lesions. A complication of
      Wernicke's encephalopathy.
AB  - A 38 year-old man developed the classical clinical picture of Wernicke's
      encephalopathy as a consequence of prolonged total parenteral nutrition. As a
      late complication he developed a frontal lobe syndrome. Bilateral globus pallidus
      lesions were observed in the CT-scan examination. Some aspects related to the
      cortical syndromes caused by subcortical lesions are discussed.

PMID- 1810244
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Venezuela. A case report.
AB  - A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in a 32 year old man is presented. The
      clinical picture included a rapid progressive dementia associated with ataxia,
      global aphasia, myoclonus and pyramidal signs, death occurred after 13 months.
      The diagnosis of CJD was confirmed by CT and neuropathological studies. This is
      the first report of CJD occurring in Venezuela.

PMID- 1810245
TI  - [Focal crisis induced by movement in a patient with nonketotic hyperglycemia].
AB  - Case report of a long term diabetic patient with partial motor crisis originating
      from passive movement of the right arm. This is a rare type of crisis when
      compared to spontaneous partial crisis in diabetic patients. Partial crises are
      often the initial manifestation of diabetes mellitus (about 19% of the cases
      reported). As in those cases registered in the literature, crisis control in this
      case was obtained by normalization of glycose serum levels. Possible mechanisms
      involved in the pathogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 1810247
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a lethal phospholipase A2 (NN-IVb1-PLA2) from
      the Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom.
AB  - Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom is reported to contain multiple forms of
      phospholipase A2. Only a couple of them have been isolated and characterized. A
      lethal phospholipase A2 (NN-IVb1-PLA2) from Naja naja naja venom has been
      purified in three steps involving CM-Sephadex C-25, Sephadex G-50 and
      rechromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 columns. It is a basic protein with pl value
      between 7-7.5 and has molecular weight between 11,000-11,500. The LD50 of NN-IVb1
      PLA2 is 1.2 mg/K g body weight. It induces neurotoxic symptoms in the
      experimental mice and is devoid of myotoxic, anticoagulant, edema inducing and
      direct hemolytic activities.

PMID- 1810246
TI  - Characterization and immunological comparison of isoenzymes of phospholipases A2
      from snake venoms of different genera and families.
AB  - Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) were isolated and purified from the Taiwan cobra (Naja
      naja atra) and several snake species of the same or different genera by
      semipreparative cation-exchange and reversed-phase HPLC. They were shown to
      possess different enzymatic activity toward the synthetic substrate L-alpha
      lecithin by the fatty-acid titration method. The immunological cross-reactivity
      of these structurally similar isotoxins was investigated using immunodiffusion,
      precipitin reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PLA2 from the
      venoms of the same species such as the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) and the
      Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) showed a high degree of antigenic resemblance
      whereas no immunoreactivity was observed among those PLA2 from different genera.
      Quantitative immunoreactivity assays by ELISA revealed the partial cross
      reactivity between the antibody against PLA2 of Taiwan cobra and those isoenzymes
      from snakes of remotely-related species. The immunological relatedness between
      PLA2 of the representative snake species of different genera and families is
      shown to be correlated with the extent of sequence homology among these enzymes.

PMID- 1810248
TI  - Identification of emodinanthrone oxygenase in fungus Aspergillus terreus.
AB  - Emodinanthrone oxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of emodinanthrone to
      emodin, has been identified in fungus, Aspergillus terreus. The fixation of an
      oxygen atom at the C-10 position of emodinanthrone from molecular oxygen
      catalyzed by the enzyme was proved by the 18O2 incubation experiment and analyses
      of the product emodin by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The
      fact that the reaction did not require any foreign electron donor suggested the
      involvement of internal monooxygenase. Emodinanthrone oxygenase activities were
      found in other microbes which produce anthraquinone related metabolites.

PMID- 1810249
TI  - Properties of bromodextran-trichosanthin: a comparison with trichosanthin, an
      anti-AIDS protein.
AB  - Trichosanthin was coupled with bromodextran and the reaction mixture
      chromatographed on Sephadex G-75 fine to yield two peaks. The first peak was
      judged to be bromodextran-trichosanthin by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The yield was optimal when 4% trichosanthin and 8% bromodextran
      T20 were reacted for 210 hours. Bromodextran-trichosanthin exhibited an
      ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to that of free trichosanthin and the
      complex reacted positively with the trichosanthin antiserum. It had lower
      abortifacient and protein synthesis inhibiting activities but it also possessed
      lower allergenicity, suggesting that it may be useful as a substitute of
      trichosanthin, especially when the problem of hypersensitivity caused by
      prolonged administration of trichosanthin is serious.

PMID- 1810250
TI  - Ureogenesis in a freshwater teleost: an unusual sub-cellular localization of
      ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in the freshwater air-breathing teleost
      Heteropneustes fossilis.
AB  - Sub-cellular localization of different ornithine-urea cycle enzymes was studied
      in the liver and kidney of a freshwater air-breathing teleost. Carbamyl phosphate
      synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and arginase were found to be localized
      inside the mitochondria, and argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate
      lyase were found in the soluble fraction. Mitochondrial localization of arginase,
      a feature known in marine elasmobranchs and toadfishes, indicates the
      evolutionary position of H. fossilis to be different from that of present day
      freshwater teleosts.

PMID- 1810251
TI  - Determination of nucleoside triphosphates by use of combined reactions of
      hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - ATP is known to be easily determined fluorometrically after it is utilized to
      produce the corresponding amount of NADPH by combined reactions of hexokinase and
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We studied further whether nucleoside
      triphosphates other than ATP can be also determined in a similar manner if they
      were incubated for a longer period with an increased amount of hexokinase. It was
      shown that CTP, GTP, ITP, and UTP can be utilized to produce the corresponding
      amount of NADPH after an incubation of at least 60 min and that 0 to 50 nmols of
      these nucleotides were able to be determined fluorometrically.

PMID- 1810252
TI  - An alternate apoprotein conformation in high density apolipoprotein discoidal
      complexes. A Fourier transform infra-red study.
AB  - Discoidal complexes have been prepared from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine (DMPC) and the apoproteins of HDL3 (apo HDL3) or purified apo A-I.
      Gel electrophoresis established that apo HDL3 contained 74% apo A-I.
      Deconvolution and curve-fitting of the infra-red amide I band of the apoprotein
      in the lipid-protein complex revealed a secondary structure containing
      approximately 40% alpha-helix and 50% beta-structure. This contrasted with the
      results from circular dichroism studies (Surewicz et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem.,
      261, 16191) of apo A-I/DMPC complexes which predicted 68% alpha-helix and 7% beta
      structure. The discrepancy between the two methods and limitations of the two
      techniques for lipoproteins is discussed.

PMID- 1810253
TI  - Immunological detection of the dystrophin molecule with antibody directed against
      the synthetic peptide.
AB  - We synthesized a peptide designated R8 (amino acid residues 1157-1201) based on
      the primary structure presumed from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA clone
      from the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Antibody to the synthetic R8
      generated by immunization of rabbits was tested on human and mouse skeletal
      muscle by Western blotting analysis. The antibody reacted with a component of the
      400K dystrophin of normal human and mouse skeletal muscles, but not with
      components of the muscles of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and mdx mice.
      Thus we established that this peptide sequence is in fact missing in the protein
      product 'dystrophin' encoded by the DMD gene. The antibody may prove useful for
      the diagnosis of the Duchenne types of muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 1810254
TI  - Short term starvation-induced changes in the kinetic parameters of rat red cell L
      alanine and glycine uptake.
AB  - Na(+)-dependent L-Alanine and Glycine uptake by rat red blood cells were best fit
      to a common model of two transport components, saturable transport and diffusion.
      24 hours of food deprivation provoked statistically significant increases of the
      Km and Vmax red cells L-Alanine uptake, whereas the diffusion constant did not
      change in response to starvation. The Glycine uptake kinetics poorly follows the
      L-Alanine pattern and no significant response to starvation can be outlined. The
      physiological meaning of these adaptations has to be related to short term food
      deprivation regulation, independent of protein synthesis in the erythrocytes.
      Such mechanisms could be important to account for the previously described
      changes in the distribution patterns of amino acids between the blood plasma and
      blood cell compartments in response to short term starvation.

PMID- 1810255
TI  - Pertussis toxin-insensitive regulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by
      vanadate in brain microvessels.
AB  - Vanadate, over a concentration range from 0.1 to 0.5 mM, stimulated the
      incorporation of (32P)-orthophosphate into PI and PA in brain microvessels. At
      concentrations higher than 0.5 mM, the stimulatory effect of vanadate decreased.
      Concommitantly, an enhanced DAG production was observed, indicating that vanadate
      stimulated PI turnover. All these effects were evident at all the times tested.
      Experiments performed in the presence of pertussis toxin (IAP) indicated that a
      IAP-sensitive G-protein does not mediate the vanadate stimulated PI effect in
      brain microvessels.

PMID- 1810256
TI  - Effect of mergocriptine on postischemic brain damages.
AB  - The effects of mergocriptine (2-methyl-a-ergocryptine; CBM36-733; CAS 81968-16-3)
      on ischemia-induced brain damages were studied using both a global and a focal
      ischemia model. First, immediately after 5 min of forebrain ischemia induced by
      ligation of the bilateral carotid arteries of Mongolian gerbils, the animals were
      intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg CBM36-733. Seven days after
      ischemia, perfusion-fixed brains were processed by conventional histology. The
      number of neurons per mm in the CA 1 pyramidal cell layer was calculated and they
      were labelled neuronal density. In the control group, the neuronal density was
      69.7 +/- 7.2 (mean +/- SEM/mm), in the vehicle group and 3 mg/kg of CBM36-733
      treated group, they were 12.2 +/- 4.4 and 11.6 +/- 5.1, respectively. The
      neuronal density in the 10 mg/kg of CBM36-733 treated group was 42.2 +/- 8.4.
      These data indicate that 10 mg/kg of CBM36-733 protects on the CA 1 neurons
      against ischemia induced delayed neuronal death. Second, the effect of long-term
      administration of 3 mg/kg CBM36-733 on focal brain ischemia of the rats was
      studied by measuring regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism by
      autoradiograms. After 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the rats were
      intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg/kg of CBM36-733 every day for 2 weeks. There
      were no significant differences in cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism
      between the treated group and the vehicle group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810257
TI  - Central analgesic effects of acetylsalicylic acid in healthy men.
AB  - Acetylsalicylic acid (CAS 50-78-2) (1000 mg orally) was investigated in a non
      inflammatory experimental pain model in healthy male volunteers, selected for
      maximal homogeneity. Phasic pain was induced by intracutaneously applied
      electrical pulses of constant current. The nociceptive responses measured were,
      the pain ratings, the cerebral potentials and the EEG delta power in response to
      the stimuli. In addition, spontaneous EEG, auditory evoked potentials and
      reaction times were evaluated to determine effects upon the vigilance system. The
      study was performed in a placebo-controlled, double-blind repeated measures
      design. Blood samples were taken to monitor the plasma concentrations of the
      active agents. Acetylsalicylic acid produced clear analgesic effects in all pain
      relevant target variables. The effects increased with post-medication time,
      becoming significantly different from placebo 90 min after medication (p less
      than 0.01). At this time point the pain ratings were reduced by 4%, the pain
      related cerebral potentials by 15%, and the stimulus induced delta power of the
      EEG by 20%. These findings suggest a central action of acetylsalicylic acid by
      attenuation of experimentally induced nociceptive activity. No influences could
      be observed upon auditory evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG and reaction times.
      In other words, acetylsalicylic acid did not change vigilance by unspecific
      alterations of the CNS. The plasma concentration of acetylsalicylic acid reached
      mean values of 2.5 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml within 25 min after oral medication,
      which remained constant during the entire post-medication period of 105 min. In
      contrast, the concentration of the metabolite salicylic acid increased steadily
      reaching mean values of 32.0 +/- 16.8 micrograms/ml at the end of the
      investigated period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810259
TI  - DNA single strand-breaks in human lymphocytes after therapy with antirheumatic
      drugs.
AB  - In rheumatic patients the proportion of DNA single strand-breaks in peripheral
      lymphocytes was investigated after a long-term treatment. The antirheumatic drugs
      indomethacin, diclofenac, D-penicillamine, auranofin, and chloroquine support the
      formation of DNA single strand-breaks. The highest rate of DNA single strand
      breaks can be seen after treatment with the non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs
      indomethacin and diclofenac as well as after treatment with the combination of
      non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs with auranofin. In case of treatment with non
      steroidal antirheumatic drugs in combination with D-penicillamine the rate of DNA
      single strand-breaks is lower than by other forms of treatment. The observation
      support the suspicion of an increased susceptibility to cancer in rheumatic
      patients after a long-term treatment.

PMID- 1810258
TI  - Antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular profiles of the fused indole compound
      (3aR,12R,12aR,12bS)-12-amino-2,3,3a,4,11,12,12a,12b-octahydro-10-hydrox yisoquino
      [2,1,8-lma]carbazol-5(1H)-one hydrochloride 1.5 hydrate.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular profiles of a fused indole compound,
      (3aR,12R,12aR,12bS)-12-amino-2,3,3a,4,11,12,12a,12b -octahydro- 10
      hydroxyisoquino [2,1,8-lma]carbazol-5(1H)-one hydrochloride 1.5 hydrate (RS-2135,
      CAS 133775-36-7), were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Class I antiarrhythmic
      agents such as disopyramide, lidocaine, mexiletine and flecainide were used as
      reference compounds. RS-2135 exerted more potent antiarrhythmic activity than
      reference compounds against ouabain-induced arrhythmias in dogs. The onset of
      action was slow, but the duration of action was longer than with the other
      compounds tested. The agent suppressed the conduction in the atrium, A-V node and
      ventricle more markedly than the reference compounds. RS-2135, however, did not
      change blood pressure and heart rate at a dose 5 times the dose for
      antiarrhythmic activity and decreased cardiac contractility to a lesser extent
      than the reference compounds.

PMID- 1810260
TI  - Effect of pretreatment with ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and
      gastrointestinal transit of a sustained release theophylline preparation.
AB  - A scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic study of the behaviour of (Bronchoretard
      forte, CAS 58-55-9) was carried out in 8 healthy male volunteers to evaluate the
      sensitivity of the preparation to changes in gastric pH. Volunteers were
      pretreated with ranitidine (CAS 66357-35-5) (150 mg b.d.) or placebo for three
      days prior to and on the study day to reduce gastric acidity. The effect of the
      pretreatment with ranitidine on gastric pH was measured on the prestudy day and
      the mean pH was significantly reduced compared to the placebo (ranitidine pH 2.2
      +/- 2.4; placebo pH 1.6 +/- 2.0, p less than 0.01 Wilcoxon Signed Rank test). All
      subjects were pretreated with theophylline for 3 days (500 mg b.d.) to achieve
      steady-state. On the study day the volunteers swallowed two theophylline
      sustained release capsules radiolabelled by inclusion of indium-111 micronised
      Amberlite resin and the gastrointestinal transit followed continuously for 14 h
      using gamma scintigraphy with a further image at 24 h. Blood samples were taken
      from each subject throughout the study to determine the pharmacokinetic profile
      of theophylline when presented in the sustained release formulation. No
      significant differences were found in the gastrointestinal transit of the
      labelled microparticulates between the data obtained from the group when treated
      with ranitidine or placebo. Plasma theophylline concentration profiles were
      identical for the two treatments. These data indicate that the theophylline
      sustained release formulation is not sensitive to the effects of major changes in
      gastric H+ concentration.

PMID- 1810261
TI  - Effects of a new aldose reductase inhibitor on diabetic complications in rats.
AB  - The effects of a new aldose reductase inhibitor, 7-fluoro-2-(N-methyl-N
      carboxymethyl)sulfamoyl xanthone (BAL-ARI8, CAS 124066-40-6), on the diabetic
      complications of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. The daily
      administration of BAL-ARI8 throughout the 8-week course of the experiment sharply
      decreased the sorbitol accumulation in the lens of the diabetic rats. The
      incidence of cataract formation was also reduced, being detected in only 45% of
      BAL-ARI8 treated animals, against the 100% of diabetic controls showing cataract
      after 8 weeks from diabetes onset. On the other hand, the serum glucose levels
      remained unchanged. In diabetic controls, there was about a 2.5-fold increase of
      the total protein urinary excretion during the 24 h. Treatment with BAL-ARI8
      prevented up to 70% of this increase. Individual protein components were examined
      by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantitated by laser densitometric
      analysis. Diabetic-induced proteinuria primarily resulted from excretion of newly
      detected proteins with molecular weight in the range 30,000-60,000 D, together
      with an increase of albumin (25% of the total excretion) and the presence of new
      higher molecular weight proteins (greater than 66,000 D). BAL-ARI8 administration
      resulted in a shift of the protein profile back toward normality i.e. 73% of
      proteins with molecular weight below 30,000 D, 7.5% albumin and no proteins above
      66,000 D. These results suggest that BAL-ARI8 may represent a therapeutic
      approach for the management of diabetic complications.

PMID- 1810262
TI  - Investigation of the possible influence of the absorption of vinpocetine with
      concomitant application of magnesium-aluminium-hydroxide gel.
AB  - The concomitant application of magnesium-aluminium-hydroxide gel does not
      influence the absorption of vinpocetine (CAS 42971-09-5). The pharmacokinetics of
      vinpocetine under the influence of a concomitant application of magnesium
      aluminium-hydroxide gel was investigated. 18 healthy male volunteers were
      included in the study. Vinpocetine was administered in the galenic form of a film
      coated tablet in a dosage of 20 mg t.i.d. over 10 days. On days 5 and 6 of the
      study, blood samples were taken at 16 different moments over 24 h and analyzed as
      to their vinpocetine content. Starting with the 6th day of the study, the
      patients were administered in addition 1 sachet of an magnesium-aluminium
      hydroxide gel 4 times a day. On day 9 of the trial, blood samples were taken
      again over 24 h. The parameters examined were AUC, Cmin, Cmax, tmax and Mean
      Residence Time. The results as to these parameters of day 5 were compared with
      those of day 9. As a further parameter, apovincaminic acid plasma levels were
      determined. There was no difference as to the vinpocetine amount absorbed with or
      without concomitant application of magnesium-aluminium-hydroxide gel.
      Apovincaminic acid plasma levels were lowered by approx. 11% when associated with
      the antacid.

PMID- 1810264
TI  - Effect of anthracycline drugs on the element content of cultured embryonic rat
      cardiomyocytes.
AB  - The effect of two anthracyclines--doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin, CAS
      25316-40-9), and 4'-epidoxorubicin (epirubicin, CAS-56420-45-2), and an
      anthracenedione, mitoxantrone (CAS-70476-82-3) on the element content of cultured
      embryonic rat cardiomyocytes was examined by X-ray microanalysis. Adriamycin
      induced an increase in Ca, P and S, and a decrease in Cl content. Novantrone
      caused a marked increase in the Na and a decrease in the Cl content, whereas
      epirubicin did not affect the content of any of the elements examined. In an
      attempt to prevent the effect of the drugs on the element content of the cells,
      the cardiomyocytes were incubated with a blocker of the slow Ca channels-
      verapamil-- and with each of the three drugs. Verapamil only induced an increase
      in the Ca and a decrease in the S content of the cells. Except for some
      protective effect on the element content of the cardiomyocytes, which was altered
      by adriamycin, the results did not indicate any beneficial effect of verapamil
      added to the other two drugs, as for this aspect of the study.

PMID- 1810263
TI  - Synthesis and antitumor activity of hydrosoluble analogs of p-(3,3-dimethyl-1
      triazeno) benzoic acid potassium salt.
AB  - The hydrosoluble triazene derivatives of phenylacetic, phenylbutyric and cinnamic
      acid have been synthesized and their logP and pKa values were simultaneously
      determined according to a multiparametric fitting of potentiometric data. The
      antitumor activity caused by the synthesized compounds in mice bearing either
      Lewis lung carcinoma or TLX5 lymphoma was evaluated and discussed in comparison
      with the parent compound (p-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt
      (DM-COOK, CAS 70055-49-1). The tested compounds were at least as active as DM
      COOK, the cinnamic and the phenylacetic derivatives being the more active
      compounds in mice bearing TLX5 lymphoma and Lewis lung carcinoma, respectively.

PMID- 1810265
TI  - Dithranol, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition and active oxygen
      species.
AB  - Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH) by dithranol (anthralin,
      CAS 480-22-8) has been studied in the presence of catalase, superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) and various scavengers of active oxygen species. Most scavengers were found
      to be either inhibitors of G6-PDH by themselves or simply without effect. The
      combined addition of catalase and SOD as well as the heat-denatured enzymes and
      the oxygen radical scavengers alpha-tocopherol and salicylic acid markedly
      reduced the inhibitory effect of dithranol. The direct exposure of G6-PDH to
      active oxygen species led to different results. When liberated from a water
      soluble naphthalene endoperoxide, singlet oxygen was without effect whereas
      photosensitization with methylene blue resulted in a total loss of enzyme
      activity. Experiments under anaerobic conditions revealed that this inhibition
      was accomplished by the triplet state of the sensitizer. Superoxide anion radical
      was highly effective at concentrations corresponding to the amount of that
      produced by a 10 mumol/l dithranol solution. In contrast, hydroxyl, alkylperoxyl
      and alkoxyl radicals were all less efficient. H2O2 and alkylhydroperoxides did
      not alter the enzyme activity. The results suggest that .O2- is the potent
      species towards G6-PDH, if dithranol acts through formation of active oxygen
      species.

PMID- 1810266
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal activities of some new tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2
      thiones.
AB  - A number of new 3-benzyl-5-[alpha-(substituted)carboxymethyl]- tetrahydro-2H
      1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones has been synthesized as prodrugs by incorporating the
      amine group of some amino acids into tetrahydro-2-H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione
      ring. The compounds have been prepared by the reactions of benzylamine with
      potassium hydroxide, carbon disulphide formaldehyde and various amino acids. The
      structures of the compounds have been elucidated by UV, IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectra
      and elementary analysis. The in vitro activity of these compounds against yeast
      like fungi (Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C.
      stellatoidea) was investigated by tube dilution method. Their minimal inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were
      determined. All the compounds were found to be active between 3.12-12.5
      micrograms/ml against the four fungi tested.

PMID- 1810267
TI  - [Inhibition of testosterone metabolism by 17-alpha-estradiol in rat liver
      slices].
AB  - Inhibition of the Testosterone Metabolism in Rat Liver Slices by 17 alpha
      Estradiol. The influence of 17 alpha-estradiol (CAS 57-91-0), a hormonally almost
      inactive isomer of physiological 17 beta-estradiol, on the metabolism of [14C]
      labeled testosterone in rat liver slices was investigated. The analysis of
      extracts from incubates (3.0 ml medium, 100 mg liver slices, 416 nmol [14C]
      testosterone, 0.1-30 micrograms 17 alpha-estradiol, 37 degrees C, 30 min) by thin
      layer chromatography showed, that 30 micrograms of 17 alpha-estradiol inhibited
      the testosterone turnover in liver slices of female animals. The failure of a
      significant inhibitory effect in liver slices of male animals is attributed to
      the known, much smaller total turnover of testosterone in male liver cells. The
      amount of unchanged 4-en-3-oxo-steroid (testosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione)
      was increased by a factor of 2.65 and 2.25, respectively. With high probability,
      the inhibition was the result of a decreased hydrogenation of testosterone to
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one), catalyzed by
      5 alpha-reductase, since the production rates of DHT and the DHT-transformation
      metabolites (5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3,17
      dione) were significantly lowered (factors: 0.16, 0.61, 0.61, respectively). In
      further experiments 17 beta-estradiol and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol could be
      shown to inhibit the testosterone turnover in liver slices of female rats, too,
      but to a lower extent that 17 alpha-estradiol (relative inhibitory effects: 17
      alpha-estradiol:17 beta-estradiol:17 alpha-ethinylestradiol = 100 : 73 :
      58).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810268
TI  - Quality aspects of fibrinolytic agents based on biochemical characterization.
AB  - The purity, composition and in vitro fibrinolytic activity of four commercially
      available fibrinolytic agents, alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen
      activator, rt-PA, Actilyse; CAS 105857-23-6), streptokinase, urokinase and
      anistreplase (ansioyl-plasminogen-streptokinase activator-complex, APSAC), have
      been compared in this investigation. The fibrinolytic activity was measured in an
      in vitro thrombolytic assay. In this assay a human blood thrombus is dissolved in
      an environment of human plasma. This assay is representative for the in vivo
      situation, where plasminogen activation is also a limiting step in thrombolysis.
      In the in vitro thrombolytic assay alteplase is about 10 times more effective in
      clot lysis than either streptokinase or urokinase and more than 300 times more
      active than anistreplase. In addition, the ratio of active ingredient to total
      protein content in the preparations was analysed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, GPC-HPLC
      and amino acid analysis. The portion of active ingredient per total protein was
      99.9% for alteplase, 55% for anistreplase, 20% for urokinase and 1% for
      streptokinase. This demonstrates that alteplase is the only fibrinolytic agent
      tested which is essentially free of protein additives of human origine and
      potential contaminants associated therewith. The superior purity of alteplase
      compared to the other fibrinolytics was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and HPLC
      GPC. Significant levels of aggregates were detected in streptokinase and
      urokinase preparations, whereas alteplase and anistreplase were essentially free
      of aggregates. These data demonstrate that there are significant differences in
      composition, purity and in vitro activity between different fibrinolytic agents.

PMID- 1810269
TI  - Low dose tricyclic tachycardia.

PMID- 1810270
TI  - Recurrent plugged ducts.

PMID- 1810271
TI  - Family history: a special opportunity for psychosocial intervention.

PMID- 1810273
TI  - Screening for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 1810272
TI  - The importance of non-master's degree options in nurse-midwifery education.

PMID- 1810274
TI  - Omega 3 fatty acids: research advances and support in the field since June 1985
      (worldwide).

PMID- 1810275
TI  - Post-transfusion purpura.
AB  - Post-transfusion purpura is a complication of blood product transfusion in which
      the recipient produces antiplatelet antibodies resulting in severe
      thrombocytopenia. The typical patient is a multiparous woman who develops sudden
      severe purpura 1 week after receiving a transfusion of packed red cells or whole
      blood. Post-transfusion purpura should, however, be considered in any patient
      with thrombocytopenia following infusion of a blood product. Untreated, the
      disease can be fatal or cause serious morbidity. Treatment options include
      plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and corticosteroids. Platelet
      transfusion is usually unsuccessful.

PMID- 1810276
TI  - The long-term effects of divorce on children: a review.
AB  - A comprehensive review of research from several disciplines regarding long-term
      effects of divorce on children yields a growing consensus that significant
      numbers of children suffer for many years from psychological and social
      difficulties associated with continuing and/or new stresses within the
      postdivorce family and experience heightened anxiety in forming enduring
      attachments at later developmental stages including young adulthood. Different
      conceptual models in the field are explicated. Major lacunae in research,
      particularly around issues of public policy, are identified. The critical
      importance of expanding clinical research to enhance understanding of the child's
      perspective and experience is proposed.

PMID- 1810277
TI  - Evangelistic medicine.

PMID- 1810278
TI  - President's page: role of the cardiologist in peripheral vascular disease.

PMID- 1810280
TI  - Cost considerations for xenon-127.

PMID- 1810279
TI  - Malignant melanoma in situ: another perspective.

PMID- 1810281
TI  - Universal precautions in OR practice, Part III: Compliance and knowledge.

PMID- 1810282
TI  - A randomised study of outcomes in a defined group of acutely ill elderly patients
      managed in a geriatric assessment unit or a general medical unit.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify differences in the medical management and
      clinical outcome in a group of elderly patients admitted to a designated
      geriatric assessment unit (GAU) or to two general medical units (GMUs). A
      prospective randomised controlled trial was undertaken in 267 patients aged 70
      years and over (mean age = 78.3 years). Following discharge from hospital,
      patients were followed up at three monthly intervals for a total of 12 months. At
      the time of discharge, no significant differences were found in inpatient
      management, length of stay, mortality rates, discharge rates to institutional
      care or utilisation of community services in patients admitted to the GAU and the
      GMUs. Similarly, no significant differences were found at three, six, nine, and
      12 month follow up in case fatality, activities of daily living indices, mental
      health status, rates of institutional referral and the level of community service
      support in patients admitted to the GAU and the GMUs studied. These findings do
      not show any advantage for the unselected 70+ acutely ill elderly patient who is
      admitted to a designated geriatric assessment unit rather than to a general
      medical unit. Therefore, an admission policy to GAU, based solely on age 70+ is
      medically inappropriate and cost-inefficient. Evidence from other sources
      suggests that an age cohort of acutely admitted patients beyond 80 years may well
      have returned more optimistic findings for the GAU. In future, GAUs will require
      a more selective admission policy to maximise the benefits of their
      rehabilitative and interdisciplinary approach.

PMID- 1810283
TI  - Compensatory splenic growth.

PMID- 1810284
TI  - CPR.

PMID- 1810285
TI  - Carotid body resection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 1810286
TI  - Effects of nifedipine on total ischemic activity in angina and the importance of
      in-hospital psychological stress in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1810287
TI  - Human babesiosis.

PMID- 1810288
TI  - Spinal accessory nerve preservation during neck dissection.

PMID- 1810289
TI  - Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - As part of a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy, we evaluated the potential
      etiologic role of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in a population with no
      previous history of ectopic pregnancy. Ovulation induction alone was associated
      with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 3.98; 95%
      confidence interval 1.10-14.30). In contrast, ovulation induction for in vitro
      fertilization did not increase the risk further (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95%
      confidence interval 0.54-11.13). These results suggest that hormonal factors may
      be involved in the development of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 1810290
TI  - In defense of medicine.

PMID- 1810291
TI  - Fertility, health, and consanguineous marriages.

PMID- 1810292
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy of myocardial infarction--it's time for science, not
      marketing: the perspective of a practicing cardiologist.

PMID- 1810293
TI  - Rural surgery.

PMID- 1810294
TI  - First isolation of Gardnerella vaginalis.

PMID- 1810295
TI  - Preventive medicine.

PMID- 1810296
TI  - Confidence in confidence intervals.

PMID- 1810297
TI  - ACE inhibition and diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 1810298
TI  - Coronary heart disease and elderly people.

PMID- 1810299
TI  - Effects of relief of biliary obstruction on mononuclear phagocyte system function
      and cell mediated immunity.

PMID- 1810300
TI  - Comments on the sensitivity of the mouse ear-swelling test.

PMID- 1810302
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis and renal amyloidosis.

PMID- 1810303
TI  - Management of streptococcal pharyngitis.

PMID- 1810304
TI  - Experimental and clinical studies of neonatal eeg mapping--methodical
      prerequisites and data interpretation.
AB  - To investigate whether the sampling theorem was fulfilled up to now in
      experimental and clinical EEG-mapping of neonates and to determine the "smearing
      effect" of EEG transmission by the leading media up to the skin, EEG-maps from 5
      slightly anaesthetized term newborn piglets and 8 healthy human newborns were
      calculated. A spatial sampling rate of 1-2 cycles per cm is necessary for a
      sufficient reproduction of surface EEG topology in newborn piglets showing
      activity maxima within motor projection zones. In human neonates, 8-channel
      mapping gave insufficient results, whereas state and EEG pattern related 16
      channel maps provided sufficiently constant, but not complete pattern.
      Simultaneous maps from epidural and epiossal, and epiossal, and surface
      recordings in newborn piglets showed only small "smearing" effects. We conclude,
      the more topical interpretation chances exist, like in neonates with smaller
      "smearing" effects of transmission media, the more complete uptake of original
      data for mapping is necessary. Up to now, it is done seldomly.

PMID- 1810301
TI  - Reserpine: a relic from the past or a neglected drug of the present for achieving
      cost containment in treating hypertension?

PMID- 1810305
TI  - Regioselectivity in the sulfation of dermatan sulfate and methyl 4,6-O
      benzylidene-alpha-D-idopyranoside.
AB  - The sulfation of dermatan sulfate by SO3-trimethylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide
      led to substitution initially at HO-6 of residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl 4-sulfate (1), to produce the 4,6-disulfate (6). When this step
      reached a level of greater than 50%, sulfation occurred with equal facility at HO
      2 and HO-3 of residues of alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (2), giving rise to a
      mixture of 2-,3-, and 2,3-disulfates. An analogous substitution pattern was
      observed for HO-2 and -3 of a simpler idopyranose unit, in the sulfation of
      methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-idopyranoside (12). This lack of
      regioselectivity in the reaction of 2 (and 12) contrasts markedly with the high
      affinity of the reagent for HO-3 of residues of alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid
      present in a modified form of heparin. It is attributed to a difference between
      the two polymers in the relative orientation of their neighboring amino sugar
      residues, whereby there is an unobstructed access of the reagent in one instance,
      and hindrance of HO-2 selectively in the other. Enzymolysis by chondroitinase ABC
      was found to yield unsaturated disaccharide containing residues of 4,6-disulfate,
      as well as larger fragments containing unsaturated glycosyl groups derived from L
      idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate, evidence of a relatively broad enzyme
      specificity. The presence of extra sulfate groups in dermatan sulfate did not
      enhance its weak antithrombotic activity, as measured by anti Xa assay, in
      disagreement with earlier reports.

PMID- 1810307
TI  - [Equation for estimating total body water by bioelectrical impedance measurements
      in Japanese subjects].
AB  - This article reports a study in which the equation for total body water (TBW)
      estimated from deuterium (2H2O)-dilution method and bioelectrical impedance
      measurement (BIM) is described. Subjects were 60 healthy males aged 30 +/- 18.3
      yr (18-74) and 31 healthy females aged 37 +/- 17.5 yr (19-70). Total body water
      determined by the analysis of the dilution of orally ingested deuterium oxide
      (1g2H2O, 99.75 atom % excess/kg body weight) in urine. Bioelectrical impedance
      was measured for each subjects in a supine position using an electrical impedance
      analyzer (500 microA, 50kHz, T-1988K, Toyo Physical Inc.) with a four electrodes
      (Y-250, Nihon Kohden). The mean values of total body water and the impedance in
      males and females subjects were 34.1 +/- 4.27 l and 25.7 +/- 2.42 l, 567 +/- 28.5
      omega and 562 +/- 32.5 omega, respectively. Height squared divided by resistance
      (Ht2/R) correlated well with TBW as measured by 2H2 O, r = 0.530 (p less than
      0.001) in males and r = 0.782 (p less than 0.001) in females. The best-fitting
      regression equation to predict TBW comprised Ht2/R(X1) and body weight (X2) (R =
      0.915, SEE = 1.70 l in males and R = 0.834, SEE = 1.28 l in females). Equations
      were provided with BIM instrument for the prediction of TBW: for males TBW, l =
      0.1983X1 + 0.4004X2 - 0.7938 and for females TBW, l = 0.3536X1 + 0.1269X2 +
      3.3417. These results suggest that bioelectrical impedance measurement is a
      useful measure of total body water in Japanese subjects.

PMID- 1810306
TI  - Antiviral properties of Ro 31-8959, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) proteinase.
AB  - Ro 31-8959 inhibits the spread of HIV infection and the production of cytopathic
      effects in cultures of acutely infected cells. IC50 values for these effects are
      in the range 0.5-6.0 nM and IC90 values are in the range 6.0-30.0 nM. This
      inhibitor is effective even when added to cultures at a late stage of infection,
      after syncytia have started to form. Virus antigen, virus particles and virus
      cytopathic effects can largely be cleared from cultures treated with compound
      from 3 days until 6 days post infection. In chronically-infected cells,
      inhibition of virus maturation can be detected after 24 hours' treatment with 10
      nM Ro 31-8959. In addition, a significant reduction of the proteolytic processing
      of p56 to p24 can be demonstrated in these cells with compound at picomolar
      concentrations. These properties indicate that Ro 31-8959 is highly effective
      against HIV with the potential to inhibit acute, established acute and chronic
      infections.

PMID- 1810308
TI  - [The mechanism of electromyographic silent periods preceding a ballistic
      voluntary plantar flexion].
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the neurophysiological mechanism of
      electromyographic silent periods(SP) preceding a ballistic voluntary movement.
      Ten male subjects were asked to respond to the flashing light by performing a
      plantar flexion as strongly and quickly as possible. The myoelectric signals from
      agonist (m. gastrocnemius, caput laterale: LG, m. soleus: SOL) and antagonist (m.
      tibialis anterior: TA) were simultaneously recorded together with the isometric
      contraction force signal. The excitability of the alpha motoneuron pools by means
      of the H reflex analysis was also determined at various phases of the movement.
      The results obtained are as follows: 1) In five out of 10 subjects, the
      electromyographic silent period was consistently observed (SP Group), while the
      rest of the subjects did not show such changes (NSP Group). 2) The maximum rate
      of tension raise (dF/dt) in SP Group (32.3 +/- 24.9 N/ms) was significantly (p
      less than .05) greater than NSP Group (15.1 +/- 12.0 N/ms). 3) In SP Group, the
      averaged H-wave mean amplitude decreased about 40ms prior to the appearance of
      SP. From these results, it can be concluded that SP in this study was
      attributable to the supraspinal influences so as to allow a specific motor
      program to be executed for selective recruitment of phasic (high threshold) motor
      units.

PMID- 1810309
TI  - [Comparison of methods for estimating percent body fat in distance-runners].
AB  - A comparative study was conducted between two independent methods to estimate
      body fat in 13 college male distance-runners (20.2 +/- 1.1 yrs) and 11 male
      college students (19.6 +/- 0.7 yrs) as control group. The methods dealt with
      different body component parameters. Body fat was estimated (1) in terms of total
      body water based on the analysis of dilution of orally ingested deuterium oxide
      (D2O) in urine, and (2) in terms of body density based on underwater weighing.
      The results were as follows: 1) The skinfold thickness at 14 sites in distance
      runners were thinner than those in control group. The mean values for
      subcutaneous fat in distance-runners were 4.3 +/- 0.7 kg (7.2 +/- 1.1%), which
      were lower than those (8.3 +/- 2.7 kg & 13.3 +/- 3.4%) in control group
      significantly. Oh the other hand, the mean values for internal fat in distance
      runners were 8.7 +/- 1.4 kg (14.4 +/- 1.6%), which were larger than those (6.5 +/
      3.1 kg & 10.2 +/- 4.3%) in control group. 2) The mean values for percent body
      fat in control group were 16.1 +/- 1.6% by skinfolds method, 20.2 +/- 5.1% by
      body density method and 23.5 +/- 4.6% by total body water method. The estimated
      values of percent body fat by the methods of body density and total body water
      were approximately the same. 3) The mean values for percent body fat in distance
      runners were 11.9 +/- 1.4% by skinfolds method, 11.8 +/- 1.7% by body density
      method and 21.5 +/- 1.9% by total body water method. The estimated values of
      percent body fat in distance-runners were lower than those in control
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810310
TI  - Effects of exercise training at an intensity relative to lactate threshold in
      mildly obese women.
AB  - To determine the effects of exercise training on the anthropometric and
      physiologic characteristics, twenty-eight mildly obese women were studied prior
      to and following a 14-week exercise training program. The present data
      demonstrated that regular aerobic training at an intensity corresponding to
      lactate threshold (LT) led to significant improvements in VO2max (12%) and VO2LT
      (16%) and significant reductions in systolic (5%) and diastolic blood pressure
      (9%). Weight (5%) and percent body fat (11%) decreased significantly, while LBM
      remained essentially unchanged. Although the change in HDLC and HDLC/TC did not
      reach statistical significance, the TC (8%) and LDLC (7%) decreased
      significantly. These alterations in cardiorespiratory, anthropometric, and
      metabolic characteristics clearly demonstrate that training intensity relative to
      LT may be appropriate for obese individuals to improve the aerobic capacity,
      lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, and anthropometric profile.

PMID- 1810311
TI  - [Study on the limitation for detecting anaerobic threshold by respiratory
      frequency].
AB  - It has been reported that respiratory frequency (F) serves to determine anaerobic
      threshold (AT). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the method
      detecting AT by using F is influenced by the subject's condition such as the
      existence of sport experiences. Ten healthy adults volunteered to perform
      progressive cycle ergometer exercise with workloads increased by 30-W (female:20
      W) every 2 min at 60 rpm. VO2 at AT were determined by four different methods,
      which detect the point of 1)nonlinear increase in VE, VCO2, and increase in
      VE/VO2 without increasing in VE/VCO2 (AT-v), 2) nonlinear increase in F (visual
      estimation: AT-VF), 3) inflection in F by multisegment linear regression (AT-CF),
      4) inflection with omitting above RC point as with 3) (AT-CF2). The mean VO2 at
      AT-VF (40.8 +/- 9.2 ml/kg/min) and AT-CF (42.7 +/- 9.9 ml/kg/min) was
      significantly higher compared with AT-V (28.2 +/- 10.4 ml/kg/min) and not RC
      (42.3 +/- 10.0 ml/kg/min). It would be possible that AT-VF and AT-CF indicated
      RC, but not AT. There were no significant differences between AT-CF2 (28.2 +/-
      10.9 ml/kg/min) and AT-V, and a highly positive correlation (r = 0.79, p less
      than 0.05) was observed between them. It was recognized that F reached a plateau
      at AT in four of the subjects. The error between AT-V and AT-CF2 was observed
      individual variations and the error between them within 5% was observed in only
      one subject. These results suggest that F is inadequate as an indicator of the
      AT, because F may be influenced by entrainment of breathing and pedalling
      frequency.

PMID- 1810312
TI  - Dentin permeability: effects of crown preparation.
AB  - Sequential crown reductions of extracted human teeth were made to evaluate both
      regional differences in dentin permeability and the effects of tooth reduction.
      Two different methods of tooth reduction were used. In group 1, tooth reduction
      was nonuniform but was done in a manner similar to conventional crown
      preparations. Maximum, total crown permeability was measured using a pressurized
      fluid filtration technique after removing the smear layer. Regional reductions in
      permeability were accomplished by creating smear layers on mesial, distal,
      buccal, lingual, and occlusal surfaces sequentially. Between each step, changes
      in dentin permeability were measured. In group 2, tooth reductions were uniform
      and regional permeability was reduced by localized application of potassium
      oxalate. Both methods demonstrated increased permeability of dentin as the
      prepared surfaces approached the pulp chamber. Generally, the mesial surfaces
      were more permeable than the distal surfaces. The occlusal and lingual surfaces
      were the least permeable regions.

PMID- 1810313
TI  - Effect of controlled oral hygiene in overdenture wearers: a 3-year study.
AB  - The effect of controlled oral hygiene was studied in 35 overdenture patients
      involving 80 abutments over a period of 3 years. Intensive instruction and
      motivation in oral hygiene care were carried out prior to prosthodontic treatment
      and two to four times yearly during the study period. The initial dental and
      periodontal conditions were very poor, with a mean loss of proximal bone adjacent
      to the abutments of 62% +/- 17%. During the study period, it was possible to
      maintain mean plaque index scores of 0.40 to 0.70 and mean gingival index scores
      of 0.90 to 0.98 adjacent to the abutments. There was spontaneous regression of 4-
      to 5-mm periodontal pockets, whereas deeper pockets persisted. There was no
      relationship between the patients' initial plaque index score and the oral and
      denture hygiene observed during the study. The results of the study showed that
      it was possible to maintain teeth as overdenture abutments in elderly patients
      initially having a poor dental and periodontal status.

PMID- 1810314
TI  - Considerations in design and fabrication of maxillary implant-supported
      prostheses.
AB  - Principles of the design and fabrication of implant-supported maxillary
      prostheses are described. The significance of the maxillomandibular
      relationships, maxillary arch size to the location of the implants, and the
      positioning of the restored dental arch are discussed. Angulated abutments may
      overcome conflicts between the position of the artificial teeth and the implants.
      Solutions to design features that may impair achievement of a pleasing
      appearance, good gingival health, and well-articulated speech are considered.

PMID- 1810315
TI  - Hydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials: dimensional accuracy,
      wettability, and effect on gypsum hardness.
AB  - Three hydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials, containing an
      intrinsic surfactant, were compared with a hydrophobic poly(vinyl siloxane) and a
      polyether impression material. The hydrophobic poly(vinyl siloxane) material was
      dimensionally more accurate than the hydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxane) in two of
      three measured dimensions, but the difference was small. The polyether material
      was the most wettable, and the hydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxane) were more
      wettable than the hydrophobic poly(vinyl siloxane). However, when a topical
      surfactant was used, no difference in wettability was noted between the
      hydrophilic and hydrophobic poly(vinyl siloxane), and their wettability was
      comparable to the polyether material, indicating that the topical surfactant was
      more effective than the intrinsic surfactants. Stone dies made from the
      hydrophobic poly(vinyl siloxane) material were harder than those obtained from
      the other materials.

PMID- 1810316
TI  - Precision attachment retained removable partial dentures: 1. Technical long-term
      study.
AB  - Patients provided with 53 distal extension-base removable partial dentures
      retained using rigid intracoronal slide attachments were followed up to 25 years.
      The initial treatment consisted of fixed partial dentures involving all remaining
      teeth in the treated arches and removable partial dentures having a cast cobalt
      chromium framework. The removable dentures showed few complications and little
      need for relining. The failures primarily involved the fixed partial dentures.
      Seven arches required complete dentures as a result of technical complications in
      five patients. Cement failures, root fractures, and fractures of the fixed
      prostheses were most problematic. The survival rate was about 65% up to 15 years,
      and a survival time of 50% was extrapolated to 20 years.

PMID- 1810317
TI  - Verifying the reliability of interchanging casts with semiadjustable
      articulators.
AB  - Interchangeability of a semiadjustable articulator could be of significant
      convenience and economic benefit to the restorative dentist. The manufacturer of
      the Whip-Mix Model 2240 articulator claims such interchangeability. This study
      evaluated the accuracy of the cross-mounting capability of eight such
      articulators, then compared the measured results with those obtained from eight
      semiadjustable instruments for which the manufacturer makes no such promise of
      interchangeability. It was determined that the Model 2240 articular did possess
      accuracy when a measuring device was transferred between the eight materials
      tested.

PMID- 1810318
TI  - New high-palladium casting alloys: 1. Overview and initial studies.
AB  - High-palladium alloys for metal ceramic restorations, based on the Pd-Cu-Ga and
      Pd-Ga systems, were introduced to the dental profession during the past decade.
      These alloys have become increasingly popular because they are much less
      expensive than the gold-based alloys, and recently marketed high-palladium alloy
      compositions have excellent mechanical properties. A summary of the important
      melting and casting considerations for these somewhat technique-sensitive alloys
      is presented together with an overview of important dental materials science
      aspects and the results of a dental laboratory survey. A maxillary central
      incisor coping was chosen as the clinically appropriate specimen shape, and the
      gas-oxygen torch melting technique was found to produce castings with clinically
      acceptable levels of marginal sharpness and little evidence of microporosity. The
      etched as-cast high-palladium alloys exhibited fine-scale multiphase
      microstructures, and a noteworthy finding was that relative proportions of the
      microstructural constituents frequently varied for thin versus thick sections of
      the cast specimens.

PMID- 1810319
TI  - The bond strength of Panavia Ex to air-abraded amalgam.
AB  - The tensile bond strengths of a resin cement, Panavia Ex, to a spherical and an
      admixed amalgam were measured after surface treatment with different aluminum
      oxide abrasive spray procedures. The type of amalgam and the brand of aluminum
      oxide affected the bond strength of the resin to amalgam alloy. When the
      spherical alloy was air abraded using 60-microns aluminum oxide prior to
      cementation of a Rexillium rod using Panavia, the bond strength was not
      significantly different from the previously reported bond strengths of Panavia to
      etched enamel. Significantly lower bond strengths were obtained between Panavia
      and the admixed amalgam alloy. These results suggest that it may be possible to
      place a resin-bonded prosthesis on an abutment tooth that has been restored using
      a spherical amalgam alloy.

PMID- 1810320
TI  - Shock-absorbing behavior of five restorative materials used on implants.
AB  - The damping effect of five restorative materials used to veneer test crowns
      rigidly connected to a Branemark implant and subjected to an impact force was
      measured. These materials included a gold alloy; a noble metal ceramic alloy;
      porcelain; a laboratory-processed, light-activated microfilled resin; and a heat-
      and pressure-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) resin. The two resins were
      found to reduce the impact force by about 50% when compared to porcelain or the
      alloys. The clinical significance of the results is discussed.

PMID- 1810321
TI  - Evaluation of the desensitizing effect of Gluma Dentin Bond on teeth prepared for
      complete-coverage restorations.
AB  - This clinical trial assessed the ability of Gluma Dentin Bond to inhibit dentinal
      sensitivity in teeth prepared to receive complete cast restorations. Twenty
      patients provided 76 teeth for the study. Following tooth preparation, dentinal
      surfaces were coated with either sterile water (control) or two 30-second
      applications of Gluma Dentin Bond (test) on either intact or removed smear
      layers. Patients were recalled after 14 days for a test of sensitivity of the
      prepared dentin to compressed air, osmotic stimulus (saturated CaCl2 solution),
      and tactile stimulation via a scratch test under controlled loads. A
      significantly lower number of teeth responded to the test stimuli for both Gluma
      groups when compared to the controls (P less than .01). No difference was noted
      between teeth with smear layers intact or removed prior to treatment with Gluma.

PMID- 1810323
TI  - Low thymosin alpha-1 concentrations in patients chronically infected with the
      hepatitis B virus.
AB  - Serum concentrations of thymosin alpha-1 (TA-1), an immunoregulatory peptide,
      were assayed in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and volunteer blood
      donor controls. Coded samples were tested using a radioimmunoassay. The TA-1
      concentrations in HBsAg-positive patients averaged 1555 pg/ml, whereas in the
      control group, the mean TA-1 in serum was 2159 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). Similar
      results were found for age- and sex-matched pairs. The TA-1 concentration was not
      associated with HBe antigen/antibody status or with values of liver-associated
      enzymes. Analysis of T-cell subsets in nine HBsAg carriers revealed significantly
      decreased CD4 (helper)-cells, both in absolute numbers and as the percentage of
      total lymphocytes present. These data suggest that individuals with chronic
      hepatitis B infection have a relative deficiency of the immunomodulatory peptide
      TA-1, which may contribute to the characteristics of the resultant T-cell
      population.

PMID- 1810322
TI  - Alterations of T-cell functions during Friend leukemia complex infection:
      defective signal transduction?
AB  - Proliferative and interleukin responses to T-cell mitogens such as concanavalin A
      (Con A) were rapidly and progressively reduced in BALB/c mice infected with the
      Friend leukemia complex (FLC) or its helper, Friend murine leukemia virus (F
      MuLV). In contrast, a combination of the protein kinase C activator phorbol ester
      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and the Ca++ ionophore A23187 elicited
      a normal lymphoproliferative response up to 8 days postinfection (p.i.) and
      normal interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma responses up to day 14 p.i.
      Exogenous IL-2 failed to restore the lymphoproliferative response of infected
      cells regardless of the stimulation used. These results showed that the T-cell
      deficits may be at least partly attributable to a derangement of the signal
      transduction pathway leading to activation. Spleen cells passed through nylon
      wool columns reacquired a normal responsiveness to Con A +/- TPA up to 14 days
      p.i. The latter finding suggests that the alterations in signal transduction are
      not caused by primary defect of the responder-T cells but may result from an
      extrinsic suppressive mechanism.

PMID- 1810324
TI  - Effect of fluoride on root caries--an in vitro study.

PMID- 1810325
TI  - A comparison of the cephalometric norms of Keralites with various Indian groups
      using Steiner's & Tweed's analyses.

PMID- 1810326
TI  - Use of analgesics in dental pain. A short survey among general practitioners and
      dental surgeons.

PMID- 1810327
TI  - Amalgam.

PMID- 1810328
TI  - Fluoride-releasing core build-up materials and artificial caries.
AB  - This study examined the effect of fluoride-releasing core build-up materials upon
      both enamel and root demineralization in an artificial caries system. Thirty
      extracted human molars were randomly assigned to three treatment groups
      consisting of (1) conventional composite core build-up paste, (2) fluoridated
      core build-up paste and (3) glass cermet. Teeth were thermocycled 350 times
      between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C using 30-second dwell times. Acid-resistant
      varnish was placed on the specimens to within 1 mm of the restoration and the
      teeth were subjected to an artificial-caries challenge at pH 4.2 for 72 hours.
      Teeth were then sectioned and the thin sections photographed using a polarized
      light microscope. Areas of the artificial-caries lesions were measured using a
      sonic digitizing pad. Mean lesion area (in arbitrary units from the digitizing
      pad) on enamel for Group 1 was 3.76 +/- 0.54; Group 2 was 2.53 +/- 1.17 and Group
      3 was 2.32 +/- 0.68. Mean lesion area on root for Group 1 was 3.04 +/- 0.54;
      Group 2 was 2.34 +/- 0.58 and Group 3 was 2.51 +/- 0.53. ANOVA with Duncan's
      multiple range test of contrast indicates a significant difference (P less than
      0.001) on both enamel (35 +/- 3%) and root (20 +/- 3%) between the non
      fluoridated product and the two fluoridated products. There were no significant
      differences between Group 2 and 3. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This artificial caries
      study indicates that a fluoride-releasing core material may be of value in
      preventing demineralization of tooth structure adjacent to the restorative core
      material.

PMID- 1810329
TI  - Bonding of dentin adhesives in clinically-simulated occlusal resin composite
      restorations.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure the bond strength of resin dentin
      bonding agents under clinically-simulated conditions. Using extracted human teeth
      subjected to physiologic-pulpal fluid pressure, occlusal cavity preparations were
      restored with three dentin bonding agent/resin composite combinations. The teeth
      were sectioned to remove the occlusal enamel and upper part of the restoration.
      The force required to remove the remainder of the restoration was converted to a
      dentin bond strength value. The effect of incremental placement of the resin
      composite also was investigated. Scotchbond 2 showed better bonding than Gluma or
      Scotchbond Dual Cure, and Gluma showed better bonding than Scotchbond Dual Cure.
      Although all materials showed better bonding with the use of three increments of
      resin composite versus one, only in the case of Scotchbond 2 was there a
      statistically-verified difference.

PMID- 1810330
TI  - Shelf life of the Gluma bonding system.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine by shear bond strength testing the
      efficacy of Gluma batches produced between 1985 and 1990 and stored at either 23
      degrees C or varying temperatures between 19 degrees and 32 degrees C. The
      average bond strength figures for the thirty variable conditions tested were not
      significantly different from each other on the 0.05 significance level. Chemical
      analysis of the individual Gluma Primer batches investigated proved that the
      concentration of the main active ingredients of the mixture, glutaraldehyde and
      HEMA, were not or only moderately reduced when compared with the composition
      determined on the dates of manufacture. It was concluded that this bonding system
      is stable over a period of 6 years when possible extremes in storage temperature
      are avoided.

PMID- 1810331
TI  - Long-term fluoride release from glass ionomer-lined amalgam restorations.
AB  - This in vitro study evaluated the amount of fluoride released from glass ionomer
      lined amalgam restorations over a period of 1 year. Class V cavities (2 x 2 x 7
      mm) were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human molars
      randomly distributed into 5 groups: Group 1: No restorations; Group 2:
      Dispersalloy amalgam alone; Group 3: same as Group 2 except 1 mm of Ketac-Silver
      was placed on the axial wall before amalgam insertion; Group 4: GC
      Lining/amalgam; and Group 5: Miracle Mix/amalgam. After restoration, each tooth
      was thermocycled (100x) at 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C with a dwell time of 30
      seconds for baseline fluoride release levels. The teeth were placed in a
      polyethylene vial containing 4 ml of deionized water. At weekly intervals, each
      tooth was transferred to a fresh vial. Fluoride release was measured with a
      fluoride ion specific electrode for 10 consecutive weeks and then again at the
      end of 1 year. Calibration curves for low level measurements were prepared so the
      readings could be expressed in micrograms/ml F. At 1 year, fluoride released in
      micrograms/ml was: Group 1: less than 0.08; Group 2: less than 0.08; Group 3:
      0.28; Group 4: 0.68; Group 5: 1.12. An ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical
      difference between the groups. At the end of 1 year, measurable amounts of
      fluoride were recorded for all glass ionomer-lined groups with Miracle Mix and GC
      Lining releasing significantly more fluoride than Ketac-Silver (P less than
      0.002).

PMID- 1810332
TI  - The fluid-filled gap under amalgam and resin composite restorations.
AB  - This article discusses the factors involved in the formation of marginal gaps
      between amalgam or resin composite restorative materials and cavity walls. The
      fluid that penetrates the microspace from the oral cavity and from the dentinal
      tubules is followed by bacterial invasion. This process can lead to secondary
      caries and irritation of the dentin/pulp complex. The bacterial growth is
      controlled by effective sealing at the tooth/restoration interface, partial
      obliteration of the gap, accumulation of solids at the cavosurface margins of the
      restorations, and by antibacterial linings.

PMID- 1810333
TI  - Standardizing laboratory adhesion tests.
AB  - Laboratory adhesion tests are performed as screening tests prior to the clinical
      evaluation of dentin bonding restorative systems. These tests include the
      determination of the bond strength to dentin and the evaluation of microleakage
      and marginal gap dimensions at the tooth-restoration interface. No standardized
      adhesion tests are available as the methodologies vary tremendously from one
      laboratory to another. The variable factors are reviewed in this manuscript and
      laboratory studies to standardize these procedures are proposed.

PMID- 1810334
TI  - In vitro simulations of in vivo bonding conditions.
AB  - Most in vitro bonding studies have been performed on extracted teeth of unknown
      age, stored in a wide variety of solutions, embedded in substances that encourage
      dehydration, and polished flat with abrasive paper. In vivo, teeth are vital and
      maintained moist by dentin fluid that exudes from pulpal blood vessels to dentin
      surfaces prepared with burs. In vivo conditions can be simulated in vitro by
      filling the pulp chamber of extracted teeth with physiologic solutions maintained
      under a positive pressure. Dentin bonding surfaces can be prepared flat using
      burs. More attention should be focused on the effects of dentin depth
      (superficial versus deep) and position (occlusal, proximal, etc.) on the bond
      strengths of materials during screening experiments. Alternatively, bonding of
      adhesives can be performed in vivo using various animals such as monkeys, goats
      and dogs. Although the bond strengths of adhesives are low in animals, this may
      represent species and tooth-type differences rather than unique in vivo
      conditions. The methods in these studies could be used in human teeth scheduled
      for extractions. Many of these models could be used before the introduction of
      new dentin bonding systems.

PMID- 1810335
TI  - Variability of clinical dentin substrates.
AB  - Clinical trials remain the only conclusive research of dentin adhesive
      performance, but variables unique to the oral environment may influence the
      results. Dentin variability is one factor that may account for extreme variations
      in clinical evaluations. Despite the encouraging results of laboratory studies,
      clinical trials with adhesive systems have been disappointing. Current adhesives
      are reported to react with dentin surfaces by chemical and/or micro-mechanical
      mechanisms. Dentin surfaces, such as cervical abrasions, are subject to intraoral
      changes and dentin tubules commonly become obturated by the growth of peritubular
      dentin or by the precipitation of calcific deposits within the tubules. The
      resulting sclerotic dentin may be less receptive to current dentin adhesives. An
      examination of clinically aged dentin surfaces has revealed an inordinate
      variability in tubular morphology. The more sclerotic dentin present, the less
      effective was dentin conditioning and resin composite adaptation. Early
      correlations with current clinical trials appear to substantiate that the
      greatest failure of restorations occurred in sclerotic lesions.

PMID- 1810336
TI  - Contributing co-variables in clinical trials.
AB  - To accurately compare Class V dentinal bonding studies, it is essential to
      critically classify the effects of the intraoral location and age of the patient
      on the retention of resin composite restorations. A mathematical formula for
      normalization combined with the Weibull analysis also is proposed that could
      provide CL50 values for the clinical longevity of adhesive restorations.

PMID- 1810337
TI  - Resin-bonded bridges. A status report for the American Journal of Dentistry.
AB  - Resin-bonded bridges have been extensively evaluated during the past 20 years.
      Although there remain certain critical problems to consider, it may be concluded
      that resin-bonded bridge restorations are a useful alternative prosthodontic
      treatment. The survival rates have improved and perceptive patient selection with
      disciplined execution of the technical and clinical procedures will ensure that
      the resin-bonded bridge is a reliable, conservative option when one or possibly
      two teeth are replaced. In this review, the clinical limitations of resin-bonded
      bridges are discussed.

PMID- 1810338
TI  - Network properties of memory trace formation in the hippocampus.
AB  - Based on the experimental evidence from his laboratory and the relevant
      literature the Author outlines a formal model of memory trace formation. During
      exploratory (theta) behaviors the neocortical information is transmitted to the
      hippocampus via the fast-firing granule cells which may induce a weak and
      transient heterosynaptic potentiation in a subgroup of CA3 pyramidal cells. The
      weakly potentiated CA3 neurons will then initiate population bursts upon the
      termination of exploratory activity (sharp wave state). It is assumed that
      recurrent excitation during the population burst is strongest on those cells
      which initiated the population event. It is suggested that the strong excitatory
      drive brought about by the sharp wave-concurrent population bursts during
      consummatory behaviors, immobility, and slow wave sleep may be sufficient for the
      induction of long-term synaptic modification in the initiator neurons of the CA3
      region and in their targets in CA1. In this two-stage model both exploratory
      (theta) and sharp wave states of the hippocampus are essential and any
      interference that might modify the structure of the population bursts (e.g.,
      epileptic spikes) are detrimental to memory trace formation.

PMID- 1810339
TI  - [Convergence and divergence between morphology and karyology in related species
      of the genus Vicia].
AB  - Karyological polymorphism is generally the rule in related species of genus
      Vicia, as has been frequently shown in many entities of its comprehensive
      species; therefore a correspondence of phenotypic and karyotypic characters is
      rather rare. Two cases are described here, in which both external morphological
      and internal karyological features, are correlated. These data have been obtained
      through biometric and karyotypic studies, carried out both on the perennials V.
      onobrychioides and V. altissima, and on the annuals V. villosa ssp. varia and V.
      benghalensis. In both perennials the chromosomes were rather long, the nucleolar
      constriction was on the longest couple of chromosomes, and even the satellite was
      of the same type; in both annuals the chromosomes were short, the nucleolar
      constriction was on the shortest couple of chromosomes, and the satellite was
      large in comparison to the arm to which it was connected. These similarities of
      the karyotypes are important because they may make easier a possible experimental
      cross-breed of the abovementioned entities.

PMID- 1810340
TI  - [Initial observations on the organization of the testis of Trisopterus minutus
      capelanus].
AB  - Testis of the Teleostean fish Trisopterus minutus capelanus has been examined to
      study the organization of the seminiferous tubules and the ultrastructural
      features of the germ cells. The testis is shown to be composed of seminiferous
      tubules full of cells: only few of them have just a very narrow lumen. Each
      tubule is divided by thin septa of connective tissue in zones containing
      homogeneous cells; such an organization is confirmed by ultrastructural images
      showing groups of synchronously developing germ cells. By morphological
      characterization of the germ cells found in each zone, 6 maturation stages have
      been identified. During spermiogenesis, a progressive shrinkage of germ cells and
      a nuclear chromatin condensation have been observed. Intercellular bridges,
      homogeneously dispersed granules of glycogen and groups of mitochondria
      associated with dense granular material have been described. Such features are
      present in the earlier stages of spermiogenesis and are retained until the later
      stages of spermatid differentiation. The spermatozoon shows a lack of acrosome as
      in many other teleosts previously studied.

PMID- 1810341
TI  - [Activity of natural fatty acids on erythrocyte osmotic resistance].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the influence on the functional
      characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane of adding in vitro different natural
      fatty acids to blood taken from normal subjects. Blood samples were collected
      without stasis from healthy volunteers, anticoagulated with heparin or EDTA and
      incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min with the different fatty acids at
      concentrations ranging between 1 x 10(-4) and 3 x 10(-2) molar. Two ml of blood
      were used for each test. The treated blood was added to graded solutions of NaCl
      (0.90-0.20 g/dl) at a ratio of 100 microliters/5 ml of solution. The suspensions
      were kept at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 g, in order to
      accelerate the sedimentation of the erythrocytes which had not been broken down
      and so as to obtain a clear supernatant for spectrophotometry of the dissolved
      haemoglobin. Readings were compared with those obtained from blood samples which
      had been completely haemolyzed by suspension in distilled water. Results obtained
      with the blood samples prepared with the fatty acids were compared with control
      samples from the same donor, also incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min.
      Preincubation of the erythrocyte with butyric or caproic or oleic acid at
      concentrations ranging between 5 and 20 millimolar, provoked a clear
      deterioration of the osmotic resistances of the erythrocytes, in proportion to
      the concentration of the fatty acid used. The osmotic insult was systematically
      more effective in those samples anticoagulated with EDTA than those treated with
      heparin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810342
TI  - [Research on adducts of benzo(a)pyrene and DNA in different cells using
      synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry].
AB  - The levels of benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide(BPDE)-DNA adducts were measured in rat
      and human cells by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. BPDE-DNA adducts
      detected in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages were related to current smoking
      habits, in contrast to the adducts found in peripheral blood leukocytes. BP
      administration to rats produced BPDE-DNA adducts in both liver and lungs.
      Although small yet repeatable signals were also detected in lung DNA from rats
      treated for 3 days with tobacco smoke. None of the samples obtained from
      untreated animals was positive. The detection of BPDE-DNA adducts may be used in
      biomonitoring and experimental studies for determining of exposure to BP even
      when applied as a constituent of complex mixtures.

PMID- 1810343
TI  - [Evaluation of blood chemistry parameters of rats treated with 2
      acetylaminofluorene and N-acetylcysteine].
AB  - Male wistar rats were treated with a diet supplemented with 0.05% 2
      acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) and/or 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) according to the
      protocol of Teebor and Becker. Eleven haematochemical parameters were evaluated
      at the third week of the first two cycles. The results showed a slight yet
      significant decrease in total proteins and triglycerides, and an increase in
      total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, as
      compared to untreated controls. Co-treatment with NAC slightly attenuated the
      alterations induced by 2AAF. On the whole, these results demonstrate that 2AAF is
      poorly necrotic to hepatocytes, and hence its known ability to damage the liver
      appears to mainly depend on nuclear effects rather than on cytoplasmic changes.

PMID- 1810344
TI  - [Purification from goat antiserum of immunoglobulins against G6PD from rabbits].
AB  - DEAE Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad) provides an efficient and rapid fractionation of
      human serum proteins by a single chromatographic step. When goat serum is applied
      to the matrix and chromatography is performed following the procedure utilized
      for the human serum proteins, the elution pattern changes and the Ig purification
      is not satisfactory. We achieved a better Ig purification from goat serum by the
      following improved procedure. We performed first an AS-40 fractionation followed
      by extensive dialysis in 50 mM Na-citrate pH 5.7. The sample was then loaded onto
      a P11 column equilibrated in the same buffer. The fraction eluted at Vo contained
      total IgG and the other serum proteins, except beta-globulins which were eluted
      with 0.24 M phosphate. Peak 1 concentrated and dialyzed in 20 mM phosphate buffer
      pH 8 was then applied to a DEAE Affi-Gel Blue column, equilibrated in the same
      buffer. Two protein peaks were eluted from this column and electrophoretically
      characterized as: peak 1, containing a pure Ig fraction (70% yield), peak 2 with
      albumin and other contaminating serum proteins. When goat antiserum is obtained
      against a specific protein, our technique may be suitably employed to purify
      polyclonal antibodies for immunoprecipitation studies.

PMID- 1810345
TI  - The jellyfish bloom in the Ligurian Sea (1984-1988). Biological and statistical
      evaluations.

PMID- 1810346
TI  - A 500 MHz proton NMR study of stacking interactions: binding of tripeptide Lys
      Tyr-Lys to tetradeoxynucleotide d-GpCpGpC.
AB  - The complete sequential assignment and conformation of d-GpCpGpC in D2O has been
      determined from 1D NMR spectra at 285-320 K and room temperature 2D-COSY and
      NOESY spectra. The tetradeoxynucleotide exists primarily as a right handed double
      helix at 285 K, having Tm as 314 K. On binding to a tripeptide Lys-Tyr-Lys in a
      concentration equimolar to tetranucleotide duplex, the Tyr ring protons shift
      upfield by 0.14 ppm at 285 K. The increase in Tm on binding suggests
      stabilization of duplex. The existence of intermolecular NOEs between C4 sugar
      protons and Tyr alpha C and Lys alpha C protons give direct evidence of proximity
      of Tyr residue to the C4 base of d-GpCpGpC. The conformation of d-GpCpGpC remains
      unchanged on binding. The observed results are interpreted in terms of
      preferential stacking of aromatic ring of Tyr residue with proximal base-pair of
      d-GpCpGpC, stabilized by electrostatic interaction of Lysine side chains with
      backbone phosphates. This is in contrast to intercalculation of aromatic dyes
      within base-pairs resulting in a change in sugar conformation at the binding
      site.

PMID- 1810347
TI  - 'Hot spot' amino acid distribution in Ha-ras oncogene product p21: relationship
      to guanine binding site.
AB  - Although the rules which describe the atomic basis of structure-function
      relationships of proteins have yet to be deciphered, they are nevertheless coded
      within the framework of the amino acid and nucleotide sequence. The objectives of
      the present investigations were to document a composite, new approach for the
      evaluation of the structure-function dependencies of proteins based on the
      analysis of the informational content of the primary amino acid sequence as well
      as the topological and functional regions of a protein. This approach is
      validated with the example of the p21 Ha-ras oncogene family of proteins. Using
      this approach, amino acids crucial for p21 transforming activity have been
      identified and these amino acid residue assignments compared with experimental
      data.

PMID- 1810348
TI  - Cytokine conformations: predictive studies.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of human and murine haemopoietins have been analysed
      using algorithms predictive for secondary structure. The results for 19 of these
      proteins (human and murine interleukins 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and granulocyte,
      macrophage and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factors as well as human
      erythropoietin) suggest that they each contain a 4-alpha-helical bundle, ca 25 A
      long, as a common conformational feature. The most important predictive indicator
      was considered to be the occurrence of quasi-repeating sequences of seven amino
      acids of the form (a-b-c-d-e-f-g), with apolar side chains (usually leucine)
      lying alternately three and four residues apart in the a and d positions. As with
      other proteins of known secondary structure this periodicity favours the
      formation of alpha-helical elements, each with an apolar external strip, which
      interdigitate closely with one another when tested appropriately. Molecular
      models based on these putative 4-alpha-helical bundles are presented--with
      special reference to human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The
      extent to which such models are consistent with experiments designed to delineate
      receptor binding sites is discussed.

PMID- 1810350
TI  - A strategy for efficient characterization of macromolecular heteroassociations
      via measurement of sedimentation equilibrium.
AB  - A method is proposed for the selection of experimental conditions for
      sedimentation equilibrium experiments that will provide maximal information about
      the values of equilibrium association constants within a given scheme for
      heteroassociation of two solute components. A discriminator function is proposed
      that indicates the sensitivity of the experimentally observed gradient or
      gradients to alterations in the underlying association constants. The value of
      this function is plotted or tabulated as a function of the concentrations of the
      two components, over a broad range of solution compositions. It is suggested that
      experiments performed with loading compositions corresponding to large absolute
      values of the discriminator function will yield the most information with respect
      to determination of the underlying association constants. This method was tested
      by predicting optimal conditions for three different types of sedimentation
      equilibrium experiments: (i) measurement of total (natural) solute absorbance;
      (ii) measurement of individual component gradients via measurement of tracer
      absorbance; and (iii) global analysis of multiple experiments. Experimental data
      resulting from sedimentation equilibrium experiments carried out under the
      specified conditions were simulated by addition of realistic levels of random
      error to calculated equilibrium gradients. The simulated data were then analyzed
      exactly as real experimental data, i.e., without prior knowledge of the
      underlying association constants. It was found that the highest accuracy and
      precision in determination of heteroassociation constants are obtained by global
      analysis of multiple experiments performed using significantly different loading
      compositions, each of which is selected from 'sensitive' regions of the
      discriminator map.

PMID- 1810349
TI  - Immunological mapping of fine molecular surface structures of citrate synthase
      enzymes from different cell types.
AB  - Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), which is present in all living organisms as a key
      enzyme in aerobic energy metabolism, is one of the most highly phylogenetically
      conserved enzymes known in terms of its primary and active site structure.
      However, in terms of other parameters such as in vitro stability, tolerance to
      changes in pH, degree of self-polymerization, etc., citrate synthases from
      different sources are markedly different. These divergences can be observed even
      between isoforms of the enzyme within the same species. Data documenting these
      diversities suggest that a high degree of difference in tertiary structures may
      occur. Therefore, the surface profiles of citrate synthase enzymes from yeast,
      pig, rat, tomato and Escherichia coli were investigated with immunological
      methods using monoclonal antibody families generated against either pig citrate
      synthase (alpha-PCS) or yeast citrate synthase-2 (alpha-YCS-2). A high degree of
      homology of enzyme epitopes was detected on the mitochondrial citrate synthases
      originating from yeast, tomato, pig and rat cells. Major differences were found
      between the hexameric citrate synthase originating from E. coli compared with
      those dimeric forms prepared from eukaryotic cells. Only modest similarities were
      detected between the highly homologous peroxisomal and mitochondrial yeast
      citrate synthases. Furthermore, a point mutation of one of the catalytic residues
      (H274R on recombinant pig and H313R on yeast enzyme) of mitochondrial citrate
      synthase (CS-1) resulted in a significant increase in immunological similarity
      with the peroxisomal isoenzyme (CS-2). These findings are discussed in terms of
      the possible mechanism of evolution of CS-2 in yeast.

PMID- 1810351
TI  - Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) therapy.
AB  - IPPB uses a mechanical respirator to deliver a controlled pressure of a gas to
      assist in ventilation or expansion of the lungs, thereby providing an increased
      tidal volume for patients with a variety of pulmonary conditions. IPPB machines
      are also used for the delivery of aerosol medications. The early widespread
      application of IPPB has dramatically diminished in response to published reports
      of more recent clinical trials that either question its utility or document its
      futility in the prophylaxis or treatment of the numerous conditions for which it
      was commonly prescribed. The effects of IPPB are short-lived, lasting
      approximately 1 hour, and the long-term consequences have not been adequately
      evaluated. In no study has IPPB been shown to have unequivocal clinical
      effectiveness, in terms of morbidity, mortality, or lung function, when used
      either alone or in combination with other modalities. In general, IPPB is not
      thought to offer any advantage over simpler therapies in the treatment of COPD or
      asthma or in preventing or treating postoperative atelectasis. However, IPPB may
      be useful in the following circumstances: 1) in patients at risk of respiratory
      failure because of decreased respiratory function secondary to kyphoscoliosis or
      neuromuscular disorders; 2) in patients with acute severe bronchospasm or
      exacerbated COPD, who fail to respond to other standard therapy; and 3) in the
      management of atelectasis that has not improved with simpler therapy (e.g., IS,
      postural drainage, aerosol therapy).

PMID- 1810352
TI  - Hyperthermia in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 1810353
TI  - Obesity research in the 1990s.

PMID- 1810354
TI  - Somatisation disorder in a British teaching hospital.
AB  - We describe 33 patients (31 women, 2 men; mean age 47 years) who satisfied
      research criteria for somatization disorder (SD), a disorder characterised by
      persistent or recurrent unexplained somatic symptoms beginning before the age of
      30. The mean duration of symptoms was 30 years (range 12-57). Twenty patients had
      co-existing physical disease: seven (21%) had histories of chronic physical
      disease in childhood, whereas in 13 (39%) the physical disorders began in adult
      life, after many years of somatic complaints, and were largely coincidental. All
      had been repeatedly investigated for their symptoms. Twenty-one patients (64%)
      were receiving medication for spurious physical disorders, most commonly 'angina'
      and 'asthma'. Hysterectomies had been performed in 16 (52%) of the 31 women at a
      mean age of 37 years, but pathology was detected in only two. Twenty-nine
      patients (88%) had received previous treatment for psychiatric illness, and 20
      (61%) were receiving invalidity benefits. British psychiatrists do not usually
      diagnose SD, but focus selectively on symptoms that suggest more familiar
      psychiatric syndromes. Similarly, medical specialists often diagnose 'functional
      syndromes' affecting the system that interests them. Over time these patients
      acquire spurious organic diagnoses and develop physical disorders that make the
      assessment of new symptoms more difficult. Disability is invariably in excess of
      what might be predicted from physical findings. We conclude that a diagnosis of
      SD draws attention to a group of patients who are chronically ill and
      unresponsive to conventional medical and psychiatric treatment. They use a lot of
      resources to little avail and thus merit more research.

PMID- 1810355
TI  - Evaluation of dipstick tests and reflectance meter for screening for bacteriuria
      in elderly patients.
AB  - When screening for bacteriuria in 615 elderly people was compared to standard
      methods of bacterial culture, the Ames Multistix 10 dipstick was more effective
      than the BM Test 7. Tests for nitrite and leucocyte esterase on the Multistix 10
      had a higher sensitivity and specificity than tests for blood and protein only.
      Using a reflectance meter increased the sensitivity of the Multistix 10 to 80.6%.
      Of five common urinary symptoms only incontinence was significantly more frequent
      in patients with bacteriuria.

PMID- 1810357
TI  - The efficacy of calcium mupirocin in the eradication of nasal Staphylococcus
      aureus carriage.
AB  - In an open, non-comparative clinical study conducted at 102 hospitals in the UK
      and Ireland, 1,510 subjects were treated with 2% calcium mupirocin in a white
      soft paraffin/Softisan 649 base (Bactroban 'Nasal') during hospital outbreaks of
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In most subjects treatment
      was applied two or three times daily to both anterior nares for three to eight
      days. Of the 766 assessable subjects, nasal carriage of S aureus was cleared in
      744 (97.1%). Initially, MRSA was present in 628 cases (79.4%), and the organism
      was eliminated in 609 of these (97.0%). Isolates of S aureus were tested for
      susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics by disc test: of 523 nasal isolates
      tested against mupirocin, 516 (98.7%) were sensitive. Treatment was very well
      tolerated. Adverse events were reported by 22 subjects (1.5%); these were mostly
      mild local effects and necessitated withdrawal of treatment only in three
      subjects. The results indicate that topical calcium mupirocin is a highly
      effective and well tolerated treatment for the eradications of nasal carriage of
      S aureus, including MRSA.

PMID- 1810356
TI  - A comparison of controlled release metoclopramide and domperidone in the
      treatment of nausea and vomiting.
AB  - Dopamine antagonists are effective anti-emetics. Domperidone does not readily
      cross the blood-brain barrier and is less likely to cause central nervous system
      side-effects than metoclopramide. However, a direct comparison of the safety and
      efficacy of the two drugs has not hitherto been made. Ninety-five patients, with
      symptoms of nausea and vomiting due to a variety of oesophageal or gastric
      disorders, were recruited into a randomised, double-blind, three-part, parallel
      group comparative study of controlled release metoclopramide 15 mg (Gastrobid
      Continus tablets, Napp Laboratories) given twice daily, and domperidone 10 mg or
      20 mg given three times daily. Assessments for nausea, vomiting, reflux symptoms
      and adverse events were made on entry to the study. Patients were randomly
      allocated to one of the three treatment regimes for a period of seven days,
      throughout which daily symptomatology and use of escape medication were recorded
      on a diary card. At the end of the treatment period, nausea, vomiting and reflux
      symptoms, adverse events and a global assessment of patients' symptom control
      were recorded by the investigator. Both controlled release metoclopramide and
      high and low dose domperidone significantly reduced symptoms of belching,
      flatulence, distension, heartburn, regurgitation, reflux, nausea and vomiting
      compared to baseline. There were no significant differences between the three
      treatments in efficacy or in the number and severity of side-effects.

PMID- 1810358
TI  - A double-blind, randomised comparison of fluvoxamine with dothiepin in the
      treatment of depression in elderly patients.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor
      fluvoxamine were compared with the tricyclic dothiepin in 52 elderly (age greater
      than 64 years) hospital patients in a multi-centre double-blind randomised trial.
      Patients met DSM-III criteria for 'major depressive episode' and scored greater
      than 29 on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after a one-week
      placebo baseline. Active treatment was for six weeks. The dosage of both drugs
      was 50 mg nocte for three days, 100 mg nocte for the remainder of the first week,
      thereafter increasing to a maximum of 200 mg/day according to response/tolerance.
      MADRS scores improved by 63.5% with fluvoxamine and 60.0% with dothiepin; there
      were no significant differences between treatments at any assessment. Nausea,
      dizziness, headache, somnolence and constipation in both groups, plus dry mouth
      and asthenia in the dothiepin group were more frequent than single reports. Two
      patients in each group discontinued treatment owing to unwanted effects. There
      were no clinically significant changes in haematological, biochemical or
      cardiovascular parameters.

PMID- 1810359
TI  - The effects of psychomotor performance of fluvoxamine versus mianserin in
      depressed patients in general practice.
AB  - This study examined the psychomotor and antidepressant effects of fluvoxamine in
      a depressed, GP patient population, compared to those of mianserin. It was a
      single centre, double-blind, six-week study, preceded by a one-week pre-treatment
      placebo washout, in 59 patients suffering from major depressive episode (DSM III)
      and scoring over 24 on MADRS. The starting dose was 100 mg fluvoxamine or 60 mg
      mianserin daily for one week, rising to 300 mg fluvoxamine or 180 mg mianserin.
      Both treatment groups showed significant improvement over time with no
      differences between drugs in terms of efficacy. Fluvoxamine and mianserin were
      both shown to be effective in the treatment of depressive illness. Some
      psychomotor impairment in the first few days and weight gain over a longer period
      could affect compliance with mianserin. Fluvoxamine does not reduce psychomotor
      performance or cause weight gain.

PMID- 1810360
TI  - A survey of concurrent drug therapy among day unit patients.
AB  - In order to assess the reliability of drug information supplied by day-stay
      cases, 85 consecutive patients were interviewed. A comparison of the interview
      answers with the details previously volunteered during the admission procedure
      showed an increase of 80% in the information given by the patient. While the
      detailed interviewing technique is time-consuming and may not be infallible, this
      substantial increase in information highlights problems in the current routine.

PMID- 1810361
TI  - Clinical applications of positron emission tomography.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used extensively as a research tool
      in the investigation of human physiology and pathology for over a decade. By
      labelling suitable compounds (for example, glucose, amino acids, ammonia, DOPA or
      drugs) with positron emitting isotopes which are then administered in tracer
      amounts, the blood flow, metabolism and even the cell receptor or
      neurotransmitter distributions may be assessed in vivo. Advances in PET
      technology and experience now make PET a powerful clinical diagnostic tool,
      enabling investigation of disease at a molecular level, even in the absence of
      anatomical abnormalities apparent on computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical PET is already utilised in the management of
      patients with epilepsy, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, dementia and
      a wide variety of oncological applications. PET will become more widely available
      shortly in the UK, with the opening of centres such as the Guy's and St Thomas's
      Clinical PET Centre in 1992. It will therefore become increasingly important that
      clinicians are aware of those specific areas in which PET may be the
      investigation of choice to optimise patient diagnosis, treatment and/or follow
      up. This review will endeavour to explain briefly the principles of the PET
      technique, and then outline those areas where PET has already had an impact on
      patient management in comparison with the more widely available diagnostic tests,
      finally outlining promising areas where PET may become more clinically useful in
      the future.

PMID- 1810362
TI  - Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux.
AB  - Heartburn is a readily recognised symptom which half the British population have
      experienced at some time, and a fifth have frequently. It is the predominant
      symptom of gastro-oesophageal reflux, although less than two thirds of sufferers
      have endoscopically visible oesophagitis. Heartburn can also be associated with
      peptic ulcers or functional dyspepsia. Several changes in oesophageal function
      contribute to the syndrome of gastro-oesophageal reflux, the most important being
      inadequacy of the complex mechanism at the gastro-oesophageal junction.
      Understanding the various functional failures offers a better understanding of
      the therapeutic possibilities.

PMID- 1810363
TI  - Caplan's syndrome.

PMID- 1810364
TI  - Renal angiomyolipoma: diagnosis and management.
AB  - Non-traumatic retroperitoneal haemorrhage is uncommon, and the diagnosis is often
      difficult. However, such bleeding is frequently renal in origin, and most
      commonly arises from renal neoplasia, benign or malignant. We present two cases
      of bleeding renal angiomyolipomata, review the literature on the subject and
      consider options for diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 1810365
TI  - Spontaneous splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 1810366
TI  - Lingual abscess: a rarity.
AB  - A lingual abscess is a great rarity. Only two cases have ever been reported from
      the United Kingdom, and only three cases have been recorded outside of India in
      the past fifty years. The third British case is reported and the previous
      literature reviewed, along with discussion of the aetiology, presentation,
      bacteriology and management of this rare condition.

PMID- 1810367
TI  - Obstruction at Christmas.

PMID- 1810368
TI  - The possible role of sphincteroplasty and surgical sphincterotomy in the
      pathogenesis of recurrent common duct brown stones.
AB  - The hypothesis has been tested that postcholecystectomy common duct stones of the
      brown subtype are a consequence of three factors: bile infection, old age and
      previous sphincterotomy. It was found that: (i) 27 of 39 consecutive patients
      with recurrent common duct stones had brown stones. Nineteen of these 27 patients
      (70.3%) had previous sphincterotomy or sphincteroplasty: (ii) six of 15 patients
      with stone and bile analysis both at the time of cholecystectomy and at the
      second operation and who had sterile operative bile and non brown stones at the
      first operation, formed brown stones after T-tube drainage and after the onset of
      bile infection; (iii) patients with both intra and postoperative negative bile
      culture (n = 39 out of 137) had a lower mean age (50.5 years) and less frequently
      had a sphincterotomy than did individuals with a negative culture at operation,
      who subsequently had bile infection (n = 37; mean age 58.5 years; sphincterotomy
      in 88.8% of cases). In addition, in a follow up study of 105 patients with
      sphincterotomy and with sphincteroplasty (including ERCP or i.v. cholangiography
      in all cases), mean follow-up interval 6.1 years, 11.3% of patients had brown
      recurrent common duct stones. It is suggested that, since brown recurrent common
      duct stones are secondary to bile stasis and infection and the duodenum is going
      to be colonized by bacteria with increasing age, sphincterotomy (and subsequent
      stricture), facilitating bile contamination and bacterial overgrowth, could be
      one of the major determinants of brown recurrent common duct stones (RCS)
      formation. In particular, more than 11% of the patients with a sphincterotomy are
      going to form in the future RCS of the brown subtype.

PMID- 1810369
TI  - Are child's class C patients with acute variceal bleeding worth treating?
AB  - In the ten year period January 1980 to December 1989, 102 patients with Child's
      Class C liver disease (Pugh's Modification) were admitted with acute variceal
      bleeding to one surgical unit with a policy of early sclerotherapy. There were 56
      males and 46 females; the average age was 55 years (range 28-77). Fifty-three
      suffered from alcoholic cirrhosis. Four died before definitive treatment could be
      carried out, three from liver failure and one from uncontrolled bleeding. Of the
      remaining 98 patients, eight had urgent oesophageal transection with three deaths
      from hepatorenal failure; 90 had sclerotherapy with 19 hospital deaths, nine from
      recurrent bleeding, eight from liver failure often coupled with renal failure and
      two from respiratory complications. Of the 76 who survived to leave hospital, 52
      received chronic injection sclerotherapy, 10 had elective oesophageal transection
      and 14 did not have further elective intervention for various reasons. Surviving
      patients have been followed up at a special Liver Clinic with minimum follow up
      of one year. Although no patient has yet survived ten years, the one, five and
      eight year survivals of 50%, 21% and 13% suggest that salvage of these patients
      is worthwhile.

PMID- 1810370
TI  - Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder.
AB  - Carcinoma of the gallbladder is a relatively rare malignancy which is difficult
      to diagnose. The advent of improved imaging methods and the expansion of
      interventional radiology however, combined with advances in surgical technique,
      has produced a change in attitude towards this tumour. The available world
      literature since 1960 has been reviewed and is presented in this article.
      However, whilst the outlook for diagnosis and treatment is improving, clearly the
      association with cholelithiasis (between 45% and 100%), is a cause for concern
      particularly with the advent of treatments (lithotripsy, percutaneous gallstone
      extraction) which leave gall bladder mucosa and residual fragments of stone in
      situ.

PMID- 1810371
TI  - Hepatic dystychoma: a five year experience.
AB  - In 5 years, 64 solid hepatic lesions have been referred for diagnosis and
      management which have been found unexpectedly on organ imaging in well patients.
      We have called this lesion a "dystychoma". Patients have undergone a two phase
      investigation programme which allows a diagnosis without admission to hospital in
      about 50% of cases. About three quarters of patients (47/64) have had non
      neoplastic lesions, and about half (33/64) have had haemangiomas. About one
      patient in four (17/64) has had a neoplasm, and the neoplasm has been malignant
      in about one in six (11/64) of all patients. We stress the need to pursue the
      diagnosis in these patients. There were no reliable clinical, biochemical or
      imaging characteristics which individually distinguished benign from malignant
      lesions. Age over 55 years, an enlarged liver or a palpable liver mass and a
      raised serum alkaline phosphatase were all significantly more frequent with
      malignant tumours. The risk of malignancy rose with the number of risk factors,
      and all patients with all three risk factors had malignant tumours. Only 11 of
      the 64 patients were judged to have benefited by significant increase in quality
      or quantity of life as a result of what was frequently inappropriate organ
      imaging. There is no strong argument for replacing history taking and physical
      examination by CT scanning, ultrasound examination or other organ imaging.

PMID- 1810372
TI  - Factors influencing the concentrations of the large neutral amino acids in the
      brain and in the CSF of dogs after portacaval anastomosis.
AB  - Portal-systemic shunting of blood is associated with hyperammonemia, an increased
      glutamine concentration in brain, an altered plasma neutral amino acid pattern,
      and high levels of several of the large neutral amino acids in brain. Since some
      of these amino acids are precursors for neurotransmitters and for other
      potentially neuroactive substances, high CNS levels of these amino acids may
      contribute to the development of encephalopathy. In order to determine the
      relative importance of changes in brain glutamine levels and changes in
      competition among the neutral amino acids for blood-brain transport, we measured
      the concentrations of the large neutral amino acids in plasma, cisternal
      cerebrospinal fluid and in brain tissue from various regions of dogs after end-to
      side portacaval shunt. Although the changes in CSF amino acid levels correlated
      partially with altered amino acid plasma competitor ratios, better correlations
      were observed with the elevation of CSF glutamine. These results suggest a model
      of blood-brain amino acid transport in which a high level of glutamine in brain
      extracellular fluid competes with other neutral amino acids for efflux from
      brain, thus raising brain amino acid levels after portal-systemic shunting.

PMID- 1810374
TI  - Controversy in the management of cholangitis secondary to hydatid daughter cysts.
AB  - A 36 year old Cypriot woman, resident in the U.K. since the age of three years,
      presented with pyrexia, jaundice and upper abdominal pain. On ultrasound
      examination the biliary tree was dilated, contained sludge and a cystic lesion
      was present in the liver. An endoscopic cholangiogram showed multiple filling
      defects in the bile duct which were not felt to be removable endoscopically and a
      nasobiliary drain was therefore inserted. On resolution of the cholangitis with
      drainage and antibiotics a laparotomy was performed. The right lobe of the liver
      was largely replaced by a multiloculated cyst and the bile duct contained
      multiple hydatid daughter cysts. A right hepatectomy was performed with t-tube
      drainage of the evacuated bile duct. She made an uneventful recovery and has had
      no problems on subsequent follow up. Histology confirmed an intrabiliary rupture
      of a hydatid liver cyst. Cholangitis secondary to daughter cysts is a rare but
      recognised complication of hydatid liver cysts. Management of hydatid liver cysts
      by formal resection is controversial but may be preferable in this situation.

PMID- 1810373
TI  - Euro-Collins solution versus UW-solution for long-term liver preservation in the
      isolated rat-liver perfusion model.
AB  - To compare UW-solution (UW) and Euro-Collins (EC) for long-term liver
      preservation we investigated the morphology and metabolic capacity of rat liver
      after 18 and 42-hours cold-storage in either UW or EC. After harvesting the rat
      liver was transferred to a perfusion chamber where it was perfused for 10 min
      with UW or EC at 4 degrees C. Thereafter livers were stored at 4 degrees C in UW
      or EC for 18 hours (both groups n = 6) or for 42 hours (both groups n = 8). After
      18-hr or 42-hr cold-storage a 2-hr warm perfusion (37 degrees C) was started with
      Krebs-Ringer solution with carbogen to which 125Iodine-triiodothyronine (T3) was
      added. Control livers (n = 8) were immediately perfused with Krebs-Ringer without
      cold-storage. The following parameters were assessed: ASAT-levels in the
      perfusate, T3-metabolites in the bile and the perfusate, the perfusion pressure,
      the volume of bile secreted and light-microscopical morphology at the end of the
      warm perfusion period. After cold storage in UW-solution the ASAT-levels in the
      perfusate were lower than after storage in EC as well as the perfusion pressures.
      These livers demonstrated a better T3-metabolism and secreted more bile than EC
      stored livers. Histological examination showed more tissue damage in the EC
      stored livers than in the UW stored livers. We conclude that cold-storage of rat
      liver in UW-solution resulted in a better morphology and metabolic capacity as
      compared with EC-solution.

PMID- 1810375
TI  - Scavengers of oxygen-derived free radicals. A new approach to the problem of
      pancreatitis-induced abdominal pain.

PMID- 1810376
TI  - Cholecystectomy for biliary colic without gallstones.

PMID- 1810377
TI  - [The exercise of partnership: an exploratory analysis throughout the development
      of a crisis intervention service in the Haut-Richelieu territory].
AB  - This article analyzes the concept, the implementation process and the objective
      of a crisis intervention center in the Haut-Richelieu area. It examines the
      driving and resisting forces to the practice of partnership as established by the
      Quebec government in its official policy for mental health. The authors describe
      the practice of partnership during the different phases of the project's
      implementation by showing the impact of this approach on the risks involved or on
      the potential for misdirection. In addition, the authors identify some of the
      weaknesses related to this approach. Following this description of how the
      project has progressed, the authors discuss the constraints and success factors
      of this type of partnership in order to compare the logic and obligations of this
      approach with an approach originating from the common desire and collective will
      to meet familiar needs.

PMID- 1810378
TI  - [The "proactive" approach and crisis intervention].
AB  - In this article, the author describes a mode of intervention defined as proactive
      in mental health care, in the case of an existing pilot project. This type of
      intervention contrasts with the reactive mode, which is characterized by
      reactions to urgent requests for services when a situation has deteriorated badly
      and social network resources are either absent or irrelevant. The author outlines
      the obstacles to developing such a proactive mode. This approach, which requires
      a high degree of visibility and accessibility on the part of the practitioner,
      involves providing services before they are even requested. Finally, the author
      examines certain types of proactive interventions whose objective is to offer
      support to members that are close to the individual.

PMID- 1810379
TI  - [Crisis intervention, a response to the changing of psychiatric practice and the
      needs of the patient].
AB  - Traditional nosographic models are changing in psychiatry and becoming more
      polymorphic they can no longer be reduced to psychosis. The patient's demand has
      become paroxystic, more somatized. Pathological "acting" is frequent and calls
      upon the family and the life context of the patient, the latter demanding an
      immediate answer to his request for help. Crisis intervention appears as a new
      approach that allows both taking into account and benefiting from these changes
      in the clinic and the patient's demand. The example of a crisis team within the
      emergency service of a general hospital in Brussels is given in this paper.

PMID- 1810380
TI  - [Evaluation of psychosocial follow-up of acute cases: problems and methods of
      crisis treatment in psychiatry].
AB  - In psychiatry, request to evaluate treatments are increasingly frequent. Based on
      a Geneva research project dealing with the evaluation of crisis treatment and its
      follow-up over a two-year period, the authors examine the various steps involved
      in the evaluation of treatment prescription and follow-up, from the theoretical
      and methodological points of view.

PMID- 1810381
TI  - [The concept of psychotic crisis and its psychoanalytic treatment].
AB  - With regard to psychoses, the notions of crisis, crisis intervention and crisis
      centres are somewhat ill-defined. The author emphasizes that, contrary to the
      psychiatric field which aims to reduce symptoms, psychoanalysis does not attempt
      to examine the phenomenology of a psychosis, but rather focus on the structure
      that underlies it. The author goes on to show in what way the psychoanalytic
      viewpoint can help to define the notion of crisis and suggests an intervention
      method designed specifically for crisis situations.

PMID- 1810382
TI  - [Inner rupture].
AB  - The notion of crisis in psychopathology has several meanings, namely in the
      medical, psycho-analytic and systemic senses. Each meaning is relevant to its own
      field of application. However, major existential changes are events whose
      description defies any purely symptomatic approach, the reason being that what is
      at stake goes beyond the simple opposition of normal and pathological states. The
      restlessness that can be perceived when a client grows increasingly perturbed
      carries in it the seeds of creative behaviour that deserves consideration in all
      aspects of expression. To achieve this aim, phenomenological research provides
      interesting avenues: analysis of correspondences between language and emotion,
      between words, rhythms, colours, gestures and images.

PMID- 1810383
TI  - [The deinstitutionalization of intervention in crisis situations: a history to
      reinvent].

PMID- 1810384
TI  - [Crisis intervention in a hospital setting: theoretical and practical aspects].
AB  - This paper explores the rationale for establishing a crisis intervention service
      in a psychiatric hospital setting. After reviewing the pertinent literature, a
      description will be provided for a crisis service that has been operating since
      1987 in the psychiatric department of a general hospital. Data collected over a 6
      month period will be presented in order to examine the types of patients referred
      to the service, the length of stay on the service and the follow-up. Our findings
      indicate that a large proportion of the patients referred to the service are
      diagnosed as having major psychiatric disorders and require some form of medical
      intervention. Nevertheless, a group of patients could be identified who benefit
      from traditional crisis intervention and who after receiving circumscribed
      treatment, require no hospital follow-up. The data will be utilized to outline
      the various roles that a crisis service can play in a psychiatric institution.
      The discussion will also focus on the structure and functioning of the service
      and its potential impact on the rest of the system.

PMID- 1810385
TI  - [Particular enlightenments on crisis situations, recurrent crises,
      hospitalization and intervention networks].
AB  - This article proposes an in-depth look at certain clinical aspects that have been
      dealt with by a crisis centre based at a general hospital that is located in a
      popular district of Brussels. Following a brief history of the Saint-Pierre
      hospital, which allows the author to touch on the hospitality dimension of taking
      charge of psychosocial crises, the article focuses on recurrent crises (and their
      corollary, multiple hospitalizations) and analyzes their psychodynamic and
      institutional perspectives. The author then approaches the institutional
      framework as a stage where the different critical phases of the patient come into
      play. Supported by clinical examples, the author also examines the functions of
      recurrent crises with respect to the patient's emotional make-up and to his or
      her extensive hesitation when faced with "change". Finally, the author points out
      the advantages and disadvantages of the indispensable link with mobile
      intervenors.

PMID- 1810386
TI  - [Crisis centers and mental health services: the experiences in south west
      Montreal].
AB  - Based on data collected during the assessment phase of setting up the crisis
      centre L'Autre Maison, this article aims to present the services offered by the
      centre and to examine its integration with other resources within the community.
      Secondly, the article proceeds with a detailed analysis of the nature of crises
      that motivated clients to resort to the centre, which allows the authors to
      confirm the essentially social nature of these crises. Following a presentation
      of the results, the authors enter a broader discussion on: 1) the training
      received by personnel that works in the area of crisis intervention; 2) the
      organization of mental health services; and 3) the prevention programs focused on
      avoiding the oncoming of a crisis.

PMID- 1810387
TI  - [The Entremise crisis center: from autonomy ... to institutional control?].
AB  - The L'Entremise crisis centre is located in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve working
      class district, on the island of Montreal. Its services include temporary lodging
      and crisis intervention on its location or within the community. The authors
      provide an overview of the centre's history, its client population, its
      development framework and its organization methods. The article then focuses on
      the first results of an evaluation made in 1988 and on the measures that followed
      as a result of comments and suggestions. The authors present the changes that
      were implemented in 1991 following the 1988 review. As such, this article
      explores the purpose and uses of such an evaluation.

PMID- 1810388
TI  - [Screening of preoperative anxiety].

PMID- 1810389
TI  - [Shelters for homeless women: more than just a roof].
AB  - Until today, research on the homeless has mainly focused on the characteristics
      of this transient population and on the factors that have contributed to
      transience. However, there is little available information on the role of
      shelters in the distribution of services. This article is based on a study of
      women who have kept in contact with a shelter for homeless women after having
      left. It looks at the main characteristics of these women and at the types of
      links they have maintained. Results tend to show that: (1) the function of
      shelters for the homeless is not simply limited to providing lodging; (2) these
      shelters are part of the social resources of this transient population; (3) it is
      crucial that the services offered by these shelters be better known, and that
      they be recognized as essential partners in the planning of services, including
      in the case of homeless women who suffer from mental health problems.

PMID- 1810390
TI  - [A support group intended for women victimized by conjugal violence].
AB  - For battered women, leaving the home and spending time in a shelter is only the
      first step of a long process of change that usually involves periodic crises. A
      support group has been set up to help these women establish new ways to relate
      with the outside world, ways that are meant to assist them in successfully going
      through this difficult phase of their lives. Based on Lifton's principles of
      affinity, presence and consolidation (1976), the authors highlight the value of
      reciprocity in the therapeutical relationship. In addition, the authors discuss
      issues relating to the main points affecting interventions with battered women
      who have spent time in a shelter.

PMID- 1810391
TI  - [Chronic patients hospitalized in the psychiatric departments of general
      hospitals].

PMID- 1810392
TI  - [Adaptation mechanisms of chronically mentally ill patients in daily life].
AB  - In this article, the author presents the main results of an exploratory clinical
      study aimed at identifying the adaptation mechanisms used by chronic psychiatric
      patients. These patients had been treated and followed by an external clinic
      located in an underprivileged urban environment. Upon the analysis of social
      worker's observations, the author was able to pinpoint 39 adaptation mechanisms
      within five areas of daily life: economical, residential, temporal, interpersonal
      and therapeutic. In conclusion, the author emphasizes on the six operating
      parameters of these adaptation mechanisms.

PMID- 1810393
TI  - Regional brain perfusion changes in patients with primary generalized epilepsy
      assessed by Tc99m HM-PAO and SPECT.
AB  - Cerebral distribution of Tc99m-hexamethylprolenaminoxim (HMPAO) was investigated
      using single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in 34 patients with
      primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) during the interictal state. These findings
      were compared with those in a control group of 9 healthy volunteers. In control
      subjects uniform selective uptake of HMPAO in cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus
      was found. In 30 patients (88%) decreased regional perfusion was found as
      follows: in the cortical region in 6 patients (18%), in the region of the basal
      ganglia or thalamus in 7 (20%), and in both regions in 17 patients (50%). Four
      patients had normal SPECT findings. The obtained results permit a hypothesis that
      the PGE should not be strictly differentiated from the focal epilepsy. A possible
      explanation of the pathophysiology of PGE has also been discussed.

PMID- 1810394
TI  - Correlative pathology of subdural hematoma with computerized tomography.
AB  - Subdural hematoma (SDH) develops as a result of bleeding in the subdural space.
      According to nowadays accepted division, three groups of subdural hematomas can
      be differentiated: acute, subacute and chronic. The time elapsed from the moment
      of the occurrence of the hematoma to the moment when it was diagnosed is the main
      factor for determining the stage of SDH. However, for the above-mentioned types
      of SDH, this time differs depending on the author reporting it. Subdural hematoma
      is most often diagnosed by means of computerized tomography (CT). This method is
      safe and reliable, giving the exact diagnosis in more than 90% of cases.
      According to the basic principle of the concept of "living pathology", the
      knowledge of histological appearance of an investigated lesion is essential for
      the diagnostic interpretation of this lesion in neuroimaging methods. Very few
      authors studied the histological picture of subdural hematoma. The only structure
      which was histologically examined in details was the subdural neomembrane.
      Studies correlating histological picture of SDH and its appearance on CT scans
      have not been carried out until now. In this work such a correlation was made,
      and some regularities connecting these two methods were pointed out. Hyperdense
      picture of SDH on CT scans represents a hematoma containing almost only
      erythrocytes and erythrocyte-fibrin component being formed. Hypodense picture of
      SDH on CT scans represents a hematoma containing fibrin and inflammatory cells.
      Hematomas of mixed density on CT scan in all cases contained a neomembrane.
      Obvious histological differences between the mentioned types of subdural hematoma
      have led to the conclusion that chronic subdural hematoma is not the last stage
      of an "old" acute SDH. Chronic and acute subdural hematomas are different
      entities, considering their etiopathogenetic and clinical picture, and especially
      their CT and histopathological appearances.

PMID- 1810395
TI  - Genetic markers in the blood of multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - Poligenetically determined predisposition to multiple sclerosis (MS) defines the
      way of immunological reaction to environmental factors and leads to clinically
      manifest disease. Although the connection between MS and some loci of the HLA
      system has been established, the hereditary predisposition to MS remains to be
      elucidated. We determined the phenotypes of monogenic hereditary characteristics
      linked to the surface of red blood cells that were obtained from 45 MS patients
      and 458 healthy subjects. The antigens on the erythrocytic surface of the ABO,
      Rh, MN, Ss, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, P and Lewis system were analyzed. Our results
      demonstrate that the MS patients differ from the normal subjects with regard to
      the Rh, ABO and Lewis erythrocytic antigens. The Rh positive factor was present
      in 95.55% of the MS patients compared to 84.29% of the controls, whereas the Rh
      negative factor was found in only 4.45% of the MS patients and 15.71% of the
      healthy subjects. The blood group O was demonstrated in 22.22% of the MS patients
      compared to 40.42% of the healthy persons. The MS patients had the blood group A
      in 15.11% of the cases as opposed to 43.99% of the subjects in the control
      groups. The blood group B was found in 22.22% of the MS patients compared to
      11.10% of the controls. The distribution of the Lewis system in the MS patients
      was also demonstrated to be different from that in the general population. The MS
      patients were found to have less frequently the Le a+b- phenotype (11.12%) and
      more frequently Le a- b- (13.33%) compared to the healthy subjects who had the Le
      a+b- phenotype in 12.00% of the cases and Le a- b- in 5.00%.

PMID- 1810396
TI  - CT detection of minimal brain lesions in closed cerebral trauma.
AB  - From the group of patients with clinically manifested closed head injuries,
      patients with minimal traumatic lesions in the brain parenchyma, were separated
      and in addition radiographically analyzed. There were 22 patients in the group.
      On plain CT scans they had foci 5 to 10 mm large caused by trauma. CT is suitable
      investigation technique for detecting minimal traumatic brain lesions. Besides,
      CT is suitable for the follow up of the lesion evolution dynamics, which
      comprises not only changes in the lesions density but also the possibility of
      registering primarily reversible but macroscopically (invisible) lesions into
      (visible) reversible lesions on the control scans. The finding of only one or two
      minimal lesions in critical locations in the "inner cerebral trauma" always
      indicated the existence of possible lesions in other locations within the known
      pattern of the ICT. Minimal traumatic lesions of the brain frequently occur in
      ICT or in all cases where the acceleration of traumatizing forces has
      anteroposterior or postero-anterior course of direction. Their recognition by
      neuroimaging methods is of great importance due to the central localization of
      the foci, which otherwise cannot be detected by other methods.

PMID- 1810397
TI  - Prevention of stroke--a report from collaboration project between Zagreb and
      Barcelona.
AB  - Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the main killer in the modern society and the
      most frequent cause of death and disability. According to the experiences of
      highly developed Western countries, especially of the U.S.A., the incidence of
      stroke can be reduced by the development and introduction of preventive actions
      and change of life style. Incidence of cerebrovascular disease is high in Croatia
      as well as in Spain (46% in the 46-59 age range) with an increasing tendency in
      younger population. As prevention is the only way of CVD incidence reduction, it
      is indispensable to organize an integral preventive neurologic network. Within
      the W.H.O. project "Health for All by the Year 2000 and the project "Zagreb"-
      Healthy City" a preventive action under the slogan 'With perfect brain and veins-
      enjoy the healthy days', has been organized with the aim to reduce the incidence
      of stroke for 20% during the following 10-year period. A standardized work of
      preventive network in Zagreb has also been established in Barcelona as a joint
      work. Using the interdisciplinary counselling approach, medical teams are still
      making examinations. In Zagreb Center for Neurological Sciences and Brain
      Research, data of risk factor distributions and trends of stroke incidence
      changes have been collected and the results have been analyzed. The Zagreb Center
      has also become a center for continuous evaluation and further planning. In this
      article functions of preventive centers, the preventive standardized protocol and
      structural and functional preventive network are introduced. The results of
      preventive action in Zagreb are also briefly presented.

PMID- 1810398
TI  - Anaplastic ependymoma in children--increasing incidence?
AB  - During 1988 and 1989, 16 cases of ependymomas were diagnosed at the Department of
      Pathology, University Hospital "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb. The specimens were
      obtained from the Department of Neurosurgery of the same hospital. Seven tumors
      out of these 16 were supratentorial, four of them being diagnosed as anaplastic
      ependymomas. At the time of the first operation, patients with anaplastic
      ependymoma were aged 2 to 18 years, and there were three man and one woman. The
      criteria for this diagnosis were cellular pleomorphism and anaplasia, vascular
      hyperplasia with marked endothelial proliferation, and the most important of all,
      the presence of numerous mitoses. Necroses, cystic degenerations and bleeding
      were found in all four tumors. The aim of this study is the survey of morphology,
      tumor localisation and patient's age at the moment of diagnosis as relevant
      factors for the prognosis of these tumors. It seems significant to indicate a
      relatively great number of these tumors in only a two-year period in one
      hospital, while statistical data reported in the literature have been taken from
      several institutions in various towns or states for much longer period of even
      several decades. Hence, this study could be in favour of the idea presented in
      the recent literature data, that this tumor type is increasing.

PMID- 1810399
TI  - Diastematomyelia--case report.
AB  - An eight-month-old infant with diastematomyelia, as a very rare variety of spinal
      dysraphism is presented in this article. The introduction deals with a detailed
      description of diastematomyelia, its development, local, neurological, and
      orthopedic signs in affected patients, diagnostic procedures and significance of
      neurosurgical treatment in patients with diastematomyelia. In the particular
      child, immediately upon birth, a thornlike bulging was noticed in the L2-L3
      region. Neurological deficit, established at the time of surgery, was due to the
      perinatal brain damage and corresponded to the spastic syndrome of the central
      origin with the right-hand side predomination, and there was no predomination in
      the lower extremities, which could be expected in regard to the spinal
      dysraphism. Plain X-ray film revealed a thornlike bulging at the L2-L3 level.
      Lumbar myelography showed a distinctly enlarged dural sac at the level of L2 to
      S1 with a well pronounced contrast medium passage defect at the L3 level. The
      spinal canal CT-findings revealed a bony bulging between L1 and L2, starting from
      the posterior arches towards the spinal canal. Besides a markedly broadened
      lumbar spinal canal, MR-findings also showed a well pronounced bony septum from
      the L2 posterior edge, and a low-lying conus medullaris with an accompanying
      spinal lipoma. By the neurosurgical operation bony septum and extradural lipoma
      were radically removed, and the spinal cord was set free from adhesions. In that
      way a later onset of neurological signs, due to the "tethered cord syndrome", was
      prevented. Six months following surgery the child's condition was still
      unchanged.

PMID- 1810400
TI  - Yugoslav Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmological Society (1926-1935)--the first professional
      association of Croatian neurologists.
AB  - From 1926 to 1935 in Zagreb was active the Yugoslav Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmological
      Society, professional association of otorhinolaryngologists, neurologists and
      ophthalmologists. Although it was conceived as Yugoslav, its members were mainly
      Croatian specialists of these disciplines. The Society had 74 members, of whom 14
      were neurologists: J. Breitenfeld, D. Cop, I. Glavan, I. Herzog, A. Kuljzenko, D.
      Karminski, M. Lapinskij, R. Lopasic, H. Ortynski, V. Ostrovidov, F. Palmovic, S.
      Poljak and D. Vranesic, all of them from Zagreb, and J. Robida from Ljubljana.
      The first president of the Society was M. Lapinskij, head of the Neuropsychiatric
      Department in Zagreb. In the journal "Lijecnicki vjesnik" the work of the Society
      at 41 professional meetings was registered at which 29 neurological lectures and
      demonstrations were held. During 10 years of its activities the Society give a
      significant impulse to the development of neurology, otorhinolaryngology and
      ophthalmology in Croatia. In 1937 a separate Neurophysiological Section was
      founded with in the Croatian Medical Association.

PMID- 1810401
TI  - Crosslinking with diacrylylpiperazine (PIP) reduces activation of complement by
      polyacrylamide microcapsules.
AB  - Activation of the complement system in vitro by a series of microcapsules based
      on polylysine, alginate or polyacrylamide was determined. Least activation was
      observed with microcapsules whose outer layer was composed of polyacrylamide.
      Activation was further reduced using diacrylylpiperazine instead of bisacrylamide
      as crosslinker.

PMID- 1810402
TI  - The microencapsulation of cells within alginate poly-L-lysine microcapsules
      prepared with the standard single step drop technique: histologically identified
      membrane imperfections and the associated graft rejection.
AB  - Standard alginate-polylysine microcapsules containing isolated rat hepatocytes
      were prepared. These capsules were intraperitoneally implanted into mice, and
      retrieved after seven days. Histological sections of the recovered microcapsules
      showed peritoneal lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Additional microscopic
      observations at various stages of the microencapsulation procedure, and
      histological observations of control non-implanted microcapsules; illustrate that
      encapsulated cells became embedded within the microcapsular membrane matrix. The
      microcapsular membrane at these sites appeared thin and often poorly formed. The
      cellular infiltration into the implanted microcapsules can occur through holes
      developed in these thin and poorly formed areas found in the microcapsular
      membrane. Similar observations were seen in microcapsules prepared with 20 x
      10(6) and at a lower cell concentration of 10 x 10(6) suspended cells per
      millilitre of sodium alginate.

PMID- 1810403
TI  - A novel two step procedure for immobilizing living cells in microcapsules for
      improving xenograft survival.
AB  - Histologically identified surface irregularities caused by the physical
      entrapment of encapsulated cells in the microcapsular membrane matrix of standard
      alginate-polylysine microcapsules potentiated graft rejection in mice. We have
      therefore devised a novel two step procedure to prevent the entrapment of cells
      in the capsular membrane matrix. With the new method the capsular membrane
      appeared uniform and without the physical entrapment of cells in the capsular
      membrane matrix. Furthermore, after 7 days of intraperitoneal implantation of
      encapsulated rat hepatocytes in mice, microcapsular membrane perforations and
      leukocyte infiltrations were not observed. Also a greater percentage of the
      modified capsules, free from fibrous encapsulation, were recovered after 7 and 11
      days of intraperitoneal implantation compared to the standard microcapsule
      preparations.

PMID- 1810405
TI  - Hemodynamic effects after partial exchange transfusion with pyridoxylated
      polyhemoglobin in chimpanzees.
AB  - Partial exchange transfusion with 8.5% pyridoxylated polyhemoglobin solution
      [PolyHb-PPa] was performed in five anesthetized spontaneously-breathing male
      chimpanzees weighing 22-30 kg. Mean exchange volume was 42.5 +/- 10.7 ml/kg BW
      (26.8-54.6 ml/kg), mean exchange rate 56.7 +/- 7.1% (48.2-67.4%). All animals
      survived long-term. The chimpanzee's hemodynamics remained stable for the 5 h
      observation period. Right and left ventricular filling pressures remained
      constant, mean arterial pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased
      by up to 40% after the exchange. Cardiac output remained unaffected by the
      partial exchange and stroke volume did not change substantially although oxygen
      capacity and oxygen transport capacity decreased by about a third. The failure of
      cardiac output to rise after partial exchange transfusion with PolyHb-PPa
      contrasts with results after isovolemic hemodilution using non-oxygen-carrying
      blood substitutes and is not adequately explained by the oxygen capacity of 8.5%
      PolyHb-PPa (9.3 ml O2/dl).

PMID- 1810404
TI  - Elimination of pyridoxylated polyhemoglobin after partial exchange transfusion in
      chimpanzees.
AB  - Partial exchange transfusion with 8.5% pyridoxylated polyhemoglobin solution
      [PolyHb-PPa] was performed in five male chimpanzees weighing 22-30 kg. Serial
      blood and urine samples were obtained for 3 days. Percutaneous liver biopsies
      were performed on the 3rd to 4th, and the 9th to 11th days after PolyHb-PPa
      administration. Mean exchange volume was 42.5 +/- 10.7 ml/kg BW (26.8-54.6
      ml/kg), mean Hb dose 3.7 +/- 0.9 g PolyHb-PPa/kg BW (2.4-4.8 g/kg), mean exchange
      rate 56.7 +/- 7.1% (48.2-67.4%). All animals survived long-term. Analysis of the
      plasma Hb concentration-time data showed a first order decline at a plasma level
      of 3.7 +/- 0.9 g PolyHb-PPa/kg BW. Mean intravascular half-life was 14.6 +/- 3.2
      h. Total renal elimination of PolyHb-PPa was about 7%. PolyHb-PPa was absorbed
      and stored by Kupffer cells and transformed into hemosiderin. Siderosis of
      Kupffer cells and renal tubules had largely subsided 10 days after PolyHb-PPa
      indicating subsequent in vivo degradation and metabolization of the polymerized
      Hb fractions.

PMID- 1810407
TI  - Preparation and surface characterization of carboxymethylchitin-incorporated
      submicron bilayer-lipid membrane artificial cells (liposomes) encapsulating
      hemoglobin.
AB  - In view of the desirability to increase the survival time of the lipsome-based
      artificial red blood cells in vivo, bovine hemoglobin-loaded liposomes (LEHb) are
      incorporated with a polyanionic polymer, a highly substituted type of
      carboxymethylchitin (CMC). The liposomes are prepared by a modified Reverse Phase
      Evaporation technique and then purified using a Sepharose 4B column. A
      comparative study between experimental techniques for the determination of
      adsorption efficiency suggests that FT-IR spectroscopy gives a more accurate
      quantitative adsorption index while the chitinase-based enzymatic assay should be
      used as a qualitative detection tool. The overall composition of the bilayer(s)
      can be approximated by that of the natural (RBC) membrane in terms of total
      lipids and carbohydrates at 87.8% (phospholipids and cholesterol) and 12.2% CMC
      respectively.

PMID- 1810406
TI  - Effects of perfluorodecalin and perfluorooctylbromide emulsions on peak
      contractile force and ATP levels in the guinea pig left atrium.
AB  - The isolated, electrically-driven, guinea pig left atrium was used to study the
      ability of two perfluorocarbon emulsions to prevent anaerobic hypofunction in the
      myocardium. A 20% perfluorodecalin (PFD) emulsion maintained peak tension at 80%
      of aerated levels for more than 20 minutes. Emulsions of perfluorooctylbromide
      (PFOB) ranging from 25 to 100% produced a similar result, except that the 25%
      emulsion could not maintain contractions for the entire time period. Peak tension
      of atria bathed in K-H solution decreased to less than 50% over the same time
      period. Both 20% PFD and 100% PFOB maintained myocardial ATP levels at pre
      hypoxic levels for at least twenty minutes after aeration was terminated.
      Unaerated atria, bathed in Krebs-Henseleit solution only, exhibited a significant
      decline in tissue ATP levels at this time. It appears that perfluorocarbon
      emulsions may delay oxygen desaturation and thereby protect cardiac tissue from
      ATP depletion and impaired cardiac function associated with hypoxia. This tissue
      preparation was found to be very useful for determining the efficacy of potential
      oxygen carriers.

PMID- 1810408
TI  - Biodegradable chitosan matrix for the controlled release of steroids.
AB  - Chitosan, a polysaccharide, having structural characteristics similar to
      glycosaminoglycans, seems to be nontoxic and bioabsorbable. This study highlights
      the use of chitosan matrix for controlled drug delivery systems. The steroid
      drugs, namely testosterone, progesterone and beta-oestradiol were mixed with
      chitosan and the films were prepared by evaporation technique. The in vitro
      release profile of these steroids from the film matrix was monitored, as a
      function of time, in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at 37 degree C using
      a U-V-spectrophotometer. The degradation, of these chitosan and drug loaded
      chitosan films, was also investigated by weight loss and tensile strength
      studies. The steroid release from chitosan films was compared with the release of
      these drugs from their microbeads. It appears, the films and the microbeads
      stayed intact during the dissolution study of 90 days and the possibility of
      using these systems in contraceptive applications and novel drug delivery systems
      are discussed.

PMID- 1810410
TI  - Preparation of alkyl-substituted pyrrolidone derivatives and their evaluation as
      transdermal penetration enhancers.
AB  - The preparation of novel transdermal penetration enhancers derived from 2
      pyrrolidone were carried out, and the enhancing activities of drug permeation
      through the skin were evaluated by means of in vitro experiment. All the
      enhancers contain a short alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl
      group, at 1-position and a dodecyl group at 3-position of 2-pyrrolidone ring. The
      enhancing activities were considerably influenced by the length of the short
      alkyl group at 1-position. 1-Propyl and 1-butyl-3-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone showed
      the effective enhancement of penetration of indomethacin through the skin in 60
      wt% ethanolic aqueous solution. Moreover, the similar enhancing activities of
      these compounds were also observed even in ethanolic vehicle.

PMID- 1810409
TI  - Leaching of plasticizers from and surface characterization of PVC blood platelet
      bags.
AB  - The leaching of phthalate plasticizers from four types of blood platelet bags was
      investigated. The anticoagulant solutions used in the blood collection bags had
      pH values of 5.64 +/- .04 and contained no detectable amounts of phthalates.
      Platelet bag materials from each bag were soaked in normal salines for up to 5
      days. The salines were tested for the leached phthalates from the bags but none
      could be found. However, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) leached out of the PL
      146 and Terumo bags into bovine calf serum used for soaking the bag materials.
      There was an increase in the amount of DEHP leached from about 1.1 mg at the end
      of one day to about 3.3 mg per gm of bag material at the end of a five day
      extraction with the serum. In PL-732 sets, a platelet bag made of a specialty
      polyolefin, the amount of DEHP leached out was less than 0.02 mg per g of bag
      material. CLX bags, which contained tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimelliate (TETM) as a
      plasticizer, showed a negligible amount of it leaching into the calf serum. Infra
      red spectra showed that PL-146 bags had been coated with a layer of a fatty acid
      amide while the Terumo bags contained a layer of a silicone fluid on their inner
      surfaces. CLX bags showed a coating of stearates, which were probably soaps of
      calcium or zinc. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the inner
      surfaces of each brand of the bag were distinctly different morphologically. The
      two PVC bags were very similar whereas the surfaces morphology of PL-732 was
      rougher. Terumo bag had a different surface morphology than those of the other
      bags whereas the CLX bags had a very regular surface pattern. The exact
      significance of the surface morphology is not certain but excessively rough
      surfaces may not be desirable for the bags.

PMID- 1810411
TI  - Preparations of phosphonate, phosphoramidate and phosphate derivatives and their
      evaluation as transdermal penetration enhancers.
AB  - Phosphonate, phosphoramidate and phosphate derivatives containing long alkyl
      groups were prepared, and their activities enhancing drug penetration through the
      skin were evaluated by means of in vitro experiments. The effect of chemical
      structure of these compounds on enhancing activity was investigated. Among the
      phosphonate and phosphoramidate derivatives, compounds having a hexadecyl group
      showed the most effective enhancement of transdermal penetration of indomethacin.
      For the phosphate derivatives, the enhancing activities were almost equal in the
      compounds containing dodecyl, tetradecyl and hexadecyl group. All the compounds
      having an octyl group were not effective in penetration enhancement. Diethyl
      hexadecylphosphonate and diethyl hexadecylphosphoramidate brought about the
      highest enhancing activities among these compounds, and the permeability
      coefficient of indomethacin was about 10-fold as much as that without enhancer.
      The relationship between the enhancing activities and the lipophilicities of
      these compounds was discussed.

PMID- 1810412
TI  - Lipophilic N-acylpyrazinamide derivatives: synthesis, physicochemical
      characterization, liposome incorporation, and in vitro activity against
      Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare.
AB  - N-acetyl-(2), N-caproyl-(3), N-capryl-(4) and N-palmitoyl-pyrazinamide (5) were
      synthesized by reacting pyrazinamide (1) with acetic anhydride to prepare (2), or
      by reacting (1) in chloroform with the corresponding acid chlorides to prepare (3
      5). Products were identified by high resolution mass spectroscopy, elemental
      analysis, and 1H NMR. Melting points, enthalpies of fusion, solubility and
      octanol-water partition coefficients were determined. Hydrolysis of (2) indicated
      a pseudo first-order, pH-dependent degradation reaction. Apparent half life times
      of degradation ranged from 74.2 hours at pH 3 to 5.4 hours at pH 7.34. Derivative
      (5) was incorporated in liposomes consisting of soy phosphatidylcholine and
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (7:3 molar ratio). The in vitro susceptibility of
      Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) to the liposomal compound containing (5)
      was tested. MAI was susceptible to (5) at concentrations of 12.5-25
      micrograms/ml, although MAI is not susceptible to the parent drug (1). Thus, a
      new class of antimycobacterial agents with physicochemical properties suitable
      for stable incorporation within liposomes and high antibiotic efficacy against
      MAI is presented.

PMID- 1810414
TI  - Preclinical screening of in vivo interactions between myelopoietic growth factors
      and antitumour drugs for therapy of myeloid leukaemia patients (review).
AB  - The potential clinical applications of myelopoietic growth factors in the
      treatment of cancer patients are reviewed. The adverse effects of these
      myelopoietic growth factors in myeloid leukaemia patients are discussed. The
      combination of antitumour drugs with these myelopoietic growth factors could
      overcome these problems in several ways. The clinical benefits of such combined
      treatment are proposed. The in vivo effects of the myelopoietic growth factors in
      experimental animal models are summarised. The important data from preclinical
      screening of in vivo interactions between myelopoietic growth factors and
      antitumour drugs in myeloid leukaemic patients are emphasised.

PMID- 1810413
TI  - Response to chemotherapy of non-small cell bronchial rat tumours growing
      subcutaneously or in the lung.
AB  - Seven rat bronchial cancers of various grades of differentiation were used to
      study responses to single doses of cytostatic drugs (mitomycin C, cisplatin,
      methotrexate, TCNU, CCNU, ifosfamide) when growing subcutaneously or in the lung.
      The endpoint was growth delay as calculated from tumour volume measurements using
      vernier callipers or radiography. Substantial differences were observed between
      the tumour lines in their response to the chemotherapeutic agents. The response
      of tumours implanted in the lung was less than that of flank implants of the same
      tumour line. TCNU and ifosfamide were the most consistently effective drugs,
      yielding growth delays of at least two tumour volume doubling times in the
      majority of the lines studied.

PMID- 1810415
TI  - Plasminogen activator in human breast cancer cytosols: revisited after five
      years.
AB  - The outcome after five years in 63 women with breast cancer was correlated with
      biochemical parameters (estrogen and progesterone receptors, plasminogen
      activator activity) determined in the cytosol of tumour specimens obtained at
      surgery. The information from tumour cell products and their regulatory proteins
      may provide additional prognostic indicators, independent of subsequent
      treatment.

PMID- 1810416
TI  - Quantification of experimental pulmonary metastases by image analyzer.
AB  - Image analysis techniques for quantifying experimental pulmonary metastases were
      developed using Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) and B16 melanoma. Binary images of the
      metastatic colonies were differentiated by staining the lung parenchyma. Thus, it
      became possible for the image analyzer to determine automatically the size and
      number of the metastatic foci. Image analysis was used successfully to evaluate
      the inhibitory effect of adriamycin on spontaneous metastases of 3LL. Although
      the inhibitory effect was not detected by the usual counting method, a
      significant reduction of the area of metastatic foci was detected by image
      analysis.

PMID- 1810417
TI  - Pharmacological and toxicological studies on new Rh(I) organometallic complexes.
AB  - New rhodium(I) complexes, belonging to the general structure [Rh(CO)2 (L)], where
      dithiocarbamate and xanthate derivatives, were synthesized and assayed as
      cytostatic and antitumour agents in vitro against KB cells and in vivo against
      P388 leukaemia, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Sarcoma 180 ascites and ADJ/PC6A solid
      tumour. Assays against five trypanosoma strains were also performed. Among the
      new compounds the [Rh(CO)2 (DPA-dtc)] appeared to be active in all biological
      systems without showing evident nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 1810419
TI  - Cyclic changes in the expression of endometrial proteins of the mouse during the
      normal estrus cycle.
AB  - Cellular proteins extracted from the endometrial tissue of normal sexually mature
      outbred mice were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to define the changes in protein expression that occur
      during the normal estrus cycle. Using one dimensional gradient SDS-PAGE it was
      possible to resolve approximately 80 protein bands, 8 of which showed cyclic
      changes. Five protein bands (Mr 28, 40, 135, 150 and 220 kD) were most prominent
      in the estrus phase and were barely detectable or not visible at all in the
      diestrus phase. Since the estrus phase is under the influence of estrogen, these
      five proteins were considered to be estrogen-induced. Two protein bands (Mr 35,
      and 37 kD) were more prominent in the diestrus phase. The 116 kD protein band was
      found only in the diestrus phase. These three proteins were considered to be
      induced by progesterone, the hormone that governs the diestrus phase of the
      cycle. None of the protein bands was found to be typical of the proestrus and
      metestrus phases of the cycle, although the 28 kD band appeared more prominent in
      proestrus than in other phases. These data show that the mouse estrus cycle is
      associated with phase-specific changes which can be reproducibly and reliably
      detected by SDS-PAGE.

PMID- 1810418
TI  - Modulation of N-nitrosomethylurea induced mammary tumorigenesis by dietary fat
      and voluntary exercise.
AB  - The effect of dietary fat and exercise on N-nitrosomethylurea [NMU:CAS:684-93-5]
      induced mammary tumorigenesis in female F344 rats was investigated. Rats were fed
      the NIH-07 diet until NMU administration on day 50 of age, when they were
      transferred to four treatment groups. Three sedentary groups were fed either high
      fat (20% wt/wt), medium fat (10%) or low fat (5%) diets (HF, MF, LF,
      respectively), and a fourth group was fed a HF diet but allowed free access to an
      activity wheel (HFEX). Tumor yields among the three sedentary groups were
      significantly greater in the HF and MF groups when compared to the LF group.
      Voluntary exercise reduced tumor yields and delayed time of tumor appearance in
      HFEX animals to levels similar to those found in LF sedentary animals. Animals
      with voluntary access to exercise wheels averaged between 1.03 and 2.85
      miles/day, consumed more food (+ 18%) and exhibited greater weight gain (+ 13%)
      than their sedentary counterparts. No differences in weight gains were detected
      among the HF, MF, and LF groups, despite widely varying amounts of fat intake.
      Body composition studies indicated that body fat content was not influenced by
      the quantity of fat consumed in the diet, but was significantly reduced by
      voluntary exercise (-20%). Since exercise and fat intake have been associated
      with alterations in endocrine status, circulating bioactive and immunoactive
      prolactin were assessed at termination. No significant changes were found in
      either form of prolactin among the four experimental groups, casting doubt on
      mediation by this pituitary hormone.

PMID- 1810420
TI  - Emigration of activated leukocytes augments transvascular permeability in
      mesenteric venules of rat.
AB  - Effects of leukocyte adhesion and emigration on the microvascular permeability
      were analyzed by the combined use of high resolution transilluminated intravital
      microscopy and the epiilluminated fluorescent tracer imaging. After stimulating
      leukocytes by topical application of PAF-LPS or fMLP solution on the mesentery of
      a rat, a dynamic process of leukocyte emigration was visualized under high
      resolution transilluminated microscopic observation. When considerable emigration
      of leukocytes was observed, the same microvasculature was subjected to a
      permeability study to visualize the diffusional process of the FITC-labeled
      macromolecules under an epiilluminated fluorescent microscope. Dye diffusion was
      accelerated in the PAF-LPS or fMLP-treated group, and also a distinctly spotty
      leakage was observed in venules where successive adhesion and emigration of
      leukocytes were observed.

PMID- 1810421
TI  - In vitro fertilization of oocytes from polyovular follicles in mouse ovaries
      exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - In 35-day-old female ICR/JCL mice given 5 daily injections of 1 microgram
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) from the day of birth, a significantly higher incidence
      of polyovular follicles was found in the ovaries than in those of age-matched
      control mice. Gap junctions of granulosa cells of mature follicles in neonatally
      DES-exposed mice were larger than those of the controls. When stimulated by
      gonadotropins (PMSG and hCG) and caged with males, the number of tubal embryos in
      DES-exposed mice was less, but the rate of fertilization and development was not
      different compared to the controls. Division of oocytes collected from the
      ovaries of 40-day-old DES-exposed and control mice after stimulation of
      gonadotropins was examined 24 to 72 h after in vitro insemination to ascertain
      whether fertilization had occurred in oocytes from polyovular follicles. Seventy
      seven % of oocytes from uniovular follicles of control mice developed up to 8
      cell stage embryos following in vitro insemination; 66% of those from similar
      follicles of DES-exposed mice developed into the same stage. By contrast, only
      47% of oocytes from polyovular follicles of DES-exposed mice showed the division
      up to 8-cell stage 72 h after insemination, indicating a significantly lower
      fertilization rate compared to the oocytes from uniovular follicles of control
      and DES-exposed mice. Without insemination, oocytes taken from the same pools in
      these experiments never divided during the period of manipulation and
      incubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810422
TI  - Macrophage involvement in the antitumoral effect of Nocardia-delipidated cell
      mitogen (NDCM).
AB  - Several immunomodulatory fractions derived from Nocardia have been found to
      inhibit the growth of several experimental tumors, including Lewis lung carcinoma
      (3LL). An involvement of both macrophages and lymphocytes in the antitumoral
      effect of Nocardia fractions has been suggested. The mechanism of the Nocardia
      delipidated Cell Mitogen (NDCM)-induced tumor-inhibiting effect was investigated
      further in the present study. Macrophages activated by NDCM exerted a cytotoxic
      effect on 3LL cells in vitro, indicating a direct influence of macrophages on the
      tumor cells. These results correlate with previous findings which showed a local
      accumulation of macrophages (but also lymphocytes) at the tumor site in NDCM
      treated mice. In tumor-bearing mice--both treated and non-treated with NDCM--a
      splenomegaly due to a pronounced extramedullary hematopoiesis was seen.
      Concomitant with the gradual evolution of the extramedullary hematopoiesis in the
      red pulp, a depletion in white pulp component was observed, more pronounced in
      the control 3LL-bearing mice than in the 3LL-inoculated NDCM-treated animals. The
      disappearance of the lymphatic follicles in 3LL-bearing mice may be responsible
      for the failure to cope with the tumor. It is therefore possible that by delaying
      white pulp depletion, NDCM favors a better host defense against the tumor.
      Examination of lungs in 3LL-bearing mice treated by NDCM showed a rich
      infiltration of macrophages in the vicinity of isolated tumor cells, probably
      indicating a defensive role of NDCM-activated macrophages against metastatic
      spread of the tumor. Although the macrophage appears to be of major importance in
      the NDCM-induced host response against the tumor, other components of the immune
      system are probably system are probably also activated by the Nocardia fraction
      in defense against the neoplasm.

PMID- 1810423
TI  - Chemosensitivity spectrum of a human pleural mesothelioma xenograft grown in
      athymic rats.
AB  - A human pleural mesothelioma tumour line (AKG) serially transplantable as a
      subcutaneously growing xenograft in athymic rats was evaluated for
      chemosensitivity to six antitumour drugs. Drug effects were assessed as the
      reduction of the area under the tumour volume curve (1-AUC) and as specific
      growth delay (SGD), resulting from the maximum tolerable dose (MTD)
      intraperitoneally in athymic rats. SGD greater than 2 or (1-AUC) greater than
      0.85 were used as criteria of an active drug at the MTD. Etoposide (40 mg/kg),
      vincristine (0.9 mg/kg) and vindesine (0.8 mg/kg) were found to be inactive.
      Cisplatin (CDDP; 8 mg/kg) and carmustine (BCNU; 40 mg/kg) were found to be active
      resulting in (1-AUC)s of 1.04 and 0.88, respectively. Although mitomycin C (MC)
      at the MTD of 1.8 mg/kg resulted in a (1-AUC) of only 0.81, the SGD at a dose of
      1.5 mg/kg was greater than 2 and therefore the drug was regarded as active.
      Furthermore, a combination of CDDP 3 mg/kg and MC 1.25 mg/kg was found to be
      active resulting in (1-AUC) = 0.90 and SGD = 4.70. The combination of CDDP and MC
      seems to be a promising regime warranting further studies.

PMID- 1810424
TI  - The regeneration of triturus limbs deformed by a carcinogen.
AB  - In this study the regeneration of newt limbs deformed by carcinogen treatment was
      investigated. Treatment of an amputated limb with the carcinogen MNNG results in
      a regenerate with many abnormalities. Upon reamputation proximal to the first
      amputation level all new limbs regenerate normally, but when the reamputation is
      performed through the abnormal limbs the same type of abnormal limbs was
      regenerated. In cases of cone-arrested regenerates, reamputation within the cone
      does not results in regeneration. These results suggest that the carcinogen
      causes permanent changes in the blastema cells.

PMID- 1810425
TI  - The relationship between cytotoxic drug exposure and tumour cell kill, in vitro
      and in vivo.
AB  - Doxorubicin has been shown to be more effective against MGH-U1 bladder carcinoma
      cells grown in monolayer than spheroid. In vitro clonogenic cell survival curves
      have been replotted against the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for
      drug exposure and fitted to a Hill plot to derive the parameters E max (maximum
      possible cell kill) and C50 (drug exposure resulting in half the maximum cell
      kill). The plasma AUC following intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin to
      nude mice was measured using a sensitive and specific HPLC assay and combined
      with the in vitro cell survival parameters to predict the clonogenic cell
      survival in MGH-U1 xenografts. The Hill parameters from the spheroid model are
      better predictors of xenograft clonogenic cell survival than the monolayer
      parameters. It is possible to predict clonogenic cell survival in solid tumours
      on the basis of the pharmacokinetics of cytotoxic drug exposure, using a
      mathematical model based on clonogenic cell kill in vitro.

PMID- 1810426
TI  - Prophylactic anti-tumor effect of Hochu-ekki-to (TJ41) by enhancing natural
      killer cell activity.
AB  - We assessed the anti-tumor activity in vivo of a kampo (Chinese) prescription
      Hocku-ekki-to (TJ41) in the rat and mouse tumor model. The growth of tumors was
      clearly inhibited in syngeneic animals given TJ-41 prophylactically. The splenic
      NK cells of TJ-41-treated WKA rats showed enhanced cytotoxicity against tumors
      including NK-sensitive YAC-1 targets. TJ-41 did not increase the splenic NK cell
      population, but it appeared that TJ-41 could potentiate the cytotoxic capability
      of each NK cell. These data indicate that TJ-41 may be useful for prophylactic
      immunotherapy of cancer. One of the mechanisms of the potent inhibitory effect by
      TJ-41 on tumor growth might be explained by its enhancement of NK activity.

PMID- 1810427
TI  - Multiple administration of carbamazepine, typical and atypical antidepressant
      drugs on clonidine-induced hypoactivity in mice.
AB  - The chronic effects of carbamazepine were compared with those of typical and
      atypical antidepressant drugs on clonidine--induced hypoactivity in mice. The
      results indicated that clonidine at a dose of 0.05-0.10-0.15 mg/kg i.p. produced
      a dose-dependent depressant effect on the exploratory behavior, as shown by the
      marked reduction in ambulation and rearing in an "open-field" test. Chronic
      pretreatment with imipramine 20 mg/kg i.p. and desipramine 5-10 mg/kg i.p. for 14
      days resulted in a significant reduction in clonidine-induced hypoactivity.
      Repeated pretreatment with atypical antidepressant drugs (trazodone 5-10 mg/kg
      i.p.:, fluoxetine 5-10 mg/kg i.p., or rubidium chloride 24-48 mg/kg i.p.) as well
      as carbamazepine 10-20 mg/kg i.p., had no significant effect on clonidine-induced
      hypoactivity. In summary, these findings provide further evidence for a
      subsensitivity of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in animals chronically
      treated with imipramine or desipramine and a behavioural profile of carbamazepine
      similar to that of atypical antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 1810428
TI  - The protective effect of guar gum against stress-induced gastric ulcers in the
      rat.
AB  - After the methodology had been studied and pilot studies conducted, nine groups
      of rats (10 rats per group) were fed solutions of different compositions via
      orogastric tube during induction of stress ulcers by resistant and a cold ambient
      temperature. The first group was a control group and received no feeding. Group 2
      rats received distilled water, group 3 rats guar gum in distilled water, group 4
      rats wheat flour (placebo) in distilled water, group 5 rats a 10% solution of
      glucose in distilled water, group 6 rats guar gum in the 10% glucose solution,
      group 7 rats wheat flour in the 10% glucose solution, group 8 rats a 30% glucose
      solution and group 9 rats cimetidine, intraperitoneally. Cimetidine provided the
      best protection against stress-induced ulcers. Guar gum in distilled water was
      almost as effective as cimetidine. Slightly fewer rats (30%) exhibited ulcers in
      the guar gum group than in the cimetidine group (40%). However, the ulcers in the
      guar gum group were larger than those in the cimetidine groups. The percentage of
      rats with ulcers and the percentage of the largest category of ulcers decreased
      as the energy content of the solutions changed from 10% to 30% glucose and from
      the control percentages. The protective effect of guar gum in distilled water was
      reduced when it was infused in a 10% glucose solution. In the latter solution,
      the effect of guar gum was similar to that in the rats given wheat flour
      (placebo) in a 10% glucose solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810430
TI  - Embryopathic action of N-nitrosomethylurea in the pregnant mouse manifest for
      three generations.
AB  - A high incidence of tumour bearing animals (T.B.A.) occurred in the 3 generations
      of mice descended from dams exposed to N.M.U. on the 18th day of gestation (20
      mg/Kg/ip). In the first generation, T.B.A.s (p less than 0.001 binomial analysis)
      were detected early and were due largely to reticuloses in males and females. In
      the second generation, T.B.A.s were again in increased number and involved young
      mice; females were particularly affected by reticuloses, 9 had these neoplasms
      compared with 2 in the controls. In the 3rd generation, the number of tumour
      bearing females was double that in the concurrent controls. Offspring from
      treated dams had a significantly increased incidence of reticuloses, in the first
      generation this amounted to p less than 0.05 (binomial analysis) and in the
      second to (p less than 0.01). A high incidence of mortality persisted for 3
      generations. In the first, 18 per cent died by 80 weeks compared with 7 per cent
      of the controls; this difference was significant (p less than 0.05). In the
      second generation, 15 per cent died compared with 10 per cent of the controls.
      Sixteen per cent of the third generation also died, white the control incidence
      remained at 10 per cent.

PMID- 1810429
TI  - Estradiol induced changes in tumor growth and steroid receptor content in a
      heterotransplanted human endometrial adenocarcinoma.
AB  - To study the importance of estrogen availability to growth pattern and other
      tumor characteristic such as estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor
      (PgR) content and histopathology, we have used a human tumor-nude mouse model, in
      which an ER- and PgR-positive and estradiol-sensitive (stimulated) human
      endometrial adenocarcinoma was heterotransplanted and serially passed in female
      (non-oophorectomized) nude mice over a period of one year. Pieces from this tumor
      were transplanted into oophorectomized nude mice, randomly divided into two
      groups, one with and one without estradiol treatment (preparation phase). After
      four weeks, pieces from both these groups were again transplanted into
      oophorectomized nude mice, each group being randomly allocated to two subgroups,
      one with and one without estradiol treatment (experimental phase). Tumor growth
      was measured during the experimental phase, whereas both ER and PgR content and
      histopathology were analyzed after the experimental phase. Our findings indicate
      that even short-term growth under estradiol-poor conditions can trigger such
      progressive changes as reduced steroid receptor content, development of a less
      differentiated tumor and tendency to enhanced tumor growth. On the other hand,
      estradiol-rich conditions enhanced ER activation, PgR induction and tumor
      differentiation in the same tumor line. The estrogenic conditions under which a
      tumor grows may thus be crucial determinants of tumor progression.

PMID- 1810431
TI  - Lack of synergy between 5-fluorouracil and interferon-gamma in the treatment of
      malignancy in the rat.
AB  - Numerous in vivo studies have reported synergism between 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
      and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but this has not been the case in clinical
      trials. As the immunomodulatory effects of IFN may be of greater importance in
      vivo than its direct anti-proliferative activities, it was of interest to
      determine whether the myelosuppressive effects of high dose 5-FU were responsible
      for the lack of enhanced activity of the combined drug treatment in the clinical
      setting. Using an animal model, the anti-tumour activity of three doses of 5-FU
      (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, continuous intravenous infusion of 7 days) and
      concurrent IFN-gamma (5 x 10(5) U/kg/day, bolus IV for 5 days) were compared to 5
      FU alone. IFN-gamma treatment alone produced a significant anti-tumour response
      relative to control. No synergism was observed at any dose of 5-FU when combined
      with IFN-gamma treatment despite white blood cell counts being similar to that in
      the IFN-gamma group at the lowest dose of 5-FU treatment. Thus, a lack of
      synergism in vivo is unlikely to be due to myelosuppression resulting in
      diminished immune response. However, other factors such as tumour type, size and
      location may be important in determining the final outcome.

PMID- 1810432
TI  - Diagnosing mammary cancer among an unselected Finnish population. Proposal for
      practical improvements.
AB  - A total of 309 new mammary cancer patients were found in three successive years
      among 250,000 unselected Finns showing an annual rate of 1.08 cancers per 1000
      women over 20 years of age. The main preoperative examinations were palpation and
      mammography. Palpation alone was performed preoperatively in 158 (51 percent)
      patients, palpation and mammography in 120 (38 percent), and the tumor was
      nonpalpable and found only in mammography in 31 (10 percent) patients. Fine
      needle biopsy with palpation was performed in 191 (62 percent) patients and it
      confirmed definite malignancy in 89 cases, that is in 47 percent of the biopsied
      patients and in 29 percent of all patients. Mammography was most valuable in
      small tumors and fine-needle biopsy in large ones. The number of mammographies
      performed in the whole population per each new cancer case was 50; it seems
      unreasonable to increase the number of mammographies performed. It seems that the
      best way to improve the present preoperative evafuation of mammary cancer
      patients would be to perform a fine-needle biopsy under stereotactic guidance in
      every patient, and especially in those with a small tumor.

PMID- 1810433
TI  - Embryopathic action of N-nitrosomethylurea in the male mouse manifest in the
      first generation.
AB  - Offspring from paternal mice treated with N.M.U. (20 mg/kg/i.p.) incurred an
      increased incidence of pre and post-weaning mortality. Those conceived
      immediately after treatment presented a high incidence of tumor bearing animals,
      double that in the concurrent untreated controls. These events are thought to
      reflect chemical damage to spermatozoa present at the time of treatment. The
      relatively high incidence of offspring presenting tumours and which were
      conceived in later weeks suggest impairment of earlier germ cells. Male offspring
      conceived in weeks 1 to 4 post-treatment produced a significant incidence of T.
      B. A.s (p less than 0.01, binomial analysis) and developed 5 types of neoplasia
      not encountered in male controls; the corresponding females presented 9 kinds of
      tumour which had no counterpart in the control females. Two features presented a
      significant change from the control (p less than 0.001, binomial analysis):
      firstly, the number of reticuloses involving all offspring and secondly the
      incidence of tumours of vascular origin in female offspring overall.

PMID- 1810434
TI  - Cardioprotective effects of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on brain induced
      myocardial injury.
AB  - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was evaluated as a protective agent in a gerbil model
      of non-lethal myocardial injury that follows brain ischaemia. The accumulation of
      fat droplets in myocardial fibers following brain infarction was measured by
      electron microscopic morphometry and expressed as a percentage of the area of the
      sarcoplasm. GHB treatment significantly reduced the area occupied by lipid
      droplets compared with that found in saline treated controls measured both 10
      hours (p less than .005) and 24 hours (p less than 0.05) after unilateral carotid
      ligation. GHB did not affect the ischaemic swelling of the brain.

PMID- 1810435
TI  - Immunogold localization of a nuclear protein at different stages of the cell
      cycle in normal and tumor cells.
AB  - The interaction of immunogold particles with a specific antigen was used to
      localize this nuclear protein (Mr 68 kd, pI 6.5-8.2) in fetal liver cells and
      oesophageal carcinoma cells at different stages of the cell cycle. In interphase
      hepatocytes, the 68 kd antigen was localized exclusively in the nucleus and
      associated with both heterochromatin and euchromatin. As the chromatin condensed
      into chromosomes at later stages of the cell cycle, the 68 kd antigen remained
      closely associated with them. Similar phenomena were observed in the oesophageal
      carcinoma cells, suggesting that this 68 kd nuclear protein may be involved in
      anchoring the actively transcribed DNA and in maintaining the chromosomal
      architecture during the cell cycle.

PMID- 1810436
TI  - Concepts in immunotherapy of cancer: introduction.

PMID- 1810437
TI  - Immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 1810438
TI  - Cancer therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: evaluation of potential and
      limitations.
AB  - Immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) activated in the presence
      of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2) in vitro and adoptively transferred to
      patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma has resulted in
      complete or partial responses in some cases. These results have generated a wave
      of optimism and expectations, which may be premature. Much has been learned about
      TIL biology and their functional characteristics recently, but only few clinical
      trials have been completed to date. In this review, therapeutic potential of
      human TIL is evaluated based on limited knowledge of the antitumor mechanisms
      involved and imperfect understanding of events which occur during systemic
      administration of TIL. Limitations and advantages of TIL therapy are discussed
      and approaches to optimizing this form of therapy which are likely to be
      implemented in the future are summarized.

PMID- 1810440
TI  - Cancer treatment with interleukins 1, 4 and 6 and combinations of cytokines: a
      review.
AB  - During the last few years the anticancer effects of recombinant cytokines has
      been studied in animal experiments and in clinical trials. Significant anticancer
      effects of especially, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon alpha (IFN alpha) have
      been obtained. In this paper, we shall focus on the studies and possible
      applications of interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6)
      as single agents and focus on some combinations of cytokines. Finally, we shall
      discuss future developments that can be expected.

PMID- 1810439
TI  - Effective immunotherapy with local low doses of interleukin-2.
AB  - IL-2 treatment for metastatic tumors in man is usually given systemically with
      high doses, often in conjunction with large numbers of LAK-cells. Complete tumor
      regression is obtained in less than 10%, this treatment causes severe toxicity,
      and culturing of LAK-cells is laborious and expensive. In this paper we
      demonstrate that small amounts of locally applied rIL-2 alone, if given at the
      right time, can cure about 70% of DBA/2 mice with large metastasized syngeneic
      SL2 lymphoma comprising 4-10% of the total body weight, a tumor load hitherto
      considered fatal. Moreover, 3 out of 5 cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma
      (BOSCC) of 1 x 1 up to 3 x 4 cm were cured with low doses of rIL-2 only. Taken
      together, we have now tested 11 tumors in animals. No antitumor effect was
      observed in EL4 lymphoma in C57BL mice. Partial antitumor effects were detected
      in RBL5 lymphoma in C57BL mice, stomach carcinoma in BALB/c mice, MOT-carcinoma
      in C3H mice, liver carcinoma in guinea pigs and bovine vulval
      papilloma/carcinoma. Complete tumor regression was obtained in SL2 lymphoma,
      L5178Y lymphoma, L1210 lymphoma, and P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2 mice and in bovine
      ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Low doses of locally injected IL-2 induce
      systemic immunity, as shown in DBA/2 mice bearing syngeneic SL2 lymphoma cells.
      We conclude that local low dose treatment can be effective and results in a high
      cure rate in several tumor models. In the DBA/2-SL2 lymphoma model this treatment
      is 100-1000 times more effective than any form of immunotherapy we have tested
      during 20 years in this model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810441
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the management of
      cancer.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of the four
      major colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) that regulate hematopoiesis. GM-CSF can
      stimulate a single bone marrow stem cell to proliferate and differentiate into
      mature neutrophils, eosinophils, granulocytes or macrophages. The outcome of
      recent clinical trials indicates that GM-CSF has the prospect of being clinically
      effective in augmenting the recovery of hematopoiesis in recipients of autologous
      bone marrow transplantation, in cancer patients suffering from the hematopoietic
      toxicity associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and in patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 1810442
TI  - Intracavitary beta-interferon for the management of pleural and/or abdominal
      effusions in patients with advanced cancer refractory to chemotherapy.
AB  - Twenty-three cancer patients with pleural and/or abdominal effusion refractory to
      chemotherapy were treated with intracavitary beta-interferon after drainage. The
      overall response rate at 30 days was 35% for the whole group of patients, 25% for
      those with pleural effusion, and 40% for those with ascites. In 15 patients the
      mean time to re-accumulation of fluid after drainage only was 8.7 days, while it
      approached 30.3 days after intracavitary beta-interferon. This difference was
      statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The treatment was well tolerated
      with only mild and transient pain in 3 cases.

PMID- 1810444
TI  - Interferons in the treatment of malignancies.
AB  - Interferons alpha, beta and gamma (IFN) were initially identified as soluble
      factors able to inhibit infection of chick chorioallantoic membranes by influenza
      A virus. Although the mechanism(s) of action of IFNs are unclear, these molecules
      express their biologic properties after binding to specific high-affinity cell
      membrane receptors. To dates several clinical studies have challenged the
      therapeutic benefits of using IFNs in the treatment of solid tumours and
      haematologic malignancies. The reported results have shown a wide range of
      response rate, and toxicities in general are manageable, predictable and rarely
      of major clinical significance. These studies have also raised the interesting
      possibility for improving cancer treatment with combination of IFNs and
      conventional anticancer regimens, or combinations of IFNs with other Biological
      Response Modifiers (BRMs), such as interleukin 2. Hopefully, this area of
      research will lead to an entire rethinking of the use of our existing anticancer
      treatment modalities, which perhaps could lead to solutions to old clinical
      problems.

PMID- 1810443
TI  - Interleukin 6 and cancer treatment.
AB  - Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine, with a wide range of biological
      effects. The diverse biological actions of IL-6 could play important roles in the
      enhancement or suppression of tumor growth and development. IL-6 has been seen to
      act as an autocrine and/or paracrine growth factor for various human tumors,
      including multiple myeloma, renal cancer, and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
      However, IL-6 also can exert potent anti-tumor effects: administration of IL-6
      has been seen to result in decreased tumor appearance in experimental animal
      systems. Therefore, potentially useful anti-tumor therapeutic strategies could
      include the inhibition of the activity of IL-6, or alternatively, the enhancement
      of anti-tumor responses by the administration of exogenous IL-6.

PMID- 1810445
TI  - Non specific immunotherapy with B.C.G. in superficial bladder cancer: an
      overview.
AB  - In the seventies non specific immunotherapy with B.C.G. was used for a number of
      malignancies in man. After initial successful reports on leukaemia and melanoma,
      results could not always be confirmed and the use of B.C.G. seemed to be limited.
      In 1976 B.C.G. was used for the first time intravesically in patients with
      superficial bladder cancer. At present non specific immunotherapy with B.C.G. for
      superficial bladder cancer is considered the most efficacious treatment modality.
      It is probably the most widely used and most successful immunotherapy in man. A
      number of issues on this treatment are still unclear. No consensus has been
      reached about the treatment schedule, optimal dose and appropriate BCG strain
      while toxicity is more pronounced than in intravesical chemotherapy. Improvement
      of the treatment as well as basic research are necessary and will determine the
      exact place of B.C.G. in the coming years.

PMID- 1810446
TI  - The present status of BCG treatment in the veterinary practice.
AB  - Horses with sarcoids, cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and dogs with
      mammary tumors were treated with intralesional injection of Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin. This treatment appeared to be effective in most cases of equine sarcoids,
      in 50 - 60% of the cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and was not effective
      in dogs with mammary tumors.

PMID- 1810447
TI  - Adoptive transfer of activated human autologous macrophages results in regression
      of transplanted human melanoma cells in SCID mice.
AB  - The potential anti-tumor activity of human macrophages, grown in macrophage
      colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), was examined in mice homozygous for the
      mutation severe combined immune deficiency (scid) bearing xenografts of
      autologous human melanoma. Injection of scid mice, bearing subcutaneous melanoma
      xenografts, with the cultured macrophages or with the macrophage culture
      supernatant, once or repeatedly, resulted in partial to complete regression of
      tumors. Since a large number of such macrophages (greater than 1 x 10(9)) could
      be grown in vitro for repeated injection, the scid-human chimera can serve as an
      in vivo model to examine the role of human macrophages in tumor immunity and to
      explore the potential of the in vitro cultured macrophages in the therapy of
      cancer.

PMID- 1810448
TI  - Anti-idiotype cancer vaccines: pre-clinical and clinical studies.
AB  - We have previously shown that anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) that functionally
      mimic the epitope defined by anti-colorectal carcinoma (CRC) monoclonal antibody
      (Ab1) CO17-1A induce in cancer patients highly specific anti-anti-idiotypic
      antibodies (Ab3) which are Ab1-like in their binding specificity to tumor cells
      and antigen. Ab1 GA733, originally produced against gastric carcinoma, binds to
      the same antigen as Ab1 CO17-1A, but to a different epitope. Ab2 against Ab1
      GA733 produced in goats have been previously shown in experimental animals to
      functionally mimic the epitope defined by the Ab1. For the purposes of studying
      immune responses, this Ab2 preparation was administered to 12 patients who had
      previously been diagnosed with CRC but whose tumors were excised prior to Ab2
      therapy. Patients were injected subcutaneously with escalating doses (0.5-4 mg)
      of Ab2 precipitated to alum. Ten of the 12 patients produced antibodies to the
      administered Ab2. In six patients a fraction of these antibodies bound
      specifically to the Ab2 and not to normal goat IgG. These anti-anti-idiotypic
      antibodies (Ab3) shared idiotopes with the Ab1 and bound to antigen-positive, but
      not antigen-negative, cultured tumor cells. The Ab3 specifically inhibited
      binding of the Ab1 to tumor cells and therefore may bind to the same epitope as
      Ab1. Our studies demonstrate that Ab2 are highly specific modulators of cancer
      patients immune responses to their tumors.

PMID- 1810449
TI  - Mechanisms of tumor regression induced by low doses of interleukin-2.
AB  - We have demonstrated that local treatment with low doses of IL-2 can cure mice
      bearing a large burden of metastasized SL2 lymphoma. Different mechanisms lead to
      rejection of ascitic SL2 tumor and solid s.c. SL2 tumor. For local rejection of
      ascitic tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were essential, whereas the cytotoxic
      activity of macrophages was also important for tumor rejection. In distant solid
      tumors very few infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages were present.
      Nevertheless, IL-2 treatment rapidly induced necrosis that seemed to be caused by
      stasis of blood flow in the tumors. This may be mediated by the local release of
      cytokines like TNF. We conclude that both cytotoxic activity and the production
      of cytokines by T-cells is essential for IL-2 induced systemic tumor rejection.

PMID- 1810450
TI  - BCG therapy for superficial bladder cancer: fundamental aspects.

PMID- 1810451
TI  - Immunological properties of melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes before and
      after IL-2-based biotherapies.
AB  - Immunological properties of melanoma TILs before and/or after IL-2-based
      biotherapies were investigated. TILs harvested before therapies, including those
      for adoptive transfer, proliferated well in culture with IL-2 and displayed
      cytotoxicity relatively restricted to autologous tumor cells. In contrast, TILs
      during or at the end of IL-2 based therapies did not proliferate in culture with
      IL-2. TILs from tumors even harvested 45 days after the end of IL-2 therapy
      modestly proliferated in culture with IL-2 and showed MHC-nonrestricted
      cytotoxicity. The number of live tumor cells that were yielded from melanomas
      during or at the end of IL-2-based therapies significantly decreased in all nine
      patients with metastatic melanomas, regardless of their clinical responses (2 PR,
      2 MR, 2 SD, and 3 PD). Collectively, these results suggest that current IL-2
      based therapies resulted in both transient nonresponsiveness of TILs to IL-2 and
      transient decrease in the number of live tumour cells in most melanoma patients.

PMID- 1810452
TI  - Mechanism of BCG induced regression of line 10 hepatocarcinoma in the guinea pig.
AB  - In line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma, cellular infiltrates show that there is an
      ongoing immune response against the tumor. This immune response is changed by
      intralesional administration of BCG leading to tumor regression and immunity. In
      the draining lymph node BCG induces a considerable increase in the number of T
      helper/inducer cells and the T suppressor/cytotoxic cells, as well as an increase
      in MHC class II antigen expression, but does not alter the ratio of the various
      leukocyte subpopulations. Moreover, in the tumor the ratio of the various
      leukocyte subpopulations also is not altered after BCG treatment and no distinct
      increase of MHC class II antigen expression is found. Thus it is reasonable to
      assume that the already existing local immune response is reactivated by the
      response to the mycobacteria, due to renewed communication between the tumor
      infiltrating leukocytes through secreted lymphokines.

PMID- 1810453
TI  - Immunogenicity and involvement in the host's effector mechanisms of the oncogene-
      induced transformation--associated cell surface antigens.
AB  - The clonal expression of oncogene-induced transformation-associated cell surface
      antigens (TAAs) of a WFB rat fetus fibroblast was analyzed by developing mAbs to
      TAAs. We identified four TAAs. Two out of four TAAs seemed to be involved in the
      cytotoxicity by NK cells. One is an hsp-like molecule. These TAAs may play an
      important role in the antitumor surveillance mechanism by the host immune system.
      By clarifying the molecular characteristics, it would be possible to apply the
      genes encoding these molecules in the immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 1810454
TI  - Leukocytes and cytokines in the urine of superficial bladder cancer patients
      after intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
AB  - The urine of superficial bladder cancer patients treated intravesically with BCG
      was examined for the presence of leukocytes and cytokines. The number of
      leukocytes was markedly increased 24h and 48h after five or more BCG
      instillations. Flow cytofluorometric analysis revealed that, in addition to large
      numbers of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and T-lymphocytes were clearly
      detectable. The T cells were predominantly CD4+ and probably activated, since
      they expressed IL2 receptors and HLA-DR. The cytokines IL1, IL2, IL6 and TNF
      alpha were also increased after BCG instillations. These cytokines and leukocytes
      may play a role in the antitumor activity of BCG.

PMID- 1810455
TI  - Tumour regression by IL-2 mediated stagnation of blood flow.
AB  - The histology of Interleukin-2 induced tumour regression is presented. DBA/2 mice
      were injected simultaneously ip (intraperitoneally) and sc (subcutaneously) with
      2 x 10(4) and 2 x 10(5) syngeneic SL2 lymphosarcoma cells, respectively. After
      treatment with 20,000 U IL-2 given ip at days 10-14, 50% of these mice survive.
      Histological analysis of the sc tumours showed that stagnation of blood flow and
      an occurrence of sudden massive necrosis were indicative of tumour regression. We
      hypothesize that peritoneal lymphocytes, activated by the ip tumour cells and IL
      2, home in the sc tumour. There these activated lymphocytes produce lymphokines
      and trigger off other infiltrate cells to do similarly. This causes vascular
      leakage which leads to an increased intratumoural interstitial hydrostatic
      pressure. Subsequently circulatory obstruction and tumour necrosis occurs.

PMID- 1810456
TI  - Basic FGF-like protein in the lower stato-acoustic system of the neonatal and
      adult rat.
AB  - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-like localization was studied
      immunohistochemically in the lower auditory tract of neonatal and adult rats.
      During the neonatal period, bFGF-like immunoreactivity is present in the
      cytoplasm of inner hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, Scarpa's ganglion cells, in
      auditory brain stem nuclei and in vestibular nuclei. At the adult stage, bFGF
      like protein is widely distributed in the auditory brain stem but was not found
      in the cochlea. These results suggest that bFGF could be implicated in the
      development as well as in the neuronal maintenance and plasticity of the auditory
      system.

PMID- 1810457
TI  - Inherited propensity for neuropathic pain is mediated by sensitivity to injury
      discharge.
AB  - We reported previously that injury discharge (ID), a burst of impulses fired
      following nerve injury, plays a role in triggering autotomy, a neuropathic pain
      related behavior in rats. Here we affirm this link using two lines of rats,
      derived by selective breeding from the Sabra strain to express high (HA) or low
      (LA) levels of autotomy following hindpaw denervation. Blocking ID in HA rats
      before injury suppressed autotomy. Correspondingly, artificial prolongation of ID
      in LA rats just prior to neurectomy, increased autotomy. The autotomy in these HA
      and LA rats was like that of their Sabra ancestors. This suggests that the
      underlying basis for selection of these lines was differential sensitivity of the
      CNS to the effects of ID.

PMID- 1810458
TI  - Kinetics of expression of ACh receptor alpha-subunit mRNA in denervated and
      stimulated muscle.
AB  - Levels of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha-subunit mRNA were quantified in
      chick leg muscle, both after section of the sciatic nerve and following
      electrical stimulation of the denervated leg musculature. Whereas a lag period of
      approximately 17 h intervenes between the nerve section and the increase in
      message level, electrical stimulation leads to an immediate decline, which
      proceeds with a half-life of 3-4 h, similar to the decay induced by treatment
      with actinomycin D. The asymmetry in the kinetics of activation and repression
      can be accommodated by several regulatory schemes of which the simplest contains
      an autocatalytic loop as recently proposed by Changeux (The New Biologist 3: 413
      429, 1991).

PMID- 1810459
TI  - Sensitization and conditioned rotation: apomorphine, quinpirole and SKF-38393
      compared.
AB  - Rats lesioned in one substantia nigra were treated on three consecutive days with
      the nonselective dopamine agonist, apomorphine (0.05 mg kg-1), the selective D2
      agonist, quinpirole (0.025, 0.05, or 0.2 mg kg-1) or the selective D1 agonist,
      SKF-38393 (2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg kg-1). Each of these compounds resulted in acute
      contralateral rotation which increased significantly upon successive
      administrations. Two weeks after apomorphine treatment rats exhibited rapid
      contralateral rotation when placed, undrugged, in the drug-associated
      environment. Similar undrugged rotation was seen ten weeks after the lower doses
      of SKF-38393. No evidence of undrugged rotation was seen after quinpirole. The
      results show that sensitization does not necessarily predict development of a
      placebo effect, and suggest that persistent motor effects of dopamine agonists
      are associated with D1 receptor stimulation.

PMID- 1810461
TI  - Transient induction of c-fos in rat magnocellular hypothalamic neurons after
      hypophysectomy.
AB  - Using immunofluorescence histochemistry, the paraventricular and supraoptic
      hypothalamic nuclei of normal control and hypophysectomized rats were studied in
      double labelling experiments with antibodies against the protein c-fos (Fos) and
      against vasopressin or oxytocin in order to characterize the activated neurons
      chemically. Normal controls showed no expression of Fos, whereas in
      hypophysectomized animals an intense induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity (-LI)
      was observed 12 h and 24 h post hypophysectomy but not beyond this survival time.
      Both vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic magnocellular neurons were labelled with
      Fos-LI. Thus Fos-LI can be induced in magnocellular hypothalamic neurons by
      injury, suggesting that this protein may be involved in adaptive mechanisms
      following axotomy.

PMID- 1810460
TI  - The behavioral effects of bilateral middle cerebral artery hemorrhagic ischemia
      in rat.
AB  - After learning position discrimination in a T-maze water escape task, rats had
      either a 2 mm section of the middle cerebral artery removed bilaterally (bMCA) or
      they received a sham operation. Beginning on the day of surgery either total
      brain gangliosides (50 mg kg-1) or saline were administered daily for five days.
      Of the several measures of neurological function that were tested, only a
      temporary deficit in grasping with the front paws was observed in bMCA damaged
      rats. Ganglioside treatment normalized this practical function. Memory of the
      preoperative habit was not influenced by bMCA damage, but acquisition of a
      reversal of this habit was compromised. Ganglioside treatment did not influence
      this deficit. Acquisition of a spatial alternation strategy was influenced by
      neither the bMCA lesion nor the ganglioside treatment. The preservation that
      accompanies bMCA interruption might serve as a useful model of the functional
      declines that accompany stroke and frontal lobe damage.

PMID- 1810462
TI  - Rearing conditions affect neuron morphology in a telencephalic area of the zebra
      finch.
AB  - The morphology of ANC (Archi-neostriatum caudale) neurons in zebra finches is
      affected by arousal and rearing conditions. Branching index and spine density of
      ANC neurons are decreased in isolated birds and enhanced in cage reared animals,
      compared to aviary reared animals. Chasing the birds around the cage, or seven
      days of social contact with a female, raises these indices in birds isolated
      until adulthood relative to those of the aviary reared animals. We conclude that
      branching index and spine density of ANC neurons are determined during
      development by the amount of social contact, arousal, and activation of ANC. The
      changes observed after short term treatments in adult bird may depend on the same
      factors.

PMID- 1810463
TI  - Scopolamine enhances expression of an amphetamine-conditioned place preference.
AB  - Animals in the present investigation were trained for conditioned place
      preference by pairing the non-preferred compartment of a two chamber apparatus
      with either 1.5 mg kg-1 D-amphetamine or 0.05 mg kg-1 scopolamine. Some of the
      amphetamine-conditioned rats were injected with 0.05 mg kg-1 scopolamine as an
      acute treatment on the test day which followed conditioning. Although the
      scopolamine by itself did not induce either a preference or an aversion to the
      drug-paired side, it enhanced the expression of place preference in animals
      conditioned with amphetamine. Potentiation of this conditioned response (CR) was
      observed in the absence of changes in locomotor activation which would implicate
      general arousal as a potential mechanism. Hypotheses regarding anticholinergic
      mediation of CR expression via central reward mechanisms, memory retrieval, cue
      function and stimulus saliency are discussed, and possible neurosubstrates
      considered.

PMID- 1810464
TI  - Supramammillary cell firing and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity.
AB  - Extracellular multi-unit activity was recorded from sites in the supramammillary
      area of urethane anaesthetized rats, while simultaneously recording the
      hippocampal EEG. The pattern of supramammillary area cell discharge was found to
      be rhythmic and in phase with concurrent hippocampal rhythmical slow activity
      (RSA). Septal application of procaine (20%, 1-5 microliters), that abolished
      hippocampal RSA, did not abolish the rhythmicity of supramammillary cell firing.
      These data suggest that the frequency of hippocampal RSA may be determined in the
      supramammillary area rather than in the medial septum as has previously been
      supposed.

PMID- 1810465
TI  - Cell surface glycoconjugates in intercellular and cell-substratum interactions.
AB  - Progress in understanding the role of the carbohydrate moieties of cell surface
      adhesion molecules is evaluated. Functional roles of the oligosaccharides of
      extracellular matrix glycoproteins are also considered. Selected examples of
      glycoconjugate participation in cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions are
      presented with emphasis on systems in which structures of functionally important
      glycosyl moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids have been determined. Where
      available, cases of altered cell adhesive behavior attributable to transformation
      associated alterations in glycosylation of adhesion molecules are cited.

PMID- 1810466
TI  - Immunoassays for cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens.
AB  - The advent of hybridoma technology and the availability of virtually unlimited
      amounts of specific high affinity monoclonal antibodies to desired antigens have
      ushered in a new revolution in immunoassay methodology. An ever increasing number
      of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays are replacing those employing
      polyclonal antisera. A host of hitherto unknown tumor-associated antigens have
      also been identified due to the development of unique monoclonal antibodies. The
      exquisite specificities and affinities of monoclonals has led to the development
      of sensitive and reproducible immunoassays for various analytes, especially tumor
      associated antigens. Most tumor-associated antigens are glycoconjugates and among
      these many are blood group antigens and their derivatives, found both as
      glycoproteins and glycolipids. The development and clinical applications of new
      immunoassays for cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens in the last decade has
      had a major positive impact on the management of cancer patients.

PMID- 1810467
TI  - Histo-blood group antigens in cancer.
AB  - Cell surface carbohydrates undergo dramatic changes in cancer. Changes in histo
      blood group antigens result from either blocked synthesis with a precursor
      accumulation of oligosaccharide chain, or neosynthesis caused by the activation
      of 'silent' glycosyl transferases. Carbohydrate antigens play a crucial role in
      cell-cell communication, cell growth and differentiation. Although the biological
      significance of tumor-associated carbohydrate changes is not completely
      understood, these may provide the basis for uncontrolled cell growth,
      invasiveness and metastatic potential. Monoclonal antibodies developed against a
      variety of tumor cells have been identified as being directed against different
      carbohydrate antigens. Carbohydrate antigens and anti-carbohydrate antibodies are
      being used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer.

PMID- 1810468
TI  - Ganglioside antigens expressed by human cancer cells.
AB  - Gangliosides are normal cell surface components of all animal cells. Altered
      ganglioside biosynthesis during malignant transformation results in expression of
      a qualitatively and quantitatively different ganglioside profile in many tumors.
      While their physiological function is largely unclear, gangliosides expressed by
      cancer cells, e.g. GD3, GD2 and GM2 in malignant melanoma, have proven to be
      suitable targets for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies and for
      active immunotherapy with vaccines. Studies aimed at further augmenting the
      effectiveness of these approaches are currently underway.

PMID- 1810469
TI  - N-linked oligosaccharide processing and tumor cell biology.
AB  - A variety of alterations in carbohydrate structure have been observed in cancer
      cells. Most are carbohydrate sequences normally found in other adult or embryonic
      tissues and their expression in cancer cells appears to reflect a change in the
      differentiated state of transformed cells. The expression of branched and
      sialylated complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in malignant tumor cells
      appears to be directly associated with metastatic potential. Inhibition of N
      linked oligosaccharide processing in malignant cells is associated with increased
      susceptibility to natural immunity, increased cell adhesion to extracellular
      matrix and decreased tumor cell invasion in vitro. There is also growing evidence
      that branched complex-type oligosaccharides participate in organ retention of
      blood-borne tumor cells by acting as ligands for endothelial cell lectins. These
      observations suggest that inhibitors of N-linked oligosaccharide processing may
      be useful anti-cancer agents.

PMID- 1810470
TI  - Clinical significance of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen.
AB  - What is the clinical significance of the expression by common human carcinomas of
      the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen? Described as a terminal disaccharide which
      is a precursor of MN blood group antigens, it was discovered as a laboratory
      curiosity 60 years ago, yet its cancer-association has only been appreciated in
      the last two decades. It is cryptic in the membrane of various normal cells, but
      can be found overtly expressed early during malignant transformation. It thus has
      potential as a target antigen for monoclonal antibodies for the detection of
      cancers, both in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have described its expression
      in relation to tumor grade, metastasis and likelihood of relapse or tumor
      aggression, and attempts have been made to define its prognostic significance,
      but generalization is difficult because of differing trends in expression on
      different types of cancers. TF is immunogenic, and perhaps even immunomodulatory
      in patients with cancer. We have used natural and synthetic TF and related
      antigens to study this immunomodulation in an animal model. Natural TF can be
      either immunogenic or immunosuppressive. In an appropriate formulation synthetic
      TF can be used in an 'immunotherapeutic vaccine' to significantly prolong the
      lives of animals which have an otherwise lethal mammary cancer. We are now
      testing similar immunotherapeutic vaccines in humans with cancer, and have
      induced an immune response to synthetic TF, the same serum also reacting with
      cancer cells known to express TF. The clinical significance of TF may be the
      immune response it induces, either tolerizing a patient to a cancer or
      stimulating an effector response to a cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810471
TI  - [Searching activity under different reinforcement regimens and the process of
      information interaction with the environment].
AB  - When training rats in casual environmental conditions the search activity is
      determined by the regimen of unconditioned confirmation and the probability of a
      primary chance correct performance of instrumental reactions (PCCR). The value of
      PCCR determines what part of instrumental reactions will be realized due to a
      conditioned signal and confirmed appropriately. This, in its turn, influences the
      informational interaction of the animal with the environment in any regimen of
      confirmation (constant or probable). With the least favourable values of PCCR for
      learning a decreased number of confirmation lowers the search activity due to a
      sharp deterioration of the conditions for acquiring information--both factors
      (PCCR and low frequency of confirmation) cause single-directed changes (decrease)
      in informational significance of research reactions. The optimal PCCR values for
      learning promote informational significance of every search reaction, this
      leading to, weakening of the relationship between the intensity of the search
      activity and probability of unconditioned confirmation.

PMID- 1810472
TI  - [The role of the endothelium in the development of functional hyperemia of the
      skeletal muscles].
AB  - Experiments on anesthesized dogs demonstrated that gastrocnemius muscle vessels
      working hyperemia substantially decreased after chemical destruction of
      endothelium by saponin, inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
      synthesis by gossypol and inhibition of quanylate cyclase by methylene blue.
      Reaction was not decreased after cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin. The
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor predecessor--L-arginine essentially increased
      working hyperemia. We concluded that endothelium plays an important role in
      reaction of working hyperemia by endothelium-derived relaxing factor release.

PMID- 1810473
TI  - [The effect of adaptation to stress exposures and to periodic hypoxia on the
      cardiomyocyte trigger activity of the papillary muscles in the rat].
AB  - Action potential of cardiomyocytes was recorded in experiments on isolated
      papillary muscle of the rat left ventricle. The effect was estimated of
      preliminary adaptation to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia or to short-term stress
      exposure on the incidence and the pronouncement of delayed after depolarization
      and of trigger activity induced by a high frequency stimulation against the
      background of isoproterenol (10(-8) M). It was shown that adaptation to hypoxia
      or to stress reduced the incidence of delayed after depolarization and of trigger
      activity, adaptation to stress exerting a more pronounced effect. Immobilization
      stress (6 hours) potentiated the trigger activity, adaptation to stress exerting
      a more pronounced effect. Immobilization stress (6 hours) potentiated the trigger
      activity and this potentiation was effectively prevented by either type of
      adaptation.

PMID- 1810474
TI  - [Korazol-induced kindling in animals with different sensitivities to the
      epileptogen].
AB  - To select homogeneous groups of sensitive and low-sensitive animals (male Wistar
      rats) for subsequent kindling experiments the animals's reaction to the threshold
      dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was defined. Rats showing
      convulsive response of 1 to 3 scores (seizures were estimated according to a 6
      score scale) were assumed to be sensitive animals. Rats when injected with this
      dose showing no seizures were defined as low-sensitive animals. One week after
      the test kindling was started by daily administration of a subconvulsive dose of
      PTZ (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Low-sensitive animals displayed a 3 day delay in the
      development of kindling seizures and a decrease in the severity of seizures as
      well as an extended latency period before the first manifestations of seizures
      after each injection of PTZ. Thus testing by means of the threshold dose of PTZ
      is a comparatively simple method of preliminary estimation of the animals's
      sensitivity to this convulsant in order to select groups of relatively sensitive
      and low-sensitive animals in PTZ kindling experiments. For a more precise
      selection of animals it is suggested to be useful to repeat the initial test
      after an interval of 5-7 days. The proposed method seems to be applied in
      principle to other convulsants as well.

PMID- 1810475
TI  - [The effect of phosphoenolpyruvate on the course of the acute period in
      experimental myocardial infarct].
AB  - It was found in the experiments on dogs, that phosphoenolpyruvate decreased the
      level of regional metabolic acidosis, stabilized energy metabolism,
      cardiohemodynamics and enhanced the blood supply of the ischemic myocardium. Anti
      ischemic effect of the phosphoenolpyruvate was more significant in comparison
      with fructose-1,6-diphosphate in isomolar doses.

PMID- 1810476
TI  - [Disordered sympathetic regulation of the functions of the cardiovascular system
      in rats with streptozotocin diabetes].
AB  - The effect of sympathomimetic tyramine on the systemic and regional hemodynamic
      parameters was studied by the radioactive microsphere technique in experiments on
      conscious streptozotocin-diabetic and age-matched control rats. The dose of
      tyramine required for blood pressure elevation on 15-20 mm Hg was 5.6 times as
      large in diabetic rats as compared to control animals. It was suggested that
      sympathetic neuropathy may play the role in the development of the cardiovascular
      alterations in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

PMID- 1810477
TI  - [Disordered cardiac electrical stability in beta-adrenergic damage and
      antioxidant protection].
AB  - The electrical threshold of ventricular fibrillation induced by premature single
      impulses and the ectopic activity and also an abnormal conduction during vagus
      inhibition of sinus node were estimated 24 hours after the administration of
      isoproterenol (10 mg/kg, s/c, on time) in rats. In addition the cardiac
      contractile function of the left ventricle was studied. The study was performed
      on male Wistar rats, 250-300 body weight, under nembutal anesthesia.
      Isoproterenol had no effect on the contractile function in the rest and during
      maximal isometric load, induced by coarctation of ascending aorta. But in the
      treated animals the threshold of fibrillation fell more than 2-fold and the vagal
      bradycardia was more 2-fold then in the untreated animals. The AB-block,
      idioventricular rhythm and extrasystoles appeared during vagal bradycardia in
      treated animals, while in the untreated ones there were no any disturbances. The
      preliminary administration of the antioxidant ionol (BMT, 30 mg/kg, per os, in
      sun oil) prevented the enumerated shifts.

PMID- 1810478
TI  - [The dynamic modification of aseptic inflammation with sodium oxybutyrate].
AB  - The oxybuturate sodium influence on the vessel and cells dynamics in the source
      of aseptic inflammation was studied. It was shown that oxybuturate sodium
      injection (100 mg/kg) before 30 min and after 2 and 4 hours of inflammation onset
      leads to suppression of microvessel reaction, reduction of macrophagic infiltrate
      density, decrease of macrophagic phase duration and the earliest perfection of
      inflammation in the whole.

PMID- 1810479
TI  - [The antiradical activity of coumarin reductones].
AB  - The antiradical activity of coumarine reductones was investigated by the method
      of inhibition of Fe2+ induced chemiluminescence of egg-yolk lipoproteins. All
      coumarines studied exhibited high antioxidant activity. The dependence of
      chemiluminescence intensity on the antioxidant concentration shows that
      coumarines reductions resemble their chemical analog--ascorbic acid rather than
      the lipid antioxidant butilated hydroxitoluene (ionol).

PMID- 1810480
TI  - [The substrate support for energy homeostasis in starvation].
AB  - Ultrastructural study of liver and leucocytes and biochemical study of the main
      fat and carbohydrate substrates of anergy metabolism were carried out in rats
      under full alimentary starvation. In vast prelethal period in the liver and
      probably in other organs the glucogenetic role of amino acids is increased in
      connection with expressed cells structure decomposition.

PMID- 1810481
TI  - [The comparative study of the IR spectra of proteoglycans].
AB  - The IR spectra of sodium salt hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin
      6-sulfate, dermatan-sulfate, protein-chondroitin-keratan-sulfate and aggregates
      of proteoglycans of the hyaline cartilage, heparin fractions containing 3 and 4
      residues of sulfuric acid per dimer of polymer were obtained. It was shown that
      comparative analysis of IR spectra of the proteoglycans makes it possible to
      identify the 1150 cm-1, 1125 cm-1.

PMID- 1810482
TI  - [The efficiency of the action of alpha-tocopherol and its homologs on luminol
      dependent chemiluminescence induced by (Fe2+ + NADP.H) and (Fe2+ + ascorbate)
      systems in rat liver microsomes].
AB  - The effects of alpha-tocopherol (C16) and its homologues with different chain
      length (6-hydroxychromanes-C1, C6, C11) on lipid peroxidation induced luminol
      dependent chemiluminescence in rat liver microsomal suspensions were studied. It
      was shown that C1, C6 and C11 inhibited the (Fe(2+) + ascorbate)-and (Fe(2+) +
      NADP.H)-induced chemiluminescence. The inhibitory effect was decreased in the
      order: C1 C6 C11, C16 was not influenced chemiluminescence. The possible reason
      underlying these differences was discussed: different efficiency of interaction
      of C16 and its homologues with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, which initiate
      the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. It was concluded that C16 (in
      concentration below 0.5 mM) was not interacted with hydroxyl and superoxide free
      radicals, generated in microsomal suspensions under (Fe(2+) + ascorbate)- and
      (Fe(2+) + NADP.H)-dependent lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 1810483
TI  - [The effect of different methods of isolating thrombocytes on the surface
      structure and biochemical parameters of the serotonin system of these cells].
AB  - The method of platelets' isolation influences their morphofunctional state. The
      study of the surface structure of platelets with the method of scanning electron
      microscopy shows, that the nonactivated form of platelets is characterized for
      the cells, isolated by gel filtration, but platelets which are isolated by
      centrifugation are activated. Platelets' activation under centrifugation is shown
      to connect with the changes of biochemical parameters of platelet serotonin
      system: the increase of the velocity of the 3H-serotonin reuptake and of the 3H
      imipramine specific binding.

PMID- 1810484
TI  - [The effect of serotonin on the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow].
AB  - Haemopoietic stem cells content and proliferative activity were studied in the
      bone marrow of female F1 (CBA x C57Bl6) mice after single (50 mg/kg) and chronic
      (0.5 mg/kg daily for 7 days) serotonin (S) injections. It is shown that 9-day and
      12-day COEs contents in the bone marrow of experimental mice has been increasing
      for 24 h after single S injection. After chronic S injections twofold increase of
      12-day COEs is observed without any increasing of 9-day COEs. Total
      myelokaryocyte number is increased too. The study of proliferative status by in
      vitro incubation of bone marrow cells with ARA-C has shown that the numbers of 9
      day and 12-day COEs in S-phase have increased both after single and chronic S
      injections. Possible mechanisms of stimulating effect of S on bone marrow stem
      cells are discussed.

PMID- 1810485
TI  - [An experimental study of the antidepressive properties of captopril].
AB  - Captopril, as well as amitriptyline, was shown to enhance apomorphine-induced
      stereotype in mice. At doses, which failed to modify the effect of apomorphine,
      both substances reversed the inhibitory action of sulpiride and haloperidol on
      stereotypical behaviour. Treatment with captopril (25 mg/kg) did not modify the
      open-field behaviour, but significantly reduced the immobility in the forced swim
      test (20 mg/kg) Dopaminergic link was suggested to be involved in the CNS effect
      of captopril.

PMID- 1810486
TI  - [The use of liposomes for "depositing" neurotropic preparations].
AB  - The possibility of formation of some liposomal neurotropic drugs was studied by
      1H-NMR method. Experiments in animals on catalepsy and epidural anaesthesia
      confirmed this hypothesis.

PMID- 1810487
TI  - [The transhemenation process of bovine and human hemoglobin polymers under
      conditions simulating the situation in the circulatory bed].
AB  - It was shown that transhemenation, i.e. the transfer of heme from hemoglobin to
      human serum albumin may have the great importance in metabolism of hemoglobin. It
      was noted that precipitation in the case of human pyridoxal-5'-phosphate modified
      polyhemoglobin met-derived incubation.

PMID- 1810489
TI  - [The restriction of hemodynamic disorders in acute hypoxia and in situ
      reoxygenation by using the synthetic peptide bioregulator dalargin].
AB  - Development of posthypoxic and reoxygenation depression of cardiac activity
      following a time-portioned disconnection of the apparatus for artificial
      ventilation of the lungs in rats was restricted by a preventive intravenous
      infusion of a synthetic opioid peptide--dalargin. Resistance to a stressor effect
      of hypoxia (ischemia-reperfusion) which was assessed by the degree of restoration
      of the integral index of the blood circulation--cardiac output could be mediated
      by correction of Ca-homeostasis of cardiomyocytes by means of dalargin.
      Elimination of all side effects with a blocker of opioid receptors--naloxon
      points to a possibility of realization of a protective antihypoxic action.

PMID- 1810488
TI  - [New adenosine derivatives as agents to prevent postischemic disorders].
AB  - The authors studied prophylactic action of adenosine analogs during ischemic
      liver damage. Hepatoprotective action of adenosine analogs was established.

PMID- 1810490
TI  - [The reaction of the mast cell population to the intratracheal administration of
      heparin and fucoidan].
AB  - Mast cell population of rat after single intratracheal injection of heparin and
      fukoidan was investigated with cytofluorometry and cytochemical methods. These
      polysaccharides have great differences in the molecular weight nevertheless they
      both were found to include in mast cells.

PMID- 1810492
TI  - [The mechanism of the receptor binding of influenza viruses by somatic tissue
      cells].

PMID- 1810491
TI  - [An immunohistochemical analysis of local immunity in Salmonella and dysenteric
      infections].
AB  - Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 21 patients with acute and chronic
      dysentery, in 32 patients with different forms of salmonellosis in comparison
      with the cytoenzymatic status (CES) of immunocytes in the mucous membrane of the
      large intestine. It has been revealed that for acute dysentery the activation of
      the cellular and humoral links of local immunity is typical, but for
      salmonellosis--mainly of the humoral one. The chronic processes in dysentery and
      salmonellosis are connected with the increase in the subpopulation of T8
      suppressors. Immunohistochemical data correlate completely with CES of
      immunocytes and that allows one use them with prognostic purposes.

PMID- 1810493
TI  - [The choice of an adequate method for detoxification and immunocorrection in
      destructive experimental pancreatitis].
AB  - Thus, basing on the data obtained it was stated that the destructive pancreatitis
      is always accompanied by intoxication. A certain weakening of the immune
      mechanisms took place, mainly of its T-cellular chain. Detox methods of treatment
      had different effects on the organism. The most effective among them happened to
      be plasmapheresis and spleen-xeno as they significantly decrease
      hyperfermentation and toxemia. The application of hemosorption and ultra-violet
      irradiation of blood had favourable immunocorrective effect at the early stage.
      It should be noted that the application of spleen-xeno was normalizing the immune
      mechanisms at the later stage of experimental acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 1810494
TI  - [The specificity of the genotoxic action of carcinogenic aromatic compounds on
      Drosophila mus mutants].
AB  - Hypersensitivity to the toxic effect of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was determined in
      homozygous larvae of two D. melanogaster mus strains (mus 208B2 and mus210). The
      two others (mus205B1 and mus208B1) were found to be less sensitive and the parent
      strain was resistant. The lack of correlation between the sensitivity in larvae
      and the activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in S15 fractions from adult
      flies whole body homogenates of the same strains was demonstrated. The hypertoxic
      effect of B(a)P and 2-acethylaminofluorene in strain mus210 seems to be rather
      specific because noncarcinogenic pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene and fluorene did not
      affect the survival of this most sensitive strain. Perspectives of the strain
      mus210 use for the environmental genotoxic pollutants screening were discussed.

PMID- 1810495
TI  - [The antitumor activity of liposomal aclarubicin in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - Study on antitumor activity of free and liposomal anthracycline antibiotic
      aclarubicin in vitro and in vivo showed that liposomal aclarubicin was
      characterised by activity against ascitic Ehrlich carcinoma comparable to that of
      free aclarubicin when used in a dose of 25 mg/kg. Liposomal antibiotic had a more
      pronounced antimetastatic action and showed no toxicity (in a dose of 30 mg/kg).
      Liposomal aclarubicin had a higher activating capacity with respect to the
      macrophage tumoricidal properties.

PMID- 1810496
TI  - [The tumorigenicity and metastasis of low-malignancy STHE-strain cells undergoing
      in vitro selection with peritoneal exudate cells].
AB  - We have previously shown that in vitro cocultivation of the low-malignant
      spontaneously transformed in vitro cells of STHE strain with LPS-activated
      peritoneal exudate cells (PECa) of normal Syrian hamsters resulted (in contrast
      to resident PEC (PECr)) in selection of the STHE cell variants resistant to
      macrophage- and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated cytotoxic activity (CTA). In
      the present study the malignant characteristics, i.e. tumorigenic and
      metastasizing activities (TGA, MA), of the STHE cell variants in vitro selected
      with PECa and PECr as well as the parental ones were compared. By the use of
      quantitative transplantation test the relatively increased level of TGA of the
      STHE cell variants selected with PECa, especially on the late stages of in vitro
      selection, has been demonstrated. The increase of the tumour size of transplanted
      cells was demonstrated after in vitro selection of parental STHE cells with
      either PECa of PECr. The mean number of spontaneous lung metastases at 60th day
      after s.c. transplantation of the cell variants selected with PECa and PECr was
      increased as compared to parental STHE cells, however, as a rule, did not exceed
      20-25. The study of experimental MA revealed that only STHE cell variants
      selected with PECa were able to form significantly larger numbers of experimental
      lung metastases, what was more expressed after the 4th, 5th and 10th cycles of
      the selection procedure. Thus, activated REC (mainly macrophages and lymphocytes)
      are capable to select in vitro tumour cell variants characterized with not only
      increased resistance to CTA of the macrophages and H2O2, but also more
      tumorigenic and metastasizing, i.e. more malignant.

PMID- 1810497
TI  - [Transduction of a marker gene (Neor) into precursor cells of the hematopoietic
      microenvironment].
AB  - The attempt of retroviral transfer of the bacterial Neor gene into stromal
      precursor cells able to transfer haemopoietic microenvironment and to long-term
      support of haemopoiesis in vitro and in vivo was made. The existence of marker
      gene in stromal cells was established by the method of polymerase chain reaction.
      The transduced stromal precursor cells create normal haemopoietic
      microenvironment. The data obtained would be important for the further
      investigation of proliferation and differentiation of stromal precursor cells.

PMID- 1810498
TI  - [Zinc metabolism in male rats with a transplanted ovary].
AB  - Results of the research on the concentration of zink ions in the blood serum and
      prostate tissue, urine excretion level by means of heterotropic transplantation
      of the ovary to castrated rats (males) are presented. The degree of the organism
      estrogenization was assessed by determining the estradiol concentration in the
      blood serum by the radio-immune method. The research has shown that castration
      leads to a zink concentration decrease in the blood serum and its reduced
      excretion with the urine. A significant rise in the concentration of estradiol in
      the blood serum did not influence the zink metabolism in the organism.

PMID- 1810499
TI  - [The effect of a conditioned medium from neonatal rat hepatocytes on a mixed
      culture of Kupffer cells and fibroblast-like liver cells].
AB  - The study was carried out on primary coculture Kupffer cells and liver
      fibroblasts of newborn and mature rats. At first Kupffer cells and liver
      fibroblasts were taken on the equal quantity. There were observed significant
      decrease of Kupffer cells quantity and fibroblasts death after 4-5 days in
      coculture. Mitotic and functional activity liver fibroblasts, adhesion of Kupffer
      cells were increased by the using of conditioned medium of newborn rat
      hepatocytes. The rise of mitotic activity of liver fibroblasts and quantity of
      nucleolus in their nuclei forestalls of the increase Kupffer cells size,
      appearing of Kupffer cells with some nuclei.

PMID- 1810501
TI  - [The trypsin activity in the chyme and parietal layer of the mucus in
      experimental exclusion of the Brunner's gland section of the duodenum in rats].
AB  - The duodenal glands secretion into intestine was excluded by surgical ablation or
      ligation of Brunner's glands region. The trypsin activity in chyme and adherent
      mucous layer was reduced following these manipulations. Possible reasons for
      changes established are discussed.

PMID- 1810500
TI  - [The dendritic spines of the pyramidal neurons in layer V of the rat sensorimotor
      cortex following a 14-day space flight].
AB  - There was made a quantitative study of the influence of 14 days space flight
      ("Kosmos-2044") on dendritic spine (DS) density of the layer V pyramidal neurons
      of rat sensomotor cortex. There was found an increase of the number of apical DS
      lying in the layers III-IV in the flight group only. Number of DS on oblique
      dendrites was increased in the III-IV cortical layers both in the flight and tail
      suspended rats. There was also an increase in the number of DS on basal dendrites
      in all experimental groups. Obtained data are compared with similar 7 days flight
      results ("Kosmos-1667") and other data of nervous tissue plasticity in
      weightlessness.

PMID- 1810502
TI  - [An immunohistochemical study of the rat m. lumbricalis at different periods of
      ischemia after its allograft into the anterior chamber].
AB  - The ability of muscle fibers to survive the ischemic condition was examined.
      After 0 to 11 h of ischemia of the rat m. lumbricalis was transplanted to the
      anterior chamber of the rats eye. Using a morphological and immunohistochemical
      (monoclonal antibodies to heavy chain of the fast myosin, PAP-method) methods it
      was revealed that population of surviving muscle fibers reduced significantly
      beginning from 6 h of ischemia. After 9 h of ischemia there were no muscle fibers
      in the transplant but one could observe the new formed muscle tubules. It is
      concluded that up to 6 h the muscle fibers of m. lumbricalis ischemia still
      preserve the ability to recover.

PMID- 1810503
TI  - [Morphological evidence of the possible role of cytochrome P-450 in the
      development of an autoimmune process in the liver].
AB  - Morphological alterations in rat's liver during lipid peroxidation induction by
      paraqat were studied. Infiltration of liver by lymphocytes, macrophages and
      plasma cells was studied. On ultrastructure level profound extension of rough
      reticulum cistern and destruction of mitochondrial cristae were revealed by
      immunohistochemical methods. Cytochrom P-450 was localized on the fibrin fibers.

PMID- 1810504
TI  - [Alcohol-alkaline dissociation of the everted vessel--a simple method for the
      analysis of the 3-dimensional organization of the arterial intima].
AB  - A new method to investigate different parts of arterial intima in scanning
      electron microscopy has been elaborated. A fixated vessel was everted and
      incubated in dissociated solution of potassium etoxide. Dissociation was
      performed until the appearance of the first endothelial cells for the analysis of
      the subendothelial layer, until the appearance of the first subendothelial cells
      for the analysis of smooth muscle cells, and until the disappearance of any cells
      for the analysis of the internal elastic lamina. A three-dimensional organization
      of human fetal and adult aortas, as well as of bovine, swine, rabbit and rat
      aortas was investigated.

PMID- 1810505
TI  - [The effect of experimental alcoholism in rats on the structure and regenerative
      potentials of the myocardium and liver in newborn rats of the immediate
      generation].

PMID- 1810506
TI  - [A method for forming and the morphological characteristics of artificial liver
      cysts].
AB  - Application of ultrasound surgical aspirator promotes rapid formation of major
      cavities with dry inner surface in the depth of hepatic parenchyma. Filling of
      the latter with sutured copolymer of monovinyl ether of ethyleneglycol in the
      ratio of one filler volume to three cavity volumes results in the formation of
      cysts with the given stable dimensions. Good aspiration of necrotic tissues
      promotes rapid formation of thin-walled cysts. The given hepatic cyst model may
      be used in the development of new surgical and puncture methods of treatment, as
      well as testing of new drugs.

PMID- 1810507
TI  - [A comparative analysis of the morphological changes in lung tissue under the
      influence of high-energy YAG laser radiation and of a high-frequency electrical
      current].

PMID- 1810508
TI  - SEM surface structure of the adhesive organ of the hillstream fish Glyptothorax
      pectinopterus (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from the Garhwal Hills.
AB  - Glyptothorax pectinopterus has a well defined bilateral adhesive organ situated
      posteriorly to the mouth, between the opercular opening and the base of the
      pectoral fin. It narrows at its anterior and posterior end and is characterized
      by thin longitudinal ridges and grooves running almost parallel to the main body
      axis, but with a slight inclination posteriorly. The ridges all seem to converge
      towards the posteriorly localized middle pad. In conformity with the hillstream
      type of habitat, the ridges are surmounted by long, keratinized epidermal spines
      with hooked, curved or sucker-like tips. The hooked spines, in adhesion to the
      substratum, attach themselves firmly to organic material, while the sucker-tipped
      spines reinforce adhesion by generating vacua at innumerable scattered points.
      The effect of mechanical abrasion of the spines is minimized by a glandular
      secretion from the middle pad.

PMID- 1810509
TI  - The zona pellucida of the Brazilian white piranha, Serrasalmus brandtii Reinhardt
      1874 (Pisces, Characidae): a cytological and cytochemical study.
AB  - The zona pellucida of vitellogenic oocytes of the Brazilian White Piranha
      (Serrasalmus brandtii) is composed of three layers traversed by radial striae
      which can be differentiated by cytological and cytochemical methods. Its
      formation begins in oocyte 2 (previtellogenesis), with the development of the
      outer layer. The middle layer is formed during vitellogenesis and the inner layer
      -which accounts for most of this envelope--in the fully vitellogenic oocyte. The
      chemical nature of each layer can be determined by cytochemical techniques for
      carbohydrates and proteins. The origin of the teleost zona pellucida is
      discussed.

PMID- 1810510
TI  - Ultrastructure of the cumulus oophorus in the mouse Graafian follicle during the
      preovulation period.
AB  - The author studied the ultrastructure of the cumulus oophorus in three groups of
      Graafian follicles divided according to the degree of maturity of the oocyte:
      follicles containing an oocyte with a germinal vesicle (group I), follicles
      containing a metaphase I oocyte (group II), and follicles containing a metaphase
      II oocyte (group III). Loosening of contacts between the corona radiata cells and
      the oocyte, as well as intercellular contacts of the cumulus oophorus cells, was
      observed after the resumption of meiosis and the deposition of finely granular
      material in the intercellular spaces (expansion and mucification). The cytoplasm
      of all the cells contained organelles typical of protein synthesis (granular
      endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of free ribosomes, a Golgi apparatus).
      There was practically no smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The inner mitochondrial
      membranes had processes in the form of cristae. Lipid droplets were present in
      small numbers. The morphology and number of the cytoplasmic organelles remained
      similar during the whole of the given period, with the exception of the lipid
      droplets, the number of which was slightly higher in group III. No morphological
      signs indicative of steroid hormone synthesis were found. During the whole of the
      preovulation period, the character of cellular proteosynthetic activity remained
      the same.

PMID- 1810511
TI  - Effects of morphine on the pituitary-thyroid axis: morphological and analytical
      studies.
AB  - The morphology of the TSH-producing pituitary cells and the thyroid gland, and
      plasma TSH, T3 and T4 hormone levels, were studied in normal rats, in rats
      treated with 10 micrograms morphine (M) and in M-treated animals pretreated with
      naloxone (Nx) (10 mg/kg). Morphological changes in the pituitary TSH cells and
      thyroid cells of M-treated animals were minimal and were not modified by Nx
      pretreatment. Plasma TSH levels in M-treated animals showed a significant
      decrease (P less than 0.05), which was not blocked by Nx pretreatment. No
      significant changes in plasma T3 or T4 levels were found in either experimental
      group.

PMID- 1810512
TI  - Developmental toxicity of cadmium in mice. II. Immunotoxic effects.
AB  - Pregnant randombred ICR mice were administered 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight of
      CdCl2 on day 16 of pregnancy and immune responses of their offspring were tested
      postnatally. At the age of 4 weeks, proliferative responses of spleen cells to
      concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide and the background
      proliferation were enhanced in both experimental groups. The activation index was
      increased only after activation with concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide in the
      group treated by the dose 5 mg/kg. The delayed type hypersensitivity to sheep red
      blood cells after immunization at 4 weeks was decreased. The serum IgM antibody
      response to sheep red blood cells was increased in the offspring of females
      treated with the lower dose of cadmium both at week 4 and 8. Activity of
      peritoneal macrophages (NBT, H2O2) was enhanced at 4 weeks and lowered
      subsequently. It is concluded that in mice the maternal exposure to a single dose
      of cadmium results in postnatally manifested deviations of immune functions of
      their offsprings.

PMID- 1810513
TI  - Insulin immunization of guinea-pigs: biochemical, immunohistochemical and
      morphometric findings with and without the use of adjuvant.
AB  - Changes in the blood glucose level, glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) tolerance
      tests, anti-insulin antibody production and morphological changes in pancreatic
      tissues (in particular the islets of Langerhans) were studied. After immunization
      by insulin (I) or insulin combined with an adjuvant (IE, IF), the blood glucose
      level rose, changes were observed in the GTT and ITT and after four successive
      immunizations the immunofluorescence technique also demonstrated anti-insulin
      antibodies. None of the above changes was observed in the controls, to which
      saline containing complete Freund adjuvant (SF) or Listeria factor (SE) was
      administered. On the other hand, the morphological picture changed in both the
      experimental (IE, IF) and control (SE, SF) groups, in which (round) cell
      infiltration of the fine connective tissue of the omentum and even of mesentery,
      with nonspecific granuloma formation was observed, while huge multinuclear cells
      appeared in the SF group. The changes were more frequent in the IE and IF groups.
      The volume density of the pancreatic endocrine tissue increased significantly
      only in the experimental groups (I, IE, IF), in which the increase was
      accompanied, to a varying degrees, by degranulation of the B-cells. The results
      of analysis of volume density changes of A-, B-, and D-cell populations were
      correlated with the blood glucose levels. The morphological findings may explain
      why the originally insignificant production of anti-insulin antibodies and the
      increase in the blood glucose level observed in guinea pigs after the repeated
      administration of chromatographically purified insulin are significantly enhanced
      by the administration of adjuvants together with the immunizing agent. Complete
      Freund adjuvant was found to be more effective than the Ei Listeria factor.

PMID- 1810514
TI  - Meniscoids in the small articulations in extremities of man.
AB  - Synovial folds in the primordia of the small articulations of the human hand and
      foot are described. The folds are constant in the stages of development during
      which the articular cavities are formed and they very often persists in adults.
      They are structurally very similar to the meniscoids described by Kos and Wolf in
      intervertebral articulations.

PMID- 1810515
TI  - Unmyelinated nerve fibers associated with Meissner's corpuscle in the green
      monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.).
AB  - The ultrastructure and organization of free nerve fibers occurring in dermal
      papillae containing Meissner's corpuscles were studied in the fingertips of the
      Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.). The course of the thin unmyelinated
      fibers leads in the vicinity of Meissner's corpuscles in the connective tissue of
      its sheaths, between the epidermis and the peripheral fibroblast layer; they
      never come into contact with the nervous component of the receptor. Consequently,
      neither a "pericorpuscular reticulum" nor an "apparatus of Timofeew" is formed.
      The presence of thin axons containing dense-cored vesicles is evident, but they
      are not autonomous fibers, as indicated by the negative results of the Falck
      Hillarp test for catecholamines. The nerve fibers occasionally seem to bear a
      close resemblance to the "open" and "plain" endings described by other authors in
      papillae devoid of corpuscles. Despite failure for close mutual contact to be
      established between the Meissner's corpuscle and the unmyelinated fibers
      ramifying in the connective tissue surrounding it, the hypothesis that the two
      may cooperate to form a "multimodal sensory package" is not without interest.

PMID- 1810516
TI  - Vascularization of the vomeronasal organ in the dog.
AB  - Blood is led to the vomeronasal organ via the large palatine and sphenopalatine
      arteries and returns via the veins of the same names. Under the microscope,
      transverse sections exhibit large numbers of veins and lymph vessels and
      relatively few arteries. The prominent veins are characterized by their thick,
      muscular wall; the arteries are smaller in proportion and likewise muscular,
      while the typical lymph vessels are dilated in sections of organ prepared by
      injection of latex or Araldite. Due to the presence of erectile tissue, the
      arrangement of the parenchyma depends on the functional state of the organ.

PMID- 1810517
TI  - Myofascial pain syndromes: clinical and pathophysiological aspects.
AB  - The criteria for performing a diagnosis of myofascial pain syndromes caused by
      trigger points (TrPs) are defined and the clinical features of pain and related
      phenomena due to these syndromes are examined together with the sensory
      modifications of the parietal tissues at TrPs and target level in the case of
      both active and latent TrPs. The factors presumably responsible for the
      occurrence of TrPs in myofascial structures are then considered, with particular
      emphasis on the microtraumatic event caused by biomechanical alterations during
      movement, evaluated by the analysis of the ground-foot reaction. With this
      respect, some examples of myofascial pain syndromes of the lower limbs are
      reported in which the correction of these alterations, performed via dynamic
      orthosis, produces a long-lasting remission of the subjective and objective
      symptomatology.

PMID- 1810518
TI  - Pain, analgesia, and stress: an integrated view.
AB  - The different theories on the neuroanatomical substrate of pain have been revised
      in the frame of new concepts on the intercellular communication in the central
      nervous system. In fact, it has recently been proposed that two kinds of
      electrochemical transmission exist in the brain: the first one, called wiring
      transmission (WT), uses neuronal chains (neuronal plasma membranes and synaptic
      contacts), whereas the second one, called volume transmission (VT), uses the
      extracellular fluid as physical substrate. The old concept of a separate system
      of afferents and central cells that constitute the pain mechanism is no more
      longer tenable. To reach a better understanding of the psychophysiological basis
      of pain, we should consider a view where WT and VT cooperate within neuronal
      systems functionally affected by the pervading modulatory action of endocrine
      signals.

PMID- 1810519
TI  - Visceral and somatic profiles of needless pain and nonpainful sensations in
      idiopathic headache.
AB  - The syndromes commonly called idiopathic headaches (IH) are the most frequent
      painful pathologies. The term derives from the fact that the IH necessarily but
      not exclusively involve the head area. Having abandoned the etiopathogenetic
      criterion of classification (vascular and tension headaches) which was proposed
      many years ago, The International IH Society has introduced a
      phenomenonological/descriptive classification, which is logically sound
      considering the idiopathy and clinical multiformity of IH. This classification
      may be useful until it is possible to substitute it with a nosography based on
      sure etiological data. The distinction between "chronicized" migraine (migraine
      attacks with daily intercritical headache) and tension-type headaches perhaps
      represents the greatest diagnostic difficulty, since the two forms require
      different therapeutic tools even though they have clinical analogies. In our
      center we are developing a nosological method to differentiate tension-type
      headaches from chronicized migraines on the basis of a criterion that is
      theoretically sound because it draws on the anatomofunctional features of these
      IH, and practical because it is easy to apply. This method is founded on solid
      algological knowledge. In fact, the IH are simply the most common manifestations
      of the spontaneous activation of the sensory/pain transmitting afferences,
      decodified at the level of the integrative areas as "useless" painful and
      nonpainful sensations of either a visceral or a somatic type, according to the
      type of IH. The adjective "idiopathic," attributed to the IH, refers to the
      uselessness of the sensations which dominate these syndromes. They are useless
      because they are not induced by harmful, environmental, or endogenous stimuli,
      and do not culminate in a passive or active defensive reaction.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810520
TI  - Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic use of meclofenamate sodium.
AB  - Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) approved for
      use in arthritis (osteo and rheumatoid), analgesia (mild to moderate pain),
      dysmenorrhea, and heavy menstrual blood loss (menorrhagia). At least three
      different biochemical effects have been defined for meclofenamic acid. It is a
      potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting the production
      of prostaglandins. It also inhibits the release of 5-HETE and LTB4 from human
      neutrophils stimulated with calcium ionophore and antagonizes the response of
      tissues to certain prostaglandins. These mechanisms may explain in part the
      pharmacological profile and clinical effectiveness of this compound. The rapid
      onset of activity of meclofenamic acid and its duration of action may be the
      result of its pharmacokinetic profile. Sodium meclofenamate is completely
      bioavailable from capsules relative to an oral suspension dosage form. Maximum
      meclofenamic acid plasma concentrations are achieved in 0.5-2 h following doses
      of capsules. Meclofenamic acid is extensively metabolized. One of the
      metabolites, metabolite 1, is approximately 20% as active as the parent compound
      in inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity in vitro. This metabolite accumulates in
      plasma during repeated dosing. It is possible that this metabolite may contribute
      to at least some of the activity observed following administration of sodium
      meclofenamate.

PMID- 1810521
TI  - Recent acquisitions in pain therapy: meclofenamic acid.
AB  - A better utilization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is possible
      today based on recent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. The analgesic
      action of these drugs may take place in the central nervous system (CNS). The
      analgesic action with a lower dose occurs earlier than the anti-inflammatory
      action. Some NSAIDs cause an increased level of plasmatic bendorphines in humans.
      NSAIDs not only have antiprostaglandin action, but also may block the release of
      substance P. The NSAIDs may be useful for headache, dysmenorrhea, rheumatic
      disease and in cancer pain therapy. For the safe use of NSAIDs the previous
      anamnestic and clinical features of the patient must be considered, and a high
      therapeutic level must be satisfied. Considering this goal, the authors examine
      pharmacologic and clinical behavior of meclofenamic acid.

PMID- 1810522
TI  - Effects of meclofenamic acid in the treatment of lesions deriving from minor
      traumatology.
AB  - The clinical efficacy and tolerability of topical 5% meclofenamic acid gel versus
      placebo and oral sodium meclofenamate versus sodium naproxen were evaluated in
      patients affected with minor traumatologies. Ninety patients were studied: 60
      were treated with either meclofenamic acid gel or placebo for 10 days, and 30
      were administered with either sodium meclofenamate capsules or sodium naproxen
      capsules for 7 days. The 5% meclofenamic acid gel and its sodium salt in capsules
      proved significantly more rapid and efficient than did the reference compounds in
      reducing pain symptomatology. In the patients treated with 5% meclofenamic acid
      gel, a greater effect was seen as regards rapidity of spontaneous movement and
      nocturnal pain reduction. In other variables examined, that is, surface and deep
      hyperalgesia, and swelling and functional restriction, there was also a
      significantly higher efficacy than with placebo. Confirmation of the therapeutic
      efficacy of meclofenamic acid (sodium salt) was obtained with the capsule
      formulation, that was seen to exert a significant analgesic and antiphlogistic
      action; the onset of this action was particularly rapid. Both formulations of
      meclofenamic acid (gel and capsules) were found to be well tolerated. Thus, in
      the examined formulations, meclofenamic acid proved to be a useful tool in the
      treatment of lesions in the minor traumatology category.

PMID- 1810523
TI  - Use of meclofenamic acid in gynecology and obstetrics: effects on postsurgical
      stress.
AB  - Meclofenamic acid has been successfully used in several obstetrical and
      gynecological disorders sustained by a prostaglandin overproduction. A brief
      review of meclofenamic acid use for primary dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and
      episiotomy pain is followed by an original study of this compound in postsurgical
      pain and stress. Thirty gynecological patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy
      and 10 pregnant women submitted to cesarean section at term were considered. In
      gynecological patients, meclofenamic acid suppositories (200 mg) or placebo were
      given every 12 h during the immediate postsurgical period; pregnant women were
      given the active drug only. Subjective pain was evaluated [through visual
      analogue scale (VAS)] in basal conditions (2 h from the end of surgery) and 2, 4,
      6, 24, and 28 h from the first drug dose. At the same time, blood was drawn for
      the evaluation of plasma cortical levels (through coated-tube radioimmunoassay).
      A significant pain relief was obtained after only 4 h posttreatment both in
      gynecological patients and pregnant women. Meclofenamic acid was superior to
      placebo from 6 h after treatment and it almost suppressed subjective pain at the
      end of the observation period (28th h). Cortisol levels were already high at the
      basal evaluation and showed a further increase during the first postsurgery
      hours. Patients treated with meclofenamic acid had cortisol values lower than
      those who were treated with placebo. The former recovered normal levels after 24
      h, whereas the latter already had increased values. These data demonstrate that
      meclofenamic acid is a safe, powerful and specific analgesic for the postsurgical
      period. The reduction of pain stimulation is also accompanied by a reduced
      activation of the neuroendocrine axis with a prompt recovery from postsurgical
      stress.

PMID- 1810524
TI  - Links between headache mechanisms and new medications.
AB  - A milestone in migraine (M) treatment was the discovery of the dramatic analgesic
      action of a nonanalgesic drug, ergotamine. The second step consisted in the
      identification of the prophylactic power of serotonin antagonists, particularly
      methysergide, in support of the serotonin theory of M. A growing number of drugs
      has widened the therapeutic resources in this area and at the same time has
      raised more and more complex and fascinating pathogenetic questions. According to
      the personal theory, pain in idiopathic headaches (IH) is the clinical expression
      of an automatism of transmission of painful signals along the neuroaxial sensory
      pathways. This automatism is in turn linked to a fault in the suprespinal pain
      modulating systems. This is a similar, but obviously not identical, situation to
      that of automatic pain transmission in organic deafferentation. As animal
      experiments have shown, the activation of the afferents may cause the retrograde
      (antidromic) release of substance P (SP) (and of the neurokinins related to it).
      This substance is devoid of algogenic capacity but endowed with a high capillary
      permeabilizing power, with consequent neurogenic edema (NGE) due to plasma
      overflow. The heavy and lasting edema provoked in both the forearm and the hand
      by injection of both SP and releasing histamine 48/80 b.w. into the humeral
      artery, is by no means painful, unlike that induced by injection into the
      superficial temporal artery (moderate urent pain), probably because of the
      greater sensitivity of the vascular structures of the head. It may be postulated
      that the repeated episodes of NGE may lead to a "sterile" phlogosis (neurogenic
      inflammation) which is capable of increasing and prolonging the pain in the
      periphery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810525
TI  - Clinical experience in the treatment of dental pain.
AB  - Good dental analgesia requires drugs that are endowed with strong and fast
      activity and that are well tolerated. In addition, optimal analgesia should
      essentially be of the peripheral type, thereby eliminating the risk of sedation
      that may cause unpleasant effects on the patient's daily life. Meclofenamic acid
      is among those substances whose analgesic effect is more evident than that of
      anti-inflammatory action. The mechanism of action of meclofenamic acid makes it
      distinctly different from other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in
      that it inhibits the metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid and, at the same
      time, antagonizes the effects of prostaglandins at the peripheral receptor level.
      A number of controlled clinical trials showed that meclofenamic acid is an
      excellent analgesic, offering good tolerability when used in oral surgery,
      dysodontiasis, avulsion of the third impacted molar, and periodontitis. The
      following report is a presentation of results obtained in a controlled clinical
      trial in which the speed of pain relief was assessed in 20 patients suffering
      from acute periodontitis. The patients were treated orally with a single dose of
      meclofenamate sodium (100 mg) or with piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin (20 mg). The
      intensity of the drug's analgesic effect was measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h
      after administration. After initial testing, meclofenamate sodium was found to be
      significantly more effective than piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin. Both the physician
      and patient found this drug to be considerably better. Pain relief after
      treatment with meclofenamate sodium was clinically and statistically faster than
      piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin, and both drugs were found to be well
      tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810526
TI  - Clinical experiences in the treatment of pain in rheumatology.
AB  - Meclofenamic acid is an analgesic endowed with anti-inflammatory properties. Its
      main activity is the combined inhibition of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
      synthesis, yet it is also able to antagonize the peripheral effects of
      prostaglandins. This particular feature explains why the effect of this drug is
      so fast, especially when administered orally. The pharmacological properties and
      good tolerability of meclofenamic acid propose the use of this drug for the
      treatment of various types of pain, particularly at osteoarticular localization.
      Recent comparative studies with meclofenamic sodium versus placebo, indomethacin,
      oxyphenbutazone, and diclofenac confirmed that meclofenamate sodium is very
      effective, significantly reducing pain as well as the subjective and objective
      symptoms accompanying it. The findings of these studies have also highlighted a
      particularly favorable safety profile. Our study primarily focused on assessing
      the effectiveness and tolerability of this drug in 82 patients affected with
      extraarticular rheumatism localized in various sites. Meclofenamic acid (as a
      sodium salt) was orally administered in doses of 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks.
      The assessment of the drug's clinical effectiveness took into account the various
      aspects of pain (spontaneous, on motion, due to active contrasted movements) and
      quantified it using a 5-point rating scale (0 = absence of pain; 5 = very intense
      pain). At the end of the 2-week observation period, both the investigator and the
      patient gave their opinion as to the effectiveness and tolerability of the drug.
      The treatment was found to be highly effective in reducing pain in 59.7% of the
      patients, regardless of the nature and location of the rheumatic process.
      Tolerability was rated good-to-excellent in 72% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810527
TI  - Pathophysiological mechanisms of fibromyalgia.
AB  - Pain related to fibromyalgia may consist of a complex interaction of nociceptive,
      neuropathic, dysregulatory central nervous system and psychosomatic mechanisms.
      Nociceptor pain is based on the excitation of nervous sensors specialized to
      signal potentially harmful stimuli, i.e., the nociceptors. Metabolic deficiencies
      in muscle and neurogenic inflammation induced by the release of substance P and
      other neuropeptides from the peripheral nerve endings may result in chemical
      sensitization of nociceptors and an ensuing hyperalgesia particularly present in
      tender points. Neuropathic pain is due to pathological mechanisms within nerve
      cells and fibers in the peripheral and central nervous system. Pathophysiology
      may be related to compression (such as in the carpal tunnel syndrome or a
      vertebral disk herniation) or regeneration of nerves, resulting in ectopic
      impulse discharges and disturbances of axonal transport. The ensuing neuronal
      hyperexcitability and trophic changes induced by a disturbed axonal transport
      system may be major factors of pain in fibromyalgia. Dysregulatory pain denotes
      pain maintained by dysfunction of efferent control loops. Thus, if spinal
      motoneuron output results in excessive tension of postural muscle, nociceptors in
      muscles, tendons and joints might become more excited. Persistent abnormal spinal
      reflex transmission due to, e.g., peripheral trauma or inappropriate postural
      habits may result in a vicious circle between muscle hypertension and pain.
      Similarly, a defective sympathetic control may result in disturbed
      microcirculation and nociceptor excitation (e.g., in sympathetic algodystrophy).
      Many symptoms of pain in fibromyalgia (trigger points, pain referral, pain
      associated with muscle spasm or neurogenic joint immobilization) can be
      attributed to abnormal control mechanisms in a complex cybernetic
      system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810528
TI  - An immunocytochemical study of effects of light deprivation on prolactin cells in
      the adenohypophysis of the golden hamster.
AB  - Population ratio and morphology of prolactin cells were studied by employing
      immunohistochemical methods in the adenohypophysis of normal and experimental
      golden hamsters of both sexes at 16 weeks of age. Prolactin cells occupied 29% of
      the total adenohypophyseal cells in the intact males exposed to 14/10 h
      light/dark schedule. After stimulation of the pineal activity by binding or
      exposure of males to continuous darkness for eight weeks, prolactin cells became
      atrophic and were reduced in population to 17% and 13%, respectively.
      Pinealectomy prevented to some extent the effects of the above treatments; thus,
      prolactin cells constituted 27% in the pinealectomized and blinded hamsters, and
      19% in the pinealectomized and darkness-treated group; and their morphology was
      comparable with that of the intact controls. Prolactin cells in the normal
      females were apparently larger in size and more numerous as compared with those
      of the normal males, comprising 47% of cell population in the anterior pituitary.
      In response to light deprivation, prolactin cells were atrophic with a diminished
      cytoplasm and decreased in cell number as reflected in the population ratio of
      27% in the blinded and 21% in the darkness-treated groups. In pinealectomized
      females combined with binding or darkness-treatment, prolactin cells contained an
      abundance of secretory granules in the cytoplasm and maintained the population
      ratio comparable to that in the intact females. The present study revealed that
      light deprivation exerts an inhibitory effect on the secretory activity of
      prolactin cells and also causes hypoplasia of prolactin cells in the hamster
      adenohypophysis, the effects being mediated by the pineal gland.

PMID- 1810529
TI  - Structural study of spongiosa tissue in growing sheep.
AB  - A study was made of 160 long bones taken from 40 native Merino sheep of both
      sexes. These animals, which represented uniform growth (mean growth-curve
      values), were divided into four groups which were slaughtered consecutively at 0,
      45, 105 and 270 days old (0, 6.4, 15 and 38.5 weeks, respectively). The following
      bones were studied; humerus, femur, tibia and os coxae. Thin lamellae taken from
      the metaphyses of the bones obtained were fixed, decalcified and stained with
      hematoxylin-eosin to assess the development of the various components of growing
      bony tissue. The bones studied followed the same maturation pattern; the os coxae
      proved to be the best histological indicator in differentiating the age of the
      animals studied.

PMID- 1810530
TI  - Myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells in the chicken harderian gland.
AB  - An electron microscopic study of the myoepithelial cells in the chicken Harderian
      gland provides evidence that these cells can be transformed into myofibroblasts.
      After the application of a Brucella ovis suspension in sterile saline onto the
      eyeball, every 5 minutes for half an hour, myoepithelial cells gradually develop
      over a 90-minute period the characteristic features of myofibroblasts: bundles of
      intracytoplasmic microfilament; abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum; prominent
      Golgi complex; and surface membrane differentiations, that provide attachment to
      neighbouring epithelial cells. No typical desmosomes are observed. Besides, the
      intercellular space between epithelial cells and myofibroblasts increases and the
      basement membrane adjacent to myofibroblasts disappears. Hypoxia is hypothesized
      to be involved in the transformation of myoepithelial cells into myofibroblasts.

PMID- 1810531
TI  - Morphological examination of epididymal epithelium in the mule (E. hinnus) in
      comparison with parental species (E. asinus and E. caballus).
AB  - Following previous studies about the ultrastructure of male genital tract in
      parental species, a comparative study of epididymis of one of the possible
      hybrids, the mule, has been undertaken. Apart from small differences, general
      features of epididymal epithelium in the mule are similar to those of parental
      species. However, extension of our studies from the donkey to the horse to the
      hybrid permits a deeper insight into the morphology of this tract of excurrent
      duct. In the meantime, it is possible to evidence some features, sometimes shared
      with other species if taken separately, which in the whole characterize the
      epididymis in Equidae: the presence in principal cells of intranuclear inclusions
      and peculiar small granules in the basal cytoplasmic edge; the organization of
      groups of cells, likely to be principal ones, in such a way as to constitute
      intraepithelial crypts; a cumbersome presence of lipofuscinic matter all along
      the epithelium. Another interesting observation in the presence in the mule
      epididymis of well recognizable macrophages. All these data are discussed in
      comparison with parental species and with other species described in literature.
      Beyond any other consideration, it can be outlined that the complex morphology of
      the epithelium lining ductus epididymis in the mule is unaffected by the absence
      of spermatozoa, which are normally the target of the manifold functions of the
      epithelium itself.

PMID- 1810532
TI  - Effect of nitrendipine, a calcium antagonist, on cell volume in rat salivary
      glands after isoproterenol stimulation.
AB  - Four days of isoproterenol injections induced a marked enlargement of the rat
      parotid and submandibular glands reflected in significant increases in the
      absolute and relative wet and dry weight of the glands. The enlargement in
      parotid gland was attributable at least in part to cellular hypertrophy inasmuch
      as the average volume per cell of acinar cells increased. In contrast, the
      average volume of acinar cells in the submandibular gland was decreased as
      compared to that of control. It is likely that hyperplasia in both groups
      accounts in part for the enlargement. The slow calcium channel is unlikely
      involved in the isoproterenol-induced stimulation of the gland, inasmuch as the
      calcium channel antagonist did not modify the enlargement of the parotid or
      submandibular glands.

PMID- 1810533
TI  - Electron microscopic observations on the pecten of the great blue heron (Ardea
      herodias).
AB  - The pecten oculi of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been examined by
      both light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is large and of
      the pleated type. It consists of 14-15 acordion folds that are joined apically by
      a more heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like
      shape widest at its base. As in other species it is situated over the optic nerve
      head and projects out into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous
      capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and many melanocytes. The
      capillaries are extremely specialized vessels which display extensive microfolds
      on both their luminal and abluminal borders. The endothelial cell bodies are
      extremely thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The
      capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are felt to be
      structurally useful. Pericytes are a common feature of these capillaries. The
      numerous pleomorphic melanocytes which form an incomplete sheath around the
      capillaries and other blood vessels are also felt to be important in structural
      support of the pecten. The morphology of the pecten of the great blue heron is
      indicative of a heavy involvement in the transport of materials.

PMID- 1810534
TI  - Electron microscopic study of the effects of endotoxin on the cells of the
      hepatic sinusoid in normal and BCG sensitized mice.
AB  - Electron microscopic studies were conducted to access ultrastructural alterations
      in Kupffer cells and other cells lining the hepatic sinusoids at the peak of
      mediator release two hours after challenge with low doses of endotoxin under
      various conditions including reticuloendothelial system (RES) expansion and
      activation with BCG. BCG is known to sensitize animals to endotoxin rendering
      normally innocuous, low doses of endotoxin lethal. Low non-lethal doses (5
      micrograms) of endotoxin activated Kupffer cells as well as caused isolated foci
      of cellular injury. However, animals which were treated with BCG had a highly
      activated and expanded RES system as evidenced by enlarged Kupffer cells with
      many extended cellular processes. Granulomas were prevalent and many reactive
      cells were present. After two hours marked cellular injury occurred to sinusoid
      lining and parenchymal cells when BCG treated animals were challenged with these
      same low doses of endotoxin. Cellular debris, fibrin, and platelets were observed
      in sinusoids often associated with Kupffer cells. These results suggest that the
      functional state of Kupffer cells is an important determinant in the host
      response to endotoxin. While there appears to be an effective clearance of
      endotoxin; the release of mediators by the highly activated Kupffer cells can be
      toxic causing hepatocellular injury.

PMID- 1810535
TI  - Natural killer cells in meningiomas.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against the surface marker IOT-10 of natural killer (NK)
      cells was used to investigate the presence of these cells in a series of twenty
      intracranial meningiomas. In all of these tumours, IOT-10 positive NK cells were
      found in small numbers, mainly distributed among the tumor cells. Two recurrent
      tumors showed a relatively high number of immunostained cells. The data obtained
      in the present study suggest that a NK-cell-mediated immunological response can
      occur in meningioma tissue.

PMID- 1810536
TI  - Serotonin immunoreactivity in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining for serotonin (5-HT) in paraffin-embedded sections of
      rat pituitary resulted in the localization of reactive nerve fibres and cell
      bodies in the intermediate lobe. Immunostaining was also found in the anterior
      and posterior lobes. Labelled nerve fibres appear to enter the intermediate lobe
      from the neural lobe through the interlobular spaces. These fibres are relatively
      scarce and lightly stained. Neuroglandular contacts were identified between
      varicose nerve endings containing serotonin and immunoreactive perykarion. It is
      not clear whether intermediate lobe cells produced 5-HT themselves or,
      alternatively, these cells take in 5-HT from serotoninergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 1810537
TI  - Circadian and seasonal variations in pineal gland intercellular canaliculi in the
      white rat.
AB  - Seventy Wistar rats are used to study the changes in pineal intercellular
      canaliculi over a 21-hour period and for two different photoperiods (pre-autumn,
      first week of September, and winter, first week of February). The study considers
      these changes at pineal body, cortical and medullar level separately, and
      compares the values obtained. The results show variations in canalicular surface
      at different point times (10:00, 14:00, 18:00) and for both photoperiods. The
      variations are found to favour the cortical layer, and are also observed between
      nocturnal and diurnal hours. Canalicular surface to greater during the diurnal
      hours of both photoperiods. Interesting histological findings are described that
      suggest an important function of the intercellular canaliculi in pineal gland
      metabolic exchange.

PMID- 1810538
TI  - Helicobacter pylori in Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus is an anatomicoclinical state in which, due to the prolonged
      action of gastroesophageal reflux, the squamous epithelium is replaced by
      columnar epithelium. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis
      of various gastrointestinal disorders and has occasionally been observed in
      Barrett's esophagus. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of H.
      pylori in Barrett's esophagus and try to establish its role in the pathogenesis
      of this disorder. H. pylori was observed in 31 biopsies (44.3%) of the 70
      studied, mainly when the epithelium is of the gastric atrophic-fundic type (p
      less than 0.01). Its presence shows no relation to the degree of inflammatory
      activity and does not seem, therefore, to play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of the lesion.

PMID- 1810539
TI  - Diencephalic origin of the pineal gland of the chicken embryo.
AB  - In the present paper, the diencephalic origin of the chick pineal gland was
      analyzed by a series of experiments: prosencephalic substitution; in vitro
      culture of isolated diencephalons; and total or partial excission of the
      diencephalic roof. The results indicate that the differentiation of the chick
      pineal gland in the rooof of the third ventricle is not influenced by the
      neighbouring brain vesicles and is of diencephalic origin. Moreover, in order to
      obtain chick embryos with pineal agenesia, the whole diencephalic roof has to be
      removed.

PMID- 1810540
TI  - Decalcification by perfusion. A new method for rapid softening of temporal bones.
AB  - We describe a new technique, decalcification by perfusion, for the softening of
      bony tissue. The blood circulatory system was perfused in 16 rats via a cannula
      through the left heart ventricle with a fixative followed by New Decalc (an
      acidic demineralizer) for 30-240 minutes. Perfusion decalcification for 120
      minutes softened all heads and middle ear specimens could be easily sampled and
      prepared for studies by both light and electron microscope. For comparison, a
      conventional immersion technique required 72 hours of decalcification to
      accomplish softening. The perfusion technique considerably reduced the time
      needed to decalcify the tissue and preserved the morphology better than did the
      immersion procedure.

PMID- 1810541
TI  - Malignant blue nevus. Report of four new cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Malignant blue nevus is a rare melanotic tumor of the skin arising from a pre
      existing blue nevus. To date only few cases have been reported. The diagnosis of
      malignant blue nevus is frequently difficult. Generally accepted criteria do
      exist, but their application may be controversial. The present paper reports four
      new cases of malignant blue nevus with follow-up of 3-5 years. Our present data,
      along with those of the literature, suggest that malignant blue nevus may be more
      aggressive than generally thought.

PMID- 1810542
TI  - Pulmonary autograft aortic valve replacement: long-term results.
AB  - Since 1967, 339 cases of replacement of the aortic valve with the patient's
      pulmonary valve have been carried out in the National Heart Hospital and the
      Harley Street Clinic, London. The operation was introduced following the finding
      of progressive degeneration in previously placed homograft valves. The longest
      follow-up is 24 years and the cumulative total follow-up is 3,986 patient-years.
      Overall hospital mortality is 7.4% (25 cases) but with only one death after 1976.
      Late mortality is 38 patients and actuarial survival is 80% at 20 years. No
      anticoagulants have been used and there have been no emboli. Bacterial
      endocarditis occurred in 11 patients. Reoperation was carried out in 33 patients.
      Freedom from replacement is 85% at 20 years. There is no evidence of
      calcification or progressive tissue degeneration and the explanted valves show
      viable tissue. There is also accumulating evidence that the valve can grow in
      children. The actuarial freedom from all events is 70% at 20 years. With the
      current low operative risk and absence of progressive degenerative change plus
      growth prospects, it offers a potentially permanent valve replacement for
      infants, children, and young adults.

PMID- 1810543
TI  - Allograft aortic valve replacement: long-term comparative clinical analysis of
      the viable cryopreserved and antibiotic 4 degrees C stored valves.
AB  - Aortic valve replacement with or without concomitant procedures was performed
      using an allograft aortic valve in 534 patients. From December 1969 to May 1975
      (group I), a 4 degrees C stored valve was used (124 patients) and from June 1975
      to July 1990 (group II), a cryopreserved valve (410 patients) was used. The 30
      day mortality was 8.9% (confidence limits [CL] 6.2%-12.3%) for group I and 2.7%
      (CL 1.9%-3.8%) for group II. Actuarial patient survival including early hospital
      mortality at 14 years was 57% for group I and 71% for group II (p = 0.014).
      Actuarial freedom from thromboembolism for all patients (n = 534) was 94% at 14
      years, and for patients who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement with or
      without coronary artery bypass graft (n = 457) was 97% at 14 years (p = 0.017).
      Actuarial freedom from allograft valve endocarditis at 14 years was 92% in group
      I and 94% in group II (p = 0.36). The actuarial freedom from moderate or severe
      allograft valve incompetence at 14 years was 50% (group I) and 78% (group II) (p
      = 0.27). Reoperation was undertaken for endocarditis, leaflet structural
      deterioration (SD), or technical reasons. The actuarial freedom from reoperation
      (all causes) at 14 years was 63% (group I) and 86% (group II) (p = 0.39).
      Reoperation for SD occurred in 34 patients in group I and three patients in group
      II. The actuarial freedom from reoperation for SD at 14 years was 67% (group I)
      and 95% (group II) (p = 0.001). To reflect a more accurate depiction of the
      prevalence of SD, patients were analyzed according to the development of "assumed
      structural deterioration" (at reoperation, at death with moderate or severe
      allograft valve incompetence and macroscopic valve deterioration on autopsy, and
      in the presence of moderate or severe allograft valve incompetence in patients
      not undergoing reoperation). The actuarial freedom from "assumed structural
      deterioration" at 14 years was 51% (group I) and 85% (group II) (p = 0.000003).
      The long-term results confirm the low incidence of thromboembolism and
      endocarditis regardless of the method of preservation and demonstrate the overall
      acceptable performance of the viable cryopreserved allograft valve and its
      superiority over the 4 degrees C stored valve.

PMID- 1810544
TI  - Extended follow-up of the standard Hancock porcine bioprosthesis.
AB  - We have reviewed 665 patients in whom the standard Hancock porcine bioprosthesis
      (HPB) was used for aortic (AVR = 173), mitral (MVR = 437), and mitral and aortic
      (MAVR = 55) valve replacement in the time interval from 1970 to 1983. After AVR,
      HPB-related deaths occurred in 24 patients (1.7% +/- 0.4% per patient-year); 11
      had thromboembolic episodes (0.8% +/- 0.2% per patient-year), 6 hemorrhages
      related to anticoagulants (0.4% +/- 0.2% per patient-year), 9 endocarditis (0.7%
      +/- 0.2% per patient-year), 7 prosthetic leak (0.5% +/- 0.1% per patient-year),
      and 59 structural deterioration (4.3% +/- 0.6% per patient-year). At 16 years,
      actuarial survival is 40% +/- 6%, freedom from thromboembolic episodes 89% +/-
      4%, from hemorrhages 90% +/- 5%, from endocarditis 94% +/- 2%, from prosthetic
      leak 95% +/- 2%, and from structural deterioration 36% +/- 6%. After MVR, HPB
      related deaths occurred in 64 patients (1.6% +/- 0.2% per patient-year); 68 had
      thromboembolic episodes (1.7% +/- 0.2% per patient-year), 28 hemorrhages (0.7% +/
      0.1% per patient-year), 12 endocarditis (0.3% +/- 0.1% per patient-year), 9
      prosthetic leak (0.2% +/- 0.1% per patient-year), and 158 structural
      deterioration (4.0% +/- 0.3% per patient-year). At 18 years, actuarial survival
      is 33% +/- 4%, freedom from thromboembolic episodes 57% +/- 13%, from hemorrhages
      81% +/- 6%, from endocarditis 91% +/- 4%, from prosthetic leak 98% +/- 1%, and
      from structural deterioration 18% +/- 5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810545
TI  - The Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance to 15
      years.
AB  - The Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis was implanted in 1,195
      patients in 1,213 operative procedures between 1975 and 1987, with the majority
      of implants performed prior to 1982 at the University of British Columbia. The
      mean age of the patient population was 57.2 years (range 8 to 85 years). The mean
      follow-up was 7.4 years per patient. The freedom from the combination of
      thromboembolism and antithromboembolic therapy-related hemorrhage at 15 years was
      79.5% for aortic valve replacement (AVR), 72% for mitral valve replacement (MVR),
      and 84% for multiple valve replacement (MR) (p less than 0.05, AVR greater than
      MR greater than MVR). The freedom from structural valve deterioration at 15 years
      was 71% for AVR, 41% for MVR, and 41% for MR (14 years) (p less than 0.05, AVR
      greater than MVR greater than MR). The freedom from nonstructural dysfunction and
      prosthetic valve endocarditis did not distinguish the valve positions (p = NS).
      The freedom from valve-related mortality from all causes including reoperation
      was 92% for AVR, 78% for MVR, and 77% for MR at 15 years (p less than 0.05, AVR
      greater than MVR greater than MR). The freedom from residual morbidity was not
      significantly different between valve positions (p = NS). The freedom from
      treatment failure (valve-related mortality and residual morbidity) at 15 years
      was 87% for AVR, 72% for MVR, and 75% for MR (p less than 0.05, AVR greater than
      MR greater than MVR). The freedom from all complications at 14 years was 50% for
      AVR, 25% for MVR, and 27% for MR (p less than 0.05, AVR greater than MR greater
      than MVR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810546
TI  - The long-term follow-up of the Hancock Modified Orifice porcine bioprosthetic
      valve.
AB  - The Hancock Modified Orifice valve is a specially fabricated, trileaflet porcine
      valve, which has been in clinical use at the Brigham and Women's Hospital since
      1976. Three hundred seventy-nine aortic valve replacements with this device were
      implanted from 1976 to 1985; 305 were isolated aortic valve replacements and 74
      were in association with a mitral valve bioprosthesis. The 305 patients
      undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement, a Food and Drug Administration
      patient group, are the subject of this article. The mean valve size was 22.5 mm,
      with 115 21-mm valves used. The mean functional preoperative class was 3.2; 99 of
      305 patients (32.5%) underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. There
      were six operative deaths (2%). Patients were followed from 6-14 years (mean 7.4
      years), and analysis was completed in early 1991. The 10-year actuarial
      calculation of survival freedom from reoperation, thromboembolism, structural
      valve degeneration, perivalvular leak, infectious valve degeneration, and total
      morbidity and mortality are presented.

PMID- 1810547
TI  - The Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance
      to 8 years of a new generation porcine bioprosthesis.
AB  - The Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular porcine bioprosthesis has been utilized at
      the University of British Columbia since its introduction in 1982. The prosthesis
      was designed to improve hemodynamics with the supra-annular configuration and to
      reduce tissue failure with low-pressure glutaraldehyde preservation of the
      porcine aortic tissue. The prosthesis was inserted in 1,956 patients with 2,129
      prostheses between 1982 and 1989. The mean age of the patient population was 62.7
      years (range 13 to 87 years). The mean follow-up was 3.7 years per patient. The
      freedom from thromboembolism and antithromboembolic therapy-related hemorrhage at
      8 years was 92% for aortic valve replacement (AVR), 83% for mitral valve
      replacement (MVR), and 92% for multiple valve replacement (MR) (p less than 0.05,
      AVR greater than MR greater than MVR). The freedom from structural valve
      deterioration was 86% for AVR, 73% for MVR, and 96% for MR at 8 years (p less
      than 0.05, AVR greater than MR greater than MVR). The freedom from nonstructural
      valve dysfunction and prosthetic valve endocarditis was not different between
      positions (p = NS). The freedom from valve-related mortality at 8 years was 98%
      for AVR, 94% for MVR, and 98% for MR (p less than 0.05, AVR greater than MR
      greater than MVR). The freedom from residual morbidity was not different at 8
      years (p = NS). The freedom from treatment failure (valve-related mortality and
      residual morbidity) was 96% for AVR, 89% for MVR, and 94% for MR (p less than
      0.05, AVR greater than MVR greater than MR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810549
TI  - Bioprosthetic valve durability in the elderly: the second decade.
AB  - With an increasing number of elderly patients requiring cardiac valve surgery,
      the topic of bioprosthetic durability becomes critically important. Previous
      reports have shown expected survival of bioprosthetic valves to be in excess of
      95% at 9 years. However, primary tissue failure appears to accelerate at the end
      of the first decade and there is limited data into the second decade. With this
      in mind, we proceeded to analyze all bioprosthetic valves implanted in patients
      70 years of age and older. From September 1974 to December 1990, 781 patients
      underwent valve replacement using a bioprosthesis. Ages ranged from 70 to 88
      years with a mean of 75.1. There were 423 males (54.2%) and 358 females (45.8%).
      Preoperatively, 99.0% of the patients were in either New York Heart Association
      functional Class III or IV. Fifty-nine patients (7.6%) were done as emergencies.
      Six hundred ninety-four patients left the hospital (30-day overall mortality
      11.1%). In this cohort, there were 733 valves at risk. Follow-up extended from 1
      to 186.0 months with a mean of 52.9, which resulted in 3,059.9 patient-years of
      cumulative follow-up. Bioprosthetic Survival: A total of 23 valves failed in the
      series; 15 primary tissue failures, seven from endocarditis, and one perivalvular
      leak. Actuarial survival at 7 years was 94.5% +/- 1.4% standard error of the mean
      (SEM; 168 valves at risk) and at 13 years, 83.7% +/- 4.8% SEM (11 valves at
      risk). This analysis provides further documentation of the long-term favorable
      durability of the bioprosthesis when utilized in patients 70 years of age and
      over.

PMID- 1810548
TI  - Clinical performance of low-profile bioprostheses: results at 10 years.
AB  - The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the long-term performance
      of the Liotta minimally intrusive bioprosthesis (MIB) and to identify its most
      important risk factors. From January 1980 to March 1982, 73 patients (30 males
      and 43 females; mean age 45.5 years +/- 11.7 standard deviation; range 11 to 64)
      underwent operation for heart valve replacement with an MIB. Fifty-two mitral
      valve replacements (MVR), 16 aortic valve replacements (AVR), 4 mitral and aortic
      valve replacements (MAVR), and 1 mitral and tricuspid valve replacement (MTVR)
      have been performed (78 MIBs implanted). Global operative mortality has been 8.2%
      (6/73): 9.6% (5/52) for MVR and 6.2% (1/16) for AVR. The 10-year follow-up
      reaches 519 patient-years and 581 valve-years, and is 96.5% and 93.9% complete,
      respectively. Actuarial freedom from any patient- or valve-related event has been
      calculated at one time with its hazard function and its incidence normalized per
      100 patient- and/or valve-years; statistical significance of difference between
      curves has been assessed. In this report, overall actuarial survival at 10 years
      is 79.4% +/- 5.3% SEM (standard error of the mean), including operative deaths
      (incidence = 2.6% per patient-year). Two patients experienced periprosthetic
      leakage (PL) at 4 and 9 years, respectively (incidence = 0.4% per valve-year).
      One patient underwent reoperation because of otherwise untreatable prosthetic
      valve endocarditis (PVE) at 5 years (0.2% per valve-year).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810550
TI  - IMC bovine pericardial valve: 11 years.
AB  - From 1977 to 1988, 10,812 bovine pericardial valves were produced by IMC
      Biomedica and implanted. One thousand one hundred ninety-three were implanted by
      our group at IMC, including 666 exclusively in the mitral position. We are
      presenting our study of those mitral patients. Of the 663 patients, 586 were
      adults (over 21 years of age) and 77 were youngsters (under 21). Hospital
      mortality was 9.2%; 13.2% for the first 5.5 years (group 1) and 6.3% for the
      second 5.5 years (group II). Eleven year follow-up was 98.8% complete and the
      mean time was 3.8 years. The actuarial survival was 74.3% +/- 6.5% for the
      youngsters and 73.0% +/- 3.7% for the adults. The fatal valve-related late
      complications (death from thromboembolism, calcification, and endocarditis) had
      an incidence of 1% per patient-year as follows: (1) endocarditis, 0.6% per
      patient-year; (2) calcification 0.1% per patient-year; and (3) cerebral vascular
      accident, 0.3% per patient year. The actuarial study revealed 95.0% +/- 1.0%
      freedom from fatal complications related to the prosthesis. The nonfatal valve
      related late complications had an incidence of 2.9% per patient-year as follows:
      (1) endocarditis, 0.5% per patient-year; (2) calcification, 1.8% per patient
      year; (3) cerebral vascular accident, 0.3% per patient-year; (4) periprosthetic
      leakage, 0.2% per patient-year; and (5) rupture, 0.1% per patient-year.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810551
TI  - Long-term evaluation of the Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve in the aortic
      position.
AB  - From July 1980 to December 1985, 124 patients underwent isolated aortic valve
      replacement with the Carpentier-Edwards pericardial bioprosthesis. The mean age
      of the patients was 64.9 +/- 13.1 years. All patients but one (0.7%) were
      followed for an average of 5.52 +/- 0.21 years after the operation and follow-up
      totaled to 677 patient-years. There were six early deaths (30-day mortality of
      4.8%) and 25 late deaths (3.7% +/- 0.7% patient-year). After 9 years the
      actuarial survival rate was 64% +/- 14%. Six patients died of valve-related
      deaths (three anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, one endocarditis, one
      thromboembolic complication, and one sudden death) for an actuarial rate of 95%
      +/- 5% patients free of valve-related death at 9 years. Valve-related
      complications included five thromboembolic episodes (0.7% +/- 0.3% patient-year),
      eight anticoagulant-related hemorrhagic complications (1.2% +/- 0.4% patient
      year), and two reoperations (0.3% +/- 0.2% patient-year). After 9 years, freedom
      from thromboembolic events was 96% +/- 4%, that from anticoagulant-related
      hemorrhage was 93% +/- 5%, and that from reoperation was 98% +/- 2%. There was no
      structural deterioration of the valve. We conclude that the Carpentier-Edwards
      pericardial prosthesis has a low incidence of valve-related complication and
      mortality within the 9-year time frame of this study.

PMID- 1810552
TI  - Effect of stent mounting on tissue valves for aortic valve replacement.
AB  - Stent mounting of homograft valves was first reported by our group in 1968. Since
      then, there has been question as to whether or not stent mounting of
      bioprostheses adversely affects the incidence of structural deterioration in
      aortic valve replacement. Between November 1967 and July 1988, 571 consecutive
      patients underwent valve replacement with a stented or unstented homograft. There
      were 351 men (61.5%) and 220 women (38.5%). The mean age of the group was 49.2
      years (range 18 to 79 years). Five hundred thirty-four patients left the hospital
      (30-day overall mortality 6.5%). Follow-up extends from 6 months to 22 years with
      a mean of 7.6 years. The cumulative follow-up for the series was 4,095.9 patient
      years. Hospital mortality, early technical failure, and prosthetic valve
      endocarditis were considered censoring events and excluded from this study.
      Actuarial analysis revealed a significant difference (p less than 0.02) in the
      freedom from structural valve deterioration for unstented and stended isolated
      aortic valve replacement. Age (50 and under, and over 50) does not appear to be a
      factor in structural deterioration in unstented homografts but does influence the
      rate of failure in stented homografts (p less than 0.05). These results clearly
      indicate that stent mounting adversely affects tissue valve durability with
      aortic valve replacement. Moreover, age correlates with structural deterioration
      if valves are stented and does not if they are unstented. Based on these results,
      the use of unstented bioprostheses should be reevaluated, along with the design
      of porcine valve stents.

PMID- 1810553
TI  - Unstented and partial stented bioprostheses for aortic valve replacement--up to 6
      years of follow-up.
AB  - Since January 8, 1985, three different designs of unstented (type A, n = 9) and
      partial stented (type B, n = 4; and type C, n = 3) glutaraldehyde preserved
      porcine aortic valves were used for aortic valve replacement in 16 patients with
      acquired aortic valve lesions. Type A and type B prostheses were implanted using
      a two suture row technique. In type C prostheses, only a single suture row was
      necessary for implantation, facilitating surgery considerably. In all patients,
      the fully flexible commissures of the bioprostheses were secured to the aortic
      wall of the recipient. There was no hospital mortality. Two patients with type A
      bioprostheses died due to noncardiac causes, 4 and 24 months postoperatively. One
      bioprosthesis in this group had to be replaced after 3 months because of
      insufficiency. Serial Doppler echocardiographic studies were performed up to 6
      years after implantation. No significant leaflet calcification was observed. In
      three type A bioprostheses, a mild insufficiency without progression was
      recorded. The latest mean/peak transprosthetic pressure gradients were: type A: 6
      +/- 4 mmHg/12 +/- 6 mmHg; type B: 6 +/- 3 mmHg/14 +/- 5 mmHg; and type C: 11 +/-
      5 mmHg/18 +/- 8 mmHg. The functional results of the type A and type B
      bioprostheses have proven to be satisfactory. The slightly higher pressure
      gradients in patients with a type C bioprosthesis give rise to further
      refinements of its design. These results confirm the usefulness of imitating
      normal anatomy by using unstented or partial stented bioprostheses.

PMID- 1810554
TI  - The zero pressure fixed medtronic intact porcine valve: clinical results over a 6
      year period, including serial echocardiographic assessment.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1990, 219 patients had 224 Medtronic Intact porcine valves
      inserted. There were 94 aortic, 110 mitral, and 20 tricuspid valve replacements.
      The mean patient age was 52 years. Mean follow-up was 33.3 months and was 97.7%
      complete. There was only one example of structural valve degeneration occurring
      at 25 months, giving an actuarial freedom of 99% at 6 years. Reoperation was
      performed in seven patients. At 6 years, actuarial survival was 71%, freedom from
      infective endocarditis 96%, freedom from thromboembolism 91%, freedom from
      reoperation 93%, and freedom from valve-related complications 86%. Doppler
      echocardiography was performed in 48 of the 70 patients operated upon between
      August 1983 and October 1986 and who remained alive at the current review. Their
      follow-up averaged 4.7 (3-6.7) years. The results were compared to a similar
      examination performed in 1987 by the same operator. No patient had significant
      regurgitation. Valve gradients and areas remained the same in the two studies in
      the mitral position (3.8 +/- 1.33 mmHg) and the mean aortic gradient had reduced
      from 17 +/- 5.2 mmHg in 1987 to 13 +/- 2.8 mmHg in the current study (p = 0.02).
      These medium-term results are considered encouraging.

PMID- 1810555
TI  - The new Labcor-Santiago pericardial bioprosthesis.
AB  - The Labcor-Santiago pericardial valve has been designed to minimize mechanical
      stress and to avoid abrasion wear, at the same time preserving the concept of
      mounting the pericardium outside the posts for full orifice opening. The new
      design has preserved the traditional superior hemodynamic performance of
      pericardial valves, avoiding abrasion by careful padding of the stents and
      introducing a new concept of cusp attachment in order to increase mechanical
      durability. Since June 1990, 40 patients received 46 Labcor-Santiago valves: 29
      in the aortic position and 17 in the mitral position. Mean age was 65.6 years.
      Eighty percent of the patients were women. New York Heart Association Functional
      Class III-IV was present in 76% of patients. Hospital mortality has been 12.5%,
      with 31% undergoing concomitant procedures. No anticoagulation was administered
      and there has been one thromboembolic event. Echo-Doppler assessment yielded the
      following in the aortic position: effective orifice area for 19-mm size = 1 cm2;
      for 21-mm size = 1.2 cm2. Mean systolic gradient for 19-mm size = 14.7 mmHg; for
      21-mm size = 11.2 mmHg. In the mitral position: effective orifice area for 27-mm
      size = 2 cm2; for 29-mm size = 2.3 cm2. Mean diastolic gradients for 27-mm size =
      4.6 mmHg; for 29-mm size = 3.3 mmHg. The low-profile flexible stent, the
      streamlined shape without outside prosthetic material, and the anatomical sewing
      rim allow a comfortable implantation of the Labcor-Santiago valve, particularly
      in the small aortic annulus. It is hoped that this new design will contribute to
      an increase in in vivo mechanical durability.

PMID- 1810556
TI  - Tissue valves in young patients--a recipe for disaster.
AB  - Between 1984 and 1987, tissue valves were used for valve replacement in 37
      patients less than 20 years of age. In 26 patients, porcine valves were used and
      in 11 patients, antibiotic sterilized allografts were used. Follow-up of these
      patients is from 3 to 6 years. In the xenograft series, 13 patients developed
      documented calcific stenosis of the valve resulting in death or reoperation, and
      three patients died in circumstances strongly suggesting prosthetic dysfunction.
      In the group where homografts were used, four patients have developed valve
      degeneration. Of the 37 patients in whom tissue valves were used, only 11 are
      currently well with the original prosthesis. In sharp contrast we have a group of
      55 young patients in whom a tilting disc valve (Medtronic Hall) was implanted
      between 1983 and 1987. During the period of follow-up, there have been three
      episodes of thrombotic valve obstruction of which one was fatal. There have been
      three systemic emboli, and actuarial freedom from valve-related death,
      reoperation, or thromboembolism is predicted at 85% at 7 years. In our
      experience, allografts and xenografts have been found totally unsatisfactory in
      young patients. Their use should be abandoned in favor of mechanical valves in
      this age group.

PMID- 1810557
TI  - Long-term results after right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with
      porcine bioprosthetic conduits.
AB  - From 1975 to 1990, a total of 110 patients were operated for complex cardiac
      malformations with impaired pulmonary artery perfusion using porcine valved right
      heart to pulmonary artery conduits. Twelve- to 30-mm porcine valved conduits
      (Hancock or Carpentier-Edwards) were implanted at the age of 4 weeks to 28 years
      (mean 4.3 years). The patients' body weights were 2.9-68 kg (mean 15.3 kg). Early
      mortality was 5.5% (six patients), late mortality was 12.7% (14 patients), and 90
      patients could be included in this long-term follow-up (426 patient-years). So
      far, 41 of the conduits had to be exchanged 4 months to 15 years (mean 6.5 years)
      after the first implantation. Forty-nine of the conduits are still in place. At
      reoperation, 38 patients received an allograft; three patients, reoperated before
      1982, had a second xenograft. The main reason for porcine conduit malfunction was
      degeneration and/or calcification of the valves. In 11 patients, however, with 12
      and 14-mm conduits implanted at a mean age of 3.1 years, a reoperation was
      necessary after a mean time of 6.8 years because these children had "outgrown"
      the conduit and needed a bigger one. We conclude that even though allografts seem
      to be the conduit of choice for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction,
      our clinical experience shows that porcine valved conduits can be used just as
      well since most of them function sufficiently well for as long as 5 to 10 years,
      and early valve failure is relatively rare.

PMID- 1810558
TI  - The cryopreserved homograft valve in the pulmonary position: mid-term results and
      technical considerations.
AB  - Since September 1985, 60 cryopreserved homograft valves (12 aortic and 48
      pulmonary) have been implanted in the pulmonary position in 56 patients. There
      were 34 primary operations and 26 reoperations. The ages ranged from 15 days to
      22 years; the follow-up ranged from 1 month to 5 1/2 years. The operative
      mortality was 3.3% (2/56). There were two late deaths (not valve related). Five
      patients underwent replacement of the homograft; in one patient the homograft was
      replaced with a heterograft valve. Pathological analysis of the explanted
      homografts revealed calcification of the wall with satisfactory leaflet function.
      The leaflets were relatively acellular. No evidence of inflammation or rejection
      was detected. Four explants were performed for nonvalve-related indications.
      There are 51 long-term survivors with a homograft in place. Forty-eight are in
      excellent condition; three are mildly symptomatic (not valve related). Benign
      pulmonary insufficiency murmurs are present in 29 patients. The presence of
      trivial or mild insufficiency was independent of the technique of implantation.
      In general, cryopreserved homograft valves function well in the right ventricular
      outflow tract. Longer term follow-up is necessary to confirm the superiority of
      the cryopreserved homograft when compared to the porcine heterograft in the right
      ventricular outflow tract.

PMID- 1810559
TI  - Normal left ventricular function following pulmonary autograft replacement of the
      aortic valve in children.
AB  - To assess growth potential and hemodynamic sequelae of pulmonary autograft valves
      implanted into aortic outflow tracts of children, we reviewed our experience with
      37 patients (2-21 years) from August 1986 to December 1990. Twenty patients had
      predominantly aortic stenosis (AS), and 17 had aortic insufficiency (AI).
      Operative mortality was 3%. Two technical failures required reoperation. Of
      survivors, six (18%) have moderate AI. Pre- and postoperative echocardiograms
      were reviewed. The AS group showed increased left ventricular (LV) cavity size by
      greater than 1-year follow-up, and decreased LV wall and interventricular septal
      thickness. In the AI group, wall and septal thickness increased by 10 days and LV
      cavity decreased by 10 days, 60 days, and greater than 1 year. Root replacements
      (n = 14) showed mean increases of 4.3 mm and 5.3 mm, respectively, in diameters
      of the aortic annulus and aortic sinuses at greater than 1 year. Intraaortic
      implants increased 3.1 mm (annulus) and 3.9 mm (sinuses) at greater than 1 year.
      The pulmonary autograft procedure is safe, and successful implantation normalizes
      LV dimensions and function rapidly. The autograft valve shows evidence of growth
      at greater than 1 year postoperative. The pulmonary autograft may be the ideal
      valve replacement in children.

PMID- 1810560
TI  - The risk of reoperation in patients with bioprosthetic valves.
AB  - The risk of operative mortality in patients undergoing a first reoperation for
      bioprosthetic failure was assessed in a series of patients reoperated upon during
      the last two decades (1970-1990). A total of 330 such patients underwent
      replacement of 351 bioprostheses: 88 had aortic; 221 mitral; and 21 mitral and
      aortic bioprosthetic replacement. Indication for reoperation was in most cases
      structural valve deterioration (87%), followed by periprosthetic leak (7%) and
      endocarditis (6%). The operative mortality was significantly higher in patients
      who preoperatively were in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV or had
      a lower left ventricular function, in those reoperated because of prosthetic
      infection, and in those reoperated on an emergency basis. Structural valve
      deterioration was associated to a substantially low risk; operative mortality has
      improved in recent years, regardless of the indication for reoperation, partly
      due to the increasing experience and improved surgical techniques. Our results
      indicate that in recipients of bioprosthetic valves, careful follow-up with
      closer surveillance of valve and cardiac function and earlier prosthetic
      replacement might contribute to reducing the risk of reoperation.

PMID- 1810561
TI  - Risk factors of primary tissue failure within the 11th postoperative year in 217
      patients with porcine bioprostheses.
AB  - From January 1979 to December 1979, 217 patients underwent valve replacement with
      porcine bioprostheses. The aim of this study has been to analyze possible host
      related risk factors of primary tissue failure (PTF). Of the 207 survivors, 33
      have been reoperated on because of prosthetic PTF. Actuarial freedom from PTF was
      67.4% +/- 6.04% at 11 years. Several clinical and prosthetic variables have been
      analyzed as risk factors of PTF by stratification of the event-free actuarial
      rates with the tests of Mantel and Breslow, and then by introducing the
      significant variables into the Cox proportional hazards regression model. No
      significance was found for serum calcium and phosphorus levels, the calcium
      phosphorus product, normal sinus rhythm, and anticoagulant therapy. Age less than
      40 years (40.3 +/- 15.9 vs 74.2 +/- 5.7; p = 0.0348 and p = 0.03) and mitral
      position (57.7 +/- 7.7 vs 90.9 +/- 5.2; p = 0.0124 and p = 0.0095) were
      significant predictors of PTF within the 11th postoperative year. Female gender
      approached statistical significance (63.7 +/- 7.9 vs 72.2 +/- 9.3; p = 0.2001 and
      p = 0.2043). Cox multivariate analysis showed that age less than 40 years (p =
      0.008) and mitral position (p = 0.015) were independent determinants of PTF. In
      conclusion, we have not been able to confirm the influence of metabolic host
      factors on the occurrence of PTF, but young age (and not only pediatric age) and
      mitral position are significant predisposing factors.

PMID- 1810562
TI  - Luque-Galveston procedure for correction and stabilization of neuromuscular
      scoliosis and pelvic obliquity: a review of 68 patients.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients with neuromuscular spine deformity were treated by posterior
      spine fusion with Luque-Galveston instrumentation between 1982 and 1986. The
      minimum follow-up was 4 years. Diagnoses included cerebral palsy in 34 patients
      and other neuromuscular diseases in another 34 patients. The average age was 14
      years. Twenty patients also had anterior spine fusion without instrumentation.
      Preoperatively the average scoliosis was 73 degrees and this was corrected to 33
      degrees at final follow-up. The subgroup having anterior discectomy and fusion
      had a more severe scoliosis and pelvic obliquity, but the percent of correction
      was similar to that of the group with posterior reconstruction only. Twenty-four
      patients who had an associated significant sagittal plane deformity were
      corrected to a physiologic curvature. A postoperative thoracolumbosacral orthosis
      was used in 27 patients, and a molded seating orthosis was used in 18. Although
      the rate of complications was high (62%), most of them were minor.
      Instrumentation problems occurred in 14 patients (21%), only 4 of them having
      broken rods. There were no broken wires. Pseudarthrosis occurred in seven
      patients (10%). Three patients had minor neurologic deficits, all transient. The
      "windshield-wiper" sign was defined as any radiolucency of 2 mm or greater.
      Twenty-six patients had this sign at follow-up, and this group had a higher
      percentage of complications, but the existence of this sign did not necessarily
      indicate a problem.

PMID- 1810563
TI  - Three-dimensional translational movements of the upper cervical spine.
AB  - In 10 fresh cadaveric specimens of occiput (C0) to C3, six pure moments (maximum
      1.5 Nm) were applied and the resulting physiological motions were studied. We
      determined the quantitative three-dimensional relative translations of two
      specific midsagittal points on C0 and C1: the anterior (point A) and posterior
      (point B) margins of the foramen magnum of C0, and the posteroinferior margin of
      anterior arch (point C) and the anteroinferior margin of posterior arch (point D)
      of C1. In flexion/extension, translational movements of these four points were
      mainly in the sagittal plane. In axial torque and lateral bending moment, both
      points on C0 shifted laterally, to the same side of axial torque and to the
      opposite side of lateral bending. The pattern of the translation of C1 in left
      axial torque was similar to that in the right lateral bending moment, although
      the magnitude was larger in the former. In these situations, point C moved to the
      left, and point D moved to the right and anterior. The vertical translation had
      two phases: superior translational phase, followed by inferior translational
      phase. We presented the quantitative translations but, because of large standard
      deviations between the specimens, it was difficult to define translational
      thresholds for instability.

PMID- 1810564
TI  - The influence of long-term nifedipine or indomethacin therapy on neurologic
      recovery from experimental spinal cord injury.
AB  - Inhibition of prostaglandin pathways and calcium channel conduction has been
      shown to improve neurological outcome after spinal cord injury. Functional
      recovery from such intervention has been routinely evaluated by a simple motor
      examination or somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) after short-term drug
      administration. We comprehensively evaluated the influence of continuously
      administered indomethacin and nifedipine on functional outcome after impact
      spinal cord injury. SSEP and cortico-motor evoked potential records and
      neurologic examinations were obtained over 6 weeks after injury. Terminal
      histopathologic changes within the spinal cord were also examined. Only
      indomethacin significantly improved neurological function and reduced the
      severity of histopathologic change. Evoked potential analysis was not found to be
      of prognostic value. Modulation of prostaglandin pathways may enhance
      neurological recovery after spinal cord injury.

PMID- 1810565
TI  - Cell culture of the intervertebral disc of rats: factors influencing culture,
      proteoglycan, collagen, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.
AB  - To establish cell culture of the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of rat
      intervertebral disc, the effects of culture conditions on the growth of cells and
      the synthesis of DNA, proteoglycan, and collagen were studied. For cell culture
      of the nucleus pulposus, the use of 3-week-old rats and a medium adjusted to pH
      7.0 was optimal. There was almost no difference in growth between cells in Ham's
      F12 medium and those in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. In cells isolated from
      the anulus fibrosus, a medium adjusted to pH 7.0-7.6 was preferable, but
      irrespective of rat age. Culture cells of the nucleus pulposus were composed of
      large cells with vacuoles and small polygonal cells. These cells had a slight
      growth activity and a fair capability of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis.
      Culture cells of the anulus fibrosus were composed of polygonal and spindle-shape
      cells, and the growth was more vigorous with the potentials for proteoglycan and
      collagen synthesis than the nucleus cells.

PMID- 1810566
TI  - In vitro comparative biomechanical analysis of transpedicular screw
      instrumentations in the lumbar region of the human spine.
AB  - An analysis of the load-displacement behavior of stabilized spines in comparison
      with intact spines was undertaken using fresh human cadaveric spines (T12/L1-
      sacrum). The three-dimensional load-displacement data of the five vertebral
      bodies of an intact specimen in clinically relevant loading cases were recorded
      using the Selspot II motion measuring system. After testing the intact specimen,
      an instability was created at the L4-5 level. The unstable motion segment was
      stabilized sequentially with three transpedicular screw instrumentations. The
      stabilized specimens were tested, and the data for the stabilized tests were
      normalized with respect to the intact data to determine the degree of
      stabilization achieved in various loading modes as a function of the three
      devices. The results showed that the three transpedicular devices included in
      this study were effective in imparting stability to the injured ligamentous
      spinal segment at a p less than 0.01 level of significance. The differences among
      the devices were not significant.

PMID- 1810567
TI  - Reproducibility of maximal versus submaximal efforts in an isometric lumbar
      extension task.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in test-retest
      reliability between maximal and submaximal efforts in an isometric lumbar
      extension task and to test the hypothesis that submaximal efforts would be less
      consistent than maximal efforts. Twenty subjects were asked to produce maximum
      voluntary contractions at seven different positions in a lumbar extension
      machine. Each subject was tested twice in a maximal-effort condition and twice in
      a 50% effort condition. The order of the effort conditions was counterbalanced
      across subjects so that half of the subjects performed the maximal-effort tests
      first and half performed the submaximal effort first. Results indicated high test
      retest correlations at all angles in both conditions. There were no differences
      in test-retest reliability between effort conditions. Therapist ratings of
      consistency did not differ between conditions, and therapists could not
      discriminate between conditions on the basis of effort consistency. Because
      subjects could reliably reproduce a submaximal effort, it was concluded that
      consistency interpretations of isometric strength testing may be misleading.

PMID- 1810568
TI  - Traumatic instability in the previously fused cervical spine.
AB  - The effect of fused segments in the cervical spine has been documented to cause
      chronic changes in adjacent levels. This article reports an association between
      the presence of fused cervical segments and the predisposition to acute,
      traumatic instability at adjacent levels. Patients with cervical fractures were
      reviewed during a 12-year period. Fifteen patients were identified who sustained
      cervical fractures in the presence of previously fused segments. The presence of
      fusion was reviewed for its effect of neurologic injury, delay in diagnosis, and
      patterns of fractures. The diagnostic studies used to document instability were
      reviewed. We found that preexisting cervical fusions often result in a delay of
      diagnosis because of altered anatomy and atypical fracture patterns. The
      fractures occurred within one or two levels from the fused segment. There are
      different fracture patterns associated with fusions in the upper cervical spine
      and those fusions in the lower cervical spine. The presence of fusions
      significantly affected treatment choices in this group of patients.

PMID- 1810569
TI  - Origins and conducting tracts of evoked spinal cord potentials in cats.
AB  - The origins and the conducting tracts of the evoked spinal cord potential
      elicited by sciatic nerve stimulation (spinal somatosensory evoked potential:
      spinal SEP) were studied in cats. The potentials were recorded at various levels
      of the intact spinal cord and partially resected spinal cord and analyzed with
      special reference to four negative potentials (N1, N2, N3, and N4 waves). The
      conduction velocities of N1, N2, N3, and N4 waves were 101.8, 52.7, 88.7, and
      42.7 m/s, respectively. N1 and N3 waves are considered to originate from Group I
      fibers and to be conducted by second-order neurons ascending the ipsilateral
      dorsolateral funiculus (dorsal spinocerebellar tract) after synaptic delays. N3
      wave may have a longer synaptic delay than N1 wave. N2 and N4 waves are
      considered to originate from nerve fibers other than Group I and to be conducted
      primarily in the posterior funiculus. N1 and N3 waves have synaptic delays at the
      L3 level, but N2 and N4 appear to be conducted without synaptic delay. Therefore,
      N2 and N4 waves precede N1 and N3 at the upper lumbar and thoracolumbar junction
      levels, respectively. After that, N1 and N3 waves are conducted with greater
      velocity than N2 and N4 waves. Because of different conduction velocities, N1
      overtook N2 and N3 overtook N4 at the midthoracic region. N2 and N1 waves had the
      shortest latency in the upper lumbar to thoracolumbar junction levels and the
      upper thoracic region, respectively.

PMID- 1810570
TI  - An observation of ruptured annulus fibrosus in lumbar discs.
AB  - To observe anatomical or pathological changes in lumbar intervertebral discs,
      discography and computed tomography-discography (CTD) were performed on fresh
      human cadavers. The results of discograms and CTD were compared with histological
      findings of cross sections of discs. Preoperative CTD of lumbar disc herniation
      was investigated based on these results. Ruptures of the annulus fibrosus were
      divided into two categories: circumferential rupture and radial rupture. In CTD
      images of fresh human cadavers, most images of rupture of the annulus fibrosus
      showed anterior to lateral circumferential rupture. As disc degeneration
      progressed, circumferential rupture tended to coexist with radial rupture in many
      cases. In CTD cases of lumbar disc herniation, most images of ruptures of the
      annulus fibrosus showed a posterior radial rupture, which was the route for
      herniated nucleus. The greater the degree of degeneration, the more the images
      tended to show radial ruptures coexisting with circumferential ruptures.

PMID- 1810571
TI  - Circumferential fusion for the management of acute cervical spine trauma.
AB  - Combined, single-stage anterior and posterior approaches for acute surgical
      management of cervical spine injury allows for early restoration of anatomic
      alignment and decompression. Six patients underwent single-stage anterior
      decompression and posterior instrumentation and fusion at Vanderbilt University
      Medical Center between 1984-1989. There was no late deformity. Five patients had
      incomplete neurologic deficits, and each improved a minimum of one Frankel
      classification. One patient had complete neurologic deficit at the C5 level. The
      procedure is lengthy, with an average time under anesthesia of 7.7 hs. Since this
      procedure allows for immediate mobilization, it should be considered for the
      management of cervical spine fractures with both anterior and posterior column
      instability.

PMID- 1810572
TI  - Vertebra plana-like lesions in children: case report with special emphasis on the
      differential diagnosis and indications for biopsy.
AB  - A case is reported of cervical vertebra plana presenting with many typical
      features of eosinophilic granuloma, but ultimately proving to be Ewing's sarcoma.
      The proper diagnostic approach to vertebra plana lesions in children is
      presented.

PMID- 1810573
TI  - Traumatic quadriplegia with dislocation and central disc herniation.

PMID- 1810574
TI  - Diurnal variation of folate concentrations in mouse embryo and plasma: the
      protective effect of folinic acid on valproic-acid-induced teratogenicity is time
      dependent.
AB  - The diurnal variation of folate concentrations in mouse plasma and embryo between
      day 8.5 and day 9.5 of gestation (light cycle = 0900-2100) were determined by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. Folate concentrations in the embryo were
      high during the evening hours, decreased during the night, reached their lowest
      levels at 0500, and then increased again during the day. High levels of folates
      may be related to increased food intake by the pregnant mice. Small changes of
      the two major maternal plasma folate metabolites were observed. The relative
      amount of each folate metabolite in the embryo, as compared to the total folate
      concentration, remained in a narrow range. The main metabolites were
      tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) (32.4% +/- 2.1% of total folates), 5-CHO-THF (24.2% +/
      2.3%), and 10-CHO-THF (17.0% +/- 1.9%). A dramatic alteration of these ratios
      occurred only between 1100 and 1400. The relative content of THF increased (52.7%
      +/- 2.5%), whereas the relative concentration of 5-CHO-THF in the embryo
      decreased (6.5% +/- 1.9%). Before 1000 when the ratios of folate metabolites were
      stable, the rate of valproic acid-induced neural tube defects was reduced from
      49% of living fetuses to 12% by coapplication of folinic acid via subcutaneously
      implanted minipumps. During the period in which dramatic changes in ratios
      between the folate metabolites in the embryo occurred, no protective effect of
      folinic acid on valproic acid-induced exencephaly could be observed. Our results
      indicate that the diurnal variation of folate metabolism in the embryo is
      important in regard to valproic acid teratogenesis and its protection by folate
      supplementation.

PMID- 1810575
TI  - The short-term reproductive toxicity of cyclophosphamide in the female rat.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a potent ovarian toxicant. Previous studies of the
      acute effects of CTX in the rat have demonstrated widespread ovarian follicle
      atresia, reduced serum estradiol, and progesterone with normal serum LH and FSH.
      The present investigations demonstrate that a single injection of CTX induces
      ovarian toxicity that reflects the loss of growing ovarian follicles. CTX induces
      a sensitization of serum FSH in response to GnRH within 24 h; this sensitization
      is lost by 7 days, and after 14 days the animals are capable of normal mating
      behavior. The observed protection of primordial follicles from the acute
      administration of CTX under these experimental circumstances may be related to
      the stage of the granulosa cell cycle of these follicles.

PMID- 1810576
TI  - Sources of variation in the computer-assisted motion analysis of rat epididymal
      sperm.
AB  - Random and nonrandom factors associated with sample preparation and the automated
      analysis (CellSoft) of rat cauda epididymal sperm motion were studied. Random
      factors included inherent system variation at both the individual cell level and
      at the multiple cell level. Repeated analyses of identical tracks across grey
      level revealed a statistical interaction between grey settings and curvilinear
      velocity. However, in multiple track analyses, grey level was seen to be a factor
      only at higher settings. Nonrandom factors included time after sample
      preparation, dilution medium, and sample preparation procedures. Using a nicked
      preparation of the entire cauda epididymis from Long-Evans rats, the effects of
      time were studied on sperm suspended in 1) phosphate-buffered saline + 10 mg
      BSA/mL, 2) TEST yolk buffer, and 3) Medium 199. In PBS/BSA, the percent motile
      sperm estimate decreased (50% to 30%) over an hour, while the curvilinear
      velocity increased (127 to 142 microns/sec). Both sperm motion parameters were
      maintained in the TEST yolk buffer and in the Medium 199, although at lower
      values for the latter. Evaluation of the relative contribution of several
      factors, nested within sample, to the overall variance of three separate motion
      endpoints revealed that there was a large variation from field to field,
      negligible variation between overall CellSoft analyses of 200 cells or more, low
      variation at the preparation aliquot level, and moderate variation at the animal
      level. In planning experiments to test for effects on sperm motion endpoints,
      consideration of the relative contribution of the individual study factors to the
      overall variance of the parameter estimates will result in more sensitive
      experimental designs.

PMID- 1810577
TI  - Effect of vanadium on rat liver and testicular glutathione (GSH) and lipid
      peroxide levels.

PMID- 1810578
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of fetal diastematomyelia in a pregnancy exposed to acyclovir.
AB  - A rare form of spinal dysraphism, diastematomyelia, was diagnosed in a pregnancy
      exposed to acyclovir at the time of implantation. The prenatal diagnosis was
      based on the ultrasound examination of the fetus. Pathologic evaluation of the
      postabortion fetus confirmed the diagnosis. The use of acyclovir in pregnancy and
      associated anomalies are reviewed.

PMID- 1810579
TI  - When scientists become policy makers.

PMID- 1810580
TI  - Is endometrial histamine required for implantation?

PMID- 1810581
TI  - Bilirubin conjugates produced by human, dog, and rat hepatocytes transplanted
      into athymic Gunn rats.
AB  - We developed a new hybrid mutant rat (athymic Gunn hybrid strain) that does not
      form and excrete conjugated bilirubin into bile and accepts xenografts because of
      T-lymphocyte deficiency. Cryopreserved isolated normal human, dog, or rat liver
      cells attached to collagen-coated microcarriers were transplanted into the
      athymic Gunn hybrid rats. Transplantation of human or rat liver cells resulted in
      biliary excretion of bilirubin conjugates predominantly as glucuronides, whereas
      isolated dog liver cells likewise transplanted resulted in the excretion of 40%
      to 50% of the conjugates as a glucoside-glucuronide diconjugate. The biliary
      bilirubin conjugates of the transplanted athymic Gunn hybrid rats paralleled
      those of the donor species. The data indicate that the types of bilirubin
      conjugates excreted by each species are determined by intrinsic properties of the
      respective hepatocytes rather than nutritional or other environmental factors.
      The findings also show that conjugation of bilirubin after liver cell
      transplantation results from functioning of the engrafted cells rather than
      activation of endogenous uridine diphosphatelucuronosyltransferase activity of
      the host.

PMID- 1810582
TI  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a
      prospective study.
AB  - One of the most serious side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) is upper gastrointestinal mucosal damage that may result in hemorrhage,
      perforation, or even death. To determine the association between NSAID ingestion
      and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, we prospectively evaluated all
      hospitalized patients who underwent upper endoscopy for hematemesis and/or melena
      over a 12-month period at the Veterans Administration Medical Center of New
      Orleans and Tulane Medical Center. Forty of the 139 patients (29%) at the
      Veterans Administration Medical Center and 21 of the 90 patients (23%) at Tulane
      Medical Center were using NSAIDs at the time of referral for endoscopy. Erosive
      gastritis was the most common cause of bleeding attributed to NSAIDs (P less than
      .005). Seventy percent of the patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
      who used NSAIDs were over age 55, compared with 55% of patients not using NSAIDs
      (P less than .05). This study indicates that NSAID use is found in 27% of
      hospitalized patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
      Future prospective studies are needed to establish whether prophylactic therapy
      with synthetic prostaglandins may affect the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal
      bleeding in patients using NSAIDs.

PMID- 1810585
TI  - Amantadine-related adverse reactions among African-American elderly nursing home
      residents.
AB  - To identify factors associated with the development of adverse reactions to
      amantadine prophylaxis for influenza in a predominantly African-American nursing
      home population, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 100 residents who did
      and 45 who did not receive amantadine. During the 4 weeks of amantadine
      treatment, three independent observers rated all new symptoms as either related
      or unrelated to amantadine. Two types of comparison were made. Among patients
      receiving amantadine, those who did or did not develop new symptoms believed to
      be related to amantadine were compared by age, underlying diagnoses, type and
      number of medications, and renal function. Similar comparisons were made between
      patients who did and those who did not receive amantadine. The 100 residents who
      received amantadine prophylaxis had significantly more nonspecific symptoms than
      the 45 who did not receive amantadine. Otherwise, the two groups were comparable
      with regard to age, renal function, number of diagnoses, and medications. Of the
      100 residents given amantadine, 16% were judged to experience amantadine-related
      adverse reactions. Those developing amantadine-related symptoms were
      significantly more likely to have nonspecific symptoms and to use psychotropic
      medications.

PMID- 1810583
TI  - Tissue and plasma levels of immunoreactive gastrin and cholecystokinin in
      chickens with and without bombesin.
AB  - Immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive cholecystokinin were measured in
      chicken tissue extracts obtained from the gut and brain. In contrast to that
      found in mammals, immunoreactive gastrin found in chickens was higher in the
      brain than in gut tissues, and it was highest in the ileum when compared with
      other gut tissues. Dose-response curves of tissue extracts from the brain and
      ileum and of serum were parallel to the dose-response curve of synthetic human
      gastrin, suggesting the existence of gastrin or a peptide immunologically similar
      to gastrin in those chicken tissues. Immunoreactive cholecystokinin in tissues
      was highest in the duodenum, followed by the jejunum, ileum, and cortex; lesser
      amounts of cholecystokinin were found in other tissues. Influence of bombesin on
      the release of immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive cholecystokinin in the
      blood of chickens was also studied. Bombesin doses of 3 micrograms/kg per hour
      significantly increased immunoreactive gastrin in serum and immunoreactive
      cholecystokinin in plasma, whereas gastrin did not increase with a bombesin dose
      of 0.6 micrograms/kg per hour. The results confirm the existence of
      immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive cholecystokinin in the tissue of
      chickens and indicate that they are released into circulation in response to
      bombesin.

PMID- 1810584
TI  - Hepatitis and glomerulonephritis in secondary syphilis.
AB  - In early secondary syphilis, predominant features of spirochetal infection may
      include hepatitis and glomerulonephritis. We report a 27-year-old woman with
      characteristic physical, laboratory, and microscopic findings of syphilitic
      hepatitis and glomerulonephritis; she responded to penicillin therapy and
      recovered completely. The importance of clinically and pathologically recognizing
      this treatable disease is emphasized.

PMID- 1810587
TI  - The effects of various agents on root surfaces (a scanning electron microscopy
      study).
AB  - In periodontitis, root surface alterations have been observed in the cementum due
      to the presence of toxic substances mainly endotoxins of various microorganisms.
      Elimination of endotoxins from diseased root surfaces by root planing and
      demineralisation procedures seem to be essential for new attachment procedures.
      In this study the effects of citric acid and tetracycline HCl on periodontally
      involved root surfaces which had been scaled and root planed were evaluated by
      scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that scaled, root planed and
      citric acid treated surfaces were relatively even with many dentinal tubules. The
      planed and tetracycline HCl treated root surfaces, however showed an irregular
      cemental surface with some debris, whilst the control surfaces found to be
      irregular with a considerable amount of debris.

PMID- 1810586
TI  - Febrile episodes in children with sickle cell disease treated on an ambulatory
      basis.
AB  - Children with sickle cell disease have a greatly increased potential for
      developing rapid and at times fatal sepsis from Streptococcus pneumoniae.
      Hospitalization and parenteral antibiotic treatment in all febrile children with
      sickle cell disease have thus become the standard of care at most sickle cell
      centers. As an alternative approach, we managed selected febrile children with
      sickle cell disease on an ambulatory basis with parenteral ceftriaxone to
      determine its safety and effectiveness in preventing sepsis and reducing the
      number of days of hospitalization. Twenty of 40 children who presented with
      significant fever met the study criteria and received ceftriaxone on an
      ambulatory basis. Three were subsequently hospitalized. Compared with a previous
      year, when all febrile children were admitted, ceftriaxone use reduced the days
      of hospitalization from 214 (6.3 +/- 1.6 days/patient) to 111 days (2.8 +/- 0.7
      days/patient). The empiric use of ceftriaxone appears safe and effective, but it
      requires an expanded study over an extended period.

PMID- 1810588
TI  - The influence of puberty on spirochetal numbers assessed by dark field
      microscopy: a pilot study.
AB  - There seems to be a difference in the susceptibility, prevalence and severity of
      periodontal disease between children and adults. These differences could be due
      to; composition of plaque, host response or tissue alterations occurring with
      age. One of the micro-organisms suspected to play a role in the initiation of
      periodontal disease is the spirochete. A quick and simple way to observe
      spirochetes is via dark-field microscopy. The present study sample subgingival
      plaque from the crevices of 6 prepubertal and 6 postpubertal children and
      observed it under darkfield microscopy. The technique did not involve dispersion.
      The results showed a higher percentage of spirochetes for the postpubertal group
      (15.19% in the prepubertal and 21.62% in the postpubertal) but statistical
      analysis failed to show any significant difference. The small size of the sample,
      the variety in the technique and the clinical measurements influence the result.

PMID- 1810589
TI  - Mechanisms of the anticholinergic effect of SUN 1165 in comparison with
      flecainide, disopyramide and quinidine in single atrial myocytes isolated from
      guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. The mechanism of the anticholinergic effect of SUN 1165 on the acetylcholine
      (ACh)-induced K+ current (IK.ACh) was examined and compared with those of
      flecainide, disopyramide and quinidine in single atrial myocytes, in a whole-cell
      configuration by use of the concentration-jump technique. This technique combines
      an intracellular perfusion and a rapid exchange of external solution surrounding
      the voltage-clamped single myocyte within 2 ms. 2. In the cells loaded with
      guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP), 100 microM, the muscarinic ACh response,
      (IK.ACh), was mediated by GTP-binding proteins. The concentrations of the test
      drugs that produced a half-maximal inhibition of ACh (1 microM)-induced IK.ACh
      (IC50) were 29 microM for SUN 1165, 3.6 microM for flecainide, 1.7 microM for
      disopyramide, and 1.6 microM for quinidine. The blockade of IK.ACh by SUN 1165
      and its recovery from the inhibition occurred within a few seconds. Disopyramide
      had a similar rapid action, while the effects of flecainide and quinidine
      occurred much more slowly within a few tens of seconds. 3. In cells loaded with
      100 microM guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S, a nonhydrolysable
      GTP analogue), the K+ channel was uncoupled from the muscarinic receptors and
      activated irreversibly due to direct activation of GTP-binding proteins by GTP
      gamma S. SUN 1165 and disopyramide had a weak inhibitory effect (IC50 greater
      than 100 microM for both), while flecainide and quinidine depressed the GTP gamma
      S-induced K+ current with similar potencies to the cases of ACh-induced currents;
      IC50 was 5.3 microM for flecainide and 4.4 microM for quinidine. 4 These results
      suggest that the mechanisms underlying the anticholinergic effects of these
      antiarrhythmic drugs are different; disopyramide and high concentrations of SUN
      1165 mainly block muscarinic ACh receptors in atrial myocytes, while flecainide
      and quinidine inhibit the K+ channel itself and/or GTP-binding proteins.

PMID- 1810590
TI  - Endothelium-independent relaxation of rabbit coronary artery by 17 beta
      oestradiol in vitro.
AB  - 1. We assessed the relaxant effect of 17 beta-oestradiol (10(-7), 10(-6) and 10(
      5) M) on rabbit isolated coronary arteries precontracted with prostaglandin F2
      alpha (3 x 10(-6) M), high extracellular potassium (30 mM) and Bay K 8644 (10(-6)
      M) plus high extracellular potassium (15 mM) by measuring isometric tension. 17
      beta-Oestradiol (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) induced significant relaxation in coronary
      arteries from male and female rabbits. No differences were seen between arteries
      with or without endothelium. There were also no differences between coronary
      arteries isolated from male and female rabbits. 2. Inhibitors of endothelium
      derived relaxing factor and vasodilator prostanoids, namely, reduced haemoglobin,
      N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and indomethacin, did not affect the
      relaxation induced by 17 beta-oestradiol in endothelium-intact coronary arteries.
      3. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, did not affect the coronary
      artery relaxation induced by 17 beta-oestradiol. 4. The calcium concentration
      dependent contraction curve in potassium-depolarization medium was shifted to the
      right by 17 beta-oestradiol (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) in the rabbit coronary artery
      and rat aorta. The -log EC50s of calcium in control and after incubation with 17
      beta-oestradiol (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) were 3.7 +/- 0.09, 3.1 +/- 0.10 and 2.8 +/-
      0.08 respectively in rabbit coronary arteries and 3.8 +/- 0.11, 3.3 +/- 0.14 and
      2.9 +/- 0.15 in rat aorta. 5. The results indicate that 17 beta-oestradiol
      induces rabbit coronary artery relaxation by an endothelium-independent mechanism
      in vitro. A calcium antagonistic property may be involved in the mechanism of
      rabbit coronary arterial relaxation by 17beta-oestradiol.

PMID- 1810591
TI  - Selective antagonism of capsaicin by capsazepine: evidence for a spinal receptor
      site in capsaicin-induced antinociception.
AB  - 1. Capsazepine has recently been described as a competitive capsaicin antagonist.
      We have used this compound to test the hypotheses that the in vitro and in vivo
      effects of capsaicin are due to interactions with a specific receptor. 2. In an
      in vitro preparation of the neonatal rat spinal cord with functionally connected
      tail, the activation of nociceptive afferent fibres by the application of
      capsaicin, bradykinin or noxious heat (48 degrees C) to the tail could be
      measured by recording a depolarizing response from a spinal ventral root.
      Application of capsaicin or substance P to the spinal cord also evoked a
      depolarizing response which was recorded in a ventral root. 3. When capsazepine
      (50 nM-20 microM) was administered to the tail or spinal cord it did not evoke
      any measurable response. However on the tail, capsazepine reversibly antagonized
      (IC50 = 254 +/- 28 nM) the responses to capsaicin but not to heat or bradykinin
      administered to the same site. Similarly capsazepine administration to the spinal
      cord antagonized the responses evoked by capsaicin (IC50 = 230 +/- 20 nM) applied
      to the cord but not responses evoked by substance P on the cord or by noxious
      heat and capsaicin on the tail. 4. In halothane anaesthetized rats, C-fibre
      responses evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the receptive field
      were recorded from single wide dynamic range neurones located in the spinal
      dorsal horn. C-fibre evoked discharges were consistently reduced by the systemic
      administration of capsaicin (20 mumol kg-1, s.c.) and this action of capsaicin
      was antagonized by capsazepine (100 mumol kg-1) administered by the same route.
      In addition the systemic effect of capsaicin was antagonized by a spinal
      intrathecal administration of capsazepine (5-50 nmol). 5. Intradermal injections
      of capsaicin, localized to the peripheral receptive field, usually one toe of the
      ipsilateral hind-paw, produced a transient increase in C-fibre-evoked activity
      followed by a prolonged period of localized insensitivity to transcutaneous C
      fibre stimulation. These effects of capsaicin were significantly reduced by the
      concommitant administration of capsazepine to the same site. 6. These data
      demonstrate that capsazepine is a selective antagonist of capsaicin on
      nociceptive neurones in vitro and in vivo and suggest that the effects of
      capsaicin were mediated by activation of a specific receptor. Since the
      antinociceptive effect produced by systemically administered capsaicin was
      antagonised by spinal intrathecal capsazepine this further supports the
      hypothesis that capsaicin exerts its antinociceptive effect by acting on specific
      receptors localized to sensory nerve fibres in the spinal cord.

PMID- 1810592
TI  - Endothelin-1 inhibits pre-stimulated tracheal submucosal gland secretion and
      epithelial albumin transport.
AB  - 1. Endothelin-1 potently contracts smooth muscle, including that in the airways.
      However, its effect on airway mucosal function has not so far been studied. 2. We
      have used the ferret whole trachea in vitro to examine the effect of endothelin-1
      on tracheal smooth muscle tone, transepithelial potential difference (p.d.),
      submucosal gland secretion (including lysozyme secretion from serous cells) and
      active epithelial albumin transport. In addition we have examined the effects of
      endothelin on submucosal gland secretion and albumin transport pre-stimulated
      with the muscarinic agonist methacholine and the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist
      phenylephrine. The effects of the Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine on the
      responses to endothelin have also been assessed. 3. Endothelin (0.1-100 nM)
      produced concentration-dependent increases in intraluminal tracheal pressure
      indicating smooth muscle contraction, and in the negativity of the
      transepithelial p.d. These effects were partially inhibited by nifedipine (10
      microM). 4. Endothelin (0.01-100 nM) had no significant effect on baseline rates
      of mucus, lysozyme or albumin outputs, but produced concentration-dependent
      reductions in maintained methacholine- and phenylephrine-induced mucus, lysozyme
      and albumin outputs. In general endothelin was more potent against methacholine
      induced effects. All of the concentration-response curves for endothelin were
      shallow and some appeared to be biphasic, suggesting the possibility of more than
      one mechanism of action of endothelin. 5. The effects of endothelin (at
      concentrations greater than 1 nM) on phenylephrine-induced mucus volume, lysozyme
      and albumin outputs were significantly inhibited by nifedipine. Similarly the
      effect of endothelin (greater than 1 nM) on methacholine-induced mucus volume and
      albumin outputs (but not lysozyme output) was attenuated by nifedipine. Similarly
      the effect of endothelin (>1 nM) on methacholine-induced mucus volume and albumin
      outputs (but not lysozyme output) was attenuated by nifedipine. The effects of
      endothelin (at concentrations <1 nM) on methacholine and phenylephrine-induced
      responses were generally not affected by nifedipine.6. Thus, endothelin contracts
      ferret tracheal smooth muscle and increases transepithelial p.d. at least in part
      by opening dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Endothelin does not directly
      stimulate submucosal gland secretion or epithelial albumin transport, but
      inhibits methacholine- and phenylephrineinduced secretion and transport. The
      inhibitory effects produced by higher concentrations of endothelin may be
      mediated partially by activation of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels,
      although the explanation for this is not clear. The mechanism of action of
      endothelin in attenuating stimulated secretion and epithelial transport at lower
      concentrations is unknown.

PMID- 1810594
TI  - Access of peripherally administered DuP 753 to rat brain angiotensin II
      receptors.
AB  - The in vivo access of the nonpeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonist, DuP 753
      (10 mg kg-1, i.v.), to Ang II receptors of rat brain was investigated by in vitro
      autoradiography with [125I]-[Sar1, Ile8] Ang II as a ligand. DuP 753 markedly
      inhibited the binding to sites which contain exclusively AT1 receptors both
      outside and within the blood brain barrier, such as the circumventricular organs,
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, median preoptic nucleus and nucleus of the
      solitary tract. However, binding to other nuclei containing AT2 receptors was not
      significantly inhibited. These results demonstrate that DuP 753 and/or its active
      metabolite readily cross the blood brain barrier in vivo and selectively inhibit
      binding to AT1 receptors in specific brain nuclei.

PMID- 1810593
TI  - Amelioration of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure with 8-cyclopentyl-1,3
      dipropylxanthine.
AB  - 1. The effect of the selective adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl
      1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX), on the development of cisplatin-induced acute renal
      failure was investigated in the rat. 2. CPX at doses of 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg kg
      1, i.v. caused increasing degrees of antagonism of adenosine-induced bradycardia
      in anaesthetized rats. The magnitude of antagonism was not directly proportional
      to the increment in dose, but for each dose, it was similar in rats injected with
      either saline or cisplatin. CPX at a dose of 0.03 mg kg-1 significantly
      antagonized adenosine-induced bradycardia for up to 2.5 h, while doses of 0.1 and
      0.3 mg kg-1 produced significant blockade for periods longer than 5 h. 3.
      Administration of cisplatin (6 mg kg-1, i.v.) caused acute renal failure
      characterized by decreased inulin and p-aminohippurate clearances, increased
      urine volume but decreased excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- ions and by increased
      plasma levels of urea and creatinine. Kidney weight was increased in cisplatin
      treated rats and renal tubule necrosis occurred. 4. Administration of CPX (0.03
      mg kg-1, i.v.; twice daily for two days) to rats given cisplatin did not reduce
      the severity of the resultant renal failure. However, treatment with 0.1 mg kg-1
      CPX attenuated the increases in plasma creatinine/urea levels observed in rats on
      days 3 and 7 after induction of renal failure. In addition, this dose
      significantly reduced renal tubule damage and increased inulin and p
      aminohippurate clearances. A similar pattern of protection was noted with CPX at
      a dose of 0.3 mg kg-1 although the increase in inulin clearance was not
      statistically significant. However, this higher dose of CPX significantly
      increased Na+ and K+ excretion compared to vehicle-treated rats. 5 CPX at doses
      of 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mgkg- produced blockade of an A1-receptor mediated response
      i.e. adenosine-induced bradycardia, but only treatment with the higher doses of
      CPX (0.1 and 0.3mgkg-1) ameliorated nephrotoxicity produced by cisplatin. The
      lack of any protective effect afforded by the lowest dose of CPX could be a
      result of its shorter duration of action.6. This study indicates that adenosine
      plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced acute renal
      failure.

PMID- 1810595
TI  - Beneficial effect of beraprost, a prostacyclin-mimetic agent, on post-hypoxic
      recovery of cardiac function and metabolism in rabbit isolated hearts.
AB  - 1. The present study was undertaken to determine whether beraprost, a stable
      prostacyclin-mimetic agent, may exert a beneficial effect on post-hypoxic
      recovery of cardiac function and metabolism. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused
      by the Langendorff method for 20 min under glucose-free hypoxic conditions,
      followed by 45 min reoxygenation in the presence of glucose, and their functional
      and metabolic changes with or without beraprost-treatment were examined. 2.
      Hypoxic insult induced cessation of cardiac contractile force, depletion of
      myocardial high-energy phosphates, accumulation of tissue calcium, and release of
      creatine kinase and ATP metabolites. Subsequent reoxygenation resulted in a poor
      recovery of cardiac contractile force (less than 10% of the pre-hypoxic value), a
      poor restoration of high-energy phosphates, and increase in calcium content. A
      further release of creatine kinase and ATP metabolites from the heart was
      observed during reoxygenation. 3. Treatment with 0.45 microM beraprost during the
      whole hypoxic period resulted in a significant suppression of the increase in
      tissue calcium, and the release of creatine kinase and ATP metabolites during
      hypoxic perfusion. This treatment also elicited a significant post-hypoxic
      recovery of the cardiac contractile force and the tissue high-energy phosphates.
      Reoxygenation-induced release of creatine kinase and ATP metabolites was also
      prevented by treatment with beraprost. 4. When hearts were treated with
      prostacyclin sodium (0.50 microM) in the same manner for the purpose of
      comparison, similar improvement of post-hypoxic contractile and metabolic
      recovery were observed. 5. These results demonstrate that treatment with either
      beraprost or prostacyclin is beneficial for post-hypoxic recovery of cardiac
      function and metabolism. Since the observed effects on post-hypoxic contractile
      recovery were exerted at a concentration of approximately 0.50 microM of these
      agents (a concentration far from the physiological range) the underlying
      mechanism appears to be different from the physiological action of prostacyclin.

PMID- 1810597
TI  - An analysis of the nitrate-like and K channel opening actions of KRN2391 in
      canine coronary arterial smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. To clarify the mechanism of action of KRN2391, a new vasodilator containing a
      nitroxy group, its effects on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and
      force of contraction in canine coronary artery were compared with those of two
      derivatives lacking the nitro group. 2. KRN2391, its hydroxy and acetoxy
      derivative (Compound 2 and Compound 3, respectively) partially reduced [Ca2+]i in
      5 or 30 mM KCl physiological salt solution (PSS), effects which were antagonized
      by glibenclamide. No KRN2391-induced change in [Ca2+]i was observed in 90 mM KCl
      PSS. 3. The order of potency in reducing [Ca2+]i and inhibiting the contracture
      in 30 mM KCl-PSS was: KRN2391 greater than Compound 3 greater than Compound 2. 4.
      In 30 mM KCl-PSS, KRN2391 shifted the [Ca2+]i-force relationship so that a
      greater increase in [Ca2+]i was needed to produce force. Compounds 2 and 3 were
      ineffective. The [Ca2+]i-force curve obtained in 90 mM KCl-PSS was shifted to the
      right by KRN2391 (10(-4)M). 5. The ability of KRN2391 to reduce the force of
      contraction in both 30 mM and 90 mM KCl-PSS was inhibited by 10(-5) M methylene
      blue. 6. KRN2391 inhibited U46619-induced contractions; this effect was
      associated with a reduction of [Ca2+]i, which decreased below the basal level. 7.
      Thus, KRN2391 is a potent vasodilator in canine coronary artery. It possesses
      nitrate-like and potassium channel opening actions and can be designated as a
      nitrate-potassium channel opener (N-K) hybrid. The denitrate derivatives of
      KRN2391 are specific K channel openers. The nitroxy moiety in KRN2391 is
      important for not only its action as a nitrate but also its potency as a K
      channel opener.

PMID- 1810596
TI  - The cardioprotective effect of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester during coronary
      reperfusion in canine hearts.
AB  - 1. The cardioprotective effect of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester was
      investigated on ischaemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial damage in anaesthetized
      dogs. 2. Open chest anaesthetized dogs were divided into four groups: 2 h
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD); 2 h LAD
      occlusion followed by 1 h reperfusion; 2 h LAD occlusion followed by 1 h
      reperfusion with administration of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (10 mg kg-1
      just before reperfusion); 2 h LAD occlusion followed by 1 h reperfusion with
      administration of GSH (the reduced form of glutathione, 10 mg kg-1 just before
      reperfusion). 3. After occlusion or reperfusion, heart mitochondria were prepared
      from the normal area and the occluded or the reperfused area, and mitochondrial
      function (rate of oxygen consumption in State III, and respiratory control index)
      was measured polarographically. 4. Mitochondrial GSH and GSSG (the oxidized form
      of glutathione) concentrations, and activities of glutathione peroxidase and
      glutathione reductase were measured. 5. Two h of LAD occlusion induced
      mitochondrial dysfunction with depletion of mitochondrial GSH concentration. One
      h of reperfusion after 2 h LAD occlusion induced significant mitochondrial
      dysfunction associated with a marked depletion of mitochondrial GSH
      concentration. 6. gamma-Glutamylcysteine ethyl ester reduced mitochondrial
      dysfunction and depletion of mitochondrial GSH concentration after 2 h LAD
      occlusion and 1 h reperfusion. In contrast, GSH did not prevent depletion of
      mitochondrial GSH concentration and mitochondrial dysfunction after 2 h LAD
      occlusion followed by 1 h reperfusion. 7. The activities of glutathione
      peroxidase and glutathione reductase did not change significantly in each group.
      8. One h of reperfusion after 2 h occlusion of LAD induced ventricular
      arrhythmias. gamma-Glutamylcysteine ethyl ester markedly reduced the development
      of reperfusion arrhythmias, whilst GSH showed no protective effect.9. Gamma
      Glutamylcysteine ethyl ester maintained mitochondrial GSH concentration,
      prevented reperfusion myocardial damage, and reduced reperfusion arrhythmias.

PMID- 1810598
TI  - Contraction of rat thoracic aorta strips by endothelin-1 in the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+.
AB  - 1. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) caused a concentration-dependent contraction of helical
      strips from rat thoracic aorta in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The Ca(2+)
      depleted muscle strips, prepared by three repeated applications of 10(-2) M
      caffeine or 10(-6) M noradrenaline in Ca(2+)-free buffer, were contracted by 10(
      8) M ET-1 in the same manner as non-treated strips. 2. In the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+, 10(-7) M phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator
      of protein kinase C, induced a small but sustained contraction of the rat
      thoracic aorta strips within 60 min. Preincubation of the strips with 10(-7) M
      PMA for 60 min in Ca(2+)-free buffer, did not affect the 10(-8) M ET-1-induced
      contraction, but decreased the 5 x 10(-8) M phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB)-, or
      the 10(-7) M PMA-induced contraction, and potentiated the contraction induced by
      10(-8) M urotensin II. Preincubation with 10(-8) M ET-1 (which induced maximum
      contraction) for 25 min in Ca(2+)-free buffer did not change the subsequent
      contraction induced by PMA (10(-7) M) or urotensin II (10(-8) M) but gave a
      somewhat lower maximum tension than in non-treated strips. 3. Calyculin-A, a
      potent inhibitor of phosphatase, also induced a contraction of the Ca(2+)
      depleted muscle strips in Ca(2+)-free buffer. Preincubation of the strips with ET
      1 (10(-8) M) or PMA (10(-7) M) decreased the calyculin-A (3 x 10(-8) M)-induced
      contraction.4. These results suggest that ET-1 may induce phosphorylation of an
      unknown protein either without an increase in myoplasmic Ca2 + concentration or,
      alternatively, with mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ from noradrenaline- and
      caffeine-insensitive Ca2 + sources, through a mechanism different from that of
      phorbol ester.

PMID- 1810599
TI  - Effects of Org 7797 on early, late and inducible arrhythmias following coronary
      artery occlusion in rats and dogs.
AB  - 1. The class Ic steroidal antiarrhythmic agent, Org 7797, was compared with two
      other Ic agents, flecainide and propafenone for intravenous activity against
      ischaemia-related cardiac arrhythmias and for electrophysiological actions in
      vivo. In addition the haemodynamic effects of Org 7797 were assessed in
      greyhounds. 2. Org 7797 (0.5 mg kg-1) significantly reduced the expected
      incidence of early ischaemia-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) in rats and
      greyhound dogs and at doses of 0.5-1.0 mg kg-1 antagonized reperfusion-induced
      arrhythmias. Comparative studies in rats showed Org 7797 to be 2-4 times more
      potent than flecainide or propafenone. 3. Org 7797 (0.5 mg kg-1) slowed
      intracardiac conduction in anaesthetized beagles and again was at least 2-4 times
      more potent than flecainide or propafenone. 4. Org 7797 (0.5 and 2.0 mg kg-1),
      flecainide (1.0 and 2.0 mg kg-1) or propafenone (0.5 and 2.0 mg kg-1), did not
      significantly prevent induction of tachyarrhythmias (VT) in dogs with 5-6 day old
      myocardial infarcts although all 3 drugs appeared to prevent induced VF. All 3
      drugs (notably flecainide) did however reduce the VT rate. 5. All 3 drugs (1-2 mg
      kg-1) suppressed spontaneous tachyarrhythmias in conscious beagle dogs with 1-2
      day old infarcts. Propafenone was the least effective. 6. In an antifibrillatory
      dose (0.5 mg kg-1), the major haemodynamic effect of Org 7797 was a 10% increase
      in peripheral vascular resistance. Stroke volume, cardiac output and coronary
      blood flow were unchanged. In therapeutic doses, Org 7797 was also less
      negatively chronotropic than flecainide.7. It was concluded that Org 7797 is a
      potent antifibrillatory agent which is haemodynamically well tolerated. Higher
      doses are required to suppress late ischaemia-induced tachyarrhythmias which
      suggest that its antifibrillatory effects are the consequence of an action other
      than, or in addition to, sodium channel block.

PMID- 1810600
TI  - An analysis of the mechanism of the inotropic action of some milrinone analogues
      in guinea-pig isolated atria.
AB  - 1. It has been reported previously that the milrinone analogues, ethyl 5-cyano
      1,6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-oxo-3 pyridine carboxylate (I) and ethyl 5-cyano-1,6
      dihydro-2-ethyl-6-oxo-3 pyridine carboxylate (II) exert a positive inotropic
      effect (EC50 = 15.6 +/- 0.2 microM and 40.3 +/- 0.1 microM) both on spontaneously
      beating and on electrically driven atria from reserpine-treated guinea-pigs. In
      the present study the mechanism of the inotropic action of these two agents was
      investigated. 2. In electrically driven left atrium from reserpine-treated guinea
      pigs the EC50 values for inotropic activity for compounds (I) and (II)
      corresponded to that of milrinone (EC50 = 25 +/- 0.1 microM) but compound (I)
      induced a greater maximum effect. This corresponded to a percentage increase in
      developed tension over control of 63 +/- 0.3 whereas the maximum inotropic effect
      of milrinone was 48 +/- 0.3 and that of compound (II) was 47 +/- 0.2. 3. The
      inotropic activity of compounds (I) and (II) (10-100 microM) was resistant to
      propranolol (0.1 microM), thus excluding the involvement of beta-adrenoceptors.
      4. Since the inotropism induced by compounds (I) and (II) was not reduced by
      carbachol (1 nM-0.5 microM), an action involving changes in adenosine 3':5'
      cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) can be excluded. 5. The inotropic action of
      compounds (I) and (II) was blocked selectively by 8-phenyltheophyline (10 microM)
      or adenosine deaminase (2 u ml-1). 6. Both (I) and (II) inhibited, in an
      apparently competitive manner, the negative inotropic effect induced by N6-(L
      phenylisopropyl) adenosine (L-PIA), a stable adenosine agonist. The pA2 values
      for (I) and (II) were 4.79 and 4.36, respectively.7. In rat brain compounds (I)
      and (II) inhibited the specific binding of N6-cyclohexyl[3H]-adenosine- ([3H]
      CHA) with an IC50 of 0.18 + 0.01 mM and 0.25 + 0.02 mm, respectively, which were
      similar to their IC50 values for blocking the PIA-induced negative inotropic
      effect and which are also in the range of concentrations that are effective in
      inducing positive inotropism in guinea-pig atria.8. The results from the present
      study suggest that antagonism of endogenous purines causes positive inotropism
      without affecting intracellular cyclic AMP levels.

PMID- 1810601
TI  - Staurosporine inhibits the extent of acetylcholine receptor recovery from
      carbachol-induced desensitization in snake twitch fibres.
AB  - 1. The effect of the protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, on the extent and
      time course of recovery following carbachol-induced desensitization was studied
      in snake twitch-muscle fibres maintained in an isotonic potassium propionate
      solution and voltage-clamped to +30 mV. 2. Pretreatment with staurosporine (0.5
      microM) decreased the extent of recovery of spontaneous miniature endplate
      current (m.e.p.c.) amplitudes following desensitization by a sustained
      application of 540 microM carbachol. Recovery was inhibited by approximately 50%
      without altering the time course of m.e.p.c. recovery. 3. Staurosporine also
      produced a concentration-dependent (10 nM to 0.5 microM) decrease in the
      amplitude of a second carbachol-induced current, following a wash period, as
      compared to the amplitude of the current produced by the initial carbachol
      application. Pretreatment with 0.5 microM K252a, another wide spectrum protein
      kinase inhibitor, also decreased the extent of recovery of the response to a
      second carbachol application following desensitization. 4. Staurosporine
      pretreatment (0.5 microM) had no effect on either the kinetics of receptor
      channel gating or the initial endplate sensitivity to agonist. This was
      determined by comparing the amplitude of the carbachol (540 microM)-induced
      currents and the amplitude and decay rate of m.e.p.cs in control and
      staurosporine-treated fibres. 5. Staurosporine had no effect on the time course
      of desensitization onset produced during the initial application of 540 microM
      carbachol or the depth of desensitization produced by the end of a 2-3 min
      exposure to 540 microM carbachol.6. Elevation of the external calcium
      concentration from 1 to 10mM during the 540 microM carbachol application
      completely antagonized the decreased extent of recovery of m.e.p.c. amplitude
      produced by pretreatment with 0.5 microM staurosporine.7. We suggest that
      phosphorylation of a population of acetylcholine receptors is required for
      complete recovery from desensitization, and that staurosporine inhibits the
      protein kinases responsible for this phosphorylation.8. We further propose that a
      transient increase in intracellular calcium, produced by an increase in calcium
      influx through agonist-activated endplate channels, stimulates additional protein
      kinase activity, which in turn, antagonizes the effect of staurosporine-treatment
      on recovery.

PMID- 1810602
TI  - Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate- and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)-induced
      Ca2+ release in cultured airway smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. The interaction between inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and guanosine 5'
      O-(3-thio triphosphate) (GTP gamma S) releasable calcium (Ca2+) pools was
      examined using 45Ca effluxes in permeabilized cultured airway smooth muscle cells
      from rabbit trachea. 2. Addition of InsP3 or GTP gamma S caused a concentration
      dependent release of intracellular Ca2+. The release of Ca2+ by InsP3 was much
      greater than with GTP gamma S. Pretreatment with maximally effective InsP3 (10
      microM) abolished the GTP gamma S-induced Ca2+ release, whereas pretreatment with
      100 microM GTP gamma S reduced the InsP3-induced Ca2+ release by 25%. 3.
      Ryanodine (100 microM), also gave a large release of intracellular Ca2+. After
      pretreatment with 100 microM ryanodine, GTP gamma S did not induce Ca2+ release,
      and InsP3-induced Ca2+ release was reduced by 76%. 4. Caffeine (50 mM), produced
      a slow release of intracellular Ca2+. Pre-exposure to 50 mM caffeine had no
      effect on the GTP gamma S-induced Ca2+ release but reduced the InsP3 releasable
      Ca2+ by 58%. 5. Pretreatment with ryanodine abolished the caffeine-induced Ca2+
      release, and addition of caffeine before ryanodine reduced the ryanodine-induced
      Ca2+ release by 64.4%. 6. These results suggest that there are at least three
      pools of Ca2+ present within airway smooth muscle cells. The largest pool is
      released by InsP3 or ryanodine, another is released either by a high
      concentration of InsP3 or on application of GTP gamma S, and the third by InsP3
      alone. Ca2+ may be able to move from the GTP gamma S-sensitive pool into the
      InsP3- and ryanodine-sensitive pool when this becomes depleted. In contrast, the
      opposite movement of Ca2 + cannot occur.

PMID- 1810603
TI  - Attenuated responses to endothelin-1, KCl and CaCl2, but not noradrenaline, of
      aortae from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.
AB  - 1. This study investigated the responsiveness to vasoconstrictor agents
      (including endothelin-1, ET-1) of aortic rings from rats with two-week
      streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg kg-1, i.v.)-induced diabetes and vehicle-treated
      control rats. The basal tension was 10 g, which was estimated to be more
      physiological than the tension of 1-2 g that has been previously used for most
      studies of aortic rings from diabetic rats. 2. Maximum responses to ET-1 (0.13-18
      nM), KCl (2-20 mM) or CaCl2 (10 microM-10 mM) were reduced in aortae from STZ
      treated rats compared to those from control rats. Such reductions were still
      evident after removal of the endothelium. 3. Responses to noradrenaline (NA, 0.1
      nM-26 microM) of aortae from STZ-treated rats were not significantly different
      from responses of aortae of control rats. 4. Removal of endothelium resulted in a
      significant reduction in the EC50 values for NA of rings from both STZ-treated
      rats (6.90 +/- 0.13 and 8.17 +/- 0.35 (-log M) with and without endothelium,
      respectively, n = 5) and control rats (6.90 +/- 0.15 and 8.37 +/- 0.44 (-log M)
      with and without endothelium, respectively, n = 5). 5. In calcium-free medium
      (with 1 mM EGTA), responses to NA and ET-1 were reduced compared with those in
      normal Krebs solution and maximum responses were less in rings from STZ-treated
      compared with control rats. 6. Indomethacin (5 microM) did not prevent the
      reduced maximum responsiveness to ET-1 in rings from STZ-treated rats compared
      with those from controls.7. This study indicates that changes in vascular
      responsiveness to ET-1, KCI and CaCl2 (but not NA) occur in aortae of two-week
      STZ-treated rats. The endothelium does not appear to play a major role in
      mediating changes in responsiveness to ET-1.

PMID- 1810604
TI  - Interaction of vasoactive substances released by platelet-activating factor in
      the rat perfused heart.
AB  - 1. The coronary vascular effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) have been
      intensively studied and it has been proposed that they are mediated by the
      release of vasoactive substances. In this study, a cascade perfusion model using
      two rat perfused hearts was developed to investigate the properties of PAF
      released vasoactive substances and the interplay of these substances. The
      properties of the vasoactive substances after an injection of PAF (100 pmol) in
      the rat perfused heart were examined by collecting the effluent from the first
      heart for the perfusion of a second (recipient) heart. The presence of
      vasoconstrictor substances in the effluent was characterized by an increase in
      the perfusion pressure of the recipient heart. 2. Previous exposure of the
      recipient heart of PAF (100 pmol) abolished the response of the heart to
      subsequent administration of PAF, but did not affect the response of the
      recipient heart to the effluent. This suggested that the coronary vasoconstrictor
      response of the recipient heart was not due to the presence of PAF in the
      effluent but to other vasoactive substances. 3. Pretreatment of the recipient
      heart with the leukotriene receptor antagonist, L-649,923 (5 microM), partially
      reduced the vasoconstrictor effect of the effluent. Pretreatment of the first
      heart with indomethacin (2.8 microM) also partially reduced the vasoconstrictor
      effect of the effluent. The combination of indomethacin pretreatment of the first
      heart and L-649,923 pretreatment of the recipient heart completely abolished the
      vasoconstrictor effect of the effluent suggesting that both prostaglandins and
      leukotrienes are involved in the vasoconstrictor effect of the effluent. 4.
      Pretreatment of both hearts with L-649,923 or the first heart with the
      leukotriene synthesis inhibitor (MK-886, 10 microM) completely abolished the
      vasoconstrictor effect of the effluent. This suggested that the indomethacin
      sensitive vasoconstrictor component of the effluent might be regulated by
      leukotrienes in the first heart. However, infusion of leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4
      and LTD4) to the first heart did not reproduce this vasoconstrictor component of
      the effluent in the recipient heart.5. In conclusion, our study demonstrated
      through the use of a leukotriene receptor antagonist, a leukotriene synthesis
      inhibitor and a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor that the vasoconstrictor effect of the
      effluent of the rat perfused heart after an injection of PAF is mediated by
      leukotrienes and prostaglandins. The ability of leukotriene receptor blockade and
      inhibition of leukotriene synthesis to mimic the effect of indomethacin indicates
      that the production and/or release of cyclo-oxygenase products in the effluent by
      PAF can be modulated by leukotrienes. The inability of exogenously applied
      leukotrienes to modulate the production and/or the release of cyclo-oxygenase
      products in the effluent suggests that the PAF-induced production of
      prostaglandins may be mediated by intracellular leukotrienes or at sites not
      accessible to exogenously applied leukotrienes.

PMID- 1810606
TI  - Increased endothelin excretion in rats with renal failure induced by partial
      nephrectomy.
AB  - 1. Six weeks following partial nephrectomy in rats, significant increases in
      serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentration and a significant decrease
      in creatinine clearance were observed. 2. Measurement of systolic blood pressure
      by tail plethysmography indicated that animals that had undergone partial
      nephrectomy were hypertensive. 3. Compared to sham-operated animals, there were 4
      fold increases in both urinary protein excretion and urinary endothelin
      excretion. 4. There was a significant correlation between urinary protein and
      urinary endothelin excretion (r = 0.77). There was also a correlation (r = 0.65)
      between urinary endothelin excretion and systolic blood pressure. 5. Plasma
      endothelin concentrations were not different in sham-operated and partially
      nephrectomized rats. 6. The data indicate that there is an increased renal
      endothelin production in rats with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 1810607
TI  - Effects of PAF-antagonists in mouse ear oedema induced by several inflammatory
      agents.
AB  - 1. Several platelet activating factor (PAF)-antagonists of different chemical
      structures were tested in the arachidonic acid-, tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-,
      dithranol-, and benzoic acid-induced mouse ear oedema models. 2. Topical
      application of UR-10324, UR-11353, CV-6209 and WEB-2086 markedly inhibited ear
      oedema induced by the four irritants tested, mimicking the profile obtained with
      dexamethasone. YM-461 was highly effective only in the dithranol-induced ear
      oedema, while BN-52021 failed to inhibit ear oedema in all models tested. 3.
      Leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed ears was prevented by PAF-antagonists, as
      measured by myeloperoxidase activity in the supernatants of ear homogenates. 4. A
      relationship between PAF-antagonist and anti-inflammatory activities was found in
      some cases, but other mechanisms cannot be excluded to explain the topical anti
      inflammatory effect of these compounds. 5. Our results suggest that topical
      formulations containing PAF-antagonists could be useful in the treatment of some
      inflammatory skin diseases and provide evidence on the involvement of PAF in
      these inflammatory processes.

PMID- 1810605
TI  - Potentiation by endothelin-1 of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction in
      coronary artery of the pig.
AB  - 1. In order to elucidate the physiological and potential pathological roles of
      endothelin-1 (ET-1) in coronary artery contraction and relaxation, we undertook
      the present study to examine the action of ET-1 itself, and the combined effects
      of ET-1 with vasoconstrictor agonists such as acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, and
      5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), all of which have been implicated in the genesis of
      coronary spasm. 2. Isometric tension and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i)
      in a ring segment of porcine coronary artery loaded with fura-2 were measured
      simultaneously. 3. ET-1 contracted the artery in a concentration-dependent
      manner; and nisoldipine, a Ca2+ channel blocking drug of the 1,4-dihydropyridine
      type, antagonized the ET-1 action non-competitively. A radio-receptor binding
      assay also indicated the mutually exclusive binding of ET-1 and (+)-[3H]-PN200
      110, a Ca2+ channel ligand, to the membrane fraction of porcine coronary artery.
      4. ET-1 (10-100 pM) increased tension and [Ca2+]i in a parallel manner, while at
      higher concentrations (1-10 nM) it produced further contraction with a small
      increase in [Ca2+]i. 5. ET-1 (30-100 pM) selectively potentiated the 5-HT-induced
      contraction 1.5 to 2 times over the control without causing a significant
      increase in [Ca2+]i, which seems to be qualitatively similar to a tumour
      promoting phorbol ester, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutylate (DPB). Bay K 8644 (10
      nM), on the other hand, potentiated the contraction in response to practically
      all agonists used and affected a concomitant increase in [Ca2+]i.6. A Ca2+
      channel blocking drug such as diltiazem abolished the increase in [Ca2+]i and
      partially attenuated the mechanical potentiation produced by a small amount of ET
      1 in combination with 5-HT.7. The results suggest that ET-1 and 5-HT interact
      functionally at the cellular or subcellular level and modulate the Ca2 +
      sensitivity of the contractile elements through the possible activation of
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 1810608
TI  - Aspects of psychology in sports medicine.
AB  - Psychology's impact as an ergogenic aid across sports and competitive levels has
      been well documented. In addition, exercise can play a major role in disease
      prevention and health enhancement while also enhancing psychological well-being.
      In addition to its preventive value, exercise is being recognized as a valuable
      therapeutic tool. Like most therapeutic modalities, however, exercise also has
      some potentially negative qualities.

PMID- 1810609
TI  - Medical hazards of a four-km fun run.
AB  - An observational study was conducted of participants in a 4-km race with the
      object of identifying risk factors for a poor outcome. Sixteen individuals were
      identified who required medical assistance at the end of the race. Pulse and
      lying and standing blood pressure were measured and a brief history was taken.
      Compared with 92 controls, the subjects showed a greater orthostatic drop in
      systolic blood pressure and were more likely to have consumed alcohol in the
      preceding 24 h.

PMID- 1810610
TI  - Intravascular haemolysis in the recreational runner.
AB  - Intravascular haemolysis has been found to result from prolonged endurance
      competition, rigorous military training and participation in impact sports.
      Haematological research involving the recreational runner is sparse. Recreational
      runners frequently vary their training to avoid monotony and improve endurance
      capacity. This study investigated the haematological effects of a typical day of
      increased distance training in 15 male recreational runners (62.4(3.1) ml kg-1
      min-1 treadmill VO2max; 44.6(8.4) km per week training (means(s.d.)). Venous
      blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 1 day, 4 days, and 10
      days after a 13-km training run (about twice the subjects' typical running
      distance) and analysed for changes in bilirubin, serum potassium, haematocrit,
      haemoglobin, red blood cell count, haptoglobin, poikilocytosis and
      reticulocytosis. Urine samples were collected at the same times as the blood
      samples and analysed for urobilinogen. Significant (P less than 0.05) 1-day and 4
      day decreases in mean haemoglobin, red blood cell count, and haptoglobin values,
      compared to before training venous blood values and significant (P less than
      0.05) post-training increases in bilirubin, serum potassium, urobilinogen and
      poikilocytosis provided evidence for increased intravascular haemolysis. After 10
      days the values for haematocrit, bilirubin, serum potassium, red blood cell
      count, urobilinogen and poikilocytosis were not significantly (P less than 0.05)
      different from pre-training values while haemoglobin remained significantly (P
      less than 0.05) lower, exhibiting a constant but not significant increase over
      the period from 1 to 10 days. The results indicate that mild intravascular
      'footstrike' haemolysis can occur in the recreational runner when typical
      training distance is increased. This condition appears to be transient and
      benign.

PMID- 1810611
TI  - Training the female competitor: physiological aspects of fitness.

PMID- 1810613
TI  - Effects of cooling the legs on performance in a standard Wingate anaerobic power
      test.
AB  - The possibility that peripheral hypothermia may impair muscular performance in
      various sports led us to assess the usefulness of the Wingate anaerobic power
      test in subjects with normal and cooled leg muscles. Using this test without
      modification, peak power, average power output, and cumulated work to the point
      of fatigue were all decreased by cooling, although the fatigue index (the
      declining rate of change of power output) was less. It is concluded that this
      test could usefully be employed in field studies to assess the possibility that
      muscle chilling may influence a person's potential for producing maximal bursts
      of muscular work.

PMID- 1810612
TI  - Brief exercise induces an immediate and a delayed leucocytosis.
AB  - Haematological profiles were measured: (1) before and for 5 h 30 min after 30 min
      sports (squash, swimming, jogging); and (2) before, during and for 2 h 30 min
      after 30 min cycle ergometry at workloads which required rates of oxygen
      consumption that were between 48% and 84% of maximal. In both instances exercise
      induced an immediate leucocytosis (owing to rises in both neutrophils and
      lymphocytes) which subsided rapidly at the finish of exercise and was followed by
      a delayed neutrophilia of greater magnitude which peaked at approximately 3 h
      after the start of exercise. Changes in plasma catecholamines and cortisol
      recorded during and after exercise (cycle ergometry only) support the hypothesis
      that the immediate leucocytosis during brief exercise is attributable to elevated
      catecholamine levels, whereas the delayed neutrophilia is due to raised cortisol
      levels.

PMID- 1810614
TI  - Handgrip dynamometry, Cybex measurements and lean mass as markers of the ageing
      of muscle function.
AB  - Isometric handgrip force, isokinetic knee flexion and extension torque, and
      anthropometric data were obtained on 67 older men and women (ranging in age from
      45 to 75 years, mean 59.7 years). Hydrostatic and skinfold estimates of lean body
      mass were quite closely correlated with each other in this sample (r = 0.93).
      Handgrip force, isokinetic knee flexion and extension torque, and lean mass all
      decreased by 6-8% per decade over the age span examined, although in the men the
      loss was most marked in terms of handgrip and lean mass, whereas in the women the
      loss of torque in the knee muscles was dominant. Because of these differences,
      the handgrip data were only weakly correlated with the isokinetic strength
      measurements (r = 0.22), and the isokinetic data were more strongly related to
      lean body mass and body mass. The optimum equation for a field prediction of
      isokinetic strength in this age group (a combination of age, sex, age-sex
      interaction and lean body mass) has an error approaching 25%, with a multiple r2
      of 0.37, and a standard error of the estimate (s.e.e.) of 24.5%. It is concluded
      that handgrip data and slow isokinetic torque measurements evaluate relatively
      independent aspects of the ageing of muscular function.

PMID- 1810615
TI  - Effect of a weightlifting belt on spinal shrinkage.
AB  - Spinal loading during weightlifting results in a loss of stature which has been
      attributed to a decrease in height of the intervertebral discs--so-called 'spinal
      shrinkage'. Belts are often used during the lifting of heavy weights, purportedly
      to support, stabilize and thereby attenuate the load on the spine. The purpose of
      this study was to examine the effects of a standard weightlifting belt in
      attenuating spinal shrinkage. Eight male subjects with a mean age of 24.8 years
      performed two sequences of circuit weight-training, one without a belt and on a
      separate occasion with a belt. The circuit training regimen consisted of six
      common weight-training exercises. These were performed in three sets of ten with
      a change of exercise after each set of ten repetitions. A stadiometer sensitive
      to within 0.01 mm was used to record alterations in stature. Measurements of
      stature were taken before and after completion of the circuit. The absolute
      visual analogue scale (AVAS) was used to measure the discomfort and pain
      intensity resulting from each of the two conditions. The circuit weight-training
      caused stature losses of 3.59mm without the belt and 2.87 mm with the belt (P
      greater than 0.05). The subjects complained of significantly less discomfort when
      the belt was worn (P less than 0.05). The degree of shrinkage was significantly
      correlated (r = 0.752, P less than 0.05) with perceived discomfort but only when
      the belt was not worn. These results suggest the potential benefits of wearing a
      weightlifting belt and support the hypothesis that the belt can help in
      stabilizing the trunk.

PMID- 1810616
TI  - Internal fixation of closed tibial fractures for the management of sports
      injuries.
AB  - From 1985 to 1988, 90 closed tibial fractures were prospectively studied to
      assess the morbidity of such injuries to sports people and how this can be
      influenced by treatment regimens. All fractures were sustained during rugby or
      football matches. After random selection, 45 fractures were openly reduced and
      internally fixed (group A), and 45 fractures were manipulated under general
      anaesthesia and a long-leg plaster applied (group B). For patients in group A,
      below-knee plasters were used for 3 to 4 weeks, with immediate weight-bearing
      when tolerated. A total of 44 (98%) tibiae united clinically and radiologically
      within 14-18 weeks. Within 4 months of surgery 28 (62%) patients had returned to
      work and were able to play again by the following season. By 6 months 17 (38%)
      patients had resumed normal activities. In group B, only 24 (53%) tibiae united
      in a mean time of 16 weeks (range 12-40 weeks). Six (13%) patients required bone
      grafting for non-union, and one patient subsequently developed osteomyelitis.
      Only ten (22%) patients were back to work and playing sport again within 6 months
      of initial injury. It is concluded that internal fixation of closed tibial
      fractures as a primary procedure following low velocity sports injuries can be
      safely performed. It leads to a faster return to normal activities with fewer
      complications than does conservative treatment in plaster using contemporary
      methods.

PMID- 1810617
TI  - Acute lower leg compartment syndrome.
AB  - Acute compartment syndromes in the lower leg are well recognized following major
      trauma. However, although rare, they may occur following seemingly minor sporting
      injury. A case of acute compartment syndrome, following a football game and
      affecting the peroneal or lateral compartment, is described, in which prompt
      diagnosis and treatment led to a satisfactory outcome. The diagnosis and surgical
      management of acute compartment syndromes are discussed. Early recognition and
      treatment are important in the prevention of long-term disability.

PMID- 1810618
TI  - Introduction to manipulation.

PMID- 1810619
TI  - Physiological effects of wearing mouthguards.
AB  - Mouthguards are considered by most authorities to be an essential part of
      equipment for players participating in body-contact sports. Mouthguards provide
      excellent dental protection but not all players use them, complaining of
      breathing difficulties and problems with speaking. Although information exists
      concerning dental trauma and mouth protector use, there are no reported data that
      quantify the physiological effects of wearing mouthguards. The purpose of this
      study was to measure the ventilatory and gas exchange effects of wearing a
      mouthguard. Ten healthy men and seven women aged 20-36 years (mean(s.d.)
      27.2(5.2) years) were used as subjects. Forced expiratory air volume at 1 s
      (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rates (PEF) were measured on each subject while
      wearing either no mouthguard or one of three different over-the-counter
      mouthguards including one maxillary (mouthguard 1) and two different bimaxillary
      guards (mouthguards 2 and 3). To determine the effects of wearing each of the
      mouthguards during exercise, oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured while
      exercising on a cycle ergometer for 5 min at a light and heavy workload. An ANOVA
      of repeated measures was used to determine statistical differences. In each case,
      the wearing of a mouthguard significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced FEV1 and PEF
      in comparison with no mouthguard. FEV1 was reduced 8% with mouthguard 1, and 12%
      and 14% with mouthguards 2 and 3 respectively. PEF was reduced by 7, 15 and 15.8%
      with mouthguards 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The wearing of the different
      mouthguards did not significantly change VO2 while exercising at the lower work
      level whereas VO2 was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced at the heavier workload.
      This surprising reduction in VO2 during heavy exercise may be due to a 'pursed
      lip' type of breathing which has been shown to decrease CO2 tension, increase
      oxygenation and exercise tolerance. It can be concluded that although mouthguards
      may be perceptably uncomfortable and restrict forced expiratory air flow, they
      appear to be beneficial in prolonging exercise by improving ventilation and
      economy.

PMID- 1810620
TI  - Waterbike injuries.
AB  - Jet skiing is a rapidly growing sport. The craft incorporate safety features and
      the manufacturers issue detailed safety instructions. Racing is conducted with
      adequate attention to clothing, safety and insurance. However, casual use is
      widespread and is sometimes irresponsible. Serious injuries to riders are
      uncommon: dental and knee injuries are described. A case of renal contusion and a
      head injury were caused by other riders and two potentially fatal injuries
      illustrate the risk for other water users. The number of injuries associated with
      the use of personal watercraft is likely to increase and may be influenced by
      appropriate organization or regulation.

PMID- 1810621
TI  - Ultimate injuries: a survey.
AB  - Injuries sustained while playing Ultimate at six tournaments between 1986 and
      1990 were recorded. Thigh muscle strains, ankle ligament sprains and skin
      abrasions/friction burns were the most frequent injuries. Factors contributing to
      injury include pitch state, player fitness and preparation, clothing, 'lay-out'
      technique, tournament organization and squad size. Reducing excessive playing
      time, improved preparation by the player, sensible use of protective clothing,
      and care with pitch selection should all lead to a reduction in the number of
      injuries.

PMID- 1810622
TI  - Reimpressed selective breeding for lateralization of handedness in mice.
AB  - Eleven generations of bidirectional selection for lateralization produced 2 lines
      of mice that differ markedly in degree of asymmetry for hand preference. The
      foundation population was derived from 6 distantly related inbred strains and 2
      stocks of wild mice, M. castaneus. HI line matings were made using mice that
      exhibited consistent right or left paw use in a food reaching task and LO line
      matings were made using mice with little overall paw preference. All matings were
      made without regard to the expressed directions of asymmetry. Line differences
      emerged at the third generation and increased thereafter. Selection was relaxed
      at generation 12 and the lines were maintained by random within-line mating. At
      generation 28 selective breeding was reimpressed for 3 generations. Results
      indicated that between-line divergence in degree of lateralization had remained
      high during 17 generations of relaxed selection. Mice of the HI line are more
      strongly lateralized than mice of the unselected HET population. Mice of the LO
      line are more weakly lateralized than controls. The selected lines may provide a
      useful mammalian genetic resource for studying the neurobiology of cerebral
      lateralization.

PMID- 1810623
TI  - Effects of hippocampal kindling on paired-pulse response in CA1 in vitro.
AB  - Kindled rats were given high-frequency stimulations delivered to hippocampal CA1
      on one side to induce afterdischarges (ADs). Control rats received the same
      number of pulses of a similar intensity at 0.17 Hz (low-frequency stimulations
      (LFSs)). On 1-2 days or on 21-23 days after fifteen ADs/LFSs (delivered hourly, 5
      times a day over 3 days), hippocampal slices were prepared and incubated in
      vitro, with the experimenter blind to the previous history of stimulation of the
      rat. Extracellular responses following single or paired-pulse stimulation of the
      Schaffer collaterals (stratum radiatum) were recorded at the CA1 cell layer in
      vitro, and analyzed as population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and
      population spikes. At 1.5, 2 or 4 times the response threshold, and on either day
      1 or day 23 after the last AD/LFS, the paired-pulse response at interpulse
      intervals of 30-200 ms was significantly larger for the kindled group of slices
      than for the control group (ANOVA, typically P less than 0.0001), for either the
      population spike or the population EPSP. Stimulus thresholds for the evoked
      response did not differ between kindled and control group of slices. The
      population EPSP and spike in response to a single pulse were enhanced (as
      compared to the control group) on day 1 but not on day 23 after kindling. The
      facilitation of paired-pulse response may be interpreted as caused by a decrease
      in postsynaptic (and possibly presynaptic) inhibition in the hippocampal CA1
      region, which persisted to at least 3 weeks after hippocampal kindling.

PMID- 1810624
TI  - Excitotoxic lesions of the rat entorhinal cortex. Effects of selective neuronal
      damage on acquisition and retention of a non-spatial reference memory task.
AB  - The neurotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate was used to induce selective bilateral
      neuronal loss in the entorhinal cortex, in order to model one aspect of the
      neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome and aging.
      Lesioned, sham-lesioned and intact control rats learned a reference memory task
      involving a brightness discrimination for water reward. Rats were trained over 1
      week until reaching criteria and tested for retention after a 10-day interval.
      Lesioned rats showed impaired retention compared to shams and controls, but were
      able to reacquire the task. Anatomical analysis confirmed excitotoxic lesions of
      the entorhinal cortex, and showed collateral sprouting of acetylcholinesterase
      stained fibers into the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, indicating
      denervation plasticity in the hippocampus. This functional anatomical study of
      the entorhinal cortex demonstrates the importance of the entorhinal cortex in
      memory retention, and raises the possibility that functional deficits in certain
      neurodegenerative diseases may be modeled by partial neuronal loss in the
      entorhinal cortex.

PMID- 1810625
TI  - Binding and internalization of iodinated neurotensin in neuronal cultures from
      embryonic mouse brain.
AB  - The binding and internalization of labeled neurotensin were studied by means of
      biochemical and light microscopic radioautography techniques in primary cultures
      of neurons from whole cerebral hemispheres of mouse embryos. Saturable, high
      affinity neurotensin binding was detected 5-7 days postplating in cells incubated
      with 0.1 nM 125I-Tyr3-neurotensin at 37 degrees C or 10 degrees C. The binding
      capacity at equilibrium was 3 times higher at 37 degrees C than at 10 degrees C.
      Moreover, whereas virtually all the radioactivity bound at 10 degrees C was
      membrane-bound (i.e. was readily washable by a hypertonic, high pH, NaCl
      solution), more than 70% of the radioactivity bound at 37 degrees C was
      intracellular (i.e. resisted the same treatment). Light microscopic
      radioautograms of whole cells revealed that approximately 16% of neurons were
      labeled with 125I-Tyr3-neurotensin at either 37 degrees C or 10 degrees C. The
      labeling was observed over cell bodies and processes, and the density of silver
      grains associated with perikarya, as compared to processes, was proportionally
      higher at 37 degrees C than at 10 degrees C. Semi-thin (1 micron thick) sections
      through cells incubated at 37 degrees C confirmed that a major fraction of the
      radioactivity was intracellular and showed that it was mainly confined to the
      cytoplasm. These results indicate that 125I-Tyr3-neurotensin binds to a distinct
      subset of primary cultured neurons and that a large proportion of the bound
      radioactivity undergoes rapid internalization in a temperature-dependent manner.
      It is proposed that this internalization is ligand-induced and that it may play a
      role in the modulation of central neurotensin receptor levels.

PMID- 1810627
TI  - Efferent projections of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptor relay neurons in the
      cat.
AB  - Axonal projections of second order neurons activated by vagal afferent fibers
      originating from pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) were studied
      electrophysiologically in Nembutal-anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially
      ventilated cats. Extracellular recordings from these neurons (referred to as 'RAR
      cells') were made in the commissural subnucleus (COM) of the nucleus of the
      solitary tract (NTS). They were identified by a combination of stimuli including
      stimulation of the vagus nerve(s), hyperinflation and deflation of the lungs, and
      a brief period of ammonia vapor inhalation. A total of 80 RAR-cells were tested
      for axonal projections to a respiration-related area in the brain-stem, either
      the dorsolateral rostral pons or the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) or the
      ventral respiratory group (VRG) or the Botzinger complex (BOT) and/or the spinal
      cord. Twenty-two of the 47 (47%) RAR-cells tested for ipsilateral pontine
      projection could be antidromically activated, and in 8 cases evidence for axonal
      arborization was obtained. Only 1 of the 11 RAR-cells tested for DRG projection,
      and 1 of the 10 RAR-cells tested for VRG projection, were antidromically
      activated. No RAR-cells were activated from the BOT (n = 8) or from the C3-C4
      segments of the spinal cord (n = 11). Bilateral lesions of the COM abolished the
      reflex responses induced by ammonia inhalation or hyperinflation of the lungs,
      but not the Hering-Breuer reflex. These results indicate that a pathway from the
      COM to the rostral pons forms part of the reflex arc originating from RARs.

PMID- 1810626
TI  - Multiple methamphetamine injections induce marked increases in extracellular
      striatal dopamine which correlate with subsequent neurotoxicity.
AB  - Acutely, methamphetamine (m-AMPH) is known to stimulate a net efflux of dopamine
      (DA) in the striatum while inhibiting DA uptake, thus producing high
      extracellular concentrations of DA. Repeated administration of m-AMPH has been
      shown to damage DA terminals in the striatum. However, little direct information
      exists about the relationship between m-AMPH-induced DA overflow and
      neurotoxicity. In the present study, we used in vivo microdialysis to explore
      this topic. Four, but not 3, injections of m-AMPH (4 mg/kg, sc, at 2 h intervals)
      damaged striatal DA terminals as measured by a 43-51% decrease in post mortem
      striatal DA content 1 week later. Striatal microdialysis in awake animals during
      the course of m-AMPH treatment showed that DA overflow increased after each m
      AMPH injection, but that approximately 1.5 h after the fourth m-AMPH injection, a
      striking increase in DA overflow occurred that was significantly larger than that
      seen after any of the previous 3 injections. Additionally, in animals receiving 4
      injections of m-AMPH, cumulative DA overflow was negatively correlated with
      striatal DA content 1 week later (r = -0.74, P less than 0.05), suggesting that
      the substantial DA overflow seen after the fourth m-AMPH injection is especially
      important in m-AMPH neurotoxicity.

PMID- 1810628
TI  - Intracellular study of rat globus pallidus neurons: membrane properties and
      responses to neostriatal, subthalamic and nigral stimulation.
AB  - Physiological properties of globus pallidus (GP) neurons were studied
      intracellularly in anesthetized rats. More than 70% of the neurons exhibited
      continuous repetitive firing of 2-40 Hz, while others exhibited periodic burst
      firing or no firing. The repetitively firing neurons exhibited the following
      properties: spike accommodation; spike frequency adaptation; continuous firing
      with a frequency of about 100 Hz generated by intracellular current injections;
      fast anomalous rectification; ramp-shaped depolarization upon injection of
      depolarizing current; and post-active hyperpolarization. The burst firing neurons
      evoked a large depolarization with multiple spikes in response to depolarizing
      current, and a similar response was observed after the termination of
      hyperpolarizing current. The few neurons which did not fire spontaneous spikes
      exhibited strong spike accommodation when they were stimulated by current
      injections. The continuously firing neurons were antidromically activated by
      stimulation of the neostriatum (Str) (23 of 68), the subthalamic nucleus (STh)
      (55 of 75), and the substantia nigra (SN) (25 of 46). The antidromic latencies of
      the 3 stimulus sites were very similar (about 1 ms). None of the burst firing
      neurons were antidromically activated. Three non-firing neurons evoked antidromic
      responses only after Str stimulation. Only repetitively firing neurons evoked
      postsynaptic responses following stimulation of the Str and the STh. Stimulation
      of the Str evoked initial small EPSPs with latencies of 2-4 ms and strong, short
      duration IPSPs with latencies of 2-12 ms. Stimulation of the STh evoked short
      latency EPSPs overlapped with IPSPs. Frequently, these responses induced by Str
      and STh stimulation were followed by other EPSPs lasting 50-100 ms. These results
      indicated: (1) that the GP contains at least 3 electrophysiologically different
      types of neurons; (2) that GP projections to the Str, the STh, and the SN are of
      short latency pathways; (3) that Str stimulation evokes short latency EPSPs
      followed by IPSPs and late EPSPs in GP neurons; and (4) that STh stimulation
      evokes short latency EPSPs overlapped with short latency IPSPs and late EPSPs in
      GP neurons.

PMID- 1810629
TI  - Neurofibrillary tangle distribution in the cerebral cortex of parkinsonism
      dementia cases from Guam: differences with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Parkinsonism-dementia together with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a highly
      prevalent disorder among the native Chamorro population of Guam and is
      accompanied by severe widespread neurofibrillary tangle formation. In the present
      study we compared the regional and laminar distribution of neurofibrillary
      tangles in the cerebral cortex of 5 Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia cases to 9
      Caucasian Alzheimer's disease cases. Although in both diseases the superior
      frontal and inferior temporal cortex were affected to a comparable degree, there
      was a striking difference in the laminar distribution of neurofibrillary tangles.
      Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease are known to be more numerous in
      layers V-VI than in layers II-III of frontal and temporal cortex, however in the
      Guam cases, the opposite distribution was observed with most of the tangles
      located within layer II and the superior part of layer III and relatively low
      tangle density in layers V-VI. Interestingly, in both conditions, the hippocampal
      pyramidal layer showed a comparable degree of degeneration. Moreover no amyloid
      deposits and neuritic plaques were observed in the Guam brains, whereas they were
      frequent in the Alzheimer's disease cases. Previous studies have suggested that
      the clinical symptomatology observed in patients suffering from Alzheimer's
      disease is related to the dramatic loss of specific corticocortically projecting
      neurons in the neocortex. The present data on Guam parkinsonism-dementia further
      support this hypothesis, although the set of corticocortical connections affected
      in Guam cases might differ from that observed in Alzheimer's disease, which may
      contribute to some extent to the different clinical symptoms of the dementia
      observed in Guamanian patients.

PMID- 1810631
TI  - Amphetamine-antagonistic properties of 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline:
      inhibition of spinal reflex-enhancing effects of methamphetamine,
      phenylethylamine and nomifensine.
AB  - The antagonistic effects of 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (4PTIQ)
      against S(+)-methamphetamine, phenylethylamine and nomifensine were studied by
      measurement of spinal monosynaptic reflex potential (MSR). S(+)-Methamphetamine,
      phenylethylamine and nomifensine enhanced the amplitude of MSR in C1-spinalized
      rats through release of noradrenaline from the terminals of descending fibers and
      consequent activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Although 4PTIQ alone did not
      change the amplitude of the MSR, 4PTIQ inhibited the enhancement of MSR induced
      by S(+)-methamphetamine and related compounds. The MSR of rats with an intact
      spinal cord was enhanced by conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral locus
      ceruleus. The MSR enhancement produced by the stimulation was blocked by prazosin
      but unaffected by 4PTIQ, showing that 4PTIQ does not have an alpha 1-blocking
      action. These results suggest that the antagonistic effects of 4PTIQ on MSR
      enhancement by S(+)-methamphetamine, phenylethylamine and nomifensine are due to
      its blocking of noradrenaline release produced by these amphetamine-like agents.

PMID- 1810630
TI  - Regional changes in spinal cord glucose metabolism in a rat model of painful
      neuropathy.
AB  - Spinal cord patterns of metabolic activity in a model of neuropathic pain were
      assessed in unanesthetized rats by the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique.
      Rats used in this procedure had demonstrable thermal hyperalgesia ipsilateral to
      sciatic nerve ligation and ipsilateral hindpaws that were lifted in a guarded
      position. The latter indicated possible spontaneous pain. Sciatic nerve ligation
      produced significant increases in glucose utilization in the dorsal and ventral
      horns of both sides, with greater activity present on the ipsilateral as compared
      to the contralateral side. Peak activity was in laminae V-VI, a region involved
      in nociceptive processing. Thus, a chronic increase in neuronal activity in these
      regions may reflect spontaneous neuropathic pain.

PMID- 1810632
TI  - Calpain II in rat peripheral nerve.
AB  - We used a polyclonal antiserum directed against calpain II to study the
      distribution of that enzyme in rat sciatic nerve. Western blot of nerve
      homogenate showed that the antibody reacted with a single protein band of 80 kDa,
      corresponding to the catalytic subunit of calpain II. By light microscopy,
      immunoreactivity appeared predominantly in Schwann cell cytoplasm. By electron
      microscopy, calpain II was especially dense along the plasmalemma of Schwann
      cells, and was also seen in axoplasm.

PMID- 1810633
TI  - Glia maturation factor beta stimulates axon regeneration in transected rat
      sciatic nerve.
AB  - Rat sciatic nerves were bilaterally transected and repaired with an entubulation
      technique. The nerve interstump gap was filled with either collagen gel or
      collagen gel mixed with a putative neurotrophic factor (leupeptin, 4
      aminopyridine, lipid angiogenic factor or glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta].
      Six weeks after nerve transection, the myelinated distal stump axons were
      quantified for each nerve. Only the nerves treated with GMF-beta had
      significantly more axons than the control side.

PMID- 1810634
TI  - Functional subdivisions of the olfactory system correlate with lectin-binding
      properties in Xenopus.
AB  - Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is known to selectively label a portion of neurons in
      amphibian and mammalian primary olfactory systems. Hitherto, no other distinctive
      features have been found to correlate with the two neuronal populations.
      Investigating SBA-HRP binding in olfactory mucosa and CNS of Xenopus, we noted
      that labelled and unlabelled structures can readily be assigned to different
      olfactory subsystems. The SBA negative one is utilized to detect air-borne odors,
      whereas major SBA-positive structures serve a role in the perception of water
      dissolved molecules. Some labelled fibers by-pass the olfactory bulb, traverse
      the telencephalon and innervate prosencephalic structures. They are considered to
      be aberrant olfactory nerve fibers, rather than being part of the terminal nerve.

PMID- 1810636
TI  - Probing the complex issues of AIDS, while waiting for the other shoe to drop.

PMID- 1810635
TI  - Sexual behavior increases c-fos expression in the forebrain of the male rat.
AB  - The ability of a wide variety of pharmacological and physiological stimuli to
      increase neuronal expression of Fos has led to the suggestion that it might serve
      as a marker of neuronal activation. Psychomotor stimulants increase the release
      of dopamine from the terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons and
      enhance Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Because
      sexual behavior also increases dopamine release in these and other forebrain
      regions, the present study examined the effect of copulation on Fos
      immunoreactivity in the forebrain of intact, sexually active male rats. Sexual
      behavior produced a striking increase in Fos immunoreactivity in the medial
      preoptic area (MPOA), NAc, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and piriform
      cortex. However, no increase in Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the
      striatum. These results are consistent with neurochemical, physiological, and
      behavioral data suggesting that the MPOA and NAc are important substrates of
      sexual behavior.

PMID- 1810637
TI  - Lateral condensation: inside view.

PMID- 1810638
TI  - Using moist heat to treat acute temporomandibular muscle pain dysfunction.

PMID- 1810639
TI  - Implant overdentures--a simple solution.

PMID- 1810640
TI  - Importance of screening prepubescent children affected with periodontitis:
      Papillon-Lefevre syndrome.

PMID- 1810641
TI  - Polymer implant in a periodontal defect: reentry at 3 years.

PMID- 1810642
TI  - Treatment of a gagging patient with a maxillary removable partial denture.

PMID- 1810643
TI  - Reciprocity: why doesn't someone try this idea?

PMID- 1810644
TI  - Sliding and guiding the mandible into the retruded arc without pushing.

PMID- 1810645
TI  - Intramuscular sedation in dentistry.

PMID- 1810646
TI  - Implant maintenance: debridement and peri-implant home care.
AB  - Although implant maintenance is one of the most frequently overlooked areas in
      implantology, the success of an implant can hinge on maintenance performed at
      regular intervals. Prevention of peri-implant disease should be a prime
      motivating factor for patient and therapist involvement in a regular maintenance
      program.

PMID- 1810647
TI  - A standard predetermined endodontic preparation concept.
AB  - Cleaning and shaping the root canal system is the most tedious and demanding
      phase of endodontic therapy. Using a predetermined endodontic preparation allows
      for a routine approach to instrumentation and produces high-quality results with
      better efficiency. Schilder states, "Inherent in the concept of cleaning and
      shaping is the fact that each root canal system, like each carious lesion, is
      different from another and that, within certain prescribed guidelines no two root
      canal preparations should be exactly alike, anymore than any two intracoronal
      preparations are exactly alike." The concept of predetermined preparation does
      not conflict with Schilder's statement, it merely refines prescribed
      instrumentation guidelines and establishes instrumenting parameters. The goals of
      endodontic instrumentation are to: (1) instrument with control so that there is
      enlargement without deviation from the original canal; (2) instrument to a size
      that is consistent with total mechanical and chemical debridement; (3) debride
      the root canal system from its coronal orifice to the periodontal ligament,
      regardless of canal curvature; and (4) create a canal shape that tapers from the
      coronal orifice to the apical opening. The authors will discuss each endodontic
      goal as it is accomplished in the predetermined preparation. Techniques for
      instrumenting to the predetermined sizes are also described.

PMID- 1810648
TI  - A new approach to shade selection.

PMID- 1810649
TI  - Practice arrangement: change is the name of the game.

PMID- 1810650
TI  - Deposition of fluoride on tooth surfaces by a two-solution mouthrinse in vitro.
AB  - A constant-composition fluoride (F) titration method was used to measure the
      amount of leachable F deposited on tooth surfaces in vitro by a 1-min rinse with
      a 228-ppm F solution (12 mmol/l sodium fluoride). The mean F uptake was 0.23 +/-
      (SE) 0.07 microgram/cm2, corresponding to less than 0.2% of the F contained in
      the rinse. The present study describes a new F rinse system that consisted of two
      solutions. Solution A contained a soluble calcium salt and a buffer. Solution B
      contained sodium fluorosilicate, a complex fluoride salt. When solutions A and B
      were combined, the free F ions produced by hydrolysis of fluorosilicate caused
      precipitation of calcium fluoride during the 1-min application time. The F uptake
      produced by the two-solution rinse was 4.36 +/- 0.16 micrograms/cm2, which was
      approximately 19 times greater than that produced by the sodium F rinse with the
      same F content. Since the cariostatic effects from F rinses are believed to
      derive from their ability to deposit labile F in the oral cavity, the two
      solution rinse may be more efficacious than the rinses currently in use.

PMID- 1810651
TI  - Effect of a steel mesh and human dental plaque on fluoride uptake in vitro.
AB  - Blocks of bovine enamel, covered with a steel mesh or a steel mesh plus plaque or
      with neither, were treated in vitro with a 20% slurry of a fluoride dentifrice
      for 1 h. An initial experiment showed that fluoride in blocks without mesh or
      plaque increased significantly, whereas fluoride in blocks covered with a steel
      mesh harboring intraorally accumulated plaque did not. A follow-up experiment
      showed that enamel blocks covered with the mesh but without plaque acquired a
      small amount of fluoride, but significantly less than the blocks without mesh.
      These experiments indicate that covering enamel specimens with mesh, as is done
      during in situ experiments, may significantly influence the transport of fluoride
      to the enamel and, therefore, the amount of fluoride acquired by the specimens
      and perhaps the degree of de- or remineralization. They also suggest that the
      fluoride distribution to some areas of the natural dentition may be inadequate.

PMID- 1810652
TI  - Distribution of fluoride in the cementum of human deciduous canines.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the fluoride distribution in human
      deciduous cementum. Ten pairs of sound deciduous canines, extracted from children
      aged 6-9 years, were examined. The teeth were sectioned, and specimens of
      cementum were removed from the buccal or lingual aspect of the sections. Samples
      were removed sequentially by abrasion, from the cementum surface to the cementum
      dentine junction, and their fluoride content determined as described earlier. The
      concentrations of fluoride were highest at or near the cementum surface and
      decreased towards the interior of the tissue. Concentrations and patterns of
      fluoride distribution were characteristic of the individual subjects. The
      distribution patterns of fluoride in the contralateral teeth from the same
      subject were also fairly similar.

PMID- 1810653
TI  - Comparison of the physicochemical surface properties of Streptococcus rattus with
      those of other mutans streptococcal species.
AB  - Mutans streptococci comprise a group of seven closely related, yet distinct
      species. The distinction between the four species used in this study, namely
      Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus rattus, and
      Streptococcus mutans, has been made only recently on the basis of DNA homologies.
      In order to determine if there is a difference in the physicochemical surface
      properties of these species, strains were characterized by contact angles, zeta
      potentials and isoelectric points (IEP), elemental surface compositions by X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy, and molecular moieties by infrared spectroscopy.
      Contact angles, particularly when measured with water, can be considered a
      measure of cell surface hydrophobicity; zeta potentials reflect the charge of the
      outermost cell surface; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy yields the relative
      abundance of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus over the outer 5 nm of the
      bacterial cell surface; infrared spectroscopy enables a molecular
      characterization in terms of proteins, phosphates, and polysaccharides. All four
      species were homogeneous with regard to their physicochemical surface properties.
      However, the S. rattus species were clearly different from the others on the
      basis of the low water contact angle (21 +/- 2 vs. 26-31 degrees), highly
      negative zeta potential and lack of IEP, and high oxygen/carbon (0.50 +/- 0.02
      vs. 0.41-0.43) and phosphorus/carbon (0.016 +/- 0.001 vs. 0.006-0.008) surface
      concentration ratios. Amongst the other differences observed, each species had a
      characteristic pH dependence of their zeta potential measured in phosphate
      buffer, yielding an IEP of 1.7, 2.1, and 2.5 for S. cricetus, S. sobrinus, and S.
      mutans, respectively. However, a cluster analysis on the zeta potential data
      showed only an isolated cluster for the S. rattus species. Thus it is likely that
      the higher cariogenicity of S. sobrinus with respect to S. cricetus and S. mutans
      is, in addition to a higher acidogenicity, due to the smaller negative surface
      charge, giving an increased adhesion to negatively charged tooth surfaces. S.
      rattus is expected to be the least adherent strain in the oral cavity as it
      carries a relatively high negative surface charge.

PMID- 1810654
TI  - Competition between fluoride-resistant and fluoride-sensitive Streptococcus
      mutans in rat dental plaque.
AB  - The experiments were designed to study the effects of fluoride on the competition
      between a fluoride-sensitive strain of Streptococcus mutans (C180-2) and a
      fluoride-resistant mutant (S. mutans C180-2FR) in rat dental plaque. Competition
      was induced either by superinfecting rats or by co-caging rats infected with
      either strain with non-infected rats. Sodium fluoride was applied in diet and
      drinking water (60 ppm F), as daily brushings with a 1% F solution, or as a
      combination of both administrations. The fluoride applications favoured S. mutans
      C180-2FR, but not enough to outcompete the parent strain successfully under all
      conditions. Fluoride protected rat dental plaque harbouring S. mutans C180-2FR
      against colonization by the parent strain. In rats not previously infected with
      S. mutans, the fluoride in diet and drinking water in combination with the
      fluoride brushings favoured S. mutans C180-2FR in colonizing rat dental plaque.
      However, the fluoride applications did not benefit S. mutans C180-2FR in
      colonizing plaque in which the parent strain was already present. Human dental
      plaque may be colonized by fluoride-resistant S. mutans strains after spontaneous
      mutation in response to a fluoride pressure. Our data suggest that this pressure
      may also provide an ecological advantage to this mutant to colonize the dental
      plaque.

PMID- 1810655
TI  - Inhibition of acid production by Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 by zinc and the
      effect of metal speciation.
AB  - Ionic zinc as zinc sulphate was strongly inhibitory to acid production from
      glucose by washed cell suspensions of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 in a pH
      stat assay (50% inhibition at 0.1 mM zinc). Zinc was adsorbed to the cells (up to
      8 micrograms/mg cells). Several other zinc salts that dissociated to free zinc
      ions were also strongly inhibitory. Zinc in a partially complexed form as zinc
      citrate was less strongly inhibitory (50% inhibition at 0.2 mM zinc), and
      adsorption of zinc was lower (up to 3 micrograms/mg cells). Stoichiometric
      addition of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) to assays containing zinc
      sulphate completely removed inhibition and adsorption of zinc. A good correlation
      between inhibition of acid production and adsorption of zinc was found, and zinc
      adsorption was correlated with the levels of free zinc ion in the assay mixtures.
      The strongly anionic complexes of zinc, Zn(CIT)-, Zn(CIT)4-(2), and Zn(EDTA)2-,
      were not inhibitory and did not adsorb to the bacterial cells.

PMID- 1810656
TI  - Dental caries and mutans streptococci in the proximal areas of molars affected by
      the habitual use of xylitol chewing gum.
AB  - The relationship between the caries status and the microbiological status [mutans
      streptococci (MS)] in the proximal areas of lower right and upper left molars was
      investigated in subjects of the Ylivieska xylitol study in Finland (1982-1985) in
      a cross-sectional follow-up in 1988. Those children who had used xylitol chewing
      gum regularly since 1982 showed significantly lower caries indices in 1988,
      including the proximal caries scores. The presence of MS (expressed in log10
      colony-forming units) in the proximal areas studied was significantly lower in
      habitual xylitol consumers. Carious interproximal areas of all subjects had
      significantly higher total levels of MS than clinically and radiographically
      sound interproximal areas. The present study supports the idea of a close
      association between MS and dental caries, and shows that the total level of MS in
      the human dentition can be influenced by xylitol. It is likely that the long-term
      (between 1982 and 1988) habitual xylitol consumption had decreased the prevalence
      of MS in the interproximal areas of the present subjects and, subsequently,
      decreased the proximal and overall caries indices.

PMID- 1810657
TI  - Effect of dentifrices containing either xylitol and glycerol or sorbitol on
      mutans streptococci in saliva.
AB  - In 76 adults, randomly distributed between two groups, a comparison was made of
      the effect on the level of mutans streptococci in saliva between two dentifrices
      containing: (1) xylitol (9.9%) and glycerol (20%) or (2) sorbitol (28%) as
      humectants. After the use of the dentifrices twice daily for 3 months, the levels
      of mutans streptococci had not changed significantly in the sorbitol-treated
      group, whereas a significant reduction (p less than 0.0005) was found in subjects
      using the xylitol/glycerol dentifrice. The difference between the two dentifrice
      groups based on the changes observed during the 3-month period was also
      significant (p less than 0.02).

PMID- 1810658
TI  - Fluoride and mutans streptococci in plaque grown on glass ionomer and composite.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the levels of fluoride and mutans
      streptococci in plaque grown on glass ionomer (Ketac-Fil) and composite (Silar)
      restorations in vivo. From tunnels left under the brackets bonded either with
      glass ionomer or composite, 14-day-old plaque samples were collected 14, 28, and
      42 days after bonding. For glass ionomer the mean counts of mutans streptococci
      in plaque were 0.5 x 10(3), 6.7 x 10(3), and 8.8 x 10(3) CFU at the first,
      second, and third collection, respectively, whereas for composite restorations
      the corresponding values were 32.1 x 10(3), 14.6 x 10(3), and 120.6 x 10(3) CFU.
      For glass ionomer the mean concentrations of fluoride were 19,985, 5,788, and
      5,019 ppm at first, second, and third collections of 14-day-old plaque samples,
      respectively, whereas for composite restorations the mean concentrations of
      fluoride were about 200 ppm throughout the study. The results show that the
      fluoride level in plaque growing on glass ionomer is much higher than that on
      composite restorations which seems to affect the level of mutans streptococci in
      dental plaque.

PMID- 1810659
TI  - Relationship of original mineral loss in caries-like lesions to mineral changes
      in situ. Short communication.

PMID- 1810661
TI  - Bruxism: a worn out concept.

PMID- 1810660
TI  - Trends in caries prevalence in 5-, 7- and 11-year-old schoolchildren in The Hague
      between 1969 and 1989.
AB  - Starting in 1969, periodic cross-sectional examinations of schoolchildren have
      been carried out in the city of The Hague. In 1989 the periodic examinations were
      continued and, in general, caries prevalence was found to be very low; D3MFS
      values ranged between 1.5 and 2.2 at age 11.8 years. Compared to 1984, 5-year-old
      children of low and medium socio-economic levels (SES) in 1989 had significantly
      higher d3mfs values (p less than 0.01), mainly due to a marked increase in
      decayed surfaces per child; a significant increase in caries experience of the
      deciduous dentition amongst 7-year-olds of low social level was found (p less
      than 0.01). A further reduction of D3MFS values for 7-year-old children of low
      and medium SES could be observed in 1989 compared to 1984. Between 1978 and 1989
      a marked D3MFS reductions amongst 11-year-olds in the three social levels was
      found. Possible explanations for the observed differences in caries experience
      between 1984 and 1989 are discussed.

PMID- 1810662
TI  - Paper Chase can put you back in the hunt.

PMID- 1810663
TI  - Calling for double-blind controls.

PMID- 1810664
TI  - Fighting the turf wars.

PMID- 1810665
TI  - Protocol for diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 1810666
TI  - Facial thermography, basis, protocol, and clinical value.
AB  - Computerized electronic telethermography provides clinicians with a reliable
      evaluation of subtle body surface temperature changes that show underlying
      physical disorders characterized by pain. The first study population involved
      4000 measurements of 100 volunteers at the Medical School of New Jersey. This
      study of normal volunteers evaluates the validity and reliability of using 0.5
      degrees C skin surface temperature difference between opposite sides of the head
      as a minimum difference standard for recognition of a clinically significant
      thermographic abnormality. A second study population of over 300 patients with
      clinically suspected temporomandibular disorder were used. The authors used a
      standard thermographic protocol procedure that is approved by the Academy of
      Neuromuscular Thermography. Also discussed in detail are artifactual influences
      and trigger point detection. The clinical value of this information in the
      diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorder patients is self evident.

PMID- 1810667
TI  - Blocking of periodontal afferents with anesthesia and its influence on elevator
      EMG activity.
AB  - The effect of anesthetic blocking of the periodontal afferents of the canine
      teeth was studied in order to determine its influence on any changes in the jaw
      elevation activity. Unilateral integrated EMG recordings were made of the
      masseter and anterior temporal muscles during maximal voluntary clenching in
      centric occlusion and laterotrusive position with canine contact. After
      anesthetic blocking of the periodontal afferents of one or both ipsilateral
      canines, a significant increase was observed of the EMG activity of both jaw
      elevator muscles studied, in centric occlusion as well as with canine contact.
      The elevator activity increase was of a greater magnitude when antagonistic
      canines were anesthetized. These findings thus support the hypothesis that high
      threshold periodontal receptors exert an inhibitory effect on jaw elevator
      muscular activity.

PMID- 1810668
TI  - Nondiscogenic causes of temporomandibular joint pain.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint is a topic of recent
      interest and has gained widespread use for the assessment of internal derangement
      and other temporomandibular joint-related symptoms. In this article the authors
      present six proven cases of pathologic abnormalities of the temporomandibular
      joint region that may clinically mimic internal derangement. These cases
      demonstrate the importance of the monitoring of studies by a radiologist and also
      the utility of computed tomography as an adjunctive modality. Magnetic resonance
      imaging and computed tomography are often complimentary in diagnosing etiologies
      that may mimic internal derangement. Because abnormalities other than internal
      derangement are often encountered during the use of magnetic resonance imaging,
      it is essential for the radiologist to assume an active role in monitoring such
      cases.

PMID- 1810669
TI  - A comparative study of electromyograms of the masseter, temporalis, and anterior
      digastric muscles obtained by surface and intramuscular electrodes: raw-EMG.
AB  - Electromyographic activity was synchronously recorded by surface and
      intramuscular electrodes in the same muscle. The activity of the left masseter,
      left temporalis, and both bellies of the anterior digastric muscle was studied by
      this double registration technique. In rest position no electromyographic
      activity could be detected in any of the muscles by both techniques. Both
      techniques give comparable results in cyclic jaw movements. In isometric
      contractions, however, differences in the registered activity were observed
      between the surface electrode on the depressor group muscles and the
      intramuscularly recorded anterior digastric muscles. Silent periods evoked in the
      elevator muscles were of slightly longer duration when recorded by intramuscular
      electrodes than when recorded by surface electrodes. A protruded position of the
      mandible results in a silent period of longer duration than the position of the
      mandible in maximal occlusion during clenching for both techniques.

PMID- 1810670
TI  - Office computerization using a scanner to maximize temporomandibular disorder
      correspondence.
AB  - In this time of increased temporomandibular disorder (TMD) therapy, it has become
      necessary for the clinician to proportionately increase his/her office
      documentation. The legal profession has strongly advised the dental profession
      that the best deterrent to litigation is maximum documentation. This has
      increased the paperwork of any office dealing with TMD patients on a regular
      basis. This paper presents the author's experiences and evaluation of one
      software company that claims to improve office efficiency and speed at the same
      time. The Patient Communications Systems, Inc. (PCS) is presented after more than
      four years of clinical experience in the author's practice. There are three forms
      that comprise the TMD package: (1) health questionnaire; (2) clinical evaluation;
      and (3) radiographic exam, diagnosis, and treatment plan. Each form is presented
      along with some of the narratives that can be generated. Some constructive
      suggestions have been made to help the overall flow of information that is
      relative to the author's office. This correspondence system has proven to be very
      time efficient, and has improved the level of correspondence in this referral
      practice multifold.

PMID- 1810671
TI  - Skull dysfunction.
AB  - Individuals commonly report a multitude of factors or triggers as the cause for
      the onset of a headache or facial pain. The challenge has always been to
      understand the many triggers, the diverse symptoms, the chronological
      characteristics, and the variability of location associated with headache and
      facial pain. Part I of this article presents theories and hypotheses proposing
      that the etiology of the final common pathway of headache and facial pain is from
      pain signals generated within the skull's joints. The model proposes to explain
      the variability in the triggers, symptoms, chronological aspects, and location
      known to be associated with headache and facial pain. The evidence to support
      these theories is clinical and anecdotal at this time. These theories need
      controlled investigation. A review of the anatomy of the skull's joints is
      provided. Part II of this article is a step-by-step description of the use of a
      nasal balloon device for the treatment of skull joint dysfunction. A review of
      the history and use of this and other methods of skull joint treatment is
      provided.

PMID- 1810672
TI  - The implications and applications of biostatistical analysis in craniomandibular
      and orofacial pain disorders.
AB  - This article will acquaint the reader with the most commonly used summary
      statistics and their appropriate use in craniomandibular and orofacial pain
      disorders. Hopefully it will also encourage the reader to critically examine
      published papers, experimental design, and statistical treatment of data by
      asking these questions: Have experiments been properly designed? Has enough
      information been presented so that research can be repeated? Were subjects
      randomly assigned and treated? Was the statistical analysis described clearly and
      succinctly, and was it appropriate? Did the experimental data and results support
      the conclusions of the article? Were the findings statistically significant, and
      if so, were they clinically significant and meaningful? Anecdotal clinical
      studies of temporomandibular disorder sufferers can no longer be considered as
      the gold standard.

PMID- 1810674
TI  - Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis)--Part 1.

PMID- 1810673
TI  - Arthroscopic surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint hypermobility with
      recurrent anterior dislocation: an alternative to open surgery.

PMID- 1810675
TI  - Dental manpower demography in Israel--Part 2.

PMID- 1810676
TI  - Complete dentures for the preschool child.

PMID- 1810677
TI  - Clinical aspects of pit and fissure sealant--an update.

PMID- 1810678
TI  - Does intensive medical therapy influence the outcome in unstable angina?

PMID- 1810679
TI  - Cardiac catheterization laboratories: should every hospital have one?
AB  - It is obvious that times have changed. Cardiac catheterization laboratories are
      everywhere. The concerns that must be addressed continually are: 1. Patient
      safety and quality of patient care. 2. Access to emergency hospitalization. 3.
      The overseeing of these laboratories. 4. Physician conflict of interest. 5. Need
      for the laboratory in the region In order to add a new cardiac catheterization
      laboratory to any region, patient need must be documented. Patient need is the
      only justification for the development of a new laboratory. I fail to understand
      how the continuing development of new laboratories will decrease costs, and am
      concerned that more catheterization laboratories will mean more studies of
      patients with borderline indications for the procedure.

PMID- 1810680
TI  - Cocaine: the newest risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Cocaine-related cardiovascular events escalated during the 1980s as cocaine
      became purer, cheaper, and easier to obtain. Cocaine abuse is a risk factor for
      myocardial ischemia and/or infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema,
      ruptured aortic aneurysm, cerebral infarction, infective endocarditis, vascular
      thrombosis, myocarditis, and dilated cardiomyopathy. As medical and social
      complications of cocaine have become evident, and with the growing negative image
      of cocaine, the number of first-time users has begun to decline. Cocaine abuse is
      seen on all levels of our society and has emerged as an issue of significant
      medical and public health importance. All routes and forms of cocaine abuse are
      potentially cardiotoxic and can be lethal. Fatal cardiac complications can occur
      in a first-time user. All physicians should be alert for cocaine abuse when
      confronted with unexplained cardiac symptoms. Cocaine is the newest and sometimes
      unrecognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease in young individuals
      otherwise free of cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 1810681
TI  - The prognostic and economic implications of a strategy to detect and treat
      asymptomatic ischemia: the Atenolol Silent Ischemia Trial (ASIST) protocol.
AB  - Although silent ischemia may be linked to increases in cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality, the long-term effects of a strategy aimed at the detection and
      treatment of this asymptomatic condition have not been fully explored. We
      therefore have developed the Atenolol Silent Ischemia Trial (ASIST), the first
      multicenter, randomized, prospective study of the prognostic implications of
      silent ischemia in asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients with coronary
      artery disease. Inclusion criteria for study patients were documented coronary
      artery disease, evidenced angiographically or by previous myocardial infarction,
      and transient ischemia, evidenced by abnormalities of regional wall motion,
      stress thallium-201, or exercise electrocardiogram. The main objective of ASIST
      is to assess the influence of frequency and duration of symptomatic and
      asymptomatic ischemic episodes on the occurrence of fatal and nonfatal cardiac
      events. Atenolol, a beta 1-selective adrenergic blocker, was chosen as the
      therapeutic intervention because of its potential benefits in treating both
      symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemia. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring
      will be used to measure the frequency and duration of ischemic episodes during
      daily life. The predictive ability of short-term (4-week) effects on long-term
      (52-week) response to atenolol treatment is also being assessed, along with the
      economic impact of this diagnostic and therapeutic strategy. Given the current
      emphasis on reducing morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery
      disease, ASIST results should shed light onto the long-term management and
      prognostic implications of this otherwise asymptomatic condition.

PMID- 1810682
TI  - Sublingual administration of captopril in patients with acute myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - To investigate the anti-ischemic capability of the angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor captopril, 10 patients with acute myocardial ischemia (angina pectoris
      less than 1 h, ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV, no rise in
      creatine phosphokinase) received 25 mg captopril sublingually after being treated
      with an intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin (3 mg/h) and heparin (1200 IU/h)
      for 1 hour. A control group of 10 patients received placebo instead of captopril.
      Results showed a decrease of the initial ST-segment depression from 0.25 +/- 0.04
      to 0.2 +/- 0.03 mV (p less than 0.01) with nitroglycerin for the captopril group
      and from 0.26 +/- 0.05 to 0.21 +/- 0.05 mV (p less than 0.01) for the control
      group. An additional decrease to 0.13 +/- 0.03 mV (p less than 0.001) was
      measured after sublingual captopril, while no significant change was found in the
      placebo group (0.19 +/- 0.04 mV). In both groups, 3 patients had no incidents of
      angina after 1-h nitroglycerin infusion. An additional 6 patients resolved their
      complaints after captopril administration in contrast to only 1 after placebo.
      Two patients in the placebo group required increased doses of nitroglycerin
      because of impairment of anginal complaints. Hemodynamic measurements documented
      a significant drop of pulmonary vascular resistance after a 1-h infusion of
      nitroglycerin (-12.9% and -13.1%, respectively, p less than 0.05), while all
      other parameters remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810683
TI  - Variability of electrocardiographic precordial lead placement: a method to
      improve accuracy and reliability.
AB  - Variability in precordial lead placement is a recognized source of
      electrocardiographic inaccuracy and lack of reproducibility. In an attempt to
      reduce error, we evaluated a new device to facilitate and guide precordial lead
      placement. This study involved three phases: (1) comparison of device-guided
      electrocardiogram with ECGs obtained by deliberate misplacement of precordial
      leads on the same patient; (2) electrocardiograms obtained by using the
      precordial lead device versus those obtained by standard technician methods; (3)
      reproducibility of precordial electrocardiographic leads between two technicians
      using the device to guide lead placement. Deliberate misplacement of precordial
      leads by 2 cm resulted in significant electrocardiographic interpretation changes
      in all patients. Comparing electrocardiograms obtained after device-guided
      precordial placement with those obtained after technician placement resulted in
      variations in 60% of patients including changes in R-wave amplitude, ST segments,
      Q waves, and transition zone. Significant Q-wave appearance/disappearance and/or
      significant ST-segment elevation/depression occurred in 19% of patients in Phase
      II. Sixteen percent of electrocardiograms showed significant changes when
      analyzed by an experienced electrocardiographer and 10% when interpreted by
      computer. Variable lead placements and resulting electrocardiographic alterations
      were not seen by either of two technicians when the device was used. This study
      confirms the widespread variability in precordial electrocardiograms secondary to
      lead misplacement. The use of a device to assist in the placement of precordial
      leads ensures accuracy and reproducibility of electrocardiography. Improved
      precision and quality control in this laboratory test have important implications
      in health care and its costs.

PMID- 1810684
TI  - Outpatient cardiac catheterization: a report of 3,000 cases.
AB  - A total of 3000 patients have had cardiac catheterization in the Andreas
      Gruentzig Cardiovascular Laboratory of the Emory Clinic. The purpose of this
      presentation is to describe the patient population selected for this procedure
      and our experience with this group. The concept of catheterization as an
      outpatient is attractive from the standpoint of cost savings and time
      conservation. Safety has been questioned. We have found that this technique can
      be performed safely in carefully selected outpatients. Careful selection
      attempted to eliminate those with unstable symptoms, recent myocardial
      infarction, severe diabetes, and renal failure. Small catheters were used to
      minimize the potential for bleeding. Excellent opacification of vessels was
      obtained with these catheters. Despite careful screening we found 2.2% had
      significant left main obstruction, 10.8% had triple-vessel disease, 16.0% had
      double-vessel disease, and 23.5% had single-vessel disease, and a similar
      percentage had normal coronary arteriograms. Our patients experienced ventricular
      fibrillation on five occasions, there were two small cerebral emboli with
      reversible neurologic defects, two episodes of pulmonary edema, and two episodes
      of severe allergic reactions. Only three patients had significant groin bleeding
      at home that required compression of the site. We subsequently did angioplasty on
      323 patients, performed cardiac surgery (mostly coronary bypass) on 187 patients,
      and admitted 18.2% of the entire group. We conclude that this procedure can be
      done safely in this carefully designed setting and it saves time and offers cost
      savings. Patient selection is very important to minimize potential emergency
      situations and complications. The laboratory must be carefully set up and provide
      a close relationship with a hospital capable of attending to any unexpected
      emergency.

PMID- 1810685
TI  - Static versus dynamic exercise: effects on Doppler echocardiographic indices of
      left ventricular performance.
AB  - In order to compare the effects of static exercise with those of dynamic exercise
      on the Doppler echocardiographic measurements of ascending aortic blood flow
      velocity and acceleration, Doppler echocardiography was performed with sustained
      handgrip exercise and with supine bicycle exercise in 12 normal subjects, 12
      patients with coronary artery disease, and 7 patients with heart failure. In
      normal subjects: peak velocity decreased by 16 +/- 11% with handgrip from the
      resting value and increased by 49 +/- 19% with bicycle exercise (p less than
      0.01); mean acceleration decreased by 6 +/- 30% with handgrip and increased by
      162 +/- 83% with bicycle exercise (p less than 0.01). In patients with coronary
      artery disease: peak velocity declined by 9 +/- 14% with handgrip and increased
      by 19 +/- 18% with bicycle exercise (p less than 0.01); mean acceleration
      increased by 13 +/- 27% with handgrip and by 41 +/- 33% with bicycle exercise
      (NS). In patients with congestive heart failure: peak velocity decreased by 19 +/
      13% with handgrip and increased by 5 +/- 17% with bicycle exercise (p less than
      0.01); mean acceleration decreased by 12 +/- 23% with handgrip and by 4 +/- 37%
      with bicycle exercise. A marked increase in afterload stress induced by static
      exercise presumably offsets the moderately increased contractility and accounts
      for the decline of peak velocity and mean acceleration with static exercise both
      in normals and cardiac patients. In contrast, marked increase in contractile
      state along with little change in afterload with dynamic exercise results in
      markedly increased peak velocity and mean acceleration in normal
      subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810686
TI  - Diffuse embolization following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of
      occluded vein grafts: the blush phenomenon.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed on 146
      saphenous vein grafts in 116 patients. In 29 patients, 31 grafts were totally
      occluded. Myocardial staining lasting over 5 minutes--"the blush phenomenon"-
      followed the opening of the occluded grafts in 9 of these patients. In 5 of these
      9, enzyme release suggested infarction. A sixth patient died within a few hours
      of PTCA, with suspected infarction. Autopsy demonstrated diffuse and extensive
      distal coronary arterial embolization of grumous material, including cholesterol
      crystals, platelets, and fibrin. The blush phenomenon was not seen following PTCA
      in the remaining 20 patients with total occlusions, nor in any of the 87 patients
      with stenosed grafts. We have not observed the blush phenomenon following PTCA of
      more than 3300 coronary arteries. Of the 9 patients demonstrating the blush
      phenomenon, 6 had a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina
      pectoris, compared with 4 of the remaining 20 patients with occluded grafts. We
      now approach occluded grafts with injection of intragraft thrombolytic agents or
      with atherectomy prior to PTCA. Future approaches may include atherectomy or
      laser angioplasty.

PMID- 1810687
TI  - Prazosin in chronic congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Oral prazosin hydrochloride (2-20 mg/day) was administered to 38 patients with
      chronic congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease for 6-18 months.
      Half (19) of the patients were hypertensive and half (19) nonhypertensive. All
      were receiving furosemide (80 mg/day, orally) and 19 were receiving digoxin (0.25
      0.5 mg/day, orally) in addition to prazosin. Clinical radiological,
      mechanocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical observations were made
      initially, at peak response, and at the end of 6 months. Prazosin improved left
      ventricular function indexes at rest, relieved symptoms and signs of congestion,
      and remained effective for 6-18 months with little or no increase in dose. There
      was no reflex tachycardia, tension-time indexes fell in all patients, angina was
      relieved in 8 patients who complained of it, and dyskinesia of left ventricular
      wall was corrected in 8 of 13 patients. The New York Heart Association functional
      class improved in all patients, but to a greater extent in hypertensive patients
      and in those not receiving concomitant digoxin. Mild, transient side effects
      occurred in 6 patients.

PMID- 1810688
TI  - Undergoing transesophageal studies: a cardiologist's perspective.

PMID- 1810689
TI  - The monophasic action potential in clinical cardiology.
AB  - For more than 30 years, the monophasic action potential has been used as an
      experimental tool for the study of myocardial repolarization. With recent
      improvements in catheter design, the utility of the tool as a means to identify
      the bases for ventricular arrhythmias in humans has been greatly improved.
      Abnormalities of repolarization leading to ventricular arrhythmia formation can
      be identified and specific pharmacologic therapies may be evaluated. Further
      evaluation of the technique by cardiac electrophysiologists may improve both the
      diagnosis and the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias dependent upon
      afterdepolarization formation (acquired and familial long QT syndromes).

PMID- 1810690
TI  - Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in atrioventricular septal defects: a
      pathologic and morphometric evaluation.
AB  - Subaortic stenosis has been described with increasing frequency as an ominous
      feature of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), especially following surgical
      correction of the anomaly in non-Down's syndrome patients. In order to study the
      surgical anatomy of the left ventricular outflow tract in this malformation, 48
      hearts featuring AVSD were examined. Obstructive lesions were classified into
      unequivocal forms (class A, 13.5%) and potential ones (class B, 10.8%). In the
      remaining hearts (class C, 75.7%) no obstruction was noted. In class A, subaortic
      stenosis was due to exaggeration of the anticipated anomalous arrangement of
      atrioventricular valve tensor apparatus, to the persistence of a subaortic
      muscular infundibulum, and to a discrete fibrous diaphragm. A potential for
      subaortic stenosis is provided by the unwedged position of the aortic valve. The
      left ventricular outflow tract is transformed into a long, forward-displaced
      fibromuscular channel. Morphometric analysis showed in AVSD (with both common
      annulus and separate orifices) a significantly (p less than 0.01) lower
      inflow/outflow tract ratio, and a significantly (p less than 0.01) lower right
      ventricular/left ventricular outflow length ratio than normal hearts. These
      results suggest that AVSD is characterized not only, as commonly stated, by
      inflow tract shortening, but by outflow tract lengthening as well. On these
      anatomical grounds, nearly all cases of AVSD could harbor the potential for
      subaortic stenosis; however, this becomes a real hazard (class B) only when
      associated with forward displacement of the left anterior papillary muscle, or
      direct insertion on the ventricular septum of the anterior bridging leaflet, and
      it may be converted to an actual obstruction by the effects of surgery.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810691
TI  - Double aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and
      atrioventricular septal defect.
AB  - A double aortic arch is usually an isolated abnormality. We describe a case with
      a previously undescribed combination of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary
      atresia, complete atrioventricular septal defect, and left patent arterial duct
      in association with a double aortic arch. A complete diagnosis was made by
      echocardiography. Meticulous suprasternal echocardiography must be employed to
      avoid overlooking an unsuspected aortic arch abnormality.

PMID- 1810692
TI  - Unknown extra cardiac echo-free space: diagnosis of a left ventricular
      pseudoaneurysm by color flow echocardiography.
AB  - At times, visualization of a ventricular pseudoaneurysm by two-dimensional
      echocardiography can be difficult. This case report describes the unique
      diagnostic potential of color flow echocardiography in the diagnosis of an
      unknown extra cardiac echo-free space, a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Using
      color Doppler echocardiography flow can be seen communicating between the left
      ventricle and the pseudoaneurysm.

PMID- 1810693
TI  - Cardiac tamponade as an unusual presentation of lung cancer: case report and
      review of the literature.

PMID- 1810694
TI  - Prazosin's effect in high renin hypertension complicating pheochromocytoma.
AB  - During three consecutive days of prazosin treatment in a patient with
      pheochromocytoma, urinary catecholamine metabolite levels were correlated with
      plasma renin activity. Suppression of renin plasma activity resulted in sustained
      hemodynamic and clinical improvement, while no remarkable changes were observed
      in urinary catecholamine metabolite levels. This suggests that prazosin may
      interrupt the vicious cycle of worsening hypertension provoked by further
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system mediated by excessive circulating
      catecholamines.

PMID- 1810695
TI  - Vasodepressor syncope from neck cancer with associated C-6 dermatome neuralgia.
AB  - An unusual case of neck cancer with associated C-6 dermatome neuralgia causing
      vasodepressor syncope episodes is discussed. Pacemaker therapy proved not to be
      required. When evaluating syncope with bradycardia, it is important to search for
      underlying causes and to ascertain whether or not pacemaker therapy is indicated.

PMID- 1810697
TI  - Indications and possibilities of treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardias.

PMID- 1810696
TI  - Robert E. Gross.

PMID- 1810698
TI  - Identification of patients at high risk of ventricular arrhythmias after
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1810699
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay to determine serum myoglobin in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - A method of "sandwich" enzyme immunoassay was developed for determination of
      human serum myoglobin with the use of myoglobin isolated from human myocardium
      and gammaglobulin fraction of a specific sheep antiserum labelled with
      horseradish peroxidase. The linear part of the calibration curve within the range
      of 0.08-2.2 nmol/l is suitable for accurate quantitative reading of myoglobin
      concentration. Intra- and interassay variation coefficients are 7% and 11.2%,
      respectively. A comparison of 100 serum samples assessed by means of commercially
      available RIA kit and by the given method revealed a correlation coefficient of
      0.86.

PMID- 1810700
TI  - Efficacy of intravenous verapamil in arterial hypertension refractory to three
      step antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - Intravenous verapamil infusion reduced the arterial pressure (AP) in 13 out of 71
      (76.5%) patients with severe arterial hypertension (AH) refractory to a two-week,
      three-step oral antihypertensive medication. Investigations including echo- and
      radio-cardiography were performed: in the control period before starting the
      three-step treatment; after two weeks before intravenous verapamil infusions; 10
      days after stopping the verapamil administration, and before leaving the hospital
      during continued 3-4 weeks three-step therapy. The AP reduction was caused by
      decreased total peripheral resistance. Verapamil administration improved also
      intracardiac haemodynamics and left ventricular contraction. The AP was
      effectively controlled even after stopping the verapamil administration and
      continuing the three-step oral antihypertensive treatment. No manifest changes in
      the left ventricular function were registered.

PMID- 1810701
TI  - Capillary refill test--a possible auxiliary diagnostic method in obliterative
      arteriosclerosis.
AB  - Values of capillary refill time (CRT) were used for evaluation of skin
      microcirculation in the lower extremities severed by arteriosclerotic disease.
      The authors examined 133 extremities in 83 arteriosclerotic patients and 84
      extremities of 50 healthy volunteers as a control group. To define the stage of
      the disease, walking distance, rest pain, level of arterial occlusion and the
      ankle/arm Doppler index (AAI) were considered. On each leg CRT was measured three
      times on the foot dorsum and pulp of the hallux. The mean value was calculated.
      The capillary refill index (CRI) was defined from the values of CRT as a
      proportion of compression time and time of skin recolouration. Twenty three
      extremities were examined before and after surgical treatment. The results
      suggest that values of CRI lower than 0.80 may be considered pathological. In
      advanced forms of the disease, low values of CRI were found in a significant
      number of extremities (p less than 0.01). A correlation was found among AAI,
      walking distance and CRI (r = 0.50). An extremely low CRI (under 0.55) was found
      on extremities without palpable femoral pulsations. After operation, a
      significant increase of CRI was observed (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 1810702
TI  - An immunogenetic study in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Research of the relevant international literature on HLA studies in patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy yielded controversial results. There are no studies,
      conducted in sufficiently large groups of patients, that would consider the
      different functional and morphological forms of the disease. Therefore, the
      authors carried out detailed typing of 60 Class I and II antigens in 117 patients
      known to suffer from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Values of the relative risk and
      chi-square test showed a number of possible associations. However, after
      correction for the number of antigens tested, only HLA-B21 was shown to have a
      significantly high frequency (in patients with the obstructive form and in those
      with advanced myocardial hypertrophy, defined as a wall thickness greater than 30
      mm). An association with this antigen has previously been demonstrated in a
      number of cases of ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction of young
      people, and in hypertensive subjects. HLA typing may be helpful in recognizing
      forms which are not fully typical. In Czechoslovakia, HLA-B21 carriers are at
      increased risk of developing a serious heart disease manifesting already in young
      age.

PMID- 1810703
TI  - HLA and venous thrombosis: a prospective study.
AB  - The frequency of venous thrombosis diagnosed by the fibrinogen uptake test and
      ultrasound in relation to HLA typing was examined in a prospective study of 154
      patients undergoing total hip replacement. The results demonstrate an association
      between venous thrombosis and the presence of HLA Cw4 and B35 (being in a linkage
      disequilibrium with Cw4) (Cw4 34.4% and B35 27.3%, relative risk 2.531 and 1.935
      respectively). These results suggest that the presence of HLA Cw4 can be regarded
      as one of laboratory risk factors of venous thrombosis.

PMID- 1810704
TI  - Analgosedation-enhanced baroreflex sensitivity in acute local myocardial
      ischaemia.
AB  - In acute local myocardial ischaemia produced in mongrel dogs, the sensitivity of
      baroreflex decreased as electrical instability (vulnerability) of cardiac
      ventricles increased. Simultaneous administration of a benzodiazepine and a
      powerful analgesic (analgosedation) augmented both baroreflex sensitivity and
      ventricular fibrillation threshold. Modulation of neurovegetative activation of
      the heart by drugs in the early stage of ischaemia holds promise as a potential
      technique of sudden coronary death prevention.

PMID- 1810705
TI  - Calcium antagonists in cardiovascular therapy.

PMID- 1810706
TI  - Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: scrapie, BSE and related human
      disorders.

PMID- 1810707
TI  - Scrapie strain variation and its implications.

PMID- 1810708
TI  - Natural transmission and genetic control of susceptibility of sheep to scrapie.

PMID- 1810709
TI  - The scrapie agent in vitro.

PMID- 1810710
TI  - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

PMID- 1810711
TI  - Search for a transmissible agent in Alzheimer's disease: studies of human buffy
      coat.

PMID- 1810712
TI  - Effect of bleaching time and temperature on the radicular penetration of hydrogen
      peroxide.
AB  - Extracted human premolars were treated endodontically and bleached
      intracoronally. The teeth were bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide for periods of
      5, 20, 40 and 60 min at temperatures of 24 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 47 degrees
      C. A correlation for both bleaching time and temperature and the radicular
      penetration of hydrogen peroxide was found. No penetration was found after 5 min
      bleaching at any of the temperatures tested. Prolonging the bleaching time after
      5 min increased the hydrogen peroxide penetration at each of the temperatures
      tested. A rise in the bleaching temperature also increased the hydrogen peroxide
      penetration although not significantly for all tested periods. It is therefore
      suggested to minimize the bleaching time and temperature when hydrogen peroxide
      is used as the oxidizing agent. Bleaching should be limited to separate 5-min
      periods rather than being performed over a long continuous period.

PMID- 1810713
TI  - Effect of luxation injuries on permanent teeth.
AB  - Trauma to the supporting tissues of the teeth are among the most common dental
      injuries, leading to such complications as pulp canal obliteration, necrosis and
      root resorption. The aim of this investigation was to study the outcome for young
      permanent teeth subjected to luxation injuries. From 108 dental records 171 teeth
      with injuries to the supporting tissue were selected. The material comprised 130
      subluxated, 15 extruded, 9 intruded, 15 exarticulated and 6 laterally luxated
      teeth in children aged 6-19 years. Apart from luxation, 59 teeth (35%) had
      additional crown and root fractures. 65% of the teeth recovered without
      complications. 78% of the subluxated teeth and 24% of the luxated teeth showed
      uneventful posttraumatic healing. Concomitant uncomplicated crown fractures or
      root fractures without displacement of the coronal fragment did not interfere
      with the healing. Of 60 teeth with healing complications, 52 (87%) were
      subsequently recorded as healed, the remaining 8 were extracted or had
      progressive root resorption. Loss of pulp vitality and external root resorptions
      were the most often recorded complications (28% and 17% of the total material
      respectively). Pulp canal obliteration was noted in 3% of the cases. Extent of
      injury and degree of tooth maturity were found to be related to healing
      complications.

PMID- 1810714
TI  - Permeability of normal versus carious dentin.
AB  - Although a number of reports have been published demonstrating that carious
      dentin is less permeable than normal dentin, these reports have been qualitative
      rather than quantitative. The purpose of this in vitro study was to apply a
      quantitative technique to the study of the permeability of carious human teeth
      before and after excavation, before and after removal of the smear layer and
      before and after preparation of a control cavity of similar size and depth in
      normal dentin subjected to the same measurements, for comparative purposes.
      Dentin permeability was measured as a hydraulic conductance. The permeability
      values measured at each step in the protocol were expressed as a percent of the
      maximum permeability of both cavities, permitting each tooth the serve as its own
      control. Carious lesions exhibited a slight degree of permeability (2.3 +/- 0.6%
      of controls) which remained unchanged after excavation of the lesions. Removal of
      the smear layer in the excavated carious lesions increased the permeability
      significantly to 6.9 +/- 3.2%. Preparation of a control cavity of the same area
      and depth increased the permeability slightly. Removal of its smear layer
      increased the permeability of the dentin 91%. These results confirm previous
      qualitative studies that carious dentin, even after excavation and removal of the
      smear layer has a very low permeability.

PMID- 1810715
TI  - Prevalence of apical periodontitis, crowned teeth and teeth with posts in a
      Swedish population.
AB  - A longitudinal radiological study was carried out of 200 consecutive patients in
      a Swedish population. The aims of the investigation were to study the prevalences
      of crowned teeth, pontics and posts on two occasions with an interval of 5-7
      years and, furthermore, to study apical periodontitis in connection with teeth
      with crowns and posts to see if such treatments affected this prevalence. 417
      (mean 2.1) teeth were crowned at the first examination and 529 (mean 2.6) at the
      second. For pontics, the corresponding figures were 93 (mean 0.5) and 141 (mean
      0.7). Crowns and pontics were more common in the upper jaw. 59.4% of the
      endodontically treated teeth had posts at the first examination and 64.4% at the
      second. 34.5% of the 255 teeth with apical periodontitis found at the first
      examination and 41.0% of the 268 at the second were in connection with posts. It
      was concluded that both crowns and pontics were common treatment procedures in
      the studied population. Crown therapy did not seem to impair the apical status
      while teeth with posts more often had apical periodontitis than other teeth and,
      furthermore, teeth with screw posts were lost more frequently than other teeth.

PMID- 1810716
TI  - Follow-up study of endodontic status in an adult Swedish population.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the endodontic status of
      selected teeth in a population over time, in order to get a long-term perspective
      of endodontically treated teeth. A random sample of the adult Swedish population
      was selected in 1974 and offered a clinical and radiographic examination. Eleven
      years later 351 of the selected persons attended a follow-up examination (1985).
      In radiographs, covering the mandibular premolar and molar regions, the status of
      1974 was directly compared, tooth by tooth, with the status of 1985. The results
      showed that a number of endodontically treated teeth with an apical periodontitis
      healed during the observation period. During the same period, approximately the
      same number of endodontically treated teeth presented with a new apical
      periodontitis. This finding suggested that cross-sectional studies could provide
      reliable information on the long-term success rate of endodontic treatment at the
      population level. The periapical lesions that persisted or developed during the
      observation period were strongly related to incomplete root canal obturation,
      which is in agreement with observations in follow-up studies from teaching and
      specialist clinics.

PMID- 1810717
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of bacteria in the apical part of root canals in
      permanent teeth with periapical lesions.
AB  - The most apical 2 mm of the root canals of periapically diseased roots were
      examined for microorganisms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacteria in
      this area were observed in 10 out of 12 (83.3%) cases. The two remaining cases
      exhibited bacteria more coronally, with tissue remnants between the bacterial
      front and the apical foramen. Rod-shaped bacteria dominated, but filaments,
      spirochetes and cocci were also seen. Cocci and rods sometimes formed micro
      colonies. Occasionally, cocci were seen attached to filaments forming "corn-cob"
      like structures. Deposits resembling bacterial plaque were also found inside the
      root canal. SEM is useful for studying microbial topography of the apical root
      canal.

PMID- 1810718
TI  - Endodontic therapy as an adjunct for treatment of juvenile periodontitis: case
      report.
AB  - The four first permanent molars in a 16-year-old girl with juvenile periodontitis
      were treated by selective grinding, tooth eruption, conventional periodontic
      treatment and endodontic therapy. The endodontic treatment was carried out as an
      elective procedure under ideal conditions, thereby pre-emptying the emergency
      treatment which would have been necessary following occlusal reduction. The two
      year follow-up examination showed successful resolution of the original
      condition.

PMID- 1810719
TI  - Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy
      physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording.
AB  - This paper uses fundamental principles of energy physiology to define minimum cut
      off limits for energy intake below which a person of a given sex, age and body
      weight could not live a normal life-style. These have been derived from whole
      body calorimeter and doubly-labelled water measurements in a wide range of
      healthy adults after due statistical allowance for intra- and interindividual
      variance. The tabulated cut-off limits, which depend on sample size and duration
      of measurements, identify minimum plausible levels of energy expenditure
      expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR). CUT-OFF 1 tests whether
      reported energy intake measurements can be representative of long-term habitual
      intake. It is set at 1.35 x BMR for cases where BMR has been measured rather than
      predicted. CUT-OFF 2 tests whether reported energy intakes are a plausible
      measure of the food consumed during the actual measurement period, and is always
      more liberal than CUT-OFF 1 since it has to allow for the known measurement
      imprecision arising from the high level of day-to-day variability in food intake.
      The cut-off limits can be used to evaluate energy intake data. Results falling
      below these limits must be recognized as being incompatible with long-term
      maintenance of energy balance and therefore with long-term survival.

PMID- 1810720
TI  - Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy
      physiology: 2. Evaluating the results of published surveys.
AB  - The fundamental principles of energy physiology were used to evaluate the
      validity of reported energy intake (EI) in 37 published dietary studies of adults
      providing 68 subgroups when classified according to sex and dietary method. EI
      was expressed as a multiple of BMR estimated using the reported heights and
      weights of the study populations (EI:BMR(est)). This ratio was compared with a
      study-specific cut-off value representing the lowest value for EI:BMR(est) that
      could, within defined bounds of statistical probability, reflect the habitual
      energy expenditure of a sedentary life-style. Mean EI:BMR(est) was 1.43 (0.19)
      compared with an expected requirement of 1.55. In 46 out of the 68 groups (68%),
      EI:BMR(est) was below the study-specific cut-off value. EI:BMR(est) was 1.37 (SD
      = 0.13) for women and 1.50 (SD = 0.16) for men (P less than 0.001). This could
      reflect either better reporting by men or a more active life-style. When
      categorized according to dietary assessment method, 64%, 88% and 25% of results
      fell below the acceptable cut-off value for studies by diet records, diet recall
      and diet history, respectively. These data indicate that dietary assessment
      methods have a strong bias towards underestimation of habitual energy intake.

PMID- 1810721
TI  - Breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of mothers in rural Zaire.
AB  - The breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of 12 mothers living in a
      poor, rural area of Zaire have been measured serially over 18 months of
      lactation. Calcium concentrations remained steady for the first 3-4 months and
      then decreased by approximately 27%. Phosphorus concentrations decreased by an
      average of 16% during the first 6 months and then reached a low plateau. The
      calcium:phosphorus ratio decreased from 1.7 in early lactation to 1.3 after 15
      months. A wide range of mineral concentrations was observed between individuals
      in Zaire and the differences between mothers were maintained throughout
      lactation. No influence of maternal nutritional status, age or parity on breast
      milk mineral concentrations was observed. Comparison of the results of this study
      with published data from Britain and The Gambia obtained in the same laboratory
      demonstrated that breast-milk calcium concentrations in Zaire resembled Gambian
      values in being significantly lower than those in Britain by 15%-20%. In
      contrast, breast-milk phosphorus concentrations in Zaire were similar to those in
      Britain and were lower than those in The Gambia. This pattern of mineral
      composition resulted in Ca:P ratios in Zaire that were intermediate in value
      between those of British and Gambian breast-milk. More information is required
      about the factors which determine calcium and phosphorus secretion into breast
      milk.

PMID- 1810722
TI  - Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases (WHO, 1990)

PMID- 1810723
TI  - Disseminated trichosporonosis: meeting the challenge.

PMID- 1810724
TI  - Distribution, antibiotic susceptibility and tolerance of bacterial isolates in
      culture-positive cases of endocarditis in The Netherlands.
AB  - During a two-year period data were collected nationwide in The Netherlands on 438
      episodes of bacterial endocarditis (BE) in 432 patients. Of the strains isolated
      in these patients 419 were available for analysis. Of these, 326 were isolated in
      native valve endocarditis (NVE) and 93 in prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE).
      Viridans streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci together constituted 87% of
      the isolates. More than 46% of the viridans streptococci consisted of
      Streptococcus sanguis. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus were the
      predominant species in the late form of PVE. The majority of the viridans
      streptococci and haemolytic streptococci were highly susceptible to penicillin.
      Five of 35 strains of coagulase negative staphylococci were resistant to
      methicillin. Eleven percent of a random sample of the streptococci collected were
      tolerant to penicillin. After repeated exposure to a concentration gradient of an
      appropriate beta-lactam antibiotic, this figure increased to 49%. Of the
      staphylococci, 5-6% of the strains were tolerant before induction and 16-20%
      after induction. Of the Enterococcus strains (n = 40), 12.5% showed high-level
      resistance to one or more aminoglycoside.

PMID- 1810725
TI  - Causative role of Yersinia and other enteric pathogens in the appendicular
      syndrome.
AB  - In 2,861 consecutive patients undergoing appendicectomy for clinically suspected
      appendicitis an enteric pathogen was isolated from the appendix in almost 7%
      using an optimal combination of culture media. The pathogenic Yersinia
      enterocolitica serotypes 03 and 09 predominated (3.6%), followed by Campylobacter
      and nontyphoid Salmonella. The same pathogen was isolated from the stool in 72.5%
      of patients with a culture-positive appendix and in 84.1% of those positive for a
      pathogenic Yersinia. Conversely, no pathogenic Yersinia were isolated in 326
      gynaecologic control patients, in whom a normal appendix was removed. No frank
      appendicitis but mesenteric adenitis and/or terminal ileitis were found in 62.3%
      of 138 patients with a culture positive appendix, and in 74.6% of those positive
      for a pathogenic Yersinia. Histologic findings available in 135 patients showed
      acute suppurative appendicitis in only six (4.5%) patients, and in only one of 73
      (1.4%) positive for a pathogenic Yersinia. In contrast, 46.8% of a group of 345
      culture-negative appendices showed acute inflammation. A positive stool culture
      in a patient with suspected appendicitis, if consistent with sonographic and
      clinical findings, should be taken as strong evidence against the presence of
      true appendicitis.

PMID- 1810726
TI  - Antibody response against autologous and heterologous isolates of Borrelia
      burgdorferi in four patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis.
AB  - Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from four patients with Lyme
      neuroborreliosis were analyzed for IgM and IgG antibodies by an indirect enzyme
      immunoassay with the four patients' own CSF isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi and
      two tick isolates, strains STG152 and B31, as antigens. No major differences in
      the antibody response were found comparing autologous and heterologous strains as
      sonicate antigens, although a tendency towards a stronger response to the
      autologous isolates was noted in samples from two patients.

PMID- 1810727
TI  - Species identification and antibiotic resistance patterns of the enterococci.
AB  - One hundred and forty isolates were identified using the GPI Card (Vitek Systems)
      and a conventional biochemical scheme. Agar dilution susceptibility testing was
      performed and isolates were screened for beta-lactamase production. The GPI Card
      was accurate in identifying Enterococcus faecalis, but discrepant results were
      obtained for seven (29.1%) of the 24 non-Enterococcus faecalis isolates.
      Ampicillin resistance was present in 2.9% of isolates and there were no beta
      lactamase producers. There was no vancomycin resistance but 12.1% of isolates
      showed high-level resistance to gentamicin.

PMID- 1810729
TI  - Evaluation of a commercial automated system for the identification of gram
      negative enteric bacilli.
AB  - A total of 908 distinct clinical isolates and 60 reference strains of aerobic
      gram-negative bacilli were identified by our own in-house biochemical
      identification system (RHH) and by a commercial automated system (Mastascan
      Colour). Overall, both systems performed well in the identification of routine
      isolates of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, with only six discrepancies between
      the two systems. These six organisms were species infrequently encountered in the
      clinical microbiology laboratory. Of the 60 reference strains, many of which were
      biochemically atypical, the RHH system was unable to identify one and mis
      identified two others. The commercial system was unable to identify one strain
      and misidentified five others. Both systems were inexpensive in terms of
      consumable materials, and the commercial system was compatible with the routine
      work of the department.

PMID- 1810728
TI  - Presence of quinolone resistance in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - A human isolate of Salmonella typhimurium was found to be highly resistant to
      several antibiotics including quinolones (MIC of ciprofloxacin 16 mg/l). Killing
      by ciprofloxacin was only achieved after prolonged exposure to drug
      concentrations above the MIC. The quinolone resistance of this particular strain
      was not mediated by plasmids which, however, coded for several other resistance
      properties.

PMID- 1810730
TI  - Fluconazole treatment of Blastoschizomyces capitatus meningitis in an allogeneic
      bone marrow recipient.
AB  - The first known case of Blastoschizomyces capitatus meningitis occurring in an
      allogeneic bone marrow recipient on steroid and cyclosporine therapy for chronic
      graft-versus-host disease is reported. An 11-month course of treatment with oral
      fluconazole resulted in resolution of the meningeal syndrome and eradication of
      Blastoschizomyces capitatus from the cerebrospinal fluid. Three months after
      discontinuation of fluconazole the patient died due to idiopathic interstitial
      pneumonia and bilateral pneumothorax, without clinical signs of meningitis. Post
      mortem examination showed meningeal fungus invasion consistent with
      Blastoschizomyces capitatus infection. Oral fluconazole treatment thus did not
      eradicate the fungal infection, but achieved significant control of the
      meningitis on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 1810731
TI  - Long-term survival of a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis due to
      Trichosporon beigelii.
AB  - A case is described of a 49-year-old man with rheumatic aortic valve disease who
      developed endocarditis seven years after valvular replacement. Trichosporon
      beigelii was isolated from the blood, a peripheral thrombus, and the removed
      prosthesis. After two valve prosthesis replacements and prolonged antifungal
      therapy, the patient survived for four years, but eventually died as a
      consequence of multiple septic complications due to the same organism. To the
      authors' knowledge, this is the longest survival time of any reported case of
      Trichosporon prosthetic valve endocarditis.

PMID- 1810732
TI  - Disseminated Scedosporium inflatum infection in a patient with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia.
AB  - A case of disseminated Scedosporium inflatum infection occurring in a neutropenic
      patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia is reported. Scedosporium inflatum was
      isolated from skin lesions, blood, urine and vitreous cultures. Amphotericin B
      treatment was ineffective in avoiding hematogenous spread. At autopsy, hyphae and
      ovoid conidia with truncate bases consistent with the morphology of Scedosporium
      inflatum were found in the lungs, kidneys, myocardium, liver, thyroid, spleen,
      lymph nodes, brain and the left eye. This is the first report of disseminated
      Scedosporium inflatum infection and the first time this organism has been
      isolated from a patient in Europe.

PMID- 1810733
TI  - Severe Rhodococcus equi pneumonia: case report and literature review.
AB  - Rhodococcus equi is an aerobic, gram-positive, non-motile pleomorphic bacillus
      infecting immunocompromised patients. Forty-nine cases of Rhodococcus equi
      infection have been reported, mainly in patients infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A case in which Rhodococcus equi caused severe
      pulmonary infection, the most common presentation, is described. Clinically,
      patients have symptoms of pneumonia with hemoptysis as a prominent feature. X-ray
      will often show a cavitating upper-lobe infiltrate, resembling infection with
      mycobacteria. Rhodococcus equi is easily cultured from blood or sputum on
      standard media, but is frequently regarded as a contaminant. Mortality from
      Rhodococcus equi pneumonia is high (25%) and early surgical intervention has been
      recommended. Based on this review, the benefit of surgery seems dubious, whereas
      good results have been obtained using long-term antibiotic treatment with
      erythromycin plus rifampicin, or vancomycin in combination with either of these
      antibiotics.

PMID- 1810734
TI  - Flocculation of venereal disease research laboratory reagent by Helicobacter
      pylori.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori strains flocculated with Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
      (VDRL) reagent in a glass slide test. Other pathogenic bacterial and fungal
      strains were nonreactive. The specific VDRL reaction property of Helicobacter
      pylori indicates an affinity of the cells for lipoidal substances, and can be
      used as a diagnostic aid for species identification.

PMID- 1810735
TI  - Usefulness of semi-quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of Clostridium
      difficile associated disease.
AB  - Semi-quantitative stool cultures on CCFA were compared to cytotoxic assays for
      the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated disease (CAD). There was a
      significant correlation between the amount of Clostridium difficile growth on
      CCFA, the presence of cytotoxin and a clinical diagnosis of CAD in the 541
      initial stool specimens tested.

PMID- 1810736
TI  - Absence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection in prostitutes in the area of Seville,
      Spain.
AB  - Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV in Spain has only been reported
      in isolated cases in African immigrants and intravenous drug abusers infected
      with HTLV-I. The status of the prostitute population is unknown. The sera of 88
      prostitutes in Seville were therefore tested for HIV, HTLV-I and HTLV-II, and
      relevant epidemiological data were collected on the health status, sexual
      practices etc. In the prostitute population studied 2.5% of the non-intravenous
      drug abusers and 20% of the intravenous drug abusers were positive for HIV.
      However, infection with HTLV-I/II could not be demonstrated in any of them.

PMID- 1810737
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of RU29246 (HR916 metabolite) compared with four other
      oral beta-lactams tested against more than 5000 clinical isolates.
AB  - The activity of RU29246, the active metabolite of the oral cephalosporin ester
      HR916, was compared in a multicenter study with that of the four oral beta-lactam
      antibiotics cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanate
      (amoxicillin/CA). RU29246 was generally 2- to 8-fold more active than the other
      oral cephalosporins and comparable to amoxicillin/CA against staphylococci, and
      was the most active cephalosporin against group B streptococci. All four
      cephalosporins were ineffective against enterococci. RU29246 was the only
      cephalosporin consistently active against Acinetobacter, but all beta-lactam
      antibiotics had poor activity against Pseudomonas spp. and Xanthomonas
      maltophilia. RU29246 was comparable to cefixime and more active than the other
      cephalosporins against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. However, all of
      the antibiotics had poor activity against Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia
      marcescens. Quality control reference ranges for the quality control organisms
      Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 are proposed for
      the broth dilution method based on data derived from this multicenter study.

PMID- 1810738
TI  - Comparative in vitro activity of the new glycopeptide SK&F 104662 against
      problematic gram-positive bacteria.
AB  - The in vitro activity of the new glycopeptide antibiotic SK&F 104662 against
      problematic gram-positive microorganisms was determined using the agar dilution
      technique. For comparison, ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, erythromycin and
      gentamicin were tested. SK&F 104662 was found to have high activity against
      Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (both methicillin
      sensitive and resistant strains), Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium,
      Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium jeikeium and Corynebacterium group D2.
      All of 254 isolates, except one vancomycin-resistant strain of Enterococcus
      faecium, were inhibited by 2 mg/l of SK&F 104662; this compound may thus be
      potentially useful in the treatment of infections with the above-mentioned gram
      positive pathogens.

PMID- 1810739
TI  - Susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents and tolerance to methicillin of
      Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.

PMID- 1810740
TI  - Increased growth of Mycobacterium malmoense in vitro in the presence of
      isoniazid.

PMID- 1810741
TI  - Preface for special issue on ergonomics and the older worker.

PMID- 1810742
TI  - Ergonomics and the older worker: an overview.
AB  - Several studies have shown that an individual's capacity for physical and mental
      work tends to decrease with advancing age. Different capacities begin to
      deteriorate at different ages and at different rates. However, important bench
      marks appear to occur in the twenties, forties, and sixties. Ergonomics is the
      science of fitting the task to the worker. It offers the potential of
      compensating for the decrease in an individual's functional capacities that occur
      with age through appropriate job design. Without proper ergonomic job design,
      older workers could well find themselves at a disadvantage due to compromised
      productivity and health. This overview will cover the history of ergonomics and
      its importance in workplace design. The effects of age-related declines on
      various physical and mental capacities will be reviewed and ergonomic
      recommendations to accommodate these declines will be presented. To remain
      competitive in an international marketplace the skills and knowledge of the older
      worker must be used advantageously. The knowledge required to keep the older
      worker employed safely and productively can only be acquired through a carefully
      designed longitudinal study patterned after the Baltimore Longitudinal Study.

PMID- 1810743
TI  - Anthropometry of an aging work force.
AB  - Faced with an aging labor force, industrial planners are worried about the
      possible need to redesign jobs and workspaces in the future. One area of concern
      is the changes that occur in body size characteristics as people age. Although no
      true database for the anthropometry of the American worker exists, available
      surveys and studies that include older individuals (40 to 70 years), and errors
      associated with these studies, are discussed. Using sample mean values from
      selected cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, the changes in weight and
      selected body dimensions are traced from the third to the eighth decade of life.
      As a practical exercise, age-associated changes in a number of workspace
      dimensions are tested against recommended design values for seated work stations.
      While acknowledging the need for flexibility in future workplace designs the
      authors conclude that age-related changes in body size are insufficient in
      themselves to justify the resizing of existing ergonomically-designed workplaces.

PMID- 1810744
TI  - Aging and heat tolerance at rest or during work.
AB  - Collectively, the literature on heat tolerance suggests that middle-aged (45-64
      year old) men and women are more work-heat intolerant, and suffer more
      physiological strain during heat acclimation, than do younger individuals.
      However, it is unclear whether the age differences in work-heat intolerance and
      physiological strain during heat acclimation are related to age per se or
      associated with other factors such as certain disease states, decreased physical
      activity, and/or lowered aerobic fitness. In contrast, the work-heat tolerance
      and physiological responses during heat acclimation of habitually active or
      aerobically trained middle-aged men are the same or better than younger
      individuals. The reviewed studies emphasize the importance of aerobic fitness and
      pertinent morphological factors, such as body fat, body weight, and surface area
      in maintaining work-heat tolerance with aging. Recent studies suggest that middle
      aged and older men and women may be more susceptible to greater heat strain at
      physiologically significant levels of dehydration than those younger. However,
      additional research appears necessary to support this hypothesis. When the
      effects of chronic debilitating diseases in the elderly (greater than 64 years
      old) are minimized, their heat tolerance and thermoregulatory responses are
      comparable to those younger. In fact, healthy and well-acclimated elderly men and
      women appear to perform as well as those younger during desert walks in dry heat.
      This review shall discuss experimental observations from previously published
      studies concerning aging and heat tolerance or the physiological heat strain
      during heat acclimation at rest or during work; and, will suggest future research
      efforts needed to advance the area.

PMID- 1810745
TI  - Effects of aging on human cold tolerance.
AB  - The risk of hypothermia is widely considered to be greater for older than younger
      persons due to a reduced ability to maintain body temperature during cold
      exposure. Epidemiological surveys of body temperature normally maintained by
      older persons while in their own homes do not indicate a large incidence of
      hypothermia. Uncontrolled ambient conditions during body temperature measurements
      may have influenced those observations. Comparisons of the thermoregulatory
      responses to cold stress in younger and older subjects have been performed under
      controlled conditions in laboratory experiments. Results of these laboratory
      studies indicate that older men appear less able than younger men to defend their
      core temperature during experimental cold exposures. Cold exposure may elicit a
      slightly smaller rise in metabolic heat production, and the cutaneous
      vasoconstrictor response to cold may be slower in older than younger men. These
      aging effects may be limited, however, to men. In a recent study, older women
      appeared to defend core temperature during cold exposure as well as, or better
      than younger women. The possibility that preventable changes in body composition
      and physical fitness, rather than aging per-se, may account for impaired
      thermoregulatory responses to cold has not been adequately studied.

PMID- 1810746
TI  - Prevalence of malaria and economic loss in two major iron ore mines in Sundargarh
      district, Orissa.
AB  - A cross-sectional study on malaria was undertaken in May 1989 in the settlements
      of Kalta and Barsuan iron ore mines situated in a hilly area of Sundargarh
      district. Fever surveys revealed slide positivity rates of 33.9% and 34.8% in
      Kalta and Barsuan, respectively. Malaria infection rates as recorded through mass
      blood surveys in the resident population were 23.5 and 13.8%, respectively.
      Children up to 9 years age suffered most from malaria and in the age group of 2-9
      years 37.3%, children had enlarged spleens with an average enlarged spleen (AES)
      index of 1.7. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species followed by P. vivax
      and P. malariae. Malaria vectors viz., An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were
      present in high densities. The present paper also brings out the economic loss
      due to malaria to the mining industry.

PMID- 1810747
TI  - The haematology of Plasmodium vivax before and after chloroquine and primaquine
      treatment in north Madras area.
AB  - Changes in haematological parameters were studied in 35 Plasmodium vivax infected
      patients and compared with those in an equal number of normal subjects. Patients
      showed a high proportion of schizonts of P. vivax (1-2%). Hb, PCV and RBC values
      were significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) with increasing parasitaemia.
      Osmotic fragility was slightly increased (15%) when compared to controls and
      ranged from 0.385-0.405 (50% hypo-osmotic haemolysis given at gm/dl of NaCl) with
      increasing parasitaemia in the patients. Decreased levels of lymphocyte and
      increased levels of eosinophils and monocytes were seen in P. vivax infected
      patients. However, after treatment with chloroquine and primaquine, all the
      haematological parameters were restored to near normal levels.

PMID- 1810748
TI  - Epidemiological observations on malaria in some parts of Tengakhat PHC, Dibrugarh
      district, Assam.
AB  - A three year study carried out in 44 villages (pop. 17,938) reveals seasonal
      transmission of malaria i.e., from June to November. The incidence of malaria was
      high in the year 1988 in comparison to that of 1987 and 1989. P. falciparum was
      the predominant species. The population living in forest fringe areas were more
      prone to malaria than the rest. Anopheles nigerrimus, An. kochi, An. karwari and
      An. philippinensis were most abundant among the 16 anopheline species collected.
      Known vectors of malaria such as An. minimus, An. philippinensis, An. annularis
      and An. dirus were detected. An. dirus was incriminated as vector during this
      study.

PMID- 1810749
TI  - Chloroquine resistant P. falciparum malaria in Arunachal Pradesh.

PMID- 1810750
TI  - Repeat regions of malaria parasite proteins: a review of structure and possible
      role in the biology of the parasite.
AB  - Tandemly repeated amino acid sequences are characteristic of many malaria
      parasite proteins that have been sequenced to date. Strong selective pressures
      must exist to maintain the repeat regions and also to diversify them in the case
      proteins containing strain-variant repeats. Repeats have been suggested to
      function in immune-evasion and in binding to host receptors. This article focuses
      on the structural characteristics of the repeats in relation to their postulated
      function.

PMID- 1810751
TI  - Observations on the breeding of anophelines in rice fields of Shahjahanpur
      district, Uttar Pradesh.
AB  - Studies on ecological succession and association of anophelines in selected paddy
      fields of Dadraul PHC were carried out in 1988 during the paddy cultivation
      period from June to October. Breeding of five anophelines was observed in paddy
      fields. Out of the adults that emerged from larval collections the percentage of
      An. subpictus was the highest followed by An. nigerrimus, An. culicifacies, An.
      annularis and An. barbirostris. Further, An. culicifacies and An. subpictus
      breeding occurred in the early stage of rice cultivation and stopped before the
      breeding of An. nigerrimus started i.e., nearly 30 days after rice
      transplantation. An. nigerrimus breeding continued till harvesting. An inverse
      correlation between larval density of both An. culicifacies and An. subpictus and
      the height of the rice plants was observed.

PMID- 1810752
TI  - Biting rhythms of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies in Kheda district,
      Gujarat.
AB  - All night collections on bovine baits were made in 6 villages of Kheda district,
      Gujarat. During 70 all night bait collections from January to December 1989, a
      total of 2290 An. culicifacies were collected. An. culicifacies mostly exhibited
      bimodal rhythms with a seasonal shift in peak biting activities. During the cold
      season most biting occurred just after dusk and during the warm season late at
      night. An. culicifacies was more active during moonless hours and its activity
      showed no correlation with temperature and humidity during most part of the year.

PMID- 1810753
TI  - Vaccination of rhesus monkeys against Plasmodium knowlesi with aqueous suspension
      of MDP as an adjuvant.
AB  - In these investigations two types of antigen preparations were used: (i) Whole
      Antigen (WAg), and (ii) Soluble Antigen (SAg). For immunization, Muramyl
      Dipeptide (MDP) was employed as an adjuvant. Highest reciprocal antibody titre
      values were recorded in ELISA and IHA tests from animals immunized by WAg-MDP.
      Skin reactions in animals sensitized with WAg-MDP combination showed a well
      developed zone of erythema with induration after 24 hours of intradermal
      injection. Animals immunized with WAg-MDP showed a maximum leukocyte migration
      inhibition. All the animals in experimental and control groups showed patent
      infection following challenge with live parasites. Animals belonging to the
      control groups showed 100% mortality. On the basis of these experiments it could
      be concluded that MDP preparation afforded some protection to the test animals.

PMID- 1810754
TI  - Improve your collections ratio.

PMID- 1810755
TI  - Bright success in rural towns.

PMID- 1810757
TI  - Who will establish standards of care?

PMID- 1810756
TI  - Staff salaries and numbers are up.

PMID- 1810760
TI  - Establishing growth centers.

PMID- 1810759
TI  - International investing boosts return.

PMID- 1810758
TI  - When patients complain.

PMID- 1810761
TI  - Seeing is believing.

PMID- 1810763
TI  - Transition to leadership.

PMID- 1810762
TI  - Marketing, ethics and dentistry.

PMID- 1810764
TI  - Looking ahead to retirement.

PMID- 1810765
TI  - Look at the numbers.

PMID- 1810766
TI  - Consider the well-traveled route.

PMID- 1810767
TI  - Dental laser market inspired innovation.

PMID- 1810768
TI  - Successful interviewing: listening for commitment.

PMID- 1810769
TI  - Bleaching: still a new service.

PMID- 1810770
TI  - How to "fight fair" in the dental office.

PMID- 1810771
TI  - Pros and cons of a small group practice.

PMID- 1810772
TI  - AIDS and dentistry--an update.
AB  - How many patients have been infected with HIV by their dentists? How should the
      HIV-positive dental student be managed? What impact will the HIV epidemic have in
      the 1990s? How readily can HIV be transmitted by saliva? All these questions have
      been the subject of recent reports. Dr Samaranayake provides a summary of the
      important facts.

PMID- 1810773
TI  - Periodontal disease in children and adolescents.
AB  - Periodontal disease is one of the most widespread diseases known. It can begin in
      childhood and progress through adolescence into adult life, eventually resulting
      in tooth loss. This article identifies the features of periodontal health,
      gingivitis and periodontitis in children and adolescents. Periodontal assessment,
      diagnosis and management in younger patients are also described.

PMID- 1810774
TI  - Some aspects of compound and complex odontomes in children.
AB  - Odontomes are essentially benign lesions; however, they can have locally harmful
      effects on the developing dentition. Early diagnosis and treatment can therefore
      be of considerable benefit to child patients. The authors outline the clinical
      technique for management of odontomes, and describe how prompt referral
      facilitated the treatment of 14 young patients.

PMID- 1810775
TI  - The prevention of dental disease: changing your patients' behaviour.
AB  - This article aims to give practitioners a framework to help their patients
      establish lasting and healthy dental habits and eliminate harmful ones. The
      advice given is practical rather than theoretical in nature, and is intended to
      assist dentists in the development of the appropriate skills, so as to be able to
      persuade their patients to change their behaviour and thereby control dental
      disease.

PMID- 1810776
TI  - An update on the use of resin-based dental adhesives.
AB  - The introduction of the acid-tech technique and the development of dentine
      bonding agents have been major steps forward in adhesive dentistry. However, the
      adhesion provided by the current dentine bonding resins is still inadequate to
      withstand many of the stresses encountered in clinical practice. The authors
      review the adhesive agents currently available, and the published evidence about
      their performance.

PMID- 1810777
TI  - Complete dentures: 1. Treatment planning and preliminary care.
AB  - Despite the increasing proportion of the population retaining their natural
      teeth, there will remain significant numbers of edentulous patients for some time
      to come. This four-part series aims to help practitioners improve their
      management of such patients. Part 1 reviews treatment planning and preparation of
      the mouth, Parts 2-4 will give guidance on impressions and cast preparation; jaw
      relationships and tooth selection; and insertion, review and denture hygiene.

PMID- 1810778
TI  - Patient attitudes to the wearing of gloves by dentists.
AB  - Cross-infection control in dentistry is of continuing concern, and this survey
      provides some timely information on the attitudes of patients to the wearing of
      gloves by their dentists. A high proportion of the patients questioned felt glove
      wearing was important, although only half would not attend a dentist who did not
      wear gloves.

PMID- 1810779
TI  - Specialists in dentistry for the United Kingdom?

PMID- 1810780
TI  - Making the most of glass ionomer cements: 1.

PMID- 1810782
TI  - Diagnosis and management of the fractured tooth: 1. Diagnosis.

PMID- 1810781
TI  - Principles of treatment planning.

PMID- 1810783
TI  - External bleaching of teeth.

PMID- 1810784
TI  - Structure and function of the periodontium.

PMID- 1810785
TI  - Complete dentures: 2. Impressions and cast preparation.

PMID- 1810786
TI  - Diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia.

PMID- 1810787
TI  - An accessory root on a maxillary central incisor.

PMID- 1810788
TI  - A microdont molar? An unusual artifact on a dental panoramic radiograph.

PMID- 1810790
TI  - Cross-infection control and the General Dental Council.

PMID- 1810789
TI  - Management of a recurrent follicular ameloblastoma.

PMID- 1810791
TI  - Making the most of glass-ionomer cements: 2.

PMID- 1810793
TI  - The diagnosis and management of the cracked tooth: 2. Management.

PMID- 1810792
TI  - Terminology for occlusion.

PMID- 1810794
TI  - Artificial intelligence in the dental surgery: an orthodontic expert system, a
      dental tool of tomorrow.

PMID- 1810795
TI  - Complete dentures: 3. Jaw relationships and tooth selection.

PMID- 1810797
TI  - Health strategies for the 21st century.

PMID- 1810796
TI  - A study of the attitudes to oral health and prevalence of dental disease in
      primary school children in Delhi.

PMID- 1810798
TI  - Oral ulceration: when to treat, refer or ignore.

PMID- 1810799
TI  - Negligence in restorative dentistry.

PMID- 1810800
TI  - Tooth development.

PMID- 1810802
TI  - The diagnosis of dental caries: 1. Diagnostic methods for assessing buccal,
      lingual and occlusal surfaces.

PMID- 1810801
TI  - Complete dentures: 4. Insertion, review and denture hygiene.

PMID- 1810803
TI  - Heterogeneous inhibitory effect of nitrendipine on 5-HT-responses in rabbit
      vascular tissues.
AB  - 1. Sensitivity of 5-HT2 receptor mediated vascular responses to calcium channel
      antagonism was investigated in the rabbit thoracic aorta, common carotid artery
      and main pulmonary artery considering tissue-state of receptor reserve and
      agonist efficacy. 2. Although 5-HT2 receptor reserve seems to be similar in these
      preparations, nitrendipine had a heterogeneous inhibitory effect on the
      contractile response to 5-HT. 3. Reducing 5-HT2 receptor reserve by
      phenoxybenzamine caused an increase in the inhibitory effect of nitrendipine in
      these vascular tissues. 4. The vasoconstrictor response induced by 5
      carboxyamidotryptamine (5-CT), which is a less potent agonist, showed greater
      sensitivity to nitrendipine antagonism than the response to 5-HT. 5. The results
      suggest that efficacy of agonists and tissue-state of receptor reserve seem to be
      important factors which are partially responsible for the inhibitory effect of
      nitrendipine on the contractile responses mediated by 5-HT2 receptors.

PMID- 1810805
TI  - Action of pregnane compounds from Mandevilla illustris against contractions
      induced by kinins and other oxytocics in the rat isolated uterus.
AB  - 1. The effects of 5 pregnane compounds isolated from the rhizomes of Mandevilla
      illustris were examined against bradykinin (BK), Lysyl-bradykinin (L-BK),
      acetylcholine (ACh) and oxytocin (Ot)-induced contractions in the isolated uteri
      of the rat. 2. Compounds MI 15 and MI 18 (5-40 micrograms/ml) caused a parallel
      and concentration-dependent rightward displacement of BK and L-BK concentration
      response curves. Compound MI 21 (2.5-10 micrograms/ml) also produced a
      concentration-dependent displacement to the right of the BK concentration
      response curve, but reduced its maximal response. Schild analysis of these data
      were linear (r close to 1) and furnished the following PA2 values (as G/ml): 6.0,
      5.1 and 5.9, respectively. However, the slopes were significantly higher than
      unity. Compounds MI 25 and MI 27 (10-40 micrograms/ml) caused little or even no
      effect against BK and ACh responses. 3. In addition, compounds MI 18 and MI 21
      (10-40 micrograms/ml) also antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner L-BK
      concentration-response curves. Schild plot were linear (r close to 1) and yielded
      the nominal pA2 values (as G/ml) of 5.0 and 5.8, respectively, but the slopes
      were significantly different from one. 4. Like the results obtained previously
      with the crude extract from M. illustris, the purified compounds from the rhizome
      of this plant were not selective towards kinin action since at the same range
      concentrations they markedly interfered with both the sensitivities and the
      maximal responses caused by ACh and Ot in this preparation.

PMID- 1810804
TI  - Protection against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury by nitecapone.
AB  - 1. The mechanism of gastric mucosal protection by an anticular agent, nitecapone,
      against injury was investigated in rats with and without indomethacin
      pretreatment. 2. Animals received intragastrically either a dose of nitecapone or
      vehicle alone, followed by ethanol given at various intervals up to 5 hr, and
      their gastric mucosa subjected to histologic and physicochemical assessment. 3.
      Ethanol caused extensive gastric hemorrhagic lesions which were essentially
      prevented by nitecapone at doses of 30 mg and higher per kg body weight. The
      maximal protection was achieved by 1.5 hr which persisted up to 4 hr and was not
      thwarted by indomethacin. 4. Physicochemical measurements revealed that
      nitecapone evoked 78% increase in mucus gel dimension, and showed 21% increase in
      phospholipids, and the content of sulfo-(22%) and sialomucins (72%). This was
      accompanied by 1.6-fold increase in mucus viscosity, 31% increase in H+
      retardation capacity and 2.2-fold increase in hydrophobicity. 5. The results
      suggest that the gastroprotective action of nitecapone occurs through the
      enhancement of the physicochemical characteristics of mucus layer.

PMID- 1810806
TI  - Beneficial effect of dexamethasone in decreasing the lethality of acute T-2
      toxicosis.
AB  - 1. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated for
      effectiveness for treatment of acute T-2 toxicosis in mice. 2. Non-steroidal
      agents, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, and acetylsalicylic acid, either were
      ineffective, or potentiated the lethality of T-2 toxin. 3. Of the anti
      inflammatory steroids tested, dexamethasone was the most effective. 4.
      Dexamethasone was administered before, at the same time as, or after injection of
      T-2 toxin. 5. As the time between toxin exposure and treatment was increased,
      there was a corresponding increase in lethality. 6. In conclusion, steroidal, but
      not non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agents were effective in decreasing T-2
      toxin-induced lethality.

PMID- 1810807
TI  - Evidence for peripheral mechanisms mediating the antitussive actions of opioids
      in the guinea pig.
AB  - 1. Comparisons were made between the doses required of aerosol and
      intraperitoneally administered morphine, dextromethorphan, codeine and the
      specific peripherally acting mu-receptor agonist DALDA (H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2)
      to suppress citric acid-induced coughing in conscious guinea pigs. 2. Estimated
      ID50s for inhibition of numbers of coughs induced by an aerosol of 5% citric acid
      were 1.0 and 2.4 mg/kg for intraperitoneally administered morphine and
      dextromethorphan, respectively. 3. The estimated ID50s after inhalation of
      morphine and dextromethorphan as aerosols were approximately 2.2 and
      approximately 12 micrograms/kg, respectively. 4. Aerosilized codeine
      (approximately 72 micrograms/kg, n = 5) significantly inhibited coughing by 62 +/
      23% whereas 3 mg/kg, i.p. was required to significantly reduce coughing by a
      similar degree (60 +/- 6%, n = 7). 5. Inhalation of DALDA (approximately 7.2
      micrograms/kg, n = 7) also significantly inhibited coughing. 6. The antitussive
      effect of inhaled morphine (approximately 7.2 micrograms/kg, n = 11) was
      inhibited after administration of 3 mg/kg of either naloxone hydrochloride or
      naloxone methylbromide intraperitoneally. 7. The results support the hypothesis
      that effects at a peripheral site can make a major contribution to the
      antitussive actions of these drugs.

PMID- 1810808
TI  - The effects of free radical scavengers on arachidonic acid metabolism by ovine
      placental microsomes.
AB  - 1. The effect of free radical (superoxide and hydroxyl) and hydrogen peroxide
      scavengers on the formation of prostaglandin E2 by ovine placental microsomes was
      investigated. 2. Of the free radical scavengers tested only Mn Desferal, a low
      molecular weight (712 Da) superoxide scavenger, at concentrations of 0.5-5 mmol/l
      significantly (P less than 0.001) stimulated PGE2 formation by ovine placental
      microsomes. 3. This observation is consistent with the involvement of superoxide
      radicals in the inactivation of prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS). 4. The results
      obtained further suggest that if superoxide radicals are important regulators of
      PGHS activity in the ovine placenta, they are not accessible to large molecular
      weight free radical scavengers.

PMID- 1810809
TI  - Magnesium and potassium ions on tone and reactivity of human placental chorionic
      veins.
AB  - 1. In vitro studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of external
      potassium [K+]0 2.4-7.1 mM and magnesium [Mg2+]0 0-4.8 mM concentration on human
      chorionic veins basal tone and on serotonin (5-HT)-induced contractions. 2. The
      higher the [Mg2+]0, the less the basal tension developed in isolated chorionic
      veins, irrespective of the [K+]0. 3. The EC50 value to 5-HT was enhanced by
      increases in [Mg2+]0, whereas the ability of 5-HT to induce a maximal contraction
      was attenuated. 4. The rightward shift of the concentration-response curves and
      reduced Emax response, observed when the concentration of [Mg2+]0 was raised,
      indicate a non-competitive antagonism of [Mg2+]0 with 5-HT. 5. The lack of an
      effect of [K+]0 on the EC50 and Emax values for 5-HT suggest that in this tissue
      the affinity of 5-HT for 5-HT receptors does not involve potassium. 6. These
      results suggest that basal tone and 5-HT-induced contractions of human chorionic
      vascular smooth muscle cells appear to be highly sensitive to alterations in
      extracellular Mg2+.

PMID- 1810810
TI  - A comparative study on the thermoregulatory effects of prazosin,
      dihydrobenzperidol and nifedipin on 2,4-dinitrophenol induced hyperthermia in
      rabbits.
AB  - 1. Thermal responses to prazosin (PRA) and dihydrobenzperidol (DHBP) (0.75 mg/kg)
      or nifedipin (ADA: 0.05 mg/kg) administered intravenously were investigated in
      hyperthermic rabbits. 2. Hyperthermia produced by dinitrophenol (DNP; 20 mg/kg;
      i.v.), resulted from stimulation of the metabolic rate. 3. All the investigated
      drugs; i.e. PRA, DHBP, ADA reduced the hyperthermic activity of DNP. Contrary to
      DHBP and ADA, PRA did not change DNP--stimulated metabolism. 4. Possible
      mechanisms responsible for prazosin antihyperthermizing action are discussed.

PMID- 1810811
TI  - The long-term treatment with the Ca(2+)-antagonists nifedipine, verapamil,
      flunarizine and with the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine decreases the
      activity of 5-HT1 receptors in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
AB  - 1. The binding activity of 5-HT1 receptors was studied in membrane fractions from
      the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male Wistar rats treated orally for 13
      days with the Ca(2+)-antagonists nifedipine (20 mg/kg), verapamil (50 mg/kg) and
      flunarizine (10 mg/kg) and with the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine (3
      mg/kg). 2. The binding capacity and affinity of the 5-HT1 receptors in the
      cerebral cortex were significantly decreased after the treatment with the Ca(2+)
      antagonists nifedipine, verapamil and flunarizine. The dissociation constant (Kd)
      was increased after the treatment with the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine.
      3. In the hippocampus the 5-HT1 receptor affinity and number of binding sites
      were significantly reduced after the treatment with all four antagonists tested-
      nifedipine, verapamil, flunarizine and trifluoperazine, the Kd value being
      increased insignificantly after the flunarizine treatment. 4. The results
      obtained afford the suggestion that the reduction of 5-HT1 receptor activity is
      at least one of the results of the well known Ca(2+)-ions mediated automodulation
      of 5-HT release. The data confirm the view about the great importance of Ca(2+)
      ions for the regulation of membrane neurotransmitter receptor activities.

PMID- 1810813
TI  - Characterization of muscarinic receptors of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells:
      binding, secretion and anti-microtubule drug effects.
AB  - 1. Binding of [3H]QNB to adrenal membranes is saturable, specific and to a single
      class of receptors. 2. Tubulozole, and not other microtubule drugs, inhibits
      [3H]QNB binding. 3. Pretreating cultured chromaffin cells with oxotremorine, a
      muscarinic receptor agonist, has no effect on either basal, nicotine (10 microM)
      or K(+)-stimulated catecholamine release and failed to enhance secretion of
      submaximal concentrations of nicotine (3-5 microM). 4. These results confirm that
      binding of [3H]QNB is associated with muscarinic receptors on bovine adrenal
      medullary tissue. 5. These studies also demonstrate that although bovine adrenal
      chromaffin cells possess muscarinic receptors, these receptors do not appear to
      be coupled to secretory processes.

PMID- 1810812
TI  - The effect of griseofulvin on the heme pathway--II. An exhaustive analysis during
      short and long-term challenge.
AB  - 1. A clear biphasic response of the enzyme activities as a function of
      intoxication time due to the topical cutaneous griseofulvin treatment was
      observed. 2. The initial acute induction of ALA-S activity would be due to
      depletion of free heme in the regulatory pool caused by cytochrome P 450
      destruction. 3. The second induction peak, would be due to less heme formation,
      secondary to the ferrochelatase inhibition, as expected for the erythropoietic
      protoporphyria model. 4. The biphasic response of hepatic ALA-D and PBGase
      activities would be related to ALA-S activity changes and the subsequent
      augmented available substrates. 5. Endogenous liver porphyrin distribution in
      cytosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear fractions was investigated. 6. The in vitro
      biosynthesis of porphyrins confirmed both the biphasic model and the hepatic
      porphyrins subcellular distribution. 7. Two mechanisms to explain the action of
      griseofulvin at shorter and longer times of intoxication are proposed.

PMID- 1810814
TI  - Effects of aminophylline and terbutaline sulfate on the contractility of feline
      diaphragm.
AB  - 1. The effect of aminophylline and terbutaline sulfate, separately and in
      combination, on the contractility of the feline diaphragm was investigated. 2.
      Diaphragmatic contractility increased significantly (P less than 0.05) to 28.3%
      above control level as long as theophylline plasma levels were maintained between
      10-20 mg/l (mean 13.9 +/- 0.8 mg/l). 3. Diaphragmatic contractility showed a
      significant (P less than 0.05) 41.5% increase after i.v. administration of
      terbutaline sulfate as a maintenance dose of 1.4 micrograms/kg-hr, and the
      increase leveled off after 180 min. 4. Administering the two drugs in combination
      showed a significant (P less than 0.05) 27.3% increase which suggests a non
      synergistic effect of aminophylline and terbutaline sulfate on diaphragmatic
      contractility. 5. By enhancing the contractility of the diaphragm, aminophylline
      and terbutaline sulfate may improve the clinical status of patients with airway
      obstructive diseases and help in preventing respiratory muscle fatigue.

PMID- 1810815
TI  - The potentiation of cardiodepressant and hypotensive effects of bradykinin by
      enalapril and captopril both in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - 1. Bradykinin (cumulative concentrations of 0.007-0.09 micrograms ml-1) produced
      a dose-related, but statistically insignificant depression of the isometric
      contraction of the isolated, spontaneously beating atria of the guinea-pig. The
      same concentrations of bradykinin did not change the atrial rate, but a tendency
      to a slight decrease was observed. 2. Enalapril (4.06 or 13.54 mumol l-1),
      produced a dose-related potentiation of the effect of the highest concentration
      of bradykinin on the isometric contraction. 3. Captopril (equimolar
      concentrations) also potentiated the effect of the highest concentration of
      bradykinin on the isometric contraction. This effect of captopril was not dose
      related. 4. Both enalapril and captopril did not change the effect of bradykinin
      on the heart rate. 5. Bradykinin induced dose-related hypotensive responses in
      anaesthetized cats (0.03-1.0 microgram/kg b.w., i.v.) with a tendency towards
      bradycardia. 6. Enalapril (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg b.w., i.v.) significantly
      potentiated bradykinin-induced hypotension and bradycardia. However, the
      potentiating effect of enalapril was not dose-dependent. 7. Captopril (0.1, 0.3
      and 1.0 mg/kg b.w., i.v.) significantly potentiated bradykinin-induced
      hypotension and bradycardia. Also, the potentiating effect of captopril was not
      dose-dependent. 8. The failure of ACE inhibitors to potentiate the
      cardiodepressant and hypotensive effects of bradykinin in a dose-dependent manner
      is explained with some other mechanism(s) independent of ACE inhibition.

PMID- 1810816
TI  - [Studies of the eye in the early diagnosis of deviations in the health status of
      workers in the oil-refining industry].
AB  - Workers engaged in oil-refining industries are exposed to constant occupation
      related factors resulting in specific changes of the eye (moderate irritations of
      the palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva degeneration, angiopathy of the
      retina, and distortions in the light/darkness adaptation of the eye). There was a
      direct correlation between the changes and degrees of exposure to the hazardous
      occupational factors and their effects on the nervous, cardio-vascular and
      digestion systems. This proved a possibility of using respective data of
      ophthalmologic examinations for an early diagnosis of somatic diseases in the
      workers.

PMID- 1810817
TI  - [Morbidity based on medical examination data on x-ray apparatus electromechanical
      engineers performing repair and adjustment operations].
AB  - The article contains results of a study of the morbidity rates among electricians
      dealing with servicing medical X-ray equipment. The exposure dosages were at 15
      +/- mGr/year. With a considerably low prevalence of any specific chronic
      pathology on the whole, the professional groups exhibited higher morbidity rates
      caused by hypertension, duodenal ulcers and hepatic cirrhosis. No specific
      changes in the blood indices were found. The contributors proposed a set of
      preventive measures, including extensive medical examinations to reveal
      hypertension initial stages, along with health-related measures towards
      improvement of the occupational and social conditions.

PMID- 1810818
TI  - [The sanitary hygiene conditions of the work and morbidity characteristics of
      workers in the sulfur industry].
AB  - Major forms of morbidity with temporary disability were studied in the
      professional groups of workers engaged in sulphur autoclave production. It was
      established that the morbidity rates increased depending on the age and length of
      service factors. There was neurosis-related morbidity with temporary, disability
      caused by the toxic action of the sulphur compounds on the health state. In
      workers with greater length of service disorders in the oxidation-reduction
      processes, statistically proved decrease of the sulfhydryl groups' contents in
      the blood and blood peroxidase activity suppression, were found. A set of
      measures was proposed towards health-related improvements of the labour
      conditions.

PMID- 1810819
TI  - [A biochemical assessment of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in
      patients with occupational bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis].
AB  - The article contains a study of the basal level and the circadian rhythm of the
      hydrocortisone secretion in patients with occupational bronchial asthma and
      asthmatic bronchitis. Relationships were established between the hydrocortisone
      secretion levels and severity of the clinical course. Circadian rythm disorders
      resulted into double hydrocortisone secretion increases at 8 a.m. and 11 p.m.
      Hydrocortisone secretion circadian rhythm data should be taken into account in
      the development of individual therapies.

PMID- 1810820
TI  - [The effect of industrial and ecological factors on local immunity function].

PMID- 1810821
TI  - [A hygienic assessment of the noise and vibration from the machines and engines
      used in geological survey operations and the measures to decrease the adverse
      action of these factors on workers' bodies].
AB  - In the last 10 years, no decrease in noise and vibration conditions has been
      registered at a geological survey enterprise. On the contrary, the introduction
      of new, more productive equipment caused increase in the indices. The
      unfavourable labour conditions have resulted in higher occupational morbidity
      levels caused by the otic nerve neurites. The article sets forth a package of
      measures towards minimizing the hazardous influence of noise and vibration on the
      workers' health status.

PMID- 1810822
TI  - [The hygienic characteristics of the working conditions in the modern
      electroplating industry].
AB  - The contributors propose a set of newly performed hygienic studies in the widely
      developed technologies of electrotype, expound a complex of the hazardous
      occupational factors commonly encountered in modern galvanoplastics,
      contamination of the equipment, overalls and the skin with the metallic compounds
      contained in the galvanic electrolytes. Shops with non-isolated electrotype lines
      were characterized by the most unfavourable labour conditions.

PMID- 1810823
TI  - [The effect of vibration on the electrocorticographic shifts during the switching
      off of specific and nonspecific afferent systems of the brain].
AB  - Electrocorticograms of vibration induced effects were studied in intact and
      labyrinthectomized rabbits under midbrain reticular formation and renoreactive
      structures blockade. There was involvement of the specific (vestibular) and non
      specific brain structures in the mechanisms underlying the cortex' electric
      activity. The article contains a review of the vibration-related shifts in the
      cortex, both specific and nonspecific--and in other afferent modalities
      (proprioceptive, somatic, visceral).

PMID- 1810824
TI  - [Mortality in the workers in the tire industry].
AB  - The article is concerned with a study of the mortality rates among the workers
      engaged at a tire-producing plant, for the 1950-1979 period. In comparison with
      the control population group, the contributors revealed increased mortality rates
      caused by cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, accidents, intoxications
      and traumas. Analysis of the labour conditions proved the influence of the
      unfavourable occupational factors on the mortality rates and mortality causes,
      excepting the indices of mortality caused by accidents, intoxications and
      traumas.

PMID- 1810825
TI  - [The hygiene of using agrochemicals in a greenhouse with different technologies
      for growing vegetables].
AB  - Basing on the results of complex physiological and hygienic studies, the author
      provides a comparative analysis of female green-house workers' labour conditions
      at different stages and techniques of green-house vegetable processing. There was
      desirability of the overall norming in using agrochemical substances in green
      houses, particularly when intensive agrotechnical technologies are used.

PMID- 1810826
TI  - [Data on establishing the MPEL for the dust of a polymineralic potassium ore in
      the air of a work area].
AB  - The article contains data on the norming principles for and the biologic action
      of polymineralic potassium dusts. The analysis and comparison of experimental and
      clinical data presented potassium ore as a substance characterized by low
      toxicity and weak fibrogenic action. In animal studies, the general toxic action
      of potassium aerosols exceeded the fibrogenic effects. MAC was suggested for
      working zone areas at 5 mg/m3 (3rd class of hazards).

PMID- 1810827
TI  - [The potential hazard of the late toxic effects of the new Soviet herbicide
      levanil and of the semiproducts of its industrial manufacture].
AB  - Results of experimental studies in the gonado- and embryotoxicity and
      teratogenicity of the herbicide levanil (a chlorine derivative of phenoxipropion
      acid) and its synthetic semiproducts (AXBT, DXBT, OFPK) proved potential
      embryotoxicity and teratogenic hazards of the AXBT and DXBT semiproducts. The
      gonadotoxic effects of levanil and its semiproducts were also established. The
      compounds were characterized by a considerable degree of tropism to gonads. The
      revealed effects necessitate preventive measures in levanil processing and usage.

PMID- 1810828
TI  - [The biological aspects of using metal chlorides for controlling dust in mines of
      the Arctic (a review of the literature)].
AB  - The article contains a review of published data on the biologic action of sodium
      and calcium chlorides on man and animals, and the parameters of this action.
      These substances have been proposed by some institutions for dusting in
      transpolar coal mines.

PMID- 1810829
TI  - [The effect of industrial and ecological factors on the hemopoietic and immune
      systems (a review of the literature)].
AB  - The review provides data on the influences of different industrial and ecologic
      factors on the hematoplasty and immune systems in man. There were the clinico
      hematologic syndromes caused by these factors.

PMID- 1810830
TI  - [The treatment of occupational fluorosis by acupuncture reflexotherapy].
AB  - The article contains the electrodiagnostic data on 26 auricular points in 24
      fluorosis-affected patients. It was established that the greatest electrical
      polarity asymmetry was found in points 13, 25, 28, 31, 54, 37, 39 and 40.
      Palpation of the auricular and corporal points also showed unfavorable conditions
      in the respective painful point of the organ. Basing on the results of the
      acupuncture procedures, needle therapies of 80 occupational fluorosis cases were
      performed. The therapeutic patterns elaborated by the author were also proposed,
      which proved perfect results at different stages of the disease.

PMID- 1810831
TI  - [The immune system of animals exposed by inhalation to the dust of mixed feeds].

PMID- 1810832
TI  - [The macrophage metabolic characteristics in the phagocytosis of mixed dusts].

PMID- 1810833
TI  - [The overall and cancer mortality of workers in the rubber industry].
AB  - The article contains the results of an original detailed study of the mortality
      rates caused by malignant neoplasms in workers engaged in rubber industry. There
      were increased mortality rates caused by cardiovascular diseases and malignant
      neoplasms including cancers of the lung, large bowel and rectum in some
      professional groups, predominantly in those engaged in the industry for 10-19
      years, or in the groups with similar periods, since the first contact with the
      occupational factors. Female workers displayed increased prevalence of tumours of
      the larynx, the pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, as well as tumours of the
      genital organs. The data received corresponded to that of similar studies abroad,
      which confirmed the high risks of malignant neoplasms' formation in rubber
      producing industries. Due to the increased occurrence of accidents, intoxications
      and high rates of suicides in this industry, one cannot exclude psychological
      influence of the occupational factors. This problem area deserves much more
      attention and more substantial investigation.

PMID- 1810834
TI  - [The morbidity characteristics of workers in an information reference service
      employed at video terminals].
AB  - Female telephone operators working with displays perform monotonous operations
      which cause marked hypodynamia. A study was performed to investigate the labour
      conditions, which revealed respiratory diseases as the main cause of morbidity
      with temporary disability. Extensive medical examinations also showed the
      prevalence of gynaecological disorders resulting from the working posture and
      hypodynamia. Laboratory tests revealed marked changes in the peripheral blood
      system. The questionnaire analysis performed showed the prevalence of complaints
      of asthenic manifestations and excessive fatigability by the end of the working
      shift.

PMID- 1810835
TI  - "Organic" and "functional" diseases of the nervous system.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to discuss whether in the realm of diseases of the
      nervous system the concept of "dysfunctional" versus "organic" disorders is still
      useful. The knowledge on the Common Brain Stem System (CBSS) described by Hess is
      reviewed in order to underline its role as a control centre integrating all the
      homeostatic and adaptive nervous activities, and in this context, the nervous
      control of the cardiovascular system is examined, particularly in relation to
      higher nervous activities. The neurogenic syncopes are chosen as examples of the
      either "organic" or "dysfunctional" conditions whose semeiotic and
      pathophysiological distinctive features are analysed. In conclusion the
      distinction between "organic" diseases and "dysfunctional" disorders seems to be
      still justified, mainly for the nervous affections involving the homeostatic
      adaptive properties of the CBSS.

PMID- 1810836
TI  - Cardiovascular reflexes and pudendal evoked responses in chronic haemodialysis
      patients.
AB  - The bulbocavernous reflex (BCR), cortical pudendal evoked responses (CPERs), non
      invasive cardiovascular tests and nerve conduction studies were performed in 16
      patients on chronic haemodialysis and in a group of normal subjects. BCR and
      CPERs were more severely affected in patients with impotence. There was a
      significant correlation between the Valsalva ratio and P1 latency of the CPERs.
      The BCR and CPERs are alternative techniques for the assessment of impotence in
      uremic patients.

PMID- 1810837
TI  - The sweating pattern in "hemicrania continua". A comparison with chronic
      paroxysmal hemicrania.
AB  - A comparison of the heat- and pilocarpine-induced forehead sweating patterns was
      carried out in 8 patients with "Hemicrania continua" (HC) and in healthy subjects
      (n = 17 and 14 for the two tests, respectively). The results were compared with
      those obtained in 8 patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH). Unlike
      what has been demonstrated in cluster headache, CPH and HC patients showed no
      symptomatic/non-symptomatic side asymmetry or medial-lateral preponderance after
      sweat stimulation by heating or pilocarpine, exceeding those observed in the
      control group. The only exception seems to be a significant relative increase in
      medial forehead sweating on both sides in HC patients when compared to controls
      during the heating test. With these variables, no evidence for any difference of
      major importance seems to exist between the two headache forms.

PMID- 1810838
TI  - Cognitive and neuroradiological findings in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Cognitive functions were investigated in 37 patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD)
      and correlated with clinical and neuroradiological variables. The whole cognitive
      performance was at a low-average level; in about 1/3 of the subjects, in fact,
      the scores at the neuropsychological tests were below the normal range. There was
      a consistent trend for patients with inheritance on maternal side to perform
      worse on Wechsler verbal score and to present cerebral atrophy. In 7 out of 12
      subjects focal white matter lesions were found at nuclear magnetic resonance. The
      significance of these findings and its relation to cognitive performance are
      discussed.

PMID- 1810839
TI  - Evidence that paraquat is able to cross the blood-brain barrier to a different
      extent in rats of various age.
AB  - The brain levels of paraquat were determined in rats of different age after
      systemic administration of several doses of the herbicide. Two week-, 3, 12 and
      24 month-old rats were subcutaneously injected with paraquat (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg)
      and sacrificed 1 h later. A method based on ion-pair solid-phase extraction and
      reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to measure brain
      paraquat concentrations. The acute administration of paraquat resulted in dose
      related and age-dependent brain concentrations of the herbicide, higher brain
      levels being detected in 12 and 24 month-old rats in comparison to young animals
      (3 month-old). In comparison with 3 month-old rats, higher concentrations of
      paraquat were also observed in the brain of 2 week-old animals. The present
      results demonstrate that in rats systemic treatment with paraquat gives rise to
      higher brain concentrations of this herbicide in very young and old rats in
      comparison with 3-month-old animals. This suggests that age-dependent changes in
      blood brain barrier permeability may account for these differences.

PMID- 1810840
TI  - Juvenile segmental muscular atrophy.
AB  - Unilateral upper limb atrophy is a rare entity that has been described mainly in
      Asia. Isolated cases were reported in the Western countries but never in the
      Middle East. Herein, we review the literature and describe two illustrative cases
      which presented typically with brachial atrophy of insidious onset. No
      involvement of cranial nerves, pyramidal tracts or sensory system occurred over a
      period of several years. The clinical and EMG features were consistent with a
      localized anterior horn cell lesion in the cervical spinal cord. The neuroimaging
      studies (CT, myelography, MRI) were normal. The benign outcome of this entity
      underscores the importance of its recognition.

PMID- 1810841
TI  - Propofol increases amplitudes of SEP.

PMID- 1810842
TI  - The Halb: an appliance for mandibular arch alteration.

PMID- 1810843
TI  - The Levandoski splint vs. the sagittal II appliance in TMJ treatment: a
      functional face off!

PMID- 1810844
TI  - Case reports. The Levandoski splint vs. the sagittal II appliance in TMJ
      treatment: a functional face off!

PMID- 1810845
TI  - Incidental arch widening and the sagittal II appliance.

PMID- 1810846
TI  - Risk management.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to provide the orthodontic practitioner with a
      basic understanding of the concept of "Risk Management" so that he/she might be
      able to minimize the possibility of being sued. There are a number of factors
      regarding risk management which will also help the prudent practitioner reduce
      the likelihood of losing a lawsuit should it occur. Many dentists have spent
      hundreds of hours learning new skills to enhance their service to their patients.
      My suggestion is that we must also try to increase our risk management skills and
      our understanding of legal matters if we are to survive the 1990's.

PMID- 1810847
TI  - AGD's national sponsor approval program vs. ADA's proposed provider recognition
      program: which group should approve continuing dental education sponsors? Which
      group can save the profession from "educational malpractice"?

PMID- 1810849
TI  - 5 keys to facial beauty and TMJ health ... update.

PMID- 1810848
TI  - Utilization of the straight wire technique/bimetric distalizing arch in non
      extraction treatment.

PMID- 1810850
TI  - The five keys to facial beauty and TMJ health.

PMID- 1810851
TI  - Transcranial radiography of the TMJ--fact or fiction? Part I.

PMID- 1810852
TI  - Informed consent--an essential part of orthodontic records.

PMID- 1810853
TI  - Information and informed consent document.

PMID- 1810854
TI  - Defining the meaning of "in the community".

PMID- 1810855
TI  - Use of medical necessity scales in concurrent review of psychiatric inpatient
      care.

PMID- 1810856
TI  - Establishing links between residential placements for youths and prisons for
      adults.

PMID- 1810857
TI  - The 13th principle.

PMID- 1810858
TI  - Problems with managed psychiatric care without a psychiatrist-manager.
AB  - Seven critical cases in which patients at major psychiatric risk received less
      than adequate managed care are presented. Five patients committed suicide, one
      patient progressed to psychosis, and one became permanently physically disabled.
      In all seven cases, the patient's care was managed by a non-psychiatrist--by a
      bachelor's-level therapist or case manager in three cases and a family physician,
      a cardiologist, a nurse, and a master's-level social worker in the other four
      cases. In the cases in which psychiatric consultation was sought, psychiatrists,
      either in the managed care setting or outside it, were used mainly as
      psychopharmacological consultants. In three cases, their recommendations were not
      followed or were poorly implemented. In six cases, mismanagement of psychotropic
      medications was a factor in the fatal or serious outcome.

PMID- 1810860
TI  - Evaluation of a Maryland fiscal incentive plan for placing state hospital
      patients in nursing homes.
AB  - In Maryland a six-month fiscal incentive to promote nursing homes' acceptance of
      chronic patients discharged from state psychiatric hospitals was evaluated after
      one year. During the fiscal year of the incentive program, such placements (N =
      182) increased an average of 38 percent from previous years. Of 163 patients
      whose placements were evaluated, 22 were returned to the state hospital during
      the six-month period that the incentive was in place. Ten of the 22 were returned
      within 30 days of placement. Contrary to expectation, the return rate did not
      rise after the incentive was discontinued; four patients were returned during the
      second six months of the study period. Most returns during the first six months
      were due to patients' physical and verbal threats. The results supported the use
      of short-term fiscal incentives and emphasized the importance of intensive
      supportive interventions with chronic mentally ill patients early in the nursing
      home placement.

PMID- 1810859
TI  - The emergence of psychiatric departments as quasi-units in general hospitals.
AB  - The organization of inpatient psychiatric treatment in general hospitals was
      investigated using data from the Hospital Discharge Surveys for 1980 and 1985 and
      definitions of psychiatric services used by the American Hospital Association and
      the National Institute of Mental Health. The definitions differ in that
      psychiatric services meeting the AHA definition are formally organized and
      physically separate units, while those meeting the NIMH definition may have a
      less formal structure. The number of psychiatric inpatient episodes in
      psychiatric departments as defined by NIMH increased sixfold between 1980 and
      1985, while those in formal psychiatric units as defined by AHA decreased by 16
      percent. The increase was completely accounted for by episodes of mental
      disorders; episodes of alcohol and drug disorders decreased in both settings. The
      implications of the psychiatric department as an entrepreneurial newcomer in the
      competitive general hospital market are discussed.

PMID- 1810861
TI  - A model hospital policy on prosecuting patients for presumptively criminal acts.
AB  - Evidence suggests that violence by psychiatric inpatients, especially in public
      sector hospitals, may be on the rise. The authors present a model policy
      developed at a state hospital for deciding whether to prosecute presumptively
      criminal assaults by patients. The policy addresses the circumstances under which
      it is ethically permissible to file a criminal complaint while emphasizing the
      need to use clinical interventions first and to consider the clinical sequelae of
      prosecution. The authors also review criticisms made of the policy, which reflect
      opposing views that prosecution is unjustified and that the policy unduly
      restricts the use of prosecution. In the first six months after the policy became
      effective, state hospital staff considered filing charges against five patients,
      but no case progressed beyond the first steps in the implementation procedure.

PMID- 1810862
TI  - The relationship of crowding and aggressive behavior on a psychiatric intensive
      care unit.
AB  - During a 25-week period, all incidents of aggressive behavior in a 19-bed
      psychiatric acute care unit were systematically recorded using the Staff
      Observation Aggression Scale. Forty-seven of the 163 patients admitted to the
      unit were aggressive on 119 occasions. Of these incidents, 100 were physical
      attacks on another person, and 95 were perpetrated by 23 patients. The patients
      were predominantly aggressive without visible provocation or were provoked by
      staff's denying a request. An increased number of patients on the ward
      significantly increased the likelihood of aggressive behavior, especially by
      patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder.

PMID- 1810864
TI  - Premature death among outpatients at a community mental health center.
AB  - In a ten-year prospective study, mortality among psychiatric outpatients under
      age 40 was investigated in a sample of 322 Belgian patients who first visited a
      community mental health center in a district of Brussels between 1970 and 1973.
      Fifteen of the patients died before age 40. Compared with 15 matched controls
      from the group of living patients, the deceased patients had a higher incidence
      of concurrent physical illness and changed residence less frequently. The
      standardized mortality ratio for male patients in the study was 5.05 times
      greater than expected for a sample of the general population of Belgium, and for
      women it was 5.63 times greater. Not all of the excess mortality could be
      attributed to suicide. Results confirmed previous findings of excess mortality
      due to natural causes in this population and of the greater incidence of
      mortality during the first years of treatment.

PMID- 1810863
TI  - Effects of family environment on negative symptoms and quality of life of
      psychotic patients.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that negative symptoms and quality of life for
      patients with functional psychoses are associated with family environment. Fifty
      seven first-admission patients with functional psychoses were assessed at
      hospital admission for severity of psychopathology and premorbid adjustment.
      Relatives residing with patients rated the family environment at admission and
      one month after discharge on the Family Environment Scale. Patients made the same
      ratings after discharge. Six months later, patients were reassessed on severity
      of psychopathology, negative symptoms, and quality of life. Multiple regression
      analyses showed that higher levels of positive emotional expressiveness in the
      family predicted milder and fewer negative symptoms and better quality of life at
      follow-up. The prediction was statistically independent of the initial severity
      of psychopathology or premorbid adjustment.

PMID- 1810865
TI  - Implementation and assessment of a policy on physicians' cosignatures.

PMID- 1810866
TI  - An evaluation of supportive housing for current and former psychiatric patients.

PMID- 1810867
TI  - An outpatient eating disorders program in a CMHC.

PMID- 1810869
TI  - Psychiatrists' roles in CMHCs.

PMID- 1810868
TI  - Bipolar disorder associated with an acoustic neurinoma.

PMID- 1810870
TI  - Montana state court establishes constitutional requirements for use of seclusion
      and restraint.

PMID- 1810871
TI  - Cataract surgery in Indian conditions.

PMID- 1810872
TI  - Clinico-biochemical study of experimental complicated cataracts.
AB  - Clinically observed complicated cataracts, generally do not have a definite
      causal factor. We studied the effects of E. coli toxin injected suprachoroidally,
      to simulate the effect of toxins released by extraocular organisms on the lens.
      79.2% of eyes had a definable cataract at the end of the 6th week of observation.
      The biochemical changes portrayed an increased oxidative activity in the lens,
      evidenced by a fall in glutathione concentration, and the consequent tertiary
      reorientation of proteins to increase insoluble proteins, forming a cataract.

PMID- 1810873
TI  - Synergetic effects of U-V radiations and malnutrition of lens (experimental
      study).
AB  - The synergistic effects of protein deficiency and U-V radiation is cataractogenic
      as seen in our experimental model though individually these had no damaging
      effect on enzymatic profile and clinical appearance.

PMID- 1810874
TI  - Management of secondary pupillary membrane in aphakia (YAG discission vs
      parsplana membranectomy).
AB  - Forty aphakic eyes, with secondary pupillary membranes, underwent pars plana
      membranectomy and YAG laser discission randomly. Visual improvement was similar
      in both the groups. IOP remained low for a week in pars-plana membranectomy while
      it transiently increased following YAG laser discission Complications like
      anterior chamber reaction, corneal edema and CME were more after pars plana
      membranectomy than in YAG laser discission. In membranes thicker than 1.2 mm,
      only pars plana membranectomy is recommended.

PMID- 1810876
TI  - Rail roading technique for intubation of the canaliculi with sutupak in cases of
      common canalicular duct obstruction.
AB  - A variety of methods and materials have been used for the treatment of the
      problems relating to the canalicular system. An insight into the rail roading
      technique for intubation of the canaliculi with sutupak in cases of common
      canalicular duct obstruction is presented here. About 30 patients with block at
      the common canalicular duct, which was detected by dacryocystography were
      operated for dacryocystorhinostomy with intubation of both the canaliculi with
      sutupak No. 0 by rail roading technique with good results.

PMID- 1810875
TI  - Modified canaliculo-dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - The management of cases with common canalicular obstruction poses a difficult
      problem. Nineteen patients presenting with common canalicular obstruction of
      unknown cause or in association with trauma, encysted mucocoele and previous sac
      surgery, were operated on by the modified canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy
      technique. The surgery involves a microsurgical dissection at the site of the
      common canalicular obstruction followed by anastomosis to the sac or nasal mucosa
      with silicone tube intubation of the passage using an improvised metallic
      introducer. The procedure was successful in 13 of the cases in a follow-up period
      varying from 4 months to 15 months. The complications included extrusion of the
      tube and nasal bleeding. The indications of the procedure, the precise technique
      and precautions to avoid intra and post operative complications have been
      elaborated in the paper.

PMID- 1810877
TI  - A modified technique of anterior peribulbar anaesthesia.
AB  - A modified technique of peribulbar anaesthesia consisting of a single injection
      of anaesthetic solution with a 26G, half inch insulin needle was evaluated in 50
      eyes. The operative procedures included extracapsular cataract extraction with
      intraocular lens implantation in 20 eyes, intracapsular lens extraction in 20
      eyes, and trabeculectomy in 10 eyes. Complete anaesthesia was obtained in 45 eyes
      (90%). No significant complications were observed except for mild to moderate
      conjunctival chemosis in 40 eyes (80%). The technique is easy to learn, safe,
      effective and relatively economical.

PMID- 1810878
TI  - Neoplasms of the limbus.
AB  - One hundred consecutively excised and histologically diagnosed limbal neoplasms
      were analyzed. Majority (56%) of the affected patients were less than 30 years
      old. Benign tumours (77%) outnumbered the malignancies. Dermoids (29%) and
      hyperplastic squamous epithelium or 'epidermalization' (26%) were the commonest
      benign neoplasms. Squamous cell carcinoma, including frank and non-invasive
      carcinoma (23%) was the most frequent malignant tumour. These observations were
      compared with previous Indian and Western studies and the implications discussed.

PMID- 1810879
TI  - Effect of aniseikonia on fusion.
AB  - Physiological aniseikonia is the basis of stereopsis but beyond certain limits it
      becomes an obstacle to fusion. It is not well established as to how much
      aniseikonia can be tolerated by the fusional mechanism. Different tests under
      different testing conditions have given a wide range of variation. On the
      synoptophore we had observed tolerance upto 35% aniseikonia in some cases. Under
      more physiological conditions on a polaroid dissociation stereoprojector we
      observed lesser baseline fusional vergences but tolerance in about 70% of the
      cases upto 30% aniseikonia while 25% could tolerate even 35% aniseikonia. However
      we realise that these indicate the maximal potential and not the symptom free
      tolerable limits.

PMID- 1810880
TI  - Anti-insulin antibodies and retinopathy in juvenile onset type-1 diabetes.
AB  - Juvenile diabetics have severe loss of beta cell function and require replacement
      therapy with insulin. Insulin antigenicity can produce anti-insulin antibodies
      resulting in allergic reactions and insulin resistance. The role of insulin-anti
      insulin antibody complexes in the development and progress of chronic diabetic
      complications like microangiopathy is not very clear. In the present study, there
      was statistically a significant trend of higher insulin antibody binding levels
      in IDDM patients who developed retinopathy. Though there was a trend of higher
      insulin antibody in IDDM patients with retinopathy, there was no association
      between insulin antibody and HLA antigen which some authors have reported.

PMID- 1810881
TI  - Incidence of ocular myiasis due to infection with the larva of oestrus ovis
      (Oestridae Diptera).
AB  - The present paper is the result of the study of frequent occurrences of ocular
      myiasis due to the infection by the insect larva in 14 patients. The collected
      larvae were identified as first stage larva of oestrus ovis. The results of the
      examinations of the infected eyes show swollen conjunctiva, redness and watering
      of the eyes. These symptoms may be mistaken for mucopurulent conjunctivitis. The
      above results are discussed with earlier literature.

PMID- 1810882
TI  - Lisch spots in neurofibromatosis type 1.
AB  - The eyes of 28 patients of Neurofibromatosis type 1 were examined. Lisch spots
      were present in all the patients above 20 years. Their clinical appearance is
      being presented as seen in Indian subjects.

PMID- 1810883
TI  - Cluster headache or narrow angle glaucoma?
AB  - A 47 year old man with episodes of attacks of pain, redness and mild blurring of
      vision was investigated for narrow angle glaucoma in view of shallow anterior
      chambers and a cupped optic disc. The history was reviewed following a
      spontaneous attack in hospital, which had features other than acute glaucoma. A
      diagnosis of cluster headache was made on the basis of tests. Cluster headache
      has been defined as unilateral intense pain, involving the eye and head on one
      side, usually associated with flushing, nasal congestion and lacrimation; the
      attacks recurring one or more times daily and lasting 20 - 120 minutes. Such
      attacks commonly continue for weeks or months and are separated by an
      asymptomatic period of months to years. This episodic nature, together with
      unilaterality and tendency to occur at night, closely mimics narrow angle
      glaucoma. Further, if patients have shallow anterior chambers and disc cupping,
      the differentiation becomes more difficult yet critical. Resource to provocative
      tests is often the only answer as the following case report demonstrates.

PMID- 1810885
TI  - Septo-optic dysplasia (case report).
AB  - Septo optic dysplasia is a rare developmental anomaly involving bilateral optic
      nerve hypoplasia, midline anomalies of the brain and hypothalamo-pituitary
      dysfunction. A case of septo-optic dysplasia with pituitary dwarfism, optic nerve
      hypoplasia and absent septum pellucidum is reported.

PMID- 1810884
TI  - Bilateral inverse Duane's retraction syndrome--a case report.
AB  - Duane's retraction syndrome is a well known congenital musculo-facial anomaly.
      Various explanations have been given for the aetiology of this syndrome. Inverse
      Duane's retraction syndrome is a condition with reverse clinical features.
      Abduction of the affected eye is possible to some extent and is accompanied by
      retraction of the eyeball, narrowing of the palpebral fissure and pseudoptosis.
      There may be some restriction of movement on adduction. The primary lesion is
      suspected to be in the medial rectus muscle. Frequently the muscle is found to be
      entrapped following trauma to the medial wall of the orbit. A case of bilateral
      inverse Duane's retraction syndrome and convergent squint along with left-sided
      perceptive deafness is reported. As is usually the case there was no structural
      abnormality or entrapment of the muscle from trauma.

PMID- 1810886
TI  - The missing eyeball--CT evaluation (a case report).
AB  - A case of blow out fracture of the medial wall and floor of the orbit with
      herniation of the eyeball into the ethmoid sinus diagnosed on CT scan is
      reported. To the best of our knowledge there is no previous report of prolapse of
      eyeball into the ethmoid sinus.

PMID- 1810887
TI  - Current issues in orofacial myology. 1.

PMID- 1810888
TI  - An approach to digitsucking cases. 2. Some ideas in giving instructions.

PMID- 1810889
TI  - The predictability of root coverage by way of free gingival autografts and citric
      acid application: an evaluation by multiple clinicians.

PMID- 1810890
TI  - Membrane-induced bone augmentation at titanium implants. A report on ten fixtures
      followed from 1 to 3 years after loading.

PMID- 1810891
TI  - The role of attached gingiva in the health of peri-implant tissue in dogs. 1.
      Clinical findings.

PMID- 1810892
TI  - Surgical audit under scrutiny--a prospective study.
AB  - Surgical audit must be shown to improve clinical practice and patient outcome if
      its widespread introduction is to be enthusiastically embraced by surgeons.
      Retrospective studies on hospital activity by their nature are often incomplete
      and unreliable. A 12-month prospective review (July 1990-June 1991) of the
      activity, morbidity and mortality that occurred within a district general
      surgical unit is analysed. During the study period, 3,927 patients were admitted
      to the unit, of whom 1,649 were elective and 2,278 (58%) were emergency cases. 48
      patients (1.2%) were transferred to external specialist centres. 41% of the
      admissions did not require surgery. There were 2,335 in-patient and 765 out
      patient operations performed. Using the BUPA classification (n = 3100), there
      were 388 major (12.5%), 802 intermediate (25.9%) and 1910 minor (61.6%)
      procedures. There were 15 perioperative and 38 non-operative (27 metastatic
      carcinoma) deaths. 80% of the perioperative deaths were high risk, elderly
      patients with acute abdominal pathology. 369 complications (39 in non-operative
      cases) were recorded among both in- and out-patients: 212 systemic, 133
      local/wound and 24 major/life threatening. The perioperative mortality rate was
      0.6%. The operative morbidity rate was 9.0% and the procedure-related morbidity
      4.7%. The wound infection rate was 2%. In a non-specialist, general surgical unit
      with a broad case mix, it is possible to provide a standard of care and practice
      that produces very low mortality and an acceptable morbidity rate.

PMID- 1810894
TI  - Community health service utilisation and needs in an elderly population.
AB  - This study was carried out to determine community health service utilisation and
      needs of an elderly population living in a geographically defined area of Dublin.
      A random sample of 208 persons was taken from the 11,852 elderly persons living
      in the area. Activities of daily living and cognitive function were assessed in
      the person's own home. Whilst the community health services provided were less
      than comprehensive, they were targeted to those most in need; the very elderly,
      those living alone, and persons with a mental or physical disability. Objectively
      assessed need for further services far outweighed the demand for such services.
      Studies such as this are essential if the elderly are to receive their fair share
      of services in a demand based health service.

PMID- 1810893
TI  - Surgical emergencies in Ireland. An audit of the emergency surgical caseload of
      an Irish district general hospital.
AB  - Emergency cases are an increasing part of the workload of a general surgical
      unit. Little accurate quantitative data is presently available on the nature and
      impact of this workload on a typical district general surgical service. This
      study reports the results of a prospective one year audit of the emergency cases
      dealt with by a typical Irish district general surgical service. The general
      surgical service admitted 2,278 patients acutely, which represented 58% of the
      total number of admissions to the service. Eighteen patients required immediate
      transfer for specialist neurosurgical (11), vascular (6) or plastics (1)
      treatment. Of those cases admitted 1,396 (61.3%) were males and 882 (38.7%) were
      females. There were 1,786 (78%) adults and 492 (21.6%) paediatric cases.
      Abdominal pain (48.0%), head injury (23.8%) and urological problems (11.0%)
      accounted for the majority of the caseload. Within the abdominal pain group, the
      pre-dominant diagnoses were non-specific abdominal pain (36.0%), appendicitis
      (19.5%), cholecystitis/obstructive jaundice (10.8%) and peptic ulcer disease
      (10.0%). There were 456 emergency operations performed, representing 19.5% of all
      the inpatient general surgical procedures. 328 (72%) of these were performed out
      of normal working hours. Only 12% of the procedures were major. The commonest
      operations were appendicectomy (51%), abscess drainage (13%), wound toilet (13%)
      and laparotomy (11%). The emergency peri-operative mortality was 1.1%. The
      positive appendicectomy rate was 92%.

PMID- 1810895
TI  - Tetanus following cholecystectomy.

PMID- 1810896
TI  - Contraceptive use in young women: uptake, availability and education.
AB  - Despite increased availability of contraception and a relaxation of prescribing
      laws unplanned pregnancies will still occur. However when the right to life of
      the unborn child is enshrined in the constitution it is vital to provide adequate
      sex education and ensure the availability of all methods of contraception to
      reduce unplanned pregnancies to a minimum. This paper surveys the use of
      contraception prior to pregnancy in a group of unmarried mothers who delivered at
      a Dublin maternity hospital. It also surveys the availability of contraception
      from the pharmacies within the hospital's catchment area and the provision of sex
      education in the surrounding schools.

PMID- 1810897
TI  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a longitudinal study of 23 cases.
AB  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (B.P.D.) is a condition reflecting the reaction of the
      immature lung to the intensive support (barotrauma from mechanical ventilation
      and oxygen toxicity) required for survival in critically ill newborn infants.
      This study examines all infants who developed B.P.D. over a 2 year period in the
      Rotunda Hospital. Between 1st January 1986-31st December 1987 there were 1,360
      N.I.C.U. admissions, 198 with respiratory problems and 76 requiring assisted
      ventilation (I.P.P.V.); 23 infants developed B.P.D. with a mean gestational age
      of 28.7 weeks (SD 2.5), mean birth weight 1,243 g. (SD 523 g.). One infant died
      at 4 months from S.I.D.S. and one was lost to follow-up (both had been clinically
      normal). At one year post term the weight was 7,843 g. (SD 1,134) (normal
      population mean 9.75 Kg. third percentile 8 Kg.) and head circumference 46 cm.
      (SD 2.5) (normal population mean 47 cm., third percentile 45 cm). During the 1st
      year of life 11 infants required re-hospitalisation (5 bronchiolitis, 2 urinary
      tract infections, 2 failure to thrive, 2 myringotomies/grommets) and a further 8
      attended hospital with respiratory infections. Only 6/21 received 3 in 1 vaccine
      (all in hospital O.P.D.) and 14/21 received 2 in 1 vaccine. At one year 15
      infants were normal, 2 had cerebral palsy, 2 mild motor delay (one with arrested
      hydrocephalus), 1 sensorineural deafness and 1 arrested hydrocephalus with mild
      motor delay. Five infants developed retinopathy of prematurity but none required
      treatment.

PMID- 1810898
TI  - Aortic dissection presenting as superior vena cava obstruction. Case report and
      review of the literature.

PMID- 1810899
TI  - Reduction of proteinuria with captopril therapy in patients with focal segmental
      glomerulosclerosis and IgA nephropathy.
AB  - Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have been shown to reduce
      proteinuria in azotaemic diabetics and in other glomerulopathies, and such
      treatment has also slowed the development of experimentally-induced
      glomerulosclerosis in animals. We have treated 13 patients with focal segmental
      glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with Captopril 12.5 mg twice
      daily for six months and assessed their response in terms of 24 hour urinary
      protein excretion, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal
      plasma flow and derived values for filtration fraction and renal vascular
      resistance. A mean fall of 29 per cent in urinary protein excretion was observed
      over the six months treatment schedule. No significant changes were observed in
      other parameters of renal haemodynamics measured. We conclude that Captopril
      therapy in patients with FSGS and IgAN reduces urinary protein excretion
      consistently over a six month period, and that this may in the longer term retard
      the progression of their renal failure.

PMID- 1810900
TI  - Intermediate filament expression in carcinoid tumours.
AB  - Twenty-eight carcinoid tumours were stained with monoclonal antibodies to
      epithelial and neural related intermediate filaments. All were found to express
      epithelial markers, and none expressed neural markers. These results support the
      theory that carcinoids are of epithelial, rather than neural crest origin.

PMID- 1810901
TI  - Ulcerative jejunitis: are we missing cases?
AB  - We present two cases of ulcerative jejunitis unassociated with coeliac disease.
      The condition is probably being underdiagnosed especially since the reduction in
      the investigative laparotomy.

PMID- 1810902
TI  - Non-specific abdominal pain in pre-menopausal women.
AB  - Non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP) is a well-recognized clinical problem which
      places a significant burden on health resources. We studied 100 premenopausal
      women who were admitted consecutively through the Accident and Emergency
      Department of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital to assess final diagnosis,
      duration of hospital stay, extent of investigation, recurrence of symptoms and
      final diagnosis. The patients were placed in the following diagnostic categories:
      Gynaecological (30%), Renal (9%), Acute appendicitis (23%), Miscellaneous (9%)
      and Non-specific abdominal pain which accounted for 29% of the admissions. The
      mean duration of hospital stay for patients with NSAP was 67 days, one third
      underwent specialized investigations and one third underwent appendicectomies for
      normal appendices. On review, one year after admission, 66% of patients admitted
      with NSAP were asymptomatic.

PMID- 1810903
TI  - Perforated appendicitis in an incisional hernia.

PMID- 1810904
TI  - Urinary cytology in the detection of bladder carcinoma.
AB  - We have analysed the accuracy of cytological examination of voided urine in a
      population of 265 patients presenting with suspected bladder lesions. Bladder
      carcinoma was confirmed by tissue histopathology in 51 patients. Of these, 42
      were identified correctly by urinary cytology examination. Overall 34 patients
      were labelled as frankly malignant on cytology, of whom 2 were negative on final
      histology. 13 patients had been designated as suspicious however with 3 benign on
      final histological diagnosis. These data give a sensitivity for diagnosis of
      bladder cancer by urinary cytology of 82%, a specificity of 97%, a positive
      predictive value of 94%, and a negative predictive value of 96%.

PMID- 1810905
TI  - Epidemiology of suicides in Northern Ireland 1984-1989.
AB  - Suicide in the UK is the 2nd commonest cause of death among the under 45 year age
      group accounting for 10% of all Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL). An
      epidemiological analysis has been carried out on selected factors based on 558
      consecutive cases (1985-89) of self-inflicted death. The study reveals a dramatic
      increase in suicide among young men and especially security force personnel.
      There has also been a change in the methods used and the age/sex profile.

PMID- 1810906
TI  - Construction of yeast artificial chromosomes containing barley DNA and the
      identification of clones carrying copies of the repeated element BIS-1.
AB  - Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning vectors allow the isolation and
      analysis of very large segments of DNA. Barley DNA was cleaved with the rare
      cutting restriction enzyme MluI and fractionated according to size on a linear
      sucrose gradient or by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of
      approximately 50-250 kb were ligated with the YAC vector pYAC-RC and transformed
      into yeast spheroplasts. The presence of recombinant YACs with barley DNA inserts
      was established, and a number of clones containing copies of the repeated element
      BIS-1 were isolated. These results show that YAC cloning techniques can be
      successfully applied to the analysis of the barley genome.

PMID- 1810907
TI  - Somatic chromosome mutations and morphological abnormalities in sperms of boars.
AB  - Frequencies of chromosomally aberrant peripheral blood lymphocytes and
      morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were investigated in 10 boars from each of
      11 A.I. centres. Highly significant differences were found between A.I. centres
      concerning both chromosomally aberrant cells and morphologically abnormal sperms.
      A significant correlation was found for the overall frequency of aberrant
      lymphocytes and morphologically abnormal sperms in A.I. centres. The coefficient
      of correlation was 0.675 (p = 0.022). No significant correlation was found when
      the 110 boars were evaluated regardless of the A.I. centre.

PMID- 1810908
TI  - Transcription in vitro of a napin gene, napA, from Brassica napus with a HeLa
      cell nuclear extract.

PMID- 1810909
TI  - Genome size variation and its phenotypic consequences in Phyllotis rodents.
AB  - Constitutive heterochromatin and genome size were studied in Phyllotis darwini,
      three Phyllotis xanthopygus subspecies, and their interspecific laboratory
      hybrids. P. darwini, with no or only small C-bands, had the smallest genome size;
      P. xanthopygus rupestris and P. x. vaccarum, with large C-bands in all the
      chromosomes, had the largest; and P. x. xanthopygus, with heterochromatin only in
      a few chromosomes, showed intermediate genome size. To examine some phenotypic
      consequences of nuclear DNA content, we measured nuclear and cellular surfaces
      and volumes. Linear regression analyses showed that all these cellular characters
      had a highly significant direct relationship with genome size. Hybrids had always
      the expected intermediate parental characteristics. Previous results indicate
      that P. x. vaccarum should have longer mitotic cycles and lower reproductive
      capacity than P. darwini. Our findings suggest that the "nucleotypic DNA"
      hypothesis, which considers genome size as an adaptive feature in higher plants
      and lower vertebrates, could be extended to these mammals. The analysis of
      heterochromatin and nuclear DNA amounts of other phyllotine and akodontine
      rodents supports the idea that small C-bands and genomes are ancestral
      conditions, from which independent and parallel events occurred until large
      genomes were produced.

PMID- 1810910
TI  - The discipline of pediatric nursing.

PMID- 1810911
TI  - Socialization and caring for hospitalized African- and Mexican-American children.
AB  - This article is based on the premise that African- and Mexican-American
      children's responses to health and illness are rooted in their socialization into
      group perspectives that have been shaped by particular social and economic
      realities. Nurses are expected to provide care to African- and Mexican-American
      children, even though nurses may not have been educated to understand the effect
      of socialized perspectives on their practices. The purposes of this article are
      to highlight how differences in perspectives and ideologies create
      misunderstanding and to provide nurses with some examples of how their behavior
      might be interpreted by African- and Mexican-American children. The major
      practice implications center around the points that the motivations for African-
      and Mexican-American children's behavior may be different from those of European
      American children, even though the observable behaviors may be similar and the
      children of these two groups may bring additional socialized fears and anxieties
      to the hospital setting. Examples of actual practice situations are used to
      illustrate the major points.

PMID- 1810912
TI  - The depression of homeless children: a focus for nursing intervention.
AB  - Homelessness continues to be a social problem that many children experience. The
      loss of a home and all that is familiar to the child may have devastating short-
      and long-term effects on the child's psychological well-being. Some of these ill
      effects can potentially be mitigated by prompt nursing intervention. In this
      article the findings from a descriptive study that investigated 76 homeless
      school-age children's level of depression as measured with the Children's
      Depression Inventory are reported. The relevance of these findings for pediatric
      nurses and nursing interventions specific to this population are discussed.

PMID- 1810913
TI  - Nursing actions to prevent and alleviate pain in hospitalized children.
AB  - Nurses are confronted daily with the responsibility to care for hospitalized
      children in pain, yet the substantive knowledge base about that care and how
      effective it is remains extremely limited. Although there is initial evidence of
      effectiveness of several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain relief
      approaches, little evidence of use or effectiveness in clinical nursing practice
      exists. To begin to address this knowledge deficit, two studies conceptualized
      within Orem's (1991) general theory of nursing were undertaken: one involving
      ethnographic interviews to determine what pain relief actions are taken by nurses
      with recognized expertise in caring for children in pain and another, follow-up
      survey to examine the frequency with which these actions are used by general
      nursing staff. Data about perceived effectiveness of the actions were also
      obtained. The results of these two studies of nursing actions to prevent and
      alleviate pain in hospitalized children document that nurses use a wide variety
      of creative methods to relieve pain. From interviews with the nurse experts both
      specific actions and action patterns and themes were identified. Furthermore,
      these patterns were congruent with methods of helping used by nurses as described
      by Orem. Results of this research currently serve as the basis for development
      and testing of nursing action protocols for alleviation of pain in hospitalized
      children.

PMID- 1810914
TI  - A study of the needs of parents of hospitalized 2- to 6-year-old children.
AB  - The present study uses a qualitative approach to explore and identify areas of
      needs among parents of 2- to 6-year-old children who are hospitalized. An
      extensive literature review and informal in-depth interviews with five parents
      and six pediatric health care professionals were analyzed by content to develop a
      representative list of statements about needs. Six groups of needs were
      recognized: (a) the need to be able to trust doctors and nurses, (b) the need for
      information, (c) needs related to other family members, (d) a need to feel that
      they are trusted, (e) needs related to human and physical resources, and (e) the
      need for support and guidance. A congruency is found between statements about
      needs of parents of hospitalized 2- to 6-year-olds in the literature on the one
      hand and the needs of parents expressed by parents themselves and pediatric
      health care professionals on the other hand.

PMID- 1810915
TI  - What is "vertical"?

PMID- 1810916
TI  - Case report. Crowding and crossbite.

PMID- 1810917
TI  - Evidence for a direct arteriovenous connection (A-V shunt) between the testicular
      artery and pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord of the tree shrew (Tupaia
      glis).
AB  - In the tree shrew Tupaia glis, 5 or 6 small ramifying arterioles arose directly
      from the testicular artery and then gave off numerous small capillaries. The
      capillaries made a series of anastomoses with neighbouring counterpart
      capillaries to become a complicated network. Some of the capillaries drained into
      a small venule, which was connected directly with the testicular vein
      (pampiniform plexus), to form an arteriovenous connection (A-V shunt) between the
      testicular artery and the pampiniform plexus. This A-V shunt appears to make the
      transfer of substances from the pampiniform plexus to the testicular artery more
      efficient. In addition, the shunt may control the volume of the blood draining
      into the testis. The capillaries were covered by vesiculated cells which were
      located adjacent to the pericytes. The vesiculated cells contained abundant
      mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well developed Golgi complex and
      cytoplasmic vesicles. Their cellular processes were long and surrounded more than
      one capillary. The morphological features of the vesiculated cells suggest that
      they may synthesise substances that are released into the network and which
      affect the activity of the capillaries. Since the cellular processes contacted
      each other, the cells could provide support for the capillaries and prevent their
      collapse when the shunts are closed.

PMID- 1810918
TI  - Anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa
      domestica): a comparison with human cruciates.
AB  - Pig cruciate ligaments were dissected and examined radiologically to evaluate
      their function. The variations in distance between the origin and insertion of
      the fibre bundles were measured in different joint positions; the maximal
      decrease in distance amounted to 50% in the anterior (ACL) and 30% in the
      posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The ACL consists of 2 morphologically distinct
      portions. Most of its fibres are found to be taut in extension. Its
      posterolateral portion contains a 'guiding bundle' taut in all joint positions as
      well as fibres that are taut either in extreme positions (in extension or in
      flexion or in both) or in intermediate positions. Its anteromedial portion is
      mainly composed of fibres taut in extension with some additional fibres taut in
      intermediate positions. The PCL is not subdivided. Most of its fibres are taut in
      flexion and some in intermediate positions. Its guiding bundle is consistently
      taut in all joint positions. The guiding bundle of the ACL and the one of the PCL
      form a 4-bar link. The functions of the cruciates basically are the same in
      humans and in pigs, namely in guiding the joint and in restricting motion. It
      must, however, be borne in mind that the maximal extension of the pig corresponds
      to a human flexion of 30 degrees. It is not possible to correlate the differing
      gaits of the pig and human with respect to the function of the cruciates, as the
      knee has to perform flexion and extension (with secondary rotational) movements
      in both species, irrespective of unguligrady, digitigrady or plantigrady.

PMID- 1810919
TI  - The venous anatomy of the scaphoid.
AB  - The intraosseous injection of coloured latex allows the venous drainage of a
      particular area of a bone to be studied. The extraosseous anatomy is visualised
      by chemical digestion of the soft tissues, the intraosseous anatomy by clearing
      the bone using the Spalteholz technique. When applied to the proximal pole of the
      scaphoid, this showed the venous drainage to be via the dorsal ridge into the
      venae comitantes of the radial artery.

PMID- 1810920
TI  - A computerised morphometric technique for the analysis of intimal hyperplasia.
AB  - The aim of this study was to design, develop and employ a method for the
      acquisition of a significant data base of thickness measurements. The integration
      of standard histological techniques (step serial sectioning), modern computer
      technology and a personally developed software package (specifically designed for
      thickness measurement) produced a novel technique suitable for the task. The
      technique allowed the elucidation of a larger data set from tissue samples. Thus
      a detailed and accurate quantitative assessment of general and focal changes in
      intimal hyperplasia could be produced. A technique for the 3-dimensional
      reconstruction of the intimal thickness data was also developed. The new
      technique was tested on 4 autogenous vein grafts (2 months after insertion) and
      revealed a significant decrease in intimal thickness from proximal to distal
      levels.

PMID- 1810921
TI  - Ultrastructural quantification of collagen fibrils in chordae tendineae of the
      sheep and rabbit.
AB  - Collagen fibril diameters and the volume occupied by collagen were quantified at
      the ultrastructural level in the chordae tendineae of the rabbit and the sheep.
      Collagen fibril diameter distribution was unimodal and significant differences
      were found between values on the left and right sides, those on the left being
      greater than those on the right. The differences are discussed in terms of
      mechanical loading and compared with results obtained from other tendinous
      structures subjected to continuous loading.

PMID- 1810922
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and model-free estimates of brain volume
      determined using the Cavalieri principle.
AB  - A complete set of parallel (coronal) slices through a fixed human forebrain was
      generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Cavalieri principle,
      combined with point counting, was used to estimate brain volume. Alternative
      sampling schemes for estimating volume were then assessed by taking systematic
      and simple random selections of slices. Later, the brain was weighed and its
      fixed volume determined by fluid displacement. For the complete set of n = 28 MRI
      slices, the volume (1025 ml) was estimated with a coefficient of error (CE) of
      less than 1%. Decreasing the number of slices by systematic sampling increased
      the CE but this was still only 5% when just 5-6 slices were analysed. Estimated
      volumes varied from 947 ml to 1098 ml. Simple random sampling was less efficient
      (estimated volumes for 5-6 slices were 644-1187 ml). The forebrain actually
      weighed 1090 g and displaced 1060 ml of fluid. A set of 14 other brains was
      physically sliced in order to assess sampling errors in the context of observed
      brain-to-brain variation. It was found that 5-6 slices per brain is enough to
      yield efficient estimates of mean brain volume. The findings demonstrate the
      practicability of using MRI to estimate brain volumes unbiasedly and efficiently.
      The methods have great potential for noninvasive, longitudinal studies on in vivo
      brains and other organs.

PMID- 1810923
TI  - Ultrastructure of the bovine nuchal ligament.
AB  - Nuchal ligament is composed almost exclusively of elastic fibres and collagen
      fibrils, interwoven very closely and lying parallel to the main ligament axis.
      Elastic fibres are very large, straight and roughly cylindrical; the collagenous
      matrix consists of septa of diminishing size forming a 3-dimensional matrix that
      envelops fibre bundles as well as individual elastic fibres. In all areas
      examined, collagen fibrils are of very uniform size and, on replicas, they reveal
      a spiral subfibrillar arrangement with an inclination angle of 17 degrees.
      Collagen fibrils appear to adhere to the elastic fibres very closely, conforming
      to their irregular shape. Sometimes they impinge directly upon the elastic
      fibres, while in other cases a space is visible between collagen fibrils and
      elastic fibres that contains a rich fabric of intermediate filaments. The
      collagen-elastin complex of the ligamentum nuchae may be considered a fibre
      reinforced composite material comprising tough fibres immersed in an amorphous
      elastic matrix. Its mechanical behaviour is the result of the combined properties
      of its components and their interactions.

PMID- 1810925
TI  - Morphometric analyses of adrenal gland growth in fetal and neonatal sheep. III.
      Volumes of the major organelles within zona fasciculata steroidogenic cells.
AB  - We have undertaken a morphometric analysis of the distribution patterns of the
      major subcellular organelles of the zona fasciculata in fetal (53, 100, 130, 144
      days) and neonatal (2 days) sheep as they may be expressed as volume densities,
      volumes per cell, volumes per 100 microns 3 of cytoplasm per cell, and volumes
      per mm3 of steroidogenic cells per gland. Data obtained indicate that certain of
      the volume densities and the 3 other volume indicators of the 6 organelles
      considered change with gestational age. While the volume of mitochondria per cell
      increased in late gestation because of cellular hypertrophy, the real time
      volumes of mitochondria per unit volume of cell or gland did not vary
      significantly during the period of development studied. The volume of the SER,
      however, changed markedly, being minimal at 100 days fetal development (0.68
      gestation) and increasing, probably initially during the 123-130 day (0.84-0.88
      gestation) period, until the end of the fetal period (term = 147 days). The SER
      exhibited the most marked variability in the three volume indicators, the volumes
      correlating closely with cell size and steroidogenic capability. The RER volumes
      altered little, decreasing per 100 microns 3 of cytoplasm from mid-gestation,
      probably as a reflection of the cell maturity state attained. Changes in the
      distribution of the Golgi apparatus paralleled those of the SER; but the lipid
      storage droplets were sparse and their volumes constant. In the fetal sheep, the
      Golgi apparatus appears to be a significant component of the steroidogenic
      organelle complex, while the lipid droplet compartment does not. Consideration of
      growth during the 2nd major growth phase of the adrenal cortex (from before 0.85
      gestation), as expressed in mitotic events, showed that at 130 days (0.88
      gestation) cellular replication was randomly spread through the zona fasciculata,
      whereas at 144 days (0.98 gestation) mitoses were twice as prevalent in the outer
      half of that zone as they were in the inner half. At 130 and 144 days, the cells
      of the outer half of the zona fasciculata contained significantly more smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum than did those of the inner half. The maturation of the
      zona fasciculata, which allows the maximal production of cortisol in late
      pregnancy, thus occurs in a centripetal direction. This may result from the fact
      that the outer cells of the zona fasciculata are first in contact with the rising
      levels of ACTH and cortisol, two primary determinants of its growth and
      differentiation during the last 3 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 1810926
TI  - The role of zygapophysial joint orientation and uncinate processes in controlling
      motion in the cervical spine.
AB  - Five linear and 2 angular measurements on each of C3 to T1 in a sample of 67
      human skeletons were used to examine 3 hypotheses about the function of uncinate
      processes and zygapophysial joints in the cervical vertebral column. The material
      was sexed and each vertebra was rated for pathological changes. The effects of
      gender and pathology on the measures was assessed. The upper 4 vertebrae studied
      had the largest disc-facet angles, supporting the view that the articular facet
      orientation is responsible for the greater intervertebral disc translation
      occurring during sagittal motion in the neck. These upper 4 vertebrae also have
      the largest uncinate processes, and this observation supports the hypothesis that
      uncinate processes function to guide and control the anteroposterior translation
      which occurs during sagittal motion. The 3rd hypothesis that uncinate processes
      function to facilitate axial rotation is not supported by the recorded interfacet
      angles which appear to promote axial rotation only in the lower 4 vertebrae. Two
      further hypothesis are suggested. First, that the interfacet angle is responsible
      for controlling how strictly lateral flexion and axial rotation are coupled in
      cervical motion segments. Second, the suggestion is made that the high frequency
      of pathological change seen at the disc margins of the middle cervical vertebrae
      may be a result of the unusual combination of disc-facet and interfacet angles
      permitting more degrees of freedom than the cervical intervertebral discs can
      withstand.

PMID- 1810924
TI  - Peptide accretions in the endoplasmic reticulum of magnocellular neurosecretory
      neurons in normal and experimentally manipulated rats.
AB  - Light microscopic observations using Nomarski interference contrast optics or
      darkfield optics on unstained aldehyde-fixed vibratome sections of hypothalami
      from normal young adult male and female Long Evans rats and from vasopressin
      deficient Brattleboro rats, revealed the presence of cells in the supraoptic,
      paraventricular and periventricular nuclei which possessed yellow birefringent
      inclusions of globular or filamentous appearance in their somata. These
      inclusions were morphologically distinct from the large lipid droplets present in
      vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons of diabetes insipidus mice. Small portions
      of the vibratome sections containing the birefringent cells were excised and
      prepared for correlative electron microscopy. This revealed that the birefringent
      inclusions represented electron-dense material within cisterns of endoplasmic
      reticulum in magnocellular neurons. Antibodies to oxytocin or oxytocin-associated
      neurophysin immunolabelled the intracisternal electron-dense material and
      neurosecretory granules in resin-embedded ultrathin sections. Antibodies to
      vasopressin or vasopressin-associated neurophysin, and a panel of lectins did not
      label the intracisternal material. Quantitation revealed a small increase in the
      numbers of birefringent cells in aged rats and in rats drinking saline for 3
      days. Subcutaneous injection of oestradiol benzoate for 7 days prior to fixation
      caused a large increase. After cessation of oestradiol administration the numbers
      of birefringent cells decreased; observations on the remaining cells showed that
      the endoplasmic reticulum cisterns were frequently fused with the plasmalemma,
      resulting in direct release of neurosecretory material into the extracellular
      spaces.

PMID- 1810927
TI  - A study of modified lymphatics in the deep cortex of ruminant lymph nodes.
AB  - Ruminant lymph nodes, except when very small, were found to have a system of
      smooth-walled channels in the periphery of the 'deep cortical units' defined by
      Belisle & Sainte-Marie (1981 a,b). Each channel originated with many 'blind'
      branches in the subnodular layer of the cortex and ended by joining a medullary
      sinus. The wall consisted of a continuous endothelial lining, a sometimes thin or
      discontinuous basement membrane without a basal lamina, and at least one layer of
      flattened reticular fibroblasts. The endothelium was higher than in most typical
      lymphatics, with a cytoplasmic fine structure similar to that of sinus-lining
      cells in the medullary sinuses. The intercellular junctions were generally long
      and elaborate. The lumen often contained opaque material, especially in the
      branches, as for initial lymphatics, as well as a few lymphocytes and an
      occasional nonlymphoid cell, but sinus macrophages were never seen. In some lymph
      nodes the lumen was crowded with lymphocytes. When small ferripolymaltose
      particles arrived in the node with the afferent lymph, many of them rapidly
      passed through the outer cortex and reached the lumen of the smooth-walled
      channels by way of the intercellular junctions of the endothelium. When colloidal
      carbon was introduced the same way, some of it also reached the channels where it
      accumulated in the basement membrane and in vesicles and vacuoles of the
      endothelium. These channels are interpreted as initial lymphatics of the same
      type as in other lymphoid organs rather than lymph node sinuses. They seem to
      play an important role for the exit of lymphocytes from the nodes and also for
      the passage of particulate material, including antigens, through those areas
      where recirculating lymphocytes arrive in the cortex.

PMID- 1810928
TI  - A segmental analysis of thoracic shape in chest radiographs of children. Changes
      related to spinal level, age, sex, side and significance for lung growth and
      scoliosis.
AB  - Thoracic ratios (TRs) were measured segmentally (T1-12) in the chest radiographs
      of 412 children aged 0-17 years attending hospital with minimal disorder or
      diseases (boys 193, girls 219). A new method for measuring TRs was used which
      calculates the width of the left hemithorax, the right hemithorax and the total
      thorax relative to T1-T12 distance. The data were analysed in 3 age groups-
      infancy, childhood and puberty, after the classification of Karlberg (1989). The
      findings are as follows. 1. The chest broadens from T1 to about T10-11. 2.
      Between infancy and childhood, relative to its length the chest narrows from
      above downwards and particularly in the lower chest (T5-12 average diminution,
      boys 9.5%, girls 9.8%). In the upper chest, the narrowing is more marked in girls
      than boys (T1-4 average diminution, boys 5.1%, girls 8.2%). 3. Between childhood
      and puberty, the girl's but not the boy's chest narrows further in its lower half
      (below T6 average diminution 3.3%). At T6 and above there is no detectable change
      in the relative width of the chest in either boys or girls. 4. The relative
      narrowing of the chest during growth appears to result from several mechanisms:
      (1) elevation of upper rib-vertebra angles (above 90 degrees); (2) drooping of
      lower rib-vertebra angles (below 90 degrees); and (3) linear rib growth being
      impaired relative to thoracic spinal growth in the lower ribcage (T6-12) of girls
      between childhood and puberty (Grivas et al. 1991 d). 5. The hypothesis is
      suggested that the relative narrowing of the lower chest with increasing age
      reduces the rotational inertia of the thorax in gait. There is a greater need for
      such reduction in girls because of the greater rotational inertia generated by
      the mass of their larger pelves. This hypothesis provides a mechanical
      explanation for the proportionate change in the girl's lung in the later stages
      of growth (Simon et al. 1972). 6. Developmentally, the left hemithorax is ahead
      of the right hemithorax in childhood. 7. Thoracic asymmetry favouring the right
      chest is found, and more so in puberty than childhood which is connected with the
      larger size of the thorax and lung in the adult. 8. The evidence suggests that
      hemithoracic development is caudocranial; this is consistent with an adaptation
      of the human ribcage to control spinal rotation and counterrotation when bipedal
      gait was acquired in evolution. 9. In progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis,
      the upper chest is funnel-shaped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1810929
TI  - Microscopic anatomy of the baboon (Papio hamadryas) adrenal medulla.
AB  - Adrenal medullas of 2 baboons perfused with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde and
      tannic acid were studied by light and electron microscopy. Tissues were postfixed
      in OsO4. This procedure allows identification of noradrenaline cells on the basis
      of a selective reaction of glutaraldehyde with noradrenaline vesicles. As
      positive control for noradrenaline cells, similarly treated mouse adrenal
      medullas were also examined. Light microscopic examination of thick sections of
      baboon medullas did not show noradrenaline cells. In contrast, mouse adrenal
      medullas showed noradrenaline cells scattered in small groups among the much
      lighter adrenaline cells. By electron microscopy no noradrenaline cells were seen
      in the baboon medulla while mouse adrenal medullas showed noradrenaline cells
      with vesicles possessing exceedingly dense cores and light spaces within their
      limiting membranes. Otherwise, the majority of the baboon chromaffin cells showed
      chromaffin vesicles which were round or elongated, 150-520 nm in diameter, and
      heterogenous in electron density. Cytoplasmic densities were occasionally seen
      attached to the inner aspect of the plasmalemma, particularly along areas close
      to blood capillaries. These densities could be chromaffin vesicles in the process
      of exocytosis. This is the first report of exocytotic profiles in a primate
      medulla. Occasional small vesicle-containing cells also were present. The vast
      majority of their vesicles were electron dense. Several possible alternatives for
      the varied catecholamine vesicular osmiophilia, were discussed. It was suggested
      that this could be attributed to varied concentration of noradrenaline and
      adrenaline neurohormones among the vesicle population.

PMID- 1810930
TI  - Homologies of the meningeal-orbital arteries of humans: a reappraisal.
AB  - Two arteries connect the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery to the
      lacrimal artery. One vessel, the sphenoidal artery, passes through the superior
      orbital fissure. The other vessel, the meningolacrimal artery, passes through the
      cranio-orbital foramen. An analysis of data derived from embryology, comparative
      anatomy, and patterns of adult variation indicates that the meningolacrimal
      artery is homologous with the ramus superior of the stapedial artery, an
      embryologically and phylogenetically primitive vessel. The sphenoidal artery
      probably forms late in human ontogeny and represents an evolutionary novelty. Its
      distribution is probably restricted to hominoids and may be exclusive to humans
      and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). The sphenoidal artery is associated with three
      other derived features: the sphenoparietal sinus and sulcus and a laterally
      expanded superior orbital fissure. The high frequency of the sphenoidal artery in
      Homo and Pongo probably represents a case of parallelism. The earliest
      paleontological evidence of an enlarged sphenoidal artery in the Hominidae occurs
      in Indonesian Homo erectus (Sangiran VI).

PMID- 1810931
TI  - Prostaglandin synthetase and prostacyclin synthetase in mature rat skeletal
      muscles: immunohistochemical localisation to arterioles, tendons and connective
      tissues.
AB  - Mature skeletal muscles produce appreciable quantities of prostacyclin (PGI2) and
      smaller amounts of PGF2 alpha and PGE2, but the sources of these prostaglandins
      within skeletal muscle are unknown. Monoclonal antibodies to prostaglandin
      synthetase and prostacyclin synthetase were used to determine which muscle cells
      produce prostaglandins. The antibody to prostacyclin synthetase stained the
      tendon, fascia, epimysium and the arteries leading to the muscles. The endothelia
      of arterioles were also stained in the tibialis anterior and cremaster but not in
      the soleus muscles. Only trace levels of immunoreactivity were observed with the
      antibody to prostaglandin synthetase in normal muscles. However, immunoreactivity
      was observed in the muscles of rats that had been pretreated with aspirin, a drug
      that inhibits and stabilises prostaglandin synthetase. In muscles of the aspirin
      treated rats, all cell types that were stained by the antiprostacyclin synthetase
      also reacted weakly with the antibody to prostaglandin synthetase. In addition,
      some cells in the endomysium were strongly stained with the antiprostaglandin
      synthetase but not with the antiprostacyclin synthetase. We conclude that (1) at
      least one aspect of the regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation of slow
      muscles is different from that of fast muscles, (2) that the tendon and
      connective tissue is the major source of PGI2 in mature skeletal muscles, and (3)
      that the prostaglandin-dependent effects of insulin and some other stimuli on
      skeletal muscle may be mediated by the muscle's arterioles or connective tissue.

PMID- 1810932
TI  - Neonatal myosin in bovine and pig tensor tympani muscle fibres.
AB  - In previous studies of middle ear muscles, the classification of fibre types by
      histochemical methods was particularly difficult in the bovine and porcine tensor
      tympani muscle, suggesting the presence of immature fibres. We therefore
      reexamined the tensor tympani from pigs and cattle of various ages
      immunohistochemically, using a panel of antimyosin antibodies, including one
      (anti-NE) specific for neonatal and embryonic myosins. Fibres positive to anti-NE
      were found in tensor tympani in both species in all ages examined; only a few of
      these fibres reacted exclusively with this antibody; some also contained slow
      myosin and the majority also contained adult fast (type IIA) myosin. Furthermore,
      although the remaining fibres included some of the classical types I and IIA, the
      majority of them showed a mismatch between their histochemical and
      immunohistochemical profiles. The morphological appearance of the muscle, the
      widespread presence of neonatal myosin (often together with another myosin in the
      same fibre) and the persistence of this composition from birth to adulthood,
      could be explained by an incomplete development of the muscle fibres, resulting
      in a 'muscle' much better suited to the role of a ligament.

PMID- 1810933
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the oesophageal hiatus with nonrotation
      of the midgut. A case report.
AB  - Observations were made on the cadaver of an 86-year-old subject that presented
      with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia and nonrotation of the midgut. A hernial
      sac originating from the peritoneum near the oesophagogastric junction contained
      the midgut which had herniated through the oesophageal hiatus. An abnormally
      placed duodenum together with a variation in the drainage of the common hepatic
      duct were found. These findings are reviewed in relation to the development of
      the diaphragm and it is suggested that inadequate muscle differentiation in the
      primative mesenchyme contributes both to the occurrence of congenital oesophageal
      hiatus hernia and nonrotation of the midgut.

PMID- 1810934
TI  - Relationships between lymphoid nodules and lymph sinuses in lymph nodes: a study
      in horses.
AB  - Secondary lymphoid nodules in lymph nodes of the horse are surrounded by a
      network of lymph sinuses, including the subcapsular sinus and its extensions
      around tabeculae, tubular and tubule-like sinuses deeper in the cortex, and
      sinuses between cord-like projections of cortical tissue. The precise role of
      this close association between sinuses and nodules in the transport of immune
      complexes, cells and cytokines is not known.

PMID- 1810935
TI  - Distribution and fine structural analysis of undifferentiated cells in the
      primate subependymal layer.
AB  - The subependymal layer (SEL) of the postnatal marmoset, a simian primate, has
      been investigated by histological and electron microscopic techniques. Although
      well documented in rodents, little is known about this layer in primates. The
      distribution of the SEL in marmosets is most extensive at birth around the
      anterior lateral ventricles, where the layer is generally 5-10 cells deep;
      however, there is considerable regional variation. With age the size of the SEL
      decreases dramatically, becoming very poorly demarcated in adult animals.
      Ultrastructurally, many subependymal cells in neonatal and young brains display
      the features of undifferentiated cells, although neurons and glia are also
      present. Cells displaying features intermediate between astrocytes and
      undifferentiated SEL cells are occasionally encountered. In adults
      undifferentiated cells are seen rarely and the former SEL is composed primarily
      of glial and neuronal processes. Thus the layer in primates probably represents a
      site of continued cellular differentiation in the postnatal brain and as such
      must play an important role in the final stages of cortical development.

PMID- 1810936
TI  - Normal anatomy of the aqueous humour outflow system in the domestic pig eye.
AB  - The normal functional anatomy of the aqueous humour outflow pathways in the
      domestic pig is poorly documented in the literature despite its being readily
      available and of a similar size to the human eye. Anterior segment tissue from 12
      pig eyes was appropriately fixed and investigated by light microscopy, and
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The configuration of the
      iridocorneal angle tissues is similar to other nonprimate mammals in several
      respects, i.e. it possesses a deep ciliary cleft crossed by stout pectinate
      ligaments and delicate uveal cords, poorly developed ciliary musculature, and an
      angular aqueous plexus. However, there were some noteworthy features which may
      make it a suitable model for specific types of glaucoma related research. These
      features include a shallow scleral sulcus which contains a wedge-shaped mass of
      corneoscleral tissue comparable in size to the human trabecular meshwork. This
      tissue was more trabecular than 'reticular' in arrangement, the latter being the
      more common in nonprimate mammalian species. The relevance of the present
      findings to the use and limitations of the porcine eye as a model of the human
      aqueous outflow pathways is discussed.

PMID- 1810937
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the
      supraoptic nucleus of the hamster.
AB  - The supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus of male and female hamsters were
      examined immunohistochemically at 1 month of age for possible sex differences in
      astroglial organisation. The morphometric analysis revealed the presence of more
      glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining in the SON of males as
      compared with females. GFAP-positive processes were located among the
      neurosecretory neurons in the males, but were quite scarce among these neurons in
      the female SON. These results indicate the existence of sexual dimorphism in the
      SON which could be mediated by sex steroids.

PMID- 1810938
TI  - Remodelling of the contractile apparatus of striated muscle stimulated
      electrically in a shortened position.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine reorganisation of the contractile apparatus
      during adaptation to function when the length of a muscle is decreased. The rat
      soleus muscle was maintained in a shortened position and simultaneously
      stimulated electrically at a low frequency for 1-45 h. This experimental model
      decreased the length of the muscle and made the contractile apparatus irregular.
      The length of the sarcomeres decreased and became variable. The Z-line appeared
      wavy or fragmented. Foci, within which the sarcomeric organisation was lacking,
      often appeared within the contractile apparatus. These changes, occurring during
      the initial hours of stimulation, increased in number during the following hours.
      Their frequency and intensity depended on the degree of muscle shortening. In
      muscle moderately shortened during stimulation (up to 20%) the contractile
      apparatus recovered its normal appearance within 12 h of the experiment. In the
      muscle considerably shortened (by about 30%) the process of normalisation took
      much longer, in spite of recovery of sarcomere length. We conclude from these
      results that these changes are related to the accelerated work-induced
      reorganisation of the contractile apparatus whenever sarcomere number is reduced
      and/or when elimination of portions of the contractile apparatus occurs. These
      anomalies, occurring transiently in normal mature muscle when stimulated
      electrically in a shortened position, should be considered as adaptive phenomena.
      They resemble abnormalities appearing in the contractile apparatus of myopathic
      muscle.

PMID- 1810939
TI  - Determination of (-)-bunolol and its metabolite, dihydro-(-)-bunolol, in human
      aqueous humour by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - (-)-Bunolol (LB) was applied to the human eye in a commercially available eye
      drop formulation. LB and its metabolite, dihydro-(-)-bunolol (DHLB) were
      identified and quantified in human aqueous humour. The compounds were analysed as
      their trimethylsilyl-pentafluorobenzamide derivatives using gas chromatography
      negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. In the case of DHLB the
      corresponding 2H3-labelled isotopomers were used as internal standards and LB was
      quantified against its methoxime derivative. Calibration curves for LB and DHLB
      against internal standards were linear with correlation coefficients 0.994 and
      0.996, respectively. Replicate analyses of a pooled sample of aqueous humour
      containing LB and DHLB gave standard errors of the mean of +/- 9.8 and +/- 2.4%
      for the concentrations of LB and DHLB, respectively. The practical limit of
      detection of the method was ca. 30 pg for LB and ca. 100 pg for DHLB. The
      derivatization procedure was also satisfactory for the analysis of a number of
      other beta-blockers which are used in ophthalmological practice.

PMID- 1810940
TI  - Gas chromatographic analysis of isomeric organic mononitrates in plasma.
AB  - A specific, sensitive and precise capillary gas chromatographic method using
      electron-capture detection was developed for the determination of four isomeric
      vasodilating organic mononitrates, viz. L-isoidide mononitrate (L-IIMN),
      isosorbide-2-mononitrate (IS-2-MN), isomannide mononitrate (IMMN) and isosorbide
      5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN), in rat plasma. With a sample size of 100 microliters of
      rat plasma, the detection limits were found to be between 0.5 and 2 ng/ml for
      these mononitrates, and the absolute recovery was found to range from 83 to 90%.
      The within-day coefficients of variation for the assay of the four isomers were
      less than 5%, while the between-day coefficients of variation were less than 10%.
      Because of the short retention times of these isomers in this assay, routine
      analyses of about sixty plasma samples per day can be carried out. The
      possibility of in vivo interconversion among these four isomers in rats was
      investigated after individual administration of each isomer. No interconversion
      was found based on examination of plasma samples. The gas chromatographic method
      was applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of these four isomers in rats; at an
      intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg, the biological half-lives of L-IIMN, IMMN, IS-2-MN
      and IS-5-MN were found to be 13.2, 25.2, 54.6 and 112 min, respectively.

PMID- 1810941
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination of ifosfamide in microvolumes of urine and
      plasma.
AB  - In oncology, particularly in pediatric malignancies, high doses (5-10 g/m2) of
      the oxazaphosphorine ifosfamide play an important role in the treatment of
      sarcomas. Pharmacokinetic data of ifosfamide and its metabolites in these cases
      are scanty. Considering the special demands of the determination of ifosfamide in
      plasma of young children, a very sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method,
      requiring only 50 microliters of plasma, has been developed. This bioanalysis of
      ifosfamide shows good linearity and accuracy in the concentration range 10 ng to
      100 micrograms per ml of plasma and 25 ng to 1 mg per ml of urine. The absolute
      limits of detection in plasma and urine are 2 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively.
      The stability of various solutions of ifosfamide and trofosfamide was tested and
      proved to be satisfactory, except for ifosfamide in plasma and urine kept in the
      refrigerator. The validity of the method for pharmacokinetic purposes is shown in
      the case of one patient.

PMID- 1810942
TI  - Determination of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine and some of its metabolites in urine
      and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescent pre-column
      labelling.
AB  - Pre-column labelling techniques are described for the determination of S
      carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (CMC) and its metabolites in urine and plasma samples by
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) without prior extraction. All
      substances containing an amino group were converted into fluorescent
      fluorenylmethyl derivatives with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC).
      Deaminated or N-acetylated carbocysteine metabolites were coupled with 1
      pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM) to give fluorescent PDAM esters. Similar results were
      obtained with the two commercially available and stable diazomethane derivatives
      PDAM and 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM). Following double derivatization with PDAM
      and FMOC, in a single chromatographic run with two fluorescence detectors
      connected in series, amines and amino(carboxylic) acids could be detected by
      their FMOC residues and, simultaneously, carboxylic acids were detected as
      fluorescent PDAM esters. The (R) and (S) enantiomers of the sulphoxides of CMC,
      of methylcysteine and of N-acetyl CMC were separated, although the reversed-phase
      HPLC system did not contain a chiral additive or stationary phase designed for
      the separation of enantiomers. The methods do not include liquid extraction steps
      and can therefore be performed either manually or automatically using an HPLC
      autosampler. These methods were used for the investigation of a disputed
      pharmacogenetic polymorphism of S-oxidation of CMC in humans, which until now has
      most often been studied using paper chromatography. The described techniques were
      applied to the determination of CMC and its metabolites in human urine and plasma
      samples.

PMID- 1810943
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic approach to determine
      total lymphocyte concentrations of 6-thioguanine, methylmercaptopurine and
      methylthioguanine in humans.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was
      developed to quantify intracellular lymphocyte 6-thioguanine,
      methylmercaptopurine and methylthioguanine. The free base of each metabolite was
      obtained by acid hydrolysis, which allowed for a total determination of
      thiopurine metabolites. 6-Thioguanine was analyzed on an octadecylsilane column
      using acetonitrile-10 mM sodium phosphate (11:89), pH 7, containing 0.06%
      tetrabutylammonium chloride. 6-Thioguanine was oxidized with potassium
      permanganate, and fluorescence was measured at 330 nm excitation and 410 nm
      emission. Methylmercaptopurine and methylthioguanine were separated on a
      cyanopropylsilane column using methanol-40 mM sodium phosphate (22:78), pH 2.7,
      and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 314 and 290 nm, respectively.

PMID- 1810944
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the routine determination of
      sulphadimidine, its hydroxy metabolites and N4-acetylsulphadimidine in body
      fluids and cell culture media.
AB  - A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the
      determination of trace amounts of sulphadimidine (SDD), its hydroxylated
      metabolites and N4-acetyl-SDD in blood plasma, urine, hepatocyte culture media
      and microsomal incubations. The synthesis of 5-hydroxy-SDD and an improved method
      for the isolation of 4-methylhydroxy-SDD from urine are described and their
      respective specific absorption coefficients at 265 nm are calculated by on-line
      radiochemical and ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection of the analytical
      method is 0.05 micrograms/ml for SDD and its hydroxy metabolites and 0.2
      micrograms/ml for N4-acetyl-SDD. Linear calibration graphs for SDD and its
      metabolites were constructed from 0.2 to 50 micrograms/ml. The method has been
      applied to biotransformation studies in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 1810945
TI  - Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination
      of the antimalarial drugs sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine and its major
      carboxylic metabolite in plasma.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous
      determination of sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine and the carboxylic
      metabolite of mefloquine in plasma is described. After the proteins have been
      precipitated with a combination of zinc sulphate and acetonitrile containing two
      internal standards, pyrimethamine and mefloquine are extracted as bases and
      sulfadoxine and the carboxylic metabolite of mefloquine as ion-pairs with
      tetrabutylammonium. The drugs are separated by HPLC on a 3 micron octadecylsilica
      column with ultraviolet detection at 229 nm. The method is simple and reliable
      and enables the simultaneous determination of the drugs in 600-microliter plasma
      samples with a sensitivity suitable for standard drug monitoring purposes.

PMID- 1810946
TI  - Stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for pirmenol
      enantiomers in dog plasma.
AB  - Pirmenol enantiomers in dog plasma were quantified using a stereospecific high
      performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection at 262 nm.
      Racemic pirmenol and internal standard, (+)-propranolol, were isolated from dog
      plasma by a three-step extraction procedure using toluene, 0.1 M hydrochloric
      acid and hexane, respectively. A chiral analytical column (Chiralcel OJ) was used
      with a mobile phase consisting of hexane-isopropanol-diethylamine (98.9:1.0:0.1).
      Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range 0.0200-5.00
      micrograms/ml for each enantiomer. Precision of the method, expressed as
      coefficient of variation for nine quality control samples, was 7.1% for (+)
      pirmenol and 6.4% for (-)-pirmenol. Bias was +/- 2.2% for (+)-pirmenol and +/-
      1.5% for (-)-pirmenol in quality control samples.

PMID- 1810947
TI  - Determination of neomycin in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Application to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been
      developed for the determination of neomycin in plasma and urine. The plasma was
      deproteinated with trichloroacetic acid and centrifuged. The supernatant was
      mixed with ion-pair concentrate and centrifuged again. The resultant supernatant
      was analyzed by HPLC. Urine was centrifuged to remove debris, if any, mixed with
      ion-pair concentrate and analyzed directly by HPLC. The HPLC conditions consisted
      of an ion-pairing mobile phase, a reversed-phase column, post-column
      derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent and fluorescence detection.
      The overall average recovery of neomycin was 97 and 113% from plasma spiked at
      0.25-1.0 micrograms/ml, using standard curves prepared in plasma extract and in
      water, respectively, and 94% for urine spiked at 1-10 micrograms/ml using a
      standard curve prepared in water. The method was used to detect neomycin in
      plasma and urine obtained from animals injected intramuscularly with neomycin.
      Various pharmacokinetic parameters of neomycin were also determined from its
      profile of plasma concentration versus time.

PMID- 1810948
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cholesteryl esters in
      the blood of obese children.
AB  - The serum of obese children and adolescents was analyzed for cholesteryl esters.
      The test substances were first separated from the sample matrix by solvent
      extraction and thin-layer chromatography and then resolved in a reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatographic system involving a Separon SGX C18 column
      and a mobile phase of 2-propanol-acetonitrile (40:60, v/v), with ultraviolet
      detection at 206 nm. Cholesterol and 10-cholesteryl esters could be separated and
      determined within ca. 25 min at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The method was applied
      to a study of the effect of external conditions (physical stress, diet) on the
      content of cholesteryl esters in a test group of obese boys and girls aged from
      13 to 16 years. The analyses have demonstrated that the above conditions do not
      affect the concentrations of the individual cholesteryl esters, although the
      total cholesterol concentration decreased significantly after spa treatment.

PMID- 1810949
TI  - Analysis of lamotrigine and lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide in guinea pig blood and
      urine by reserved-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography.
AB  - Lamotrigine is an investigational anticonsulvant drug undergoing clinical trials.
      A simultaneous assay was developed to quantitate lamotrigine and its major
      metabolite, lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide, from guinea pig whole blood. The
      extraction procedure and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      (HPLC) assay employed sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as an ion-pairing reagent to
      selectively separate lamotrigine and lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide from endogenous
      blood components, other anti-convulsant drugs, and their metabolites. The mobile
      phase was composed of acetonitrile-50 mM phosphoric acid (pH 2.2) containing 10
      mM SDS (33:67, v/v), and components were detected at 277 nm. The total
      coefficients of variance (C.V.) for the blood assay were less than or equal to
      9.4% for lamotrigine (0.25-20.0 micrograms/ml) and less than or equal to 13.4%
      for the glucuronide metabolite (0.25-10.0 micrograms/ml). Separate assays for
      lamotrigine and its glucuronide in urine were developed. In order to quantitate
      low levels of lamotrigine in guinea pig urine, lamotrigine was extracted with
      tert.-butyl methyl ether-ethyl acetate (1:1). The total C.V. for lamotrigine
      quantitation in urine was less than or equal to 7.5% (0.10-10.0 micrograms/ml).
      For the determination of lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide, urine was diluted with an
      SDS-phosphoric acid buffer (1:4) and injected directly onto the HPLC system,
      total C.V. less than or equal to 4.2% (0.5-50 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 1810950
TI  - Rapid determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine in whole blood by liquid
      chromatography with fluorimetric detection.
AB  - A rapid and simple reversed-phase (using muBondapak C18 as the stationary phase)
      liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection is described for the
      quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in whole blood. The rapidity and simplicity
      of the method are explained by the absence of a pretreatment. 5-Fluoro-dl
      tryptophan was used as internal standard. The mobile phase was 0.01 M phosphate
      buffer (pH 4.5) with 0.0025 M 1-heptanesulfonic acid and 20% methanol. The
      detection wavelength were 302 nm for excitation and 340 nm for emission. Analysis
      time was 10 min with retention times for 5-hydroxytryptamine of 9 min and for 5
      fluoro-dl-tryptophan of 7 min. This method is proposed for biological exploration
      of psychiatric disorders involving 5-hydroxytryptamine and would be useful for
      tryptophan.

PMID- 1810951
TI  - Use of high-performance liquid chromatography for assay of glutamic acid
      decarboxylase. Its limitation in use for post-mortem brain.
AB  - Rat brain, obtained 10 min after death, contained high levels of endogenous gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid. Incubation of this brain homogenate
      at 37 degrees C indicated decrease of GABA with time due to degradation by GABA
      transaminase. Reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for
      glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) assay depend on the difference between the GABA
      content of the reaction mixture after and before the incubation period. None of
      the methods considered the degradation of GABA during incubation. Furthermore,
      during determination of the Michaelis constant (KM) for the reaction none of them
      considered the endogenous substrate. Here we have focused on these factors which
      seriously affect the maximum velocity (Vmax) and KM values during GAD assay by
      the HPLC technique. By a simple and rapid HPLC technique we have measured GAD
      activity in post-mortem rat brain after removing endogenous glutamic acid by
      charcoal treatment and using gabaquline to prevent GABA degradation during
      incubation period. By this method a Vmax value of 46 +/- 4 nmol/h/mg protein and
      a KM value of 7.5 +/- 0.6 mM were observed for GAD activity of crude brain
      homogenate. For a comparative study, we have carried out radiometric assay of GAD
      activity from the same sample and observed a Vmax of 48 +/- 6 nmol/h/mg protein
      and KM of 6.9 +/- 0.4 mM.

PMID- 1810952
TI  - Determination of an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MDL 72974A) in
      human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-positive-ion chemical ionization
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - A sensitive and specific assay has been developed for the quantitative
      measurement in human plasma and urine of the irreversible inhibitor of monoamine
      oxidase B [(E)-4-fluoro-beta-fluoromethylenebenzene-butanamine HCl salt] (MDL
      72974A) (I). This assay is based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with
      ammonia as the chemical ionization reagent gas. After addition of 1-fluoro-2-(4
      chlorobenzene)-ethanamine HCl salt (MDL 71946A) as the internal standard, plasma
      (1 ml) and urine (100 microliter) samples were extracted using an automated solid
      liquid extraction procedure on CN columns. The eluent was dried with a stream of
      nitrogen, and the residue was derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride.
      Selected-ion monitoring of the [MNH4]+ ions m/z 361 (I) and 351 (internal
      standard) was used for quantification. The method yielded a linear response over
      the concentration range 0.25-100 pmol/ml in plasma with a limit of quantitation
      of 0.25 pmol/ml. The within-day reproducibility at a concentration of 5 pmol/ml
      was 4.6% and at a concentration of 50 pmol/ml was 1.3%. The day-to-day
      reproducibility was 5.2 and 7.0% at concentrations of 10 and 30 pmol/ml,
      respectively. The method was applied to the quantification of I in plasma and
      urine after the administration of 12-mg doses of I to a healthy male volunteer.

PMID- 1810953
TI  - Quantitation of trihexyphenidyl from plasma using a mass-selective detector and
      electron-impact ionization.
AB  - A method is described for the measurement of plasma concentrations of
      trihexyphenidyl, an anti-parkinsonian drug. The drug was extracted from human
      plasma samples. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron-impact
      ionization and selected-ion monitoring allowed the specific quantitation of
      trihexyphenidyl, with bupivacaine used as an internal standard. Linear
      calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range 5-100 ng/ml.
      Precision and accuracy were found acceptable for quantitation during
      pharmacokinetic trials of the drug. This method has been successfully applied to
      bioavailability studies after Parkinane and Artane administration to humans.

PMID- 1810954
TI  - Sensitive determination of piritramide in human plasma by gas chromatography.
AB  - A selective and sensitive method for the determination of piritramide in human
      plasma is described. A 1-ml aliquot of plasma was extracted with 10 ml of hexane
      isoamyl alcohol (99.5:0.5, v/v) (extraction efficiency 86%) after addition of 50
      microliters of 2 M ammonia and 20 microliters of aqueous strychnine solution (100
      ng per 10 microliters) as internal standard. Gas chromatography was performed
      with J&W DB-1, 30 m x 0.53 mm I.D. separation column, film thickness 1.5 microns,
      using an nitrogen-phosphorus-sensitive detector. The assay was linear in the
      concentration range 3.75-2250 ng/ml (r = 0.999), with a lower limit of detection
      of 1-2 ng/ml. The precision was determined using spiked plasma samples (10 and 50
      ng/ml), with coefficients of variation of 3.5 and 3.1% (intra-day; n = 5) and 4.6
      and 4.1% (inter-day; n = 4). In the range 3.75-150 ng/ml, the accuracy of the
      assay was 3.36%. The method was used for the determination of piritramide plasma
      concentrations in patients receiving intra- or post-operative analgesia.

PMID- 1810955
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine, morphine-3
      glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide and codeine in biological samples using multi
      wavelength forward optical detection.
AB  - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed
      for the determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide
      and codeine in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The use of an efficient
      solid-phase extraction procedure together with a forward optical scanning
      detector allows a detection limit of 500 pg/ml. The method was evaluated by
      examination of biological samples taken from newborn infants following the
      intravenous administration of morphine sulfate.

PMID- 1810956
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ethacrynic acid in human
      plasma.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      ethacrynic acid (EA) in human plasma is described. Plasma was prepared for
      analysis by addition of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butyric acid as an internal
      standard followed by acidification with hydrochloric acid and extraction with
      ethyl acetate. Separation was by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography, the
      column effluent was monitored at 280 nm and quantitation was performed using peak
      area ratios. The linear range for EA determination was from 0.5 to 25
      micrograms/ml with a lower limit of detection of 0.1 microgram/ml. The reported
      method is convenient, sensitive and reproducible, illustrating its usefulness for
      pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 1810957
TI  - Simultaneous determination of a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (MPC-1304)
      and its metabolite in dog plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, with
      electrochemical detection, has been developed for the simultaneous determination
      of a new calcium-channel antagonist, (+/-)-methyl 2-oxopropyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6
      dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedi carboxylate (I, MPC-1304), and its
      active metabolite in dog plasma. The plasma extract with toluene was
      chromatographed on a reversed-phase column and detected by an electrochemical
      detector at + 0.92 V. Calibration curves were linear from 2.0 to 100.0 ng/ml, and
      the detection limit was ca. 0.25 ng/ml. This method is applicable to the
      simultaneous determination of I and its metabolite in dog plasma following the
      oral administration of I.

PMID- 1810958
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of lansoprazole and its
      metabolites in human serum and urine.
AB  - A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with
      ultraviolet detection is described for the simultaneous determination of
      lansoprazole and its metabolites in human serum and urine. The analytes in serum
      or urine were extracted with diethyl ether-dichloromethane (7:3, v/v) followed by
      evaporation, dissolution and injection into a reversed-phase column. The
      recoveries of authentic analytes added to serum at 0.05-2 micrograms/ml or to
      urine at 1-20 micrograms/ml were greater than 88%, with the coefficients of
      variation less than 7.1%. The minimum determinable concentrations of all analytes
      were 5 ng/ml in serum and 50 ng/ml in urine. The method was successfully applied
      to a pharmacokinetic study of lansoprazole in human.

PMID- 1810959
TI  - Rapid measurement of leucine-specific activity in biological fluids by ion
      exchange chromatography and post-column ninhydrin detection.
AB  - Commonly used methods for the measurement of leucine-specific activity use either
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pre-column derivatization or
      conventional ion-exchange chromatography. These are time-consuming, labor
      intensive, relatively costly procedures, requiring high concentrations of
      radioactivity for accuracy. The present paper describes a method for the
      measurement of plasma leucine-specific activity using HPLC equipment, a large
      bore ion-exchange column and post-column ninhydrin detection. With this method,
      determination of leucine concentration and leucine radioactivity was found to be
      linear (r2 greater than 0.999) over physiological ranges for both standards and
      deproteinized plasma. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for
      leucine concentrations were 1.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The intra- and inter
      assay coefficients of variation for leucine-specific activities were 1.5 and
      1.9%, respectively. The automated method is relatively fast (injection to
      injection time approximately 45 min), economical and capable of accurately
      assessing relatively small amounts of radioactivity.

PMID- 1810960
TI  - Direct enantiomeric separation of terfenadine and its major acid metabolite by
      high-performance liquid chromatography, and the lack of stereoselective
      terfenadine enantiomer biotransformation in man.
AB  - Direct enantiomeric separation of terfenadine and its major acid metabolite was
      achieved by using two different chiral stationary phase columns with two
      different mobile phase systems. Further, the enantiomeric composition of the
      human urinary acid metabolite has been determined, indicating a non
      stereoselective biotransformation in man.

PMID- 1810961
TI  - Solid-phase extraction of midazolam and two of its metabolites from plasma for
      high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive and selective assay of midazolam and two of its metabolites in
      plasma, based on high-performance liquid chromatography, has been developed. The
      compounds are subjected to solid-phase extraction, using C18 cartridges (Bond
      Elut). Recoveries are in excess of 90% for midazolam and its metabolites. The
      limit of quantitation of the assay is 50 ng/ml of plasma for each compound.

PMID- 1810962
TI  - Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a
      new phytochemical drug, fellavine, and its metabolites in human and rat plasma
      and urine.
AB  - The use of a small precolumn instead of an injection loop for the determination
      of a new phytochemical drug, fellavine, and its metabolites is described. The
      method combines the direct injection of plasma and urine into the reversed-phase
      precolumn with separation on a Spheri-5 RP-18 analytical column. Different
      sorbents in the precolumn were compared. A recovery of fellavine and its
      metabolites from biological fluids except rat plasma of almost 100% was achieved
      on Chrompack RP (30-40 microns) and LiChrosorb RP-18 (7 microns). For rat plasma
      only the last sorbent gave 80% fellavine recovery. The influence of the protein
      binding on the fellavine recovery was examined. The limit of detection was equal
      to 0.05 micrograms/ml fellavine for plasma and 0.02 micrograms/ml for urine. To
      enhance the limit of detection longer precolumns were perferred.

PMID- 1810963
TI  - Rapid method for the determination of ketanserin in rat serum by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection.
AB  - A simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the
      determination of ketanserin in rat serum is described. The chromatographic method
      allowed complete resolution of ketanserin from two of its metabolites. A protein
      precipitation extraction procedure was employed which allowed rapid sample
      preparation for injection into the HPLC system. Both intra- and inter-assay
      coefficients of variation at serum ketanserin concentration of 200 and 800 ng/ml
      were less than 6% and the accuracy was excellent. The assay has been applied for
      determining the elimination kinetics of ketanserin in the rat.

PMID- 1810964
TI  - Determination of glyphosate and its metabolite, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, in
      serum using capillary electrophoresis.
AB  - Capillary electrophoresis has been used to separate and quantitate glyphosate and
      its major metabolite, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA), in serum. The two
      compounds, after derivatization with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride, were clearly
      separated with 0.1 M boric acid-sodium hydroxide buffer (pH 9.6) containing 10%
      methanol. The separation was completed within 15 min at an applied potential of
      30 kV. Calibration curves for the assay were linear over both the lower (0.5-10
      micrograms/ml) and the higher (10-100 micrograms/ml) concentration ranges. The
      within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation of peak area were 1.4-4.4 and
      4.4-8.5%, respectively, for glyphosate and 1.8-2.9 and 1.8-2.9%, respectively,
      for AMPA. The within-run and day-to-day precisions of the migration time for both
      compounds were less than 1.8% and less than 2.5%, respectively. The detection
      limit of both derivatives was 0.1 microgram/ml in spiked sera, and the recoveries
      of glyphosate and AMPA were 87.9-88.8 and 78.4-86.9%, respectively. In this
      study, the reproducibility and the effect of pH changes on the electropherograms
      were especially examined.

PMID- 1810965
TI  - Modified high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      ganciclovir in plasma from patients with severe renal impairment.
AB  - Using the rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
      method previously described for the analysis of ganciclovir in plasma, we have
      observed an interfering peak which co-elutes with the peak of ganciclovir in
      plasma samples from heart-transplant patients with severe renal insufficiency. A
      slight modification of this method allows the separation of the two peaks. The
      modified HPLC method, presented in this paper, is suitable for the accurate
      determination of ganciclovir in plasma from patients with severe renal
      impairment.

PMID- 1810966
TI  - K562 cells: a source for embryonic globin chains.
AB  - A combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to devise a method for
      generating large quantities of embryonic as well as fetal globin chains. The
      identity of these globin chains was further confirmed by their tryptic peptide
      mapping. This technique could, therefore, provide a reliable source for these
      polypeptides for both analytical and immunological purposes. Moreover, the study
      of human hemoglobin switching, particularly embryonic to fetal, has been greatly
      hampered by the absence of a suitable model. K562 cells, due to their potential
      for differential induction of embryonic and fetal hemoglobin synthesis, can thus
      be used for this purpose and the various hemoglobins produced can then be
      effectively monitored using this method.

PMID- 1810967
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography: purification and chromatographic
      behaviour of molecular variants of pepsinogen A from human urine.
AB  - By combining conventional DEAE chromatography with high-performance liquid
      chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 HR and Mono-Q columns, we have been able to
      isolate and fractionate human pepsinogen A (PGA) isozymogens from large amounts
      of urine. This method of fractionation is simple and allows one to obtain
      pepsinogen in a native non-denatured conformation. The isozymogens are
      homogeneous by electrophoretic and chromatographic criteria; this was confirmed
      by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Purified PGA-3 and PGA-5 can be converted
      into an additional, more anionic, isoform on incubation at 37 degrees C. This
      isoform exists not only in vitro but also in vivo. The net negative charge of the
      PGA isozymogens is in the order PGA-5 less than deamidated PGA-5 less than PGA-3
      less than deamidated PGA-3. Surprisingly, the elution order on the Mono-Q column
      was PGA-5/PGA-3/deamidated PGA-5/deamidated PGA-3. We have performed molecular
      modelling on PGA to investigate this phenomenon in terms of surface charge (not
      net charge) of the proteins. The model provides evidence that (1) only a fraction
      of the protein surface interacts with the support and (2) regions of localized
      charge at the protein surface may allow portions of the external surface to
      dominate chromatographic behaviour, resulting in a steering of the proteins with
      respect to the oppositely charged matrix. Pepsinogens may serve as model proteins
      for elucidating some of the variables that determine the chromatographic
      behaviour of proteins on ion-exchange columns.

PMID- 1810968
TI  - Direct quantitative digital autoradiography-thin-layer chromatography of 3
      alpha,3 beta- and 5 alpha-reduced and 17 beta-dehydrogenated androgens derived
      from testosterone metabolism.
AB  - A digital autoradiographic-thin-layer chromatographic method involving simple
      steps is described for thorough separation of eight major androgens
      (testosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, androsterone,
      epiandrosterone, androstanedione, 3 alpha-androstanediol and 3 beta
      androstanediol) derived from testosterone metabolism. Their direct quantification
      is performed by radioscanning, which avoids tedious plate-scraping and liquid
      scintillation counting. Satisfactory accuracy is obtained by both external
      standardization of plates by calibrated amounts of radiolabelled standard
      steroids and internal standardization of bioassays by radiolabelled squalane.
      Coefficients of variation are below 8.5% in the range 100-500 dpm. Some
      analytical criteria related to chromatographic conditions and quantification
      parameters depending on position-sensitive proportional counter are discussed.

PMID- 1810969
TI  - Determination of diclofenac in plasma and urine by capillary gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry with possible simultaneous determination of deuterium-labelled
      diclofenac.
AB  - A specific and sensitive method for the determination of diclofenac at
      concentrations down to ca. 1 ng/ml, the limit of detection being 100 pg/ml, in
      human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with 2H4-labelled
      diclofenac as internal standard is described. The method is also suitable for the
      simultaneous assay of these two compounds when both are present in samples of
      human plasma or urine. In this case, 5-chlorodiclofenac is used as internal
      standard. After toluene extraction from plasma or without extraction for urine,
      the method involves the formation of a dimethylindolinone derivative by
      extractive alkylation. The technique was applied to determine low plasma
      concentrations and urinary excretion of labelled and unlabelled diclofenac after
      percutaneous applications of Voltaren Emulgel to humans applied simultaneously
      under occlusive dressing as deuterated diclofenac sodium, and without occlusive
      dressing as unlabelled diclofenac sodium.

PMID- 1810971
TI  - Chromatographic separation of mixed peptides from amino acids in biological
      digests with volatile buffers.
AB  - Two chromatographic methods, capable of separating mixed peptides from
      contaminating amino acids in biological digests, are described. Both methods
      involve separation on copper-Chelex resin, but each uses a different set of
      elution buffers. When separation method 1 was applied to a commercially available
      proteolytic digest of casein, the free amino acid content was reduced from 26.0%
      to 0.5%. With an enzymic digest of 14C-labelled proteins derived from plant
      biomass, separation method 2 decreased the contaminating free amino acids from
      20.3% to 1.9%. Since the separated peptides are eluted with volatile buffers,
      they are suitable as substrates for biological experiments.

PMID- 1810970
TI  - Multiparameter optimizations in micellar liquid chromatography using the
      iterative regression optimization strategy.
AB  - An extension of the iterative regression optimization strategy to multi-parameter
      optimizations is described and applied to the separation of ionic compounds
      (amino acids and peptides) by means of micellar liquid chromatography. The
      parameters examined are the concentration of surfactant, the concentration of 2
      propanol and pH. Fairly regular (linear, weakly curved) retention behaviour of
      the compounds as a function of the parameters results in an efficient
      optimization using a relatively small number of initial experiments.

PMID- 1810972
TI  - Preparative separation and analysis of the enantiomers of [3H]Abbott-69992, an
      HIV anti-infective nucleoside, by ligand-exchange high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Several chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were examined to separate the enantiomers
      of A-69992, a chiral HIV anti-infective nucleoside. The only CSP found to be
      effective was Nucleosil Chiral-1, a ligand-exchange CSP, which was used to
      prepare microgram amounts of the enantiomers of high optical purity. This appears
      to be the first separation of the enantiomers of a nucleoside by chiral high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 1810974
TI  - Separation of some platinum(II) complexes by ionic strength gradient on a solvent
      generated ion-exchange sorbent.
AB  - The compatibility of ionic strength gradient with solvent-generated ion-exchange
      chromatography on an octadecylsilica sorbent was proven for a mobile phase
      containing octanesulphonate. Only a slight baseline shift was observed during the
      gradient of the phosphate buffer, even at 210 nm. An equilibration time of 3 min
      between the runs was sufficient to obtain retention times with a reproducibility
      better than 1%. The compounds separated were cisplatin, carboplatin and related
      neutral and cationic platinum(II) complexes, including transplatin and the
      aquation products of cisplatin.

PMID- 1810973
TI  - Peak distortion in the column liquid chromatographic determination of omeprazole
      dissolved in borax buffer.
AB  - Injection of a sample containing omeprazole dissolved in borax buffer (pH 9.2)
      into a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system consisting of a mixture of
      acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) as the mobile phase and a C18 surface
      modified silica as the solid phase resulted under special conditions in split
      peaks of omeprazole. The degree of peak split and the retention time of
      omeprazole varied with the concentration of borax in the sample solution and the
      ionic strength of the mobile phase buffer as well as with the column used. Borax
      is eluted from the column in a broad zone starting from the void volume of the
      column. The retention is probably due to the presence of polyborate ions. The
      size of the zone varies with the concentration of borax in the sample injected.
      In the borax zone the pH is increased compared with the pH of the mobile phase,
      and when omeprazole (a weak acid) is co-eluting in the borax zone its retention
      is affected. In the front part and in the back part of the borax zone, pH
      gradients are formed, and these gradients can induce the peak splitting. When the
      dissolving medium is changed to a phosphate buffer or an ammonium buffer at pH 9
      no peak distortion of omeprazole is observed.

PMID- 1810975
TI  - Measurements using gas chromatography with coelution and dual-isotope atomic
      emission detection.
AB  - Dual-isotope measurements by gas chromatography (GC)-atomic emission detection
      (AED) may enhance results for quantitative analyses. Adding a known amount of an
      isotopically labelled form of target analytes in each sample can compensate for
      irreproducibilities or uncertainties associated with sample pretreatments and
      sample loading. Similarly, fluctuations in AED temperatures, flows and
      interferants can be compensated via the added labelled forms if each target
      analyte and its isotopically labelled form coelute. Under these conditions they
      are subject to identical excitation environments and are measured from the same
      viewed volumes. Consequently, improved quantitative results may be attained by
      coelution in GC-AED methods which mimic isotope dilution.

PMID- 1810976
TI  - Trapping system for trace organic volatiles.
AB  - A technique is described for the collection and concentration of volatile
      compounds produced by plants, insects, animals and other materials. The method is
      a modification of the continuous-flow system based on absorption of volatiles in
      a low amount of solvent at low temperature. The advantages and disadvantages of
      the technique used are described in detail.

PMID- 1810977
TI  - Evaluation of gas chromatographic columns for the determination of methylmercury
      in aqueous head space extracts from biological samples.
AB  - Several gas chromatographic columns were evaluated for the determination of
      methylmercury in aqueous solution. The goal of the study was to further decrease
      the detection limit of the recently developed method of head space gas
      chromatography with microwave-induced plasma detection (HS-GC-MIP) for the
      determination of methylmercury in biological samples. The columns were first
      evaluated using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (ECD). At the
      same time, the column efficiencies for the determination of ethyl- and
      phenylmercury were also studied. Of the packed columns the stationary phase used
      previously in HS-GC-MIP, AT-1000, yielded the best results. Better results were
      obtained with two wide-bore thick-film fused-silica open tubular (FSOT) columns,
      one of which was suitable for aqueous injections (Superox-FA) and the other for
      benzene or toluene (RSL-300). With these FSOT columns, absolute detection limits
      at the sub-picogram level were reached. A new HS-GC-MIP system was then
      constructed, which was adapted for the use of FSOT columns. As more sensitive
      measurements were obtained with a Superox-FA FSOT column than with an AT-1000
      packed column using the GC-ECD system in the first part of this study, the FSOT
      column was evaluated in this HS-GC-MIP system for the determination of
      methylmercury in real tissue samples. It was demonstrated that the use of an FSOT
      column gives only a small decrease in the detection limit compared with a packed
      column; reconditioning of the FSOT column is, however, a disadvantage in routine
      measurements.

PMID- 1810978
TI  - Basal cell carcinoma in North American blacks. Clinical and histopathologic study
      of 26 patients.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma is rare in blacks. A clinical and histopathologic review of
      43 basal cell carcinomas in 26 black patients is reported. Basal cell carcinoma
      was found to be more common in women than in men. Our data indicated a lower
      prevalence on the nose and trunk compared with other reports. Multiple tumors
      were more common in our series. Our study included the youngest black patient
      with a pure basal cell carcinoma, the first reported superficial basal cell
      carcinoma, the second reported perianal basal cell carcinoma, and one albino
      patient with 12 tumors. Histologically there was a positive correlation between
      the maximum depth of tumor invasion and the maximum diameter of the lesion. Of
      three basal cell carcinomas arising in scars, metastasis developed in one. Our
      report includes a review of basal cell carcinomas in North American blacks.

PMID- 1810979
TI  - Association of autoimmunity and cicatricial pemphigoid: is there an immunogenetic
      basis?
AB  - A group of 34 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid was investigated for the
      presence of autoimmune disorders. Thirty-two percent of patients had autoimmune
      disease compared with 7% in the control population, a highly significant
      difference (p less than 0.002). Circulating autoantibodies were also
      significantly more common in patients (p less than 0.05). Twenty-four patients
      with cicatricial pemphigoid were typed for HLA. A statistically significant
      increase in the frequency of DR4 and DQw3 antigens was observed in these
      patients. These findings suggest a possible genetic basis for the autoimmune
      association and predisposition for development of cicatricial pemphigoid.

PMID- 1810980
TI  - Treatment of keratoacanthomas with intralesional methotrexate.
AB  - Multiple modalities exist for the treatment of keratoacanthoma. Excisional
      surgery is currently the treatment of choice for the majority of
      keratoacanthomas. This can result in functional and cosmetic defects when large
      or strategically located lesions are treated. An effective nonsurgical treatment
      would be desirable in such cases. Intralesional therapy, particularly with 5
      fluorouracil, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of
      keratoacanthomas. Systemic methotrexate has been tried, with variable success. We
      report an open, noncontrolled study of nine consecutive patients with unusually
      large or strategically located solitary keratoacanthomas treated successfully
      with intralesional methotrexate. All lesions responded promptly, with complete
      resolution after a mean of 3.0 weeks and a mean of 1.7 injections. No side
      effects occurred, and scarring was minimal. We concluded that intralesional
      methotrexate is a simple and effective modality for the treatment of select
      keratoacanthomas and may offer greater efficacy, a more rapid response, decreased
      pain, and lower cost compared with intralesional 5-fluorouracil.

PMID- 1810981
TI  - Lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting in cutaneous sites. A clinicopathologic
      analysis of six cases.
AB  - Six patients with malignant lymphoma of lymphoblastic type involving cutaneous
      sites at time of diagnosis are presented. Skin sites of the head and neck were
      involved in all patients and included the scalp (three patients), forehead (two
      patients), and malar region of the face (one patient). Two patients also had
      additional sites of skin disease (neck, breast, and anterior trunk). In two
      patients the skin was the predominant site of disease, whereas in the remaining
      patients staging workup revealed generalized lymphoma. The histologic findings in
      each patient were typical of lymphoblastic lymphoma; the neoplastic cells were
      small with blastic nuclear chromatin. In three patients the neoplastic cells were
      convoluted, and in three they were nonconvoluted. Immunophenotypically, four
      lymphomas were of pre-B cell type, and two lymphomas were of T cell type. There
      was no correlation between histologic features and the immunophenotype. Since the
      majority of lymphoblastic lymphomas are of T cell type, the predominance of pre-B
      cell tumors involving the skin may suggest that pre-B cell neoplasms have a
      predilection for cutaneous involvement. In further support of this hypothesis,
      both lymphomas that appear to have arisen in the skin had a pre-B cell
      immunophenotype.

PMID- 1810982
TI  - Human wound fluid from acute wounds stimulates fibroblast and endothelial cell
      growth.
AB  - One proposed mechanism for the beneficial effect of occlusive dressings on
      healing is the maintenance of contact between the wound bed and accumulated wound
      fluid, which is thought to contain growth stimulatory substances. We have
      examined the effect of human wound fluid on the in vitro growth of human dermal
      fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Acute wound fluid was collected
      from six patients undergoing split-thickness skin grafting. The acute wound fluid
      was sterilely collected daily from underneath a vapor-permeable membrane applied
      to the donor site and changed every 24 hours for 3 days postoperatively. After
      seeding in optimal growth media (control) on day 0, cultures of human dermal
      fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells were supplemented with or
      without acute wound fluid on the next day (day 1) and on day 3. As determined by
      cell counts, 2% acute wound fluid stimulated the growth of human dermal
      fibroblasts (p less than 0.05) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (p less than
      0.01) when these cells were cultured in 2% fetal bovine serum and endothelial
      growth medium, respectively. Wound fluid from postoperative days 1 or 3 caused
      the same level of stimulation. The addition of an anti-platelet-derived growth
      factor antibody to wound fluid resulted in a 45% mean reduction in its
      stimulatory effect on fibroblast growth (p less than 0.02), suggesting that
      platelet-derived growth factor contributes to the observed effect.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1810983
TI  - Oral cyclosporine for severe chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema.
AB  - Three patients with chronic urticaria, two of whom also had angioedema, were
      treated with oral cyclosporine, 6 mg/kg per day. In each patient, complete
      resolution of symptoms occurred within the first week of therapy; however, all
      patients eventually had to stop therapy as a result of side effects. On stopping
      therapy, all side effects resolved and the urticaria and angioedema recurred.
      Although cyclosporine therapy is not an appropriate treatment of urticaria, the
      results of this preliminary study suggest that cyclosporine and related drugs
      should be investigated in the treatment of mast cell-mediated diseases.

PMID- 1810984
TI  - Topical liposome drugs to come: what the patent literature tells us. A review.
AB  - Drug-containing liposomes for topical use in dermatology have been devised during
      the last 10 years. Most recently the clinical superiority to a conventional gel
      of a topical glucocorticosteroid liposome preparation for eczema has been
      demonstrated. To get more insight from what may be expected from future liposome
      preparations for topical treatment, the pertinent patent literature has been
      reviewed.

PMID- 1810985
TI  - Anetodermic cutaneous changes overlying pilomatricomas.
AB  - Five pilomatricomas with anetodermic cutaneous changes and striae are presented.
      Pink to translucent, atrophic, scarlike skin that covers a typical pilomatricoma
      occurs most commonly in young women. Histopathologic examination showed an
      atrophic, edematous dermis with diminished, fragmented collagen fibers and absent
      elastic tissue.

PMID- 1810986
TI  - Congenital supraspinous fossae.

PMID- 1810987
TI  - Mucosal involvement in reactive perforating collagenosis.

PMID- 1810988
TI  - The atrophic dermatofibroma.

PMID- 1810989
TI  - Congenital halo mongolian spot.

PMID- 1810990
TI  - Aplasia cutis congenita with fetus papyraceus.

PMID- 1810991
TI  - American Academy of Dermatology Symposium on AIDS. Atlanta, Georgia, Dec. 1,
      1990.

PMID- 1810992
TI  - Perceptions of the academic environment: a national survey.
AB  - Two randomly selected subsets of dermatology training program graduates who
      passed qualifying examinations for certification by the American Board of
      Dermatology in 1984 and 1989 received a questionnaire concerning their
      perceptions of academic teaching positions. Approximately one third responded.
      Those in private practice indicated financial constraints, lack of "control," and
      the requirement to be "political" as negative factors in academic centers,
      whereas those in academic positions indicated the inordinate amount of time that
      was required to achieve academic goals as the major negative factor. Both groups
      believed that the opportunity to teach and intellectual challenge were the most
      valued elements in academic careers. There was considerable misunderstanding
      among all respondents about the diversity of goals, methods, and opportunities
      that are found in many academic programs.

PMID- 1810993
TI  - Topical mercurials.

PMID- 1810994
TI  - The negligible systemic availability of retinoids with multiple and excessive
      topical application of isotretinoin.

PMID- 1810995
TI  - Unilateral Schamberg's disease.

PMID- 1810996
TI  - Topical retinoids.

PMID- 1810997
TI  - Leg ulcers.
AB  - The treatment of leg ulcers is a common and sometimes difficult problem. They can
      be costly to treat and are associated with loss of working capacity and sometimes
      significant morbidity. In the western world, leg ulcers are most frequently
      caused by venous insufficiency, arterial insufficiency, neuropathy (usually
      diabetic), or a combination of these factors. The pathogenesis, clinical
      features, and management of these types of leg ulcers are emphasized in this
      review.

PMID- 1810998
TI  - Enzyme histochemical analysis of cell viability after argon laser-induced
      coagulation necrosis of the skin.
AB  - Reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride, a redox indicator, by nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide diaphorase produces in frozen tissue sections an intense
      blue cytoplasmic pigment. The activity of this enzyme has been shown to subside
      immediately upon cell death. Twelve patients with port-wine stains were treated
      with an argon laser. Frozen tissue sections from biopsy specimens obtained before
      and 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after laser application were processed for
      nitroblue tetrazolium chloride staining. In normal skin all epidermal and dermal
      cells displayed dense cytoplasmic blue granular pigment that spared the nuclei.
      In port-wine stains the laser-induced coagulation necrosis was first seen as an
      arc-shaped, sharply demarcated, unstained, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride
      negative area. Initiation of epidermal repair could be observed in all 48-hour
      sections. The nitroblue tetrazolium chloride method, when compared with
      hematoxylin and eosin staining, allowed an easier and more accurate definition of
      laser injury because of the color difference between damaged and normal tissue.

PMID- 1810999
TI  - Which components in broad-spectrum sunscreens are most necessary for adequate UVA
      protection?
AB  - There is an increasing need for broad-spectrum sunscreens that afford adequate
      UVA protection. In the selection of such a sunscreen, the sun protection factor
      is of no real value because it gives an indication of only the UVB protection. As
      long as the methods used to determine the real UVA protection factor are not
      standardized, the most valid information is the formula of the sunscreen. To
      determine the components that are most necessary for optimal UVA protection,
      different components were compared separately and in combination in human
      subjects by different methods. The physical agents tested gave only relatively
      weak UVA protection in both the shorter and the longer UVA ranges.
      Dibenzoylmethane derivatives are more efficient than the physical agents, but
      only in the shorter UVA range. The UVA protection afforded by the combination of
      a dibenzoylmethane derivative and physical agents appears to be cumulative.

PMID- 1811000
TI  - [Primary pure carcinoid tumor of the breast: a case report. Review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors present a case of primary pure carcinoid tumour of the breast and
      point out how rare it is and how they made their diagnosis mainly by histology. A
      review of the literature makes it possible to assess the prognosis which should
      be good and they also describe the anatomo-pathological findings in these
      tumours. Finally these tumours show a strange histogenesis which if it is
      understood makes it possible to understand certain processes of cellular
      differentiation in breast tissue.

PMID- 1811001
TI  - [Prognostic value of local recurrence after conservative treatment of cancers of
      the breast ].
AB  - To determine the prognostic significance of local relapse after conservative
      treatment of an invasive carcinoma of the breast, we analysed the results
      obtained in a series of 512 patients. All patients had a lumpectomy with axillary
      dissection followed by irradiation. Adjuvant medical treatment was administered
      to 168 patients. The actuarial 5 years and 10 years overall survival rates were
      respectively 92.5% and 79.7%. Local relapses occurred in 35 patients (6.8%). The
      actuarial 5 and 10 years local control rates were respectively 91.2% and 83.6%.
      In these patients, risk of metastasis was significantly increased as compared
      with patients without a local relapse. Recurrence in the breast within 2 years of
      initial treatment several affected the risk of metastasis occurring as compared
      to later relapses. We conclude that the occurrence of a breast relapse after
      successful local conservative treatment is a bad prognostic factor, predictive of
      a high risk for the development of distant metastases.

PMID- 1811002
TI  - [Cancer of the ovary after cancer of the breast. 45 cases].
AB  - Forty-five patients who had primary cancer of the breast had a laparotomy when a
      second cancer appeared in the ovaries. There were no other peritoneal metastases
      to suggest that it was disseminated breast cancer. Twenty-eight had primary
      ovarian cancer and 17 metastases from breast cancer. The study comparing the two
      groups shows that: there are few clinical or paraclinical features that make it
      possible to arrive at a differential diagnosis; ovarian metastases occurring in
      patients who have primary breast cancer carry a more serious prognosis; if the
      cancer is a primary ovarian cancer (and not a secondary) the chances of survival
      are less poor; in primary ovarian cancer the results justify our attitude for
      carrying out surgery; screening systematically for ovarian involvement by using
      CA 125 or by routine ultrasound does not seem to us to be effective.

PMID- 1811003
TI  - [An evaluation of the first two years of activity at the in vitro fertilization
      center in the +Notre Dame Clinic in Charleroi+(Belgium)].
AB  - An in vitro fertilisation unit has been working since the 1 st May 1988 in the
      Notre-Dame Clinic in Charleroi in the Beligium province of Hainaut. This work
      analyses the practice and results of the first two years activity in which 185
      oocytes retrievals were carried out. The account not only deals with the results
      (according to 8 criteria for evaluation) but also on the factors that modify
      these results (9 parameters). It is scientific tools that makes it possible to
      analyse objectively and precisely, the factors leading to success or failure in
      our technique. The results are compared with those in the literature and in the
      French national enquiries (these do not exist in Belgium) show that even in
      modest conditions (2 gynaecologists and a biologist who have other duties) it is
      possible to carry out in the first year 62 and in the second year 123 oocyte
      recoveries. The scrupulous attention to technical details in this university
      centre of reference made it possible from the beginning to achieve worthwhile
      results (21% pregnancies for all recoveries and 32% pregnancies for all embryo
      transfers).

PMID- 1811004
TI  - [Infectious spondylodiscitis after a cure for genital prolapse. 5 cases].
AB  - Bacterial osteitis of the discs and the vertebrae is rare after fixing the uterus
      to the promontary of the sacrum. Only 30 cases have been reported in the
      literature. Twelve cases were found in a Rheumatology Unit over a period of 12
      years from 1975-1987. The initial symptoms of septic osteitis were low back pain
      or sciatica, and fever. They were confirmed by radiological evidence.
      Bacteriological diagnosis was obtained in every case by fine needle aspiration of
      the disco-vertebral space retrieving staphylococci or gram-negative bacilli. The
      same agent was found in blood cultures in four or five cases. Potentiating
      pathogenic factors include urinary tract infections, prosthetic material, and
      surgical errors.

PMID- 1811005
TI  - [Ceco-appendicular endometriosis and appendicitis].
AB  - Endometriosis of the vermiform appendix is rare. We describe a case of acute
      appendicitis in association with endometriosis of the appendix. The diagnosis was
      made from histopathological examination. The indications for resection of the
      bowel are limited.

PMID- 1811006
TI  - [The value of peritoneal cytology in invasive uterine cancers. Analysis of 80
      cases].
AB  - When they analysed 80 cancers of the uterus, the authors showed how valuable it
      was both for diagnosis and prognosis to carry out cytological lavage of the
      peritoneum, particularly in cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma. The results of
      this study are compared with recent extracts appearing in the international
      literature. This technique makes it possible to identify groups of patients of
      high risk for recurrences in the pelvis and abdomen who would benefit from
      adjuvant therapies, demonstrating that this technique is applicable to the
      diagnosis of gynaecological cancers with intraperitoneal spread which have long
      been failed to be recognised. The procedure is innocuous and simple and therefore
      should be carried out widely in the management of uterine cancers.

PMID- 1811007
TI  - [Fibrinolytic treatment with urokinase and streptokinase for recurrent thrombosis
      in two valve prostheses for the aortic and mitral valves during pregnancy].
AB  - The authors report a case of a patient who had two episodes of valvular
      thrombosis successfully treated with fibrinolysis using urokinase and
      streptokinase. They emphasise how efficient these treatments are in spite of the
      gravity of the initial picture and also point out the dangers and difficulties
      that can occur because of the risk of haemorrhage in pregnancy, and particularly
      during delivery and post-partum. They show once more that the treatment is
      harmless for the fetus. They conclude that using fibrinolytic treatment should be
      considered first when there is great danger to the patient, and the advantages
      and disadvantages of thrombolysis should be weighed up.

PMID- 1811008
TI  - [Pregnancy and paraplegia. Management. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of pregnancy in a paraplegic patients whose lesion was
      at the level of T4. The patient showed minimal respiratory problems with a
      "heaviness" of her chest and asymptomatic urinary tract infections which did not
      affect fetal development. She had a normal delivery. The authors, from this case,
      wish to point out again that pregnancy in patients with spinal cord trauma are
      bedevilled by urinary tract infections, anaemia, bed sores, and the danger of
      hyper-reflexia of the autonomic nervous system which could affect the vital
      functions of the mother.

PMID- 1811009
TI  - [Severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. A case report].
AB  - We report the case of a 32-year old woman who developed major
      hypertriglyceridaemia complicated by acute pancreatitis at 35 weeks of pregnancy.
      Caesarean section was performed within 24 hours of admission. After delivery,
      hypocaloric parenteral feeding without lipid emulsion was initiated. The outcome
      was favourable, and the patient could resume oral feeding after 5 weeks. The
      incidence of pancreatitis during pregnancy is 1 in 1,000 to 3,000 pregnancies. In
      the identification of the metabolic abnormality in our patient the differential
      diagnosis was between type III and type IV hyperlipaemia, according to
      Fredrickson's classification.

PMID- 1811010
TI  - [Human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy. 2 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of non immunologic hydrops fetalis associated with intra
      uterine human parvovirus B19 (PV B19) infection. The outcome was stillbirth in
      both cases. Infection by PV B19 was suspected by the presence of intranuclear
      inclusions in fetal erythroblasts. It was confirmed by the presence of specific
      immunoglobulins M (IgM) against PV B19 in maternal sera. Intra-uterine infection
      with human PV B19 is known since 1984; this virus may cause non immunologic
      hydrops fetalis and stillbirth; teratogenic effects have also been suggested.
      Epidemiological studies, published in 1988 and 1990 have evaluated the risk of PV
      B19 fetal related death at 9% and no association was found between infection and
      congenital anomalies. Subsequent management of infected pregnancies is studied.
      We emphasize the interest of pathological examination of hydropic stillbirth for
      this diagnosis.

PMID- 1811011
TI  - [A study and reflections on version by external maneuvers. A prospective,
      multicentric study at the level of 4 maternity units at the regional hospital
      centers of the Western Group].
AB  - In order to test what could be justification for external cephalic version (ECV)
      in breech presentations, the authors carried out a prospective study in the four
      university maternity units throughout the year 1989. This brought together 262
      breech presentations of more than 30 weeks duration. They compared the results in
      two units where ECV is carried out frequently with two where it is carried out
      rarely. Comparing the two groups there was very little difference in the
      incidence of breech presentation at the onset of labour after 36 weeks (the
      difference being 33.6%). An analysis according to the parity of the mothers
      however shows that for primigravidae there was very little difference, but is was
      a little above 50% in women who were low grade multi-gravidae. Incidents or
      accidents connected with ECV were very rare. The discussion centres more on the
      values to the mother and the fetus than at the level of the obstetrician himself.
      From this study and the reflections on it, there is no single feature that shows
      in the present circumstances anything for or against ECV. This is because
      although there has been a large multicentre study they have not compared the
      maternal/fetal prognosis after 36 weeks of vaginal breech delivery and Caesarean
      delivery as compared with those deliveries for cephalic presentations. Only a
      study like that could make it possible to respond to the basic question whether
      ECV is justified and what attitude should be taken when it fails as far as
      delivering the breeches that remain is concerned.

PMID- 1811013
TI  - [Activities of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase during
      pregnancies associated with anemia].

PMID- 1811012
TI  - [Computer programming for delivery. Evaluation of 5 years of activity and 1,752
      inductions of labor].
AB  - 3,300 women were delivered between January 1986 and July 1990 inclusive. 1,267 of
      them had no pathology and 341 were induced for a pathological reason. Our
      attitude is to suggest systematically to every pregnant woman that her labour can
      be programmed to the time that she reaches the middle of the 39th week of
      amenorrhea providing she is sure of her dates and that the cervix is favourable.
      Labour is induced by using the electric pump to administer Syntocinon and by
      rupturing the membranes early. If an epidural anaesthetic is anticipated this is
      carried out during the first hour after induction. This policy does not bring
      about premature labours (the mean duration of amenorrhoea was 39.73 weeks) and it
      does not involve long labours (the mean total duration of labour was 5.68 hours
      and 7 hours for primipara) 1 UI Oxytocin was delivered per hour. In the group
      where labours were induced the Caesarean section rate at 6.35% was lower than
      those who went into labour spontaneously. There were fewer Cesareans for acute
      fetal distress. Five children had to be transferred to the Paediatric unit and
      one died after major fetal distress at 9 cms, 48 hours after delivery. The series
      shows that it is possible to have a policy for programming labour and increasing
      the comfort of the parturient and controlling her labour. Furthermore, the work
      of the staff in the labour ward and its staff are helped.

PMID- 1811014
TI  - [Bladder suspension exclusively through the vagina: at last!].

PMID- 1811015
TI  - The fractal geometry of convoluted brains.
AB  - The evolution of the brain in mammals is characterized by an overall size
      increase and structural reorganization. Consequently, the brain's geometry has
      changed notably since the late Cretaceous. Here I show that the mammalian brain
      is a fractal structure, the dimensions of which can be described in mathematical
      terms. Application of the scaling principle to convoluted brains shows that the
      cortical surface area, with its fractal dimension of D = 2.70 +/- 0.07, is
      geometrically similar with the amount of white matter, i.e., with the number and
      length of the interconnective nerve fibers. The hypothesis is put forward that
      the potential for brain evolution results from a combination of fractal folding
      and compartmentalization of neurons into modular circuits. The close
      correspondence between the form and fractal dimensions of the brain and a
      geometric model provides further evidence that the macroscopic organization of
      the brain in mammals is governed by a few simple generative rules and that these
      internal factors of brain design, bearing no relation to the selective reasons of
      initial enlargement, may be the primary determinants directing the evolution of
      the brain.

PMID- 1811017
TI  - Morphometry of myelin fibers in corpus callosum and optic nerve of aging rats.
AB  - Results of morphometric studies are presented, conducted on myelin fibers of
      corpus callosum and optic nerve of old rats. The studies were performed on 2 and
      2.5 years old rats of Wistar strain. The control group consisted of 4 months old
      animals. The measurements were conducted on electron micrographs taken at
      magnification of 35,000 X. Aging was associated with increased thickness of
      myelin sheaths resulting both from increased number of myelin lamellae and from
      increased interlamellae distances (i.e. decreased compactness of myelin). The
      increased transversal size of myelin fibers, analogous to that observed in human
      material, was particularly evident in 2 years old rats. In the oldest, 2.5 years
      old rats size of myelin fibers decreased compared to 2 years old rats,
      approaching values observed in the control group. Moreover, disturbances in axon
      myelin sheath ratio took place in the course od aging of rat brain white matter;
      axon cross-section area ratio to number of myelin lamellae in corpus callosum
      fibers was decreased while it was increased in fibers of optic nerve in 2 years
      old animals. In the process of aging most pronounced alterations were noted in
      thin fibers but thick fibers became more numerous and showed greater number of
      myelin lamellae.

PMID- 1811016
TI  - A comparative analysis of the vasotocin and vasopressin systems in the chicken
      and rat hypothalamus. An immunocytochemical study.
AB  - By means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique a comparative
      immunocytochemical study of the distribution of the vasotocin- and vasopressin
      reacting system in the chicken and rat hypothalamus was carried out. In both
      species it is possible to distinguish, on the basis of their topographical
      location, three different comparable populations: The first one is situated very
      close to the pial surface and the optic chiasma (L1 and L2 groups in the chicken
      and the supraoptic nucleus in the rat). The second one is located near to the
      third ventricle and corresponds to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of both species
      and the periventricular groups of the chicken (P1, P2, and P3 groups) and the
      periventricular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. The third
      one is situated between the two previous populations and consists of small
      clusters of reacting neurons (L3 and L5 groups in the chicken and the nucleus
      circularis and fornicalis in the rat) and to a large cluster of reacting neurons
      (L4 group in the chicken and the magnocellular part of the paraventricular
      nucleus in rat). In the median eminence of the chicken the immunoreactive axons
      were located in the internal zone and the anterior part of the external zone.
      However in the rat, the reaction was exclusively located in the internal zone.

PMID- 1811018
TI  - Stimulation of protein synthesis in dystrophic brain cortex neurons of hypoxia
      subjected rats by proliferation-activating protein isolated from nervous tissue
      of newborn animals.
AB  - Hypoxia causes mass diffuse dystrophy of brain cortex neurons, reduces RNA and
      protein synthesis in neurons and DNA synthesis in the total brain cortex in adult
      rats. Subsequent transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue (ENT) into the brain
      of hypoxia-subjected rats normalizes the structure of a considerable part of
      dystrophic neurons. A protein activator (molecular mass 30,000 D and PI 6.8) was
      isolated from intensively proliferating cerebellum tissue of newborn rats,
      dissolved in physiological solution, and injected into one of the hemispheres of
      hypoxia-subjected rats. The activator significantly stimulated the proliferation
      of recipient brain cells and normalized the protein biosynthesis in cortical
      neurons of the recipients like an ENT transplant. Injection into the brain of
      hypoxia-subjected rats of a physiological solution alone does not produce such an
      effect. The presented results have been obtained by the methods of
      autoradiography and biochemistry using 3H-leucine for estimating the intensity of
      protein synthesis by its incorporation into cells.

PMID- 1811019
TI  - Ultrastructure of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis in the advanced
      teleost Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826).
AB  - The advanced teleost Chelon labrosus shows a well-developed organum vasculosum
      laminae terminalis (OVLT). Together, the vascular organization and ultrastructure
      have many similarities with those found in mammals, though it is somewhat
      simpler. To date, the dense network of fenestrated capillaries in the nervous
      parenchyma of the OVLT observed in Chelon labrous has not been reported in other
      fishes, and resembles the porta system of mammals. However, the OVLT does not
      present intraventricular neuronal processes, as occurs in the corresponding organ
      of most vertebrates. Moreover, between the numerous neurons and the neuropil that
      surround these capillaries, terminal buttons with clear and dense-core vesicles
      can be appreciated. Most striking is the contact of neurons and even terminal
      buttons with the basal lamina of the external limiting membrane without interpose
      glial prolongations that separate the nervous parenchyma from the perivascular
      space; this represents windows in the blood brain barrier. The above
      characteristics and the absence of cilaited or chemorecptors structures suggest
      that neurohemal function of the OVLT, possibly under the control of
      neurotransmiters secreted by the terminal buttons dispersed throughout the whole
      organ.

PMID- 1811020
TI  - Age related changes in neuron number in the tegmental nuclei of Gudden of the
      mouse.
AB  - The number of neurons was estimated in the ventral part of the dorsal tegmental
      nucleus and in the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden in brains of male ASH/TO
      strain mice aged 6, 15, 25, 28 and 31 months. In both nuclei there was a
      significant decrease in neuron number after 28 months of age. The possible
      significance of these results was considered in relation to the connection of
      Gudden's tegmental nuclei with the mammillary nuclei in which neuron number is
      stable with age, and with the vestibulocerebellar system which loses neurons with
      age.

PMID- 1811021
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the hypothalamic secretory nuclei of rats depending on
      the duration of clinical death.
AB  - The studies were carried out on neurosecretory nuclei of rat hypothalamus
      following complete circulatory arrest for 5 min (group I) and 10 min (group II).
      The surviving time of the animals after the experiment was 6 weeks. In group I,
      the ultrastructural appearance of the perikaryonic areas of the neurons indicates
      increased metabolic activity of these cells. Crinophagocytic bodies were noted
      near the Golgi apparatus. In the processes of neurons changes in the structure of
      the cytoskeletal elements were observed. In group II significant differences were
      noted, as compared with group I. They consisted in the desolation of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum membranes from ribosomes, dilatation of the Golgi area
      cisternae, and swelling of mitochondria. In the perivascular region cells with
      the surface of the cytoplasmic processes membranes covered by the product of the
      Alcian blue reaction were noticed. In our opinion these cells may represent
      "cerebral macrophages". The ultrastructural changes were more pronounced in
      animals of group II, as compared with animals of group I.

PMID- 1811023
TI  - [Bladder neck suspension using the modified Pereyra-Raz procedure in the
      treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women].
AB  - The authors describe the technique of bladder neck suspension with the modified
      Pereyra-Raz procedure in the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in
      women. This critical analysis of the technique permits to review its robe the
      context of the surgical treatment of urinary incontinence and to emphasize the
      important points to achieve the best possible result.

PMID- 1811022
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the prostate: pathological stage C. 2: Treatment].
AB  - The discovery of a pathological stage C after radical prostatectomy with a
      curative aim for a clinically localized cancer of the prostate raises the
      question of a possible adjuvant therapy. The indications and modalities of such a
      therapy still remain controversial. Our review sums up our knowledge and
      uncertainties on this point.

PMID- 1811024
TI  - [Psoas bladder hitch procedure. Apropos of 20 cases].
AB  - The authors report their experience about 20 cases of psoas bladder hitch
      performed on 17 women and 3 men. The indications were pelvic ureteral traumatism
      (10 cases), tuberculous ureteral stenosis (6 cases) and megaureter (4 cases). The
      technique is described. Recovery was uneventful in the majority of cases, and
      delayed complications were rare (one case of vesico-ureteral reflux). The results
      were encouraging, classified in three groups: good results (86 per cent), medium
      results (7 per cent) and bad results (7 per cent).

PMID- 1811025
TI  - [Treatment of urinary incontinence by feedback in women].
AB  - Today's treatment of female urinary incontinence is not merely surgical. Provided
      the indications are clearly established (stress incontinence due to sphincter
      hypotonia, bladder instability and overflow urination in some cases, sensitive
      frequency) and the therapist properly trained, vesicosphincteral physiotherapy
      represents an alternative or a complement to the other therapies. The various
      aspects of this rehabilitation (manual techniques, electrostimulation,
      biofeedback) are reported here.

PMID- 1811026
TI  - [Renal angiomyolipoma: benign tumor?].
AB  - Often incidentally discovered, angiomyolipoma (AML) may be revealed by sudden
      flank pain secondary to perirenal hemorrhage. Tumoral vessels have an increased
      fragility, leading to potentially major blood loss. Diagnosis is based on the
      demonstration of a mass which is hyperechogenic by ultrasound and of partially
      negative density by CT scan. Our cases from 1979 to 1991 are reviewed. Clinical
      data, investigation and treatment are discussed. Although benign, this tumor may
      be associated with high morbidity.

PMID- 1811027
TI  - [Desmoid tumor of the mesentery. An uncommon cause of ureteral obstruction].
AB  - Desmoid tumors are rare lesions with a local invasive potential and a risk of
      recurrence considered as benign due to the absence of metastases. They are
      included in fibromatoses and may be associated with Gardner's syndrome. The
      authors report an unusual case, in a 26 year old man, of a desmoid tumor invading
      ileon, right colon, appendix and the right ureter and responsible of a ureteral
      obstruction. Etiologic factors (traumatic, hormonal, auto-immune, ... ) are
      discussed. The treatment of choice to lower the risk of recurrence is the
      complete surgical removal of the tumor.

PMID- 1811028
TI  - [A technical stratagem to facilitate the cure of hydronephrosis].
AB  - The surgical cure of hydronephrosis must consist in the resection of the
      pyeloureteral junction, associated to a pyelic resection leaving an undistended
      renal pelvis. This article describes a few technical tricks that make the
      procedure easier and thus allow obtaining results. After proving its value for
      twenty years, this technique gives just as much satisfaction today.

PMID- 1811029
TI  - Tomographic assessment of alterations of the temporomandibular joint after
      surgical correction of mandibular prognathism.
AB  - The aims of this study were to identify absolute condylar displacements and
      temporal fossa changes and to assess alterations in the condyle-fossa
      relationships after bilateral vertical ramus osteotomy for correction of
      mandibular prognathism. Twenty-four patients had linear tomograms taken of their
      temporomandibular joints within 1 week preoperatively and 6 months
      postoperatively. To ensure identical orientation of the focusing plane, a custom
      made headholder was constructed and the head of the patient was positioned on the
      x-ray table in a standardized way. All radiographs were traced, and
      superimposition was made on stable structures, such as the mastoid cells of the
      temporal bone, the auditory meatus, the zygomatic arch, and the anterior cranial
      base. The results of the study indicated that, 6 months postsurgery, the only
      statistically significant change existed in the posterior joint space, which
      showed an average increase of 0.7 mm (P = .003). All other variables showed that
      the condylar position within the joint tended to approach its preoperative value.
      Small resorptive alterations in the glenoid fossa were also noticed.

PMID- 1811030
TI  - Orthodontic considerations in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion with
      anterior subapical osteotomy.
AB  - Severe bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion, a dentofacial deformity prevalent
      among Asians, can be easily addressed with the use of anterior subapical
      osteotomies in conjunction with extraction of a tooth in each quadrant.
      Presurgical orthodontic preparation for anterior subapical osteotomy includes
      intra-arch (leveling, alignment, and derotations) and interarch (sagittal,
      vertical, and transverse) objectives. The procedure requires careful attention to
      the use of segmental orthodontic mechanics and surgical arch wires, in
      conjunction with surgical splints and rigid osteosynthesis. The controlled use of
      training box and vertical elastics postsurgically and the proper choice of
      retainers have greatly facilitated the achievement of a good and stable end
      result.

PMID- 1811031
TI  - Dentofacial appearance: a comparison of patient self-assessment techniques.
AB  - Self-perceptions of facial appearance are important in patients' willingness to
      seek treatment. Unfortunately, patients usually only perceive defects of the
      mandible, making counseling regarding other facial deformities difficult for the
      orthodontist and oral surgeon. Self-drawings of profile form may be used by
      orthodontists to determine patients' understanding of their facial defects and to
      help educate patients about their defects and the need for surgical or other
      correction. This study of 35 patients seeking orthognathic surgery revealed that
      patients' self-ratings of their vertical, mandibular, maxillary, and
      dentoalveolar defects are correlated with some cephalometric measures, as are
      their self-drawings of the vertical and mandibular dimensions. Therefore, it
      appears that the two self-assessment techniques may be used simultaneously to
      illustrate defects on different dimensions. Overall body image and facial image
      were not associated with cephalometric measures, suggesting that patients'
      general feelings about their facial appearance are unrelated to their
      descriptions of their features or to objectively determined defects. However,
      self-ratings on specific features of the face were correlated with cephalometric
      measures of nasal height, on both hard and soft tissue dimensions.

PMID- 1811032
TI  - Stability after surgical-orthodontic correction of skeletal Class III
      malocclusion. 2. Maxillary advancement.
AB  - Nearly half the patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion have maxillary
      deficiency as the major component of their problem, and modern surgical
      techniques allow maxillary osteotomy to correct the deformity. Changes at surgery
      and postsurgically were studied in 49 patients who underwent isolated surgical
      maxillary advancement. Thirty-one had wire osteosynthesis and maxillomandibular
      fixation, and 18 had rigid fixation with bone plates. In nearly half the
      patients, the maxilla was moved down as well as forward, indicating that the
      patient had both vertical and anteroposterior deficiency. In the anteroposterior
      plane, 80% of the patients had excellent stability at 1 year, while 20% had 2 to
      4 mm of posterior movement of anterior maxillary landmarks. There was no
      difference in anteroposterior stability between wire/maxillomandibular fixation
      and rigid internal fixation groups. When the maxilla was moved down as well as
      forward, there was a strong tendency for relapse upward in both fixation groups.
      As a result, the chin frequently became more prominent from immediate postsurgery
      to 1-year followup, as upward movement of the maxilla allowed the mandible to
      rotate upward and forward.

PMID- 1811033
TI  - The aged face: the facial manifestations of aging.
AB  - Traditionally, cosmetic maxillofacial surgery designed to rejuvenate "the aged
      face" has been reserved for the elderly. However, any patient with facial
      manifestations that reflect, but are not limited to, an increased chronologic age
      is a candidate for esthetic maxillofacial surgery. In this text, the aged face
      refers to any facial manifestations that are perceived as indices of advanced age
      beyond an individual's chronologic or desired age. This paper presents a brief
      outline of the specific facial features that account for the aged face and
      describes surgical correction.

PMID- 1811034
TI  - Condyle position and mobility before and after intraoral vertical ramus
      osteotomies and neuromuscular rehabilitation.
AB  - Correction of dentofacial deformities in patients with existing temporomandibular
      dysfunction and pain by intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies may result in
      improved function and resolution of symptoms. A prospective study of condylar
      position and mobility was made in nine patients with anterior disk displacements
      with reduction and associated temporomandibular pain and dysfunction. Each
      patient was treated by bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies with 2 to 3
      weeks of maxillomandibular fixation and no interosseous fixation of the proximal
      segment. Condylar position and mobility in the surgical group were compared with
      normative values derived from seven individuals without discernible pain or
      dysfunction. Immediately postoperatively, the condyle was consistently positioned
      anteriorly and inferiorly, but the condyles tended to return to their
      preoperative position. Condylar mobility after surgery exceeded presurgical
      mobility and was associated with improved mandibular function.

PMID- 1811035
TI  - Wound healing in the tissues of the periodontium following periradicular surgery.
      I. The incisional wound.
AB  - Periradicular surgical procedures were performed on rhesus monkeys and the wound
      healing responses of the tissues of the periodontium were evaluated by light
      microscopy. This article, Part I of the investigation, reports the mucoperiosteal
      tissue wound healing responses to incisional wounds of the triangular and
      submarginal rectangular flap designs. Little difference was found in the temporal
      and qualitative healing responses to incisional wounds of the two flap designs.
      However, the submarginal rectangular design showed less predictable results, with
      a greater intersample variation of wound healing responses in the earlier
      postsurgical evaluation periods. Vital connective tissue and epithelium, although
      not visible clinically, remain attached to the root surfaces following reflection
      of flaps which include an intrasulcular incision. Preservation of these root
      attached tissues prevented apical epithelial down-growth along the root surfaces
      and loss of soft tissue attachment levels. Vitality of root-attached tissues was
      preserved by preventing dehydration, avoiding curettement of root surfaces, and
      using a flap reflection technique which eliminates reflective forces in the
      intrasulcular incisional wound site.

PMID- 1811036
TI  - Histological characterization of bleaching-induced external root resorption in
      dogs.
AB  - External root resorption occasionally develops after intracoronal bleaching with
      hydrogen peroxide. In this study, an experimental model was established to study
      thermocatalytic bleaching-induced root resorption in dogs. Histological
      examination after 6 months revealed that 18% of the teeth had root resorption
      lesions. The lesions could be divided into three types. In type I, root
      excavations were associated with a dense inflammatory cell infiltrate. Type II
      lesions were characterized by granulation tissue formation. In type III, the
      lesions were filled with reparative cementum. The three types probably represent
      different phases of one process. Calcium hydroxide had no effect on the
      occurrence or type of resorption. The instability of hydrogen peroxide and the
      presence of inflammatory resorption lesions 6 months postoperatively suggest
      hydrogen peroxide-induced toxic radicals or denaturants as potential irritants.

PMID- 1811037
TI  - Pulp narrowing in renal end stage and transplanted patients.
AB  - A comparison of relative dental pulp size in chronic renal disease patients with
      dental pulp size in healthy controls revealed a significant pulp narrowing in the
      kidney disease group (n = 44). A strong correlation between the chronicity of the
      renal disease and the pulp narrowing was found in the premolar and molar teeth of
      the tested group. A review of the literature concerning pulp narrowing is also
      presented.

PMID- 1811038
TI  - In vitro evaluation of four methods of sealer placement.
AB  - Sealer is required during root canal obturation, although no studies have shown
      which method of sealer placement provides the best coverage. This study evaluated
      and compared four methods of sealer placement: file, lentulo spiral, ultrasonic
      files, and master gutta-percha cone. Forty mandibular incisors were prepared by a
      step-back technique. AH26 (0.04 ml) was applied to the placement device, the
      sealer was placed in the canal, and the canal was obturated with lateral
      condensation of gutta-percha. The specimens were cleared and evaluated for the
      presence of the sealer in the apical, middle, and coronal thirds of the canal.
      The results showed no statistically significant differences among the four
      groups. The greatest variation in sealer coverage was found in the apical level.
      Sealer coverage in the coronal and middle thirds was nearly identical regardless
      of sealer placement technique.

PMID- 1811039
TI  - Evaluation of the ability of essential oils to dissolve gutta-percha.
AB  - Eighteen essential oils were compared with chloroform for their ability to
      dissolve gutta-percha. Only chloroform and rectified turpentine oil dissolved
      gutta-percha completely.

PMID- 1811040
TI  - A comparison of strains generated during placement of five endodontic posts.
AB  - Twenty-five extracted human maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into
      five equal groups. Crowns were removed 1 mm incisal to the cementoenamel
      junction. Endodontic treatment was carried out and each tooth was affixed with
      two strain gauges. The strain gauge wires were connected to a Wheatstone Bridge
      circuit. Each group of five teeth was restored with either a Para-Post Plus (the
      control post), Flexi-Post, Vlock post, Kurer Fin Lock Anchor, or a Radix Anchor.
      Strains generated during post placement were recorded and compared for the five
      groups using a one-way analysis of variance. The maximum strains accompanying
      placement of the Kurer Fin Lock Anchor and the Radix Anchor were significantly
      higher than those induced by placement of the other posts. Also, when the
      threaded posts were allowed to contact the bottom of the prepared channel, high
      strains resulted.

PMID- 1811041
TI  - Histology and lysosomal cytochemistry of the postsurgically inflamed dental pulp
      after topical application of steroids. I. Histological study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to histologically investigate steroid effects on
      the dental pulp. Three steroid preparations, hydrocortisone, betamethasone and
      triamcinolone, were locally applied to the exposed pulp tissue in rat incisor
      after pulpectomy. After 24 h, the effects on the tissues were assessed by light
      microscopy. The results showed that topical application of corticosteroids as an
      intracanal medicament reduced inflammatory changes in the pulp as compared with
      controls. Furthermore, triamcinolone and betamethasone demonstrated more potent
      anti-inflammatory effects than did hydrocortisone.

PMID- 1811043
TI  - Revisiting the post puller.
AB  - The removal of an intraradicular post is frequently part of retreatment and the
      fabrication of a new coronal restoration. This article highlights the use of a
      post puller for safe and effective removal of an intraradicular post in
      conjunction with retreatment.

PMID- 1811042
TI  - A comparison of anxiety levels associated with root canal therapy and oral
      surgery treatment.
AB  - Questionnaires regarding experience, hearsay, and perceptions of anxiety toward
      eight dental treatments were distributed to a general patient population. Data
      revealed that among 349 respondents 35% heard that root canal therapy was the
      most unpleasant dental treatment, whereas 29% listed oral surgery treatment as
      having the worst reputation. However, 53% of those experiencing oral surgery
      treatment stated that an oral surgery treatment was the most unpleasant treatment
      whereas only 17% experiencing root canal therapy stated the same for root canal
      therapy. On the basis of anxiety scores, root canal therapy and oral surgery
      treatment were categorized in the high-anxiety category, crowns, dentures, and
      fillings in the moderate-anxiety category, and cleaning, sick call, and
      examination in the low-anxiety category. The anxiety levels of root canal therapy
      and oral surgery treatment were then analyzed as they related to different
      experience groups (combinations of root canal therapy and oral surgery and
      experience), hearsay experience, and most unpleasant experience with root canal
      therapy and oral surgery. Patients having experience with root canal therapy or
      oral surgery treatment had lower anxiety levels toward these respective
      treatments than did those who had no such experience. Patients who have heard
      negative stories (hearsay) of root canal therapy and oral surgery showed higher
      levels of anxiety toward these respective treatments than did those who have not
      heard such stories. But former endodontic patients who had heard negative stories
      about root canal therapy actually recorded lower anxiety levels toward root canal
      therapy than those patients with no negative hearsay experience.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811044
TI  - Two root canals in a maxillary central incisor with enamel hypoplasia.
AB  - Presented is a case of enamel hypoplasia of a maxillary central incisor which was
      referred for endodontic therapy. Radiographical examination revealed a tooth
      having one root and two canals. Endodontic therapy was performed under aseptic
      conditions.

PMID- 1811045
TI  - Aggressive periodontal destruction and herpes zoster in a suspected AIDS patient.
AB  - An unusual case of spontaneous and rapidly destructive lesions involving the
      periodontal structures is described in a 54 year old, bi-sexual patients
      suspected of having AIDS. Concomitant with the periodontal breakdown, the patient
      developed a severe case of Herpes Zoster involving the area of the face
      innervated by the 5th cranial nerve. The dermal lesions involved the face, nose,
      eyes and scalp. Similar lesions were noted on the gingival and palatal mucosa on
      the same side of the jaw as the skin lesions. The differences between this type
      of periodontal destruction and more conventional forms of periodontitis are
      discussed.

PMID- 1811046
TI  - [Frenectomy associated with a triangular gingival graft].
AB  - In periodontal therapy, frenectomy is indicated when the frenum exerts tension on
      the gingival margin and interferes with proper oral hygiene. The procedure is
      also employed when the frenum prevents closure of a diastema during orthodontic
      therapy. Frenectomy should be done after the canines have erupted and before
      retention is started to prevent separation of the teeth. For an improved surgical
      and cosmetic result, the authors propose a triangular-shaped gingival graft after
      the frenum has been excised. The advantage of the procedure is to create an area
      of attached gingiva and enhance healing.

PMID- 1811047
TI  - [In vitro bacteriocidal activity of 5 oral antiseptics against the principal
      microorganisms implicated in oral disease].
AB  - Bactericidal activities of five mouthrinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride,
      hexetidine or chlorhexidine have been tested in vitro, against the main
      microorganisms involved in buccal affections. Mouthrinses containing hexetidine
      or chlorhexidine are effective, but chlorhexidine activity appears more extensive
      and homogeneous.

PMID- 1811048
TI  - [Bacterial contamination, familial occurrence and periodontal disease].
AB  - The pathogenesis of the various periodontal diseases cannot only be explained on
      the basis of the relationship of specific bacteria to the clinical features of
      the disease. The microbiologic examination of various members of the same family,
      either by culturing or by the use of the DNA probe often showed similarities
      among several individuals in the same family. This could be accounted for on the
      basis of bacterial transmission or by contamination. These observations suggest
      the incidence of familial and genetic factors in the etiology of some forms of
      periodontitis.

PMID- 1811049
TI  - [The role of chlorhexidine irrigation combined with ultrasonic root planing in
      treatment of periodontal disease. Preliminary study].
AB  - The beneficial effects of chlorhexidine on plaque formation have been well
      documented. This study was undertaken to evaluate the dual effects of
      chlorhexidine irrigation and root planing with an ultrasonic scaler. The
      parameters measured were plaque and gingival indices and bleeding on probing. A
      statistically significant decrease in all indices measured was demonstrated when
      compared with the test group of patients who received ultrasonic scaling and
      irrigation with sterile water.

PMID- 1811050
TI  - [Treatment of gingival recession and root covering. Choice of therapy].
AB  - The use and limitation of mucogingival surgery to cover denuded root surfaces is
      discussed in terms of the necessity of the procedures and what technique to
      employ. Four classical techniques are described along with case reports
      demonstrating their usage. Once it is established that the procedure is of value
      to the patient, a suitable form of therapy can be utilized.

PMID- 1811051
TI  - [Use of indexes in daily practice].
AB  - Epidemiologic methods can be used for the diagnosis of periodontal disease and
      the evaluation of its progression. Indices can be used to check the frequency of
      pathogenic events, the location of etiologic agents and the effectiveness of
      therapy. Such techniques can be employed in everyday practice and could
      conceivably be used to motivate patients.

PMID- 1811052
TI  - [The role of healing abutments in the implant protocol].
AB  - The utilization of implants requires a close interrelationship between the
      prosthodontist and the surgeon who performs the implant procedure. The choice of
      abutments and other aspects of the work should be in the domain of both
      individuals. After the surgical procedures, the prosthodontist can wait until
      soft tissue healing occurs before deciding the type and length of the abutments
      that will be utilized for the reconstruction. If necessary, the surgeon can
      perform mucogingival surgery to enhance the implant-gingival environment.

PMID- 1811053
TI  - Inhibition of anoxia-induced injury in heart myocytes by cyclosporin A.
AB  - Cyclosporin A is a potent immunosuppressant used to prevent graft rejection. The
      cellular target of cyclosporin A in T lymphocytes is believed to be cyclophilin,
      a ubiquitous protein with peptidyl prolyl cis trans isomerase activity located in
      both the cytosol and mitochondria. Recently, cyclosporin A-inhibition of
      mitochondrial cyclophilin has been implicated in the prevention of mitochondrial
      dysfunction induced in vitro by Ca2+ overload and other factors potentially
      relevant to ischaemic cell injury. This study investigates the effect of
      cyclosporin A on injury to cardiomyocytes induced by substrate-free anoxia. It is
      shown that cyclosporin A retards progression of the injury, most probably at a
      late step in the injury process.

PMID- 1811054
TI  - Expression of alpha-subunits of G proteins in failing human heart: a reappraisal
      utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - A decrease in the density of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor and an increase in
      the functional activity of the G inhibitory protein Gi accompany human heart
      failure; however, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for these
      changes are unclear. We previously reported that the steady-state levels of the
      mRNAs encoding both alpha Gi-3 and alpha Gs were significantly increased in
      failing human heart. However, these results are not consistent with recent
      studies demonstrating that immunodetectable levels of alpha G proteins are not
      different in failing human hearts when compared with non-failing controls. In
      addition, analysis of the 5' flanking regions of alpha Gi and alpha Gs suggests
      that these two genes are unlikely to be co-regulated as their regulatory domains
      are quite different. Therefore, we hypothesized that the disparity between the
      measurements of alpha G protein gene expression and assessment of the actual
      levels of alpha G proteins might be due to technical limitations of the Northern
      blot technique utilized in previous studies for assessment of the mRNA levels;
      (i) cytoskeletal beta-actin mRNA was used as a standard for normalization; and
      (ii) only relative levels of alpha G mRNAs were measured. The recent application
      of the polymerase chain reaction to quantification of mRNA levels in small
      quantities of human heart provided the tool with which to test this hypothesis.
      When expressed in molecules of mRNA per microgram of total RNA, there were no
      differences in the levels of alpha Gi and alpha Gs mRNAs in failing human heart
      when compared with non-failing controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811055
TI  - The relationship between oxygen radical generation and impairment of myocardial
      energy metabolism following post-ischemic reperfusion.
AB  - Oxygen radical toxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial
      reperfusion injury. In the present study we sought to document the existence of a
      precise temporal relationship between the time course of free radical generation
      and the time course of alterations of myocardial energy metabolism during early
      reperfusion. Rabbit hearts perfused within the bore of a 31-Phosphorous NMR
      spectrometer were subjected to 30 min of total global ischemia at 37 degrees C.
      At reflow, 12 control hearts received a bolus of normal perfusate and 12 hearts
      recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) as a 60,000 IU bolus followed by a
      100 IU/ml infusion for 15 min. Ischemia resulted in similar depletion of tissue
      ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) in the two groups. During the first minute of
      reflow, recovery of PCr was similar in both groups. However, PCr recovery
      arrested in control hearts after 2 min, at 63% of baseline, and averaged 64 +/-
      4% after 45 min of reperfusion. In contrast, h-SOD treated hearts recovered 86.7%
      of baseline PCr content after 2 min, 102% after 10 min of reperfusion (P less
      than 0.001), and 93 +/- 6.4% at the end of the 45 min of reflow (P less than
      0.01). The time course of free radical formation during reperfusion was assessed
      by EPR spectroscopy using both the frozen tissue and the spin trapping
      methodologies. In control hearts, peak generation of oxygen radicals was reached
      after 20 s of reflow. h-SOD treatment decreased concentrations of the oxygen
      centered radicals in myocardial tissue and of the radical-adducts in the coronary
      effluent by approximately 80%. Thus, in reperfused hearts peak oxygen radical
      generation is followed by the occurrence of alterations in the recovery of high
      energy phosphate metabolism. Both events were largely prevented by administration
      of h-SOD at reflow. These results provide strong support for a link between
      oxygen free radical generation and post-ischemic reperfusion injury.

PMID- 1811056
TI  - Effects of endothelin-1 in the isolated heart in ischemia/reperfusion and
      hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.
AB  - The effects of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 were examined in the
      isolated heart during hypoxia, reoxygenation and reperfusion. Isovolumic rat
      hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at constant pressure. Cumulative
      dose-response curves were obtained for endothelin-1 boluses of 0.04 to 400 pmol
      in five groups of hearts. Coronary flow declined with increasing dosages and was
      almost abolished at 400 pmol in control hearts. In hearts subjected to mild
      hypoxia (perfusate PO2 approximately 150 mmHg), the constrictor effect of
      endothelin-1 was attenuated at moderate dose compared to control hearts (4 vs.
      16% flow reduction at 40 pmol; P less than 0.05). The constrictor effect was
      unaltered in hearts subjected to either 60 min of severe hypoxia (PO2
      approximately 35 mmHg) followed by reoxygenation or to 10 min of total ischemia
      followed by reperfusion (stunning). When hearts were reperfused following 30 min
      of total ischemia (irreversible injury), the constrictor response to endothelin-1
      was potentiated compared to control (e.g. 36 vs. 16% flow reduction at 40 pmol; P
      less than 0.05). We conclude that endothelin-1 is a potent coronary constrictor
      in hypoxic, reoxygenated and reperfused heart. The constrictor effect is
      attenuated during hypoxia, most likely due to the presence of counteracting
      vasodilator metabolites. During reperfusion, the constrictor effect is unchanged
      in stunned myocardium, but is augmented in irreversibly injured heart, due to
      either increased endothelin-1 binding sites or loss of counteracting vasodilator
      mechanisms such as prostaglandins and/or endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

PMID- 1811057
TI  - Distribution of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) during heart
      development.
AB  - The neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, was localized in the embryonic chick
      heart from Hamburger-Hamilton stage 14 up to hatching and in the adult heart. A
      monoclonal antibody directed to NCAM was used with the indirect antibody
      technique to stain frozen sections with immunoperoxidase. The myocardium showed
      immunoreactivity at stages 15 and 21, with little to no staining of epicardium,
      endocardium or atrioventricular endocardial cushion tissue. At stage 22,
      additional immunoreactivity was found in the endocardium of both the atrial
      septum and the atrial and ventricular surfaces of the atrioventricular cushions.
      Endocardial-derived mesenchymal cells within the cushions were also immunostained
      for NCAM. A gradient of NCAM staining was evident in the ventricular wall by
      stage 16. The staining intensity in the myocardium subjacent to the epicardium
      was less than found near the ventricular lumen. Biochemical analyses revealed
      that the embryonic heart expresses polysialylated NCAM. Upon desialylation with
      the endoneuraminidase Endo-N, the predominant heart NCAM has an apparent
      molecular weight of 155 to 160 kDa, which is distinct in size from the
      predominant forms found in embryonic chick nervous system (180, 140 and 120 kDa).
      NCAM expression is regionally regulated in the heart. The pattern of its
      expression is consistent with our hypothesis that it is involved in (1)
      differentiation of the atrial and ventricular walls, (2) fusion of the atrial
      septum with the endocardial cushions, (3) fusion of the endocardial cushions, and
      (4) formation and remodeling of ventricular trabeculae.

PMID- 1811058
TI  - Mechanism of loss of adenine nucleotides from mitochondria during myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that loss of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides during
      myocardial ischemia is induced by the accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi)
      and a decrease in cytosolic ATP. In the isolated perfused rat heart, loss of
      mitochondrial adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP + AMP) was preceded by the rise in
      tissue Pi and the loss of tissue ATP. After 30 min ischemia, the average rate of
      loss of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides was c. 1.5% of the initial pool/min. In
      isolated heart mitochondria, there are two pathways for adenine nucleotide
      release: a 'fast', phosphate-dependent pathway, which is inhibited by
      atractyloside; and a 'slow', phosphate-independent pathway, which is insensitive
      to atractyloside. Decreasing the pH from 7.4 to 6.5 significantly decreased the
      rate of release by the phosphate-dependent pathway (but not the phosphate
      independent pathway). Analysis of release rates indicated that HPO4-2 is
      responsible for the phosphate-induced release; Vmax = 53.8% of the pool/per
      minute, Km = 7.5 mM. In vitro, extramitochondrial ATP inhibited adenine
      nucleotide release in the presence of Pi such that the rate of release was
      inversely proportional to the extramitochondrial [ATP]; extrapolation to zero ATP
      indicated a release rate of 2 to 3% of the pool/per minute, which is
      approximately equal to the rate of the 'slow' phosphate-independent pathway.
      Moreover, increasing the Pi concentration did not increase the rate of adenine
      nucleotide release in the presence of extramitochondrial ATP. Accumulation of
      mitochondrial adenine nucleotides was observed when the mitochondria were
      incubated in the presence of 4 mM or greater ATP. The results suggest that the
      rise in intracellular Pi during myocardial ischemia does not induce the loss of
      adenine nucleotides from the mitochondrial compartment, but rather that
      degradation of cytosolic ATP results in a slowing of ATP influx such that the
      rate of efflux (phosphate-independent) exceeds the rate of influx.

PMID- 1811059
TI  - Fatty acid accumulation during ischemia and reperfusion: effects of pyruvate and
      POCA, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of POCA, a carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) inhibitor, and pyruvate, a substrate inhibiting
      fatty acid (FA) oxidation, on post-ischemic cardiac FA accumulation on the one
      hand, and hemodynamic recovery and loss of cellular integrity on the other. To
      this end isolated, working rat hearts, receiving glucose (11 mM) as substrate,
      were subjected to 45 min of no-flow ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Hearts
      were perfused with or without POCA (10 microM) and/or pyruvate (5 mM). In the
      control group the FA content increased significantly during ischemia and remained
      elevated during reperfusion. Administration of POCA did not affect functional
      recovery and LDH release significantly, but resulted in about two-fold increased
      FA levels upon reperfusion as compared to glucose-perfused hearts. Pyruvate
      markedly improved functional recovery. Addition of this substrate did not affect
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, but enhanced FA accumulation during
      reperfusion. The combined administration of pyruvate and POCA nullified the
      positive effect of pyruvate on hemodynamic recovery, aggravated LDH release, and
      further enhanced the accumulation of FAs. The adenine nucleotide content of
      reperfused hearts was comparable for all groups investigated. In conclusion,
      during transient ischemia POCA and pyruvate markedly increased cardiac FA
      accumulation through inhibition of the oxidation of FAs released from endogenous
      lipid pools. No clear relation was found between the FA content of reperfused
      hearts and post-ischemic functional recovery.

PMID- 1811060
TI  - Energy metabolism in preconditioned and control myocardium: effect of total
      ischemia.
AB  - Myocardium which has been preconditioned by one or several brief episodes of
      ischemia has much slower energy utilization during a subsequent sustained episode
      of ischemia. Since preconditioned tissue also is 'stunned', the reduced energy
      utilization of preconditioned tissue may be due to reduced contractile effort.
      This study was done to assess whether differences in energy utilization persisted
      or disappeared under conditions of total ischemia, in vitro, when contractile
      activity was abolished in both control and preconditioned regions by hyperkalemic
      cardiac arrest. Preconditioned myocardium was produced in open-chest anesthetized
      dogs by exposing the circumflex bed to four 5-min episodes of ischemia each
      followed by 5 min of arterial reperfusion. Non-preconditioned anterior descending
      bed was used as control myocardium. Hearts were arrested with hyperkalemia after
      the last reperfusion period in order to reduce or eliminate the effects of
      contractile activity. Metabolite content was measured in sequential biopsies of
      the tissue. Large differences in the rate of energy metabolism of the two regions
      were noted during the first 15 minutes of ischemia. During this time, the
      preconditioned tissue utilized less glycogen, and produced less lactate, glucose
      6-phosphate (G6P), glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), and alpha-glycerol phosphate (alpha
      GP), than did control myocardium. Moreover, there was a much smaller decrease in
      net tissue ATP in the preconditioned than in the control tissue. Thus, the
      decrease in the demand of preconditioned tissue for energy, which has been
      observed in vivo, persisted despite the elimination of differences in contractile
      effort between control and preconditioned myocardium. Although the cause of this
      decrease in energy demand in preconditioned myocardium remains unknown, the
      present results suggest that it is not due to concomitant stunning.

PMID- 1811061
TI  - Regulation of myocardial glycogenolysis during post-ischemic reperfusion.
AB  - Myocardial glycogen and the factors which primarily regulate its metabolism were
      studied during post-ischemic reperfusion. Myocardial [13C]glycogen was
      continuously monitored by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in beating rat hearts perfused
      with oxygenated solutions containing [1-13C]glucose (5 mM) and insulin, during
      normal flow at 15 ml/min (n = 5), and during reperfusion after 30 min of 1 ml/min
      (n = 5), or 0 ml/min (n = 4) ischemia. Mean myocardial [13C]glycogen fell during
      reperfusion from 1.1 +/- 0.6 at the end of zero-flow ischemia to 0.4 +/- 0.4
      mumol of [13C]glucosyl units/g wet wt (P less than 0.02) over the first 7 min of
      reperfusion; it also fell during reflow following 1 ml/min ischemia, from 2.3 +/-
      1.4 to 1.7 +/- 1.0 mumol (P less than 0.03) over the same interval. In parallel
      experiments, glycogen phosphorylase % a (GPA%) content was higher at the end of
      30 min of 0 ml/min (37.3 +/- 7.3%, P less than 0.01), and trended higher after 1
      ml/min flow (30.8 +/- 12.1%, P = 0.18) than under baseline conditions (20.1 +/-
      7.4%). However GPA% returned to baseline values within 1 min of reflow after both
      0 and 1 ml/min ischemic periods (20.6 +/- 3.0% and 19.0 +/- 8.0%, respectively).
      Inorganic phosphate, as determined by simultaneous 31P-NMR, remained elevated
      during early reperfusion relative to baseline, and significantly correlated with
      the extent of decline in [13C]glycogen during reperfusion (r = 0.79, P less than
      0.01). Thus, glycogen breakdown continues to occur during early post-ischemic
      reperfusion, but the mechanism is not related to elevated GPA%, and may be due to
      persistently increased inorganic phosphate at that time.

PMID- 1811062
TI  - Evaluation of titanium dental implant osseointegration in posterior edentulous
      areas of micro swine.
AB  - This study investigated the micro swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for
      research in osseointegrated implant systems. As the first in a series of
      investigations based on this model, the study focused on the histological
      evaluation of the bone-implant interface of Branemark implants. Ten titanium
      implants were placed in posterior edentulous areas of the swine for longitudinal
      evaluation of healing and osseointegration. Six-week and 18-week post-operative
      specimens were removed en bloc at the time of death. The samples were fixed in
      glutaraldehyde, embedded in acrylic, and sectioned with a diamond wafering saw.
      The specimens were viewed under SEM and photographed. The percentage of bone that
      was in direct contact with the coronal, middle, and apical segments of the
      implant, referred to as the contact length fraction (CLF), was determined by use
      of a digitizing analyzer. All implant fixtures became exposed through the soft
      tissue within one week of placement. Of the ten titanium fixtures placed, three
      failed--one by post-surgical day 14 due to food impaction into the surgical site,
      and the other two because of failure to osseo-integrate. Bone contact with the
      successfully integrated implant surfaces ranged from 19.2 to 58.5%, with a mean
      of approximately 34%. Osseointegration did not appear to increase over the
      experimental time period, since there was no difference in the percentage of bone
      contact between the 18-week and the six-week specimens. The lack of soft-tissue
      coverage over the implants caused bone loss, but did not significantly affect
      osseointegration in the coronal third. The micro swine appears to be a suitable
      animal model for use in implant research in posterior edentulous regions.

PMID- 1811063
TI  - A biomechanical rationale for the use of short implants.
AB  - In general, the use of short implants has not been recommended by some because it
      is believed that occlusal forces must be dissipated over a large implant area in
      order for the bone to be preserved. Finite element modeling (FEM) analyses have
      shown that the occlusal forces are distributed primarily to the crestal bone
      rather than evenly throughout the entire surface area of the implant interface.
      Since masticatory forces are light and fleeting, these forces are normally well
      tolerated by the bone. It is the bruxing forces that must be adequately
      attenuated, and this may be done by increasing the diameter and number of
      implants.

PMID- 1811064
TI  - In vitro periodontal ligament fibroblast attachment to plasma-cleaned titanium
      surfaces.
AB  - The objective of this research was to characterize the in vitro cellular behavior
      of fibroblast-like cells derived from rat periodontal ligament on commercially
      pure titanium surfaces which were sterilized by a variety of treatments.
      Following standard surface preparation protocols, the Ti specimens were
      sterilized by either steam autoclaving, exposure to ethylene oxide gas, exposure
      to ultraviolet light, or plasma-cleaning in argon for either one min or five min.
      Fibroblast-like cells in serum-supplemented media were incubated on the various
      Ti specimens for up to two h. In general, the levels of cell attachment for
      plasma-cleaned surfaces were significantly higher than those for steam-sterilized
      surfaces, but were significantly lower than the attachment levels for both the
      ultraviolet-treated surfaces and the tissue culture plastic control. The duration
      of plasma cleaning itself did not have a significant effect on the percentage of
      cell attachment at any time period. SEM evaluations indicated that by two h, the
      cellular morphology was different on the variously treated specimens. These
      studies indicate that the method of sterilization following implant surface
      preparation can affect the initial in vitro biological events of cell attachment
      and spreading.

PMID- 1811065
TI  - Retrospective radiographic study of blade implants.
AB  - This retrospective study was undertaken to provide information on the
      radiographic status of blade implants which had been placed in patients in a
      private dental office at least five years prior to this study. Radiographs and
      records of 66 implants were studied in 31 patients. Six implants had been removed
      from five different patients; 60 implants were still in place at the time of this
      study. In general, the blade implants fared better in the mandible than in the
      maxilla. Analysis of the data suggests that although as a group patients with
      stable periodontal disease had significantly fewer implants lost, on an
      individual basis there is no predictable correlation between the periodontal
      status of the natural dentition and the survival of a blade implant as indicated
      by the radiographs. The change in the height of the crestal bone does not appear
      to be a critical determinant in the retention of the implant. There was no
      relationship between the time of loading and the survival of a blade implant.

PMID- 1811066
TI  - The use of dental implants in the treatment of athletic injuries.
AB  - This article is designed to help an athletic team dentist treat dental athletic
      injuries with implants. The different emergency situations that the team dentist
      will face are discussed, and an attempt is made to group the most likely implants
      that he or she may encounter. Advantages and disadvantages of each of the implant
      groups available are discussed in relation to the particular type of bone
      morphology resulting from athletic dental injuries. Currently, there are 58 root
      form implants being sold, with new ones coming out monthly. The athletic team
      dentist is interested primarily in immediate single-tooth replacement systems,
      which can be classified into single-tooth blades and root forms. The latter
      groups can be subdivided into press-fit, cylindrical hollow baskets, cylindrical
      screws, and cylindrical fin-shaped implant systems. Certain implants systems have
      been selected, and their advantages and disadvantages described in detail. In
      addition, similar implants of each type are presented. Some implants which have
      more efficient prosthetic and delivery systems are mentioned. Several early
      devices are discussed as well, because the team dentist may encounter one of
      these in his practice. This paper will serve as a guide for the dentist who
      assumes the responsibility of treating athletic injuries with the use of dental
      implants.

PMID- 1811067
TI  - The peak systolic velocity of the common carotid artery and superior thyroid
      artery as an indicator of thyroid function.
AB  - We investigated the efficacy of color duplex ultrasound in the detection of the
      thyroid's functional state on 132 consecutive patients referred for morphological
      examination of the thyroid gland. The patients were classified into 3 groups:
      Group A (euthyroid, n = 108), Group B (diffuse toxic goiter, n = 16) and Group C
      (hyperthyroidism on medical treatment for 1 to 4 months, n = 8), according to the
      serum thyroid hormones' determination and the patient's clinical history. The
      peak systolic velocity (Vmax) of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCAs) and
      superior thyroid arteries (STAs) were measured. The Vmax of CCAs was 90.33 +/-
      23.13 cm/sec (mean +/- standard deviation), 148.44 +/- 28.97 cm/sec and 84.75 +/-
      13.58 cm/sec in Groups A, B and C. The hyperthyroid patients had a significantly
      higher Vmax of CCAs than the euthyroid subjects (p less than 0.001) and those
      hyperthyroid patients receiving medical treatment (p less than 0.001). The Vmax
      of STAs was 32.4 +/- 13.49 cm/sec for the non-nodular lobes and 38.78 +/- 13.76
      cm/sec for the nodular lobes in the euthyroid subjects. There was no difference
      between the non-nodular and nodular lobes. The Vmax of STAs was 91.69 +/- 32.02
      cm/sec and 62.75 +/- 18.19 cm/sec for Groups B and C; both were higher than the
      euthyroid (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05 respectively). Patients with
      hyperthyroidism had a lower Vmax of STAs after medical treatment (Group B vs
      Group C, p less than 0.01). It is our conclusion that cases of hyperthyroidism
      have a higher volume of blood flow of both the common carotid arteries and
      thyroid arteries than the euthyroid cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811068
TI  - A developed program of ionic equilibria and membrane potentials for Chinese
      science students.
AB  - The paper describes an interactive computer program for an IBM-compatible
      personal computer, which creates a convenient way of teaching Chinese students of
      the physiological and biological sciences about the relationship of several
      aspects of ionic equilibria to the generation of resting membrane potential.
      Students may work through this program following the scheduled lectures on those
      subjects. Laboratory time is also used for discussion and questions, and to
      present advanced examples of ionic equilibria in biological systems. The authors
      believe that this program will provide students with a clear understanding of the
      rules of ionic electricity and the generation of membrane potentials, as well as
      improving their problem-solving skills.

PMID- 1811069
TI  - Inhibition of thromboxane formation as the antiplatelet mechanism of 3,4
      dihydroxyxanthone and quercetin pentaacetate.
AB  - 3,4-Dihydroxyxanthone and quercetin pentaacetate were shown to inhibit the
      aggregation and ATP release of washed rabbit platelets induced by collagen and
      arachidonic acid, but were not induced by PAF. This inhibition was reversible and
      in a concentration-dependent manner. The thromboxane B2 formation of washed
      rabbit platelets, which was caused by arachidonic acid and collagen, was also
      suppressed by both antiplatelet agents. In human platelet-rich plasma, 3,4
      dihydroxyxanthone and quercetin pentaacetate inhibited the secondary, but not the
      primary aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine. Both antiplatelet agents also
      inhibited collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation in whole blood in a
      dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that the antiplatelet effects of 3,4
      dihydroxyxanthone and quercetin pentaacetate are due to the inhibition of
      thromboxane formation.

PMID- 1811070
TI  - [The relationship between sexual maturation and growth of the subcutaneous
      sarcoma-180 tumor].
AB  - The sex hormones of mice have effects on the immune response and the synthesis of
      epidermal growth factor(EGF). Androgen inhibits the former and enhances the
      later, whereas estrogen has the opposite effect. EGF is one of the tumor growth
      factors. In the present study, mice before or after sexual maturation, or
      gonadectomized adults of both sexes, were subcutaneously inoculated with sarcoma
      180 tumor cells. The tumors grew rapidly, with no difference in genders before
      sexual maturation. However, tumor growth was rapid in adult male mice after
      sexual maturation, but retarded or inhibited in adult female mice. In
      orchidectomized male mice, tumor growth slowed down, in ovariectomized female
      mice, tumor growth accelerated. There was no difference in the rate of tumor
      growth among gonadectomized mice of either sex.

PMID- 1811071
TI  - [Stress analysis of post-reinforced maxillary anterior teeth].
AB  - This study used plane stress analysis to survey the stress distribution of
      maxillary anterior teeth reinforced with posts of various materials, and
      maxillary anterior teeth without posts. Two-dimensional finite element models of
      the maxillary central incisor were subjected to a simulated biting force of 200N
      applied under various occlusal contact conditions. The results of this study
      suggest that posts can transfer stress to the dentin and supporting alveolar
      bone, and that there is a more even stress distribution than in teeth without
      posts. Also, with post reinforcement the relative stress magnitudes and
      concentrations at the lingual surface of the post cervical area indicates that
      conservative enlargement of the root canal of the lingual surface is necessary.
      Finally, it seems that posts material with the same elastic modulous as the
      dentin may be the best choice.

PMID- 1811072
TI  - [Post-operative evaluation of 1000 consecutive hemorrhoid cases].
AB  - From September 1983 to October 1988, one thousand consecutive hemorrhoid patients
      were hospitalized and treated at T.C.V.G.H.A retrospective evaluation based on
      their admission charts was conducted. Two surgical procedures, wedge
      hemorrhoidectomy and anoplasty, were compared. We collected and analyzed the
      following data: sex, age, surgical procedure, post-operative pain, complications
      and number of days of hospitalization. This study discovered that the larger the
      major operative area and the greater the number of suture knots, the severer the
      post-operative pain. For instance, anoplasties resulted in a higher incidence of
      urine retention (78.1%) and stool impaction (79.4%) than hemorrhoidectomies did.
      Early complications were found primarily in cases receiving anoplasty, but in
      later complications, there were no significant differences found between
      procedures. Anoplasty also resulted in a longer hospital stay, so when dealing
      with the same degree of hemorrhoid, the simpler the operation, the better the
      result, because the patients' discomfort can be reduced and hospitalization can
      be shortened.

PMID- 1811073
TI  - Remission of hypoplastic acute leukemia by low dose Ara-C: one case report.
AB  - The occurrence of hypoplastic acute leukemia is widely recognized as an atypical
      leukemia, and is defined as hypocellular marrow with more than 30% blasts and
      none or few blasts in the circulating blood. The pathogenesis of hypoplastic
      acute leukemia is still unknown. Clinically, it usually follows a less
      progressive course and has a high prevalence rate among the elderly. The
      treatment and prognosis remains unclear. We present a case of hypoplastic acute
      leukemia, which responded well to low dose Ara-C. The 67 year-old female patient
      had symptoms of bruising easily and dizziness for about 3 years. Initial
      investigation revealed pancytopenia in the circulating blood and hypocellularity
      (10%) with blast cells (60%) in the bone marrow. Besides supportive treatment
      with blood transfusions and antibiotics, chemotherapy of low dose Ara-C 10 mg/m2
      was administrated for 14 days by subcutaneous injection. Bone marrow examination
      revealed an increase of cellularity and a decrease of blast cells following
      chemotherapy. Anemia and thrombocytopenia also simultaneously improved. Such
      results may suggest induction of differentiation effect of low dose Ara-C in
      hypoplastic leukemia.

PMID- 1811074
TI  - Cheiro-oral syndrome: identification of the lesion sites and a proposal for its
      clinical classification.
AB  - Five cases suffering from unilateral paresthesia over the corner of the mouth and
      the hand on the same side were examination for cheiro-oral syndrome. Of these,
      three cases were typical and the other were variant cases associate with
      transient hemi-signs. Lesion sites were identified by computed tomographic (CT)
      scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or both. Of the five patients, lesions
      were due to thalamic infarction in three cases, pontine hemorrhage in one case,
      and tumor compression on the right frontoparietal lobe in the last case. The
      pathophysiology of all cases were classified according to location of the lesion
      on the thalamus, the pons, and the parietal lobe, which are the usual anatomical
      sites responsible for this syndrome. Based on the three typical cases and
      thirteen cases cited from the English literature, a clinical classification has
      been established. The classification is based on age at the time of onset,
      gender, lesion site, etiology, risk factors, and certain clinical features. These
      sixteen cases fell into three distinct groups: a) those in which the thalamic
      lesions were related to infarction, b) those in which tumors, or in rare cases
      infarction, were found in the parietal lobe, and c) those in which hemorrhage
      occurred in the pons. Using this classification, the cheiro-oral syndrome can be
      more systematically defined.

PMID- 1811076
TI  - Gangrenous cholecystitis: new observations on sonography.
AB  - We studied 25 patients with gangrenous cholecystitis and observed a new
      sonographic finding--striated thickening of the gallbladder wall--and three
      patterns of pericholecystic fluid collections. Heterogeneous thickening of the
      gallbladder wall was characterized by either multiple striations (alternating
      hypoechoic and hyperechoic layers) or irregular mass-like protrusions projecting
      into the gallbladder lumen. We observed striated thickening far more frequently
      (in 10 of 25 patients) than other findings reported previously as being
      associated with gangrenous cholecystitis, such as intraluminal membranes (1 in 25
      patients) and masslike protrusions into the gallbladder lumen (1 in 25 patients).
      Although the sensitivity and specificity of this finding cannot be determined by
      our study, we believe that mural striations in cases of acute cholecystitis
      should raise the question of gangrenous changes. Additionally, we found that two
      subtypes of pericholecystic fluid collections (types II and III) were associated
      with gallbladder wall perforation and abscess formation more frequently than type
      I collections.

PMID- 1811075
TI  - [Primary treatment of contaminated syringes and needles in a ward].
AB  - Body fluid transmitted viruses become the major enemies of human health. These
      viruses have been reported as occupational hazards for health care personnel, and
      they may become environmental hazards as well. We conducted this study to examine
      the primary treatment of used syringes and needles in a ward, and to evaluate the
      effects of re-education. For questions such as "The used syringes with bloody
      contamination should isolated from those without" and "The cover of used needles
      should not be put back on", we recorded error rates during the 1st one-week
      observation. A lecture about the standard treatment methods of discarding
      instruments was given to all nurses in this ward after the 1st observation. The
      2nd and 3rd one-week observations were repeated one day and one month after the
      lecture, respectively. The misclassification rates of discarded syringes were
      4.4% (33/758), 1.4% (9/661) and 3.9% (18/616). There was a significant decrease
      between the 1st and 2nd observations (p less than 0.05), but no significant
      difference between the 1st and 3rd observations (p greater than 0.05). The rates
      of covered discarded needles were 50.4% (287/569), 44.3% (198/447) and 38.5%
      (269/699), respectively. These rates showed a trend to decrease (p less than
      0.05). The misclassification rates of discarded syringes were low. Although re
      education achieved only temporary effects, self-protective education on not re
      covering used needles was effective. However, about 40% of all discarded syringes
      were still being covered after use. Based on our finding, some improvements have
      been made in this ward.

PMID- 1811077
TI  - Internal carotid artery dissections: duplex ultrasound imaging.
AB  - Duplex ultrasound findings in seven patients (eight vessels) demonstrating
      extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) dissections are presented. The two
      dimensional (2D) sonographic findings of ICA dissection consisted of three
      categories: (1) normal, (2) luminal flap with or without thrombus formation, and
      (3) hypoechoic thrombus with or without lumen narrowing. The Doppler ultrasound
      waveforms were variable. In the common carotid artery (CCA) these included (1)
      normal, (2) resistive, damped, or biphasic CCA waveforms, and (3) positive
      temporal artery tap in the mid-CCA. In the ICA, the appearances included (1)
      normal, (2) damped, resistive, or biphasic waveforms, (3) absent flow, and (4)
      high velocity flow. Although these appearances are nonspecific, the finding of
      some of these duplex ultrasound waveforms in the appropriate clinical setting
      suggests a diagnosis of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection.

PMID- 1811078
TI  - Significance of nonvisualization of the fetal urinary bladder.
AB  - The fetal urinary bladder was visualized sonographically in 1254 (94%) of 1335
      consecutive fetuses of 14 weeks of development or older, but it could not be seen
      in 81 cases (6%). Five of these cases were lost to follow-up and were excluded
      from the study. Of the remaining 76 cases, 69 (91%) of the pregnancies progressed
      to term, and the infants were normal at birth and at 6 week perinatal follow-up.
      Seven (9%) of the fetuses had a variety of associated obstetrical abnormalities
      that resulted in fetal demise or termination of the pregnancy (oligohydramnios,
      hydrops, intrauterine growth retardation [IUGR], ventriculomegaly, diaphragmatic
      hernia, cystic hygroma, and triploidy). Notably, none of these were renal tract
      anomalies. We concluded that (1) nonvisualization of the fetal urinary bladder
      with an otherwise normal sonogram, including normal volume of amniotic fluid and
      normal renal areas, is of no clinical concern and does not require follow-up, and
      (2) nonvisualization of the fetal urinary bladder in the setting of associated
      obstetrical abnormalities may be secondary to renal tract anomalies or may only
      be a consequence of the associated abnormalities.

PMID- 1811079
TI  - The use of ultrasonographic imaging of the intracranial contents through burr
      holes in infants with ventricular shunts.

PMID- 1811080
TI  - The gas-containing appendix: potential sonographic pitfall in the diagnosis of
      acute appendicitis.
AB  - The presence of gas within the appendix on plain abdominal radiographs is
      nonspecific and may or may not be associated with acute appendicitis. This
      finding, however, has not previously been reported with graded compression
      sonography of the right lower quadrant. Gas within the appendix was identified in
      four of 154 patients with a visualized appendix. All four patients had surgically
      confirmed acute appendicitis. Diagnostic difficulties were encountered in three
      of these four patients. In two patients, the findings were misinterpreted as an
      extraluminal gas-forming periappendiceal abscess. In an additional patient, the
      gas-filled appendix was initially mistaken for a segment of normal terminal
      ileum. The gas-filled appendix is a potential pitfall in the sonographic
      diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, if other diagnostic criteria are met,
      gas within the appendix should not preclude establishing a sonographic diagnosis
      of appendicitis.

PMID- 1811081
TI  - Method of cavitation-suppressed exposure of cells and explant mouse embryos to
      clinical real-time and pulsed Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - An apparatus and procedure for well-controlled exposure of cells or explant mouse
      embryos to clinical real-time ultrasound are described. Cells or embryos to be
      exposed are suspended in media made sufficiently viscous through inclusion of
      methylcellulose that cavitation is suppressed but thermal effects remain
      negligible. During exposure, the scanning beam is precisely centered in a 2 mm x
      20 mm slot in a 20 cm diameter agar disc containing the suspension. The high
      viscosity causes the cells to remain distributed uniformly throughout the
      exposure; this fact, along with precision beam alignment, ensures that exposure
      is well defined. Exposure data are acquired with a 0.6 mm diameter hydrophone.

PMID- 1811082
TI  - Diagnostic ultrasound is unable to enhance the rate of neoplastic transformation
      in cultured mammalian cells.
AB  - The ability of diagnostic pulsed ultrasound to induce heritable genetic damage of
      the type that could result in neoplasia was assayed using BHK21/cl 13 hamster
      cells or normal human fibroblasts as targets. Using an exposure apparatus
      carefully designed to minimize beam attenuation and reflection, cavitation, and
      heating, cells were exposed from 20 seconds to 40 minutes either to clinical
      machines operating at maximum power, or to a highly focused nonclinical
      transducer at 2900 W/cm2, or to 200 shocks from a lithotripter. No evidence of an
      increase in the frequency of neoplastically transformed BHK cells or in the
      frequency of mutant human cells was seen over those found in matched sham-exposed
      controls.

PMID- 1811083
TI  - Antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal horseshoe kidney.

PMID- 1811084
TI  - Relation between the incidence of arrhythmias and ischemic ST-segment depression
      during dipyridamole electrocardiography test in patients with coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - To examine the incidence of arrhythmias in dipyridamole infusion and the relation
      between dipyridamole-induced arrhythmias and ST-segment depression, dipyridamole
      electrocardiography tests were performed on 100 patients with coronary artery
      disease. Dipyridamole was infused at a rate of 0.568 mg/kg for 4 min, and 87-lead
      body surface mapping was performed to determine ischemic ST-segment depression.
      Positive ischemic response was defined as greater than or equal to 0.10 mV
      horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression below the baseline, lasting 80
      msec after the J point. Arrhythmias were observed by continuous
      electrocardiographic monitoring using a CM-5 lead electrocardiography. With
      respect to ventricular premature contractions (VPC), a group of patients with
      previous myocardial infarction (MI group) had a significantly higher incidence
      than a group of patients without previous myocardial infarction (non-MI group)
      before (16.7% vs. 1.7%, p less than 0.01) and after (38.1% vs. 3.4%, p less than
      0.005) the dipyridamole infusion. The incidence of supraventricular premature
      contractions (SVPC), however, was not significantly different between the MI and
      non-MI groups. A group of patients with positive ischemic response had a
      significantly higher incidence of SVPC after the dipyridamole infusion than a
      group of patients with negative ischemic response (p less than 0.005). However,
      there was no significant difference in the incidence of VPC between the negative
      and positive ischemic response groups. These results suggest that dipyridamole
      induced VPC is not always associated with ischemic ST-segment depression, but
      dipyridamole-induced SVPC is associated with dipyridamole-induced ischemic ST
      segment depression in patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 1811085
TI  - Conduction properties of the antegrade fast and slow AV nodal pathways associated
      with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia.
AB  - To elucidate differences in conduction properties among the normal
      atrioventricular (AV) node and the antegrade fast and slow dual AV nodal pathways
      (DAVNPW), AV nodal conduction curves were analyzed quantitatively in 38 patients.
      Eighteen patients had antegrade DAVNPW with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia
      (AVNRT) (dual pathways group) and the remaining 20 had smooth AV nodal conduction
      curves, without evidence of AV nodal dysfunction (control group). The effective
      refractory period (ERP) of the antegrade fast pathway was longer than that of the
      normal AV node (at both basic cycle lengths of 700 and 500 msec, p less than
      0.01). Although the atrial premature beats were delayed by a longer ERP in the
      fast pathway, there was no significant difference in the degree of prolongation
      of AV nodal conduction time related to shortening of the coupling interval (i.e.,
      ratio of A2H2 increment to A1A2 decrement) between these two pathways. On the
      other hand, the ERP of the antegrade slow pathway was similar to that of the
      normal AV node. The degree of prolongation of AV nodal conduction time (relative
      to the shortening of the coupling interval) was greater in the antegrade slow
      pathway than in the normal AV node. In conclusion, these findings suggest that in
      DAVNPW with AVNRT: (1) the antegrade fast pathway is similar to the AV node and
      its conduction properties are unlikely to be better than those of the normal AV
      node and (2) the antegrade slow pathway has quantitatively poorer conduction
      properties than the normal AV node, since it has a greater degree of decremental
      conduction.

PMID- 1811086
TI  - Effect of nifedipine on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
      Analysis of coronary angiogram by videodensitometry.
AB  - This study was conducted retrospectively to elucidate whether the long-term use
      of nifedipine is effective against the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in
      humans. Twenty-nine subjects with ischemic heart disease, on whom repeated
      coronary angiographic examinations (CAG) were performed, were randomly selected.
      Sixteen subjects were on nifedipine therapy (40 mg/day; NIF group, age 53 +/- 2)
      and 13 subjects not on nifedipine therapy served as the control group (C group,
      age 58 +/- 3). No significant differences were observed in clinical backgrounds,
      including the interval between CAG, between the 2 groups. The lesions with 25 to
      75% stenosis on the first CAG were defined as the regions of interest (ROI), and
      the magnitude of stenosis was quantitatively measured by videodensitometry for
      each ROI on the first and the second CAG. The magnitude of stenosis showed a
      small increase (54.1 +/- 2.6 to 58.6 +/- 3.3%: N.S.) for 37 ROIs in the C group.
      In contrast, it showed a significant decrease (52.5 +/- 3.8 to 46.2 +/- 4.3%: p
      less than 0.05) for 33 ROIs in the NIF group. The trend was more apparent in the
      left coronary artery. The change in the mean value for ROIs in each subject
      produced similar results. These results suggest that the long-term use of
      nifedipine might be effective in retarding the progression of coronary
      atherosclerosis in humans. However, a prospective study should be performed to
      confirm this.

PMID- 1811088
TI  - Study on the genesis of giant negative T wave in apical hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy using a three-dimensional computer model.
AB  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by a spade-like left
      ventricular cavity and by both giant negative T waves and tall R waves in the
      electrocardiogram. However, the mechanisms of these ECG abnormalities have not
      been satisfactorily clarified. We have recently developed a three-dimensional
      computer model of ventricular depolarization and repolarization processes. This
      model has successfully simulated normal QRST waves and changes characterizing
      some abnormal conditions. A model of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was
      constructed by adding model units to the endocardium of the left ventricular
      apex. The surface ECG was then calculated by assuming different gradients of
      action potential durations and different proportions of the hypertrophic cells in
      the apical segment. A negative T wave of -1.45 mV in lead V4, similar to the
      clinically reported ECG, was obtained by assuming: (1) diffusely distributed
      hypertrophic cells at the apex and (2) uniform, long action potential durations
      of hypertrophic cells. It is suggested that these properties may account for the
      distinctive ECG abnormalities in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 1811087
TI  - Site-related difference in the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse. Relation to
      the prevalence and severity of mitral regurgitation.
AB  - In this study, 431 consecutive patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
      diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography were employed to further
      investigate the site-related difference in the prevalence of MVP. Following
      echocardiographic determination of the site and severity of MVP, a pulsed-Doppler
      technique was further performed to assess the existence and severity of mitral
      regurgitation (MR) in all patients. These patients were then classified by age in
      10-year groups with patients older than 60 years being enrolled in one group. The
      younger groups accounted for a large number of the patients with MVP in our
      study, with the number of patients being reduced with age. In addition, female
      patients tended to predominate up until the 50s, but not in the 50 and older
      groups. The prevalence of MVP at the centro-medial site of the anterior mitral
      leaflet (AML) predominated in all age groups, gradually decreasing with age,
      except for a peak in the 40s, before continuing to decline in the 50 and older
      groups. On the other hand, the prevalence of MVP at the lateral site of the AML
      and at the posterior mitral leaflet (PML) increased with age. In the 50 and older
      age groups, the prevalence of MVP at these sites increased steeply with age.
      However, the prevalence of MVP at both the lateral site of the AML and PML did
      not significantly increase with age. The trend shown above was not significantly
      different for gender. The number of patients with MR increased with age
      independent of the site of MVP. However, the prevalence and severity of MR
      associated with MVP at the lateral site of the AML and/or at the PML were
      significantly greater than at the other sites up until the 50s (p less than
      0.05). When patients were older than 50 years, this significant site-related
      difference in the prevalence of MR was not observed because of the higher
      prevalence of MR in the older patients in this study. Forty-one patients could be
      followed for 2 to almost 5 years. Three of the 41 patients were observed to have
      MVP at the centro-medial site of the AML in the initial examination, but the site
      of MVP had extended to the lateral side of the AML in the final examination. Two
      patients with MVP at all 3 sites of the AML demonstrated an increase in the
      severity of MVP. However, there were no newly documented cases of MR among those
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1811089
TI  - Effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the induction of atrial
      flutter in dogs with aseptic pericarditis.
AB  - To study the effects of sympathetic stimulation (SS) and vagal stimulation (VS)
      on the induction of atrial flutter (AF) and its cycle length, aseptic
      pericarditis was produced surgically in 17 adult mongrel dogs. Programmed atrial
      stimulation was used to induce AF and to determine the effective refractory
      periods (ERP) and maximum conduction delay (maxCD) of the atrium. These tests
      were performed before and during stimulation of the right cervical vagus nerve
      and the right stellate ganglion. Results showed: (1) AF could be induced in
      animals with short ERP and large maxCD before SS; (2) ERP was significantly
      shortened, maxCD was significantly increased by VS; (3) During SS, ERP was
      slightly shortened, but there were no changes in maxCD and the induction rate of
      AF; (4) The cycle length of AF was shortened by SS, however, the cycle length of
      AF was shortened more notably by VS than by SS. From these findings, a shortening
      of the ERP and an increase in maxCD appear to be related to an increased AF
      induction rate by VS.

PMID- 1811090
TI  - Myocardial efficiency and economy in Huxley's 1957 crossbridge model.
AB  - In cardiac muscle and the heart, the maximum mechanical efficiency is relatively
      constant (15-25%) under various acute and chronic inotropic interventions,
      whereas the economy of isometric force development varies by 2-4 times with these
      interventions. We speculated about this discrepancy using Huxley's 1957
      crossbridge model. Our theoretical derivation showed that the economy is
      proportional to the product of the thermodynamic efficiency (w/e in Huxley's
      notation) and the reciprocal of the rate constant of crossbridge detachment in
      the forward position (g1 in Huxley's notation): (w/e) (1/g1). The w/e value is
      the maximum limit of the mechanical efficiency. This w/e value has been assumed
      to be 0.75 for fast contracting skeletal muscle and 0.95 for slow contracting
      skeletal muscle; a 1.3-fold difference. Representative g1 values are 6/s for the
      fast skeletal muscle and 0.12/s for the slow skeletal muscle; a 50-fold
      difference. These differences in w/e and g1 between the fast and slow skeletal
      muscles predict that the economy would change by 65 (= 1.3 x 50) times while the
      efficiency changes by only 1.3 times. Extrapolation of this relation to fast and
      slow contracting cardiac muscles suggests that only a 4-fold change in the
      economy, which is the observed maximum difference between the rat or rabbit hypo-
      and hyperthyroid myocardium, would be associated with only a less than 10% change
      in the maximum mechanical efficiency.

PMID- 1811091
TI  - T-U wave alternans. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A patient with severe hypertension, hypokalemia and marked T-U wave alternans on
      electrocardiogram is reported for its rarity. Relevant literature is reviewed.
      Recent data indicate that electric alternans is related to changes in action
      potential configuration, and that it may be a marker of cardiac electrical
      instability.

PMID- 1811092
TI  - Artifact simulating ventricular and atrial arrhythmia.
AB  - We describe a patient whose electrocardiograms showed ventricular tachycardia and
      atrial flutter which could be reproduced by arm movements. Careful review of the
      initiation and termination of the arrhythmia, the relation of the arrhythmia to
      body motion, and the associated symptoms and signs may be helpful to
      differentiate artifact from true arrhythmia.

PMID- 1811093
TI  - Congenital absence of pulmonary valve leaflets with intact ventricular septum in
      a neonate.
AB  - Symptomatic infants with congenital absence of pulmonary valve leaflets suffer
      primarily from respiratory insufficiency caused by bronchial compression by the
      dilated pulmonary arteries, and have a high mortality rate. We report the
      successful treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome with intact ventricular
      septum in a neonate. The treatment consisted of resection of the pulmonary artery
      aneurysm and enlargement of the pulmonary annulus.

PMID- 1811094
TI  - Unusual variation of asplenia syndrome.
AB  - The case of a 1-year-old cyanotic boy diagnosed with asplenia syndrome has been
      reported. By physical and laboratory examinations, levocardia, atrial inversion,
      primum ASD, single atrioventricular valve, single ventricle (left-hand
      morphology), rudimentary right ventricle (anterior, left-sided), pulmonary
      stenosis, left-sided vena cava, single vena cava superior were established and
      the case was diagnosed with asplenia syndrome. The patient has concordance
      between tracheo-bronchial situs and lung anatomy and inverted atrial and visceral
      situs, but without atrial isomerism that makes his case an unusual variation of
      asplenia syndrome.

PMID- 1811095
TI  - Similar proportion of sporadic cases in cytochrome b558 negative chronic
      granulomatous disease and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We studied 12 Japanese families of cytochrome b558 (b) negative chronic
      granulomatous disease (13 patients and 23 family members) and 15 controls for
      cytochrome b content, O2-, and H2O2 production. Cytochrome b content (nmol/10(8)
      cells), O2- production (nmol/10(7) cells/min), and percentage of H2O2 generating
      cells (%) were 1) 0.45-1.19, 64.1-174.2, and 85.8-100.0 in controls (mean +/- 2
      S.D.), 2) 0.13-0.38, 22.6-50.9, and 20.0-62.4 in healthy carriers, and 3)
      undetectable, undetectable, and 0 in patients, respectively. These findings
      indicate that healthy carriers and normal homozygotes are separable by these
      three parameters, and that 4 of the 12 families studied represent fresh gene
      mutation. Pooling of data by Segal et al., Ohno et al., and ours yielded the
      overall incidence of a fresh gene mutation to be 19.4% (7 of 36 cases). The lower
      fresh mutation rate than predicted from Haldane's formula suggests a higher
      mutation rate in males than in females, as previously suggested in Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 1811096
TI  - Biochemical characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants among
      the Malays of Singapore with report of a new non-deficient (GdSingapore) and
      three deficient variants.
AB  - Biochemical characteristics of one non-deficient fast G6PD variant (GdSingapore)
      and six different deficient variants (three new, two Mahidol, one each of
      Indonesian and Mediterranean) were studied among the Malays of Singapore. The
      GdSingapore variant had normal enzyme activity (82%) and fast electrophoretic
      mobilities (140% in TEB buffer, 160% in phosphate and 140% in Tris-HCl buffer
      systems respectively). This variant is further characterized by normal Km for
      G6P; utilization of analogues (Gal6P, 2dG6P; dAmNADP), heat stability and pH
      optimum. The other six deficient G6PD variants had normal electrophoretic
      mobility in TEB buffer with enzyme activities ranging from 1 to 12% of GdB+. The
      biochemical characteristics identity them to be 2 Mahidol, 1 Indonesian and 1
      Mediterranean variants and three new deficient variants.

PMID- 1811097
TI  - Rapid detection of a point mutation in thyroid-stimulating hormone beta-subunit
      gene causing congenital isolated thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency.
AB  - Previous study showed that congenital isolated TSH deficiency in Japan is
      resulted exclusively from a G-A transition at nucleotide 145 in exon 2 of the TSH
      beta-subunit gene. All reported cases were from the inbred in Shikoku Island. We
      describe here a 10-year-old boy with hereditary TSH deficiency in the same area.
      The patient was born with a weight of 3,225 g to non-consanguineous parents.
      Evaluation at age 2 months revealed typical manifestations of cretinism without
      goiter. Serum T4, T3, and TSH values were 2.53 micrograms/dl, 107 ng/dl, and 0.5
      microU/ml, respectively. A TRH stimulation test showed no increment of serum TSH
      value. Other anterior pituitary hormone levels were all within the normal range.
      Two oligonucleotide primers T1a and T1b were synthesized according to the
      sequence data. Amplified 169 bp nucleotides in exon 2 of the TSH beta gene with
      this primer set were digested with MaeI. Both the phenotypically normal brother
      and normal controls showed only the 169 bp fragment, whereas the proband showed
      140 and 29 bp fragments and both parents showed three fragments; 169, 140, and 29
      bp. These results were consistent with the point mutation of TSH beta gene in
      Japanese patients with congenital isolated TSH deficiency. Our PCR method with
      MaeI digestion contributes to the rapid detection of the homozygous patient and
      the heterozygous carrier.

PMID- 1811098
TI  - Gene-deletion and carrier detections, and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy by analysis of the dystrophin gene amplified by polymerase chain
      reaction.
AB  - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis was carried out in 62 patients
      (57 probands) with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD or BMD) and 226
      members in 57 families. The PCR studies were also performed for carrier detection
      in 57 mothers and 58 sisters, and prenatal diagnosis of 4 fetuses at risk of DMD.
      The PCR with 7 sets of primers, which amplify 7 different exon-sequences of the
      dystrophin gene, detected gene deletion of at least one exon in 49% of the
      probands. The PCR with the other 4 primer sets, which amplify 3 intragenic loci,
      and subsequent endonuclease digestion detected in 84% of the mothers a
      heterozygous pattern in at least one such locus/segment. Using the same primer
      sets, carrier detection was successful in 5 sisters of familial DMD cases, while
      recombination between the ERT87 and the 3' end intragenic loci was observed in
      11% of family members studied. Prenatal diagnosis was made in all the 4 fetuses;
      two males were affected, one male fetus non-affected, and the remaining one
      female fetus a carrier. Thus, the PCR study and the primers used in the present
      study are useful and convincing for rapid diagnosis of DMD and/or BMD.

PMID- 1811099
TI  - Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones and sequence tagged site (STS)markers
      anchored at human chromosome 21.

PMID- 1811100
TI  - Statistical analysis of the ability of police dental surgeons in identification
      of dental filling materials.
AB  - The subjects, 77 police dental surgeons at 50 police stations in Kanagawa
      prefecture, were asked to identify either gold foil filling, gold inlay,
      palladium alloy inlay, silver alloy inlay, which had been filled in 5 human
      skulls. We conducted a statistical analysis of the dispersion of agreement rates
      in identifying the filling materials according to their clinical career. The
      results showed that the rates for gold inlay and gold foil filling were higher
      than those for silver alloy inlay and palladium alloy inlay. However, it was
      concluded that caution is necessary in identifying elaborately-finished fresh
      filling materials.

PMID- 1811101
TI  - Colorimetric determination of fructosamine in hemolytic samples for the
      postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - An analytical method of fructosamine (glycated serum protein) determination in
      hemolytic samples from cadavers was investigated for the postmortem diagnosis of
      diabetes mellitus. Fructosamine level is usually measured by the reduction of
      nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) using a spectrophotometer. This assay was
      significantly disturbed by more than 1 g/l hemoglobin, which strongly reduced NBT
      by the catalytic action of the sulfhydryl and glycated groups. Glycated and total
      hemoglobin levels were then determined simultaneously to exclude the
      interferences. Total protein concentration was analyzed to eliminate dilutional
      effects by hemolysis. With these modifications, corrected fructosamine levels in
      samples containing not more than 10 g/l hemoglobin could be estimated. The assay
      of such hemolytic samples from 32 cadavers indicated higher fructosamine values
      in diabetic group than in non-diabetic subjects and the postmortem degradation of
      the levels as previously reported.

PMID- 1811102
TI  - Vital reactions in rat skin wounds by quantitation of fibrin.
AB  - The fibrin contents in contused skin wounds that were experimentally inflicted on
      rats were measured by a new method which was based on the determination of
      solubilized fibrin degradation products (FDP) using a latex agglutination test
      after plasmin digestion of tissue homogenates. The levels of FDP in ante-mortem
      wounds began to increase within 10 min after wounding and continued to increase
      for up to 6 h. The FDP levels in post-mortem wounds remained under the detection
      limit of the method used and were identical to those of intact tissues. The
      fibrin contents in the ante-mortem wounds prepared 2 days after death did not
      differ significantly from those prepared immediately. The results suggest that
      this method may be applicable to the identification of the vital reaction of the
      wound.

PMID- 1811103
TI  - Microscopic and chemical examinations for estimating the time since death of
      skeletal remains--its application to forensic cases.
AB  - Postmortem changes in human compact bones were examined by microradiography and
      electron microscopy, simultaneously with an examination of UV-fluorescence in the
      cross-section of bones by microscopic spectrophotometry. Total protein content in
      bones were also examined. No significant morphological changes were found in
      compact bones exposed to the open air for less than 10 years since death. In
      bones buried in the soil, vacuolation of bone tissues generally began around 5
      years since death. This histological changes extended into the mid zone of the
      substantia compacta in bones of 6 years or more. In bones left in the sea for 4
      or 5 years, vacuoles with 5-10 microns in diameter were observed in the outer
      peripheral zone of the substantia compacta. The relative intensity of UV
      fluorescence in the peripheral zone of the substantia compacta dwindled with time
      since death and their correlation coefficient was considerably high. Although the
      correlation coefficient of protein content with time since death of bones was
      significant, it was too low for forensic science application. These microscopic
      methods were applied to the estimation of bone date in 5 actual criminal cases
      and the reliability of the determination of time since death based on the present
      data were evaluated. The results obtained provided good estimations of the bone
      date.

PMID- 1811104
TI  - Analysis of ethyl alcohol concentration in blood using gas chromatography
      equipped with blood gas sampler.
AB  - We compared the method using blood gas sampler with head space method for
      analysis of ethyl alcohol concentration in blood. The introduction mechanism of
      sample into gas chromatography is similar to pyrolyzer, but this apparatus is
      less complex than pyrolyzer. The calibration curve analyzed using BGS-1A became
      linear from 0.0 mg/ml and 6.0 mg/ml ethyl alcohol concentration as same as head
      space method. But, the linearity was worse than head space method. The linearity
      at low concentration of ethyl alcohol was better than at high concentration. The
      slopes of calibration curve of BGS-1A method and head space method were 3.5 and
      4.05, respectively. These values were very close. After one assay, sample was
      reinjected without changing the new filter paper of glass sample tube of BGS-1A.
      No sample accumulation was observed. Ethyl alcohol in only 0.5 microliter of
      blood was detectable, and this volume was considerably smaller than head space
      method. The quantitative analysis of ethyl alcohol in blood using blood gas
      sampler BGS-1A, was usable. And, this method was more convenient than the head
      space method. Because, the sample volume become smaller and the additional
      instruments (for instance, vials, air-tight syringe, incubator for heating vials
      and oven for heating syringe) were not needed. And the heating time for the
      equilibration of samples between air phase and liquid phase was not needed.

PMID- 1811105
TI  - Polymorphism of complement factor I: population study in Japanese and phenotyping
      in bloodstains.
AB  - Polymorphism of the complement component factor I (IF) was investigated in 645
      unrelated Japanese individuals using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. The
      allele frequencies were IF*A = 0.1031 and IF*B = 0.8969. The population data
      fitted the Hardy-Weinberg law. Phenotyping was also possible from bloodstains
      stored at 37 degrees C for up to 1 week, at room temperature for up to 2 weeks
      and at 4 degrees C for up to 5 weeks. The IF system can be a useful supplement
      for the medicolegal identification of bloodstains, but seems useless in
      Caucasoids.

PMID- 1811106
TI  - Histopathological study on the changes of pulmonary arteries of guinea-pigs in
      strangulation.
AB  - The pulmonary artery in asphyxia was observed with both light and scanning
      electron microscopes. The media of this vessel showed the repetition of the
      partially thickening of the circular muscle layers. Our observations indicate
      that the bead-like contraction of the pulmonary artery in asphyxia is mainly
      induced by contraction of the localized sphincter muscle layers.

PMID- 1811107
TI  - [Production of monoclonal antibody against diquat and its application for
      forensic medicine].
AB  - The anti-diquat (DQ) monoclonal antibodies with high specificity were produced.
      An immunogen was synthesized by binding DQ to bovine serum albumin via a diazo
      coupled intermediate. BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally once a month
      with 0.25 mg of the immunogen for 5 months. Their spleen cells were fused with
      P3U1 myeloma cells to get hybridoma clones secreting anti-DQ antibodies. Two anti
      DQ monoclonal antibodies (ADM-1, ADM-2) were subtyped to be IgM and IgG3,
      respectively. A competitive ELISA was developed with ADM-2. More than 0.05
      micrograms of DQ was measured without any interference from human serum. The ADM
      2 showed high affinity for DQ and no cross-reactivities with paraquat and other
      analogues. DQ in sera of poisoning patients were successfully determined by the
      ELISA. On the other hand, the ADM-2 was applicable to the immunohistochemical
      demonstration of DQ distribution in experimental animals. An avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex method was used in this immunohistochemical study. DQ
      intoxicated rats were killed at 3 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after
      intravenous administration of DQ (30 mg/kg). The macrophages containing DQ in the
      lung started to be observed at 12 h after injection and the number increased till
      7 days. From 3 hours after injection, DQ was localized in the epithelial cells of
      the distal tubules and collection tubules, but not in the glomeruli in the
      kidney. In the heart, at every time from 3 h to 7 days after DQ administration, a
      few myocardial cells were positive with the immunohistochemical staining. The ADM
      2 was expected to be available in practice of forensic and analytical toxicology.

PMID- 1811108
TI  - [Five years' experience with new medical examiner's system in Tsukuba].
AB  - Medical examiner's system has been authorized by the act of Autopsy and
      preservation of corpses and the government ordinance for medical examiner's
      system since 1949 in Japan, and introduced only in five large cities (Tokyo
      metropolis, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Nagoya). Recently in Ibaraki Prefecture, new
      forensic medical service system (Tsukuba Medical Examiner's office) was
      instituted. This new system is not authorized by the government ordinance, but
      authorized by the regional ordinance of Ibaraki prefectural governor, therefore
      this system is enforce only in Ibaraki prefecture. In our new system, medical
      examiner does not have discretionary power to order an autopsy, and family have a
      right to reject it, therefore an autopsy rate is very low (about 2%). One hundred
      and forty four autopsies have been conducted under this system. Ninety four of
      144 autopsy cases (67%) were dead from sickness or natural death, in remaining 50
      cases manner of death was accidental, suicidal or undetermined. The medical
      examiner does not conduct autopsies for criminal investigation or homicide cases
      in Ibaraki prefecture. These autopsies are conducted at the department of legal
      medicine, University of Tsukuba.

PMID- 1811109
TI  - Pathology of bovine leukosis.

PMID- 1811110
TI  - Taxonomic properties of five Kitasatosporia strains isolated by a new method.
AB  - Kitasatosporia strains were found to be resistant to an antibiotic, novobiocin.
      By a new method using novobiocin-containing agar medium, five Kitasatosporia
      strains, SK-3255, OM-5023, SK-3406, SK-3412 and SK-3421 were efficiently isolated
      from soils. These five strains were characterized in common by Rectiflexibiles,
      spores cylindrical with smooth surfaces, and no melanin formation. Two strains,
      SK-3255 and OM-5023 were taxonomically different from known species of the genus
      Kitasatosporia, while the two strains, SK-3406 and SK-3412 and the remaining
      strains SK-3421 were identified with K. phosalacinea and K. papulosa,
      respectively.

PMID- 1811111
TI  - Development of Babesia ovata in the ovary and eggs of the tick, Haemaphysalis
      longicornis.
AB  - The ovary and eggs of adult tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis)
      infected with Babesia ovata (B. ovata), were examined at regular intervals of
      time. As a result kinetes could be detected in the ovary for the first time 6
      days after engorgement. The kinetics could be classified into three types on the
      basis of their morphological characteristics. On the 2nd day after oviposition,
      round-formed protozoa were found in the ooplasm of the egg. In 5 days after
      oviposition, these round-formed bodies were transformed into club-forms. On the
      9th day after oviposition, the kinetes were observed in the ooplasm.
      Morphologically, it seemed possible that B. ovata is transmitted by eggs of the
      tick, H. longicornis.

PMID- 1811112
TI  - Comparative evaluation of two combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccines based on
      AIK and Edmonston- Zagreb strains of measles virus.
AB  - In a previous paper, we have noticed the effectiveness of two further attenuated
      measles vaccines, i.e. AIK-HDC and Edmonston- Zagreb- HDC. In the present study
      the same strains are comparatively used for immunization of a limited number of
      children under 9 months of age. A seroconversion of 100% was observed. Following
      reimmunization, a significant increase of circulating antibodies for both strains
      was recorded. Two combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines were also
      produced by using the same measles strains. The seroconversion following
      utilisation of MMR prophylactics in susceptible children was 98.8 and 97.3 for
      AIK and Edmonston- Zagreb strains respectively.

PMID- 1811113
TI  - Clinico-pathological analysis of foal diseases from 237 autopsy cases.
AB  - To elucidate the current status of foal diseases in Japan, clinico-pathological
      analysis was conducted on 237 foal autopsy cases. As a result, bacterial
      infection was identified as an important cause of foal death. Most of the
      bacteria isolated from these cases were ubiquitous, opportunistic, environmental
      organisms, known to be non-pathogenic to mature animals. Most of cases with
      bacterial infection were diagnosed as having hypogammaglobulinemia, i.e., failure
      of passive transfer. In addition, the mean weight of thymuses in foals affected
      by bacterial infection tended to be lower than that of foals without infection.
      These findings suggest that the common cause of foal diseases were mainly due to
      the opportunistic bacterial infections associated with the weakened immune
      function, serving as precursor to or promotor of infection.

PMID- 1811114
TI  - Influence of lead on the active oxygen production of phagocytic cells in the
      mouse experiment.

PMID- 1811115
TI  - Role of faculty of associated medical sciences in development of northern
      Thailand.

PMID- 1811116
TI  - The medical laboratory and the environment.

PMID- 1811117
TI  - Human monoclonal antibodies: analysis of two antibodies derived from lymphocytes
      of a patient with acute rheumatic fever.
AB  - Human monoclonal antibodies were produced by fusion of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from a patient with acute rheumatic fever, with the HGPRT-non
      secreting murine (Balb-c) cell line SP2/0Ag14. Heterohybridomas were selected by
      screening against rheumatic fever-associated group A streptococci using an ELISA,
      and against paraffin wax-embedded human heart sections using an immunoperoxidase
      technique. Two human IgM monoclonal antibodies were selected for further analysis
      by Western blotting and ELISA. Both antibodies demonstrated multispecificity by
      immunoblotting and ELISA. One of the monoclonals bound to 48 kD and 83 kD bands
      common to group A streptococcal and heart antigen preparations. Both human
      monoclonal antibodies bound to a 43 kD constituent band common to human heart and
      sarcolemma membrane extract. Inhibition studies performed using a competitive
      solid phase immunoassay confirmed shared epitopes between group A streptococci
      and human heart. The significance of these monoclonal antibodies to the
      pathogenesis of rheumatic fever is uncertain.

PMID- 1811118
TI  - Anti-HIV-1: extended validation of a modified gelatin particle agglutination
      assay, and its use with an image analyser.
AB  - Modification of a commercial gelatin particle agglutination assay for anti-HIV-1
      (MAT) has increased sensitivity, reduced reaction time and lowered the cost by
      90%. We tested over 10,000 blood donations in parallel with the ELISA currently
      in use, and found the modified test to be highly sensitive and to enhance cost
      effectiveness as it substantially reduces false-positive rates. The patterns of
      agglutination are clearly reproducible and readable by the naked eye and/or Image
      Analyzer, which provides objectivity and hard-copy documentation of results.

PMID- 1811119
TI  - Mycotoxins in food.
AB  - The presence of mycotoxins in a wide range of foodstuffs can lead to many
      different toxic conditions in both man and domestic animals. The major fungi
      responsible for producing these toxins are species of Aspergillus, Penicillium,
      Fusarium and Alternaria, although other genera are involved as well, for example
      Claviceps, Diplodia and Arthrinium. An overview is given of the major mycotoxins
      responsible for illnesses following ingestion of contaminated foods, with
      particular emphasis on the effects produced in humans. Compounds discussed
      include the aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, tenuazonic acid, the trichothecenes,
      zearalenone, wortmannin, fumonisins B1 and B2, patulin, ochratoxin A,
      diplodiatoxin and diplosporin.

PMID- 1811120
TI  - Aluminium, amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease characterized by the presence of
      numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, primarily in the cortical
      areas of the brain. There is no known cause of the disease, although exposure to
      aluminium has been implicated by epidemiological studies and the finding of
      aluminium in the cerebral plaques and tangles. There is a genetic predisposition
      for early-onset disease, and Down's syndrome patients are particularly
      vulnerable. Many of the plaques contain amyloid, and a gene for amyloid precursor
      protein has been identified on the long arm of chromosome 21. It is possible that
      the amyloid plaques arise through over-expression of this gene. Since there is no
      specific marker for Alzheimer's disease, laboratory investigations are restricted
      to confirming the disease after the patient has died. Recent immunohistochemical
      studies have been directed towards showing the relationships between the
      neurones, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and the presence of amyloid
      and filament proteins such as tau, ubiquitin and neurofilaments.

PMID- 1811121
TI  - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

PMID- 1811122
TI  - The microbiology of drinking water.
AB  - Standards for drinking water have been formalised in the United Kingdom by recent
      legislation. Routine microbiological monitoring of water supplies is primarily
      based on tests for coliforms. These organisms have been used successfully for
      indicating contamination and treatment failures, but may need supplementing with
      other organisms to further improve confidence in water supply hygiene. Novel
      techniques may greatly alter the water microbiology laboratory.

PMID- 1811123
TI  - Public health bacteriology in the 1990s.

PMID- 1811124
TI  - Radiation: how real are the risks?
AB  - The risk from ionising radiations has recently been identified as being greater
      than it was previously thought to be. The data from which these new risk figures
      are drawn are outlined and their possible impact on the legislation controlling
      the use of ionising radiations is suggested. The likely new radiation dose limits
      are compared to the radiation doses which may be received in laboratories during
      normal operations using radionuclides, and the probable risk to arise from these
      doses is put into perspective.

PMID- 1811125
TI  - Treatment and disposal of clinical and laboratory waste.
AB  - There are no entirely satisfactory definitions of clinical waste; nor are there
      methods in general use that are safe and environmentally acceptable for the
      storage, transport and final disposal of the ever-increasing volume of such waste
      that is generated by the health services. Hazardous, potentially infectious and
      aesthetically objectionable waste has been found on beaches and exposed on
      domestic refuse landfill sites, causing public disquiet about health hazards and
      environmental pollution. Landfill is officially discouraged, where not illegal,
      and many older-type incinerators can not now be used because their effluent
      pollutes the atmosphere. Modern and efficient incinerators are expensive and the
      parochial nature of health service management and accounting mitigates against
      their installation and use. Laboratory waste, however, can be rendered safe and
      unobjectionable, aesthetically and environmentally, if the requirements and
      recommendations of the several Codes of Practice and technical advice, which are
      simple and inexpensive, are implemented by laboratory and hospital managers.

PMID- 1811126
TI  - Haemoglobin in stools from neonates: measurement by a modified Apt-test.
AB  - The Apt test for the detection of fetal haemoglobin in stool samples from
      neonates is described. This test has been previously reported to be helpful in
      the diagnosis of the swallowed blood syndrome in neonates, giving rise to 'melena
      neonatorum'. In this syndrome it is important to distinguish between swallowed
      maternal blood at the time of delivery from blood derived from the neonatal
      gastrointestinal tract. A spectrophotometric improvement has been made to the
      originally described Apt test, with additional recommendations for use.

PMID- 1811127
TI  - Effect of anticoagulant on glucose results obtained with the Reflolux II.

PMID- 1811128
TI  - Recovery of Mycoplasma hominis from blood culture media.

PMID- 1811129
TI  - Xenopus laevis: practical uses in cell and molecular biology.

PMID- 1811130
TI  - Vitellogenin uptake and in vitro culture of oocytes.

PMID- 1811131
TI  - Lampbrush chromosomes.

PMID- 1811132
TI  - Preparation of synthetic mRNAs and analyses of translational efficiency in
      microinjected Xenopus oocytes.

PMID- 1811133
TI  - Use of oligonucleotides for antisense experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

PMID- 1811134
TI  - Genetics of Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811135
TI  - Fertilization of cultured Xenopus oocytes and use in studies of maternally
      inherited molecules.
AB  - The methods described here of fertilizing stage VI oocytes are lengthy and quite
      difficult techniques. They would become more attractive if the success rate
      (i.e., the number of fertilizations compared to the numbers of matured oocytes)
      could be improved. An important step toward this for the host transfer technique
      would be to monitor carefully the status of mature Xenopus females ovaries in
      relation to cyclical HCG stimulation, so that we could predict more accurately
      whether stage VI oocytes are fertilizable. The in vitro technique would obviously
      be improved if oocytes could be fertilized without removing their membranes,
      perhaps by using oviduct extracts. So far, this approach has had only limited
      success. It seems that the rewards of using these techniques could be great, in
      terms of understanding the maternal contribution to development. Although our
      experiments have not yet shown that oocyte injection of DNA has any advantage
      over egg injection, it is clear that it is possible to make "mRNA-minus mutants"
      by this approach. In the message depletion experiments mentioned here, we
      targeted the cleavage of an mRNA which is of low abundance in the full grown
      oocyte, but preliminary experiments have shown that we can deplete more abundant
      messages and produce specific phenotypes. Of course such experiments need to be
      controlled to show that the effect is specific, and the best proof that this is
      the case is to rescue the effect with injection of the appropriate mRNA. Finally,
      it seems likely that the method can be used to study the function of both
      localized molecules, such as the putative primordial germ cell (PGC) or dorsal
      determinants, and more ubiquitous molecules such as cytoskeletal elements.

PMID- 1811136
TI  - Isolation of extracellular matrix structures from Xenopus laevis oocytes, eggs,
      and embryos.

PMID- 1811137
TI  - Analysis of cellular signaling events, the cytoskeleton, and spatial organization
      of macromolecules during early Xenopus development.

PMID- 1811138
TI  - Generation of body plan phenotypes in early embryogenesis.
AB  - We have presented a number of simple methods that can be used to interfere in the
      normal establishment and subsequent development of dorsal axial structures in
      Xenopus. It should be emphasized that, despite the striking similarity in
      phenotypes which result from these treatments, different developmental processes
      are being affected at the different windows of sensitivity. For example, UV
      light, known to damage RNA (for review, see Kalthoff, 1979), also disrupts
      microtubule polymerization. These activities may be important at different
      developmental times, relating to the distribution of maternal determinants (in
      the oocyte) or to the coordinated assembly of cortical microtubules (in the just
      fertilized egg). The ventralizing and dorsalizing effects of the various late
      acting agents (e.g., TB, suramin, RA, GV sap) undoubtedly stem from their
      interference with cellular behaviors during the critical morphogenetic period of
      gastrulation.

PMID- 1811139
TI  - Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus.

PMID- 1811140
TI  - Raising Xenopus in the laboratory.

PMID- 1811141
TI  - Mesoderm induction.

PMID- 1811142
TI  - Neural induction.
AB  - The study of neural induction in Xenopus can be approached from two broad
      perspectives. One can study the competence of the ectoderm to respond to neural
      induction signals and any potential prepattern within the ectoderm. The second
      area of study involves the neural induction signals, in terms of the chemical
      nature of the signals, their sources, and their method of delivery. The neural
      competence of ectoderm has been studied by either grafting the ectoderm into
      areas which normally form neural tissue or by grafting tissues which normally
      induce neural structures onto the ectoderm to be tested. In general, it appears
      that ectoderm loses neural competence by midgastrula. However, there is some
      experimental evidence from various amphibian studies that the loss of neural
      competence in ectoderm does not occur simultaneously throughout all regions. It
      is not yet known if this phenomenon is also true in Xenopus. There appear to be
      several signaling events involved in the process of neural induction. Molecular
      probes have made it possible to study early steps in the neural induction and
      patterning processes which were not possible to study using only the development
      of neural morphology as a marker for neural induction. Antibodies directed
      against early epidermal versus neural epithelium indicate that the dorsal animal
      blastomeres are biased toward a neural pathway during early cleavage. Another
      signaling event occurs at early gastrula and the resulting dorsal ectoderm now
      responds more readily to some neural induction events than does the ventral
      ectoderm. The source of the early gastrula signals has been studied by a variety
      of methods, including exogastrula embryos, Keller sandwiches, and grafting a
      blastopore lip to the edge of competent ectoderm. The blastopore lip can send
      signals through the plane of the ectoderm capable of inducing competent ectoderm
      to become neural tissue. There are several issues relative to the process of
      neural induction which are not yet resolved. The major issue involves the
      mechanism of establishing pattern within the neural plate. Ectoderm appears to
      lose neural competence prior to the time when involuted dorsal mesoderm comes to
      underlie the anterior neural plate region. Several investigators have shown that
      information for expression of spatially restricted neural-specific molecules can
      travel through the ectoderm, independent of underlying dorsal mesoderm.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1811143
TI  - Analysis of class II gene regulation.

PMID- 1811144
TI  - Experimentally induced homozygosity in Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811145
TI  - Assays for gene function in developing Xenopus embryos.

PMID- 1811146
TI  - In situ hyridization.

PMID- 1811147
TI  - Oogenesis and oocyte isolation.

PMID- 1811148
TI  - DNA recombination and repair in oocytes, eggs, and extracts.

PMID- 1811149
TI  - Tissue culture of Xenopus neurons and muscle cells as a model for studying
      synaptic induction.

PMID- 1811150
TI  - The Xenopus embryo as a model system for the study of cell-extracellular matrix
      interactions.

PMID- 1811151
TI  - Chromatin assembly.

PMID- 1811152
TI  - DNA replication in cell-free extracts from Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811153
TI  - Egg extracts for nuclear import and nuclear assembly reactions.

PMID- 1811154
TI  - Early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811155
TI  - Xenopus cell lines.

PMID- 1811156
TI  - Xenopus laevis: Practical uses in cell and molecular biology. Solutions and
      protocols.

PMID- 1811157
TI  - Xenopus laevis: Practical uses in cell and molecular biology. Injections of
      oocytes and embryos.

PMID- 1811158
TI  - Mutants of Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811159
TI  - Codon usage table for Xenopus laevis.

PMID- 1811160
TI  - Xenopus laevis: Practical uses in cell and molecular biology. Pictorial collage
      of embryonic stages.

PMID- 1811161
TI  - In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos.

PMID- 1811162
TI  - Structure of N-linked oligosaccharide chains in the triple-helical domains of
      human type VI and mouse type IV collagen.
AB  - Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides were liberated from pepsin-treated type VI
      collagen and the 7S domain of type IV collagen by hydrazinolysis and their
      structures analysed by exoglycosidase treatment. The major component in both
      proteins was complex biantennary oligosaccharide being partly modified by the
      addition of fucose and sialic acid residues. The 7S domain contained in addition
      distinct amounts of truncated biantennary structures lacking one or two beta
      galactose residues and a minor triantennary structure. Carbohydrate analysis
      indicated that all of the N-linked and 80-90% of the O-linked acceptor sites are
      occupied. The lack of galactosamine content in both collagens showed the O-linked
      oligosaccharides were only those attached to hydroxylysine and not to serine or
      threonine. The high carbohydrate density along both triple helical domains is
      discussed with regard to their limited ability to form lateral aggregates.

PMID- 1811163
TI  - The effect of modification on the susceptibility of collagen to proteolysis: I.
      Chemical modification of amino acid side chains.
AB  - A series of chemically modified collagens were subjected to proteolysis by
      lysozomal cathepsins, pepsin and trypsin. Modifications of the collagens included
      acetylation, succinylation, methylation and borohydride reduction. Changes in the
      integrity of the materials were also monitored by differential scanning
      calorimetry (DSC). All modified collagens were implanted intramuscularly to
      assess their relative biodegradation rates in vivo. Methylation of the collagen
      showed extensive denaturation as confirmed by DSC, pepsin solublization to small
      fragments and by increased susceptibility to trypsin. However, methylation and
      succinylation made little difference to hydrolysis by cathepsins. Acetylation and
      borohydride reduction gave increased resistance to cathepsins as well as to
      pepsin, this latter also being found with the succinylated substrate. In-vivo
      implantation data showed both succinylation and methylation increased the rate of
      biodegradation but that the other modifications did not affect the rate of
      breakdown when compared with control unmodified collagen. The results of this
      study showed that chemical modification of collagen can alter in vivo degradation
      rates and could aid in designing collagen-based prostheses.

PMID- 1811164
TI  - The degradation of type II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis: an immunoelectron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Rabbit antibodies were prepared that react only with denatured type II collagen
      alpha-chains and cleavage products. The epitopes that these antibodies recognize
      reside in cyanogen bromide peptides CB8 and CB11. The antibodies do not react
      with triple helical collagen nor with any other collagen or protein present in
      hyaline cartilage (Dodge and Poole, J. Clin. Invest. 83:647-661, 1989). These
      antibodies can therefore be used to detect denatured type II collagen produced,
      for example, by enzymatic cleavage. In this study they were used to determine, at
      the ultrastructural level, using immunogold staining, type II collagen fibril
      cleavage in articular cartilages remote from synovium and pannus of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. Comparisons were made with site- and age-matched healthy
      articular cartilages. Antibody binding was detected in the extracellular matrix,
      at the articular surface and in the deep zone, usually on visibly damaged
      collagen fibrils which exhibited a loss of the normal banding pattern of staining
      produced by lead citrate and uranyl acetate: binding was also observed in
      disrupted fibrils, sometimes at their ends. Binding was commonly associated with
      amorphous-looking material (and occasionally unstained sites) in the
      extracellular matrix which, because of the specificity of the antibody, can be
      identified as containing denatured or fragmented type II collagen, stained (and
      unstained) with heavy metals. In both rheumatoid and healthy articular
      cartilages, there was no antibody binding to intact well stained fibrils which
      exhibited a regular banding pattern. Little or no staining was detected at the
      ultrastructural level in normal cartilages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811165
TI  - Changes of cellular expression of mRNA for tropoelastin in the intraembryonic
      arterial vessels of developing chick revealed by in situ hybridization.
AB  - The pattern of expression of tropoelastin mRNA in the arterial tree of developing
      chick has been studied by in situ hybridization. Significant hybridization was
      noted in 5.5-day embryos in the region of the truncus arteriosus where aorta and
      pulmonary artery had newly separated. The activation of expression then
      propagated centrifugally and longitudinal gradients of mRNA decreasing from the
      heart to the periphery were established. For almost two-thirds of the embryonic
      period, the hybridization signal was rather uniform over the entire wall of the
      arterial vessels. Later, however, its distribution varied depending on the type
      of artery (elastic or muscular) and on the developmental stage. A radial gradient
      of tropoelastin mRNA expression decreasing in the in-out direction was formed in
      elastic arteries. This was first seen in the pulmonary artery (15-day chick
      embryos) and became detectable in the vessels of the general circulation only
      much later (2 weeks after hatching). The appearance of the radial gradient was
      followed by a general reduction of mRNA synthesis. In muscular arteries radial
      gradients were also established, but had, however, an opposite polarity; in small
      arteries a ring of hybridization was evident at the media-adventitia border. The
      results indicate that the expression of the tropoelastin gene in cells of the
      arterial wall is finely regulated, depending on the coordinates in the arterial
      tree, the type of artery and the organ supplied.

PMID- 1811166
TI  - Alternative splicing of rat tropoelastin mRNA is tissue-specific and
      developmentally regulated.
AB  - Sequence analysis of cDNA clones coding for rat tropoelastin previously has
      identified two variants that potentially corresponded to alternatively spliced
      tropoelastin mRNAs (Pierce et al., 1990). We have now used S1 nuclease protection
      analysis of total RNA from aorta, skin and lungs of 10-day and 6-week old rats to
      localize all sites of alternative splicing in the tropoelastin mRNA and to
      examine tissue-specific and developmental regulation of the use of these sites.
      This analysis revealed multiple sites of alternative splicing involving rat
      tropoelastin coding sequences corresponding to exons 12 through 15 of the bovine
      tropoelastin gene and a single site of alternative splicing at sequences
      corresponding to exon 33. Messenger RNAs from all three tissues at both
      developmental stages were alternatively spliced at the same sites; there was no
      evidence for the use of an alternative splice site unique to a particular tissue
      or developmental stage. However, both tissue-specific and developmentally
      regulated differences were apparent in the proportion of rat tropoelastin mRNA
      alternatively spliced at exon 33. Tropoelastin mRNA from the aorta and lungs of
      neonatal rats was alternatively spliced at exon 33 ten time more frequently than
      tropoelastin mRNA from skin. Between 10 days and 6 weeks of development, the use
      of this site of alternative splicing decreased by twenty-fold in RNA from skin,
      ten-fold in RNA from lungs and two-fold in RNA from aorta. In contrast,
      alternative splicing at exons 12 through 15 occurred in a small percentage of the
      mRNA and use of these sites exhibited minimal tissue-specific differences or
      developmental regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811167
TI  - A controlled precursor add-back model of elastogenesis in smooth muscle cell
      cultures.
AB  - Neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures are capable of synthesizing and
      accumulating relatively large amounts of insoluble elastin in the extracellular
      matrix. There are two major soluble elastin molecules in these cultures, one of
      77 kDa (protropoelastin) and the other of 71 kDa (tropoelastin). We examined the
      ability of the cell culture system to insolubilize exogenously added soluble
      elastin precursor moieties into the elastin matrix. To accomplish this, cultures
      were allowed to develop an enriched elastic fiber matrix for approximately two
      weeks in first passage. This accumulated matrix then served as the "substrate"
      for the exogenously added precursor elastin molecules. Culture-derived
      radioactive soluble elastin was added to the "substrate" cultures and the
      presence of radioactivity in the insoluble elastin as well as in the lysine
      derived crosslinks unique to elastin (desmosines) was measured. When purified
      [3H]-valine radiolabeled protropoelastin was used, more than 15% of the
      radioactivity added was detected in the alkali-resistant insoluble elastin within
      24 hours. After an initial 4-hour incubation of the cells with [3H]-lysine
      labelled soluble elastin, most of the radioactivity in the insoluble elastin was
      associated with the lysine and only a negligible amount was detected in the
      desmosines. However, during a 16-day chase period, the ratio of radioactive
      desmosines to lysine increased dramatically, suggesting that not only
      insolubilization, but crosslinking occurs as well. The add-back system described
      herein should provide a means to probe the molecular properties of
      protropoelastin and increase our understanding of the mechanisms of elastic fiber
      formation.

PMID- 1811168
TI  - In vivo pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in muscle. A
      microdialysis study.
AB  - In the present study in vivo microdialysis sampling coupled to high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, was used to study the
      pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in skeletal muscle in dog, after
      intravenous administration of levodopa. For comparison, the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of both compounds were simultaneously determined in plasma using blood
      collection. Muscle microdialysis samples and blood were continuously collected
      for 4 h after the administration of levodopa (25 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic profiles
      of levodopa in plasma and muscle were different. The mean Tmax value of levodopa
      in plasma and muscle was 0.16 h and 1.0 h, respectively. The AUC0----inf for
      levodopa in plasma was nearly 18-fold higher in plasma than in muscle. The 3-O
      methyldopa concentration increased very rapidly after the administration of
      levodopa, to reach a plateau after 2.5 h and 3 h in plasma and muscle,
      respectively. The AUC0----4 for 3-O-methyldopa was 3.6-fold higher in plasma than
      in muscle. The ratio levodopa/3-O-methyldopa, reflecting the metabolic rate of
      levodopa, was 3.5 times higher in plasma than in muscle, at the peak value of
      levodopa, and then rapidly declined to values lower than 1, one hour after
      administration of the drug. We compared our results with literature data from
      postmortem studies done in rat experiments. We concluded that levodopa is not
      accumulating in muscle as such, but is converted to 3-O-methyldopa probably
      before leaving the plasma compartment.

PMID- 1811169
TI  - The sensitivity of adrenergic varicosities to the 3H-noradrenaline-releasing
      effect of potassium.
AB  - After the loading of incubated, homogeneously innervated tissues with 3H
      noradrenaline (monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibited,
      calcium-containing solution) high K+ released the 3H-amine from adrenergic
      varicosities. In paired experiments the sensitivity of rat atria to high K+
      exceeded that of vasa deferentia. In the rat vas deferens the releasing effect of
      high K+ was enhanced by drugs or procedures which induce a carrier-mediated
      outward transport of 3H-noradrenaline, i.e., by ouabain, by glucose deprivation
      and by hypoxia. In the presence of extracellular calcium desipramine failed to
      affect the releasing effect of high K+ (except in the absence of glucose or
      during hypoxia), but in the absence of calcium desipramine reduced it.
      Apparently, whenever the axoplasmic levels of 3H-noradrenaline are increased,
      high K+ is able to induce some carrier-mediated outward transport of the 3H
      amine. It is suggested that "organ differences" with respect to the sensitivity
      to high K+ may well be due to hypoxia (plus some lack of glucose) of those
      varicosities that had been loaded with 3H-noradrenaline. The risk of storage of
      3H-noradrenaline in hypoxic varicosities appears to be greater in incubated than
      in perfused organs, and in the former it is greater in sparsely than in densely
      innervated tissues.

PMID- 1811170
TI  - Endogenous adenosine release from hippocampal slices: excitatory amino acid
      agonists stimulate release, antagonists reduce the electrically-evoked release.
AB  - The effect of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on adenosine and
      inosine release has been investigated on unstimulated and electrically stimulated
      hippocampal slices. On unstimulated slices N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),
      quisqualate and glutamate concentration-dependently evoked the release of
      adenosine and inosine. The effect of NMDA and quisqualate was antagonized by the
      NMDA receptor antagonist D(-)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (D-AP7; 100
      mumol/l) and the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
      (DNQX; 10 mumol/l) respectively. Glutamate (2 and 10 mmol/l)-evoked adenosine and
      inosine release was not antagonized by the NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists
      indicating that the effect of glutamate is due to a metabolic rather than a
      receptor-mediated effect. Electrical field stimulation at 10 Hz also evoked a
      release of endogenous adenosine and inosine. Tetrodotoxin (0.5 mumol/l) abolished
      and absence of Ca2+ markedly reduced the electrically evoked release of adenosine
      and inosine. Adenosine and inosine release evoked by electrical stimulation at 20
      Hz was significantly reduced in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist D
      AP7, while at 10 Hz no consistent decrease was seen. In the presence of D-AP7
      plus DNQX the 10 Hz-evoked adenosine and inosine release was reduced to about
      half. These data suggest that the electrically evoked release of adenosine and
      inosine is partly mediated by the release of excitatory amino acids which act at
      both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors.

PMID- 1811171
TI  - Effect of exogenous adenosine deaminase on arrhythmias and the release of adenine
      nucleotide catabolites in isolated rat hearts with coronary occlusion and
      reperfusion.
AB  - In isolated perfused rat hearts with occlusion of the left coronary artery the
      release of adenosine and its degradation products inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine
      and uric acid was investigated with and without exogenous addition of adenosine
      deaminase. In the control experiments large amounts of the adenine nucleotide
      catabolites appeared in the perfusate during coronary reperfusion. The greater
      part was represented by adenosine and inosine. During the coronary occlusion
      itself only a minor increase in the release of adenine nucleotide catabolites was
      observed, compared with the basal release before the coronary occlusion.
      Depending on the duration of the coronary occlusion more or less severe
      tachyarrhythmias occurred during the reperfusion of the previously ischaemic
      myocardium. Reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation was associated with a
      significant increase in the release of adenine nucleotide catabolites, compared
      with non-fibrillating hearts. In the presence of exogenously-added adenosine
      deaminase the release of adenine nucleotide catabolites from reperfused hearts
      was further increased. Adenosine itself, however, almost completely disappeared
      from the perfusate. In adenosine-deaminase treated hearts the incidence of
      reperfusion-induced fibrillation increased, thereby contributing to the enhanced
      release of adenine nucleotide catabolites. However, the release was also
      increased by the enzyme when only the fibrillating hearts were considered,
      suggesting that rapid elimination of adenosine from the interstitial space also
      directly increases the release of adenine nucleotide catabolites from the heart.

PMID- 1811172
TI  - Inhibition of [3H]resiniferatoxin binding to rat dorsal root ganglion membranes
      as a novel approach in evaluating compounds with capsaicin-like activity.
AB  - We have recently reported the specific binding of [3H]resiniferatoxin to sensory
      ganglion membranes; this binding appears to represent the postulated vanilloid
      (capsaicin) receptor. In the present report, we compare the structure/activity
      relations for binding to rat dorsal root ganglion membranes and for biological
      responses in the rat, using a series of vanilloids of the capsaicin
      (homovanilloyl-decylamide, homovanilloyl-dodecylamide, homovanilloyl
      cyclododecylamide, homovanilloyl-hexadecylamide, homovanilloyl-piperidine and
      nonenoyl-homoveratrylamide) and resiniferatoxin (tinyatoxin, 12-deoxyphorbol 13
      phenylacetate 20-homovanillate) classes. We find that all the tested biologically
      active vanilloids, but not the inactive structure analogs, compete for the
      [3H]resiniferatoxin binding sites in rat dorsal root ganglion membranes, and we
      conclude that the [3H]resiniferatoxin binding assay may provide an efficient
      approach for evaluating such compounds. We also provide evidence that the
      [3H]resiniferatoxin receptor is likely to recognize vanilloids which are inserted
      into the membranes; and that the apparent activity of capsaicinoids may be
      significantly influenced by factors other than equilibrium binding affinities.

PMID- 1811173
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of tianeptine and other antidepressants on the
      activity of medial septal neurons in rats anesthetized with urethane.
AB  - Tianeptine is a tricyclic antidepressant which enhances serotonin uptake in
      certain brain areas. Tianeptine has been reported to improve both working and
      reference memories in rodents. The effects of tianeptine on the spontaneous
      activity of medial septal neurons were studied in rats anesthetized with
      urethane. Systemic administrations (0.2-1 mg/kg i.v.) of tianeptine decreased the
      spontaneous activity and disorganized or suppressed the rhythmically bursting
      activity of medial septal neurons, in a dose related manner. Iontophoretic
      administrations of tianeptine did not modify the spontaneous activity of medial
      septal neurons. Changes of the bursting activity were inconsistent. However,
      tianeptine blocked partially or completely the inhibition induced by the
      serotonin in 68% of the cases. In contrast, other antidepressants (amitriptyline,
      clomipramine and fluoxetine) potentiated the inhibitory effect of serotonin in
      50%-60% of the cases. Our results show that tianeptine, applied by iontophoresis,
      has an effect on the medial septal neurons which was opposite to that of other
      antidepressants. On the basis of our findings, it can be tentatively proposed
      that tianeptine may have a beneficial effect on memory by counteracting the
      serotonin-induced inhibition of medial septal neurons.

PMID- 1811175
TI  - Modulation of the delayed K+ current by histamine in guinea pig ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - The effects of histamine on delayed K+ current (IK) were investigated in patch
      clamped single guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Histamine increased IK with a
      maximal fractional response of 2.7 and a kd of 9.4 x 10(-7) mol/l. At a
      concentration of 10(-8) mol/l, histamine did not increase IK significantly, but
      increased ICa by 52% +/- 12%. The voltage-dependence of IK activation, the
      reversal potential and the time course of the IK tail decay were not changed by
      histamine. Under pretreatment with 10(-4) mol/l of ranitidine, neither histamine
      (10(-6) mol/l) nor 2-pyridylethylamine (10(-4) mol/l) caused any sizable increase
      in IK. When the cell was pretreated with a saturating dose of isoproterenol (10(
      6) mol/l), histamine did not additively enhance IK. The IK enhancement by 3 x 10(
      7) mol/l histamine was partially antagonized by concurrent exposure to 5 x 10(-6)
      mol/l carbachol. Whereas, use of a higher concentration of histamine (10(-6)
      mol/l) obscured the inhibitory effect of carbachol. It is concluded that
      histaminergic action of IK is attributed exclusively to H2 receptor-mediated
      reactions involving GS protein and adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 1811174
TI  - Differential electrophysiologic and inotropic effects of phenylephrine in atrial
      and ventricular heart muscle preparations from rats.
AB  - Stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors evokes a different pattern of inotropic
      responses in atrial and ventricular heart muscle preparations from rats. The
      inotropic effects are accompanied by different changes in membrane potential. In
      an attempt to clarify the question whether or to which extent these events are
      causally related, the effects of phenylephrine on force of contraction,
      transmembrane potential, Ca2+ current (ICa) and K+ currents were comparatively
      studied in either tissue. In atrial preparations, phenylephrine 10 mumol/l caused
      an increase in force of contraction, a marked prolongation of the action
      potential duration and a depolarization of the membrane at rest. In the
      ventricle, however, the addition of phenylephrine 10 mumol/l produced first a
      decline in force of contraction associated with a hyperpolarization of the
      membrane and a reduction in the action potential duration. These changes were
      followed by an increase in force of contraction and a slight prolongation of the
      action potential, whereas the resting membrane potential remained increased. The
      hyperpolarization was eliminated in the presence of ouabain 100 mumol/l. In
      enzymatically isolated atrial and ventricular myocytes, the whole-cell voltage
      clamp technique was used to study membrane currents on exposure to phenylephrine.
      Phenylephrine 30 mumol/l did not affect the magnitude of ICa in either cell type.
      Transient and steady state K+ outward currents, however, were significantly
      diminished to a similar extent in atrial and in ventricular myocytes. It is
      concluded that the positive inotropic effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation
      in the rat atrium is related to an increase in action potential duration and a
      decrease in resting membrane potential due to a decrease in K+ currents.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811176
TI  - [Value of the studies of multimodal evoked potentials for evaluation of
      neurotoxic effects of combined exposure to lead, copper and zinc].
AB  - Central nervous system dysfunction was studied in workers with occupational
      exposure to Pb+Cu+Zn by measuring somatosensory evoked potentials of short and
      long latency, visual evoked potentials and brain-stem evoked auditory potentials.
      The tests were done in 40 workers with a history of exposure from 6 to 19 (mean
      14.3) years in a copper foundry. Pb poisoning was not diagnosed in them, but 18
      workers had some abnormalities of heme synthesis. Pb concentration in blood was
      from 11.4 to 62.8 (mean 35.7) mcg% in the whole group. Pb concentration in air in
      the foundry exceeded 1.1-175 times the MAC value, the concentration of CU
      exceeded it 7.25 times. Zn concentration was half the MAC value. No significant
      abnormalities were found in the parameters of multimodal evoked potentials. The
      obtained data suggest a protective effect of copper and zinc on heme , Pb blood
      level and conduction velocity of somatosensory, visual and auditory impulses in
      workers exposed to high Pb air concentration.

PMID- 1811177
TI  - [Superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) activity in erythrocytes of patients with multiple
      sclerosis].
AB  - The purpose of the study was determination of the activity of superoxide
      dismutase (SOD-1) in the erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients taking into
      consideration certain aspects of the disease, such as its duration, clinical form
      and course, age and sex of the patients. The study included 34 patients (17 males
      and 17 females) aged 19 to 56 years. The control group comprised 64 healthy
      subjects (25 females and 38 males) aged 19-59 years. A significant reduction was
      found of SOD-1 activity in the erythrocytes of the patients which may suggest a
      lower enzymatic defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. No difference in the
      activity of SOD-1 was found between clinical forms and different courses of the
      disease, although the activity changed in relation to age, sex and disease
      duration.

PMID- 1811178
TI  - [Effect of piracetam on inorganic phosphates and phospholipids in the blood of
      patients with cerebral infarction in the earliest period of the disease].
AB  - The influence of piracetam on the level of inorganic and phospholipid phosphorus
      in blood of ischemic stroke patients was evaluated. In healthy patients piracetam
      (2G, i.v.) diminished the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and essentially
      lowered the content of ion connected with phospholipids. In stroke patients
      inorganic phosphorus was primarily enhanced and organic lowered. Treatment with
      piracetam lowered the concentration of both inorganic and phospholipid phosphorus
      in blood.

PMID- 1811179
TI  - [Hemo-rheologic disorders as risk factors of ischemic cerebral infarction].
AB  - The problem of blood rheological abnormalities as risk factors for ischaemic
      stroke is only incompletely known. The blood rhreological++ parameters were
      measured in 35 patients with ischaemic stroke (groups: CS--completed stroke,
      TIA/RIND--transient brain ischaemia or reversible ischaemic neurological deficit)
      in the first 48 hours after the onset of the disease and then, for control, after
      2-3 weeks. Persistence of abnormal rheological parameters of blood was observed,
      with increased plasma viscosity, reduced plasticity of erythrocytes, higher
      fibrinogen level, and increased erythrocyte aggregation 2-3 weeks after the onset
      of acute ischaemic stroke, which suggests their role as possible risk factors. In
      the group with completed stroke a significant increase of erythrocyte aggregation
      was noted 2-3 weeks after disease onset which may be connected with increased
      absorption of fibrinogen molecules on erythrocyte cell membrane.

PMID- 1811180
TI  - [Etiological and clinical aspects of chorea syndrome in children in the light of
      several cases].
AB  - Six cases of the choreic syndrome in children are described with discussion on
      their aetiology: in 3 cases the cause was probably neuroinfection, in 1 case the
      syndrome developed after varicella and seemed to be a cause of neuroallergy, in
      the following case the aetiology was vascular, and in one case no aetiological
      diagnosis was made. None of these children had any manifestations of acute
      rheumatic fever.

PMID- 1811181
TI  - [Use of Nd:YAG laser in surgical treatment of intracranial tumors].
AB  - Thirty-one patients are presented who were operated on for intracranial tumours
      using Nd:YAG laser. The use of this laser for operations in cases of cerebellar
      and brain tumours reduced bleeding from the tumour, caused its shrinking as a
      result of dehydration, and separated it from the white matter. The less
      pronounced mechanical trauma to the white matter of the brain and easier healing
      of wounds made possible earlier mobilization of patients and ensured less severe
      postoperative course.

PMID- 1811182
TI  - [Subacute epidural hematoma].
AB  - Eleven patients are reported who had subacute epidural haematoma diagnosed by CT
      48 hours after craniocerebral trauma. These haematomas, most frequently, were
      located outside the temporal region. In some cases capsule of the haematoma could
      be recognized. The indication to surgical treatment was increasing intensity of
      intracranial pressure and development or persistence of the signs of focal CNS
      injury. Effective conservative treatment was given to patients with good general
      condition in whom CT showed no shifting of midline structures over 5 mm, and the
      fissure of the fracture was not lying transversely to the course of middle
      meningeal artery branches.

PMID- 1811183
TI  - [Treatment of neuralgia of the 5th cranial nerve by the method of percutaneous
      coagulation of Gasser's ganglion].
AB  - The authors reviewed a series of 38 consecutive patients with trigeminal
      neuralgia treated with percutaneous thermocoagulation in years 1984-90. In 10
      patients in whom the result of treatment was unsatisfactory the coagulation was
      repeated (in 2 out of 10 threefold). The analysis of the results showed that good
      outcome was connected with permanent anaesthesia in the area innervated by the
      coagulated branch. If the anaesthesia was not present 24 hours after the
      treatment, it suggested that an insufficient lesion was done and consequently
      unsatisfactory result was likely. In patients in whom there was sensory
      impairment after either thermocoagulation or other form of treatment (injection
      of alcohol or rhizotomy) repeated thermocoagulation not only did not give good
      results but could lead to worsening of pain.

PMID- 1811184
TI  - [Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome--a disease of viral etiology and genetic
      pathogenesis: transmitted cerebral amyloidosis induced by viral infection].
AB  - I summarized the newest data concerning the etiopathogenesis of slow virus
      disorders, mainly scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. While there is no doubt
      that PrP plays a pivotal role in scrapie pathogenesis, the direct proof that it
      is also a part of, or the entire scrapie virus is still lacking. Point mutations
      discovered in the human PrP gene, PRNP, may actually cause the disease or they
      may contribute only to the process of amyloid deposition similar to other
      cerebral amyloidoses.

PMID- 1811185
TI  - [Progress in laser neurosurgery].
AB  - Nd:YAG lasers with different wavelengths are used in neurosurgery. Their great
      advantage is the ability of coagulation of blood vessels and delivery through
      flexible fiber optics . Nd:YAG laser with wavelength 1.318 microns is used,
      besides, to connect blood vessels and nerves. CO2 laser is the best cutting tool
      but requires, for delivery rigid cable. Both types of lasers cause shrinkage and
      vaporisation of the tumors what facilitates its removing without greater
      traumatisation of surrounding tissues. The introduction of sapphire contact tips
      to Nd:YAG and argon lasers enables application of small laser powers and diminish
      the area of damage in surrounding structures. Contact laser is used for
      destroying of tumours, coagulation of blood vessels, restoration of patency of
      the main arteries, interstitial denaturation of gliomas and denaturation of the
      nucleus pulposus in lumbar vertebral column.

PMID- 1811186
TI  - [Management of intracranial vasospasm in rupture of cerebral aneurysm].
AB  - This paper describes the methods of prevention of delayed neurological deficit
      (DND) in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured
      intracranial aneurysm. To prevent the decrease in the cerebral flow,
      vasodilators, inhibitors of platelet aggregation and synthesis of endogenous
      prostaglandins, stimulators of prostacyclin synthesis of its analogue should be
      applied. It is also recommended to use the inhibitors of phosphodiesterase,
      blockers of serotonin and of calcium channel (particularly nimodipine). Therapy
      with the immunosuppressive drugs helps to prevent DND. With all those
      therapeutical methods DND is still a serious complication following SAH.

PMID- 1811187
TI  - [A case of mannosidosis type II].
AB  - A case of L-mannosidosis, a recessively inherited thesaurosis, is reported. Since
      birth the patient had evidence of immunodeficiency. The neurological
      manifestations developed during adolescence with slurred and slow speech with
      scanning, muscle flaccidity, sings of Tromner and Jacobson, intentional tremor,
      equilibrium disturbances. After many laboratory investigations the tests for
      inherited metabolic disorders made the correct diagnosis possible.

PMID- 1811188
TI  - [Occlusion of the initial segment of the brachiocephalic trunk in the Doppler
      image].
AB  - There are two possible kinds of brachiocephalic trunk occlusion: high and low. A
      patient with low occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk is described. The
      occlusion was recognized with Doppler examination of arteries leading to the
      brain and intracerebral arteries.

PMID- 1811189
TI  - [A rare form of Hodgkin's disease complicated by involvement of the central
      nervous system in a 13-year-old boy].
AB  - In a boy aged 13 years treated since 8 years irregularly with chemotherapeutic
      agents for Hodgkin's disease suddenly signs of increased intracranial pressure
      developed. In EEG changes were found on the temporo-occipital area with
      prevalence of the right area. In the cerebrospinal fluid the cell count was
      33/3.0, Pandy Nonne-Apelt++, protein 78 mg %, sugar 84 m %. Skull radiography in
      a-p and lateral projections demonstrated normal cranial bones and sella. Despite
      intrathecal administration of methotrexate and decompressing drugs the condition
      deteriorated and consciousness disturbances, vomiting and dysarthria appeared.
      After 19 days of hospital treatment death occurred. Pathological and histological
      examinations demonstrated metastases to the pons. The necessity is stressed of
      considering possible cerebral metastases in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 1811190
TI  - [Endovascular balloon treatment of a giant aneurysm of the basilar artery].
AB  - A case of giant saccular aneurysm of basilar artery successfully treated by
      endovascular balloon occlusion is presented. The authors stress the effectiveness
      of this method in the treatment of an aneurysm which was considered inaccessible
      for direct surgery due to its localization. Endovascular procedure afforded
      protection against bleeding as well as regression of neurological deficits.

PMID- 1811191
TI  - [Trigeminal neuralgia as an early symptom of tentorial meningioma].

PMID- 1811192
TI  - [Spontaneous recurrent pontine hematoma treated surgically with favorable
      outcome].

PMID- 1811194
TI  - Nuclear medicine in otolaryngology.

PMID- 1811193
TI  - [From the past of the Cracow neurology. The history of neurological and
      psychiatric publications].

PMID- 1811195
TI  - A new prognostic index--leucocyte infiltration--in human cerebral infarcts by
      99Tcm-HMPAO-labelled white blood cell brain SPECT.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with acute cerebral infarction were imaged by 99Tcm
      hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)-labelled white blood cell brain (Tc-WBC)
      single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The regions of interest were
      equally placed in the whole hemispheres of both sides with summation of all
      transaxial slices in the Tc-WBC SPECT. The asymmetric indices (AI) were
      calculated as 200[[(right - left)]/(right + left)]. Grouping of patients with
      cerebral infarction was based on activities of daily living (ADL) at outcome. The
      results showed that the poor outcome patient group had a higher AI of Tc-WBC than
      that of the other patients (13.0 +/- 3.0 S.E.M. versus 5.4 +/- 1.0 S.E.M., and P
      less than 0.05 by Wilcoxon rank sum test). In conclusion, the Tc-WBC SPECT may be
      considered as a new prognostic index to predict patient outcome in human cerebral
      ischaemic infarctions consistent with newly established ischaemic injury
      theories.

PMID- 1811196
TI  - Radiolabelled white blood cell imaging in arthritis. Is it a blood pool effect?
AB  - The aim of this study is to determine whether white blood cell imaging in
      inflammatory conditions is due to a blood pool effect as a result of an increased
      vascularity and vascular permeability, or whether cellular migration is the major
      contributing factor. It will be shown that white cell uptake is a specific
      phenomenon in the rheumatoid knee joint and not just a blood pool effect.

PMID- 1811197
TI  - Evaluation of red blood cell and plasma flow and volume by the use of a dynamic
      and dual static acquisition radionuclide technique in arterial flaps in sheep.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether in the distal, poorly perfused
      part of a flap the pressure gradient remains sufficient to allow flow of plasma
      and red blood cells (RBCs) within the first hour after flap elevation. For this
      purpose 99Tcm-labelled RBCs and 111In-chloride-labelled plasma proteins in an
      arterial skin flap that extended beyond the boundaries of its vascular territory
      in sheep has been used. Flow information was derived for both plasma and RBCs
      from dynamic acquisitions, while volume information was derived from dual energy
      static acquisition at equilibrium (steady-state). Results indicate that the mean
      flow and the mean volume of plasma are equal through the entire length of the
      flap. Although the flow is minimal, there is no stasis of plasma in the poorly
      perfused part of the flap. By comparing the mean flow of RBCs to their mean
      volume, no difference is seen in the well-perfused proximal two-thirds of the
      flap. In the distal, poorly perfused part, flow decreases while the volume
      increases. The increased volume of RBCs at minimal flow indicate pooling of RBCs
      in this region already in the first hour after flap elevation.

PMID- 1811198
TI  - Introducing simultaneous spatial resolution and attenuation correction after
      scatter removal in SPECT imaging.
AB  - A new approach to simultaneous spatial resolution and attenuation correction in
      SPECT imaging is presented. Before these corrections, scatter is removed on the
      projections. This removal is performed by spectral constrained factor analysis.
      The innovation reported here is the use of the different impulse responses of the
      system, according to the source-detector distance, and their integration in a
      generalized version of the Chang attenuation correction method. This novel
      algorithm is evaluated on computed and physical phantoms. In the computer
      simulated phantom, the count rates after full-processing are very close to the
      initial values. In the physical phantom, the contrast is increased by 1.8 after
      full processing. The activity profiles drawn both on raw projections and
      reconstructed slices demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm for the
      restoration of spatial resolution. Furthermore, the method improves the quality
      of the images greatly. A clinical study is also presented. When the whole
      procedure is applied, the resulting slice matches the corresponding computed
      tomographic scan very well, which is not the case with the usual back-projected
      images. The process is fully automatic and the computing time performance allows
      its daily use for single photon emission tomographic examinations.

PMID- 1811199
TI  - The long-term stability of reconstituted exametazime: a clinical and laboratory
      evaluation.
AB  - 99Tcm-exametazime has become recognized as an effective agent for in vitro
      leucocyte labelling. However, the material is relatively expensive and exhibits
      instability, being recommended for use within 30 min. Following subdivision and
      low-temperature storage of unlabelled exametazime we have evaluated long-term
      stability in a clinical setting and provided some laboratory support for the
      observations. Vials of exametazime were reconstituted with sodium chloride
      injection BP and subdivided into three aliquots prior to storage at -66 degrees
      C. At intervals up to 27 days they were used for routine leucocyte labelling with
      percentage labelling efficiency being recorded. Additional aliquots were tested
      for lipophilic primary complex and radiochemical impurities using thin layer
      chromatography over a similar period. Results on 92 patients gave a mean
      leucocyte labelling efficiency of 37% (range 10-78%). Chromatography supported
      the patient data. The percentage of primary exametazime remaining after 24 days'
      storage (55%) compared favourably with that in a freshly prepared aliquot,
      subdispensed but not stored (66%). Subdivision and refrigerated storage of
      unlabelled exametazime at -66 degrees C appears to preserve its radiolabelling
      capacity and the ability of the 99Tcm-exametazime to label leucocytes. This
      combination of long-term stability and improved cost-effectiveness may promote
      more widespread utilization of this pharmaceutical in clinical nuclear medicine.

PMID- 1811200
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of 99Tcm-p-halophenethyl diaminodithiol analogs.
AB  - In an effort to develop new, clinically useful 99Tcm-diaminodithiol (99Tcm-DADT)
      complexes for the evaluation of regional cerebral perfusion, basic
      diaminodithiols (DADT-TM, DADT-HM and DADT-MHM) and three diaminodithiol ligands
      functionalized with p-iodophenethyl (DADT-IPE), N-ethyl-p-fluorophenethyl amine
      (DADT-EFPE) or N-ethyl-p-iodophenethyl amine (DADT-EIPE), whose chemical
      structures are analogous to N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP), were
      synthesized, labelled with 99Tcm and evaluated comparatively in experimental
      animals. In addition, the relationships between the chemical properties of the
      derivatives and their brain uptake and retention were investigated. The results
      were: (1) Isomeric configuration of 99Tcm-DADT complexes has an influence on
      uptake and retention in the rat brain. (2) In basic 99Tcm-DADT complexes, a
      correlation exists between initial brain uptake and lipophilicity, but in 99Tcm
      DADT complexes containing a chemical structure similar to that of IMP, no
      correlation exists. (3) 99Tcm-DADT-IPE has relatively high uptake and long
      retention in the rat brain.

PMID- 1811201
TI  - Superior vena cava obstruction in fibrosing mediastinitis: demonstration of right
      to-left shunt and venous collaterals.
AB  - Multiple venous collateral pathways have been described in patients with superior
      vena cava obstruction. Systemic venous-to-pulmonary venous communication is the
      most unusual, having been described in a few cases of thoracic malignancy. In a
      patient with fibrosing mediastinitis radionuclide venography with 99Tcm
      macroaggregated albumin demonstrated a systemic venous-pulmonary venous right-to
      left shunt in addition to systemic and portal venous collaterals. It is apparent
      that systemic venous-to-pulmonary venous anastomoses may occur in the absence of
      malignant disease.

PMID- 1811202
TI  - [Incidence of the anti-N-like antibodies in the serum of patients dialyzed for
      chronic uremia].
AB  - The authors examined the serum of 164 hemodialysed chronic uremic patients for
      the detection of anti-N-like antibodies in two time intervals (in 1982 and 1988).
      The hemodialysis treatment was done in both intervals with regenerated, formaline
      sterilized capillary dialysers. In 1982 antibodies could be detected in 5 out of
      44 patients (11.3%) while in 1988 the ratio was 3 out of 120 (2.5%). The control
      group consisted of 40 healthy blood donors and 27 such dialysed patients who were
      treated only with new, ethylene oxide-sterilized single use capillary dialysers.
      The special cold agglutinine was not detectable in the serum of the subjects of
      the control group.

PMID- 1811203
TI  - [Late urinary tract complications of schistosomiasis].
AB  - Significant portion of the urologic and nephrologic patients in Yemen are treated
      because of the early and late complications of schistosomiasis (bilharsiasis).
      During two years 79 patients with renal insufficiency and complications have been
      examined and treated by the authors. In combination with moderate restricted
      renal functions hepatosplenomegaly and signs of portal hypertension were observed
      in female patients. Granulomatous infiltration, calcification and malignous
      tumour of the urinary bladder was found in men. Stricture of the ureter, uni- or
      bilateral consecutive hydronephrosis was detected frequently. In addition to
      inflammatory components bladder, ureteral and renal stones were verified. In the
      course of treatment 45 percutaneous nephrostomies were performed and an
      anterograde pyelography was carried out in 60 patients. Ureteral recanalisation
      was accomplished by means of an ureter stent in 8 cases. Because of serious
      uremia maintenance haemodialysis was performed in 52 patients. The aim of this
      work is to contribute to recognise the disease in early stage and emphasize the
      importance of establishing diagnosis as early as possible and stress the role of
      the appropriate causal and symptomatic treatment.

PMID- 1811204
TI  - [Classification of the condition of accidental injuries in children by grading].
AB  - The authors give a brief survey of the point system used in the classification of
      injuries. They present the evaluation of the polytraumatic and seriously injured
      patients of their department accept during a period of two and half years. The
      results are compared with the material of children recorded during a five years
      period. They describe the point system used in the classification of children's
      injuries (PTS) and point out that the TS and ISS system used with adult patients
      are suitable for numerical determination of the condition of injured children.

PMID- 1811205
TI  - [Value of ultrasonic examination in the detection of early changes in the
      endometrium].
AB  - In order to detect early changes of endometrium the authors performed
      transvaginal ultrasonic examination in 15 cases and it was completed by light
      microscopic evaluation. Their opinion is that joint use of the two the methods
      can improve the possibility of early detection of hyperplasia, preblastosis and
      of tumors of endometrium.

PMID- 1811206
TI  - [Hyperuricacidemic nephrogenic diabetes insipidus].
AB  - Five weeks following the removal of the urate calculus the 58-year-old patient
      suffered from anadipsia and drank 6-8 litre of water daily. Uric acid level was
      high in the serum and the carbamide-N and creatinine showed also increased
      values. Upon the administration of adiuretin the polyuria and polydipsia ceased,
      yet the specific weight of the urine stayed under 1010.

PMID- 1811207
TI  - [Cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infancy].
AB  - The authors report about two cases of AIDS in infancy. Both infants were Rumanian
      citizen brought to Hungary for examinations. Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
      and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections respectively were the main
      clinical symptoms. The infections seemed to have nosocomical origin. Patients
      coming from Rumania are belonging to the high risk group as to the carrier state.
      Regular screening before or during hospital admission is advised therefore.

PMID- 1811208
TI  - [The origins of anatomy and forensic medicine in China].

PMID- 1811209
TI  - [Il'ia Il'ich Mechnikov died 75 years ago].

PMID- 1811210
TI  - Free radical generation and the course of primary infection with Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis in congenitally athymic (nude) rats.
AB  - The course of primary infections with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was followed
      in nude (CBH/R nu/nu) and heterozygote (CBH/R nu/+) rats. In both nude and
      heterozygote rats peak egg production by N. brasiliensis occurred on days 7 and 8
      post-infection. However, whereas in heterozygote rats egg production declined
      rapidly thereafter and ceased completely by day 14 post-infection, in nude rats
      high numbers of N. brasiliensis eggs were still seen on day 27 post-infection,
      when the experiment was terminated. In comparison with the nude rats,
      heterozygote rats had a 5-fold greater loss of weight by day 9 post-infection and
      a 4-fold higher incidence of diarrhoea. Furthermore, infected heterozygote rats
      became anaemic whereas uninfected rats and infected nude rats showed no evidence
      of anaemia. Free radical generation was measured in infected (9 days) and
      uninfected rats. Leucocytes from infected heterozygote rats were able to generate
      copious quantities of free radicals in response to N. brasiliensis whereas
      leucocytes from infected nude rats produced only slightly more free radicals than
      uninfected rats. Thus, worm rejection, weight loss, diarrhoea, anaemia and free
      radical generation in response to N. brasiliensis infection are all T-cell
      dependent events.

PMID- 1811211
TI  - Immunochemical localization of major hydatid fluid antigens in protoscoleces and
      cysts of Echinococcus granulosus from human origin.
AB  - Monospecific rabbit antisera obtained through experimental immunization with
      previously purified proteins were used in the structural localization of two
      hydatid fluid antigens, antigen 5 and antigen B, in cyst membranes and
      protoscoleces of E. granulosus from human origin. The antigen-antibody reaction
      was revealed by an avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Antigen 5 was not evident
      in the laminated membrane of the cyst wall, but it was associated with the
      germinal membrane of the cyst wall and brood capsules. The parenchyma of
      invaginated and evaginated protoscoleces was heavily labelled. The tegument, the
      calcareous corpuscles, the suckers and the hooks did not contain antigen 5.
      Degenerated protoscoleces were also labelled. Antigen B localization was
      essentially identical to antigen 5, but degenerated protoscoleces were not
      recognized by anti-antigen B antiserum. Technical aspects and differences with
      previously published work are discussed.

PMID- 1811212
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: immuno-localization of the calcium binding protein Sm20.
AB  - The 20 kDa calcium binding protein of Schistosoma mansoni, Sm20, is expressed in
      all stages of the life cycle from the cercaria to the adult worm and in the egg,
      with equal levels of Sm20 present in adult male and female worms. Localization of
      Sm20 by immuno-electron microscopy using Sm20-specific antisera and the protein A
      gold technique demonstrated that the majority of Sm20 is expressed in muscle but
      that it may also be expressed at low levels in the tegument. These results
      suggest that Sm20 plays a role in the calcium mediated regulation of muscle
      contraction. However, it is not clear whether Sm20 acts as a reservoir for
      calcium in muscle or is directly involved in the regulatory mechanisms of
      contraction.

PMID- 1811213
TI  - Genetic control of acquired resistance to haemonchosis in Merino lambs.
AB  - Parasitological and immunological responses of genetically resistant and random
      bred lambs to primary and secondary infection with H. contortus were studied.
      Resistant lambs had higher faecal egg counts and total worm burdens than the
      random-bred lambs following the primary infection. As there were no significant
      differences in serum and antibody levels, mucosal mast cells, circulating and
      tissue eosinophils between the two groups, it is inferred that what ever the
      underlying mechanism it was an innate characteristic. In contrast to primary
      infection, resistant lambs had significantly lower faecal egg counts and worm
      burdens than the random-bred lambs on secondary infection. Resistant lambs also
      exhibited significantly higher antibody levels, mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and
      mucosal eosinophilia in response to a challenge infection than the random-bred
      lambs. Furthermore, levels of mast cell hyperplasia and anti-Haemonchus
      antibodies correlated positively with the resistance status of the host. Taken
      together these results suggest that the genetic resistance of sheep to H.
      contortus results from the expression of an acquired immune response, and that
      anti-parasite antibodies and mast cell-derived mediators may play an important
      role in genetically determined resistance of sheep to haemonchosis.

PMID- 1811214
TI  - Age-dependency of infection status and serum antibody levels in human whipworm
      (Trichuris trichiura) infection.
AB  - This study examines the age-dependency of the relationships between human
      infection with whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and parasite-specific antibody
      level measured by ELISA against an extract of adult worms after preincubation of
      the sera with Ascaris lumbricoides adult worm extract. The convex age-profile of
      parasite infection intensity is shown to be mirrored by an age-dependent change
      in age-class mean levels of IgG (all subclasses except IgG3), IgA, IgM and IgE.
      Mean antibody levels rise with increasing acquisition of infection in childhood
      and decline as the intensity of infection falls in adulthood. Immunoblot analysis
      of selected sera from different age-classes indicates that antigen recognition is
      similarly dependent on infection intensity. In individual children, antibody
      levels correlate positively with acquisition of infection, consistent with a
      simple model of antigen dosage specifying the magnitude of the humoral immune
      response. In adults, IgG4 correlates positively and IgA negatively with intensity
      of infection, suggesting involvement of these isotypes in functional roles of
      immune blockade or effector mechanisms, respectively.

PMID- 1811215
TI  - Variations in susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection in lines of mice
      selected for high or low immunoresponsiveness.
AB  - The degree of resistance to a local Leishmania amazonensis challenge has been
      compared in lines of mice obtained by selective breeding for high or low
      immunoresponsiveness: High and Low antibody responder mice of Selections I and II
      (HI, HII and LI, LII lines) and high and low responder mice to T mitogen PHA
      (Hi/PHA and Lo/PHA). The aim of this preliminary study was to focus attention on
      genetic differences related with well defined immune characteristics. Clear-cut
      results were obtained, both HI and HII mice developed large and disseminating
      lesions, the rate of symptom aggravation being faster in HII, while LI and LII
      proved resistant to parasites, only small and transient lesions being observed
      for them during a 150 days follow up. The outcome of infection also differs in
      Hi/PHA and Lo/PHA mice, Hi/PHA having a resistant and Lo/PHA a susceptible
      phenotype.

PMID- 1811216
TI  - Immune responses of cattle to biochemically modified antigens from the midgut of
      the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
AB  - Treatment of membrane antigens of the midgut (GM) of the cattle tick, Boophilus
      microplus with sodium metaperiodate (periodate), pronase and lipase significantly
      inhibited the reactivity of the GM with antibodies in the sera of 57 cattle
      vaccinated with GM. Treatment of GM with periodate only removed the correlation
      between antibody reactivity of sera and protection against infestation with
      ticks. A monoclonal antibody (MoAb QU13), which recognises protective antigens
      solubilized from GM (Lee + Opdebeeck 1991), did not react with GM treated with
      periodate. Cattle vaccinated with GM extracts were significantly protected
      against infestation with cattle ticks (P less than 0.05), whereas cattle
      vaccinated with either GM extracts treated with periodate or with antigens
      precipitated from GM extracts with MoAb QU13 and also treated with periodate,
      were not protected against infestation. These studies provide preliminary
      evidence that protective antigens in the tick midgut membrane either are
      carbohydrate or are dependent on carbohydrate for their specificity.

PMID- 1811217
TI  - Macrophage activation in vivax malaria: fever is associated with increased levels
      of neopterin and interferon-gamma.
AB  - In order to evaluate the relationship between fever and macrophage activation in
      vivax malaria, serum interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and urinary neopterin
      concentrations were determined in Thai adults with Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia.
      Magnitude of fever, after controlling for parasite density, was found to be
      positively correlated with both IFN-gamma (r = 0.47) and neopterin (r = 0.57). In
      the 26 febrile patients, neopterin excretion increased further during the first
      two days of chemotherapy (P = 0.0002). Mean neopterin values for both groups had
      fallen to within the normal range by the sixth day post-treatment. Thus, the
      fever of vivax malaria was associated with IFN-gamma induced macrophage
      activation, as reflected by neopterin excretion.

PMID- 1811218
TI  - Blood-brain barrier permeability during acute and chronic electroconvulsive
      seizures.
AB  - The effect of chronic electroconvulsive seizure on the blood brain barrier
      permeability to albumin was investigated in the male rats. Evans blue was used as
      a blood brain barrier tracer. The following situations were studied: Acute
      electroshock: a. one electroshock stimulus, b. ten electroshock stimuli. Chronic
      electroshock: a) group of animals were pretreated with electroshock given as one
      electroshock (ES) every other day (ES x 7); b) chronic electroshock + one
      electroshock, c) chronic electroshock + ten repeated electroshocks. As a result,
      chronic electroshock per se does not effect the blood-brain barrier permeability.

PMID- 1811219
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological properties of derivatives of alpha-amino-beta-(p
      chlorobenzoyl)-propionic acid and alpha-amino-gamma-(p-chlorophenyl)
      tetrahydrofuran-2-one.
AB  - Several new alpha-aminoderivatives of gamma-(p-chlorophenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2
      one were synthesized. alpha-Aminoderivatives of beta-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-propionic
      acid 2-13 were used as the substrates. After the reduction with NaBH4 at 10-12
      degrees C and cyclization the compounds were converted into the appropriate
      derivatives of tetrahydrofuran-2-one 16-26. In pharmacological tests compounds 9
      and 26 abolished the aggressiveness in isolated mice while compound 8 showed
      antiinflammatory activity.

PMID- 1811221
TI  - The role of dopamine in rewarded behavior: ability, insight, drive or incentive?

PMID- 1811220
TI  - Further investigations on the antinociceptive activity of tuftsin analogs.
AB  - C-Terminal dipeptide fragment of tuftsin, Pro-Arg, substituted by D-amino acids,
      and tuftsin analogs with n-hexyl- and n-heptylamine coupled to their C-termini
      were synthesized by a classical method in solution and their antinociceptive
      activity was measured by tail flick immersion test (0.4 microM/icv). D-Pro-D-Arg
      and D-Pro-L-Arg showed an analgesic activity, with the duration of 60 and 40 min,
      respectively. The strong behavioral effects observed after injection of D-Pro-D
      Arg were decreased by naloxone. L-Pro-D-Arg and Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-HxA display no
      antinociceptive effect; the tetrapeptide amide showed some toxicity effects. Thr
      Lys-Pro-Arg-HpA was very toxic and caused death of all experimental animals. This
      effect was not influenced by previous injection of naloxone.

PMID- 1811222
TI  - The involvement of serotonin and noradrenaline in the psychopathological
      processes of stress and depression: animal models and the effect of
      antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 1811223
TI  - The development of our understanding of the mechanism of action of antidepressant
      drugs.

PMID- 1811224
TI  - [Diagnostics].

PMID- 1811226
TI  - [PAF-antagonists with phospholipid structure. 3. Phospholipids with heterocyclane
      head groups and variations of the phosphorus-nitrogen distance; synthesis,
      characterization and structure-activity relationship].
AB  - A series of 13 PAF-analogues with heterocyclane head groups and variation of the
      P-N-distance on the C-3-position of the backbone were synthesized. The
      proaggregatory and inhibitory potencies on rabbit and human blood platelets in
      vitro was evaluated. Investigations of structure-activity relationship revealed
      that the PAF-inhibitory potency is strongly influenced by the distance between
      phosphate and onium center and the structure of the heterocyclane. Derivatives
      with a P-N-distance of 4 or more methylene groups emerged effective inhibitors.
      The best activity was observed by chinuclidine- and N-methylpiperidine analogues
      with a chain length of 6 methylene groups (KB = 1.1 to 2.3 mumol/l).

PMID- 1811225
TI  - Photochemistry of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, propionic acid
      derived.

PMID- 1811227
TI  - [2-Aryl substituted benzo-anellated 5-ring-heterocycles as potential agents for
      the cardiovascular system. 2. 1,3-Benzimidazoles].
AB  - In the course of investigations on structure-activity relationships of fostedil
      and sulmazole-analogously fused 5-membered heterocycles, 1,3-benzimidazoles were
      obtained by simple cyclisation. In vitro experiments on isolated organs
      demonstrate markedly positive inotropic effects of some derivatives, whereas
      others exert both relaxing activity on smooth musculature in vitro and
      antihypertensive effects in vivo. Moreover they exhibit fungicide properties in
      vitro.

PMID- 1811228
TI  - [Aminomethyl derivatives of (benzisothiazolin-3-one-2-yl)acetic acid amides and 2
      (1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one-2-yl)propionic acid amides].
AB  - In the search for pharmacological active new derivatives of 1,2-benzisothiazolin
      3-on amides of (3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-yl)acetic acid and 3-(3-oxo-1,2
      benzisothiazolin-2-yl)propionic acid were obtained. In the reaction of these
      amides with formaldehyde and various second aryl amines the title compounds are
      formed. Morpholinmethylamide of (3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-yl)acetic acid
      showed activity against Trichomonas vaginalis. In the reaction of ethyl esters of
      (3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-yl) acetic- and -propionic acids with hydrazine
      hydrate products of ring-opening of isothiazole-2,2'-dithio-bis [N-
      (ethoxycarbonylmethyl)benzamide] and 2,2'-dithio-bis[N
      (ethoxycarbonylethyl)benzamide are formed.

PMID- 1811229
TI  - Formulation of Carbopol 940 ophthalmic vehicles, and in vitro evaluation of the
      influence of simulated lacrimal fluid on their physico-chemical properties.
AB  - Carbopol 940 ophthalmic vehicles were prepared in order to investigate the
      interaction between the simulated lacrimal fluid and the polymer, and to examine
      the influence of sodium fluorescein - a tracer for the fluorophotometric studies 
      on the physico-chemical properties of the polymer vehicles. Four kinds of
      vehicles containing mannitol (5%), sodium fluorescein (0.05%) and disodium
      edetate (0.01%) were formulated. Physicochemical properties of the preparations
      including pH, osmolality, surface tension and viscosity were measured after
      neutralization and sterilization, and also after 1 and 2 weeks, 1, 2 and 3 months
      of storage at 4 degrees C. The viscosity significantly decreased by adding sodium
      fluorescein and disodium edetate to Carbopol 940 vehicles. It was observed no
      significant effect of sterilization and storage on the viscosity, pH and
      osmolality. Significant change in the flow property of the vehicles was observed
      when the simulated lacrimal fluid was added. Three concentrations of Carbopol 940
      vehicles (0.20%, 0.15% and 0.10%) both containing and not containing disodium
      edetate were proposed for in vivo evaluation.

PMID- 1811230
TI  - Factors affecting the formulation of sustained release potassium chloride
      tablets.
AB  - In this study, influence of several formulation factors on the release kinetics
      of potassium chloride from directly compressed matrices are investigated.
      Formulations containing hydrophilic (methylcellulose, carbomer), plastic
      (polyvinyl chloride), and wax (glycerol palmitostearate) matrix materials at
      concentrations of 10, 15 and 20%, incorporated with potassium chloride as active
      ingredient and insoluble excipients were prepared and studied in vitro using the
      USP XXI/NF XVI rotating paddle method. Hardness had no markedly effect on the
      release characteristics of formulations except for wax matrix material
      formulation. Results of goodness of fit analysis applied to release data had
      shown that the release mechanism was described by the Higuchi diffusion
      controlled model. Positive deviations from Higuchi equation might be due to the
      erosion of gel layer. Analysis of in vitro release mechanisms indicated that the
      most suitable results were obtained by methylcellulose and glycerol
      palmitostearate.

PMID- 1811231
TI  - [Dosage reduction of d-phe-6-GnRH for the regulation of ovulation by complexation
      with polyglycine].
AB  - The gonadotropin-releasing-hormone analogue D-Phe6-GnRH was complexed with
      polyglycine under non-denaturing conditions. The liberation behaviour of these
      complexes was investigated in vitro in dependence of hormone content. The
      "effective dose 50" (ED 50) could be decreased by factor 34 in vivo in mouse
      ovulation test by reason of protection effect of polyglycine for the hormone
      against untimely proteolytical degradation.

PMID- 1811232
TI  - [Properties of adenosine deaminase from cultured endothelial cells].
AB  - Cultivated calf aortic endothelial cells (line BZEz-7) show a remarkable activity
      of adenosine deaminase with a Vmax of 1.8 pmol/cell.min-1. The kM is about 160
      mumol. The localization of the enzyme was determined intracellularly. The ADA is
      only of minor importance for the regulation of the adenosine uptake of
      endothelial cells. Their significance for the control of the immune system is
      discussed.

PMID- 1811233
TI  - Experience with the particulate prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase assay for
      testing non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
AB  - A microsomal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase preparation was obtained from
      sheep vesicular glands and used as a test system for non-steroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs. The activity was measured oxygraphically with arachidonic
      acid as substrate. The assay conditions were optimized with respect to the
      concentrations of enzyme, substrate and hydroperoxidase co-substrate as well as
      preincubation. The validity of the test was assessed by eight known prostaglandin
      H synthase inhibitors and two antiinflammatory drugs not acting on this enzyme.
      Sodium diclofenac proved to be the most potent inhibitor. As shown with
      indometacin as example the test shows a good reproducibility. The data were
      fitted to a kinetic mathematical model assuming two distinct inhibitor binding
      sites with different affinities. This model gave in most cases a good fitting of
      the experimental data.

PMID- 1811234
TI  - Hepatobiliary elimination of bendamustin (Cytostasan) in rats.
AB  - Biliary excretion of bendamustin (Cytostasan, 5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-i
      methylbenzimidazole-2-butyric acid; 1) and its metabolites was studied in rats
      after i.v. administration of 14C-1. The most significant finding was the rapid
      excretion of 1 related radioactivity in the bile occurring shortly after
      injection. While radioactivity eliminated by bile within 2 h was 41.8%, in the
      course of subsequent 22 h it amounted only to 3.2%. Bile samples analyzed by TLC
      indicated that the total amount of radioactivity was excreted in the form of
      conjugates and two hydroxy metabolites. A significant amount of radioactivity was
      excreted in urine. The diversion of bile by cannulation of the bile duct led to a
      significant decrease of elimination by feces.

PMID- 1811235
TI  - [HPLC-determination of trifluperidol in blood plasma].

PMID- 1811236
TI  - In vitro transport of ephedrine from matrix based transdermal formulations.

PMID- 1811237
TI  - Matrix based controlled release tablets of propranolol hydrochloride.

PMID- 1811238
TI  - Influence of interferon-alpha-2b on the blood-plasma levels of intraarterial
      administered fluorouracil.

PMID- 1811239
TI  - Occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania.
AB  - In a retrospective study, brain magnetic resonance images of 12 patients with the
      onset of manic symptoms after the age of 50 years were compared to age- and sex
      matched control subjects for the incidence, size, and location of subcortical
      hyperintensities. Compared with controls, the patients demonstrated a
      significantly greater number of large subcortical hyperintensities, particularly
      in the middle third of the brain parenchyma. The lesions occurred with equal
      frequency in the right and left hemisphere. There were no differences between the
      two groups in the size of the ventricles or the presence of periventricular
      hyperintensities.

PMID- 1811240
TI  - Cerebral metabolic pattern in obsessive-compulsive disorder: altered
      intercorrelations between regional rates of glucose utilization.
AB  - Correlations between normalized regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose,
      determined by positron emission tomography with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose,
      were used to investigate functional associations between pairs of brain regions
      in 18 adult patients with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) of
      childhood-onset, as compared with 18 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The
      number of correlations that differed significantly between the two groups
      exceeded chance, although as many of these correlations were larger in the OCD
      group relative to controls as were smaller. The two regions that had the largest
      number of correlations that differed significantly between groups were a left
      hemisphere superior parietal region and the left hemisphere anterior medial
      temporal area (which includes principally the amygdala). Correlations involving
      the caudate nuclei did not differ between the two groups for the most part.
      Anterior limbic/paralimbic regions had correlations in the OCD group that were
      significantly larger with frontal areas than in controls, and correlations that
      were significantly smaller with posterior brain regions. This pattern was
      especially pronounced for the left hemisphere anterior medial temporal region.
      These results suggest that the correlation pattern in OCD is not characterized by
      an overall loss of functional integration but, rather, by functional
      reorganization.

PMID- 1811241
TI  - T2 hyperintense foci on magnetic resonance images of schizophrenic patients and
      controls.
AB  - High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed on 18
      male schizophrenic patients and 15 male normal control subjects using an
      identical imaging protocol. The number and size of T2 hyperintense foci were
      clinically quantified by an academic radiologist. Large foci (greater than or
      equal to 3 mm in diameter) were observed more frequently on patient images (7/18)
      than on control images (1/15). The imaging protocol detected high rates of focal
      hyperintensities, but no differences between patients and controls were noted in
      the total affected brain area (sum of focal areas) or in the presence or absence
      of foci.

PMID- 1811242
TI  - Effects of sleep deprivation on the limbic system and the frontal lobes in
      affective disorders: a study with Tc-99m-HMPAO SPECT.
AB  - We studied 10 patients with melancholia before and after sleep deprivation and 8
      controls with Tc-99m-hexamethylpropylenamineoxime (HMPAO) single photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT). All depressed subjects showed relative hypoperfusion
      in the left anterolateral prefrontal cortex under both conditions. Only
      responders showed relative hyperperfusion in parts of the limbic system and a
      reduction of blood flow in these regions after sleep deprivation.

PMID- 1811243
TI  - Aspects of stability of regional cerebral blood flow in chronic schizophrenia: an
      18-year followup study.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements and psychiatric ratings were
      performed on seven schizophrenic patients (mean age = 41.4 years) who had been
      examined 18 years previously in a study that used similar psychiatric ratings and
      a comparable rCBF technique. Neither the clinical symptomatology nor the rCBF
      level and distribution had changed appreciably between 1972 and 1990. The
      findings indicate that cerebral functional activity in chronic schizophrenia
      remains constant in spite of continuous neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 1811244
TI  - A cognitive profile of homosexual men compared to heterosexual men and women.
AB  - Matched groups of homosexual men, heterosexual men, and heterosexual women (n =
      38 per group) were tested on three measures of spatial ability and two measures
      of fluency that typically reveal sex differences. For the three spatial tests and
      one of the fluency tests, the mean performance of homosexual men fell between
      those of the heterosexual men and women. The pattern of cognitive skills of
      homosexual men was different from that of heterosexual men: homosexual men had
      lower spatial ability relative to fluency. The cognitive pattern of homosexual
      men was not significantly different from that of heterosexual women. In addition,
      the results suggest that homosexual men classified on the basis of hand
      preference may form two subgroups that differ in cognitive pattern. These
      findings are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a neurobiological
      factor related to sexual differentiation in the etiology of homosexuality.

PMID- 1811245
TI  - Influence of naloxone infusion on prolactin and growth hormone response to growth
      hormone-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa (AN) is frequently associated with anomalies of growth hormone
      (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion. We studied the GH and PRL responses to GHRH1
      44 (50 micrograms IV) and the effect of a naloxone infusion (1.6 mg/hr), started
      1 hr before GHRH administration, on this response in 12 female patients with AN,
      aged 15-30 yr, and in seven normal women, aged 19-27 yr, during the follicular
      phase as controls. In AN, GHRH induced an increase in GH levels similar to that
      observed in normal subjects. A significant inhibition of the GH response to GHRH
      was observed during naloxone infusion, similar to the inhibition in normal female
      subjects during the follicular phase. PRL levels showed a significant increment
      after GHRH alone and a slight, nonsignificant, PRL increment after GHRH during
      naloxone infusion in AN patients. In contrast a slight PRL decrease was observed
      after GHRH, both before and during naloxone infusion, in the normal subjects. Our
      study demonstrates that endogenous opioids play a role in influencing PRL
      secretion in patients with AN different from their role in normal subjects.

PMID- 1811246
TI  - Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor
      messenger RNA levels in rat brain.
AB  - The effect of imipramine, desipramine, ketanserin and lithium on Type II
      glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA levels was studied in rat brain regions
      involved in the control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the
      dysregulation of which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major
      depression. Northern blot analysis of Type II GR mRNA showed that treatment of
      male rats with either desipramine or imipramine increased hypothalamic and
      hippocampal GR mRNA levels. Upregulation of GR mRNA following administration of
      imipramine was found in brain regions of female rats, while desipramine had no
      effect. Ketanserin increased levels of GR mRNA in hippocampus of male, but not
      female, rats. Lithium also was able to induce important increases rat brain GR
      mRNA; this effect was particularly marked in females. We conclude that
      desipramine, imipramine, ketanserin and lithium can modulate GR mRNA in regions
      of rat brain involved in the control of the HPA axis and may have a common
      mechanism of action at the level of the GR gene. Sexual dimorphism for drug
      regulation of brain GR mRNA content was shown and may be related to sex
      differences in the prevalence of certain affective disorders.

PMID- 1811247
TI  - Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease on the intermediate
      filament subunit protein vimentin: cleavage, in vitro assembly and altered
      distribution of filaments in vivo following microinjection of protease.
AB  - The intermediate filament (IF) subunit protein vimentin is efficiently cleaved in
      vitro by purified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease.
      Immunological data confirm that identical sites are cleaved when vimentin is
      polymerized into filaments or occurs as protofilaments. Preformed filaments
      require 10 times more protease to achieve the same extent of cleavage seen with
      protofilaments, suggesting that the cleavage sites are partially masked in IFs.
      The primary cleavage gives rise to molecule lacking most of the tail domain and
      which not only remains in preformed filaments, but also is capable of
      polymerizing into essentially normal 10 nm filaments. However, these filaments of
      the vimentin primary cleavage product show a propensity to form large lateral
      aggregates. The three secondary cleavage products of vimentin additionally lack
      portions of the head domain, are almost quantitatively released from preformed
      filaments and are not capable of forming filaments de novo. These results confirm
      and extend previous data obtained with desmin and provide a limit for that
      portion of the tail domain of type III IF subunit proteins that play a role in IF
      formation and stability. Microinjection of HIV-1 protease into cultured human
      skin fibroblasts resulted in a large increase in the percentage of cells with an
      altered and abnormal distribution of vimentin IFs. Most commonly, the IFs were
      observed to have collapsed into a clump with a juxtanuclear localization. The
      efficient cleavage of vimentin observed in vitro and the ability of microinjected
      HIV-1 protease to alter IF distribution in vivo suggest that IF proteins may
      serve as substrates within HIV-1 infected cells and may play a role in viral
      infection.

PMID- 1811248
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: a monoclonal antibody raised against paired helical
      filaments.
AB  - Paired helical filaments (PHF) were isolated from the cerebral cortex of patients
      with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by a combination of SDS treatment and density
      gradient centrifugation according to the method of Ihara et al. (1983). The
      protein component of the preparation was extracted with formic acid and Balb/c
      mice were used for immunization. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by
      immunocytochemical staining, by an ELISA assay, and by immunoblotting of SDS
      PAGE, the latter both using the PHF preparation as antigen. One hybridoma which
      showed a strong reactivity with PHF in both the ELISA assay and
      immunocytochemistry was then used to produce ascites fluid in Balb/c mice.
      Antibodies reacted immunocytochemically with neurofibrillary tangles and neurites
      involved in plaque formation in AD but did not show a cross-reaction to human
      control brain and rat brain. The results indicate that the antibody which has
      been raised reacts with an antigen component of PHF.

PMID- 1811249
TI  - Demonstration of the cytoskeleton of lens epithelial cells with gold sol
      techniques.
AB  - 1. The Triton-extraction procedure is well suited for the demonstration of the
      cytoskeleton by TEM. A good preservation of the fine cytoskeletal network depends
      on optimal drying. 2. Immunogold-labeling is a useful method for visualization of
      intermediate filaments (IF) and microfilaments (MF). Labelled and unlabelled
      filaments are discernible. 3. Various methods were tested for a direct gold
      labeling of MF with phallotoxin-gold preparations: The application of phalloidin
      gold complexes results in an intensive unspecific staining of cytoskeletal
      filaments. A modified coupling procedure for the binding of phallacidin to
      transferrin was necessary to avoid the agglomeration of gold particles. The
      direct labeling of the cytoskeleton by the application of phallacidin-transferrin
      gold complexes to Triton-extracted cells demonstrated an enrichment of gold
      particles on the both types of filaments, but MF and IF were not discernible. The
      treatment with phallacidin-polylysin-gold complexes demonstrated labelled
      filaments, but without sufficient intensity.

PMID- 1811250
TI  - Influence of various drugs on the cytoskeleton and the proliferative growth of
      lens epithelial cells.
AB  - 1. The disruption of microfilaments by cytochalasin is followed by an inhibition
      of gel contraction and a strong decline of DNA-synthesizing cells. 2. Colcemid is
      without effect on the structure and function of microfilaments but produces a
      disorganization of intermediate filaments. This is also accompanied by a strong
      inhibition of DNA synthesis. 3. The application of calmodulin antagonists (TFP,
      CMZ, W7) at high doses results in disintegration of microfilaments as well as
      inhibition of gel contraction and DNA synthesis. 4. The results presented
      demonstrate the involvement of the cytoskeleton in growth regulation, but further
      experiments are needed to elucidate the interrelationship of the various
      elements.

PMID- 1811251
TI  - The microfilamental system of human blood platelets.
AB  - The major microfilamental protein of human blood platelets is actin. It has been
      estimated to constitute 20-50% of total platelet proteins. The organization of
      actin filaments within the cell is regulated by their association with other
      proteins. This review will focus on the composition, the cellular organization
      and on the functions of the microfilamental system in unstimulated and stimulated
      platelets.

PMID- 1811252
TI  - Measurements of the G-/F-actin equilibrium in ADP-stimulated human platelets.
AB  - The amounts of the different forms of actin (G-actin, F-actin) can be measured
      biochemically following lysis of the cells by the DNase I inhibition assay. The
      existing methodology for studying G-actin in unstimulated platelets was found to
      be inappropriate for studies during ADP-induced platelet activation. However,
      this problem was overcome by a simple modification of the procedure in which
      formaldehyde was added to the buffer used to lyse the activated platelets. Using
      this modification the G-actin values obtained immediately after lysis did not
      change during storage of the lysates on ice for more than 30 minutes. The results
      show rapid conversion of G-actin to F-actin in association with the shape change
      during ADP-stimulated activation. Examination of unstimulated platelets using the
      modified procedure enabled identification of a pool of actin that is rapidly
      dissociated to G-actin in the absence of formaldehyde, the existence of which had
      not previously been recognised.

PMID- 1811253
TI  - Determination of platelet activation by assaying filamentous actin and detecting
      membrane alterations.
AB  - Thrombin stimulation of human gel-filtered platelets in an unstirred system
      (without aggregation) results in actin polymerisation. Concomitantly with actin
      polymerisation the activation markers (CD 63--glycoprotein 53, a 53 kD lysosomal
      protein and CD 62--GMP 140, a 140 kD alpha granule protein) increase on the
      platelet membrane as well as the specific binding of monoclonal antibodies to
      thrombospondin (P 10). Consequently, both assays run in parallel and indicate
      sensitively platelet activation. Our data also indicate that exposure of
      subcellular structures following granule fusion is a very early event when
      platelets are challenged by thrombin and involve a reorganisation of cytoskeletal
      structures. Cytochalasin E inhibits completely the thrombin-induced actin
      polymerisation and the platelet aggregation but only partially the thrombin
      induced exposure of CD 63. The activation markers CD 62 and P 10 were not
      influenced.

PMID- 1811254
TI  - The microtubule system and the reduplication of microtubule organizing centres in
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The microtubule system of normal and microtubule-poisoned amoebae of
      Dictyostelium discoideum has been investigated both by indirect
      immunofluorescence with antibodies to microtubule proteins and electron
      microscopy. Nocodazole, like some other microtubule poisons, destroys most of the
      microtubules in both interphase and dividing cells resulting in an inhibition of
      nuclear and cell division. The microtubule organizing centres, however, continue
      to duplicate once or twice. The daughter organizing centres segregate, they seem
      to be connected with nuclear material, that splits partly, too, forming more or
      less extended nuclear clefts. This segregation, at least over short distances,
      takes place without intranuclear microtubules. Duplication of microtubule
      organizing centres is not strictly correlated with nuclear division and
      cytokinesis. Microtubule poisons are able to uncouple these events. Different
      levels of regulation should be responsible for microtubule organizing centre,
      nuclear, and cell division.

PMID- 1811255
TI  - Evidence that the osmotically fragile yeast S. cerevisiae VY1160 is an actin
      mutant.
AB  - The phenotype of the osmotically dependent S. cerevisiae mutant VY1160 is caused
      by a single chromosomal mutation, termed srb, with pleiotropic effect. Compared
      with cells of the parental strain S288C, it was shown that the size and surface
      structure of the mutant cells are changed. The latter are sensitive to elevated
      cultivation temperatures as well as to hypotonic pressure and mechanical stress.
      In these cases, specific plasma membrane alteration were revealed by freeze
      fracture electron microscopy. The total actin content is only 88% (21.4
      micrograms actin/mg protein) of that of S288C cells. Remarkably, the mutant cells
      contain only 2.2 micrograms F-actin/mg protein, whereas the S288C cells have 10.3
      micrograms F-actin/mg protein. Moreover, the level of reduced glutathione is
      found to be higher in the mutant cells (23.4 nmole/10(10) cells) than in the
      parental cells (15.2 nmole/10(10) cells). These results implicate that the srb
      mutation is localized in the actin gene.

PMID- 1811256
TI  - Organization and in vitro activity of microfilament bundles associated with the
      basement membrane of Drosophila follicles.
AB  - The microfilament pattern in the somatic follicle cells of Drosophila ovarian
      follicles has been studied by staining F-actin with rhodaminyl-phalloidin.
      Parallel microfilament bundles were observed at the basal side of the follicle
      cells at all analyzed stages, but the organization of the microfilaments was
      found to undergo characteristic changes during development. At previtellogenic
      and early vitellogenic stages the microfilaments formed very long and thin
      bundles which were oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the follicle. Actin
      containing cell protrusions formed only at one side of each cell indicating a
      planar circular cell polarity (best seen at stages 7 and 8). At later stages
      densely packed parallel microfilaments were observed at the basal end of the
      follicle cells. This pattern was maintained until stage 14 when the microfilament
      bundles became thinner and more widely spaced and finally disintegrated. During
      late vitellogenic stages the cell shape differed basally and apically: while
      apically the cells formed regular and very precise patterns the basal cell
      borders were convoluted. When stage 10 follicles were isolated in simple saline
      solutions the diameter of the oocyte decreased during 30 min culture. This
      contraction, which was presumably due to the activities of the basal
      microfilament bundles, could be inhibited by cytochalasins as well as azide or
      dinitrophenol. The reaction was most likely induced by the in vitro culture
      conditions, since there is no evidence that the contraction also takes place in
      loco.

PMID- 1811257
TI  - Detection of actin and localization of phytochrome in the green alga Mougeotia by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - In order to get insight into the topological relationship of phytochrome and the
      actin cytoskeleton in Mougeotia, phytochrome was localized by indirect
      immunofluorescence in fixed protoplasts of Mougeotia with the monoclonal antibody
      Z-3B1, raised against purified Zea mays phytochrome (Schneider-Poetsch et al
      1988, Planta 173, 61-72). So far no detection of phytochrome in the immunoblot
      was possible by this antibody, in contrast to the detection of actin by the
      monoclonal anti-actin C4 (Lessard 1988, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 10, 349-362).
      Preliminary results are presented on attempts to enrich plant factors which
      interfere with the G-/F-actin equilibrium, as probed by the viscometric falling
      ball assay.

PMID- 1811258
TI  - Pattern of lipids associated with cytoskeletal protein prepared as Triton X 100
      insoluble residues in some single cell types.
AB  - The cytoskeletal proteins from erythrocytes, lymphoid cells, unstimulated and
      stimulated platelets, HeLa cells, and Ehrlich ascites cells were prepared as
      Triton X 100 insoluble residues. The pellet was extracted using the Bligh-Dyer
      procedure. After separation of the lipids by thin-layer chromatography,
      phospholipids and neutral lipids were estimated and the lipid pattern was
      compared with the lipid composition of the total cell. The percentage of the
      lipids associated with the Triton X 100 insoluble pellet ranged between 10 and 50
      depending on the lipid and the cell type. Despite of the heterogenous protein
      composition of the residue in the different cells involving microfilaments and
      intermediate filaments together with associated proteins and minor components, in
      all cells sphingomyeline (Sph) and free fatty acids (FA) could be found in
      outstanding contents. In HeLa cells we found beside the high proportion of Sph a
      different species pattern of diacyl-, alkylacyl-, and alkenylacyl classes of
      endogenous diacylglycerol (DG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The discussion involved the data from literature
      showing lipid associations with all 3 classes of cytoskeletal filaments:
      microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. These results were
      obtained by histological observation, by in vitro binding studies between
      cytoskeletal proteins and purified lipids, and--as we have practised--by lipid
      analysis after extraction of the more or less purified cytoskeleton. Artefacts
      could not be excluded, but the different lipid pattern in the total cell compared
      with the cytoskeletal let us assume that the results can not be explained by
      coprecipitation of micelles or organelle remnants with the Triton X 100 insoluble
      residue alone. An in vivo association of lipids, mainly of Sph, with F-actin
      and/or associated proteins might be concluded.

PMID- 1811259
TI  - Structural and chemical changes in the cytoskeleton of the goldfish Mauthner
      cells after vestibular stimulation.
AB  - The ultrastructure and protein content of goldfish Mauthner cells (M-cells) at
      different functional states induced by natural vestibular stimulations were
      studied. 2-h stimulation, usually causing a fatiguing of the fishes, was found to
      be accompanied by ultrastructural changes within M-cells and a decreased content
      of cytoskeletal proteins. After training by short stimulations resulting in a
      long-term adaptation of the fishes, the ultrastructure and protein content of M
      cells could not be distinguished qualitatively and quantitatively from those of
      non-adapted fishes. When the adapted fishes were stimulated for 2 h the content
      of a 70-kDa protein was found to be increased. In addition, the content of a 42
      kDa protein, obviously actin, was elevated in this case. Correspondingly,
      electron microscopic analysis demonstrated a significantly increased resistance
      of the cytoskeleton to fatiguing stimulation. The data obtained indicate that the
      neural cytoskeleton is a central target of fatiguing stimulation. We suppose that
      the 70-kDa protein is responsible for the adaptive properties of the
      cytoskeleton. This protein is assumed to be identical with one of the so-called
      heat-shock proteins of non-neural cells which have the same electrophoretic
      mobility and are also able to protect the cytoskeleton under stress conditions.

PMID- 1811260
TI  - Alterations in the cytoskeleton of the goldfish Mauthner cells under various
      pharmacological treatments.
AB  - The ultrastructural changes in the cytoskeleton of the goldfish Mauthner cells (M
      cells) at various functional states induced by intracerebral microinjections of
      biologically active substances were studied. Under the action of kainic acid, a
      structural analog of the excitatory neurotransmitter of glutamate, the density of
      the cytoplasmic matrix increased. Cytotoxin II from the cobra toxin, which blocks
      acetylcholine transmission, had an opposite effect upon the M-cell cytoskeleton.
      Simultaneously, in some areas of the neural cytoplasm strands of an electron
      dense material of various shapes appeared. They had an unique structure which did
      not resemble any known cytoskeleton element. The molecular composition of the
      strands is unknown, but similar strands appeared after injections of phalloidin
      or cytochalasin B, both disturbing the microfilamental component of the
      cytoskeleton. Decoration with myosin subfragment-1 revealed actin in intact M
      cells which was organized as crossing loose filaments and bundles of parallel
      fibers. The morphology of the fiber bundles resembles the helical part of the
      strands appearing after the treatment with phalloidin, cytochalasin B, or
      cytotoxin II. It is suggested that the cytoplasmic matrix of M-cells is a dynamic
      system which responds to the functional changes by thickening or loosening of its
      cytoskeletal elements or by formation of new structures.

PMID- 1811261
TI  - Actin in synaptic cytoskeleton during long-term potentiation in hippocampal
      slices.
AB  - Potentiated hippocampal synapses were found to be characterized by specific
      changes of the cytoskeleton in the postsynaptic spine. Aggregated bundles of
      actin filaments in the potentiated spines were revealed by decoration with myosin
      subfragment-1.

PMID- 1811262
TI  - Cytoskeletal alterations in endothelial cells of mesenteric microcirculatory bed
      in experimental traumatic haemorrhagic shock.
AB  - The purpose of our investigations was to answer the question of whether an
      increased number of cytoskeletal structures (CSS) in endothelial cells (EC) of
      the mesenteric terminal vascular bed will be seen in the early phase of a
      traumatic haemorrhagic shock (THS). A THS was induced in 32 adult R-rats
      according to a standardized model (fracture of right heel and withdrawal of one
      third blood volume through carotid catheter). Eight animals each time were killed
      15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after shock induction. Tissue samples of mesenteric
      microvessels were taken and flatly embedded in Epon. The mesenterium of 8 animals
      was used as control. CSS formed in the perinuclear and/or peripheric regions of
      endothelial cytoplasm were visually evaluated and divided into 3 degrees on the
      basis of 1,500 micrographs. Results were statistically analyzed. A significantly
      higher degree of CSS (microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules) in
      EC was found in all shock groups as compared with the control group. CSS are
      frequently clearly seen in oedematous and swollen EC as well as in EC rich in
      organelles. Capillaries with stasis are especially predisposed to CSS. Different
      factors as changed interaction between vascular content and EC, hypoxia and
      ischemia as well an increased metabolic activity of EC have to be considered as
      possible causes.

PMID- 1811263
TI  - Wavelike motions of cytoskeletal fibrils and their mechanics.
AB  - Actin filaments and microtubules can slide and translocate particles along as it
      is well known. Moreover, bendings, corners, regions of branching and crossbridges
      can move in a wavelike manner along bundles of cytoskeletal elements. This has
      been demonstrated by microcinematography e.g. of ringlike closed F-actin bundles
      ("waving polygons") in cytoplasmic drops squeezed out of characean internodial
      cells (Jarosch 1960) and by microtubule bundles of axostyles of Pyrsonympha
      (Langford and Inoue 1979), or by the rootlet fibril (costa) of Trichomonas (Amos
      et al. 1979). Single isolated microtubules from squid giant axons that become
      visible by video-enhanced interference contrast microscopy can glide on glass
      slides and start a kind of "fishtailing" when gliding is prevented by an obstacle
      (Allen et al. 1985). The described wavelike motions cannot be explained by the
      power-stroke or rowing-stroke model of myosin-, kinesin-, or dynein-crossbridges
      between filaments or microtubules--thus the problem of proper coordination and
      localization of the single power-strokes is unsolved. The motions can be
      explained and simulated in detail by macroscopic models with rotating steel
      helices. This indicates the existence of quickly rotating cytoskeletal elements.
      Two types of mechanisms are possible: 1) The propagation of angles and corners
      may depend on the close contact between the rotating elements of the bundle,
      e.g., by mutual winding and unwinding of actin-associated filaments or
      microtubule-associated filaments (characean polygons, axostyles of Pyrsonympha).
      2) The rotating elements of the bundle form superhelices, and their rotation
      results in microscopic helical waves (bacterial flagella, helical filopodia,
      "corkscrewing" of a helical bundle). Eucaryotic flagella transform the latent
      helical waves of their helically shaped doublet microtubules and the central
      singlet helix to large helical or uniplanar bending waves by a most intricate
      mechanical coil-coil interaction that is demonstrated in a simplified manner by
      model experiments.

PMID- 1811264
TI  - Measuring of the in-vitro assembly of microtubules by dynamic light scattering.
AB  - The kinetics of in-vitro assembly of microtubule protein (MTP) to microtubules
      (MTs) was followed under various conditions (temperature, GTP, ultrasonic
      treatment) by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and turbidimetric measurements. The
      results of both methods roughly coincide, but DLS additionally allows to
      differentiate between MTs and aggregates and to follow their growth. The
      complexity of these investigations, however, causes serious restrictions in the
      interpretation of the DLS data.

PMID- 1811266
TI  - The nature and regulation of actin filament turnover in cells.
AB  - Actin filaments in mammalian cells form a number of different architectures in
      conjunction with a number of different actin-binding proteins. In motile cells
      these complex architectural arrangements of actin filaments and associated
      proteins continuously adjust their 3-dimensional organisation to modify the shape
      and behaviour of cells in response to external information. Microinjection
      experiments with fluorescently-labelled actin monomers suggest that there is a
      continual exchange of monomers between the actin filaments and a soluble pool
      such that individual monomers exist for only a few minutes within polymers. These
      data suggest that remodelling of the actin filament architectures occurs by the
      continuous assembly of new filaments which is balanced by the disassembly of
      obsolete structures. The mechanisms driving and regulating the assembly and
      disassembly cycle are not yet clearly understood. The properties of the actin
      assembly ATPase in vitro suggest that the intrinsic exchange of monomers between
      polymers and the monomer pool is driven by the stoichiometric ATP hydrolysis
      which is uncoupled from monomer addition and leads to both treadmilling and to
      the potential for mechanisms analogous to the dynamic instability models proposed
      for microtubules. Because of the relatively rapid rate of ATP hydrolysis by
      monomers in the filament (k = 0.05-0.02/s), it is assumed that most of the F
      actin in cells is in its ADP form. ADP-F-actin binds inorganic phosphate with a
      Kd close to that of cytoplasmic concentrations to form an ADP.Pi-F-actin form
      which has different kinetic, structural and behavioural properties to ADP-F
      actin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811265
TI  - Cortical microfilament proteins and the dynamics of the plasma membrane.
AB  - The microfilament system is thought to provide motor elements needed for plasma
      membrane dynamics. This article focuses on two protein components that may play
      key roles in this process: (1) Profilin, a G-actin binding protein which is
      considered as the source of actin subunits necessary for rapid changes in the
      amount of actin filaments. Our data demonstrate that profilin is synthesized even
      in terminally differentiated blood cells of a high dynamic potential. In
      addition, we show that plasma membrane-associated profilin in fibroblasts is
      unevenly distributed and is concentrated in areas that are highly motile. (2) The
      filament-forming myosin which is the classical motor protein in the microfilament
      system. We show that interfering with myosin filaments by microinjecting
      antibodies causes brush border-type microvilli on epithelial cells to loose their
      upright position. This result, together with our previous observations on the
      effects of anti-myosin injection into fibroblastic and epithelial cells (loss of
      stress fibers and cellular contact sites, increase in locomotory activity, delay
      of cytokinesis), suggests that bipolar myosin filaments are needed to maintain a
      specific cortical tension which is lost upon antibody binding.

PMID- 1811267
TI  - The centromere protein CENP-B behaves as a microtubule-associated protein.
AB  - The centromere of mitotic chromosomes organizes the kinetochore, a proteinaceous
      matrix that interfaces with spindle microtubules at one plane and with the
      centromeric DNA at the other. Antibodies present in the sera from patients with
      CREST scleroderma recognize several proteins localized to the centromere. We have
      studied the ability of the two main human centromere proteins CENP-A (18 kD) and
      CENP-B (80 kD) to bind tubulin, in order to correlate with one of the putative
      functional roles in spindle microtubule attachment. CENP-A was partially
      solubilized from nuclear extracts by high salt treatment and then purified by
      reverse phase HPLC. CENP-B was obtained by gel electrophoresis and electroelution
      from nuclear insoluble extracts. CENP-B binds to tubulin while no significant
      interaction was found for CENP-A. CENP-B binds to the C-terminal region of
      tubulin, a characteristic similar to that found for other better characterized
      microtubule-associated proteins.

PMID- 1811269
TI  - Can coated vesicles bind directly to microtubules?
AB  - Using an ultrathin-sectioning electron microscopic procedure, no efficient
      binding of coated vesicles to microtubules (both purified from brain tissue)
      could be achieved, independently of the presence of microtubule-associated
      proteins. Addition of the ATP analogue AMP-PNP or the inorganic tripolyphosphate,
      known to cause tight associations of (uncoated) vesicles to microtubules by means
      of specific motor proteins, could not enhance the binding efficiency. Moreover,
      crude preparations of clathrin, the major protein of the coat, did not affect the
      turbidity course of microtubule assembly. These results were confirmed by
      electrophoresis indicating that within the preparations of microtubule protein,
      obtained by temperature-dependent cycles of disassembly/reassembly, constituents
      of coated vesicles were not present. Beside this, coated vesicles have never been
      found among microtubules reconstituted in vitro. Vice versa, preparations of
      coated vesicles were completely free of microtubules. Our results suggest that
      further proteins should be involved in the binding of coated vesicles to
      microtubules, if there is indeed a biologically relevant interaction.

PMID- 1811268
TI  - Charge dependency of the effects of estramustine derivatives on microtubule
      assembly in vitro.

PMID- 1811270
TI  - Comparative studies on internalization of gold-labelled mistletoe lectin I, its
      subunits, as well as of an immunotoxin in murine L 1210 leukemia cells.
AB  - The binding and internalization of gold-labelled mistletoe lectin I (ML I), its A
      (ML I-A) and B (ML I-B) subunits, as well as of an immunotoxin consisting of an
      monoclonal anti L 1210 antibody and the cytotoxic A chains of ML I, were studied
      on murine L 1210 leukemia cells by a preembedding electron microscopic technique.
      We found that receptor-mediated endocytosis differs remarkably between the whole
      lectin, its subunits, and the immunotoxin. Whereas ML I, its A chain, as well as
      the immunotoxin are internalized by coated pits/coated vesicles or in combination
      with uncoated membranes, the B chain is exclusively endocytosed via uncoated deep
      invaginations of the cell membrane. The endocytosis via clathrin-coated or
      uncoated vesicles is discussed taking into account the binding and
      internalization kinetics of ligand-receptor complexes related with the movement
      by the cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1811271
TI  - Glycine-extended gastrin precursors.

PMID- 1811272
TI  - Priming of normal human neutrophils by tachykinins: tuftsin-like inhibition of in
      vitro chemotaxis stimulated by formylpeptide or interleukin-8.
AB  - Tachykinins have priming effects on polymorphonuclear neutrophils, since they may
      activate the neutrophils to exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response to
      phlogistic mediators. In order to investigate mechanisms involved in this action,
      we determined the influence of substance P and neurokinin A on chemotaxis of
      human neutrophils towards gradients of formymethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or
      recombinant human interleukin-8. As seen with other neutrophil-priming agents
      such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, exposure of neutrophils to substance P or
      neurokinin A had an inhibitory effect upon a stimulated migration, with effective
      concentrations being in the nanomolar range. Tuftsin, a known neutrophil
      activating peptide, similarly inhibited stimulated migration. Analysis of
      structure-activity relationships revealed that activity of tachykinins is located
      in amino-terminal, tuftsin-like sequences. The inhibition of stimulated migration
      was partly reversed by (Pro1)-tuftsin, a partial tuftsin receptor antagonist,
      which suggests that the effects of amino-terminal tachykinins involves activation
      of tuftsin receptors of neutrophils.

PMID- 1811273
TI  - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in guinea-pig lung:
      distribution and dilatory effects.
AB  - The lower airways of guinea-pigs were analyzed for pituitary adenylate cyclase
      activating peptide (PACAP) using immunocytochemistry. In the trachea a moderate
      supply of PACAP-immunoreactive nerve fibers occurred around smooth muscle
      bundles, glands and small blood vessels. In the lung, PACAP-immunoreactive nerve
      fibers were distributed around small glands and bronchi. A rich supply of PACAP
      immunoreactive nerve fibers was found around blood vessels in the lungs. PACAP
      suppressed smooth muscle responses were analysed using isolated circular segments
      of trachea, pulmonary arteries and aorta of guinea-pigs. In both airways and
      arteries PACAP caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of precontracted
      segments. The maximal relaxation effects were more pronounced in the airways than
      in the arteries while the order of potency was aorta greater than pulmonary
      artery greater than trachea. The effect of PACAP was compared to those of
      acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In the pulmonary
      artery the vasomotor responses expressed as maximal dilatation had the order: ACh
      greater than VIP = PACAP while the order of potency was PACAP = VIP greater than
      ACh. In the trachea, PACAP was slightly more potent than VIP. The relaxatory
      responses to PACAP in the trachea and the intrapulmonary arteries were unaffected
      by pretreatment with atropine, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, mepyramine,
      cimetidine and Spantide. Removal of the endothelium abolished PACAP-induced
      vascular relaxation. Conceivably, PACAP-containing nerve fibers play a role in
      the regulation of airway resistance and local blood flow.

PMID- 1811275
TI  - PACAP, a VIP-like peptide, in neurons of the esophagus.
AB  - The lower esophagus of guinea-pig, cat, sheep and man was analyzed for pituitary
      adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), a novel vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP)-like peptide, using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. PACAP
      immunoreactive nerve fibers were numerous in the longitudinal and circular muscle
      layers of sheep and man, moderate in numbers in cat, while being few in the
      esophagus of guinea-pig. A few PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and
      numerous nerve fibers were seen in the myenteric ganglia of the esophagus of cat,
      sheep and man. In the lower esophagus of cat, sheep and man all PACAP-containing
      nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers stored VIP. The results of radioimmunoassay of
      PACAP in extracts of specimens from man were in good agreement with the
      immunocytochemical findings. High performance liquid chromatography revealed one
      major peak of PACAP-like immunoreactivity in extracts of human esophagus. We
      suggest that neuronal PACAP may serve to modulate motor activity and secretion in
      the lower esophageal sphincter region.

PMID- 1811274
TI  - Evidence for secretion of 7B2 by A- and B-cells of hamster pancreatic islets.
AB  - 7B2 is a neuroendocrine protein, and in the pancreatic islets the presence of 7B2
      in A- and B-cells was immunohistochemically demonstrated. In order to examine 7B2
      secretion by A- and B-cells of pancreatic islets, we prepared isolated hamster
      pancreatic islet cells as well as an A-cell-rich culture, and studied 7B2
      secretion under certain stimulations. 7B2 was secreted by isolated hamster
      pancreatic islet cells. This secretion was stimulated by theophylline and
      arginine, but glucose had a weak effect on the 7B2 secretion. Such a response of
      7B2 to the stimulations was different from that of insulin or glucagon. 7B2
      secretion was also noted in the A-cell-rich culture. These results suggest that
      7B2 is secreted by both A- and B-cells of the hamster pancreatic islets and its
      secretion is regulated under certain conditions.

PMID- 1811277
TI  - The influence of divalent cations and doxycycline on iodoacetamide-inhibitable
      leukocyte adherence.
AB  - Leukocyte adherence, an event critical to host defense, is reported to be
      dependent upon divalent cations. To test whether leukocyte binding is more
      influenced by the availability of Ca2+ or Mg2+, neutrophils and mononuclear
      leukocyte adherence to surfaces coated with differing proteins, in medium
      containing varying concentrations of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ and induced with either
      FMLP or PMA were assessed. To account for nonspecific leukocyte-substrata
      interactions the OD's of iodoacetamide-inhibited adherent cell systems were
      subtracted from the OD values of adherent cells of noninhibited systems. Values
      presented were derived from OD's of iodoacetamide-inhibitable leukocyte binding.
      PMA was a much more potent inducer of leukocyte adherence than was FMLP,
      stimulating all available neutrophils and monocytes to adhere. In contrast, FMLP
      induced adherence by roughly 1/4 of the available neutrophils and few, if any,
      monocytes. Roughly the same binding pattern was noted whether surfaces were
      coated with albumin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, gelatin or serum. EDTA but not EGTA
      significantly suppressed leukocyte binding suggesting Mg2+ was more involved in
      binding than was Ca2+. Little leukocyte adherence to a substrata occurred in the
      absence of divalent cations, while enrichment of the medium with Mg2+ was more
      influential on cell binding than was enrichment with Ca2+. Interestingly,
      doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline family of drugs which has been reported
      to inhibit Mg(2+)-dependent neutrophil functions, had a slight inhibitory effect
      on neutrophil adherence at low drug concentrations, while it enhanced binding at
      higher doxycycline concentrations. In contrast, the tetracycline inhibited
      monocyte adherence in a dose-related manner.

PMID- 1811276
TI  - Human gastrin-releasing peptide: biological potency in humans.
AB  - Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) was infused in graded doses (1-27 pmol/kg per h)
      to healthy human volunteers to study the effects on gastric, pancreatic and
      gallbladder functions as well as on gastrin, CCK and PP release. The results were
      compared to equimolar doses of synthetic bombesin. GRP significantly (P less than
      0.05) stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretory responses, gallbladder
      contraction and gastro-enteropancreatic hormone release in a dose-dependent
      manner. GRP was found to be equipotent to bombesin with respect to gastric acid
      secretion, pancreatic enzyme output, gallbladder contraction and plasma hormone
      release. We conclude (a) that human GRP has similar biologic effects as synthetic
      bombesin; (b) as GRP is localized exclusively in nerve tissue and has potent
      effects on different organs, it is a likely candidate for peptidergic control of
      human gastric, pancreatic and gallbladder functions.

PMID- 1811278
TI  - Memory impairment and morphological changes in rats after continuous infusion of
      active fragment of anti-nerve growth factor-antibody.
AB  - We report here that the specific Fab' fragment of anti-nerve growth factor (NGF)
      antibody (anti-NGF, 12, 120 and 400 micrograms/4 weeks, i.c.v.) impairs learning
      and memory. The goal latency of the control rats in water maze task was rapidly
      shortened by training compared to those of the anti-NGF-treated rats. The degree
      of reduction in movement counts of the anti-NGF-treated rats in habituation task
      was significantly smaller than that of the control rats. However, the step
      through latency of the anti-NGF-treated rats was not significantly shorter than
      that of the control rats. With regard to the choline acetyltransferase activity,
      no effects were observed in any of the brain regions. Anti-NGF treatment altered
      nuclear morphology in the hippocampus and parietal cortex. As a result, it seems
      that the anti-NGF-induced amnesia could be due to an impairment of nuclear
      morphology.

PMID- 1811280
TI  - Effect of aging on endothelin-induced prostaglandin I2 release in isolated hind
      legs of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of aging on spontaneous release of prostaglandin I2
      (PGI2; measured as 6-keto-PGF1a) as well as on endothelin-induced release of PGI2
      from isolated hind legs perfused with Krebs-Ringer solution in 5-week-old, 10
      week-old and 40-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and age-matched spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR). The spontaneous release of PGI2 was stable up to 40
      minutes for both strains. The amount of the spontaneous release of PGI2 tended to
      fall with advancing age in WKY, while it remained unchanged in SHR. Porcine
      endothelin-1 (pET-1) added to the perfusion medium (2 x 10(-12)-2 x 10(-10) M)
      increased PGI2 release in a dose-dependent fashion in both strains regardless of
      age. However, the maximal increase of PGI2 release evoked by endothelin (2 x 10(
      10) M) was significantly greater in 40-week-old SHR compared with age-matched
      WKY. These results not only suggest that there exists a much greater reservoir of
      vascular PGI2 synthesis in SHR, but also imply that the enhanced release of PGI2
      in response to endothelin, the most potent vasoconstrictor known, may function as
      a factor or a modulator to attenuate endothelin-induced vasoconstriction in
      senescent SHR.

PMID- 1811281
TI  - Fibroblast and endothelial outgrowth from human Tenon's explants: inhibition of
      fibroblast growth by 5HT receptor antagonism.
AB  - Tenon's layer capsule is a major source of fibroplasia associated with post
      traumatic wound healing in the external eye and failure of filtration surgery for
      glaucoma (trabeculectomy). We have investigated the cell types involved in
      outgrowth from human Tenon's layer explants in culture. Outgrowth from explants
      maintained in fetal bovine serum (5%) and fibroblast conditioned medium (25%)
      consisted of endothelial cells exhibiting factor VIII antibody staining and were
      located to sectioned capillary ends. In media supplemented with human serum
      (10%), fibroblast outgrowth was observed from the entire perimeter of explants.
      The mitogenic stimulus of human serum on fibroblasts, monitored by 3H-thymidine
      uptake, was dose-dependent and accompanied by a 200% increase in inositol
      phosphate production. 5HT induced a significant increase in fibroblast
      proliferation and 5HT receptor antagonism with methysergide (20 microM) reduced
      serum-induced mitogenesis by 30%. These findings support the role of fibroblasts
      in failure of filtration surgery for glaucoma and suggest a role for 5HT in serum
      derived Tenon's fibroplasia.

PMID- 1811279
TI  - Effects of combination therapy with low-dose aspirin and warfarin on platelet
      functions after heart valve replacement.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with aspirin and
      warfarin for preventing the development of thromboembolism, we compared the
      effects of low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day) on platelet functions to those of
      ticlopidine (300 mg/day) in heart valve replacement patients. Experiments were
      performed in two groups; the first group within 1 month after operation (the
      unstable period) and the second group between 3 months and 3 years after
      operation (the stable period). At the stable period, low-dose aspirin inhibited
      platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, or arachidonic acid, and
      suppressed the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) induced by
      thrombin significantly. On the other hand, ticlopidine inhibited platelet
      aggregation induced by ADP or collagen, but did not suppress arachidonic acid
      induced aggregation and the thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i increase. At the unstable
      period, the combination therapy of low-dose aspirin plus warfarin did not prolong
      the bleeding time compared to ticlopidine plus warfarin. And low-dose aspirin
      inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen or epinephrine, and
      especially blocked arachidonic acid-induced aggregation. Ticlopidine inhibited
      ADP-, collagen- or U-46619-induced aggregation, but did not affect on the
      increase in [Ca2+]i induced by thrombin. From the results in this study, we
      suggest that the combination therapy with low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day) and
      warfarin is safe as an antithrombotic medication in heart valve replacement, and
      results in the inhibition of platelet functions without any side effect calling
      for special mention at the early unstable period after operation.

PMID- 1811282
TI  - Different distribution of cadmium in the liver supernatant between in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - Distribution of cadmium (Cd) in liver supernatant was examined by gel filtration
      chromatography after injecting Cd intravenously into female Wistar rats and also
      by adding Cd in vitro into the control supernatant. Supernatants were analyzed on
      an HPLC Asahipak GST-520 column and on-line ICP (inductively coupled argon plasma
      atomic emission spectrometer) analysis of the eluate (HPLC-ICP). The relative
      intensity of the three main Cd-associated peaks changed with time after injection
      of Cd into rats. The three peaks were tentatively assigned as Cd-binding protein
      I and -II (Cd-BP-I and -II) and metallothionein (MT) in the order of respective
      elution from the column. Relative affinities of Cd for the three peaks were
      determined by injecting different doses of Cd into rats as follows: MT greater
      than Cd-BP-II greater than Cd-BP-I. Cd-BP-II was assigned as the major Cd-BP
      other than MT in the liver supernatant and it contained zinc that can be replaced
      by Cd. Comparison between the in vivo and in vitro Cd distributions indicated
      that the former distribution is not reproducible under any in vitro conditions
      examined and the latter distribution is dependent mostly upon incubation
      temperature.

PMID- 1811283
TI  - Binding of cadmium to alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver before induction of
      metallothionein.
AB  - The cadmium-binding protein (Cd-BP) with the highest affinity to Cd other than
      metallothionein (MT) is assumed to be the target molecule for the toxicity of Cd
      and one of the major zinc (Zn)-containing proteins in the liver supernatant of
      rats has been identified as the Cd-BP before induction of MT. In the present
      study the Zn-containing Cd-BP was assumed to be alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from
      the similarity in several characteristic properties such as molecular size,
      isoelectric point, Zn content and enzyme activity. Zn bound to non-active site in
      ADH was replaced with Cd both in vivo and in vitro. Cd bound to ADH to an extent
      more than the replacement in vitro and the enzyme activity was decreased in vitro
      by Cd. However, the ADH enzyme activity was not affected in vivo despite the
      replacement of Zn with Cd and binding of Cd to ADH. This difference was explained
      by the weaker affinity of Cd to the active site than the other binding sites for
      Cd in other high molecular weight proteins. The result also suggested that ADH
      sequesters Cd temporally before induction of MT and reduces the toxicity of Cd
      without being affected its enzyme activity and that the target molecules for the
      toxicity are other Cd-BPs.

PMID- 1811284
TI  - In-vivo effects of amrinone and milrinone on left ventricular dP/dt,
      intraventricular pressure and heart rate in pentobarbital-anesthetized guinea
      pigs.
AB  - The cardiovascular properties of amrinone and milrinone were investigated in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized guinea pigs (in vivo). A 19g needle, attached to a
      pressure transducer, was inserted through the chest wall into the left ventricle.
      Continuous monitoring of intraventricular pressure and heart rate was recorded.
      The first derivative of this pressure pulse was dP/dt, an index of inotropic
      state. At a dose of 500 ug/Kg, amrinone given intravenously caused an increase in
      the rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt) by 28.7 +/- 7.8% (from
      928 +/- 34 to 119 +/- 73 mm Hg/sec., p less than 0.05). At 50 ug/Kg, milrinone
      (i.v.) caused an increase in the left ventricular peak positive dP/dt by 15.3 +/-
      3.4 (from 942 +/- 24 to 1086 +/- 32 mm Hg/sec., P less than 0.001). Both amrinone
      and milrinone, in addition to vasodilating effect, exerted a concentration
      related manner with these positive inotropic actions.

PMID- 1811285
TI  - Elevation of serum group II phospholipase A2 in patients with cancers of
      digestive organs.
AB  - We demonstrated the elevation of serum Group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in 56.5%
      of patients with cancers of digestive organs. The elevation of serum Group II
      PLA2 was more frequently seen in patients with advanced or metastasized cancer
      than in those with early cancer (66.7 vs. 35.0%). There was no correlation
      between serum Group II PLA2 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in these patients.
      A combined assay of Group II PLA2 and CEA increased the sensitivity of detection
      of all, early and advanced cancers from 37.1, 15.0 and 47.6% with CEA alone to
      71.0, 45.0 and 83.3%, respectively.

PMID- 1811286
TI  - Gastric juice and analysis of basal and stimulated secretion following treatment
      with rice-bran oil.
AB  - In determining whether rice-bran oil (RBO) has antisecretory activity, we induced
      stress ulcers in 20 Wistar rats (10 controls; 10 animals given 0.2 ml/day RBO
      orally for 4 days prior to ulcer induction). In turn, we analyzed gastric juice
      for histamine, pepsin, H+ concentration ([H+]) and output volume. A second,
      complementary study was made of basal and stimulated gastric secretion through
      continuous "in vivo" recording of output. Secretion was stimulated with
      increasing doses of histamine, betanechol and pentagastrin. Ninety-four rats were
      used (47 controls and 47 rats given 0.2 ml/day RBO orally for 4 days prior to
      gastric output evaluation). The results were evaluated by the Student t-test.
      Ulcer index in the RBO-treated rats was significantly lower than among the
      controls (p less than 0.01), as also reflected by a significantly greater
      decrease in [H+] among the RBO-treated rats (p less than 0.05). However, no
      significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters. Continuous
      recording of basal gastric output showed a significant decrease in [H+] among the
      RBO-treated rats (p less than 0.01). Following histamine stimulation, [H+] was
      likewise significantly lower among the RBO-treated rats than in the controls.
      However, no significant differences were observed following stimulation with
      either betanechol or pentagastrin. RBO contains a high percentage of unsaturated
      fats; the latter act as precursors in the synthesis of arachidonic acid, which in
      turn is the essential precursor of prostaglandins--established inhibitors of
      gastric secretion. RBO also contains antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol, which
      may likewise stimulate the synthesis of prostaglandins. RBO likely acts by
      increasing prostaglandin output, thus interfering with gastric HCl production.

PMID- 1811287
TI  - Overview of hemostasis and thrombosis.

PMID- 1811288
TI  - Neurologic complications of clotting disorders.

PMID- 1811289
TI  - Sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 1811290
TI  - Antiphospholipid antibodies and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 1811291
TI  - Thrombosis and the heart.
AB  - The heart is an important site for thrombus formation and cardioembolic events
      are a frequent cause of stroke. Many cardiac factors may contribute to the risk
      of cardioembolism. Clinicians must be mindful that those cardiac disorders most
      likely to cause cardioembolic events include atrial fibrillation, left
      ventricular dysfunction, valvular heart disease, and structural cardiac
      abnormalities. The presence of many such conditions mandates the use of specific
      preventive therapies. Improved diagnostic methods, particularly TEE, now allow
      more accurate identification and follow-up of potential cardiac sources. Embolus
      detection monitoring has the potential to allow in vivo identification of embolic
      events and offers the possibility of objective longitudinal assessment of the
      impact of therapy. Intravascular ultrasound is an invasive test, but it may
      eventually allow the most accurate evaluation of the cardiac chambers. New
      therapies, and new combinations of currently available compounds, may ultimately
      offer more specific and efficacious alternatives to prevent formation of cardiac
      thrombus and subsequent cardioembolism. The importance of the heart-brain
      relationship in stroke has finally been appreciated. Improved understanding of
      this complex interrelationship will have great impact on clinical practice in the
      future.

PMID- 1811293
TI  - Thrombolytic intervention in acute thrombotic and embolic stroke.

PMID- 1811292
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 1811294
TI  - Intracranial hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 1811295
TI  - Subarachnoid fibrinolytic treatment for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 1811296
TI  - Cerebrovascular manifestations of selected hematologic diseases.

PMID- 1811297
TI  - Writing for lefty.

PMID- 1811298
TI  - [Oxyology].

PMID- 1811300
TI  - [Physiopathology of cardio-circulatory accidents].
AB  - The cardio-circulatory system is a transportation system which allows the oxygen
      to be brought to the organs and eliminates the carbon dioxide produced by these
      organs. It includes the heart and the vessels. The quantity of blood pulsed by
      the heart is called cardiac output (approximately 51/mn for an adult). When the
      needs in oxygen increase (exercise), the cardiac output increases. That increase
      is mostly related to an increase of the cardiac frequency (tachycardia). The
      vessels oppose a certain resistance to the blood flow. An inverse relation exist
      between cardiac output and vascularly resistance: physiologically, when one
      increases the other decreases and reciprocally. The mechanism and the
      symptomatology of cardio-circulatory accidents can be explained by alterations of
      the cardiac output and/or the vascularly resistances.

PMID- 1811299
TI  - [Duties of the dentist in emergencies].
AB  - Dental or medical practice is ruled by legal texts (Code Civil--Code Penal), that
      are well defined and have to be known by all the practitioners. More capacity
      leads to more responsibility of each. Then it belongs to us to harmonize
      juridical capacity and individual competency.

PMID- 1811301
TI  - [Physiopathology of respiratory accidents].
AB  - The physiopathology of respiratory accident will be discussed after a short
      summary of the respiratory system anatomy and its function at rest. The second
      part of this article will review the main reasons for respiratory deficiencies
      which are classified in four chapters: attack of the diaphragm attack of the wall
      attack of the respiratory tracts attack of the alveolo-capillary exchange The
      principal consequences, hypoxia and hypercapnia will be seen in the conclusion.

PMID- 1811302
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary arrest].
AB  - Cardiopulmonary arrest is an acute emergency characterized by the absence of
      central pulse and ventilatory movements. Only the fast intervention of a
      resuscitation unit allows in some cases to preserve the vital prognostic. However
      its action can be efficient only if resuscitation gestures have been undertaken
      as soon as the cardiopulmonary arrest is established by the practitioner. These
      gestures are chest compressions and artificial ventilation. Their efficiency can
      be increased by the use of a simple and inexpensive oxygen therapy equipment.

PMID- 1811303
TI  - [Angina pectoris and hypertension].
AB  - Angina pectoris results from an insufficient flow of oxygen to the myocardia
      cells. It is not an unusual complication in the dental office, the most frequent
      factors that trigger angina are: -stress, -pain, -exercise. The treatment
      consists in providing oxygen and vasodilators. Hypertension is characterized by
      an increase in the diastolic arterial blood pressure over 120 mmHg and by other
      clinical manifestations. Stress, pain, and exercise are the most frequent factors
      responsible for hypertensive disease. Hypertensive disease can lead to various
      complications ranging from a headache to myocardial infarct or hemiplegia.
      Treatment consists of different types of vasodilators.

PMID- 1811304
TI  - [Asthmatic crisis].
AB  - Attack of asthma (bronchospasm) is a group of sharp breathing manifestations. It
      can appear in an asthmatic patient or in a patient who has not asthmatic
      antecedents. It exists a large variety of clinic forms: breathing, neuro-psychic
      and cardio-circulatory signs. In front of a bronchospasm, oxygenation has
      priority. The practitioner can use medicinal therapeutics like corticoids and
      must supervise ventilation.

PMID- 1811305
TI  - [Allergic manifestations].
AB  - Physiologic principles, mediators, drugs and biologic agents involved in allergic
      reactions such as skin eruptions, local swelling and anaphylaxis are exposed.
      Then, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and preventive modalities are
      described.

PMID- 1811306
TI  - [Hypoglycemia].
AB  - After vagal collapsus, hypoglycemia is the emergency most often seen in the
      dental office. It usually happens among the treated diabetic population; there
      are approximately one million diabetics in France. Its sudden appearance requires
      an emergency treatment with oral or IV intake of glucose, or the injection of
      glucagon. Hypoglycemia is defined by a drop of the blood glucose level below the
      normal values. Of sudden onset, the clinical signs of hypoglycemia can vary,
      specially the neurological and psychiatric manifestations, and they can lead to a
      coma. The objective diagnosis relies on the blood glucose level.

PMID- 1811308
TI  - [Behavioral disturbances and psychosomatic manifestations].
AB  - The psychological and psychiatrical behaviour troubles and the psychosomatical
      manifestations are very frequent in dental and oral surgery practice. Their
      variable expression is sometimes confuse for the practitioner who should quickly
      find the differential diagnosis with the imperative medical emergency. His
      attitude must be quiet and kind, still watching over the vital functions and
      waiting for the more frequent spontaneous favourable evolution.

PMID- 1811307
TI  - [Tetany crisis].
AB  - The acute crisis of tetany appears generally on spasmophilic backgrounds,
      triggered most often by stress and anxiety. Always benign, it can however be
      quite annoying because of its length. The authors study that crisis successively
      from an etiological, therapeutical and preventive point of view.

PMID- 1811309
TI  - [Emergency actions].
AB  - This statement takes stock of the gestual behaviour to have since the emergence
      of neurological, ventilatory or cardio-circulatory distresses able to compromise
      the vital prognosis of a patient. All the techniques which are described are
      first emergency techniques, destined to Dental Surgeons in the exercise of their
      profession.

PMID- 1811310
TI  - [Translaryngeal trocar, alternative to tracheotomy in the dental office].
AB  - The emergency tracheotomy is indicated when there is a respiratory distress
      caused by the complete obstruction of the upper airway and when the etiological
      and symptomatic treatments have failed. However, it is not an easy procedure for
      a non specialist outside the hospital environment. The translaryngeal stem
      maintains a minimal ventilation while waiting for the emergency medical unit.

PMID- 1811311
TI  - [Indispensible resuscitation equipment].
AB  - The authors belong to Medical Urgency Service of the Firemen Brigade of Paris.
      They detailed the indispensable material for cardio-respiratory reanimation that
      they use during their interventions.

PMID- 1811312
TI  - [The place of the dentist in the chain of care. The call].
AB  - After a short summary of the circumstances that can arise a call for help, this
      article describes the different organisms able to intervene in case of an
      emergency situation: medical emergency units, firemen, other organisms and the
      means to contact them. The modalities of this call and its minimal and
      indispensable content are then repeated. The modalities are on one side
      description of the emergency situation and on the other side the geographical
      informations. When the message received, the organism called can adapt the means
      that need to be send to the emergency situation and can manage to send them on
      location as soon as possible.

PMID- 1811313
TI  - Sleep variability across consecutive nights of home monitoring in older mixed
      DIMS patients.
AB  - Twenty patients with difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) were
      monitored in their homes for three consecutive nights using ambulatory
      polysomnography (PSG). Following each night of monitoring, patients provided
      subjective ratings of sleep disturbance and tolerance of the PSG equipment.
      Friedman analyses of variance performed on the objective and subjective
      parameters showed that the sample, as a whole, evidenced no systematic first
      night effects (FNE) in response to monitoring. Inspection of the data from each
      individual subject, nevertheless, showed that half of the sample did experience
      multiple FNE. Further, several scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory discriminated those patients who showed multiple FNE from those who did
      not. However, far more striking was the finding that clinically and statistically
      significant intrasubject variability across nights was observed for each sleep
      parameter measured. Given this finding, a single ambulatory PSG study may not
      fully convey the nature of the sleep disturbance experienced by the DIMS patient
      even when FNE are absent. We thus, recommend multiple ambulatory sleep studies
      for those clinical and research situations in which it is necessary to document
      patients' night-to-night sleep variability. In contrast, when the goal of the PSG
      study is that of determining a sleep diagnosis, a single ambulatory study, in
      combination with other clinical data, may be sufficient.

PMID- 1811314
TI  - Sleep quality subtypes in midlife women.
AB  - Eighty-two midlife women (40-59 years) were classified as poor or good sleepers
      according to either self-reported sleep quality or a sleep efficiency index (SEI)
      criterion, for comparison of wakefulness, fragmentation and other somnographic
      sleep variables; as well as psychological (SCL-90) and somatic symptom distress.
      When classified solely by self-report, the good and poor sleeper groups did not
      differ on any somnographic variables but self-declared poor sleepers had higher
      psychological distress scores than good sleepers (p less than or equal to 0.01).
      When classified solely by the SEI criterion, the good and poor sleepers did not
      differ on psychological distress but, as expected, differed on various
      somnographic wakefulness as well as rapid eye movement and stage 2 sleep
      variables. Further analysis of four subgroups derived by combining objective and
      subjective, good and poor sleep scores indicated that 15% of this sample (n = 12)
      perceived but had no objective evidence of poor sleep, and this group scored
      highest in psychological distress. Only seven women perceived poor sleep in
      concert with demonstrating low SEI. They scored highest in menopausal symptoms
      but not in general psychological distress.

PMID- 1811315
TI  - Enhancement of potassium ion activity in cat hippocampus during REM sleep.
AB  - During slow-wave sleep, extracellular potassium ion activity in the dorsal
      hippocampus of the cat was comparable to that during quiet wakefulness. During
      rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it showed a gradual increase by 0.2-0.3 mM in the
      CA1 pyramidal layer and its close vicinity. No phasic increase was observed when
      REM bursts occurred. The enhanced K+ activity during REM sleep is considered to
      reflect the overall activity of the neurons in the pyramidal layer.

PMID- 1811316
TI  - Relative and combined effects of heat and noise exposure on sleep in humans.
AB  - In a counter-balanced design, the effects of daytime and/or nighttime exposure to
      heat and/or traffic noise on night sleep were studied in eight healthy young men.
      During the day, the subjects were exposed to baseline condition (ambient
      temperature = 20 degrees C; no noise) or to both heat (35 degrees C) and noise.
      The duration of the daytime exposure was 8 h ending 5 h before sleep onset. The
      following nights, the subjects slept either in undisturbed (20 degrees C; no
      noise) or in noise, heat, or noise plus heat-disturbed environments. During the
      day, the various types of traffic noise were distributed at a rate of 48/h with
      peak intensities ranging between 79 and 86 dB(A). The background noise level was
      at 45 dB(A). At night, the peak intensities were reduced by 15 dB(A), the rate
      was diminished to 9/h, and the background noise was at 30 dB(A).
      Electrophysiological measures of sleep and esophageal and mean skin temperatures
      were continuously recorded. The results showed that both objective and subjective
      measures of sleep were more disturbed by heat than by noise. The thermal load had
      a larger impact on sleep quality than on sleep architecture. In the nocturnal hot
      condition, total sleep time decreased while duration of wakefulness, number of
      sleep stage changes, stage 1 episodes, number of awakenings, and transitions
      toward waking increased. An increase in the frequency of transient activation
      phases was also found in slow-wave sleep and in stage 2. In the nocturnal noise
      condition, only total number of sleep stage changes, changes to waking, and
      number of stage 1 episodes increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811317
TI  - Sleeping with and without norepinephrine: effects of metoclopramide and D,L-threo
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine on sleep in dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - Sleep characteristics are presented for two female patients (aged 21 and 31
      years) with central and peripheral dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency.
      This deficiency results in the absence of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and their
      metabolites in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations of
      dopamine are increased. The sleep pattern of these patients was studied when they
      were untreated, after blockade of central dopamine receptors with metoclopramide,
      and after restoring norepinephrine production with D,L-threo-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS). When the patients were untreated sleep duration was
      normal, with tendencies of a decreased amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,
      presence of alpha-delta sleep, and an increased amount of slow-wave sleep. The
      amount of REM sleep varied between 18 and 21% of sleep period time.
      Administration of metoclopramide resulted in a slight reduction of REM sleep to
      16-17%, whereas wakefulness after sleep onset increased. During treatment with
      DOPS, an increase in the amount of REM sleep was observed in both patients to an
      average amount of 27%. These data indicate that in patients with DBH deficiency
      norepinephrine is not essential for the development of a normal sleep/wake
      pattern but may have a facilitatory role in the generation of REM sleep.

PMID- 1811318
TI  - Arousals induced by proximal esophageal reflux in infants.
AB  - We investigated whether acid reflux in the proximal esophagus can induce arousal
      from sleep in infants. Fifty normal infants with occasional regurgitations were
      studied at the age of 8 weeks (range 4-26 weeks). In each child a pH probe was
      placed in the proximal portion of the thoracic esophagus, in front of the third
      vertebra, under radiologic control. Polygraphic monitoring of state of alertness
      and of proximal esophageal pH changes was recorded continuously during one night.
      The data were analyzed blind. For 41 of the 50 infants, a total of 97 drops below
      pH 4 was computed. Reflux was more frequently associated with wakefulness (41% of
      the episodes), or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (39%), than with nonREM (19%) or
      indeterminate sleep (1%). Comparing the fifth and the last minutes preceding the
      pH drops, a significant increase in the number of behavioral arousals was
      observed (p = 0.003). In comparison with the minute before the drop in esophageal
      pH, a further significant increase in the number of arousals occurred during the
      first minutes following the pH drop (p = 0.001). Although the first minutes
      following the 97 episodes of reflux represented only 0.4% of the total sleep
      time, 76% of all arousals (74 out of 97) took place during this time period (p =
      0.001). Five minutes after the pH drops, the behavioral changes tended to return
      to prereflux values. It is concluded that in infants, during sleep, proximal
      gastroesophageal reflux can act as a strong arousal stimulus.

PMID- 1811319
TI  - Real-time automated sleep scoring: validation of a microcomputer-based system for
      mice.
AB  - Long-term circadian studies of sleep and wakefulness in rodents have been
      hindered by the labor required to analyze long polygraph records. To expedite
      such studies, we have designed and implemented SCORE, a microcomputer-based real
      time sleep scoring system for rodents. The electroencephalograph is digitized in
      10-s epochs at 100 Hz. Frequency and amplitude information from the waveform are
      extracted into a 48-dimension vector that is then compared to previously taught
      vectors representing the canonical features of four arousal states: wakefulness,
      theta-dominated wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and nonREM (NREM)
      sleep. Match values are assigned for each state to each epoch; after excluding
      states based on wheel-running or drinking activity data, the nonexcluded state
      with the best match value for the epoch is scored. Analysis of over 23,000 epochs
      for four mice yielded an overall agreement of 94.0% between two human scorers and
      the program, compared with a 94.5% agreement between the two human scorers. The
      SCORE algorithm matched the human concensus best for wakefulness (97.8%) and NREM
      sleep (94.7%), but was lower for REM sleep (75.2%) and theta-dominated
      wakefulness (83.3%). Most errors in scoring of REM sleep were in close temporal
      proximity to human-scored REM epochs. SCORE is capable of scoring arousal states
      for eight animals simultaneously in real time on a standard IBM PC equipped with
      a commercially available analog-to-digital conversion board, and should
      considerably facilitate the performance of long-term studies of sleep and
      wakefulness in the rodent.

PMID- 1811320
TI  - The distribution of slow-wave sleep across the night: a comparison for infants,
      children, and adults.
AB  - This study describes the temporal distribution of slow-wave sleep (SWS) (defined
      as the visually scored stages 3 + 4) across the night for 16 infants aged between
      20 weeks and 1 year, 17 children between 1 and 6 years, and 17 adults between 20
      and 36 years. In all three groups the amounts of SWS peaked during the first
      nonrapid eye movement (NREM) episode. SWS decreased across the night for adults
      and children, but not for infants. In infants the amounts of SWS remained at a
      fairly constant level from the second cycle onward, although many cycles were
      observed with zero SWS. The latter was evident from the very low tendency for SWS
      to appear in consecutive NREM/REM cycles. Rather, SWS was observed in alternate
      cycles. In children this phenomenon was less prominent but still well visible,
      and the tendency for SWS to appear in consecutive cycles had increased. In adults
      SWS occurred predominantly in consecutive cycles. The results suggest that
      whereas REM recurrence time increases twofold from infancy to adulthood, SWS
      recurrence time remains of similar length in infants, children, and adults.

PMID- 1811321
TI  - Sleep and apnea in the elderly: reliability and validity of 24-hour recordings in
      the home.
AB  - Two studies investigated the reliability and validity of measures of sleep and
      apnea using the home sleep monitoring system (HMS), which requires no
      instrumentation of the subject. From a pressure-sensitive pad on the subject's
      bed, signals from respiration and motility are recorded. These are scored for
      sleep and the occurrence of apneas, and the following measures are obtained: time
      in bed, total sleep time, number of awakenings from sleep, waking after sleep
      onset, sleep efficiency, and number of apneas. Overnight recordings of 14 adults
      were made concurrently with polysomnographic recordings in the New Haven Sleep
      Disorders Center. Significant agreement was found for each sleep measure and the
      apnea index. Four weekly 24-h recordings were made of eight elderly women, aged
      62 to 90, in the home. There were significant individual differences and
      measurement reliability for each sleep measure and number of apneas. Some of the
      elderly showed highly episodic sleep patterns; and three of them showed high and
      variable apneas over the four weeks. These studies indicate the potential of the
      HMS for characterizing sleep in the elderly from nonintrusive, naturalistic
      observations in the home.

PMID- 1811322
TI  - A sensitive air pressure-measuring transducer for indirect middle ear muscle
      recording in humans.
AB  - In the past, the recording of middle ear muscle activity (MEMA) during sleep was
      accomplished with the use of the acoustic impedance bridge (AIB). However, two
      major concerns with this technique are: 1. augmentation of MEMA (and possible
      impairment of the auditory apparatus), as a consequence of the 85-95 dB probe
      tone, which is necessary for acoustic tympanometry; 2. the AIB recording method
      is susceptible to snoring artifact so that determination of true MEMA events is
      difficult. By utilizing a highly sensitive air-pressure measuring transducer
      (AMPT), we were able to record MEMA accurately without artifactual stimulation of
      this endogenously occurring REM sleep phasic activity. Possible damage to inner
      ear structures is precluded because no sound input is required with the AMPT.

PMID- 1811323
TI  - Status dissociatus--a perspective on states of being.
AB  - During the course of routine clinical study, it has become apparent that the all
      or-none concept of state determination (wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement sleep,
      rapid eye movement sleep) does not always exist, and that ambiguous, multiple, or
      rapid oscillation of state-determining variables appear in a wide variety of
      experimental and clinical situations. Six cases of extreme state dissociation are
      presented, with a review of the human and animal clinical and experimental
      literature. This multiple component concept of state determination must be kept
      in mind when pharmacologic or lesion studies are employed to suppress one or
      another state. Such manipulation may suppress some of the commonly used markers
      for that state (i.e., polygraphic) without affecting other variables of that
      state. The existence of mixed states will be a challenge to the development of
      automated computerized polysomnogram scoring.

PMID- 1811324
TI  - Sleep-induced masticatory myoclonus: a rare parasomnia associated with insomnia.
AB  - Tonic and rhythmic activity of the masticatory muscles accompanied by a loud and
      grating or clicking sound characterizes bruxism, a well-recognized parasomnia. We
      describe a 63-year-old man who complained of insomnia due to repeated tongue
      nibbling during sleep. Nocturnal polysomnographic recordings showed brief (50-100
      ms) myoclonic jerks of myloioideus and masseter muscles occurring during phase 1
      of sleep and leading to troublesome tongue nibbling with arousal of the patient.
      Hypnograms showed reduction of phase 2 and absent phases 3-4 and REM. Different
      pharmacological treatments including clomipramine, benzodiazepines, and
      carbamazepine were ineffective. A purposive interdental plate was placed to
      prevent jaw closings during sleep: masticatory myoclonus still persisted, but it
      did not provoke arousals; insomnia disappeared and night hypnograms improved.

PMID- 1811325
TI  - Appropriate statistics for interrater reliability in sleep studies.

PMID- 1811327
TI  - Bibliography of recent literature in sleep research.

PMID- 1811326
TI  - Historical note: The American Board of Sleep Medicine.

PMID- 1811328
TI  - Evaluation of the effectivity of Nitromint spray in comparison with sublingual
      tablet in emergency and ambulance practice.
AB  - The effect of Nitromint sublingual tablet and Nitromint aerosol (EGIS) has been
      studied in ambulance practice. Both drug forms relieved or controlled the
      complaints and symptoms, and proved to be effective in a great number of cases.
      Due to it's easier storage and easier applicability the aerosol is more
      advantageous than the sublingual tablet. Occasionally the simultaneous use of the
      two products is also beneficial. Supposedly the indication field of nitroglycerin
      will be extended in the near future and Nitromint preparations will be used in
      oxyology also for controlling other clinical conditions in which smooth muscle
      spasm has a major role.

PMID- 1811329
TI  - Use of Nizoral cream in dermatomycoses.
AB  - Nizoral cream containing ketoconazole was studied in 56 patients suffering from
      different dermatomycoses. In cases of uncertain clinical symptoms microscopic
      examination and cultivation were also performed to establish a diagnosis.
      According to the author's observations, in the treatment of mycotic skin diseases
      Nizoral cream proved to be generally as effective as the other currently used
      antimycotics.

PMID- 1811330
TI  - Observations with Paxirasol nasal spray therapy following open heart operations.
AB  - The effect of Paxirasol nasal spray (EGIS) has been examined in 25 patients
      following open heart surgery. In 18 of the patients increased secretion, in 7
      crusting due to dryness of mucosa were observed as accompanying symptoms. These
      symptoms ceased in response to Paxirasol therapy, in the former cases within one
      week, in the latter ones within two weeks. The drug was applied in daily 3-5
      times 1-mg (3-5 x 5 puffs) doses.

PMID- 1811331
TI  - Several years of observation with Mydeton in the treatment of lockjaw.
AB  - Several years' observations with the muscle relaxant Mydeton (150 mg coated
      tablet) in the treatment of lockjaw of different etiology have been discussed.
      The trismus relieving action of the drug was proved by objective examinations. It
      has been concluded that Mydeton is of high therapeutic value in relieving
      muscular spasms of the maxillofocal region of different etiology and it may be
      used without risk in both hospitalized cases and outpatients.

PMID- 1811332
TI  - Use of triphasic Tri-Regol tablet in women of borderline age.
AB  - Tri-Regol, a triphasic oral contraceptive tablet, has been used by 52 young and
      premenopausal fertile women during 189 cycles. Pregnancy was not observed,
      complication did not occur, none of the women discontinued the treatment because
      of health reasons. The women of both borderline age groups tolerated the tablet
      well which even exerted a therapeutic effect by controlling partly puberal cycle
      anomalies, partly premenopausal complaints. According to the author's opinion Tri
      Regol is a valuable contraceptive for borderline age groups and may be useful as
      hormone therapy in certain cases.

PMID- 1811333
TI  - Use of Cosilat food preparation in paediatric practice.
AB  - Cosilat is the sole Hungarian therapeutic food preparation which may be
      successfully used in several clinical conditions due to it's hydrolyzed protein
      and MCT fat content and the absence of lactose. In infancy it may be given
      orally, in older children in form of tube feeding. The authors have reported on
      their observations in healthy and diseased children. The required weight gain
      could be obtained with Cosilat in all examined groups. Side-effects were not
      observed. They recommend the use of the formula for the treatment of premature
      infants and in postoperative and malabsorption cases as well. All clinical
      conditions in which the use of Cosilat may be justified because of it's
      composition are described in the report.

PMID- 1811334
TI  - Physician writers--writer physicians.

PMID- 1811335
TI  - Anticoagulant properties of a fucoidan fraction.
AB  - Fucoidans are a family of high molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides in the
      Mr range 8 x 10(5) -10(6), widely dispersed in brown seaweed cell wall. When
      extracted from several brown algae, they exhibit anticoagulant properties. The
      chemical degradation of a crude extract, from Pelvetia canaliculata, was
      undertaken to obtain a low molecular weight polysaccharide (Mr 20,000 +/- 5,000)
      with the purpose of a possible clinical use. Its anticoagulant potency was
      investigated through the inhibition of factor IIa and factor Xa in the presence
      of antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II. The degraded fucoidan revealed a
      potent antithrombin activity: studied in an antithrombin III depleted plasma or
      in the presence of purified heparin cofactor II, the fucoidan was as efficient as
      heparin and dermatan sulphate on heparin cofactor II potentiation, at the same
      concentration by weight. In whole plasma or in the presence of the purified
      inhibitor, an anti-factor IIa activity mediated by antithrombin III was detected
      (30 times less potent than for heparin, on a weight to weight basis). In
      contrast, no anti-factor Xa activity was detected in the presence of the degraded
      fucoidan, under the same experimental conditions. These fucoidans, by-products of
      alginates preparation in the food and cosmetologic industries, are obtained
      easily. Thus, they may represent a cheap and easy source of a new type of
      anticoagulants.

PMID- 1811337
TI  - Fish and fish oil intake: effect on haematological variables related to
      cardiovascular disease.
AB  - To investigate the effects of practical amounts of n-3 highly-unsaturated fatty
      acids (HUFA) on a number of parameters involved in haemostasis, 12 healthy men
      were fed three diets in a 3 x 3 cross-over design. The diets, fed as the evening
      meal for 6-week periods, were: Control diet (essentially fish-free), Fish diet
      (200 g/d of lean Australian fish flesh) and the same fish-based diet but
      supplemented with 5 g/d fish oil (Fish + Oil). The diets supplied about 0, 0.6,
      and 2.0 g n-3 HUFA/d, respectively. Relative to the Control diet, the number of
      circulating leukocytes was significantly reduced after both the Fish and Fish +
      Oil diets (by 13% and 15%, respectively). This reduction occurred in the number
      of neutrophils, although this did not reach significance on the Fish diet alone.
      Platelet count fell on the Fish + Oil diet (by 6%) but not on the Fish diet
      alone. There was an apparent enhancement of fibrinolytic potential after both
      fish-containing diets, which tended to be accentuated with the fish oil
      supplementation. The mechanisms underlying some if not all of these observations
      may be eicosanoid-mediated as indicated by a diminution in the platelet
      arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) ratios after the
      Fish + Oil (13.7 +/- 1.8) and Fish (34.4 +/- 8.9) diets relative to the Control
      diet (66.1 +/- 15.6). These data suggest that a practical amount of lean fish can
      improve certain haematological parameters implicated in the etiology of
      cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 1811336
TI  - The anticoagulant effect in heparinized blood and plasma resulting from
      interactions with extrinsic pathway inhibitor.
AB  - The influence of Extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) on global clotting times of
      plasma was studied using activity-blocking IgG antibodies. Dilute tissue
      thromboplastin (TP) clotting times in plasma collected after intravenous
      injection of heparin were dramatically shortened by the addition of anti-EPI IgG.
      Anti-EPI IgG shortened the TP times to a lesser degree in plasma heparinized in
      vitro. Compared to plasma heparinized in vitro, the TP clotting times were
      markedly prolonged in post-heparin plasma of equal heparin concentration.
      Addition of anti-antithrombin IgG reduced the clotting times somewhat more than
      did anti-EPI IgG, particularly in normal plasma. In plasma from patients with
      cancer, about equal effect was obtained by blocking either EPI or antithrombin.
      These clotting time studies suggested that much of the anticoagulant effect
      caused by injection of heparin depended on EPI. This was confirmed by recording
      the release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), as marker of thrombin generation,
      following addition of TP and CaCl2 to citrated blood. Thrombin generation was
      delayed and markedly reduced in post-heparin blood compared to that in normal
      blood. After incubating post-heparin citrated blood with anti-EPI IgG, the
      generation of FPA was more rapid; the amounts released 30 seconds after addition
      of TP were 6 times greater (36 vs 6 ng/ml) than in post-heparin blood without
      anti-EPI IgG. The subsequent FPA values were midway between pre-injection and
      post-heparin values. In conclusion, between one third and one half of the
      inhibition of TP-initiated coagulation in post-heparin plasma depends on EPI.
      This inhibition is mainly due to inactivation of the factor VIIa-TP complex. A
      small, but distinct contributing effect observed in the APTT assay (and hence no
      TP) indicates that even increased inactivation of activated factor X contributes.
      In cancer patients, these EPI-heparin interactions contribute even more to the
      anticoagulant effects of heparin.

PMID- 1811339
TI  - Comparison of the separation of bovine heparin by strong anion exchange and by
      gel filtration chromatography.
AB  - Heparin has been fractionated by strong anion exchange chromatography followed by
      elution of the pools on a gel filtration column. This resulted in the expected
      inverse relationship in the elution order for the pools run by the two methods.
      Also chromatography of heparin was performed in the reverse order: gel filtration
      first, followed by anion exchange of the pools. For this order of separation four
      of the five gel filtration pools of different molecular weights eluted at a
      similar LiCl concentration. The specific activities of different pools of heparin
      were evaluated using a colorimetric microwell kinetics assay using antithrombin
      and thrombin. For the pools separated by ion exchange first, there was an
      exponential increase of specific activity with increasing molecular weight for
      all pools. For the pools isolated by gel filtration first, the specific
      activities became level after an initial increase in relation to molecular
      weight. Thus, unique pools of heparin species are being isolated by different
      modes of chromatography.

PMID- 1811338
TI  - Participation of phospholipase A2 in induction of tissue plasminogen activator (t
      PA) production by human fibroblast, IMR-90 cells, stimulated by proteose peptone.
AB  - Proteose peptone (p.peptone) had an ability to induce tissue plasminogen
      activator(t-PA) production by human embryonic lung fibroblast, IMR-90 cells. The
      induction was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The stimulation of
      p.peptone caused uptake of 45Ca2+ by the cells. The presences of both p.peptone
      and Ca2+ in medium were necessary for the continuous induction of t-PA
      production. Hydrocortisone and dexamethasone inhibited t-PA production induced by
      p.peptone. In addition, the inhibitors of phospholipase A2, quinacrine and 4
      bromophenacylbromide, respectively inhibited t-PA production as well as
      glucocorticoids. Conversely, melittin, an activator of phospholipase A2, induced
      t-PA production in a dose-dependent manner. Exogenous phospholipase A2 strongly
      induced t-PA production and also arachidonic acid moderately did in a dose
      dependent manner. P.peptone stimulated the release of radioactive arachidonic
      acid from 3H-arachidonic acid-labeled IMR-90 cells under the presence of Ca2+.
      These results suggest that the induction of t-PA production by p.peptone is
      closely related to the activity of phospholipase A2, that is, the release of
      arachidonic acid from phospholipids in cell membrane.

PMID- 1811340
TI  - Effect of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) on thromboplastin
      induced coagulation of normal and hemophiliac plasmas.
AB  - Lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) is a plasma-derived protein
      that inhibits the tissue factor/factor VIIa/calcium/phospholipid complex in a
      factor Xa-dependent manner. Recombinant LACI (rLACI) added exogenously to plasma
      prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time
      (PT) as a function of rLACI concentration in linear and curvilinear manners,
      respectively. Under these standard assay conditions, the amounts of rLACI
      required to double the APTT and PT were approximately 350- and 90-fold the plasma
      concentration of LACI, respectively. Likewise, addition of antibodies against
      LACI to pooled normal, factor VIII-deficient, or factor IX-deficient plasma had
      no effect on their respective APTTs and PTs, demonstrating the insensitivity of
      these assays to endogenous LACI. The prothrombin time assay was modified by using
      dilute thromboplastin. Unlike the standard prothrombin time assay, the clotting
      times were prolonged for factors VIII- or IX-deficient plasma relative to pooled
      normal plasma in this modified PT assay. Additionally, the degree of factor
      deficiency, as determined by the APTT assay, was correlated with that determined
      by the modified PT assay using dilute thromboplastin. When antibodies against
      LACI were added to pooled normal, factor VIII-deficient, or factor IX-deficient
      plasma and the prothrombin time assay initiated using dilute thromboplastin, the
      clotting times for antibody-treated plasma were shorter than for the
      corresponding plasma in the absence of antibodies. Moreover, the clotting times
      for factors VIII- and IX-deficient plasmas treated with antibodies raised against
      LACI were at least as fast as pooled normal plasma in the absence of LACI
      antibodies when dilute thromboplastin was used to initiate clotting. These
      results suggest that the prothrombin time assay using dilute thromboplastin may
      more accurately reflect what occurs in vivo and that LACI may play an important
      role in the prolonged bleeding of those with hemophilia A or B.

PMID- 1811341
TI  - A miniaturized fibrinolytic assay for plasminogen activators.
AB  - This report describes a micro-clot lysis assay (MCLA) for evaluating fibrinolytic
      activity of plasminogen activators (PA). Fibrin clots were formed in wells of
      microtiter plates. Lysis of the clots by PA, indicated by change in turbidity
      (optical density, OD), was monitored with a microplate reader at five minutes
      intervals. Log-log plots of PA dilution versus endpoint, the time at which the OD
      value was halfway between the maximum and minimum value for each well, were
      linear over a broad range of PA concentrations (2-200 International units/ml).
      The MCLA is a modification and miniaturization of well established fibrinolytic
      methods. The significant practical advantages of the MCLA are that it is a
      simple, relatively sensitive, non-radioactive, quantitative, kinetic,
      fibrinolytic micro-technique which can be automated.

PMID- 1811342
TI  - A computer program for microplate reader interface and analysis of kinetic,
      microclot lysis assays.
AB  - This paper describes the development and use of a program for the APPLE IIe
      computer which records and analyzes data from an automated microplate reader for
      the purpose of determining the time required for clots formed in microplate wells
      to half lyse as determined by optical density readings. The use of this software
      has led to significant savings of technician time over that required for
      nonautomated systems.

PMID- 1811343
TI  - Coagulation activation in liver diseases.
AB  - In liver disorders alterations of the coagulation system are mainly due to a
      reduced synthesis of coagulation proteins. In addition, an enhanced intravascular
      consumption of coagulation factors is discussed controversely in liver diseases.
      By measuring factor IXiAT- and TAT-complexes we tried to find out, whether
      coagulation activation in liver patients leads to activation of the complete
      coagulation cascade followed by DIC or whether in some diseases a futile partial
      coagulation activation develops. In all liver diseases examined, elevated factor
      IXiAT-complexes were demonstrated, while TAT-complexes were only elevated in
      chronic active hepatitis, metabolic decompensated liver cirrhosis and in patients
      suffering from end stage liver disease. We conclude that all liver diseases
      examined lead to an activation of the coagulation cascade. A complete activation
      followed by DIC only occurs in patients with very severe liver disorders.

PMID- 1811344
TI  - Effects of immuno-potent drugs and their association with an unfractionated
      heparin on an experimental venous thrombosis.
AB  - Immuno-potent drugs are largely used in human medicine. The aim of this study was
      to determine the role of two immuno-modulators (sodium diethyl-dithiocarbamate,
      RU 41 740) and two immuno-suppressors (methylprednisolone, cyclosporin A) alone
      or in association with an unfractionated heparin (Calciparin), on an experimental
      venous thrombosis made by vena cava ligation in male Wistar rats. Each immuno
      potent drug was administered for six days before the thrombus induction at the
      same dosage (10mg/kg b.w.), and the Calciparin, used as treatment of the
      thrombosis, was administered two hours after the thrombus induction at the dose
      of 1mg/kg b.w. Immuno-treatment potentiated thrombus formation: the increase in
      thrombus weight was greater with immuno-modulators (43% on average in comparison
      with placebo) than with immuno-suppressors (20%). In association with Calciparin
      the antithrombotic effect was also potentiated and more marked with the immuno
      modulators than with immuno-suppressors. An increase in circulating monocytes was
      observed in all groups whether Calciparin was present or not. Coagulation tests
      were not affected by immuno-therapy. However, immuno-modulators led to an
      inhibition of platelet aggregation. In conclusion, this trial seems to show a
      probable effect of immunological cells in thrombosis and in the antithrombotic
      effect of heparin, but the mechanism involved is not yet determined.

PMID- 1811345
TI  - Comparison of two different methods for the determination of rDNA-hirudin in
      plasma samples: HPLC vs a chromogenic thrombin substrate.

PMID- 1811346
TI  - Increased plasma t-PA activity and urinary PGE2 after repeated oral
      administration of defibrotide to the rat and the mouse.

PMID- 1811347
TI  - Interference of heparin and analogues with hirudin in the chromogenic thrombin
      substrate assay.

PMID- 1811349
TI  - The effect of a protein-bound polysaccharide on T cell subsets of peripheral
      venous blood and thoracic duct lymph.
AB  - To investigate the effect of a protein-polysaccharide preparation, PSK, on immune
      system function, the ratios of peripheral venous blood and thoracic duct
      lymphocyte subsets were determined in 6-week-old male SPF Wistar-Imamichi strain
      rats maintained on a diet containing 2% PSK ad libitum. Peripheral blood and
      thoracic duct lymph specimens were obtained from pretreatment, 4- and 8-week PSK
      treated, and period-matched control groups of rats. The lymphocyte count and
      percentages of helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells were determined
      with a laser flow-cytometry system using monoclonal antibodies W3/13, W3/25 and
      OX8. Compared with the controls, the PSK-treated group showed significantly lower
      total T cell and helper/inducer T cell counts in the peripheral blood, but showed
      no difference in the suppressor/cytotoxic T cell count. However, in the thoracic
      duct, there were significantly increased total T cell and helper/inducer T cell
      counts, but no difference in suppressor/cytotoxic T cell counts compared with the
      controls. These data appear to indicate a significant activity of oral PSK,
      resulting in modulation of lymphocyte distribution in the body by facilitation of
      the transition of circulating T lymphocytes, especially helper/inducer T cells,
      into the lymph.

PMID- 1811348
TI  - Potential thrombogenicity of angiographic contrast agents.

PMID- 1811350
TI  - Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in patients with malignant lymphoproliferative
      disorders.
AB  - One hundred and four patients with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders and
      5,690 control subjects were screened for the presence of Hepatitis B surface
      antigen (HBsAg) in their sera. Lymphoproliferative disorders included in the
      study were acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL),
      chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), Burkitt's lymphoma
      (BL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Screening was done by the Reverse Passive
      Haemagglutination method using the Welcome kit. The percentage antigenaemia in
      the patients and control subjects were 35.6 and 7.7% respectively (p less than
      0.0001). Using the Odds ratio the relative risk was found to be 6.75. The Odds
      ratio for individual disorders ranged from 2.8 to 9.17. The results suggest an
      association between Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia and malignant
      lymphoproliferative disorders and highlights the risk involved in handling
      specimens from the patients.

PMID- 1811352
TI  - Ameliorating effects of conventional therapy on declining renal function in
      patients with diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The beneficial effects of conventional long treatment on declining renal function
      in diabetic nephropathy (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) were
      evaluated retrospectively. One hundred NIDDM patients with overt proteinuria were
      followed for more than three years. Clinical data before and after various
      regimens of treatment were compared statistically. Treatment included a calcium
      antagonist (CaA), alpha-methyl dopa (AMD), an alpha-blocker (ABL), angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), anti-platelet agents (APL), essential amino
      acids (EAA), and an oral absorbent (AST-120). Changes in renal function were
      analyzed by comparing the degree of slopes of regression rate of the reciprocals
      of serum creatinine levels (R1/Cr). Administration of ACEI and EAA resulted in
      R1/Cr improvement after the initiation of treatment (p less than 0.05). It
      appears that the administration of EAA and ACEI are beneficial with regard to
      protection against renal failure in NIDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 1811351
TI  - Eosinophilic peritonitis responding to treatment with glycyrrhizin.
AB  - A 63-year-old man with diabetes mellitus for 15 years was admitted to our
      hospital in 1990 because of end-stage renal failure. Five days after beginning
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) he developed an eosinophilic
      peritonitis (EP). With protein loss in the dialysate and a decreased serum
      albumin level, the patient developed ankle edema. The patient was treated with
      glycyrrhizin, and his EP resolved. It is suggested that an allergic background
      may play an important role in the development of EP in patients on CAPD.

PMID- 1811353
TI  - Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of orotic acid-induced fatty liver.
AB  - Orotic acid-induced fatty livers were examined by biochemical and
      immunohistochemical approaches. Lipid peroxide levels by the thiobarbituric acid
      method and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-PO) activity in the liver homogenates from
      orotic administered rats were similar to those of controls. Immunohistochemical
      localization of GSH-PO in orotic acid-induced fatty liver was mainly observed in
      the portal zone of the hepatic lobules. This staining pattern of GSH-PO was
      similar to that of the controls. No remarkable changes in GSH-PO staining
      patterns were detected in orotic acid-induced fatty liver. Our data strongly
      suggested that no lipid peroxidation is actively involved in the genesis of fatty
      liver due to the administration of orotic acid, and GSH-PO a protective enzyme
      against lipid peroxidation, was not inhibited by orotic acid-induced fatty liver.

PMID- 1811354
TI  - Koch's phenomenon: can it be corrected?

PMID- 1811355
TI  - Prevalence of tuberculosis in Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and the
      Philippines.
AB  - Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in South-East Asia and ranks high in
      the list of causes of morbidity and mortality. There are still many smear
      positive cases, about half a million in Indonesia and almost 400,000 in the
      Philippines, and these are a reservoir of infection. Cooperation between
      countries in this region is required for the control of tuberculosis.

PMID- 1811356
TI  - Factors associated with poor patient compliance with antituberculosis therapy in
      Northwest Perak, Malaysia.
AB  - A retrospective study of factors associated with poor patient compliance with
      antituberculosis therapy was conducted in Taiping, Perak. 219 patients were
      studied. Male patients and hospital referrals were significantly more likely to
      default. Patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis alone had a greater rate of
      default, but this just failed to reach significance (0.05 less than p less than
      0.10). Six of 7 male hospital referrals with tuberculous lymphadenitis alone
      defaulted. Patients treated as outpatients from the start were more compliant.
      Housewives were also highly compliant. It was noticed that patients who defaulted
      tended to do so during early stages of treatment.

PMID- 1811357
TI  - Screening for tuberculosis: current practices and attitudes of hospital workers.
AB  - To examine the current practices and attitudes of health workers to the
      prevention of tuberculosis in our 55-bed chest unit, we investigated the
      tuberculin reactor status, reviewed pre-employment screening and reviewed the
      action taken after contact with tuberculosis by staff members. We assessed all 61
      staff members, including 44 nurses, 1 physiotherapist, 11 doctors and 5 domestic
      workers. 47/61 staff members had had BCG vaccination. Heaf testing revealed 3
      Heaf-negative subjects and, of the remainder, 52 had grade 3 or stronger
      reactions. Only 3/11 doctors, 36/44 nurses and 4/5 domestic workers had had any
      pre-employment screening. No action was taken by any doctor after their last
      contact with tuberculosis, whereas 10/44 nurses and 3/5 domestic workers had had
      chest X-rays. This study shows the low importance with which the risk of
      tuberculosis is perceived, particularly by doctors and demonstrates the need for
      stricter supervision and improved quality of pre-employment screening.

PMID- 1811358
TI  - Problems in running a tuberculosis dispensary in a developing country: Turkey.
AB  - Declining use of the services of local dispensaries has often been suggested as a
      significant factor in the rising trend of tuberculosis in Turkey after 1970. Data
      confirming this view were insufficient until this study, which consists of an
      evaluation of the records of 51,086 subjects seen by the tuberculosis dispensary
      in Elazig between 1985-1989. We found that, despite an expected yearly population
      increase, there were no significant differences in the numbers of diagnostic and
      follow-up procedures as well as preventive and therapeutic interventions recorded
      in different years, and that cases of active tuberculosis lost to follow-up had
      gradually increased. The least effective method of case-finding, mass screening,
      had been employed most frequently. These results revealed a less than optimum use
      of the services of the tuberculosis dispensary and prompted us to suggest the
      following changes: (1) diversion of economic resources currently used for mass
      screening in order to use them for better purposes; (2) functional integration of
      tuberculosis dispensaries with local, general or university hospitals, since a
      separate system for tuberculosis care is accompanied by a segregating and
      stigmatising effect for all concerned; (3) entering all patients and contacts
      into a computerised database to alleviate the problems associated with inadequate
      follow-up. We conclude that existing control programmes should be reviewed and
      improved to prevent an increase of tuberculosis, particularly in developing
      countries like Turkey.

PMID- 1811359
TI  - Tuberculosis in recent Asian immigrants to British Columbia, Canada: 1982-1985.
AB  - The prevalence and incidence of active tuberculosis among 21,959 recently arrived
      (1982-1985) immigrants from 7 selected Asian countries into British Columbia
      (BC), Canada, were reviewed. Among these newly arrived immigrants, 1173 (5.3%)
      were judged to have inactive tuberculosis at the immigration examination in their
      country of origin. In this subgroup, 14 of 932 (1.5%) were found to have active
      tuberculosis at the initial examination after arrival in Canada. Subsequently, 7
      further cases arose in this group of inactive cases giving an average annual
      incidence rate of 0.33% over the 4-year period of study. Only 3 of these 21 cases
      had had previous antituberculosis chemotherapy. The remaining 20,786 recent
      immigrants with normal X-rays at the immigration examination contributed 30 cases
      during the next 4 years--an average annual incidence rate of 0.08% or 8 times the
      comparable rate for BC (0.01%). The limitations of the immigration screening
      process are illustrated and the value of early surveillance of immigrants
      designated as having inactive tuberculosis is underlined. The apparent failure to
      exclude active disease prior to the arrival of these immigrants is one factor
      elevating the incidence of active tuberculosis in the first few years after
      arrival in the host country. Other factors include the relatively high prevalence
      of inactive tuberculosis among the immigrants from certain countries and their
      high rate of early relapse after entry, especially in those not previously
      treated. Such immigrants should be considered for chemoprophylaxis immediately
      after entry.

PMID- 1811360
TI  - Treatment of tuberculosis by private general practitioners in India.
AB  - Early detection and optimal treatment constitute the most important measures in
      the control of tuberculosis. This study of prescriptions for tuberculosis
      recommended by 102 private doctors, practising in the slums of Bombay, shows a
      lack of awareness among doctors who treat tuberculosis patients in their own
      clinics about the standard drug regimens for treatment of tuberculosis
      recommended by national and international agencies. While there are a few
      standard, efficient, recommended regimens, 100 private doctors prescribed 80
      different regimens, most of which were both inappropriate and expensive. The
      study highlights the need for effective communication between those implementing
      national tuberculosis programmes and the practising private doctors, continuing
      education of these doctors for updating their knowledge and their active
      participation in at least those national disease programme for which their
      curative functions could contribute significantly to control of a disease.

PMID- 1811361
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy associated with rifampicin.
AB  - A case of subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulopathy due to
      antituberculosis drugs, probably rifampicin, is described. The patient also
      developed marked leucocytosis, a 'flu-like illness, intravascular haemolysis, and
      acute renal failure as part of the drug reaction.

PMID- 1811362
TI  - Bifacetal dislocation following tuberculosis of the cervical spine.
AB  - We present a case of bifacetal dislocation following tuberculosis of the cervical
      spine with a minimal neurological deficit and a huge retropharyngeal abscess in a
      14-year-old Saudi child. Treatment was by anterior debridement, decompression and
      bone grafting followed 2 weeks later by posterior wiring and fusion from C2 to
      C5. We also review the literature relating to this subject.

PMID- 1811363
TI  - Diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic non-compliance in a case of intracranial
      tuberculoma.
AB  - A case of extensive intracranial tuberculoma is presented. The patient had been
      treated for 5 years with a standard antituberculosis regimen but she had been
      grossly non-compliant. This had led to emergence of multi-resistant Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis producing progressive disease and extensive cranial nerve damage and
      proptosis. The unusual CT and angiographic appearances cast doubt on the original
      diagnosis and a brain biopsy was necessary. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant
      to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, ethionamide, pyrazinamide, clofazimine and
      PAS was cultured from the brain biopsy specimen and from an associated groin
      abscess. A novel regimen of isoniazid, cycloserine, amikacin and ciprofloxacin
      produced clinical improvement of symptoms and radiological resolution.

PMID- 1811364
TI  - BCG vaccination and cancer.

PMID- 1811365
TI  - Can rifampicin be restarted in patients with rifampicin-induced thrombocytopenia?

PMID- 1811366
TI  - Tuberculous splenic abscesses in patients with the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 1811367
TI  - Differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare by phenetic
      characteristics.

PMID- 1811368
TI  - Acute abdominal complications of tuberculous psoas abscesses.

PMID- 1811369
TI  - Phenytoin toxicity in a patient with isoniazid-induced hepatitis.

PMID- 1811370
TI  - There are viruses and viruses.....
AB  - Life has its problems. To succeed it has to survive: to survive it has to
      sacrifice its identity. And viruses have their fingers in the essence of it all.
      Consider the situation. There are useful genes. Such genes promote the survival
      of the individuals which house them. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to expect
      that an enterprising life-form would seek to gain advantage from the existence of
      such useful genes by distributing them around the life forms which are not so
      blessed. This achieves two effects. It justifies the existence of a class of
      organisms which serve as gene transporters (vectors) and it provides the
      recipient with benefit (a situation from which the transporter can also gain). Of
      course, the system can have its teething troubles as in the case of the
      transporter that provides a package which does damage and thereby decreases the
      survival of both the recipient and its invader. Yet, over a billion or so years,
      organisms of increasing complexity have emerged owing not a little to the
      processes of whole gene transfer by vector systems.

PMID- 1811371
TI  - A chimeric glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus termed FG induces T
      cell mediated immunity in mice.
AB  - Popliteal lymph node cells taken from mice vaccinated with the FG glycoprotein
      were exposed in vitro to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigens.
      Proliferation to FG or RSV antigens was blocked with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody
      treatment. FG-vaccinated mice developed classical late delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions when exposed to FG antigen in vivo.

PMID- 1811373
TI  - Postexposure rabies prophylaxis: when the guidelines are not respected.
AB  - Fifteen spontaneously reported cases of alleged lack of drug effect of
      postexposure antirabies prophylaxis using PCEC vaccine were analysed. The most
      striking finding was that in no case were the WHO guidelines for postexposure
      treatment of injuries caused by rabid animals respected. Therefore nothing points
      to insufficient vaccine efficacy. Better information for both the medical
      profession and the public about the treatment of exposed patients is needed.

PMID- 1811372
TI  - An efficient method for production of purified inactivated Japanese encephalitis
      vaccine from mouse brains.
AB  - The efficiency of production of purified Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine from
      mouse brains was increased by reprocessing the brain material after recovery of
      the virus and by pooling of a few extra fractions after zonal
      ultracentrifugation. By the routine production method, one mouse yielded
      approximately 2.5 doses of the vaccine while the improved method gave about five
      doses from each mouse. All the batches of purified JE vaccine made by improved
      technology passed all the quality control tests as specified by the Minimum
      Requirements for biological products of the Japanese Government and World Health
      Organization.

PMID- 1811374
TI  - Induction of antibody and protective responses in mice by Brucella O
      polysaccharide-BSA conjugate.
AB  - A Brucella conjugate vaccine was synthesized by covalently coupling the O
      polysaccharide (PS) obtained from Brucella melitensis 16M, to bovine serum
      albumin (BSA). The conjugate (PS-BSA) was non-toxic for mice. When injected at
      two doses (10 or 1 micrograms) in mice, it induced the production of antibodies
      and the boost was shown to be efficient if administered after 10 weeks.
      Immunization of mice with 10 micrograms of conjugate conferred significant
      protection against virulent challenge with B. melitensis H38, similar to that
      obtained with the reference vaccine H38.

PMID- 1811375
TI  - Recombinant Bordetella pertussis pertactin (P69) from the yeast Pichia pastoris:
      high-level production and immunological properties.
AB  - Acellular whooping cough vaccines are based on pertussis toxoid but their
      effectiveness may be increased by the addition of other Bordetella pertussis
      antigens. We expressed the immunogenic outer membrane protein pertactin (P69)
      from B. pertussis to high levels in multi-copy transformants of the industrial
      yeast Pichia pastoris. In high-density fermentations, engineered P. pastoris
      yielded greater than 3 g of the protein per litre of culture. Purified
      recombinant pertactin was able to stimulate the incomplete protection afforded by
      toxoid to the level of the whole-cell vaccine, as shown by the Kendrick test,
      supporting its inclusion in future acellular vaccines.

PMID- 1811377
TI  - Use of glutaraldehyde for preparation of immunogenic compounds.

PMID- 1811376
TI  - In vivo protection against scorpion toxins by liposomal immunization.
AB  - The possibility of raising a humoral immune response able to induce protection
      from the lethal effects of scorpion toxins was evaluated in the mouse model. A
      toxic fraction from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus was entrapped in
      sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes which yielded a conveniently detoxified
      immunogen. After three injections of this immunogen, all but three of a group of
      18 mice developed an IgG response which was shown to be both specific and of good
      affinity for the toxic antigen. In vitro neutralization assays indicated that pre
      incubation of a lethal dose of the toxic fraction with immune sera strongly
      diminished its toxicity. In vivo protection assays showed that mice with the
      highest levels of circulating anti-toxin antibodies could resist the challenge by
      double the normal LD50 of the toxic fraction, which killed all control non-immune
      mice. The protection was, however, found to be limited both in its duration and
      its effectiveness against higher amounts of toxin.

PMID- 1811378
TI  - Safety of the subunit influenza vaccine in asthmatic children.

PMID- 1811379
TI  - [The lipids of phosphorescent Vibrio albensis bacteria].
AB  - The lipid composition of fluorescent vibrios, V. eltor and nonagglutinating
      vibrios has been studied. In the fraction of polar lipids
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin and in the
      fraction of neutral lipids monoglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides,
      triglycerides, sterol esters have been identified. The fatty acid composition of
      some classes of neutral lipids have been determined. Both similarity and
      differences between the strains under study in their lipid and fatty acid
      composition have been established.

PMID- 1811380
TI  - [The effect of the nature of the strain on the character of the production of
      iron-dependent proteins by meningococci].
AB  - The comparative study of three Neisseria meningitidis strains (15, 125, 2394) was
      carried out by the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by the method of immunoblotting. The
      intensive expression of 8 iron-regulated proteins (IRP) was shown to occur in
      iron-deficient culture medium. The major IRP with a molecular weight of 35 kD was
      expressed by all above-mentioned N. meningitidis strains under the conditions of
      iron deficiency and cross-reacted with 10 mouse and rabbit antisera to N.
      meningitidis of different groups, i.e. it was common to all Neisseria species.
      The antigenic activity of various IRP essentially differed with respect to
      antisera of animals and sera of patients with meningococcal infection.

PMID- 1811381
TI  - [Dynamic changes in the biological properties of Vibrio cholerae during long-term
      preservation in water and ice].

PMID- 1811382
TI  - [Infectious diseases and the tasks of medical science and public health in their
      prevention].

PMID- 1811383
TI  - [The creation of a test system for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae based on a
      method of directed DNA amplification].
AB  - A system for the rapid detection of M. pneumoniae, the causative agent of
      pneumonia in humans, has been developed. This system is based on the
      amplification of M. pneumoniae chromosomal DNA sequences in the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR). The use of two primer sets, for nucleotide sequences of adhesion
      protein P1 and for nucleotide sequences of variable regions of the 16S ribosomal
      RNA, has permitted the detection of individual M. pneumoniae cells. The
      application of this technique for the study of simulated clinical material has
      shown that PRC is a sensitive and reliable assay and may be useful for the early
      detection of M. pneumoniae in infectious clinical material (blood and sputum
      samples).

PMID- 1811384
TI  - [The adhesive activity of diphtheritic strains in relation to the characteristics
      of the infectious process they induce].
AB  - The degree of adhesiveness of 602 C. diphtheriae strains isolated from patients
      with different forms of diphtheria was studied on trypsinized sheep red blood
      cells (SRBC) used as an experimental model. The titer of bacterial suspension,
      i.e. its highest dilution ensuring the agglutination of 50% of SRBC, was assumed
      to be the index of adhesive activity. The toxigenic strains were more homogeneous
      with respect to the degree of their activity and proved to be moderately and
      highly adhesive, while among the nontoxigenic strains faintly and moderately
      adhesive ones prevailed. The degree of adhesiveness was not linked with the
      cultural biological strains variants, but depended on the form of C. diphtheriae
      infection. The toxigenic strains isolated from diphtheria patients were
      essentially more active than those isolated from carriers. Both toxigenic and
      nontoxigenic strains isolated in cases of prolonged carrier state (more than 4
      weeks) did not differ in the degree of their adhesiveness and were essentially
      more active than the strains isolated from short-term carriers. The strains
      circulating in 10 closed groups with a high proportion of pronounced cases of
      carrier state (70.6% to 86.7%) were essentially more active than those
      circulating in 10 similar groups, but having a low proportion of pronounced cases
      of carrier state (6.7% to 23.8%). The conclusion was made that the degree of
      adhesiveness proved to be an important factor of C. diphtheriae pathogenicity,
      responsible for the formation of carrier state. Along with pathogenicity, this
      factor should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the
      epidemiological importance of different sources of infection.

PMID- 1811385
TI  - [An evaluation of the terms used in studying the medical problems of population
      migration and its classification in foci of opisthorchiasis].
AB  - On the basis of some epidemiological criteria, the work gives grounds for
      distinguishing the category of "new settlers" among the whole number of
      "newcomers". The time necessary for the social adaptation of new settlers is
      estimated, which makes it possible to take them into account together with
      permanent residents. The scheme of the division of the population according to
      the duration of their residence in the endemic area is proposed.

PMID- 1811386
TI  - [The efficacy of a cultured rabies vaccine studied in guinea pigs preliminarily
      infected with a fixed rabies virus].
AB  - In experiments of curative vaccination, carried out with the use of an
      experimental model similar to the current practice of treatment with antirabies
      preparations, the advantages of using tissue-culture rabies vaccine with
      immunogenic potency equal to 1.3 international units (I. U.) were shown. In these
      experiments the vaccine was introduced into guinea pigs infected with fixed
      rabies virus, the course of vaccination consisting of 14 daily injections. No
      correlation between the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and the
      immunogenic potency of tissue-culture rabies vaccine was established: the use of
      the vaccine with immunogenic potency equal to 0,3 and 1,3 I.U. had no essential
      influence on the level of antibody formation in the animals.

PMID- 1811387
TI  - [The immunological response in volunteer donors immunized with a Pseudomonas
      vaccine].
AB  - The trial of experimental vaccine consisting of protective protein antigens of P.
      aeruginosa cell wall was carried out on 114 volunteers. The vaccine proved to be
      faintly reactogenic and induced the formation of specific humoral immunity in 98%
      of the volunteers who retained a high level of anti-P. aeruginosa antibodies in
      their blood for up to 5 months (the term of observation after the course of
      immunization was over.

PMID- 1811389
TI  - [The choice of a method of isolating human IgG F(ab)2 fragments for determining
      antibodies to staphylococcal protein A].
AB  - The comparative study of two methods of the proteolysis of IgG with the aim of
      obtaining F(Ab)2-fragments from the blood sera of patients and healthy donors has
      been made. Different methods for the isolation of F (ab)2-fragments, such as gel
      filtration on Sephadex G-200, affinity chromatography on protein A-BrCN
      sepharose, reprecipitation with zinc sulfate, have been analyzed. For further
      work the method of the peptic decomposition of whole serum with subsequent
      salting out with ammonium sulfate and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 has been
      chosen.

PMID- 1811388
TI  - [A method for the passive agglutination of polymer dispersions for the diagnosis
      of legionellosis].
AB  - The method of synthetizing dispersions of gelatin-modified polyacrolein
      microspheres 1.5-2.5 micrograms in diameter, used as a solid-phase carrier for
      the preparation of immunodispersion diagnostica, has been developed. The
      possibility of using immunodispersion diagnosticum in the passive agglutination
      test with hyperimmune rabbit sera has been demonstrated. High activity and
      specificity of immunodispersion diagnosticum, combining methodological simplicity
      and rapidity characteristic of agglutination, has been shown.

PMID- 1811390
TI  - [The properties and areas of use of an immobilized granulated streptolysin O].
AB  - The heat-resistant preparations of immobilized granulated streptolysin O were
      obtained with the use of emulsion polymerization techniques. In experiments the
      presence of gangliosides and cholesterol affected the hemolytic activity of
      immobilized streptolysine O. The preparations thus obtained were used in the
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as antigens for the determination of specific
      antibodies in rheumatic fever patients and healthy persons.

PMID- 1811391
TI  - [The anti-idiotypic response to the experimental administration of the
      inactivated or live influenza virus].
AB  - The injection of inactivated and live influenza virus into rabbits induces the
      formation of anti-idiotypic antibodies, appearing after anti-influenza
      hemagglutinins, in the blood. The presence of immune complexes antibody--anti
      idiotypic antibody in the blood of the animals has been established. The booster
      immunization of the animals with influenza virus antigens produces a rise in the
      levels of both idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies. The injection of
      autologous anti-idiotypic globulin into the primed animals ensures the induction
      of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic revaccinal reactions.

PMID- 1811392
TI  - [The comparative characteristics of different forms of allergens from mites of
      the genus Dermatophagoides].
AB  - The comparative study of allergenic preparations of Dermatophagoides mites
      [correction of ticks] from different manufacturers and the international standard
      preparations of such allergens was made. D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae
      allergens from the USSR and the Netherlands were studied. The samples under study
      were evaluated in a complex of in vivo and in vitro experiments. The preparations
      produced in the USSR and in the Netherlands exhibited pronounced specificity, but
      the allergens of both species from the Netherlands were more active. Some
      differences in the immunochemical characteristics of the preparations were noted.

PMID- 1811393
TI  - [Current concepts of populations as intraspecific genetic structures of
      prokaryotes].

PMID- 1811394
TI  - [Mathematical methods of predicting epidemic morbidity].

PMID- 1811395
TI  - [The fibronectin binding of salmonellae studied by a passive hemagglutination
      method].
AB  - The study has shown that the fibronectin-binding properties of different
      Salmonella species can be tested by means of passive hemagglutination with
      fibronectin-sensitized formulated sheep red blood cells (SRBC). S. enteritidis
      and S. typhimurium isolated from foodstuffs, as well as the representatives of
      the species S. kottbus, S. anatum, S. tshiongwe and S. newlands, are capable of
      binding fibronectin. Fibronectin-binding properties have also been detected in
      Shigella sonnei, as well as in eubiotic microorganisms Escherichia coli M 17 and
      Lactobacillus plantarum. In pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.4 salmonellae, shigellae and
      E. coli agglutinate fibronectin-sensitized SRBC much more effectively in acidic
      pH values, while changes in pH have been found to produce no essential influence
      on the fibronectin-binding capacity of Staphylococcus aureus and lactobacilli.

PMID- 1811396
TI  - [The origin of El Tor cholera].

PMID- 1811397
TI  - [Nontraditional means for applying inactivated influenza vaccines].

PMID- 1811398
TI  - [Practical games as an effective teaching method in epidemiology].

PMID- 1811399
TI  - [Esophageal achalasia: 20 years' experience with non surgical treatment].
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to report the experience acquired in pneumatic
      dilatation in achalasia of the esophagus up to 1990. Two hundred and six patients
      were studied in that period (X 50, 7 years, M/F 1:1). According to X Rays the
      distribution was: grade I 17.4%, grade II 54.8%, grade III 14% and grade IV
      13.5%. The associated esophageal pathology was: hiatus hernia 9.7%, esophagitis
      5.8%, benign stenosis 2.4%, cancer 1.4%, ulcer and diverticula 0.9% and
      Schatzki's ring and leiomyoma 0.4% respectively Serology for Chagas disease was
      positive in 23% Chagasic megacolon was more frequent than chagasic heart disease
      (4.3% Vs. 1.4%). Out of these, one hundred and twenty patients were treated by
      pneumatic dilatation. To this group we shall refer in more detail. One hundred
      ant two patients were dilated once and the remaining 18 twice. Esophageal
      manometry showed a vigorous pattern in 7.7%. The LES' pressure pre-treatment was
      24.5 mm Hg and post-dilatation 13.7 mm Hg in 75.8% of the cases the result was
      good. The morbidity was 5% and the mortality 0.7%. Relapse was seen in 25.8% of
      the cases. The follow-up was X 38 months. We conclude that pneumatic dilatation
      is the election procedure in the treatment of achalasia since it offers good
      results with low morbimortality. Surgery is indicated after failure of 2
      dilatations, in children, and association with esophageal neoplasms, hiatus
      hernia and esophageal diverticula.

PMID- 1811400
TI  - [Hyposplenism in celiac disease. Role of a gluten-free diet].
AB  - Hyposplenism is a common complication of adult celiac disease. A study of splenic
      function in 17 adult patients with celiac disease was performed both before and
      during treatment with a gluten-free diet. Splenic hypofunction was assessed
      evaluating morphological changes in red cells (Howell-Jolly bodies,
      spherocytosis, achantocytosis). The hyposplenic changes were compared with: age
      of patients, duration of symptoms previous to diagnosis, severity of the clinical
      picture and histological response to treatment. We concluded that 82.4% of
      patients had hyposplenic changes and that there was a non significant tendency to
      improve such changes by a strict adherence to gluten-free diet.

PMID- 1811401
TI  - [Prevalence of serum markers of hepatitis B virus in the female personnel at a
      general hospital].
AB  - We have determined hepatitis B virus markers to 208 female personnel of a general
      hospital: 12 physicians 90 nursing personnel, 70 assistants of clinic and
      laboratory and 37 cleanliness, and office personnel. The prevalence was 15.31%
      (31 persons). Four persons (1.91%) presented HBs-Ag. The prevalence was more low
      that the prevalences found by other authors of our country. The highest
      prevalences were found in the cleanliness and office personnel, pursued of
      nursing personnel. Among different services, the highest prevalences were found
      in the personnel in contact with blood and its derivates. Not were found markers
      in the intensive care unit personnel. The prevalence increased generally with age
      and with years in occupation. We associated the low young personnel (33.49% are
      more low of 30 years age) and with short years occupation in the hospital (26.31%
      are more low of 4 years).

PMID- 1811402
TI  - [Liver transplantation: a consecrated solution].

PMID- 1811404
TI  - [The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): an epidemiologic
      instrument suitable for using in conjunction with different diagnostic systems in
      different cultures].
AB  - The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), written at the request
      of the World Health Organization/US Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health
      Administration Task Force on Psychiatric Assessment Instruments, combines
      questions from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule with questions designed to
      elicit Present State Examination items. It is fully structured to allow
      administration by lay interviewers and scoring of diagnoses by computer. A
      special Substance Abuse Module covers tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse in
      considerable detail, allowing the assessment of the quality and severity of
      dependence and its course. This article describes the design and development of
      the CIDI and the current field testing of a slightly reduced "core" version in
      Puerto Rico. The field test was being conducted in 19 centers around the world to
      assess the interviews' reliability and its acceptability to clinicians and
      general people in different cultures and providing data on which to base
      revisions that may be found necessary. In addition, questions to assess
      International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, and the revised DSM-III
      diagnoses are being written. If all goes well, the CIDI will reliably allow
      investigators to assess mental disorders according to the most widely accepted
      nomenclatures in many different populations and cultures.

PMID- 1811403
TI  - Effect of loperamide and bisacodyl on intestinal transit time, fecal weight and
      short chain fatty acid excretion in the rat.
AB  - We analyzed the effect of drugs that modify the colonic motility on rat
      intestinal transit time (ITT) (measured with radiopaque markers), fecal weight
      (FW) and fecal concentration of short chain fatty acids (FSCFA) (assayed by gas
      liquid chromatography), over a four-week period. Bisacodyl was used to accelerate
      and Loperamide to retard the intestinal transit in rats maintained on a
      conventional diet. The first and 3rd week were drug-free control periods. The
      mean values of these periods were: ITT = 28.9h +/- 1.9 FW: 9.2 +/- 1.2 g/24 h and
      FSCFA = 60.6 +/- 17.9 mmol/g. After loperamide administration, we observed an
      increase in the mean ITT as compared to the control period (40.4 +/- 8.0h) and
      decrease in FW (4.8 +/- 3.6 g/24h) and in FSCFA = 32.2 +/- 5.6 mmol/g). After
      bisacodyl administration, we found a shorter ITT in relation to controls (24.8 +/
      2.5h), and increases in FW (27.5 +/- 3.6g/24h) and in FSCFA (108.2 +/- 39.9
      mmol/g). There was a negative correlation between ITT and FW (R = 0.67 p less
      than 0.01) and a positive correlation between total SCFA concentration and FW (R
      = 0.71 p less than 0.01). The concentration of acetic, propionic and butyric
      acids increased with progressive increments in fecal weight, whereas
      concentrations of isovaleric and caproic acids decreased. The results of this
      study show that the FW and the FSCFA may be influenced by modifications in the
      intestinal transit time.

PMID- 1811405
TI  - [Violence: its forms and justifications].
AB  - This paper addresses the conceptual difference there is between violence and
      aggression. The former is defined as a manifestation of extemporaneous or
      inappropriate power or force. The latter is defined as an agonist behavior aimed
      at causing harm. There can be non-aggressive violence, and non-violent aggression
      as well. Categorization and discrimination are the processes underlying violent
      aggression. Unanimous aggression, however, preserves social order: Indeed-
      according to the social group at stake--justifications for violence are order,
      justice, and fear. A short discussion on contemporary situation closes the paper.

PMID- 1811406
TI  - [Ideational apraxia in confusional psychosis].
AB  - Traditionally, Pick's ideational apraxia has been considered a neurologist's
      realm since it is one of the permanent manifestations of brain lesions located in
      the left hemisphere posterior territory. Besides, however, the ideational apraxia
      is likely to appear--altogether with misidentifications and spatial
      disorientation--as a part of the transient manifestations of confusional
      psychosis. It is thus quite possible that a reversible alteration of the
      posterior brain mechanisms could be the basis for the confusional psychosis. It
      seems also reasonable to include the ideational apraxia within the symptoms to be
      sought in those cycloid psychotic states including confusional psychosis. This is
      why it can safely be said that Pick's ideational apraxia is also a psychiatrist's
      realm.

PMID- 1811407
TI  - [Parent's imperceptible violence: psychoanalytic reflexions].
AB  - Within the context of a country with high levels of violence, as is Colombia,
      this paper intends to show how--besides all forms of open violence against
      children (battering, compulsory work, tortures) more frequently detected in
      specific social milieus--there exist other forms of violence--more insidiously
      widespread--which supply a basis for extreme types of violent behavior. Starting
      from the assumption that every physical or psychological way of pressure on
      children is a demonstration of violence, the article aims at clarifying how the
      violent elements to be found in parental behaviors intend hindering both the
      development and independence of children. Seductive behaviors are also seen as a
      form of violence, as well as all mechanisms aiming at turning children into an
      instrument in conflicts between adults.

PMID- 1811408
TI  - [Patterns of alcohol consumption among families with chronic somatic patients].
AB  - This paper intends a description of family climate likely to be found in low
      class low-earnings sectors, sick persons suffering from chronic somatic
      pathologies are living in. The biopsychosocial model was the analysis model
      researchers selected to carry on the study: It allows the detection of risk
      situations connected with the different ways a family milieu casts its influence
      when an unfavorable evolution of the illness involved is at stake, i.e. when the
      development of such an illness slips from doctors's expectations. In the patients
      sample population under study, the incidence of "alcohol consumption within the
      family group" variable was deemed as one of the heaviest factors when the somatic
      illness worsens. Among those families where an active alcohol consumption could
      be detected, two alternative solutions were, also, likely to be found at the same
      time, namely: a family continued consumption pattern, and a family discontinued
      consumption pattern. Among the former consumption, alcohol appears as a central
      organization motive round which all group rules and norms center. Instead, the
      patient involved is confined to marginality, and deprived from the least
      psychophysical care as well. Quite contrary, among families where alcohol
      consumption was eventually ousted, organization patterns feature solidarity, and
      care to the patient involved.

PMID- 1811409
TI  - [Impotence. Behavior therapy with substitute partner].
AB  - Some emotional reactions underlying sexual impotence are pointed out. Avoidance
      phobic behavior in the light of an expected failure is assumed. In order to
      suppress anxiety, and get a new training in sexual behavior, a therapeutic
      technique based on learning and conditioning principles is proposed. Under
      relaxation, previously designed imaginary exercises are presented to patients.
      Following imaginary sessions, the same exercises are repeated in vivo with a
      substitute partner, should patient lack partner, or his partner be unwilling to
      cooperate with treatment. Steps of exercises are described. Out of 8, 7 patients
      achieved a total improvement. The last patient involved gave up treatment.

PMID- 1811410
TI  - [Organicity signs in schizophrenias].

PMID- 1811411
TI  - [The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Drugs of Chile: structure and basic
      concepts].

PMID- 1811412
TI  - [Mental health and quality of psychological life].

PMID- 1811413
TI  - Evaluation of IgA1-IgA2 levels in serum and saliva of young and elderly people.
AB  - The distribution of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) and IgA2 was determined in saliva
      and in serum of young and old donors by using monoclonal antibodies to the IgA
      subclasses in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. In the 26 elderly patients
      examined, the level of immunoglobulin A occurred predominantly in the IgA1
      subclass both in saliva and in serum. By contrast, the IgA2 level was lower
      compared to levels obtained in young people even in the presence of normal
      concentrations of total IgA. Since IgA2 are of mucosal origin, these results
      suggest that the reduction of tissues associated with secretory surfaces may
      account for the decreased ability to secrete IgA2 in the elderly in particular
      into saliva. Moreover this event might in part justify the impaired mucosal
      immunoresistance and explain the increased incidence of pulmonary infections
      during senescence.

PMID- 1811414
TI  - High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIgG) in Evans' syndrome.

PMID- 1811415
TI  - Topical flunisolide treatment of perennial rhinitis: clinical and immunological
      effects.
AB  - We studied the clinical and immunological effects of three months' treatment with
      intranasal flunisolide (100 micrograms daily) in 18 allergic patients with
      perennial rhinitis. 17 were hypersensitive to house dust mite and one to
      Parietaria pollen only. We found no significant changes in white blood cell
      count, serum levels of IgE and nasal IgA. However the treatment induced a marked
      improvement of clinical symptoms in all cases, and we observed a significant
      reduction of total IgE in nasal secretion. Flunisolide seems to exert this effect
      through its antiinflammatory action on the nasal mucosa.

PMID- 1811416
TI  - Immunochemical characterization of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations.

PMID- 1811417
TI  - Recombinant alpha-2a interferon treatment in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC): clinical and
      immunological evaluation.
AB  - We evaluated clinical efficacy and tolerability of recombinant alpha 2a
      interferon (IFN), in a group of 16 patients with AIDS and ARC, including 3
      children. All patients were followed up monthly for clinical and immunological
      studies. The frequency of oportunistic infections (OI) in AIDS, and the following
      symptoms in all patients were studied: fever, night sweats, fatigue, diarrhoea,
      weight loss. Immunological parameters (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes, skin tests
      to recall antigens, NK activity, lymphoproliferative response to PHA) were also
      evaluated. Adult patients were treated with 3-6 million IU of r-alpha 2a IFN
      daily im for 3 months and the 3 times weekly up to 12 months. Pediatric cases
      were treated with lower doses of 0.5-1.5 million IU using the same time schedule.
      We observed clinical improvement and reduction of severe infections in 10/15
      evaluable patients (4/4 ARC and 6/11 AIDS). Immunological parameters were
      transiently improved in one third of cases. We observed only mild side effects in
      r-alpha IFN treatment. We suggest therapy with r-alpha 2a IFN at low dosage
      should be tried in patients with AIDS for its beneficial effects on OI
      development.

PMID- 1811418
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin 2, LAK and TIL.

PMID- 1811419
TI  - Immunologically activated cells in aural cholesteatoma.
AB  - In this immunohistochemical study, we characterized the cells infiltrating the
      stroma of acquired aural cholesteatomas in detail, using a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies directed against immune cell type-specific antigens, HLA class II
      antigens, and interleukin-2 receptor. For all antibodies used, normal ear skin
      was stained for comparison. The vast majority of the infiltrating cells was CD45
      positive, ie, derived from bone marrow. Reactivity with anti-CD3 and anti-CD6
      antibodies revealed an abundant infiltration of T lymphocytes beneath the
      squamous epithelium of cholesteatoma. The B lymphocyte-specific anti-CD19 and
      anti-CD22 antibodies detected only occasional positive cells. Hence, the cellular
      infiltrate in the stroma of aural cholesteatoma is made up primarily of T cells
      with macrophages scattered between them. Expression of HLA-DR was almost as high
      as that of CD45, whereas CD25-positive cells were detected in lower amounts. We
      infer that the majority of T cells and macrophages in the stroma of cholesteatoma
      are in an immunologically activated state. The characteristics of the
      infiltrating cell population suggest an antigen-driven process in cholesteatoma.

PMID- 1811420
TI  - Clinical characteristics of cholesteatoma.
AB  - Clinical characteristics of 99 consecutive patients with acquired and
      perioperatively established aural cholesteatoma were compared with those of 81
      patients with chronic otitis without cholesteatoma (controls). The patients
      answered a questionnaire, and preoperative and perioperative clinical
      observations were recorded. There were no presenting symptoms or clinical signs
      that significantly distinguished the cholesteatoma patients. However, these
      patients had a significantly higher incidence (45%) of previous middle ear
      surgery than the control patients (30%). The cholesteatomas were not evident
      until the time of surgical exploration in as many as 38% of cases. Therefore,
      surgical exploration appears to be the safest way to identify middle ear
      cholesteatoma.

PMID- 1811421
TI  - Contingent negative variation enhancement in tinnitus patients.
AB  - Contingent negative variations recorded in 20 tinnitus patients with an average
      hearing level within 40 dB were compared with those from age-matched healthy
      controls. In addition, negative and positive potentials (N100 and P300), which
      are presumed to reflect stimulus information processing, were examined.
      Contingent negative variation amplitude was significantly greater in patients
      than in controls (P less than .05, ANOVA), but no significant differences were
      observed in the N100 and P300 latencies and amplitudes for the two groups. We
      interpret these results as evidence of abnormalities in the central information
      processing mechanism of tinnitus patients.

PMID- 1811423
TI  - Vagal paragangliomas: a report of nine cases.
AB  - Vagal paragangliomas are rare tumors of neural crest origin: fewer than 175 cases
      have been reported in the English literature. This slow-growing tumor occurs most
      often at the base of the skull in the parapharyngeal space, but may arise
      anywhere along the course of the vagus nerve and its branches. Nine clinical
      presentations and the surgical outcome in seven patients with vagal
      paragangliomas treated at our institution are reported. A review of the
      literature, emphasizing evaluation and treatment of these potentially fatal
      neoplasms, is discussed. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice with vagal
      tumors. Complications related to the ablation or injury of cranial nerves IX, X,
      XI, and XII are commonly seen. Surgical techniques that may prevent injury to
      these vital neural structures are outlined. The postoperative treatment of
      patients with impaired deglutition secondary to multiple cranial neuropathies is
      discussed.

PMID- 1811422
TI  - A simple measurement of parotid salivary flow using material quick absorber.
AB  - We applied Material Quick Absorber (Inami Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), a small
      triangular paper strip made mainly from viscose and used for fluid absorption
      during surgery, to collect right resting parotid saliva directly from Stensen's
      orifice and estimated nonstimulated parotid salivary flow by weighing the saliva
      absorbed in a given period of time. We assayed this method in 53 patients with
      dry mouth and/or throat and in 115 healthy young and elderly control subjects.
      The median salivary flow rates in male and female patients were 18 mg/min (almost
      equal to 0.018 mL/min) and 11 mg/min, respectively, significantly lower (P less
      than .05 for men, P less than .01 for women) than those obtained from young male
      (36 mg/min) and female (34 mg/min) controls and consistent with previously
      reported physiologic flow rates obtained by means of the "cup method." Although
      the median flow rate for elderly male controls (35 mg/min) was rather close to
      that of young male or female controls, there was no significant difference in
      flow rates between elderly male controls and male patients. On the other hand, in
      female control subjects, a significant decrease (P less than .05) in salivary
      flow was shown with aging. Repeated 3-minute measurements (eight times at 5- to 6
      minute intervals) with this method in 10 healthy younger male volunteers showed
      that the coefficient of variance in the same subject ranged from 14.1% to 57.2%
      and that the larger the mean flow rate the smaller the coefficient of variance (P
      less than .05 by simple regression analysis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811424
TI  - Response of the human larynx to silicone.
AB  - This report is concerned with tissue reaction to silicone and, in particular,
      long-term foreign body reaction. A histopathologic study was done on the larynx
      of a patient who had been injected 12 years before in the right vocal fold with
      room temperature vulcanizing silicone. The examination revealed particles of
      silicone encapsulated by thin fibrous tissue. There were few giant cells of the
      foreign body type and little cell infiltration. In addition, a questionnaire was
      returned by 54 of 90 patients who had vocal fold injected with less than 1.5 mL
      of either silicone fluid or room temperature vulcanizing silicone in the vocal
      fold from 1977 to 1984. Of these 54 patients, there was no occurrence of
      laryngeal disease, carcinoma, and/or connective tissue disease after the silicone
      injection. These findings attest to the safety of silicone in the small amounts
      used to treat vocal cord paralysis.

PMID- 1811425
TI  - Pharyngeal and tonsil infections caused by non-group A Streptococcus.
AB  - Non-group A streptococci are members of the genus Streptococcus but do not share
      the notoriety of their cousin from group A. Most physicians, including
      otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons, do not associate them with upper
      respiratory tract and head and neck infections. Some laboratories do not bother
      to report their presence on culture. At the University of California, Los Angeles
      they have been shown to cause (1) tonsillitis, painful tonsils lacking exudate
      and erythema (group C, one case; group F, one case), (2) acute nonexudative
      tonsillitis (group B, two cases; group C, one case; group F, one case), and (3)
      acute exudative tonsillitis (group C, one case). It should be remembered when
      there is a report of their presence that they are usually vulnerable to
      penicillin and its analogs. By judicious use of these drugs, morbidity can be
      diminished.

PMID- 1811426
TI  - Clinical radiology quiz. Aspergillosis with an aspergilloma.

PMID- 1811427
TI  - Temporal bone histopathology: residents' quiz.

PMID- 1811428
TI  - Effect of electronic dental anesthesia on pain threshold and pain tolerance
      levels of human teeth subjected to stimulation with an electric pulp tester.
AB  - The effect of electronic dental anesthesia on pain threshold and pain tolerance
      levels of human teeth subjected to stimulation with an electric pulp tester was
      evaluated. Subjects (n = 120) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental
      groups (baseline, placebo, square wave, and postsynaptic wave). Symptom-free
      right-sided maxillary incisor teeth were tested for anesthesia with an electric
      pulp tester. Electrostimulation significantly increased the pain perception
      threshold and pain tolerance level with both the square wave and postsynaptic
      wave. The postsynaptic wave was more effective than the square wave. Presented at
      the Satellite Symposium on Advances in the Management of Acute and Chronic Facial
      Pain associated with the 6th World Congress on Pain, Melbourne, Australia, 1990.

PMID- 1811429
TI  - Conscious sedation and analgesia with rectal ketamine in the Macaca fuscata
      monkey.
AB  - Conscious sedation is commonly utilized in pediatric dentistry. Although opioid
      analgesics are often employed, patient safety would be enhanced if nonopioid
      drugs were used. The purpose of this study was to determine if rectal ketamine
      could produce plasma concentrations that would achieve both conscious sedation
      and analgesia to gingival needle puncture. Five 2-year-old male Macaca fuscata
      monkeys were given rectal ketamine at a dosage of 60 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg one week
      apart. Blood was drawn at selected times after administration, and vital signs,
      level of sedation, and consciousness were assessed. Plasma ketamine
      concentrations ranged from 240 to 820 ng/mL and from 390 to 3120 ng/mL after
      rectal administration at doses of 60 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg, respectively. Two
      monkeys after the high dose showed analgesia to a gingival needle puncture at
      plasma ketamine concentrations that ranged from 1390 to 3120 ng/mL. A good level
      of sedation was consistently observed in four monkeys (80%) following rectal
      ketamine at a dosage of 90 mg/kg, whereas one monkey showed a consistently good
      level at a dosage of 60 mg/kg. Sedation and dose were significantly (P less than
      0.001) associated with plasma ketamine concentrations; physiologic parameters
      were not (P greater than 0.05). The results of this study suggest that rectal
      ketamine can produce plasma concentrations of the drug sufficient to achieve
      sedation in the monkey. The attainment of concomitant analgesia to a gingival
      needle puncture was not as predictable.

PMID- 1811430
TI  - Flumazenil reverses paradoxical reaction with midazolam.
AB  - A European female sedated with midazolam developed severe aggressive behavior
      during insertion of implants, which increased with further increments of
      midazolam. This paradoxical reaction was terminated by the injection of
      flumazenil, after which the patient calmly underwent the procedure. At the end of
      the procedure she was found to have amnesia from the time of initial injection of
      midazolam to the end of the implant procedure.

PMID- 1811432
TI  - Adverse reactions to midazolam and ketamine premedication in children.

PMID- 1811431
TI  - Epidural buprenorphine or morphine for the relief of head and neck cancer pain.
AB  - We present three cases in which epidural buprenorphine or morphine was used for
      intractable cancer pain of the head and neck. Excellent pain relief and minimal
      side effects offered by epidural opioids were of significant benefit. The use of
      epidural opioids prior to the administration of high doses of oral morphine may
      be the treatment of choice for pain from malignancy of the head and neck,
      especially when there is tumor extension or distant metastasis.

PMID- 1811433
TI  - Biological monitoring of organochlorides using the limnic bivalves Anodontites
      trapesialis (Lam., 1819).
AB  - The mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Lam, 1819) was used as an indicator of
      organochloride pollutants in the Canoas River, located in the municipality of
      Mococa (21 degrees 25'08''S and 47 degrees W), State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
      Biological monitoring was performed for one year at the site of an orange grove
      on the left bank of the river. Forty-five animals were placed in aluminum
      enclosures on the river bottom at this site and 4 animals were sacrificed for
      pesticide analysis at 3-month intervals, each corresponding to one season of the
      year. Pesticides were extracted by the method of Bedford et al., (1968),
      modified, and the analyses were performed by gas phase chromatography equipped
      with an electron capture detector. The animals were found to have been exposed to
      DDT, Lindane and Heptachlor. Variation in Aldrin and Dieldrin levels was not
      significant enough to permit inferences. Endrin was not detected in any of the
      analyses.

PMID- 1811434
TI  - Clinical and parasitological studies on malaria in Liberian adults living under
      intense malaria transmission.
AB  - Occurrence of fevers and chills, headaches and body and joint pains, and body
      temperature and malaria parasitaemias were recorded monthly for a year for 121
      Liberian adults. There was no apparent correlation between any of the symptoms
      and the presence or density of blood parasites; it was therefore not possible to
      define a case of clinical malaria in the study population, which was probably
      highly immune to infection. Only a few people with patent blood infections had
      elevated blood temperatures and these were below 37.5 degrees C. Malaria
      prevalence and levels of parasitaemia declined with age and indicated that
      immunity continues to develop well into adult age. The data did not support the
      view that adults experience symptoms at lower parasitaemias than children.
      Pregnant and non-pregnant women had similar levels of symptoms, but high levels
      of parasitaemia were found more frequently in the pregnant group.

PMID- 1811435
TI  - The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria.
AB  - The aqueous extract of the plant Enantia chlorantha was found effective in
      suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice if given orally in drinking fluid
      at 0.2-150 mg ml-1, but not if given by oral cannulation or subcutaneously. The
      animals given the extract in their drinking fluid survived for over 60 days. The
      ethanolic extract also was found to be effective in eliminating the parasites
      when administered subcutaneously in doses of 0.05-0.5 mg g-1. The
      chemoprophylactic action of the aqueous extract given in drinks prior to
      infection gave protection for almost 96 hours, but the ethanolic extract
      administered parenterally gave no such protection. The aqueous and ethanolic
      extracts have ED50 values of 6.9 mg g-1 and 0.34 mg g-1, respectively, and are
      schizonticidal in action. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed
      the presence of alkaloids, saponins and simple sugars.

PMID- 1811436
TI  - Giardia lamblia: phospholipid analysis of human isolates.
AB  - Thin layer chromatograms for phospholipids obtained from 11 human Giardia lamblia
      isolates and their culture media have shown that phosphatidylcholine and
      sphingomyelin are the predominant phospholipid classes in all samples. A decrease
      in the relative percentage of the different classes, especially of
      phosphatidylcholine, was noticed in the medium after Giardia growth. Fatty acid
      analysis of the parasite phosphatidylcholine demonstrated that while oleate and
      palmitate were the major fatty acids in most isolates, arachidonate predominated
      in two of those studied. Some isolates contained small amounts of myristate,
      which was not present in the phosphatidylcholine of the culture medium. Moreover,
      stearate and linoleate predominated in phosphatidylcholine obtained from both
      media types. The saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio also varied for the
      different isolates. These results appear to suggest heterogeneity in the
      metabolic activity and utilization of lipid molecules between Giardia isolates.

PMID- 1811437
TI  - Reactivity of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni antigen preparations in
      indirect haemagglutination (IHA) with sera of patients with homologous and
      heterologous schistosomiasis.
AB  - Sera of patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni or S.
      haematobium were tested in an indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) using
      soluble S. japonicum egg antigen (SjSEA) and soluble S. mansoni adult antigen
      prepared either from a Puerto Rican strain (SmAWA) or an Egyptian strain (SmBW;
      Cellognost-Schistosomiasis Kit). Reactions were best, in terms of titres and
      sensitivity, in homologous systems. Heterologous systems were less reliable,
      particularly those using sera from urinary schistosomiasis patients. It is
      suggested that IHA is a suitable test to detect Schistosoma infections,
      especially when homologous systems are used.

PMID- 1811438
TI  - Comparative evaluation of cysticercal antigens and immunoassays in the diagnosis
      of neurocysticercosis.
AB  - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot immunobinding assay (DIA) and
      passive haemagglutination assay (PHA) were evaluated for the detection of
      anticysticercal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from neurocysticercosis
      (NCC) patients. Results from the three tests were similar. Higher titres of
      antibodies were observed to the antigens in porcine whole-cyst sonicate than to
      those in vesicular fluid or scolex or membrane sonicates. Affinity purified
      parasitic antigens showed a higher degree of specificity and sensitivity in PHA
      than in ELISA or DIA. Western blot analyses with cyst antigens showed that CSF
      antibodies from confirmed NCC patients consistently recognized a protein in the
      region of 64-68 kDa. Other proteins, of 110, 94-97, 80, 72-75, 52, 45, 26-28 and
      16-18 kDa, showed heterogenous reactivity, whereas the partially purified antigen
      of 64-68 kDa showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

PMID- 1811440
TI  - Enterobiasis: a histopathological study of 259 patients.
AB  - Enterobius worms or their eggs, or both, are present in preserved tissue sections
      or tissue specimens of 259 patients whose medical records are on file at the
      Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington D.C., U.S.A. The most common site
      of infection (86.5%) was found to be the lumen of the appendix, where the worms
      provoke no reaction. Of the 259 patients 11 (4.2%) had worms and/or eggs in
      granulomas of the abdominal and pelvic peritoneum, and an equal number had
      granulomas on the peritoneum of the salphinx or on the surface of the ovary.
      There were also ectopic worms and/or eggs in granulomas on the peritoneum of the
      small and large intestines (2.7%). These Enterobius granulomas form around
      degenerating adult worms, around discrete eggs, around clusters of eggs, and, we
      believe, also around the tracks of migrating worms. Three patients (1.2%) had
      worms in perianal abscesses. A necrotic granuloma, removed from the lung of one
      patient, surrounded a degenerating adult worm. This suggests that the worm,
      carried to the lung as an embolus, impacted in a pulmonary arteriole. A stool
      specimen of one patient contains eggs of Enterobius, and that of another patient
      contains an adult Enterobius. This is the largest recorded histopathological
      study of enterobiasis in man.

PMID- 1811439
TI  - Studies on onchocerciasis in forest-savannah mosaic areas of Nigeria. I.
      Investigations in Gbaragu, Oji River.
AB  - Reports on onchocerciasis in Nigeria have been scanty, despite the size of the
      country and of the problem. A survey of the prevalence and transmission of the
      disease in the south-eastern communities of Nigeria was commenced, with a year
      long study of the vector and the clinical manifestations of the disease in a
      forest-savannah mosaic area on the Oji river. Microfilaraemia was found in 76% of
      the population, and nodules in 62%; there were no significant differences between
      male and female prevalence rates. Skin and ocular lesions of onchocerciasis,
      including 'Sowda', were common. Flies of the Simulium damnosum complex were found
      breeding along the entire length of the Oji river and tributaries. Biting
      occurred all the year round, but peaked in the months of March, April and May.

PMID- 1811442
TI  - Insulin reverses haemodynamic changes and pulmonary oedema in children stung by
      the Indian red scorpion Mesobuthus tamulus concanesis, Pocock.
AB  - The efficacy of insulin administration in reversing haemodynamic changes in
      pulmonary oedema in victims of poisonous scorpion sting is assessed by a study
      based on animal experiments in which insulin administration reversed metabolic
      and electrocardiographic changes induced by scorpion envenomation. Six previously
      healthy children aged 18 months to 11 years were admitted to hospital five to 17
      hours after scorpion sting. Frusemide for raised central venous pressure and
      pulmonary oedema, crystalloid infusion for reduced central venous pressure, and
      hydrocortisone and dopamine for hypotension were used as standard therapy.
      Insulin (0.3 units g-1 of glucose) was administered when the standard therapy
      failed to produce an improvement, and at the earliest sign of haemodynamic
      instability. Reversal of pulmonary oedema and haemodynamic changes, and
      attainment or normal respiratory rate, blood pressure and central venous
      pressure, were observed. It is concluded that insulin administration may be
      useful in reversing haemodynamic changes and pulmonary oedema in victims of
      scorpion stings.

PMID- 1811441
TI  - Comparison of glucose/electrolyte and maltodextrin/glycine/glycyl
      glycine/electrolyte oral rehydration solutions in cholera and watery diarrhoea in
      adults.
AB  - One hundred and eight male adults (mean age 33 +/- 1.7 years) presenting with
      watery diarrhoea of less than 48 hours duration at home prior to hospitalization
      and with clinically evident (grade II, severe) dehydration were admitted into a
      randomized double-blind clinical trial; 54 were treated with standard oral
      rehydration solution (ORS)--WHO formulation containing citrate--and 54 with an
      improved ORS formulation which contained, in addition to the standard formula,
      maltodextrin 20 g (instead of glucose), glycine 4 g and glycyl-glycine 4 g.
      Patients with clinical cholera were given tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d. Vibrio
      cholerae was detected in 85 patients. The clinical characteristics of patients in
      the two groups were comparable. The improved ORS did not reduce the volume of
      diarrhoeic stools in cholera; indeed, patients with cholera who were treated with
      improved ORS had larger diarrhoea stool volumes. However, those cholera patients
      given improved ORS showed significantly greater weight gains during the first six
      hour period, at the end of the second day, and at discharge. On the other hand,
      non-cholera patients treated with improved ORS had significantly smaller
      diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour significantly smaller
      diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour period (i.e. during the
      commencement of maintenance rehydration therapy).

PMID- 1811444
TI  - Pattern of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in young and adolescent school
      children in Bassein, India, an endemic area for lymphatic filariasis.

PMID- 1811445
TI  - Pheromones in Old and New World sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae).

PMID- 1811443
TI  - Kinetics of the growth and variation in infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii in mice.

PMID- 1811446
TI  - [Biological and nutritional role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular and
      organic physiology].
AB  - Several aspects about the biological role of taurine and its derivatives has been
      described in this work, especially in relation to humans. Some aspects related to
      the structure and function of the molecule in respect to its capacity as an
      osmoregulator and as an antioxidant are also analyzed. Moreover, the distribution
      changes on the biosynthesis phenomenon in some development stages as well as
      changes at the transport level, especially in some tissues where the
      concentration is increased several times with respect to plasmatic
      concentrations, are discussed. Some evidences exist as to the possibilities that
      taurine may be considered as a conditionally essential nutrient, particularly in
      some cases where it has been demonstrated that taurine and its derivatives have
      certain clinical and nutritional implications.

PMID- 1811447
TI  - Schizophrenia incidence on clinical aspects of nutritional status.

PMID- 1811448
TI  - [Anemias in preschool children: diagnosis, treatment and evaluation, Recife-PE,
      Brazil].
AB  - The diagnosis and the effects of treatment of anemia were assessed in children
      aged 6-71 months. A total of 1,161 preschool children from a health center of
      INAMPS (Instituto Nacional de Assistencia Medica e Previdencia Social) in Recife,
      Pernambuco, was studied. Hemoglobin was determined by the method described by
      Hainline. WHO criteria were used to identify anemia. According to their age,
      nutritional status and family income, the children were divided into groups, and
      those with anemia were treated with ferrous sulphate and an anti-helminthic
      (mebendazole). Anemia prevalence was substantially higher in children aged 2
      years, and a statistically significant association (0.01 level) was found between
      anemia and nutritional status and family income. After treatment, hemoglobin
      values were normal in 40% of the anemic children; simultaneously, mean hemoglobin
      values increased from 9.11 to 10.3 g/dl which was statistically significant (p
      less than 0.001). This investigation is part of a collaborative study performed
      in four Brazilian states to offer "know-how" to a national program for combating
      iron deficiency anemia.

PMID- 1811449
TI  - [Main sociocultural aspects related to breast feeding in Malinalco, Mexico].
AB  - The present paper discusses data related to some sociocultural aspects on breast
      feeding behavior among a group of women from a rural community in Mexico called
      Malinalco. A sample of 225 mothers with children aged less than 60 months, was
      selected. Several home visits were done in order to fill up a questionnaire, as
      well as to follow direct interviews according to some selected variables to the
      deepened, such as: schooling, occupation, place of children deliveries, breast
      feeding behavior beliefs on breast-feeding abandonment, weaning practices, etc.
      The results showed that there is no relation between breast-feeding practices,
      income and school years; nevertheless, there is a certain tendency on early
      abandonment of breast-feeding in women with higher level of schooling. Some local
      beliefs about breast-milk production were detected, as well as some remedies to
      stimulate milk production and to cure certain breast-feeding problems. Data on
      weaning age and the commonest weaning food products are presented. The importance
      that cultural dimension has on breast-feeding studies is discussed, as well as
      the relevance of recognizing "the changes of concepts" within the process of
      cultural development itself, in order to understand them better and to propose
      solutions to the generated problems.

PMID- 1811450
TI  - [Body height evolution of adults in a rural area of Bolivia (1829-1987)].
AB  - Mean adult height is an indicator of very long-term (centuries) socioeconomic and
      nutritional trends in homogeneous populations. At the same time, changes in
      height have also been shown to be an indicator of long-term (generations) living
      conditions in homogeneous populations, and thus, a good complement to the usual
      anthropometric indicators of the medium--and short-term changes. Existing data on
      rural Bolivia confirm that there has been no significant improvement in health,
      sanitation and, especially, nutritional conditions in the Aymara and Quechua
      regions since Bolivia's independence (1825), and that living conditions have
      rather deteriorated in Amazonia (Beni). From a comparison of generational changes
      in height it is inferred that during the last several decades, and that
      conditions have probably worsened for the Quechua population environmental
      conditions appear to have remained the same for the Aymara population. On the
      other hand, some recovery in the Amazonia and improvement in the Chaco
      populations are apparent.

PMID- 1811451
TI  - [Agronomical and bromatological studies in jicama (Polymnia sonchifolia Poep et
      Endl.)].
AB  - An analysis of tuber roots yield and nutritional characteristics for 10 lines of
      jicama (Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp et Endl.) was carried out under the
      environmental conditions of Santa Catalina Experimental Station (12 degrees C of
      temperature and 3,100 m above sea level). The following average mean values were
      obtained: A fresh tuber root's yield from 29,755 to 73,558 kg/ha with 41,547
      kg/ha of average, while the yield of the useful part (roots without skin) was
      from 24,309 to 60,097 kg/ha with 33,944 kg/ha of average. On the other hand,
      average mean values of 3.7% of protein, 3.5% ashes, 1.5% fat, 3.4% fiber, 2.2%
      potassium, 0.12% phosphorus, 96 micrograms/100 g iron, and 390 micrograms/100 g
      zinc, were obtained from the edible root samples. Besides, we obtained average
      values of 2.47, 2.12, 1.63 and 2.51 g/100 g of fructose, alfa glucose, beta
      glucose and saccharose, respectively, on edible root samples with skin, for the
      10 lines studied. All these analyses were reported on a dry basis.

PMID- 1811453
TI  - [Obtainment of pineapple juice powder by foam-mat drying].
AB  - The foam-mat production and stability using pineapple juice concentrate (25, 30
      and 40 degrees Brix), adding a surfactants mixture and maltodextrin (DE 10) as co
      adjuvant, stirred in a commercial mixer, was studied. Adequate foam formation
      conditions were as follows: concentrate of 25 degrees Brix using surface active
      agents (Sorbac 60-Polisorbac 80) 0.285% surface active agent/total solids, HLB =
      6, and stirring time, 7 min. The foam was dehydrated in an oven dried with a
      horizontal air flow circulation set at 60, 70 and 80 degrees C using 3, 5 and 10
      mm bed depths. The best conditions were obtained at 60 degrees C and 5 mm bed
      depth. The product had a particle size of sieve 40-80, and a moisture content of
      3%. It was then packaged in multilayer plastic film and stored at environmental
      conditions. No brown color formation or mold growth was detected during storage.
      Pineapple juice and a refreshing drink were prepared. The general acceptability
      in a community indicated that 95% of the population involved accepted the
      product.

PMID- 1811452
TI  - [Effect of reheating on iron availability and the protein nutritive value of
      cooked black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)].
AB  - In Guatemala, at the rural level, beans are prepared for family consumption every
      two days. Beans are cooked again every 12 hours for 15 minutes prior to their
      consumption. Due to the adverse effect that the process causes on nutritive
      value, the present study evaluated the method and preparation practice of beans
      on protein value; tannin and soluble and ionizable iron content. As to the effect
      of re-cooking on protein level, findings revealed that there were no significant
      statistical effects on net protein ratio (NPR) or in protein efficiency ratio
      (PER) and number of bean cooking. Nevertheless, a constant effect in quality in
      the first and second cooking procedure was detected. The second cooking gave a
      similar value as the first. Also, the first and second heating reduced protein
      digestibility, but the third gave a value similar to the initial one. No changes
      were observed in the digestibility of dry matter. Relatively high amounts of
      protein were found in the cooking broth, which was not affected by the number of
      heating. It was also found that the bean broth contained high levels of tannins
      in the initial heating, decreasing later significantly. The same was observed in
      the cooked beans alone and in beans with their broth. With respect to iron,
      findings showed a relatively high transference of beans to broth, in total iron
      as well as in soluble, ionizable and insoluble iron. No changes were observed in
      whole beans without broth caused by number of heatings, on total, soluble or
      ionizable iron. In beans with their broth, a similar effect was observed,
      although a slight increase in insoluble iron was detected at the end of heating.
      A decrease in soluble and insoluble iron was observed in broth with number of
      heatings. Correlations were calculated among the parameters studied, which
      suggested an effect of tannins on the bioavailability of iron caused by tannins.

PMID- 1811454
TI  - [Evaluation of fish silage prepared by microbiological route as a proteinic
      supplement in diets for fattening chickens].
AB  - A bioassay in broilers was carried out during a six-week period, to evaluate, as
      a protein source, the quality of fish silage produced by microbiological means
      and to compare it with that of fish flour and soybean flour. A total of 28
      broilers of the Cross by Cross strain were used, sexed and assigned at random.
      Additionally, the fish silage was subjected to moisture (8.1%), ash (18.4%),
      protein (59.5%), fat (7.55%), carbohydrates (6.47%), and pH (4.2) determinations
      for its inclusion in the diets formulation. The results obtained did not permit
      establishment of significant differences between the weight increments presented
      by chicks fed with fish flour, and those fed with fish silage. Nevertheless, the
      food conversion index of the chicks consuming the diet prepared with fish silage
      proved to be better that the conversion index of the diet prepared with fish and
      soy flours. No lesions in the organs of the animals studied were observed, and
      the sensory trials indicated that chicks fed with the fish silage did not present
      differences with those commercially acquired.

PMID- 1811455
TI  - Information systems design for development projects in Central America.
AB  - Present development projects in Central America, particularly food aid and food
      and nutrition education programs, are operating under severe management
      constraints which limit their potential to produce positive and measurable
      impacts on target communities and families. Thus, operational analysis and
      information systems are basic managerial tools to improve the efficiency of the
      projects. This paper presents an information system development methodology which
      has been used by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP)
      to assist different development projects of Central America. The methodology is
      geared on the one hand, towards systematizing the definition of the demand and of
      applications and, on the other, of the types of response required or deemed
      convenient, taking into account the technologies that are appropriate to the
      users' various capacities. The complete development cycle is based on good
      understanding of the social, organizational and human aspects of the project.
      Through the whole process, not only is the information system being developed and
      documented, but personnel is being trained and assisted in solving their
      problems, contributing thereby, to true transfer of technology. No new set of
      techniques of systems development is presented. What has been done is to
      carefully select elements of current technical practices, modifying tools and
      techniques to generate a unique methodology through which the information
      systems' requirements, specifications, and details may be expressed.

PMID- 1811456
TI  - [Parkinson's disease: advances in the decade of the brain].

PMID- 1811457
TI  - [Search for the cause of Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1811458
TI  - [Anatomo-functional basis for Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1811459
TI  - [Pergolide in Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 1811461
TI  - [Frontal lobe involvement and cortical and subcortical deterioration in
      Parkinson's disease evaluated using quantified electroencephalography].
AB  - Quantified electroencephalography (EEGq) by means the Fast Fourier Transformed
      system (FFT) was carried out on two groups of patients with idiopathic
      Parkinson's Disease (PD). The first one was with symptoms of cortical
      deterioration, and the second group consisting of subjects without signs of
      cortical impairment. The study of the specific EEGq indices has led to the
      establishment of parameters which establish differences between these two groups.
      Specifically, a difference has been found with regard to the total potentials of
      delta and alpha frequency bands; alpha/theta index; posterior activities; changes
      in the lobular antero-posterior of delta and alpha rhythms; and in the
      distribution of the spatialization index of alpha rhythm. We discuss the
      implications of this electrophysiological differentiation between the two groups,
      regarding the possible frontal lobe affection in the subcortical dementiation of
      the Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 1811463
TI  - An ethics forum: getting started.

PMID- 1811460
TI  - [Effect of a controlled low-protein diet on the pharmacological response to
      levodopa and on the plasma levels of L-dopa and amino acids in patients with
      Parkinson's disease].
AB  - Levodopa is the treatment of choice in Parkinson's disease, but a high percentage
      of patients develop complications in the response, including fluctuations, after
      some years of treatment. Although the origin of fluctuations is unknown, these
      could be, at least partly, attributed to pharmacokinetic factors. Aromatic
      aminoacids interfere in the absorption and brain penetration of levodopa, and
      lowering protein intake improves the quality of the response. The continuation of
      a low-protein diet is difficult for some patients. In this way, to know if these
      diet effects are noticeable in an acute period would be interesting, in order to
      select groups of patients who were susceptible to improve with this treatment. In
      this report we have studied the acute effect of a low protein diet on the
      pharmacological response to levodopa, and the plasmatic levels of L-Dopa, 3-OM
      Dopa and large neutral aminoacids. Protein restriction improves clinical response
      to levodopa, although the mechanisms of this improvement remain unknown.

PMID- 1811462
TI  - [Cognitive deterioration in Parkinson's disease].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to contrast a sampling of 20 patients diagnosed as
      suffering from "Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease" (mean age, 54; schooling, 8.5
      years; length of disease, 6.07 years) with a healthy control group, in order to
      detect possible correlation between intellectual impairment and depression in the
      individuals affected by Parkinsonism. An integrated battery of neuropsychological
      testing (PIEN-Test Barcelona. Pena, 1990) was used, in conjunction with "Beck's
      Depression Inventory". The results show significant differences in the following
      areas: expressive language, complex language comprehension, motor coordination,
      complex visuospatial factors, verbal memory and WAIS-type intelligence factors.
      Discriminant analysis was performed to select the most discriminating variables.
      The results were as follows, beginning with the most discriminating factor: motor
      coordination, complex comprehension, complex visuospatial factors, math skills
      and an overall slowing down. The patients with the highest depression levels were
      found to have the greatest impairment in mental control/attention and complex
      comprehension.

PMID- 1811464
TI  - The Monica study: nurses on the epidemiological team.

PMID- 1811465
TI  - Action research: an academic returns to clinical practice.

PMID- 1811466
TI  - Don't plan on working in Japan.

PMID- 1811467
TI  - Critical issues in nursing.

PMID- 1811468
TI  - The third age. Hostel standards.

PMID- 1811469
TI  - Heparinised saline--is the heparin really necessary?

PMID- 1811470
TI  - Nurses to be invaded?

PMID- 1811471
TI  - Charged-particle transport in the condensed phase.
AB  - Traditionally, studies of the biological effects of ionizing radiation have
      rested on the triumvirate: (gas-phase) radiation physics, biophysical modeling,
      and radiation biology. Two technical developments, the advent of supercomputing
      as a routine tool in quantum solid-state material science and molecular dynamics
      on the one hand, and molecular biology on the other hand, have created--perhaps
      for the first time-the possibility of directly linking a more realistic
      description of the radiation field to observable events at biomolecular level. It
      also becomes increasingly clear that the identification of specific molecular
      targets imposes a challenge to the radiation physics community to be equally
      specific in treating the energy--deposition stage of radiation action. In this
      paper: a) I review--and exemplify with results from our own work--the current
      status in Monte Carlo simulation of gas-phase material (particle transport and
      stochastic chemistry); b) examine the link between these essentially geometric
      representations of the track and the concept of "spatial distribution of energy
      deposition," a staple in radiation modeling; c) advocate an effort towards
      developing conceptually and calculationally, the field of solid-state
      microdosimetry; and d) describe methods based on semi-empirical Hamiltonians or
      quasi-particle techniques for obtaining the frequency-dependent and wave-vector
      dependent dielectric response function for biomolecular crystalline systems,
      which are the main ingredients for describing charged-particle transport.

PMID- 1811472
TI  - Radial distribution of dose.
AB  - The radial distribution of dose about the path of a heavy ion, principally from
      delta rays, is one of the central contributions of atomic physics to the
      systematization of high LET radiation effects in condensed matter, whether the
      detection arises in chemical, physical, or biological systems. In addition to the
      radial distribution of dose, we require knowledge of the response of the system
      to X-rays or gamma-rays or to beams of energetic electrons such that the electron
      slowing-down spectra from these radiations can approximate the slowing-down
      spectra from delta rays even at different radial distances from the ion's path. A
      combination of these data enables us to calculate the action cross sections ion
      bombardments in all detectors for which this information is available. These
      cross sections are indispensable for the evaluation of effects caused by high LET
      radiations. In this paper we focus attention principally on the calculation and
      measurement of the radial distribution of dose and on their limitations.

PMID- 1811473
TI  - Early chemical events and initial DNA damage.
AB  - Early chemical events (between 10(-15) and 10(-6) seconds) as they relate to the
      evolution of damage in radiation biology have been described in terms of a
      theoretical model. DNA is the target of concern in this model, and both indirect
      and direct effects have been explicitly accounted for in evaluating yields of
      strand breaks. In the indirect-effect considerations, a quantitative estimation
      of the time decay of water radical species--beginning with their production at
      10(-14) seconds and leading to the interactions of hydroxyl radicals with DNA-
      has been a major focus. A method based on stopping-power theory and the Bragg
      rule has been described to account for direct effects. However, no attempt is
      made to follow all the chemical events that take place between the creation of
      initial (10(-6) seconds) damage and the observable strand break yields. The
      theoretical calculations refer to a simple aqueous system containing DNA
      molecules and scavenger (Tris). The theoretical results of strand break yields by
      different heavy charged particles are in good agreement with experimental
      cellular data under conditions of minimal enzymatic repair.

PMID- 1811474
TI  - The chemistry of free-radical-mediated DNA damage.
AB  - In the living cell, ionizing radiation can cause DNA damage by the direct effect
      (ionization of DNA) and the indirect effect (reaction of radicals formed in the
      neighborhood of DNA with DNA, e.g., OH, eaq-, H, protein- and glutathione-derived
      radicals). Properties of the base radical cations have been studied in model
      systems using SO4- radical to oxidize the nucleobases in aqueous solution. The
      pKa values of some nucleobase radical cations are reported, so are the ensuing
      reactions of the thymidine radical cation with water. The products of reactions
      are compared with those formed by OH radical attack. The reaction of eaq- with
      the nucleobases yields radical anions. Protonation at heteroatom sites and at
      carbon are discussed, and some recent results regarding the electron transfer to
      adjacent nucleobases as well as to 5-bromouracil are reported. A brief account is
      given on the reaction of carbon-centered radicals with the nucleobases. These
      reactions may mimic the reactions of protein-derived radicals with DNA.
      Glutathione is present in cells at rather high concentrations and is expected to
      act as an H- or electron-donor in repairing radiation-induced DNA damage
      (chemical repair). As thiyl radicals are known to also undergo the reverse
      reaction, i.e., H-abstraction from suitable solutes, some experiments are
      reported which probe this type of reaction with dilute DNA solutions. In some
      polynucleotides radical transfer from the base radical to the sugar moiety occurs
      with the consequence of strand breakage and base release. Some currently held
      mechanistic concepts are discussed. Attention is drawn to some important open
      questions which should be addressed in the near future.

PMID- 1811476
TI  - The radiobiological significance of spatial and temporal distribution of energy
      absorbed from ionizing radiations.
AB  - The cells of higher organisms respond in a non-linear fashion to the energy
      absorbed from ionizing radiation. However, there appears to be no indication of a
      dependence that is of a higher power than the square of the absorbed energy. This
      relatively simple alternative permits operational definitions of two types of
      injuries, termed lesions and sublesions, and a basic description in terms of dual
      radiation action. There are, however, various complicating factors and
      uncertainties. Further progress requires the development of a modified
      microdosimetry that incorporates energy transport, a more complete treatment of
      saturation and especially a specific identification of what is probably damage to
      DNA.

PMID- 1811475
TI  - The molecular biology of radiation carcinogenesis.
AB  - Major new insights into carcinogenesis have come from recent advances in cellular
      and molecular biology. The concept of oncogenes provides a simple explanation for
      how agents as diverse as radiation, chemicals or retroviruses can induce tumors
      that are indistinguishable one from another. Oncogenes may be activated by a
      point mutation, by a chromosome translocation, or by amplification. Ionizing
      radiations are efficient at the first two mechanisms. While oncogenes are
      frequently associated with leukemias and lymphomas, they are associated with only
      10 to 15% of human solid cancers. The importance of the loss of suppressor genes
      was suggested first from studies with human-hamster hybrid cells, but has since
      been shown to be of importance in an increasing number of human solid tumors,
      from rare tumors such as retinoblastoma to more common tumors such as small cell
      lung cancer and colorectal cancer. The mechanism of somatic homozygosity clearly
      involves several steps, some of which, such as a deletion, could be readily
      produced by ionizing radiation. The multi-step nature of carcinogenesis can be
      demonstrated in the petri dish, where the transfection of multiple oncogenes is
      required to transform normal cells from short-term explants. It can be shown,
      too, in colorectal cancer in the human, where the activation of an oncogene and
      the loss of more than one suppressor gene may be involved in the progression from
      normal epithelium to a frank malignancy.

PMID- 1811477
TI  - Phenomenological models.
AB  - The biological effects of ionizing radiation exposure are the result of a complex
      sequence of physical, chemical, biochemical, and physiological interactions which
      are modified by characteristics of the radiation, the timing of its
      administration, the chemical and physical environment, and the nature of the
      biological system. However, it is generally agreed that the health effects in
      animals originate from changes in individual cells, or possibly small groups of
      cells, and that these cellular changes are initiated by ionizations and
      excitations produced by the passage of charged particles through the cells. One
      way to begin a search for an understanding of health effects of radiation is
      through the development of phenomenological models of the response. Many models
      have been presented and tested in the slowly evolving process of characterizing
      cellular response. Different phenomena (LET dependence, dose rate effect, oxygen
      effect etc.) and different end points (cell survival, aberration formation,
      transformation, etc.) have been observed, and no single model has been developed
      to cover all of them. Instead, a range of models covering different end points
      and phenomena have developed in parallel. Many of these models employ similar
      assumptions about some underlying processes while differing about the nature of
      others. An attempt is made to organize many of the models into groups with
      similar features and to compare the consequences of those features with the
      actual experimental observations. It is assumed that by showing that some
      assumptions are inconsistent with experimental observations, the job of devising
      and testing mechanistic models can be simplified.

PMID- 1811478
TI  - Mechanistic models.
AB  - Several models and theories are reviewed that incorporate the idea of radiation
      induced lesions (repairable and/or irreparable) that can be related to molecular
      lesions in the DNA molecule. Usually the DNA double-strand or chromatin break is
      suggested as the critical lesion. In the models, the shoulder on the low-LET
      survival curve is hypothesized as being due to one (or more) of the following
      three mechanisms: (i) "interaction" of lesions produced by statistically
      independent particle tracks, (ii) nonlinear (i.e., linear-quadratic) increase in
      the yield of initial lesions, and (iii) saturation of repair processes at high
      dose. Comparisons are made between the various approaches. Several significant
      advances in model development are discussed; in particular, a description of the
      matrix formulation of the Markov versions of the repair-misrepair (RMR) and
      lethal-potentially-lethal (LPL) models is given. The more advanced theories have
      incorporated statistical fluctuations in various aspects of the energy-loss and
      lesion-formation process. An important direction is the inclusion of physical and
      chemical processes into the formulations by incorporating relevant track
      structure theory (Monte Carlo track simulations) and chemical reactions of
      radiation-induced radicals. At the biological end, identification of repair genes
      and how they operate, as well as a better understanding of how DNA misjoinings
      lead to lethal chromosome aberrations, are needed for appropriate inclusion into
      the theories. More effort is necessary to model the complex end point of
      radiation-induced carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1811479
TI  - Carcinogenesis models: an overview.
AB  - Biologically based mathematical models of the process of carcinogenesis are not
      only an essential part of a rational approach to quantitative cancer risk
      assessment, but also raise fundamental questions about the nature of the events
      leading to malignancy. In this paper two such models are reviewed. The first is
      the multistage model proposed by Armitage and Doll in the 1950s. The larger part
      of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the two-mutation model proposed by
      Moolgavkar and colleagues. This model is a generalization of the idea of
      recessive oncogenesis proposed by Knudson, and has been shown to be consistent
      with a large body of epidemiological and experimental data. The usefulness of the
      model is illustrated by analysis of a large experimental data set in which rats
      exposed to radon develop malignant lung tumors.

PMID- 1811480
TI  - DNA damage and repair.
AB  - Some of the background to radiation chemical studies of DNA damage is presented,
      followed by a review of measurements of such damage and its repair in mammalian
      cells. While most effort has been placed on the measurement of radiation-induced
      strand breaks (because assays can be used in the biologically relevant dose
      range), the radiation-altered bases are less studied. Attempts have been made to
      devise assays for base-damage measurement in cellular DNA after irradiation; the
      problems of using such assays at reasonable radiation doses are discussed. The
      alternate approach to measuring yields and chemical identities of damages in
      cells is extrapolation from model systems. The limitations of extrapolation are
      considered in the context of the intracellular structures in which DNA exists and
      the problems in predicting mechanisms of intracellular damage induction. The
      complexities of damages that could be lethal are considered; "double-strand
      break" is the generic term for a wide variety of damages, each of which is
      produced by a similar mechanism. Many of the damages caused by multiple radicals
      have the potential to be lethal. The current work of the author is outlined along
      with his attempts to throw light on the topics described above. Some potentially
      fruitful directions for future research are suggested. These would help to build
      bridges between studies of the physics of energy deposition and the chemistry of
      cellular radiation damage and to provide a comprehensive basis for the prediction
      of the biological effects consequent to the deposition of radiation energy.

PMID- 1811481
TI  - Chemical, molecular biology, and genetic techniques for correlating DNA base
      damage induced by ionizing radiation with biological end points.
AB  - The types of DNA base damage induced by ionizing radiation, and also relevant
      model system investigations on replication and mutagenesis, are reviewed in this
      paper. Recent advances in DNA synthesis technology and site-directed mutagenesis
      suggest that these methods can be profitably utilized to correlate specific types
      of DNA base damage with selected biological end points. A deeper insight can be
      obtained into the molecular origins of mutations, and the effects of base
      sequence surrounding the lesions on the nature and types of mutations.

PMID- 1811482
TI  - Exciton microscopy and reaction kinetics in restricted spaces.
AB  - We describe the development of a new biologically non-invasive ultraresolution
      light microscopy, based on combining the energy transfer "spectral ruler" method
      with the micro-movement technology employed in scanning tunneling microscopy
      (STM). We use near-field scanning optical microscopy, with micropipettes
      containing crystals of energy packaging donor molecules in the tips that can have
      apertures below 5 nm. The excitation of these tips extends near field microscopy
      well beyond the 50 nm limit. The theoretical resolution limit for this spectrally
      sensitive light microscopy is well below 1 nm. Exciton microscopy is ideally
      suited for kinetic studies that are spatially resolved on the molecular scale,
      i.e., at a single molecule site. Moreover, the successful operation of the
      scanning exciton tip depends on an understanding of reaction kinetics in
      restricted spaces. In contrast to the many recent reviews on scanning tip
      microscopies, there is no adequate review of the recent revolutionary
      developments in the area of reaction kinetics in confined geometries. We thus
      attempt such a review in this paper. Reactions in restricted spaces rarely get
      stirred vigorously by convection and are thus often controlled by diffusion.
      Furthermore, the compactness of the Brownian motion leads to both anomalous
      diffusion and anomalous reaction kinetics. Elementary binary reactions of the
      type A + A----Products, A + B----Products and A + C----C + Products are discussed
      theoretically for both batch and steady-state conditions. The anomalous reaction
      orders and time exponents (for the rate coefficients) are discussed for various
      situations. Global and local rate laws are related to particle distribution
      functions. Only Poissonian distributions guarantee the classical rate laws.
      Reactant self-organization leads to interesting new phenomena. These are
      demonstrated by theory, simulations, and experiments. The correlation length of
      reactant production affects the self-ordering length-scale. These effects are
      demonstrated experimentally, including the stability of reactant segregation
      observed in chemical reactions in one-dimensional spaces, e.g., capillaries and
      microcapillaries. The gap between the reactant A (cation) and B (anion) actually
      increases in time, and extends over millimeters. Excellent agreement is found
      among theory, simulation, and experiment for the various scaling exponents.

PMID- 1811483
TI  - Atomic and molecular physics in the gas phase.
AB  - The spatial and temporal distributions of energy deposition by high-linear-energy
      transfer radiation play an important role in the subsequent chemical and
      biological processes leading to radiation damage. Because the spatial structures
      of energy deposition events are of the same dimensions as molecular structures in
      the mammalian cell, direct measurements of energy deposition distributions
      appropriate to radiation biology are infeasible. This circumstance has led to the
      development of models of energy transport based on a knowledge of atomic and
      molecular interactions that enable one to simulate energy transfer on an atomic
      scale. Such models require a detailed understanding of the interactions of ions
      and electrons with biologically relevant material. During the past 20 years,
      there has been a great deal of progress in our understanding of these
      interactions, much of it coming from studies in the gas phase. These studies
      provide information on the systematics of interaction cross sections, and lead to
      knowledge of the regions of energy deposition where molecular and phase effects
      are important-knowledge that guides development in appropriate theory. In this
      report, studies of the doubly differential cross sections, which are crucial to
      the development of stochastic energy deposition calculations and track structure
      simulation, are reviewed. We discuss areas of understanding and address
      directions for future work. Particular attention is given to experimental and
      theoretical findings that have changed the traditional view of secondary electron
      production for charged-particle interactions with atomic and molecular targets.

PMID- 1811484
TI  - [Untreated hemothorax with fatal sequelae].
AB  - A 52-years old woman fell downstairs at home and suffered fractures of the left
      9. and 10. rib. She was admitted to hospital; a small subcutaneous emphysema was
      seen over the fractures. Primary radiograph of the chest showed no internal
      complication. The patient was observed over night on intensive care unit without
      abnormalities. Next morning she was transmitted to the regular ward; on this way
      a control chest-radiography was made. A large hematothorax was seen. The
      radiologist tried to telephone with the surgeon at the new ward, who was not
      available because of operating. The nurse at phone (novice) misunderstood the
      message or the correct message was wrong interpreted by the other nurses in the
      sense that they believed that the patient had a history of (treated)
      hematothorax, so that no acute treatment was necessary. The surgeon was not
      informed, when he came later; the patient was brought from the x-ray station and
      nothing more happened. About 10 hours later the woman died. The radiologist has
      been condemned by reason of killing due to carelessness; the fine was placed on
      probation. In the opinion of the court the radiologist--as the only person, who
      knew the acute and unexpected condition of the patient--rejected against his
      liability to guarantee the life of the patient, since he not maked quite sure
      that the woman really received the needful treatment.

PMID- 1811485
TI  - [Blood-brain barrier--an important factor for distribution of hypnotics and their
      metabolites in the central nervous system].
AB  - It can be assumed, that the morphological structures of the blood-brain-barrier
      (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier (BCB) are built at the same principle
      and stops considerably the transport of water soluble substances to the cells of
      the brain. To these belong polar groups of active substances, which improve their
      water solubility (OH-, COOH-, CO-, NH2- and SH-substitutes). On the other side
      lipophilic solvents as vehicles support the penetration of such polar substances
      into the brain. Our aim in this paper was to investigate the distribution of
      unchanged barbiturates and their polar metabolites in the brain within the scope
      of animal experiments. All the animals (cats) got an overdose of Pentobarbital,
      to which a small quantity of the hypnotic marked with a 14C atom was added.
      Pentobarbital metabolizes in the organism in short times to hydroxy- and carboxy
      pentobarbital. After different times of killing the organs and body fluids,
      especially the brain were examined and the results compared. It could be shown
      that in the brain of all animals in spite of different killing times 75-90 per
      cent of the unchanged barbiturate has been found. On the other side, only a
      maximum of 20 per cent of the pentobarbital metabolites was found in the brain
      cells. In the other organs and body fluids the part of the unchanged barbiturate
      was much lower, between 10 and 50 per cent, depending on the killing time. The
      quantity of the metabolites was essential higher, with variations between 50 and
      90 per cent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811486
TI  - [An improved screening program for 160 pesticides].
AB  - A screening system for 170 pesticides is reported. The following analytical
      methods are used: TLC (corrected Rf-value), GLC (retention index) and UV
      spectroscopy. Also quantitative aspects are mentioned when modern TLC-scanners
      are applied.

PMID- 1811487
TI  - [Increase in paracetamol poisoning].
AB  - During the last 5 years a continuous increase of the number of intoxications with
      the analgesic paracetamol has been realized. Most cases were due to attempted
      suicides whereas few cases resulted from accidental overdosing to small children.
      In the latter case two to threefold overdoses often caused serious intoxications.
      Whereas the number of attempted suicides with other drugs remained constant only
      those with paracetamol increased. In contrast to attempted suicides with other
      drugs people below 20 years form the major group of those taking paracetamol.

PMID- 1811488
TI  - [Can duration of agony and cause of death be objectively assessed by detection of
      special muscle proteins with isoelectric focussing?].
AB  - According to investigations in veterinary medicine, published in 1983, it is
      possible to differentiate between real and pretended slaughtered pigs: by
      isoelectric focusing of muscular tissue the occurrence of a narrow band at the
      isoelectric point pH 6.3 was observed. The intention of the actual study was to
      prove, whether these results could be transmitted to human medicine to determine
      duration of agony or manner of death. The band appeared in 40 of 47 cases in
      variable intensity. A connection to duration of agony, manner of death or time of
      death could not be realized.

PMID- 1811489
TI  - [Lower n-alkane acids with increased propanone-/2-propanol concentrations in
      biological specimen].
AB  - In cases of so called ketoacidosis there are not only elevated levels of acetone
      and isopropanol to be found, but also elevated levels of acetic acid and some
      times of formic acid and higher n-alkane acids. In ketoacidosis concentrations of
      acetate in the organes may reach levels with are to be seen in cases of
      intoxication with acetic acid. The present results of our investigationes are
      summerised and discussed in the view of possible pathobiochemical and
      toxicological valuations in relationship with diseases, causes of death and
      thanatochemical processes.

PMID- 1811490
TI  - [FTIR-microspectrophotometry for high resolution and highly sensitive detection
      of the carboxyhemoglobin complex].
AB  - Our recently developed method for rapid quantitative evaluation of
      carboxyhemoglobin in liquid as well as in dried blood samples has been
      considerably improved by the incorporation of an infrared microscope. Besides the
      characteristic bands at V = 1953 (cm-1) in liquid and V = 1968 (cm-1) in dry
      blood we found, upon addition of D2O, a dislocation of the bands at V = 1949 (cm
      1). This reversible dislocation still permits a reliable identification of the
      COHb complex at the extremes of the capacity range of the measuring unit. Thus
      identification of the COHb complex was successful even in isolated erythrocytes.
      By means of this improved technique reliable quantitative evaluation may be
      carried out in a concentration range of between 2% and 0.05% whereas
      semiquantitative evaluation was possible at concentration down to 0.01%, allowing
      for instance the evaluation of the effects of a single inhalation of cigarette
      smoke. The positive identification of endogenous COHb fractions as well as of
      exogenous agents (smoking, environmental factors) which this method permits is
      prerequisite for a dependable interpretation of forensic-toxicologically relevant
      COHb findings.

PMID- 1811491
TI  - [Aldehyde metabolizing enzymes in the central nervous system and liver-
      electrophoresis studies of alcoholism].
AB  - The enzyme systems aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), formaldehyde dehydrogenase
      (FDH) and S-formylglutation dehydrogenase (FGH/ESD) were investigated in specimen
      of cadaveric liver and brain by semiquantitative adjusted starch gel
      electrophoresis. Two groups of autopsy cases were compaired 1. alcoholics with
      fatty liver and 2. nonalcoholics. In ALDH and FDH there were no differences
      between the examined groups. In about 48% of specimens of alcoholics were in a
      more or less degree alterations in phenotypes of ESD detectable in vitro
      experiments showed that ESD spots were modified and became less intensive in the
      presence of formaldehyde (0.5-2.5 mg/g). These alterations were more intensiv in
      the phenotyp ESD 1 then in the phenotyp ESD 2-1.

PMID- 1811492
TI  - [Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in a forensic medicine autopsy sample].
AB  - In the autopsy material of the Innsbruck University Institute for Legal Medicine,
      from the years 1979 to 1988, in 919 road accident victims, 171 cases of traumatic
      diaphragmatic rupture were found. On the basis of this large material, it could
      be concluded that the side of rupture depends mainly on the site of impact and
      that, contrary to clinical studies, there is no significant prevail of left-sided
      rupture.

PMID- 1811493
TI  - [Several reliable legal regulations of East German legislation in relation to the
      forensic medicine specialty].
AB  - The authors treat questions involving post-mortem examinations and autopsies, as
      regulated in the "Order Pertaining to Post-mortem Medical Examinations" in the
      former GDR. The administrative autopsy is of special importance in this respect.
      This regulation, which has been demanded by German physicians for more than a
      century and has existed for a long time in Austria (1857), should finally be
      introduced in the Federal Republic of Germany as well. It should at least be
      retained in the new Federal States. In the field of alcohol-related traffic law,
      the authors advocate a reduction of the blood-alcohol limit throughout Germany,
      even if the zero limit in the former GDR does not appear to be implementable. The
      time-tested regulations applying to organ graftings are presented as the third
      topic. In the GDR there was a uniform order based on the right to object.

PMID- 1811494
TI  - [Genetic techniques--chances--risks--limits (from the viewpoint of the legislator
      -ethical questions--status of medical research].
AB  - Gene technology is still a very young area of research. Advantages or
      disadvantages of this development cannot be tangibly predicted. Irrational
      desires and fears have surfaced resulting from the fact that we are now in a
      position of cultivate certain biological characteristics hitherto impossible to
      reproduce. Individual cases of genome analysis under working conditions, genome
      analysis as a genetic fingerprint, outdoor plant experiments and gene testing
      procedures in prenatal diagnoses should all be considered. Analysis uncertainty
      exists in all these fields, not least caused by multifunctional factors affecting
      genetic features. The question regarding the right to know or not to know, and
      the data protection problem irrevocably connected to this, is constantly being
      raised. It must be recorded that, in spite of the latest scientific findings,
      opportunities for therapy are frequently lacking. In all our efforts, the
      psychological conflicts of those concerned and the resulting socio-economic
      consequences must be taken into consideration.

PMID- 1811495
TI  - [Criminal law and forensic medicine in the 16th century].
AB  - At the Reichstag of Regensburg the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina was declared
      empire law in 1532. This was the most important impulse for the development of
      the legal medicine in Germany as the courts now found themselves constrained to
      hear physicians, barber surgeons or midwives in cases of abortion, infanticidal,
      poisoning, murder or manslaughter. Article 147 was chiefly significant because it
      fixed that in killing crimes the cause of death had to be ascertained by versed
      medical persons. The consequences for the opinions of the medical experts in the
      16th century were examined by evaluating court records from the municipal
      archives of Frankfurt am Main. It was found out that the medico-legal
      investigations in cases of killing crimes always were carried out by committees
      consisting of several barber surgeons. In difficult cases a physician, an
      academic educated medical person, joined the committee. In the trial the
      physicians and barber surgeons as experts were interrogated as witnesses and they
      based on examinations of the victim's lifetime, on autopsies and partial
      autopsies.

PMID- 1811496
TI  - [Sudden death in Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon with an unusual pathogen].
AB  - The classical generalized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon (SSP) in animal
      experiments is induced by two conservative endotoxin injections. The experimental
      animals mostly die within 24 hours in irreversible shock. They show numerous
      microthrombi with as high fibrin content in the peripheral vessels of many organs
      (especially the kidneys) in the context of a consumption coagulopathy. In a 49
      year-old man who died within one day of a condition associated with high fever,
      the clinical picture could be defined on the basis of the clinical and
      morphological findings as a human equivalent of SSP. The detection of a gram
      positive bacterium (Diplococcus pneumoniae), which has been described as the
      causative organism of SSP only in a few exceptional cases, was noteworthy. The
      special features of the pathophysiology are described.

PMID- 1811497
TI  - [Morphologic and morphometric aspects of contusion ring ("abrasion seam") of
      gunshot wounds].
AB  - Test shots (cartridges .22 lr and 9 mm Parabellum) were fired on skin
      preparations taken from the lumbar region. As anticipated, with caliber .22 the
      outer diameter and the area of the abrasion ring were smaller than with the 9 mm
      caliber. This was true of both orthograde and inclined angle shots. In the case
      of vertical projectile impact, the outer diameter of the epidermis-free area was
      either smaller or only slightly larger than the cross-section of the projectile.
      The area of the abrasion ring exceeded the area of the entrance hole in the
      proportion of 3:1 (.22 lr) and 2.45:1 (9 mm Para), respectively. The epidermis
      bordering immediately on the abrasion ring was lifted off, with irregular and
      torn-in edges. Progressive drying up of this border zone simulated a time
      dependent increase of the abrasion ring. If the bullet penetrated at an oblique
      angle, the eccentrically enlarged drying-up collar (on the side from which the
      bullet came) showed a tongue-shaped area of unaffected epidermis with an intact
      stratum corneum. This phenomenon can be explained by the wound-ballistic
      behaviour of the skin in inclined angle shots. Skin covered with a layer of water
      showed no abrasion collar around the entrance hole.

PMID- 1811498
TI  - [Fatalities related to morphine and heroin administration].
AB  - Between 1978 and 1989 403 fatal cases (72% male; 28% female) due to morphine
      and/or heroin have been investigated in the Institute for Forensic Medicine of
      the Free University in Berlin (West). These are about 50% of all forensic drug
      autopsies in Berlin (West). All cases, in which combinations of drugs and
      medicaments and/or drugs and alcohol could be found, are included. In 29 cases
      other causes of death have been found besides morphin-/heroin-concentrations. Not
      included are fatalities with known drug abuse, but without evidence of morphin
      /heroin-concentrations. This paper presents the methods of toxicological
      analysing and the large variance in lung and urine results.

PMID- 1811499
TI  - [Analysis of gunshot injuries with a livestock gun].
AB  - A suicidal injury from a livestock stunner ("humane killer") serves to
      demonstrate the reconstruction possibilities presented by the morphology of the
      bolt entrance wound and the imprimata. There are differences to common bullet
      entrance holes with regard to caliber and soot deposits but also with regard to
      the wound margin features and the characteristics with shots fired at an oblique
      angle.

PMID- 1811500
TI  - [Suicide with a self-constructed shotgun].
AB  - A 56 year old man committed suicide in his car with a self constructed weapon
      ("gun"). Construction and function of the self made gun as well as the main
      gunshot injuries are described.

PMID- 1811501
TI  - [Pattern of experimentally-induced subcutaneous hematoma].
AB  - Healthy persons were each injected with 1 ml autoblood into the subcutis of the
      inner upper arm. Following this, different objects were applied to each haematoma
      area and kept pressed on the area for one hour by means of a sphygmomanometer
      cuff (30 mm Hg), to establish whether this would lead to secondary shape or
      pattern changes of the haematoma. When the haematomata were compressed by shaped
      objects, there developed patterned blanched areas or intensity differences,
      respectively, becoming more marked in the course of several days in the living
      experimental persons. In corpses greater quantities of blood were injected (10
      ml) and higher contact pressures applied (up to 180 mm Hg). In some cases a
      markedly delimited imprint reflecting the configuration of the object became
      discernible already one hour post injectionem.

PMID- 1811502
TI  - [Morphometric findings of stab wounds].
AB  - Stabbing experiments with a single-edged blade on skin preparations taken from
      three regions of the body (anterior chest wall, abdominal walls, lumbar region)
      showed the following results: The most gaping stab wounds were found, as
      anticipated, if the blade was stabbed perpendicular to Langer's lines. If the
      blade entered parallel to these lines, which depend on the pattern of cutaneous
      fibres, narrow slit-like wounds were produced; the dimensions of wounds from
      stabs at an angle of 45 degrees were between the two extreme patterns. The length
      of the skin wounds in orthograde stabbing (without cutting movement) was greater
      in the abdominal region than in the chest and lumbar regions, but never reached
      the full width of the penetrated blade, not even after restoration (by
      approximating the edges of a gaping wound).

PMID- 1811503
TI  - [Hematoma in acute leukemia--suspected diagnosis of child abuse].
AB  - A 4-year-old child, suspected of being the victim of child abuse was sent for
      forensic examination. The examination established multiple, uncharacteristically
      shaped haematomata in various parts of the body. In addition, petechiae were also
      present. In view of the nature and localisation of the haematomata and the
      presence of petechial bleeding a differential diagnosis considered the
      possibility of a haematological disease and clinical paediatric tests were done
      to establish the cause, which showed an acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) with
      thrombo(cyto)penia. As haematomata are often the first indication of a leucosis,
      whenever child abuse is suspected, this possibility should also be considered.

PMID- 1811504
TI  - [Severity of injury of alcohol intoxicated pedestrians in street traffic].
AB  - The evaluation of 251 autopsy cases of pedestrians who suffered fatal accidents
      in road traffic documents that the influence of alcohol entails an additional
      risk of injury for pedestrians in motor car accidents. In particular, severe
      trauma to the head, thorax and abdomen occur, whilst injuries to the pelvis and
      limbs are generally not more serious than in sober pedestrians. In the classical
      collision constellation of the pedestrian at the front end of cars, the upper
      part of the body is evidently especially endangered in the further movement
      phase. This phenomenon might be connected above all with the impairment of the
      voluntary reaction capacity due to alcohol during the sequence of evidents in the
      accident.

PMID- 1811505
TI  - [Pilot study of the metabolism of codeine to morphine and a possible modification
      by benzodiazepines].
AB  - After administration of high-dose codeine we found that in two cases 20-40% of
      the total morphine-equivalents in the 24-hour urine sample were free morphine.
      After another 24 hours the proportion of free morphine was up to 70% and after
      roughly 96 hours even went up to 96%. Although 10% of the administered codeine
      was eliminated as morphine. In contrast to the values reported in literature we
      found that even with codeine/morphine ratios greater than 0.5 and morphine
      concentrations of up to 2000 ng/ml urine one cannot naturally conclude that
      morphine/diamorphine has been consumed. The short half-life of codeine in serum
      was 2-4 hours, the final half-life was 9-11 hours. In urine we found a short half
      life of 1-6 hours as well as a long half-life of 7-12 hours. When diazepam was
      administered simultaneously with codeine the expected half-life in serum was up
      to 1.5 times and in urine 2.5 times. The codeine/morphine ratios were hardly
      affected so far as evidence goes which they give of preceding drug-intake.

PMID- 1811506
TI  - [Urinary alcohol content/blood alcohol content quotient with reference to bladder
      filling].
AB  - The blood alcohol concentration, the urinary alcohol content and the urinary
      volume were determined in 245 autopsy cases. Irrespective of the bladder filling,
      a large variation of the UAC/BAC ratios could be detected in BAC values of up to
      about 1 g/kg. The ratios were very much more stable at higher blood alcohol
      concentrations, but showed a certain dependence on the degree of bladder filling.
      With the increase of urinary volumes, the mean ratio rose. Provided that blood
      alcohol concentrations were in excess of 1 g/kg, the UAC/BAC ratio was 1.3 at a
      volume of less than 5 ml, about 1.4 at up to 100 ml, between 1.4 and 1.5 up to
      200 ml and about 1.5 with a volume in excess of 200 ml. The differences can be
      explained by the real-life conditions with regard to drinking behavior and
      micturition. Accordingly, the urinary volume is also to be taken into
      consideration for practical purposes.

PMID- 1811507
TI  - [Value of morphometry in identification questions].
AB  - Pilot studies have been carried out to check the importance of selected measures
      and measure combinations for the discrimination of the sex with the help of
      meceraled skeleton material the age and the sex of which are known, on the one
      hand, and of prehistoric skeleton material (the age and the sex of which had been
      determined previously), on the other hand. At the same time, discriminant
      functions were established for the selected individual measures and measure
      combinations. The first results are now available for skull caps, humeri, femora
      and pubic bones.

PMID- 1811508
TI  - ["Bolus fatalities" in an autopsy sample 1981 to 1989].
AB  - Resulting from a historical study of the so-called bolus death (choking) an 8
      years analysis of 11 bolus cases is presented, the autopsies of which were
      carried out at the Institute of Forensic Medicine Chemnitz. External conditions,
      autopsy findings, and accompanying investigations carried out are considered. In
      five cases a bolus was found in the pharynx, just in front of the larynx
      entrance, and three times each in the larynx, causing the blockade of the larynx
      entrance, and in the trachea. A correlation between the localisation of the
      foreign substance and the presence respectively expression degree of the
      macromorphological signs of asphyxia was not evident. In conclusion a discussion
      to differentiate reflex mechanisms from asphyxia mechanisms following foreign
      substance aspiration is given.

PMID- 1811509
TI  - [Modification of DNA typing of blood stains by textile stain carriers].
AB  - Samples of 20 microliters blood were applicated von 55 different textiles,
      containing all usual materials for clothes, straight from the fabric and after
      thorough washing. DNA profiling was influenced only by blue jeans and blue terry
      towel straight from the fabric; in some of these samples there was an inhibition
      of the restriction enzyme digest that could not be prevented by an additional
      dialysis step.

PMID- 1811510
TI  - [Unusual discovery of 2 cadavers in a glacier--forensic and glacier-related
      aspects].
AB  - Unusual discovery of two corpses embedded in glacier ice in relation to glacier
      movement is discussed. As a matter of fact in such cases the scene of accident
      and the place of discovery after a long postmortem time is not the same. Knowing
      the time after death and the place of discovery it may be possible to ascertain
      the scene of accident and to draw conclusions on the proceedings of accident.

PMID- 1811511
TI  - [The Austrian penal code and the Codex Ur-nammu--a comparison from the forensic
      medicine viewpoint].
AB  - A comparison between the Mesopotamian Law (Codex Ur-nammu) and the Austrian Penal
      Code reveals the long-sightedness of the founder of the 3rd dynasty from Ur,
      called Ur-nammu. It seems extremely remarkable that at those remote times (3rd
      Millenium B. C.) body injuries were satisfied by simple money-penalties. The
      Codex Ur-nammu therefore not only represents on exceedingly piece of work from
      the historical point of view but also from the point of view from Legal Medicine.

PMID- 1811512
TI  - [Epidemiology and morphology of sudden death in infancy in twins and siblings].
AB  - 429 SIDS cases were investigated in a retrospective study. For this study, the
      deaths in which at least one brother or sister had died under comparable
      circumstances were evaluated. The 429 babies who had died comprised 17 multiple
      birth babies (3.7%) including 15 twin and two triplet babies. Eleven cases (2.6%)
      were brothers or sisters of SIDS victims. In three cases, relatives of the baby's
      mother had died of sudden infant death. A comparison of the various case groups
      did not reveal any patho-morphologically significant differences between the
      groups or differences from other SIDS cases. All the multiple birth babies were
      immature and premature babies. There was a raised incidence of poor socio
      economic conditions in the sibling group. The results are significant for parent
      counselling, any preventive measures and the detection of concurrent (in
      particular, unnatural) causes of death.

PMID- 1811514
TI  - [ABH antigens on spermatozoa membrane--absorption or local synthesis?].
AB  - ABH antigens can be demonstrated on the membrane of spermatozoa from semen, but
      not on spermatozoa from the epididymis. It is discussed in the literature, if the
      antigens are absorbed from the antigen rich seminal fluid, or if they are
      synthesized on the membrane, according to a haploid gene expression. In order to
      answer this question, cleaned spermatozoa from semen and spermatozoa from tissue
      samples of epididymidis, ductus epididymidis and the prostate region were
      investigated using the immunoenzyme technique. It was found that spermatozoa were
      ABH marked only after contact with the secretions of the accessory glands.
      Results indicate, that the ABH antigens on the spermatozoa derive from the
      seminal fluid.

PMID- 1811513
TI  - [Autopsy of count Jakob 3d of Baden. The earliest forensic medicine case of the
      Freiburg University in 1590].
AB  - In 1590 Markgrave Jakob III. of Baden died, 28 years old, after a sudden disease
      which had lasted nine days. A necropsy was performed by two professors of the
      Freiburg University faculty of medicine. A written report amazingly accurate for
      the time, exists. It points at poisoning by arsenic powder. This is the first
      existing written protocol of a forensic autopsy, performed by professors of the
      faculty of medicine of Freiburg in 1590, 26 years after Vesalius' death.

PMID- 1811516
TI  - [Spontaneous gallbladder rupture caused by "variceal hemorrhage"--an unusual
      complication of portal vein thrombosis].
AB  - The post-mortem examination of a 50-year-old man, who had died suddenly, revealed
      a massive intraabdominal hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of an ectatic vein
      situated in the gall-bladder bed; the consecutive hemorrhage first led to a
      hematoma of the gall-bladder and secondarily to a tear of its wall. A
      macronodular alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver had caused a thrombosis in the
      hilar branches of the portal vein. The link in the pathogenesis between this
      portal vein occlusion and the venous bleeding into the gall-bladder is to be seen
      in a collateral circulation between the portal and caval system via the vena
      cystica. This unusual portal bypass using the veins of the gall-bladder extends
      the wide scope concerning the differential diagnosis of sudden natural death.

PMID- 1811515
TI  - [Expression of ABH and Lewis antigens in endometrium--relation to hormonal
      stimulation].
AB  - From 138 gynaecological abrasiones appropriate histological preparations were
      chosen. Case history and pathological diagnosis were known. ABH and Lewis
      antigens were marked immunohistologically. According to our findings, in the
      endometrial glands the ABH antigen expression is highest in the proliferation
      phase and decreases within the secretion phase. The same hormonal dependency
      could be demonstrated for the Lea antigens present in the superficial epithelium
      of the endometrium. Exogen application of estrogens enhances ABH antigen marking,
      application of gestagens does not.

PMID- 1811517
TI  - [Urine checks as a supportive measure with drug abuse patients to supplement
      current therapy models].
AB  - Urine samples of 120 heroin-addicted probands who had to take part in
      urinanalysis tests were analysed during a 26 months' period. Up to 7 substances
      (morphine/diamorphie, codeine, cocain, LSD, cannabinoides, barbiturates and
      amphetamines) were tested. The results were compared to the results of a group of
      177 cannabies-smokers. The purpose of this study was to find out in how far
      urinanalysis tests can change drug-consuming behaviour. More than 80% of the
      cannabis-smokers showed evidently a decrease of THC-positive urine samples at the
      end of the investigation period. Only about 13% had positive samples during the
      whole period. 12 out of 120 heroin-addicted probands (= 10%) had morphine
      positive urine samples at the beginning of investigations. For 104 out of 1423
      tested samples (46 probands) an unmistakable distinction between
      morphine/diamorphine- or codeine-intake was not possible because the
      concentrations found were too low. About 20% of the samples indicated a shift to
      a substitutional used drug like codeine. Further more a slightly significant
      increase of cannabis-intake was to be observed.

PMID- 1811518
TI  - [Significance of intraosseous skull cap hematoma for reconstruction of skull
      injuries].
AB  - Diaphanoscopic postmortal examination of blunt impact injuries to the head
      sometimes revealed non-diaphanous regions deriving from intraossary haematomata.
      Precise delimitation of these haematomata in the diploe from haematopoietic foci
      or neoplastic lesions was possible by means of histological examination. The
      location of the intraossary skull-cap haematomata coincided with corresponding
      injuries of the scalp as contusions and lacerations; they were often accompanied
      by fissural bone lesions and linear fractures. As such a diploetic haemorrhage
      represents a facultative counterpart of scalp contusion, its demonstration allows
      conclusions to be drawn as to the area of the impact, even if, owing to
      postmortal changes, the scalp is no longer assessable.

PMID- 1811519
TI  - [Perception of stab injuries].
AB  - It is reported about two men with a stab wound to the back, who did not realize
      their injuries. In both cases the specific living circumstances are discussed as
      a reason of their perception-disorders.

PMID- 1811520
TI  - [Physician's responsibility in blood transfusions].
AB  - Organizational and legal aspects of the blood transfusion are seen under the
      point of view of division of work. Interpreting the legal directions, people who
      are involved will be obliged to a duty of care, which is adapted to their
      position in the operation. A higher degree of responsibility will have to be
      demanded of the superior, in comparison to his subordinates.

PMID- 1811521
TI  - [Sudden death caused by anorexia nervosa].
AB  - Two cases of sudden unexpected death at home (girl 16 year-old, woman 26 year
      old) are reported. Both persons suffered from anorexia nervosa. Morphological
      investigation revealed heart atrophy as well as atrophy of other organs (striped
      muscle, spleen, mammary glands, ovaries, skin). Also lipofuscin accumulation
      (myocardium, liver, spleen) was noted. Especially conspicuous was serous
      (gelatinous) atrophy of fatty tissue. Anorexia nervosa is a common psychiatric
      disorder, therefore legal consequences--especially treatment without patient's
      consent--have to be considered. The legal situation in Austria is discussed.
      Concerning the 16 year-old girl the authors think that medical malpractice and
      carelessness of the parents were involved.

PMID- 1811522
TI  - [Simulation of terrorist attacks and incidents as an aid in investigating and
      reconstructing homicides of political significance].
AB  - The investigation of political motivated crimes and terrorist attacks requires
      also methods which include aspects of public relations. We present a simulation
      method which is useful for investigation of crimes and furthermore for giving
      evidence in court and also information to the public.

PMID- 1811523
TI  - [Medical and technical aspects of weapon effects. IV. Plastic bullets reduce the
      risk of the military assault rifle (StG 77)].
AB  - 56 x 45 mm Rota-ammunition was introduced to meet the requirements of security
      personnel at prisons. The Austrian military assault rifle (StG 77) can be used
      for this ammunition. The bullet consists of an X-ray dense plastic material with
      a weight of 1.6 g. Therefore the kinetic energy of this projectile is lower than
      that of the standard ammunition, also on its flight it loses velocity at a higher
      rate. Thus, this bullet has the advantage of being less dangerous over long
      distances (500 m versus 2500 m or more) but still offers at short distances (fe
      10 m) a reasonable capacity of incapacitation. Tests concerning ballistics,
      penetration and shooting at gelatine and soap targets were performed. By means of
      these tests we compared the wounding capacity of the standard ammunition (5.56 x
      45 mm S-cartridge) and the investigated Rota-ammunition.

PMID- 1811524
TI  - [Concentration of thyroglobulin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in 3 different
      causes of death].
AB  - There are investigated the concentration of thyroglobulin, thyroxine and
      triiodthyronine in serum of heart blood from autopsies. The level of hormones
      depends from the reason of death. In comparison with values of healthy living
      individuals the postmortem concentrations of Tg, TT4 and TT3 are very different.
      Highered values of Tg were observed in cases of accident death, who died some
      days after the injuries. Thyroxin was higher in cases of hanging and TT3 in cases
      of hanging and unexpected natural death.

PMID- 1811525
TI  - [The forensic medicine data bank--the Dresden model].
AB  - A data bank of forensic medicine is reported, which recreation is possible
      without any separate treatment. Informations available by computer-aided writing
      of autopsy-protocols are recorded automatically by a special programme. Coding is
      made by the SNOMED and METAS systems.

PMID- 1811526
TI  - [Use of high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector in
      "generally unknown" cases].
AB  - Procedures are described by general-unknown cases for the screening of drugs by
      reverse-phase high-pressure-liquid-chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array
      detector (DAD). The column is LiChrospher RP 18 (microbore column) and the mobile
      phase a mixtures of methanol/water, acetonitrile (ACN)/phosphate-buffer (pH 2.3)
      or ACN/H2SO4, 1-heptanosulfonic acid. Procedures are described for the work-out
      of spectren libraries with in each case c. 250 drugs and narcotic drugs for above
      mobile phases.

PMID- 1811527
TI  - [Use of high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector for
      detection of drugs in emergency medicine].
AB  - Procedures are described in emergency medicine for the screening of drugs by
      reverse-phase high-pressure-liquid-chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array
      detector (DAD). The column is LiChrospher RP 18 (microbore column) and the mobile
      phase a mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN), phosphate-buffer (pH 2.3) and
      ACN/phosphate-buffer (pH 2.3).

PMID- 1811528
TI  - [Hemorrhage in external eye muscles].
AB  - Of 91 unselected forensic autopsy cases then lateral muscles of both eyes were
      prepared in stepped sections and examined for microscopical haemorrhages. During
      autopsy we payed attention to macroscopical haemorrhages. Microscopical
      haemorrhages were found in 12 cases mainly in suffication processes as in two
      cases of fulminant pulmonary embolism. In five of the examined cases we also
      found macroscopical hemorrhage, mainly with strangulation. According to our
      results till now, haemorrhage in ocular muscles are seen in the process of
      aspyxia; if this is protracted as in manual strangulation or strangulation by
      ligature, macroscopical haemorrhage may occur.

PMID- 1811529
TI  - [Trends in the incidence of poisoning reported to the Dresden Institute of
      Forensic Medicine 1964-1989].
AB  - In a retrospective study of all cases due to poisoning investigated by the
      Dresden Department of Forensic Medicine, over a twenty-six-year period between
      1964 and 1989 were studied. Most of all cases were carbon monoxide or medicinal
      drug poisonings. Some interesting trends in the frequency distribution over the
      years have been highlighted.

PMID- 1811530
TI  - [Blood alcohol in automobile drivers--a comparison between Saarland and West
      Saxony].
AB  - The Saarland and Saxony have not only been located at the western respectively at
      the eastern border of Germany (or of the then separated both German states).
      Different law regulations and lifestyles seemed to be an additional reason for
      different incidences of blood alcohol. Therefore, the blood alcohol cases of the
      university institutes for legal medicine of both provinces were statistically
      compared for 1989. Beyond some difficulties in the comparison itself due to
      different definitions and managements, equal or similar patterns dominated by far
      against discrepancies. The slightly different regulations for quality assurance
      were also compared with the expectation of their equalisation during the next
      future.

PMID- 1811531
TI  - [Forensic importance of premature craniosynostosis].
AB  - In agreement with Canabis craniosynostosis as a little known organic partial
      factor of sociopathy is demonstrated. A psychic syndrome of the frontal lobe with
      increased susceptibility in environmental damages is assumed to be basic
      disorder. In the criminals of the material sexual offenders were preponderating.
      Associated craniofacial dysplasias are a risk for psychic maldevelopment. The
      importance of premature craniosynostocis as a biological risk factor, incidence,
      diagnostic, indication for an operation, also in the meaning of a neurosurgical
      "Konflikttherapie" (cosmetical indication) are discussed.

PMID- 1811532
TI  - [Subendocardial hemorrhage from the forensic medicine viewpoint].
AB  - The histological examination of cardial tissue samples concerning routine autopsy
      casework showed microscopic discrepancies in case of macroscopically found
      "subendocardial haemorrhages". In an attempt to analyse this phenomenon we
      compared the macroscopic and microscopic findings in 175 samples of endocardium
      from tissues presenting such haemorrhages of varying intensity: Only 8.6% showed
      a histological correlate and therefore could be verified as true haemorrhage.
      53.7% presented mere hyperaemia and the remaining 37.7% even showed no
      microscopic finding at all. A satisfactory reason for this phenomenon could not
      be given by this investigation: The histological findings, however, do not depend
      on their cardial localization nor do they differ in relation to the cause of
      death or due to resuscitative actions. A possible cause of the described
      discrepancies may be a loss of haemoglobin of the erythrocytes. The results of
      this investigation point out that it might be necessary to reconsider the use of
      the term "subendocardial haemorrhage".

PMID- 1811533
TI  - [Physical capacity following blunt thoracic trauma].
AB  - In order to extend the knowledge of possibility of action after blunt thoracic
      injuries 43 patients with largely isolated collar-bone fractures, rib and serial
      rib fractures as well as vertebral column fractures were questioned about their
      posttraumatic possibility of action. Essential result: In general, there is a
      close correlation between the acuteness of pain, the patient's judgment of
      severity of the injury and the extent of his ability to act during the first
      posttraumatic minutes. In the further course the ability to act was limited by
      the extent and the developmental speed of the hematothorax and/or pneumothorax,
      unless it was primarily limited or completely missing due to pain. Casualties
      having sustained collar-bone fractures were fully able to act except for a
      considerably diminished arm-swing. Patients with vertebral column fractures
      mostly remained lying at the place of accident for fear of a deterioration of the
      injury sustained and because of severe pain. The casualties' deliberate behavior
      was the predominant posttraumatic feature. In view of the various forms of rib
      and/or serial rib fractures with and without a hematothorax/pneumothorax there
      was a varying posttraumatic clinical picture ranging from freedom from pain to
      severe pain and non-restricted possibility of action to complete inability to
      act.

PMID- 1811534
TI  - [Age determination of living probands--experiences from Hannover studies].
AB  - Since 1982 we examined 26 living human beings in our institute to determine their
      age. Two third of all cases were children of gipsy-clans being arrested without
      exception after theft and having no or false identity cards, so that the
      authorities were not sure about the use of either of juvenile or adult criminal
      law. Besides other investigations best results were obtained by X-ray
      examinations of the teeth, the shoulder and the hand and wrist. In consideration
      of the limitations by the used scientific methods we were able to determine age
      in all cases.

PMID- 1811535
TI  - [Applications of morphometry in forensic medicine].
AB  - Various histomorphometric methods and their use in clinical-pathological and
      forensic investigations are described. The methods are 1. manual point counting
      using an integrating eyepiece, 2. semi-automated histomorphometry using a manual
      digitizer and 3. automated image-analysing. Although the semi-automated and
      automated techniques are less time consuming and provide more information about
      the specimen, every method is regarded as having its specific range of
      application. It is pointed out that there is often a need for quantitation of
      histological findings especially in forensic medicine.

PMID- 1811536
TI  - [Fatty degeneration of liver sinusoids in fetal asphyxia].
AB  - The fat content of the liver sinusoidal cells was examined partly systematically
      partly by selected case groups from 297 cases. While minor grades of lipid
      content within these cells was found nearly equally spread at all causes of death
      the most intensive fat accumulation was seen at cases of violent asphyxia.

PMID- 1811537
TI  - [Postmortem changes after 50 years immersion (1939 reconstructed suicide)].
AB  - In September 1989 an old motor car was accidentally discovered in a lake, 50
      meters below the water surface. The automobile contained the torso of an adult
      woman with extensive adipocere formation and the skeletonized body of a man.
      Forensic and criminalistic investigations lead to the identification of the
      deceased persons. In the year 1939 the persons together had committed suicide.
      The corpses were immersed for fifty years.

PMID- 1811538
TI  - [CT findings in expert assessment of legal responsibility].
AB  - C.A.T. head scannering is useful in forensic psychiatry to complete other
      investigations such as psychological tests, neurological examinations and EEG.
      The findings in 389 forensic cases, examined between 1984 and 1990, are referred.

PMID- 1811539
TI  - [Distribution of methadone in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and organ
      tissues].
AB  - This study investigated the deposition of methadone in blood, liquor, urine and
      organ tissues, obtained from sheep after daily administration of methadone during
      23 days. One sheep was killed two hours after methadone application, one sheep
      after 24 hours without methadone, and one sheep after seven days without
      methadone. The methadone determination was performed by radioimmunoassay. The
      concentrations measured represent the sum of methadone and its metabolites
      expressed in methadone equivalent/ml or g, respectively. The highest methadone
      levels were found in blood and liquor in the first 30 minutes. After seven days
      without methadone in blood, liquor and urine was methadone not more found. Only
      in the synovial fluid and vitreous humor measurable methadone levels were
      present.

PMID- 1811540
TI  - [Interaction code for polar and nonpolar amino acids: "ice-breaker" model].
AB  - A novel model for the study of recognition and interaction code of amino acids in
      peptides, proteins and their complexes has been proposed. The model is designed
      on the modern notions on the structure and properties of water and hydrophobic
      bonds. It is assumed that the polar side chains of amino acids during the
      formation of the hydrophobic bonds act as "ice-breaker", thus destroying the
      organized structure of water (clusters or "icebergs") around the hydrophobic
      radicals of amino acids.

PMID- 1811541
TI  - [Conformational analysis of a segment in bacterioopsin by two-dimensional (1)H
      NMR spectroscopy].
AB  - The spatial structure of a synthetic peptide, an analogue of the membrane
      spanning segment B (residues 34-65) of bacterioopsin from Halobacterium halobium,
      has been refined. Backbone torsion angles were derived from intensities of short
      range interproton NOEs. These, together with a complete set of the NOEs integral
      intensities formed the basis for the three-dimensional structure refinement by
      the energy minimization with consideration of NOE penalty functions. Analysis
      indicates the right-handed alpha-helical conformation of segment B extending from
      Asp-38 to Tyr-64 with a kink of the helical axis (27 degrees) at Pro-50. The most
      stable region with an average root-mean-square deviation of 0.43 A between the
      backbone atoms includes residues 42-60 in six energy refined structures. The N
      terminal part of segment B (residues 34-37) has no ordered conformation. The
      inferred structure is in close agreement with the electron cryomicroscopy
      structure of bacteriorhodopsin, differing from it in conformations of most of the
      side chains.

PMID- 1811542
TI  - [Study of the interaction of the monoclonal antibody to human interleukin-2 and
      its Fab-fragment with synthetic peptides --interleukin-2 fragments by (1)H-NMR].
AB  - Proton signals for nine synthetic peptide fragments of human interleukin-2
      (region 59-78) were assigned for aqueous solutions both of pure peptides and
      their mixtures with LNKB-2 monoclonal antibody. The nonspecific magnetization
      transfer (NOE) between the antibody or its Fab-fragment and the peptides was
      studied upon large excess of free peptide over bound peptide. NOE spectra using
      modified pulse sequence, enabling to eliminate broad signals and achieve higher
      (peptide signal)/noise ratio were obtained. The saturation transfer experiments
      indicated that methyl groups of amino acid residues corresponding to Leu66,70,72,
      Val69 and Ala73 in interleukin-2 contact with the antibody binding site. Thus,
      the hydrophobic interactions are of major importance for the LNKB-2-IL-2 peptide
      complexes. The minimal IL-2 fragment which can still bind to LNKB-2 monoclonal
      antibody is -Leu70-Asn71-Leu72-.

PMID- 1811543
TI  - [An effective method for site-directed mutagenesis in plasmids and cloning single
      stranded DNA fragments].
AB  - A three primer variant of the earlier devised oligonucleotide-directed
      mutagenesis in plasmids is described, useful also for the fast cloning of single
      stranded DNA products of the asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using
      this method for plasmid pHD-001-14-11, a 59 b. p. deletion and a 7 b. p.
      insertion were simultaneously introduced at 81% frequency, and the PCR-copied
      phage fd transcription terminator (26 b. p.) was inserted with the yield of 67%.

PMID- 1811544
TI  - [Code of codon roots, determining the intra- and intermolecular interaction of
      amino acids in peptide chains].
AB  - To study the recognition processes and interaction of peptides and proteins, a
      model has been suggested according to which the first steps of complex formation
      of molecules are defined by G/C and A/U complementarity of codon roots of amino
      acid forming the molecules contact sites or surfaces. In contrast to amino acid-
      antiamino acid interaction code (L. B. Mekler, 1969), the code of codon roots
      involves the interaction of amino acids independently of the base structures in
      nucleotide triplets in positions 1 and 3. The analysis of the spectra of point
      mutations homologous proteins confirms the possible role of the root code.

PMID- 1811545
TI  - Role of granulocytes in endothelial injury in coronary heart disease in humans.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that granulocytes (PMNs) play a role in the pathogenesis
      of acute and chronic myocardial ischemia and extension of myocardial injury. A
      positive correlation was also found between leukocyte count and severity of
      coronary artery disease. Rabbit derived antiserum dependent-reduction of
      circulating PMNs in the dog or using monoclonal antibody anti-CD11b/CD18 of PMNs
      resulted in smaller myocardial infarcts. Granulocytes can release a variety of
      mediators tissue injury and synergize with these different mediators and other
      cells resulting in amplification of neutrophil stimulation and rising to
      additional products with enhanced endothelial injury. This paper reviews "in
      vivo" studies that have been instrumental in demonstrating this role of
      granulocytes as a mediator of myocardial ischemia. Experience in humans shows the
      modification of PMNs function in angina and during myocardial ischemia, and data
      from our group demonstrated that their aggregability is increased in the coronary
      sinus of patients with angiographically documented coronary disease. Upon re
      perfusion PMNs accumulate and produce an inflammatory response resulting in
      endothelial injury. Free radicals formed during ischemia or re-perfusion produce
      deleterious effects on cell membranes, endothelial cell and myocardium. On the
      other hand the PMNs activation occurring during coronary angioplasty (PTCA) by
      the release of proteolytic enzymes and the generation of oxygen-free radicals,
      may aggravate the endothelial damage induced by PTCA and further stimulate
      platelets having potential implications in subsequent development of restenosis.
      An other aspect of PMNs function is related to leukotriene C4 release; the
      vasoconstrictor effect of this leukotriene on coronary arteries is synergistic
      with that induced by platelet-released thromboxane A2, as well as the decrease in
      coronary flow produced by the combination of both substances is greater than the
      sum of changes caused by the two eicosanoids separately administered. The
      potential role of leukocytes, oxygen radicals, leukotrienes and granulocyte
      enzymes in pathophysiology of myocardial injury due to a regional ischemia and
      reperfusion is an area of intense investigation. Experimental and clinical
      studies to elucidate these events should not only provide insights into acute and
      chronic pathologic tissue damage, but may also lead to the identification of
      important new targets of pharmacologic intervention.

PMID- 1811546
TI  - Role of inflammatory responses in initiation of atherosclerosis: effects of anti
      inflammatory drugs on cuff-induced leukocyte accumulation and intimal thickening
      of rabbit carotid artery.
AB  - Immediately after a cuff-sheathing of rabbit carotid artery, a large number of
      leukocytes adhered to injured endothelium then infiltrated into the media. These
      inflammatory responses were followed by an atherosclerotic change, intimal
      thickening, of the artery. A simultaneous injection of dexamethasone (10 mg/kg
      i.m.) inhibited the leukocyte accumulation by 74% when evaluated 18 h thereafter.
      Similarly, 39% inhibition was obtained with the same dose of FR110302, a potent 5
      lipoxygenase inhibitor. On the other hand, the same dose of indomethacin, a
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor, had little effect on the leukocyte accumulation. The
      intimal thickening which was evaluated 3 weeks after the cuff-treatment was
      attenuated by a daily dose (10 mg/kg i.m.) of dexamethasone or FR110302 but not
      by one of indomethacin. The inhibition by the two former drugs were 91 and 58%,
      respectively. In vitro, the three drugs in concentrations up to 10 microM hardly
      affected endothelial adhesion of PMN which was induced by LPS or IL-1. Though 10
      microM of FR110302 and indomethacin significantly decreased PMN chemotaxis
      induced by LTB4, the decreases were less than that at 10 microM dexamethasone.
      These results confirm a possible linkage between inflammation and
      atherosclerosis, and suggest that 5-lipoxygenase products contribute to the
      initiation and development of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1811547
TI  - Blood rheology and fibrinogen in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - Whole blood and plasma viscosity, red cell aggregability and deformability, and
      plasma fibrinogen have been compared between 16 children aged between 6 and 18
      years with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and 16 controls
      individually matched for age and sex. Mean (SD) plasma cholesterol was 7.19
      (1.23) mmol/l in the patients and 4.31 (0.84) mmol/l in the controls. This was
      due to a similar difference in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, while
      triglycerides and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were similar between
      groups. No differences were seen in any of the rheological parameters between the
      two groups. This suggests that the rheological abnormalities seen in adults with
      FH are not a direct consequence of their hyperlipidaemia, and may instead be a
      reflection of their more extensive atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1811548
TI  - Lower limb arterial disease: assessment of risk factors in an elderly population.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound measurement of ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure ratio
      was carried out in 295 elderly (mean 77.3, SEM +/- 0.3, range 68-92 years; males
      = 180) subjects. Of these, 49.8% (n = 147; males = 86) had evidence of lower limb
      arterial disease (ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure ratio less than 0.96).
      On multivariate analyses, excluding ischaemic heart disease as an independent
      variable, systolic blood pressure and current cigarette pack years were
      positively related to lower limb arterial disease while BMI and serum high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol were inversely related (multiple correlation
      coefficient = 0.277; P less than 0.0001). On including ischaemic heart disease as
      an independent variable, this was positively associated with lower limb arterial
      disease; the relationships of the other variables were similar except for a
      weaker (P = 0.055) relationship with serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (multiple correlation coefficient = 0.296; P less than 0.0001). While the
      relationships demonstrated were relatively weak, the findings suggest that
      reversible risk factors are still relevant in the development of lower limb
      arterial disease in the elderly.

PMID- 1811549
TI  - Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein subfractions and
      activities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein.
AB  - The effects of 12 weeks eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) administration (2.7 g/day) on
      plasma lipoprotein subfraction levels and on activities of lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipid transfer protein (LTP) were investigated. Plasma
      VLDL-C, VLDL-TG, VLDL-PL, VLDL-apo B, VLDL-apo C-II and VLDL-apo C-III levels
      were decreased by 32.8% (P less than 0.05), 31.2% (P less than 0.01), 31.5% (P
      less than 0.05), 32.5% (P less than 0.05), 34.7% (P less than 0.05) and 34.1% (P
      less than 0.05), respectively. EPA did not change plasma IDL-TC, IDL-TG, IDL-PL
      and IDL-apo B levels. Plasma large, light LDL (LDL1)-TC, LDL1-PL and LDL1-apo B
      levels were decreased by EPA by 18.7% (P less than 0.02), 19.1% (P less than
      0.01) and 23.3% (P less than 0.01) while LDL1-TG level was not changed. Plasma
      small, heavy LDL (LDL2)-TC level was increased by 25.7% (P less than 0.02) while
      LDL2-TG, LDL2-PL and LDL2-apo B levels were not altered. Plasma HDL2-TC, HDL2-TG,
      HDL2-PL and HDL2-apo A-I levels stayed unchanged by EPA treatment. EPA did not
      affect plasma HDL3-TC, HDL3-PL and HDL3-apo A-I levels but decreased HDL3-TG
      level significantly (P less than 0.02). LCAT activity was not altered by EPA. LTP
      activity was increased by 24.8% at 4 weeks (P less than 0.02) and by 32.1% (P
      less than 0.001) at 12 weeks EPA treatment. We conclude that EPA reduces plasma
      large, light LDL levels as well as plasma VLDL amounts and stimulates LTP
      activities.

PMID- 1811550
TI  - Alterations in very low density lipoprotein subfractions in normotriglyceridemic
      non-insulin-dependent diabetics.
AB  - Lipid and apoprotein composition of four very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      subfractions decreasing in Sf value were evaluated in the fasting state in 12
      normolipidemic Pima Indians (6 M, 6 F, age 39 +/- 1.7 yrs) (mean +/- SEM) with
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in poor glycemic control (HbA1
      9.8 +/- 2.9%) and in 14 normoglycemic Pima controls matched for age, BMI and
      lipid values. Total cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), phospholipids (PL),
      total protein (TP), apo B, apo CII, apo CIII and apoE were assayed in total VLDL
      and in each of the four VLDL subfractions designed as A (Sf greater than 400), B
      (Sf 175-400), C (Sf 100-175), and D (Sf 20-100). Diabetics compared to
      nondiabetics had higher concentrations of all constituents of VLDL D, with the
      largest changes being in TG (38.0 +/- 3.8 vs 28.0 +/- 2.5 mg/dl, P less than
      0.04), PL (14.0 +/- 1.3 vs 10.0 +/- 1.0 mg/dl, P less than 0.04), TP (9.8 +/- 0.8
      vs 7.6 +/- 2.4 mg/dl, P less than 0.05), apo B (6.3 +/- 0.5 vs 4.7 +/- 0.4 mg/dl,
      P less than 0.03) and apoE (0.73 +/- 0.09 vs 0.52 +/- 0.04 mg/dl, P less than
      0.04). Since no difference was found between the groups in percentage composition
      of lipids or apoproteins in total VLDL and in all VLDL subfractions, the data
      suggest that in diabetics, even when normolipidemic, there is an increase in the
      number rather than in the composition of the smallest VLDL subfraction (VLDL D),
      which are usually considered to be more atherogenic.

PMID- 1811551
TI  - Analysis of complement C3 activation products in human atherosclerotic lesions.
AB  - Cleavage of the complement C3 protein is essential for complement activation.
      Saline extracts of human atherosclerotic lesions were examined by various
      techniques for the presence of C3 cleavage fragments. Crossed intermediate gel
      immunoelectrophoresis revealed that native C3 was the predominate C3 protein in
      extracts and that the C3dg fragment was also detected. SDS-PAGE/Western blot
      analyses of lesion extracts employing monoclonal antibodies directed at C3c and
      C3dg fragment determinants demonstrated molecular weight bands corresponding to
      the known molecular weights of all the physiologic C3 cleavage fragments, except
      C3b which is known to have a short half-life. After C3, the two most common
      fragments observed were C3c and C3dg. No bands other than those corresponding to
      known C3 cleavage fragments were observed and control antibody stains were always
      negative. In some blots bands with a greater molecular mass than C3 were evident,
      indicating that some of the C3 in lesions may be covalently bound to an
      activator. We have previously identified a large (100-500 nm) nonapoprotein
      containing lipid particle (LCA) as a major complement activating structure in
      human atherosclerotic lesions. Fractionation of lesion extracts by molecular
      sieve chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation failed to reveal
      a concordance between LCA and C3 antigens. The results indicate that complement
      activation, i.e. C3 convertase formation, takes place in human atherosclerotic
      lesions and that activated C3 is degraded according to normal complement
      regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 1811552
TI  - Some questions concerning a small, more electronegative LDL circulating in human
      plasma.
AB  - Atherosclerosis and its complications are prevalent worldwide with a high
      prevalence in western societies. The disease may sometimes be explained by a
      defect of low density lipoprotein (LDL) specific receptors. However, the
      prevalence of receptor defect is rather rare and a large body of evidence
      supports the possibility that an alternative pathway, the so-called "scavenger
      pathway", constitutes the gate through which cholesterol enters into the parietal
      wall and gives origin to the "foam cell". Experimental work has clearly
      demonstrated that LDL may be modified under the action of chemical and biological
      offenders, all of which make the LDL an "alien". Some papers suggest that the
      modifications of LDL may occur also "in vivo" in the microenvironment of the
      vascular vall. In 1988 we were able to record two LDL subfractions in human
      plasma; the more electronegative minor subfraction shares many of the peculiar
      traits of LDLs modified "in vitro". The present article stresses all the points
      which support the hypothesis that the small more electronegative LDL circulating
      modified LDL, may represent a certain amount of possibly oxidative in origin.

PMID- 1811553
TI  - Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism, and its role in determining variation in
      lipoprotein-lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal and non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic individuals.
AB  - Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is a major component of several lipoprotein
      particles and may, therefore, play an important role in lipid metabolism. Genetic
      polymorphism of apo A-IV has been reported in humans and several other animal
      species. The presence of two common alleles, apo A-IV * 1 and apo A-IV * 2 has
      been documented in several human populations. In this investigation, we have
      determined apo A-IV polymorphism by isoelectric focusing-immunoblotting in 82 non
      insulin-dependent diabetic and 204 control non-Hispanic Whites from the San Luis
      Valley, Colorado. We have also estimated the impact of apo A-IV polymorphism on
      eight quantitative traits: total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, HDL3 and HDL2
      cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose and fasting insulin.
      No statistically significant difference was seen in apo A-IV allele frequencies
      between the control and diabetics, and these frequencies were comparable with
      those reported for U.S. White and European populations. Among controls, the
      impact of the apo A-IV polymorphism was significant on LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04)
      in females and on fasting insulin levels (P = 0.06) in males. In diabetics, the
      effect was significant on insulin (P = 0.03) levels in males only. Furthermore,
      our data suggest that when making comparison of lipid profiles between the
      controls and diabetics the presence or absence of common apo A-IV phenotypes
      should be taken into account as these appear to effect these comparisons.

PMID- 1811554
TI  - Effects of gemfibrozil and ketoconazole on human apolipoprotein AI, B and E
      levels in two hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B.
AB  - Exposure of HepG2 and Hep3B cells to gemfibrozil (40 micrograms/ml), a
      hypolipidemic drug, resulted in a 2-fold induction of apo AI mRNA and, a one
      third reduction in apo B mRNA but had no significant effect on apo E mRNA levels.
      The hypothesis that the mechanism of action of gemfibrozil involved the
      cytochrome P-450 system was tested by using ketoconazole, a P-450 inhibitor,
      which blocks the formation of endogenous polar sterols. When the cells were
      treated with ketoconazole at a concentration of greater than or equal to 15
      microM, the levels of apo AI, and apo B mRNAs decreased by 50% and 35%,
      respectively, compared to the basal level. No significant effect on apo E mRNA
      level was observed during ketoconazole treatment. The effects of gemfibrozil and
      ketoconazole on various apolipoprotein secretion were studied using pulse-chase
      experiments. It was observed that the selective alterations in the rates of apo
      AI and apo B production were occurring at the level of synthesis. This
      observation is consistent with the findings indicating a strong direct
      correlation between hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA concentration and secreted
      apolipoprotein levels. The induction of apo AI mRNA by gemfibrozil was not
      apparent when the cells were simultaneously treated with ketoconazole. However,
      the level of apo B mRNA was reduced further to less than 55% of the control level
      suggesting that there might be an additive effect of these two drugs on apo B
      synthesis.

PMID- 1811555
TI  - Response to cholesterol-lowering drugs in familial defective apolipoprotein B
      100.
AB  - The effect of cholestyramine and simvastatin, given separately or in combination,
      on serum lipid concentrations in 11 patients with heterozygous familial defective
      apolipoprotein B-100 was compared with that in 11 matched patients with
      heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. In both groups of patients there was
      a substantial fall in serum lipid levels in response to treatment. There were no
      significant differences between the reductions in serum total or low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the two groups.

PMID- 1811556
TI  - Human arterial endothelial cell detachment in vitro: its promotion by
      homocysteine and cysteine.
AB  - We have explored earlier evidence that premature atherosclerosis in
      homocystinuria is triggered by homocysteine-induced loss of vascular endothelium.
      We used a reproducible sluicing assay to test in vitro detachment of human
      arterial endothelial cells. Cell detachment was induced by exposure of cultured
      endothelial cells to the sulphydryl-containing amino acids homocysteine and
      cysteine, whereas methionine, alanine, valine and isoleucine at comparable
      concentrations were ineffective. This cellular detachment was greatly diminished
      by growth of the endothelial cells on fibronectin coated- rather than plain
      tissue culture dishes. Considerably higher concentrations of homocysteine were
      required for in vitro effects than are associated with atherogenesis in
      homocystinuria, and despite the cysteine associated changes, cysteine itself is
      not known to be related to atherogenesis. These data suggested that in vitro
      detachment of cultured endothelial cells, induced by sulphydryl-containing amino
      acids, may have marginal relevance to mechanisms of atherogenesis in
      homocystinuria.

PMID- 1811557
TI  - Monocyte adhesion to human saphenous vein in vitro.
AB  - Monocyte adhesion to endothelium is believed to be an initiating event in
      atherosclerosis both in arteries and in saphenous vein coronary artery bypass
      grafts. We have developed a method to quantify adhesion of 51Cr-labelled human
      blood monocytes to saphenous vein. Adhesion to the intimal surface was measured
      to uniform 6 mm diameter discs, the adventitia of which was embedded in a layer
      of inert silicone grease. The identity, number and location of bound cells was
      further defined by scanning electron microscopy. The proportion of monocytes
      adhering to discs of freshly-isolated vein was 7.1 +/- 1.2% (SE, n = 8), which
      was equivalent to 500 +/- 80 monocytes/mm2. The percentage of monocytes adhering
      was independent of the number of monocytes added in the range 5-50 x 10(4).
      Scanning micrographs showed 80% endothelial coverage with monocytes adhering
      preferentially but not exclusively to subendothelium. Endothelial removal
      increased monocyte adhesion by 1.60 +/- 0.15-fold (n = 8, P less than 0.01). Vein
      surgically prepared for use in coronary bypass surgery, had a 50% reduction in
      endothelial coverage and a small but non significant (1.14 +/- 0.13-fold, n = 8)
      increase in monocyte adhesion. Treatment of freshly-isolated vein for 4 h at 37
      degrees C with 1 micrograms/ml of E. Coli endotoxin followed by extensive washing
      did not remove endothelium but increased monocyte adherence by 1.46 +/- 0.18-fold
      (n = 8, P less than 0.05). The proportion of monocytes adhering to veins which
      had been cultured for 14 days was similar to freshly isolated veins (6.4 +/-
      0.8%, n = 7), but in cultured veins, monocytes adhered preferentially to cells
      with typical endothelial morphology. Endotoxin treatment of cultured freshly
      isolated veins increased monocyte adhesion by 1.77 +/- 0.23-fold (n = 8, P less
      than 0.05). The data show that both endothelial activation, and exposure of
      subendothelium promote monocyte adhesion to human saphenous vein.

PMID- 1811558
TI  - [Etiopathogenesis of periapical lesions].
AB  - In recent years, considerable interest has been generated in the role of bacteria
      in causing periapical pathogenesis. This article reviews and correlates clinical
      and laboratory research bearing on this important topic. Bacteria in dental root
      canals play a decisive role in the development of periapical lesions and some of
      them have the ability to establish themselves in periapical tissue. Multiple
      mechanisms are involved: they include also immunological responses.

PMID- 1811559
TI  - Prophylactic antibiotics revisited.
AB  - This article discusses the more practical and safer oral prophylactic antibiotic
      regimens recently approved by the American Heart Association and the American
      Dental Association. The new guidelines are strongly supported by the scientific
      data combined with an appreciation of the substantial logistic and financial
      barriers to parenteral prophylactic antibiotic administration to dental
      outpatients.

PMID- 1811560
TI  - Strategies of thermal protection in arctic animals.
AB  - Anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations to cold and lack of food
      combined with long periods of darkness are discussed. In large animals such
      adaptations comprise body size and insulation and controlled peripheral cooling
      in the legs and heat exchange in the nasal passages, whereby expiratory heat and
      water loss is minimized. In such animals grave thermal problems are incurred when
      the animal is forced to run. In some species the heat exchanger in the nose is
      operated in conjunction with a carotid rete for selective cooling of the brain.
      Small and poorly insulated mammals evade the brunt of the cold arctic winter in
      nests under the snow were convective heat loss is eliminated and ground heat
      creates a relatively comfortable micro-climate. Most newborn mammals are poorly
      insulated, but some survive birth, wet and miserable, at ambient temperatures
      down to -30 degrees C. Precocious forms depend heavily on NST in brown fat and
      skeletal muscle. Altricial forms are born very small and naked and are virtually
      ecto-thermic at birth. They depend on shelter and/or huddling, but survive a
      cooling of body core down to +2 degrees C.

PMID- 1811561
TI  - Crush injuries in arctic off-shore fisheries: initial treatment to prevent acute
      renal failure.
AB  - Rhabdomylosis following crush injuries represents an occupational hazard in the
      off-shore fisheries. In northern countries this can be complicated by hypothermia
      and a long transport time to the nearest hospital. If treatment is delayed, what
      is initially a local limb injury can result in a potentially life threatening
      acute renal failure as a result of the nephrotoxic effects of the various
      intracellular muscle components released into the circulation. Therefore early
      and aggressive fluid treatment in the field, and during the transport of crush
      injury victims is very important. Forced alkaline diuresis is the main
      prophylaxis against hyperkalemia and acute myoglobinuric renal failure. A case
      history which demonstrates some of the aspects and challenges in the treatment of
      crush injuries is presented.

PMID- 1811562
TI  - Anesthesiologist-manned helicopters and regionalized extracorporeal circulation
      facilities: a unique chance in deep hypothermia.
AB  - Norway has nine light ambulance helicopters, four heavy sea rescue helicopters
      and seven ambulance air planes in 24-hours duty spread all over the country. Most
      are manned with anesthesiologists. Five regional hospitals in all parts of the
      country, offer facilities for extracorporeal circulation. A case in which a 33
      year old woman was found hypothermic at 21 degrees C is presented. She developed
      ventricular fibrillation at the time of her rescue. She was intubated and
      received chest compression for 70 minutes until she was rewarmed by
      extracorporeal circulation. She was discharged without signs of cerebral damage.
      The decision to bypass less advanced hospitals en route to the regional hospital
      proved correct in this case, and is suggested as standard procedure in deep
      hypothermic patients.

PMID- 1811563
TI  - Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - This report describes a severely hypothermic victim, who was treated with
      conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation and conventional rewarming technique
      using warm-water bags, warm fluids intravenously and peritoneal lavage. This case
      demonstrates more than any previous report that hypothermic victims with cardiac
      arrest may survive for many hours if CPR is carried out vigorously until core
      temperature is raised. 6 hours continuous CPR is, as far as the author knows, the
      longest reported conventional PCR in a hypothermic victim followed by survival.

PMID- 1811564
TI  - Physiological responses of the human extremities to cold water immersion.
AB  - Five subjects immersed their hands and feet twice during 1 hour sessions in a
      calorimeter bath, filled with water at 25 degrees C. Before immersion the hand
      (33.0 +/- 2.2 degrees C) was warmer than the foot (30.6 +/- 2.1 degrees C) and so
      was the blood flow: respectively 5.8 +/- 5.2 versus 0.7 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.100 mo
      tissue-1 as determined by strain gauge plethysmography and 10.8 +/- 5.1 versus
      6.7 +/- 5.3 by the doppler method. At the end of the immersion period the blood
      flow had decreased a factor of 2.9 (doppler) and 4.3 (plethysmography). The local
      heat transfer, determined by heat flux transducers, was highest immediately after
      immersion. The maximum was higher at the ventral sides than at the dorsal sides
      of the hand (225 +/- 93 versus 186 +/- 61 W.m-2 and the foot (178 +/- 53 versus
      160 +/- 57 W.m-2). The total heat transferred to the water by hand or foot during
      the 60 minutes of immersion, determined by calorimetry, was 47 +/- 21 and 36 +/-
      36 kJ respectively and was not statistically different due to considerable
      interindividual differences. Interindividual differences were also found for heat
      flux, rectal and local skin temperature and blood flow. These differences will
      have to be taken into account if a comparison is made with data from subjects
      with local cold injuries.

PMID- 1811565
TI  - Reduced set-point temperature in young men after prolonged strenuous exercise
      combined with sleep and energy deficiency.
AB  - The effects on body temperature of 3-4 days of continuous military exercise
      combined with energy and sleep deficiency, at rest and in response to an exercise
      test (45% of VO2max for 30 min) and the following recovery, have been studied in
      fifteen young male cadets. During the course, at rest before exercise, rectal
      temperature was reduced by 0.57 +/- 0.15 degrees C, whereas trunk temperature was
      increased by 1.47 +/- 0.50 degrees C, and thigh temperature by 2.69 +/- 0.64
      degrees C. Oxygen uptake increased 14-24% both before and during the exercise
      test in the stress experiment. During the course slightly lower rectal
      temperature levels were seen during the exercise test, whereas skin temperatures
      were significantly increased. Since the cadets' heat production and loss appeared
      to be increased and core temperature reduced, it is possible that we have
      observed a lowered set-point for core temperature.

PMID- 1811566
TI  - An experimental model for the study of transcapillary fluid balance in
      hypothermia.
AB  - Disturbed fluid balance is a significant clinical problem in hypothermia and
      rewarming. We have therefore investigated whether the transcapillary fluid
      balance in rats exposed to hypothermia and rewarming could be studied with the
      use of a wick method. Double nylon wicks were sewn into the abdominal skin and
      left there for one hour, then removed to double-bottomed conic vials and
      centrifuged. Wick fluid was collected and colloid osmotic pressure measured.
      Blood samples were taken simultaneously for measurement of hematocrit,
      hemoglobin, red cell count and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. This was done at
      37 degrees C (prehypothermic), 13 degrees C (hypothermic) and at 30 degrees C
      (during rewarming). Blood pressure was also recorded. The model provides a good
      method to investigate the colloid osmotic changes of both plasma and interstitium
      during hypothermic situations.

PMID- 1811567
TI  - Hypothermia and cellular physiology.
AB  - Temperature has pronounced and complex effects on cellular physiology. Rates of
      enzymatic processes display an exponential change with temperature, as expressed
      by the Q10 relationship. The basis of these effects may be temperature induced
      phase transitions in membrane lipids and protein associated water, effects on
      bulk water and effects on the relationship between water and inorganic solutes.
      Hypothermia may be lead to a collapse in ionic regulation, leading to an
      uncontrollable and lethal calcium influx. Subfreezing temperatures may cause
      injury due to cellular freezing with subsequent excessive osmotic swelling,
      lyotropic effects or excessive osmotic shrinking due to extracellular freezing.
      Cells may protect themselves by freeze avoidance accomplished by removal of ice
      nucleators, production of proteinaceous antifreeze agents and accumulation of
      polyols. Alternatively they may secure extracellular freezing by production of
      extracellular ice nucleating agents, and counteract lyotropic effects and osmotic
      shrinking by accumulation of polyols which reduce ice content in a colligative
      manner.

PMID- 1811568
TI  - Norwegian military field exercises in the arctic: cognitive and physical
      performance.
AB  - In an effort to determine whether or not field living conditions degrade
      performance during cold weather military training, performance of 17 Norwegian
      Army soldiers living in tents in the field (FG) was compared with that of 13
      soldiers living in barracks (GG). FG and GG performed similar tasks and were
      equipped and clothed identically. Each subject was tested prior to and following
      9 days of field training. The tests consisted of marksmanship (score for a 5-shot
      group), snowshoe running (time to cover 1700 m), anaerobic power (Wingate test),
      and performance on 5 cognitive tests (preferred hand tapping, 4-choice reaction
      time, pattern recognition, memory search, and code substitution; each test scored
      as % correct and # completed). A subset of the subjects from each group wore
      watches which recorded heart rate during the day. During training GG had a lower
      average heart rate than FG, indicating lower physical activity level. Significant
      changes were not found in rifle shooting or in mean anaerobic power. Significant
      group (p less than .001) and time (p less than .001; pre vs. post) differences
      were found in snowshoe time, but a significant interaction was not found. Among
      the cognitive tests, a significant group by time interaction was found for %
      correct responses only for the Memory Search task, and represented a decrease in
      GG performance while FG performance was maintained. Time differences were found
      for # completed for Memory Search (p less than .002) and Pattern Recognition (p
      less than .001) suggesting incomplete learning of the task, but no group by time
      interactions were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811569
TI  - Norwegian military field exercises in the arctic: endocrine and metabolic
      responses.
AB  - This study examined select endocrine and metabolic responses of Norwegian
      soldiers to performing military physical training in an arctic field setting
      which involved cold exposure. Also, the impact on nocturnal shelter conditions on
      the physiological responses was investigated. A field based group (EXP, n = 17)
      lived in tents and a garrison group (CON, n = 16) lived in barracks for 10 days
      while performing similar daily training in cold weather. Cortisol, testosterone,
      thyroxine, glucose, triglycerides, and beta-hydroxybutyrate were measured on day
      1, 5, and 10 of training. The cortisol and testosterone findings suggest a
      moderate, but somewhat transient, stress response is associated with field
      living. The living conditions, however, did not seem to influence the metabolic
      responses to the physical activity. The observed changes in thyroxine, glucose,
      and triglycerides (i.e., reductions) suggest that an energy imbalance may
      accompany military training in the arctic.

PMID- 1811570
TI  - Reproductive hormones during 42 days of maximal physical effort, low temperatures
      and general hardship.
AB  - Four well trained men crossed the inland glacier of Greenland in 1988, retracing
      the route of the famous arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen from 1888. They used true
      copies of Nansen's equipment in all details. Each pulled at sled weighing 130 kg
      at the start. The expedition lasted 42 days, covered 500 km, highest point 2800 m
      above see level, coldest temperature -50 degrees C. Serum testosterone, sex
      hormone bindings globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating
      hormone (FSH) and prolactine (PRL) were determined at weekly intervals, before,
      during and after this exceptionally long lasting, physically exhausting and
      stressful exercise. Testosterone fell to a mean level of 1.8, 2.8 and 3.8 nmol/l
      during the last two weeks of the expedition (p less than 0.001), and SHBG
      increased correspondingly from 26.7 nmol/l before start to more than 50 nmol/l (p
      less than 0.05). PRL levels were significantly decreased (p less than 0.005) at
      the time point when testosterone was maximally reduced. The normalization of
      testosterone following the expedition was associated with a significant increase
      in LH (p less than 0.05). In spite of low testosterone levels, lean body mass
      increased during the expedition in 3 of the participants.

PMID- 1811571
TI  - Endocrine status and plasma lipids in inhabitants of the northern European part
      of the USSR.
AB  - Inhabitants of the northern districts of the Archangelsk Region of the USSR
      (Nenets and natives) were examined. Hormones of the hypophysis-adrenal cortex
      thyroid gland system as well as the metabolites of lipid exchange were measured
      during the year. Higher mean levels of TSH and T3 were found in Nenets compared
      to natives. Activation of the hypophysis-thyroid gland system was demonstrated in
      the winter period compared to the summer one. Metabolites involved in lipid
      exchange transport in blood remained stable in Nenets, while natives showed
      dynamics of the lipid exchange metabolites related to the different seasons of
      the year.

PMID- 1811572
TI  - Dynamics of hormone and metabolic state in polar inhabitants depend on daylight
      duration.
AB  - Fluctuations in the level of TSH, T3, T4 and total cholesterol were determined in
      male aborigines and native polar inhabitants in different photoperiods of the
      year. It was found that a rise of serum TSH and T3 and a reduction of the
      thyroxine level and total cholesterol occurred in both population groups with the
      lengthening of daylight duration. However, the amplitude of annual fluctuations
      in the studied variables was different. There was a significant correlation
      between TSH, T4 and T3 levels and daylight duration. The photoperiodical
      contrasts of the polar regions are probably important in the formation of the
      annual fluctuations of hormone levels of the hypophysis-thyroid gland system and
      total cholesterol.

PMID- 1811573
TI  - The shivering response in animals and man.
AB  - The physiological response to body cooling may be regarded as a homeostatic
      response embracing the concept of negative feedback. The metabolic response to
      falling body temperature is normally both appropriate and adequate. However,
      there are reports of inadequate or absent responses to body cooling and of non
      febrile animals shivering at elevated body temperature. The reasons for these
      paradoxical findings are not fully understood, particularly since the controller
      of body temperature receives the largest proportion of its thermal afferent
      information from temperature sensors located within the body core. During
      anaesthesia and certain phases of sleep the shivering response to hypothermia may
      be impaired. It also appears that other factors such as the rate of cooling and
      disturbances of the circadian machinery (altered light conditions, phase shifting
      of activity patterns) may be of importance. These factors are relevant for people
      working in the arctic, especially since many of them are shift workers.

PMID- 1811574
TI  - Human physiology under cold exposure.
AB  - In order to minimize heat loss cold stress induces peripheral vasoconstriction
      via the sympathetic nervous system. This effect is most pronounced in the
      extremities. Vasoconstriction does not appear in the head-neck region--a fact of
      great importance in emergency situations. In order to compensate for heat loss
      shivering is an early event, where involuntary muscle contractions increase
      metabolic rate 2-6 fold. Early tachycardia and elevated blood-pressure, followed
      by progressive bradycardia and lowered pressure are common cardiovascular effects
      of hypothermia. Death due to ventricular fibrillation or asystole occurs between
      28 degrees-25 degrees C. Cold stress causes an osmolal diuresis with sodium and
      chloride as the main constituents. The natriuresis is of tubular origin and could
      be due to impaired autoregulation in the kidney and/or depend on the natriuretic
      polypeptide. The augmented urine flow decreases blood volume, lowers physical
      working capacity and increases blood viscosity--all negative events in a
      hazardous situation. Sudden immersion initiates hyperventilation for 1-2 minutes
      with an increasing risk of drowning. Thereafter ventilation decreases to rates
      consistent with metabolic requirements. In severe hypothermia carbon dioxide
      retention causes respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Hypothermia induces
      progressive depression of mental functions starting with apathy and bizarre
      behaviour and ending in lethargy and coma often between 30 degrees-28 degrees C.
      The paradoxal feeling of heat with undressing in agony could depend on cerebral
      receptor disturbances.

PMID- 1811575
TI  - Experience with standardized protocols in hypothermia, boom or bane? The Alaska
      experience.
AB  - The geography, climate and population of Alaska place practitioners with a
      variety of skills in the position of initially caring for sick or injured people.
      The state of Alaska has developed an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system
      which is responsible for the training of personnel, equipment, and other aspects
      of pre-hospital care. In 1982, the EMS produced protocols for the treatment of
      hypothermia (1). These protocols recommend the specific treatment preferred for
      each level of skill--from the lay public and first responders through physicians.
      Revised in 1989, they have been well accepted throughout the state. The protocols
      have clarified what can be a somewhat confusing subject. The result has been
      treatment in the field, in smaller clinics, and in hospitals that conforms more
      to an accepted standard of care-relieving people from having to resolve certain
      debated aspects of care. A recent survey of prehospital personnel and physicians
      involved in prehospital care confirmed the usefulness of the protocols.

PMID- 1811576
TI  - Neuromonitoring in hypothermia and in hypothermic hypoxia.
AB  - Severe accidental hypothermia is often associated with global ischaemia due to
      cardiac arrest. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether
      rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) should be slow or as fast as possible.
      Pigs were cooled to 23 degrees C (rectum), subsequently followed by 1 h period of
      circulatory arrest, whereupon rewarming was started. Pigs were randomly allocated
      to 3 groups: slowly rewarmed (2 h), rapidly rewarmed (0.5 h) and a control group
      on CPB maintaining normothermia. EEG was continuously analyzed by means of
      Anesthesia-Brain-Monitor (ABM-system), which allows simultaneous monitoring of
      EEG, blood- and intracranial pressures, heart rate and capnogram as trend graphs.
      The ABM-system thus delivers a continuous on-line printout of all measured
      variables. Cooling resulted after about 30 min in electrocerebral inactivity
      (ECI) in all pigs. EEG reappeared in all animals regardless of the considerable
      long cardiocirculatory arrest, followed by nearly 3 hours of ECI! It would appear
      tempting to rewarm an accidentally cooled organism as fast as possible. The
      present study, however, indicate that the brain during rewarming seems to have
      its own speed for regeneration of the EEG. This speed showed to be slower than
      the steeply rising temperature during rapid rewarming. Furthermore, a too
      vigorous rewarming may jeopardize cerebral metabolism; 90 min after the start of
      rewarming the EEG had reappeared in 5 out of 8 pigs in slow group, but only in 2
      out of 7 in rapidly rewarmed animals. In controls the EEG was continuously
      present throughout the experiments.

PMID- 1811578
TI  - Alcohol and cold.
AB  - Alcohol is a dominant cause of death in urban hypothermia. Drinking alcohol gives
      a pleasant feeling of warmth. However, experimental studies on humans during
      relatively short exposure to moderate cold have given inconsistent results
      concerning heat balance. Longer exposure to colder environmental situations has,
      particularly with addition of strenous exercise, revealed enhanced heat loss. A
      warning must be given to drink alcohol beverages in connection with outdoor
      activities in a cold environment. It gives a feeling of bravery and influences
      judgement leading to ignoration of prophylactic measures. Alcohol delays the
      onset of shivering and reduces its duration. It augments cold diuresis thereby
      diminishing blood volume and physical working capacity. On the other hand,
      alcohol seems to protect the heart against ventricular fibrillation at low core
      temperatures. Furthermore ethanol also seems to have some positive properties in
      freezing cold injuries.

PMID- 1811577
TI  - Diving and hypothermia.
AB  - Hypothermia is not and should not be a prevalent feature of diving, yet many
      divers become extremely cold and uncomfortable during their work. It is not
      difficult to provide adequate insulation to protect the torso but if movement and
      dexterity are to be maintained, the extremities will inevitably suffer. Free
      swimming divers are limited by duration in cold (5 degrees C), shallow (10 m)
      water. Six hours is a typical maximum before both core cooling and extremity pain
      or dysfunction pose a threat. Habituation to cold may be observed in some divers.
      Surface supplied or bell supported divers, relying on supplementary hot water,
      need between 500 and 3500 Watts to preserve comfort over the range 10 to 300 m
      depth. Deep diving, using oxyhelium gas mixtures, can result in high respiratory
      convective losses in excess of 300 Watts. Heat exchangers are used to prevent
      damage to the tract. There have been a number of cases where hypothermia has been
      implicated in the cause of death in diving accidents, but generally the reason is
      not lack of physiological knowledge but equipment failure and inadequate
      contingency. Recent developments in diver protection have focused on electrically
      heated hand wear to preserve performance and prevent the risk of non freezing
      injury in a relatively inactive diver.

PMID- 1811579
TI  - Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hypothermia and rewarming.
AB  - There is a lack of detailed knowledge of the pathophysiologic mechanisms
      initiated during and after rewarming. To study cardiac function after rewarming
      from hypothermia sodium pentobarbital anesthetized open chest-dogs were cooled to
      25 degrees C and rewarmed. Myocardial blood flow was measured at different
      temperatures, and blood samples were drawn from the aorta and the coronary sinus
      for metabolic measurements. Mean aortic blood pressure (AOP) and aortic blood
      flow were recorded. Compared to precooling, AOP and heart rate were both
      significantly reduced during hypothermia. During rewarming stroke volume (SV)
      decreased significantly. At the end of rewarming AOP and SV were significantly
      lower than before cooling and myocardial blood flow, as well as oxygen and
      lactate uptake were only 50% of precooling levels. The present study demonstrated
      that hypothermia and rewarming depress cardiovascular function. Changes in
      peripheral vascular function, myocardial metabolism and contractility, may lead
      to the observed reduction in recovery upon rewarming.

PMID- 1811580
TI  - Membrane phospholipid metabolism of rat myocardial cells during hypothermia and
      rewarming.
AB  - The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane plays an important role in
      forming a functional barrier against leakage of ions and other cell constituents.
      We have examined the effect of an exogenously added phospholipase C (PLC) on
      phospholipid degradation in isolated rat myocardial cells subjected to
      hypothermia (5 degrees C) and hypothermia followed by rewarming to 37 degrees C.
      The activity of PLC was measured as glycerol output to the incubation medium
      since the combined action of PLC and endogenous lipases will result in glycerol
      production. Addition of PLC resulted in a significantly higher output of glycerol
      in rewarmed myocytes than in myocytes kept constantly at 5 degrees C and 37
      degrees C. Rewarmed cells also showed the highest leakage of lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH), but there was no additional effect of PLC on LDH leakage.
      Normal levels of cellular ATP were maintained in all myocyte groups. These
      results show that rewarming from hypothermia may cause structural derangements in
      the phospholipid bilayer of the sarcolemma which in turn could favor attack by
      endogenous phospholipases.

PMID- 1811581
TI  - The hibernator heart--nature's model of resistance to ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - During hibernation the animals decrease their body temperature down to a few
      degrees above 0 degree C. This means that when entering into and arousing from
      hibernation their body temperature passes the critical level of 20 degrees C, a
      temperature region where nonhibernating mammals develop circulatory arrest,
      usually ventricular fibrillation (VF). We found in other experiments that the
      hibernator heart is resistant to VF, not only induced by hypothermia, but also
      when induced by local application of aconitine on the epicardium, addition of
      0.55 molar CaCl2 to isolated hearts perfused with a potassium free Tyrode
      solution, addition of procaine to isolated hearts perfused with Tyrode solution
      after previous administration of adrenaline, ligation of the proximal part of the
      left anterior descending coronary artery, and electrical stimulation in the
      vulnerable phase of the heart cycle. Several mechanisms are at work to explain
      this resistance to VF of the hibernator heart when compared to the nonhibernator
      heart. The factors of greatest importance seem to be the different adrenergic
      innervation pattern, different physico-chemical properties with a lower melting
      point of the lipids in the hibernator, different enzyme temperature activity
      curves in the hibernator and a different handling of intracellular calcium
      resulting in a protection against calcium overload in the hibernator heart, when
      compared with the nonhibernator heart.

PMID- 1811582
TI  - Cardiac function in hypothermia.
AB  - Hypothermia retards cardiac contraction and prolongs the subphases of the cardiac
      cycle in varying degrees. Six anaesthetized beagle dogs were catheterized and
      cooled between ice bags until the aortic blood temperature was 25 degrees C and
      then rewarmed to normothermia. The speed of relaxation decreased to a half from
      its value in normothermia as indicated by the time constant of exponential
      isovolumic ventricular pressure fall and by the change in the negative dp/dt. It
      is suggested that retardation of relaxation is connected with temperature
      dependent changes in calcium kinetics. Decrease of cardiac output was mediated
      mainly by decreased stroke volume indicating sympathetic tone in spite of cold
      narcosis.

PMID- 1811583
TI  - Effects of steady hypothermia and normothermia on the electrocardiogram in human
      poikilothermia.
AB  - The electrocardiographic changes observed in (short-term) induced and accidental
      hypothermia are well known. We studied the electrocardiographic effects of steady
      mild hypothermia in 4 female patients with poikilothermia. 24h Holter recording
      revealed during mild hypothermia significantly decreased heart rate and
      prolongation of the QT interval in comparison with normothermia. During
      hypothermia the short-term heart rate variability and the circadian rhythm of
      heart rate variability were significantly higher than during normothermia. We
      conclude that in our patients even mild steady hypothermia induces
      electrocardiographic alterations. In patients with disorders of thermoregulation
      one should be on the alert for cardiovascular complications, especially in cold
      climates.

PMID- 1811584
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiology during hypothermia. Implications for medical treatment.
AB  - Reduction in body temperature induces characteristic electrophysiological and
      mechanical alterations of the heart. The heart rate is markedly reduced.
      Myocardial conduction is slowed, partly due to reduced rate of depolarization of
      the action potential, and is reflected by widening of the QRS-complex in the ECG.
      There is also a fall in resting membrane potential. Action potential duration and
      refractory period are markedly lengthened during hypothermia, attributed to
      delayed repolarization. This is reflected by increased QT-time in the ECG. Since
      action potential duration changes significantly even after as small temperature
      changes as 1 to 2 degrees C, nonuniform cooling or rewarming of the heart may
      cause significant dispersion of conduction, action potential duration and
      refractoriness in the myocardium. This dispersion may cause unidirectional block,
      hence creating a substrate for reentry atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and
      may be an important mechanism for explaining the hypothermia-associated
      arrhythmias. Class III antiarrhythmic drugs such as d-sotalol lengthen long
      action potentials at low temperatures to a greater extent than the shorter action
      potentials at higher temperatures. This may further increase dispersion and
      thereby the tendency towards arrhythmias. Sotalol as an example, shows that some
      antiarrhythmic drugs may have increased arrhythmogenic effect and should probably
      be contraindicated during hypothermia.

PMID- 1811585
TI  - Freezing cold injury.
AB  - The pathogenesis of freezing cold injuries (FCI) is not yet entirely understood.
      Two possible hypothesis emerge: 1) Injury is a direct result of cryogenic insult
      to the cells. 2) Injury is secondary to vascular stasis which leads to anoxia. In
      clinical congelatio ice crystallization takes place in the EC-space. When water
      is transformed into ice, the osmolality in this compartment will increase leading
      to a passive diffusion of water from the IC-space. Cell dehydration modifies
      protein structure, alters membrane lipids and cellular pH leading to destructions
      incompatible with cell survival. Cold induces vasoconstriction of both arterioles
      and venules, which enhances peripheral filtration and raises plasma viscosity.
      The stability of red corpuscle aggregates increases and showers of emboli course
      microvessels. Finally progressive thrombosis will end up in anoxia. The indirect
      vascular effect has earlier been interpreted similar to that found in non
      freezing injuries. Recent studies have, however, shown, that endothelial cells
      are very sensitive to freezing. The rheologic part of the pathogenesis therefore
      also seems to depend on a direct injury to cells. The development of FCI does not
      always depend on ambient temperature and duration of exposure but more to the
      heat loss subjected to exposed skin. Wind chill, humidity and wetness are all of
      significance in this matter. From a clinical point of view FCI are best
      subdivided into superficial and deep injuries. The superficial frostbite is
      limited to the skin and nearest subcutaneous tissue. A stringing, pinching pain
      is often the first symptom. The affected area becomes pale or waxy-white and
      numb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811586
TI  - Working in the cold.
AB  - Physiologically speaking, working in the cold is primarily a matter of
      maintaining thermal balance, since both energy metabolism and neuromuscular
      function is temperature dependent. Body temperature is also subject to variations
      due to circadian rhythms. While local acclimatization to cold is well
      established, and may be of considerable practical benefit, general
      acclimatization to cold, if in fact a reality, is at best of limited practical
      value compared to know-how, experience, and environmental protection. Some of the
      major problems associated with the performance of physical work in the cold, are
      consequences of the hobbling effect of the protective clothing, as well as the
      obstructive effects of snow and ice, and the chilling effect of wind.

PMID- 1811587
TI  - Assessment of cold stress.
AB  - Cold stress may be present in terms of a risk for skin surface cooling (wind
      chill), extremity cooling and whole body cooling. Measures of cold stress differ
      for the various situations. The most common approach, however, has been to apply
      more or less complex formulas for heat balance calculations. The combined effect
      of several climatic factors (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity
      and air velocity) and the activity level determines the cooling power of the
      environment. The cooling power can be easily converted into a required insulation
      value, that applies both to parts of the body and to the body as a whole. The
      value provides information about cold stress in two ways; (a) by specifying
      necessary behavioural adjustments in terms of required activity level and
      clothing insulation level, and (b) by quantifying the thermal imbalance and
      tolerance time, when protection worn does not provide sufficient insulation.

PMID- 1811588
TI  - Frostbite in reindeer herders.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of frostbite among reindeer
      herders and to clarify the co-factors that may relate to these injuries. 2081
      (60%) male reindeer herders in Finland were asked information on frostbite.
      Logistic regression analysis was used for studying the effect of potential co
      factors. 453 men (22% of the respondents) reported frostbites during the last
      twelve months, the areas most affected being the face, fingers and toes. The
      amount of time spent in snowmobile driving, white finger symptom and the area of
      reindeer herding proved to be significant explanatory factors. Since the majority
      of frostbites were associated with snowmobile driving in spite of protection and
      adaptation to cold, it seems that new technology has not solved all the problems
      of the working conditions in a cold environment.

PMID- 1811589
TI  - Resultant clothing insulation during exercise in the cold.
AB  - Predictions of required clothing during work in the cold is often based on data
      obtained from thermal manikin measurements. These clothing basic insulation
      values are altered during exercise. In a series of experiments at our laboratory,
      resultant clothing insulation has been studied. In a cold climatic chamber
      subjects walked on a treadmill at various exercise intensities dressed in cold
      protective clothing at different levels of insulation. Thermal insulation of the
      clothing ensembles was measured with a thermal manikin under standardized
      conditions. Compared to the standard manikin insulation values, the clothing
      insulation values measured (resultant insulation) at the human experiments were
      always lower. Reductions of insulation ranged from 12 to 54% depending on such
      factors as work intensity, sweating amount, clothing type etc. Predictions of
      cold protection of clothing at actual use must take into account factors
      influencing clothing insulation to avoid over-estimation of the cold protective
      properties of clothing.

PMID- 1811590
TI  - A field study of cold effects among cold store workers in China.
AB  - A field study was carried out among cold store workers in China. A self
      administrative questionnaire and health check-up were taken among 463 male
      workers from two different types of cold stores, all during their whole daily
      work. 296 men from Lower Temperature Stores (LTS), where the air temperature was
      between -10 to -25 degrees C, and 167 men from Ice Stores (IS), where the air
      temperature was between -5 and +5 degrees C participated. Another group of 152
      men working in normal stores and exposed to an air temperature between 20 and 30
      degrees C served as a control group. The study did not indicate any special
      disease attributable to the cold environment. The number of complaints of lower
      back pain and knee pain in the cold exposed group were significantly higher than
      that of the control group (in LTS: 42.3%, 46.6%; IS: 52.7%, 50.8%; control group:
      9.2%, 14.5%; low back and knee pain, respectively). After 5 years of cold
      exposure work, the lower back and knee symptoms were very frequent. The point
      press pain on the knees of the cooler group (LTS) was higher than in the moderate
      cold group (IS). We suppose that the cold factor contributed to lower back and
      knee pain. 12.2% of 463 cold exposed workers had frostbite on the body
      extremities viz: hand, foot and ear. Self estimation of health indicated more
      problems among cold exposed workers (28.0%) than control group (2.7%).

PMID- 1811591
TI  - [Let us not resuscitate the dead].
AB  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was developed as a preventive measure for
      sudden and unexpected death. This excellent technique has been misguided. It has
      been turned into an unmerited and cruel ritual in the horizon of all who are to
      die. CPR is particularly ineffective in the elderly. Of 503 patients age 69 or
      over subjected to CPR in 5 medical centers in Boston only 19 (3.8%) were alive at
      discharge. In 68.8% or them death occurred in less than 3 days. Only 2 of 244
      patients who arrived at the hospital with a cardiorespiratory arrest survived;
      the 209 who arrived without vital signs died. One of 37 patients with an oxygen
      tension less than 63 torr left the hospital alive but connected to a respirator.
      All patients (204) with one or more of the following laboratory findings died:
      Hematocrit less than 35%, creatinine more than 1.5 mg/dl or a BUN more than 65
      mg/ml, serum albumin less than 2.7 gr/dl. The rights of patients over their life
      and their history are violated when CPR is applied without their consent. In a
      recent study 63% of 104 hospitalized patients and 73% of 922 Puerto Rican doctors
      and nurses preferred not be subjected to CPR unless there was an opportunity for
      a complete functional recovery. Six percent would not have CPR under any
      circumstance. Health professionals should not continue avoiding their moral
      responsibilities shielded by institutional policies or hiding behind a simplistic
      religiosity. It is immoral to prolong the agony of dying patients. Let us cease
      the useless resuscitation of the dead.

PMID- 1811592
TI  - The art and science of perioperative consultations.
AB  - The population age 65 years and older is the most rapidly growing segment. This
      population has a high rate of undergoing surgical procedures, much higher than
      any younger age group. An aggressive approach to the prevention of complications
      in elderly patients permits them to come through even the most operation. No
      patient should be denied an operation on the basis of age alone. The article
      discusses the responsibilities of medical and surgical physicians in the care of
      elderly, the goals of any medical or surgical intervention and the potential
      sources of risk.

PMID- 1811593
TI  - [The sociodemographic profile and physical growth patterns of pediatric patients
      with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome followed at the San Juan City
      Hospital: 1986-1990].
AB  - Between September 1989 and August 1990, Puerto Rico was ranked third in the
      number of pediatric AIDS cases in the United States. The highest number of
      pediatric AIDS cases has been identified in high risk metropolitan areas. AIDS
      usually affects children of mothers with history of intravenous drug user. This
      work attempts to describe the sociodemographic profile and physical growth
      pattern of the pediatric aids cases followed at the San Juan Aids Institute
      between the years 1986 and 1990. The sample consist of 40 living patients
      diagnosed as AIDS cases. Ninety percent of the cases acquired the disease by
      perinatal transmission. Intravenous drug use by the mother was the most common
      risk factor identified (67.5% of the cases). Forty two percent of the mothers
      were not legally married. Seventy percent of the children were born after the
      38th week of gestation with an average weight of 2,954 grams and average height
      of 50.9 centimeters. Upon classification in any P2 categories (according to CDC
      criteria for children under 13 years of age), 67.7% of the cases were below the
      50th. percentile of weight and 86.9% of the cases were below the 50th. percentile
      of height.

PMID- 1811594
TI  - Septic endophthalmitis associated with bacteremia and liver abscess caused by
      Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Pyogenic liver abscess is a serious clinical problem associated with severe
      complications in 10-20% of cases. Metastatic septic endophthalmitis is a rare
      complication associated with liver abscess. Despite appropriate treatment the
      outcome is devastating. We will review in this case presentation some important
      aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment recommendations for septic
      endophthalmitis.

PMID- 1811595
TI  - The re-emergence of scrofula with HIV infection: a review of epidemiology,
      pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Scrofula has been called "The Dangerous Masquerader" because of its propensity to
      mimic other diseases. Scrofula has been mistaken for metastatic carcinoma,
      regional neoplasms, thyroglossal duct cysts, fungal disease, toxoplasmosis,
      lymphoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, bacterial adenitis, and collagen vascular
      disease. Because of the enormous number of infectious and neoplastic diseases
      acquired by the HIV positive population, the diagnosis of scrofula may be further
      delayed in some patients. In these patients the early diagnosis of scrofula might
      allow the early identification of HIV infection and the early institution of anti
      retroviral therapy. The recommended duration of anti-tuberculosis therapy is also
      different in HIV positive patients. Therefore, to ensure the patient of the most
      beneficial therapy, the physician must always consider scrofula in the
      differential diagnosis of a neck mass, and particularly because of the increases
      incidence of intrapulmonary tuberculosis in AIDS patients, he must consider the
      possibility of HIV infection.

PMID- 1811596
TI  - [The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that might present as insulin
      dependent (type I), non-insulin-dependent (type II), and other forms associated
      with other endocrine and genetic conditions, as well as those secondary to
      different infiltrative or destructive pancreatic diseases, parasitosis and post
      pancreatectomy patients. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is mainly associated
      to immunological problems, probably by derangement caused by external factors,
      such as viral infections that favor destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. On
      type II diabetes the hereditary component is more important and does not present
      immunological problems. Different etiological considerations are included, as
      well as associated genetic markers that are described in the text.

PMID- 1811597
TI  - [Transesophageal echocardiography in the practice of modern cardiology].
AB  - The advent of transesophageal echocardiography has been one of the most useful,
      accurate and practical developments in recent years of the noninvasive diagnosis
      of certain cardiovascular disease where the conventional surface study may be
      limited. In this article we will discuss the technique, indications,
      applications, and future directions of transesophageal echocardiography as it
      relates to the clinical cardiologist.

PMID- 1811598
TI  - [Educating better health professionals for the Puerto Rican people].

PMID- 1811599
TI  - [Starting a pediatric practice].

PMID- 1811600
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors in children and prevention of adult atherosclerosis.

PMID- 1811601
TI  - Children and cholesterol: potential prevention for future good health.
AB  - The prevention of cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood may be affected
      with two strategies. The first is a population approach to lower the cholesterol
      levels in all American children. The second is an individualized strategy to
      identify and treat children at particularly high risk in the health care system.

PMID- 1811602
TI  - [The Department of Pediatrics of the San Juan City Hospital; a pioneer in
      offering pediatric services and a pediatrics teaching hospital in Puerto Rico].

PMID- 1811603
TI  - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Caribbean children: a clinical characterization.
AB  - The knowledge about rheumatic diseases in Latin American children is scanty. The
      features of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (J.R.A.) in the islands of the
      Caribbean had not been described. In this retrospective study, fifty cases of
      J.R.A. in a pediatric population of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands followed
      at a formal pediatric rheumatology service in San Juan, Puerto Rico, were
      demographically and clinically characterized. There was a female predominance of
      1.4:1. The peak of occurrence was at 1-2 years of age. Pauciarticular onset was
      the most common through all ages. Antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor
      were positive in 40% and 10% respectively. Although a larger and prospective
      study is necessary to determine if these clinical trends will prevail, the
      present findings suggest that the characteristics of J.R.A. among children in the
      Caribbean are similar to other previously published series in U.S.A. and Europe.

PMID- 1811604
TI  - [The use of sublingual nifedipine in pediatric hypertensive patients at the
      Hospital de la Capital].
AB  - The response to sublingual nifedipina was observed in 7 pediatric patients with
      renal disease and acute severe hypertension. Average dose used was 0.21 mg/kg,
      and an initial rapid response was evidenced as early as 3 minutes post
      administration. The greatest hypotensive effect was seen during the first 30
      minutes, but continued its effect up to 60-120 minutes. The drug was well
      tolerated, of rapid action and results suggests it is efficient in the management
      of children and adolescents with acute secondary hypertension. No mayor adverse
      effects were encountered.

PMID- 1811605
TI  - [Intensive neurodiagnostic monitoring for patients with complicated epilepsy: our
      experience with the first 50 patients in the San Juan City Hospital].
AB  - This is a descriptive study with the purpose of reporting the most important
      clinical findings observed upon admission of the first fifty patients to the
      Epilepsy Intensive Monitoring Unit. For example: Reason for referral, history,
      distribution by age and sex, precipitating factors and diagnostic study findings.
      The utility of intensive monitoring is evidenced in the diagnosis and management
      of patients with complicated epilepsy and in the diagnosis of other neurologic
      conditions as are movement disorders; tics and other. With the use of this
      technic, 68% of the patients were correctly diagnosed, which provided for
      adequate recommendation of the optimal therapeutic regimen.

PMID- 1811606
TI  - [Experience with the use of immune intravenous immunoglobulin in symptomatic
      children with human immunodeficiency virus infection].
AB  - The Department of Pediatrics of the San Juan City Hospital participated in a
      collaborative clinical trial, placebo controlled, designed by NICHD with the
      purpose of determining if the use of gamma immunoglobulin is effective in
      preventing serious infections in symptomatic children infected with HIV. Of the
      372 children randomized, 33 were from San Juan City Hospital. Of the 16 children
      on placebo, 9 (56%) developed 23 episodes of serious infections and 4 of 15
      children on IVIG developed 5 episodes. A total of 24 hospitalizations occurred in
      the placebo group and six in the IVIG group. The mortality in our center was 12%
      (4/31). No adverse reactions were registered from the infusions in our center.
      Intravenous gamma immunoglobulin demonstrated to be effective in preventing
      bacterial infections and decreasing the number of hospitalizations in a subgroup
      of children infected with HIV.

PMID- 1811607
TI  - Distichiasis-lymphedema syndrome and the Turner phenotype.
AB  - Two unrelated females with the syndrome of distichiasis-lymphedema are presented.
      In both families, the autosomal dominant nature of the syndrome was evident, with
      multiple affected males and females. In the prepubertal period this disease may
      be confused with Turner or Noonan syndromes. Genetic counseling is important for
      this is a very crippling disease and an erroneous diagnosis of future sterility
      may be given to affected females. Ptosis, pterygium colli, lymphedema, cleft
      palate and a low posterior hairline can confuse the phenotype. A history of
      corneal irritation, photophobia and a need to self-pluck eyelashes may be the
      clue to the diagnosis. Close follow-up for associated complications, counseling
      and support to these families may be our contributions as clinicians in
      ameliorating the burden this disease brings.

PMID- 1811608
TI  - [Cervico-facial heterotopic brain tissue with a mandibular deformity].
AB  - Case report of a premature baby girl who presented with a right cervico-facial
      mass which caused severe respiratory difficulty. The patient underwent subtotal
      resection of the mass whose pathologic specimen report revealed heterotopic
      cerebral tissue compatible with encephalocele. A head and neck CT Scan performed
      could not evidence a connection between the mass and the cranial cavity, reason
      for which the possibility of encephalocele was disregarded. After subtotal
      resection of the mass, the tumor began to grow from soft palate and the patient
      died from respiratory complications at four months of age. Autopsy reported
      heterotopic cerebral tissue from neck and soft palate; right lung pneumonia and
      infection by CMV. Although the heterotopic cerebral tissue was reported as
      benign, the clinical characterization of this mass is compatible with a malignant
      behavior due to the aggressiveness of its growth.

PMID- 1811609
TI  - CNS involvement in AIDS patients as seen with CT and MR: a review.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus infected persons frequently have manifestations
      of central nervous system disfunction. These can be primary involvement or
      secondary processes such as infections or tumors. The present paper presents a
      short review of radiologic CNS findings in patients with AIDS as seen on CT and
      or MRI. The radiologic findings of HIV-1 encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, primary CNS
      lymphoma, PMLE, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, CMV encephalitis, HVS and
      varicella are presented. We expect this will ultimately help in the management of
      the AIDS patient.

PMID- 1811610
TI  - [Starting the pediatric practice].

PMID- 1811611
TI  - Clinical ecology, multiple chemical sensitivity (M.C.S.): the debate.

PMID- 1811612
TI  - Clinical ecology, multiple chemical sensitivity (M.C.S.): the debate.

PMID- 1811614
TI  - A new generation of foodborne pathogens.

PMID- 1811613
TI  - Role of zinc in human health.

PMID- 1811615
TI  - Synthesis and antiaggregatory activity of antiflammin related peptides.
AB  - The peptide H-Lys-Val-Leu-Asp-OH (KVLD), derived from antiflammins, and its
      analog H-Lys-Val-Asp-Leu-OH (KVDL) were prepared by solution synthesis. KVLD does
      not inhibit platelet aggregation in contrast to the results recently published.

PMID- 1811616
TI  - Inhibition of bovine beta-trypsin, human alpha-thrombin and porcine pancreatic
      beta-kallikrein-B by benzamidine and its bis-, tris- and tetra-derivatives:
      thermodynamic and molecular modeling study.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of bis-, tris- and tetra-benzamidine derivatives (DAPP,
      TAPB and TAPP, respectively) on the catalytic properties of bovine beta-trypsin
      (beta-trypsin), human alpha-thrombin (alpha-thrombin) and porcine pancreatic beta
      kallikrein-B (beta-kallikrein-B) was investigated (between pH 2.0 and 7.0, I =
      0.1 M; T = 37.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C), and analyzed in parallel with that of
      benzamidine, commonly taken as a molecular inhibitor model of serine proteinases.
      Over the whole pH range explored, benzamidine, DAPP, TAPB and TAPP, show the same
      value of the association inhibition constant (Ki, M-1) for beta-trypsin; at
      variance, the affinity of DAPP, TAPB and TAPP for alpha-thrombin and beta
      kallikrein-B is higher than that found for benzamidine association around
      neutrality, but tends to converge in the acidic pH limb. On lowering the pH from
      5.5 to 3.0, the decrease in affinity for benzamidine binding to beta-trypsin,
      alpha-thrombin and beta-kallikrein-B as well as for DAPP, TAPB and TAPP
      association to beta-trypsin reflects the acidic-pK shift, upon inhibitor binding,
      of a single ionizing group. Over the same pH range, values of Ki for DAPP, TAPB
      and TAPP binding to alpha-thrombin and beta-kallikrein-B appear to be modulated
      by the acidic-pK shift, upon inhibitor association, of two equivalent proton
      binding residues. Considering the X-ray three dimensional structures and the
      computer-generated molecular models of the serine proteinase inhibitor complexes,
      the observed binding behaviour of benzamidine, DAPP, TAPB and TAPP to beta
      trypsin, alpha-thrombin and beta-kallikrein-B has been related to the inferred
      stereochemistry of the enzyme:inhibitor contact region(s).

PMID- 1811617
TI  - N1-substituted benzamidines: synthesis, antiproteinase activity and inhibition of
      tumor cell growth.
AB  - We have synthesized N1-substituted benzamidines and poly-benzamidines with the
      aim to produce antitumor drugs retaining differential biological properties with
      respect to unsubstituted compounds. Antiproliferative activity on in vitro
      cultured human leukemic cells was exhibited by N1-substituted poly-benzamidines,
      while N1-substituted benzamidines were found to retain very low antitumor
      effects. Furthermore, our results suggest that N1-substituted benzamidines and
      some of poly-benzamidines exhibit low activity on trypsin and kallikrein. Taken
      together these data indicate that some N1-substituted poly-benzamidines could be
      of interest for experimental antitumor therapy, since are likely to retain low
      side effects due to alteration of proteinase activity.

PMID- 1811618
TI  - Effects of aromatic polyamidines on the electrophoretic mobility of HIV-1 genomic
      regions amplified by polymerase-chain reaction.
AB  - In this paper we describe the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify
      DNA sequences suitable for studies on the activity of DNA-binding drugs of
      possible interest in anti-tumor as well as anti-viral therapy. To this aim (a) we
      amplified by PCR two regions of the HIV-1 genome (one localized within the LTR,
      the other within the env gene), known to bind nuclear factors and (b) we
      determined whether different aromatic polyamidines are able to differentially
      affect the electrophoretic mobility of these HIV-1 PCR fragments. We found that
      aromatic polyamidines differentially affect the electrophoretic migration of PCR
      amplified HIV-1 genomic regions. This differential effect, related to a
      differential DNA-binding activity, could lead to a differential inhibition of
      protein-DNA interactions.

PMID- 1811619
TI  - Synthesis, antibacterial activity and structure-activity relationships of N
      substituted 4-diazo-pyrazole-5-carboxamides. 2.
AB  - A series of 4-diazopyrazole-5-carboxamides 1 d-n has been synthesized and their
      antibacterial activity against a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive
      strains has been tested. Some of the compounds resulted quite active and the
      whole set allowed to further study the SAR of the class. Substituents in position
      5 affect Gram-negative and Gram-positive activities via bulk and electronic
      properties respectively; position 3 mostly affects the Gram-negative activity,
      while the presence of the charged diazo group in position 4 is crucial for both
      antibacterial activities.

PMID- 1811620
TI  - 4-Diazo-5-alkylsulphonamidopyrazoles: synthesis and evaluation of biological
      activity.
AB  - A series of 4-diazo-5-alkylsulphonamidopyrazoles (5) was prepared and tested for
      antitumor, antiviral and antimicrobial activity. Compounds (5a) and (5b) showed a
      selective, although not very potent cytostatic activity against L1210 and a human
      T lymphoblastoid cell line (C8166). Compounds (5a) and (5d-h) showed a selective
      anti-coxsackie B1 virus activity, whereas 5b was also endowed with some activity
      against Bacillus subtilis.

PMID- 1811621
TI  - Assay of 1,4-dioxane in commercial cosmetic products by HPLC.
AB  - The HPLC assay of 1,4-dioxane in a wide range of commercially available cosmetics
      containing polyethoxylated surfactants is described. After solid-phase extraction
      using Bakerbond CN- and Bakerbond C18-cartridges, samples were directly analysed
      on a LiChrospher CH-8 column with an acetonitrile water eluent and UV detection
      at 200 nm. Of the total cosmetic products investigated, 48% were found to contain
      7.3-85.9 ppm of 1,4-dioxane.

PMID- 1811622
TI  - Modulation of cholinergic profile of acetylcholine through its cyclovinylogues.
AB  - The o-, m- and p-acetoxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethylbenzenemethanaminium iodide (2a-c)
      as cyclovinilogues of acetylcholine are described. This structural modification
      allows to modulate the cholinergic activity of the natural neurotransmitter along
      the sequence: agonist----partial agonist----antagonist, which is referred to meta
      (2b), para (2c) and ortho (2a) regioisomers, respectively.

PMID- 1811623
TI  - Methylangelicins: structure activity studies on the role of methyl groups present
      in 3,4 and 4',5' photoreactive sites.
AB  - The effect of the introduction of one, two or three methyl groups at the level of
      3,4 or 4',5' photoreactive site of angelicin, in terms of extent of intercalation
      and DNA-photobinding, was studied. The introduction of one methyl group both in
      the 3 or 4 and in 4' or 5' position increases the affinity of angelicin toward
      DNA for the molecular complex formation and enhances the DNA-photobinding, even
      if to a different extent. The increase is more pronounced for occupancy of 5' or
      4' position; much less pronounced is the enhancement in the case of 3 or 4
      positions. The introduction of two methyl groups in 3,4 or in 4',5' positions
      leads to an increased capacity to form the intercalated complex with DNA; the
      photoreactivity is also enhanced, but to a larger extent for 4',5'
      dimethylangelicin. No steric hindrance, therefore, seems to be exerted by the
      introduction of one or two methyl groups at the level of the photoreactive sites
      of angelicin. The introduction of a third methyl group in 4',5'-dimethyl or in
      3,4-dimethylangelicin exhibits a strong enhancement of the DNA photobinding; in
      particular 4,4',5'-trimethylangelicin appears the most photoreactive towards DNA.
      Angelicins carrying methyl groups in 3,4 positions exhibit lower
      antiproliferative activity than derivatives carrying methyl groups in 4',5'
      positions. No correlation was observed between antiproliferative activity and DNA
      photobinding; may be that the presence of methyl groups in 3,4 or in 4',5'
      positions affects the type of cycloadducts formed. The different ratio of adducts
      may affect the antiproliferative effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811624
TI  - Improved marginal seating of cast restorations using a silicone disclosing
      medium.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a silicone disclosing
      medium, G-C Fit-Checker, as an aid in the improvement of marginal integrity.
      Standardized preparations were made on 42 freshly extracted premolars. Base metal
      alloy castings were finished externally and initially adjusted internally. The
      castings were placed on their respective teeth and the marginal opening was
      determined. They were then adjusted twice using the silicone material and
      remeasured. The preadjustment mean marginal opening was 92 microns and the
      postadjustment measurement 55 microns, yielding a mean reduction of 37 microns
      (SEM 3 microns) or 39%.

PMID- 1811625
TI  - Reinforcing effect of a Ni-Cr alloy plate on an acrylic resin denture base.
AB  - The authors previously reported on the strengthening effect of a thin Ni-Cr plate
      on an acrylic resin test specimen in the three-point bending test. This study
      evaluated the reinforcement of acrylic resin denture bases by measuring the
      strain distribution in the palate of a maxillary complete denture. It was found
      that this reinforcing technique led to a uniform distribution of strain in the
      palatal area of the maxillary denture and a reduction of strain in the midpalatal
      area.

PMID- 1811626
TI  - The effect of cooling techniques on intrapulpal temperature during direct
      fabrication of provisional restorations.
AB  - In vitro measurements were made of the heat transferred to the pulp chamber
      during the direct fabrication of extracoronal provisional restorations. The
      temperature was monitored for the following four groups: (1) control--the
      provisional restoration was left on the tooth with no coolant used; (2) removal-
      the provisional restoration was removed upon initial resin polymerization; (3) in
      situ--the provisional restoration was left in place and cooled with an air/water
      spray; and (4) on/off--the provisional restoration was repeatedly removed and
      replaced upon initial polymerization while using an air/water spray. The
      intrapulpal temperature rises were as follows: control 7.08 degrees C, removal
      2.39 degrees C, in situ 2.36 degrees C, and on/off 3.12 degrees C. The
      temperature rise for all cooling techniques was significantly lower than that of
      the control. No significant differences were found between the three cooling
      techniques.

PMID- 1811627
TI  - Cross-contamination control in prosthodontic practice.
AB  - Prosthodontic patients are generally a high-risk group relative to their
      potential to transmit infectious diseases as well as acquire them. There has been
      a recent increase in awareness of the need for cross-infection control measures
      to protect against possible routes of transmission frequently ignored in the
      past. This article is essentially a literature review of cross-infection control
      measures especially relevant to removable prosthodontic practice. Cross
      contamination control measures are considered within the following categories:
      patient evaluation, personal protection, instrument and equipment contamination,
      clinical technique, impression handling, and laboratory asepsis.

PMID- 1811628
TI  - The effect of steam autoclave sterilization on methyl methacrylate cranial
      implant materials.
AB  - The use of methyl methacrylates for cranial repairs has been well established.
      Procedures for sterilization of these materials include soaking in benzalkonium
      chloride, use of ethylene oxide gas, or cobalt 60 irradiation. Although ethylene
      oxide sterilization is the most common method, gas sterilization and degassing of
      these prefabricated implants may require almost as much time as fabrication. This
      study evaluated impact strength and linear dimensional change following steam
      autoclave sterilization of heat-processed methyl methacrylate. It was compared to
      an autopolymerizing methyl methacrylate for impact strength. No statistical
      difference was found in impact strength between nonsterile heat-processed methyl
      methacrylate and autoclaved heat-processed methyl methacrylate; however, both
      were significantly stronger than the autopolymerizing material. A statistically
      significant linear dimensional change of 1.211% between the autoclaved and
      nonsterile heat-processed methyl methacrylate was found, but was not considered
      clinically significant.

PMID- 1811629
TI  - Restorative treatment for patients with excessive vertical overlap.
AB  - The restoration of anterior teeth for patients with excessive vertical overlap is
      often complicated by a lack of space for restorative materials. This situation
      often occurs in patients with worn anterior teeth. Two methods of creating
      adequate space to permit satisfactory restoration are presented.

PMID- 1811630
TI  - Loss of alloy in the fabrication of metal ceramic crowns.
AB  - While gold alloys are well accepted for metal ceramic restorations, the
      increasing cost of gold has limited their use. This study investigated the loss
      of a noble alloy during the fabrication of metal ceramic crowns. Weight losses
      resulting from (1) the casting process and cleaning of the casting, (2) sprue
      removal, (3) seating of the casting onto the die, and (4) preparation for
      porcelain addition were investigated using 323 crowns. The percentage weight
      losses were 8.92%, 17.59%, 34.03%, and 39.46%, respectively. Weight losses were
      generally higher for maxillary restorations, but metal ceramic restorations on
      anterior teeth registered significantly higher losses than those for premolars
      and molars.

PMID- 1811631
TI  - Effects of clasp flexure on a 4-META adhered light-polymerized composite resin.
AB  - Three specimen sets of removable partial denture claps were veneered using a
      composite resin with 4-META onto a 50-microns aluminum oxide air-abraded surface
      and flexed 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 inches for 1,500 cycles. No veneers survived
      intact following 0.03-inch flexures; 58% survived 0.01-inch flexures and 44%
      survived 0.02-inch flexures intact. There was a significant increase in the
      number of veneer cracks in 0.02-inch flexed clasps compared to those flexed 0.01
      inch.

PMID- 1811632
TI  - Effects of denture base resins on oral epithelial cells.
AB  - The current proliferation of light-polymerized denture base resins and the
      continual modification of their formulations make standardized biocompatibility
      testing a necessity. The biocompatibilities of three light-polymerized denture
      base resins were compared using an in vitro epithelial cell culture system. The
      effect of varied lengths of polymerization of denture base resin on cell toxicity
      was examined. This study indicated that light-polymerized denture base resins
      have an effect on oral epithelial cells that appears to be related to the
      specific formulation of the material and not to the type of polymerization
      required. Varying the polymerization time or light-polymerization unit appeared
      to have little effect.

PMID- 1811633
TI  - Occlusal contact variation with changes in head position.
AB  - Ten healthy young adults were examined for changes in occlusal contacts related
      to three head positions: supine, sitting, and head forward. The contacts were
      analyzed using T-Scan special research software, which measured the time moments
      of the first five occlusal contacts. Time moment is a descriptive term calculated
      from a formula that considers both spatial (where contacts are) and temporal
      (when contact occurs) aspects of tooth contact and provides a quantitative basis
      for comparing the dynamics of tooth contact. Paired head positions were analyzed
      for differences using Student's t test, and it appears that in healthy young
      adults, initial tooth contacts are substantially influenced by posture.

PMID- 1811635
TI  - An aspect of denture base retention: direct measurement of force due to surface
      tension.
AB  - A fixed-volume drop of liquid between a pair of parallel surfaces has been a
      common model for the denture-mucosa system. The reported one-term equation for
      the model, the derivation of which is suspect, implies that the acting force is
      inversely proportional to the square of the separation. Direct measurement of the
      force, however, showed that a better approximation is given by a two-term
      equation, with force varying as the inverse of the separation. The need for
      rigorous theoretical derivation is thereby emphasized. The experimental data
      suggest that a maximum retention force might occur for denture bases at
      separations of about 15 microns.

PMID- 1811634
TI  - The persistence of microorganisms on impression materials following disinfection.
AB  - Following in vitro inoculation with C albicans or P aeruginosa, three impression
      materials--polysulfide rubber, irreversible hydrocolloid, and poly(vinyl
      siloxane)--were disinfected with either 0.1% or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate and
      a quantitative assessment of the microorganisms was made. Very few microorganisms
      were retained on the poly(vinyl siloxane) material immediately after microbial
      inoculation. The numbers of microorganisms on polysulfide impression materials
      diminished rapidly with time even without disinfection, and a 30-minute
      disinfection procedure resulted in total microbe elimination. With irreversible
      hydrocolloid, microorganisms persisted and disinfection procedures were
      considerably less effective. When the disinfection efficacy of three commercially
      available agents was compared using irreversible hydrocolloid impression
      material, chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) was found to be less effective than
      either glutaraldehyde (2%) or sodium hypochlorite (0.0125%); the latter two
      agents were comparable in their antimicrobial effect. Thus, a simple disinfection
      regime of 30 minutes with commonly available disinfectants may be effective in
      eliminating cross-contamination from impression materials.

PMID- 1811636
TI  - The International Dental Community loses renowned scientist, teacher, lecturer.

PMID- 1811637
TI  - A two-dimensional stress analysis comparing fixed prosthodontic approaches to the
      tilted molar abutment.
AB  - A two-dimensional finite element method was used to analyze the changes in
      mechanical behavior of the supporting structures when a fixed prosthesis replaced
      a mandibular first molar. In the unrestored situation, as the degree of bone
      resorption increased there was a corresponding increase in stress in the
      periodontium. Tilting of the molar abutment induced additional stress on the
      mesial side of the root. The presence of a fixed prosthesis markedly reduced the
      magnitude and distribution of stress in the periodontium. The mechanical
      advantage obtained by a fixed prosthesis was greater in the situation of a tilted
      second molar with reduced bone support than with higher bone levels.

PMID- 1811638
TI  - The effect of bonding agents on the bond strengths of facial silicone elastomers
      to a visible light-activated resin.
AB  - Three bonding agents were evaluated to determine their effect on the strength of
      the bond when Silskin II and Cosmesil SM4 silicone facial elastomers were
      polymerized to a light-activated denture resin. A silane bonding agent proved to
      be superior, whereas a light-activated bonding agent had inferior bonding
      characteristics. Intensive heat aging had no significant effect on bond strength.

PMID- 1811639
TI  - In vitro properties of light-polymerized reline materials.
AB  - One premixed and three powder-liquid light-polymerized, hard denture reline
      materials were evaluated for Knoop hardness, transverse strength, and tensile
      strength when bonded to a heat-activated denture resin. The chemical compositions
      of the components of the reline materials were analyzed. The premixed light
      activated liner was harder, had a higher tensile bond strength to the heat
      activated denture resin, and was somewhat stronger than the power-liquid reline
      materials. Properties of the resins were related to their compositions.

PMID- 1811641
TI  - Orthodontic realignment of a tipped molar abutment using a cast metal removable
      partial denture.
AB  - A combined orthodontic/prosthodontic technique for the treatment of tipped
      abutment molars is described. The technique uses a cast metal removable partial
      denture with an uprighting wire and coil spring engaging an orthodontic tube
      bonded onto the tipped abutment. When the molar has been uprighted to the desired
      position, a clasp assembly is added to the prosthesis.

PMID- 1811640
TI  - A clinical comparison of four denture adhesives.
AB  - The influence of four denture adhesives (Fittydent, Super Poligrip, Super
      Wernet's, and tragacanth) on patients' opinions of 10 aspects of denture use was
      studied. The adhesives were applied in turn to the existing complete dentures of
      32 patients in a sequence determined by eight randomly chosen 4 x 4 Latin squares
      of different treatments. Subjective views of the patients indicated that one
      product significantly improved denture retention and had other favorable
      features.

PMID- 1811642
TI  - Sagittal condylar guidance as determined by protrusion records and wear facets of
      teeth.
AB  - The maxillary and mandibular casts of 45 healthy and dentulous subjects, with
      conspicuous wear facets on canines and molars, were mounted on a semiadjustable
      articulator. The sagittal condylar guidance was determined by two methods: (1)
      using a protrusion wax interocclusal record and (2) by matching the wear facets
      of opposing canines and contralateral molars. There was a substantial bilateral
      symmetry of the right and left sagittal condylar guidance angles using both
      methods. There were, however, significant differences between the mean angles of
      the two methods, about 31 degrees (protrusion record) versus about 24 degrees
      (wear facets). This, in association with rather low coefficients of linear
      determination, suggested that the two methods of recording the sagittal condylar
      guidance angle were based on totally different phenomena.

PMID- 1811643
TI  - Mushroom-shaped resilient retainer for maxillary obturator prostheses.
AB  - A new type of highly resilient retainer for maxillary obturator prostheses is
      described. The obturator component is composed of an acrylic resin connector and
      a round resilient wing, with the combined shape resembling a mushroom. The
      retainer is designed to absorb mechanical stresses, which are transmitted from
      the denture portion to nasal soft tissues through the obturator extension, and to
      use tissue undercuts more effectively than do conventional hollow extension
      prostheses. Renewability of the retainer part is another advantage of this
      retainer. From these properties, the retainer seems to have many indications for
      the prosthodontic treatment of maxillary defects.

PMID- 1811644
TI  - The relationship between the fit of MOD inlays and the storage time and
      conditions of investing.
AB  - It has been traditional either to cast invested wax patterns immediately after
      the investment has set or to store the invested patterns in a humidor for casting
      later. This study compared the fit of MOD inlays to parent dies after casting
      immediately following set of the investment, after casting 1 hour following the
      setting of the investment in air, storage in a humidor for 7 days, and after
      storage in air for 7 days. The only significant differences in fit were in the
      group stored in a humidor, and then only at the axiogingival junctions.

PMID- 1811645
TI  - Combined use of intersubject and intrasubject controls to distinguish treatment
      versus patient effect in retrospective studies.
AB  - Clinical researchers seek to eliminate specific subject attributes from becoming
      confounding variables to distinguish a treatment effect from an underlying
      patient effect. In prospective studies, the random assignment of subjects into
      experimental groups results in the equal distribution of subject attributes,
      thereby eliminating them as confounding variables. Retrospective study designs,
      often used in prosthodontics research, preclude the random assignment of
      subjects. This article describes the application of a standard research design
      that combines the use of intersubject and intrasubject controls to compensate for
      the potential imbalance in subject attributes in retrospective clinical studies.
      This approach should help prevent clinical investigators from declaring
      differences between experimental groups when, in fact, no differences exist.

PMID- 1811646
TI  - Aspirin-induced asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
AB  - The inhalation challenge with lysine-aspirin (L-ASA) using the dosimeter method
      allows the construction of a dose-response curve and the quantitative estimation
      of airway responsiveness to the drug. We assessed the modifications of airway
      responsiveness to methacholine in four groups of subjects: aspirin-sensitive
      asthmatics, aspirin-sensitive subjects with urticaria/angioedema, subjects with
      an equivocal history of aspirin intolerance and normal control subjects. The L
      ASA challenge was positive in all aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. The pattern of
      bronchial response to the challenge was different from that observed after
      challenge with allergens or occupational sensitizers. The main difference was
      found in the recovery from induced bronchoconstriction. The recovery lasted from
      3 to 6-8 hours, and a peculiar dose-response curve was obtained that we call
      "early prolonged reaction". In five of 18 ASA-sensitive subjects there was a
      significant increase in airway responsiveness. Airway responsiveness was normal
      in aspirin-sensitive nonasthmatic subjects and in the other two groups studied.
      We conclude that L-ASA inhalation challenge may increase bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness in some ASA-sensitive asthmatics. This presence of enhanced
      bronchial hyperesponsiveness seems to be a marker with which to distinguish ASA
      sensitive asthmatics from ASA-sensitive subjects with urticaria/angioedema.

PMID- 1811647
TI  - The eosinophil.
AB  - There is controversy on functions, ranging from protective, tissue protecting to
      aggressive tissue damaging effects. High numbers are found in many diseases. The
      cell is invariably seen when helminths invade tissues, with numbers correlated
      with IgE titres and it is the major cytotoxic cell for parasitic larvae. It is
      produced by bone marrow, and controlled by T cell products and other mediators. A
      fundamental connection exists between asthma and eosinophils irrespective of the
      presence of an allergic factor. Study of sputum samples is of more value than
      blood eosinophil numbers. After allergen challenge there may be both immediate
      and late reactions. Where the late reaction occurs blood eosinophil numbers rise,
      indicating a central position in the pathogenesis. Cellular proteins and
      extracellular products and their effects are tabulated. The cells are
      heterogenous into two types, normodense (low activity) and hypodense which have
      high activity of increased secretory activity, chemotactic response etc.
      Treatments for asthma and beta-2-agonists and corticosteroids inhibit mediator
      release and eosinophil numbers and the abnormality should be considered early.

PMID- 1811648
TI  - Cocksfoot grass pollen allergens and genetic of immune response.
AB  - The genetic basis of allergic response to grass pollen allergens of 23 portuguese
      families have been studied. The two or three generations families formed a total
      of 128 individuals including at least one parent and one child sensitive to
      Dactylis glomerata grass pollen. HLA class II genes were studied by PCR
      amplification and RFLP analysis. Our population study has revealed a higher
      frequency of allele 2 of DOB in the allergic population than in non allergic
      individuals. 60% of cocksfoot sensitive patients are DR4 as compared to 20% in
      healthy population. Using the immunoprinting technique to study the specificity
      of the different immunoglobulin isotypes, we were able to improve the phenotyping
      quality. This analysis showed that patient IgG4 and IgE recognize frequently the
      same allergens. Some pollen allergens phenotypes (IgE) are transmitted from
      parents to children. Pollen specific IgG1 or IgG3 phenotypes might be better
      markers than IgA or IgM phenotypes to follow the natural immune response
      transmission in family studies.

PMID- 1811649
TI  - New perspectives on the screening of food allergy.
AB  - Diagnosis of adverse reactions to foods is made after clinical history,
      elimination diet, skin prick and RAST tests, and double blind placebo-controlled
      oral challenge. These procedures are time-consuming and require strong patients'
      motivation. Detection of reactions other than IgE-mediated, and in vitro
      screening for several foods in the frontier for current studies on adverse
      reactions to food, and the challenge for the next decade.

PMID- 1811650
TI  - A study on allergic asthma patients in the allergy clinic, KFHU, Al-Khobar.
AB  - A total of 68 patients' records visiting the Allergy Clinic of King Fahd Hospital
      of the University (KFHU) in Al-Khobar were reviewed. All patients were above the
      age of 15 years. Out of the 68 patients 37 were females while 30 were males. The
      record of one patient was missing and therefore, data could not be captured. IgE
      titres over 180 I.U. were detected in 32 patients out of 46 patients tested.
      Levels of Ig6, IgA + IgM were normal. Skin tests gave positive reactions to a
      variety of allergens mainly inhalants. These allergens are comparable to those
      occurring in other parts of the Kingdom. Family history of atopy was revealed in
      only less than 25% of patients.

PMID- 1811651
TI  - [Latex allergy].

PMID- 1811652
TI  - [Care of patients with celiac disease in adolescence and young adulthood].
AB  - 60 patients suffering from coeliac disease were continuously cared for during a
      longer period. In these patients the diagnosis was established on the basis of
      the commonly used ESPGAN criteria in their childhood. Another biopsy was
      performed in adolescence and early adulthood. In 26 patients the diagnosis
      coeliac disease was confirmed. These patients are recommended to carry on keeping
      to a strict diet. 4 patients show a normal mucosa (type I) while following normal
      nutrition for more than 2 up to 5 years in adulthood although in their childhood
      the diagnosis of coeliac disease was established. While being put an a diet or
      following a short lasting normal nutrition, respectively, 17 patients have a
      morphologically intact mucosa of the small intestine, which is, however, in
      nearly all cases functionally damaged. In these patients the diagnosis is to be
      clarified definitely by means of a final biopsy of the small intestine after an
      at least 2-year-lasting exposition to gluten. 13 patients refused a biopsy in
      adulthood.

PMID- 1811653
TI  - [Studies on diagnostic and prognostic validity of aminophenazone breath test in
      liver cirrhosis].
AB  - In 59 patients with liver cirrhosis (23 female, 36 male; aged between 30 and 73
      years) the aminophenazone breath-test according to the Haustein-Schenker
      modification was performed. The results were related to morphological, clinical
      and haemodynamic criteria. In contrast to a control group, consisting of 8 women
      and 8 men aged between 23 and 27 years with healthy livers, the aminophenazone
      elimination proved to be heavily delayed (p less than 0.001). In consideration of
      the Havanna-classification the 14CO2-elimination was most heavily retarded in
      patients with portal cirrhosis, but compared with non-portal cirrhosis, the
      difference was below significance level. A significant dependence on the clinical
      degree of severity was found. The aminophenazone-elimination was frequently low
      in portal hypertension and considerably decreased after portocaval shunt with
      values below 200 DPM/mmol CO2/70 kg body weight. In some cases it could be
      demonstrated, that the test is not only of diagnostic relevance, but reflects the
      progression of cirrhosis.

PMID- 1811654
TI  - [Changes in serotonin-containing EC-cells in the lamina epithelialis mucosae of
      the small intestine in young children with growth disorders caused by intestinal
      diseases].
AB  - Duodenal jejunal biopsy material from children with growth retardation due to
      enteric disease was investigated. The disease dependent mucosa types were
      classified into three groups according to Shmerling (1970). 5-hydroxytryptamine
      was demonstrated with an impregnation technique and histochemically, as well, in
      EC-cells in the crypt epithelium. The EC-cell content in specimens with subtotal
      villus atrophy (type III) was higher significantly compared to normal mucosa
      (type I). The findings were discussed with regard to the possible role of 5
      hydroxytryptamine in the pathogenesis of the growth retardation due to enteric
      disease in children.

PMID- 1811655
TI  - [Comparison of ICG elimination with biotransformation of model substances and
      histological features of liver biopsy in liver diseases].
AB  - The elimination of indocyanine green (ICG) was measured in 45 patients with
      histologically proved liver disease to evaluate liver blood flow. Furthermore,
      the elimination of caffeine and metamizol was determined in serum as a parameter
      of in vivo biotransformation. In a further step the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin
      O-deethylation was measured in liver biopsy samples of 30 out of 45 patients (in
      vitro parameter of biotransformation). The half-life of ICG was compared with the
      data of biotransformation by means of the calculation of correlations with
      special consideration of histological findings in liver biopsy samples
      (monocellular necrosis, intra-acinar fibrosis, structural transformation).
      Results demonstrate that ICG-elimination is a nonsufficient criterion of liver
      blood flow in patients with liver disease, because of considerable variation and
      many influencing factors including the function of the liver cells. Therefore, it
      is difficult to evaluate results.

PMID- 1811656
TI  - [Epidemiology of liver diseases in the GDR, 1979-1989].
AB  - From 1979 to 1988 in the GDR the number of patients with alcoholic liver
      cirrhosis increased from 2,387 to 3,958 (61.2%). An evident decrease of patients
      with acute virus hepatitis was observed (from 7,037 in 1979 to 1,578 in 1989). In
      future a further increase of alcoholic liver diseases with the resulting
      complications (e.g. coma, bleeding varices and withdrawal symptoms) has to be
      expected.

PMID- 1811657
TI  - [Influence of exogenous factors on the behavior of aminophenazone breath test in
      chronic liver diseases].
AB  - 230 patients with different chronic liver diseases of various severity were
      researched because of the influence of nicotine and alcohol on the results of the
      aminopyrine breath test in the modification of Haustein and Schenker (1985).
      Smoker with chronic liver diseases had higher 14CO2-results than nonsmoker. The
      difference was only significant in fatty liver disease in the first stadium (p
      less than 0,001) and chronic active hepatitis (p less than 0.05). Patients with
      chronic liver diseases of fewer severity had higher mean values of aminopyrine
      breath test, if they had chronic alcohol consumption. The difference between
      these and abstinent patients could secure only in fatty liver disease in the
      first stadium (p less than 0.001). Patients with severe chronic liver diseases
      had lower results of aminopyrine breath test, if they drink alcohol regular.
      These difference was significant in patients with cirrhotic liver disease (p less
      than 0.05).

PMID- 1811658
TI  - Biochemical pattern of the ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis and in neoplastic
      diseases.
AB  - In 22 subjects with liver cirrhosis and in 18 with malignancy, both with ascites,
      10 biochemical parameters have been investigated in ascitic fluid. The evaluation
      of data by cluster analysis, optimized with the aid of multivariate normality
      testing, was able to recognize correctly a majority of cases. For diagnosis of
      malignancy, an 89% sensitivity and 82% specificity was obtained. The described
      way of data collecting and processing is recommended for the clinical practice.

PMID- 1811659
TI  - Development of the low-T3-syndrome and prognosis assessment in patients with
      liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The aim of our study is to prove whether the development of the low-T3-syndrome
      in patients with liver cirrhosis is associated with their prognosis. For this
      purpose we determined the peripheral thyroid hormone levels in 28 patients with
      liver cirrhosis. For prognosis assessment we calculated the Prognostic Index (PI)
      on the basis of Cox's regression model as recently described by us. Calculating
      this index we used 11 parameters: liver morphology, consciousness, spider naevi,
      PCV, thrombocytes, gamma-GT, cholesterol, albumin, Quick's value, IgA, and
      potassium. It is demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation between T3
      serum levels and PI (p = 0.03). An association could not be detected neither
      between reverse T3 and PI nor between T3 and rT3. On the other hand basal TSH was
      also inversely associated with PI. Thus, the low T3-serum levels did not induce a
      rise of basal TSH in cirrhotics. Moreover, the mean serum-T3-concentration
      differed significantly from that of 6 decreased patients and from that of the
      surviving (p = 0.00076). It seems to be true that low T3-serum levels are a very
      sensitive parameter for prognosis prediction in patients with liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 1811660
TI  - [Pharmacological lowering of portal pressure in normal rats and in experimental
      liver cirrhosis].
AB  - Four pharmacons were tested on an acute portal pressure lowering effect in an
      experimental animal model with 25 normal and 25 rats with Thioacetamide-toxic
      liver cirrhosis. Invasive measurements of arterial and portal pressure were made
      under Hexobarbital-Sodium anaesthesia during 30 minutes after pharmacon
      application. The portal pressure of cirrhotic rats was under basic conditions 9.5
      +/- 1.5 mm Hg and significant higher as in normal animals (5.3 +/- 0.9 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.01). After 10 mg/kg body mass Propranolol the portal pressure
      decreased in both animal groups small but not significantly over the whole
      measurement time. 1 mg/kg Verapamil lowered arterial middle pressure
      significantly, but increased portal pressure at all 15-20% in both animal groups.
      Application of 0.1 mg/kg Prazosin decreased the arterial middle pressure at all 5
      15% and the portal pressure at all 20-30% in both study groups (both
      significantly). For Canrenoat-Potassium (20 mg/kg) no clear effect could by
      evaluated on portal pressure. The model of Thioacetamide-toxic cirrhosis of the
      rat offers conditions like cirrhosis in human medicine in order to study the
      effects of portal pressure lowering pharmacons. Propranolol and Prazosin decrease
      portal pressure and should by further investigated.

PMID- 1811662
TI  - [Gastroscopy before cholecystectomy].

PMID- 1811661
TI  - [Pseudo-ascaris in ultrasonography of the epigastrium].
AB  - A sonographically demonstrated vermicular structure in the region of the gall
      bladder was suspected to be an ascaris, which is to find in the biliary system
      occasionally. However under cholecystectomy there was not to detect a worm, only
      a stone in the cystic duct. In accordance to anamnesis we think it being the
      caudal part of a ventriculo-peritoneal drain implanted for hydrocephalus therapy.

PMID- 1811663
TI  - [Pathogenesis and therapy of ascites in liver cirrhosis].
AB  - This paper reviews pathogenetic factors which contribute to the development of
      therapy-resistant ascites in liver cirrhosis. Main principles are known as
      "Overfilling"--and "Underfilling"-hypotheses followed by disturbances of
      different kinds of mediators influencing renal blood flow and natriuresis. The
      endpoint of a cascade is the development of a hepatorenal syndrome which is
      connected with therapeutic resistance against diuretics. Therefore, other
      therapeutic methods (paracentesis, reinfusion) must be taken in to account in
      order to improve prognosis of such cases.

PMID- 1811664
TI  - [Research on the development of Chinese materia medica and natural drug for
      AIDS].

PMID- 1811665
TI  - [Drug identification and research on Fritillaria monantha Migo (pengze beimu)
      produced in Jiangxi Province].
AB  - This paper reports the drug identification and investigation on plant of
      Fritillaria monantha(Pengze Beimu) produced in Jiangxi Province. It has been
      found that F. monantha is a new distribution of genus Fritillaria in Jiangxi and
      a new variety of Chinese drug of beimu.

PMID- 1811666
TI  - [Biological characteristics of Cryptoporus volvatus (peck) Hubb., a medicinal
      fungus].
AB  - Through ecological investigations and experimental studies, it has been shown
      that C. volvatus is a fungus growing on decaying matter; the carbon source of
      culture medium comes from glucose, honey, fructose, mannitol, etc; and its
      nitrogen source from peptone, yeast powder, etc. The best ratio of carbon to
      nitrogen (C/N) is 20-25: 1, optimum pH 5.5-6.5 and optimal temperature 25-30
      degrees C.

PMID- 1811667
TI  - [Effects of different processed Dioscorea opposita Thunb. on clearance rate of
      charcoal particles in mice].
AB  - This paper presents a study on the effects of different processed Dioscorea
      opposita(DPT) on the clearance rate of charcoal particles in mice. The results
      indicated that all the processed products significantly increased the clearance
      rate of charcoal particles, but the raw DPT acted best.

PMID- 1811668
TI  - [Determination of tetramethylpyrazine in traditional Chinese medicines by high
      performance liquid chromatography].
AB  - This paper reports a method for determining tetramethyl pyrazine in pilules,
      injections and extracts of Ligusticum chuanxiong by high performance liquid
      chromatography. The results showed the recovery rate to be higher than 97% and
      the coefficient of variation (CV) to be 1.39% (with in day) and 1.51% (day to
      day). The lowest detection amount was 0.005 micrograms. The method was easy, fast
      and accurate.

PMID- 1811669
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Aconitum coreanum (Levl.) raipaics].

PMID- 1811670
TI  - [Composition of essential oil from inflorescences of Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.)
      DC].
AB  - The essential oil was extracted from the inflorescences of Rhaponticum uniflorum
      which are used as a Mongolian drug. 30 compounds in the oil were identified by GC
      MS and their percentages were determined by GC.

PMID- 1811671
TI  - [Phospholipid components of danggui].
AB  - This paper deals with the phospholipid components in Danggui (Angelica sinensis
      and Levisticum officinale) by using thin-layer chromatographic scanning and the
      corrective method of absorbance proportional coefficient. Seven known and two
      unknown phospholipid components were separated and determined. The authors have
      compared the composition of phospholipids for six Danggui samples.

PMID- 1811672
TI  - [Determination of aucubin in Plantago asiatica L., P. major L. and P. depressa
      Willd. by HPLC].
AB  - A HPLC method for the determination of aucubin in P. asiatica, P. major and P.
      depressa was established. The mobile phase is MeOH-H2O (17:83). Good in
      producibility and high in rate of recovery, this method provides an effective way
      for the study of Plantago.

PMID- 1811673
TI  - [Pharmacological study on anti-hepatitis effect of Cotinus coggygria Scop.
      Syrup].
AB  - This paper shows that the Cotinus coggygria syrup has the effect of protecting
      the liver from chemical damages, reducing tension of the choledochal sphincter,
      increasing the bile flow and raising the body immunity. The anti-hepatitis effect
      may be carried out through decreasing transaminase, normalizing functioning of
      the gallbladder, reducing icterus and enhancing the immunity of the body.

PMID- 1811674
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on the comparison between the drainage and certified Fel
      Ursi].
AB  - A comparison between the drainage and certified Fel Ursi was studied by
      pharmacological methods. The results demonstrated that the drainage Fel Ursi was
      similar to the certified products in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, sedative,
      anticonvulsive, antispasmodic and bacteriostatic actions.

PMID- 1811675
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in the facial nerve root in patients with hemifacial
      spasm].
AB  - Ten facial nerve root specimens obtained from patients with hemifacial spasm were
      observed under the electronmicroscopy. The axons showed a particular
      degeneration. Axonal mitochondria and smooth endoplasm showed irregular
      vacuolization. In severe cases, the mitochondria and smooth endoplasm
      disappeared. The myelin sheath showed irregular vacuolization, replication,
      convolution and extensive segmental demyelination. Schwann cells were apparently
      in a state of degeneration. These changes were not seen in the normal subject.
      The causes and mechanism of the hemifacial spasm were discussed.

PMID- 1811676
TI  - [Computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstruction of the ossicular chains and their
      mechanic models].
AB  - This study was intended to reconstruct the human ossicular chains and their
      neighbouring structures by a image processing work station (IPWS). The
      reconstructed structures were placed in an X, Y, Z coordinate system and every
      point of the structures had its X, Y, Z values. This technique can reveal 3-D
      image of the biological structures in detail. It can also provide the
      quantitative measurement and the mechanic model of the ossicular chain. The
      mechanism of the ossicular chain in the conduction of sound was studied and
      discussed.

PMID- 1811677
TI  - [Effects of indomethacin in guinea pig cochlea: researches on audiology,
      morphology and cochlear blood flow].
AB  - Prostaglandins are known to be widely distributed in mammal tissues with diverse
      and potent biological activities. Indomethacin is a well-known cyclooxygenase
      inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. However, no paper appeared in the
      literature with regard to the effects of indomethacin on inner ear hearing
      function and cochlear lateral wall blood flow (LWBF). The present project was
      undertaken to investigate the effect of super-tolerated doses of indomethacin on
      audiology, morphology and LWBF of cochlea when that endogenous prostaglandin
      synthesis was greatly suppressed. In drug-treated group, super-tolerated doses of
      indomethacin (100 mg/kg) were given iv. to 29 guinea pigs. The compound action
      potentials (CAP) were monitored before and after drug administration till 180
      minutes. The morphological changes of the organ of Corti were examined with
      scanning electron microscope, and that of stria vascularis with light and
      transmission electron microscopes. The LWBF were measured by biomicrosphere
      technique. The data were compared to those of the control group. Results showed
      no statistically significant changes of amplitude and threshold of CAP after
      indomethacin injection. No obvious morphological damage was found in the organ of
      Corti and stria vascularis except that a few of myelin figure were observed in
      marginal cell. LWBF was not decreased at 30 and 120 minutes after indomethacin
      injection. The study suggests that therapeutic doses of indomethacin do not
      damage cochlea, and inner ear hearing function is not severely interfered with
      when endogenous PGs synthesis is greatly suppressed, at least over the short
      time.

PMID- 1811678
TI  - [Further investigation into the recurrent causes of post-vidian neurectomy and
      the feasibility of treating vasomotor rhinitis by surgery].
AB  - The authors had found that there were parasympathetic nerve fibres in the
      anterior ethmoid nerve and also cholinergic microganglia were present in the
      inferior turbinate of humans by the histochemical method of acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE). These structures had an important role in the pathogenesis of vasomotor
      rhinitis and also might be used to explain the recurrence of patients who had
      undergone vidian neurectomy. The authors put forward a new suggestion in the
      treatment of vasomotor rhinitis by a combination of vidian neurectomy, anterior
      ethmoid neurectomy and inferior turbinectomy. But the surgical method would be
      the last selection in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.

PMID- 1811679
TI  - [Impedance audiometry with 3-probe frequency].
AB  - The 3-probe frequency (226, 678, 1000Hz) admittance (Y), susceptance (B) and
      conductance (G) tympanograms were recorded from 28 normal-hearing adults with a
      GSI 33 Version 2 Middle-Ear analyzer, and the 3-frequency ipsilateral acoustic
      reflex thresholds were measured too. In all subjects, there were normal values of
      tympanometric indices, such as peak compliances, peak pressures, gradients and
      ear canal volumes, and of ipsilateral acoustic-reflex thresholds at a 226-Hz
      probe tone. From 226 to 1000Hz, Y, B and G increased in magnitude while the
      corresponding admittance-,susceptance- and conductance-tympanogram peak pressures
      (PY, PB, PG) shifted towards positive evidently. In comparison with 226 Hz, the
      678-Hz static admittance (Y') and static susceptance (B') values were large but
      had no significant differences as compared with those of 1000 Hz. The relation
      among Y, B and G, among PY, PB and PG, and between Y' and B' changed as a
      function of probe frequency from 226 to 1000 Hz. The average reflex thresholds of
      25 adults (30 ears) were 83 dB HL at 226-Hz probe frequency, 91 dB at 678 Hz, and
      88 dB at 1000 Hz, using a 1000-Hz tonal activator. There were significant
      differences among the 3 values (all P less than 0.01). The ipsilateral acoustic
      reflexes from 3 adults (4 ears) were present at 226-and 678-Hz probe tones, but
      not at 1000 Hz.

PMID- 1811680
TI  - [Auditory brain-stem response in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].
AB  - Auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) of 20 patients suffering from obstructive
      sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were studied. Their average I, V latencies and III-V
      intervals were significantly prolonged; the I-III intervals were statistically
      shortened; but the III latencies and I-V intervals basically were normal. ABRs of
      16 patients were recorded again in 1-2 months following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
      (UPPP). All parameters except thresholds were not significantly different from
      preoperative ones. These results may imply that there may be some effects of OSAS
      on cochlea and auditory brain-stem structures and recovery is not easy.

PMID- 1811681
TI  - [Determination of peanut agglutinin receptor in the diagnosis of nasal
      neoplasms].
AB  - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of normal nasal mucosae, nasal
      polyps, nasal inverted papillomas and nasal papillary adenocarcinomas were tested
      by biotinylated peanut agglutinin (PNA) for the demonstration of PNA receptor.
      The normal nasal mucosae showed a total absence of epithelial staining. In nasal
      polyps, PNA bound to supranuclear portion of cells (68 cases, 85%) but not to
      apical cytoplasm. In case of inverted papilloma, PNA showed a positive reactivity
      in the plasmatic membranes of 47 cases (78.33%) and in the perinuclear cytoplasm
      of 52 cases (86.67%), with an increase in PNA positively related to the degree of
      dysplasia. In papillomatous adenocarcinoma, PNA binding was present in the apical
      cytoplasm of 37 cases (92.5%) with a linear pattern and in the supranuclear
      portion of 3 cases (7.5%). It may suggest that the quantity and distribution of
      PNA receptor in the cells of nasal mucosae are related to their differentiation
      and transformation.

PMID- 1811682
TI  - [Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus:
      substitution by the colon and stomach].
AB  - Thirty-one cases with hypopharyngeal carcinoma and 4 cases with esophageal
      carcinoma in cervical segment were treated surgically from April 1984 to April
      1989. In 6 cases, while preserving the larynx, the hypopharynx and the esophagus
      were resected and reestablished by the colon. In 29 cases, total laryngectomy was
      also performed and 4 had their hypopharynx and esophagus substituted by the colon
      and 25 by the stomach. According to UICC (1982), there were 11 cases in stage II,
      15 in stage III and 9 in stage IV. The mean 3-year and 5-year survival rates were
      62% and 32% respectively. In fatal cases, 4 cases had recurrences at the site of
      pharyngeal anastomoses and 11 had metastases in the neck.

PMID- 1811683
TI  - [A preliminary report of the treatment of paretic hoarseness].
AB  - Treatment of paretic hoarseness by trans-thyroid cartilage puncture and injection
      of autogenous blood combined with breath exercise is presented. The results were
      evaluated according to voice records before and after treatment, indirect
      laryngoscopy and phonolaryngography. Clinically, 88.89% of the patients recovered
      completely.

PMID- 1811684
TI  - [Transglottic carcinoma: a histopathological study of 64 cases].
AB  - Sixty-four cases of the transglottic carcinoma treated with surgical operations
      at our hospital were reviewed. The anatomical sites and the serial sections of
      the tumour specimens were observed. It indicated that 42 cases were proved to be
      supraglottic carcinomas; 7 glottic; 5 subglottic. Ten cases had no definite
      primary sites. There was no T1 lesion and only one pT2 lesion. 98.4% of the
      specimens showed pT3-pT4. 75% specimens lesions greater than or equal to 2 cm.
      Thus we suggest that the so called transglottic carcinoma should be regarded as
      an advanced lesion of the laryngeal cancers. The advanced cancers can spread into
      the paraglottic space and invade the laryngeal frame-works as a special
      pathological features. The paper also discussed the primary site of the
      transglottic lesion. We think that it is reasonable to classify the laryngeal
      cancers into supraglottic, glottic and subglottic categories. The idea to
      classify tumours that originate in the ventricle into an independent type, i.e.
      transglottic carcinoma, will wait for further discussions.

PMID- 1811685
TI  - [Role of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in developing laryngeal cancer among
      smokers].
AB  - The inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in lymphocytes had been
      evaluated in 31 patients with laryngeal cancer, 30 patients with cancer at other
      sites (excluding lung cancer), and 46 healthy individuals with no history of
      neoplastic disease. The results were as follows: 1. A highly significant
      overrepresentation of patients with laryngeal cancer with a high AHH inducibility
      (P less than 0.01) as well as a highly significant under-representation AHH
      inducibility (P less than 0.01) the healthy controls and patients with cancer at
      other sites were found. 2. There was a relationship between AHH inducibility and
      the risk for a smoker to develop laryngeal cancer, i.e., the higher the AHH
      inducibility in his cells, the higher is the risk to develop this disease.
      Smokers with a high AHH inducibility had more than nineteen-fold risk to develop
      laryngeal cancer as compared with non-smokers with low AHH inducibility. 3. The
      patients with cancer at other sites (excluding lung cancer) showed no significant
      difference in this respect as compared with healthy controls.

PMID- 1811686
TI  - [Surgical treatment of advanced laryngeal cancers].
AB  - Twenty-seven cases of advanced recurrent laryngeal cancers were treated
      surgically with satisfactory postoperative 1, 2, 3 and 5 year surviving rates of
      76.2%, 68.8%, 53.8% and 57.1% respectively. The surgical procedures and
      experiences were described. It is believed that surgical extirpation should be
      considered the best method and the first choice in the management of advanced
      laryngeal cancers in spite of its poor prognosis, operative difficulties and
      dangers.

PMID- 1811687
TI  - [One-stage reconstruction following resection of oropharyngeal carcinoma].
AB  - Fifty-nine cases undergone one-stage reconstruction following radical resection
      for oropharyngeal carcinoma were reviewed. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has
      been our first choice for reconstruction of surgical defects. A composite repair
      with forehead island flap and mucosal flap of the posterior pharyngeal wall for
      defect of the total soft palate was recommended. Preoperative radiation had some
      influence on wound healing. The 3 and 5 year survival rates were 58.1% and 41.7%
      respectively, and the cosmetic and functional restorations were satisfactory in
      most patients operated.

PMID- 1811688
TI  - [10 years' experience on infrahyoid myocutaneous flap].
AB  - From May 1979 to December 1989, 260 infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps (IHMCFs) were
      used for reconstruction after resection of head and neck cancer in one stage. It
      has been certified that the IHMCF is a reliable versatile and convenient island
      myocutaneous flap, suitable for repairing the defect in the oral cavity, parotid
      region, oro- or hypopharynx particularly the tongue after hemi-excision of oral
      tongue to radical total glossectomy. The success rate of the IHMCF may be
      increased to 97% if the following points are noticed. 1. The sternal head of the
      sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle below the hyoid bone is included in the flap for
      protecting the platysma and the SCM branches of the superior thyroid artery to
      the IHMCF. 2. During cutting the tributaries of the internal jugular vein (IJV)
      below the level of the hyoid bone for increasing movability of the IHMCF, the
      cutting points must be near the anterior edge of IJV for preserving the
      communicating veins between the anterior jugular vein and IJV. 3. For
      reconstructing the oral tongue, the medial edge of the IHMCF must be designed 1
      cm beyond that of the defect after partial excision of the oral tongue. Since the
      application of the IHMCF, the incidence of the tongue carcinoma patient (TCP)
      with T4 has increased from zero to 53%. The 5-year cure rate of the TCP with
      stage IV has raised from 11% to 42%. For N0 and N1 cases, the pure neck failure
      after modified neck dissection with preservation of lower 2/3 or whole length of
      the IJV was similar to that of the radical neck dissection.

PMID- 1811689
TI  - [Relation between changes in compound action potential tuning curves and the
      pathology of cochlear hair cells stereocilia].
AB  - Relations of the changes of compound action potential tuning curve (AP-TC) and
      AP(N1) threshold to the pathology of the cochlear hair cells stereocilia were
      examined in acoustic-traumatized guinea pigs. The results showed that all animals
      with hair cell stereocilia damaged showed deteriorations of AP-TC. It supports
      the suggestion that mechanical properties of hair cell stereocilia contribute to
      the frequency selectivity of cochlea. After exposure, the characteristic
      frequency (CF) shift of AP-TC was observed. The mechanism of CF shift may be
      related to the lesion of hair cell stereocilia which may change normal tono-topic
      on cochlear level. Correlation between the damages of inner/outer hair cell
      stereocilia and changes of AP-TC and AP threshold suggested that the threshold
      and tuning properties of the cochlea are dependent upon the integrity of the
      inner and outer hair cells and their inter-relationship.

PMID- 1811690
TI  - [Head shaking nystagmus].
AB  - The method of head shaking test and the clinical significance of head shaking
      nystagmus were studied. A series of 300 patients suffering from dizziness and
      disturbance of equilibrium and a group of 60 normal persons were investigated.
      There was no head shaking nystagmus in normal persons. The incidences of head
      shaking nystagmus were exceedingly higher than those of other methods of
      nystagmus provocation. The elicited nystagmus was considered as a form of
      pathologic sign of central lesions if it was of vertical and oblique type. The
      head shaking test for detection of latent imbalance of vestibular function as
      well as for the examination of the patients with dizziness and disturbance of
      equilibrium was stressed.

PMID- 1811691
TI  - [Anterior ethmoidal electrocoagulation in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis].
AB  - The anterior ethmoidal nerve (AEN) contains parasympathetic fibres of sneeze
      reflex arc, it is possible to obtain improvement of clinical symptoms of
      vasomotor rhinitis through anterior ethmoidal neurectomy. The authors performed
      intranasal electrocoagulation of AEN on 30 patients with vasomotor rhinitis and
      followed up for nine months. The results revealed that the total effective rate
      was 86%, and the procedure provides a simple, effective and painless method for
      treating vasomotor rhinitis.

PMID- 1811692
TI  - [Ultrastructure of mast cells in nasal polyps].
AB  - More mast cells were found in the base of nasal polyps and most of them showed
      varying degrees of degranulation. There were three types of granules in the
      cytoplasm, namely: high electron-dense granules with crystalline structure; low
      electron-dense granules with netlike structure and some granules containing a
      mixture of components of different electron density. The appearance of cell
      degeneration in nasal polyps and granules broken away from mast cells through the
      dissolved cellular membrane were noted. These findings suggested that mast cells
      degranulation in nasal polyps might be in some way different from the more rapid
      changes found in cells activated by the classical IgE-mediated pathway and showed
      that mast cell degranulation may play a part in formation and growth of the nasal
      polyps.

PMID- 1811693
TI  - [Interleukin 2 and local immunotherapy of head and neck cancer].

PMID- 1811695
TI  - Continuing education: learning on the airwaves.

PMID- 1811694
TI  - Health service reforms. The value of nursing.

PMID- 1811696
TI  - Hospital trusts: into the firing line.

PMID- 1811697
TI  - Developing potential through feedback.

PMID- 1811698
TI  - Treating open perineal wounds.

PMID- 1811699
TI  - Continuity in research and teaching.

PMID- 1811700
TI  - Open learning in health care settings.

PMID- 1811701
TI  - Health care assistants should not join the RCN.

PMID- 1811702
TI  - Students as adults?

PMID- 1811703
TI  - Career development: travel scholarships.

PMID- 1811704
TI  - Community care: the clean fight.

PMID- 1811705
TI  - Management of pregnant women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.
AB  - As more women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts reach child-bearing age,
      neurosurgeons, obstetricians and other health care providers will increasingly be
      called upon to care for them once they become pregnant. A review of the
      literature reveals that these patients may develop symptoms of shunt malfunction
      as uterine size increases. In most cases, symptoms can be managed conservatively
      during pregnancy and usually resolve following delivery. The presence of a CSF
      shunt per se, is not a contraindication to pregnancy and eventual fetal and
      maternal outcome has been excellent in the majority of cases. Labor and delivery
      should be allowed to progress naturally and interventions limited to those
      indicated for obstetrical reasons alone. Peripartum prophylactic antibiotics may
      be indicated and special care ought to be exercised if epidural analgesia or
      cesarian section is deemed necessary. Genetic investigations and counseling may
      be indicated in selected patients.

PMID- 1811706
TI  - Mechanical complications in shunts.
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted on 1,719 hydrocephalic patients, treated
      between 1974 and 1983 at the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) and l'Hopital
      des Enfants Malades (Paris), in order to better understand shunt failure. The
      statistical analysis demonstrates the following: (1) A probability of occurrence
      of shunt malfunction of 81% at 12 years of follow-up. (2) A high prevalence of
      shunt obstruction (56.1% of all malfunction) and fracture or disconnection of the
      tubings (13.6%). (3) A higher risk of proximal occlusion with flanged ventricular
      catheter. (4) Less malfunction with proximal-non-slit valves as compared to
      distal-slit valves. (5) The importance of pressure-flow characteristics of the
      shunt; because of an indirect relation between overdrainage and proximal
      occlusion. (6) A correlation between connectors and migration or fracture of the
      shunt. (7) Less distal obstructions when an open-ended distal-catheter was used.
      These complications were of some clinical, psychological and economical
      consequences. Their rate could be lowed.

PMID- 1811707
TI  - Closing wedges: a technique for repair of midline craniosynostosis.
AB  - Description of a surgical technique for sagittal and metopic synostosis utilizing
      closing skull wedges. The technique and results are outlined. The technique has
      proven effective when done by 4 months of age.

PMID- 1811708
TI  - Neonatal meningitis and bilateral cerebellar abscesses due to Citrobacter
      freundii.
AB  - We report bilateral cerebellar abscesses in a neonate with Citrobacter freundii
      meningitis. The mortality and morbidity of Citrobacter abscess is high. Rapidly
      developing drug resistance may play a role as illustrated by our case.

PMID- 1811709
TI  - Delayed posttraumatic intracranial lesions in children.
AB  - Three patients with delayed posttraumatic intracranial hematoma (2 intracerebral
      and 1 extradural) are described, together with a review of the literature on
      possible etiologies. Close monitoring of the patient with craniocerebral trauma
      is essential to avoid a fatal outcome and to repeat neuroradiological studies
      when warranted.

PMID- 1811710
TI  - Hypothalamic hamartoma associated with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. Case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - A rare case of a patient with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome associated with
      hypothalamic hamartoma is described. The English-language literature contains no
      cases of patients with this association. The clinical manifestations of this
      syndrome, those of hypothalamic hamartomas, and the appearance of the tumors on
      magnetic resonance images are discussed.

PMID- 1811711
TI  - Development of carcinoma in the aging myelodysplastic population.
AB  - Presented here are 2 cases of carcinoma in young myelodysplastic patients. Even
      with current techniques of bowel and bladder management myelodysplastics remain
      at increased risk to develop carcinoma. Preventive measures must be introduced
      into this population. Counselling and yearly examinations to include visual
      inspection, cytological urinalyses and stool guaiacs should be performed.

PMID- 1811712
TI  - Dilemmas in the management of childhood brain tumors: brainstem gliomas.
AB  - Brainstem glioma is a malignant childhood brain tumor for which the 'best'
      treatment approach has not been defined. Many issues concerning the management of
      these lesions require clarification, including the following. (1) Can patients be
      reliably separated into risk groups? (2) Is surgery indicated; if so, for which
      patients? (3) How effective are new radiotherapy regimens? (4) What other forms
      of treatment are available? This article will attempt to address these management
      issues.

PMID- 1811713
TI  - Congenital aneurysmal hemorrhage and astrocytoma in an infant.
AB  - The authors present the unusual case of an infant who presented at 4 weeks of age
      with a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of a congenital left
      middle cerebral artery aneurysm. He recovered only to present at 4 months of age
      with a right frontoparietal desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy. The
      association of brain tumor and aneurysm is discussed, as are the cytogenetic
      findings associated with this rare form of benign astrocytoma.

PMID- 1811714
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of fourth ventricular choroid plexus neoplasms in
      childhood. A report of two cases.
AB  - Choroid plexus neoplasms (CPN) are rare tumors occurring with a relative
      incidence of 0.5% of intracranial neoplasms in all age groups and 1.5-6.4% of all
      pediatric brain tumors. In children, the most common site of origin is the atria
      of the lateral ventricles where the CPN may represent either a carcinoma or a
      benign papilloma. CPN arising in the fourth ventricle are more common in adults,
      and are more likely to represent a benign papilloma. We present 2 children with
      CPN arising from the inferior fourth ventricle with similar features on MRI, one
      of which represented a benign papilloma and the other a malignant carcinoma. CPN
      should be included, even in young children, in the differential diagnosis of any
      infratentorial, intraventricular tumor.

PMID- 1811715
TI  - Clival chondroma in a child with Ollier's disease. Case report.
AB  - An 8-year-old female with Ollier's disease (multiple enchondromatosis) developed
      an intracranial chondroma arising from the clivus, which was diagnosed by both
      computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The clinical presentation,
      differential diagnosis, and management of this rare pediatric intracranial tumor
      are discussed.

PMID- 1811716
TI  - Vascular reactivity in isolated lungs of rats with spontaneous systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary vascular reactivity to acute hypoxic challenges and to KCl was measured
      in isolated blood-perfused lungs of six rats with spontaneous systemic
      hypertension (SHR) and in six normotensive rats. Baseline perfusion pressure did
      not differ significantly between SHR (11.0 +/- 1.0 mm Hg) and normotensive
      controls (12.3 +/- 1.5 mm Hg). Reactivity to acute hypoxia was equal in both
      groups. In SHR the dose-response of perfusion pressure to KCl was shifted
      significantly towards lower perfusion pressures as compared with normotensive
      controls. These results suggest that, even though magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction is not changed, the mechanism of the response may be altered in
      SHR.

PMID- 1811717
TI  - Highlights from 40 years' research on the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 1811718
TI  - Mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition in CNS during postischaemic
      reperfusion.
AB  - We have used brain (dog, rat) and spinal cord (dog, rabbit) cell-free systems to
      study early postischaemic inhibition of protein synthesis. Ischaemia alone
      produced a relatively small decrease in activity of all subcellular systems used.
      When 15 min of normoxic reperfusion was used, more than 30% decrease (p less than
      0.01) in [14C]-leucine incorporation was detected. A translational inhibitor that
      appeared in the postribosomal supernatant fraction at the early stage of
      reperfusion reduced translational capacity of an initiating cell-free system. It
      also phosphorylated the small (38 kDa) subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2
      (eIF-2) in vitro. Effect of the inhibitor can be reversed by addition of
      partially purified intact eIF-2 and/or high concentration (2 mmol/l) of GTP. A
      prevention of postischaemic free oxygen radical formation by the reoxygenation
      with hypoxaemic blood, containing 37.5 mm Hg O2 at 0-5 min and 56 mm Hg O2 at 6
      10 min of recirculation, that was followed by 5 min of normoxic reperfusion,
      resulted in a significant increase (p less than 0.02) of polypeptide chain
      synthesis in vitro when compared with normoxic reperfusion.

PMID- 1811719
TI  - The influence of hypoxia on the formation of amino acids from oxidized substrates
      in the rat brain in vivo.
AB  - Hypoxia can influence the development of pathological processes in the brain not
      only through the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation but also by synthesis and
      release of excitatory amino acids and GABA. We studied the influence of hypobaric
      (pO2 8.6 kPa) and normobaric hypoxia (pO2 5.27 kPa) on the transformation of U
      14C glucose and 2-14C acetate into some amino acids connected with the
      tricarboxylic cycle. Hypobaric hypoxia and normobaric hypoxia have different
      effects on metabolic processes in neuronal and glial cells. The formation of the
      studied amino acids from U-14C glucose (neuronal compartment) was more decreased
      than the formation of amino acids from 2-14C acetate (glial compartment). This
      could be a consequence of higher sensitivity of neuronal than glial mitochondria
      to oxygen deficit or a result of uncoupling of amino acid formation in neurones.
      An unchanged synthesis of glutamine from acetate in glial cells during hypoxia
      may result in a protective metabolic effect.

PMID- 1811720
TI  - Ascorbic acid in the brain.

PMID- 1811721
TI  - The phosphate pool of isolated dog heart during global ischaemia: comparison of
      two cardioplegic solutions with 31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to study the time course of changes in the
      concentration of high-energy metabolites and intracellular pH in the dog
      myocardium during hypothermic ischaemia at 9 degrees C in Bretschneider (HTK-B)
      and St. Thomas' Hospital (StTH) cardioplegic solutions. It was found that ATP and
      phosphocreatine degrade slowlier in HTK-B than in StTH, with phosphocreatine
      depletion occurring within 7.9 +/- 1.4 h in HTK-B and within 6.2 +/- 1.4 h in
      StTH. The values are virtually identical with the time intervals at which ATP
      concentration falls below the critical level (60% of initial ATP concentration).
      In agreement with biochemical analysis, a higher concentration of
      phosphomonoesters was noted until the 180th minute of ischaemia in HTK-B, a
      finding suggesting more rapid glycogen degradation in HTK-B. Even though HTK-B
      contains a high concentration of histidine buffer, higher values of intracellular
      pH were found during ischaemia in StTH. The effect of extracellular concentration
      of sodium ions on intracellular pH is discussed.

PMID- 1811722
TI  - Effect of stobadine on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced stomach lesions and
      gastric secretion.
AB  - Stobadine was found to inhibit the ulcerogenic activity of indomethacin in
      relation to the dose but was ineffective against the direct necrotizing action of
      ethanol. It also inhibited gastric acid secretion when administered
      intraduodenally. Although stobadine is considered to be a scavenger of free
      radicals, our results indicate that, under the given experimental conditions, it
      is rather the inhibition of gastric acid secretion that is responsible for its
      antiulcerogenic effect. The preliminary results do not allow the exclusion of
      other mechanisms for explaining its antiulcerogenic effect.

PMID- 1811723
TI  - Antiulcerogenic effect of pentacaine, chlorpromazine and stobadine on ethanol-
      and indomethacin-induced stomach lesions in rats.
AB  - The aim was to compare the antiulcerogenic effect of pentacaine, chlorpromazine
      and stobadine on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced stomach lesions in rats.
      Pentacaine effectively inhibited the formation of ethanol lesions, but in the
      given dose and under the given experimental conditions it was ineffective against
      indomethacin-induced damage. Chlorpromazine and stobadine effectively inhibited
      indomethacin erosions, but did not affect ethanol lesions significantly. The
      similarity of the effect of chlorpromazine and stobadine as compared with
      pentacaine, in the two stomach injury models, allows the assumption that
      stobadine has properties typical for an indirectly acting antiulcerogenic
      substance. This newly discovered property of stobadine extends the possibilities
      of its utilization to a further set of indications.

PMID- 1811724
TI  - Radioprotective effect of inosine and its enhancement by magnesium and global
      hypoxia.
AB  - The slight radioprotective action of inosine, when injected intraperitoneally to
      mice shortly before gamma-irradiation, can be enhanced by the administration of
      magnesium aspartate. This effect can be explained by the additivity of the
      vasodilatory actions of both agents. Inosine increases the radioprotective
      effectiveness of hypobaric hypoxia (10% O2), probably due to the additivity of
      the hypoxic effects in radiosensitive tissues. Acute hypoxic toxicity, however,
      is decreased by inosine administration. The cumulation of radioprotective effects
      of inosine and of its antihypoxic action in vitally important organs can have a
      favourable influence in hypoxic radiotherapy.

PMID- 1811726
TI  - Epileptic phenomena in the immature brain.

PMID- 1811725
TI  - Regenerative ability of hepatocytes is inhibited in early stages of liver
      fibrosis.
AB  - Female Wistar rats were given three doses of carbon tetrachloride, 10.4 mmol/kg
      of body weight. The doses were administered within 16 days and another 16 days
      were allowed to pass before partial (37%) hepatectomy was done. The liver showed
      very mild fibrosis at that time. DNA synthesis (measured by 3H-thymidine
      incorporation) was decreased by 53% and mitotic activity of hepatocytes was
      decreased by 56% when compared to olive oil-pretreated partially hepatectomized
      controls. The results show that the mitotic potential of hepatocytes in early
      stages of liver fibrosis is impaired which may influence the course of the
      disease.

PMID- 1811727
TI  - Postnatal neuronal plasticity of the pyramidal cells of CA1 area of the
      hippocampus as a reaction to neurotoxic damage.
AB  - Kainic acid (KA) was injected into both lateral ventricles of the brain of adult
      laboratory rats with the aim of verifying whether damage to afferent fibres in
      the hippocampal CA1 area would also be reflected in changes in the dendritic
      arborization of the neurones after maturation of these structures was completed.
      A significant proportion of the afferent fibres ending in area CA1 comes from CA3
      4. The neurodegenerative effect of KA on the neurones in CA3-4 thus leads to
      marked reconstruction of the dendritic network of the pyramidal cells in the CA1
      area. In the CA1 area of the experimental animals, there are fewer segments in
      the proximal part of the basal dendrites and in the lateral branches of the
      apical dendrites. The total number of segments in the apical dendrites is smaller
      and the higher order segments are likewise reduced. In the experimental group,
      the segments of both the basal and the apical dendrites are shorter. In the
      experimental animals, dendritic spine density in the lateral preterminal
      branches, the distal part of the apical shaft, the terminal segments of the
      lateral branches and the apical preterminal branches are smaller than in the
      controls, whereas in the segments proximal to the soma of the pyramidal cells it
      is greater. It can be seen from the results that area CA1 of the hippocampus is
      endowed, even in adulthood, not only with high functional plasticity, but also
      with surprisingly high morphological plasticity.

PMID- 1811728
TI  - Protective effect of vitamin E in stagnant hypoxia of the brain.
AB  - The author demonstrated the protective effect of intraperitoneally administered
      vitamin E on the resistance of the laboratory rat to stagnant hypoxia induced by
      5xg positive radial acceleration. A dose of 300 mg/kg body weight proved to be
      the most effective.

PMID- 1811729
TI  - Serum hippurate and its excretion in conservatively treated and dialysed patients
      with chronic renal failure.
AB  - 54 healthy volunteers or patients with normal kidney and liver function, 17
      patients with decreased kidney function and 12 dialysed patients were evaluated
      for their serum hippurate accumulation and kidney excretion. It was found that
      there was an inverse relationship between serum hippurate and the clearance of
      endogenous creatinine (CCr) and a free relationship between fractional excretion
      of hippurate and CCr. The excretory capacity in residual nephrons was increased.
      This was caused by the greater glomerular filtration load which increased up to
      25 times and tubular secretion which increased 7 times in dialysed patients. The
      relative contribution of glomerular filtration to hippurate excretion rose from
      about 20% in controls to almost 50% in dialysed patients. True kidney adaptation
      was localized in the organic anion transport system of proximal tubules.

PMID- 1811730
TI  - [Ophthalmology today].

PMID- 1811731
TI  - [Cataract surgery of both eyes in the same surgical status: the advantages and
      risks].
AB  - The results of the operation for cataract at both eyes during the same operative
      stage in 50 patients at the Ophthalmologic Clinic Craiova, in the past three
      years, are discussed. The preoperative preparation, the surgical technique and
      the postoperative care were not different from those in the one-sided operation.
      The advantages of the operation at both eyes consist in the restoration of the
      binocular vision with the sensation of a better visual comfort, the resolution of
      cataract at both eyes during a single hospitalization, the shortening of
      confinement to bed, time and sanitary material saving. All these plead for and
      warrant the cataract operation at both eyes during a single stage.

PMID- 1811732
TI  - [Oculomotor paralysis in functional strabismus].
AB  - Analysis of 800 strabismic children, in the out-patient follow-up, shows a
      frequency of congenital strabismus of 15%. In a great number of them, the causes
      were neurogenous. The anamnesis showed that 80 of them had a suffering at birth,
      and in 42 a defective neuropsychic evolution was found. 40 children were
      prematures and 30 had not the weight limit at birth. The strabismic deviation was
      larger than 15 degrees in 83% of the cases, and amblyopia was not frequent.
      Examples are given of 10 various observations of oculomotor pareses. The
      treatment was, generally, surgical and was applied early, before consolidation of
      the abnormal retinal correspondence.

PMID- 1811733
TI  - [The etiopathogenetic aspects in ligneous conjunctivitis].
AB  - In a 55-year-old patient with Lyell syndrome, a ligneous conjunctivitis is
      present at the right eye. The histological examination of the hyperplasic
      conjunctiva shows a pluri-stratified epithelium made up of several rows of cells
      with a marked intra- and intercellular oedema. The connective subepithelial
      tissue shows an important inflammatory infiltration with numerous hyaline plates
      characteristic of the disease. The vessels are dilated, with thin walls,
      permitting the passage of fibrin to the surface. The ligneous conjunctivitis is
      interpreted as a post-membranous granuloma of the palpebral conjunctivae
      [correction of conjunctivita]. Its presence in a patient with Lyell syndrome
      shows its immunoallergic nature.

PMID- 1811734
TI  - [Sympathetic ophthalmia with an atypical onset].
AB  - Authors report the case of a patient in whom a sympathetic ophthalmia with
      posterior onset under the aspect of a massive CRSC was diagnosed. The clinical
      and therapeutic aspects are described in detail.

PMID- 1811735
TI  - [The therapeutic approach in optic neuropathy due to methyl alcohol].
AB  - The paper reports on the case of a 44-year-old patient suffering from toxic optic
      neuropathy produced by ingestion of a drink brought at second hand. The eye
      examination revealed the installment of bilateral blindness without the
      perception of light and with alteration of the general state. After the treatment
      with 3 perfusions/day with 22 ml ethylic alcohol, 90 degrees, in 250 ml glucosed
      serum 10%, 200 mg vitamin B1, 500 mg vitamin B6, nicotined xanthnol, vials II for
      six days, the evolution was good: VOD = 2/3 n.c.; VOS = 1/8 n.c.

PMID- 1811737
TI  - [Trabeculectomy--a technical variant].

PMID- 1811736
TI  - [The medication used in venous disorders (II)].

PMID- 1811738
TI  - [The applications of informatics in ophthalmology].
AB  - The paper reports on the applications of information science in Romania in
      ophthalmology, and mainly in glaucoma, in the diagnosis of: degenerative
      affections of the fundus oculi, uveitis, strabismus, in functional exploration of
      the chromatic sense, ergo-ophthalmology, pupillary reflex and forms of the pupil,
      etc. The Romanian made computers Felix, Independent, Coral, Cobra, etc. were
      used.

PMID- 1811739
TI  - [Pilocarpine. A miotic of choice in the treatment of glaucoma has passed 110
      years of use].

PMID- 1811740
TI  - [The Weill-Marchesani syndrome in a mother and son--its evolution with time].
AB  - Two patients with brachymorphy, mother and son, were admitted into the Hospital
      of Constanta, in 1965. The child underwent several surgeries on the ectopic,
      spheric crystalline lens. The patients were followed in time and their present
      states are reported. Considerations are made on the evolution of surgical
      techniques in the crystalline ectopia and the present opinions about this
      problem.

PMID- 1811741
TI  - [The syndrome of blepharophimosis-ptosis-dystopia of the inferior puncta
      lacrimalia and epicanthus].
AB  - The paper presents a family with 28 members belonging to four generations. 12 of
      them show an association of blepharophimosis--ptosis--dystopia of the inferior
      lacrimal points and epicanthus. 9 members of the family in the 3rd and 4th
      generations were examined and a dominant mode of transmission was evidenced.

PMID- 1811742
TI  - [Acute viral dacryoadenitis].
AB  - The 30-year-old patient presented an acute viral dacryoadenitis following an
      influenza episode. Stress is laid on the viral etiology of acute dacryoadenitis
      with a trailing evolution lasting 2-3 months.

PMID- 1811743
TI  - [The sterilization of ophthalmic solutions].
AB  - The paper presents general aspects concerning the content and way of preparation
      of collyria used in ophthalmology for diagnosis and treatment. The collyria
      contain, beside the active substance, a preservative having the role of
      bactericide and fungicide. An essential condition for its use is sterility. The
      possibility of contaminating the collyria with different pathogenic germs
      mentioned in the specialty literature requires some prevention measures. They
      have to be prepared in the hospital pharmacy and sterilized in autoclave.

PMID- 1811744
TI  - [The lessening of papillary excavation after the hypotonic treatment of the
      glaucomatous eye].
AB  - The possibility of improving the aspect of the glaucomatous excavation under the
      influence of the postoperative ocular hypotonization is shown on 12 eyes (11
      patients) observed during the past 13 years. All patients suffered from very
      advanced chronic simple glaucoma--8 had a C/D 0.9 (postoperatively 0.6 in 3 eyes,
      0.4 in 4 eyes and 0.1 in 1 eye), 3 a C/D 0.8 (postoperatively 0.4 in 1 eye and
      0.2 in 2 eyes) and 1 a C/D 0.7 (which diminished postoperatively to 0.4). Of the
      12 eyes, only one showed an improvement of the visual field, 5 a lowering of the
      visual acuity (progression of the cataract) and 3 a decrease of the visual field
      after a new increase of the intraocular pressure.

PMID- 1811745
TI  - [Progress in ophthalmology (1980-1990)].

PMID- 1811746
TI  - [Uveitis in children].
AB  - A study based on the casuistics of the Clinic of Ophthalmology of Craiova for a
      10 year-period was performed, pointing out the presence of 61 cases of uveitis
      among children aged 0-16 years. This study was deemed useful, since infantile
      uveitis, less frequent (10 per cent of the total number of cases of uveitis), are
      often more severe owing to their chronic course and to the prevalence of
      posterior forms.

PMID- 1811747
TI  - [The persistence of the fetal vascular system and retinal detachment in a child
      born of a difficult labor].
AB  - A premature, 6-year-old child lost his owing to the persistence of the foetal
      vascular system and to retina detachment with divergent strabismus, at the left
      eye. The absence of ocular inflammatory signs, of intravascular hypertension, as
      well as the echographic examination permit to establish the diagnosis. The role
      of prematurity in the persistence of the foetal vascular system is shown, as this
      congenital malformation has neither a genetic, nor a foetal inflammatory
      determination.

PMID- 1811748
TI  - [Optic ischemic neuropathy in mitral disease].
AB  - In the reported case, a 54-year-old woman suffering from the mitral valvular
      disease with predominance of stenosis, in the stage of total heart insufficiency,
      appears an ischaemic optic neuropathy at the right eye and, after a year, also at
      the left eye. The pathogenesis of the ischaemic optic neuropathy is discussed and
      the role of mitral stenosis and congestive heart failure in the development of
      bilateral ischaemic optic neuropathy is emphasized.

PMID- 1811749
TI  - [Corneal sensitivity].

PMID- 1811750
TI  - [Advanced closed-angle glaucoma with intercalary staphylomas].
AB  - The case of a 70-year-old woman displaying a quasiabsolute glaucoma with large
      scleral juxtalimbic ectasias at both eyes is reported. The gonioscopic
      examination shows a closed-angle glaucoma developing for about 10 years with
      subacute crises, neglected by the patient. Vision at the right eye 1/50 nc,
      intraocular pressure at the right eye = 34.4 mmHg vision at the left eye = 3/50
      nc, intraocular pressure at the left eye = 41.4 mmHg. The ocular examination
      reveals a small anterior chamber, sectorial iridic atrophies, a mydriatic pupil,
      the camerular angle closed. The fundus of the eye shows the atrophy of the
      papilla and excavation with the C/D ratio 0.9 at the right eye and 0.8 at the
      left eye. It is pointed out that the closed-angle glaucoma may have a subacute
      course, leading finally to the quasiabsolute stage, with large scleral ectasias
      like in the open-angle glaucoma.

PMID- 1811751
TI  - [Optic disk drusen associated with angioid streaks].

PMID- 1811752
TI  - [Aspirin, an up-to-date drug with good therapeutic results also in eye diseases].

PMID- 1811753
TI  - [The late results of protected goniotrepanation].
AB  - The analysis of 737 goniotrepanation with scleral protection shows the higher
      efficacy of this operation in comparison with other protected fistulizing
      operations. The normalization of the intraocular pressure persisted in 97% of
      cases a year after the operation and in 80% five years. According to the
      evolutive stage of the disease, 50% of the operations were performed in the
      second stage of glaucoma, 13% in the advanced and quasi-absolute glaucoma stage
      and only 17% in the initial stage of the disease. The normalization of the
      intraocular pressure was directly proportional to the evolutive stage of
      glaucoma. The intraoperative incidents were minimal and the reduced postoperative
      complications did not influence the visual function. Owing to the simplicity of
      the technique and to the better results over time, authors prefer protected
      goniotrepanation to other fistulizing operations.

PMID- 1811754
TI  - Crouzon's disease.
AB  - The case of a 10-year-old girl is reported, in whom the diagnosis of Crouzon's
      disease was established, with obvious radiological cranial changes, minimal
      facial abnormalities and at the ocular examination a moderate bilateral
      exophthalmos, divergent strabismus at the right eye and bilateral optic atrophy
      with a useful vision only at the left eye, without other associated
      manifestations and with maintenance of an average intellectual and mental level.
      The differential diagnosis of the disease, the ocular symptomatology and the
      treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1811755
TI  - [Multiple malignant tumors in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis].
AB  - The case of a woman aged 77 years, with cutaneous manifestations of
      neurofibromatosis, is described, in whom cutaneous fibromas with malignant
      degeneration, displaying an aspect of fibrosarcoma, were detected. The
      anatomopathological examination shows fibroblastic type tumoral cells, of a
      globulous aspect, as well as the presence of cell monstruosities with numerous
      mitoses, among nervous cells and amyelinic fibers are found. Malignization occurs
      in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis at a rate up to 20% of cases.

PMID- 1811756
TI  - [Atropine-induced relaxation mydriasis].
AB  - It was found that an extremely low atropine concentration can induce mydriasis
      without causing paralysis of the active accommodation. This can be achieved by
      instilling into the conjunctival sac an infinitesimal amount of atropine in an
      aqueous solution of 0.001 g atropine/100 ml of distilled water.

PMID- 1811757
TI  - Effective treatment for substance abuse: defining the issues.

PMID- 1811758
TI  - Measuring outcome in the treatment of cocaine abuse: the Drug Impairment Rating
      Scale for cocaine.
AB  - The Halikas-Crosby Drug Impairment Rating Scale for Cocaine (HAL DIRS-C) is
      designed to measure the adverse impact of cocaine use upon life functioning over
      the previous week. The HAL DIRS-C demonstrated excellent split-half and
      interrater reliability. Internal consistency of the HAL DIRS-C was shown to be
      high. All items correlated significantly with total score and loaded on a single
      factor. The HAL DIRS-C correlated significantly with self-reported cocaine use,
      craving for cocaine, and independent ratings of the severity of addiction. The
      HAL DIRS-C was found to be sensitive to clinical change across weekly
      administrations. The scale is brief, easy to administer, and both interviewer and
      client-friendly. Our results suggest that the HAL DIRS-C may be useful as a
      standardized measure of improvement or outcome in clinical research involving the
      treatment of cocaine abuse.

PMID- 1811759
TI  - Research on matching alcoholic patients to treatments: findings, issues, and
      implications.
AB  - No single treatment has emerged as effective for all persons diagnosed as
      alcoholics. "Patient-treatment matching" is a method of choosing between
      alternative treatment options based on particular patient characteristics that
      interact differentially with interventions to produce more beneficial results
      than if "matching" had not been done. This review distinguishes three models for
      interactions between patient characteristics and interventions in terms of their
      clinical implications. Supporting empirical evidence for matching is also
      summarized. Requirements for the future research agenda are discussed and the
      pros and cons of implementing patient treatment matching in the clinical setting
      are addressed.

PMID- 1811760
TI  - Juvenile crime and drug abuse: a prospective study of high risk youth.
AB  - Results from an ongoing, longitudinal study of juvenile detainees focusing on the
      relationship between their drug use and delinquency/crime, are summarized. Three
      hundred and ninety-nine youths were first interviewed in 1986/87, and 41 percent
      were found to be urine positive for recent drug use at the time of detention. We
      reinterviewed 305 of the youths approximately one year later, and found their
      drug use and delinquency persisted, and in some cases increased, over time.
      Treatment intervention is needed for the drug involved youths in the study to
      reduce their cycle of drug use and crime.

PMID- 1811761
TI  - Nicotine dependence: diagnosis, pharmacology and treatment.
AB  - Nicotine dependence has been clearly documented as an addiction to nicotine. The
      development of tolerance and dependence to nicotine has been documented as well
      in studies in animals and humans. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine
      dependence continues to be widespread and significant in spite of some reduction
      in the prevalence of use. Various modalities of pharmacological and
      nonpharmacological treatments have been developed in recent years. These
      treatment methods may be used singularly or in combination. Although some success
      has been claimed with each form of treatment, more studies are needed to confirm
      their full efficacy.

PMID- 1811762
TI  - Crack cocaine: what constitutes state of the art treatment?
AB  - The paper presents a standard against which treatments should be measured; it
      recognizes the importance of a biopsy-chosocial approach to crack addiction,
      individualized assessment of patients to determine their needs, matching patients
      to interventions of appropriate intensity, timing the delivery of specific
      interventions in accordance with the phase of recovery a patient is negotiating,
      delivering relapse prevention, and appreciating crack smokers' characteristics.
      Summary analysis of two state of the art outpatient treatment models permits
      identification of key features of such programs. Analysis reveals that outpatient
      programs achieve excellence in service delivery to crack patients by referring
      the most severely addicted to inpatient treatment first and providing
      comprehensive and intensive outpatient services on a nearly daily basis for six
      months to a year. Recommendations for policymakers, administrators, treatment
      professionals, and researchers are provided in light of the paper's analysis.

PMID- 1811763
TI  - Psychological approaches for the treatment of cocaine dependence--a
      neurobehavioral approach.
AB  - A variety of psychological approaches have been utilized for the treatment of
      cocaine dependence. Most information has been presented in case report format.
      However, several investigations have established integrated outpatient approaches
      which are currently being systematically evaluated. One of these approaches, the
      neurobehavioral model of cocaine dependency treatment establishes a clear
      timetable for cocaine recovery and focusses attention on four discreet areas of
      functioning. Strategies for addressing these areas of functioning include relapse
      prevention methods as well as individual therapy procedures, family systems
      materials, educational information, 12 step involvement and urine testing. The
      model constructs a comprehensive framework for facilitating involvement in
      recovery activities which promote positive behavior change. Use of this
      standardized treatment format allows for the evaluation of the treatment model.
      In an open trial with 486 cocaine users, a majority of subjects were retained in
      treatment for a clinically significant period of time and while in treatment
      provided urine samples indicating substantial periods of cocaine abstinence.
      Current research is underway to evaluate: (1) subject factors which appear to be
      related to successful outcome with this treatment model; (2) a controlled
      clinical trial to evaluate the treatment model with cocaine users using random
      assignment; (3) a double-blind evaluation of desipramine versus placebo and
      versus no medication as an adjunct to the support provided by the model.

PMID- 1811764
TI  - A conversation with R. Bruce Donoff '67: questions and answers from HSDM's tenth
      dean. Interview by John F. Lauerman.

PMID- 1811765
TI  - Child abuse and neglect: Howard L. Needleman '72 throws light on a hidden
      problem.

PMID- 1811766
TI  - Gold toning improves the visualization of nucleolar organizer regions in paraffin
      embedded tissues.
AB  - A modification of the silver colloid technique for staining nucleoar organizer
      regions in paraffin embedded tissues is described. This modification involves the
      application of a gold toning step with subsequent gold reduction, if necessary,
      following incubation of sections in the standard silver colloid solution. Silver
      stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in toned sections are more sharply
      delineated when compared to untoned controls. In high grade tumors the addition
      of the toning step results in significantly higher AgNOR counts due to the
      ability to discriminate more easily individual AgNORs in argyrophilic aggregates
      within the nucleus. It is recommended, because of enhanced visualization, that
      this modification of the silver colloid technique be used in studies involving
      quantification of AgNORs in tissue sections.

PMID- 1811767
TI  - Delirium: how its concept has developed.
AB  - The development of the concept of delirium spans nearly 2,500 years. Its core
      clinical features were recognized at least as early as the 16th century, while
      its management reflected a humane approach from the beginning of the modern era.
      In the 19th century delirium became linked with the concepts of disordered
      consciousness and confusion, but these two terms were also used in regard to
      certain functional mental disorders. The most important contribution in this
      century was the work of Engel, Romano, and associates, who postulated that the
      syndrome was due to reduction in brain metabolic rate, as reflected in slowing of
      the EEG background activity. These and other developments are discussed in this
      article. A list of proposed research priorities is included.

PMID- 1811768
TI  - Delirium: phenomenology and diagnosis--a neurobiologic view.
AB  - "Delirium" is a reversible confusional state. It results from widespread but
      reversible interference with the function of cortical neurons, as documented by
      diffuse slowing on EEG and decreases in cerebral metabolic rate. Delirium can be
      due to impairments in neuronal metabolism, in neurotransmission (notably
      cholinergic), or in input from subcortical structures. Engel and Romano (1959)
      formulated delirium and dementia as the two poles of a spectrum of "cerebral
      insufficiency," with delirium resulting from reversible functional impairment and
      dementia from irreversible anatomic damage. So many disorders can precipitate
      delirium that the differential diagnosis tests every facet of one's knowledge of
      medicine. With aging, both normative changes in the brain and the increasing
      incidence of brain diseases predispose to the development of delirium. The brain
      damage responsible for a dementia can sensitize to the development of a
      superimposed delirium.

PMID- 1811769
TI  - Delirium: phenomenologic and etiologic subtypes.
AB  - While all delirious patients have clouding of consciousness (alteration of
      attention) and cognitive dysfunction, the level of alertness of different
      patients may range from stuporous to hyperalert. We, therefore, developed an
      analog scale to rate the alertness of delirious patients, and a separate scale to
      rate the severity of their clouding of consciousness. Based on these scales,
      patients were categorized overall as relatively "activated" (relatively alert
      despite clouding of consciousness), or "somnolent" (relatively stuporous along
      with clouding of consciousness). Cognitive function was estimated using the Mini
      Mental Status Exam. Separate ratings were made of hallucinations, delusions,
      illusions, and agitated behavior. Activated and somnolent patients had similar
      ages, overall severity of delirium, and Mini-Mental Status Exam scores. Activated
      patients, however, were more likely to have hallucinations, delusions, and
      illusions than somnolent patients, and were more likely to have agitated
      behavior. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy were more likely to have somnolent
      delirium, while patients with alcohol withdrawal appeared more likely to have
      activated delirium. These data indicate that phenomenologic subtypes of delirium
      can be defined on the basis of level of alertness. These subtypes are validated
      in part by their differing associations with symptoms unrelated to alertness.
      These subtypes may have different pathophysiology, and thus, potentially
      different treatments.

PMID- 1811770
TI  - Epidemiology of delirium: an overview of research issues and findings.
AB  - This paper provides a review of research issues and findings on the epidemiology
      of delirium. Despite the fact that research on this important geriatric syndrome
      has been conducted for many decades, several methodological issues make it
      difficult to compare findings across studies. In this paper we first discuss
      broadly methodological issues related to diagnosis, case-finding, and populations
      studied. We next review data on the occurrence and consequences of the syndrome.
      A discussion of the design and preliminary results of the Commonwealth-Harvard
      Study of Delirium in Elderly Hospitalized Patients documents both how we
      responded to the methodological issues outlined and how these choices influenced
      our findings. We conclude with a discussion of the needs for further research on
      the epidemiology of delirium.

PMID- 1811771
TI  - The epidemiology of delirium in the community: the Eastern Baltimore Mental
      Health Survey.
AB  - The 1981 East Baltimore Mental Health Survey, part of the Epidemiological
      Catchment Area (ECA) program, provided data for the examination of the prevalence
      of delirium in the general adult population. From an original 3,841 households
      surveyed, 810 individuals were selected for psychiatric evaluation and, of these,
      6 individuals were diagnosed as suffering from delirium. The estimated prevalence
      of delirium in the population was .4% and 1.1% among those 55 years of age and
      over. A comparison of these cases with cases of diagnosed dementia and
      individuals of the same age range who did not receive a psychiatric diagnosis
      found that those with a diagnosis of delirium suffer from a greater number of
      medical conditions, take more prescribed medications, and have a higher level of
      physical disability.

PMID- 1811772
TI  - Delirium in the medically ill elderly: operationalizing the DSM-III criteria.
AB  - This prospective study determined the incidence and prevalence of delirium in 235
      consecutive subjects over age 70 admitted to a general medicine hospital service.
      The DSM-III criteria for delirium were operationalized. Using accepted screening
      procedures, patients were referred for evaluation by a psychiatrist who
      determined whether delirium was present by applying explicit operational
      definitions to each of the DSM-III criteria. Data on presence and severity of
      each of the DSM-III symptoms were recorded. Analysis of these data indicates that
      the DSM-III criteria describe a discrete, recognizable syndrome. However, some of
      the symptoms are more specific than others in identifying the syndrome in this
      population.

PMID- 1811773
TI  - DSM-IV: proposals for revision of diagnostic criteria for delirium. APA Work
      Group on Organic Disorders of the DSM-IV Task Force and Major Contributors.
AB  - This paper reviews the historical development of the American Psychiatric
      Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. It presents some of the issues
      that the clinician has found difficult in applying DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria
      for delirium. In addition it introduces some options for DSM-IV criteria for
      delirium based on several empirical studies. These options should be studied and
      debated carefully over the next year because in part, they represent radical
      departures from existing diagnostic criteria for delirium.

PMID- 1811774
TI  - The concept of delirium in German-speaking psychiatry.

PMID- 1811775
TI  - Utility of EEG in delirium: past views and current practice.
AB  - The EEG is a useful and, at times, an essential test in the evaluation of
      delirium. In most patients with delirium, the EEG will show diffuse slowing and
      thus is helpful in differentiating organic etiologies from functional,
      psychiatric disorders. The degree of the EEG changes correlates with the severity
      of the encephalopathy so that the EEG may be used to help monitor therapy. In
      some delirious patients, the EEG may indicate whether the patient is suffering
      from focal, rather than global, impairment. Furthermore, the EEG is the only test
      that can identify an ongoing epileptic state (e.g., nonconvulsive status
      epilepticus) as being responsible for the clinical picture of confusion. Other
      electrophysiological tests that may prove helpful in the evaluation of delirium,
      such as computerized EEG spectral analysis, topographic brain mapping, and sleep
      studies, are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 1811776
TI  - Quantitative measurement of brain electrical activity in delirium.
AB  - It has long been known that the conventional electroencephalogram (EEG) is a
      useful tool in the evaluation of delirium. There are moderate correlations
      between the amount of slowing seen on EEG and the degree of confusion or level of
      arousal observed among delirious patients. The usefulness of the EEG for
      assessment and diagnosis in this area has been limited, however, by: (a)
      difficulties in assessing the significance of slow-wave activity, (b) problems in
      detecting changes in relative EEG power, and (c) the logistical problem of
      lengthy recording sessions with agitated patients. This article selectively
      reviews the development of quantitative EEG methods and presents preliminary data
      from an ongoing longitudinal study of the use of these methods among elderly
      delirious patients. There has been little work done in applying quantitative
      methods to the study of delirium, and no work done that has systematically
      compared conventional EEG analysis to quantitative analysis. Delirium shares
      electrophysiological characteristics with other organic mental syndromes,
      however, where quantitative EEG has been shown to be useful. Furthermore,
      analysis of digital EEG data is inherently superior to visual inspection in
      assessing the distribution of EEG power among different frequency bands. Previous
      studies, as well as data presented here, suggest that quantitative EEG is a
      clinically useful supplement to the conventional EEG for the assessment of
      elderly patients with delirium.

PMID- 1811777
TI  - Electroencephalographic indices for diagnosis of delirium.

PMID- 1811778
TI  - Review of research instruments and techniques used to detect delirium.
AB  - Over the past several decades, numerous investigators have studied the syndrome
      of delirium. Researchers have relied on a number of different case finding
      methods to detect the syndrome. This paper provides an overview of instruments
      used in studies of delirium. We assess the validity and reliability of these
      instruments and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the different
      methods. We then present the rationale for the development of the Delirium
      Symptom Interview, an instrument constructed for use in the Commonwealth-Harvard
      Study of delirium in elderly hospitalized patients.

PMID- 1811779
TI  - The high sensitivity cognitive screen.
AB  - Ceiling effects limit the utility of many established brief cognitive screening
      tests for detecting and measuring mild delirious states and prodromal disorders.
      The High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen (HSCS) (Faust & Fogel, 1989), a bedside
      test taking approximately 25 minutes to administer, may overcome this limitation.
      The test consists of a selection of moderately difficult items testing six major
      domains of neuropsychological performance: memory, language,
      attention/concentration, visual/motor, spatial, and self-regulation and planning.
      Reliability is adequate, and two separate concurrent validity studies show
      accuracy rates of 93% and 87% in classifying the overall result of comprehensive
      neuropsychological testing. HSCS performance is highly correlated with EEG
      results in medical psychiatric inpatients, and with functional status in HIV
      infected community-dwelling subjects. The brevity and convenience of the HSCS and
      related instruments make them particularly useful in studies of elderly and
      chronically ill subjects.

PMID- 1811780
TI  - Bedside clinical and electrophysiological assessment: assessment of change in
      vulnerable patients.
AB  - Current approaches to the diagnosis of delirium are based upon the recognition of
      symptoms that emerge in the pathological state. As an alternative, we propose an
      approach to case identification for research purposes based on the recognition of
      significant changes in the cognitive or cerebral state of the individual patient.
      Categorical change can be defined using prediction intervals calculated from
      repeated measures on a population of medically stable subjects. Data from
      subjects enrolled in a prospective study of delirium in a long-term care
      population were utilized to calculate prediction intervals for the Mini-Mental
      Status Examination and for measures of the electroencephalographic background
      frequency as obtained with a two-channel microprocessor-based EEG device.
      Preliminary findings support the validity of this quantitative approach for
      defining changes in brain state. Future research should evaluate both cognitive
      and electrophysiological techniques for monitoring vulnerable patients.

PMID- 1811781
TI  - Delirium/acute confusional states: evaluation devices in nursing.
AB  - Characteristics of instruments developed by nurses for use in evaluating
      delirium/acute confusional states include relative emphasis on observable
      behavior and the need to impose low respondent burden. Two instruments that have
      been most used by nurse researchers are described: The Confusion Rating Scale and
      the NEECHAM Confusion Scale. The former is based on observable behavior; the
      latter incorporates vital function and oxygen saturation measurements that may
      serve as early warning signs of impending delirium.

PMID- 1811782
TI  - Clinical perspectives.

PMID- 1811783
TI  - Psychosocial and management aspects of delirium.
AB  - Data to demonstrate that psychosocial factors, sensory deprivation, or sleep
      deprivation alone can cause delirium are few. Nonetheless, these factors or
      conditions may contribute to the development or symptom presentation of a
      delirium when other metabolic or toxic etiologies are present. There is likewise
      little research on the appropriate treatment of the delirious patient. Clinical
      experience suggests that attention to the patient's psychological state through
      frequent orientation, emotional support, and frequent explanation can help. Low
      dose neuroleptic drugs are occasionally useful and necessary.

PMID- 1811784
TI  - Postoperative delirium.
AB  - Postoperative delirium is a common syndrome that is often mistaken for other
      psychiatric conditions, particularly depression. Numerous investigators have
      found a clear convincing association between delirium and increased morbidity and
      mortality. For this reason, greater attention should be focused on accurate
      clinical diagnosis. In this article, pre- and postoperative risk factors are
      reviewed. Lastly, areas demanding immediate further investigation are identified.
      In particular, outcome studies with particular emphasis on the role of age and
      prior drug exposure are urgently needed.

PMID- 1811785
TI  - Delirium in cancer patients.
AB  - Delirium is the second most common psychiatric diagnosis among hospitalized
      elderly cancer patients. A variety of factors are known to cause delirium in
      cancer patients, and the most frequently observed are outlined. History, presence
      of an altered mental state with identification of the cognitive impairment, and a
      close watch of mental function will help to differentiate delirium from a normal
      stress reaction, an adjustment disorder to cancer diagnosis, or early dementia.
      As in other medically ill patients, antipsychotic drugs are the cornerstone of
      treatment for delirium not manageable with environmental manipulation or causal
      therapy. Haloperidol is the most commonly prescribed drug for delirium in the
      cancer setting because of its low cardiovascular and anticholinergic effects.
      Cancer patients who are debilitated require a much lower starting dose than do
      the physically healthy.

PMID- 1811787
TI  - Delirium.

PMID- 1811786
TI  - Toxic and metabolic encephalopathies in long-term care patients.
AB  - Evaluation of the change in performance on the Blessed Memory Information
      Concentration Test over a one-year period was used as a probe for the prevalence
      of reversible cognitive disorders among patients living in a residential care
      facility. Of 157 patients with cognitive impairment at the initial assessment, 10
      (6.4%) improved by 6 points or more, 19 (12.1%) improved by 5 points or more, and
      15 (9.6%) had a reduction in the number of errors by 33% or more. Thus, using
      improvement over time as an indicator, we estimate that 6% to 12% of the elderly
      patients in our sample had a reversible component to their cognitive impairment
      at the initial assessment. Retrospective review of medical records identified
      (one or more) possible causes for impairment at baseline in each of the ten
      patients who showed the greatest improvement: adverse drug effects in seven
      patients, depression in two, and metabolic encephalopathies in three.

PMID- 1811788
TI  - Disturbance of neural systems in delirium.

PMID- 1811789
TI  - Delirium. Advances in research and clinical practice.

PMID- 1811790
TI  - Smooth muscle cell growth factors.
AB  - While the roles of the platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) in vascular smooth
      muscle cells (SMCs) continue to be elucidated, these cells, especially in their
      activated 'synthetic' state, have also been found to express, and proliferate in
      response to, many of the other families of polypeptide growth factors, such as
      the fibroblast growth factors. Other stimulators of DNA synthesis, and
      particularly of SMC hypertrophy, include the vasoconstrictor hormones such as
      angiotensin II, as well as physical forces, especially stretch or tension. For
      many of these ligands, multiple receptors have been identified and their means of
      signal transduction are being characterized rapidly. Regulatory regions of these
      genes are being identified as are transcription factors. Complex post
      transcriptional regulation has also been shown by the findings that some growth
      factors are phosphorylated, or translocated to the nucleus or the extracellular
      matrix. Inhibitors have also been identified. These include some prostaglandins,
      calcium antagonists, agonists that activate guanylate and adenylate cyclases,
      inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme, interferon gamma, and heparin.
      Future studies are likely to show that tyrosine phosphatases and recessive
      oncogenes also regulate growth. The existence of so many autocrine/paracrine
      mitogens--together with some experimental data--suggests some redundancy in the
      system as well as some additive effects. Redundancy may limit the efficacy of
      antibodies to a single growth factor to block cell proliferation. Their
      evolutionary conservation implies some unique roles for each growth factor but
      these have not been apparent from in vitro studies to date. Further insights are
      apt to come from the increasing recognition that growth factors have other
      effects--on cell attachment, migration, survival, production of extracellular
      matrix, thrombosis, vaso-constriction, regulation of cytokine synthesis, and
      inhibition of growth. Many of these effects may prove to be context-dependent, as
      with the case of growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta. Studies in
      monolayer cultures may not obtain the same results as studies using cocultures of
      endothelial and smooth muscle cells, or 3-dimensional matrix cultures, organ
      cultures, or in the intact animal. In vivo descriptive studies of growth factors
      expressed in vascular embryogenesis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, acute balloon
      injury and thrombosis are being supplemented by interventions such as infusions
      with growth factors, antibodies, and toxin conjugates. These studies, and studies
      using transgenic mice and homologous recombination, should yield information as
      to mechanisms and may also suggest new therapies.

PMID- 1811792
TI  - Bibliographic update: fibroblast growth factor.

PMID- 1811791
TI  - Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor.
AB  - Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) is a 45 kDa single
      chain polypeptide, which stimulates the DNA synthesis and chemotaxis of
      endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Purification from human
      platelets and cDNA cloning from a human placental cDNA library, revealed that PD
      ECGF is a novel type of peptide without sequence similarity to hitherto known
      proteins. PD-ECGF is present in human platelets and placenta, and is produced by
      certain normal and transformed cultured cells; it lacks a hydrophobic leader
      sequence and most of the protein remains inside the producer cells. Analysis of
      PD-ECGF produced by cultured cells, revealed that it contains nucleotide(s)
      covalently bound to serine residues. The in vivo function of PD-ECGF is not
      known; its target cell specificity and tissue distribution suggest roles in
      angiogenesis of the placenta and in the maintenance of the integrity of the
      endothelial cell layer of blood vessels. PD-ECGF may have a clinical utility in
      the stimulation of wound healing and re-endothelialization of vessels.

PMID- 1811793
TI  - Analysis of human pituitary growth hormone and its charge variants by fast-atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - There is evidence that even highly purified preparations of human growth hormone
      are not homogenous, but contain charge as well as size variants. The charge
      heterogeneity was suggested to be due to deamidation of the native hormone. To
      verify this we have applied peptide mapping followed by fast-atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), in order to identify fragments containing the altered
      amino acids. Growth hormone was purified from human pituitaries and the
      differently charged forms were separated by column electrophoresis in agarose
      suspension. The isolated components were treated with trypsin and analysed
      directly by FAB-MS without prior separation by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Using this technique, approximately 80% of the
      hormone structure was recovered and two deamidation sites were found in the
      fragment T15 (FDTNSHNDDALLK). The results clearly elucidated the potential use of
      FAB-MS for the fast screening of other variants of the growth hormone which are
      known to exist.

PMID- 1811794
TI  - Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry and metastable-ion studies for the
      characterization of isomeric fluorosugars.
AB  - Characterization of stereoisomeric 3,4-dideoxy-3-fluoro-hexoses has been carried
      out using fast-atom bombardment. Diagnostic fragments were observed in the
      daughter-ion spectra of the [M - H]- and [M + H]+ ionic species. Notable
      differences were also observed in the relative abundances of ionic species
      corresponding to [M - H]-, [M - H - HF]- and [C11H11O2]- ions.

PMID- 1811795
TI  - Use of a moving-belt interface for on-line high-performance liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of polycyclic aromatic
      compounds of molecular weight up to 580 Da in environmental samples.
AB  - The applicability of the moving belt high-performance liquid chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (HPLC/MS) interface to the analysis of high molecular weight
      polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in a complex sample derived from coal tar is
      investigated. This interface provides good preservation of chromatographic
      integrity and useful electron ionization spectra of thermally stable PACs of low
      to moderate volatility up to molecular masses of at least 580 Da. It is concluded
      that this HPLC/MS technique will be useful in the analysis of such complex
      samples, provided a large enough suite of standard compounds can be made
      available.

PMID- 1811796
TI  - A matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometer based on a
      600 ps, 1.2 mJ nitrogen laser.
AB  - The design and performance of a short-pulse UV laser desorption time-of-flight
      mass spectrometer is described. The instrument combines the advantages of a 600
      ps, 337 nm pulsed nitrogen laser with a compact, high-voltage extraction linear
      time-of-flight analyzer. A number of peptides and proteins have been analyzed to
      demonstrate sensitivity, high mass range, resolution and mixture analysis.

PMID- 1811797
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the molecular species of monosialogangliosides by
      continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Negative-ion continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry was
      evaluated as a means for the quantitative analysis of N-acetylneuraminyl
      galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide (NeuAc-GM3) and N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N
      acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide (NeuAc-GM2). This study was carried
      out on a 7070-EQ mass spectrometer (VG Analytical, Manchester, UK) using a home
      made continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment probe with a mixture of methanol +
      water + triethanolamine (70:27:3, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Utilizing 100 ng of
      acetyl-lysogalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)g alactosyl
      glucosyl-ceramide (acetyl-lysoGM1) as an internal standard, standard curves for
      NeuAc-GM3 d18:1-16:0, NeuAc-GM3 d18:1-18:0 and Neuac-GM2 d18:1-18:0 were found to
      be linear over the range 5-250 ng, with associated correlation coefficients of
      0.990-0.997. The lower limit of detection was found to be 2.5 ng. Satisfactory
      results could also be obtained when the calibration curves were derived from the
      deprotonated molecular ions of a mixture of the NeuAc-GM2 and NeuAc-GM3 classes.
      Using this approach, quantitative determination of NeuAc-GM3 d18:1-16:0 from rat
      adrenal gland was performed using N-acetylneuraminic acid assay as a test
      control. We found 278 +/- 36 ng of this species in 1 mg of tissue (three
      replicate experiments). The procedure represents a sensitive method for the
      quantitation of monosialogangliosides and its capability to give molecular
      species information.

PMID- 1811798
TI  - Investigation of products arising from enzymatic digestion of advanced glycated
      albumin by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - The structural investigation of the products arising from 28 days incubation of
      albumin with high glucose concentration and further enzymatic hydrolysis has been
      carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
      (HPLC/MS) under plasmaspray conditions. By this approach many different compounds
      have been detected, and for most of them, possible structures have been proposed
      on the basis of literature data and molecular weight assignments.

PMID- 1811799
TI  - Occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A
      historical perspective.
AB  - We can never gauge where we are and where we are going without reviewing where we
      have been. A historical review is included to help give this perspective. This
      chapter documents the uses of intraoral orthotics in the past and how they have
      changed as philosophies and materials evolved.

PMID- 1811800
TI  - Use of the pivot appliance in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - This chapter describes the use of the pivot appliance in the treatment of
      temporomandibular joint disorders. The author explains the mechanism by which the
      pivot appliance acts by demonstrating radiographically the direction and extent
      of condylar movement while biting on a pivot appliance. The author also discusses
      indications for and fabrication of this orthotic.

PMID- 1811801
TI  - Sved appliance.
AB  - The Sved appliance filled Dr. Bill Farrar's requirements for an appliance that
      could provide temporomandibular joint support while allowing rearranging of
      posterior teeth. In this chapter the author draws from his long professional
      relationship with Dr. Farrar and his own clinical experience to give a detailed
      account of the use of the Sved appliance and the philosophy behind it.

PMID- 1811802
TI  - Selection, application, and management of Phase 1 orthotics.
AB  - Once the provisional diagnoses have been obtained and treatment goals established
      for a temporomandibular disorder patient, an intraoral orthotic is usually part
      of a phase 1 treatment plan. This overview chapter deals with the selection,
      fabrication, and management of specific orthotics. A wide array of orthotics are
      discussed in order of the complexity of their design and fabrication. Each design
      is considered in light of its benefit/disadvantage ratio.

PMID- 1811803
TI  - Bicuspid buildup (convertible) splint.
AB  - All clinicians using removable repositioning orthotics are faced with the dilemma
      of lack of patient compliance. The author has solved this problem by using a
      maxillary appliance with an anterior inclined plane with intraocclusal acrylic in
      the bicuspid area. After mandibular reposturing is accomplished, the inclined
      plane can be removed, thus converting the appliance to a bicuspid buildup splint.
      This conversion creates an appliance that is esthetic and allows for normal
      phonation and a new bicuspid-only centric occlusion.

PMID- 1811804
TI  - Musculoskeletal etiology and therapy of craniomandibular pain and dysfunction.
AB  - A number of diverse symptoms, conventionally diagnosed and treated as individual
      problems, exist in combination in the craniomandibular pain and dysfunction
      patient. This chapter explores musculoskeletal dysfunction of the area as a
      common etiologic factor for head and neck pain. The electronically derived data,
      reported in 68 case histories, indicate that a common measurable etiology is
      responsible for the many ostensibly diverse manifestations of craniomandibular
      pain and dysfunction. Both quantitative and subjective data support the etiologic
      validity of the diagnosis. The basis for the effectiveness of the reported
      therapy rests on diagnosis of a skeletal malrelation of the mandible to the
      cranium that poses sustained accommodative demand on the neuromusculature.

PMID- 1811805
TI  - Orthotic therapy for the partially or fully edentulous patient.
AB  - The limited research on the correlation between partially and fully edentulous
      patients and temporomandibular dysfunction leads this author to believe that a
      practitioner could expect 25 to 75% of the patients in need of phase 1 orthotic
      therapy to be in one of these two groups. Unfortunately, most of the literature
      on orthotic therapy documents cases with a full complement of natural teeth. This
      chapter gives a systematic approach to the fabrication and insertion of orthotics
      on and over full and partial dentures.

PMID- 1811806
TI  - Overlay bit restorer as a Phase 1 orthotic.
AB  - Phase 1 (reversible) orthotic therapy is often complicated by missing teeth or
      the fragile nature of the materials used to construct appliances that must
      function under the pressures of mastication. The bite restorer combines the
      strength of Vitallium with the occlusal acceptability of Anodyne to produce an
      esthetic and functional orthotic without the ill effects of cast metallic
      overlays. The author uses his experience as a certified dental technician to
      discuss arch and tooth preparation, clasping, and proper impression technique.

PMID- 1811807
TI  - Orthopedic splint diagnostic system and fabrication.
AB  - This chapter presents a method of measuring casts in a scientifically
      duplicatable manner, using the orthopedic relator to diagnose the plane of
      occlusion. This allows the practitioner to determine if occlusal equilibration is
      a viable treatment modality for a particular patient. For patients who do not
      meet the criteria for occlusal equilibration, a detailed technique for correcting
      the occlusal plane discrepancies through use of the orthopedic splint is
      presented.

PMID- 1811808
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 1811809
TI  - Maxillary full-coverage appliance.
AB  - This chapter is a synopsis of the fabrication, indications, and contraindications
      of maxillary orthotics. The author combines his orthodontic training with his
      clinical temporomandibular joint experience to discuss a wide array of
      appliances. He divides these orthotics into two groups: permissive or
      deprogramming appliances (which include the anterior bite plane, posterior bite
      plane, and full-coverage bite plane) and directive or repositioning appliances
      (which include the centric relation splint, neuromuscular splint, anterior
      repositioning appliance, and activators).

PMID- 1811810
TI  - Pain release splint.
AB  - The pain release splint is a soft vinyl orthotic. In the author's private
      practice it has proven to be efficient, inexpensive, reversible, and effective
      during the initial treatment stages of various craniomandibular disorders. This
      chapter deals with indications for use, construction, fitting and balancing,
      postinsertion instructions, and escalation to the next level of pain release
      splints or hard acrylic appliances.

PMID- 1811811
TI  - Clinical application of remoldable appliances for craniomandibular disorder.
AB  - This author was challenged by the idea of finding a cost-effective way of
      providing diagnostic appliance therapy for the great number of patients with
      temporomandibular joint pain. His answer was remoldable craniomandibular
      appliances. These appliances provide an increase in both vertical dimension and
      mandibular AP position. He outlines the uses of these appliances for
      temporomandibular disk displacement, myofascial pain, and bruxism patients.

PMID- 1811813
TI  - Effects of mandibular appliances on athletic performance.
AB  - This chapter provides a review of the research findings on the role of oral
      appliances in performance augmentation among athletes. Supporting and non
      supporting data are detailed. Evaluation of these data is complicated by the
      difficulty in establishing objective tests and ruling out subjective reports on
      strength augmentation among athletes.

PMID- 1811812
TI  - Gelb appliance: mandibular orthopedic repositioning therapy.
AB  - The authors discuss the philosophy, fabrication, and use of the Gelb appliance.
      They recommend the appliance for daytime use for anterior displacements with
      reduction, unloading of the temporomandibular joint, and cervical muscular
      dysfunction where mandibular displacement is a perpetuating factor. This chapter
      also details their clinical protocol for diagnosis and appliance management.

PMID- 1811814
TI  - The current and future need for minority medical faculty.
AB  - Little progress has been made in increasing the number of minority faculty
      members at US medical schools. From 1975 through 1989, underrepresented minority
      medical faculty increased only 0.3%--from 2.7% to 3.0%. In the field of medicine
      in general, only 3% of physicians are African-American and 3% are Hispanic, while
      the African-American and Hispanic populations are approximately 12% and 7%,
      respectively, of the total US population. A number of factors have caused the
      persistent underrepresentation of minority health professions trainees:
      inadequate or inappropriate career counseling, admissions policies, relatively
      high attrition rates after matriculation, substantial costs of education, and
      lack of appropriate mentors and role models. Helping minority students overcome
      these obstacles requires providing them with appropriate information,
      preparation, motivation, and opportunities at all stages of the educational
      process. Attention must focus on recruiting minority students into the
      scientific, academic professions if an increase is to occur in numbers of
      underrepresented minorities in all specialties of medicine. The Health Resources
      and Services Administration and private foundations have committed to providing
      funds to educational institutions to help encourage minority students to pursue
      academic careers. Leadership at these institutions must also commit to increasing
      the numbers of underrepresented minority faculty and senior administrators.

PMID- 1811815
TI  - Misoprostol and dalargin for the inpatient treatment of duodenal ulcer in the
      USSR.
AB  - In the USSR, uncomplicated duodenal ulcer is usually managed in an inpatient
      setting. A double-blind, randomized, double-dummy, multiclinic, comparative trial
      examined the safety and efficacy of oral misoprostol (200 micrograms qid) and
      intramuscular dalargin (1 mg bid) in duodenal ulcer healing. Dalargin, an
      enkephalin peptide with gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective properties, is
      commonly used in the USSR for treating peptic ulcer. The trial characteristics
      and monitoring were performed in accordance with US standards. Consenting
      patients of either sex, aged 18 to 70 years, who had a duodenal ulcer of 0.3 to
      2.5 cm in diameter were enrolled. Endoscopy, physical examination, and laboratory
      assessments were performed on entry and after 4 weeks of treatment. The effects
      of the treatments on complete ulcer healing, dyspeptic symptoms, antacid
      consumption, adverse drug reactions, and safety were determined. Both treatment
      groups were well matched for demographic characteristics. The majority of
      patients were smokers and alcohol users and had a history of recurrent peptic
      ulcers. Misoprostol was significantly more effective than dalargin in inducing
      duodenal ulcer healing, both in the intent-to-treat cohort (P = .001) and in the
      evaluable cohort (P = .0001). Both regimens were well tolerated, and no patients
      were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. Mild, self-limiting
      diarrhea was reported more frequently in patients receiving misoprotol (9.4%
      incidence) than those receiving dalargin (1.9%). The disparity in ulcer healing
      between the two groups suggests that hospitalization alone is not an optimum
      treatment in this high-risk patient population.

PMID- 1811817
TI  - Radiographic techniques for early detection of osteoporosis.
AB  - Sequelae of osteoporosis such as fracture and deformities usually occur when the
      bone mass has been severely reduced. Since the lost bone mass cannot be replaced,
      management of osteoporosis is aimed at preventing, halting, or retarding its
      progression. Early detection of osteoporosis and the identification of
      individuals at high risk for the disease are crucial if therapy is to be
      effective. Several radiographic techniques are currently available for
      osteoporosis screening, including dual photon absorptiometry (DPA), quantitative
      computed tomography (QCT), and dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DRA).
      This paper discusses the relative value and limitations of these techniques.

PMID- 1811816
TI  - Prostaglandins: an overview of the worldwide clinical experience.
AB  - Synthetic prostaglandins of the E series have cytoprotective and gastric
      antisecretory actions. Both actions are relevant to their therapeutic usefulness
      in treating and preventing gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Controlled clinical
      studies have shown prostaglandins to be effective treatment for gastric and
      duodenal ulcer disease. Although used widely in dozens of foreign countries,
      however, prostaglandins have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug
      Administration for use in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The use of
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with an increased
      incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and
      increased morbidity and mortality. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, is
      effective in preventing and treating NSAID-induced mucosal damage and has been
      approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of NSAID
      associated gastric ulcers. Controlled studies have not provided convincing
      evidence that H2-receptor antagonists or sucralfate prevents NSAID-induced
      gastric ulcer. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that some E-prostaglandins
      may also be effective in treating and/or preventing stress ulcer, cystic
      fibrosis, and hepatorenal syndrome and in improving graft survival in renal
      transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Additionally, in vitro and animal
      studies suggest that prostaglandins may have therapeutic value in inflammatory
      bowel disease, and they may promote cartilage repair by an inhibitory action on
      interleukin-1. The latter finding could be of major relevance in preventing
      cartilage destruction in rheumatic patients. Significant side effects associated
      with the clinical use of prostaglandins include mild to moderate diarrhea and
      stimulation of uterine contraction during early pregnancy. Prostaglandins are
      effective for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and, to date, are the only
      effective therapy for preventing the total spectrum of NSAID-induced mucosal
      damage. These compounds may also prove effective in treating various inflammatory
      disorders.

PMID- 1811818
TI  - Current controversies in gastric lymphoma: case report and commentary.
AB  - Controversy regarding the optimal approaches for diagnosis and management of
      primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) continues. Currently, it is possible to diagnose
      and stage PGL in many cases without resorting to surgical exploration. These
      factors are highlighted in the case presented.

PMID- 1811819
TI  - Presidential address. Association for Academic Minority Physicians.

PMID- 1811820
TI  - Physiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.
AB  - The exact cause of primary hypertension is unknown. Neurohumoral, renal,
      metabolic, race, genetic, and environmental factors have been shown to be related
      to the development of hypertension; thus, the multifactorial hypothesis of the
      pathophysiology of hypertension. The pathophysiologic hemodynamic mechanisms of
      hypertension are known. However, the pathogenic processes that result in the
      vascular abnormalities responsible for the hemodynamic expressions of
      hypertension are speculative. Available data suggest that during the early phases
      of hypertension, when several factors may act together or independently to turn
      neurohumoral systems on and off, transient exacerbated alterations in pressure
      flow relation are produced in subjects with a hyperresponsive cardiovascular
      system due to altered vascular properties. Changes in arterioles, which increase
      total peripheral resistance, result in an increase in diastolic and a secondary
      increase in systolic blood pressures in response to pressor stimuli. Changes in
      arteries, which decrease vascular compliance, result in an increase in systolic
      and a decrease in diastolic blood pressures. Initially, this response is only
      slightly different from that seen in the nonstimulated state. However, if the
      stimulation is too frequent, changes occur in vascular properties that provide
      hemodynamic mechanisms for additional vascular alterations. This further
      amplifies the increase in pressure. The relative magnitude of arteriolar to
      arterial vascular alterations determines the relative changes in diastolic and
      systolic pressures and thereby contributes greatly to the shape of the
      oscillatory arterial pressure wave. The height of the mean blood pressure, a
      weighted average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, is the product of
      cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

PMID- 1811821
TI  - Research issues and ethnic implications in essential hypertension.
AB  - Traditional discussion of the etiology of essential hypertension has often
      included renal, neural, familial, and genetic theories as well as dietary salt
      intake. Recent findings suggest a prominent role for abnormal cation metabolism,
      impaired membrane transport systems, hyperinsulinemia, and psychosocial and
      behavioral factors. These recent advances in hypertension research suggest that a
      variety of interrelated factors lead to common pathways for the development and
      maintenance of hypertension and that a single cause of essential hypertension is
      less likely. A survey of these hypotheses is presented, and those that seem most
      likely to lead to common pathways for hypertensive phenomena or underlie
      established ethnic differences in hypertension are discussed in detail. The
      future application of molecular genetics and biochemistry of vascular and cardiac
      myocyte growth to hypertension epidemiology holds great promise for understanding
      the etiology and course of essential hypertension.

PMID- 1811822
TI  - Collecting dental antiques.

PMID- 1811823
TI  - The mention of teeth in the Bible.

PMID- 1811825
TI  - Chairs for dental patients.

PMID- 1811826
TI  - The first dental technician journal in Canada.

PMID- 1811824
TI  - "To have and have not"--Remarks on extraction in "Eight Books on Medicine" of
      Celsus.

PMID- 1811827
TI  - Cleanings about dentistry from the world of literature.

PMID- 1811828
TI  - Dr. James Edmund Garretson--pioneer in dentistry's first specialty--oral surgery.

PMID- 1811829
TI  - Modernization of the dental office.

PMID- 1811830
TI  - The Philadelphia Directory for 1798.

PMID- 1811831
TI  - If Wells were alive.

PMID- 1811832
TI  - [A potential zoonotic parasitosis: Coccidial dermatitis due to Caryospora. New
      techniques for exploration within human nutrition].
AB  - The genus Caryospora belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozasida, order
      Eucoccidiorida. The primary hosts of its species, the best known of which are C.
      simplex Leger 1904 and C. bigenetica Wacha and Christiansen 1982, are carnivorous
      reptiles and birds of prey. The life cycle of the parasites, in these primary
      hosts, is a typical coccidian one, monoxenous, leading to the production of
      sporulated oocysts, infectious for snakes and birds, in the enterocytes of which
      the parasite will evolve. Beside this life-cycle, another one may take place,
      involving secondary hosts; these are rodents, getting infected by sporulated
      oocysts produced by the primary hosts, and which allow an exenteral but complete
      life-cycle, in various tissues, mainly connective tissue and dermis. The upshot
      of this life-cycle is the production of caryocysts formed from sporozoites having
      left the sporulated oocysts in the infected exenteral tissues. An interesting
      point is that dog and pig may be infected either from oocysts emitted by primary
      hosts, or by consuming infected secondary hosts bearing caryoscysts. As a matter
      of fact, the infection can evolve among secondary hosts, without any passage in
      primary hosts. The infected dogs exhibit a severe, sometimes generalized pyo
      granulomatous dermatitis, that, in deficient animals, may be associated with a
      poor general state of health. On the other hand, Caryospora species may grow and
      evolve in human cells grown in vitro. According to all these facts, one cannot
      help conjuring up the possibility, for man, to get the caryosporan
      infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811833
TI  - [Toxicology, social science and the humanitarian].

PMID- 1811834
TI  - [Successful physicians].

PMID- 1811835
TI  - [Effect of cleft palate operations on the development of the face].

PMID- 1811836
TI  - [Pharyngoplasty using tunneled palatopharyngeal flap].
AB  - A description of the modified pharyngoplasty using tunneled palatopharyngeal flap
      in 46 patients with cleft palate and velopharyngeal incompetence is given and the
      follow-up results of 32 patients between 6 months and 1 year after operation are
      presented. The rate of velopharyngeal competence and mild incompetence
      (velopharyngeal gap less than 4 mm) is 88.2% confirmed by nasopharyngoscopic
      examination, and 83.3% with lateral X-ray radiograph. The results show that this
      modified pharyngoplasty accords with the velopharyngeal anatomy and physiology.
      We believe this operation is effective in reconstructing a new palatopharyngeal
      wall. The importance that the flap is placed near the site of velopharyngeal
      closure is emphasized. The design, advantages and disadvantages are discussed in
      detail.

PMID- 1811837
TI  - [Ranitidine in the prevention of upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage
      following thermal injury].
AB  - This paper reports the use of Ranitidine in preventing upper gastrointestinal
      tract hemorrhage following thermal injury. In 12 hours after intravenous
      injection of Ranitidine, gastric pH was elevated from 3.25 +/- 0.26 to 5.16 +/-
      0.47 (P less than 0.01) in twenty-one burn patients, with mean TBSA 62.6% +/-
      17.2% (31%-87.5%), mean third degree BSA 41.4% +/- 18.3% (0-68%). The volume of
      gastric secretion was decreased from 15.81 +/- 4.4 ml to 2.85 +/- 0.9 ml. The
      free acid of gastric secretion was decreased from 25.74 +/- 4.42 mmol/L to 5.98
      +/- 3.68 mmol/L (P less than 0.01). The total titratable acidity of gastric
      secretion was decreased from 44.76 +/- 5.76 mmol/L to 13.85 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (P
      less than 0.01). Three patients had occult blood in their gastric contents on
      admission, and it turned negative after Ranitidine therapy. However, during 1987
      1988, the incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage of fifty-one
      patients with similar TBSA and third degree BSA burned was 21.6%. Changes in
      gastric secretion and lowered incidence of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
      after Ranitidine therapy suggest that Ranitidine may be effective in preventing
      upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage following thermal injury.

PMID- 1811838
TI  - [Changes in plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin in burn and its clinical
      significance].
AB  - The plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin (ir-beta-EP) contents in 20 healthy
      volunteers and 30 burned patients (average age: 36 years, average burn area:
      38.1% +/- 30.0% of TBSA) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results
      showed that there were significant increases of plasma ir-beta-EP in burned
      patients, which correlated to the extents of the burn areas positively (r =
      0.576). Raised ir-beta-EP contents were also observed in the complications of
      operation, wound infection, septicaemic shock, heart failure and brain edema,
      which reached as high as 3,000pg/ml before death. The above findings suggested
      that the determination of plasma beta-EP might be helpful in understanding injury
      extent and evaluating prognosis.

PMID- 1811839
TI  - [Tibial island flap with intermuscular vessels in resurfacing the defect in
      tibial or ankle region].
AB  - Since June 1985, 13 extensive defects over lower tibial and the ankle have been
      covered with the tibial island flaps with intermuscular space vessels. Ten of the
      flaps survived completely. Partial necrosis of the flaps was found in 3 cases
      which healed spontaneously without further surgical intervention. The area of the
      flaps were from 42 to 200cm2, averaged 146cm2. Their rotation angles were from 90
      to 180 degrees, averaged 128 degrees. The pedicle of the flap was the
      intermuscular cutaneous branches from the posterior tibial vessels. The procedure
      did no harm to the main trunk of the posterior tibial vessels, therefore, did not
      affect the peripheral circulation of the leg. The procedure is easy, practical
      and safe.

PMID- 1811840
TI  - [Repair of inguinal region defect with lower pedicle rectus musculocutaneous
      flap].

PMID- 1811841
TI  - [Clinical classification and the treatment of spastic torticollis].
AB  - A summary of 160 patients of spastic torticollis admitted for treatment from
      March 1980 to December 1990 are reported. The clinical classification of these
      patients is discussed. Antispasmodic operation designed by the authors was
      performed on them. The cure rate was 90.6%.

PMID- 1811842
TI  - [Analysis of causes of complications or unsatisfactory results following double
      lid operation and their management].

PMID- 1811843
TI  - [Application of antero-lateral femoral free skin flap in the repair of hand
      injuries].
AB  - From July 1988 to Jan 1990, 7 cases of hand injuries with skin defects have been
      reconstructed using anterolateral femoral free flaps. Reconstruction was
      successful. The anterolateral femoral flap was suitable for the skin defect in
      the dorsum and wrist of the hand. In this paper, advantages and disadvantages,
      management of variations in flap vascular pedicle, delayed primary
      transplantation of the free flap were discussed.

PMID- 1811844
TI  - [Analysis of complication following blepharoptosis operation].
AB  - The complications following various operative procedures of blepharoptosis are
      analysed in 60 cases, including 85 eyes, treated in Hangzhou Plastic Surgery
      Hospital since 1984. The reasons underlying the complications are discussed. Some
      of the complications are avoidable, and measures which can be taken to prevent or
      correct them are illustrated. Some others are intrinsically related to the degree
      of severity of the ptosis and are bound to occur after the elected operative
      methods. They are therefore, inevitable, hence can not be corrected. The authors
      emphasizes that this fact should be explained to the patients before operations,
      in order to obtain their understanding and cooperation.

PMID- 1811845
TI  - [The factors influencing carboxyhemoglobin kinetics in acid induced lung injury].
AB  - Anesthetized dogs were ventilated with 1% carbon monoxide (CO) in air for 10
      minutes to produce CO poisoning. They were then ventilated with room air (n = 5)
      or pure oxygen (n = 5) for 3 hours. They served as controls. Acute lung injury
      was produced by intratracheal injection of 0.1 N HCl (2 ml/kg) 30 minutes before
      CO poisoning in another group of dogs. Arterial blood gas and COHb were monitored
      before and after CO poisoning. Pharmacokinetic analysis was used to find the half
      time of COHb elimination (T1/2). Pulmonary shunt was measured before CO poisoning
      in the injured dogs. Half-time of COHb elimination was prolonged in lung injury
      dogs resuscitated on air as compared with the control group (275 +/- 28 vs. 203
      +/- 24 min, P less than 0.05). Oxygen accelerated COHb excretion in both injured
      and control animals. No significant correlation was found between T1/2 and Qs/Qt
      in the injured dogs ventilated with air or oxygen. A negative linear relationship
      was found between T1/2 of COHb elimination and the pre-CO-poisoning PaO2 (r = 
      0.98, P less than 0.05) in the injured dogs treated with oxygen. The data suggest
      that hypoxemia may represent the underlying mechanism of altered COHb kinetics in
      acute inhalation lung injury.

PMID- 1811846
TI  - [Experimental study on combined treatment in smoke inhalation injury].
AB  - Forty-two healthy dogs were randomly divided equally into a control group (CG)
      and a treated group (TG). All were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury
      and pulmonary was demonstrated. The dogs in TG were treated with injection of
      shenmai zhusheye, ketoprofen, anisodamine, sodium aesculin, hydrocortisone
      succinate, vitamin C and E, penicillin, amikacin, oxygen inhalation and airway
      suctioning after injury. The results showed that the increase in extravascular
      lung water volume, lung edema shadow in x-ray films, elevation of lung vascular
      resistance, carbonemia, hypoxemia, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis,
      dyspnea, dry and moist rales of the lungs, reduction of tidal volume, etc, were
      markedly improved in TG as compared with that of CG. It indicated that the
      pulmonary edema and lung dysfunction was markedly ameliorated in TG. The
      mortality was 19.1% in TG, which was significant lower than that of CG which was
      47.6%.

PMID- 1811847
TI  - [Reconstruction of auricular framework using autologous perichondrial grafts. An
      experimental study].
AB  - An experimental study was performed in 13 adult dogs to find out whether the
      cartilage forming capacity of the costal perichondrium could be utilized in
      reconstruction of the auricular framework. Silastic ear-shaped frameworks, which
      were wrapped by free costal perichondrial grafts, were transferred to the
      subcutaneous space on both side of the thorax. The animals were sacrificed at 2
      months, 3 months, and 4 months postoperatively. After 6 weeks, the reconstructed
      auricular cartilage framework collapsed and the silicone framework was rejected.
      In groups of 2, 3 and 4 months, collapse of the cartilage framework occurred when
      the silicone tube was removed in 7 day. There was certain elasticity, but the
      auricular framework had only little resistance to pressure. How to improve new
      cartilage production would be the key point of further study. Histologically, it
      was shown that mature hyalin cartilage was generated in 2 months postoperatively.

PMID- 1811849
TI  - [Advances in the research on the effects of monoclonal antibody of T-cell on the
      survival of skin graft].

PMID- 1811848
TI  - [Changes in basic fibroblast growth factor in lung injury induced by combined
      injury].
AB  - In this study, we have investigated the changes of basic fibroblast growth factor
      after lung injury. Acute lung injury was produced by combination injury (burn and
      blast injury). Basic fibroblast growth factor was isolated from lung tissue.
      Mitogenic activity was determined by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine
      into DNA by confluent cultures of 3T3 cells. The result revealed that the level
      of basic fibroblast growth factor was elevated significantly in 1, 3, 5 days
      after lung injury. On 7th days after injury, the basic fibroblast growth factor
      was not detected. The findings suggest that basic fibroblast growth factor takes
      an important role in lung injury and repair. The mechanism of elevation of basic
      fibroblast growth factor in the lung after injury was discussed.

PMID- 1811850
TI  - Synthesis of alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-linked oligosaccharides having an anomeric
      4-nitrophenyl group by the use of a 2,6-di-O-(4-methoxybenzyl) derivative of D
      galactose as a donor.

PMID- 1811851
TI  - The reaction of 3-deoxy-D-glycero-pentos-2-ulose ("3-deoxyxylosone") with
      aminoguanidine.

PMID- 1811852
TI  - A one-step C-linked disaccharide synthesis from carbohydrate allylsilanes and tri
      O-acetyl-D-glucal.
AB  - The reaction of protected glucuronic esters 2 and 7, as well as D
      glucuronolactone derivative 11, with (trimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium chloride in
      ether led to the corresponding stable bis-silyl adducts 3, 8, and 12,
      respectively. In Peterson-type reactions catalysed with mild acid, these
      compounds yielded carbohydrate allylsilanes 4, 9, and 13, respectively. Synthons
      4 and 9 were coupled with tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal in a boron trifluoride-catalysed
      "carbon-Ferrier rearrangement" reaction to give C-linked disaccharides i.e., so
      called "C-disaccharides" 16 and 17, respectively, in fair yields. Structural
      assignments of the anomeric configuration at the C-glycosylic carbon in the 2,3
      unsaturated ring of these coupling products with the aid of n.m.r. spectroscopic
      methods unambiguously showed that alpha-D-C-linked disaccharides had been formed.

PMID- 1811853
TI  - The crystal structure of the inclusion complex of cyclo-maltoheptaose (beta
      cyclodextrin) with 3,3-dimethylbutylamine.
AB  - The crystal of the 1:1 complex of 3,3-dimethylbutylamine with cyclomaltoheptaose
      (beta CD, beta-cyclodextrin) is monoclinic C2 with a = 19.187(9), b = 24.56(1), c
      = 15.893(7) A, beta = 108.77(4) degrees, V = 7091 A3, and Z = 4. Two beta CD
      molecules, held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving HO-3, form
      dimers, in the cavities of which two 3,3-dimethylbutylamine and two water
      molecules are accommodated. The guest molecule is completely enclosed in the
      cavity. The amino group is located at the secondary-hydroxyl-group side, and is
      hydrogen-bonded to the entrapped water molecules. The dimers form channels along
      the c axis. The inter-dimer space is filled with 10.7 water molecules that are
      distributed over 14 sites, and there is a dense network of hydrogen bonds
      involving the water molecules and the beta CD hydroxyl groups.

PMID- 1811854
TI  - Regio- and stereo-selective synthesis of ganglioside GM1b and some positional
      analogs.
AB  - Total syntheses of ganglioside GM1b (IV3NeuAcGgOse4Cer) and three of its
      positional analogs are described. Methyl O-(methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O
      acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D- glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonate)- (2----3)
      2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (7) and methyl O-(methyl 5-
      acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2 
      nonulopyranosylonate)-(2----6)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-1-thio - beta-D
      galactopyranoside (8) were the key glycosyl donors, prepared according to our
      reported methods. Coupling of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-alpha-D
      galactopyranosyl bromide and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl O-(2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside gave a
      trisaccharide, which after removal of O-acetyl and phthaloyl groups was converted
      separately, by benzylidenation and dibutyltin oxide-mediated selective
      benzylation, into two glycosyl acceptors. These were suitable respectively for C
      3 and C-6 glycosylation reactions, promoted by dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium
      triflate (DMTST), with the donors 7 and 8. The four possible coupling reactions
      gave the corresponding four pentasaccharide derivatives in high yields, and these
      were transformed into their respective alpha-trichloroacetimidates. Glycosylation
      of (2S,3R,4E)-2-azido-3-O-benzoyl-4-octadecene-1,3-diol with the alpha
      trichloroacetimidates gave the corresponding beta-glycosides, which on channeling
      through selective reduction of the azido group, coupling of the thus formed amino
      group with octadecanoic acid, O-deacetylation, and saponification of the methyl
      ester group, gave the title compounds.

PMID- 1811855
TI  - Structure of the capsular polysaccharide and the O-side-chain of the
      lipopolysaccharide from Acetobacter methanolicus MB 58/4 (IMET 10945), and of
      oligosaccharides resulting from their degradation by the bacteriophage Acml.
AB  - The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and the O-side-chain of the lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) of Acetobacter methanolicus MB 58/4 (IMET 10945) have been shown to contain
      the same disaccharide repeating unit, namely, ----2)-beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-beta-D
      Galp-(1----. Degradation of the CPS and the LPS with the bacteriophage Acml gave
      fragments built up of 1-5 repeating units; the octasaccharide preponderated. The
      phage-associated depolymerase proved to be a beta-D-galactofuranoside hydrolase.

PMID- 1811856
TI  - Structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
      serotype 10.
AB  - The capsular polysaccharide of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 was found to be
      composed of a linear disaccharide repeating unit. By use of methylation analysis,
      partial hydrolysis, g.l.c.--and f.a.b.- m.s., and 1D and 2D n.m.r. studies, the
      polysaccharide was determined to be a polymer of a repeating disaccharide unit
      composed of D-mannose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) having the
      structure: [formula; see text]

PMID- 1811858
TI  - Carbon-13 n.m.r.-spectral study of Acacia xanthophloea gum and its degradation
      products.

PMID- 1811857
TI  - Re-examination of the structures of the lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharides
      from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli.

PMID- 1811859
TI  - Conformations of (1----4)-linked alpha-D-galacturono-di- and -tri-saccharides in
      solution analysed by n.m.r. measurements and theoretical calculations.
AB  - The conformations of the (1----4)-linked alpha-D-galacturono-di- (1) and -tri
      saccharide (2) in aqueous solutions have been analysed by n.m.r. spectroscopy and
      MM2CARB calculations. The 3JC.H. and n.O.e. values did not change with
      temperature and were comparable for 1 and 2. Four energy regions were found on
      the relaxed (phi, psi) map for 1 computed by the MM2CARB method. Theoretical
      n.O.e. values, based on the geometry and the abundance of the most populated
      conformer, accorded with experimental values. The magnitudes of phi H and psi H
      for the glycosidic bond suggest that a right-handed three-fold helical
      arrangement can be formed by pectic acid oligosaccharides in solution.

PMID- 1811860
TI  - Physico-chemical properties of aqueous solutions of xanthan: an n.m.r. study.
AB  - The conformations of xanthan in aqueous solution as a function of temperature
      have been studied. Measurements of optical activity indicate that the
      conformational transition, induced by varying the polymer concentration, is
      analogous to that induced by changes in ionic strength and pH. Within a certain
      range of concentrations, the low-temperature conformation has a molecular-weight
      dependent stability, which shows the usual sigmoidal melting profile with
      increase in temperature. The 13C-n.m.r. data reflect the increase of the mobility
      of C-1 and the side-chain carbon atoms in the transition-temperature region. The
      23Na relaxation behaviour changes on melting the ordered xanthan conformation. At
      least two correlation times are needed in order to describe the field-strength
      dependence of the longitudinal and transverse 23Na relaxation. At 25 degrees, a
      value of 6.8 ns is obtained for the largest correlation time for the fluctuation
      of the electric-field gradient. The high-temperature conformation also generates
      correlation times of the order of ns. From 17O relaxation measurements, a
      reduction of the mobility of water molecules in the presence of xanthan chains is
      also observed.

PMID- 1811861
TI  - [Clinical ventricular function].

PMID- 1811862
TI  - [Heart transplantation in children].

PMID- 1811863
TI  - [Modifications in left atrial function in response to changes in left ventricular
      filling].
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of increasing degrees of left ventricular
      filling impairment on left atrial function, in 9 A-fillers (E/A ratio less than
      1, E wave deceleration time greater than 170 ms) and 9 E-fillers (E/A ratio
      greater than 1, E wave deceleration time less than 150 ms) we constructed the
      left ventricular and the left atrial volume curves according to a previously
      validated Doppler 2-dimensional echo method which combines mitral and pulmonary
      venous flow. Eight normals served as control. The left atrial reservoir (defined
      as maximum-minimum atrial volume), pump (defined by the volume of blood that
      enters the left ventricle with the atrial contraction) and conduit functions
      (defined as left ventricular filling volume--the reservoir and the pump volume)
      expressed as % of the left ventricular filling volumes, varied significantly
      between normals (37 +/- 9%, 25 +/- 3%, 37 +/- 11%), A-fillers (48 +/- 9% p less
      than 0.05, 39 +/- 5% p less than 0.05, 14 +/- 10% p less than 0.001) and E
      fillers (27 +/- 6% p less than 0.05, 19 +/- 7% p less than 0.05, 54 +/- 10% p
      less than 0.01). Also maximum left ventricular and left atrial volumes differed
      significantly (normals 165 +/- 31 ml, 76 +/- 20 ml; A-fillers 174 +/- 33 ml, 100
      +/- 20 ml p less than 0.05; E-fillers 322 +/- 34 ml p less than 0.001, 136 +/- 41
      ml p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811864
TI  - [The excitatory effect of adenosine on the discharge activity of the afferent
      cardiac sympathetic fibers].
AB  - Recent clinical observations suggest that adenosine may produce cardiac pain;
      even though the mechanisms involved still need defining, one of the most
      convincing hypotheses seems to be a direct adenosine stimulation of the
      sympathetic nerve endings present in the myocardium. In 10 decerebrate and
      artificially ventilated cats, single sympathetic afferent fibres innervating the
      left ventricle were isolated from the third white thoracic ramus communicans of
      the left sympathetic chain. After locations of the fibre receptor field on the
      cardiac surface, we evaluated the effects of the local epicardial application of
      adenosine (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml) on the nervous discharge activity. These results
      were compared with those obtained by application of bradykinin, a potent natural
      algogenic substance which activates sympathetic afferents, and by a mechanical
      stimulus such as a slight increase of systolic arterial pressure (46 +/- 6% from
      113 +/- 18 mmHg) induced by partial occlusion of the thoracic aorta. In
      particular, adenosine (1 mg/ml) elicited a significant increase in impulse
      activity (from 0.11 +/- 0.02 to 0.36 +/- 0.06 imp/0.1 s) with a latency of 16 +/-
      2 s. Bradykinin application (20 micrograms/ml), in the same way, produced a
      significant increase in impulse activity (from 0.11 +/- 0.01 to 0.86 +/- 0.16
      imp/0.1 s) with a latency of 8 +/- 1 s. Neither situation showed significant
      hemodynamic changes. An increased neural discharge (from 0.11 +/- 0.02 to 0.26 +/
      0.04 imp/0.1 s) was also observed during aortic occlusion. After purinergic
      receptor blockade by aminophylline (5 mg/kg, iv), the response to adenosine was
      no longer observed, while responses to bradykinin and aortic occlusion were
      unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811866
TI  - Acute cardiac care.

PMID- 1811865
TI  - [A comparison of the parameters used in determining the anaerobic threshold by a
      computerized analysis of the indices of breath-by-breath gas exchange].
AB  - Anaerobic threshold (AT) determination by gas exchange measurements has to date
      been performed mostly by visual inspection from plots of ventilatory and gas
      exchange indexes. Owing to its subjective nature, this approach appears to be
      somehow arbitrary. Moreover, it still remains undetermined which of the commonly
      used gas exchange indexes is most reliable in detecting the anaerobic threshold.
      In the present study we have compared the AT values provided by the gas exchange
      indexes in common use, each one processed by a computerized method, based on a 2
      segments linear regression model. A quantitative analysis of their
      reproducibility has also been performed. By comparison, the same has been done by
      using the conventional technique based on visual inspection of plots of the same
      gas exchange indexes, made by 2 independent observers. The aim of the study was
      to evaluate whether an objective method of AT detection improves the reliability
      of anaerobic threshold determination by gas exchange measurements. Eight healthy
      male subjects performed 2 incremental exercise tests at exhaustion with a 2-week
      interval. Respiratory exchange data were collected on a breath-by-breath basis.
      The following gas exchange indexes have been employed: V-slope; VE vs VO2; VE/VO2
      vs VO2 or time; PetO2 vs VO2 or time. The latter 2 have been examined coupled
      with the VE/VCO2 and PetCO2 curves, respectively. By employing the computerized
      method, there were no significant differences in AT detection among the 4
      indexes. The best agreement was between V-slope and VE vs VO2 (delta 15.8
      ml/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1811867
TI  - Complicated acute myocardial infarction. Heart failure, shock, mechanical
      complications.
AB  - In-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction is
      predominantly related to heart failure or shock and mechanical complications
      (acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal rupture, and free wall rupture).
      Heart failure and shock are primarily the consequences of contractile dysfunction
      of the left ventricle. Use of inotropic agents and assist devices are temporizing
      measures; early reperfusion with salvage of ischemic interventricular septum or
      free wall, resulting in severe mitral insufficiency, left to right shunt, and
      acute tamponade, respectively, necessitates immediate diagnosis and surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 1811868
TI  - Wide complex tachycardias. Differential diagnosis and management.
AB  - The majority of wide complex tachycardias are secondary to VT. The differential
      diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia also includes SVT with aberrancy or
      underlying bundle branch block and antegrade SVT conduction over an accessory
      pathway (antidromic SVT). VT is usually the result of reentry and most commonly
      arises in an area of diseased myocardium in the setting of previous myocardial
      infarction or cardiomyopathy. VT, however, can also occur in patients with
      structurally normal hearts. Criteria useful in diagnosis of wide complex
      tachycardia include clinical criteria (presence of structural heart disease or a
      history of previous myocardial infarction) and electrocardiographic criteria (the
      presence of capture or fusion beats, relation of atrial or ventricular activity,
      QRS duration and axis, and morphology). The acute management of wide complex
      tachycardia includes cardioversion and intravenous pharmacologic therapy. Almost
      all patients with VT require chronic therapy, although in rare patients treatment
      of acute precipitating factors may be sufficient. While pharmacologic therapy has
      been the mainstay of treatment for these patients, there have been many exciting
      advances using surgical, device, and ablative therapies.

PMID- 1811869
TI  - Narrow complex tachycardias. Differential diagnosis and management.
AB  - Narrow complex tachycardias are a common clinical problem and can be divided into
      those in which the arrhythmic circuit is located exclusively in the atrium
      (pharmacologic treatment is oriented toward altering atrial electrophysiologic
      properties) and those that involve the AV node or an accessory pathway
      (pharmacologic therapy is directed toward slowing conduction or increasing
      refractoriness in these structures). The electrocardiographic diagnosis of the
      mechanism responsible for SVT includes the regularity of the RR interval; the AV
      conduction ratio; the presence of P waves, P wave morphology, and the
      relationship of the P waves to the QRS complexes; and the response of the
      arrhythmia and atrial activity to vagal maneuvers. Acute therapy includes
      cardioversion in hemodynamically unstable patients and vagal maneuvers and
      specific pharmacologic therapy for SVT based on the electrocardiographic
      diagnosis. There have been recent exciting advances in the nonpharmacologic
      treatments of SVT, most notably surgery and radiofrequency percutaneous catheter
      ablation for AV nodal reentry, AV reciprocating tachycardia, atrial flutter, and
      atrial tachycardias.

PMID- 1811870
TI  - Syncope: evaluation and management. A review of current approaches to this
      multifaceted and complex clinical problem.
AB  - Syncope is a common but complex medical disorder with a multitude of etiologies,
      some of which are still not well understood. In a general population, the
      greatest diagnostic yield is from the history and physical examination. Numerous
      other diagnostic modalities include Holter monitoring, signal-averaged ECG,
      cardiac electrophysiology study, and tilt table testing. A defined etiology will
      not be determined for a large percentage of patients after such an extensive work
      up. Management of patients is based on the cause of syncope and is difficult in
      those patients in whom an etiology cannot be established. The syndrome of
      neurally mediated syncope is a relatively recently appreciated entity and
      provides important clinical investigational challenges.

PMID- 1811871
TI  - Sudden death. Evaluation and prevention.
AB  - The clinical approach to sudden death involves the assessment of risk in a
      heterogeneous group of patients via a combination of modalities, both invasive
      and noninvasive. These include Holter monitoring, assessment of left ventricular
      ejection fraction, signal-averaged high gain ECG, and cardiac electrophysiology
      study. The management of these patients requires a better understanding of the
      underlying pathophysiology and clinical factors in the individual patient and is
      based on an approach using antiarrhythmic agents, surgery, catheter ablation
      techniques, and the AICD. The current trend appears to be more toward
      nonpharmacologic methods, especially the use of devices.

PMID- 1811872
TI  - Cardiac tamponade. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
AB  - Cardiac tamponade is a clinical syndrome that results from an increased
      intrapericardial pressure and leads to impaired cardiocirculatory function. The
      spectrum of cardiac tamponade is relatively wide, ranging from an asymptomatic
      elevation of intrapericardial pressure recognized during objective evaluation, to
      extreme hemodynamic compromise in the form of severe hypotension or
      electromechanical dissociation, and many variations between these extremes. This
      article discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,
      diagnosis, and management of cardiac tamponade.

PMID- 1811873
TI  - The internist's role in the management of the patient with traumatic heart
      disease.
AB  - In a world that is faster-paced, the frequency with which the physician sees
      cardiac trauma has increased. This article discusses the mechanisms of injury and
      classification, immediate evaluation and treatment, diagnosis and therapy for
      specific injuries, great vessel trauma, and other types of injury.

PMID- 1811874
TI  - Valvular emergencies.
AB  - Valvular emergencies result from a wide variety of causes, including infectious,
      inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, degenerative, and recently iatrogenic
      processes. In addition, prosthetic valves have brought new valvular emergencies
      that present unique challenges in diagnosis and therapy. The advent of color
      Doppler and TEE have provided significant enhancements to our diagnostic
      armamentarium. Similarly, thrombolytic therapy has also found a place in the
      treatment of a common prosthetic valve emergency--thrombosed mechanical valves.
      Because of the likelihood of serious consequences, rapid diagnosis and aggressive
      management of valvular emergencies are needed, but the results can be very
      gratifying and lead to excellent short- and long-term outcomes.

PMID- 1811875
TI  - Doppler echocardiography in critically ill cardiac patients.
AB  - E-D is a powerful technique that can provide invaluable information in the
      acutely ill cardiac patient. It can help in the early diagnosis of conditions
      causing acute chest pain such as AMI and aortic dissection. E-D can help diagnose
      the causes of underlying hemodynamic instability such as hypotension and
      pulmonary edema, and it can help determine the initial management strategy. In
      this regard, E-D can replace Swan-Ganz catheterization in most patients. In
      patients with AMI who may appear to be hemodynamically stable, it can provide
      information regarding the following: size of risk area; status of the regions of
      the myocardium remote from the infarcted zone; effect of reperfusion therapy on
      regional myocardial function; presence or absence of nonsurgical complications
      such as ischemic mitral regurgitation, LV thrombus, or aneurysm; and patients at
      risk for immediate or late cardiac events. It is likely that as the newer
      generation of cardiologists becomes adequately trained in E-D, this technique
      will find routine use in every critical care unit.

PMID- 1811876
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Since PE is the result of DVT, predominantly of the lower extremities, prevention
      of DVT in patients who are at high risk is important. Regimens including
      Coumadin, heparin, and physical intervention have all been beneficial. In the
      presence of pulmonary symptoms, especially when risk factors for DVT are present,
      an imaging diagnostic work-up is indicated. Ventilation/perfusion scans and
      duplex scans of the lower extremities will be diagnostic in most cases. Pulmonary
      angiography should be performed when there is diagnostic uncertainty. Heparin
      followed by Coumadin is the mainstay of therapy. Fibrinolytic therapy is reserved
      for cases requiring medical thromboembolectomy. In patients for whom
      anticoagulation is contraindicated and in patients who have PE while on therapy,
      the inferior vena cava should be interrupted with a transvenously inserted
      filter.

PMID- 1811877
TI  - Anti-lamprey retinal antibodies: immunohistochemistry on the retinas of several
      species of vertebrates.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, H16 and B11, which were raised against lamprey retinal
      homogenate, were found to react with both short and long photoreceptor outer
      segments. On Western blotting of the retinal homogenate, both antibodies
      recognized a 40,000 Da and a 80,000 Da band. H16 antibody stained rod outer
      segments of all examined vertebrates, all cone outer segments of the turtle and
      chicken, and certain cone outer segments of the macaque. B11 antibody stained
      submammalian rod outer segments and some mammalian cone outer segments, leaving
      all mammalian rod outer segments unstained. The epitope recognized by H16
      antibody is considered to be located in a conserved or commonly inherited element
      of an outer segment-bound molecule, presumably rhodopsin. B11 antibody, on the
      other hand, seems to recognize a reactive group which has failed to be inherited
      by mammalian rod cells; why it recognizes all cone outer segments in the turtle
      and chicken and only a part of them in the cow, cat, and macaque, meanwhile
      ignoring all of them in the frog and fish, is subject to further study.

PMID- 1811878
TI  - Evidence that myenteric neurons of the gastric corpus project to both the mucosa
      and the external muscle: myectomy operations on the canine stomach.
AB  - The distribution of nerve cell bodies and fibres in the canine stomach was
      investigated using antibodies to the general neuronal marker, neuron-specific
      enolase. Prominent ganglia containing many reactive nerve cells were found in the
      myenteric plexus of the gastric corpus and antrum. Nerve cells were absent from
      the submucosa of the corpus and were extremely rare in the antrum. Removal of
      areas of longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus from the corpus (myectomy),
      with 7 days allowed for axon degeneration, resulted in the loss of fibres
      reactive for galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, substance P and vasoactive
      intestinal peptide from both the circular muscle and mucosa in the area covered
      by the lesion. Combined vagotomy and sympathetic denervation did not
      significantly affect these fibres, but did cause fibres reactive for calcitonin
      gene-related peptide to degenerate. It is concluded that the myenteric plexus of
      the gastric corpus, like the myenteric plexus of the small intestine and colon,
      is the source of nerve fibres innervating the circular muscle, but, in contrast
      to other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, myenteric ganglia, not submucous
      ganglia, are the major, or sole, source of the intrinsic innervation of the
      mucosa.

PMID- 1811879
TI  - The complex-type glycoprotein secreted by the bovine subcommissural organ: an
      immunological study using C1B8A8 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The secretory pathway of the complex-type glycoprotein specific to the
      subcommissural organ (SCO) was examined using the monoclonal antibody (Mab)
      C1B8A8. Immunoreactive material was revealed in various compartments of the
      secretory ependymocyte, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi area and the
      secretory vacuoles. In addition, immunoreactive material was also observed in the
      ventricular cavity. Evidence of a release both at the apical lining and at the
      basal process of the SCO ependymocytes suggests that the same protein could be
      secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and the perivascular spaces. After
      immunoaffinity chromatography of soluble extracts of the SCO on Mab C1B8A8
      immunoadsorbent columns, three glycopeptides were identified on Western blots;
      they were concanavalin A (Con A)-positive (88, 54 and 34 kDa) and wheat-germ
      agglutinin (WGA)-positive (54 and 34 kDa). The Con A-positive glycopeptide (88
      kDa) is probably related to the high-mannose-type glycoprotein, the precursor
      form of the secreted compound, whereas the 54 kDa-glycopeptide that is both Con A
      and WGA-positive could represent an intermediate form. The 34 kDa-glycopeptide
      that is strongly WGA-positive could be related to the monomeric form of the
      secreted compound. These three glycopeptides were not revealed in eluted
      fractions of soluble extracts of the ependyma that served as control.

PMID- 1811880
TI  - Postnatal development of the brush cells in the common bile duct of the rat.
AB  - The postnatal development of brush cells in the distal segment of the common bile
      duct of the rat was examined with respect to cell number and immunoreactivity for
      liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). The brush cells, distinguishable from
      the principal cells by scanning electron microscopy, first appeared in the common
      bile duct 4 weeks after birth. They showed a remarkable increase in number, with
      a sex difference in time, i.e., between 8 and 12 weeks in the male and between 10
      and 14 weeks in the female. In both sexes, the frequency of brush cells reached
      approximately 30% of total epithelial cells by 16 weeks and remained constant
      until 40 weeks of age. Cells with positive immunoreactivity for L-FABP first
      appeared in small numbers at 8 weeks. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that
      all immunoreactive cells were brush cells. They increased in number gradually
      from 16 to 40 weeks with no sex difference. At 40 weeks, the immunoreactive cells
      reached approximately 7.5% of total epithelial cells, corresponding to one-fourth
      of the number of brush cells. These results indicate that the occurrence of the
      brush cell population in the common bile duct is a late event in the postnatal
      development of the rat and that its functional maturation progresses with aging.

PMID- 1811881
TI  - Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and their relation to
      serotonergic neurons in the blowfly and cockroach visual system.
AB  - The pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) family of neuropeptides comprises a series
      of closely related octadecapeptides, isolated from different species of
      crustaceans and insects, which can be demonstrated immunocytochemically in
      neurons in the central nervous system and optic lobes of some representatives of
      these groups (Rao and Riehm 1989). In this investigation we have extended these
      immunocytochemical studies to include the blowfly Phormia terraenovae and the
      cockroach Leucophaea maderae. In the former species tissue extracts were also
      tested in a bioassay: extracts of blowfly brains exhibited PDH-like biological
      activity, causing melanophore pigment dispersion in destalked (eyestalkless)
      specimens of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator. using standard immunocytochemical
      techniques, we could demonstrate a small number of pigment-dispersing hormone
      immunoreactive (PDH-IR) neurons innervating optic lobe neuropil in the blowfly
      and the cockroadh. In the blowfly the cell bodies of these neurons are located at
      the anterior base of the medulla. At least eight PDH-IR cell bodies of two size
      classes can be distinguished: 4 larger and 4 smaller. Branching immunoreactive
      fibers invade three layers in the medulla neuropil, and one stratum distal and
      one proximal to the lamina synaptic layer. A few fibers can also be seen invading
      the basal lobula and the lobula plate. The fibers distal to the lamina appear to
      be derived from two of the large PDH-IR cell bodies which also send processes
      into the medulla. These neurons share many features in their lamina-medulla
      morphology with the serotonin immunoreactive neurons LBO-5HT described earlier
      (see Nassel 1988). It could be demonstrated by immunocytochemical double labeling
      that the serotonin and PDH immunoreactivities are located in two separate sets of
      neurons. In the cockroach optic lobe PDH-IR processes were found to invade the
      lamina synaptic region and form a diffuse distribution in the medulla. The
      numerous cell bodies of the lamina-medulla cells in the cockroach are located
      basal to the lamina in two clusters. Additional PDH-IR cell bodies could be found
      at the anterior base of the medulla. The distribution and morphology of serotonin
      immunoreactive neurons in the cockroach lamina was found to be very similar to
      the PDH-IR ones. It is hence tempting to speculate that in both species the PDH-
      and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are functionally coupled with common
      follower neurons. These neurons may be candidates for regulating large numbers of
      units in the visual system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1811882
TI  - Immunofluorescent study of heterogeneity in smooth muscle cells of human fetal
      vessels using antibodies to myosin, desmin, and vimentin.
AB  - Immunofluorescence-microscopy was applied to study the distribution of desmin,
      vimentin, and smooth muscle myosin in smooth muscle of human fetal vessels.
      Serial cryostat sections of the vessels examined all reacted positively with
      myosin and vimentin antibodies. However, heterogeneous staining of the vessels
      with desmin antibodies was observed. Thus, 2 types of smooth muscle staining were
      documented--desmin-negative and desmin-positive. Elastic and muscular arteries of
      the fetus (aorta, femoral and branchial artery) were desmin-negative while
      femoral and branchial veins were desmin-positive. In umbilical cord arteries and
      veins, the distribution of desmin-positive cells was largely localized to the
      outer layer of media, but not to the inner layer. In placenta, both desmin
      positive and desmin-negative vessels were also revealed. Thus, differences in
      desmin expression by human vascular smooth muscle cells already exists during
      early stages of ontogeny.

PMID- 1811883
TI  - Dynamic features of cells expressing macrophage properties in tissue cultures of
      dissociated cerebral cortex from the rat.
AB  - Two previously identified forms of macrophage were investigated in primary
      cultures of cerebral cortical cells. Dynamic features were revealed through time
      lapse video recording and aspects of macrophage function were assessed. The two
      cell forms were shown to be different pre-mitotic stages of a single cell type.
      The cell cycle for these cells involved an initial large, flat, quiescent cell
      which retracted to yield a slightly rounded form with numerous processes. This
      latter form lost processes and developed profuse filopodia as it became very
      rounded just prior to division; both resulting daughter cells then regained the
      initial large flat appearance. These cells possessed several properties of
      macrophages, including phagocytosis, nucleoside diphosphatase enzyme, and CR3
      receptors. These properties were transient, expressed just before and after
      mitosis, but subsequently down-regulated in the flat daughter cells. Because of
      this feature, it was difficult to determine the exact size of this cell
      population; however, the observed rate of proliferation suggests it may be
      substantial. It is suggested that these cells correspond to non-microglial
      macrophages of brain tissue and, because of their significant down-regulation,
      they may be difficult to detect. This may be important in studies of brain
      accessory immune cells in tissue culture.

PMID- 1811884
TI  - Developmental expression of glial markers in ependymocytes of the rat
      subcommissural organ: role of the environment.
AB  - The rat subcommissural organ (SCO), principally composed of modified
      ependymocytes (a type of glial cell), is a suitable model for the in vivo study
      of glial differentiation. An immunohistochemical study of the ontogenesis of rat
      SCO-ependymocytes from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 10 shows that these
      cells express transitory glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) from embryonic
      day 19 until postnatal day 3. However, S100 protein (S100) is never expressed in
      the SCO-cells, contrasting with the ventricle-lining cells of the third
      ventricle, which contain S100 as early as embryonic day 17. Environmental factors
      could be responsible for the repression of GFAP and S100 in adult rats, because
      GFAP and S100 are observed in ependymocytes of SCO 3 months after being grafted
      from newborn rat into the fourth ventricle of an adult rat. Neuronal factors
      might be involved in the control of the expression of S100, since after the
      destruction of serotonin innervation by neurotoxin at birth, S100 can be observed
      in some SCO-ependymocytes of adult rats. On the other hand, GFAP expression is
      apparently not affected by serotonin denervation, suggesting the existence of
      several factors involved in the differentiation of SCO-cells.

PMID- 1811885
TI  - Development of the basal lamina in xenografted human carcinomas: an
      ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The development of the basal lamina (BL), the key structure of the basement
      membrane (BM), was investigated in three xenografted human carcinomas of the
      sigmoid colon (CA 1), the lung (L 261), and the hypopharynx (H-Stg 1) following
      heterotransplantation to athymic mice. The study involved the use of electron
      microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence techniques employing highly specific
      antibodies against the intrinsic BL components, heparan sulfate proteoglycan,
      laminin and type-IV collagen. Following transplantation, the extracellular matrix
      material of the transplanted tumors decomposed and was phagocytozed by invading
      macrophages within 1 to 2 days. During this stage, no specific binding of the
      applied antibodies to BL components could be detected within the xenografts.
      Following the ingrowth of host-derived connective tissue between days 2 to 6,
      small fluorescence-positive granules appeared within the cytoplasm and around
      those tumor cells that were located close to the invaded strands of connective
      tissue. Ultrastructurally, typical secretory granules were detectable in the
      cytoplasm of many xenografted carcinoma cells. Thereafter, a tannic acid
      positive, patchy material appeared in the extracellular space of CA 1 and L 261
      and aggregated to form small fragments of a discontinuous BL. In the H-Stg 1
      xenografts, this material assembled to form continuous mono-, bi- and multi
      layered structures. Large amounts of excess BL material remained accumulated in
      the L 261 and H-Stg 1 xenografts until the end of the observation period (day
      24). These findings reveal that discontinuities of the BL occur independent of
      the active invasion processes of tumor cells, since xenografted human carcinomas
      neither grow invasively nor metastasize in nude mice. Moreover, they confirm that
      these discontinuities are not caused by a quantitatively insufficient production
      of BL material, but rather arise from qualitative imbalances of the composition
      of the synthesized BL material.

PMID- 1811886
TI  - Expression of calponin in rabbit and human aortic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies to chicken gizzard calponin were used to localize calponin
      and determine calponin expression in rabbit and human aortic smooth muscle cells
      in culture. Calponin was localized on the microfilament bundles of cultured
      smooth muscle cells. Early in primary culture, calponin staining was accumulated
      preferentially in the central part of the cell body. With time in culture, the
      number of calponin-negative smooth muscle cells increased while the distribution
      of calponin in calponin-positive cells became more even along the stress fibers.
      Calponin content and the calponin/actin ratio decreased about 5-fold in rabbit
      aortic smooth muscle cells during the first week in primary culture and remained
      low in proliferating cells. The same tendency in calponin expression was observed
      when human vascular smooth muscle was studied. On cryostat sections of human
      umbilical cord, calponin antibodies mainly stained vessel walls of both the
      arteries and veins, although less intensive labelling was also observed in non
      vascular tissue. When primary isolates of human aortic intimal and medial smooth
      muscle cells were compared with corresponding passaged cultures, it was found
      that calponin content was reduced about 9-fold in these cells in culture and was
      similar to the amount of calponin in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Thus,
      high calponin expression may be used as an additional marker of vascular smooth
      muscle cell contractile phenotype.

PMID- 1811887
TI  - Emigration of bilayered epidermal cell sheets from tadpole tails (Xenopus
      laevis).
AB  - Migration of bilayered epidermal cell sheets out of explants of tadpole tails
      (Xenopus laevis) were investigated with time-lapse cinemicrography using
      reflection-contrast optics. Cell-sheet formation begins beneath the explant in a
      region where it is closely attached to the coverslip. A single basal cell extends
      a lamellipodium through the outer (surface) epidermal layer and starts moving in
      a direction free of attached cells. This cell remains connected to the following
      basal cell, which then also extends a lamellipodium onto the glass. The cell
      sheet develops as increasingly more adjacent basal cells start to migrate.
      Surface cells do not actively locomote but they remain attached to the basal
      cells and to adjacent surface cells. Thus, they are transported as an intact cell
      layer, and consequently the in situ arrangement of the tadpole epidermis is
      largely preserved in the cell sheet, i.e., basal cells adhere to the substratum
      and are covered by outer cells (surface cells) which face the culture medium.
      Basal cells extend lamellae beneath the rear end of the preceding cell, which is
      slightly lifted off the substratum. The direction of locomotion is determined by
      the frontal cells. Cell-sheet enlargement and locomotion cease when all the
      epidermal cells facing the coverslip have left the explant, and the cell sheet
      and epidermis covering the explant form a continuous layer.

PMID- 1811888
TI  - [A follow-up study of HBV infection in a village of Beijing rural area].
AB  - From 1982 to 1988, a follow-up study on HBV infection was carried out in a
      village of Beijing rural area. The negative conversion rates of HBsAg; anti-HBs;
      anti-HBc were 2.9%; 2.1%; 1.2% per year respectively. It was seemed that the
      negative conversion of HBsAg; anti-HBs increased with age. The present of anti
      HBc was favorable to keeping anti-HBs. For all of the three markers, the higher
      the titre, the lower the negative conversion rates. It was concluded that the
      essential factor influencing the natural outcome of HBV markers was the level of
      HBV duplication. Those who were susceptible to HBV in 1982 were infected at the
      rate of 20.3% in this period. Analysis indicated that source of the Infection
      perhaps seems not to be in their family.

PMID- 1811889
TI  - [Study on the mechanisms and influential factors of intrauterine infection of
      hepatitis B virus].
AB  - Molecular hybridization methods were used to study the intrauterine HBV infection
      in induced abortions. HBV-DNA was detected not only in fetal liver, but also in
      spleen, Pancreas, kidney and placenta. The results suggested that HBV might
      probably pass through placental barrier or infect the placenta leading to the
      intrauterine HBV infection. Even a possible vertical transmission of HBV via the
      germ line might exist. However, it might not be the main way by which the
      maternal blood entered fetal circulation through placental leakage leading to
      intrauterine infection of HBV. In maternal blood, HBeAg positivity, especially
      also positive for HBV-DNA was important for intrauterine infection. But maternal
      anti-HBc antibody may not be able to suppress HBV antigens expression and HBV
      replication in fetal tissue.

PMID- 1811890
TI  - [Study of revaccination with primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine in human
      beings and its possibility of pre-exposure prevention of rabies].
AB  - This paper reported that revaccination of antirabies PHKC-RV led to strong
      increase of antibody after two-dose immunization, vaccinees were reimmunized once
      with PHKC-vaccine within 7 years (ranging from 6 months to 7 years). Then 7 days
      later seroconversion was found in 85.71% revaccinees. The antibody level in 7th
      days of revaccinees was similar to those in 45th days of primary routine five
      dose vaccination. In comparison of 7th, 14th, 30th-day level, reimmunization was
      significantly more effective than routine method (P less than 0.005). In
      addition, the antibody produced by reimmunization lasted much longer. So it
      implied that pre-exposure immunization for rabies control has its advantage and
      feasibility.

PMID- 1811891
TI  - [A field study on the post-inoculation reaction and immunological effects in
      vaccinated population immunized with "Zhejiang type-D" leptospiral vaccine].
AB  - A comparative study on the post-inoculation and antibody responses after
      inoculation with two different dosage (1ml, 2ml) of "zhejiang type-D" leptospiral
      vaccine was carried out. There was no general reaction in all of the vaccinated
      people after immunization. The GMT values of antibody against leptospire were
      3.08-7.91 times in 1ml dose group and 3.48-9.57 times in 2ml dose group more than
      pre-vaccination respectively. 3 months after immunization the levels of specific
      antibody still were high in most vaccinated people, whatever in 1ml dose or 2ml
      dose of immunization. However the antibody couldn't be detected in part of
      vaccinated people at that time, but there was no difference between the two
      different dosages. During the epidemic season, there was no leptospirosis case
      (0/3260) in the 1ml group, 1 case (1/625) in the 2 ml group while there was
      9/3970 in the control group.

PMID- 1811892
TI  - [A investigation on the types of chromosomes and epidemiology of Paragonimus
      westermanni in Huadian city of Jilin Province].
AB  - An investigation on the types of chromosomes and epidemiology of Paragomanni
      westermanni in five Villages and towns of Huadian city was carried out. The data
      showed that the infection rate of crayfish, the first intermediate host, was 100%
      and the infectiosities varied from 99 to 160/per crayfish in the five areas. The
      genetic patterns of all the cysticercus, ovum and imagoes had been proved to be
      diploid by morphological and genetic studies. The infection rate of animal final
      host such as dogs and cats reached as highly as 94.3%, and all the infected
      animals presented typical pathological changes. Among the total 1008 examined
      people, the positive rate of skin test of hypersensitivity was 25.1%, and only
      0.4% was positive sputum test. Moreover, very few infected people had remarkable
      clinical expressions, suggesting that the infection of most people was only
      "transient", or of the larval parasitisim. The results showed that diploid
      Paragonimus westermanni were not strongly pathogenic to human beings.

PMID- 1811893
TI  - [Allergic asthma in Hubin rural area of Wujiang County in Suzhou].
AB  - An epidemiological investigation of allergic asthma was conducted in Hubin rural
      area of Wujiang county in Suzhou in 1984-1985. The prevalence rate found to be
      7.8% (312/39951). The patients were seen in an Allergic Asthma Clinic (AAC) or
      found by village doctors under the guidance of a specialist from the AAC. They
      were treated with desensitizing therapy of acupoints and followed up for more
      than two years. It was found that after the therapy the seasonal attack of
      allergic asthma disappeared, the number of patients coming to the AAC for
      treatment decreased and 90% patients had their symptoms greatly improved.

PMID- 1811894
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the trends of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in
      rural and urban monitored population of Jiangsu province].
AB  - This study was done on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary sudden
      death(CSD) and stroke in 424,318 population in Hai Men county and Nanjing city by
      registration according to WHO "Monica Project" from 1983 to 1987. The results
      showed that the age-adjusted average annual incidence of coronary events and
      stroke were 18.6/100,000 and 103.1/100,000, respectively, in a resident
      population aged 25-74 for 135,429 year-persons in Nanjing. They were
      significantly higher than 8.4/100,000 and 61.6/100,000 in a group of peasants for
      1,040,127 year-persons in Hai Men county of Jiangsu province (u = 2.1, 4.38, P
      less than 0.05). The age-adjusted average annual mortality of AMI was also higher
      in Nanjing (4.7 vs. 0.3/100,000; u = 4.6, P less than 0.01) than in Hai Men.
      Following the effectiveness of hypertensive community control in the monitored
      population in Nanjing from 1985 to 1987, the mortality of AMI, CSD and stroke
      decreased significantly and the annual incidence of stroke was also tended to
      lower. Both the annual incidence of coronary and stroke events and the fatality
      of stroke at acute stage were still unchanged from 1983 to 1987 owing to the
      hypertensive community control being delayed in rural population in Hai Men.

PMID- 1811895
TI  - [Case control study on risk factors of cerebral thrombosis].
AB  - In order to explore the pathogenic risk factors or protective factors of cerebral
      thrombosis, 1:1 matched case control study was done in 110 cases diagnosed by
      computerized tomography (CT). Both cases and controls were selected from several
      provincial and municipal hospitals in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. Every case
      was matched with one control on sex, race, age, occupation, residential area,
      educational level and economic status. 31 factors were analysed and 9 risk or
      protective factors were found by univariate analysis and multiple stepwise
      regression. Using the same 9 factors as independent variables, conditional
      logistic regression was performed and 4 factors were confirmed as pathogenic risk
      factors or protective factor of cerebral thrombosis (alpha = 0.01). They are high
      blood pressure (beta = 3.46, OR = 7.57), abdominal skinfold thickness (beta =
      3.21, OR = 3.77), familial aggregation of stroke (beta = 2.25, OR = 12.64) and
      high level HDL2-C (beta = -2.99, OR = 0.16). Moreover, reliability of collective
      data and control o: bias were evaluated and discussed.

PMID- 1811896
TI  - [Epidemiology of stroke in urbans and rural areas of China: an analysis of stroke
      mortality rates in 1986].
AB  - This paper reported the stroke mortality rates in China in 1986.5 790,864 people
      from 199 locations sampling from all parts of China (the Taiwan province un
      investigated) were investigated and 4,446 cases of death were found. The
      mortality rate was 76.78 per 10(5) people and its 95% CI was 74.42-79.04/10(5).
      The mortality rate adjusted using population composition of the cities and rural
      areas of China in 1986 was 77.15/10(5). The mortality rate standardized by direct
      method use in the China population in 1982 was 57.25/10(5) and the mortality rate
      standardized use in the world standard population was 80.94/10(5). The mortality
      rates of the great regions and provinces were counted respectively, and the
      relationship between the mortality rates and the geographical locations were
      analyzed in the correlation and the regression. It was found that there were a
      relationships of positive correlation and liner regression between the mortality
      rates and the latitude degree and the longitude, that was to say, the mortality
      rates increased gradually from south to north and decreased progressively from
      east to west in China. The stroke mortality rates in the cities were higher than
      in the rural areas, and in the city districts higher than in its outskirts in the
      big cities. Then the distribution of case number in months was analyzed using the
      methods of the test for trend and circular distribution, a peak of that was
      significantly in the statistics was found in January although it was not very
      high. The stroke mortality rates were gradually arose as age increasing, and the
      relationship between the mortality rates and age may be fitted with the logistic
      curve.

PMID- 1811898
TI  - [The suitable age for first-birth from the view of infant's health].
AB  - During March to June 1985, a health survey was carried out in a series of 963
      infants of first-birth born in six hospitals in Changsha city. The health status
      of the infants was estimated by using the method of comprehensive score
      evaluation. The relationship between score and the mother's age was analysed. The
      results showed that the geometric mean of the score of the infants whose mother
      was 24-29 years old was lower than the infants whose mother was 19-23 years old
      or 30-38 years old. It indicated that the suitable age for first-birth was from
      24 to 29 years old.

PMID- 1811897
TI  - [The incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the People's Republic of
      China].
AB  - An epidemiological study on the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease
      (PD) was carried out in 29 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in the
      People's Republic of China in 1986. The survey was conducted in 117 areas and 566
      patients with PD were found among 3369,162 persons examined, giving a point
      prevalence rate of 14.6/10(5) on June 30, 1986. The prevalence for men and women
      were 16.9/10(5) and 12.4/10(5) respectively, with the highest prevalence at the
      fifth decade of age. The disease was most prevalent in the southern part of
      China, especially Hunan and Guangxi provinces. The incidence rate was 1.5/10(5)
      in the year of 1986. Both the prevalence and incidence of PD in China were lower
      than those in the white races and Japanese.

PMID- 1811899
TI  - [Evaluation of screening reagents for detection of HIV-1 antibody].
AB  - Evaluation of screening reagents including PA, ELISA (Wellcome), IE, QWB, and LA
      by using 134 sera from HIV-1 infected persons and 1468 sera from normal persons.
      Comparing of domestic reagent and rapid methods by using part of the sera, and
      evaluating pooling sera method. The results suggested that the quality of PA, IE,
      QWB and the ELISA were enough for using in HIV testing in China and could be used
      for pooling method.

PMID- 1811900
TI  - [Recent progress with rodent control in China].

PMID- 1811901
TI  - [Advances in the research on non-A, non-B hepatitis in China].

PMID- 1811903
TI  - Drug information for the community: type and source.
AB  - Patients' failure to adhere to a well-founded drug regimen is a recognised source
      of failure to treatment. This may be a result of a deliberate action by the
      patient or a misinterpretation or inadequate provision of information. By and
      large, live information sources tend to behave in a reactive fashion; they answer
      specific questions which patients ask. Similar to individualised drug dosages,
      information and subsequent communication need tailoring according to wide range
      of premises related to human beings. The present study on what type of
      information on drugs, people required, reports some thought provoking findings,
      for instance, a major fraction of people (70 pc) in the rural areas studied, did
      not request any information on their medication because health care providers had
      generally no time to discuss with their patients. Even worse others were thought
      to be extremely rude. Health care will continue to be inappropriate unless the
      care providers, at all levels, are able to understand their patients perceptions,
      by asking how they care about health and disease in general; whether they agree
      with the diagnosis and the need for the intervention recommended; and finally
      whether compliance with drug regimen is feasible.

PMID- 1811902
TI  - Psychosocial predictors of reported HIV-preventive behaviour change among adults
      in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
AB  - In order to reduce HIV transmission, improved understanding of factors that
      motivate safer sexual behaviour is needed. The Health Belief Model attempts to
      explain health-related behaviour, including HIV-preventive behaviour. The
      association of six elements of this model--AIDS knowledge, perceived
      susceptibility to HIV infection, perceived effectiveness of HIV-preventive
      measures, self-efficacy, barriers to behaviour change, accessibility of health
      care/advice and social support for safer sexual behaviour--to three indices of
      HIV-related behavioural risk reduction--reduced number of sexual partners,
      increased consistency of condom use and (among males only) reduced prostitute
      contact--was examined by self-report inventory among 202 men and 100 women in
      Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Multiple logistic regression identified social support for
      behaviour change, followed by accessibility of health care/advice, as the most
      consistent predictors of risk reduction across sex and outcome measures. The
      remaining predictors were not consistently associated with behaviour change. It
      is concluded that AIDS campaigns must foster the perception that there is
      concerted normative support for HIV-related behaviour change and that community
      and small group, face-to-face AIDS education, which may have more impact on
      perceived social support than mass media campaigns, must be emphasised.

PMID- 1811904
TI  - Diencephalic syndrome with long-term survival.
AB  - Infants and young children with the diencephalic syndrome exhibit a normal
      activity level despite profound marasmus. Investigation reveals an intracranial
      tumour and evidence of endocrine dysfunction. The condition is easily missed in
      Third World countries with a high prevalence of nutritional marasmus. The advent
      of computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has simplified diagnosis.
      The syndrome was diagnosed in 1981 in a boy of 20 months who had a large
      hypothalamic tumour. Initial endocrine studies revealed very high growth hormone
      levels. After radiotherapy, these levels reverted to normal for a time but have
      subsequently declined in keeping with a state of hypopituitarism. The boy's long
      term survival has afforded an opportunity for study over eight years. During this
      time, growth has been slow but sustained. There has been some fall off in
      intellectual capacity. Characteristic features of the diencephalic syndrome are
      normal activity and a state of euphoria in a profoundly marasmic child.
      Investigation reveals the presence of an intracranial tumour and evidence of
      endocrine dysfunction. Though there are earlier references, the condition first
      came to medical attention at the annual meeting of the British Paediatric
      Association in 1951 when Russell described the typical features. In Third World
      countries where childhood marasmus is common, the syndrome is easily overlooked.
      The present report concerns a boy who has been closely followed for more than
      eight years.

PMID- 1811905
TI  - Urinary high density lipoprotein--a possible marker for glomerular proteinuria.
AB  - High--resolution two--dimension electrophoresis technique for protein with silver
      staining was used to characterise urinary high density lipoprotein (HDL)-
      apolipoproteins. Sequential ultracentrufugation method was used to isolate
      urinary lipoprotein particles of the same density as serum HDL. Immunostaining of
      electroblotted proteins further confirmed the presence of HDL--Apos in urine. HDL
      -Apolipoprotein A--1, A--11 and C were identified in urine of normal subjects,
      diabetic patients and patients with biopsy proven glomerular proteinuria. An in
      house ELISA method was used to quantify urinary HDL--Apo A--1. Selectivity
      indices were also determined. A high degree of association was found between
      selectivity index and urinary HDL--Apo A--1 (r = 0.87) and also between HFL--APO
      A--1 loss/24 h and total protein loss/24 h (r = 0.91). This appear to indicate
      that HDL loss in urine was a function of glomerular selectivity. Urinary HDL--Apo
      A--1 levels were significantly raised in the patients with glomerular proteinuria
      (p less than 0.01). HDL--Apo A--1 levels appear to be a marker for glomerular
      proteinuria. Consistent with glomerular proteinuria serum lipids and protein loss
      were significantly higher in patients with glomerular proteinuria (p less than
      0.001) but HDL--Cholesterol was lower (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 1811906
TI  - Extrophy of the bladder--a case report in a 17-year-old male Nigerian.
AB  - Extrophy of the bladder is a congenital urinary abnormality rarely reported in
      adults. A case is reported of a Nigerian male who presented for the first time at
      the age of 17 years. Early cystectomy with ureteric diversion is advocated after
      intravenous urographic evaluation.

PMID- 1811907
TI  - Left atrial myxomas--a case report.
AB  - A 49-year-old woman presented with symptoms of congestive cardiac failure.
      Cardiac auscultation revealed a crunching sound difficult to characterise in
      addition to a pansystolic murmur maximally audible in the 4th left intercostal
      space. The ausculatory findings varied from day to day but were unaffected by
      posture or exercise. A clinical impression of left atrial myxoma was confirmed by
      two dimensional echocardiography which revealed a well circumscribed mass almost
      completely filling the left atrium with a pedicle attached to the interatrial
      septum. The patient's cardiac failure improved with conservative management using
      frusemide and digoxin. The patient, however, refused cardiac surgery which is the
      definitive management of this disease.

PMID- 1811908
TI  - An unusual foreign body in the oesophagus.
AB  - Unusual swallowed foreign bodies are uncommon in normal individuals. They may be
      encountered in the mentally deranged or the subnormal. A case of an unusual
      foreign body, two safety pins hooked together, in the upper oesophagus of a 27
      year-old lady who looked apparently normal at the time of admission to hospital
      is reported. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old lady presented with history of discomfort
      in the throat and difficulty in swallowing for two weeks. She denied having
      swallowed anything unusual. At the time of admission, she looked mentally normal,
      with normal behaviour. She had no signs of dehydration. There was tenderness on
      movement of the trachea. Indirect pharyngoscopy showed minimal pooling in the
      piriform fossae. Plan X-ray of the neck showed a foreign body in the upper
      oesophagus: two safety pins hooked together (Fig I and II). Under general
      anaesthesia, oesophagoscopy was carried and the foreign body was successfully
      removed. During oesophagoscopy, it was attempted to bring the two limbs of each
      safety pin together and to get the sharp end of the lower safety pin into the
      oesophagoscope. Fortunately, the lower safety pin broke at the joint. The upper
      safety pin was delivered in toto and the lower one in two pieces. The foreign
      body was tarnished suggesting that it stayed in the oesophagus for two weeks.
      Figure III shows the foreign body repositioned after removal. Post-operative
      recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged home after five days in
      good condition. We met the patient accidentally after six months. She looked well
      and mentally stable.

PMID- 1811909
TI  - Age-dependent symptoms in human immunodeficient virus infected children.

PMID- 1811910
TI  - Community acquired staphylococcal skin infection in rural areas.

PMID- 1811912
TI  - Cholera.

PMID- 1811911
TI  - Use of loperamide hydrochloride in children.

PMID- 1811913
TI  - [Summaries of reports presented at the 40th Pharmacology Seminar, 25 May-1 June
      1990, in Roznove pod Radhostem].

PMID- 1811914
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of indomethacin in preterm infants.
AB  - 38 preterm infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus received
      indomethacin intravenously. Plasma samples were collected at 2, 4, 6 or 8 and 12
      h after each of 3 doses. Indomethacin, demethylindomethacin and p-chlorobenzoic
      acid were determined in plasma and urine along with acid-labile metabolites using
      HPLC. Fifty-eight percent of the infants demethylated indomethacin; half of the
      unchanged and demethylated drug was found as conjugates in urine; 14% deacylated
      the drug. Shorter elimination half-life, smaller area under the plasma
      concentration-time curves and increased plasma clearance were associated with
      demethylation. Postnatal age greater than 2 weeks correlated with both
      demethylation and failure of indomethacin to effect ductal closure.

PMID- 1811915
TI  - Binding of diazepam, salicylic acid and digitoxin to albumin isolated from fetal
      and adult serum.
AB  - Albumin was isolated from pooled fetal serum obtained at normal delivery at term
      and from pooled adult plasma. Albumin isolation was carried out by means of PEG
      precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A 50 and
      then on SP-Sephadex C 50. The binding of diazepam (1 microM), salicylic acid (2
      mM) and digitoxin (6 nM) to albumin (40 g/l) was measured by equilibrium dialysis
      at 37 degrees C. The unbound fraction (mean +/- SD) for fetal and adult albumin
      of diazepam was 1.86 +/- 0.24 and 1.82 +/- 0.15% (NS), that of digitoxin was 3.18
      +/- 0.27 and 3.36 +/- 0.04% (NS) and that of salicylic acid was 11.65 +/- 0.99
      and 9.47 +/- 0.75% (p less than 0.05), respectively. With both fetal and adult
      albumin, a single class of binding sites was observed for diazepam and digitoxin,
      whereas two classes of binding sites were observed for salicylic acid. The number
      of binding sites (n, moles of drug per mole of albumin) for fetal and adult
      albumin was 0.83 and 1.02 for diazepam and 0.014 and 0.018 for digitoxin,
      respectively. For salicylic acid, n was 1.45 (fetal albumin) and 1.55 (adult
      albumin) for the higher affinity site, and 3.06 (fetal albumin) and 3.27 (adult
      albumin) for the lower affinity site. The association constant (Ka, M-1) for
      diazepam was 1.36 x 10(5) (fetal albumin) and 1.00 x 10(5) (adult albumin) and
      that for digitoxin was 4.12 x 10(6) (fetal albumin) and 2.7 x 10(6) (adult
      albumin). For salicylic acid, Ka was 38.4 x 10(3) (fetal albumin) and 35.8 x
      10(3) (adult albumin) for the higher affinity site, and 2.7 x 10(3) (fetal
      albumin) and 4.3 x 10(3) (adult albumin) for the lower affinity site. This work
      shows that fetal and adult albumin have similar binding properties and
      corroborates our previous findings with furosemide.

PMID- 1811916
TI  - Absorption of zinc deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4-bis-glycol by the neonatal rat small
      intestine in vivo.
AB  - Zinc deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4-bis-glycol (ZnBG) is a potent inhibitor of heme
      oxygenase and may be useful in the prevention of neonatal jaundice. Enteral
      administration could be advantageous clinically, but it has been only minimally
      effective with other metalloporphyrins in rats and humans. Thus, the absorption
      of ZnBG by the small intestine in vivo was examined. ZnBG was administered
      enterally at 40 mumol/kg to 2-week-old suckling rats via in situ catheterization
      of the small intestine. Within 15 min ZnBG was absorbed by the small intestine,
      as it was measured in portal and systemic venous plasma, intestine, kidney,
      liver, and spleen. Concentrations exceeding 5.0 microM were found in plasma
      within 30 min, and 9.4 microM was found in the liver after 30 min. A total of
      4.6% of the administered ZnBG dose was measured in plasma and tissues.

PMID- 1811917
TI  - Chloral hydrate toxicity in a term infant.
AB  - Chlorate hydrate is commonly used for neonatal sedation, but blood levels are
      infrequently monitored, reflecting an underemphasis of acute toxic effects. This
      report describes a case of chloral hydrate toxicity in a term infant with
      cardiac, renal, neurologic, bladder and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The effects
      of exchange transfusion are described as well as pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 1811918
TI  - Thiopurine methyltransferase in humans: development and tissue distribution.
AB  - Thiopurine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.67, TPMT) was studied with 6
      mercaptopurine as substrate in the cytosolic fraction from 18 human fetal liver,
      16 placental and 22 adult liver specimens. TPMT activity (pmol x min-1 x mg-1;
      mean +/- SD) was 33.2 +/- 15.8 (fetal liver), 19.5 +/- 11.1 (placenta) and 105 +/
      57.1 (adult liver). Fetal liver activity of TPMT is one third that in adult
      liver suggesting that this enzyme is well developed in the mid-gestational human
      fetus. The distribution of TPMT seems to be ubiquitous both in the fetus and
      adult subject. The kidney is an important site of methylation as suggested by the
      renal activity of TPMT (197 +/- 70 pmol x min-1 x mg-1) which is twice as high as
      the hepatic one. Fetal and adult hepatic TPMT obey nonmichaelian kinetics. Two
      phases, one with lower and one with higher affinity for 6-mercaptopurine, were
      observed. The average Km for the high affinity phase was 0.12 mmol/l (fetus) and
      0.13 mmol/l (adult), whereas the Km for the lower affinity phase was 1.79 mmol/l
      (fetus) and 1.42 mmol/l (adult). This paper shows that TPMT develops before the
      second trimester of gestation in human fetus, that it has an ubiquitous
      distribution in the human fetus and adult subjects and the kinetic pattern of
      this enzyme is consistent in fetal and adult liver.

PMID- 1811919
TI  - Developmental electrophysiologic effects of propafenone and 5-hydroxypropafenone
      on the canine cardiac Purkinje fiber.
AB  - Standard microelectrode techniques were used to investigate the in vitro
      developmental electrophysiologic effects of propafenone and 5-hydroxypropafenone
      on the adult and neonatal canine Purkinje fiber. The tonic and frequency
      dependent depressant effects of these compounds on Vmax and amplitude were
      similar in both age groups. However, the ability of these compounds to shorten
      repolarization parameters was more pronounced in the adult. The extent of
      reduction of abnormal automaticity produced by propafenone was greater in the
      neonate compared to the adult, and 5-hydroxypropafenone significantly reduced
      automaticity only in the neonate. The sensitivity of neonatal abnormal
      automaticity to the effects of these compounds may prove to be important if the
      use of these agents is to be expanded into the realm of therapy for pediatric
      automatic rhythms.

PMID- 1811920
TI  - Effects of prenatal exposure to diazepam on exploration behavior and learning
      retention in mice.
AB  - Diazepam (2 mg/kg, DZP) or placebo were administered by oral gavage throughout
      gestation in 40 mice. The automatic hole board test for mice (Boissier and Simon)
      was used to measure the locomotor activity and the number of holes explored by
      the offspring (mean age 30.6 days). During the first test, this number represents
      curiosity. Its progressive decrease when the test is repeated (4 times at 1-day
      intervals) is a consequence of learning retention. In the first test, neither
      curiosity nor activity were linked with the mother's treatment or sex. During the
      next tests, there was no difference in locomotor activity between DZP and placebo
      groups. However, the DZP exposed pups explored fewer holes than controls.
      Although there was a tendency towards greater activity in the female group, the
      number of holes explored in the placebo group was significantly higher in females
      than in males. Paradoxically, this difference in learning memory function which
      exists between control males and females was not observed in the DZP group,
      corresponding to an impaired learning retention.

PMID- 1811921
TI  - Conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine in the human fetal and adult liver and
      kidney.
AB  - The rate of hippuric acid formation was measured in the homogenates obtained from
      26 specimens of human adult liver, 9 specimens of human mid-gestational fetal
      liver, 5 specimens of human adult kidney and 11 specimens of human mid
      gestational fetal kidney. The average (pmol/min/mg tissue +/- SD) rate of
      hippuric acid formation was 322 +/- 99 (adult liver), 7.6 +/- 3.6 (fetal liver),
      284 +/- 117 (adult kidney) and 6.4 +/- 6.7 (fetal kidney). One third of the fetal
      livers and kidneys studied were inactive in the formation of hippuric acid. These
      findings indicate that the conjugation of carboxylic acid with glycine is poorly
      developed in the mid-gestational human fetus. The kinetics of the formation of
      hippuric acid were studied in 3 fetal and adult livers and also in 3 fetal
      kidneys and in 3 specimens of the cortex and medulla of adult kidneys. The
      transformation of the data into Eadie-Hofstee plots generated straight lines in
      fetal and adult livers and kidneys. The Michaelis-Menten constant for the
      formation of hippuric acid (mean +/- SD, mM) was 43.4 +/- 6.6 (adult liver), 27.3
      +/- 10.1 (fetal liver), 33.3 +/- 6.1 (adult renal cortex), 34.7 +/- 11.3 (adult
      renal medulla) and 15.3 +/- 3.5 (fetal kidney). The maximum velocity of the
      reaction (mean +/- SD, pmol/min/mg tissue) was 204 +/- 47.8 (adult liver), 6.0 +/
      1.3 (fetal liver), 199 +/- 40.7 (adult renal cortex), 24.2 +/- 16.9 (adult renal
      medulla) and 6.4 +/- 1.8 (fetal kidney). The inhibitory effect of 8 drugs
      containing a carboxylic acid group on the rate of hippuric acid formation was
      studied in 3 adult livers. Salicylic acid and diflunisal were the most powerful
      as inhibitors. Ibuprofen, furosemide and sodium valproate were weak inhibitors,
      whereas ketoprofen, naproxen and captopril did not inhibit the formation of
      hippuric acid. The IC50 values (mean +/- SD) of salicylic acid and diflunisal on
      the rate of hippuric acid formation were 0.19 +/- 0.05 and 1.18 +/- 0.19 mM,
      respectively.

PMID- 1811922
TI  - Hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II in the newborn lamb.
AB  - Angiotensin II is known to increase both pulmonary and systemic arteriolar tone
      in adult animals. Its influence on these vascular beds shortly after birth is
      less well understood. Therefore, we studied the effects of infusions of
      angiotensin II (0.1 microgram/kg/min) on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in
      13 anesthesized newborn lambs. Systemic vascular resistance increased
      significantly from a mean of 0.079 +/- 0.03 to 0.094 +/- 0.04 mm Hg/ml/min during
      angiotensin II infusion while the mean pulmonary vascular resistance was
      unchanged at 0.024 +/- 0.01 mm Hg/ml/min. Interestingly, cardiac output increased
      significantly by 18.9% during angiotensin II infusion. During hypoxemia produced
      by ventilating with 10-12% oxygen, the responses to angiotensin II infusion were
      similar to those obtained during normoxia. The absence of an effect on pulmonary
      vascular resistance and the increase in cardiac output were not predicted based
      on results reported for older animals. The mechanisms responsible for these age
      related differences are unknown. Our findings have implications regarding the
      potential clinical use of angiotensin II as a modulator of blood pressure in the
      hypotensive newborn.

PMID- 1811923
TI  - Effect of different phototherapy lights on retinal and choroidal blood flow.
AB  - The response of retinal (RBF) and choroidal (ChBF) blood flow to illumination
      with light with different spectra was investigated in spontaneously breathing
      newborn piglets. After 1 h in complete darkness, the animals were exposed to
      blue, white or green light in such a manner that equal energy was delivered to
      the eye. RBF and ChBF showed different flow responses. After 60 min exposure to
      blue light, RBF increased from 0.22 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g at baseline to 0.32 +/-
      0.03 ml/min/g (+/- SEM) (p less than 0.03). Apart from this increase, RBF did not
      change significantly during any of the experimental settings. ChBF, on the other
      hand, was significantly affected by illumination. Thus, at 120 min of light
      exposure all three types of light decreased ChBF significantly from baseline
      (darkness) levels. Blue light decreased ChBF (mean +/- SEM) from 13.78 +/- 0.84
      to 7.61 +/- 0.67 ml/min/g (p less than 0.01), white light from 17.43 +/- 1.86 to
      9.86 +/- 1.07 ml/min/g (p less than 0.01), and green light from 14.13 +/- 1.64 to
      8.31 +/- 1.30 ml/min/g (p less than 0.02). The results indicate that light is an
      important modulator of ChBF and to a certain extent also RBF. Further, the
      results suggest that ChBF and RBF are regulated differently.

PMID- 1811924
TI  - Phenobarbital doses necessary to achieve 'therapeutic' concentrations in
      children.
AB  - Steady-state plasma phenobarbital (PB) concentrations (n = 671) were measured in
      438 inpatients. There was a significant relationship between age and PB dose
      ratio (concentration/dose or 1/clearance) for monotherapy patients; the dose
      ratio declined in the first year of life, but the dose ratio increased after age
      1. The dose ratios were significantly higher in patients receiving PB in
      combination with other antiepileptic drugs. However, neither sex nor formulations
      used (tablet, elixir and intravenous) had any influence on the PB dose ratio. The
      age-dose-concentration relationships indicate that children, especially those
      under 11 years of age, may require maintenance PB doses more than 5 mg/kg/day to
      achieve the commonly recommended 'therapeutic' concentration range (10-40 mg/l).

PMID- 1811925
TI  - Thiol methyltransferase in humans: development and tissue distribution.
AB  - Thiol methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.9, TMT) activity was measured with 2
      mercaptoethanol in the microsomal fraction of 12 placenta and 31 fetal and 33
      adult liver specimens. TMT activity (nmol/min incubation/mg protein; mean +/- SD)
      was 0.61 +/- 0.25 (placenta), 0.74 +/- 0.45 (fetal liver), and 4.51 +/- 2.29
      (adult liver). TMT activity was also measured in extrahepatic tissues and it was
      about one order of magnitude lower in fetal lungs, kidney and intestine as
      compared with the fetal liver. A similar distribution pattern was also observed
      in adult tissues except that in the kidney TMT activity was one third of the
      hepatic one. Studies of enzyme kinetics showed that fetal and adult hepatic TMT
      obeyed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics when 2-mercaptoethanol was the varying
      substrate. Average values of Km for the higher and lower affinity phases were
      0.03 and 14.05 mmol/l, respectively (fetal liver) and 0.005 and 14.57 mmol/l,
      respectively (adult liver). This paper shows that TMT develops prenatally and its
      distribution pattern is consistent with that of other microsomal enzymes, being
      preferentially associated with the liver both in the human fetus and in adult
      subject.

PMID- 1811926
TI  - Role of thyroid state in age-dependent cardiac effects of ouabain in guinea pigs.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the decrease in the thyroid state, with age,
      contributes to the age-related increase in myocardial responsiveness to cardiac
      glycosides. Thyroid hormone levels (reflecting the thyroid state): total T4
      (microgram/dl) and total T3 (ng/dl) in the 3 groups of guinea pigs were (mean +/-
      SEM): adults (3 months old): less than 1.0 and 22.6 +/- 1.1; euthyroid newborns
      (0-5 days old): 3.9 +/- 0.4 and 56.5 +/- 11.9; hypothyroid newborns, (0-5 days
      old): 1.5 +/- 0.3 and 26.5 +/- 9.8. In euthyroid newborns, T4 and T3 levels were
      significantly higher than in adults (p less than 0.01 for T4 and p less than 0.05
      for T3) and in hypothyroid newborns (p less than 0.05). Isometric twitch was
      recorded from right ventricular papillary muscles by means of a force transducer.
      Ouabain 10(-6) M increased isometric twitch tension in adults (tension = 0.66 +/-
      0.18 g/mm2) by 123.6 +/- 18.2%, in euthyroid newborns (tension = 0.19 +/- 0.04
      g/mm2) by 83.6 +/- 14.5%, and in hypothyroid newborns (tension = 0.12 +/- 0.01
      g/mm2) by 170.9 +/- 33.8% (p less than 0.01). Ouabain dose-response curve in the
      range of 10(-7) M-0.5 x 10(-5) M was significantly different (compared by two-way
      ANOVA) between euthyroid newborns and hypothyroid newborns (p less than 0.01),
      and between euthyroid newborns and adults (p less than 0.01). Toxic effects of
      ouabain reflected by the generation of aftercontractions were also age related
      and were augmented by hypothyroidism in newborns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1811927
TI  - Effect of drug combinations on bilirubin-albumin binding.
AB  - Drugs which compete with bilirubin for albumin binding may increase the risk of
      kernicterus. Fortunately, few drugs are strong competitors. However, in
      neonatology, many drugs are used simultaneously. We have studied the effect of
      drug combinations on bilirubin binding using human serum albumin and the
      peroxidase method. Combinations of aminophylline with phenobarbital, cefotaxime
      and vancomycin were studied as well as the combination of vancomycin and
      cefotaxime. The results show that the bilirubin-displacing effect of the drug
      combinations cannot be predicted from each drug's individual effect. These
      results are consistent with a flexible model of albumin binding. Combinations of
      drugs which are both albumin-bound and reach high serum concentrations should be
      tested for their combined effect on bilirubin binding and this information used
      in deciding on treatment in sick, premature infants.

PMID- 1811928
TI  - Macromere cell fates during sea urchin development.
AB  - This paper examines the cell lineage relationships and cell fates in embryos of
      the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus leading to the various cell types
      derived from the definitive vegetal plate territory or the veg2 tier of cells.
      These cell types are gut, pigment cells, basal cells and coelomic pouches. They
      are cell types that constitute embryonic structures through cellular migration or
      rearrangement unlike the relatively non-motile ectoderm cell types. For this
      analysis, we use previous knowledge of lineage to assign macromeres to one of
      four types: VOM, the oral macromere; VAM, the aboral macromere, right and left
      VLM, the lateral macromeres. Each of the four macromeres contributes progeny to
      all of the cell types that descend from the definitive vegetal plate. Thus in the
      gut each macromere contributes to the esophagus, stomach and intestine, and the
      stripe of labeled cells descendant from a macromere reflects the re-arrangement
      of cells that occurs during archenteron elongation. Pigment cell contributions
      exhibit no consistent pattern among the four macromeres, and are haphazardly
      distributed throughout the ectoderm. Gut and pigment cell contributions are thus
      radially symmetrical. In contrast, the VOM blastomere contributes to both of the
      coelomic pouches while the other three macromeres contribute to only one or the
      other pouch. The total of the macromere contribution amounts to 60% of the cells
      constituting the coelomic pouches.

PMID- 1811929
TI  - The transcription factor TTF-1 is expressed at the onset of thyroid and lung
      morphogenesis and in restricted regions of the foetal brain.
AB  - TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, which is required for the
      specific expression of the thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase gene promoters in
      differentiated thyroid cell lines, is expressed at the very beginning of rat
      thyroid differentiation. TTF-1 mRNA is detected in the endodermal cells of the
      thyroid rudiment in the rat embryo and precedes the expression of the two known
      target genes by 5 days. No delay is observed between the appearance of TTF-1 mRNA
      and protein, which shows a clear nuclear localization. In the adult thyroid, TTF
      1 is present only in the endoderm-derived follicular cells. Two additional
      domains of expression of TTF-1 have been observed, the lung and restricted areas
      of the brain. In the lung, TTF-1 mRNA and protein are also present at the
      earliest stages of differentiation and are later confined to the bronchial
      epithelium. In the brain, TTF-1 appears to be restricted to structures of
      diencephalic origin, including the developing neurohypophysis. The early
      detection of TTF-1 in the endodermal cells of the thyroid and lung anlage and in
      restricted neuroblast populations indicates that TTF-1 may have a role in cell
      determination in these three systems and that additional mechanisms may be
      involved in the activation of thyroid-specific gene expression.

PMID- 1811930
TI  - The murine H19 gene is activated during embryonic stem cell differentiation in
      vitro and at the time of implantation in the developing embryo.
AB  - The differentiation in vitro of murine embryonic stem cells to embryoid bodies
      mimics events that occur in vivo shortly before and after embryonic implantation.
      We have used this system, together with differential cDNA cloning, to identify
      genes the expression of which is regulated during early embryogenesis. Here we
      describe the isolation of several such cDNA clones, one of which corresponds to
      the gene H19. This gene is activated in extraembryonic cell types at the time of
      implantation, suggesting that it may play a role at this stage of development,
      and is subsequently expressed in all of the cells of the mid-gestation embryo
      with the striking exception of most of those of the developing central and
      peripheral nervous systems. After birth, expression of this gene ceases or is
      dramatically reduced in all tissues.

PMID- 1811931
TI  - Origins of the insect enteric nervous system: differentiation of the enteric
      ganglia from a neurogenic epithelium.
AB  - The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the moth Manduca sexta is organized into two
      distinct cellular domains: an anterior domain that includes several small ganglia
      on the surface of the foregut, and a more posterior domain consisting of a
      branching nerve plexus (the enteric plexus) that spans the foregut-midgut
      boundary. Previously, we showed that the neurons of the posterior domain, the
      enteric plexus, are generated from a large placode that invaginates from the
      caudal lip of the foregut; subsequently, the cells become distributed throughout
      the enteric plexus by a sequence of active migration. We now demonstrate that the
      neurons of the anterior domain, the cells of the enteric ganglia, arise via a
      distinct developmental sequence. Shortly after the foregut has begun to form,
      three neurogenic zones differentiate within the foregut epithelium and give rise
      to chains of cells that emerge onto the foregut surface. The three zones are not
      sites of active mitosis, as indicated by the absence of labelling with a
      thymidine analogue and by clonal analyses using intracellularly injected dyes.
      Rather, the zones serve as loci through which epithelial cells are recruited into
      a sequence of delamination and neuronal differentiation. As they emerge from the
      epithelium, the cells briefly become mitotically active, each cell dividing once
      or twice. In this manner, they resemble the midline precursor class of neural
      progenitors in the insect central nervous system more than neuroblast stem cells.
      The progeny of these zone-derived precursors then gradually coalesce into the
      ganglia and nerves of the anterior ENS. Although this reorganization results in
      some variability in the precise configuration of neurons within the ganglia, the
      overall morphology of the ganglia is highly stereotyped, consisting of cortical
      layers of cells that surround a ventral neuropil. In addition, a number of the
      neurons within the frontal and hypocerebral ganglia express identifiable
      phenotypes in a manner that is similar to many cells of the insect central
      nervous system. These observations indicate that the differentiation of the
      enteric ganglia in Manduca involves an unusual combination of features seen
      during the formation of other regions of the nervous system and, as such,
      constitutes a distinct program of neurogenesis.

PMID- 1811933
TI  - Retinoic acid causes abnormal development and segmental patterning of the
      anterior hindbrain in Xenopus embryos.
AB  - Retinoic acid is a very potent teratogen and has also been implicated as an
      endogenous developmental signalling molecule in vertebrate embryos. One of the
      regions of the embryo reliably affected by exogenously applied RA is the
      hindbrain. In this paper, we describe in detail the hindbrain of Xenopus laevis
      embryos briefly treated with various levels of RA at gastrula stages. Such
      treatments lead to development of embryos with loss of anterior structures. In
      addition, RA has a general effect on rhombomere morphology and specific effects
      on the development of the anterior rhombomeres. This effect is demonstrated using
      neurofilament antibodies, HRP staining and in situ hybridisation using a probe
      for expression of the Xenopus Krox-20 gene. Anatomically it is evident that the
      development of the hindbrain normally anterior to the otocyst (rhombomeres 1-4)
      is abnormal following RA treatment. Sensory and motor axons of cranial nerves V
      and VII form a single root and the peripheral paths of V and VII and IX and X are
      also abnormal, as is the more anterior location of the otocyst. These anatomical
      changes are accompanied by changes in the pattern of expression for the gene
      XKrox-20, which normally expresses in rhombomeres 3 and 5, but is found in a
      single band in the anterior hindbrain of treated embryos which standardly fail to
      generate the normal external segmental appearance. The results are discussed in
      terms of both the teratogenic and possible endogenous roles of RA during normal
      development of the central nervous system. We conclude that low doses of RA
      applied during gastrulation have specific effects on the anterior Xenopus
      hindbrain which appear to be evolutionarily conserved in the light of similar
      recent findings in zebrafish.

PMID- 1811932
TI  - Establishment of rostrocaudal polarity in tectal primordium: engrailed expression
      and subsequent tectal polarity.
AB  - In the E4 (embryonic day 4) chick tectal primordium, engrailed expression is
      strong at the caudal end and gradually weakens toward the rostral end. We used
      quail-chick chimeric tecta to investigate how the caudorostral gradient of
      engrailed expression is established and whether it is correlated with the
      subsequent rostrocaudal polarity of tectal development. To examine the positional
      value of the tectal primordium, we produced ectopic tecta in the diencephalon by
      transplanting a part of the mesencephalic alar plate heterotopically. In the
      ectopic tectum, the gradient of the engrailed expression reversed and the
      strength of the expression was dependent on the distance from the mes
      diencephalon junction; the nearer the ectopic tectum was to the junction, the
      weaker the expression was. Consequently, the pattern of the engrailed expression
      in the host and ectopic tecta was nearly a mirror image, suggesting the existence
      of a repressive influence around the mes-diencephalon junction on the engrailed
      expression. We examined cytoarchitectonic development in the ectopic tecta, which
      normally proceeds in a gradient along the rostrocaudal axis; the rostral shows
      more advanced lamination than the caudal. In contrast, the caudal part of the
      ectopic tecta (near to the mes-diencephalon junction) showed more advanced
      lamination than the rostral. In both the host and ectopic tecta, advanced
      lamination was observed where the engrailed expression was repressed, and vice
      versa. Next we studied the correlation between engrailed expression and
      retinotectal projection from a view of plasticity and rigidity of rostrocaudal
      polarity in the tectum. We produced ectopic tecta by anisochronal
      transplantations between E3 host and E2 donor, and showed that there is little
      repressive influence at E3 around the mes-diencephalon junction. We then made
      chimeric double-rostral tectum (caudal half of it was replaced by rostral half of
      the donor tectum) or double-caudal tectum at E3. The transplants kept their
      original staining pattern in hosts. Consequently, the chimeric tecta showed
      wholly negative or positive staining of engrailed protein on the grafted side. In
      such tecta retinotectal projection pattern was disturbed as if the transplants
      retained their original position-specific characters. We propose from these
      heterotopic and anisochronal experiments that the engrailed expression can be a
      marker for subsequent rostrocaudal polarity in the tectum, both as regards
      cytoarchitectonic development and retinotectal projection.

PMID- 1811934
TI  - Retinoic acid modifies development of the midbrain-hindbrain border and affects
      cranial ganglion formation in zebrafish embryos.
AB  - Considerable evidence now suggests that retinoic acid (RA) is an important
      modulator of patterning events in early neuronal development in vertebrates. In
      this paper, we describe the effects of exogenously applied RA on early neural
      development in the zebrafish embryo. Neural anatomy is assessed by
      immunocytochemical and histochemical analysis of the developing embryo in whole
      mounts at 24 h post-fertilization. RA was applied for one hour at concentrations
      ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M to embryos at 50% epiboly, the midgastrula stage,
      and at 10(-7) M to embryos at early and late gastrula stages. The neuroanatomical
      analysis shows that 10(-7) M RA causes a defined lesion to the developing central
      nervous system which corresponds to a loss of a region of the brain in the caudal
      midbrain-rostral hindbrain area, the precursor of the cerebellum and associated
      neural structures. The region that fails to develop corresponds to the cranial
      expression domain of the engrailed protein as assessed by the monoclonal antibody
      4D9 (Patel et al. 1989: Expression of engrailed proteins in arthropods, annelids
      and chordates. Cell 58, 955-968). Structures caudal to rhombomere 4 are
      unaffected by 10(-7) M RA, as are the cranial midbrain and forebrain: 10(-7) M RA
      also affects the development of cranial ganglia, principally the Vth, anterior
      lateral line and VIIIth ganglia, suggesting that RA affects normal development of
      the cranial neural crest. Effects of RA at stages immediately prior to and after
      gastrulation show some similar and some distinct features. Results are discussed
      in terms of the possible role of RA as an endogenous moderator of normal head
      development.

PMID- 1811935
TI  - Selective expression of an acetylcholine receptor-lacZ transgene in synaptic
      nuclei of adult muscle fibers.
AB  - Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are highly concentrated in the postsynaptic
      membrane at the neuromuscular junction. To investigate mechanisms that lead to
      the formation or maintenance of this synaptic specialization, we generated
      transgenic mice in which regulatory elements from the AChR alpha or epsilon
      subunit genes are linked to a gene for a reporter protein that is targeted to the
      nucleus (nlacZ). Both transgenes were selectively expressed and developmentally
      regulated in muscle; nuclei in both extrafusal (ordinary) and intrafusal
      (spindle) muscle fibers were labeled. Within individual muscle fibers from
      epsilon-nlacZ mice, nuclei near synaptic sites were nlacZ-positive, whereas
      extrasynaptic nuclei were nlacZ-negative. In contrast, nlacZ was expressed in
      both synaptic and extrasynaptic nuclei when under the control of regulatory
      elements from the AChR alpha-subunit gene; however, synaptic nuclei were somewhat
      more intensely stained than extrasynaptic nuclei in a minority of muscle fibers
      from these mice. Together, our results provide direct evidence for molecular
      differences between synaptic and extrasynaptic nuclei within a single cytoplasm,
      and suggest that the motor nerve regulates synapse formation by selectively
      affecting transcription in synaptic nuclei.

PMID- 1811936
TI  - Expression of the zebrafish paired box gene pax[zf-b] during early neurogenesis.
AB  - The paired box-containing (pax) gene family encodes a group of putative
      transcription factors differentially expressed during embryonic development. In
      this study, we describe the cloning and expression of a zebrafish gene pax[zf-b],
      which most probably is a direct homologue to the mouse Pax2 gene. The putative
      protein encoded by pax[zf-b] contains a paired box, an octapeptide, but no
      homeobox. However, a region of homology to the N-terminal half of paired-type
      homeoboxes is detected C-terminal to the pax[zf-b] paired domain. In zebrafish
      embryos, pax[zf-b] transcripts are first seen during the formation of the neural
      keel. At 9-10 h of development, two laterally located transverse stripes of cells
      expressing the gene appear in the rostral 1/3 of the embryo. The two areas
      subsequently move towards the midline and form the posterior portion of the
      midbrain. In the following stages of development, at 10-12 h, transcripts are
      detected in the otic placode, the Wolffian duct including the nephritic primodium
      and in the optic stalk. At a later time point, beginning at 14-15 h, single cells
      along the spinal cord, presumably interneurons, start to express the gene. The
      characteristic expression pattern of pax[zf-b] in the neural tube suggests an
      involvement of this gene in the regionalization of the midbrain as well as in the
      specification of neuronal cell fates at early embryonic stages.

PMID- 1811937
TI  - Contiguous patterns of c-kit and steel expression: analysis of mutations at the W
      and Sl loci.
AB  - Mutations in either the dominant white-spotting (W) or Steel (Sl) loci of the
      mouse lead to coat color, primordial germ cell and hematopoietic defects.
      Consistent with the cell autonomous and microenvironmental nature of W and Sl
      mutations, respectively, it has recently been shown that W encodes the c-kit
      receptor tyrosine kinase while Sl encodes a ligand for this receptor. Previous in
      situ hybridization analysis has shown that both c-kit and steel are expressed in
      the embryo in anatomical sites known to be affected by W and Sl mutations and in
      various tissues in which no corresponding phenotype has been described. To
      investigate the possible involvement of the Kit transduction pathway in
      developmental processes, we compared the patterns of expression of c-kit and
      steel in wild-type embryos and in embryos homozygous for severe (lethal) and mild
      (viable) alleles at the W and Sl loci. In addition, we analyzed the patterns of
      expression of both genes in adult wild-type and mutant gonads and brain. Both c
      kit and steel are contiguously expressed in a wide variety of anatomical
      locations in both the developing embryo and in the adult. In adult gonads, steel
      is expressed in the follicular cells of the ovary and in Sertoli cells of the
      testis, the layers that immediately surround the c-kit expressing germ cells. In
      adult brain, the complementary patterns are particularly striking in the
      olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus region and cerebellum. steel
      expression in brain is probably restricted to neurons in certain areas, while c
      kit is expressed in neurons and in some glial cells. Severe mutations in the W or
      Sl loci result in dramatic reduction or absence of c-kit positive cells in
      lineages known to be affected by these mutations. In contrast, these mutations do
      not affect the number or histological organization of c-kit positive cells in the
      embryonic peripheral or central nervous systems, nor is the number or
      organization of c-kit positive cells detectably altered in Wv/Wv or Sld/Sld adult
      brain. Taken together, these results suggest that the Kit signaling pathway is
      not obligatory for the viability and/or migration of most c-kit expressing cells
      either because of functional redundancy with another signaling pathway or because
      the Kit pathway is involved in post-developmental processes of mature cells.

PMID- 1811938
TI  - Expression and function of the Drosophila gene runt in early stages of neural
      development.
AB  - The Drosophila gene runt was initially identified on the basis of its role during
      segmentation. Recent molecular and genetic studies have demonstrated that the
      runt gene encodes a novel nuclear protein whose developmental importance is not
      exclusive to segmentation. This report addresses the functional relevance of runt
      expression in the developmental pathway of neurogenesis. Antibodies against the
      runt protein reveal that it is expressed in a subset of neuroblasts, ganglion
      mother cells and neurons. A subset of these neurons also co-express the
      segmentation gene even-skipped (eve). Using eve as a marker, we show that runt is
      required for the normal development of these neurons. A runt P-transposon that
      lacks neural cis-regulatory elements is used to show that these neurons require
      runt activity independent of its activity during segmentation. These results are
      confirmed using a temperature-sensitive runt allele. Further temperature-shift
      experiments indicate that the requirement for runt is during an early stage of
      neurogenesis. Based on its pattern of expression and its temporal requirements,
      runt is distinguished as one of the earliest acting genes involved in the
      generation of diverse cell fates in the developing Drosophila nervous system.

PMID- 1811939
TI  - Notochord morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis: simulation of cell behavior underlying
      tissue convergence and extension.
AB  - Cell intercalation and cell shape changes drive notochord morphogenesis in the
      African frog, Xenopus laevis. Experimental observations show that cells elongate
      mediolaterally and intercalate between one another, causing the notochord to
      lengthen and narrow. Descriptive observations provide few clues as to the
      mechanisms that coordinate and drive these cell movements. It is possible that a
      few rules governing cell behavior could orchestrate the shaping of the entire
      tissue. We test this hypothesis by constructing a computer model of the tissue to
      investigate how rules governing cell motility and cell-cell interactions can
      account for the major features of notochord morphogenesis. These rules are drawn
      from the literature on in vitro cell studies and experimental observations of
      notochord cell behavior. The following types of motility rules are investigated:
      (1) refractory tissue boundaries that inhibit cell motility, (2) statistical
      persistence of motion, (3) contact inhibition of protrusion between cells, and
      (4) polarized and nonpolarized protrusive activity. We show that only the
      combination of refractory boundaries, contact inhibition and polarized protrusive
      activity reproduces normal notochord development. Guided by these rules, cells
      spontaneously align into a parallel array of elongating cells. Self alignment
      optimizes the geometric conditions for polarized protrusive activity by
      progressively minimizing contact inhibition between cells. Cell polarization,
      initiated at refractory tissue boundaries, spreads along successive cell rows
      into the tissue interior as cells restrict and constrain their neighbors'
      directional bias. The model demonstrates that several experimentally observed
      intrinsic cell behaviors, operating simultaneously, may underlie the generation
      of coordinated cell movements within the developing notochord.

PMID- 1811940
TI  - hairy gene function in the Drosophila eye: normal expression is dispensable but
      ectopic expression alters cell fates.
AB  - The regulatory gene hairy is expressed and required during early embryogenesis to
      control segmentation gene expression properly and during larval and pupal
      development to control the pattern of certain adult sensory structures. We have
      found the hairy protein to be expressed transiently during two stages of eye
      imaginal disc development, including all cells immediately anterior to the
      morphogenetic furrow that traverses the developing eye disc, and again in the
      presumptive R7 photoreceptor cells of the developing ommatidia. This pattern is
      conserved in a significantly diverged Drosophila species. We show that,
      surprisingly, ommatidia formed by homozygous hairy- mutant clones are apparently
      normal, indicating that hairy function in the eye is dispensable. However, we do
      find that ectopic expression of hairy causes numerous structural abnormalities
      and the alteration of cell fates. Thus, proper regulation of hairy is still
      essential for normal eye development. We suggest that the loss of hairy function
      may be compensated by other regulatory proteins, as has been observed previously
      for several structurally and functionally related genes involved in sensory organ
      development. The effects of ectopic hairy expression may result from interactions
      with proneural genes involved in the development of the eye and other sensory
      organs.

PMID- 1811941
TI  - Embryogenesis of the murine endocrine pancreas; early expression of pancreatic
      polypeptide gene.
AB  - By immunofluorescence on cytospin preparations and on semithin sections of mouse
      pancreatic buds, we have found glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
      containing cells at embryonal day 10.5 (E 10.5) in dorsal buds and at E 11.5 in
      ventral buds. Insulin-containing cells appear in dorsal buds at E 11.5, and one
      to two days later in ventral buds. Somatostatin-containing cells are detectable
      from E 13.5 in both dorsal and ventral buds. A quantitative analysis shows that
      up to E 15.5, PP-containing cells are relatively abundant in both buds. By PCR
      amplification of oligo(dT)-primed cDNAs prepared from total pancreatic RNA, we
      also detect PP mRNA from E 10.5 onwards, thus confirming the early expression of
      the PP gene in the developing mouse pancreas. Analysis of endocrine cells in situ
      suggests three major patterns of cell distribution in embryonic pancreas. First,
      individual hormone-containing cells are located within the epithelium of
      pancreatic ducts. In both dorsal and ventral buds, the majority of these
      endocrine cells contain PP, but many also contain glucagon, insulin or
      somatostatin. Secondly, clusters of endocrine cells are found in the pancreatic
      interstitium. Many of these cells contain both glucagon and PP which, by
      immunogold labelling of consecutive thin sections, can be shown to co-exist
      within individual secretory granules. Finally, starting on E 18.5, typical islets
      are formed with centrally located B cells and with the adult 'one cell-one
      hormone' phenotype. These results suggest an intriguing ontogenic relationship
      between A- and PP-cells, and also indicate that PP-containing cells may occupy a
      hitherto unexpected place in the lineage of endocrine islet cells.

PMID- 1811942
TI  - Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of
      the chick embryo.
AB  - A vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest migration in the chick embryo has
      provided a positional fate map of greater resolution than has been possible using
      labelled graft techniques. Focal injections of the fluorescent membrane probe DiI
      were made into the cranial neural folds at stages between 3 and 16 somites.
      Groups of neuroepithelial cells, including the premigratory neural crest, were
      labelled by the vital dye. Analysis of whole-mount embryos after 1-2 days further
      development, using conventional and intensified video fluorescence microscopy,
      revealed the pathways of crest cells migrating from mesencephalic and
      rhombencephalic levels of the neuraxis into the subjacent branchial region. The
      patterns of crest emergence and emigration correlate with the segmented
      disposition of the rhombencephalon. Branchial arches 1, 2 and 3 are filled by
      crest cells migrating from rhombomeres 2, 4 and 6 respectively, in register with
      the cranial nerve entry/exit points in these segments. The three streams of
      ventrally migrating cells are separated by alternating regions, rhombomeres 3 and
      5, which release no crest cells. Rostrally, rhombomere 1 and the caudal
      mesencephalon also contribute crest to the first arch, primarily to its upper
      (maxillary) component. Both r3 and r5 are associated with enhanced levels of cell
      death amongst cells of the dorsal midline, suggesting that crest may form at
      these levels but is then eliminated. Organisation of the branchial region is thus
      related by the dynamic process of neural crest immigration to the intrinsic
      mechanisms that segment the neuraxis.

PMID- 1811944
TI  - Regeneration of the root pole in surgically transected carrot embryos occurs by
      position-dependent, proximodistal replacement of missing tissues.
AB  - Torpedo-stage carrot embryos were surgically transected at various locations
      along the shoot-root axis and explants of the cotyledon-bearing shoot pole were
      sectioned and examined in order to provide a more detailed description of root
      pole regeneration. When excisions occurred at the sites of the future hypocotyl,
      the future radicle or the future root apical meristem, the regenerating axial
      tissues exhibited patterns of cellular organization that were nearly identical to
      those seen in unsevered controls. To accomplish this restoration, new cells, of
      the type normally found at each cutting site, were produced behind a regeneration
      dome that formed over the original surgical site. The regeneration dome was
      displaced by division and expansion-driven extension of the longitudinal axis,
      and cells in the renewed region quickly acquired individual anatomical traits and
      collective tissue morphologies that corresponded to those of cells in the
      analogous locations in intact embryos. Although no clear mechanism is implied,
      the results of these experiments suggest that interactions between cells near the
      surgical margin permit them to retain their sense of location within the original
      structure, and apprise them of the removal of their basipetally positioned
      neighbors. With varying-length remnants of the shoot serving as the only vestige
      of the original size and shape of the embryo, cells close to the site of excision
      were apparently reconfigured to commence ordered divisions that ultimately
      reconstituted the embryonic axis.

PMID- 1811943
TI  - Developmental analysis of the eye lens obsolescence (Elo) gene in the mouse: cell
      proliferation and Elo gene expression in the aggregation chimera.
AB  - This study investigates the primary effect of the eye lens obsolescence (Elo)
      gene of the mouse. Morphological features of the Elo lens were defined as
      follows: (1) deficient elongation of lens fiber cells, (2) morphological
      abnormality of nuclei of lens fiber cells, (3) lack of eosinophilic granules in
      the central fiber cells and (4) rupture of lens capsule in the posterior region.
      We have immunohistologically examined, by means of an in vivo BrdU incorporation
      system, whether or not the Elo gene regulates cell proliferation during lens
      development. The lens fiber cells were morphologically abnormal in day 13
      embryonic Elo lens. However, there were no significant differences in morphology
      or cell proliferation between normal and Elo lens epithelium until day 14 of
      gestation. After day 15, the total cell number in the Elo lens epithelium was
      significantly less than that in the normal, but the total numbers of S-phase
      cells in the two genotypes were not significantly different. The ratio of the
      total S-phase cell number to the total number of lens epithelial cells may be
      affected by the developmental stage, but not directly by the genotype. The
      genotype, however, may be having a direct influence at later ages because
      malformation of Elo lens fiber cells must cause reduction of the total number of
      lens epithelial cells in older embryos. Although, at 30 days old, Elo lens cells
      were externally extruded through the ruptured capsule into the vitreous cavity,
      BrdU-labelled lens epithelial cells were detectable. To investigate whether the
      Elo lens phenotype is determined by its own genotype or by its cellular
      environment, we produced aggregation chimeras between C3H-Elo/+(C/C) and
      BALB/c(c/c). Most lenses of BALB/c dominant chimeras were oval in shape without
      the ruptured lens capsule. However, they were opaque in the center and slightly
      smaller in size than normal. The lenses of C3H-Elo/+ dominant chimeras were
      morphologically similar to the Elo lens. Although normal nuclei were regularly
      arranged in the anterior region, Elo-type nuclei were located in the posterior
      region. Immunohistological staining by using anti-C3H strain-specific antibody
      demonstrated that the lens fiber cells with abnormal nuclei were derived only
      from C3H-Elo/+, not from BALB/c. These observations suggest that the primary
      effect of the Elo gene in the developing lens may be specific to the fiber cell
      differentiation rather than to the cell proliferation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1811945
TI  - In vitro development of murine T cells from prethymic and preliver embryonic yolk
      sac hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Mature T cells are derived from prethymic stem cells, which arise at one or more
      extrathymic sites and enter and differentiate in the thymus. The nature of these
      prethymic stem cells is a critical factor for the formation of the T-cell
      repertoire. Although the bone marrow of adult mice can provide such stem cells,
      their origin during murine embryogenesis is still undetermined. Among potential
      sites for these progenitor cells are the fetal liver and the embryonic yolk sac.
      Our studies focus on the yolk sac, both because the yolk sac appears earlier than
      any other proposed site, and because the mammalian yolk sac is the first site of
      hematopoiesis. Although it has been shown that the yolk sac in midgestation
      contains stem cells that can enter the thymic rudiment and differentiate toward T
      cell lineage, our aim was to analyze the developmental potential of cells in the
      yolk sac from earlier stages, prior to the formation of the liver and any other
      internal organ. We show here that the yolk sac from 8- and 9-day embryos (2-9 and
      13-19 somites, respectively) can reconstitute alymphoid congenic fetal thymuses
      and acquire mature T-cell-specific characteristics. Specifically, thymocytes
      derived from the early embryonic yolk sac can progress to the expression of
      mature T lymphocyte markers including CD3/T-cell receptor (TCR), CD4 and CD8. In
      contrast, we have been unable to document the presence of stem cells within the
      embryo itself at these early stages. These results support the hypothesis that
      the stem cells capable of populating the thymic rudiment originate in the yolk
      sac, and that their presence as early as at the 2- to 9-somite stage may indicate
      that prethymic stem cells found elsewhere in the embryo at later times may have
      been derived by migration from this extra-embryonic site. Our experimental design
      does not exclude the possibility of multiple origins of prethymic stem cells of
      which the yolk sac may provide the first wave of stem cells in addition to other
      later waves of cells.

PMID- 1811946
TI  - Development to term of mouse androgenetic aggregation chimeras.
AB  - Diploid androgenetic eggs contain two sperm-derived genomes, and only rarely
      develop to the early somite stage. Also, previous studies have indicated that
      androgenetic eggs cannot be rescued in aggregation chimeras beyond embryonic
      stages. Paradoxically, in blastocyst injection chimeras made with androgenetic
      embryonic stem (ES) cells of the 129/Sv strain, we previously obtained
      considerable improvement in developmental potential. Although considerable death
      occurred in utero, overtly normal chimeric fetuses and occasional postnatal
      chimeras that developed skeletal abnormalities were observed. Consequently, we
      have re-evaluated the developmental potential of androgenetic aggregation
      chimeras utilizing androgenetic eggs of the 129/Sv strain, and of the BALB/c and
      CD-1 strains for comparison. Regardless of strain, androgenetic aggregation
      chimeras were generally more inviable than previously observed with androgenetic
      ES cell chimeras, and often the embryoproper was abnormal even when an
      androgenetic contribution was detected only in the extra-embryonic membranes.
      This is at least a partial explanation of the greater viability of androgenetic
      ES cell chimeras, as ES cells do not colonize significantly certain extra
      embryonic tissues. Nevertheless, in the 129/Sv strain, occasional development of
      chimeras to term was obtained, and one chimera that survived postnatally
      developed identical skeletal abnormalities to those observed previously in
      androgenetic ES cell chimeras. This result demonstrates that at least one example
      of paternal imprinting is faithfully conserved in androgenetic ES cells. Also,
      the postnatal chimerism shows that androgenetic eggs can give rise to terminally
      differentiated cell types, and are therefore pluripotent. In contrast, only
      possibly one BALB/c and no CD-1 androgenetic aggregation chimeras developed to
      term. Therefore, the developmental potential of androgenetic aggregation chimeras
      is to some extent dependent on mouse strain.

PMID- 1811947
TI  - EP-cadherin in muscles and epithelia of Xenopus laevis embryos.
AB  - EP-cadherin is a novel Xenopus Ca+2-dependent adhesion molecule, which shares
      comparable homology with mouse E- and P-cadherins (Ginsberg, De Simone and
      Geiger; 1991, Development 111, 315-325). We report here the patterns of
      expression of this molecule in Xenopus laevis embryos at different developmental
      stages ranging from cleavage to postmetamorphic. EP-cadherin is already expressed
      in the oocyte and egg and can then be detected in close association with the
      membrane of all blastomeres up to late blastula stages. Starting at late gastrula
      stages, the level of EP-cadherin expression increases sharply in non-neural
      ectodermal cells, in the somites and in the notochord; it persists in endodermal
      cells and decreases rapidly in all migratory cells. During neurulation the level
      of EP-cadherin expression declines gradually in the nervous system and is
      undetectable here throughout later development except in the optic nerve and in
      the neural part of the olfactory organ. This pattern continues during later
      development so that in the tailbud stage and up to metamorphosis the most
      prominent staining is detected in the epidermis and skeletal muscle. After
      metamorphosis, the molecule gradually disappears from the muscle tissue and the
      major site of expression remains the skin. EP-cadherin is invariably present in
      close association with the cell membrane. In the muscle it is associated with the
      sarcolemma at regions of myoblast-myoblast or myotube-myotube contact. In
      epidermal cells, EP-cadherin is usually coexpressed with E-cadherin. Yet, while E
      cadherin staining is always restricted to the basolateral aspects of the cells,
      EP-cadherin is often distributed throughout the plasmalemma including the apical
      surface.

PMID- 1811948
TI  - A G-string positive cis-regulatory element in the LpS1 promoter binds two
      distinct nuclear factors distributed non-uniformly in Lytechinus pictus embryos.
AB  - The LpS1 alpha and beta genes of Lytechinus pictus are activated at the late
      cleavage stage of embryogenesis, with LpS1 mRNAs accumulating only in lineages
      contributing to aboral ectoderm. We had shown previously that 762 bp of 5'
      flanking DNA from the LpS1 beta gene was sufficient for proper temporal and
      aboral ectoderm specific expression. In the present study, we identified a strong
      positive cis-regulatory element at -70 bp to -75 bp in the LpS1 beta promoter
      with the sequence (G)6 and a similar, more distal cis-element at -721 bp to -726
      bp. The proximal 'G-string' element interacted with two nuclear factors, one
      specific to ectoderm and one to endoderm/mesoderm nuclear extracts, whereas the
      distal G-string element interacted only with the ectoderm factor. The ectoderm
      and endoderm/mesoderm G-string factors were distinct based on their migratory
      behavior in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, binding site specificities,
      salt optima and EDTA sensitivity. The proximal G-string element shared homology
      with a binding site for the mammalian transcription factor IF1, a protein that
      binds to negative cis-regulatory elements in the mouse alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I)
      collagen gene promoters. Competition experiments using wild-type and mutant
      oligonucleotides indicated that the ectoderm G-string factor and IF1 have similar
      recognition sites. Partially purified IF1 specifically bound to an
      oligonucleotide containing the proximal G-string of LpS1 beta. From our results,
      we suggest that the ectoderm G-string factor, a member of the G-rich DNA-binding
      protein family, activates the LpS1 gene in aboral ectoderm cells by binding to
      the LpS1 promoter at the proximal G-string site.

PMID- 1811949
TI  - Dosage dependence of maternal contribution to somatic cell division in Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - Most mitotic mutants in Drosophila do not lead to lethality in early development
      despite the highly abnormal chromosome behaviour that they elicit. This has been
      explained as being the effect of maternally provided wild-type products. We have
      tested this hypothesis by studying cuticular clones derived from cells in which
      there has been loss of a marked Y chromosome due to chromosome nondisjunction in
      individuals homozygous for the mutation abnormal spindle who are progeny of
      heterozygous mothers. We have found that the size and frequency of these clones
      are higher than in control flies. Furthermore, by analysing flies whose female
      parents have different doses of the asp+ gene, we have found that there is a
      correlation between the amount of maternally contributed asp+ product and the
      frequency and size of cuticular clones. We have also estimated the time in
      development when the first mitotic mistakes take place, i.e. the time when
      maternal products are no longer sufficient to carry out normal cell division.

PMID- 1811950
TI  - Regulation and processing of a secreted protein that mediates sensing of cell
      density in Dictyostelium.
AB  - During Dictyostelium development, the expression of some genes is dependent on
      cell density. This effect is mediated by soluble factors referred to as
      conditioned medium factors (CMFs) which the developing cells secrete at very low
      rates and simultaneously sense. There are at least two classes of CMFs: one is an
      80 x 10(3) Mr glycoprotein and the other is a heterogeneous group of molecules,
      with relative molecular masses between 6.5 x 10(3) and 0.65 x 10(3).
      Interestingly, the two classes of molecules do not need to be combined for
      activity. We find that the 80 x 10(3) Mr CMF but not the small CMF is sequestered
      in vegetative cells. The 80 x 10(3) Mr CMF is then secreted by cells during early
      development, while the small CMF appears only during late development. Like the
      80 x 10(3) Mr CMF, the small CMFs are trypsin-sensitive and contain N- and O
      linked glycosylation. The breakdown products of a fraction containing 80 x 10(3)
      Mr CMF cochromatographed from a Sephadex G-50 column and a reverse-phase HPLC
      column with small CMFs. The specific activity of CMF increases roughtly 100-fold
      upon breakdown. The results suggest that, during differentiation, the slowly
      diffusing 80 x 10(3) Mr CMF is first produced from a precursor pool already
      present in vegetative cells, allowing differentiation of only those cells in the
      immediate vicinity of the aggregation center. The breakdown of 80 x 10(3) Mr CMF
      to a faster-diffusing, higher specific activity form then might enable cells
      farther from the aggregation center to differentiate.

PMID- 1811951
TI  - The determination of sense organs in Drosophila: effect of the neurogenic
      mutations in the embryo.
AB  - We have examined the early pattern of sensory mother cells in embryos mutant for
      six different neurogenic loci. Our results show that the neurogenic loci are
      required to restrict the number of competent cells that will become sensory
      mother cells, but are not involved in controlling the localization or the
      position-dependent specification of competent cells. We conclude that these loci
      are involved in setting up a system of mutual inhibition, which transforms graded
      differences within the proneural clusters into an all-or-none difference between
      one cell, which becomes the sense organ progenitor cell, and the other cells,
      which remain epidermal.

PMID- 1811952
TI  - The effects of retinoic acid on heart formation in the early chick embryo.
AB  - The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid has previously been shown to have
      teratogenic effects on heart development in mammalian embryos. The craniomedial
      migration of the precardiac mesoderm during the early stages of heart formation
      is thought to depend on a gradient of extracellular fibronectin associated with
      the underlying endoderm. Here, the effects of retinoic acid on migration of the
      precardiac mesoderm have been investigated in the early chick embryo. When
      applied to the whole embryo in culture, the retinoid inhibits the craniomedial
      migration of the precardiac mesoderm resulting in a heart tube that is stunted
      cranially, while normal or enlarged caudally. Similarly, a local application of
      retinoic acid to the heart-forming area disrupts the formation of the cardiogenic
      crescent and the subsequent development of a single mid-line heart tube. This
      effect is analogous to removing a segment of endoderm and mesoderm across the
      heart-forming area and results in various degrees of cardia bifida. At higher
      concentrations of retinoic acid and earlier developmental stages, two completely
      separate hearts are produced, while at lower concentrations and later stages
      there are partial bifurcations. The controls, in which the identical operation is
      carried out except that dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is used instead of the
      retinoid, are almost all normal. We propose that one of the teratogenic effects
      of retinoic acid on the heart is to disrupt the interaction between precardiac
      cells and the extracellular matrix thus inhibiting their directed migration on
      the endodermal substratum.

PMID- 1811953
TI  - TGF beta 1 inhibits proliferation and has a chemotropic effect on mouse
      primordial germ cells in culture.
AB  - Primordial germ cells are the stem cells that provide the functional gametes of
      adult animals. In many animal groups they are set aside at the earliest stages of
      development, and migrate from their sites of first appearance to the sites where
      the gonad will form, the genital ridges. During this migration they proliferate.
      In the mouse embryo their numbers increase from less than one hundred to
      approximately four thousand during the period of their migration. In a previous
      paper we showed that both the proliferation and the direction of migration of
      mouse PGCs in culture were influenced by soluble factors released from their
      target tissue, the genital ridges. Studies on other stem cell populations have
      shown that complex combinations of growth factors control their proliferation,
      migration and differentiation. In this paper, we show that TGF beta 1 inhibits
      proliferation of PGCs taken from 8.5 day old embryos and cultured on embryonic
      fibroblast feeder layers. We also show that the previously reported chemotropic
      effect of genital ridges in this culture system is mediated by TGF beta 1, or a
      closely related molecule, released from the genital ridges.

PMID- 1811954
TI  - A chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan may influence the direction of retinal
      ganglion cell outgrowth.
AB  - In the developing retina, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons elongate toward the
      optic fissure, even though no obvious directional restrictions exist. Previous
      studies indicate that axon-matrix interactions are important for retinal ganglion
      cell axon elongation, but the factors that direct elongation are unknown.
      Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CS-PG), a component of the extracellular
      matrix, repels elongating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons in vitro and is
      present in vivo in the roof plate of the spinal cord, a structure that acts as a
      barrier to DRG axons during development. In this study, we examined whether CS-PG
      may regulate the pattern of retinal ganglion cell outgrowth in the developing
      retina. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that CS-PG was present in the
      innermost layers of the developing rat retina. The expression of CS-PG moved
      peripherally with retinal development, always remaining at the outer edge of the
      front of the developing axons. CS-PG was no longer detectable with
      immunocytochemical techniques when RGC axon elongation in the retina is complete.
      Results of studies in vitro showed that CS-PG, isolated from bovine nasal
      cartilage and chick limb, was inhibitory to elongating RGC axons and that RGC
      growth cones were more sensitive to CS-PG than were DRG neurites tested at the
      same concentrations of CS-PG. The behavior of retinal growth cones as they
      encounter CS-PG was characterized using time-lapse video microscopy. Filopodia of
      the RGC growth cones extended to and sampled the CS-PG repeatedly. With time, the
      growth cones turned to avoid outgrowth on the CS-PG and grew only on laminin.
      While numerous studies have shown the presence of positive factors within the
      retina that may guide developing RGC axons, this is the first demonstration of an
      inhibitory or repelling molecule in the retina that may regulate axon elongation.
      Taken together, these data suggest that the direction of RGC outgrowth in the
      retina may be regulated by the proper ratio of growth-promoting molecules, such
      as laminin, to growth-inhibiting molecules, like CS-PG, present in the correct
      pattern and concentrations along the retinal ganglion cell pathway.

PMID- 1811955
TI  - Hensen's node induces neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Implications for the
      action of the organizer in neural induction.
AB  - The development of the vertebrate nervous system is initiated in amphibia by
      inductive interactions between ectoderm and a region of the embryo called the
      organizer. The organizer tissue in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of Xenopus
      and Hensen's node in chick embryos have similar neural inducing properties when
      transplanted into ectopic sites in their respective embryos. To begin to
      determine the nature of the inducing signals of the organizer and whether they
      are conserved across species we have examined the ability of Hensen's node to
      induce neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. We show that Hensen's node induces
      large amounts of neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Neural induction proceeds in
      the absence of mesodermal differentiation and is accompanied by tissue movements
      which may reflect notoplate induction. The competence of the ectoderm to respond
      to Hensen's node extends much later in development than that to activin-A or to
      induction by vegetal cells, and parallels the extended competence to neural
      induction by axial mesoderm. The actions of activin-A and Hensen's node are
      further distinguished by their effects on lithium-treated ectoderm. These results
      suggest that neural induction can occur efficiently in response to inducing
      signals from organizer tissue arrested at a stage prior to gastrulation, and that
      such early interactions in the blastula may be an important component of neural
      induction in vertebrate embryos.

PMID- 1811956
TI  - The effect of tetrahydrofuran on biological systems: does a hepatotoxic potential
      exist?
AB  - Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a widely used solvent in industry and research. THF is a
      weak toxin, with approximate acute LD50s in the range of 2 to 3 g/kg, 8 to 20
      mg/L, and 800 mg/kg following oral, inhalation, and i.v. routes, respectively.
      The two primary signs of intoxication are narcosis and hepatocellular
      dysfunction, both occurring at doses of approximately one-half of the lethal
      dose. Little is known concerning the pharmacokinetics of THF. No evidence exists
      for genotoxicity due to THF. Ongoing carcinogenicity bioassay tests sponsored by
      the National Toxicology Program have not yet been completed. Two significant
      interactions of THF with cellular components have been studied; first, THF
      inhibits a number of enzymatic reactions at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100
      mM. Most notably, THF is an inhibitor of a number of cytochrome P450 (P450)
      dependent mixed function oxidase activities, with a particular affinity for the
      alcohol-induced isozyme (P450IIE1). Second, THF has been noted to enhance the
      toxic action of a number of compounds (i.e. solvent effect), in particular
      stimulating the more rapid absorption of reactive metabolites. A third factor to
      be considered is THF's ability to form peroxides upon standing. Little is known
      concerning the toxicity of THF peroxides. Therefore, while there is little
      evidence to suggest that THF would be a direct (Type I) hepatotoxin at relatively
      low doses, its ability to inhibit drug-metabolizing reactions (perhaps more so in
      alcohol users), and enhance the absorbance of reactive metabolites, are
      relatively unexplored avenues for THF to contribute to a hepatotoxic response. As
      a great deal of the human hepatotoxicity (Type II) is "idiosyncratic" and cannot
      be readily reproduced in experimental animals, this potential route of
      hepatotoxicity should be considered in future evaluations of human exposure to
      THF.

PMID- 1811957
TI  - The effects of exercise following exposure to bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide.
AB  - Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide (TFD) was originally designed for use as an
      agricultural fumigant. Inhalation of toxic doses of TFD results in varying
      degrees of pulmonary edema. The purpose of this study was to determine if
      exhaustive exercise would potentiate the toxic effects of TFD. One group of
      treadmill-acclimated rats was exercised to exhaustion following a 10-minute whole
      body exposure to TFD. A second group was similarly exposed but not exercised. Two
      other groups of rats were sham exposed; one was exercised while one remained
      sedentary following the sham exposure. Twenty-four hours after exposure, the
      animals were sacrificed; the lungs were removed and weighed, and a portion was
      collected for histopathologic examination. The remaining lung tissue was allowed
      to dry to constant weight. There was no difference in endurance times between
      exposed and sham-exposed rats. There was a significant increase in the amount of
      pulmonary edema and associated pulmonary pathology in rats exercised following
      exposure to TFD. Eleven of twelve animals exercised following exposure to TFD and
      three of twelve animals which remained sedentary following exposure died by 24
      hours. The degree of pulmonary pathology in all rats exposed to TFD was profound.

PMID- 1811958
TI  - Toxicity and mutagenicity of the molluscicidal plant Ambrosia maritima L.
AB  - The acute and subchronic toxicity of the molluscicidal plant, Ambrosia maritima
      L., has been tested on rats. No toxic signs could be detected neither after oral
      administration of 5 g/kg of dried leaves of the plant as a powder or as a
      methanolic extract, nor after the incorporation of 50,000 ppm powdered leaves in
      the feed during 4 weeks. Using an aqueous extract of the plant material of A.
      maritima or using ambrosin, one of the active molluscicidal components of the
      plant, no mutagenic activity could be detected in the S. typhimurium strains
      TA97, TA 98, TA1538, TA100 and TA1535.

PMID- 1811959
TI  - Valproic acid hepatotoxicity in human liver slices.
AB  - Precision cut human liver slices were incubated in organ culture with valproic
      acid (VPA) to identify patterns of sensitivity to VPA-induced hepatotoxicity. The
      slices were incubated in Krebs-HEPES buffer supplemented with 25mM glucose and 84
      micrograms/ml gentamycin. At 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hr slices were taken and
      analyzed for K+ retention, synthesis of protein and LDH leakage. All three of
      these viability indicators showed that certain human livers were more susceptible
      to VPA-induced hepatotoxicity than others. In the limited group of human livers
      investigated (n = 9) we found one to be particularly sensitive and two relatively
      insensitive to VPA toxicity. The remaining tissues were of intermediate
      sensitivity towards VPA. At this time there is no correlation between the human
      livers that were susceptible to VPA induced hepatotoxicity and age or sex. This
      study was designed to show that VPA does induce hepatotoxicity in vitro at
      therapeutically relevant concentrations. Future studies will show whether VPA
      hepatotoxicity correlates with VPA metabolism, nutritional status or concomitant
      therapy.

PMID- 1811960
TI  - Toxicological study of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acute and subchronic
      toxicity.
AB  - Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is a highly effective iron chelator.
      Acute toxicity testing was performed in mice and rats of both sexes, with 10 mice
      or rats/sex/group. The LD50 values of PIH in both species were 5 and 1 g/kg given
      orally and intraperitoneally, respectively. Microscopic examination of tissues
      from the highest oral dose (6 g/kg) animals that survived 7 days revealed fatty
      degeneration in the liver. Subchronic toxicity was tested in rats of both sexes,
      with 8 males and 8 females/group. PIH doses of 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg were given
      orally for 90 consecutive days. Water was given to the control group. Hematocrit
      and blood chemistries were analysed at weeks 3, 6, 10 and 13. There were no
      changes in hematocrit and BUN. PIH at doses of 800 mg/kg caused a significant
      increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and transaminase levels at week 13.
      Microscopic examination showed hepatic degeneration in a dose-related fashion.
      Vascular congestion of the kidney and spleen was also found. No histopathological
      changes were detected in sections from the stomach and intestine.

PMID- 1811961
TI  - [Parapulp pin anchorage].

PMID- 1811962
TI  - [Frequency of odontogenic tumors in the growth period].
AB  - 424 odontogenic tumors were diagnosed at the Department of Oral Pathology in
      Hamburg Eppendorf and the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery in Kiel between
      1965 and 1989. 106 of these odontogenic tumors were found in patients of 16 years
      and under. More often than not the odontogenic tumors of this age group were
      complex and compound odontomas, totalling 67%. When comparing these with other
      odontogenic tumors it must be taken into consideration that--although included in
      the WHO classification--odontomas are often referred to as hamartomas and not
      real tumors, because they lack the typical features of tumors. Compared with the
      adult age group, the relative frequency of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic
      fibro-odontomas and odontogenic myxomas was remarkable. Nevertheless, because of
      the great differences between the two age groups, direct comparisons of these
      findings with each other should be made with reservation.

PMID- 1811963
TI  - [Failure-time and risk analysis of fixed partial dentures].
AB  - Statistical methods of survival-analysis were applied to investigate the effects
      of anatomical, constructional and individual factors, which determine the "life
      time" of 4371 single crowns, 1669 bridges and 175 fixed splints of a total of
      1841 patients of a private insurance company. After 15 years of service 64% of
      the bridges, 56% of the single crowns and 45% of the splints were still under
      risk. The number of abutments and units, location, date of insertion, jaw and
      extension/normal bridge were significant risk factors.

PMID- 1811964
TI  - [Temperature profile in the enamel during cold tests].
AB  - The temperatures on the surface of human teeth during pulp vitality tests with
      frigen and carbon dioxide snow were recorded in an in vitro study. Frigen spray
      caused particularly rapid changes in temperature. The lowest temperature (-52
      degrees C) was measured with CO2-snow (with a pressure of 9.81 N against the
      tooth surface). To obtain higher temperatures at lower rates of change, the use
      of a thin latex fingerstall proved to be effective.

PMID- 1811965
TI  - [How good is the marginal adaptation of an "average" amalgam restoration?].
AB  - In this study the marginal discrepancies of 1000 amalgam fillings placed in human
      premolars and molars were evaluated. The results of the clinical evaluation of
      the fillings showed a great degree of agreement with other investigators. In
      29.1% of the restorations the marginal gap was smaller than 100 microns. 47.7% of
      the fillings showed marginal gaps of less than 150 microns. Fillings with
      finished surfaces showed considerably smaller marginal discrepancies than those
      with unfinished surfaces.

PMID- 1811966
TI  - [Posttreatment evaluation of root canal fillings performed by dental students].
AB  - The present study deals with root canal treatments performed by students in 616
      teeth, 322 of which could be reevaluated clinically and radiologically after
      periods of 3-7 years. 14 (4%) teeth had to be apicectomized. 96% of the teeth had
      no clinical symptoms.

PMID- 1811967
TI  - [The regenerative capability of the condylar process of the mandible].
AB  - In a roentgenographic follow-up study in children with 139 fractures of the
      condylar process of the lower jaw the following observations were made: A
      restitutio ad integrum was achieved with conservative measures in all of the non
      displaced fractures, in most of the displaced fractures, and in less than 50% of
      the fracture dislocations. The best results were seen in children under the age
      of 10 years.

PMID- 1811968
TI  - [The development of the treatment of collum fractures in childhood].
AB  - Since the end of the last century there have been two concepts in the treatment
      of condylar fractures: the surgical and the conservative approach. In children
      the orthopedic-conservative approach is preferred. Only in severe luxation
      fractures has the operative modality been considered.

PMID- 1811969
TI  - [Panoramic zonography in the diagnosis of TMJ fractures].
AB  - The radiological diagnosis of fractures of the mandibular condyle may be quite
      difficult. In a study of 237 patients the value of panoramic zonography is
      evaluated. Advantages of the new method are orthoradial projection, examination
      in a supine position, and good visibility of the anatomical structures in the TMJ
      S and TMJ-PA program. Radiation doses in conventional radiography are 40-60 times
      higher than in panoramic zonography. High resolution CT should be reserved for
      special indications.

PMID- 1811970
TI  - [The treatment of condylar fractures in children].
AB  - 34 children with fractures of the condylar process were treated by intermaxillary
      wiring with subsequent functional therapy and/or functional appliances. 17
      patients were treated by means of a functional appliance only. The results
      indicate the advantages of the treatment by means of functional appliances.

PMID- 1811971
TI  - [Results of a conservative functional treatment concept for condylar fractures
      during childhood].
AB  - In 65 patients having sustained a condylar fracture of the mandible during the
      growth period between the ages of 2 and 12 years, the influence of age at trauma
      on later structural deformity and dysfunction was studied. A restitution
      undiscernible from normal was found in only 3 patients. In the other 62 patients
      varying degrees of subjective complaints, clinical dysfunction and radiographic
      irregularities of the ascending ramus or joint had to be noticed.

PMID- 1811972
TI  - [Intra- and extra-capsular condyle fractures in the growth period. Therapy,
      clinical course, complications].
AB  - 37 patients had been reviewed after surgical (n = 25) or conservative (n = 12)
      treatment of condylar fractures. Morphologic and functional outcomes were equal
      in spite of the poorer starting position of the patients that had been operated
      on. Injuries and complications due to the operation, such as facial nerve palsy,
      growth inhibition or obvious scars have never been found. Conservatively treated
      and operated patients alike showed a moderate limitation of opening and
      mediotrusion on the fracture side, and both groups showed a flattening of the
      protrusion path.

PMID- 1811973
TI  - [Comparison of treatment results after collum fractures in children and
      adolescents].
AB  - 52 patients aged between 5 and 19 years with a total of 68 collum fractures were
      examined in a clinical, radiological and sirognathographical follow-up study.
      Except for the luxation fractures of the upper collum there was no significant
      difference in the results of immobilisation therapy (77%) and functional therapy.
      Only in the case of collum luxation fractures were our X-ray findings less
      positive. Patients under the age of 15 showed a better tendency for restitution.

PMID- 1811974
TI  - [Mandibular condyle fractures in childhood: effects on growth and function].
AB  - Long-term follow-up findings in 29 patients having had childhood condylar
      fractures and 13 patients having had childhood mandibular body fractures combined
      with condylar fractures are presented. In only 12% of all cases moderate to
      severe mandibular growth abnormalities were observed. About 2/3 of these patients
      showed growth retardation on the condylar fracture side. 1/3 of this group,
      however, demonstrated more pronounced growth on the fracture side compared to the
      nonfracture side. Cephalometric measurements proved to be the most effective
      method for evaluation of growth disorders, whereas clinical examination and
      photographs were less efficient. Although function and anatomical remodelling was
      good, the probability of complete remodelling and functional rehabilitation is
      higher in younger children.

PMID- 1811975
TI  - [Findings following functional orthopedic treatment of TMJ fractures in the
      growth period].
AB  - 80 children and teenagers at the age of 3 to 14 years with isolated TMJ fractures
      were only treated by means of functional orthodontic appliances. After an average
      period of 3 years after the fracture they could be followed-up clinically, as
      well as radiographically. TMJ function turned out to be good in all patients. The
      morphological regeneration was often incomplete in older the patients and
      especially in deep dislocation fractures.

PMID- 1811976
TI  - [Indication for condyle reconstruction in TMJ fractures during childhood].
AB  - Four cases of unilateral juvenile growth retardation of the lower jaw caused by
      trauma of the temporomandibular joint are presented (age 5-13 years, 1 female, 3
      male). Three cases had ankylosis of the TMJ. In all patients, a reconstruction of
      the condyle by transplantation of rib or iliac crest grafts was performed. Follow
      up time was 1.5 to 3 years. Postoperatively, good function was achieved in all
      cases; a tendency for growth induction was found in 3 cases, overgrowth in one
      case. Severe impediment of lower jaw mobility, when combined with foreseeable
      growth impediment, as well as traumatically induced hypoplasia are proposed as
      indications for autologous joint reconstruction.

PMID- 1811977
TI  - [Displacement fractures of the collum in the growth period--conservative vs.
      operative treatment].
AB  - In dislocated fractures of the collum mandibulae in children, open reduction
      without internal fixation seems to be an effective therapeutic approach. Based on
      the case of a nine-year-old boy a discussion of the indications, advantages and
      risks is presented.

PMID- 1811978
TI  - [The ameloblastic fibroma. An odontogenic tumor in the growth period].
AB  - Nine cases of ameloblastic fibroma are described and compared with published data
      on this odontogenic tumour. The median age of the 7 male and 2 female patients
      was 11 years (range 2-17 yrs.). The tumour was localized in the posterior segment
      of the mandible and less often in the maxilla. The neoplasia was frequently
      associated with impaction and agenesis of teeth. Although recurrences of
      ameloblastic fibromas are rare, long-term follow-up is recommended.

PMID- 1811979
TI  - [Clinical course, histology and prognostic assessment of odontomas].
AB  - In our opinion ameloblastic fibro-odontoma seems to be a true neoplasia. Complex
      composite odontomas and compound composite odontomas represent hamartomatous
      malformations. The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma seems not to differentiate into a
      complex composite odontoma. Since ameloblastic fibro-odontomas bear great
      resemblance to common odontomas, it is suggested that all odontomas be sent to a
      qualified oral pathologist for microscopic examination.

PMID- 1811980
TI  - [The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma].
AB  - The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a rare nonagressive mixed odontogenic tumor.
      Most of these lesions occur in patients under 20 years. There is no sex
      predilection. They are located more often in the mandible, usually in the
      posterior segment. Painless swelling in the most common clinical sign.
      Radiologically, ameloblastic fibro-odontomas show a circumscribed radiolucency
      which contains radiopaque foci of various sizes and shapes. Histological
      examination reveals fibrous soft tissue and islands of odontogenic epithelium.
      The tumor produces enamel or enamel matrix, dentin and cementum. Treatment of
      ameloblastic fibro-odontomas usually consists of enucleation or surgical
      curettage. Eight cases of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma are reported and the
      clinical features, radiographic and histo-pathologic findings will be discussed
      along with the 67 cases found in the literature.

PMID- 1811981
TI  - [Is it possible to differentiate between odontoameloblastoma and fibro-odontoma?
      Critical position on basis of 18 cases in DOSAK list].
AB  - An attempt was made to differentiate between odontoameloblastoma and ameloblastic
      fibro-odontoma by means of histological criteria based on 29 cases referred to
      the DOSAK-bone tumor register. After critical revision 18 appropriate cases have
      been selected for evaluation. We divided them into 4 odonto-ameloblastomas and 14
      ameloblastic fibro-odontomas in accordance with the WHO classification. With
      respect to localisation, clinical symptoms, radiography, frequency of
      recurrencies and age no major difference was found between the two "entities". In
      our sample a decisive histological differentiation was not possible. This
      supports our hypothesis that there is only one entity.

PMID- 1811982
TI  - [Ameloblastomas in the growth period--aspects of differential diagnosis and
      therapy].
AB  - This paper is focussed on problems associated with the histological evaluation of
      odontogenic tissues in the growth period. It is particularly parts of the dental
      lamina or harmless odontogenic tumors (e.g. ameloblastic fibromas) that can be
      mistaken for ameloblastomas. Since these false diagnoses may occur in growing
      patients, radical resections for treatment of ameloblastomas should only be
      performed after a second histological evaluation and when typical intraosseous
      lesions are present.

PMID- 1811983
TI  - [Frequency and histological differentiation of odontogenic tumors in the growth
      period. Results of an 11-year study].
AB  - 57 patients with odontogenic tumours were treated in the Department for Oral
      Surgery in Berne, Switzerland from 1975-1985. One third of them was between 4-19
      years of age. The greatest entity was the ameloblastic-ectomesenchymal tumour
      with 62%, ectomesenchymal-mesenchymal tumours did not appear during the years of
      growth. The average age increased in the following order: ameloblastic
      ectomesenchymal, mesenchymal, ectomesenchymal-mesenchymal and ameloblastic
      tumours. We recommend radical surgical treatment for ameloblastomas, odontogenic
      myxomas and odontogenic fibromas whereas a conservative surgical approach is
      sufficient for all other odontogenic tumours.

PMID- 1811984
TI  - Demonstration of insulin induced enhancement of insulin dissociation from its
      receptor in H35 rat hepatoma cells in spite of a linear Scatchard plot.
AB  - The dissociation of insulin from its receptor has been reported to be enhanced in
      the presence of unlabeled insulin. This phenomenon has been used as a proof for
      the existence of negative cooperativity. However, when insulin degradation was
      inhibited by the use of a combination of bacitracin and chloroquine or prevented
      by a short incubation time in insulin binding studies in H35 rat hepatoma cells,
      linear Scatchard plots were obtained. This indicates that in the absence of
      insulin degradation negative cooperativity does not occur in these cells. Still
      the dissociation of insulin from its receptor was enhanced in the presence of 167
      nM unlabeled insulin. This seriously questions the use of demonstration of
      insulin induced enhancement of insulin dissociation from its receptor as proof
      for the existence of negative cooperativity.

PMID- 1811985
TI  - A follicular fluid factor inhibiting Xenopus oocyte maturation.
AB  - A factor was isolated from bovine follicular fluid (FF) that blocked progesterone
      induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes. The factor was purified by ultrafiltration
      through PM-10 membrane, gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column, gel permeation
      chromatography on Superose 12 column and reversed-phase HPLC on Partisil ODS-3
      column. The active factor is a peptide with an estimated Mr of 8000 and it
      effectively blocked progesterone-induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes at a
      concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, it did not influence the
      spontaneous maturation of isolated cumulus-enclosed or denuded mouse oocytes. The
      present findings suggest that the FF factor may be an inhibitor or antagonist of
      progesterone action.

PMID- 1811986
TI  - Glipizide treatment of pancreas autotransplantation: effects on alterations in
      glucose-insulin relationships.
AB  - Pancreas transplantation has been proven effective in supplying an endogenous
      insulin supply in diabetics. However, alterations in glucose metabolism after
      transplantation suggest a possible "insensitivity" to its action in the
      periphery. We hypothesized that sulfonylurea treatment of canines who had
      received segmental pancreas autotransplants would correct these alterations by
      altering peripheral insulin sensitivity. Glipizide therapy (5 mg p.o. b.i.d.) did
      appear, in fact, to enhance basal insulin sensitivity by lowering fasting glucose
      (100 +/- 3 to 81 +/- 11 mg/dl pre-treatment to post-treatment) while not
      affecting basal insulin levels. However, glipizide therapy was associated with
      decreased insulin response to challenge by either oral glucose (2 gm/kg) or
      sustained intravenous hyperglycemia (150 mg/dl above basal). We conclude that our
      model of pancreas autotransplantation documents alterations in glucose metabolism
      which are devoid of the effect of immunosuppression. Glipizide treatment appears
      to affect fasting sensitivity to insulin, but results in a decrement of insulin
      response to oral or intravenous glucose challenge.

PMID- 1811987
TI  - Androgen-estrogen synergy in the regulation of energy metabolism in epididymis
      and vas deferens of rhesus monkey.
AB  - The possible physiological role of estrogen in the regulation of energy
      metabolism of epididymis and vas deferens of rhesus monkey was investigated. A
      few selected key enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and
      pyruvate kinase) and TCA cycle (succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase)
      were measured in these two organs of (a) castrated estrogen treated, (b)
      castrated estrogen + dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treated animals and compared with
      those in castrated and castrated + DHT treated animals. Results reveal that DHT
      stimulated the activities of all these enzymes whereas estrogen failed to
      stimulate any of the enzymes in castrated animals. However, estrogen in
      combination with DHT caused a marked stimulation of the enzymes and the response
      of the epididymis and vas deferens to combination treatment was significantly
      more than that caused by DHT alone. The results suggest that circulating estrogen
      in male has a physiological role and acts synergistically with androgen in
      regulating accessory sex organ function.

PMID- 1811988
TI  - The gene expression of cytochrome P-450(11) beta during adrenal regeneration in
      the rat: studies using in situ hybridization.
AB  - Low levels of mRNA for the key adrenal steroidogenic enzyme, cytochrome P-450(11)
      beta, have been reported in the early stages of adrenal regeneration. To
      determine whether the defect in cytochrome P-450(11) beta gene expression is
      located in the adrenal zona fasciculata or glomerulosa, in situ hybridization
      techniques have been employed. Sections from 1 week regenerating adrenals were
      probed with sense and anti-sense cytochrome P-450(11) beta RNA. The signal was
      intense in the zona fasciculata cells in control adrenals but very low in those
      of adrenal regenerates. These data establish that the low levels of mRNA
      transcripts of cytochrome P-450(11) beta are localized to the zona fasciculata
      cells responsible for 11-deoxycorticosterone secretion in regenerating adrenals.

PMID- 1811989
TI  - Competitive inhibition of human placental aromatase by N-n-octanoylnornicotine
      and other nornicotine derivatives.
AB  - In a study of the effect of N-n-octanoylnornicotine and other acyl derivatives of
      nornicotine on the aromatization of androstenedione by human placental microsomal
      aromatase, we found that N-n-octanoylnornicotine, a component of cigarette smoke,
      exhibited competitive inhibition with an apparent Ki of 0.65 microM. This is
      comparable to that of aminoglutethimide, the clinically-used non-steroidal
      aromatase inhibitor. N-n-Decanoylnornicotine and N-(4
      hydroxyundecanoyl)nornicotine exhibited apparent Ki values of 0.86 microM and
      0.24 microM, respectively. This study suggests that cigarette smoke components
      may have a direct effect on estrogen biosynthesis and that these compounds may
      prove to be useful parent structures for development of active site probes for
      further elucidation of estrogen biosynthesis and might eventually lead to the
      development of alternative non-steroidal anti-cancer therapy.

PMID- 1811990
TI  - Influence of the calcium and vitamin D endocrine system on the "priming" of the
      liver for compensatory growth.
AB  - The liver is known to be sensitive to dietary challenge and to reduction in its
      functional mass. To investigate the influence of the vitamin D endocrine system
      on the hepatic growth response, liver DNA synthesis (S phase of cell cycle) was
      primed by dietary manipulation (high carbohydrate/protein-free diet x 3 d
      followed by high protein diet x 15-18 hr) in animals presenting various calcium
      and vitamin D status. Data indicate the dietary manipulation increased
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA following vitamin D3 (D3) or 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) administration (p less than 0.0001) while
      vitamin D depleted (D-) rats (both hypo and normocalcemic) showed no significant
      increases over unchallenged rats (p less than 0.0001). Studies on the hepatic EGF
      receptor indicate that while no significant between-group difference was observed
      in receptor density or affinity, evaluation of the receptor density in relation
      to the [3H]thymidine incorporation response revealed a higher receptor density in
      responders (D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplemented groups) with 30.2 +/- 1.4% maximum
      binding than in non-responders (hypo and normocalcemic D- groups) with 25.4 +/-
      1.8% maximum EGF binding (p less than 0.03); EGF EC50 was found to be 50.2 +/-
      4.4 and 63.8 +/- 9.7 ng/ml in responders and non-responders respectively (p =
      0.1). These data indicate that vitamin D depletion is accompanied by
      hyporesponsiveness when challenged by a dietary protocol known to prime the liver
      for growth inducing stimuli.

PMID- 1811991
TI  - Adenosine deaminase activity in the gastric mucosa in patients with gastric
      ulcer. Effects of ranitidine and sucralfate.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase activity was studied in the gastric mucosa of patients with
      peptic ulcer in relation to ulcer localisation and treatment with ranitidine or
      sucralfate. Enzyme activities observed in the corpus mucosa were higher at a
      distance of over 2 cm from the ulcer margin than that recorded close to the
      ulcer. A significant decrease in adenosine deaminase activity was found after
      treatment with ranitidine but not with sucralfate. In the antral mucosa, enzyme
      activity was constant in all the groups observed. The evaluation of adenosine
      deaminase activity in gastric mucosa can be useful for studies of pathologic
      changes in the stomach.

PMID- 1811993
TI  - The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist zatosetron decreases the number of spontaneously
      active A10 dopamine neurons.
AB  - Acute and chronic administration of low doses (e.g. 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) of the
      selective 5-HT3 antagonist zatosetron decreased the number of spontaneously
      active A 10 dopamine cells but did not change the number of spontaneously active
      A9 dopamine cells; higher doses (1.0, 10 mg/kg) were less effective. The decrease
      in the number of spontaneously active A 10 dopamine cells following zatosetron
      administration was not reversed by the administration of apomorphine. These data
      indicate that zatosetron's effects on spontaneously active dopamine neurons: (1)
      differs from other 5-HT3 antagonists; (2) may not be mediated by depolarization
      inactivation; and, (3) may be predictive of an atypical antipsychotic action
      without delayed onset.

PMID- 1811992
TI  - Dextrorphan blocks long- but not short-term memory in a passive avoidance task in
      rats.
AB  - In the present study a mixed sigma and PCP (phencyclidine) site ligand,
      dextrorphan (22 mg/kg), blocked long- but not short-term memory in a passive
      avoidance task. This effect was not accompanied by any behavioral alterations
      that could interfere with passive avoidance performance. The action of
      dextrorphan was shared by a selective NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor
      antagonist, MK-801 (5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocyclohepten-5,10-imine
      maleate, 0.1 mg/kg). The results suggest that dextrorphan affects long-term
      memory, probably via blockade of NMDA receptors.

PMID- 1811994
TI  - Effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP on resistance and capacitance blood vessels
      of the cat intestinal circulation; a comparison with other vasoconstrictor agents
      and sympathetic nerve stimulation.
AB  - The autoperfused intestinal circulation of pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats was
      used to study the effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1-100 micrograms i.a.) on
      pre-capillary resistance vessels and post-capillary capacitance (venous) blood
      vessels in comparison with other vasoconstrictor agents (also given i.a.) and the
      effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation (0.25-16 Hz). All cats were treated with
      atropine and propranolol. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP, noradrenaline and sympathetic
      nerve stimulation all caused dose- or frequency-dependent constriction of both
      resistance and capacitance vessels. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP was particularly
      active on capacitance vessels causing a greater constriction than either
      noradrenaline or sympathetic nerve stimulation. In comparison, angiotensin II and
      vasopressin caused a selective constriction of resistance vessels and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha a selective constriction of capacitance vessels. The
      results demonstrate that functional P2x purinoceptors are present on both
      arterial and venous blood vessels of the cat intestinal circulation.

PMID- 1811995
TI  - Changes in sensitivity of dopamine autoreceptors in rat striatum after subchronic
      treatment with methamphetamine.
AB  - To determine the functional alterations of the release modulating striatal
      dopamine (DA) autoreceptors that might be associated with the behavioral
      sensitization to methamphetamine after pretreatment with methamphetamine, we
      investigated the effect of apomorphine and sulpiride on electrically evoked DA
      release from striatal slices of rats pretreated with methamphetamine. Apomorphine
      induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the DA release evoked from the striatal
      slices. Pretreatment with methamphetamine (6 mg/kg per day for 9 days)
      significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of apomorphine. On the other hand,
      sulpiride caused a dose-dependent increase in the DA release evoked from the
      striatal slices. The enhancement by sulpiride of the evoked DA release was
      diminished by pretreatment with methamphetamine. These results show that
      pretreatment with methamphetamine blunts the responsiveness of evoked DA release
      to the DA antagonists as well as to the DA agonists, indicating that DA
      autoreceptor subsensitivity is produced by pretreatment with methamphetamine.

PMID- 1811996
TI  - Effect of TC-81, a new dihydropyridine derivative, on K(+)-induced contraction in
      rat aorta.
AB  - TC-81 (3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl methyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2
      fluoro-5-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-pyridine- 3,5-dicarboxylate hydrochloride) is a
      new dihydropyridine derivative. The effects of TC-81 (10(-10)-10(-8) M) on high
      K(+)-induced contractions were investigated in isolated rat aorta, and the
      results were compared with those obtained with nicardipine, nifedipine, diltiazem
      and papaverine. All drugs produced concentration-dependent relaxation of K(+)
      induced contractions. The rate of relaxation induced by TC-81 was slower than
      that induced by the other drugs at concentrations producing the same final
      inhibition. However, the relaxing activity of TC-81 was 2.2, 16.7, 550 or 44,000
      times more potent than that of nicardipine, nifedipine, diltiazem or papaverine,
      respectively. The inhibitory effect of TC-81 was dependent on the duration of
      exposure to the agent and was antagonized when the external Ca2+ concentration
      was raised. TC-81 concentration dependently inhibited La(3+)-resistant 45Ca2+
      uptake in high K+ solution. The data thus show that TC-81 produces a
      concentration-dependent and time-dependent Ca2+ antagonistic action and that it
      is more potent than the other drugs tested.

PMID- 1811997
TI  - Involvement of serotonergic neuronal systems in the anti-amnesic action of
      naftidrofuryl oxalate.
AB  - The effects of naftidrofuryl oxalate on cycloheximide- and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5
      HTP)-induced amnesia were investigated using a passive avoidance task in mice.
      Naftidrofuryl oxalate significantly improved the cycloheximide-induced amnesia.
      This effect of naftidrofuryl oxalate was antagonized by 5-HTP, a serotonin (5-HT)
      precursor, and by p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), a 5-HT releaser. Single
      administration of 5-HTP in combination with pargyline, a monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor, induced amnesia (5-HTP-induced amnesia). This amnesia was attenuated
      by ritanserin, a 5-HT2-selective antagonist, but not by pindolol, a 5-HT1
      selective antagonist. Naftidrofuryl oxalate also attenuated the 5-HTP-induced
      amnesia. A binding study revealed that naftidrofuryl oxalate inhibited the
      binding of [3H]ketanserin to 5-HT2 receptors in mouse brain synaptic membrane in
      a dose-dependent fashion (IC50 = 1.42 x 10(-7) M), but did not inhibit that of
      [3H]serotonin to 5-HT1 receptors. These results suggest that naftidrofuryl
      oxalate may attenuate cycloheximide- and 5-HTP-induced amnesia by blocking 5-HT2
      receptor subtypes.

PMID- 1811999
TI  - Vinpocetine increases the neuroprotective effect of adenosine in vitro.
AB  - Cultured neurons from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were used to study the
      neuroprotective activity of vinpocetine and adenosine against hypoxic damage.
      Cytotoxic hypoxia was induced by adding 1 mM sodium cyanide to the nutrient
      medium for 30 min. The drugs were present in the nutrient medium 30 min before,
      and up to 1 day after hypoxia. To characterize the neuroprotective drug effects,
      the protein content per culture flask and the neuronal viability were determined
      3 days after this hypoxic period. Adenosine, but not vinpocetine, was able to
      protect neurons against hypoxic damage, when added as single drug to the
      cultures. However, vinpocetine significantly enhanced the neuroprotective effect
      of adenosine. The results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of vinpocetine
      is mediated by adenosine.

PMID- 1811998
TI  - The role of endogenous norepinephrine release in potassium-evoked
      vasoconstriction of the rat tail artery.
AB  - Potassium-containing solutions are often used to study the sequence of events
      leading from excitation to vasoconstriction. In densely innervated vessels, such
      as the rat tail artery, potassium-induced vasoconstriction may be mediated via
      smooth muscle depolarization and release of endogeneous norepinephrine. The
      relative contribution of these two mechanisms--a 'direct' depolarization of the
      vascular smooth muscle cell membrane, and an 'indirect' sympathomimetic action-
      to the vasoconstrictor response was studied in the present paper.
      Perfusion/superfusion of the rat tail artery in vitro with potassium-containing
      solutions had different effects depending on the concentration used. A change in
      potassium concentration from 4.7 to 20 mM had no effect on either perfusion
      pressure or norepinephrine overflow. From 30 to 70 mM, potassium produced
      increasing amounts of norepinephrine overflow. Experiments with phentolamine and
      reserpine showed that this norepinephrine overflow contributed for up to half of
      the vasoconstrictor response observed. A second norepinephrine-independent
      mechanism was also involved but the latter appeared to be incapable of producing
      sustained contraction. At concentrations of potassium above 50-70 mM, the results
      of experiments with (+/-)-propranolol suggest that the norepinephrine released by
      potassium has a beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vasorelaxant effect.

PMID- 1812000
TI  - Regulation of acetylcholine hydrolysis in canine tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - The regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) lifetime by acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC
      3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) was evaluated in vitro in
      canine tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Selective inhibition of AChE by low
      concentrations of 1,5-bis(N-allyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-ammoniumphenyl)-pentane-3-one
      dibromide (BW 284C51) led to increases in the amplitude and half-relaxation time
      of contractions elicited by electric field stimulation. Maximal responses were
      observed in the presence of 10(-6) M BW 284C51, where the amplitude and half
      relaxation time were increased by 84 and 198%, respectively. Higher
      concentrations of BW 284C51, on the other hand, depressed the amplitude and
      shortened the decay of electric field stimulation-induced contractions by a
      mechanism involving blockade of muscarinic receptors. Selective inhibition of
      BuChE by tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) led to monotonic increases in
      the electric field stimulation amplitude and duration. These alterations were
      less marked than those observed in the presence of BW 284C51. Co-application of
      BW 284C51 (10(-5) M) and iso-OMPA (10(-5) M) resulted in a 1330% prolongation in
      the decay of electric field stimulation-induced contractions and the development
      of a sustained contracture. Such contractures were not observed with either
      inhibitor alone at any concentration tested. The results indicate that both
      hydrolytic enzymes are involved in the regulation of ACh lifetime at the canine
      tracheal neuroeffector junction with AChE exerting the more prominent role. The
      finding that BuChE co-regulates ACh lifetime in canine trachealis muscle
      demonstrates a functional role for this enzyme.

PMID- 1812001
TI  - Cardiohemodynamic effect of FK409, a novel highly potent nitrovasodilator, in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The cardiohemodynamic effect of (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3
      hexenamide (FK409), a novel potent vasodilator, was studied in anesthetized open
      chest dogs. FK409 (1 to 10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) decreased mean blood pressure,
      cardiac output and venous return (sum of the flow through the inferior and the
      superior vena cava). These changes accompanied decreases in left ventricular
      pressure, in its maximum rate of rise and in right atrial pressure. This
      cardiovascular profile of FK409 is very similar to those of classical nitrates.

PMID- 1812002
TI  - Further investigations into the relationship between the dopaminergic system,
      ascorbic acid and uric acid in the rat striatum.
AB  - Levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), ascorbic acid
      (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), and uric acid were determined in the rat
      striatum following single apomorphine (1 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.6 mg/kg),
      pilocarpine (4 mg/kg), or pilocarpine + scopolamine (4 and 0.6 mg/kg,
      respectively) injections. The decrease in DOPAC levels and in the DOPAC/DA ratio,
      induced by the pharmacological manipulation, was linearly correlated with the
      increase in DHAA levels (r = -0.9060, P less than 0.05) and with the increase in
      the DHAA/AA ratio (r = -0.9004, P less than 0.05), respectively. It is concluded
      that dopaminergic activation or cholinergic inhibition both increase striatal AA
      oxidation, which is correlated with a decrease in DA turnover.

PMID- 1812003
TI  - Cardiovascular regulation by cholinergic mechanisms in rostral ventrolateral
      medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - This study aimed to demonstrate the role of acetylcholine receptors in the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) in the central regulation of the
      cardiovascular system in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR). The effects of cholinergic drugs, microinjected into the
      rostral ventrolateral medullary vasopressor area, on blood pressure and heart
      rate in anesthetized and artificially ventilated rats were investigated.
      Unilateral microinjection of carbachol (1 nmol/site), physostigmine (300
      pmol/site) or 3,4-diaminopyridine (500 pmol/site) into the RVL elicited a pressor
      and tachycardiac response, of which only the pressor response was significantly
      greater in SHR than in WKY. Bilateral microinjection of atropine (1 nmol/site)
      caused a depressor and bradycardiac response. The depressor response produced by
      atropine injected in the RVL was also significantly greater in SHR than in WKY.
      These results suggest that there are tonic cholinergic mechanisms in the RVL of
      the rats, which exert an excitatory cardiovascular action, and that the enhanced
      responsiveness to acetylcholine receptor stimulation in the RVL may contribute to
      the sustained elevation of blood pressure in the SHR.

PMID- 1812004
TI  - Anti-aldosteronergic effect of torasemide.
AB  - The diuretic actions of torasemide and furosemide were studied in normotensive
      rats and in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-saline-loaded hypertensive rats.
      Torasemide (0.3-3 mg/kg) and furosemide (3-30 mg/kg) had a dose-dependent and
      significant diuretic action in normotensive rats. Potassium retention was only
      observed in the case of torasemide. Torasemide also had a dose-dependent and
      significant diuretic action in DOCA-saline-loaded hypertensive rats, whereas
      furosemide did not. Higher doses of torasemide (10 mg/kg) and furosemide (100
      mg/kg) increased both plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in
      normotensive rats in a similar manner. In vivo aldosterone receptor binding was
      determined to test the possible anti-aldosteronergic effect of torasemide.
      Torasemide inhibited the binding of aldosterone to its receptor in the
      cytoplasmic fraction of rat kidney in a dose-dependent manner, while furosemide
      produced no effect. These results suggest strongly that an anti-aldosteronergic
      action of torasemide contributes to producing less kaliuresis.

PMID- 1812006
TI  - In vitro and in vivo inhibition of prolyl endopeptidase.
AB  - Four derivatives of a known prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitor (N-[N
      (phenyl)butyryl-L-propyl]pyrrolidine; SUAM-1221) were synthesized along with the
      parent compound. All five compounds were relatively potent, competitive
      inhibitors of rat brain and mouse brain and kidney PEP, with IC50S in the range
      of 3-27 nM. Ex vivo experiments showed that all compounds penetrated into the CNS
      and produced inhibition of brain PEP, although inhibition was not as great as in
      the periphery (kidney PEP). Each compound had a similar time course of duration,
      with maximum inhibition of brain PEP being achieved within 5-10 min after i.p.
      administration, with inhibition of brain PEP (up to 20%) still present 6 h after
      dosing. However, two of the compounds, SUAM-1221 and its amine derivative, had
      ED50S versus mouse brain PEP (1-3 mg/kg) an order of magnitude less than the
      other compounds (25-40 mg/kg). Administration of the amine compound resulted in a
      significant partial reversal of the deficit in memory performance produced by
      scopolamine.

PMID- 1812007
TI  - Adrenalectomy, but not vagotomy, reverses the worsening effect of Ca2+ blockers
      on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.
AB  - This study examines the influence of the adrenals and of the vagus nerve on the
      lesion-worsening action of nitrendipine or verapamil on 75% ethanol-induced
      gastric mucosal damage in rats. Bilateral adrenalectomy antagonized ethanol
      lesion aggravation by nitrendipine or verapamil; instead, dose-related lesion
      reduction was seen. Dexamethasone treatment of adrenalectomized rats restored the
      lesion-enhancing effects of both Ca2+ channel blockers. Bilateral
      subdiaphragmatic vagotomy failed to abolish the adverse action of nitrendipine or
      verapamil on ethanol lesions. The findings suggest that the adrenal corticoids
      modulate the worsening effect of Ca2+ channel antagonists on ethanol-induced
      gastric damage; when the influence of the adrenal steroids is removed, these
      compounds become gastroprotective.

PMID- 1812008
TI  - Activation of glucocorticoid receptors and the effect of naloxone during
      hemorrhagic hypotension.
AB  - Evidence indicates that endogenous opioid peptides and glucocorticoids
      participate in the control of cardiovascular regulation during hemorrhagic shock.
      In the present study, we investigated a possible interaction between brain opioid
      peptides and adrenal corticosteroids regarding the control of arterial pressure
      during hemorrhage. The bleeding volumes required to lower arterial pressure to
      80, 60 and 40 mmHg were studied in anesthetized sham-operated (SHAM) and
      adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. I.c.v. administration of 10 micrograms of naloxone
      resulted in a significant increase in the bleeding volume required to lower
      arterial pressure from 60 to 40 mmHg in SHAM animals, whereas no effect of
      naloxone was observed in ADX animals. Replacement therapy with a 100%
      corticosterone pellet (100 mg, s.c.), but not with a 12.5% corticosterone pellet
      (12.5 mg corticosterone and 87.5 mg cholesterol, s.c.), resulted in an effect of
      naloxone on the bleeding volume in ADX animals. The effect of replacement therapy
      could be inhibited by i.c.v. pretreatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid
      receptor antagonist, RU38486 (100 ng). These data suggest that (1) opioid
      mechanisms are involved in the regulation of blood pressure during hemorrhage,
      and (2) occupancy of glucocorticoid receptors is required for naloxone to exert
      its hemodynamic effect during hemorrhagic hypotension in ADX rats.

PMID- 1812005
TI  - Comparison of the actions of some platelet-activating factor antagonists on
      platelets and aortic smooth muscles.
AB  - The pharmacological actions of five platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists
      were compared in rabbit platelets and rat thoracic aorta. In PAF (2 ng/ml)
      induced aggregation of washed rabbit platelets, WEB 2086 and WEB 2170 much were
      more potent inhibitors than BN 52021, kadsurenone and denudatin B, and the IC50
      values were calculated to be 0.1, 0.3, 5, 8 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively.
      WEB 2086, WEB 2170 and BN 52021 did not affect the platelet aggregation caused by
      collagen (10 micrograms/ml), ADP (20 microM), arachidonic acid (100 microM) or
      thrombin (0.1 U/ml). Kadsurenone and denudatin B suppressed ATP release,
      thromboxane B2 formation and the rise in intracellular calcium of washed rabbit
      platelets caused by collagen and thrombin, while WEB 2086, WEB 2170 and BN 52021
      did not have an effect. Norepinephrine (3 microM) induced a sustained contraction
      in rat thoracic aorta. Pretreatment with these PAF antagonists (20-100
      micrograms/ml) caused inhibition of the aortic contraction in the following
      order: kadsurenone greater than denudatin B greater than WEB 2086 greater than BN
      52021 greater than WEB 2170. In high potassium (60 mM)-induced contraction of rat
      aorta, kadsurenone and denudatin B caused marked relaxation, while WEB 2086, WEB
      2170 and BN 52021 had only a slight effect. It is concluded that WEB 2086, WEB
      2170 and BN 52021 are specific PAF antagonists in rabbit platelets, and weak
      relaxants in rat aorta. Two other PAF antagonists, kadsurenone and denudatin B,
      may inhibit some aspects of signal transduction, e.g., thromboxane formation or
      intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in rabbit platelets, and cause vasorelaxation in
      rat aorta by inhibiting calcium influx.

PMID- 1812009
TI  - Reduced peptide bond pseudopeptide analogues of neurotensin: binding and
      biological activities, and in vitro metabolic stability.
AB  - A series of pseudopeptide analogues of neurotensin was produced by systematically
      replacing the five peptide bonds in neurotensin-(8-13) with CH2NH (psi, reduced)
      bonds. All these analogues were synthesized with a free amino terminus (H
      derivatives) and with a N-terminal tert-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc derivatives).
      The compounds were screened in vitro for agonist or antagonist activity and for
      metabolic stability by testing (1) their ability to inhibit the binding of
      radiolabelled neurotensin to homogenates of newborn mouse brain; (2) their
      ability to contract isolated guinea-pig ileum preparations; and (3) their
      degradation in the presence of rat brain homogenates. All the analogues bound to
      the mouse brain neurotensin receptor and all exhibited agonist activity in the
      guinea-pig ileum assay. Only the H- and Boc-[psi 8,9] derivatives were at least
      as potent as their parent compounds neurotensin-(8-13) and Boc-neurotensin-(8-13)
      in the binding and biological assays. All the other pseudopeptide analogues with
      reduced bonds at position 9-10, 10-11, 11-12 and 12-13 showed a marked reduction
      in potency ranging from 2 to 4 orders of magnitude. All the derivatives that were
      protected at their N terminus either by the presence of a Boc group or by the
      presence of a reduced bond at position 8-9 and 9-10 were slowly degraded by rat
      brain homogenates. The other derivatives were, in contrast, quite rapidly
      degraded. There was a good correlation between binding and biological potencies
      for those analogues that were resistant to degradation. Interestingly, the
      degradation-resistant H-[psi 8,9] compound exhibited higher binding and
      biological potency then neurotensin. It is therefore expected that this analogue
      will produce highly potent and long-lasting neurotensin-like effects in vivo, and
      preliminary experiments indicate that this is indeed the case.

PMID- 1812010
TI  - Prokinetic benzamides stimulate peristaltic activity in the isolated guinea pig
      ileum by activation of 5-HT4 receptors.
AB  - Substituted benzamides such as metoclopramide, cisapride, zacopride, renzapride
      or BRL 20627, stimulate intestinal motility in various species. As they are
      antagonists at 5-HT3 and agonists at 5-HT4 receptors and as both mechanisms could
      potentially contribute to their gastrointestinal prokinetic effect, the
      underlying mechanism is unclear. To clarify this, the effect of some substituted
      benzamides on gut motility was investigated in the isolated guinea pig ileum
      using the Trendelenburg technique, in which pressure-induced peristaltic
      contractions are measured. All benzamides stimulated the peristaltic reflex with
      the rank order of potency: renzapride greater than cisapride greater than BRL
      20627 greater than (+/-)-zacopride greater than metoclopramide. ICS 205-930,
      granisetron and 2-methyl-5-HT did not change the peristaltic response. 5-HT and 5
      methoxytryptamine potently mimicked the effect of the benzamides. The effect of 5
      HT was not blocked by ICS 205-930 (10(-7) M). These results indicate that the
      Trendelenburg preparation is suitable for the investigation of intestinal
      prokinetic effects of the substituted benzamides. Furthermore, the results
      suggest that the intestinal effect of benzamides results from activation of 5-HT4
      receptors rather than from blockade of 5-HT3 receptors.

PMID- 1812011
TI  - Anti-implantation activity of S(-)- and R(+)-camphor-yuehchukene in rats.
AB  - (+/-)-Yuehchukene is a dimeric indole alkaloid with potent anti-implantation
      activity in rats. Since (+/-)-yuehchukene occurs in nature as a racemate, it
      would be desirable to find out which enantiometer is the bio-active form. To this
      end, S(-)-camphor-yuehchukene and R(+)-camphor-yuehchukene were synthesised and
      tested in three bioassay models. It was found that the R(+) enantiomer was the
      active form. It was equipotent with (+/-)-yuehchukene in both anti-implantation
      and estrogenic activity tests. It seems fair to conclude that both activities
      reside in the same molecule.

PMID- 1812012
TI  - Comparison of the effects of benzodiazepine and beta-carboline inverse agonists
      on body temperature in mice.
AB  - The effect of benzodiazepine and beta-carboline inverse agonists on body
      temperature in mice was investigated using doses shown to be pro-convulsant in
      other studies. The benzodiazepine partial inverse agonists Ro 15-3505 (0.1-30
      mg/kg i.p.), Ro 15-4513 (0.1-10 mg/kg i.p.) and the fuller benzodiazepine inverse
      agonist Ro 19-4603 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect on rectal temperature. Ro
      19-4603 (1 mg/kg i.p.) produced a small hypothermic response. In contrast, the
      beta-carboline partial and full inverse agonists, FG 7142 (30, 60 mg/kg i.p.) and
      methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (3, 10 mg/kg i.p.),
      produced large decreases in body temperature. These differential effects of
      benzodiazepine and beta-carboline inverse agonists on body temperature may
      provide further evidence for the existence of benzodiazepine receptor subtypes.

PMID- 1812014
TI  - Formation of sulphate ion during the dehydration of sulphited vegetables.
AB  - A reverse isotope dilution procedure was used to measure the formation of
      sulphate ion during the air dehydration of sulphited cabbage, carrot and potato
      at 80 degrees C. The conversion of sulphite to sulphate was found to be of first
      order with respect to sulphite. The formation of sulphate in the vegetables
      during dehydration accounts for only part of the sulphate in the dehydrated
      products; the remainder comes from the scald liquor. The technique for sulphate
      determination is critically evaluated and the observed yields discussed.

PMID- 1812015
TI  - Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods. 1. Polystyrene containers for hot
      and cold beverages.
AB  - Mineral hydrocarbons are used as processing aids at levels between 0.3 and 3% by
      weight in crystal polystyrene articles, the food contact uses of which include
      the dispensing of hot and cold beverages from automatic machines as well as in
      'fast-food' and catering establishments. The levels of migration of mineral
      hydrocarbons from polystyrene cups and glasses have been measured into aqueous
      food simulants as well as lager, beer, cola, sparkling apple juice, lemon barley
      water, coffee, hot chocolate, tea, lemon tea and chicken soup. For the cold
      beverages and simulants, no migration above 0.1 mg/kg was observed, and for the
      hot beverages and simulants no result greater than 0.5 mg/kg. Analysis was by
      capillary gas chromatography, using hydrocarbon internal standards calibrated
      against mineral hydrocarbon reference standards.

PMID- 1812013
TI  - Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-sixth Meeting of
      the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

PMID- 1812016
TI  - Survey of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate plasticizer contamination of retail Danish
      milks.
AB  - An investigation of residues of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) in retail
      whole milk in samples from one German and 14 Danish dairies is reported. The
      investigation was performed about six months after the use of DEHP-plasticized
      milk tubing was banned in Denmark. The results indicate a mean concentration of
      DEHP lower than 50 micrograms/litre in retail whole milk. Based on these data and
      the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for DEHP of 25 micrograms/kg body weight laid
      down by the EEC Scientific Committee for Food, it is concluded that the intake of
      DEHP from milk and milk products does not, even through a whole life, constitute
      a danger to health for the Danish population.

PMID- 1812017
TI  - Aflatoxin in betel nut and its control by use of food preservatives.
AB  - The occurrence of aflatoxins in market betel nut samples was studied. It was
      observed that several betel nut samples were infested with aflatoxin-producing
      fungus, Aspergillus flavus. Out of 32 samples collected from various places, 12
      were positive for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all the positive
      samples. Other aflatoxins were also detected in some samples. Boric acid,
      propionic acid and potassium metabisulphite were used for the control of
      aflatoxin B1 on betel nuts. Propionic acid was most effective in inhibiting
      aflatoxin production on betel nut after intervals of 2 (62%) and 4 (85%) weeks.
      Controlling the occurrence of aflatoxin could safeguard the users from the health
      hazards of aflatoxins.

PMID- 1812018
TI  - Effects of harmane on growth and in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in male and
      female rats.
AB  - The role of harmane, a beta-carboline formed during pyrolysis of tryptophan, on
      the metabolism of AFB1, growth and some parameters of the nutritional status was
      investigated in the rat. Male and female Wistar rats were fed a semi-synthetic
      diet containing AFB1 (2 ppm), harmane (250 ppm) or both compounds, for 33 days
      after weaning. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the urinary and faecal
      excretion of parental compound and metabolites were assessed by HPLC analysis.
      Harmane did not modify appreciably the growth and the other nutritional
      parameters studied. Similar excretion patterns of AFB1 metabolites were observed
      in males and females. Harmane caused a limited increase in the excretion of AFM1
      in faeces but not in urine, without altering the growth process in rats of either
      sex.

PMID- 1812019
TI  - Mycofloral changes and aflatoxin contamination in stored chickpea seeds.
AB  - Chickpea seeds entering store carry a microflora of 'field' and 'storage' fungi.
      Field fungi gradually disappear and storage fungi then predominate. These fungi
      especially Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. nidulans, A. ochraceus and
      Penicillium spp. grow vigorously and initiate grain spoilage and aflatoxin
      elaboration. The shift in mycofloral spectrum was more rapid in seeds stored in
      jute bags than those stored in metal bins. Moisture content and aflatoxin
      contamination in seeds of jute bags was maximum during Sept.-Oct. The internal
      environment of metal bins is comparatively less influenced by the external
      conditions and initially restricts fungal growth and aflatoxin elaboration.
      Prolonged storage however, increases seed moisture content and alfatoxin is
      increased in chickpea seeds after six months storage in metal bins.

PMID- 1812020
TI  - Interaction of water activity and temperature on aflatoxin production by
      Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in irradiated maize seeds.
AB  - The effects of aw (0.90, 0.95, 0.98) and temperature (25 degrees C, 30 degrees C,
      35 degrees C) on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus
      parasiticus growing on irradiated maize seeds, were examined. Highest levels of
      aflatoxin were produced by A. parasitious at 25 degrees C and 0.98 aw and by A.
      flavus at 30 degrees C at 0.95 and 0.98 aw. At 0.90 aw toxin production was
      consistently low for both species at all temperatures. Temperature cycling of A.
      flavus between 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C each for 12 h resulted in higher
      aflatoxin synthesis than when incubated either at 25 degrees C or 35 degrees C.

PMID- 1812021
TI  - Separation, identification and determination of lumichrome in swine feed and
      kidney.
AB  - During surveillance of hog carcasses from Manitoba for antibiotic residues by the
      Health of Animals Laboratory, Agriculture Canada, Saskatoon, an unknown substance
      was found which produced tetracycline-like results with the methods used. This
      same substance was found in an implicated swine feed premix. Using various HPLC
      systems and columns, UV spectroscopy, reverse-phase TLC, and mass spectrometry,
      the substance was isolated from the feed premix, and identified as lumichrome, a
      photodegradation product of riboflavin. Traces of the same substance were found
      in riboflavin standard. Analysis of swine kidney, previously found to contain the
      unknown, showed the same substance was present at a level of about 1 ppm.

PMID- 1812022
TI  - Aluminium content in milk powders by inductively-coupled argon plasma--optical
      emission spectrometry.
AB  - Forty-four brands of milk powders and simulated milk powders were analysed for
      aluminium content using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
      technique. The samples covered the full range of infant food items available in
      Singapore--full-cream milk formula, infant formula, fortified infant formula and
      milk-free soy protein formula. ICP-OES technique was employed for the analysis.
      Most samples analysed were found to contain less than 1 mg aluminium per kg
      powder. The highest aluminium content found was 15.0 mg aluminium per kg powder
      in a milk-free soy protein formula. The study found that ICP-OES is a convenient
      and accurate technique for trace metal analysis. However, considerable care needs
      to be exercised in the selection of emission lines of the metal under analysis to
      avoid error caused by emission from other metal present in the sample.

PMID- 1812023
TI  - Toxic epidemics caused by alimentary exposure to pesticides: a review.
AB  - Toxic epidemics have become a serious problem during the twentieth century, due
      mainly to the huge expansion over the last 50 years of the chemical industry,
      which has placed tens of thousands of new synthetic organic compounds in the
      human environment. In the particular case of chemical pesticides, their
      undiscriminating, widespread use, and harmful potential has been demonstrated by
      the epidemics generated by accidental contamination by pesticides of foods
      consumed by man, resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates. We have
      analysed the main characteristics of 63 outbreaks of toxicity caused by
      alimentary exposure to pesticides described in the scientific literature of this
      century, with the aim of increasing knowledge and understanding of the factors
      that are conducive to them or that trigger their onset. Such episodes are good
      indicators of the incorrect use of these products and serve to demonstrate
      failures of the available safety systems. We conclude by identifying some
      preventive measures that could be used to avoid their future repetition.

PMID- 1812024
TI  - An investigation of the availability of 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu for gut absorption
      in winkles following cooking and in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion.
AB  - The consumption of plutonium, americium and radiocaesium in locally collected
      shellfish is an important contributor to the radiation dose received by seafood
      consumers living in West Cumbria. Only a small fraction of the actinide activity
      is assumed to be absorbed via the gut whilst it is assumed that all the
      radiocaesium is. Solubilization studies reported here using an in vitro digestion
      method support the former assumption but not the latter, suggesting that the
      proportion of the 137Cs available for absorption could be significantly smaller
      than unity where a large percentage of the ingested Cs is adsorbed onto inorganic
      sedimentary material. Such a situation arises near the Sellafield nuclear
      reprocessing plant where a high proportion of the radiocaesium (and plutonium) in
      the winkles collected locally and subsequently cooked is associated with
      inorganic particulate matter.

PMID- 1812025
TI  - Detection of o-tyrosine in irradiated chicken by reverse-phase HPLC and
      fluorescence detection.
AB  - A method for the measurement of o-tyrosine in irradiated chicken has been
      developed. The procedure involves the solvent extraction and removal of free o
      tyrosine, which is present in unirradiated tissue, followed by acid hydrolysis of
      bound o-tyrosine in the proteinaceous residue and measurement of the cleaved
      residues by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Bound o-tyrosine was not detected
      above 0.01 mg/kg in unirradiated tissue but was observed, in increasing amounts
      of up to 5.18 mg/kg, when the tissue was irradiated at doses of between 2.5 and
      20 kGy. The precision of the analysis was assessed by duplicate determinations,
      the agreement between duplicates and their respective means averaged 1.7% as
      defined by the term [(a-b)/(a+b)] x 100% where a and b are the repeat
      determination values.

PMID- 1812026
TI  - Dietary intake of pesticide residues: cadmium, mercury, and lead.
AB  - Information on the dietary intake of chemical contaminants has been obtained from
      institutions participating in GEMS/Food. Contaminants studied include certain
      organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, PCBs, cadmium, mercury, and
      lead. The intakes are compared with toxicologically acceptable intake levels
      established by international expert groups. In most cases, dietary intakes of
      organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides are well below the Acceptable
      Daily Intake (ADI) of the respective pesticide. Of some 21 countries providing
      information on the average dietary intake of cadmium, only in one case is the
      Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) exceeded. Several countries identified
      cereals and cereal products and root and tuber vegetables as the main
      contributors to the dietary intake of cadmium. For mercury, all reported intakes
      are below the PTWI of methylmercury. The contribution of fish to the total intake
      of mercury varied from 20% to 85%, depending on the country. Therefore, the
      general assumption that fish is the main contributor to the total dietary intake
      of mercury may, at times, not be justified. Average dietary intake of lead
      exceeding or approaching the PTWI are reported for adults and infants and
      children in some countries. Foodstuffs which contribute most to the intake of
      lead vary from country to country, and have been identified as being alternately
      drinking water, beverages, cereals, vegetables and fruit.

PMID- 1812027
TI  - The chemical control of plaque.

PMID- 1812028
TI  - Microbiology of periodontal disease.

PMID- 1812030
TI  - Putting new light on business and financing in dentistry.

PMID- 1812029
TI  - The need for interdental cleaning.

PMID- 1812031
TI  - Dentistry in the video age.

PMID- 1812032
TI  - Dentistry enters the '90s.

PMID- 1812034
TI  - Dental record organization.

PMID- 1812033
TI  - Fee-for-service dentists earn more, with fewer patients.

PMID- 1812035
TI  - Building a solid patient base.

PMID- 1812036
TI  - The dentist/staff/lab team.

PMID- 1812037
TI  - How concerned are your patients?

PMID- 1812038
TI  - Communicating with patients about infection control.

PMID- 1812039
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of the c-myc oncoprotein in human
      stomach cancers.
AB  - In an immunohistopathological study, we have used the specific monoclonal
      antibody myc 1-9E10 to the c-myc oncoprotein in 88 gastric carcinomas (22 gastric
      biopsies and 66 gastrectomies for cancer). Positive myc p62 immunoreactivity was
      shown in 48 (55%) cases with moderate or intense staining. The remaining 40 cases
      exhibited negative or equivocal staining. Normal stomach mucosa was generally
      nonreactive, with the exception of parietal cells. Elevated c-myc expression was
      not found to correlate with histological differentiation or in patients with
      metastases in one or more perigastric lymph nodes. A correlation was found
      between the level of c-myc expression and the stage of the disease, (p = 0.04);
      positive c-myc staining was found in 0/4 early gastric cancers and in 48/84 with
      advanced disease. Also, an association was found between the elevated c-myc
      expression and depth of invasion (p = 0.1; 0/4 mucosa and submucosa, 2/6
      muscularis propria and 25/47 serosa). The c-myc monoclonal myc 1-9E10 may
      therefore be of use as a marker of advanced disease and depth of invasion in
      stomach cancer.

PMID- 1812040
TI  - Phospholipase A2 activity of colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Activation of enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), the major liberator of
      arachidonic acid, has been proposed as a component in the pathogenesis of
      inflammatory bowel disease. To test the hypothesis that phospholipase A2 activity
      is increased in ulcerative colitis, enzyme activity was investigated in colonic
      biopsies using radiolabelled Escherichia coli as substrate. The study comprised
      patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 19) and controls without inflammatory bowel
      disease (n = 7). Ulcerative colitis patients were grouped into those with active
      disease (n = 8) and those in remission (n = 11) at the time of colonoscopy. No
      differences were found in mucosal phospholipase A2 activity between patients with
      active disease, patients in remission and controls. With the present assay we
      were unable to demonstrate activation of phospholipase A2 as a mechanism in the
      inflammatory process of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 1812041
TI  - Clinical relevance of activity parameters in Crohn's disease estimated by the
      faecal excretion of 111In-labeled granulocytes.
AB  - The fecal excretion of 111In-oxine-labeled autologous granulocytes was determined
      in 58 patients with Crohn's disease. A representative analysis of the total
      amount of excreted cells requires a 4-day stool sampling at least in those
      patients suffering from Crohn's ileitis or ileocolitis. Various laboratory tests
      (Orosomucoid, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate, leukocytes, thrombocytes, albumin, Fe, alpha 1-globulin and alpha 2
      globulin) and the van Hees index significantly correlated with this specific
      estimate of intestinal inflammation, indicating that it is of little importance
      which one is clinically used for the assessment of inflammatory activity in
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 1812042
TI  - Detection of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to preS2 antigen in hepatitis B virus
      infection.
AB  - Antibodies to the preS2 antigen (anti-preS2) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV),
      including IgA, IgM and IgG classes, were observed in patients with acute and
      persistent HBV infection. In acute HBV infection, rapid and marked serum IgM and
      IgA anti-preS2 responses were observed. Antibodies reached a peak of serum
      activity at about 1-2 months after the onset of clinical symptoms, and both
      antibodies disappeared from serum at 4 months after. IgG anti-preS2 was detected
      in the early phase of the illness, then the level of IgG anti-preS2 gradually
      rose during the recovery phase. In persistent HBV infection, IgG and IgM anti
      preS2 were detected in sera where the preS2 antigen was present, and IgM anti
      preS2 was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in HBeAg-positive than in HBeAg
      negative patients. These results indicate that an adequate humoral immune
      response to the preS2 antigen is induced during acute and persistent HBV
      infection.

PMID- 1812043
TI  - Effects of age and obesity on fasting gastric electrical activity in man: a
      cutaneous electrogastrographic study.
AB  - We investigated the effects of age and obesity on the fasting cutaneous
      electrogastrogram (EGGc) by studying both young and aged, healthy men. All
      subjects underwent an electrogastrographic recording lasting 1 h, and frequency
      and power data were obtained by means of spectral analysis. In order to make a
      precise comparison of the data, each subject's body mass index (BMI) was
      calculated and each age group was subdivided into nonobese subjects, those with a
      BMI of less than 24.9 kg/m2, and obese subjects, those with a BMI of more than 25
      kg/m2. Comparison of the mean frequency values of the gastric spectral peak did
      not reveal statistically significant differences among the groups (young vs. old,
      nonobese vs. obese). Comparison of the mean power values of the gastric spectral
      peak, on the other hand, showed that there was a statistically significant
      reduction in spectral power in the aged subjects compared with the young (p =
      0.017 in the aged vs. young nonobese subjects and p = 0.009 in the aged vs. young
      obese subjects), and in the obese subjects compared with the nonobese (p =
      0.00021 in the young and p = 0.00029 in the aged). Frequency, therefore, is the
      parameter of gastric electrical activity which may best be studied by means of
      EGGc as it is only very slightly affected by physiological parameters, such as
      age and the adiposity of subjects. EGGc, therefore, could be useful in the study
      of those gastric diseases associated with disorders in gastric electrical rhythm
      and rate.

PMID- 1812044
TI  - Intestinal iron transfer after ileojejunal transposition.
AB  - Little is known on how longitudinal differences in intestinal iron absorption
      develop and to what extent distal segments can adapt to a more proximal location
      after surgical intervention. Therefore, 3 weeks after ileojejunal transposition
      in rats adaptational changes of intestinal iron transfer were measured together
      with those of glucose and water transfer, intestinal dry weight and villus
      surface. In vitro iron transfer (Fisher-Parsons technique) was significantly
      increased in transposed segments as compared to ileal controls, when related to
      intestinal length. Jejunal values were not reached, though, which was confirmed
      by corresponding in vivo results. Increases in intestinal mass which are known to
      be caused by villus hyperplasia were closely correlated to increases in iron
      transfer after ileojejunal transposition. Thus, the increased iron transfer might
      partly be due to an increased number of enterocytes. In addition, transposed
      enterocytes took up jejunal characteristics regarding the ratio between
      transferred iron and water quantities which significantly increased the serosal
      59Fe concentration as compared to ileal segments. Similar changes were also
      observed for glucose. Therefore, the adaptation of intestinal 59Fe transfer after
      ileojejunal transposition seems to be part of a more general adaptation process,
      essential parts of which are likely to be located in the brush border.

PMID- 1812045
TI  - Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion
      does decrease in the elderly.
AB  - Pancreatic exocrine secretion was estimated in 180 normal control patients, free
      of abdominal and pancreatic disease, aged from 16 to 83 years. Duodenal juice was
      collected in two 15-min fractions after a single intravenous injection of 1 U/kg
      secretin + 3 U/kg CCK. Volume, maximal concentration and output of bicarbonate,
      lipase, phospholipase and chymotrypsin were estimated as well as minimal
      concentration and output of chloride and calcium. Each parameter was plotted
      against age, either individually or after separation into two age groups. Volume
      linearly increased up to the 3rd decade, and thereafter linearly decreased.
      Bicarbonate secretion paralleled fluid secretion and also decreased after the 3rd
      decade. The changes in chloride and calcium concentrations were different:
      concentrations linearly increased after the 3rd decade. Calcium concentration
      linearly increased with age (p less than 0.02) while chloride output was
      unchanged. The three enzymes that were studied linearly decreased in
      concentration as well as in output with age from the 3rd decade (p less than
      0.02). Protein secretion decreased before water and bicarbonate secretion. One
      can conclude that pancreatic secretion changes in humans with age. Aging alters
      pancreatic secretion, through a decrease in flow rate, bicarbonate and enzyme
      secretion while calcium concentration is enhanced. Although not requiring
      substitutive therapy in the whole population, individual cases of pancreatic
      exocrine insufficiency might be explained by aging, without malnutrition.

PMID- 1812046
TI  - Prognostic value of the intravenous 14C-aminopyrine breath test compared to the
      Child-Pugh score and serum bile acids in 84 cirrhotic patients.
AB  - The prognostic value of the intravenous 14C-aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in
      liver cirrhosis was compared to that of the well-established multiparametric
      Child-Pugh classification and that of serum bile acids, an endogenous parameter
      of liver function for which a prognostic value in patients with liver cirrhosis
      has been demonstrated previously. 84 patients with liver cirrhosis were studied.
      32 of the patients died during the observation period. Survival was analyzed for
      periods of 3, 6 and 12 months after examination. For all chosen observation
      periods, the Child-Pugh score was of prognostic value. ABT gave prognostic
      information for periods of 6 and 12 months of survival, but was by far inferior
      to the Child-Pugh score. Serum bile acids in our population did not yield
      prognostic information at any time interval studied. We conclude that in our
      group of cirrhotic patients, the prognostic value of the Child-Pugh
      classification was by far superior to quantitative liver function tests in
      predicting survival.

PMID- 1812047
TI  - What do state dental board examinations really accomplish?

PMID- 1812048
TI  - Evaluating dentigerous cysts.

PMID- 1812049
TI  - Amoxicillin update.

PMID- 1812050
TI  - Comparison of closed and fiber-optic-augmented sonic scaling performed by general
      dentists.

PMID- 1812051
TI  - Blood pressure response to dental checkup: a continuous, noninvasive
      registration.

PMID- 1812052
TI  - Prophylactic removal of impacted third molars, revisited.

PMID- 1812053
TI  - Soft-tissue burns from a dentin bonding agent.

PMID- 1812054
TI  - Profession, business, or what?

PMID- 1812055
TI  - Provisional bridge fabrication.

PMID- 1812057
TI  - Low level radiation in the office.

PMID- 1812056
TI  - Indoor air quality.

PMID- 1812058
TI  - Hospital environment safer with new cancer-treatment method.

PMID- 1812059
TI  - Allergic reactions to latex-containing medical devices.

PMID- 1812060
TI  - Recycling: what you can do to help. An education project for nursing students.

PMID- 1812061
TI  - California students embrace environmental issues.

PMID- 1812062
TI  - Peptide transport across the animal cell plasma membrane: recent developments.
AB  - Transfer of intact peptides across the plasma membrane of animal cells,
      especially in the small intestine and the kidney, is a well established
      phenomenon. This process plays an important role in the maintenance of protein
      nutrition. Evidence is accumulating which suggests that the process may also have
      a great potential for pharmacological and clinical applications. It is therefore
      important to understand various aspects of peptide transport such as its
      function, chemical nature of the transport protein and its gene, the operational
      mechanisms and their regulation, and the relevance of the transport system to
      health and disease. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in the
      field. The driving force for the transport system has been identified as the
      proton motive force which makes the system unique and distinct from the majority
      of solute transport systems in animal cells which are driven by a sodium motive
      force. A great deal is now known on the chemical nature of the active site. The
      protein responsible for the transport process in the small intestine has been
      purified and characterized. The system has been successfully expressed in its
      functional form in Xenopus laevis oocytes by microinjection into the oocytes of
      poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from intestinal mucosal cells. There is no doubt that the
      coming years will bring even more exciting information on the transport system,
      especially in areas such as hormonal regulation, clinical applicability and
      cloning, and characterization of the gene encoding the transport system.

PMID- 1812063
TI  - Normal and abnormal physiology of intrinsic factor mediated absorption of
      cobalamin (vitamin B12).

PMID- 1812064
TI  - The minimum catalytic mechanism of intestinal sucrase and isomaltase.

PMID- 1812065
TI  - Nutrient and electrolyte transport in human small intestinal brush border
      membrane vesicles.

PMID- 1812066
TI  - Circular dichroism studies of the coenzyme environment in the active sites of
      mutant forms of the beta-subunit in the tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2
      complex.
AB  - The circular dichroism has been used to evaluate the effect of mutation on the
      environment of the pyridoxal phosphate coenzyme in the active site of the beta
      subunit in the tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex from Salmonella
      typhimurium. Seven mutant forms of the alpha 2 beta 2-complex with single amino
      acid replacements at residues 87, 109, 188, 306, and 350 of the beta-subunit have
      been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis, purified to homogeneity, and
      characterized by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Since the wild
      type and mutant alpha 2 beta 2 complexes all exhibit positive circular dichroism
      in the coenzyme absorption band, pyridoxal phosphate must bind asymmetrically in
      the active site of these enzymes. However, the coenzyme may have an altered
      orientation or active site environment in five of the mutant enzymes that display
      less intense ellipticity bands. The mutant enzyme in which lysine 87 is replaced
      by threonine has very weak ellipticity at 400 nm. Since lysine 87 forms a Schiff
      base with pyridoxal phosphate in the wild type enzyme, our results demonstrate
      the importance of the Schiff base linkage for rigid or asymmetric binding.
      Although the mutant enzymes display spectra in the presence of L-serine that
      differ from that of the wild type enzyme, addition of alpha-glycerol 3-phosphate
      converts the spectra of two of the mutant enzymes to that of the wild type
      enzyme. We conclude that this alpha-subunit ligand may produce a conformational
      change in the alpha-subunit that is transmitted to the mutant beta-subunits and
      partially corrects conformational alterations in the mutant enzymes.

PMID- 1812067
TI  - Computer modelling studies of ribonuclease T1-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanylyl- (3',5')
      cytidine complex.
AB  - The mode of binding of the substrate analog 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanylyl- (3',5')
      cytidine (GfpC) to RNase T1 was determined by computer modelling studies. The
      results obtained are in good agreement with the observations of 1H-nmr studies.
      The modes of binding of the substrate analog GfpC and the substrate GpC to the
      enzyme RNase T1 have been compared. Though the guanine base favours to occupy the
      same site of the enzyme in both the complexes, significant differences are
      observed in the local environment around the 2'-substituent group of guanosine
      ribose moiety. In the RNase T1-GpC complex, the 2'-OH group is in close proximity
      to the side chain carboxylic acid of Glu58 which leads to the formation of a
      hydrogen bond. However, in the RNase T1-GfpC complex, 2'-fluorine is positioned
      away from Glu58 due to electrostatic repulsion and instead forms a hydrogen bond
      with His40 imidazolium group. The results obtained rule out the possibility of
      His40 serving as the base group in catalysis as suggested by 1H-nmr studies and
      further support the primary role assigned to Glu58 as the general base group by
      earlier computer modelling and the recent site directed mutagenesis studies. This
      study also implies that the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro substrate analog may not serve as
      a good model for determining the amino acid residue which serves as the general
      base group in ribonuclease catalysed reactions.

PMID- 1812068
TI  - Structure of valinomycin by molecular dynamics studies.
AB  - Valinomycin is an important ionophore which exhibits a high conformational
      flexibility. The study of various conformations adopted by this molecule together
      with the study of flexibility in a given conformation can throw light on the ion
      transport by the ionophore across the membrane. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies
      are ideal to characterize the flexibility in different parts of the molecule and
      can also give an idea of various conformations adopted by the molecule at a given
      temperature. Hence MD studies at 100K have been carried out on the minimized
      crystal structure of the molecule to scan the possible conformations in the
      neighbourhood of the well known 'bracelet' like structure of uncomplexed
      Valinomycin, Properties, like the flexibility, average values, r.m.s.
      fluctuations of the various intramolecular hydrogen bonds are discussed. Energy
      minimization has been carried out on selected MD simulated points to analyze the
      characteristics of the unique conformation adopted by this molecule at this
      temperature.

PMID- 1812069
TI  - Polyclonal antibodies as probes to distinguish between tight and loose couple 50S
      ribosomes of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Antibody has been raised in rabbit against L7/L12 protein of E. coli 50S
      ribosomes and purified, finally through affinity column. A sensitive assay method
      using ELISA technique has also been standardised. LC 50S ribosomes react more
      with the antibody than TC 50S ribosomes. This supports the earlier physical data
      [Burma D P, Srivastava A K, Srivastava S, Tewari D S, Dash D & Sengupta S K,
      (1984), Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 124, 970] indicating that L7/L12 stalk region
      is protruded in medium in LC ribosomes and folded towards the body in TC
      ribosomes.

PMID- 1812070
TI  - Molecular interactions between ribosomal proteins--a study of S4-S9 interaction.
AB  - The ribosomal proteins S4 and S9 were isolated from the 30S ribosomal subunit of
      Escherichia coli to greater than 95% purity and characterized in the
      reconstitution buffer. Neither of the proteins indicated any tendency to self
      associate at 3 degrees C in the concentration range studied. At higher
      temperatures (greater than 20 degrees C), protein S9 forms a significant amount
      of a soluble aggregate as seen from the sedimentation velocity and sedimentation
      equilibrium experiments. From an analysis of the solution mixture of S4 and S9 at
      1:1.08 molar concentration ratio by sedimentation velocity experiment, an s20,w
      value of 1.77 +/- 0.02S was obtained. A fast moving component which accounts for
      approximately 20% of the mass was also observed. Increasing the concentration of
      S9 does not alter the observed s20w value significantly for that component which
      could be followed. A detailed analysis of the data obtained at 3 degrees C from
      sedimentation equilibrium experiments on mixtures of the proteins indicated that
      a species of molecular weight greater than either of the two proteins was
      present. The proteins were found to interact with a mean equilibrium constant of
      association of 3.66 +/- 2.39 x 10(4) M-1 and a Gibbs free energy of interaction,
      delta Go = -5.8 kcal/mole at 3 degrees C in TMKD buffer. This information helps
      in understanding the energetics of the 30S ribosomal subunits of E. coli.

PMID- 1812071
TI  - Interactions of methoxyamine with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-Schiff's base at the
      active site of sheep liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
AB  - The mechanism of interaction of methoxyamine with sheep liver serine
      hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) (SHMT) was established by measuring changes
      in enzyme activity, visible absorption spectra, circular dichroism and
      fluorescence, and by evaluating the rate constant by stopped-flow
      spectrophotometry. Methoxyamine can be considered as the smallest substituted
      aminooxy derivative of hydroxylamine. It was a reversible noncompetitive
      inhibitor (Ki = 25 microM) of SHMT similar to O-amino-D-serine. Like in the
      interaction of O-amino-D-serine and aminooxyacetic acid, the first step in the
      reaction was very fast. This was evident by the rapid disappearance of the enzyme
      Schiff base absorbance at 425 nm with a rate constant of 1.3 x 10(3) M-1 sec-1
      and CD intensity at 430 nm. Concomitantly, there was an increase in absorbance at
      388 nm (intermediate I). The next step in the reaction was the unimolecular
      conversion (1.1 x 10(-3) sec-1) of this intermediate to the final oxime absorbing
      at 325 nm. The identity of the oxime was established by its characteristic
      fluorescence emission at 460 nm when excited at 360 nm and by high performance
      liquid chromatography. These results highlight the specificity in interactions of
      aminooxy compounds with sheep liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase and that the
      carboxyl group of the inhibitors enhances the rate of the initial interaction
      with the enzyme.

PMID- 1812072
TI  - Kinetic analyses of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Candida 107 (NCYC
      911).
AB  - Candida 107 (NCYC 911) accumulates up to 45% of the biomass as triglycerides
      under conditions of nitrogenous substrate limitation in the medium. In oilseeds
      and adipocytes, lipid accumulation is preceded and accompanied by increased
      activity of key enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, in Candida 107,
      the activity of this complex was greatly reduced during lipogenesis. The initial
      velocity patterns were in accordance with a Hexa Uni Ping Pong mechanism. The Km
      values for the various substrates were similar to those found for the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but much higher than those reported for the mammalian
      enzyme. Product inhibition studies indicated that the Ki for acetyl coenzyme A
      and NADH were higher than those reported for other yeasts. The values for Ki were
      similar to those found for the liver enzyme, whereas the enzyme complex from
      heart had much lower Ki values for products. It has been suggested that in the
      heart and kidney, pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated by product inhibition
      whereas in the liver this does not appear to be the mechanism. Therefore, it is
      probable, that like the liver enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase from Candida 107 may
      not be regulated by product inhibition.

PMID- 1812073
TI  - Oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria: influence of physical
      parameters.
AB  - Effects of pH, temperature, ionic strength and osmotic pressure on various
      respiratory states and indices of oxidative phosphorylation in well coupled rat
      liver mitochondria have been studied. It appears that temperature and osmotic
      pressure are the most important physical variables, whereas ionic strength and pH
      were devoid of any significant influence on oxidative phosphorylation. Thus any
      model for oxidative phosphorylation must critically account for the differential
      osmotic sensitivity of respiration as well as the curious fact that ADP/O ratio
      increases as temperature decreases.

PMID- 1812074
TI  - Tyrosinase exhibits lag at pH 6.8 under steady state concentrations of tyrosine
      and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl alanine in melanoma tissue.
AB  - Tyrosine to dopa ratio determines the extent of lag in cresolase activity of
      tyrosinase when assayed at pH 6.8. The levels of tyrosine and dopa in B-16 murine
      melanoma tissue were found to be 213 and 13 mmoles/g fresh wt of tissue
      respectively. Cresolase activity of tyrosinase, when assayed at the above steady
      state levels of tyrosine and dopa at pH 6.8, exhibited a lag of 5-15 min
      depending on the amount of enzyme used in the assay mixture and the initial
      enzyme activity was zero. Under in vivo conditions, the enzyme with zero initial
      activity can not be active and therefore a far reaching conclusion is that
      tyrosine to dopa ratio may not regulate the enzyme activity, unlike under in
      vitro conditions. Possible modes of the regulation of tyrosinase under in vivo
      conditions are discussed.

PMID- 1812075
TI  - Affinity chromatographic isolation of cell surface glycoproteins from human
      foetal brains and their interaction with lectins.
AB  - The cell surface glycoproteins of foetal human neurons and glial cells were
      isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose 4B. Dissociation of Con A
      from the matrix took place independent of buffer composition and the absence of
      lipids and/or detergents during chromatography. It was apparently related to the
      nature of glyco proteins. Pretreatment of Con A-Sepharose 4B with urea or
      guanidine minimized this problem. The elution of glycoproteins from the affinity
      matrix at 4 degrees C, instead of the usual 25 degrees C, reduced both Con A and
      glycolipid contamination in the eluate. Dot-enzyme-linked-lectin assay was
      carried out with horse radish peroxidase conjugated lectins and serotonin. It was
      observed that total glycoproteins contained high mannose, hybrid and a limited
      quantity of biantennary complex type oligosaccharide chains. O-linked
      oligosaccharides were also present. Desialylation and sodium chloride inhibited
      binding to serotonin and wheat germ agglutinin indicating the presence of sialic
      acid residues. Fucose was attached to the innermost core GlcNAc residue, as
      revealed by affinity towards pea lectin.

PMID- 1812076
TI  - Nature of the tryptic/chymotryptic inhibitor from horsegram (Dolichos biflorus).
AB  - A protease inhibitor specific to trypsin and chymotrypsin was purified from
      horsegram (Dolichos biflorus) with the inhibition index 0.24
      micrograms/micrograms for trypsin and 0.36 micrograms/micrograms for
      chymotrypsin. In SDS-PAGE, the inhibitor protein was seen as a single band with
      apparent molecular mass Mr = 15,500. However, on fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC) or non-denaturating PAGE, the inhibitor resolved into four
      components revealing the existence of isoinhibitors. Data on amino acid analysis
      indicate that the isoinhibitors are closely related. The major amino acids in the
      inhibitor are half cystine (18.9 mole %), aspartic acid (12.7 mole %) and serine
      (14.3 mole %). The inhibitor was partially stable to 0.1% sodium dodecyl
      sulphate, 8M urea or 6M guanidine hydrochloride. The inhibitory activity was lost
      on reduction or carboxamidomethylation or acetylation. Modification of the
      arginine groups or CNBr cleavage of the protein did not result in significant
      loss of either tryptic or chymotryptic inhibitory activities. The isoinhibitors
      separated by FPLC reacted with polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits and had pI
      values ranging from 4.8-5.1. The horsegram inhibitor thus resembles other Bowman
      Birk protease inhibitors.

PMID- 1812077
TI  - Chemical modification and complex formation studies with jack bean proteinase
      inhibitor.
AB  - Pretreatment of the purified jack bean inhibitor with enterokinase activated
      human pancreatic preparation for 1 hr decreased its inhibitory capacity against
      crystalline bovine alpha-chymotrypsin by 30% but did not affect its trypsin
      inhibitory activity. Preincubation of the inhibitor with bovine chymotrypsin for
      60 min resulted in partial loss of the inhibitory potency. Complex formation
      studies by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 indicated that the trypsin
      inhibitor and chymotrypsin-inhibitor complexes dissociated to release inactivated
      inhibitor and active proteinases. Gel chromatography of the inhibitor in presence
      of 1.5 M ammonium sulphate indicated that the inhibitor showed a tendency to
      aggregate without loss of biological activity. However, in 4.2 M salt medium
      after 3 hr, antichymotryptic activity was lost completely without any effect on
      antitryptic activity. Treatment with methylamine, a nucleophile, caused a greater
      loss of antichymotryptic activity. Trinitrobenzene sulphonate and
      ethylacetamidate, the amino group modifiers, affected only the antichymotryptic
      activity. Treatment with ninhydrin, a specific arginine modifier, at pH 9.0
      abolished the antitryptic activity whereas only 50% of the antichymotryptic
      activity was lost. Diethylpyrocarbonate, a histidine reagent, also decreased only
      the antitryptic activity. Modification of tryptophan and cysteine residues of the
      inhibitor had no effect on its inhibitory potency. Treatment with mercaptoethanol
      and sodium borohydride caused nearly 50% loss of antitryptic and antichymotryptic
      activities. Chloramine-T, a reagent that modifies methionine residues,
      inactivated the inhibitor.

PMID- 1812078
TI  - Changes in DNase and DNA-polymerase activities in different tissues of chick with
      age.
AB  - The presence of acid and alkaline DNases in nuclei of chick brain cells has been
      demonstrated. The activities of these two DNases along with those of DNA
      polymerases were assessed in chicken tissues with known varied cell proliferative
      capacities (eg., spleen, kidney and brain) at different ages. The results
      indicate that the acid and alkaline DNases are probably the 'house keeping'
      enzymes with a constitutive role in DNA repair process, the former with a DNA
      repair process that is linked to cell proliferation (DNA synthesis) while the
      latter with the basal DNA-repair operations that must go on at all times without
      any regard to the cell division process. Chicken brain, unlike that of rat,
      possesses significant levels of aphidicolin sensitive DNA-polymerase(s) that are
      considered to be more replication oriented enzymes suggesting that the
      replication potential of adult and old avian brain cells may be different from
      that of a mammalian brain.

PMID- 1812079
TI  - A monomeric protein with hemagglutinating activity from seeds of Vigna mungo
      (Phaseolus mungo).
AB  - Black gram (Vigna mungo) seeds are shown to contain a lectin with certain unusual
      features. The lectin agglutinates only trypsinized red cells, and its sugar
      specificity is complex as none of the common sugars, oligosaccharides or complex
      polysaccharides exhibit any affinity for the lectin. The purified lectin has a
      molecular weight of 58 kDa and is a monomer. Unlike other plant lectins,
      antibodies to the P. mungo lectin do not exhibit any immunological cross
      reactivity. The clot forming ability of the lectin is unusual in that the clot
      once formed is rapidly disaggregated indicated that it induces, as yet undefined,
      certain membrane alterations.

PMID- 1812080
TI  - Rapid purification of secretory acid proteinase from Candida albicans and its
      characterization.
AB  - Secretory acid proteinase from C. albicans was purified from culture supernatant
      to apparent homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography. Two isozymes of the
      proteinase were resolved using a novel chromatofocusing method. The enzyme, which
      appears to be a glycoprotein, consists of a single polypeptide chain with
      glutamine at the N-terminus. Its molecular weight is about 45,000 and isoelectric
      point is pH 4.6. At pH 5, the proteinase is stable at 45 degrees C for at least
      15 min. It has a broad substrate specificity. With BSA as a substrate, Km was
      determined to be 1.6 x 10(-4) M. The enzyme is inhibited by pepstatin and thus is
      a carboxyl proteinase. It undergoes autocatalytic digestion at or below pH 5.0.
      The kinetics of induction of proteinase by various proteins are also reported.

PMID- 1812081
TI  - Transformation and regeneration of mung bean (Vigna radiata).
AB  - The procedure relied on a protocol in which shoot organogenesis was induced on
      cotyledons of mung bean genotypes selected for susceptibility to agrobacterium
      seems to work reproducibly if not efficiently. Approximately 4-5% of the shoots
      produced on the kanamycin selected cotyledons are transgenic based on assays on
      kanamycin resistance and GUS activity. This demonstrated that transformation and
      regeneration in mung bean are possible. However, raising the transformed plants
      in field condition is yet to be perfected.

PMID- 1812082
TI  - In vitro expression of belladonna mottle virus genome.
AB  - In vitro translation of belladonna mottle virus BDMV(I) genomic RNA in a rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate system produced proteins of Mr 210,000, 150,000 and 78,000
      which form the non-structural proteins. The coat protein, on the other hand, was
      expressed from a subgenomic RNA which was found to be encapsidated in the empty
      capsids forming the top component viral particles. The implications of subgenomic
      RNA encapsidation in viral replication and assembly are discussed.

PMID- 1812084
TI  - Control of morphogenesis in tobacco protoplast cultures: organogenesis vs
      embryogenesis.
AB  - The morphogenetic pathway leading to plant differentiation in tobacco mesophyll
      protoplasts could be regulated. The course of development via organogenesis or
      embryogenesis was controlled by manipulating nutrient media, culture conditions
      and hormone requirements. A lowering of molarity of medium after 5 weeks of
      protoplast culture, inclusion of GA3 (0.5 mg/l) in the medium for first 8 weeks
      of culture and exclusion of reduced nitrogen in the medium resulted in shoot
      organogenesis, while maintenance of higher molarity of the medium till 8 weeks,
      reduced nitrogen in the medium and removal of 2, 4-D after 5 weeks of culture
      induced embryogenesis. Regenerability of viable plants was obtained by both
      developmental pathways. The implications of tobacco embryogenesis system in plant
      molecular genetics were highlighted.

PMID- 1812083
TI  - Lymphoma associated antigen (LAA)--a unique biomarker for lymphomas.
AB  - A lymphoma associated antigen (LAA) isolated from pooled lymph nodes of confirmed
      Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been purified and characterized. Using
      a xenogenic rabbit anti-serum, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RIA
      were developed for LAA. LAA was detected in the sera of all confirmed lymphomas,
      the test being negative for normals, for patients with benign lymphadenitis and
      various other types of cancers. Except for a very few false positive results, no
      false negative was observed. LAA was identified in urine, CSF, saliva and gastric
      juice of a few lymphoma patients, and the test proved to be of diagnostic
      potential, as for a few patients it had a lead time of a few months over the
      histological diagnosis. In order to render the LAA test more precise and
      specific, monoclonal antibodies were generated by both in vitro and in vivo
      immunization procedures. Seven monoclonals were generated, viz. 7D6, 7D2, 7G2,
      7C5, 6G2, 23B7 and 23G11, which exhibited cytoplasmic staining of frozen sections
      of malignant lymphoid tissues of B cell derived non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Two of
      these monoclonal antibodies, 7D6 and 23B7, revealed strong cytoplasmic staining
      of frozen sections, impression smears and cytospin specimens of B cell non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas. The reactivity was very weak or negative for T cell
      lymphomas. The test was negative for Hodgkin's disease and controls. These
      results were confirmed by dot blotting, immunoprecipitation and
      immunofluorescence study. By ELISA with a sensitivity of 15 ng/ml, serum LAA
      levels for lymphomas were in the range 72-1250 ng/ml. LAA could not be detected
      in the sera of normals and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812085
TI  - Early pregnancy termination in rats immunized with denatured chicken riboflavin
      carrier protein.
AB  - Immunoneutralization of the maternal riboflavin carrier protein in the pregnant
      rat with antibodies to chicken egg vitamin carrier has earlier been shown to
      terminate their pregnancies. In order to understand the nature of the epitopic
      conformations capable of eliciting antibodies bioneutralizing the endogenous
      riboflavin carrier protein in the pregnant rat, we compared pregnancy progression
      in the fertile rodents following active immunization with either the native, SDS
      denatured, reduced-carboxymethylated or SDS-treated reduced carboxymethylated
      avian egg white riboflavin carrier protein. The data revealed that despite the
      total antibody titers being higher in the animals immunized with the native
      protein, the antibodies elicited against the denatured avian vitamin carrier
      exhibited relatively better potencies to bioneutralize the endogenous maternal
      protein as evidenced by higher rates of early fetal resorption.

PMID- 1812086
TI  - Effect of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency on inflammatory response.
AB  - Inflammatory response has been assessed in riboflavin or pyridoxine deficient
      rats. Edema was increased by 54% in pyridoxine deficiency as compared to weight
      matched control rats. Food restriction per se reduced the volume of edema by 63%.
      In pyridoxine deficiency, concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive
      substances (which indicate the extent of lipid peroxidation) increase by 30 and
      43% respectively in the edematous tissues of the paw as well as in the wounded
      skin. Both these parameters were not affected by riboflavin deficiency.
      Activities of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase in elicited leukocytes from
      peritoneal cavity were reduced by 54 and 52%, respectively, in riboflavin
      deficiency but were unaltered in pyridoxine deficiency. Superoxide level and acid
      phosphatase activity were not influenced by either of the deficiencies, whereas
      hydrogen peroxide level was increased by 48% in riboflavin deficiency. Food
      restriction did not affect leukocyte enzymes or the levels of reduced oxygen
      species. The data suggest that inflammation is enhanced in pyridoxine deficiency
      but not in riboflavin deficiency.

PMID- 1812087
TI  - On multiple forms of bovine seminal plasma inhibin.
AB  - Out of a possible minimum of four, three distinct molecular species of bovine
      seminal plasma inhibin-differing either in Mr or in pI--have been purified to
      homogeneity. All three molecules exhibit the same proportion of alpha-helicity
      and beta-form when examined for their CD-spectra in a non-aqueous solvent medium.
      The implication of this finding for an induced conformation at the receptor
      binding site for these hormonal peptides is briefly discussed.

PMID- 1812088
TI  - Is there an inter-organ glutathione redox cycle?
AB  - Intracellular glutathione redox status is a function of the flux through
      glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase system. Specific activities of these
      two enzymes in rat liver cytosol and erythrocyte hemolysates were determined.
      Relative to glutathione peroxidase levels, glutathione reductase activity was
      about 15-fold more abundant in the rat liver than in erythrocytes. This is
      suggestive of greater capacity of the liver to reduce oxidised glutathione
      (GSSG). Based on these results and from the pattern of glutathione efflux from
      different cells and tissues [Sies, H. & Akerboom, T.P.M. (1984) Methods Enzymol.
      105, 445-451], it is speculated that an interorgan glutathione redox cycle may be
      operative wherein liver is central to the reduction of GSSG and other
      disulphides.

PMID- 1812089
TI  - Characterization of MboI repeat DNA sequence of Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - MboI repeat fragment of mosquito Anopheles stephensi has been isolated by
      molecular cloning. The restriction map and entire nucleotide sequence of the
      433bp insert has been determined. Hybridization of this repeat DNA with
      restriction enzyme digest of mosquito DNA does not show an interspersed pattern
      but suggests that this repeat may be tandemly repeated at one major site and a
      few minor sites in the genome of Anopheles stephensi. The hybridization pattern
      also indicates that this repeat family comprises of many similar but non
      identical sequences. An open reading frame encoding 66 amino acids with an
      initiation and two tandem termination codons has been identified. This putative
      66 amino acid polypeptide sequence has significant homology to a small region of
      RNA tumour viral envelope protein.

PMID- 1812090
TI  - Crystal and molecular structure of sym-homospermidine monohydrate.
AB  - Sym-homospermidine, [formula; see text] is a naturally occurring rare-polyamine
      found in relatively large concentration in sandal leaves. As part of our studies
      on structure and interactions of polyamines, sym-homospermidine was purified from
      sandal leaves and its structure was determined by single crystal X-ray
      diffraction technique. The phosphate salt of the molecule crystallized in the
      triclinic space group P1- with a = 8.246(1)A, b = 8.775(1)A, c = 15.531(2)A,
      alpha = 74.20(1) degrees, beta = 88.36(1) degrees and gamma = 65.41(1) degrees.
      The structure was determined by direct methods and refined to a final R factor of
      5.4% for 2087 reflections with magnitude of F(obs) greater than 5 sigma [F(obs)].
      The amine exists in its most favourable all trans conformation. For each amine
      molecule three phosphate groups exist in the crystal structure, suggesting that
      two of the oxygens of each phosphate group are protonated. There is also a single
      water molecule in the asymmetric unit in contrast to that of spermidine phosphate
      which has 3 water molecules. These differences probably reflect the hydrogen
      bonding properties of mono-ionic and di-ionic phosphate groups. The structure is
      predominantly stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds.

PMID- 1812091
TI  - Effect of specific FSH or LH deprivation on testicular function of the adult rat.
AB  - While the need for FSH in initiating spermatogenesis in the immature rat is well
      accepted, its requirement for maintenance of spermatogenesis in adulthood is
      questioned. In the current study, using gonadotropin antisera to neutralize
      specifically either endogenous FSH or LH, we have investigated the effect of
      either FSH or LH deprivation for a 10-day period on (i) testicular macromolecular
      synthesis in vitro, (ii) the activities of testicular germ cell specific LDH-X
      and hyaluronidase enzymes, and finally (iii) on the concentration of sulphated
      glycoprotein (SGP-2), one of the Sertoli cell marker proteins. Both immature (35
      day-old) and adult (100-day-old) rats have been used in this study. Since LH
      deprivation leads to a near total blockade of testosterone production, the
      ability of exogenous testosterone supplementation to override the effects of LH
      deficiency has also been evaluated. Deprivation of either of the gonadotropins
      significantly affected in vitro RNA and protein synthesis by both testicular
      minces as well as single cell preparations. Fractionation of dispersed testicular
      cells preincubated with labelled precursors of RNA and protein on Percoll density
      gradient revealed that FSH deprivation affected specifically the rate of RNA and
      protein synthesis of germ cell and not Leydig cell fraction. LH but not FSH
      deprivation inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The inhibitory effect
      of LH could mostly be overriden by testosterone supplementation. LDH-X and
      hyaluronidase activities of testicular homogenates of adult rats showed
      significant reduction (50%; P less than .05) following either FSH or LH
      deprivation. Again testosterone supplementation was able to reverse the LH
      inhibitory effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812092
TI  - A possible role for a low molecular weight peptide in regulation of testosterone
      production by rat Leydig cells.
AB  - Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Percoll purified
      Leydig cell proteins from 20- and 120-day-old rats revealed a significant
      decrease in a low molecular weight peptide in the adult rats. Administration of
      human chorionic gonadotropin to immature rats resulted in a decrease in the low
      molecular weight peptide along with increase in testosterone production.
      Modulation of the peptide by human chorionic gonadotropin could be confirmed by
      Western blotting. The presence of a similar peptide could be detected by Western
      blotting in testes of immature mouse, hamster, guinea pig but not in adrenal,
      placenta and corpus luteum. Administration of testosterone propionate which is
      known to inhibit the pituitary luteinizing hormone levels in adult rats resulted
      in an increase in the low molecular weight peptide, as checked by Western
      blotting. It is suggested that this peptide may have a role in regulation of
      acquisition of responsiveness to luteinizing hormone by immature rat Leydig
      cells.

PMID- 1812093
TI  - Metabolic analysis of galactose toxicity in Escherichia coli with 2
      deoxygalactose as the probe.
AB  - Biochemical basis of galactose toxicity has been studied in gal T mutants (CGSC
      4974) using 2-deoxygalactose, a non-metabolizable analogue of galactose, as the
      probe. It is found that biochemical features of toxicity in wild type cells
      either with 2-deoxygalactose or with 2-deoxyglucose are very similar to the
      picture obtained with gal T mutants and the observed bacteriostasis is probably
      due to futile phosphorylation and not due to any specific inhibitory effect of
      phosphorylated galactose.

PMID- 1812094
TI  - From nutrition to neurons.

PMID- 1812095
TI  - Calcium channel blockers and the CVS reflex responses during lower body suction.
AB  - Nine normal men (mean age 27.6 yr) were exposed to continuous lower-body suction
      pressure (LBSP) of -20 to -50 mmHg (for 5 min at each level) on four different
      occasions after having consumed a single oral therapeutic dose of either
      diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil, or a placebo, randomly, in a single blind
      manner. The suction was applied at 12.30 pm in all experiments, while the
      medications were administered in such a manner so that their expected peak plasma
      levels would have been achieved at the time of suction application. The
      cardiovascular reflex effects commenced at a pressure of -30 mmHg, and peaked at 
      50 mmHg. The increases in the heart rate for all treatments at -50 mmHg was
      statistically similar (about 16-20 beats/min). The systolic BP fell by about 9
      mmHg for the placebo experiments, and this change was not different from the
      changes produced by the 3 Calcium channel blocker treatments. The diastolic BP
      increase was about 3 mmHg. The Cardiac index did not vary significantly. Our
      results suggest that the commonly used Ca++ channel blockers do not adversely
      affect orthostatic tolerance.

PMID- 1812096
TI  - Ventilatory functions in pregnancy.
AB  - The apparatus used was a dry bellows spirometer and a Wright's peak flow meter.
      Statistical analysis using the student's t test showed a significant reduction in
      peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity and first second forced
      expiratory volume in the third trimester compared to controls. Besides, mid
      expiratory flow rates were significantly lower in the first trimester.
      Spirometric performance was reduced in all three trimesters when compared to
      controls, although values were within physiological limits. This reduction may
      assume importance in patients with associated diseases or those requiring
      surgery.

PMID- 1812097
TI  - Effect of fatty diet on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a liquid
      theophylline preparation in volunteers.
AB  - The effect of a standard breakfast and a fatty breakfast on the pharmacokinetics
      and pharmacodynamics of a theophylline liquid preparation (160 mg-single dose)
      was examined in 6 healthy, non-smoking male volunteers. The plasma theophylline
      concentrations after both standard and fatty diet were found to be comparable at
      each point of time and pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, T1/2a, T1/2
      beta and AUC0-alpha, were also comparable. However, the time taken to attain the
      therapeutic plasma concentration was earlier and sustained along with the
      standard breakfast in comparison to that with fatty breakfast. Peak change in
      PEFR and pulse rate was also observed earlier with the standard diet than with
      fatty diet. The plasma theophylline concentrations produced after both diets were
      insufficient to produce any detectable change in subjective symptoms like tremor
      palpitation, heart burn, nausea, restlessness and tenseness. However,
      theophylline after fatty breakfast was better tolerated than that after a
      standard breakfast.

PMID- 1812098
TI  - Assessment of cardio-pulmonary efficiency in athletes and non-athletes.
AB  - Cardiopulmonary efficiency was studied in 18 Indian medical students and 19 state
      level athletes by estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and other
      parameters related to oxygen transport i.e., heart rate, O2 pulse, respiratory
      quotient, ventilation volume, breathing reserve and dysponoeic index, following
      graded exercise on a treadmill. Higher VO2 max observed in athletes, was due to
      higher stroke volume and arterio-venous O2 difference. Though athletes had higher
      breathing reserve at VO2 max work load, their dysponoeic index and ventilation
      volume at VO2 max did not differ significantly from non-athletes suggesting that
      athletes were economical in expending energy for work of breathing during
      exercise.

PMID- 1812100
TI  - Effect of head-up tilting on systolic time intervals in normal young volunteers.
AB  - Systolic time intervals (STI) are sensitive indices of myocardial function.
      Passive tilting is a rapidly reversible and non-invasive method for inducing
      cardiovascular stress. The present work was conducted to study the effect of
      graded head-up tilt (HUT) on STI. 20 male medical students were subjected to 30
      degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees HUT on a tilting table. ECG, phonocardiogram
      and carotid pulse were recorded simultaneously on Grass polygraph.
      Electromechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre
      ejection period (PEP), PEP/LEVT ratio, heart rate (HR) and corrected STI were
      determined immediately after and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min after each angle tilt.
      HUT produced a decrease in QS2 which was more pronounced at higher angle tilt.
      LVET decreased after 60 degrees and 80 degrees HUT. PEP and PEP/LVET ratio
      decreased after each angle tilt. These changes in STI can be explained on the
      basis of sympathetic stimulation-induced increase in the inotropic state of the
      heart.

PMID- 1812099
TI  - Glycaemic response to maize, bajra and barley.
AB  - The postprandial glycaemic response to maize (Zea mays), bajra (Pennisetum
      typhoideum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) was studied in a pool of 18 healthy
      volunteers and 14 patients having non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM). In response to maize, none of the variables examined was significantly
      different as compared to white bread. The glycaemic response to bajra was
      significantly lower than that to white bread in healthy subjects, but the two
      responses were indistinguishable in NIDDM subjects. The insulinaemic responses to
      bajra and white break were not significantly different in either group of
      subjects. The glycaemic response to barley was significantly lower than that to
      white bread in both groups of subjects. But the insulinaemic response to barley
      was significantly lower than that to white bread only in healthy subjects. In
      NIDDM subjects, there was a tendency for the response to barley to be higher than
      that to white bread 0.5 h after ingestion. Barley, with a low glycaemic index
      (68.7 in healthy and 53.4 in NIDDM subjects) and a high insulinaemic index
      (105.2) in NIDDM subjects seems to mobilize insulin in NIDDM. This makes it a
      specially suitable cereal for diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1812101
TI  - Plasma estradiol and lipid profile in perimenopausal women.
AB  - This study was conducted to examine the estradiol level and plasma lipid profile
      in perimenopausal women. The estradiol and HDL levels were higher and LDL levels
      lower in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women of the same age group.
      Higher HDL and lower LDL levels in premenopausal women are likely to protect them
      against atherosclerosis, and the difference may be casually related to estradiol
      levels.

PMID- 1812102
TI  - Visual evoked potential responses in pregnant women.
AB  - Sensory functions and their electrophysiological correlates have not been
      adequately documented during pregnancy. The present study reports visual evoked
      potential responses to pattern reversal (VEP-P) in ten third trimester pregnant
      women and changes in latency of NPN complex when compared with these responses in
      the non pregnant state. Visual evoked potentials were recorded from O1-A1 and O2
      A2 scalp areas, using Ag/Agcl disc electrodes to transient pattern of black and
      white checkerboard with 32' size and reversal rate 1Hz. Two trials of VEP-P
      responses to 256 transient pattern stimuli given to each eye, were analysed and
      averaged by the computer of visual evoked potential recorder (MEB 5200 Nihon
      Kohden Japan). The latencies of various positive and negative waves, along with
      P1 amplitude, obtained in pregnant women, were compared with those obtained in
      ten non-pregnant women. The latencies of initial NPN complex (N1P1 & N2) were
      significantly reduced in pregnant women, indicating that pregnancy facilitates
      conduction process in the optic pathways.

PMID- 1812103
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy on brain weight, body weight and weight of certain
      endocrine organs in rats.
AB  - Albino rats, both males and females were adrenalectomized (Adx.), either on the
      eleventh or the twenty fifth day after birth and the body weights recorded daily
      until the sixtieth day when all the animals were sacrificed. Brain (cerebrum and
      cerebellum), pituitary, thyroid and gonads were weighed post mortem. Body weights
      decreased in all the Adx. animals, the decrease being statistically significant
      in the male rats Adx. on day 11 (p less than 0.05). Both cerebrum and cerebellum
      recorded a significant increase in weight in both the male Adx. groups, whereas
      pituitary, thyroid and gonads showed a significant decrease. Changes observed in
      25 day Adx. female rats were not statistically significant. Thus, adrenalectomy
      in the young rats appears to have differential effects on the somatic, neural and
      endocrine growth.

PMID- 1812104
TI  - Effect of acute heat stress on certain immunological parameters in albino rats.
AB  - The effect of acute heat stress on certain immunological parameters were studied
      in male albino rats. The test rats were exposed to an ambient temperature of 40
      degrees celsius for 30 minutes and sacrificed immediately. Total WBC count,
      Differential count, Phagocytic index, NBT reduction, organ weight body weight
      ratio of spleen, thymus, and popliteal lymph nodes, and soluble immune complex
      levels were measured in control group and the heat stressed animals. The heat
      stressed animals show decrease in total WBC count, and neutrophilia,
      eosinophilia, and lymphocytopenia. The phagocytic index showed a significant
      increase whereas the avidity index showed a decrease from the control value. NBT
      reduction was also significant. The soluble immune complex level was not altered.
      The heat stressed animals showed a decrease in the thymus and spleen weight/body
      weight ratio while the lymph node/body weight ratio showed an increase compared
      to the control animals.

PMID- 1812105
TI  - Levels of copper and zinc in depression.
AB  - The study was undertaken to estimate plasma copper and zinc in thirty-five
      depressed patients. Two blood samples were drawn from each patient, one before
      starting treatment and the second after recovery from depression. The results
      were compared with the thirty-five normal healthy individuals. The mean plasma
      copper in controls, depressed patients and in patients after recovery were
      106.82, 122.14 and 104.22 micrograms/dl, respectively. The copper levels in
      patients when depressed were significantly higher as compared to controls and
      after recovery from depression. The mean plasma zinc levels in controls,
      depressed patients and after recovery were 115.80, 107.62 and 125.68
      micrograms/dl, respectively. No significant difference could be obtained between
      control and depressed patients. However, the values were significantly higher in
      recovered patients compared to patients with depression.

PMID- 1812106
TI  - Responses of pre-optic area to intracerebroventricular thyroxine and thyrotropin
      in dog brain.
AB  - Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) of pre-optic area (POA) was recorded after
      intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin
      (TSH) in conscious male dogs. Recordings were made for two hours following
      microinjections. Biphasic responses with increased amplitude were observed in
      both the treatments, but chronologically the responses obtained with T4 & TSH
      were opposite to each other.

PMID- 1812107
TI  - Neem oil--a fertility controlling agent in rhesus monkey.
AB  - Neem oil, an oil extracted from the seeds of Azadirachta indica has been found to
      act as a good spermicidal agent. Pre and post coital application of the oil
      intravaginally prevented pregnancy in rhesus monkey.

PMID- 1812108
TI  - Effect of yoga on aerobic and anaerobic power of muscles.
AB  - Aerobic Power (VO2 max) and anaerobic power were estimated in medical students
      before and after six weeks of yogic training. A significant increase in aerobic
      power and a significant decrease in anaerobic power was observed. This may be due
      to conversion of some of the Fast Twitch (F.T.) muscle fibres into Slow Twitch
      fibres (S.T.) during yogic training.

PMID- 1812109
TI  - Effect of sublethal electrocution on some haematological parameters in Rattus
      norvegicus.

PMID- 1812110
TI  - Circadian variation of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) in cavitary and
      non-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 1812111
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration with and without citric acid treatment in vertical
      osseous defects.

PMID- 1812112
TI  - An alternative method to establish and maintain correct mandibular position.

PMID- 1812113
TI  - Anatomic considerations in the etiology and management of maxillary and
      mandibular molars with furcation involvement.

PMID- 1812114
TI  - A clinical test for proteolytic enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid: comparison
      with periodontal probing depth and bleeding upon probing.

PMID- 1812115
TI  - 47th annual conference of the Association of Physicians of India. Patna, 17-21
      January 1992. Abstracts.

PMID- 1812116
TI  - A new biological membrane for pericardial closure.
AB  - In an attempt to develop a new and better biological membrane for the
      pericardium, we evaluated the use of glutaraldehyde treated human amniotic
      membrane (AM) and compared it to polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) membrane as a
      pericardial substitute. Four dogs underwent a right thoracotomy. Two 4 x 3-cm
      portions of pericardium, 3-4 cm apart, were excised in each animal and both sites
      replaced with a similar sized patch of 0.8% glutaraldehyde-treated AM and 0.2-mm
      PTFE membrane respectively. The AM was sutured to the pericardial defect with its
      smooth surface facing the epicardium. After 18 weeks, the materials were
      evaluated. The AM patches revealed minimal extrapericardial and no epicardial
      adhesion. The PTFE patches had moderate to severe epicardial adhesions and severe
      extrapericardial adhesions. Histopathological examination of AM patches revealed
      that the integrity of the AM was preserved, however, neovascularization and
      slight lymphocytic infiltration were observed. In the PTFE patches, there were
      severe inflammatory infiltration and fibroblast proliferation into both surfaces.
      AM patches by virtue of their low immunogenicity evoke very minimal host to graft
      reaction. These AM grafts, however, tear easily unless carefully sutured.
      Improved methods of treatment may improve suturing strength. We conclude that AM
      performs satisfactorily and is superior to PTFE as a pericardial substitute.

PMID- 1812117
TI  - NIR-spectroscopic investigation of water sorption characteristics of dental
      resins and composites.
AB  - A near infrared (NIR) method using the 5200 cm(-1) absorption of water has been
      employed to examine water absorbed in photopolymerized dental resins and
      composites in the form of 0.01-cm- to 0.15-cm-thick specimens. The concentration,
      c [mol L(-1)], of absorbed water in specimens of thickness t [cm] was calculated
      by means of Beer's law, A = e ct. A is the NIR absorbance and e is the
      absorptivity of absorbed water. e depends on the environment of the water
      molecule and it is necessary to estimate e for water in each material. Water
      sorption was determined gravimetrically and correlated to the absorbance in the
      NIR spectrum. Once the relationship between e and water content was known for a
      material, water sorption was determined rapidly on very thin specimens for faster
      equilibration. Where dissolution of the specimen occurred, the solubility
      behavior of the specimen was evaluated from a comparison of NIR and gravimetric
      measurements. The NIR absorptivity, e, of water absorbed in a polymeric medium
      was found to be inversely related to the degree of hydrophilicity and hydrogen
      bonding capability of the polymer. The presence of water clusters in a
      polyethylene oxide methacrylate polymer was inferred from convex-up curvature in
      the plot of e vs. water content.

PMID- 1812118
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of aliphatic polyurethane fiber: a potential
      suture material.
AB  - Polyurethane fibers were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, DSC, and
      GPC. Their properties as fiber were compared with commercially available sutures
      of polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, and silk.

PMID- 1812119
TI  - Formation of 4,4'-methylenedianiline in polyurethane potting materials by either
      gamma-ray or autoclave sterilization.
AB  - In this experiment, we found that a potential carcinogen, 4,4'-methylenedianiline
      (MDA), was produced from gamma-ray irradiated potting materials, medical
      thermosetting polyurethane (PU). gamma-Ray irradiated PUs were immersed in either
      methanol or in equine serum. The time course of MDA leached from the potting
      materials and other variables were compared. A significant relationship was noted
      between the amount extracted and the rigidity of the potting material. The
      accumulated amount of extracted MDA (a few ppm in the original sample) increased
      with increasing irradiation dose by a second-order equation. One sample indicated
      reduced MDA elution after irradiation in the early stage. MDA extraction with
      serum was 82-87% that with methanol. In one case, MDA leaching into serum in the
      early stage was higher than that into methanol. Autoclave sterilization did not
      promote MDA formation, thus indicating that autoclaving would be preferable.

PMID- 1812121
TI  - Bone bonding mechanism of beta-tricalcium phosphate.
AB  - It has been proposed that the formation of a surface apatite layer in vivo on
      surface active ceramics is an essential condition for chemical bonding between
      ceramics and bone tissue. To clarify the difference in bone-bonding mechanisms
      between surface active ceramics and bioresorbable ceramics, two experiments were
      performed using plates of dense beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP). First,
      plates of beta-TCP were implanted subcutaneously in rats for 8 weeks. Surface
      change due to bioresorption was observed with scanning electron microscopy.
      Formation of the apatite layer on the surface was investigated using thin-film x
      ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy. Second,
      plates of beta-TCP were implanted in tibiae of rabbits for 8 and 25 weeks and
      subjected to the detaching test to measure bone-bonding strength. beta-TCP bonded
      strongly to bone. Undecalcified sections of the interface of bone and beta-TCP
      were examined with SEM-EPMA. However, by physicochemical methods, no formation of
      surface apatite layer was observed. These results suggest that beta-TCP bonds to
      bone through microanchoring between bone and rough surface of resorbed beta-TCP.

PMID- 1812120
TI  - In vivo characterization of the inflammatory properties of
      poly(tetrafluoroethylene) particulates.
AB  - Suburothelial injections of particulate poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is
      becoming a widely accepted treatment for a number of urological disorders.
      Because little is known about the long-term histologic morphology of the
      injection site, this animal study was performed. Three populations, each
      consisting of two mongrel dogs, five New Zealand White rabbits, and 10 BALB/c
      mice, were injected with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) particulate in a glycerine
      carrier (Polytef Paste) and were followed for a period of 1 week, 3 months, 6
      months, and 1 year. Mice received one subcutaneous dorsal injection each, rabbits
      received two subareolar injections each, and dogs received three subareolar
      injections each in addition to two periurethral injections. Histologic
      examination of the biopsy sites revealed a persistent chronic inflammatory
      reaction with progressive growth of the involved tissue volume. In addition to
      giant cells and macrophages, lymphocytes became apparent at 3 months and
      constituted up to 40% of the cellular infiltrate by 1 year. Plasma cells were
      also noted at the 1-year period in the rabbit model. The progressive growth of
      the inflammatory pseudo-tumors evoked by injected PTFE may compromise the long
      term safety of certain urological procedures involving particulate PTFE.

PMID- 1812122
TI  - Photoenhancement of platelet adhesion to biomaterial surfaces observed with
      epifluorescent video microscopy (EVM).

PMID- 1812123
TI  - Platelet consumption by NHLBI reference materials and SILASTIC [corrected].

PMID- 1812124
TI  - Early events in mammalian craniofacial morphogenesis.
AB  - Head-trunk differences are well established in the most primitive vertebrates,
      and are clear from early developmental stages of all modern forms. The boundary
      between the two regions is not constant in all vertebrate classes in terms of the
      number of occipital somites. The occipital region is in some respects a
      transitional zone, giving rise to trunk-like somitic derivatives in the head. It
      is also highly specialised, providing a unique population of neural crest cells
      that are essential for formation of the aorticopulmonary septum (which divides
      the outflow tract of the heart) in mammals and birds. In the preoccipital
      hindbrain, rhombomeres represent a segmental structural pattern that is quite
      distinct from that of the somites, with a segment-specific pattern of gene
      expression. Expression of some of these genes in mesenchyme close to the
      primitive streak at earlier stages suggests that this pattern may be established
      at the time of neural induction. Mammalian embryos have taken cranial
      specialization further than other classes of vertebrate, particularly in relation
      to the pattern of development and eventual structural complexity of the
      forebrain. Mammalian specialisations of craniofacial development are described
      through references to studies on cranial neurulation, on cranial neural crest
      cell migration, and on the possible morphogenetic roles of extracellular matrix
      components.

PMID- 1812125
TI  - Cell movements and control of patterned tissue assembly during craniofacial
      development.
AB  - Craniofacial mesenchyme is heterogeneous with respect to origins (e.g., paraxial
      mesoderm, lateral mesoderm, prechordal mesoderm, neural crest, placodes) and
      fates. The many disparate cell migratory behaviors exhibited by these mesenchymal
      populations have only recently been revealed, necessitating a reappraisal of how
      these different populations come together to form specific tissues and organs.
      The objectives of this review are to characterize the diverse migratory behaviors
      of craniofacial mesenchymal subpopulations, to define the interactions necessary
      for their assembly into tissues, and to discuss these data in the context of
      recent discoveries concerning the molecular basis of craniofacial development.
      The application of antibodies that recognize features unique to migrating neural
      crest cells has verified the results of previous transplantation experiments in
      birds and shown the migratory pathways in murine embryos to be similar. Within
      paraxial or prechordal mesoderm arise myoblasts that are precursors of
      craniofacial voluntary muscles. These cells migrate, usually en masse, to the
      sites where overt muscle differentiation occurs. Whereas the initial alignment of
      primary myotubes presages the fiber orientation seen in the adult, the time at
      which individual myotubes appear relative to the formation of discrete,
      individual muscle bundles and attachments with connective tissues varies with
      each muscle. The pattern of primary myotube alignment is determined by local
      connective tissue-forming mesenchyme and is independent of the source of
      myoblasts. Also found within paraxial and lateral mesodermal tissues are
      endothelial precursors (angioblasts). Some of these aggregate in situ, forming
      vesicles that coalesce with ingrowing endothelial cords. Others are highly
      invasive, moving in all directions and infiltrating tissues such as the neural
      crest, which lacks endogenous angioblasts. The patterns of initial blood vessel
      formation in the head are also determined by local connective tissue-forming
      mesenchyme and are independent of the origin of endothelial cells. Neural crest
      cells, which constitute the predominant connective tissue-forming mesenchyme in
      the facial, oral, and branchial regions of the head, acquire a regional identity
      while still part of the neural epithelium, and carry this with them as they move
      into the mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches. Some of these regionally unique
      propensities correspond spatially to genetic and cellular patterns unique to
      rhombomeres, although the links between gene expression and crest population
      phenotypes are not yet known. In contrast, the inherent spatial programming of
      those crest cells that populate the maxillary and frontonasal regions is altered
      by their proximity to the prosencephalon.

PMID- 1812126
TI  - Role of the early epithelium in the patterning of the teeth and Meckel's
      cartilage.
AB  - Embryonic epithelium from the mandibular branchial arch organizes the dentition
      and the deposition of Meckel's cartilage. During 9-11 days of gestation
      mandibular arch epithelium can induce teeth in nondental ectomesenchyme in both
      mice and birds. In addition, the deposition of Meckel's cartilage as a rod of
      cartilage in the middle of the first branchial arch is under the control of the
      epithelium. The epithelium inhibits chondrogenesis; if it is removed, large
      amorphous masses of cartilage are found instead of the narrow rod typical of
      Meckel's cartilage.

PMID- 1812127
TI  - Cellular interactions during cartilage and bone development.
AB  - Both interactions between like cells, as between chondrogenic cells in a
      developing cartilaginous rudiment, and between unlike cells, as in epithelial
      mesenchymal interactions, are dealt with in this review. Such interactions may
      involve direct apposition of cell membranes or may be mediated via interaction
      with peri- or extracellular matrices. An ontogenetic approach is taken in which
      cellular interactions involved in five processes of the development of cartilage
      and bone are discussed, the five being (1) origin of the cells, (2) migration of
      the cells within the embryo, (3) localization of the cells at their final
      embryonic site, (4) differentiation, and (5) morphogenesis. Some emphasis is
      placed on interactions affecting neural crest-derived cells both before and
      during their migration and on interactions, especially epithelial-mesenchymal
      interactions, that precede cytodifferentiation of chondroblasts or osteoblasts.
      Whether epithelial or mesenchymal specificity is required for such interactions
      to occur is discussed with reference to the otic vesicle-otic mesenchyme
      interaction that leads to differentiation and morphogenesis of the cartilaginous
      otic capsule.

PMID- 1812128
TI  - Cell proliferation during formation of the embryonic facial primordia.
AB  - Cell proliferation of mesenchyme in the developing primary palate of the chick
      embryo was analyzed by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Pulse labeling,
      repeated labeling, and label dilution techniques were employed to determine
      generation times, transit times, growth fractions, and other parameters of the
      cell cycle. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to evaluate the role of
      tissue interactions during outgrowth of the facial primordia. These studies
      indicated that initially, during early stages of primary palate formation,
      virtually all mesenchymal cells are in the division cycle with relatively short
      generation times. As development proceeds, mesenchymal cell populations in the
      facial primordia, such as the maxillary process, retain cycle characteristics
      comparable to those of the progenitor cell populations. In regions adjacent to
      the facial primordia, such as the roof of the stomodeum, cell cycle times become
      more heterogeneous and result in removal of cells from rapidly cycling cell
      populations into subpopulations that are cycling more slowly and that, in some
      instances, become quiescent. Regional analysis of cell proliferation in the
      maxillary process indicated that growth rates of mesenchyme differ based on
      proximity to the overlying epithelium. Correlative in vitro studies of epithelial
      mesenchymal separation and recombination experiments in organ culture revealed
      that the viability of mesenchyme was dependent on the presence of epithelium and
      that this effect was strongly stage-dependent. These and other results lead us to
      the conclusion that epithelial-mesenchymal interaction is significant to the
      maintenance of growth rates in the facial primordia and that the effects observed
      are mediated, at least in part, by developmental signals at the epithelial
      mesenchymal interface.

PMID- 1812129
TI  - Animal models for human craniofacial malformations.
AB  - Holoprosencephaly malformations, of which the fetal alcohol syndrome appears to
      be a mild form, can result from medial anterior neural plate deficiencies as
      demonstrated in an ethanol treated animal model. These malformations are
      associated with more medial positioning of the nasal placodes and resulting
      underdevelopment or absence of the medial nasal prominences (MNPs) and their
      derivatives. Malformations seen in the human retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) can be
      produced by administration of the drug 13-cis-retinoic acid in animals. Primary
      effects on neural crest cells account for most of these RAS malformations. Many
      of the malformations seen in the RAS are similar to those of hemifacial
      microsomia, suggesting similar neural crest involvement. Excessive cell death,
      apparently limited to trigeminal ganglion neuroblasts of placodal origin, follows
      13-cis retinoic acid administration at the time of ganglion formation and leads
      to malformations virtually identical to those of the Treacher Collins syndrome
      (TCS). Secondary effects on neural crest cells in the area of the ganglion appear
      to be responsible for the TCS malformations. Malformations of the DiGeorge
      Syndrome are similar to those of the RAS and can be produced in mice by ethanol
      administration or by "knocking out" a homeobox gene (box 1.5). Human and animal
      studies indicate that cleft lips of multifactorial etiology may be generically
      susceptible because of small MNP)s or other MNP developmental alterations, such
      as those found in A/J mice, that make prominence contact more difficult.
      Experimental maternal hypoxia in mice indicates that cigarette smoking may
      increase the incidence of cleft lip by interfering with morphogenetic movements.
      Other human cleft lips may result from the action of a single major gene coding
      for TGF-alpha variants. A study with mouse palatal shelves in culture and other
      information suggest that a fusion problem may be involved.

PMID- 1812130
TI  - Preliminary observations on isotretinoin-induced ear malformations and pattern
      formation of the external ear.
AB  - Retinoic acid is a morphogenic substance capable of inducing a variety of limb
      malformations, including duplications and reduction-type defects. Whether
      retinoic acid plays a similar role in controlling pattern formation of other
      vertebrate structures is unclear. Many fetuses and infants exposed to
      isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) in utero have a characteristic pattern of
      anomalies, chiefly involving brain, craniofacial, and thymic morphogenesis. Among
      the craniofacial anomalies, external ear malformations are common and the
      specific types of auricular malformations include partial duplications, and
      tissue reductions and displacements. These similarities to the types of limb
      malformations that retinoic acid can induce suggest that retinoic acid may play
      an important role in controlling pattern formation of facial structures.

PMID- 1812131
TI  - Teratogenic effects of alcohol and isotretinoin on craniofacial development: an
      analysis of animal models.
AB  - The teratogens alcohol and isotretinoin cause different patterns of facial
      dysmorphogenesis in the human. For isotretinoin the pattern is consistent with
      interference with the normal development of the cranial neural crest,
      particularly that destined for the second visceral arch. In vitro studies in the
      rat indicate that, at threshold levels of exposure to isotretinoin, the
      development of the second arch crest represents the most sensitive process of
      organogenic development. For alcohol, the facial abnormalities result from
      exposure very early in development, during the gastrulation process. There is no
      evidence that this is a peculiarly sensitive stage of development with respect to
      alcohol; animal studies indicate that other processes in the organogenic period
      are equally or more vulnerable. The emphasis given to the abnormal facial
      features in the fetal alcohol syndrome is considered a phenomenon associated with
      the exclusivity of syndromes.

PMID- 1812133
TI  - Effects of retinoids on chick face development.
AB  - Local application of retinoic acid to chick embryos produces severe bilateral
      clefting of the primary palate but does not affect the lower beak. This paper
      reviews what is known about the basis and specificity of this retinoid-induced
      defect by examining three major developmental processes: morphogenesis, cell
      differentiation, and pattern formation. The conclusion reached is that neither
      cytotoxicity nor cartilage inhibition is the basis of the specific retinoid
      induced defect. Retinoid treatment interferes with reciprocal epithelial
      mesenchymal interactions in the upper beak. These interactions are involved in
      linking pattern formation--the spatial ordering of cell differentiation--to
      morphogenesis and outgrowth. These results suggest that retinoids are interfering
      with the process of pattern formation in the upper beak, a conclusion that is
      supported by the similarities between retinoid effects on face and limb
      development. Thus, it appears that retinoids may be acting as general signaling
      molecules throughout the developing embryo. In the lower beak, pattern-forming
      cues may occur earlier in development. Alternatively, the cells may be
      unresponsive to retinoids. The molecular basis for the specificity of the facial
      defect--as well as for the action of retinoids on developing systems--is
      discussed with reference to recent advances in molecular biology.

PMID- 1812132
TI  - Retinoic acid alters epithelial differentiation during palatogenesis.
AB  - Retinoids are teratogenic in humans and animals, producing a syndrome of
      craniofacial malformations that includes cleft palate. This study investigates
      the mechanism through which retinoic acid induces cleft palate. Murine
      palatogenesis after exposure to retinoic acid in utero is compared to normal
      development and to alterations observed after exposure in organ culture to
      retinoic acid or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Human embryonic palatal shelves
      were placed in the organ culture system and the responses to retinoic acid and
      EGF were compared to those of the murine palatal shelves. Growth factors play a
      role in normal development and are found in the embryonic palate. In other cell
      culture systems, retinoids alter the expression of EGF receptors. Our results
      suggest that in the medial epithelial cells of the palate, retinoic acid sustains
      the expression of the EGF receptor and the binding of EGF at a time when the
      expression in control medial cells has declined, and these control cells
      subsequently undergo programmed cell death. The continued DNA synthesis,
      proliferation, survival, and shift in phenotype of the medial cells is believed
      to interfere with the adhesion and fusion of opposing palatal shelves, resulting
      in cleft palate.

PMID- 1812134
TI  - Expression and structure of cartilage proteins.
AB  - Cartilage has unique physical characteristics attributable to the presence of an
      unusually high content of proteoglycan embedded in the network of collagen
      fibrils. Advances in understanding the structure of these components and how
      their synthesis is regulated have been greatly assisted by the application of
      molecular biology. For example, an immortalized rat chondrocyte cell line was
      obtained by infection with a recombinant retrovirus encoding the myc gene
      product. Several positive and negative DNA regulatory elements of the collagen II
      gene have been identified that appear to be important in the regulation of this
      gene in chondrocytes. The complete primary structure of the cartilage
      proteoglycan (aggrecan) core protein deduced from cDNA sequence displays a
      complex multidomain structure including numerous repeats of Ser-Gly sequences and
      sequence homologies with link protein and animal lectins. Such studies advance
      our understanding of normal morphogenetic events and lay the groundwork for
      determining the basis of molecular and genetic defects.

PMID- 1812135
TI  - New genetic approaches to craniofacial growth and malformation in the mouse.
AB  - New genetic tools that have been developed in the mouse for the study of genetic
      variation and molecular biology can be applied to the study of craniofacial
      growth and malformation. D.W. Bailey (Journal of Heredity, 76:107-114, 1985,
      77:17-25, 1986) has used congenic and recombinant inbred strains to identify a
      large number of genes that result in growth variation in local regions of the
      mandible. The function of "morphogenes" have not been characterized, but they may
      act as switches that regulate already recognized structural genes. We have
      studied the cartilage matrix deficiency (cmd/cmd) mutant mouse and found that
      their chondrocytes fail to synthesize the cartilage-specific proteoglycan at both
      protein and mRNA levels. In vitro experiments demonstrate biochemical feedback
      control in the formation of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Abnormalities of
      cartilage matrix result in facial clefts and in dental malocclusion in mice. A
      recombinant plasmid containing the type II collagen promoter and enhancer fused
      to a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, has been used to produce
      transgenic mice. These mice reveal that the type II collagen enhancer controls
      the high level of tissue-specific expression of the gene. The transgenic mice
      provide a potential test system for study of development and teratogenesis at the
      gene level.

PMID- 1812137
TI  - Tryptophan supplementation for nocturnal bruxism: report of negative results.
AB  - This experiment was designed to study the effect of L-tryptophan on nocturnal
      bruxism. Portable EMG recorders were used to monitor unilateral masseter muscle
      activity during sleep in eight patients identified as nocturnal bruxists.
      Following an initial baseline period, the patients were given, in a randomized
      double-blind study, either tryptophan (50 mg/kg of body weight) or a placebo for
      8 days followed by an additional 8 days of reverse medication. Dietary patterns
      and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. No significant
      treatment differences in bruxing levels were found, suggesting that L-tryptophan
      supplementation in the absence of dietary manipulation is ineffective in the
      treatment of nocturnal bruxism.

PMID- 1812136
TI  - Biomechanical properties and collagen fiber orientation of temporomandibular
      joint discs in dogs: 2. Tensile mechanical properties of the discs.
AB  - The tensile properties of TMJ discs in dogs were investigated using soft-tissue
      tensile and stress-relaxation tests. The data obtained suggested that (1) the
      mediolateral tensile stiffness (199.7 and 234.0 MPa), tensile strength (46.73 and
      69.99 MPa), and equilibrium moduli (30.0 and 30.1 MPa) of anterior and posterior
      bands of the disc, respectively, were much greater than those of the middle part
      (46.6, 14.71, and 18.4 MPa, respectively); (2) the difference in fracture strain
      of various parts was not significant; (3) the physiologic strain region of the
      discs was about 4%; and (4) the properties of low stress/relaxation rate and
      nonlinear relationship of the instantaneous elastic response to various strains
      may represent lower permeability of TMJ discs.

PMID- 1812139
TI  - Personality hardiness, anxiety, and depression as constructs of interest in the
      study of temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - This study examined the stress-mediating characteristics of the personality
      construct of hardiness within a population of dental patients diagnosed with a
      temporomandibular disorder (TMD). It was found that hardiness, consisting of
      feelings of control and commitment, was significantly lower in TMD patients when
      compared with a matched control group of non-TMD subjects. A third proposed
      factor of hardiness, challenge, was not found to differ significantly between the
      groups. Anxiety and depression self-ratings also did not differ significantly
      between the groups.

PMID- 1812138
TI  - Five-year follow-up of mandibular dysfunction in adolescents with intact and
      restored dentitions: a comparative anamnestic and clinical study.
AB  - Signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were re-examined in 189 subjects,
      aged 18 to 20 years, 5 years after the first examination. One hundred nine
      subjects had restored dentitions at both examinations (group F), 36 subjects with
      previously intact dentitions had had fillings in their teeth during the follow-up
      period (group FI), and 44 subjects had intact dentitions at both examinations
      (group I). The subjects with restored dentitions had a higher degree and
      frequency of mandibular dysfunction than the subjects with intact teeth. The
      subjects who had had fillings during the follow-up period (group FI) constituted
      a group between groups F and I with respect to signs and symptoms of mandibular
      dysfunction. This strengthens the authors' earlier suspicions that dental filling
      therapy is of greater etiologic importance in mandibular dysfunction than had
      been thought previously. However, more studies are necessary to find the exact
      mechanisms involved.

PMID- 1812140
TI  - Angular and linear comparisons with unilateral mandibular asymmetry.
AB  - Twelve patients (mean age 24 years) presenting with facial asymmetry, thought to
      represent unilateral mandibular condylar hyperplasia, were included in this
      study. Two distinct patient groups were noted: (1) with apparent condylar
      hyperplasia and (2) with unilateral internal derangements. Six patients were
      found to have normal TMJs bilaterally and six had unilateral internal derangement
      occurring on the short side. Angular and linear measurements were compared using
      Student's t test for discrete variables between the two groups and ANOVA for
      continuous variables; however, they were unable to demonstrate any set of
      circumstances that would suggest differences between the two groups. The only
      clear distinction was the presence of degenerative joint disease on the short
      side. This suggests that standard radiographs would be helpful if other imaging
      studies were not performed.

PMID- 1812141
TI  - The posterior attachment: its structure, function, and appearance in TMJ imaging
      studies. Part 1.
AB  - The posterior attachment of the temporomandibular joint disc is a highly
      compliant tissue, capable of large volumetric fluctuations. Its structure and
      volume at any moment are a function of condylar position. The posterior
      attachment appears to function as a device for rearrangement of liquids. The
      liquids are blood, tissue fluid, and synovial fluid.

PMID- 1812142
TI  - The role of intercuspal occlusal relationships in temporomandibular disorders: a
      review.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to highlight consensus in past research on the role
      of intercuspal occlusal factors in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular
      disorders. The occlusal intercuspal relationships considered are skeletal
      anterior open bite, overbite, overjet, symmetry of contacts in the retruded
      contact position (RCP), crossbite, and posterior occlusal support. Skeletal
      anterior open bite, reduced overbite, and increased overjet are associated with
      osteoarthritic TMJ patients, but lack specificity for defining patient
      populations per se. There is no evidence that overbite or overjet plays a role in
      the pathophysiology of nonarthritic disorders. A combination of unilateral RCP
      with an absence of a clinically apparent RCP-ICP (intercuspal position) slide may
      encourage TMJ disc displacement, but unilateral RCP per se was not associated
      with TMJ diagnoses. Crossbite does not seem to provoke TMJ symptoms or disease.
      Lost molar support may be associated with osteoarthrosis presence and severity,
      but studies have not yet been distinguished for age effects. Where appropriate,
      implications for clinical practice are drawn.

PMID- 1812143
TI  - The posterior attachment: its structure, function, and appearance in TMJ imaging
      studies. Part 2.
AB  - The anatomy of the posterior attachment was described in the first part of this
      paper (J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 1991;5:83-95). In part 2, the
      appearance of the posterior attachment in imaging studies and inferences on its
      function are discussed.

PMID- 1812144
TI  - Signs and symptoms in samples with and without temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - Factors commonly associated with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder
      were investigated in two groups. The patient group consisted of 41 subjects
      seeking treatment at the UCSF Temporomandibular Disorders Clinic, and the control
      group consisted of 40 incoming and first-year students. Questionnaires and
      clinical examinations were used to identify and measure factors in the areas of
      history, functional signs, and occlusion. Only four factors emerged as
      statistically significant between groups: frequent headaches, masticatory muscle
      tenderness, cervical muscle tenderness, and maximum opening.

PMID- 1812145
TI  - Influence of pressure rates on the reliability of a pressure threshold meter.
AB  - The relationship between the rate of pressure applied over the masseter muscle
      and the pressure pain threshold was studied with the aid of an algometer
      (pressure threshold meter, PTM) connected to a stopwatch. Twenty consecutive
      patients with various degrees of craniomandibular dysfunction were included in
      the study. In 10 of the patients, the belly of the right superficial masseter
      muscle was recorded with the algometer 10 times using different pressure rates
      arbitrarily and unsystematically ranging from low to high values. The correlation
      between pressure rate and the PTM value was high. An increased pressure rate
      increased the PTM value (mean regression coefficient b = 0.70). A PTM value range
      of 0.5 kg/cm2 was found to correspond to a pressure rate range of 0.50 kg/cm2/s.
      In the remaining 10 patients, repeated recordings of the same site with a
      constant pressure rate did not influence the PTM value significantly.

PMID- 1812147
TI  - An evaluation of the relationship between temporomandibular joint sounds and
      mandibular movements.
AB  - Mandibular movements in 28 subjects with TMJ sounds (who were otherwise
      asymptomatic) were evaluated and compared to those of 28 control subjects with no
      signs or symptoms of TM disorders (including the absence of clinically detectable
      TMJ sounds). Mandibular movements were recorded using the Sirognathograph
      interfaced with a personal computer. The joint sounds were recorded with contact
      microphones. The variables used to measure mandibular movements were not
      statistically different between the two groups except for mean mandibular
      deviation in the frontal plane, which was greater in the study group (3.2 mm)
      than the control group (2.2 mm). All combinations of mandibular movements were
      found to occur in relation to joint sounds with no obvious pattern. The large
      variability in both the study and control subjects, combined with the frequent
      finding of joint sounds in normal subjects, indicates that caution should be
      exercised in interpreting the characteristics of electronically recorded
      mandibular movements and TMJ sounds.

PMID- 1812146
TI  - Administration of clonazepam in the treatment of TMD and associated myofascial
      pain: a double-blind pilot study.
AB  - A double-blind pilot study was undertaken to test the administration of low doses
      of the long-acting benzodiazepine drug clonazepam in the management of chronic
      intractable temporomandibular disorder/myofascial pain patients who were not
      responsive to occlusal splint, behavioral, and physical therapy. Clonazepam was
      selected for its long duration and its cholinergic/GABA-ergic/serotonergic,
      anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. Clonazepam appears to be
      effective when compared to a placebo. However, caution must be observed with long
      term administration of clonazepam because of potential side effects such as
      depression and liver dysfunction. Indiscriminate administration of clonazepam may
      be harmful to the patient.

PMID- 1812148
TI  - Improvement in myofascial pain and headaches following TMJ surgery.
AB  - Fifty patients diagnosed with TMJ internal derangement, myalgia, and headaches,
      who had not responded well to nonsurgical management and subsequently underwent
      TMJ surgery, were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were mailed a survey
      asking them to evaluate the following symptoms: joint pain, joint noise, facial
      muscle pain, cervical and shoulder muscle pain, headache frequency and intensity,
      and overall head and neck pain. The majority of patients reported their symptoms
      as moderate to severe prior to treatment. In addition to reporting decreases in
      TMJ pain and noise after surgery, the majority of patients responding also
      reported decreases in myalgia and headaches. Twenty-two patients managed
      nonsurgically at the same center were also surveyed. The proportion of patients
      reporting their symptoms as moderate to severe prior to treatment was lower in
      this group. Patients reporting decreases in myalgia and headaches were in the
      minority. The study demonstrates that myalgia and headache symptoms associated
      with TMJ dysfunction that are poorly responsive to nonsurgical management may
      improve following TMJ surgery.

PMID- 1812149
TI  - Stretch-based relaxation and the reduction of EMG activity among masticatory
      muscle pain patients.
AB  - This study explored the efficacy of stretch-based relaxation procedures for the
      reduction of muscle activity in the masseter regions of subjects diagnosed with
      masticatory muscle pain disorders. Thirty-four subjects with elevated masseter
      activity were assigned randomly to either a postural relaxation/rest experimental
      group or a stretch-based relaxation experimental group. Following a psychosocial
      stressor and application of the relaxation procedure, persons in the stretch
      based group showed greater reductions in EMG activity than did those in the
      postural group for the right masseter region (t = 1.94, P less than .04) and the
      left masseter region (t = 2.07, P less than .03). The results are discussed in
      terms of the implications of these findings for further research concerning the
      etiology and treatment of masticatory muscle pain.

PMID- 1812150
TI  - Trigeminal neuralgia and its treatment in a 13-month-old child: a review and case
      report.
AB  - A case of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) presenting in a 13-month-old
      patient is reported. The patient was successfully treated by microvascular
      decompression of the trigeminal nerve. A brief review of trigeminal neuralgia
      precedes the case report.

PMID- 1812151
TI  - A standardized system for patient documentation.
AB  - Properly used, patient photography is of value for health-care service, education
      and research. Many stages in an illness or disease can be better described with
      photographs than with words. Some of the reasons why photographs are not
      routinely used in patient records have been discussed by Cederblom and Roos
      (1980): pictures taken of a particular patient on different occasions are seldom
      comparable; the time between referring a patient to the photographer and having
      the picture available to the doctor is too long in many hospitals; the
      photographic archives are mostly incomplete, difficult to use and therefore of
      little value. To reduce these problems a new system for patient documentation,
      the 'PADOC' system, has been developed and has been used successfully at
      Sahlgren's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, since 1979.

PMID- 1812152
TI  - A medical college service for computer-generated graphics with DIY aspects.
AB  - This paper describes the setting-up and management of a computer graphics
      service, mainly for producing 2 x 2 inch projection slides, by a department of
      medical illustration within a medical school. The service has been arranged to
      provide a limited facility for composing original illustrations by computer and
      to encourage medical and scientific staff to compose their own illustrations.
      These are recorded on magnetic disc for review and possible adjustment by medical
      illustrators. Images are then output as slides or paper prints by the medical
      illustration department. The range of equipment and apparatus used is described
      and evaluated briefly. Also described are the effects of the introduction of a
      computer-generated graphics service on the general work of non-patient slide
      production in the department.

PMID- 1812153
TI  - Patient centred medicine--threat or opportunity?
AB  - One of the benefits of having medical patronage is that representatives from the
      Institute of Medical Illustrators get invited to occasions which might otherwise
      be denied us. One such occasion was the discussion day held in July at the Royal
      College of General Practitioners. The authors represented the Institute, and in
      some respects the profession, at this study day on: 'The role of the professions
      allied to medicine in the delivery of primary health care'. As the day unfolded
      it became obvious that the emerging structures and power base within the National
      Health Service would have a significant effect on the role of the Medical
      Illustrator in the future. This paper presents an overview of the development of
      the NHS with indications for changes required in our profession.

PMID- 1812154
TI  - Fetal circulatory responses to oxygen lack.
AB  - The knowledge on fetal and neonatal circulatory physiology accumulated by basic
      scientists and clinicians over the years has contributed considerably to the
      recent decline of perinatal morbidity and mortality. This review will summarize
      the peculiarities of the fetal circulation, the distribution of organ blood flow
      during normoxemia, and that during oxygen lack caused by various experimental
      perturbations. Furthermore, the relation between oxygen delivery and tissue
      metabolism during oxygen lack as well as evidence to support a new concept will
      be presented along with the principal cardiovascular mechanisms involved.
      Finally, blood flow and oxygen delivery to the principal fetal organs will be
      examined and discussed in relation to organ function. The fetal circulatory
      response to hypoxemia and asphyxia is a centralization of blood flow in favour of
      the brain, heart, and adrenals and at the expense of almost all peripheral
      organs, particularly of the lungs, carcass, skin and scalp. This response is
      qualitatively similar but quantitatively different under various experimental
      conditions. However, at the nadir of severe acute asphyxia the circulatory
      centralization cannot be maintained. Then there is circulatory decentralization,
      and the fetus will experience severe brain damage if not expire unless immediate
      resuscitation occurs. Future work in this field will have to concentrate on the
      important questions, what factors determine this collapse of circulatory
      compensating mechanisms in the fetus, how does it relate to neuronal damage, and
      how can the fetal brain be pharmacologically protected against the adverse
      effects of asphyxia.

PMID- 1812155
TI  - Hypoxia reduces oxygen consumption of fetal skeletal muscle cells in monolayer
      culture.
AB  - In a previous study on acute asphyxia in unanesthetized fetal sheep near term we
      showed that reduced oxygen delivery to peripheral organs reduces total oxygen
      consumption, suggesting that oxygen itself may be a determinant of oxygen
      consumption (Jensen, Hohmann & Kunzel, 1987). To test this hypothesis we
      developed an in vitro perfusion model, which enabled us to measure the oxygen
      consumption of fetal skeletal muscle cells in monolayer culture in a control
      period (at approximately 145 mmHg) and during various degrees of hypoxia (6-140
      mmHg). In 57 experiments on 57 cultures the mean oxygen consumption at a mean
      'entry PO2' of 145.3 +/- 10.4 mmHg was 10.3 +/- 9.3 (SD).10(-6) microliters O2
      per h per skeletal muscle cell. These measurements were made after an average of
      4.2 +/- 2.3 transfers of the cells and at a cell density of 2.0 +/- 1.2.10(5)
      cells per cm2. In 54 of these experiments hypoxia was induced. There was a close
      positive correlation between the PO2 of the perfusate entering the Petridish
      ('entry PO2') and the change of the oxygen consumption of the cells (y = 5.17 -
      0.54x + 0.03x2 - 0.00016x3, r = 0.97, p less than 0.0001). When oxygen tension
      fell, there was a concomitant fall in cellular oxygen consumption. We conclude
      that oxygen is a determinant of cellular oxygen consumption. Thus, hypoxia may
      reduce oxygen consumption of skeletal muscle cells, and oxygen may be preserved
      to maintain oxidative metabolism in central fetal organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812156
TI  - Tracheal occlusion in the newborn piglet. Effects of sleep state and occlusion
      timing on arousal and respiratory responses.
AB  - Twelve piglets of 3-5 days of age were instrumented for determination of sleep
      state and performance of midtracheal occlusions. After spontaneously occurring
      sleep the occlusions were performed either at end-inspiration or end-expiration
      in quiet and active sleep. The time from occlusion to arousal differed
      significantly between quiet and active sleep. Arousal from quiet sleep following
      end-expiratory occlusions occurred after a mean of 3.1 s. After similar, end
      expiratory occlusions in quiet sleep were commonly followed by apneas, presumably
      a manifestation of the Hering-Breuer reflex. Such apneas were rare in active
      sleep (P less than 0.01). The arousal response to midtracheal occlusions in the
      newborn piglet is qualitatively similar to that previously described in the
      newborn lamb, but occurs more rapidly. Our results suggest that the response to
      vaguely mediated information from pulmonary stretch receptors is impaired
      inactive sleep.

PMID- 1812157
TI  - The influence of experimentally produced oligohydramnios on lung growth and
      pulmonary surfactant content in fetal rabbits.
AB  - To study the effect of oligohydramnios on lung growth and biochemical lung
      development in fetal rabbits, amniotic fluid was drained through a tube inserted
      into the maternal peritoneal cavity on the 23 day of gestation. Littermate
      fetuses without an amniotic shunt were used as controls. The fetuses were
      delivered abdominally on the 28 day of gestation. In a total of 8 pregnant does,
      17 fetuses underwent amniotic shunting and 22 fetuses were used as controls. The
      amniotic shunt produced a significant reduction in the amniotic fluid volume.
      There were no differences in the wet weights of the fetal body, liver or brain
      between the two groups. However, the amniotic shunt significantly decreased the
      wet weight of the fetal lung, fetal lung wet weight/body weight ratio, and
      protein concentration per lung as compared to the control fetuses. In the fetal
      liver and brain tissues, no changes were found in the concentrations of total
      phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) or disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC,
      the main component of lung surfactant) per g of wet tissue and per mg of protein.
      However, the lungs of the fetuses with amniotic shunts contained significantly
      more PC and DSPC, and the L/S ratio was higher than in the control fetuses. These
      results suggest that the oligohydramnios produced by an amniotic shunt causes
      pulmonary hypoplasia, but raises the pulmonary surfactant content of fetal rabbit
      lung.

PMID- 1812158
TI  - The effects of indomethacin and prostaglandin E2 on the ethanol-induced
      suppression of ovine fetal breathing movements.
AB  - A study was performed to examine the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the
      mechanism of the ethanol-induced suppression of FBM, in which the objective was
      to test the hypothesis that fetal administration of PGE2 can suppress the
      incidence of FBM following reversal of ethanol-induced suppression of FBM by
      indomethacin, a fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Instrumented near-term
      pregnant ewes received 1-h maternal infusion of ethanol (1 g/kg maternal body
      weight) followed 0.5 h later by a 3-h fetal infusion of indomethacin (1 mg/kg
      fetal body weight/h), and then a 2-h fetal infusion of PGE2 (400 ng/kg fetal body
      weight/min). Prior to drug administration, FBM occurred approximately 36.1 +/-
      2.6% of the time. FBM were suppressed during the period of ethanol infusion (9.6
      +/- 1.7%); the ethanol-induced suppression of FBM was reversed by fetal
      indomethacin treatment (77.5 +/- 14.1%); shortly after the onset of fetal PGE2
      infusion, the incidence of FBM decreased to a 2-h mean incidence of 14.1 +/-
      4.2%, which was similar in magnitude to that observed after maternal ethanol
      infusion. After the completion of PGE2 infusion, the incidence of FBM rapidly
      increased to a peak incidence of 83.4 +/- 19.2%, which was indicative of a
      prolonged effect of indomethacin on FBM. The data indicate that PGs mediate the
      ethanol-induced suppression of ovine FBM and that the action of indomethacin to
      antagonize ethanol-induced suppression of FBM is primarily due to its inhibition
      of PG synthesis.

PMID- 1812159
TI  - Oxygen radical injury in the immature isolated rabbit heart.
AB  - We speculated that the increased vulnerability of the immature rabbit heart to
      global ischemia might be due to an increased susceptibility to free radical
      injury. To evaluate this, we exposed newborn (age 2.4 +/- 0.3 days, n = 20) (mean
      +/- SEM), juvenile (2 to 3 weeks, mean 16.6 +/- 0.5 days, n = 20), and adult (5
      to 7 months old, n = 20) isolated, isovolumic, Krebs perfused rabbit hearts to
      oxygen radicals or cumene hydroperoxide. Control hearts showed no deterioration
      in left ventricular developed pressure over 60 min (newborns = 104 +/- 11%,
      juveniles = 101 +/- 7%, and adults = 113 +/- 12% of baseline, n = 5 for each age
      group). After only 30 min of oxygen radical exposure, the newborn group developed
      pressure decreased to 49 +/- 6% of the baseline value, while juveniles and adults
      were functioning at 70 +/- 10% and 83 +/- 6% of baseline, respectively (n = 10
      for each age group) (P less than 0.05, newborn different from adult group). In
      contrast to the oxygen radical protocol, the hearts exposed to cumene
      hydroperoxide showed no significant difference between the age groups in
      deterioration of left ventricular function. There was no significant difference
      between the age groups in ATP content or thiobarbituric reactive substances
      following the oxygen radical exposure. We conclude that the newborn rabbit heart
      is significantly more vulnerable than the adult heart to the toxic effects of
      oxygen radicals. This may account, in part, for age related differences in
      response to global ischemia and reperfusion.

PMID- 1812160
TI  - Deterioration of DDT 50 per cent water dispersible powder packed in hessian bags
      during storage.
AB  - One hundred seventeen samples of DDT 50% WP received from field where supplies
      were effected, were tested during 1988-89 for suspensibility without accelerated
      storage treatment (ATS) as per ISI specifications and compared with their
      suspensibilities after ATS obtained during the initial testing to know the
      stability status of the insecticide during transit and tropical storage in the
      field when packed in hessian bags. Out of 117 samples tested 95 (81.2 per cent)
      failed and only 22 (18.8 per cent) passed the test for suspensibility indicating
      deterioration of the formulation in the field.

PMID- 1812161
TI  - Penicillinase ELISA for detection of tubercular antigen in tuberculosis.
AB  - Stick sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rabbit anti PPD-RT
      23 immunoglobulins and enzyme penicillinase has been explored for detection of
      tubercular antigen in sera and CSF samples of pulmonary tuberculosis and
      tubercular meningitis (TBM) respectively. The analysis of sera showed 73.3% of
      pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 16.2% of healthy controls and 44.4% of Hansen's
      disease positive for tubercular antigen. The accuracies of positive and negative
      predictive values were 69% and 82% respectively. The analysis of CSF samples
      showed the presence of tubercular antigen in 76.4% of TBM, 16.6% of pyogenic
      meningitis cases, 19.4% of neurological diseases other than meningitis and 16.1%
      non-neurological disease controls. The accuracies of positive and negative
      predictive values were 48% and 94% respectively. Hence this simple test using
      economical and indigenous reagents can be applied for the diagnosis of pulmonary
      and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 1812162
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and malaria--a study on north Madras
      population.
AB  - Blood samples from 381 healthy individuals and 236 malaria patients residing in
      North Madras were studied for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The
      incidence of this deficiency in this area was found to be 10.05%. Partially
      deficient healthy females showed a protective trend against malarial infection
      with the Chi-squared test approaching statistical significance.

PMID- 1812164
TI  - An insular outbreak of dengue fever in a rural south Indian village.
AB  - In mid 1990, an epidemic of fever affected a single village in Kaniyambadi Block,
      South India. The illness was characterized by a fever of approximately five days
      duration, accompanied by headache, chills, sweating and muscle pain. The overall
      attack rate was 22.5 per cent. The attack rate was uniform across the various age
      groups and between the sexes. Testing of the acute and convalescent serum samples
      obtained from cases showed a serological response to dengue virus. The Aedes
      house index in the village was found to be 36 per cent with toilets serving as
      active breeding sites. Adjacent villages studied showed similarly high rates of
      Aedes prevalence, although no cases of the same fever were seen. Since previous
      exposure to dengue increases the risk for epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever
      and dengue shock syndrome, health education on methods of Aedes control is
      continuing.

PMID- 1812163
TI  - Filaria situation in the Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
AB  - A resurvey conducted 8 years later in the Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli
      revealed the persistence of filariasis amongst its residents. Though no control
      measures have been in operation since the detection of filariasis in Dadra and
      Nagar Haveli in 1982, the parasitological indices, microfilaria (mf) and disease
      rates as well as mf count have remained static. The entomological studies
      revealed five times increase in density of Culex quinquefasciatus both in
      Silvassa and Naroli towns.

PMID- 1812165
TI  - A study on existing knowledge about AIDS among Naval personnel.
AB  - In the present study 1123 Naval personnel posted in one of the Naval bases were
      interviewed to find out the existing level of knowledge regarding AIDS and its
      prevention. The personnel had reasonably fair idea about the disease, modes of
      transmission and its prevention. It was interesting to observe that personnel had
      information about heterosexual transmission of disease and it is relevant in our
      context as in India and other Asian countries, the main transmission is through
      heterosexual route. About 19.31% of sailors as compared to 2.44% of officers had
      misconception that the disease is curable. The role of refresher health education
      efforts for imparting factual up-to-date information to the Naval community has
      been brought out.

PMID- 1812166
TI  - Antimalarial antibody in relation to seroreactivity for HIV infection in sera
      from blood donors.
AB  - A total of 74 specimens from blood donors showing evidence of HIV infection
      comprising of 40 positive by both ELISA and Western Blot (true positive), 16
      positive by ELISA but negative by Western Blot (false positive) and 18 specimens
      positive by ELISA but showing indeterminate bands in Western Blot were screened
      for anti-malarial antibody. The prevalence of antimalarial antibody was noted as
      62.5%, 56.3% and 66.6% respectively in these groups. None of these groups had any
      difference in the prevalence of antimalarial antibody with the group of 60
      specimens negative for HIV infection by both ELISA as well as Western Blot (true
      negative) which had a prevalence of antimalarial antibody as 53.3%. The mean
      titre of antimalarial antibody in the above categories of specimens positive for
      HIV infection also did not show any difference with that of true negative group.
      These findings point out that antimalarial antibody does not influence the
      serological positivity for HIV infection.

PMID- 1812167
TI  - A microflocculation test for assay of tetanus toxin.

PMID- 1812168
TI  - A note on penicillin resistance and beta-lactamase production in strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus recovered from different clinical materials in Nsukka,
      Nigeria.

PMID- 1812169
TI  - Limited evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection in sera
      from blood donors showing positive ELISA but negative or indeterminate western
      blot reactivity for HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 1812171
TI  - Synaptic detachment from hypoglossal neurons after different types of nerve
      injury in the cat.
AB  - Quantitative electron microscopy was used to examine synaptic numbers and total
      relative synaptic coverage on hypoglossal neuronal perikarya following
      transection or crush of the hypoglossal nerve in the cat. In cats subjected to
      nerve transection there was a statistically significant decrease in total
      synaptic coverage as well as in number of synaptic contacts/soma profile. After
      nerve crush there was a statistically significant decrease in total synaptic
      coverage but not in the number of synaptic contacts. These results indicate that
      the degree of synaptic detachment on motor neurons in the cat is influenced by
      the type of nerve injury.

PMID- 1812170
TI  - [The visual cortex of Tupaia: an alternative model?].
AB  - The tree shrew has become an interesting animal for research in neurobiology
      because of its unique structural and functional properties, in particular in its
      visual system. Some of these properties are described and discussed here as far
      as they are related to the functional architecture of the primary visual cortex:
      The representation of the ocularity, the ON and OFF responses, the development of
      the retino-geniculo-cortical projection, and synaptogenesis. From these data it
      appears that the tree shrew forms an important exception to the functional
      organization as it is found in standard experimental animals like cats and
      monkeys. It challenges a deeper thought on a common basis for both types of
      organization and development.

PMID- 1812172
TI  - The brain sizes of living elasmobranchii as their organization level indicator.
      I. General analysis.
AB  - The relationship between brain and body masses of 64 species and subspecies of
      modern sharks and skates was investigated. It was established that the level of
      their encephalization in terms of the polygons of encephalization and the
      allometry coefficient (alpha), shows quite obviously the general organization
      level of one or another taxon of sharks and skates. Alpha = 0.56 for the class of
      cartilaginous fishes, and for the superorder of sharks and skates alpha = 0.54
      and 0.61, accordingly. For several orders alpha constitutes: sharks--common for
      relict Hexanchiformes and Heterodontiformes 0.44, Squaliformes 0.43 and
      Carcharhiniformes 0.52 and skates--Rajiformes 0.44 and Dasyatiformes 0.52. All
      values are similar to those of other vertebrates and the theoretically calculated
      value of alpha (0.67). It was established the "place" of present-day
      Elasmobranchii and all cartilaginous fishes in the evolutionary row of
      Gnathostomata and Craniata on the developing and relative sizes of CNS, and the
      corrected alpha value for this particular vertebrate class was specified which
      was found to be sensationally high also in the works of foreign and native
      authors (Bauchot et al., 1976; Northcutt, 1978; Ebbesson, 1980; Kreps, 1980).

PMID- 1812173
TI  - Arborization of afferent fibers in ectostriatum centrale. Golgi study.
AB  - The study demonstrates one kind of the afferent fibers in ectostriatum in Golgi
      preparates. These fibers enter the ventro-medial border of the area. The primary
      section and further course and branches, as well as the terminal arborization of
      these fibers were observed. Also the maturation process of the branchings of the
      fibers was studied in the Golgi preparates after hatching. The fiber-networks
      found in one-day-old and 28-day-old chicken ectostriatum centrale were compared.

PMID- 1812174
TI  - Genesis, structure and transit of dense bodies in rat neocerebellar cortical
      cells, namely Purkinje neurons: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - This work is an attempt to shed some light on a controversial matter that has
      divided the opinion of neuroscientists concerned with the genesis of dense
      bodies. Our opinion supports the mitochondrial origin of dense bodies not only in
      Purkinje cells, but in the common granule cells of the granular layer and in
      regional astrocytes of the Purkinje cell layer (the Bergmann cells) as well. In a
      second stage, other organelles (namely lysosomes) seem to become incorporated
      into structures which progressively increase their size and their heterogeneity.
      Additionally, two distinct types of dense bodies were observed in Bergmann cells;
      the hypothesis of one type being endogenous (i.e., of local production) and the
      other exogenous (i.e., imported from Purkinje cells) as well as the possibility
      of dense body discharge from the glia towards endothelia is thoroughly discussed.
      Finally, some physiological implications in connection with lipofuscin
      accumulation are analysed.

PMID- 1812175
TI  - Survival and maturation of hippocampal suspension grafts.
AB  - Implantation of an embryonal hippocampal tissue suspension into the area of the
      kainic acid lesion brought about an increase of the number of neurons. These
      neurons formed dendritic trees of an irregular pattern. Only neurons located
      within the pyramidal layer had the typical arrangement of pyramidal cells, but
      their dendrites were shorter and less branched.

PMID- 1812176
TI  - Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies as internal images of dopamine. Applications
      for biochemical and morphological studies of DA receptors in the rat brain.
AB  - Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antiserum raised against both rabbit and monoclonal
      anti-dopamine (DA) antibodies was produced in rabbits. It was characterized for
      its specificity and was shown to (1) inhibit the binding of both polyclonal and
      monoclonal idiotypic anti-DA antibodies directed to immobilized DA conjugates;
      (2) inhibit the binding of (3H) DA to rat brain membranes; (3) to cross-react
      with a peptide extracted from a neuroblastoma cell line (NCB-20), known to
      express functional DA receptors. Finally, immunocytochemical studies were
      performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed rat brain. Anti-idiotypic antibodies were
      used to visualize the cellular and subcellular distribution of DA receptor
      binding sites in the striatum, a region that contains both D1 and D2 receptors
      subtypes. Under the electron microscope, the immune reaction product was observed
      to be concentrated in postsynaptic sites belonging mainly to dendritic spines,
      while presynaptic structures were sparsely labeled.

PMID- 1812177
TI  - Locomotor bias produced by intra-accumbens and intracaudate injection of
      polyclonal dopamine anti-idiotypic antibodies.
AB  - The preceding article described anti-idiotypic antibodies to conjugated dopamine
      (AIDA); results were consistent with the hypothesis that these antibodies
      contained the internal image of conjugated dopamine (DA-G-BSA) and binded to
      dopamine (DA) receptors. We further tested these anti-idiotypic antibodies to
      conjugated dopamine by examining the functional changes produced by unilateral
      injection of AIDA (or DA-G-BSA) into the nucleus accumbens or into the medio
      dorsal caudate in mice. Our results showed that unilateral injection of AIDA (or
      DA-G-BSA) into the nucleus accumbens or into the medio-dorsal caudate produced an
      ipsilateral locomotor asymmetry in amphetamine-treated animals which was similar
      to the one produced by unilateral intra-caudate injection of haloperidol (a non
      specific DA antagonist). The asymmetry was site specific: injection of AIDA
      around the nucleus accumbens or into the anterior caudate was not effective. The
      asymmetry was also shown not to depend on the peripheral injection of
      amphetamine. Taken together, the present results and those in the preceding
      article suggest that the AIDA contains the internal image of DA-G-BSA and that
      these two substances bind to DA receptors to produce behavioral changes.

PMID- 1812178
TI  - The ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory system of
      the old rat after experimentally evoked clinical death.
AB  - In this study we examined the changes in the neurosecretory system of the old rat
      after the incident of clinical death. Using the method of Korpaczew et al.,
      (1982) we developed 10 minutes long period of clinical death, followed by
      resuscitation by indirect heart massage and controlled lung ventilation. The
      material for the morphological and cytochemical examinations (supraoptic and
      paraventricular nuclei, neurohypophysis) were sampled 10 months after the
      experiment was initiated. Two types of ultrastructural changes in the
      neurosecretory system of the experimental animals were shown: the typical
      ischaemic changes and, secondly, the pattern characteristic for the processes of
      senescence. Both types of lesions were responsible for irreversible damage of
      some tissue elements (neurons, glial cells) of the neurosecretory system. To
      present these alterations we performed the cytochemical studies using the
      pyroantimonate method as described by Mata et al., (1987). Moreover, in this
      paper we discuss the role of microglia as an element participating in the
      regulation of the neurosecretory system, especially stressing its potential for
      effective phagocytosis.

PMID- 1812180
TI  - Lag screw versus wire osteosynthesis in mandibular advancement.
AB  - The records of two homogeneous groups of mandibular advancement patients were
      selected from the 1961 to 1985 files of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery,
      University of Zurich. The groups were differentiated by the osteosynthesis
      technique: lag screw or wire. The preoperative, short-term postoperative, and 1
      year postoperative lateral cephalograms of both groups were subjected to the same
      digitizing procedure and statistical analysis. The mean sagittal relapse of 11%
      in the rigid osteosynthesis group was not statistically significant, whereas the
      wire fixation group experienced mean regression of 45% at pogonion after 1 year.

PMID- 1812179
TI  - Surgical mandibular advancement in adolescents: postsurgical growth related to
      stability.
AB  - Ten of 12 adolescents treated with surgical mandibular advancement showed
      postsurgical mandibular growth, as indicated by an increase in the distance from
      condylion to pogonion. In all cases, the growth was expressed vertically relative
      to the cranial base, so that the chin did not come forward. None of the patients
      had significant increments of anterior maxillary growth postsurgically. Several
      patients had vertical maxillary growth, which was compensated by vertical
      mandibular growth, so that the anteroposterior position of the chin was
      maintained. Forward growth of the maxilla is minimal after the peak of the
      adolescent growth spurt, and results of mandibular advancement surgery can be
      acceptably stable after that time.

PMID- 1812181
TI  - Sensory impairment following sagittal split osteotomy for correction of
      mandibular retrognathism.
AB  - Sagittal split osteotomy of the mandibular ramus is performed in close proximity
      to the inferior alveolar nerve and may result in postoperative neurosensory
      disturbances. Intraoperative strain on the nerve and other complications in 25
      patients undergoing bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were recorded.
      Neurosensory testing was carried out before and after surgery. The patients
      reported sensory disturbances in 54% of sites 4 days postoperatively and 42% and
      34% of sites at 9 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Objective assessments showed
      an incidence of 34% at 4 days, 20% at 9 weeks, and 8% at 6 months. Sensory
      disturbance was closely related to the degree of intraoperative strain on the
      nerve.

PMID- 1812182
TI  - Patient perceptions of pain, paresthesia, and swelling after orthognathic
      surgery.
AB  - The aims of this study were to determine patients' perceptions of pain,
      paresthesia, and swelling after orthognathic surgery and to analyze the
      association between these perceptions and neuroticism, temporomandibular joint
      dysfunction, and mood states among the patients. Levels of pain, paresthesia, and
      swelling were measured by two self-appraisals that were developed for this
      research. Perceptions of facial discomfort decreased with time and varied
      according to the surgical procedure. Patients who scored high on neuroticism
      tests reported greater levels of temporomandibular joint symptoms before surgery
      and greater experiences of pain 2 years after surgery. Perceived pain appeared to
      exert a negative influence on mood states up to 2 years following surgery. These
      results reveal the importance of continued psychological support for orthognathic
      surgery patients throughout their course of treatment.

PMID- 1812183
TI  - Soft tissue response to anterior maxillary osteotomy.
AB  - The soft tissue profile adaptation to anterior maxillary intrusion was evaluated
      by comparing preoperative and 6-month postoperative cephalograms of ten adult
      patients. Holdaway's soft tissue analysis was the method utilized for profile
      evaluation. Lip protrusion and interlabial gap were decreased significantly and
      acceptable lip competency was provided postoperatively. Other factors also played
      a role in controlling the final soft tissue appearance.

PMID- 1812184
TI  - The effects of maxillary surgery on nasal respiration.
AB  - Le Fort I osteotomies frequently involve impaction of the maxilla into the nasal
      cavity, potentially affecting nasal form. It has been speculated that a
      concomitant change in nasal function may occur. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if there is an association between maxillary position and nasal
      function and to evaluate the influence of Le Fort I surgery on nasal function.
      Presurgical and postsurgical nasal resistance and percent nasal respiration were
      compared in 36 patients. Results indicated a mean change in nasal resistance 1
      year after surgery, but mean percent nasal respiration did not change
      significantly. No prediction could be made for any patient relative to the effect
      of maxillary surgery on the nasal function parameters. No consistent association
      could be found between the amount or direction of maxillary surgical movement or
      the position of the maxilla and nasal respiration.

PMID- 1812185
TI  - Computer Rx: more harm than good?
AB  - Clinical information systems (CIS) are health care technologies that can assist
      clinicians and clinical managers to improve the performance of health care
      organizations. However, failure to consider scientific evidence of efficacy,
      effectiveness, and efficiency when selecting CISs is one factor explaining the
      adoption of systems that do not improve either the quality or efficiency of
      patient care. This paper discusses a technology assessment framework that can
      assist decision-makers to evaluate alternative CISs. Existing methodologies
      developed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic technologies can be used by
      researchers to provide evidence needed by decision-makers at each step of the
      framework. The rigorous evaluation of CISs prior to their implementation can help
      decision-makers to avoid adopting "white elephants."

PMID- 1812187
TI  - Developing a management information system for a hospital: a case study on vendor
      selection.
AB  - This study examines the decision-making process that a medium-sized hospital took
      to develop a management information system. Since system developers in this
      particular hospital were all users without system expertise, a substantial amount
      of time was devoted to their search for relevant information. Outside consulting,
      literature review, and a market survey were conducted for the developers to
      understand the characteristics of systems products on the market. Developers also
      invited extended user participation in vendor evaluation. The authors analyzed
      the reasoning process behind the successful selection of a vendor-supported
      information system. The findings provide hospitals of similar characteristics a
      decision model to follow in their search for a vendor-supported information
      system.

PMID- 1812186
TI  - Designing clinical protocols for optimal use: measuring attributes of treatment
      and cancer control trials.
AB  - The design of clinical protocols is an important factor in assuring patient
      accrual and compliance. This paper describes the methods used to assess the
      attributes of treatment and cancer control research protocols. Measures are
      presented for assessing three attributes considered important: relative
      advantage, complexity, and compatibility.

PMID- 1812189
TI  - Migrating a clinical laboratory information system between technologies.
AB  - The technical revolution that has strongly driven events in the clinical
      laboratory for the last thirty years is now threatening to make obsolete what has
      become the central pillar of operation in many laboratories, the minicomputer
      based laboratory information system. Some of its functions could easily be
      absorbed by the personal computers which are proliferating in the laboratory, but
      any single step leap between systems risks replacing order with chaos.
      Appropriate use of networking tools, together with essential software
      development, can provide a systematic migrational path for both the
      administrative and technical computer support from one environment to another
      without the trauma of a massive replacement step.

PMID- 1812188
TI  - Designing an outcome-oriented computer decision-support system for cardiovascular
      ICU--a preliminary report.
AB  - This paper describes the conceptual framework and preliminary results of an
      outcome-oriented decision-support system prototype for the cardiovascular
      intensive care unit (CVICU). The major characteristics of this design include:
      (1) its problem-based approach to solving clinical problems; (2) an integrated
      structure with the hospital information system in terms of its data, model and
      knowledge bases; (3) proposed alternative modes of interaction that include
      monitoring and critiquing; (4) and research modules that design, manage, and
      analyze outcome-based clinical studies. At present, an initial prototype has been
      implemented on a PC as a set of modules accessible from a main menu. The
      structural framework of the overall system is fairly well defined but only
      limited quantitative, statistical and expert knowledge has been captured. The
      second phase of the project involves porting the prototype to a Unix workstation
      environment, refining and adding models to the model base, expanding its
      knowledge bases, reasoning capability, and testing the prototype with actual
      clinical cases in a real-time fashion.

PMID- 1812191
TI  - Immunoreactivity for interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and
      ultrastructural features of monocytes/macrophages in periapical granulomas.
AB  - Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have recently been shown to
      be involved in bone resorption, and because macrophages constitute a significant
      part of human periapical granulomas, it is reasonable to suspect that they may
      secrete IL-1 and TNF. The purpose of our investigation was to detect and
      characterize IL-1 beta- and TNF-alpha-producing cells in human periapical
      granulomas. Fresh tissue samples obtained during surgery from 10 patients with
      previously untreated teeth and histologically established periapical granulomas
      were studied with light and electron microscopy and with immunohistochemical
      analysis with monoclonal antibodies against IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. There were
      very few IL-1 beta + and TNF-alpha + cells present in periapical granulomas, and
      the positive cells had monocyte/macrophage morphology. The IL-1 beta + cells were
      located mainly in areas of active exudation and were surrounded by and/or were in
      close contact with lymphoid cells, whereas TNF-alpha + cells were scattered and
      in contact with or near other inflammatory cells at the periphery of active
      granulation tissue. This suggests that the IL-1 beta + cells may act in a
      paracrine manner to activate lymphoid cells. The ultrastructural findings showed
      that only some macrophages are adapted to extracellular secretion rather than
      phagocytosis. These modified macrophages could be the major producers of
      interleukins in tissues. Occasionally, they have plasmacytic or plasmacytoid
      features resembling the so-called "plasmacytoid monocytes". Only a minor fraction
      of the monocytes/macrophages (representing about 40% of the inflammatory cells)
      is in an active cytokine-producing state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812192
TI  - Pulse oximetry as a diagnostic tool of pulpal vitality.
AB  - The technology of pulse oximetry has allowed significant advances in the medical
      field yet its use in dentistry has been virtually unexplored. This study
      investigates the potential of the pulse oximeter to detect vascular integrity
      within the human tooth. Forty-nine young adults were evaluated for the vitality
      of their maxillary central incisors utilizing thermal, electrical, and oximetric
      techniques. The pulse oximeter was found to indicate a pulse rate and oxygen
      saturation reading for the vital teeth and no readings for the teeth previously
      endodontically treated. The accuracy of this diagnostic method supports the need
      for additional study in the use of the pulse oximeter to interpret the
      pathological processes of the pulp.

PMID- 1812193
TI  - A new model system for measuring intracanal temperatures.
AB  - A new model system was developed which allows intracanal temperature measurements
      to be recorded during repeated obturations of a human tooth root canal. A human
      central incisor was embedded in clear orthodontic resin and sectioned
      longitudinally. Sixteen thermocouples were secured at 2-mm intervals along two
      surfaces of the root canal. The thermocouples were connected to a computerized
      temperature recording system to measure intracanal temperatures produced by high
      temperature thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha. The system was capable of
      recording 16 simultaneous temperatures every second with an accuracy of a
      hundredth degree centigrade. There was a linear increase in the recorded
      temperatures in the root canal. However, the actual temperatures were lower than
      expected.

PMID- 1812190
TI  - Evaluation of three silicone-based materials as potential retrograde fillings in
      surgical endodontics.
AB  - Endodontic therapy has played an important role in maintaining the integrity of
      the natural dentition as a fully functional and esthetic masticatory apparatus.
      Although the sealing of the root canal system is usually accomplished by the
      conservative endodontic approach, cases which have failed or which involve
      perforations, broken instruments, or post-crown restorations are almost always
      treated surgically by using zinc-free amalgam as a retrograde filling material.
      However, the literature is controversial concerning the health risks and benefits
      of this material. For this reason, the study presented here was initiated to
      evaluate the potential of (a) a medical grade silicone-titanium mesh compound;
      (b) Endo-Fill (Lee Pharmaceuticals, El Monte, CA); and (c) an experimental
      expanding Endo-Fill (Lee Pharmaceuticals) as alternatives to amalgam. The three
      silicone-based materials and amalgam were compared for linear apical dye leakage.
      The leakage study involved 80 teeth which were instrumented, obturated, and
      prepared surgically for one of the four test materials. Either the teeth were
      placed immediately into 1% methylene blue dye or the material was allowed to set
      for 24 h before placement into the dye. Endo-Fill showed significantly less
      leakage than did the other materials in both the immediately placed and the 24-h
      set groups. On the other extreme, the experimental expanding Endo-Fill allowed
      significantly more dye penetration than did amalgam and the other silicone
      variations.

PMID- 1812194
TI  - A comparative study of the apical leakage of four root canal sealers and
      laterally condensed gutta-percha.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that lateral condensation of gutta-percha and sealer
      can provide an adequate apical seal. The purpose of this study was to compare the
      level of apical dye penetration when different sealers were used. One-hundred
      twenty-five teeth with single root canals were biomechanically prepared using the
      step-back technique and irrigation with EDTAC and 1% NaOCl solutions. The teeth
      were divided into five groups of 25 teeth each. The control group root canals
      were filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and no sealer and the other
      four groups were filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and either Apexit,
      Sealapex, Tubli-Seal, or AH26 sealer. After storage in 100% humidity at 37
      degrees C for 48 h, the root surfaces were coated with nail varnish (except at
      the apex) and placed in 2% methylene blue dye solution and centrifuged at 3 x g
      for 3 min. The roots were sectioned transversely at 1-mm intervals to determine
      the following mean levels of dye penetrations: Apexit, 1.67 mm; Sealapex, 2.28
      mm; Tubli-Seal, 1.95 mm; AH26, 0.82 mm; and gutta-percha alone, 8.37 mm. This
      study demonstrated that a root canal sealer should be used in conjunction with
      laterally condensed gutta-percha and that AH26 sealer provides a significantly
      better apical seal than the other sealers.

PMID- 1812195
TI  - A clinical and morphological study of cervical hypersensitivity.
AB  - One-hundred five teeth with clinically diagnosed cervical hypersensitive dentin
      were studied using scanning electron microscopy on replica models and electrical
      impedance. Thirty-two percent of the teeth were in male patients in their 40s.
      Maxillary premolars comprised 31%; maxillary incisors, 27%; mandibular premolars,
      17%; and mandibular incisors, 15%. Scanning electron microscopy of the models of
      hypersensitive spots showed enlarged dentinal tubules, agglutinated dentinal
      tubules, belt-like groups of agglutinated dentinal tubules, and tubule morphology
      not clearly visible. The electrical impedance of the cervical hypersensitive
      dentin ranged from 15 to 150 ohms, with an average of 54 ohms. There was a
      significantly high correlation between the dentinal tubule morphology and dentin
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 1812196
TI  - A spectrophotometric analysis of dentinal leakage in the resected root.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare dye leakage in the dentin of resected
      and nonresected roots. Fifty-four single rooted extracted teeth were used. The
      two groups were subdivided into young, middle age, and old age samples. Each
      sample was biomechanically prepared in a standard fashion and obturated using
      lateral condensation with sealer and gutta-percha. All root surfaces were sealed
      with nail polish, leaving the apical portion exposed. The apical portion of the
      roots were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 72 h, rinsed, and placed in 15 ml
      of 35% HNO3 for 72 h. The supernatant was analyzed at 640 nm using a visible
      light spectrophotometer. The amount of leakage was extrapolated from a standard
      linear regression curve constructed from the stock 2% methylene blue dye
      solution. The percentage of concentration leakage in all samples ranged from less
      than 0.0600 to 0.1658. It was concluded that there is a greater amount of leakage
      in resected versus nonresected extracted teeth. The data also suggest that older
      teeth exhibit less leakage than younger teeth.

PMID- 1812198
TI  - Endodontic therapy in a mandibular second bicuspid with four canals.
AB  - Success in endodontic therapy often depends on the removal of the critical
      concentration of pulp tissue or necrotic debris within the root canal system. The
      best method to ensure this objective is to locate and instrument all of the
      canals in the root of the tooth. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of root canal
      morphology is essential to reduce the chances of failure. The purpose of this
      article is to report a case of mandibular second bicuspid with four distinct
      canals.

PMID- 1812197
TI  - An analysis of success and failure of apicoectomies.
AB  - The radiographs from 715 patient charts were analyzed to study the effect of 11
      factors on the success and failure of apicoectomies. Of these, 424 had recall
      radiographs of 6 months or more and were evaluated for changes in radiolucencies.
      The data were analyzed by cross-tabulation and chi-square analysis for
      significant relationships. Complete healing was found in 65% of the recall cases,
      while incomplete and unsatisfactory healing occurred in 29.4% and 5.6% of the
      cases, respectively. Complete healing was found to increase with patient age.
      Those over 60 yr of age had the highest percentage of complete healing. No
      statistical difference in healing was found between maxillary and mandibular
      teeth. Also, postsurgical healing associated with those teeth which were
      inadequately obturated with gutta-percha, silver points, or paste-filling
      materials did not differ significantly. No significant difference in healing was
      found between the teeth that were retreated nonsurgically before surgery and
      those that were not. Healing was independent of the placement of a retrofilling
      as well as the type of retrofilling period. Significantly better healing was seen
      with teeth that were permanently restored following surgery.

PMID- 1812199
TI  - Surgical fenestration of large periapical lesions.
AB  - The decompression technique utilizing tubing for the treatment of large
      periapical lesions has been widely used with success. However, unobtainable
      biopsies and patient noncompliance are among the disadvantages that are of
      concern. An alternative approach is presented, whereby a surgical procedure is
      performed involving only partial removal of tissue from the lesion. The
      advantages of this procedure are discussed.

PMID- 1812200
TI  - Zebra VIII, 2. Irregular osseous trabecular patterns of the mandible and
      bilateral periapical radiolucencies.

PMID- 1812201
TI  - Human polymorphonuclear granule components: relative levels detected by a
      modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in normal and inflamed dental pulps.
AB  - Lysosomal granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) contain proteolytic
      enzymes and other components important in the regulation of inflammation and the
      elimination of bacteria or debris associated with pulp disease. However, PMN
      lysosomal degranulation is nonspecific and can result in destruction of healthy
      connective tissue adjacent to the areas of damaged or infected tissue. For this
      study a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the human
      PMN lysosomal granule products: elastase, cathepsin G, and lactoferrin.
      Evaluation of 55 pulp samples yielded a statistically significant difference (p
      less than 0.05) among the levels of elastase and lactoferrin in normal and
      moderate to severely inflamed pulps. Although cathepsin G levels were increased,
      there was no statistical significance (p greater than 0.05) among groups. The
      results indicate that a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique can
      be used to measure PMN lysosomal granule components in dental pulp tissues.
      Additionally, elastase and lactoferrin levels appear to be valid diagnostic
      markers of advanced dental pulp disease.

PMID- 1812203
TI  - Long-term sealing ability of a calcium hydroxide sealer.
AB  - A calcium hydroxide sealer (Sealapex) was compared with a zinc oxide and eugenol
      sealer (Tubli-Seal) over a 32-wk interval to examine solubility in an in vitro
      simulation. After obturation with gutta-percha and the appropriate sealer,
      specimens were immediately immersed in a saline solution to challenge the
      sealers' solubility. The solutions were changed weekly to allow for a continued
      dissolution of the sealers and to prevent establishment of an equilibrium between
      the solution and the sealers. The 2- and 32-wk specimens were removed from the
      solutions, immersed in India ink for 3 days, and then made transparent by a
      clearing process. Microscopic examination was used to determine the linear
      penetration of the ink for each tooth. Results revealed that Sealapex
      statistically had no greater dissolution (based upon linear penetration) than
      Tubli-Seal at both 2 and 32 wk. It is suggested that Sealapex has a sealing
      ability comparable to Tubli-Seal and can withstand long-term exposure to tissue
      fluids without significant leakage. This may allow time for the biochemical
      action of the calcium hydroxide to stimulate physiological calcification of the
      apical foramen.

PMID- 1812202
TI  - Root canal sealer cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts: 2. Silicone- and
      resin-based sealers.
AB  - The cytotoxicity of two resin (AH26 and Diaket)- and one silicone (Lee Endo-Fill)
      based root canal sealers were tested over a period of 21 days. The incorporation
      rate of L-[14C]leucine was measured to establish the potential of human gingival
      fibroblasts to synthesize protein after being in contact with the sealers. The
      cells were gained from biopsies from healthy patients between 20 and 30 years of
      age. The sealers were allowed to set for 24 and 48 h before dispensing the
      fibroblastic suspension into the culture dishes. AH26 showed in the 24-h group a
      severe cytotoxic reaction during the entire experimental period. Diaket showed a
      relative severe cytotoxic potential with slight cell recovery after 3 days of
      culturing. Lee Endo-Fill showed a significantly lower (p less than 0.05)
      cytotoxic potential during the first 11 days of incubation. However, between the
      15th and 21st days of culturing an ascending cytotoxic potential was registered.
      With Diaket and Lee Endo-Fill a relative lower cytotoxic response was observed in
      the 48-h group; however, cytotoxic patterns similar to the 24-h group prevailed.

PMID- 1812204
TI  - Wound healing in the tissues of the periodontium following periradicular surgery.
      2. The dissectional wound.
AB  - Wound healing responses of the tissues of the periodontium following
      periradicular surgery in rhesus monkeys were evaluated by light microscopy. Part
      II of this investigation reports the responses of mucoperiosteal and osseous
      tissues to blunt dissectional wounding resulting from the reflection of
      triangular or submarginal rectangular flaps. Healing of the dissectional wound is
      rapid, although slower than the incisional wound. Granulation tissues replaces
      the fibrin clot in the wound site as early as 4 days after surgery, and is
      replaced by fibrous connective tissue by 14 days. Minimal differences were found
      in the temporal and qualitative dissectional wound-healing responses to the two
      types of flap designs. The periosteum does not survive the flap reflection
      procedure. The cells of the cambium layer are destroyed and the collagen of the
      fibrous layer undergoes depolymerization. It is postulated that the depolymerized
      periosteal collagen plays a role in rapid reattachment of flapped tissues to
      cortical bone.

PMID- 1812206
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the accuracy of the Evident RCM Mark II Apex Locator.
AB  - The accuracy of the Evident RCM Mark II in locating the apical foramen was
      evaluated in 37 human teeth scheduled for extraction. After extraction, the
      difference between the position of the apical foramen determined electronically
      and its real anatomical location was measured under a binocular microscope, using
      a micrometer mobile in x, y, and z coordinates. The results show that in 86% (n =
      37) of the cases, an accurate location +/- 0.5 mm of the apical foramen was
      obtained.

PMID- 1812205
TI  - In vitro evaluation of an hydroxyapatite root canal system filling material.
AB  - An objective of endodontics is the three-dimensional filling of the root canal
      system, preventing leakage. The sealing ability of two hydroxyapatite
      formulations was compared with that of a gutta-percha/sealer combination placed
      with a vertical compaction technique. Zones of lysis tests of the hydroxyapatites
      showed no bacteriocidal effect of the formulations. Bacterial challenges of the
      sealing abilities of the formulations and gutta-percha/sealer combination showed
      that the formulations were not superior to the gutta-percha/sealer combination in
      their apical seal.

PMID- 1812207
TI  - The radiographic platform: a new method to evaluate root canal preparation in
      vitro.
AB  - An in vitro method for evaluating root canal preparation in curved canals is
      presented. Based on Schneider's method, this technique makes it possible to
      obtain the position of the instrument before and after instrumentation in the
      same X-ray film. The use of the radiographic platform is a valuable research and
      teaching aid.

PMID- 1812208
TI  - Effects of sodium hypochlorite on soft tissues after its inadvertent injection
      beyond the root apex.
AB  - The effects of an inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite into the cheek
      during irrigation of the right maxillary central incisor root canal are reported.
      The patient suffered from severe pain, edema, and necrosis of subcutaneous
      tissues and mucosa. Surgical intervention was necessary to contain the
      destructive process which extended from the upper lip to the right eye. The
      histopathological examination demonstrated the high cytotoxicity of sodium
      hypochlorite on vital tissue.

PMID- 1812209
TI  - The 1990 United States-Japan seminar on bioorganic marine chemistry, meeting
      report.
AB  - The second U.S.-Japan Seminar on "Bioorganic Marine Chemistry" was held in
      Honolulu, Hawaii, 3-7 December, 1990. Twenty-one invited lecturers and fourteen
      observers from the two countries attended. Recent results in the areas of (a) new
      bioactive natural products, (b) biological and pharmacological activity of marine
      natural products, and (c) biosynthesis of marine natural products were presented
      and discussed. Summaries of the presentations and relevant chemical structures
      are presented in this report.

PMID- 1812210
TI  - Isolation and structure of cytostatic steroidal saponins from the African
      medicinal plant Balanites aegyptica.
AB  - Bioactivity-guided separation of a CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of Balanites aegyptica
      afforded four new cytostatic saponins, named balanitins 4 [1], 5 [2], 6 [3], and
      7 [4]. On the basis of enzymatic hydrolyses and glycosidation nmr chemical shifts
      employing the peracetates, structures 1-4 were established as yamogenin 3 beta-O
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-[al pha- L
      rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside [1], yamogenin 3 beta-O-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl-(1----3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)- [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl
      (1----2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside [2], yamogenin 3 beta-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1
      ---4)-[alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside [3], and
      diosgenin 3 beta-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)
      [alp ha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside [4].

PMID- 1812211
TI  - DNA as an affinity probe useful in the detection and isolation of biologically
      active natural products.
AB  - A simplified hplc system is described for the detection of compounds capable of
      binding to DNA. Compounds known to interact with DNA were found to invoke a
      positive response with this system, and the concentration-dependence and
      sensitivity were determined. When applied to 17 randomly selected plant extracts,
      five elicited a positive response and, of these, four were subsequently found to
      be cytotoxic with cultured KB or P-388 cells. As described in a companion paper,
      one of these extracts (derived from Albizia amara) has been further processed and
      found to contain a group of structurally-unique macrocyclic alkaloids that
      demonstrate a variety of biological activities. Therefore, this approach should
      prove a value in facilitating the identification of plant extracts that contain
      substances capable of binding to DNA and the subsequent activity-directed
      fractionation for the procurement of active principles. As a prescreen or
      monitor, these relatively uncomplicated hplc procedures can be used in
      laboratories not prepared to perform more complicated or costly bioassay
      techniques. Thus, the pool of potentially active novel chemical substances to be
      considered for more advanced testing could be increased.

PMID- 1812212
TI  - Verbascoside isolated from Lantana camara, an inhibitor of protein kinase C.
AB  - Verbascoside [1] isolated from Lantana camara is an inhibitor of protein kinase C
      (PKC) from the rat brain. Half-maximal inhibition of the kinase occurs at 25
      microM. Verbascoside interacted with the catalytic domain of PKC and was a
      competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP (Ki = 22 microM) and a non-competitive
      inhibitor with respect to the phosphate acceptor (histone IIIS). This effect was
      further evidenced by the fact that verbascoside inhibited native PKC and its
      catalytic fragment identically and did not affect [3H]-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate
      binding to PKC. The antitumor activity of verbascoside measured in vitro might be
      due at least in part to inhibition of PKC.

PMID- 1812213
TI  - Antimicrobial diterpenes of Croton sonderianus, 1. Hardwickic and 3,4
      secotrachylobanoic acids.
AB  - The hexane-extracted resin of the roots of Croton sonderianus showed
      antimicrobial activity in standardized bioassays. Fractionation of the resin
      yielded two acid diterpenes, (-)-hardwickic acid [2] and the new 3,4
      secotrachylobanoic acid [5] as major bioactive materials.

PMID- 1812214
TI  - Cystodytins D-I, new cytotoxic tetracyclic aromatic alkaloids from the Okinawan
      marine tunicate Cystodytes dellechiajei.

PMID- 1812215
TI  - Cytotoxicities of some flavonoid analogues.
AB  - An array of 55 flavones having a variety of substituents was evaluated for
      cytotoxicity in five cancer cell cultures: A-549 lung carcinoma, MCF-7 breast
      carcinoma, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, SKMEL-5 melanoma, and MLM melanoma.
      Fifteen of the 55 flavone derivatives were significantly active against at least
      one of these cell cultures, and 4'-[(t-butyldi-methylsily)oxy]-7,8-dihydroxy
      3',5'- dimethoxyflavone [40] was the most active of all. Structure-activity
      relationships of these compounds are discussed.

PMID- 1812216
TI  - Enantioselective synthesis of a sex attractant pheromone of the pine scale
      Matsucoccus feytaudi.

PMID- 1812217
TI  - (-)-Grandisin form Cryptocarya crassinervia.
AB  - The known lignan (-)-grandisin [1] has been isolated from Cryptocarya
      crassinervia by using the brine shrimp lethality test to direct the isolation;
      its structure and relative stereochemistry have been determined by ir, 1H nmr,
      ms, and X-ray crystallography as an all-trans alpha, alpha'-diaryl-beta, beta'
      dimethyltetrahydrofuran. Compound 1 is not significantly cytotoxic in our panel
      of human tumor cells.

PMID- 1812218
TI  - Spatial organization of linear vestibuloocular reflexes of the rat: responses
      during horizontal and vertical linear acceleration.
AB  - 1. The spatial properties of linear vestibuloocular reflexes (LVOR) were studied
      in pigmented rats in response to sinusoidal linear acceleration on a sled. The
      orientation of the animal on the sled was altered in 15 degrees steps over the
      range of 360 degrees. Horizontal, vertical, and torsional components of eye
      movements were recorded with the magnetic field search coil technique in complete
      darkness. Conjugacy of the two eyes was studied in the horizontal movement plane.
      2. Acceleration along the optic axis of one eye (approximately 50 degrees
      lateral) induced maximal vertical responses in the ipsilateral eye and, at the
      same time, maximal torsional responses in the contralateral eye. These vertical
      and torsional responses of the LVOR coincide with those obtained when the
      respective coplanar vertical semicircular canals are stimulated. Such a
      congruence suggests a common reference frame for LVOR and angular vestibuloocular
      reflexes (AVOR), with the result that direct combination of signals indicating
      apparent and real head tilt is facilitated. 3. Transformations of vertical and
      torsional responses into head coordinates (pitch and roll) show that these
      movements are compensatory in direction for any combination of apparent head tilt
      in pitch and roll planes. 4. Gain (rotation of the eye/apparent rotation of the
      gravity direction) was approximately 0.3 at 0.1 Hz and decreased to approximately
      0.1 at 1.0 Hz. Vertical responses tended to have a larger gain than torsional
      responses. Phase lag relative to peak acceleration increased from about -9
      degrees to about -47 degrees over the same frequency range. 5. Vertical linear
      acceleration evoked only vertical eye movements at a frequency of 1.0 Hz. 6.
      Horizontal responses of both eyes were symmetric or asymmetric in amplitude and
      in-phase (conjugate) or out-of-phase (disconjugate) with respect to each other,
      depending on the direction of linear acceleration. Translation in the transverse
      direction evoked conjugate compensatory horizontal responses. Forward-backward
      translation evoked movements of both eyes that were symmetric in amplitude, but
      180 degrees out-of-phase. Translation along diagonal axes evoked almost no
      horizontal responses in the eye facing in the direction of linear motion but
      maximal horizontal responses in the eye facing away from the direction of linear
      motion. These disconjugate movements resulted in a modulation of the vergence
      angle of the eyes. 7. Disconjugate horizontal responses in darkness are best
      explained by the assumption that part of the visual consequences of a
      translational head displacement (i.e., change of viewing distance in light) is
      taken into account centrally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812219
TI  - Correlation of physiologically and morphologically identified neuronal types in
      human association cortex in vitro.
AB  - 1. We examined whether the three physiologically defined neuron types described
      for rodent neocortex were also evident in human association cortex studied in an
      in vitro brain slice preparation. We also examined the relationship between
      physiological and morphological cell type in human neocortical neurons. In
      particular, we tested whether burst-firing neurons were numerous in regions of
      human cortex that are susceptible to seizures. 2. Although we sampled regular
      spiking and fast-spiking neurons, we observed no true burst-firing neurons, as
      defined for rodent cortex. We did find neurons that displayed a voltage-dependent
      shift in firing behavior. Because this behavior was due, in large part, to a low
      threshold calcium conductance, we called these cells low-threshold spike (LTS)
      neurons. 3. Regular-spiking neurons and LTS neurons only differed in the voltage
      dependence of firing behavior and the first few interspike intervals (ISIs) of
      repetitive firing in response to small current injections (from hyperpolarized
      membrane potentials). Because of the general similarities between the two types,
      we consider the LTS cells to be a subgroup of regular-spiking cells. 4. All
      biocytin-filled regular-spiking neurons were spiny and pyramidal and found in
      layers II-VI. The lone filled fast-spiking cell was aspiny and nonpyramidal
      (layer V). The LTS neurons were morphologically heterogeneous. We found 80% of
      LTS neurons to be spiny and pyramidal, but 20% were aspiny nonpyramidal cells.
      LTS neurons were located in layers II-VI. 5. In conclusion, human association
      cortex contains two of three physiological cell types described in rodent cortex:
      regular spiking and fast spiking. These physiological types corresponded to
      spiny, pyramidal, and aspiny, nonpyramidal cells, respectively. We sampled no
      intrinsic burst-firing neurons in human association cortex. LTS neurons exhibited
      voltage-dependent changes in firing behavior and were morphologically
      heterogeneous: most LTS cells were spiny and pyramidal, but two cells were found
      to be aspiny and nonpyramidal. It is not clear whether the absence of burst
      firing neurons or the morphological heterogeneity of LTS neurons are due to
      species differences or differences in cortical areas.

PMID- 1812220
TI  - Summation of motor unit tensions in the tibialis posterior muscle of the cat
      under isometric and nonisometric conditions.
AB  - 1. The tension produced by the combined stimulation of two to four single motor
      units of the cat tibialis posterior muscle was compared with the algebraic sum of
      the tensions produced by each individual motor unit. Comparisons were made under
      isometric conditions and during imposed changes in muscle length. 2. Under
      isometric conditions, the tension resulting from combined stimulation of units
      displayed marked nonlinear summation, as previously reported in other cat
      hindlimb muscles. On average, the measured tension was approximately 20% greater
      than the algebraic sum of the individual unit tensions. However, small
      trapezoidal movements imposed on the muscle during stimulation significantly
      reduced the degree of nonlinear summation both during and after the movement.
      This effect was seen with imposed movements as small as 50 microns. 3. The degree
      of nonlinear summation was not dependent on motor unit size or on stimulus
      frequency. The effect was also unrelated to tendon compliance because the degree
      of nonlinear summation of motor unit forces was unaffected by the inclusion of
      different amounts of the external tendon between the muscle and the force
      transducer. 4. Our results support previous suggestions that the force measured
      when individual motor units are stimulated under isometric conditions is reduced
      by friction between the active muscle fibers and adjacent passive fibers. These
      frictional effects are likely to originate in the connective tissue matrix
      connecting adjacent muscle fibers. However, because these effects are virtually
      eliminated by small movements, linear summation of motor unit tensions should
      occur at low force levels under nonisometric conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812221
TI  - Synchronized oscillatory activity in leech neurons induced by calcium channel
      blockers.
AB  - 1. Leech ganglia were superfused with salines in which Ca2+ was replaced with
      equimolar concentrations of Co2+, Ni2+, or Mn2+. These salines elicited rhythmic
      membrane potential oscillations with cycle periods ranging from 8 to 25 s in all
      neurons examined within the ventral nerve cord. 2. Rhythmic activity consisted of
      a rapid depolarization to a prolonged (3-6 s) plateau level, followed by a rapid
      repolarization. Each depolarization elicited a burst of action potentials. Peak
      to-trough amplitudes of the plateau depolarizations were up to 40 mV in some
      cells. The plateau depolarizations were separated by slowly depolarizing ramp
      potentials. 3. Oscillations in all neurons were synchronized (in phase) both
      within individual ganglia and between ganglia linked by connective nerves.
      Rhythmic activity in isolated ganglia persisted after the interposed connective
      nerves were cut. 4. The occurrence of oscillatory activity was strongly
      correlated with the block of chemical synaptic transmission. 5. Electrotonic
      interactions persisted during oscillatory activity and may be one mechanism by
      which oscillations are synchronized. 6. The phase of rhythmic impulse bursts
      monitored with extracellular electrodes could be reset by electrical stimulation
      of connective nerves but not by injection of current pulses into individual
      neurons. Phase reset appeared to occur within one cycle and to a fixed phase
      point (plateau termination). 7. Oscillatory activity was eliminated by 75-100%
      reductions of [Na+]o (Na+ replaced with N-methyl-D-glucamine). Smaller reductions
      of Na+ (by 25-50%) increased the cycle period of oscillations. 8. The Na(+)-K+
      pump inhibitors ouabain and strophanthidin disrupted oscillations. Cells were
      depolarized by approximately 20 mV and fired tonically. After the initial washout
      of the inhibitors, cells repolarized and became quiescent. After several minutes
      of continued washing, oscillatory activity resumed. 9. A conceptual model is
      proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying oscillatory activity induced by
      Ca2+ channel blockers. According to this model, depolarizing plateaus are
      generated by a noninactivating Na+ conductance. Na+ influx during the plateau
      leads to an increase in [Na+]i, which activates an electrogenic Na(+)-K+ pump
      that contributes to plateau termination. 10. A quantitative computer simulation
      incorporating six types of currents (capacity, outward rectifying potassium,
      inward rectifying potassium, sodium, leakage, and an electrogenic sodium pump)
      demonstrates the plausibility of the conceptual model. 11. These data suggest
      that a novel Na(+)-based mechanism for membrane potential oscillation is revealed
      by blockade of Ca2+ channels in leech ganglia.

PMID- 1812222
TI  - Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats.
AB  - 1. Fictive motor patterns were recorded in hind leg nerves of 10 adult chronic
      spinal cats (spinalized at T13). Four of these animals had been trained to step
      with their hind legs on a treadmill (late-spinal animals), whereas the remainder
      received no training and were examined a short time after spinalization (early
      spinal animals). 2. A fictive pattern resembling the locomotor pattern for
      stepping was evoked in all animals in response to stimulation of the skin of the
      perineal region. (2-[2,6-Dichloroaniline]-2-imidazoline) hydrochloride
      (Clonidine) at doses ranging from 100 to 500 micrograms/kg iv facilitated the
      production of this pattern, particularly in early-spinal animals. 3. The fictive
      locomotor pattern in late-spinal animals was more complex than that occurring in
      early-spinal animals. In the latter the pattern consisted of an alternation of
      activity in flexor and extensor nerves, and changing leg position did not
      qualitatively alter the pattern, whereas in late-spinal animals the relative
      durations of the bursts in different flexors were usually not the same, and the
      pattern of flexor activity was dependent on leg position. 4. Moving the legs from
      extension to flexion progressively decreased the duration of flexor bursts,
      increased the cycle period, and decreased the ease with which the pattern could
      be evoked in both early- and late-spinal animals. 5. 1-beta-3,4
      Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)/Isonocotinic acid 2-[(2
      benzylcarbamoyl)ethyl]hydrazide (Nialamide) treatment following Clonidine in
      early-spinal animals increased the complexity of flexor burst activity. This, and
      other observations, indicates that DOPA and Clonidine do not have strictly
      identical actions on the locomotor pattern generator. 6. Stimulation of the paws
      in late-spinal animals produced two patterns of activity distinctly different
      from the locomotor pattern. of activity distinctly different from the locomotor
      pattern. One was a short sequence of high-frequency rhythmic activity (at
      approximately 8 c/s) in response to gently stimulating one paw with a water jet,
      and the other was a slow rhythm in flexor nerves in response to squeezing the
      paw. 7. The main conclusion of this investigation is that three distinctly
      different fictive motor patterns can be generated in chronic spinal cats
      depending on the method and site of stimulation. These patterns correspond to
      three different behaviors (locomotion, paw shake, and rhythmic leg flexion) that
      can be elicited in behaving chronic spinal cats in response to the same
      stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812223
TI  - Analysis of Ia-inhibitory synaptic input to cat spinal motoneurons evoked by
      vibration of antagonist muscles.
AB  - 1. Steady-state inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were evoked in
      tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus motoneurons of the cat by using
      tendon vibration to activate Ia-afferent fibers from the antagonist medial
      gastrocnemius muscle. 2. The effective synaptic currents (IN) underlying the
      steady-state IPSPs were measured by the use of a modified voltage-clamp
      technique. The amplitudes of the effective synaptic currents (1.62 +/- 0.66 nA,
      mean +/- SD; n = 20) extended over a fivefold range (0.5-2.7 nA) but were not
      correlated with the intrinsic properties of the motoneurons or with putative
      motor unit type. 3. We calculated the synaptic conductance (GS) underlying the
      steady-state Ia IPSPs from measurements of motoneuron input conductance during
      the activation of the Ia synaptic input. As was expected from Ohm's law, the Ia
      inhibitory GS and IN were correlated (r = 0.49; P less than 0.05). Like IN, GS
      (175 +/- 202 nS, mean +/- SD; n = 20) was not correlated with the intrinsic
      properties of the motoneurons. 4. As has been reported previously for transient
      Ia IPSPs, the amplitudes of the steady-state IPSPs were correlated with
      motoneuron input resistance (r = 0.74; P less than 0.001) and homonymous Ia
      excitatory postsynaptic synaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude (r = 0.72; P less
      than 0.001). 5. The amplitudes of the steady-state Ia IPSPs and the homonymous Ia
      EPSPs were plotted on logarithmic axes. The slope (0.59) was significantly less
      than 1, which indicates that the gradient of Ia inhibition across the motoneuron
      pool is less steep than that of Ia excitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812224
TI  - Hyperpolarization-activated inward current in histaminergic tuberomammillary
      neurons of the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from histaminergic tuberomammillary
      (TM) neurons of rat hypothalamus in an in vitro slice preparation. The properties
      of a time- and voltage-dependent inward current activated on hyperpolarization,
      Ih, were studied by use of the single-electrode voltage-clamp technique. 2. The
      activation curve of Ih was well fit by a sigmoidal function, with half-maximal
      activation occurring at -98 +/- 6 mV. 3. The estimated reversal potential of Ih
      (Eh) in TM neurons was -35 +/- 9 (SD) mV. 4. The time constant of activation was
      well fit by a single exponential function and exhibited marked voltage
      dependence: at -90 mV, Ih activated with a time constant of 823 +/- 35 ms,
      whereas at -130 mV, Ih activated with a time constant of 280 +/- 65 ms. The time
      constant of deactivation of Ih at -60 mV was 302 +/- 35 ms. 5. Raising the
      extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o) to 10 mM shifted Eh to a more
      depolarized value, while lowering the extracellular sodium concentration [(
      Na+]o) shifted Eh in the negative direction. Altering the extracellular chloride
      concentration ([Cl-]o) had little effect on Eh. 6. Increasing [K+]o to 10 mM
      increased the amplitude of both Ih and its underlying conductance gh, while
      reducing [Na+]o caused a small reduction in the amplitude of Ih with no
      measurable effect on gh. 7. The time constant of activation of Ih became shorter
      in raised [K+]o and longer in lowered [Na+]o. 8. Extracellularly applied cesium
      blocked Ih in a voltage-dependent manner. Extracellular barium reduced Ih but was
      less effective than cesium. 9. We conclude that Ih, carried by sodium and
      potassium ions, accounts for inward rectification of TM neurons. By increasing
      the whole-cell conductance during periods of prolonged hyperpolarization, Ih may
      act as an ionic shunt, decreasing the efficacy of synaptic inputs. This effect
      would be most apparent during rapid-eye-movement sleep, when TM neurons fall
      silent.

PMID- 1812225
TI  - Modulatory effects of serotonin, FMRFamide, and myomodulin on the duration of
      action potentials, excitability, and membrane currents in tail sensory neurons of
      Aplysia.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological properties of sensory neurons that mediate withdrawal
      reflexes of Aplysia can be modulated by a variety of neurotransmitters. We
      compared the known excitatory actions of serotonin (5-HT) with the actions of
      FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) and myomodulin (Pro-Met-Ser-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2)
      on the durations of action potentials and excitability. In addition, with the use
      of voltage-clamp and pharmacological separation techniques, we characterized the
      membrane currents that were modulated by each of the three agents. 2. Application
      of 5-HT produced an increase in the duration of action potentials and an
      enhancement of excitability in somata of the tail sensory neurons. FMRFamide and
      myomodulin reversed these excitatory effects and decreased the duration of action
      potentials and excitability. These results indicated that FMRFamide and
      myomodulin exerted inhibitory effects on the electrophysiological properties of
      the sensory neurons. properties of the sensory neurons. 3. FMRFamide appeared to
      modulate three K+ currents. The first current, which was increased by FMRFamide,
      had properties closely resembling those of the S-K+ current (IK,S). These
      properties include slow activation, little inactivation, and relative
      insensitivity to the K+ channel blockers 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA). The second current, which was reduced by FMRFamide, had
      kinetic and pharmacological properties similar to those of a component of the
      Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IK,Ca). Finally, at large depolarizations, FMRFamide
      appeared to increase a third current that was attenuated by 4-AP, suggesting that
      FMRFamide also modulated the delayed or voltage-dependent K+ current (IK,V). 4.
      Myomodulin appeared to modulate two of the currents modulated by FMRFamide,
      because it increased both IK,S and IK,V. Unlike FMRFamide, however, myomodulin
      did not appear to modulate IK,Ca. 5. Arachidonic acid mimicked the modulation of
      IK,S, IK,Ca, and IK,V by FMRFamide. Because myomodulin did not modulate IK,Ca, it
      appears that a second messenger other than arachidonic acid or its metabolites
      mediates the modulatory effects of myomodulin. 6. These results indicate that
      both FMRFamide and myomodulin can inhibit the tail sensory neurons by increasing
      IK,S. FMRFamide, but not myomodulin, also reduces IK,Ca, which suggests that
      under some conditions FMRFamide may also have excitatory actions. Finally, these
      results suggest that the effects of FMRFamide and myomodulin may be mediated by
      different second-messenger systems.

PMID- 1812226
TI  - M-wave of the toad electroretinogram.
AB  - 1. In the retina, two distinct, light-evoked releases of K+ have been described.
      One takes place in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and is termed the "distal K+
      increase." The other takes place in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and is termed
      the "proximal K+ increase." Although the distal K+ increase generates the
      electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave, the contribution of the much larger proximal K+
      increase to the ERG is less well understood. In this paper we detail our
      investigation of the proximal K+ increase and its contribution to the ERG. We
      describe an ERG component, the M-wave, which had not heretofore been observed in
      the diffuse-flash, vitreal ERG. 2. We studied the proximal K+ increase and the
      ERG M-wave in the isolated retina preparation of the toad, Bufo marinus. We used
      K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes, as well as conventional intra- and extracellular
      microelectrodes, to record K+ changes, the local (or intraretinal) ERG, the
      vitreal ERG, and Muller cell responses. 3. As in earlier studies of the amphibian
      and cat M-wave, we readily observed an M-wave in the intraretinal, or local, ERG
      (LERG). The M-wave we studied had characteristics similar to those of M-waves
      that were previously described. Specifically, we found that the M-wave was
      generated by a Muller cell response to the proximal K+ increase and that both the
      proximal K+ increase and the LERG M-wave were spatially tuned. 4. We used the
      aspartate receptor agonist, N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMA), to reveal that an M-wave
      is present in the vitreal ERG. Researchers who previously investigated the M-wave
      were unable to identify an M-wave in the vitreal ERG. We found that the toad ERG
      M-wave was a small, positive potential that was partially obscured by the much
      larger b-wave and slow PIII components. 5. We observed that picrotoxin (PTX) had
      an excitatory effect on inner retina, as evidenced by an enhanced proximal K+
      increase and an enhanced M-wave. This result indicates that it is likely that
      GABAergic inhibition in inner retina plays an important role in retinal
      processing in the toad. 6. At threshold, we found that the ERG consisted mainly
      of an M-wave, indicating that the amphibian threshold ERG is driven by proximal
      retina. This result is analogous to previous observations of the threshold ERG in
      cat. However, in cat, the M-wave and threshold response have been described as
      distinct ERG components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812227
TI  - Lamina-specific effects of morphine and naloxone in dorsal horn of rat spinal
      cord in vitro.
AB  - 1. Extracellular recordings were made from 95 dorsal horn neurons in a sagittal
      slice preparation of rat spinal cord. Neurons were synaptically activated by
      electrical stimulation of the dorsal root entry zone (n = 72) or driven by
      pressure ejection of L-glutamate into the substantia gelatinosa (SG; n = 23). For
      the majority of neurons low-intensity electrical stimuli evoked a burst of spikes
      with short latency (early firing). An increase in the stimulus intensity evoked
      the early firing followed by a characteristic prolonged period of activity (late
      firing). 2. The patterns of synaptically induced activity observed from neurons
      located in the SG (n = 45) and in deeper laminae (n = 27) were similar. Early and
      late firing of both SG and deep neurons was reduced by the nonspecific excitatory
      amino acid antagonist kynurenate. Raising [Mg2+] in the superfusate to 5 from 2.0
      mM selectively reduced the late firing of both SG and deep neurons. These
      findings suggest that fibers present in the dorsal root zone make excitatory
      amino acid-mediated synapses with dorsal horn neurons. 3. The majority of deep
      neurons showed reduced responses to electrical stimuli in the presence of
      morphine, mimicking the findings reported in vivo. Naloxone reversed morphine
      inhibitions or, when applied to morphine-naive slices, caused modest increases in
      the responses of some deep neurons. 4. Most neurons located in the SG had their
      responses enhanced by morphine (late firing: 86.5 +/- 19.6%, mean +/- SE) and
      were inhibited by naloxone (-78.3 +/- 22.7%). Morphine-induced enhancements often
      persisted long after the morphine had washed out of the bath. Inhibitions by
      naloxone, whether pre- or postmorphine, were short lived; and responses generally
      returned to either control or morphine-enhanced levels on washout of the
      naloxone. 5. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist bicuculline, applied
      to GABA-naive slices, caused an increase in response of SG neurons while slightly
      depressing activity of deep neurons. A tonic release or presence of endogenous
      GABA, affecting neurons that are inhibited by exogenously applied GABA, may be
      responsible for the observed action of bicuculline. 6. Intracellular recordings
      were made from a further 32 dorsal horn neurons located in the translucent band
      of the spinal cord slices. Of 11 neurons examined, 5 showed increased input
      resistance (Rin) and were depolarized in response to morphine applied in the
      superfusate. One neuron showed no change in Rin or potential with morphine,
      whereas 5 of the 11 were hyperpolarized with decreased Rin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812228
TI  - Are the initial frequency-modulated components of the mustached bat's biosonar
      pulses important for ranging?
AB  - 1. FM-FM neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat, Pteronotus
      parnellii, are specialized to process target range. They respond when the
      terminal frequency-modulated component (TFM) of a biosonar pulse is paired with
      the TFM of the echo at a particular echo delay. Recently, it has been suggested
      that the initial FM components (IFMs) of biosonar signals may also be important
      for target ranging. To examine the possible role of IFMs in target ranging, we
      characterized the properties of IFMs and TFMs in biosonar pulses emitted by bats
      swung on a pendulum. We then studied responses of FM-FM neurons to synthesized
      biosonar signals containing IFMs and TFMs. 2. The mustached bat's biosonar signal
      consists of four harmonics, of which the second (H2) is the most intense. Each
      harmonic has an IFM in addition to a constant-frequency component (CF) and a TFM.
      Therefore each pulse potentially consists of 12 components, IFM1-4, CF1-4, and
      TFM1-4. The IFM sweeps up while the TFM sweeps down. 3. The IFM2 and TFM2 depths
      (i.e., bandwidths) were measured in 217 pulses from four animals. The mean IFM2
      depth was much smaller than the mean TFM2 depth, 2.87 +/- 1.52 (SD) kHz compared
      with 16.27 +/- 1.08 kHz, respectively. The amplitude of the IFM2 continuously
      increased throughout its duration and was always less than the CF2 amplitude,
      whereas the TFM2 was relatively constant in amplitude over approximately three
      quarters of its duration and was often the most intense part of the pulse. The
      maximum amplitude of the IFM2 was, on average, 11 dB smaller than that of the
      TFM2. Because range resolution increases with depth and the maximum detectable
      range increases with signal amplitude, the IFMs are poorly suited for ranging
      compared with the TFMs. 4. FM-FM neurons (n = 77) did not respond or responded
      very poorly to IFMs with depths and intensities similar to those emitted on the
      pendulum. The mean IFM2 depth at which a just-noticeable response appeared was
      4.48 +/- 1.98 kHz. Only 14% of the pulses emitted on the pendulum had IFM2 depths
      that exceeded the mean IFM2 depth threshold of FM-FM neurons. 5. Most FM-FM
      neurons responded to IFMs that had depths comparable with those of TFMs. However,
      when all parameters were adjusted to optimize the response to TFMs and then
      readjusted to maximize the response to IFMs, 52% of 27 neurons tested responded
      significantly better to the optimal TFMs than to the optimal IFMs (P less than
      0.05, t test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812229
TI  - Facilitation and suppression of wrist and digit muscles from single
      rubromotoneuronal cells in the awake monkey.
AB  - 1. The output effects of 214 cells in the magnocellular red nuclei of two rhesus
      monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were tested with spike-triggered averaging of
      electromyogram (EMG) activity from six forearm extensor and six flexor muscles.
      The monkeys performed an alternating wrist movement task (auxotonic paradigm) or
      generated wrist torque trajectories alternating between flexion and extension
      (isometric paradigm). 2. Sixty-five cells (30%) were identified as
      rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells on the basis of their postpike effects on forearm
      flexor and extensor muscles. Three major types of RM cell output organization
      were identified: 1) pure facilitation (28 cells), 2) reciprocal (18 cells), and
      3) cofacilitation (16 cells). 3. RM cell output showed a strong preference for
      facilitation of extensor forearm muscles. This preference was reflected in the
      fact that 69% (43 of 62) of RM cells facilitated extensors exclusively or most
      strongly; 27% facilitated flexors exclusively or most strongly; and 5%
      facilitated flexors and extensors equally. Postspike facilitation (PSpF) was
      observed in 45% of the extensor muscles and 20% of the flexors tested. In
      contrast, postpike suppression (PSpS) was observed in 3% of the extensors and 7%
      of the flexors. 4. The mean number of extensors facilitated per RM cell was 3.1
      (53% of tested) compared with 2.8 (51% of tested) flexors facilitated per cell.
      The extensor and flexor PSpS muscle field sizes were both 2.0 (35% of extensors
      and 36% of flexors tested). The mean number of muscles facilitated by
      cofacilitation cells was 5.8 (48%) per cell. No clear preference was found for
      facilitation of particular combinations of synergist muscles. 5. PSpF magnitude
      was assessed by measuring both the percent change of facilitation or suppression
      from baseline and the signal-to-noise ratio of effects. The overall average
      magnitudes of RM PSpF and PSpS were 4.1 +/- 2.0 and 4.0 +/- 2.3% change from
      baseline, respectively. The average magnitude of PSpF in flexors was not
      significantly different from that of extensors; neither was there a difference in
      the average magnitude of PSpS in flexors and extensors. 6. The mean onset latency
      of RM cell PSpS was greater than PSpF (9.2 +/- 3.0 vs. 5.7 +/- 1.8 ms; P less
      than or equal to 0.05). This can be attributed to an underlying minimal
      disynaptic linkage to motoneurons for suppression effects, whereas most PSpFs are
      probably mediated by underlying monosynaptic connections. The mean onset latency
      of flexor PSpFs was greater than that of extensors (6.4 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.4 +/- 1.5
      ms; P less than or equal to 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812230
TI  - Effects on wrist and digit muscle activity from microstimuli applied at the sites
      of rubromotoneuronal cells in primates.
AB  - 1. The purpose of this study was to use the techniques of spike- and stimulus
      triggered averaging (SpTA and StTA, respectively) to examine the output
      organization of individual rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells in relation to clusters
      of neighboring cells. SpTA of electromyographic (EMG) activity in awake monkeys
      reveals the target muscles of an individual recorded neuron, whereas StTA reveals
      the target muscles of the neuronal aggregate activated by the stimulus. 2. Three
      questions were of particular interest. First, does the pattern of poststimulus
      facilitation (PStF) across forearm muscles match the pattern of postspike
      facilitation (PSpF)? Second, does the output of RM cell aggregates tested with
      StTA favor forearm extensor muscles, as reported for individual RM cells in the
      companion paper? Third, how do RM poststimulus effects compare with
      corticomotoneuronal (CM) poststimulus effects? 3. Microstimuli were applied at
      the sites of 37 RM cells, identified by SpTA of EMG activity in awake monkeys
      performing an alternating wrist movement task. 4. The magnitudes of PStF at 5,
      10, and 20 microA were, respectively, 4.3, 10.1, and 13.7 times greater than PSpF
      of the same muscles, reflecting activation, by the stimulus, of multiple RM
      cells. RM cell PStF was weaker than CM PStF. 5. The onset latency of poststimulus
      suppression (PStS) exceeded that of PStF. For example, at 20 microA the
      difference was 2.6 ms, comparable with the difference between PSpF and postspike
      suppression (PSpS). 6. The patterns of poststimulus effects on forearm flexor and
      extensor muscles were categorized in the same manner as postspike effects. Three
      major patterns were observed: 1) pure facilitation, 2) reciprocal suppression,
      and 3) cofacilitation of extensors and flexors. 7. The profile of PStF across
      synergist muscles was broadly similar to that of PSpF. At 83% of sites, the
      muscle with the greatest PSpF was also the muscle with the greatest PStF. At 30%
      of sites (11 of 37), the set of muscles with PStF (muscle field) exactly matched
      the set with PSpF. Overall, the level of discrepancies in SpTAs versus StTAs
      computed at the same RM cell sites was 27%. Most of these discrepancies could be
      attributed to muscles with the weakest effects. 8. The fact that the poststimulus
      muscle fields at many RM cell sites matched the postspike fields at the same
      sites, even though the poststimulus effects were greater in magnitude and were
      mediated by more cells, suggests clustering of RM cells with similar target
      motoneuron pools.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812231
TI  - Dual effect of glycine on horizontal cells of the tiger salamander retina.
AB  - 1. The effects of glycine on horizontal cells have been examined by
      microelectrode recording from superfused retinas isolated from the salamander. 2.
      Low concentrations of glycine (less than 50 microM) hyperpolarized horizontal
      cells and increased the magnitude of their light responses. Millimolar
      concentrations produced the opposite effect of depolarizing these cells and
      reducing their light response amplitudes. 3. In the presence of Co2+ and Mg2+ at
      concentrations sufficient to suppress the light response, millimolar glycine
      still exerted a depolarizing effect on horizontal cells, implying that this
      effect was largely a direct one on horizontal cell membranes. 4. Although both
      the rod and the cone contributions to horizontal cell light responses were
      reduced by millimolar glycine, rod input was reduced more, suggesting that
      millimolar glycine may also exert a presynaptic effect. 5. Strychnine (10
      microns) antagonized the effects of millimolar glycine and, in the absence of
      exogenously applied glycine, caused horizontal cells to hyperpolarize and their
      light responses to increase in amplitude. This result implies that, in darkness,
      glycine is tonically released onto horizontal cells and maintains them in a state
      of partial depolarization. 6. The low-concentration effect of glycine was
      accompanied by an increased membrane resistance and receptive field size but no
      change in the balance of rod and cone input. 7. Low concentrations of glycine
      were often seen to cause a speeding of light responses, whereas high
      concentrations sometimes caused a slowing of response kinetics. Response kinetics
      were found to correlate with horizontal cell dark membrane potential so that,
      positive to -30 mV, depolarization slowed responses whereas kinetics at more
      negative values were largely independent of voltage.

PMID- 1812232
TI  - The effects of glycine and GABA on isolated horizontal cells from the salamander
      retina.
AB  - 1. Horizontal cells, identified by their morphology, were isolated from the
      salamander retina and examined in whole cell patch clamp. 2. All cells showed
      large outward currents activating positive to about -50 mV, and a minority of
      cells showed fast, tetrodotoxin-suppressible Na+ currents. Slow inward currents
      that might shape the light responses were never observed. 3. All cells showed
      conductance increases to both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine that
      were completely blocked by bicuculline and strychnine, respectively. No cross
      blocking by these antagonists was observed. Partial replacements of Cl- with
      large, impermeant anions indicated that both GABA- and glycine-evoked currents
      were carried by Cl- ions. 4. Responses to both GABA and glycine desensitized
      strongly with time constants of approximately 2 s. 5. Responses to glutamate were
      not enhanced by glycine. Similarly, responses to GABA were not enhanced by
      glutamate. 6. GABA-mediated synaptic interactions between horizontal cells may
      account for the changes in the kinetics of horizontal cell light responses seen
      when glycine is applied to the intact retina.

PMID- 1812233
TI  - Binocular immobilization induced by paralysis of the extraocular muscles of one
      eye: evidence for an interocular proprioceptive mechanism.
AB  - 1. Spontaneous changes in the positions of both eyes were measured in
      anesthetized cats before and after infusion of paralytic or anesthetic agents
      directly into the extraocular muscle capsule behind one eye. 2. Before
      retrobulbar injection, large changes in eye position were observed in both eyes.
      The position changes of each eye were independent of each other and often in
      opposite directions. 3. Application of a paralytic agent into the orbit of one
      eye reduced the spontaneous position changes in that eye to a very low level.
      Unexpectedly, the changes in the position of the other, untreated eye were also
      greatly reduced. 4. Control experiments demonstrated that the binocular
      immobilization observed after monocular paralysis was not due to 1) leakage of
      the paralytic agent from the orbit of the treated eye to the orbit of the
      untreated eye or 2) systemic vascular transport of the paralytic agent. 5.
      Passive movement of the paralyzed eye did not induce movement of the untreated
      eye. 6. Application of a local anesthetic agent rather than a paralytic agent to
      one eye resulted in reversible reduction of movement only in the treated eye, but
      not in the untreated eye. 7. The results suggest that the reduction of movement
      in one eye produced by application of a paralytic agent to the other eye is
      mediated by an afferent neural signal derived from extraocular muscle
      proprioceptors possibly gated by a central motor control signal.

PMID- 1812234
TI  - Laminar distribution of neuronal membrane properties in neocortex of normal and
      reeler mouse.
AB  - 1. Reeler is an autosomal recessive mutation of mice that alters neuronal
      migration during development, yielding a general inversion of the laminae in the
      neocortex. We recorded in vitro from slices of normal and reeler neocortex to
      study the influence of neuron position and shape on membrane properties and
      synaptic responses. 2. The intrinsic firing patterns, action-potential shapes,
      resting membrane potentials, input resistances, and evoked excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
      did not differ between reelers and controls when data were grouped. 3. The depth
      distribution of intrinsic firing patterns was inverted in the reeler:
      intrinsically bursting (IB) neurons were found only in layer 5 in the normal
      mouse, but they were found exclusively in supragranular layers of the reeler
      cortex. 4. The spatial distribution of synaptic responses in the reeler was also
      inverted: very prominent IPSPs were characteristic of upper layer neurons in the
      normal mouse, but in the reeler similar inhibitory responses were observed
      predominantly in deep infragranular layers. 5. Dye injections in reeler pyramidal
      neurons revealed atypical morphologies, including distorted apical dendrites and
      cell inversion. 6. The data imply that cortical neurons develop the membrane and
      synaptic properties appropriate to their function, despite being malformed and
      mispositioned.

PMID- 1812235
TI  - Somatosensory responses in the cat motor cortex. I. Identification and course of
      an afferent pathway.
AB  - 1. The main aim of the present series of experiments was to demonstrate with
      electrophysiological methods that the spinothalamocortical system may send
      somesthetic information to the pyramidal and corticospinal tract cells in the
      motor cortex of the cat. 2. Experiments were carried out on acutely prepared cats
      anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Extra- and intracellular recordings were made
      from the cells located in the pericruciate motor cortex (the lateral portion of
      area 4 gamma). They were identified by their antidromic responses to pyramidal
      stimulation and/or stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord.
      The animals were subjected to a set of nervous tissue lesions to prevent any
      transit of extereoceptive information to the motor cortex via the cerebellum and
      the somatosensory cortex. A lesion of the dorsal part of the spinal cord was also
      made, leaving intact only the afferent inflow ascending in the spinal ventral
      half, i.e., the spinothalamic system. 3. In this cat preparation it was observed
      that both electrical and natural stimulation of the limbs still efficiently
      activated the motor cortical efferent cells. 4. The pathway was mapped by
      applying microstimulation along its whole course in the spinal cord and brain
      stem. Stimulation of the primary afferent fibers running in the dorsal columns
      caudally to the spinal cord lesion produced activation and/or inhibition of the
      cortical cells. The existence of these responses may be attributable to the
      existence of collaterals from primary afferent fibers located in the dorsal
      columns, which activate the spinothalamic tract cells either mono- or
      polysynaptically. In the brain stem the fibers join the medial lemniscus. 5. In
      view of the short latency of the responses (mean latency 10.5 ms from the spinal
      cord) it is suggested that this component of the spinothalamic system may play an
      important role in the sensory regulation of ongoing movements.

PMID- 1812236
TI  - Changing patterns of synaptic input to subplate and cortical plate during
      development of visual cortex.
AB  - 1. The development of excitatory activation in the visual cortex was studied in
      fetal and neonatal cats. During fetal and neonatal life, the immature cerebral
      cortex (the cortical plate) is sandwiched between two synaptic zones: the
      marginal zone above, and an area just below the cortical plate, the subplate. The
      subplate is transient and disappears by approximately 2 mo postnatal. Here we
      have investigated whether the subplate and the cortical plate receive functional
      synaptic inputs in the fetus, and when the adultlike pattern of excitatory
      synaptic input to the cortical plate appears during development. 2. Extracellular
      field potential recording to electrical stimulation of the optic radiation was
      performed in slices of cerebral cortex maintained in vitro. Laminar profiles of
      field potentials were converted by the current-source density (CSD) method to
      identify the spatial and temporal distribution of neuronal excitation within the
      subplate and the cortical plate. 3. Between embryonic day 47 (E47) and postnatal
      day 28 (P28; birth, E65), age-related changes occur in the pattern of synaptic
      activation of neurons in the cortical plate and the subplate. Early in
      development, at E47, E57, and P0, short-latency (probably monosynaptic)
      excitation is most obvious in the subplate, and longer latency (presumably
      polysynaptic) excitation can be seen in the cortical plate. Synaptic excitation
      in the subplate is no longer apparent at P21 and P28, a time when cell migration
      is finally complete and the cortical layers have formed. By contrast, excitation
      in the cortical plate is prominent in postnatal animals, and the temporal and
      spatial pattern has changed. 4. The adultlike sequence of synaptic activation in
      the different cortical layers can be seen by P28. It differs from earlier ages in
      several respects. First, short-latency (probably monosynaptic) excitation can be
      detected in cortical layer 4. Second, multisynaptic, long-lasting activation is
      present in layers 2/3 and 5. 5. Our results show that the subplate zone, known
      from anatomic studies to be a synaptic neurophil during development, receives
      functional excitatory inputs from axons that course in the developing white
      matter. Because the only mature neurons present in this zone are the subplate
      neurons, we conclude that subplate neurons are the principal, if not the
      exclusive, recipients of this input. The results suggest further that the
      excitation in the subplate in turn is relayed to neurons of the cortical plate
      via axon collaterals of subplate neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812237
TI  - Effect of task on the degree of synchronization of intrinsic hand muscle motor
      units in man.
AB  - 1. Recordings were made of the firing of pairs of intrinsic hand muscle motor
      units active under different task conditions in man. The different tasks were
      defined as isometric contractions producing force in one of three different
      directions: finger abduction, finger extension, or finger flexion. The degree of
      motor-unit synchronization associated with each of these task conditions was
      compared with the use of cross-correlation analysis. 2. The average amount of
      synchronization between the firing of motor units recorded from within first
      dorsal interosseous muscle (IDI) was greater during index finger extension than
      during index finger abduction (n = 8 motor-unit pairings, 3 subjects). In
      addition, for another sample population of motor units, the average amount of
      synchronization was greater during index finger abduction than during index
      finger flexion (n = 11 motor-unit pairings, 4 subjects). 3. In a further series
      of experiments, one motor unit of each pair was recorded from second dorsal
      interosseous muscle (2DI), whereas the other motor unit of each pair was recorded
      from 1DI. The average amount of synchronization for these motor-unit pairings was
      greater during extension of the index and middle fingers than during abduction of
      the index and middle fingers (n = 8, 4 subjects). For another sample population
      of such motor-unit pairings, the average amount of synchronization was found to
      be greater during abduction of the index and middle fingers than during flexion
      of the index and middle fingers (n = 11, 4 subjects). 4. In approximately one
      third of cases, it was not found possible to maintain the same firing rates from
      two motor units in 1DI when active under different task conditions. For instance,
      the "reference" motor unit might consistently fire at a faster rate than the
      "response" motor unit when active during index finger extension but consistently
      fire at a slower rate than the response motor unit when active during index
      finger abduction. Where such motor-unit pairs have been studied in detail, the
      pattern of task dependence in their synchronization was found to be similar to
      that described above for motor-unit pairs in which the firing rates remained
      constant under the different task conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812238
TI  - Responses of medullary raphespinal neurons to electrical stimulation of thoracic
      sympathetic afferents, vagal afferents, and to other sensory inputs in cats.
AB  - 1. Medullary raphespinal neurons antidromically activated from the T2-T5 segments
      were tested for responses to electrical stimulation of cervical vagal and
      thoracic sympathetic afferents (by stimulating the left stellate ganglion),
      somatic probing, auditory stimuli, and visual stimuli in cats anesthetized with
      alpha-chloralose. A total of 99 neurons in the raphe nuclei were studied; the
      locations of 76 cells were histologically confirmed. Neurons were located in
      raphe magnus (RM, 65%), raphe obscurus (RO, 32%), and raphe pallidus (RPa, 4%).
      The mean conduction velocity of these neurons was 62 +/- 2.9 (SE) m/s with a
      range of 1.1-121 m/s. 2. A total of 60/99 tested neurons responded to electrical
      stimulation of sympathetic afferents. Quantitation of responses was obtained for
      55 neurons. With one exception, all responsive neurons were excited and exhibited
      an early burst of spikes with a mean latency of 16 +/- 1.2 ms. From a spontaneous
      discharge rate of 5.2 +/- 1.2 spikes/s, neuronal activity increased by 2.9 +/-
      0.3 spikes/stimulus. In addition to an early peak, 15 neurons (25%) exhibited a
      late burst of spikes with a latency of 182 +/- 12.9 ms; neuronal activity
      increased by 5.0 +/- 1.3 spikes/stimulus. Duration of the late peak (130 +/- 18.5
      ms) was longer than for the early peak (18 +/- 0.7 ms), but threshold voltages
      for eliciting each peak were comparable. Sixteen of 29 spontaneously active
      neurons exhibited a postexcitatory depression of activity that lasted for 163 +/-
      19.1 ms. All but one tested neuron in RO responded to stimulation of sympathetic
      afferents, but 65% of neurons in RM responded to this stimulus. 3. In response to
      vagal afferent stimulation, 19% of 57 neurons exhibited inhibition only, 11% were
      only excited, and 9% were either excited or inhibited, depending on the stimulus
      paradigm used; the remaining 61% of neurons were unresponsive. From a spontaneous
      rate of 7.9 +/- 3.8 spikes/s, excited cells increased their discharge rate by 1.6
      +/- 0.3 spikes/stimulus. Activity of inhibited cells was reduced from 21.3 +/-
      5.8 to 7.8 +/- 3.1 spikes/s. The conditioning-test (CT) technique was used to
      assess 11 neurons' responses. Stellate ganglion stimulation was the test
      stimulus, and vagal stimulation the conditioning stimulus. Vagal stimulation
      reduced the neuronal responses to stellate ganglion stimulation by an average of
      50% with a CT interval of 60-100 ms, and cell responses returned to control after
      300 ms. With spontaneous cell activity, low frequencies of vagal stimulation were
      generally excitatory, and high frequencies (10-20 Hz) inhibitory.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812239
TI  - Responses of medullary raphespinal neurons to coronary artery occlusion,
      epicardial bradykinin, and cardiac mechanical stimuli in cats.
AB  - 1. A total of 59 medullary raphespinal neurons antidromically activated from the
      T2-T5 segments were tested for responses to coronary artery occlusion, epicardial
      application of bradykinin, and mechanical probing of the epicardium in cats
      anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. With the exception of five neurons, only
      those neurons that were responsive to electrical stimulation of the left stellate
      ganglion were tested for responses to these stimuli. Neurons in this study are a
      subset of those in the companion report. 2. Six neurons (12%) responded to
      epicardial bradykinin. Five cells were excited, and one was inhibited. Nine
      neurons (18%) had cardiac receptive fields, and one neuron (2%) had a field
      confined to the pericardium. 3. Neurons were tested for responses to separate
      occlusions of the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (CX) coronary
      arteries. Overall, 13/34 (38%) of tested raphespinal neurons were responsive to
      coronary artery occlusion. Responses to coronary artery occlusion consisted of
      two major patterns. One pattern consisted of either an increase or decrease in
      neuronal firing rate after the heart became ischemic; this pattern was termed an
      ischemic (IS) response. Ten neurons (29%) exhibited an IS response to occlusion
      of the LAD and/or CX coronary arteries. Because four neurons exhibited IS
      responses to occlusion of each artery, there were a total of 14 IS responses. Of
      these, 10 were inhibitory, and 4 were excitatory. The second pattern of response
      consisted of a rapidly adapting excitation or inhibition at the onset or release
      of occlusion, but cell activity was unchanged during cardiac ischemia; this
      pattern was termed an onset (ON) response. Three neurons (9%) exhibited ON
      responses; two were excited, and one was inhibited. No neurons demonstrated both
      ON and IS responses during occlusion. 4. Twenty-one neurons were tested for
      responses to occlusion of each artery. Seventeen neurons (81%) exhibited similar
      patterns of responses to occlusion of each artery; that is, they either showed
      the same pattern of response to occlusion of each artery or they were
      unresponsive to either occlusion. For the 5 of these 17 neurons that were
      responsive, direction of change in neuronal activity (excitation or inhibition)
      was the same for occlusion of each artery. 5. All raphespinal neurons tested for
      responses to epicardial bradykinin and coronary artery occlusion were responsive
      to electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion. In addition, 16/28 (57%)
      of neurons tested for responses to occlusion were responsive to electrical
      stimulation of the right cervical vagus nerve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812240
TI  - Presynaptic transmitter release is specified by postsynaptic neurons of Aplysia
      buccal ganglia.
AB  - 1. In Aplysia buccal ganglia, in which dual presynaptic neurons innervate
      multiple postsynaptic cells, strengths of the same identified synapses differ
      from animal to animal, consistent with developmental or plastic modulation.
      Synaptic strengths are specified by the postsynaptic neuron, so that synaptic
      current amplitudes are similar for inputs from different presynaptic cells
      converging on a postsynaptic cell but different for branches of the same neuron
      diverging onto different targets. 2. The coefficient of variation method of
      quantal analysis reveals that differences in synaptic strength, although
      specified postsynaptically, result partially from differences in the number of
      quanta released by presynaptic terminals. 3. This quantization is consistent with
      classical presynaptic models and suggests retrograde modulation of quantal
      release as postulated for hippocampal long-term potentiation.

PMID- 1812241
TI  - Regenerating sprouts of axotomized cat muscle afferents express characteristic
      firing patterns to mechanical stimulation.
AB  - 1. In cats, we studied the physiological properties of regenerating sprouts of
      muscle afferent fibers and compared them with sprouts from cutaneous afferent
      fibers. 2. Muscle nerves to the triceps surae and cutaneous sural nerves were
      axotomized in the popliteal fossa, and the proximal ends were inserted into nerve
      cuffs. Six days later, we recorded action potentials from single Groups I and II
      muscle and mostly Group II cutaneous afferents driven by mechanostimulation of
      the cuff. 3. Most muscle afferent sprouts (91%) had a regular slowly adapting
      discharge in response to sustained mechanical displacement of the cuff,
      particularly to sustained stretch stimuli, whereas most cutaneous afferents (92%)
      did not. Muscle afferents were more likely to have a spontaneous discharge and
      afterdischarge. 4. Group II muscle afferent sprouts had lower stretch thresholds
      and a higher incidence of spontaneous discharge compared with Group I fiber
      sprouts, whereas Group I fibers had a higher incidence of high-frequency
      afterdischarge to mechanical stimuli. 5. We conclude that, 6 days after axotomy,
      regenerating sprouts of muscle afferents, particularly Group II afferents, have
      become mechanosensitive in the absence of a receptor target and exhibit
      physiological properties similar to those found when innervating their native
      muscle but significantly different from sprouts of cutaneous afferents.
      Expression of these native muscle afferent firing patterns after the
      inappropriate reinnervation of hairy skin may be due to inherent properties of
      the muscle afferent fiber.

PMID- 1812242
TI  - Hemangioblastomas: clinical characteristics, surgical results and
      immunohistochemical studies.
AB  - A surgical series of 59 patients with cerebellar or spinal cord hemangioblastomas
      or von Hippel-Lindau's (VHL) syndrome is analyzed. The presence of the tumor is
      easily detected by Computerized Tomography (CT) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
      (NMR), but angiography is still necessary for a correct surgical planning. The
      value of a sharp distinction among patients with single hemangioblastomas and the
      ones with Lindau's disease and VHL syndrome is stressed. In fact patients with
      single cerebellar or spinal hemangioblastomas have a good prognosis, while
      patients with disseminated hemangioblastomas have a rather poor outlook.
      Neuropathological studies with immunohistochemical techniques have been performed
      to identify the nature of the stromal cells of the hemangioblastomas: their
      origin from glial, endothelial and monociticphagocitic elements seems excluded.

PMID- 1812243
TI  - Symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas.
AB  - Symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas are rare. Several therapeutic modalities for
      vertebral hemangiomas with neurologic deficit have been described. Personal
      experience with laminectomy followed by radiation therapy in four patients and
      radiation therapy in one patient is reported. Considering our results, literature
      and theoretical aspects a proposal for treatment of symptomatic vertebral
      hemangiomas is made.

PMID- 1812244
TI  - Gangliogliomas: clinical study and evolution.
AB  - We present 11 patients with intracranial gangliogliomas. The age ranged between 4
      and 69 years with a mean of 32 years. The most frequent clinical manifestations
      were epilepsy in 7 cases and headache in 4 cases, and had begun from 15 days to
      12 years before diagnosis. The gangliogliomas were located supratentorially
      predominantly in the temporal lobe (5 cases), except one, which was located
      within the cerebellum, which is extremely rare. EEG evidenced focality in 8
      cases. The CT scan showed hypo or isodense images which were often associated
      with cysts, and that partially or totally enhanced with contrast administration
      in 7 cases (63.3%). Calcification was seen in only one case (9%). All our cases
      were treated surgically. Three patients were reoperated for recurrence. One case
      was reoperated twice and the histologic study showed astrocytoma grade II.
      Radiotherapy was given in two cases. In one case after subtotal surgery and in
      the other after the second operation for recurrence. Follow-up ranged between one
      and thirteen years, with a mean of 6.8 years. There was only one death. We used
      the CT scan for follow-up. However, nowadays MRI is more useful than the CT scan
      to distinguish recurrences.

PMID- 1812245
TI  - The role of TCD in hemodynamic evaluation of cerebral AVMs.
AB  - The cerebral AVMs have a considerable hemodynamic complexity and the transcranial
      doppler sonography may now provide noninvasively accurate hemodynamic information
      about these vascular lesions. It provides hemodynamic data like blood flow
      velocity on feeding arteries, intracranial steal phenomena, cerebral
      autoregulation disease as illustrated in 19 patients.

PMID- 1812246
TI  - Postoperative radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas.
AB  - From 1984-1990, 52 patients with pituitary adenomas had postoperative
      radiosurgery for incomplete surgical removal or regrowth of the tumor. The
      atraumatic Greitz-Bergstrom fixation head device was adopted for the stereotactic
      procedure and irradiation was performed with a linear accelerator. Because of the
      variability of the tumor response, a 10-20 Gy single dose was directed at 1-2
      targets and radiosurgery repeated if the result was unsatisfactory. The median
      radiation dose was 30 Gy. No adverse effects occurred. Regression of pretreatment
      symptoms caused by tumor mass was observed in 67% of patients. GH and PRL
      activity decreased in 20 patients, was stable in 11 and increased in 2
      prolactinomas. CT studies showed disappearance of the tumor in 4 patients and
      shrinkage in 36. Postoperative radiosurgery is a valuable method of treatment
      whenever pituitary surgery has been incomplete.

PMID- 1812247
TI  - Intraventricular subependymoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case
      report.
AB  - The Authors describe the case of an intraventricular subependymoma presenting as
      subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 42-year-old woman. The preoperative and
      postoperative CT-scans and Magnetic Resonance Images of this rare benign neoplasm
      are presented. The pathology, the clinical findings and the prognosis of this
      tumour are discussed.

PMID- 1812248
TI  - Interhemispheric subdural hematoma (ISH). Case report.
AB  - Interhemispheric subdural hematoma (ISH) is a rare form of post-traumatic
      intracranial hemorrhage. The Authors report a further case and review the
      relevant literature. ISH most frequently gives a clinical picture corresponding
      to the falx syndrome. The possibility of an interhemispheric hematoma evolving
      into a chronic subdural hematoma of the convexity is considered together with
      both surgical and medical therapeutic indications.

PMID- 1812249
TI  - Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage after posterior fossa surgery. Case
      report.
AB  - One case of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage after posterior fossa surgery
      is described. The possible causes and relative surgical problems are discussed on
      the basis of the other reported cases.

PMID- 1812250
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess as a complication of Fournier's gangrene.
AB  - Fournier's gangrene is a rare, multi-organism infection of the perineum. The
      disease is most often confined to the groin area with distant spread being
      extremely unusual. A ase of spinal epidural abscess as a complication of
      Fournier's gangrene is presented. The infection appears to have spread by the
      hematogenous route. The patient had several symptoms, including fever, which
      could have provided an early diagnostic clue. Multiple fever workups were
      negative, however, and the diagnosis was not made until quadriplegia developed. A
      lumbar puncture as part of the fever workup might have allowed for an earlier
      diagnosis and more prompt surgery.

PMID- 1812251
TI  - Dysphagia due to anterior cervical osteophyte. Case report.
AB  - A case of 61-year-old man with a 2-year history of progressive difficulty in
      swallowing solid foods is presented. CT-scan and barium swallow test demonstrated
      an anterior osteophyte at C6. Resection of the osteophyte resolved the dysphagia.
      The rarity in the neurosurgical literature, the pathogenesis and the management
      of this condition are discussed.

PMID- 1812252
TI  - A research tool for measurement of recovery from sedation: the Vancouver Sedative
      Recovery Scale.
AB  - The need for a research tool to measure recovery from sedation was identified
      during the design phase of a study investigating sedative protocols following
      open heart surgery in children. A thorough review of the literature failed to
      show any scales that measure degree of sedation in children at various times
      after initial awakening. The Vancouver Sedative Recovery Scale (VSRS) was
      developed through an iterative process during which we identified numerous
      indicators of levels of alertness among sedated children, and then determined the
      applicability and face validity of these indicators. The VSRS evaluated in this
      study consists of 12 distinct items that encompass three categories of indicators
      (response; eye appearance and function; and body movement). Total possible VSRS
      scoring ranges from 0 to 22 (higher score indicating more alert) because some of
      the 12 items have more than two rating levels. The VSRS was administered to 82
      pediatric intensive care unit and postanesthesia recovery patients, with each
      patient assessed simultaneously by at least two observers. Internal consistency
      as measured by Cronbach's alpha was excellent: 0.85. Interobserver agreement or
      reliability as measured by intraclass correlation was also very high: 0.90; and
      for individual items Cohen's kappa ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. We consider the VSRS
      to be a good beginning in our effort to quantify level of alertness after
      sedation in the pediatric patient population.

PMID- 1812253
TI  - Modified Nissen fundoplication: improved results in high-risk children.
AB  - A modified Nissen fundoplication was performed in 29 children (26 neurologically
      impaired and 3 neurologically normal). The modifications to the Nissen 360
      degrees wrap were: (1) deliberate crural repair with pledgets; (2) recreation of
      the angle of His; and (3) anchoring wrap to the diaphragm. Presenting complaints
      were respiratory in 66%, nutritional in 28%, and for prophylaxis in 2 patients
      requiring gastrostomy tubes. Prospective follow-up was obtained in 26 of 29
      patients for an average of 19 months. Early postoperative complications occurred
      in 3 patients, none due to recurrent reflux. Six late deaths occurred due to
      neurological deterioration, pulmonary disease, and medication overdose. Barium
      swallows were obtained in 20 of 22 available patients postoperatively and all
      wraps were intraabdominal. We conclude that the modified Nissen prevents wrap
      herniation and improves postoperative results in the high-risk neurologically
      impaired child.

PMID- 1812254
TI  - Surgical restraint in Burkitt's lymphoma in children.
AB  - Burkitt's lymphoma is a disease of unique cytokinetics that account for the bulky
      tumors, variety of presenting symptoms, and sensitivity to chemotherapy. A need
      to ascertain the role of surgery in the treatment of this illness prompted this
      review. Of nine children 5 to 12 years of age with Burkitt's lymphoma, eight had
      abdominal involvement. Two of the eight patients also had oral lesions and
      staging was done by biopsy of the oral lesion and noninvasive imaging of the
      abdominal tumors. The other six patients presented with abdominal complaints. One
      of these had diagnostic paracentesis, another had only gastroscopy, and four
      underwent exploratory laparotomy. The four children in whom the diagnosis was
      established either by biopsy of an oral lesion, biopsy of an abdominal mass, or
      resection of an abdominal tumor are alive without evidence of disease 6 months to
      6 years after treatment. Each of these children had rapid initiation of
      chemotherapy. Of the other four who died, two had delayed induction of drug
      therapy following cytoreduction or gastroscopic biopsy. The best outcomes were
      associated with prompt chemotherapy. We conclude that except in rare instances in
      which a solitary lesion lends itself to total or near-total resection, the proper
      role of surgery is a simple, safe procedure to obtain enough viable tumor for
      accurate diagnosis and prompt chemotherapy.

PMID- 1812255
TI  - Pyloric stenosis associated with malrotation.
AB  - Three cases of pyloric stenosis associated with malrotation are presented. In one
      case, the diagnosis was made synchronously, and in two cases, pyloric stenosis
      was noted following correction of malrotation. All three patients underwent
      pyloromyotomy and Ladd's procedure. These cases differ from the few reported
      hereditary cases of pyloric stenosis associated with malrotation, which have
      congenitally shortened bowel, functional obstruction, and poor prognosis. The
      unusual finding of pyloric stenosis and malrotation occurring together in the
      first patient was diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal series, obtained because
      of a high index of suspicion despite a palpable pyloric tumor and positive
      ultrasound examination. The second and third cases illustrate that vomiting
      following Ladd's procedure may be due to pyloric stenosis. When clinical findings
      do not support the presumed diagnosis, further investigation prior to operation
      is recommended so that rare concommitant pathology can be corrected.

PMID- 1812256
TI  - Topical sucralfate: effective therapy for the management of resistant peristomal
      and perineal excoriation.
AB  - Peristomal and perineal excoriation commonly occurs despite preventive measures.
      Drainage from around gastrostomy tubes or ongoing perineal soilage after a pull
      through procedure can lead to chemical irritation, cutaneous denudation, and
      chronic discomfort. A multitude of topical agents have been tried with variable
      results. We present our experience using topical sucralfate. Fifteen patients
      with stomal or perineal skin ulceration were treated with topical sucralfate only
      after other agents had failed. Clinical photographs were obtained first.
      Sucralfate, prepared as either a powder or an emollient, was liberally applied to
      the affected area during diaper changes or when the stomal appliance was emptied.
      For tube gastrostomy sites, sucralfate was applied every 4 to 6 hours as required
      to maintain a visible layer. In 13 patients, complete healing occurred. Recovery
      time was dependent on the severity and extent of skin denudation. Partial healing
      occurred in one patient. In another patient, the skin excoriation healed but a
      residual candidal rash required addition of an antifungal agent. General
      observations included: (1) a lag time of 2 to 3 days before visible healing was
      evident; (2) healing occurred from the perimeter; (3) sucralfate was soothing and
      reduced discomfort; (4) it was ineffective for fungal dermatitis; and (5)
      sucralfate did not appear to have toxic or systemic effects. Topically applied
      sucralfate is soothing, safe, and effective.

PMID- 1812258
TI  - Prograde dilatation with Tucker bougies: a technique for managing postoperative
      rectal strictures.
AB  - Postoperative rectal stricture is an occasional complication of abdominoperineal
      pull-through and low anterior resection of the rectum. Although the causes and
      pathogenesis of this phenomenon are poorly understood, various techniques for
      stricture dilatation have been described. In this article, we present two cases
      of severe postoperative rectal strictures that were not amenable to conventional
      methods of dilatation but were successfully managed by a technique of dilatation
      using Tucker bougies without general anesthesia.

PMID- 1812257
TI  - False diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in a fetus with congenital chloride
      diarrhea.
AB  - Intestinal obstruction is often diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound, providing an
      opportunity for prenatal counseling, genetic investigation, and planned delivery
      at a perinatal center. We describe a patient with typical features of fetal bowel
      obstruction, who was found at birth to have congenital chloride diarrhea. A 25
      year-old white woman had marked polyhydramnios; multiple dilated, fluid-filled
      loops of intestine were seen in the fetal abdomen on prenatal ultrasound.
      However, postnatally, there was no evidence of bowel obstruction. The infant girl
      passed large amounts of watery stools, but tolerated feeds well. A rectal biopsy
      showed normal ganglion cells. On the fourth day of life her serum sodium and
      chloride were markedly decreased, and stool chloride levels were diagnostic of
      congenital chloride diarrhea. She was placed on sodium chloride and potassium
      chloride supplements, and her serum electrolytes normalized. Congenital chloride
      diarrhea is a rare, inherited condition caused by an abnormality of intestinal
      electrolyte transport. This case illustrates that it may present prenatally with
      a picture similar to that seen with intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 1812259
TI  - Meckel's diverticulum in children: a 20-year review.
AB  - Meckel's diverticulum occurs in 2% of the population and may present at any age.
      Its management, when found incidentally at laparotomy, remains controversial,
      particularly in the pediatric population. From 1970 to 1989, a Meckel's
      diverticulum was discovered in 164 children at laparotomy. There were 120 boys
      and 44 girls with a mean age of 5.2 years (range, 0 to 18 years). Forty-seven
      cases were asymptomatic, representing an incidental finding at laparotomy, 25
      were resected, and ectopic gastric mucosa was present in 7 specimens (28%). Three
      postoperative deaths (6%) that were not related to the resection and 2
      complications (4%) (postoperative leak and wound infection) occurred in this
      group. Of the 117 symptomatic patients, 49 (42%) presented with bowel
      obstruction, 45 (38%) had rectal bleeding, 16 (14%) had diverticulitis, and 7
      (6%) had umbilical pathology. Volvulus (20) and intussusception (19) were the
      most common causes of obstruction. Predisposing factors for bowel obstruction
      were fibrous bands to umbilicus or mesentery (37%) and ectopic mucosa (35%).
      Severe painless rectal bleeding occurred in 45 patients, 30 of whom (67%)
      required blood transfusion. A nuclear medicine Meckel scan was positive in 32 of
      37 patients (85%). Contrast studies were not diagnostic; colonoscopy and
      gastroscopy ruled out other causes of bleeding. Patients with diverticulitis (16)
      presented with acute abdominal pain compatible with appendicitis. In the
      symptomatic group, ectopic mucosa was present in 61% of the resected specimens.
      Gastric (88%), pancreatic (7%), and gastric with pancreatic (3%) were the most
      common ectopic tissue. Postoperative morbidity and mortality for symptomatic
      patients was 8.5% and 0%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812260
TI  - Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the gallbladder: a cause of chronic abdominal pain
      in a child.
AB  - A 12-year-old boy presented with a 7-year history of intermittent colicky
      epigastric pain. Serial abdominal ultrasound studies showed a contracted
      gallbladder, and single and double dose oral cholecystograms demonstrated
      nonfunction. All other investigation results were normal. At cholecystectomy,
      there was a fibrotic stricture at the junction of the gallbladder neck and cystic
      duct. The small, thin-walled gallbladder contained white bile. Histologically,
      the gallbladder was lined with normal mucous secreting columnar epithelium. The
      area of stricture showed diffuse fibrosis with islands of heterotopic gastric
      mucosa containing all gastric mucosal cell types. One year postoperatively, there
      have been no further episodes of abdominal pain. This is the seventh reported
      case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the gallbladder of a child causing symptoms
      necessitating cholecystectomy. We recommend that a child with abdominal pain and
      a nonfunctioning gallbladder be considered for cholecystectomy even in the
      absence of cholelithiasis.

PMID- 1812261
TI  - Laryngotracheal separation and diversion for complicated esophageal atresia with
      intractable salivary aspiration.
AB  - Chronic salivary aspiration results in progressive pulmonary deterioration.
      Laryngotracheal separation and diversion were performed to prevent salivary
      aspiration in a patient following complex repair for esophageal atresia with
      distal tracheoesophageal fistula. This highly effective and potentially
      reversible procedure should be considered for treatment of chronic salivary
      aspiration in selected patients.

PMID- 1812262
TI  - The absence of clinically significant tracheomalacia in patients having
      esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula.
AB  - The association of tracheomalacia (TM) with esophageal atresia (EA) has been well
      described. This study attempted to find a correlation between the severity of TM
      and the presence or absence of an associated tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in
      patients with EA. A review of all patients presenting at this institution with EA
      through the years 1970 to 1990 was carried out. Six patients with EA without
      fistula (type A) and 61 patients having EA with fistula (types B, C, D, and E)
      were analyzed. Five of the six type A patients required esophageal dilatations
      and antireflux procedures; none had clinically significant TM. Thirty-five of the
      61 patients with fistula required esophageal dilatation, and 8 had an antireflux
      procedure; 11 (18%) required either long-tube tracheostomy or aortopexy for TM.
      This small study supports a recent hypothesis of different embryological events
      resulting in different types of esophageal and tracheal anomalies. When EA occurs
      without fistula, it appears that no significant alteration in tracheal
      development occurs.

PMID- 1812263
TI  - Mesenteric cysts in children.
AB  - Mesenteric cysts are rare intraabdominal lesions of childhood that may vary in
      presentation from an asymptomatic mass to an acute abdomen. From 1970 to 1990, 15
      children were diagnosed and treated for mesenteric cysts at Ste Justine Hospital
      in Montreal. The ages ranged from birth to 18 years (average age, 6 years). There
      were 9 boys and 6 girls. Ten patients required emergency surgery and five
      underwent elective surgery. The main presenting symptom was abdominal pain. Ten
      patients had preoperative ultrasounds that were diagnostic for a cystic mass in
      all patients. The second most frequent preoperative diagnosis was appendicitis.
      The cysts were located in the small bowel mesentery in 5 cases, the base of the
      mesentery with retroperitoneal extension in 4 cases, the transverse mesocolon in
      4 cases, and the gastrocolic ligament in 2 cases. Operative procedures performed
      included complete cyst excision (9 patients), complete excision with intestinal
      resection (5 patients), and drainage of the cyst (1 patient). The only recurrence
      in this series occurred after drainage. One other patient had recurrence of a
      mesenteric cyst following resection performed elsewhere. Mesenteric cysts are
      rare in children, are usually symptomatic, and are most commonly misdiagnosed as
      acute appendicitis. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is possible with current
      ultrasonographic imaging techniques. Complete cyst resection is the procedure of
      choice and results in an excellent outcome.

PMID- 1812264
TI  - Pediatric abdominal lymphangiomas: a plea for early recognition.
AB  - Abdominal lymphangiomas are usually classified together with mesenteric cysts.
      However, they differ by location, histology, and potential for recurrence, and
      should be considered a separate clinical entity. Thirteen children, aged 2 weeks
      to 11 years (mean, 5.8 years), with abdominal lymphangiomas were identified over
      the past 16 years at this institution. Of these, 12 were symptomatic. Abdominal
      pain (11), vomiting (8), increased abdominal girth (8), and nausea (6)
      predominated. Other presentations were less frequent. Symptoms were present for
      an average of 2 months (7 less than 1 week) before correct diagnosis. An
      abdominal mass was palpable in 10 cases. Intestinal gangrene secondary to
      volvulus was present in 2. Although multiple imaging modalities were used
      ultrasonography (8/8) and computed tomography (CT; 4/4) proved most expedient and
      reliable. In 2 cases, the lymphangioma could not be completely resected. There
      was 1 recurrence. Although intraabdominal cystic lesions are described in the
      literature as relatively symptom-free, our experience suggests otherwise. In this
      series, abdominal pain and an abdominal mass were common. Catastrophic
      complications can occur and excision is facilitated by earlier diagnosis and the
      benefit of smaller size. Ultrasound and CT can accurately diagnose the lesion and
      should be used liberally in children with intermittent or ill-defined abdominal
      pain, leading to prompt recognition and definitive treatment.

PMID- 1812265
TI  - Tracheobronchial injuries in children.
AB  - Five patients with tracheobronchial injuries secondary to blunt thoracic trauma
      were reviewed over a 9-year period. Bronchial disruption occurred in four cases
      and tracheal disruption in one. Of the four patients with bronchial disruption, a
      major airway injury was suspected early because of a large air leak or persistent
      pulmonary atelectasis. However, definitive diagnosis by bronchoscopy was delayed
      from 4 to 16 days due to initial response to conservative management. Bronchial
      repair was achieved in every case: additional lobectomy was required in only one
      instance. Postoperative bronchial stenosis occurred in one patient and responded
      well to dilatation. The child with a blowout perforation of the trachea was
      diagnosed early by bronchoscopy and was successfully managed without surgery.
      Tracheobronchial injury is one of the most severe injuries caused by blunt trauma
      and requires a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and surgery. Bronchial
      repair is successful in most instances.

PMID- 1812266
TI  - Rupture of the thoracic trachea following blunt trauma: diagnosis by CAT scan.
AB  - A case of isolated rupture of the thoracic trachea due to blunt trauma in a 4
      year-old child is presented. The rarity of this injury and its initial
      presentation as massive subcutaneous emphysema and bilateral pneumothoraces
      warrant its description. This child was diagnosed as having a tracheal injury by
      computed tomography scan. The diagnosis was confirmed at bronchoscopy and was
      successfully treated by thoracotomy and primary closure of a 3-cm rent in the
      membranous portion of the trachea. There was difficulty with intraoperative
      ventilation due to the large air leak through the tracheal tear. This was
      controlled by intermittent tamponade of the defect with sequential closure.
      Postoperatively, the child did well and was discharged on the sixth postoperative
      day. Rigid bronchoscopy done 2 months later showed no abnormality. This case
      demonstrates that computed tomography is helpful in the diagnosis of tracheal
      injuries. The treatment may require early operative intervention and closure of
      the defect.

PMID- 1812267
TI  - The muscle-sparing thoracotomy in infants and children.
AB  - Deformities of the chest wall, breast, shoulder girdle, and spine are well
      documented sequelae of major thoracotomies that transect muscles, divide major
      motor nerves, resect ribs, or cause them to fuse. These deformities are probably
      aggravated by the growth process. This is why we make a plea for the routine use,
      in infants and children, of a muscle-sparing thoracotomy that will minimize these
      sequelae without sacrificing exposure. Major (lateral) thoracotomy by this
      technique involves these steps: (1) creating a transverse incision below the tip
      of the scapula, or a vertical axillary incision; (2) elevating the skin flaps to
      expose the muscles; (3) retracting the latissimus dorsi posteriorly; (4)
      retracting the serratus anterior and scapula superiorly; (5) disinserting the
      lower origins of the serratus if required only; (6) opening the desired
      intercostal space; (7) reapproximating the ribs without crowding, using a
      pericostal suture that is passed along the inferior rib subperiosteally, to avoid
      any compression on the neurovascular bundle; and (8) allowing the muscles to fall
      back into place, reattaching the serratus insertions as indicated. Lessened
      postoperative pain and improved respiratory function are additional benefits.

PMID- 1812268
TI  - Benign liver tumors in children: a 25-year experience.
AB  - The most common benign liver tumors are hemangiomas and hamartomas, both of
      mesenchymal origin. Mortality for patients with these tumors has traditionally
      been substantial despite benign histology. Between 1965 and 1989, 22 patients
      were treated for a benign liver tumor. This represents 42% of all primary
      neoplasms of the liver observed during this period. Incidental findings of liver
      tumors at autopsy were excluded from this series. There were 9 boys and 13 girls
      with a mean age at presentation of 2.3 years (range, birth to 14 years). Sixteen
      had hemangiomas and presented earlier in life (mean age, 4.4 months). In this
      subgroup, high-output cardiac failure was present in 58% of the newborns. Seven
      hemangiomas were resected, four were observed, three were treated with digitalis,
      diuretics, and steroids, and one received epsilon-aminocaproic acid.
      Nonhemangiomatous tumors included four hamartomas, one focal nodular hyperplasia,
      and one nodular transformation. All six were resected. There was one death early
      in the series. At a mean follow-up of 38 months, 21 of the 22 patients are cured
      or asymptomatic. In the past, mortality rates of close to 90% have prompted many
      investigators to advocate resection of every symptomatic hemangioma. With the
      availability of more sophisticated imaging techniques and refinements in the
      treatment of cardiac failure, surgery can be used more selectively. Hepatic
      resections, once considered heroic, can now be performed with minimal morbidity
      and virtually no mortality. The 96% survival in this series of benign liver
      tumors contrasts with high mortality rates reported in the literature and
      illustrates the spectacular improvements that have been made in the diagnosis and
      management of these once ill-reputed tumors.

PMID- 1812269
TI  - Familial biliary atresia in three siblings including twins.
AB  - We report a North American Indian family of five children in which dizygotic twin
      sisters and a third sibling had biliary atresia. This is in contrast to many
      reports of discordant biliary atresia in twins. Added to 29 previously documented
      cases of familial biliary atresia, these three cases support the theory that both
      genetic and acquired factors play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 1812270
TI  - Sirenomelia in an identical twin: a case report.
AB  - Sirenomelia, or the mermaid syndrome, is the most extreme example of the caudal
      regression syndrome. It invariably presents with lower limb fusion, sacral and
      pelvic bony anomalies, absent external genitalia, anal imperforation, and renal
      agenesis or dysgenesis. Because of the resultant oligohydramnios, these infants
      most often have Potter's facies and pulmonary hypoplasia. There are approximately
      300 cases reported in the literature, 15% of which are associated with twinning,
      most often monozygotic. The syndrome of caudal regression is thought to be the
      result of injury to the caudal mesoderm early in gestation. It has been suggested
      that the association of the most extreme form of caudal regression, sirenomelia,
      with monozygotic twinning may represent developmental arrest of the primitive
      streak, with creation of a second primitive streak that gives rise to the usually
      normal twin. The embryology of the various presentations of the caudal regression
      syndrome may be further delineated by studying infants with this dramatic and
      fatal syndrome.

PMID- 1812271
TI  - Congenital pyloric atresia and junctional epidermolysis bullosa: a report of long
      term survival and a review of the literature.
AB  - The coexistence of congenital pyloric atresia (PA) and epidermolysis bullosa (EB)
      in newborns is a rare but distinct association. Mortality is high. In particular,
      a universally fatal outcome has been reported in neonates born with the
      junctional type of EB and PA. This has led some investigators to advocate that
      surgical correction of PA be withheld to obviate needless suffering. We treated
      five patients, including one set of siblings. Maternal hydramnios and nonbilious
      vomiting were constant features. Delayed passage of meconium was found in four.
      Plain x-rays demonstrated gastric dilatation in an otherwise gasless abdomen.
      Blistering skin lesions were noted at birth in four and developed soon after in
      the last patient. All lesions were determined to be junctional EB based on
      electronmicroscopy. The clinical course for these children has been far better
      than the literature predicts. Successful repair of PA was performed after
      appropriate stabilization. One infant died at 4 months of age of staphyloccal
      septicemia, malnutrition, and sepsis from chronic urinary tract obstruction.
      Another child, born with dysmorphic features to consanguineous parents, is 9
      years old and has a seizure disorder. The remaining three are alive and well at
      17 months, and 9 and 16 years. The oldest two are siblings. In all four surviving
      patients, the blistering nonscarring lesions were found to significantly improve
      in severity, duration, and occurrence with age. Presently, these lesions are mild
      and require little therapy. Their nails, initially normal at birth, have become
      discoloured, thickened, and dystrophic. The management of pitted, carious, and
      yellow teeth is currently the major problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812272
TI  - Life-threatening fluid extravasation of central venous catheters.
AB  - The majority of life-threatening injuries secondary to the placement of central
      venous catheters, such as bleeding and pneumothorax, occur at the time of initial
      insertion. When a catheter extravasates in the neck, edema of the neck wall or
      chest is usually seen, and the pump indicates occlusion. We present four cases in
      which an uneventful, successful placement of four central lines (three superior
      vena cava, one inferior vena cava) were followed at greater than 48 hours by
      either hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum, which resulted in either cardiorespiratory
      collapse or intraabdominal sepsis. In reviewing these cases, all showed both a
      change in catheter location on a subsequent x-ray and poor or no blood return on
      aspiration; paradoxically, the infusion pump in each case did not sense a
      catheter malposition or occlusion. We conclude that, although the success of
      central line placement may be documented on insertion, a continual reappraisal of
      both the function and location of the line is necessary.

PMID- 1812273
TI  - Drug interaction between cyproheptadine and tipepidine. Effect of single and
      repeated administrations.
AB  - In order to elucidate the interaction between cyproheptadine (CPH) and tipepidine
      (TP), the disposition of CPH and its metabolites from plasma and the hepatic drug
      metabolizing enzyme activities in rats dosed singly or repeatedly were
      investigated. The elimination of CPH and its metabolites, desmethylCPH (DMCPH)
      and DMCPH-epoxide (DMCPHEPO), from plasma after a single intravenous (i.v.)
      administration of both CPH and TP was not significantly altered compared with
      that after CPH alone, although the i.v. administration of DMCPH and TP enhanced
      the plasma levels of DMCPHEPO. The elimination of TP from plasma was not affected
      by the coadministration with CPH. The single oral administration of both CPH and
      TP (50 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the plasma levels of CPH and DMCPH compared
      with those after CPH alone, consequently resulting in their delayed elimination.
      However, the coadministration with TP at a low dose (5 mg/kg) hardly affected the
      plasma decay of CPH and its metabolites. The repeated dosing of them for 7 d
      obscured the interactive effect. The hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities,
      cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine demethylase activity, were greatly increased
      after the repeated administration of CPH, especially showing much more increased
      activities after the coadministration with TP. These results suggest that the
      competition of hepatic oxidative metabolism between CPH or its metabolites and TP
      based on the depletion of the enzymes might largely be involved in the drug
      interaction on a single dosing of them and that the repeated dosing of them would
      dissolve the depletion due to their strongly inductive effect.

PMID- 1812274
TI  - Pharmacology of a phosphorus-containing novel angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor, SQ 29 852 in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of (S)-1[6-amino-2[[hydrozy(4- phenylbutyl)phosphinyl]oxy]-1
      oxohexyl]-L-proline (SQ 29 852), a phosphorus-containing novel angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), which is synthesized aiming an ACEI with long
      lasting activity and with few side effects, were studied using anesthetized dogs.
      SQ 29 852 was equipotent with captopril to modify blood pressure response of the
      animals to angiotensin I (Ang I) and bradykinin (Bdk). An intravenous infusion of
      SQ 29 852 at 0.1 mg/kg/min for 30 min caused a remarkable hypotension without
      reflex tachycardia in open-chest dogs. In these animals cardiac contractility
      (dP/dtmax of left ventricular pressure) appeared to be reduced by SQ 29 852
      without any changes in right atrial pressure (RAP), left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and aortic blood flow (AoF, cardiac output). In sodium
      restricted dogs, the hypotension and renal vasodilation by SQ 29 852 (at 0.01,
      0.1, and 1 mg/kg, i.v.) were slightly pronounced compared with animals fed with
      normal diet. It is demonstrated from these results that SQ 29 852 has comparable
      potency with captopril to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity
      and as common a pharmacological profile as ACEI. SQ 29 852 may be a favorable
      antihypertensive agent, if its long-lasting activity and few side effects are
      confirmed.

PMID- 1812275
TI  - Effects of l-menthol and dl-camphor on the penetration and hydrolysis of methyl
      salicylate in hairless mouse skin.
AB  - Plasters containing methyl salicylate with and without l-menthol and dl-camphor
      were prepared and topically applied on hairless mouse skin to investigate the
      effects of l-menthol and dl-camphor on the skin penetration and hydrolysis of
      methyl salicylate in the skin. The in vitro hydrolysis of methyl salicylate was
      also investigated using the skin homogenate. It was found that l-menthol with dl
      camphor enhanced the skin penetration of methyl salicylate, and they inhibited
      both the in vivo and in vitro hydrolysis of methyl salicylate to salicylic acid.

PMID- 1812276
TI  - Glycine conjugation of the substituted benzoic acids in mice: structure
      metabolism relationship study II.
AB  - Glycine conjugation of a series of substituted benzoic acids was investigated in
      the mouse liver and kidney mitochondria. Correlations between the structure of 24
      substituted benzoic acids and glycine conjugation were obtained. The extent of
      glycine conjugation of a series of substituted benzoic acids in liver
      mitochondria was different from that in kidney mitochondria. Glycine conjugation
      increased with greater lipid solubility in the mouse liver and kidney. The steric
      effect of the substituent had a far greater influence over the glycine
      conjugation in kidney, while the size of the substituent played a small role in
      the pattern of conjugation in liver. The formation of the glycine conjugate in
      liver was also dependent on the substituent electronegativity.

PMID- 1812277
TI  - Effects of KF-14363 on liver fibrosis in rats with chronic liver injury induced
      by carbon tetrachloride.
AB  - The present study examined the effects of (1-[(2-thiazolin-2-yl)amino]-acetyl-4
      (1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-2,3, 4,5- tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-3,5-dione
      hydrochloride (KF-14363) on liver fibrosis in rats with chronic liver injury
      induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver injury in male rats was induced by
      repeated administration of CCl4 at 0.5 ml/kg twice a week. The progression of
      liver fibrosis was checked in the 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th weeks using the relative
      amount of hepatic 4-hydroxy proline (4-hyp) to total proteine as an index of
      hepatic collagen. The relative amount of hepatic 4-hyp in these rats exceeded
      significantly that in rats not administered CCl4 by the 4th week. This progressed
      in proportion to the duration of CCl4 administration. In groups concurrently
      administered KF-14363 at 30 and 100 mg/kg/d from the 5th or 8th week of the CCl4
      administration, the relative amount of hepatic 4-hyp was found to be lower in the
      10th week than at the start of the KF-14363 administration. The inhibition of
      liver fibrosis was also observed histopathologically. The concurrently co
      administration with CCl4 or KF-14363 at 30 and 100 mg/kg for 2 or 5 weeks
      inhibited the increases in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase induced
      by CCl4. The results show that KF-14363 inhibits liver fibrosis in a dose
      dependent fashion in rats with progressive liver injury.

PMID- 1812278
TI  - [Protective effects of the fractions extracted from the callus of Acer nikoense
      Maxim. on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury].
AB  - The decoctions extracted from the bark and leaf of Acer nikoense Maxim. (AN) have
      been used as a folk medicine for eye-wash and hepatic disease. As previously
      reported, the methanol extract from the bark of AN and the fractions of the
      methanol extract have protective effects for liver injury induced by carbon
      tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. In this study, protective effects of the fractions
      extracted from the callus of AN were investigated on CCl4-induced liver injury in
      rat. The active principles for the protection of CCl4-induced liver injury were
      recognized in a fraction (EF 3-3) obtained by using silica gel chromatography
      (solvent: CHCl3-MeOH-H2O). The components were further fractionated by silica gel
      chromatography followed by gel filtration (solvent: CHCl3-MeOH). In addition, the
      mechanism of the protective action against liver injury induced by CCl4 was also
      examined. The fractions with protective effects in vivo showed the inhibitory
      effects on CCl4-dependent lipid peroxidation in microsomal fraction in vitro.

PMID- 1812279
TI  - [Improvement of stability and bioavailability of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil
      (HCFU) by O-carboxymethyl-O-ethyl-beta- cyclodextrin].
AB  - The possible utility of O-carboxymethyl-O-ethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CME-beta-CyD)
      as a novel drug carrier was studied in vitro and in vivo, by using 1
      hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) as a model drug. The chemical instability of
      HCFU in solution and solid state was improved by CME-beta-CyD complexation. The
      in vitro release of HCFU from the CME-beta-CyD complex was decelerated in acidic
      solution, while accelerated at neutral pH regions, showing a typical delayed
      release pattern. This pattern was clearly reflected in the blood levels after the
      oral administration of the complex to dogs, increasing the bioavailability. The
      present results suggested that CME-beta-CyD is useful as a delayed-release-type
      carrier for the oral administration of chemically labile HCFU.

PMID- 1812281
TI  - [The relationship between dividing properties of scored tablets and dynamic
      characteristics of powder].
AB  - The relationship between dividing properties of the scored tablet and dynamic
      characteristics of the powder was investigated for proving the effects of
      physical characteristics of the powder on dividing properties of the scored
      tablet. Lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, synthetic aluminum
      silicate and Perfiller were used as excipients. The dynamic characteristics of
      the powder, such as tensile strength (T), cohesive force (C), angle of friction
      (delta), flow factor (FF), shear index (n), C/T(K) and constants of Kawakita's
      equation of tapping compaction (a, 1/b) were measured. No correlations between
      coefficient of variation of divided tablet weight and each dynamic
      characteristics of the powder were found. However, from the result of the
      multiple regression analysis, multiple regression equation containing C and a as
      variables was obtained. Then a significant correlation was obtained between
      coefficient of variation of divided tablet weight and C/a, and also between
      logarithms of dividing strength of scored tablets and C/a. As a result,
      coefficient of variation of divided tablet weight decreased and dividing strength
      of scored tablets increased with decreasing C/a value.

PMID- 1812280
TI  - [Effects of ascorbic acid on the free radical formations of isoniazid and its
      metabolites].
AB  - By the use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and of spin-trapping
      technique, the effects of ascorbic acid on the formation of the free radical
      intermediates due to isoniazid (INAH) and its metabolites were investigated with
      a microsomal system. When alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert butylnitrone (4-POBN)
      was used as a spin trapping agent, the ESR signal due to hydrazine (Hy) was
      formed to be most intensive among others. Therefore, it was presumed that Hy is a
      potent intermediate to cause an INAH-induced hepatic injury. In the presence of
      ascorbic acid (AA), the free radical formation of Hy, INAH and acetyl hydrazine
      was significantly inhibited, suggesting that AA may affect the INAH-hepatitis. By
      the addition of inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 like metyrapone and CO, the
      generation of the radical from Hy decreased, confirming that the radical is
      formed by the cytochrome P-450 dependent microsome systems. The 4-POBN-trapped
      radical species generated from Hy was presumed to be the hydrazyl radical by the
      results of mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1812282
TI  - [Isotopic fractionation of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine from their
      deuterated analogues and application for isotope dilution analysis by capillary
      gas chromatography].
AB  - Quantitative analyses of iproniazid (IPN) and deuterated analogue (IPN-d6) and of
      isopropylhydrazine (IP-Hy) and deuterated analogue (IP-Hy-d6) after conversion to
      pyrazole derivatives (IDP) were carried out by gas chromatography. The complete
      separation of protio- from deutero-forms of IPN and IDP was achieved by using a
      fused-silica CBP1 capillary column (50 m). The resolution coefficients between
      two isotopic molecules were 1.10 for IPN and 1.62 for IDP, respectively. The
      present isotopic fractionation procedure was applied to the isotope dilution
      analyses of IPN and IP-Hy. By the measurement of the samples prepared by the
      addition of known amounts of IPN and IPN-d6 to the control plasma and urine of
      rat, a linear relationship between peak height ratio and added amount ratio was
      observed. The correlation coefficients obtained by regression analysis were
      0.9990 for the plasma and 0.9999 for the urine, respectively. In the case of IP
      Hy, a linear relationship was also observed, and the correlation coefficients
      were 0.9998 for the plasma and 0.9997 for the urine, respectively. The present
      method was compared with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in
      urinary samples from rats treated with IPN. The results of these parallel
      determinations were comparable.

PMID- 1812283
TI  - [Determination of gomisin A (TJN-101) and its metabolite in rat serum by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry].
AB  - Gomisin A (TJN-101) is one of the lignan components isolated from Schisandra
      Fruits. A high sensitive and precise method for the determination of TJN-101 and
      its major metabolite (Met. B) in the rat serum was developed by selected ion
      monitoring (SIM) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a fused
      silica capillary column (SPB-1, Supelco). A 100 microliter serum sample was used
      for the solid phase extraction. The calibration curves of TJN-101 and Met.B both
      showed a good linearity between 2.0 and 2000.0 ng/ml. The analytical precision
      (intra-assay, C.V. less than 4.7%), recoveries (98.4 +/- 10.1%), and detection
      limit (2 ng/ml) of TJN-101 indicated that this system was suited for the
      determination of TJN-101 in biological fluid. In case of Met.B, the same results
      as TJN-101, were obtained. After oral administration of TJN-101 at a dose of 10
      mg/kg to male rats, the average values of the maximal serum concentration of TJN
      101 and Met.B were 1446.1 +/- 131.8 and 317.4 +/- 18.5 ng/ml, respectively. The
      serum concentrations of these substances could be monitored sufficiently for 8 h
      after dosing.

PMID- 1812284
TI  - [Syntheses and antifungal activities of 1-[4-phenyl-2-(phenylthio or acyloxy)-n
      butyl]-1H-imidazole derivatives].
AB  - The title compounds (4b, d-f, h-j) were prepared from 1-[4-(p-substituted phenyl)
      2-chloro-n-butyl]-1H-imidazoles and the corresponding thiophenols or
      mercaptopyridines. Acyloxy compounds (5a-e) were prepared from alcohol (2b) and
      the corresponding acyl chlorides. In the antifungal activity test, p-tolyl
      compounds (4e, f) showed as good activity as butoconazole (4c).

PMID- 1812285
TI  - Bradykinin-induced Ca(2+)-influx into cultured aortic endothelial cells is not
      regulated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate.
AB  - Since inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-IP3) and inositol 1,3,4,5
      tetrakisphosphate (1,3,4,5-IP4) have been described to modulate Ca(2+)-channels,
      we investigated the possible participation of 1,4,5-IP3 and/or 1,3,4,5-IP4 in the
      bradykinin-induced Ca(2+)-influx into cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells.
      In our experiments bradykinin induced a quick release of Ca2+ from intracellular
      stores and a longlasting Ca(2+)-influx, which remained constant for at least 15
      minutes. In contrast to its effect on [Ca2+]i, bradykinin only transiently
      elevated 1,4,5-IP3 and 1,3,4,5-IP4 levels. Ten minutes after addition of
      bradykinin, both 1,4,5-IP3 and 1,3,4,5-IP4 levels returned to basal values,
      whereas Ca(2+)-influx was still unaltered. Furthermore, preincubation of
      endothelial cell with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) abolished the
      stimulatory effect of bradykinin on the formation of 1,4,5-IP3 and 1,3,4,5-IP4,
      but did not affect the longlasting Ca(2+)-influx. These data provide evidence
      that in endothelial cells inositolphosphates are not involved in the regulation
      of bradykinin-induced longlasting Ca(2+)-influx.

PMID- 1812286
TI  - Tyrosine kinase activities in normal and neoplastic epithelia tissue of the human
      upper aero-digestive tract.
AB  - Tyrosine kinase activity was studied in the crude cytosolic and particulate
      fraction of normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aero
      digestive tract. In the presence of exogenously added phosphorylation substrate
      (Glu,Tyr4:1), the cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity was 6-fold higher in tumors
      compared to normal mucosa (p = 0.001), and in the particulate fraction the
      increase was 8-fold in tumors compared to normal mucosa. Different proposed
      tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including genistein, quercetin and the alpha
      cyanocinnamide ST 638, were tested for their ability to inhibit phosphorylation
      of the synthetic tyrosine phosphorylation substrate. Phosphorylation of
      Glu,Tyr4:1 in tumors (cytosolic fraction) was reduced to 77.8 +/- 8.7% of the
      control value by 10 microM ST 638 (p less than 0.05), and to 50.7 +/- 10.4% by
      100 microM quercetin (p less than 0.01). In normal mucosa (cytosolic fraction)
      the corresponding values were 41.7 +/- 16.6% in the presence of 10 microM ST 638
      (p less than 0.05) and 32.1 +/- 5.8% in the presence of 100 microM quercetin (p
      less than 0.05). These inhibitors had no effect on the tyrosine kinase activity
      in the particulate fractions. Phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in the crude
      cytosolic fraction was evaluated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after
      alkali treatment of the gels. Autoradiography of the gels treated in this manner
      revealed bands corresponding to phosphorylated proteins with apparent molecular
      weight of 18, 23, 37-38, 42-44 (double band), 53-55 (double band), 61 and 92-94
      (double band) kD. Quercetin (100 microM) markedly reduced the phosphorylation of
      these proteins, while no effect of ST 638 could be seen. Heparin (20
      micrograms/ml) stimulated the phosphorylation of three proteins with apparent
      molecular weight of 39 and about 72 kD, respectively, and inhibited the
      phosphorylation of 2 proteins with molecular weight of 92 and 53 kD in tumors.
      These features were observed in both tumors and normal tissue, with the exception
      that heparin only stimulated the 72 kD band in normal mucosa and that the
      phosphorylation was markedly higher in tumors. In summary, our results show an
      increased tyrosine phosphorylation in squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aero
      digestive tract compared to normal oral mucosa. These differences and their
      origin might be of vital importance in the regulation of events leading to
      malignant transformation.

PMID- 1812287
TI  - Fibrous capsule surrounding silicone encircling band and Gore-Tex surgical
      membrane.
AB  - Since the anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band(ACTSEB) is not a
      simple procedure, an extended polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE)-silicone tube
      (anterior chamber tube shunt to a surgical membrane; ACTSSM) was attempted as a
      new glaucoma drainage implant. To see whether the newly-modified, two-fold e-PTFE
      silicone tube implant could prevent early hypotony and to compare the tissue
      response to each implant, ACTSEB and ACTSSM procedures were done in normal
      colored rabbit eyes. It was found the ACTSSM kept the depth of the postoperative
      anterior chamber normal. And in general, foreign body responses were light
      microscopically similar. The fibrous capsule lining the e-PTFE was composed of
      thicker, less dense fibroblasts, as well as less collagen than that lining the
      silicone encircling band. These findings seemed to be related to the difference
      in the pressure-lowering capacity between ACTSEB and ACTSSM.

PMID- 1812288
TI  - Effect of gamma-interferon on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis
      after glaucoma filtering surgery in white rabbits.
AB  - Failure of a glaucoma filtering operation mainly results from scarring at the
      filtering wound, and postoperative proliferation and migration of fibroblasts
      play an important role histologically in the formation of scar tissue. As an
      inhibitory agent for fibroblast proliferation, gamma-interferon has been
      introduced, and the application of gamma-interferon following filtering surgery
      is now being made on a trial basis. We studied the effect of gamma-interferon
      histologically on the fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis occurring
      at the filtering site by comparing the effect of gamma-interferon on the
      experimental group with that of 5-fluorouracil on the control group, using 10
      rabbits (20 eyes) after posterior lip sclerectomy. Both groups showed similar
      flat and diffused bleb grossly and also showed a similar inhibitory effect on
      fibroblast proliferation and collagen fiber synthesis histologically. Our
      findings seem to justify the clinical use of gamma-interferon. Further studies on
      adequate dosage, method of administration, and local and systemic complications
      would be desired.

PMID- 1812290
TI  - A tectonic keratoprosthesis using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene as a
      supporting skirt in humans.
AB  - A tectonic keratoplasty was performed with a keratoprosthesis using expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene as a supporting skirt, on the left eye of a 23-year-old
      woman who needed an emergency corneal transplantation due to corneal perforation.
      The keratoprosthesis implanted, consisted of a supporting skirt which was made of
      expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and an optic portion which was made of
      polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The optic portion and the supporting skirt were
      attached by cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (Histoacryl). Two months post
      operatively, the keratoprosthesis was extruded, leaving an opacified,
      vascularized cornea. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed 1 month later. The
      excised cornea was composed of granulation tissue. To our knowledge, this is the
      first case of tectonic keratoprosthesis using expanded PTFE as a supporting skirt
      in humans.

PMID- 1812289
TI  - Cellular components of proliferative vitreoretinal membranes.
AB  - To understand the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinal membrane formation
      which occurs in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy (PDR), etc., accurate identification of the cellular components of
      the membrane is needed. This study was performed to identify cellular components
      of the membranes by means of immunohistochemical technique. 11 proliferative
      vitreoretinal membranes which were surgically obtained from 7 eyes with PVR and 4
      eyes with PDR were stained with monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin, glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or vimentin using immunoperoxidase technique
      (ABC method). In the PVR membranes, mean cell positivities for cytokeratin, GFAP
      and vimentin were 48%, 1% and 92%, respectively and in the PDR membranes, 0%, 5%
      and 93%, respectively. The above results suggest that retinal pigment epithelial
      cells and fibroblasts are major cellular components of PVR membranes, and that
      mesenchymal cells are major cellular components and glial cells are minor
      cellular components of PDR membranes.

PMID- 1812291
TI  - Hemangiopericytoma of the lacrimal sac.
AB  - Hemangiopericytomas are soft tissue tumors composed of pericapillary pericytes.
      These tumors are rare in the lacrimal sac. To the author's knowledge, only four
      previous cases of these tumors occurring in the lacrimal sac have been reported.
      A primary hemangiopericytoma of the lacrimal sac in a 34-year-old female is
      reported. Total excision with the surrounding tissue appears to be the treatment
      of choice for this tumor.

PMID- 1812292
TI  - Plasmacytoma presented as a lid mass--a case report.
AB  - A solitary lid mass was identified as a primary solitary plasmacytoma. A 71 year
      old male presented with a left upper lid mass. The mass was found to be firmly
      intermingled with the underlying tarsal plate. A total excision was successfully
      performed and the lid margin was reconstructed with a good cosmetic result. There
      were no positive findings in the systemic work-up. The light microscopic findings
      suggest that the mass is of tarsal plate origin. It is the first case of
      plasmacytoma of tarsal plate origin presented as a lid mass.

PMID- 1812293
TI  - Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Karachi, Pakistan.
AB  - An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia
      infections in adult females by enzyme immunoassay and microscopic examination of
      Giemsa-stained smears. Endocervical swabs were collected from 126 females
      attending OB/GYN ward at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi. 13.5% of 126 females
      tested were positive by enzyme immunoassay and only 5.6% were positive by the
      Giemsa-staining method. The infection rate among pregnant and nonpregnant women
      with urinogenital problems were 11.8% and 14.7%, respectively. The majority of
      females complained of excessive cervical discharge and pain in the lower abdomen.
      A high prevalence of infection in normal pregnant women (18.2%) indicates the
      asymptomatic nature of this infection.

PMID- 1812294
TI  - Hepatoprotective effects of 1-[(2-thiazolin-2-yl)-amino]acetyl-4-(1,3-dithiol-2
      ylidene)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-3,5-dione hydrochloride (KF-14363)
      in various experimental liver injuries.
AB  - Hepatoprotective effects of KF-14363 were investigated in the following
      experimental models. KF-14363 inhibited the increase in serum glutamate pyruvate
      transaminase (GPT) dose-dependently, and a significant inhibition was noted at a
      dose of 30 mg/kg or more. KF-14363 significantly inhibited the D-galactosamine (D
      gal)-induced increase in serum transaminase by oral administration at 250 mg/kg x
      1 and 250 mg/kg x 2 doses. The D-gal-induced decrease in total protein levels was
      inhibited at doses of 100 mg/kg x 2 and 250 mg/kg x 2. KF-14363 (100 mg/kg or
      more) significantly inhibited the increase in liver triglyceride levels induced
      by DL-ethionine (250 mg/kg x 3). KF-14363 (300 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the
      D-gal plus lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in GPT. At 100 mg/kg or less,
      however, an inhibiting tendency was noted, which was not significant as the
      values varied widely. KF-14363 (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited
      Propionibacterium acnes plus lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality at 7 and 8 hr,
      and it showed an inhibitory tendency at 24 hr. These results demonstrate that KF
      14363 is a compound that has a protective effect against the damage induced in
      various experimental liver injury models with different mechanisms.

PMID- 1812295
TI  - Effects of 1-[(2-thiazolin-2-yl)amino]acetyl-4-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)- 2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-3,5-dione hydrochloride (KF-14363) on active oxygen
      production.
AB  - The effects of KF-14363 on active oxygen production and membrane stabilization
      were studied. KF-14363 did not affect hypotonic hemolysis (10% and 70%) and did
      not inhibit lipid peroxide production induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide at
      concentrations of less than 100 microM. KF-14363 significantly inhibited active
      oxygen production in peritoneal exudate cells (PEEC) stimulated with arachidonic
      acid, A23187 and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at concentrations over 10 microM,
      100 microM and 1 microM, respectively. It tended to inhibit formyl-methionyl
      leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated production of active oxygen in PEEC at
      concentrations over 10 microM, but there was no significant difference owing to
      large dispersion. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, 10(4) U/ml) significantly inhibited
      CCl4-stimulated production of active oxygen in PEEC. KF-14363 inhibited the
      radical production from CCl4 in the presence of a 9000 x g supernatant fraction
      of the rat liver which was administered with enzyme induction compounds (S9 mix).
      SOD (10(4) U/ml) was not effective in this system. In conclusion, KF-14363
      inhibited active oxygen production in PEEC induced by various stimulants and also
      the radical formation from CCl4 in the presence of S9 mix solution.

PMID- 1812296
TI  - Protective effect of a high protein diet against the toxicity of some
      organophosphorus compounds in albino rats.
AB  - The present investigation deals with determining the efficacy of a high protein
      diet (HPD) in combating toxicity in albino rats of some organophosphorus
      compounds (OPCs) that follow dissimilar metabolic patterns in a living system. As
      assessed by an increase or decrease in the levels of some biochemical and
      nutritional parameters, the high protein diet containing 59% protein seems to
      have a beneficial effect in alleviating toxicity of low but prolonged doses of
      OPCs over the standard diet (SD) containing 19% protein. OPCs undergoing direct
      detoxication in a living system like diisopropyl phosphoro-fluoridate (DFP)
      appear to be more susceptible to HPD than those undergoing biotoxication like EPN
      (O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenyl-phosphonothioate) and malathion (S-(1,2
      dicarbethoxyethyl) O,O-dimethyldithiophosphate).

PMID- 1812297
TI  - Pharmacological profile of the 2-alkynyladenosine derivative 2-octynyladenosine
      (YT-146) in the cardiovascular system.
AB  - We investigated the cardiovascular effects of 2-octynyladenosine (YT-146), an
      adenosine A2 agonist, in various mammalian preparations in comparison with
      adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine. YT-146, when intravenously administered, caused
      a dose-dependent decrease of blood pressure in anesthetized normotensive rats
      (with ED30 values of 0.4 micrograms/kg), and YT-146 was 250 times more potent
      than adenosine. Whereas adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine decreased heart rate at
      approximately equihypotensive doses, YT-146 had no negative chronotropic effects
      at h hypotensive doses. Orally given YT-146 (0.1 - 1 mg/kg) produced a potent and
      long-lasting antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. YT-146
      was 15.9 and 12.5 times more potent than adenosine in producing relaxation of
      isolated porcine coronary arteries and in increasing dog coronary blood flow,
      respectively. Although YT-146 was equipotent to adenosine in causing a negative
      inotropic effect in isolated guinea pig atria, it was less potent than adenosine
      in producing atrioventricular conduction block in guinea pigs. On the other hand,
      2-chloroadenosine was 9.1, 1.8 and 2.4 times more potent than adenosine in
      lowering blood pressure, relaxing isolated porcine coronary arteries and
      increasing dog coronary blood flow, respectively. 2-Chloroadenosine was the most
      potent in producing cardiodepression, i.e., negative inotropy and
      atrioventricular conduction block in guinea pigs. From these results, we
      concluded that YT-146 is a potent coronary vasodilator and also a potent, orally
      active and long-acting hypotensive agent having less cardiac depressant activity.

PMID- 1812298
TI  - Improvement of 5-HT3 receptor binding assay: enhancement of specific
      [3H]quipazine binding with Triton X-100-treated membranes from rat cortex.
AB  - The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor binding assay using [3H]quipazine was
      examined. It was impossible to obtain specific [3H]quipazine binding with the
      membrane fractions from rat cortex prepared by the usual procedure. When the
      membranes were pretreated with detergent Triton X-100, the ratio of specific
      [3H]quipazine binding markedly increased, depending upon the concentration of
      Triton X-100 in the range of 0.01-0.1% (w/v). At a concentration of more than
      0.05%, the specific binding reached a maximum of 55 to 60% of the total binding.
      The specific [3H]quipazine binding to the Triton X-100-treated membranes was
      reversible and was potently inhibited by several 5-HT3 antagonists, while 5-HT1,
      5-HT2 receptor antagonists and other receptor-specific ligands had no effect on
      the binding. Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding sites with a
      Kd of 0.62 nM and Bmax of 97 fmol/mg protein. Thus, the Triton X-100-treated
      membranes retained the characteristics of 5-HT3 binding sites, making it possible
      to use [3H]quipazine for a 5-HT3 receptor binding assay with a high ratio of
      specific binding.

PMID- 1812299
TI  - Characterization of gastric mucosal blood flow response induced by intragastric
      capsaicin in rats.
AB  - Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was measured in the ex vivo stomachs of
      anesthetized rats simultaneously with mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), luminal
      pH and transmucosal potential difference (PD) in an attempt to characterize these
      responses induced by capsaicin. The stomach was mounted on a Lucite chamber,
      perfused with saline at the flow rate of 1 ml/min, and GMBF was measured by Laser
      flowmetry. Under these conditions, the pH, PD and GMBF were 3.5 to 4.0, -30 to 
      35 mV and 8-12 ml/min/100 g, respectively. Mucosal application of capsaicin (0.03
      - 1 mg/ml for 10 min) increased GMBF in a concentration-dependent manner, without
      any change in PD, pH and MBP. The increased GMBF response caused by capsaicin was
      abolished by chemical deafferentation following systemic capsaicin injections
      (total dose: 100 mg/kg), significantly attenuated by pretreatment with
      indomethacin (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or ruthenium red (300 micrograms/kg, i.v.), but was
      not affected by spantide (100 micrograms/kg, i.v.), atropine (300 micrograms/kg,
      i.p.) or disodium cromoglycate (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, when the mucosa was
      exposed to capsaicin repeatedly, this response showed a marked tachyphylaxis at a
      high concentration (6 mg/ml). These results suggest that intragastric capsaicin
      increased GMBF selectively through capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons, and this
      action may involve endogenous prostaglandins.

PMID- 1812300
TI  - Antitumor effects of droloxifene, a new antiestrogen drug, against 7,12
      dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats.
AB  - The antitumor effects of droloxifene (DROL, (E)-alpha-[p-[2
      (dimethylamino)ethoxy]-phenyl]-alpha-ethyl-3-stilbeno l), a new antiestrogen
      drug, on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced estrogen-dependent mammary
      tumors in rats were studied and compared with those of tamoxifen (TAM). Mammary
      tumors appeared from about 2 months after p.o. administration of DMBA to female
      rats, and all of them were estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor
      positive. DROL and TAM (p.o.) inhibited the growth of the tumors. Both drugs
      inhibited the binding of 125I-estradiol-17 beta to ER in the cytosol of the tumor
      in vitro, and the effect of DROL was much stronger than that of TAM. When 3H
      estradiol-17 beta (3H-E2) was given s.c. to rats with the mammary tumors, 3H-E2
      accumulated in the tumors, uteri and vaginae in which the ER levels are known to
      be high, but was low in the heart, in which the ER levels are normally low. DROL
      and TAM decreased the levels of 3H-E2 in the tumors, uteri and vaginae, but had
      no effect in the hearts. When DROL or TAM was given p.o. to rats daily for 7
      consecutive days after administration of DMBA, they inhibited the induction of
      mammary tumors by DMBA. From these results, DROL inhibits the growth and the
      initiation of DMBA-induced mammary tumors by inhibiting the binding of estrogen
      to its receptor.

PMID- 1812301
TI  - Key role of complement activation and platelet-activating factor in exudate
      formation in zymosan-induced rat pleurisy.
AB  - Involvement of complement and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in zymosan-induced
      rat pleurisy was examined. Only a very low level of complement remained in the
      exudate at 1-5 hr after zymosan injection, indicating that complement activation
      had occurred during this period in the pleural cavity. When rats were injected
      with cobra venom factor (CVF) 24 hr prior to the zymosan injection to deplete
      complement, the exudate volumes at 0.5 and 5 hr after zymosan injection were
      significantly reduced. Furthermore, combined treatment with CVF and CV-6209, an
      antagonist of PAF, also significantly suppressed the exudation but to no further
      extent than the suppression by CVF alone, suggesting that the level of complement
      depletion achieved was sufficient to halt PAF synthesis/release. To see if
      complement activation is involved in PAF production, we examined the PAF
      production by resident leukocytes in response to zymosan in vitro. When pleural
      leukocytes were stimulated with zymosan in the presence of rat serum, PAF-like
      activity both in the medium and in the cellular fraction increased. If the serum
      was heat inactivated, no PAF-like activity was detected. These results suggest
      that initial activation of the complement system may occur in the pleural cavity
      by zymosan and that the activated complement may then stimulate the production of
      PAF, which in turn elicits the exudate.

PMID- 1812302
TI  - Effect of concanavalin A on intracellular calcium concentration in single blood
      platelets.
AB  - Mobilization of Ca++ was estimated in single rabbit blood platelets with digital
      imaging microscopy. Concanavalin A (Con A) caused a rapid initial increase in
      intracellular concentration of Ca++ ([Ca++]i) with a latent time of about 20 sec,
      followed by a sustained increase in [Ca++]i. This effect of Con A was antagonized
      by alpha-methyl-D-mannose, which already was shown to antagonize the inhibitory
      effect of Con A on 5-HT transport, indicating that this effect of Con A was also
      derived from its binding to cell surface glycoproteins. The presence of EGTA in
      the medium did not affect the initial rise, but inhibited the latter phase of
      sustained rise. Thus, Con A induced elevation of [Ca++]i was suggested to consist
      of two different processes: mobilization of Ca++ from the intracellular storage
      sites and successive Ca++ influx through Ca++ channels. The effect of Con A on
      the 5-HT transport was tested in the presence of EGTA, a condition where no Ca++
      influx occurs. The results indicate that Con A induced inhibition of 5-HT
      transport was not influenced by EGTA in the medium. It is suggested that the
      effect of Con A on 5-HT transport might be exerted through the Ca++ mobilization
      from its intracellular storage sites.

PMID- 1812303
TI  - Conversion of 3H-nitrendipine binding to the low affinity binding state following
      the treatment of hippocampal slices with morphine.
AB  - The effect of morphine on the binding of 3H-nitrendipine was studied in rat
      hippocampal preparations. Treatment of slices with morphine followed by the
      preparation of membrane fractions revealed the presence of low affinity binding
      sites. The effect of morphine was antagonized by naloxone. The effect was not
      observed when the membrane fraction was incubated with morphine. These results
      suggest that morphine changes the affinity of calcium for its channels and
      reduces its influx.

PMID- 1812304
TI  - Vascular permeability increase in the mouse paw during the passive anaphylaxis
      reaction.
AB  - Assessment of mouse paw edema induced by the passive allergic reaction was made
      by the previously reported dye-leakage method. The edema was induced by the
      injection of antiserum against ovalbumin into the paw, followed by the
      intravenous injection of ovalbumin 10 min before or 72 hr later. The latter
      reaction may be mainly mediated by heat-labile IgE. Both of the edemas were
      suppressed by pretreatment with mepyramine, methysergide, PAF-antagonists, or
      dexamethasone, and the latter suppressed by the lipoxygenase inhibitor AA-861,
      suggesting that histamine, serotonin, PAF, and leukotrienes are involved in
      exudate formation in these edemas.

PMID- 1812305
TI  - The iron chelator deferoxamine prevents cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation in
      rat kidney cortical slices.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of the iron chelator deferoxamine on lipid peroxidation
      produced by the nephrotoxic antineoplastic drug cisplatin in rat kidney cortical
      slices. The addition of deferoxamine to the incubation medium prevented such
      lipid peroxidation in the incubated slices. Treatment of rats with deferoxamine
      inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation caused by cisplatin in the medium.
      These results suggest that iron may be a causal agent of cisplatin-induced lipid
      peroxidation.

PMID- 1812306
TI  - [Factors predicting development of decubitus ulcers among patients admitted for
      neurological problems].
AB  - In this prospective study, factors contributing to the development of decubitus
      ulcers were examined. Factors were identified by a literature review and a
      conceptual framework was developed. Regular observations were made during the
      subjects' hospitalization to determine the incidence of decubitus ulcers, and to
      assess other decubitus ulcer risk factors. Seventeen out of 146 admitted for
      neurological problems patients developed decubitus ulcers during the three month
      study period. There were no significant differences in the level of serum
      albumin, hemoglobin or age between those who developed decubitus ulcers and those
      who did not. There also was no difference in incidence between patient who were
      paralyzed and those not paralyzed. Mean hospitalization days until decubitus
      ulcer development was 6.5 days. According to the results of discriminant
      analysis, four factors--1) friction and shear, 2) sensory perceptual impairment,
      3) low diastolic pressure, and 4) multiple use of sedative medications--predicted
      84.93% of decubitus ulcer incidence.

PMID- 1812307
TI  - [A study on comparisons of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal
      discomfort].
AB  - Perineal discomfort from episiotomy continues to be a problem for many postpartum
      women. The purposes of this study were to compare the effect of ice bag and heat
      lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort and to identify the sustaining time of
      each effect. Forty women took ice bag and heat lamp with random assignment of
      initial therapy. Women rated the degree of perineal discomfort before and after
      each therapy and at half-hour, tow-hour and four-hour intervals after each
      therapy. A discomfort scale, 18cm graphic rating scale, was used. The results of
      the study were as follows: 1. The ice bag group showed significantly lower
      discomfort score than the heat lamp group at the half-hour and two-hour intervals
      after therapy. 2. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score
      for 4hrs after than before therapy, but the heat lamp group did not show
      significantly lower discomfort score. 3. Neither the type of episiotomy nor the
      previous experience of heat therapy influenced on the effect of ice bag relieving
      the perineal discomfort. Therefore ice bag was significantly more effective in
      relieving perineal discomfort than heat lamp. Subjective responses of patients
      who took both therapy were very favorable toward ice bag. I suggested that nurses
      should provide women with adequate information about the use of ice bag and
      encourage to apply ice bag instead of heat lamp after episiotomy in order to
      promote the relief of perineal discomfort and the healing of perineal wound.

PMID- 1812308
TI  - [The meaning of pain in labor].
AB  - From of old, labor has been accompanied by pain and much effort has been made to
      eliminate or diminish the amounts of pain during labor. Little concern has yet
      been given to the subjective meaning of pain in labor. Recently, rates of
      cesarean section in Korea and in some other nations have increased rapidly and
      some investigators are reporting negative reactions such as anger, disappointment
      and feeling of loss due to lack of control over labor and its pain. These
      findings are thought to suggest that control of labor and its pain gives some
      meaning to the laboring woman. Thus the investigators sought to discover the
      meaning of pain during labor for Korean women. Specific objectives of this study
      were to explore the meaning of pain in labor to the mothers, their reactions to
      the experience of labor and their preference for delivery method. The subjects of
      this study were 95 mothers who delivered their babies in hospital from September
      1989 to May 1990: 45 gave birth by vaginal delivery, and 50 by cesarean section.
      Data were gathered through direct interviews by the investigators, and questions
      were focused on five areas i.e. mothers' feelings about delivery and their
      babies, their feelings about of having more children, the most difficult aspect
      about this labor and delivery, and what they thought the differences were between
      vaginal delivery and cesarean section. After interview, mothers' answers were
      summarized, and classified according to the degree of positive or negative
      attitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812309
TI  - [The effect of ethanol administration on the immune response of mice].
AB  - The present study was undertaken in an effort to investigate the effects of
      alcohol on survival of mice and on their humoral and cellular immune responses.
      The immune responses examined were Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
      reactions to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), contact hypersensitivity to
      dinitrofluorobenzend (DNFB), antibody response to thymus-dependent SRBC and to
      thymus-independent polyvinylpyrroridone (PVP), and the recovery of Cryptococcus
      neoformans from the liver, spleen, kidney and brain of experimentally infected
      mice. The administration of ethanol concentrations of 20% or less did not cause
      any change in survival rates as compared with saline injected control group. In
      general, ethanol administration inhibited the Arthus and DTH reactions to SRBC,
      contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, and antibody response to both SRBC and PVP and
      it also decreased the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infection. Taken
      together, the present study strongly suggested that ethanol inhibits immune
      response and decreases the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infections.

PMID- 1812310
TI  - [A study on perceived family support and anxiety in hemiplegic patients].
AB  - The purposes of this study were to identify causal factors of Anxiety and to
      analyze correlation between perceived family support and anxiety in hemiplegic
      patients. The subjects of this study were 88 hospitalized hemiplegic patients at
      Kyung-Hee Oriental medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with
      questionnaire from Jan. 15 to Mar. 31, 1990. The measurement tools used by this
      researcher were Kang's family support scale, Spielberger's trait anxiety scale
      and the other anxiety scale which was developed by this researcher, approved it's
      reliability and validity. For the purposes of the study, the collected data were
      analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA and the hypothesis was tested by pearson
      correlation, partial correlation. The results of the study were as follow. 1) The
      analysis of causal factor of anxiety higher anxiety these three cases; (1) 1st
      causal factor was the delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs (2.42 +/- 1.27).
      (2) 2nd causal factor was the dysfunction of physical ability (2.30 +/- 1.29).
      (3) 3rd causal factor was difficulty for walking (2.30 +/- 0.83) and the anxiety
      level (2.02 +/- 0.83) of physical factor was the highest level than any other
      factors. 2) The hypothesis that the more perceived family support level is the
      less anxiety level of patient was supported (r = -.29, p = .003). 3) The analysis
      of the general characteristics exerting influences on anxiety level patients;
      (sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation, economic
      status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of hospitalization,
      side of paralysis). In this analysis, any factor has not a statistical
      significance. (p greater than .05). 4) The analysis of the relationship about
      effective factors of family support level by the general characteristics of
      patient (sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation,
      economic status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of
      hospitalization, side of paralysis). In this analysis, there was significant
      difference on perceived family support between married and bereaved patients (t =
      -2.68, p = .009). As a result of this study, anxiety level of physical factor was
      higher than any other factors (psychological factor, social factor) and the
      delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs is the largest causal factor of anxiety
      of physical factor. Meanwhile, the relationship between the degree of family
      support and the level of anxiety was negatively correlated but the degree of
      relationship was low. Therefore, one can infer from this study that sufficient
      information about recovery of physical problems and family support were effective
      in preventing and reducing anxiety in hemiplegic patient.

PMID- 1812311
TI  - [A study of the effects of health contracts on the performance level for
      activities of daily living in the hemiplegic patients].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the effects of health contract on the
      performance level for activity of daily living (ADL) in the hemiplegic patients.
      A quasi-experimental research for health contract, which was approved as an
      effective method of nursing intervention, was attempted to increase the
      performance of the hemiplegic patients' ADL. As a purpose sample, 69 hemiplegic
      patients hospitalized at Oriental medicine hospital of K university were taken
      and divided into the experimental group and the control group by means of random
      assignment. After Contracting with the experimental group, they were reinforced
      everyday for 20 minutes. The experimental group and the control group were
      observed and interviewed for five times at the interval of 3-4 days by the
      trained nurses for this research. The data Collected through above mentioned
      methods were compute analyzed by t-test and ANOVA according to the purpose of
      this study. The data collected through above mentioned methods were computer
      analyzed by t-test and ANOVA according to the purpose of this study. Strate
      increased the performance level for ADL than the Control group" was supported (t
      = 2.96, df = 52.76, p = .004). Sub Hypothesis 1,2,4,5: "The hypothesis that the
      experimental group with health contract will demonstrate increased the
      performance level for eating (t = 2.29, df = 42.70, p = .027), personal hygiene
      and grooming (t = 4.04, df = 43.10, p = .000), dressing (t = 3.32, df = 67, p =
      .001) and undressing (t = 3.47, df = 48.44, p = .001) than the control group" was
      supported. Sub Hypothesis 3.6: "The hypothesis that the experimental group with
      health contract will demonstrate increased the performance level for toiletting
      (t = .19, df = 67, p = .849) and mobilization (t = .30, df = 67, p = .765) than
      the control group" was not supported. The conclusion can be that the positive
      relationship between the nurse and the patient results in the desired performance
      level for ADL in the hemiplegic patients.

PMID- 1812312
TI  - [A study mother-infant interaction and maternal identity in mother-infant dyads
      of premature and full-term infants].
AB  - The study was conducted to examine Mother-Infant interaction and Maternal
      identity in two groups, that is, premature infant and its mother and full-term
      infant and its mother. For this purpose, the data were collected from 24 sample
      groups (12 for premature dyads and the remaining 12 for full-term dyads) by using
      observation method and questionnaires during July 20 through September 30, 1987.
      The results are summarized as follows: 1. In terms of Mother-Infant Interaction,
      full-term dyads considerably stood out compared to that of premature dyads (u =
      21, p less than 0.01). 2. In terms of Maternal Identity, though full-term dyads
      showed somewhat high results, there was not a significant difference between two
      groups. 3. There was not a significant correlation between Mother-Infant
      Interaction and Maternal Identity.

PMID- 1812313
TI  - [A phenomenological study on mother-infant interacting behavior patterns relating
      to newborn infant feeding in Korea].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe mother-infant interacting behavior
      patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural
      belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and
      interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally
      delivered and were also planned to breastfeed were comprised as the subjects of
      this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individually at 1 to 5
      days after the delivery at the hospital, mid-wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health
      Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city. The
      observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly
      developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were tape recorded
      and then recorded in narrative form. Mother-infant interaction behaviors in early
      feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their
      composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother-infant dyad.
      8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument,
      interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation,
      instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic
      behaviors referred to mother-infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on
      the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's
      preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting
      factor for mother-infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior
      was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least
      frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother
      infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups
      of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs
      primipara. Using a chi-square test, there were statistically significant
      relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior
      and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both
      groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical
      significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and
      emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's
      cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth
      is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities.
      Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his
      mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her
      infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral
      series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812314
TI  - Prophylaxis of traveler's diarrhea in Egypt: results of a double blind controlled
      study.
AB  - Diarrhea represents the most frequent health problem of Western tourists visiting
      subtropical and tropical areas. Antibiotic prophylaxis has been suggested by some
      authors but may not be generally advisable because of adverse drug effects. In
      the present study we investigated the prophylaxis of traveler's diarrhea using a
      combination of tannalbuminate and ethacridin-lactate. During a 16-day cruise in
      Egypt, 77 tourists were assigned to either placebo or prophylactic doses of
      tannalbuminate (500 mg) and ethacridin-lactate (50 mg), 1 tbl. b.i.d., in a
      randomized double-blind fashion. The number of bowel movements, consistency of
      stools, and clinical symptoms like nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever
      were monitored daily. In the placebo group (n = 43) 35 tourists developed
      diarrhea (81.4%), whereas in the verum group (n = 34) only 18 tourists (52.9%)
      had diarrhea (p less than 0.0125). In the travelers receiving verum and
      developing diarrhea the clinical symptoms were less pronounced than in the
      placebo group. These results demonstrate that the events of traveler's diarrhea
      may be reduced; moreover, symptoms are attenuated by medical prophylaxis with
      tannalbuminate and ethacridin-lactate.

PMID- 1812315
TI  - Delayed coronary occlusion following primary successful angioplasty: management
      and outcome.
AB  - The treatment of delayed coronary occlusion after primary successful percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is more difficult because surgical
      standby is often not available. The purpose of this study was to assess the
      therapeutic approaches and outcome of patients with delayed coronary occlusion
      from 30 to 180 minutes after successful PTCA. A delayed occlusion occurred in 18
      (0.9%) (61 +/- 11 years; male n = 14, female n = 4) out of 2065 consecutive
      patients after PTCA. In 11 patients the dilated stenoses were located in the left
      descending artery, while seven patients had the stenosis in the right coronary
      artery. Twelve patients had unstable or postinfarction angina. The time interval
      between completion of PTCA and the onset of chest pain was 64 +/- 39 minutes.
      Immediate i.v. nitroglycerin resulted in no relief of the symptoms in any
      patient. One patient was operated upon at once, and one was given i.v.
      thrombolysis resulting in pain relief and reversal of ECG changes. The remaining
      16 patients returned initially to the catheterization laboratory, where the
      occluded vessels were opened by mechanical recanalization. Three of them remained
      in stable condition. Due to impending reocclusion surgery was necessary in four
      patients and thrombolysis was performed in nine. After thrombolysis the vessel
      remained open in four patients. The other five needed bypass surgery on the day
      of PTCA. Myocardial infarction developed in nine patients (maximal CK 673 +/- 488
      units/l). In conclusion, delayed occlusion after successful PTCA is a rare
      complication occurring primarily in patients with unstable angina. Mechanical
      recanalization opened the occluded vessel in most patients, and myocardial
      infarction was prevented in 50%.

PMID- 1812316
TI  - Sympathetic autonomic dysfunction. Programmed subcutaneous noradrenaline
      administration via microdosing pump.
AB  - Sympathetic dysfunction is characterized by postural hypotension, decreasing
      blood pressure without compensatory tachycardia during graded supine ergometric
      exercise, impaired catecholamine metabolism, and hypersensitivity to
      catecholamines. We report on eight patients, seven with sympathetic dysfunction,
      of whom three patients were treated for the first time with programmed
      subcutaneous noradrenaline administration by means of a microdosing pump over a
      time period of 1.5-13 months. A clear improvement in blood pressure values,
      orthostasis tolerance, and exercise capacity has been observed in these three
      patients which permit them to extend their action radius. Adjustment of the
      noradrenaline dose to the wide range of everyday stress and the possible
      occurrence of adrenoreceptor desensitization, however, remains a severe problem.

PMID- 1812317
TI  - [Kidney function of patients with healthy kidneys during cyclosporin treatment].
AB  - Long-term administration of ciclosporin has been complicated by side-effects, the
      predominant being nephrotoxicity. We performed renal function studies on 20
      patients treated with ciclosporin (group 1) and on 12 patients serving as
      controls (group 2). Only patients with serum creatinine less than 1.3 mg/dl
      entered the study. The renal function studies consisted of: Inulin clearance, PAH
      clearance, sodium sulphate loading, sodium bicarbonate loading. Plasma renin
      activity (PRA), inactive renin (IR) and aldosterone (ALDO) were measured basally
      and after stimulation with 40 mg furosemide i.v. Serum creatinine was not
      significantly impaired under ciclosporin with 1.1 +/- 0.1 mg/dl vs 0.9 +/- 0.1
      mg/dl in the control group (ns). Glomerular filtration rates as measured by
      creatinine and inulin clearance were significantly impaired in group 1 as
      compared to group 2. Inulin clearance was impaired by ciclosporin with 93.5 +/-
      4.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 as compared to 121 +/- 6.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05)
      in patients of group 2. The PAH clearance in ciclosporin treated patients was
      impaired, with 379 +/- 22.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 in group 1 as compared to 605 +/- 39
      ml/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.001) in group 2. Mean arterial pressure and
      renovascular resistance were significantly increased in ciclosporin treated
      patients. We demonstrated, by means of sodium sulphate and bicarbonate loading,
      incomplete distal tubular acidosis in 3 patients from group 1 but in none of
      group 2. There was no difference in basal plasma renin activity (PRA), but during
      volume contraction induced by furosemide there was only blunted response by PRA
      in patients receiving ciclosporin with 2.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/h as compared to 7.7 +/-
      0.5 ng/ml/h in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812318
TI  - [Oral administration of activated charcoal-sorbitol suspension as first aid in
      prevention of poison resorption?].
AB  - Due to its paramount adsorption capacity, activated charcoal is supposed to be
      the remedy of choice for binding a variety of drugs in the gastrointestinal
      tract. Hence it is surprising--at least according to the advice of German
      textbooks--that activated charcoal is only recommended for administration after
      time-consuming treatments like induced emesis and gastric lavage. Particularly
      with infants at home, a ready-for-use suspension of activated charcoal would
      allow the early management of acute poisoning. In such cases, inactivation of the
      poison by adsorption could be particularly helpful, since the period after
      ingestion is usually short. The charcoal-sorbitol-suspension (30 g activated
      charcoal in 150 ml of 70% sorbitol) is a creamy preparation which is easy to
      drink, because density and viscosity prevent sedimentation. The prescription-free
      drugs can be dispensed by each pharmacist. The present study was undertaken to
      investigate the influence of sorbitol on the adsorption capacity of activated
      charcoal. To this end, adsorption isotherms were established in vitro and
      compared with results in volunteers to whom NAPAP, diphenhydramine or codeine was
      administered separately. These drugs are gaining increasing importance in
      medicinal toxicology since they are constituents of various analgesics and cold
      remedies. To determine absorption, the cumulative urinary excretion was estimated
      of the parent drugs and their main metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812319
TI  - Comprehensive school health programs in Texas public schools.
AB  - One goal of the Texas Comprehensive School Health Initiative (TCSHI) involves
      assessing the status of comprehensive school health (CSH) programs in Texas
      public schools. This project used a case study approach to establish baseline
      information regarding CSH programs in selected school districts across the state.
      Eight researchers were trained to use a case study instrument and procedures for
      conducting interviews. Seven school districts participated in the survey during
      fall 1990. Results indicated considerable concern and support for CSH programs
      but little coordination of programs was evident. Six districts were not organized
      to address health comprehensively. Generally, school districts were overwhelmed
      with other responsibilities, so CSH programming was not a priority. Results will
      be used to revise the survey instrument and further expand the data base.

PMID- 1812320
TI  - Recruitment and retention of schools participating in school health research.
AB  - The quality of school health research projects can be enhanced by directing
      attention to recruitment and retention of schools. Successful recruitment plans
      go beyond research considerations to address political, economic, educational,
      and organizational needs of the school setting. Based on recent research, a
      taxonomy of decision-making procedures characteristic of school districts is
      presented. The taxonomy provides a framework for designing effective recruitment
      and retention strategies.

PMID- 1812321
TI  - The Health Knowledge Inventory-Alpha: a personal health knowledge test for high
      school seniors.
AB  - This study assessed validity and reliability of the Health Knowledge Inventory
      Alpha (HKI-Alpha) in a sample of high school seniors. The HKI-Alpha, a general
      health knowledge test, consists of 110 multiple choice items covering 11 health
      content areas. All seniors attending one of four high schools completed HKI-Alpha
      twice, one week apart. A secondary sample of college students also was tested.
      Descriptive analysis revealed the test discriminated among examinees and avoided
      ceiling and floor effects. Test-retest reliability was .81 (n = 355). Internal
      consistency reliability (KR20) was .85 (n = 418). A sample of college students
      scored significantly higher than the high school students, demonstrating
      construct validity. Other estimates of content validity, criterion-related
      validity, and construct validity were high.

PMID- 1812322
TI  - School counselors' perceptions of adolescent homosexuals.
AB  - Data from a national survey of secondary school counselors (N = 289) were
      collected regarding their perceptions of adolescent homosexuality. Most
      counselors underestimated the prevalence of homosexual adolescents. Almost one in
      five counselors reported that counseling a homosexual student concerning gay
      issues would not be professionally gratifying, and 20% thought they were not very
      competent in counseling gay adolescents. One-fourth of the school counselors
      reported that teachers seem to exhibit significant prejudice toward homosexual
      students, and 41% believed schools are not doing enough to help gay students
      adjust to their school environment. Perceptions of adolescent homosexuality did
      not vary by gender, age, or education level of the counselors.

PMID- 1812323
TI  - Diminished air quality and health problems in a Kansas City, Kansas, elementary
      school.

PMID- 1812324
TI  - AIDS/HIV risk assessment and risk reduction counseling in a school-based clinic.

PMID- 1812325
TI  - Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratios in Singapore children.
AB  - The random urine albumin:creatinine (Ua:Uc) ratio was measured in 139 healthy
      children from newborn to age 4 years using the immunonephelometric method. This
      was shown to vary with age, the mean for neonates being 5.24mg/mmol (2SD range:
      0.54-14.95mg/mmol) decreasing to 1.34mg/mmol (2SD range: 0.55-3.29mg/mmol) for
      the 2-4 years age range. The values for newborn to 6 months was significantly
      higher than the older age group (p less than 0.000001). 14 children with
      structural renal disease were then studied to determine the value of the random
      Ua:Uc ratio in detecting glomerular injury. This was found to be abnormal in
      children with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 80ml/min/1.73m2 as well
      as in some children with complex bilateral renal structural abnormalities.
      Further longitudinal studies are required to determine the usefulness of this
      ratio in predicting progressive glomerular injury in this group of patients.

PMID- 1812326
TI  - The value of the girl child in Singapore.
AB  - Son preference exists in many countries in Asia. In countries like Pakistan,
      Bangladesh and Nepal, such preference has been shown to result in excess female
      mortality. In Singapore, there is also son preference but excess female mortality
      is not seen because of several factors: Government's policy of equal educational
      opportunities for boys and girls since World War II, the protection of women's
      rights through the Women's Charter, the family planning message that "Boy or
      Girl, two is enough", urbanisation and industrialisation. Singapore is seeing
      increasing participation of women in the workforce, not only as clerks and
      factory operators but also as decision makers in middle and senior management
      positions. In this modern age, the girl child should be given as much value as
      the boy child. Only when such an egalitarian attitude towards the girl child
      exists would she be able to develop into her full potential to be an asset to her
      country. Government policies to promote the well-being, protect the rights, and
      to improve the lot of the girl child appear necessary in countries where son
      preference leads to excess mortality of girls from sex discrimination in
      nutrition and/or health care.

PMID- 1812327
TI  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is reviewed under the basic concepts of
      pathophysiology, the modes of clinical presentation and treatment principles.
      With the recent advances in the understanding of the genetics, prenatal diagnosis
      and interventional prenatal treatment may offer hope to subsequent afflicted
      generations.

PMID- 1812328
TI  - Normal standard of pubertal development in Singapore school children.
AB  - A cross sectional study of the pubertal status of normal school children in
      Singapore was performed in 1987. The results of the data analysis are presented
      as an update from the last survey performed in 1977. The norms of pubertal
      development in boys and girls are thus defined.

PMID- 1812329
TI  - Iron deficiency--a diagnostic problem.
AB  - The hypochromic, microcytic anemias are the most frequently encountered anemias
      on a world-wide scale, with iron deficiency anemia ranking as the commonest.
      Severe iron deficiency anemia seldom poses a problem in diagnosis if all the
      classical features are present. However, subclinical mild iron deficient states
      often require several laboratory tests to determine the diagnosis with certainty.
      To begin, the initial suspicion of an underlying subclinical iron deficient state
      is dependent on the laboratory method used to determine the red blood cell
      parameters. Next, many common conditions in children can influence the results of
      classical iron studies. Finally, iron deficiency has to be distinguished from
      other hypochromic, microcytic anemias, in particular the heterozygous thalassemic
      states which are so prevalent here in South-East Asia. This paper outlines some
      of these problems encountered in pediatric clinical practice.

PMID- 1812330
TI  - Recent advances in the understanding of the erythrocyte membrane.
AB  - Recent discoveries have allowed a considerable insight into the nature of the
      erythrocyte membrane in health and disease. The component proteins of the
      erythrocyte membrane and its underlying membrane skeleton have been isolated,
      studied and the various genes have been assigned to particular chromosomes. Many
      defects in these proteins have been characterized and correlations between these
      defects and the resultant clinical states have been hypothesized. We briefly
      review these recent findings, and some of the more common abnormalities in the
      erythrocyte membrane that are of significance to the practising pediatrician.

PMID- 1812331
TI  - Neonatal jaundice. A second 4-year experience in Toa Payoh Hospital (1986-1989).
AB  - A 4-year experience of neonatal jaundice, from 1982-1985, in Toa Payoh Hospital,
      Singapore was reported previously. The second 4-year experience (1986-1989) of
      neonatal jaundice is reported. The Department had a more liberal policy in the
      management of milder cases of neonatal jaundice since 1986, after acquisition of
      more phototherapy units. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the change in
      pattern of neonatal jaundice in the same department over these 2 study periods
      and a comparison is made. The reported frequency of neonatal jaundice in these 2
      study periods rose from 7.9% to 10% of all babies in this hospital. Babies who
      have some form of treatment such as phototherapy are considered as cases of
      neonatal jaundice. However, the incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia (defined as
      serum bilirubin level of 255 umol/L or 15 mg/dl or greater) fell from 3.23% to
      2.11% of all livebirths in these 2 study periods. ABO Incompatibility, glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and low birth weights (LBW) remain as
      the common aetiological factors of neonatal jaundice. The indications of exchange
      blood transfusions have changed considerably. There were less exchange blood
      transfusions for severe neonatal jaundice due to G6PD deficiency. However, more
      LBW babies underwent exchange blood transfusion. No case of kernicterus was
      reported for more than 10 years.

PMID- 1812332
TI  - Accuracy and reliability of two methods of screening for hypoglycemia in
      neonates.
AB  - Two hundred and six neonates were screened for hypoglycemia using two glucose
      test strips and their results compared with a simultaneous blood sugar obtained
      from the Beckman's glucose analyser. Both test strips, Reflotest hypoglycemia and
      the Reflolux (BM test glycemia 20-800) gave rapid estimates of blood sugar
      readings. In this study, these two strips were assessed in their accuracy and
      reliability to detect neonatal hypoglycaemia (blood sugar levels less than 2.2
      mmol/L). The sensitivity and specificity of the two test strips are 0.82 and 0.90
      for Reflotest, and 0.88 and 0.81 for Reflolux respectively. Hence we conclude
      that both Reflotest and Reflolux are sensitive in detecting blood sugar levels at
      or below 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dl) although Reflolux is less specific. A laboratory
      result is mandatory before the diagnosis and prognosis of hypoglycemia is made.

PMID- 1812333
TI  - The importance of septic work-up in the febrile neonate.
AB  - 71 febrile neonates admitted to the Paediatric and Neonatal Department in 1988
      and 1989 were studied. Septic work ups were done for 84% of patients & 80% had
      lumbar puncture. These infants were subdivided into 5 groups in order to identify
      the significance of the various stages of septic work up. It was found that 48%
      of patients with significant infections were only diagnosed after some stage of
      septic work up. 14% had meningitis and diagnosed only after CSF examination. Only
      in 13% of patients the diagnosis could be made confidently without a septic work
      up confirming that the diagnosis of infection in the neonate is difficult and
      often missed without a septic work up. Clinical impression by paediatricians
      reduced the number of patients requiring unnecessary investigations and receiving
      empiric therapy. We recommend maintaining our present cautious policy of
      admitting neonates with pyrexia.

PMID- 1812334
TI  - Severe bronchiolitis in children.
AB  - Acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of paediatric
      respiratory disease, especially in the first year of life. Young infants and
      those with pre-existent cardiorespiratory problems are at an increased risk of
      acute respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation. A prospective
      study was carried out from November 1988 to October 1989, to analyse the clinical
      features, aetiology and outcome of patients with severe bronchiolitis. 52 (29.9%)
      out of 174 cases of acute bronchiolitis admitted were found to be severe. A virus
      aetiology was identified in 75% of the cases, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      being the commonest agent. 88.5% of the patients were less than 1 year of age,
      with a male preponderance of 1.4:1. There was a higher incidence in the Malay
      ethic group. Despite the viral aetiology, 88.2% were treated with a course of
      antibiotics. There was one death, and 2 patients had apnea requiring mechanical
      ventilation.

PMID- 1812335
TI  - Chronic diarrhoea in children: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Chronic diarrhoea in its previously described severe malnourished presentation is
      not common in Singapore. A retrospective study was made of children with chronic
      diarrhoea between January to September 1990, at the Department of Paediatrics,
      National University Hospital. Chronic diarrhoea in our context included all those
      who presented with diarrhoea of 7 or more days duration. The age range was one
      month to 11 years, with 23 males and 13 female patients. Approximately half of
      the patients had associated symptoms like fever. Anthropometric data of these
      patients revealed none less than the third percentile in height and weight.
      Clinically the patients were mainly well nourished, mildly dehydrated with no
      significant pallor or oedema. Perianal erythema though not excoriation was common
      being present in approximately 50%. Haematological parameters and electrolytes
      were generally normal. Mild elevation of urea and creatinine levels especially
      the former was present reflecting the relatively mild dehydration status.
      Infection was the main cause of the diarrhoea, 55% of stool cultures being
      positive mainly for Salmonella or rotavirus. Treatment was mainly directed at
      correcting dehydration. 40% needed antibiotics. Hence, chronic diarrhoea as seen
      in the National University Hospital is generally not debilitating. An infective
      cause must first be excluded with usage of antibiotics often necessary in young
      children.

PMID- 1812336
TI  - Non-neurological manifestations of intracranial tumours: a report of four cases.
AB  - Brain neoplasms are a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality.
      Neurological presentations usually result in a relatively early diagnosis and
      management of the neoplasms. Non neurological manifestations may result in later
      detection and possibly a higher eventual morbidity and mortality. Hence, the
      importance of a keen index of suspicion in assessment of cases to detect subtle
      neurological signs and symptoms. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging has been
      found to be especially useful in the definition of brain neoplasms. In this
      paper, four cases with non neurological manifestations are presented (one
      diencephalic syndrome, one failure to thrive, one precocious puberty and one
      gastrointestinal symptoms).

PMID- 1812337
TI  - Scientific basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

PMID- 1812338
TI  - Atherosclerosis in paediatric practice: recent advances.

PMID- 1812340
TI  - Paediatric renal transplantation--current perspectives.
AB  - Chronic dialysis is a viable modality for treatment of end-stage renal disease in
      children, however, its limitation include negative effects on growth, progressive
      bone disease, and a poorer quality of life. Renal transplantation, on the other
      hand, allows the child a virtually normal life-style, with good prospects for
      employment and family life as an adult. Both patient and graft survival are
      significantly improved in children transplanted in centres with full paediatric
      facilities where special problems in young children are better addressed, such as
      that of fluid balance during the perioperative period, the age-related heightened
      immune responsiveness, and the different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
      handling of the various immunosuppressive agents in the child. Moreover,
      consideration of the problems of growth and developmental is crucial for maximal
      psychosocial rehabilitation of the paediatric transplant recipient.

PMID- 1812339
TI  - Molecular biology and genetics of neuroblastoma.

PMID- 1812341
TI  - The role of dialysis in inherited metabolic diseases.

PMID- 1812342
TI  - Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance. Proceedings of a SMRM Workshop. May 23-25,
      1991, Napa, California.

PMID- 1812344
TI  - From the relaxivity of Gd(DTPA)2- to everything else.
AB  - We resolve the observed magnetic field-dependent relaxivity of Gd(DTPA)2- into
      inner and outer sphere contributions by comparison with theory. After noting that
      the outer sphere part, which contributes comparable to both 1/T1 and 1/T2, is
      identical to the "susceptibility" effect, we demonstrate the transition from the
      outer sphere relaxivity of small complexes, e.g., Gd(DTPA)2-, to that of large
      magnetic particulates, e.g., magnetite, used as T2 agents. This transition is
      expressed as a shift from a quantum to a classical mechanical description of
      relaxivity. We next show how to extrapolate the inner sphere contribution of
      Gd(DTPA)2- to similar small agents with greater structural symmetry, e.g.,
      Gd(NOTA)-, by lengthening the electronic relaxation time and to ternary
      macromolecular complexes of small agents with protein by lengthening the
      rotational relaxation time. Finally, we indicate how relatively large lipid
      vesicles containing either small paramagnetic complexes or magnetized
      particulates may be considered analogs of Gd(DTPA)2-, with analogous inner and
      outer sphere contributions.

PMID- 1812343
TI  - Transverse relaxivity of particulate MRI contrast media: from theories to
      experiments.
AB  - Computer simulations and experimental approach have been used to characterize the
      properties of particulate MRI contrast agents with special attention paid to the
      influence of particle size. Up to approximately 50 nm, an increase of the
      particle diameter leads to a strong enhancement of the transverse magnetization
      decay rate. For larger grains or aggregates, the decay rate measured without spin
      echo formation reaches a plateau. When observed through a spin-echo sequence, the
      transverse magnetization decay rate becomes slower on increasing the particle
      size or on shortening the echo time. For these large particles, multiexponential
      decay rates are observed. Definition and measurement of relaxivity in such
      systems is discussed.

PMID- 1812345
TI  - Dependence of MR signal intensity on Gd tissue concentration over a broad dose
      range.

PMID- 1812346
TI  - On the relative importance of paramagnetic relaxation and diffusion-mediated
      susceptibility losses in tissues.
AB  - Susceptibility agents such as dysprosium may reduce the apparent T2 of a tissue
      by inducing magnetic field gradients so that diffusion of water molecules causes
      dephasing of the transverse magnetization. Gadolinium has a susceptibility that
      is about 30% lower than dysprosium, so that diffusion losses are expected to be
      only half as big, but it also may produce paramagnetic relaxation by dipolar
      interactions. The relative importance of these two processes is dependent on
      several parameters, including the metal concentration, pulse sequence timing,
      field strength, and the permeability of tissue interfaces to water exchange. The
      conditions under which exchange-mediated dipolar interactions are less important
      than diffusion losses have been derived for capillary borne contrast agents in
      realistic situations.

PMID- 1812347
TI  - The magnetic properties of some materials affecting MR images.
AB  - We have compared the magnetic properties of various types of materials known to
      affect MR images. The materials compared were: (i) MR contrast agents based on
      chelates of paramagnetic metals (Gd-DTPA, Dy-DTPA); (ii) biological forms of iron
      (horse spleen ferritin and deoxyhemoglobin); and (iii) a superparamagnetic iron
      oxide (AMI-25). The properties compared were the magnetic susceptibility and the
      magnetization. The magnetization and susceptibility of superparamagnetic AMI-25
      are far larger than that of ferritin or low molecular weight, paramagnetic
      chelates. Superparamagnetic iron oxide colloids, like AMI-25, are a uniquely
      powerful class of magnetic materials.

PMID- 1812348
TI  - Target-specific superparamagnetic MR contrast agents.

PMID- 1812349
TI  - Metal ion release from paramagnetic chelates: what is tolerable?
AB  - At the currently administered clinical doses, paramagnetic metal chelate
      complexes presently used as MR contrast enhancement agents appear to be
      relatively nontoxic. Solution thermodynamic, solubility, and selectivity studies,
      based on a number of gadolinium chelate complexes, indicate that very little
      gadolinium is released in vivo, and the small amounts that do remain are
      available for excretion, albeit slowly. Although the mechanism of metal release
      from manganese-based chelate complexes is not well understood, any released
      manganese is likely to be quickly and efficiently cleared through the liver.
      Although MRI contrast agents are unlikely to be administered repeatedly in
      patients, which could result in accumulation of metal ion, the long-term effects
      of such potential deposition have yet to be demonstrated.

PMID- 1812350
TI  - Safety of gadolinium-DTPA: extended clinical experience.
AB  - This review reports data on the general and renal tolerance of the paramagnetic
      contrast agent Gd-DTPA after intravenous administration. Gd-DTPA was administered
      usually at a dose level of 0.1-0.2 mmol/kg body wt (range: 0.005-0.25 mmol/kg
      body wt) in cranial, spinal and body MR indications. In phase I-IIIa studies a
      total of 2154 healthy volunteers and patients were investigated, usually at a
      dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body wt. From the obtained results it was concluded that
      adverse events (AEs) may be expected in the order of magnitude of 1%. In phase
      IIIb-IV studies 13,439 patients were investigated at 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/kg body wt.
      Tolerance data were collected according to a standardized protocol and
      metaanalysis of obtained data was performed. AEs, irrespective of their drug
      relationship, were observed in 1.15% of the patients. The observed AEs were
      comparable to those after intravenous administration of iodinated nonionic X-ray
      contrast media. There was no correlation between patient age and the incidence of
      AEs. In patients with a known history of allergy the incidence of AEs increased
      to 2.6%. In pediatric use no added risk was observed in a total of 826 neonates,
      children, and adolescents up to 18 years of age. Gd-DTPA showed good renal
      tolerance in patients with and without preexisting impairment of renal function.
      A prospective open safety and pharmacokinetic study was conducted in patients
      with hemodialysis. Gd-DTPA was shown to be eliminated completely by hemodialysis.
      Fast bolus injections were tolerated without added risk. Presented data from
      postmarketing surveillance (up to March 31, 1991) cover an estimated total of
      more than 2,000,000 applications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812351
TI  - A new lipophilic gadolinium chelate as a tissue-specific contrast medium for MRI.
AB  - Gd-Ethoxybenzyl-DTPA (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a highly water-soluble paramagnetic
      contrast agent. Due to its protein binding of about 10% and its lipophilic
      residue, Gd-EOB-DTPA exhibits both renal (30% of the dose) and hepatobiliary
      (70%) excretion in rats. Despite its lipophilic character, the compound displays
      a low toxicity (LD50 = 7.5 mmol/kg). T1-relaxivity of 5.3 liters mmol-1 s-1 in
      water, 8.7 liters mmol-1 s-1 in plasma, and 16.9 liters mmol-1 s-1 in rat liver
      together with the hepatocellular uptake explain the liver-specific contrast
      enhancement of Gd-EOB-DTPA. The diagnostic dose is considerably lower than the
      amount of Magnevist used in abdominal imaging. The preclinical studies suggest
      its clinical role as being a hepatobiliary contrast agent for MRI.

PMID- 1812352
TI  - A new macrocyclic MRI contrast agent: Gd MCTA complex.
AB  - A new macrocyclic complex Gd-MCTA has been synthesized which exhibits a higher LD
      50 compared to Gd-DOTA. These two complexes show comparable NMRD profiles.

PMID- 1812353
TI  - Pitfalls of contrast-enhanced imaging in the nervous system.
AB  - This brief review covers the evolving clinical role of paramagnetic contrast
      agents in magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system, with
      particular emphasis on potential pitfalls. The safety and efficacy of Gd-DTPA is
      now well-established. Approximately 35-40% of all scans performed in this country
      now utilize the agent. The major pitfalls center on overinterpretation of the
      characterization of disease by either enhancement or lack thereof in any
      particular process.

PMID- 1812354
TI  - Dosing of Gd-DTPA in MR imaging of intracranial tumors.

PMID- 1812355
TI  - Clinical experience with contrast enhanced echo-planar imaging of the brain.
AB  - The overall effects of intravenous Gd-DTPA on tissue signal in intracranial
      tumors are complex depending on dose, time of administration, pulse sequence, and
      tissue structure. Ultrahigh speed EPI permits the kinetics of tissue enhancement
      in intracranial tumors to be studied during the "wash-in" equilibrium and "wash
      out" phases. Ongoing studies employing dynamic scanning have shown it to be a
      valuable adjunct to a morphological study of tumors, providing an assessment of
      vascularity which is important in planning resection; and demonstrating areas
      with maximal breakdown of the blood-brain barrier which are most suitable for
      stereotactic biopsy. There are grounds for anticipating that the analysis of the
      temporal profile of enhancement may allow discrimination between different tumor
      types and provide information on factors which relate to the malignant potential
      of a single type.

PMID- 1812356
TI  - Comparison of Gd- and Dy-chelates for T2 contrast-enhanced imaging.

PMID- 1812357
TI  - Contrast agents for fast imaging.

PMID- 1812358
TI  - Equipment requirements to facilitate contrast-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - During the past decade, MR equipment and imaging techniques have experienced
      unprecedented development. Significant improvements have been made in image
      quality, enhancing conventional contrast agent studies. In addition, the
      development of new applications, such as MR angiography, has expanded the role of
      existing agents. A major benefit for contrast agent research has been the
      development of ultrafast MR imaging. This ability to provide information on
      contrast agent dynamics will aid in the detection and characterization of
      neoplastic and other disease states. While the gradient-echo techniques may
      provide adequate temporal resolution for many applications, echo planar imaging
      will enable the assessment of perfusion for an entire organ, which is critical in
      the heart or when the location of the pathology is unknown a priori. It is also
      likely that continued development in MR contrast agents will have a synergistic
      impact on pulse sequences, e.g., MR diffusion imaging. The growth in functional
      MR imaging will be based in large measure on the continued interactive
      development of imaging strategies and magnetopharmaceutials.

PMID- 1812359
TI  - MRI of blood-brain barrier permeability in astrocytic gliomas: application of
      small and large molecular weight contrast media.

PMID- 1812360
TI  - Susceptibility contrast imaging of cerebral blood volume: human experience.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) can offer a unique window on the structure/function
      relationships in the brain, by utilizing the established link between tissue
      function, metabolism, and hemodynamics. This report focuses on recent
      applications of MR-based cerebral blood volume (CBV) imaging in humans. Our
      methodology uses high-speed "single-shot" or echo planar imaging techniques,
      which provide the necessary temporal resolution for mapping the rapid cerebral
      transit of contrast agents. These MR CBV mapping techniques have been used to
      study normal human brain task activation and in the clinical study of patients
      with brain tumors. In the latter, positron emission tomography imaging was used
      for functional metabolic and CBV correlation. Susceptibility contrast CBV imaging
      should allow us to improve our understanding of the relationship between the
      detailed physiology and morphology of the microvascular bed and functional
      attributes of the brain. These techniques can be applied to understanding
      fundamental questions of cognitive neuroscience and can aid in improving
      diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in various neuropathologies.

PMID- 1812361
TI  - Liposomes as MR contrast agents: pros and cons.
AB  - Liposomes are generally thought of as being useful for entrapping drugs within
      their internal aqueous space. When used with MR contrast agents, this has the
      drawback that water flux across the membrane bilayer is limiting to contrast
      enhancement. This can be partially overcome by making the liposomes very small,
      such that surface area is relatively great compared to internal volume, thereby
      facilitating water exchange. Alternatively the membranes can be designed to be
      permeable to water but this may render the vesicles unstable in serum. Another
      approach is to incorporate the contrast agents into the lipid bilayer. By
      designing novel complexes of manganese with the ligands incorporated onto dual
      acyl chains, we have achieved R1 and R2 values of over 20/mmol sec-1 or more than
      five times higher than Gd-DTPA. Hepatic metastasis detection is significantly
      improved in rats at doses of only 10 mumol/kg manganese. Membrane-bound manganese
      complexes function as highly effective liver imaging agents and merit further
      study for development as agents to undergo human clinical trials.

PMID- 1812362
TI  - Paramagnetic iron (III) MRI contrast agents.

PMID- 1812363
TI  - Insights of an abdominal imager: what do we need for MRI enhancement?

PMID- 1812364
TI  - Functional MR of the kidney.
AB  - A bolus injection of Gadopentetate Dimeglumine with dynamic gradient echo MR
      imaging has allowed for the visualization of normal and abnormal renal function.
      Following an injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine, NMR T1 relaxation times
      obtained on serial collections of serum and urine at timed intervals were used to
      derive the glomerular filtration rate. The merger of dynamic contrast-enhanced
      MRI with an in vitro NMR-derived GFR provides for assessment of renal function
      without the use of radioactive agents.

PMID- 1812365
TI  - Physiological principles for the design of hepatic contrast agents.

PMID- 1812366
TI  - Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg: experimental disease imaging.
AB  - The novel tissue-specific contrast agent, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg, was tested in MR
      imaging of experimental focal liver disease and of acute myocardial ischemia in
      rats. Directly implanted liver tumors and blood-borne metastases were used as
      models for focal liver disease and occlusion of the lower anterior descending
      coronary artery as model for acute ischemia. The studies with implanted tumors,
      at a dose level of 250 mumol/kg, showed a very high (370%) and persistent
      (greater than 2 h) increase in the tumor-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR),
      owing to selective enhancement of normal liver parenchyma signal intensity. While
      all blood-borne metastases showed a similar late CNR enhancement, some of them
      experienced early contrast loss due to transient signal intensity enhancement. In
      myocardial imaging, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg produced a signal intensity enhancement in
      normal myocardium and an injured area-normal area CNR enhancement which were both
      much stronger and more persistent than those produced by Gd-DTPA/Dimeg.

PMID- 1812367
TI  - Clinical hepatic imaging with paramagnetic positive enhancers.

PMID- 1812368
TI  - Targeted relaxation enhancement agents for MRI.
AB  - The design, relative merits, and initial applications of targeted relaxation
      enhancement agents, a new form of MRI contrast media, are briefly discussed.
      These agents are designed to bind reversibly to target macromolecules in a tissue
      of interest, thus enhancing water proton relaxation efficiency and MRI contrast.
      Initial applications for targeted agents include blood pool and hepatobiliary
      imaging.

PMID- 1812369
TI  - Contrast enhancement for the myocardium.

PMID- 1812370
TI  - Experience using gadolinium-DTPA in cardiovascular MRI.

PMID- 1812371
TI  - High-dose applications of gadolinium chelates in magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Administration of gadolinium chelates at doses greater than 0.1 mmol/kg IV can
      potentially improve both lesion detection and the assessment of tissue perfusion.
      Preliminary results are presented in clinical patients and two animal models. In
      human intracranial metastatic disease, administration of 0.3 (cumulative dose)
      mmol/kg gadoteridol (Gd HP-DO3A) has permitted detection of additional lesions
      not visualized at 0.1 mmol/kg. In a rabbit model of focal liver disease, 0.5
      mmol/kg IV provided superior enhancement of both normal parenchyma and lesion rim
      compared to doses of 0.25 and 0.1. Dynamic imaging (T1-weighted turbo-FLASH)
      immediately following bolus injection of 0.5 mmol/kg permitted direct
      visualization (on unsubtracted images) of an acute perfusion defect in the cat
      brain not visible on conventional T1- and T2-weighted scans.

PMID- 1812372
TI  - Porphyrins as contrast media.
AB  - The interest in tissue distribution of variously labeled or otherwise detectable
      natural and synthetic porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives dates back well over
      60 years. Although a considerable interest in fluorescent tumor localization and
      therapy dominates the history of porphyrin biodistribution studies, many
      investigators have evaluated the diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of
      porphyrins with radioactive, radiopaque, and paramagnetic qualities. In this
      paper, a review of the use of porphyrins as nuclear medicine, X-ray, and NMR
      contrast agents is presented.

PMID- 1812373
TI  - Contrast agents for magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a method to obtain increased
      information in in vivo and in vitro spectroscopy.
AB  - The concept of contrast, which now is an integral part of many magnetic resonance
      imaging studies, can be extended successfully to magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
      It involves the use of paramagnetic molecules whose distribution is restricted in
      some manner, thereby causing differential effects on the NMR spectra. As an
      illustrative example, the effects of lipophilic nitroxide stable free radicals on
      the NMR spectra of serum and lipoproteins are shown. These nitroxides
      differentially broaden away components of the spectra due to the nuclei of
      methylene and methyl groups, which enables the usually obscured peaks of lactate
      to be observed fully. The concept can be applied to differential distribution of
      the contrast agent on the basis of solubility, charge, and/or
      compartmentalization. It can be used with any type of NMR spectroscopy and any
      type of paramagnetic contrast (broadening) agent.

PMID- 1812374
TI  - The dependence of proton longitudinal and transverse relaxation times on cell
      cycle phase: mouse MCA-transformed 10T1/2 TCL-15 cells.
AB  - Attempts to determine proton NMR longitudinal relaxation times (T1) as a function
      of cell-cycle stage using cells synchronized by chemical methods have yielded
      conflicting results (P. T. Beall, C. F. Hazlewood, and P. N. Rao, Science 192,
      904 (1976); R. N. Muller et al., FEBS Lett. 114, 231 (1980); D. N. Wheatley, et
      al., J. Cell Sci. 88, 13 (1987]. This has raised the question whether a true
      dependence of T1 on cell-cycle phase exists. In the present study, the
      centrifugal elutriation technique was used to obtain relatively pure,
      synchronized cell populations of TCL-15 cells (a methylcholanthrene-transformed
      line of mouse 10T1/2 cells) for measurement of proton NMR relaxation rates. This
      technique provides a means to procure synchronized cell populations without the
      use of chemical agents as in the above-cited investigations and therefore avoid
      possible effects caused by the chemical agents of the NMR relaxation processes.
      Both T1 and the transverse relaxation time, T2, of water protons in synchronized
      cell pellets obtained in this study, exhibited a dependence on cell-cycle phase
      at least for the first half of the cell cycle (G1 to S). Cells in G1 phase
      exhibited quantitatively higher T1 and T2 relaxation times compared to those
      measured for cells in mid S phase. Such changes were found to correlate with
      changes in water content. The distribution of cell-cycle phases of each cell
      population was determined by the DNA histogram using flow cytometric methods.
      Possible relaxation mechanisms which may contribute to the cell-cycle-specific
      phenomena of the intracellular T1 and T2 times are discussed.

PMID- 1812375
TI  - Alkalosis monitored by 31P NMR in a human glioma cell line exposed to the anti
      tumor drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.
AB  - A transient alkalosis of similar magnitude to that observed in vivo has been
      observed using 31P NMR and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate as a pH marker in a
      human glioma cell line, SKI-1, with demonstrated sensitivity to 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. At an effective dose of 5 +/- 1 x 10 micrograms/ml,
      an increase of 0.13 +/- 0.05 pH units was observed within 4 +/- 1 x 10 min of
      introducing the drug into the perfusion chamber. Although the in vitro response
      is of a time course much faster than that in vivo, these results suggest that
      this immediate pH change could be an indicator of the cytotoxic action of the
      drug.

PMID- 1812376
TI  - Practical implementation and optimization of one-shot T1 imaging.
AB  - Longitudinal relaxation times (T1) can be measured rapidly in an imaging context
      using a "one-shot" method based on the pulse sequence originally proposed by D.
      C. Look and D. R. Locker (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 250 1970). This sequence is
      significantly faster than either repeated inversion recovery or repeated
      saturation recovery methods. The method uses a 180 degrees inversion pulse
      followed by multiple small-angle alpha pulses that sample the longitudinal
      magnetization during its recovery. Choices of inversion pulse, tip angle, and
      time intervals are discussed for optimal clinical use. We can produce 29 images
      sampling the full T1 recovery curve with a 256 x 256 resolution in about 10 min.
      From this data, T1 images can be calculated with a precision of 10%.

PMID- 1812377
TI  - Quantitative two-dimensional time correlation relaxometry.
AB  - An experimental and analytical method is presented for obtaining two-dimensional
      NMR time correlation spectra of T1 (or T1p) and T2 exponential relaxation in
      heterogeneous samples. The numerical algorithms used in this study do not bias
      the solution by any a priori assumptions as to the number of required components.
      The constraints used to overcome the ill-posed and ill-conditioned nature of this
      inverse problem are also described. With this method, the correlations of T1 (or
      T1p) and T2 exponential components in systems of nonexchanging standards and rat
      muscle tissues are obtained.

PMID- 1812378
TI  - Measurement of water movement in the rabbit eye in vivo using H2(17)O.
AB  - Topically applied (eyedrop) H2(17)O (10% enrichment) was used in magnetic
      resonance studies to quantify intraocular water dispersion in vivo. The rate of
      H2(17)O removed from the aqueous chamber is in the order of 0.1 ml/min/ml of
      tissue. Similar results are obtained with either proton imaging or 17O
      spectroscopy. Parallel experiments of direct injection of H2(17)O into the
      aqueous chamber supported the topical data. Proton MR imaging of H2(17)O
      dissipation from the aqueous chamber with clinical imagers, coupled with eyedrop
      application, suggests clinical possibilities.

PMID- 1812379
TI  - Development of an in vivo 19F magnetic resonance method for measuring oxygen
      deficiency in tumors.
AB  - A 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) approach to measuring hypoxia in
      experimental tumors in rats at a field strength of 2.35 T has been investigated
      in a combined study of in situ and excised tumors. The detection of tumor hypoxia
      is based on the hypoxia marker approach which depends on the selective, covalent
      binding of a fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole to hypoxic cells. The 19F MRS
      measurement of in vivo hypoxia marker binding was made at a fixed postinjection
      time when unbound, circulating marker molecule concentrations had dropped below
      detectable levels. A correlation between 19F MRS and scintillation counting
      measures of tumor-bound, tritium-labeled hypoxia marker was observed. There was
      no correlation between integrated 19F MRS hypoxia marker signals and the in vivo
      31P MRS parameters of hypoxia which have been developed to measure normal tissue
      ischemia. Radiolabeling studies and previous immunohistochemical studies with the
      fluorinated hypoxia marker support the conclusion that the 19F MRS approach has
      promise as a physically noninvasive guide to the use of hypoxia-dependent
      therapies at clinically usable MRS field strengths.

PMID- 1812380
TI  - Electromagnetic fields of surface coil in vivo NMR at high frequencies.
AB  - A high frequency solution of the electromagnetic field produced by a circular
      surface coil adjacent to a homogeneous conducting, dielectric sphere is used to
      predict the attainable signal to noise ratio (S/N) and specific absorption rate
      (SAR) for in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments from 200 to 430 MHz (4.7-10 T).
      Above 200 MHz the S/N increases more rapidly with frequency and the SAR increases
      less rapidly compared with the respective S/N and SAR frequency dependence below
      200 MHz. The difference in frequency dependence is due to dielectric resonances
      of the magnetic field inside the sphere at frequencies above 200 MHz. It is
      predicted that surface coil 1H NMR experiments may be performed on a head-sized
      sphere, having conductivity and relative dielectric constant of brain, at
      frequencies up to 430 MHz without exceeding 8 W/kg local SAR and 3.2 W/kg SAR.
      The calculations of the S/N and SAR are used to determine optimum surface coil
      geometries for NMR experiments. The power radiated by the surface coil in the
      absence of shielding and asymmetries in the received signal with respect to the
      plane defined by the surface coil axis and the direction of the static magnetic
      field are significant at high frequency. Experimental measurements of the
      magnetic field inside a head-sized sphere verify the presence of dielectric
      resonances at frequencies above 200 MHz.

PMID- 1812381
TI  - On the nature and reduction of the displacement artifact in flow images.
AB  - In flow-imaging experiments with 2-D Fourier transform sequences, the time
      difference between phase encoding and readout leads to a potentially misleading
      displacement artifact. This artifact arises in regions of rapid flow and high
      shear, and manifests as an intensity distortion in addition to a bulk shift. We
      have studied methods of mitigating the artifact, including offset-echo
      acquisition, backward-evolving phase encoding, moment-compensated phase encoding,
      and projection-reconstruction imaging. Experiments on flow phantoms verified the
      nature and reduction of this displacement artifact. Of the four methods studied,
      the projection-reconstruction sequence proved to be the most effective,
      completely eliminating the artifact.

PMID- 1812383
TI  - A new method for the evaluation of the liver injury by 19F MRS of 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - An investigation was made of 5-fluorouracil metabolism in rat liver by 19F MRS.
      Fluoronucleotide synthesis increased markedly with liver injury and accelerated
      with uracil treatment, indicating that 19F MRS may serve as a new method for
      evaluating liver viability.

PMID- 1812382
TI  - A localized in vivo detection method for lactate using zero quantum coherence
      techniques.
AB  - A method is described to selectively measure lactate in vivo using proton zero
      quantum coherence techniques. The signal from lipids is eliminated. A surface
      coil and additionally slice selective localization are used. The resulting
      spectra demonstrate the good performance of the method.

PMID- 1812384
TI  - Determination of cytosolic ADP and AMP concentrations and the free energy of ATP
      hydrolysis in human muscle and brain tissues with 31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Based on experimentally determined concentrations of PCr, Pi, ATP, and H+, the
      ADP and AMP concentrations and the free energy for the ATP hydrolysis in normal
      human brain and muscle were calculated assuming that the creatine kinase- and the
      myokinase-catalyzed reactions were in equilibrium, accounting for changes in pH
      and free Mg2+ ion concentration.

PMID- 1812385
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of the detergent Rokafenol N-8 on the development and
      course of experimental pneumoconiosis caused by coal mine dust].
AB  - Experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of the
      Rokafenol N-8 detergent upon the development and course of experimental
      pneumoconiosis caused by mine dusts. albino rats were used for the experiment.
      Methodological assumptions were elaborated based on the analogy with the
      conditions observed at the workplaces, where means of dustiness control are used.
      Following experiments constituted the basis for the evaluation of the influence
      of Rokafenol N-8 detergent upon the development of pneumoconiotic and reactive
      changes in the lungs of experimental animals: following the introduction of the
      dust suspended in Rokafenol N-8 solution into the lungs, and following the
      intratracheal dust introduction--the animals were exposed to Rokafenol N-8
      aerosol. After the close of the experimental period (3 and 6 months
      respectively), histopathological investigation of the lungs and mediastinal lymph
      nodes, and the hydroxyproline (collagen) levels in the pulmonary tissue were
      determined. On the basis of the investigation results obtained it has been
      established that Rokafenol N-8 does not eliminate coniotic changes caused by mine
      dusts, and additionally, it presents an impact detrimental for the organism.
      Rokafenol N-8 administered both intratracheally and through inhalation causes a
      significant increase in the hydroxyproline (collagen) level in the pulmonary
      tissue.

PMID- 1812386
TI  - [Verification of the laboratories based on the program of the control of
      reliability of toxicological analyses of biological materials 1985-1989].
AB  - The evaluation of work of laboratories over the period between 1985 and 1989 is
      presented made by the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz within the
      programme of reliability control of toxicological analyses. The analysis made it
      possible to select all properly working laboratories, as a result of a strict
      verification. The examination of collected material indicates a need to introduce
      serious organizational changes in preparing toxicological analyses of biological
      material. The changes should result in reducing the number of laboratories which
      perform toxicological analyses and founding several central laboratories active
      in particular regions of the country. The newly founded centres should
      participate in the control programmes organized by the Institute of Occupational
      Medicine in Lodz which would enable the laboratories to get attestation to
      perform toxicological analyses of biological material.

PMID- 1812387
TI  - [Work intensity of regional industrial physicians and specialists in the
      Occupational Health Care Units in Poland 1981-1986].
AB  - The paper contains an analysis of condition of resources and scope of activity of
      all Industrial Health Care Units in Poland in the period between 1981-1986.
      Special attention is given to the problems of medical staff, especially
      industrial physicians and different specialists working for these Units. The
      relationship was discussed between the existing resources and the Units. The
      relationship was discussed between the existing resources and the Units activity.
      The activity was understood as the number of consultations given both in cases of
      spontaneous attendance and prophylactic (including periodical) medical
      examination. Also, disproportions between these two types of consultations were
      discussed. The results were interpreted in detail, so that the cause-effect
      relationships could be found. The sense and potential advantages coming from this
      analysis were presented.

PMID- 1812388
TI  - [Factual databanks of the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals].
AB  - The computerized IRPTC data bank will cover the needs for factual information of
      the Toxicological Information System established in the Institute of Occupational
      Medicine. The conception and principles of the International Register of
      Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) have been discussed. The main aim of the data
      bank is providing its users with information necessary to assess the potential
      threat posed by chemicals to man and his environment. The structure of the data
      bank, the rules for selection, extraction and presentation of data have been
      discussed as well as data sources, data management and dissemination of
      information.

PMID- 1812389
TI  - [Biological effect of cement dust].
AB  - The harmful effect of cement dust upon living organisms consists in irritating,
      sensitizing and pneumoconiotic properties of its components. In animal studies it
      has been observed that cement dust induces atrophic and hypertrophic changes in
      nasal and pharyngeal mucosa and chronic exfoliative bronchitis. In the lungs of
      experimental animals slight tissue fibrosis and some emphysema foci were found.
      The examination of workers exposed to cement dust has shown that disorders of the
      upper respiratory airways they suffer from include most often chronic rhinitis,
      laryngitis and pharynx catarrh. Also, it has been noticed that chronic bronchitis
      in the exposed workers was 1.7 times more frequent compared to those non-exposed,
      and that asthma was diagnosed in some of the exposed workers. Chronic bronchitis
      was usually characterized by the symptoms of impaired, obstructive lung
      ventilation. Defects in lung ventilation were strictly related to the duration of
      mild cases of cement pneumoconiosis diagnosed in a small percentage of workers
      who were exposed for at least 10 years to high dust concentrations. Long-term
      contact of skin with cement results in inflammatory changes or, in some cases, in
      chemical burns. Etiological factors of inflammatory skin changes are allergenic
      elements (Cr, Nr, Co) and irritating agents found in cement.

PMID- 1812390
TI  - [Effect of professional work and environmental factors on arterial blood
      pressure].
AB  - Polish population is characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular
      diseases, including arterial hypertension. At present, the studies on the factors
      favouring the development of hypertension are carried out in many countries. The
      results of recent studies concerning the association between work and arterial
      hypertension have been discussed. As far as intellectual work is concerned, the
      role of psychic stress was considered, whereas in the context of physical work
      the effects of acute and chronic physical effort on changes in arterial blood
      pressure were presented. Environmental factors leading to the development of
      hypertension such as noise, alcohol, excess of sodium and deficiency of other
      elements in the diet have been discussed. The currently studied influence of
      tobacco smoking on arterial hypertension was presented.

PMID- 1812391
TI  - EEG and event related potentials in hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - In recent years, there have been considerable developments in the application of
      EEG and event related potential technology to the diagnosis and assessment of
      hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. A review of the literature on this
      subject is reported. The visually interpreted EEG is only of benefit in the late
      stages of hepatic encephalopathy. EEG spectral analysis allows identification of
      all stages of the condition. Brainstem auditory evoked responses are normal in
      encephalopathy. Visual evoked responses show an increase in the latency and
      eventual loss of individual component waves as encephalopathy progresses.
      Somatosensory evoked responses show a progressive prolongation of peak and inter
      peak latency which correlates with the severity of encephalopathy. The auditory
      P300 evoked response shows an increased latency with the development of hepatic
      encephalopathy. Event related potentials provide objective diagnostic markers of
      the development of hepatic encephalopathy. The increased use of this technology
      in the assessment of patients with this condition should be of clinical benefit
      in its management.

PMID- 1812392
TI  - Aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase
      activities in rat cerebral synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria: effects of in
      vitro treatment with ammonia, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - The effects of in vitro treatment with ammonium chloride, hepatic encephalopathy
      (HE) due to thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver failure and chronic hyperammonemia
      produced by i.p. administration of ammonium acetate on the activity of the two
      malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), malate
      dehydrogenase (MDH), and on the pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity were examined
      in synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria from rat brain. With regard to the
      shuttle enzymes the response to ammonium ions in vitro (3mM NH4Cl) was observed
      in nonsynaptic mitochondria only, and was manifested by a 27% decrease of AAT
      activity and a 16% decrease in MDH activity. By contrast, both in vivo conditions
      primarily affected the synaptic mitochondrial enzymes: TAA-induced HE produced a
      26% decrease of synaptic mitochondrial AAT and a 50% decrease of synaptic
      mitochondrial MDH. Hyperammonemia inhibited synaptic mitochondrial AAT by 30% and
      synaptic mitochondrial MDH by 45%. HE produced no effect at all in nonsynaptic
      mitochondria while hyperammonemia produced a 30% increase in the AAT activity,
      but no changes in MDH. All the experimental conditions affected the nonsynaptic
      mitochondria PC: ammonium chloride in vitro produced a 20% decrease, TAA-induced
      HE--a 30% decrease, whereas hyperammonemia inhibited the enzyme by 53%. The PC
      activity in synaptic mitochondria was very low (about 2% of that measured in
      nonsynaptic mitochondria), which is consistent with the primarily astrocytic
      localization of the enzyme.

PMID- 1812393
TI  - Chronic changes in the brain Mg2+ concentration after forebrain ischemia in the
      rat.
AB  - Brain Mg2+ ion concentrations, [Mg2+], were evaluated in three groups of animals
      subjected to either 8 minutes (n = 10), or 12 minutes (n = 10) of near-complete
      forebrain ischemia, or sham operation (n = 10), from their 31P NMR spectra. No
      significant differences were observed in [Mg2+] among sham operated animals prior
      to or at any time point after surgery. In the 8-min ischemia group, mean [Mg2+]
      were significantly lower at 48 (0.28 +/- 0.06 mM, p = 0.014) and 72 (0.29 +/-
      0.07 mM, p = 0.005) hours post-ischemia when compared to their mean pre-ischemia
      levels (0.39 +/- 0.08 mM). [Mg2+] was restored to pre-ischemia values at 96 hours
      after induction of ischemia. In the 12 min ischemia group, [Mg2+] were lower at
      all time points post-ischemia when compared to their pre-ischemia levels. Our
      data shows that forebrain ischemia causes a chronic decline of cerebral Mg2+
      concentration, and the observed reduction of this cation can be partially
      attributed to concurrent brain tissue alkalosis.

PMID- 1812394
TI  - Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS.
AB  - Several neuropathological reports in the last 5 years have described brain
      lesions characteristic of Wernicke's Encephalopathy in patients with AIDS. Using
      the erythrocyte transketolase activation assay, we now report biochemical
      evidence of thiamine deficiency in 9/39 (23%) of patients with AIDS or AIDS
      related complex. In no cases was there history of alcohol abuse nor were there
      clinical signs of Wernicke's Encephalopathy. Thiamine deficiency in these
      patients most likely results from the cachexia and catabolic state characteristic
      of AIDS. In view of (i) the confirmed neuropathological evidence of Wernicke's
      Encephalopathy in AIDS patients, (ii) the significant thiamine deficiency in
      these patients and (iii) the difficulties of clinical diagnosis of Wernicke's
      Encephalopathy, it is recommended that dietary thiamine supplementation be
      initiated in all newly diagnosed cases of AIDS or AIDS-related complex.

PMID- 1812396
TI  - Coping with cancer: the role of self-care.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-care and an
      individual's ability to cope with cancer. The self-care an individual practised
      was measured using a researcher-developed Self-care Agency Assessment. Coping
      with cancer was assessed by measuring four outcomes: anxiety, depression, self
      esteem and sense of control, as well as a general personal perception of coping.
      Analysis of the data using the correlation technique showed a strong relationship
      between self-care and how an individual coped with cancer (0.81).

PMID- 1812395
TI  - Increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate reflects deterioration of neurological
      status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy.
AB  - Increased brain and CSF lactate have been described in human and experimental
      portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Using a recently described cisterna magna
      catheter technique, CSF lactate was measured in relation to deterioration of
      neurological status in portacaval shunted rats administered ammonium acetate to
      precipitate severe PSE. Loss of righting reflex (precoma stage of PSE) was
      accompanied by 2-3 fold increased CSF lactate and onset of coma by 4-fold
      increases of lactate (p less than 0.001 compared to either sodium acetate treated
      portacaval shunted rats or sham-operated controls administered ammonium acetate).
      The most likely explanation for increased CSF lactate is ammonia-induced
      inhibition of malate-aspartate shuttle and/or inhibition of tricarboxylic acid
      cycle flux in brain. Similar mechanisms could be involved in the pathogenesis of
      PSE in patients with chronic liver disease.

PMID- 1812397
TI  - Standard setting: an introduction to differing approaches.
AB  - In recent years there have been widespread developments in the National Health
      Service concerning quality assurance programmes. Differing approaches have been
      established throughout the United Kingdom and to individuals new to the field it
      is easy to become confused with the wide range of approaches described in many
      nursing and health service journals. A common theme in all such programmes
      involves defining the standard of service to be provided, then attempting to
      measure that service. This article will examine four different approaches to
      standard setting based on a multidisciplinary discharge standard. The process of
      setting the standards will be described and critiqued in each case, and this will
      be followed in the final section by a discussion of the different approaches.

PMID- 1812398
TI  - Project 2000: a critical review.
AB  - Project 2000 forms an example of nurses bringing about change proactively to make
      nurse education appropriate to the social, technological and medical advances of
      the second part of the twentieth century. Unexpected problems, however, are
      emerging as Project 2000 is implemented. It is argued in this article that these
      problems arise from a failure on the part of the United Kingdom Central Council
      in 1983 to anticipate the enormous changes that the health service is currently
      undergoing and a failure, therefore, to make connections between these changes
      and the educational and organisational changes involved in the implementation of
      Project 2000.

PMID- 1812399
TI  - A survey of nurses' attitudes towards single administration of medicines.
AB  - This small survey, undertaken in one district health authority, sought the
      opinions of registered and enrolled nurses, regarding a single nurse taking total
      responsibility for the administration of medicines. Just over half of the trained
      nurses (58 percent) considered they should be able to administer medicines to
      patients on their own and were willing to do so. The remainder (42 percent) were
      opposed and concerned about the potential dangers of not having drugs double
      checked.

PMID- 1812400
TI  - Learning nursing: what factors are responsible for a lack of creativity?
AB  - The following article discusses some of the many and complex factors responsible
      for a lack of creativity in nursing education. Creativity is seen as a positive
      attribute, enhancing nursing care. The occupational socialisation of the nurse is
      explored in addition to the power ideologies at play both in the clinical area
      and in the school/college of nursing that could affect creative thought.
      Strategies to remedy the situation are explored and tentative suggestions made.
      These include changes at the macro and micro level where the student of nursing
      learns.

PMID- 1812401
TI  - Couple adaptation in stepfamilies and traditional nuclear families during
      pregnancy.
AB  - Enhancing couple closeness and greater flexibility in family roles and
      relationships during pregnancy may be an essential factor for successful
      adaptation for childbearing couples. This study from the United States examined
      and compared family adaptation in terms of coping, adaptability and cohesion as
      they relate to satisfaction in 40 stepfamily and 40 traditional nuclear couples
      during the third trimester of pregnancy. Two distinct family types were found.
      Stepfamilies emerged as 'evolving' families. Traditional nuclear families
      manifested themselves as 'established'.

PMID- 1812402
TI  - Current bibliographies of neuropeptides prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 1812403
TI  - The hormone-binding site of neurophysins: binding of vasopressin to the N
      terminal sub-domain dissected from human MSEL-neurophysin through endopeptidase
      Lys-C.
AB  - Human MSEL-neurophysin has been dissected into two halves by endopeptidase Lys-C,
      taking advantage of a peculiar Lys59-Ala60 bond. Two sub-domains, N-terminal (1
      59) and C-terminal (60-93), have been separated. These sub-domains have been
      purified by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and identified by
      their N-terminal sequences. The N-terminal fragment comprises two chains 1-18 and
      19-59, because of the presence of a second lysine residue in position 18, whereas
      the C-terminal fragment (60-93) is a single chain. Hormone-binding experiments
      have been carried out using vasopressin or vasopressinyl-Gly-Lys-Arg and testing
      the ability of the hormone-neurophysin complex to precipitate at pH 3.9 with 10%
      NaCl. The N-terminal sub-domain precipitates in presence of vasopressin in the
      same way as native neurophysin whereas the C-terminal sub-domain does not. It can
      be concluded that the hormone-binding site is located in the 1-59 region of
      neurophysin.

PMID- 1812404
TI  - Bombesin-related peptides modulate interleukin-1 production by alveolar
      macrophages.
AB  - We have tested the effect of bombesin (BN) and BN-related peptides on the
      production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by rat alveolar macrophages. BN incubated with
      AM alone had no direct effect on IL-1 release. However, at concentrations ranging
      from 10(-11) M to 10(-6) M, BN significantly enhanced IL-1 release by AM
      activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A typically U-shaped dose-response
      relationship was observed with maximal effect obtained between 10(-9) M and 10(
      8) M. BN also potentiated the stimulatory effects of other IL-1 inducers
      including muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF). The 2- to 3-fold enhancement in IL-1 production seen with BN was
      blocked by the bombesin receptor antagonist [Leu13,-psi(CH2NH)Leu14]-Bombesin.
      Furthermore, bombesin-related peptides, gastrin-releasing peptides, (GRP)-27 and
      GRP-10 also potentiated the stimulatory effects of LPS whereas Neuromedin B (NeB)
      had no effect. These results suggest that BN-related peptides might play an
      important role as local modulator(s) of cytokine production and inflammatory
      reactions in the lung.

PMID- 1812405
TI  - Influence of TRH on regional blood flow and metabolic acidosis in a model of
      volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in rats.
AB  - In anesthetized rats, massive bleeding to a severe condition of hemorrhagic shock
      (invariably leading to death within 30 min) was obviously associated with a
      dramatic decrease in tissue blood flow and with profound modifications of several
      blood parameters leading to metabolic acidosis: decrease in arterial and venous
      pH, bicarbonate and BE, decrease in arterial pCO2 and in venous pO2 and SO2,
      increase in arterial pO2, venous pCO2 and venous lactate. The i.v. bolus
      injection of protirelin tartrate (TRH-T, 4 mg/kg), which produces a prompt and
      sustained reversal of the shock condition, caused a rapid increase in venous pO2,
      pCO2 and SO2; on the other hand, arterial and venous pH, bicarbonate and BE
      continued to decrease--and venous lactate to increase during the first few
      minutes after treatment. However venous pCO2 and lactate, as well as arterial and
      venous pH, returned to the pre-bleeding values within 60 min after treatment. The
      data are in keeping with the TRH-T-induced improvement of circulatory and
      respiratory functions, with mobilization of the residual blood from its capillary
      pooling and consequent immission of acid metabolites into the blood stream.

PMID- 1812406
TI  - Progastrin and its products in the cerebellum.
AB  - So far the only CNS neurons found to express gastrin have been
      hypothalamohypophyseal. Using a library of radioimmunoassays specific for
      different sequences of porcine progastrin in combination with chromatography and
      enzyme cleavages, 21 or 24 porcine cerebelli was now found to contain progastrin
      or its products. Sixteen cerebelli processed progastrin via glycine-extended
      intermediates to bioactive, carboxyamidated gastrin-17 and -34, half of the
      gastrins being tyrosine O-sulfated. The mean concentration of carboxyamidated
      gastrins was 0.8 pmol/g tissue (range less than 0.1-2.1 pmol/g), of glycine
      extended intermediates 0.1 pmol/g (range less than 0.1-0.3 pmol/g) and of
      progastrin 0.4 pmol/g (range less than 0.1-1.0 pmol/g). The results show that the
      gastrin gene is expressed in more than a single region of the brain.

PMID- 1812407
TI  - [Notes on the use of equilibrium radionuclide angiography in the study of
      diastolic ventricular function].
AB  - Diastolic ventricular heart failure, as an isolated pathologic process, recently
      assumed a great speculative interest and become a fashionable concept, although
      not so readily defined and understood. Gated blood pool radionuclide
      ventriculography allows the measure of parametric data which investigate the
      dynamics of ventricular filling volumetric changes. Radionuclide ventriculography
      presents peculiar characteristics of non geometric analysis with practically
      tridimensional approach to the study of ventricular imaging. The parametric data
      obtained are indicated to verify diastolic functional condition in many types of
      cardiovascular pathology, but present same practical limitations, due in part to
      the impossibility of a precise identification of the four fundamental components
      of diastole on time-activity curve. Keeping these limitations in mind, and also
      the incomplete definition of pathophysiological mechanism of diastolic
      derangement, nuclear cardiology still offers way of serially investigate
      diastolic function in many clinical settings. From a review of our preceding
      researches, the radio between maximal rates of diastolic and systolic ventricular
      volumetric changes (PFR/PER) is here considered. Purpose of this review is a
      deeper knowledge of radionuclide parameters which investigate the function and
      dynamics of ventricular filling.

PMID- 1812408
TI  - [Adverse effects of drugs on serum lipids. Clinical implications].
AB  - High blood cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary
      heart disease. Guidelines for the detection and treatment of patients with
      hypercholesterolaemia have been developed in the United States and in Europe. The
      causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia are generally well known, but not always
      diagnosed. A wide variety of drugs cause secondary hyperlipidaemia but the
      incidence of this event is infrequently recognised. This article focuses on those
      drugs that are known to have an adverse effect on the serum lipid profile and the
      clinical significance of this effect.

PMID- 1812409
TI  - [Efficacy of TTFCA in reducing the ratio between lymphatic and plasma protein
      concentration in lymphatic and postphlebitic edema].
AB  - In subjects with lymphatic problems and postphlebitic edema there is a
      significant difference in the ratio between lymphatic and plasma concentration of
      protein (CL/CP) in the foot. Two groups of patients were studied (one group with
      lymphedema and the other with postphlebitic limbs) in order to assess the CL/CP
      ratio before and after TTCFA treatment (Centellase). The study confirmed the
      efficacy of treatment in achieving a significant reduction of CL/CP and distal
      edema.

PMID- 1812410
TI  - [Incidence of aortic aneurysms in Piedmont].
AB  - A retrospective clinico-epidemiological study of the incidence of all
      arteriopathy hospitalization in the Region of Piemonte over a twelve year period
      (1976-1987) has been performed: among all the cases, patients affected by aortic
      aneurysm show an average of hospitalization of 0.8 cases per 24 hours. The
      prevalence of the sex has been pointed out for males (75.5% versus 24.3% of
      females): the men showed a higher rate independently from the age. The most
      involved age groups are for population between 70 and 74 years, but, from 1976 up
      to 1987 we have observed a more homogeneous distribution than in the first
      considered cases when it was mainly for patients aged more than 70 years. We have
      to stress a curious and not under standable datum regarding the kind of therapy:
      patients were treated medically in 69.4% of cases, while surgery was carried out
      only in 27.9%, but, fortunately, since 1976, we have noticed a continuous
      increase of surgery up to 40% in 1987. Hospitalizations have regarded the wards
      of Internal medicine in 24% of cases, while both General Surgery and Vascular
      Surgery showed rates of 23% and 25%. The average hospitalization time has been
      lower if compared to that of all the arteriopathies: 14.4 days versus 22.5.
      Furthermore we have to point out a decrease in average days of hospitalization
      for aneurysms of the aorta and a decrease in the costs for this pathology.
      Mortality is still high, also if referred to the non-operated patients: in fact
      the mean is 25.5% with a low rate of necropsies (mean 29%).

PMID- 1812412
TI  - Defaecation problems in children: anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the
      defaecation mechanism.
AB  - Disturbed defaecation mechanism in children is an underestimated problem. On the
      one hand because many are unaware that children too may have serious defaecation
      problems, on the other hand due to ignorance of the anatomy and the physiology of
      the congenital malformations of the defaecation mechanism, such as anorectal
      malformations and Hirschsprung's disease. The notion that after operative
      correction the defaecation mechanism will function normally again is incorrect,
      for the surgical techniques have their limitations, and at postoperative check-up
      subjective feelings often obscure correct observation. Objective registration
      methods, morphological and functional tests that may elucidate the defaecation
      problem, are not being used to their full advantage. Two case histories
      illustrate the correlations between the anatomical structures of the defaecation
      mechanism, the functions of these structures, the history and physical
      examination of the patient, and defaecography and anorectal manometry. History
      and physical examination should be considered subjective registration methods,
      defaecography and anorectal manometry objective methods. After scrupulous
      evaluation of the recorded data it will appear to be possible to decide on the
      most suitable treatment and guidance.

PMID- 1812411
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarction promptly complicated by atrial fibrillation during
      Holter recording].
AB  - We observed, during Holter recording, a case of inferior acute myocardial
      infarction complicated by paroxystic hyperkinetic atrial fibrillation, which
      occurred 12 min after the onset of acute irreversible myocardial ischemia. The
      atrial fibrillation was preceded by a complex pattern of hyperkinetic
      supraventricular arrhythmias characterized by single premature supraventricular
      beats, paired premature supraventricular beats and many runs of paroxystic
      supraventricular tachycardia. The most plausible hypothesis is that atrial
      fibrillation and the preceding arrhythmic pattern have been due to an extension
      of ischemia from ventricular to atrial myocardium.

PMID- 1812414
TI  - Non-surgical treatment for constipation in adults: the place of biofeedback.
AB  - The treatment of slow-transit constipation consists of dietary measures combined
      with a regime of laxatives and enemas. Surgery should only be considered when
      intractable constipation persists despite these measures. Results, however, are
      moderate. Functional outlet obstruction, the spastic pelvic floor syndrome, is
      caused by an abnormal use of a normal pelvic floor muscle. Procedures aiming at
      weakening pelvic floor function give no long-term good results and may lead to
      faecal incontinence. Biofeedback treatment, relearning normal muscle function by
      monitoring pelvic floor EMG and simulating defaecation, gives excellent results.

PMID- 1812413
TI  - Functional constipation: results of application of the colorectal laboratory.
AB  - Constipation and defaecation may be considered as the last taboo. The inability
      of defaecate or to achieve this only by digital evacuation has never been a
      popular topic among patients and doctors. Application of tests from the
      colorectal laboratory has made it possible to study the function of the different
      parts of the colon and the mechanism of continence. Two types of constipation can
      be distinguished: I slow transit, which is probably a systemic disease, and 2
      functional colonic outlet obstruction due to abnormal pelvic floor function
      during defaecation straining, which is likely to be a behavioural disorder. Since
      30 per cent of the patients with constipation have a normal total colonic transit
      time, constipation is not merely related to a low frequency of defaecation, but
      should be defined as a difficult and painful rectal evacuation which may even be
      impossible over several days.

PMID- 1812415
TI  - Severe, long-standing constipation in adults: indications for surgical treatment.
AB  - In recent years, new techniques for the investigation of colonic motility and
      defaecation mechanism have been developed. Based on the results of these studies
      it has been suggested that there might be an indication for a surgical approach
      to the distressing problem of constipation. Because this approach is still
      controversial, it seems to be appropriate to review the suggested indications for
      the use of surgery in the treatment of constipation and to discuss the results as
      reported in literature so far.

PMID- 1812416
TI  - Congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system: history,
      immunohistodiagnosis and experimental approaches.
AB  - Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by the absence of enteric neurons from
      the distal colon and rectum. We reviewed the history of Hirschsprung's disease
      from its first description till the experimental approaches of its pathogenesis
      today. In our laboratory we introduced the use of monoclonal antibodies directed
      against neurofilament epitopes as useful tools in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's
      disease and allied disorders. One particular monoclonal antibody (2FII) enables
      to distinguish between classical Hirschsprung's disease, long segment
      aganglionosis, hypoganglionosis, hyperganglionosis and chronic constipation. We
      also used monoclonal antibodies in experimental studies concerning the formation
      and malformation of the enteric nervous system in murine and chicken embryos. One
      particular antibody (HNK-I) was found to be a marker for very early precursors of
      enteric neurons in chicken (and human) embryos. In chicken embryos HNK-I
      visualizes cephalic neural crest cells, the area in the embryo that gives rise to
      all neurons in the gut. Using a microsurgical technique, we developed a model for
      Hirschsprung's disease in the chicken embryo.

PMID- 1812417
TI  - High-vacuum drainage and primary perineal wound closure in abdominoperineal
      excision of the rectum.
AB  - The result of perineal wound healing after rectal excision with primary perineal
      closure by high-vacuum drainage was studied prospectively. High vacuum drainage
      was performed via a wide-bore catheter (Ch. 27) placed through a stabwound on the
      thigh. The method was applied in 114 of 127 patients who had abdominoperineal
      excision of the rectum (89.7 per cent). Contra-indications were inadequate
      haemostasis and pre-existing massive perineal sepsis. Primary perineal wound
      closure was present in 85.9 per cent of patients, delayed healing in 12.3 per
      cent and a perineal sinus developed in two patients (1.8 per cent).

PMID- 1812419
TI  - Retroperitoneal sarcomas: pre-operative assessment and surgical therapy.
AB  - The clinical and pathological records of 22 patients treated for retroperitoneal
      sarcomas were retrospectively studied. The initial symptoms were pain and
      swelling of the abdomen in 11 patients. All tumours had a diameter of more than
      10 cm. The pathological diagnosis was in 16 cases liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma.
      Fourteen tumours were graded as high and eight as low. Sixteen of the 22 operated
      patients had complete resection of the tumour. Eleven patients had recurrence
      after five to 42 months, nine of them local recurrence and two distant
      metastases. Eleven patients needed repeated radical or palliative resections.
      Additional therapy (pre- or post-operative radiation or chemotherapy) was given
      to 11 patients. Radical resection of primary and recurrent tumours seems to give
      the best results in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas but debulking of the
      tumour improves the quality of life in selected patients.

PMID- 1812418
TI  - Accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - The results of preoperative CT-scanning were compared with the pathological
      findings in lymph-nodes taken at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy in 144
      patients to determine the accuracy of CT of the mediastinum in staging lung
      cancer. Ninety-nine patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 31 adenocarcinoma, nine
      undifferentiated large-cell carcinoma and five patients had carcinoma of a mixed
      cellular type. Mediastinoscopy was done in 105 patients and thoracotomy in 126.
      The results of our study showed that CT is useful to select patients for
      mediastinoscopy for T1 lung cancer in general because of a negative predictive
      value of 98 per cent. CT is also useful for T2 and T3 lung cancer located at the
      left lower lobe or the right upper, middle or lower lobe (negative predictive
      value 87%). However, mediastinoscopy is always necessary in patients with T2 or
      T3 lung cancer at a main bronchus or a left upper lobe because of the low
      negative predictive value (58%). Preoperative aorto-pulmonary window evaluation
      is not recommended in case the CT-scan for the aortopulmonary window is negative
      because of a reasonable negative predictive value (81%).

PMID- 1812420
TI  - The first genuine internal fixation in the University Clinic of Utrecht.

PMID- 1812421
TI  - Surgical arthrolysis for posttraumatic stiffening of elbow and knee joints.
AB  - Arthrolysis can be performed for posttraumatic stiffening of elbow and knee
      joints if all conservative treatment has failed. The mobility gained during the
      operative procedure is partly lost during the first two to three postoperative
      weeks. Intensive physical therapy is essential to maintain the mobility. In a
      follow-up study all 19 patients, who underwent arthrolysis from 1983 up to 1989,
      were re-examined. Considering the relative increase of motion the result was good
      in nine patients, moderate in six and poor in four patients. Arthrolysis is not
      an innocent procedure. However, if strict pre-operative conditions are
      considered, good results can be obtained.

PMID- 1812422
TI  - Which approach for femoral head replacement?
AB  - A total of 80 femoral head replacements for recent fractures were reviewed with
      special attention to local complications. In 50 cases a posterior approach was
      used by one surgeon, in 30 an anterolateral approach by the other surgeon. As
      there were no serious local complications in either group, we found no
      differences between the two approaches.

PMID- 1812423
TI  - Diagnostic work with suspected cases of systemic meningococcal disease in the
      Norwegian serogroup B vaccine protection trials.

PMID- 1812425
TI  - Results of an efficacy trial with an outer membrane vesicle vaccine against
      systemic serogroup B meningococcal disease in Norway.
AB  - A placebo controlled, double blind efficacy trial with a new outer membrane
      vesicle vaccine against systemic meningococcal disease of serogroup B, has been
      conducted in Norwegian secondary schools. The study was randomized at school
      level (1335 schools) and 171,800 students volunteered. The study started in
      October 1988 and the code was opened in June 1991. Out of the thirty-six proven
      cases of acute, severe, systemic disease caused by serogroup B meningococci among
      the participants, twelve occurred in eleven schools given vaccine, twenty-four in
      twenty-four schools given placebo. twenty-four cases were recorded among
      secondary school students who did not participate in the study. The protection
      rate was calculated to 57.4% with a p-value of 1.2% and lower limit of confidence
      (95%) to 27.7%. The results have initiated research towards an improved outer
      membrane vesicle vaccine against this disease.

PMID- 1812424
TI  - The Norwegian meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine protection
      trials: case tracing, meningococcal antigen detection and serological diagnosis.
AB  - A survey is given of the efforts made to inform the general public, the potential
      vaccinees and their parents, and the health care personnel about meningococcal
      disease in general and the vaccination trial in particular, as a preparation for
      the meningococcal outer membrane vesicle serogroup B vaccine (MenB-vaccine
      "Folkehelsa") trials in secondary school students and military conscripts in
      Norway. Our case reporting system, supplementing the official notification,
      concerning even vaguely suspected cases in the age cohorts involved, is
      described. The efforts made to collect clinical material as well as laboratory
      and clinical data from 221 registered suspected cases are delineated. We also
      briefly summarize our cerebrospinal fluid antigen detection methods and
      diagnostic meningococcal serology work on these suspected cases. The compiled
      information on findings done at the admitting hospital of the possible cases and
      the additional diagnostic data provided at the National Institute of Public
      Health were put at the disposal of the independent Diagnosis Review Committee
      (DRC) as a basis for their diagnostic decisions before code opening for the
      meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine protection trial 3 June
      1991.

PMID- 1812426
TI  - Adverse events following vaccine or placebo injection in an efficacy trial of an
      outer membrane vesicle vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in Norwegian
      secondary schools 1988-1991.

PMID- 1812427
TI  - The meningococcal serogroup B vaccine protection trial in Norway 1988-1991: trial
      surveillance by an independent group.

PMID- 1812428
TI  - Meningococcal strains isolated from teenage patients during the serogroup B
      vaccination trial in Norway: serotyping, serosubtyping, immunotyping and clonal
      analysis.

PMID- 1812429
TI  - Bactericidal antibodies after vaccination with the Norwegian meningococcal
      serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine: a brief survey.
AB  - Results from the serum bactericidal assay (BA) after immunization of human
      volunteers with the Norwegian serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle
      vaccine are surveyed. In the phase II trials with adults we found very high
      seroconversion rates (greater than 98%) against the vaccine strain in the BA.
      Details in the antigenic composition of the inoculum used in the BA seem very
      important as shown here by finding lower bactericidal titres with teenager sera
      when tested with a variant of the standard inoculum. The present preliminary
      report corresponds to the presentation given at the Report Meeting on the
      Norwegian Meningococcal Vaccine Trial, Oslo, 12 September, 1991.

PMID- 1812430
TI  - Serum opsonins to serogroup B meningococci after disease and vaccination.
AB  - In this review the results of three previous studies are compared and discussed.
      Sera from 101 patients with meningococcal disease and from 113 volunteers
      immunized twice with vaccine preparations against serogroup B meningococci were
      examined for antimeningococcal opsonic activity using a chemiluminescence (CL)
      method. Twelve groups of vaccinees were immunized twice with one of four
      different doses of an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) preparation either alone or
      complexed to serogroup C polysaccharide and/or the adjuvant Al(OH)3. The OMV
      vaccine strain (44/76) was a patient isolate characterized as B:15:P1.16. The 89
      surviving patients and 97/113 volunteers responded with significantly increased
      opsonic activity to the vaccine strain. Sera from all vaccinees with low
      preimmunization levels demonstrated a significant postimmunization increase in
      opsonic activity. The vaccine response was dose related, and the second injection
      induced a booster response in those who received preparations containing Al(OH)3.
      At 26 weeks a reduction in opsonic activity to preimmunization levels was noted
      in 19/97 previous responders. The reduction was less pronounced in those who were
      immunized with the higher doses. Using CL and flow cytometry we found vaccinee
      sera to show cross reacting opsonin responses to other serogroups and serotypes
      of meningococci except meningococci of serotype 2a and 2b. The increase in
      antimeningococcal opsonins after vaccination suggests that the serogroup B OMV
      vaccine may induce protection against clinical disease.

PMID- 1812431
TI  - Immunoblotting studies of vaccinee and patient sera from a Norwegian serogroup B
      meningococcal vaccination trial.

PMID- 1812432
TI  - Vaccine against group B Neisseria meningitidis: protection trial and mass
      vaccination results in Cuba.
AB  - The Cuban vaccine, first in the world with proven efficacy against group B-caused
      disease, is based on outer membrane proteins from B meningococci capable of
      inducing long-lasting and high-titered bactericidal antibodies in humans. This
      bactericidal activity has a wide spectrum against all pathogenic group B
      Neisseria meningitidis tested. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of the
      vaccine efficacy was performed during 1987-1989 with 106,000 10-14 years old
      students from 197 boarding schools in seven provinces. The efficacy obtained was
      83% (chi 2, p less than 0.002; Fischer exact, p less than 0.001). In a second
      field trial including 133,600 persons from 5 months to 24 years of age in Ciego
      de Avila province (30 cases/10(5) inhabitants, the highest incidence rate in
      Cuba) by comparing vaccinated and non-vaccinated population after 2.5 years of
      observation and careful follow-up, the efficacy and safety was confirmed. Because
      of these results and because of the very low reactogenicity of the vaccine, the
      Ministry of Public Health took the advice of the Scientific Council to vaccinate
      all children between 3 months and 6 years of age in the most affected provinces.
      No severe or long lasting reactions to the vaccine were observed after the
      millions of doses administered. The efficacy of vaccination varied in the
      provinces between 83% and 94%, among age groups ranging from 3 months and 20
      years. After 3 years of massive application no severe reactions occurred and one
      of the most severe epidemics has been practically eradicated.

PMID- 1812433
TI  - Meningococcal serogroup B vaccine protection trial and follow-up studies in
      Chile. The Chilean National Committee for Meningococcal Disease.

PMID- 1812435
TI  - Vaccine efficacy determination.
AB  - The "Gold standard" in vaccine testing is the randomized, placebo controlled,
      double-blind efficacy trial. Once a protective immune mechanism is defined, e.g.,
      from an efficacy trial, vaccine performance can then be judged by serologic
      parameters. Although immunogenicity studies can provide important information, in
      many instances the answer has to come from efficacy trials. For rare diseases
      like meningococcal disease, these trials are expensive and difficult to conduct.
      It is therefore incumbent to learn as much as possible from each trial. Issues in
      pre-licensure studies include: vaccine selection, site selection, trial design,
      assignment to treatment and control groups, definition and surveillance for
      endpoints (cases, adverse reactions), identification of surrogate markers for
      protection, and utilization of monitoring committees.

PMID- 1812434
TI  - Meningococcal disease in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PMID- 1812436
TI  - Development of a second generation group B meningococcal vaccine.
AB  - Outer membrane protein vaccines have now been demonstrated to be effective in
      prevention of group B Neisseria meningitidis disease, but the extent and duration
      of protection needs improvement. To develop a second generation outer membrane
      protein vaccine we have begun studies to evaluate vaccines containing iron
      regulated proteins in lipopolysaccharide depleted outer membrane vesicles. Since
      the iron regulated proteins are critical for in vivo survival, it is our working
      hypothesis that antibodies to these proteins will either be bactericidal or block
      iron uptake. Four representative strains were selected, and preliminary studies
      indicate that vaccines containing the iron regulated proteins are immunogenic in
      mice.

PMID- 1812437
TI  - The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Norway 1975-91.
AB  - The epidemiology of meningococcal disease (MCd) in Norway is described on the
      basis of official notification figures for 1975-91. Morbidity is presented by
      serogroup of the isolated Neisseria meningitidis strain, time of onset of the
      disease in addition to the place of living, age and sex of the patient. A long
      term group B epidemic with high incidence and case fatality rates in the age
      groups below 5 years and between 13 and 19-20 years is the main characteristics
      of the situation.

PMID- 1812438
TI  - Production, characterization and control of MenB-vaccine "Folkehelsa": an outer
      membrane vesicle vaccine against group B meningococcal disease.
AB  - A vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease has been prepared from a
      B:15:P1.7,16 meningococcal strain (44/76) by fermentor growth and extraction of
      the bacteria with the detergent deoxycholate. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) were
      purified by ultracentrifugation and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. OMV
      contained the major class 1, 3, 4 and 5 proteins and some minor high molecular
      weight protein components. Relative to protein, the vaccine also contained about
      8% phospholipid, 7% lipopolysaccharide and 16% deoxycholate. The product was
      generally non-pyrogenic to humans in ordinary doses and was highly immunogenic in
      mice and humans. Production and control steps, physical, chemical and
      immunological data for the vaccine are described.

PMID- 1812439
TI  - Design of clinical trials with an outer membrane vesicle vaccine against systemic
      serogroup B meningococcal disease in Norway.
AB  - An outer membrane vesicle vaccine against acute, systemic disease caused by
      meningococci of serogroup B has been developed. The vaccine has been tested
      consecutively in phase I and phase II clinical trials including more than 5000
      volunteers. These trials provided data on safety, immunogenicity and
      reactogenicity and possible effect on carriage of meningococci in the throat, and
      consequently formed the basis for two major protection trials; one in secondary
      school students and one among military recruits. The aims, design and major
      results of phase I and phase II studies are described as well as the design and
      organization of the protection trials.

PMID- 1812440
TI  - The Norwegian meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine: side effects
      in phase II trials.
AB  - In order to establish the safety of the Norwegian meningococcus B vaccine we have
      focused on detailed reporting of side effects in several phase II trials. We
      report here the results of the largest single phase II study, (step II-6)
      including 877 school children. The incidence of local side effects was
      significantly higher in the vaccine than in the placebo group, but most of them
      were mild and short-lasting. Mild systemic side effects were commonly reported in
      both groups, but more severe side effects were rare and almost equally
      distributed between the groups.

PMID- 1812441
TI  - Clinical signs of temporomandibular joint internal derangement in adults. An
      epidemiologic study.
AB  - This study investigated the frequency and distribution of clinical signs of
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement in an adult non-TMJ patient
      population. Four hundred three persons who participated in an epidemiologic
      investigation were examined for clinical signs of TMJ internal derangement by
      four examiners who followed a standardized form. Clinical signs of internal
      derangement were found in 76 persons (19%). Twenty-nine persons (7%) had
      reciprocal clicking and 47 (12%) had a history of clicking replaced by limitation
      of mouth opening with deviation to the affected side. Reciprocal clicking was
      associated with TMJ pain during mouth opening and with limitation of jaw
      movement. A history of clicking replaced by limitation of mouth opening with
      deviation to the affected side was associated with pain during mouth opening,
      limitation of opening, and palpatory tenderness of the TMJ. The study indicates
      that clinical signs of TMJ internal derangement are present in nearly one fifth
      of non-TMJ patients. Those with clinical signs of internal derangement frequently
      also have subjective symptoms but they have not sought treatment for these
      symptoms.

PMID- 1812442
TI  - Textured collagen, a hemostatic agent. A pilot study.
AB  - The hemostatic properties of a new form of bovine collagen were observed on 25
      dental patients. Early in the investigation it became apparent that pain,
      swelling, and trismus were reduced and healing was accelerated.

PMID- 1812443
TI  - Follow-up report of immediate stabilization of mandibular surgical defects after
      tumor resection.
AB  - This study constitutes a follow-up of a study completed in March 1988, involving
      18 patients receiving bone plate stabilization for the repair of surgical defects
      after mandibular resection. An additional 11 cases are presented with follow-up
      periods of 3 to 23 months. Of the original study of 18 patients, follow-up was
      available for 13. Of these 13, five patients died, three as a result of their
      tumors. One patient was previously reported to have had recurrent disease and
      loss of the stabilization plate. One patient lost the plate in an area of
      recurrent tumor just before succumbing to his malignancy. The remaining three
      died with their stabilization plates in place and functioning. The eight
      remaining patients with long-term follow-up and 11 additional patients with
      shorter-term results are now described.

PMID- 1812444
TI  - Evaluation of the shelf life of sterile instrument packs.
AB  - No published studies have specifically addressed the shelf life of sterile
      packaging materials commonly used in dentistry. This study examined the effect of
      time on the sterile integrity: paper envelopes, peel pouches, and nylon sleeves.
      Seven thousand two hundred sample packs, each containing three glass rods, were
      prepared and steam sterilized. After sterilization, half the packs (control
      packs) were immediately opened and the contents were analyzed for bacterial
      contamination. The other half (test packs) were randomly sorted and stored in
      dental treatment operatories. At monthly intervals for 12 months, 100 packs of
      each type were similarly opened and analyzed. The contamination rates between the
      control packs were not significantly different from one another. Differences in
      contamination rates between control packs and test packs for both the paper
      envelopes (0.4% and 0.7%) and the peel pouches (0.2% and 0.2%) were also
      insignificant. However, a significant difference (p less than 0.01) between
      control and test packs (0.3% and 1.5%) was found for the nylon sleeves. This
      increase was not time related and was attributed to difficulty in removing the
      glass rods from the nylon packs in a sterile manner. The most important finding
      was the absence of a trend toward an increased rate of contamination over time
      for any pack type. This indicates that when these materials are placed in covered
      storage in dental operatories, a 12-month storage period is not detrimental to
      their sterile integrity.

PMID- 1812445
TI  - Technical innovation: transfacial approach for infraorbital nerve exploration and
      orbital-maxillary surgery.
AB  - A transfacial approach for infraorbital nerve exploration and maxillary surgery
      has been developed, allowing for good visual access as far posteriorly as the
      foramen rotundum and anterior maxillary region. This allows for infraorbital
      osteotomies, peripheral nerve grafting, neurolysis procedures, or combined
      maxillofacial-neurosurgical procedures with gasserian ganglion exploration and/or
      grafting. The procedure affords maximum surgical accessibility with good
      postoperative healing and minimal concerns about potential oral contamination.

PMID- 1812446
TI  - Temporomandibular joint ankylosis: an Indian experience.
AB  - Seventy-five condylectomy and coronoidectomy specimens of temporomandibular joint
      ankylosis in 61 patients were studied. Fourteen patients had bilateral ankylosis,
      six of whom had fibrous ankylosis on one side. There were two types of ankyloses:
      intra-articular and juxta-articular. Intra-articular ankylosis was seen only in
      reankylosis or in postinfective cases. Sixty-six cases were posttraumatic juxta
      articular ankylosis. A rudimentary temporomandibular joint with an atrophic
      condylar articular surface was found in all juxta-articular ankyloses. The size
      of new bone in the specimens varied from 0.5 to 3 cm. Fusion of the extra
      articular bone mass with tympanic plate was also observed. Contracture of
      temporalis muscle was noted in all the cases, which made excision of the coronoid
      processes mandatory in all the arthroplasties. Arthroplasty early in childhood
      did not hamper growth; instead, facial remodeling was enhanced.

PMID- 1812447
TI  - A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen
      planus.
AB  - The findings in this prospective study of 214 patients with oral lichen planus
      were similar to those found in our 1985 evaluation of 570 patients with oral
      lichen planus. These two groups of patients with oral lichen planus patients
      constitute the largest series from one clinic. Oral lichen planus was found
      mainly in women and most commonly on the buccal mucosa. Spontaneous remissions
      were infrequent (6.5%), as were malignant transformations (2.3%) in a mean follow
      up of 7.5 years. The erosive form of oral lichen planus was most common and was
      almost always associated with pain. Reproducibly successful management of this T
      lymphocyte disease was obtained by selective use of systemic and/or topical
      corticosteroids. Oral lichen planus was not associated with any evident systemic
      disease, drug, smoking, or genetic predisposition. Although statistically Candida
      albicans does not appear to occur disproportionately in large samples of patients
      with oral lichen planus, in some of the Candida-positive patients, antifungal
      medications appeared to be useful.

PMID- 1812448
TI  - Peanut sensitivity as a cause of burning mouth.
AB  - A patient with a history of a burning tongue together with discomfort of the
      labial and buccal mucosae was given an elimination diet and skin patch tests to
      determine the allergen in her diet. The patient was identified as being
      intolerant of an aqueous peanut extract. Three allergens in peanut butter were
      identified, the one with greatest reactivity being a heat-stable, water-soluble,
      nonglycosylated protein with a molecular weight in excess of 10 kD. Modification
      of her diet has resulted in resolution of the oral problem.

PMID- 1812449
TI  - Relationship between sialographic findings of parotid glands and histopathologic
      finding of labial glands in Sjogren's syndrome. Relation to clinical and
      immunologic findings.
AB  - We investigated a relationship between sialographic findings of parotid glands
      and histopathologic changes of labial glands, in relation to Sjogren's syndrome.
      We examined 107 patients, suspected to have Sjogren's syndrome because of dry
      mouth and dry eyes, in whom no other autoimmune diseases were diagnosed. Parotid
      sialography identified 37 patients with punctate, globular, cavitary, or
      destructive sialectasia (S-positive group). These sialographic findings were not
      seen in the other 70 patients (S-negative group). Among these patients, 54
      demonstrated periductal lymphocytic infiltration in the labial glands (H-positive
      group), whereas the other 53 patients did not demonstrate this histologic finding
      (H-negative group). Significant differences in stimulated parotid salivary flow
      rate and incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were observed between patients
      in the S-positive and the S-negative groups. Differences in the salivary flow
      rate and the incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were also seen between
      patients in the H-positive and the H-negative groups, although the differences
      were not statistically significant. The rate of incidence of serum rheumatoid
      factor, anti-SS-A, and anti-SS-B antibodies were significantly higher in the S
      positive and the H-positive groups than in their negative counterparts.

PMID- 1812450
TI  - Intraoral biopsy technique for direct immunofluorescence studies.
AB  - A wedge biopsy technique is described for use when oral manifestations of
      vesiculoerosive disease are suspected. The resultant soft tissue specimens are
      submitted for both light microscopic and direct immunofluorescence studies. This
      technique offers the advantage of obtaining highly diagnostic, mirror-image soft
      tissue specimens from a single perilesional site while minimizing postsurgical
      morbidity to the patient.

PMID- 1812451
TI  - Nasofacial zygomycosis.
AB  - Zygomycosis is an uncommon polymorphic fungal disease. One clinical subtype,
      nasofacial zygomycosis, is caused by infectious exposure to the organism
      Conidiobolus coronatus. A case affecting the nose and lips of a 42-year-old Malay
      man is reported here. The clinicopathologic features and management of this
      disease are described, and its differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 1812452
TI  - Pyknodysostosis: an unusual presentation in a denture wearer. A case report.
AB  - Pyknodysostosis is a rare craniofacial syndrome characterized by cranial
      anomalies, dwarfism, osteopetrosis, hypoplasia of the angle of the mandible,
      abbreviated terminal phalanges, and dysodontiasis. The syndrome was first
      differentiated by Maroteaux and Lamy in 1962. Fewer than 130 cases have been
      described since that time. A 30-year-old Filipino man had most of the
      characteristics of the syndrome. Of particular interest is that he wore complete
      dentures and had a chief complaint of pain arising from partially erupting teeth
      under the denture. To our knowledge this is the first reported case from the
      Philippines.

PMID- 1812453
TI  - Extranodal oral lymphomas: histologic subtypes and immunophenotypes (in routinely
      processed tissue).
AB  - Twenty-seven extranodal oral lymphomas were subclassified according to the
      National Institutes of Health International Working Formulation. Immunophenotypes
      were then determined by means of an ABC technique with newly generated antibodies
      that identify fixation-resistant antigens on lymphoid cells. Diffuse small and
      large cell lymphomas were the most frequently identified subtypes. B-cell
      associated antibody, L26, stained a majority of tumor cells in all lymphomas.
      Although 4KB5 was a less consistent B-cell marker, it stained most lymphomas.
      Reactive T-cell infiltrates, identified with antibodies MT1, UCHL-1, anti-CD3,
      and OPD4, varied from slight to intense. MT1 occasionally showed cross-reactivity
      with neoplastic B cells. No "histiocytic" lymphomas were found, but reactive
      macrophage infiltrates were identified in many lymphomas with monoclonal antibody
      KP1. In view of the immunohistochemical results, all lymphomas were believed to
      be of B-cell origin. Although antibody panels of the type used in this study can
      be effective in subtyping routinely processed oral lymphomas, careful
      interpretation is required because of reactive T-cell infiltrates.

PMID- 1812454
TI  - Intraoral sebaceous carcinoma.
AB  - An instance of sebaceous carcinoma that presented as a mass in the left buccal
      mucosa is described. This is the first known report in the English-language
      literature of a sebaceous carcinoma presenting as an intraoral tumor. The light
      and electron microscopic findings are described. The histologic differential
      diagnosis, clinical behavior, and appropriate therapy are discussed. Previously
      reported intraoral sebaceous neoplasms and sebaceous carcinomas of the parotid
      are reviewed.

PMID- 1812455
TI  - Primary tuberculosis of the oral cavity.
AB  - Two cases of primary tuberculosis of the mouth are reported. Painless ulceration
      of long duration and enlargement of the regional lymph nodes that did not respond
      to conservative and antibiotic therapy were the main manifestations of the
      disease in both cases. In the first case the tubercle ulcer was located in the
      lower buccogingival sulcus of a 17-year-old girl. In the second case the lesion
      occurred as a chronic periodontal inflammation around the gingiva of the left
      lower second molar tooth. When the tooth was extracted, a painless ulceration
      appeared around the socket, which was filled by granulation tissue.
      Histopathologic examination; bacteriologic, serologic, and blood tests; and chest
      x-ray film confirmed the diagnosis. Predisposing factors that might favor primary
      inoculation of tubercle bacilli into oral mucosa are also discussed. Finally we
      emphasize that in such cases it is essential to attempt to locate a possible
      primary site elsewhere in the body before oral tuberculosis is considered the
      primary disease.

PMID- 1812456
TI  - Age-related changes of the dental pulp complex and their relationship to systemic
      aging.
AB  - The dental pulp and its associated structures, the dentin and the cementum, are
      discussed. Because many of the age-related pulpal changes have components
      considered in several of the current theories of aging, these theories are
      briefly reviewed. Part 2 describes the age-related changes of the dental pulp,
      the dentin, and the cementum (the dental pulp complex). An attempt is made to
      differentiate inherent aging changes from physiologic defensive changes and
      pathologic irritant-induced changes. Part 3 describes the relationship of age
      induced changes in the dental pulp complex to components of the current aging
      theories together with a unified concept of the dental pulp complex aging. Part 4
      considers whether dental pulp complex aging can be used as a biomarker for
      generalized aging. Whether age-related changes of the dental pulp complex can be
      altered by interventions is discussed.

PMID- 1812457
TI  - Evaluation of Niobi-X filtration in intraoral radiology.
AB  - This investigation studied the effect of adding niobium filtration to the dental
      x-ray beam assessing reduction in patient x-ray exposure and changes in image
      quality. Clinical radiographs were made with the use of D- or E-speed film with
      either aluminum or aluminum plus 25 microns or 30 microns of added niobium
      filtration. Similar exposures were made on a head phantom, measuring the absorbed
      dose to radiosensitive sites in the head and neck. Results indicated that the
      addition of 25 microns or 30 microns of niobium filtration does not significantly
      degrade the subjective image quality of diagnostic radiographs when D-speed film
      is used. With E-speed film, however, the addition of niobium filtration
      significantly degrades the diagnostic image quality. The addition of niobium
      filtration results in a 20% to 30% reduction in patient dose. We conclude that
      the use of niobium filtration with D-speed dental film is a positive contribution
      to patient care.

PMID- 1812458
TI  - Swallowed partial denture.

PMID- 1812459
TI  - Flower bud-shaped maxillary central incisors.

PMID- 1812460
TI  - Linear radiopacity resembling broken needle.

PMID- 1812461
TI  - Fractured knife blade--an incidental finding.

PMID- 1812462
TI  - Unusual maxillary third molar?

PMID- 1812463
TI  - Bilateral 'kissing' molars.

PMID- 1812465
TI  - Cell surface hydrophobicity and electrokinetic potential of Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus.
AB  - Laboratory strains and fresh isolates of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and
      Haemophilus aphrophilus were examined for cell surface hydrophobicity and for
      electrokinetic properties under different experimental conditions. Fresh isolates
      of A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. aphrophilus were hydrophobic. Laboratory
      strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans were 20-30% less hydrophobic than fresh
      isolates. No difference was observed between laboratory and fresh isolates of H.
      aphrophilus. The pH of the suspending buffer, growth phase or incubation
      atmosphere did not significantly affect the hydrophobicity of the 2 species,
      whereas agar cultures of H. aphrophilus were less hydrophobic than broth
      cultures. All A. actinomycetemcomitans strains treated with sterile filtered
      saliva showed a concentration-dependent decrease in hydrophobicity of at most
      30%. H. aphrophilus strains were not affected by the same treatment. Laboratory
      strains of H. aphrophilus were more negatively charged than A.
      actinomycetemcomitans, whereas fresh isolates of the 2 species exhibited similar
      surface charge. In the presence of saliva the mean cell surface charge of
      laboratory strains decreased by 56% for A. actinomycetemcomitans and by 73% for
      H. aphrophilus. The results indicate that the 2 species differ in expression of
      cell structures accounting for hydrophobicity and surface charge and that
      environmental factors might differently influence the physical properties of the
      two species analyzed.

PMID- 1812464
TI  - Immunodominant antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c
      in high-responder patients.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine the characteristics of the immunodominant
      antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c. The top
      responders for A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c were selected (19 for
      serotype a and 21 for serotype c) from 150 clinically characterized patients.
      Competition assays revealed that 9 of 19 of these patients were reacting
      specifically to serotype a and 12 of 21 for serotype c. Limiting dilution
      analysis on Western blots revealed that most antigen bands apparent at low
      dilution disappeared as the patient's serum was diluted. The antigen band(s)
      remaining at the endpoint or the dilution corresponding to the antibody titer
      were defined as immunodominant. For serotype a there were several different
      immunodominant antigens but none was present in more than half of the subjects.
      For serotype c the immunodominant antigens included a number of discrete bands
      and a diffuse smeared polysaccharide band. Only 2 of these antigens were present
      in the majority of the high-responders: 92% had the smeared antigen and 67% had a
      15 kDa antigen. The 15 kDa band was a protein common to all A.
      actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. The smeared antigen was unaffected by protease K
      treatment and gave a reaction of identity with the serotype c specific rabbit
      antiserum. This rabbit antiserum is specific for a mannan carbohydrate and does
      not react with LPS (23). Therefore, the smeared immunodominant antigen appears to
      be a polysaccharide containing mannan.

PMID- 1812466
TI  - Adherence to experimental pellicle of rough-type lipopolysaccharides from
      subgingival plaque bacteria.
AB  - The adherence of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from periodontal disease-associated
      bacteria to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) and serum-coated HA beads was
      examined by chromogenic Limulus activity (toxicolor test). Phenol-water extracted
      LPS preparations from Bacteroides intermedius, Fusobacterium nucleatum,
      Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, and rough-type LPS
      from Escherichia coli adhered to S-HA and serum-coated beads and agglutinated
      human erythrocytes. The adhered LPSs to S-HA and serum-coated HA beads were not
      removed by vigorous washing with distilled water. LPSs from Bacteroides
      (Porphyromonas) gingivalis strains and wild-type E. coli did not adhere to S-HA,
      serum-coated HA beads or show hemagglutinating activity. SDS-PAGE patterns
      stained with silver stain showed that LPSs adhered to S-HA, and serum-coated HA
      beads and erythrocytes possessed a distinct fast-migrating band similar to rough
      type LPS. B. gingivalis LPSs possessed slow-migrating and repeating ladder bands
      similar to wild-type LPS.

PMID- 1812467
TI  - Characteristics of hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities of Treponema
      denticola.
AB  - Treponema denticola, a suspected periodontal pathogen, was shown to agglutinate
      and lyse human red blood cells. Both activities were cell-associated, heat
      labile, and produced during the exponential growth phase. Hemolytic activity was
      time-dependent and required incubation at 37 degrees C; further incubation at 4
      degrees C increased the hemolysis. Hemagglutination was reduced in the presence
      of D-glucosamine, EDTA or sodium salicylate, whereas hemolytic activity was
      affected by calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, EDTA or sodium salicylate.
      These biological activities may favor a higher concentration of hemin-containing
      compounds in periodontal sites, and therefore represent additional potential
      virulence mechanisms.

PMID- 1812468
TI  - Aspects of the growth and metabolism of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 in
      continuous culture.
AB  - Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953, a type strain of one of the newly proposed
      subspecies of this group of organisms, was grown anaerobically in continuous
      culture in a chemically defined medium. Its response to conditions of varying pH,
      nutritional environment, and imposed growth rate were then examined. The organism
      failed to grow at pH 7.8 but grew at pH 5.8, although the cell yield was greatly
      reduced. At pH 6.8 the cell yield was halved and less than 50% of available
      glucose was consumed. The optimum growth pH was around 7.4 when the culture
      appeared to be limited for both glucose and the amino acids glutamate, histidine
      and serine. Some intracellular polyglucose (IP) was produced and acetate,
      butyrate and ammonia were the major fermentation end-products, as they were under
      all growth conditions tested. Increasing the available glucose or amino acids did
      not alter cell numbers but the amount of IP was greatly increased. When glucose
      was omitted from the medium, the cell yield was halved and the culture then
      became limited for lysine as well as for glutamate, histidine and serine. Growth
      rate had little overall effect on the organism's physiology and the maximum
      growth rate at pH 7.4 was 0.20 h-1, a doubling time of 3.5 h. Glucose was thus
      channelled into stable IP synthesis only when the growth limitation imposed by
      lack of fermentable amino acids was relieved. The metabolism of IP and the
      ability to obtain carbon and energy from a variety of substrates may explain why
      F. nucleatum is one of the most commonly detected organisms in subgingival dental
      plaque.

PMID- 1812469
TI  - [Receptor-mediated phosphatidylcholine breakdown and the intracellular transfer
      of information].

PMID- 1812470
TI  - [Synapsins--endogenous substrates of protein kinases of the brain].

PMID- 1812471
TI  - [Plasminogen activator inhibitors].

PMID- 1812472
TI  - [Mucus and mucin--biochemical and medical problems].

PMID- 1812473
TI  - [Juvenile hormone of insects. Synthesis, degradation and interaction at the cell
      and tissue levels].

PMID- 1812474
TI  - [Day-night pattern of bronchial width and dyspnea: basis for selection of optimal
      dosage schedules for theophylline].
AB  - Asthma typically worsens overnight. Although 24-hr variation in environment
      conditions may contribute to the worsening of dyspnea at night, this does not
      fully explain day-night patterns of this disease. Circadian (about 24-hr) rhythms
      in bioprocesses which influence airways patency constitute major contributory
      factors. The nighttime exacerbation of asthma may represent the influence of
      circadian bioperiodicities in bronchial patency, airways hyperreactivity to
      acetylcholine, histamine and house dust, and altered levels of several plasma
      constituents such as cortisol, adrenaline, histamine and cyclic AMP.

PMID- 1812475
TI  - [Chronotherapy concept and the pharmacokinetic validation of a theophylline
      retard preparation for once-nightly administration (Euphylong)].
AB  - Many patients with asthma often experience a deterioration of symptoms at night
      and in the early morning resulting in sleep disruption and possibly impaired
      daily performance. A bronchodilator agent which exerts its maximal effect
      overnight to control nocturnal symptoms, without a worsening of the disease
      during the daytime, should improve the treatment of asthma. In the case of
      theophylline, it has been shown in asthmatic patients that a
      chronotherapeutically optimized formulation which provides the highest serum
      theophylline concentrations during the critical early morning hours resulted in
      better airflow levels overnight than the conventional twice daily regimen without
      loss of airflow in the afternoon. During clinical routine, this
      chronotherapeutically optimized drug delivery can only be ensured if there is no
      food interaction. In particular, dose dumping must be excluded. One absolute
      prerequisite for this is the pH-independent drug release in vitro. In addition to
      a "state-of-the-art" biopharmaceutic formulation, an easy-to-use guidance for
      individualizing the theophylline dose should be provided. This in turn is only
      possible if the concentration/time profiles show good reproducibility between
      subjects, from day to day, and for different dose levels. Finally, batch-to-batch
      bioequivalence has to be ensured. It is shown that Euphylong satisfies all of the
      above requirements.

PMID- 1812476
TI  - [24-hour lung function in asthmatic patients: chrono-optimal theophylline therapy
      as once-daily Euphylong administration vs conventional twice-daily
      administration].
AB  - In this study we examined the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new chrono
      optimized theophylline sustained release preparation for once-daily dosing in the
      evening for treating bronchial asthma. In a randomized, open crossover study,
      Euphylong (administered once daily at 2000 hours) was compared with the same dose
      of a reference preparation (subdivided into two equal doses taken at 800 and 2000
      hours). Administration and dosage were in accordance with prior determination of
      clearance. The patients were outpatients during the first six days of every
      phase, whereas for the following 24-hour measurement period they were admitted as
      inpatients for measuring the requisite pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data
      (PEF, FEV1, PEF 25 = 75, FVC). The theophylline levels remained practically
      constant for 24 hours under conventional theophylline treatment with twice-daily
      administration. In contrast, the variations of the theophylline serum levels and
      the night levels were higher after once-daily dosage of Euphylong, and the
      daytime levels and especially at the end of the dosage interval were lower.
      Compared with the standard profile without medication, both sustained release
      preparations improved the airway obstruction significantly and comparably during
      a 24-hour period. However, in the early morning hours between 200 and 600 both
      PEF and FEV1 were significantly higher under Euphylong. Between the improvement
      of PEF and FEV1 and the theophylline serum concentrations there was a significant
      correlation between 200 and 600 under Euphylong only. It is concluded that the
      treatment of asthma with the chrono-optimized once-daily theophylline preparation
      Euphylong over night is more effective than treatment with a conventional
      preparation in twice-daily dosage.

PMID- 1812477
TI  - [Efficacy of a theophylline retard preparation administered at 3 different intake
      times additionally to basic medication].
AB  - In this randomised crossover study in 26 outpatients with bronchial asthma the
      efficacy of a new once-daily theophylline formulation given in addition to a
      baseline medication was investigated; moreover, under steady state conditions,
      the effect of three evening intake times (6, 8 and 10 p.m.) on 24-hour
      pharmacokinetics and peak-expiratory flow profiles was evaluated. The
      theophylline dose had been individually titrated. The pharmacodynamic results
      show a marked improvement in 24-hour lung function data after adding theophylline
      to a drug therapy including inhalative anti-cholinergics in 50% of the treated
      outpatients. No significant differences between the pharmacokinetic
      characteristics and the 24-hour averages (mesors) of peak expiratory flow at the
      three different intake times 6, 8 and 10 p.m. were found; however, intake at 10
      p.m. resulted in the highest nocturnal excess of serum theophylline
      concentrations and the highest peak expiratory flow during the early morning
      hours between 2 and 6 a.m.

PMID- 1812478
TI  - [Long-term stability of morning serum theophylline level in asthma patients under
      minimally 1-year therapy with Euphylong].
AB  - The long-term stability of morning serum theophylline concentrations (STC) and
      peak expiratory flow (PEF) was investigated for at least one year in 21 asthmatic
      patients who received individualised theophylline doses in addition to a baseline
      medication (beta 2-agonists, corticosteroids, anticholinergics by MDI). All
      patients had previously participated in a randomised crossover study with the new
      sustained-release theophylline formulation Euphylong, so that 24-hour steady
      state STC profiles were available. During the 15 (13-18) months' follow-up, the
      theophylline dose was increased by about 6% on average; the largest increase of
      33% (from 750 mg to 1000 mg) occurred in 4 patients. The morning STCs between 8
      and 9 a.m. were intra-individually averaged over the longest interval with a
      constant dose; median and range were 11.6 (9.7-15.8) mg/l. The coefficient of
      variation was less than 10% in 8 patients and between 11 and 20% in 10 patients.
      The corresponding peak-flow values were 474 (239-622) l/min with a coefficient of
      variation of up to 10% in 16 patients and between 11 and 20% in 3 patients. The
      long-term study over more than one year confirmed the reproducibility of the
      Euphylong plateau profile previously found in controlled short-term
      pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials.

PMID- 1812479
TI  - [Euphylong in standard dosage: comparison with an international retard
      preparation for twice-daily administration in recommended dosage].
AB  - 24 patients with COPD and delta FEV1 greater than 15% were included in a double
      blind crossover study. 7 dropouts due to deterioration of findings and incomplete
      data reduced the number of assessable patients to 17. Most of the patients had
      been pretreated with a slightly higher theophylline dosage before initiation of
      the study. In the preliminary period a 24-hour profile of the peak flow was set
      up with a morning and evening theophylline level. During the 5-day treatment
      intervals a 24-hour profile of the serum theophylline levels and of the peak flow
      was recorded at two-hour intervals. A complete lung function test was performed
      in each phase. The pharmacokinetic data of both preparations are comparable.
      Euphylong showed a bioavailability of 83%, the maximum of the serum level was
      attained at night. Serum level variations were only slightly higher than those of
      the reference drug. Euphylong had a night level of 24% above the daily average
      (reference drug 3%). This was associated in a part of the group, about one-third
      of the total number of patients, with an improvement of the "morning dip"
      compared with the preliminary period or the reference drug. Over the entire group
      of patients there were no differences between both drugs or the preliminary
      period that could be ascribed to the theophylline premedication. An advantage
      shown by Euphylong was the better predictability of the serum levels. During the
      time period of the clinical routine the deviation of the serum level from the
      actual serum maximum was less than 15%.

PMID- 1812480
TI  - [Euphylong in patients with chronic obstructive airway diseases].
AB  - 25 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease with a delta FEV1
      greater than 15% were included in an open uncontrolled study. Only 17 of these
      patients participated during the entire length of the study, for there were 8
      dropouts (five because of side effects). 13 of these 17 patients had been treated
      with Euphylong (2 capsules a 375 mg theophylline every evening, i.e. a daily dose
      of 750 mg theophylline once every evening.) 4 patients were given additionally
      another capsule of Euphylong in the morning because their theophylline
      requirements were higher. After this dose titration, the patients were
      continually treated for another 5 days; on the last day, a 24-hour profile of the
      peak flow and of serum theophylline concentration was recorded at 2-hour
      intervals. The course of serum theophylline concentration showed a typical
      "plateau" profile in all the patients, the maximum values being attained in the
      night and during early morning hours. The maximum value Cmax of 13.7 +/- 1.3 or
      14.4 +/- 3.1 mg/l occurred on the average 8.1 +/- 1.1 or 7.5 +/- 0.9 hours after
      intake in the evening (the first-named value at once-daily dosage, the second at
      twice-daily dosage). Fluctuation at single dosage was 82 +/- 9% and at twice
      daily dosage 44 +/- 10%. the average daily level (CAV) was in the therapeutic
      range with both dosage schemes (10.1 +/- 0.9 or 12.0 +/- 2.5 mg/l). There was no
      morning dip in the early morning hours. Because of the observed side effects that
      are typical of theophylline, we recommend to administer Euphylong in the first
      phase of therapy initially in small doses gradually increasing to the desired
      maximum, in accordance with the procedure usually followed in optimised
      theophylline treatment courses.

PMID- 1812481
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of twice-daily unequal administration of
      theophylline retard pellets in children of various age groups].
AB  - To assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (Euphylong as retard
      pellets) children were studied belonging to age groups between 9 to 13 and 5 to 9
      years in twice-daily dosage with unequal distribution of the daily doses. For the
      older children the dose was 400 + 200 mg and for the younger ones 300 + 150 mg
      theophylline (these quantities represent the evening and morning doses). 16 and
      14 children, respectively, completed the studies regularly. Pharmacokinetic
      evaluation resulted in a markedly parallel course of the individual serum
      theophylline profiles around the mean value. The average nocturnal concentration
      from 200 to 600 hours in the morning was higher than the average daytime
      concentration (11.4 to 10.5 mg/l or 12.3 to 11.4 mg/l). Due to the relatively
      stable baseline values the clinical parameters improved only slightly, but there
      were in particular significant changes in the peak-flow profile. In the older
      children we could also prove that they had a better protection against
      metacholine provocation. The side effects were generally mild and were in
      accordance with previous experiences collected with the studied preparation. The
      dosage scheme with unequal distribution of the total daily dose is recommended,
      on the basis of the present study, for all patients with rapid theophylline
      metabolism, i. e. children, habitually strong smokers or if the clearance is
      accelerated due to endogenous factors.

PMID- 1812482
TI  - [Multicenter study with a large number of patients for the validation of
      pharmacokinetic and clinical findings from controlled studies with small patient
      cohorts].
AB  - In 94 surgeries a total of 682 patients were included into a multicenter study.
      Serum theophylline concentrations were monitored in patients with obstructive
      pulmonary diseases, that were treated with theophylline dosages as recommended in
      the Euphylong professional information or as adjusted after a theophylline serum
      level control. Peak-flow rates and theophylline tolerance as stated by the
      patients were also monitored and documented. 72% of the patients already received
      theophylline in the past. The increase of the mean daily dosage of theophylline
      to 750 mg administered as a single dose in the evening raised the concentration
      of serum theophylline in average from 8.7 +/- 5.0 mg/l to 12.2 +/- 4.1 mg/l. No
      increase of the portion of patients with serum concentrations above 20 mg/l was
      observed. The patients additional bronchodilatory medication remained unchanged
      during the study. As a consequence of the improved theophylline medication
      morning and evening peak-flow rates increased in average from 272 +/- 99 l/min to
      315 +/- 109 l/min and 278 +/- 101 l/min to 318 +/- 107 l/min, respectively. After
      a temporary increase during the first week of treatment the frequency of side
      effects decreased below the one stated at the starting point of the study. Out of
      106 patients, that did not finish the study, 44 (= 6.5%) dropped out because of
      side effects. The overall assessment of effectiveness and tolerance of Euphylong
      by physicians and patients was good to very good. Herein the single dosage per
      day was well accepted by most of the patients. The results of the presented
      multicenter study with Euphylong therefore confirm the pharmacokinetic and
      clinical data gained from single center studies with small patient numbers
      hitherto.

PMID- 1812483
TI  - Subgroup assignment of a human monoclonal anti-Rh(D) antibody.
AB  - Variable subgroups of both chains of a human monoclonal anti-RH(D) IgG1 (kappa),
      QA37C3G6, were determined from their N-terminal sequences. Sequence comparison
      with corresponding chains of other human antibodies indicated that the light
      chain belongs to the third subgroup of human kappa-light chains while the heavy
      chain belongs to the second subgroup of human heavy chains.

PMID- 1812485
TI  - The N-terminal amino acid sequence of yeast transketolase.

PMID- 1812484
TI  - Partial amino acid sequence of the light chain of human anti-Rh(D) monoclonal
      antibody H2D5D2F5.
AB  - Antibody H2D5D2F5 is a human monoclonal anti-Rh(D) IgG1 (lambda) produced by
      Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocytes from a healthy donor. The complete
      amino acid sequence of the light (L) chain, with the exception of positions 94
      97, was determined by Edman degradation of the intact chain, containing 30
      residues, and derived tryptic and thermolytic peptides. Sequences of the peptides
      were aligned by comparison with the sequences of previously reported L chains.
      H2D5D2F5 L chain belongs to the first variable subgroup of human chains. Its
      sequence does not reveal striking differences when compared to those of other
      human lambda chains issued from myeloma or hybridoma.

PMID- 1812486
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the 8-kDa protein in photosystem I reaction center complex
      from a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus.
AB  - The 8-kDa protein in Photosystem I (PS I) reaction center complex was isolated
      from a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus, by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using TRIS-Tricine buffer system. The complete
      amino acid sequence of the protein was determined. The 8-kDa protein consisted of
      73 amino acid residues giving a calculated molecular weight of 7,472. No
      significant sequence homology were observed with the known other small subunits
      in PS I reaction center complex, except for the 6.5-kDa protein in PS I from
      another thermophilic cyanobacterium, S. vulcanus. The 8-kDa protein was
      characteristically rich in hydrophobic amino acid residues, especially the
      content of leucine. These suggest that the 8-kDa subunit is an intrinsic
      structure component in PS I core complex for stabilization of the reaction
      center.

PMID- 1812487
TI  - PRENRL_3D: a computer program for an automatic creation of NRL_3D, protein
      sequence-structure database, from the Protein Data Bank.
AB  - Recently, we have developed a sequence-structure database of protein information,
      NRL_3D, that is extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of the Brookhaven
      National Laboratory. NRL_3D provides a vehicle for the retrieval of the three
      dimensional coordinates of protein fragments as identified by sequence
      properties. These data are formulated to allow access by standard sequence
      analysis programs such as those provided by the Protein Identification Resource
      (PIR). Because the PDB is updated four times per year, semimanual construction of
      NRL_3D in coordination with these updates becomes a time-consuming and
      inefficient task. Hence, we have developed a computer program (PRENRL_3D) in the
      "C" computer language that automatically extracts NRL_3D from the PDB. Although
      the program was developed in a VAX/VMS environment, care was taken to ensure its
      portability to other computer systems. Customized versions of the NRL_3D database
      can be created from the PDB entry files using various options available in
      PRENRL_3D, such as selection of entries determined at high resolution and with
      low R-value. The program has been developed modularly and it contains a number of
      generalized procedures for manipulating various information in the PDB.

PMID- 1812488
TI  - Distinction by sequence analysis between cdc2 protein kinases involved in cell
      cycle control and closely related proteins.
AB  - Cdc2 proteins are well characterized as protein kinases and are functionally
      involved in the control of the G2 to M transition during cell division. cdc2
      proteins (cdc2Sp, CDC28 and CDC2Gg) and proteins sharing a high degree of
      similarity with cdc2 proteins (EG1 and DM2C), and therefore belonging to the same
      structural family, were analyzed using Fourier transform of the coded sequences.
      Characteristic code/frequency pairs (0.140, 0.148 and 0.238) distinguish the cdc2
      proteins from the related proteins. The frequencies 0.140, 0.148 and 0.238 (and
      the associated codes) allow discrimination between all cdc2 proteins (cdc2Sp,
      CDC28, CDC2Gg, CDC2Hs, CDC2Mm, CDC2Dm, CDC2Ms) and related proteins (EG1, DM2C,
      MO15, GTA, PHO85, KSS1, PSKJ3, FUS3, KIN28), thus providing the first evidence
      for predicting cdc2 function from a sequence. A rice cdc2 homolog (R2) did not
      match the cdc2 proteins and is, therefore, unlikely to be a cdc2 protein.
      Pertinent patterns in the cdc2 proteins were searched, and mapped to the 90-210
      region (numbering from cdc2 of S. pombe) which correlates well with the putative
      cyclin binding domain of the cdc2 proteins.

PMID- 1812489
TI  - A variant database.
AB  - Variant biomacromolecules, either natural or artificially created, are proving to
      be useful in determining structure-function relationships. Research in this field
      would be facilitated by the compilation of data of variants into a central and
      widely available repository. The Variant Database acts as a repository for data
      concerning variant molecules. It complements the Biological Activity and the
      Physicochemical Property Databases as well as provides variant sequences.

PMID- 1812490
TI  - Bacterial cellulose-binding domain-like sequences in eucaryotic polypeptides.
AB  - The catalytic domain of endoglucanase II of Trichoderma reesei and the spore
      germination-specific polypeptide 270-11 of Dictyostelium discoideum contain amino
      acid sequences which share identity with the sequences of the cellulose-binding
      domains of several bacterial beta-1,4-glycanases. This is the first report of the
      presence of such sequences in eucaryotic polypeptides.

PMID- 1812491
TI  - Sequence regions of Bacilli metalloproteinases that can affect enzyme
      thermostability.
AB  - By a computer analysis of the five Bacilli metalloprotease sequences it was found
      that mesophilic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis proteases had lost two
      Ca(2+)-binding sites due to the substitutions Asp----Ser 57, Asp----Thr 59, Asp--
      -Pro 200, in comparison with the thermostable B. thermoproteolyticus thermolysin
      and B. stearothermophilus protease, which conserved three Ca(2+)-binding sites,
      and B. cereus protease with the intermediate thermostability, which had
      presumably lost only one site (Ile----Lys 197 substitution). The multiple
      substitutions within the sequence regions 91-101, 150-154, and 275-280 of the
      mesophilic enzymes also corresponded with the decrease in the proteinase
      thermostability value. On the known X-ray structure of thermolysin these sequence
      regions are spatially drawn together, being located near the central alpha-helix
      opposite the active site hole and providing the contact of the N- and C-terminal
      domains. It may be concluded that to increase the thermostability of the
      mesophilic Bacilli proteinases it is necessary to substitute the sequence regions
      91-101, 150-154, 275-280 for the thermolysin ones and restore the Ca(2+)-binding
      sites of the enzymes.

PMID- 1812492
TI  - Methanog: a specialized database on methanogenic bacteria.
AB  - A specialized, interdisciplinary database on various types of related information
      on methanogenic bacteria is described. Derived from other sequence databases
      etc., this database collects information from many sources, including unpublished
      work from research laboratories working in this field, and makes them accessible
      from a single source, to interested scientists, free of cost. It is presently
      held in eight 48 T.P.I. floppy disks and can be run on any IBM PC under DOS 3.0
      or above, making this database of particular interest to researchers with limited
      resources and on-line search/access facilities.

PMID- 1812493
TI  - Non-sequence databases for biological activity and physicochemical properties.
AB  - A biological activity database and a physicochemical property database are
      described. They are intended to complement the protein sequence database of PIR
      International. The Biological Activity Database and the Physicochemical Property
      Database contain information regarding the biological activity and the
      physicochemical properties of proteins, respectively. In addition they also
      provide information about wild-type molecules with which information concerning
      variant molecules may be compared. Data on artificial variant molecules are
      stored in the Artificial Variant Database which is described separately.

PMID- 1812495
TI  - Pharmaco-electroencephalography: a science ignored.

PMID- 1812494
TI  - The p17 stretch at the N terminus of the HIV1-gag precursor and the intracellular
      part of HIV1-env gp41 have heptad repeat regions in their sequences that could
      bind to each other in a coiled coil.

PMID- 1812496
TI  - Use of plasma level monitoring of antidepressants in clinical practice. Towards
      an analysis of clinical utility.
AB  - The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in the authors' hospital was studied
      for various antidepressants (maprotoline, clomipramine, imipramine, desipramine,
      nortriptyline, amitriptyline) in a two part-study (retrospective and
      prospective). Criteria for appropriate requests for TDM from the resident
      psychiatrists and for appropriate interpretation of the results were defined
      according to a clinical effectiveness/toxicity model. For this purpose, a
      "therapeutic window" (between 150 and 250 ng/ml) was chosen. Whereas the quality
      of the TDM requests varied in the two studies (41% and 26% inappropriate requests
      in the retrospective and prospective study respectively), the interpretation of
      the results was the same in the two studies (19% inappropriate therapeutic
      adjustments). Considering both the inappropriate requests and the inappropriate
      therapeutic adjustments, if appears that 52% of the assays in the retrospective
      study and 40% in the prospective study are inappropriate. In common with previous
      studies with other drugs, the present study concludes that the use of the
      antidepressant TDM could be improved. To this end, closer attention must be given
      to the nature of TDM requests.

PMID- 1812497
TI  - Pharmaco-EEG profile of levoprotiline: second example to discuss the predictive
      value of pharmaco-electroencephalography in early human pharmacological
      evaluations of psychoactive drugs.
AB  - The present paper forms the second part of a critical evaluation of the use of
      pharmaco-EEG as an instrument for assessing the profile of action of psychoactive
      drugs in man based on the trial results of three new psychoactive test
      substances. Part I described the basic principles and methodological approaches
      and illustrated the value of pharmaco-EEG in framing hypotheses about the
      therapeutic efficacy of psychotropic drugs by the example of the neuroleptic drug
      savoxepine. This chapter illustrates the relevance of pharmaco-EEG in the
      assessment of psychoactive drugs by reference to the test substance
      levoprotiline. Levoprotiline is the pure R-(-)-enantiomer of the racemic drug
      oxaprotiline, a successor to the second-generation antidepressant maprotiline.
      Only the S-(+)-enantiomer of oxaprotiline inhibits the re-uptake of
      noradrenaline. In view of the absence of any monoamine-uptake inhibiting action
      of levoprotiline, this drug was assumed to be devoid of an antidepressive action.
      This assumption, however, was disproved by observations made in clinical studies
      with depressive patients, in whom levoprotiline did indeed display antidepressive
      activity. Investigations of levoprotiline in the pharmaco-EEG model--even though
      being retrospective in the sequence of events--would have been able to produce
      objective prediction of antidepressive potential in man. The substance was tested
      by comparison to placebo and to the standard antidepressant imipramine in nine
      young, healthy male volunteers. The experimental design was a cross-over
      uncompleted block design with three consecutive trial days one week
      apart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812498
TI  - Pharmaco-EEG profile of maroxepine: third example to discuss the predictive value
      of pharmaco-electroencephalography in early human pharmacological evaluations of
      psychoactive drugs.
AB  - This publication forms the third part of a critical evaluation of pharmaco-EEG
      applications as an instrument for assessing the profile of action of psychoactive
      drugs based on the trial results of three new psychoactive test substances:
      savoxepine, levoprotiline and maroxepine. After the presentation, in Parts I
      (savoxepine) and II (levoprotiline), of trial substances for which compatible
      results were obtained in the pharmaco-EEG model and in the clinical studies, a
      case with discrepant and less predictive results has been presented, and on this
      basis the limitations of the pharmaco-EEG model in the evaluation of therapeutic
      efficacy are discussed. The substance examined in this report, the tetracyclic
      dibenzoxepine derivative, maroxepine, produced prominent central effects in
      pharmacological studies which pointed to a bipolar profile of action, i.e., the
      EEG showed similarities both to antidepressants and antipsychotics. The pharmaco
      EEG effects of maroxepine were investigated in a randomised, double-blind study
      in 15 young healthy male subjects and compared with those of placebo and the
      reference substances, chlorpromazine and imipramine. The experimental design was
      a cross-over uncompleted block design with five consecutive trial days one week
      apart. The pharmaco-EEG was recorded from the occipito-temporal and frontocentral
      regions before, 3 and 6 h after application of 2.5 mg and 5.0 mg maroxepine, 75
      mg chlorpromazine, 75 mg imipramine and placebo. The selected target variables
      for descriptive statistical evaluation were the Spectral Difference Index (SDI),
      the absolute and relative power values in seven predetermined frequency bands
      within the range 1.5 to 30.0 Hz, the dominant frequency (6.0 to 18.0 Hz) and the
      alpha slow-wave index (ASI). The results show that maroxepine has a potent
      central nervous action and a strong sedative potential. The EEG effects consisted
      of a shift to the left of the relative power spectrum of the occipital lead,
      accompanied by an increase in the absolute beta power in the frontocentral
      region. Discriminative inspection of the profiles of EEG changes, induced by
      maroxepine and the reference drugs, revealed closer similarity of maroxepine with
      chlorpromazine than with imipramine. Maroxepine showed vigilance-decreasing
      features like imipramine. This is one condition to be able to interfere with
      depressive illness. The underlying hypothesis is that depressive illness is based
      on affective and vigilance disturbance. Maroxepine furthermore showed the typical
      neuroleptic-like shift from resting alpha to resting subalpha (theta F band)
      which we assume related to the anti-productive properties of neuroleptics in
      schizophrenia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812499
TI  - Coincidence of schizophrenia and hyperbilirubinemia.
AB  - In a retrospective study, the bilirubin plasma concentrations of every patient
      admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital were collected. Patients suffering from
      liver disease, substance abuse, overt hemolysis, or increased liver enzymes were
      excluded. Schizophrenics showed a significantly higher incidence of
      hyperbilirubinemia than patients suffering from other psychiatric disorders. This
      phenomenon seems to be independent of drug usage and therefore points to a
      relationship between hyperbilirubinemia and schizophrenic psychosis. Hypothetic
      explanations, such as a possible genetic disposition for Gilbert Syndrome, an
      increased vulnerability of red-cell membranes, and the role of estrogens in
      schizophrenic patients, are discussed.

PMID- 1812500
TI  - Heat-induced disturbances of intracellular movement and the consistency of the
      aqueous cytoplasm in HeLa S-3 cells: a laser-Doppler and proton NMR study.
AB  - Intracellular particle movements, of both saltatory and streaming types, in HeLa
      S-3 cells were simultaneously interrupted after 1 h exposure of cells to 43
      degrees C, within 10 min at 44 degrees C and within 5 min at 45 degrees C.
      Intracellular movement inhibited after 15 min at 44 degrees C and 10 min at 45
      degrees C was not reversible in cells rescued at 37 degrees C. Brownian motion
      was not observed in heat-treated cells while they were maintained at elevated
      temperatures, but became pronounced in blebbing which occurred shortly after they
      were returned to 37 degrees C. Returning these cells to 45 degrees C intensified
      the Brownian activity inside blebs, and rapidly induced cell lysis. The same heat
      treated cells were simultaneously studied by laser-Doppler microscopy, which
      confirmed: a) that flow (cytoplasmic streaming) is completely arrested at 44
      degrees C within 10 min, b) flow recovered in 10-15 min in cells rescued after 10
      15 min at 44 degrees C, c) submicroscopic particles down to the size of water
      molecules had faster self-diffusion coefficients at 44 degrees C than at 37
      degrees C. Proton nmr studies on cells exposed from 4 to 45 degrees C gave
      corrected relaxation times T1 and T2 which rose with temperature in a predictable
      manner. Inhibition of cellular movement at elevated temperatures was not
      specifically attributable to the depletion of intracellular ATP levels.

PMID- 1812501
TI  - Cancer therapy at the crossroads: which direction for the future?
AB  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has revealed that cell death in tumors undergoing
      therapy may follow either from auto-oxidative cellular injury (ACI) or from
      programmed cell death (apoptosis), depending on the particular form of treatment
      employed and on its intensity. This short review argues not only in favor of ACI
      as the preferred mode of cell death, but also for a better understanding of the
      relationship between the nature of the changes stressed cells undergo and
      patterns of drug resistance accompanying survival if therapy is to become more
      successful.

PMID- 1812502
TI  - Dimerization and other changes of aminoethylcysteine ketimine.
AB  - High performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography have been
      used for the study of the stability of aminoethylcysteine-ketimine (AECK) in
      different experimental conditions. Concentration and acidic pH lead to the
      formation of the dimer of AECK which is very sensitive to temperature and is
      slowly converted to the corresponding decarboxylated dimer even at room
      temperature. In the presence of air at neutral and alkaline pH AECK is converted
      to an unknown compound having spectral characteristics similar to AECK and to
      other compounds not detectable by HPLC. Under nitrogen at neutral pH AECK is more
      stable and only undergoes the dimerization reaction to some extent.

PMID- 1812503
TI  - 1H NMR analyses of methyl group-containing metabolites in rat liver extracts-
      effects of starvation, anoxia, acute glycerol and carbon tetrachloride treatment
      and chronic ethanol administration on hepatic metabolism.
AB  - 400 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze methyl group-containing
      metabolites in perchloric acid extracts of livers of rats treated with carbon
      tetrachloride or fed with ethanol-containing liquid diets, and sacrificed with
      carbon dioxide anoxic euthanasia or pentobarbital euthanasia (with or without 12
      18 hour fasting). In all cases, coenzyme A was detected using 1H NMR
      spectroscopy, but at higher levels for chronic ethanol-treated rats. Propionate
      was also detected in livers 6 hours after treatment with carbon tetrachloride.
      The assignments of the 1H NMR resonances in a spectrum of biological origin to
      these two metabolites have not been previously reported. Another unusual
      metabolite, 1,2-propanediol, was also observed in dramatically elevated levels in
      starved rats. The methyl groups for coenzyme A, propionate, and 1,2-propanediol
      have 1H NMR chemical shifts at 0.73 and 0.87 ppm, 1.18 ppm, and 1.14 ppm (from
      tetramethylsilane) respectively. In addition to the above mentioned resonances,
      glutamine, glutamate, proline, acetate, leucine, alanine, lactate, ethanol, beta
      hydroxybutyrate, and valine were also observed in the 0.5-2.3 ppm methyl region
      of the 1H NMR spectra. Biochemical changes were also observed in these latter
      metabolites. beta-Hydroxybutyrate was increased by chronic ethanol
      administration; this increase was exacerbated by starvation. Alanine was
      decreased by chronic ethanol administration. Acetate was increased by chronic
      ethanol administration except when glycerol was added to the liver or when the
      rat was starved. We also observed an unassigned triplet at 0.81 ppm, and its
      appearance seems to be correlated with that of 1,2-propanediol.

PMID- 1812505
TI  - Effect of hydroxyurea on blood viscosity in chronic myelogenous leukemia with
      hyperleukocytosis.
AB  - The effect of hydroxyurea on blood viscosity was studied in 10 patients with
      Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and
      hyperleukocytosis (white blood cell counts over 200 x 10(9)/l). All the patients
      had visible manifestations of leukostasis such as headache, blurred vision,
      retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary infiltrates, etc. Contraves LS 30 viscometer was
      used to measure the blood viscosity at 37 degrees C and at different shear rates
      on paired leukemic blood samples obtained before and after the hydroxyurea
      treatment. The blood viscosity was significantly higher in CML patients then
      normal subjects and decreased after treatment with hydroxyurea. In all the cases
      plasma viscosity was unaffected by the treatment.

PMID- 1812504
TI  - The role of aminochromes in ultraweak luminescence accompanying oxidative
      metabolism of catecholamines in model systems in vitro.
AB  - Ultraweak luminescence (UWL) accompanying oxidative transformations of
      catecholamines (CA) into melanins, particularly adrenaline and noradrenaline in
      the model system CA + Fe(CN)6(3-) + OH(-) + H2O2 in vitro was investigated by
      spectroscopic methods. Separate steps of the oxidative transformations from CA to
      melanins were analyzed with respect to their energetic/spectroscopic properties
      in order to evaluate the possibility of chemiexcitation and light emission.
      Results of experiments with pure adrenochrome + H2O2 + OH- provided evidence
      pointing to the key role of the interaction between aminochromes and active
      oxygen species.

PMID- 1812506
TI  - Color characterization of porcelain veneers.
AB  - Porcelain veneers have become a popular treatment modality in recent years. A
      common problem associated with these restorations is the inability of the dentist
      to reproduce the polychromatic appearance of a natural tooth with a porcelain
      veneer. It is the purpose of this article to describe several methods that may be
      used to transform a monochromatic porcelain veneer into a polychromatic
      restoration that approaches the beauty of a natural tooth.

PMID- 1812507
TI  - A 14-year clinical assessment of 12 amalgam alloys.
AB  - After 14 years, 40 patients from an in vitro/in vivo study of 12 amalgam alloys
      were evaluated. All these patients had been attending private practitioners over
      the past 10 years, and the clinical evaluation revealed that 320 restorations
      were intact and 47 (12.8%) had been lost. The majority (75.0%) of the lost
      restorations were lost to crown placement or the replacement with another amalgam
      restoration. The six high-copper alloys exhibited better clinical performance, in
      both loss rate and fracture at the margins, than did traditional low-copper
      materials. Fracture at the margins was a better predictor of the loss of a
      restoration than were mechanical properties.

PMID- 1812508
TI  - Orthodontics and inadequate oral hygiene compliance as a combined cause of
      localized gingival recession: a case report.
AB  - This case report describes a patient in whom orthodontic treatment and poor oral
      hygiene resulted in a severe mucogingival problem associated with a mandibular
      incisor tooth. Following mucogingival surgery, the esthetic and the oral hygiene
      maintenance problems were resolved. Orthodontic treatment carried out without
      periodontal consideration may, in some cases, jeopardize the final result.

PMID- 1812509
TI  - Periodontal and restorative treatment in a patient with familial gingival
      fibromatosis: a case report.
AB  - A case is described in which excision of excess gingival tissue by conventional
      gingivectomy and simple restorative treatment with porcelain veneers produced a
      dramatic improvement in the patient's appearance with minimal sacrifice of sound
      tooth tissue.

PMID- 1812511
TI  - Eyeglasses to maintain flexibility of vision for the older dentist: the Otago
      dental lookover.
AB  - Presbyopia is inability of the eye to accommodate and provide clear images of
      near objects. It affects all dentists in middle age, when "near point," the
      nearest point at which the eye can focus accurately, exceeds ideal working
      distance. Dentistry has unique visual demands and many older dentists have been
      shown to be working with less-than-optimal visual efficiency and comfort. This
      paper discusses methods for improving vision in the dental operatory and details
      a new design for eyeglasses suitable for the presbyopic dentist.

PMID- 1812510
TI  - Clinical evaluation of resin-bonded bridges: a retrospective study.
AB  - Eighty-five patients with a total of 103 resin-bonded bridges placed by
      practitioners at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry between 1982 and
      1989 were recalled for a clinical evaluation of their restorations. Tissue
      condition, patient satisfaction, bridge failures by location and by sex of
      patient, and average length of service for both successful and failed bridges
      were recorded. After an average service of 3.25 years, 12.6% of the fixed partial
      dentures had debonded. Debondings occurred most frequently in the mandibular
      arch. Failures occurred more frequently in men than in women, and prostheses with
      more than two retainers had twice the probability for problems.

PMID- 1812512
TI  - Macrodontia of maxillary central incisors: case reports.
AB  - Two cases of maxillary anterior macrodontia, resulting from fusion and
      gemination, were treated orthodontically. Problems of esthetics and overjet were
      solved in the first patient by sectioning and extraction of a fused mesiodens,
      and in the second patient by treating toward an Angle Class III buccal occlusion.

PMID- 1812513
TI  - Effectiveness of intraoral delivery tips in reducing voids in elastomeric
      impressions.
AB  - Voids in impressions made by five automixed addition silicone elastomers with and
      without intraoral delivery tips were investigated. The number of voids were
      counted at a predetermined site on 3 days. Hand-mixed impressions of the
      automixed materials were made for comparison. There was no statistically
      significant difference in the mean number of voids produced in each automixed
      silicone dispensed with the use of intraoral delivery tips and the number of
      voids produced without the use of the tips. However, there were significant
      differences in the number of voids among different materials. The rank order of
      the automixed silicone elastomers was fairly consistent, with Express producing
      the highest and Reprosil the lowest number of voids. Automixed silicone materials
      should only be prepared by automixing for optimal results.

PMID- 1812514
TI  - A histologic study of the biocompatibility of a dentinal bonding system.
AB  - To assess the biocompatibility of an adhesive system, standard Class V cavities
      were prepared in vivo in human premolars that were to be extracted for
      orthodontic purposes. Histologic observation revealed that the Gluma Bond System
      elicited slight to severe pulpal responses, altered odontoblastic layers, and
      inhibited dentinogenesis. These alterations were observed after in vivo periods
      of up to 120 days. In this experiment, the dentinal adhesive was polymerized
      separately from the composite resin, a procedure not recommended by the
      manufacturer. This may explain the differences in the present results and those
      reported by the manufacturer.

PMID- 1812515
TI  - An in vitro study on roughening of the metal surface with lost crystal salts to
      increase the metal-resin bond strength.
AB  - Good mechanical retention between metal and resin or luting agent can be obtained
      by roughening the metal surface with lost crystal salts. The relationship of
      metal-resin bond strength to the shape and size of the crystals was studied. The
      results indicated that cuboid crystal salts provided the best roughening among
      the tested crystal shapes (cube, irregular, spherical, and cuboid). There was no
      relationship between the tensile bond strength and the size of the crystals.
      Furthermore, the bending strength of metal coated with resin was improved by the
      roughening of the metal surface.

PMID- 1812516
TI  - [Contribution of MRI to the preoperative evaluation of rotator cuff tears].
AB  - The authors report a series of 38 patients who had been examined by MRI and then
      operated for a rotator cuff syndrome. The correlation between the description of
      the cuff lesions after MRI and the surgical observations were excellent for 37
      patients. In one case MRI showed a false image of tear of the supra spinatus m.
      on its anterior edge. This was due to a bad knowledge of the anatomy of the
      muscle and tendon and to a poor orientation of the frontal cut plane. This study
      was completed with MRI and anatomic study of 12 non embalmed cadaveric shoulders.
      The results showed that MRI was very sensitive (0.93) and specific (0.94) for the
      diagnosis of rotator cuff tears. MRI allowed also to show partial tears of the
      tendons of the rotator cuff. The authors propose a MRI classification of cuff
      lesions which permits to establish a good surgical planning.

PMID- 1812517
TI  - [Femoral anteversion in upper femoral epiphysiolysis in adolescents. Apropos of
      25 cases].
AB  - CT-scan examinations have been performed in 25 children with slipped capital
      femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and in 127 children in an out-patients orthopaedic
      consultation. A low femoral anteversion (FA) was present in SCFE. This
      morphological abnormality, in association with other factors, could explain the
      production of SCFE at the moment of the most important fragility of the upper
      femoral growth plate, which is puberty. A statistical analysis showed that the
      risk of SCFE was distinctly greater, even for the contralateral hip when FA was
      low.

PMID- 1812518
TI  - [Arthrodesis of the wrist in manual workers. Apropos of 36 cases].
AB  - We present a review of 36 patients with final radiocarpal arthrodesis done
      between 1976 and 1987. The series was homogeneous: patients were about 40 years
      old and lesions were work-related. The most frequent reason for the arthrodesis
      was fracture of scaphoid bone, followed by Kienbock's disease complex trauma of
      carpus, severe carpal sprain, and articular fracture of the distal fourth of
      radial bone. Thirty-one arthrodeses were done by screwed-on iliac graft, 5 by
      nailing following Mannerfelt technique. The two main factors in functional
      results were pain and loss of strength. The latter averaged 41 per cent of that
      of the normal side, and only 8 wrists were completely free of pain. Indications
      for final radio-carpal arthrodesis are discussed, taking into account the poor
      functional results and their repercussions on social and professional life of the
      patient.

PMID- 1812519
TI  - [Segond's fracture at the knee level].
AB  - Ten patients out of twelve with Segond's fracture were treated surgically,
      checking the existence of an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and in the
      remaining two were confirmed clinically and by radiology. Some controversy has
      existed regarding just what type of injury was being treated, and if it was
      associated or not with a ligament injury. In that series the injury was defined
      exactly, and we confirm the opinion of authors such as Insall, who consider it to
      be a pathognomonic sign of injury of the anterior cruciate ligament.

PMID- 1812520
TI  - [Secondary locked nailing of the leg after external fixation. 25 cases].
AB  - Twenty-five tibial shaft fractures were treated by primary Hoffman external
      fixation and secondary locked nailing with reaming. The indications were: aseptic
      non union (12 cases) and the original plan of treatment (13 cases) (early delayed
      nailing). The septic risk factors were the initial opening of the fracture site
      (19 sites) and, in all cases, the pin-tracts with, in 5 cases, an intolerance to
      pins marked by a drainage or an osteolysis. Union was achieved in the 25 cases in
      an average time of 3.3 months. The restoration of alignment was anatomic in 19
      cases. The risk of infection was confirmed with the onset of 4 deep infections
      which occurred each time when risk factors existed: prolonged bone exposure and
      intolerance to pins. Infection was treated by a selected antibiotherapy with the
      nail kept in place and union was obtained primarily: secondary removal of the
      nail was necessary in 2 cases to obtain drying up. The risk of infection after
      secondary nailing has thus been confirmed but its frequency and severity didn't
      appear excessive when compared to the advantages of locked intramedullary
      nailing.

PMID- 1812521
TI  - [Intramuscular myxoma. Apropos of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - Having observed one case of intramuscular myxoma, the authors made a review of
      the literature of this rare localization. This benign soft tissue neoplasm, is
      well characterized by its usual latency. Physical examination is not very
      specific and must be completed by computed tomography scan. The surgical
      treatment realizes a wide excision with clear surgical margins. Diagnosis is
      based on histological examination. Neither metastatic spread, nor recurrence is
      observed.

PMID- 1812522
TI  - [Postero-superior glenoid impingement. Another shoulder impingement].
AB  - An impingement occurring between the deep side of the supraspinatus tendon and
      the posterosuperior edge of the glenoid cavity was evidenced in a young sports
      thrower presenting with a partial tear of the deep side of the tendon. This
      impingement occurred when the arm was in abduction-retropulsion and in forced
      lateral rotation. It was visualized on arthroscopy. The semiology was mixed,
      including signs of anterior instability and cuff impairment. The possible causes
      of partial tears of the deep side of the supraspinatus are discussed: sub
      acromial impingement of NEER, anterior instability with secondary impingement,
      postero-superior glenoid impingement.

PMID- 1812523
TI  - [False aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery complicating fracture of the
      femoral shaft].
AB  - One case of closed mid-shaft femoral fracture which caused a false aneurysm of
      the superficial femoral artery is presented. Only one similar case was found in
      the revision of the literature. About fifteen cases of false aneurysm of the
      femoral artery following femoral fractures or synthesis of them have been
      previously published but in every case except two the affected artery was the
      profunda femoris artery.

PMID- 1812525
TI  - [Apropos of ... total hip prosthesis with screw rings. Results after 2 years and
      more of a series of 198 consecutive prostheses].

PMID- 1812524
TI  - [Arthroscopy of the shoulder with the patient in beach-chair position].
AB  - The authors describe a technique of arthroscopy in the "beach chair" position,
      that they have exclusively used since 1989. The classical setting in lateral
      decubitus takes a long time and can be the cause of complications especially
      neurological due to the traction. In the chair position, the vision of the
      intraarticular structures is identical to the lateral position, and the absence
      of traction avoid the neurological complication. Another advantage is the quick
      and easy setting; the locoregional anesthesia is easy to use, it is possible to
      practice an open surgery without changing the setting. All these advantages lead
      the authors to propose this position for all arthroscopy of the shoulder whether
      diagnostic or therapeutic.

PMID- 1812527
TI  - [Identification of species of microorganisms of the genus Vibrio].
AB  - During 1988, a study was made on 61 microorganisms, genus Vibrio, which were
      received at the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrheic Diseases. Pedro
      Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine. Of them, 46 were from children with acute
      diarrheic disease and 15 were isolated from the environment. By means of
      biochemical tests. 61 Vibrio cholerae No. 01. 9 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 1
      Vibrio alginolyticus were identified. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of
      keeping a systematic surveillance upon these microorganisms in Cuba.

PMID- 1812526
TI  - [Isolation of dermatophytes from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of
      dermatophytosis].
AB  - Mycological tests were made in 212 patients who had lesions with clinical
      appearance of dermatophytic infection. The results show that the combined use of
      direct microscopy and culture helps to detect a larger number of dermatophytic
      conditions. The findings were the agent most connected with these kinds of
      mycosis, the most frequent clinical conditions, the lesions in more than one body
      areas and the most common species. The isolation of Trichophyton soudanense, an
      endemic species in Africa but considered very rare in Cuba, is reported.

PMID- 1812528
TI  - [Embryonic development of Rivulus cylindraceus. (Cyprinodontiformes:
      Cyprinodontidae): biocontrol agent for mosquitoes].
AB  - A description is made of the ecomorphological development of Rivulus cylindraceus
      in laboratory conditions. The habitat of this larvivorous fish is the brackish
      waters in channels near the coast. As a peculiar characteristic, gastrulation
      takes place after the vitelline cover is completely closed. Approximately 120
      hours later, a sharp decrease in heart rate takes place as a possible adaptation
      to the environmental conditions.

PMID- 1812529
TI  - [Morbidity from acute respiratory infections in a small community in La Habana
      City].
AB  - A survey was made on morbidity due to acute respiratory infections in a
      circumscription of the Cristobal Labra Polyclinic, from January 17 to March 2,
      1987, in order to contribute some clarifications about such an important health
      disease problem. The sample was made up of 75 families representing 297
      inhabitants. Questioning included all family members that in the 14 days previous
      to the visit referred to have or to have had symptoms of acute respiratory
      infections. The so-called real morbidity index was reached.

PMID- 1812530
TI  - [Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Report of 1 case].
AB  - The case of a 71-year-old patient who had respiratory disorders for more than 11
      years is reported. Direct microscopy was negative in 4 sputum samples and
      finally, on five occasions, the culture gave rise to a strain biochemically
      labeled as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. The case corresponded to a
      mycobacteriosis.

PMID- 1812531
TI  - [Epidemiologic markers in the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a pediatric
      intensive care unit].
AB  - A study was made on 198 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated at a pediatric
      intensive care unit from January to August 1988, using pyocin typing and
      antibiotic typing as markers. The most frequent circulating pyocin types were
      31.83 and atypical 23578. The germ showed high resistance in vitro to the
      antimicrobial drugs used and the resistance patterns were distributed in 19
      different antibiotic types.

PMID- 1812532
TI  - [Outbreak of leptospirosis, predominantly meningoencephalitic, among children in
      the municipality of Moron].
AB  - A description is made of a leptospirosis outbreak in children who bathed in the
      Cimarron Channel in Moron. Ciego de Avila. The outbreak started on September 25
      and ended on October 20, 1986. Six cases were reported, of which four had
      meningoencephalic appearance. Ages ranged from 8 to 13 years. Fever, cephalalgia,
      arthralgia and myalgia were the most common signs and symptoms in the confirmed
      cases. All the patients were positive to Canicola serogroup. The results of a
      survey on 12 dogs in the zone surrounding the Cimarron Channel suggest that they
      were the reservoir which contaminated the Channel waters.

PMID- 1812534
TI  - ["Pedro Kouri" Institute of Tropical Medicine, 11 years after its reorganization
      (1979-1990)].

PMID- 1812533
TI  - [Evaluation of the humoral response in patients infected with Trypanosoma
      rhodesiense in Mozambique].
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence and simple immunodiffusion for trypanosomiasis were
      normalized. A high percent of patients were found to be positive, both by simple
      immunodiffusion and indirect immunofluorescence. The use of these techniques is
      recommended in epidemiological studies.

PMID- 1812536
TI  - [Use of goat serum as a substitute for calf serum for growing various primary
      cultures from vertebrates].
AB  - Goat's serum was used to prepare primary cultures of fibroblast from chicken
      embryo and hamster kidney. Later they were inoculated the East equine
      encephalomyelitis virus, being compared with culture from calf's serum. The
      choice of goat's serum is of great interest for the development of scientific
      research and national economy.

PMID- 1812535
TI  - [Isoenzymatic characterization of strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from
      Cuban patients and foreigners from Africa].
AB  - An analysis was made of the isoenzyme patterns of 61 Entamoeba histolytica
      strains: 42 from Cuba and 19 from Angola Mozambique and Ghana. By means of these
      patterns the non-pathogenic nature of the Cuban strains (Group 1) was shown. It
      coincided with the clinical characteristics of the infection in the carriers.
      Among the imported strains were 2 samples with pathogenic patterns II
      corresponding to 1 dysentery case and to 1 asymptomatic patient, and also non
      pathogenic ones (I, II, III and XVIII).

PMID- 1812538
TI  - [Functional significance of the serum/saliva testosterone ratio in various
      diseases].
AB  - Serum/salivary testosterone ratio (ST/SlvT) expresses the relationship in
      absolute values between bound and unbound testosterone. This ST/SlvT ratio in
      supposedly healthy men (n = 25) and women (n = 72) and in patients with several
      disorders, prostatic carcinoma (n = 19), varicocele (n = 9) and hirsute women (n
      = 16), has been studied. Both serum and salivary testosterone were measured by an
      RIA method. ST/SlvT ratio values found in healthy men (78.4 +/- 30.9) did not
      differ significantly from values found in the varicocele group (111.1 +/- 49.3),
      but a significant difference (p less than 0.001) from those found in men with
      prostatic carcinoma (12.3 +/- 7.2) was observed. When the ST/SlvT ratio values
      obtained in healthy women (18.1 +/- 7.3) were compared with those obtained in
      hirsute women (1.56 +/- 5.7) no significant differences were observed. The
      results obtained may indicate the dissociation among the hormone transport,
      testosterone metabolic clearance and hormone secretion by the salivary glands.

PMID- 1812537
TI  - [Diurnal biting activity and seasonal density of Lutzomyia (C) orestes (Diptera:
      Psychodidae)].
AB  - Daily bite activity and season density of Lutzomyia (C) orestes were recorded by
      means of the human bait technique in the Don Martin Cave, west of Havana
      Province, during one year. A correlation matrix test was carried out between
      density, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.

PMID- 1812539
TI  - Circadian rhythm in Leu-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysing activity in selected
      photoneuroendocrine areas of adult male rats.
AB  - Soluble Leu-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysing activity (arylamidase activity) was
      assayed in retina, superior cervical ganglia, several brain areas and serum of
      adult male rats, at different time points of a 12:12h light:dark cycle (from 7h
      to 19h light). The results demonstrated a left or right biased asymmetrical
      distribution of this activity depending on the time point studied: While the
      levels of activity were significantly higher in the left retina than in the right
      one at 10h of the light period, these were predominant in the right side, at 01h
      of the dark period. In addition, this activity was higher in the left
      hypothalamus at 13h of the light period. No asymmetries were disclosed in the
      rest of time points and structures studied. On the other hand, this activity
      demonstrated a diurnal variation in the left anterior hypothalamus and total
      posterior hypothalamus but no periodic variation was evidenced in right anterior
      hypothalamus or the rest of zones studied. These results may reflect the role of
      this activity regulating the functional status of its susceptible endogenous
      substrates.

PMID- 1812540
TI  - High density lipoprotein subfractions and physical activity: changes after
      moderate and heavy exercise training.
AB  - The changes in high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions have been studied in
      106 young healthy men after two months of physical training at a military base.
      Forty subjects were placed on a heavy intensity training program (HITP) with a
      daily average energy expenditure estimated as 3,504 Kcal, and 66 subjects
      followed a moderate intensity training program (MITP) with an average energy
      expenditure estimated as 2,942 Kcal/day. The HITP group reduced their body fat
      while HDL-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol and apoprotein (apo) A-I increased by
      8.4%, 30% and 16.9% respectively (p less than 0.001). Body fat of MITP subjects
      did not change and HDL-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol and apo A-I increased by
      5.6% (p less than 0.05), 17.1% (p less than 0.001) and 5.6% (p less than 0.05),
      respectively. The increase in serum apo A-I level was significantly higher (p
      less than 0.005) in the heavy intensity training group. The apo A-I/A-II ratio
      increased significantly in both groups (p less than 0.001), reflecting an
      increase in the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. This is in agreement with the significant
      increase in HDL2-cholesterol in both groups (p less than 0.001) with no change or
      decrease in HDL3-cholesterol.

PMID- 1812541
TI  - [Respiratory response to chemical stimuli and exercise capacity under conditions
      of acute hypoxia in elite mountain climbers].
AB  - To investigate the factors that modulate exercise performance at extreme
      altitude, the role of the following variables was analyzed in 16 climbers: 1)
      ventilatory response to chemical stimuli (hypoxia and hypercapnia); and, 2)
      maximum exercise performance while breathing room air and during acute hypoxia
      (F1O2, 0.11). Seven climbers (elite climbers, AE) had previously ascended to
      8,000 m or more above sea level, and 9 (A) had never achieved such extreme
      altitude. Then healthy sedentary subjects (C) of similar age (31.1 +/- 6.0 SD
      years) were used as control group. Elite climbers showed higher ventilatory
      responses to both transient hypoxia (-0.49 +/- 0.13 L x min-1 x %-1) (p less than
      0.05) and progressive hypoxia (-0.47 +/- 0.13 L x min-1 x %-1) than C (-0.33 +/-
      0.14 and -0.30 +/- 0.15 L x min-1 x %-1, respectively). By contrast, no
      differences were observed between the two groups of climbers. The ventilatory
      response to hypercapnia was higher in AE (3.04 +/- 1.03 L x min-1 mmHg-1)
      compared to A (1.85 +/- 0.73 L x min-1 mmHg-1) (p less than 0.05) but similar to
      that observed in C. Breathing 11% O2, maximum workload and oxyhemoglobin
      desaturation during maximum exercise were similar in both groups of climbers.
      Additionally, the ventilatory response to hypoxia did not correlate with maximum
      workload (F1O2, 0.11), maximal ventilation during exercise (F1O2, 0.11), nor with
      the altitude score. The present study supports previous reports that inform about
      the role of the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the exercise performance at
      high altitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812542
TI  - Influence of blood proteins in the in vitro adhesion of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis to teflon, polycarbonate, polyethylene and bovine pericardium.
AB  - The influence of human plasma proteins (fibrinogen, albumin and fibronectin) on
      the adherence of Staphylococcus epidermis to teflon, polyethylene, polycarbonate
      and bovine pericardium was studied in an in vitro quantitative assay by
      scintillation counting. Bacterial adhesion was generally reduced by the presence
      of protein during the adherence assay except in the case of bovine pericardium,
      in which adherence remained almost unaffected. The effect of these plasma
      proteins on bacterial surface properties resulted in strong increases of surface
      charge as measured by ion-exchange chromatography and with no effect on
      hydrophobicity, estimated as contact angles. Adherence was not found to be
      correlated with these two properties, suggesting that bacteria-surface
      interactions must not be simplified to the influence of interfacial forces.

PMID- 1812543
TI  - On the multiplicity of glucose analogues transport systems in rat intestine.
AB  - A study has been made to test if in intact epithelium of rat jejunum with in vivo
      and in vitro techniques, two transport systems for glucose and analogues, as
      those characterized in brush border membrane vesicles from guinea pig jejunum,
      are operative. The passive and mediated transport components of the D-galactose
      and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside intestinal absorption and the mutual
      inhibitions between both substrates at different relative concentrations have
      been measured. The effects of cytochalasin B and low temperature (20 degrees C)
      on the transport in vitro have also been observed. Cytochalasin B inhibits
      galactose and alpha-methylglucoside transport at 0.1 and 40 mM concentrations in
      similar percentage. Transport of 0.1 and 40 mM galactose is inhibited 61 and 77%
      respectively by low temperature (20 degrees C). The transport of galactose and
      alpha-methylglucoside could be explained by the assumption of just one transport
      system shared by both substrates, with a higher affinity for alpha
      methylglucoside. Operation of two systems was not demanded by the results, due
      perhaps to species specificity or to the distorting action of the unstirred water
      layers.

PMID- 1812544
TI  - Effects of noradrenaline and insulin on electrical activity in white adipose
      tissue of rat.
AB  - An active change in membrane voltage responses to hyperpolarizing pulses has been
      identified by intracellular recording on an in vitro preparation of white adipose
      tissue. This change was characterized by a slow return to baseline at the offset
      of the pulses. Amplitude and duration of the slow return to baseline were
      dependent on extracellular K+ concentration, and were diminished by external
      application of Ba2+. Such properties suggest that this electrical response can be
      mainly due to activation of transient K+ conductances. The effects that
      noradrenaline and insulin have over the slow return to baseline have been also
      studied. While external addition of noradrenaline decreased amplitude and
      duration of this electrical response, insulin produced the opposite effect. These
      results suggest that noradrenaline and insulin could modulate K+ conductances in
      white adipocytes.

PMID- 1812545
TI  - [Function of growth hormone in the human energy continuum during physical
      exertion].
AB  - A study has been carried out in 18 healthy sedentary males (controls) and 15
      trained handball players. It was programmed two different tests on cycle
      ergometer: Test 1 aerobic of progressive increments of load (1 W/kg/3 min) and
      Test 2 (A) anaerobic (4 W/kg, during 1.5 min) and after resting 10 min., Test 2
      (B) till exhaustion. The blood samples were 10 ml each collected by antecubital
      vein catheterization. Before, during and post-exercise recovery period HG
      hormone, glycemia, lactate, and FFA were measured. It was found a correlation
      between HGH levels and substances of the energetic metabolism. The only exception
      was trained subjects test-2 possibly due to slower response of HGH. However FFA
      variation levels are correlated at the beginning with the increasing levels (p
      less than 0.001). It is concluded that HGH can play an important role on the turn
      over to get fuel to contractile process from carbohydrates to free fatty acids.

PMID- 1812546
TI  - [Effect of strontium and magnesium on blood calcium].
AB  - Twenty four male Wistar rats weighing 250 +/- 10 g, in three groups of 8 rats
      each, were used. Group A was used as control and the content of its drinking
      water was 6.5 mg/l Ca; 2.4 mg/l Mg. The drinking water of groups B and C was
      supplemented with 20 mM (SrCl2) and 20 mM (MgCl2), respectively. Once the 20 days
      of mineral supplementation had passed, arterial blood was extracted by puncture
      in the abdominal aorta. In the serum obtained after centrifugation, Ca, Mg, Sr
      and the total proteins (TP) were determined. Afterwards the serum was subjected
      to ultrafiltration. Concentrations of Ca, Mg and TP were measured in the obtained
      ultrafiltrates (u), with the above described techniques. The pH was measured
      before and after the ultrafiltration. The TP decreased significantly both in
      group B (supplemented with Sr), and in group C (supplement with Mg). Increases in
      Ca were found in group B and in Mg in group C. The Mg/Ca ratio increased 10%
      after the supplementation with Mg. At the ultrafiltrate a significant increase in
      Cau after supplementation with Sr and with Mg was observed. The Mgu/Cau ratio
      decreased 14% in the group supplemented with Sr and 38% after the supplementation
      with Mg. In conclusion, the supplementation with Sr (20 mM) in rats increases the
      Cau and could have the effect of reducing protein synthesis. These facts should
      be borne in mind when Sr is used for therapeutical purposes.

PMID- 1812547
TI  - Homologies between mycoplasma adhesion peptide, CD4 and class II MHC proteins: a
      possible mechanism for HIV-mycoplasma synergism in AIDS.

PMID- 1812549
TI  - Synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine: a recently discovered pathway induced
      by cytokines with antitumour and antimicrobial activity.

PMID- 1812548
TI  - A gene remnant in the rabbit MHC related to HLA-DR alpha.
AB  - The screening of a rabbit genomic library yielded 2 HLA-DR alpha-related clones.
      One of these was previously shown to contain a functional gene (RLA-DR alpha)
      closely related to HLA-DR alpha. The second DR-related clone, designated DF, was
      mapped to the rabbit MHC class II region by genetic studies. DF contains
      contiguous sequences that have significant homology to the RLA-DR alpha
      transmembrane-coding region (contained in exon 4 of RLA-DR alpha) and to part of
      intron 4. These 2 stretches were reversed in DF when compared to other class II
      genes, and were flanked on both sides by direct repeats of 130 bp with 85%
      sequence identity. The presence of the transmembrane sequence without the coding
      sequences that accompany it in DR alpha, and the observation of the repeats,
      suggests that the DF region played a role in evolution of class II genes. Genomic
      blots revealed sequences hybridizing to DF in all rabbits tested and in other
      lagomorph species. The ratio of replacement to silent substitutions in the DF
      transmembrane region differed significantly from functional class II genes
      suggesting an absence of recent selective pressure. An additional direct repeat
      of the C type, similar to that found in rabbit cytochrome p450, certain class I
      MHC, TcR beta and uteroglobin genes, was also present in the DF fragment.

PMID- 1812550
TI  - Macrophage production of nitrogen oxides in host defence against microorganisms.

PMID- 1812551
TI  - Cytokines that regulate macrophage production of nitrogen oxides and expression
      of antileishmanial activities.

PMID- 1812552
TI  - Nitrogen and oxygen metabolites and the killing of Leishmania by activated murine
      macrophages.

PMID- 1812553
TI  - [The detection of streptococci, the study of their immunobiological properties
      and the determination of lipoproteinase antibodies and anti-immunoglobulins in
      patients with acute rheumatic fever].
AB  - Bacteriological confirmation of the presence of group A Streptococcus (GAS) in
      patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) by means of the express method was
      achieved only in 15.1% of the cases and the positive growth of the culture was
      observed only in 12.1%. Streptococci isolated from the patients showed a low IgG
      Fc receptor activity just as in the negative control. The blood serum of patients
      exhibited the presence of antibodies to 18 OF-serotypes among which serotypes 2,
      4, 22, 28, 48, 68, 75, 77, 78, PT 2841 prevailed; their content fluctuated from
      12.5 to 48.4%. There were no differences between the nature of distribution of
      the given antibodies depending on the presence and level of ASL-O in the blood
      and the presence of concomitant chronic tonsillitis. Antibodies to IgG in titres
      1:10-1:40 were revealed in the blood of only 18.1% of the patients; there was
      some dependence of the frequency of their detection on the markedness of carditis
      and the presence of cardiac defects.

PMID- 1812554
TI  - [The psychological personality characteristics of patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - A psychological examination of 135 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      (Bechterew Institute questionnaire) was made. Harmonious, neurasthenic,
      hypochondriac, paranoiac, apathetic and anxious attitudes to the disease were
      most frequent. Psychological features of personality in patients with RA do not
      depend on the sex, degree of activity, course, stage and the disease duration.
      The psychological characteristics of the patients allow one to make a
      differentiated approach to psychotherapy and prescription of psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 1812555
TI  - [The function of the bronchial system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The authors studied the functional indices of the bronchopulmonary system in 23
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The vital capacity of the lungs (VCL),
      indices of bronchial patency: relation of the forced exhalation volume during the
      1st second to VCL (FEV/VCL), the rate of the air flow of the forced exhalation
      when recording the curve the flow-volume (FEV)--peak (Vpeak), the rate in
      decreasing lung volumes, in 25, 50 and 75% of the whole volume of the forced
      exhalation (V25, V50, V75). VCL was not decreased in any of the cases, FEV1/VCL
      comprised 80.04 +/- 44%, Vpeak--110.30 +/- 3.30% of the norm. On the basis of
      these data a conclusion was made that the patency of the major bronchi was
      normal. V75 was decreased in 13 out of 23 patients; on the average it comprised
      73.78 +/- 4.96% of the norm that significantly differs from the results obtained
      in healthy individuals (87.1 +/- 1.96 of the norm). An isolated decrease in
      terminal rates of FEV indicates the reduction of the patency of the minor
      respiratory ducts. A decrease in V75 was observed more often and was the more
      marked the longer the duration of the disease. There are no distinct connections
      between the pathological changes in the minor bronchi condition and the indices
      of the activity of the inflammatory process and humoral immunity: ESR the level
      of total protein, alpha 2-globulins, gamma-globulins, rheumatoid factor,
      circulating immune complexes.

PMID- 1812556
TI  - [The semiquantitative characteristics of the ultrastructural changes in the
      vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the synovial membrane in different
      clinical variants of rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Electron microscopy was used to make semiquantitative evaluation of lesions in
      the microvessels of the synovial membrane in patients with rheumatoid synovitis
      of different duration, different activity of the disease, joint and systemic form
      of rheumatoid arthritis, in seronegative and seropositive tests of rheumatoid
      patients. The synovial biopsy from patients with posttraumatic arthropathy
      without any clinical and morphological manifestations of synovitis served as
      control. Frequency of different ultrastructural changes in the vessel wall was
      statistically evaluated. Significant differences in the submicroscopic picture of
      microcirculatory lesions in immediate and late rheumatoid synovitis were
      discovered. Frequency and depth of destructive changes in the vessel wall
      persisted in the increased activity and appearance of systemic manifestations of
      the disease.

PMID- 1812557
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori gastroduodenitis in children with juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - Clinico-morphological study of the gastroduodenal system and also morphometric
      investigations of the degree of gastroduodenitis activity and the condition of
      the local immune system were made in 30 children aged from 4 to 15 years with
      juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Microbiological, histological and electron
      microscopic methods for revealing Campylobacter pylori (CP) were used.
      Interrelationship between various clinical manifestations of JRA with the nature
      of gastroduodenal system affection and with the incidence of microbial
      colonization of SP was determined. All the patients with JRA had lesions in the
      gastric and duodenal mucosa, and some morphological features were revealed in
      them. SP was diagnosed in 86.7 per cent. There was a relation between the
      microbial clonization of SP and the degree of the rheumatoid process activity. It
      is suggested that SP does not play an etiological role in the development of
      gastroduodenitis in JRA but may serve as a pathogenetic factor in the development
      of an erosive-ulcerous lesion.

PMID- 1812558
TI  - [Chondrocalcinosis in gout].
AB  - Problems of pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of gout and chondrocalcinosis in
      which deposits of uric acid salts and calcium are found in the articular tissue
      are of primary importance in modern rheumatology. The authors give observations
      of 10 out of 218 patients with primary gout in whom roentgenology had revealed
      signs of calcium salt deposits in the joints and periarticular tissue.

PMID- 1812560
TI  - [The mechanism of action of immunomodulating preparations ( an analysis of their
      therapeutic effect in a model of experimental cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 1812559
TI  - [The clinico-morphological characteristics of synovial membrane involvement in
      beta-thalassemia].
AB  - Using data on optic and electron microscopy the authors give characteristics of
      lesions in the synovial membrane of the knee joints in 6 patients with an
      intermediary form of beta-thalassemia. Multiple reduplication of the basal
      membrane was noted in all the vessels, the width of the noncellular component of
      the vessels increased several times and its stratification was clearly seen.
      Deposits of iron oxide were revealed in biopsy samples of the synovial membrane
      of all the patients. Those deposits were in the form of microgranular
      intracellular inclusions in phagocytosing cells of the superficial stroma of
      villi but more often they were found in the cytoplasm of the vessel cells and
      pericytes.

PMID- 1812561
TI  - [The potentials for using consultation computer systems in rheumatological
      practice].

PMID- 1812563
TI  - [The effect of modern nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory preparations on heart
      function in rheumatoid arthritis patients].

PMID- 1812562
TI  - [Experimental rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 1812564
TI  - [Disorders of the heart rhythm and conductivity in patients with systemic
      scleroderma based on the data from 24-hour ECG monitoring and from the
      transesophageal electrical stimulation of the left atrium].

PMID- 1812565
TI  - [Remission in rheumatoid arthritis (apropos the article by L. T. Piai and S. V.
      Vikhliaeva The remission of rheumatoid arthritis--myth or reality?-
      Revmatologiia, 1990, No. 2, pp. 68-72)].

PMID- 1812566
TI  - [Rheumatoid arthritis and disability].
AB  - The investigation conducted by the authors makes it possible to come to the
      conclusion that rheumatoid arthritis brings about early and severe invalidity
      mainly of young and middle-aged patients (predominantly women) persisting
      practically up to the pension age with further aggravation of disability. It has
      been also established that physicians of rural regions and interregional
      commissions for medical testimony are not sufficiently acquainted with the modern
      classification, methods of treating rheumatoid arthritis and specifying
      invalidity in connection with this disease. There is practically no specialized
      aid for the population of small towns and rural regions. The need in this aid is
      obvious.

PMID- 1812567
TI  - Outline of an unusual emergency in dental practice.

PMID- 1812568
TI  - [New findings regarding neuroreceptors in the lower urinary tract].
AB  - In the field of the neuroreceptors of the lower urinary tract, knowledge is being
      increased by some recent experimental findings, such as muscarinic subtypes,
      adrenergic and serotoninergic selective receptors. Moreover, the role of
      peptidergic receptors (VIP, CGRP, TKs, SP, ecc.; neuropeptide release from
      peripheral endings of capsaicin-sensitive nerves) has been suggested and
      investigations are in progress.

PMID- 1812569
TI  - [The Sarig test. A simple method to evaluate the inhibitory effect on urinary
      crystallization of calcium oxalate].
AB  - In this study, the Authors evaluate a simple test proposed by Sarig for the
      discrimination of kidney stone-formers, based on the overall urine inhibitory
      effect. A solution of the tested urine is added with sodium-oxalate and the
      kinetics of calcium-oxalate precipitation is indirectly followed with ionometric
      selective measurement of the progressive reduction of free calcium ions. A
      Discriminating Index may be therefore calculated; higher values are obtained in
      lithiasic patients in comparison with normal controls.

PMID- 1812570
TI  - [Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy of bladder carcinoma with 5 fluorouracil and
      cyclophosphamide].
AB  - Patients with bladder cancer in pT2 and pT3 infiltrating stages have a 5 year
      survival rate less than 50% after primary surgical and/or radiant therapy. Aim of
      the present study was to evaluate if adjuvant chemotherapy could improve survival
      in these subjects. For this purpose, 16 patients underwent treatment with 5
      Fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide (min. three, max six courses). The obtained
      results have shown a 5 year actuarial survival rate of about 48%. Our experience
      has not shown therefore any improvement compared with primary treatment alone.

PMID- 1812571
TI  - [Infertility caused by subclinical infection of the male genital system.
      Evaluation of the effectiveness of norfloxacin].
AB  - Married couple infertility can be defined as a condition of lack of children
      after two years of marriage, accompanied by a seminal picture with one or more
      anomalies. A certain number of forms of infertility are successfully treatable,
      including bacterial conditions of the male genital apparatus which, however,
      require the availability of antibiotics capable of attaining therapeutic
      concentrations in the seminal plasma and, in general, in the genital apparatus.
      Norfloxacin in a personal series proceed++ to be highly effective from this point
      of view and led to cure of the infection and a statistically significant increase
      in sperm motility without the onset of unwanted side-effects.

PMID- 1812572
TI  - [Emergency treatment of ureteral colic with nifedipine].
AB  - The Authors evaluated clinical efficacy of nifedipine versus cymetropio bromide
      in relieving acute ureteral colic in 40 patients. Rapidity, efficacy and time of
      these drugs' activity in relieving pain of ureteral colic has been evaluated. The
      investigation shows as nifedipine relieves acute ureteral pain more quickly than
      cymetropio bromide (respectively 5 minutes in 95% of patients, 20 minutes in 65%
      of patients), but for a brief time (pain recurrence respectively in 70% and 25%
      of patients).

PMID- 1812573
TI  - [Treatment of genital condylomatous diseases with electric fulguration and
      interferon].
AB  - The therapeutical effectiveness of beta-interferon and the possibility of
      reducing the incidence of relapses were evaluated by submitting two groups of 10
      patients each to various treatment. The first group has been treated only by
      electro-fulguration and the second also by parenteral administration of beta
      interferon. We obtained 60% of relapse (good result in 4 cases) in the first
      group and 20% (good result in 8 cases) in the second group. No side effects have
      been reported by patients treated by interferon. We conclude that systemic beta
      interferon can be active in treating patients with condylomata acuminata in
      association with electro-fulguration.

PMID- 1812574
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the ureter].
AB  - A case of spontaneous rupture of the ureter initially presented as left acute
      abdomen in a 71 year old woman is described. A review of the literature has
      disclosed that in all reported cases a process directly or indirectly leading to
      the rupture was identified. On the basis of the clinical evolution and the
      radiological investigations the Authors discuss the diagnosis and the
      pathogenesis of the observed ureteral rupture.

PMID- 1812575
TI  - [Echinococcosis cyst in the pelvic cavity. Presentation of a case].
AB  - The incidence of echinococcal cysts and their percentage occurrence in different
      human organs is reported. A case of hydatid cyst localisation in the pelvic
      cavity is reported and the pathogenesis of this infrequent localisation
      discussed. The various hypotheses: haematogenous and fall into the peritoneal
      cavity are examined; then the diagnostic approach and conservative surgical
      therapy employed.

PMID- 1812576
TI  - [A case of bladder herniation].
AB  - The Authors examine one patient with hernia of the bladder. The incidence,
      etiology and clinical picture are discussed.

PMID- 1812577
TI  - [Chronic renal insufficiency of single kidney associated with genital, bone, and
      palpebral malformations].
AB  - Authors describe renal failure in a young woman with solitary pelvic kidney.
      Renal malformation was associated with genital and bone malformations that can be
      accounted for by the close relationship linking the genito-urinary and vertebral
      apparatuses during the first weeks of intrauterine life. Palpebral malformation
      which occurs very rarely in cases with renal malformations as reported in the
      literature was ascribed to hereditary factors. Changes of some indexes (serum and
      urine electrolytes, plasma renin and aldosterone) observed during the evolution
      of renal failure appear to confirm the role played by potassium in hormone
      balance and suggest repeated tests and dietary adjustments.

PMID- 1812578
TI  - [Human immunodeficiency virus infection in hemophiliacs: prevalence and current
      clinical situation].
AB  - The prevalence of HIV-antibody was studied in a cohort of 156 haemophiliacs
      controlled since before 1986. Ninety four patients (60%) were HIV-seropositive,
      and all of them had been previously treated with non-heated factor concentrates.
      Seroprevalence was 50% by 1983. Evidence for previous negative results was only
      available in 19 seropositive patients and all of them seroconverted before 1985.
      For the 148 patients exposed to non-heat treated factor concentrates, severe
      haemophiliacs and those with factor consumption greater than 100 x 10(3) had the
      maximal rate of seropositivity (81% and 75% respectively, p less than 0.005).
      Fifteen patients developed AIDS (10% of the HIV-positive), 12 of which have died.
      HIV infection has a high prevalence and it has become the most important cause of
      death in our haemophiliacs.

PMID- 1812579
TI  - [Transfusion evaluation measured by a retrospective audit].
AB  - From a sample of 759 transfusions requests (2123 Units) for 392 patients,
      evaluated by retrospective audits the incidence of inappropriate transfusion at
      our Hospital was found to be 25.8% of request, affecting 23.3% of units and 39.3%
      of patients. The most frequent causes were: non-surgical and surgical use of
      whole blood in patients without hypovolaemia, use of fresh frozen plasma in
      patients with normal coagulation study red blood cells transfusion in patients
      with chronic anaemia and haematocrit of 24-30% without risk factors, surgical
      overtransfusion and prophylactic platelet transfusion in patients with platelet
      count above 20 x 10(9)/L. 17.3% of units could have been saved, and 32.3% of
      patients were overexposed or unnecessarily exposed to the risks inherent in any
      transfusion.

PMID- 1812580
TI  - [Analysis of 4 prognostic scoring systems in 197 myelodysplastic syndrome
      patients].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of four scoring systems applied
      with predictive trends to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      This study is comprised of 197 patients with MDS diagnosed in accordance with the
      FAB criteria and followed-up in our Department between Jan '75 and Dec '89. The
      following MDS subtypes were found: refractory anaemia (RA), 58 cases;
      sideroblastic refractory anaemia (SRA), 42 cases; refractory anaemia with excess
      of blasts (RAEB), 46 cases; RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T), 39 cases; and
      chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), 12 cases. The following scoring systems
      were applied: Mufti's 1985, Varela's 1985, Sanz's 1989 and our own of 1991. The
      statistical analysis was performed according to Kaplan-Meier actuarial system and
      the log-Rank test of actuarial survival. RESULTS: (1) Three groups (A, B and C)
      can be defined by the Bournemouth system, with median survivals of 57.6, 17 and
      7.6 months, respectively. The majority of cases (118) were included in group B.
      Group A has not reached 25% of actuarial survival probability, whereas groups B
      and C did at 32 and 10 months, respectively. With regard to the morphologic
      subtypes, RA and SRA were included in groups A and B, and RAEB, RAEB-T and CMML
      pertained mostly of group C. Sixty cases (90.9%) evolving into acute leukaemia
      (AL) corresponded to those last groups. (2) The three groups defined by Varela's
      system (0-1, 2-5 and 6 or more) have median survival of 85.6, 24 and 14 months,
      respectively. Like in the former system, group 0-1 has not reached 25% actuarial
      probability, this appearing at 70 and 20 months, respectively, in groups 2-5 and
      greater than 6. The distribution of the cytological varieties, RA and SRA amongst
      the groups is heterogeneous although there are more common within the cases
      included in groups 0-1. All the cases evolving into AL were included in the
      groups 2-5 and greater than 6. (3) The 3 groups of the system proposed by Sanz (0
      1, 2-3 and 4-5) had median survival of, respectively, 58, 15 and 14 months. Like
      in the preceding cases, group 0-1 has not reached the 25% actuarial probability,
      while this figure appears at 28 months for group 2-3 and at 20 months for group 4
      5. RA and SRA varieties are included chiefly in group 0-1, while RAEB and RAEB-T
      appear mostly in groups 2-3 and 4-5. The distribution of the cases and evolving
      into AL in heterogeneous according to this system, although they predominate in
      groups 2-3 and 4-5. (4) The prognostic groups are defined by the system proposed
      by us (namely 0-2, 3-5, 5 greater than or equal to 6) with median survivals of
      89.3, 17 and greater than 11 months, respectively. Striking difference was seen
      when studying the cumulated survivals observed, on each of the three percentages
      considered, between the groups. The different cytological varieties distributed
      reasonably with higher incidence of RA and SRA in group I and RAEB, RAEB-T and
      CMML in group III. This system offers statistical significance when comparing RA
      with SRA, RAEB with RAEB-T and, obviously. RA+SRA with RAEB+RAEB-T+CMML. The
      evolution into AL showed also statistical significance with respect to the three
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Three prognostic groups regarding the patient's survival
      could be established in our series with all the scoring systems analyzed, except
      that of Sanz. 2. Low risk (RA and SRA) and high risk (RAEB, RAEB-T and CMML)
      cytological varieties can be identified with all the scoring systems; that of
      Sanz is also capable of discriminating RA from SRA. 3. Some prediction on the
      possibility of evolution into AL can be attained of with each system. 4. The
      scoring system proposed by us shows higher discriminating capability on the
      cytologic varieties as well as higher predictive value on the possibility of
      evolution into AL. Nevertheless, it must be evaluated in other series in order to
      reach general acceptance.

PMID- 1812581
TI  - [Hypercoagulability and thrombophilic states].

PMID- 1812582
TI  - [The Antonio Raichsmemorial lecture. The visible preleukemic phase of the "other
      acute leukemias." Knowledge, doubts and unknowns].

PMID- 1812583
TI  - [A simple method for detecting immature precursors after in vitro bone marrow
      treatment with ASTA-Z 7654].
AB  - Cyclophosphamide derivatives for in vitro use, such as mafosphamide L lysine
      (ASTA-Z 7654) are capable of removing residual leukaemic cells from the bone
      marrow used for autologous transplantation. ASTA-Z also removes committed stem
      cells detected in semi-solid cultures (CFU-GM). However, haemopoiesis is
      preserved by more immature progenitors, undetected in usual cultures but
      detectable in liquid culture of 21 days (MTC). After treating 15 normal bone
      marrow specimens with 100 microM ASTA-Z, CFU-GM cultures and medium-term cultures
      (MTC) are carried out. CFU-GM are cultured on the 21st day of incubation from the
      cell suspension of the MTC. The CFU-GM made the day of in vitro treatment (0.9
      colonies/plate) reappear in the CFU-GM cultures performed on the 21st day of
      incubation of MTC (42 colonies/plate), although the figures attained in parallel
      controls without any treatment are not fully reached.

PMID- 1812584
TI  - [Philadelphia-positive ALL with rearrangement of the 1st intron of the BCR gene].
AB  - We have studied the haematologic, cytogenetic and molecular features in a patient
      with Ph positive ALL. The cytogenetic study showed the presence of a Ph
      chromosome since diagnosis. Molecular analysis showed rearrangement within the
      first intron of bcr gen instead of M-bcr as in CML. This an evidence of genic
      fusion between c-abl oncogene and bcr gene and also show the possibility of
      rearrangement outside M-bcr in these patients.

PMID- 1812585
TI  - [Acute non-lymphoid leukemia with basophilic differentiation and t(6;9)].

PMID- 1812586
TI  - [Prerequisites for blood donation].

PMID- 1812587
TI  - [Isochromosome 17q as the only cytogenetic change in a patient with refractory
      anemia with excess of blasts].

PMID- 1812588
TI  - [Cytomorphological and immunophenotype changes in a recurrence of acute
      leukemia].

PMID- 1812589
TI  - [Conversion of small cleaved-cell, follicular lymphoma to Burkitt's lymphoma].

PMID- 1812590
TI  - [Acquired B antigen associated with postoperative complications].

PMID- 1812591
TI  - Clinical productivity indicators for a dental general practice residency program.
AB  - Management of clinical productivity is an essential activity in the dental
      general practice residency GPR program. Because productivity is a relative term,
      indicators of clinical productivity must be developed to evaluate current
      performance. This article presents a 3-year study of clinical productivity in a
      two-resident GPR program. Productivity indicators are developed and analyzed for
      this program and for application to other GPR programs.

PMID- 1812592
TI  - Anti-muscarinic effect of alinidine on acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in
      isolated and perfused dog coronary arteries.
AB  - The effect of alinidine, a bradycardic agent, on the vasodilator responses to
      acetylcholine was examined in isolated and perfused dog coronary arteries. Single
      injections of acetylcholine (10(-12)-10(-6) mol) and carbachol (10(-10)-10(-6)
      mol) produced dose-dependent vasodilations. The endothelial removal by a bolus
      injection of saponin (1 mg) inhibited those vasodilations. Alinidine (10(-6) M)
      shifted the dose-response curves of acetylcholine and carbachol to the right, but
      it did not affect those for isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol and adenosine.
      The rank order of potency of muscarinic antagonists for inhibiting the
      acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was 4-DAMP greater than or equal to atropine
      greater than AF-DX 116 greater than or equal to pirenzepine greater than
      alinidine. Alinidine was approximately 100 times less potent than atropine.
      Single injection of alinidine (10(-8)-10(-6) mol) dilated the dog coronary artery
      in a dose-related manner. The vasodilation was not affected by the pretreatment
      with phentolamine (10(-6) M), pindolol (10(-6) M), atropine (10(-6) M),
      chlorpheniramine (10(-6) M), cimetidine (10(-6) M) or methysergide (10(-6) M).
      These results suggest that alinidine has a weak anti-muscarinic effect on the
      endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the dog coronary artery.

PMID- 1812593
TI  - Analysis of point mutations at codon 12 of K-ras in human endometrial carcinoma
      and cervical adenocarcinoma by dot blot hybridization and polymerase chain
      reaction.
AB  - Samples of human endometrial carcinomas and cervical adenocarcinomas were
      screened for the presence of single site DNA mutations at codon 12 of the K-ras
      gene using dot blot hybridization of DNA amplified by the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR). Of 21 cases of endometrial carcinoma, point mutations were
      observed in three cases (14.3%). Mutation from GGT to GTT was seen in one case,
      and mutation to GAT was observed in two cases. Of seven cases of cervical
      adenocarcinoma, point mutations were noted in two cases (28.6%). Mutation from
      GGT to GTT and double mutation to GAT and GCT were in one case each. However, no
      correlation was found between the presence of point mutation and age, clinical
      stage, or depth of muscular invasion. With respect to prognosis, of five patients
      with point mutation, one with cervical carcinoma died, and of 23 patients without
      mutation, one with endometrial carcinoma died.

PMID- 1812594
TI  - The development of sleep and wakefulness cycle in early infancy and its
      relationship to feeding habit.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sleep and
      wakefulness patterns to feeding habits in early infancy. The population consisted
      of 33 neurologically normal infants studied during their first 4 months of life.
      The number of 30-min epochs with sleep (sleep epoch) were counted in each 4-hr
      period in a day and evaluated over time. The effects of feeding on sleep and
      wakefulness were examined by analyzing the rates of sleep epoch after feeding in
      each time period. The rates of sleep epochs in each time period showed specific
      patterns each week. From 2 weeks of age, sleep epochs appeared most frequently in
      time periods 0:00-4:00 and 4:00-8:00 (p less than 0.01). These periods also had
      significantly high rates of sleep epochs after feeding by week 2. From week 6
      both the number of sleep epochs and the rate of sleep epochs after feeding in
      time periods from 8:00 to 20:00 tended to decrease. These results suggest that
      the development of the circadian oscillation is set as a sleep epoch first during
      the time period of 0:00 to 8:00. In addition, feeding alone seemed to have no
      role as a time cue in the first 4 months of life.

PMID- 1812595
TI  - Bilirubin conjugation and biliary bilirubin excretion after intravenous bilirubin
      injection in dogs.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the bilirubin clearance, bilirubin
      conjugation and biliary bilirubin excretion after an intravenous single bilirubin
      injection (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) in 10 mongrel dogs. Serum total bilirubin
      concentration increased after the bilirubin injection, and then it immediately
      decreased. Biliary excretion of loaded bilirubin induced a rapid increase of the
      bile total bilirubin concentration and bilirubin-monoconjugate. In the 10 mg/kg
      group, the increase was larger than in the 5 mg/kg group and remained high up to
      4 hr after injection, whereas in the 5 mg/kg group these bile components tended
      to decrease and returned to the preinjection levels within 4 hr. The total bile
      acid concentration in the bile remained unchanged in both groups. The bile flow
      did not change in the 5 mg/kg group, but in the 10 mg/kg group it decreased after
      bilirubin loading. Significantly positive correlations were observed between
      total bilirubin and bilirubin monoconjugate concentrations in bile both before
      and 1 hr after injection, but the slopes of regression lines were markedly
      different from each other. These results suggest that a bilirubin load surpassing
      the conjugating capacity of the hepatocytes increases bile bilirubin
      monoconjugate and also enhances the conjugating activity in the liver.

PMID- 1812596
TI  - Class II (HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ) antigens on colonic epithelia in ulcerative
      colitis: a comparison between uneventful and intractable cases.
AB  - Class II antigens on colonic epithelia involved in ulcerative colitis (UC) with
      uneventful or intractable courses were investigated using an immunoperoxidase
      method. Twenty normal colonic mucosa served as normal controls. Nineteen
      specimens from 14 uneventful cases and 23 specimens from 12 intractable cases
      were studied. Normal colonic epithelia did not express class II antigens. In UC,
      there were no differences between uneventful cases and intractable cases in the
      frequencies of class II antigen expression, the distribution of class II antigen
      expression ratio, or the mutual relationship of the extent of expression of the
      three class II antigens on colonic epithelia. However, while the extent of
      expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DP antigens on the epithelia was positively
      correlated with the degree of inflammation in uneventful cases, there was no such
      correlation in intractable cases. These observations may suggest that the
      induction mechanisms of class II antigens on colonic epithelia in UC differ in
      uneventful and intractable cases.

PMID- 1812597
TI  - Importance of Ca2+, K+ and glucose in the medium for sperm penetration through
      the human zona pellucida.
AB  - When salt-stored human oocytes were inseminated in the regular mBWW medium and
      examined 6 hr later, the zonae of almost all of the oocytes were penetrated by
      spermatozoa. In contrast, none of zonae were penetrated when the oocytes were
      inseminated in either Ca(2+)-free, K(+)-free or glucose-free medium. The failure
      of zona penetration by spermatozoa in Ca(2+)-free and K(+)-free media is likely
      to be due to the inhibition of the acrosome reaction. Spermatozoa were unable to
      exhibit hyperactivated motility in glucose-free medium, suggesting that the
      failure of zona penetration in this medium is due, at least in part, to the
      inhibition of hyperactivated motility of spermatozoa.

PMID- 1812598
TI  - Epidemiology of age-related dementias in the Third World and aetiological clues
      of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The prevalence of age-associated dementia which already constitutes enormous
      public health problems in many developed industrialised countries, is currently
      low in many developing countries. Community-based studies and autopsy survey in
      Nigerian Africans showed absence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ageing
      revolution with enormous increase in the population of the elderly is already
      occurring in developing countries which are also undergoing epidemiological
      transition. Geographical epidemiological studies of the age associated dementias,
      in developing and developed countries, and especially in ethnic groups who live
      in different environments have great potential in identifying putative risk
      factors, probably currently present in developed industrialised countries and
      absent in developing less industrialised countries where the disease is as of now
      relatively uncommon.

PMID- 1812599
TI  - Falciparum malaria fully cleared by amodiaquine, pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and
      pyrimethamine-sulfalene in areas of chloroquine resistance in Dodoma, Tanzania.
AB  - The in vivo response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, amodiaquine,
      pyrimethamine-sulfalene (MetakelfinR) and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (FansidarR)
      was assessed in Dodoma in 1988. Asymptomatic schoolchildren with pure P.
      falciparum infection were given full curative doses of one of the above
      antimalarials. Daily parasitological follow-ups were made for seven days. Overall
      successful follow-up cases were 101, 108, 95 and 97 on chloroquine, amodiaquine,
      MetakelfinR and FansidarR respectively. The overall resistance rate in the area
      was 28%. Most of the resistant cases were RII type. There was only one case of
      MetakelfinR resistance. Amodiaquine and FansidarR were fully effective in
      eliminating asexual parasitaemia from the blood in all the cases during the seven
      days of follow-up. The results indicate that chloroquine, a commonly used
      antimalarial in Tanzania, is not as effective as amodiaquine, a less used drug.
      Although the 'antifols' are still highly effective in Tanzania, their potency
      could change with continued use. These drugs should, therefore, be protected and
      used judiciously.

PMID- 1812600
TI  - Clinico-hematological characteristics in patients with kala azar. A study from
      north-west India.
AB  - Clinico-hematological features were analysed in 23 patients with kala azar. Fever
      and hepatosplenomegaly were the main presenting features. All patients were
      moderate to severely anemic (Hb 4.3-8.1 g/dl), 17 were leucopenic and 15 were
      thrombocytopenic. Bone marrow showed moderate to severe megaloblastosis in 11
      cases, an increased number of plasma cells in 20 and megakaryocytic hyperplasia
      with abnormal morphology in 19 patients. Megakaryocyte numbers per smear were
      significantly increased (p = 0.01) in thrombocytopenic patients as compared to
      patients with normal platelet counts. Spleen size, Hb level, platelet count and
      number of plasma cells in the bone marrow were related to parasite load. In
      general the degree of parasitisation, spleen size and duration of illness
      correlated with some of the main hematological features. Thus splenic
      sequestration and ineffective hematopoiesis appear to be the main
      etiopathogenetic factors in the emergence of bone marrow changes and peripheral
      cytopenias.

PMID- 1812601
TI  - Murine and scrub typhus at Thai-Kampuchean border displaced persons camps.
AB  - Rickettsial infections are considered a major cause of illness among inmates of
      Thai-Kampuchean border displaced persons camps. In the absence of sophisticated
      laboratory support, it had become common practice to treat patients with obscure
      fevers with tetracycline as a 'diagnostic' test for typhus. This study evaluated
      a group of 67 randomly selected camp inmates who presented with fever and had
      findings that indicated a specific diagnosis. Differential blood counts, malaria
      smears, hemoglobin determinations, blood cultures, dengue and Japanese
      encephalitis virus and rickettsial IgM and IgG antibody titers were determined.
      Patients were then treated with tetracycline and followed. They could be divided
      into six groups after data were analyzed. Those with no final diagnosis comprised
      14 cases (21%), 4 patients (6%) were found to have dengue fever, 6 (9%) scrub
      typhus and 39 (58%) had murine (endemic) typhus. None of the bacterial blood
      cultures drawn from this group grew any organisms and no tick typhus or Japanese
      encephalitis was diagnosed. Analysis of symptoms and signs did not allow clinical
      differentiation between groups. All patients became afebrile and well within 1-5
      days of starting tetracycline therapy. We conclude that rickettsial disease is a
      major health problem in the Thai-Kampuchean border camps. The incidence of murine
      typhus increased during the dry season and was more prevalent among males. The
      use of tetracycline as a 'therapeutic test' did not distinguish between
      rickettsial, viral and undiagnosed febrile diseases.

PMID- 1812602
TI  - Perforated typhoid enteritis. The problem of intestinal fistula.
AB  - Typhoid enteritis with perforation is still a major problem in many hospital
      centres in the tropics and post-operative intestinal fistula accounts for much of
      the morbidity and mortality among those who survive the septicaemic phase of the
      disease. In poorly equipped hospitals with limited resources, early aggressive re
      exploration to close the intestinal fistula when the patient is still strong is
      advocated in preference to conservative treatment which is prolonged, of
      uncertain outcome and liable to be abandoned especially where the patient is poor
      and unable to provide the material for fluid replacement and nutritional support
      over a long period of time.

PMID- 1812603
TI  - Extrapulmonary tuberculosis--a simple diagnosis? A retrospective study at Dar es
      Salaam, Tanzania.
AB  - Data from the national tuberculosis programme show that extrapulmonary
      tuberculosis is increasing rapidly in Tanzania, most likely caused by the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Retrospective data from 271 patients
      admitted to Muhimbili Medical Centre (MMC), Dar es Salaam between January 1, 1987
      and December 31, 1988 with the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis reveal
      that in only 18% of the cases a bacteriological or histological confirmation of
      the diagnosis had been made. This figure is only 3% when the tuberculous
      lymphadenitis cases are excluded. The most common diagnosis was tuberculous
      pleuritis (119 cases), followed by tuberculous lymphadenitis (67 cases),
      tuberculosis of the spine (47 cases), tuberculous pericarditis (16 cases) and
      others. The mean clinical features are presented. In 79 patients the HIV ELISA
      test was performed, of which 52% were positive. There is an urgent need for
      improving the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis requiring prospective
      studies.

PMID- 1812604
TI  - Beliefs of leprosy patients about their illness. A study in the province of South
      Sulawesi, Indonesia.
AB  - In Bone district, Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, a total of 50 randomly
      selected leprosy patients were interviewed about their beliefs about their
      illness with the help of a questionnaire. It became evident, that their knowledge
      about leprosy was generally satisfactory, but only few patients adopted the
      bacterial theory as cause of their disease. Besides it was found that leprosy
      patients tend to discriminate themselves, while more tolerance was found in their
      healthy contacts. Traditional beliefs and religious ideas played an important
      role. To overcome the stigma, more health education, based on a multidisciplinary
      approach is required. Beside the modern medical theory, cultural beliefs and
      religious views have to be taken into consideration.

PMID- 1812605
TI  - Estimation of cost savings from reprocessing of plastic syringes. A case
      analysis.
AB  - Analysis of the cost of reprocessing plastic syringes in a hospital sterilization
      unit is considered. A simple model to estimate the cost of reprocessed syringes,
      showed that a syringe that had been reprocessed once was 29.8% cheaper than a new
      one. Reprocessing each of the 21,000 plastic syringes that are reprocessed in
      this unit per month once, realises savings in the order of KSh37,590 (US$ 1600).
      Although this unit reprocesses syringes about 10 times before disposal, the
      largest savings per reprocessing cycle occurred during the first 5 cycles. The
      cost of a reprocessed syringe does not reach its asymptotic value until after
      about 1,000 cycles.

PMID- 1812606
TI  - [The identification of calmodulin in the cytoskeletal fraction of the olfactory
      mucosa of vertebrates].
AB  - Calmodulin was detected in the cytoskeleton fraction of the olfactory tissue of
      vertebrates (pig, rat), identified by electrophoretical mobility and by
      immunoblotting. The approximate content of calmodulin in the cytoskeleton
      fraction was about 23% relative to all the proteins revealed on the
      electrophoregram. Another protein was detected in the same experiments having the
      same molecular weight as calmodulin and revealing immunospecific properties.

PMID- 1812607
TI  - [Proteolytic enzymes in the process of oncogenesis].

PMID- 1812608
TI  - [Features of the tumor cell nucleus].

PMID- 1812609
TI  - [Glycosphingolipids and malignant growth].

PMID- 1812610
TI  - [Polyamines and tumor growth].

PMID- 1812611
TI  - [Changes in the replication apparatus and phosphorus-containing metabolite pool
      in experimental tumors in animals during development].
AB  - Activity of replicase complex enzymes involving thymidine kinase (TK),
      ribonucleotide reductase (RR), DNA-polymerases alpha and beta as well as DNA
      synthesis and single breaks in DNA were studied during growth of P388 ascites
      tumor. Under these conditions the rate of DNA synthesis was distinctly decreased
      via salvage pathway and de novo. Single breaks were not detected in the
      preexistent DNA within various periods after transplantation of P338 leukemic
      cells. Retardation of DNA synthesis during tumor growth correlated with a
      decrease in TK, RR and DNA-polymerase alpha activities, while DNA-polymerase beta
      activity was markedly increased. Growth of melanoma B16 was accompanied by a
      decrease in content of ATP, ADP, NAD, phosphocreatine and phosphosaccharides as
      well as by an increase in the level of inorganic phosphates.

PMID- 1812612
TI  - [Cysteine proteinases at various stages of neoplastic transformation of rat
      fibroblasts].
AB  - Cysteine-dependent proteinases were studied in a model system of rat embryonal
      fibroblasts which enabled to evaluate two discrete steps of malignant
      transformation in vitro: immortalization and tumoral transformation. Dynamics of
      intracellular and secreted activities of cysteine proteinases was estimated in
      relation to the stage of transformation and duration of cells cultivation.
      Activation of cysteine proteinases cathepsins L and B correlated with developed
      transformation of fibroblasts; each step of the process was characterized.
      Intracellular and secreted activities of the proteinases were distinctly
      increased in immortalized cells as compared with primary fibroblasts. The highest
      activity of the enzymes was detected both in intra- and extracellular fractions
      at the stage of complete fibroblast transformation. Cysteine-dependent cathepsin
      L-like proteinase was mainly responsible for intracellular and secreted
      activities of the fibroblast cultures studied. This proteinase was found to be
      produced in the form of precursor in all the cell strains studied and/or main
      part of the enzyme developed complexes with an inhibitor.

PMID- 1812613
TI  - [Role of "signal" ATP as a secondary messenger in transmembrane transfer of
      polypeptide signals for growth and cell differentiation].
AB  - Experimental and literature data, concerning the formation and utilization of
      short-living membrane bound ATP on plasmatic membrane of mammalian cells, are
      discussed. This type of ATP is produced in the fraction of particles enriched
      with plasmatic membranes by means of receptor-dependent mechanism coupled with
      redox potential. Role of the ATP in mediation of the "signal" transduction
      through plasmatic membrane by a number of polypeptide factors of growth,
      mitogens, by stimulators of cell proliferation and differentiation is considered.
      Formation of short-living "signal" ATP on plasmatic membrane, as it is
      particularly emphasized, is related to activation of tyrosine specific
      phosphorylation catalyzed by membrane-bound tyrosine kinases. The criteria
      corroborating importance of the plasmatic membrane ATP as early messenger
      transducing signals to cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and
      transformation are discussed. Interrelation is considered between formation of
      the signal transducing ATP from ADP and Pi on plasmatic membrane of mammalian
      cell and oxidation of NADH coupled with aerobic phosphorylation and Na+/H+
      exchange.

PMID- 1812614
TI  - [Comparative study of the effectiveness of the classical and modified Cooper
      protocol for breast cancer chemotherapy].
AB  - Efficiency of routine and modified Cuper procedures was studied after evaluation
      in saliva and urine of women with mammary gland tumor of the following
      parametres: alterations in dynamics of acrolein excretion with saliva, dynamics
      of alterations in calculated therapeutic doses of cyclophosphane administered
      using these procedures, dynamics of the ratio between non-metabolized
      cyclophosphane and its initial level in urine of the patients. Analysis of the
      data obtained suggest that the liver tissue enzymatic systems, involving in
      biotransformation of cyclophosphane, were distinctly less impaired during the
      modified Cuper procedure as compared with the routine course, thus corroborating
      advantages of the modified procedure used in chemotherapy of patients with
      mammary gland tumor.

PMID- 1812615
TI  - [The role of carcinogenic aminobiphenyls in hepatocyte differentiation].
AB  - Contribution of various hemoproteins to peroxidase oxidation of benzidine and its
      derivatives as well as effects of these substances on functional state of
      hepatocytes are discussed. Benzidine and its derivatives were shown to induce
      those forms of cytochrome P-450 which were involved in accelerated oxidation of
      the carcinogenic drugs studied as well as affected the glutathione transferase,
      NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase activities and the activity of antioxidant
      system enzymes. Increase in content of cytochrome P-450, glutathione-dependent
      enzymes and other effects specific for adult hepatocytes, which occurred in
      presence of aminobiphenyls, were accompanied by decrease in content of receptors
      to epidermal factor of growth regulating the hepatocytes proliferation.

PMID- 1812616
TI  - [The selective effect of vitamin E, A, and C complexes on antioxidant protection
      in neoplastic and normal tissues].

PMID- 1812617
TI  - [Combined effect of hyperglycemia and chemo- and radiation action on the status
      of metabolic processes in certain experimental sarcomas in rats].
AB  - A number of metabolic parametres were studied in subcellular fractions of rat
      sarcoma 45, M-1 and carcinosarcoma Worker 256. Administration of high doses of
      glucose amplified some effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and X-ray therapy, which
      were manifested as follows: a decrease in glycolysis rate, alteration in the rate
      of redox reactions, shifts in the ratio between glycolysis and biological
      oxidation in mitochondria. These alterations were determined by the type of
      sarcoma, by sequence of operations in the procedure and by cytostatic used. The
      most effective procedure proved to be simultaneous administration of drugs and X
      ray therapy followed by hyperglycemia. Distinct inhibition of glycolysis defected
      under these conditions may contribute to inhibition of energy metabolism during
      the sarcoma growth and regression.

PMID- 1812618
TI  - [Antiulcerogenic (therapeutic and preventive) properties of a phenylalkyl
      syndonimine psychostimulant].
AB  - Intragastric administration of 96% ethanol, 1 ml/100 g of body mass, induced
      ulcerous impairments of rat gastric mucosal membrane, which were marked within 8
      min after ethanol administration and reached the maximal size within 3 hrs.
      Psychostimulants of the phenylalkyl sydnonimime series OF 743, administered after
      the ethanol treatment, decreased distinctly the ethanol-induced impairments of
      gastric mucosal membrane and this effect was higher in simultaneous inoculation
      of the drug and ethanol. The data obtained suggest that preparation OF 743
      exhibited both protective and curative antiulcerogenic efficiency.

PMID- 1812619
TI  - [Inhibition of human MS and BRO melanoma cell proliferation by alpha melanocyte
      stimulating hormone].
AB  - Effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) on proliferating activity of
      MS and BRO melanoma cell strains with dissimilar phenotype was studied. MSH,
      apart from the effect on melanomagenesis, influenced the cell proliferation.
      Growth of MS cells was inhibited at 10(-8)-10(-9) M concentrations of the hormone
      (IC50 = 2.10(-8) M), while BRO cells were activated. The higher concentrations of
      MSH inhibited also BRO cells growth (IC50 = 9.10(-7) M). Ligand-receptor
      interaction of 125I = MSH with plasmatic membranes and cytosol fraction of the
      cells was studied at 4 degrees and 37 degrees.

PMID- 1812620
TI  - [Polyamines as biochemical markers of the antiproliferative effect of inhibitors
      of polyamine and putrescine biosynthesis enzymes in L-cell tissue cultures].
AB  - Effects of inhibitors of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of putrescine and
      polyamines on growth of mice C3H strain transformed fibroblasts as well as on the
      intracellular content of putrescine and polyamines were studied. Putrescine and
      polyamines were estimated as dansyl derivatives using HPLC. DL-alpha
      difluoromethyl ornithine (F2MeOrn) and methyl glyoxalbis (quanyl hydrazone)
      (MGBG) were added to cultivation medium at final concentration 10(-4) M daily
      within 4 days. The cell culture was not treated within the following 3 days of
      the experiment. Distinct exceeding of spermidine content over concentrations of
      putrescine and spermine proved to be the specific property of L-cells growth in
      the culture. Amount of cells correlated strongly with intracellular content of
      spermidine and spermine (r = 0.964). Treatment of L-cells with F2MeOrn singly or
      in combination with MGBG led to 4- and 6-fold decrease in their growth rate,
      respectively. F2MeOrn altered content of polycations 2 days earlier in the cells
      which exhibited distinct correlation between putrescine and polyamines (r =
      0.943). The rate of MGBG inhibition correlated distinctly with content of
      putrescine and polyamines (r = 0.953) as well as strong correlation between
      putrescine and polyamines content (r = 0.994) was detected after simultaneous
      effect of these inhibitors. This suggests that polyamines were involved in the
      antiproliferative action of the inhibitors studied and may be used as markers of
      cytostatics chemotherapeutic efficiency.

PMID- 1812621
TI  - [Lymphoid cell glycosidases in various forms of lymphoproliferative disorders].
AB  - Activity of 8 glycosidases (6 acid lysosomal and 2 neutral cytosolic enzymes) was
      estimated in lymphoid cells of 28 patients with different forms of
      lymphoproliferative disorders: B- and T-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), non
      Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), Sezary syndrome, hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and B- and T
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Activity of these glycosidases was also
      studied in mononuclear cells and granulocytes of healthy volunteers and in
      immature myeloid cells of 16 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In
      lymphoid cells of all the patients studied (except of ALL) the glycosidases
      activity was decreased as compared with that of normal mononuclear cells and
      immature myeloid cells. Activity of the majority enzymes studied was higher in T
      lymphoid cells of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders as compared with B
      cells. The highest glycosidases activity was found in ALL cells and the lowest-
      in CLL cells of the patients with B-lymphoid cells forms of the disease.
      Activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase, alpha-D-mannosidase and beta-D
      glucuronidase were distinctly dissimilar in cells of the patients with B-CLL, B
      NHL and HCL. Estimation of these glycosidases activity in lymphoid cells may be
      of importance in differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders.

PMID- 1812622
TI  - [Rat liver mitochondrial DNA treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].
AB  - Primary structure of 5'-end 16S RNA gene of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) isolated
      from rat liver tissue within 20 hrs after treatment with 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine,
      was analyzed. The preparations studied did not contain mutations induced by the
      drug. The region of mDNA analyzed appears not to be a preferential target for
      mutagenic effect of 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine unber these experimental conditions.

PMID- 1812623
TI  - [Biochemical and molecular biological aspects of stomach cancer development in
      human and animal].
AB  - Expression of protooncogenes c-myc, N-myc, c-fos, Ha-ras 1, Ki-ras 2, yes, abl,
      src, N-ras, met and mos was studied in human gastric tumors and in rat gastric
      mucosal membrane during gastric carcinogenesis induced in rats by means of N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG). Elevated expression of protooncogenes
      c-myc, c-fos, Ha-ras 1, Ki-ras 2, N-myc and Raf 1 was observed in carcinomas of
      human stomach. Amplification of Ha-ras 1 protooncogene was found in the human
      gastric tumor and metastasis. Point mutation was not detected in 12 the codon of
      Ha-ras I protooncogene. Expression of these protooncogenes was not altered during
      gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG in rats. However, within early steps of
      cancerogenesis (9 days, 3 months) amplification of ribosomal genes occurred in
      rat gastric mucosal membrane and in adenocarcinoma developed, while the tumor
      growth was accompanied by activation of mitochondrial genes.

PMID- 1812624
TI  - [Level of endogenous thiol proteinase inhibitors in subcellular fractions of rat
      hepatocytes].
AB  - A procedure for isolation of inhibitors of thiol-dependent proteinases was
      developed as well as distribution of the inhibitors in rat hepatocyte subcellular
      fractions was studied. The procedure involved separation of subcellular fractions
      by means of differential centrifugation, isolation of acid-thermostable proteins
      and their following purification using affinity chromatography on immobilized
      papain. The inhibitors were mainly localized in lysosomal, microsomal and cytosol
      fractions, whereas their specificity towards papain and lysosomal thiol-dependent
      proteinases cathepsins B, L, H and C was dissimilar, thus suggesting presence of
      various forms of inhibitors of thiol-dependent proteinases in these cell
      fractions.

PMID- 1812625
TI  - [Microelements and their blood protein level in patients in the prognosis of
      purulent-inflammatory complications after cervicofacial operations].
AB  - Concentration of trace levels of copper, iron and selenium as well as activity of
      superoxide dismutase and content of ceruloplasmin and transferrin were studied in
      blood serum of 70 patients with defects and deformations of cervicofacial region
      before and after surgical plastic operations approximately similar in their size
      and the rate of traumatic injury. Alterations in content of the trace elements as
      well as in content and activity of the metalloenzymes, observed during pyo
      inflammatory complications, were considerably distinct from these patterns
      detected in noncomplicated wound inflammation; the patterns studied may be used
      for prognostic purposes.

PMID- 1812626
TI  - [Stat-determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by
      fluoroimmuno polarization using the TDx analyzer from "Abbott Laboratories"].

PMID- 1812627
TI  - Level of reading difficulty in educational pamphlets and informed consent
      documents for cancer patients.
AB  - Nationwide samplings and data from the 1980 census suggest that a high proportion
      of patients cared for are functionally illiterate. Since educational materials
      and consent forms are often given to patients with little regard for their
      ability to read them, this study was designed to analyze the readability of
      educational materials and consent forms at the Cancer Center of Southern West
      Virginia at Charleston Area Medical Center. Results of the survey showed that
      although the median education of the 127 patients studied was 10th grade, more
      than 30 percent could not be expected to read at the 10th grade level. Most
      tested patient education materials required a reading level of 11th to 14th
      grade, and cooperative group consent forms required a college-level reading
      comprehension. If patient-directed written material is to serve its purpose, then
      outpatient populations should be surveyed and the reading level of written
      material adjusted accordingly.

PMID- 1812628
TI  - Coronary angioplasty and surgery for coronary artery disease.
AB  - Heart disease remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the
      United States. During the 1970s until the early 1980s, patients with angina
      pectoris refractory to medical therapy could only consider bypass surgery to
      relieve their symptoms. Beginning in the early 1980s, coronary balloon
      angioplasty became an alternative to bypass surgery in those with single vessel
      coronary artery disease and failure to medical therapy. In the mid-1980s,
      patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease also were seen to benefit from
      balloon angioplasty. Now in the 1990s, balloon angioplasty's success is being
      compared to coronary bypass with prospective randomized trials. While balloon
      angioplasty has become relatively easy to perform due to advances in balloon,
      wire, and guiding catheter technology, many new interventional devices such as
      atherectomy and laser, are now available. The explosion in technology reflects
      our inability to prevent atherosclerotic disease and also reveals that while we
      can improve a patient's lifestyle and in some situations improve mortality rate,
      atherosclerotic disease remains a disease for which we have no cure.

PMID- 1812630
TI  - Intravenous immune globulin use in patients with human immunodeficiency virus
      related thrombocytopenia who require dental extraction.
AB  - Five patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related immune
      thrombocytopenia who were undergoing dental extraction were treated with
      intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). All patients received IVIG, 1 gram per kg,
      the day before the dental extraction and again the day of the dental extraction.
      Four patients had a previous history of minor clinical bleeding. The median
      baseline platelet count before extraction was 20 X 10(9) per liter (range 13 to
      44). The median peak platelet count was 100 X 10(9) per liter (range 56 to 528)
      following infusion. This peak response was achieved by day 2 in 3 patients and by
      days 5 and 7 in 1 patient each. No patients had complications or toxicity from
      the infusions or perioperative bleeding. No patients required blood product
      transfusions for the surgical procedure. In conclusion, IVIG infusion should be
      considered in patients with HIV-related immune thrombocytopenia requiring
      surgical procedures when a prompt rise in platelet count is desired.

PMID- 1812629
TI  - Jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase. A novel enzyme.
AB  - Dietary folate, a vitamin required for DNA synthesis and cell regeneration,
      occurs as pteroylpolyglutamates that are hydrolyzed to pteroylglutamate during
      the process of intestinal absorption. Studies from our laboratory over the past
      15 years have shown that jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase is essential and
      rate-limiting in folate absorption. Brush-border folate hydrolase activity and
      pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolysis are inhibited in disease and conditions
      associated with folate deficiency, including celiac and tropical sprue, the use
      of sulfasalazine to treat inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic alcoholism.
      Brush-border folate hydrolase is an exopeptidase located on the jejunal brush
      border surface that liberates hydrolytic products of pteroylpolyglutamates in a
      progressive fashion, with a final release of pteroylglutamate. Subsequent steps
      in folate absorption include uptake by a brush-border folate-binding-protein
      receptor and transport across the brush-border membrane into the enterocyte.
      These steps are probably followed by an intracellular synthesis of
      pteroylglutamates for folate-dependent reactions and intracellular hydrolysis to
      pteroylglutamate for transport across the basolateral membrane to the portal
      circulation. In pigs, the active form of jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase
      has a molecular weight of 240 kd and is probably a homodimer of the 120-kd
      protein found after immunoprecipitation with specific antibody. Regulating the
      synthesis and expression of brush-border folate hydrolase may be critical to the
      availability of dietary folate.

PMID- 1812631
TI  - Charges for comprehensive obstetric care at teaching and nonteaching hospitals. A
      comparison.
AB  - We compared total charges for obstetric care at a major teaching hospital and
      faculty group practice with those at 3 nonteaching centers in western Washington.
      The patients were all enrollees of an employee-based health maintenance
      organization. Charges were used as a proxy for costs and included all outpatient,
      inpatient, and physician charges. In the teaching system, patients were cared for
      by faculty and house staff; in the nonteaching settings, they received care from
      private physicians. No significant differences in total charges were found
      between the teaching and the nonteaching settings for all deliveries ($4,652 [N =
      90] versus $4,530 [N = 335], P greater than .5). In the teaching setting, vaginal
      deliveries were slightly more expensive ($4,178 [n = 75] versus $3,768 [n = 250],
      P = .15), as were cesarean deliveries ($7,024 [n = 15] versus $6,771 [n = 85], P
      greater than .5). The rate of cesarean deliveries was lower in the teaching
      setting (17% versus 25%, P = .10), partially accounting for the similarity in
      total charges. The length of stay was similar in the teaching hospital (3.29
      versus 3.14 days, P greater than .5). We conclude that the academic medical
      center as a total system of care can provide obstetric care as cost-effectively
      as nonteaching systems under the constraints of prepaid care.

PMID- 1812632
TI  - Hemobilia--evolution of current diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - "Hemobilia," upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding that originates from within
      the biliary tract, has become widely recognized due to an increased clinical
      awareness of the disorder and to improvements in diagnostic techniques. In
      addition, the growing use of percutaneous liver puncture for the diagnosis of and
      therapy for hepatobiliary diseases and the increased incidence of both blunt and
      penetrating hepatic trauma have contributed to a rising incidence of hemobilia.
      We review the history, pathophysiology, and current approaches to the diagnosis
      and treatment of this disease.

PMID- 1812634
TI  - BCG vaccine in urinary bladder cancer.

PMID- 1812635
TI  - Screening for prostate cancer.

PMID- 1812636
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy with minimal or no anesthesia.

PMID- 1812633
TI  - Status epilepticus. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment.
AB  - During the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in the
      understanding of the clinical features, classification, pathophysiology, central
      nervous system consequences, and treatment of status epilepticus. The most
      commonly used drug regimens have advantages and disadvantages, and, in this
      review, I recommend a protocol for the treatment of status epilepticus. An
      important concept in the approach to patients in generalized tonic-clonic status
      epilepticus is that treatment should be administered within a predetermined time
      frame. Clinical and experimental research indicates that continuous seizure
      activity for longer than 60 to 90 minutes may result in irreversible brain
      damage. As our understanding of the basic mechanisms of neuronal function and
      seizure generation advances, it is expected that more specific and novel
      approaches to the treatment of status epilepticus will emerge.

PMID- 1812637
TI  - Male infertility update.

PMID- 1812638
TI  - Fatal salicylate toxicity from bismuth subsalicylate.

PMID- 1812639
TI  - Ciguatera fish poisoning in San Francisco, California, caused by imported
      barracuda.

PMID- 1812640
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the breast, central nervous system, and exocrine glands in a
      patient with sicca symptoms.

PMID- 1812641
TI  - Isoniazid overdose. Successful treatment with pyridoxine and hemodialysis.

PMID- 1812642
TI  - A 2-year-old girl with seizures and fever.

PMID- 1812643
TI  - Participation of Colorado pediatricians and family physicians in the Medicaid
      program.
AB  - The Pediatric Health Policy Group of the University of Colorado Health Sciences
      Center (Denver) surveyed 650 family physicians and 296 pediatricians in 1988,
      with 50% of family physicians and 48% of pediatricians responding. Half of the
      pediatricians in private practice and 35% of family physicians in private
      practice accepted all children who were Medicaid beneficiaries into their
      practice; 42% of pediatricians and 50% of family physicians accepted all non
      Medicaid patients but only some new Medicaid patients; and 8% of pediatricians
      and 15% of family physicians accepted new non-Medicaid patients but no Medicaid
      patients. Practice location was associated with the level of Medicaid
      participation for these primary care physicians: Significantly more rural
      pediatricians and family physicians than those with urban practices accepted
      Medicaid patients. The average reimbursement level for these physicians was shown
      to be an important determinant of whether physicians would accept Medicaid
      patients. Nonparticipatory physicians were more concerned about excessive
      paperwork compared with physicians with limited participation. Among physicians
      with limited participation, family physicians and pediatricians both cited
      problems of excessive paperwork, reimbursement delays, and retroactive denials of
      payment as important deterrents to accepting Medicaid patients.

PMID- 1812644
TI  - Obstetric care, Medicaid, and family physicians. How policy changes affect
      physicians' attitudes.
AB  - Recent expansion of Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women and increased
      reimbursement to physicians who provide perinatal services were designed to
      improve access to care. Family physicians provide a relatively high proportion of
      care to pregnant women on Medicaid, especially in rural areas. We surveyed all
      family physicians who provide obstetric services in 26 northern California
      counties regarding these changes and perceived barriers to providing obstetric
      care to women on Medicaid. Of surveyed physicians who limited the number of their
      Medicaid obstetric patients, 58% stated that recent Medicaid policy changes had
      increased their willingness to accept new Medicaid obstetric patients. Despite
      these policy changes, administrative issues and poor reimbursement were cited as
      the two most notable barriers to providing obstetric care to women on Medicaid.
      Fear of being sued by Medicaid patients is still seen as a barrier by physicians
      who have recently discontinued practicing obstetrics and by those who continue to
      care for a large number of Medicaid obstetric patients.

PMID- 1812645
TI  - Teething as a cause of death. A historical review.

PMID- 1812646
TI  - Dietary folate--the digestible vitamin.

PMID- 1812647
TI  - Positive preemployment urine drug screen caused by foreign-manufactured vitamin
      formulation.

PMID- 1812648
TI  - Taxes and abortion.

PMID- 1812649
TI  - Differential leukocyte count: manual or automated, what should it be?
AB  - Today's automated hematology analyzers capable of performing a full CBC and a
      differential leukocyte count (DLC) on whole blood, particularly in a closed tube
      system, using cytochemistry or impedance-based flow cytometry technology coupled
      with laser light scattering, conductivity and/or differential cell lysis, are
      here to stay. Their need and popularity among at least the large, cost and
      quality-conscious clinical laboratories have been growing for the past few years
      and will continue to do so in the years ahead. The efficiency and reliability of
      several of these analyzers in performing complete CBCD (CBC and DLC) and in
      flagging significant abnormalities have been tested and found acceptable with the
      need to review a stained blood smear or perform a manual DLC to confirm or obtain
      additional information on selected cases.

PMID- 1812651
TI  - Tourette disorder and HLA typing.
AB  - HLA A, B, C and DR were typed in 73 Korean patients with Tourette disorder
      meeting the diagnostic criteria of DSM III-R and compared with 291 normal
      subjects. Relatively higher frequencies were found in HLA A11 and A26(10) with
      lower incidences in HLA A24(9) and B13. A family history of tic disorders was
      associated with a lower frequency of HLA A24(9).

PMID- 1812650
TI  - Isolation and cultivation of microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs:
      effects of gelatin substratum and serum.
AB  - Microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs were cultured in serum-free medium
      supplemented with an endothelial growth substance, insulin, hydrocortisone and so
      on. Five to seven days after plating, cultured cells formed a monolayer. They
      were identified as endothelial cells by morphology and by positive
      immunohistochemistry for factor VIII-related antigen, a marker for endothelia
      cells. Differences between gelatin coated culture plates and plastic culture
      plates in endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated. Cells plated on uncoated
      plastic plates had a spindle-shaped morphology and did not express factor VIII
      related antigen. Two types of medium, serum-free medium containing endothelial
      growth substance and basal medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum, were
      also compared in primary culture. In contrast with the serum-free medium, cells
      cultured in the serum-containing medium showed fibroblast-like morphology and did
      not express factor VIII-related antigen. These results suggest that a gelatin
      substratum and serum-free medium containing endothelial growth supplement are
      necessary for in vitro proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells isolated
      from rat lungs. The culture method and conditions outlined here allow the
      proliferation of pure microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs. It may be
      useful in studying hematogenous metastasis to the lung and the role of
      microvascular endothelium in other pulmonary disease.

PMID- 1812652
TI  - Cross-cultural study of alcoholism: comparison between Kangwha, Korea and
      Yanbian, China.
AB  - A cross-cultural comparison study of alcohol use disorder between Kangwha and
      Yanbian was conducted using the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview
      Schedule (DIS). The subjects of the two areas studied were all native Koreans but
      lived in different sociocultural environments. A significant difference in
      lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse (Kangwha 16.48%, Yanbian 6.95%; p less
      than 0.05) and similarity of alcohol dependence (Kangwha 10.23%, Yanbian 11.50%;
      p less than 0.05) were found. Among a total of 21 items of alcoholic symptoms, 14
      items showed significant differences in frequencies between the two areas. The
      authors have suggested that alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are two
      different diagnostic categories in origin, alcohol abuse is more related to socio
      cultural environment and alcohol dependence to biogenetic background. The authors
      have discussed the possible reasons for a higher prevalence rate of alcohol abuse
      in Kangwha compared to Yanbian.

PMID- 1812653
TI  - Absence of lupus anticoagulants in Behcet's disease.
AB  - The presence of a lupus anticoagulant was evaluated in patients with Bechet's
      disease by the kaolin clotting time method. Four percents (three patients) of 69
      patients analyzed were found positive for the lupus anticoagulant. However, no
      statistically significant association existed between the presence of this
      antibody and the presence of thrombosis, clinical activity, clinical type,
      antinuclear antibodies and the positive VDRL test.

PMID- 1812654
TI  - The ultraviolet B protection effects of topically applied melanosomes onto human
      skin.
AB  - Melanosome is a cellular organelle that is composed of a melanosomal matrix and a
      brown biochrome, melanin which is formed by tyrosine-tyrosinase reactions. The
      melanosome is formed within the melanocyte and transferred to the surrounding
      keratinocytes through dendritic processes. Human skin color is related to the
      number, size, type and distribution of melanosomes, and the major role of
      melanosomes is to prevent skin from injurious nonionizing ultraviolet radiation.
      Controlled NaOH hydrolysis and centrifugation of human hair make it possible to
      isolate large amounts of melanosomes which are synthesized within the follicular
      melanocytes and transferred to hair matrix cells. In this study, the sun
      protection factors of topically applied melanosomes isolated from human hair were
      evaluated using ultraviolet B phototesting. Topically applied melanosomes
      increased the minimal erythemal doses. And the sun protection factors of each 50%
      and 25% melanosomal preparation were 12.3 +/- 5.5 and 3.1 +/- 1.3 respectively,
      and these ultraviolet B protection effects showed statistically significant
      differences from 10%, 5% and 1% melanosomal preparations and vehicle. Form these
      results, the dose-related photoprotective role of melanosomes was confirmed.

PMID- 1812655
TI  - Detection of Treponema pallidum in tissue: a comparative study of the avidin
      biotin-peroxidase complex, indirect immunoperoxidase, FTA-ABS complement
      techniques and the darkfield method.
AB  - With 37 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded specimens from the lesions of 30
      patients with primary, secondary or gastric syphilis, we performed avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex (ABC), indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) and FTA-ABS complement
      techniques. Darkfield examination was done in 17 skin lesions. The
      immunoperoxidase technique, especially the ABC technique, revealed higher
      reactivity than the FTA-ABS complement technique and darkfield examination in
      detecting Treponema pallidum in tissues. Furthermore, the ABC technique produced
      less intense nonspecific background staining than the IIP technique.
      Histologically, most of the treponemes were located in the upper dermis,
      epidermis and vessel walls in the order named, and rarely in the lower dermis of
      the syphilitic skin lesions.

PMID- 1812656
TI  - Ossifying fibroma.
AB  - Our experience includes seven cases of ossifying fibroma. The condition also
      appears in the literature under diagnostic names such as congenital fibrous
      dysplasia, congenital osteitis fibrosa, congenital fibrous defect of the tibia,
      and osteofibrous dysplasia of the tibia and fibula. The lesions develop in
      childhood and are located in the diaphysis of the tibia, or fibula. Of seven
      patients, we performed wide excision with free vascularized fibular graft in five
      cases, wide resection of the distal one-third of the fibula in one case, and
      curettage and bone graft in one case. Two of the patients who had wide excision
      with free vascularized fibular graft had recurrence. One case of recurrence
      occurred where incomplete wide excision with free-vascularized fibular graft was
      performed because the lesion was too close to the distal epiphysis of the tibia.
      One of the patients who had curettage and bone graft also had recurrence. It was
      concluded that children who have an ossifying fibroma requiring surgery can
      safely be treated with wide excision with or without free-vascularized fibular
      graft.

PMID- 1812657
TI  - Effect of interferon-gamma treatment on interstitial pneumonia in a patient with
      severe combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - In severe combined immunodeficiency disease, both T and B cell functions are
      diminished or absent and affected usually succumb to overwhelming infection
      within the first year of life. We are reporting a case with severe combined
      immunodeficiency, Swiss type who suffered from interstitial pneumonia which
      cleared by treatment with recombinant human interferon gamma. In this case, we
      don't know the exact mechanism which caused the clearing of the interstitial
      pneumonia. However, we can speculate that antiviral action and activated
      macrophages or monocytes, through the recombinant human interferon gamma, might
      exert its effect on interstitial pneumonia. Though we should extend its
      application to more cases of SCID with interstitial pneumonia, this report may
      suggests a new application for interferon-gamma as a potential corrective and
      therapeutic agent for interstitial pneumonia in congenital immunodeficiency
      diseases.

PMID- 1812658
TI  - Coexisting mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease as a composite lymphoma: a
      case report.
AB  - Within the past few years, an increasing number of reports of Hodgkin's disease
      following the diagnosis of, and frequently coexisting with, mycosis fungoides
      have appeared. Previously, Hodgkin's disease found in the lymph nodes of the
      patient diagnosed as mycosis fungoides was considered as a transformed form of
      the mycosis fungoides. But, now it has been proven that Hodgkin's disease and
      mycosis fungoides are histologically and immunohistochemically distinct disease
      entities. We report a well-documented case of a man who developed Hodgkin's
      disease and mycosis fungoides simultaneously as a composite lymphoma. Our case
      emphasizes the importance of considering the diagnosis of another lymphoma in
      patients with mycosis fungoides who have lymphadenopathy. The cutaneous mycosis
      fungoides and the Hodgkin's disease should be treated as an independent disease.

PMID- 1812659
TI  - Cystic meningiomas in infancy.
AB  - A suprasellar meningioma with multiple intratumoral cysts in a 6-month-old boy is
      reported. A review of literature disclosed only 11 cases so far. They showed a
      characteristic predominance in males and predominance of fibroblastic type on
      pathological examination. Intratumoral cystes are less common than peritumoral
      cysts. The various hypothesis regarding cyst formation are discussed.

PMID- 1812660
TI  - [STD diseases. Chlamydia and condylomata most common in office hours for youth].

PMID- 1812661
TI  - [Chlamydia diagnosis--important with the right method of specimen taking].

PMID- 1812662
TI  - [Current aspects in vaccination program for children].

PMID- 1812663
TI  - [Sex education--what to tell about positive and safe sex].

PMID- 1812665
TI  - [Sexual dysfunction--problem because of physical illness or medication].

PMID- 1812666
TI  - [Bologna, Italy: here the cancer patient gets all care at home].

PMID- 1812664
TI  - [HIV-positive pregnancy. Good care is necessary].

PMID- 1812667
TI  - [Take a number!].

PMID- 1812668
TI  - [Mona--a model in nursing care. Interview by Carina Roxstrom].

PMID- 1812669
TI  - [Nursing personnel continues to stick themselves].

PMID- 1812670
TI  - [Wards' home visits quiets patients' anxiety].

PMID- 1812671
TI  - [Physicians' attitudes on the new child and adolescent welfare law].

PMID- 1812672
TI  - [Differential diagnosis and therapeutic success in hyperkinetic syndrome].
AB  - Because of the problems in differential diagnosis of the hyperkinetic syndrome we
      tried to distinguish subgroups of the hyperkinetic syndrome and conduct disorders
      using the Multi-axial Classification Scheme for Psychiatric Disorders in
      Childhood and Adolescence. We studied 85 children during a routine diagnostic
      intake procedure at a child psychiatric outpatient unit. Of the children
      diagnosed as hyperkinetic 31 were treated using a multimodal treatment program.
      As expected, there were significant differences between the hyperkinetic children
      and those with other psychiatric disorders in the primary symptom areas of
      impulsivity and attention deficit, which can be measured reliably. Further
      variables helpful in differentiation were age, intelligence and presence of
      minimal cerebral dysfunction. Treatment outcome was associated with the type of
      psychosocial risk factors and the level of intelligence.

PMID- 1812673
TI  - [Follow-up of hyperkinetic syndrome in clinical and field samples].
AB  - Retrospective studies and short prospective studies in clinical samples are
      rarely helpful in elucidating the course of hyperkinetic syndromes. So far
      prospective longitudinal data have been published only on client populations. The
      results of such studies are summarized. They are compared with the data on a
      field sample (n = 399) followed from age 8 until 18. Initially 4.2% of the
      children had hyperkinetic syndrome. Over the 10-year period the symptoms of the
      syndrome decreased. In 40% of the cases the syndrome persisted, but with a
      general shift in the symptoms profiles toward antisocial behavior. Beyond this,
      the study showed that the symptoms temper tantrums, distractability and
      hyperkinesis are very important in connection with psychiatric morbidity in
      children and adolescents. There is a need for further analysis of such symptoms
      in the context of other symptoms of psychiatric disorder in youngsters not
      diagnosed as having hyperkinetic syndrome.

PMID- 1812674
TI  - [Effectiveness and tolerance of the selective MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide in
      children with hyperkinetic syndrome].
AB  - The pharmacotherapy of the hyperkinetic syndrome with amphetamines was
      inaugurated by Bradley in 1937. As a rule, methylphenidate is prescribed today,
      although some side effects limit its use. Tests carried out by Zametkin in 1985
      showed that clorgyline and tranylcypromine are effective in hyperkinetic
      children, but not deprenyl. In an open clinical study we administered
      moclobemide, a new reversible MAO-A inhibitor, to children who fulfilled the
      diagnostic criteria for hyperkinetic syndrome according to ICD-9 (314). An
      extensive examination was made to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the
      substance in this disorder. In addition to subjective ratings on the behavioral
      level a number of objective neuropsychological tests were used. Moclobemide
      proved to be effective in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome, and side
      effects were surprisingly rare. EEGs performed during treatment showed a
      considerable decrease in delta waves in the frontal lobe region.

PMID- 1812675
TI  - [Behavior therapy interventions in hyperkinetic disorders in preschool children].
AB  - A behavior therapy program for increasing the intensity and duration of play
      activities in preschool children with hyperkinetic disorders is described.
      Participation by parents allows the program to be broadened to include training
      in parent-child interaction. Case studies with three children demonstrated the
      efficacy of some aspects of the program.

PMID- 1812676
TI  - [Inadequacy of the "hyperkinetic syndrome" diagnosis and practical consequences].
AB  - Hyperkinetic behavior has been defined and is easy to diagnose. It occurs in a
      "pure" form as a combination of the major symptoms of hyperkinetic syndrome. More
      frequently, however, the behavior is associated with additional behavior problems
      or is part of other psychopathological syndromes, e.g. conduct disorder.
      Intermediate forms and subgroups have begun to emerge, each with its own course
      and prognosis. But so far classification systems have not adopted further
      distinctions. Our own observations indicate that in practice the term
      hyperkinetic syndrome is often used without further differentiation or is even
      applied to cases belonging in other diagnostic categories. We speculate that the
      availability of drug treatment is the explanation for the widespread use of the
      undifferentiated diagnostic term.

PMID- 1812677
TI  - [Methylphenidate--current prescribing rate].

PMID- 1812678
TI  - [Comment on E. Forster: Psyche and person].

PMID- 1812679
TI  - [Drug therapy of surgical infections. Limits and dangers].
AB  - Antibiotics belong to the most commonly used drugs in surgical practice. Even
      though they are usually safe adverse reactions and side effects will occur. They
      can be divided into pharmacologic side effects (impairment of coagulation,
      ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity), immunologic side effects (immunosuppression,
      allergic reactions), microbiologic side effects (emergence of resistance,
      superinfection) and iatrogenic problems. The most commonly made mistakes are
      antibiotic therapy without clear indication, neglecting pharmacokinetics,
      unwarranted combination therapy and failure to perform necessary surgical
      procedures. In order to minimize side effects and errors a limited number of
      substances should be selected depending on local conditions. Usually, ten
      antibiotics are sufficient for general surgical practice.

PMID- 1812680
TI  - [Postoperative wound infections and perioperative preventive antibiotic
      administration].
AB  - Nearly 200 clinical studies concerning perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis are
      compiled and evaluated by biometric methods, however without fulfilling the
      criteria of meta-analysis. Derived from its results it can be concluded, that
      this prophylaxis is indicated for the wound categories "clean" and "clean
      contaminated". An effective level of antibiotics is necessary only for the period
      of operation. No benefits could be demonstrated by prolongation of the
      prophylaxis or by combination of two or more antibiotics. Regarding the limited
      power of this compilation a reduction of postoperative wound infections is to be
      expected in "clean-contaminated" procedures to a quart, in "clean" procedures to
      a half in comparison with procedures without prophylaxis.

PMID- 1812681
TI  - [Fistula--fistula disease].
AB  - Management of the fistula disease is complex and requires definition of the exact
      underlying pathological anatomy by inspection and fistulography. Surgical
      intervention is required treatment of cause. The incision of fistula is the basic
      surgical treatment.

PMID- 1812682
TI  - [The role of peritoneal lavage in treatment of penetrating abdominal injuries].
AB  - Preventing negative laparotomies is one of the most challenging problems in the
      management of penetrating abdominal injuries. The term "selective laparotomy" has
      been therefore introduced and has found an ever increasing acceptance. The
      peritoneal lavage is a useful tool in patient selection for laparotomy but the
      main problem is where to set the boundary between a positive and a negative
      peritoneal lavage. The manipulation of this boundary leads to significant changes
      in the sensitivity and specificity of the peritoneal lavage. Here we are
      presenting 162 consecutive cases of penetrating abdominal trauma and discussing
      our methods of evaluation and management.

PMID- 1812683
TI  - [Echinococcosis of the spleen. Its conservative surgical treatment].
AB  - Echinococcosis cysts in the spleen are very rare, even in endemic areas. We
      report here on 4 patients (0.5% of the total number of cases of echinococcosis
      disease) who have been treated in the University Hospital Granada from 1970 to
      1990. Formerly, splenectomy was for most surgeons the recommended surgical
      procedure. From 1980, however, most authors have rejected such a radical
      procedure and most now recommend conservative surgery of the spleen. We have
      always followed this conservative procedure, as of course in cases of liver
      echinococcus, that is: cyst enucleation and marcupialisation (Posadas-Dew
      method), if there are no cyst complications. And in cases of infected or
      suppurating cysts we used drainage-marsupialisation. We have obtained very good
      results: no mortality was recorded.

PMID- 1812684
TI  - [Non-tropical pyomyositis with fatal outcome].

PMID- 1812685
TI  - [Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound dissection of benign struma. A report
      of experiences after 2 years clinical use].
AB  - Ultrasonic dissection of goitre allows a controlled resection. This method saves
      time and diminuishes risk of operation. Not suturing the remnants of thyroid
      gland, optimal blood supply is obtained and hazard for the recurrent laryngeal
      nerve is decreased. Loss of blood is insignificant. To increase acceptance of
      this method, handling of apparatus has to be improved.

PMID- 1812686
TI  - [Our surgical heritage. Discovery of intravenous injection and infusion therapy
      by Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (1623-1688)].

PMID- 1812688
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities, clinical features and molecular mechanism in leukemia.

PMID- 1812687
TI  - 20-MHz B-mode ultrasound in monitoring the course of localized scleroderma
      (morphea).
AB  - Ultrasonographic methods have recently provided us with the means for objective
      and non-invasive monitoring of the dynamics of chronic skin diseases. We examined
      34 patients with localized scleroderma (morphea) using a 20-MHz B-mode ultrasound
      scanner (DUB 20, Taberna pro Medicum, Luneburg). In patients with plaque-type and
      linear band-type localized scleroderma intraindividual comparison of sclerotic
      skin with corresponding areas of healthy skin showed thickening of the corium.
      The increase in corium thickness was between 2% and 251%. The extent of the
      difference in corium thickness between sclerotic and healthy skin depended on the
      location-originally thin skin showed a greater degree of sclerosis. We also
      frequently found enhanced reflexes in the lower corium and hyperechoic, widened
      bands of connective tissue traversing the subcutaneous fatty tissue from the
      corium-subcutis border in the direction of the muscle fascia. 20 patients were
      examined several times in the course of one year. In nine patients we found
      ultrasonographic evidence of regression (decrease in thickness 26%) and in nine
      the ultrasound examination showed progression (increase in thickness 28%). 20-MHz
      B-mode ultrasound imaging is a suitable non-invasive method for monitoring the
      course and treatment of localized scleroderma. Its routine use is strongly
      recommended.

PMID- 1812689
TI  - A histopathological study of age-related changes of the left bundle branch in the
      human heart.
AB  - To study age-related changes in the left bundle branch (LBB), 32 autopsied hearts
      were examined histopathologically using serial sections according to the method
      of Lev. Each division of LBB was carefully studied, i.e., the anterior and
      posterior radiations and the proximal, middle, and distal portions of radiations.
      An increase of fibrosis and fatty infiltration were observed in the LBB with
      aging. There was a tendency for fibrosis to be more prominent in the proximal LBB
      at the site of transition from bundle branch cells to Purkinje cells.

PMID- 1812690
TI  - Stromal melanocytic foci ("blue nevus") in step sections of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Stromal melanocytic foci (SMF) of the uterine cervix, which are known as
      extracutaneous blue nevus, were examined in step sections of the cervix. A total
      of 189 uterine specimens surgically excised for leiomyoma, adenomyosis etc., were
      studied. The over-all incidence of SMF of the cervix was 28.6% (54/189 cases).
      The incidence of these lesions increased with age, and they were most prevalent
      in the sixth decade of life (12/30 cases, 40%). SMF were presented more often in
      the anterior wall than in the posterior wall. Most of the lesions were less than
      1 mm in size. No case of SMF demonstrated expansive tumorous growth. Six of 54
      cases of SMF displayed consecutive spread of SMF in almost all step sections of
      the cervix. The histological findings confirmed that SMF of the cervix is quite
      common existence among Japanese women. It is speculated that the mucosal region
      near the skin and/or cutaneous region near the mucosa may have stromal
      melanocytosis; malignant melanoma could develop from SMF of the cervix, which did
      not have junctional activity because of stromal melanocytic origin.

PMID- 1812692
TI  - Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the pulmonary vein.
AB  - Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the lung seen in a 42-year-old female is reported.
      In the partial pneumonectomy specimen, there was a 3 x 2.5 cm tumor arising from
      the pulmonary vein at the level of the right lung hilus, with tumor thrombus
      formation. The transition between the tumor and venous smooth muscle layer was
      microscopically confirmed. At autopsy, performed 18 months after surgery,
      metastases were noted in the left lung and brain. No primary focus was identified
      in the soft tissue. The alveolus-forming clear tumor cells contained diastase
      resistant periodic acid-Schiff-reactive granules. Immunohistochemically, granular
      cytoplasmic reactivities with monoclonal antibodies against pan-actin and alpha
      sarcomeric actin were demonstrated, whereas other muscle markers such as desmin,
      alpha-smooth muscle actin, myoglobin, fast skeletal myosin, and the mm-isozyme of
      creatine kinase were negative. Ultrastructurally, crystallized structures were
      occasionally identified in the membrane-bound, electron lucent granules, which
      often filled the tumor cell cytoplasm. The muscle cell nature of the neoplasm is
      discussed.

PMID- 1812691
TI  - Solid and cystic tumor of the pancreas in an adult male.
AB  - A solid and cystic tumor (SCT) was located at the head of the pancreas in a 43
      year-old Japanese male, and pancreatoduodenectomy was performed on the suspicion
      of papillary carcinoma or cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The lesion, which
      measured 4.5 x 4.5 x 4.0 cm, was clearly demarcated by connective tissue. The cut
      surface showed solid grayish-white areas with central cystic degenerative
      changes. The solid areas consisted of small round cells proliferating in a small
      solid or a pseudopapillary pattern. The tumor cells partially invaded the
      surrounding normal pancreatic parenchyma. Immunohistochemical studies revealed
      positive staining for alpha-1-antitrypsin and neuron-specific enolase, but no
      staining for known pancreatic hormones. Moreover, ultrastructural studies showed
      the absence of zymogen granules and the presence of anullate lamellae and
      neurosecretory granules. On the basis of these findings, a diagnosis of SCT of
      the pancreas was established. In order to clarify the histogenesis and biological
      behavior of the tumor, it is necessary to accumulate and analyze similar cases,
      an endeavor which in turn will contribute to the successful management of this
      disease.

PMID- 1812693
TI  - Myxoid variant of epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus.
AB  - A rare case of myxoid variant of epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in a 76
      year-old woman is reported. Palpation and computed tomography revealed an
      enlarged uterus. Total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were
      performed, and a hemispheric tumor, measuring 2.7 x 2.5 x 1.8 cm, was found
      protruding into the uterine cavity of the upper uterine segment. The tumor
      contained a prominent myxoid stroma and epithelioid tumor cells, which were round
      and polygonal in shape and showed positive immunoreactivity for desmin and
      vimentin. High mitotic activity was observed in the tumor cells. Electron
      microscopic examination revealed bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm and fine
      reticular material in the extracellular matrix. Histochemically, the myxoid
      stroma contained abundant acid mucopolysaccharide. The tumor cells were
      considered to originate from smooth muscle cells, while the myxoid stroma
      expressed varying differentiation of uterine mesenchymal cells. The patient is
      currently well with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis one year after the
      operation.

PMID- 1812694
TI  - Studies on pepsin mutagenesis and recombinant rhizopuspepsinogen.

PMID- 1812695
TI  - Consequences of intramolecular ionic interactions for the activation rate of
      human pepsinogens A and C as revealed by molecular modelling.

PMID- 1812696
TI  - Characteristics and composition of pepsins from Atlantic cod.

PMID- 1812697
TI  - Reduction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastric damage in the
      rat by soluble pepstatin derivatives.

PMID- 1812698
TI  - Structure and chromosomal localization of the human prochymosin pseudogene.

PMID- 1812700
TI  - Quantum-chemical study of the catalytic mechanism of aspartic proteinases.

PMID- 1812699
TI  - Amino acid sequence of lamb preprochymosin and its comparison to other chymosins.

PMID- 1812701
TI  - Effects of viscosity and solvent deuterium identify multiple partially rate
      limiting steps in the kinetics of porcine pepsin.

PMID- 1812702
TI  - Structure-function database for active site binding to the aspartic proteinases.

PMID- 1812703
TI  - Introduction to fungal proteinases and expression in fungal systems.

PMID- 1812704
TI  - Characterization of the Bar proteinase, an extracellular enzyme from the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 1812705
TI  - Candida albicans acid proteinase: characterization and role in candidiasis.

PMID- 1812706
TI  - Pepstatin-insensitive carboxyl proteinases.

PMID- 1812707
TI  - Structure and function of a pepstatin-insensitive acid proteinase from
      Aspergillus niger var. Macrosporus.

PMID- 1812708
TI  - Infection and pathogenesis of cash crops by Botrytis cinerea: primary role of an
      aspartic proteinase.

PMID- 1812709
TI  - Crystal structures of rhizopuspepsin/inhibitor complexes.

PMID- 1812710
TI  - Functional implications of the three-dimensional structure of bovine chymosin.
AB  - Many aspects of the structure of chymosin are quite unique even though structure
      comparisons indicate a high degree of structural homology with other eukaryotic
      aspartic proteinases. The structural homology is shown to be directly related to
      the sequence homology which varies from 30 to 60%. The recent structures of
      pepsin (Abad-Zapatero et al., 1990; Sielecki et al., 1990; Cooper et al., 1990)
      have allowed the first preliminary comparisons of two different gastric enzymes.
      These structures are quite similar, even more so than the structures of the
      fungal proteinases. However, unlike chymosin, the position of Tyr77 in the flap
      of pepsin is similar to that found in the fungal aspartic proteinases despite the
      fact that pepsin is more similar in the flap sequence and the S1 binding site to
      chymosin than to the fungal proteinases. Attempts at obtaining crystals complexed
      with substrate analogs which are suitable for diffraction studies have been
      unsuccessful. Therefore, substrate binding has been examined by model building
      substrates and substrate analogs into the active site cleft of the structure
      determined from X-ray studies. The model complexes have been compared with the
      structures of inhibitor-aspartic proteinase complexes have been previously
      reported. The results reported here indicate that there are valid reasons why the
      natural substrate, kappa-casein, binds and is cleaved between positions 105-106.
      The positively charged histidine residues (98, 100, and 102) of kappa-casein,
      which are located prior to the cleavage site, appear to be able to interact with
      negatively charged residues of chymosin which are quite distant from the active
      site. These residues include Glu288, Asp279, and Glu280 of chymosin. The latter
      two residues are approximately 20 and 25 A from the center of the active site.
      These studies also suggest that the difference in activities of the A and B
      isozymes of chymosin may be due to the increased binding affinity of the
      substrate as a result of strong electrostatic interactions with Asp244 of
      chymosin and positively charged His102 of the substrate. An examination of the
      charged amino acid residues of the chymosin structure has produced two
      interesting observations. First, there is an asymmetric distribution of charged
      residues; the N-terminal domain has a smaller net negative charge than the C
      terminal domain. This is due to a patch of positive charges on the surface
      located in the region from residues 48 to 62. Electrostatic calculations in which
      overall dipole moments were estimated for each of the eukaryotic aspartic
      proteinases have been performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1812711
TI  - A yeast expression system and site-directed mutagenesis of a fungal aspartic
      proteinase, Mucor rennin.

PMID- 1812712
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of action of penicillopepsin.

PMID- 1812713
TI  - Thermopsin, a thermostable acid protease from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

PMID- 1812714
TI  - Purification of an aspartic proteinase from Aspergillus aculeatus.

PMID- 1812716
TI  - X-ray analysis of a difluorostatone renin inhibitor bound as the tetrahedral
      hydrate to the aspartic protease endothiapepsin.

PMID- 1812715
TI  - Effect of growth conditions on the extracellular production of the aspartic
      proteinase by Candida albicans.

PMID- 1812717
TI  - Substrate specificity study of recombinant Rhizopus chinensis aspartic
      proteinase.

PMID- 1812718
TI  - Localization of cathepsin D in endosomes: characterization and biological
      importance.

PMID- 1812720
TI  - Biological significance and activity control of cathepsin E compared with
      cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812719
TI  - Proteolytic activation of human procathepsin D.
AB  - Procathepsin D is a short-lived inactive precursor of the lysosomal aspartyl
      protease, cathepsin D. Pulse-chase analysis using radiolabeled amino acids
      demonstrated the existence of several biosynthetic intermediates during formation
      of mature cathepsin D (summarized in Figure 1). Procathepsin D is capable of
      autocatalytic cleavage to pseudocathepsin D. This was demonstrated using small
      quantities of procathepsin D isolated from cell culture media as well as using a
      non-glycosylated form of procathepsin D synthesized in a bacterial expression
      system. Complete conversion to the single-chain cathepsin D appears to require a
      second enzyme which is inhibited by leupeptin. This conclusion was drawn from the
      inability to produce single-chain enzyme from either procathepsin D or
      pseudocathepsin D in vitro as well as observations from addition of protease
      inhibitors to cell cultures. It appears that the conversion of procathepsin D to
      active single-chain enzyme falls between the paradigms of pepsinogen
      autoactivation and prorenin conversion by a separate enzyme.

PMID- 1812721
TI  - Exploiting the molecular template of angiotensinogen in the discovery and design
      of peptidyl, pseudopeptidyl and peptidimimetic inhibitors of human renin: a
      structure-activity perspective.

PMID- 1812722
TI  - Design of renin inhibitors containing conformationally restricted mimetics of the
      P1-P1' and P1 through P2' sites.

PMID- 1812723
TI  - Efficient mutagenesis, expression and purification of procathepsin D.

PMID- 1812724
TI  - Mapping of lysosomal targeting determinants of cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812725
TI  - Comparison of kinetic properties of native and recombinant human cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812726
TI  - Cathepsin D inhibitor from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.).

PMID- 1812727
TI  - Aspartic proteinase from barley seeds is related to animal cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812729
TI  - Human stomach cathepsin E action on human immunoglobulins.

PMID- 1812728
TI  - Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin E compared
      with cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812730
TI  - The engineering of recombinant active human prerenin and its expression in
      mammalian and insect cells.

PMID- 1812731
TI  - Simple procedure for recovery of crystallizable human recombinant renin from
      mammalian cell-conditioned medium.

PMID- 1812732
TI  - Substrate specificity of human renin: the effect of substitutions at the amino
      terminus and P3 position of the substrate.

PMID- 1812733
TI  - Substrate analogue renin inhibitors containing replacements of histidine in P2 or
      isosteres of the amide bond between P3 and P2 sites.

PMID- 1812734
TI  - Why does pepsin have a negative charge at very low pH? An analysis of conserved
      charged residues in aspartic proteinases.

PMID- 1812735
TI  - Molecular modeling of renin inhibitor P2 substituents.

PMID- 1812736
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus proteinase: now, then, what's next?

PMID- 1812738
TI  - Expression and characterization of genetically linked homo- and hetero-dimers of
      HIV proteinase.

PMID- 1812737
TI  - Substrate specificity of the human (type 1) and simian immunodeficiency virus
      proteases.

PMID- 1812739
TI  - Expression of the HIV aspartic protease fused to a bacterial phenotypic marker.

PMID- 1812740
TI  - Comparison of three inhibitor complexes of human immunodeficiency virus protease.

PMID- 1812741
TI  - Comparisons of the sequences, 3-D structures and mechanisms of pepsin-like and
      retroviral aspartic proteinases.

PMID- 1812742
TI  - The three-dimensional x-ray crystal structure of HIV-1 protease complexed with a
      hydroxyethylene inhibitor.

PMID- 1812743
TI  - Substrate cleavage by HIV-1 proteinase.

PMID- 1812744
TI  - The evaluation of non-viral substrates of the HIV protease as leads in the design
      of inhibitors for AIDS therapy.
AB  - Scheme 1 summarizes some of what we have learned from this study of non-viral
      protein substrates of the HIV proteases. Many of these findings contradict the
      current understanding of protease specificity. P1-P1' amino acids need not be
      bulky or hydrophobic and residues at these positions may be even less important
      than those in flanking positions (e.g., Glu at P2') in dictating the course of
      hydrolysis. Thus, the pattern of amino acids over the whole binding region must
      be considered in predicting what will or will not be a substrate of these enzymes
      and, although we are beginning to understand selectivity at the level of primary
      structure, a detailed explanation of their specificity is yet to be forthcoming.
      Nevertheless, studies of this kind find useful application in the design of
      inhibitors of HIV proteases that will, hopefully, be of value in treatment of
      AIDS.

PMID- 1812745
TI  - X-ray structural studies of mammalian aspartic proteinases.

PMID- 1812746
TI  - Interaction of mutant forms of the HIV-1 protease with substrate and inhibitors.

PMID- 1812748
TI  - Analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of the HIV-1 protease.

PMID- 1812747
TI  - Structure-based inhibition of HIV-1 protease activity and viral infectivity.

PMID- 1812749
TI  - Studies of the autoprocessing of the HIV-1 protease using cleavage site mutants.

PMID- 1812750
TI  - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies: reagents for studying HIV-1 proteinase
      variants.

PMID- 1812751
TI  - Protein-engineered proteinase of myeloblastosis associated virus, an enzyme of
      high activity and HIV-1 proteinase-like specificity.

PMID- 1812752
TI  - p15gag proteinase of myeloblastosis associated virus: specificity studies with
      substrate based inhibitors.

PMID- 1812753
TI  - Scintillation proximity enzyme assay. A rapid and novel assay technique applied
      to HIV proteinase.

PMID- 1812755
TI  - A new type of aspartic proteinase inhibitors with a symmetric structure.

PMID- 1812754
TI  - Cleavage of the intermediate filament subunit protein vimentin by HIV-1 protease:
      utilization of a novel cleavage site and identification of higher order polymers
      of pepstatin A.

PMID- 1812756
TI  - Time dependent heterodimer formation leads to inhibition of HIV protease
      activity.

PMID- 1812757
TI  - Molecular modeling of the HIV-2 protease.

PMID- 1812759
TI  - A consensus template for the aspartic proteinase fold.

PMID- 1812758
TI  - Theoretical models of aspartic proteases: active site properties, dimer stability
      and interactions with model inhibitors.

PMID- 1812760
TI  - Aspartic protease inhibitors from the parasitic nematode Ascaris.

PMID- 1812761
TI  - Nonspecific electrostatic binding of substrates and inhibitors to porcine pepsin.

PMID- 1812762
TI  - Analysis of the promoter of a human pepsinogen A gene.

PMID- 1812763
TI  - Inhibitor binding induces structural changes in porcine pepsin.
AB  - The refined structures of two isomorphous pepsin/inhibitor complexes demonstrate
      that significant conformational changes take place upon ligand binding for a
      mammalian representative of the aspartic proteinase family. These differences can
      be attributed mostly to the concerted rigid body movements of two separate
      clusters of residues relative to a central core. One cluster in the amino domain
      comprises the flap, the adjacent beta strand (sheet IV) and helices, as well as
      the interconnecting loops. The other, larger cluster is in the carboxy end and
      corresponds approximately to the flexible subdomain described previously. Similar
      conformational changes are proposed to occur in renin and cathepsin D.

PMID- 1812764
TI  - Separation and characterization of human pepsinogens and pepsins by high
      resolution discontinuous electrophoresis.

PMID- 1812765
TI  - A highly informative polymorphism of the pepsinogen C gene detected by polymerase
      chain reaction.

PMID- 1812766
TI  - Recent advances in medically assisted conception: legal, ethical and social
      issues.
AB  - A review of reports, bills and legislation from around the world, during the
      period from 1987 to 1991, reveals certain areas of consensus on the possible or
      actual, ethical and legal regulation of medically assisted conception. Other
      areas remain controversial, due not only to cultural and religious differences
      but also to the social significance of the very implementation of these new
      technologies. Irrespective of these differences, the reformulation of certain
      shared international principles of human rights permits a greater specificity
      both in their translation and in their application to medically assisted
      conception. Areas discussed include the dignity of the person, the security of
      human genetic material, the quality of services, the inviolability of the person
      and the inalienability of the person.

PMID- 1812767
TI  - AIDS drugs & the pharmaceutical industry: a need for reform.
AB  - The pharmaceutical industry has long enjoyed substantial profits despite
      increased requirements for drug approval and various attempts to regulate the
      industry. Drug companies have avoided effective regulation by blaming high prices
      on the costs of research and development. The search for drugs effective in
      combatting HIV and AIDS related illnesses has provided a stark background on
      which to view the actions and justifications of drug companies. Despite increased
      cooperation between government and the drug industry and expedited approval of
      several useful drugs, these drugs are still prohibitively expensive. This Article
      explores the history and economics of the drug industry and proposes a system of
      national price regulation for all drugs.

PMID- 1812768
TI  - Future fear: prenatal duties imposed by private parties.
AB  - The national abortion debate, rising drug use and homelessness, and the return to
      conservatism intersect in the trend which increasingly recognizes fetal rights,
      often at the expense of women's rights. Pregnant women, as never before, are
      faced with criminal charges and physical invasions in the name of protection of
      fetuses. This Note examines the sociological forces creating these situations and
      suggests better solutions. The Note cautions against the future fear that private
      parties will claim a legal right to interfere with a pregnant woman's behavior,
      and illustrates the need to prevent it.

PMID- 1812769
TI  - Preconception tort liability: recognizing a strict liability cause of action for
      DES grandchildren.
AB  - Over the past decade more than 1,000 "DES daughters" have filed lawsuits against
      the manufacturers of DES, alleging that their in utero exposure to the drug
      caused various reproductive tract abnormalities, including cancer. Plaintiffs now
      allege that their grandmothers' use of DES during pregnancy caused genetic damage
      leading to cancer in third generations. This Note addresses the validity of
      preconception tort liability in the context of third-generation DES cases.
      Plaintiffs in preconception tort liability cases have sought recovery under both
      negligence and strict liability causes of action. Courts should recognize the
      validity of preconception tort liability and allow a strict liability cause of
      action in third-generation cases.

PMID- 1812770
TI  - District Court of Puerto Rico--AIDS: military dismissal based on HIV status--Doe
      v. Rice.

PMID- 1812771
TI  - Pennsylvania Superior Court--AIDS: disclosure of physician's HIV status--in re
      Milton S. Hershey Medical Center.

PMID- 1812772
TI  - Effects of epidermal Langerhans cell's conditioned medium on keratinocytes: a
      role of Langerhans cells in cholesteatoma.
AB  - Langerhans cells (LCs) are known to play an important role in the
      immunosurveillance system. In this study, as in others, numerous LCs were
      detected in the epithelial layer of acquired cholesteatoma by immunohistochemical
      staining. This finding suggests that cell-mediated immune responses are initiated
      by LCs in cholesteatoma; however, documentation concerning the microenvironment
      of LCs-keratinocytes in cholesteatoma is limited. Therefore, we investigated the
      effects of LCs on keratinocytes in vitro. To study these effects it was necessary
      to isolate and purify LCs. Our present study revealed that good enrichment and a
      high degree of purity (95%) of LCs could be obtained from neonatal rat skin using
      the immunomagnetic beads (Dynabeads M-450) sorting technique. These isolated LCs
      have the biologic activity of LCs, and Langerhans cells' conditioned medium
      (LCCM) stimulates DNA synthesis in thymocytes. The effect of LCCM on
      keratinocytes was then studied. We found that (1) LCCM stimulated DNA synthesis
      in keratinocytes was then studied. We found that (1) LCCM stimulated DNA
      synthesis in keratinocytes, but not protein synthesis, and (2) LCCM stimulated
      the incorporation of 3H-putrescine into keratinocytes by the activation of
      transglutaminase. Transglutaminase is a known marker of terminal differentiation
      in keratinocytes. By Western blot analysis, we identified a 17-kd immunoreactive
      mouse interleukin-1 alpha in LCCM. Our results imply that LCs found in
      cholesteatoma tissue may play an important role in stimulating both hyper
      proliferation and cornification of keratinocytes; two characteristic features of
      cholesteatoma formation. These stimulatory effects may be due to the release of
      interleukin-1 or other factors by LCs.

PMID- 1812773
TI  - Nasal histamine challenge: a method to predict the efficiency of antihistamine
      treatment.
AB  - Nasal histamine challenge (NHC) was performed on patients suffering from chronic
      rhinitis. The histamine was administered to the nose in the form of a spray. One
      hundred sixty-eight patients and 20 healthy subjects were examined. The histamine
      was sprayed into the nose in seven metered doses, from 0.03 mg to 3 mg. The nose
      was examined before and 4 minutes after each challenge. A positive reaction to
      challenge was indicated when the conchae swelled to the point that they impinged
      against the septum. We found that some patients reacted to a low dose of
      histamine (0.03 mg to 0.15 mg) while our control group and some other patients
      reacted positively only to higher doses of histamine (3 mg or more). After the
      first tests, NHC patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group was
      treated with placebo and the other group with antihistamines. Three weeks later
      another NHC was performed (now under treatment) and revealed that patients
      reacting to low doses of histamine improved significantly with antihistamine
      treatment, while those reacting to a high dose did not respond to antihistamines.
      We found the NHC to be a simple test with no complications, and one that is
      easily tolerated by patients, including children. Nasal histamine challenge helps
      to identify which patients will improve with antihistamine treatment and aids the
      evaluation of its efficacy.

PMID- 1812774
TI  - Temporal bone findings in central nervous system leukemia.
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) leukemia is a pathologic condition whereby leukemic
      cells enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causing meningeal irritation syndrome.
      Temporal bone findings in the case of a 32-year-old man who died of CNS leukemia
      are presented. He complained of fullness of the ear 4 months prior to death and
      of dizziness 1 month prior to death. Leukemic cells were seen to have infiltrated
      the scala tympani of the basal turn in the cochlea, the saccule, and posterior
      semicircular canal along the vestibulocochlear nerve.

PMID- 1812775
TI  - Complications of endoscopic sinus surgery.

PMID- 1812776
TI  - Semi-automated voice evaluation.
AB  - This report describes a voice evaluation procedure that in some way parallels the
      audiologic tests used for hearing and has multiple uses both clinically and in
      research. It uses a simultaneous eight-channel input, is not difficult to use,
      requiring between 12 and 25 minutes to administer, and provides the physician
      with a printout in standardized form before the patient leaves the room. This
      three-page report includes 15 abstracted or calculated values, normal ranges by
      sex for each value, notes that draw attention to deviations from the normal, a
      summary profile, a graphic representation of the evaluation, and raw data
      waveforms.

PMID- 1812778
TI  - Atypical tracheobronchial vascular compression.
AB  - Vascular compression of the tracheobronchial tree frequently presents early in
      infancy with significant airway compromise. For this reason, the pediatric
      otolaryngologist is often consulted early in the assessment of these patients.
      Three unusual cases of tracheobronchial vascular compression are presented. The
      diagnosis and management of children with tracheobronchial vascular compression
      is discussed, stressing the importance of synchronous airway anomalies and
      associated congenital cardiac anomalies. Although surgical intervention may be
      corrective in most cases of vascular compression, persistent tracheomalacia may
      necessitate tracheotomy for a prolonged period.

PMID- 1812777
TI  - Anterior cricoid split. Update 1991.
AB  - The management of neonatal subglottic stenosis by the anterior cricoid split
      procedure (ACS) has evolved rapidly since this operation was first described by
      Cotton and Seid in 1980. Recent reports have specified criteria for the
      evaluation of patients for ACS, and adherence to these guidelines has increased
      the extubation rate and decreased the mortality rate in these series. Ninety-one
      patients have undergone anterior cricoid split at Children's Hospital Medical
      Center (Cincinnati, OH) since 1977. These cases were reviewed, emphasizing the 24
      infants treated since January 1, 1988, and not previously reported. In comparison
      to our most recent report of 70% extubation and 10.4% mortality, 67% of the
      latest group were extubated, while mortality was reduced to 4.1%. These results
      were achieved despite some relaxation of strict patient-selection guidelines when
      this was appropriate in individual patients, emphasizing the need for careful
      clinical evaluation and close consultation between otolaryngologist and
      pediatrician in the selection of patients for ACS.

PMID- 1812779
TI  - Is the pre-operative removal of dentures necessary?

PMID- 1812780
TI  - Analysis of pyruvic acid acetal containing polysaccharides by methanolysis and
      reductive cleavage methods.
AB  - The mass spectra of permethylated methyl 4,6-O-(1-carbomethoxyethylidene)-D
      hexopyranoside and 1,5-anhydro-D-hexitol of glucose, galactose, and mannose and
      permethylated methyl 5,6-O-(1-carbomethoxyethylidene)-D-galactofuranoside and 1,4
      anhydro-D-galactitol have been determined. The stability of each compound toward
      methanolysis and reductive cleavage is discussed. These techniques permit the
      identification of the acetalic linkages of pyruvic acid present in
      polysaccharides.

PMID- 1812781
TI  - Use of nile red as a fluorescent probe for the study of the hydrophobic
      properties of protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes in solution.
AB  - Our results show that the noncovalent dye 9-diethylamino-5H
      benzo[alpha]phenoxazine-5-one (Nile red) can be used as a fluorescent probe to
      study the hydrophobic properties of proteins associated with the anionic
      detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Nile red can interact with both SDS
      micelles and protein-SDS complexes. The enhancement of Nile red fluorescence
      observed with diverse types of proteins occurs at SDS concentrations lower than
      the critical micelle concentration of this detergent. This is also observed using
      the covalent fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Additional results obtained
      in studies in solution show that the fluorescence intensity and the spectral
      characteristics of Nile red associated with different proteins complexed with SDS
      are very similar. These spectroscopic similarities are probably related to the
      equivalent synchrotron X-ray scattering results found for various protein-SDS
      complexes in solution. The scattering results suggest that SDS induces the
      formation of complexes in which the basic structural properties are independent
      of the different initial structures of native proteins. We speculate that Nile
      red is bound to regions with equivalent hydrophobic characteristics located in
      the uniform structures produced by the association of SDS with proteins.

PMID- 1812783
TI  - Concatemer chain reaction: a Taq DNA polymerase-mediated mechanism for generating
      long tandemly repetitive DNA sequences.
AB  - The concatemer chain reaction (CCR) uses Taq DNA polymerase to synthesize double-
      or single-stranded DNA concatemers whose length and yield can be controlled by
      varying the number of thermal cycling steps. Although the reactions which occur
      in CCR are slower and more complex than in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the
      practical application of the CCR technique is simple. The CCR technique is less
      expensive, faster, and easier than conventional methods for producing concatemers
      and gives greatly improved yields. The templates used in CCR may be: (i) double
      stranded concatemer templates produced by ligation, (ii) double-stranded
      concatemers from previous CCRs, or (iii) single-stranded oligonucleotides
      consisting of one copy of the sense strand repeat and a complementary but
      overlapping repeat for the antisense strand. Different molar ratios and lengths
      (masses) of the two strands of the helix may be obtained. We have used both
      single-stranded and double-stranded concatemers as targets for RNA hybridization.
      Applications of this concatemer technology are discussed, including the use of
      concatemers as hybridization probes or targets in applications such as run-on
      transcription or analysis of repetitive DNA sequences.

PMID- 1812782
TI  - Plasma desorption mass spectrometry as a tool in characterization of abnormal
      proteins. Application to variant human hemoglobins.
AB  - We here report the application of plasma desorption mass spectrometry in
      combination with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and
      automatic Edman sequencing for the characterization of hemoglobin variants. By
      use of plasma desorption mass spectrometry to obtain molecular weight information
      of purified globin peptides it is possible to minimize the number of candidate
      positions for substitutions allowing an optimal use of automatic Edman
      degradation. Each variant can be characterized by using less than 200 micrograms
      of hemoglobin, corresponding to approximately 2 microliters of blood, as starting
      material. The outlined approach is considered to be very well suited for routine
      analysis of hemoglobins and other protein variants, natural as well as
      recombinant.

PMID- 1812784
TI  - Determination of the equilibrium association constant between Tet repressor and
      tetracycline at limiting Mg2+ concentrations: a generally applicable method for
      effector-dependent high-affinity complexes.
AB  - An analytical method for determining very high binding constants at equilibrium
      for reactions requiring an effector is proposed and applied to study the
      interaction of tetracycline with the repressor of the tetracycline resistance
      gene from Tn10. In this method complex formation is limited by low concentrations
      of the effector, which is Mg2+ for the interaction of tetracycline and Tet
      repressor. The binding of Mg2+ to tetracycline and subsequent formation of the
      ternary repressor-Mg(2+)-tetracycline complex are coupled reactions yielding a
      dependence of repressor-tetracycline-Mg2+ complex formation on the concentration
      of free Mg2+. The binding constants can be determined from the quantitative
      analysis of ternary complex formation with increasing Mg2+ concentrations. This
      method allows the determination of very high association constants at equilibrium
      in a large range of protein concentrations. In the case of repressor and
      tetracycline, the same affinity constant of 3 +/- 2 x 10(9) M-1 was found in the
      range of 0.1 to 5 microM of repressor. This result indicates that no association
      or dissociation of the repressor subunits occurs upon binding of tetracycline.
      Furthermore, the results show that a repressor dimer binds two effector molecules
      without significant cooperativity.

PMID- 1812785
TI  - An original method for rapid serial determination of phospholipid biosynthesis.
      Applications to mammalian lymphocytic cells and a lower eucaryote, Plasmodium
      falciparum.
AB  - A rapid, convenient, and efficient method is presented to measure
      phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol
      biosynthesis from [3H]choline, [3H]ethanolamine, and [3H]inositol, respectively.
      After incubation of the cells in 96-multi-well dishes with the appropriate
      radioactive precursor, cells were lysed with water and the water-insoluble
      materials, particularly cellular membranes which contain the bulk of
      phospholipids, were serially collected on glass-fiber papers using a cell
      harvester. The method was first applied to human lymphocytic cell lines then
      adapted to Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes which in both cases
      allowed recovery of more than 90% of the newly biosynthesized phospholipids. With
      this quick method, adapted to short incubation periods (less than 5 h), we were
      able to determine optimal conditions such as the best medium (RPMI devoid of
      serum, thus avoiding interference from endogenous precursors, notably choline
      present in significant quantities in serum) and the lowest specific activity to
      be used for each radioactive precursor and the minimum quantity of cells. This
      method could be adapted to other cell systems, provided that the precursors are
      specific to phospholipids and that the bulk of biosynthesized phospholipids are
      present as membrane components. Finally, by this method the activity of effectors
      of phospholipid metabolism can be tested on a large scale, thus allowing rapid
      screening of original molecules specifically affecting cellular phospholipid
      metabolism.

PMID- 1812786
TI  - Two nonradioactive assays for phosphotyrosine phosphatases with activity toward
      the insulin receptor.
AB  - Two highly sensitive, nonradiolabeled assays for protein phosphotyrosine
      phosphatase (PTPase) have been developed. The first assay is based on the use of
      chemically synthesised phosphotyrosine-containing peptides that can be separated
      from the dephosphorylated peptide products by HPLC. In this assay, partially
      purified placental PTPase 1B dephosphorylated three dodecaphosphopeptides
      (corresponding to insulin receptor autophosphorylation sites at positions PY1146,
      PY1150, and PY1151) with approximately equal affinity (Km 1.3-2.5 microM),
      indicating that PTPase 1B shows no distinct preference for the site of
      dephosphorylation in these peptides. The second assay employs either a
      phosphopeptide or an autophosphorylated tyrosine kinase domain immobolized on
      microtiter plate wells. After reaction with PTPase, the remaining unconverted
      phosphosubstrate is detected in an ELISA using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies.
      The latter assay was used to monitor PTPase activity during purification
      procedures and for characterizing PTPases. Modulation of PTPase activity by
      orthovanadate, heparin, Zn2+, and EDTA gave similar results in both assays. The
      immobilized autophosphorylated IR tyrosine kinase domain was a poor substrate for
      bovine liver alkaline phosphatase and seminal fluid acid phosphatase. The second
      assay also offers the potential for comparing PTPase activity toward several
      autophosphorylated tyrosine kinase domains, including those of the insulin,
      epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptors.

PMID- 1812787
TI  - Direct sequencing of double-stranded polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S
      rDNA.
AB  - A number of different procedures have been developed for direct sequence analysis
      of PCR products. These methods rely on the cumbersome isolation of specific PCR
      products from agarose gels or the production of single-stranded template DNAs. In
      the approach presented here, we describe primers for the amplification of 16-S
      rDNA and a simple preparation of PCR product for sequencing.

PMID- 1812788
TI  - Analysis and isolation of human transferrin receptor using the OKT-9 monoclonal
      antibody covalently crosslinked to magnetic beads.
AB  - A method is described for the use of magnetic beads as a solid phase for the
      immunoprecipitation of labeled proteins. The anti-human transferrin receptor
      monoclonal antibody OKT-9 has been coupled to sheep anti-mouse IgG1-coated
      magnetic beads using the crosslinking agent dimethyl pimelimidate. The
      transferrin receptor is readily detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and autoradiography following immunoprecipitation from 35S
      labeled cell lysates. When compared with precipitations using OKT-9 coupled to
      protein G Sepharose the magnetic beads result in fewer nonspecific bands. The
      protocol described is generally applicable to the identification of labeled
      proteins. In addition, because magnetic beads are amenable to covalent
      crosslinking procedures they can be used for the purification of proteins from
      complex mixtures. Covalently crosslinked OKT-9 sheep anti-mouse IgG1-coated
      magnetic beads have been used to affinity purify unlabeled transferrin receptor
      from cell lysates giving comparable purity and yield to transferrin Sepharose
      isolated transferrin receptor. The major advantages offered by magnetic beads
      compared to conventional affinity matrices are low nonspecific binding and the
      rapidity with which the purification can be performed.

PMID- 1812789
TI  - Blue native electrophoresis for isolation of membrane protein complexes in
      enzymatically active form.
AB  - A discontinuous electrophoretic system for the isolation of membrane proteins
      from acrylamide gels has been developed using equipment for sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Coomassie dyes were
      introduced to induce a charge shift on the proteins and aminocaproic acid served
      to improve solubilization of membrane proteins. Solubilized mitochondria or
      extracts of heart muscle tissue, lymphoblasts, yeast, and bacteria were applied
      to the gels. From cells containing mitochondria, all the multiprotein complexes
      of the oxidative phosphorylation system were separated within one gel. The
      complexes were resolved into the individual polypeptides by second-dimension
      Tricine-SDS-PAGE or extracted without SDS for functional studies. The recovery of
      all respiratory chain complexes was almost quantitative. The percentage recovery
      of functional activity depended on the respective protein complex studied and was
      zero for some complexes, but almost quantitative for others. The system is
      especially useful for small scale purposes, e.g., separation of radioactively
      labeled membrane proteins, N-terminal protein sequencing, preparation of proteins
      for immunization, and diagnostic studies of inborn neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 1812790
TI  - Removal of the artifactual peak associated with concanavalin A crossed
      affinoimmunoelectrophoresis of human serum transferrin.
AB  - During the first dimension of crossed affinoimmunoelectrophoresis (CAIE) with the
      lectin concanavalin A (Con A), an immobile glycoprotein-Con A affinoprecipitate
      may form near the application well and, subsequently, produce an artifactual peak
      in the second-dimension gel. In this study, we examined the effects of sample
      glycoprotein concentration and gel Con A concentration on the magnitude of the
      transferrin artifactual peak present in the analysis of human serum. In addition,
      we examined the potential for reducing or eliminating the artifact by including a
      competitive inhibitor of glycoprotein-lectin interaction, alpha-methylmannoside
      (alpha MM), in the application well. We demonstrate that the artifact can be
      eliminated through an appropriate choice of glycoprotein, Con A, and alpha MM
      concentrations. This approach should be applicable for diagnosing and eliminating
      the artifact in the Con A CAIE analyses of other glycoproteins.

PMID- 1812791
TI  - Disaccharide compositional analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate using
      capillary zone electrophoresis.
AB  - Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to separate eight commercial
      disaccharide standards of the structure delta UA2X(1----4)-D-GlcNY6X (where delta
      UA is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid, GlcN is 2-deoxy-2
      aminoglucopyranose, S is sulfate, Ac is acetate, X may be S, and Y is S or Ac).
      These eight disaccharides had been prepared from heparin, heparan sulfate, and
      derivatized heparins. A similar CZE method was recently reported for the analysis
      of eight chondroitin and dermatan sulfate disaccharides (A. Al-Hakim and R.J.
      Linhardt, Anal. Biochem. 195, 68-73, 1991). Two of the standard heparin/heparan
      sulfate disaccharides, having an identical charge of -2, delta UA2S(1----4)-D
      GlcNAc and delta UA(1----4)-D-GlcNS, were not fully resolved using standard
      sodium borate/boric acid buffer. This buffer had proven effective in separating
      chondroitin/dermatan sulfate disaccharides of identical charge. Resolution of
      these two heparin/heparan sulfate disaccharides could be improved by extending
      the capillary length, preparing the buffer in 2H2O, or eliminating boric acid.
      Baseline resolution was achieved in sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of
      buffer. The structure and purity of each of the eight new commercial
      heparin/heparan sulfate disaccharide standards were confirmed using fast-atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry and high-field 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Heparin and
      heparan sulfate were then depolymerized using heparinase (EC 4.2.2.7), heparin
      lyase II (EC 4.2.2.-), heparinitase (EC 4.2.2.8), and a combination of all three
      enzymes. CZE analysis of the products formed provided a disaccharide composition
      of each glycosaminoglycan. As little as 50 fmol of disaccharide could be detected
      by ultraviolet absorbance.

PMID- 1812792
TI  - A microplate assay for analysis of solution-phase glycosyltransferase reactions:
      determination of kinetic constants.
AB  - We have developed a sensitive and simple method for assaying glycosyltransferase
      activities. This method makes use of solution-phase transferase reactions
      followed by capture to a microplate well coated with a substrate-specific
      monoclonal antibody. Sugar incorporation is quantitated by binding a saccharide
      specific lectin and using bioluminescent aequorin for a reporter molecule. We
      demonstrate this method using the glycoprotein hormone-specific GalNAc
      transferase and its acceptor substrate, agalacto-hCG. As little as 20 ng of
      agalacto-hCG with 32 nU of GalNAc-transferase gives a detectable signal with less
      than 10% of the acceptor sites substituted. In addition to this high sensitivity,
      by doing the transferase reactions in solution, we can assay up to 10 micrograms
      of agalacto-hCG. We show that this allows the determination of Km and Vmax
      kinetic constants that compare well to those obtained with radiolabeled
      nucleotide sugars.

PMID- 1812793
TI  - Determination of bioactive peptides using capillary zone electrophoresis/mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Mixtures of bioactive peptides have been analyzed by capillary zone
      electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CZE/MS) using an on-line coaxial continuous
      flow fast atom bombardment interface. High separation efficiencies (up to 410,000
      theoretical plates) were obtained from low femtomole levels of peptides. The
      analysis of basic peptides was accomplished by using aminopropyl-silylated CZE
      columns to minimize zone broadening due to adsorption effects. CZE/MS/MS data
      were acquired from femtomole levels of peptides in electrophoretic real time.

PMID- 1812794
TI  - Use of a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer for collision-induced dissociation
      studies of multiply charged peptide ions produced by electrospray ionization.
AB  - The feasibility of obtaining the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of
      multiply charged peptide ions produced by electrospray ionization in a simple and
      inexpensive single-quadrupole mass spectrometer is demonstrated. Collisional
      activation was carried out in the high-pressure region between the capillary exit
      and the skimmer entrance to the mass analyzer. The CID of multiply charged
      peptide ions is very efficient, and the observed fragment ion intensities are
      typically 1-5% of the parent ion intensity prior to CID. About 70 pmol of the
      peptide is consumed in obtaining each CID spectrum. Spectra obtained by CID of
      multiply charged ions from bradykinin, angiotensin II, two peptides with features
      similar to tryptic peptides, and a synthetic analogue of a component of TGF-alpha
      containing two disulfide bonds are shown. The influence of the primary structure
      of the peptide on the observed fragmentation pathways is discussed. Although the
      present single-quadrupole configuration is simple and effective, the inability to
      choose a particular parent ion for collisional activation makes it less powerful
      than the triple-quadrupole configuration for mixtures of peptides and peptide
      samples that yield more than one charge state in the normal mass spectrum.
      However, it has the potential for inexpensively obtaining sequence information of
      proteins at high sensitivity by analyzing the pure tryptic peptides obtained by
      on-line or off-line chromatographic separation of tryptic digests.

PMID- 1812795
TI  - End-column detection for capillary zone electrophoresis.

PMID- 1812796
TI  - The biological basis for dose limitation in the skin. A report of a Task Group of
      Committee 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

PMID- 1812797
TI  - [Intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy: incidence, clinical course,
      complications].
AB  - From January 1st, 1984 to December 31st, 1988 67 cases of cholestasis during
      pregnancy (frequency rate 0.7%) have been reviewed. In the 79% of the cases
      cholestasis arose after the 32nd week. Preterm deliveries were 19.5% and cesarean
      sections were 19.4%. Perinatal mortality was 30%. Pregnancy complicated by
      cholestasis is a high risk problem in obstetrics. An attempt to show a clinical
      management is exposed.

PMID- 1812798
TI  - [Usefulness of determining urinary levels of beta-2-microglobulin in renal
      function monitoring during normal, at-risk, and EPH gestosis pregnancies].
AB  - The Authors report on the behaviour of the urinary concentrations of a micro
      protein (beta-2-microglobulin) in normal, at risk and preeclamptic pregnancies.
      The results of this study give one more information on the renal function during
      pregnancy. The urinary evaluation of beta-2-microglobulin can be used as a
      diagnostic method in the study of renal damage the gestosis syndrome.

PMID- 1812799
TI  - [Climacteric symptomatology: relation with hormone levels and trophic features of
      the external genitalia].
AB  - During the last decade the development of a great amount of knowledge about the
      menopause has allowed to establish almost standardized hormonal treatments in
      order to prevent its symptoms and its late sequelae. Nevertheless, up to now the
      relationship between typical climacteric symptoms and the actual risk of late
      sequelae has not been assessed. The climacteric symptoms have hence been related
      to the involutional aspects of the external genitalia and to the levels of the
      sex steroids and gonadotropin hormones. An inverse relation between
      neuropsychical manifestations (insomnia, anxiety, depression, reduced memory,
      reduced libido) and 17-beta-oestradiol and progesterone levels has been shown. On
      the contrary, FSH and LH levels showed a direct relationship with neurovegetative
      symptoms. The relationship between the involutional aspects of the external
      genitalia and the atrophy related and the neuropsychical symptoms shows the need
      to evaluate these classes of symptoms, which appear to be most related to
      oestrogen and progesterone deprivation, in decision making toward hormonal
      replacement therapy.

PMID- 1812800
TI  - [Uterine malformations and pregnancy: differential diagnosis (description of a
      case)].
AB  - The authors describe a case of near-term pregnancy in a bicornuate uterus,
      discussing the differential diagnosis with the amniotic band syndrome and amnio
      chorionic separation and discussing the distinctive characteristics of each of
      them.

PMID- 1812801
TI  - [Voluntary interruption of pregnancy in Italy, 1979-1989: analysis of the
      available data].
AB  - This paper presents crude rates (per 1000 women aged 15-49 years) and ratios (per
      1000 livebirths) of induced abortion in Italy, North-Central and South Italy and
      within subgroups of women according to general and social characteristics.
      Incidence of induced abortion has diminished of 30% between 1982 and 1989,
      although this decrement is less marked in the South. Women between 30 and 34
      years reported more induced abortions than those of other ages, but they present-
      together with women aged from 20 to 29--a more important decrease of their rates
      (from 25 induced abortions/1000 women in 1982 to 19/1000 in 1987). On the other
      hand, there is no decrease in rates and there is some increase in ratios in women
      aged 40-49 years. Married women have a greater incidence, but also a greater
      reduction of rates and ratios than not married women. A high level of education
      is related to high rates and ratios in early 80's, but these values have shown an
      important decrease in the period 1982-1987. Frequency of induced abortion is
      higher in women with two children than in other groups of women. In the frame of
      general decrement of induced abortion incidence, women with higher values in
      early 80's have shown greater reductions in the last ten years.

PMID- 1812802
TI  - [Ablative cesarean section and post-partum hysterectomy: review of 11 years of
      obstetric practice].
AB  - Obstetric hysterectomy is often performed as an emergency life-saving procedure.
      This retrospective report reviews the 11 years experience (1-1 1980 through 31-12
      1990) at Mangiagalli Hospital, Milan. During this time 50 obstetric
      hysterectomies (incidence rate = 0.12%) were performed; cesarean hysterectomies
      were 30 (60%), hysterectomies after cesarean section 14 (28%) and after vaginal
      delivery 6 (12%). Its rate during or after cesarean section was 0.44% and after
      vaginal delivery was 0.02%. Thirty-six per cent of patients were nulliparous.
      Main indications were placental disorders, uterine atony with uncontrollable
      bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In 7 cases was performed
      an elective operation, in 4 cases for neoplasia and in 3 cases for myomata uteri.
      Maternal mortality rate was 2.04%, five patients (10%) developed hematomas and
      required further interventions.

PMID- 1812803
TI  - The inheritance of acquired characteristics.

PMID- 1812804
TI  - Spontaneous mutation.

PMID- 1812805
TI  - Gene transfer between distantly related bacteria.

PMID- 1812806
TI  - Towards a genetic dissection of the basis of triplet decoding, and its natural
      subversion: programmed reading frame shifts and hops.

PMID- 1812807
TI  - Import of proteins into mitochondria.

PMID- 1812809
TI  - Genetic risk assessment.

PMID- 1812808
TI  - Mechanisms and biological effects of mismatch repair.

PMID- 1812810
TI  - Modulation of mutagenesis by deoxyribonucleotide levels.

PMID- 1812812
TI  - Phytochrome: a light-activated molecular switch that regulates plant gene
      expression.

PMID- 1812811
TI  - Regulation of gene expression in fermentative and respiratory systems in
      Escherichia coli and related bacteria.

PMID- 1812813
TI  - Genetic control of cell interactions in nematode development.

PMID- 1812814
TI  - Plant mitochondrial mutations and male sterility.
AB  - A characteristic of CMS mutations in plants, in contrast to the single base
      changes in human mitochondrial mutants (49, 140), is the presence of chimeric
      genes or chimeric loci; different open reading frames are joined together, or
      placed in proximal locations and cotranscribed with standard mitochondrial genes.
      Despite much progress, and the identification of several mitochondrial loci that
      specify CMS, the molecular basis of this defect is not understood in any plant
      species. Observations of altered electron transport in Petunia and toxin-mediated
      membrane disruption in maize plants, bacteria, and yeast expressing the maize
      urf13 gene product, provide clues to possible mechanisms for disruption of pollen
      development. Whether disruption in a particular mitochondrial function is at the
      root of CMS in all species, or whether defects in numerous mitochondrial
      activities can produce sterility, will only be revealed by further probing of
      physiological and biochemical defects present in CMS genotypes.

PMID- 1812815
TI  - Segregation distorters.

PMID- 1812816
TI  - Restriction and modification systems.

PMID- 1812817
TI  - Genetic mechanisms for adapting to a changing environment.

PMID- 1812818
TI  - Imaging the cervical spine: a comparison of MR with myelography and CT
      myelography.

PMID- 1812819
TI  - Cost considerations in the provision of magnetic resonance imaging services.
AB  - Data from the Australian MRI Assessment Program, which involved five public
      hospitals, are presented covering the second year of operation at each MRI unit
      when stable conditions of service provision had become established. The data
      relate to two 1.5T superconductive units, one 1.0T superconductive unit and two
      0.3T resistive magnetic resonance imaging units. A review of the cost data
      suggests the need for the operation of expensive facilities for extended periods
      with careful patient selection in order to reduce the average cost per scan and
      to maximise the clinical benefit to patients. There were variations in the
      conditions of use of the equipment between the differing centres and there will
      be a need for a consensus on optimum levels of matters such as operating times
      and staffing levels. As the results from the MRI Assessment Program were obtained
      in a teaching hospital environment with a particular referral pattern, the
      benefits of the technology in other situations will need further consideration.

PMID- 1812820
TI  - MR imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Eight patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were evaluated with magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI findings were verified by surgery in five,
      compared with ultrasonography in eight, with computed tomography in four and with
      angiography in eight patients. The size and extent of aneurysm, presence of
      thrombus, size of the residual lumen and involvement of branch vessels were
      readily demonstrated by MRI. Whilst sonography should remain the screening
      procedure of choice in patients with suspected abdominal aortic aneurysms, this
      early experience suggests that MRI may prove to be a noninvasive and adequate
      means of evaluating patients prior to surgery.

PMID- 1812822
TI  - Investigation of a family with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
AB  - A family with Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome has been investigated with Ultrasound,
      CT and MRI. The major lesions found were posterior fossa haemangioblastomas,
      retinal haemangioblastomas and renal cell carcinoma. Screening of family members
      has been undertaken due to the known autosomal dominant inheritance of this
      condition.

PMID- 1812821
TI  - Water-soluble contrast CT cisternography in CSF fistulas.
AB  - High resolution C.T. cisternography with water-soluble contrast media was
      performed in eight patients with C.S.F. rhinorrhea and suspected C.S.F. fistula.
      This technique, aided by video fluoroscopy, proved successful in documenting the
      precise anatomical localisation of the fistulous track in all eight patients.
      Surgical exploration and correction was done in every case with confirmation of
      the radiological findings.

PMID- 1812823
TI  - Ultrasound evaluation of subdural haematoma.
AB  - 14 patients with subdural haematoma (SDH) diagnosed by ultrasonography (US) and
      confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) were reviewed. We describe the
      morphology of SDH on US and discuss the ultrasound findings which may suggest
      outcome. SDH appeared as a crescentic mass overlying the cerebral hemisphere and
      producing medial displacement of the Sylvian fissure, midline shift, ventricular
      compression, sutural diastasis, changes in the sulcal pattern and echogenicity of
      the ipsilateral side of the brain. Hydrocephalus was the most common
      complication. It was the presence of cerebral complications and not the midline
      shift or ventricular compression which correlated with poor outcome.

PMID- 1812824
TI  - Sonographic gallbladder wall thickening in children: association with acute
      hepatitis A.
AB  - Sonographic gallbladder wall thickening is a nonspecific finding with numerous
      causes. It is uncommon in children and usually associated with disease not
      localised to the gallbladder. Three paediatric cases of sonographic gallbladder
      wall thickening in association with acute Hepatitis A are presented. Sonographic
      resolution, coinciding with clinical improvement, occurred in each case without
      specific therapy or harmful sequelae.

PMID- 1812825
TI  - The role of CT in the diagnosis and management of childhood pineal region
      tumours.
AB  - As one treatment option for pineal region tumours is based on the accurate
      prediction of histology by CT, the scans of 11 children with biopsy proven pineal
      region tumours were reviewed, and poor correlation found with the "classical"
      appearances previously described. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment
      are best achieved when CT is combined with serum tumour markers, CSF cytology and
      tumour biopsy/debulking/resection.

PMID- 1812826
TI  - Reporting: the neglected aspect of the new imaging modalities.
AB  - Introduction of the new imaging modalities has led to reports with a high
      potential information content and the promise of improved pathological
      correlation. These reports require planning and structure. Key considerations are
      discussed and a broad outline suggested.

PMID- 1812827
TI  - Ultrasound of intussusception with lead points.
AB  - Ultrasonography of 4 cases of intussusception in children with proven lead points
      were reviewed retrospectively. The lead points were due to lymphosarcoma,
      inverted Meckel's diverticulum, jejunal polyps and an inverted appendiceal stump.
      The lead points form a complex mass in the centre of the intussusception in both
      transverse and longitudinal sections, distinct from primary intussusception. The
      presence of such ultrasonographic findings are suggestive of secondary
      intussusception with a lead point and surgical reduction rather than hydrostatic
      reduction should be considered.

PMID- 1812828
TI  - Mammographically indeterminate microcalcifications--can we do any better?
AB  - In the first round of the mammographic screening program of the South Australian
      Breast X-ray Service, 80 (0.73%) of the first 10,848 women screened over 18
      months were referred after primary and second-stage assessment for definitive
      histology because of microcalcifications. Obvious mass lesions associated with
      calcification were excluded from this study, as were women whose calcification
      was regarded as sufficiently benign to warrant routine rescreening in two years.
      After classic patterns of malignant microcalcification were excluded, a large
      group (75%) remained, whose calcifications fell into the indeterminate grades of
      radiological suspicion. Of these, only 15% proved to have cancer, and in one
      third of these the cancer was mammographically occult. A high rate of discordant
      readings was noted in lesions which ultimately proved benign. Neither family
      history, distribution of calcification nor the presence of a faint soft tissue
      density proved to be unfailingly reliable predictors of benign or malignant
      histology in this group. Vigorous pursuit of histopathological correlation and
      performance statistics are urged to monitor and minimise the proportion of women
      who remain in this indeterminate group and to follow their natural history.
      Current mammographic techniques are still inadequate for the provision of
      definitive information on microcalcification in all cases, but a sustained
      commitment will reduce the number proceeding to histology for benign disease.

PMID- 1812829
TI  - Reliability of transabdominal ultrasound in the measurement of prostate size.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients underwent transabdominal sonographic measurement of their
      prostate by two different sonographers. Prostatic weight was estimated by the
      ellipsoid method. In 47% of the cases the second estimate of weight was within 5g
      of the first and in 84% of cases the second estimate was within 10g of the first.
      95% of the time the second estimate was within 16g of the first. The differences
      in estimated weight between the two observers ranged from 1g to 22g with a mean
      of 6g. The estimated prostatic weight differed from the mean prostatic weight by
      more than 20% in 58% of cases. (Mean prostatic weight = the mean of the two
      weights estimated for each patient). Measurement error was less significant in
      the larger prostates. The accuracy is probably satisfactory in routine clinical
      practice when the aim is to demonstrate the presence and degree of prostatic
      enlargement but the error may be significant in pre-operative assessment of
      prostate size and measurement prior to stenting the prostatic urethra. The error,
      if not accounted for, could compromise a clinical trial involving serial
      prostatic measurements.

PMID- 1812830
TI  - A review of imaging practice in bone and soft tissue lesions.
AB  - Thirty six consecutive bone and soft tissue lesions which were referred to the
      Bone Transplantation Service between January 1987 and June 1989 were reviewed
      with respect to the information provided by pre-operative CT, MR and plain X-ray
      and the final histopathologic diagnosis. The ability of CT and MR to demonstrate
      cortical destruction, periosteal reaction, a soft tissue mass and soft tissue
      calcification was scored on a scale of one (low suspicion of abnormality) to four
      (definite abnormality) in each case. Of the thirty six cases reviewed there were
      twenty-two histologically confirmed tumours with all of the above three imaging
      modalities available for comparison. In each of these tumours MR was found to
      provide an equal or more accurate assessment of soft tissue extent. On a scale of
      1 to 4 the average point scores were 3.6 and 2.6 for MR and CT respectively.
      Little difference was shown between CT and MR with respect to medullary
      involvement (4.0 points vs. 3.9) and cortical destruction (2.5 points vs. 2.7).
      CT (3.7 points) was more sensitive than MR (1.2 points) in detecting fine soft
      tissue calcification. In only five cases did the radiology report correctly
      nominate the histologic diagnosis and thus the role of imaging was more valuable
      in staging than diagnosis. For this reason a management oriented report should
      include comment regarding cortical destruction, the intramedullary extent of
      tumour and the extent of soft tissue involvement. MR is recommended in the
      investigation of all suspected malignant soft tissue or bone tumours.

PMID- 1812832
TI  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: treatment of neck node recurrence by radiotherapy.
AB  - The records of 91 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients who were treated with
      external radiotherapy for recurrent neck node disease were reviewed. All patients
      had received prior radiotherapy for cervical nodal disease or prophylactic neck
      irradiation. The node size (product of the greatest perpendicular diameters) at
      the time of treatment for nodal relapse ranged from 1cm2 to 35cm2 (median
      2.25cm2). The radiation dose ranged from 823 RETs to 1949 RETs (median 1520
      RETs). The recurrent node size and radiation dose were found significant
      prognostic factors for local control. The local tumour control for nodes 4cm2 or
      smaller was 51% at five years, for nodes greater than 4cm2 was 16% at 18 months
      (p = 0.01). The overall 5 year survival was 19.7%. Radiation dose greater than
      1600 RETs was significantly associated with better survival for patients with
      recurrent nodes measured 4cm2 or smaller, but higher radiation dose did not
      improve the survival of patients with recurrent nodes greater than 4cm2. Because
      of the dilemma of suboptimal control resulting from inadequate radiation dose
      when compared with surgical treatment, and possible radiation complication from
      higher dose, surgery should be the treatment of choice for neck node recurrence
      after primary radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 1812831
TI  - Olfactory neuroblastoma--management of a rare tumour at the Queensland Radium
      Institute and literature review.
AB  - Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma) is an extremely rare tumour
      arising from the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity close to the cribriform
      plate. Most institutions will have little experience in recognising the clinical
      and histological features, or management of this tumour and reliance is placed on
      researching the literature when the individual patient presents. This study
      reviews seven patients with olfactory neuroblastoma treated at the Queensland
      Radium Institute from 1971 to January 1990. The overall local control rate in
      this series is 57% (four of seven patients) and 43% of patients (three of seven)
      remain alive. Conservative surgery and post-operative radiotherapy is recommended
      for early disease and more radical surgery with post-operative radiotherapy for
      advanced disease.

PMID- 1812833
TI  - Unusual presentation of neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 1812834
TI  - Ureteral obstruction in hydatid disease.
AB  - A case of ureteric obstruction in renal hydatid disease is reported. This unusual
      complication possibly occurred following surgery. To the best of our knowledge,
      this has not been previously reported.

PMID- 1812836
TI  - Re: Supratentorial tumours.

PMID- 1812835
TI  - Aortic aneurysm presenting as Budd Chiari syndrome.
AB  - Budd Chiari Syndrome is the eponymic designation of symptomatic post sinusoidal
      venous obstruction, whether or not this is associated with hepatic vein occlusion
      or vena caval obstruction. Dutta and associates (1) classified the syndrome into
      two distinct types. Type I involves obstruction to the hepatic veins while Type
      II pertains to an obstruction in the inferior vena cava above the entry of
      hepatic veins. We report a case of thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting
      as Type II Budd Chiari Syndrome.

PMID- 1812837
TI  - Dietary cyanide effect on performance and serum testosterone of growing male
      pigs.
AB  - 48 growing male pigs were fed cyanide in different doses (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg)
      and its effect was determined on their growth performance and serum testosterone
      content. The rations were balanced as regards the energy and protein content.
      Increased cyanide additions had a significant influence on the weight gain, feed
      intake, as well as the feed and protein efficiency of the animals. Examination of
      the pancreas showed histological changes following high cyanide additions.
      Dietary cyanide levels of 500 mg/kg did significantly affect the serum
      testosterone level. A non-significant correlation (r = -0.22) existed between the
      daily cyanide intake and serum testosterone.

PMID- 1812838
TI  - Influence of AVOTAN (avoparcin) containing salt licks on the daily weight gain of
      bulls.
AB  - 3 group feeding experiments were carried out with the glycopeptide antibiotic
      avoparcin. Avoparcin was added to salt licks (2.5 g per kg lick stone) and
      offered to 30 (experiment I), 80 (experiment II), or 20 (experiment III) growing
      cattle ad libitum over 210, 122, or 281 days. Control animals consumed
      unsupplemented lick stones. The avoparcin intake amounted to 60 (experiment I),
      145 (experiment II), and 100 mg (experiment III) per cattle per day. The daily
      weight gain increased from 750 to 808 (experiment I), 553 to 649 (experiment II),
      and from 812 to 822 g per animal per day (experiment III) when avoparcin was
      added. Avoparcin is a safe feed additive and should be supplemented to various
      lick stones to improve ruminant performances under tropical rangeland conditions.
      15 to 30 mg avoparcin per kg dry matter intake are recommended.

PMID- 1812839
TI  - A case of sideburn reconstruction using a temporoparieto-occipital island flap.
AB  - A preliminary case is reported in which a large temporal bald scar including the
      sideburn was successfully reconstructed using a temporoparieto-occipital island
      flap in combination with a tissue expander. This flap is considered to be a kind
      of reverse-flow island flap of the occipital artery by means of the fine vascular
      connections with the temporal branch of the superficial temporal artery. This new
      method is potentially a good solution for sideburn reconstruction.

PMID- 1812840
TI  - Syphilitic meningomyelitis.
AB  - A 28-year-old nonimmunocompromised man developed secondary syphilis confirmed by
      serum and CSF findings. His course was complicated by chorioretinitis, extensive
      skin lesions, and spastic paraparesis secondary to syphilitic meningomyelitis.
      MRI of the spinal cord was strikingly abnormal.

PMID- 1812841
TI  - The factor structure and factor stability of the hospital anxiety and depression
      scale in patients with cancer.
AB  - An exploratory factor analysis of the HAD was carried out in 568 cancer patients.
      Two distinct, but correlated, factors emerged which corresponded to the
      questionnaire's anxiety and depression subscales. The factor structure proved
      stable when subsamples of the total sample were investigated. The internal
      consistency of the two subscales was also high. These results provide support for
      the use of the separate subscales of the HAD in studies of emotional disturbance
      in cancer patients.

PMID- 1812842
TI  - Radiological significance of 227Ac and 231Pa.

PMID- 1812843
TI  - Day case ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a 10 year
      review.
AB  - Since 1978, 136 preterm babies received ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus as
      day cases. A total of 122 babies whose notes were available for review, with a
      median gestational age of 27 weeks (range 23-35) and median birth weight of 960 g
      (range 470-2750), were transported distances of up to 80 miles. The median ages
      at ligation with and without previous medical management with indomethacin were
      23 and 15 days, respectively. One hundred and ten (90%) babies were dependent on
      ventilatory support, but extubation was achieved at a median time of 10 days
      after ligation, regardless of postnatal age at the time of ligation. There were
      no deaths associated with the operation, and no complications resulting from
      transportation. The hospital mortality was 15 (12.3%), and the most important
      (and significant) adverse factor was a preoperative fractional inspiratory oxygen
      content greater than 0.3. The results of this study show that day case ligation
      of the patent ductus arteriosus is safe, and if it is carried out early will
      reduce the time before extubation and discharge from the intensive care unit.

PMID- 1812844
TI  - Short-contact anthralin therapy.

PMID- 1812845
TI  - Acute atraumatic subdural hematoma associated with moyamoya disease in an African
      American.
AB  - A 57-year-old black woman with an atraumatic subdural hematoma was treated for
      congestive heart failure and was found to have moyamoya disease. The association
      of these two lesions is rare and has never been described in an African-American.
      High cerebral venous pressures and changes in cerebral perfusion caused by
      congestive heart failure and the loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation in
      moyamoya disease may explain the spontaneous occurrence of a subdural hematoma.
      Recommendations for management are discussed.

PMID- 1812846
TI  - The psychiatrist's role, responses, and responsibilities when a patient commits
      suicide.
AB  - The suicide of a patient is not an infrequent event in a psychiatrist's practice,
      and it has a major impact on the clinician as well as on the patient's family and
      the hospital staff. Dealing with a patient's suicide is a neglected topic in
      residency training, and many psychiatrists are never taught how to cope with such
      a situation. The authors review the relevant literature and draw on this as well
      as on their own clinical experience to recommend specific interventions. They
      point out that the psychiatrist has a leadership role and a number of
      responsibilities in the aftermath of a suicide, including notifying the family,
      the hospital staff, hospital officials, and patients who knew the deceased
      patient; meeting with the family, the staff, and the patients to encourage
      discussion and venting of feelings; attending the funeral; and accurately
      documenting events in the medical record. The psychiatrist should also attend to
      his or her own needs by seeking support from a colleague and should ensure that a
      psychological autopsy is performed in order to facilitate learning, improve care
      of patients in the future, and help bring about closure for the psychiatrist so
      that the quality of his or her care of other patients is not compromised.

PMID- 1812847
TI  - Combined use of mask CPAP and minitracheotomy as an alternative to endotracheal
      intubation. Preliminary observation.
AB  - We describe the combined use of mask CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
      and minitracheotomy as an alternative to conventional endotracheal intubation in
      3 patients requiring CPAP, secretion removal and diagnostic procedures such as
      bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial cultures. These requirements were fulfilled
      with the combined technique approach, thus preserving glottic function and
      avoiding the disadvantages of endotracheal intubation of tracheotomy. This
      approach seems particularly suitable in the treatment of immunocompromised
      patients because of its reduced invasiveness.

PMID- 1812848
TI  - Primary HIV infection: host responses and intervention strategies.

PMID- 1812849
TI  - Vasodilatory capacity of the skin in venous disease and its relationship to
      transcutaneous oxygen tension.
AB  - Low transcutaneous oxygen tension (Ptc,O2) values in the supramalleolar skin of
      patients with venous disease are often reported. This measurement involves
      heating the skin to 43 degrees C to cause maximum vasodilatation and is valid
      only if liposclerotic and normal skin can vasodilate to the same degree. Forty
      four limbs were studied, 15 with lipodermatosclerosis (LDS), 14 with
      uncomplicated varicose veins, and 15 controls. A Ptc,O2 electrode was modified to
      incorporate a laser Doppler probe. Laser Doppler flux was measured in the
      supramalleolar skin before and after local heating to 43 degrees C and the
      relative increase in flux was measured. The Ptc,O2 was then measured at the same
      site and on the chest. Vasodilatory capacity was expressed as the ratio of
      peak:basal laser Doppler flow, and the Ptc,O2 was expressed as a leg:chest ratio.
      Median laser Doppler flow was higher in limbs with LDS (median 67 mV) than in
      normal limbs (median 40 mV) (P less than 0.03). Ptc,O2 was higher in control
      limbs (median ratio 0.94) than in limbs with LDS (median 0.53) (P less than
      0.006). The microcirculation in LDS had less capacity to vasodilate after heating
      (median factor of increase 5.4) than normal skin (median factor of increase 12.3)
      (P less than 0.001). A simple regression analysis was performed on all pairs of
      data, and revealed a correlation between Ptc,O2 and vasodilatory capacity (r =
      0.524, P less than 0.001). The results indicate that low Ptc,O2 levels in venous
      disease reflect an inability of the microcirculation to increase its flow in
      response to local heating; inferences about the oxygen content of liposclerotic
      skin at normal temperatures cannot be drawn using this technique.

PMID- 1812850
TI  - Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to
      infant. A prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      from mother to infant has been well documented during pregnancy and delivery,
      little is known about the possible transmission of HIV-1 during the postnatal
      period. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda, of
      212 mother-infant pairs who were seronegative for HIV-1 at delivery. All the
      infants were breast-fed. The subjects were followed at three-month intervals,
      with Western blot assays for antibodies to HIV-1 and testing of mononuclear cells
      by a double polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using three sets of primers. To
      evaluate potential risk factors, each mother who seroconverted was matched with
      three seronegative control women. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 16.6 months,
      16 of the 212 mothers became seropositive for HIV-1. Of their 16 infants, 9
      became seropositive. One infant was excluded from the analysis because of a
      positive test by PCR on the blood sample obtained at birth. Postnatal
      seroconversion to HIV-1 occurred in four of the five infants born to the mothers
      who seroconverted during the first 3 months post partum, and in four infants of
      the 10 mothers who seroconverted between month 4 and month 21. In all cases, the
      infant seroconverted during the same three-month period as the mother. The main
      risk factor for maternal seroconversion was being single. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1
      infection can be transmitted from mothers to infants during the postnatal period.
      Colostrum and breast milk may be efficient routes for the transmission of HIV-1
      from recently infected mothers to their infants.

PMID- 1812851
TI  - Central venous pressure monitoring: clinical insights beyond the numbers.
AB  - CVP monitoring as a safe, cost-effective alternative to PA monitoring continues
      to have strong advocates. Recent reports suggest that outcome following major
      aortic reconstructive and cardiac surgery may be equivalent with either CVP or PA
      monitoring, thus encouraging use of the simpler, cheaper, and safer alternative.
      As observant clinicians give CVP monitoring renewed attention, a wealth of useful
      circulatory information becomes available, which has been obscured by the failure
      to look beyond the numbers.

PMID- 1812852
TI  - Tort reform and the obstetric access crisis. The case of the WAMI states.
AB  - The states of Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho (WAMI) have all had declines
      in the proportion of physicians offering obstetric services during the past few
      years, a decline precipitated by rising medical malpractice premiums. One
      response to the problem of rising liability premiums has been the passage of
      extensive tort reform legislation. We present the results of recent studies of
      physicians' obstetric practices in the WAMI states and summarize the major
      changes in tort legislation and regulation that have occurred in these states.
      Most general and family physicians in the WAMI region no longer provide obstetric
      care; by contrast, more than 80% of the obstetrician-gynecologists in the WAMI
      states are still practicing obstetrics. Despite the fact that only a minority of
      family physicians are still active in obstetrics, most rural family physicians in
      all four states still deliver babies. Most physicians in all four states limit
      the amount of care they provide to those covered by Medicaid, which suggests that
      significant barriers to care exist for medically indigent persons. All four
      states have adopted significant tort reforms. Despite these changes in the legal
      environment, the cost of malpractice premiums and concerns over the likelihood of
      being sued continue to limit the number of physicians willing to provide
      obstetric care. Although it cannot be inferred from these data that tort reform
      has decreased the rate at which physicians give up obstetric practice, the
      evidence is compatible with such a conclusion.

PMID- 1812853
TI  - Introduction to the forensic pathology of cocaine.
AB  - During the last several years, a clearer understanding of cocaine's effects on
      the body has emerged. Metabolism and tissue distribution are better understood. A
      diverse group of cocaine-related illnesses have been reported, but many appear to
      share the underlying mechanism of catecholamine toxicity. Knowledge of cocaine's
      metabolism makes possible certain conclusions about route of ingestion, time of
      use, and patterns of abuse in general. Knowledge of the histologic alterations
      known to be associated with cocaine use can pinpoint cocaine as the cause of
      death, even in cases where there are negligible blood levels. What follows is a
      brief review of recent observations that bear on the forensic aspects of cocaine
      abuse.

PMID- 1812854
TI  - First isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8 in Japan.
AB  - A 4-year-old Japanese boy was infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8,
      H:befiv, biotype 1B, phage type Xz, restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid
      DNA type B, restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal DNA type 8. He
      presented with acute gastroenteritis with elevated body temperature (40 degrees
      C), rigor, and shivers. The diagnosis was septicemia. This is apparently the
      first report of this serotype from a human infection outside North America.

PMID- 1812855
TI  - Observations on the NHS reforms: an American perspective.

PMID- 1812856
TI  - A retrospective consecutive case analysis of pretreatment and comparative static
      radiological parameters following chiropractic adjustments.

PMID- 1812857
TI  - The physician as patient.

PMID- 1812858
TI  - General practitioners and psychiatry: an opportunity for cooperation and
      research.

PMID- 1812859
TI  - Guidelines for doctors with HIV infection.

PMID- 1812860
TI  - The controversy continues.

PMID- 1812861
TI  - "Doctor, I don't feel sick, but...": the older patient.

PMID- 1812863
TI  - Free vascularized corticoperiosteal grafts.

PMID- 1812862
TI  - A glossary of pain terms for medicolegal work.

PMID- 1812864
TI  - Transplantation of autologous fat.

PMID- 1812865
TI  - Aneurysm formation after repair of coarctation of the aorta.

PMID- 1812866
TI  - Pharmacists should make appointments to serve patients with chronic diseases.

PMID- 1812868
TI  - Guidelines for doctors with HIV infection.

PMID- 1812867
TI  - [Results of the use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with
      perioperative myocardial infarct].
AB  - The results of complex intensive therapy of cardiogenic shock have been studied
      in 17 patients with acute myocardial infarction developed as a complication of
      reconstructive surgery for ischemic heart disease. Complex therapy of cardiogenic
      shock included the use of intraaortic balloon contrapulsation, adrenomimetic
      agents, controlled lung ventilation and other intensive care procedures. 11
      patients (64.7%) recovered from cardiogenic shock, 4 of them survived and were
      discharged from hospital. In 6 patients (35.3%) the combined use of
      adrenomimetics and intraaortic balloon contrapulsation had no effect. The results
      of intensive care procedures were shown to depend on the size of perioperative
      myocardial infarction, which affected the severity of hemodynamic disturbances
      and duration and efficacy of complex intensive therapy of cardiogenic shock. The
      use of intraaortic balloon contrapulsation in cardiogenic shock resistant to
      adrenomimetic agents led to temporary hemodynamic stabilization without improving
      the prognosis.

PMID- 1812869
TI  - Urethral stricture after cardiac surgery.

PMID- 1812870
TI  - Measurement of central venous pressure.

PMID- 1812871
TI  - Vocational training in general practice.

PMID- 1812872
TI  - Radiological significance of 227Ac and 231Pa.

PMID- 1812873
TI  - Freeze-dried blood.

PMID- 1812875
TI  - Medicare fraud & abuse safe harbor regulations.

PMID- 1812874
TI  - Central venous pulsations associated with a falsely low oxygen saturation
      measured by pulse oximetry.
AB  - Venous pulsations are thought, but to our knowledge have never been demonstrated,
      to result in underestimation of oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry
      (SpO2); however, to our knowledge, this has never been demonstrated. A patient
      with ischemic cardiomyopathy requiring intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
      (IABC) had to withstand a temporary cessation of IABC (period I), during which
      she had marked central venous pulsations and a pulse oximeter bias of -18%. After
      IABC was reinstituted (period II), the venous pulsations disappeared and the bias
      was reduced to 0%. Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and temperature
      during both periods were comparable. Pulmonary vascular resistance, however, was
      much lower during period II. We postulate that the bias was caused by venous
      pulsations significantly contributing to the AC, or variable component, of light
      absorption.

PMID- 1812876
TI  - Effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation on right-left shunt following
      right ventricular infarction.
AB  - Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsations decrease the left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure and, subsequently, the left atrial pressure in patients with
      impaired myocardial function following myocardial infarction. This paper reports
      a case of right ventricular infarction in a patient with patency of the oval
      foramen where the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation led to the
      perpetuation of the right-to-left shunt.

PMID- 1812877
TI  - Measles immunization strategies.

PMID- 1812878
TI  - Health of the nation.

PMID- 1812879
TI  - 'Beam them up, Scotty!'.

PMID- 1812880
TI  - Clinical irrelevance of HAD factor structure.

PMID- 1812881
TI  - Re: Blunt renal trauma in childhood. Features indicating severe injury.

PMID- 1812882
TI  - Preoperative localization of parathyroid tumours.

PMID- 1812883
TI  - Pentoxifylline and diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 1812884
TI  - Oesophageal complications in epidermolysis bullosa.

PMID- 1812885
TI  - Medical Wire and Equipment Company Microring YT.

PMID- 1812886
TI  - Value of emergency cardiac enzymes: audit in a coronary care unit.

PMID- 1812887
TI  - Strabismus surgery landmarks and axial length.

PMID- 1812888
TI  - Evaluation of a pen injector system for growth hormone treatment.

PMID- 1812889
TI  - General practitioners and psychiatry--a need for cooperation.

PMID- 1812891
TI  - Understanding diagnostic tests.

PMID- 1812890
TI  - Possible theoretical treatments for transfer processes through membranes.
AB  - The transfer process of salicylic acid through a cellophane membrane is studied.
      The active component is formulated as a semisolid emulsion (O/W) for external
      local application. Different theoretical mathematical models are applicable to
      the experimental data obtained in order to find the mathematical expressions
      which define the transfer kinetics. Later on, comparative studies of these
      mathematical models are carried out in order to choose the one which better
      defines the whole transfer process.

PMID- 1812892
TI  - Differential effects of oestrogen in murine lupus: acceleration of
      glomerulonephritis and amelioration of T cell-mediated lesions.
AB  - Oestrogen is known to accelerate glomerulonephritis and autoantibody production
      in human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study we
      demonstrate that treatment of castrated autoimmune MRL +/+ mice with
      physiological doses of oestrogen results in enhanced immunoglobulin and
      autoantibody production as well as increased deposition of IgG in renal
      glomeruli. Accelerated development of glomerulonephritis was also evident from
      the increase of albuminuria. Interestingly, in contrast to these deteriorative
      effects of oestrogen on immune complex-mediated disease we now show that the
      lymphocytic infiltrations in the submandibular glands and perivascular lesions in
      the kidneys were significantly diminished after exposure to oestrogen. This
      remarkable impact of physiological oestrogen levels on the outcome of SLE in MRL
      +/+ mice is postulated to be the result of a differential effect on T and B cell
      mediated immune responses.

PMID- 1812893
TI  - Adjuvant oils induce arthritis in the DA rat. I. Characterization of the disease
      and evidence for an immunological involvement.
AB  - An intradermal injection of Freund's incomplete adjuvant oil (FIA) without
      further additives was shown to induce erosive polyarthritis in dark Agouti (DA)
      rats, but not in Lewis rats. Histological examination revealed joint
      inflammation, first with polymorphonuclear cells and synovial hyperplasia, and
      subsequently, with multinucleated giant cells. Both constituents of FIA, mineral
      oil and Arlacel A, as well as Pristane oil were arthritogenic, whereas vegetable
      oil were not. Re-administration of adjuvant oil after recovery failed to induce
      arthritis, thus making possible a role of specific immunity in this new form of
      arthritis in rats.

PMID- 1812894
TI  - Reaction of antibody to mycobacterial 65 kDa heat-shock protein with human
      chondrocytes.
AB  - We report on the reactivities of four monoclonal antibodies generated against
      mycobacterial proteins to human chondrocytes, cells in cartilage which may be
      subject to immune attack in rheumatoid arthritis. Only one of the monoclonal
      antibodies, ML30, which had been shown previously to react with a human homologue
      to heat-shock protein (hsp), reacted strongly to chondrocytes. By
      immunocytochemical methods using fixed chondrocytes, ML30 reacted to cytoplasmic
      constituents in a granular pattern. There were no marked qualitative differences
      in the staining intensities and patterns of chondrocytes kept at ambient
      temperatures and those subjected to 42 degrees C heat treatment. No significant
      staining was observed with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By indirect
      immunofluorescence, the distribution of ML30 reactive constituents was very low
      on the cell surface. Reactivities of each of the monoclonal antibodies were
      tested on frozen sections of cartilage. Significant reactivity was found only
      with ML30, and the staining was only associated with chondrocytes, not with the
      cartilage matrix surrounding the cells. These findings may have significance in
      view of the possibility that an hsp homologue may be a target for inciting or
      perpetuating the autoimmune process in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1812895
TI  - Abnormalities in the glycosylation of IgG in spouses of patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. A family study.
AB  - Forty-seven members of eight families with a rheumatoid proband were analysed for
      abnormal glycosylation of IgG. The results (%G(o) which is the percentage of
      oligosaccharide chains lacking galactose) were corrected for age and expressed as
      SD units about the mean for the normal population. Seven of 8 probands, 3/8
      spouses, 3/5 RA relatives and 4/26 non-RA relatives had %G(o) values greater than
      1SD above the age corrected mean for the normal control population (P less than
      0.001, less than 0.01, less than 0.005 and greater than 0.5 respectively). A
      further 13 spouse pairs were studied. Ten of 13 probands and 8/13 spouses had
      %G(o) values greater than 1SD above the mean (P less than 0.001 and less than
      0.001 respectively). Thus in total, a strikingly high number of unaffected
      spouses had high %G(o) values (11/21). IgM, IgA and IgG rheumatoid factors were
      studied. While RA patients' sera showed a correlation between IgM and IgA
      rheumatoid factors and %G(o), (IgM, r = 0.41 0.05 greater than P greater than
      0.02, IgA, r = 0.36, P = 0.05), no correlation between IgG RF and %G(o) was noted
      in the RA patients. No correlation was found between any of the RF classes and
      %G(o) in spouses and non-RA relatives.

PMID- 1812896
TI  - Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) detected by an immuno
      trapping enzyme activity assay: relation to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      and islet cell antibodies.
AB  - It has recently been proposed that the islet 64,000 Mr protein autoantigen (64K)
      of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is glutamic acid decarboxylase
      (GAD). We evaluated, by means of a newly developed immunotrapping enzyme activity
      assay (ITEAA), the prevalence of circulating GAD-autoantibodies (Ab) in a large
      population of IDDM patients (n = 168), blood donors (n = 87) and non-diabetic
      autoimmune patients (n = 40). The latter two groups were used as controls.
      Overall, GAD-Ab were found in 22% of IDDM patients, but in none of the two
      control groups (P = 0.007). These specificities were invariably associated with
      islet cell antibodies (ICA) (31.6% in IDDM with ICA vs 0 in IDDM without ICA, P =
      0.0001), and this prevalence was higher in sera with high titer ICA (54.5% in
      IDDM with ICA greater than 80 JDF-units vs 22.6% of IDDM with ICA 5-80 JDF units;
      P = 0.002). Moreover, GAD-Ab were associated with the female sex (P = 0.002) and
      the concomitant presence of thyroid and/or gastric antibodies (P = 0.002). No
      correlation was observed between GAD-Ab and age of the patients, duration of
      IDDM, or associated non-organ specific antibodies. Our study indicates that GAD
      Ab measured by ITEAA are: (1) detected in a proportion of IDDM patients; (2)
      strongly associated with ICA; (3) preferentially found in IDDM female patients
      with autoimmune polyendocrine serology; and (4) detected with lower frequency
      than that reported for 64K-Ab in IDDM.

PMID- 1812897
TI  - Activation markers on peripheral blood T cells from patients with active or
      inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. Correlation with proliferative responses
      and production of IL-2.
AB  - Using various monoclonal antibodies to T cell activation molecules it has been
      shown that purified T cells from patients with active systemic lupus
      erythematosus overexpress the 4F2, IL-2R (CD25), HLA-DR and T10 antigens. T cells
      from patients with inactive disease had increased expression of VLA-1 and HLA-DR.
      Increased T10 expression on T cells from patients with active disease correlated
      inversely with the production of IL-2, whereas expression of CD25 was slightly
      increased after 3-day culture with either PHA or anti-CD3. These results provide
      further evidence of the in vivo activation of T cells in SLE and suggest that
      such activation comes slowly to a halt upon disease remission.

PMID- 1812898
TI  - Oral habits--harmful and helpful.

PMID- 1812899
TI  - Pediatric local anesthesia--current concerns and future challenges.

PMID- 1812900
TI  - Treatment of anterior and posterior crossbites in the primary and mixed
      dentitions.

PMID- 1812901
TI  - An assessment of Plax pre-brushing dental rinse used according to directions with
      supervised toothbrushing.
AB  - This study assessed the use of a pre-brushing rinse followed with toothbrushing
      with toothpaste in compliance with label directions. The treatment pre-brushing
      rinse was compared to a placebo pre-brushing rinse in a cross-over design. The
      study was started with 20 subjects. One subject developed a throat infection
      after the first session and was administered an antibiotic prescription and the
      data was not included in the analyses. No side effects or reactions to the
      solutions were observed or reported during or following the study. At baseline,
      the two groups were found to have similar plaque area scores on buccal, lingual,
      and total tooth surfaces. After rinsing with the pre-brushing solution (Plax) and
      brushing with an American Dental Association-approved toothbrush and a
      commercially-available fluoride toothpaste, there was significantly less plaque
      area when compared to the same regimen with the placebo pre-brushing rinse. For
      both buccal and lingual plaque area scores the differences were statistically
      significant at the p less than .05 level favoring Plax. On all surfaces the
      subjects removed significant amounts of plaque area following rinsing and
      brushing with toothpaste compared to their baseline scores.

PMID- 1812902
TI  - The efficacy of a novel toothbrush design.
AB  - The single-blind study compared a novel toothbrush design (Aquafresh Flex soft,
      medium, and firm bristle versions) to a widely-available, standard brush with
      soft bristles. Subjects (n = 32-35/group, mean age = 46 yrs) were randomly
      assigned to the four groups and instructed to maintain their normal oral hygiene
      routine. Safety, as well as plaque (Turesky et al. index as modified by Soparkar)
      and gingivitis (Loe-Silness index as modified by Lobene) were evaluated for the
      Ramfjord teeth at baseline, two weeks, and six weeks. At termination, all brands
      were considered to be safe. After two weeks, the mean plaque scores for each of
      the four groups were reduced significantly, although a difference between the
      control group and the test groups could not be demonstrated. Between two and six
      weeks, the mean plaque scores for the test brushes leveled off while the
      corresponding score for the control brush increased significantly (p = 0.02). The
      gingivitis scores showed a similar pattern. This pattern suggests more favorable
      user acceptance for the test brushes, which is consistent with information
      provided by the subjects on a post-study questionnaire. Presumably, this
      phenomenon is associated with the unique design of the test brushes.

PMID- 1812903
TI  - The effect of a single episode of chlorhexidine irrigation on the gingival
      response to scaling and root planing.
AB  - The adjunctive effects of subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation on gingival
      response following scaling and root planing were investigated. Changes in
      clinical parameters, and microbial composition of subgingival plaque as monitored
      by dark-field microscopy were assessed in 12 patients over a period of 12 weeks.
      Two test sites and two matched control sites with probing depth ranging from 4 mm
      to 7 mm were selected in each patient. Oral hygiene instruction and a single
      episode of scaling and root planing were carried out. In addition test sites were
      irrigated with one mL of 0.2% chlorhexidine solution by the operator, while
      control sites were either irrigated with an equal volume of physiological saline
      or not irrigated. There were significant improvements in the clinical parameters
      with little difference between test and control sites. Between the beginning and
      the end of the study there was a marked reduction in the proportion of
      spirochaetes with a concomitant increase in coccoid organisms with, again, only
      minor differences between the test and the control sites. It was concluded that
      subgingival irrigation with a single application of 0.2% chlorhexidine did not
      enhance gingival healing, or delay recolonization of pockets by certain micro
      organisms (as monitored by dark-field microscopy), when scaling and root planing
      had been thoroughly carried out immediately prior to irrigation.

PMID- 1812904
TI  - Laboratory evaluations on thermal debonding of ceramic brackets.
AB  - The purpose of this laboratory study was to define the working parameters and
      physiological safety and efficacy of the Dentaurum Ceramic Debonding Unit.
      Extracted mandibular incisors were utilized because of their low thermal mass and
      low heat sensitivity. The teeth were embedded in plastic and placed on a turning
      force measuring apparatus. An electrothermal element was placed in the pulp
      chamber (filled with a conducting paste). The thermoelement temperature was
      registered on y-t recorder as was the turning momentum required to remove the
      ceramic brackets with the Dentaurum Ceramic Debonding Unit. Ceramic brackets from
      GAC (Allure III), Unitek (Transcend) and Dentaurum (Fascination) using one and
      two component adhesives (Monolok, Concise), were tested. Scanning electron
      microscopic views taken after debonding showed predictable (and favorable)
      adhesive failure at the bracket base/resin interface. No enamel damage was
      demonstrated. All brackets were removable under three seconds with a clinically
      reproducible turning force of 85-100 Nmm allowing for intrapulpal temperature
      increases under the 5 degrees C biocompatible threshold. The Dentaurum Ceramic
      Debonding Unit provided a safe, reliable, efficient modality of removing ceramic
      brackets while maintaining a physiologically acceptable rise in pulpal
      temperature without damage to tooth enamel or pulpal tissue.

PMID- 1812905
TI  - Clinical evaluations on thermal versus mechanical debonding of ceramic brackets.
AB  - Removal of ceramic orthodontic brackets, utilizing orthodontic pliers, has
      resulted in significant patient discomfort, enamel trauma and bracket shattering.
      The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the safety and efficacy of
      standard orthodontic mechanical debonding with a new Dentaurum thermal debonding
      device. Fifteen healthy patients with maxillary or mandibular premolars scheduled
      for extraction completed this study. One week after bracket placement, removal
      was accomplished by mechanical pliers or a thermal debonding device. Both
      procedures were performed on each patient in random order. Efficacy was monitored
      using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on impressions made before and at
      selected times after debonding. Extracted teeth were subjected to histological
      evaluation to check potential injury to the pulp. Comfort levels were determined
      by questionnaires. Data was analyzed by Chi square. No irritation or overt
      changes were reported or observed. Significant differences (p less than 0.05)
      favoring the thermal devices were determined from the questionnaire on comfort
      during the removal process. Evaluation of SEM surfaces found significantly less
      (p less than 0.05) changes produced with the thermal debonding device, compared
      to mechanical removal. No histological evidence of pulpal injury related to
      product treatments were determined. The Dentaurum thermal debonding device was
      judged less traumatic by patients and produced minimal enamel surface changes
      compared to a mechanical debonding plier.

PMID- 1812906
TI  - The effect of supervised brushing on caries inhibition in school age children.
AB  - A supervised brushing program was incorporated into a three-year caries clinical
      trial whose primary objective was to compare the efficacy between two fluoride
      levels of a dentifrice (1,000 and 1,500 ppm F MFP). For each of the 2,415
      children completing the three-year study, the total number of supervised brushing
      sessions completed was available. Results indicated that children who complied
      well with the supervised brushing program by participating in at least 70% of the
      sessions had a significantly lower caries increment in both fluoride levels (p
      less than .001) than children who did not comply as well. After adjusting for
      age, sex, and baseline DMFS of the children, as well as the fluoride level
      received, a multiple regression model showed that supervised brushing further
      reduced the three year caries increment (p less than .04). The more frequent use
      of the higher fluoride dentifrice affords the greatest prevention of decay. The
      conclusion from this study is that compliance with the supervised brushing
      program resulted in a reduced caries increment regardless of the level of
      fluoride in the dentifrice.

PMID- 1812907
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of flurbiprofen and ibuprofen in vitro against six common
      periodontal pathogens.
AB  - Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as flurbiprofen and ibuprofen,
      have been shown to inhibit the inflammation and alveolar bone loss associated
      with chronic destructive periodontal disease. However, the direct effect of
      NSAIDs on the gingival crevice microflora has not been studied. The purpose of
      this investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen and
      flurbiprofen in vitro on six commonly isolated periodontal pathogens. The
      bacterial strains evaluated were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,
      Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, Eikenella corrodens,
      Fusobacterium nucleatum and Wolinella recta. Pure cultures of these organisms
      were inoculated into broth, allowed to grow and inoculated again into sheep blood
      agar plates. For preliminary dose-response studies, antibiotic sensitivity blank
      disks loaded with 10 microliters of flurbiprofen 250 micrograms, 50 micrograms
      and 5 micrograms, or ibuprofen 500 micrograms, 50 micrograms and 5 micrograms
      were placed on the seeded agar plates. Clindamycin 2 micrograms disks were used
      as positive controls and discs loaded with only drug vehicle served as negative
      controls. In an attempt to estimate the minimal inhibitory concentrations of
      these NSAIDs on specific microorganisms, additional experiments employing
      intermediate drug dosages were also performed. Clindamycin produced large zones
      of inhibition for all bacterial strains except for Eikenella corrodens which is
      known to be resistant to the antibiotic and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
      which appeared to be only moderately sensitive to the antibiotic. Zones of
      inhibition were not produced by any of the negative control disks or by the 5
      micrograms or 50 micrograms doses of either NSAID.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1812908
TI  - Effect of Peroxyl mouthrinse on chlorhexidine staining of teeth.
AB  - The efficacy of Peroxyl mouthrinse in reducing the extrinsic stain produced by
      Peridex, a chlorhexidine mouthrinse, was evaluated in a double-blind, three-month
      clinical study. Intraoral safety, extrinsic tooth stain and plaque accumulation
      scores were determined on 119 healthy adult subjects at baseline and at 30-, 60-
      and 90-day intervals following use of Peroxyl or placebo formulations in
      combination with the Peridex product. Subjects were randomly assigned to two
      groups. The test group used the chlorhexidine mouthrinse plus Peroxyl mouthrinse,
      while the control group used the chlorhexidine mouthrinse plus a placebo
      mouthrinse. All participants were given an oral prophylaxis prior to use of the
      mouthrinses. The assigned mouthrinse combinations were used by 58 test and 61
      control subjects, who followed specific toothbrushing and mouthrinse regimens
      throughout the three-month period. Both the examiner and the subjects were
      unaware of the identities of the products tested. Use of Peroxyl mouthrinse
      significantly reduced extrinsic tooth stain produced by chlorhexidine rinsing.
      The mean stain scores for all teeth were significantly lower for the
      Peroxyl/chlorhexidine group, at 60 and 90 days of use, compared to the
      placebo/chlorhexidine group. At all three time points, the mean stain scores of
      the anterior teeth of the individuals using Peroxyl/chlorhexidine rinses had
      significantly less stain compared to the placebo/chlorhexidine rinse group means.
      No intraoral soft tissue side effects, attributed to product use, were observed
      or reported throughout the study.

PMID- 1812909
TI  - A two-phase clinical efficacy study of Plax prebrushing rinse.

PMID- 1812910
TI  - Reactivity of fluoride dentifrices with artificial caries. III. Quantitative
      aspects of acquired acid resistance (AAR): F uptake, retention, surface hardening
      and remineralization.
AB  - A pH cycling remineralization/dimineralization model has been used to compare
      remineralization and acid resistance benefits provided by commercial MFP and NaF
      dentifrices. Test results show that fluoride dentifrice systems were effective in
      enhancing lesion remineralization and providing acquired acid resistance (AAR) to
      carious lesions, with AAR benefits considerably greater in magnitude. Fluoride
      uptake into the carious lesions was associated with remineralization and AAR
      benefits. Dentifrices containing the highest levels of soluble ionic fluoride
      were found most effective in this protocol with MFP dentifrices showing
      significantly less activity. MFP dentifrice efficacy was enhanced slightly in
      calcium abrasives. The enhanced activity could be explained by increased levels
      of background ionic fluoride in the formulations. In contrast to the latter
      effects, a dual-active NaF+MFP dentifrice in a calcium abrasive system exhibited
      decreased efficacy relative to a silica abrasive formulation due to
      incompatibility of free fluoride ion. Comparison of analytical techniques for
      measurement of AAR in shallow lesions demonstrates that surface microhardness
      methods match radiographic measures and are thus adequate for ICT measurement of
      cariogenicity and F remineralization.

PMID- 1812911
TI  - Development of a system to assess visible and hidden gingival recession.
AB  - The accurate assessment of gingival recession is important because of soft tissue
      deterioration and/or the state of soft tissue health. While recession of the
      gingival margin is a common and important symptom of periodontal disease, it also
      refers to the location of the gingiva and not to its condition. Recession can
      occur at all tooth surfaces. This paper describes a new system designed to
      measure two parameters of gingival recession. One parameter of recession is
      visible above the gumline to an observer, while another parameter is hidden by
      the gingiva itself. Visible recession is the shift of the marginal gingiva to a
      position apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Hidden recession is obscured by
      gingiva and can be assessed by measuring from the free gingival margin to the
      level of epithelial attachment. The system developed here differs from the
      current indices commonly used for gingival recession, since it combines both the
      visual portion with the hidden portion of recession for a total score. The
      assessment method is similar to the calculus scoring procedure of Volpe and
      Manhold and is called the Gingival Recession Total (GRT) scoring system.

PMID- 1812912
TI  - The association between supragingival [correction of subgingival] calculus
      deposits and the extent of gingival recession in a sample of Thai children and
      teenagers.
AB  - A survey was performed on a sample of children and teenagers in Thailand. The
      sample consisted of 260 subjects ages 10-17 years. Assessments of the prevalence
      and amount of supragingival calculus (Volpe-Manhold) on the facial and lingual
      surfaces of the six mandibular anterior teeth were recorded. All subjects then
      received a thorough whole mouth prophylaxis. Two weeks later they were reexamined
      for gingival recession using the Gingival Recession Total (GRT) scoring system on
      the same six mandibular anterior teeth. For the analysis, the calculus scores
      were used to categorize the subjects as having slight, medium, or heavy calculus.
      Using the GRT scores, the same subjects were then categorized as having mild,
      moderate or extensive gingival recession. The categories of both calculus level
      and gingival recession level were statistically assessed using the Chi-square
      distribution and a significant difference was found indicating that the amount of
      calculus was related to total gingival recession. Subjects with slight calculus
      had more mild recession whereas medium or heavy calculus formers had more
      moderate or extensive total gingival recession scores.

PMID- 1812913
TI  - Structures of 3 beta-tetrahydropyranyloxy-5 alpha-cholesta-20(21),24-diene and 3
      beta-tetrahydropyranyloxy-21-nor-5 alpha-ergost-24-en-20-one.
AB  - 3 beta-Tetrahydropyranyloxy-5 alpha-cholesta-20(21),24-diene: C32H52O2, Mr =
      468.77, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 6.710 (4), b = 11.361 (4), c = 37.812
      (11) A, V = 2882 (2) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.08 g cm-3, lambda(Cu K alpha) = 1.54178 A,
      mu = 4.60 cm-1, F(000) = 1040, T = 224 K, final R = 0.088 for 1729 unique
      observed reflections. 3 beta-Tetrahydropyranyloxy-21-nor-5 alpha-ergost- 24-en-20
      one: C32H52O3, Mr = 484.77, triclinic, P1, a = 6.640 (2), b = 9.589 (2), c =
      12.202 (3) A, alpha = 111.33 (2), beta = 101.22, gamma = 90.27 (2) degrees, V =
      707.4 (3) A3, Z = 1, Dx = 1.14 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71069 A, mu = 0.8
      cm-1, F(000) = 268, T = 225 K, final R = 0.058 for 2208 unique observed
      reflections. The configuration at C(17) of these synthetic sterol derivatives,
      which had been uncertain, is unambiguously established to be 'normal' (possessing
      a 17 alpha-H).

PMID- 1812914
TI  - Structure of 8-(2,6-dideoxy-beta-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-
      hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one sesquihydrate, aciculatin.
AB  - C22H22O8.1.5H2O, Mr = 441.4, monoclinic, I2, a = 21.037 (7), b = 7.371 (2), c =
      27.512 (4) A, beta = 100.34 (2) degrees, V = 4196.8 (8) A3, Z = 8, Dx = 1.397 g
      cm-3, lambda (Mo K alpha) = 0.71073 A, mu = 1.029 cm-1, F(000) = 1864, T = 295 K,
      final R (on F) = 0.058 for 2113 observed reflections with I greater than or equal
      to 2 sigma (I). Aciculatin crystallizes as a sesquihydrate with two independent
      molecules per asymmetric unit. The 2,6-dideoxy-beta-ribo-hexopyranosyl ring is
      linked to C8 of the flavone through a beta-C-glycosidic bond. Intramolecular
      hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydroxyl and ketonic O atoms of the flavone
      ring system.

PMID- 1812915
TI  - Structure of a lactone, 2,4,6-trideoxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-7-O-
      (phenylmethyl)-L-glycero-D-manno-heptono-1,5-lactone 3-(3,5-dinitrobenzoate).
AB  - C26H28N2O10, Mr = 528.5, triclinic, P1, a = 9.524 (1), b = 11.8187 (8), c =
      12.615 (1) A, alpha = 66.512 (7), beta = 83.321 (9), gamma = 88.758 (8) degrees,
      V = 1293.0 (4) A3, Dx = 1.357 g cm-3, Z = 2, lambda(Cu K alpha) = 1.54178 A, mu =
      8.99 cm-1, F(000) = 556, T = 293 K, final R = 0.039, wR = 0.048 for 2425
      reflections with I greater than 3 sigma(I). The tetra-substituted valerolactone
      ring has a boat conformation and the relative stereochemistries of the three
      pairs of adjacent substituents are cis-trans-trans.

PMID- 1812916
TI  - Bhaskar offers home care tips for the perio disease patient.

PMID- 1812917
TI  - Tiny still video camera makes imaging a snap.

PMID- 1812918
TI  - Overcoming the complexity of impression materials: Part 2. An interview with Alan
      A. Boghosian, DDS.

PMID- 1812919
TI  - Developing an implant practice: the auxiliary role--Part 1.

PMID- 1812920
TI  - An aesthetic resin-porcelain technique.

PMID- 1812921
TI  - Odontophilately makes an interesting hobby.

PMID- 1812922
TI  - Computerizing your office the easy (or at least easier) way.

PMID- 1812923
TI  - Exodontia simplified: an interview with Dr. Matthias Hourigan. Part two.
      Interview by Dr. Hugh F. Doherty CFP.

PMID- 1812925
TI  - Orthodontics in six weeks.

PMID- 1812924
TI  - Where is the pocket? Pocket depth vs. clinical attachment level.

PMID- 1812926
TI  - Laser research shows promise for future applications.

PMID- 1812928
TI  - The patient-driven practice.

PMID- 1812929
TI  - Plasma surgery system puts high energy under control.

PMID- 1812927
TI  - Artificial intelligence or incompetence?

PMID- 1812930
TI  - Five ways to reduce stress.

PMID- 1812931
TI  - Stress control in the dental environment.

PMID- 1812933
TI  - Antibodies against the common polysaccharide and protein protective antigens of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal blood donors.
AB  - Screening of normal plasma obtained from 172 blood donors from the Helsinki area
      and from 46 blood donors from the Moscow area was performed in order to reveal
      'natural' antibodies to the common polysaccharide (rhamnan) and protein antigens
      of P. aeruginosa. Antibodies were detected by ELISA. Among blood donors from the
      Helsinki area high titres of antibodies to the protein antigens were detected in
      42 active blood donors (24.4%) and very high titres in nine (5.3%) highly-active
      blood donors, whereas in the Moscow area in 15 (34.9%) and in one case (2.3%),
      respectively. Antibodies to the common polysaccharide antigen were determined in
      the Helsinki area in 23 active blood donors (13.4%) and in one (0.5%) highly
      active blood donor, whereas in the Moscow area in four active blood donors
      (8.6%). The plasma contained both polysaccharide and anti-protein antibodies. The
      level of antibodies to the polysaccharide antigen was lower than the level of
      antibodies to the protein antigens. There was no statistically significant
      difference between the corresponding values of blood donor groups from the
      Helsinki and Moscow areas.

PMID- 1812932
TI  - Adjuvant effects of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, complete Freund's
      adjuvant and aluminium hydroxide on neutralizing antibody, antibody-isotype and
      delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to Semliki Forest virus in mice.
AB  - Outbred mice were inoculated subcutaneously with inactivated Semliki Forest virus
      (SFV) in saline and combinations of the virus with complete Freund's adjuvant
      (CFA) aluminium hydroxide (Al) and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA).
      The immune response was evaluated for delayed-type hypersensitivity, for total
      ELISA antibodies and antibody-isotypes and for neutralizing antibodies. DDA was
      the most efficient adjuvant in inducing DTH, CFA the second and Al induced a DTH
      response that was only slightly higher (statistically not significant) than that
      induced by the inactivated virus without adjuvants. All adjuvants enhanced the
      production of ELISA antibodies to similar levels. However, the levels of
      neutralizing antibodies induced were low in mice which were inoculated with the
      inactivated SFV alone or mixtures of the virus with Al. DDA induced high levels
      of neutralizing antibodies and CFA induced intermediate levels. The pattern of
      antibody-isotypes induced by DDA and CFA was different from the pattern induced
      by the inactivated virus or by the virus mixed with Al: DDA and CFA induced low
      amounts of IgG1 antibodies and relatively higher amounts of IgG2a and IgG2b
      antibodies while the inactivated virus and the mixture of the virus with Al
      induced higher proportions of IgG1 antibodies. In sera from convalescent mice the
      majority of antibody activity resided in the IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulin
      subclasses, while IgG1 antibodies were undetectable.

PMID- 1812934
TI  - The influence of oestrone on the production of tumour necrosis factor by human
      peripheral blood adherent cells.
AB  - Human peripheral blood adherent cells (PBAC) incubated with oestrone in high
      concentration (10(-5) M) release, on exposure to bacterial endotoxin, an amount
      of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) greater than do cells incubated without the
      steroid. The finding may imply a non-endocrine hormonal process leading to
      heightened local TNF responses. This may be the basis of endotoxin
      hypersensitivity in pregnancy.

PMID- 1812935
TI  - Opsonic effect of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of
      virulent and attenuated strains of Candida albicans by human neutrophils.
AB  - In the presence of autologous complement, maximal phagocytosis of Candida
      albicans blastospores of both a virulent and attenuated strain by human
      neutrophils in a monolayer assay was achieved after 30 min. The proportion of
      phagocytes containing intracellular blastospores was 33-36% with an average of
      1.5 blastospores per phagocyte. In contrast to the attenuated strain of C.
      albicans, the virulent strain resisted opsonization by C-reactive protein (CRP)
      and of those blastospores ingested, only 8% were killed. These findings support
      the concept that CRP may play a protective role in candidosis independent of
      complement. The fate of strains of different virulence may be a result of
      differences in CRP receptors or killing mechanisms.

PMID- 1812936
TI  - Preliminary studies on the use of MRI in the diagnosis of TMJ disc displacement.
AB  - The temporomandibular joints of seven patients exhibiting clinical signs and
      symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were scanned using a 0.3T magnetic resonance system.
      Images were obtained with the mandible in open and closed positions. Patients
      were also scanned wearing a maxillary occlusal splint. Images obtained showed
      varying degrees of disc displacement and pathological changes in the joint
      depending on the severity of the clinical symptoms presented. In all patients,
      splints were shown to distract the joint slightly and place the condyle, disc and
      fossa in a more favourable relationship.

PMID- 1812937
TI  - The biology of the hard and soft tissues around endosseous implant materials.

PMID- 1812938
TI  - Tooth colour selection: the application of colour science to dental colour
      matching.
AB  - Existing dental shade guides are not arranged logically or scientifically and do
      not even correspond to measured tooth colour. Shade guides of all dental
      restorative materials are based on the long established porcelain shade guides
      which evolved to represent the available shades of porcelain teeth. The shades
      developed by a process of popular selection by which shades perceived to be
      nearer tooth colour were added and the least popular eliminated. This concept has
      not changed since the introduction of porcelain over two hundred years ago. The
      approach presented is fundamentally different with the colours evolved from
      measured tooth colour. By applying colour science a system for colour selection
      is developed specifically for tooth colour. Existing methods and problems are
      evaluated and the difficulties of colour matching quantified. A tooth colour
      order system is developed resulting in the construction of a tooth colour atlas
      assembled for easy use offering the accurate measurement of tooth colour and the
      potential of perfect colour matching.

PMID- 1812939
TI  - Composite colour matching: the development and evaluation of a restorative colour
      matching system.
AB  - A previous paper reported the construction of a tooth colour atlas. This was used
      to carry out an extensive measurement and classification of tooth colour. The
      distribution data obtained showed that 80 percent of tooth colour was
      concentrated in a central hue band of tooth colour space. Utilising the "blending
      effect" of composite resin restorations the colour samples could be restricted to
      this narrow band. A modification of the tooth colour atlas producing a simplified
      nine colour guide for composite resins was proposed and theoretically this new
      colour system would achieve approximately ninety-five percent undetectable colour
      matching. This paper explains the development of the colour guide and reports on
      two clinical trials to determine the validity of the theoretical conclusions.

PMID- 1812940
TI  - Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction syndrome: a
      retrospective study of one hundred patients.
AB  - A retrospective serial study was carried out on one hundred randomly selected
      temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction syndrome (TMJMPDS) patients who
      had attended a private prosthodontic practice over an eight year period. The
      study looked at common signs, symptoms and referral patterns in this group and
      compared them with those quoted in a large section of the literature on the
      subject.

PMID- 1812941
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) gene expression: downmodulation by
      sequence elements downstream of the transcriptional initiation site.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) gene expression is downmodulated by
      sequence elements downstream of the transcriptional initiation site,
      corresponding to the U5 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) and further
      downstream. This repression appeared to be related more to the length of the
      sequence intervening the transcriptional initiation site and the coding region
      than to a particular sequence content. The repressive effect of the downstream
      segment was not affected by HIV-2 and HIV-1 TAT or by the cytomegalovirus
      transactivator IE-2 gene. Nor was it affected by T-cell activation signals or by
      such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
      interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), and interferon-alpha (IFN alpha). In contrast to
      HIV-1, HIV-2 LTR-directed gene expression was not modulated by TNF-alpha. A
      specific sequence element, located downstream of the TAR element in the R region,
      seemed to participate in modulation of gene expression. This element interacted
      with a nuclear protein with a mobility of about 26 kD. The repressive effect of
      the downstream sequence was to a certain extent cell type dependent, suggesting
      the involvement of cell type-specific factors. It was more effective in human
      lymphocytic CEM cells than in Jurkat cells. This may be relevant to the HIV-2
      cell tropism (replication), latency, and virulence.

PMID- 1812942
TI  - The HIV-1 nef protein does not have guanine nucleotide binding, GTPase, or
      autophosphorylating activities.
AB  - Recombinant HIV-1 Nef proteins with either thr-15 or ala-15 have been constructed
      and expressed in the T7 bacterial system. From the soluble portion of bacterial
      lysates both Nef(thr-15) and Nef(ala-15) have been purified to near homogeneity
      through 6 nondenaturing chromatographic steps in the presence of MgCl2. Neither
      purified proteins display the previously reported GTP binding activity.
      Additionally Nef(thr-15) does not have autophosphorylating activity with either
      [gamma-32P]GTP or [gamma-32P]ATP. Although GTPase activity is present in the
      preparations of Nef proteins, it does not increase during purification and is
      attributed to bacterial contaminations.

PMID- 1812943
TI  - TIBO R82913, a new HIV-1 inhibiting agent, does not inhibit hematopoietic
      progenitor cells.
AB  - In progressive stages of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV
      1), the majority of patients develop a pathophysiologically not yet completely
      explainable bone marrow failure with anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
      The clinically most widely used HIV-inhibiting antiviral drugs azidothymidine
      (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddI) frequently are hematotoxic to the host, resulting
      in dose reduction or discontinuation of antiviral therapy. In recent studies, a
      novel series of benzodiazepine derivatives highly active against HIV-1 was
      synthesized. These antiviral compounds have a much more favorable therapeutical
      index than the well-known 2'3'-dideoxyribosides, like AZT. In the experiments
      presented here, the authors investigated the most promising derivative R82913
      [(+)-S-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-9-chloro-5-methyl- 6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-imidazo[4,5,1
      jk] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione] (TIBO) with regard to its toxicity on bone
      marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells from six HIV-1+ and HIV- persons,
      respectively. In methylcellulose assays for hematopoietic colony growth any
      hematotoxic effects of R82913 in vitro were excluded, as both groups showed no
      difference of progenitor cell growth with or without the TIBO derivative, even at
      concentrations 6.7 x 10(4) times higher than the 50% inhibitory concentration for
      cytopathicity by HIV-1.

PMID- 1812944
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM): treatment
      with an anabolic steroid danazol.
AB  - Tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy is a progressive
      spastic disorder associated with the human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Some
      cases have responded to prednisone. Danazol is an attenuated androgen with
      minimal virilizing effects. It is used in the treatment of endometriosis and
      various autoimmune hematologic diseases shown to be responsive to prednisone.
      Because danazol is anabolic, useful in prednisone-responsive diseases, and less
      toxic than prednisone, we gave danazol to 6 patients with TSP and 1 with HIV,
      HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Five patients had a favorable response. Two became
      ambulatory after having been confined to a wheelchair. Three were able to
      ambulate greater distances (in walkers) than prior to danazol. Three had
      noticeable decreases in spasticity. Urinary incontinence resolved in two.
      Physical therapy was variably employed in all except one patient. Two patients
      who had not responded to physical therapy responded to physical therapy and
      danazol. One patient did not tolerate danazol and one patient did not improve.
      Toxicities noted were mild elevations in liver enzymes in 4 patients; these
      responded to a decrease in dose of danazol; amenorrhea in one and mild fluid
      retention in one. We conclude that danazol is a useful agent in the management of
      TSP.

PMID- 1812945
TI  - Role of viral strains and host genes in determining levels of immune complexes in
      a model system: implications for HIV infection.
AB  - Virus-antibody immune complexes form during infection with most RNA and DNA
      viruses, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet a subset of
      individuals so infected apparently does not mount such responses. To understand
      the principles involved, we studied the formation and deposition of virus
      antibody immune complexes in the circulation in a model system utilizing mice
      persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Although
      mice of several genetic haplotypes could be persistently infected with LCMV,
      mount anti-LCMV antibody responses, and form immune complexes levels varied among
      murine strains. Earlier, genetic analysis of high and low immune complex formers,
      their F1 crosses, and appropriately selected recombinant inbred strains located
      the ability to mount heightened immune responses in genes within the MHC.
      Further, variations among LCMV strains in the capacity to incite high levels of
      immune complex formation were found. Persistent infection with LCMV Armstrong
      (ARM) strain was associated with high levels of complexes in the circulation and
      marked deposits in the glomeruli of high-responder SWR/J mice. In contrast,
      persistent infection of SWR/J mice with LCMV Traub strain led to very low levels
      of circulating complexes and minimal immune complex deposition in tissues. The
      amount of virus carried during both infections was roughly equivalent indicating
      that the genetics of both the host and the virus play essential roles in whether
      or not immune complexes develop. Antibody responses in SWR/J mice persistently
      infected with LCMV ARM were 5- to 10-fold higher than responses of age- and sex
      matched mice infected with LCMV Traub.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812946
TI  - Prevention of HIV infection by passive immunization with HIV immunoglobulin.
AB  - The use of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune globulin (HIVIG) in
      prevention of HIV infection in chimpanzees was investigated in the hope of
      ultimate application to interruption of vertical transmission. In previous
      experiments, no protection was observed when relatively high challenge doses were
      used. This study shows that HIVIG protected against a challenge dose (10 CID50)
      tenfold lower than that used previously. The protected animal remained free of
      HIV infection as determined by cocultivation and by polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR), and did not mount a primary immune response detectable by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and neutralization assays. These results imply that
      HIV vaccines should induce neutralizing antibody and may not need to induce cell
      mediated immunity in order to be protective against exposure to HIV. They also
      provide an experimental basis for the conduct of clinical trials to evaluate
      prevention of maternal-infant transmission by HIVIG.

PMID- 1812948
TI  - Sinusitis and its effect on the oral cavity.

PMID- 1812947
TI  - Analysis of the V3 loop in neutralization-resistant human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 variants by direct solid-phase DNA sequencing.
AB  - To study the molecular basis for the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV-1) variants with reduced sensitivity to neutralization by autologous
      sera, the DNA sequence of the envelope V3 loop was determined in HIV-1 isolates
      derived from four patients with primary HIV-1 infection and sequentially
      thereafter. The gene fragment encoding the V3 loop of gp120 was amplified by a
      nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently sequenced by a novel
      solid phase DNA sequencing approach allowing direct sequencing of the viral
      genome without the need for previous cloning. The results show that all patients
      have HIV-1 with unique primary sequence of the V3 loop and antibodies to this
      structure are produced at seroconversion. The structural analysis also
      demonstrates that the mechanism for virus escape from neutralization in vivo is
      complex. Thus, in one patient the emergence of neutralization-resistant viruses
      coincided with the introduction of several amino acid changes in the V3 loop,
      while in two other patients the V3 loop remained completely unchanged. These
      findings suggest that an understanding of the interaction between the humoral
      immune response and HIV-1 may require detailed structural studies of the entire
      envelope.

PMID- 1812949
TI  - The stability of expansion of mandibular arch dimensions.

PMID- 1812950
TI  - Lessons learned from productive staff meetings.

PMID- 1812951
TI  - A regime for TMJ therapy.

PMID- 1812952
TI  - Education of one's own patients an important basic step.

PMID- 1812953
TI  - Florida's noncompetition statute: a brief history.

PMID- 1812954
TI  - Stereoselective accumulation of the beta-receptor blocking drug atenolol by human
      platelets.
AB  - We have studied the stereochemistry of accumulation of the hydrophilic beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist rac-atenolol by human platelets in vitro. The
      accumulation was slow, not reaching equilibrium until 90 min at 37 degrees C. The
      uptake was temperature dependent with the accumulation at 37 degrees C being 3-4
      times greater than at 4 degrees C. The accumulation was also stereoselective at
      37 degrees C, favoring the active (-)-enantiomer over the (+)-enantiomer by 2.3
      fold. Reserpine, but not desipramine, inhibited the platelet accumulation of rac
      atenolol enantiospecifically. This uptake profile is different from the platelet
      uptake of lipophilic beta-blockers, which is characterized by nonspecific
      membrane binding, but similar to the carrier-mediated accumulation of the
      neurotransmitter norepinephrine by storage granules within the platelet.

PMID- 1812955
TI  - Stereoselective inhibition of diphenylhydantoin metabolism by p-hydroxyphenyl
      phenylhydantoin enantiomers in rats.
AB  - Different doses of rac-p-HPPH (0.4 and 4 mg/h) were given repeatedly to rats
      infused with [14C]phenytoin. The serum levels of 14C-labeled and unlabeled p
      HPPH, and [14C]phenytoin were measured by an HPLC method and radiometric
      analysis. The clearance of phenytoin and p-HPPH was determined by rate of dosing
      divided by the steady-state concentration. The phenytoin clearance was
      significantly lower in the high dose p-HPPH injection group than in the low dose
      group (87 versus 262 ml/h), whereas p-HPPH clearance showed no difference. The
      formation clearance of [14C]p-HPPH was also significantly lower in rats injected
      with high dose of p-HPPH (35 versus 169 ml/h). The clearance of other elimination
      pathways was also lower in rats with high dose of p-HPPH (53 versus 89 ml/h). The
      serum protein binding of phenytoin was lower in rats injected with high dose of p
      HPPH. The result indicated that injections of rac-p-HPPH mainly inhibited on the
      formation of p-HPPH itself. The formation of (R)-p-HPPH and (S)-p-HPPH in
      microsomal preparation was measured by a ligand-exchange chromatographic method.
      The formation of (S)-p-HPPH or (R)-p-HPPH was not only inhibited by the
      enantiomer itself, but also cross-inhibited by the other enantiomer. To the
      formation of either (S)-p-HPPH or (R)-p-HPPH, (S)-p-HPPH showed a higher
      inhibitory activity. The use of rac-p-HPPH to inhibit phenytoin metabolism in
      vivo involved several mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1812956
TI  - Plasma protein binding of ketoprofen enantiomers in man: method development and
      its application.
AB  - The protein binding of ketoprofen enantiomers was investigated in human plasma at
      physiological pH and temperature by ultrafiltration. 14C-labelled (RS)-ketoprofen
      was synthesized and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and
      utilized as a means of quantifying the unbound species. In vitro studies were
      conducted with plasma obtained from six healthy volunteers. The plasma was spiked
      with (R)-ketoprofen alone, (S)-ketoprofen alone, and (RS)-ketoprofen in the
      enantiomeric concentration range of 1.0 to 19.0 micrograms/ml. The plasma protein
      binding of ketoprofen was nonenantioselective. At a racemic drug concentration of
      2.0 micrograms/ml the mean (+/- SD) percentage unbound of (R)-ketoprofen was 0.80
      (+/- 0.15)%. The corresponding value for (S)-ketoprofen, 0.78 (+/- 0.18)%, was
      not statistically different (P greater than 0.05). At this racemic drug
      concentration (2.0 micrograms/ml) the percentage unbound of each enantiomer was
      unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the presence of the glucuronoconjugates of
      ketoprofen (10 micrograms/ml) in plasma. At clinically relevant concentrations,
      the plasma binding of ketoprofen did not exhibit enantioselectivity or
      concentration dependence nor was the binding of either enantiomer influenced by
      its optical antipode (P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 1812958
TI  - The kinetics of diastereomeric amino acids with o-phthaldialdehyde.
AB  - The kinetics of the reaction of the amino acid epimers L-isoleucine, D-allo
      isoleucine, L-threonine, and D-allo-threonine with o-phthaldialdehyde and
      mercaptoethanol were determined at 25 degrees C. L-Isoleucine reacts faster than
      its D-epimer whereas L-threonine reacts slightly slower than its D-epimer. In the
      case of isoleucine, the consequence can be an allo/iso ratio which in the worst
      case is 25% too low if these amino acids are quantified by liquid chromatography
      and o-phthaldialdehyde fluorescence detection. The effect on dating of fossils by
      amino acid racemization is discussed.

PMID- 1812957
TI  - Enantiomeric analysis of terfenadine in rat plasma by HPLC.
AB  - Enantiomeric pairs of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine and its carboxylic acid
      derivative were directly separated by HPLC using an ovomucoid protein column.
      Absolute configurations of terfenadine enantiomers were assigned by comparing
      their circular dichroism spectra with those of 1-phenyl-1-butanol enantiomers of
      known absolute stereochemistry. Terfenadine and its major carboxylic acid
      metabolite extracted from blood plasma following an oral administration of a
      racemic terfenadine to rats were found to be enriched in the (S)- and (R)
      enantiomers, respectively. The results indicated that the (R)-enantiomer of an
      orally administered racemic terfenadine was preferentially oxidized in rats to
      form a carboxylic acid metabolite enriched in the (R)-enantiomer.

PMID- 1812959
TI  - Chiral resolution of alpha,alpha'-bis[3-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p
      xylene, a novel antiplatelet compound.
AB  - alpha,alpha'-Bis[3-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p-xylene dihydrobromide, a
      novel antiplatelet agent, was resolved into three isomers A, B, and C, on a
      chiral alpha 1-acid glycoprotein analytical column using a mobile phase of 0.025
      M phosphate buffer containing 0.025 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, at a
      pH of 6.5. The effect of molarity, temperature, pH, flow rate, and organic
      modifiers on the enantioselectivity was examined. Based on circular dichroic
      spectra at 220 nm, A and C appear to be the (-)- and (+)-enantiomers,
      respectively, and B the meso diastereomer. Attempts at resolution using Pirkle
      type columns gave unsatisfactory results. It appears that both hydrophobic and
      polar interactions between the compound and the stationary phase are important
      determinants of resolution.

PMID- 1812960
TI  - Public policy implications of scientific research: the human genome initiative
      and the future of insurance.

PMID- 1812961
TI  - Doing the B-cell rag. B cell development sponsored by the European Network of
      Immunology Institutes (ENII), Turku, Finland, June 8-9, 1991.

PMID- 1812962
TI  - Proteins in photosynthesis: when molecular genetics extends biophysical
      knowledge. The molecular biology of the photosynthetic apparatus a Jacques Monod
      conference sponsored by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
      Roscoff, France, June 24-28, 1991.

PMID- 1812963
TI  - Man versus pathogen: can we talk? Molecular cross-talk between epithelial cells
      and pathogenic microorganisms sponsored by the American Society for Cell Biology
      and the European Molecular Biology Organization, Arolla, Switzerland, August 18
      23, 1991.

PMID- 1812964
TI  - Bypass of a primase requirement for bacteriophage T4 DNA replication in vivo by a
      recombination enzyme, endonuclease VII.
AB  - A primase, the product of phage T4 gene 61, is required to initiate synthesis of
      Okazaki pieces and to allow bidirectional replication from several T4 origins.
      However, primase-defective T4 gene 61 mutants are viable. In these mutants,
      leading-strand DNA synthesis starts at the same time as in wild type infections,
      but, in contrast to wild type, initiation is unidirectional and the first
      replicative intermediates are large displacement loops. Rapid double-strand DNA
      replication occurs later after infection, generating multiple branched
      concatemers, which are cut and packaged into viable progeny particles, as in wild
      type T4. Evidence is presented that this late double-strand DNA replication
      requires functional endonuclease VII (endo VII), the product of the T4 gene 49.
      We propose that endo VII can provide a backup mechanism when primase is
      defective, because it cuts recombinational junctions, generating 3' ends. These
      ends can prime DNA synthesis to copy the DNA strands that had been displaced
      during the initial origin-dependent replication. We explain the DNA-delay
      phenotype and the commonly observed temperature dependence of DNA replication in
      primase-deficient gene 61 mutants as a consequence of temperature-dependent
      translational control of gene 49 expression. In the presence or absence of
      functional primase endo VII is essential for correct packaging of DNA. The
      powerful selection that keeps the function of endo VII and expression of its gene
      at levels that are optimal for T4 development determines both the efficiency and
      the limitations of the bypass mechanism.

PMID- 1812965
TI  - The cytoplasmic tail of CD4 targets chimeric molecules to a degradative pathway.
AB  - Many different cell surface receptors undergo endocytosis via coated pits. Once
      having entered the cell, the receptors are sorted into diverse pathways. Which
      path a given receptor will follow is determined by signals inherent in the
      receptor's structure. The nature of these structural features is not yet known.
      In this study, we have taken the approach of constructing chimeric molecules to
      localize the domain of the T-cell surface molecule CD4 which is responsible for
      targeting it for degradation. Chimeric molecules bearing the cytoplasmic domain
      of CD4 and the extracellular domain of either the low-density lipoprotein
      receptor or a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule were both
      internalized in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and were subsequently
      degraded, indicating that the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 contains all the
      information required for both processes. The ability to modulate the level of MHC
      class I molecules on the cell surface offers an approach to investigating
      quantitative aspects of antigen presentation, the initial possibilities of which
      are explored herein.

PMID- 1812966
TI  - Dental caries and dental anomalies in children treated by chemotherapy for
      malignant disease: a study in the north of England.
AB  - Fifty-two children in remission from childhood cancer and 41 siblings underwent a
      full clinical and radiographic dental examination. All the children had received
      chemotherapy. The leukaemic patients had received radiotherapy also, but not
      involving the jaws. There was no significant difference in dental caries
      experience between the treated children and the siblings, but significantly more
      dental anomalies were detected radiographically in the treated group.

PMID- 1812967
TI  - Gingival health associated with porcelain veneers on maxillary incisors.
AB  - The possible detrimental effect of acid-etched resin-bonded prostheses and
      porcelain veneers on plaque accumulation and gingival health is currently
      disputed. Some workers recommend no tooth preparation prior to veneering whilst
      others recommend tooth preparation to prevent adverse gingival soft tissue
      reactions. In order to test the possible gingival effects of veneers placed
      without tooth preparation, this study was set up to compare gingival health on
      veneered and non-veneered maxillary incisors within the same individual during
      periods of normal tooth cleaning and of no tooth cleaning. No significant
      differences were noted in plaque or gingival indices, or in gingival crevicular
      fluid volume, between the 72 veneered and non-veneered sites during either study
      period. The results of this study suggest that placing porcelain veneers on
      unprepared teeth does not increase the risk of gingivitis.

PMID- 1812968
TI  - Bottled drinking waters: are the fluoride concentrations shown on the labels
      accurate?
AB  - The fluoride concentration of 17 bottled waters was measured and compared to the
      concentration of fluoride reported on the label of each product. There was a
      great variation in fluoride concentration between the products, ranging from very
      low in distilled waters to over 4 ppm in a mineral water. The fluoride
      concentration in seven of the products was more than 0.1 ppm higher than shown on
      the labels, and the concentration in two of the products was more than 0.1 ppm
      lower. Due to the high content of fluoride, some of these waters are unacceptable
      for a child's diet. Conversely, some products contain insignificant amounts of
      fluoride which may deprive the child of the optimal daily fluoride requirement.

PMID- 1812969
TI  - Evaluation of students' performance in obtaining local anaesthesia in children.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the success of various local anaesthesia
      techniques as assessed by the presence or absence of pain during restorative
      procedures performed by senior undergraduate dental students in a pedodontic
      clinic. Data gathered from the treatment of 151 patients by 43 students recorded
      the frequency of pain complaints during procedures for which local anaesthesia
      had been employed. It was found that 73% of the administrations were successful.
      The proportion of children who complained of pain during the operative procedure
      was significantly higher in those with a previous history of a painful dental
      experience.

PMID- 1812970
TI  - Dilaceration of a primary tooth.
AB  - A case is presented in which a non-vital maxillary primary incisor failed to
      resorb, its root apex appeared in the labial sulcus and further investigation
      showed it to be dilacerated.

PMID- 1812971
TI  - A case of bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors.
AB  - A case is described in which bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors
      were found in a 9-year-old boy. The occurrence has been reported previously of
      bilateral supplemental maxillary lateral incisors but not of central incisors.

PMID- 1812972
TI  - Traumatic herniation of the buccal fat pad into the oral cavity.
AB  - A case is described of traumatic herniation of the buccal pad of fat intraorally
      in a 4-year-old boy, which presented as a soft pedunculated swelling projecting
      from the buccal mucosa at occlusal level. The herniated fat was removed under
      general anaesthesia. The aetiology and treatment of the condition are discussed.

PMID- 1812973
TI  - Metabolic development of the small intestinal mucosa in rodents.

PMID- 1812974
TI  - Possible mechanisms of oxygen sensing in the pulmonary circulation.
AB  - Oxygen tension is known to control the pulmonary vascular tone. We reviewed three
      hypotheses that try to explain the mechanism whereby hypoxia is sensed in the
      lung tissue. The first hypothesis concerns the role of the oxygen binding
      hemoprotein cytochrome P-450. Studies using various inhibitors and activators of
      cytochrome P-450 show that this enzyme affects pulmonary vascular tone. The data
      are, however, contradictory. The second hypothesis postulates that hypoxia
      reduces the synthesis of vasodilator oxygen radicals in the lung. This hypothesis
      is quite well supported by experimental data. The third hypothesis, similarly
      widely documented, states that slowing of the respiratory chain and altered
      cellular energetics is crucial for sensing of hypoxia. In this case, however, it
      is not exactly clear how changes in cellular energetics are connected with
      vascular tone. The possibility exists that changes in both the cytochrome P-450
      activity and in the rate of electrons flow in the respiratory chain may alter the
      amount of oxygen radicals in the cells and, similarly as in the "oxygen radicals"
      hypothesis, govern calcium channels through the control of the redox status of
      these channels.

PMID- 1812975
TI  - Haemodynamics in the first seconds after coronary artery occlusion.
AB  - The changes in cardiac and in total haemodynamics, occurring during the first
      seconds of occlusion and the subsequent desocclusion of coronary arteries were
      studied on 28 dogs. The most intensive changes were observed after the trunk
      occlusion of the left coronary artery. Simultaneously with decreasing blood
      inflow into the myocardium its contractility and the systolic pressure in the
      left ventricle and the outflow from the coronary sinus began to fall rapidly. The
      systolic pressure in the left ventricle decreased within the first 10 s from 24
      to 13-15 kPa (180 to 100-110 mm Hg), which means that the systolic pressure fell
      about 1 kPa (7-8 mm Hg) per second, or 0.5-0.6 kPa (4-5 mm Hg) per systole. At
      the same time the end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle also increased
      from zero to 3-4 kPa (25-30 mm Hg). After the trunk desocclusion of the left
      coronary artery the systolic pressure in the left ventricle proceeded to fall by
      about 2-3 kPa (15-22 mm Hg). Only then, 20-25 s after the desocclusion, blood
      flow in the left coronary artery began to rise intensively and 4-6 s later the
      myocardial contractility and the systolic pressure in the left ventricle also
      increased. After unclamping (50-60 s), there was an overshoot of haemodynamic
      values above preocclusive values and then followed the compensatory phase. This
      phase lasted 80-90 s and on its peak the pressure and flow parameters increased
      by about 50-60% above preocclusive values. During the occlusion of ramus
      interventricularis anterior or ramus circumflexus for 30-60 s the haemodynamic
      parameters changed only slightly. The same was observed during trunk occlusion of
      the right coronary artery (30-60 s), but in that case many extrasystoles
      occurred.

PMID- 1812976
TI  - The in vivo effects of culture medium. I. Radioprotective effects of vitamins,
      amino acids and inorganic salts of culture medium in mice.
AB  - It has been shown that pretreatment of mice with a five-fold condensed culture
      medium before irradiation increased the number of multipotential haemopoietic
      stem cells in the spleen. The degree of cyto- and radioprotection is dependent on
      both the time of administration and the dose of the culture medium. The
      administration of culture medium in twofold doses in a volume of 1 ml
      intraperitoneally 18 h and 8 h before irradiation with a dose of 9 Gy protected
      95% of C57Bl/6 mice. On the other hand, no therapeutic effect of different doses
      of the culture medium was found. Our observation suggests that the culture medium
      can mediate a radioprotective effect. The possible mechanisms participating in
      this effect are discussed.

PMID- 1812977
TI  - The in vivo effects of a culture medium. II. Influence of culture medium
      administered prior to irradiation on hemopoietic recovery of gamma-irradiated
      mice.
AB  - The culture medium administered to C57Bl/6 mice 18 h and 8 h before a single
      irradiation (9 Gy) had a radioprotective effect and clearly influenced
      postirradiation changes in haemopoiesis. Haemopoiesis recovery appeared to be
      faster in culture medium-pretreated animals than in those irradiated without such
      pretreatment. By 12-15 days after irradiation, the thymus cortex appeared to be
      repaired, on day 21 a multiple increase in extramedullary erythropoiesis,
      myelopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in the red pulp was found and later, on day
      28, the lymphopoiesis in the white pulp of spleen was restored. The rate of
      haemopoiesis proliferation of predominantly myeloid cells which reached a control
      level on day 28 following irradiation. Consequently, the regenerative processes
      in blood-forming organs were accompanied by considerable reticulocytosis and
      complete recovery of neutrophil and platelet counts in the peripheral blood as
      seen on day 21. Despite a slower rate complete recovery of the total leukocyte
      count was reached by day 180 after irradiation.

PMID- 1812978
TI  - Molecular forms of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase and their changes following
      septal lesions in the rat.
AB  - Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity and its molecular forms, extracted by
      Triton X-100 and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were studied in
      the rat hippocampus following septal lesions. Detection of acetylcholinesterase
      was made densitometrically. While the total activity of acetylcholinesterase was
      decreased, its molecular forms exhibited a different pattern of changes: the
      heavy forms were decreased, while the light ones were increased. The results
      support the view that different acetylcholinesterase molecular forms serve
      different regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 1812979
TI  - Interaction of kainic acid with Na(+)-dependent glutamate binding and uptake in
      the cerebral cortex of the developing mouse.
AB  - The effect of kainic acid, a structural analogue and specific agonist of
      glutamate, was studied on the Na(+)-dependent binding and uptake of this amino
      acid in cerebral cortex preparations from 7-day-old and 30-day-old mice. The
      specific binding of glutamate to a crude synaptic membrane fraction and uptake
      into cortical slices increased several fold during this period. Kainic acid (0.5
      mM or 5 mM) significantly reduced glutamate binding and this effect was more
      pronounced in membrane fractions from older animals. In contrast to this, the
      inhibitory action of kainic acid on glutamate uptake was twofold more potent in 7
      day-old mice. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the relationship
      between the Na(+)-dependent binding of glutamate and its uptake.

PMID- 1812980
TI  - The effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on renal and adrenal weight increase
      in mice.
AB  - The mouse kidneys are enlarged after the administration of thyroxine and this
      influence is not mediated through androgens. The administration of thyroxine
      increased the weight of the adrenals and the level of plasma corticosterone.
      Besides the direct effect of the thyroid hormones on the kidney, our findings
      indicate that the excess of triiodothyronine and thyroxine stimulates the
      activity of adrenals indirectly and evokes hyperadrenocorticism which could be
      related to the action of adrenal steroids on kidney function and kidney growth.
      In accordance with the above mentioned hypothesis it has been shown that
      aminoglutethimide, a potent blocker of adrenal steroidogenesis, decreases the
      level of plasma corticosterone and inhibits the enlargement of the kidney in
      hyperthyroid mice in spite of the high serum thyroxine values.

PMID- 1812981
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine on ulcer formation by indomethacin in histamine- and
      insulin-stimulated rats.
AB  - The effect of chlorpromazine on ulcer formation by indomethacin and on total
      gastric secretion and gastric acid secretion was studied in rats. Secretion and
      ulceration were evaluated under basal conditions and after the administration of
      histamine or insulin, i.e. substances stimulating gastric acid secretion. The
      authors confirmed that chlorpromazine inhibits basal secretion and found that it
      also inhibits histamine- and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion, in correlation
      to the dose. It also strongly inhibits the formation of stomach lesions caused by
      indomethacin under basal conditions and after pretreatment with histamine (3 and
      10 mg/kg) and insulin (0.3 IU/kg). Chlorpromazine did not inhibit lesions formed
      after combining indomethacin with insulin in a dose of 3 IU/kg. The results show
      that although chlorpromazine inhibits both basal and centrally or peripherally
      stimulated gastric secretion, its effect on stomach lesions caused by
      indomethacin is not uniform. Pretreatment with insulin in a dose of 3 IU/kg
      demonstrates that indomethacin-induced stomach lesions are markedly potentiated
      by this dose of insulin and are not dependent on gastric secretion only. The
      inability of chlorpromazine to inhibit these lesions gives the evidence that
      other--probably central--mechanisms play a role in their development.

PMID- 1812982
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ortho-I-hippurate in the blood and central lymph of the rat.
AB  - The authors studied ortho-I-hippurate kinetics in the blood and central lymph in
      two groups of intact rats and three groups of animals with induced pathological
      states (cirrhosis, uraemia, malabsorption). A differentiated lipid concentration
      in the central lymph was induced in intact animals by depriving them of food (the
      unfed group) or allowing them food (the fed group) before the experiment. All the
      hippurate kinetic parameters, including lymphatic bioavailability (FL), in the
      fed group were very close to those in the unfed group, which was also used as the
      control for the groups with induced pathological states. Cirrhosis, uraemia and
      malabsorption altered the blood and lymphatic kinetic parameters in many cases,
      but the changes mostly followed a parallel course so that FL was maintained
      (except in the uraemia group, in which it fell).

PMID- 1812983
TI  - Computer-aided physiology (teaching, learning and research).

PMID- 1812984
TI  - Stereospecific gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay of the chiral
      labetalol metabolite 3-amino-1-phenylbutane.
AB  - We previously identified 3-amino-1-phenylbutane (APB) as an oxidative N
      dealkylated, metabolite of the antihypertensive agent labetalol. Labetalol has
      two asymmetric centers and is used clinically as a mixture of the four possible
      stereoisomers; APB has one asymmetric center. We now report an enantiospecific
      gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for APB in urine. After adding the
      internal standard 1-methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine and alkalinizing, the urine
      samples were extracted with ether. The extracts were derivatized with the
      optically active acid chloride prepared from (S)-alpha-methoxy-alpha
      trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid. The derivatives were separated by capillary gas
      chromatography and detected by electron capture negative ion chemical ionization
      mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. The derivative of the R
      enantiomer eluted first, and the [M--32]- ions were monitored for both the drug
      and the internal standard. The method was linear in the 0.05-2.5 micrograms
      enantiomer-1 ml-1 range and had inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of
      variation of less than 6%. The assay was used in the analysis of urine samples
      from a patient in labetalol therapy and no interference was found. Further
      studies are needed to elucidate the oxidative metabolism of labetalol and its
      stereochemical aspects.

PMID- 1812985
TI  - Conformation and quantification of chloramphenicol in cow's urine, muscle and
      eggs by electron capture negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - A method is described for the determination of residues of the antibiotic
      chloramphenicol in biological samples. The method is based on gas
      chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and uses
      (37Cl2)chloramphenicol as internal standard. Selective ion monitoring of four
      analyte-specific ions enables the determination of chloramphenicol levels in
      urine of 3 micrograms l-1 with a coefficient of variation of 8%. The limit of
      detection of the method is 0.1 p.p.b. for urine, muscle and egg.

PMID- 1812986
TI  - Determination of nitecapone and (13C6)nitecapone in human plasma by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method is developed and validated for
      simultaneous determination of nitecapone and its 13C6-labelled analogue in human
      plasma using (2H6,13C6)nitecapone as internal standard. The method involves
      extraction of the analytes from plasma to ethyl acetate-hexane mixture (20:80)
      and conversion to bis(trimethylsilyl) ethers prior to determination by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. The
      quantification range is 0.5-2000 ng ml-1. Precision ranges from 11.3%
      (coefficient of variation) at low levels to 2.4% at high levels. Recovery is
      about 50% in the whole range. The method is applied to a pharmacokinetic study
      where nitecapone diluted with 14C-labelled nitecapone is given intravenously
      concomitantly with an oral dose of (13C6)nitecapone.

PMID- 1812987
TI  - Evaluation of (13C)ethanol incorporation into very-low-density lipoprotein
      triglycerides using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupling.
AB  - Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) coupling was used to
      evaluate (13C)ethanol incorporation into plasmatic very-low-density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) triglycerides of three healthy human volunteers. After the perfusion of
      13C-enriched alcohol, VLDL triglyceride fractions were extracted from plasma
      samples and prepared for the analysis of (13C)fatty acid methyl esters. The
      GC/IRMS coupling line, the analytical procedure and the data collection are
      described. The results show that ethanol itself may be used as a substrate for
      lipogenesis, though to a small extent: less than 10% of VLDL triglycerides may be
      derived from this metabolic pathway. Ethanol incorporates predominantly into
      myristic and palmitic acid. The small amount of sample material required for
      analysis, which minimizes the amount of isotope-labelled substrate required,
      makes this technique a valuable tool for metabolic investigations in human
      subjects.

PMID- 1812988
TI  - Coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment for higher-molecular-weight
      peptides: comparison with static fast atom bombardment and electrospray
      ionization.
AB  - A comparison of coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment (FAB) with static
      FAB and with electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of 'high'-mass
      peptides (Mr = 3000-4000) is presented. Sensitivities of the peptides by coaxial
      continuous flow FAB is nearly an order of magnitude better than by static FAB.
      Single-scan spectra with good signal-to-noise can be obtained from as little as
      200 fmol (by flow injection analysis). Detection limits by ESI mass spectrometry
      were found to be equivalent to 20 times higher than by coaxial continuous flow
      FAB on a per mole basis, but 4-20 times lower on a concentration basis, owing to
      the greater flow per unit time employed in the ESI mass spectrometric
      experiments.

PMID- 1812989
TI  - Confirmation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline residues in
      milk by particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method using particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was
      developed for the confirmation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and
      chlortetracycline residues in bovine milk. This method is one of the first to
      apply particle beam technology to the confirmation of animal drug residues in
      food products for regulatory purposes. The milk is centrifuged, using molecular
      weight cut-off filters to remove components of 25,000 daltons and above from the
      milk. The filtrate is passed through a C-18 sample preparation cartridge which
      retains the tetracyclines. After the columns are washed with water, the
      tetracyclines are eluted with 0.1 M oxalic acid in methanol and concentrated. The
      compounds are separated on a Novapak C-18 column with a methanol-oxalic acid
      acetonitrile mobile phase. Negative chemical ionization with selective ion
      monitoring is used to identify the tetracyclines. The procedure was used to
      confirm the presence of each tetracycline at 100 ng ml-1 in fortified and
      incurred milk samples.

PMID- 1812990
TI  - Assessing the multimeric states of proteins: studies using laser desorption mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - We have developed a technique which utilizes matrix-assisted laser desorption
      mass spectrometry to study the subunit association of proteins. Aqueous protein
      samples are treated with a dilute solution of glutaraldehyde, a cross-linking
      agent which reacts with free amino groups on proteins. This agent effectively
      traps the multimeric form, preventing it from dissociating in the sample
      preparation and desorption process. Proteins measured include lysozyme, carbonic
      anhydrase, apomyoglobin, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ovine lutropin, yeast
      alcohol dehydrogenase, avidin and pyruvate kinase. Dimeric and tetrameric
      complexes up to 250,000 Da have been measured in this manner.

PMID- 1812991
TI  - Investigations of animal blood samples after fragrance drug inhalation by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry with chemical ionization and selected ion
      monitoring.
AB  - The fragrance compounds linalool (1) and linalyl acetate (2) could be detected,
      identified and quantified (1: 7-9 ng ml-1; and 2: 1-2 ng ml-1 and 4-5 ng ml-1 as
      free linalool) in blood samples after inhalation in animal experiments (mice) by
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with chemical ionization (CI)
      (ammonia); selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode (1: m/z 81, 137 and 154; 2: 47, 57
      and 137) and GC/flame ionization detection (FID). The inhalation of these
      monoterpenes in concentrations of 5 mg l-1 air leads to a significant reduction
      of the motility of the test animals down to 30-40% with respect to the control
      group.

PMID- 1812992
TI  - Antiendothelial cell antibodies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome.
AB  - Antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been detected in 20 out of 30
      patients (67%) with thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Seven
      patients had systemic lupus erythematosus and 13 had the "primary"
      antiphospholipid syndrome. Seven patients had both IgG and IgM AECA, 9 had IgG
      AECA only, and 4 had only IgM AECA. None of 30 control patients with thrombotic
      events not related to antiphospholipid antibodies had a positive titre of AECA (P
      less than 0.001). No correlation between AECA, antinuclear antibodies, anti-dsDNA
      antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies, precipitating antibodies to
      soluble nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens or complement components was found. The
      possible role of these AECA in the pathogenesis of thrombotic events is
      discussed.

PMID- 1812993
TI  - Interleukin-6 production by thyroid epithelial cells. Enhancement by interleukin
      1.
AB  - Interleukin-1 is a potent inhibitor of thyroglobulin and cAMP production in human
      thyroid cells and the inhibitory effect is enhanced by tumor necrosis factor
      alpha and interferon-gamma. In the present study secondary cultures of human
      thyroid cells produced interleukin-6 and the production was significantly
      increased after exposure of the cells to recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and -1
      beta. This increase was dose-dependent and concomitant of the IL-1 induced
      decrease in cAMP and thyroglobulin production. Both tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      and -beta also augmented interleukin-6 production, but less potently than
      interleukin-1. Interferon-gamma did not affect the production of interleukin-6.
      The rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 produced interleukin-6 spontaneously, and the
      production was enhanced after addition of recombinant interleukin-1 beta. A
      pathogenetic role of interleukin-6 in autoimmune thyroid disease is suggested.

PMID- 1812995
TI  - The relationship between insulin autoantibodies and islet cell histology in the
      diabetes prone BB rat.
AB  - The relationship between insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and pancreatic islet cell
      histology was examined in 71 diabetes prone BB rats from the Toronto colony.
      Twenty-seven of the 71 became diabetic and of these, 18 (67%) were IAA positive
      by ELISA. IAA were also detected in 39/44 (89%) which did not develop diabetes,
      but in none of six control animals at 50-140 days of age. All 27 which became
      diabetic showed some evidence of lymphocytic infiltration scored + to ++++
      histometrically and 26/27 evidence of beta cell degranulation. The frequency of
      diabetes increased with both intensity of insulitis and degree of beta cell
      degranulation, but there was no correlation between either and IAA. IAA are a
      marker for the BB strain of Wistar rat, but do not correlate with islet cell
      histology and do not predict clinical diabetes.

PMID- 1812994
TI  - Modulation of pristane-induced arthritis by mycobacterial antigens.
AB  - Several prominent mycobacterial protein antigens involved in antibody and T cell
      responses have been identified as members of highly conserved heat shock protein
      families. In particular, immune responses to the mycobacterial 65 kD heat shock
      protein (hsp65) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases
      both in experimental animal models and in man. Additionally, hsp65 has been shown
      to modulate the course of autoimmune disease in such experimental animal systems.
      In this report, we have examined the synthesis of heat shock proteins by a fast
      growing mycobacterial strain, M. vaccae, in heat stressed cultures and used the
      pristane induced arthritis model to investigate the immunoprophylactic and
      immunotherapeutic potential of heat killed M. vaccae. Heat shock of M. vaccae
      cultures at 48 degrees C demonstrated a 43-fold increase in hsp65 over that
      expressed at 37 degrees C. It is therefore suggested that heat killed M. vaccae
      contains sufficient hsp that can be presented in the context of appropriate
      adjuvant properties for use as an effective immunomodulatory agent. Immunisation
      experiments with M. vaccae revealed that protection or exacerbation of pristane
      induced arthritis was dependent on the dose (given in an oil or aqueous
      suspension), route and time of immunisation. In addition, it was demonstrated
      that the development of arthritis correlated with high levels of agalactosyl IgG
      and that "protected" animals had significantly depressed levels.

PMID- 1812996
TI  - The soluble receptor of interleukin 2 is not a serum marker of the autoimmune
      activity in type I diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In order to determine if soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) was useful as a
      marker in screening for early Type 1 diabetes and in monitoring immunological
      treatment, we assayed serum IL2R levels in 67 controls, 43 patients with newly
      diagnosed diabetes and 28 first degree relatives of diabetic patients (5 subjects
      were islet cell antibody positive). In 23 diabetes, specimens were analysed at 3
      and 6 months after diagnosis whether or not cyclosporin A was administered. Seven
      patients were in a clinical trial using anti IL2R monoclonal antibody and
      cyclosporin A. Since IL2R level in the normal population is elevated in the first
      5 years of life then decreases until adulthood (age:IL2R correlation between 0
      and 15 years: r = -0.42, P less than 0.05), subjects were carefully matched in
      age. In recent onset diabetes, this negative correlation disappeared and IL2R
      levels tended to decrease particularly in younger subjects. In Type 1 prediabetic
      subjects presenting persistent islet-cell antibody serum IL2R was not elevated.
      During immunological treatment of recent onset diabetes, serum IL2R remained
      stable and was not modified by cyclosporin A. As expected IL2R became
      undetectable during treatment with anti IL2R MC Ab. But it rebounded when
      treatment was stopped with no effect on remission. We concluded that IL2R levels
      in Type 1 diabetic patients is not useful in screening autoimmune activity or in
      evaluating the effectiveness of immunosuppressors.

PMID- 1812997
TI  - Cloning and expression of a human thyroglobulin autoantibody.

PMID- 1812998
TI  - Autoantibody formation after bone marrow transplantation: a comparison between
      autologous and allogeneic grafts.
AB  - Various autoantibodies were screened in 11 allogeneic, 14 autologous bone marrow
      transplanted patients and 11 healthy controls. Except anti-mitochondria
      antibodies, autoantibodies were found with similar frequencies after allogeneic
      and autologous transplantation. Moreover, 50% of autoantibodies were already
      present before transplantation. These results suggest that factors other than
      allogeneic reaction could be responsible for autoantibody formation after bone
      marrow transplantation, in particular, pre-graft conditioning treatment and/or
      viral and bacterial infection. Nevertheless, the number of patients with 2 or
      more autoantibodies was significantly higher after allogeneic than after
      autologous grafting (respectively, 82% and 36.7%; p less than 0.05). Forty
      percent of allografted but none of autografted patients were still positive at 12
      months post graft. So, allogeneic reaction could play a role in intensity of
      humoral response and its maintenance for a long period.

PMID- 1812999
TI  - Reproductive physiology: recent advances of clinical interest.
AB  - Several new developments in the field of reproductive endocrinology were
      published in 1990. Research on inhibin and related peptides appears to be
      particularly active and developments in this area may provide fundamental new
      information for the understanding and treatment of reproductive disorders.
      Exogenous androgens were found to be useful as a pharmacologic form of reversible
      male contraception. Interesting new data were also published regarding
      hypothalamic physiology, ovulation induction procedures, and the endocrinology of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 1813000
TI  - Hyperandrogenism: new insights into diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - Many different disease processes can result in a phenotype of hirsutism,
      anovulation, and oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. An important goal of reproductive
      endocrinologists is to identify specific genetic diseases that can produce the
      hyperandrogenic phenotype. Two genetic disorders that can result in the
      hyperandrogenic phenotype are 1) mutations in the 21-hydroxylase gene (adrenal
      hyperplasia), and 2) mutations in the insulin receptor gene (the syndrome of
      hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans). The identification
      of these two genetic causes of hyperandrogenism provides the opportunity to
      investigate new approaches to prenatal diagnosis and therapy, genetic analysis of
      pedigrees, and innovative forms of therapy.

PMID- 1813001
TI  - Polycystic ovary syndrome: evolution of a concept.
AB  - Despite improved diagnostic facilities and advanced in vitro studies, the primary
      causes of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have not been resolved. In
      addition to certain enzyme deficiencies causing a PCOS-like state, current
      evidence indicates altered functions of 5 alpha-reductase and cytochrome P450c17
      alpha in PCOS patients as a group. However, it is not obvious if these are
      primary or secondary to the abnormal hormonal milieu. The relation of insulin
      like growth factors (IGFs) to PCOS is of particular interest in view of the
      occurrence of IGF-II mRNA in the granulosa cells and the ability of IGF-I to
      regulate the granulosa cell and thecal-interstitial cell functions. In obese PCOS
      patients, the levels of sex hormone binding globulin and IGF-binding protein-1
      are subnormal in serum, and fasting increases them. Fasting also suppresses high
      insulin and IGF-I concentrations in the same women. Growth hormone, regulated by
      insulin and probably by IGF-I, appears to be decreased in PCOS patients.
      Follicular growth, characteristically arrested in PCOS, is regulated by growth
      hormone to some extent, and growth hormone treatment has been found to improve
      the ovarian response to gonadotropins in some but not all anovulatory patients.
      In addition to the administration of growth hormone itself, therapeutic measures
      modulating the growth hormone-ovarian axis are being studied. High serum
      luteinizing hormone levels are typical of PCOS. These are often associated with
      infertility and early pregnancy loss. Lowering of the luteinizing hormone levels
      by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue in combination with gonadotropins
      improves the outcome of pregnancies as compared with those achieved by clomiphene
      citrate. The use of the former regimen in PCOS patients may result in ovarian
      hyperstimulation. Ovarian electrocautery has proved to be effective in restoring
      cyclicity of ovarian function with a concomitant fall in luteinizing hormone and
      androgen levels. Interestingly, an increase in serum insulin secretion has been
      noted. It remains to be elucidated if this therapy, followed by decreased
      luteinizing hormone, is effective in reducing the elevated risk of miscarriages
      in women with PCOS.

PMID- 1813002
TI  - Menopause: advanced management strategies.
AB  - Estrogen replacement therapy may offer significant benefits to nearly all
      postmenopausal women, especially those for whom the menopause occurred at an
      early age. Women at high risk for atherosclerosis, or who already have
      cardiovascular disease, may particularly benefit from estrogen use. The increased
      risk for endometrial and breast cancer seen with estrogen replacement therapy is
      low in comparison with its protective effect against cardiovascular disease. For
      women who cannot or choose not to take estrogens, etidronate may be of value in
      preventing osteoporotic fractures. For women many years beyond menopause who
      consume low-calcium diets, calcium supplementation should be recommended.

PMID- 1813003
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists: emerging modification of treatment
      regimens.
AB  - GnRH agonist (GnRHa) medications are now routinely used by gynecologists,
      urologists, medical endocrinologists, and pediatric endocrinologists alike. GnRHa
      are frequently highly effective in diminishing pain derived from endometriotic
      lesions. Current US Food and Drug Administration approval limits GnRHa regimens
      to a 6-month course largely because of concern that the hypoestrogenic state
      invoked by the medication can lead to loss of bone mineral density. Most studies
      on this issue show either a very small diminution of bone density over this
      interval or no detectable changes. The role of GnRHa in shrinking uterine
      fibroids and/or diminishing bleeding, both before and during surgery is much more
      an adjunctive-to-definitive surgical intervention than a free-standing medical
      therapy. Attempts to suppress with GnRHa and co-administer estrogens with
      progestins or progestins alone, either concurrently or sequentially (delayed),
      are now being studied vigorously. The place of GnRHa in medical management of a
      variety of endocrine conditions is no the standard of care.

PMID- 1813004
TI  - Preoperative and postoperative treatment of the gynecologic patient.
AB  - The gynecologic practice has seen an increasing expansion into the field of
      endoscopy, with a marked decrease in postoperative complications. Patients are
      having surgery on an outpatient basis with small incisions, decreased medication
      requirements, and rapid ambulation. However, we must still be prepared to treat
      patients for whom this newer technology is not indicated. With our increasing
      longevity will come an increase in the population of patients who will be at
      increased operative risk. Many recent reports have centered on the need for
      careful patient selection and education, preoperative laboratory and radiologic
      evaluation, and medical prophylaxis. The surgeon must be sure that reasonable low
      risk evaluation and care has been taken preoperatively to avoid intraoperative
      and postoperative morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 1813005
TI  - New anesthetic approaches to gynecologic surgery.
AB  - This review relates how the introduction of the short-acting narcotic alfentanil
      and the short-acting sedative-hypnotic propofol have expanded our capabilities
      both for providing conscious sedation and for administering general anesthesia
      for short surgical procedures. The rapid onset and limited distribution of
      alfentanil enable it to provide intense intraoperative analgesia without
      prolonged respiratory depression. The rapid elimination of propofol permits rapid
      titration to effect and provides recovery times significantly faster than those
      following thiopental. The review then focuses on the combined use of opioids and
      sedatives for conscious sedation. Use of these agents in concert results in
      potentiation of beneficial, as well as untoward, effects. Their use requires
      careful titration and vigilant monitoring.

PMID- 1813006
TI  - Surgery for stress urinary incontinence.
AB  - The literature on the surgery of stress urinary incontinence from November 1989
      to December 1990 is critically reviewed. This period was one of consolidation and
      assessment with surprisingly few reports of the management of complications and
      few reports of long-term follow-up. Retropubic procedures continue to be the
      mainstay of treatment in patients in whom a gynecologic abdominal procedure is
      indicated. For patients who do not require laparotomy, needle suspension
      procedures are increasingly used. The Raz procedure is frequently used for
      patients with type III incontinence. Possible complications of surgical treatment
      include ureteric ligation of kinking and the more serious penetration by suture
      of the bladder or bladder neck. The primary new technique being tested is the use
      of Gax collagen periurethral injection.

PMID- 1813007
TI  - Infertility surgery by laparotomy.
AB  - Infertility surgeons who once exclusively used microsurgical techniques are now
      turning more and more to endoscopy. Although there are still few reports
      comparing laparotomy and endoscopic surgery, many of the series reported on in
      the last year used life-table analysis, which facilitates comparison. Many of the
      reports in the last year examined the efficacy of infertility surgery in women
      over the age of 40. This trend is likely to continue as the reproductive
      population ages. In the future, assisted reproductive technologies will represent
      the greatest challenge to all pelvic reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 1813008
TI  - Repair of genitourinary prolapse in women.
AB  - One hundred thirty-five cases of urogenital prolapse repair are reviewed from the
      literature over a period from October 1989 to July 1990. Different techniques and
      their complications are reviewed and compared. These include colposacropexy and
      sacrospinous ligament fixation with various techniques and materials.
      Recommendations are also made for prevention of failures. The necessity for
      preoperative urodynamic evaluation is discussed with suggestions for proper
      utilization. The data are summarized and critically reviewed, and recommendations
      are made for appropriate selection of technique, with a discussion of advantages,
      disadvantages, and prevention of complications.

PMID- 1813009
TI  - Hysteroscopy.
AB  - This review discusses advances in hysteroscopy in the past decade, including the
      introduction of small-caliber endoscopes, microhysteroscopy, the flexible
      steerable hysteroscope, and the use of video systems in monitoring hysteroscopic
      evaluations. Media for uterine distension are reviewed and possible complications
      of the use of dextran 70 are discussed. Hysteroscopy is superior to curettage for
      evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding. Hysteroscopy can be used as an adjunct to
      hysterosalpingography, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy in evaluating
      infertility, and in detecting and treating intrauterine adhesions. The method has
      also been applied to the division of uterine septa, the removal of submucous
      leiomyomas, and tubal cannulation both for treating tubal obstruction at the
      cornual areas and in conjunction with new reproductive technologies. The use of
      the microcolpohysteroscope to tailor the size and extension of a cervical
      conization is described. Finally, hysteroscopy permits evaluation of the
      extension and involvement of the endocervical canal in patients with endometrial
      neoplasia and offers an important guide in staging and planning treatment for
      this condition.

PMID- 1813010
TI  - Medicosurgical approach to diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Early ectopic pregnancy screening using vaginal ultrasonographic technology
      together with measurement of beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and
      human chorionic somatomammotropin is possible within the first 2 weeks of the
      missing menses, prior to the appearance of symptoms. This article summarizes the
      main available treatment modalities, focusing primarily on the pelviscopic
      surgical tube-conserving approach and on instillation of intrachorionic drugs
      (methotrexate alone or in combination with ornipressin) and injection of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha. While the pelviscopic surgical approach can be applied in
      nearly all cases of ectopic pregnancy, irrespective of pregnancy duration, the
      pelviscopic medicosurgical approach is only appropriate for the treatment of
      early ectopic pregnancies until the 8th week of gestation in patients without
      fluid collection in the pouch of Douglas and beta-hCG values below 2000 mU/mL.
      The transvaginal intrachorionic drug instillation as a simple medicosurgical
      approach performed under ultrasonographic guidance without anesthesia remains
      restricted to the treatment of early viable ectopic pregnancy. A brief account of
      the expectant treatment of patients with nonviable ectopic pregnancy is given,
      underlining the prerequisites of decreasing beta-hCG values and the absence of
      fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Although spontaneous resorptions have been
      observed in a number of cases of the disease, no clear evidence is available on
      the reconstitution of tubal function and patency.

PMID- 1813011
TI  - Reproductive endocrinology.

PMID- 1813012
TI  - Gynecologic surgery.

PMID- 1813013
TI  - Effect of rIFN-gamma and IL-2 treatments in mouse and nude rat infections with
      Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - Mice and nude rats lethally infected with T. gondii and treated with recombinant
      rat interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) or recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2) were
      protected against death, when compared with untreated infected controls. In mice
      rIFN-gamma and rIL-2 played an important role in "prophylactic treatment", but
      not in "curative therapy". The survival rate was 42% in mice treated with 3 doses
      of 20,000 U of rIFN-gamma at days -2, -1, 0 before challenge and up to 66% in
      mice treated with 3 doses of 10,000 U of rIFN-gamma at days -2, 0, +2 before and
      after infection. Whereas the survival rate was 33% in mice that received 3 doses
      of 500 U rIL-2 at days -2, -1, 0 before infection, or -2, 0, +2 before and after
      infection respectively, up to 50% of the mice treated with 3 doses of 1,000 U rIL
      2 at days -2, -1, 0 survived. In nude rats rIFN-gamma had a slight effect in
      "prophylactic treatment", whereas rIL-2 was active only in "curative treatment".
      The survival rate was 25% both in nude rats treated with doses of 400,000 U of
      rIFN-gamma at days -3, 0 before challenge, or with doses of 5,000 U of rIL-2 at
      days +2, +6, +9 after infection. These results lead us to hypothesise that the
      mechanism by which the lymphokine treatment exerts a protective effect on
      Toxoplasma infected mice is different from that on nu/nu rats. We conclude that
      these cytokines may play a notable role in modulating the host's immune defence
      against T. gondii infection.

PMID- 1813014
TI  - Differential induction of interleukin-6 production in monocytes, endothelial
      cells and smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Studying the production of IL-6 (interleukin-6) by monocytes, endothelial cells
      and smooth muscle cells we observed that cytokine inducers like IL-1, TNF alpha
      (tumor necrosis factor alpha), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), SAC (Staphylococcus
      Aureus Cowan 1) and PMA could be divided roughly into two categories. Bacterial
      products such as LPS or SAC have a potent IL-6 inducing effect on monocytes and
      minor or no effect on endothelial- and smooth muscle cells. The other category
      comprising IL-1, TNF alpha and PMA induces IL-6 production in endothelial- and
      smooth muscle cells. Only IL-1 induces IL-6 production in monocytes as well as in
      endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. In addition to IL-6, also IL-1 and TNF
      alpha are produced by monocytes however with different kinetics. None of the
      stimuli had any inhibitory effect on IL-6 production with the exception of PMA.
      Whereas PMA induced IL-6 production in endothelial cells and it potentiated the
      induction of IL-6 by IL-1 in these cells, it inhibited LPS-stimulated IL-6
      production in monocytes. In line with the effects of PMA, staurosporin induced IL
      6 production in monocytes and it inhibited IL-1 driven IL-6 production by
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 1813015
TI  - Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) after autologous bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT): a pilot study in 19 patients.
AB  - In vivo use of rIL-2 autologous BMT may be the means of reproducing a kind of
      "adoptive immunotherapy" from grafted cells after allogeneic BMT. This approach
      may enhance the spontaneous generation of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells which
      are presumably involved in this immunotherapy. Potential risks of such an
      approach would be to increase the usual toxicity of rIL-2 and to jeopardize the
      hemopoietic reconstitution. To determine the feasibility of this approach we have
      treated 19 poor prognosis patients with a succession of autologous BMT followed
      78 +/- 12 days later by a continuous infusion of rIL-2. Eighteen million
      international units (IU) per m2 per day of Proleukine (CETUS, Amsterdam, The
      Netherlands) were administrated over 6 or 12 days. No patient died of the
      procedure. Clinical toxicity related to rIL-2 was not increased. Hemopoietic
      toxicity, significant both for platelets and granulocytes, was transient. Immune
      stimulation was dramatic for lymphocytes and subpopulations (CD3+ and NK cells)
      and for cytolytic functions (NK and LAK activity). This trial establishes the
      feasibility of administration of high doses of rIL-2, 2 months after autologous
      BMT. In this setting a 6 day period of continuous infusion of 18 million per m2
      per day of Proleukine appears to be a regularly tolerable dosage conducting to a
      major immune activation and invites further studies to determine the clinical
      impact of such an approach.

PMID- 1813016
TI  - Proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes to interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 after
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - Defects in the interleukin-2 (IL-2)-mediated T-lymphocyte
      activation/proliferation pathway have been implicated as contributing to the
      compromised immune function observed in patients following bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT). Since interleukin-4 (IL-4) is also involved in T
      lymphocyte function, we have examined whether phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- or anti
      CD3 (OKT3)-activated lymphocytes obtained from patients after allogeneic or
      autologous BMT are capable of proliferating in response to human recombinant IL
      4, and compared these results to those obtained using human recombinant IL-2.
      Peripheral blood lymphocytes from marrow graft recipients were initially cultured
      for 3 days in the presence of PHA or OKT3. Such mitogen-activated lymphocytes
      exhibited little or no proliferation (as assessed by incorporation of [3H]
      thymidine) following culture for an additional 3 days in the presence of IL-4 or
      IL-2. Results were similar for lymphocytes obtained from patients early (less
      than 4 months) after marrow grafting and those obtained from long-term marrow
      graft recipients with chronic graft-vs-host disease at the time of testing. In
      contrast, lymphocytes obtained from healthy individuals proliferated in response
      to IL-4, as well as to IL-2, following initial activation with PHA or OKT3.
      Immunofluorescence analysis showed that in normals equal numbers of CD4 and CD8
      cells proliferated after stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody and IL-2. However, in
      BMT patients there was a predominant proliferation of CD8 cells using the same
      stimulator. These results indicate that defects in the IL-4-mediated T-lymphocyte
      activation/proliferation pathway may also contribute to the immunodeficiency
      observed following BMT.

PMID- 1813017
TI  - Induction of 2'-5' A synthetase activity and interferon in humans by bacteria
      used in dairy products.
AB  - The production of interferon by fasted human subjects in response to lactic
      bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus was evaluated in
      vivo and in vitro. The 2'-5' A synthetase activity of blood mononuclear cells was
      used to estimate interferon production following a single ingestion of 10(11)
      bacteria in yoghurt or sterile milk (controls). The level of the 2'-5' A
      synthetase of the yoghurt fed subjects was 83% (p = 0.002) higher than that of
      the milk fed controls 24 hours after ingestion. The baseline value remained
      unchanged in the control group. Blood mononuclear cells from a second group of
      subjects, were cultured with lactic bacteria for 48 hours, their cell-free
      supernatants contained gamma interferon. These results suggest that a transient
      production of interferon can be induced in healthy subjects by the lactic
      bacteria used in food processing.

PMID- 1813019
TI  - Structural heterogeneity and functional differentiation: a rationale for
      glycosylation analysis of recombinant therapeutics.
AB  - Many secreted and membrane-bound proteins exhibit microheterogeneity, even after
      purification to 'homogeneity'. Posttranslational processing and modification,
      including glycosylation, often accounts for the observed heterogeneity. While
      microheterogeneity is traditionally viewed as a biochemical nuisance of little or
      no functional significance, the increasing weight of recent evidence suggests
      quite a different perspective: that structural heterogeneity, including
      microheterogeneity, can impart functional differentiation within the population
      and thus represents a sophisticated mechanism of biological control and
      functional diversification. Because of a presumed connection between functional
      attributes and clinical characteristics, this perspective is the fundamental
      rationale for the analysis of the glycosylation of proteins employed as
      therapeutic agents.

PMID- 1813018
TI  - The immune system as a target for chemical toxicity.

PMID- 1813020
TI  - Cell surface carbohydrates in cell adhesion.
AB  - Carbohydrates are ubiquitous constituents of cell surfaces, and possess many
      characteristics that make them ideal candidates for recognition molecules. In
      many systems where cell adhesion plays a critical role, carbohydrate binding
      proteins have been shown to bind to cell surface carbohydrates and participate in
      cell-cell interactions. Such systems include fertilization, development, pathogen
      host recognition and inflammation. In particular the recent discovery of the LEC
      CAMs and their importance in leukocyte biology has refocused attention on lectin
      mediated cell adhesion. The LEC-CAMs offer good targets for the development of
      therapeutics based on carbohydrate structures.

PMID- 1813021
TI  - Molecular cloning, expression, and uses of mammalian glycosyltransferases.
AB  - Lineage specific expression patterns of mammalian oligosaccharides are regulated
      largely by glycosyltransferases. Several distinct glycosyltransferase genes have
      recently been isolated by gene transfer and traditional cloning approaches. These
      each maintain a type II transmembrane topology, that yields a COOH-terminal,
      Golgi-resident catalytic domain. However, significant primary sequence
      similarities between cloned glycosyltransferases have been found only between
      enzymes with substantial functional similarity. These cloned DNA segments, and
      their cognate enzymes, have been used to determine glycosyltransferase expression
      patterns, characterize the molecular basis for mutant glycosyltransferase
      alleles, and identify oligosaccharide ligands for members of the Selectin family
      of cell adhesion molecules. They have also shown promise for use in the
      preparative synthesis of defined oligosaccharide molecules, and for transgenic
      animal approaches designed to explore the function(s) of oligosaccharides in
      mammalian organisms.

PMID- 1813022
TI  - Glycosidase inhibitors as antiviral and/or antitumor agents.
AB  - Glycoprotein processing inhibitors prevent the normal processing of N-linked
      glycoproteins by inhibiting specific glycosidases involved in these reactions.
      Thus, a number of compounds are now known that inhibit alpha-glucosidase I and
      alpha-glucosidase II and therefore prevent the removal of glucoses from the high
      mannose chains. Some of these compounds are more potent inhibitors of one or the
      other of these glucosidases. There are also a number of inhibitors that affect
      one of the processing alpha-mannosidases (i.e. mannosidase I or mannosidase II).
      These compounds; especially the glucosidase inhibitors, have been valuable tools
      to help us understand the role of carbohydrate in viral envelope glycoprotein
      function. Such processing inhibitors have also been used with various tumorigenic
      cell lines to determine the function of N-linked glycoproteins in cancer.

PMID- 1813023
TI  - Synthesis of carbohydrates for applications in glycobiology.
AB  - The current status of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry for the provision of
      biologically active oligosaccharides is summarized. Examples are given to
      demonstrate that synthetic strategy and methodology are now sufficiently
      developed that carbohydrate chains containing 2-6 sugar residues can be
      synthesized with reasonable predictability. Such syntheses, however, remain
      extremely laborious, taking on average 7 weeks per monosaccharide residue for a
      trained individual to complete. The use of glycosyltransferases can dramatically
      speed up this process for the provision of small (mg) quantities of test
      compounds. It is proposed, and supported by examples, that the most rapid and
      efficient manner of preparing such quantities may be to chemically synthesize
      small di- or trisaccharide primers and elaborate these to the required complex
      oligosaccharides enzymatically.

PMID- 1813024
TI  - Network theory of glycosylation--etiologic and pathogenic implications of changes
      in IgG glycoform levels in autoimmunity.
AB  - It is now well established that glycoproteins are populations of individual
      glycoforms. While it has been inferred from in vitro experiments that the
      differential glycosylation of glycoproteins diversifies their function, evidence
      is lacking for such a role in vivo. Alterations in IgG glycosylation in both
      normal and disease states in vivo, however, provide strong evidence that
      glycosylation is not static and may be a highly regulated event. The large amount
      of data correlating disease activity and severity in autoimmune diseases which
      have a strong B cell component with changes in the incidence of IgG glycoforms,
      now suggest that glycoform population shifts may not be just a marker of disease
      activity, but may also contribute directly to disease persistence and
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 1813025
TI  - Protein traffic in intestinal epithelial cells.
AB  - Cell culture systems, in particular Caco-2, and sucrase-isomaltase deficiency in
      humans are attractive models to study exocytic protein traffic in absorptive
      intestinal epithelial cells. Transport from ER to and through the Golgi is
      asynchronous and may depend on protein folding rather than oligomerization.
      Apical and basolateral proteins are sorted both intracellularly and from the
      basolateral membrane. A model is presented for the sorting of apical and
      basolateral proteins. Brush border proteins in lysosomes mainly originate from
      the Golgi and may reflect a regulatory or quality control mechanism. Apical
      transport and transcytosis but not basolateral transport are facilitated by
      microtubules.

PMID- 1813026
TI  - Targeting of membrane and secretory proteins to the apical domain in epithelial
      cells.
AB  - The sorting and delivery of membrane and secretory proteins to the apical domain
      of epithelial cells remain rich fields for investigation. The different classes
      of apical membrane proteins have distinct targeting signals within their
      structure, but most signals have not yet been identified. The single,
      transmembrane proteins have been studied in some detail and their routing to the
      apical surface differs among epithelial cells. This difference can be exploited
      in the search for signals. Additionally, the different secretory responses of
      cells to microtubule disruption may reveal further insights into the dynamics of
      the apical domain.

PMID- 1813027
TI  - Cytoskeleton functions in membrane traffic in polarized epithelial cells.
AB  - The complexity of membrane traffic in polarized epithelial cells between the
      Golgi complex and either the apical or basal-lateral membrane domain, and between
      different membrane domains (transcytosis) requires that vesicles leaving one
      membrane compartment efficiently and rapidly reach their (correct) destination.
      There is increasing evidence that microtubules, actin microfilaments and the
      membrane-cytoskeleton are involved in several aspects of vesicle transport and in
      the regulation of protein distributions in polarized epithelial cells. These
      possible functions are discussed in the context of the development and
      maintenance of cell polarity.

PMID- 1813028
TI  - Endocytosis in polarized cells.
AB  - Recent biochemical and morphological studies using the MDCK cell line have
      provided insights into the organization of the endocytic pathways in an
      epithelial cell. The cytoskeletal organization of these cells has been described
      and evidence for the involvement of microtubules in facilitating endocytic
      traffic has been obtained. The findings with this model system are compared to
      results from in vivo studies of the endocytic pathways from the surface domains
      of specialized epithelial cells and to studies of endocytosis in neurons.

PMID- 1813029
TI  - Relationships between sorting in the exocytic and endocytic pathways of MDCK
      cells.
AB  - Epithelial cells use both the exocytic and endocytic pathways to generate and
      maintain the polarized distribution of membrane proteins. This review summarizes
      current information concerning the general features and functions of the exocytic
      and endocytic pathways in MDCK cells. We analyse the possible implications of
      similarities between signals for endocytosis and determinants for basolateral
      sorting in the TGN. Furthermore, we discuss the fundamental relationships that
      might also exist in the biochemical basis of membrane traffic in the two
      pathways.

PMID- 1813030
TI  - The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor.
AB  - As a model system to study protein traffic in epithelial cells we have used the
      polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. This receptor travels first to the basolateral
      surface where it can bind polymeric IgA or IgM. The receptor is then endocytosed
      and delivered to endosomes. The receptor is sorted into transcytotic vesicles
      which are exocytosed at the apical surface. The 103 amino acid cytoplasmic domain
      of the receptor contains several sorting signals. The 17 residues closest to the
      membrane are an autonomous signal for basolateral sorting. For endocytosis there
      are two signals, both of which contain tyrosines. Finally, transcytosis is
      signaled by serine phosphorylation.

PMID- 1813031
TI  - Advances in cell biology of blood-brain barrier transport.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is present in the brain of all vertebrates, and
      arises from epithelial-like high resistance tight junctions that join virtually
      all capillary endothelium in brain. Recent advances in understanding the cell
      biology of BBB transport are extending prior physiologic models. For example,
      glucose transport through the BBB is mediated by a protein that is expressed by
      the GLUT-1 glucose transporter gene and is asymmetrically localized on lumenal
      and ablumenal membranes of brain endothelium. Other examples of polarized
      function at the BBB include asymmetric distribution of endothelial surface charge
      and ectoenzymes. The tissue-specific gene expression within the brain capillary
      endothelium is believed to be orchestrated by neighboring cells such as
      astrocytes, the foot process of which cover more than 95% of the brain
      microvascular endothelium.

PMID- 1813032
TI  - Steroid receptors in nonmalignant and malignant kidney tissue of patients with
      endemic (Balkan) nephropathy.
AB  - The presence, affinity, binding capacity, structure and function of receptors for
      estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoid (GR) were investigated in 24
      autologous pairs of control and neoplastic kidney tissues of patients with
      endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. In control tissue, all the three steroid receptors
      were absent in 20.8% and present in 25.0% of samples, whereas in malignant
      tissues the percentage of negative samples increased to 37.5% and that of
      positive ones decreased to 20.8%. Ten patients had identical receptors in both,
      control and cancer tissues. Due to malignant transformation nine patients lost
      one or more receptors, while five patients acquired them. Wide ranges of values
      were obtained when evaluating receptor affinity (Kd) and binding capacity (N).
      The structure and function of steroid receptors were investigated by determining
      the sedimentation coefficients (S) of steroid-receptor complexes before and after
      the activation. The unactivated GR-complex (8 S) was detected in two of control
      samples only, whereas in the remaining control tissues, as well as in malignant
      tissues only the activated form (4 S) was found regardless of the activation. PR
      and ER complexes were detected at 4 S region only. These results show that in
      endemic nephropathy the structure of steroid receptors may be altered often in
      both, non malignant and malignant kidney tissue, suggesting that the analysis of
      receptor structure may be worthwhile for the prediction of the success of
      eventual hormone therapy.

PMID- 1813033
TI  - Involvement of the cytoskeleton components in the secretion of luteinization
      stimulator by porcine granulosa cells.
AB  - The involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in the gonadotropic regulation of
      granulosa cell progesterone (P4) and luteinization stimulator (LS) secretion was
      studied. The effect of cytochalasin B (CB) and colchicine (Col) on LS secretion
      was assessed in 4-day culture of porcine granulosa cells isolated from medium and
      large size follicles (MGC+LGC). The amount of LS released into the culture medium
      (CM) was determined by adding this LS-enriched CM to the cultures of granulosa
      cells isolated from small follicles (SGC) and by measuring P4 produced by them.
      Col (0.1 and 100 mumol l-1 and CB 2.0 mumol l-1) inhibited P4 synthesis by SGC.
      The secretion of LS was significantly reduced by Col at both concentrations used,
      but not by CB. These findings indicate specific involvement of microtubules in
      the secretion of luteinization stimulator by granulosa cells.

PMID- 1813034
TI  - The levels of pituitary-testicular axis hormones and SHBG in active acromegaly
      following bromocriptine treatment.
AB  - Pituitary and testicular hormone secretion and sex-hormone binding globulin
      (SHBG) level were investigated in 15 males with active acromegaly in normal and
      hyperprolactinemic state. Basal serum folitropin (FSH) and lutropin (LH) levels
      did not change before and after the administration of bromocriptine and remained
      in normal range compared with those in healthy men. Serum total testosterone
      concentration and SHBG were decreased particularly in hyperprolactinemic
      patients, but their levels were significantly increased to the normal limits
      following bromocriptine application. Although slight changes in serum
      concentration of free testosterone (fT) and circadian rhythm of fT in saliva was
      observed before and following bromocriptine treatment, the statistical
      differences were not significant. The results of the present study suggest that
      in acromegaly the alterations in peripheral metabolism of sexual steroids may
      exist.

PMID- 1813035
TI  - Tamoxifen prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice.
AB  - Bone density and mineral content of the femora were significantly decreased in
      ovariectomized mice compared with intact control animals. Tamoxifen treated
      ovariectomized mice did not develop any decrease either in the bone density or in
      calcium and phosphate content of the femora which were observed in ovariectomized
      mice. In addition, the weight of uterus in tamoxifen treated ovariectomized mice
      was the same as in intact controls. It was concluded that tamoxifen administered
      in vivo prevented the loss of bone mineral and uterus weight in ovariectomized
      mice and thus it showed a true estrogen like action in this respect.

PMID- 1813036
TI  - Age related changes in immunoreactive epidermal growth factor concentrations in
      murine thyroid and submaxillary glands.
AB  - Extracts from the thyroid and submaxillary glands (SMG) of neonatal (7 days),
      adult (2-3 mo), and senescent (8-10 mo) BALB/c mice were analysed for possible
      age related changes in immunoreactive (IR) mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF)
      concentration. Immunoreactive mEGF was undetected (less than 0.01 ng/mg weight)
      in the SMG of 7 day-old male and female mice but the levels (mean +/- S.E)
      increased to 6.77 +/- 1.27 micrograms/mg (males) and 57.60 +/- 7.12 ng/mg
      (females) at the age of 2-3 mo, and declined significantly to 2.64 +/- 0.34
      micrograms/mg (males) and 26.80 +/- 3.16 ng/mg (females) at the age of 8-10 mo (P
      less than 0.001). In the thyroid, IR-mEGF concentrations (ng/mg weight) were
      similar in 7 day-old (1.27 +/- 0.38 in males and 1.96 +/- 0.61 in females) and in
      2-3 month old mice (2.20 +/- 0.51 in males and 1.50 +/- 0.42 in females) but
      decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in 8-10 month old mice (1.06 +/- 0.21
      in males and 0.54 +/- 0.18 in females). Since the concentration of IR-mEGF in the
      thyroid glands of 7 day-old mice already approached adult levels while none was
      detectable in their SMG, EGF may have a physiological role in thyroid regulation.

PMID- 1813037
TI  - Aesthetics of the single anterior temporary crown.
AB  - Conventional temporary crown materials offer a limited color range that makes it
      difficult to meet the requirements of patients with high aesthetic expectations.
      This article details two methods for achieving optimum aesthetic results during
      the period when the permanent crown is being fabricated.

PMID- 1813038
TI  - In vitro toothbrush abrasion and bond strength of bleached enamel.
AB  - Vital tooth bleaching is experiencing increased usage because of its convenient
      application and effectiveness for lightening teeth and stain removal. The purpose
      of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of bleaching agents on enamel
      toothbrush abrasion and bond strength.

PMID- 1813039
TI  - The frenectomy: a comparison of classic versus laser technique.
AB  - When an abnormal labial frenum causes certain complications, frenectomy should be
      considered. In this article, the indications for frenectomy are outlined,
      classical and laser frenectomy techniques are described, and the advantages and
      disadvantages of both techniques are discussed.

PMID- 1813040
TI  - Immediate implantation after extraction of a horizontally fractured maxillary
      lateral incisor.
AB  - When indicated, osseointegrated implant prosthetics may be placed immediately
      following atraumatic tooth extraction. This article describes the delicate and
      precise surgical and prosthetic disciplines for an immediate extraction and
      implant case.

PMID- 1813041
TI  - Current concepts in irrigation therapy.
AB  - The delivery of chemical agents by subgingival irrigation has become increasingly
      important as an adjunct to mechanical procedures such as scaling and root planing
      in the treatment of gingivitis and early stages of periodontal diseases. This
      article presents the rationale for subgingival irrigation therapy in the dental
      office, and outlines proper irrigation technique as well as treatment planning
      guidelines.

PMID- 1813042
TI  - Periodontal splinting of anterior teeth.
AB  - Periodontal splinting is a misunderstood art form. Although the techniques
      require a high degree of clinical skill and diagnostic expertise, they save a
      significant number of teeth. This article provides step-by-step techniques for
      periodontal splinting using composite, intracoronal wire, extracoronal mesh,
      metal reinforcement and crown and bridge.

PMID- 1813043
TI  - Comparison of aesthetic posterior restorations.
AB  - In the past decade there has been an increased desire by the profession and the
      public for an aesthetic restoration that will restore a posterior tooth to its
      original form and function. The currently available aesthetic posterior
      restoration materials and techniques are porcelain, cast ceramic, direct
      composite, direct-indirect composite, indirect composite, and CAD-CAM
      fabrications. The indications and contraindications of these restorative
      materials and proper diagnosis and case selection are described.

PMID- 1813044
TI  - The challenge of cost restrictions in smile design.
AB  - This article demonstrates a method for smile enhancement involving the familiar
      "gummy" smile as well as irregular incisor gingival emergence levels. In this
      case study, financial considerations limited a comprehensive restorative
      treatment plan, restricting changes to several anterior teeth. Despite the
      restrictions, a solution was found.

PMID- 1813045
TI  - Immediate aesthetic provisionalization for the dental implant patient.
AB  - Providing an acceptable provisional restoration for the patient undergoing tooth
      extraction in conjunction with bone grafting and dental implant treatment can
      present a challenge for the restorative dentist. The unnatural appearance and
      function of the typical temporary is often unacceptable to the patient whose
      treatment requires long-term temporization. This article describes a technique
      for using heat-cured acrylics to provide immediate aesthetics in a provisional
      bridge for such patients.

PMID- 1813046
TI  - Perio-prosthetic rehabilitation of a geminated central incisor.
AB  - The consequences of disregarding the periodontal tissues through improper
      restoration design are illustrated. A geminated central incisor is aesthetically
      restored with a porcelain labial margin ceramometal crown and its normal
      counterpart with a porcelain laminate veneer to equalize proportions of the two
      teeth. Prior to restoration, the perio-prosthetic interdisciplinary approach is
      described in rehabilitation of the damaged periodontal tissues.

PMID- 1813047
TI  - Load transfer to abutment teeth by two non-metal adhesive bridges.
AB  - Recently, two alternatives to the etched metal, Maryland-type bridge have been
      proposed for anterior applications. These are the all-ceramic bridge and the
      composite resin framework, ceramic veneered pontic bridge. Both designs use acid
      etched winged retainers for adhesion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the load transfer to abutment teeth by these two designs using photoelastic
      modeling.

PMID- 1813048
TI  - The processed silicone gingival prosthesis: a simple solution to a complex
      problem.
AB  - The clinical use of a flexible, removable gingival prosthesis that is constructed
      by the dental laboratory on a stone cast to reproduce interdental spaces
      resulting from gingival recession is described. The thin prosthesis replaces lost
      gingival tissue and is retained by extension into interproximal undercuts. It is
      readily removable for convenient home care.

PMID- 1813049
TI  - A functional and aesthetic direct resin technique.
AB  - Placement of composite resins is technique sensitive, requiring strict attention
      to procedural detail in order to achieve a functionally sound restoration. This
      article presents an incremental placement technique which provides a suitable
      alternative to amalgam restorations that is aesthetically consistent with the
      color of tooth structure.

PMID- 1813050
TI  - Control of peri-implant inflammation.
AB  - The long-term success of osseointegrated implants depends on the health and
      integrity of surrounding peri-implant tissues. Proper maintenance around the
      implants is critical, but may be difficult for some patients. An implant system
      that allows for the replacement of the intramobile element and cleaning or
      replacement of the transmucosal implant extension may provide a method of
      ensuring reliable periodontal health.

PMID- 1813051
TI  - Installation of endosseous oral implants with guided tissue regeneration.
AB  - Three case reports demonstrate the principle of guided tissue regeneration for
      increasing alveolar bone around exposed implant threads. In all three cases there
      was regeneration of tissue that had a hard, firm consistency and clinically
      resembled normal bone. A special flap design maximized implant coverage and
      prevented barrier exposure during healing.

PMID- 1813053
TI  - Controlled tissue expansion with guided bone regeneration.
AB  - Guided tissue regeneration techniques are used to create new bone around implant
      defects and to augment edentulous ridges prior to implant placement. A new
      technique, tested successfully in baboons, utilizes soft tissue expanders prior
      to implant placement and tissue regeneration procedures.

PMID- 1813052
TI  - The transitional phases of implant-perio-prostheses with root-form implants.
AB  - The functional, aesthetic and periodontal integrity of any implant reconstruction
      depends on good prosthetic planning. Three clinical concepts used to increase
      control and the predictability of prognosis and outcome are described in this
      article: the use of templates in the early phase of treatment, temporization or
      provisionalization during the second transitional phase, and "jumping" the case
      in the final transitional phase.

PMID- 1813054
TI  - Implant-supported overdenture prostheses.
AB  - Worldwide acceptance of dental implants has led to refinement of clinical
      concepts that allow increased prosthetic longevity and availability to larger
      segments of the general public. Overdenture prostheses are an integral part of
      this current trend, and the principles of their application should be understood
      by all clinicians.

PMID- 1813055
TI  - Cytogenetic studies on a human rectal carcinoma cell line (HR-8348).
AB  - Cytogenetic properties of a human rectal carcinoma cell line (HR-8348)
      established in China are described. The early (29th passage) and late (93rd
      passage) passage cells were used for chromosome analysis. HR-8348 was found to
      have an essentially triploid karyotype. This distribution of chromosome numbers
      was rather dispersed in early passage, whereas it was concentrated in the 65-70
      range in late passage. G-banded karyotype analysis also showed that the numerical
      distribution of chromosomes was dispersed in early passage and was associated
      with more abnormal chromosomes. In late passage, the numerical distribution
      became more stable and the number of abnormal chromosomes was reduced. In 60
      metaphases analyzed, 10 marker chromosomes were found. The frequencies of M1, M2
      and M3 were 100% in both early and late passage cells. The morphological
      characteristics of these marker chromosomes and their possible origin and role in
      the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma are discussed.

PMID- 1813056
TI  - A staging of bone-marrow-derived osteosarcoma of long bones with a 64-case
      analysis.
AB  - According to the natural development of the bone-marrow-derived osteosarcoma
      (BMDOS) of long bones, it was classified into 4 stages. Stage A: The tumor is
      confined within the marrow cavity; stage B: The tumor has perforated the bone
      cortex; stage C: The tumor has involved the contiguous joint cartilage; and stage
      D: The tumor has metastasized to the lung. According to this staging, 64 cases of
      BMDOS of the long bones were investigated and the relationship between staging
      and prognosis, between different kinds of treatment and prognosis, etc. were
      analyzed. This staging of BMDOS of long bones proved to be very significant
      clinically. Only those cases in stage A or B can be expected to survive for 5
      years; and because most of the non-survivors die within 2.5 years after
      treatment, this time is considered a critical period. Tumor involvement of the
      contiguous joint cartilage is also a critical sign. As to prognosis, the stage of
      the tumor is a more accurate indicator than is the method of treatment. And
      finally, the prognosis of patients treated with chemotherapy and amputation was
      generally better than that of patients treated by amputation alone.

PMID- 1813057
TI  - The therapeutic and biological effects of total lymph node irradiation and
      autologous bone marrow infusion on malignant lymphoma patients.
AB  - Forty patients with malignant lymphoma were treated by 60Co total lymphoid
      irradiation (TLI): 21 cases received 6 Gy and 19 received 8 Gy. Ten also received
      autologous bone marrow infusion (ABMI). Acute radiation damage with digestive
      tract reaction and hemopoietic and immunological depression was observed. Bone
      marrow was depressed. WBC and platelets decreased rapidly. Lymphocytes showed
      quantitative and qualitative changes even at the early stage. All these symptoms
      subsided within 40 days. TLI accompanied by irradiation of the tumor site could
      result in effective control. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of malignant
      lymphoma patients were 30/40 (75%), 14/24 (58%) and 4/12 (33%), respectively,
      while in those with Hodgkin's disease alone, the 1- and 3-year survival rates
      were 10/13 (76%) and 5/7 (71.4%), respectively. ABMI hastened hemopoietic
      reconstitution, which recovered relatively quickly after TLI.

PMID- 1813058
TI  - Incidence survey of aplastic anemia in China.
AB  - A nationwide cooperative incidence survey of aplastic anemia (AA) was carried out
      from 1986 to 1988. The cooperative survey network covered 44 investigating areas,
      involving 21 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. More than 52
      million person-years were supervised and 387 new cases identified. The annual
      incidence rate was 0.74/10(5) and the 95% confidence interval of the population
      rate ranged from 0.67/10(5) to 0.82/10(5). The incidence rate of AA in coal mines
      was higher than that in other areas. The incidence rate of chronic aplastic
      anemia (CAA) was 0.60/10(5) and that of acute aplastic anemia (AAA) was
      0.14/10(5). There were incidence peaks of CAA at older ages; at age 50-59 in
      females, but after 60 in males. The incidence rate of CAA in males decreased
      obviously at age 40-49 and that in females rose clearly at age 10-19, while the
      incidence rate of CAA in males was generally higher than that in females.

PMID- 1813059
TI  - Unstable tibio-fibular fractures treated with an external fixator--a clinical
      report of 1033 cases.
AB  - From 1977 to 1987, 1033 cases of unstable tibio-fibular fractures were treated
      with an external fixator designed by the authors. Among them, 232 involved open
      fractures. All of the patients were followed up for 4 to 90 months (average 20
      months). The duration of bed confinement averaged 8.3 days, and the mean time
      necessary for clinical bone union was 54 days. Anatomical or nearly anatomical
      bone apposition was effected in 878 cases (85.0%), functional apposition in 141
      cases (13.6%) and malunion in 14 cases (1.4%). The overall functional results
      were as follows: excellent in 769 cases (74.4%), good in 218 cases (21.1%), fair
      in 32 cases (3.1%), and poor in 14 cases (1.4%). The design of the device and its
      indications are also discussed.

PMID- 1813060
TI  - Induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes in human amnion FL cells and its
      application to the biological detection of mutagens.
AB  - Using AHH, EROD, ECOD and APND as marker enzymes and 3-MC, beta-NF, NE and PB as
      inducers, inducible cytP450 IA and IIB gene expression was demonstrated in the
      human amnion FL cell line; these cells possess a broad spectrum of drug
      metabolizing enzymes. Maximum induction was observed following co-treatment with
      3-MC and NE. Both constitutive and induced AHH were proved to have the
      characteristics of cytP448-dependent mixed-function oxygenases. Induced cytP450
      isozyme activity remained at a high level for 24-36 h after removal of the
      inducer. The induced FL cells were demonstrated to activate common
      promutagens/procarcinogens in UDS and ADPRT-mediated decrease of NAD content
      assay systems. This new design can be used as a simplified mutagen screening
      system: no supplemental liver microsomal activation system is needed.

PMID- 1813061
TI  - Inhibition of HIV replication by baicalin and S. baicalensis extracts in H9 cell
      culture.
AB  - Crude extracts of Scutellia baicalensis and a particular low molecular weight
      substance known as Baicalin were shown to inhibit HIV antigen expression in H9
      cell culture, with 50% inhibitory doses of 0.6 microgram/ml and 3.3
      micrograms/ml, respectively. They also inhibited P24 antigen production in H9
      cells, with IC50's of 1.94 and 4.74 micrograms/ml, respectively. Cytoxicity was
      tested in H9 and HUT78 cells: Both exhibited relatively low levels of cytoxicity.
      These results indicated that S. baicalensis and Baicalin strongly inhibit HIV
      replication in cell culture.

PMID- 1813062
TI  - Progress in studies on the antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity of green tea
      epicatechins.
AB  - An antioxidative fraction was extracted from green tea and the major compounds in
      the fraction identified as epicatechins. Experimental results showed that green
      tea epicatechin compounds (GTEC) inhibited the mutagenicity and/or chromosomal
      damage caused by different carcinogens in both bacterial and mammalian cells. In
      vitro, GTEC inhibited transformation of BALB/3T3 cells induced by BP, X-rays, or
      MCA/TPA. In vivo, green tea extract decreased the incidence of carcinoma in the
      forestomach and esophagus of mice induced by sarcosine and NaNO2. GTEC inhibited
      the development of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci in the livers of
      rats treated with diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) or DEN/phenobarbital. Our
      investigations indicate that the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic mechanisms of
      GTBC are related to the following: increased glutathione-S-transferase activity;
      inhibition of edema, hyperplasia, and ODC activity induced by TPA; free radical
      scavenging; blocked tumor promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular
      communication; and enhanced cell-mediated immunity. GTEC might be useful in the
      prevention of some kinds of cancer and a variety of oxidation-related diseases.

PMID- 1813063
TI  - Anti-PPD antibodies in Chinese Behcet's disease.
AB  - Anti-PPD antibody determinations were carried out by the ELISA method using
      extracted PPD of tubercle bacillus H37RV as the target antigen. The positive
      rates of anti-PPD antibodies in patients with active tuberculosis, inactive
      tuberculosis, Behcet's disease, or non-tubercular disease and in a village
      population were 97.5%, 77.4%, 48.9%, 33.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Although the
      average titer of anti-PPD antibodies in Behcet's disease was lower (2.168 +/-
      0.854) than that in active tuberculosis (3.126 +/- 1.182), it was about the same
      as that in inactive tuberculosis (2.336 +/- 1.250). In comparison with the
      village community population surveyed, the average titer of anti-PPD antibodies
      in Behcet's disease patients was distinctly higher (P less than 0.001). These
      results indicate that tuberculosis may be etiologically related to Behcet's
      disease.

PMID- 1813064
TI  - Esophageal diverticulum associated with carcinoma of the esophagus--a report of
      four cases.
AB  - During a 25-year period, four patients with esophageal diverticulum associated
      with carcinoma of the esophagus underwent surgery. The results were satisfactory.
      The clinical features included a long history of diverticulum and the presence of
      a carcinoma of the esophagus in close proximity to the former. Inflammation
      within the diverticulum and in the mucosa around the diverticulum was noted. The
      closer the diverticulum to the carcinoma, the more severe the inflammation.
      Therefore, diverticulitis and esophagitis may be important factors leading to the
      development of carcinoma of the esophagus, and patients with esophageal
      diverticulum should be followed up regularly and the diverticulum resected as
      early as possible if inflammation within the diverticulum or peri-diverticular
      esophagitis is found.

PMID- 1813065
TI  - A procedure for cosmid library screening with a high density spotted filter.

PMID- 1813067
TI  - Cytosol protein content and prognosis in operable breast cancer. Correlations
      with steroid hormone receptors and other prognostic factors.
AB  - Several biochemical parameters quantitated in tumor cytosols from malignant
      breast tumors have been evaluated as possible prognostic factors. Cytosol protein
      content has always been regarded as a reference parameter, to correct for
      cellularity and representativity of tumor samples. But recent studies have
      suggested an altered protein distribution in malignant tissues. The present study
      on 382 women with histologically proven breast cancer, Stage I and Stage II,
      therefore evaluates whether cytosol protein content by itself may add information
      as a prognostic factor in the clinical management of breast cancer. Cytosol
      protein content was found to be significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) to
      tumor size, and inversely correlated to progesterone receptor (PgR) content (p =
      0.015) and age at operation (p = 0.021). Using the median value of protein (4.15
      mg/ml) as a cut-off value, two groups could be constructed. The number of node
      positive patients in the protein-poor group was significantly decreased (p =
      0.018) compared to the protein-rich group, which also contained a significantly
      (p less than 0.001) lower number of patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive
      tumors (i.e. ER greater than or equal to 10 pmol/g). An increased number of
      events was observed in the protein-rich group (p less than 0.001), with a great
      contribution to the number of deaths due to breast cancer. In a multivariate
      analysis of the likelihood to predict axillary nodal involvement, protein
      category was found to be a significant (p less than 0.031) independent predictive
      factor. As to relapse free survival (RFS), protein category did not reveal any
      prognostic power.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813066
TI  - 3H-thymidine labeling index, hormone receptors, and ploidy in breast cancers from
      elderly patients.
AB  - Breast cancers from 476 elderly patients, 70 years and older, operated on since
      1972, were analyzed for proliferative activity, hormone receptors, and DNA
      content. Tumor proliferative activity, expressed as 3H-thymidine labeling index
      (3H-TdR LI), had a median value of 3.4%, which progressively increased from 1972
      to 1990. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were present respectively in 83% and
      61% of the cases; the positivity for estrogen receptors slightly increased with
      time. Aneuploid clones were detected in 74% of the cases, and this incidence was
      relatively stable during the time of observation. 3H-TdR LI, hormone receptors,
      and ploidy were generally unrelated to the local-regional extension of the
      disease in these elderly patients, in agreement with observations on cancer from
      younger patients. However, the absence of hormone receptors and the presence of
      aneuploidy were markedly indicative of fast cell proliferation. As in younger
      patients, these biologic findings in elderly patients could be considered as a
      complement to clinico-pathologic features in a 'risk-factor profile system' for
      treatment planning.

PMID- 1813068
TI  - Growth factor involvement in the multihormonal regulation of MCF-7 breast cancer
      cell growth in soft agar.
AB  - The hormone dependency of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, while extensively
      tested in liquid culture, has not been previously evaluated under conditions of
      anchorage-independent growth in serum-free media. Using the soft agar clonogenic
      assay, we demonstrate that physiologically relevant concentrations of estradiol
      (E2), progesterone (Pg), and prolactin (PRL) similarly stimulated MCF-7 cell
      colony formation in the absence of serum. Addition of an anti-insulin-like growth
      factor-I (IGF-I) antibody inhibited E2- and Pg-stimulated growth, while PRL
      action was not affected. Similar results were obtained with an anti-IGF-I
      receptor antibody, except that its inhibitory effect on Pg-induced colony
      formation was modest and not statistically significant. Administration of either
      an anti-transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) antibody or an anti
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor antibody similarly inhibited E2-stimulated
      MCF-7 cell growth in soft agar, while neither antibody influenced Pg or PRL
      effects. Addition of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, -beta 3 similarly suppressed MCF-7 cell
      colony formation in a dose dependent manner to a degree comparable to that
      observed with 4-OH-tamoxifen (4-OH-T). Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effect
      of 4-OH-T was completely reversed by an anti-TGF-beta antibody. We conclude that
      IGFs and TGF-alpha are important mediators of E2-stimulated MCF-7 cell growth in
      soft agar. IGFs may also be playing a role in Pg action, while neither growth
      factor is involved in PRL-stimulated colony formation. Finally, TGF-beta appears
      to be an important mediator of antiestrogen-induced inhibition of tumor growth.

PMID- 1813069
TI  - Inhibition of T47D human breast cancer cell growth by the synthetic progestin
      R5020: effects of serum, estradiol, insulin, and EGF.
AB  - The mechanism of the antiproliferative effects of progestins on human breast
      cancer cells is not known. In view of the ability of estrogen to stimulate human
      breast cancer cell production of peptide growth factors, and since previous
      studies have suggested that the inhibitory action of progestins is dependent on
      estrogen-stimulated growth, the present study examined the interaction of growth
      factors and the synthetic progestin R5020 on the proliferation of T47D human
      breast cancer cells. In this study, the concentrations of estradiol, insulin, and
      EGF for optimal stimulation of T47D cell growth in 3% dextran-charcoal treated
      fetal bovine serum (DCC-FBS) were determined to be 1 nM, 100 nM, and 1 nM,
      respectively. Furthermore, incubation with these optimal concentrations of
      estradiol, insulin, and EGF in various combinations produced additive effects on
      T47D cell proliferation, suggesting that these agents act, at least in part, by
      different mechanisms. In contrast, in a chemically defined medium (DM), both
      estradiol and EGF were unable to stimulate T47D cell proliferation. In the case
      of estradiol, the inability to demonstrate stimulation of T47D cell growth in DM
      was not due to down-regulation of the estrogen receptor. R5020 inhibited the
      growth of T47D cells, although its effect was more marked in the presence of 3%
      DCC-FBS than in DM. Stimulation of T47D cell growth by either estradiol or
      insulin in 3% DCC-FBS was effectively inhibited by R5020. In contrast, growth of
      T47D cells stimulated by EGF in the absence of estradiol was not markedly
      inhibited by R5020, the growth being comparable to that of untreated control
      cells. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of R5020 on T47D cell
      proliferation is dominant over the action of some, but not all, breast cancer
      mitogens.

PMID- 1813071
TI  - Student impressions of problem-based learning.
AB  - The student impressions of problem-based learning of the first term's study are
      described. The students worry about their ability to determine what to know and
      to what depth.

PMID- 1813070
TI  - Phase II study of amonafide in advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with advanced breast cancer refractory to prior hormone
      and/or first-line chemotherapy (with or without anthracycline drugs) were treated
      with the investigational agent amonafide at a dose of 800 mg/m2 intravenously
      over 3 hours repeated every 4 weeks. Five objective tumour responses of 5.0
      months' median duration were observed in the 20 patients without previous
      anthracycline exposure, including 1 CR. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting
      toxicity; though it was generally modest with the 800 mg/m2 amonafide starting
      dose, an initial dose reduction should be considered in patients with prior
      radiotherapy and/or bone marrow involvement. Other adverse reactions included
      nausea/vomiting (53%), phlebitis/erythema along the vein injected (7%), and mild
      neurotoxic symptoms during the drug administration such as headache, tinnitus,
      and diaphoresis (21%). Amonafide is an active compound for the treatment of
      patients with advanced breast cancer and should be considered for further
      evaluation and incorporation in combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 1813072
TI  - The history of water fluoridation.
AB  - The positive effects of fluorides on the enamel have been known for a hundred
      years now. The author leads his readers from research to the present use of
      fluoridation in dentistry.

PMID- 1813073
TI  - How to become involved in EDS.
AB  - This article presents ways in which dental students may become involved in EDS.
      It is important that EDS has the support of dental students as it is a Committee
      which works in their interest.

PMID- 1813074
TI  - The "Malmo-model". A new approach to the undergraduate dental education at Lund
      University, Sweden.
AB  - The "Malmo-Model"--a new approach to dental education--is based on four
      principles: Oral Health, Integration, Team-Work and Problem-Based Learning. These
      principles are described and so is the interdisciplinary and interdepartmental
      organization of the curriculum.

PMID- 1813075
TI  - Effect of a single oral dose of metrifonate on human plasma cholinesterase
      levels.

PMID- 1813076
TI  - Effect of sewage pollution on the health status of sewage farm workers.

PMID- 1813077
TI  - Impact of sewage disposal on the hematological and biochemical parameters of
      dairy cows.

PMID- 1813078
TI  - Diminution in phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes of rat lung by
      asbestos: an in vitro study.

PMID- 1813079
TI  - Pathological and biochemical alterations induced by inhalation of furfural vapor
      in rat lung.

PMID- 1813080
TI  - Modulation of microsomal membrane associated detoxication enzymes activity by
      methyl isocyanate (MIC) exposure.

PMID- 1813082
TI  - Detection of biotoxic compounds with the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride seed
      germination test.

PMID- 1813081
TI  - Toxicokinetics of methylmercury and mercuric chloride in mouse embryos in vitro.

PMID- 1813083
TI  - Determination of benzene in wastewater by gas chromatography.

PMID- 1813085
TI  - Fate and interconversion of endosulfan I, II and sulfate on gram crop (Cicer
      arietinum Linn.) in subtropical environment.

PMID- 1813084
TI  - Determination of the total level of nitrosamines in select consumer products in
      Lagos area of Nigeria.

PMID- 1813086
TI  - Orchard dormant sprays and exposure of red-tailed hawks to organophosphates.

PMID- 1813087
TI  - Degradation of dithane M-45 residues in brinjals during cooking.

PMID- 1813088
TI  - Tar loads on Omani beaches.

PMID- 1813089
TI  - Influence of ozonation on the mutagenic activity of benzidine in water.

PMID- 1813090
TI  - Effect of natural levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on methyl mercury
      formation and sediment-water partitioning.

PMID- 1813091
TI  - Inhibition of release of phospholipase A2 from sponge cells (Geodia cydonium) by
      detergent-polluted sea water. A sensitive method to monitor marine pollution.

PMID- 1813092
TI  - Effects of dimethoate on N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7119.

PMID- 1813093
TI  - Chromium uptake by Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden in relation to metal
      chelators and pH.

PMID- 1813094
TI  - Effect of sulphur dioxide exposure on chlorophyll content and nitrogenase
      activity of Vicia faba L. plants.

PMID- 1813095
TI  - Suitability of commercially available spring waters as standard medium for
      culturing Daphnia magna.

PMID- 1813097
TI  - Particle size selection in cadmium uptake by the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta.

PMID- 1813096
TI  - Comparative analysis of aromatic DNA adducts in fish from polluted and unpolluted
      areas by the 32P-postlabeling analysis.

PMID- 1813098
TI  - Karel Styblo: a personal tribute.

PMID- 1813099
TI  - One in three.

PMID- 1813100
TI  - Total synthesis of a disialoganglioside GD1 alpha.

PMID- 1813101
TI  - Intestinal mucin of germ-free rats. Biochemical and electron-microscopic
      characterization.
AB  - Purified germ-free rat intestinal mucin was found by chemical analysis to contain
      25% protein, enriched in serine, threonine, and proline, 75% carbohydrate, and no
      nucleic acid. It was analyzed by darkfield electron microscopy and found to
      consist of long filamentous molecules with a maximum length of approximately 740
      nm, a mean length of 456 nm, and a mean width of 7 nm. Given reasonable
      assumptions derived from earlier work on other well-characterized mucins, the
      molecular weight of the peptide, calculated by the length from electron
      microscopy, was 200,000, and, given the chemical composition, the molecular
      weight of the entire mucin molecule was calculated to be approximately 800,000.

PMID- 1813102
TI  - Synthesis of some 2-O-(2-hydroxyalkyl) and 2-O-(2,3-dihydroxyalkyl) derivatives
      of cyclomaltoheptaose.
AB  - On alkylation of cyclomaltoheptaose with oxiranes, promoted by alkali of low
      concentration, substitution at secondary positions, particularly at O-2, is
      favoured. The reaction has been used to prepare the 2-O-[(R)- and (S)-2
      hydroxypropyl], 2-O-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl), 2-O-[(R)- and (S)-2,3
      dihydroxypropyl], and 2-O-[(R)- and (S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylpropyl]
      derivatives. Each of these derivatives is less soluble in water than
      cyclomaltoheptaose, and their complexes with toluene, in contrast to that of
      cyclomaltoheptaose, are well soluble in water.

PMID- 1813103
TI  - Regioselective enzymic deacetylation of octa-O-acetylsucrose: preparation of
      hepta-O-acetylsucroses.
AB  - Deacetylation of octa-O-acetylsucrose (1) with Alcalase or protease N gave the
      2,3,4,6,3',4',6'-hepta-acetate (2) as the initial major product with the
      2,3,4,6,3',4'-hexa-acetate (3) as the subsequent main product. The
      2,3,4,1',3',4',6'-hepta-acetate (5) was obtained from 1 by the action of lipase
      OF or lipase AP6, and the 2,3,4,6,1',3',6'-(4) and 2,3,4,6,1',3',4'-hepta-acetate
      (7) by the action of Candida lipase and chymotrypsin, respectively. The
      2,3,6,1',3',4',6'-hepta-acetate (6) was formed from 5 by acyl migration.

PMID- 1813104
TI  - Preparation of 2-, 3-, and 4-deoxy derivatives of L-rhamnose, and derivatives of
      2-azido-2-deoxy-L-rhamnose and 2,6-dideoxy-2-fluoro-L-glucose, for use in
      glycosylation reactions.

PMID- 1813105
TI  - Studies of an acidic polysaccharide from Encephalartos friderici guilielmi.

PMID- 1813106
TI  - Structure of the major exopolysaccharide produced by Azotobacter beijerinckii B
      1615.
AB  - A. beijerinckii strain B-1615 produced two acidic exopolysaccharides in the ratio
      approximately 9:1. The minor polysaccharide contained mannuronic and guluronic
      acids in the ratio 2.3:1 and is a bacterial alginate. The major polysaccharide
      consisted of D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and pyruvic acid in the ratios 2:1:1 and
      was acetylated. On the basis of methylation analysis, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r.
      spectroscopy of the polysaccharide before and after removal of the pyruvic acid
      residues and O-deacetylation, it was concluded that the major polysaccharide had
      the structure [formula; see text] with up to 1.5 OAc groups per repeating unit.

PMID- 1813107
TI  - Structure of the capsular polysaccharide (K98 antigen) of E. coli O7:K98:H6.
AB  - The capsular polysaccharide (K98 antigen) of E. coli O7:K98:H6 contains rhamnose,
      glucuronic acid, and acetate in the molar ratios 3:1:0.6. Methylation analysis,
      oligosaccharide analysis, and 1D- and 2D-n.m.r. spectroscopy revealed the
      polysaccharide to be a glucuronic acid-substituted rhamnan with the structure
      [formula; see text] Of the 3-linked rhamnose residues, approximately 60% are O
      acetylated at position 2.

PMID- 1813108
TI  - 13C-n.m.r. structural study on an enteric pharmaceutical coating cellulose
      derivative having ether and ester substituents.

PMID- 1813109
TI  - The action of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) on 1-(4,6-O-isopropylidene
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidines, a one-pot synthesis of 2,2'-anhydro-1-(3-deoxy
      3-fluoro-4,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D- altropyranosyl)pyrimidines.

PMID- 1813111
TI  - Hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of alpha,beta-panose.
AB  - The crystal structure of panose, O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----6)-O-alpha-D
      glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-gl ucose, C18H32O16, has been refined using low
      temperature, 123 K, CuK alpha X-ray data. Difference syntheses and least-squares
      refinement showed a 16% substitution of alpha-panose by the beta anomer. All the
      hydrogen atoms were located on difference synthesis with the exception of one
      attached to the low occupancy (beta) O-1". The final R-factor was 0.036 for 2135
      observed structure amplitudes. The molecular conformation is stabilized by two
      interresidue intramolecular hydrogen bonds. All the hydroxyls and glycosidic
      oxygen atoms are involved in the hydrogen bonding, which is a two-dimensional
      network formed from finite and infinite chains.

PMID- 1813110
TI  - Crystal structure of 2-O-[(S)-2-hydroxypropyl]cyclomaltoheptaose.
AB  - 2-O-[(S)-2-Hydroxypropyl]cyclomaltoheptaose crystallises in the monoclinic space
      group P2(1) with unit-cell dimensions a = 15.072(1), b = 10.409(1), c = 20.623(2)
      A, and beta = 108.52(1) degrees. The structure was solved by X-ray diffraction
      and refined to an R-value of 0.096. The macrocyclic ring of the
      cyclomaltoheptaose moiety is less symmetrical than that in cyclomaltoheptaose.
      The glucose residue that carries the hydroxypropyl group inclines much more with
      its primary hydroxyl side towards the inside of the macrocycle than the other
      glucose residues. The molecules are arranged in a herring-bone fashion to form a
      cage-type packing structure. The hydroxypropyl group is inserted into the cavity
      of an adjacent molecule related by a two-fold screw axis, and the hydroxyl group
      is linked to an HO-6 via OH...water...OH hydrogen bonds. The crystal contains 8.5
      water molecules which occupy 11 sites. Two water molecules are included at the
      primary hydroxyl side of the cyclomaltoheptaose cavity.

PMID- 1813112
TI  - Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanamido]-3-O-[(3R)-3-
      hydroxytetradecanyl]-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl dihydrogen phosphate and 2-deoxy-2
      [(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanamido]-3-O-[(3R)-3- hydroxytetradecanyl]-4-O-phosphono-D
      glucopyranose.

PMID- 1813113
TI  - Synthesis of a 3-ether analogue of lipid A.
AB  - Lipid A 3-ether analogues were synthesized from allyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O
      isopropylidene-2-trifluoroacetamido-alpha-D-glucopyr anoside and 3,4,6-tri-O
      acetyl-2-trifluoroacetamido-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide. The compound lost
      completely the endotoxic activity.

PMID- 1813114
TI  - Syntheses of 2,6-dideoxy-6-fluoro-2-[(3R and 3S)-3- hydroxytetradecanamido]-3-O
      [(3R)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)tetra decanoyl]-D- glucopyranose 4-(dihydrogen
      phosphate) and 2-deoxy-2-[(3R and 3S)-3- hydroxytetradecanamido]-3-O-[(3R)-3
      (tetradecanoyloxy)tetra decanoyl]- alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride 4-(dihydrogen
      phosphate): fluorosugar analogues of GLA-60.

PMID- 1813115
TI  - Effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on myocardial lipid and fatty acid
      composition in adult turkeys.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was determine whether alcohol induced left ventricular
      dilatation and myocardial lesions in turkeys are associated with changes in the
      phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of the cardiac tissue. DESIGN:
      Triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol concentrations and the fatty acid
      compositions of phospholipids and triglycerides were measured in the myocardium
      of control and alcohol fed turkeys. Tissue samples were taken from the
      anteroapical wall of the left ventricle. SUBJECTS: Seven week old domestic
      Nicholas turkeys were used (10 controls and 10 ethanol fed); the alcohol,
      comprising more than 20% of the dietary energy, was given in the drinking water
      for 16 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Left ventricular function was
      assessed by echocardiography at the end of the treatment. Different phospholipid
      fractions were isolated by two dimensional thin layer chromatography, and
      individual fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography. Non-invasive
      evaluation of the cardiac function revealed a dilatation of the left ventricle
      and an impaired contractile function in the alcoholic birds. Increased amounts of
      triglyceride, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine were found in the left ventricle of the alcoholic
      turkeys. Examination of the fatty acid compositions of different phospholipids
      and the triglyceride fraction revealed an increase in the saturated/unsaturated
      ratio following ethanol treatment. In the phospholipid fractions of the alcoholic
      birds the arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) content was significantly decreased as were
      the linolic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2n-6) acid contents in the triglycerides.
      CONCLUSIONS: These alterations in the myocardial phospholipid and fatty acid
      compositions may contribute to the electrophysiological and functional
      derangements of the left ventricle in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 1813116
TI  - Effects of oxygen tension on endothelium dependent responses in canine coronary
      microvessels.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the direct effects of oxygen tension on
      endothelium dependent vasodilator responses in canine coronary microvessels.
      DESIGN: Coronary microvessels were isolated and studied in vitro in a no flow
      constant pressure state using a video dimension analysing system. Microvessels
      were exposed to different partial pressures of oxygen. Endothelium dependent
      responses to acetylcholine and A23187 calcium ionophore were obtained with and
      without indomethacin during hyperoxia and normoxia, and compared to responses
      during hypoxia. Dose-response curves were also obtained to the direct smooth
      muscle dilator nitroprusside during normoxia and hypoxia. The reversibility of
      the effects of hypoxia on the acetylcholine response was studied after return to
      hyperoxic conditions following hypoxia. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: Coronary
      microvessels (58-150 micron diameter) were obtained from adult mongrel dogs of
      either sex. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Exposure of preconstricted
      microvessels to hypoxia alone [PO2 5.8(0.4)kPa] resulted in a 25.9(SEM 6.8)%
      relaxation that was abolished by indomethacin [0.35(2.9)% relaxation].
      Acetylcholine elicited dose dependent vasodilatation, with no significant
      differences in sensitivity between normoxia [PO2 14.6(0.04) kPa] and hypoxia:
      EC50 = 0.023 v 0.027 mumol.litre-1, respectively. During hyperoxia [PO2 80.2(6.0)
      kPa] there was a significant increase in the EC50 value to 0.09 mumol.litre-1
      (hypoxia and normoxia v hyperoxia). After inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
      with indomethacin, the sensitivity to acetylcholine was significantly decreased
      during hypoxia (EC50 = 0.16 mumol.litre-1) when compared to normoxia and
      hyperoxia. Indomethacin alone did not alter the acetylcholine response during
      normoxia and hyperoxia. As with acetylcholine, the sensitivity of indomethacin
      treated microvessels to A23187 was also decreased during hypoxia when compared to
      hyperoxia. There was no difference in the nitroprusside response during hypoxia
      and hyperoxia. The decreased vasodilator response to acetylcholine after hypoxia
      was persistent up to 2 h after return to hyperoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS:
      Hypoxia decreases vasodilatation due to endothelium dependent relaxing factor,
      and oxygen tension has an important influence on both receptor dependent and
      receptor independent endothelium dependent vasodilator responses in coronary
      microvessels. Hypoxia also induces a prostaglandin mediated dilatation of
      preconstricted coronary microvessels. The effects of hypoxia on endothelium
      dependent responses are persistent up to 2 h.

PMID- 1813117
TI  - Pulmonary blood volume and haemodynamic changes with legs raised in chronic lung
      disease patients.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was determine the early effect of a posture change from
      supine (S) to legs raised 30 degrees above the table plane (LR) on haemodynamics
      in patients with chronic lung disease. STUDY DESIGN: Right heart catheterization
      was performed as part of a routine evaluation. Pulmonary arterial, pulmonary
      wedge, right atrial, and systemic arterial pressure were monitored at rest supine
      and during 8 min (steady values) after LR. Pulmonary blood volume was measured by
      double dye dilution, at rest S and after 1 and 8 minutes LR, in 14 patients;
      cardiac output was measured by thermodilution in the remaining 15 subjects,
      during S and 1, 4, and 8 minutes LR. SUBJECTS: 29 patients with chronic pulmonary
      disease of various types, mainly chronic bronchitis and emphysema, were studied
      when in a stable clinical condition, with no signs of heart failure. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Raising the legs produced a sharp increase in all the pressures
      measured, with a subsequent decline towards a steady value slightly higher than
      during S. Pulmonary blood volume increased in all patients initially, but stayed
      elevated only in the normocapnic patients; in the patients with hypercapnia it
      decreased from 1 to 8 min LR. The pulmonary blood volume change showed a
      significant correlation with PaCO2 (p less than 0.01), and with the VD/VT ratio
      (p less than 0.01). The relation between the pulmonary blood volume and the
      distending pressure changes from S to 1 and 8 min LR was linear in the
      normocapnic group, but not in the hypercapnic group, where it showed a
      hysteresis. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic lung disease who are
      hypercapnic, the volume/pressure relation following leg raising cannot be
      expressed by a single distensibility coefficient.

PMID- 1813118
TI  - Development of mock circulation models for the assessment of counterpulsation
      systems.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study entailed the development of mock circulation models
      to assess and compare the haemodynamic efficacy of extra-aortic counterpulsation
      (using trained skeletal muscle wrapped around the proximal descending aorta) and
      conventional intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL
      MATERIALS: Hydraulic Windkessel type lumped parameter models were used either in
      conjunction with native skeletal muscle or as a dynamic simulation of
      counterpulsation. The haemodynamic performance of the wrapped latissimus dorsi
      muscle of the normal sheep was assessed using an artificial load to simulate the
      pressurised proximal descending aorta. Mock circulation models of
      counterpulsation comprised Windkessel compliance chambers, laminar flow
      resistors, a blood analogue, a prosthetic blood pump, and a purpose made
      hydraulic counterpulsator. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: An electrically
      stimulated muscle wrap, 5 cm in length, previously trained for 2 weeks at 3 V and
      35 Hz, was assessed for haemodynamic performance in a mock circulation: volume of
      fluid displaced = 14.1(SD 1.8) ml; pressure increase from 100 mm Hg = 14.9(2.1)
      mm Hg; external work per contraction cycle = 180(70)mJ; external mean power =
      800(100) mW. In a simulation of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation,
      haemodynamic benefit (ie, an increase in proximal flow rate and endocardial
      viability ratio and a reduction in left ventricular stroke power) was assessed
      with respect to defined parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrates the
      potential of the mock circulation models both for the investigation of muscle
      wrap performance and for the comparison of extra-aortic muscle with intra-aortic
      balloon counterpulsation.

PMID- 1813119
TI  - Augmented efficiency of regional myocardial work by ouabain.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The effect of ouabain on regional myocardial mechanics and
      corresponding regional myocardial oxygen consumption was investigated. DESIGN:
      Regional myocardial segment length (ultrasonic dimension crystals) and force
      development (miniature strain gauge) were measured. The integrated multiples of
      myocardial shortening by corresponding force during an averaged beat was used to
      express regional segment work (= area under the systolic portion of the length
      force loop). External cardiac work was calculated from aortic blood pressure and
      cardiac output. Global and regional myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) were
      evaluated at baseline and during intravenous infusion of ouabain (7 micrograms.kg
      1.min-1). Regional coronary blood flow was measured with radioactive
      microspheres, and microspectrophotometry of frozen myocardial biopsies was used
      to evaluate O2 saturation in small arteries and veins. These variables were used
      to calculate regional myocardial MVO2. Arterial and coronary sinus O2 saturation
      was used to calculate global left ventricular O2 consumption. Myocardial
      efficiency was expressed as regional work/regional myocardial MVO2. SUBJECTS: Ten
      open chest anaesthetised dogs, weight about 20 kg, were used. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Ouabain increased regional myocardial segment work [from 5291(SEM
      1067) to 8916(2338) mm.g-1.min-1] to a greater extent than regional myocardial
      MVO2 [from 6.33(0.75) to 8.54(0.75) ml O2.min-1.100 g-1]. Regional efficiency was
      increased from 734(78) to 1036(160) g.mm.ml O2(-1).100 g-1. External efficiency
      was not raised. Percent shortening was increased to a greater extent than peak
      force development (+76% v + 38%), possibly indicating increased myocardial
      compliance. The length-force loop was shifted upward and to the right.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ouabain increases regional efficiency of myocardial contraction.

PMID- 1813120
TI  - Effects of vasoactive drugs upon haemodynamic power and input impedance in normal
      rats.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objectives were (a) to describe the effects of vasoactive
      drugs in normal rats upon cardiovascular function assessed by computing aortic
      haemodynamic power and input impedance, each separated into their component
      parts, and (b) to study the relationship between left ventricular pulsatile power
      output and the vascular impedance. DESIGN: Haemodynamic power and input impedance
      were computed from measurements of aortic blood pressure and flow in normal rats.
      The rats were then given an infusion of a vasoconstrictor drug (methoxamine)
      followed by a vasodilator drug (hydralazine) in order to study the effects of
      changes in vascular impedance upon haemodynamic power. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: The
      measurements were made on pentobarbitone anaesthetised male Wistar rats of
      approximately 400 g body weight (10 infused with Hartmann's solution as controls
      and 10 infused with the drugs). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Aortic total
      haemodynamic power was between 9.96 mW and 10.37 mW during the control period and
      reached a maximum of 11.36 mW during the methoxamine infusion, but this
      difference was not statistically significant. It then decreased significantly to
      4.32 mW by the end of the hydralazine infusion. Pulsatile power was only 0.32(SEM
      0.08) mW (2.8% of the total power) in the control state and decreased to
      0.12(0.1) mW (1.7%) during the methoxamine infusion, but increased to 0.59(0.15)
      mW (12.5%) by the end of the hydralazine infusion. The vascular effects were
      complex and involved all four of the input impedance parameters--peripheral
      resistance, characteristic resistance, arterial compliance, and inertance. Reflex
      responses of the vascular wall were apparent as temporal changes in
      characteristic resistance and arterial compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in
      cardiovascular function can be described by computing haemodynamic power and
      input impedance and then separating these into their component parts.
      Administration of the vasoactive drugs affected left ventricular mean and
      pulsatile power output and all four components of the input impedance. The
      frequency distribution of left ventricular pulsatile power output may be matched
      to the vascular impedance in order to optimise tissue perfusion.

PMID- 1813121
TI  - Comparison of rabbit coronary arterial relaxation induced by acetylcholine and
      lemakalim: activation of ATP sensitive potassium channels.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to assess the role of ATP sensitive potassium
      channels (KATP) in endothelium dependent vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine,
      or endothelium independent vasodilatation induced by lemakalim in rabbit coronary
      arteries. DESIGN: The effect of glibenclamide, a specific inhibitor of KATP, on
      coronary artery relaxation induced by acetylcholine or lemakalim was
      investigated. The relaxing effectiveness of acetylcholine and lemakalim on
      coronary arteries precontracted with KCl (K+) or prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2
      alpha) was compared. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS: Left epicardial coronary arteries
      from male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5-3.0 kg), killed by an overdose of
      pentobarbitone, were dissected free of connective tissue. Rings suspended in
      organ baths for the measurement of isometric tension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: K+ (30 mmol.litre-1) and PGF2 alpha (3 mumols.litre-1) caused comparable
      contraction (p greater than 0.05) in endothelium intact or endothelium denuded
      coronary arterial rings. Acetylcholine induced relaxation was greater in
      endothelium intact rings precontracted with PGF2 alpha than with K+ and was
      abolished by the removal of endothelium. Relaxations induced by acetylcholine
      (0.1 and 0.3 mumol.litre-1) were reduced from 82(SEM 2.7)% and 93(2.8)% to
      71(2.4)% and 82(2.7)% (p less than 0.05), and to 63(3.2)% and 79(4.5)% (p less
      than 0.05 or less than 0.01) by glibenclamide (3 and 10 mumols.litre-1)
      respectively in PGF2 alpha precontracted rings; and also attenuated (p less than
      0.05 or less than 0.01) in K+ precontracted rings. Lemakalim induced relaxation
      was greater in endothelium denuded rings precontracted with PGF2 alpha than with
      K+, and was markedly reduced by glibenclamide (p less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest that activation of KATP may partially be involved in
      endothelium dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine in rabbit coronary
      arteries. Lemakalim-induced endothelium independent relaxation results mainly
      from activation of KATP.

PMID- 1813123
TI  - Adenosine infusion during early reperfusion failed to limit myocardial infarct
      size in a collateral deficient species.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Intracoronary or intravenous adenosine during reperfusion in
      combination with lignocaine may attenuate "reperfusion injury" and limit
      myocardial infarct size in the canine heart. The aim of this study was to test
      whether intravenous adenosine also protects myocardium in the rabbit heart, which
      lacks xanthine oxidase and significant coronary collaterals in contrast to the
      canine heart. DESIGN: Five groups of rabbits underwent a 30 min occlusion of the
      circumflex coronary artery, followed by reperfusion. In adenosine treated groups,
      either a high dose of adenosine (0.37 mg.kg-1.min-1) with lignocaine treatment (5
      mg intravenously 1 min before coronary occlusion and before reperfusion) or a low
      dose (0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1) of adenosine with or without lignocaine was infused for
      60 min starting 5 min before the onset of reperfusion. Group 1 was untreated,
      while group 2 received a high dose of adenosine with lignocaine. These groups
      were reperfused for 3 h. Group 3 was untreated, group 4 received a low dose of
      adenosine, and group 5 a low dose of adenosine and lignocaine. These groups were
      reperfused for 72 h. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: 60 anaesthetised open chest rabbits
      were used. Groups 1 and 2 were killed after 3 h coronary reperfusion. Groups 3,
      4, and 5 recovered from surgery for 72 h and were then killed for further study.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The high dose of adenosine reduced mean blood
      pressure to 44% of baseline value and diminished reactive hyperaemia in the area
      at risk by "coronary steal". The low dose of adenosine did not significantly
      alter systemic blood pressure or heart rate. Infarct size did not differ between
      groups 1 and 2, at 39.7(SD 20.1)% of area at risk v 33.2(15.9)% (by tetrazolium
      staining), nor between groups 3, 4, and 5: 50.3(12.6)% v 52.7(15.6)% v 47.8(9.3)%
      (by histology). CONCLUSION: Neither a high dose nor a low dose of adenosine
      limited myocardial infarct size in the rabbit heart even when adenosine was
      combined with lignocaine treatment.

PMID- 1813122
TI  - Converting enzyme inhibition after experimental myocardial infarction in rats:
      comparative study between spirapril and zofenopril.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the effects of two novel angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, spirapril and zofenopril, on cardiac
      remodelling in rats with congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction.
      Spirapril contains no sulphydryl group, whereas zofenopril is a sulphydryl
      containing ACE inhibitor. DESIGN: Experimental myocardial infarction was induced
      by ligation of the left coronary artery. Sham operated animals served as
      controls. Treatment with spirapril (2-2.5 mg.kg-1.d-1) or zofenopril (12-15 mg.kg
      1.d-1) added to the drinking water was started immediately after myocardial
      infarction or sham operation and continued for six weeks. After the treatment
      period, all rats were killed. The heart was rapidly removed and perfused as
      described by Langendorff. Heart rate and left ventricular pressure were measured
      both at baseline and during stimulation with isoprenaline (6 nM). Heart and lung
      weights were determined. SUBJECTS: Normotensive male Wistar rats (220-240 g) were
      used. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Experimental myocardial infarction
      considerably increased left ventricular cavity volume. Chronic treatment with
      either spirapril or zofenopril significantly attenuated this increase in volume.
      In infarcted rats, the increase in total heart and lung weight was also
      significantly reduced by chronic treatment with spirapril and zofenopril,
      indicating that these compounds reduce cardiac mass and pulmonary congestion in
      congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction. There were no significant
      differences between treatment with spirapril and zofenopril. In the isolated and
      perfused rat heart, myocardial infarction significantly decreased both heart rate
      and left ventricular pressure. Converting enzyme inhibition only affected heart
      rate. Heart rate was significantly higher in infarcted animals treated with
      spirapril and zofenopril than in untreated infarcted animals. CONCLUSIONS: Both
      spirapril and zofenopril attenuated ventricular enlargement and cardiac
      hypertrophy in rats with congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction
      when treatment was started in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. No
      additional role could be attributed to the sulphydryl moiety of zofenopril. It is
      also suggested that these two ACE inhibitors modify cardiac sympathetic activity
      in rats with congestive heart failure, but more studies are needed to confirm
      these findings.

PMID- 1813124
TI  - Family planning in Zimbabwe in the nineties.

PMID- 1813125
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy--a prospective survey of contraceptive knowledge and
      reproductive behaviour.
AB  - Adolescent sexual activity is occurring at younger ages resulting in unplanned
      and often unwanted pregnancies. The prospective case controlled study of 200
      teenagers aged 16 and under and 200 controls aged over 20 was conducted in
      Harare, Zimbabwe. The study group tended to belong to the low socio-economic
      group and a large number became pregnant whilst still at school. Although
      sexually active, the group contained a very small percentage of contraceptive
      users. A significant number not only claimed having little knowledge of the
      service but appeared uniformed or misinformed of the risks associated with the
      use of contraceptive methods. Regarding support during pregnancy, the Zimbabwe
      teenager is certainly aided by the extended family unit and formal health centres
      appear to play a minor role. Prevention of teenager pregnancies needs us to focus
      on adolescent peer pressure as well as towards parents and community leaders.

PMID- 1813127
TI  - A clinical study of caesarean section at the University Teaching Hospital
      (C.H.U.) Yaounde (1982-1989).
AB  - During the period extending from January 1982 to December 1989, we delivered
      9,637 women at the University Teaching Hospital (C.H.U.), Yaounde, Cameroon.
      Seven hundred and forty-one (7.69 pc) of these patients underwent caesarean
      section (CS) Most of them were in the 20-30 year age group and of low parity (0
      4). Foetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), and malpresentation were
      the commonest indications for abdominal delivery. Elective repeat sections were
      usually done for CPD. Most of the operations were carried out by qualified staff
      and maternal and foetal outcome were satisfactory especially for a Third World
      institution dealing mainly with higher risk pregnancies.

PMID- 1813126
TI  - Seroprevalence of HIV infection amongst antenatal women in greater Harare,
      Zimbabwe.
AB  - Prevalence of HIV infection appears to be rising in many African countries. HIV
      infection in the pregnant woman poses a dilemma for the mother as well as for her
      unborn child. There are no data on HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe. This prospective
      study designed to determine HIV prevalence, enrolled pregnant women booking for
      antenatal care at Harare hospital and two of its peripheral municipal clinic. Two
      Elisa and a confirmatory Western Blot test on 1008 blood samples provided an HIV
      sero-prevalence rate in the studied population of 18 pc. High groups included
      unskilled labourers who were unbooked, single, divorced or cohabiting and below
      30 years of age. Regarding education and income, women with over 11 years of
      education or earning over $600 per month constituted a lower risk category.
      Implications of this high prevalence rate are discussed and the urgency to
      examine feto maternal transmission and the effect of pregnancy on HIV status is
      expressed. Further more, intensification of preventive information and education
      programmes is recommended.

PMID- 1813128
TI  - Quinine: the rediscovered anti-malarial agent.
AB  - This work summarises the clinical pharmacology of quinine, a cinchona alkaloid,
      whose use in chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is of great
      value considering the staggering effects the infection and its morbidity have
      upon social and economic development of malaria endemic areas of the world.
      Quinine is very effective and consistent in the treatment of falciparum malaria
      at all grades of severity. The effectiveness of quinine in severe malaria can be
      maintained and the possibility of development of resistant strains to the drug
      reduced by combined therapy with other drugs to which the infecting strains of P.
      falciparum are still sensitive.

PMID- 1813130
TI  - Malaria prophylaxis.

PMID- 1813129
TI  - Thyroid antibodies in alopecia totalis.
AB  - Auto-antibodies to different thyroid cell components in serum of patients with
      thyroid disease have been estimated. Some types of antibodies were detected only
      in sporadic cases of nonthyroid auto-immune diseases. This study was performed on
      24 patients who had alopecia totalis. Although they had normal serum free T3, T4
      and TSH levels, five patients had significantly increased anti-microsomal
      antibody and one patient had both increased antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal
      antibody levels. These results suggested that in alopecia totalis cases, it is
      reasonable to analyse thyroid antibodies because they can be taken as one part of
      the abnormal immune reactivity.

PMID- 1813132
TI  - MSc degree in child health now available in southern Africa.

PMID- 1813131
TI  - Bardet-Biedl syndrome in a Zimbabwean child.
AB  - An isolated case of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in a 12 year-old Zimbabwean boy is
      described. The patient presented with retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, mental
      retardation, obesity and hypogenitalism. To the best of the author's knowledge,
      it is the first paediatric case described in the African literature.

PMID- 1813134
TI  - The future of organized dentistry: where do we go from here?

PMID- 1813133
TI  - Malaria worsening in many areas.

PMID- 1813135
TI  - Dentistry in transition.

PMID- 1813137
TI  - Lasers in dentistry.

PMID- 1813136
TI  - Dentistry's future: an overview.

PMID- 1813138
TI  - The future of dentistry speaks.

PMID- 1813140
TI  - Your first year in practice.

PMID- 1813139
TI  - Maxillary sinus perforation with exodontia.

PMID- 1813141
TI  - Dentistry and the family.

PMID- 1813142
TI  - Targeted introduction of a diphtheria toxin-resistant point mutation into the
      chromosomal EF-2 locus by in vivo homologous recombination.
AB  - We have introduced a specific point mutation into the gene for chromosomal
      elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) by in vivo
      homologous recombination. To obtain a selectable construct for gene-targeting, we
      modified a diphtheria toxin-resistant mutant EF-2 gene (Gly717 to Arg) by
      deleting its promoter and first exon so that homologous recombinants could be
      distinguished from randomly integrated transformants, and also by inserting a
      second positive selection marker, the neomycin-resistance gene, into the 3'
      flanking region to increase the selective accuracy. More than 80% of the clones
      surviving after selection for resistance to both the toxin and neomycin were the
      desired homologous recombinants in which the wild-type, toxin-sensitive EF-2 gene
      was replaced by the modified gene giving resistance to both the toxin and
      neomycin. This result shows that the specific point mutation was co-introduced
      with a second selective marker into an endogenous chromosomal gene and that the
      modified gene was expressed.

PMID- 1813143
TI  - The alpha 1 chain of type VIII collagen is associated with many but not all
      microfibrils of elastic fiber system.
AB  - The antigen of monoclonal antibodies which had labeled the hexagonal lattice of
      Descemet's membrane in a specific manner was shown to be the alpha 1 chain of
      type VIII collagen by immunoblotting followed by amino acid sequence analysis.
      With this antibody, the localization of alpha 1 (VIII) in various tissues was
      studied by several immunocytochemical methods. Under light microscopy, the alpha
      1 (VIII) was found in a fine fibrillar form in various capsular tissues such as
      capsules of the liver, kidneys, adrenals, lungs and so on. It was also present in
      dense connective tissues such as the Achilles tendon, and periodontal and
      perivertebral ligaments. When some dense connective tissues which had been
      negative to the label including the intima of aorta, perimysium and Glisson's
      sheath of the liver, were subjected to pepsin digestion, epitopes were revealed
      which showed a specific immunofluorescence pattern. In many locations the pattern
      of localization coincided with that of elastic fiber components, and full or
      partial colocalization with tropoelastin or costaining with resorcin-fuchsin
      staining was observed. In immunoelectron microscopy, the antigen (alpha 1 (VIII))
      was localized on the surface of, but not inside, elastic fibers. However, some
      tissues which are rich in elastic fibers or microfibrils remained unlabeled.
      These included elastic fibers of the aortic media and ligamentum nuchae as well
      as ciliary zonules. Therefore it is suggested that alpha 1 (VIII) is a collagen
      associated with microfibrils of some elastic fiber systems, but is not an
      intrinsic component of either elastic fibers or of microfibrils.

PMID- 1813144
TI  - Uneven-distribution of short interspersed repetitive sequence, PRE-1, on swine
      chromosomes.
AB  - We investigated the distribution of PRE-1 sequences (a swine major SINE) on the
      swine chromosomes. The investigation demonstrated that PRE-1 sequences are
      unevenly distributed along the chromosomes as in the case of the human and mouse
      SINES. The distribution pattern, however, has no simple correlation with Q-band
      pattern as that of human and mouse SINES. The prominent difference is as follows;
      PRE-1 is localized on centromeric regions, but human and mouse SINES are not
      [KORENBERG and RYKOWSKI (1988). Cell, 53: 391-400; BOYLE, BALLARD, and WARD
      (1990). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 7751-7761].

PMID- 1813145
TI  - Contraction of Dictyostelium ghosts reconstituted with myosin II.
AB  - Cytoskeletons, or 'Triton ghosts,' that contained mainly actin and myosin II were
      prepared from Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae by extraction with Triton X-100.
      The Triton ghosts contracted immediately upon addition of ATP. However, under
      high-salt conditions in the presence of ATP, they did not contract but released
      myosin II. Almost all of the applied myosin II became associated with ghosts when
      myosin-free Triton ghosts, prepared in this way, were incubated with purified
      actin and then with myosin II from Dictyostelium. Immunofluorescence microscopy
      demonstrated that the associated myosin was localized in the cortical actin layer
      of the ghosts. Furthermore, the ghosts reconstituted with purified myosin resumed
      ATP-dependent contraction. Skeletal muscle myosin could also restore
      contractility to ghosts from which myosin had been extracted. The amount of
      myosin II necessary for the contraction of the ghosts was calculated by two
      methods. Less than 10% of the myosin II in intact cells was necessary for the
      contraction. These results show that myosin II is responsible for the contraction
      of the Dictyostelium cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1813146
TI  - Opposite effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on Fc-receptor-mediated
      phagocytosis of two bone marrow-derived macrophage cell lines, BDM-1 and BDM-1W3.
AB  - We have reported the isolation and characterization of three factor-dependent
      macrophage cell lines from bone marrow cells of C3H/HeN mice. We have since
      isolated a subclone, BDM-1W3, from one of these cell lines. We found previously
      that BDM-1W3 has a different sensitivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      for growth than its parental cell line, BDM-1. In this report, we show that LPS
      inhibits BDM-1W3 phagocytosis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes (Fc-mediated
      phagocytosis), whereas it enhanced Fc-mediated phagocytosis by BDM-1. It was
      observed that a loss of Fc-receptor capacity parallels a loss of phagocytic
      activity in LPS-treated BDM-1W3 cells. LPS stimulated phagocytosis of latex beads
      by BDM-1 and BDM-1W3, suggesting that Fc-mediated phagocytosis and phagocytosis
      of latex beads differ in their regulatory mechanisms. When BDM-1 cells were
      cultured with LPS, they underwent drastic morphological changes, whereas LPS
      treated BDM-1W3 cells did not change significantly. Gamma interferon enhanced FC
      mediated phagocytosis by BDM-1, while it has no significant effect on that by BDM
      1W3. These cell lines should be useful for studying signal transduction
      mechanisms in LPS-mediated macrophage activation.

PMID- 1813147
TI  - A potential approach for gene therapy targeting hepatoma using a liver-specific
      promoter on a retroviral vector.
AB  - Recent technological advances made in molecular biology and in vitro culture of
      human and other mammalian cells have led to broad medical and scientific
      acceptance of the feasibility of gene therapy for genetic diseases. Cancer might
      practically be one of the attractive targets for such therapy. For the treatment
      of cancer, it is important to manipulate the gene of interest such that it is
      expressed solely in cancer cells. We have developed a tissue-specific gene
      expression system, based on a tissue-specific promoter on a retroviral vector. A
      murine ecotropic retroviral vector was constructed in which the Escherichia coli
      beta-galactosidase gene served as a reporter; it was expressed under control of
      the albumin enhancer element and promoter. The tissue specificity of this vector
      was first assessed in vitro, and beta-galactosidase activity was detected
      exclusively in hepatoma cell lines. This recombinant retrovirus was injected
      directly into a subcutaneous tumor composed of transplantable murine MH-134
      hepatoma cells, and expression of the gene was observed in vivo. Then this
      recombinant retrovirus was injected via the spleen or directly into the liver,
      resulting in the gene expression in dividing hepatocytes in partially
      hepatectomized mice, but not in nondividing hepatocytes in normal mice. Gene
      transfer specific to dividing hepatocytes and expression by means of retroviral
      vectors should possess high potential for selective elimination of hepatoma cells
      surrounded by nondividing normal hepatocytes.

PMID- 1813148
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of progesterone receptor in rat
      submandibular glands.
AB  - Immunohistochemical analysis of progesterone receptor was carried out in rat
      submandibular glands. Immunoreactivity to progesterone receptors was found in
      cell nuclei of the intralobular duct system within male and female rat
      submandibular glands. The female glands contained more immunoreactive cells than
      the male glands. In ovariectomized rats progesterone receptor-containing cells
      decreased in number while testectomized glands revealed an increase. When
      estradiol was administered to gonadectomized rats of both sexes, the
      immunoreactivity in cells of the intralobular duct system markedly increased.
      These results suggest the possibility that progesterone may modulate various
      metabolic functions in the rat submandibular glands.

PMID- 1813149
TI  - [Memory in humans and animals].

PMID- 1813151
TI  - [Cadmium: metabolism and mechanisms of its toxic effects].

PMID- 1813152
TI  - [Experimental models of cerebral hypoxia and ischemia].

PMID- 1813150
TI  - [New findings on bronchospasm].

PMID- 1813153
TI  - [The effect of moderate natural hypoxia on the formation of free oxygenradicals].

PMID- 1813154
TI  - [Current status and prospect in the pathological diagnoses of lymphatic tissue].

PMID- 1813156
TI  - [Malignant histiocytosis: a study on clinicopathological features and cell
      origin].
AB  - Thirty-one autopsy cases previously diagnosed as malignant histiocytosis (MH)
      were studied by means of immunohistochemical staining. Antibodies detecting the
      formalin resistant epitopes on T-cells, B-cells and those of histiocyte/monocyte
      origin were used. It was shown that the malignant histiocytes reacted only to the
      cell markers derived from histiocyte/monocyte, and only a part of lymphocytes
      showed positive reaction to the T and B cell markers. It is suggested that the
      histiocyte/monocyte lineage is the possible origin of the malignant proliferating
      cells in MH. The clinicopathological features and the differentiation of MH from
      familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, virus-associated hemophagocytic
      syndrome and malignant lymphoma are described. The pathogenesis, the causes of
      death and the points for attention in the treatment of MH are also discussed.

PMID- 1813155
TI  - [Clinicopathological and cell immunophenotypic analysis of 54 cases of malignant
      nasopharyngeal/nasal lymphoma].
AB  - 54 cases of nasopharyngeal/nasal non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (NP/N-ML),
      including 41 cases of NP-ML and 13 cases of N-ML, were analyzed histologically
      and immunohistochemically and all of these materials were prepared in paraffin
      sections. They were all of diffuse type but one, of follicular type. Large cell
      type lymphomas were more commonly seen in this series (53.1%), and immunoblastic
      type with cell pleomorphism was more common in N-ML. A panel of monoclonal
      antibodies composed of LCA, L26, LN2, UCHL1, Leu22, Mac387 and Leu7 was used in
      this study. There were 27 cases exhibiting T-cell phenotype and 21 cases showing
      B-cell phenotype. No histiocytic type was found. The ratio of T, B cell lymphomas
      was different in NP-ML(T: B = 17: 18) and N-ML (T: B = 10: 3) groups, and the
      predominance of T-cell N-ML was obvious. Immunostaining with cytokeratin, LCA,
      L26, UCHL1 is of great help in differential diagnosis and immunophenotyping.

PMID- 1813157
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of primary gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma].
AB  - 63 cases of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (ML),
      including 18 cases of gastric ML, 25 cases of small intestinal ML, 12 cases of
      ileocaecal ML and 8 cases of large intestinal ML, were studied. Small non-cleaved
      cell lymphomas were most common, accounting for 25.4% which was more common in
      the bowel than in the stomach. In 41 cases, a panel of monoclonal antibodies
      including L26, UCHL-1, Leu22 and Mac387 were used on paraffin section. The result
      of the staining was satisfactory in 37 cases. There were 35 cases (94.6%)
      exhibiting B-cell phenotype and 2 cases (5.4%) exhibiting T-cell phenotype. No
      histiocytic type was detected. The results of this and previous studies confirm
      the fact that most gastrointestinal lymphomas are B-cell lymphomas.

PMID- 1813159
TI  - [Etiological diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by polymerase chain
      reaction].
AB  - By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in amplifying a reparative DNA
      sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogenic bacterium in
      paraffin-embedded tissue was identified. A 123-base-pair fragment, specific PCR
      product, was obtained from all 12 cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis and 4 out of
      10 cases in which tuberculosis was suspected. In the 4 suspected cases, 3 cases
      showed good results when treated by anti-tuberculosis therapy. The remaining case
      was lost from follow-up. Comparing acid-fast stain and PCR results, we confirm
      that PCR method is more powerful and more sensitive than acid-fast stain in the
      etiological diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

PMID- 1813160
TI  - [Histopathological study of 1096 cases of Hodgkin's disease. All China Hodgkin's
      Disease Investigation Group].
AB  - Retrospective and histopathological study on 1096 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD)
      showed that the incidence of HD in lymph node biopsy was 3.87%, the ratio between
      HD and NHL in 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were quite similar. Among 1083 cases of HD
      with sex record, 787 were male, and 296 were female. The ratio of male to female
      was 2.65:1, and the mean age was 31 years. According to Rye's classification, 274
      were LP, 145 were NS, 511 were MC, 135 were LD and 19 were unclassified. The
      distribution of the four subtypes in this series showed that accounted LP for
      25.3%, NS for 13.3%, MC for 47.1% and LD for 12.4%. There were three major
      differences: (1) NS was much less, (2) LD was higher, and (3) NS-G2 was much
      more, when compared to the figures of other representative studies in western
      countries. In regard to the pathological diagnosis, residue follicles could be
      obtained in 42.8% of the HD lesions, and therefore, the presence of residue
      follicles would not exclude the positive diagnosis of HD. Typical R-S cells could
      be found only in 39.2% of these cases. The recently reported "syncytial variant"
      change was not a special feature of NS in our study. Primary extranodal HD was
      extremely rare in this study, and the mortality of HD in China seemed much higher
      than that in the advanced countries.

PMID- 1813158
TI  - [Midline malignant reticulosis: a histopathological, ultrastructural and
      immunohistochemical study of 11 cases].
AB  - Eleven cases of midline malignant reticulosis were studied morphologically, and
      the monoclonal antibodies used were capable of phenotyping malignant lymphomas in
      routinely fixed and processed tissue, such as the leukocyte common antigen (LCA),
      pan-T cell marker UCHL-1 and pan-B cell marker Ki-B3 etc. The results indicated
      that the 11 cases of midline malignant reticulosis were peripheral T cell
      lymphomas. According to the updated Kiel's classification, 7 cases were low grade
      pleomorphic small cell type; the other 4 cases were high grade pleomorphic medium
      and large cell type of peripheral T cell lymphoma. The diagnosis, differential
      diagnosis, cell origin and gradation of midline malignant reticulosis are
      discussed.

PMID- 1813161
TI  - [Relation of HLA-I and HLA-DR to HBV-infected liver].
AB  - HLA-I and HLA-DR antigenic profiles of 34 livers with HBV infection and 15 non
      HBV infected livers were analyzed. HLA-I antigen was detected on the membrane of
      the hepatocytes in 19 infected livers, but not in the non-HBV infected livers
      except in one congenital polycystic liver. The number of HLA-I Ag positive
      hepatocytes were correlated with the extent of the liver damage, and the positive
      rate of HLA-I was lower in the livers of the high HBV reduplication group
      (HBeAg+, HBeAb-) in comparing with the group with low HBV duplication (HBeAg-,
      HBeAb+). Only in two cases of chronic active hepatitis, HLA-DR Ag was detected to
      be expressed on the membrane of hepatocytes. The expression of HLA-I Ag on the
      membrane of liver cells may play a role in the recognition of hepatocytes as
      targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes which may represent an important event in the
      pathogenesis of hepatocellular necrosis.

PMID- 1813162
TI  - [Morphological analysis of 40 polypoid lesions of the gallbladder and their
      clinical significance].
AB  - For the purpose of studying the histological types of gallbladder polyps and
      their relations to the clinical features, 40 specimens of postoperative polypoid
      lesions of the gallbladder collected from Changhai Hospital were observed by
      means of light and electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the
      histological types of gallbladder polyps might be divided into: cholesterol
      polyp, inflammatory polyp, mixed-type polyp and adenomatoid polyp. Cholesterol
      polyp was the most frequently encountered and the next was inflammatory polyp. A
      mixed-type polyp is proposed. The adenomatoid polyp might have atypical
      hyperplasia and potential malignancy. The cholesterol polyp had no relationship
      with cholesterolosis of the gallbladder.

PMID- 1813163
TI  - [Pathological analysis of renal osteodystrophy in 194 cases].
AB  - Renal osteodystrophy is a metabolic bone disease resulted from chronic renal
      failure. The long-standing alterations in a mineral metabolism generated by renal
      failure have a profound effect on the skeleton and induce severe systemic
      metabolic bone disease. Iliac crest biopsies of 194 patients of chronic renal
      failure were taken and among them 10 cases were examined for Calcium(Ca),
      phosphorus (p), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25(OH)2D3 and aluminium (Al). The
      histological bone changes are characterized by development of osteitis fibrosa,
      increase of bone resorption and the number of osteoclast, increase of osteoid
      volume (osteoblastic osteoid and acellular osteoid), active remodelling of bone
      and aluminum deposition in the bone. According to histological appearance,
      advanced renal bone disease could be subdivided into three groups namely:
      Secondary hyperparathyroid bone disease (high turnover uremic osteodystrophy),
      osteomalacia (low turnover uremic osteodystrophy) and mixed uremic osteodystrophy
      consisting of mild to moderate hyperparathyroid bone disease and defective
      mineralization. Aluminum-related bone changes might be obtained in various extent
      in all these groups. Although this classification does not fully represent all
      the separated entities, and there is also transformation from one form to
      another, it seems no less significant as a reference for clinical considerations.

PMID- 1813165
TI  - [The invasive behavior of two human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE
      1, CNE-2Z in vitro].
AB  - Method of co-culture of tumor cells with precultured heart fragments (PHF) in
      vitro was used in studying the invasive behavior of human nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE-land CNE-2Z respectively. This improved method was
      based on the gyrotory shaker organ culture technique originally established by
      Mareel in order to show NPC cell invasiveness in a rather identical image.
      Histopathological sections revealed that the tumor cells might invade into the
      cell layer of fibroblasts surrounding the heart tissue. This would make the heart
      muscle cells degenerated, atrophied and necrotic and finally displaced by the
      fibrotic tissue. Data also pointed out that CNE-2Z cells showed more active
      invasive ability than that of the CNE-1 cells in the organ culture.

PMID- 1813164
TI  - [Distribution of lectin-receptors in normal, dysplastic and neoplastic cervical
      epithelium].
AB  - 112 cases of normal, dysplastic and neoplastic cervical epithelium were studied
      with a panel of twelve various lectins and ABC technique. The results showed
      that: (1) ConA and WGA receptors were relative to Squamous epithelial origin of
      the Cervix. (2) PNA, UEA-1, BSL and PHA receptors correlated with the
      tumorigenicity of cervical squamous epithelium. (3) WGA receptor correlated with
      the cell differentiation of squamous carcinomas. (4) DBA receptor was related
      with tumor invasion. (5) ConA and SJA receptors were related to the
      tumorigenicity of columnar epithelium of the endocervical glands. (6)
      Applications of neuraminidase caused compositional changes of glycoconjugates in
      the receptors of normal, dysplastic and malignant cervical epithelium and this
      may be of some value in clinical practice.

PMID- 1813166
TI  - [Improvement of blood pressure and left cardiac function in patients with
      hypertension by auricular acupuncture].
AB  - The authors observed 30 patients with hypertension, which blood pressure was
      lowered by Heart point of ear needling. Comparison of hypotensive effect of short
      term between Heart point and Stomach point of ear needling showed that there was
      markable hypotensive effect by Heart point, whose hypotensive rate of short-term
      was 100% and forward effect rate was 63.3%. There was inefficacy for hypotensive
      by Stomach point. There was marked effect of left cardiac function, with II, III
      stage of hypertension, which was improved by Heart point. There was inefficacy
      for left cardiac function of normal being.

PMID- 1813167
TI  - [The beneficial effect of qigong on the ventricular function and microcirculation
      in deficiency of heart-energy hypertensive patients].
AB  - Ultrasonic cardiogram was performed on 120 aged subjects. Experiment showed that
      the left ventricular function in the hypertensive aged group (n = 80) was lower
      than that in the aged group (n = 40), while the left ventricular function in the
      deficiency of heart-energy hypertensive patients (n = 46) was the lowest in the
      non-deficiency of heart-energy hypertensive patients (n = 34). After practising
      Qigong for 1 year, the cardiac output (CO) was increased, the total peripheral
      resistance (TPR) was decreased, ejection fraction (EF) mitral valve diastolic
      closing velocity and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mvcf)
      tended to be increased. The results indicated that Qigong had a regulatory effect
      on haemodynamic alteration as well as on improvement of left ventricular
      function. Nailfold microcirculation detection of 120 aged subjects was made. It
      found that hypertension had an accelerating effect on the disturbance of
      microcirculation. The incidence of disturbance of microcirculation was 73.91% in
      the deficiency of heart-energy hypertensive patients, after 1 year Qigong
      practice, the incidence of disturbance of microcirculation was 39.13% (P less
      than 0.01). The result suggested that Qigong had an effect to improve the
      disturbance of microcirculation. The above data indicate that Qigong can benefit
      heart-energy and regulate the blood channel.

PMID- 1813168
TI  - [Treatment of secondary amenorrhea and oligohypomenorrhea with combined
      traditional Chinese and Western medicine].
AB  - This article reported the treatment of 149 cases (1087 cycles) with secondary
      amenorrhea and oligohypomenorrhea, including 42 cases who were treated by cycle
      treatment with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and clomiphene in comparison
      with clomiphene in 67 cases and/or TCM in 40 cases at the same time. The results
      showed that ovulatory rate of secondary amenorrhea, calculated according to
      menstrual cycles, was significantly higher in the group of TCM and clomiphene
      than that of clomiphene or TCM (P less than 0.01). The efficacy of clomiphene was
      better than that of TCM (P less than 0.01). The ovulatory rate of
      oligohypomenorrhea was significantly increased by using TCM and clomiphene in
      contrast to only western medicine (P less than 0.05). The phenomena mentioned
      above indicate that the TCM-WM treatment has obvious advantages.

PMID- 1813169
TI  - [Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid
      receptors in patients with deficiency-cold vs deficiency-heat syndromes].
AB  - Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid
      receptors (GCR) were assayed in 20 patients with deficiency syndromes, 10 cold in
      property (deficiency-cold), the other 10 hot in property (deficiency-heat), and
      also in 10 healthy individuals as normal control for the purpose of investigating
      the nature of cold and heat syndromes. As a result, the cases of deficiency-cold
      syndrome (DCS) had a normal concentration of plasma cortisol but a lowered
      content of GCR in leukocytes when compared with the normal control (P less than
      0.05); the cases of deficiency-heat syndrome (DHS) had a higher concentration of
      plasma cortisol than the normal control (P less than 0.05) and a slightly higher
      content of GCR in leukocytes. It was concluded that the DCS is characterized by
      diminished biological effects of adrenocortical activity, while the DHS, by
      augmented biological effects of adrenocortical activity.

PMID- 1813170
TI  - [Changes in hemorheology of traumatic optic nerve atrophy].
AB  - Whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), hematocrit, erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR) and fibrinogen were assayed in 20 patients with
      traumatic optic nerve atrophy. The results of each item in the above examinations
      has been compared with that of the control group. It has been demonstrated that
      WBV, PV, ESR and fibrinogen in the patient group were significantly higher than
      that in the control group (P less than 0.01). But the ESR and fibrinogen of the
      treatment group were significantly lower than that in the pretreatment group (P
      less than 0.01). The authors suggest that the result of changes in hemorheology
      of traumatic optic nerve atrophy is a kind of reverse phenomenon.

PMID- 1813171
TI  - [Histochemical study on effect of radix Salviae miltiorrhizae on growth of
      isolated cells from embryonic chicken frontal bone cultured in vitro].
AB  - 12-day embryonic chicken frontal bone digested with trypsin to prepare the
      suspension of isolated bone cells. 3 x 10(6) cells were harvested altogether. The
      cells were divided equally into five parts. Then the Eagle medium and 0.1%, 0.2%,
      0.4% and 0.8% Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae in Eagle medium were added respectively
      and cultured in 5% CO2 incubator. It was observed under the inverted microscope
      every day. At the 26th day of culture, the cells were studied. The specimens were
      stained with H. E., Alcian Blue-Sirius Red, Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline
      phosphatase-acid phosphatase reaction for comparison. It was found that the
      maturation of the osteoblast-like cells could be accelerated by Radix Salviae
      Miltiorrhizae. Secretion of the collagenous substance, positive alkaline
      phosphatase reaction and deposition of mineral on the collagenous substance,
      forming bone nodules were found to be enhanced. But unduly high concentration of
      Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae could lead to inhibition of osteoblast-like cell
      growth. The optimal concentration of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae was 0.2% in
      culture medium.

PMID- 1813172
TI  - [Effect of kang shuai shen fang on immune functions of 60Co gamma-ray irradiated
      mice].
AB  - In this paper we reported that kang shuai shen fang (KSSF) could recover the
      immune functions of irradiated mice. The results indicated that KSSF is able to
      enhance the proliferation response of spleen cells of irradiated mice to Con A
      and LPS. At the dosage of 400 mg/kg.d, KSSF can stimulate the production of
      plaque forming cells, the DTH response induced by allogeneic splenocytes. The
      mixed lymphocyte reaction was much stronger in the drug-receiving irradiated
      group than that in the control group. Further study indicated that KSSF is able
      to enhance the production of interleukin 2 in irradiated mice.

PMID- 1813173
TI  - [Research on the effect of shen xian sheng mai ye on experimental sick sinus
      syndrome].
AB  - The effects of shen xian sheng mai ye (SXSMY) on experimental sick sinus syndrome
      (SSS) were observed. By applying 20% formaldehyde to the rabbits' sino-atrial
      node area, we got the acute animal model of SSS. By observing the rabbits' heart
      rate (HR), arrhythmia and cardioelectric physiologic index in different periods,
      the results were as follows: (1) Increasing heart rate: SXSMY could increase
      rabbits' HR 10-30 times per minute by observing electrocardiogram within 2 hours
      (P less than 0.05-0.001). (2) Correcting arrhythmia: SXSMY could reduce
      arrhythmia of sinus nodal arrest and nodal rhythm remarkably. (3) Improving sinus
      atrial node function: SXSMY could improve sinus node recovery time (SNRT) and
      sinus atrial conducting time (SACT) with the method of atrial pacing (AP) (P less
      than 0.01-0.001). But the above results did not appear in atropine and glucose
      groups.

PMID- 1813174
TI  - [Clinical significance and determination of the trace elements contained in the
      Chinese drugs usually used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 1813176
TI  - [Outline for treating closed-injury of soft tissues by Chinese medicine].

PMID- 1813175
TI  - [The current situation and prospect in the percutaneous treatment of coronary
      heart disease by traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine].

PMID- 1813177
TI  - Characterization of the core and surface of human plasma lipoproteins. A study
      based on the use of five fluorophores.
AB  - The physical properties of the core and the surface of five classes of human
      plasma lipoproteins were investigated using five fluorescent probes. The location
      of the fluorescence probes in the lipoprotein assembly was determined using
      collisional quenching and resonance energy transfer. The fluorophores monitor
      different regions of the lipoproteins, as shown by fluorescence quenching.
      Diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and methyl trans-parinaric acid (MTPA), which are apolar
      molecules, are localized mainly in the lipoprotein core. Their distribution into
      the surface is dependent upon the volume ratio of the hydrophobic part of the
      envelope and the core. The polar fluorophores, trimethylaminodiphenylhexatriene
      (TMADPH), hydroxycoumarin (HC) and trans-parinaric acid (TPA) are anchored in the
      glycerol skeleton region of the surface monolayer with the fluorophore group of
      HC in the headgroup region of the phospholipids. We determined the temperature
      dependent steady-state fluorescence anisotropy (r) of these fluorophores in the
      four major classes of lipoproteins: VLDL, LDL, HDL2, HDL3 and in abnormal HDL
      from abetalipoproteinemia patients (HDLab). The hydrophobic probes, DPH and MTPA,
      reported the r values in the lipoproteins in the following order: LDL greater
      than HDL2 greater than HDL3 much greater than VLDL. This order correlates with
      the triglyceride-to-cholesterol ester (TG/CE) ratio in the core of lipoproteins.
      The polar probes HC, TPA and TMADPH reported the r value in a different order:
      HDL2, HDL3 greater than or equal to LDL much greater than VLDL. This is
      compatible with the decreasing order of the protein to lipid ratio in the
      envelope of these lipoproteins. HDLab was investigated by three fluorescent
      probes: DPH, TMADPH and HC. The anisotropy of DPH in HDLab was larger than that
      of either HDL2 or HDL3 in normal donors, probably due to the smaller TG/CE ratio
      in HDLab. The lower r values reported by HC and TMADPH for HDLab are not fully
      understood and may be related to other factors such as acyl chains composition.
      The characterization of lipoproteins by fluorescence depolarization using probes
      of known location in the lipoprotein assembly is very sensitive and may be used
      to report deviation from the norm.

PMID- 1813178
TI  - Palmitoyl diol S- and O-phosphoroamidates of some sterols.
AB  - The hexamethylphosphorus triamide activated by the addition of iodine at the
      optimum molar ratio 1.05:0.05 was used as a phosphorylating reagent to synthesize
      1-palmitoyloxyethyl-2-O-, 1-palmitoyloxypropyl-3-O- and 1-palmitoyloxybutyl-4-O
      (N,N-dimethylamido)thiophosphate and -phosphate derivatives of beta-sitosterol,
      cholesterol and stigmasterol in a one-pot procedure with overall yields of 80
      87%. 1-Palmitoyloxypropyl-3-O-(cholesteryl-3-O)-(N,N-dimethylamido++ +) phosphite
      was used as a model synthon for the preparation of transamidated morpholido
      thiophosphate and -phosphate analogues with final yields of 82-86%.

PMID- 1813179
TI  - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Synthesis and spectral properties of 3 beta
      hydroxy-24-dimethylamino-5 alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one and its effects on HMG-CoA
      reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells.
AB  - A simple, three-step synthesis of the 25-aza analog of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha
      cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I) is described. Treatment of 3 beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxy
      5 alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (III) with 1.75 equivalents of tosyl chloride in
      pyridine for 24 h at 5 degrees C gave 3 beta-acetoxy-24-tosyloxy-5 alpha-chol
      8(14)-en-15-one (IV). In contrast, treatment of III with 3.95 equivalents of
      tosyl chloride in pyridine for 12 h at 48 degrees C gave 3 beta-acetoxy-24-chloro
      5 alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (V). Treatment of IV with dimethylamine in dioxane
      yielded 3 beta-acetoxy-24-dimethylamino-5 alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (VI).
      Hydrolysis of VI with LiOH.H2O in methanol gave 3 beta-hydroxy-24-dimethylamino-5
      alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (VII). 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments are presented for
      compounds IV-VII. The 25-aza analog (VII) of the 15-ketosterol (I), at a
      concentration of 1.0 microM, caused a 47% lowering of the level of 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

PMID- 1813180
TI  - Synthesis and proaggregatory activity of 1-O-(2-methyloctadecyl)-2-O-acetyl-rac
      glycero-3-phosphocholine.
AB  - Racemic 1-O-(2-methyloctadecyl)-2-O-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a branched
      chain PAF species, was prepared by chemical synthesis and investigated for
      biological activity on human blood platelets in vitro. The synthesis started from
      2-O-benzylglycerol and 2-methyloctadecyl-1-methyl sulfonate and was accomplished
      in five reaction steps. A comparison with 'octadecyl-rich' PAF showed that the
      PAF species described here exerts a 22-fold weaker proaggregatory activity. Based
      on [3H]PAF-binding studies, an obstruction of PAF-binding or the signal
      transduction by the branched alkyl chain in C-1 position of the glycerol backbone
      is suggested.

PMID- 1813181
TI  - An improved synthesis of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole analogs of CDP
      diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol.
AB  - A protocol utilizing chemical and enzymatic steps to synthesize several
      fluorescent (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole) analogs of cytidine diphosphate
      diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol in high yields is described. The
      fluorescent analogs were characterized by phospholipase C digestion, fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry, and HPLC analysis. Studies of the metabolism and
      intracellular distribution of the fluorescent phosphatidylinositol analogs in
      Swiss 3T3 cells further revealed that all the analogs were substrates for a
      previously described cell surface phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C
      (A.E. Ting and R.E. Pagano (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5337-5340). These
      fluorescent lipids should serve as useful tools for studying phosphatidylinositol
      metabolism and transport in cells.

PMID- 1813182
TI  - [The effect of ageing on the active sweat gland density in the dorsum of foot].
AB  - Focal sweating in the dorsum of foot induced by iontophoresis of 1% pilocarpine
      was quantitatively evaluated using silastic impression mold technique in 111
      control subjects (71 men & 40 women), aged 14 to 89 years, to reveal the effect
      of aging on the density of active sweat glands. The subjects were divided into
      four groups (group I: aged 14 to 29 years, group II: aged 30 to 49 years, group
      III: aged 50 to 69 years, group IV: aged 70 to 89 years), and the difference of
      the density of active sweat glands was evaluated among the groups with Wilcoxon's
      rank sum test. It was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) between group
      II and III, and between group III and IV, but not significant between group I and
      II. Therefore, it was concluded that the density of active sweat glands decreases
      prominently after 50 years of age. The density of active sweat glands was not
      significantly different between man and woman in each group. In the regression
      analysis of the density of active sweat glands on age, the relationship (Density
      = -0.0178.Age2 + 232.6 (R2 = 0.54), p less than 0.0001) was obtained. Based on
      such relationship, the predicted density and the upper and lower limits of 95%
      confidence interval of the predicted density for each age were obtained. These
      results indicate that decrease of the density of active sweat glands due to
      ageing should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the density of
      active sweat glands in the dorsum of foot among the patients with various
      neurological diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813183
TI  - [Clinical study of gene locus heterogeneity in hereditary olivopontocerebellar
      atrophy (OPCA)--report of 2 pedigrees affected with non SCA1 type OPCA].
AB  - From the linkage study of D6S89, we previously reported that hereditary OPCA in
      Japan is genetically heterogenous. Two pedigrees, P2 and P35, reported in this
      report, were not linked to D6S89. In order to examine possible correlation
      between OPCA genotypes and disease phenotypes, we studied clinically eight cases
      in these two pedigrees. One autopsied case in pedigree P2 was proven to have
      marked neuronal degeneration in the inferior olivary nuclei, pontine nuclei,
      cerebellar cortex, and substantia nigra. Dentate nucleus and oculomotor nuclei
      were free from neuronal degeneration. Clinical features of those 8 patients were
      fairly uniform, characterized by cerebellar ataxia, hypoactive DTR, and slow eye
      movement. Parkinsonism or choreiform movements were observed in one patient,
      respectively. Pupillary dilatation, twitching of face and tongue, limb amyotrophy
      were observed in patients of advanced stages. However, these signs were not
      dominating nor common throughout clinical course. None of our cases showed
      hyperactive DTR, limb spasticity, or external ophthalmoparesis. On the other
      hand, these latter signs were popular in SCA1 so far as reviewing the literature.
      The present study showed that there was possible correlation between genotypes
      and phenotypes in hereditary OPCA.

PMID- 1813184
TI  - [Intramedullary high intensity lesion on T2-weighted MR images in compressive
      cervical myelopathy].
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 147 patients with compressive
      lesion of the cervical spinal canal. Intramedullary high intensity lesions were
      observed on T2-weighted or proton density spin-echo images in patients with
      cervical spondylotic myelopathy (20.0%) and ossification of the posterior
      longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine (25.7%), while such signal
      abnormality was not found in patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.
      Frequency of this finding was proportional to clinical severity of myelopathy and
      degree of spinal cord compression. The pathophysiological basis of such signal
      abnormality was presumed to vary from acute edema to chronic myelomalacia. In
      most cases showing intramedullary high intensity lesion, the spinal cord was
      compressed at multiple levels, but the high intensity was usually found at a
      single level where the compression was maximum. There was a good correlation
      between the neurological level and the high intensity level on MR images. Thus
      the intramedullary lesion on MR images is considered to be the main site of
      lesion responsible for the neurological symptom.

PMID- 1813185
TI  - [Single photon emission CT in diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis--fronto
      parietal hypo-accumulation associated with temporal hyper-accumulation].
AB  - Single photon emission CT (SPECT) using 123I-iodoamphetamine and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in acute, subacute and chronic stages of a
      herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). On the 5th day after onset, SPECT showed left
      temporal hyperaccumulation associated with decreased accumulation in ipsilateral
      posterior frontal and anterior parietal lobes. These altered accumulations were
      normalized on the 26th day, and a broad hypoaccumulation appeared in left
      temporal and surrounded area on the 91st day. The lesion in MRI was restricted to
      left temporal lobe and insula throughout the clinical course. Several authors
      reported temporal hyperaccumulation of lipophilic tracer in SPECT study of acute
      HSE, but its mechanism is controversial. Some postulate local hyperperfusion and
      others infer altered binding site of tracer. The fronto-parietal hypoaccumulation
      observed in our acute SPECT study suggests steal phenomenon in the territory of
      ipsilateral internal carotid artery, and supports temporal hyperperfusion as the
      origin of increased accumulation.

PMID- 1813186
TI  - [A case of Moebius syndrome--electrophysiological studies of facial nerve and
      brainstem].
AB  - A five-year old boy was the product of a 40 week pregnancy by vertex presentation
      complicated only by threatened abortion at approximately 8 weeks gestation. Apgar
      score was 5 after one minute. At birth he was noted to have a generalized
      hypotonia associated with facial diplegia, small mandible, weak suck and swallow
      reflexes. Admission examination revealed small mandible, mask-like facial
      expression and mild mental retardation. Cranial nerve examination showed
      bilateral blepharoptosis and facial nerve palsies. Pupil reflexes were normal,
      but corneal reflexes were impaired bilaterally. Diplopia due to the left abducens
      nerve palsy was suggested. There was no atrophy of the tongue. Motor tone,
      strength, and deep tendon reflexes were normal. A normal 46 XY karyotype was
      present. The other clinical and laboratory findings were normal. MRI of the brain
      was unremarkable. The characteristics of electrophysiological studies were
      summarized as follows: 1) Auditory brainstem evoked responses demonstrated
      waveforms IV-V were abnormal because their amplitudes were less than 30% of wave
      I bilaterally. 2) Somatosensory evoked potentials documented by central
      conduction times from cervical region to sensory cortex were prolonged on both
      sides. 3) Facial nerve conduction velocity was calculated by evoked EMGs of the
      mentalis muscle electrically stimulated at two distal points over the marginal
      mandibular branch. MCV of the left side was reduced (34.2 m/sec). 4) The
      amplitude of the facial muscle potentials evoked by facial nerve stimulation was
      reduced on both sides. 5) Blink reflex responses documented by the latency
      difference of R1 responses between the two sides were prolonged.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813187
TI  - [A case of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) associated with transverse
      myelitis responding to pulse therapy].
AB  - A 42-year-old female was admitted to our hospital on October 1, 1990 because of
      one week history of back pain, weakness of her right lower extremity and sensory
      disturbance of her left lower extremity. Physical examination revealed swollen
      hands, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and heliotrope rash. The body
      temperature was 37.0 degrees C. Neurological findings included weakness in the
      right lower extremity, left hypalgesia and thermohypesthesia below Th4,
      hyperreflexia on the right lower extremity and right extensive plantar response.
      Laboratory data showed leucopenia (3,700/mm3) and hypergammaglobulinemia.
      Serological examination revealed antinuclear antibodies with a titer of 1:5120
      (speckled pattern) and anti-RNP antibody with a titer of 1:32. Neither anti-DNA
      antibody nor anti-Sm antibody were detected. Serum C3 and C4 were normal. The
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained mononuclear cells of 5/mm3, protein 29 mg/dl
      and glucose 56 mg/dl. Queckenstedt test was negative. Treatment with prednisolone
      60 mg daily was started. On the 8th day of therapy, she complained of a burning
      sensation in the back, then paraplegia and urinary retention developed. MRI
      examination showed a high intensity area of the spinal cord at the right Th4 on
      T2-weighted images. Next day the treatment with 1000-mg intravenous daily pulse
      of methylprednisolone for 3 days was started, followed by prednisolone 40 mg
      daily. After this pulse therapy, the CSF contained mononuclear cells of 52/mm3,
      protein 34 mg/dl, glucose 67 mg/dl and IgG 7.6 mg/dl. Her neurological
      manifestation gradually improved and at six weeks after the pulse therapy
      neurological examination revealed no abnormality except for painful tonic spasm.
      Prednisolone was slowly tapered to 15 mg daily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813188
TI  - [A case of central pontine and extra-pontine myelinolysis demonstrated by
      magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - A 74-year-old woman was admitted because of disturbed consciousness due to
      iatrogenic hyponatremia. At admission, her serum level of sodium was 88 mEq/l.
      The hyponatremia was carefully corrected with physiologic saline for three days
      at a rate of 0.75 mEq/h until the serum sodium concentration of 135 mEq/l was
      achieved. Her neurologic state gradually improved to respond to painful stimuli
      with her left hand during the first week of treatment, but further improvement
      was not noted after that. On the 16th hospital day, seizure developed on her face
      and left upper extremity. Although abnormal lesions were not detected by MRI of
      the brain at admission, those performed on the 15th hospital day revealed
      multiple uncommon lesions with Tl and Gd enhanced images. On Tl images areas of
      low signal intensity were found in the central pons and left putamen, which were
      more clearly demonstrated by Gd enhanced MRI images. These lesions were
      considered to be consistent with central pontine and extra-pontine myelinolysis
      (CPEM). In addition, a part of the right temporal cortex was enhanced clearly by
      Gd-DTPA, which was also thought to be an extra-pontine myelinolysis. These
      lesions were responsible for the development of neurological signs due to CPEM.
      To our knowledge, this is the first case in which a lesion in the cerebral cortex
      was revealed as an extra-pontine myelinolysis by Gd enhanced MRI images. Gd
      enhanced MRI is useful for detecting the extra-pontine myelinolysis as well as
      central pontine myelinolysis.

PMID- 1813189
TI  - [Successful treatment of "steroid-immunosuppressant resistant" polymyositis with
      immunoadsorption].
AB  - We report a case of "steroid and immunosuppressant-resistant" polymyositis that
      was successfully treated with immunoadsorption. A 46-year-old man was admitted to
      Shinshu University Hospital on June 2, 1989, with the chief complaint of muscle
      weakness and pain. He had a 1.5-year history of frequent episodes of Raynaud's
      phenomenon. Five months before presentation, he noticed muscle weakness and pain
      in the proximal muscles of his extremities. One month after the onset of these
      symptoms, his body temperature increased to 38 degrees C and remained elevated
      until the following month. He subsequently entered a local hospital. He was found
      to have diminished strength in all limbs that was more marked in the proximal
      areas. The muscle weakness and pain progressed until the patient was no longer
      able to walk. Muscle biopsy of the left quadriceps femoris showed mononuclear
      cell infiltration in the endomyosium that was accompanied by phagocytosis and
      interstitial fibrosis. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of polymyositis was
      made. During hospitalization, the weakness continued to worsen despite pulse
      therapy with methylprednisolone 1000 mg per day for 3 days and the administration
      of prednisolone 100 mg and azathioprine 100 mg per day. The patient was
      transferred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment. On physical
      examination, he demonstrated hair loss, soft palate aphthae, tonsillar injection,
      and cervical lymphadenopathy. Neurological examination revealed generalized
      weakness; the patient was barely able to move all of his limbs. All of the
      muscles in his extremities were swollen and hard, and he felt pain when they were
      grasped. Deep tendon reflexes were diffusely hypoactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813190
TI  - [A case of brainstem infarction presenting with paralytic pontine exotropia and
      non-paralytic pontine exotropia].
AB  - We reported a patient with brainstem infarction who presented paralytic pontine
      exotropia (PPE) in acute phase and non-paralytic pontine exotropia (NPPE) during
      the recovery phase. On March 10, 1991, a 60-year-old man was brought to our
      hospital with chief complaints of double vision and right hemiparesis. The ocular
      position of the left eye on forward gaze was fixed at the midline, while the
      right eye was abducted, and skew deviation was observed. On leftward gaze,
      neither eye could pass the midline, and on rightward gaze the right eye was
      abducted and monocular nystagmus was noted in the abducted right eye, which
      indicated paralytic pontine exotropia. T2-weighted MRI showed high signal
      intensity lesions in the left paramedian portion of the mid-pontine tegmentum
      beneath the fourth ventricle, and in the midline of the pontine base extending to
      the left side. The next day, similar disturbance of ocular movement was seen on
      rightward gaze, but the limitation of leftward gaze had improved and NPPE was
      noted to have developed. On the third day, there was no abduction of the right
      eye on forward gaze, but left MLF syndrome was still present. Seven days later,
      the disturbances of ocular movement disappeared. The lesion was considered to be
      due to partial impairment of the left paramedian pontine reticular formation in
      addition to the MLF. PPE caused by ischemia due to the perforating arteries of
      the brainstem, different from that due to basilar artery occlusion may recover
      after progression through NPPE and MLF syndromes. Hence, one-and-a-half syndrome,
      PPE, NPPE, and MLF syndromes are considered to be analogous to one another.

PMID- 1813192
TI  - [A case of chorea as a sole presentation of primary anti-phospholipid antibody
      syndrome].
AB  - An 11-year-old boy developed florid choreic movements in his right extremities
      after having had an episode of febrile illness. He was evaluated at our hospital
      where MRI disclosed a honeycomb-like low signal intensity area rimmed by a thin
      Gd-enhanced layer in the left putamen. Arteriography revealed the
      lenticulostriate arteries being segmentally narrowed and a "ground glass"
      staining was observed in the left putamen in late venous phase. Sydenham's
      chorea, that had been the initial impression, was not substantiated because of
      negative pharyngeal culture for streptococci, negative ASLO/ASK titers and
      because of lack of clinical stigmata of rheumatic fever. However, prothrombin
      time was prolonged, and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), that had
      been also prolonged, was not normalized by adding healthy serum, indicating the
      presence of lupus anticoagulant. VDRL was false positive and anticardiolipin
      antibodies, both IgM and IgG classes, were also detected. However, systemic lupus
      erythematosus was unlikely in view of negative antinuclear antibody and LE
      phenomenon. He deteriorated rapidly due to development of severe bilateral
      chorea, thereby he was unable to walk or feed himself. He received a 3-day course
      of mega-dose intravenous methylprednisolone, that temporarily lessened the
      chorea, but soon it became worse. A second course of mega-dose methylprednisolone
      was given, followed by daily maintenance dose of prednisolone. His chorea
      gradually improved in severity and after 2 months only a trace of choreic
      movements was detected in his hands. He has been followed at our outpatient
      clinic where he no longer shows chorea and the APTT has improved to nearly normal
      time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813191
TI  - [A case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with schizophrenic psychosis, dementia
      and neuroleptic malignant syndrome].
AB  - A 37-year-old male with an 8-year-history of schizophrenic psychosis and dementia
      developed hyperpyrexia and cataleptic rigidity during haloperidol administration.
      He was transferred to our hospital where he was noticed to have generalized
      muscle weakness and atrophy. In his muscle biopsy, there were numerous ragged-red
      fibers and focal cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. In addition, the presence of
      strongly SDH-reactive blood vessels (SSV) in his muscle biopsy suggests that the
      similar systemic vascular abnormality as seen in MELAS plays a certain role for
      inducing the central nervous system symptoms. He discontinued haloperidol, and
      was placed on coenzyme Q and idebenone which were effective for his psychic
      problems. Several months later, his schizophrenic symptom disappeared and mental
      status improved from IQ of 60 to 68. We would emphasize that mitochondrial
      encephalomyopathies must be taken into account for differential diagnosis for
      psychiatric patients with mental deterioration.

PMID- 1813193
TI  - [Mono-radiculopathy multiplex--multiple infarction of the cauda equina caused by
      intravascular lymphomatosis].
AB  - A 55-year-old man had felt numbness of the bilateral peroneal sides of legs for 6
      months. Then hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, body weight loss and fever developed,
      and a diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis (MH) was made by revealing the
      presence of innumerable atypical histiocytes with hemophagocytosis in the bone
      marrow. Soon later, sensory disturbance of bilateral peroneal sides of legs
      (right side dominant) developed and aggravated with painful dysesthesia and
      weakness of the legs for the last 2 weeks before death. Electrophysiologically,
      sensory conduction velocity of the sural nerve was normal and somatosensory
      evoked potentials from tibial nerve were normal before P15 but were not evoked at
      all after the lumbar potential, suggesting lumbosacral radiculopathy. Autopsy
      showed multifocal ischemic lesions and secondary degeneration of the lumbosacral
      nerve roots associated with necrosis and fibrosis of the radicular vessels and
      intravascular infiltration of atypical mononuclear cells which were positive for
      B cell markers. The neurological manifestations and the distribution of ischemic
      lesions, which were similar to those of vasculopathic mononeuropathy multiplex,
      would deserve the name of "monoradiculopathy multiplex".

PMID- 1813194
TI  - [Supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and convergence nystagmus caused by unilateral
      riMLF lesion].
AB  - We report a case showing supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and convergence
      nystagmus caused by a unilateral lesion of the rostral interstitial nucleus of
      the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). The patient was a 54-year-old female
      with mitral stenosis and regurgitation and atrial fibrillation, who suddenly
      developed vertigo and double vision. She was admitted to our hospital because of
      persisting diplopia 4 days after onset, although vertigo had resolved within 1
      hour. On admission she was alert, but presented with supranuclear vertical gaze
      palsy and convergence nystagmus. Other cranial nerves were intact and motor
      strength, deep tendon reflexes, sensations were also normal. There were no
      cerebellar signs. Cranial MRI demonstrated a unilateral ischemic lesion at the
      left thalamo-mesencephalic junction that involved the unilateral riMLF. Cerebral
      angiography revealed no abnormalities. Vertical gaze palsy has been reported to
      be caused by a lesion involving bilateral riMLF or unilateral posterior
      commissure, and convergence nystagmus usually by a lesion near or within the
      dorsal mesencephalon. However, recent reports have demonstrated a histopathologic
      evidence that vertical gaze palsy was caused by unilateral riMLF lesion. The
      present case confirms clinically that both vertical gaze palsy and convergence
      nystagmus can be developed by a lesion of unilateral riMLF.

PMID- 1813195
TI  - [A case of progressive systemic sclerosis and Sjogren's syndrome complicated by
      parkinsonism with special reference to the beneficial effect of corticosteroid].
AB  - A 79-year-old woman was consulted by us because of 2 years' history of difficulty
      in neck flexion and frozen gait. On admission, the neurological examination
      disclosed findings compatible with parkinsonism such as bradykinesia and muscle
      rigidity. In addition, she felt thirsty and hard skin, cyanosis and Raynaud
      phenomenon in the limbs. These were consistent with diagnosis of progressive
      systemic sclerosis and Sjogren's syndrome, which was then confirmed by high
      titers of anti-nuclear antibody and anti-ENA antibody and abnormal sialogram;
      marked decrease of saliva and tear secretion was demonstrated. Brain CT and
      angiography showed no evidence of ischemic stroke. Parkinson symptoms were not
      relieved by a month's treatment with L-dopa, but was improved by 3 weeks'
      administration of corticosteroids; the latter also provided a benefit to the poor
      circulation in her finger tips. Parkinsonism in the present case is likely
      related to Sjogren's syndrome. Our report proposes a possibility of autoimmune
      disease as one of underlying causes for drug-resistant parkinsonism.

PMID- 1813197
TI  - [Monoparesis due to the brachial plexus neuritis by herpes zoster virus--report
      of a case].
AB  - A 73-year-old woman suffering from the acute onset monoparesis of her right arm
      which followed the skin eruption with mild sensory disturbance of right C4-6
      level, was reported. Electrophysiological examinations revealed the brachial
      plexus neuritis and axonal degeneration of the proximal portion, with the
      evidence of herpes zoster infection. Her paresis of the right arm gradually
      improved without any medication during her hospital course. It was concluded that
      herpes zoster should be considered to be one of the causes of acute onset
      brachial plexopathy.

PMID- 1813196
TI  - [A case of bilateral cerebellar infarction in the distribution of the bilateral
      superior cerebellar artery].
AB  - We reported a case of bilateral cerebellar hemorrhagic infarction in the
      distribution of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery. A 58-year-old man
      suddenly developed dizziness and transient loss of consciousness. The
      neurological examination revealed left hearing disturbance, left sensory
      disturbance involving face, dysarthria and bilateral ataxia. This patient was
      considered to be classic clinical syndrome of right superior cerebellar artery.
      CT and MRI revealed hemorrhagic infarction corresponding to the full territory of
      the bilateral superior cerebellar artery. The right posterior cerebral artery was
      filling through the right posterior communicating artery on the right carotid
      angiography taken 2 hours after the onset. Bilateral vertebral angiography on the
      18th day demonstrated no occlusions in the basilar artery and the bilateral
      superior cerebellar artery. Hemorrhagic infarction corresponding to the full
      territory of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery, sparing other territories
      as the present case, is extremely rare. In this case, cerebral embolism (top of
      the basilar syndrome) was suggested because of existence of atrial fibrillation
      and sudden onset.

PMID- 1813199
TI  - [A case of spinal osteomyelitis detected by MRI].
AB  - A 75-year-old man was admitted because of chest pain and gait disturbance. He
      noticed pain in the left anterior chest regardless of exercise 3 months prior to
      admission. Two months later, the chest became smart with motion, followed by
      sensory disturbance of the lower extremities. On admission, he was anemic. His
      lower extremities showed exaggerated deep tendon reflexes with positive Babinski
      signs and an impairment of superficial and deep sense with sensory ataxia.
      Muscular weakness, muscular wasting, or urinary disturbance was not found. An X
      ray film of his thoracic spine disclosed compression fracture and protein content
      of his cerebrospinal fluid was increased. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the
      ill spines revealed fusion of the bodies of the fifth and sixth thoracic
      vertebrae with a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a partially high
      signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The intervertebral disc was destroyed.
      Although histological or bacteriological confirmation was absent, characteristic
      MRI findings were compatible with spinal osteomyelitis. After antibacterial
      chemotherapy, his clinical symptoms improved and he came to be able to walk
      again.

PMID- 1813198
TI  - [A patient with lambda type light-chain disease associated with Crow-Fukase
      syndrome and autoimmune thrombocytopenia].
AB  - A 67-year-old woman, who presented polyneuropathy, pleural effusion, ascites and
      sclerosing changes in the ribs, was admitted to our hospital on June 17, 1987. On
      admission, cerebrospinal examination showed a marked protein-cell dissociation
      and a delay in nerve conduction velocity. Bence-Jones protein was detected in
      urine, and the immunohistochemical study of biopsied bone marrow of the rib
      revealed lambda-chain positive plasmacytoma. Serum immunoelectrophoresis,
      however, showed no monoclonal gamma-globulinemia. From the findings described
      above, she was diagnosed as having Crow-Fukase syndrome associated with lambda
      type light chain disease. Even with a therapy by prednisolone, platelet counts
      progressively declined to 10,000/ml3. Bone marrow aspiration showed normal number
      of megakaryocytes. Since platelet-associated IgG was increased to 452 ng/1.0 x
      10(8) plt, a diagnosis of autoimmune thrombocytopenia was considered. Melphalan
      and cyclophosphamide to plasmacytoma resulted in a marked improvement of
      platelets. In addition, the level of platelet-associated IgG returned to normal
      range. Polyneuropathy, however, didn't respond to those therapies. It was
      suggested that both Crow-Fukase syndrome and thrombocytopenia were closely
      concerned with plasmacytoma but developed in a different manner.

PMID- 1813200
TI  - Effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer on plaque formation
      and gingivitis.
AB  - A total of one hundred twenty-one (121) adult male and female subjects completed
      a 6-month, double-blind clinical study comparing the effect on supragingival
      plaque formation and gingivitis of a dentifrice containing 0.3% Triclosan and
      2.0% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid to a placebo dentifrice.
      Both the Triclosan/copolymer and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243% sodium
      fluoride in a silica base. Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups
      according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores. They then received an oral
      prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the Triclosan/copolymer dentrifrice
      or the placebo dentifrice for the next 6 months. Subjects were evaluated for
      supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis after 3 and 6 months' use of the
      dentifrices. After 6 months, the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to
      provide a 32.32% statistically significant reduction (99% level of confidence) in
      supragingival plaque formation, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. Also,
      after 6 months, the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 25.64%
      statistically significant reduction (99% level of confidence) in gingivitis, as
      compared to the placebo dentifrice. It thus can be concluded from this clinical
      study that the twice daily use of the dentifrice containing 0.3% Triclosan and
      2.0% of a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base provides
      statistically significant reductions in both supragingival plaque formation and
      gingivitis.

PMID- 1813201
TI  - Study on adequacy of sterilization of air-water syringe tips.
AB  - This study examined the adequacy of sterilization of air-water syringe (AWS) tips
      following contamination during routine dental care treatment procedures. Although
      the internal chambers of most AWS tips were determined to be contaminated
      following use, no residual microbes were detected following autoclave
      sterilization of the AWS tips used during patient treatment procedures.
      Therefore, AWS tips apparently are readily heat sterilizable by conventional
      methods following clinical usage.

PMID- 1813202
TI  - Multidisciplinary patient care in preventive dentistry: idiopathic dental pain
      reconsidered.
AB  - Pain is a complex phenomenon which challenges healthcare providers to develop
      multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment competencies. This paper reviews
      literature on idiopathic odontalgia and tooth hypersensitivity without apparent
      cause, and considers the role bioelectric mechanisms may play in the onset and
      treatment of these moderately common disorders. The hypothesis considers that
      such pain may be associated with health disturbances in areas remote from the
      teeth and periodontium. A multidisciplinary approach to preventive dental health
      is discussed along with factors which may impact the outcome in the treatment of
      dental pain.

PMID- 1813204
TI  - Recognition of HIV/AIDS-associated oral lesions by the dental team.
AB  - The abilities of dentists, dental hygienists and dental assistants to recognize
      HIV/AIDS-associated intraoral lesions were examined and compared. Subjects who
      were attending a regional dental meeting were shown six color photographs (2.5 in
      x 3.5 in) and asked to determine what condition might be depicted. There were no
      significant differences in scores between the dentists and dental hygienists,
      while dental assistants had significantly poorer scores than both groups.
      Recognition scores for all groups indicate that dental health professionals may
      not be adequately recognizing the oral clinical manifestations of HIV/AIDS
      infection. This should receive greater emphasis both in the school setting and in
      the continuing education arena.

PMID- 1813203
TI  - Comparative study of four over-the-counter mouthrinses claiming antiplaque and/or
      antigingivitis benefits.
AB  - The efficacy of over-the-counter mouthrinses claiming to have
      antiplaque/antigingivitis benefits was compared using the modified Loe-Silness
      Gingival Index and the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. The double-blind in vivo study
      involved 122 subjects. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of five groups.
      Gingival inflammation and plaque were evaluated at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of product
      use. Results revealed that plaque scores for some of the products were
      statistically significant from the control at the 4-week and 6-week visits.
      Changes in the gingival scores were negligible.

PMID- 1813205
TI  - Standardization and quality control of tumour marker assays.

PMID- 1813206
TI  - The identification of high risk and practical strategies for a population based
      randomized trial of ovarian cancer screening.

PMID- 1813207
TI  - Impact of tumour marker measurements upon management of patients with carcinoma
      of the ovary.
AB  - The clinical value of serum CA 125 in the management of patients with ovarian
      carcinoma has now been proven. Its role in screening for early potentially
      curable disease remains unproven due to its low sensitivity for early disease and
      requires further study in clinical trials. Its use in diagnosis of malignant
      pelvic lesions could lead to a more appropriate operation. Its most useful
      present application is to indicate which patients are no longer responding to
      chemotherapy and to prevent them being given unnecessary unpleasant treatment and
      also to avoid other investigations such as CT scans which give less information.
      Definitions for response to a specific therapy and also progression according to
      CA 125 criteria are given and require prospective testing.

PMID- 1813208
TI  - Serological monitoring of advanced breast cancer treated by systemic cytotoxic
      using a combination of ESR, CEA, and CA 15.3: fact or fiction?
AB  - A biochemical response index using the tumour markers ESR, CEA, and CA 15.3 in
      combination has been evaluated in 67 patients with systemic breast cancer treated
      by cytotoxic therapies; 55 patients were assessable using the three markers in
      combination. Changes in these three markers at 6-9 and 12-15 weeks showed a
      highly significant correlation with the UICC assessed response at 3 and 6 months
      (p less than 0.001); sensitivity 100 per cent, specificity 87 per cent.
      Comparison of survival in patients assessed biochemically or by UICC criteria
      showed no significant difference either for non-progression or progression. The
      advantages of the biochemical assessment are that it is objective and
      reproducible. This index has since been used successfully in directing systemic
      cytotoxics.

PMID- 1813209
TI  - Serological monitoring of epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Serum CA125 measurement has an established role in monitoring epithelial ovarian
      cancer patients, assisting in determining response to chemotherapy and providing
      a lead time to clinical relapse. Over the past few years there has been a
      decrease in the use of second-look laparotomy to determine response; however,
      this is largely due to the lack of impact that this procedure has on survival
      rather than the growing use of less invasive scanning techniques or CA 125 assay
      to determine disease status. The value of a marker lead time depends ultimately
      on a patient's remaining therapeutic options; the influence on survival of
      therapeutic intervention at pre-clinical diagnosis of relapse remains to be
      tested in a randomized controlled trial. The third area where CA 125 may help
      patient management is in predicting progression-free survival and overall
      survival. Treating patients with aggressive chemotherapy regimes would not be
      justified (given the deterioration in the quality of life for a period of months
      that may result from such therapy) if a poor outcome could be predicted. Deciding
      when to stop ineffective treatment is extremely difficult for the clinician given
      patients' desire for active therapy. The prognostic value of CA 125 needs to be
      further clarified before it can influence such treatment decisions. The aim of
      this study was to help clarify the role of CA 125 in patient management and to
      assess several other putative EOC markers, including determinants found on the
      polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM)--the most promising alternative marker protein
      to date.

PMID- 1813210
TI  - Reshaping human monoclonal antibodies for imaging and therapy.
AB  - Current problems in obtaining suitable monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) for in vivo
      imaging and therapy can now be bypassed using protein-engineering rather than
      conventional hybridoma technology. Rodent antibody binding sites can be grafted
      onto human acceptor antibodies thus reshaping the human MoAbs into reagents with
      more desired specificities. We successfully exploited this technology to produce
      two reshaped human antibodies with the same specificities and very similar
      binding abilities as demonstrated for the mouse antibodies H17E2 and HMFG1.

PMID- 1813211
TI  - Molecular markers of breast and ovarian cancer.

PMID- 1813212
TI  - Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT): a three phase system.
AB  - Monoclonal anti-CEA antibody, A5B7, and its fragments conjugated to CPG2 localize
      to a peak concentration in the LS174T xenografts within 24 h after injection, but
      enzyme activity persists in plasma such that prodrug injection has to be delayed
      for 5-6 days in order to avoid toxicity. Injection of prodrug at this time did
      not result in growth delay of this tumour. A three-phase system has been
      developed in which residual plasma enzyme was inactivated and cleared by a
      galactosylated anti-CPG2 antibody, SB43gal, allowing prodrug administration
      within 24 h after the conjugate. Using this three-phase system, a marked growth
      delay of this tumour was achieved after a single course of treatment consisting
      of conjugate injection followed by SB43gal, 19 h later and three doses of the
      prodrug.

PMID- 1813214
TI  - The polyguanidinium complex of the glucose transporter: a possible basis for
      bistable cationic gates and anionic channels in biology.
AB  - The detailed molecular structure and mechanism of action of the red cell glucose
      transporter would endow it with the ability to transfer the less hydrated
      potassium ion. This is prevented by a polyguanidinium-ring-complex cation which
      provides an effective electrical energy barrier. The ring complex has structural
      features which could form a bistable state of ring charges; in one form the
      electrical repulsions would be fully effective (gate 'shut'), whereas in the
      other form they would be ineffective (gate 'open'). It is also suggested that the
      polyguanidinium linkages could form a linear complex which could be the basis for
      anionic channels in biology. The theoretical basis for both these hypotheses is
      described.

PMID- 1813213
TI  - Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT): clinical report.
AB  - Following an extensive series of studies in nude mice with human xenografts a
      pilot scale clinical trial of antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy has been
      initiated. The principle is to activate a relatively inert prodrug to an active
      cytotoxin by a tumour located enzyme. In the first stage of the study a prodrug
      para-N-(mono-2-chloroethyl monomesyl)-aminobenzoyl glutamic acid was administered
      to six patients with advanced colorectal cancer in a dose escalating protocol.
      Nausea and vomiting occurred as the only discernible toxic effect at the higher
      dose levels. Three of these patients and two other patients with advanced disease
      have proceeded to the second stage of the study in which an antibody-enzyme
      conjugate was given IV, followed after 36-48 h by a galactosylated anti-enzyme
      antibody. When plasma enzyme levels had become undetectable the patients received
      multiple doses of the prodrug. At the lower doses toxicity was minimal as were
      clinical responses. Two patients received higher doses which resulted in
      myelosuppression and temporary regression of advanced disease. No complications
      resulted from administration of the antibody-enzyme complex or enzyme
      inactivating antibody. The myelosuppression is attributable to the relatively
      long half-life of the active drug formed from the prodrug used in the present
      study.

PMID- 1813215
TI  - Distinct centric fusions in different populations of Deltamys kempi (Rodentia,
      Cricetidae) from South America.
AB  - Chromosome studies on 28 specimens collected in two Brazilian populations of the
      rodent species Deltamys kempi disclosed seven different karyotypes, due to two
      autosome centric fusions (2;3 and 9;15) in homozygous and heterozygous states,
      and a Y-autosome translocation present in all males. These results, plus those
      obtained previously in a population from Argentina and another from Brazil, show
      that this species has 44% of carriers of four autosome centric fusions, and each
      rearrangement is restricted to a distinct locality.

PMID- 1813216
TI  - Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels of normal blood donors.
AB  - Following T cell activation a part of the IL-2-receptor (sIL-2-R) was released
      from the T cell membrane. Elevated serum levels of sIL-2-R were observed in some
      pathological conditions. The serum of healthy blood donors (n = 228) was
      investigated by ELISA to see whether a correlation existed in normal donors
      between the age or the sex of the donor and the sIL-2-R. The serum levels found
      were in the range between 5 and 398 pM. No correlation was found between the
      different ages or the sex of the donors.

PMID- 1813217
TI  - Chromosome studies on Dasypus, Euphractus and Cabassous genera (Edentata:
      Dasypodidae).
AB  - The somatic and meiotic chromosomes of twenty specimens of the Dasypodidae were
      studied. The wild specimens belonged to the genera Cabassous, Euphractus and
      Dasypus. The karyotype of D. novemcinctus showed a diploid chromosome number of
      64, although some variation was observed in one specimen where 2n was 65, due to
      a supernumerary chromosome, and another had a dimorphic pair. D. septemcinctus
      also had a diploid chromosome number of 64, and showed two variant types due to
      pericentric inversions and/or centric fusions. E. sexcinctus and C. unicinctus
      had diploid chromosome numbers of 58 and 50, respectively. These species did not
      show variant chromosome types, and this was confirmed in meiotic studies.
      Analysis of the meiotic epithelium of species of Dasypus including the analysis
      of the synaptonemal complex in pachytene nuclei, showed similar findings to those
      commonly reported in mammalian meiosis, especially in relation to pairing and
      formation of the sex bivalent. The evolutionary implications of the chromosome
      changes in relation to organic evolution are discussed.

PMID- 1813218
TI  - [Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis].
AB  - In 43 patients with infective endocarditis aortic valve involvement was seen in
      37, mitral valve in 4 and both in 2. 81.39% of the patients had the disease
      secondary to chronic cardiac valve disease. Follow-up ranged from 1.5 months to
      10 years (mean 3.27 years). Early death occurred in 5 patients (11.65%) and late
      death in 4. According to clinical states and cardiac function, the patients were
      divided into two groups: acute and chronic cardiac dysfunction. In the former
      group, operation was done in 9 to 14 days after administration of antibiotics,
      and in the latter, 6 weeks to 3 months after infection had been controlled. The
      proper time for operation, the management of special problems and the factors
      influencing operative effects were discussed.

PMID- 1813219
TI  - [Surgical intervention of infective endocarditis].
AB  - 33 patients with infective endocarditis were treated from 1980 to 1989. 31 of
      them were operated on for primary endocarditis complicated by congenital heart
      disease (5 patients) and valvular heart disease (26 patients). Two patients
      (6.5%) died postoperatively and 2 patients with primary endocarditis complicated
      by aortic insufficiency died without operation. In 10 patients with endocarditis
      secondary to open-heart surgery, 6 were reoperated upon but 5 of them died; in
      the remaining 4 who were not reoperated on died. We consider that surgical
      intervention for endocarditis, either primary or postoperative, should be taken
      as early as possible after a short period of ineffectiveness of antibiotic
      therapy.

PMID- 1813220
TI  - [Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis].
AB  - Nineteen patients with infective endocarditis underwent surgery. Congenital heart
      disease was found in 6 patients, valve disease in 13. Seven patients had history
      of rheumatism. Congestive heart failure was noted in 17 patients, arterial
      embolism in 3, and pulmonary infarction in 1. Blood culture was positive in
      36.8%, while vegetations were detected echocardiographically in 58.8% of the
      patients. Selective surgery was performed in 17 patients and emergency operation
      in the rest two. There was no operative death. Follow-up for 3-109 months after
      operation showed no evidence of recurrent endocarditis. We suggest that early
      surgical treatment is mandatory for intractable infective endocarditis if
      excellent result is expected.

PMID- 1813221
TI  - [Prosthetic valve endocarditis].
AB  - Five patients underwent heart valve replacement with prosthetic valve
      endocarditis (PVE). The mortality was 5.8% (5/87). The diagnosis of PVE mainly
      depended on clinical features: consistent fever in 5 patients, embolism in 3,
      petechias in 2, recurrence of heart murmur in 5, III degrees A-V block in 1, and
      positive echocardiography findings in 5, but their culture of blood were
      negative. All the five patients died of embolism, dysfunction of prosthetic
      valve, and serious heart failure. We emphasize that reoperation may be advisable
      to the patients.

PMID- 1813222
TI  - [Fungal endocarditis after open-heart surgery. Report of 4 cases].
AB  - Four patients with fungal endocarditis after open-heart surgery were confirmed
      microbiologically. Two of them died, and the other 2 were treated with
      intravenous administration of miconazole. Clinical symptoms of the disease were
      similar to those of bacterial endocarditis, but headache and sweating were more
      predominant. This complication was likely to be found and treated with effective
      anti-fungi drugs. We suggest that reoperation is the only possible way to cure
      those with residual shunt or vegetation, and that prevention of postoperative
      fungal endocarditis is of great importance because of its refractoriness.
      Measures of preventing fungal endocarditis after open-heart surgery are
      discussed.

PMID- 1813223
TI  - [Late-stage prosthetic valve infective endocarditis. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Two patients with prosthetic valve infective endocarditis underwent second valve
      replacement after long-term medication. One patient died and the other survived.
      Bioprosthetic valve infection developed gradually with late appearance of valve
      dysfunction. We suggest surgical intervention because of poor results of
      medication. During the reoperation, the infected tissue should be removed
      thoroughly and new prosthetic valve be tightly sutured with special attention to
      prevention of bleeding.

PMID- 1813224
TI  - [Surgical treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome].
AB  - Fourty-two patients with superior mesenteric artery syndrome were treated
      surgically. Among the patients, 24 were male and 18 female (mean age, 38 years).
      The courses of the disease varied from 1 to 10 years. Operations included
      amputation of the ligament of Treitz (14 patients), gastrojejunostomy (2),
      subtotal gastrectomy and gastro jejunostomy (1), duodenojejunostomy (6), anterior
      repositioning of the duodenum (7), and circular drainage operation of the
      duodenum (12). Two patients underwent anterior repositioning of the duodenum and
      gastrojejunostomy. In patients without relief of symptoms such as vomiting after
      operation, circular drainage of the duodenum was performed. All the 42 patients
      were successfully treated. The authors discussed 6 kinds of operations, their
      indications, and the advantages and disadvantages. Emphasis was given to the
      anterior repositioning of the duodenum and its circular drainage.

PMID- 1813225
TI  - [Intraluminal catheter appendicography in diagnosis of chronic appendicitis].
AB  - In an effort to enhance the rate of correct diagnosis of chronic appendicitis,
      endoscopic intraluminal catheter appendicography was performed in 40 patients
      clinically suspected of chronic appendicitis. Catheter appendicography disclosed
      normal appendix in 22 cases, hence avoiding unnecessary appendectomy.
      Appendectomy was undertaken in the remaining 18 positively diagnosed patients
      giving a cure rate of 72.2%.

PMID- 1813226
TI  - [Effect of distal splenocaval shunt on splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with
      liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension].
AB  - Measurements of portal pressure and angiography were done to evaluate the
      hemodynamic changes after a distal splenocaval shunt (DSCS) in 25 patients with
      liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. It was demonstrated that the portal
      pressure and portal perfusion were maintained in these patients in the early
      postshunting stage compared with the preshunting stage. Moreover, the diameter of
      the hepatic arteries increased following shunt, suggesting an increment in
      hepatic arterial flow. These hemodynamic effects probably contribute to the
      highly satisfactory outcomes in appropriately selected patients. The findings
      indicate that DSCS is effective and safe in the treatment of portal hypertension.

PMID- 1813227
TI  - [Ultrasonographic features of small bowel tumors].
AB  - The Ultra sonographic findings of 24 cases of small bowel tumors confirmed by
      surgery and pathology were described. According to their growth pattern, there
      were three types of small bowl tumors on ultra sonography: intraluminal mass,
      thick-walled, and extraluminal. After the patients drank 500 ml of water, the
      tumor was easily detected and pinpointed by ultrasonic observation of the filling
      and passage of the fluid in the diseased small bowl.

PMID- 1813228
TI  - [Combined ringing constriction and valvuloplasty in the treatment of varicosity
      of the great saphenous vein].
AB  - Eleven cases (17 limbs) of varicosity of the great saphenous vein were treated by
      combined ringing constriction and valvuloplasty of the femoral veins and the
      first valvula of the great saphenous veins using autogenous vein strips. Valvular
      incompetency of the femoral veins and the great saphenous veins wore corrected,
      and the physiological function of the great saphenous vein was restored.

PMID- 1813229
TI  - [Surgical treatment of congenital horseshoe kidney. Report of 21 cases].
AB  - From 1984 to 1989, we treated surgically 21 patients with horseshoe kidney.
      Clinically, urinary tract calculi was a common problem. In this group, 14
      patients were complicated by urinary tract calculi. Diagnosis of horseshoe kidney
      was established roentgenographically in most cases. Twenty-one patients underwent
      25 operative procedures for removal of the urinary tract stone and division of
      the isthmus. Eight operations were performed by classical extraperitoneal
      horizontal flank incision and 17 were done transperitoneally. We consider that
      the latter is more superior than the former.

PMID- 1813230
TI  - [Complete urethral rupture caused by pelvic fracture in females].
AB  - Complete urethral rupture caused by pelvic fracture in females is rare. In China
      except 6 cases treated at other institutions, we encountered 3 case of this kind
      injury from 1987 to 1989. Reviewing the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of the
      injury of 9 cases, we suggest that urethral reunion, traction by Foley's catheter
      and cystostomy should be performed routinely to raise the cure rate.

PMID- 1813231
TI  - [Bronchoplasty and pulmonary arterioplasty with lobectomy in the treatment of
      central type lung carcinoma].
AB  - From 1982 to 1989, bronchoplasty or segmental bronchoplasty and pulmonary
      arterioplasty in combination with lobectomy and segmentectomy were performed for
      9 patients with central type lung carcinoma. Lobectomy with sleeve excision of
      the bronchus and the pulmonary artery was done in 3 patients, of which one had
      bilobectomy plus one segmentectomy with segmental bronchoplasty, lobectomy with
      wedge excision of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery in 2, lobectomy with
      wedge excision of the bronchus and sleeve excision of the pulmonary artery in 2,
      lobectomy with sleeve excision of the bronchus and wedge excision of the
      pulmonary artery in 1, and regular lobectomy with sleeve excision of the
      pulmonary artery in 1. Histological examination showed that 5 patients had
      squamous cell carcinoma, 2 adenocarcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma, and 1 alveolar
      cell carcinoma. The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up showed that 1
      patient lived for more than 5 years, 2 more than 2 years, 1 more than 1 year, and
      5 less than 1 year.

PMID- 1813232
TI  - [Surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax].
AB  - 70 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax were treated surgically. They were
      cured without complications. The recurrence rate was 1.2%. The authors stressed
      the timely surgically treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax and suggested suture
      ligature and incision-suture of lung bulla. Pulmonectomy should be avoided, while
      parietal pleura denudation, and chemical cauterization are used to prevent
      recurrence. Two patients with bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax operated
      successfully were described in detail.

PMID- 1813233
TI  - [CT-guided stereotaxic evacuation of hypertensive intracerebral hematomas].
AB  - CT-guided stereotaxic evacuation of hypertensive intracerebral hematomas was
      performed in 50 patients. Hematoma was found in the basal ganglion in 36 cases in
      the internal capsule in 23, in external capsule in 6, in thalamus in 7, in
      subcortex in 6 in cerebellum, in 6 and in brain stem in 2. The volume of these
      hematomas was less than 10 ml in 2 patients, 20-50 ml in 21, 51-100 ml in 16 and
      over 100 ml in 11. The liquid hematoma was totally aspirated by stereotaxic
      technique in 9 patients. Similarly, more than 80% of clots of hematoma was
      evacuated in 28 patients and about 60-80% of clots was evacuated in 13. Good
      operative results were obtained in 14 patients (28%). Mild neurological
      disability was seen in 16 patients (32%) and marked disability in 15 (30%). Five
      patients (10%) died.

PMID- 1813234
TI  - [Rat multiple organ failure model caused by zymosan injections: a
      pathomorphological study].
AB  - We succeeded in developing a Wistar rat multiple organ failure (MOF) model by
      intraperitoneal injection of Zymosan. 80 rats were divided into the experimental
      and control groups. On alternative days (1, 2, 4-5 day), rats were killed after
      their blood specimens were examined. In the experimental group, changes in PaO2,
      GPT and Cr were apparently significant as compared with those in the control
      group. Symptoms included lethargy, hyporeaction, and alimentary tract hemorrhage.
      By combining function with pathology changes at the cellular and subcellular
      level and histochemical aspects, we listed MOF pathological features for the
      diagnosis of DIC at its different stages.

PMID- 1813235
TI  - [Hemodynamics changes in proximal femur of patients with femoral head necrosis].
AB  - Intraosseous pressure of the proximal femur was measured with type II physical
      pressure detector in 46 patients with femoral head necrosis (Legg-perthes'
      disease 25, idiopathic necrosis 21) and in 49 normal persons (25 children and 24
      adults). Fourteen of those with head necrosis and 9 of the normals were further
      surveyed by stress test, a test to see the pressure change following intraosseous
      injection of 5 ml heparinized normal saline solution. Again, intramedullary
      venography was done in 16 of those with diseased head and 12 of the normals to
      investigate their status of venous flow. The intraosseous pressure of normal hips
      was 20.56 +/- 8.13 mmHg in children and 17 +/- 8.72 mmHg in adults while that of
      diseased hips was 37.28 +/- 15.51 mmHg in children and 35 +/- 12.07 mmHg in
      adults. The results indicated the coexistence of intraosseous hypertension and
      femoral head necrosis. Intramedullary venogram showed diaphyseal reflux in those
      with femoral head necrosis. This finding was also proved by stress necrosis. This
      finding was also proved by stress test. The hindrance of venous return, whatever
      the cause may be, induced venous stasis, intraosseous hypertension and decreased
      arterial inflow. The necrosis of the femoral head was found to be due to
      insufficient and depletion of the nutrition supply in the femoral head.

PMID- 1813236
TI  - [Full length urethral stricture. One-stage urethroplasty using double island skin
      tube from perineum and scrotum].
AB  - One-stage urethroplasty was performed for 10 patients with full length urethral
      stricture by using double skin tube from the perineum and scrotum. Follow-up
      after operations showed that voiding of urine returned to normal and no residual
      urine was found in all patients. Voiding urethrogram and cystoscopy showed
      neither stenosis nor hair, stone, urethral cyst and diverticula. This operation
      is simple and effective in addition to rare complication and no requirement of
      urethral dilatation. The treatment of full length urethral stricture and
      tubercular urethral stricture are also discussed.

PMID- 1813237
TI  - [A new design of internal fixation for scoliosis-multi-screw fixed distractor
      compressor via the vertebral pedicle and its clinical application].
AB  - A new scoliotone, which is made up of screws, sockets, clamps, distraction rod
      and compression rod, was used stabilize immobilization of the spine in 10 cases.
      This scoliotone can produce free motion in three different levels, and has a
      strong power of fixation, distraction, compression and antitraction. In 10 cases
      when the patient's spinal curvature (cobb's angle) was less than 50 degrees, the
      average range of correction was 78.2% and the correction rate of kyphosis peak
      was 90%. When the spinal curvature was between 50 to 100 degrees, the average
      range of correction was 68.2%, and the correction rate of kyphosis peak was
      87.7%. If the spinal curvature was more than 100 degrees, the average range of
      correction rate of kyphosis peak was 82%. After the operation, the patient might
      not be immobilized. In this paper, the biomechanical features of the vertebral
      arch, internal fixation and correction of kyphosis peak were discussed.

PMID- 1813238
TI  - [Motor evoked potentials for the determination of experimental spinal cord
      injuries].
AB  - In testing the clinical use of motor evoked potentials (MEP), optimal responses
      were obtained while using a stimulus with an intensity of 1100 V. The studies of
      spinal cord lesion revealed that MEP was dependent primarily on anterolateral
      column pathways. MEP was shown to be produced in the muscle and was not the
      result of volume conduction. On the spinal cord injury, the studies revealed that
      MEP was a reliable indicator of the initial extent of injuries. No adverse
      effects from transcranial stimulation were identified by either histological
      examination of animal brains or EEG after stimulation of animal. During
      neurosurgery, motor evoked potentials can be use for monitoring and also for
      detecting the effects of different drugs in treating spinal cord injury.

PMID- 1813239
TI  - [Biomechanics of wedge-osteotomy for kyphosis].
AB  - In 100 patients with kyphosis who received wedge-osteotomy, Cobb's degree greater
      than 90 degrees was noted in 44, of whom 44 patients showed radiologically aortic
      calcification. Follow-up for more than 1.5 years showed an average correction
      degree of 57.2 degrees and an average correction rate of 77.2%. Body height
      increased on the average by 16 cm. We analyzed biomechanics of this operation.

PMID- 1813240
TI  - [Anatomical restoration of thoracolumbar spine with burst fracture].
AB  - A burst fracture was created in the L1 vertebra of six fresh human cadaver spines
      and reduction was performed using AO fixator intern, reduction fixation (RF)
      device, and Steffee plate instrumentation systems to determine the reduction
      force (distraction vs distraction plus lordosis) contributing to the anatomical
      restoration of thoracolumbar spine. These three pedicular screw devices were
      applied to the specimens following the use of standard clinical technique for
      each device. The AO fixator intern and the RF device provided independent control
      of distraction and lordosis correction. The Steffee device maintained a set
      distraction and lordosis. The RF device provided pre-set fixed incremental
      lordosis, while the AO provided variable angular correction. Plain X-rays and CT
      scans were taken of the specimens before and after creation of the fracture and
      following application of each device. Results demonstrated that the symmetric
      lordotic distraction of the disc space and vertebral body provided by the RF
      device achieved the best possible reduction of the intracanal fragment and
      sagittal alignment.

PMID- 1813242
TI  - [The arch structure of trabeculae in normal femoral head and its biomechanical
      significance].
AB  - The microstructure of normal femoral head of human was observed under light and
      electron microscope. Most of the trabeculae were seen in the form of arch
      structure, and the collagen fibers and the mineral columns of trabeculae were
      arranged in different directions. This finding provides a new explanation of
      mechanism that femoral head can bear high stress without collapse.

PMID- 1813243
TI  - [Radioimmunoimaging of osteosarcoma with BMP monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - The author employed the radioimmunoimaging technique in localizing osteosarcoma
      with the use of bone morphogenetic protein monoclonal antibodies (BMP-McAb). BMP
      McAb which had been labelled with 125I or 131I by the chloramine T method was
      given in injection to patients, and imaging was performed on SPECT (single photon
      emission computed tomography) 24 or 48 hrs after the injection of antibodies.
      There were seven patients with osteosarcoma and one with parosteal osteosarcoma.
      The result of SPECT imaging confirmed of the tumor areas of osteosarcoma clearly
      visualized; and the T/NT ratio of radioactivity the highest is 11.5 and average
      on 5.92. There is no positive imaging in parosteal sarcoma the technique of the
      radioimmunoimaging presented have those advantages: specificity and sensitivity
      powerful, easy to operate and harmless to health. The result of our study
      demonstrated biodistribution that the BMP-McAb retained in osteosarcomas tissues
      and indicated there are most BMP in tumor areas. It is therefore proposed that
      BMP are one kind of related antigen with osteosarcomas and has a satisfactory to
      clinical study.

PMID- 1813244
TI  - [Experimental study of the murine monoclonal antibodies of anti-human osteogenic
      sarcoma].
AB  - In the present experiment, cellular suspension, extracted from osteogenic sarcoma
      tissue removed from patients in operation, was used to immunize BABL/cmouse. The
      immunized murine spleen cells and murine myeloma cells were fused. The three
      lines of the hybridoma cells were produced by fusion and were screened by the
      method of PAP immunoperoxidase. Three hybridomas (MOG 1, MOF 6, MoC 4) reacted
      with osteogenic sarcoma but not with the normal synovium. MOF 6 reacted with
      rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, undifferentiated round cell sarcoma and melanoma
      but not with other tumors and normal tissues. MOG 1 and MOC 4 reacted with more
      tumors and tissues. The subclasses of MOF 6 and MOG 1 were identified. Both
      antibodies are IgG 1. Ascites developed in 10 days after two hybridomas were
      injected respectively into the murine peritoneal cavities. By more extensive
      research, the monoclonal antibodies may be used in many clinical and experimental
      works.

PMID- 1813241
TI  - [Wound infection after spinal surgery: analysis of 15 cases].
AB  - Fifteen of 714 patients undergoing spine surgery had postoperative wound
      infection, with an overall infection rate of 2.1%. There was infection rate of
      0.4% in spine surgery without metal instrumentation and 2.9% in spine fusion with
      metal internal instrumentation. Coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus was the
      commonest pathogen. Factors related to infection were discussed and preventive
      measures were suggested. Irrigation-suction technique without removal of metal
      instruments and bone grafts was recommended for the treatment of postoperative
      infection. A high pseudarthrosis rate was found in the infected patients after
      spine fusion with metal instrumentation.

PMID- 1813245
TI  - [Clinical analysis of abdominal injury complicated by disseminated intravascular
      coagulation].
AB  - Since there is no widely accepted diagnostic criterion for disseminated
      intravascular coagulation (DIC), We analyzed 25 cases of abdominal injury
      complicated by DIC and proposed the diagnostic criterion, the list of treatment
      and the correlation between clinical classification and pathological changes of
      traumatic DIC. At present, the correct diagnosis of DIC can only be established
      by analysing etiological factors, clinical symptoms and signs, results of
      experimental examination and effects of anticoagulation treatment. Timely and
      reasonable anticoagulation treatment is the key to reducing the mortality of DIC.

PMID- 1813246
TI  - [Effect of cimetidine on wedged hepatic venous pressure in cirrhotic patients].
AB  - Basing on our supposition that "humoral mechanism" played an important role in
      the pathogenesis of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, antagonists to some of
      these humoral substances (HS) would have a lowering effect on the portal pressure
      in cirrhotic patients. The wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) was used as an
      indicator in reflecting the changes of portal pressure. Cimetidine was given
      intravenously to 8 cirrhotic patients, an average lowering of 0.72 kPa (7.3 cm
      H2O) of WHVP was observed. This was of clinical significance as compared with the
      previous results of splenorenal shunting operations.

PMID- 1813247
TI  - [Gastrojejunocolic fistula. Report of 5 cases].
AB  - Gastrojejunocolic fistula is rare complication of recurrent peptic ulcer disease
      after gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. This paper reported five cases of
      gastrojejunocolic fistula. It's etiological, clinical, and surgical features were
      briefly discussed. The symptoms of gastrojejunocolic fistula are diarrhea, upper
      abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, fecal vomiting, anasarca, and weight
      loss. The physical examinations and laboratory studies revealed malnutrition. The
      diagnosis is most reliably and frequently made by barium enema and gastroscopy.
      Surgical treatment of gastrojejunocolic fistula includes one-stage resection,
      complete remove of antral mucosa; vagotomy; partial re-resection of the gastric
      stump; excision of the fistulous connection with the colon. TPN or TEN should be
      administered in patients suffering from malnutrition with TEN as the first choice
      in those when a nasoenteric tube could placed into the jejunum.

PMID- 1813248
TI  - [Thyroid carcinoma with hyperthyroidism as the major clinical manifestations].
AB  - Twenty-two patients (17%) with thyroid cancer evidenced by major clinical
      features of hyperthyroidism were encountered out of 129 patients with thyroid
      cancer operated on. Clinical complains consisted of palpitation, dyspnea,
      nervousness, increased appetite, and weight loss. Preoperative BMR of 12 patients
      ranged from +17% to +41%, averaging +31.4%. Definite diagnosis was made by
      preoperative biopsy in two patients, the remainder was misdiagnosed as having
      primary hyperthyroidism (12), nodular goiter (6), and adenoma (2). The causes of
      misdiagnosis, coexistence of thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism, and prognosis
      were discussed. we conclude that fine needle biopsy is the most effective way to
      establish correct preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 1813249
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of carotid body tumor. Report of 27 cases].
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with carotid body tumors were treated operatively from
      November, 1962 to February, 1990. Tumor enucleation was performed in 2 patients,
      resection of the external carotid artery along with the tumor in 12, en bloc
      resection of carotid bifurcation in 12, and revascularization of the carotid
      artery in 4. Two patients (7.4%) died. Diagnosing and treating carotid body tumor
      was described with an emphasis on preoperative training in carotid blood flow
      obstruction (Matas'test), for reducing the incidence of postoperative cerebral
      complications. Ultrasonic gray scale visualization, carotid angiography,
      ultrasonic Doppler's and electroencephalogram (EEG) were used observe
      compensatory cerebral circulation on the affected side, to predict the outcome of
      carotid ligation, and to decide on when and how the operation should be done. We
      suggest that intraoperative EEG monitoring should be used when possible.

PMID- 1813250
TI  - [Posterior cranial fossa arteriovenous malformations].
AB  - 24 cases of AVMs posterior cranial fossa are reported. All these cases were
      confirmed by pathological examination or vertebral angiogram. There are 17 cases
      located in cerebellar hemisphere, 4 in vermis, 2 spread to brain stem, and 1 in
      fourth ventricle. Most of these patients are young adults, the mean age below 40
      years. The most clinical manifestations were acute subarachnoid hemorrhage,
      increased intracranial pressure, ataxia, and cranial nerves palsy. 22 cases
      underwent surgical intervention, with 17 total, 3 subtotal, 2 partial resection
      of AVMs. After operation, 16 cases were good recovery, 3 free of symptom, and 3
      death. In this article, the evaluation of some special clinical examinations and
      the operative approach for AVMs were discussed.

PMID- 1813251
TI  - [Transcatheter injection of silk particulates and line segments in the treatment
      of cerebral arteriovenous malformations].
AB  - The treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is difficult in
      neurosurgery. In recent years, intravascular treatment has been used with embolic
      material of IBCA or NBCA. We treated 51 patients by injecting silk particulates
      and line segments. Forty-eight of them were cured and 3 died from hemorrhage of
      malformed angiorrhexis: intraoperation (1), 14th day postoperation (1), and
      obstructive hydrocephalus complicated by intracranial infection after shunt (1).
      Silk particulates and line segments, which are safe, reliable, and inexpensive
      can be used instead of IBCA and NBCA. Intracranial AVM, especially in the
      recesses and domain may be treated operatively by intravascular embolization, It
      is important that microcatheter should be flow-guided into the deformed vascular
      mass of intracranial arteries.

PMID- 1813252
TI  - [Musculocutaneous flaps for repair of scar contracture of neck].
AB  - Twenty-four cases of scar contracture of neck were repaired with musculocutaneous
      flaps. Latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap was used in 21 cases, latissimus
      dorsi-serratus anterior musculocutaneous flap in 2, and lower trapezius
      musculocutaneous flap in 1. All the flaps were alive with satisfactory functional
      results and shape. This simple method is also suitable for patients with scar
      contracture of armpit, anterior chest and lower lip.

PMID- 1813253
TI  - [Effect of superoxide dismutase for improvement of survival of ischemic
      reperfused island skin flap].
AB  - Using a rat model, we evaluated the effect of SOD on the survival of ischemic
      reperfused island skin flaps. In experiment 1, the oxygen free radical
      concentration in the flaps was measured by the technique of ESR. The results
      showed that the oxygen free radical concentration in ischemic reperfused flaps
      was significantly higher than in the corresponding control flaps (P less than
      0.001). In experiment 2, the flaps were perfused with SOD (2000 U in 1 ml saline)
      before reperfusion after 8 hours of ischemia. Seven days after operation, the
      area of flap survived in the test group was significantly larger than in the
      control group (P less than 0.0005). The obtained data demonstrated that the
      generation of oxygen free radical increases with time during ischemia reperfusion
      in island skin flap and the role of oxygen free radical in tissue injury
      following ischemia and reperfusion. The use of SOD can enhance the survival of
      ischemic island skin flap.

PMID- 1813254
TI  - [Modified super anterior resection of rectal carcinoma with transpubic approach].
AB  - To ensure good exposure of operative field and to reduce the complications of low
      anterior resection of rectal carcinoma with transpubic approach, we modified
      Ackerman's method and operated on 18 patients with middle and lower rectal
      carcinoma at the level of 4-8 cm above the anus. 1cm width of the inferior part
      of the pubic symphysis was preserved. Results were compared with 19 patients
      operated on in the original way. Dissection of the arcuate ligament, penis
      suspensory ligament and penis nerve under the lower pubic margin was avoided, so
      that cyanosis of the penis, perineum and occurrence of sexual dysfunction were
      reduced, and the period of postoperative pain was shortened. 89% of patients
      operated in this way enjoyed good defecating function. We suggest that this
      procedure is indicated in all patients with rectal carcinoma located 4-7 cm above
      the anus with the exception of mucinous carcinoma.

PMID- 1813255
TI  - [Transitional mucosa in carcinoma of large bowel. Mucin histochemical and
      scanning electron microscopical study].
AB  - We studied the mucosa close to the carcinoma of large bowel (CLB) in 200 cases,
      the carcinoma tissue of CLB in 130 and the mucosa of fetus large bowel in 24 by
      mucin histochemistry, in addition to the mucosa near CLB studied by scanning
      electron microscope (SEM) in 25. The results suggested that mucin composition of
      transitional mucosa (TM) was similar to CLB and large bowel mucosa of the fetus.
      SEM showed significant changes in TM. The HID/AB Stain suggesting abnormal range
      of TM was within 2 cm in 68.0% (136/200) of cases of CLB, within 3 cm in 88.5%
      (177/200) and In SEM abnormal range within 2 cm in 88.0% (22/25). The measurement
      of TM can provide reference for resectable range of CLB.

PMID- 1813256
TI  - [Clinical significance of length of rectal margins. Difference between
      intraoperation and fixation with formalin].
AB  - The minimal safe margin of resection is often considered 2-3 cm distal to a
      rectal tumour. However this margin length can change greatly depending on the
      time when it is measured. The change of the rectal length was observed in 6
      persons during and after resection and in the specimen fixed with formalin. The
      rectal segment was longer after resection and shorter when fixed with formalin
      than its original in vivo length. A close correlation of the length of the rectum
      was found between intraoperation and postresection or fixation with formalin. So,
      the actual length of distal margin of anterior resection varied dramatically
      depending upon the time and method by which the margin was determined.
      Clinicopathological data from different groups were comparable with the linear
      correlation established in this study.

PMID- 1813257
TI  - [Recurrence and management of colorectal cancers].

PMID- 1813258
TI  - [Relation of tumor size, lymph node status and prognosis in breast cancer].
AB  - Tumor size and the extent of axillary lymph node involvement are the two most
      important prognostic factors for breast cancer, but their relation is not clear.
      Data on 2189 cases of radical surgery from 1956-1985 showed a linear relation
      between tumor size and percentage of cases with positive lymph node involvement.
      A negative relation was noted between tumor size, the extent of lymph node
      involvement and prognosis. There was a significance difference in survival rate
      between one group, two group or more lymph nodes involve. The worst prognosis was
      seen in those patients with level 3 lymph nodes involve. Tumor size and lymph
      node status were found to be independent but additive prognostic indicators. If
      there was no lymph node involvement, the survival rate was decreased because of
      tumor size. In cases of 1-3 and 4-6 lymph nodes involved, the survival rate was
      not different when tumor size was less than 5 cm, but there was a significant
      difference when tumor size large than 5 cm. In cases of more than 7 nodes
      involved, the survival rate decreased regardless of tumor size. Lymph node
      metastasis was more important than tumor size in prognosis. The relation of
      different TNM combination with prognosis was investigated, and the importance of
      the treatment of internal mammary lymph node in breast cancer was emphasized.

PMID- 1813259
TI  - [T-lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood monocytes and their ability to form T
      cell colony in breast tumor].
AB  - T-lymphocyte subsets and their ability to form T-lymphocyte colony were studied
      in 29 patients with breast cancer, 13 patients with benign breast diseases, and
      28 normal females. Cellular immunity was found suppressed in breast cancer
      patients with an abnormally elevated percentage of OKT8. There were a reversed
      ratio of T4/T8, low T-cell proliferation, and some immunity-suppressing factors
      in the peripheral blood. These abnormalities were most evident in stage III
      breast cancer patients. The ratio of T4/T8 increased significantly and the colony
      formation of T cells greatly improved (P less than 0.001) 5-6 months after
      radical mastectomy in 7 patients, It is suggested that immune suppression of
      tumor is strengthened after surgery.

PMID- 1813260
TI  - [Hassab's procedure with or without lower esophageal transection in the treatment
      of portal hypertension. A prospective controlled study].
AB  - Seventy-three patients of portal hypertension were treated with Hassab's
      procedure or the procedure combined with lower esophageal transection during 1982
      1986. All were followed up to 25-74 months (average of 48.8 months). The results
      revealed that Hassab's procedure was effective in maintaining hepatic function,
      no encephalopathy, good quality of life (excellent and fair in 83.3%). low
      incidence of upper GI rebleeding within two years after operation (3.1%), and
      easy manipulation. However, the accumulated late rebleeding rate was rather high
      (18.8%). The long-term results of combined procedure, including rebleeding rate,
      was no significantly difference from those of the simple Hassab's procedure, and
      the early postoperative serious complications were more frequently seen in
      patients receiving combined procedure than in those receiving Hassab's procedure.

PMID- 1813261
TI  - [Heterotopic pancreas in the ampulla of Vater and papilla].
AB  - From 1977 to 1987, six cases of heterotopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater and
      the papilla were encountered. All patients were suffering from obstructive
      jaundice and misdiagnosed as having periampullary cancer and
      pancreaticoduodenectomy was done. The entity was rare and extremely difficult to
      diagnose even during exploration. The pathology, diagnosis and surgical treatment
      of this disease were discussed.

PMID- 1813262
TI  - [The length of the esophagus measured by SND-1 esophagus detector. Report of 197
      cases].
AB  - The length of esophagus of 197 normal persons, (120 males and 77 females, age
      range 18-81, height 1.45-1.83 m) was measured with SND-1 esophagus detector. The
      results showed that their average length of esophagus was 23.42 +/- 2.02 cm,
      24.16 +/- 2.06 cm for men and 22.46 +/- 1.99 cm for women (P less than 0.01)
      respectively. No positive relation-ship was noted between its length of esophagus
      and the height of body.

PMID- 1813263
TI  - [Partial esophagectomy and cervical esophagogastrostomy via the esophageal bed].
AB  - Partial esophagectomy through left thoracotomy and cervical esophagogastrostomy
      via the esophageal bed was done in 250 patients with esophageal cancer of the
      upper and middle-third segment and with cicatrical esophageal stenosis. Two
      patients (0.8%) had cervical anastomotic leakage and 3 (1.2%) had cardiopulmonary
      complications. There was no operative death. This procedure is effective in
      keeping the position of intrathoracic organs normal, reducing the tension at the
      site of esophagogastrostomy, preventing the heart and lungs from being compressed
      by the distension of thoracic stomach, and reducing the incidence of
      postoperative anastomotic leakage and cardiopulmonary complications.

PMID- 1813264
TI  - [Hemangioblastoma in posterior cranial fossa. Report of 56 cases].
AB  - The diagnosis of hemangioblastoma in the posterior cranial fossa was confirmed in
      56 patients operatively and pathologically. The tumors were cystic in 44 patients
      and solid in 12; 87.5% of the tumors occurred in the cerebellar hemisphere and
      7.1% in the vermis. The main symptoms and signs were increased ICP and cerebellar
      incoordination. 64 surgical operations had been performed in the 56 patients.
      Seven patients died and 8 (14%) had recurrence postoperatively. The effect of
      surgical intervention in 40 patients with cystic hemangioblastoma was
      satisfactory. Among 5 patients with solid tumor, 2 recovered completely and 3
      still had partial neurological disability.

PMID- 1813266
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic study of subchondral bone tissues in
      osteoarthritic femoral head].
AB  - In total hip replacement for 12 aged women with advanced osteoarthritis of the
      hip joint, three types of lesioned articular cartilage with various degrees of
      severity and ivory bone were obtained together with their subchondral bone
      tissues. These specimens were processed and studied under scanning electron
      microscope and were compared with sex and age-matched non-osteoarthritic femoral
      head articular cartilage specimens. In osteoarthritic femoral heads, with
      deepening of the articular lesion, the articular cartilage gradually became
      thinned out and eventually lost. The subchondral bone plate became markedly
      thickened in most of the specimens. The epiphyseal trabeculae were also thickened
      and turned rough so that the meshwork pattern gradually disappeared. The
      thickened trabeculae finally fused into a large piece of dense bone tissues
      without microfracture. These changes could be accounted for by the increased
      stress imposed on the subchondral bone tissues as a result of incompetence of the
      diseased articular cartilage. Consequently, the changes on the part of
      subchondral bone tissues of the osteoarthritic femoral heads were the sequent,
      rather than the cause, of the articular lesions.

PMID- 1813265
TI  - [Alcohol injections for the treatment of recurrent intracerebral gliomas].
AB  - Seventeen patients with recurrent intracerebral gliomas were given alcohol
      injection percutaneously guided by ultrasonography. These patients suffered from
      supratentorial tumors and were operated on previously. The fluid of cystic
      lesions of 13 patients was aspirated and absolate alcohol was injected for 5-8
      times. The cystic cavities soon disappeared followed by symptoms of intracerebral
      hypertension. Biopsies from different parts of tumor cavity showed that tumor
      cells were degenerated and necrotized. There was no curable effect on larger
      solid neoplasm and deep sited solid tumor. We conclude that percutaneous alcohol
      injection is effective in the treatment of recurrent gliomas.

PMID- 1813267
TI  - [Direct vision internal urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral stricture or
      atresia].
AB  - From 1988 to 1990, 30 cases of urethral stricture or atresia were treated with
      direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU). Postoperative follow-up showed
      recovery of normal voiding in 25 cases, need of irregular urethral dilatation in
      2 and failure in 3. Early management of urethral injury is emphasized and the
      causes of DVIU failure are discussed. We consider that the success rate of DVIU
      can be further increased.

PMID- 1813268
TI  - [Osteitis pubis as a similarity with prostatitis].
AB  - Twenty-eight male patients with osteitis pubis are reported. The clinical
      symptoms of this disease are very similar to those of chronic prostatitis. The
      authors think that if the patients with symptoms of prostatitis (prostatodynia)
      and the clinical data don't support the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis, the
      osteitis pubis should be considered. The patients with osteitis pubis often has
      tenderness over the pubic symphysis, and a plain film of the pubis should make
      the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 1813269
TI  - [Effect of lipoperoxide on catabolism of protein in burns in rats].
AB  - The effects of lipid peroxide on protein catabolism after severe burn injury are
      studied. Burned rats (30% TBSA III) were divided randomly into two groups: group
      A (N = 120) received I. M. injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) served as
      control; group B (N = 146), the treated group, receiving I. M. injection of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). It was found that in PBD 5, 7, 9,
      11, 3-Methyl histidine (3-Mehis) excretion was significantly lower in group B
      than in group A (P less than 0.01); and that in group B cumulative urinary
      nitrogen (UN) excretion and cumulative nitrogen balance in the eleven-day period
      after burns were significantly lower than in group A (P less than 0.01); On PBD
      12, serum GOT and GPT were higher significantly in group A than that in group B
      (P less than 0.05). Besides, in group B the total nitrogen content in liver and
      gastrocnemius muscle on PBD 12 was significantly higher than in group A (P less
      than 0.05). These findings suggest that a certain relationship exists between
      lipoperoxide and increased protein catabolism after severe burns. SOD and CAT,
      the oxygen radical scavengers, can reduce protein catabolism to a certain extent,
      and protect the hepatic function from being injured.

PMID- 1813270
TI  - [Dynamical comparison between Drummond's and Luque's operations. An experimental
      study].
AB  - Eleven specimens of spinal segments from cadavers were divided into four groups
      for the study of the tension endured by the implant applied at the base of the
      spinous process in different ways till the breaking off of the specimen. The
      results indicated that the endurance of tension varied in each group and was
      related directly to the direction of the pulling force. In group 1, in which the
      force had been perpendicular to the spinous process, the specimen failed at an
      average force of 513.25 N.; while in group 3, in which parallel force had been
      applied, it ended at 477.3 N., although the anchoring of the implant, a home made
      cement-button-wire, had been the same. In group 2, the implant had been laid on
      both sides and it did not give way until the force up to 764.5 N., a little less
      than that in group 4, a force of 887.3 N., in which the wire had passed under
      lamina like that in Luque's operation. We conclude that double fixation would
      work more effectively on correcting spinal deformity, and that modified Luque
      operation, instead of sublaminar wiring by anchoring on both sides, cement-button
      wire at the base of the spinous process is biomechanically efficient and safe.

PMID- 1813271
TI  - General practice residencies: a unique opportunity for today's dental school
      graduates.

PMID- 1813273
TI  - Periodontists raise concerns about inappropriate dental laser use.

PMID- 1813272
TI  - Development of different lasers broadens clinical application potential.

PMID- 1813274
TI  - Gingival mass: case report.

PMID- 1813275
TI  - When a dental school closes.

PMID- 1813276
TI  - Insights of dental technicians: a survey of business and laboratory relations
      with dentists.

PMID- 1813277
TI  - Insulin autoantibodies: reflection of disturbed self-identification and their use
      in the prediction of type I diabetes.

PMID- 1813278
TI  - Studies of diabetic twins.

PMID- 1813279
TI  - Pentosidine: a molecular marker for the cumulative damage to proteins in
      diabetes, aging, and uremia.
AB  - Collagen undergoes progressive browning with age and diabetes characterized by
      yellowing, fluorescence, and cross-linking. The present research was undertaken
      in order to investigate the nature of the collagen-linked fluorescence. Human
      collagen was exhaustively cleaved into peptides by enzymatic digestion. Upon
      purification, a highly fluorescent chromophore was identified and purified from
      old human collagen. Structure elucidation revealed the presence of an imidazo
      [4,5-b] pyridinium-type structure acting as a cross-link between arginine,
      lysine, and a pentose. This advanced glycosylation end-product and protein cross
      link results from the reaction of pentoses with proteins and was named
      pentosidine. Further work indicated that long-term glycosylation of proteins with
      hexoses also leads to pentosidine formation through sugar fragmentation. The
      proposed mechanism of pentosidine formation involves the dehydration of the
      pentose-derived Amadori compound to form an intermediate which is attacked under
      base catalysis by the guanido group of arginine. The strict requirement for the
      Amadori rearrangement is uncertain. However, oxidation is definitely involved
      since pentosidine is not formed in the absence of oxygen. Five-carbon sugars
      contributing to pentosidine formation could be formed from larger sugars by
      oxidative fragmentation or from trioses, tetroses, and ketoses by condensation
      and/or reverse aldol reactions. Pentosidine increases exponentially in human skin
      at autopsy. Mean age-adjusted skin levels were significantly increased in
      subjects with uremia and especially in type 1 diabetics with uremia vs. controls.
      In skin biopsy, levels were significantly elevated in all diabetic (type 1) vs.
      control subjects. The highest degree of association was with the cumulative grade
      of diabetic complication (retinopathy, nephropathy, arterial stiffness, and joint
      stiffness). Pentosidine also forms in various proteins other than collagen,
      although to a much lesser extent. In blood, pentosidine is mainly associated with
      plasma proteins and is highly elevated during uremia. In the lens, it is
      associated with both water-soluble and -insoluble protein fractions and is
      especially elevated during brunescent cataract formation. The origin of
      pentosidine in vivo is uncertain. Evidence suggests that the pentoses are the
      most reactive sugars in pentosidine formation in vitro; however, the origin and
      importance of free pentoses in vivo, especially during the diabetic state, are
      not certain. Possible origins include hemolysis and/or a defect in the primary
      pentose metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1813280
TI  - Diabetic placentae: studies of the battlefield after the war.

PMID- 1813281
TI  - [Reemphasize on the population control of hypertension, stroke and coronary heart
      disease in China].

PMID- 1813282
TI  - [The incidence of hypertension and associated factors among middle aged workers
      and farmers in Beijing and Guangzhou].
AB  - 3347 males and 3927 females aged 35-54 with normal blood pressure (not on
      antihypertensive medication) at entry were followed up for 4 years. The incidence
      of hypertension and associated factors were analyzed. There was a significant
      difference in incidence of hypertension between southern and northern population
      of China (2-5 times). The age-adjusted 4 year incidence of definite hypertension
      in Beijing male and female workers were 6.8% and 4.1% respectively, but only 0.7%
      and 2.1% respectively in Guangzhou, while in Beijing farmers were 10.1%, 5.0%,
      and in Guangzhou farmers were 2.3%, 0.5% respectively. The results also showed
      incidence of hypertension were significantly correlated with body mass index
      (BMI). BMI greater than or equal to 24 group had higher hypertension incidence
      than BMI less than 24 (2.1-3.2 times). Alcohol intake was correlated to
      hypertension incidence rather than nonalcoholics. But no significant relations
      were found with smoking, educational level and the intensity of physical labour.

PMID- 1813283
TI  - [Psychosocial stress and essential hypertension].
AB  - A case-control study of 72 pairs indicated that stress events in daily life
      stimulative factor might induce the development of hypertension in susceptible
      persons. The sustained stress of tension and anxiety and passive mood of
      psychodefence could be the psychological factors inducing hypertension.
      Personality, as a mediated variable, has an important influence on the initiation
      and progress of hypertension.

PMID- 1813284
TI  - [Type-A behavior and coronary artery disease].
AB  - The association of coronary artery disease (CAD) and type-A behavior was studied
      by filling in the questionnaire of type-A behavior and discussing with the
      subjects in 139 CAD patients scheduled to undergo coronary angiography and 200
      non-CAD controls. The odds ratio (i.e. OR) of type-A behavior for CAD in males
      was 6.33, for females was 5.05. There was significant correlation between the
      scores of behavior pattern and the OR of CAD and/or the number of arteries
      stenosed by 50% or more. Stratified analysis and logistic regression model
      analysis with other CAD risk factors have shown that type-A behavior pattern may
      be an independent risk factor of CAD.

PMID- 1813285
TI  - [Changes in circulating endothelial cells in patients with essential
      hypertension].
AB  - To observe the damage of vascular endothelium in vivo, we measured the
      circulating endothelial cell (CEC) with Hladovec's method in 30 patients with
      essential hypertension (EH) and 66 normal controls. The CEC was verified by
      direct immunofluorescent staining using anti-human factor VIII serum. The results
      showed that a significantly increased CEC count was found in patients with EH
      (3.018 +/- 1.230 vs 1.310 +/- 0.710, P less than 0.01), but the number of CEC was
      not parallel to the change of blood pressure quantitatively. After
      antihypertensive therapy, the CEC count reduced markedly in partial patients
      (3.371 +/- 0.770 vs 2.410 +/- 0.782, P less than 0.05). The study indicated that
      the damage of vascular endothelium indeed existed in EH, the abnormality can be
      improved by antihypertension. The CEC count was a simple and sensitive method for
      the demonstration of endothelial lesion in vivo.

PMID- 1813286
TI  - [Changes in calcium levels in lymphocytes and serum in patients with essential
      hypertension before and after nitrendipine therapy].

PMID- 1813287
TI  - [Rheology, hemodynamics and cardiac function in borderline hypertensive
      patients].

PMID- 1813288
TI  - [Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - The efficacy and safety of intravenous administration of recombinant tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (rt-PA, made by Boehringer Ingelheim Corp.) was
      investigated in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The rt-PA was
      given as a bolus dose of 10 mg followed by an infusion of 50 mg, 20 mg and 20 mg
      in successive hours. Heparin and aspirin were given to all the patients. The time
      interval from the onset of chest pain to thrombolysis was from 2.3 to 6.1 h with
      mean of 3.9 h. Coronary angiography, performed before administration of rt-PA and
      every 30 minutes thereafter, demonstrated total coronary occlusion (grade O) in 9
      patients and grade 1 in 1 at baseline study. The infarct-related coronary artery
      were LAD in 5, RCA in 3 and LCX in 2. At 90 minutes after infusion of rt-PA
      reperfusion of the infarct-related artery was observed in 7 patients, the success
      rate was 70%. In one case the infarct-related LCX was not opened at 90 minutes,
      but it was reperfused at 170 minutes, after intracoronary administration of 10 mg
      of rt-PA. The total dose in this case was 130 mg. During 30 days of
      hospitalization death occurred in only one case with cardiogenic shock, in whom
      the infarct-related RCA was not reperfused by rt-PA but was successfully
      recanalized by PTCA. The patient died from rupture of the left ventricle on the
      4th day. No patient had clinical evidence of reinfarction. Follow-up angiography
      in 2 patients showed that the arteries reperfused initially were patent.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813289
TI  - [A study on standard 12-lead ECG QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial
      infarct size].
AB  - Using the standard 12-lead electrocardiographic QRS scoring system modified by
      Nancy (1985), 99 ECGs of 52 patients with acute myocardial infarction were used
      for estimating myocardial infarct size (MIS). One point was designed to represent
      3% of the left ventricle. Each patient had the first score of ECG at the day
      ranged from 7 to 12 and the second 25-32 days post acute chest pain except 5
      cases died before the second scoring. The results showed that the averaged score
      was 6.7 +/- 3.1 points accumulated from all 99 ECGs and 11.0 points from 5 cases
      died. There was no statistic difference between the points value of the first
      scoring 6.4 +/- 2.9 vs second 6.5 +/- 2.7 points, nor between the points received
      from Q waves 4.0 +/- 1.5 vs 3.9 +/- 1.4 points in 47 patients. There was
      nevertheless strong correlation both between the total points of the first and
      second scoring, r = 0.85 (P less than 0.0005), and those between the points
      related to Q wave, r = 0.81 (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, early serial serum
      CPK changes were determined for evaluating MIS in 25 patients, the results were
      compared to the first and second scores respectively, the correlations were
      significant, r = 0.58, P less than 0.0025 and r = 0.47, P less than
      0.01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813290
TI  - [External counterpulsation in treating angina pectoris evaluated by Tl-201
      myocardial perfusion imaging].
AB  - Twenty patients with angina pectoris were treated with external counterpulsation
      (ECP) for 36 hours, and the effects of the therapy were evaluated by comparing
      the images of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion before and after ECP. Improvement
      of myocardial perfusion after ECP, evidenced by decrease in area of defects in
      scintigram, was demonstrated in 15 (75%) cases. The mechanism of the effect of
      ECP on ischemic myocardium was discussed.

PMID- 1813291
TI  - [Serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme in acute episode of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease].

PMID- 1813292
TI  - [Quantitation of platelet-bound von Willebrand factor in normal subjects and
      patients with coronary heart disease].
AB  - By using anti-human von Willebrand factor (vWF) monoclonal antibody, SZ-29, and
      indirect immunofluorescent technique and spectrofluorophotometer, we have
      quantitated platelet-bound vWF in normal subjects and patients with coronary
      heart disease (CHD). The results demonstrated that the quantity of platelet-bound
      vWF in CHD patients was significantly higher than that in normal (P less than
      0.01) and the percentage of naturally activated platelet in CHD patients was also
      significantly higher than that in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). This might
      be one of the causes of hypercoagulability in CHD patients.

PMID- 1813293
TI  - [Clinical study on the method of measuring cardiac function].

PMID- 1813295
TI  - [Protection of left ventricular function by coronary collaterals].

PMID- 1813294
TI  - [A comparative study of the percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty and closed
      chest mitral commissurotomy].

PMID- 1813296
TI  - [An experimental study on the selective ablation of AV node].
AB  - 26 dogs were divided into two equal groups. Each dog was anesthetized, and a
      tetrapolar electrode was inserted transvenously to the area of AV junction.
      Unipolar leads of HBE were recorded with each of the four electrodes. The
      electrode where the highest H wave was recorded was considered to the contiguous
      to the His bundle, and the first or the second electrode proximal to the above
      mentioned one was considered as in the vicinity of the AV node. These electrodes
      were used as cathodes, and electric discharges were performed with an external
      defibrillator. Two dogs in each group died of VF during discharge. Complete AV
      blocks were produced in all the other dogs. After discharge, in each of the 11
      dogs in His bundle ablation group, the H wave disappeared, the escaping rhythm
      was slower and irregular, the QRS interval was wide, multiple ventricular
      extrasystoles or VT occurred, and 4 dogs died due to cardiac arrest within 3
      days. These manifestations denoted that the block was situated in the His bundle,
      and the escaping rhythm focus located within the bundle branch or the ventricle.
      In contrast, the H waves still existed in 9 dogs of the AV node ablation group,
      the A waves dissociated with the H waves, the relationship between H waves and V
      waves was fixed, and H-V intervals were the same as before discharge. In all the
      11 dogs, the morphology and the width of QRS did not change in comparison with
      those before discharge, the escaping rhythm was quicker and regular, and the
      incidence of ventricular extrasystole was low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813298
TI  - Congenital heart diseases in east Africa.

PMID- 1813297
TI  - [The effect on LDL receptor in fish oil cultured human fibroblast].

PMID- 1813299
TI  - Prevalence of paediatric cardiac disease in rural Kenya.
AB  - A series of 31 patients referred for evaluation of paediatric cardiac disease in
      rural Kenya is reported. The prevalence of symptomatic rheumatic heart disease is
      unchanged from previous data in the literature which is well over a decade old.
      We can conclude that recent improvements in medical care in Kenya have not yet
      reached certain rural areas as far as rheumatic fever is concerned. In addition,
      a significant number of children presumed to have had no discernible heart
      disease at this evaluation, suggesting the need for critical re-evaluation of
      this population at intervals. Finally, cyanotic disease seems under-represented
      in the series, suggesting that infants with certain cyanotic lesions may have
      been selected out and hence not referred to us.

PMID- 1813300
TI  - Anthropometric measurements in children with congenital heart disease at Kenyatta
      National Hospital (1985-1986).
AB  - Heights, weights, skinfold thicknesses as well as head, chest, and mid upper arm
      circumferences of 175 children with congenital heart disease, aged 0-12 years,
      attending the paediatric cardiology clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital between
      February, 1985 and January, 1986 were taken. The results were compared to those
      of normal children matched for age, sex and socio-economic status. The heights of
      164/175 (93.7%), the weights of 156/175 (89.1%), both heights and weights of
      150/175 (85.7%) patients were all below control values. The mid upper arm
      circumferences of 142/175 (81.1%), the skinfold thicknesses of 136/175 (77.7%)
      and the chest circumferences of 124/175 (70.9%) were all below controls. 110/175
      (62.9%) patients had smaller head circumferences compared to normal controls. The
      differences in value between the test and control groups were statistically
      significant in all parameters except for head circumference.

PMID- 1813301
TI  - A two year prospective study of maniac disorder and its symptomatology in
      northern Nigeria.
AB  - A prospective study of 38 manic patients (22 males and 16 females) was carried
      out. The average age of males and females were 31.2 and 29.4 years respectively.
      About 66% were Moslems while 33% were Christians. Fifteen patients were
      Hausa/Fulani, the largest ethnic group in Northern Nigeria. 17 patients were
      illiterates and were mainly Hausa-Fulani housewives. 35 out of the 38 patients
      were treated as in-patients and the duration of stay ranged from 14-42 days. 32
      patients were followed-up for between 6 months to about 2 years. Only 3 cases
      relapsed during follow-up. Hypomanic affect, the commonest symptom was found in
      only 71% of the cases, a finding which compares favourably with a previous study.
      15 cases (8 males and 7 females) had previous histories of mainly manic illness.
      8 cases had associated drug abuse mainly alcohol and hemp. There was no positive
      family history of mental illness. 16 cases consulted traditional or religious
      healers before seeking orthodox psychiatric treatment. The main neuroleptic used
      was chlorpromazine with an average dose of 300 mg daily. ECT was used
      concurrently 6 times in 10 cases. Lithium prophylaxis was not used.

PMID- 1813302
TI  - Ascites in patients undergoing intermittent haemodialysis at Kenyatta National
      Hospital.
AB  - In a two-year-period (August 1984 to August 1986), 77 patients were admitted into
      the maintenance haemodialysis programme at Kenyatta National Hospital. 24 (31.5%)
      of these had ascites during haemodialysis. Nine (37.5%) of the patients who had
      ascites had prior peritoneal dialysis, while 15 (62.5%) had congestive cardiac
      failure at the time of development of the ascites. In 21 (87.5%), the ascites
      responded to therapy with diuretics, salt and fluid restriction, antibiotics when
      indicated and to ultrafiltration during dialysis. In 3 (12.5%) of the patients,
      the ascites developed in the absence of any predisposing cause. The ascites
      progressively increased in amount and was associated with marked wasting. These
      patients were considered to have refractory ascites of haemodialysis.

PMID- 1813303
TI  - Management of rectal prolapse in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
AB  - Complete rectal prolapse is uncommon in adults. Out of 129,525 patients treated
      at our teaching hospital over a five-year period, only 29 patients were managed
      with complete rectal prolapse. The total mean-age was 52 years with an
      approximate 1:2 male-female ratio. Two of the patients had their prolapse for 16
      years before presentation. Major clinical features included constipation,
      diarrhoea, soiling and rectal bleeding. 51.72% of the cases had partial to
      complete incontinence of faeces. 22 patients were treated with the simple
      technique posterior fixation of both rectum and sigmoid colon. Follow-up was from
      6 months to 4 years, mortality was 3.44%. There had been no recurrences of the
      complete rectal prolapse to date.

PMID- 1813304
TI  - Spirometric standards for healthy Nigerian children and adolescents.
AB  - Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) and
      peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were determined in 131 school children and
      adolescents aged between 5 and 20 years to determine normal values among Nigerian
      school children. The results were analyzed with respect to the ages, heights,
      weights, chest circumference and body surface areas of the subjects. A good
      correlation was observed between these anthropometric measurements and the
      indices of pulmonary function. The mean values of FVC, FEV1.0, and PEFR were
      lower than those reported in caucasian children but similar to the available data
      in the literature for African children. Mean FEV1.0, FVC and PEFR values were
      higher in males than in females at most ages.

PMID- 1813305
TI  - What! Criteria for criminal responsibility?
AB  - Criminal responsibility is established on the basis of intent and the usual
      absence of psychiatric symptomatology. Crime constitutes a choice of actions in
      response to stress and may be directed by clear-cut motives. For the empirical
      assessment of criminal responsibility the offender should initially be considered
      responsible for his or her criminal deeds until all relevant psychiatric facts
      prove otherwise. A clinical instrument that has been used by the author for this
      purpose is described in this paper.

PMID- 1813306
TI  - The molluscicidal activity of seed pods of Swartzia madagascariensis on Marisa
      cornuarietis.
AB  - The molluscicidal potency of ground seed pods of Swartzia madagascariensis was
      tested in the laboratory against Marisa cornuarietis, a well known competitor
      and/or predator of pulmonate intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. Results
      showed that a minimum concentration of 1.6g ground pods/1 was required to cause
      100% mortality in M. cornuarietis. This concentration was by far over and above
      what is required (ie, 100 mg ground pods/1) to kill 10% of the pulmonate hosts of
      schistosomiasis. It seems that the application of S. madagascariensis at a
      concentration inimical to pulmonates (ie, 100 mg ground ponds/1 or slightly
      higher) in habitats where M. cornuarietis is introduced may not adversely
      affected to competitor snail population. Hence, the prospect of using S.
      madagascariensis in conjunction with M. cornuarietis against pulmonate snail
      hosts is conceived and tentatively recommended.

PMID- 1813307
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A case of a male infant presenting in the neonatal period is described to
      highlight the morbidity of Prader-Willi. His features included marked hypotonia,
      feeding difficulty, hypogonadism and typically dysmorphic facies. Marked
      improvement in muscle tone was noted by 5 months of age. Emphasis is placed on
      its neonatal presentation and possible aetiologic mechanisms. The natural history
      is also noted.

PMID- 1813308
TI  - Quality is in the eye of the beholder.

PMID- 1813309
TI  - Transitions: old wine in new bottles.
AB  - The transition movement of the 1980s was preceded by two similar movements: (a)
      the career education movement in the 1970s and (b) the work/study movement in the
      1960s. These three movements are described and compared to provide an historical
      context for understanding current problems and issues regarding transition. Some
      broad social issues, such as educational reform, are then examined to illustrate
      the potential influence of such issues on the future developments of policy that
      will affect the transition movement.

PMID- 1813310
TI  - Classroom applications of mnemonic instruction: acquisition, maintenance, and
      generalization.
AB  - This investigation evaluated the effectiveness of classroom mnemonic instruction
      of science content, for 19 students with mild disabilities. Students were given
      either mnemonic instruction or more traditional instruction in a within-subjects
      design, in which treatment order was counterbalanced across classrooms, for each
      of two weekly units in life science. Following a third week of mnemonic
      instruction, students were taught to generate and draw their own mnemonic
      pictures. Results suggested that mnemonic instruction resulted in substantial
      increases in initial content acquisition, and substantially higher delayed-recall
      scores, over more traditional instructional procedures. Further, it was found
      that trained students were able to successfully generate and apply their own
      mnemonic strategies to novel content. Students overwhelmingly preferred mnemonic
      instruction over traditional instructional methods.

PMID- 1813312
TI  - Developing functional requesting: acquisition, durability, and generalization of
      effects.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of a language program called the missing-item
      format, on the acquisition of requesting during snack periods. The missing-item
      format, an assessment and training approach, develops a child's spontaneous
      requesting skills in everyday tasks. Generalization and response-durability
      measures were also collected. The missing-item format produced effects in
      requests for targeted snack items, but not for the majority of generalization and
      durability measures. A generalization training program was then implemented,
      using the missing-item format. As a result, a requesting repertoire that was
      durable and generalized across multiple settings and stimulus conditions was
      established in both students.

PMID- 1813311
TI  - Effects of curriculum within curriculum-based measurement.
AB  - This study assessed the effects of curriculum on technical features within
      curriculum-based measurement in reading. Curriculum was defined as the difficulty
      of material and the basal series from which students read. Technical features
      were the criterion validity and developmental growth rates associated with the
      measurement. Ninety-one students took a commercial, widely used test of reading
      comprehension and read orally for 1 minute from each of 19 passages, one from
      each grade level within two reading series. Correlations between the oral reading
      samples and the test of reading comprehension were similar across difficulty
      levels and across series. Developmental growth rates also remained strong
      regardless of difficulty level and series.

PMID- 1813313
TI  - Reading comprehension instruction: summarization and self-monitoring training for
      students with learning disabilities.
AB  - Forty-five middle-school students with learning disabilities were randomly
      assigned to one of three reading-comprehension training conditions: (a)
      summarization training, (b) summarization training with a self-monitoring
      component, or (c) traditional instruction. All students were interviewed before
      and after training regarding the strategies they typically employ during reading
      comprehension; during one training session, "think aloud" protocols were
      collected. Results indicated that students with learning disabilities trained in
      summarization procedures performed statistically higher on all dependent
      measures. In addition, on some transfer measures, students who were trained in
      the monitoring component statistically outperformed those with only the
      summarization training.

PMID- 1813314
TI  - Manuals of food quality control. 11. Management of food control programmes. Food
      and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

PMID- 1813315
TI  - Guide to specifications for general notices, general analytical techniques,
      identification tests, test solutions and other reference materials. Joint FAO/WHO
      Expert Committee on Food Additives.

PMID- 1813316
TI  - Investigations on insects. XI. Carotenoids in some cave-dwelling insects.
AB  - The presence of carotenoids in Catopus tritis infernus Szymanowski 1957 and
      Choleva lederiana gracilenta Szymanowski 1957 from a cave was studies, using
      columnar and thin-layer chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences
      in the carotenoid content of these insect species were found.

PMID- 1813317
TI  - Liver and muscle glycogen contents and blood glucose concentration after AET or
      MEA treatment of adult male mice.
AB  - A statistically significant decrease was found in the glycogen content expressed
      in mg per 1 g of both liver in groups of mice killed in the 60th and 90th minute,
      and skeletal muscles in those killed in the 30th, 60th, and 90th minute after MEA
      injection, as well as a statistically significantly reduced blood glucose
      concentration in a group of mice killed in the 30th minute after AET treatment.

PMID- 1813318
TI  - Weight and radioactivity of the organs of progeny after 5-HT and/or Na2H32PO4
      treatment of pregnant mice.
AB  - In 30-day-old offspring of mice treated with 5-HT and/or Na2H32PO4, there was a
      decrease in the fresh weight of the organs, being more noticeable in males than
      in females. In relation to a group injected with Na2H32PO4 and that to which both
      5-HT and Na2H32PO4 were administered, a greater fresh weight of the organs in
      mice treated with 5-HT only was found. No differences in the radioactivity of 32P
      in the organs of 30-day-old offspring between the group of mice treated with
      Na2H32PO4 only and that injected with both 5-HT and Na2H32PO4, were observed.

PMID- 1813320
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in a natural population of Tetrix tenuicornis (Sahlb.)
      (Tetrigidae: Orthoptera).
AB  - In the natural population of Tetrix tenuicornis from the Krakow-Czestochowa
      Upland 26.7% of males showed various aberrations of the morphology and behaviour
      of chromosomes. The high frequency of chromosome aberrations found in this
      population indicates their genetic instability.

PMID- 1813319
TI  - Hepatoprotective effect of selenium and vitamin E in rabbits fed a high-fat diet.
AB  - The high-fat diet consisted of cholesterol, hydrogenated coconut oil, and cholic
      acid. In the blood serum and in liver homogenate lipid content, cholesterol, and
      triglycerides were assayed. Cytochrome P-450 concentration in liver microsomes
      was also estimated. In animals receiving selenium and vitamin E, the content of
      lipid fractions in the blood serum and liver homogenate fell, while the
      cytochrome P-450 content in the liver microsomes was markedly elevated. The
      intensified protective effect of vitamin E and selenium applied in combination
      against changes induced in the liver of animals receiving a HFD was confirmed by
      macroscopic and microscopic examination of the organ.

PMID- 1813321
TI  - Effect of heparin on the motility of spermatozoa in the mouse vas deferens.
AB  - Acting in vivo, heparin causes a statistically significant and permanent decrease
      in the motility of mouse spermatozoa remaining in the vas deferens. This effect
      was observed after intratesicular injection of 0.1 mg of heparin.

PMID- 1813322
TI  - In vitro bioassay for the brain allatotropic hormone of Galleria mellonella
      (Lepidoptera).
AB  - An in vitro sensitive bioassay for the Galleria mellonella brain allatotropic
      hormone (ATTH) was developed. This assay measures the rate of juvenile hormone
      (JH) synthesis in corpora cardiacacorpora allata complex (CC-CA) stimulated in
      vitro by ATTH released from the brain during short-term in vitro incubation, or
      by ATTH extracted from the tissue with methanol. CC-CA of the late VIth instar
      (VI3) larvae were used for assessment of ATTH. The maximum activation of test CC
      CA by ATTH occurred at a concentration of 2 brain equivalents (per 100 ul
      medium). The highest ATTH activity was exhibited by the brains of chilled VII1
      larvae: ATTH extracted from freshly dissected brains, or ATTH released from these
      brains during 6 h in vitro incubation, activated JH synthesis in the CC-CA nearly
      five or four times, respectively. The brain of VII1 hydroprenetreated larvae were
      ATTH inactive.

PMID- 1813323
TI  - [HLA-antigens in thyrotoxic patients with overt diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The incidence of thyrotoxicosis accompanied by overt diabetes has been reported
      to be 2 to 3%. Several workers have suggested the possible role of immunological
      and inherited factors in the occurrence of thyrotoxic patients with overt
      diabetes. We investigated, therefore, the clinical characteristics, backgrounds,
      and HLA antigens in thyrotoxic patients with overt diabetes. In nine thyrotoxic
      patients with overt diabetes (group DM) (3 men and 6 females, average age of 45.8
      +/- 2.9 yr), mean levels of free-triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4)
      were 8.2 +/- 0.8 pg/ml and 4.9 +/- 0.4 ng/dl, respectively. Although these levels
      were extremely high, they were significantly lower than those levels in forty
      thyrotoxic patients without overt diabetes (group ND) (8 men and 32 females,
      average age 35.1 +/- 4.5 yr). Mean levels of both thyrotrophin receptor-antibody
      (TR-Ab) and thyroid simulating antibody (TS-Ab) in group DM were relatively lower
      than those in group ND. Mean titers of both antithyroid antibody (TGHA) and
      antimicrosomal antibody (MCHA) in group DM were also relatively lower than those
      in group ND, respectively. Regarding the clinical features in thyrotoxic patients
      with overt diabetes, mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 4.1 +/- 2.5 years
      with mean levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and serum fructosamine
      208.1 +/- 34.0 mg/dl, 10.6 +/- 0.6%, and 3.9 +/- 0.9 mmol/L, respectively. Seven
      patients in group DM frequently had ketosis or ketoacidosis in their histories,
      and they had been treated with insulin injection. However, the diabetic
      complications in group DM were moderate or severe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1813324
TI  - [Determination of urinary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone excretion using ELISA-
      evaluation of normal subjects and patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
      due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency].
AB  - The utility of urinary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (U-17-OHP) in the diagnosis
      and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency (21-OHD) was evaluated in 16 patients with 21-OHD. The normal values
      for U-17-OHP in relation to age and other physiological conditions were
      investigated in 96 normal subjects and 7 low birth weight infants. Levels of U-17
      OHP, serum 17-OHP (S-17-OHP) and urinary free cortisol (U-FC) were simultaneously
      determined using enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay (ELISA) combined with
      fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pregnanetriol
      (PT) levels in the same urine specimens were determined using glass capillary gas
      chromatography (GC). The results were as follows: 1) Normal subjects and low
      birth weight infants. A significant correlation between U-17-OHP excretions
      corrected for body surface area (BSA) in 2-h urine specimens and S-17-OHP
      concentrations at the midpoint of the urine sampling period was observed in
      normal subjects (r = 0.768, p less than 0.01). Circadian U-17-OHP excretion in 6
      adult males was synchronous with that of U-FC. Age-related changes in actual U-17
      OHP excretions (Mean +/- SD ng/day) were as follows: neonates: 31.9 +/- 10.3,
      children aged 2 to 4 years old: 29.1 +/- 14.5, 5 to 8 years old: 68.6 +/- 29.9, 9
      to 11 years old: 151.3 +/- 50.0, 12 to 15 years old: 222.7 +/- 82.0, adult males:
      400.1 +/- 62.5, adult females (luteal phase): 339.1 +/- 109.7, and adult females
      (follicular phase): 185.6 +/- 72.3, respectively. Correlation between U-17-OHP
      and PT excretions in 24-h urine specimens from normal subjects greater than 2
      years of age was highly significant (r = 0.871, p less than 0.01). Although U-17
      OHP values were measurable in neonates, those of PT were not detectable by GC in
      the same specimens because of low conversion of 17-OHP to PT. 2) Cases of 21-OHD.
      In 4 cases of 21-OHD diagnosed in the neonatal period (aged 11 to 15 days, all
      were of the salt-losing type), the U-17-OHP concentration in a single urine
      specimen was significantly higher than that of age-matched controls, whereas the
      PT concentration in one case was low and therefore had no diagnostic value. In 12
      patients with 21-OHD receiving suppressive therapy, correlation between S-17-OHP
      concentrations and 24-h U-17-OHP excretions corrected for BSA was significant (r
      = 0.847, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1813325
TI  - [Dopaminergic control of gonadotropin secretion in male senescence].
AB  - To verify the role of the dopaminergic mechanism in the control of gonadotropin
      secretion and aging of this mechanism in men, we studied serum gonadotropin
      response to LH-RH (100 micrograms i.v.) in basal condition and during dopamine
      infusion (DA 4 micrograms/kg/min). Seven young males (24-29yr.) and twenty aged
      males (50-80yr.) without endocrinological diseases were included in the present
      study. Aged male subjects were divided into hyperresponders, in whom maximal LH
      response to LH-RH without DA infusion exceeded 153.5mIU/ml (mean + 2SD of young
      male subjects), and non-hyperresponders, in whom maximal LH responses to LH-RH
      without DA infusion were less than 153.5mIU/ml. In hyperresponders, serum LH
      response at 30 minutes after LH-RH administration was significantly (p less than
      0.05) suppressed by DA infusion. In non-hyperresponders and young male subjects,
      however, serum LH response to LH-RH was not affected by DA infusion. Basal levels
      of serum LH and FSH in hyperresponders tended to be higher than that of non
      hyperresponders. Total serum testosterone, free testosterone and estradiol levels
      of hyper and non-hyperresponders failed to reveal any significant differences.
      These observations suggest that 1) DA directly suppresses gonadotroph
      responsiveness to LH-RH, 2) in aging men, inhibitory tone imposed on gonadotrophs
      by DA is decreased, and 3) this decline of DA system can cause hypergonadotropism
      in aging men, independent of serum sex steroids levels.

PMID- 1813327
TI  - A change for the better.

PMID- 1813326
TI  - [The role of hyperinsulinemia on the renal mechanism of hyperuricemia in
      overweight patients with essential hypertension].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of insulin on the renal
      mechanism of hyperuricemia in overweight patients with essential hypertension.
      Thirty-four essential hypertensives(EHT), receiving a regular diet containing
      120mEq of sodium, 75mEq of potassium and 2000 kilocalories daily, were divided
      into two groups of non-obese(NHT) and obese(OHT) EHT. NHT as categorized as a
      body mass index (BMI) less than, and OHT as a BMI equal to or more than, 25 kg/m2
      in male patients and 24 kg/m2 in female patients. In the early morning after
      overnight fast, renal uric acid and sodium clearance were examined while the
      patients remained in a supine position. During the two-hour clearance period,
      mean arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), endogenous creatinine
      clearance(Ccr), immunoreactive insulin(IRI), serum uric acid(SUA), fractional
      excretion of uric acid(FEUA) and sodium(FENa) were measured. Although there were
      no significant differences in age, MAP, HR, Ccr, nor SUA between the two groups,
      a higher ratio of female to male patients was found in OHT than in NHT. On the
      other hand, higher SUA and IRI and lower FEUA and FENa were observed in OHT than
      in sex-and Ccr-matched NHT. SUA was negatively correlated with FEUA in all
      patients (r = -0.392, p less than 0.05) and in NHT (r = -0.553, p less than
      0.05), unlike in OHT. A significant negative correlation between BMI and FEUA was
      revealed in all EHT (r = -0.441, p less than 0.01) and in OHT (r = -0.597, p less
      than 0.01) but not in NHT. FEUA was positively correlated with FENa in all EHT (r
      = 0.554, p less than 0.001) as well as in NHT (r = 0.548, p less than 0.05) and
      OHT (r = 0.507, p less than 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant negative
      correlation between IRI and FENa in all EHT (r = -0.361, P less than 0.05) and in
      OHT (r = -0.470, p less than 0.05). However, no significant relation was
      demonstrated between IRI and SUA or FEUA in NHT or OHT. From these results, it is
      concluded that an attenuated renal excretion of uric acid related to natriuretic
      ability may play an important role in hyperuricemia in EHT. However, the role of
      hyperinsulinemia, which contributes to the blunting of natriuresis, might be
      relatively small in the renal mechanism of hyperuricemia in EHT, particularly in
      OHT.

PMID- 1813328
TI  - More pressure on practice overhead.

PMID- 1813329
TI  - Understanding intraoral video camera systems.

PMID- 1813330
TI  - Periodontal services growing.

PMID- 1813331
TI  - Overcome pediatric panic.

PMID- 1813333
TI  - Dental Economic's 1992 tax calendar.

PMID- 1813332
TI  - Dentists will see more of the IRS auditors.

PMID- 1813334
TI  - The optimum combination of dentin bonding systems.
AB  - The efficacy of dentin bonding systems composed of a commercial or an
      experimental dentin cleanser, a dentin primer, and an intermediate resin was
      examined by measurement of the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction gap. Light
      activated composites in a cylindrical dentin cavity were prepared in exposed
      dentin of the proximal surface of the extracted human premolar. The combination
      of a dentin cleanser of neutralized 0.5 mol/L EDTA, a dentin primer of 35%
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or 35% HEMA containing 5% glutaraldehyde and a
      commercial intermediate resin (Clearfil New Bond, Kuraray Co., Osaka, Japan;
      Pyrofil Light Bond, Sankin Co., Osaka, Japan) was effective in compensating for
      the contraction stress of a light-activated composite and for obtaining marginal
      integrity between the composite and the dentin cavity wall.

PMID- 1813335
TI  - The effects of primers on the sensitivity of dentin.
AB  - The effects of dentin primers on the sensitivity of dentin were examined by
      measurement of the repetitive firing observed when a class V cavity prepared in
      the dentin of the lower jaw of a rabbit was irritated by a blast of compressed
      air. It was possible to conclude that the combined application of an aqueous
      solution of 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a commercially available dentin
      bonding agent was effective for reducing the repetitive firing and for
      maintaining such a "sedative " effect. Although the dentin tubules were sealed
      mechanically by the resin material, it was impossible to explain the mechanism by
      which the dentin primer application reduced firing.

PMID- 1813336
TI  - Compressive strength of some polyalkenoates with or without dental amalgam alloy
      incorporation.
AB  - The present study compares the compressive strength after one week of some
      conventional glass-ionomer restorative materials with that of glass ionomers
      reinforced by the addition of ceramic-coated silver or dental amalgam alloy
      particles to the aluminosilicate glass powder. Apart from the commercially
      available Ketac Silver and Miracle Mix, experimental mixtures of Fuji II glass
      ionomer powder, the old as well as the new version, with various amounts of
      either a spherical or lathe-cut amalgam alloy were investigated. For the
      conventional glass ionomers, the mean compressive strength based on all
      measurements amounts to 159.9 +/- 4.5 MPa. Both formulations of Fuji II have a
      comparable strength after one-week maturation. The compressive strength of Ketac
      Silver does not differ significantly from that of Ketac Fill or from that of the
      conventional glass ionomers investigated. The effect of admixing amalgam alloy on
      the compressive strength is found to be determined by the shape and the amount of
      the alloy particles. Moreover, both parameters are interactive with the
      formulation of the Fuji glass ionomer used for preparation of the mixture. The
      results indicate that when dental amalgam alloy is added to the glass ionomer,
      lathe-cut particles are to be preferred but only in an amount up to 20% by
      weight.

PMID- 1813337
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies on soft denture materials: microbial adhesion and
      tests for antibacterial activity.
AB  - The microbiological properties of four tissue conditioners, one soft liner, and
      one acrylic resin were studied. The tissue conditioners showed no or negligible
      antimicrobial effects toward salivary microorganisms by two different in vitro
      tests. In in vitro adhesion experiments, more Streptococcus mutans and Candida
      albicans adhered to the tissue conditioners and the soft liner in comparison with
      conventional acrylic resin used for denture-base fabrication. No difference in
      bacterial adhesion was found among the tissue conditioners. The microbial
      colonization of two tissue conditioners lined on maxillary dentures in three
      volunteers was followed for 14 days. No difference among the materials was found,
      but a tendency for subject-dependence in plaque formation on the materials was
      noted.

PMID- 1813338
TI  - An in vivo and in vitro comparison of two dentin bonding agents.
AB  - The in vitro and in vivo shear bond strengths of two dentin bonding agents to
      dentin were measured by use of a goat model. The dentin was exposed in the
      mandibular incisors of 10 adult goats while they were maintained under general
      anesthesia. Separate gingival and incisal areas of dentin were isolated with
      Teflon tape, exposing an area 2.83 mm in diameter. GLUMA or Scotchbond II was
      applied to those dentin areas according to the manufacturers' directions. A
      column of resin was then applied over the bonding agent and light-cured. Two
      hours later, the animals were killed and the teeth removed. The teeth were then
      mounted in acrylic resin, and the resin composite tube was loaded in shear until
      failure on an Instron. Seven days later, the extracted teeth were re-prepared and
      the same bonding procedure re-applied. These teeth were placed in the Instron and
      loaded in shear until failure. Thirteen months later, the teeth bonded with GLUMA
      were re-prepared and bonded in the same manner as above. The resin composite was
      loaded in shear until failure. There was no significant difference between the
      two-hour in vivo bond strength and the seven-day or the 13-month in vitro bond
      strength with GLUMA. There was no significant difference between the two-hour in
      vivo or the seven-day in vitro bond strength for Scotchbond II. There was no
      significant difference between the shear bond strengths of the two dentin bonding
      agents.

PMID- 1813339
TI  - Sources of color variation on firing porcelain.
AB  - The final color matching of porcelain crowns depends upon the accuracy of the
      original shade matching by the dentist and variables introduced during
      processing. Possible sources of processing variables include thickness and color
      of the opaque, thickness, color, and translucency of the body and enamel layers,
      firing temperature, and number of firings (Miller, 1987). These processing
      variables can lead to an error in shade match. The purpose of this study was to
      quantify, in CIE delta E units: (1) the shade variations when the same batches
      are fired, (2) the shade variations between different batches, and (3) the
      differences in color produced by the multiple firing. Three lots of six shades of
      four commercial brands were included in this study. The color variation of the
      opaque samples (mean delta E was 0.46) was generally lower than that of the
      body/opaque samples (mean delta E was 0.86). The average color variation for
      three different batches of the body/opaque samples was 1.44. The average color
      difference produced as a result of multiple firings was 1.00 after six firings,
      compared with the color after three firings.

PMID- 1813341
TI  - Independent movement of cusps during occlusal loading.
AB  - An integrated experimental and theoretical approach is proposed for the
      evaluation of stress within a natural tooth during bruxing. A physical model was
      developed that used strain gauges bonded to the buccal and lingual heights of
      contour of extracted, intact maxillary premolar teeth for the validation of a two
      dimensional finite element model of a natural, intact maxillary premolar tooth.
      Results from the finite element model were in good agreement with the
      experimental results. The tooth exhibits "cuspal independence", which describes
      the relative independence of the loaded cusp from the remaining cusp that is not
      loaded. In other words, the control cusp does not demonstrate significant strain
      when the adjacent cusp is loaded. The overall stiffness of the tooth does not
      appear to be significantly affected by separation of the enamel of the two cusps
      and appears to be primarily a function of the dentin.

PMID- 1813340
TI  - Margin quality of Class III and IV composites in vitro.
AB  - Polymerization shrinkage and thermal expansion/contraction of composites
      counteract marginal bonding. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      margin quality of Class III and IV microfilled and hybrid composite restorations
      placed with adhesive techniques. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1,
      small, beveled Class III cavities were prepared in 24 incisors. Twelve cavities
      were filled with an experimental microfilled composite (COMPAFILL) and 12 with a
      control microfilled material (DURAFILL). In experiment 2, standardized large,
      beveled Class IV cavities were prepared in 24 incisors. Twelve of these incisors
      were filled with DURAFILL and 12 with the hybrid composite HERCULITE XR. The
      teeth were stored in water for 21 days. Before and after the restorations were
      thermocycled (5 degrees C-55 degrees C), replicas were obtained for quantitative
      analysis in the SEM. Statistical analysis (non-parametric tests, p less than
      0.05) revealed that the two microfilled materials behaved very well (greater than
      95% excellent margins) in Class III restorations before being thermocycled. After
      the restorations were thermocycled, the margin quality of DURAFILL decreased to
      90% excellence, due to the increase in restoration fractures. Thermocycling did
      not affect the margin quality in the Class IV cavities, and the hybrid composite
      showed superior margin qualities (89% excellent). Better margin qualities were
      obtained in Class III cavities. Class IV restorations showed more overhangs (12%)
      and submargination (6%) which were technique-related. In no cases were greater
      than 1% marginal openings found.

PMID- 1813342
TI  - Comparison of two-surface and multiple-surface scoring methodologies for in vitro
      microleakage studies.
AB  - Investigators differ on the use of a two-surface or multiple-surface scoring
      methodology in sectional microleakage studies. This study compared microleakage
      scores using both two-surface and multiple-surface scoring methods for two
      preparation types and two different dentin bonding agents. Twenty freshly
      extracted molars each received one box-shaped and one V-shaped restoration on the
      mesial or distal surface. Each restoration was cut occlusogingivally into four
      sections, yielding eight surfaces for scoring. Surfaces were marked to identify
      central (I), lateral (II), and end (III) locations, then scored by two calibrated
      raters. The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test showed a statistically
      significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.05) in median microleakage
      scores obtained by an end two- surface and multiple-surface evaluation for V
      shaped preparations restored with Scotchbond 2, P-50. No other statistically
      significant comparisons were detected. Results suggest that microleakage may be
      more extreme at end surfaces and that these end surfaces should be scored so that
      an accurate microleakage value could be assigned to composite restorations.

PMID- 1813344
TI  - Evaluation of various forms of calcium hydroxide in the monitoring of
      microleakage.
AB  - Calcium hydroxide has been shown to be an effective medium for the in vivo
      microleakage testing of amalgams. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      relative effectiveness of several forms of calcium hydroxide in the measurement
      of this clinical problem. It was also the purpose of this study to determine
      whether a relationship exists between the pH of the Ca(OH)2 liner and its ability
      to detect microleakage. Standardized Class V preparations were generated on the
      buccal surfaces of extracted molars. The axial walls of the preparations were
      based either with Dycal, Dycal VLC, Pulpdent Liquid, or pure Ca(OH)2. A series of
      teeth without a calcium hydroxide base served as the negative control. All teeth
      were restored with a spherical amalgam and kept in de-ionized water. The surfaces
      of the restorations were then subjected to 20 mL of 2 degrees C water for a
      period of one min. After three min, a color-indicating pH paper was positioned
      over the restored area for detection of the presence of hydroxyl ions at the
      amalgam/tooth interface. Regardless of the form of calcium hydroxide, all
      indicated extensive microleakage immediately after insertion of the restoration.
      In all cases, the number of samples generating positive results for leakage
      decreased over a period of time. The rate of decrease, however, was substantially
      dependent upon the form of calcium hydroxide used as well as its pH. The reagent
      grade of Ca(OH)2 generated the greatest percentage of positive results for the
      longest duration.

PMID- 1813343
TI  - Dentin surface reproduction with hydrophilic and hydrophobic impression
      materials.
AB  - The detail reproduction of ground moist dentin surfaces with hydrophilic and
      hydrophobic elastomeric impression materials and the transfer of details onto
      stone casts produced from such impressions were investigated. Practically no
      difference was found in the detail-reproducing ability of the six impression
      materials and that of the dies produced therefrom. The surface roughness data
      were not related to the degree of hydrophilicity determined as the contact angle
      between water and impression material in spite of the considerable variation in
      contact angles of the six materials investigated. The critical surface tension of
      an experimental low-viscosity vinyl polysiloxane material of typical composition
      was 22.2 and 22.9 mN/m in the uncured and cured state, respectively. The contact
      angle between water and this compound was 105 degrees. The critical surface
      tension of wet dentin is reported to be 45.1 mN/m (Glantz, 1969), which means
      that the experimental impression paste will spread on wet dentin in spite of the
      pronounced hydrophobicity of the set product.

PMID- 1813345
TI  - Shear bond strength to dentin by simulation of three-dimensional Class V cavity
      configuration.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of composite
      polymerization contraction on early shear bond strength of conventional and new
      dentin adhesives to dentin. The dentin adhesives selected for this study, i.e.,
      Bondlite, Gluma, Prisma Universalbond, Scotchbond LC, Scotchbond 2, and XR
      Bonding, were tested in combination with Silux and in combination with their
      respective composites. The composite was applied to the treated dentin surface in
      cylindrical brass moulds of 4 mm diameter and 3 mm length. The configuration of
      cylindrical butt-joint Class V cavities was simulated by the coating of the
      insides of the brass moulds with silane in order that a chemical bond to the
      composite could be established. The results showed that shear bond strength to
      dentin was higher for XR Bonding and Scotchbond 2 compared with conventional
      phosphate ester-based dentin adhesives and Gluma. When XR Bonding or Scotchbond 2
      was used, the obstruction of polymerization contraction had no effect on the bond
      strength to dentin. In contrast, the dentin adhesion of Scotchbond LC/Silux,
      Prisma Universalbond/Prisma Microfine, Bondlite/Herculite, and Gluma/Lumifor was
      adversely affected by the reduction of the unbonded composite surfaces. However,
      this effect was not observed when Prisma Universalbond, Bondlite, and Gluma were
      tested in combination with Silux. It can therefore be concluded that the effect
      of polymerization contraction on the bond strength to dentin depends not only on
      the dentin adhesive but also on the type of composite used.

PMID- 1813346
TI  - Testing of metal-ceramic joint using scanning acoustic microscopy.
AB  - The objective of the investigation was to compare the results obtained from
      examination of titanium-porcelain joints by means of both scanning acoustic
      microscopy (C-SAM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A dental porcelain
      (Ducera, Dental GmbH) mechanically compatible with titanium was fired to sand
      blasted or electrolytically polished commercially pure titanium (grade 1)
      specimens. The firing was carried out in an ordinary dental furnace according to
      manufacturer's instructions. There was a good correlation between the C-SAM and
      SEM methods regarding the ability to detect air-filled defects in the
      porcelain/titanium interface. The results show that the C-SAM method, being non
      destructive as well as time-and-money-saving, can be useful in the testing of
      metal-ceramic joints.

PMID- 1813347
TI  - Current concepts of the erythromycins.

PMID- 1813348
TI  - Efficiency of 42 brands of face masks and 2 face shields in preventing inhalation
      of airborne debris.

PMID- 1813349
TI  - Oral candidosis revisited.

PMID- 1813350
TI  - Electronic methods of root canal measurement.

PMID- 1813351
TI  - The growth of managed dental care and the erosion of professional autonomy.

PMID- 1813352
TI  - General practitioners' opinions on the treatment of anxious patients.

PMID- 1813354
TI  - The T-Scan system for occlusal registration.

PMID- 1813353
TI  - Apical leakage of bleaching agents through an intermediate dental base material.

PMID- 1813355
TI  - Prosthodontic reconstruction over osseointegrated implants in the edentulous
      atrophic maxillae.

PMID- 1813356
TI  - Complication during root canal therapy following accidental extrusion of sodium
      hypochlorite through the apical foramen.

PMID- 1813357
TI  - Recurrence of an odontogenic keratocyst.

PMID- 1813358
TI  - Some changes in immunity and blood in relation to clinical states of dengue
      hemorrhagic fever patients in Vietnam.
AB  - The role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
      (DHF), particularly Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) was studied. The complement
      activity, circulating immune complex (IC), histamine level, platelets and
      leucocytes were determined in the blood of 30 patients and 43 healthy persons.
      The results showed a significant decrease in complement activity, platelet and
      neutrophil counts, an increase of histamine level (P less than 0.001), and the
      presence of circulating IC in 80 per cent of our patients. Furthermore, a marked
      correlation was found between the changes of the above parameters and the
      clinical stages of the disease. These parameters can be used in the prognostics
      of the pre-shock and shock syndrome of DHF.

PMID- 1813359
TI  - Blood count changes due to mononuclear cell apheresis.
AB  - Complete blood count and CFU-GM count of 41 healthy donors was determined
      immediately before and immediately after mononuclear cell (MNC) apheresis. Red
      blood cell count dropped from a mean of 5.2 to 4.9 x 10(12)/l, the difference
      being significant (p less than 0.001). Platelet count was reduced from a mean of
      219 to 187 x 10(9)/l, the difference was once again significant (p less than
      0.005). Polymorphonuclear cell count did not change significantly, while MNC
      count was reduced substantially (from mean 3.1 to 2.4 x 10(9)/l, p less than
      0.001). The difference between pre- and postapheresis CFU-GM count (median 11.3
      versus 8.8 x 10(3)/l respectively) was on the borderline of statistical
      significance (p = 0.05).

PMID- 1813360
TI  - Enzyme negative blastic transformation of chronic myeloproliferative disorders:
      immunophenotyping of the blastic cell population.
AB  - Enzyme negative blast cells from 27 patients with chronic myeloproliferative
      disorders (CMPDs) in blastic transformation were analysed with a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). According to morphologic features of the bone
      marrow and laboratory data, the 27 cases were divided into 8 cases of
      myelofibrosis (MF), 3 cases of chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myelosis
      (CMGM) and 16 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Of the 27 cases, 23
      showed a positive reaction with myeloid MoAbs, but in 12 cases expressing myeloid
      markers, megakaryocytic, monocytic or lymphoid cell features were also detected.
      In 7 cases of MF, 1 case of CMGM and 1 case of CML a bilineage, myelo
      megakaryocytoid immunophenotype of peripheral blast cells was seen. Of the 4
      patients with CML expressing lymphoid markers, 2 showed early B-cell, 1 T-cell
      surface antigens, and 1 both myeloid and early B-cell features. In this group of
      cytochemically immature blastic transformation of CMPD, only 1 case was termed
      "undifferentiated" blastic transformation.

PMID- 1813361
TI  - Intermittent-flow versus continuous-flow mononuclear cell apheresis.
AB  - An intermittent-flow (Haemonetics V-50) and a continuous-flow (Fenwall CS-3000)
      blood cell separator were compared regarding mononuclear cell (MNC) collection.
      17 evaluable V-50 and 24 CS-3000 aphereses were performed on healthy donors. No
      significant difference was found in MNC yield (median 6.4 x 10(9) on V-50, 6.3 x
      10(9) on CS-3000) or in CFU-GM yield (median 41 x 10(3) versus 43 x 10(3)
      respectively). Nevertheless, red blood cell as well as polymorphonuclear cell
      contamination was substantially greater on V-50 than on CS-3000, while platelet
      contamination was slightly lower on V-50 than on CS-3000. The continuous-flow
      apheresis system CS-3000 is concluded to be more suitable for MNC harvesting than
      the intermittent-flow system V-50.

PMID- 1813362
TI  - Immunohistochemical evaluation of bone marrow biopsies in myelodysplastic
      syndromes.
AB  - Immunohistochemical studies were performed with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
      reactive on paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsies in 19 patients with
      myelodysplastic syndromes, 8 of them during r gamma-interferon treatment. CD15
      MAbs stained mature myeloid cells predominantly located close to the bone marrow
      trabeculae. Anti-gpIIIa MAbs permitted precise identification of megakaryocytic
      cells including precursors and dysplastic megakaryocytes. Labelling with CD45 and
      CD68 MAbs, recognizing lymphocytes and macrophages respectively, was intense in
      patients in steady state, but progressively decreased during leukemic
      transformation. Increase in CD45+ and/or CD68+ cells was also observed in most
      bone marrow biopsies after 3 months of r gamma-interferon therapy.

PMID- 1813363
TI  - Combination therapy of M2-protocol and interferon-alpha as remission induction in
      refractory multiple myeloma.
AB  - A successful induction of remission in two patients with resistant multiple
      myeloma using a new combination therapy of modified M-2 protocol and interferon
      alpha (IFN-alpha) is described. The first case was a 32-year-old man with K type
      urinary Bence-Jones protein who became resistant after treatment with melphalan
      and prednisone (MP protocol). IFN-alpha alone had a marginal response. The
      modified M-2 protocol proved insufficient. Therefore, IFN-alpha was administered
      in the interval of M-2 protocol. This combination therapy showed remarkable
      responses. The second case was a 59-year-old woman with advanced IgA myeloma who
      was treated with M-2 protocol and became resistant. IFN-alpha alone resulted in a
      slight response. After addition of IFN-alpha to the modified M-2 protocol, a
      rapid reduction in the level of serum IgA was found and clinical symptoms
      including bone pain, anaemia and so on were dramatically improved. No infection
      and/or intolerable side effects were observed in either case. This combination
      treatment appears worthy to try in cases of resistant or relapsing myeloma
      patients.

PMID- 1813364
TI  - [Effect of cepharanthin on the lethality and cardiovascular disorder by Mamushi,
      Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, snake venom].
AB  - Effects of Cephranthin on the lethality to mice and the cardiovascular disorder
      in rat induced by Mamushi (Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi) snake venom were studied.
      The LD50 of Mamushi snake venom was 1.22 mg/kg in mice by i.p. administration.
      Cepharanthin activated slightly the lethal activity when it was administered just
      after injection of the venom. However, this drug was effective against the venom
      at 4 to 5 times the lethal dose, if it was administered at the optimal interval.
      Mamushi snake venom and Cepharanthin showed a lethality and dose relationship
      that were clearly prolonged by Cepharanthin. In rat, Mamushi snake venom
      administered intraperitoneally produced an irreversible decrease of blood
      pressure accompanied by capillary hemorrhage. Moreover, it suppressed the heart
      rate. On the electrocardiogram, prolongation of ventricular contraction,
      extension of the relative refractory period and reduction of diastole were
      induced by the venom. These observations show that the venom suppresses cardiac
      functions inotropically and chronotropically. Cepharanthin shortened the
      refractory period and prolonged the diastole, indicating that it activated
      cardiac function. It was able to produce recovery from several cardiac disorders
      induced by Mamushi snake venom, for example, increase of blood pressure with
      inhibition of capillary hemorrage, release of heart rate suppression, partial
      recovery of the amplitudes of P and R waves, and shortening of extensive relative
      refractory period. These cardiac recoveries by Cepharanthin will be reflected in
      the suppression of lethality.

PMID- 1813365
TI  - [Inhibition of platelet function by KB-2796].
AB  - The anti-platelet activity of KB-2796, 1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4- (2,3,4
      trimethoxybenzyl) piperazine dihydrochloride, was studied in guinea pigs and
      mice. When guinea pig platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was employed, platelet function
      was inhibited at high doses of KB-2796. The IC50 value for [3H]5-HT release was
      940 microM, and the IC50 values for collagen- and ADP-induced platelet
      aggregation were 210 and 390 microM, respectively. Oral administration of KB-2796
      at 10-100 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited the transient thrombocytopenia induced
      by collagen, but not that caused by ADP. KB-2796 protected mice from death after
      intravenous injection of collagen plus epinephrine, with an ED50 value of 9.5
      mg/kg, p.o. Oral administration of KB-2796 at 10-100 mg/kg dose-dependently
      reduced guinea pig platelet retention in glass bead columns and reduced the
      leakage of ADP and ATP from erythrocytes passing through similar columns. KB
      2796, at a concentration of 1-10 microM, produced a stabilizing effect on guinea
      pig erythrocytes against hypotonic hemolysis. These results suggest that KB-2796
      is an inhibitor of platelet function and that its inhibition is related mainly to
      the inhibition of leakage of ADP and ATP from erythrocytes.

PMID- 1813366
TI  - [Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular effects of milnaciplan hydrochloride
      (TN-912), a novel antidepressant].
AB  - The electroencephalographic (EEG) and cardiovascular effects of milnaciplan
      hydrochloride (TN-912) were compared with those of imipramine (IMP) and
      maprotiline (MPT) in rats, guinea pigs and dogs. In conscious rats with chronic
      electrode implants, TN-912 (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) had little effect on either the
      EEG activity or the EEG arousal response to auditory stimulation (2000 Hz). Both
      IMP (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) and MPT (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) tended to increase the
      drowsy EEG pattern period in the cortical and hippocampal EEG and inhibited the
      EEG arousal response to auditory stimulation. In conscious rats with a chronic
      arterial catheter, TN-912 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) slightly elevated the mean blood
      pressure (MBP) and decreased the heart rate (HR), while both IMP (10-100 mg/kg,
      p.o.) and MPT (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently increased MBP and HR. In
      anesthetized dogs, i.v. injection of TN-912 (1-10 mg/kg), IMP (0.3-10 mg/kg) and
      MPT (1-20 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent fall in MBP. IMP and MPT but not TN
      912 dose-dependently increased HR. TN-912 did not show typical effects on femoral
      blood flow. TN-912 (30 mg/kg) had little effect on lead II electrocardiogram
      (ECG), while IMP and MPT markedly increased height of the T-wave on ECG. In the
      in vitro study with the isolated guinea pig atrium, TN-912 caused a slight
      positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effect, while both IMP and MPT
      showed marked negative inotropic and chronotropic actions. These results suggest
      that TN-912 has less EEG effect and cardiac toxicity, indicating that TN-912 may
      be safe in clinical use.

PMID- 1813367
TI  - [Effects of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-diphenylmethylpiperazinyl)ethanol
      dihydrochloride (NC-1100) on the central nervous system].
AB  - The effects of NC-1100 on the central nervous system were analyzed behaviorally
      and electroencephalographically in mice, rabbits and mongolian gerbils, using
      ifenprodil as a control material. NC-1100 showed potentiating effects on
      spontaneous locomotor activities and excitatory motor activities induced by
      methamphetamine, but did not affect the rotarod test, traction test, sleeping
      time induced by pentobarbital, analgesic test, anticonvulsant test (MES and
      pentetrazol test), body temperature and group toxicity induced by
      methamphetamine. Following i.v. injection of NC-1100 to rabbits with chronically
      implanted electrodes, electroencephalographic properties in spontaneous EEGs such
      as fast waves with low voltages in the neocortex became distinguished slightly.
      Seizure discharges produced by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus were
      slightly inhibited, but arousal responses produced by stimulation of the midbrain
      reticular formation or the posterior hypothalamic area were not inhibited.
      Furthermore, the effects of NC-1100 on functional recovery after transient
      cerebral ischemia in gerbils were not distinct. Based on these results, NC-1100
      was considered to be an agent that improves cerebral metabolism and selectively
      increases cerebrovascular blood flow with few central nervous actions.

PMID- 1813368
TI  - [Basal studies on the model of circular excisional wounds made on the dorsal skin
      of rats treated with hydrocortisone].
AB  - This study was performed to establish a circular excisional wound model treated
      with hydrocortisone (HC-P) and to estimate the following parameters in this
      model: wound area, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, histological characteristics and
      microscopical measurements of histological sections. HC-P inhibited the reduction
      of wound area, the increase in Hyp content and proliferation of granulation
      tissue in a dose-dependent manner. The application of ZnO ointment significantly
      accelerated the reduction of wound area and the increased Hyp content in rats
      treated with HC-P. From these results, we concluded that this experimental model
      is useful for the objective evaluation of the efficacy of drugs that promote
      wound healing.

PMID- 1813369
TI  - [Experimental study on arrhythmias induced by cerebral ischemia and ouabain in
      Mongolian gerbils].
AB  - Changes in the electrocardiogram following bilateral common carotid arteries
      ligation was observed during the awake state and pentobarbital anesthesia; and
      the influences of cerebral ischemia, pentobarbital or halothane anesthesia on the
      cardiotoxicity induced by continuous infusion of ouabain were also studied in
      Mongolian gerbils. Following ligation, all awake-animals died in about 60 min of
      ligation, all exhibiting severe neurological symptoms and ventricular
      arrhythmias. These changes did not appear in the animals under pentobarbital
      anesthesia. With regards to the amount of ouabain infusion needed to cause
      cardiotoxicity in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, there were no significant
      differences between the vagus-intact group and the vagotomized group. However,
      the cardiotoxic dose of ouabain in the ligation group during pentobarbital
      anesthesia was larger than the cardiotoxic dose in the non-ligation group. In
      halothane anesthesia, the cardiotoxic dose of ouabain decreased more prominently
      than in pentobarbital anesthesia. The arrhythmias observed with isoproterenol
      were not enhanced by the halothane anesthesia and vagotomy. Therefore, these
      findings may indicate that during the cerebral ischemia, there is a heterotopic
      stimulus formation in the impulse conducting system of the heart; ouabain-induced
      cardiotoxicity appears to be enhancement via ouabain distribution into the
      cerebrum; and ventricular fibrillation had no definite effect for lowering
      sensitization of the myocardium to catecholamine by halothane in Mongolian
      gerbils.

PMID- 1813370
TI  - [Studies on the involvement of the nucleus accumbens in the discriminative
      effects of nicotine in rats].
AB  - The central mechanism mediating the discriminative effects of nicotine was
      studied using rats. Rats were trained to discriminate subcutaneously administered
      nicotine at 0.5 mg/kg from saline in a 2-lever operant chamber situation for food
      reinforcement. 1) Nicotine administered into the lateral ventricle at both 100
      micrograms and 120 micrograms substituted for subcutaneously administered
      nicotine at 0.5 mg/kg. This result indicates that the discriminative effects of
      nicotine are mediated centrally. 2) Among the drugs, acetylcholine at 0.5-10
      micrograms administered into the lateral ventricle and methamphetamine at 5-40
      micrograms and dopamine at 1-10 micrograms administered into the nucleus
      accumbens, none substituted for subcutaneously administered nicotine. These
      results indicate that the discriminative effects of nicotine differ from those of
      the above drugs. 3) Nicotine at 100 micrograms administered into the nucleus
      accumbens almost completely substituted for subcutaneously administered nicotine.
      In addition, mecamylamine at 180 micrograms administered into the nucleus
      accumbens attenuated the discriminative effects of subcutaneously administered
      nicotine. These results suggest that nicotinic receptors in the nucleus accumbens
      may be involved in the discriminative effects of nicotine. However, further
      studies are needed, since the nucleus accumbens is regarded not to be a major
      site of action of nicotine for these effects because of its low susceptibility to
      nicotine and mecamylamine.

PMID- 1813371
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory effects of methylprednisolone aceponate in animals].
AB  - In the case of dermal application of the drugs to croton oil-induced ear edema in
      rats and picryl chloride-induced delayed type hypersensitivity in mice, the anti
      inflammatory effect of methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) was slightly weaker
      than those of clobetasol 17-propionate and diflucortolone 21-valerate, but
      stronger than those of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate
      21-propionate. Betamethasone 17-valerate applied dermally was less and more
      effective than MPA to ear edema in rats and delayed type hypersensitivity in
      mice, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect of MPA was weaker in
      subcutaneous administration than in topical application to the two inflammatory
      models. It was suggested that MPA has strong anti-inflammatory effects and weak
      systemic effects by topical application. Methylprednisolone 17-propionate (MP
      17P) and methylprednisolone (MP), unesterified in only the C-21 position and in
      both the C-17 and 21 positions of MPA, respectively, showed weaker anti
      inflammatory activities than MPA by topical application to croton oil-induced ear
      edema. The ratio of the anti-inflammatory effects by topical application to
      subcutaneous administration of MPA was higher than those of MP-17P and MP. The
      excellent characteristics of MPA as a dermal anti-inflammatory drug are suggested
      to be derived from di-esterification of MP, which has a weak activity
      intrinsically.

PMID- 1813372
TI  - [Therapeutic aspects of functional symptoms of the upper abdomen in biliary tract
      diseases].

PMID- 1813373
TI  - Hormonal control of precopulatory sebaceous scent marking and ultrasonic mating
      vocalizations in male rats.
AB  - The effects of testosterone (T) and its major metabolites, estradiol (E2) and
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), on the restoration of sebaceous scent marking and 50
      kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in male rats were measured in two studies
      (Experiments 1 and 2) employing different hormone levels. Silastic capsule
      administration of high and low doses of T (10 and 20 mm) or E2 (5%; 5 and 10 mm)
      completely restored marking to precastration levels. Both doses of DHT (30 and 40
      mm) or no hormone replacement were without effect when tested in presence of
      estrous odor cues. In our testing paradigm, males appeared to mark glass objects
      with a sebaceous secretion rather than urine. Only the high dose of T (20 mm)
      restored vocalizations to intact levels, while animals receiving the high or low
      dose of E2 or DHT showed no restoration of behavior. In Experiment 3, habituation
      to estrous odor cues over weekly tests was not observed for marking or
      vocalizations. These results are discussed with respect to similarities and
      differences in the hormonal control of signaling behaviors by androgen
      metabolites in male rodents.

PMID- 1813374
TI  - Blood-borne and cerebral angiotensin and the genesis of salt intake.
AB  - These experiments reevaluate earlier work in which salt intake was evoked by
      blood-borne angiotensin II. That work is inconsistent with recent demonstrations
      that cerebral, not blood-borne, angiotensin II is the synergist with aldosterone
      in arousing salt intake in the rat. We show, first, that the pharmacological
      doses of angiotensin II that were used in the earlier work are natriuretic (and
      dipsogenic). They cause urinary sodium losses that precede and exceed sodium
      intake. Second, we show that the excess sodium intake that is associated with
      pharmacological doses of intravenous angiotensin is not caused by endogenous
      aldosterone. Last, we show that this excess sodium intake is abolished by
      intracerebroventricular captopril thereby suggesting that it is caused by
      activation of cerebral angiotensin II and harmonizing its mechanism with current
      concepts.

PMID- 1813375
TI  - The effects of progesterone on sexual behavior in male green anole lizards
      (Anolis carolinensis).
AB  - It is well known that androgen-dependent sexual behaviors in male mammals and
      birds are inhibited by exogenous progesterone (P). However, recent research on
      male whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus) indicates that P can stimulate
      sexual and copulatory behavior. We report here both antiandrogenic and
      synandrogenic actions of P on sexual behavior in males of another reptile, the
      green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Earlier reports on birds and mammals
      are reviewed and discussed in relation to a possible physiological role of P in
      influencing sexual behavior in male vertebrates.

PMID- 1813376
TI  - Testosterone and avian life histories: the effect of experimentally elevated
      testosterone on corticosterone and body mass in dark-eyed juncos.
AB  - To assess whether alterations in the normal pattern of testosterone (T) secretion
      might be beneficial or detrimental, we studied a breeding population of dark-eyed
      juncos in which we elevated T experimentally and measured its effect on potential
      correlates of fitness. We treated both free-living and captive males with
      implants that were either empty (C-males, controls) or packed with T (T-males,
      experimentals). Timing of implant varied and was designed to mimic natural peak
      breeding levels except that peaks were either prolonged or premature. We bled the
      birds at recapture and analyzed their plasma, and that of their female mates, for
      T and corticosterone (B). We also measured body mass and fat score in free-living
      T- and C-males. In the field, T-implants elevated T and kept it elevated for at
      least a month. Experimental males also had higher B than controls. In captives,
      the effect of the implants on plasma T was detectable within 24 hr. B in captive
      T-males was again higher than in captive C-males. In females, neither T nor B
      differed between mates of T- and C-males. T-males implanted in early spring lost
      more mass between implant and recapture in late spring than did controls and also
      had lower fat scores when recaptured. When implants were inserted in summer,
      treatment did not influence mass. Elevated T in early spring apparently hastened
      the transition from the winter to the breeding mode of fat storage. We suggest
      that prolonged elevation of testosterone might be selected against because of the
      association between T and B. Premature elevation of T might be costly because of
      the resultant loss of mass and fat reserves, which could lead to mortality when
      spring snowstorms prevent access to food.

PMID- 1813377
TI  - Nursing posture is elicited rapidly in maternally naive, haloperidol-treated
      female and male rats in response to ventral trunk stimulation from active pups.
AB  - Maternal responsiveness in rats can be induced in virgin females and males,
      without hormonal priming, following several days of cohabitation with pups.
      Because antagonism of dopamine (DA) facilitates nursing behavior in lactating
      rats, the response of nonlactating, maternally naive rats to effective
      stimulation of the ventral trunk (ventrum) from pups following similar treatment
      was investigated. Lactating dams, virgin females and males, both intact and
      gonadectomized, were treated with a catalepsy-inducing dose of haloperidol (5
      mg/kg), a DA receptor antagonist, and tested with hungry pups 1 hr later.
      Subjects were placed over 8 pups and postures assessed every 3 min for 30 min.
      The nursing posture occurred in most subjects. Lactating and nonlactating females
      were similar in occurrence of the nursing crouch, though the intensity was
      somewhat higher in the former; females scored higher than males in terms of
      likelihood and intensity of crouching; and there was no effect of gonadectomy.
      The nursing posture was not elicited in intact virgin females if the stimulus
      pups were anesthetized or if the subjects were treated with saline instead of
      haloperidol. There were no sex differences in onset or intensity of catalepsy in
      response to the dose of haloperidol used. These results suggest that the nursing
      posture occurs reflexively, is not directly dependent upon ovarian hormones, and
      is diminished by the effects of androgens, prior and current.

PMID- 1813378
TI  - In utero contiguity to males does not influence morphology, behavioral
      sensitivity to testosterone, or hypothalamic androgen binding in CF-1 female
      mice.
AB  - Physiological and behavioral systems presumably influenced by prenatal exposure
      to testosterone (T) were compared in CF-1 female mice from known uterine
      positions. Anogenital distance did not differ among females that developed in
      utero between two females (0M), adjacent to one male (1M), or between two males
      (2M) at birth, at weaning on Day 21, or on Day 60 postpartum. The age of vaginal
      opening and mean estrous cycle length also were similar among the groups. When
      ovariectomized and implanted with a T-containing silastic capsule, the mean
      number of days of treatment required to activate male-like aggressive behavior
      also did not differ among the three positional classifications. Finally, androgen
      binding in combined hypothalamic-preoptic-septal cytosol was assessed after 8
      days of T treatment, and no systematic variation in [3H]DHT binding related to
      uterine position was found. These results indicate that contiguity to male
      fetuses did not induce variation among CF-1 females in morphological, behavioral,
      or biochemical systems thought to be influenced by prenatal exposure to T.

PMID- 1813379
TI  - Microimplants of estradiol in the sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus
      activate ultrasonic vocal behavior in male Mongolian gerbils.
AB  - The hormonal control of ultrasonic vocal behavior in the male Mongolian gerbil
      was examined by comparing the behavioral effects of androgen with those of
      estrogen administered to the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AH) in
      castrates. By measuring radioactivity released from solid "floating" POA-AH
      microimplants (mean diameter, 141 microns) of testosterone (3H-T, mean weight,
      880 ng) in Experiment 1, we found that the steroid had a concentration gradient
      which fell rapidly from the edge of the microimplant, suggesting restricted
      diffusion. Using floating microimplants in Experiment 2, we studied the effects
      of testosterone propionate (TP, 650 ng), estradiol-17 beta benzoate (EB, 439 ng),
      or cholesterol (C, 478 ng) on rates of a frequency modulated ultrasonic
      vocalization emitted during sexual interactions. The effects on the upsweep call
      were compared with those on sexual mounting. The upsweep rate remained
      significantly below precastration levels in C implanted males. EB reinstated
      upsweep calling within 5 days, 3 days earlier than TP microimplants. Mounting in
      EB implanted males was maintained at precastration levels, whereas TP
      implantation restored mounting to precastration levels only after 5 days. EB was
      effective in inducing ultrasonic vocalizations when placed in, or near, the
      sexually dimorphic area (SDA) in the medial preoptic area (POM). Our results
      indicate that brain mechanisms underlying both ultrasonic vocalizations and
      mounting are directly sensitive to estradiol (E2) in the male gerbil. We conclude
      that E2 affects mechanisms in the SDA associated with ultrasonic calling and
      suggest that T is likely to act via aromatization products in the brain.

PMID- 1813380
TI  - Effect of a vasotocin analog on singing behavior in the canary.
AB  - Groups of juvenile and 1-year-old male canaries were treated briefly with the
      vasotocin (VT) analog desGly(NH2)9d(CH2)5-[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4, Orn8]VT (dGVTA) during
      four time intervals between September and February. The canaries received
      subcutaneously testosterone-containing silastic implants at the start of the VT
      analog treatment to assure that despite age and season differences the birds
      would all have comparable plasma levels of testosterone. The VT analog was
      administered subcutaneously (0.7 micrograms/100 microliters) during the first 3
      days (3 injections daily) of chronic testosterone treatment. Observations on the
      singing behavior were carried out between Day 8 and Day 30 after implantation of
      the testosterone-filled silastic tubing. The short-term administration of the VT
      analog influenced the amount of singing behavior during a 30-min observation
      interval measured 1 to 4 weeks later. Despite age differences the effect of dGVTA
      held and seemed more related to season than to age. The song duration (seconds of
      song/30 min) was affected in a dual mode. In early autumn the VT analog enhanced
      song duration of testosterone-primed canaries, but the same VT analog decreased
      song duration in the period November/January. These results suggest that the
      neuropeptide VT is implicated in control of seasonal changes in singing behavior.

PMID- 1813381
TI  - Bisexual behavior in the male rat: influence of masculine sexual activity on the
      display of lordosis behavior.
AB  - Sexually inexperienced male Wistar rats (strain WI in our colony) known to very
      infrequently display spontaneous lordosis behavior (Schaeffer et al., 1990b) were
      used. A first group was tested four times at 5-day intervals for lordosis with
      vigorous stimulus males (heterotypic sexual behavior), immediately following
      testing for masculine sexual activity with highly receptive females (homotypic
      sexual behavior). A small number of animals displayed lordosis during the first
      test, but more and more animals displayed this behavior from the first to the
      fourth test. There was no relationship between the degree of masculine sexual
      activity--intromission without ejaculation or ejaculation--and the occurrence of
      lordosis behavior. A second group was tested only once for both masculine sexual
      activity and lordosis behavior as above and afterwards three times at 5-day
      intervals for lordosis behavior in the absence of any previous testing for
      masculine sexual activity. A few animals displayed lordosis during their first
      test. As compared to the first group, the animals which had not displayed
      lordosis in the first test never showed lordosis responses in the following
      tests. It is concluded that both homotypic and heterotypic sexual interactions
      are required for the display of lordosis behavior in the strain of Wistar rats
      used in this study.

PMID- 1813382
TI  - Ovarian hormones influence odor cues emitted by female meadow voles, Microtus
      pennsylvanicus.
AB  - During the spring-summer breeding season female meadow voles emit odors that are
      preferred by males, whereas in the autumn-winter season of reproductive
      quiescence females emit odors that are not preferred by males, but are attractive
      to females. The effects of daylength and ovarian hormones on salience of female
      odors were determined by assaying male responses to odors. Females housed in long
      and short photoperiods transmitted odors that elicited responses similar to those
      of spring and autumn female voles, respectively. The odor cues emitted by
      ovariectomized (OVX) females, irrespective of photoperiodic history, were similar
      to those generated by females during the nonbreeding season. In the absence of
      ovarian hormones, long daylengths were not sufficient to induce females to
      broadcast the spring odors preferred by males. Spring-type odor cues were,
      however, emitted by OVX voles housed in either photoperiod and treated with
      estradiol. Ovarian hormones appear necessary and sufficient to generate breeding
      season odor cues and sufficient to induce production of such cues during the
      nonbreeding season. We conclude that daylength affects odor cues emitted by
      females by altering ovarian hormone activity.

PMID- 1813383
TI  - Dental prescribing: law and practice.

PMID- 1813384
TI  - Siding of intraoral X-ray film.

PMID- 1813385
TI  - Dextran sulfate induces changes in the free intracellular calcium ion
      concentration of a subpopulation of immature thymocytes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that certain sulfated polysaccharides, such as
      dextran sulfate (DxS), can induce a rapid and sustained increase in the free
      intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of thymocytes, whereas they
      cannot induce a change in the [Ca2+]i of peripheral lymphocytes. This study
      examined this phenomenon in more detail and clearly demonstrated that only
      immature thymocytes can respond to DxS. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes failed to
      exhibit an increase in [Ca2+]i when exposed to DxS. Furthermore, analysis of
      [Ca2+]i changes at the single cell level using a flow cytometer demonstrated that
      only a subpopulation of immature thymocytes responded to DxS. Additional flow
      cytometry studies revealed that DxS and Con-A induce a [Ca2+]i response in
      different subpopulations of thymocytes, approximately 30% of thymocytes
      responding to Con-A and 15-20% to DxS. Thus, responsiveness to Con-A and DxS, in
      terms of increases in [Ca2+]i, may represent a novel marker for two different
      thymocyte subpopulations. Such metabolic markers could be used to complement the
      conventional serological methods currently employed to define stages in thymocyte
      differentiation.

PMID- 1813386
TI  - Regulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by a tumour cell-derived DNA
      fraction.
AB  - A suppressor activity was isolated and partially purified from culture
      supernatant of human myeloid leukaemic cell line HL-60 by ion-exchange
      chromatography, HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This activity was capable of suppressing
      proliferation of mitogen-stimulated normal human lymphocytes in a dose-dependent
      manner. The suppressor activity was identified as DNA by its typical absorbance
      at 260 nm, and by its susceptibility to DNase digestion. The DNA with suppressive
      activity was found to be double-stranded with the molecular weight range between
      0.6 and 1.5 kb. This DNA material did not have cytotoxic activity and did not
      alter interleukin-2 receptor expression. Cell cycle analysis has suggested that
      DNA molecules could interact with lymphocytes to arrest the stimulated
      lymphocytes in the G1 phase, apparently preventing the cells from entering into
      the proliferating S phase.

PMID- 1813387
TI  - Phenotype and activation of milk-derived and peripheral blood lymphocytes from
      normal and coeliac subjects.
AB  - The phenotype of milk-derived and peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and
      coeliac subjects was assessed for CD3, alpha beta-TcR (T cell receptor), gamma
      delta-TcR, CD4, CD8, HML-1 (human mucosal lymphocyte) determinants, and
      activation was measured by interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression. Milk cells
      from normal and coeliac subjects were analysed by manual immunofluorescence and
      milk and blood cells from normal subjects were analysed by flow cytometry. Milk
      cells from two coeliac subjects were tested for proliferation to gluten antigen.
      The CD4:CD8 ratio of milk lymphocytes from both normal and coeliac subjects was
      similar (0.78-1.1), but lower than that present in blood (1.5-2.1). The IL-2R
      expression of milk lymphocytes from both coeliac and normal subjects was
      increased by 3-6 times compared with peripheral blood cells. For example, IL-2R
      was present on 27.3% of milk CD3+ lymphocytes and on 8.0% of blood CD3+
      lymphocytes from normal subjects. gamma delta- and HML-1+ T cells were increased
      4.2-fold and 12-fold respectively compared with blood lymphocytes. Milk cells
      from coeliac subjects showed specific proliferation to gluten but not to soya
      bean antigen. We conclude that milk cells have a 'mucosal' phenotype, with
      increased gamma delta-TcR, CD8+ and HML-1+ T cells, and have an increased
      proportion of activated cells. Milk cells from coeliac subjects have no 'toxic'
      phenotype, but show functional reactivity by specific proliferation to gluten
      antigen.

PMID- 1813388
TI  - The effects of a leukaemia-controlling dose of acivicin on murine splenic
      lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The development of successful chemotherapy for cancers, including leukaemia, is
      based on the exploitation of significant toxic differentials of the agents,
      between the cancer cells and their normal counterparts. A concentration of 0.1
      mumol/L of the amino acid analogue acivicin (L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro
      4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid) was sufficient to inhibit [3H]-DNA synthesis
      in mitogen stimulated murine splenic lymphocytes and WEHI 7.1 murine leukaemic
      cells in vitro, at glutamine concentrations up to 0.5 mmol/L. However, at
      concentrations of glutamine of 1.0 mmol/L and above, more acivicin was required
      to inhibit WEHI 7.1 cells than to inhibit the splenic lymphocytes. At 1.0 mmol/L
      glutamine, 18 h of exposure to an optimal inhibitory concentration of acivicin
      (0.5 mumol/L) in vitro was sufficient to inhibit [3H]-DNA synthesis in the
      mitogen stimulated lymphocytes, whereas 24 h of exposure to an optimal inhibitory
      acivicin concentration of 2.0 mumol/L was required for inhibition of [3H]-DNA
      synthesis in the WEHI 7.1 leukaemic cells. When an acivicin inoculation regime
      that was sufficient to control the growth of intraperitoneally (i.p.) implanted
      WEHI 7.1 leukaemic cells was administered to Balb/c mice, the primary immune
      response was significantly inhibited to an antigen given either during or after
      the acivicin treatment. These results indicate that lymphocytes replicating in
      vivo in a specific primary immune response could be as sensitive to acivicin as
      leukaemic cells.

PMID- 1813389
TI  - Participation of cytoplasmic organelles in E-rosette formation.
AB  - To elucidate the mechanism of E-rosette formation between T cells and sheep red
      blood cells (SRBC), the effect of various agents affecting the function of
      cytoplasmic structures (microtubules and microfilaments) and organelles
      (mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum) was investigated. E-rosette
      formation was greatly inhibited by agents that block either the energy producing
      system (KCN and NaN3) or the integration of microfilaments (cytochalasin B,
      dihydrocytochalasin B and cytochalasin D). On the other hand, there was little or
      no suppression by either inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide and
      puromycin), agents that block the polymerization of microtubules (colchicine,
      podophyllotoxin and vinblastine), or chemicals disconnecting surface membrane
      proteins from the intracellular structural proteins (chlorpromazine, dibucaine,
      hydrocortisone, and propranolol). The calcium ionophore A23187, which transports
      Ca2+ into the cytosol, inhibited the E-rosette formation in the presence of Ca2+,
      but not in its absence. From these results, we concluded that new synthesis of
      ATP and the structural integration of microfilaments are indispensable for the E
      rosette formation, which is triggered by an interaction between the ligand
      (T11TS) and its corresponding receptor (CD2). A certain level of intracellular
      Ca2+ is also involved in the E-rosette formation.

PMID- 1813391
TI  - Chronic osteomyelitis as a consequence of systemic Candida albicans infection.
AB  - The yeast Candida albicans is a recognized, though uncommon, cause of
      osteomyelitis in humans. In a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, osteomyelitis
      has been found to occur in the vicinity of the inner ear, and to persist for at
      least 6 months after the initial infection.

PMID- 1813390
TI  - Interleukin-2 activates the gamma-interferon gene in newborn mice.
AB  - Spleen cells from newborn mice are immunologically nonreactive and do not respond
      by proliferation upon stimulation with the T cell mitogen concanavalin-A (Con-A)
      or with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have found that, in spite of the
      observed non-reactivity in the proliferative tests, cells from newborn mice were
      able to synthesize a significant level of mRNA for gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN)
      after stimulation with IL-2, but did not synthesize gamma-IFN upon stimulation
      with Con-A. Since gamma-IFN is of prime importance for antiviral and fungicidal
      activities and has complex regulatory functions for the cells of the immune
      system, we suggest that it could play an important role in the survival of
      newborns.

PMID- 1813392
TI  - Microscopic observations of the bone/implant interface of surface-treated
      titanium implants.
AB  - Light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to
      evaluate osseointegration of extraoral titanium implant surfaces treated by
      either autoclaving, exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), or radiofrequency glow
      discharge (RFGD). Ultraviolet and RFGD-treated implants showed faster healing in
      the initial 5-week to 3-month period. By 6 months of healing, no structural
      differences were found at the bone/implant interface among the different
      treatments. It was concluded that UV or RFGD surface treatment of titanium
      implants may shorten the time interval between placement and loading.

PMID- 1813393
TI  - Adaptive changes of masticatory movement characteristics after rehabilitation
      with osseointegrated fixed prostheses in the edentulous jaw: a 10-year follow-up
      study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess possible adaptive changes in the masticatory
      rhythmical pattern after insertion of an osseointegrated fixed denture.
      Registrations of masticatory cycle duration, mandibular velocity, and
      displacement were performed before and 2 months and 10 years after
      rehabilitation. No major changes except for a decreased occlusal level phase had
      occurred regarding cycle duration over the years. However, a significantly higher
      mandibular velocity and greater displacement were recorded 2 months after
      rehabilitation. This trend was further established in the long term. Temporal
      timing of rhythmical chewing seems to be relatively consistent, suggesting that
      the central pattern generator driving output over time is constant.

PMID- 1813394
TI  - Endosseous cylinder implants in severely atrophic mandibles.
AB  - A retrospective study was completed to assess the success rate of endosseous
      cylinder implants placed in mandibles that were 10 mm or less in maximum anterior
      height as measured from lateral cephalometric radiographs. Only implants that
      were located anteriorly between the mental foramina and loaded prosthetically for
      a minimum of 1 year were studied. Twenty-eight patients with a total of 130
      Nobelpharma implants (forty-six 7 mm and eighty-four 10 mm) were included. The
      fixtures were evaluated following standard clinical criteria for success
      established for implants of this type. A total of 8 (two 7 mm and six 10 mm) of
      130 implants failed, yielding an overall success rate of 94%. Major complications
      encountered included a complete mandibular fracture, a partial mandibular
      fracture, and a temporary bilateral mental nerve hypoesthesia.

PMID- 1813395
TI  - Failures and complications in 391 consecutively inserted fixed prostheses
      supported by Branemark implants in edentulous jaws: a study of treatment from the
      time of prosthesis placement to the first annual checkup.
AB  - A total of 391 edentulous maxillae and mandibles was consecutively treated with
      routine fixed prostheses, supported by 2,199 implants. The patients were followed
      for 1 year; the overall success rate was 99.5% and 98.1% for the prostheses and
      implants, respectively. The number of severe complications was low, but it was
      possible to identify a significantly higher ratio of problems in the maxillae
      throughout the observation period than for the mandibles. While many problems
      occurred in both the maxillae and mandibles, there were also problems more
      typical for each jaw. Diction and fractures of resin teeth were more common
      problems in maxillae; cheek and lip biting was a more frequent postinsertion
      complication in the treatment of mandibles. Most problems were easily resolved,
      and the retrievability of the prostheses was of great advantage.

PMID- 1813396
TI  - Immediate implantation of a pure titanium implant into an extraction socket:
      report of a pilot procedure.
AB  - The conventional osseointegration protocol calls for waiting up to 12 months for
      ossification of an extraction socket to heal before placing an endosseous
      implant. In this study the possibility of placing a pure titanium implant
      directly into an extraction socket immediately after extraction was investigated.
      A pure titanium Nobelpharma 10-mm implant was placed into a central incisor
      extraction socket of a stump-tailed monkey and allowed to heal for a period of 6
      months, followed by functional loading of the implant. The implant was
      osseointegrated on a clinical and histological level. This pilot study suggests
      that pure titanium implants have the potential to integrate when placed
      immediately after extraction of the teeth and warrants further investigation.

PMID- 1813397
TI  - Tissue integration of Al2O3-ceramic dental implants: an experimental study in
      monkeys.
AB  - The effect of two different treatment modalities on the tissue integration of
      Frialit implants was compared in an experimental study in 10 monkeys. The
      maxillary central incisors were extracted. In one extraction site, chosen by lot,
      a Frialit implant was immediately inserted, allowing the implant to penetrate the
      oral mucosa. In the contralateral extraction site, a modified Frialit implant was
      placed and allowed to heal under a mucoperiosteal flap. None of the implants used
      in the study was loaded during the observation periods. After experimental
      periods of 1, 3, 6, and 8 months, the implants were evaluated and monkeys were
      sacrificed. In situ and histological evaluation showed no significant difference
      between the two treatment modalities under nonloading conditions. In both cases
      the healing around the implants was uneventful and good tissue integration was
      achieved.

PMID- 1813398
TI  - Combination of natural teeth and osseointegrated implants as prosthesis
      abutments: a 2-year longitudinal study.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with Kennedy Class I mandibular dentition were supplied
      with prostheses in the posterior parts of the mandible. On one side they were
      given a prosthesis supported by two implants (prosthesis Type I) and on the other
      side they received a prosthesis supported by one implant and one natural tooth
      (prosthesis Type II). Sixty-nine fixtures were inserted and 46 prostheses
      constructed. Eight of the fixtures were lost during the observation period. The
      failure rate of the implants was about the same in the two types of prostheses;
      five fixtures belonged to prostheses Type I (10.9%) and two fixtures belonged to
      prostheses Type II (8.7%), while one fixture was lost prior to loading. From a
      theoretical point of view, the combination of a tooth and an osseointegrated
      implant should encounter problems with regard to the difference in bone anchorage
      and there should be a risk of biomechanical complications. However, the results
      of this study did not indicate any disadvantages in connecting teeth and implants
      in the same restoration.

PMID- 1813399
TI  - Mandibular deformation in subjects with osseointegrated implants.
AB  - Relative movement and force transmission between osseointegrated (OI) implants in
      the premolar regions of the edentulous mandible have been measured using
      intraoral transducers linked to OI implants. These have shown deformations of up
      to 420 microns and force transmission of up to 16 N as a result of jaw movement
      from the rest position. Greater displacements and forces were observed in active
      opening and protrusion than in lateral excursions. There were wide variations
      from subject to subject, and while the effects of these phenomena are not known,
      they may be potentially harmful to the interfaces between the implants and bone
      and the various components of the implant superstructure.

PMID- 1813400
TI  - Fixed implant rehabilitation for the edentulous maxilla.
AB  - The edentulous maxilla presents, perhaps, the greatest challenge to implant
      therapy. The anatomic, esthetic, and functional demands for fixed reconstruction
      of the maxillary arch are affected by many variables, some of which are
      controllable by the surgeon and dentist. This paper describes those variables and
      offers suggestions for managing the controllable aspects of treatment while
      avoiding the uncontrollable ones. Suggestions for planning the surgical and
      prosthodontic phases of treatment are described.

PMID- 1813401
TI  - The use of titanium fixtures for intraoral anchorage to facilitate orthodontic
      tooth movement.
AB  - The use of endosseous implants to facilitate orthodontic tooth movement has been
      periodically reported in the scientific literature for over 40 years. The
      predictable achievement of rigid bone-implant anchorage was first applied by
      Branemark in 1965. Using the osseointegration method, a prospective study was
      conducted involving seven adult patients who were treated with titanium implants
      used as rigid anchorage units. Orthodontic forces were directed off the implants
      to correct a variety of malocclusions. All 14 implants placed remained stable
      during the course of treatment with loading forces of 150 to 400 g. No
      significant complications occurred. Desirable occlusal and facial results were
      achieved in all cases. The results obtained over a 3-year period of treatment
      indicate that intraoral rigid anchorage in the absence of observed reciprocal
      action is possible.

PMID- 1813402
TI  - The biological effects of implanted magnetic fields on the bone tissue of dogs.
AB  - Five titanium caps were implanted in the mandibles of five dogs. Three caps
      contained Sm-Co mini magnets and two caps were empty. The aim of this study was
      to determine if implanted magnetic fields had any biological effects on the bone
      tissue of dogs. At the end of 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and segments
      containing implants and segments from the side opposite the implants, for
      control, were removed. Sections were made from the specimens and no pathology was
      seen upon microscopic examination.

PMID- 1813403
TI  - The use of osseointegrated implants in long-span fixed partial prosthesis: a case
      report.
AB  - The use of osseointegrated dental implants has now become an accepted form of
      dental treatment. An osseointegrated implant can be used to give the
      prosthodontist that extra support needed to make a doubtful prognosis more
      predictable. In this clinical situation, the abutment teeth on either side of a
      four-tooth gap were not considered strong enough to support a six-unit
      superstructure. Two osseointegrated Core-Vent implants were successfully used to
      provide the necessary support.

PMID- 1813404
TI  - Acquisition of spongiform encephalopathies in India through sheep-brain rabies
      vaccination.

PMID- 1813405
TI  - Supraventricular tachycardia in children: diagnosis and management.

PMID- 1813406
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia in children: an overview.

PMID- 1813407
TI  - Transcatheter occlusion of cardiac septal defects.

PMID- 1813409
TI  - Serum IgG at birth in preterm appropriate- and small-for-gestational age
      newborns.
AB  - Serum IgG at birth was estimated in 31 preterm and 33 full term newborns, grouped
      according to their weight-for-gestational age. Preterm small-for-gestational age
      neonates were found to have significantly reduced IgG levels as compared to
      preterm appropriate-for-gestational age and full term small-for-gestational age
      newborns. It is suggested that preterms with intra-uterine growth retardation are
      most suitable for exogenous IgG supplementation to reduce neonatal and
      postneonatal susceptibility to infections.

PMID- 1813408
TI  - Present state of surgery for transposition of great vessels.

PMID- 1813410
TI  - Neonatal sepsis due to vertical transmission from maternal genital tract.
AB  - High vaginal swabs (HVS) of 1792 expectant mothers were sent for culture at the
      time of delivery, prior to first vaginal examination. The newborns were followed
      up for development of superficial or deep infections. Appropriate cultures of the
      babies who developed infections were sent. Bacterial growth of predominantly gram
      ve organisms was obtained in 1026 (57%) HVS. Infection developed in 48 (27%)
      babies in 1st 72 hours of life, of which 28 had deep infection while the rest had
      superficial infection. Vertical transmission of organisms was documented in 24
      (1.3%) mother-baby dyads and the same was 72% in newborns who were at risk of
      developing sepsis by septicemia scoring, showing a significantly higher incidence
      of vertical transmission and subsequent sepsis in high risk newborns.

PMID- 1813411
TI  - Cardiomyopathy in children in Ahmedabad.
AB  - A clinical study and follow up of 20 children with cardiomyopathies upto age of
      16 years are presented. The DCM was most common variety followed by RCM and HCM
      in pediatric age group. SHMD presenting with cardiomyopathy were common in
      infancy and early childhood. Cardiomyopathies presented most frequently between 2
      5 years and 10-16 years age group with DCM having almost equal distribution.
      Clinical presentation of various types is described, despite of vigorous
      decongestive and vasodilator treatment in advanced cases, course was rapidly
      downhill and prognosis is poor in general.

PMID- 1813413
TI  - Footlength measurement in the neonate.
AB  - In 353 neonates, foot length were recorded along with birth weight, crown heel
      length and head circumference. Foot length correlated well with all three indices
      (p less than .01). Highest correlation in preterm babies was with crown heel
      length and weight, and in term babies with head circumference. The formula,
      length = footlength x 6.5 +/- 20 mm could be correctly used in 95% of babies.
      When it is difficult to weigh or measure the length accurately, foot length can
      serve as a useful measurement to assess a baby quickly.

PMID- 1813412
TI  - Urolithiasis in childhood.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory findings in 41 cases of urolithiasis in children are
      presented. Males were more than females (9.25:1). Five patients had family
      history of urolithiasis. Clinical presentation was highly variable. Most of the
      stones were of mixed variety composed of calcium, phosphates and oxalates.

PMID- 1813414
TI  - Tropical splenomegaly syndrome.

PMID- 1813415
TI  - A study of serum zinc levels in cord blood of neonates and their mothers.
AB  - Serum zinc was estimated in the cord blood of 60 neonates of different
      gestational age and birth weight, and their mothers. Mean serum zinc levels in
      neonates FTGA, PTAGA and term SGA were 128.88 +/- 14.37, 94.32 +/- 17.79 and
      111.8 +/- 9.2 ug/dl respectively. The maternal serum zinc levels in corresponding
      groups was 96.28 +/- 19.48, 115.44 +/- 15.41 and 93.8 +/- 7.62 ug/dl. Thus mean
      serum zinc level in cord blood of FT AGA newborns was significantly higher than
      that in PT AGA and FT SGA. Mean serum zinc level in mothers of FT AGA was
      significantly lower than that in mothers of PT AGA. However, there was no
      significant difference between the maternal serum zinc levels of FT AGA and FT
      SGAs. There was positive correlation between gestational age and serum zinc level
      in cord blood of AGAs while correlation was negative in case of their mothers.
      There was positive correlation between weight (keeping gestational age constant)
      and serum zinc level in case of neonates while corresponding maternal zinc levels
      did not vary. (FT AGA and FT SGA).

PMID- 1813417
TI  - Knowledge, attitude and practice of immunization in an urban educated population.
AB  - A KAP evaluation of urban educated parents revealed suboptimal, superficial
      transfer of immunization knowledge. Poorer dose-related knowledge as compared to
      vaccine awareness contributed to partial immunization. Non-availability of
      vaccine contributed to 18.7% unprotected children, and therefore all logistics
      must be overcome to remedy service default. The unacceptable level of knowledge
      found in final year nursing and medical students, points out the need to
      restructure immunization related teaching in our hospitals. Incorporation of
      immunization based knowledge in high school curriculum is also recommended. It is
      important that areas of relevant information and education must be delineated
      time to time with increasing vaccination coverage.

PMID- 1813416
TI  - Insulin dependent diabetes in children.
AB  - We present our experience with twenty children with insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus admitted during the past 2 1/2 years. Sixteen patients were admitted
      with acute onset of ketoacidosis while four were having gradual onset. Active and
      symptomatic treatment was started in all diabetic ketoacidotic patients. One
      patient died during the acute stage. Eleven patients were followed for 3-6 months
      or more. Glycosylated hemoglobin was considered as a criteria for control. Three
      had good control, two fair and six poor control; six developed diabetic
      ketoacidosis and three developed hypoglycemia.

PMID- 1813418
TI  - Deletion of short-arm of chromosome 20:46 XX, del (20) (p 11) with unusual
      skeletal features.

PMID- 1813420
TI  - Epidemiological study of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonatal patients
      and environment.

PMID- 1813419
TI  - Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation.

PMID- 1813422
TI  - Age as perceived by health workers and its importance in immunization programmes.

PMID- 1813421
TI  - Urine examination: its importance in the pediatric medicine.

PMID- 1813423
TI  - Lactosuria in lactose intolerance.

PMID- 1813424
TI  - A method for describing soft tissue lesion of the oral cavity.

PMID- 1813425
TI  - Dental technology act.

PMID- 1813426
TI  - The adaptation and sealing ability of light-cured glass ionomer retrograde root
      fillings.
AB  - The adaptation and sealing ability of a light-cured glass ionomer cement when
      used as a retrograde root filling was assessed using a confocal optical
      microscope with and without a fluorescent dye. This material was compared with a
      conventional glass ionomer cement and amalgam. The root canals of 60 extracted
      human single-rooted teeth were prepared and filled with gutta-percha and sealer.
      All the teeth were apicected, retrograde cavities were prepared, and then divided
      into three groups of 20 teeth each and filled with the test materials. The light
      cured glass ionomer cement was well adapted to the retrograde cavity and
      apicected root surface. Within the retrograde cavity the cement was often well
      adapted to one wall, but gaps were found on the opposite cavity wall. This was
      probably caused by the polymerization contraction of the material. In contrast,
      the amalgam retrograde root fillings were poorly adapted to the cavities, with
      gaps between the cavity walls and amalgam. This group exhibited the poorest
      sealing ability as measured by the extent of dye penetration. The conventional
      glass ionomer cement was often found smeared over the root face, and there were
      unfilled voids at the base of some retrograde cavities. The results of the dye
      leakage study were analysed statistically. The sealing ability of the light-cured
      glass ionomer cement was significantly better than that of amalgam (P less than
      0.001). The dye penetration around the light-cured glass ionomer cement and the
      conventional glass ionomer cement was not significantly different (P greater than
      0.05). However, the sealing ability of the conventional glass ionomer cement was
      significantly better than that of amalgam (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 1813427
TI  - Radiovisiography for length estimation in root canal treatment: an in-vitro
      comparison with conventional radiography.
AB  - Radiovisiography (RVG) and conventional film (CF) were compared in an in-vitro
      study for working length estimation of root canals. Hedstrom files (size 15) were
      placed in the root canals of 60 extracted teeth and the teeth imaged using both
      CF and RVG. The length of file observed was assessed on CF, RVG and enhanced RVG
      images. The results indicated that a greater length of file was imaged with CF
      than with RVG (P less than 0.05). However, enhanced RVG images were not
      significantly different from CF images. While clinical studies are now indicated
      to confirm these results, it is suggested that, when utilizing RVG for length
      estimation in root canal treatment, the enhancement facility should be used.

PMID- 1813428
TI  - Toxicity of Pulpispad using four different cell types.
AB  - The cytotoxic effect of a zinc oxide-eugenol-based paste (Pulpispad) was
      evaluated in vitro after setting for 1 day and 1 week. Target cells were L929
      cells, gingival, periodontal ligament and pulpal fibroblasts. The material was
      incubated with the cells for 4 and 24 hours, and its toxicity was evaluated with
      the 51Cr-release method. Pulpispad was highly cytotoxic to all cell lines even
      after setting for 1 week. The use of Pulpispad is not recommended for future
      clinical application. The various responses among the four cell lines indicated
      that diploid cell lines can, under certain circumstances, be less sensitive than
      aneuploid cell lines. It is therefore suggested that in the evaluation of
      biomaterials the choice of cell lines should be carefully considered, as they can
      display varying sensitivities.

PMID- 1813429
TI  - One-appointment root canal treatment: incidence of postoperative pain using a
      modified double-flared technique.
AB  - A clinical study of maxillary central incisors was conducted in order to evaluate
      the incidence of postoperative pain following one-appointment root canal
      treatment using a modification of the double-flared technique to prepare the root
      canal system. Sixty teeth with necrotic pulps, from 52 patients whose ages ranged
      from 10 to 53 years, were included. Half of the teeth were prepared by the double
      flared technique, while the other half were prepared by a modification of this
      technique. No difference was observed in the incidence of postoperative pain
      between the two groups.

PMID- 1813431
TI  - N-acetylation and oxidative capacity in aged volunteers determined with
      sulfamethazine and antipyrine.
AB  - The elimination of antipyrine (AP 15 mg/kg) and sulfamethazine (SM 500 mg) was
      measured in healthy volunteers of rapid and slow acetylator phenotype. Nineteen
      males were 20-32 years of age, 11 males and 6 females between 62-86 years of age.
      Apparent volume of distribution of AP was reduced in advanced age independent of
      the acetylator status of the individuals. Total body clearance was significantly
      lower and half-time and mean residence time were higher only in slow but not in
      rapid acetylators. In the elderly of both phenotypes, the acetylation ratios of
      SM were significantly enhanced. Renal and metabolic clearance were decreased and
      AUC-values of SM and its acetylated metabolite were increased in slow but
      unchanged in rapid acetylators. Physiological peculiarities of distribution and
      renal excretion of SM and its acetylated metabolite in advanced age may have
      caused the contradictory results.

PMID- 1813430
TI  - Tissue necrosis after using an arsenical endodontic preparation: a case report.
AB  - A case is reported of severe loss of alveolar bone in the maxilla, as a result of
      leakage into the tissues of an arsenical paste from the pulp chamber of an
      endodontically 'treated' tooth. The history of the use of arsenic in dentistry is
      discussed, as are the hazards inherent in the use of this outmoded and dangerous
      medicament.

PMID- 1813432
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in saliva.
AB  - Measurement of metronidazole concentration and its pharmacokinetics from saliva
      and serum samples have been conducted in 8 healthy volunteers. The
      pharmacokinetic study was carried out after an oral ingestion of 500 mg tablet of
      the drug, simultaneously from saliva and serum samples. The study showed a
      significant positive correlation between saliva and serum metronidazole
      concentrations. However, a better correlation was obtained during the elimination
      phase (r = 0.90, n = 51, p less than 0.001) compared to that during the
      absorption phase (r = 0.76, n = 26, p less than 0.001). The overall ratio of
      saliva to serum concentration was 0.93 +/- (SEM 0.05). Not surprisingly, the half
      life of metronidazole obtained from saliva samples (8.03 +/- SEM 0.59 hours) was
      similar to that from serum (7.97 +/- SEM 0.39 hours). The mean area under the
      drug concentration (AUC0-infinity) in saliva was 153.56 +/- (SEM 16.42
      micrograms/ml hour) and that in serum was 179.76 +/- (SEM 11.70 micrograms/ml
      hour), yielding a saliva to serum ratio of 0.87 (+/- SEM 0.10). It could be
      concluded, therefore, that the measurement of metronidazole concentration from
      saliva can be used for the estimation of its pharmacokinetics and may also be
      used as reliable and convenient method for bioequivalence studies.

PMID- 1813434
TI  - Overview of noncommunicable disease prevention and control programmes in WHO.
AB  - In this plenary symposium paper, the director of WHO's division of
      noncommunicable diseases reviews the steps taken to organize programmes for the
      prevention and control of these NCDs. The programmes are either disease oriented,
      e.g. cancer, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, or factor oriented, e.g.
      nutritional, anti-tobacco, anti-alcohol. Special attention is paid to the
      determination of risk factors in a given disease, to the construction of
      programme models and their initial field testing, and to the recruitment of other
      international organizations, laboratories and scientists in the drive against
      NCDs.

PMID- 1813433
TI  - The significance of circulating antiethinyl-estradiol antibodies (AEEA) in the
      occurrence of thrombosis in women while taking the pill.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that oral contraceptives
      (OC) lead to antiethinyl-estradiol antibody (AEEA) synthesis which might in turn
      be responsible for the thrombo-embolic complications observed in women users. The
      trial included 428 women divided into a) 204 healthy female volunteers as the
      control group (CONT), b) 139 women who had suffered thrombo-embolic accidents
      (THR), c) 85 women suffering from recurrent fetal loss (RFL). In each of these
      three categories, 50% were pill users (OC+) and 50% were not (OC-). Specific
      immune markers of systemic autoimmunity and anticardiolipin antibodies were
      looked for, as they are thought to be present in increased amounts in thrombosis
      or recurrent fetal loss. The AEEA prevalence differed significantly (p less than
      0.05) between the CONT OC+ (32%) and the CONT OC- (13%) women. It also differed
      (p less than 10(-5)) between the RFL OC+ (60%) and the RFL OC- (12%) women. It
      did not differ between THR OC+ (36%) and THR OC- (39%) women. Within the OC+
      women, the difference between the THR and the CONT groups was not found to be
      significant, whereas it was found to differ significantly between the RFL and the
      CONT groups (odds-ratio RFL/CONT estimated at 3.20, confidence interval 1.53,
      6.69). Within the OC-women, the AEEA prevalence was found to differ significantly
      between the THR (39%) and the CONT (13%) groups (odds-ratio THR/CONT estimated at
      4.40, confidence interval 2.07, 9.38%) but not between the RFL and the CONT
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813435
TI  - Concentration of 5-fluorouracil in renal cells from cancer patients administered
      a mixture of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and uracil.
AB  - The concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and related compounds were studied in
      tissues including renal cells removed from 27 cancer patients, to whom UFT (a
      mixture of uracil and tegafur in a molecular ratio of 4:1) was administered
      orally over 5 days. The level of 5-FU in cancer tissue was two-fold that of the
      normal kidney (87 +/- 79 ng/g vs. 38 +/- 29 ng/g, p less than 0.005), with almost
      the same level of tegafur. The serum 5-FU level was as low as 4 ng/ml. These
      results confirm the high efficiency of UFT with minimal side-effects compared to
      tegafur.

PMID- 1813436
TI  - Multicentre clinical trial of antirejection pulse therapy with deoxyspergualin in
      kidney transplant patients.
AB  - The present randomized comparative clinical trial was carried out to confirm the
      efficacy of a newly developed immunosuppressive drug, 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG),
      and also to find its optimal dose for antirejection pulse therapy. The study
      included 66 patients with rejection which had occurred within 6 months after
      renal transplantation. They were treated with DSG at 3, 5 or 7 mg/kg/day for 5
      days. The overall percentage of efficacy was 73% and the percentage of efficacy
      was the highest in the 3-mg/kg group (82%). The incidence of adverse reaction
      tended to be dose-dependent. From these results, the optimal dose of DSG was
      judged to be 3-5 mg/kg/day for antirejection pulse therapy, and at doses in this
      range the percent efficacy could be expected to be 80% or more.

PMID- 1813437
TI  - Steady-state pharmacokinetics of ipriflavone and its metabolites in patients with
      renal failure.
AB  - Ipriflavone is a recently introduced anti-osteoporotic agent extensively
      metabolized to four major metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M5). Its pharmacokinetics,
      after repeated doses of the drug, was investigated in patients with renal failure
      and compared with those of healthy volunteers. Plasma levels at steady-state of
      the unchanged drug, and its metabolites M1, M2 and M5 were higher in the patient
      group, with the presence of secondary peaks, which could be explained by the
      biliary excretion of the substances. Evaluation of renal elimination in patients
      in respect to healthy volunteers was performed by a "relative renal elimination
      index". The index decreased with the increase of renal disease mainly when the
      renal failure was moderate to severe.

PMID- 1813438
TI  - Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin administered intravenously in a
      pharmacodynamic in vitro model.
AB  - The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Gram-positive and Gram
      negative bacteria was evaluated in an in vitro model by simulating its
      pharmacokinetics following a single 100 or 200 mg administration intravenously.
      The one compartment open model described by Grasso and coworkers was used for
      these experiments. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in the model were reproduced by
      calculations based on the concentration-time curve in human volunteers as
      reported by Wise and others. The maximum reduction of viable cell count for
      Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus was from two-to three-orders of
      magnitude; for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae from four to seven
      orders. A rapid killing was recorded both for Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      bacteria, but the initial killing was more prolonged and more pronounced for the
      higher dosage. The last did not interfere with regrowth that occurred for all
      strains after eight hours.

PMID- 1813439
TI  - 5-aminosalicylic acid in the prevention of relapses of Crohn's disease in
      remission: a long-term study.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5
      ASA) in maintaining the remission in patients with inactive Crohn's disease over
      a period of three years, using either the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)
      and or the Laboratory Index (LI). Thirty-eight patients entered in the study; 20
      received 5-ASA 1.6 g/day and 18 no specific therapy. The patients were followed
      for three years. Of the patients, 86% presented a relapse, 80% in the 5-ASA group
      and 94% in the control group. Two patients requested surgical therapy. All
      patients with clinical relapse had CDAI greater than 150 and LI greater than 100.
      5-Aminosalicylic acid was well tolerated and was able to protect from relapse up
      to 60% of the patients in the first year of therapy. When treatment with 5-ASA is
      prolonged for periods longer than one year a progressive increase in the number
      of patients who present relapse can be observed, but of the 5-ASA group, 80% of
      relapses occurred in the three years whereas the control group showed 94%
      relapses at the end of the first year.

PMID- 1813440
TI  - Changes in organ growth pattern associated with long-term selection for high
      growth rate in quail.
AB  - Data are presented on the pattern of organ growth in embryos from a line of
      Japanese quail selected for high growth rate and compared with those from a non
      selected control line. The data reveal that the increased growth rate post
      hatching is accompanied by a more rapid early development of the digestive
      organs. It appears from these results that the "genes for" growth rate are the
      "genes for" early growth of the digestive organs.

PMID- 1813441
TI  - Growth characteristics of metallothionein-human growth hormone transgenic mice as
      compared to mice selected for high eight-week body weight and unselected
      controls. I. Body weight gain and external body dimensions.
AB  - Body weight gain and external body dimensions of MT-hGH transgenic mice were
      compared with mice (NMRI) selected for high 8-week body weight (N8) and
      unselected controls derived from the NMRI strain (Pop). The growth curves from
      day 30 to 120 of transgenic mice exhibited a significantly steeper slope than
      those of male and female controls and of female N8 mice and did not show sex
      related differences. The continuous pattern of GH secretion in transgenic mice is
      discussed as a possible reason for this phenomenon. Body weight gain of
      transgenic mice did not significantly exceed that of male N8 mice. None of the
      groups showed an obvious prolongation of the period of rapid daily weight gain.
      Maximum body weights of male and female transgenic mice were significantly higher
      than those of sex-matched controls but not of N8 mice. A drastic loss of body
      weight of about 25% of the maximum value was observed in the transgenic group
      prior to death. External body dimensions were largest in MT-hGH transgenic
      animals, followed by N8 mice and controls. In addition to these absolute
      measurements, values were related to the cube root of maximum body weight of the
      same animal. This is the first study that provides a comparative analysis of the
      effects of GH gene transfer and selection for body weight gain on body growth of
      mice derived from an outbred strain.

PMID- 1813442
TI  - Growth characteristics of metallothionein-human growth hormone transgenic mice as
      compared to mice selected for high eight-week body weight and unselected
      controls. II. Skeleton.
AB  - Growth hormone and mechanical loading are known to be important factors
      influencing bone growth. We have measured proportions of the skull and the
      postcranial skeleton of metallothionein-human growth hormone (MT-hGH) transgenic
      mice expressing high levels of hGH in their serum, of NMRI mice being large as a
      result of selection for high 8-week body weight (N8), and of unselected controls
      (Pop) derived from the NMRI strain. Absolute bony dimensions of transgenic mice
      were as a rule significantly larger than those of controls, the differences
      ranging between 3% and 32% in males and from 6% to 28% in females. By contrast,
      the enlargement of skeletal dimensions of N8 mice did not exceed 10% and was
      restricted to distinct bones. When related to the cube root of maximum body
      weight of the same animal, bones of controls were as a rule larger than those of
      N8 and MT-hGH transgenic mice. A detailed analysis of bony dimensions of GH
      transgenic mice and of mice selected for high body weight was carried out to
      judge the effects of GH overexpression and mechanical loading due to increased
      body weight on bone growth. The fact that bones of transgenics were as a rule
      larger than those of selected mice in spite of both groups reaching similar
      maximum body weights, suggests that skeletal gigantism in MT-hGH transgenic mice
      can only in part be a result of increased body weight.

PMID- 1813443
TI  - Heterogeneity of growth of bone in children at the spine, radius and total
      skeleton.
AB  - Bone mineral content (BMC), density (BMD), and size were measured in 202 subjects
      ranging from 3 to 25 years of age (106 males and 96 females), half of which were
      children and half young adults. BMC and BMD were measured using single photon
      absorptiometry at the proximal and distal radius and dual photon absorptiometry
      at the lumbar spine and the total body. In the pre-pubertal age group (3-9 yrs),
      no differences were found in BMC nor BMD between males and females at any site.
      Growth of bone during puberty was characterized by an increase in BMC, bone size
      and BMD. The percent increase in BMC was greater at the lumbar spine and the
      total body (+200 to +390 %) than at the radius (+90 to +270 %). The increase in
      BMC was higher than the increase in BMD (+50 to +90 %). Overall bone growth in
      the total body was not reflected by changes in BMC of the appendicular skeleton.
      The increase in BMD was heterogeneous and was higher in the legs than in the
      arms. In males, the increase in BMC and size during growth was greater than in
      females resulting in a higher peak bone mass and size in males. The increase in
      BMD was similar between males and females at the distal radius, the lumbar spine
      and the total body, but higher at the proximal radius, the arms and the legs in
      males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813444
TI  - The contributions of growth and puberty to peak bone mass.
AB  - Lumbar spine bone mass was measured by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) in 236
      subjects aged between 3 and 30 years. Expected values of bone mineral density
      (BMD) and bone mass (BMC) for the lumbar vertebrae L2 to L4 were derived as a
      function of age, by non-linear regression analysis. The selected regression
      equation was the sum of two logistic expressions, one of which was assigned to
      growth at the time of puberty and the other to the slower long term component of
      growth. Growth during puberty contributed about 50% of peak bone mass in females,
      while in males this contribution was closer to 15%. No increase was found in
      lumbar spine bone mass in females after puberty.

PMID- 1813445
TI  - Effect of aging and diet restriction on monoamines and amino acids in cerebral
      cortex of Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - The effect of chronic diet restriction on amino acids and monoamines in cerebral
      cortex was studied in young and old male Fischer-344 rats. The effect of
      restricted feeding (60% of ad lib diet) was compared at 6 and 24 months of age.
      The results indicate that aging did not significantly alter the levels of
      norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA) in frontal (FCX), parietal (PCX) and occipital cortices
      (OCX). On the other hand, the effect of age on serotonin (5HT) was found to be
      regionally specific. The level of 5HT was 43% higher, while the ratio of
      5HIAA/5HT was decreased 26% in OCX of 24 months old animals. In the FCX 5HIAA/5HT
      ratio was increased 27%. Diet restriction in old rats increased DA level markedly
      in FCX, and attenuated the age-related increase of 5HT level in OCX. The ratios
      of 5HIAA/5HT in FCX and OCX of DR animals were maintained at those found in the
      young ad lib (AL) group. The cortical neurotransmitter amino acids (aspartate,
      glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine and taurine) were well maintained
      during aging and dietary manipulation. Age-related reduction of cortical
      tryptophan and plasma ratio of tryptophan to large neutral amino acids in old
      animals were attenuated by chronic DR. The results suggest that serotonergic
      neurons are more susceptible to change during aging than are the
      catecholaminergic neurons. Diet restriction during the life of the animals
      appears to protect or attenuate the age-related changes in cortical serotonergic
      system while FCX dopamine concentrations were dramatically increased.

PMID- 1813446
TI  - The art and science of complete-mouth occlusal reconstruction: a case report.

PMID- 1813447
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration procedure in the treatment of a bone dehiscence
      associated with a gingival recession: a case report.

PMID- 1813448
TI  - The use of osseointegrated implants for a fixed partial denture case in
      transition.

PMID- 1813449
TI  - Periodontal reconstructive flaps--classification and surgical considerations.

PMID- 1813450
TI  - Health care reform.

PMID- 1813451
TI  - Coping with rapid advancements.
AB  - The explosion of technology has hit radiology with more force than any other
      specialty, says the author of this month's special expanded feature. The
      immediate past president of the Iowa Radiological Society--a Burlington
      Radiologist--discusses the current developments in his specialty and the goals of
      the specialty society.

PMID- 1813452
TI  - When your patient can't take the stress.
AB  - It has been shown that results of adenosine and dipyridamole myocardial
      scintigraphy are at least equivalent to those provided by conventional treadmill
      scintigraphy. Therefore, if a patient is unable to achieve a high rate-pressure
      product by treadmill exercise, that individual should be considered a candidate
      for pharmacological stress scintigraphy.

PMID- 1813453
TI  - Economics in the medical curriculum.

PMID- 1813454
TI  - Pallid shades and shadows.

PMID- 1813455
TI  - New legislation for health care decisions.

PMID- 1813456
TI  - Leaving the pack behind.

PMID- 1813457
TI  - Treatment considerations.

PMID- 1813458
TI  - Case report. Class I skeletal, Class I dental malocclusion. Severe maxillary and
      mandibular crowding and deep bite.

PMID- 1813459
TI  - Comments on use of an anesthetic machine.

PMID- 1813460
TI  - Comments on latent rabies in a cat.

PMID- 1813462
TI  - Professional image in veterinary medicine.

PMID- 1813461
TI  - Veterinarians in industry.

PMID- 1813463
TI  - The human side of veterinary medicine. Back then.

PMID- 1813464
TI  - Food for thought for food animal veterinarians. Cooperating with cooperative
      extension.

PMID- 1813465
TI  - Economic decision analysis model of a paratuberculosis test and cull program.
AB  - A spreadsheet program was written to perform decision tree analysis for control
      of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), when testing all adults in a herd and
      culling all animals with positive test results. The program incorporated
      diagnostic test sensitivity, specificity, and test cost with the cost or value of
      each of the 4 possible outcomes; true-positive, true-negative, false-positive,
      and false-negative test results. The program was designed to repeat the analysis
      for the independent variable pretest paratuberculosis prevalence (0 to 100%).
      Model output was graphed as profit or loss in dollars vs pretest prevalence. The
      threshold was defined as the pretest prevalence at which benefit-cost equaled
      zero. Reed-Frost disease modeling techniques were used to predict the number of
      Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected replacement heifers resulting from
      infected cows during a control program. Sensitivity analysis was performed on
      variables of the decision tree model; test sensitivity, specificity, test cost,
      and factors affecting the cost of paratuberculosis to a commercial dairy. A test
      and cull program was profitable when paratuberculosis caused greater than or
      equal to 6% decrease in milk production if the pretest prevalence was greater
      than 6%, test sensitivity was 50%, test specificity was 98%, and the testing cost
      was $4/cow. Test specificities greater than 98% did not markedly affect the
      threshold for tests with a 50% sensitivity and costing $4/cow. Test sensitivity
      had minimal effect on the threshold. Using a diagnostic test with a 50%
      sensitivity and a 98% specificity as an example, test cost was shown to affect
      the threshold prevalence at which the test and cull program became
      profitable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813466
TI  - Post-milking teat dip use in dairy herds with high or low somatic cell counts.
AB  - Milk samples for bacteriologic culture were submitted from 71 dairy herds, 24
      with low somatic cell count (SCC) and 47 with high SCC and high prevalence of
      subclinical mastitis. At the time of sample submission to the Mastitis Diagnostic
      Laboratory of Pennsylvania State University, information regarding the herd
      mastitis control practices was collected. A combined program of post-milking teat
      dipping (PMTD) and antibiotic treatment of all cows at the start of the
      nonlactating period was practiced more frequently for herds with low SCC, (P less
      than 0.001) than for herds with high SCC. Among all herds for which PMTD was
      practiced, a higher proportion (P less than 0.001) of those for which
      chlorhexidine-based products were used had low SCC than high SCC. Conversely, a
      higher proportion of herds for which a dip with an acrylic latex barrier was used
      had high SCC rather than low SCC (P = 0.002). For herds with high prevalence of
      subclinical mastitis, and despite a program of PMTD and treatment of all cows at
      the start of the nonlactating period, a change to a different germicidal teat dip
      product may be indicated to help reduce prevalence of infection.

PMID- 1813467
TI  - Techniques and complications of pacemaker implantation in four cats.
AB  - Pacemakers were successfully implanted in 4 adult and geriatric cats with
      bradycardia and associated signs. Various implantation techniques were used.
      Complications developed in 3 of the cats, generally more severe in 2 of the 3
      cats in which thoracotomy and celiotomy were performed than in the cat in which a
      transvenous endocardial pacing technique was used. After surgery, pacemaker
      functions were reprogrammed noninvasively in 2 cats. All 4 cats survived without
      syncope for a mean of 33.1 months after surgery.

PMID- 1813468
TI  - Hepatoencephalopathy and hypocalcemia in a miniature horse mare.
AB  - A pregnant, miniature horse mare had clinical signs of hepatoencephalopathy and
      concurrent hypocalcemia. The signs included dullness, inappetence, blindness,
      head pressing, weakness, muscle fasiculations, uveitis, and urinary incontinence.
      Hepatic dysfunction and hypocalcemia were confirmed by serum biochemical
      analysis. The mare was treated successfully with a continuous infusion of Ringer
      solution, calcium gluconate, dextrose, B-complex vitamins, sodium ampicillin, and
      flunixin meglumine; topical administration of ophthalmic ointments; and
      decompression of the urinary bladder. Histologic examination of a liver biopsy
      specimen revealed acute hepatic necrosis, which likely was associated with
      administration of a vaccine of equine origin 2 months earlier.

PMID- 1813469
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium abscess as a postoperative complication in a horse with
      colic.
AB  - An 11-year-old, 430-kg fox-trotter stallion was referred for evaluation of colic.
      A right-sided inguinal hernia was diagnosed. At exploratory laparotomy, the ileum
      was found to be herniated through the right inguinal canal. Compromised small
      intestine was resected, jejunocecal anastomosis was performed, and the horse was
      castrated. Three days after surgery, the stallion would not bear weight on the
      left hind limb. The musculature of the left thigh region became swollen.
      Aspiration of the left thigh region yielded serosanguineous fluid from which
      Salmonella typhimurium was isolated. Ultrasonography of the left thigh revealed
      multiple hypoechoic areas suggestive of abscess. The left medial thigh region was
      surgically incised, and a large abscess was drained. Bacteriologic culture of
      feces yielded S typhimurium. The owner elected to have the horse euthanatized.

PMID- 1813470
TI  - Spermatozoal head defect as a cause of infertility in a stallion.
AB  - A 9-year-old Arabian stallion with a 3-year history of infertility was evaluated
      for breeding soundness. Both testes were small. Ultrasonography revealed a small
      amount of free fluid between the tunics of both testes. Results of cytologic
      examination of the fluid were unremarkable. On semen examination, progressive
      motility was 10%, and total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate was 6.6 x
      10(9), of which 92% were abnormal. Predominant abnormalities were head defects
      (75%): 57% of the heads had single or multiple vacuoles, and 60% also had
      midpiece swelling or bending.

PMID- 1813471
TI  - Medical and surgical management of small-colon impaction in horses: 28 cases
      (1984-1989).
AB  - Medical records of 28 horses with impaction of the small colon were reviewed; 20
      horses were admitted during the winter months. Diagnosis of small-colon impaction
      was made in 21 horses by rectal examination, and in 7 horses at exploratory
      celiotomy. Ten horses were treated medically, and 18 were treated surgically.
      Horses that were treated surgically were more likely to have abdominal distention
      than were those that responded to medical treatment (P less than 0.025). Signs of
      greater degree of abdominal pain and higher heart rate were seen in horses
      treated surgically, but these values were not significantly different from values
      in medically treated horses. Duration of hospitalization was less in horses
      treated medically (P less than 0.025). Long-term survival was higher for horses
      treated medically (P less than 0.025). All horses treated medically and 7 of the
      horses treated surgically were alive at follow-up evaluation, at least 1 year
      after discharge. Fever and diarrhea were common complications after surgery. Four
      horses were fecal culture-positive for Salmonella sp after surgery. Early and
      aggressive medical management of horses with impaction of the small colon is
      recommended.

PMID- 1813472
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism in cats: seven cases (1984-1989).
AB  - The medical records of 7 hypercalcemic cats with primary hyperparathyroidism were
      evaluated. Mean age was 12.9 years, with ages ranging from 8 to 15 years; 5 were
      female; 5 were Siamese, and 2 were of mixed breed. The most common clinical signs
      detected by owners were anorexia and lethargy. A cervical mass was palpable in 4
      cats. Serum calcium concentrations were 11.1 to 22.8 mg/dl, with a mean of 15.8
      mg/dl calculated from each cat's highest preoperative value. The serum phosphorus
      concentration was low in 2 cats, within reference limits in 4, and slightly high
      in 1 cat. The BUN concentration was greater than 60 mg/dl in 2 cats, 31 to 35
      mg/dl in 2 cats, and less than 30 mg/dl in 3 cats. Abnormalities were detected in
      serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase
      activities from 2 or 3 cats. Parathormone (PTH) concentrations were measured in 2
      cats before and after surgery. The preoperative PTH concentration was within
      reference limits in 1 cat and was high in 1 cat. The PTH concentrations were
      lower after surgery in both cats tested. A solitary parathyroid adenoma was
      surgically removed from 5 cats, bilateral parathyroid cystadenomas were
      surgically resected in 1 cat, and a parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed at
      necropsy in 1 cat. None of the cats had clinical problems with hypocalcemia after
      surgery, although 2 cats developed hypocalcemia without tetany, one of which was
      controlled with oral administration of dihydrotachysterol and the other with oral
      administration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. All 5 of the cta that underwent
      removal of an adenoma were alive at least 240 days after surgery.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813473
TI  - Perineal urinary bladder diverticulum resulting in partial urinary obstruction in
      a rhesus monkey.
AB  - A 16-year-old rhesus monkey with perineal swelling and urinary obstruction was
      found to have a congenital urinary bladder diverticulum. Because the diverticulum
      was located at the trigone, its distention partially obstructed the urethra,
      resulting in incomplete voiding. The diverticulum was resected and did not
      redevelop.

PMID- 1813475
TI  - Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1991 graduates of
      US veterinary medical colleges.

PMID- 1813474
TI  - Myxosarcoma in a Sinaloan milksnake.
AB  - A 2-year-old Sinaloan milksnake was examined because of a 1-cm mass attached to
      the lateral wall of the coelom. A diagnosis of myxosarcoma was made on the basis
      of histologic features and special staining characteristics.

PMID- 1813476
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Iatrogenic short bowel syndrome.

PMID- 1813477
TI  - Dental materials: 1990 literature review.

PMID- 1813478
TI  - Depression, hassles and somatic symptoms in mandibular dysfunction syndrome
      patients.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with mandibular dysfunction syndrome (MDS) and 30 age-, sex
      and education-matched dental outpatient controls were assessed using the Beck
      Depression Inventory, the Hassles Scale and a symptom checklist derived from the
      DSM-III criteria for somatization disorder. MDS patients had higher levels of
      depressive symptoms than control patients (P less than 0.05), though only five
      out of 37 (13.5 per cent) of the MDS patients had depression intensity levels
      suggesting clinically significant psychopathology. No significant differences
      were found between MDS patients and controls on the Hassles Scale, which fails to
      support the stress-induced muscular hyperactivity theory for the aetiology of MDS
      syndrome. MDS patients reported having a past history of more somatic symptoms
      than did controls (P less than 0.05). MDS patients were divided by a clinician
      into 'physical' and 'functional' groups based on their clinical history. Contrary
      to expectation, there were no between-group differences on any of the above
      mentioned psychological variables.

PMID- 1813479
TI  - Aesthetic properties of three type II glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cements.
AB  - The aesthetic properties of three recently marketed Type II glass polyalkenoate
      (ionomer) cements were evaluated in a combined laboratory and clinical study. The
      materials investigated were Fuji Cap II, ChemFil II in capsules and Ketac-fil
      Aplicap. The aesthetic properties of a glass ionomer restoration were represented
      by its translucency, the colour match with surrounding enamel and marginal
      adaptation. The translucency of all shades of the selected glass ionomer cements
      was measured under laboratory conditions and expressed as the optical density on
      transillumination. Colour match and marginal adaptation were evaluated in a
      clinical study. Twenty Class V restorations of each of the three products were
      placed. After finishing, the marginal adaptation was rated by two clinicians and
      colour slides of the restoration were made. Five clinicians assessed the colour
      match of the restorations from colour slides. ChemFil II and Ketac-fil Aplicap
      shades were considerably more translucent than the Fuji Cap II shades. The colour
      match of the ChemFil II restorations was significantly better than the Fuji Cap
      II and Ketac-fil Aplicap restorations. Marginal adaptation was judged excellent
      for all three products.

PMID- 1813480
TI  - Radiopacity of composites compared with human enamel and dentine.
AB  - A 99.5 per cent pure aluminium step-wedge served as reference for evaluating the
      radiopacity of 55 anterior and posterior composites. The radiopacity of all
      materials evaluated was compared with the radiopacity of human enamel and human
      dentine of equivalent sample thickness. Seventeen composites exhibited a
      radiopacity significantly greater than that of enamel. Some composites intended
      for posterior use lack the radiopacity required for posterior composite
      restorations.

PMID- 1813481
TI  - Radiopacity of direct ceramic inlay restoratives.
AB  - The radiopacity of two new ceramic restorative materials (Dicor MGC and Cerec
      Vita Blocks) manufactured for use in producing direct inlays with the 'Cerec CAD
      CAM' system was determined. Dicor MGC had a radiopacity significantly greater
      than that of enamel, while Cerec Vita Blocks had a radiopacity significantly less
      than that of dentine. It is concluded that Dicor MGC has a radiopacity suitable
      for its use as an intracoronal restorative for posterior teeth. The low
      radiopacity of Cerec Vita Blocks means that the use of radiopaque luting cement
      is essential to permit detection of secondary caries around restorations of this
      material. Furthermore, marginal overhangs around restorations made from Cerec
      Vita Blocks will be difficult to detect radiographically.

PMID- 1813482
TI  - Microleakage in porcelain laminate veneers.
AB  - The effectiveness of two dentine-enamel bonding agents has been investigated in
      vitro when used together with an unfilled, low viscosity resin in eliminating the
      microleakage of porcelain laminate veneers. The restoration margins were located
      below and above the amelocemental junction of extracted maxillary central
      incisors. The bonded specimens were thermocycled and investigated for
      microleakage by employing a standard dye penetration technique. Leakage was
      scored at the cervical and incisal margins. Tenure was found more effective than
      Creation 3 in 1 in preventing leakage at both the cervical enamel and
      dentine/composite lute interfaces. With Tenure dentine bonding agent, the leakage
      observed at the cervical dentine/composite lute interface was found to be similar
      to that observed at the cervical enamel/composite lute interface. Sealing of
      finished veneer margins reduced the leakage at all interfaces.

PMID- 1813484
TI  - Diagnostic methods for caries: what is appropriate when?
AB  - A Workshop was held which invited a range of speakers to consider separately the
      different diagnostic tools presently available for the detection of caries and
      then the various applications to which these tools can be put. Each presentation
      was followed by a vigorous discussion period. It was concluded that there is no
      one single method suitable for all anatomical sites and degrees of caries and
      that the requirements for epidemiological surveys, clinical trials and individual
      patient care are different. The choice of appropriate diagnostic technique(s)
      should be made, in each situation, on the basis of published performance data
      which has to be regularly re-evaluated due to the pace of change.

PMID- 1813483
TI  - Silane effects on luting resin bond to a Ni-Cr alloy.
AB  - This study investigates the effect of a silane coupling agent on the shear bond
      strength of four commercially available resin luting systems (two of which rely
      on mechanical retention and two which have a chemical bond to metal) when bonding
      a prepared Ni-Cr alloy to etched bovine enamel. Silane application reduced the
      bond strengths of the two chemically adhesive resins and increased the bond
      strength of one of the mechanically retained resins. For the other mechanically
      retained resin, silane application did not significantly increase the bond
      strength but the plane of fracture changed from resin/metal to resin/enamel: from
      this an increase in metal resin bond strength can be inferred.

PMID- 1813485
TI  - Low vision ahead.

PMID- 1813486
TI  - Something you always have with you.

PMID- 1813487
TI  - Every optometrist's concern--patient's access to low vision services.
AB  - Persons with low vision are increasing in numbers and searching for access to
      quality low vision services. Working with these patients is an important part of
      all optometric service models. Issues that should be considered and services that
      should be provided to patients with low vision are discussed.

PMID- 1813489
TI  - The BITA telescope: a first impression.
AB  - The Bilevel Telemicroscope Apparatus (BITA) is a new galilean telescope designed
      to offer improved cosmesis, weight, field of view and spatial orientation over
      more traditional spectacle-mounted telescopic systems. This paper describes the
      characteristics of the new telescope and presents two cases where the BITA was
      successfully prescribed.

PMID- 1813488
TI  - The Ocutech Vision Enhancing System (VES): utilization and preference study.
AB  - An NIH-sponsored user and prescriber preference trial was conducted comparing a
      new low vision telescope system, the Ocutech Vision Enhancing System (VES) to two
      conventional Keplarian spectacle telescope systems in a controlled cross-over
      clinical study performed at four independent low vision clinics. Fifty-five
      visually impaired individuals, 18-81 years of age, with both previous and no
      telescope experience, were followed for 8-16 weeks. The experimental and control
      devices were compared on a series of subject-selected visual tasks using a
      standardized clinical protocol. Subjects were trained in the use of the systems
      with standardized clinical methods. The data shows a statistically significant
      preference of the new design by both patient and clinician with the overriding
      factors relating to appearance, weight, adjustability and the fit of the frame.

PMID- 1813490
TI  - Specialization in low vision rehabilitation and visual therapy.
AB  - A questionnaire was mailed to members of the Low Vision Section (LVS) of the
      American Optometric Association (AOA) and the Council on Visual Development
      (COVD) to determine the practice patterns of low vision clinicians, amount and
      source of specialty training and the extent of dual specialization in both low
      vision rehabilitation and visual training by members of COVD. Results indicate
      that 61.1 percent of AOA/LVS members and 20.9 percent of COVD members examine
      more than four patients per month who require low vision services. Yet, only 2.1
      percent of COVD respondents and 32.2 percent of AOA/LVS respondents spend more
      than 20 percent of their practice time providing low vision services.

PMID- 1813491
TI  - Bioptic telescopic spectacles for motor vehicle driving.
AB  - Attaining independent daily living skills is the primary functional goal of low
      vision rehabilitation. One of the most important of these skills is the ability
      of the low vision patient to achieve independent travel. In many geographical
      areas, automobile driving is the only available means of transportation. The
      utilization of a bioptic telescopic spectacle (BTS) provides a mechanism for some
      visually impaired individuals to qualify for a driver's license. However, the use
      of bioptic telescopic spectacles for driving is an extremely complex and
      controversial issue. An overview of the current status of the driving laws in
      various states, the accident rates of bioptic telescopic drivers, and various
      alternative proposals for motor vehicle licensure for the visually handicapped
      will be discussed.

PMID- 1813492
TI  - Low vision management of retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - The low vision treatment of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has evolved
      through an understanding of the needs of the patient with extreme peripheral
      field constriction. Patient care involves four main areas: 1) best refraction and
      simple magnification, including the possibility of electronic type magnification
      for reading; 2) control of glare and determination of the proper illumination for
      reading and mobility; 3) use of field enhancement procedures for sighting and for
      mobility, including the understanding of cane travel and scanning techniques; 4)
      additional counseling and ancillary care. Through the methods described, patients
      who might have been poor prospects for low vision care 15 or 20 years ago, may
      now be able to function at much higher levels.

PMID- 1813493
TI  - Reading performance of geriatric patients post exudative maculopathy.
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate any differences in reading speed and
      duration of comfortable reading speed in geriatric patients with post disciform
      stage exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) or ocular histoplasmosis.
      Reading speed and duration with CCTV, illuminated stand magnifier, and spectacle
      lenses were compared for 37 patients in the Low Vision Program at the Central
      Blind Rehabilitation Center. Results indicate significantly faster reading speed
      with CCTV and spectacle lenses as compared to illuminated stand magnifiers. The
      difference between reading speeds measured with spectacle reading glasses and
      CCTVs was borderline significant. Patients read significantly longer with CCTVs
      than with spectacle lenses or illuminated stand magnifiers. No significant
      difference was found comparing spectacle lenses or illuminated stand magnifiers
      with regard to reading duration.

PMID- 1813494
TI  - Fresnel prisms for field enhancement of patients with constricted or hemianopic
      visual fields.
AB  - The concept of visual field enhancement is to increase the effect of the
      patient's habitual scanning skills by displacing peripheral images toward the
      residual field and mid-line. This reduces the extent of ocular and head rotation
      by patients with severely restricted and hemianopic visual fields. High power
      fresnel press-on prisms are used to effect the image displacement. This paper
      describes a technique that we believe to be less empirical and more reproducible
      than previously described in the literature.

PMID- 1813495
TI  - Modification of common low vision devices for uncommon needs.
AB  - Creativity in the field of low vision is certainly a necessary requisite when
      trying to solve a patient's individual needs. Four different categories of low
      vision devices--hand magnifier, stand magnifier, telescope, and absorptive lens-
      were modified initially to meet a particular patient's requirement(s). The
      devices modified were: 1) a +28 aspheric hand magnifier; 2) a magnetized stand
      magnifier to assist patients in stabilizing a stand magnifier; 3) a focusable
      telescope held on a gooseneck stand; and 4) a flip-up frame for the Corning CPF
      series of lenses. These modifications could be of benefit to other patients.

PMID- 1813496
TI  - Albinism--a clinician's low vision perspective.
AB  - Albinism is inherited as autosomal recessive, with one exception: Ocular
      albinism, which has an x-linked trait. Visual symptoms include photophobia,
      varying degrees of nystagmus, reduction in visual acuity from 20/30 to 20/400 and
      varying degrees of moderate to high amounts of corneal astigmatism. Albinism
      patients respond very well to low vision devices and glare filters.

PMID- 1813497
TI  - I just can't see it.

PMID- 1813498
TI  - Sighting dominance and monovision distance binocular fusional ranges.
AB  - Clinicians typically apply the distance correction to the dominant sighting eye
      in fitting presbyopic patients with monovision (MV) contact lenses. We evaluated
      the effect of this fitting strategy on distance binocular fusional ranges for 23
      presbyopic subjects. This sample was composed of successful and unsuccessful MV
      wearers. Fusional ranges for the two MV fitting possibilities (distance lens on
      the dominant eye, near lens on the dominant eye) were compared to fusional ranges
      in which both eyes were fitted with the distance correction. A greater esophoric
      shift and greater reduction in vergence ranges were demonstrated when the non
      dominant eye received the clear image compared to when the dominant eye received
      the clear image. Successful MV patients demonstrated these effects to a lesser
      degree than did unsuccessful patients. In general, effects of MV on distance
      binocular fusional ranges were fewer when successful MV subjects received the
      clear image in the dominant eye.

PMID- 1813499
TI  - Physiology of aging and its influence on the contact lens prescription.
AB  - The normal progressive physiological and visual effects of aging and its
      influence on the ability of contact lenses to provide ametropic correction is
      examined in this article. Of primary significance is the aging eye's perceptual
      ability especially in the mesopic range of vision. In addition, a recap of
      current available techniques is included for correction of presbyopia with
      contact lenses from the perspective of prescribing for an aging patient--not
      merely a patient who has lost only the ability to accommodate. One of the
      hallmarks of the profession of optometry has been its traditional support of the
      premise that patients should be provided with the best possible optical
      correction. While there are presbyopic patients who can achieve satisfactory
      vision via the contact lens modalities now in use, the physiological influences
      discussed here have been generally ignored by the profession. A redefinition of
      the criteria indicating patient "success" has evolved from achieving satisfaction
      through excellent vision derived from the optimum optical correction, to
      satisfaction obtained through patient selection and indoctrination to wear an
      optically inferior device. Unless the physiological, visual, and psychological
      effects of aging are adequately compensated by future contact lens designs, most
      elderly patients will remain likely to return to spectacles as the deficiencies
      of contact lens correction become progressively more apparent to them.

PMID- 1813500
TI  - UV-A absorbing characteristics of commercial sunglasses intended for recreational
      and general use.
AB  - Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to cause photokeratitis with acute symptoms.
      It also has been demonstrated that UVR has the potential to accelerate human
      cataractogenesis. For certain recreational pursuits, protection from specific UVR
      wavebands is important to the prescriber, the dispenser, and the patient or
      consumer of sunglasses. By knowing the ultraviolet absorbance characteristics of
      lens materials, practitioners would be able to advise their patients. In this
      study, the UV-A spectra of pairs of sunglasses purchased anonymously were
      measured. The results indicate that manufacturers' claims of UVR protection, or
      absorbance, are valid with respect to the UV-A waveband. No association between
      UV-A absorbance and lens material or cost was established.

PMID- 1813501
TI  - Visual acuity degradation resulting from dispersion in polycarbonate.
AB  - Visual acuities (VA) were measured through a series of prisms in order to
      quantify the blur that results from dispersion in polycarbonate. The mean VA of
      40 eyes was reduced from a starting level of 20/13 unaided to 20/31 through 16
      prism diopters of polycarbonate. The decline was a linear function of prismatic
      power. The blurring effect of polycarbonate was significantly greater than that
      of CR39. The blur from polycarbonate was found to be great enough that it should
      be taken into account whenever polycarbonate is considered for spectacle lenses.
      A graphical display is provided which can be used by the clinician to predict the
      degree of blur from a known polycarbonate lens.

PMID- 1813502
TI  - Binocular contrast sensitivity testing for low vision patients.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity testing is often included in primary care and low vision
      examinations. This test is designed to provide information regarding the quality
      of a patient's vision. This clinical study provides a method to assess the
      binocularity of a low vision patient with contrast sensitivity testing. The
      method allows the practitioner to determine if monocular or binocular conditions
      are optimal for the use of a near low-vision device.

PMID- 1813503
TI  - Premises liability.
AB  - Like other health care providers, optometrists have a duty to maintain offices
      and equipment in a safe condition. Failure to meet this duty results in premises
      liability. This article discusses premises liability with particular emphasis on
      pupillary dilation as a causative factor for patient injuries.

PMID- 1813504
TI  - Retinal capillary hemangioma.
AB  - Capillary hemangiomas of the retina, which commonly occur as part of von Hippel's
      disease, are classically composed of a retinal capillary tumor, a large feeder
      arteriole, and a draining venule. The fundamental pathology is a hamartomatous
      lesion. In this paper, the case of an early, incipient lesion will be presented.
      Since approximately 25 percent of patients with angiomatosis retinae develop the
      life-threatening von Hippel-Lindau disease, the eye care practitioner needs to be
      aware of this condition. Also included in the discussion are the treatment
      options available for these retinal abnormalities.

PMID- 1813505
TI  - Issues of optometric ethics and values for the '90s.

PMID- 1813506
TI  - Unrelaxed accommodation.

PMID- 1813507
TI  - A retrospective analysis of primary eye cancer at the University of Alabama at
      Birmingham 1958-1988. Part I: Eye and orbital cancer.
AB  - Records of 99 patients with 100 primary eye cancers seen at the University of
      Alabama Hospital for the years 1958-1988 were reviewed. Three ocular cancers were
      found to predominate: 1) choroidal melanoma, 2) retinoblastoma, and 3) squamous
      cell carcinoma. Epidemiologic distribution of the population is presented and
      compared to that of tumors commonly seen in general ophthalmic practice.

PMID- 1813508
TI  - A retrospective analysis of primary eye cancer at the University of Alabama 1958
      1988. Part 2: Eyelid tumors.
AB  - Records of 117 patients with eyelid tumors on file at the University of Alabama
      at Birmingham were reviewed. Basal cell carcinoma was the single most common
      tumor, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, meibomian gland
      carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma. A high percentage of patients with
      eyelid tumors were found to have secondary skin and non-skin tumors (41 percent).

PMID- 1813509
TI  - Standards of care.
AB  - The health care community is quickly progressing in the direction of the
      development and acceptance of the concept of standards of care. Optometry has
      lagged behind other health disciplines in this process and must develop its own
      or face the likelihood of having to conform to standards created by others. The
      argument is no longer whether standards should be created, but rather the
      creation of appropriate standards and guidelines that will best serve the
      profession and the public.

PMID- 1813510
TI  - The effect of monovision lenses on the near-point range of single binocular
      vision.
AB  - Monovision (MV) contact lenses are commonly used to provide optical correction
      for presbyopia. Based on their review of the literature on fusional mechanisms,
      Erickson and Schor predicted that monocular blur associated with MV should not be
      sufficient to disrupt binocular fusion. We found that fusional vergence ranges in
      presbyopes corrected with MV were not substantially different from those measured
      under full binocular nearpoint correction. There were small but statistically
      significant tendencies for the phoria and base-in vergences to be less exo under
      MV conditions. Comparisons of findings between a group of successfully adapted MV
      patients and a group of patients who were unsuccessful with MV indicated no
      significant differences, suggesting that there is no adaptation effect for these
      performance variables and that these tests are not effective predictors of MV
      success.

PMID- 1813511
TI  - Some ocular manifestations of systemic drug abuse.
AB  - Optometrists are increasingly likely to see patients who use illicit drugs, which
      may cause ocular signs which mimic other problems. This paper reviews
      pharmacologic effects on the eye of depressants, hallucinogens, inhalants,
      marijuana, opiates, and stimulants including amphetamines and cocaine. Drug
      abusers suffer from AIDS, CMV retinitis, fungal and bacterial endophthalmitis,
      quinine poisoning and talc retinopathy. The ocular signs and symptoms of these
      diseases are discussed. The most common presenting complaints in an optometric
      setting are emphasized.

PMID- 1813512
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis and recurrent anterior uveitis.
AB  - An acute anterior uveitis often is associated with a number of systemic
      inflammatory conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis. Both the ocular and
      systemic effects begin during the second or third decades of life and involve
      males more frequently than females. The uveitis begins acutely but may become
      quite chronic with a number of reported sequelae. This case describes a recurring
      case of anterior uveitis, its systemic and ocular signs and symptoms, and the
      appropriate management.

PMID- 1813513
TI  - Visual field restrictions with the M17 series protective mask.
AB  - The restrictions on the central and peripheral visual fields, resultant from
      wearing a M17 series mask, were measured on a subject with normal field of
      vision. The results showed a decrease in visual field in all meridians, with the
      nasal area being the most dramatically restricted.

PMID- 1813514
TI  - Ocular ochronosis from alkaptonuria.
AB  - Alkaptonuria is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which the
      metabolic enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase is deficient. A common sequelae is the
      subsequent accumulation of homogentisic acid in collagenous tissues, such as the
      sclera, nose and ear lobes. The blue-black pigmentation found in patients with
      alkaptonuria is called ochronosis. Another ocular sign includes amber-colored oil
      globulation within Bowmans membrane of the cornea.

PMID- 1813515
TI  - Variation and correlation of clinical tests of accommodative function in a sample
      of school-age children.
AB  - Accommodative facility, lag of accommodation, accommodative response, and
      relative accommodation were measured in 244 school-age (7.9 to 15.9 years of age)
      children. The tests studied included monocular estimate method (MEM) dynamic
      retinoscopy, Nott dynamic retinoscopy, low neutral dynamic retinoscopy, the
      binocular cross cylinder test, lens accommodative rock (facility), distance (near
      far) accommodative rock, negative relative accommodation (NRA), and positive
      relative accommodation (PRA). The mean, standard deviation, and range of test
      findings of each test are presented. Coefficients of correlation among the
      various tests are presented.

PMID- 1813516
TI  - Failure to advise.
AB  - A recent Massachusetts case expands the concept of medical malpractice and the
      legal requirements of health care practitioners to their patients. Doctors can be
      found liable for negligence if they fail to advise patients to return for follow
      up evaluations or treatment when symptoms persist or become worse. The legal
      theories involved and their implications are discussed.

PMID- 1813517
TI  - The cornea and contact lenses.

PMID- 1813518
TI  - Contact lens research--A model for the 1990s.

PMID- 1813519
TI  - Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.
AB  - Cicatricial pemphigoid is an inflammatory disease of presumed autoimmune
      etiology. It most commonly affects the conjunctiva and oral mucosa and less
      commonly the skin. The ocular manifestations of the disease include bilateral
      conjunctival shrinkage, xerosis, and corneal opacification. The progression of
      cicatricial pemphigoid is variable and can be interrupted by periods of remission
      or by periods of rapid exacerbation. Ocular surgery and topical pharmaceuticals
      may contribute to the exacerbation of this disease. Current treatment consists of
      systemic immunosuppressants and systemic corticosteroids.

PMID- 1813520
TI  - Corneal trauma: I--Classification and management.
AB  - Ocular trauma is common and frequently impairs vision. Injuries to the cornea
      account for approximately two thirds of ocular trauma. Appropriate detection,
      diagnosis, triage, and treatment decisions are needed in cases of corneal trauma
      to achieve maximum benefit for the traumatized patient. In this article, the
      prominent features of corneal trauma are reviewed, and a practical method of
      classification is presented to assist in management decisions.

PMID- 1813521
TI  - Peripheral corneal degenerations.
AB  - Corneal degenerations are among the most commonly encountered disorders in
      optometry. They are age-related, asymmetrical deteriorations of the cornea with
      no developmental or hereditary pattern. Although some corneal degenerations may
      cause pain and profound loss of vision, most are asymptomatic and visually
      insignificant. This paper will review the histological development, clinical
      presentation, and management of various peripheral corneal degenerations.

PMID- 1813522
TI  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
AB  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is one of the dry eye syndromes characterized by
      a deficiency of the aqueous layer of the tear film. The disorder may occur as an
      isolated entity or in association with a variety of local and systemic conditions
      affecting aqueous production. Often it follows a mild course but in severe cases,
      complications resulting in blindness may occur. In this paper, the clinical
      features, diagnostic strategies, and current treatment of KCS will be covered.
      Etiologies, including a discussion of the Sjogren syndrome, will also be
      presented.

PMID- 1813523
TI  - Filamentary keratitis--the clinical challenges.
AB  - Filamentary keratitis, while appearing to be a simple entity, can be a clinical
      challenge. Earlier investigators failed to understand the complexities of
      filament formation and its association with a variety of ocular and systemic
      conditions. Through trial and error a variety of treatment modalities were
      employed, ranging from the use of topical drops to the application of electrical
      current. In most cases filaments resolve with conventional therapy, but in other
      cases it can become chronic, eventually resulting in vascularization of the
      cornea.

PMID- 1813524
TI  - An analysis of nodular deposits on soft contact lenses.
AB  - Approximately 6.8 percent of soft contact lens wearers develop multiple nodular
      deposits on the front surface of their soft contact lenses. It was the purpose of
      this investigation to evaluate the role of calcium in the newly formed and mature
      deposits. Nodular deposits were examined using scanning electron microscopy and
      Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for calcium content. Any deposit which did
      not demonstrate the presence of calcium was sectioned, and the individual section
      re-examined by EDX analysis. Our results indicate that calcium was present in all
      but three of 72 nodular deposits investigated. The calcium was finely distributed
      throughout the deposits in a non-crystalline pattern, especially in the basal
      layers. Sections of the deposits also were examined at the light microscope level
      for the presence of lipids, calcium, and polysaccharides (mucin). All deposits
      stained positively for lipids, but polysaccharides were more evident in newer
      deposits. These results may indicate that both calcium and polysaccharides are
      involved in the genesis of nodular deposits.

PMID- 1813527
TI  - Sixth annual contact lens index.

PMID- 1813526
TI  - Corneal trauma from overnight wear of rigid or soft contact lenses.
AB  - To evaluate the mechanical or biochemical insult to the cornea induced by
      overnight rigid gas permeable (RGP) or soft contact lens (SCL) wear, punctate,
      stipple staining and corneal blotting were evaluated by biomicroscopy in a group
      of 23 subjects who participated in a single overnight in-laboratory test session.
      The soft lens-wearing corneas typically showed greater area of staining along
      with corneal blotting in comparison to RGP-wearing corneas which showed smaller
      areas of corneal staining, even in the presence of RGP adherence, and no corneal
      blotting. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on corneal staining by having
      subjects wear an RGP lens of Dk = 150 on one eye and a soft lens of Dk = 9 on the
      fellow eye. Pachometry measurements immediately following eye opening showed an
      average central corneal swelling of 5 percent for the RGP lens-wearing eye and an
      average of 11 percent for the SCL-wearing eye. It is likely that the differences
      in corneal effects of RGP and SCL overnight lens wear are the result of
      differences in the nature of rigid versus soft contact lens adherence.

PMID- 1813525
TI  - Association of dry eye signs and symptoms with tear lactoferrin concentration.
AB  - Diagnoses of dry eye made with the Lactoplate Immunoassay Test (which assesses
      tear lactoferrin concentration) were compared to diagnoses based on dry eye
      symptoms, tear break-up times, and rose bengal staining. For a population of 49
      subjects with normal and mild to moderate dry eyes, contingency tables showed
      that the lactoferrin-based diagnoses were not significantly related to the
      diagnoses made using any of the other factors. Lactoferrin concentrations were
      statistically correlated with symptom scores, but there was no significant
      correlation between lactoferrin concentrations and either tear break-up time or
      rose bengal staining. These results suggest that: 1) the dry eye problems in the
      subject population may not have been associated with lacrimal gland dysfunction
      (which the Lactoplate assesses); 2) Lactoplate tests are not sensitive enough to
      allow accurate diagnoses for the population of mild to moderate dry eye subjects
      used; 3) signs and symptoms associated with dry eyes occur before lactoferrin
      changes are manifest so lactoferrin changes had not yet appeared in the subjects;
      or 4) in mild to moderate dry eye subjects, lactoferrin changes occur only in
      reflexive tears and not in the basal tears that were tested in this study. In
      summary, measurement of tear lactoferrin concentration alone has not been shown
      to be a sufficiently sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of mild to
      moderately dry eye as defined by more common clinical techniques.

PMID- 1813528
TI  - Health care in the 1990s and beyond.

PMID- 1813529
TI  - Our next generation.

PMID- 1813530
TI  - Hoosier health care--a continuing challenge.

PMID- 1813531
TI  - The evolution of small-incision cataract surgery with foldable IOLs.
AB  - The use of phacoemulsification and soft foldable IOLs has decreased the incision
      size necessary to perform cataract surgery with implants. With this decreased
      incision size, significantly less surgically induced astigmatism is present, thus
      affording early visual rehabilitation and more rapid prescribing of postoperative
      spectacles. The evolution of this advanced technique and a review of small
      incision lenses is presented. Their application in the everyday management of
      postoperative cataract patients by the practicing optometrist is stressed.

PMID- 1813532
TI  - A comparison of charges by optometrists and ophthalmologists under the Medicare
      program.
AB  - Medicare data obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration was analyzed
      in relation to average allowed charges by optometrists and ophthalmologists.
      Optometric charges are considerably lower than ophthalmological charges for all
      services compared. The policy of different reimbursement levels is currently a
      major issue being considered by the Physician Payment Review Commission.
      Optometry must demonstrate that the procedure codes for which they submit
      Medicare claims are comparable and identical in service content to those provided
      by ophthalmologists.

PMID- 1813533
TI  - Nodular scleritis, episcleritis and anterior uveitis as ocular complications of
      Crohn's disease.
AB  - Ocular complications of Crohn's disease (granulomatous enterocolitis) are
      reported to be as high as 13 percent. However, the association between ocular
      inflammation and intestinal inflammation is not always recognized by
      optometrists. The onset of ocular symptoms can often be a precursor to
      exacerbation of bowel involvement. A case report of episcleritis, anterior
      nodular scleritis and anterior uveitis secondary to Crohn's disease is discussed.

PMID- 1813534
TI  - von Hippel-Lindau disease (angiomatosis of the retina and cerebellum).
AB  - von Hippel-Lindau disease is a multi-system disorder characterized by
      hemangioblastic lesions of the central nervous system and visceral organs.
      Angiomatosis retinae is often the first observable manifestation of von Hippel
      Lindau disease. Optometry may be the initial point of entry into the health care
      system for the von Hippel-Lindau patient. As such, the eye care practitioner
      should be aware of the diffuse nature of the disease and initiate the search for
      silent, possibly lethal, lesions associated with the disease. Management may
      involve consultation with a neurosurgeon, internist, and retinal specialist. The
      presentation and clinical course of a young man with von Hippel-Lindau disease is
      presented.

PMID- 1813535
TI  - Patient response to concentric bifocal contact lenses.
AB  - We evaluated the visual results and success rate with a center-near concentric
      simultaneous vision bifocal contact lens. Forty subjects (screened from 175
      presbyopic applicants) entered the study and were fitted with the CIBA Spectrum
      bifocal lenses (BCL) and also with single vision distance contact lenses combined
      with reading glasses (DCL). Visual acuity and stereoacuity measurements were made
      at dispensing and after 8 weeks of regular bifocal contact lens wear. At both
      times, visual acuity measurements with BCL were significantly reduced by 1-1.5
      lines compared to DCL. Stereoacuity was reduced by 32-36" with BCL compared to
      DCL. Thirty-two patients completed the study and 27 chose to continue wearing BCL
      after completion of the study. None of the subjects had adverse corneal findings
      or problems of discomfort. The primary reason for BCL discontinuation was blurred
      vision. The data was retrospectively analyzed to identify risk factors for
      discontinuance--none were significant.

PMID- 1813536
TI  - In a figure of eight.

PMID- 1813537
TI  - Gold medal seeing--vision enhancement care: the best of optometry is being lost
      by default.

PMID- 1813539
TI  - Is optometry prepared for effectiveness research?

PMID- 1813538
TI  - The seduction of success.

PMID- 1813541
TI  - Ocular manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a serious and uncommon disease of
      hemostasis. Severe disturbances in both blood components and chemistry may cause
      marked changes both systemically and in ocular tissues. Ocular manifestations
      include retinal and vitreal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, papilledema, and disc
      neovascularization. Management of mild cases is limited to supportive therapy and
      monitoring changes in the fundus. In advanced cases, photocoagulation,
      vitrectomy, and retinal reattachment surgery may be necessary. This article
      reviews the effects of this relatively rare blood disorder on the visual system.

PMID- 1813540
TI  - A clinical study of patient acceptance and satisfaction of Varilux Plus and
      Varilux Infinity lenses.
AB  - An independent study was conducted at the UAB School of Optometry to determine
      the clinical success with Varilux Plus (Varilux 2) and Varilux Infinity
      progressive addition lenses (PAL). Two hundred eighty patients (280) were fit
      between June 1988 and May 1989. The acceptance rate of 97.5 percent was based on
      the number of lenses ordered versus the number of lenses returned. Patients were
      contacted by telephone and asked to rate their level of satisfaction with their
      PALs. A chi-square (non-parametric) test revealed no statistically significant
      differences in levels of satisfaction with respect to gender, PAL type, or degree
      of presbyopia. Also, neither refractive error nor previous lens history had a
      measurable impact on patient satisfaction.

PMID- 1813542
TI  - Idiopathic multiple serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium: a
      report of two cases.
AB  - A relatively uncommon entity is described which is characterized by idiopathic
      serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In contrast to RPE
      detachments associated with the spectrum of age-related macular degeneration and
      other choroidal diseases, the visual prognosis in this entity is usually good. In
      some respects, idiopathic serous RPE detachments display characteristics similar
      to idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy and could be a variant thereof.
      The differential diagnosis also includes multifocal Best's vitelliform dystrophy.

PMID- 1813543
TI  - Geriatric optometry questionnaire.
AB  - A national survey of American Optometric Association Low Vision Section members
      was conducted by the newly formed Geriatrics and Low Vision Committee during the
      fall of 1989. The "Geriatric Optometry Questionnaire" was designed to establish a
      greater understanding of the nature of comprehensive professional services for
      the unique needs of visually impaired older persons. Of the 481 surveys mailed,
      289 were returned for a response rate of 60 percent. Seventy-eight percent of the
      respondents had completed their formal optometric education after 1970. Results
      indicated that geriatric optometric care is predominantly delivered in private
      practices and in low vision agencies. Approximately 69 percent of the patients
      are above the age of 65, with the majority of those being under 85. Although the
      average initial low vision appointment lasts 60-90 minutes, this generally
      represents the low vision examination and evaluation of low vision devices only.
      Complete ocular health assessments combined with low vision evaluations are
      provided by only 33.5 percent. While 80 percent of the optometrists responding
      take psychosocial histories, only 60 percent routinely refer patients for social
      services and rehabilitative training. Similarly, 57 percent of those responding
      referred patients for independent daily living skills instruction and only 53
      percent for orientation and mobility training. These data suggest that
      optometrists have not yet completely incorporated the multidisciplinary approach
      to geriatric health care and that continuing education in this area is needed.

PMID- 1813544
TI  - Patient drug schedules and compliance.
AB  - Open-angle glaucoma is a chronic disease usually requiring a patient to take
      medications for the rest of his or her life. Because of the expense and side
      effects of the medications and due to a lack of understanding of the condition,
      many patients do not take their medications properly, often leading to
      progressive damage. A written instruction sheet completed for each patient
      covering their medication dosage schedule is an aid that may subtly remind
      individuals to use their medications, reducing the problems associated with
      noncompliance.

PMID- 1813546
TI  - Kicking and screaming into the nineties.

PMID- 1813547
TI  - Leadership in organized optometry.

PMID- 1813545
TI  - The delivery of health care and eye care in Japan.
AB  - Japan has developed a socialized system of health care delivery operated under a
      governmental social insurance plan. It is all inclusive in that no matter what
      the working status, each individual is covered. Outcomes of the system are
      impressive, reporting the highest life expectancy and the lowest infant mortality
      rates in the world. Optometry as a legalized profession is not presently
      recognized in Japan, even though it is common practice for the public to visit
      optical shops to receive routine eye examinations and lens prescriptions. There
      is a movement in Japan to provide optometric education and qualifying
      examinations comparable to international standards.

PMID- 1813548
TI  - Macular degeneration: the facts ... just the facts.

PMID- 1813549
TI  - Second generation oral hypoglycemic agents.

PMID- 1813550
TI  - Monocular simultaneous refraction.

PMID- 1813551
TI  - Irlen lenses and eye examinations.

PMID- 1813552
TI  - Irlen filter candidates.

PMID- 1813554
TI  - Solitary retinal astrocytoma.
AB  - Astrocytic hamartomas are typically white, well-circumscribed, elevated lesions
      arising in single or multiple areas of the retina and epi- or peripapillary optic
      nerve. These lesions are most commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis and
      less commonly associated with neurofibromatosis. However, solitary retinal or
      optic nerve astrocytomas can be found in normal individuals. This paper reviews
      the case of a 48-year-old white female who presented with a solitary retinal
      astrocytoma of the right eye, without any other physical or ocular disorder. The
      histopathological and clinical appearance and course of astrocytomas, its
      differential diagnosis from other retinal and optic nerve lesions, and its
      association with tuberous sclerosis are discussed.

PMID- 1813553
TI  - Nursing home vision care.

PMID- 1813555
TI  - Predicted and observed effects of the Medicare Optometry Parity Amendment.
AB  - The Medicare Parity Amendment of 1987 redefined the conditions of optometric
      participation and expanded coverage to include all Medicare-covered services
      which optometrists are authorized to perform under state law. Prior to the law, a
      number of studies projected costs to Medicare as a result of a change in Medicare
      policy. This paper reviews these studies in relation to actual Medicare
      expenditures from 1986 to 1988. The paper describes the impact of the Medicare
      amendment on payments to optometrists and shows how payments increased from $12
      million in 1986 to $81 million in 1988. Optometrists substantially increased
      their market share of Medicare payments from 2.6 percent in 1986 to 11.1 percent
      in 1988. Indications suggest that a shift of patient visits from ophthalmologists
      to optometrists has occurred.

PMID- 1813556
TI  - Case report: ciliary body melanoma with extrascleral extension.
AB  - Uveal melanoma is an uncommon cancer that is most often diagnosed in the sixth
      decade and is somewhat more common in males. Early detection and treatment of
      melanoma is important as metastasis can be fatal. A case of ciliary body melanoma
      that was detected in an asymptomatic patient because of extrascleral extension is
      presented. Signs and symptoms that may lead to the diagnosis of uveal melanoma
      are presented, as well as lesions that may simulate extrascleral extension of
      melanoma.

PMID- 1813557
TI  - Low vision rehabilitation of the albino patient.
AB  - From the eye care professional's point of view, the three most common types of
      albinism are tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase-positive
      oculocutaneous albinism and ocular albinism. Skin and uveal hypopigmentation is
      variable in this condition depending on the type of albinism. However, all types
      of albinism lack the necessary uveal pigmentation have subnormal visual acuity.
      Using low vision rehabilitation techniques such as modifying lighting and
      providing telescopic optical devices, these patients can experience dramatic
      improvements in functional visual acuity. This manuscript examines strategic
      approaches to visual rehabilitation as well as provides a clinical review of the
      condition.

PMID- 1813558
TI  - Case report: prismatic redirection of vision for progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Limitation of extraocular movements in progressive supranuclear palsy is a
      significant and uncomfortable problem. Specially designed mirror-prism spectacles
      make it possible for these patients to read and feed themselves.

PMID- 1813559
TI  - Variation and correlation of standard clinical phoropter tests of phorias,
      vergence ranges, and relative accommodation in a sample of school-age children.
AB  - This paper presents a study of standard clinical phoropter tests of dissociated
      phorias, fusional vergence ranges, and relative accommodation ranges in 244
      school-age (7.9 to 15.9 years of age) children. The tests studied included von
      Graefe phorias and base-in and base-out fusional vergence ranges at both distance
      and near, as well as negative relative accommodation (NRA) and positive relative
      accommodation (PRA) tests. Coefficients of correlation among the various tests
      are presented. Means and correlations were similar to those previously reported
      for adult populations. Distributions of distance lateral phorias and some
      distance fusional vergence parameters were leptokurtic.

PMID- 1813560
TI  - Ocular side effects of lithium--a review.
AB  - Lithium salts are commonly prescribed psychiatric medications. While they are
      usually safely used on outpatients, lithium preparations are associated with
      systemic and ocular side effects with both acute and chronic use. The optometrist
      should be aware of the ocular side effects so as to participate in the management
      of these patients. Ocular side effects may be the first signs of lithium
      toxicity.

PMID- 1813561
TI  - Postoperative endophthalmitis.
AB  - Endophthalmitis has typically been described as occurring within the first 24-48
      hours postoperatively and having a rapid progression. Classical signs and
      symptoms include intense ocular pain, decreased visual acuity, and exaggerated
      inflammatory response not commensurate with the level of the patient's
      recuperative process. This article presents a case wherein a patient, following
      cataract surgery and implant, developed endophthalmitis of a more indolent nature
      with a later onset of symptomatology and associated sequelae. Reasons this
      delayed onset of symptoms may occur are discussed. Etiological considerations,
      current treatment modalities, and management protocol are reviewed.

PMID- 1813562
TI  - Optometry in New Zealand: an American perspective.

PMID- 1813563
TI  - Irlen lens filters.

PMID- 1813564
TI  - Irlen lens filters.

PMID- 1813565
TI  - Irlen lenses.

PMID- 1813566
TI  - Primary and secondary iris cysts.
AB  - Primary cysts of the iris usually arise from the pigment epithelial layers and
      are almost always benign, stationary lesions which require no treatment. Those
      cysts which are secondary to such agents as trauma or inflammation are, however,
      characterized by progressive enlargement and visual complications. The major
      clinical significance of iris cysts lies in their similarity to iris melanomas.
      Cysts should be monitored for enlargement and/or other complications such as
      inflammation or secondary glaucoma.

PMID- 1813567
TI  - The management of keratoconus using the corneal modeling system and a piggyback
      system of contact lenses.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to describe the use of the Corneal Modeling System
      (CMS) in the quantitative evaluation of the front surface of a soft contact lens
      on a keratoconic cornea. The management of one eye of a single case is presented
      as an example. A keratoconic patient fitted with an RGP lens presented with the
      signs and symptoms of discomfort, reduced wearing time and recurrent corneal
      erosions. Corneal topography was evaluated utilizing the CMS. The patient was
      then fitted with a soft contact lens. Next the entire front surface of the
      contact lens-fitted eye was measured with the CMS. Utilizing those data a
      piggyback lens was designed. As a result of this fitting technique corneal
      integrity improved, wearability increased and discomfort dissipated.

PMID- 1813568
TI  - Vision screening of an adolescent inner city population: a high failure rate and
      low compliance on follow-up care.
AB  - 625 inner city high school students were screened. Some 45.8% of this sample were
      designated as special education students. The referral rate was 52.3% for all
      students screened. Detailed failure rate by group and category are reported.
      Special education students had a higher incidence of uncorrected hyperopia and
      binocular dysfunction. Intervention strategies to improve a poor compliance rate
      for follow-up care are discussed.

PMID- 1813569
TI  - Video equipment recommendations for slit lamp videography.
AB  - Current developments in video technology have made videotaping through a slit
      lamp a useful capability available at a more reasonable cost. The technical basis
      of equipment needed to select or design an apparatus for slit lamp videography is
      reviewed. As an overview, the optimum slit lamp video apparatus would have the
      following criteria; the slit lamp should have zoom optics and rheostat
      illumination, the beam splitter should be a mirror or 70/30 type, the camera
      should have maximal light sensitivity (101ux) with reasonable resolution (greater
      than 300 lines). The recorder should be SP-Umatic or Super VHS for documentation,
      or consumer VHS for patient education, and the monitor should be a professional
      13- or 15-inch monitor.

PMID- 1813570
TI  - Retinal differences in light sensitivity between dyslexic and proficient reading
      children: new prospects for optometric input in diagnosing dyslexia.
AB  - The role of visual processes in dyslexia has been overlooked in the recent past
      as linguistic explanations for this problem dominated educational thought. It is
      the intent of this paper to relate new information about visual functions with
      dyslexia. Static perimetry was used to assess brightness thresholds of dyslexic
      and proficient-reading children. The dyslexic subjects obtained significantly
      lower sensitivity scores (higher thresholds) than proficient readers for the
      upper hemifields. Visual field screening tests may be useful in the differential
      diagnosis of dyslexia.

PMID- 1813571
TI  - Inadvertent filtering blebs following cataract extraction.
AB  - An inadvertent filtering bleb is a complication of cataract extraction that
      typically occurs during the first few months of the postoperative period. These
      blebs may be leaking or nonleaking. The sequelae are discussed for both types,
      with the former being more threatening. Different aspects of cataract surgery may
      raise or lower their incidence, although newer techniques have reduced its risk.
      Two atypical cases are presented.

PMID- 1813573
TI  - Ectopia lentis secondary to physical abuse in a traumatized, elderly individual.
AB  - The proper diagnosis of ocular emergencies is usually straightforward since the
      patient generally can communicate the nature and circumstances of the injury.
      However, the mental status of the patient occasionally may seriously complicate
      obtaining an accurate history of the trauma. This may be particularly important
      when the patient has been physically abused by a relative. Ectopia lentis is a
      possible consequence of trauma. The elderly patient herein presented suffered
      ectopia lentis and had evidence of other systemic trauma. The proper management
      of a patient of this type will be discussed.

PMID- 1813572
TI  - Exploring the optometric application of expert computer systems: refractive error
      correction.
AB  - Using the commercially available shell programs NeuroShell and EXSYS, example
      based and rule-based expert computer systems were developed to explore how such
      systems could be applied in an optometric environment. To demonstrate such an
      application, the example-based NeuroShell system was taught to prescribe sphere
      and cylinder powers for low refractive error myopes. When the system learned with
      only the chief complaint, habitual prescription and acuity through the habitual,
      and best refraction with resulting acuity, it predicted the sphere and cylinder
      powers prescribed by human optometrists within 0.25 diopter 97 and 98 percent of
      the time, respectively, for 60 test eyes. With a set of only three rules, the
      rule-based EXSYS system predicted sphere powers within 0.25 diopter of the
      prescribed powers for 100 percent of the 60 test eyes. Results with these very
      simple refractive problems suggest that teaching expert computer systems to
      prescribe ophthalmic lens corrections is possible, and further suggest that the
      concept could be extended to more complex and challenging patient populations.

PMID- 1813575
TI  - Universal precautions.

PMID- 1813574
TI  - Parietal and bi-occipital lobe infarction confounded by ethanol-induced optic
      neuropathy.
AB  - A frequent occurrence in geriatric and chronically ill patients is the exhibition
      of several simultaneously occurring and confounding health problems. This paper
      reports the case of a 61-year-old-white male who presented with an extensive
      history of multiple brain infarcts, hemiparesis, personality changes and varied
      visual complaints. Tests in the neurooptometric work-up for this patient included
      static automated perimetry, stereoacuity and optokinetic nystagmus evaluation.
      The results were suggestive of multiple cerebrovascular accidents which included
      the right and left occipital lobes as well as the right parietal lobe. This
      clinical picture was complicated by the presence of nutritional or ethanol
      induced optic neuropathy. Emphasis was placed on a detailed sequential history of
      events and a complete neurological and optometric evaluation to ascertain the
      multiple foci of cortical infarction. Corroboration of clinical findings was
      obtained by computerized axial tomography (CT scan).

PMID- 1813576
TI  - Nosocomial salmonellosis and shigellosis.

PMID- 1813577
TI  - Salmonella and Shigella gastroenteritis at a public teaching hospital in Nairobi,
      Kenya.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure the proportion of nosocomial diarrhea cases associated with
      Salmonella and Shigella species. DESIGN: Prospective 6-month survey. SETTING:
      Tertiary care center in a developing country. PATIENTS: Pediatric and adult
      patients admitted with the previous 24 hours and all consenting adult or
      pediatric medical patients with nosocomial diarrhea. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence
      of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from rectal swabs at admission and
      among subjects with nosocomial diarrhea. RESULTS: Salmonella species and Shigella
      species were isolated from 3.0% and 2.5%, respectively, of 667 patients screened
      on admission. All admission Salmonella isolates were identified in children under
      13 years of age; Shigella prevalence was similar for children and adults.
      Children with Salmonella at admission were significantly older and more likely to
      have diarrhea, fever, and some indicators of malnutrition than those from whom
      Salmonella was not isolated. Salmonella and Shigella were isolated from rectal
      cultures in 36 (10%) and 9 (2.5%) of 360 nosocomial gastroenteritis cases,
      respectively. Nosocomial cases occurred equally in adults and children. In
      adults, nosocomial Salmonella acquisition was associated with sharing a room with
      a diarrhea patient and previous institutionalization. In children, it was
      associated with recent antimicrobial therapy, crowding at home, and age between 6
      months and 6 years. Nine (41%) of 22 nosocomial Salmonella cases in adults
      occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection,
      while none of 79 HIV-1-positive patients had Salmonella isolated at admission.
      CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella is a frequent cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis in this
      tertiary care institution in a developing country. Risk factors appear to differ
      for children and adults, and HIV-1-infected subjects may be at increased risk of
      acquisition. Control measures feasible for the limited resources available to
      such institutions require evaluation.

PMID- 1813578
TI  - Collaborative education regarding prevention of human immunodeficiency virus
      transmission in healthcare settings--Ghana.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a collaborative and participatory
      approach to professional training to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) transmission. SETTING: Healthcare settings in Ghana. METHODS: Two 5
      day workshops were conducted for high-level nurse educators and leaders who could
      contribute to national policy development. A combination of didactics, skill
      development sessions, field experiences, and development of draft national
      guidelines and curriculum were used. Outcomes evaluated were pre-to-post training
      changes in HIV knowledge and attitudes and changes in practice within selected
      healthcare settings. One-month follow-up visits (times not specified to
      participants) were used to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS: At post-test,
      significantly fewer participants thought HIV was transmitted by saliva, sweat, or
      tears (chi square, p less than .0001), and significantly fewer reported
      hesitation to care for an HIV-infected patient because of lack of understanding
      about mode of transmission or because of lack of supplies, such as gloves (chi
      square, p less than .01). In field observations, there was an overall 42%
      improvement in specific infection control practices. CONCLUSIONS: A collaborative
      and participatory approach to training can result in significant changes in
      infection control practices, even in settings with limited resources.

PMID- 1813579
TI  - Influence of an educational program and mechanical opening needle disposal boxes
      on occupational needlestick injuries.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an educational program had a beneficial impact
      on healthcare worker needlestick injuries, particularly those caused by
      recapping. Secondary goals were to evaluate the efficacy of in-room needle-boxes
      and to determine whether surveillance data were useful when evaluating new
      products. DESIGN: Survey of employee health department reports. SETTING: Tertiary
      care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare workers who reported needlestick
      injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures to the employee health
      department. INTERVENTIONS: Exposure data from the 10 months prior to institution
      of the educational program and installation of disposal boxes were compared with
      data from the following 27 months. Additionally, the type of disposal box was
      changed for the last 9 months of the survey. RESULTS: Needlestick injuries caused
      by recapping fell significantly following the educational program (p = .005).
      However, injuries caused by previously disposed needles protruding into the
      mechanical opening of the needleboxes increased significantly (p = .002).
      Following a change of needleboxes to a nonmechanical opening design, the latter
      type of injury declined (p = .052). Total needlestick injuries, most other
      categories of needlestick injury, and other exposures did not change
      significantly during the 37 months of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The educational
      programs appeared to have positive impact on reducing recapping injuries, but
      many other needlestick categories did not change significantly. Mechanical
      opening needle disposal boxes appear to present a hazard when compared with fixed
      opening boxes. Surveillance data appear to be useful in monitoring injuries as
      well as evaluating products.

PMID- 1813580
TI  - Contaminated commercial charcoal as a source of fungi in the respiratory tract.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility that contaminated commercial activated
      charcoal may serve as a source for fungal colonization or infection of the lower
      respiratory tract. DESIGN: The clinical course of a patient who aspirated
      commercial activated charcoal was reviewed. Fungal cultures were performed for 2
      samples of an activated charcoal in sorbitol product from separate lots produced
      by a single manufacturer. Details of the manufacturing process were obtained from
      a representative of the manufacturer. SETTING: An intensive care unit in a large
      community teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A single patient with steroid-treated lung
      disease who developed a fatal pulmonary illness after aspirating a commercial
      activated charcoal product. RESULTS: After aspirating the charcoal product, the
      patient developed respiratory tract colonization and possible infection with
      Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces variotii, and Penicillium species. Similar fungal
      species were isolated from cultures of samples obtained from two separate lots of
      the same commercial activated charcoal product. Several opportunities for
      contamination during the manufacturing process were identified. CONCLUSIONS:
      Physicians caring for immunocompromised patients should be aware that commercial
      activated charcoal products can be a source of fungal respiratory tract
      colonization that may mimic or cause pneumonia.

PMID- 1813582
TI  - Decoy may block key AIDS protein.

PMID- 1813583
TI  - Red Cross launches transformation of blood program.

PMID- 1813581
TI  - Amebiasis.

PMID- 1813584
TI  - Some concern over instituting hepatitis B vaccine into babies' routine
      vaccination schedules.

PMID- 1813585
TI  - Changing attitudes and behavior of dentists towards hepatitis B vaccinations for
      infectious disease control: an epidemiological review.

PMID- 1813586
TI  - Linear leukoplakia of the tongue.

PMID- 1813587
TI  - The Hayden-Harris legacy: education, ethics and esteem in dentistry.

PMID- 1813588
TI  - Maryland occupational safety and health inspections of dental offices.

PMID- 1813589
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at Chulalongkorn Hospital: an analysis of
      400 episodes.
AB  - Four hundred episodes of COPD among patients admitted to Chulalongkorn Hospital
      between 1982 and 1986 were analyzed. There were 193 males and 45 females with 325
      and 75 episodes of admission, respectively; the average age on admission was 68.4
      +/- 0.5 years. The most significant associated underlying factor was cigarette
      smoking in 94 per cent of the cases, with the patients smoking an average of 1.15
      packs of cigarettes per day for 43 years. In our study, 26.8 per cent of the
      patients had a cough, with the average age at onset being 47.4 +/- 2.1 years. The
      most common clinical manifestation was dyspnea with 58.5, 35.2 and 0.5 per cent
      having dyspnea functional class II, III, IV and with the average age at onset
      being 61.1 +/- 0.7, 66.6 +/- 0.7 and 71.0 +/- 1.0 years, respectively. An
      important manifestation on admission was dyspnea functional class III and IV,
      which were present in of 89 per cent of the cases. The main precipitating factors
      which led to the patients' admission were upper respiratory tract infection,
      pneumonia, bronchospasms and congestive heart failure, which accounted for 48.0,
      10.0, 8.5, 31.8 and 18.3 per cent of the cases, respectively. With regard to
      these complications, there were 16.5, 48.3, 31.1 and 12.5 per cent of the
      patients who suffered respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation,
      corpulmonale, polycythemia and peptic ulcer, respectively. Arterial blood gas on
      admission revealed a pH level of 7.36 +/- 0.1, pCO2 of 53.3 +/- 23.7 torr, and
      PO2 of 54.2 +/- 19.9 torr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813590
TI  - Surgical management of giant retinal tears.
AB  - Giant retinal tear is one of the causes of complex retinal detachment which
      resists treatment. Various surgical techniques have been developed in the past to
      treat such a tear. These include pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral
      buckling, use of viscoelastic agent, air, expanding gas, silicone oil, retinal
      tacks, retinal sutures, retinal incarceration. We study the result of surgical
      treatment of giant retinal tears in 14 patients. The surgical techniques used
      were pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral buckling, fluid-air exchange,
      silicone oil or expanding gas and postoperative laser retinopexy. Thirteen eyes
      had successful intraoperative reattachment of the retinae, of those 10(71.4%)
      eyes the retinae remain attached through the mean follow-up of 9.4 (range 6-22)
      months. The retina was not reattached intraoperatively in only one eye. Three
      eyes developed periretinal membranes and redetached within 10 months after the
      operation. Oil emulsification and secondary open angle glaucoma were the most
      common complications in our series, each complication occurred in five patients.

PMID- 1813591
TI  - Prevalence of positive anti-HIV in pregnant women at Ramathibodi Hospital.
AB  - Anti-HIV screening has routinely been done at the antenatal clinic in Ramathibodi
      Hospital since January 1990. The prevalence of positive anti-HIV during the first
      and second half of 1990, and the first half of 1991 are 0.056, 0.2, 0.24 per cent
      respectively. Twenty positive cases are now under counselling. Age range is
      between 18-35 years. Seventeen cases are from rural areas. Twelve of seventeen
      cases were from the north-eastern part of Thailand. Fifteen cases (71.4%) had
      their pregnancies terminated. This study shows that the prevalence of positive
      anti-HIV is increasing. Vertical transmission has already been known to be one of
      the most important and serious transmissions to newborns and infants. The data
      indicated that screening test for anti-HIV in pregnant women, previously regarded
      as a low risk group, should be reviewed and routinely done.

PMID- 1813592
TI  - Neoadjuvant carboplatin & 5 fluorouracil combination chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer: primary
      report.
AB  - We studied the effect of neoadjuvant carboplatin/5-FU combination chemotherapy
      and radiotherapy in the treatment of 53 patients with locally advanced head and
      neck cancer in Siriraj Hospital. Carboplatin 350-450 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1, and 5
      FU 1,000 mg/m2/d on days 1-4, were administered either on an in- or out-patient
      basis. We obtained a response rate of 85 per cent, with 13 per cent complete
      response after 2-3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. After the completion of
      subsequent radiotherapy, the response rate increased to 94 per cent, with 40 per
      cent CR. After the additional 2-3 cycles of postradiation chemotherapy, the final
      overall response rate was 96 per cent, with 77 per cent CR. Only 4 per cent of
      patients had grade 3 GI toxicity and 25 per cent of patients had grade 2, 3
      myelosuppression. All patients tolerated the treatment very well. Long-term study
      for the duration time of response and survival are being collected.

PMID- 1813593
TI  - Removal of submacular cysticercosis: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of submacular cysticercosis which was removed by pars plana
      vitrectomy and retinotomy with favorable result. Preoperative visual acuity was
      counting fingers of one foot and improved to 10/200 at five weeks
      postoperatively. The technique illustrates another approach to the surgical
      management of submacular cysticercosis. It is also applicable for removal of
      posterior location of subretinal cysticercus which it is difficult or impossible
      to approach externally.

PMID- 1813594
TI  - Infantile malignant mesenchymoma: limb salvage therapy.
AB  - The case of malignant mesenchymoma on the right knee in a 3-month-old infant girl
      was reported. Combination of treatment, including preoperative radiation, tumor
      resection, and chemotherapy was given. The patient had been free of the disease
      for 17 months after diagnosis. Review and emphasis on giving combined modality of
      treatment and the possibility of saving the extremities for patients with sarcoma
      were given.

PMID- 1813595
TI  - The validity of simulated prediction of behavior.
AB  - The author examined a method of predicting behavior, in which the responses of
      individuals who might conceivably perform certain behaviors were independently
      simulated by experts acquainted both with the individuals and with the predicted
      behaviors. Scores derived from belief questionnaires completed by the supervisors
      of 48 Israeli undergraduate students significantly predicted the students'
      behavior almost as accurately as scores derived from questionnaires that had been
      completed by the students themselves, and more accurately than the supervisors'
      intuitive predictions of the students' behavior.

PMID- 1813596
TI  - The effect of culture on a visual-spatial memory task.
AB  - The visual-spatial memory ability of 25 Zairian elementary school children was
      compared with that of 23 Scottish children, using a variation of Kearins's (1976)
      object placement task. The Scottish children demonstrated significantly better
      visual-spatial memory than the Zairian children when the easiest (small household
      objects) of three arrays was presented. The Scottish and Zairian children
      demonstrated a similar level of visual-spatial ability when the other two arrays
      (geometric shapes and a variety of natural pieces of wood) were presented, and
      there were no significant gender differences. Although the Australian Aboriginal
      children's performance on the visual-spatial task in Drinkwater's (1976) study
      was superior to the White children's performance (Kearins, 1976, 1981), the
      Zairian children's performance in this study was not. Perhaps the Aboriginal
      groups, over countless generations navigating the trackless desert of western
      Australia, were forced by their environment to develop an aptitude for direction
      finding that Zairians (whose ecological situation more closely resembles that of
      Europeans) have not.

PMID- 1813597
TI  - Strategy changes in human contingency judgments as a function of contingency
      tables.
AB  - Judgment strategies of 169 undergraduate students on problems to judge the
      contingency between two binary events were identified by the method of rule-based
      analysis to clarify whether or not the strategies the subjects used would be
      affected by the concrete nature of the contingency table. Problems were
      constructed along two factors: total cell frequency and width of range of
      objective contingencies. Although the factor of total cell frequency had no
      effect on subjects' strategies, the number of subjects who changed strategies
      corresponding with problem instances increased when the objective contingencies
      were set closer to zero or when problems became more difficult. These results are
      discussed in the context of previous studies of this issue in the literature.

PMID- 1813598
TI  - Spatial-contrast movement aftereffect can be rotary: support for link with
      aftereffect of induced movement.
AB  - The procedure for eliciting movement aftereffect (MAE) involves the subject's
      adapting to visual movement that subsequently stops. Conventionally, MAE is
      confined to the area of movement adaptation. However, Wohlgemuth (1911)
      demonstrated the existence of a type of MAE that had the opposite characteristics
      of an adjoining conventional MAE; the test area was unpatterned during adaptation
      and patterned during testing. This spatial-contrast MAE may be connected with the
      more recently identified induced movement MAE. Unfortunately, the eliciting
      movements have not necessarily been comparable; Wohlgemuth used centrifugal and
      centripetal movement, whereas induced movement MAE has generally been rotary. The
      results of this study indicate that rotary spatial-contrast MAE can be elicited
      by a display that, with modification, also elicits induced movement MAE and that
      the rotary spatial-contrast MAE is weaker than the equivalent induced movement
      MAE.

PMID- 1813599
TI  - Psychoendocrinological aspects of affective disorders.
AB  - Psychoendocrinological studies have opened a new approach to understanding
      affective disorders. In this study, the links of affective illnesses to changes
      in endocrine secretions--particularly adrenal, gonadal, growth, pineal,
      thyroidal, and prolactin--were reviewed with the object of adding to the number
      of depressed whose symptoms can be relieved.

PMID- 1813600
TI  - Radiographic observations on root resorption in the primary dentition.
AB  - In order to construct standardized charts for root resorption in the primary
      dentition of Japanese children, we investigated the stages of resorption (1/4,
      1/2 and 3/4 of the root) based on the criterion of Fanning, et al. using 11,167
      panoramic radiographs (5,759 of boys and 5,408 of girls). The following
      information was obtained. 1) The root resorption for a tooth on one side was the
      same as for its counterpart on the other side regardless of differences in sex or
      arch. 2) The average age for each root resorption stage was lower in girls than
      in boys regardless of differences in sex or arch. 3) The average age for each
      root resorption stage was lower in the mandible than in the maxilla for every
      tooth. 4) In the maxilla, the period between 1/4 to 3/4 resorption of the root
      was greater in the primary molars than in the primary anterior teeth. However,
      the opposite was true in the mandible. 5) Although no difference was observed
      between the maxilla and the mandible in the resorption period for the primary
      incisors and canines, the resorption time for the primary molars was greater in
      the maxilla than in the mandible. 6) When the relationship was observed between
      the resorption stages for each tooth and the calcification stages for the
      corresponding successional permanent tooth. a) With the exception of the
      maxillary and mandibular canines, the average age for 1/4 resorption of the
      primary root corresponded to the period between completion of the permanent crown
      and initial root formation of the successional permanent tooth. b) With the
      exception of the maxillary and mandibular canines, and the mandibular second
      premolars, the average age for 3/4 resorption of the primary root corresponded to
      the period between 1/4 and 1/2 formation of the root of the successional
      permanent tooth. From these results, standardized charts were constructed for the
      resorption of the roots of primary teeth in Japanese children. These standardized
      charts are useful in daily clinical practice in such areas as endodontic
      treatment of primary teeth and orthodontics.

PMID- 1813601
TI  - Initial gingival tissue attachment to the deep cementum.
AB  - This study was performed in order to obtain fundamental knowledge regarding
      gingival connective tissue response to cementum. Gingival tissues of monkeys were
      elevated, and superficial cementum only was curetted. The time course of initial
      gingival tissue attachment was subsequently examined by conventional histology
      and also by electron microscopy. The first response was inflammatory exudate and
      fibrin attachment followed by granulation tissue formation. Cementoblasts were
      observed along the curetted cementum surface in the 10-day specimen. Mature
      collagen fibrils accumulated between the cementoblasts and the cementum surface
      in the 14-day specimen. We conclude that curetting the superficial cementum from
      root surfaces facilitates the formation of the fibrous connective tissue
      attachment.

PMID- 1813602
TI  - Prescription drug issues: public policy and clinical practice. Haight Ashbury
      Free Clinics 24th annual conference. June 1991.

PMID- 1813603
TI  - Policy and medical-legal issues in the prescribing of controlled substances.
AB  - The physician who prescribes controlled substances is faced with an array of
      laws, regulatory policies, and professional attitudes about their use.
      Prescriptions for these scheduled drugs are furthermore monitored by the
      pharmacists who dispense them. Certain drugs, such as the opioids and the
      benzodiazepines, are considered so potentially abusive that special programs have
      been recommended to track the behavior of physician prescribers. Multiple copy
      programs have been implemented in some states. More recent proposals recommend
      electronic data transfer (EDT) of pharmacy information to centralized processing
      points so that misprescribing physicians and doctor-shopping patients can be
      identified. Regulators concerned about physician behavior and confronted by
      demands of nonphysicians to prescribe controlled substances may find EDT a good
      solution. Physicians should be concerned about being censured for misprescribing,
      because such actions may lead to inclusion in the National Practitioner Data
      Bank. With all of the regulatory concerns about controlled substances, those
      physicians who would employ long-term opioid therapy for their chronic pain
      patients must follow certain basic guidelines to be able to defend themselves
      against allegations of deviant professional behavior. Such procedures as
      conducting a history and physical examination, maintaining a written treatment
      plan, consulting with knowledgeable colleagues, and assessing for addictive
      behavior can provide the practitioner with safeguards.

PMID- 1813604
TI  - Management of panic disorders.
AB  - Panic disorders are medical conditions requiring an eclectic treatment approach
      that often combines pharmacotherapeutics with education, cognitive-behavior
      therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. This article focuses on the management of
      medication within this framework. The medications that have been found to be
      effective include tricyclic antidepressants, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, and higher potency benzodiazepines. Although alprazolam is the most
      studied medication and acts very rapidly, each type of medication has unique
      advantages and liabilities. The general treatment strategy with all the
      medications is to start with a low dose and increase it slowly until side effects
      develop or panic attacks cease. The treatment approach should be oriented toward
      a chronic illness that often requires long-term medication.

PMID- 1813605
TI  - Treating insomnia: pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches.
AB  - Insomnia is a commonly encountered condition in clinical practice. The prevalence
      of self-reported poor sleep increases with age and is more common in women. There
      are clear associations between poor sleep and psychiatric disturbance; however,
      causality in this regard may be complex, and there are at least some insomniacs
      who show high somatic tension without marked psychopathology. The development of
      chronic insomnia can be conceptualized as involving predisposing, precipitating,
      and perpetuating factors. Pharmacological treatments for insomnia most typically
      involve judicious and intermittent usage of a benzodiazepine hypnotic. A variety
      of such medications are available, with varying absorption and elimination
      characteristics. Benzodiazepines are preferred over antidepressants in the
      treatment of insomnia in individuals without major psychiatric disorder because
      of fewer side effects and a larger margin of safety. Nonpharmacological
      treatments typically rely on elements of sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep
      restriction, and chronotherapy. The establishment of good patient-clinician
      rapport and the working through of unfounded beliefs and unrealistic expectations
      of the sleep experience are also important components of the behavioral treatment
      of insomnia. Use of such techniques, particularly when combined in a treatment
      package, has shown appreciable benefits in improving sleep.

PMID- 1813606
TI  - Prescription drug abuse: some considerations in evaluating policy responses.
AB  - Although psychotherapeutics are among the most tightly regulated commodities in
      the world, some small but significant number are regularly diverted from
      legitimate use for the purpose of sustaining abuse and dependence. Contemporary
      concerns about such diversion have prompted renewed interest in methods to curb
      physicians' prescriptive authority and monitor actual prescribing practices. In
      order to manage these proposed solutions in a rational way, all interested
      parties need to become involved in decisions about system design and oversight.
      Practitioners (physicians, pharmacists, and other health professionals) should
      have input into decisions regarding program structure and exception criteria.
      Patients must insist on appropriate safeguards of their legitimate interests in
      maintaining personal privacy and access to medical care. Policymakers need to
      accurately assess (1) the nature and severity of the diversion problem to be
      addressed, (2) the resources to be allocated to the system, as well as the effect
      of such an allocation on the state's ability to meet other service needs, and (3)
      the "social algebra" of the system--that is, the extent to which the system, will
      foster undermedication of some patients as the cost of reducing overmedication of
      others.

PMID- 1813607
TI  - Fifteen solutions to the problems of prescription drug abuse.
AB  - In the 17 years since the publication of Pills, Profits, and Politics by
      Silverman and Lee, not one of that book's proposals has been fully implemented.
      This article begins by identifying the elements of prescription drug abuse:
      inappropriate physician prescribing, patient noncompliance, and poor doctor
      patient communication. It then offers 15 solutions to these problems; these are
      divided into nonregulatory and regulatory solutions. Multiple prescription form
      laws are singled out for special attention and the experience with such a law in
      New York is discussed. Finally, the article offers some reflections on the
      optimal balance between nonregulatory and regulatory approaches to the problem of
      prescription drug abuse.

PMID- 1813608
TI  - Educational approaches to prescribing practices and substance abuse.
AB  - The history of medical education in treating and prescribing for additive
      disorders is primarily one of omission. This began to change in the 1970s,
      leading to positive developments in medical education; however, much still
      remains to be done. Training in writing prescriptions should cover four areas:
      (1) prescribing to prevent addiction; (2) prescribing for alcohol or other drug
      dependent patients; (3) prescribing for withdrawal from alcohol or other drugs;
      and (4) prescribing for patients in recovery from alcohol or other drug
      addiction. Other areas of importance to medical education are inappropriate
      prescribing practices, self-prescribing, and prescribing for dual diagnosis
      patients. Physicians need to know how to avoid becoming duped, dated, impaired or
      "script doctors." The educational techniques used in attaining these goals
      emphasize adult, or andragogical, education, sequencing curricula over the years
      of medical school and residency training, utilizing a variety of instructional
      techniques, and evaluating the results after each educational unit. The use of
      clinical vignettes, patient management problems and simulated patients is
      recommended.

PMID- 1813609
TI  - Medications in the treatment of addictive disease.
AB  - Medication has become an increasingly accepted adjunct to other forms of drug
      abuse treatment. Its acceptance is due in part to clinicians' frustration in
      treating crack cocaine abusers and to increasing integration of drug abuse
      treatment into mainstream medicine. A rapidly growing body of literature attests
      to clinical researchers' interest in pharmacotherapy of substance abuse.
      Medications can be a useful adjunct to drug abuse treatment in many different
      ways. The clinical challenge is to decide who should be treated with what
      medication and at what stage of recovery medications are helpful. This article
      discusses medications currently in use for treatment of addictive disease,
      describes some aspects of medication development, and suggests more cost
      effective methods of exploring the efficacy of medications for treatment of drug
      abuse.

PMID- 1813610
TI  - Pharmacological adjuncts for the treatment of withdrawal syndromes.
AB  - Alternative explanations for symptoms that occur during the period of drug
      (medical or nonmedical) withdrawal are examined. These symptoms are not
      necessarily due to the discontinuation of the drug and should be considered when
      treating a patient for a withdrawal syndrome. The rationale behind treating
      withdrawal syndromes and criteria to consider for hospitalizing a patient during
      the withdrawal period are discussed. The main focus of this article is the
      appropriate use of prescription drugs for treating withdrawal syndromes. In
      addition, protocols of the Drug Detoxification, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare
      Project of the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics are reviewed in detail. Finally,
      information is provided on some potentially promising medications that are
      currently being investigated for the treatment of withdrawal.

PMID- 1813611
TI  - Psychotic conditions and substance use: prescribing guidelines and other
      treatment issues.
AB  - This article examines several circumstances in which psychotic symptoms coexist
      with substance abuse. It reviews psychotic states that may occur as a result of
      alcohol and other drug use, including intoxication, overdose and withdrawal,
      offering medication guidelines for managing these situations. It also examines
      psychiatric disturbances in which psychotic symptoms are recurrent features,
      exploring patients' self-medication practices and some strategies to address
      them, as well as difficulties commonly encountered with prescription medications.
      It briefly discusses other psychosocial interventions that play a significant
      role in the treatment of the dual diagnosis patient.

PMID- 1813612
TI  - Anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders: diagnosis, treatment, and
      prescribing practices.
AB  - Attending physicians routinely encounter patients with signs and symptoms of
      anxiety and mood disorders as well as psychoactive substance use and psychoactive
      substance-induced organic mental disorders. These symptoms may represent either
      primary disorders or pathology that is secondary to other disorders. This article
      describes some of the relationships between substance use disorders and symptoms
      of anxiety and depressive disorders. In addition, some patients with these
      disorders may have a concurrent substance use disorder or be at high risk for
      developing one. Routine treatment of anxiety disorders with psychoactive drugs
      can be successful in many patients but may lead to iatrogenic dependence in high
      risk patients. Prescribing for high-risk patients should include a stepwise
      treatment protocol having three progressive levels: (1) conservative,
      nonpharmacological approaches; (2) nonpsychoactive pharmacotherapy, including the
      use of anxioselective agents, such as buspirone; and (3) psychoactive
      pharmacotherapy, such as the use of benzodiazepines. Proper prescribing practices
      for high-risk patients are described in terms of diagnosis, dosage, duration,
      discontinuation, dependence, and documentation.

PMID- 1813613
TI  - Pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcome in depressed cocaine addicts.
AB  - Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in substance abusers, and
      results in a poorer prognosis and response to traditional chemical dependence and
      mental health treatment approaches. This article focuses on the use of
      pharmacotherapy in the treatment of the cocaine addict with secondary depression
      and provides general clinical treatment guidelines. It also reports on a study in
      which depressed, methadone-maintained cocaine addicts were treated in a 12-week
      placebo-controlled trial that compared two pharmacological agents. Patients were
      randomly assigned to receive placebo, amantadine (a dopamine agonist) or
      desipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant). The effects of pharmacotherapy were
      assessed on program retention, cocaine craving, cocaine usage, and depressed
      mood. Compared to the placebo-treated patients, it was found that the medication
      treated depressed patients had a dramatic decrease in their reported cocaine
      usage (84% versus 17%) and cocaine craving (48% decrease versus 29% increase).
      Also, the medication-treated depressed patients dramatically increased the
      percentage of cocaine-free urines compared to the placebo-treated depressed
      patients who actually decreased their percentage of cocaine-free urines. A
      measure of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Index score) increased 100% for
      the placebo-treated depressed patients, yet remained stable for the medication
      treated depressed patients.

PMID- 1813614
TI  - The California Physicians Diversion Program's experience with recovering
      anesthesiologists.
AB  - This article examines the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of
      anesthesiologists who are addicted to alcohol or other drugs. There has been some
      concern and discussion about allowing anesthesiologists who are addicted to
      alcohol or other drugs to continue practicing in their specialty. This article
      analyzes success rates, relapse rates, and failure rates among the
      anesthesiologists and residents of anesthesiology in the California Physicians
      Diversion Program for chemically dependent doctors. Of the 255 physicians who
      have successfully completed the program during the ten years prior to March 1990,
      35 were practicing anesthesiologists, including six resident anesthesiologists.
      Although doctors in this specialty are more at risk for manifesting addiction to
      alcohol and other drugs, California's experience demonstrates that they have an
      equal chance of recovery and contradicts the pessimism about recovery in
      anesthesiologists.

PMID- 1813616
TI  - Factors affecting meal service in nursing facilities: Employees' perceptions.

PMID- 1813615
TI  - Compliance with physicians' orders for enteral feedings in long-term care.

PMID- 1813617
TI  - Effectiveness of a nutrition education program designed for sodium reduction in
      hypertensive versus normotensive elderly.

PMID- 1813618
TI  - Older Americans' use of nutrition programs.

PMID- 1813620
TI  - Prevention of malnutrition is everybody's business.

PMID- 1813619
TI  - Writing for an older audience: ways to maximize understanding and acceptance.

PMID- 1813621
TI  - Immunogold labelling of human IFN alpha 2 and an IFN alpha 1/ alpha 2 hybrid
      produced by recombinant Escherichia coli.
AB  - In recombinant Escherichia coli strains the subcellular location of human
      interferon (IFN) alpha 2 and a hybrid IFN alpha 1/alpha 2 was investigated by
      immunogold labelling techniques. The gold label was scattered throughout the
      cytoplasm in cells containing the gene for mature IFN alpha 2 under the control
      of heterologous staphylokinase sak42D transcription and translation initiation
      signals. In contrast, in cells containing in addition the sak42D signal peptide
      coding region in front of the IFN gene, the gold label was found mainly near the
      cell membrane and in the periplasmic space. Inclusion bodies were identified in
      cells accumulating IFN in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 1813622
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a variant protein A of Staphylococcus aureus suggests
      molecular heterogeneity among strains.
AB  - Protein A is a cell wall linked protein of Staphylococcus aureus that binds
      mammalian IgG. Although protein A displays high size heterogeneity among strains,
      cloning and sequencing of its gene from two strains had not shown a large
      difference in size. Here we report a third protein A gene sequence that shows a
      size variation relative to these two, due to deletions on both one IgG binding
      domain and a cell wall binding domain (region X). By analysis of the three
      sequences we were able to delineate a hypothetic model for region X domain
      evolution and discussed the origin of genetic variability within and without
      strains.

PMID- 1813623
TI  - Determination of cytochrome P-450 in Cunninghamella elegans intact protoplasts
      and cell-free preparations capable of steroid hydroxylation.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 was shown to be involved in 11 alpha-, and 11 beta-hydroxylation
      of Substance S in intact C. elegans protoplasts. The steroid transformation was
      inhibited by carbon monoxide, the inhibitory effect being dependent on CO
      concentration. The function of cyt P-450 in intact protoplasts was confirmed by
      the estimation of strong absorption at 450 nm in the CO difference spectrum. The
      presence of antimycin A was necessary to prevent the reduction of the cytochrome
      oxidase and its interference with the cyt P-450 in the spectrophotometric
      analysis. The intracellular content of cyt P-450 could be increased from 5.25
      pM/mg protein to 26.88 pM/mg protein when the steroid inducer was present in the
      medium at each stage of protoplast preparation and during cyt P-450
      determination. The enriched microsomal fraction obtained from the crude extract
      of ruptured protoplasts contained the steroid 11 alpha-hydroxylase system of C.
      elegans. The activity of 11 beta-hydroxylase could not be detected under the
      conditions of the experiment. The localization of steroid hydroxylases of C.
      elegans in microsomes was confirmed by cyt P-450 detection in the 9600 x g
      supernatant. Membranous fractions (pellets 1100 x g and 9600 x g) of the
      concanavaline A stabilized protoplasts, carrying the marker plasma-membrane-bound
      and mitochondrial ATPases, did not show maximum absorption at 450 nm in the CO
      difference spectrum.

PMID- 1813624
TI  - Reduction of saturated derivatives of testosterone by a strain of Aphanocladium
      album.
AB  - A strain of Aphanocladium album was found to reduce carbonyl group at C-3 in 5
      alpha- and 5 beta-dihydroderivatives of testosterone and androstendione.
      Stereochemistry of this reduction depends on the geometry of ring junction as
      well as on the presence of substituents (CH3 at C-4, OAc at C-17, or OH at C-19).
      The simultaneous presence of both CH3 at C-4 and OAc at C-17 inhibits the
      reduction totally in both 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomer. The substrates containing a
      carbonyl group at C-17 were reduced to 17 beta-alcohol.

PMID- 1813625
TI  - 15 alpha-hydroxylation of 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione using a hyphal fungus
      immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads.
AB  - Calcium alginate-entrapped mycelium of Penicillium raistrickii i 477 was used for
      the 15 alpha-hydroxylation of 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione. The system was
      tested in 10 batches during 40 days of operation, the catalytic activity could be
      completely regenerated by incubation in a nutrient medium between several
      batches.

PMID- 1813626
TI  - Thermophilic actinomycetes associated with agro-environment of Punjab state
      (India).
AB  - Thermophilic actinomycetes (TAs) are unique high temperature aerobic bacteria
      which belong to the group actinomycetes. While working on hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis (HP), an immunological disorder, resulting from the inhalation of
      spores of thermophilic actinomycetes, it was considered worthwhile to record
      their occurrence in the environment of Punjab. Thermophilic actinomycetes
      isolated by spread plate method from nine different substrates of the Punjab
      environment were identified as 8 different species. Atmospheric occurrence of TAs
      was detected by exposing Petri dishes containing soy agar medium which were
      exposed in six different environments of the state. Seven thermophilic species
      were recorded. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was the predominant species with 87.5,
      87.1, and 100% prevalence in the soil, natural manure and the wheat field,
      respectively. The study is the first report of its kind from this region.

PMID- 1813627
TI  - Mandatory HIV testing legislation introduced. An interview with Rep. Dave Jaye.

PMID- 1813628
TI  - AIDS: fear and fact.

PMID- 1813629
TI  - Financing dental education: who pays?

PMID- 1813630
TI  - Getting better ... or getting worse?

PMID- 1813631
TI  - New law affects dispensing of drugs from dental offices.

PMID- 1813633
TI  - Rural medicine: a formidable challenge.

PMID- 1813632
TI  - An addendum to 'The Howard Division of Ophthalmology'.

PMID- 1813634
TI  - The case for a national health program.

PMID- 1813635
TI  - African Americans and organ donors.

PMID- 1813636
TI  - Studies on lead exposure in patients of a neighborhood health center: Part I.
      Pediatric patients.
AB  - A sharply focused study is presented defining the demographic characteristics of
      the catchment area of a St Louis health center and determining the blood lead
      (PbB) levels in children from 1977 to 1989. The sources of lead exposure are
      examined, and the adequacy of erythroprotoporphyrin (EP) determinations are
      evaluated to identify children with toxic levels. Mean PbB levels and prevalence
      rates at higher ranges were not only substantially higher in the catchment area
      population than in white children, but also significantly higher than in black
      children nationally. Since 1980, mean PbB declined progressively in the catchment
      area children, but it was not until 1989 that the mean PbB had declined to the
      1980 level in white children nationally. PbB parameters in the catchment area
      children were not only higher than in children in other St Louis neighborhoods,
      but also higher than in children living in towns adjacent to a lead smelting
      operation. The environmental sources of lead considered here do not appear to
      fully account for the higher PbB levels in the children in the catchment area.
      Nutritional factors also need to be considered. Furthermore, the EP lacks both
      sensitivity and specificity for identifying children with PbB levels greater than
      or equal to 25 micrograms/dL and greater than or equal to 15 micrograms/dL. While
      this study identifies a community that has experiences a high prevalence of lead
      toxicity in its children, it also suggests that nationwide and even citywide
      estimates of the prevalence of lead toxicity based on EP screening may be
      significantly lower than actual prevalences.

PMID- 1813637
TI  - Coronary artery disease risk factors in Yaqui Indians and Mexican Americans.
AB  - The prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors in adults was studied in
      Yaqui Indians and Mexican Americans. The risk factors studied included
      hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary life-style.
      Subjects included 94 Mexican Americans, 44 Yaqui Indians, and 12 of mixed or
      other ancestry. Mexican Americans had higher rates of smoking (21.3% versus
      11.4%) and hypercholesterolemia (9.4% versus 4.8%) than did Yaqui Indians
      although neither comparison was statistically significant. Yaqui Indians had
      twice the risk of diabetes (40.5% versus 19.8%, P less than .05). When looking at
      both races combined, men smoked at six times the rate of women (36.4% versus
      6.3%, P less than .05). Of all those tested, only 6% had no risk factors, and 88%
      were classified as having a sedentary life-style. Achieving increased levels of
      exercise in the population studied would appear to hold the most promise for
      reducing coronary artery disease risks.

PMID- 1813638
TI  - Professional careers of 258 graduates of a 'fifth pathway' program.
AB  - Two hundred fifty-eight graduates (80%) of a fifth pathway program provided
      information about their professional careers. Fifty-nine percent practice primary
      care medicine, 25% are surgeons, and 16% are in support services such as
      psychiatry and radiology. Fifty-four percent are board certified, many of whom
      are doubly-board certified and some of whom hold prestigious academic positions.
      We conclude that properly educated fifth pathway graduates can become productive
      and respected members of the medical profession and contribute significantly to
      meeting the health-care needs of the patients and communities they serve.

PMID- 1813640
TI  - Prostate cancer: the stage disadvantage in the black male.
AB  - In an effort to determine the impact of race on the stage of prostate cancer at
      presentation, the records of 2102 patients diagnosed in Chicago between 1985 and
      1987 were reviewed. For each of three age groups (less than 65, 65 to 75, and
      greater than 75 years), blacks had a significantly (P less than .05) lower
      percentage of localized stage disease than whites. Inasmuch as stage at diagnosis
      is inversely related to survival, these data may explain in part why prostate
      cancer mortality in every age category is higher for blacks than whites
      nationally.

PMID- 1813639
TI  - Impact of anal manipulation and pouch design on ileal pouch function.
AB  - The frequency of defecation, leakage, maximum resting pressure, and maximum
      squeeze pressure of the anal canal, maximum tolerated volume, and pouch
      compliance were evaluated in 116 consecutive patients following total
      proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) and after
      temporary ileostomy closure. Sixty-nine patients had a double ileal loop pouch
      ("J") and 47 a triple ("S") design. Seventy patients had mucosal proctectomy and
      hand-sewn IPAA (mucosectomy) and 46 a stapled IPAA without mucosal proctectomy
      (stapled). Fifty percent of the S and 30% of the J pouch patients did not have
      nocturnal defecations. The avoidance of anal manipulation in the stapled group
      resulted in higher anal canal resting pressures and a lower incidence of leakage.
      The maximum tolerated volume and compliance was greater in the S pouch group than
      in the J group. Although the median frequency of defecation was equal in both
      pouch groups, fewer S pouch patients had nocturnal defecations. Anal canal
      resting tone may be the primary factor affecting continence following TPC and
      IPAA, but a compliant pouch may prevent leakage if sphincter function is
      compromised.

PMID- 1813641
TI  - Surgical diagnosis of bronchopulmonary disease in Nigerians: the role of
      mediastinal biopsy.
AB  - Surgical diagnostic procedures were done on 33 Nigerians (20 males and 13 females
      [mean age 47.0 years +/- 20.5 SD]) who presented with atypical noneffusive
      bronchopulmonary diseases between 1982 and 1988. Rigid bronchoscopy was done 16
      times with or without mediastinal biopsy. Mediastinal biopsy was done through
      scalene, supraclavicular, or suprasternal approach or by anterior mediastinotomy
      on 23 occasions. Diagnostic yield and clinicopathologic concurrence for the 23
      mediastinal biopsies were 91.3% and 95.6%, respectively. No deaths were
      associated with these biopsy procedures.

PMID- 1813642
TI  - Sexual abstinence in patients with HIV infection: a 2-year follow-up study.
AB  - Thirty-five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients were followed
      over a 2-year period. All agreed to abstain from sexual intercourse. This group
      had a low level of recurring infections. A comparison study of sexually active
      HIV males is underway.

PMID- 1813643
TI  - Distal common bile duct stricture and secondary biliary cirrhosis due to
      choledocholithiasis.
AB  - This case report documents a patient who presented with retained common bile duct
      (CBD) stones, recurrent attacks of cholangitis, CBD stricture, and secondary
      biliary cirrhosis. Endoscopic or surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis must
      be considered early in treatment.

PMID- 1813644
TI  - Discipline and order.

PMID- 1813645
TI  - Special report: evaluating the benefit-risk of dental implants provides informed
      consent. 1. Establishing the basic requirements for a standard of care in implant
      dentistry.

PMID- 1813646
TI  - Dutch consensus on guidelines for superstructures on endosseous implants in the
      edentulous mandible.
AB  - This consensus report has been reached under the authority of the Dutch Society
      for Oral Implantology and the Dutch Society for Prosthetic Dentistry by a panel
      of Dutch dentists and prosthodontists (listed above) who are involved in the
      treatment of patients with oral implants, either via practice or via research.
      They were commissioned with a task to "formulate guidelines for the prosthetic
      treatment of edentulous patients receiving oral implants in the mandible".

PMID- 1813647
TI  - A review of the intraosseous course of the nerves of the mandible.
AB  - A review of the literature revealed that a common feature of all human mandibles
      is a large nerve (inferior alveolar nerve, IAN) between the mandibular and mental
      foramina. This nerve sends branches directly to the teeth or contributes a
      variable number of branches to a plexus of nerves which does the same. The plexus
      originates from a separate nerve that enters the mandibular foramen. The nerve
      plexus has been demonstrated by dissections and not by radiology. The buccal
      lingual and superior-inferior positions of the IAN were not consistent among
      mandibles. The intramandibular IAN frequently ran a concave curve with a
      posterior segment descending as it progressed anteriorly and an anterior segment
      that ascended to the mental foramen. A bony canal was not always observed between
      the mandibular and mental foramina. The canal frequently lacked definite walls,
      especially near the mental foramen. Bilateral symmetry (location of the canal in
      each half of the mandible) was common, whereas duplications of the canal were
      rare. Nutrient canals and other branches of the mandibular nerve have been
      observed within the mandible. These may have been confused for the IAN or may
      contribute to the plexus of nerves.

PMID- 1813648
TI  - The histologic evaluation of the implant interface with heterograft and allograft
      materials--an eight-month autopsy report, Part II.
AB  - This paper presents post mortem histologic specimens of the implant/osseous
      tissue interface from a patient who had had simultaneous bilateral maxillary
      sinus augmentation and root-form implant placement eight months prior. Two
      implants were observed: One implant was totally submerged in bone and graft
      material (2E), and other implant (3E) was devoid of bone at the apex. Microscopic
      examination revealed that a bony interface existed around implant 2E but that
      implant 3E had minimal bony interface. It is suggested that the minimal bony
      interface was the result of minor implant movement induced by variations in
      barometric pressure on the apex of implant 3E, and that eight months would not
      have been enough healing time prior to loading for this patient.

PMID- 1813649
TI  - The Periotest method for determining implant success.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to show that the currently accepted methods for the
      determination of implant stability are unpredictable. It describes those
      techniques that are currently utilized for the assessment of implant success and
      discusses the problems they present. The paper will propose the Periotest method
      as a reliable and reproducible alternative to the methods currently available to
      the clinician for determining implant stability.

PMID- 1813650
TI  - Endosteal implants in a patient with corticosteroid dependence.

PMID- 1813651
TI  - Poncho-guided tissue regeneration.

PMID- 1813652
TI  - The tri-spade drill for endosseous dental implant installation.
AB  - Many aspects of endosseous dental implant practice have been addressed over the
      past several decades. While most of this attention has centered on the dental
      implant body itself and, most recently, on various aspects of prosthetic
      restoration, the installation armamentarium for site preparation and implant
      placement has been neglected. Drills, in particular, have received minimal
      attention, with most drills currently used for implant placement being identical,
      or nearly identical, to century-old wood or metal cutting instruments. The tri
      spade drill design represents an innovation that has evolved from analysis of
      currently used implant drills, drill mechanics, and the mechanical and physical
      properties of bone, in consideration of the clinical realities of contemporary
      endosseous implant placement. The tri-spade drill design, which features three
      cutting edges, is much more stable in the hands of the practicing clinician. It
      reduces crestal chatter upon entry into the bone site (a stable drilling
      situation), resulting in a more perfectly prepared final hole for placement of a
      cylindrical root-form dental implant. The drill tip angle is designed
      specifically for use with bone; the reaming action associated with the sharpened
      cutting edges adjacent to the large side flutes also allows for efficient debris
      removal. The tri-spade drill design represents an incremental increase in the
      dental implant armamentarium and efficacy for the installation of endosseous
      cylindrical dental implants.

PMID- 1813653
TI  - A clinical technique for modification of dentures during the implant healing
      phase.
AB  - Merely relieving the tissue surface of an existing denture to be used during
      implant healing may cause loading of the fixtures during occlusal movements.
      Creating a window and filling it with soft-tissue conditioner can result in
      denture breakage. This paper presents a technique for the maintenance of hard
      denture base in the fixture area, which is completely out of contact with the
      healing caps, even during forceful seating.

PMID- 1813654
TI  - Post-operative maxillary cyst associated with a maxillary sinus elevation
      procedure: a case report.
AB  - Proper diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical manipulation of the posterior
      maxilla require a thorough knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology
      associated with the maxillary sinus. This case report of a post-operative
      maxillary cyst diagnosed following routine post-operative examination of a sinus
      elevation procedure illustrates the need for a meticulous surgical technique,
      proper management of complications, and routine, long-term follow-up. With the
      increased utilization of sinus elevation techniques, reports of this destructive
      lesion may become more common.

PMID- 1813655
TI  - History of intramucosal inserts.

PMID- 1813656
TI  - Natural and experimental periodontal diseases in non-human primates.

PMID- 1813657
TI  - ICI 181,037: a novel eukalemic diuretic with antiarrhythmic activity.
AB  - ICI 181,037, the most active compound from a series of 1,1-diarylcarbin-1-ol-2
      amines, was evaluated for diuretic and cardiovascular activity. In saline-loaded
      rats, the magnitude of water diuresis and saluresis produced by ICI 181,037 (10
      mg/kg, p.o.) was equal to that of hydrochlorothiazide. Water diuresis and
      saluresis produced by ICI 181,037 were enhanced with SKF 525A, ampicillin or
      neomycin plus lincomycin, suggesting that ICI 181,037 is an active diuretic. In
      conscious dogs, the saluretic activity of ICI d-181,037 (5 mg/kg, p.o.) was about
      80% of the corresponding hydrochlorothiazide value, whereas the l-isomer
      demonstrated only minimum saluretic activity. In both rats and dogs, the
      concurrent kaliuresis after ICI 181,037 or its enantiomers was minimal as
      compared to hydrochlorothiazide. Following chronic dosing with diuretic doses,
      the basal levels of plasma potassium in dogs were not altered. In amphibian in
      vitro models for mimicking mammalian nephron, ICI 181,037 and its enantiomers
      demonstrated antinatriferic and antichloriferic activities, suggesting multiple
      renal sites of action for this agent. Racemic ICI 181,037 and its isomers
      reversed ouabain-induced arrhythmia in dogs and/or reduced the ouabain-induced
      mortality in mice after intravenous administration. It is concluded that ICI
      181,037, particularly its d-isomer, is a novel eukalemic diuretic and possesses
      antiarrhythmic activity.

PMID- 1813658
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin, but not iron supplementation, improves anemia
      in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis.
AB  - Pathophysiological and therapeutic properties of anemia in rats with adjuvant
      induced arthritis (AA) were investigated. Both anemia and chronic inflammation
      were induced in rats by a single injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. This
      study confirmed other earlier data that these anemic rats with AA had reduced
      serum iron levels and that the anemia was characterized as mild, non-progressive,
      hypochromic, microcytic. In addition, our studies showed that these anemic rats
      had slightly but significantly enhanced erythropoietin titers, but not renal
      failure; there was no significant difference in blood urea nitrogen and
      creatinine levels in anemic and normal groups. The anemia in rats with AA was
      improved by recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) at 30 and 100 U/kg/day,
      given i.v. for 5 days. In contrast, iron-chondroitin-sulfate colloid (10
      mg/kg/day, i.v. for 5 days) failed to improve the anemia and to enhance the
      effects of r-HuEPO. These data suggest that anemia in rats with adjuvant-induced
      arthritis is distinguished, pathophysiologically and therapeutically, from iron
      deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, and renal anemia.

PMID- 1813661
TI  - Circadian periodicity in the duration of decapitation-induced gasping in mice.
AB  - The circadian variation of decapitation-induced gasping was investigated by
      measuring the gasping duration of isolated mouse head after decapitation under
      both normal and restricted feeding conditions. In the normally fed mice, there
      was a circadian periodicity in the gasping duration: it was longer during the
      light period than during the dark period. The circadian periodicity was
      completely reversed by the restriction of food. The circadian periodicity of the
      gasping duration were conversely parallel to those of body temperature in both
      normal and feeding restricted mice, and regression analysis revealed a negative
      correlation between the gasping duration and body temperature. Furthermore,
      pentobarbital and ethanol, agents that caused hypothermia, markedly prolonged the
      gasping duration. These findings suggest that there is a circadian periodicity in
      the brain reactivity after complete ischemia, which may be associated with the
      changes of body temperature.

PMID- 1813660
TI  - Basal forebrain lesioned mice exhibit deterioration in memory acquisition process
      in step through passive avoidance test.
AB  - Effects of the basal forebrain (BF) lesion on memory and learning performances
      were investigated in mice. Eight-week-old male mice received bilateral BF lesion
      by delivering a radiofrequency current. From fifteen days after the surgery, the
      step through type passive avoidance task was performed daily for 10 days.
      Lesioned animals showed severe impairment in the acquisition process of this
      task, but not in the retention process. Ambulatory activity of the BF-lesioned
      mice did not differ from those of the control group, suggesting the observed
      learning impairment was not due to the alteration of motor activity. These
      results indicate that a memory impaired model mice can be successfully made by
      the radiofrequency lesion of bilateral BF neurons.

PMID- 1813659
TI  - The effect of tacrine (THA) on cycloheximide- and basal forebrain lesion-induced
      memory deficit in rats.
AB  - The effects of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine), an active
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on cycloheximide- and basal forebrain (BF) lesion
      induced memory deficit in the water maze and passive avoidance task were
      investigated. While cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) produced amnesia in the
      passive avoidance task, chronic administration of tacrine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg,
      once a day for 1 week) improved the amnesia. BF lesion produced amnesia in both
      the water maze and passive avoidance tasks. Chronic tacrine (0.1-3 mg/kg, passive
      avoidance task, or 0.3 mg/kg, water maze task, once a day for 1 week) improved BF
      lesion-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance and water maze tasks. These
      results suggest that tacrine may be useful for senile dementia.

PMID- 1813662
TI  - Synergistic stimulation of prostaglandin E2 release by epidermal growth factor
      and a tumor promoter anthralin from primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells.
AB  - The tumor promoter anthralin stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic
      acid release from primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells. Epidermal growth
      factor (EGF) hardly stimulated PGE2 release by itself; however, a combination of
      anthralin and EGF synergistically stimulated PGE2 release. Neither anthralin, EGF
      nor EGF plus anthralin affected the incorporation of arachidonic acid into
      cellular phospholipids at least up to 2 hr after the stimulation by these agents.
      In the presence of EGF, however, [3H]arachidonic acid in the medium decreased
      substantially 4-8 hr after the addition of this agent, indicating that EGF
      suppresses [3H]arachidonic acid release and stimulates the incorporation of
      [3H]arachidonic acid into the cells during this time period. Cellular
      cyclooxygenase activity was increased by treating the cells either with anthralin
      or EGF, and it was synergistically increased by EGF plus anthralin. Both
      cycloheximide and actinomycin D inhibited the increase in cyclooxygenase activity
      caused by EGF plus anthralin. These results indicate that the synergistic
      stimulation of PGE2 release caused by EGF plus anthralin is due to a synergistic
      stimulation of arachidonic acid release (in the early phase of stimulation) and a
      synergistic increase in cyclooxygenase activity, probably a synergistic induction
      of cyclooxygenase, by these agents.

PMID- 1813663
TI  - Aggravation by the capsaicin-treatment of gastric antral ulcer induced by the
      combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, aspirin and ammonia in rats.
AB  - The effect of capsaicin-sensitive nerve degeneration (capsaicin-treatment) was
      investigated on the antral ulcer induction by the combined administration of 2
      deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 200 mg/kg, i.v.), aspirin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and 1% ammonia
      solution (10 ml/kg, p.o.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. On the 2nd day after ulcer
      induction, erosive lesions were seen in the corpus, and ulcers penetrating into
      the muscularis mucosae were also seen in the antrum. In the capsaicin-treated
      rats, the antral ulcer was significantly aggravated as compared with that in
      capsaicin non-treated rats, although no difference was noted in the formation of
      corpus lesions between capsaicin-treated rats and non-treated rats. Acid output
      was investigated in pylorus ligated rats. 2-DG significantly increased the acid
      output. A significant increase in acid output was also observed in capsaicin
      treated rats, and this increase tended to be augmented by the additional
      treatment with 2-DG. Atropine sulfate inhibited the significant increase in acid
      output of the capsaicin-treated rats. In all rats, both capsaicin-treated and
      pylorus-ligated, 2-DG induced antral ulcers that penetrated into the muscularis
      mucosae. From the above results, it was suggested that capsaicin-sensitive nerve
      degeneration modifies the gastroprotective ability in the antral mucosa to a
      greater extent than in the fundic mucosa, and this aggravation may be caused by
      activation of the vagus nerve, although the role of acid is not completely
      excluded.

PMID- 1813664
TI  - Antiemetic effects of YM060, a potent and selective serotonin (5HT)3-receptor
      antagonist, in ferrets and dogs.
AB  - YM060, (R)-5-[(1-methyl-3-indolyl)carbonyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-benzimidazole
      hydrochloride, is a new serotonin (5HT)3-receptor antagonist. We examined the
      effects of YM060 on chemotherapeutic agent-, apomorphine- and copper sulfate
      induced emesis. Intravenous YM060 potently prevented cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.v.)
      induced emesis with ED50 values of 0.06 (0.05-0.07) micrograms/kg, i.v. in
      ferrets. Based on the ED50 values, YM060 was 300, 20 and 100 times more potent
      than ondansetron, granisetron and the S-isomer of YM060, respectively. The
      relative potencies of these drugs described above were similar to those in the
      previously reported 5HT3-receptor antagonism. YM060 given orally also potently
      inhibited cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.p.)- and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p.)
      induced emesis in ferrets with ED50 values of 0.1 (0.09-0.11) and 0.02 (0.16
      0.27) micrograms/kg, p.o., respectively. All tested 5HT3-receptor antagonists
      including YM060 failed to prevent apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced emesis in
      dogs and copper sulfate (1%, 10 ml, p.o.)-induced emesis in ferrets. Our data
      indicate that YM060 is a highly potent inhibitor of chemotherapeutic agent
      induced emesis and that the antiemetic effect of YM060 may be depend on 5HT3
      receptor antagonism.

PMID- 1813665
TI  - Succinylcholine-induced acceleration and suppression of electrically evoked
      acetylcholine release from mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm muscle preparation.
AB  - The effects of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker on electrically evoked
      acetylcholine (ACh) release were studied using a mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm
      muscle preparation preloaded with [3H]-choline, and the changes in muscle tension
      were recorded simultaneously. Succinylcholine at a low concentration (1 microM)
      enhanced evoked [3H]-ACh release, which tended to follow the increase in peak
      amplitude of tetanic tension; whereas at high concentrations (10 and 30 microM),
      it simultaneously reduced both release and tension. Decamethonium even at 10 and
      30 microM had little effect on [3H]-ACh release despite producing a significantly
      greater reduction in tension compared with succinylcholine. (+)-Tubocurarine (5
      microM) prevented the enhancing effect of [3H]-ACh release induced by 1 microM,
      but not the decreasing effect induced by 10 microM succinylcholine. These results
      suggest that succinylcholine induced acceleration at low concentrations due to a
      positive feedback mechanism through presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors and the
      inhibition of ACh release at high concentration contributes in part to the
      neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 1813666
TI  - Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in experimental spinal cord injury:
      a quantitative histopathologic study.
AB  - Spinal cord injuries in rats were experimentally produced by compressing the cord
      (T11 vertebra level) for 60 min with stainless steel screws. Morphometric
      analysis of the injured cord revealed that at 14 days post-injury, there were
      significant correlations between the neurologic score (NS) and all morphometric
      parameters, including total cross-sectional area (rs = 0.438), lesioned area (rs
      = -0.421) and area of the gray (rs = 0.377) and white matter (rs = 0.704).
      Although rats treated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 22.5 mg/kg, s.c.,
      twice daily for 7 days starting 24 hr post-injury) showed significant improvement
      in NS 14 days post-injury, there were no significant differences in morphometric
      parameters between saline- and TRH-treated rats. In addition, no significant
      correlation was observed between NS and any of the morphometric parameters in TRH
      treated rats, even though there was a significant correlation between the area of
      white matter and NS in saline-treated rats. These results suggest that neurologic
      recovery closely reflects the histopathological changes evident at the injury
      site in the present model, and that the improvement of neurologic status seen in
      rats with cord injury given TRH starting 24 hr post-injury is not due to
      protection against progression of neural damage at the injury site.

PMID- 1813667
TI  - Cytotoxic action of triphenyltin on mouse thymocytes: a flow-cytometric study
      using fluorescent dyes for membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+.
AB  - Effects of triphenyltin on mouse thymocytes were examined using fluorescent dyes
      to monitor membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+. Triphenyltin at 3 x 10(-7)
      M to 1 x 10(-6) M hyperpolarized thymocytes and depolarized them at 3 x 10(-6) M
      or more, associated with increasing intracellular Ca2+. Hyperpolarization was
      suppressed by quinine, but not by tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine,
      suggesting the involvement of Ca(2+)-activated K+ current. Triphentyltin failed
      to hyperpolarize thymocytes in Ca(2+)-free solution. Results indicate that
      triphenyltin promotes Ca(2+)-influx to thymocytes. Such an action of triphenyltin
      may be related to the immunotoxicity of organotins.

PMID- 1813668
TI  - Differential antagonism of the stimulant effects of MK-801 and methamphetamine by
      ceruletide: evaluation by discrete shuttle avoidance response in mice.
AB  - A noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the
      response rate of mice trained under the discrete shuttle avoidance situation to a
      degree similar to the increase by methamphetamine (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.p.). The
      cholecystokinin-like decapeptide ceruletide significantly reduced the response
      increasing effect of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) at 0.001 micrograms/kg; however, only 10
      micrograms/kg of ceruletide, which per se inhibited the response, attenuated that
      of methamphetamine (0.3 mg/kg). The coadministration of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) and
      methamphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) produced no potentiation of the effect, and almost
      the same effect was maintained even after the additional administration of
      ceruletide (0.1 microgram/kg).

PMID- 1813670
TI  - Chronopharmacology of trichlormethiazide in rats: (III). Influence on serum
      triglyceride and glucose.
AB  - Trichlormethiazide was given orally to rats at 10 a.m. or 10 p.m. for 14 days.
      The diuretic effects of the agent at 10 a.m. were greater than those at 10 p.m.
      on day 14. Serum concentrations of triglyceride and glucose increased in both
      trials. The increments in these parameters were enhanced following
      trichlormethiazide at 10 a.m. These data indicate that the diuretic effects of
      trichlormethiazide and its untoward influences on serum metabolic parameters
      might vary with the administration time during a repeated therapy.

PMID- 1813669
TI  - Endothelin-1-induced phosphorylation of the 20-kDa myosin light chain and
      caldesmon in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle.
AB  - Endothelin-1 (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor, induces a sustained increase in the
      phosphorylation level of the 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC) in porcine coronary
      artery strips. ET also induces late phosphorylation of caldesmon, which is
      mimicked by 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, but not by 60 mM KCl. Nitroglycerin,
      a vasorelaxant, completely reverses the ET-induced phosphorylation of MLC, but
      not that of caldesmon. These results suggest an important regulatory role of MLC
      phosphorylation in ET-induced contraction.

PMID- 1813672
TI  - Interface between shamanism and psychiatry in Miyako Islands, Okinawa, Japan: a
      viewpoint from medical and psychiatric anthropology.
AB  - This study is the first report regarding the borderland between psychiatry and
      shamanism in Miyako Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Folk healing practices are still
      flourishing on the islands. Most mentally ill persons we examined admitted to
      having consulted shamans. Although there is a need to assess the positive and
      negative effects of shamanistic practices on Miyako Islands' health care system
      as a whole, this report indicates the urgent need to come to terms with the
      interaction between shamanism and psychiatry on a multidimensional level. We
      describe here psychotic illness attributed to kandaari. These cases underline the
      importance of understanding "the explanatory model" (Kleinman 1979) of people as
      regards the causes and the effective healing of illness. From the viewpoint of
      medical and psychiatric anthropology, aspects of the treatment of such patients
      in the biocultural context are described.

PMID- 1813671
TI  - Gastric antisecretory activity of 15(R)-15-methylprostaglandin E2, arbaprostil,
      in dogs.
AB  - The gastric antisecretory activity of 15(R)-15-methylprostaglandin E2
      (arbaprostil) was compared with that of natural prostaglandin (PG) E2 in Pavlov
      pouch dogs. Arbaprostil significantly inhibited pentagastrin- and food-stimulated
      gastric secretion when it was administered directly into the pouch at a dose of
      10-30 micrograms/pouch and 30-300 micrograms/pouch, respectively. Natural PGE2,
      however, was inactive up to 1000 micrograms/pouch. The data indicate that
      arbaprostil is a potent, long-acting orally active antisecretory drug that may be
      useful for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 1813673
TI  - Clinical study of insomnia, a common disorder in primary care: from a viewpoint
      of consultation-liaison psychiatry.
AB  - A total of 100 new patients was investigated who consulted the Department of
      Psychiatry of Tosei General Hospital concerning insomnia as a chief complaint.
      The average age of the subjects was 52, with an age range of 13-88, and a male
      female ratio of 1:22. According to the DSM-III-R classification, primary sleep
      disorder was most frequent (39%), followed by affective disorders (34%), organic
      mental disorders (9%), anxiety disorders (6%), psychoactive substance use
      disorders (4%), psychotic disorders not elsewhere classified (4%), and others.
      Various psychosocial stressors were observed in 40% of the subjects, and
      concurrent major physical disorders in 44% of the subjects. Based on the results,
      the role of consultation-liaison psychiatry in treatment of sleep disorders and
      primary care was discussed.

PMID- 1813674
TI  - Personality traits of patients with anxiety neurosis.
AB  - A total of 104 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed as anxiety neurosis according to
      Feighner's Diagnostic Criteria was investigated pre- and/or after illness by
      using a personality trait checklist designed for this study. The seven traits
      that appeared most frequently in patient clinical records were chosen for a
      further study: readily concerned; strong sense of responsibility; social;
      considerate; impatient; dependent; introspective. The investigation revealed that
      the frequencies of the "social" and "strong sense of responsibility" traits were
      conspicuously low, while the "dependent" trait was conspicuously high in the
      after illness trait profile compared to the premorbid profile. As for the
      premorbid personality traits and recoveries, the poor recovery group showed a
      relatively low "considerate" trait and a conspicuously high "impatient" trait
      profile.

PMID- 1813675
TI  - Shoma Morita, founder of Morita therapy, and haiku poet Shiki: origin of Morita
      therapy.
AB  - A hypothesis that Shiki's struggle for life probably influenced the creation of
      Morita therapy is presented. Although Morita had no personal acquaintance with
      Shiki, they did have three common friends in Terada, Wakao and Katori.
      Considering this, as well as the renown of Shiki's works, Morita likely knew much
      of Shiki and may have been deeply impressed by his approach to life. Several
      essential concepts of Morita therapy such as absolute bed-rest, anguish and
      deliverance, "Arugamama," "Jijitsu Yuishin," desire to live, and the importance
      of keeping a diary can be found in Shiki's lifestyle and in his literary theory.

PMID- 1813676
TI  - The developmental mode of adolescent psychopathology: from the pathogenic
      viewpoint of the eating disorder.
AB  - The developmental mode of eating disorder was studied by investigating 48 cases
      in detail. After various factors were examined, it appeared certain that the
      intensification of adolescent turmoil as well as the neurotic level of
      determinants can become the strong driving force and the cause of eating
      disorder. Among most cases, the less sprightly life is dominant around
      preadolescence, which affects the orientation of psychopathology in adolescence.
      Under the influence of the developmental mode in preadolescence, every case
      determines how to utilize adolescent mentality (asceticism and indulgence colored
      by masochism and defiance vs. obedience). With this standpoint, the author
      illustrates how there may occur branching out of the subtype of eating disorder.

PMID- 1813677
TI  - Contributions of genetic studies to clinical psychiatry.
AB  - Recent twin and family studies have demonstrated a genetic factor in Gilles de la
      Tourette syndrome, some cases of infantile autism, enuresis, specific reading
      disability, sleepwalking, night terrors, common fears and anxiety. Family studies
      have been used to elucidate the nosological relationship of psychiatric
      disorders; e.g. anorexia nervosa (to affective disorder), Gilles de la Tourette
      syndrome, and sleeptalking. Advances in biochemical genetics and in enzyme
      polymorphisms suggest that there are wide individual variations in the adverse
      effects of drugs and that dosage should be tailored to the individual patient.
      Recently molecular genetic methods have been introduced to psychiatry, but a
      major breakthrough in this field appears to be still years away.

PMID- 1813678
TI  - The current clinical practice of herbal medicine in psychiatry in mainland China:
      a review of literature.
AB  - The current clinical psychiatric practice of herbal medicine in the People's
      Republic of China was explored by reviewing the literature. The results found in
      many of the articles were lacking methodological strictness. Some reliable
      articles reported that certain herbal medicines were effective for psychiatric
      conditions, and that a combination treatment of modern drugs with herbs was
      useful for the enhancement of the efficacy and the reduction of both recovery
      time and side effects. It is suggested that more sophisticated investigations are
      necessary to corroborate any conclusions concerning the value for herbal medicine
      in the psychiatric field.

PMID- 1813679
TI  - Analysis of EEG changes between the frontal and occipital cortex during speech.
AB  - A method of spatiotemporal analysis, using time series analysis techniques to
      represent activity in multiple brain regions, was applied to the interpretation
      of EEG information changes between the frontal and occipital areas during speech.
      This paper proposes and discusses a bidirectional communication model between the
      frontal and occipital cortices. Entropy analysis was introduced and used to
      simplify the calculation of transinformation in two dimensions. In this work,
      transinformation with direction between the frontal and occipital cortices before
      and during speech was investigated quantitatively for 11 subjects. The dominant
      information flow in the occipital-frontal direction was found immediately before
      speech in the right hemisphere. During speech, the dominant information flow was
      found in the occipital-frontal direction in both the right and left hemispheres.
      These results suggest that the method used in our work is feasible to analyze EEG
      signals in language processes.

PMID- 1813680
TI  - Progressive systemic sclerosis with mental disorder.
AB  - We present a clinical case of a 43-year-old female with progressive systemic
      sclerosis, Basedow's disease, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus. She
      twice developed exacerbations of a psychotic state. She showed a depressive state
      followed by a paranoic hallucinatory state and stupor. Electroencephalograms
      revealed slow abnormal records both in psychotic and remitting periods and 123I
      IMP SPECT of the brain showed a low blood flow in the psychotic stage. A case of
      progressive diffuse sclerosis with a paranoic hallucinatory state is rarely
      reported. As her Basedow's disease had been well controlled, the psychotic
      symptoms of the present case are regarded as organic hallucinosis and organic
      delusional disorder due to progressive diffuse sclerosis.

PMID- 1813681
TI  - Ramsay Hunt syndrome with mental disorder.
AB  - This is a case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome with mental disorder. The patient had
      action myoclonus, grand mal seizure and severe cerebellar ataxia. Schizophrenia
      like symptoms including delusion of persecution and self-reference, auditory
      hallucination and incoherence were characteristically observed before the
      neurological disturbance became manifest. Subsequently, euphoria, disinhibition,
      moria and mild dementia appeared with neurological symptoms. The possibility of
      Ramsay Hunt syndrome to accompany organic mental syndromes and the relationship
      between cerebellar dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms are discussed.

PMID- 1813682
TI  - Interleukin-6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - We developed the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin-6
      (IL-6). The detection limit was 30 pg per ml. Using this method, we examined the
      IL-6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of 10 patients with multiple sclerosis
      (MS) and 12 age-matched normal controls. IL-6 was detected in 6 out of 10
      patients with MS. There was no significant correlation between the IL-6 levels
      and other parameters, including IgG, IgG index, cell counts, total protein and
      albumin in the CSF. Our results suggest that IL-6 detected in the MS-CSF may have
      no correlation to the immunological processes.

PMID- 1813683
TI  - Localization of the mRNAs for two dopamine D2 receptor isoforms in the rat brain.
AB  - Two molecular forms of the dopamine D2 receptor were generated by alternative RNA
      splicing. To investigate the relative distributions of the two mRNAs encoding the
      D2 receptor isoforms, D2(415) and D2(444), we performed in situ hybridization
      histochemistry in the rat brain with the two oligonucleotide probes. An insert
      probe complementary to an additional fragment of the D2 receptor mRNA cloned from
      the rat brain, and a spanning probe complementary to its contiguous sequence were
      used. These 48 base probes were 3'-end labeled with [35S]dATP. The brains were
      dissected from male SD rats and frozen in dry ice and acetone. Cryostat sections
      (16 microns) were collected on gelatin coated slides and stored at -20 degrees C.
      In situ hybridization studies were conducted with a probe concentration of 1 x
      10(6) dpm/100 microliters of buffer per brain slice at 37 degrees C for 18-20 h
      in a humid chamber. The slides were washed, dried and exposed to tritium
      sensitive film for one week. The autoradiograph showed that both mRNA were
      present at high levels in the corpus striatum, accumbens nucleus and substantia
      nigra (pars compacta). Identical patterns of labeling were obtained in the rat
      brain using both the insert and spanning probes, although the optical densities
      detected with the insert probe were higher than those with the spanning probe in
      the corpus striatum. This suggests that both D2 receptor mRNAs are expressed
      similarly in each region of the rat brain and D2(444) expressed dominantly in the
      corpus striatum.

PMID- 1813684
TI  - The natural history and timing of the radical operation for subpulmonic
      ventricular septal defects.
AB  - In order to further understand the natural history and timing of repair for
      subpulmonic (type I) ventricular septal defect (VSD), 70 patients who underwent
      radical surgery were reviewed. The patients with this type of VSD accounted for
      30 per cent of a total 236 children with types I, II and III VSD who underwent
      repair between 1978 and 1989. The frequency of aortic regurgitation was 30 per
      cent, being higher in the group aged older than 10 years than in the younger
      group (p less than 0.05). The median ages of patients with normal, prolapsed and
      regurgitated valves were 5, 6.5, and 10 years, respectively, and each value
      exhibited significant differences (p less than 0.05). The left to right shunt
      ratio and systolic pulmonary artery pressure of the patients with normal valves
      were significantly higher than those of the patients with abnormal valves. The
      outcome of the patients with regurgitation varied according to Sellers grading
      with cases of grade two valvular deformities recovering well after the repair,
      while cases of grade three had deformities of grade one or two severity
      remaining. These results led us to establish the following strategy for patients
      with I-VSD: 1) a child should be regularly checked by USG; 2) a child noted as
      having a prolapsing valve is recommended to undergo repair by the age of 10 to 12
      years; and 3) a child found to have regurgitation should undergo repair as soon
      as possible, unless the valve regurgitation does not become more severe than
      Sellers grade two.

PMID- 1813685
TI  - Primary adrenocortical tumors in autopsy records--a survey of "Cumulative Reports
      in Japan" from 1973 to 1984.
AB  - All cases of primary adrenocortical tumors, including those found incidentally,
      recorded in the Pathological Autopsy Case Annuals of Japan during a 12 year
      period from 1973 to 1984 were surveyed. Age- and sex-specific incidences of
      lesions were estimated from the population, mortality and autopsy statistics for
      the same period. There were 101 adenomas, 77 of which were presumed to be non
      functional, and 222 carcinomas. The age-specific distribution profiles of both
      the benign and malignant tumors showed single peaks in the sixties and could not
      be distinguished from one another. The estimated age-specific distribution of
      morbidity of the non-functional adenomas showed a peak at about 10 years younger
      than that found in the autopsy records, although it was again similar to that of
      carcinoma derived from various clinical reports. The morbidity of the non
      functional adenomas per 100,000 population was almost equal to that of breast
      cancer in Japan, being highest in the fifties age group with more than 4,000
      people a year being suggested to have adenoma in this age bracket.

PMID- 1813686
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism following the atomic bombing in Nagasaki.
AB  - Forty-three patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT), including 20 atomic bomb
      survivors (46.5 per cent) were treated surgically in our institute during the
      last 19 years. The mean age of the patients at the time of atomic bomb exposure
      (AB*E) was 17.6 +/- 1.5 years. The mean latent interval between atomic bomb
      exposure and detection of HPT was 39.1 +/- 1.1 years. We compared the 20 AB*E
      patients with 23 patients who had a history of neither atomic bomb exposure nor
      therapeutic irradiation to the neck region (non-AB*E patients). It was determined
      that females were more prominently affected by HPT than males among AB*E
      patients. The parathyroid lesions in AB*E patients consisted of adenoma in 16
      patients and hyperplasia in 4. A similar proportion of pathological lesions was
      also observed in non-AB*E patients. Thyroid lesions accompanied by HPT, however,
      were more often revealed in AB*E patients than in non-AB*E patients. The two most
      common lesions in AB*E patients were papillary carcinoma in 3 patients (15 per
      cent) and adenoma in 3 (15 per cent). These findings suggest that atomic bomb
      survivors may be at a greater risk of developing HPT with a high incidence of
      accompanying thyroid disease.

PMID- 1813687
TI  - Esophageal reconstruction using microvascular anastomosis to the thoracoacromial
      artery and cephalic vein.
AB  - For reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus following
      pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy, free gut transfer revascularized to such cervical
      vessels as the cervical transverse artery and external jugular vein is commonly
      performed. However, for reconstruction of the esophagus in the cervicothoracic
      junction or anterior to the chest wall, using the cervical vessels has more
      disadvantages than using the vessels in the chest wall. Thus, we developed a
      method of using the throracoacromial artery and cephalic vein for vascular
      anastomoses of a free jejunal graft and report herein our results in six cases.
      Three of these cases underwent reconstruction for an esophageal defect anterior
      to the chest wall, while the other three underwent reconstruction of the thoracic
      esophagus using a colonic pedicle graft. Satisfactory results were obtained in
      five of the six cases. Therefore, we recommend the use of the thoracoacromial
      artery and cephalic vein in vascular anastomoses during a free gut transfer or
      colonic pedicle graft for reconstruction of the esophagus anterior to the chest
      wall.

PMID- 1813688
TI  - Change in the acid protease activity in plasma of patients with disseminated
      intravascular coagulation.
AB  - Lysosomal protease was determined in the serum of patients with disseminated
      intravascular coagulation (DIC) to clarify whether the platelet count is an
      appropriate diagnostic index which allows the early initiation of treatment. The
      platelet count and the serum level of cathepsin D, a lysosomal protease, were
      determined in 60 patients diagnosed to have DIC. The cathepsin D activity could
      not be detected in the sera of healthy individuals with a platelet count of
      100,000 or above, but was detectable in the serum of DIC patients with a platelet
      count of 100,000, and this activity increased as the platelet count decreased to
      70,000 and 50,000, and was about 5 times higher at a platelet count of 30,000
      than at 70,000. In DIC patients, the decrease in the platelet count was
      correlated with the increase in the serum lysosomal protease activity. The
      appearance of cathepsin D activity in the serum of DIC patients is considered to
      reflect the release of lysosomal enzyme activities from damaged organs, and the
      treatment for DIC must be initiated before the platelet count decrease below
      100,000, and cathepsin D activity then appears in the serum. At a platelet count
      of 30,000 or less, DIC becomes established, and no therapeutic effects can be
      expected because of the associated multiple organ failure.

PMID- 1813690
TI  - A detailed histological study on occult metastasis of the lymph nodes.
AB  - One representative microsection from each lymph node was carefully surveyed for
      metastasis in a routine examination. To scrutinize the existence of occult
      metastasis, three additional sections were then made from half of the remaining
      lymph node. A total of 1,698 lymph nodes taken from 55 patients with carcinoma of
      the esophagus, stomach, colon, thyroid or breast were thus reexamined
      histologically. The initial examination was not able to prove any metastasis in
      these lymph nodes. Upon reexamination, however, involvement by cancer cells was
      detected in 10 nodes of 7 patients. The maximum diameter of the metastatic foci
      varied from 0.2 mm to 1.3 mm and was less than 0.5 mm in more than half of the
      nodes. The metastatic patterns in the nodes were classified into three types,
      i.e., marginal sinus type, medullary sinus type and mixed type. The marginal
      sinus type was the most frequent, with the mixed type being next and the
      medullary sinus type being found in only one node. Accordingly, surgeons should
      keep the possibility of occult metastasis in mind and the marginal sinus of the
      lymph node should be carefully examined in order to detect any small foci of
      metastasis.

PMID- 1813689
TI  - Surgical experience with nonparasitic cysts of the liver--the characteristics and
      constituents of cyst fluid.
AB  - Fifteen patients with nonparasitic hepatic cysts underwent surgery to relieve
      abdominal complaints, at the First Surgical Department, Tokyo University Hospital
      between 1966 and 1989. Total removal of the cyst was carried out in 14 of the
      patients, while puncture and aspiration only were performed in the other patient
      in whom a cyst had ruptured spontaneously, after which hemoperitoneum was
      observed at emergency laparotomy. The size of the cysts varied from 7-19 cm with
      a mean of 12.4 cm. Histological study revealed a congenital cyst in 14 patients
      and a cystadenoma in one. The epithelium lining of the internal surface of the
      congenital cysts was highly atrophic and desolated and often disappeared.
      Examination of the cyst fluid revealed the same concentration of electrolytes as
      in the serum. Hepatic enzyme levels were usually lower than in the serum, but
      lactic dehydrogenase and aminotransferase levels were elevated in a few cases.
      Tumor marker levels of the cyst fluid were higher than those in the serum in four
      of five patients examined.

PMID- 1813691
TI  - Mechanical properties and immunogenicity of vascular xenografts.
AB  - Polyepoxy compounds (PC) have been introduced as new cross-linking agents to
      overcome some of the disadvantages of glutaraldehyde (GA). In this study, we
      investigated the relationship of the reaction time to the immunogenicity and
      mechanical properties of canine and bovine common carotid arteries cross-linked
      with one of PC, namely, glycerol polyglycidyl ether (GPE). To evaluate mechanical
      properties, we made use of the finite deformation theory. Arteries cross-linked
      with GPE for 48 hours proved to be about 3 times as flexible as those cross
      linked with GA for 48 hours. In the immunogenicity experiments, GPE was observed
      to reduce the immunogenicity of the arteries according to the reaction time, and
      the arteries, which were cross-linked with GPE for 48 hours, showed little
      immunogenicity. It was concluded that GPE is a more suitable cross-linking agent
      than GA, and its optimum reaction time seems to be 48 hours.

PMID- 1813693
TI  - Advanced gastric cancer associated with acute myelocytic leukemia--report of a
      case.
AB  - A case of advanced gastric cancer associated with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)
      is reported. Synchronous double malignancies of gastric cancer and AML are very
      rare. Combination chemotherapy (BHAC-DMP) was used as the method for induction
      and consolidation therapy for AML and a complete remission was obtained. However,
      it failed to show any therapeutic effect on the gastric cancer. A radical
      subtotal gastrectomy was performed with lymphadenectomy. During the postoperative
      course, both respiratory failure and severe thrombocytopenia progressed.
      Fortunately, the patient responded well to mechanical ventilation and the
      administration of heparin. She was discharged on day 52 after surgery, and no
      sign of recurrence of either gastric cancer or AML has been observed over the one
      year period following the gastrectomy. In principle, in order to achieve a good
      prognosis, a radical resection should be carried out for gastric cancer
      associated with AML. However, chemotherapy for AML might make the patient
      vulnerable to surgical stress, although we could not demonstrate any concrete
      evidence which could prove the impairment of host immunity in this case. It is,
      therefore, possible that not only the relapse of AML but also the impairment of
      host immunity may cause some other difficulties during the post-gastrectomy
      course.

PMID- 1813692
TI  - Cryopreservation of hamster pancreatic islets using a rapid cooling rate.
AB  - To clarify the possibility of developing a rapid cooling rate for islet
      cryopreservation, we used a cooling rate of 25 degrees C/min for hamster
      pancreatic islet cryopreservation using 15 per cent dimethylsulfoxide as a
      cryoprotectant. After preservation, these islets were examined for their
      morphology and function by assaying the insulin release after glucose stimulation
      and the contents of the insulin and DNA in 10 islets. In addition, islet cell
      replicatory activity was investigated by an autoradiographic technique. The
      effects of transplantation of the islets upon isogeneic and xenogeneic
      transplantation were also examined. Freezing using a rapid cooling rate of 25
      degrees C/min was found to be as effective as a slow cooling rate of 1 degree
      C/min for hamster islet cryopreservation. Morphologically, the cryopreserved
      islets appeared to be similar to the non-frozen cultured islets. The glucose
      stimulated insulin release and cell replicatory activities in vitro also remained
      unchanged, whereas the number of cells per islet decreased slightly after
      cryopreservation. The grafting of cryopreserved islets normalized streptozotocin
      induced hyperglycemia following isogeneic transplantation. On the other hand, no
      prolongation of graft survivals in the case of the xenogeneic transplantation of
      hamster islets to rats was observed. The isogeneically transplanted islets
      exhibited the same cell replicatory activities in vivo, which was even higher
      compared that of normal hamster pancreatic islets in situ. In conclusion, the
      present findings indicate that hamster pancreatic islets can be successfully
      cryopreserved using a rapid cooling rate, however, it does not appear that this
      treatment reduces islet vulnerability to xenogeneic graft rejection.

PMID- 1813694
TI  - Hemostatic studies of ex situ hepatic surgery.
AB  - Ex situ hepatic surgery, in which a diseased liver is resected from outside the
      body, was first reported in 1988. This study investigates the hemostatic changes
      occurring during such surgery in two cases. During the anhepatic period of more
      than 5 hours, veno-venous bypass without heparin was performed. The tests
      included platelet count, prothrombin activity (PT), partial thromboplastin time
      (PTT), fibrinogen (Fbg), factor II (F.II), factor V (F.V), and
      thromboelastography (TEG). Three to 4 hours after entering the anhepatic phase,
      marked fibrinolysis and a fall in the values of PT, Fbg and F.V. were observed.
      Every parameter temporarily deteriorated immediately after revascularization of
      the graft, however, all returned to almost normal values within 1-2 hours after
      hepatic reperfusion except for F.V and platelets. In conclusion, the coagulopathy
      during ex situ hepatic surgery is caused by the marked fibrinolysis and depletion
      of hemostatic factors which develop 3-4 hours after the onset of the anhepatic
      phase.

PMID- 1813695
TI  - Two cases of retained foreign bodies after cholecystectomy: diagnosis by
      sonography, CT, angiography, and MRI.
AB  - We encountered two cases of subphrenic abscesses around surgical sponges that had
      been left at cholecystectomy. These cases had been operated on either eight years
      or seven years earlier, respectively. These lesions resembled another diseases,
      especially, liver tumors. In order to make a differential diagnosis, various
      diagnostic procedures were carried out. Sonography showed a cystic mass with
      spongiform structures in one case. But in another case, no information of
      internal structures could be obtained because of the presence of a calcified
      wall. On CT, the lesions appeared as either round or elliptic masses that
      contained calcified foci in both cases. Angiography showed the extended and
      compressed branches of the hepatic artery. Spotty stains were also observed in
      one case. This appearance resembled a hepatic tumor. MR demonstrated both T1 and
      T2 elongated masses. The internal structures of the mass were clearly revealed by
      the improved version of the MR machine. MR proved to be extremely useful in
      making a differential diagnosis. It is, however, important to evaluate the
      findings of these imaging procedures synthetically and in association with a
      careful review of a patient's prior surgical history.

PMID- 1813696
TI  - Recurrent valvular pneumoperitoneum caused by a minute gastric ulcer--a case
      report.
AB  - A rare case of valvular pneumoperitoneum is reported. A 49-year-old Japanese man
      underwent an emergency laparotomy under a tentative diagnosis of perforating
      panperitonitis on the 19th post-open heart surgery day. A large volume of free
      intraperitoneal gas was revealed, but no identification of gastrointestinal
      perforation. On the 17th postlaparotomy day, pneumoperitoneum recurred. On the
      41st postlaparotomy day, a tiny gastric perforation was detected with an oral
      contrast medium. The patient died of liver failure due to serum hepatitis. The
      autopsy revealed a minute gastric ulcer scar 2 mm in diameter in the mucosa of
      the fornix, which was thought to have caused the valvular pneumoperitoneum. A
      literature review was made of 8 reports on 11 cases. In two cases of valvular
      pneumoperitoneum, the perforating site could not be found even during laparotomy.
      It is suggested that either gastrointestinal series or endoscopy must be
      carefully repeated in order to identify the perforating site.

PMID- 1813697
TI  - A rare case of splenic hematoma following chronic pancreatitis--the diagnostic
      and therapeutic procedures.
AB  - We describe herein a clinical case in which a subcapsular splenic hematoma
      complicated chronic relapsing pancreatitis. A pathogenetic mechanism is
      postulated that explains the subacute insorgence of the liquid collection with
      the diffusion of proteolytic enzymes between the splenic capsule and parenchyma.
      Radical therapy, consisting of exeresis of the cystic formation, splenectomy and
      caudal pancreatectomy, is recommended for this extremely rare complication.

PMID- 1813698
TI  - Agenesis of the gallbladder--a case report.
AB  - Agenesis of the gallbladder, which is an extremely rare anomaly, may present with
      biliary symptoms but is virtually impossible to diagnose by such conventional
      investigations as oral cholecystogram or ultrasonography. We report herein a case
      of a young man presenting with episodic epigastric pain on whom an
      ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallstones was made. A gallbladder was not
      visualized on oral cholecystogram, however, he was subsequently found to have
      agenesis of the gallbladder, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by intra
      operative cholangiography and a postoperative N-2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyle
      methyl iminodiacetic acid scan (HIDA scan). His symptoms responded to antiulcer
      treatment with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings suggestive of
      oesophagitis and duodenitis.

PMID- 1813700
TI  - Kentucky manpower issues.

PMID- 1813699
TI  - Gastric varices formation due to pancreatic tumor: a case of successful resection
      of cystadenocarcinoma.
AB  - We report a 70-year-old woman with gastric varices due to splenic vein
      obstruction by a cystadenocarcinoma of the caudal pancreas. Most of the
      pancreatic cancer had already extensively progressed and was unresectable when an
      obstruction of the splenic vein was also discovered. Two contributing factors are
      thought to have enabled us to perform a curative resection in this case: (1) the
      gastric varices were detected by chance in a mass survey, (2) the cancer was not
      so advanced as to be unresectable.

PMID- 1813701
TI  - Report of U of L's new geriatric dentistry program.

PMID- 1813702
TI  - [Modern drug therapy in intensive care--concepts? 11th Symposium of the Surgical
      Study Group for Intensive and Emergency Medicine. Cologne, 6-8 December 1990].

PMID- 1813703
TI  - [Effect of the depth of anesthesia on the postoperative course].
AB  - An assessment of the influence of several variables during the perioperative
      period revealed a cause-determining correlation between the explanatory variables
      age, body size, weight, duration of operation, loss of blood, and pain level and
      the physiologic variables adrenaline, total protein, blood glucose level,
      transferrin, cholinesterase and immunoglobulin G that could be statistically be
      proven. An evaluation of the influence of the depth of anesthesia on this cause
      determining correlation demonstrated significant advantages for a deep level of
      anesthesia. The depth of anesthesia should be seen as an influential factor
      during the perioperative period. Anesthesia should therefore not be regarded
      simply as analgesia and loss of consciousness; rather, one should stress the
      psychophysiological attenuation and its negative influence on the sensorimotor
      functions that are accompanied by changes in physiology. The central organ of
      regulation controls the physiological levels of the organism, and changes in
      brain function result in changes in physiology. During the perioperative period,
      rapid and programmed functional mechanisms that are controlled by more primitive
      parts of the brain and thus are not influenced by individual inappropriate
      decisions of the "higher" brain centers are needed for the patient's
      convalescence. This would explain the advantage of a deep level of anesthesia.
      The usual grading of stages of anesthesia according to Gudel provides little help
      in this respect; therefore, an assessment of the depth of anesthesia using EEGs
      and evoked potentials should be combined with an evaluation of physiological
      variables at several other levels of the organism such that further information
      can be obtained on the conditions existing at the onset of the postoperative
      course.

PMID- 1813704
TI  - The colloid-crystalloid controversy.
AB  - The type of fluid that should be infused in the critically ill patient remains
      controversial. In the presence of normal lungs, maintenance of the colloid
      osmotic pressure (COP) can limit the development of pulmonary edema when the
      hydrostatic pressure is raised. When the permeability of the lung capillaries is
      altered, the influence of the type of fluid on the lung function becomes minimal.
      The larger increase obtained in extravascular fluids by the use of crystalloids
      could limit the availability of cellular oxygen. Nevertheless, differences in
      morbidity and mortality have not been related to the type of fluid infused,
      suggesting that the amount of fluid is a more important factor.

PMID- 1813705
TI  - [Oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients--value of
      volumes and vasoactive substances].
AB  - The primary function of the cardio-respiratory system is to meet the oxygen
      demands of the various organs and tissues and to remove metabolic wastes. The
      cellular O2 supply in the critically ill patient afflicted with severe infection,
      sepsis or ARDS is impaired not only by reduced O2 transport to the tissue due to
      myocardial depression caused by inadequate preloading and depressed
      contractility, but also by inadequate blood flow at the regional and
      microcirculatory levels. To obtain adequate tissue oxygenation despite
      derangements of the microcirculation, it is useful to aim for a hyperdynamic
      circulatory state that provides a supramaximal O2 transport. The best way to
      achieve this goal is first to optimize cardiac filling pressures, i.e. to the
      upper range of normal, and then to improve cardiac output using inotropic
      support. Only when the arterial pressure remains too low despite these measures
      is the use of vasopressors indicated.

PMID- 1813706
TI  - [Aggressive volume therapy for prevention of acute renal failure in multiple
      trauma patients].
AB  - Immediate fluid resuscitation is of the utmost importance for patients with
      multiple trauma. Evaluation of this form of treatment for the prevention of acute
      renal failure was the purpose of this study. Of 262 patients with multiple
      trauma, 112 were in shock on admission. The patients were treated with large
      volumes of Ringer's lactate and sodium bicarbonate until urine production was 60
      100 ml/h. Hemoglobin and electrolytes were substituted according to the
      laboratory findings. There were 32 patients who developed renal complications,
      such as bacteriuria (13), hematuria (7), reduction of renal function (3), and
      acute renal failure (9). The renal failure did not develop during the first 24-48
      h but during treatment in the intensive care unit, mostly in the course of
      multiple organ failure. Death supervened in 35 of the 262 patients (13.5%). Thus,
      immediate rapid fluid replacement with large volumes of crystalloid solutions can
      prevent acute renal failure.

PMID- 1813708
TI  - [Therapeutic concepts in treatment of circulatory and heart failure in surgery].
AB  - Perioperative circulatory disorders in patients may take the form of a transitory
      reduction in oxygen transport to the peripheral tissues (pre-shock), manifest
      circulatory insufficiency in the presence or absence of concomitant heart
      insufficiency or general congestive heart failure due to the destabilization of
      an preexisting heart disease. The least problematical stage in this programme of
      therapy is the treatment of transitory perioperative circulatory insufficiency by
      manipulation of the oxygen transport system using the following means:
      comparative volume optimization [according to the central venous pressure (CVP)],
      positive inotropic support with dobutamine (5-10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1),
      monitoring of the blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen consumption and, in
      severe cases, insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter. In manifest circulatory
      insufficiency, sepsis or acute congestive heart failure, the Swan-Ganz catheter
      seems to be obligatory. In such cases, the positive inotropic therapy is based on
      catecholamines of medium (dobutamine) or high (epinephrine) positive inotropic
      efficacy, as a normal pattern and functioning of beta-adrenoceptors can be
      assumed in such cases if there is no history of cardiac insufficiency. The
      systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is adjusted to 800-1200 n.s.cm-5 to relieve
      the working capacity of the heart and to maintain sufficient perfusion pressure
      by means of constrictors (phenylephrine, norepinephrine) or dilators [nifedipine,
      nitroglycerin or, if necessary, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813707
TI  - [Management of postoperative cardiovascular instability exemplified by esophageal
      surgery].
AB  - The postoperative course of 95 patients following esophagectomy was analyzed with
      regard to the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and circulatory instability. In
      86 subjects (90%), post-operative atrial and ventricular arrhythmias were
      recorded. In all, 29 patients (30%), showed hypotonic episodes, with arterial
      mean pressures of less than 65 mmHg being recorded. Preloading was reduced in 8
      cases, as was afterloading in 16 subjects, whereas in 5 patients actual cardiac
      failure occurred. There was a strong correlation between circulatory instability
      and postoperative surgical complications. All 24 subjects who developed surgical
      complications (that is, 80% of all patients exhibiting circulatory instability)
      experienced hypotonic episodes. In this group of patients, management should
      consist of a rational combination of vasoactive substances together with surgical
      removal of the focus. This analysis supports our proposition that in
      postoperative instability, one should always suspect initial, actual surgical
      complications and initiate adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

PMID- 1813709
TI  - Neuroendocrine-immune interactions and their relevance to the pharmacology of
      critical care medicine.
AB  - Many clinical conditions and the drug used to treat them are characterized by
      derangements of the brain/endocrine/immune axis. Drugs commonly used in the ICU
      have previously unrecognized effects on the immune system; these drugs (including
      steroid hormones, dopamine agonists, metoclopramide, haloperidol, morphine,
      mucolytics, cyclosporine and other pharmacologic agents) affect the release of
      hormones that, in turn, modulate immune function. This article will summarize
      some important functional interactions among the brain and the endocrine and
      immune systems, with particular relevance to the practice of critical care
      medicine. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that the immunosuppressive
      effects of hypoprolactinemia, chronic morphine treatment and chronic
      glucocorticoid administration are reversed by prolactin or by drugs that
      stimulate endogenous prolactin release. Furthermore, prolactin, synthesized by
      lymphocytes, plays an autocrine role in their proliferation.

PMID- 1813711
TI  - [Disorders of blood coagulation in the intensive care unit: what is important for
      diagnosis and therapy?].
AB  - In the haemostatic system there is normally a stable balance between its
      components (vessel wall, platelets, coagulation, fibrinolysis), which are in
      continuously close interaction. Disturbances of this balance may lead to
      bleeding, thrombosis, or thrombohaemorrhagic consumptive disorders. The task of
      haemostaseologic diagnostics is to discover eventual preexisting but as yet
      undiagnosed disturbances in any patient entering an intensive care unit and, in
      cases of acute bleeding, to provide useful information that facilitates
      therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, the recognition of disseminated intravascular
      coagulation (DIC) in an early, tractable phase may be a matter of life and death.
      Promising attempts to overcome DIC via substitution of antithrombin III and fresh
      frozen plasma are discussed. Optimal management of complications and monitoring
      of therapy requires the close teamwork of attending surgeons or physicians and
      haemostaseologists. The purpose of any therapy is to preserve or regain the
      balance of haemostasis.

PMID- 1813712
TI  - [Fibrinolytic therapy in surgically treated intensive care patients].
AB  - Conventional thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase (SK) at the standard dose
      (loading dose, 250,000 IU; maintenance dose, 100,000 IU/h) after recent surgery
      may provoke a tendency towards severe bleeding secondary to plasminaemia
      associated with clotting disorders. In contrast, ultrahigh-dose SK therapy
      regimen (loading dose, 4 million IU; maintenance dose, 1-2 million IU/h) can
      minimize the risk of bleeding. Since the circulating plasminogen (Plg) can
      immediately bind to SK to form the so-called SK-Plg activator complex, free
      plasminogen is no longer available for conversion to systemic plasmin. In a pilot
      study, greater than 30 patients presenting with acute respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS) received ultrahigh-dose SK therapy following recent surgery.
      Although the period between surgery and thrombolysis was 2.5 days on average, no
      major haemorrhages occurred. In addition, a surprisingly high survival of 50% was
      reported. Although the efficacy of the ultrahigh-dose SK regimen in ARDS has not
      been definitively confirmed, this regimen is well accepted for the treatment of
      severe pulmonary embolism after surgery. Another promising indication for the use
      of this therapy is catheter-induced thrombosis of the major central veins.
      Additional, albeit rare, situations in which this treatment can be used include
      intrabronchial administration of thrombolytic agents after blood aspiration or
      their selective intravenous use following severe venous thrombosis in high-risk
      patients. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of thrombolytic therapy in
      these indications and discusses the benefit/risk ratio of the different agents
      tested.

PMID- 1813710
TI  - [Use of hypertonic saline solutions in intensive care and emergency medicine-
      developments and perspectives].
AB  - The primary factor rendering patients at risk of developing multiple system organ
      failure after shock and trauma is the persistence of impaired microcirculation
      along with its sequelae for cellular and organ function. Bolus infusion (2-5 min)
      of 4 ml/kg hypertonic/hyperoncotic saline solution through a peripheral vein is a
      new concept for primary resuscitation from severe hypovolemia associated with
      trauma and hemorrhage and is termed "small-volume resuscitation". The
      experimental data obtained by various research groups have demonstrated the
      efficacy of 7.2%-7.5% saline solution in restoring central hemodynamics and organ
      blood flow. The simultaneous application of a hyperoncotic colloid (6%-10%
      dextran 60/70; 6%-10% hydroxyethylstarch 200,000) aims at prolonging the
      circulatory effect of saline. Of particular importance are the data obtained in
      experiments on traumatic-hemorrhagic hypovolemia in beagles, which proved that
      the infusion of 10% dextran 60 in 7.2% saline (hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution)
      restores nutritional blood flow within less than 5 min, thereby enhancing the
      circulatory effect of hypertonic saline alone. In the pre-clinical setting, small
      volume resuscitation by means of hypertonic saline/dextran solution is aimed at
      the rapid normalization of the compromised microcirculation and, thus, at the
      prevention of late complications such as sepsis and multiple system organ
      failure. The novelty of hypertonic saline/dextran resuscitation lies in its
      operational mechanism at the microcirculatory level, which also renders this
      concept attractive for volume support in endotoxemia and septic shock.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813713
TI  - [Quality control studies of 3 deep-frozen coagulation-active fresh frozen plasma
      preparations from various suppliers and a new virus-inactivated lyophilized
      pooled plasma preparation].
AB  - Fresh frozen plasma is the most important therapeutic agent in acquired
      coagulation disorders. We investigated the quality of three conventional fresh
      frozen plasma preparations (groups I, II, IV) and one new virus-inactivated
      lyophilised pooled plasma preparation (group III). In the new plasma preparation
      we found a significant reduction in coagulation activity, a significantly higher
      pH value and a highly significant rise in plasma heparin levels. No significant
      difference in electrolytes, protein levels and concentration or complement
      activity was found in any of the groups. In conclusion, unlike conventional fresh
      frozen plasma, this new virus-inactivated lyophilised pooled plasma preparation
      does not seem to be suitable for use in therapy of coagulation disorders.

PMID- 1813714
TI  - Immunotherapy of sepsis syndrome: a comparison of the available treatments.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current range of immunotherapy for sepsis syndrome.
      DATA: Three major, recent anti-endotoxin and two human polyclonal, immunoglobulin
      clinical trials are reviewed. COMPARISONS: Comparisons are made in their trial
      design, definitions, patient selection and exclusion criteria and patient
      demographics. The results in specific subsets are compared and reasons for the
      differences in efficacy, discussed. RESULTS: J5 anti-sera, E-5, and HA-1A are all
      effective in reducing the mortality in patients with gram-negative infections.
      They also result in enhanced resolution of organ failure. Similarities in the
      efficacies of J5 anti-sera and HA-1A for bacteremic patients with and without
      shock are noted. High-dose polyclonal human immunoglobulins have been shown to be
      of benefit in both gram-positive and gram-negative infections in two small
      clinical trials and deserve further evaluation. CONCLUSION: Anti-endotoxin
      monoclonal antibodies benefit patients with gram-negative sepsis. They are proof
      of a concept, but are costly and do not show an overall intention-to-treat
      effect. There is an urgent need to accurately identify, clinically or by a
      cytokine profile, those patients who will specifically benefit.

PMID- 1813715
TI  - [Prevention with pseudomonas immune globulin in burn injury patients with
      inhalation trauma: does it have an effect on lung function and outcome?].
AB  - In an evaluation of the effect of prophylactic application of Pseudomonas
      immunoglobulin on the immunoglobulin serum concentration, infection rate, lung
      function and mortality in major burn-trauma patients, a clinical, prospective,
      controlled and randomized trial along with an extensive literature review was
      carried out in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a major burn-trauma center at a
      major municipal hospital in the Federal Republic of Germany. A total of 60
      patients suffering from major burn trauma were studied. Some of them exhibited
      inhalation injury as a secondary trauma. Inclusion criteria comprised an age of
      15-60 years, burns covering 30%-70% of the body surface area, and second and
      third degree skin burns. In a randomized fashion, the consecutively admitted
      patients were assigned to either the study or the control group, each comprising
      30 subjects. Study-group patients (PIG-GRP) received 250 mg/kg Pseudomonas
      immunoglobulin (Psomaglobin; Tropon-Cutter, Cologne, FRG) intravenously on days
      3, 5, 7, 10 and 13 following the trauma, whereas controls (CON-GRP) received no
      prophylaxis. The immunoglobulin concentration was measured in serum on days 1, 3,
      5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 28. From day 3 to day 13, significant higher values were
      found in study-group patients; however, this held true only for that subgroup of
      subjects in each group who displayed additional inhalation injury (PIG-SUBGRP =
      23; CON-SUBGRP = 16). Immunoglobulin serum levels showed an earlier return to
      normal in the PIG-SUBGRP (day 7) than in the CON-SUBGRP (day 13). Blood cultures
      were taken on suspicion of septicaemia. In the above-described subgroups, the
      number of positive blood cultures was significantly reduced in the study patients
      (PIG-SUBGRP, 27 bacteremic subjects among a total of 70; CON-SUBGRP, 22 among a
      total of 36; P = 0.0045). In all, 21 subjects in the PIG-SUBGRP and 13 patients
      in the CON-SUBGRP were mechanically ventilated according to an adaptive scheme.
      The target value of pulmonary function was the O2 quotient (P(ALV)O2
      P(ART)O2/P(ALV)O2), which was significantly closer to the normal value in the PIG
      SUBGRP. Mortality was lower in the PIG-SUBGRP (34.8%, 8 patients) than in the CON
      SUBGRP (50%, 8 subjects). In conclusion, prophylaxis with Pseudomonas
      immunoglobulin does not appear to be beneficial to burn trauma patients in
      general; however, it was shown to be effective in burn-trauma patients exhibiting
      inhalation injury.

PMID- 1813717
TI  - [The role of nutrition in the intensive care unit].
AB  - Clinical (artificial) nutrition in patients in a surgical intensive care unit
      (ICU) is a supportive, and not a therapeutic, measure. However, it is as
      necessary as medical or surgical treatment, because nutrition can prolong life,
      so that time is bought during which the clinician can start adequate treatment.
      Studies on the effectiveness of clinical nutrition are rare and difficult, but
      there is a huge amount of indirect evidence supporting the following basic
      concept. The caloric requirement of an ICU patient is clearly higher than that of
      a normal person. However, it seldom exceeds 2500 kcal (about 35 kcal kg-1 day-1)
      and can be satisfied with a standardized regimen. Fat and carbohydrates should be
      given, with fat amounting to 10% at least and 50% at most of total calories.
      Glucose administration should be limited to about 500 g day-1. As with calories,
      the demand for amino acids (100-150 g day-1) is increased in ICU patients due to
      catabolic illness and nitrogen loss, e.g., via drains, wound. The successful
      creation of different kinds of a stable and safe access to the gastrointestinal
      tract for enteral nutrition has opened a true alternative to the well-known
      practice of parenteral delivery of food to a critically ill patient. Today it is
      possible to nourish nearly all patients enterally via the stomach or small bowel
      with commercially available fluid diets. This kind of clinical nutrition obviates
      the need for concern about the optimal substrate composition. Moreover, enteral
      nutrition appears to be much simpler and more logical than parenteral nutrition.
      There is evidence suggesting that there are even clinical advantages of enteral
      nutrition.

PMID- 1813716
TI  - [Supplemental infection therapy with i.v. immunoglobulins (polyvalent IgG and
      Pseudomonas IgG)--results of an observational case study with 163 patients].
AB  - The impact of i.v. immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy on the survival of adult septic
      patients cannot yet be considered either proved or disproved. To define optimal
      criteria for a large multicenter placebo-controlled trial, a multicenter
      observational study was carried out in 163 medical and surgical patients
      exhibiting a total of 173 episodes of sepsis and septic shock [Elebute (El)
      sepsis score; 19 +/- 0.5). The effects of supplemental IVIG treatment (unmodified
      polyvalent IgG, pH 4.25, n = 123; for Pseudomonas sepsis, n = 50, Pseudomonas
      IgG) on multiple-organ failure (MOF) were investigated according to changes in
      the APACHE II score (AP) (pretreatment value 23.7 +/- 0.6). In 44% of the cases
      ("responders"), a prompt improvement in AP (defined as a decrease of greater than
      or equal to 4) was evident from day 0 to day 4 after the onset of therapy, thus
      showing a close temporal relationship to IVIG administration. This improvement,
      associated with an improved prognosis (mortality, 24% vs 55%), was found in all
      subgroups, most importantly, polyvalent IgG vs Pseudomonas IgG treatment; medical
      vs surgical patients; moderate vs severe MOF; and gram-positive vs gram-negative
      septicemia. Thus, all of these patients should be included in future placebo
      controlled, randomized IVIG trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813718
TI  - [Thiamine deficiency as a cause of life threatening lactic acidosis in total
      parenteral nutrition].
AB  - Two patients aged 37 and 44 years developed life-threatening lactic acidosis
      following abdominal surgery and a period of about 3 weeks of total parenteral
      nutrition. Septicaemia and hypoxia were excluded as possible causes. Conventional
      treatment including high doses of buffer agents was unsuccessful. Thiamine
      (vitamin B1) depletion was suspected as the cause of the metabolic acidosis, and
      two doses of 400 mg thiamine were given. In both patients, the lactic acidosis
      improved immediately, and it disappeared following the second dose of thiamine.
      Both patients were subsequently discharged as symptom-free. As part of the
      pyruvate-dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, thiamine was capable of improving the life
      threatening situation.

PMID- 1813719
TI  - [Rational prevention of stress hemorrhage--effectiveness, side effects, costs].
AB  - Stress ulcer bleeding occurs in special risk groups. The main cause of this
      complication is the loss of protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa.
      Preventive measures aim to strengthen the protective mechanisms or to lower the
      aggressive factors, mainly the gastric acid. Meta-analysis demonstrates that
      drugs that enhance the protective mechanisms are superior to a regimen that only
      reduces the secretion of gastric acid. The most important side effects of stress
      ulcer prophylaxis are related to the inhibition of gastric acid, the blockade of
      the cytochrome P450 system and the blockade of central and cardiac H2 receptors.
      Handling difficulties most often occur during treatment with antacids. The costs
      of prophylaxis are lowest for sucralfate. Rational decision analysis shows that
      pirenzepine given as parenteral medication and sucralfate as enteral medication
      are the most suitable drugs for stress ulcer prophylaxis.

PMID- 1813720
TI  - [The surgeon and therapeutic drugs].
AB  - The surgeon uses the scalpel rather than the prescription pad, but this fact is
      deceptive. Analysis of the development of surgical history yields an impressive
      insight into the interaction between medication and operative treatment. The
      impact of drugs can mean that some operative interventions do not need to be
      performed so often or even become totally unnecessary (ulcer or reflux surgery),
      while others are only made feasible at all by the availability of medical drugs
      (transplant surgery). The pathophysiology of a surgical intervention and
      perioperative intensive care medicine require that surgeons have detailed
      clinical and pharmacological knowledge relating to the operative procedure and
      the handling of technical devices. With regard to drugs, intensive care medicine
      confronts the surgeon with an inconceivable complex of interactions, side effects
      and dose adaptations. In addition, human suggestibility influences the outcome of
      operative interventions no less than medical drugs.

PMID- 1813721
TI  - [Stress ulcer or pneumonia: effect of prevention with H2 blockers on gastric
      juice pH].
AB  - In a study with 30 consecutive ventilated patients in a surgical ICU, the course
      of gastric pH was measured for 24 h. Cimetidine, 1.2 g per 24 h, was given to
      prevent stress bleeding. In the course of the evaluation period complete
      alkalization was found in only 4/30 patients (high responders); 10/30 patients
      showed no alkalization of gastric juice to above pH 4; and in 16/30 patients
      irregular pH changes were observed. These results suggest that the risk of
      developing pneumonia under this regimen will only be elevated in the high
      responder group. Although the alkalization of gastric juice was incomplete in our
      group, we saw no evidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. There is evidence
      that alkalization is not the only mechanism involved in successful prevention of
      bleeding.

PMID- 1813722
TI  - [Glucocorticoids in multiple trauma and infection--still a topic for
      discussion?].
AB  - The clinical use of glucocorticoids in trauma and sepsis has not yet been
      approved on the basis of clinical trials. Current knowledge in the area of
      pathogenesis is reviewed, and against this background the mechanisms of steroid
      action will be discussed, the current status of clinical testing in both trauma
      and sepsis will be evaluated, and ways of testing the effectiveness will be
      proposed. Although most trials up to now have shown a positive overall effect in
      trauma patients, a further prospective randomized controlled study with a more
      homogeneous study population and including trauma scores is necessary before
      trauma can be reliably accepted as a firm indication for glucocorticoid
      treatment. In the discussion on sepsis syndrome a variety of reasons are
      suggested for the failure of earlier studies to show beneficial effects. Besides
      methodological aspects, one of the main reasons is the neglected field of
      pharmacologic-pharmacokinetic principles. A new study should be performed under
      therapeutic drug-monitoring (TDM) conditions once more is known about the target
      concentration range.

PMID- 1813723
TI  - [Responders and non-responders of surfactant therapy of very small premature
      infants. A clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis].
AB  - The administration of surfactants is highly effective and yields an immediate
      clinical response in cases of a lack of surfactant in the premature lung of
      preterm infants. The administration of surfactants might diminish the need for
      intensive care and artificial ventilation thereby also reducing or preventing the
      severe side effects associated with these therapeutic measures. However, the lack
      of clear clinical features precludes a reliable predictive forecast of the
      therapeutic outcome. Only the therapeutic follow-up period can disclose possible
      damage due to the administration of surfactants. Histological preparations of
      lung specimens from non-responding infants reveal cellular inflammatory
      infiltrations, destruction of the alveolo-capillary basement membrane and
      monocytic phagocytosis.

PMID- 1813724
TI  - [Is there a drug treatment approach for prevention and therapy of fat embolism
      syndrome?].
AB  - The pathogenesis of fat embolism has been subject to considerable debate ever
      since it was first described by Zenker in 1864. The clinical course, management
      and pathophysiology of a typical case are described. As no single causative
      factor has been implied in the development of fat embolism, its therapy and
      prevention primarily involves the adequate treatment of shock and of the
      underlying traumatic lesions.

PMID- 1813725
TI  - ["INTENSIV"--organization and structure of a knowledge-based PC system for the
      intensive care unit].
AB  - A computer program for use on an intensive care unit (ICU) has been developed.
      The program INTENSIV is a knowledge-based system with integrated conventional
      basic functions. Besides managing all patient-related data, the program processes
      all laboratory data, clinical observations and measured data. Deviations from the
      norm and disturbances in patient balances are recognized by the system; under
      consideration of contraindications such as antagonistic or synergistic drug
      interactions, the system makes recommendations for basic therapy regimens as well
      as necessary corrections according to changes in the regular course of an
      illness. Aside from disturbance analysis and therapy planning, the computer can
      portray and document the entire course of therapy and the patient's progress as
      seen in ICU charts, including fluid and electrolyte balances and graphic
      parameter curves.

PMID- 1813726
TI  - [Drugs in the intensive care unit--need for dosage adjustment in organ failure].
AB  - Drug dosage in intensive care patients is a common problem that cannot be
      sufficiently solved in practice. To obtain an idea as to the variance of
      multiorgan failure during treatment, the pharmacokinetics of 17 drugs were
      evaluated in 96 patients. Continuous hemofiltration served as a model for
      constant elimination rates. In addition, the elimination of drugs was
      investigated during extracorporeal lung support. For 11 of 15 drugs on which
      kinetic studies had been completed, dose reductions had to be performed.
      Furthermore, widespread variance in their volume of distribution and their
      clearance and in the extrarenal fraction of elimination were detected. The latter
      showed a close correlation to clinical scores of illness. This led us to develop
      a new algorithm for primary estimations of drug dosage during hemofiltration. In
      a preliminary validation study, the algorithm seemed to show an improvement in
      the drug dosage in these populations. Nevertheless, a more simplified means of
      monitoring therapeutic drugs should be continued, especially for toxic agents.

PMID- 1813727
TI  - [Infection-induced change in the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime. Dose calculation
      in multiple organ failure and relevance of score systems].
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime were investigated in 14 patients suffering
      from multiple-organ failure requiring pump-assisted, continuous volume-constant
      hemofiltration (CVHF) for blood purification, whereby the filtration rate was 20
      ml/min. Samples of blood and ultrafiltrate were evaluated by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography. For dose adjustment, three different algorithms of Dettli and
      Kroh were used. As compared with values obtained for anuric patients during the
      dialysis-free period, the mean serum half-life was nearly doubled (2.75 vs 4.48
      h). This reduced elimination depended mainly on a diminished non-renal
      elimination ratio ranging from 0.085 to 0.366. The volume of distribution
      remained unchanged within a wide interindividual range (Vz, 0.35 l/kg, from 0.22
      to 0.56 l/kg); the sieving coefficient increased to 0.89 as compared with 0.62 in
      healthy volunteers. Dose adjustment by algorithms showed varied degrees of over
      dosage. The estimate closest to an optimal dose was reached by the application of
      a new algorithm of Kroh (mean dose deviation +19%; SD, +/- 27%) using an
      individual non-renal elimination ratio (QIND). QIND correlated significantly with
      the severity of disease according to the sepsis score of Elebute and Stoner (r =
      0.763, P less than 0.005). Thus, it is possible to adjust reliably individual
      dosage in multiple-organ failure and to reduce the frequency of drug monitoring
      required.

PMID- 1813728
TI  - [Renal failure--concepts for drug therapy in intensive care].
AB  - This article describes concepts of drug treatment for patients with severe renal
      failure (creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min), especially in intensive care.
      These subjects often develop multiorgan failure and require special
      considerations: 1. Not only should the maintenance dose of digoxin be reduced to
      0.05-0.1 mg/day, but the loading or digitalizing dose should also be diminished
      to 0.4-0.6 mg. 2. Penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, and other antibiotics
      with a high therapeutic ratio can be given as recommended by the manufacturer or
      reference lists according to renal insufficiency. 3. For drugs with a low
      therapeutic index, such as aminoglycosides, vancomycin, flucytosine, some
      antiarrhythmic agents, cardiac glycosides, and theophylline, therapeutic drug
      monitoring is mandatory. 4. Steroids, insulin, atropine, catecholamines,
      anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, antihypertensive drugs, and organic nitrates
      can be given according to their effect. However, nitroprusside should be
      discontinued after 2 days because its metabolites may be toxic. 5. The dose of H2
      receptor antagonists used for the control of gastric acidity and the treatment of
      peptic ulcers should be reduced to 20-50% of the normal. The administration of
      aluminum, magnesium, and bismuth compounds should be avoided. 6. Loop diuretics
      (e.g., furosemide) can be effective at increased doses in patients with chronic
      renal failure and fluid overload, particularly when used in combination with a
      thiazide in refractory edema. Thiazides alone are useless, and potassium-sparing
      diuretics are contraindicated. 7. Colloid-containing solutions should be infused
      cautiously at a maximal rate of 2 x 500 ml/week only when the plasma volume is
      contracted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1813729
TI  - [Perioperative use of antibiotics for preventive indications].
AB  - The prevention of infections in surgical patients undergoing an operation is a
      major challenge. One of the several possibilities is the administration of
      appropriate antibiotics during the perioperative period. For this type of
      prophylactic use the agent selected should be given before contamination--a
      single dose is very often sufficient. Common indications for antibiotic
      prophylaxis are: operations involving a high chance of contamination and those
      that have hither to be clean but in which the implications of infections would be
      highly threatening.

PMID- 1813730
TI  - [Antibacterial chemotherapy in the surgical intensive care unit].
AB  - Nosocomial infections are among the most serious complications encountered in
      surgical intensive care. The most sufficient antibacterial chemotherapy of these
      infections is generally based on basic and empiric principles. This includes a
      correct decision as to the necessity for chemotherapy and the appropriate
      establishment of dosage, treatment duration, drug monitoring and efficacy
      control. Several antibiotic regimes for the treatment of the most common
      nosocomial infections, i.e. pneumonia, peritonitis and sepsis, are discussed.

PMID- 1813731
TI  - [The role of antibiotic therapy for postoperative infectious complications].
AB  - Prospective analysis of the postoperative course of 1461 patients following major
      visceral surgery showed that postoperative complications scurred in 17.3% (253)
      of cases; 81% of the complications were related to the surgical procedure
      (surgical complications), whereas in 18.2% (46) of the patients, they
      complications were not related to surgery (non-surgical complications). Among
      septic cases, the relationship between surgical vs non-surgical complications was
      141 to 29 patients, or 5:1. Early surgical reintervention was performed in all
      141 patients exhibiting abdominal sepsis. Only 103 subjects (73%) in this group
      received additional antibiotic treatment. In contrast, all 29 patients who
      developed non-surgical sepsis were initially treated with antibiotics. When
      postoperative septic complications occur, abdominal sepsis should be considered
      first. Early surgical reintervention is always the treatment of choice for these
      complications. Antibiotics are regarded only as an adjuvant measure. For the
      rather rare septic complications that are not related to surgery, antibiotic
      therapy is used.

PMID- 1813732
TI  - [Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis--a case report with review of the
      literature].
AB  - We report on one rare case of recurrent pseudomembranous colitis associated with
      antibiotic treatment with Aztreonam. The acute recurrence of colitis following
      oral treatment with vancomycin together with acute abdominal symptoms was
      successfully treated by an emergency operative procedure (anus praeter coecalis
      et sigmoidalis). Subsequent local antibiotics (transcoecal vancomycin) were
      given. Based on a review of the literature, we discuss the etiology,
      pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of pseudomembranous antibiotic-associated
      colitis.

PMID- 1813733
TI  - [Prospective randomized study of the comparison of the effectiveness of cefoxitin
      (triple dose) and cefuroxime (single shot) in preventive perioperative use of
      antibiotics in abdominal surgery].
AB  - In a prospective, randomized trial in 200 patients who underwent abdominal
      surgery, we compared the prophylactic effect of a single dose of 1.5 g Cefuroxime
      against three doses of 2 g Cefoxitin. The incidence of wound infections was 8.2%
      in both groups. No difference was found between the two groups in the incidence
      of other infections except for urinary tract infections, whose frequency was
      twice as high in the Cefuroxime-treated group. In all patients we swabbed
      material from the anastomosis for microbiological investigation. However, these
      results did not enable the prediction of a wound infection or the determination
      as to which specimen caused the infection. In our pharmacokinetic investigations
      we obtained better results in the Cefuroxime-treated group due to the drug's
      longer half-life. On the other hand, we found extreme interindividual variation
      in the results obtained in both groups. This not well known factor probably
      raises the incidence of wound infection.

PMID- 1813734
TI  - [Principles and perspectives of clinical pharmacology].
AB  - Basic research led to the clarification of the mechanisms of action of numerous
      pharmacotherapeutic agents. Experimental and clinical pharmacology has a key
      position in the formulation and introduction of effective and safe medications.
      The investigation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects must use
      reproducible quantitative methods, such as controlled clinical trials. However,
      the complexity of medical, ethical and legal problems inherent in controlled
      clinical trials may explain why few pharmacological studies have been performed
      in intensive care medicine conditions. A particular problem is undoubtedly the
      need for a multimodal treatment, as this might well lead to drug interactions in
      the critically ill. We generally have to distinguish between pharmacokinetic
      interactions, i.e. resorption, distribution, altered interaction between
      metabolism and elimination of a drug, and pharmacodynamic interactions due to
      synergistic or antagonistic affects at the same receptor or target organ. In
      recent decades clinical pharmacology has developed in a dualistic manner. Whereas
      the correlation between plasma level and therapeutic effects is considered to be
      of primary importance, the correlation between dosage and relevant
      pharmacodynamic effects is thought to be of only secondary relevance.
      Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics should not be seen as rival approaches, but
      rather as complementary methods in clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 1813735
TI  - [Psychopharmacologic aspects in intensive care medicine].
AB  - The realization that many intensive care patients develop psychoreactive problems
      ranging from confusion to depression to frank mutism led us to include
      Dehydrobenzperidol (DHB) in our analgesia and sedation scheme. The early
      prophylactic administration of this drug was found to be particularly effective
      in the prevention of delirium following an alcohol and/or drug overdose.

PMID- 1813736
TI  - [Central anticholinergic syndrome in intensive care patients].
AB  - Intensive care patients develop altered patterns of behaviour for a variety of
      reasons. However, the drug therapy instituted to ameliorate these psychoreactive
      problems may give rise to complications such as the central anticholinergic
      syndrome. Cholinergic receptors are scattered at random throughout the central
      nervous system. The depression of cholinergic transmission is not only secondary
      to the administration of drugs but is also due to abnormalities affecting other
      transmitter systems. To date, no definitive criteria have been established for
      the diagnosis of the central anticholinergic syndrome. The diagnosis is made by
      exclusion and by the administration of physostigmine either as an i.v. bolus of
      0.03 mg/kg or as an infusion at the rate of 1-2 mg/h.

PMID- 1813737
TI  - Report on the 1991 session of the Louisiana legislature.

PMID- 1813738
TI  - An interview with the LDA President.

PMID- 1813739
TI  - Louisiana Dental Association's involvement in legislative affairs: a decade in
      retrospect.

PMID- 1813740
TI  - Infectious waste in the dental office: an 1991 update.

PMID- 1813741
TI  - Injectable microstimulator for functional electrical stimulation.
AB  - A family of digitally controlled devices is constructed for functional electrical
      stimulation in which each module is an hermetically sealed glass capsule that is
      small enough to be injected through the lumen of a hypodermic needle. The overall
      design and component characteristics of microstimulators that receive power and
      command signals by inductive coupling from a single, externally worn coil are
      described. Each device stores power between stimulus pulses by charging an
      electrolytic capacitor formed by its two electrodes, made of sintered, anodised
      tantalum and electrochemically activated iridium, respectively. Externally, a
      highly efficient class E amplifier provides power and digitally encoded command
      signals to control the amplitude, duration and timing of pulses from up to 256
      such microstimulators.

PMID- 1813742
TI  - Recording and processing of fetal movements and sounds obtained with the Inpho
      inductive transducer.
AB  - A recently developed transducer based on an inductive principle allows recording
      of fetal displacement signals on the maternal abdominal wall. The transducer is a
      relatively passive device, in contrast to commonly applied ultrasound
      transducers. This permits long-term observation of fetal movements and sounds.
      The bandwidth of the system is DC-200 Hz (+/- 3 dB), and signal-to-noise ratios
      of more than 96 dB have been measured in a laboratory setup, whereas in the
      practical situation a signal-to-noise ratio of 78 dB has been established. The
      transducer has been applied to study fetal respiratory sinus arrhythmia, which
      means that fetal breathing movements have to be extracted from the transducer's
      output. This proved possible by digital filtering of the displacement signal as
      detected by the transducer. The transducer has also been applied in a study where
      the signal-to-noise ratio of fetal heart sounds as a function of location of the
      fetus and position of the transducer on the maternal abdominal wall has been
      studied. It proved possible to adequately record fetal heart sounds for
      measurement of fetal heart rate. Also uterine activity could be recorded using
      the sensor's DC output.

PMID- 1813743
TI  - Knowledge-based system for the three-dimensional reconstruction of blood vessels
      from two angiographic projections.
AB  - A knowledge-based system for the three-dimensional reconstruction of blood
      vessels from wide-angle coronary and stereoscopic cerebral angiographic
      projections is developed. For the reconstruction of the coronary vessels, the
      left coronary artery (LCA) is automatically labelled on standard RAO and LAO
      projections, using anatomical models of the LCA. The labelling system succeeds in
      giving the most important coronary arteries a correct anatomical label. These
      labelling results enable us to find corresponding segments in both images. In the
      case of the reconstruction of the cerebral vessels however, such an anatomical
      model is clearly unavailable. To find corresponding segments, small-angle
      projections must be relied on, resulting in very similar images. Owing to the
      small angular separation between both projections, the three-dimensional
      reconstruction will be less accurate. Once the corresponding segments in both
      projections are obtained, the three-dimensional artery trajectory is
      reconstructed with dynamic programming techniques. The three-dimensional
      reconstructed coronary vessels are also used for an automatic quantification of
      stenotic lesions.

PMID- 1813745
TI  - Numerical algorithm for dielectric-permittivity microwave imaging of
      inhomogeneous biological bodies.
AB  - A two-dimensional microwave system is developed to explore the possibility of
      imaging the distribution of dielectric permittivity in an inhomogeneous
      biological body. A multiview approach is presented, which can notably improve the
      system's performance; it makes use of an illumination source that rotates jointly
      with the observation domain in which the scattered electric field is to be
      measured. The equation for inverse electromagnetic scattering is transformed into
      matrix form through the application of the moment method. A pseudoinversion
      algorithm is used to determine the distribution of the dielectric properties of
      the scattering body. A look-up table is devised to quickly form the final image.
      The results of some numerical simulations are reported to point out the
      capabilities and limitations of the method.

PMID- 1813744
TI  - Selectivity of intraneural prosthetic interfaces for muscular control.
AB  - Intraneural stimulation with multi-electrodes in principle offers the best
      possibilities to reach selectivity at motor unit level and to improve recruitment
      order. The selectivity of stimulation in the peroneal nerve of the rat is
      explored in the paper by calculations and measurements, using a linear 12
      electrode array and a newly devised selectivity test method. With analytical
      models for potential field distributions, areas of excitation can be calculated
      for arbitrary electrode configurations. It is demonstrated, using tripolar
      electrode combinations, how selectivity can be further enhanced and recruitment
      order improved.

PMID- 1813746
TI  - Effects of a multiple mild infra-red-A induced hyperthermia on central and
      peripheral pulse waves in hypertensive patients.
AB  - The paper reports on the effects of multiple whole-body infra-red-A irradiational
      (IRA) on 13 male patients known to have stage I or stage II essential arterial
      hypertension (WHO definition). The peripheral blood pressure was decreased
      significantly by IRA exposures. The lowered diastolic blood pressure lasted into
      posttreatment time. This effect is regarded as a consequence of an improvement in
      peripheral haemodynamics. A measure of this improvement is the different shape of
      the blood pressure pulse waves. Calculation and comparison of the spectral
      components of the recorded pulse signals show that these components are useful
      for a prediction of the blood pressure lowering effect.

PMID- 1813747
TI  - Improved electronic gate technique, for particle counting and sizing in liquids.
AB  - Particle counting and measurements of particle size distributions in liquids can
      be based on pulse height analysis of signals obtained from a changing gate
      impedance, upon particle transition. Signal-to-noise ratio is markedly improved,
      making use of a four-electrode detector. An instrumentation amplifier with a high
      pass filter is used as a preamplifier. Cylindrical electrodes and a coaxial
      aperture location result in a decreased detector capacitance, lowering the signal
      detection level and contributing to improved pulse shape. Volume sampling is
      flexible and accurate, making use of a stepping motor actuated digital sampling
      system. A newly developed baseline restorer, combined with a log-antilog
      amplifier circuit, allows for linearisation of the pulse height/particle size
      relationship.

PMID- 1813748
TI  - Do you also have problems with the file format syndrome?
AB  - In a biomedical data processing environment, an essential requirement is the
      ability to integrate a large class of standard modules for the acquisition,
      processing and display of the (image) data. Our approach to the management and
      manipulation of the different data formats is based on the specification of a
      common standard for the representation of data formats, called 'data nature
      descriptions' to emphasise that this representation not only specifies the
      structure but also the contents of data objects (files). The idea behind this
      concept is to associate each hardware and software component that produces or
      uses medical data with a description of the data objects manipulated by that
      component. In our approach a special software module (a format convertor
      generator) takes care of the appropriate data format conversions, required when
      two or more components of the system exchange data.

PMID- 1813749
TI  - Control of FES-induced cyclical movements of the lower leg.
AB  - The control of a cyclical movement of the lower leg with electrical stimulation
      of the quadriceps muscles is formulated as an optimal control problem. The time
      integral of knee torque is taken as the optimisation criterion. As an additional
      condition, every cycle a certain reference maximum angle should be reached. A
      model study indicates that one stimulation burst per cycle at the maximum
      recruitment level is a suboptimal solution to this problem. To compensate for the
      influence of muscle fatigue, the burst time is adaptively adjusted by a discrete
      time PID-controller on the basis of the performance in the previous cycles. This
      strategy appeared to be successful in experimental tests. A considerable time
      difference (about 0.15 s) was found between the end of the stimulation burst and
      the tracking of the passive state trajectory, which satisfies the maximum angle
      condition.

PMID- 1813750
TI  - Computer-controlled positive displacement pump for physiological flow simulation.
AB  - A computer-controlled pump for use both in the study of vascular haemodynamics
      and in the calibration of clinical devices which measure blood flow is designed.
      The novel design of this pump incorporates two rack-mounted pistons, driven into
      opposing cylinders by a micro-stepping motor. This approach allows the production
      of nearly uninterrupted steady flow, as well as a variety of pulsatile waveforms,
      including waveforms with reverse flow. The capabilities of this pump to produce
      steady flow from 0.1 to 60 ml s-1, as well as sinusoidal flow and physiological
      flow, such as that found in the common femoral and common carotid arteries are
      demonstrated. Cycle-to-cycle reproducibility is very good, with an average
      variation of 0.1 ml s-1 over thousands of cycles.

PMID- 1813751
TI  - Magnetic field excitation of peripheral nerves and the heart: a comparison of
      thresholds.
AB  - Time-varying magnetic fields can theoretically excite the heart or peripheral
      nerves. Relative excitation thresholds of nerve and heart are compared using
      ellipsoidal representations of the human torso. Relative magnetic thresholds
      depend on the excitability of nerve and cardiac tissue, the geometric positions
      of anatomical features, stimulus waveform features and the direction and spatial
      distribution of the incident magnetic field. Minimum electric field thresholds
      for excitation of nerve and heart do not differ greatly. Nevertheless, nerve and
      heart magnetic thresholds may be disparate because of factors related to body
      geometry and the dependence of excitability on the stimulus waveform.

PMID- 1813752
TI  - Examination of the choice of models for computing the extracellular potential of
      a single fibre in a restricted volume conductor.
AB  - The paper compares the rigorous and the conventional approximate line source
      solution of Laplace's equation used to evaluate the potential of a single
      cylindrical fibre. Particular attention is given to the solutions for a radially
      restricted circular cylindrical volume conductor. The effect of the extent of the
      volume conductor b on the difference between the potentials evaluated according
      to the different models is examined. For values of b larger than 10 times the
      fibre radius, the relative difference is less than 1 per cent and the values of b
      around 2 times the fibre radii, the error reaches as much as 17 per cent.

PMID- 1813753
TI  - Noise characteristics of stainless-steel surface electrodes.
AB  - Bioelectric events measured with surface electrodes are subject to noise
      components which may be significant in comparison with low-level biological
      signals such as evoked neuroelectric potentials, and myoelectric potentials. In
      an effort to better understand noise arising from these electrodes, electrode and
      measurement system noise is modelled. The effect of electrode surface area on
      electrode impedance and noise is studied using circular stainless-steel
      electrodes of varying diameters. The main contributions of the work are the
      development of a model for stainless-steel electrode noise as a function of
      electrode area, and demonstrating that, for the band-width of interest to evoked
      neuroelectric and myoelectric signals (8-10,000 Hz), the primary noise components
      are thermal and amplifier current generated. The magnitudes of both of these
      depend on the electrode impedance magnitude. Electrode impedance is shown to be a
      power function of both electrode diameter and frequency, consistent with a
      capacitive electrode model.

PMID- 1813754
TI  - Impression technique for the assessment of oedema. Technical improvement and
      methodological evaluation of a new technique.
AB  - A new instrument for the assessment of oedema based on the impression method is
      described. The measurement parameters are defined and the errors corresponding to
      the electrical and mechanical stability of the instrument are measured. The
      overall accuracy is calculated theoretically for the translocated volume. The
      accuracy and reproducibility are evaluated on plastic foam. The clinical
      procedure to measure oedema with this instrument is described. We show that the
      accuracy of the translocated volume parameter is very dependent on the overall
      stability of the instrument and that this instrument has an overall relative
      error of less than 7.3 per cent for a representative measurement. Experimental
      measurements on plastic foam show that the measurement parameters could be
      reproduced with standard deviations of less than 6 per cent and that the standard
      deviations for translocated volume are within the calculated overall relative
      error. Measurements on four patients with chronic oedema in an extremity show
      significantly different results on locations where pitting could be recognised
      compared to the contralateral nonoedematous extremity.

PMID- 1813755
TI  - Technique for calculating the direction of postural sway.

PMID- 1813756
TI  - Measurement of sway when using hand supports.

PMID- 1813757
TI  - Methodology for the quantitative assessment of human crossed-spinal reflex
      pathways.

PMID- 1813758
TI  - Electronic monitor for patient compliance with drug therapy.

PMID- 1813759
TI  - Bedside system for cutaneous recording and analysis of gastric myoelectrical and
      impedance signals.

PMID- 1813760
TI  - Optimised algorithm to compute respiratory impedance by pseudorandom forced
      excitation.

PMID- 1813761
TI  - Simple ECG lead tester.

PMID- 1813762
TI  - Effect of the configuration of data acquisition on the accuracy of a
      stereoradiographic system.

PMID- 1813763
TI  - Assessment of a SAW-stabilised source for UHF pulse telemetry.

PMID- 1813772
TI  - The simian immunodeficiency viruses.

PMID- 1813773
TI  - HIV and tropism: implications for pathogenesis.

PMID- 1813774
TI  - Proteinase inhibitors.

PMID- 1813775
TI  - Receptors for binding measles virus on host cells and erythrocytes.

PMID- 1813776
TI  - The major site of murine K papovavirus persistence and reactivation is the renal
      tubular epithelium.
AB  - K virus, a murine papovavirus, produces a lethal pneumonia in newborn mice.
      Animals surviving acute illness develop a persistent infection which reactivates
      under conditions of immunosuppression. The present study was conducted to
      identify the cell populations which support persistent K virus infection and to
      determine the cell populations in which this persistent infection is reactivated
      during immunosuppression. Mice inoculated by the oral route with 100 50% newborn
      mouse lethal doses (LD50) of K virus at 14 days of age were followed over a
      period of 7 months. The distribution of infection was studied by virus assay,
      immunohistochemistry, and in situ nucleic acid hybridization methods. Viral
      replication during the acute phase of infection was confined to pulmonary and
      systemic vascular endothelial cells, as well as to scattered, apparently lymphoid
      cells within spleens. Beginning 2 months after inoculation, however, specific
      hybridization for K virus nucleic acids was detected in rare renal tubular
      epithelial cells, and by 6 months after inoculation renal tubular epithelial
      cells represented the major site of viral persistence. Positive cells were
      frequently present in groups of two or more, and a minority of positive cells
      also expressed viral capsid (V) antigen. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide
      resulted in reactivation of infection, with highest titers of virus being
      detected in kidneys and with increased numbers of renal tubular epithelial cells
      expressing viral capsid antigen. Capsid antigen was also detected in rare
      endothelial cells in kidneys, livers and lungs of these immunosuppressed mice.
      Although K virus behaves as an endotheliotrope during acute infection, the major
      site of K virus persistence and reactivation, the renal tubular epithelial cell,
      is similar to that involved during persistent infection by polyoma virus in mice,
      SV40 virus in monkeys, and BK and JC viruses in man. The observation that
      persistently infected renal tubular epithelial cells occur in groups of two or
      more and occasionally express capsid antigen suggests that virus may persist as a
      productive infection which is confined by antiviral antibody but maintains itself
      by cell-to-cell-spread. The present study represents the first instance in which
      the cell populations which support infection by a member of the polyomavirus
      subgroup in its natural host have been defined during acute, persistent, and
      reactivated infection.

PMID- 1813777
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of opc, the gene for an unusual class
      5 outer membrane protein from Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci/surface
      antigen).
AB  - A genomic library was constructed in a lambda gt11 vector using chromosomal DNA
      from a meningococcal serogroup A strain and plaques expressing the class 5C
      protein were recognized by screening with specific monoclonal antibodies. The opc
      insert was subcloned into a multicopy plasmid which induced expression of that
      protein in Escherichia coli as a surface-exposed major outer membrane protein.
      The nucleotide sequence of opc is typical of an outer membrane protein with a
      promoter and terminator region, a leader peptide which is cleaved during
      expression and a complete open reading frame. Unlike other meningococcal class 5
      proteins or gonococcal P.II proteins, the sequence did not contain any
      pentanucleotide repeats and the sequence showed little homology to these other
      functionally related proteins. However, the predicted amino acid sequence of the
      mature protein for opc showed 27% similarity to that for a second opa gene cloned
      from the same meningococcal strain. This is the first report of cloning and
      expression of a functional meningococcal gene encoding a class 5 outer membrane
      protein in E. coli.

PMID- 1813779
TI  - Interferon gamma fails to activate human monocyte-derived macrophages to kill or
      inhibit the replication of a non-pathogenic mycobacterial species.
AB  - The ability of interferon gamma (gamma) to activate human macrophages to kill
      mycobacteria was investigated using a mycobacterial species that does not cause
      disease in man. Although interferon activated human macrophage activity against
      other intracellular parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes, it
      failed to activate human monocyte-derived macrophages to kill not only
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis but also the non-pathogenic species, Mycobacterium
      phlei.

PMID- 1813778
TI  - Identification of carbohydrate structures as receptors for localised adherent
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains of diffused adherent (DA) and localised
      adherent (LA) phenotypes were tested for their ability to bind to glycolipids. DA
      strains did not bind to the glycolipids tested, while LA strains bound to asialo
      GM1, asialo GM2, globoside and lacto-N-neotetraose in decreasing order of
      avidity. The minimum common sequence among the four glycolipids could be
      delineated as GalNac beta 1-4 Gal as the binding epitope with GalNac beta 1-3 Gal
      and GlcNac beta 1-3 Gal serving as relatively weaker binders. The binding was not
      inhibited by a variety of free oligosaccharides or by the neoglycoproteins
      tested. Adhesion-negative mutants of an enteropathogenic LA strain showed a
      markedly reduced binding to asialo GM1 indicating that the recognition of GalNac
      beta 1-4 Gal was correlated with the ability to adhere to HeLa cells. Thus
      recognition and binding to glycolipids could play an important role in
      colonisation through adherence to intestinal surfaces.

PMID- 1813781
TI  - Presence of cfaD-homologous sequences and expression of coli surface antigen 4 on
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; relevance for diagnostic procedures.
AB  - We examined the ability of a colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) polynucleotide
      probe to identify coli-surface antigen 4 producing (CS4+) strains of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). At low stringency (LS) the probe
      hybridized to colony lysates of strains previously shown to produce CS4 or CFA/I
      fimbriae. Only DNA from CFA/I+ strains maintained a stable probe-target hybrid
      under high stringency (HS) conditions. On examination of several clones from
      three previous CS4 producers, identified as positive in LS and negative in HS
      colony hybridization, spontaneous loss of nucleotide sequences homologous to a
      gene encoding a positive CFA/I regulator, CfaD, was found to be associated with
      lacking expression of CS4. Our findings indicate that, on stored or subcultured
      isolates of ETEC, identification of CS4 strains may benefit from applying gene
      probe technology.

PMID- 1813780
TI  - A hemA mutation renders Salmonella typhimurium avirulent in mice, yet capable of
      eliciting protection against intravenous infection with S. typhimurium.
AB  - The hemA mutation reduces the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium for mice by at
      least 10(7)-fold, as measured by change in LD50. The hemA mutation does not
      appear to affect killing of salmonella in mice. The salmonella with the hemA
      mutation persist in the spleen and liver for 2 to 3 weeks following intravenous
      injection. The most likely effect of the hemA mutation is to block, or retard,
      growth of S. typhimurium in an aerobic in vivo environment. Intravenous
      vaccination of susceptible ltys mice with hemA salmonella was able to elicit
      about 4 logs of protection against invasive infection with wild-type S.
      typhimurium 78 days after vaccination, at a time when the vaccine strain was no
      longer detectable in the spleen and liver.

PMID- 1813782
TI  - Bone disease in renal failure. Introduction.

PMID- 1813783
TI  - Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal insufficiency.
AB  - Hyperparathyroidism is recognized to be an invariable complication of chronic
      renal insufficiency. Biochemical and/or histological evidence of
      hyperparathyroidism occurs in many patients with mild renal insufficiency
      (glomerular filtration rate of 50-75 ml/min) and predictably so when the
      glomerular filtration rate is less than 40-50 ml/min. A reduction in the serum
      concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the biologically active metabolite of
      vitamin D, can contribute to the pathogenesis of the hyperparathyroidism, at
      least in part, by decreasing gut absorption of calcium and by increasing the set
      point for calcium suppression of parathyroid hormone release. In patients with
      mild and moderate renal insufficiency, both the serum concentration of 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D and that of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone are importantly
      determined by the dietary intake of phosphorus. The pathogenesis of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in patients with severe renal insufficiency is complex and
      multifactorial.

PMID- 1813784
TI  - Aluminum: effects on bone and role in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy.
AB  - Renal osteodystrophy is a complex disorder that can produce a variety of
      histologic changes in bone. Classically, excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      secretion in patients with chronic renal failure leads to the development of
      skeletal lesions characterized by increases in bone cell activity and by high
      rates of bone formation and turnover. In contrast, aluminium retention in the
      body in those undergoing long-term dialysis is often associated with diminished
      bone cell activity and bone formation. In some patients with renal
      osteodystrophy, both pathogenic factors may be operative. Thus the histologic
      features in an individual patient can represent the combined manifestations of
      both excess PTH secretion and bone aluminum toxicity; the relative roles of each
      of these two pathogenic processes must be carefully evaluated. In the current
      review, several pathophysiologic mechanisms of aluminum toxicity in bone are
      summarized.

PMID- 1813785
TI  - Paradoxical toxic and trophic osseous actions of aluminum: potential
      explanations.
AB  - The osseous effects of aluminum are paradoxical. Aluminum displays toxic effects
      on bone metabolism in humans but in animal and cell culture models aluminum can
      exert both toxic and trophic effects. Clinical toxicity to aluminum is typically
      expressed as vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia and diminished bone remodeling
      activity. Animal models that mimic these toxic actions of aluminum, however, are
      difficult to establish. In this regard, aluminum deposition in bone of animals
      does not necessarily impair mineralization. When aluminum administration to
      animals results in defective mineralization, cure of osteomalacia can often be
      achieved by administration of vitamin D. Moreover, aluminum administration has
      been shown to stimulate de novo bone formation in dogs. Similar disparate actions
      of aluminum have also been observed in osteoblast culture systems. Aluminum is
      mitogenic in some and antiproliferative in other osteoblast cell lines. The
      mechanism(s) underlying these disparate effects of aluminum are unknown. The
      complexity of the aluminum osseous actions may result from differential responses
      of preosteoblasts and mature osteoblasts to aluminum and/or modulation of these
      direct cellular effects by interactions with systemic and/or local factors such
      as parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and/or other bone growth factors. In addition,
      differences in speciation of aluminum could contribute to its differential
      actions on bone. Regardless, understanding the basis for these differential
      osseous manifestations to aluminum may lead to a better knowledge of aluminum
      actions which could result in the development of pharmacologic agents to induce
      neoosteogenesis without adverse consequences as well as development of strategies
      to limit aluminum toxicity.

PMID- 1813786
TI  - Prevention of renal osteodystrophy.
AB  - Prevention of bone disease associated with impairment of the renal function is
      desirable. Attempts at such prevention inevitably also embrace prevention of the
      extraosseous consequences of autonomous hyperparathyroidism, such as the effects
      of hypercalcaemia, need for parathyroid surgery, and, perhaps, toxic effects of
      the parathyroid hormone. Strategies for prevention in early, moderate, and end
      stage renal failure are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to
      dietary phosphorus restriction, use of gut phosphorus binders, control of
      acidosis, calcium supplementation, use of oral and intravenous calcitriol, and
      use of synthetic analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The onset of severe renal
      osteodystrophy can be delayed. Early attempts at prevention are logical, but we
      do not know whether these will reduce the need for parathyroid surgery or will
      make patients feel better or live longer. The costs of prophylaxis--both
      financial and in terms of incidence and severity of complications--remain to be
      defined. An individual approach to each patient with renal impairment seems at
      present appropriate.

PMID- 1813787
TI  - Current advances in the therapy of secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteitis
      fibrosa.
AB  - Secondary hyperparathyroidism is commonly observed in dialysic patients. Recent
      observations demonstrate a direct inhibitory effect of calcitriol on parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) synthesis and secretion. These observations may have important
      clinical and therapeutical implications. Thus, several studies have shown that
      intravenous calcitriol, in dialysis patients with severe secondary
      hyperparathyroidism, has a direct inhibitory effect on PTH levels. Furthermore,
      the sigmoidal PTH-calcium relationship is shifted toward a more normal range
      after intravenous calcitriol. In addition, the use of calcitriol early during the
      course of renal failure prior to dialysis has demonstrated therapeutic benefits.
      Thus, both early therapy with oral calcitriol and later during maintenance
      dialysis, the addition of the intravenous form may provide various therapeutical
      alternatives which make surgical parathyroidectomy rarely necessary. Furthermore,
      the course of patients undergoing surgical parathyroidectomy is not benign.

PMID- 1813788
TI  - Recurrent hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy and
      autotransplantation in patients with long-term hemodialysis.
AB  - From 1986 to 1990, we performed total parathyroidectomy with simultaneous
      autotransplantation (TPX with AT) of parathyroid tissue into the forearm in 13
      patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis with severe secondary
      hyperparathyroidism. The indications for surgery included persistent
      hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, roentgenological signs of renal osteopathy,
      soft tissue calcifications and severe pruritus. The parathyroidectomy was
      performed by an experienced surgeon who removed all four parathyroid glands and
      transplanted 10 mm3 of parathyroid tissue into the brachioradialis muscle. After
      an average postoperative period of 33.5 months, 10 of 13 patients developed
      recurrent clinical and biochemical hyperparathyroidism requiring reoperation.
      Seven of these patients underwent removal of the autograft. In 5 patients,
      however, the success was minimal. Four of these patients had a second autograft
      resection, but only transient improvement resulted. Our recurrence rate after TPX
      with AT is very high. The histological aspect of the resected autograft is
      similar to tumor-like growth and this may account for the results. A therapeutic
      alternative to TPX with AT appears to be necessary.

PMID- 1813789
TI  - Beta-2-microglobulin amyloidosis and renal bone disease.
AB  - Dialysis-related amyloidosis is a highly invalidating complication of chronic
      dialysis patients. Clinically and radiologically, the complication generally
      becomes manifest after more than 5-10 years of dialysis treatment. It is
      characterized by chronic arthralgias, periarticular soft-tissue swelling, carpal
      tunnel syndrome, diffuse destructive arthropathy and spondylarthropathy, lytic
      bone lesions, and sometimes pathologic fractures. Biochemically, amyloid deposits
      are mainly composed of beta-2-microglobulin fibrils together with the P component
      and glucose aminoglycans, the latter two being associated with all types of
      amyloidosis. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is still poorly understood.
      Recently, evidence has been provided for the possibility that beta-2
      microglobulin is not a passive bystander, but an active player in the initiation
      and progression of the disease. The potential role of the dialysis technique,
      including the mode of dialysis and the biocompatibility of dialysis membrane
      used, is also under discussion.

PMID- 1813790
TI  - Renal osteodystrophy in dialyzed children.
AB  - The histological and biochemical features of renal osteodystrophy are described
      in pediatric patients undergoing continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/CCPD).
      Fifty-eight patients aged between 1.2 and 20 years have been evaluated. Secondary
      hyperparathyroidism was present in 70% of patients, despite treatment with oral
      calcitriol. Low bone formation was found in 16% and one half of those had overt
      osteomalacia with evidence of aluminum accumulation. Aplastic bone was present in
      9% of the patients and in most of these patients there was not evidence of
      aluminum accumulation. The biochemical determinations were poor predictors of the
      different bone lesions. The skeletal response to oral calcitriol therapy was
      evaluated in 16 patients aged 12 +/- 6 years and treated with CAPD/CCPD. All
      patients have bone biopsy findings of secondary hyperparathyroidism at initial
      biopsy and follow-up bone biopsies performed 14 +/- 5 months demonstrated
      persistence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in most of the patients. Modified
      techniques for oral calcitriol administration and the potential value of
      intraperitoneal calcitriol may have a new role in the management of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 1813792
TI  - Case presentation: erosive lichen planus.

PMID- 1813791
TI  - Uremic bone disease: current knowledge, controversial issues, and new horizons.
AB  - Abnormalities in mineral and bone metabolism occur early in the course of renal
      failure and uremic bone disease is a major contributing factor to the morbidity
      of patients with end-stage renal failure. In addition, new therapeutic approaches
      have generated new outlooks, problems and controversies. This article reviews our
      current accepted knowledge, the present numerous controversies, unresolved
      questions, new issues and new horizons.

PMID- 1813793
TI  - ADA evaluation programs: helping to assure the safety and effectiveness of dental
      products.

PMID- 1813794
TI  - [DNA sequencing technology and automatization of it].
AB  - Precise manipulations with genetic material, typical for modern experiments in
      molecular biology and in new biotechnology, require a capability to determine DNA
      base sequence. This capability enables today to exploit specific genetic
      knowledge for the dissection of complex cell processes and for modulation of cell
      metabolism in transgenic organisms. The review focuses on such DNA sequencing
      technologies that are widespread in general laboratory practice. They can safely
      be called, with the availability of commercial reagents, industrial techniques.
      Modern DNA sequencing requires recurrent breakdown of large genomic DNA into
      smaller pieces, that are then amplified, sequenced and the initial long stretch
      reconstructed via overlap of small pieces. The DNA sequencing process has several
      steps: a DNA fragment is obtained in sufficient quantity and purity, it is
      converted to a form suitable for a particular sequencing method, a sequencing
      reaction is performed and its products fractionated; and finally the resultant
      data are interpreted (i.e. an autoradiograph is read into a computer memory) and
      a long sequence in reconstructed via overlap of short stretches. These steps are
      considered in separate parts; an accent is made on sequencing strategies with
      respect to their biological task. In the last part, possibilities for automation
      of sequencing experiment are considered, followed by a discussion of domestic
      problems in DNA sequencing.

PMID- 1813795
TI  - [Fractionation of eukaryotic DNA in a pulsed electrical field. II. Discrete DNA
      fragments and level of structural organization of chromatin].
AB  - The data presented confirm the possibility of enzymatic formation of discrete DNA
      fragments appearing during fractionation of nuclear DNA by FIGE. Teniposide
      dependent pattern of DNA-fragments as well as occurrence of protein-linked DNA
      breaks suggest that discrete cleavage of intact nuclear DNA is modulated by DNA
      topoisomerase II. The possible relationship between discrete DNA-fragments and
      the higher order chromatin folding are discussed.

PMID- 1813796
TI  - [Mapping the genes of the vaccinia virus, coding membrane proteins p34 and p40,
      by mRNA hybridization selection].
AB  - The HindIII--J HindIII-F fragments of the vaccinia virus DNA strain Lister have
      been analysed by the technique of mRNA hybridization selection with the
      subsequent translation in cell-free protein synthesizing system from the rabbit
      reticulocytes. The viral mRNA hybridizable with the HindIII--J fragment was shown
      to direct the synthesis of 30 kDa polypeptide in the cell-free system. This
      polypeptide was demonstrated to react specifically with antiserum to plasma
      membrane protein p34. The viral mRNA hybridizable with the HindIII-F fragment was
      shown to direct the synthesis of 37 kDa polypeptide in the cell-free system. This
      polypeptide reacts specifically with antiserum to major membrane protein p40.

PMID- 1813797
TI  - [Structure of virions of the M13 phage containing chimeric B-protein molecules].
AB  - We have studied the virion structure of M13 strains (M13B1, M13BOM1, M13BOM2,
      M13BOL1) with chimeric variants of B-protein. Data concerning the spatial
      structure of chimeric B-protein molecules and their interaction with intraphage
      DNA were obtained. The phage contour lengths were measured under electron
      microscope and the DNA/protein ratios were obtained by spectrophotometry. These
      data testified that the insertion of foreign peptide affected neither DNA
      packaging nor the compactness of molecular arrangement of proteins in the virion.
      By linear dichroism and fluorescence spectra of phages it was determined, that
      the insert can influence the polarity of amino acid environment and the
      orientation of amino acids in the B-protein central part. It was shown by
      quenching of phage fluorescence by KI that the inward or outward amino acids
      location in the capsid is invariable. The carboxyl residues have been titrated in
      the phage strains by Auramine O. It was shown that there is no correlation
      between the number of the titrated carboxyl groups and the number of the carboxyl
      groups as a whole.

PMID- 1813798
TI  - [Mutations in the 61st codon of the c-Ki-ras oncogene during transplacental lung
      tumor induction in mice and their difference in spontaneous and induced tumors].
AB  - DNA isolated from lung and liver tumor which were induced in CD-1 mice by
      transplacental treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or developed
      spontaneously was analyzed for the presence of Ha- and Ki-ras oncogene codon 61
      mutations. The A to T transversions at the second position of Ha-ras codon 61
      were revealed only in liver tumors of DMBA-exposed animals, whereas only Ki-ras
      mutations occurred in both spontaneous and induced tumors of the lung. A to T
      mutations at the second position of Ki-ras codon 61 or non-identified yet
      mutations at the third position of the same codon were shown to be related to
      DMBA treatment. Thus both tissue and carcinogen specificity of ras oncogene
      activation was clearly demonstrated.

PMID- 1813799
TI  - [A structure-activity study of the HindIII-I fragment of the L-IVP strain of
      vaccinia virus genome. I. Cloning of T5 gene and identification of its protein
      product].
AB  - The I5 gene from the HindIII-I-fragment of the vaccinia virus strain L-IVP DNA
      was cloned into bacterial vector pUC19. The monospecific antiserum to the
      expression product of this gene in E. coli was obtained. This antiserum was
      demonstrated to co-precipitate the virion protein p90. The vaccinia virus strain
      L-LVP DNA was shown to have only one ORF coding the p90 protein instead of two
      ORF H5 and H4 as known for vaccinia virus strain WR. This protein is associated
      with the core of vaccinia virion, but some of its antigenic determinants are
      exposed on the surface of the viral particles.

PMID- 1813800
TI  - [Structure-activity study of the HindIII-I fragment of the L-IVP strain of
      vaccinia virus genome. II. Cloning the I(sub 6) gene and identification of its
      protein product].
AB  - The I6 gene from the HindIII-I-fragment of the vaccinia virus strain L-IVP DNA
      was cloned into bacterial vector pUC19. The monospecific antiserum to the
      expression product of this gene in E. coli was obtained. Using this antiserum the
      I6 gene was shown to code the viral protein of 34 kDa molecular weight estimated
      from SDS-PAGE. This protein is not included into the mature virion, but can be
      detected in the cytoplasm of the vaccinia virus infected cells.

PMID- 1813801
TI  - [The task of determining the local structure of proteins by Overhauser effect
      nuclear spectroscopy addressed once more].
AB  - The testing of the earlier developed theoretical method for determining the
      backbone protein conformations (the local structure) on the basis of the two
      dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy has been fulfilled. The
      method approval has been carried out by the calculation (based upon spectral NOE
      parameters) of the local plastocyanin and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
      structures followed by the comparison of the received conformational parameters
      with the X-ray data. The comparison of the molecular conformations in solution
      and crystal has been implemented for different fragments of the polypeptide chain
      (beta-structures, alpha-helices, irregular segments) using the mathematical
      statistics methods. The verification of the "zero" hypothesis about the
      similarity of phi and psi variation rows which was carried out at the reliability
      level of 0.99 showed that in both cases there were no systematic deviations of
      dihedral angles of the compared conformations and that their dispersion
      differences were statistically indiscernible. It has been concluded that the
      approved method permits to determine the local structure of the conformationally
      rigid proteins (or their fragments) at the level close to that which provides the
      high resolution X-ray analysis.

PMID- 1813802
TI  - [A comparative analysis of the structure of the myoglobin, cytochrome b5, and
      alpha-chymotrypsin hydrophobic nuclei].
AB  - The myoglobin, cytochrome b5 and alpha-chymotrypsin hydrophobic nucleus sizes
      were calculated as well as sizes of theoretical spherical nucleus, radii that are
      equal to the lengths of phenylalanine and tryptophan lateral groups. All
      calculated values of sizes lie in the (0.99-1.65) nm3 interval. The quantitative
      estimation of analyzed proteins nucleus heterogeneous composition has been shown.

PMID- 1813803
TI  - [Genetic system of selecting point mutations of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase].
AB  - Random mutagenesis of the bacteriophage T7 gene 1 was used to delineate the
      functionally important amino acids residues of its product--T7 RNA polymerase. A
      two-plasmid system has been constructed for the phenotypic selection of the
      mutants. Nine mutants were isolated; the RNA polymerase with Tyr-639----Asp
      substitution has been shown to be completely inactive. Methods were developed for
      the rapid purification of plasmid-encoded mutant proteins, facilitating their
      future biochemical analysis.

PMID- 1813804
TI  - [Oligonucleotide-binding proteins of Drosophila: tissue specificity].
AB  - A reaction of native Drosophila proteins with an alkylating oligonucleotide
      derivative bearing 4-[(N-2-chlorethyl-N-methyl)amino]benzylamine at the 5'
      terminal phosphate has been investigated. It was found, that the reagent
      alkylates a few proteins (90, 50, 44, 39, 32 kDa). The modification was organ
      specific. The labeled 39 kDa protein is present in the ovaries only, while the
      modified 32 kDa protein is found only in the bulbus.

PMID- 1813805
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence and central domains
      of 16S rRNA of Yersinia pestis and Escherichia coli].
AB  - Partial nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA (16-989 nn.) of plague agent (Yersinia
      pestis) was determined after sequencing of cloned cDNA fragments. The comparison
      of Y. pestis 16S rRNA sequence with that of E. coli shows a number of point
      sequence variation due to base changes. The base changes are found in 16S rRNA
      secondary structure regions that are localized on the surface of 30S ribosome
      subunit (hairpins 6 and 18) as well as in the regions that bind the proteins S8,
      S15, S16 and S20. These proteins of Y. pestis differ from the same proteins of E.
      coli by electrophoretic mobility, when analyzed by two-dimensional co
      electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The correlation between the structure of
      the four proteins and the structure of their binding sites in 16S rRNA are
      discussed.

PMID- 1813806
TI  - [Mutual location of the rRNA operon and tuf gene in the Mycoplasma gallisepticum
      strain S6 genome].
AB  - The genomic library of Mycoplasma gallisepticum was constructed and two clones,
      selected by hybridization on E. coli 16S rRNA, were analyzed. The restriction map
      of the clones indicate that both clones belong to the same region of the M.
      gallisepticum genome. The results of Southern hybridization with either E. coli
      16S rRNA, or E. coli 23S rRNA, or oligonucleotide synthesized as a part of M.
      gallisepticum 5S rRNA, led to the conclusion that the unspliced rRNA operon was
      cloned. The order of genes in the operon is common for eubacteria: 16S-23S-5S.
      The tuf gene of M. gallisepticum was mapped inside the cloned region 5 kb
      upstream of 16S gene by hydridization on E. coli tufA gene and oligonucleotide
      synthesized on the basis of M. gallisepticum tuf gene sequence. The direction of
      transcription of the gene and the expected direction of transcription of the rRNA
      operon coincide.

PMID- 1813807
TI  - [Radiosensitivity of coding and noncoding DNA sequences of various organisms].
AB  - Relationship between pyrimidine distribution patterns and radiosensitivity (Z) of
      DNA molecules of different species was derived by computer analysis of recurrence
      frequency of pyrimidine clusters. Blocking factors (beta) and Z for coding and
      non-coding DNA sequences of species from different taxonomic classes have been
      calculated within a new model. The radiosensitivity of coding DNA sequences
      practically does not vary whereas Z values were increased during evolution from
      simplest to higher organisms. The beta and Z values calculated for several groups
      of individual genes were shown to vary considerably.

PMID- 1813808
TI  - [Effect of nucleotide replacement on the effectiveness and specificity of the SP6
      promotor].
AB  - The interaction of SP6 RNA-polymerase with its promoter (sequence; see text)
      where +1 is the initiation site, was investigated. The substitution of C for A at
      +2 position and T for A at +3 creates the AluI-site (-2-1+1+2). The efficiency of
      the promoter changed in this way is comparable with that of the natural one. The
      introduced restriction site permits to insert the gene precisely at the
      initiation site and the synthesis of the transcripts with the authentic 5'-ends.
      The influence of the nucleotide substitution within -5-10 region of SP6-promoter
      on its interaction with SP6 and T7 RNA-polymerases was investigated. A new
      promoter, able to initiate the transcription with both SP6 and T7 RNA
      polymerases, was obtained.

PMID- 1813809
TI  - [Cloning a species-specific DNA probe from Fusarium oxysporum fungus].
AB  - A method to obtain genus-specific DNA probes is suggested. It consists of
      specific amplification of the intergenic spacer between the 18S and 5.8S
      ribosomal RNA genes, using primers deduced from conservative ribosomal DNA
      sequences. The utility of the method is demonstrated on isolation of the 209 b.p.
      spacer fragment from the genomic DNA of a plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium
      oxysporum.

PMID- 1813810
TI  - [Pea (Pisum sativum) genes participating in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing
      bacteria. II. Nucleotide sequence of cDNA and parts of the late nodulin-6
      (PsNod6) gene].
AB  - Certain characteristics of late noduline gene from pea-Nod6 were investigated as
      part of works of characterization of higher plant genes taking part in symbiotic
      nitrogen fixation. The complete 450 b.p. long cDNA was sequenced, it's coding
      sequence includes the open reading frame. The part of DNA containing the
      corresponding gene from the genomic clone was also sequenced. The predicted Nod6
      amino acid sequence has been analyzed and do not reveal the significant homology
      with any known protein.

PMID- 1813811
TI  - Experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: light microscopic, immunohistochemical
      and ultrastructural studies of the Fujisaki strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      virus in NIH Swiss mice.
AB  - Ultrastructural findings in mice terminally affected with the Fujisaki strain of
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease virus are reported. Spongiform vacuolation, extensive
      myelin and axonal lesions and neuroaxonal dystrophy accompanied by abundant
      astrocytic gliosis comprise the pattern of the pathological changes at the
      ultrastructural level. Neuronal intranuclear inclusions and swelling of the
      astrocytic and dendritic processes were unspecific findings also observed in
      control animals.

PMID- 1813812
TI  - Sequelae of perinatal central nervous system damage after long-term survival.
AB  - We presented the case of a 78-year-old man with mental retardation and spastic
      paraparesis diagnosed early in life as cerebral palsy. Six years prior to demise
      he had post-traumatic subdural hematoma, which was removed surgically. The
      neuropathological examination revealed the sequelae of the recent trauma,
      superimposed on the extensive old lesions. Cavitary changes in the
      periventricular white matter and cortical ulegyria in the border zones of the
      major cerebral arteries vascularization were characteristic of perinatal hypoxic
      ischemic lesions. Peculiar in the ulegyria were extensive areas with numerous
      corpora amylacea adjacent to the areas of fibrillar and cellular gliosis. Another
      sequelae of involution processes was the atrophy of brain hemispheres (secondary
      microcephaly). The case appears to be an example of the late degenerative
      involution changes developing on the background of lesions originated from the
      perinatal period.

PMID- 1813813
TI  - Ganglion cells and their satellites in experimental trigeminal schwannomas in the
      rat.
AB  - Ten neurinomas of ganglion semilunare nervi trigemini induced in rats with
      ethylnitrosourea contained numerous neurons entrapped into solid neoplastic
      tissue. Ganglion cells were mostly well preserved and presented the receptors to
      the lectin Con A, i.e. the ability for its binding to alpha-glucose and alpha
      mannose. Positive GFAP immunoreaction in neuronal satellite cells suggests that
      the function of satellites corresponds to that of intracerebral astrocytes and
      that the preservation of ganglion cells depends on their satellites.

PMID- 1813814
TI  - Muscle cell death. Ultrastructural differences between muscle cell necrosis and
      apoptosis.
AB  - The morphology and incidence of muscle cell necrosis and apoptosis are presented.
      Necrosis which occurs as a massive tissue damage is structurally characterized by
      swelling of the muscle cell and disruption of cellular components. Apoptosis, on
      the other hand, is a process of active cellular self-destruction. It shows
      characteristic sequence of muscle cell shrinkage, which is ending in
      transformation of each muscle cell into compact apoptotic bodies that in turn are
      phagocytized by adjacent cells or macrophages.

PMID- 1813815
TI  - Morphological and biochemical changes in peripheral nerves with aging.
AB  - The ulnar nerve taken at autopsy from 30 subjects aged 24-98 who died without
      features of clinical involvement of peripheral nerves was examined
      morphologically. Density of myelinated fibers (m.f) per 0.1 mm2, frequency
      distribution of the external diameter of m.f., and teased fiber were estimated.
      Besides, in 8 nerves some lipids were assessed biochemically. The study showed
      that the percentage of fibers with morphological changes increases with aging (7
      10% in adults and even up to 35% in aged subjects). In older subjects loss of
      m.f. may be marked. Morphological changes in the nerves of subjects in all groups
      of age are unspecific (axonal degeneration, and segmental demyelination).
      Striking feature for the nerve is the preserved ability to repair damage of the
      fiber independently of the subjects' age. Accidental factors play some role as a
      cause of morphological changes in the nerve in all groups of age but in the
      elderly, aging of the neuron seems to be an important factor. Biochemical changes
      in the nerves with age are not prominent, and much less expressed than
      morphological changes.

PMID- 1813816
TI  - Effect of hyperoxia on histamine metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes:
      preliminary observations.
AB  - Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to normobaric hyperoxygenation for 1 and 4
      hours, then brain synaptosomes were isolated and uptake and release of the
      histamine precursor - histidine (His), histamine (HA) level and His metabolizing
      enzymes activities were measured. This uptake in hyperoxic synaptosomes was
      inhibited by about 20%. After 1-hour hyperoxia, a tendency towards an increase of
      the HA level, but a significant increase histidine decarboxylase (HD) and
      histamine methyltransferase (HMT) activities were observed. Four-hour hyperoxia
      caused a decrease of both the HA level and the activities of both enzymes,
      especially HMT. The changes were reversed in 1-hour posthyperoxic recovery,
      except for histidine uptake which remained inhibited.

PMID- 1813817
TI  - Myelin lipids in ischemic stroke.
AB  - Slices of ischemic focus (infarct area) and of the contralateral frontal lobe
      were submitted to histological and biochemical studies. The obtained results
      indicate that in stroke cases the necrotic focus as well as contralateral brain
      hemisphere are characterized by a marked decrease of cholesterol and cerebrosides
      content and an increase of lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol esters in the
      myelin fraction. We conclude that ischemia as well as the degenerative aging
      process are both responsible for the abnormal lipid pattern in the myelin of the
      white matter in stroke cases. The long lasting hypoxia resulting from cerebral
      vessel atheromatosis contributes to biochemical changes in the myelin of the
      apparently healthy white matter of the contralateral hemisphere in brain
      infarction.

PMID- 1813819
TI  - Buying syndicated investments. A case scenario.

PMID- 1813818
TI  - Performance appraisals. A challenge for the nineties.

PMID- 1813820
TI  - Endodontics article.

PMID- 1813821
TI  - Endodontics article.

PMID- 1813822
TI  - AIDS and dentistry. Meeting the challenge of HIV infection.

PMID- 1813823
TI  - [Supratrochanteric osteotomy of the hip in adults with dysplastic coxarthrosis].
AB  - On the basis of complex assessment of the results of supratrochanteric osteotomy
      of pelvis (30 operations) and osteotomy of pelvis with the subsequent
      intertrochanteric osteotomy (24 observations) in patients with dysplastic
      coxarthrosis at mean terms of observation, equalling to 90 months, have been
      determined efficiency and indications for these operations. Indications for
      pelvic osteotomy are formed on the basis of roentgeno-anatomic interrelations in
      hip joint, where the decisive part is played by the angle of vertical inclination
      of the cotyloid cavity and degree of coating of the head of the femur.
      Intertrochanteric osteotomy following the pelvic osteotomy is indicated at
      preserved pain syndrome, resulting from coxarthrosis, subsequent to the muscular
      system restoration.

PMID- 1813824
TI  - [Injuries of the spine and spinal cord associated with other injuries].
AB  - In the article is presented an analysis of treatment of 28 patients with wounds
      of spine and spinal cord, associated with the other extravertebral damages. The
      author considers these wounds to be the most severe damage and treatment of
      patients of the kind should be performed with participation of the related
      specialists, provided with the urgent complex, instrumental examination and with
      due regard for the degree of criticism of wounded person. Methods and terms of
      treatment are strictly individual with regard to the degree of criticism of spine
      and associated injury.

PMID- 1813825
TI  - [Two-stage surgical intervention in children with scoliosis and
      spondylolisthesis].

PMID- 1813826
TI  - [Surgical treatment of scoliosis by the Armstrong method].
AB  - The authors share their know-how of surgical treatment of severe forms of
      scoliosis by the method of Cartel Armstrong. Evaluation of the results within 2
      years (the period of the greatest loss of correction) demonstrated greater
      efficiency of this method as compared with operation after Harrington with
      application of one fixing device or distractor with lateral traction.

PMID- 1813827
TI  - [Use of a frame device in surgical treatment of scoliosis].

PMID- 1813829
TI  - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis and control of the effectiveness of the
      treatment of injuries of the Achilles tendon].
AB  - On the basis of computer tomographic investigations of 28 patients with
      subcutaneous ruptures of the Achilles tendon in different terms after the injury
      and its restoration by means of open and transcutaneous suture there have been
      revealed possibilities of the method. Computer tomographic syndromes of the
      tendon damage (increase of diameter by 2-3 times, spherical form of the cross
      section, density decrease, presence of hematoma, deformation of the front outline
      of tendon) and the signs of its continuity restoration have been determined.
      Identity of the computer tomographic data of comparison of tendon centres by open
      and closed sutures has corroborated reliability of the obtained criteria.
      Computer tomographic investigations in dynamics testify to significant changes in
      damaged tendon and +para-tendon tissues as well as to the duration of the process
      of its healing.

PMID- 1813828
TI  - [Correction of kyphoscoliotic deformities of the spine by using a springy
      distractor-corrector].

PMID- 1813830
TI  - [Roentgenological diagnosis of dystrophic bone cysts in children].
AB  - On the basis of examination of 58 children with diagnosed dystrophic osseous
      cysts there were revealed new aspects of roentgenologic characterization of
      dystrophic osseous cysts in children. It has been stated that high-structure
      roentgenography with primary magnification (apparatus Rays-D) allows to make more
      accurate an anatomical structure of the osseous cysts, nature of outlines as well
      as the state of adjacent sections of bone. Development of osseous cysts in
      considerable number of cases combines with the manifested symptoms of dystrophy
      in the surrounding osseous tissue (osteoporosis, loss of architectonics and
      presence of cyst-like formations).

PMID- 1813831
TI  - [Principles of joint and bone endoprosthesis].

PMID- 1813832
TI  - [Ceramics in plastic surgery of bone defects].

PMID- 1813833
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of fat embolism].

PMID- 1813834
TI  - [Bilateral endoprosthesis of the hip joint].

PMID- 1813835
TI  - [A case of successful treatment of stress fractures of the femur head and neck].

PMID- 1813836
TI  - [Treatment of a patient with multiple fractures of long bones].

PMID- 1813837
TI  - [A cane with a sliding-prevention device].

PMID- 1813838
TI  - [Surgical tactics in severe combined injuries of the forearm and hand (review of
      the literature)].

PMID- 1813839
TI  - [Atlanto-axial instability in injuries of the ligament system in children and
      adolescents].
AB  - There has been carried out an experiment with 6 craniovertebral blocks with
      contrasting of the vertebral arteries and studying of the influence of different
      damages of ligamentous apparatus on blood flow in vertebral arteries. In all
      cases there has been discovered significant vertebrogenic influence. Experimental
      data have been corroborated with clinical material. There have been examined 31
      patient with different damages of ligamentous apparatus of craniovertebral
      segment, with 21 of them has been detected significant vertebrogenic influence at
      ultrasound dopplerography of vertebral arteries.

PMID- 1813840
TI  - [The importance of the ideas of V. N. Beklemishev on parasitic systems and the
      life patterns of species in the development of parasitology].

PMID- 1813841
TI  - [New models of the circulation of the causative agent of malaria Plasmodium
      gallinaceum using malarial mosquitoes in the fauna of the USSR].
AB  - The capacity of An. sacharovi and An. pulcherrimus to be infected with P.
      gallinaceum and to transmit the agent to the vertebrate host, a chick, has been
      established. Sufficient differences have been found in the extensiveness and
      intensity of infection of different species of mosquitoes and in other
      characteristics reflecting the agent-vector relationships.

PMID- 1813842
TI  - [The relationship of the population dynamics of gamasid mites with the population
      dynamics of their murine rodent hosts in the Sikhote-Alin].
AB  - 22,500 mites were collected from 4515 rodents over a period of 5 years in the
      Sikhote-Alin reserve. The abundance dynamics of 4, out of 5, most numerous
      species of mites (Laelaps pavlovskyi, L. clethrionomydis, Eulaelaps stabularis,
      Haemogamasus serdjukovae) depends on the cyclic fluctuations in the number of
      rodents. A direct connection between the annual and, to some extent, seasonal
      dynamics of the abundance of parasites and that of their hosts is most distinct
      in L. pavlovskyi, an epizoon parasite of the large Japanese field mouse. At the
      same time the abundance of Hg. ambulans, a multihost parasite of small mammals,
      does not depend on the number of animals. Certain regularities in the abundance
      dynamics of gamasid mites in connection with that of their hosts, rodents, is
      discussed on the basis of obtained material and literary data.

PMID- 1813843
TI  - [The characteristics of protein hydrolysis on the digestive-transport surfaces of
      the cestode Eubothrium rugosum and of the intestines of its host--the burbot].
AB  - The functioning of different proteinases hydrolysing proteins in a wide pH range,
      most of which display activity in the alkaline zone of pH, on the digestive
      absorptive surfaces of the parasite and host has been investigated. The dynamics
      of desorption of these proteinases from the intestine of fishes and tegument of
      cestodes has been studied. It has been shown that the worms possess less
      proteolytic activity and less capacity for adsorption of proteinases as compared
      to the intestines of their hosts. The dependence of proteolytic activity of
      desorbed fractions on the incubation medium temperature has been noted: with the
      increase in temperature the enzymes, bound closely with the membranes, increase
      their capacity to hydrolyse proteins. The predominance in cestodes, as compared
      to the intestine, of easily desorbed fractions D1 and D2 (in the percent ratio of
      the total proteolytic activity of all fractions) has been detected.

PMID- 1813844
TI  - [The microsporidian Parathelohania illinoisensis var. messeae (Amblyoporidae)
      from the mosquito Anopheles messeae in the Tom-Ob river area].

PMID- 1813845
TI  - [New flea species in the fauna of the Crimean peninsula].
AB  - Two species of fleas, Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale, 1878, and Stenoponia
      tripectinata tripectinata Tiraboschi, 1902, were reported in European rabbit and
      small rodents (common field mouse, yellow-necked field mouse, house mouse)
      respectively, of the Crimean peninsula. The finding of new for the fauna of the
      Crimea species of fleas demonstrates new changes in its fauna and enlarges the
      picture of the distribution area of these species, thus supplementing the
      available information on the ways of the fauna formation of the peninsular as a
      whole.

PMID- 1813846
TI  - [The resistance of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis to exposure to low
      temperatures].
AB  - It has been shown that the resistance of muscular larvae of Trichinella spiralis
      to the effect of low temperatures depends on the conditions of freezing and
      composition of media possessing cryoprotective properties. It has been
      established that under optimal conditions (medium of microenvironment, conditions
      of freezing) during the storage in liquid nitrogen muscular larvae of T. spiralis
      preserve 50 to 60% of their resistance by the character of mobility and 11 to 15%
      by their capacity for reproduction. The question of creation of low-temperature
      bank for Trichinella is discussed.

PMID- 1813847
TI  - [The secretory proteins in the plerocercoids of the cestode Digramma interrupta
      and their enzymatic activity].
AB  - A composition of secretory proteins of plerocercoids of the cestode Digramma
      interrupta and their enzyme activity have been studied. It has been shown that
      plerocercoids produce 26 secretory proteins with molecular weight range of 3.9 to
      112.2 kDa. These secretory polypeptides possess protease, DNAase and RNAase
      activities.

PMID- 1813848
TI  - Class II, Division 1, with strong vertical growth tendencies treated non
      extraction and no displacement of condyles.

PMID- 1813849
TI  - The prudent management of assets: life insurance considerations for the
      orthodontist.

PMID- 1813850
TI  - Class II, Division 1, with anterior crowding, procumbent maxillary incisors and
      upright mandibular incisors.

PMID- 1813851
TI  - Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antitrypsin-neutrophil elastase complex in
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with pulmonary diseases (pilot study).
AB  - A simple method based on rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis was adapted for
      detection of alpha 1 AT-HNE complexes in BALF: Agarose gel with anti-alpha 1 AT
      combined with intermediate gel containing anti-HNE was used for detection and
      evaluation of the ratio of complexes with HNE to the free form of alpha 1 AT.
      BALF samples from 31 patients divided into 5 groups suffering from various
      respiratory tract diseases were tested. It was found that 3 out of 8 patients
      with inflammatory pulmonary diseases showed the presence of both forms of alpha 1
      AT, 7 out of 13 patients suffering from cancer showed both forms, whereas the
      complexed form was not detected in any of 8 patients with asthma bronchiale. It
      is suggested that the presence of alpha 1 AT-HNE complex may reflect, to some
      extent, the proteolytic status of pulmonary tissue.

PMID- 1813852
TI  - Contribution to the understanding of degenerative pathology and a proposal of a
      global therapeutic solution.

PMID- 1813853
TI  - Comparative study on IgG and IgA antibodies against human thyroid and eye-muscle
      antigens in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - Circulating IgG and IgA anti-thyroid and anti-eye muscle antibodies were
      investigated in 87 patients with Graves' disease (60 cases with ophthalmopathy).
      The ELISA method was used. Both IgG and IgA antibodies were demonstrated against
      human thyroid and eye-muscle membrane or cytosol antigens. Anti-eye-muscle
      antibodies of the IgA type were observed more frequently than those of the IgG
      type (25 cases vs. 18 were demonstrated with membrane antigens and 37 cases vs.
      23 with cytosol antigens). The respective distributions for thyroid antigens the
      cytosol fraction were 55 cases vs. 13 and 18 cases vs. 36. A significant
      difference was observed in the anti-thyroid IgG levels and the anti-eye-muscle
      membrane or cytosol levels between the patients with Graves' disease and those in
      control group (P less than 0.001). The difference in the IgA antibody to thyroid
      and eye-muscle antigens was significant between the patients with and without
      ophthalmopathy (P less than 0.002). The strong correlation between the levels of
      IgA antibodies to thyroid and those to the eye-muscle cytosol fractions might be
      connected with the theory of the common aetiology of the thyroid and eye diseases
      in Graves' ophthalmopathy (P less than 0.001). Circulating IgA anti-human thyroid
      and eye-muscle antibodies seemed to have a diagnostic relevance in the
      development of ophthalmopathy in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 1813854
TI  - Autoantibody against liver cell membrane and killer cell activity in chronic
      liver diseases.
AB  - The aim of our present study was to examine the ADCC reaction against liver cell
      in various chronic liver diseases on the basis of indirect evidence. Forty-nine
      liver patients and one hundred and twenty-three healthy controls were examined.
      Anti-LSP autoantibody was determined on rat liver membrane by using the indirect
      immunofluorescent method. On the other hand, Killer-cell activity against human
      erythrocyte target cells was established in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood.
      Anti-LSP autoantibodies were demonstrated in seven patients and were associated
      with the high Killer-cell activity in six cases. Specific ADCC reaction to liver
      cell membrane can be assumed if anti-LSP autoantibody presence is topped with
      increased Killer-cell activity.

PMID- 1813855
TI  - Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in sera of patients with Graves' disease.
AB  - Recently, in vitro production of interleukin-2 receptor induced by mitogens have
      been shown to be impaired in autoimmune disorders including organo-specific
      autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of
      soluble interleukin-2 receptor in 20 untreated patients with Graves' disease and
      to follow up their changes in relation to clinical picture and TSH-receptor-,
      anti-thyroglobulin-, anti-microsomal as well as anti-eye muscle antibodies.
      Soluble interleukin-2 receptor level was significantly increased in newly
      diagnosed Graves' patients compared to controls (667 +/- 270 vs. 205 +/- 45 U/ml)
      (P less than 0.001). Among the patients sera those with active infiltrative
      ophthalmopathy had higher soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels than those
      without eye symptoms (810 +/- 313 vs. 525 +/- 180 U/ml). Soluble interleukin-2
      receptor level was normalized in Methimazole-treatment-induced remission in the
      majority of patients except those with ophthalopathy. In five patients the
      soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were studied after interruption of
      thyrostatic therapy; an increase was observed in three patients; thereafter
      hyperthyrosis relapsed in two cases. Furthermore, a correlation was found between
      soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels and TSH-receptor antibodies, however, the
      association with other immune parameters examined was not significant. In
      conclusion, an enhanced level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor was detected in
      patients with untreated Graves' disease. This finding might play a significant
      role in regulation of impaired cell-mediated immune mechanism and has a
      prognostic value for relapse of autoreactive processes.

PMID- 1813857
TI  - Neonatal sex ratio in pregnancies of adolescent mothers.
AB  - The authors have reviewed the sex ratio in 353 offspring of adolescent
      parturients based on a 5-year material of their department. The 174 males and 179
      females provided a sex ratio of 97.2; less than the usual ratio of 106.
      Interestingly, females are prevalent not only among low-birth-weight but also
      among average-birth-weight babies of adolescents. The hypothesis is presented
      that the anatomy of the cervix and the chemical composition of the cervical mucus
      may affect the sex ratio in some manner.

PMID- 1813856
TI  - Biologic blood markers reflecting thyroid hormone effect at peripheral tissue
      level in patients receiving levothyroxine replacement for hypothyroidism.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin, serum procollagen-III-peptide and sex-hormone-binding
      globulin as non-specific markers of thyroid hormone effect at peripheral tissue
      level were determined and their values were related with serum levels of TSH,
      free-thyroxine and triiodothyronine during levothyroxine sodium replacement
      therapy for hypothyroidism. Low levels of biologic markers characteristic of
      hypothyroidism were normalized in consequence of hormone replacement and a
      negative correlation between their serum levels, and TSH concentration was
      demonstrated in most subjects. However, in some patients a discrepancy in the
      response to levothyroxine between the pituitary and other target organs was
      revealed. Additional evidence was disclosed that the pituitary thyrotroph
      sensitizes a minor decrease in serum thyroxine level, which would not be
      recognized by other target organs. Furthermore, it was revealed that during L-T4
      replacement therapy in a large fraction of patients with subnormal serum TSH
      concentration blood levels of the measured markers often exceeded the upper limit
      of the normal range indicating a possibility of "tissue" thyrotoxicosis, besides
      the pituitary, in other target organs, too. According to the present study, which
      takes into consideration markers reflecting end-organ responsiveness to thyroid
      hormones, it is recommended to adjust the dose of levothyroxine to maintain serum
      TSH in the normal range. For patients with subnormal TSH concentration a close
      follow-up is obligatory and in case of concomitantly raised free-thyroxine level
      the reduction of the levothyroxine dosage is proposed.

PMID- 1813858
TI  - Outcome prediction in adult respiratory distress syndrome using discriminant
      analysis of cardiorespiratory data.
AB  - In order to examine the prognostic value of different cardiopulmonary variables
      in adult respiratory distress syndrome the data of 30 patients with this illness
      were studied retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A:
      survivors (9 cases, 40 examinations), Group B: early stage nonsurvivors (8 cases,
      37 examinations), Group C: late stage nonsurvivors (19 cases, 89 examinations).
      In 6 nonsurvivor patients a few measurements were done in the early and late
      stage, too. There were highly significant differences between Groups A and C
      (mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure minus
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular stroke work index, systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistance, inspired oxygen fraction, arterial oxygen
      tension per inspired oxygen fraction, mixed venous oxygen saturation, pulmonary
      shunt fraction, and oxygen delivery, but the differences in relation to other
      groups were less prominent. Using a step-wise discriminant analysis, it was found
      that the oxygenation parameters alone determined the outcome correctly in 68-75%.
      Extending the analysis to haemodynamic variables the result improved (72-80%).
      Similar prediction was obtained when parameters potentionally measurable by
      noninvasive methods were analysed (69-80%). These results suggest that it is
      possible to predict the outcome of ARDS correctly without any invasive monitoring
      technique.

PMID- 1813859
TI  - 99-m technetium (Dupont Cardiolite) investigations in postinfarction patients
      with Holter-checked silent ischaemia.
AB  - Sixteen middle-aged, normotensive, slightly overweight male patients with
      previous myocardial infarction were studied during Holter-checked silent
      myocardial ischaemia. As reference, stress and late 201-T1 scintigraphy served
      for comparison with Cardiolite-MIBI silent ischaemic perfusion scan, both carried
      out in planar mode. The circumferential profiles differed in 9 cases, on region
      of interest basis the segment number difference was 10, but the late distribution
      segment number was near to both ischaemic numbers. The quantitative scores were
      distinctive (ratio 133-128/103) indicating the silent ischaemia appeared in the
      peri-infarct area. The silent ischaemic MIBI and stress 201-T1 ischaemic score
      difference was reduced by means of repeated SPECT investigation. With gated
      radionuclide ventriculography there was -4.3% difference between the left
      ventricular ejection fractions, measured with first pass MIBI technique during
      silent ischaemia and afterwards in basal state. The impairment of the left
      ventricular function was reflected on the stroke pattern of our Holter-based
      radiocyclogram, as well. Taking the 43.7-48.0 = -4.3% "ischaemic shift" into
      consideration it was a close correlation (r = 0.90) between the two kinds of
      ejection fraction determination. The major rhythm failures (occurring during the
      24 h Holter monitoring) decreased to a higher degree the left ventricular
      ejection fraction than silent ischaemia or silent ischaemia and minor rhythm
      failure together (38-42-50%).

PMID- 1813860
TI  - The effects of short-term vitamin C on plasma bun, uric acid, cholesterol and
      triglyceride levels.
AB  - The effects of daily 0.5 g vitamin C on plasma urea nitrogen, uric acid,
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels were recorded over a period of one month.
      There was a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol level (P less than 0.05).
      There was no significant effect of vitamin C on plasma urea nitrogen, uric acid
      and triglyceride levels (P greater than 0.05). It was a placebo-controlled trial.
      The research and control groups were formed of 105 and 47 volunteer university
      students, respectively. In these groups the mean ages were 20 +/- 0.33 (mean +/-
      S.E.M.) and 20 +/- 0.49 years, respectively. Mean body mass indices were 22.2 +/-
      0.13 and 22.3 +/- 0.19 kg/m2, respectively.

PMID- 1813861
TI  - Study of the effect of superoxide dismutase on acute renal failure in dogs.
AB  - Warm ischaemia was provoked by occlusion of the left renal artery in dogs
      narcotized with Nembutal and it was studied whether a small (0.5 mg/kg body
      weight /n = 6/) or a large dose (5 mg/kg body weight /n = 7/) of superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) improves renal function during 90 min reperfusion, compared to
      the control group (n = 6). In the first period after release of occlusion (min 0
      15) the GFR and cPAH values reached 10-20% of those in the contra lateral kidney
      with normal circulation. The GFR and cPAH values as well as urine flow, sodium
      and potassium excretion were not different in the three groups. Renal function
      significantly improved in all groups during reperfusion. At the early stage of
      reperfusion the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration exceeded that before
      occlusion. Such an increase could not be seen when superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      treatment was applied. Our results show that SOD treatment does not improve renal
      function at the early stage of acuterly stage of acute renal failure of ischaemic
      origin.

PMID- 1813862
TI  - Exogenous superoxide dismutase uptake by the myocardium and kidney in an
      ischaemic reperfusion model in dogs.
AB  - The renal and cardiac tissues of dogs were examined with autoradiographic method
      in ischaemic reperfusion trials with the aim of studying the access of exogenous
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme to the cells. Penetration of SOD into the cells
      was demonstrated. The enzyme showed special affinity to the mitochondira and
      myofilaments in the myocardium and it was seen both in the glomeruli and the
      tubules in the kidney. In both organs the uptake of the enzyme was most abundant
      in the ischaemic regions than in tissues with intact circulation.

PMID- 1813863
TI  - Effect of pulsed magnetic fields on healthy mice, a study through cellular
      electrophoresis of thymic cells.
AB  - An exposure of adult mice to a pulsed magnetic field (PMF) increases thymus
      weight. In this work, thymic lymphocytes were studied by cellular electrophoresis
      because the proliferation and maturation of these cells is linked to an increase
      in their electrophoretic mobility (EM). Fifteen-week-old female Swiss mice were
      exposed for 30 min to a 6 mT PMF, 12 or 460 Hz in frequency, according to
      different modalities. The EM of the thymic cells, suspended in saline were
      measured from 0 to 96 h after the end of the exposure. For some of the mice the
      whole body, for others the head only or the body without the head was exposed;
      the animals were awaken or narcotized, prepared or not with 6-hydroxydopamine.
      The modifications of the EM are in favour of an action of the PMF on the thymus
      through the central nervous system.

PMID- 1813864
TI  - Screening dental patients for temporomandibular disorders.

PMID- 1813865
TI  - The Minnesota Department of Health's dental public health grants program.

PMID- 1813866
TI  - A profile of Dr. Harold Eberhardt.

PMID- 1813867
TI  - The destruction and resurrection of a dental practice. 2. Up from the ashes.

PMID- 1813868
TI  - Electronic claims transmission: the "fourth party" factor in dentistry.

PMID- 1813869
TI  - Environmental issues in the dental office.

PMID- 1813870
TI  - Longevity of low- and high-copper amalgams analyzed by preparation class, tooth
      site, patient age, and operator.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term survivals of two low
      copper and three high-copper amalgam alloys, and to analyze four clinical factors
      for their possible effects on the restoration survivals. Some 1476 polished
      restorations were placed in hospital patients by a large number of operators and
      assessed over periods of up to 10 years. There were no significant survival
      differences found among the high-copper alloys and one low-copper alloy, and
      their survivals were significantly better than for the other low-copper alloy.
      These results could not have been reliably predicted from the different
      compositions and creep values of the alloys. A significant effect on restoration
      survivals was also found with different operators.

PMID- 1813872
TI  - The influence of an adhesive system on shear bond strength of repaired high
      copper amalgams.
AB  - The shear bond strengths of intact high-copper spherical and admixed amalgams
      were compared with repaired high-copper spherical and admixed amalgam specimens
      with and without the use of an adhesive system (Amalgambond). In the spherical
      group the shear bond strength of the repaired specimens was found to be 55 and
      53.2% of the intact specimens without and with the use of the adhesive system.
      After thermocycling those percentages were 48.5 and 43. In the admixed groups
      those percentages were 39, 36.5, 34.5, and 35.2 respectively. It was found that
      the application of Amalgambond did not significantly increase the strength of the
      repaired amalgam. Thermocycling only had a significantly adverse effect on the
      repair strength in the admixed group repaired without an adhesive system.

PMID- 1813871
TI  - Comparison of air-dried treatments after etching on the micromechanical bonding
      of the composite to ionomer surface.
AB  - Comparisons of air-dried treatments after etching on the micromechanical bonding
      of the composite to ionomer surface were made and clinical recommendations are
      provided. This in vitro study was made to evaluate the adhesion of the interface
      with a composite resin/bonding agent followed by air-drying surface treatment.
      The most effective surface conditions were found in the drying treatment groups.
      Non-air-dried (wiped dry with a tissue) surface groups were less effective.

PMID- 1813873
TI  - Evaluation of a new intraoral isolation device.
AB  - Control of moisture is critical in the oral cavity to obtain the optimal
      properties of dental materials and thus increase their longevity. The
      conventional rubber dam is a 6" x 6" latex sheet held in place with a separate
      frame. This study evaluated a new moisture control device that is self-supported
      by a rolled spring border. Twenty-four patients seen by 24 different dental
      operators and six dental assistants, with previous experience using the
      conventional rubber dam, participated. The study concluded that there was
      significant improvement in user acceptance and patient comfort with the use of
      this isolation device and, from the compilation of remarks from questionnaires,
      it was concluded that it was most effective for completion of anterior teeth
      restorations.

PMID- 1813874
TI  - Dentin bonding agents and the smear layer.
AB  - The morphology and treatment of the smear layer are discussed. Also included are
      a review of dentin bonding agent classification and chemistry, and a summary of
      recent bond strength research results. Finally, the current status of dentin
      bonding agents is discussed.

PMID- 1813875
TI  - [Metabolic differentiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes after kidney
      transplantation in relation to post-transplantation immuno- suppression in the
      light of the analysis of cellular activity of DNA transcription enzymes].
AB  - The activity of three classes DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in T and B lymphocyte
      cells nuclei isolated from peripheral blood of patients with transplanted kidney
      were investigated. Twenty three patients with transplanted organ in age 35 +/-
      9.7 treated simultaneously with cyclosporin A and small doses of prednisone and
      thirteen persons after renal transplantation in age 34.8 +/- 6.3 treated
      conservatively (azathioprine plus prednisone) were studied. The enzymes activity
      was assayed by the measurement of [3H] UTP incorporated into acid insoluble
      product in the presence of alpha-amanitin when specified. Both, "bound" and
      "free" enzymes activity was analysed. "Bound" polymerase is defined by the
      ability to transcribe endogenous template in the absence of exogenous DNA. "Free"
      enzyme was determined by the additional transcription on exogenous, calf thymus
      DNA as template. The quantity of polymerase I subunits by Western blotting was
      also analysed. It was shown that the polymerizing enzymes activity strongly
      depend upon haemodialysis period of time prior to organ transplantation as well
      as upon the treatment after transplantation. Characteristically in case of T
      lymphocyte isolated from patients treated with cyclosporin A, the transplant
      rejection process was accompanied by large increasing in polymerase activity
      especially in polymerase I. The correlation in polymerase activity and transplant
      rejection time was clearly observed. In case of lymphocyte cells isolated from
      patients with renal transplant treated conservatively, the polymerase activity in
      both T and B cell was slightly reduced. The useful of polymerase assay for
      monitoring of patients with renal transplant is considered.

PMID- 1813876
TI  - [Analysis of the activity of matrix DNA synthesis in the lymphocytes of patients
      after kidney transplantation and the role of the processes of degradation of DNA
      dependent RNA polymerases in the overall cellular nucleolytic activity].
AB  - The activity and quantity of deoxyribonucleases in T and B lymphocyte cells
      isolated from peripheral blood of patients with transplanted kidney were
      investigated. Twenty three patients with transplanted organ, aged 35 +/- 9.7,
      treated with cyclosporin A and thirteen individuals after renal transplantation
      in age 34.8 +/- 6.3 treated conservatively were studied. The enzyme activity was
      defined as resting DNase activity (DNase 0). Where specifiel the reaction mixture
      was supplied either with 5 mM MgCl2 (DNaseMg2+) or 1 mM MnCl2 (DNase1 x Mn2+) or
      2 mM MnCl2 (DNase2 x Mn2+). Two enzyme groups with molecular mass 32 kDa and 14
      to 18 kDa were analyzed. It was evidenced that the nuclease activity in B
      lymphocyte isolated from patients treated with cyclosporin A after organ
      transplantation was quite close to the control subjects. On the contrary, the
      nucleases activity and quantity increased in T lymphocyte of the same patients
      and increasing in enzymes activity was depending upon haemodialysis period of
      time prior to organ transplantation. Enzymes activity correlate with clinical
      parameters typical for kidney transplant rejection. The activity and quantity of
      nucleases was slightly reduced in both T and B lymphocytes isolated from patients
      treated conservatively after organ transplantation. The useful of nuclease assay
      for monitoring of kidney transplant rejection is discussed.

PMID- 1813877
TI  - [Studies of the effects of low-molecular uremic toxins on anaerobic metabolism of
      human erythrocytes].
AB  - The effect of methylguanidine (MG) and guanidinosuccinic++ acid (GSA) on the
      anaerobic glycolysis of normal human red blood cells was studied in vitro after
      three-hours incubation at temperature 37 degrees C. The changes of glucose and
      lactic acid levels as well as intermediate metabolites and adenine nucleotides of
      carbohydrate metabolism were determined. Glucose and lactic acid were measured
      with enzymatic methods, however main phosphate compounds and nucleotide coenzymes
      were determined by a method of column chromatography. The studies have shown,
      that GSA in concentrations approximate to those appearing in the plasma patients
      with chronic renal failure, insignificant enhanced glucose utilization in normal
      erythrocytes with simultaneous significant decrease produce of lactic acid.
      Methylguanidine have weakly effected on this process. Subsequent studies have
      demonstrated that mixture MG (5.4 x 10(-5) mol/dm3) and GSA (2.8 x 10(-5)
      mol/dm3) induced characteristic changes in composition of main phosphate
      compounds of carbohydrate metabolism in human red blood cells. The statistically
      significant decrease of ATP in blood cells with simultaneous increase ADP and AMP
      were observed. The concentrations of hexose monophosphate, fructose-1,6
      diphosphate, triosephosphate, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerinic acid were also higher.
      The inorganic phosphate concentration was over 80% higher than in control cells.
      The results of our studies have revealed that energetic metabolism was inhibited
      in red blood cells which were incubated with MG and GSA.

PMID- 1813878
TI  - [Plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, plasma renin activity and
      arterial blood pressure in patients after kidney transplantation].
AB  - In 64 kidney transplant patients (KTP) (35) treated by cyclosporine A (CyA)+
      prednisone and 29 treated by azathioprine (Aza)+ prednisone and promethazine and
      in 15 healthy subjects plasma adrenalin (A), noradrenaline (NA), plasma renin
      activity (PRA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in basal conditions and after
      water immersion test (WI) were measured. In basal conditions the A and PRA were
      higher, but NA was normal. After WI statistically significant decrease of MAP,
      PRA, A and NA were observed in all examined groups. In KTP mean decrease MAP, PRA
      and A was higher, but NA lower than in normals. No significant correlation
      between A or NA and PRA, and MAP and A or NA was observed. In KTP the change in
      sympathetic+ activity was observed. Participation of catecholamines and renin in
      the pathogenesis of hypertension in KTP is not dominant. Kind of
      immunosuppressive therapy (CyA or Aza) haven't significant influence on A, NA nad
      PRA levels.

PMID- 1813879
TI  - [The role of expression of histocompatibility antigens class II (HLA-D) and
      interleukin-2 receptor in the process of rejection of transplanted organs].

PMID- 1813880
TI  - [Late results of the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease by the MOPP/COPP
      programs (chlormethine or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine and
      prednisone)].
AB  - The results of the treatment with MOPP/COPP program for 114 patients with
      advanced Hodgkin's disease are presented. Complete remission has been achieved in
      74 patients (65%). Thirty four of them (30%) are still remaining in first
      remission. The relapse of disease was observed in 37 patients, in 16 of them
      during first 24 months of follow-up. Three patients were lost of observation. The
      analysis of these unsatisfactory long-term results suggests that more effective
      management policies for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease are needed.

PMID- 1813881
TI  - [The role of glycosphingolipids in the expression of neoplastic phenotype. I. The
      role of glycosphingolipids in cell adhesion and regulation of cell growth].

PMID- 1813882
TI  - [New members of the interleukin family: interleukins 6 and 7].

PMID- 1813883
TI  - [The mechanisms of insulin action].
AB  - Recent data on the mechanisms of insulin action are reviewed. The formation of
      second messengers from phosphatidylinositol-glycan precursor, and the influence
      of inositol-phosphate-glycan (IPG) on protein phosphorylation, and of
      diacylglycerol--on the gene expression is discussed.

PMID- 1813884
TI  - [Various principles of peritoneal absorption of drugs].
AB  - This paper is a review of the literature describing some aspects of
      intraperitoneal pharmacotherapy in experimental and clinical conditions. The
      principles of peritoneal absorption of antibiotics, insulin, nutrition agents
      (glucose, fat and amino acids) and antineoplastic drugs are analysed.

PMID- 1813885
TI  - [Liver damage in alcoholics].
AB  - The epidemiology of alcohol abuse and liver disease among alcoholics, with
      special emphasis on Poland, was reviewed and liver morphological changes
      attributable to the action of alcohol discussed. Furthermore, possible mechanisms
      leading to steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis were discussed in detail
      followed by brief review of clinical and biochemical abnormalities accompanying
      alcoholic liver disease and therapy of this disorder.

PMID- 1813886
TI  - Starting up in practice: are you a new associate?

PMID- 1813888
TI  - Never mind the answer, I don't understand the question....

PMID- 1813887
TI  - Change of accounting date: is this tax planning or a marketing ploy?

PMID- 1813889
TI  - Dental implant reconstruction: two case studies.

PMID- 1813890
TI  - Psychopharmacology of children and adolescents: pharmacokinetics and
      relationships of plasma/serum levels to response.
AB  - This article reviews data from the literature on pharmacokinetics and on
      relationships of plasma/serum levels to response in the child and adolescent
      population. The following topics will be covered: saliva vs. serum monitoring,
      drug-drug interactions, enzyme induction, and the effect of febrile illnesses on
      protein binding. Similarity of elimination processes based on manifestations that
      are genetically determined across age groups will be contrasted to elimination
      mechanisms that are different for the pediatric group due to age specific
      developmental considerations. Age related differences in plasma/serum level
      response relationships will be discussed with respect to study population
      characteristics and pharmacodynamic implications.

PMID- 1813891
TI  - Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropics:
      focus on women.
AB  - The animal literature provides many instances of gender differences in drug
      metabolism and/or response. However, there are inherent dangers in trying to
      generalize findings of either pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic gender
      differences to humans. The literature was searched for references to gender and
      pharmacokinetics of psychoactive drugs. Interest was primarily in whether
      sufficient data were available on humans to implicate a gender effect, given the
      large animal literature. There was a dearth of investigations to look for
      pertinent differences and many studies that examined gender differences appeared
      to do so incidentally. Some differences were identified that seemed hormonally
      influenced and age-related. The most compelling gender differences stem from data
      on research probes utilized to better understand psychiatric disease processes.
      The implications for women as psychoactive drug consumers are discussed.

PMID- 1813892
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and other related factors affecting psychotropic responses in
      Asians.
AB  - The last decade has witnessed substantial progress in our understanding of ethnic
      differences and similarities between Asians and other ethnic groups in response
      to various psychotropics. Capitalizing on recent advances in cross-cultural and
      psychobiological research methodology, a number of recent studies have suggested
      a special sensitivity of Asians to various psychotropic medications. Whereas
      pharmacokinetic differences have been consistently found with haloperidol and
      some benzodiazepines, results of studies focusing on tricyclic antidepressants
      (TCAs) have remained inconclusive. In addition, ethnic differences in protein
      binding and in the pharmacodynamics of some of these drugs have also been
      reported. Future studies should explore newer assay methods and imaging
      techniques capable of measuring receptor-drug interactions, in addition to
      utilizing existing research methodologies to more systematically scrutinize the
      nature and extent of such differences. They should be designed not only to
      ascertain differences in drug responses, but also to examine genetic and
      environmental (e.g., diet, exposure to enzyme inducers) factors that may
      contribute to these differences. Pharmacogenetic probes could be used in
      combination with studies examining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues for
      such purposes.

PMID- 1813894
TI  - Ethnic psychopharmacology: the Hispanic and Native American perspective.
AB  - There is ample evidence attesting to differences in drug response and disposition
      among certain ethnic groups. The existing body of knowledge concerning
      pharmacological issues in the Hispanic and Native American ethnic groups,
      however, is both meager and confusing. In this article, the authors first attempt
      to briefly characterize these increasingly important ethnic groups, citing recent
      population figures and epidemiological findings. This is followed by a review of
      several existing retrospective studies concerning the pharmacological treatment
      of patients belonging to these groups. Recent findings in the area of
      pharmacogenetics are critically appraised and other factors influencing drug
      responsiveness are also examined. The clinical significance of this research for
      the optimal treatment of patients in cross-cultural settings is highlighted. The
      need for further research that would both fortify and clarify the available
      information with respect to these issues and the Hispanic and Native American
      populations is obvious.

PMID- 1813893
TI  - Psychopharmacologic considerations in the treatment of black American
      populations.
AB  - Although striking ethnic differences in pharmacologic responses to various
      medications have been documented in the general medical literature, there is a
      paucity of such information in the psychopharmacologic literature. Recent work
      has provided a number of studies that illustrate interesting inter-ethnic
      pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic differences. In general,
      however, such studies have reported inconsistent findings relative to dose
      response relationships with various psychotropics. Results of our literature
      review, with a particular focus on black Americans, suggest that the lack of
      consistency in these investigations is largely attributable to various
      methodological and design problems. Prominent among these problems are:
      diagnostic misclassification, treatment of various ethnic groups in a homogeneous
      undifferentiated manner, lack of appropriate control for age and gender, and
      minimal consideration for chronicity of illness. As a result, though there exist
      some interesting data suggesting inter-ethnic genetic and kinetic differences,
      the extant literature on black Americans and other ethnic groups should be
      evaluated with some caution. The purpose of this article is to provide a
      systematic review of the existing psychopharmacologic literature on the black
      American population.

PMID- 1813895
TI  - Lithium pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Lithium, in various forms, has been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of
      bipolar affective disorder since the mid-1960s. In the past 30-plus years, much
      has been learned regarding lithium's effects on the renal function, improved ways
      and forms of administering and monitoring serum lithium levels, the effect of
      mood state on lithium kinetics, and the influence of age and disease factors.
      Furthermore, the interaction of lithium with other psychotropics as well as with
      non-psychotropics, in particular, the diuretics and nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory agents, has frequently become a source of concern. This review
      highlights current knowledge on these topics with a view toward future
      developments.

PMID- 1813896
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
AB  - Few studies on the pharmacokinetics and plasma drug levels of monoamine oxidase
      (MAO) inhibitors have been performed, despite several decades of clinical use.
      Older MAO inhibitors such as tranylcypromine produce neuronal accumulation of
      neurotransmitter amines as a consequence of functionally irreversible MAO
      inhibition. Typically, these agents are cleared from the body rapidly, so plasma
      drug levels are not correlated with MAO inhibition. However, recent research has
      demonstrated that tranylcypromine can produce direct and reversible pharmacologic
      effects, as well as clinical mood effects, that appear more closely related to
      transient plasma tranylcypromine levels than to the degree of MAO inhibition. In
      addition, a new generation of reversible MAO inhibitors is now being introduced.
      The antidepressant actions of these latter agents will almost certainly be
      directly influenced by pharmacokinetic factors. This review summarizes the
      existing pharmacokinetic literature on tranylcypromine, phenelzine, moclobemide,
      and selegiline. These drugs and others like them promise to become increasingly
      important in modern psychopharmacologic practice.

PMID- 1813897
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of second generation antidepressants: fluoxetine.
AB  - Fluoxetine is a serotonin-specific antidepressant approved in 1987 by the Food
      and Drug Administration for treatment of depression. In this article, information
      will be reviewed concerning fluoxetine's pharmacokinetics and relation to blood
      levels and clinical response, to use in geriatrics, to use in medical illness,
      and to drug interactions.

PMID- 1813898
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of second generation antidepressants: bupropion.
AB  - Bupropion is a relatively dopamine-specific antidepressant approved for release
      by the Food and Drug Administration in 1989. Topics included in this review are
      pharmacokinetics as related to blood levels and clinical response, bupropion's
      use in the elderly and in the medically impaired, and drug interactions of note.

PMID- 1813899
TI  - Hydroxylated metabolites of antidepressants.
AB  - Hydroxylated metabolites (OHMs) of antidepressant drugs are pharmacologically
      active. On chronic administration, unconjugated OHM plasma concentrations can be
      substantial compared to that of the parent compound, especially for secondary
      amine TCAs and bupropion. OHMs may contribute to toxicity and may contribute to,
      or attenuate, efficacy. Direct administration of OHMs may be associated with
      antidepressant effects.

PMID- 1813900
TI  - Renal function and the disposition of antidepressants and their metabolites.
AB  - Reports of plasma concentrations of antidepressants and their metabolites in
      patients with reduced renal function have been reviewed. The consequences of
      alteration of various pharmacokinetic factors on drug and metabolite
      concentrations have been compared with the observed data. Concentrations of drugs
      that are more than 95 percent metabolized are not altered by decreased renal
      function. Concentrations of drugs that are mostly excreted unchanged in urine are
      greatly increased in patients with reduced renal function. Concentrations of
      metabolites that account for 10 percent or more of the dose of a parent drug in
      urine are usually increased. In general, the observations can be explained
      without hypothesizing an effect of reduced renal function on clearance by
      metabolism.

PMID- 1813901
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of tricyclic antidepressant overdose.
AB  - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) taken in large quantities during suicide
      attempts have altered pharmacokinetics. Their absorption may be delayed by
      inhibition of gastric emptying and peristalsis. A significant enterohepatic
      recirculation delays final elimination of a large fraction of the drug. The
      enzymes responsible for TCA benzyl-hydroxylation can become saturated and thus
      reduce TCA elimination to zero-order kinetics. TCA unbound to plasma proteins may
      also increase because of an acidemia resulting from a respiratory depression
      after overdose. Other compounds are ingested in suicide attempts which greatly
      change TCA pharmacokinetics. Metabolism of ethanol generates an excess of
      reducing equivalents which inhibit TCA oxidative metabolism. Neuroleptics
      directly inhibit TCA hydroxylation. Fluoxetine significantly prolongs elimination
      and increases plasma levels of TCA. Toxic hepatic metabolites of acetaminophen
      would delay TCA elimination. The elderly have slower rates of drug elimination
      and are particularly susceptible to TCA antidepressants taken in overdose.

PMID- 1813902
TI  - The impact of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics on the DST: a review.
AB  - Even though the DST has not proved successful as a marker for depression, it has
      stimulated a considerable amount of research into the interaction between
      neuroendocrine function and mood states. With the objective of perfecting the DST
      methodology, investigators have explored the interaction between dexamethasone
      plasma concentrations and cortisol response, and have found that there is a
      significant inverse correlation between dexamethasone concentrations and cortisol
      concentrations. Although this relationship is one of the factors that affects
      cortisol response in depressed patients, it usually explains less than 20 percent
      of the variance of cortisol response. One can only conclude that the affective
      state explains a certain amount of the remaining variance. Dexamethasone plasma
      concentrations may be altered by a variety of drug and disease interactions. Many
      enzyme inducers, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital, increase
      dexamethasone CL, but some drugs that might be expected to alter dexamethasone
      CL, such as cimetidine and tobacco smoke, do not affect it. Any disease that
      causes hepatic dysfunction could be expected to decrease dexamethasone CL,
      whereas renal failure may increase dexamethasone CL. Neither Cushing's syndrome
      nor congenital adrenal hyperplasia appear to alter dexamethasone CL. Alcoholism
      has a dual effect on the DST. Chronic alcohol abuse may cause a cushingoid state,
      which could interfere with the DST interpretation. Also, chronic alcohol use may
      result in hepatic dysfunction, or an induction of P-450 enzymes. As a result of
      these different actions, alcohol could result in either an increase or decrease
      in dexamethasone CL. Studies of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics conducted in
      depressed patients are few, but they generally agree that DST nonsuppressors
      exhibit an increased dexamethasone CL when compared with suppressors. The only
      two studies to investigate this population longitudinally report somewhat
      contradictory results; one study reports an increase in dexamethasone CL
      following recovery from depression, and the other a decrease. Since only one of
      the studies was conducted using intravenous dexamethasone, differences in
      bioavailability might explain some of the differences in results between the two
      studies. In spite of the unresolved questions, these studies have stimulated
      research into an entirely new area: the possibility that affective diseases may
      alter the pharmacokinetics of some drugs.

PMID- 1813903
TI  - Interaction of ethanol and smoking on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
      of psychotropic medications.
AB  - Ethanol and smoking are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
      of many medications. This review focuses on the interactions between ethanol and
      smoking and psychotropic medications, in particular, antidepressants,
      anxiolytics, and neuroleptics. A discussion of the various mechanisms by which
      ethanol and smoking may exert their effects precedes a summary of specific
      interactions.

PMID- 1813904
TI  - ECT--drug interactions: a review.

PMID- 1813906
TI  - Dosage regimen design for cyclic antidepressants: a review of pharmacokinetic
      methods.
AB  - One of the difficulties in pharmacotherapy of depression is the frequent need to
      make several dosage titrations before reaching the optimal therapeutic dosage.
      This problem has led to several experimental approaches for predicting a stable
      antidepressant maintenance dose from plasma concentration data collected shortly
      following a test dose. The theoretical basis for these methods is reviewed along
      with the results of clinical trials. It is concluded that accurate steady-state
      concentrations of cyclic antidepressants can be predicted from kinetic analysis
      of plasma concentrations obtained early in therapy. The most applicable drug for
      prospective dosing methods is nortriptyline with its widely accepted therapeutic
      plasma concentration range. Other drugs that also have substantial evidence for
      predicting the optimal dose from an early point in therapy include desipramine
      and imipramine. Predictive dosing methods are easily applied in the inpatient
      setting. Multiple data points obtained between 12 and 48 hours after the first
      dose are likely to give accurate predictions and provide clinically useful
      information. More widespread application of predictive approaches to dosage
      regimen design of antidepressant pharmacotherapy may lead to reduced
      hospitalization and cost savings.

PMID- 1813905
TI  - Antidepressant challenge tests: the interface of pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics.
AB  - Antidepressant compounds have been used as probes in neuroendocrine challenge
      tests designed to assess the functional responsivity of central neurotransmitter
      systems. Neurohormonal responses to the antidepressants desipramine and
      clomipramine, for example, can provide information regarding noradrenergic and
      serotonergic function, respectively. Pharmacokinetic factors can affect these
      antidepressant challenge tests. Proper attention to pharmacokinetic issues in the
      design, implementation, and analysis of data obtained with these probes will
      provide a more clear understanding of the pharmacodynamic meaning of the results
      from studies that apply antidepressant challenges.

PMID- 1813907
TI  - Determination of drug half-life while giving doses between blood samples.
AB  - Traditional methods of determining drug elimination half-life require that no
      doses be given between the blood samples, which delays drug administration. This
      article details a new method to determine drug half-life from blood samples drawn
      with intervening drug doses, that is, while blood levels are building rather than
      falling. This method was derived from one-compartment pharmacokinetic modeling to
      assist regulation of doses of central nervous system drugs whose blood
      concentrations have clinical meaning, for example, lithium and some
      antidepressants. It should improve the accuracy and practicality of
      pharmacokinetic methods to predict desirable steady-state drug doses at start-up
      and to monitor the total daily drug exposure during followup.

PMID- 1813909
TI  - An esthetic, conservative reconstruction technique for an endodontically prepared
      tooth.
AB  - A reconstruction technique is presented for endodontically treated teeth in which
      a minimally invasive procedure is desired. A resin-bonded, laboratory-fabricated,
      heat- and pressure-cured composite resin onlay was used to achieve tooth support
      as well as esthetic results.

PMID- 1813908
TI  - Should bupropion dosage be adjusted based upon therapeutic drug monitoring?
AB  - Bupropion is the next antidepressant which should be studied aggressively to test
      the value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This paper will present the basis
      for this conclusion.

PMID- 1813910
TI  - The classification of single-rooted, pulpless teeth.
AB  - This paper draws attention to the important role of supragingival tooth structure
      in providing resistance to displacing forces, particularly transverse forces, on
      crown posts. Evaluation of the success rate of crown posts has indicated that
      remaining tooth structure and post space configuration should be taken into
      consideration during treatment planning. To facilitate the recording of,
      treatment planning for, and communication about the restoration of pulpless
      teeth, a simple classification of the remaining tooth structure is proposed.

PMID- 1813911
TI  - Esthetic repair of porcelain in a complete-mouth reconstruction: a case report.
AB  - This paper presents a relatively simple method of repairing a large porcelain
      fracture in a porcelain-fused-to-metal crown that is part of a multi-unit fixed
      partial denture. The technique involves fitting a "modified" porcelain-fused-to
      metal crown over the original damaged crown following some preparation of the
      original crown. This technique is of special value when a permanently cemented
      multi-unit restoration is involved, eliminating the need to replace the entire
      restoration and providing a durable esthetic result.

PMID- 1813912
TI  - Evaluation of the permeability of latex gloves for use in dental practice.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the permeability of the disposable,
      nonsterile gloves used in dental practice. A visual inspection and a water
      filling test were carried out on seven different brands of gloves. Only five of
      the seven makes analyzed showed a value of pinch marks statistically not
      different from 2% (the limit recommended by the American Society for Testing and
      Materials). Analysis of the gloves with holes revealed that only four makes
      showed a value statistically not different from 2%. Finally, only three of the
      seven makes analyzed had a number of defects statistically not different from 2%.
      It may therefore be stated that the average quality level currently available
      should be improved to guarantee a safer and more effective protection against
      oral pathogens in dental practice.

PMID- 1813913
TI  - Systemic effects of nickel-containing dental alloys: analysis of nickel levels in
      serum, liver, kidney, and oral mucosa of guinea pigs.
AB  - For economic reasons, nickel alloys are in widespread use in dentistry. However,
      allergic reactions have been observed in nickel-sensitive patients. In this
      study, absorption of nickel in the serum, liver, kidney and oral mucosa of guinea
      pigs was examined. Guinea pigs experimentally sensitized to nickel showed
      significantly higher level of nickel in serum than did control animals. Levels of
      nickel in experimental and control animals were found to increase over time.

PMID- 1813914
TI  - The dentinal surface: its influence on dentinal adhesion. Part I.
AB  - Three categories of dentinal adhesive are proposed: category I includes adhesives
      with shear bond strength values between 5 and 7 MPa; category II includes
      dentinal adhesives with shear bond strengths between 8 and 14 MPa; and category
      III includes adhesives with shear bond strength values up to 20 MPa. In part I of
      this article, photomicrographs of the dentinal smear layer and three category I
      first-generation dentin-adhesive interfaces are presented. The photomicrographs
      show that the wetting and penetration of the first-generation dentinal adhesives
      were not adequate to produce high shear bond strengths. When the category I
      adhesives were tested for shear bond strength, failures occurred at the interface
      or in the resin adhesive. Future articles will explain wetting and adhesive
      performance of category II and III adhesives.

PMID- 1813915
TI  - Dentinal bond strengths and microleakage of a 4-META adhesive to amalgam and
      composite resin.
AB  - A 4-META-containing adhesive was evaluated for its ability to bond a composite
      resin and two types of amalgam to dentin. One group of composite resin was tested
      after 24 hours and another group after 24 hours of thermocycling. Shear bond
      strengths were: composite resin at 24 hours = 22.38 MPa; thermocycled composite
      resin = 20.86 MPa; spherical alloy = 3.38 MPa; admixed alloy = 3.84 MPa.
      Microleakage was evaluated after the 4-META adhesive was applied to cavity
      preparations and compared to that of a group treated with a cavity varnish. There
      was statistically significantly less microleakage in the 4-META group at both the
      occlusal and gingival margins.

PMID- 1813916
TI  - Toothbrush abrasion caused by different dentifrices.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the abrasive effect on toothbrush
      bristles caused by three brands of commercially distributed dentifrices: Colgate
      regular flavor, Crest tartar-control formula, and Caffree gel. New brushes and
      brushes tested in distilled water served as controls. Scanning electron
      micrographs were taken of all test samples, randomly labeled, then presented to
      independent evaluators. Each bristle evaluated was assigned to one of seven wear
      categories adapted from previous studies. Crest and Caffree produced the most
      bristle wear and were not significantly different from each other. Colgate and
      water resulted in less wear, and new brushes the least wear. These results
      demonstrate that the effective life of a toothbrush will vary with the type of
      dentifrice used.

PMID- 1813917
TI  - A survey on supernumerary molars.
AB  - The contemporary literature concerning the etiology, frequency, and
      classification of supernumerary teeth, specifically molars, is reviewed in this
      article. Also, methods for their early detection, as well as the prognosis and
      treatment of supernumerary molars, are discussed. Eight cases at the University
      of Athens and 105 others obtained from the literature were subjected to
      statistical analysis to examine sexual dimorphism and the position, impactions,
      and bilateral presence of supernumerary molars. Super-numerary molars occurred
      more frequently in the maxilla (79.7%), often were impacted (88.7%), and were
      found bilaterally 23.9% of the time. No great difference was found between the
      sexes in the frequency of supernumerary molars.

PMID- 1813918
TI  - Intracanal medications and antibiotics in the control of interappointment flare
      ups.
AB  - Acute exacerbation of symptoms, or "flare-up," after the debridement of the root
      canals and provisional restoration is a well-known postoperative complication of
      endodontic treatment. In this clinical study, various types of intracanal
      medications were compared for their ability to decrease interappointment flare
      ups. The result showed that use of intracanal medicaments containing anti
      inflammatory agents in combination with the administration of prophylactic
      systematic antibiotics was the most effective method of controlling
      interappointment flare-ups.

PMID- 1813919
TI  - The projections of locus coeruleus neurons to the spinal cord.
AB  - Spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons located in the locus
      coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) are a major source of the noradrenergic
      innervation of the spinal cord. However, the specific terminations of these
      neurons have not been clearly defined. The purpose of this chapter is to describe
      the results of experiments that used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris
      leucoagglutinin in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry
      to more precisely determine the spinal cord terminations of neurons located in
      the LC/SC. The results of these experiments indicate that the axons of LC neurons
      are located primarily in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus and terminate most
      heavily in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII, the motoneuron pool of lamina
      IX, and lamina X. LC neurons provide a moderately dense innervation of the
      ventral part of the dorsal horn, but only a very sparse innervation of the
      superficial dorsal horn. The SC projects ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral
      funiculus and terminates diffusely in the intermediate and ventral laminae of the
      spinal cord. Finally, the results of preliminary experiments indicate that
      different rat substrains may have LC neurons that exhibit qualitatively different
      termination patterns in the spinal cord. More specifically, LC neurons in some
      rat substrains innervate the dorsal horn, while those in other substrains
      primarily innervate the ventral horn and intermediate zone.

PMID- 1813920
TI  - Noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons: their distant connections and their
      relationship to neighboring (including cholinergic and GABAergic) neurons of the
      central gray and reticular formation.
AB  - Noradrenergic LC neurons appear to be relatively unique in the brain, being
      unsurpassed in the divergence and ubiquity of their projections through the
      central nervous system. In this regard, they share certain characteristics with
      peripheral noradrenaline neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. As such they
      would be assumed to play a very general role in modulating the activity of large
      populations of neurons in multiple, functionally diverse systems. Like other
      periventricular and reticular neurons, they have the potential to receive
      afferent information from multiple sources via long dendrites, upon which the
      majority of their inputs from brainstem and forebrain may arrive. They appear
      closely related to the cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus,
      their neighbors that are located medial and rostral to them within the
      periventricular gray and that have similarly oriented and positioned long
      dendrites that would allow reception of similar afferent input as the LC neurons
      and also possibly interaction with the LC neurons. As evidenced by input to the
      noradrenergic cell bodies in the compact portion of the nucleus, a moderate
      GABAergic innervation, that may derive in part from local neurons, could have a
      potent influence on the activity of the cells. Periventricular GABAergic cells
      could also serve as intermediaries to other afferent input, from a distance,
      terminating in the periventricular region or from local neurons such as the
      cholinergic cells of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus.

PMID- 1813921
TI  - Single-unit and physiological analyses of brain norepinephrine function in
      behaving animals.
AB  - In behaving cats, the single-unit activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic
      neurons is strongly activated by a variety of challenges (stressors). For
      example, exposing cats to a dog or to loud white noise, dramatically increases
      the activity of these neurons and simultaneously produces strong activation of
      the sympathetic nervous system. Similarly, glucoregulatory, thermoregulatory, and
      cardiovascular challenges also coactivate noradrenergic neurons and the
      sympathetic nervous system. A related research program utilized a simple
      brainstem response (the monosynaptic jaw closure reflex) to explore the
      physiological significance of this response of brain noradrenergic neurons.
      Conditions which activate these neurons were also shown to potentiate the
      elicited jaw closure-reflex response. Importantly, when the noradrenergic input
      to the motor side of this reflex pathway was destroyed with a neurotoxin, the
      conditions which previously potentiated the reflex were now ineffective. These
      data represent the first demonstration that the release of norepinephrine, at a
      specific site, and under physiological conditions, facilitates behavioral output
      in the intact organism.

PMID- 1813922
TI  - Vasopressin immunoreactive fibers and neurons in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of
      the rat, monkey and human.
AB  - It is now well established that extensive extrahypothalamic vasopressin (VP)
      systems exist in the rat, monkey and human brain. There are marked differences
      between species, but in each case VP nuclei provide dense afferents to the dorsal
      pontine tegmentum. Here VP may play a role in the mechanisms exerted by the locus
      coeruleus (LC) neurons, possibly both as a neurotransmitter and as a
      neuromodulator. Although we are aware of some properties of VP systems, e.g.,
      gonadal steroid dependency in the rat, major gaps characterize our knowledge of
      its anatomy. With regard to the interaction of VP with the LC in the brainstem of
      mammals some of the questions which stand out are: (1) Is VP really being
      biosynthesized and transported by LC cells and, if not, what is its function
      within these cells? (2) Is there a structural difference between male and female
      LC neurons in the rat as a consequence of the sex-dimorphic VP innervation? (3)
      What is the origin of VP afferents in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of the
      (non)human primate and are these afferents also controlled by gonadal steroids?
      Research strategies to answer these questions will provide us with information to
      resolve some of the current inconsistencies about the anatomy and the function of
      the VP and LC systems in the brain.

PMID- 1813923
TI  - Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to neuropeptides.
AB  - The knowledge on the neuronal inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) and their roles
      in regulating noradrenergic (NA) cellular activity is quite advanced. In recent
      years, however, about ten neuropeptides were found to be localized in the area of
      the rodent LC; peptides which may be considered as potential transmitters or
      modulators acting in this area. Electrophysiological studies performed in vivo
      and in vitro have revealed that many of these peptides are able to alter LC
      neuronal activity. Stimulatory effects have been described with vasopressin,
      substance P, adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticotropin-releasing factor.
      Depressant effects were seen with galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and
      enkephalin. Variable actions were observed in the case of neurotensin. While
      these findings point to a possible regulatory function of these peptides in this
      area, precise roles remain unclear. Important information is lacking that would
      conclusively demonstrate their regulatory functions. It should be determined
      whether the stimulation of peptidergic cells elicits synaptic effects identical
      to the ones observed with local exogenous peptide applications. By studying the
      action of blockers of these transmitter and modulator candidates, we would
      probably begin to understand their importance in the regulation of tonic and
      phasic activity components. The LC is generally considered to consist of a
      homogenous group of neurons. The recent observation that subpopulations of these
      cells contain peptides as in the case of neuropeptide Y, galanin and vasopressin,
      points to the possible existence of subgroups of neurons having different
      functions.

PMID- 1813924
TI  - Pharmacology of locus coeruleus spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity.
AB  - Neuroendocrine and catecholamine dysfunctions in depression may be linked by
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) effects on locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. One
      consequence of CRF hypersecretion in depression would be persistent elevated
      levels of LC discharge and diminished responses to phasic sensory stimuli. The
      hypothesis that antidepressants could reverse these changes was tested by
      characterizing effects of pharmacologically distinct antidepressants on LC
      sensory-evoked discharge, LC activation by stress, and LC activation by CRF. The
      most consistent effect of all of the antidepressants tested was a decrease in LC
      sensory-evoked discharge after acute administration. However, tolerance occurs to
      these effects after chronic administration. With chronic administration each of
      the antidepressants produced effects which could potentially interfere with CRF
      function in the LC. Desmethylimipramine and mianserin attenuated LC activation by
      a stressor which requires endogenous CRF, suggesting that these antidepressants
      attenuate stress-elicited release of CRF and perhaps the hypersecretion that
      occurs in depression. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline (SER),
      enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio of the LC sensory response, an effect opposite
      to that of CRF. Thus, SER could serve as a functional antagonist of CRF that is
      hypersecreted in depression. The finding that three pharmacologically distinct
      antidepressants share the potential to interfere with CRF function in the LC
      implies that this may be an important common mechanism for antidepressant
      activity.

PMID- 1813925
TI  - Norepinephrine effects on spinal motoneurons.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from cat spinal motoneurons in situ demonstrated that
      microiontophoretic application of NE with low-intensity ejection currents
      produces a slowly developing, small-amplitude depolarization of the cells, in
      contrast to early reports of NE-induced hyperpolarization. This depolarization
      was associated with an increase in excitability of the cells and a decrease in
      membrane conductance. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that
      NE reduces potassium conductance in spinal motoneurons as has been proposed for
      facial motoneurons (VanderMaelen and Aghajanian, 1980) and thalamic neurons
      (McCormick and Prince, 1988). The time course of the facilitatory effects of NE
      on cat motoneuron excitability recorded intracellularly agreed very closely with
      the time course of NE-induced facilitation of glutamate-evoked excitability in
      rat spinal motoneurons recorded extracellularly. The similarity of the
      observations in rats and cats suggests that NE functions generally to enhance
      mammalian motoneuron responsiveness to excitatory input.

PMID- 1813926
TI  - Central noradrenergic neurons: the autonomic connection.
AB  - Most CNS noradrenergic (NE) cell groups reside in portions of the medulla
      oblongata primarily involved in autonomic control (A1, A2, A5) and even the
      pontine locus coeruleus (A6) receives a major innervation from these medullary
      areas. This review examines the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological literature
      relevant to the issue of the role of CNS NE neurons in central autonomic control
      (with emphasis on cardiovascular control). It is concluded that NE cells, with
      the possible exception of certain A5 and A1 neurons, have relatively weak or no
      inputs from visceral cardiovascular afferents but provide a complex "open loop"
      control over non-aminergic circuits which are more specialized in the processing
      of cardiovascular and other autonomic reflexes. The question of whether the C1
      "adrenergic" cells of the rostral medulla oblongata actually use noradrenaline as
      a neurotransmitter is also briefly addressed.

PMID- 1813927
TI  - Descending noradrenergic influences on pain.
AB  - Multiple separate and distinct supraspinally organized descending inhibitory
      systems have been identified which are capable of powerfully modulating spinal
      nociceptive transmission. Until recently, brainstem sites known to be involved in
      the centrifugal modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission were few in number,
      being limited to midline structures in the midbrain and medulla (e.g.,
      periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus). However, with continued
      investigation, that number has increased and brainstem sites previously thought
      to be primarily involved in cardiovascular function and autonomic regulation
      (e.g., nucleus tractus solitarius; locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC); A5 cell
      group; lateral reticular nucleus) also have been demonstrated to play a role in
      the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. Spinal monoamines
      (norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin) have been shown to mediate stimulation
      produced descending inhibition of nociceptive transmission from these brainstem
      sites. The majority of NE-containing fibers and terminations in the spinal cord
      arise from supraspinal sources; thus, the LC/SC, the parabrachial nuclei, the
      Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and the A5 cell group have all been suggested as possible
      sources of the spinal noradrenergic (NA) innervation involved in the centrifugal
      modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. Several lines of evidence suggest
      that the LC/SC plays a significant role in a functionally important descending
      inhibitory NA system. Focal electrical stimulation in the LC produces an
      antinociception and increases significantly the spinal content of NA metabolites.
      The inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick withdrawal reflex produced by
      electrical stimulation in the LC/SC has been demonstrated to be mediated by
      postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the lumbar spinal cord. Similarly,
      electrical or chemical stimulation given in the LC/SC inhibits noxious-evoked
      dorsal horn neuronal activity. Thus, results reported in electrophysiological
      experiments confirm those reported in functional studies and the NA
      coeruleospinal system appears to play a significant role in spinal nociceptive
      processing.

PMID- 1813929
TI  - Locus coeruleus and dorsal pontine reticular influences on the gain of
      vestibulospinal reflexes.
AB  - Experimental anatomical and physiological studies have shown that noradrenergic
      locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which are NE-sensitive due to inhibitory
      adrenoceptors, send inhibitory afferents to neurons of the peri-LC alpha and the
      adjacent dorsal pontine reticular formation (pRF); on the other hand these
      tegmental neurons, which are, in part at least, cholinergic as well as
      cholinoceptive, send excitatory afferents to the medullary inhibitory
      reticulospinal (RS) system. Experiments performed in precollicular decerebrate
      cats indicate that these pontine structures exert a regulatory influence on
      posture as well as on the gain of vestibulospinal (VS) reflexes. In particular,
      the increased discharge of dorsal pontine reticular neurons, and the related
      inhibitory RS neurons induced by microinjection of cholinergic agonists into the
      peri-LC alpha and the adjacent pRF of one side, decreased the postural activity,
      but greatly increased the response gain of the ipsilateral triceps brachii in
      response to stimulation of labyrinth receptors resulting from roll tilt of the
      animal (at 0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees). Similar results were also obtained when the
      discharge of these pontine and medullary reticular neurons was raised, either by
      local injection into the peri-LC alpha and the dorsal pRF of the beta-adrenergic
      antagonist propranolol, which blocked the inhibitory influence of the
      noradrenergic LC neurons on these structures, or by local injection into the LC
      complex of an alpha 2- or beta-adrenergic agonist (clonidine or isoproterenol)
      which led to functional inactivation of the noradrenergic neurons; in the latter
      case the effects were bilateral. Just the opposite results were obtained after
      microinjection into the LC of a cholinergic agonist, leading to activation of the
      corresponding neurons. Evidence was also presented indicating that the
      cholinergic excitatory afferents to the LC originated from the ipsilateral dorsal
      pRF. The effects described above were dose-dependent and site-specific, as shown
      by histological controls. Under given conditions, the decrease in postural
      activity induced either by direct activation of presumptive cholinergic and
      cholinoceptive pRF neurons or by inactivation of noradrenergic and NE-sensitive
      LC neurons was followed by transient episodes of postural atonia which lasted
      several minutes and affected the ipsilateral and sometimes also the contralateral
      limbs. In these instances, the EMG modulation of the corresponding triceps
      brachii to animal tilt was suppressed. These findings suggest two different
      ranges of operation for the noradrenergic and cholinergic structures located in
      the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, leading either to a decrease or to an
      increase in gain of the VS reflexes. The cellular basis of these gain changes is
      discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1813928
TI  - Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to labyrinth and neck stimulation.
AB  - The electrical activity of a large population of locus coeruleus (LC)-complex
      neurons, some of which were antidromically activated by stimulation of the spinal
      cord at T12-L1, was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats during labyrinth
      and neck stimulation. Some of these neurons showed physiological characteristics
      attributed to norepinephrine (NE)-containing LC neurons, i.e., (i) a slow and
      regular resting discharge; (ii) a typical biphasic response to compression of the
      paws consisting of short impulse bursts followed by a silent period, which was
      attributed to recurrent and/or lateral inhibition of the corresponding neurons;
      and (iii) a suppression of the resting discharge during episodes of postural
      atonia, associated with rapid eye movements (REM), induced by systemic injection
      of an anticholinesterase, a finding which closely resembled that occurring in
      intact animals during desynchronized sleep. Among the neurons tested, 80 of 141
      (i.e., 56.7%) responded to the labyrinth input elicited by sinusoidal tilt about
      the longitudinal axis of the whole animal at the standard parameters of 0.15 Hz,
      +/- 10 degrees, and 73 of 99 (i.e., 73.7%) responded to the neck input elicited
      by rotation of the body about the longitudinal axis at the same parameters, while
      maintaining the head stationary. A periodic modulation of firing rate of the
      units was observed during the sinusoidal stimuli. In particular, most of the LC
      complex units were maximally excited during side-up tilt of the animal and side
      down neck rotation, the response peak occurring with an average phase lead of
      about +17.9 degrees and +34.2 degrees with respect to the extreme animal and neck
      displacements, respectively. Similar results were also obtained from the
      antidromically identified coeruleospinal (CS) neurons. The degree of convergence
      and the modalities of interaction of vestibular and neck inputs on LC-complex
      neurons were also investigated. In addition to the results described above, the
      LC-complex neurons were also tested to changing parameters of stimulation. In
      particular, both static and dynamic components of single unit responses were
      elicited by increasing frequencies of animal tilt and neck rotation. Moreover,
      the relative stability of the phase angle of the responses evaluated with respect
      to the animal position in most of the units tested at increasing frequencies of
      tilt allowed the conclusion to attribute these responses to the properties of
      macular ultricular receptors. This conclusion is supported by the results of
      experiments showing that LC-complex neurons displayed steady changes in their
      discharge rate during static tilt of the animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1813930
TI  - Noradrenergic agents into the cerebellar anterior vermis modify the gain of
      vestibulospinal reflexes in the cat.
AB  - The noradrenergic (NA) afferent projection to the cerebellar cortex, which
      originates mainly from the locus coeruleus (LC), may act on the target neurons by
      utilizing both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. Experiments performed in
      decerebrate cats have shown that unilateral injection into the vermal cortex of
      the cerebellar anterior lobe of 0.25 microliter of the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist
      metoxamine or the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (at 2-8 micrograms/microliters of
      saline) as well as of the non-selective beta-agonist isoproterenol (at 8-16
      micrograms/microliters) decreased the postural activity in the ipsilateral
      forelimb, while the extensor tonus either remained unmodified or slightly
      increased on the contralateral side. The same agents also increased the gain of
      the vestibulospinal (VS) reflexes elicited by recording the multiunit EMG
      responses of the ipsilateral and the contralateral triceps brachii to roll tilt
      of the animal (at 0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees), leading to sinusoidal stimulation of
      labyrinth receptors. The crossed effects were more prominent for the alpha 2-
      than for the alpha 1- and beta-agonists. Only slight changes in the phase angle
      of the responses were observed. The effects described above appeared 5-10 min
      after the injection, reached the peak values after 15-30 min and disappeared
      within 2 h. The effective area was located within the third and/or the fourth
      folium of the culmen rostral to the fissura prima, 1.4-1.8 mm lateral to the
      midline. This area corresponded to zone B of the cerebellar cortex, which
      projects to the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN), on which it exerts
      a prominent inhibitory influence. In fact, monopolar stimulation of this area
      with three negative pulses (at 300/sec) performed prior to the local injection
      inhibited the spontaneous EMG activity of the ipsilateral triceps brachii. The
      effects described above were dose-dependent; injection of an equal volume of
      saline was ineffective. All changes in posture and reflexes elicited by
      metoxamine or clonidine were impaired by previous injection into the same
      corticocerebellar area of the corresponding alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenergic
      antagonist prazosin or yohimbine, respectively (0.25 microliters at 8-16
      micrograms/microliters). However, cross-interactions between alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenergic agonists and antagonists were also observed. In fact, injection of the
      alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine prevented the occurrence of all the
      metoxamine effects, while administration of the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist
      prazosin prevented the occurrence of the ipsilateral, but not of the
      contralateral effects induced by clonidine injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1813932
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of the locus coeruleus in
      alerting, orienting, and attending.
AB  - In this chapter, we describe recent observations from our laboratory which
      support the thesis that the locus coeruleus (LC), via its massively divergent
      efferent projections, participates in generating a generalized brain state that
      can be characterized as "alertness." The first of these observations suggests
      that LC activation can convert the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the
      forebrain from patterns characteristic of a non-alert state to those
      characteristic of an alert state. The second observation indicates that LC
      activation alters sensory responses of individual neocortical neurons in a way
      that is compatible with the general thesis presented here, suggesting that LC
      induced alterations in cortical neuronal activity may be an integral component of
      a hypothesized participation of the LC in cortically mediated attentional
      processes. The third observation indicates that LC may modulate forebrain
      components of orienting responses that are indexed by event-related potentials
      (ERPs). Thus, the experiments described below involve electrophysiological
      assessment of forebrain information processing at three different levels of
      organization: activity of individual neurons in the millisecond range, neuronal
      ensemble activity persisting for 10-200 msec as indexed by ERPs, and
      ensemble/regional activity sustained for seconds to minutes as indicated by EEG
      measures. These observations suggest that alterations induced in forebrain
      function by manipulations of LC activity are evident at all three of these
      levels.

PMID- 1813931
TI  - Discharge of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats and monkeys
      suggests a role in vigilance.
AB  - Recordings from noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in behaving rats and
      monkeys revealed that these cells decrease tonic discharge during sleep and also
      during certain high arousal behaviors (grooming and consumption) when attention
      (vigilance) was low. Sensory stimuli of many modalities phasically activated LC
      neurons. Response magnitudes varied with vigilance, similar to results for tonic
      activity. The most effective and reliable stimuli for eliciting LC responses were
      those that disrupted behavior and evoked orienting responses. Similar results
      were observed in behaving monkeys except that more intense stimuli were required
      for LC responses. Our more recent studies have examined LC activity in monkeys
      performing an "oddball" visual discrimination task. Monkeys were trained to
      release a lever after a target cue light that occurred randomly on 10% of trials;
      animals had to withhold responding during non-target cues. LC neurons selectively
      responded to the target cues during this task. During reversal training, LC
      neurons lost their response to the previous target cue and began responding to
      the new target light in parallel with behavioral reversal. Cortical event-related
      potentials were elicited in this task selectively by the same stimuli that evoked
      LC responses. Injections of lidocaine, GABA, or a synaptic decoupling solution
      into the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the
      major afferent to LC, eliminated responses of LC neurons to sciatic nerve
      stimulation or foot- or tail-pinch. This indicates that certain sensory
      information is relayed to LC through the excitatory amino acid (EAA) input from
      the ventrolateral medulla. The effect of prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation on LC
      neurons was examined in anesthetized rats. Single pulse PFC stimulation had no
      pronounced effect on LC neurons, consistent with our findings that this area does
      not innervate the LC nucleus. However, trains of PFC stimulation substantially
      activated most LC neurons. Thus, projections from the PFC may activate LC
      indirectly or through distal dendrites, suggesting a circuit whereby complex
      stimuli may influence LC neurons. The above results, in view of previous findings
      for postsynaptic effects of norepinephrine, are interpreted to reveal a role for
      the LC system in regulating attentional state or vigilance. The roles of major
      inputs to LC from the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla in sympathetic
      control and behavioral orienting responses, respectively, are integrated into
      this view of the LC system. It is proposed that the LC provides the cognitive
      complement to sympathetic function.

PMID- 1813933
TI  - The role of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons and neighboring cholinergic
      neurons of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum in sleep-wake states.
AB  - Despite early suppositions that the noradrenergic (NA) locus coeruleus (LC)
      neurons play a critical role in the generation and tonic maintenance of
      wakefulness and paradoxical sleep, further studies indicated that these cells
      play a nonessential modulatory role in the regulation of these states. Thus,
      based upon evidence from pharmacological, lesion and single-unit recording
      studies, it now appears that NA neurons may be important for enhanced periods of
      attention or stress during wakefulness, though they are not necessary for the
      tonic maintenance of cortical activation or behavioral arousal during the state.
      From similar examinations, it has been found that the cessation of activity of NA
      LC neurons may normally be important in permitting the occurrence of the state of
      paradoxical sleep. Neighboring cholinergic neurons of the pontomesencephalic
      tegmentum may also be active during waking and play a role in facilitating
      thalamocortical activity and transmission, like NA neurons during that state.
      However, unlike the NA neurons, the cholinergic neurons play an active and
      essential role in the generation of the state of paradoxical sleep. Generation of
      the state of paradoxical sleep may depend upon the simultaneous activation of
      cholinergic neurons and cessation of NA LC neurons, that could be brought about
      by the intermediary action of local GABA neurons.

PMID- 1813934
TI  - Facilitation of learning consecutive to electrical stimulation of the locus
      coeruleus: cognitive alteration or stress-reduction?
AB  - This chapter summarizes behavioral and neurochemical data on the delayed effect
      of locus coeruleus stimulation on learning capabilities in the rat. The initial
      observation showed that electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus of a 15-day
      old-rat improved the early stages of acquisition and extinction of a food
      reinforced task performed 4 weeks later. Neurochemical lesion of the dorsal
      noradrenergic bundle performed 10 days before the stimulation did not attenuate
      the behavioral effect, whereas the lesion of the locus coeruleus proper
      suppressed the subsequent behavioral improvement. More recently we showed that
      the increase of adrenocorticotrophin release consecutive to a moderate stressful
      situation was significantly lower in previously stimulated rats than in implanted
      non-stimulated animals. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the neurochemical
      lesion of the locus coeruleus increased neophobia in the open-field as well as in
      a specific exploration task. Taken together these data strongly suggest that the
      long-term improvement in acquisition and extinction of locus coeruleus-stimulated
      rats results mainly from an attenuated stress reaction when these animals are
      confronted with a new environment (beginning of acquisition) or a new situation
      (beginning of extinction). Finally, we were interested in investigating the
      possibility of some long-term neurochemical modifications that could be related
      to the observed behavioral effects. The most significant modification observed
      concerned certain subpopulations of adrenoceptors in specific brain regions. By
      using specific ligands of the beta-, alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, we
      studied the long-term effect (4 weeks) of the locus coeruleus stimulation on the
      kinetic characteristics of these three sub-types of receptors in four brain areas
      (the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and brainstem). No significant alteration
      in the density of beta binding sites was observed in any of the four structures
      analyzed; likewise locus coeruleus stimulation did not modify the density or
      affinity of the beta-, alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors in the brainstem. The
      density of alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors was significantly increased in the
      cortex whereas in the hippocampus only the density of the alpha 2-receptors was
      increased. Finally, a very large increase of the density of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      was observed in the hypothalamus (113%). In each case the increase in receptor
      density was also associated with a decreased affinity. A behavioral counterpart
      of these changes in the kinetic properties of the alpha 2-receptors has been
      observed by using a pharmacological approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1813935
TI  - Plasticity of sensory responses of locus coeruleus neurons in the behaving rat:
      implications for cognition.
AB  - The gating and tuning actions of noradrenaline (NA) at post-synaptic sites have
      been highly suggestive of an important role for the locus coeruleus (LC) in
      attention, learning and memory. By recording the activity of single units in the
      LC in behaving rats in a strictly controlled conditioning paradigm, direct
      evidence was provided that this nucleus is engaged during specific aspects of
      learning. The neuronal response to a discrete sensory stimulus was monitored as a
      function of the changing significance of the stimulus i.e., when it was novel,
      during habituation, associative learning, reversal and extinction. Both
      appetitive and aversive paradigms were used. We consistently observed
      differential conditioned responding with food reinforcement, while when footshock
      reinforcement was used, there was an increase in response to both CS+ and CS-. In
      both paradigms, the LC response disappeared when the conditioning was expressed
      at a behavioral level, to reappear vigorously as soon as the stimulus
      reinforcement contingencies were changed, i.e., during reversal or extinction.
      These results suggest that the LC does not mediate specific sensory or
      associative information necessary for ongoing performance but shows remarkable
      plasticity of sensory responding as a function of changing cognitive significance
      of the stimulus.

PMID- 1813936
TI  - Noradrenergic innervation of somatosensory thalamus and spinal cord.
AB  - Monoamine systems have been shown to be an important part of an endogenous
      analgesic system of the central nervous system. Some aspects of the anatomical
      basis of monoamine modulation of nociceptive input were investigated in these
      studies. Two sites examined where monoamine systems are known to impinge on the
      pain transmission system included the grey matter of the somatosensory thalamus
      and the spinal cord. In particular, the connections of noradrenergic systems with
      these regions were emphasized. In the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the
      thalamus the presence of a sparse innervation by both noradrenergic and
      serotonergic fibers was confirmed by electron microscopy. Boutons containing
      markers for either serotonin or norepinephrine were observed contacting dendrites
      and somata in this region. The origins of these projections were determined, by
      retrograde transport studies, to be primarily in the locus coeruleus and the
      dorsal raphe. Also examined was noradrenergic innervation of the spinothalamic
      tract neurons which relay information related to pain from the spinal cord. Some
      catecholamine boutons were observed to contact spinothalamic neurons directly.
      These included spinothalamic tract neurons of the wide dynamic range and the high
      threshold category. The presence of noradrenergic elements in the somatosensory
      thalamus and, in particular, the direct connection with spinothalamic tract
      neurons at the level of the spinal cord clearly provides an anatomical substrate
      for influencing sensory mechanisms related to pain.

PMID- 1813937
TI  - Integrated treatment of multiple subgingival fractures.
AB  - With careful planning an apparently "hopeless case" can be treated successfully
      and conservatively. The case report of an 18 year old male requiring a combined
      periodontic, endodontic and prosthodontic approach is presented. With emphasis on
      treatment planning and emergency cover in the new dental contract, the approach
      to the treatment plan is discussed.

PMID- 1813938
TI  - A review of current proprietary bonding systems.
AB  - This is the third of a series of articles reviewing the current knowledge on
      bonding systems. In the two previous papers the nature of the dentine smear layer
      and the preparation of the dentine surface for bonding were considered. This
      article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms of dentine bonding and
      presents a summary of the composition and mode of action of some of the more
      recent proprietary bonding systems.

PMID- 1813940
TI  - Variations in bridge construction in commercial laboratories.
AB  - Identical working models for the construction of a porcelain bonded to metal
      three unit fixed bridge were sent to 30 different commercial dental laboratories
      in the United Kingdom. The material was sent from general dental practice
      addresses with the implication for treatment under the National Health Service.
      Each bridge on its return was examined for acceptability using subjective
      criteria based on clinical and technical factors. There was a wide variation
      between bridges which gave cause for concern. Lack of a satisfactory prescription
      for the laboratories to work to must have played a part in this variation.
      However, it is stressed that the prescription used in this work was deliberately
      chosen as representative of that which may be used by clinicians.

PMID- 1813939
TI  - Case report: the management of severe tooth wear with palatal resin bonded cast
      restorations combined with removable partial dentures.
AB  - The restoration of advanced tooth wear can present considerable problems.
      Conventional fixed prosthodontic treatment can be destructive to the already
      compromised dental tissues, time consuming and therefore costly. With recent
      advances in resin bonded technology, this may now be considered an option for
      definitive treatment in such cases. This case illustrates the use of palatal
      resin retained cast metal veneers. These veneers restored the worn palatal
      surfaces of the anterior maxillary teeth, protected them from further wear and
      controlled thermal sensitivity. They also provided support for a conventional
      maxillary partial denture.

PMID- 1813941
TI  - The effect of silane on shear bond strengths of etched cast metal restorations.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of a silane on the shear bond strength between
      an electrolytically etched Ni-Cr alloy and bovine enamel. The effect of time
      delay after etching and after silaning was also investigated. The results showed
      there to be a significant increase in bond strength when silane was used and
      bonding carried out immediately following silaning. However, a delay in bonding
      of even one hour after silaning significantly reduced bond strength. For periods
      up to one week, delay in silaning after etching had no effect on bond strength.

PMID- 1813942
TI  - Clinical and laboratory aspects of the three-part sectional denture.
AB  - The three-part sectional denture is becoming increasingly popular in the
      treatment of partially dentate patients who present with particular problems. It
      is a design concept which can be very successful if used with care, but is prone
      to failure if certain aspects of design and construction are overlooked. A
      discussion of pertinent clinical and laboratory details is presented, illustrated
      by a case where the patient's requirements were very specific.

PMID- 1813944
TI  - [A new curriculum for nurse education].

PMID- 1813943
TI  - The integration of restorations with existent partial dentures.
AB  - The relationship between an occlusal rest or clasp arm of a partial denture and
      the respective supporting tooth is critical and should be exact. Because of the
      necessity on occasion to remove the natural supportive enamel due to underlying
      caries, it becomes important that any restoration replacing the enamel should
      have the same configuration as before if the function of the rest or clasp is to
      be restored. This intricacy is often casually dealt with in practice. A simple
      but more exact technique to overcome this problem is described.

PMID- 1813946
TI  - [Informatics in nursing practice: a new challenge for the nurse].
AB  - The study does a critical analysis about the nurse's insertion and role in the
      informatic applied to health. It brings up the importance of nurse's envolvement
      in the implantation projects of the automatized systems information, the
      necessity of acquiriment knowledge and control about this technology so that it
      can be used as a useful work instrument, aiding the decision process and
      rationalizing the work, with the main objective to improve the nursing practice.

PMID- 1813945
TI  - [Understanding the questions on health and disease from adolescents in Azorean
      families--sexuality and reproduction].
AB  - This work presents data on a qualitative research conducted with adolescents from
      a community characterized by Azorean cultural traits. Besides focusing sexuality
      and reproduction questions of these young men and women in their relation with
      the sociocultural context, this study also brings to a focus the duty the nurse
      has to understand such relations, so as to be in a position to offer effective
      care.

PMID- 1813947
TI  - [Participant research in reference to historical and dialectical materialism: a
      contribution to nursing research].
AB  - Based upon the studies of Castellanos e Salum (1988) and Egry et al (1991), the
      author makes a theoretical approach of the participant research as an strategy
      related to the dialectical and historical materialism, emphasizing its in two
      main lines: - the dialectical method of exposition and the process of becoming
      aware.

PMID- 1813949
TI  - [Scientific indoctrination: a modality for incentives in nursing research].
AB  - The scientific commencement is pointed out as one of the strategies to be used to
      involve the future nurse with research activities and results. They also offer
      late displaying experiences in this model of teaching in two projects coordinated
      by them and granted by CNPq. This result includes synopsis of eleven works which
      were carried out by the students. They conclude by saying that these future
      nurses will be able to stimulate the research in their work context as a
      consequence of this way of extra-curricular teaching.

PMID- 1813948
TI  - [Caring for the cancer patient: how can nurses face this challenge?].
AB  - This paper presents a report of the experience the authors had in taking care of
      103 hospitalized oncology patients based on a particular framework. They reflect
      upon the nursing care provided to those patients, and also emphasizing patient's
      statements regarding their lived experience.

PMID- 1813950
TI  - [An evaluation of neonatal nursing care through an analysis of the records kept
      by nurses].
AB  - The present study evaluates through nursing registers the assistance afforded to
      two newborns groups. These children were evaluated by the pediatrician in the
      delivery room. After that they were conducted to newborn unit, where received the
      first hygienic care. However, the study shows that the evaluation made by the
      nurse in the newborn admission, resulted in two groups: one of them composed by
      children which had signals of difficulty to life adaptation, and the other group
      composed by children with normal reactions. The nursing assistance given to those
      newborns is the subject of this paper.

PMID- 1813951
TI  - Experimental studies of tolerance to intravitreal perfluoro-n-octane liquid.
AB  - Low viscosity perfluorocarbon liquids are useful adjuncts during vitreoretinal
      surgery. This study evaluates perfluoro-n-octane (PFnO) for intraoperative use by
      examining ocular tolerance in rabbits and pigs. Rabbits were treated with
      intravitreal placement of PFnO for 48 hours and were examined during a period of
      2 months following treatment. No clinical, electroretinographic, or light and
      electron microscopic evidence of adverse effects on the retina were observed.
      Small residual amounts of PFnO produced no adverse histologic changes 6 months
      after treatment. In pigs treated with mechanical vitrectomy and placement of PFnO
      for 3 hours, electron microscopic evaluation of the retina confirmed that the
      liquid had been well tolerated. These findings indicate that PFnO is safe for
      intraoperative use. When PFnO remained in the vitreous cavity of rabbits for
      longer than 1 week, varying degrees of globule dispersion occurred. Furthermore,
      histologic examination revealed changes in the inferior retina: photoreceptor
      outer segments were distorted, the outer plexiform layer was narrowed, and
      preretinal accumulation of macrophages had occurred.

PMID- 1813952
TI  - Experimental intraocular tolerance to liquid perfluorooctane and
      perfluoropolyether.
AB  - Three kinds of perfluorinated liquids (a perfluorooctane and two
      perfluoropolyethers) were evaluated as vitreous replacements. Tolerance to these
      liquids in rabbit eyes was investigated for periods of up to 2 months.
      Clinically, droplet formation of the liquids occurred within a few days of
      intravitreal injection. Histologic examination revealed no pathologic retinal
      changes 8 hours after surgery. At 6 days after surgery, hypertrophy of the Muller
      cells with bumplike protrusions into the interphotoreceptor space could be
      observed. At 1 month after surgery, light and electron microscopic examination
      showed larger droplike protrusions of Muller cells related to localized foldings
      of the outer retinal layers and rarefication of photoreceptor nuclei and loss of
      outer segments. Frequently disarranged, granule-loaded macrophages appeared in
      these areas. At 2 months after surgery, vesicles with low electron density
      appeared in some areas at the border between receptors and retinal pigment
      epithelium. In other areas pigment epithelial cells showed distinct hypertrophy
      (with drusen) toward the droplike Muller cell protrusion, together with narrowing
      of the interreceptor space. These findings were almost totally confined to the
      lower part of the retina that had been in permanent contact with the liquids. No
      histologic differences were noted between perfluorooctane- and perfluoropolyether
      injected eyes. The results suggest that the liquids are not candidates for long
      term vitreous replacement, but may be suitable for short-term intraoperative use.

PMID- 1813953
TI  - Enlargement of circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas.
AB  - The authors describe five patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas.
      Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasound examinations showed
      progressive enlargement of these hemangiomas. In all cases, the extent of lesion
      enlargement was slight: the mean change in tumor size was 1.6 mm x 1.5 mm in
      basal diameters by 0.9 mm in thickness during a median interval of 52 months
      (range 33 to 100 months) between initial tumor diagnosis and detection of lesion
      enlargement. This series of cases demonstrates that circumscribed choroidal
      hemangiomas can enlarge slightly during long intervals between observations.

PMID- 1813954
TI  - Low dose ocular irradiation for diffuse choroidal hemangiomas associated with
      bullous nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
AB  - The authors describe five eyes in four patients with diffuse choroidal
      hemangiomas associated with progressive serous nonrhegmatogenous retinal
      detachment that were treated with low dose external beam ocular irradiation
      (1,250 to 2,000 cGy in multiple fractions). The subretinal fluid reabsorbed
      completely within 3 to 12 months of treatment in every case and there has been no
      reaccumulation in any case to date (median follow-up 14 months). Two of the
      patients have developed a focal posterior subcapsular radiation cataract in the
      treated eye (at 19 months and 66 months, respectively, after irradiation), but
      none of the patients has thus far developed radiation retinopathy. The authors
      discuss the potential benefits and risks of this form of treatment for choroidal
      hemangiomas with bullous retinal detachment.

PMID- 1813955
TI  - Scleral buckle infections due to atypical mycobacteria.
AB  - Six cases of scleral buckle infections due to atypical mycobacteria were studied
      to determine their clinical and microbiologic features and the response of these
      infections to treatment. All infections were treated with exoplant removal and
      administration of a variety of antibiotics. Symptoms and clinical signs of
      infection resolved rapidly after treatment in all cases, and visual acuity
      returned to the best preoperative level in 5 of 6 cases. There are no clinical
      features to distinguish mycobacterial infections from other causes of scleral
      buckle infection, although scleral rupture occurred in 2 of 6 cases. The
      microbiologic evaluation of these cases showed 5 infections due to Mycobacterium
      chelonae and 1 infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum. Species and subspecies
      differences correlated with different antibiotic susceptibilities. Amikacin most
      frequently offered the best antibiotic coverage, as cases with M. chelonae were
      resistant or only marginally sensitive to ciprofloxacin. As in scleral buckle
      infections caused by other bacteria, prompt exoplant removal and adjustment of
      antibiotic therapy based on culture sensitivities was the best treatment.

PMID- 1813956
TI  - The use of silicone oil in uveitis and hypotony.
AB  - Profound hypotony associated with loss of vision complicating bilateral chronic
      uveitis was managed in five consecutive patients with vitrectomy and silicone oil
      injection. The use of silicone oil facilitated anatomic reattachment in three of
      the five eyes, improved visual acuity in all five eyes, and increased or
      maintained the intraocular pressure (IOP) in four of the five eyes at the 6-month
      follow-up examination. At the time of the last follow-up examination (mean = 19
      months), the IOP was still improved or maintained in four eyes and the visual
      acuity improved in relation to the baseline in three eyes.

PMID- 1813957
TI  - Computerized tomography in the evaluation of penetrating ocular injuries.
AB  - An evaluation was made of the cases of 80 consecutive patients (82 eyes) who
      underwent acute surgical intervention for penetrating eye injuries. Of these
      cases, 46 patients had computerized tomography (CT) of the orbit performed in
      addition to routine preoperative ophthalmic examination. Eyes with more severe
      injuries and eyes in which the posterior segment was not visualized on the
      preoperative ophthalmic examination were more likely to undergo CT evaluation. CT
      scanning frequently demonstrated posterior segment pathology not observable by
      ophthalmic examination. The following CT findings were associated with poor
      visual or anatomic outcome: (1) posterior segment hemorrhage; (2) vitreous space
      distortion; and (3) lens disruption. This study suggests that CT scanning may
      provide useful information as to the nature and extent of injury in cases of
      penetrating ocular trauma.

PMID- 1813958
TI  - Treatment of cystoid macular edema with acetazolamide in a patient with
      serpiginous choroidopathy.
AB  - A patient with serpiginous choroidopathy had decreased visual acuity and cystoid
      macular edema. He was treated with acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
      After 2 weeks of treatment, the patient's visual acuity improved and there was
      complete resolution of the cystoid macular edema. Improvement in extrafoveal
      scotopic retinal sensitivity was documented.

PMID- 1813959
TI  - Photocoagulation for serous detachment of the macula secondary to retinal
      astrocytoma.
AB  - Retinal astrocytomas are rare, usually asymptomatic, hamartomatous retinal tumors
      that are most commonly seen in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Serous
      detachment of the macula is a rare complication of retinal astrocytomas. The
      first successful treatment with laser photocoagulation of two eyes (two patients)
      with decreased vision due to a serous detachment of the macula from a retinal
      astrocytoma is described. Laser photocoagulation should be considered for retinal
      astrocytomas causing persistent or increasing exudation that is threatening the
      macula or causing visual loss.

PMID- 1813960
TI  - Macular choroidal occlusion in dysplasminogenemia.
AB  - The authors describe a family with dysplasminogenemia. This diagnosis was based
      on a lowered ratio of functional plasminogen activity to immunologic plasminogen
      antigen level, associated with fundus abnormalities. The proband is a 31-year-old
      woman with Graves disease who had choroidal occlusive lesions of the macula in
      both eyes. The results of the laboratory examination indicated that the patient
      was a homozygote for dysplasminogenemia. Similar examinations of the patient's
      parents and siblings showed their plasminogen levels to be 50% below normal. The
      thrombotic tendency in this disorder appeared to be responsible for the
      pathogenesis of the macular choroidal occlusion.

PMID- 1813962
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelial tear after treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the
      choroid.
AB  - A 59-year-old woman developed a tear of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
      shortly after receiving radiation therapy and chemotherapy for metastatic breast
      carcinoma to the choroid. If the RPE tear had not been observed during the early
      stage of its evolution, the subsequent coiled mass of RPE could have been easily
      mistaken for reactive hyperplasia. The location of the RPE tear relative to the
      choroidal metastasis and its temporal relationship to tumor involution suggest
      that the RPE tear and therapy for metastatic carcinoma were causally related.
      This is the first description of an RPE tear overlying a metastatic tumor.

PMID- 1813961
TI  - Choroidal metastasis and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
AB  - The association of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with a uveal
      metastasis is an exceptional occurrence. In this article, the authors report the
      first successfully treated case (to their knowledge) of a patient with one eye in
      whom both the RRD and the metastasis is treated successfully. The RRD was
      operated on using a buckling procedure with cryopexy of the retinal break and
      drainage of the subretinal fluid. The metastasis, originating from an invasive
      canalicular carcinoma of the breast, was irradiated several days after surgery
      with a linear accelerator. The primary tumor was treated with systemic
      hormonotherapy. One and a half years after surgery, the patient is still alive.
      Visual acuity in the eye is 20/30, the retina is flat and no signs of tumor
      recurrence have been observed.

PMID- 1813963
TI  - Arteriovenous communications of the retina during a 17-year follow-up.
AB  - Arteriovenous communications of the retina are rare developmental malformations
      considered to have a relatively stationary appearance. We observed a young girl
      with an arteriovenous malformation over a period of 17 years. Episodes of
      spontaneous regression, marked dilatation, and elongation of previously normal
      vessels are described.

PMID- 1813964
TI  - Hemorrhagic retinal macrocysts in advanced Coats disease.
AB  - The authors report a case of advanced unilateral Coats disease with associated
      hemorrhagic retinal macrocysts. Fluorescein angiography showed the macrocysts to
      be intensely hypofluorescent due to absence of perfused retinal blood vessels in
      the inner wall and presence of intracavitary blood blocking outer wall and
      choroidal fluorescence. Around the cystic lesions and in other areas of the
      peripheral retina, characteristic telangiectatic retinal blood vessels were
      evident. The mechanism responsible for the development of hemorrhagic retinal
      macrocysts in Coats disease appears to be coalescence of microcystic spaces in
      edematous and degenerated chronically detached retina.

PMID- 1813965
TI  - Photothermal, cryogenic, and diathermic effects of retinal adhesive force in
      vivo.
AB  - Argon laser photocoagulation, cryoretinopexy, and diathermy of moderate intensity
      is applied to 140 rabbit eyes. Retinal adhesive force is measured from 1 day to 6
      months following the treatment, using the authors' new in vivo method. A small
      retinal detachment is induced within the area surrounded by the burns. At the
      moment when the detachment starts to expand beyond the burns, subretinal pressure
      is measured using a resistance servo-nulling method. Retinal adhesive force is
      then calculated according to Laplace's law and compared with that of untreated
      eyes. Both photocoagulation and diathermy enhanced adhesiveness within 24 hours
      to 128% and 122%, respectively, of normal levels. Cryoretinopexy reduced the
      retinal adhesiveness during the first week, but afterwards generated as much
      adhesiveness as the other two methods. Beyond 6 months, under the conditions
      described here by the authors, the adhesive force was stronger after diathermy
      (279%) than after cryoretinopexy (214%) or laser photocoagulation (220%).

PMID- 1813966
TI  - Team-building in the laboratory.

PMID- 1813967
TI  - Fit failures of dental laboratory castings: causes and remedies.

PMID- 1813968
TI  - NBC fellowship: a personal perspective.

PMID- 1813969
TI  - Introduction to color perception.

PMID- 1813970
TI  - Time to shift focus to business and management skills.

PMID- 1813971
TI  - [Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia].
AB  - Lupus anticoagulants (LAs) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs) are acquired
      circulating immunoglobulins that cross-react with anionic and neural
      phospholipids. These factors may display anticoagulant properties in vitro by
      interfering with phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests. These antibodies are
      usually not associated with a bleeding tendency. In fact, paradoxically to their
      name, since the initial recognition they have been related to systemic and
      cerebral thromboembolisms, despite their in vitro "anticoagulant" properties. We
      report the clinical and laboratory findings in 4 LAs and ACAs positive patients
      with brain ischemia.

PMID- 1813972
TI  - [Changes in the nigrostriatal dopamine receptor compartment after continuous
      dopaminergic infusions in Parkinson disease].
AB  - Motor fluctuations often complicate chronic levodopa treatment of Parkinson's
      disease. Pharmacologically, these phenomena are characterized by a progressive
      shortening of the duration of action of levodopa and a gradual narrowing of the
      range of "optimally effective" doses, able to improve parkinsonian akinesia
      without inducing abnormal involuntary movements. The effects of a continuous
      intravenous infusion of levodopa lasting 9 +/- 0.3 days on these clinical
      pharmacological indices have been studied in 12 parkinsonian patients. Continuous
      infusion therapy gradually ameliorated motor fluctuations by more than 40%, and
      this improvement lasted for at least 6 days after resuming standard oral therapy.
      Moreover, levodopa duration of action was prolonged by about 30%, and the range
      of "optimally effective" dose was widened by about 50%. The above data suggest
      the possibility of plastic modifications of the pathogenetic mechanisms
      underlying motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease, and a potential deleterious
      effect of intermittent oral therapy. Consequently, continuous dopaminergic
      stimulation, when used in the early stages of the disease, might theoretically
      have a prophylactic role on the development or worsening of motor fluctuations.

PMID- 1813973
TI  - [Status epilepticus in chronically dialyzed patients treated with
      erythropoietin].
AB  - This paper describes the clinical features of two patients with chronic renal
      failure and uremic anaemia treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (9000
      I.U. subcutaneously subdivided in 3 times weekly at the end of haemodialysis
      treatment) who developed seizures and status epilepticus. This treatment has
      unequivocal benefits but in some patients has been accompanied by elevated blood
      pressure leading to hypertensive encephalopathy with seizures. In fact, the
      correction of the anaemia results in a rise in packed cell volume with a
      consequent increase in blood viscosity, predisposing to increased vascular
      resistance and the development of hypertension.

PMID- 1813974
TI  - [Diurnal worsening in Parkinson patients treated with levodopa].
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show a good response to levodopa in the
      morning, and reduced duration or complete failure of response later in the day,
      but the pathophysiology of this phenomenon remains unclear. We evaluated motor
      performance hourly over a twelve-hour period in patients treated with
      levodopa/carbidopa (group A), with bromocriptine (group B), and in "de novo"
      patients (group C). At 8 am, 12 and 4 pm, group A patients received standard
      doses of levodopa/carbidopa, whereas patients of group B and C took,
      respectively, 5 mg bromocriptine and placebo. In "de novo" patients and in
      patients under bromocriptine we did not observe significant diurnal changes in
      motor score, whereas in patients under levodopa a progressive daytime worsening,
      which significantly correlated with progressive increase in 3-O-methyldopa plasma
      levels, was visible. These data seem to indicate a contributory role of
      pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic factors related to levodopa assumption, rather
      than to the underlying disease, in the afternoon worsening in PD.

PMID- 1813975
TI  - [Maps of somatosensory evoked potentials from the arm in patients with neoplasms
      and post-traumatic brain lesions].
AB  - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials by the stimulation of the median
      nerve at the wrist, were recorded in six patients (four with cerebral tumors and
      two with post-trauma lesions). The electrodes were placed on the scalp following
      the 10-20 International System. A reference electrode was placed on earlobe
      contralateral to the site of the stimulation. Eleven normal subjects were used as
      control (mean age 64.4 +/- 12.05). We used the Brain-Surveyor-Basis Trade system
      which allowed us to elaborate the results by coloured mapping through linear
      interpolation of signal amplitudes. The following parameters were investigated:
      peak latencies of the N13, N20, P22, N30 waves; amplitudes of the post-rolandic
      P14-N20, N20-P25, pre-rolandic P22-N30 components and the central conduction time
      N13-N20 (CCT). The evaluation of latencies was not significant in determining the
      lesion site. On the contrary, the evaluation of amplitudes revealed expressive
      asymmetry, though it did not define the nature of alteration (increase or
      decrease due to lesion), and the correlation between these variations and the
      site of the lesion. The authors discussed the possibility that amplitude
      abnormalities in patients with tumors were related either to the tumors and/or
      drug effects.

PMID- 1813976
TI  - Benign focal amyotrophy: a longitudinal study (13-15 years) in 3 cases.
AB  - We report three young patients, two male and one female, with B.F.A., followed up
      clinically and neurophysiologically (two after a muscle biopsy) for 13-15 years.
      We confirm also in Italy the existence of this monomelic type of muscle atrophy
      (Hirayama type), already described in other countries, which shows a mild
      progression of the amyotrophy during the first two years and thereafter remains
      stationary. In our opinion the disorder represents a segmental transitional form
      of A.L.S. in which some "delaying" factor, unfortunately not yet demonstrated, is
      operating. In fact the neurophysiological studies, apart from its attribute of
      remaining segmentary, do not show differences between B.F.A. and the other forms
      of motoneuron disease.

PMID- 1813977
TI  - [Cerebrovascular manifestations while taking combined estrogens and progestins
      for contraceptive purposes. Clinical cases].
AB  - This study concerns 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease in the course of
      oral contraception with estrogens/progestins. The assumption of oral
      contraceptives appears to be related to the cerebrovascular manifestations, which
      could be caused by alterations of the blood vessel walls or of the coagulative
      process induced by estrogens/progestins. The thrombogenic action of these
      substances could be enhanced by preexisting conditions such as protein C or
      protein S deficiency.

PMID- 1813978
TI  - Pulmonary toxicologic pathology: perspective and symposium highlights.

PMID- 1813979
TI  - Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy: relevance to inhalation toxicology.
AB  - The nose is a structurally and functionally complex organ. There are many
      conspicuous differences in the gross and microscopic anatomy of this organ among
      mammalian species. Because the nasal airways can be a target for many inhaled
      toxicants, it is important that toxicologic pathologists understand the normal
      nasal anatomy in laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation studies. In this
      brief review, species differences in gross anatomy, in nasal airway epithelia,
      and in the distribution and composition of the mucous secretory product are
      emphasized. In addition, the variance in surface epithelium throughout the nasal
      airway of one species is illustrated. The nasal surface epithelium varies in a)
      the types of cells present in various intranasal locations in the same species;
      b) the types of cells in different species in the same relative location; and c)
      the abundance and distribution of stored secretory product in different
      intranasal regions and in different species. This structural diversity translates
      into various functional differences and possibly into dissimilarities in the
      response to inhaled toxicants. Responsible estimates of risks of nasal toxicants
      to human health must be made with a knowledge of the differences and similarities
      of the structural components in human and animal nasal airways.

PMID- 1813980
TI  - Approaches to the identification and recording of nasal lesions in toxicology
      studies.
AB  - The identification, recording, and interpretation of nasal lesions can be a
      difficult task in toxicology studies. The objective of this article is to provide
      some guidelines for approaches to nasal toxicologic pathology, based on the
      author's experience and information available in the published literature.
      Identification of treatment-induced nasal lesions requires adequate in-life and
      post-mortem observation, and thorough histopathology. Histopathologic assessment
      is dependent upon high quality and consistent histologic preparations, adequate
      knowledge of nasal anatomy and histology, and experience with the range of aging,
      background, and treatment-induced lesions that may be encountered. In recent
      years there has been a marked increase in the number of articles reporting nasal
      pathology in studies for which materials were delivered by inhalation and by non
      inhalation routes. Because of the increasing size of this database, it is
      recommended that standardized and systematic nomenclature be developed for these
      changes. The following points are considered to be particularly important: 1)
      alert animal care staff to clinical changes that may indicate nasal lesions; 2)
      screen animals for nasal disease, such as nasal nematodes in non-human primates;
      3) record gross lesions during trimming of decalcified nasal tissues; 4) save
      spare tissue in fixative; 5) remember that the normal bilateral symmetry of the
      nose can be a valuable diagnostic aid; 6) avoid excessive lumping or splitting of
      diagnoses; 7) develop a logical order for recording of lesions (the approach
      preferred by the author is degenerative, inflammatory, regenerative,
      proliferative, for each of the epithelial types in a logical anatomical order,
      such as squamous, transitional, respiratory, and olfactory); 8) accurately
      determine the site of toxic responses; 9) keep a notebook of interesting or
      important observations and ideas if you are using a computerized data acquisition
      system; 10) consider the role of factors that may account for lesion distribution
      (regional dose and tissue susceptibility) during interpretation of tissue
      responses; and 11) during preparation of the descriptive narrative, clearly
      define what occurred, where and when it occurred, and consider the use of simple
      anatomical diagrams as an adjunct to the text. Adequate lesion detection and
      characterization by the toxicologic pathologist is often a critical feature of
      toxicology studies, and can play an important role in determination of human
      risks associated with exposure to xenobiotics. A systematic but flexible approach
      is recommended.

PMID- 1813981
TI  - Morphological assessment of pathological changes within the rat larynx.
AB  - Routine histological examination of the rat larynx, from inhalation toxicity and
      carcinogenicity studies, has been routinely performed in this laboratory for over
      15 yr. This work has identified the larynx as an important target organ with a
      number of pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and
      environmental pollutants. The rat larynx contains 5 epithelial types: stratified
      squamous; low squamoid; respiratory; and 2 forms of pseudostratified cuboidal
      epithelium. Each epithelial type has a specific location within the relatively
      complex anatomical configuration of the larynx. The detection of induced changes
      requires a consistent, thorough and detailed histological examination in order to
      identify the often subtle changes in the distribution of these epithelial types.
      Induced lesions show distinct predilection sites, including the ventro-lateral
      regions anterior to the ventral pouch and the inner aspects of the arytenoid
      projections. Lesions commonly involve degeneration of the original epithelial
      cells with subsequent regeneration; hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. In more
      severe reactions, the larynx may illustrate epithelial ulceration with exudation.
      To some extent the changes commonly observed are dependent upon the duration of
      the study and the dose level employed, rather than the individual compound.
      Recovery or regression of induced changes is variable and dependent upon the time
      scale involved and severity or type of initial lesion.

PMID- 1813982
TI  - Proliferative and neoplastic lesions in the rodent nasal cavity.
AB  - Proliferative lesions in the rodent nasal cavity are reviewed; attempt was made
      to compare species affected, sex differences, strain differences, route of
      administration and tumor types occurring both spontaneously and after induction
      by different chemicals. This review is not meant to be all inclusive but to be
      representative of observed trends. Our general conclusions in this paper are
      that: 1) spontaneous nasal tumors in rodents are very rare; 2) spontaneous nasal
      tumors in rats are most often squamous cell tumors, whereas hemangiomas or
      respiratory adenomas predominate in mice and squamous cell tumors are rare; 3)
      rats are usually more susceptible to the induction of epithelial tumors of the
      nasal cavity than mice; 4) chemically-induced hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas of
      the nasal cavity have only been reported in mice; 5) tumors of the olfactory
      epithelium are almost uniformly malignant and invasive, while nonsquamous tumors
      of the respiratory epithelium are typically less invasive; 6) chemically-induced
      tumors of the olfactory region, either mesenchymal or epithelial, do not always
      require an inhalation route of exposure but may occur by systemic targeting of
      this region; and 7) chemicals inducing tumors in the olfactory region often
      produce a variety of tumor morphologies in this location as well as squamous and
      polypoid tumors of the transitional region. More work will be needed to
      illucidate the mechanisms of nasal carcinogenesis and to further refine the
      current tumor classification system.

PMID- 1813983
TI  - Inhalation exposure technology, dosimetry, and regulatory issues.
AB  - Inhalation toxicology technology has provided the scientific community with
      important advances in studies of inhaled toxicants. These advances include new
      and more efficient exposure systems (e.g., flow-past nose-only exposure systems),
      and improved approaches to inhalation chamber environmental control (e.g.,
      temperature, humidity, air quality). Practical problems and approaches to testing
      and operating inhalation exposure systems and the advantages and disadvantages of
      the major inhalation exposure types (e.g., whole-body, nose-only) are discussed.
      Important aspects of study design, such as high level particulate exposures
      resulting in large lung burdens (e.g., greater than or equal to 2 mg/g of lung),
      slowed pulmonary clearance rates, and nonspecific toxicity are considered, along
      with practical issues of comparative dosimetry. Regulatory guidelines have
      continued to present challenges in designing and conducting acute, subchronic,
      and chronic inhalation studies. The important regulatory issue of performing
      acute inhalation toxicity studies at high aerosol concentrations and "respirable"
      particle size distribution is discussed.

PMID- 1813984
TI  - Pulmonary deposition: determinants and measurement techniques.
AB  - Evaluating the response of animals to a toxic or therapeutic agent requires the
      knowledge of the dose of the agent in the respiratory tract. Dose is the amount
      retained in the lungs. It is the difference between the amount deposited and the
      amount cleared. Many factors influence the amount of and the site of deposition
      in the respiratory tract. For particles, the characteristics of the aerosol, most
      importantly size, the physiology of the animal, most importantly breathing
      pattern, and the geometry of the respiratory tract all play a role in determining
      local dose. These factors and their relative importance in determining regional
      deposition are discussed. Finally, ways in which dose can be measured in the
      respiratory tract are explored. These range from simple estimates of total dose
      using whole lung digests to the precise localization of dose in well-defined lung
      compartments using morphometry or in cellular or subcellular compartments using
      electron energy loss spectroscopy. The techniques utilized by an investigator
      depend on the amount of resolution desired. Their use and implementation in
      inhalation studies are the key to fully understanding the response of an animal
      to an inhaled toxic or therapeutic agent.

PMID- 1813985
TI  - Time-dependent changes of markers associated with inflammation in the lungs of
      humans exposed to ambient levels of ozone.
AB  - Acute exposure of humans to 0.4 ppm ozone results in reversible respiratory
      function decrements, and cellular and biochemical changes leading to the
      production of substances which can mediate inflammation and acute lung injury.
      While pulmonary function decrements occur almost immediately after ozone
      exposure, it is not known how quickly the cellular and biochemical changes
      indicative of inflammation occur in humans. Changes in neutrophils and PGE2 have
      been observed in humans as early as 3 hr (28) and as late as 18 hr post exposure
      (19). The purpose of this study was to determine whether inflammatory changes
      occur relatively rapidly (within 1 hr) following exposure to ozone, or if the
      cascade of events which are initiated by ozone and lead to inflammation, take
      some time to develop. We exposed 10 healthy volunteers twice: once to filtered
      air and once to 0.4 ppm ozone. Each exposure lasted for 2 hr at an exercise level
      of 60 L/min, and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 1 hr following exposure.
      The data from this study were compared to those from a previous study in which 10
      subjects were exposed to O3 under identical conditions except that
      bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 18 hr following exposure. The results of the
      present study demonstrate that O3 is capable of inducing rapid cellular and
      biochemical changes in the lung. These changes were detectable as early as 1 hr
      following a 2 hr exposure of humans to ozone. The profiles of these changes were
      different at 1 hr and 18 hr following ozone exposures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1813986
TI  - In vitro studies of mechanisms of lung injury in the rodent.
AB  - In order to better define the responses of lung cells to potentially pathogenic
      insults, primary cell cultures of dissociated respiratory epithelial cells have
      been established. These epithelial cells have been obtained from various areas of
      the respiratory tract ranging from the trachea to the alveolus and the cultures
      have been demonstrated to mimic the differnetiated state of these cell types as
      observed in situ. Several procedures which enhance the differentiated state have
      been evaluated, which include maintenance on more physiologically-relevant
      substrata, such as collagen gels, use of defined serum-free medium and use of
      air/liquid interface systems. These approaches have allowed intracellular
      responses of respiratory epithelium to toxic insult to be better defined.

PMID- 1813987
TI  - Morphometric assessment of pulmonary toxicity in the rodent lung.
AB  - An overview of the epithelial and interstitial composition of rat respiratory
      airways shows complexity and variability. Airway epithelium varies in 1)
      different airway levels; 2) the types and ultrastructure of cells present; and 3)
      the abundance, type, and composition of stored secretory product. Unbiased
      sampling of airways is done using airway microdissection with a specific binary
      numbering system for airway generation. Vertical sections of selected airways are
      used to sample epithelium and interstitium. We determine the ratios of the volume
      of epithelial or interstitial cells to the total epithelial or interstitial
      volume (Vv). The surface of the epithelial basal lamina to the total epithelial
      or interstitial volume (Sv) is determined using point and intersection counting
      with a cycloid grid. Using the selector method on serial plastic sections, we
      determine the number of epithelial or interstitial cells per volume (Nv) of total
      epithelium or interstitium. We calculate the number of epithelial or interstitial
      cells per surface of epithelial basal lamina (Ns) by dividing Nv by Sv where the
      volumes are the same compartment. We calculate average cell volumes (v) for
      specific epithelial and interstitial cells by dividing the absolute nuclear
      volume by the ratio of the nucleus to cell volume (Vv). By multiplying the
      average cell volume (v) by the ratio of organellar volume to cell volume (Vv), we
      calculate the average organellar volume per cell. These unbiased stereological
      approaches are critical in a quantitative evaluation of toxicological injury of
      rat tracheobronchial airways.

PMID- 1813988
TI  - Structure function correlates in the pulmonary vasculature during acute lung
      injury and chronic pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Arteries, veins, and capillaries comprise the pulmonary vasculature. Three
      structural types of artery and vein are identified, the most muscular vessels
      being the largest. For example, arteries that accompany the preacinar arteries
      are muscular in structure while those within the acinus may be either, muscular,
      partially muscular or non-muscular. These small intra-acinar arteries contribute
      much to the hemodynamic behavior of the lung. Pulmonary edema results from damage
      to the capillary endothelium while chronic pulmonary hypertension is
      characterized by structural alterations in the pulmonary arteries. Correlation of
      the structural and functional changes of chronic pulmonary hypertension suggest
      that the increases in medial and adventitial thickness of the muscular preacinar
      arteries are secondary to the onset of this disease, while the changes in the
      peripheral arteries--appearance of muscle in smaller intra-acinar arteries than
      normal and reduction in arterial volume--contribute to the rise in pulmonary
      artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Such correlations of structure
      and hemodynamic measurements demand that the lung be fixed in a simple and
      standardized manner. Available methodology to evaluate the structural changes
      that occur during the development of pulmonary edema and chronic pulmonary
      hypertension are described.

PMID- 1813989
TI  - Investigational approaches to pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) revolves around a series of switches in the
      smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype. Differentiation of SMC from precursor cells
      causes muscularization of normally non-muscular peripheral arteries; hypertrophy
      and hyperplasia of existing SMC and increased connective tissue protein synthesis
      cause thickening of the wall, and migration of SMC into the subendothelial space
      is the basis of intimal proliferation. To uncover the pathophysiologic mechanisms
      of these changes, we have used a variety of animal models and cell culture
      systems. From rats in which hypertensive PVD was induced by exposure to chronic
      hypoxia or following injection of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, we
      have identified increased pulmonary artery (PA) elastolytic activity which occurs
      early and which accompanies progressive rather than reversible PVD. Inhibition of
      elastolytic activity prevents or reduces PVD. We are cloning the gene for this
      new enzyme to study its regulation in PVD. To address the mechanism of SMC
      proliferation under conditions of high PA pressure and flow, we cultured
      endothelial cells on polyvinylchloride membranes and pulsated them at high
      pressure. This caused reduced synthesis of heparan sulfate. The resulting
      decrease binding of fibroblast growth factor would lessen its mitogenic effect
      and modulate SMC proliferation in response to other growth factors from platelets
      or serum. To study SMC migration, we cultured endothelial and SMC from the ductus
      arteriosus (a fetal vessel which spontaneously develops intimal proliferation in
      late gestation). The migratory SMC phenotype is a function of increased
      production of fibronectin governed by a translational control mechanism, and
      increased endothelial hyaluronan regulated by transforming growth factor beta.
      SMC migration is also related to impaired assembly of elastin, the result of a
      chondroitin sulfate-induced decrease in elastin binding proteins and the
      production of a novel 'defunct' 52 kD tropoelastin.

PMID- 1813990
TI  - The role of metabolism in chemical-induced pulmonary toxicity.
AB  - The lung is a target organ for the toxic effects of several chemical agents,
      including natural products, industrial chemicals, pesticides, environmental
      agents, and occasionally, drugs. Factors that establish the lung as a target
      organ include selective tissue exposure, high tissue oxygenation, and the
      presence of bioactivating systems that can generate toxic products from initially
      innocuous substances. Selective pulmonary exposure most often results from the
      fact that the lung serves as the major portal of entry for most airborne
      substances, but in some cases, selective exposure is the consequence of
      accumulation of agents, such as certain basic amines, from the circulation. Lung
      tumor development following long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or diesel
      engine exhaust is an example of pulmonary toxicity resulting from selective
      external exposure. Selective internal exposure, on the other hand, is exemplified
      by the pulmonary uptake of the herbicide paraquat from the circulation which is
      in part responsible for its lung-toxic effects. Although the lung contains drug
      metabolizing enzymes similar to those found in the liver, the enzymatic systems
      in the lung are sometimes highly concentrated in specific cell types. In the
      rabbit, for example, the lung-selective toxicity of the natural product ipomeanol
      is the consequence of relatively large amounts of cytochromes P450 2B1 and 4B1 in
      nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) of the terminal airways.
      These P450 enzymes are highly proficient in vitro at converting ipomeanol to
      reactive products. Lung tissue contains other enzymic systems which are capable
      of catalyzing phase I biostransformation pathways (e.g., flavin-containing amine
      monooxygenase, amine oxidase, and prostaglandin synthase). Examples, however,
      where pulmonary metabolism by these pathways results in lung toxicity are less
      numerous than with P450 mediated reactions. Pulmonary prostaglandin H-synthase
      mediated cooxygenation has been shown to activate procarcinogens such as
      benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol, aflatoxin B1, and monosubstituted hydrazines. The
      activities of pulmonary phase II (conjugation) pathways may also contribute to
      lung toxicity. Low glutathione transferase activity (relative to P450 mediated
      aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity) in lung tissue has been suggested to
      correlate with elevated risk of lung cancer in smokers. Other examples of lung
      specific toxic agents and possible causative roles of biotransformation are also
      discussed.

PMID- 1813991
TI  - Mechanisms of granulomatous lung disease from inhaled beryllium: the role of
      antigenicity in granuloma formation.
AB  - Granulomatous lung disease is a debilitating and sometimes fatal condition
      encountered in humans, for which the cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly
      understood. Two patterns of granulomatous lung disease are recognized; foreign
      body reactions and immune-mediated granulomas. Beryllium inhalation by humans
      results, in a small number of exposed individuals, in a chronic, granulomatous,
      immune-mediated pulmonary disease (chronic beryllium lung disease, CBD). Animal
      models used to study CBD have demonstrated significant species differences in the
      pathologic response to beryllium. While rats exposed to beryllium appear to
      develop a chronic, foreign-body response within the lung, dogs so exposed develop
      beryllium-specific immune responses within the lung and blood, accompanied by
      immune granulomas within the lung. At the heart of this difference appears to be
      the ability of the dog, but not the rat, to immunologically recognize the
      antigenicity of beryllium. This important difference further underscores the need
      to understand the mechanistic differences among similar disease syndromes,
      particularly if therapeutic regimens are to be used.

PMID- 1813992
TI  - Histomorphologic features of spontaneous and chemically-induced pulmonary
      neoplasms in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - The histomorphologic features of spontaneous and chemically-induced lung
      neoplasms in male and female B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats are described.
      Primary pulmonary neoplasms in mice and rats were classified as
      alveolar/bronchiolar (A/B) adenoma or carcinoma (including variants with squamous
      and mucinous cell differentiation), bronchial adenoma or carcinoma, squamous cell
      carcinoma or mesenchymal tumors. A/B adenomas and carcinomas were the most common
      spontaneous pulmonary neoplasms observed in both mice and rats, but were observed
      less frequently in rats. In the National Toxicology Program (NTP) historical
      control database the incidence of spontaneous A/B adenomas in male (n = 2,084)
      and female (n = 2,079) mice is 13.8% and 4.9%, respectively; for A/B carcinomas,
      it is 5.3% and 2.4%, respectively. In male (n = 3,877) and female (n = 3,919)
      rats, spontaneous pulmonary neoplasms are rare with historical control rates less
      than 3% for A/B adenomas or carcinomas in either sex. The spontaneous A/B
      adenomas and carcinomas observed in mice and rats typically had papillary, solid
      or mixed (papillary and solid) histologic growth patterns. Pulmonary neoplasms
      from mice and rats treated with chemical carcinogens reviewed from 2-year studies
      consisted primarily of A/B adenomas and carcinomas. These tumors had papillary,
      glandular/tubular, solid or mixed (combination of 2 or more) histologic growth
      patterns. A few of the A/B neoplasms had areas of squamous or mucinous cell
      differentiation. Other less frequently occurring spontaneous and chemically
      induced neoplasms included squamous cell carcinomas, bronchial adenomas and
      carcinomas, and sarcomas.

PMID- 1813993
TI  - Oral yeasts, mucosal health, and drug use in an elderly denture-wearing
      population.
AB  - Drug use among the elderly may be a factor in oral mucosal pathology and the
      prevalence of oral yeasts. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship
      between oral yeast, denture-bearing mucosal health and drug use, especially drugs
      with known hyposalivatory side effects. There was an inverse relationship between
      denture-bearing mucosal health, and hyposalivatory drug use r = -0.41 P less than
      0.04. Use of drugs with a hyposalivatory side effect was related to increased
      numbers of Candida glabrata but not Candida albicans in saliva and at denture
      stomatitis and denture sore sites.

PMID- 1813994
TI  - Common misconceptions about oral health in the older adult: nursing practices.
AB  - A survey of nurses, director-supervisors, and nursing home health aides who
      provide home care in Iowa showed that many misconceptions exist about what
      constitutes appropriate oral and dental care practices for the older adult.
      Despite differences in formal education among these nursing personnel, several
      misunderstandings about dental problems among older adults were common to all
      three employment groups. These misconceptions represented a broad range of topics
      from the characteristics of oral cancer lesions to the appropriate use of denture
      adhesives; two dealt specifically with the recognition of potential oral cancer
      lesions. This paper describes attitudes and misinformation held by the
      respondents, and suggests ways to correct these fallacies through in-service
      training programs.

PMID- 1813995
TI  - Radiation-induced salivary dysfunction: clinical course and significance.
AB  - Salivary gland dysfunction commonly occurs as a result of radiation therapy for
      cancers of the head and neck region. The effect of radiation on salivary glands
      is immediate and predictable. Histologic and sialochemical studies indicate both
      the acini and ducts are affected. The extent of salivary dysfunction is primarily
      determined by the radiation field and dose. Radiation-induced salivary
      dysfunction is permanent and leads to a host of clinical sequelae, both oral and
      systemic.

PMID- 1813996
TI  - [FTF (Joint Council for Civil Servants and Officials). Public employees will be
      exported].

PMID- 1813997
TI  - [ICN. What does cooperation mean?].

PMID- 1813998
TI  - [A lonely job].

PMID- 1813999
TI  - [Executive Board. Open market for continuing education].

PMID- 1814000
TI  - [Executive Board. Essential admission to special committee].

PMID- 1814001
TI  - [France--nurses are met with teargas and water cannons].

PMID- 1814002
TI  - [Health center. Small hospital restructures. Interview by Kirsten Bjornsson].

PMID- 1814003
TI  - [Health center. Prevention originates from the hospital].

PMID- 1814004
TI  - [Emergency medical communication--alarm calls before poorly organized].

PMID- 1814005
TI  - Snake venom variability: methods of study, results and interpretation.
AB  - The causes and implications of venom variability are discussed with a review of
      the literature. Venom variability may have an impact on both primary venom
      research and management of snakebite, including selection of antivenoms and
      selection of specimens for antivenom production. Choice of venom is reviewed,
      including venom collection, maintenance, and pooled venom versus venom milked
      from individual specimens, the latter being more reliable in many applications.
      Intraspecific variability resulting in clinical variability of envenomation
      occurs and is reviewed. Venom variability is considered at several levels;
      interfamily, intergenus, interspecies, intersubspecies and intraspecies,
      geographical variation, between individual specimens, and in individual
      specimens, due to seasonal variation, diet, habitat, age-dependent change, and
      sexual dimorphism. It is concluded that venom researchers must be aware of venom
      variability both in selecting their sources of venom and in interpretation of
      results. Producers of antivenom must utilize an understanding of such variability
      in selecting sources of venom for antivenom production to ensure representation
      of all venom types required within each antivenom. Furthermore, clinicians
      treating snakebite should understand the influence of venom variability on both
      the presentation of envenomation and the treatment implications.

PMID- 1814006
TI  - Antitumoral effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins on Lewis lung carcinoma
      cells cultured in vitro without and with murine splenocytes.
AB  - Examination of the in vitro effects of PA-I and PA-II lectins of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa on Lewis lung carcinoma cells revealed that these lectins differ in
      their effects. PA-I, the galactophilic lectin, exhibited both cytotoxic and
      cytostatic activities on these cells (tested by [3H]thymidine incorporation and
      by crystal violet vital staining). The two activities were dose and time
      dependent and inhibitable by the addition of methyl-alpha-D-galactoside to the
      culture medium. PA-II, the L-fucose and D-mannose binding lectin of the same
      Pseudomonas strain did not exhibit such a direct toxic effect on the tumor cells
      but affected them in the presence of splenocytes. Its addition to the tumor cells
      cocultured with murine (C57B1) splenocytes led to a profound cytolysis of the
      tumor cells, an effect which was inhibited by L-fucose.

PMID- 1814007
TI  - Lethal toxins and cross-neutralization of venoms from the African water cobras,
      Boulengerina annulata annulata and Boulengerina christyi.
AB  - Venoms of the water cobras, Boulengerina, were assayed for lethality, proteolytic
      activity and protein content. Boulengerina annulata annulata and B. christyi
      venoms averaged 89% protein and lacked proteolytic activity. The murine i.p. LD50
      of B. a. annulata and B. christyi venoms were 0.143 and 0.120 mg/kg,
      respectively. Polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute of
      Medical Research neutralized 575 and 200 LD50 of B. a. annulata and B. christyi
      venoms/ml antivenom, respectively. Cation exchange chromatography resolved four
      lethal peaks from B. a. annulata venom and six lethal peaks from B. christyi
      venom. The major lethal peaks (about 12% of total venom protein) were purified
      further with molecular sieve chromatography and were characterized as 61 (B. a.
      annulata toxin) and 62 (B. christyi toxin) residue polypeptides with four half
      cystines. Elucidation of the complete amino acid sequences indicated that these
      toxins belonged to the short-chain class of postsynaptic neurotoxins. Short-chain
      neurotoxins 1 from B. a. annulata and B. christyi had murine i.p. LD50 of 0.052
      and 0.083 mg/kg, respectively, and showed over 80% homology with N. nigricollis
      alpha toxin. Reverse-phase analysis of another peak present in both venoms
      resolved a toxin that had an N-terminus identical to B. christyi short-chain
      neurotoxin 1. These fractions also contained toxins readily separable from the
      short-chain isotoxin by preparative reverse-phase chromatography. Amino acid
      sequencing of the first 28 residues indicated that both toxins were long-chain
      neurotoxins with identical N-termini. The LD50 of long-chain neurotoxins 2 from
      B. a. annulata and B. christyi venoms were 0.086 and 0.090 mg/kg, respectively.
      The venoms of these little-known elapids have the lowest LD50 of any African
      proteroglyph studied thus far and have high concentrations of potent postsynaptic
      neurotoxins.

PMID- 1814008
TI  - Toxicological and hematological effects of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seeds
      in Sprague-Dawley rats: a subchronic feeding study.
AB  - Cassia obtusifolia and its seeds, common contaminants of agricultural
      commodities, are toxic to cattle and poultry. Toxicity has been attributed to
      anthraquinones which are major constituents of C. obtusifolia, but studies of the
      subchronic and chronic toxicity of naturally occurring anthraquinones are
      limited. To investigate the subchronic (greater than 30 days) toxicity of C.
      obtusifolia seed, ten rats/sex were fed diets containing 0, 0.15, 0.50, 1.5 or
      5.0% C. obtusifolia seed for 13 weeks. Intermittent mild diarrhea was found in
      high-dose animals and body weights of high-dose males were decreased to week 10.
      Myeloid hyperplasia with peripheral leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and mild anemia
      were found in males and females fed diets containing greater than or equal to
      0.50% C. obtusifolia seed. Leukocytosis resulted from neutrophilia, whereas
      peripheral lymphocyte counts were unaffected. Lymphoid hyperplasia and/or
      histiocytosis were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes in groups fed C.
      obtusifolia seed. Thus, a dietary 'no observable effect level' for subchronic
      ingestion of C. obtusifolia seed in rats was less than 0.15%.

PMID- 1814009
TI  - Venom constituents of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake) from
      differing geographic regions.
AB  - Column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Notechis scutatus
      scutatus venom showed that the venoms from different geographical locations had
      variations in their constituents. The venom collected from South Australia region
      contained both notexin and notechis II-5. The relative quantity of notechis II-5
      was about three times that of notexin. On the other hand, the venom from Victoria
      region contained large amounts of notexin, but lacked notechis II-5. Instead, an
      unknown nontoxic protein, designated as notechis II-5b, exhibiting weak
      phospholipase A2 activity appeared in the position of notechis II-5 elution. This
      protein had an N-terminal sequence of N-L-I-Q-L-S-N-M-I-K-C-A-I-P-G-S-Q-P-L-F,
      sharing 45% homology with notexin and notechis II-5 and 60% homology with
      notechis II-1. The antibodies raised against Trp-modified notexin inhibited the
      enzymatic activities of notexin and notechis II-5 by 88 and 68%, respectively.
      However, the affinity of notexin for the antibodies was nine-fold greater than
      that of notechis II-5. This result is contrary to the previous finding (Mollier
      et al., FEBS Lett. 250, 479-482, 1989) in which notexin and notechis II-5 had
      similar binding affinities for antibodies raised against native notexin. This
      observation suggests that the antibodies prepared in this study could
      differentiate between isoforms of notexin.

PMID- 1814010
TI  - Purification and characterization of a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from Indian
      cobra (Naja naja naja) venom.
AB  - Snake venoms contain multimolecular forms of phospholipase A2 which are diverse
      with respect to their pharmacological properties. A neurotoxic PLA2 from Naja
      naja naja venom has been purified in two steps. (1) The whole venom was
      fractionated on CM-Sephadex C-25 column; 4.6% of the total PLA2 activity
      recovered was found in the NN-V fraction. (2) The NN-Vb-PLA2 fraction was
      purified to homogeneity by gel filtration of fraction NN-V on Sephadex G-50. It
      is a basic protein with a mol. wt between 10,500 and 11,000, and is more toxic
      than other basic PLA2s purified from Naja naja naja venom. The LD50 of NN-Vb-PLA2
      is 0.27 mg/kg body wt. It induced neurotoxic symptoms in experimental mice and is
      devoid of myotoxic, anticoagulant and edema-inducing activities.

PMID- 1814011
TI  - Tetanus toxin inhibits neurotensin-induced mobilization of cytosolic protein
      kinase C activity in NG-108 cells.
AB  - There is considerable literature on the pathogenesis of tetanus toxin poisoning;
      however, the mechanism of action and intracellular substrate of this toxin have
      not been defined. It was demonstrated that the NG-108 neuroblastoma x glioma cell
      line is a suitable model in which to study the mechanism of tetanus toxin action,
      from binding of the toxin to inhibition of transmitter release. Further, it has
      been shown that tetanus toxin pretreatment attenuates the ability of phorbol
      myristate acetate to mobilize cytosolic protein kinase C (PKC) in this cell line.
      In the present study a 4-hr tetanus toxin pretreatment (10(-10)-10(-13) M)
      completely inhibited the mobilization of cytosolic PKC induced by a 30-min
      exposure to 10 microM neurotensin. Pretreatment with 10(-10) M tetanus toxin for
      periods as short as 1 hr was sufficient to attenuate the ability of neurotensin
      to mobilize cytosolic PKC; however, a 30-min pretreatment had no significant
      effect. At a concentration of 10(-11) M, it was necessary to pretreat the cells
      for greater than 1 hr to significantly attenuate neurotensin-mobilized PKC
      activity. The exact role that PKC plays in the secretory process is not yet
      known; however, these findings suggest that the effect of tetanus toxin on
      neurotransmitter release is accompanied by an alteration in PKC metabolism in
      differentiated NG-108 cells.

PMID- 1814012
TI  - Methods for correlation analysis of toxins and species present in random samples
      of phytoplankton.
AB  - We developed and tested two new procedures to find which species present in
      samples of phytoplankton is responsible for the production of a toxin. The
      procedures represent a different form of correlation analysis that uses
      information on the presence or absence of the toxin, and on the relative
      abundance of each species of plankton in the samples. The efficiency of the
      algorithms is tested by random process simulation. The algorithms were clearly
      superior to known techniques dealing with correlations between binary variables
      to show the toxin producing microorganism. We used experimental toxin isolation
      from phytoplankton as an example of practical success using the most efficient of
      the algorithms tested.

PMID- 1814013
TI  - Isolation of IgGT from hyperimmune horse anti-snake venom serum: its protective
      ability.
AB  - Hyperimmune horse anti-bothropic serum, used in serum therapy, was analyzed for
      its IgGT content and protective ability. IgGT was isolated through a combination
      of salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography and protein A affinity
      chromatography. The chromatographic fractions obtained were analyzed with regard
      to their isotype content and protective ability. The results suggest that the
      protective ability of hyperimmune anti-venom serum is located mainly in the IgGT
      subclass.

PMID- 1814014
TI  - Fibrinolytic enzyme from Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus (Korean mamushi) snake
      venom.
AB  - By means of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography and TSK-GEL G2000 SW
      high-performance gel filtration, a purified protein with fibrinolytic activity
      was obtained from the venom of Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus (Korean mamushi).
      The protein was homogeneous as judged by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and
      high-performance gel filtration. Its mol. wt is 39,200 and its isoelectric point
      4.12. The specific fibrinolytic activity of the protein was 3.2 times higher than
      that of the crude venom. The fibrinolytic activity of the purified principle was
      33 units/mg protein (units of standard urokinase activity).

PMID- 1814015
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Florida red tide brevetoxins.
AB  - A non-competitive solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for detection of brevetoxins in
      various matrices has been developed. The assay utilizes antibodies raised in a
      goat against brevetoxin PbTx-3-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates with specific
      purification of brevetoxin antibodies through protein G and brevetoxin affinity
      columns, and rabbit anti-goat antibodies covalently linked to horseradish
      peroxidase. The assay was used specifically to detect brevetoxins in both cell
      culture and contaminated tissues. Sensitivity of the assay is 0.04 picomolar, and
      toxin can be quantified from 0.04 pM to 0.4 pM brevetoxin per well in microtiter
      plates by comparison with standard curves.

PMID- 1814016
TI  - Acute gastric mucosal injury induced by toxins from Tityus serrulatus scorpion
      venom: a novel experimental model in the rat.
AB  - The effect of a partially purified fraction (T1) and toxin gamma purified from
      Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom, on gastric mucosa were investigated in
      anesthetized rats. The animals were injected i.v. with the T1 fraction (37.5
      micrograms/100 g) or with saline and 60 min later were sacrificed and the
      stomachs resected. The gastric juice was measured and stereoscopic examination of
      the stomachs made. In animals injected with the T1 fraction there was an increase
      in volume, acidity and pepsin output of rat stomach. The T1 fraction also induced
      acute gastric injuries in the glandular mucosa, consisting of circular or linear
      ulcers, and punctiform lesions. Intravenous injection of 20 micrograms/100 g of a
      pure toxin obtained from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (toxin gamma) also
      induced similar lesions in the rat stomach. Our data indicate that the injection
      of T1 fraction or toxin gamma are good models to induce acute gastric ulcers in a
      short period of time in anesthetized rats.

PMID- 1814017
TI  - Binding competition of okadaic acid derivatives to anti-okadaic acid antibody.
AB  - The serologic activities of structurally related okadaic acid derivatives have
      been determined. Binding of [3H]okadaic acid to rabbit anti-okadaic acid is
      inhibited with equal effectiveness by okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1,
      acanthifolicin, okadaic acid tetramethyl ether, and okadaic acid spiroketal II.
      Okadaic acid spiroketal I, which lacks the F- and G-rings of okadaic acid,
      inhibits serologic binding about 60 times less effectively. The F- and G-rings of
      okadaic acid may comprise part of the epitopes recognized by some of the
      polyclonal antibodies.

PMID- 1814018
TI  - Effect of testosterone replacement on the alteration of steroid metabolism in the
      hypothalamic-preoptic area of male hamsters treated with melatonin.
AB  - Adult male hamsters were maintained under 14 hours of light per day and randomly
      assigned to groups that received daily afternoon melatonin (25 micrograms) or
      vehicle injections. Animals from both groups were killed following 4, 8, and 12
      weeks of treatment. By 12 weeks, the melatonin-treated hamsters had significant
      reductions in the weights of the testes and seminal vesicles, serum testosterone
      levels, and activities did not differ between groups. In a second experiment,
      hamsters were hypothalamic-preoptic area (HPOA) aromatase activities.
      Hypothalamic-preoptic area 5 alpha-reductase activities did not differ between
      groups. In a second experiment, hamsters were again treated with melatonin or
      vehicle for 12 weeks prior to being killed. After 10 weeks of treatment, groups
      of melatonin-treated animals received subcutaneous silastic capsules (5, 10, or
      20 mm) filled with testosterone. Animals in two other groups were given blank
      implants or no implants at all. Two weeks later, at autopsy, reproductive organ
      weights, serum testosterone levels, and HPOA aromatase activities were
      significantly suppressed by melatonin administration. 5 alpha-Reductase activity
      in the HPOA was not affected. Hamsters that had been given the 10- and 20-mm
      testosterone implants exhibited normal seminal vesicle weights and HPOA aromatase
      activities. These results suggest that melatonin-induced reduction of HPOA
      aromatase activity is mediated by decreased circulating levels of testosterone.

PMID- 1814019
TI  - Synthesis of a [1,2-3H]-labeled pregnanolone.
AB  - A method is described for the synthesis and purification of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5
      alpha-[1,2-3H]pregnan-20-one. [1,2-3H]progesterone (55 Ci/mmol) was incubated
      with a homogenate of rat brain tissue. The product was purified by Sephadex
      chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The identity and purity of the
      product were established by successive recrystallizations and high-performance
      liquid chromatography. A 34% portion of the starting material was converted to 3
      alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-[1,2-3H]pregnan-20-one. The final radiopurity of 3 alpha
      hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one obtained from four independent preparations was
      94% to 99%.

PMID- 1814020
TI  - Overnight (1 mg) dexamethasone suppression testing reliably distinguishes non
      cushingoid obesity from Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - To determine the sensitivity of the overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test
      in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, we evaluated the cortisol responses of 55
      subjects (25 non-obese individuals with body mass index less than 25 kg/m2, 20
      obese individuals with body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, and 10 patients
      with surgically proven Cushing's syndrome) following ingestion of 1 mg
      dexamethasone at midnight. The basal 8 AM plasma cortisol levels among non-obese
      and obese individuals and patients with Cushing's syndrome were 310 +/- 85, 377
      +/- 91, and 813 +/- 270 nmol/L, respectively. Following 1 mg of dexamethasone,
      Cushing's syndrome patients showed minimal suppression of cortisol to 609 +/- 180
      nmol/L (P = 0.79). Non-obese and obese individuals suppressed to 18.7 +/- 6.0
      nmol/L (P less than 0.001) and 22 +/- 7.1 nmol/L (P = 0.003), respectively. The
      results demonstrated similar cortisol responses to overnight dexamethasone
      suppression in obese and non-obese groups, and clearly distinguished these
      subjects from those with Cushing's syndrome. Obesity is not a confounding factor
      in the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test.

PMID- 1814021
TI  - Comparison of the mineralocorticoid activity of 19-oxygenated and 19-nor
      derivatives of deoxycorticosterone.
AB  - 19-Nordeoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC) is a mineralocorticoid with several
      unresolved physiologic questions. First, is 19-nor-DOC synthesized in the kidney
      from a circulating adrenocortical precursor (19-oicdeoxycorticosterone [19-oic
      DOC] or 19-oxodeoxycorticosterone [19-oxo-DOC])? Second, does 19-nor-DOC,
      synthesized in the kidney, have mineralocorticoid activity or is it excreted in
      the urine without biologic activity? To answer this question, we administered two
      of the putative 19-nor-DOC precursors (19-oxo-DOC and 19-oic-DOC) to
      adrenalectomized rats and measured the formation of 19-nor-DOC and bioactivity as
      the urinary Na+ to K+ ratio. Each of the 10-microgram steroid treatments produced
      an elevation of urinary-free 19-nor-DOC (0 to 2 hours), whereas at the 1
      micrograms dose only 19-oic-DOCA produced an increased UF 19-nor-DOC. None of the
      treatments led to an increase of conjugated 19-nor-DOC except 10 microgram 19-oic
      DOCA. Increased mineralocorticoid activity (decreased urinary Na+ to K+ ratio)
      was produced by aldosterone, 1 and 10 micrograms 19-nor-DOC, and 10 micrograms 19
      oic-DOCA over the same time period. An anti-mineralocorticoid effect (increased
      urinary Na+ to K+ ratio) was produced by 1 microgram 19-oxo-DOC. Urinary-free 19
      nor-DOC, but not conjugated 19-nor-DOC, correlated with the urinary
      mineralocorticoid effect (decreased Na+ to K+ ratio). These data support the
      contention that 19-oic-DOC is the circulating 19-nor-DOC precursor and that, at
      least at the higher dose, it has a mineralocorticoid action on the
      kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814022
TI  - Synthesis of new 10 beta-propargylic and 11 beta-allenic steroidal spirolactones.
AB  - As part of continuing studies on the synthesis of new, biologically interesting
      11 beta-substituted steroidal spirolactones, we describe here the competition
      between 10 beta-propargylation and 11 beta-allenylation. Grignard addition of
      allenyl magnesium bromide to an appropriate 5,10-epoxy-9(11)-olefin provides 10
      beta-propargylation or 11 beta-allenylation. The role of the catalytic effect of
      copper chloride and of the solvent is evaluated. Confirmation of the structural
      assignments of these new 3,3-ethylenethioxy-10 beta-propargyl (or 11 beta
      allenyl)-19-nor-17 alpha-pregna-4,9-diene-21,17-carbolactones is reported.

PMID- 1814023
TI  - Syntheses and biologic studies of steroidal methyl sulfides and sulfones.
AB  - Reactions of cholest-5-ene (I) and its 3 beta-chloro (II) and 3 beta-acetoxy
      (III) analogs with trimethylchlorosilane-dimethyl sulfoxide in dry acetonitrile
      furnish cholest-4-en-6 beta-yl methyl sulfide (IV) and its 3 beta-chloro (V) and
      3 beta-acetoxy (VI) analogs. Oxidation of (IV) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid
      affords cholest-4-en-6 beta-yl methyl sulfone (VII) and 4 alpha, 5-epoxy-5 alpha
      cholestan-6 beta-yl methyl sulfone (VIII). Under similar reaction conditions, V
      furnishes 3 beta-chlorocholest-4-en-6 beta-yl methyl sulfone (IX), while VI gives
      3 beta-acetoxycholest-4-en-6 beta-yl methyl sulfone (X) and 3 beta-acetoxy-4
      alpha, 5-epoxy-5 alpha-cholestan-6 beta-yl methyl sulfone (XI). The structures of
      these compounds were established on the basis of analytic and spectral data. Some
      of these compounds have been evaluated for their possible biologic activities.

PMID- 1814024
TI  - Urinary 18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone
      excretion in patients with primary and secondary aldosteronism.
AB  - 18,19-Dihydroxycorticosterone (18,19(OH)2-B) and 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone
      (18-OH-19-nor-B) measurements were carried out on the urine of patients with
      primary aldosteronism (PA), essential hypertension (EHT), and liver cirrhosis
      with (LC, SA (+)) and without (LC, SA (-)) aldosteronism. The separation of these
      steroids was performed by extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography
      followed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) with specific antibodies prepared in our
      laboratory. 18,19(OH)2-B excretion was elevated in patients with PA (24 +/- 5.9
      [+/- SE] micrograms/24 hr; n = 15) and LC, SA (+) (83 +/- 9.4 micrograms/24 hr; n
      = 8). Values in LC, SA (-) (3.1 +/- 1.2 micrograms/24 hr; n = 8) and in EHT (3.7
      +/- 0.4 micrograms/24 hr; n = 42) were found to be similar to those in normal
      subjects (5.5 +/- 0.9 micrograms/24 hr; n = 30). The values of urinary 18-OH-19
      nor-B in PA and LC, SA (+) were higher than in LC, SA (-) EHT and normal subjects
      (P less than 0.05). Values in the latter three groups, as compared with each
      other, did not show significant alterations. Nothing is known about the biologic
      relevance of 18,19(OH)2-B and very little about that of 18-OH-19-nor-B, but the
      latter steroid seems to potentiate experimental renal hypertension. One can
      speculate about possible roles of both steroids as precursors of other steroids,
      e.g., the biologically potent mineralocorticoid 19-noraldosterone. The data
      obtained suggest that it is not relevant to measure the urinary levels of either
      steroid in these clinical syndromes.

PMID- 1814025
TI  - Recollections of Dr. Min Chueh Chang.

PMID- 1814026
TI  - Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction.

PMID- 1814027
TI  - Immunological approaches in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.

PMID- 1814028
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus infection in Nepal.
AB  - Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) infection is very rare in Nepal. Anti-HDV antibody
      was detected in none of the 110 HBsAg sero-positive persons with different
      profile of HBV infection. It was however detected in only one patient of liver
      cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma who were sero-negative for HBsAg but had
      serological evidence of past infection with HBV and HCV.

PMID- 1814029
TI  - Helicobacter pylori; histological and cultural correlation in chronic gastritis.
AB  - Seventy seven antral biopsies were collected from patients attending endoscopy
      clinic at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during a period
      of six months between December 1988 to May 1989. Of these 69 (89.6%) showed
      chronic gastritis as well as Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) in the biopsy
      specimens while 63 (81.8%) of biopsies grew Helicobacter pylori on culture. These
      findings indicate a good correlation between the histological diagnosis of
      chronic gastritis and isolation of H. pylori on culture.

PMID- 1814031
TI  - Pseudomyxoma peritonei with splenic invasion.

PMID- 1814030
TI  - Obstructive jaundice in acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 1814032
TI  - [The Association of Cell Cultures].

PMID- 1814033
TI  - [DNA intercalators: their interaction with DNA and other cell components and
      their use in biological research].
AB  - DNA intercalators include aromatic heterocyclic compounds of various chemical
      classes with profound biological activities. The flat molecules of these ligands
      intercalate between base pairs of DNA right-handed helix, lengthening and
      unwinding this structure at the intercalation sites. Lerman first postulated the
      intercalation model for complexes of native DNA with acridine derivatives. The
      structures of intercalative complexes were further confirmed by the X-ray
      diffraction method. Besides, other physico-chemical criteria of DNA intercalation
      are as following: the increase in the contour length of duplex DNA; unwinding of
      supercoils from natural supercoiled covalently closed duplex DNA; the increase in
      Tm of DNA in the complexes with ligands. The changes of spectral properties of
      bounded ligands are also observed for DNA-intercalating agents. Various
      experimental methods are based on changes in the properties of nucleic acid
      structures and ligands due to DNA intercalation, including the fluorescent
      determination of nucleic acid structures and quantities; fluorescent assays of
      activities of various enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism; chromosome
      identification according to their fluorescent banding patterns; separation of
      nucleic acid topological forms, and many other methods. The inhibition of
      reactions of DNA replication, transcription, topoisomerization and of enzymatic
      degradation by DNA intercalators represents an important consequence of DNA
      structure modification due to intercalation. Besides, as hydrophobic cations DNA
      intercalators uncouple the oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian cell
      mitochondria. There are some other protein and phospholipid targets for DNA
      intercalators in vivo. The intracellular distribution of these agents appear to
      be a very complicated selective process. These data point to the importance of
      application of DNA intercalators in pharmacology.

PMID- 1814034
TI  - [The effect of centrosome UV microbeam irradiation on cell behavior. II. The
      radiation sequelae in the anaphase: the completion of division and the fate of
      the interphase cell].
AB  - Ultraviolet (280 nm) microbeam irradiation of the centrosome (spindle pole) in
      the early anaphase slows down and then stops chromosome movement towards the
      irradiated pole. This happens as a result of rapid (in 1-2 min) disorganization
      of the half-spindle. Chromosome movement towards the opposite pole continues
      normally. Irradiation of the centrosome also affects cystotomy--the residual body
      is formed later than in the normal cell. In some cases additional constrictions
      are formed or the cytoplasm starts blebbing. Immediately after division the
      microtubule network in two daughter cells (one of them with irradiated
      centrosome) is similar. Two hours later in the irradiated cell the amount of
      microtubules is often less than in the sister cell. Incubation with nocodazole
      (0.5-1.5 h, 0.15 microgram/ml) shows that in the irradiated cells microtubules
      radiating from the centrosome are practically absent. Irradiation of other
      regions of the cytoplasm does not cause any of the effects described above.

PMID- 1814035
TI  - [The effect of diamines on the process of lysosome fusion with phagosomes in
      mouse peritoneal macrophages].
AB  - Diamines (DA), characterized by a general formula H2N-(CH2) n-NH2 in which n
      varies from 2 to 10, inhibit the phagosome-lysosome fusion in murine peritoneal
      macrophages. The DA concentration was 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mM. The inhibitory effect
      increased with increasing the number of CH2-groups in the DA molecule. It was
      suggested that DA could influence the lysosomal membrane state. An additional
      proof of such changes was obtained with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrien (DPH) as a
      fluorescent probe. Lysosomes isolated from murine peritoneal macrophages by
      differential centrifugation were used. It was found that DPH fluorescence
      intensity in lysosomal membrane increased under the influence of DA.

PMID- 1814036
TI  - [The characteristics of the cell aggregation of the tectum mesencephali in chick
      embryos and of the cerebral cortex in newborn rats in mixed cultures].
AB  - To determine species-specific cells in mixed culture, obtained after simultaneous
      cultivation of dissociated cells of chick embryo midbrain tegmentum and newborn
      albino rat cerebral cortex, various DNA amounts were used for testing chick and
      rat cells. The study of cell structure of the aggregates revealed that in
      addition to the aggregates consisting of cells belonging to only one species of
      animals, chimera aggregates also exist made of cells of both species of animals,
      basically of chick embryo glial cells and newborn rat neurons.

PMID- 1814037
TI  - Twenty-year follow-up of 160 patients with ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - The clinical and immunological findings of 160 patients diagnosed over a period
      of twenty years as having ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) are presented. The study
      group composed of 68 females and 92 males were members of 117 families. The rate
      of parental consanguinity was 65 percent. The incidence of AT in 117 families was
      36.6 percent. All patients had the characteristic facial and postural features of
      AT. The mean duration of follow-up of 160 patients was 6.35 years. Fifty patients
      had died during the follow-up (36 of pulmonary infections, 14 of malignancies).
      Somatic growth retardation was a prominent feature. Recurrent sinopulmonary
      infections were detected in 66 percent of patients. Two patients had
      hypothyroidism, one had diabetes mellitus, and one had both conditions. The
      incidence of malignancies was found to be 2.3 percent in the immediate relatives
      of the patients. The total lymphocyte count was low in 57 percent, and skin tests
      to PHA, candida, PPD and SK-SD were negative in 17.7%, 72.6%, 43.6%, and 78.2% of
      patients, respectively. In vitro blastogenic response to PHA was low in 61
      percent of patients. The mean value of E-rosette formation was significantly
      lower than control values. Six patients had low serum IgG levels. The serum IgM
      level was high in 26.6 percent of patients and the IgA level was low or absent in
      51.3 percent. There was no correlation between immune disturbance and duration of
      illness.

PMID- 1814038
TI  - Elimination of maternal antibodies against measles (is the policy of vaccinating
      children younger than nine months of age suitable for Turkey?).
AB  - Maternal antibodies against measles in 223 healthy children aged 22 to 31 weeks
      were studied. The ratio of children with detectable antibodies declined from 61.4
      percent at 22-23 weeks of age to 20 percent at 26-27 weeks of age. Since the
      minimum proportion of antibody-positive children (15.6% at 26-27 weeks of age) is
      still higher than the optimum proportion (5%), the Schwarz vaccine which is used
      mostly in measles immunization seems not to be effective to obtain a high
      seroconversion rate in our infants. We suggest that the Edmonston-Zagreb strain
      of measles vaccine be used for infants under 9 months of age in Turkey.

PMID- 1814039
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of intraspinal lipomas.
AB  - In this article a 32-case series of intraspinal lipoma localized to the
      lumbosacral region is presented. All of the patients underwent surgery. Recent
      reports in the literature indicate that although these lesions show advanced and
      progressive neurological deficits, very good results can be achieved with
      surgical treatment. The advantages of computed tomography in diagnosis and the
      importance of early surgical intervention and postoperative rehabilitation are
      emphasized.

PMID- 1814040
TI  - Sodium and potassium levels in colostrum.
AB  - The sodium and potassium concentrations of serum, urine and breast milk from 40
      healthy, lactating mothers aged 18 to 35 years were measured. Nineteen women were
      primiparous and 26 were delivered prematurely for various reasons. No correlation
      was found between colostrum and urine sodium and potassium levels, and colostrum
      and serum potassium levels, however, there was a correlation found between
      colostrum and serum sodium levels (r: 0.311, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 1814041
TI  - Diuretic renography in children: a non-invasive method for the assessment of
      upper urinary tract pathologies.
AB  - Thirty-eight kidneys from 20 children were studied with diuretic renography and
      the findings in 32 kidneys were compared with the results obtained using IVP. The
      diuretic renography findings were consistent with those of the IVP in 72 percent
      of the patients. The main disparity was the dilated nonobstructed pattern
      observed in the kidneys with normal IVP's, which is pointed out as being an asset
      of diuretic renography in revealing the functional status of kidneys. The
      sensitivity in detecting true obstruction was found to be 67 percent (4/6), and
      the specificity 95 percent (20/21). The accuracy of the technique was 85 percent
      with a false (+) rate of 5 percent (1/21) and false (-) rate of 33 percent (2/6).
      Diuretic renography is a simple, safe, non-invasive technique, easily applied to
      children with high specificity in excluding obstruction in a dilated renal
      pelvis.

PMID- 1814042
TI  - Hydatid disease presenting as an intrascrotal mass in a child.
AB  - A thirteen-year-old boy with the preliminary diagnosis of hydrocele of the cord
      who underwent surgery is presented. Ultimate diagnosis of hydatid disease was
      established by surgical exploration and histopathologic examination of the
      specimen. Although it is a rare occurrence, hydatid disease should be considered
      as a diagnostic possibility in endemic areas.

PMID- 1814043
TI  - Oculocerebral hypopigmentation syndrome (Cross syndrome).
AB  - A typical case of Cross syndrome with hypopigmentation, mental and psychomotor
      retardation, spasticity, bilateral optic atrophy and dental defects in a three
      year-old boy is presented. The clinical features of this rare syndrome are
      discussed.

PMID- 1814044
TI  - Failure to breathe at birth: causes and assessment.
AB  - A frequent misconception is that delayed onset of respiration is the result of
      intrapartum asphyxia. However, many factors other than asphyxia can delay the
      onset of respiration after delivery. To understand the effect of asphyxia on both
      the fetus and the neonate, and in particular in delaying the onset of spontaneous
      respiration, it is convenient to consider chronic partial asphyxia and acute
      asphyxia separately. In this article, the values of the Apgar score and cord
      blood pH were also evaluated.

PMID- 1814045
TI  - [Cloning and expression of Shiga-toxin gene from Shigella dysenteriae type I].
AB  - The chromosomal DNA of S. dysenteriae type I W30864 was isolated and digested by
      EcoRI. The 3-7 kb DNA fragments were recovered and ligated with vector pUC-19.
      After transformation, the recombinants were screened by SLT gene probe. The
      positive clones were obtained. The cloned EcoRI fragment containing both ST-A and
      ST-B subunit gene was about 4.5 kb. The cloned ST strain was also detected by
      Hela-S3 cell for cytotoxicity, and detected by rabbit ileal loop test for
      enterotoxicity. Besides, the cloned strain showed the neurotoxic activity when
      experimented with mouse. The production of shiga toxin in the cloned strain was
      16 times of that of its parent strain S. dysenteriae W30864. The production
      differences between ST producing stains and SLT producing strain was also tested
      in our experiment.

PMID- 1814046
TI  - [Overexpression of an extracellular Bacteroides nodosus protease in E. coli and
      isolation and characterization of its promoter].
AB  - Bacteroides nodosus is the essential causative agent of ovine footrot. It
      produces extracellular proteases which involved in pathogenesis of footrot. In
      this paper, we report the subcloning of Bacteroides nodosus protease, its
      overexpression in E. coli and its N-terminal polypeptide sequence. The subclone
      library was constructed in E. coli using SphI digested original clone (15 kb) and
      plasmid PTZ18R and screened using immunological assay. The expression was
      observed using SDS-PAGE. The subcloned DNA fragment was then cut with Sau3AI,
      cloned into pKK232-8 vector to perform promoter isolation and analysis. The
      promoter strength was determined using spectrophotometric assay.

PMID- 1814047
TI  - [Studies on the thermostable L-lactate dehydrogenase from thermophilic bacteria].
AB  - About 200 strains of extreme thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot springs
      in Guandong province. A strain, HG25, was found to produce thermostable
      intracellular L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.27). It has the characteristic
      of Thermus sp. The cells were gram-negative, non-sporulating, nonmotile, aerobic
      rods containing yellow pigment. The optimum temperature for growth was between 65
      degrees C to 75 degrees C, the maximum 85 degrees C, and minimum 40 degrees C.
      The generation time at the optimum was about 80 min. Starch was not hydrolyzed.
      Acid was not produced from glucose. The G+C content in DNA was 62-65 mol% (Tm).
      As the properties of strain HG25 is similar to those of Thermus aquaticus and T.
      thermophilus HB 8 belonging to the genus Thermus. The thermostable L-lactate
      dehydrogenase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE
      cellulose column chromatography. For pyruvate reduction, the optimum temperature
      of the enzyme was 60 degrees C and pH 8.0. After incubation in 0.1 mol/L
      phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 70 degrees C for 10 min, the enzyme retained about 85%
      of its original activity. The half-live time (t1/2) at 85 degrees C was 10 min.

PMID- 1814048
TI  - [Antigenic analysis and identification of serotype for an arguable strain of
      Shigella].
AB  - A strain of Shigella, 51331, was isolated abroad in 1935, and stored in The
      Center for Medical Culture Collection, Beijing. Since the serotype of this strain
      was arguable in China. It was identified as Sh. flexneri var. X with antigenic
      analysis. As agglutinin absorption technic was used in preparing diagnostic
      factor serum, it appears that the culture of strain 51331 could be agglutinated
      by Shigella antiserum flexner type 3 (Sh. flexneri) made in China and England.
      The present author suggested that diagnostic serum for type 3 or Sh. flexneri
      should be checked up with the strain 51331 for type factor specific. Strain 51331
      is, therefore, useful for purpose of identification when preparing diagnostic
      serum for Shigella.

PMID- 1814049
TI  - [Methanogens from feces of patients with intestine disorder].
AB  - Fecal specimens from 10 colorectal cancer, 1 duodenum diverticulosis and 2
      healthy adults were examined. Nine fecal enrichments contained
      Methanobrevibacter. The percentage of methanogen positive individuals was 69%
      Methanobrevibacter were isolated from fecal enrichments of 4 colorectal cancer
      and 1 duodenum diverticulosis. The percentage of breath methane positive
      individuals and methane production had significantly increased in colorectal
      cancer patients. It will be hopeful that methane production in breath samples at
      the end of exhalation will became a rapid, simple and non-penetrative method for
      monitoring precancerous colonic or rectal carcinogenesis and monitoring the
      relapse of individuals with carcinosectomy.

PMID- 1814050
TI  - [Preliminary studies on subtypes of respiratory syncytial virus in China].
AB  - An analysis of subtypes of 9 respiratory syncytial (RS) viruses isolated from
      Guangzhou and Nanjing areas of china was carried out with eight Sweden RS-subtype
      specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 7 internal anti-RS MAbs. All these MAbs
      directed against respectively the large Glycoprotein (G), fusion protein (F),
      nucleoprotein (NP), and phosphoprotein (P) components of the prototype Long
      strain of RS virus. The patterns of the reactions of these MAbs to the nine
      isolated strains of RS virus were compared with indirect immunofluorescence assay
      (IFA), alkaline phosphoesterase-anti alkaline phosphoesterase (APAAP) enzyme
      linked assay and Western blotting. The antigenic variations were founded among
      the strains of RS virus, and two subtypes allocated to the subtype A and B of RS
      virus by using the eight RS-subtype specific MAbs. Seven out of the 9 isolated
      strains of RS virus belonged to the subtype A, and two were being to the subtype
      B. The antigenic diversities were also founded within the same subtype, and the
      main pronounced difference were observed on the G glycoprotein by using the
      internal anti-RS MAbs. These findings are potentially important both for vaccine
      development and for the understanding of clinical and epidemiological
      characteristics of RS virus.

PMID- 1814051
TI  - Right ventricular function and failure: a review.
AB  - The importance of right ventricular (RV) function in maintaining global cardiac
      performance is the focus of this discussion. The physiological determinants of
      normal right ventricular function will be discussed, with particular emphasis on
      the afterload and contractility characteristics of the right ventricle. Numerous
      clinical conditions have been shown to affect RV performance. These conditions
      include positive-pressure ventilation, ischemia, pulmonary hypertension, and
      cardiac surgery. Present methods for the perioperative evaluation of RV function
      include angiography, radionuclide techniques, thermodilution techniques,
      echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Traditional modalities for the
      treatment of RV dysfunction consist of pharmacological interventions (i.e.,
      vasodilators and inotropes) and/or mechanical assist devices. Newer
      pharmacological strategies for the treatment of RV failure and associated
      pulmonary hypertension include the phosphodiesterase fraction III inhibitors and
      the prostaglandins, specifically PGE1. In summary, the accurate evaluation of
      perioperative RV performance combined with new treatment options will ensure
      maximal preservation of RV performance.

PMID- 1814052
TI  - Abdominal aortic surgery: anesthetic implications.
AB  - The objectives of the review are to highlight the clinical characteristics of the
      patient population; to assess multivariate risk factor analysis and the
      invasive/non-invasive techniques available for risk factor identification and
      management in this high-risk surgical population; to assess the major
      hemodynamic, metabolic, and regional blood flow changes associated with aortic
      cross-clamping/unclamping procedures and techniques for their modification or
      attenuation; and to assess the influence of perioperative anesthetic techniques
      and management on patient outcome.

PMID- 1814054
TI  - Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography in the critically ill--is the
      Swan-Ganz catheter redundant?
AB  - Swan-Ganz catheterization can facilitate intra-operative management of critically
      ill patients. The derived data lacks specificity, however, and, as such, is
      frequently misleading. This disadvantage, combined with recent advances in
      echocardiography imaging techniques, has resulted in increasing application of
      transesophageal (TE) two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo) to supplement
      and, in instances, to supplant conventional cardiac monitoring. This paper
      reviews the current status of single-plane TE 2D-echo as it pertains to
      evaluation of left ventricular (LV) volume status, performance, and ischemia. It
      is concluded that, while 2D-echo multiple-plane analyses provide an accurate
      representation of LV dimensions, interpretation of TE single-plane end-diastolic
      measurements should be limited to differentiation between extremes of LV volume.
      In contrast, corresponding estimates of LV ejection fraction correlate closely
      with overall performance, at least in cases without asynergy. Finally, the
      capacity of TE 2D-echo to detect LV regional wall-motion abnormalities can be
      particularly useful. Such abnormalities commonly represent early manifestations
      of ischemia and can, in addition, be predictive of subsequent outcome.

PMID- 1814056
TI  - Essays in memory of Arthur J. Viseltear.

PMID- 1814057
TI  - Health care costs and financing in world perspective.
AB  - Expenditures for health services, as a percentage of national wealth (gross
      national product, or GNP), have been rising throughout the world. Data to
      quantify this trend are available for many industrialized countries. The share of
      health spending derived from governmental sources has also been increasing.
      Mandatory or social insurance has developed to support health services in 70
      nations. While widely used for paying doctors on a fee basis or by capitation, in
      Latin America doctors are organized in polyclinics and paid by salaries. General
      revenues are used to support Ministry of Health programs. Among health
      expenditures, the largest share goes to hospitalization. Cost sharing by patients
      is widely used to control rising costs. World trends have promoted equity in
      health care delivery.

PMID- 1814053
TI  - Pre-operative respiratory evaluation and management of patients for upper
      abdominal surgery.
AB  - Patients presenting for surgery, be it on an elective or emergency basis, do so
      in the hope that the anesthetic will be without risk. Yet complications which
      arise are not always due to anesthesia. More often, the surgical process and
      factors intrinsic to the patient are major determinants of outcome. Pre-operative
      assessment allows review of the patient and the proposed surgery, and formation
      of a plan of management for the pre-, intra-, and post-operative anesthetic care.
      This paper provides an overview of the pre-operative assessment and management of
      patients who are to undergo upper abdominal surgery, with the aim of minimizing
      their risk of post-operative pulmonary complications. In particular, factors
      which contribute to the development of post-operative respiratory problems are
      described.

PMID- 1814055
TI  - Acute respiratory distress syndrome--two decades later.
AB  - Twenty years have now elapsed since Ashbaugh and Petty first described the
      syndrome of acute respiratory failure associated with a wide spectrum of clinical
      conditions. During the past two decades, significant advances have emerged in our
      understanding of the clinical conditions associated with the syndrome and the
      pathophysiological changes affecting the alveolar-capillary membrane responsible
      for the characteristic non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Recent data have
      reaffirmed the notion that mortality rates in ARDS remain in excess of 60
      percent, essentially unchanged since the first description of the syndrome,
      despite all the advances in critical care medicine in the intervening years. The
      incidence of ARDS has been difficult to establish because of lack of agreement on
      precise definition criteria. The lack of agreed definition criteria has hampered
      evaluation of the natural history of the syndrome, its epidemiology and mortality
      rates, and the efficacy or otherwise of a variety of therapeutic interventions.
      This review will highlight a recent, clinically appropriate, expanded definition
      of ARDS. New understandings of the roles of sepsis and multi-system organ failure
      in mortality associated with ARDS will be discussed. Several mediators, both
      locally in the lung and in the systemic circulation, have been implicated in the
      pathophysiology of ARDS. This review will discuss the evidence for and against
      neutrophils, platelets, cytokines derived from mononuclear cells and macrophages,
      complement, prostaglandins/leukotrienes, oxygen-derived radicals, and a variety
      of proteases. Current treatment strategies for ARDS are designed to increase
      tissue oxygen delivery by increasing arterial oxygen tension and cardiac output
      while simultaneously attenuating the pulmonary and systemic injury by appropriate
      pharmacologic and surgical interventions. Recent data advocating pharmacological
      augmentation of cardiac index and oxygen delivery will be highlighted. The
      persistently high mortality rates of 60-70 percent in patients with established
      ARDS have provoked recurring interest in new techniques of providing mechanical
      ventilation. Most studies have shown, however, that mortality in ARDS patients is
      attributable mainly to sepsis and multi-system organ failure rather than
      primarily to respiratory failure. Established and speculative intervention to
      reduce sepsis and multi-system organ failure associated with ARDS will be
      featured in the review.

PMID- 1814058
TI  - The route to a national health policy lies through the states.
AB  - National health program legislation has been becalmed in the Congress for almost
      80 years. Despite periodic cries of "crisis," legislation never emerges from
      committee. Periodically, campaigns have been mounted without success. Tactical
      efforts to circumvent direct action by legislating bits and pieces of related
      programs, Medicare and Medicaid, health maintenance organization support, and pre
      budgeting, have complicated operation of the medical care system and stimulated
      intractable cost inflation. For the first 150 years of American history,
      responsibility for public health and welfare legislation rested with the states.
      Most public health policies originated in a state or a few states and then later
      became national legislation. The state efforts were, in effect, natural
      experiments. After the Depression and the flood of funding from the federal
      government in subsequent years, the states faded as innovators. It is proposed
      that funding a few state models to restimulate state initiative in this regard
      will provide a more effective route to a national health program.

PMID- 1814059
TI  - Accretion, reform, and crisis: a theory of public health politics in New York
      City.
AB  - Standard interpretations of the history of public health in New York City in the
      twentieth century describe either the decline or the growth of the importance
      accorded to public health activities. To the contrary, public health has,
      paradoxically, both declined in salience and attracted increasing resources. This
      article describes the politics of public health in New York City since the 1920s.
      First it describes events in the history of public health in the context of
      events in the economy and in city, state, and national politics. Then it proposes
      three descriptive models for arraying the data about public health politics:
      accretion, reform, and crisis. Next it describes how the politics of AIDS in New
      York City in the 1980s was a consequence of the history that produced these three
      political styles. Finally, it argues that the three political styles are
      generalizable to the history of public health throughout the United States in the
      twentieth century.

PMID- 1814060
TI  - Health departments in the U.S. 1920-1988: statements of mission with special
      reference to the role of C.-E.A. Winslow.
AB  - The mission of local health departments in the U.S. is traced from the 1920s to
      the present through examination of official promulgations of the American Public
      Health Association and other organizations. As the communicable diseases came
      under general control, this mission was conceived more broadly. Nevertheless, in
      effect their public health role was diminished due to the rapid ascendancy of
      private and not-for-profit medical care, which consistently sought to keep public
      health out of potential areas of competition. Thinking both within the public
      health field (as represented by C.-E.A. Winslow) and outside the public health
      field (as represented by the American Medical Association), had created
      boundaries limiting public health's role to preventive medical services. This
      restriction, in turn, largely excluded the public health field from participation
      in the tremendous expansion of medical care since World War II. The public health
      role was further limited in 1970 by the removal of much of environmental
      pollution from its purview. The sum of these and other forces has left the public
      health field weakened and in considerable confusion about its role at a time when
      the resurgence of infectious disease (e.g., AIDS and Lyme disease), environmental
      hazards, and medical care institutions requires a strong public health presence.

PMID- 1814061
TI  - Consumption, silicosis, and the social construction of industrial disease.
AB  - In the wake of the bacterial revolution after Robert Koch identified the
      tuberculosis bacillus, medical and public health professionals classified the
      various forms of consumption and phthisis as a single disease--tuberculosis. In
      large measure, historians have adopted that perspective. While there is
      undoubtedly a great deal of truth in this conceptualization, we argue that it
      obscures almost as much as it illuminates. By collapsing the nineteenth-century
      terms phthisis and consumption into tuberculosis, we maintain that historians
      have not understood the effect of non-bacterial consumption on working-class
      populations who suffered from the symptoms of coughing, wasting away, and losing
      weight. In this essay, we explore how, in the nineteenth century, what we now
      recognize as silicosis was referred to as miners' "con," stonecutters' phthisis,
      and other industry-specific forms of phthisis and consumption. We examine how the
      later and narrower view of the bacterial origins of tuberculosis limited the
      medical professions' ability to diagnose and understand diseases caused by
      industrial dust. This paper explores the contention that developed at the turn of
      the century over occupational lung disease and tuberculosis and the circumstances
      that led to the unmasking of silicosis as a disease category.

PMID- 1814062
TI  - The Sabin live poliovirus vaccination trials in the USSR, 1959.
AB  - Widespread use of the Sabin live attenuated poliovirus vaccine has had tremendous
      impact on the disease worldwide, virtually eliminating it from a number of
      countries, including the United States. Early proof of its safety and
      effectiveness was presented in 1959 by Russian investigators, who had staged
      massive trials in the USSR, involving millions of children. Their positive
      results were at first viewed in the United States and elsewhere with some
      skepticism, but the World Health Organization favored proceeding with large-scale
      trials, and responded to the claims made by Russian scientists by sending a
      representative to the USSR to review in detail the design and execution of the
      vaccine programs and the reliability of their results. The report that followed
      was a positive endorsement of the findings and contributed to the acceptance of
      the Sabin vaccine in the United States, where it has been the polio vaccine of
      choice since the mid-1960s.

PMID- 1814064
TI  - The Great Stench or the fool's argument.
AB  - The eight weeks of the "Great Stench" in London in June-July 1858 had a lasting
      effect on the city. Today's embankments were planned then, and the huge oval
      brick sewers of London were designed and constructed as a direct result of the
      stench. The event occurred before the bacteriological era, when fear of cholera
      caused by a miasma gripped the city. This article, through quotations from The
      Times, Punch, and the medical press, traces the various reactions to the stink
      and explores the reasons why there wasn't more of a public reaction to the plague
      threat.

PMID- 1814063
TI  - Causation and disease: effect of technology on postulates of causation.
AB  - This paper reviews the technical developments in microbiology that led to the
      discovery of new infectious agents and the effect of these discoveries on
      establishing proof of causation. In bacteriology, these advances included the
      light microscope, bacterial stains, bacterial cultures, and the methods used to
      isolate clones. In virology, they involved the use of filters to separate viruses
      from bacteria, the electron microscope, the use of laboratory animals,
      embryonated eggs, tissue cultures to identify or grow the agent, and the recent
      development of molecular techniques to detect the presence of antigen in tissues.
      In immunology, they were based on the discovery of antibodies and of the immune
      response.

PMID- 1814075
TI  - [A quiet retirement life? No, Marianne studies women's conditions in the world.
      Interview by Lis Hellstrom Sveningson].

PMID- 1814076
TI  - [Swedish patients get a kick out of rehabilitation in Spain. Interview by Bitte
      Lyden].

PMID- 1814077
TI  - [Profile of Elise Nyberg].

PMID- 1814078
TI  - [Who knows best how Karin feels--she herself or the nursing staff?].

PMID- 1814079
TI  - [Progress for nurses--in the USA].

PMID- 1814080
TI  - [UHA (Office of Universities and Colleges): 3-year education for laboratory
      assistants].

PMID- 1814081
TI  - [Put a price on health care!].

PMID- 1814082
TI  - [Zebra--measuring care on black and white].

PMID- 1814083
TI  - [Meaningless treatment will be discontinued].

PMID- 1814084
TI  - [Rauna, nurse in Namibia: she did not crack under torture. Interview by Elly
      Jannes].

PMID- 1814085
TI  - ["EEC discussions are filled with half truths". Interview by Jan Thomasson].

PMID- 1814087
TI  - [Satisfied nurses when ADEL jumped the gun in Stockholm].

PMID- 1814086
TI  - [Should one decline an important job because the wages are poor?. Interview by
      Jan Thomasson].

PMID- 1814088
TI  - [Forebodings swell in entire country. Continuing education and substitutes are
      most affected].

PMID- 1814089
TI  - [We are here on women's terms. Interview by Maria Ejd].

PMID- 1814090
TI  - [They can study at home: "It's the chance of a lifetime"].

PMID- 1814091
TI  - [To answer questions on cancer via telephone demands a sensitive ear and
      knowledge. Interview by Carina Roxstrom].

PMID- 1814092
TI  - [Adventurous or fearful? It's in the blood. Interview by Maria Ejd].

PMID- 1814094
TI  - [New education in cancer care receives funding from EEC. Interview by Goran
      Nilsson].

PMID- 1814093
TI  - [Reappraisal of Lex Maria: "Fewer notifications lead to changed work stations"].

PMID- 1814095
TI  - [Fair health care].

PMID- 1814096
TI  - [Provide room for the old and confused. Interview by Carina Roxstrom].

PMID- 1814097
TI  - [Members in uproar: "Unreasonable interpretation of wage agreement. Interview by
      Jan Thomasson].

PMID- 1814098
TI  - [Representatives discussed the EEC and the economy].

PMID- 1814099
TI  - [Inger is a fiery spirit in occupational health care. Interview by Mats Thorner].

PMID- 1814100
TI  - [Nurses are experts when facilities for persons with dementia are planned].

PMID- 1814101
TI  - [Believing the patient--most important in pain treatment. Interview by Maria
      Ejd].

PMID- 1814102
TI  - [Job satisfaction project goes up and down in primary health care in Solna.
      Interview by Kaj Nyman].

PMID- 1814103
TI  - [Apropos of DRG and Zebra: RAI (Resident Assessment Instrument) puts patient in
      the center].

PMID- 1814105
TI  - [A researcher's life is poor in leisure time. Interview by Carina Rosxstrom].

PMID- 1814104
TI  - [Invisible health care].

PMID- 1814106
TI  - [Employers want to limit SHSTF's right to conflict. Interview by Jan Thomasson].

PMID- 1814108
TI  - [Sudden infant death. Many theories but still the causes are unknown].

PMID- 1814107
TI  - [Interview].

PMID- 1814109
TI  - [Sudden infant death. Memories of Tom are alive].

PMID- 1814110
TI  - [Ostomy care--nursing works with thorough teaching and skin-friendly bandage].

PMID- 1814111
TI  - [Measuring of nursing care load--a measure of patients' needs provides better
      care].

PMID- 1814112
TI  - [Pacemaker--a small gadget to put the heart on the right track].

PMID- 1814113
TI  - [Professor in medical ethics: I don't want to be anybody's fighting oracle.
      Interview by Maria Ejd].

PMID- 1814114
TI  - [Ivan runs his dialysis when it suits him best. Interview by Carina Roxstrom].

PMID- 1814115
TI  - [South African reality. Police dealt with nurses' organizer].

PMID- 1814116
TI  - [Bo Konberg, Minister of Health: no changes in reorganization of chief medical
      officers. Interview by Kaj Nyman].

PMID- 1814117
TI  - [Here we let you know how things go--Patricia Herrero released on bail].

PMID- 1814118
TI  - [The cost of a system shift can be far too high].

PMID- 1814119
TI  - [Health Sweden. The worst adjusted are the sickest].

PMID- 1814121
TI  - [County council in Halland has fresh employees].

PMID- 1814120
TI  - [Health Sweden. Children's environment is the most important for public health.
      Interview by Jan Thomasson].

PMID- 1814122
TI  - [Music and song awake memories of life].

PMID- 1814123
TI  - [Health Sweden. Public health project in Olofstrom--the purpose is for everyone
      to feel better].

PMID- 1814124
TI  - [Bodil writes history of laboratory assistants. Dexterous girls were researchers'
      salvation].

PMID- 1814125
TI  - [County Council and community do not agree. Expansion of Vaxholm's nursing home
      delayed at least 3 years].

PMID- 1814126
TI  - [Research in twins provides answers. Interview by Staffan Wolters].

PMID- 1814128
TI  - [Work smell of coffee and pus and cleaning agents].

PMID- 1814127
TI  - [Heredity influences weight, career choice and personality].

PMID- 1814129
TI  - [Read and get to know mankind. Interview by Maria Ejd].

PMID- 1814130
TI  - The influence of L-norvalyl-N3-4-methoxyfumaroyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, an
      antifungal agent, on mammalian cells in tissue culture.
AB  - Murine leukemia L1210 cells contain active glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase
      inhibited by N3-4-methoxyfumaroyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP). However,
      FMDP-peptides do not exhibit any cytotoxicity against these cells, HeLa S3 human
      cervical carcinoma cells, and LL2 murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells. It is
      suggested that the lack of cytotoxicity of FMDP-peptides, in spite of good drug
      uptake and the presence of target enzyme might be due to the poor rate of
      peptides cleavage by the intracellular peptidases.

PMID- 1814131
TI  - Effect of glucagon and phorbol myristate acetate on oxidative demethylation and
      lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - Oxidative demethylation of aminopyrine and peroxidation of endogenous lipids
      induced by cumene hydroperoxide were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed
      male rats. Glucagon and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) inhibited both
      processes in the concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with
      1 microM glucagon decreased oxidative demethylation by 75% and had a much smaller
      effect on lipid peroxidation. Preincubation with 1 microM PMA inhibited both
      processes by 25-30%. Phosphorylation of three isoforms of cytochrome P-450 was
      observed in microsomes isolated from hepatocytes incubated in the presence of
      [32P]orthophosphate. After incubation with PMA the phosphorylation of all these
      proteins was increased by 60-100%, whereas glucagon increased the phosphorylation
      of only one isoform. Consequences of the phosphorylation of various isoforms of
      cytochrome P-450 for metabolic functions of the monooxygenase system are
      discussed.

PMID- 1814132
TI  - Long chain polyisoprenoid alcohols in leaves of Capparis species.
AB  - Leaves of twelve species of the genus Capparis were examined for the presence of
      long chain polyisoprenoid alcohols. In a number of species the accumulation of
      polyisoprenoid alcohols was up to about 0.3% of dry weight of tissue. In all
      studied species polyisoprenoid alcohols composed of 12, 13, 14 or 15 isoprene
      residues formed the main polyprenol family. In the majority of the plants studied
      lower quantities of an additional polyprenol family were present, in which
      prenologues composed of 19, 20 or 21 isoprene units were dominating. In one
      species--Capparis coriacea also the presence of dolichol-like polyprenols with a
      hydrogenated OH-terminal isoprene unit was documented.

PMID- 1814133
TI  - Molecular mechanism of the juvenile hormone action.
AB  - Structures, physiological role and level regulation of the juvenile hormones are
      described. A scheme of juvenile hormone mode of action at the molecular level,
      which includes transport of hormone via its binding protein, is presented.

PMID- 1814134
TI  - Topography and conformational changes of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase.
AB  - Structure of aldolase, its interaction with nucleotides, the path of enzyme
      reaction and the scheme of range of conformational changes of this enzyme are
      presented. Retrospectives and perspectives of aldolase topography investigations
      are included.

PMID- 1814135
TI  - The region for exopolysaccharide synthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar
      trifolii is located on the non-symbiotic plasmid.
AB  - An Exo- mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii was isolated which did
      not produce acidic exopolysaccharide and induced defective, non-fixing nodules on
      clover plants. The nodules were defective at a late stage of development, they
      contained infection threads and bacteria were released into the host cells.
      Cosmid pARF136 capable of complementing the Exo- mutation was isolated from a
      cosmid bank made from total R. trifolii DNA. Hybridization between DNA of pARF136
      and plasmids of R. trifolii strains separated by Eckhardt's technique suggested
      that the exo locus is located on a 300 kb megaplasmid, and nodDABC and nifKDH
      genes are located on another 180 kb pSym plasmid. A 5.4 kb BamH1 fragment of the
      recombinant cosmid pARF136 was able to restore exopolysaccharide synthesis in Exo
      mutant of R. trifolii 93 but it did not complement the symbiotic defect.

PMID- 1814137
TI  - Melanocytic naevi, melanoma and sun exposure.
AB  - The naevus profile was examined in 379 randomly selected Swedes (30-50 years) and
      in 121 melanoma patients in the same age-range selected from the Regional Cancer
      Register. The total body count of common naevi (CN) greater than or equal to 2 mm
      in the population was high (mean 67, range 1-300). Even so, the melanoma patients
      had almost twice as many CN as the controls (mean 113, range 13-347). The
      prevalence of clinical dysplastic naevi (DN) was 18% in the population and 56% in
      the patients. The corresponding figures for histologically diagnosed DN were 8%
      and 40% respectively. Subjects with dysplastic naevi had a significantly larger
      number of CN than those without DN. Subjects with a sun-sensitive skin, greater
      than or equal to 150 naevi and presence of DN had a 50 times higher melanoma risk
      than those without these characteristics. For identifying subjects at risk of
      developing cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), clinically diagnosed DN was as
      good a discriminator as histologically diagnosed DN. The numbers of naevi in
      different skin areas were tested for their power in predicting the total body
      naevus count. The strongest correlations were found between total counts and
      counts on the anterior surface of the thighs and the lateral aspect of the arms.
      Counts from either of these areas will provide a practical and satisfactory
      estimate of the total number of naevi. To study the possible link between sun
      exposure, naevus formation and melanoma development, the distribution of CN, DN
      and CMM over the body surface was studied in the 121 melanoma patients and in 310
      consecutive controls. The number of naevi was four times as high in a sun-exposed
      area on the lower back compared with in an adjacent sun-protected area on the
      buttocks, indicating that sunlight plays a role in naevus development. Both CN
      and CMM were found to have a general distribution pattern over the body surface
      consistent with the idea that sun exposure is important for their formation. The
      number of CN and CMM per unit body surface area was significantly higher in
      intermittently sun-exposed than in rarely or chronically exposed skin. The
      distribution pattern of DN was quite different from that of CN, with few DN on
      the sun-exposed upper chest and face and many DN in protected areas such as the
      buttocks and lower abdomen, indicating that DN may develop independently of sun
      exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1814136
TI  - Some properties of serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase from rye seedlings (Secale
      cereale L.).
AB  - Serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.45) from rye seedlings catalysed
      transamination between L-serine and glyoxylate according to the Ping Pong Bi Bi
      mechanism with double substrate inhibition. As judged from the Km values, L
      serine, L-alanine, and L-asparagine served as substrates for the enzyme with
      glyoxylate, whereas L-alanine and L-asparagine underwent transamination with
      hydroxypyruvate as acceptor. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) seems to be rather loosely
      bound to the enzyme protein. Aminooxyacetate and D-serine were found to be pure
      competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, with Ki values of 0.12 microM and 1.6 mM,
      respectively. Among the PLP inhibitors isonicotinic acid hydrazide and
      hydroxylamine were far less effective than aminooxyacetate (20% and 70%
      inhibition at 0.1 mM concentration, respectively). Inhibition by the SH group
      inhibitors at 1 mM concentration did not exceed 50%. L-Serine distinctly
      diminished the inhibitory effect of this type inhibitors. Preincubation of the
      enzyme with glyoxylate distinctly diminished transamination. Glyoxylate limited
      the inhibitory action of formaldehyde probably by competing for the reactive
      groups present in the active centre.

PMID- 1814138
TI  - Melanocytes, moles and melanoma--a study on UV effects.
AB  - To investigate the UV effect on epidermal melanocytes, 21 volunteers and 11
      patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS) received UVB irradiation three
      times weekly during 17 days. Skin biopsies were taken before and three weeks
      after the last irradiation (on day 37) from exposed and covered buttock skin. The
      epidermal melanocyte population density was estimated in dopa-stained split skin
      preparations. The biopsies taken on day 37 revealed that repeated UVB irradiation
      induces an increase in the number of melanocytes not only in exposed but also in
      covered skin. This increased mitotic activity might be a link between sun
      exposure and melanoma development in covered skin. The size of the proliferative
      response was inversely correlated to the basal melanocyte number. The larger
      population increase in skin with few melanocytes might amplify the propagation of
      DNA damage and increase the likelihood of tumor development. The pigment
      metabolite 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD) was measured in urine before the
      irradiation and twice weekly until day 38. No correlation was found between the
      basal 5-S-CD excretion and the size or activity of the melanocyte organ,
      suggesting that the basal 5-S-CD excretion is mainly of non-melanocytic origin.
      Despite numerous nevi, DNS-patients did not differ from controls in their 5-S-CD
      excretion. The normal upper range for the tumor maker 5-S-CD is therefore valid
      in these melanoma-prone subjects. During the irradiation, subjects with a low
      tanning ability developed a more pronounced erythema and excreted more 5-S-CD
      than those with a good tanning ability. This suggests that the UVB-induced 5-S-CD
      excretion is rather due to melanocyte damage than to an increased melanin
      synthesis. To investigate the influence of sun exposure on the development of
      nevi and melanoma (CMM), the distribution over the body surface of CMM, common
      nevi (CN) greater than or equal to 2 mm and dysplastic nevi (DN) was registered
      in 121 melanoma patients and 310 controls. Four times as many nevi were found in
      a sun-exposed area than in a comparable sun-protected area, demonstrating that
      sun exposure plays an important role in nevus development. Subjects with DNA had
      a larger difference in nevus counts between the two areas than subjects without
      DN, indicating a different UV-dose and/or a higher sensitivity to the "nevogenic"
      effect of UV-light than subjects without DN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1814139
TI  - PUVA treatment in Sweden.
AB  - To investigate the pattern of PUVA treatment in Sweden, eleven centers supplied
      protocols of 4945 PUVA-treated patients between 1974 and 1985. The information
      collected was evaluated by computer. The most common indications for PUVA
      treatment were: Psoriasis; 64%, Pustulosis Palmo Plantaris; 10.5%, and Eczema;
      9.4%. Fifty-five different diagnoses were reported. The treated area was mainly
      the whole body; 70.6%. The type of psoralen regimen varied between different
      centers, but oral 8-MOP was the dominating psoralen; 77.1%. Forty-five patients
      had received more than 400 treatments, the highest number being 758, and 537
      patients had received more than a total dose of 1000 J/cm2, the highest being
      6476 J/cm2. The average PUVA dose per treatment was highest for Vitiligo patients
      but Alopecia Areata and Pustulosis Palmo Plantaris also received high doses per
      treatment. One hundred and thirty-eight patients were treated for Mycosis
      Fungoides and 11 for Sezary's Syndrome.

PMID- 1814141
TI  - Neuromagnetic evidence of functional organization of the auditory cortex in
      humans.
AB  - The influence of two physical stimulus parameters (frequency and intensity) and
      of one sensation parameter (pitch) on the auditory evoked magnetic field (AEF)
      was quantified by approximating the measured magnetic field distribution by that
      of an equivalent current dipole (ECD) embedded in a homogeneous semi-infinite
      volume conductor. The main results are as follows: The depth of the ECD increases
      with increasing frequency, but decreases with increasing intensity. In the case
      of a complex tone with missing fundamental it is the virtual pitch that
      determines the ECD location and not the spectral contents of the stimulus.

PMID- 1814140
TI  - Establishment of gerbil epidermal cell culture and comparative analysis of the
      behaviour of these cells with cultured mouse epidermal cells.
AB  - The culturing of gerbil epidermal cells is described for the first time. Cells
      grew first as clumps, formed monolayers of proliferating basal cells and then
      differentiated, giving rise to a stratified epithelium. To regulate the process
      of proliferation and differentiation, two kinds of medium were used: the standard
      one and a low-Ca++ medium. Under these two conditions, cultured gerbil cells were
      compared with mouse epidermal cell cultures. The cultures maintained in the low
      Ca++ medium showed greater differences between the two species, the gerbil
      epidermal cells displaying a greater proliferative capacity and maintained
      capacity to differentiate, than did the murine cells. It is believed that this in
      vitro model may lead to a better understanding of the difference between the two
      species in vivo, and might explain their differing susceptibility to cutaneous
      tumour induction.

PMID- 1814143
TI  - Cortical responses to changes in auditory stimuli. Magnetoencephalographic
      studies.
AB  - Any infrequent change ("deviant") in the parameters of a repetitive auditory
      stimulus ("standard") elicits both in electro- and magnetoencephalogram a
      specific "mismatch response". Identical infrequent stimuli do not elicit it; the
      presence of standards is necessary. Magnetic measurements have shown that the
      mismatch response has its neural source at the supratemporal auditory cortex.
      This source is about 10 mm anterior to the source of the N100m deflection,
      suggesting that these two waves are generated at different cytoarchitectonic
      areas. It is suggested here that the mismatch response reflects the activity in
      "change detectors", whereas activity in auditory feature maps underlies the N100m
      deflection. A model is proposed where the activity from feature maps converges on
      change detectors; the presence of a mismatch response is suggested to indicate
      that feature maps have been previously activated.

PMID- 1814142
TI  - Evidence for a tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex observed with
      auditory evoked potentials.

PMID- 1814145
TI  - Human evoked potentials and the lateralization of a sound.
AB  - If an identical noise is presented to each ear with one ear receiving the noise
      slightly earlier than the other, the listener perceives the sound as originating
      from the side of the leading ear. If the interaural time-difference reverses, the
      subject perceives a shift in the lateralization of the sound to the other ear.
      This shift in lateralization evokes a late auditory potential with a negative
      wave at 135 ms and positive waves at 75 and 220 ms. This evoked potential
      specifically indexes central auditory processing since information about the
      timing of the auditory stimuli must be compared between the two ears. The
      response increases in amplitude with increasing interaural time-difference
      reaching maximum values between 0.3 and 1.5 ms. The response is evoked through
      acoustic frequencies below 2,000 Hz. In patients with multiple sclerosis the
      response is often abnormally delayed or small. The response may therefore be
      helpful in the clinical evaluation of patients with central auditory dysfunction.

PMID- 1814144
TI  - Activation of the human auditory cortex by speech sounds.
AB  - Magnetic evoked responses were recorded to different speech sounds in healthy
      humans. (i) Short words consisting of fricative consonant/vowel combinations
      evoked strong responses at the auditory cortex about 100 ms after the vowel
      onset. The response is specific to acoustic rather than phonetic aspects of the
      sounds. (ii) In a categorization task, words elicited a transient response
      followed by a sustained field (SF). When the subject counted the number of target
      words, SF was clearly increased. There were no consistent differences between the
      hemispheres and a similar increase of SF was observed when the subject classified
      the duration of two tones. (iii) When tone 'probes' were presented randomly to
      either ear and speech sounds to one ear, the 100-ms response was dampened and
      delayed bilaterally. The dampening was not specific to speech masking but
      dependent on the amount of frequency and amplitude transitions in the masker. All
      these experiments suggest that the auditory system performs a very similar
      analysis of both speech signals and other sounds. (iv) In a recent study, more
      closely related to speech perception, visual input from articulatory movements of
      the speaker was found to affect the activity of the auditory cortex. It seems
      that MEG studies can be useful in the study of brain mechanisms underlying speech
      perception in intact humans.

PMID- 1814146
TI  - Source analysis of auditory evoked middle-latency responses.

PMID- 1814147
TI  - The human auditory steady-state evoked potentials.
AB  - When auditory stimuli are presented at rates near 40/s, they evoke a steady-state
      middle latency response. This results from the super-position of the transient
      responses evoked by each of the rapidly presented stimuli. The steady-state
      evoked potentials are most appropriately analyzed using frequency-based
      techniques. The response is larger for stimuli of higher intensity and of lower
      tonal frequency. The amplitude of the response varies with the state of arousal
      of the subject. Sleep results in a decrease in the amplitude to between one third
      and one half of the amplitude during wakefulness. The response is even further
      attenuated by general anesthesia. This auditory steady-state evoked potential may
      therefore be helpful in monitoring the state of arousal of a patient undergoing
      anesthesia.

PMID- 1814148
TI  - Attention effects on the auditory event-related potential.
AB  - Studies on selective-attention effects on the auditory event-related brain
      potential (ERP) are reviewed. Brainstem components of the ERP have not been shown
      to be sensitive to attention. On the other hand, attention effects in the middle
      latency range (12-50 ms from stimulus onset) appear to occur under some
      conditions but it is not clear whether these effects are exogenous or endogenous.
      The predominant attention effect on the auditory ERP is the processing
      negativity, a slow endogenous negativity which often commences well before the
      exogenous (supratemporal) N1 component peaks (at about 100 ms post-stimulus),
      therefore giving the impression that this exogenous component is attention
      sensitive. It is not yet settled, however, whether even these exogenous processes
      under some conditions might be modulated by selective attention.

PMID- 1814149
TI  - Scalp topographies dissociate attentional ERP components during auditory
      information processing.

PMID- 1814150
TI  - Mechanisms underlying the generation of cortical field potentials.
AB  - The generation of currents and potentials detectable in the space surrounding
      cellular elements within central nervous structures is described. The following
      aspects are especially taken into account: Generator structures, membrane
      potential changes of single neurons and of single glial cells, generation of
      potentials in the extracellular space, and types of cortical field potentials.

PMID- 1814151
TI  - Auditory cortical basis of tinnitus.
AB  - The waveforms of the auditory evoked magnetic field (AEF) in normal-hearing
      individuals and patients suffering from tinnitus are distinctly different. In
      tinnitus patients, the magnetic wave M200 (corresponding to the electric wave
      P200, or P2) is delayed and only poorly developed or even completely missing,
      while the amplitude of the magnetic wave M100 (corresponding to the electric wave
      N100, or N1) is significantly augmented. A very characteristic feature turned out
      to be the amplitude ratio of the two waves M200 and M100. Below the age of 50,
      the amplitude ratio M200/M100 represents a clear-cut criterion to distinguish
      between tinnitus patients and individuals without tinnitus. In tinnitus patients,
      the ratio is less than 0.5 independent of age, whereas, in young and middle-aged
      normal-hearing individuals, it is greater than 0.5. Since in normal-hearing
      individuals the average amplitude ratio decreases linearly with age, the clusters
      of amplitude ratios of the two groups begin to overlap beyond the age of 50. The
      hypothesis is put forward that the decrease of the average amplitude ratio in
      normal-hearing individuals reflects a degenerative process probably initiated by
      multiple exogenous and endogenous factors, which leads to both an increased
      excitability of the generators of a particular component of wave M100 and a
      sustained neural activity in the generators of one particular component of wave
      M200 and eventually gives rise to the sensation of tinnitus. The absence or poor
      development of wave M200 is a concomitant phenomenon, resulting from the involved
      generators being less responsive to external stimuli. Our hypothesis has been
      supported by one exemplary case in which we were able to trace the process of
      tinnitus remission during a period of 256 days after acute onset of tinnitus (due
      to an acute noise trauma), showing a recovery of the amplitude ratio from an
      initial value of 0 to a normal value of approximately 1.

PMID- 1814152
TI  - Sensory and cognitive components of brain resonance responses. An analysis of
      responsiveness in human and cat brain upon visual and auditory stimulation.
AB  - We performed an analysis of topographic and modality-dependent responsiveness of
      auditory and visual cortex in 5 cats and of vertex and occipital derivations in
      12 human subjects. The evoked potentials were studied in the frequency domain by
      means of the Fourier transform. Furthermore, digital filtering was applied to
      confirm and extend the analysis. Preliminary results indicate that resonances
      were observed mainly in the 5, 10, 20 and 40 Hz frequency bands. The frequency of
      resonance maxima depended on the sites of measurement electrodes and stimulus
      modality. It is concluded that the analysis of resonance phenomena in the brain
      is a useful approach to understanding the relation between evoked potentials,
      evoked magnetic fields and single-cell recordings.

PMID- 1814153
TI  - Sensitivity limits in biomagnetic measurements.
AB  - It is important to understand the character and the contribution of thermal
      magnetic noise in designing the measurement site and the instrumentation for
      biomagnetic measurements. The ultimate limit of the sensitivity is the thermal
      noise due to the object under study. In the case of the human body, it has been
      estimated to be about 0.1/square root of Hz. Magnetically shielded rooms are
      necessary for ultrasensitive biomagnetic measurements of human subject, but they
      also generate external noise which in some cases may become detectable. This
      noise problem can be avoided if the innermost walls are constructed of
      magnetically soft ferromagnetic material. Close to the conducting walls the
      thermal noise is higher than at the centre. Thus, the shielded room should be
      relatively large in size. The gantry and other things inside the room may contain
      metal parts, which can cause excess noise. The intensity depends on the
      conductivity, geometry, location and movement of these parts. In comparison to
      bioelectric studies, this inductive noise coupling demands extra attention. In
      most biomagnetic measurements performed inside a magnetically shielded room, the
      limiting factor of the sensitivity is the thermal noise caused by electrically
      conducting thermal shielding used inside the cryogenic measurement dewar.
      Fortunately, it is possible to reduce the noise contribution arising from the
      superinsulation in the dewar by careful design. The properties and dynamics of
      the SQUIDs are well understood nowadays. Studies of the nonlinear character in
      the coupling between the SQUID and external detection coil have made it possible
      to reduce the noise contribution of the sensor itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1814154
TI  - Localization properties of multi-sensor biomagnetic systems.
AB  - The recent development of large multi-channel biomagnetic systems, with 20-30
      adjacent magnetic sensors, is marking a significant progress in the detection and
      interpretation of biomagnetic signals, and definitely traces a new avenue towards
      a proper assessment of the technique in the clinical field. Several technological
      problems are being solved, mainly concerning the reliability of the SQUIDs and of
      the superconducting assembly, as well as the criogenic dewar. Also the choice of
      the geometry for the gradiometers to be coupled to the SQUIDs has a fundamental
      importance, not only from a technological point of view, but also in that it
      affects the localization properties of the system. The major attractions and
      drawbacks of both vertical and planar configurations will be briefly reviewed and
      few practical suggestions to overcome some of the difficulties will be proposed.

PMID- 1814155
TI  - Theoretical considerations on the detection of evoked responses by means of the
      Rayleigh test.
AB  - One of the most powerful tools for the detection of an evoked response is the
      Rayleigh test which checks a set of phase angles for uniformity. Several
      important theoretical aspects of the Rayleigh test are illustrated in the present
      paper. First of all, probability density functions and distribution functions of
      the underlying test-statistic as well as receiver operating characteristics (ROC)
      are presented. Then it is exemplified how to derive a ROC for the case that two
      independent Rayleigh test-statistics (e.g. from two different channels or two
      different frequency bands or time windows) are available. Finally, it is
      demonstrated that the probability of a false-positive decision may increase by an
      order of magnitude if the Rayleigh test is not performed once, for a fixed number
      of epochs specified in advance, but is carried out repeatedly during an ongoing
      experiment until either one of the tests indicates the presence of an evoked
      response or the upper limit for the number of epochs is exceeded.

PMID- 1814156
TI  - The influence of model parameters on the inverse solution based on MEGs and EEGs.
AB  - The influence of parameters describing the head on the localization of two
      simultaneous active dipoles is studied. The head is described by a set of five
      concentric anisotropic spheres. The uncertainties in the conductivity parameters
      and their effects on the dipole parameters are discussed. Finally the
      applicability of EEG and MEG is compared.

PMID- 1814157
TI  - Functional topographies in the primary auditory cortex of the cat.
AB  - One of the fundamental organizational principles of the mammalian sensory cortex
      is the topographic representation of the sensory epithelium. A cochleotopic
      topographic organization has been demonstrated for a number of auditory cortical
      fields, including the primary auditory field (AI). In the spatial cortical
      dimension orthogonal to the cochleotopic frequency gradient, systematic
      arrangements of other functional parameters have been observed. The first
      evidence of a spatial segregation of functional parameters along the isofrequency
      domain of cat AI was the discovery of binaural interaction bands. Recent studies
      show topographic representations of additional functional parameters in the
      central auditory system of the cat. Among the functional parameters that are
      evidence of systematic and topographic representations in cat auditory cortical
      fields are spectral resolution (sharpness of tuning), temporal resolution
      (preferred repetition rate), and inhibitory properties related to the coding of
      broadband signals.

PMID- 1814158
TI  - Mathematical aspects of source modeling.
AB  - This paper reviews the properties of the major source models which are used in
      the analysis of observed bioelectric signals in general, and of evoked potentials
      in particular. The interpretation of such models demands the solution of an
      associated inverse problem. Emphasis is laid on the possibility of imposing such
      constraints on the model which render stable inverse solutions and yet allow a
      physiological interpretation. The nature of this paper is tutorial.

PMID- 1814159
TI  - Estimates of neuronal current distributions.
AB  - The main purpose of measurements of the magnetic field produced by cerebral
      electrical activity is to locate this activity or to determine its distribution
      in the brain. In this paper, methods to locate or otherwise characterize source
      currents in the brain are briefly discussed. It is emphasized that the optimal
      source estimation method depends crucially on the availability of prior
      information and on the questions one wants to resolve with the measurements.

PMID- 1814160
TI  - Multipole expansions in the representation of current sources.
AB  - After obtaining the measured magnetic field or its components in the form of an
      isofield map one has to decide which approximation to use in solving the inverse
      problem. A single current dipole as an equivalent current source is often used.
      It will be shown when this approximation fails and one possible way to improve
      the equivalent source description. The expansion of current multipoles is
      discussed up to the second order. The localization of an equivalent current
      source in this case is considered. The application of this type of expansion is
      analysed and discussed.

PMID- 1814161
TI  - On the biomagnetic inverse problem in the case of multiple dipoles.
AB  - Series of Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out which were based on the
      assumption that two dipoles with a distance of 0.5-2 cm are located in a
      homogeneous semi-infinite volume conductor (depth 3 cm), and that the magnetic
      field component perpendicular to the surface of the volume conductor is recorded
      by means of a magnetometer with infinitesimal coil diameter. Moving-dipole models
      (all parameters time-dependent), rotating-dipole models (dipole locations fixed,
      dipole orientation and amplitudes time-dependent) as well as fixed-dipole models
      (dipole locations and orientations fixed, amplitudes time-dependent) were
      considered. The algorithm used to retrieve the model parameters from the
      simulated field distributions (biomagnetic inverse procedure) was based on a
      transformation of the standard least-squares fit procedure into a minimization
      procedure with respect to the nonlinear parameters (dipole locations and
      orientations), which was solved iteratively by means of the Fletcher-Powell
      algorithm. It was found that the resolving power of the biomagnetic inverse
      procedure is highly dependent on the relative orientation of the two dipoles, the
      temporal overlap of the dipole moments, and the correlation of successive samples
      of the superimposed noise. The results obtained in this study suggest that the
      resolving power of the biomagnetic inverse procedure for conditions typically
      found in the case of auditory evoked magnetic fields is not better than 2 cm for
      the moving-dipole approach, and not better than 1 cm for the fixed-dipole
      approach, provided that no additional a priori information is available. In
      practice, the situation is probably even worse since the depth of the generators
      is usually larger than assumed in this study.

PMID- 1814162
TI  - Comparison of serotonin agonistic and antagonistic activities of a new
      antidepressant agent Trelibet (EGYT-475) and its metabolite EGYT-2760 on isolated
      rat fundus.
AB  - The effects of Trelibet (EGYT-475, N-benzyl-piperazine-picolinyl-fumarate) and
      its active metabolite (EGYT-2760, N-benzyl-piperazine) on the serotoninergic
      responses of rat stomach fundus were investigated and compared with those of MCPP
      (m-chlorophenyl-piperazine) which is the common metabolite of the arylpiperazine
      antidepressants Trazodone and Etoperidone. The contraction inhibitory potencies
      of the agents were determined on the equipotent contractions (EC50) to serotonin
      (5-HT) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Isotonic contractile responses to
      5-HT were not affected by EGYT-475, however, both EGYT-2760 and MCPP produced
      concentration related and reversible inhibition of the serotoninergic responses.
      The IC50 values for EGYT-2760 and MCPP were 40.5 +/- 7.5 mumol/l and 125 +/- 35
      nmol/l, respectively. The inhibition was selective for the serotoninergic
      responses, as the equipotent responses to PGF2 alpha were not affected. EGYT-2760
      and MCPP displayed not only 5-HT antagonistic, but also partial agonistic
      activities on the rat fundus preparation. Maximum contractile response of the
      fundus preparation to MCPP was approximately 25%, to EGYT-2760 was 10% of the
      maximum response to 5-HT.

PMID- 1814163
TI  - The relationship between splanchnic oxygen consumption and blood supply.
AB  - Our experimental study has proved, that the increase in the intestinal and
      splanchnic metabolism is associated with raised blood flow. However, it has been
      found that so called primary increase of the blood flow by the administration of
      vasodilatators is not associated with raised metabolism, i.e. no increase in the
      oxygen uptake has been noted. Injection of Glucagon into the superior mesenteric
      artery raised both the splanchnic (portal vein) and the intestinal (superior
      mesenteric artery) blood flow. However, while the intestinal oxygen consumption
      increases along with the blood flow, when the blood flow to the whole splanchnic
      area has risen the oxygen consumption has not increased moreover it has
      decreased. This means, that while the Glucagon quickens the metabolism of the
      small bowel, that in the other abdominal organs has dropped. This means that
      while there is not any difference in the vascular effect of the intestinal and
      total splanchnic area, the metabolic effect shows a disparity, this can be
      regarded as an evidence, that the alterations in the splanchnic metabolism are
      not primarily determined by haemodynamic changes. The blood flow is adjusted to
      the oxygen demand and the physiological changes in the blood flow protect against
      cellular hypoxia under various circumstances.

PMID- 1814164
TI  - Distribution of cadmium in ovaries, adrenals and pituitary gland after chronic
      administration in rats.
AB  - Wistar rats were given 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/week CdCl2 for 14, 18 or 22 weeks
      and the body weight, Cd content of ovaries, adrenals, pituitary gland,
      furthermore the progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta secretion of ovary were
      checked. Cd treatment caused a slight decrease in the body weight, but failed to
      alter the weight of endocrine organs. CdCl2 in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/week resulted
      in almost the same Cd content in all the three organs. Rising the amount of Cd
      administered the pituitary gland accumulated more Cd than the adrenals, and the
      lowest levels were found in the ovary. CdCl2 even in the dose of 1.0 mg/kg/week
      failed to alter the ovarian cycle, progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta production
      of ovary. The data point also to a developing tolerance to Cd as the cumulative
      dose of CdCl2 lies close to the LD50 levels.

PMID- 1814165
TI  - Cytochemical study on the local tissue effect of nickel-containing intrauterine
      device in rabbits.
AB  - Authors introduced a nickel-containing device into the uterus of 20 rabbits, then
      performed the cytochemical study of the endometrium. During calcium cytochemical
      study in the endometrium intramitochondrial and partly intracytoplasmic
      localisation while with dimethylglyoxin method intracellular reaction precipitate
      were found. The nickel-containing device caused local nickel and intracellular or
      intramitochondrial calcium accumulation.

PMID- 1814166
TI  - Excretion of urinary hydroxyproline in correlation with severity of induced
      osteomyelitis in rabbits.
AB  - Osteomyelitis was induced artificially by injecting Staphylococcus aureus culture
      in the tibiae of young rabbits. Weekly estimations of hydroxyproline in urine
      were done for six weeks. It was found that the osteomyelitic rabbits excreted
      more hydroxyproline (about 96%) two weeks after the infection in comparison to
      the control animals and it continued to be very high (about 138%) six weeks after
      the infection. The results indicate that urinary hydroxyproline reflects
      degradation of collagen fibers in the bone, and may be an indicator of the
      severity of the disease.

PMID- 1814167
TI  - Significance and assessment of autonomic indices in cardiovascular reactions.
AB  - The purpose of this review was to integrate recent evidence supporting the
      reliability of noninvasive measures of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity.
      Literature concerning spectral analysis of heart period (HP) variability is
      reviewed with special emphasis on works revealing neural mediation of high
      frequency and mid-frequency components of HP power spectrum and suggesting their
      use as a tool to assess autonomic balance. Problems of derivations of autonomic
      indices based on impedance cardiography and HP variance analysis are discussed.
      Advantages of parametric time series (autoregressive-AR) models are described
      with the objective of providing an informed basis for choosing among
      methodological alternatives. Two original approaches developed in our laboratory
      are outlined, namely the algorithms for systolic time interval assessment based
      on impedance cardiogram as well as the AR method developed for heart period power
      spectral density estimation.

PMID- 1814168
TI  - Correlation and regression studies between pupal weight and fecundity of muga
      silkworm Antheraea assama Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on four different
      foodplants.
AB  - Female pupal weight and fecundity of mother moth of Antheraea assama Westwood fed
      with four different food plants have been studied. Litsaea polyantha fed females
      showed significantly higher pupal weight and higher rate of oviposition in
      comparison to three food plants Machilus bombycina, Litsaea salicifolia and
      Cinnamomum glaucescens. The number of eggs laid was correlated with the pupal
      weight. The correlation co-efficient (r = 0.9730) showed positive and significant
      correlation at 1% level. The pupal weight was found to be the best and genuine
      estimator of fecundity.

PMID- 1814169
TI  - Distribution of sialic acid between sialoglycoproteins and other membrane
      components of different erythrocyte phenotypes.
AB  - The sialic acid content of erythrocytes of three different AB0 blood groups have
      been studied. The sialic acid contents of erythrocyte membranes containing 300 mg
      protein were determined and compared. Groups 0 (Rhesus negative), AB (both Rhesus
      negative and positive), and B (Rhesus negative) blood differed significantly (p
      less than 0.05) in total sialic acid content and in the distribution of sialic
      acid between sialoglycoproteins and other membrane components. Membrane materials
      containing 300 mg total protein showed sialic acid contents of 52.73 +/- 2.2
      mumol sialic acid for group 0 (Rhesus negative) 34.77 +/- 1.16 mumol for group AB
      (Rh negative), 32.88 +/- 1.52 mumol for AB (Rh positive) and 21.23 +/- 0.84 mumol
      for B (Rh negative). In group 0 (Rh. neg.) membranes 39.4 +/- 1.4% of the total
      sialic acid was associated with the sialoglycoproteins. The percentage of sialic
      acids associated with sialoglycoproteins in other erythrocyte membranes were 77.7
      +/- 1.3% for group B, and 55.6 +/- 1.0% and 56.4 +/- 1.8% for group AB (Rh.
      negative) and (Rh. positive) respectively. The changes appear to be independent
      of the Rhesus grouping but dependent on the AB0 grouping since membranes of the
      two Rhesus types of group AB had identical total sialic acid and
      sialoglycoproteins sialic acids. The sialic acid densities in sialoglycoproteins
      also differed from one erythrocyte type to another. Group 0 (Rh. negative)
      membrane sialoglycoproteins had sialic acid density of 140.5 +/- 3.1 nmol/mg
      compared to 71.7 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg for group B and 128.1 +/- 2.2 and 124.5 +/- 4.0
      nmol/mg for group AB Rhesus negative and Rhesus positive respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814170
TI  - Oestrous cycle disruption in group-housed mice: evaluation of the involvement of
      tactile and pheromonal stimuli.
AB  - The role of tactile stimuli and pheromonal stimuli in the induction of oestrous
      cycle irregularities in mice was evaluated. In contrast to an adult regularly
      cycling female (the test female) housed in contact with 6 adult females, a test
      female housed in contact with 6 impuberal females failed to show disruption of
      oestrous cycle. Likewise, a test female housed in contact with bedding soiled by
      6 group-housed adult females failed to exhibit disruption of oestrous cycle. By
      contrast, a test female housed in contact with 6 impuberal females on bedding
      soiled by 6 adult group-housed females exhibited a significant increase in the
      incidence of prolonged cycles. However, a test female housed with 6 impuberal
      females without direct contact with the bedding soiled by adult group-housed
      females exhibited a significant decrease in the incidence of prolonged cycles.
      The results suggest that tactile stimuli and pheromonal stimuli (probably present
      in the excrete of adult females) act synergistically in inducing cycle
      disruption. The findings further indicate that the female-originating pheromone
      involved in oestrous cycle disruption is non-volatile (not air-borne) and that it
      acts through contact.

PMID- 1814171
TI  - Jean Emile Courtois 1907-1989.

PMID- 1814172
TI  - Enzymic methods in preparative carbohydrate chemistry.

PMID- 1814174
TI  - Rezso Bognar 1913-1990.

PMID- 1814173
TI  - Structure of collagen fibril-associated, small proteoglycans of mammalian origin.

PMID- 1814175
TI  - Radical-mediated brominations at ring positions of carbohydrates.

PMID- 1814176
TI  - 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols.

PMID- 1814177
TI  - Blood serum characteristics of newborn pigs: comparison of unaffected pigs with
      pigs belonging to five mortality groups.
AB  - The blood serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin, insulin, cortisol, albumin, alpha
      fetoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin f and s, alpha 2-antitrypsin inhibitor and
      alpha 1-protease inhibitor were determined at birth in 5 clinically and
      morphologically identified mortality groups of pigs. These were compared with the
      levels observed in unaffected, apparently normal newborn unsuckled pigs. The
      blood serum profile of the pigs in the stillborn intra partum, weak, splayleg and
      trauma groups, respectively, as well as that of clinically normal splayleg
      littermates, differed significantly from that of the unaffected pigs. This was
      especially true for the levels of hemoglobin and the two macroglobulins. The
      importance of placental insufficiency causing chronic episodes of hypoxia which
      ultimately lead to a disturbance in organ development in the etiology of the
      mortality groups is discussed.

PMID- 1814178
TI  - Influence of feeding intensity on blood concentrations of glucose, ketone bodies
      and free fatty acids in nutritionally adapted dairy cows fed 24 times daily.
AB  - Concentrations of acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and free fatty acids
      were determined in blood from 3 Jersey cows during a 5-months period. The cows
      were fed an identical complete feed every hour, from ad libitum intake to
      maintenance level, for 28 days at each of the following levels of intake: 170,
      138, 102, 53 and 37 g organic matter per kg bodyweight0.75 (metabolic
      bodyweight). Throughout the experimental period, the cows were in negative energy
      balance, which was reflected in an average weight loss of 640 g per day. None of
      the metabolites differed from reference values for healthy lactating cows. The
      concentration of D-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased linearly with the level of feeding
      and reflected a decreased ruminal production of butyrate. The high feeding
      frequency to lactating cows may be considered an essential factor in the
      prevention of ketosis.

PMID- 1814180
TI  - Post-partum ovarian activity in Finnhorse mares with special reference to
      seasonal effects.
AB  - In a previous study, times from parturition to the first ovulation were followed
      in 55 Finnhorse mares on the basis of milk progesterone determinations. Ninety
      six per cent of mares had ovulated by day 20 post-partum. If intervals of more
      than 19 days are excluded from the data, the time from parturition to 1st
      ovulation was 117 days. However, in cases of foaling before and after the
      beginning of June the times were 13.0 days and 8.8 days, respectively (p less
      than 0.001). Long intervals (over 16 days) occurred mainly before 1st May (in 6
      out of 7 cases). In a 2nd study, 25 post-partum Finnhorse mares were examined by
      rectal palpation and ultrasonic scanning. Five and 7 days post partum, but not 2
      days post partum there was a statistically significant difference between
      ovulatory ovaries and non-ovulatory ovaries regarding size of whole ovary and the
      largest follicle. Six to 8 days before the first post-partum ovulation, the size
      of the preovulatory follicle was greater in mares which had foaled before the
      middle of May (32 mm) than in those which had foaled after the middle of May (20
      mm) (p less than 0.05). Within 2 days before ovulation there was no statistical
      difference between the sizes (43 mm and 42 mm, respectively). The growth rate was
      therefore slower in cases of early foaling (1.8 mm/day) than in cases of late
      foaling (3.7 mm/day).

PMID- 1814179
TI  - Onset of luteal activity in foaling and seasonally anoestrous mares treated with
      artificial light.
AB  - Sixty-four mares (27 foaling, 37 barren or maiden), mainly Finnhorses, were
      subjected to treatment with 14.5 h of light and 9.5 h of darkness, starting at
      the beginning of December. The onset of cycling in non-foaling mares was
      estimated by weekly serum progesterone determinations. All of the non-foaling
      mares cycled in the middle of March. They started to cycle on average in the
      middle of February, 11.1 weeks after the beginning of the trial. There were
      statistically significant differences in relation to breed (Finnhorses started to
      cycle 2 weeks later than warm blooded, p less than 0.02) and in relation to age
      (brood mares with mean age 10 years, started to cycle 10 days later than those 3
      years old, p less than 0.03). However, there was no statistical significant
      relation to previous lactation, although lactating mares lactating up to the
      previous autumn started to cycle 7 days later than dry mares (p less than 0.15).
      Artificial insemination of 14 mares in the 2nd oestrus of the year, in March,
      resulted in 12 foalings in the subsequent year (86%). The following winter, all
      pregnant mares (N = 27) were exposed to the same kind of light treatment,
      starting on 1st December. The 1st mare foaled at the end of January. The time
      from foaling to 1st post partum ovulation was significantly longer (17.0 days) in
      foalings taking place within 10 weeks from the beginning of the light treatment
      period, than in foalings occurring after more than 10 weeks of lighting (12.1
      days) (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 1814181
TI  - Onset of luteal activity in non-foaling mares during the early breeding season in
      Finland.
AB  - The luteal activity in mares was studied in the Equine Research Station (ERS) and
      in trotting stables (TS) in South-Finland. The mares were Standardbreeds in the
      TS and mainly Finnhorses in the ERS. Between January and June blood was collected
      once a week for serum progesterone determinations. The mares in the ERS were
      distributed in 1 of 3 groups: three-years old not yet in training (N = 38), brood
      mares (N = 21) and mares in training (N = 47). A 4th group was the mares in
      training in the trotting stables (N = 73). Every 5th mare in the ERS and every
      4th mare in the trotting stables were cycling already at the beginning of the
      year. Onset of luteal activity in anoestrous mares was most common in the middle
      of May. Over 95% of the mares were cycling at the beginning of June. In the ERS
      40% of the Finnhorse mares in training were cycling through the winter. The three
      years old and the brood mares were all anoestrous during winter. They started to
      cycle on average before the middle of May. Anoestrous training mares started
      before the middle of April. Anoestrous Finnhorse mares began to cycle later than
      warm blooded mares in all of the groups studied. Mares which had foaled the
      previous year were more often anoestrous during the winter than dry mares. The
      time of year when cycling began in a particular mare tended to be the same from
      year to year (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 1814182
TI  - Effect of a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue prostinfenem (15-methyl-PGF2 alpha),
      to induce luteolysis and oestrus in heifers.
AB  - Different doses of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha (0.125-10 mg) were used to induce
      luteolysis and oestrus in 7 heifers with 28 treatments on day 8-12 of the
      oestrous cycle. Twenty-three out of 28 treatments gave the desired response and
      the animals showed signs of oestrus within 5 days post-injection. The doses of
      0.25-10 mg can be used to induce luteolysis and oestrus. The dose of 0.125 mg was
      not effective to induce luteolysis and only 1 out of 4 treatments responded. When
      higher doses were given (1-10 mg), progesterone levels decreased more rapidly and
      reached 1 nmol/l 16.2 h earlier than in animals which responded to doses less
      than 1 mg. The minimum effective dose was considered to be 0.25 mg. Clinical
      signs of oestrus, regression of corpus luteum and variation in the interval to
      oestrus were similar as for PGF2 alpha or its other analogues. By measurement of
      the main circulating prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite, it was found that an
      endogenous PGF2 alpha release occurred 1-3 days post-injection of 15-methyl-PGF2
      alpha. Furthermore in cases of post-oestrous bleedings an endogenous PGF2 alpha
      release was also seen concomitantly with the bleeding. This prostaglandin
      analogue seems to be useful for farm management and can be an alternative to
      other PGF2 alpha analogues.

PMID- 1814184
TI  - Effect of evening primrose oil as food supplement on reproduction in the blue
      fox.
AB  - Addition of evening primrose oil (EPO) to a blue fox diet in the reproduction
      period was evaluated in an experiment with 2 groups, each of 12 male and 25
      female blue foxes, regarding the effects on reproductive performance. The
      experiment was carried out as a field trial and the experimental period lasted
      from March 10 until the end of the mating season (males) or early July (females).
      During this period the control group was fed the standard diet of the farm and
      the experimental group was fed the same diet supplemented with 4.5 g EPO and 2.5
      mg zinc sulphate per animal and day. An addition of 10 mg vitamin E per 500 mg
      EPO was made. The results were evaluated regarding male and female treatment
      effects. There was an increased rate of abortions in the EPO-group, but
      simultaneously a non-significant decrease in the frequency of barren females,
      resulting in a similar level of females without litters in both groups. A
      tendency for increased litter size in the EPO group was found, mainly as an
      effect of male treatment, which might indicate an effect on semen quality.

PMID- 1814183
TI  - Effect of evening primrose oil as food supplement on reproduction in the mink.
AB  - The effects of addition of evening primrose oil (EPO) to a mink diet in the
      breeding season on the reproductive performance and kit and female performance
      during the lactation period were investigated in an experiment with 4 groups of
      male and female mink. Matings were carried out so that control males were mated
      to both control and supplemented females. Similarly, supplemented males mated
      both control and supplemented females. Reproductive results were evaluated both
      on a group basis and as an effect of male or female treatment, respectively.
      After males supplemented with EPO, there was a tendency for reduced rate of
      stillborn kits and kit losses during the first 21 days of life. These effects
      could not be explained physiologically. Female treatment did not affect
      reproductive performance, but there was a tendency for lower weight losses during
      lactation for EPO-supplemented females. Kit performance during the lactation
      period was independent of experimental treatment.

PMID- 1814185
TI  - Relationship between ATP content and motility in bovine spermatozoa with
      reference to the effects of the bull and the A.I. centre.
AB  - Deep-frozen semen from 28 bulls belonging to 6 different A.I. centres was studied
      after thawing and the ATP content in the spermatozoa was assayed using a
      bioluminescence technique. The sperm motility was subjectively estimated under a
      phase contrast microscope and the sperm concentration of each ejaculate was
      calculated in a haemocytometer. The overall mean ATP content was 16.6 nmoles
      ATP/spermatozoa x 10(8). There was a significant variation in ATP content between
      A.I. centres. Significant differences between bulls in ATP content were found as
      well as a significant correlation between ATP concentration and the number of
      motile spermatozoa. This may indicate that ATP assessment may be useful as an
      additional, objective laboratory test.

PMID- 1814186
TI  - Plasma levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite and progesterone in repeat
      breeder heifers.
AB  - A detailed clinical-endocrine investigation was performed in 6 repeat breeder
      heifers (RBH) with the aim being to ascertain whether endocrine asynchronism
      exists at luteal regression and during early pregnancy. The heifers were first
      studied during an open cycle and then after insemination when 3 heifers became
      pregnant. Circulating plasma levels of PGF2 alpha metabolite were measured every
      2nd h, while progesterone (P4) levels were measured every 6th h. The oestrous
      period and intervals between the onset of oestrus and ovulation were relatively
      longer, compared with what is normally seen in heifers. Plasma levels of P4 at
      the onset of oestrus were higher than normal, but it was concluded that the
      plasma levels of PGF2 alpha metabolite and P4 in RBH at luteal regression and
      early pregnancy were normal.

PMID- 1814187
TI  - Mycotic keratitis in a horse caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. The first reported
      case in Finland.
AB  - The first identified Finnish case of equine mycotic keratitis caused by
      Aspergillus fumigatus is described. The clinical picture, the sampling method,
      the macro- and micromorphology of the causative fungus and the therapy applied
      are reported in detail. Therapy with natamycin (Pimafucin 2.5% eyedrops. Gist
      Brocades) was successful.

PMID- 1814188
TI  - Post-partum and post-conceptional ovarian activity of dairy cows: evaluation
      based on progesterone profiles.
AB  - The progesterone level of milk was measured daily in 20 Icelandic dairy cows for
      50-90 days post-partum and for 30-50 days post-conception by radioimmunoassay. In
      40% of the cows the 1st post-partum ovarian cycle was shorter and the
      progesterone level lower than in normal cycles. The average duration of the 1st
      post-partum luteal phase was significantly shorter and the progesterone values
      lower than in the 2nd and 3rd phases. The progesterone level rose to a plateau at
      the onset of luteal function within 5 +/- 2 (mean +/- s.d.) days, whereas the
      decrease in progesterone at the end of the luteal phase was more rapid i.e. 3 +/-
      1 days. The progesterone value for a normal interluteal phase was 1.5 +/- 1.3
      nmol/l. However in 9 of 48 interluteal phases the progesterone values did not
      decline below 3 nmol/l. The average progesterone concentration was significantly
      increased during the first 30 days post-conception. In 4 of 20 cows a significant
      drop in progesterone concentration was found 15-19 days post-conception. The
      results indicate that the luteal activity of the 1st post-partum ovarian cycle is
      inferior to that of the following cycles. There is a significant correlation in
      the intensity of the luteal activity between cycles. Ovarian cyclicity continues
      in early pregnancy in, at least, 20% of cows. The sampling frequency is of
      importance in studies concerning the luteal activity.

PMID- 1814189
TI  - An abattoir survey of pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughter weight swine from 9
      selected herds. IV. Bacteriological findings in chronic pneumonic lesions.
AB  - A total of 855 pig lungs were collected at slaughter and evaluated
      macroscopically. Bacteriological examinations were carried out on tissue samples
      from chronic pleuropneumonic lesions (n = 196) and from chronic bronchopneumonic
      lesions with suppuration (n = 14). Samples from normal lung tissue (n = 22) were
      also included. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 54%, Actinobacillus
      (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae from 11%, and Streptococcus spp. from 14% of the
      pneumonic lesions, respectively. From normal lung tissue P. multocida was
      isolated from 3 (14%) of the samples, A. pleuropneumoniae was not recovered and
      streptococci were isolated from only 1 (5%) of these samples. The above mentioned
      bacterial species were recovered either in pure cultures or mixed with various
      other microbes. A total of 109 P. multocida strains were further characterized by
      capsular serotyping and testing for production of dermonecrotic toxin. Ninety
      nine (91%) of the strains were capsular type A 10 (9%) were type D. Out of the
      type A and the type D strains 94% and 90% were toxigenic, respectively. Most of
      the A. pleuropneumoniae strains were serotype 2. Strains of serotypes 1 and 7
      were also identified. The majority of the streptococci were identified as either
      Streptococcus suis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Actinomyces pyogenes was
      isolated from 14% of the lesions and anaerobic bacteria from 18%, respectively.
      The significance of the various bacterial species in relation to the development
      of chronic pneumonic lesions is discussed. Special attention is paid to P.
      multocida, and it is concluded that this bacterial species is probably of
      importance for the development of both types of chronic pneumonias.

PMID- 1814190
TI  - Endotoxin-induced changes in plasma mineral and vitamin levels in calves.

PMID- 1814191
TI  - Evidence that Neospora caninum is identical to the Toxoplasma-like parasite of
      Norwegian dogs.

PMID- 1814192
TI  - Clinical and blood biochemical changes after administration of low doses of
      endotoxin in ewes.

PMID- 1814193
TI  - Paying the price for home care: costs are lower than at hospitals, but lack of
      regulation raises concerns.

PMID- 1814194
TI  - FDA's role in drug product recalls.

PMID- 1814196
TI  - How to do a performance appraisal.

PMID- 1814195
TI  - Easing tension through flexible leadership style.

PMID- 1814197
TI  - Automatic stop-order procedure for antibiotics needs evaluation.

PMID- 1814198
TI  - Animal research is necessary.

PMID- 1814199
TI  - Correction to AHFS Drug Information 91.

PMID- 1814200
TI  - Degrees of equity.

PMID- 1814201
TI  - Severity-indexed, incident report-based medication error-reporting program.
AB  - A medication error-reporting program is described. Medication errors at a large
      teaching hospital are reported through traditional incident reports. Specific
      information on the errors is documented on an additional form; data captured
      include the type of error, system breakdown point, and class of drug involved. A
      severity ranking that reflects patient outcome is also assigned to each
      medication error. The data are entered into a relational database and analyzed.
      Reports are generated that show the overall error rate, the distribution of
      errors by severity ranking and drug class, and the error types, system breakdown
      points, and drug classes associated with errors of the highest severity rankings.
      Between January and December 1990, the number of medication error reports
      received per month ranged from 73 to 141, and the number of errors reported per
      month increased during the year. Although the incident report-based method
      underestimates the actual number of medication errors, the program has been
      effective in identifying problem areas and trends so that quality assurance and
      medical committees can implement measures to improve drug use. The use of a
      severity-indexed medication error-reporting program based on incident reports and
      managed through a relational database has revealed problems that are then
      addressed by other quality assurance measures.

PMID- 1814202
TI  - Design and implementation of an electronic investigational drug accountability
      system.
AB  - A software system designed to maintain protocol-specific investigational drug
      accountability records is described. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson
      Cancer Center and Cygnus Systems Development, Inc., worked together to create an
      electronic investigational drug accountability system (IDRx), which meets the
      requirements of the National Cancer Institute. This system performs record
      keeping, stores information on drugs and protocols, and generates standard and
      customized reports. On-screen assistance makes it easy to use. Security is
      achieved by granting access only to authorized users, and an audit trail is
      automatically generated. Systematic implementation at M. D. Anderson, initially
      in the investigational drug control area and subsequently in the satellite
      pharmacies, has resulted in increased accuracy and efficiency, and few problems
      have been encountered. The IDRx software package is useful for keeping records,
      generating reports, and tracking and evaluating data associated with an
      investigational drug accountability system.

PMID- 1814203
TI  - Translating mainframe computer data to spreadsheet format.
AB  - The translation of mainframe-stored information in ASCII into spreadsheet format
      for use in Lotus 1-2-3 is explained. Details are presented on how to use the Data
      Parse command to create a translation template that tells Lotus 1-2-3 how to
      interpret a file written in ASCII. Lotus 1-2-3 can also translate some files in
      formats other than ASCII. It can translate files in the Data Interchange Format
      directly into its own format. Translating mainframe computer data into
      spreadsheet format is relatively simple and obviates the rekeying of those data.

PMID- 1814204
TI  - Interpretation of "cost-effective" and soundness of economic evaluations in the
      pharmacy literature.
AB  - The varied interpretations of the term "cost-effective" in the pharmacy
      literature are discussed and the soundness of pharmacoeconomic analyses is
      assessed. Sixty-five studies concerning cost issues, which were published by six
      pharmacy journals from January 1985 to December 1990, were evaluated according to
      10 methodological criteria. Two investigators independently reviewed each study
      and completed a data collection form; differences were discussed and resolved to
      ensure consistency of evaluation. In 36 (55%) of 65 articles, cost-effectiveness
      was misinterpreted as cost saving. Only 3 of the 10 criteria were fulfilled by
      50% or more of the studies evaluated. Problem areas included the following: (1)
      identification of relevant costs and consequences of each strategy, (2)
      discounting--adjusting data to reflect the differential timing of costs and
      consequences, (3) incremental analysis--examining extra costs of a program
      relative to additional effects provided, and (4) sensitivity analysis. Many
      pharmacoeconomic studies inappropriately used the term "cost-effective" and
      inadequately addressed basic methodological components of an economic evaluation.

PMID- 1814205
TI  - Effect of syringe filter and i.v. administration set on delivery of propofol
      emulsion.
AB  - Propofol emulsion was studied to determine the effects of filtration and of
      passage through an i.v. administration set on drug concentration. To study
      syringe filter effects, propofol emulsion samples (Diprivan Injection, 10 mg/mL)
      were discharged through either a 5-mm filtering needle or a standard needle. To
      determine the effects of the i.v. administration set on propofol delivery, a
      diluted dispersion containing approximately 2 mg/mL was prepared from propofol
      emulsion and 5% dextrose injection. This formulation was siphoned into a 6-foot
      length of administration set tubing, from which samples were withdrawn at 0, 30,
      60, and 120 minutes. Another 2-mg/mL diluted dispersion of propofol and 5%
      dextrose injection was placed in a glass reservoir and delivered through a 6-foot
      i.v. set at a rate of 1.75 mL/min, which corresponds to a low dosage rate of 0.05
      mg.kg-1.min-1. Samples of the effluent were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60,
      90, and 120 minutes. Samples collected from all three tests were assayed by using
      high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean propofol concentrations in the
      filtered and unfiltered samples were 96.05% and 96.09% of label claim,
      respectively, after discharge through needles; the difference was not
      significant. In the static study of the i.v. tubing effects, a 31.54-34.74% loss
      of propofol occurred after 120 min. In the study of propofol flowing through the
      i.v. tubing, the concentration dropped slightly in the initial sample, which was
      taken after the propofol was placed in the tubing. The concentration remained
      essentially constant for the first hour and then declined, with an overall
      average loss of 7.70%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814206
TI  - Stability and sterility of biosynthetic human insulin stored in plastic insulin
      syringes for 28 days.
AB  - The stability and sterility of biosynthetic human insulin products stored at
      refrigerator and room temperatures in two types of plastic syringes and the
      stability of preservatives in the products were studied. Four types of
      biosynthetic human insulin were used: regular, isophane, combination, and
      extemporaneously prepared combination. Samples (0.4 mL) were withdrawn from
      multiple-dose vials into 39 polypropylene and 39 propylene-ethylene copolymer
      syringes. Three syringes of each type were analyzed immediately; the remaining
      syringes were stored in plastic bags, half at room temperature (23 degrees C) and
      half in the refrigerator (4 degrees C). A vial of each type of insulin was
      maintained under similar conditions. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, samples
      from each syringe were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for
      insulin potency and m-cresol and phenol concentrations. Samples of each product
      were also tested for sterility after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C
      and 23 degrees C. The potency of insulin in each of the biosynthetic human
      insulin products did not change significantly during the 28-day study in both
      types of plastic syringes and at both temperature settings. m-Cresol
      concentrations decreased in all samples; greater decreases occurred in samples
      stored at room temperature and in samples stored in polypropylene syringes.
      Phenol concentrations were less affected than m-cresol concentrations; greater
      decreases occurred in samples stored at room temperature. No significant
      decreases in insulin potency or m-cresol or phenol concentrations occurred in
      control samples stored in vials kept under similar conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814207
TI  - Chemical and visual stability of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose injection stored
      at 4 degrees C for 35 days.
AB  - The chemical and visual stability of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose injection
      under refrigeration was assessed. Three admixtures of amphotericin B 0.1 mg/mL in
      5% dextrose injection and three admixtures of amphotericin B 0.25 mg/mL in 5%
      dextrose injection were aseptically prepared in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags.
      Immediately after preparation (at time zero), six 5-mL samples were aseptically
      transferred from each admixture to sterile collection tubes. Three of the samples
      from each admixture were quick-frozen for later assay by stability-indicating
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the other three were
      immediately assessed for pH. Each of the six admixtures was also assessed
      visually under fluorescent light and 2x magnification for color change,
      turbidity, gas evolution, and precipitation. The admixtures were stored in PVC
      bags at 4 degrees C and protected from light. Six 5-mL samples were withdrawn
      from each admixture at 10, 21, and 35 days. Three of the samples from each
      admixture were assessed for pH, and three were quick-frozen for subsequent HPLC
      assay. There was no substantial loss or deterioration of amphotericin B during
      the 35-day study. At no time was the mean concentration of amphotericin B in the
      samples less than 96.4% of the concentrations at time zero for the 0.1-mg/mL
      samples or less than 96.6% of the time zero concentrations for the 0.25-mg/mL
      samples. There were no appreciable changes in pH, and there was no visual
      evidence of instability in any of the samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814208
TI  - Stability of cefotaxime sodium and metronidazole in an i.v. admixture at 8
      degrees C.
AB  - The stability of cefotaxime and metronidazole in i.v. admixture at 8 degrees C
      was studied. The commercially available injectable formulation of cefotaxime
      sodium 1 g was diluted to 5 mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection and added to
      metronidazole injection 500 mg/100 mL. A 2-mL sample was removed and diluted to
      100 mL with water. Thirty 1-mL portions were transferred to glass vials and
      refrigerated at 8 degrees C. At 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after
      the admixture was prepared, the vials were removed, placed in a refrigerated
      autosampler, and assayed for cefotaxime and metronidazole concentrations by
      stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Over the 72-hour
      study period, the concentration of cefotaxime remaining at all assay times was
      95.91-101.13% of the initial concentration. The concentration of metronidazole
      remaining at each assay time was 93.08-102.19% of the initial concentration.
      Cefotaxime sodium 10 mg/mL and metronidazole 5 mg/mL were stable for 72 hours at
      8 degrees C in an i.v. admixture prepared from commercially available injectable
      formulations.

PMID- 1814210
TI  - Assessing the clinical impact of pharmacists' interventions.

PMID- 1814209
TI  - Stability and compatibility of ganciclovir sodium in 5% dextrose injection over
      35 days.
AB  - The stability and compatibility of ganciclovir sodium in 5% dextrose injection
      over 35 days were assessed. Nine admixtures of ganciclovir sodium 1, 5, and 10
      mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection were aseptically prepared. Immediately thereafter,
      six samples were aseptically withdrawn from each admixture into sterile
      collection tubes. Three of the samples were frozen for stability-indicating high
      performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay at a later date, and the other
      three were immediately assessed for pH. Each admixture was also assessed visually
      for color change, turbidity, gas evolution, and precipitation. The admixtures
      were stored in the dark at 4-8 degrees C and sampled at 10 and 35 days. There was
      no significant loss of ganciclovir over the 35-day study period. No admixture at
      any time contained less than 93.4% or more than 103.7% of its initial ganciclovir
      concentration. There were no appreciable pH changes, and there was no evidence of
      visual incompatibility. Ganciclovir sodium 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL in 5% dextrose
      injection was stable for at least 35 days when stored in the dark at 4-8 degrees
      C.

PMID- 1814211
TI  - Using documentation of pharmacists' clinical activity.

PMID- 1814212
TI  - Pharmacist clarification of medication orders as a pharmacy management tool.

PMID- 1814213
TI  - Readability of informed consent forms.

PMID- 1814214
TI  - Facsimile transmission of i.v. drug orders.

PMID- 1814215
TI  - Antibiotic interchange through educational interventions in a community hospital.

PMID- 1814216
TI  - Pharmacist-initiated poison prevention campaign in a rural community.

PMID- 1814217
TI  - FDA drug classification system.
AB  - The purpose and use of the FDA's classification system for new drug products are
      described. Investigational new drug applications (INDs) and new drug applications
      (NDAs) are submitted to the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. To
      establish the priority of the product in the review process, expert reviewers
      classify each product according to chemical type and therapeutic potential. Drug
      products that receive a high therapeutic rating (e.g., 1AA or 1A) are reviewed
      for approval more quickly than drugs that receive a lower therapeutic rating
      (e.g., 1B or 1C). Because this system is the only national therapeutic rating
      system for drug products, it has been used in legislation, in clinical evaluation
      of new drug products as they are approved, and in formulary decisions. However,
      caution is needed because the therapeutic rating assigned at the time of the
      product's approval may not reflect its importance relative to all agents
      available at a later date. The FDA classification system was designed to guide
      new drug products through the application process and should be used only with
      caution for other purposes.

PMID- 1814218
TI  - [The organizational aspects of reducing mortality from abortions].

PMID- 1814219
TI  - [High-risk pregnancy: facts, hypotheses, conjectures].
AB  - Discusses the problems related to high-risk pregnancy and the effects of the so
      called hazardous factors on pregnancy and the fetus. Emphasizes the necessity of
      revising the current notions, using present-day methods of differential diagnosis
      for the identification of the nature of fetal and newborn injuries.

PMID- 1814220
TI  - [The importance of determining trophoblastic beta 1-glycoprotein (TBG) for the
      early diagnosis and prognosis of placental insufficiency in pregnant women with
      habitual abortion].
AB  - Blood serum TBH levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay over the course of
      pregnancy in 40 women with normal pregnancy (controls) and 80 with a history of
      habitual abortions. Weekly measurements of TBH concentrations have revealed a
      significant reduction of its secretion over the entire pregnancy course in women
      with a history of habitual abortions vs. the controls (p less than 0.05; 0.01). A
      reduced TBH level starting from the first pregnancy trimester (4-7-fold
      reduction) and no manifest elevation of its concentration were the signs
      predicting the formation of primary placental insufficiency; the risk of its
      development was particularly high if these signs were associated with low
      placentation, detachment of the chorion, and recurring threatened abortions. A 10
      fold and lower decrease of TBH level, its gradual or drastic reduction are the
      unfavorable signs preceding a spontaneous abortion. Therefore TBH measurements
      may be regarded as a screening test for the prediction and early diagnosis of
      developing placental insufficiency in pregnant women with a history of habitual
      abortions.

PMID- 1814221
TI  - [The clinico-pathogenetic significance of general and local defense and injury
      factors in endometritis after cesarean section].
AB  - Analysis of phagocytosis parameters in uterine lochia and measurements of
      polyvalent proteinase inhibitor and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as
      of lipid peroxidation parameters in uterine lochia are recommended for the early
      diagnosis of endometritis following a cesarean section. Local changes in the
      defense and injurious factors forerun the development of an inflammation in the
      uterine cavity whereas systemic changes develop after the manifestation of
      clinical symptoms of endometritis. The findings indicate that development of
      endometritis following an abdominal delivery may be prevented by routine therapy
      supplemented by thymalin and intrauterine metronidazole. Therapy of endometritis
      developing after cesarean section should include immunomodulators, chosen
      individually, and administered in combination with intrauterine contrycal.

PMID- 1814222
TI  - [The differential diagnosis and principles of the prevention of thromboembolic
      complications in pregnant women with artificial heart valves].
AB  - Clinical and hemostasiologic examinations of 28 pregnant women with artificial
      heart valves helped detect various mechanisms of thrombophilia development.
      Marked platelet hyperactivity was detected in all the examinees, regarded as the
      principal pathogenetic risk factor of arterial thromboembolism. A wave-like
      course of the DIC syndrome with hypercoagulation replaced by hypocoagulation was
      recorded in 79.6% of pregnant women with artificial heart valves. Differentiated
      controlled antithrombotic therapy, administered with due consideration for the
      cause of thrombophilia, helped prevent thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 1814223
TI  - [The use of fibrin glue in obstetrics and gynecology].

PMID- 1814224
TI  - [The use of acoustic stimuli for assessing fetal status ante- and intranatally].
AB  - Modified acoustic fetal stimulation test was used in 311 pregnant and parturient
      women. The technique of acoustic stimulation at the end of pregnancy and at the
      beginning of labor is described. Specific features of fetal cardiac activity in
      response to stimuli in health and intrauterine suffering were detected. The
      modification of acoustic stimulation of the fetus was found to be an informative
      method of functional diagnosis in clinical perinatology. The test permits
      obtaining supplementary information on the fetal status and helps detect chronic
      intrauterine hypoxia at the early stages of its development.

PMID- 1814225
TI  - [Double contrasting in the ultrasonic study of the area of the suture on the
      uterus following cesarean section].
AB  - Ultrasonic examination of the suture site on the uterus was carried out in 7-10
      days following a cesarean section in 73 women. Several types of characteristic
      echograms were distinguished, evidencing the adequacy of the reparative processes
      at the site of suture on the uterus. The authors find the double-contrast
      echoscopic examination of the postoperative uterus highly effective, and much
      more informative than common ultrasonic examination. Synthetic suture material is
      recommended.

PMID- 1814226
TI  - [The prognostic importance of ultrasonic pelvimetry in anatomically contracted
      pelvis].
AB  - The lesser pelvis parameters measured by ultrasonic pelvimetry are characterized
      by different prognostic value for the functional assessment of various anatomic
      forms of contracted pelvis. Direct dimensions of the lesser pelvis, a difference
      of direct size of the orifice and fetal head biparietal size, and the
      pelviocranial index are prognostically the most valuable for patients with
      generally contracted pelvis. The same parameters are valuable for cases with
      Deventer's pelvis, and the sacrum flattening index value is also significant
      here. This latter characteristic is the only one prognostically valuable for
      cases with mesatipellic pelvis, permitting the prediction of possible labor
      complications.

PMID- 1814227
TI  - [The immune status of nonpregnant and pregnant women living constantly under
      ionizing radiation exposure conditions].
AB  - A total of 455 women, both pregnant and nonpregnant ones, permanently living in
      zones I and II of ionizing irradiation, were examined in 13 months after the
      Chernobyl Power Plant accident. Monocyte phagocytic activity and humoral immunity
      parameters were under study. An imbalance of the immunity parameters were
      characteristic of all the examinees living in zone I: they presented with
      disordered phagocytic activity of the monocytes, elevated levels of circulating R
      proteins, reduced production of natural and specific antibodies, changed
      concentrations of the principal immunoglobulin classes. The immune status of
      women living in the zone II was found lowered at the expense of reduced
      phagocytic activity of the monocytes, production of natural antibodies and
      immunoglobulins, shifted to either sides R protein levels, this necessitating
      immunocorrective therapy before pregnancy onset.

PMID- 1814228
TI  - [The importance of cytological study of lochia in assessing uterine function in
      the puerperal period].
AB  - Cytologic analysis of lochia in 118 puerperae helped distinguish 5 types of
      cytograms. A normal postpartum period is characterized by a gradual transition
      from an inflammatory to regenerative type. Subinvolution of the uterus is
      associated with a prolonged persistence of the inflammatory regenerative type,
      this pointing to deceleration of endometrium purification processes. The
      inflammatory, degenerative-inflammatory, and necrotic cytogram types were
      characteristic of endometritis of varying severity. The necrotic cytogram type
      was found the most prognostically unfavorable.

PMID- 1814229
TI  - [The experimental transplacental passage of dimethylformamide and toluene].
AB  - The author presents data on the transplacental passage of dimethylformamide
      (DMFA) and toluene in combined exposure at the level of the maximum allowable
      concentrations. A new method for measurements of chemicals in animal biomedia is
      suggested. The permeability index for DMFA has made up 37.1%, that for toluene
      90.2%. The results recommend the new method for experimental and clinical
      measurements of chemicals.

PMID- 1814230
TI  - [The intrauterine infection of newborn infants (a clinical lecture)].

PMID- 1814231
TI  - [The prospects for using new suture materials in emergency gynecology].
AB  - The results of using new bactericidal suturing material, Etikon (Germany), in 534
      urgent surgical gynecological interventions are analyzed. Employment of new
      dissolving surgical threads helped reduce threefold the incidence of
      postoperative complications and almost 1.5-times the mean hospital stay after
      surgery. A favorable course of the postoperative period is explained by a more
      swift healing of the operation wound and reduction of the rate of postoperative
      complications.

PMID- 1814232
TI  - [The reflexotherapy at the hospital stage of the functional disorders following
      the surgical shutoff of the ovaries].
AB  - Basing on the parameters of psychoemotional status and vegetovascular reactions
      in 104 patients of a reproductive age after surgical castration, the authors
      assess the results of combined therapy, including reflex therapy. The
      postoperative treatment resulted in improvement of psychoemotional status and
      normalization of the vegetovascular reactions that may be regarded as early
      manifestations of the post-castration syndrome.

PMID- 1814233
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of disseminated forms of
      genital endometriosis].

PMID- 1814234
TI  - [The mononuclear phagocyte system in inflammatory diseases of the female
      genitalia].

PMID- 1814235
TI  - [Pregnancy and labor in women carrying a large fetus].

PMID- 1814236
TI  - [The prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of congenital heart defects].

PMID- 1814237
TI  - Fertilization failure and dysfunctions as possible causes for human idiopathic
      infertility.
AB  - Consideration of the most common currently practiced laboratory assays for human
      spermatozoal fertility are discussed, with reference to the relevance of such
      assays to success or failure in human in vitro fertilization (IVF). Such IVF
      therapy should be the definitive challenge for human spermatozoal fertilization
      ability. However, when fertilization fails, is polyspermic, or is suboptimal,
      then questions concerning the step or steps in the process of fertilization which
      are dysfunctional remain unanswered. Quite possibly new assays need to be devised
      to address these problems, while in the meantime our present laboratory assay
      systems need to be improved to discern those defects in fertilization which
      operate in many cases of human idiopathic infertility.

PMID- 1814239
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in human spermatozoa.
AB  - The seminal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was determined by
      bioluminescence after treatment with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in 81 semen
      samples 1.5 h after ejaculation obtained from men attending our fertility clinic,
      and selected to contain either 20% or less spermatozoa with good progressive
      motility (n = 22), or 60% or more spermatozoa with good progressive motility (n =
      59) (Study I), and in 18 semen samples from fertile men 30 min and 3.5 h after
      ejaculation (Study II). The latter samples were divided into 2 equally large
      groups according to sperm motility. In Study I the mean sperm ATP concentration
      was significantly higher in the semen samples with bad motility (0.63 nmol per
      living spermatozoa x 10(-6)) than in semen samples with good motility (0.39 nmol
      per living spermatozoa x 10(-6); P less than 0.01). In Study II the ATP
      concentration per living spermatozoa was also lower in the group with the best
      motility in comparison with the spermatozoa with lower motility (P less than
      0.01), both 30 min and 3.5 h after ejaculation. During the 3-5 h incubation the
      sperm ATP concentration decreased by 21% (P less than 0.01) in the former group
      of samples but remained unchanged in the latter group. The results indicate that,
      in semen samples with highly motile spermatozoa, the consumption of ATP is higher
      than in semen samples with impaired sperm motility. It is therefore essential
      that the time between ejaculation and ATP measurement is as short as possible to
      obtain comparable results. Repeated ATP measurements in combination with an
      analysis of the number of living spermatozoa, may provide further information on
      the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa.

PMID- 1814240
TI  - On the capacity of mouse spermatozoa for spontaneous acrosome reaction in the
      male and female genital tract.
AB  - The spontaneous acrosomal reaction of mouse spermatozoa during their passage
      through the male and female genital tract was studied by indirect
      immunofluorescence staining techniques using antibodies against the outer
      acrosomal membrane (OAM). Low rates of spontaneously acrosome-reacted spermatozoa
      could be observed during the passage through the male reproductive tract, namely
      4% in the testis (SD +/- 0.8%) and in the caput epididymidis (SD +/- 1.5%), and
      up to 8% in the cauda epididymidis (SD +/- 0.5%) and in the ductus deferens (SD
      +/- 0.5%), whereas a higher value of 13% (SD +/- 1%) of reacted spermatozoa was
      obtained from the corpus epididymidis. Spermatozoa removed from the uterus 20 min
      up to 14 h post copulation (p.c.) exhibited a constant degree of 8% (SD +/- 6%)
      acrosomal reaction, whereas 43% (SD +/- 6%) of the oviductal sperms were acrosome
      reacted, independent of the time of removal p.c. Rates of spontaneously acrosome
      reacted spermatozoa from the male and female reproductive tract could be
      increased by 2-fold and up to 7-fold by an in vitro incubation in modified
      Tyrode's medium for 210 min. On the basis of our results wer postulate a basic
      level of spontaneously acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in the oviduct at ovulation
      time, which might be relevant to ensure the environmental conditions for the
      fertilization process. Additionally, we offer a possibility of optimizing in
      vitro fertilization techniques.

PMID- 1814238
TI  - New experimental model for adoptive transfer of murine autoimmune orchitis.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was
      produced in C3H/He mice with very high incidence by subcutaneous (s.c.)
      injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC), without resorting to
      any adjuvants or immunopotentiators. Using this EAO model, a new and simple
      protocol was developed for adoptive transfer of EAO. Cell donors were C3H/He mice
      that received s.c. injections twice with TC alone. Spleen cells from the donors
      were stimulated in vitro with TC, propagated in interleukin-2 containing medium,
      then injected i.p. to naive recipient mice. This procedure induced severe
      orchitis and hypospermatogenesis with or without inflammation in epididymis and
      vas deferens in the recipients at high incidence. Elimination of all T cells or
      CD4+ T cells before the transfer produced no histopathological signs in the
      recipients whereas that of the CD8+ T cells or B cells had no inhibitory effect
      on the disease transfer, indicating that the effector cells are CD4+ T cells.

PMID- 1814241
TI  - Immunoglobulin-Fc binding factor in human male reproductive organs.
AB  - Human seminal plasma, testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and prostate contain a
      component with an estimated Mr of 20 kD that binds human immunoglobulin-Fc. The
      factor did not bind goat-IgG-Fc, immunoglobulins of human, rat, mouse, goat,
      horse, or rabbit sera and did not interact with antibodies raised against Fc
      gamma receptors. The present findings show that this Fc binding factor in seminal
      plasma is a secretory product of the testis and accessory sex organs. It binds
      human Ig-Fc but does not meet the criteria of an Fc receptor. Additional IgG-Fc
      binding proteins with estimated Mr of 90, 88, and 86 kD were detected in the
      prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle, respectively.

PMID- 1814242
TI  - Sperm motility analysis using multi-exposure photography (MEP) before and after
      in vitro-treatment of the semen.
AB  - Different methods and culture media were used on the same semen samples.
      Ejaculated and treated samples were evaluated by means of multiple exposure
      photography (MEP) in order to study changes in sperm motility. A statistical
      analysis of the normal sperm population distribution curve was done with two
      objectives: (1) evaluating semen improvement after treatment; and (2) finding out
      whether the post-treatment sample differed from the original one. When variables
      were analysed in the individual subject, a significant percentage improvement of
      mean velocity was observed. Only two methods improved the percentage of motile
      sperm. The influence of treatment and of culture media on sperm responses was
      also tested and a significant influence of the media was found (Ham F10 showed
      the best responses). No significant differences between the ejaculated and
      treated samples were found when mean velocity, percentage of motile sperm,
      variance population, and kurtosis were analysed, as grouped treatment variables.

PMID- 1814243
TI  - Fertility of men following inguinal hernia repair.
AB  - Among 8500 patients attending the fertility clinic due to infertility, 565 men
      (6.65%) reported an incidence of inguinal hernioplasty with or without subsequent
      atrophy of the testis. Semen quality (sperm concentrations, motility, and
      morphology) of these patients was markedly reduced in comparison to that of
      fertile men. In cases where hernioplasty was followed by atrophy of the testis,
      damage to sperm characteristics and Sertoli cell function was found to be far
      greater. This was also reflected in significant serum follicle stimulating
      hormone elevation (P less than 0.0025). No changes in luteinizing hormone and
      testosterone were found. No correlation was found between age of hernioplasty and
      semen quality following operation. The reasons for testicular damage may be due
      to ischaemic orchitis or immunological reactions.

PMID- 1814244
TI  - Testicular x-ray irradiation in adult mice as a model to study spermatogonial
      proliferation.
AB  - Testicular irradiation (300 r) of sexually mature mice provides a good model to
      study spermatogonial proliferation. DNA specific activity can be used under these
      conditions as a suitable assay of the proliferation and differentiation of
      testicular cells.

PMID- 1814246
TI  - Conscious sedation and desensitization.

PMID- 1814247
TI  - Peripheral beta-endorphin and pain modulation.
AB  - Beta-endorphin is a peptide with morphine-like effects produced primarily in the
      anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. After its cleavage from the parent
      molecule, proopiomelanocortin, beta-endorphin is circulated via the blood stream
      to interact with specific opioid receptors located throughout the body. The
      peptide produces analgesia by inhibiting the firing of peripheral somatosensory
      fibers. It also affects other senses, such as vision, hearing, and smell. Whereas
      the ability to increase beta-endorphin secretion during times of surgical stress
      is positively correlated with amelioration of pain, the administration of
      exogenous opioids, such as fentanyl, reduces plasma beta-endorphin. Decreased
      beta-endorphin concentrations may play a role in trigeminal neuralgia, migraine
      headache, and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1814248
TI  - Variability of argon laser-induced sensory and pain thresholds on human oral
      mucosa and skin.
AB  - The variability of laser-induced pain perception on human oral mucosa and hairy
      skin was investigated in order to establish a new method for evaluation of pain
      in the orofacial region. A high-energy argon laser was used for experimental pain
      stimulation, and sensory and pain thresholds were determined. The intra
      individual coefficients of variation for oral thresholds were comparable to
      cutaneous thresholds. However, inter-individual variation was smaller for oral
      thresholds, which could be due to larger variation in cutaneous optical
      properties. The short-term and 24-hr changes in thresholds on both surfaces were
      less than 9%. The results indicate that habituation to laser thresholds may
      account for part of the intra-individual variation observed. However, the
      subjective ratings of the intensity of the laser stimuli were constant. Thus,
      oral thresholds may, like cutaneous thresholds, be used for assessment and
      quantification of analgesic efficacies and to investigate various pain
      conditions.

PMID- 1814245
TI  - Summary of the scientific literature for pain and anxiety control in dentistry.

PMID- 1814249
TI  - An evaluation of 4% prilocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 2% mepivacaine with
      1:20,000 levonordefrin compared with 2% lidocaine with:100,000 epinephrine for
      inferior alveolar nerve block.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure the degree of anesthesia obtained with
      4% prilocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000
      levonordefrin compared with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for inferior
      alveolar nerve block. Using a repeated measures design, 30 subjects randomly
      received an inferior alveolar injection using masked cartridges of each solution
      at three successive appointments. The first molar, first premolar, lateral
      incisor, and contralateral canine (control) were blindly tested with an Analytic
      Technology pulp tester at 3-min cycles for 50 min. Anesthetic success was defined
      as no subject response to the maximum output of the pulp tester (80 reading)
      within 16 min and maintenance of this reading for the remainder of the testing
      period.Although subjects felt numb subjectively, anesthetic success as defined
      here occurred in 46% to 57% of the molars, in 50% to 57% of the premolars, and in
      21% to 36% of the lateral incisors. No statistically significant differences in
      onset, success, failure, or incidence were found among the solutions. We conclude
      that the three preparations are equivalent for inferior alveolar nerve block of
      50-min duration.

PMID- 1814250
TI  - Dental fear of Japanese residents in the United States.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate dental fear in a sample of Japanese
      adults and to make preliminary comparisons with a previously described US sample.
      The survey instrument was translated into Japanese and then translated back into
      English and was sent to 839 Japanese residing in the Seattle area. A total of 419
      (49.9%) usable questionnaires were returned. Results indicate a level of fear
      higher than the US population (only 17.9% were not at all afraid). Fear level did
      not vary by age; most respondents (73.3%) acquired their fear in early childhood.
      While reported utilization was lower than the American sample, the percentage of
      Japanese respondents who reported being hurt at the last appointment was high
      (68.0%). Japanese respondents indicated that 35% of dentists appeared to be in a
      hurry, hurry being associated with being hurt. Japanese coping practices appeared
      to differ from the American sample. For example, 14.7% of the Japanese whereas
      28.2% of the US sample requested the dentist to stop treatment.

PMID- 1814251
TI  - An anaphylactic reaction to protamine sulfate.
AB  - Presented is a case in which protamine sulfate administration caused an immediate
      allergic-like reaction. The patient, a 50-year-old woman, had received protamine
      previously to reverse the anticoagulant effect of heparin after open heart
      surgery. In a similar operation 7 years later, protamine was used again for the
      same reason. Immediately following intravenous infusion of 3 mg/kg protamine
      sulfate, a sudden drop of the mean arterial blood pressure to 40 mm Hg occurred,
      and the heart rate increased from 100 to 130 beats/min. Severe angioneurotic
      edema of the face and trunk also developed. The reaction was successfully treated
      with vasopressors, steroids, and volume expansion. Subsequent skin testing
      revealed a positive reaction to protamine sulfate.

PMID- 1814252
TI  - [Human dirofilariasis in Italy].
AB  - Since 1971, at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
      University of Bologna, 30 cases of human dirofilariasis were observed out of the
      101 cases reported in Italy. The causative agent was identified in nearly all the
      cases as Dirofilaria repens (Nematoda, Filarioidea) a parasite relatively common
      in the dog in Italy. 23 cases were localized in the subcutaneous tissue, 4 in the
      submucosa and 3 in the lungs. In the majority of the cases the diagnosis had been
      misinterpreted, the lesions being first seen as malignant or benign tumours or
      foreign-body granuloma. The parasite was histologically recognized. In 3 cases
      the parasite could be extracted intact from the nodule. The authors believe that
      human dirofilariasis is more frequent than reported by the relevant scientific
      literature in that many cases are likely to recover spontaneously while others
      would remain undetected.

PMID- 1814253
TI  - Diagnostic factors for postoperative candidosis in abdominal surgery.
AB  - Abdominal surgery patients with postoperative septicaemia and a deep septic focus
      were analyzed in an attempt to identify characteristics typical of postoperative
      candidosis. There were 36 patients, 10 with candidosis and 26 with bacterial
      septicaemia. Typical for candidosis when the septic signs appeared was a history
      of prolonged antibiotic treatment before the operation (10/10), long courses of
      antibiotics (7/10), and therapy with combinations containing aminoglycoside
      (7/10). Operations on the small intestine were characteristic of candidosis
      patients (4/10). A poor clinical condition (9/10) on admission to the hospital,
      late onset of septicaemic symptoms postoperatively (7/10), long hospitalization
      (9/10), parenteral nutrition (10/10) and reoperations (9/10) were also features
      associated with the development of candidosis. Patients with postoperative
      candidosis have several characteristics on the basis of which the developing
      serious infection can be suspected and empirical therapy started. It may be
      appropriate to initiate antifungal prophylaxis in connection with operations when
      necrotic intestine is resected. Avoiding long courses of postoperative
      antibiotics could also be a measure to diminish the incidence of postoperative
      candidosis.

PMID- 1814254
TI  - Primary ileocaecal and colorectal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Finland 1972-1977. A
      clinical presentation and review of literature.
AB  - During the period of 1972-1977 nine patients were treated for primary non
      Hodgkin's ileocaecal and colorectal lymphoma in different hospitals in Finland.
      Most frequently the disease occurred in patients in the sixth or seventh decade.
      The clinical symptoms indicated non-specific intestinal disorder. An abdominal
      mass was felt in 44% of the patients. Radiological findings were mostly non
      specific and often revealed a tumour. All patients underwent surgery, six
      curative resection, and three palliative resection. Two of the patients who
      underwent curative resection survived 10-13 years, while all the patients who
      underwent palliative resection died within two years. The stage of the disease
      was an important prognostic factor. Three of the five patients with stage I
      disease died of lymphoma, while all three patients with stage IV disease died of
      lymphoma.

PMID- 1814255
TI  - Anal lesions complicating Crohn's disease.
AB  - Anal lesions were registered in 19 of 72 patients (26%) operated on for Crohn's
      disease at the Tampere University Hospital during 1966-1988. During a median
      follow-up time of six years two patients with anal disease (10%) needed no
      therapy, while 11 (58%) required only minimal surgery: drainage of an anal
      abscess in six, anal fistulotomy in three and anal dilatation in two patients,
      four (21%) had proctectomy for anal disease and one had a resection of active
      proximal disease. One patient had fecal diversion to control anal disease with
      poor results. There was one anorectal carcinoma which developed into prolonged
      anorectal stenosis. One of 10 patients (10%) with proximal disease in the small
      bowel needed proctectomy for anal disease while three of seven (43%) with
      proximal disease in the large bowel had proctectomy. On re-examination of all 72
      patients with Crohn's disease there were 11 new cases with anal symptoms after a
      median follow-up of 12 years (eight cases with skin tags and three with anal
      stenosis); these patients have not required surgery. The study shows that the
      natural course of anal lesions in Crohn's patients varies widely and only 21%
      have severe anorectal disease. One patient developed anorectal carcinoma which
      points to the need of regular follow-up of anorectal stenosis.

PMID- 1814256
TI  - A comparison of transthoracic and transhiatal resection for thoracic oesophageal
      cancer. Observations of 30 years.
AB  - The transthoracic and transhiatal resection techniques are compared using the 30
      year experience of Oulu University Central Hospital. During the period 1960-1982
      we favoured resections trough a transthoracic route, while during the period 1983
      1989 a transhiatal route was preferred. This change, and the more enthusiastic
      attitude adopted towards resection, has lead to an increase in resectability from
      23% (46/203) to 62% (43/69) (P less than 0.0001). The difference between radical
      resections, 50% (23/46) and 37% (16/43) has remained non-significant. Morbidity
      was higher after transthoracic than transhiatal resections, 57% (26/46) versus
      42% (18/43), whereas mortality was nearly the same, 11% (5/46) and 9% (4/43).
      Postoperative pulmonary complications occurred in 28% (13/46) after transthoracic
      resection and in 14% (6/43) after transhiatal resection. No significant
      difference was detected in the development of late anastomotic strictures, 33%
      (15/46) and 30% (13/43), respectively. We conclude that transhiatal resection is
      as safe as transthoracic resection and seems to allow more resections to be
      carried out without any increase in mortality or morbidity, but long-term
      survival remains poor.

PMID- 1814257
TI  - Treatment of iatrogenic oesophageal perforation diagnosed with delay.
AB  - The number of iatrogenic perforations of the oesophagus has increased during the
      last decade and the condition still carries a high morbidity and mortality. The
      mortality increases considerably if treatment is delayed for more than 24 hours.
      In our department all patients with iatrogenic perforation of the thoracic
      oesophagus are treated in the same way: antibiotics and gastric decompression
      followed by thoracotomy with cleavage of the mediastinum and closure of the
      defect if it can be visualized and if the oesophageal wall is vital. During the
      last decade we have treated 15 patients in whom treatment was delayed for more
      than 24 hours. Two of the patients (13%) died during the postoperative course. We
      find that our strategy is associated with a low mortality.

PMID- 1814258
TI  - Parietal cell vagotomy: 10-15 years' results.
AB  - In the Department of Surgery, University Central Hospital of Turku, 197 patients
      underwent parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) for duodenal or pyloric-prepyloric ulcer
      in the years 1973-79. During follow-up for 10-15 years, 14 patients had died
      (none related to ulcer disease) and nine were lost to follow-up leaving 174
      patients for the study. There were 21 proven recurrences of ulcer (12%), 16 after
      original duodenal ulcer (10%) and five after pyloric or prepyloric ulcer (26%).
      Late symptoms occurred as follows: Dyspepsia 19%, heartburn 17%, oesophageal
      reflux 16%, vomiting 7%, epigastric fullness 12%, dumping 8% and diarrhoea 7%.
      One patient underwent Nissen fundoplication for severe heartburn and mild
      oesophagitis without improvement. According to the Visick classification the
      overall result was excellent or good in 68%; the failure rate was 18%.--
      CONCLUSION: PCV was satisfactory when used for duodenal ulcer, but after pyloric
      or prepyloric ulcer the recurrence rate was probably too high to be acceptable.

PMID- 1814259
TI  - Closed lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy under local anaesthesia in the
      treatment of chronic anal fissure.
AB  - We studied 65 consecutive ambulatory patients with chronic anal fissure that were
      treated by sphincterotomy under local anaesthesia. The patients were allowed to
      leave the clinic immediately after the operation. Healing rate was determined
      three to four months postoperatively by clinical examination and proctoscopy.
      Fifty-seven patients (88%) were free of symptoms and the fissure was healed.
      Eight unhealed patients were subjected to a repeated procedure under local
      anaesthesia, leaving two unhealed patients, that were operated with open
      sphincterotomy under general anaesthesia. We conclude that local anaesthesia can
      be recommended for the closed lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy in ambulatory
      treatment of chronic anal fissure.

PMID- 1814260
TI  - Local thrombolytic therapy as a support for catheter embolectomy in limb arterial
      occlusions.
AB  - Eleven patients with acute arterial occlusion of the lower limb were treated by
      standard balloon catheter embolectomy. Residual thrombus seen in intraoperative
      arteriograms was treated with streptokinase: after an initial dose of 10.000 IU,
      streptokinase was infused intra-arterially in a dose of 5.000-10.000 IU/hour. The
      average infusion time was 40 hours (range 15-94 hours) and the total amount of
      streptokinase used was on average 210.000 IU (range 35.000-470.000 IU). All legs
      were saved. Complete recanalization occurred in eight patients and partial
      recanalization in three patients. Excluding three inguinal haematomas no other
      complications occurred.

PMID- 1814261
TI  - Incidence of glove perforation during caesarean section.
AB  - A survey of glove perforation in 200 consecutive Caesarean sections (100 elective
      and 100 emergency) was undertaken. A total of 1276 gloves were tested for
      punctures after the end of the operation. Evidence of perforation of one or more
      gloves was found following 39 elective (234 gloves, 37.2%) and 43 emergency
      sections (290 gloves, 44.8%) (total 82, 41%). Only in 17 of these cases (20.7%)
      was it realised that a perforation had actually occurred. The surgeons were found
      to be significantly more at risk of perforation than the other members of the
      operating team.

PMID- 1814262
TI  - Changes in muscle structure following tenotomy. A scanning electron microscopical
      study in the rat.
AB  - The alterations caused by Achilles tenotomy in the calf muscles of the rat were
      studied one, two and three weeks postoperatively by scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM). One week after tenotomy connective tissue had accumulated in endomyseal
      and perimyseal structures, which continued to increase even more after two and
      three weeks. The normal muscle architecture was markedly disturbed and in
      individual muscle cells hypercontracted segments, longitudinal splitting as well
      as destruction of myofilaments were found. Apparently due to the loss of muscle
      tension some muscle cells were reversed on their long axis and fixed with the
      adjacent collagen fibres. Some muscle cells were spiral in shape or crossing over
      each other. Formation of myotubes indicated onset of regenerative processes.
      According to the SEM-analyses tenotomy has many severe deleterious effects on
      muscle structure. In clinical practice tendon ruptures should therefore be
      repaired as soon as possible to avoid degenerative--potentially irreversible-
      changes in the muscular tissue.

PMID- 1814263
TI  - The incidence and causative factors responsible for femoral shaft fractures in
      children.
AB  - From 1976 through 1985, a total of 1096 children, 0-15 years of age, was treated
      for fractures in Kuopio University Central Hospital. 131 patients had a femoral
      shaft fracture and 114 of them, including 82 boys and 32 girls, were studied. The
      incidence of femoral shaft fracture was 2.16 per 10,000 inhabitants 0-15 years of
      age. Environmental factors and the ability to move in traffic appeared to be the
      most important risk factors for femoral shaft fracture.

PMID- 1814264
TI  - Leg length inequality in total hip replacement.
AB  - Clinical and radiographic leg length inequality and pelvic tilt were measured in
      the erect posture in 36 patients before and after total hip replacement. Good
      correlation was observed between clinical and radiographic evaluations of pelvic
      tilt, assessed as height difference between iliac crests. Intraoperative
      alteration of leg length correlated well with changes in pelvic tilt but not with
      changes in true radiographic leg length inequality. It is suggested that
      adjustment of leg length during total hip arthroplasty should aim at correction
      of preoperative pelvic tilt observed during clinical and radiographic
      examination. True leg length, assessed as the height of the vertex of the femoral
      or prosthetic head is misleading. It does not reveal functional leg length, which
      is determined not only by the true leg length but also by the position of the hip
      joint on the pelvic wall.

PMID- 1814265
TI  - Intramural ureteric injury due to acute dilatation.
AB  - The effect of balloon dilatation of the ureteric orifice and the intramural
      ureter was evaluated histologically and radiologically in eight piglets. The
      distal part of the ureter was dilated from its normal calibre of 4F to 12F. Four
      weeks after the procedure obvious histological signs due to the preceding
      dilatation were seen in seven of the eight ureters. In simultaneous radiological
      studies two ureters showed massive and one slight dilatation and two ureters
      showed vesicoureteral reflux. The results suggest cautious use of dilatation.
      Small calibre ureterscopes without ureteric dilatation should be preferred.

PMID- 1814266
TI  - [Antibiotic activity of marine gram-negative bacteria].
AB  - An antimicrobial substance was isolated from the culture fluid of Vibrio fischeri
      belonging to ++gram-negative sea bacteria. The substance was shown to be highly
      active against ++gram-positive cocci and less active against some other ++gram
      positive bacteria and fungi. The active substance was defined as a low molecular
      weight compound which appeared to be thermostable and had positive ninhydrin
      reaction. The antibiotic formed when the culture was grown in the media
      containing sea water and protein hydrolysates or yeast extract during the
      exponential phase. The maximum antibiotic activity was observed during the
      stationary phase of culture development.

PMID- 1814267
TI  - [Multi-factor analysis of combined effects of rifampicin and peptidoglycan of
      microbial origin on immune response].
AB  - Multifactorial analysis of the combined action of rifampicin and a microbial
      peptidoglycan on the immune response to antigens of the vaccine EV fraction 1 was
      performed. The results were computer-processed and the second order equations
      describing delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and antibody titers were derived.
      Nomographs or equal level curves showing interrelations of the investigated
      factors were plotted. The character of the combined action on DH and antibody
      titers was heterogeneous. The peptidoglycan had a pronounced immunostimulant
      action on DH and, to a lesser extent, influenced the humoral response. Conditions
      for the peptidoglycan use aimed at immunostimulation were optimized with
      application of multifactorial analysis.

PMID- 1814268
TI  - [The air control system in the biotechnological industry].

PMID- 1814269
TI  - [Purification of waste water from the antibiotic-producing industry using
      synthetic sorbents].
AB  - It was shown possible to use Polysorb S-40/100, a synthetic sorbent, for after
      treatment of sewage from antibiotic production. Kinetic relationships between the
      sorption and sorbent regeneration are presented.

PMID- 1814270
TI  - [Microbial colonization and succession in the large intestine of newborn infants
      during their stay with mothers at the maternity hospital].
AB  - Formation of microflora in the large intestine of 5-day old infants was studied
      in one of the Moscow maternity homes. The up-to-date procedures for isolation and
      identification of aerobic and anaerobic organisms were used in the study and the
      findings were processed on a computer. In the newborns of the maternity home of
      the "mother-infant" type there was observed colonization of the large intestine
      with aerobic and anaerobic organisms. A wave-like dynamics in the formation of
      the symbiotic microflora was revealed. It reflected the phenomenon of the
      microbial succession in the infants. The attempts to detect microbial
      interference between the species colonizing the large intestine showed that it
      was extremely rare in the 5-day old infants. This was likely the reason of the
      low intestine resistance to the colonization in the newborns which in its turn
      defined the frequent colonization of the intestine mucosa with S. aureus and the
      organisms of the Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter group.

PMID- 1814271
TI  - [Synthesis of recombinant proteins under the control of regulatory elements of
      Lac operon].

PMID- 1814272
TI  - [Effect of the methods of sterilization on the quality of nutrient media and on
      the level of antibiotic production].
AB  - It was shown that conditions for heat sterilization of nutrient media for
      biosynthesis of antibiotics had an impact on their biochemical composition and
      activity of a fermentation broth in production of penicillin and erythromycin.
      The temperature of 120 degrees C and the time of 25 minutes proved to be optimal
      for sterilization of the media in regard to both preservation of their
      biochemical composition and providing of the maximum antibiotic productivity on
      the one hand and maintenance of the sterility during the fermentation process on
      the other hand.

PMID- 1814273
TI  - [Anti-microbial preparations in blood vessel prostheses].

PMID- 1814274
TI  - [Effect of the composition of a nutrient medium on growth and synthesis of ergot
      alkaloids by Claviceps purpurea in the saprotrophic culture].
AB  - The impact of changes in the ratio of the medium-668 components on growth and
      synthesis of ergot alkaloids in saprotrophic cultures was studied with
      mathematical design of the experiment. Medium-668 used for cultivation of strain
      VNIIA-312A-producing peptide +ergot alkaloids was shown to be balanced with
      respect to the ratio of all the medium components. An important role of phosphate
      in control of culture growth and alkaloids synthesis was elucidated. It was
      demonstrated that by changing the ratio of the medium components it was possible
      to control accumulation and excretion of the alkaloids which permitted
      development of the conditions required for product isolation.

PMID- 1814275
TI  - Induction, purification and characterisation of arabinases produced by
      Aspergillus niger.
AB  - The induction of arabinases in Aspergillus niger N400 was studied on different
      simple and complex carbon sources. Sugar beet pulp was found to be an inducer of
      three arabinan degrading enzymes (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase A, alpha-L
      arabinofuranosidase B and endoarabinase). These enzymes were purified from A.
      niger culture fluid after growth of the fungus in medium employing sugar beet
      pulp as the carbon source and were characterised both physico-chemically (Mw
      83,000, 67,000, 43,000 Da and, pI 3.3, 3.5 and 3.0 for alpha-L
      arabinofuranosidases A and B and endo-arabinase, respectively) and kinetically
      (Km on p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside 0.68 and 0.52 mM for alpha-L
      arabinofuranosidases A and B, resp.; Km on sugar beet arabinan 0.24 and 3.7 g/l
      for alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase B and endoarabinase, resp.). The amino acid
      compositions of the three enzymes were determined also. The enzymic properties
      were compared with those of arabinases purified from a commercial A. niger enzyme
      preparation. Differences were found though the kinetic data suggest considerable
      similarity between the enzymes from the different sources. Antibodies raised in
      mice against the three enzymes were found to be highly specific and no
      crossreactivity with other proteins present in culture filtrates was observed. A
      mixture of these antibodies has been used to analyze specific induction of these
      individual enzymes on simple and complex substrates by Western blotting.

PMID- 1814276
TI  - Increase of phenol tolerance of Escherichia coli by alterations of the fatty acid
      composition of the membrane lipids.
AB  - In the presence of sublethal concentrations of phenol, 4-chlorophenol, and p
      cresol in the growth medium, cells of Escherichia coli modified the fatty acid
      composition of their lipids. The results of these changes was an increase in the
      degree of saturation of lipids probably in order to compensate an increase of
      fluidity of the membrane induced by the phenols. Supplementation of the growth
      medium with saturated fatty acids could also enhance the degree of lipid
      saturation due to the incorporation of the acyl chains in the phospholipids. At
      the same time the growth of cells was less inhibited than in unsupplemented
      cells. The increase of tolerance of cells by manipulating the lipid composition
      indicates that the membrane structure plays a crucial role in the mode of action
      of phenols.

PMID- 1814277
TI  - Variation of geosmin content in Anabaena cells and its relation to nitrogen
      utilization.
AB  - The addition of the proper amount of ammonium to the culture medium containing
      nitrate as nitrogen source enhanced the growth rate of Anabaena viguieri. The
      amount of geosmin produced by these cells varied with the concentrations of
      ammonium added. A negative correlation between the amount of geosmin produced and
      of the growth rate of cells was revealed. This was also found in cells grown on
      various forms of nitrogen sources. Without supply of any nitrogen compound, this
      organism is capable of fixing gaseous nitrogen, and under these conditions the
      cells grew relatively slowly. However, they produced more geosmin (per unit
      protein mass) than cells grown in the presence of combined nitrogen. The
      isolation of heterocysts, in which nitrogen was fixed, showed that these cells
      produced higher amounts of geosmin than vegetative cells. The possible relation
      of nitrogen assimilation to the production of geosmin in the cells was discussed.

PMID- 1814279
TI  - Catabolism of 1,3-dinitrobenzene by Rhodococcus sp. QT-1.
AB  - The 1,3-dinitrobenzene-degrading Rhodococcus strain QT-1 was isolated under
      nitrogen limiting conditions from contaminated soil samples. Experimental data
      indicate tha 1,3-dinitrobenzene is metabolized via 4-nitrocatechol. Both
      compounds were oxidized by resting cells and nitro groups were completely
      eliminated as nitrite. Strain QT-1 utilizes both 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 4
      nitrocatechol as source of nitrogen in the absence as well as in the presence of
      high amounts of ammonia. Growth on 4-nitrocatechol does not induce the enzyme(s)
      for the initial oxidation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene.

PMID- 1814278
TI  - Anaerobic degradation of toluene by pure cultures of denitrifying bacteria.
AB  - Several denitrifying Pseudomonas spp., isolated with various aromatic compounds,
      were tested for the ability to degrade toluene in the absence of molecular
      oxygen. Four out of seven strains were able to degrade toluene in the presence of
      N2O. More than 50% of the 14C from ring-labelled toluene was released as CO2, and
      up to 37% was assimilated into cell material. Furthermore it was demonstrated for
      two strains that they were able to grow on toluene as the sole carbon and energy
      source in the presence of N2O. Suspensions of cells pregrown on toluene degraded
      toluene, benzaldehyde or benzoate without a lag phase and without accumulation of
      intermediates. p-Cresol, p-hydroxybenzylalcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde or p
      hydroxybenzoate was degraded much slower or only after distinct lag times. In the
      presence of fluoroacetate [14C]toluene was transformed to [14C]benzoate, which
      suggests that anaerobic toluene degradation proceeds through oxidation of the
      methyl side chain to benzoate.

PMID- 1814280
TI  - Introduction: is there a boundary between promotion and progression?

PMID- 1814281
TI  - Gene amplification during stages of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1814282
TI  - Role of tumor suppressor genes in a multistep model of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1814283
TI  - Critical events in skin tumor promotion and progression.

PMID- 1814284
TI  - Cancer genes by non-homologous recombination.

PMID- 1814285
TI  - Genetic instability and tumor development.

PMID- 1814286
TI  - Unknown primary tumors: an example of accelerated (type 2) tumor progression.

PMID- 1814287
TI  - Tumor heterogeneity and intrinsically chemoresistant subpopulations in freshly
      resected human malignant gliomas.

PMID- 1814288
TI  - Clonal analysis of neoplastic transformation in cultured diploid rat liver
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Expression of TGF-alpha mRNA, which correlates well with the ability of cells to
      condition medium with an EGF-like activity, clonally segregates best with
      tumorigenicity among the several single phenotypes considered in this study. The
      results of unreported studies in which we have analyzed the quantitative
      relationships between the expression of selected phenotypes and tumorigenicity,
      suggest that the elevated expression of myc and TGF-alpha mRNAs interact in their
      associations with tumor yield. These results suggest that elevated myc expression
      sensitizes hepatic epithelial cells to the possible tumorigenic action of TGF
      alpha. This observation may explain why the correlation between the qualitative
      expression of TGF-alpha and tumorigenicity, described here, is not perfect.
      Conventionally applied markers of transformation in hepatocytes in vivo and in
      cultured liver epithelial cells in vitro that we studied -histochemical
      expression of GGT, ability to grow in medium containing low levels of calcium,
      and ability to grow in soft agar- clonally segregated with tumorigenicity poorly
      in liver epithelial cells transformed in vitro. We conclude that these phenotypes
      are not adequate markers for determining the lineage of hepatic epithelial
      neoplasms (including, probably hepatocellular cancers arising in vivo). This
      study appears to be the first to attempt to analyze clonally the association of
      these markers with tumorigenicity, and to quantify the sensitivity, specificity,
      and predictive value of the associations. Our study suggests that the relatively
      weak associations of these phenotypes with tumorigenicity may be related only to
      their stronger associations with expression of TGF-alpha, or to some other
      property that is strongly associated with tumorigenicity. Expression of TGF-alpha
      is more strongly associated with expression of GLC, for example, than is the GLC
      phenotype with tumorigenicity. At least for GLC, autocrine stimulation by TGF
      alpha is likely, since EGF increases growth of WB cells in low calcium medium.
      This observation may explain the perfect correlation between expression of TGF
      alpha and GLC. EGF also stimulates lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and
      glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in WB cells. However, quantitative correlation
      between GGT activity and TGF-alpha is less strong. Thus, our data from these
      studies suggest that the tumorigenic phenotype of cultured hepatic epithelial
      cells is intimately dependent on the expression of the TGF-alpha gene, possibly
      producing autocrine stimulation of growth via the cells' EGF receptors. This is
      the most simple view of the potential relationship between TGF-alpha expression
      and tumorigenicity in liver epithelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1814289
TI  - Characterization of the stage of progression in hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.

PMID- 1814290
TI  - Epigenetic features of spontaneous transformation in the NIH 3T3 line of mouse
      cells.

PMID- 1814291
TI  - Malignant conversion, the first stage in progression, is distinct from phorbol
      ester promotion in mouse skin.
AB  - Papillomas induced by DMBA initiation-TPA promotion protocols are necessary
      precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinomas. The papillomas are heterogeneous
      in their potential for progression to carcinomas, a property apparently induced
      at the time of initiation. The probability of conversion to malignancy is highest
      for the papillomas most easily promoted, by either the first few TPA treatments
      or by "weak" promoters such as mezerein or chrysarobin. The conversion frequency
      is lowest for TPA-dependent papillomas and those papillomas which appear late in
      a TPA promotion protocol. The spontaneous rate of malignant conversion is not
      altered by continued TPA treatment; TPA promotion may simply expand clones of
      initiated cells which are already programmed with a given probability of
      conversion. Treatment of papilloma-bearing mice with a genotoxic agent, such as 4
      NQO, urethane or cisplatin, increases the rate of malignant conversion. The
      properties of active converting agents differ markedly from those of the phorbol
      ester promoting agents, suggesting differences in the mechanisms of action of
      these two classes of compounds. A genetic mechanism appears likely to explain
      conversion. The differences between the two stages are further emphasized by the
      finding that inhibitors of tumor promotion are not inhibitory when given during
      malignant conversion. The converting agent urethane also affects the subsequent
      discrete stage in tumor progression, tumor metastasis. Differences in metastatic
      potential have been found between carcinomas which progress spontaneously after
      TPA promotion and carcinomas induced in TPA-promoted papillomas by urethane. The
      multistage nature of experimental epidermal carcinogenesis is well established.
      The mouse skin model will continue to be valuable for mechanistic studies since
      similar stages have been described in other tissues as well as in man.

PMID- 1814292
TI  - The human melanocyte system as a model for studies on tumor progression.

PMID- 1814294
TI  - Malignant progression of harvey ras transformed normal human bronchial epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 1814293
TI  - Early and late events in the development of human breast cancer.
AB  - We hypothesize that early events in the development of at least some human breast
      cancers involve faulty epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and that the stromal
      cells themselves play an active role in this abnormal process. In contrast, later
      events accelerating breast tumor progression may occur in association with
      genetic changes involving only the malignant epithelial cells. These conclusions
      arise from a review of the literature, our comparative studies of HA metabolism
      in fibroblasts cultured from either normal or malignant breast tissues, and from
      molecular-genetic studies performed on sequential specimens from a single patient
      and on a wide variety of human breast tumor samples. HA is a proteoglycan
      component of the ECM which is known to stimulate epithelial cell detachment and
      motility and is most abundant in fetal and rapidly growing tissues. We find that
      many breast cancer-derived fibroblasts are stimulated to produce HA in response
      to TGF-beta under conditions where HA accumulation by normal tissue fibroblasts
      is almost uniformly inhibited. In a single patient, we had the opportunity to
      examine three malignant effusions that occurred sequentially to identify genetic
      changes associated with the later stages of breast cancer progression. Although,
      common cytogenetic abnormalities were found in all the effusion samples, only the
      last effusion exhibited a loss of heterozygosity at the c-Ha-ras locus. In this
      case, the allelic loss correlated with improved growth in vitro of the primary
      cells and with ability to become a permanently established cell line.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814296
TI  - Developmental potential of murine pluripotential stem cells.

PMID- 1814295
TI  - Progression in teratocarcinomas.

PMID- 1814297
TI  - Comparison of nifedipine and ritodrine for the treatment of preterm labor.
AB  - Treatment of preterm labor with beta-sympathomimetics has been questioned because
      of the many maternal and fetal complications associated with its use. Nifedipine,
      a calcium antagonist, has been shown to suppress uterine activity in vitro and in
      vivo. A randomized prospective study was performed to compare the efficacy of
      nifedipine to ritodrine in the suppression of preterm labor. Data obtained from
      42 women, of which 19 were randomized to the ritodrine group and 23 to the
      nifedipine group, were analyzed. Ritodrine and nifedipine proved to be equally
      effective in the suppression of preterm labor. However, the nifedipine group had
      fewer maternal and fetal complications.

PMID- 1814298
TI  - Clostridial infection as a cause of fulminant congenital sepsis neonatorum.

PMID- 1814299
TI  - Effect of active management of labor on the incidence of cesarean section for
      dystocia in nulliparas.
AB  - The hypothesis that introduction of a defined policy of managing labor in
      nulliparas, active management of labor, would reduce the incidence of cesarean
      section (CS) for dystocia was examined by the introduction of active management
      at Hermann Hospital, the University of Texas affiliated hospital in Houston. The
      study was conducted over four consecutive 6-month periods. Observational data
      were accumulated for the year preceding introduction of active management, which
      served as the control period. The overall incidence of CS in nulliparas in the
      two control periods was 23 and 25%, and declined significantly to 20 and 17.7% in
      the intervention periods. The incidence of CS for dystocia fell significantly
      from 13 and 15% to 10 and 8.1%, whereas the incidence for other indications was
      unchanged. There were no significant differences in perinatal outcome judged by
      incidence of fetal death in labor, neonatal death associated with asphyxia, rate
      of admission to neonatal care with a diagnosis of asphyxia, or incidence of
      neonatal seizure. The data suggest that active management of labor reduces the
      incidence of cesarean section significantly and that these results can be
      achieved without detriment to mother or child.

PMID- 1814300
TI  - Fetal habituation to vibroacoustic stimulation in uncomplicated term pregnancies.
AB  - The use of transabdominal vibroacoustic stimulation has been shown to improve the
      efficiency of antepartum fetal surveillance. The ability of the fetus to
      habituate to such a stimulus has also been suggested as a means of assessing the
      function of the central nervous system. The purpose of this blinded prospective
      investigation was to evaluate fetal habituation in a group of low-risk
      pregnancies anticipated to deliver within 1 week. One hundred sixteen
      uncomplicated pregnancies underwent repetitive vibroacoustic stimulation using a
      Corometrics Model 146 fetal acoustic stimulator. Fetal habituation was defined as
      a sustained elevation of the heart rate baseline for more than 15 minutes or a
      failure to produce an adequate acceleration of the fetal heart rate after an
      initial response. Habituation was present in 106 (91.4%) cases, whereas 10 (8.6%)
      failed to habituate to the stimulus. All infants failing to habituate in utero
      ultimately did well after delivery. Their birthweights, Apgar scores, umbilical
      artery blood gas determinations, and courses in the newborn nursery were similar
      to those of infants who responded to in utero sound stimulation. However,
      cesarean delivery for fetal distress and gross placental abnormalities (such as
      infarction and abruption) occurred more commonly in those fetuses failing to
      habituate. Additional investigations of fetal habituation to a vibroacoustic
      stimulus may be helpful in the intrapartum risk assessment of uncomplicated term
      pregnancies.

PMID- 1814301
TI  - Prenatal sonographic diagnosis, assessment, and management of a fetus with a
      quadruple nuchal cord at 39 weeks' gestation.
AB  - A case of prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a quadruple nuchal cord is presented.
      Perinatal assessment included nonstress, oxytocin challenge testing, and Doppler
      velocimetry studies of the umbilical artery and fetal vibratory acoustic
      stimulation. Obstetric management of this case is discussed.

PMID- 1814302
TI  - Doppler flow measurement of uterine and umbilical arteries in heat stress during
      late pregnancy.
AB  - The effect of a moderate heat stress (20 minutes 70 degrees C) on uterine and
      umbilical artery blood flow was studied by continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound in
      17 women 36 to 37 weeks pregnant. Maternal heart rate increased on average by 26
      beats/minute. Maternal arterial blood pressure did not change during the heat
      stress but declined slightly immediately after. The fetal heart rate increased on
      average by 14 beats/minute by the end of the exposure. The variability of fetal
      heart rate was normal in each subject during the whole experiment and only one
      subject had a nonreactive tracing during the heat stress, which returned to
      normal during the recovery period. The ratio of the systolic to diastolic
      velocity in the uterine artery did not change significantly. Only two subjects
      had a marked increase in uterine artery vascular resistance; they had
      concomitantly a significant fall in the arterial blood pressure. Still, there was
      no change in umbilical artery blood flow. The fetuses of healthy pregnant women
      are not compromised during or after moderate thermal stress.

PMID- 1814303
TI  - Fetal echocardiography: indications for referral, prenatal diagnoses, and
      outcomes.
AB  - Three hundred three fetuses were studied with fetal echocardiography and 21 were
      diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD). Indications for study, prenatal
      findings, and postnatal outcomes were examined in all fetuses studied. The most
      common indications for referral were previous family history and fetal
      dysrhythmia. Of 189 fetuses studied for these indications, six had CHD.
      Indications with the highest proportion of abnormal studies included an abnormal
      four-chamber view of the heart (50% abnormal), fetal hydrops (30.8% abnormal),
      and polyhydramnios (25% abnormal). Five of 21 with CHD had chromosomal defects
      and eight had extracardiac anomalies. Two of the 21 fetuses with CHD survived.
      Present referral indications led to the diagnosis of the most severe lesions, yet
      reassurance is provided to many couples with normal fetuses. Fetal
      echocardiography is important in the care of the fetus at risk for CHD.

PMID- 1814304
TI  - Role of transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis.
AB  - Bilateral renal agenesis with lethal pulmonary hypoplasia, characteristic facial
      abnormalities, and limb deformities is a relatively common congenital defect.
      However, it is rarely diagnosed antenatally because of the virtual absence of
      amniotic fluid. We report the use of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing two
      cases of bilateral renal agenesis antenatally.

PMID- 1814305
TI  - Ultrasound and genetic features of a term triploid pregnancy.
AB  - A 69,XXY triploid term infant is reported to demonstrate the prenatal sonographic
      findings of first trimester intrauterine growth retardation as an important early
      indicator of this diagnosis. Progressive lag in early sonographic dating for
      gestational age should raise suspicion of triploidy, which can lead to an early
      diagnosis, genetic counseling, and a realistic management plan.

PMID- 1814306
TI  - Epidural analgesia and cesarean section for dystocia: risk factors in nulliparas.
AB  - A retrospective study assessing the effect of epidural analgesia in labor on the
      incidence of cesarean section was performed. The first 500 consecutive nulliparas
      meeting the following criteria were included in this study: term (37 weeks or
      longer) and singleton gestation, cephalic presentation, spontaneous onset of
      labor, and 5 cm or less of cervical dilation on admission. Patients were grouped
      according to their rate of cervical dilation in early labor (greater than or
      equal to 1 cm/hr, and less than 1 cm/hr) and the timing of epidural placement
      (none, early, or late). There was no effect of epidural analgesia on the
      incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress. The incidence of cesarean
      section for dystocia was significantly greater (p greater than 0.000001) in the
      epidural group (15.6%) than in the nonepidural group (2.4%). The greatest effect
      of epidural analgesia on the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia was
      observed in nulliparas who dilated at slower rates (less than 1 cm/hr) in early
      labor and who had epidural analgesia placed at 5 cm or less of cervical dilation
      (20.6% versus 3.4%, relative risk of 6, p less than 0.0005). The increase of
      cesarean section for dystocia associated with epidural analgesia could not be
      accounted for when other possibly confounding variables were studied. Both the
      dilation rate prior to epidural placement and the cervical dilation at epidural
      placement were significantly correlated to frequency of cesarean section for
      dystocia (p less than 0.01). This study suggests that epidural analgesia in labor
      may increase the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparas.

PMID- 1814307
TI  - Relationship of measured external tocodynamometry with measured internal uterine
      activity.
AB  - The use of home uterine activity monitoring for patients at high risk for preterm
      labor and delivery has become common in clinical perinatology. The ability of the
      monitoring devices to detect accurately uterine contractions in early pregnancy
      has not previously been reported. Ten women in labor between 20 and 35 weeks'
      gestation underwent simultaneous monitoring of uterine activity with a guard-ring
      tocodynamometer and an intrauterine pressure monitor. When compared with internal
      monitoring, the external monitor detected 90.8% of uterine contractions with a
      specificity for uterine quiescence of 98.1%. The predictive value of external
      monitoring was 97.3% for detecting uterine contractions and 93.6% for recording
      the absence of uterine contractions. The contractions detected externally were
      similar in duration: mean 63.7 +/- 23.0 seconds for internal monitoring and 62.2
      +/- 22.6 seconds for external monitoring (p greater than 0.05). The intensity of
      contractions detected externally was less than internally measured contractions,
      mean difference, 19.7 +/- 15.9 mmHg (p less than 0.001). External tocodynamometry
      using this guarding tocodynamometer reliably distinguishes between uterine
      contractions and uterine quiescence in preterm pregnancies but does not
      adequately measure the intensity of contractions.

PMID- 1814308
TI  - Effect of active management of labor on the incidence of cesarean section for
      dystocia in nulliparas.

PMID- 1814309
TI  - Efficacy of bulb versus DeLee suctioning of meconium may have dangerous
      implications.

PMID- 1814310
TI  - Risks in the treatment of tubal pregnancy by prostaglandin.

PMID- 1814311
TI  - Nickel chloride: potential accumulation from the airway. Toxicokinetics in rats.
AB  - The rate removal of nickel from the airway was measured in vivo. Removal in vivo
      was studied by intratracheal injection of nickel chloride solutions. Regardless
      of time after injection, the lungs and heart retained the greatest concentration
      of nickel and 40 days after 1.68 mumol administration they were the organs where
      nickel was still significantly measurable. The slow removal of nickel may
      indicate the presence of high affinity binding sites in the lung. Nickel can
      interact with others metals, such as copper and zinc, so that nickel exposure may
      have public health implications.

PMID- 1814312
TI  - Diazepam effect upon the microscopic structure of the mouse placenta.
AB  - CD-1 strain, female mice, aged 5 to 7 months, were mated with males of the same
      age. Females presenting vaginal plug were separated and randomly distributed in
      two groups to be treated from the 6th to 17th day of gestation. One group
      received single daily diazepam doses (2.7 mg/kg i.p.), the other, 0.9% saline in
      equivalent volumes. Females were killed on 18th day, the placentas removed and
      fixed in 10% formaldehyde, pH 7.3, dehydrated and embedded in paraplast; 3
      microns thick sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Weigert
      hematoxylin and analyzed under light microscopy. Placentas of the diazepam
      treated females presented dilated chorion vessels and intervillous spaces.
      Trophoblastic cell nuclei presented chromatin in coarse granules, atypically
      distributed in the karyolymph, which had lesser staining affinity. Giant cells
      showed vacuolized cytoplasm and coarsely granulated chromatin. Results indicate
      that diazepam causes structural changes, possibly placental and fetal physiology.

PMID- 1814313
TI  - Nutrition and undernutrition in the valley of Mexico: possible transgenerational
      influences.
AB  - The dietary quality of several generations of inhabitants living in the Valley of
      Mexico City, was examined on the light of recent information obtained from
      experimental undernutrition studies. Socioeconomic status and environmental
      limitations were also considered. This essay proposes that some transgenerational
      effects described in animal models, such as the diminished brain and body weight,
      the low cerebral DNA content, the hypermotility and some learning disabilities
      could have equivalents in the chronically undernourished population of the Valley
      of Mexico City.

PMID- 1814314
TI  - Clomipramine actions on firing rate in septal nuclei of the rat are not related
      to anaesthesia (urethane).
AB  - An increased firing rate in lateral septal nuclei (LSN) appears in urethane
      anesthetized rats after several acute drug and non-drug human antidepressant
      treatments. A still more pronounced increase in firing rate is produced in LSN
      after clomipramine (CMI) long-term treatment. In spite of urethane is a widely
      used anesthetic for single unit extracellular recordings, it modifies evoked
      potentials wave-form. Therefore, present study discards urethane interaction with
      CMI in LSN single unit extracellular recordings. CMI was acutely injected (1.25
      mg/kg: IP) either to urethane-anesthetized, or non-anesthetized encephale-isole
      rats. The CMI treated groups showed higher rates of firing in LSN regardless of
      the use of general anesthesia during recordings. Another group of urethane
      anesthetized rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjections of CMI
      (100 micrograms/10 microliters/1 min). An amount of 42.8% of LSN-recorded neurons
      responded with a long-lasting increased firing rate. Results discard urethane and
      CMI interactions. Additionally, systemic actions of CMI on firing rate of LSN are
      reproduced by ICV/route microinjections.

PMID- 1814315
TI  - Technical note: removal of the unfragmented pituitary gland (hypophysectomy) in
      the rat.
AB  - A technique to excise the pituitary gland (hypophysis) in rats is described. The
      basisphenoid bone is reached from the ventral neck and is perforated to expose
      the pituitary gland and its stalk. An aspirator allows the removal of the
      hypophysis and the stalk, including pars tuberalis, in one piece. The advantages
      of this new technique include: 1) immediate verification of the entirety of
      hypophysectomy; 2) broad operating field which exposes the pituitary stalk up to
      the hypothalamus; 3) the use of tracheal intubation and artificial respiration to
      improve postoperative recovery and to allow expanded operation field even during
      prolonged surgery. Pre- and postoperative care are described. The mean survival
      rate after this type of operation was 79% in rats weighing 50 to 130 g and 90% in
      rats larger than 130 g.

PMID- 1814316
TI  - Behavioral and electrophysiological patterns of wakefulness-sleep states in a
      lizard.
AB  - Four individuals of the lizard Ctenosaura pectinata were chronically implanted
      for electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and electro
      oculographic (EOG) recordings. Four different vigilance states were observed
      throughout the nyctohemeral cycle. These states were: Active wakefulness (Aw),
      quiet wakefulness (Qw), quiet sleep (Qs) and active sleep (As). Each state
      displayed its own behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics. EEG waves
      were similar during Aw and Qw but they diminished in amplitude and frequency when
      passing from these states to Qs, and both parameters increased during As.
      Muscular activity was intense in Aw, it decreased during Qw and almost
      disappeared during Qs. This activity reappeared in a phasic way during As,
      coinciding with generalized motor manifestations. Ocular activity was intense
      during Aw but minimal during Qw, it disappeared in Qs and was present
      intermittently in As. Aw, Qw, Qs and As occupied 5.9%, 25.7%, 67.7% and 0.6% of
      the 24 hr period, respectively. The frequency and duration of As episodes showed
      great inter-animal variability and the mean duration was of 12.9 sec. Stimuli
      reaction threshold was highest during sleep. In conclusion, the lizard Ctenosaura
      pectinata exhibit two sleep phases (Qs and As) that may be assimilated to slow
      wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) of birds and mammals.

PMID- 1814317
TI  - Magnesium and brain trauma.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of central nervous system (CNS) trauma
      have shown that intracellular free magnesium (Mg) concentration declines
      following injury. This fall in free Mg concentration was associated with a
      decrease in brain total tissue Mg concentration. Declines in both free and total
      tissue Mg concentration could be prevented or attenuated by treatments targeted
      to improve neurologic outcome by inhibition of specific injury factors, such as
      excitatory amino acids and opioid peptides. Furthermore, the extent of these
      changes in CNS Mg concentration and their attenuation with a diversity of
      treatments have been correlated to neurologic outcome. As such, it has been
      proposed that Mg, and in particular the cytosolic free Mg concentration, plays a
      critical central role in determining the degree of neurologic deficit expressed
      following a traumatic injury to the CNS. This mini-review will focus on the
      evidence suggesting that Mg concentration is important in the development of
      irreversible tissue damage following traumatic brain injury, and will discuss the
      relative importance of Mg to this process, and its interrelationship with a
      number of other proposed injury factors.

PMID- 1814318
TI  - Oral versus intravenous magnesium supplementation in patients with magnesium
      deficiency.
AB  - The efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in correcting magnesium deficiency
      was examined in a group of 40 elderly patients with suspected magnesium
      deficiency. The patients were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      fashion to oral magnesium-lactate-citrate for 6 weeks. Magnesium status was
      assessed by an intravenous magnesium-loading test at baseline and after
      treatment. For comparison, another group of 23 patients received 30 mmol
      magnesium sulfate intravenously daily for 7 days. A group of 30 patients without
      known predisposition to magnesium deficiency and a group of 27 young healthy
      subjects served as controls. The initial magnesium-loading test in the placebo
      group reduced magnesium retention from a mean 41% (95% confidence intervals 34
      49) to 22% (15-29) (p less than 0.01). In the group receiving oral magnesium
      supplementation for 6 weeks, magnesium retention decreased from 39% (31-47) to
      10% (2-18) (p less than 0.01), which was significantly better than with placebo
      treatment (p less than 0.01). The magnesium retention after oral magnesium
      supplementation was comparable to that observed after parenteral administration
      of magnesium for 7 days, 6% (-4 to 16), and to that in the reference groups of
      patients 4% (-2 to 10) and healthy control subjects 3% (-2 to 8). The study
      suggests that the bioavailability of orally given magnesium-lactate-citrate is
      satisfactory, and that oral administration of magnesium for 6 weeks may restore
      magnesium depots in patients with magnesium deficiency.

PMID- 1814319
TI  - Mg2+ influx into Mg(2+)-depleted reticulocytes.
AB  - Mg(2+)-depleted rat reticulocytes reincubated in Mg(2+)-containing media
      expressed net Mg2+ influx, which was the same in NaCl, choline Cl and sucrose
      medium. Km of Mg2+ influx amounted to 1.2 mM and Vmax to 0.9 mmol/l cells x h.
      Mg2+ influx into reticulocytes was inhibited by amiloride, quinidine and
      imipramine. Mg2+ uptake together with Cl- for charge compensation could be
      excluded. However, the cation which must be exchanged for Mg2+ in Mg2+ uptake
      could not be identified because of the low rate of Mg2+ influx.

PMID- 1814320
TI  - Prior exposure to copper, but not iron, decreases the severity of copper
      deficiency in growing rats.
AB  - The development of Cu deficiency after prior exposure for 8 days to normal and
      high Cu and to normal and high Fe was examined in weanling male Sprague-Dawley
      rats. After 28 days of Cu depletion, those with high rather than normal initial
      Cu stores had less elevation in heart and liver weight; higher hemoglobin and
      hematocrit (by 17%), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity in liver (44%),
      cytochrome c oxidase activity in liver (66%) and heart (19%), and Cu
      concentration in liver (76%) and heart (37%). In contrast, high initial stores of
      Fe did not alter Cu status during Cu deprivation. Thus, prior exposure to Cu, but
      not Fe, decreased the severity of Cu deficiency.

PMID- 1814321
TI  - Magnesium content of mononuclear blood cells in newborn infants and its
      correlation with maternal magnesium status.
AB  - In 25 full-term infants at birth and in their mothers, we determined plasma and
      mononuclear blood cell (MBC) Mg levels in order to investigate the relationship
      between maternal and fetal Mg status. MBC isolation for Mg analysis was carried
      out with a Ficoll-Isopaque gradient which is commercially available in disposable
      tubes. There was no difference in the plasma and MBC Mg levels between infants
      and their mothers. Neonatal MBC Mg content was significantly correlated with
      maternal plasma Mg concentration. The data demonstrate that MBC Mg content does
      not present any difference on the basis of age and emphasize that the
      constitution of fetal Mg reserve depends on maternal plasma Mg concentration.

PMID- 1814322
TI  - Urinary magnesium in early postmenopausal women. Influence of hormone therapy on
      calcium.
AB  - The urinary excretion of magnesium was studied in two groups of healthy women
      just after menopause. The women in group I were randomly allocated to receive
      either placebo or 4, 2 or 1 mg 17 beta-oestradiol in cyclical combination with 1
      mg norethisterone acetate (a progestational agent). Oestradiol was given, in the
      above-mentioned doses, from days 1 to 22, and 1, 1 or 0 mg oestradiol was given
      from days 23 to 28, in combination with norethisterone acetate from days 13 to 22
      and oestriol 2, 1 or 0.5 mg from days 1 to 23 and 0.5, 0.5 or 0 mg from days 23
      to 28. The women in group II were allocated to receive either placebo, 2 mg
      oestradiol valerate in cyclical combination with 1 mg cyproterone acetate
      (oestradiol valerate from days 1 to 21 and cyproterone acetate from days 12 to
      21) with 1,000 mg of calcium per day or oestradiol valerate + cyproterone acetate
      without calcium. Oestrogen and progesterone therapy decreased the urinary
      magnesium excretion significantly when compared to the placebo group. The effect
      was related to the dose of oestrogen. Furthermore, our results indicate that
      calcium supplementation influences the urinary excretion of magnesium in a two
      phase paradoxical manner.

PMID- 1814323
TI  - Plasma corticosterone in stressed magnesium-deficient weanling rats.
AB  - A study was undertaken to learn whether the young Mg-deficient mammal can respond
      to major stress with increased levels of plasma corticosterone. Plasma
      corticosterone was determined in 48 weanling rats with dietary Mg deficiency and
      in 48 Mg-sufficient controls fed a Mg-supplemented diet, studying 12 animals at a
      time on experimental day 14. Each animal was studied once, either in an
      unstressed state or after the stress of audiogenic or strychnine seizures. Plasma
      corticosterone was determined using a radioimmunoassay; Mg was analyzed by atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry. On experimental day 14, unstressed Mg-deficient
      rats were tremulous, hyperirritable and showed slightly increased plasma
      corticosterone levels that exceeded controls levels. After strychnine shock, the
      mean plasma corticosterone levels of Mg-sufficient and Mg-deficient rats were
      both significantly increased over resting levels, and were not statistically
      different. Moreover, the spontaneous mortality rate that occurred during the
      experimental period in all Mg-sufficient rats was 0 compared to 27% among all Mg
      deficient animals (p less than 0.0001). It was concluded that young rats
      deficient in Mg for 2 weeks could respond to major stress with levels of plasma
      corticosterone that were not significantly different from values of equally
      stressed Mg-sufficient controls. The deficient animals suffered a higher
      mortality, providing support for the concept that Mg deficiency increases stress
      induced mortality in animals.

PMID- 1814324
TI  - Urinary elimination of molybdenum by healthy subjects as determined by
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
AB  - The concentration of molybdenum was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass
      spectrometry (ICPMS) in the urines of two groups of healthy people living in two
      areas of France, Brest and Paris, about 500 km away. The concentration of Mo in
      the 24-hour urines of 10 healthy subjects from the Brest region was 25 +/- 10
      micrograms/l, 38 +/- 20 micrograms/24 h and 21 +/- 9 micrograms/g creatinine. The
      concentration of Mo in the morning urines of 23 healthy men of the Paris region
      was 41 +/- 34 micrograms/l and 21 +/- 15 micrograms/g creatinine. Thus the mean
      elimination of Mo per gram of creatinine was the same in the two groups (21 +/- 9
      and 21 +/- 15). Since the three main isotopes of Mo m/z = 95, 96 and 98,
      corresponding to an abundance percentage of 16, 17 and 24.5, respectively, were
      simultaneously analyzed in each sample and led to similar results, the ICPMS
      method seems reliable.

PMID- 1814325
TI  - Environmental trace metal abnormalities and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis--an
      aetiological role for calpain I?

PMID- 1814326
TI  - Cytokines and HIV infection: is AIDS a tumor necrosis factor disease?

PMID- 1814327
TI  - Virological markers in the cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1-infected individuals.
AB  - We analysed 127 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 118 HIV-1-infected
      individuals at different stages of infection. Intrathecal antibody synthesis was
      evident in 23 samples tested and was more frequently directed against HIV than
      against rubella virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus or
      cytomegalovirus. HIV was isolated from only 14% of the 127 CSF specimens, but
      from 82% of CSF-paired blood samples. HIV antigen was detected in 12% of CSF
      specimens and 44% of paired plasma samples. Twenty specimens analysed using the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected proviral DNA in 75% of CSF specimens.
      The low rate of virus recovery from CSF was caused by neither the freezing of
      specimens prior to culture nor therapy. In contrast, virus isolation from CSF was
      significantly associated with CSF cell count. Virus isolation and antigen
      detection in CSF were not correlated with either the Centers for Disease Control
      disease stage or the peripheral CD4+ lymphocyte count, whereas viraemia was
      significantly associated with a low CD4+ lymphocyte count. Moreover, virus
      isolation and antigen detection in CSF were not associated with symptoms of
      subacute HIV encephalitis, suggesting that these markers are not of potential
      value in the diagnosis of HIV-specific neurologic complications. The value of PCR
      in this field merits further investigation.

PMID- 1814328
TI  - Rheumatoid factors and circulating immune complexes in HIV-infected individuals.
AB  - We studied serological aspects of autoimmunity in patients with AIDS, AIDS
      related complex (ARC) and in individuals at risk for AIDS. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M,
      IgG and IgA rheumatoid factors (RF) were quantified by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Ig by radial immunodiffusion, and circulating immune
      complexes (CIC) by the CIC-conglutinin and CIC-complement 1q (C1q) assays. Mean
      IgM RF levels were normal in AIDS patients, but those of ARC patients were higher
      and more frequent than the levels defined by agglutination methods. Similar
      observations were made for intravenous drug users (IVDU) and for both HIV
      seropositive and HIV-seronegative homosexual men. Mean IgG RF levels were normal
      in AIDS and ARC patients but high in homosexual men and, to a lesser degree, in
      IVDU. IgA RF levels were high in many AIDS and ARC patients, in homosexual men,
      and in haemophiliac and control groups. The selective increase of the IgA isotype
      in AIDS was confirmed by the Ig results, which also showed an IgG increase in all
      groups. IgM were mainly high in people with ARC. CIC were detected in 68% of ARC
      patients by both methods, and in 55% of AIDS patients by CIC-Clq. A high
      incidence of positive samples in all at-risk populations, but particularly in
      seronegative individuals, was observed using CIC-conglutinin. CIC-C1q also
      revealed larger amounts of CIC in HIV-seronegative individuals, mainly in
      homosexual men. The study of these humoral aspects of autoimmunity provides
      useful information on the impairment of B-cells in patients with AIDS and
      ARC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814330
TI  - Propagation and properties of Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cell lines obtained from
      patients with AIDS: similarity of cultured cells to smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Cells derived from Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were propagated in vitro using
      conditions which resulted in elimination of contaminating fibroblasts and the
      emergence of homogeneous cell populations which morphologically resembled smooth
      muscle cells and had neoplastic characteristics. In long-term culture, they
      differentiated into large ribbon-like cells with longitudinal fibrillarity of
      their cytoplasm. These fibrils stained red by Masson trichrome staining, and were
      reactive with antibodies to desmin. Dense bodies typical of myoblasts were
      observed in some cells by electron microscopy. The cells did not form capillary
      structures like endothelial cells, they lacked Weible-Palade bodies, and did not
      express the blood-clotting Factor VIII-related antigen or receptors for the
      lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I. They did express four other antigens,
      however, in common with endothelial cells. The cells did not form tumors in
      athymic nude mice; however, they formed colonies in soft agar, manifested tumor
      like growth on muscle organ cultures, and were invasive in an artificial basement
      membrane invasion assay. The results indicate that a component of KS is closely
      related to leiomyoblasts and and has neoplastic properties.

PMID- 1814329
TI  - Non-isotopic polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of HIV-1 in
      Ugandan mothers and infants.
AB  - Two non-isotopic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were evaluated by
      testing blood from 41 HIV-1-seropositive and 16 HIV-1-seronegative Ugandan
      mothers and 56 of their children (aged 0.5-15.0 months). Amplification of HIV-1
      sequences was performed in duplicate using a biotinylated primer pair to the gag
      region (SK 462-431) and nested primer pairs (JA 17-20) to the pol region of HIV
      1. gag sequences were hybridized using a microtiter plate coated with the SK 102
      probe followed by colorimetric detection using an avidin-horseradish peroxidase
      conjugate and tetramethylbenzidine/peroxide substrate. pol sequences were
      detected on agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Results of HIV-1 PCR
      analysis showed that 40 out of 41 (98%) seropositive mothers and 10 out of 29
      (34%) seropositive children had detectable HIV-1 gag and pol sequences. None of
      the 16 seronegative mothers nor 27 seronegative or Western blot-indeterminate
      children had detectable HIV-1 sequences. Our results suggest that non-isotopic
      PCR methods are sensitive, specific, and potentially useful in the early
      diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in developed and developing countries.

PMID- 1814331
TI  - Efficacy of octreotide in the management of chronic diarrhoea in AIDS.
AB  - Patients with HIV infection were studied to assess the efficacy of octreotide, a
      somatostatin analogue, in the long-term management of refractory diarrhoea.
      Dosage of subcutaneous octreotide was increased progressively at 48 h intervals
      from 150 to 300, 750 and 1500 micrograms/day according to response. Twenty-nine
      patients, 21 with Cryptosporidium enteritis, one with Isospora belli enteritis
      and seven with no identifiable pathogen were selected for the study; four of
      these were excluded from the study because of death during the first month (two
      cases), abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis (one case each). Twenty-five
      patients were evaluable for response. Ten patients (four with Cryptosporidium
      enteritis, five without an identifiable pathogen and one with I. belli enteritis)
      achieved a complete response (40%) and nine cases (all with cryptosporidial
      enteritis) had a partial response (36%). Patients with higher weight and
      Karnofsky performance status and non-cryptosporidial enteritis had a better
      response to treatment. Mean durations of treatment and response were 4.2 +/- 4.2
      and 4.4 +/- 4.5 months, respectively. In the absence of specific agents for
      cryptosporidial enteritis and HIV enteropathy, octreotide was found to be useful
      in the management of chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1814332
TI  - Cognitive impairment in HIV infection.
AB  - HIV-infected subjects at various stages of illness but without opportunistic
      cerebral disease were evaluated using a comprehensive, cognitively-based
      neuropsychological protocol and measures of levels of depression and anxiety. The
      data indicated a prominent attentional disorder among impaired subjects; however,
      language, visual-spatial and memory functioning were not deficient. There was
      also evidence suggesting executive function deficit. Depression contributed a
      small additional component in differentiating the groups. These findings help to
      specify the nature of the cognitive disturbance associated with HIV
      encephalopathy and are consistent with the pathological effects of primary
      infection of the brain by HIV. In addition, they provide a specific basis for
      ameliorative treatment with psychostimulant medication.

PMID- 1814333
TI  - Risk factors and HIV seropositivity among injecting drug users in Bangkok.
AB  - Bangkok experienced an extremely rapid spread of HIV infection among drug
      injectors in 1987 and 1988. This study examines risk factors for HIV infection
      and deliberate risk-reduction efforts by drug injectors. Two subsamples of
      injecting drug users were recruited in November 1989, a group in drug-use
      treatment (n = 342) and a group new to the treatment system (n = 259). Subjects
      were interviewed about AIDS risk behavior, and a blood sample was collected for
      HIV testing. Seroprevalence was 39 and 27% in the in-treatment sample and the new
      to-treatment sample, respectively. The in-treatment sample seroprevalence rate is
      similar to rates observed 6 and 12 months earlier. Three factors were
      independently associated with HIV infection: subsample, having been in prison,
      and sharing injection equipment with two or more individuals in the previous 6
      months. Deliberate risk reduction was reported by 92% of individuals, with 59%
      reporting that they had stopped sharing injection equipment. It appears that
      large-scale risk reduction has greatly slowed HIV transmission among drug
      injectors in Bangkok.

PMID- 1814334
TI  - Research into HIV and AIDS between 1981 and 1990: the epidemic curve.
AB  - The main features of research into HIV and AIDS between 1981 and 1990 were
      examined using a database of medical, nursing and dental journals [compact disc
      read-only memory (CD-ROM) version of the Medline database (Silver Platter
      Information Services, London, UK)]. More than 30,000 papers on HIV and AIDS were
      indexed by Medline between 1981 and 1990. Of these, only 3% were concerned with
      African populations although a quarter of AIDS cases worldwide were reported from
      African countries during the decade. The number of papers on HIV/AIDS increased
      from 24 in 1982 to an estimated 8300 in 1990. Between 1983 and 1988 the number of
      indexed papers on HIV/AIDS increased at around 50-60% per year; between 1988 and
      1989, however, the rate of growth fell to 6%. The percentage of papers discussing
      the aetiology of AIDS fell from 25 to 3% between 1983 and 1990. During the same
      period, papers concerned with HIV increased from 2 to 37% of the HIV/AIDS total.
      Research into drug therapy also accounted for an increasing proportion of indexed
      papers during the decade. The percentage of papers dealing with prevention and
      control rose to 18% in 1988, but had declined to 12% by 1990. Priorities for the
      1990s should include a renewed interest in aetiology and a sustained emphasis on
      prevention. Furthermore, countries that have so far been neglected should be
      granted priority in future research.

PMID- 1814335
TI  - Fertility rates in 238 HIV-1-seropositive women in Zaire followed for 3 years
      post-partum.
AB  - Birth-control use and fertility rates were prospectively determined in 238 HIV-1
      seropositive and 315 HIV-1-seronegative women in Kinshasa, Zaire, during the 36
      month period following the delivery of their last live-born child. No women
      delivered children during the first follow-up year. Birth-control utilization
      rates (percentage use during total observation time) and fertility rates (annual
      number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age) in the second year of
      follow-up were 19% (107.4 per 1000) for HIV-1-seropositive women and 16% (144.7
      per 1000) for HIV-1-seronegative women. In the third year of follow-up these
      rates were 26 (271.0 per 1000) and 16% (38.6 per 1000) for HIV-1-seropositive and
      HIV-1-seronegative women, respectively (P less than 0.05 for the difference in
      birth-control utilization and fertility rates between seropositive and
      seronegative women in the third year of follow-up). Seven (2.9%) of the 238 HIV-1
      seropositive women initially included in the study brought their sex partners in
      for HIV-1 testing; three (43%) of these men were found to be HIV-1-seropositive.
      New HIV-1 infection did not have a dramatic effect on the fertility of
      seropositive women. The nearly uniform unwillingness of HIV-1-seropositive women
      to inform husbands or sexual partners of their HIV-1 serostatus accounted in
      large part for the disappointingly high fertility rates in seropositive women who
      had been provided with a comprehensive program of HIV counseling and birth
      control. Counseling services for seropositive women of child-bearing age which do
      not also include these women's sexual partners are unlikely to have an important
      impact on their high fertility rates.

PMID- 1814337
TI  - Detection of HIV-1 genome in lymph-node biopsies by polymerase chain reaction: a
      useful tool for epidemiological studies.

PMID- 1814336
TI  - Trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia.

PMID- 1814338
TI  - Residual blood in syringes: size and type of syringe are important.

PMID- 1814339
TI  - Simple phospholipids have selective anti-HIV activity.

PMID- 1814340
TI  - Giant esophageal aphthous ulcers in AIDS patients: treatment with low-dose
      corticosteroids.

PMID- 1814341
TI  - Hyposplenism in AIDS.

PMID- 1814342
TI  - The professional dental practice. Dealing with fear.

PMID- 1814343
TI  - Special care for quitters.

PMID- 1814344
TI  - The Benton E Crawford radiograph of the month.

PMID- 1814345
TI  - What is your P.I.F.?

PMID- 1814346
TI  - The implant-supported, heat-processed provisional fixed partial denture.
AB  - When fabricating an implant-supported fixed partial denture a provisional
      prosthesis is commonly required for function and esthetics. A laboratory
      fabricated, heat-polymerized provisional restoration will provide excellent fit,
      function, esthetics, and durability while saving chair time. This article
      describes the clinical and laboratory procedures for the fabrication of the
      implant-supported, heat-processed provisional fixed partial denture.

PMID- 1814347
TI  - Shear bond strength of Mirage Bond to enamel and dentin.
AB  - This study determined the shear bond strength of resin composite to bovine enamel
      etched with Mirage Bond primer containing 2.5% nitric acid. These results were
      compared with 37% orthophosphoric acid gel. In addition, the bond strength of
      resin composite to dentin was determined following treatment with the same
      primer. Resin composite was applied with and without an intermediary unfilled
      resin, and the specimens were stored for 1 week and then thermocycled prior to
      testing. The bond strength to enamel was substantially greater than to dentin (P
      less than 0.001). The results for enamel revealed that there was no significant
      difference between the etchant regimes (P greater than 0.05) but the intermediary
      resin significantly improved bond strengths (P less than 0.05). The presence of
      an intermediary resin also significantly improved the bond strength to dentin (P
      greater than 0.05).

PMID- 1814348
TI  - Comparison of resistance features for complex amalgam restorations.
AB  - This study evaluated the resistance provided to complex Dispersalloy amalgam
      restorations by pins (Group 1), amalgapins (Group 2), and a peripheral shelf or
      shoulder (Group 3) or in combinations of pins plus peripheral shelf (Group 4), or
      amalgapins plus peripheral shelf (Group 5). The occlusal surfaces of 50 extracted
      maxillary molar teeth were ground to a flat surface 2 mm occlusal to the CEJ, and
      the roots were matched and embedded in acrylic resin 2 mm apical to the CEJ. The
      greatest faciolingual and mesiodistal dimensions of each tooth at the level of
      preparation were recorded and these two measurements were multiplied to give a
      product for each specimen. The teeth were then sorted by tooth sizes and equally
      distributed among the five groups. Each group of flattened teeth received a
      different resistance form configuration. Amalgam was condensed using a matrix;
      the bands and excess amalgam were removed 24 hours later and each amalgam
      "occlusal" surface was ground flat to standardize the restoration at a 4 mm
      occlusal height. A 1 mm 45 degrees bevel was prepared on the facio-occlusal angle
      of the amalgam, and each specimen was loaded in compression at 45 degrees in an
      Instron at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The groups and their mean (SD) failure
      loads in Newtons were: Group 1: 1515 (274); Group 2: 1521 (244); Group 3: 578
      (175); Group 4: 1199 (229); and Group 5: 1691 (298). A one-factor ANOVA and a
      Tukey B post-hoc analysis showed no differences between Groups 1, 2 and
      5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814349
TI  - Effects of warm air-drying and spreading on resin bonding.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on resin-to-enamel bonding
      produced by warm air from a hair dryer, and to correlate changes in resin bond
      strength with resin tag structure. Herculite-XR resin composite and Bondlite
      bonding resin were used. The three technique variables were the type of air used
      for drying, air dryer distance, and drying and spreading time. Control samples
      were dried and the bonding resin spread with a dental air syringe, whereas warm
      air from a hair dryer was used on the experimental samples. The bond strength
      (MPa) was determined in shear at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Following bond
      strength evaluation, the teeth were immersed in 10% HCl for enamel dissolution
      and the resin tag structure was examined with the SEM. ANOVA analyses of shear
      bond strengths were performed. Warm air-drying and spreading for 15 seconds at 6
      cm and 5 seconds at 6 cm respectively, produced statistically greater shear bond
      strengths (x = 20.4 +/- 4.4 MPa, P less than 0.05). The other drying
      time/distance combinations, including the control (x = 14.4 +/- 3.3 MPa), were
      not statistically different. Differences in resin tag structure were
      qualitatively evident under the SEM, with sharp tags produced by the warm air
      drying and spreading techniques, compared to the blunt tags created by syringe
      air-drying and spreading. Warm air-drying and spreading significantly improved
      the bond strength. No apparent correlation exists between bond strength and tag
      length.

PMID- 1814351
TI  - Sterilization beneath rings on dental instruments.
AB  - This study determined the effectiveness of standard methods of instrument
      sterilization beneath instrument rings. Sets of three types of dental instruments
      were contaminated with known amounts of bacterial spores (Bacillus
      stearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis). Instrument rings were placed over the
      contamination and the instruments processed through standard cycles in a steam
      autoclave, an unsaturated chemical vapor sterilizer, a standard dry heat
      sterilizer, an ethylene oxide gas sterilizer or a 2.0% alkaline glutaraldehyde
      solution. Controls consisted of spore-contaminated instruments without rings that
      were not processed through any sterilizing method and that were processed through
      each sterilizing method. All instruments and their associated rings were cultured
      for the presence of live spores. The results indicate that the reliability of
      sterilization beneath the instrument rings used is greatest if the ringed
      instruments are processed through a steam autoclave or an unsaturated chemical
      vapor sterilizer.

PMID- 1814350
TI  - Connective tissue reactions to glass ionomer cements and resin composites.
AB  - This study evaluated the histopathologic reactions of rat connective tissue to
      two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji Cap II, Fuji Ionomer Type III) and two
      microfilled light-cured composite resins (Helio-molar Radiopaque and
      Helioprogress). IRM (zinc oxide-eugenol cement) was used as a control. Discs of
      the materials, 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, that had set for 15 minutes were
      implanted under the dorsal skin of 75 Sprague-Dawley rats. There were 15 rats in
      each group and each animal received two identical implants. Five rats from each
      group were terminated at 7, 28 and 85 days after implantation. Histologic
      sections of the implant sites were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Findings
      at all study periods indicated that Fuji Ionomer Type III elicited more intense
      reactions than the other materials. Reactions to Fuji Cap II, Heliomolar
      Radiopaque and Helioprogress, at all study periods, were comparable to each other
      and to IRM.

PMID- 1814352
TI  - Advanced periodontal disease and development of anterior open bite. A case
      report.
AB  - Severe anterior open bite in adults is often both functionally and esthetically
      unacceptable. The treatment usually consists of a combined orthodontic and
      surgical correction. The stability of open bite treatment results is often poor.
      The case presented is of marked anterior open bite in a previously normal bite
      patient with advanced periodontal disease. An etiology for the development of
      this condition is suggested and a successful treatment described.

PMID- 1814353
TI  - Personality types of dentists.
AB  - The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was used to determine the personality
      types of dental graduates, 1964-1984, from Creighton University, School of
      Dentistry. The MBTI reveals the strength and nature of preferences along four
      dimensions: extraversion-introversion, sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, and
      judging-perceptive. In sample (N = 472), four personality types: ISTJ (108), ESTJ
      (66), ISFJ (48), and ENTJ (37), accounted for 54.9% (N = 259) of the dentists.
      The remaining 45.1% (N = 213) were divided among 12 personality types without any
      type accounting for more than 6.1% (N = 29). Comparisons with a general
      population (N = 9,320) revealed that the dental sample included more introverts
      (58.9%), thinkers (65.9%) and judgers (75.0%). The implications of personality
      characteristics, as applied to dentistry through communication patterns,
      relationships with co-workers and management styles were discussed.

PMID- 1814354
TI  - The interfacial region of the tooth/glass ionomer restoration: a confocal optical
      microscope study.
AB  - The dynamic interactions between the tooth tissues and a glass ionomer cement
      were investigated, using fluorescent markers incorporated into components of
      glass ionomer restorations. A confocal optical microscope was used to examine the
      tooth/restoration interface. Samples were examined at specific intervals after
      restoration to determine the effect of maturation of the glass ionomer matrix.
      Loss of fluorescent dye from the glass ionomer restoration into the subjacent
      dentin indicated fluid movement across the interface during maturation. To
      determine the effect of shrinkage from water loss on the integrity of the
      tooth/restoration interface, restored teeth were maintained fully hydrated and
      then allowed to dry. Substantial cracking at the enamel margins after drying of
      the set restoration indicated the strength of the attachment to enamel and also
      cautioned against excessive clinical drying.

PMID- 1814355
TI  - The power of touch.

PMID- 1814356
TI  - Agencies can offer more than just collecting late payments. Turning an account
      over for collection should never mean you'll lose the patient's business.

PMID- 1814357
TI  - Borrowing money from a bank doesn't have to be an intimidating experience. A well
      prepared financial statement tells the loan officer you mean to do business.

PMID- 1814359
TI  - Make fire prevention and safety the topic of your next staff meeting. Ask the
      local fire inspector to give a presentation on fire safety and evacuation
      procedures.

PMID- 1814358
TI  - Will laser dentistry go the way of the Edsel? Only time will tell. Dentists are
      cautioned to approach this innovation with a full understanding of its
      limitations.

PMID- 1814360
TI  - Nuclear mRNA export.
AB  - Nuclear mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex has been proposed to be a
      unidirectional, signal-mediated and energy-dependent process. Evidence exists
      that this process can be influenced by many factors including other steps in the
      pathway of cytoplasmic mRNA formation, sequences of the RNA substrate that are
      either transcribed or added co- or post-transcriptionally, and extracellular
      effectors.

PMID- 1814361
TI  - Stability and degradation of mRNA.
AB  - Differential mRNA stability plays an important role in the regulation of gene
      expression. Several recent advances have helped to define the general pathways by
      which mRNA is degraded in prokaryotic cells, although many details remain to be
      elucidated. Much less is known about the pathways of degradation in eukaryotic
      cells, but recent studies on specific systems have highlighted both differences
      from and similarities to prokaryotic pathways.

PMID- 1814363
TI  - Non-ribosomal peptide synthesis.
AB  - Many peptides are synthesized by the multienzyme thiotemplate mechanism. This is
      catalyzed by large, multifunctional enzymes called peptide synthetases. Recent
      studies have focused on elucidating the primary structure of the peptide
      synthetases and defining their functional domains. These are essential first
      steps in the detailed mutational analysis of peptide synthetase function.

PMID- 1814362
TI  - Self-cleaving proteases.
AB  - Research on the activity of self-cleaving proteases in bacterial, mammalian and
      virus-infected cells is reviewed, with an emphasis on the diversity of regulatory
      systems controlled by protein processing. Each of these three groups will be
      considered in turn by focusing on the following systems: the Rec A-dependent
      intramolecular cleavage of the Escherichia coli SOS response protein, LexA; the
      intramolecular activation of the mammalian aspartic acid protease, pepsinogen;
      and the autocatalytic cleavage of polyproteins synthesized by picornaviruses.

PMID- 1814364
TI  - Ribosomal frameshifting, jumping and readthrough.
AB  - New examples of high-level ribosomal frameshift and readthrough events have been
      described over the past year and a half. These include -1 frameshifting at tandem
      codons and +1 frameshifting at neighboring slow codons. Several bizarre examples
      of ribosome jumping and multiple stop-codon readthrough continue to perplex
      investigators in this field.

PMID- 1814366
TI  - Post-transcriptional processes.

PMID- 1814365
TI  - Cell differentiation.

PMID- 1814367
TI  - Embryonic growth factors.
AB  - The role of growth factors in development is under analysis on three main fronts:
      examination of patterns of growth factor expression in embryogenesis, studies of
      biological activity in vitro, and mutational analysis in vivo. Recent findings
      indicate that growth factors control developmental decisions, are strictly
      controlled in their delivery to responding cells, and act in conjunction to
      create tissue-specific regulatory networks.

PMID- 1814368
TI  - Axis specification in the Drosophila embryo.
AB  - Three genetic hierarchies control cell-fate specification in largely distinct
      regions of the antero-posterior axis of the Drosophila embryo, whereas a single
      hierarchy specifies dorso-ventral cell fates. Molecular genetic analysis of these
      hierarchies is leading to increased understanding of the nature of the regulatory
      circuitry that controls regional cell-fate specification.

PMID- 1814369
TI  - Cell lineage in plant development.
AB  - Lineage analyses in several plant species demonstrate that meristematic cells
      proliferate in a predictable manner to form the differentiated tissues of the
      mature shoot system. These studies also demonstrate, however, that the fates of
      meristematic cells are not absolutely dependent on their lineage. This
      variability indicates that interactions between cells must play a role in
      morphogenesis.

PMID- 1814370
TI  - Zebrafish embryology and neural development.
AB  - The zebrafish is rapidly increasing in popularity with developmental biologists.
      Driving this interest are the elegant methods for in vivo observations and
      recovery of early developmental mutations. The past year has seen the
      introduction of additional methods for in vivo manipulation of identified cells
      and the application of these methods to mutant analysis.

PMID- 1814371
TI  - Neural cell contact and axonal growth.
AB  - The past year has seen significant advances in the identification and
      characterization of novel vertebrate cell-surface components implicated in neural
      cell adhesion and axonal growth. These new cell-surface-associated proteins can
      be categorized into three major structural groups: the cadherins, the integrins
      and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Studies on the biological function of these
      proteins indicate that they participate in developmental events of the embryonic
      nervous system.

PMID- 1814373
TI  - Professor Mukai: the man and his work.

PMID- 1814372
TI  - The Ronnskar case. An epidemiological study of mortality and cancer incidence
      among Swedish smelter workers.

PMID- 1814374
TI  - Selective transmission of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila.

PMID- 1814376
TI  - Sequence analysis of a mitochondrial DNA fragment isolated from cultured cells of
      carrot cytoplasmic male-sterile strain.
AB  - 2.0 kb Hind III fragment isolated from cytoplasmic male-sterile carrot
      mitochondria, designated PKT5, was hybridized to ORF13 which is the coding region
      of a unique polypeptide in maize CMS (Dewey et al., 1986). Sequence analysis
      indicated that PKT5 is consisted of 3 domains. Domain 1 was identical to the 5'
      flanking region of atp6 in maize CMS-TURF2H3 sequence (Dewey et al., 1986).
      Domain 2 contained a novel ORF encoding 72 amino acids, which was extremely
      homologous to the amino-terminal 67 amino acids of the unique ORF13 in maize CMS.
      Domain 3 except an amino acid change (Ile87 = ATT for Asn87 = AAT), was identical
      to ORF25 polypeptide in maize CMS. Connective sequences of these 3 domains were
      also highly homologous to the maize CMS-TURF2H3 sequence. Out of 7 recombination
      points in maize CMS-TURF2H3 sequence, at least 4 points were conserved in PKT5
      sequence.

PMID- 1814375
TI  - Autosomal recessive lethal mutations in two mutator stocks of Drosophila
      ananassae.
AB  - The frequency of recessive lethals in the 2nd chromosome was examined in two
      mutator stocks of Drosophila ananassae, ca and ca; px. They are characterized
      respectively by possessing an extrachromosomal clastogenic mutator in males, and
      by the retrotransposon "tom", which induces Om mutability only in females. The
      frequencies of recessive lethal mutations in the 2nd chromosome among progenies
      from males and females of the ca; px stock are 0.35 and 0.34 percent,
      respectively. Similarity of these frequencies indicates that tom does not induce
      recessive lethals in females. In contrast to the ca; px stock, the frequency of
      recessive lethals in males of the ca mutator stock was estimated to be 1.54
      percent for the 2nd chromosome. No visible mutants except Minutes were recovered.
      Some recessive lethals derived from ca stock males were associated with
      chromosomal rearrangements. Being consistent with its high rate of Minute
      mutation it was demonstrated that the ca clastogenic mutator also induced
      recessive lethals.

PMID- 1814377
TI  - [Plaque and chemotherapy concepts of the future].
AB  - Various hypotheses have been introduced and discussed in the past decade to
      explain the aetiology of caries and paradontopathies: Non-specific/group
      specific/specific plaque hypothesis, exogenic plaque hypothesis, ecological
      change theory. Principles and strategies of chemotherapy for dental plaque
      related ailments are treated on the basis of these theories.

PMID- 1814378
TI  - [Comparative studies of toothpastes and toothpaste ingredients in biological
      systems: 1. Can various toothpastes be differentiated by relative biological
      effectiveness in cell culture studies?].
AB  - The cytotoxicity of 15 commercial toothpastes was examined in human epithelial
      cell cultures. The following parameters were evaluated: protein concentration,
      DNA-synthesis, cell morphology and autoradiography. In comparison to the control
      cell culture, one toothpaste had no influence on the cell growth at all. The
      other pastes caused a more or less strong growth inhibition, which also depended
      on the concentration of the toothpaste suspension. The presented investigations
      showed that the cytotoxicity tests applied to toothpastes yielded a good
      validity.

PMID- 1814379
TI  - [Preventive dentistry information knowledge of teachers and educators].
AB  - Ten years after a previous questionnaire campaign, a new survey of teachers and
      child specialists once again covers the areas of oral hygiene, nutritional
      control and fluoride prophylaxis. The evaluation shows that several information
      gaps have now been filled in.

PMID- 1814380
TI  - [Caries and gingivitis in school children from different social strata].

PMID- 1814381
TI  - [Influence of ignorance of caries prevention on tooth health and behavior of
      junior high students].
AB  - Within the framework of an averaging study (clinical examination combined with
      written questionnaire) an attempt was made to determine the extent to which
      theoretical and practical knowledge of caries prophylaxis influences the
      behaviour and dental health of school children. Mean DF and DMF levels, it was
      demonstrated, are significantly reduced in children who know more; also, a higher
      percentage of children reported brushing their teeth more than once a day. In
      spite of this, a considerable discrepancy is noticed between knowledge and
      behaviour. Improved integration of dental hygiene instruction in the school day
      could improve school children's motivation to change their behaviour on a lasting
      basis.

PMID- 1814382
TI  - [Need for preventive dentistry in adult women: investigation in maternal
      convalescent homes. 2. Tooth and periodontal findings].
AB  - For this study an extensive oral examination was performed in 111 women between
      21 and 48 years of age recreating themselves in special rest homes. A mean DMF-T
      of 19.1 and a mean DMF-S of 62.5 was found; women with a low education
      (Sonderschule) showed an especially high DMF-S of 85.0, participants with a
      secondary education (Abitur) had a DMF-S-Index less by half. The oral hygiene of
      the women was insufficient (mean QHI 2.6), papilla bleeding was easy to provoke
      in most of them. 98% of the women needed periodontal treatment, 10.8% showed a
      probing depth of 6-8 mm. 60.8% of 942 examined restorations needed to be renewed,
      the reason was mostly marginal leakage.

PMID- 1814383
TI  - Towards better discharge summaries: brevity and structure.
AB  - In an investigation of the communication between Hospital and General
      Practitioners, 99 General Practitioners were asked by means of a postal
      questionnaire to state the relative importance they attached to the issues of
      speed of delivery, format, author, and the content of the discharge summaries.
      The issue of speed of delivery proved to be a central and recurrent theme in the
      replies received, with a clear demand for increased speed and efficiency in
      Hospital-General Practitioner communication. In addition, an overwhelming support
      was revealed for summaries in the form of short prioritised problem lists, as
      opposed to longer conventional prose accounts. This response proved to be
      independent of the style of summary being received by the General Practitioners
      in the study. With a clear need nationally to improve communication with General
      Practitioners, consideration should be given to adopting prioritised problem
      lists as a means of upgrading the quality of data sent to General Practitioners.

PMID- 1814384
TI  - Perforation of a peptic ulcer in an hiatus hernia into the left ventricle.

PMID- 1814385
TI  - Non-immune hydrops. The importance of urgent investigation if the prognosis is to
      be improved.
AB  - We report three cases of non-immune hydrops which were successfully treated in
      utero. Each case had a different aetiology requiring a specific treatment.

PMID- 1814386
TI  - Recurrent radial head subluxation in a 3 year old child--case report.
AB  - Radial head subluxation is a common injury in children. It has been described as
      nurse's elbow, radial head subluxation (RHS) and "pulled elbow". There may be a
      recurrence, however, this is the first time that it has been reported to recur
      three times.

PMID- 1814387
TI  - The Waldegrave interview.

PMID- 1814388
TI  - The Bristol Royal Infirmary as a Trust Hospital. The first six months. Interview
      by M. G. Wilson.

PMID- 1814389
TI  - Private practice--does it have a place?

PMID- 1814390
TI  - Thoughts on the NHS.

PMID- 1814391
TI  - Recreational drowning deaths in the south west of England.

PMID- 1814392
TI  - Job-sharing in general practice--a thing of beauty?

PMID- 1814393
TI  - Effect of the Cornwall Helicopter Ambulance on ambulance service emergency
      response time.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether availability of the Cornwall Helicopter Ambulance
      enabled the ambulance service to arrive more rapidly at the scene of emergencies.
      DESIGN: Retrospectively collected ambulance service data analyzed longitudinally.
      SETTING: The ambulance service in Cornwall. SUBJECTS: Patients carried as
      emergencies by the ambulance service. VARIABLE STUDIED: Augmentation of a county
      ambulance service by a Helicopter Ambulance. OUTCOME MEASURE: Ambulance 'response
      times'. RESULTS: A small improvement in the ambulance service's overall ability
      to respond to emergency calls was observed. CONCLUSION: Availability of the
      Helicopter Ambulance marginally improved the ambulance service's response times.
      It is doubtful if these improved response times were of any clinical
      significance. More conventional and less expensive means of improving ambulance
      service performance should be considered by a Health Authority or ambulance
      service before a helicopter ambulance is deployed.

PMID- 1814394
TI  - Malignant neuroendocrine tumour of pancreas, Salmonella enteritidis cholangitis
      and pseudomembranous cholecystitis.

PMID- 1814395
TI  - Ultrasound of the infant hip.

PMID- 1814396
TI  - Concentrations of several proteins characteristic of nervous tissue in cerebral
      cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Concentrations of nervous tissue-related proteins, including S-100 proteins
      (alpha and beta), enolase isozymes (alpha and gamma), superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      isozymes (Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD), and GTP-binding proteins (alpha subunits of GO
      and Gi2) were determined in the four cerebrocortical regions (superior frontal
      gyrus of frontal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus of temporal lobe, superior parietal
      lobule of parietal lobe, and calcarine area of occipital lobe) of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease, and age-matched control and young control patients by means
      of enzyme immunoassay methods. Although the temporal cortex of some patients with
      Alzheimer's disease (4/7) showed apparently enhanced S-100 beta with decreased
      gamma-enolase, concentrations of neuronal (neuron-specific gamma-enolase and the
      alpha subunit of GO) and glial (S-100 beta, S-100 alpha, and alpha-enolase)
      marker proteins, and both SODs in each region were not significantly different
      between patients with Alzheimer's disease and the age-matched controls.
      Concentrations of Gi2 alpha also showed similar values in the cerebral cortices
      of young and aged controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, when
      compared with young controls, S-100 beta in the four regions of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease and aged controls, and Cu/Zn SOD in frontal cortex of
      patients with Alzheimer's disease were significantly enhanced (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 1814397
TI  - Why the mammalian embryo? An interview with Professor Nikola Skreb. Interview by
      Drasko Serman.

PMID- 1814398
TI  - Tradition and the present state of developmental biology in Yugoslavia.

PMID- 1814399
TI  - Developmental biology of the murine egg cylinder.

PMID- 1814400
TI  - Development of separated germ layers of rodent embryos on ectopic sites: a
      reappraisal.
AB  - The method of separation of germ layers of rodent embryos by treating the
      embryonic shields with proteolytic enzymes and by microsurgery with the
      subsequent transplantation to ectopic sites has helped to gain a more detailed
      insight into what is going on during gastrulation in mammals. The space under the
      kidney capsule of adult animals seems to be the most appropriate ectopic site for
      transplantation of early postimplantation rat embryos or separated germ layers.
      After transplantation the grafts develop into teratomas whose complex
      histological structure reflects the initial developmental capacities of the
      graft. At the pre-primitive streak and the early primitive streak stages the
      primitive ectoderm differentiates into tissue derivatives of all three definitive
      germ layers, often in complex organotypic combinations. This is indirect evidence
      that all cells of the embryonic body originate from the primitive embryonic
      ectoderm. Halves of the primitive ectoderm obtained by a longitudinal or
      transverse cut through the egg cylinder give the same result. At the head fold
      stage the capacity for differentiation of the ectoderm is restricted to
      ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives. One day before gastrulation the isolated
      primitive ectoderm is not able to differentiate as renal isograft. The mesoderm
      isolated at the head fold stage and at later stages when its segmentation occurs,
      differentiates almost exclusively into the brown adipose tissue. The embryonic
      endoderm differentiates only in combination with the mesoderm. After
      transplantation the embryonic ectoderm loses its epithelial organization and
      breaks up into a mass of mesenchyme-like cells in which epithelial structures
      subsequently appear and differentiate in a way reminiscent of the reaggregation
      of cells in mixed cell suspension in vitro.

PMID- 1814401
TI  - Morphogenetic features in the tail region of the rat embryo.
AB  - The secondary (direct) body formation is a mechanism of development in which
      morphogenesis of various organs occurs directly from a mass of undifferentiated
      mesenchymal cells (blastema) without previous formation of germ layers. It is
      characteristic of the posterior end of the embryonic body, i.e. of the tail bud
      of tailless and the tail of tailed mammals. Development of the neural tube
      occurring by this mechanism (secondary neurulation) has been previously
      explained. We investigated the morphogenetic mechanism by which two other axial
      structures in the rat tail develop: the tail gut and the notochord. Both
      structures develop from an axial condensation of undifferentiated mesenchymal
      cells (tail cord) of tail bud origin. The tail gut forms in a similar way to the
      secondary neural tube: cells in the ventral part of the tail cord elongate,
      acquire an apicobasal polarity and form a rosette-like structure around a lumen
      in the centre. The notochord forms by detachment of a group of cells of the tail
      cord dorsally to the developing tail gut. The peculiarities of this morphogenetic
      mechanism in comparison with those in other parts of the embryo are discussed.
      Causal (including evolutionary) explanations of this mechanism are ruled out.

PMID- 1814402
TI  - Retinoic acid can change normal differentiation of rat egg-cylinders cultured in
      vitro.
AB  - The modified organ culture of rat egg cylinders provides favorable conditions for
      2 weeks for the differentiation of main tissue types. To study the effect of
      retinoids on early rodent differentiation, retinoic acid (RA) was added in
      various concentrations to serum-supplemented or serum-free medium. Explant
      survival decreased when RA was added to serum-free medium. Although the cartilage
      was well differentiated even in cultures deprived of serum, RA inhibited
      chondrogenesis in all cultures without or with serum. The frequency of columnar
      epithelium was higher and its folds more often present when RA was added to the
      medium. Keratinization of squamous epithelium depended on the RA concentration
      added to the medium, and was almost absent when the concentration was high. Other
      tissues often present in serum-supplemented medium (such as neuroblasts and
      myotubes) were not affected by RA, a result that differs from those obtained in
      other experimental systems.

PMID- 1814403
TI  - Neural growth factor inhibits the growth of rat egg-cylinders cultured in vitro.
AB  - Rat egg-cylinders at the primitive streak stage were grown in modified organ
      culture for 2 weeks using a chemically defined medium. Differentiation of the
      epidermis and cartilage was comparable to that in fully serum-supplemented
      medium, whereas neuroblasts were very scarce. In explants treated either with
      bovine serum albumin or transferrin, neuroblasts were observed, whereas the
      addition of NGF did not improve neuroblast differentiation. On the contrary, NGF
      impaired growth and tissue differentiation when compared with explants grown in
      serum-free medium.

PMID- 1814404
TI  - Growth factors and proto-oncogenes in early mouse embryogenesis and
      tumorigenesis.
AB  - Growth factors and proto-oncogenes play an important role in the regulation of
      embryonic growth and differentiation as well as in tumorigenesis. Insulin and
      insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) are secreted by embryonic tissues during the
      prepancreatic stage of mouse development. Measureable amounts of these factors
      were found in 8- to 12-day-old embryos. Embryonic cells derived from 8- to 10-day
      old embryos secrete insulin and IGF I in serum-free medium. Relatively high
      levels of c-myc, c-fos and c-H-ras oncoproteins were also detected in 8- to 12
      day-old embryos. Insulin and IGF I, when added to the culture of embryonic cells,
      stimulate their proliferation. Similar results were obtained in some animal or
      human tumors. Murine myeloid leukemias and melanoma B 16 secrete a substance
      immunologically cross reactive with insulin (SICRI) both in vivo and in serum
      free media. In culture, the DNA synthesis rate per leukemic or melanoma cell is
      proportional to cell density and is reduced by antiinsulin serum in case of
      leukemic cells. Human hemangiosarcoma secrete IGF I, which also plays a role as
      an autocrine factor. Purified IGF I efficiently induce c-myc and c-fos mRNA,
      which is among the earliest events following growth factor stimulation, leading
      to mitosis. These results lead us to the conclusion that IGF I and insulin
      together with oncoproteins stimulate the growth of embryonic and tumor cells,
      which is indirect evidence for a paracrine (or autocrine) type of action.

PMID- 1814405
TI  - The ability of the epithelium of diencephalic origin to differentiate into cells
      of the ocular lens.
AB  - After the discovery that in adult salamanders following lentectomy a new,
      functional lens develops by transdifferentiation (cell-type conversion) of
      previously depigmented epithelial cells of the iris (Wolffian lens regeneration),
      this phenomenon has been intensively studied by various experimental approaches.
      During the last two decades it was shown that pleiomorphic aggregates of atypical
      lens cells (lentoids) differentiated in reaggregates of dissociated cells of the
      chick neural retina and in spread cell cultures of the pigmented epithelium of
      the iris and retina, of the neural retina and the pineal gland of the chick
      embryo. The neural retina of human fetuses and adults also displayed this
      capacity. We showed that lentoids developed at a low incidence in renal isografts
      of rat embryonic shields or isolated embryonic ectoderm and of lentectomized eyes
      of rat fetuses, as well as in organ cultures of rat embryonic shields in
      chemically defined media. The addition of transferrin significantly increased the
      incidence of differentiation of lentoids in explants. In both renal isografts and
      explants in vitro a continuous transformation of retinal epithelial cells into
      atypical lens cells was observed. In renal isografts lentoids were also observed
      to originate from the ependyma of the brain ventricle. All tissues having the
      capacity to convert into lens cells belong to the diencephalon in a broad sense.
      Evolutionary aspects of this feature are discussed.

PMID- 1814406
TI  - The influence of mouse sera, regenerating liver extracts and bacterial products
      on the abilities of different cells in vitro.
AB  - In the complexity of host tumor relations, the regeneration of the tissue in
      which the tumor is growing, or in some other tissue in the organism, could
      influence the maturation of tumor cells, i.e. tumor reversion. Clinical
      observations and experiments on plants, lower animals, or animal embryos,
      performed by several authors, and our results on the influence of regenerating
      mouse liver on the abilities of tumor transplanted there or elsewhere in the
      organism led us to study the in vitro growth of different cells or bacteria
      exposed to the extracts of normal or regenerating liver and/or sera from these
      animals. Further, sterile used bacterial media were added to bacterial or cell
      cultures, respectively. Depending on the model, liver extracts-particularly
      extracts and sera from mice with regenerating liver-were shown to inhibit
      radioactive thymidine incorporation in the cells. In these experiments, the
      number of bacteria or cells per culture was lower than in otherwise treated
      corresponding cultures. Further, used sterile media of bacterial cultures
      stimulated the growth of bacteria but inhibited thymidine incorporation into
      fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. Whether this means that one or several common
      regulators exist in nature appears as an intriguing, but still completely open
      question. The idea of controlling tumor growth by using such regulatory growth
      factors seems very provocative.

PMID- 1814407
TI  - Chromoplasts--the last stages in plastid development.
AB  - The results of investigations on the development of chromoplast fine structures
      in various plants are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the specific pigment
      containing structures and their development during chromoplast formation. There
      is a large variety of these structures, although four fundamental types can be
      discerned. These are plastoglobules, membranes, crystals, and tubules. During
      chromoplast development, various types of structure follow one after the other,
      or they may even be present simultaneously in the same chromoplast. Depending on
      the structures present in chromoplasts their pigment content also varies. It is
      still not clear whether the type of structure defines the pigment content of the
      chromoplast or vice-versa. Various possible ways of chromoplast development and
      dedifferentiation are discussed.

PMID- 1814408
TI  - The influence of plant growth regulators on callus induction in pumpkin
      (Cucurbita pepo L.) hairy roots.
AB  - Following in vitro infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes wild strain
      (mannopine, 8196) and two A. tumefaciens transconjugant strains (C58C1 pArA4abc
      and C58C1 pArA4b) transformed (hairy) roots were induced in pumpkin (C. pepo L.)
      cotyledons. The presence of pRi T-DNA in pumpkin long-term hairy root cultures
      was determined by Southern hybridization. The influence of plant growth
      regulators on callus induction in root explants from hairy root lines, which
      differed mutually in morphology and growth rate, was tested by the addition of
      growth regulators to basal nutrient medium; while 2.4-D inhibited root
      proliferation in all hairy root lines tested, callus induction depended both on
      plant growth regulators and the root line.

PMID- 1814410
TI  - Immunoregulatory factors contributing to fetal allograft survival.
AB  - A mammalian fetus expresses a variety of antigens potentially unknown to the
      immunologically competent mother. Presented here are the results of
      investigations of maternal immune reactivity to paternally derived antigens of
      fetoplacental unit, detected at various levels: 1) spleen and distant lymphatic
      organs, 2) regional lymph nodes draining uterus, and 3) materno-fetal interface.
      The results suggest that the mother's immune system reacts differently in
      semiallogeneic pregnancies than in syngeneic ones. The type of the systemic
      immune response depends on the stage of pregnancy. Increased percentage of CD8+
      cells and decreased CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio was found in distant and regional
      lymphatic organs during pregnancy. The paternal class I MHC antigens expressed on
      the trophoblast cells are nonpolymorphic molecules which can have a role in
      immunotrophism of the placenta and in fetal allograft protection.

PMID- 1814409
TI  - Stereological analysis of alpha and beta zones of syncytiotrophoblast in human
      term placenta.
AB  - The investigations were carried out to attempt to define and analyze various
      quantitative structural parameters of syncytiotrophoblast in human term placenta,
      especially of its functionally active parts, that is alpha and beta zones. The
      results demonstrated the following: The arrangement of alpha and beta zones in
      the placenta as a whole is even and regionally independent. Beta zones prevail
      quantitatively. Alpha zones make up only 8% of the total volume, 18% of the total
      surface and 39% of the thickness of beta zones. Sexual dimorphism is shown by a
      significantly higher volume density (VVa)(P less than 0.002), total volume (Va)(P
      less than 0.05) and surface density (SVa) (P less than 0.025) of alpha zones in
      placentas of female newborns. The fetoplacental index is higher in male newborns.
      During the tenth lunar month the structure of syncytiotrophoblast is changed.
      Between the 38th and 39th week the volume and surface densities of alpha zones
      are significantly higher (P less than 0.01), and in the 40th week the volume
      density and total volume of beta zones prevail significantly (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 1814411
TI  - Human brain gangliosides in development, aging and disease.
AB  - In this study, brain gangliosides in prenatal and postnatal human life and
      Alzheimer's disease were analyzed. Immunohistochemically, the presence of the "c"
      series of gangliosides (GQ1c) was only registered in the embryonic brain at 5
      weeks of gestation. Biochemical results indicated a two-fold increase in
      ganglioside concentration in the human cortex between 16 and 22 weeks of
      gestation. The increasing ganglioside concentration was based on an increasing
      GD1a ganglioside fraction in all regions analyzed except in the cerebellar
      cortex, which was characterized by increasing GT1b. During prenatal human
      development, regional differences in ganglioside composition could only be
      detected between the cerebrum ("a"-pathway) and the cerebellum ("b"-pathway).
      Between birth and 20-30 years of age, a cerebral neocortical difference of
      ganglioside composition occurred, characterized by the lowest GD1a in visual
      cortex. Analyzing the composition of gangliosides in cortical regions during
      aging, they were observed to follow region-specific alterations. In the frontal
      cortex, there was a greater decrease in GD1a and GM1 than in GT1b and GD1b, but
      in the occipital (visual) cortex there was no change in individual gangliosides.
      In hippocampus, GD1a moderately decreased, whereas other fractions were stable.
      In the cerebellar cortex, GD1b and GT1b fractions decreased with aging. In
      Alzheimer's disease, we found all ganglio-series gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, GD1b,
      GT1b) to be decreased in regions (temporal and frontal cortex and nucleus basalis
      of Meynert) involved in pathogenesis of disease. In addition, in Alzheimer's
      disease we found simple gangliosides (GN2, GM3) to be elevated in the frontal and
      parietal cortex, which might correlate accelerated lysosomal degradation of
      gangliosides and/or astrogliosis occurring during neuronal death.

PMID- 1814412
TI  - Differentiation of the secondary elastic cartilage in the external ear of the
      rat.
AB  - The cartilage in the external ear of the rat belongs to the group of secondary
      cartilages and it has a unique structural organization. The chondrocytes are
      transformed into typical adipose cells, the proteoglycan cartilage matrix is
      reduced to thin capsules around the cells and the rest of the extracellular
      matrix is occupied by a network of coarse elastic fibers. It appears late in
      development (16-day fetus) and needs more than one month for final development.
      The differentiation proceeds in several steps which partly overlap: the
      appearance of collagen fibrils, elastin fibers, the proteoglycan matrix, and the
      adipose transformation of chondrocytes. The phenotype of this cartilage and the
      course of its differentiation are very stable, even in very atypical experimental
      environmental conditions. The only exceptions are explants in organ culture in
      vitro and perichondrial regenerates. In these conditions the development of
      elastic fibers is slow and poor while the production of the proteoglycan matrix
      is abundant. The resulting cartilage then displays structural characteristics of
      hyaline cartilage rather than those of the initial elastic one.

PMID- 1814413
TI  - Development of thermogenic adipose tissue.
AB  - Besides having a metabolic and insulatory-supporting function, adipose tissue in
      endotherms also performs a thermogenic function. Thermogenic adipocytes contain
      specific UC-mitochondria with uncoupling protein (UCP) and produce heat.
      Thermogenic adipose tissue has two forms: brown adipose tissue (BAT) and
      convertible adipose tissue (CAT). Brown adipocytes have UC-mitochondria and
      express UCP throughout the entire life of small rodents, chiropterans, and
      insectivores. However, in other endotherms and in humans CAT participates as
      thermogenic tissue only during early postnatal period. Both BAT and CAT start to
      develop in utero, although in some animals (hamsters, marsupials) or in some
      particular areas (thoraco-periaortal and medio-perirenal areas in rats)
      development of thermogenic adipose tissue starts after birth. Postnatal
      development of BAT in small endotherms is characterized by quantitative changes
      (the amount of UC-mitochondria, UCP, and lipids). Postnatal development of CAT
      causes qualitative changes during which UC-mitochondria in convertible adipocytes
      are replaced by common, nonthermogenic C-mitochondria; vascularization of
      adipocytes drops to a low level and, with lipid accumulation, convertible
      adipocytes appear as lipid-store cells. Postnatal development of CAT can be
      modulated or reversed by the environmental temperature. The duration of postnatal
      changes varies between species; i.e., cats, rabbits and sheep, change their
      thermogenic form of CAT into the lipid-store form within the first postnatal
      month, while in humans the same process takes up to 15-20 years. In maturity all
      these large endotherms have CAT in lipid-store form. In light of these results,
      the question of participation of thermogenic adipose tissue in the regulation of
      human obesity needs to be answered.

PMID- 1814414
TI  - Differentiation of eosinophilic granulocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
AB  - Electron-microscopic studies were conducted to observe ultrastructural changes
      during differentiation of eosinophilic granulocytes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
      Differentiation at the myelocyte stage was found to relate to specific granules
      made of dense and light fields. By maturation they assume a mosaic-like texture
      and in each granule of mature granulocytes, a light, central "internum" and a
      peripheral dense wrapper can be distinguished. The activity peroxidase and acid
      phosphatase is located in the internum and of peroxidase in the wrapper of the
      granules.

PMID- 1814415
TI  - Mechanical behavior of closed lamellar membranes as a possible common mechanism
      for the establishment of developmental shapes.
AB  - The mechanical behavior of a closed membrane composed of two layers in contact is
      described as it is obtained by finding the minimum of the membrane bending energy
      at constant membrane area, constant difference between the areas of the two
      layers, and constant enclosed volume. It is shown that the membrane bending
      energy is a discontinuous function of the volume (v) and difference between the
      layer areas (delta a) defined relative to the volume and area difference of a
      sphere with the same membrane area, respectively. However, for different classes
      of shapes it is possible to obtain regions in the v/delta a diagram within which
      the shapes change continuously with v and delta a. These regions are shown for
      the egg, dumbbell and cup shape classes, respectively. The results of the shape
      analysis are used in the discussion of cell polarity, cytokinesis and
      gastrulation. Cell polarity is related to the decrease in symmetry during the
      transition from the radially symmetrical spherical shape to the asymmetrical
      shapes of the egg class. It is proposed that symmetrical cytokinesis occurs
      within the dumbbell class and that asymmetrical cytokinesis occurs within the egg
      class. Gastrulation is described as shape transformations within the class of cup
      shapes.

PMID- 1814416
TI  - Perception of pitch contours in single words in alaryngeal speech.
AB  - The perception and production of pitch contours were investigated in single words
      produced by two groups of alaryngeal speakers: tracheo-oesophageal (TE) and
      oesophageal (E) speakers. High quality tape-recordings of three tonal patterns by
      four oesophageal and eight tracheo-oesophageal speakers in monosyllabic words
      were judged by a group of six speech and language therapy listeners. The results
      indicated that tonal patterns can be produced with a relatively high level of
      reliability for both speaker groups. Some individual speakers from both groups
      approached predicted normal levels. These findings emphasise the importance of
      providing the opportunity for patients to acquire either of these speech modes in
      alaryngeal rehabilitation, rather than simply being provided with an artificial
      larynx, particularly in countries where tone languages are used. The high
      variability between groups also suggests that other variables apart from
      alaryngeal speech mode may be relevant in determining ability to signal tonal
      patterns.

PMID- 1814417
TI  - Acceptability ratings and intelligibility scores of alaryngeal speakers by three
      listener groups.
AB  - Acceptability and intelligibility of three groups of alaryngeal speakers were
      examined: four oesophageal speakers, four tracheo-oesophageal puncture speakers
      using a tracheostoma valve and four tracheo-oesophageal puncture speakers using
      digital occlusion. Speakers were video-taped producing samples from the
      Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech, in addition to a section of
      spontaneous speech. Three groups of listeners were used: nine speech and language
      therapists, five ENT surgeons and ten naive listeners. Specific variables
      including fluency, rate, quality, intensity, extraneous noise, effort required,
      pitch and general acceptability were rated on a 7-point scale. Overall no
      significant difference was found between the speaker groups but listener groups
      did obtain significantly different intelligibility scores with speech and
      language therapists scoring highest and ENT surgeons lowest. Analysis suggests
      that speech and language therapist listeners cope equally well with all speaker
      groups but ENT surgeons and naive listeners cope best with tracheo-oesophageal
      puncture speakers using the tracheostoma valve; only the data from ENT surgeons
      showed a significant difference between scores for the different speaker groups.

PMID- 1814418
TI  - Mother-child interactions with language-impaired children and their siblings.
AB  - There are possible effects of language impairment on adult-child interaction.
      Previous research focused on (1) examining common features of adult-child
      interaction in different groups of atypical language learners and (2) examining
      differences between language-impaired parent-child dyads and normal control
      dyads. The present investigation studies language-impaired children and their
      mothers in comparison both to their own younger siblings of the same language
      stage and to normal controls of the same language stage. Consistencies within
      families but not across families were found. In addition, large individual
      differences were observed for different families. The implications of these
      findings for our understanding of interactive styles and language impairment are
      discussed.

PMID- 1814419
TI  - Assessing children with language tests--which tests to use?
AB  - A group of 28 children attending a unit for children with developmental language
      disorders was assessed on a battery of cognitive and language tests. No
      relationship was found between verbal IQ and scores on other language measures.
      However, although correlations between the specialist language tests used were
      highly significant, the mean age scores obtained on the different tests were
      found to vary by as much as 2 years. The implications of these findings for
      clinical and experimental studies of children with language impairments are
      discussed.

PMID- 1814420
TI  - The British Picture Vocabulary Scale: constructing confidence intervals to
      evaluate change.
AB  - The practitioner is often faced with the situation where a client has been
      administered a test more than once, and it must be determined whether variation
      in the scores obtained is either due to real change or merely reflects
      imprecision in measurement. This paper offers a table of standard errors of
      prediction, and confidence levels based thereon, which can help in making this
      decision where the British Picture Vocabulary Scale is used. The table is based
      on the normative data provided in the manual.

PMID- 1814421
TI  - Clinical education: the supervisory process.
AB  - This investigation of the supervisory process was designed to extend the first
      author's (MMcG) previous work that had resulted in categories for analysis of
      clinical competence in student therapists. The supervisory interactions between
      five students and their clinicians were video-taped and analysed. Participants'
      perceptions of the dyad were rated using visual analogue scales. The findings
      indicated that clinicians' verbal comments could be assigned to the categories
      previously identified. A further analysis of three of these categories revealed
      that seven interview strategies were used by the clinicians in the process of
      supervision. Supervisors appeared to be more accurate in estimating the extent of
      students' participation in the conference whereas students tended to make a more
      realistic estimation of the level of positive feedback. Pointers for future
      research are suggested.

PMID- 1814422
TI  - Semantic-pragmatic disorder: a right hemisphere syndrome?
AB  - Following right hemisphere lesions, adults' speech can become copious and
      inappropriate, with abnormal prosody, and they may be unable to comprehend
      metaphor or humour. Their symptoms resemble those of children with semantic
      pragmatic language disorder, who use fluent, grammatically complex language, but
      with poor sensitivity to the communicative situation. The hyperlexia found in
      some of these children reflects an underlying cognitive problem in integrating
      semantic information with knowledge of the world. Both groups of patients fail
      comprehend inferential meaning or to make use of paralinguistic features. It is
      hypothesised that the disorders of communication and cognition found in semantic
      pragmatic language disorder may be linked to right hemisphere dysfunction, but
      this has yet to be confirmed by research.

PMID- 1814423
TI  - Photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice induced by ultraviolet A tanning devices
      with or without subsequent solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation.
AB  - The carcinogenic effect of 3 commercially available ultraviolet A (UVA) tanning
      sources was studied in lightly pigmented hairless mice. The tanning sources
      (Bellarium-S SA-1-12 and Philips TL 09R and TL 10R) have different emission
      spectra and emit different quantities of UVB. The tanning sources were
      administered either alone, or before irradiation with solar-simulated UV (solar
      UV). All 3 UVA tanning sources were able to induce skin tumors when administered
      in daily doses resembling those used in tanning salons (20 min/d, 5 d/week).
      Irradiation with Bellarium-S during 32 weeks induced skin tumors in all mice; a
      similar response was seen after 66 weeks of irradiation with Philips TL 09R.
      Irradiation with Philips TL 10R during 98 weeks induced tumors in 6 of 20 mice.
      Nine groups of 20 mice were pretreated 20 min/d, 5 d/week during 13 weeks with
      one of the UVA tanning sources. Three groups were irradiated with Bellarium-S, 3
      groups with Philips TL 09R and 3 groups with Philips TL 10R in daily doses
      ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 minimum erythema doses (MED). The highest daily doses
      were equivalent to the doses received during one session in a commercial
      solarium. Subsequently all 9 groups were irradiated with 3.1 MED/d solar UV 10
      min/d, 4 d/week until all mice had died. Time to first tumor was compared. All
      groups pretreated with Bellarium-S and Philips TL 09R showed an enhanced tumor
      development compared with a group irradiated with solar UV only. Pretreatment
      with Philips TL 10R did not enhance the carcinogenic effect of solar UV.

PMID- 1814424
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum patients belonging to complementation group F and efficient
      liquid-holding recovery of ultraviolet damage.
AB  - A 73-year-old woman with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), XP107TO, was assigned to
      complementation group F. The fibroblast of this patient showed a reduced level
      (19%) of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) compared with normal cells. XP107TO
      cells were 2.3 times more hypersensitive to ultraviolet C (UVC) than normal cells
      and in the same range of other XPF cells. A clinical case report of 2 patients
      belonging to XP group F is also described; together with these clinical findings,
      the characteristics of XP group F are discussed. These patients manifested mild
      clinical symptoms, developing skin cancer in later age, although acute sun
      sensitivity was observed in early age (usually a few months after birth).
      Fibroblasts derived from these patients showed a substantially reduced level of
      UDS, considering its mild clinical features. To analyze the discrepancy of low
      UDS level and late onset of skin cancer in XPF cells, we examined the UV
      sensitivity under density-inhibited condition using XPF cells. XP cells belonging
      to complementation group F showed marked enhancement of UV survival when they
      were held in a density-inhibited condition for 1-4 d after UV irradiation. The
      enhancement was also observed in normal and XP group A cells, but the recovery in
      these cell lines was less than that in XP group F cells. XP group F cells have
      been shown to possess slow and long-lasting excision repair capacity and this
      type of repair might be stimulated by holding through time of the repair process
      within one cell cycle.

PMID- 1814425
TI  - Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis with ultraviolet A (UVA), low-dose UVB and
      combined UVA and UVB: two paired-comparison studies.
AB  - Two paired-comparison left-right studies were conducted with patients suffering
      from atopic dermatitis. In study 1, 18 patients were treated with low-dose
      ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on one body-half and with combined UVA and UVB
      (UVAB) on the other 3 times a week for up to 8 weeks. Eight effect variables were
      recorded. Statistically significant differences in favor of UVAB were seen for 3
      variables analyzed, total score, overall evaluation score and pruritus score. The
      healing score was likewise better with UVAB; 17 patients achieved healing or
      considerable improvement as compared with 5 patients with UVB treatment. The
      result was judged to be better with UVAB in 16 subjects and equal in 2. In none
      of the cases did low-dose UVB yield better results. Sixteen patients preferred
      UVAB to UVB, 2 had no preference, but none preferred low-dose UVB. In study 2,
      the arms or legs of 25 patients were treated with UVA and UVAB, respectively, 5
      days a week for 3 weeks. UVAB proved to be better when comparing total score and
      overall evaluation score. No difference in pruritus score was detected. The
      healing score favored UVAB. Twenty-three patients healed or improved considerably
      with UVAB as compared with 17 patients with UVA. Better results were achieved
      with UVAB in 15 patients, with UVA in 4, and both therapies yielded equal results
      in 6 cases. Eighteen patients preferred UVAB, 5 UVA and 2 neither. Both UVA and
      UVAB yielded scores superior to untreated control patches.

PMID- 1814426
TI  - A comparative study of fabric protection against ultraviolet-induced erythema
      determined by spectrophotometric and human skin measurements.
AB  - Historically, a textile's ability to protect against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
      induced erythema has been based on its UVR transmission. However, due to the
      nonuniformity of the fabric structure of a textile and its resultant nonuniform
      transmission, the above prediction may not hold. The fabric protection factors
      (FPF) of 5 metal meshes, to simulate the weave pattern and yarn dimensions of
      typical fabrics, and 6 textiles with variable construction (woven and knitted),
      fibre type and dye were determined using a spectrophotometric assay and human
      skin testing. All 5 meshs and 5 of the 6 textiles allowed spectrophotometric
      prediction of their FPF compared with off-skin (2 mm) human testing. However, on
      skin human testing FPF were generally significantly lower than both the off-skin
      and spectrophotometric estimates. Although evidence is presented that the
      nonuniform nature of a textile's structure does influence its FPF predictability,
      in practice, properly conducted spectrophotometric analysis may yield the most
      typical indication of the protectiveness of a fabric against UVR-induced
      erythema.

PMID- 1814427
TI  - Ultraviolet B irradiation inhibits the induction of photoallergy to systemically
      administered quinidine in the mouse.
AB  - In albino mice photosensitized to quinidine, 100 mg/kg by intraperitoneal
      injection, pretreatment of the induction area with ultraviolet B (UVB) on 3
      consecutive days was shown to significantly reduce the inflammatory response when
      the mice were challenged at a distant site 1 week later. Mice controlled for
      phototoxicity did not react. The inhibition was dose-dependent within the UVB
      dose range tested (0.05-1.0 J/cm2 x 3), being almost complete with the highest
      doses. Inhibition, although somewhat less pronounced, was also seen when an area
      on the back, distant from the induction site, was preirradiated following a
      similar protocol. The reduced response at elicitation persisted when the time to
      challenge was increased up to 4 weeks. At 5 weeks, a second attempt to
      photosensitize the previously inhibited animals failed, suggesting that a state
      of tolerance had been acquired. The timing of the UV exposure in relation to the
      photoactive chemical is critically important in determining whether an exposure
      promotes or inhibits photoallergic sensitization.

PMID- 1814428
TI  - Hazards of urocanic acid as a cosmetic ingredient.
AB  - Certain commercially available cosmetic products have been found to contain the
      ingredient urocanic acid. We have shown that the solar irradiation in vitro of
      one such lotion resulted in the formation of cis urocanic acid. The irradiated
      lotion, when applied topically to the skin of hairless mice, systemically
      suppressed the normal contact hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4
      dinitrofluorobenzene by 68%. In addition, mice exposed to a minimally erythemal
      dose of ultraviolet B (280-320 nm) radiation, normally sub-immunosuppressive,
      showed a 56% suppression of the contact hypersensitivity reaction if they were
      irradiated through the topically applied cosmetic lotion.

PMID- 1814429
TI  - [Quantitative and qualitative changes in the immunoglobulins of HIV-infected
      children].
AB  - In HIV-infected children impairment of B lymphocytes appears to precede the T
      cell deficiency, elevated but dysfunctional immunoglobulins being a hallmark of
      pediatric infection. Electrophoretic and immunochemical data obtained with
      samples from 91 cases of AIDS in children aged 7-36 months in P2 clinical stage
      are reported. In 21 children successive samples were obtained at each 3-4 months
      for a one-year follow-up. In electrophoresis low albumin level and marked
      increase of globulins level were noted. In immunodiffusion all Ig classes but
      especially IgG were increased. HI measles antibodies titers in all these samples
      were negative or very low in spite of measles vaccination positive record.
      Distinct from adult AIDS where absolute number of pan T and CD4 positive
      lymphocytes are good predictive markers, in pediatric AIDS estimation of
      quantitative and qualitative changes of immunoglobulins is useful for clinical
      diagnosis and follow-up of patients.

PMID- 1814430
TI  - [An evaluation of the sensitivity of commercial ELISA kits for the detection of
      HBsAg].
AB  - The sensitivity of seven commercial diagnostic kits for HBsAg detection was
      compared using the positive controls of the kits and a series of positive serum
      samples. No significant differences of sensitivity were noted between the kits,
      but there were some in the total reaction time and the facility of execution.

PMID- 1814431
TI  - [The evolutionary characteristics of an influenza epidemic in a large urban
      center (B.) of Romania between 1988 and 1990].
AB  - The report presents the peculiar characteristics of influenza epidemics in a big
      urban centre (B.) of Romania, between 1988 and 1990, surveyed by clinical,
      epidemiological and laboratory methods. Among the peculiarities of the epidemics:
      the low rate of endemic morbidity, the seasonal and preseasonal peaks, the very
      high implication of infantile population in influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B
      virus circulation, as well as the high level of mass specific humoral protection
      against these viruses. Elements of epidemiologic prognosis are suggested for
      1991. Opportunity of vaccine prophylaxis using WHO recommended virus strains of
      the three types: A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B, for risk groups is discussed.

PMID- 1814432
TI  - [The AIDS epidemic among children in Romania. The current data and short-term
      forecasts].
AB  - Situation and main characteristics of the AIDS epidemics in Romania are analysed.
      Prevention measures, among which it is worth mentioning a correct information of
      the population, are proposed.

PMID- 1814433
TI  - [The knowledge and attitudes of medical students in their 2d year about AIDS].
AB  - This study had two specific aims: determining the level of knowledge about AIDS
      acquired through the courses on this subject; analysing the students' attitude
      towards the disease, with respect to different aspects related to the future
      professional risk. For this purpose, a questionnaire was made up and from the
      answers a data base was set up, processed and stored for further studies. We
      analysed to which extent the students are acquainted with the routes of
      transmission of HIV infection, with the groups of risk and with the groups of
      ages exposed to contagion in Romania. We were interested in whether the students
      recognize the clinical signs of the disease, the diagnosis methods and the
      specific medicines used. We studied to which extent the students consider the
      routine HIV diagnosis necessary for all hospitalised patients, for foreigners
      residing in Romania, for Romanians working abroad, as well as for couples before
      marriage. In order to have a clear image on the students' opinion about the risk
      of getting the disease in general as well as on their fears concerning the
      professional risk of infection, several questions in this regard were included in
      the questionnaire. Another important aspect of the study consists in estimating
      the degree to which the knowledge acquired through the courses make the students
      able to offer in their turn useful and credible information to their family,
      friends or strangers. The students' perception of AIDS is mainly determined by
      the risk of sexual contamination, while the control measures regarding the
      interruption of the other ways are underestimated.

PMID- 1814434
TI  - Protein kinase C activation and protooncogene expression in
      differentiation/retrodifferentiation of human U-937 leukemia cells.
AB  - Human U-937 leukemia cells differentiate along the monocytic lineage following 3
      day exposures to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). This induction of
      differentiation is accompanied by adherence and loss of proliferation, as well as
      expression/repression of differentiation-associated genes. Long term culture of
      TPA-differentiated U-937 cells in the absence of phorbol ester for 32-36 days
      resulted in a process of retrodifferentiation. The retrodifferentiated cells
      detached from the substrate and reinitiated proliferation. Other cellular
      parameters, such as glycosidase activities, cytokine release, and filament
      expression, returned to levels similar to that observed in uninduced cells.
      Treatment of U-937 cells with TPA resulted in a rapid translocation of protein
      kinase C (PKC) from the cytosol to cell membrane fractions within 2-8 min.
      Increased levels of membrane-associated PKC activity persisted until 17-29 days.
      However, longer periods of incubation were associated with a return to the
      distribution of PKC in control cells. Activation of PKC has been implicated in
      the regulation of certain immediate early response genes, and in the present
      studies, TPA rapidly induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression. Levels of c-fos and
      c-jun transcripts remained elevated during periods of PKC activation and also
      returned to levels observed in control cells by 30-36 days, when the cells
      entered retrodifferentiation. Staurosporine, a nonspecific inhibitor of PKC,
      partially blocked TPA-induced adherence and growth inhibition and concomitantly
      prevented TPA-induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1814435
TI  - Mammary epithelial differentiation in vitro: minimum requirements for a
      functional response to hormonal stimulation.
AB  - Mammary epithelial differentiation is the culmination of responses to a complex
      sequence of hormonal stimuli. An in vitro model for this process should retain
      the basic features of in vivo epithelial differentiation. The IM-2 mouse mammary
      cell line responds to lactogenic hormone stimulation by synthesizing the milk
      protein beta-casein. Epithelial and fibroblastic clones derived from IM-2 lack
      this ability, but cocultures of these clones regain responsiveness to lactogenic
      hormone stimulation. Studies of the epithelial cell clone 31E under various
      culture conditions reveal that the role of fibroblastic cells in supporting
      synthesis and secretion of beta-casein can be supplanted by culture in filter
      chambers without addition of exogenous extracellular matrix components. Electron
      microscopic and immunofluorescence studies show that, under these conditions, 31E
      epithelial cells exhibit the morphology and intercellular organization
      characteristic of mammary epithelium. Transepithelial electrical resistance
      measurements indicate that the cells are well polarized. Analysis of glucose
      metabolism is consistent with this polarization; glucose is utilized from the
      basal chamber, and lactate is excreted into the basal chamber. Immunoblot
      analysis demonstrates the vectorial protein secretion expected of polarized
      mammary epithelium: laminin is secreted into the basal chamber, whereas beta
      casein is secreted into the apical chamber in response to lactogenic hormone
      stimulation from the lower chamber. Thus, the maintenance of a polarized
      intercellular organization that permits access of the basolateral cell surface to
      nutrients is sufficient for a pure culture of an established mammary epithelial
      cell clone to retain differentiated epithelial function in vitro.

PMID- 1814436
TI  - Production and functional characterization of human recombinant FGF-6 protein.
AB  - The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene family to date comprises seven members
      and has been implicated in a wide range of physiological and biological
      processes, including angiogenesis, morphogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The FGFs are
      mitogens for a broad range of cells of various embryological origins and can act
      as differentiation factors. The FGFs can bind to tyrosine kinase and non-tyrosine
      kinase transmembrane receptors; the physiological basis for this is still
      unknown. In order to study more thoroughly the activities of FGF-6, we have
      constructed a bacterial expression vector by inserting FGF-6 complementary DNA
      sequences into the T7 RNA polymerase-based pET3a vector. The resulting construct
      is able to drive the expression of a high amount of FGF-6 protein in Escherichia
      coli, which can be solubilized and purified through heparin-Sepharose
      chromatography and high salt elution. The purified FGF-6 protein displays a
      strong mitogenic activity on BALB/c 3T3 cells and is able to morphologically
      transform these cells. By contrast, adult bovine aortic endothelial cells, which
      normally require the presence of FGF-2 for their growth, show only a limited
      mitogenic response that is highly dependent on heparin concentration.

PMID- 1814437
TI  - Developmental expression of the embryonic chicken brain DNA polymerase alpha and
      its binding with monoclonal antibodies against human KB cell DNA polymerase
      alpha.
AB  - Changes in DNA polymerase alpha activity accompanying tissue development have
      been well established in several systems. In most cases, DNA polymerase alpha
      activity decreases with development. Here, we report observed changes in DNA
      polymerase alpha activity throughout embryonic chicken brain (ECB) development.
      The level of DNA polymerase alpha activity was found to gradually decrease by 60%
      (2.3 to 0.8 nmol of [3H]dCMP incorporated/mg protein/h) between 9- and 19-day-old
      ECB. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of DNA polymerase alpha utilizing
      monoclonal antibody SJK 237-71 (human KB cell DNA pol-alpha binder) also
      demonstrated a gradual decrease (up to 60%) of antigen over this same range of
      development. Analysis of DNA polymerase alpha from 11- and 19-day-old ECB by a 10
      to 30% glycerol density gradient revealed a high molecular weight peak
      sedimenting near catalase (11.3 S) with activity at the 11th day being
      approximately 3-fold greater than activity at the 19th day. A Western immunoblot
      analysis utilizing monoclonal antibody SJK 237-71 (against human KB cell DNA
      polymerase alpha) showed a decrease in DNA polymerase alpha from 186 kilodaltons
      in 9- and 11-day ECB cell-free extracts to 120 kilodaltons in extracts from 13-
      to 19-day ECB. The conversion of DNA polymerase alpha from a higher to a lower
      molecular weight form may be a regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic DNA
      replication.

PMID- 1814438
TI  - Urticaria pigmentosum: nature's experiment in mast cell biology.

PMID- 1814439
TI  - Effect of histamine on collagen and collagen m-RNA production in human skin
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Direct effects of histamine on collagenous and non-collagenous protein synthesis
      by human skin fibroblasts were studied. Fibroblasts derived from human skin were
      incubated with various concentrations of histamine. Collagen and non-collagenous
      protein synthesis were measured by incorporation of 3H-proline. Both collagen
      synthesis measured as protein-bound hydroxyproline and non-collagenous protein
      synthesis measured as protein-bound proline increased in the presence of
      histamine at concentrations of 10(1)-10(2) micrograms/ml. Total RNA was extracted
      and m-RNA levels of various proteins were estimated by dot blot analysis, and
      densitometrically quantified. The levels of alpha 1(I) collagen and beta-actin m
      RNA were clearly increased at the same concentrations. m-RNA levels of alpha
      1(III) collagen were also increased but the rate was lower than that of alpha
      1(I) collagen. No alteration of beta-tubulin m-RNA level was observed at the same
      concentrations. These results demonstrate that stimulation of collagen synthesis
      by histamine is pretranslationally controlled.

PMID- 1814440
TI  - The Yucatan miniature swine as an in vivo model for screening skin
      depigmentation.
AB  - The usefulness of the Yucatan miniature pig as a screen for skin dipigmenting
      activity by topical application was evaluated with standard compounds. This is a
      naturally occurring breed of swine with light brown to dark brown skin that is
      relatively hairless. The skin morphology, including the pattern of pigment
      distribution, in this breed of swine closely resembles the human skin. Test
      compounds examined in this study included the three standard compounds with known
      clinical depigmenting activity, hydroquinone (HQ), 4-hydroxyanisole (4HA) and
      tert-butyl catechol (TBC), each at a 5% concentration. Test materials in 25
      microliters of propylene glycol/ethanol (50:50) were applied topically twice
      daily, 7 days a week for 90 days to test sites on each side of the dorsal mid
      line. Test sites were graded weekly for variation in pigmentation and local
      irritation. After 90 days of test material application, skin biopsies of the test
      sites were taken for histological evaluation. Topical application of HQ, 4HA and
      TBC promoted marked skin depigmentation which was substantiated by reductions of
      pigment and melanocytes observed on microscopic examination. While both HQ and
      TBC produced marked local irritation, 4HA was only mildly irritating. These
      results suggest that the Yucatan pig, could be a potentially useful model for
      screening compounds with skin depigmenting activity.

PMID- 1814442
TI  - History of the Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology from 1976 to 1990.

PMID- 1814441
TI  - Investigation of germinative cells in generating and renewed anagen hair
      apparatus in mice using anti-bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody.
AB  - To elucidate the cell kinetics in generating and renewed anagen hair apparatus in
      mice, S-phase cells in dorsal skin of new-born and 14 to 25-day-old mice were
      labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and stained immunohistochemically using
      anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody. In primary hair germ, lower and outer cells were
      positively stained. In hair peg, the positive cells were divided into upper and
      lower portions. In bulbous hair peg, the lower positive cells gathered at the
      suprapapillary area, whereas the upper positive cells were located in the outer
      part of the hair apparatus. The latter positive cells were further divided in the
      middle and upper parts of the epithelial cord. The upper cells were going to form
      a sebaceous gland. From the suprapapillary group of germinative cells, hair
      cortex through the innermost cell layer of the outer root sheath were considered
      to be produced. The positive cells of the outer middle group may be important for
      elongation of hair apparatus and produce outer root sheath cells. At the end of
      anagen phase, first the suprapapillary cells became negative and then the outer
      root sheath cells became negative. BrdU-positive cells reappeared at the bottom
      of telogen hair apparatus and formed a secondary hair germ. Then, a similar cell
      kinetics was repeated in the renewed anagen hair apparatus. The germinative cells
      were separated into a few groups during the generation and cyclic changes of hair
      apparatus. Each cell group formed the individual part of the hair apparatus in a
      coordinate fashion, resulting in dynamic changes of the hair apparatus.

PMID- 1814443
TI  - [Influence of calcium hydroxide under filling cements].
AB  - In the paper lying before the authors estimate changes of pH-values of the
      Calcium hydroxide (Calxyd) after contact with a zinc oxide phosphate cement
      (Adhesor), a polyacrylate cement (Adhesor-Carboxy) and a zinc oxide eugenol
      cement (Caryosan). The last shoved to be best qualified for over capping of pasty
      preparation with calcium hydroxide.

PMID- 1814444
TI  - [Effectiveness of dental prevention programme for Swiss youth].
AB  - In the past few years, the caries research has reached a level for an effective
      prevention, that in Switzerland has been practiced already for 25-30 years. The
      results are conclusive and today I will show that the caries rate has been
      dramatically deduced. An adequate and regular fluoride delivery is the basis for
      an effective caries prevention. Also other important measures are optimal oral
      hygiene and a proper nutritional diet. In Switzerland, we are coming close to the
      two goals for the 5 year olds and for the 12 year olds set by WHO for the year
      2000 for healthy teeth. In many Swiss communities, these two goals have already
      been reached. It seems that with group-prophylaxis, no noticeable improvement has
      been made against gingivitis. Group-prophylaxis begins in Kindergarten (ca. 4
      years olds) and extends to the four years of ground school education. On entering
      the middle school level (ca. 11 year olds), the patient leaves the group
      prophylaxis and receives individual prophylaxis instruction. Also, the substance
      matter changes from caries prophylaxis to gingivitis-prophylaxis. Carrying out
      the program are private local dentist through contract arrangements or the canton
      school dental clinic. The dentist delegates the prophylaxis program to specially
      trained personnel. Public enterprise finances the prophylaxis measurements in its
      entirety. Today there is a small group of patients showing a large susceptibility
      to caries. Certain prophylaxis test today demonstrate these risk factors. The
      caries risk is already from the mother or other persons in contact with the child
      at the Kindergarten age, or at the latest, at the time the child enters
      school.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814445
TI  - [Fluoride accumulation of the surface enamel of primary tooth after supervised
      brushing with a low dose-fluoridated dentifrice].
AB  - The fluoride accumulation on the surface enamel of primary incisive using a low
      dosed fluoridated dentifrice (0.085% F) was determined in vivo in comparison with
      a placebo dentifrice within a longitudinal study. After 12 months supervised
      brushing the superior incisive of the preschool children used the fluoridated
      dentifrice show a fluoride concentration of 609 ppm, after 20 months 612 ppm
      fluoride. The fluoride concentration of the surface enamel of the placebo group
      was 380 (after 12 months) and 385 ppm fluoride (after 20 months). Presume the
      optimal caries prevention should not reach by only using the low dosed
      fluoridated dentifrice.

PMID- 1814446
TI  - [Efficacy of prevention of periodontal diseases].
AB  - In the present study the results of individual programmes of dental care
      conducted in a selected population of young adults were shown. The periodontal
      status was recorded using GPM/T, CPITN, QHI index criteria. In the period of 18
      months there was no progression of gingivitis. The severity of gingivitis was
      clearly reduced, but the percentage distribution was not influenced. The results
      of the study indicate directions for prevention, diagnosis and therapy. In order
      to reduce the incidence of the diseases dental care should be concentrated on the
      motivation and instruction of oral hygiene, plaque control and removal of dental
      calculus. The findings of the study confirm that a prophylactic programme can
      prevent more severe gingivitis and marginal periodontitis.

PMID- 1814448
TI  - [Microbiological parameters in periodontitis marginalis during local treatment].
AB  - Repeated professional removal of plaque and tooth-stone by means of deep scaling
      and root planning is able to avoid a further progression of marginal
      periodontitis. This therapeutical measures lead to changes in the bacterial
      composition of subgingival plaque. Important bacteria for the etiology of
      periodontitis are reduced. 8-12 weeks after therapy the recolonization of the
      complex periodontitis flora is finished. Therefore a repeated subgingival scaling
      is necessary to make the treatment successful.

PMID- 1814447
TI  - [Clinical-controlled valuation of the conservative and surgical therapy by
      periodontitis marginalis].
AB  - The present investigation describes in a two years study the effect of
      conservative local therapy with and without surgical intervention and the
      reliability of the parameters (SLI, GI, SBI, pocket depth, attachment level and
      finally the microbiological examination (GRAM-technique). Reexamination was
      carried out in a recall system of 2, 4 and 12 weeks, also 6, 12 and 18 months
      after completing the determined therapy procedure. Analysis was carried out by
      means of the mean value, Student's t-test, correlation analysis and documenting
      the individual status respectively. Both treatment methods resulted in positive
      results. Individual variations among patients were noted. Deep pockets were
      initially more reduced by surgical intervention than by conservative local
      treatment alone. Principally, surgical intervention shows as a result more sites
      surfaces with progression of periodontitis than after conservative local
      treatment. Attachment loss is the most correct sign of periodontal progression.
      Decisions for surgical intervention should be based on follow-up documentation
      and individual patient reactions.

PMID- 1814449
TI  - [Influence of marginal and submarginal restoration margins on periodontal
      tissues].
AB  - Subgingival and irregular restoration margins have an unfavourable influence on
      the marginal periodont. The margins close to the gingiva of 206 restorations (age
      of restorations mean = 49.4 months) showed incorrectnesses in most cases with
      marginal inflammation as a result. That's why the demand of high precision,
      supragingival positioning of margin restoration and removal of all potential
      plaque-retentive or mechanic irritated surface is raised.

PMID- 1814450
TI  - [Marginal periodontium and osseointegrated implants--literature review and own
      investigations. 1. Literature review].
AB  - A review from literature is given to problems of osseointegration of implants, to
      the biologic host defensive mechanism against plaque accumulation in the marginal
      region of osseointegrated implants as well as to problems of functional occlusal
      stress of such implants. Results of an investigation at IMZ-implants are
      integrated in the discussion: size of plaque accumulation, quality of subgingival
      plaque (dark field microscopy), bleeding on probing, pocket depth, correlation
      between these clinical signs.

PMID- 1814451
TI  - [Biological aspects of endodontics in advanced old age].
AB  - The traditional rules of endodontics are basing on scientific results and
      clinical experiences, collected in the first half of our century investigating
      the teeth of teens and young adults with respect to the epidemiologic situation.
      Prevention, preserving vitality and teeth have caused a transfer of endodontics
      in elder persons, but there are other biological conditions, as post-eruptive
      maturation of enamel, regressive metamorphosis of the pulp, transparency of the
      dentine of the root, apical apposition of cementum. They are of influence for
      diagnostic and therapy. Proposals are made.

PMID- 1814453
TI  - [Plastic-metal bonding by the help of a silanizable silicatic porcelain layer for
      fusing to metal].
AB  - The use of Keramail (Keradenta/Wilde GmbH Radeberg) for fusing silicatic layers
      to metallic frameworks in a preheating furnace and the later on silianizing in
      order to bond teeth coloured veneering materials has proved laboratory and
      chemically. On the base of shearing tests with selected precious and non precious
      alloys the good bonding strength of this bonding system in comparison with the
      Silicoater-system is shown.

PMID- 1814452
TI  - [Minimizing of local anesthetic dose in dental surgical treatments].
AB  - It is possible to operate painless in outpatients with for smaller local
      anesthetic doses as till now usually. Clinical examinations showed that 1-1.5 ml
      of the 2% Xylocitin Solution with 0.001% epinephrine are enough. The increase of
      the local anesthetic dose causes no anesthetic intensification but a prolongation
      of the anesthesia. Further is the avoidance of the stress situations for the
      patient by a accentuated psychical management necessary.

PMID- 1814454
TI  - [Hemisection of molars in the mandible].
AB  - Indication, contra-indication, and course of treatment with hemisection are
      presented. Apart from that principles on dental-arch prosthetic treatment of a
      hemi-dissected tooth are particularly mentioned here. On the basic of own
      experiences with 21 treatments can be said the prognoses is good.

PMID- 1814455
TI  - [Imperviousness of medical gloves].
AB  - With more than 10,000 unused latex specimens being tested our investigation into
      the imperviousness of medical gloves claims to be the most extensive one on
      user's side. The results allow the conclusion, that the quality level grew better
      within the last three years, especially the non-sterile examination gloves
      improved remarkably. Although there was a general retrogradation in the number of
      perforations, we found a relative increase in the area of the thumbs, index- and
      middle fingers--the main examination fingers.

PMID- 1814456
TI  - [Possibility of a computer based finding and treatment course documentation.
      Computer based recording and analysis of prosthodontic dates].
AB  - The contents and aim of a software program for the prosthodontic will be
      described for a diagnosis and expiration documentation in the prosthodontic
      field. The basis documentation and the construction of the dispensary-group
      system will be explained. It will be concluded by the estimation.

PMID- 1814457
TI  - [On the clinical relevance of the dimensional behavior of silver amalgam. A
      comparative in vitro and in vivo study].
AB  - The clinical relevance of the dimensional behavior of six different gamma-2-free
      silver amalgam products was examined in comparative in vitro and in vivo trials.
      Dye penetration tests, roughness measurements, and inspection of the marginal fit
      using a scanner electron microscope all showed that the results of the in vivo
      and the in vitro trials were in good agreement and that there was no significant
      difference between the various products tested, despite the fact that they
      differed both in morphology and in composition. Copalite exerts a favorable
      influence on the marginal fit of amalgam restorations, not only in laboratory
      trials, but also clinically. The results obtained show that the behavior of an
      amalgam with respect to changes in volume is not the sole criterion by which its
      quality is to be judged. Amalgams with a pronounced contraction tendency will
      seal the marginal gap with their corrosion products (SnCl). Here copalite serves
      as a temporary stand-in. There was no leakage of metal ions from the restoration
      into the dentin for any of the products tested, including those with a high
      copper content.

PMID- 1814458
TI  - [Investigations on frequency of indication for adhesive bridge].
AB  - Investigating the dental condition of 1534 young men with an average age of 22
      years, 714 tooth gaps were counted. Clinical treatment in 87% of these cases is
      recommended. In 60% of these cases the 1st molar, in 35% one of the premolars is
      missing. 40% of the mesial capable supporting pillars are found to be caries
      free, the distal ones are only registered in 15% of the cases. 60% of the gaps
      observed recommended a conventional treatment, only 7% could be treated within
      real adhesive fixed bridge. A so called "combined bridge", i.e. a bridge fixed
      conventionally to the one and by adhesion techniques to the other side seemed to
      be realizable in 34% of the investigated cases.

PMID- 1814459
TI  - [The adhesive bridge].
AB  - Indications and contraindication are discussed as well as necessary clinical and
      labor-technical suppositions for the application of an adhesive-bridge on the
      basis of a literature study. According to long-year personal experiences with
      this therapy method the patients treatment as well as a special technical
      procedure are described.

PMID- 1814460
TI  - [Is connective tissue reattachment on root surfaces exposed to the oral
      environment possible?].
AB  - In advanced periodontal diseases, where the root surface a longer time is exposed
      to the oral environment, retaining of teeth is only possible through de novo
      attachment of the periodontal ligament on the diseased root surface. Even when
      surgical reconstruction of the alveolar bone is successful, connective tissue
      fibers fail to attach to the affected dental cementum. Patients with two- and
      three wall pockets can be successfully treated by Nymans method of guided tissue
      regeneration. However the restoration of the dental attachment apparatus in cases
      with advanced horizontal destruction of the alveolar bone is still an unsolved
      problem of periodontal therapy. Investigations of an artificial attachment
      support will be presented. A synthetic felt glued onto the root surface with
      special dental adhesives shall obtain the necessary support reattachment of the
      connective tissue fibers at the periodontitis affect root.

PMID- 1814461
TI  - [The marginal periodontium on osseointegrated implants--literature review and own
      investigations. 2. Own investigations].
AB  - 19 IMZ-implants with a medium age of incorporation of 10.5 months were examined
      at four sites concerning their periimplantary situation. Gingival index, bleeding
      on probing, pocket depth and composition of subgingival plaque corresponded in
      67% of the examined sites with periodontal health. Favourable correlations were
      stated between the values of plaque index and of the bleeding on probing as well
      as between the wide of fixed gingiva and the dimension of gingival recession.
      Compared to bridge constructions more unfavourable results concerning the amount
      of plaque and clinical criteria of the gingival margin were observed in case of
      mucosal fixed prostheses.

PMID- 1814463
TI  - The rabbit: a diurnal or a nocturnal animal?
AB  - Although the rabbit is an almost 'classical' laboratory animal, chronobiological
      research in this species is in its infancy. It appears not even clear, whether
      the rabbit is a predominantly diurnal, crepuscularly active or nocturnal animal.
      In an ordinary, non sound-isolated animal room rabbits exhibited elevated
      locomotor activity, hard faeces excretion, food intake and water intake during
      elevated external animal-house noise. When the hours of external noise coincided
      with the 12 h light period 8/15 rabbits displayed a predominantly diurnal
      pattern, in 3/15 rabbits no preference existed for light or dark time and 4/15
      animals had a typically nocturnal pattern. In contrast, in a properly sound
      isolated laboratory locomotor activity, hard faeces excretion, food intake, water
      intake and urine excretion were significantly higher during the dark period of a
      LD 12:12. In constant light conditions of 7 lux either function free-ran with a
      circadian period-length greater than 24 h, which, too, is typically in
      nocturnally active animals. When food access was restricted to 4/12 h of the
      light period, most events of the five behavioral functions were concentrated
      around the time of restricted food access (RF), the rabbits now being almost
      exclusively light active. In the absence of any other zeitgeber RF in fact did
      entrain the free-running circadian rhythms and, thus, is zeitgeber for the
      circadian oscillator system of the rabbit. Thus, while the rabbit endogenously is
      a nocturnally active animal, external noise or scheduled feeding during the light
      period can turn it to a predominantly diurnal animal.

PMID- 1814462
TI  - Climbing on the cage lid, a regular component of locomotor activity in the mouse.
AB  - The aim of the study was to obtain base values of climbing behaviour in mice
      maintained under standardized conditions in Makrolon-cages. Therefore three adult
      male mice each of the inbred strains BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J were kept separately
      and two C57BL/6J females as a group in Makrolon-cages type III. In addition, the
      same BALB/c mice were later kept in a cage with an eightfold floor area.
      Behavioural observations were carried out by video technique using a light
      sensitive camera and a time-lapse recorder. Locomotor activity on the cage floor
      and climbing on the top of the cage were measured over a period of 48 h for each
      animal. The duration of locomotion on the ground ranged from 24-65 min/day,
      climbing between 49-122 (males) and 159 min/day (females) respectively. Climbing
      showed a more pronounced daily periodicity than locomotion, especially in the
      case of the BALB/cJ strain, where the average duration of climbing was about 28
      min/h during the first hour after light off. In the mouse, climbing is obviously
      a regular component of activity, which deserves not only attention in the
      discussion concerning the needs of laboratory animals, but also in measurements
      of locomotor activity.

PMID- 1814464
TI  - Breeding and management of BB rats by the aid of the computer program BB RADABA.
AB  - In the process of breeding laboratory animals for experimental research a host of
      data will be produced. Our computer program BB RADABA permits the management of
      breeding and experimental data as well as planning of experiments and evaluation
      of experimental results. More than one year of practical work with this program
      has shown that BB RADABA provides a better survey over the data, moreover it is
      able to supply objective recommendations of suitable breeding pairs and had the
      advantage of graphic and statistic data presentation.

PMID- 1814465
TI  - [The tumor spectrum of Him:OFA rats].
AB  - The longevity and incidence of spontaneous tumors was investigated in 92 male and
      182 female rats of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) derived stock Him: OFA. The overall
      tumour incidence was 85.9% in males and 97.8% in females with 32 different types
      of tumors in males and 30 in females. The most frequent neoplasms were mammary
      tumours in females with 84.6% incidence, followed in this sex by adrenal (36.8%),
      pituitary (32.9%) and thyroid neoplasms (10.9%). The incidence of all neoplasms
      in female genital tract was 12.6%. In male rats tumours of the adrenals have the
      highest incidence (53.2%, most of them cortical) followed by pituitary tumours
      (31.5%) and neoplasm of the mesenteric lymph nodes (14.1%, which is uncommonly
      high compared with other Sprague-Dawley stocks). All other tumours are below 10%
      incidence. The mean lifespan of females is with 719 +/- 142 d shorter than that
      of males with 752 +/- 108 d because of the high incidence of mammary tumours
      between 16 to 18 months of age.

PMID- 1814466
TI  - [A simple method for 14CO2 measurement in metabolic experiments].
AB  - The determination of the fate of a compound following administration can be
      performed using the disposition method with 14C-labeled substances, which also
      allow the measurement of metabolism with CO2 as an expired end product. To
      substitute the laborious CO2-collection in washing bottles as carbonate a simple
      instrumentation was built for continuous 14CO2-measurement. The air from the
      metabolic cage is led in thin layer through a chamber fitted to a foot-monitor,
      the output of which is online for computation. The instrument is sensitive and
      calibration is easy.

PMID- 1814467
TI  - [Killing of experimental rabbits with captive bolt guns according to animal
      welfare regulations].
AB  - Captive bolt guns for small animals could be used for killing rabbits quickly
      with little alterations of tissue caused by agony. The application is acceptable
      for animal welfare if the captive bolt gun is placed on the head between the base
      of the ears and the rabbit is bled dry by cutting a large artery immediately
      after the shooting.

PMID- 1814468
TI  - [An apparatus for olfactory isolation of small mammals for the study of
      chemocommunication].
AB  - Olfactory isolation of individual experimental and control animals seems to be
      necessary to investigate the role of chemosignals in the biology of small
      rodents. Each cage was isolated in a polyethylene bag and applied with purified
      air drawn through wash bottles containing concentrated sulphuric acid. Sulphuric
      acid aerosols were bound with saturated calcium chloride. Calcium chloride served
      also to humidify the air. Possible improvements to the apparatus are discussed.

PMID- 1814469
TI  - Impact of venipuncture on physiological research conducted in conscious macaques.
AB  - A survey of 397 publications dealing with macaques was conducted. Stress
      sensitive physiological data collected during venipuncture were evaluated in 58
      reports. Despite of the fact that venipuncture often is a stressful event for
      research animals, 81% of the studies did not account for this circumstance by
      providing no information as to how the subjects were caught and how they were
      immobilized during venipuncture. Common practices suggest that the animals were
      physically restrained with squeeze-backs or forced with fear-inducing techniques
      to leave their home areas and enter a transport cage in most of these studies,
      and that they experienced additional stress, triggered by manual or mechanical
      immobilization during actual venipuncture. It was concluded that the description
      of the experimental animal's handling prior to and during venipuncture is a
      methodological issue which needs to be clarified in order to account for a
      dependent possibly data-biasing variable. It was recommended that experimental
      animals should be trained to cooperate during inhomecage venipuncture whenever
      stress-sensitive blood parameters are examined.

PMID- 1814470
TI  - Influence of neonatal and postnatal administration of diethylstilbestrol on
      hepatic monooxygenase activities and lipid peroxidation in adult rats.
AB  - Treatment of adult male and female rats with DES caused a significant reduction
      of cytochrome P450 concentration, ethylmorphine N-demethylation and
      ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation. These decreases are not modified by a neonatal
      treatment with this hormone. In contrast to monooxygenase activities the NADPH
      induced lipid peroxidation shows only a tendency to decrease if animals received
      DES as adults. But a decrease of about 50% is observed after "neonatal plus
      treatment of adults" with DES. The role of formation of reactive oxygen species
      characterized by chemiluminescence methods in connection with lipid peroxidation
      is discussed.

PMID- 1814471
TI  - [Transcervical injection into the uterine lumen of castrated swine as a cell and
      organ biological research design. The Mariensee model].
AB  - The technique and the equipment necessary for the transcervical intrauterine
      injection in trained, ovariectomized pigs is detailed. Experimental groups of 14
      16 week-old animals are recruited from German landrace litters with large numbers
      (4-9) of females. A silastic tubing containing a crystalline suspension of
      estradiol in propylene glycol is subcutaneously implanted behind the right ear.
      Ovariectomy and the detachment of the left uterine horn from the cervix are
      performed 7-10 days later. The animals are then kept for 6-7 weeks in ventilated
      stables, heated to 20 degrees C in wintertime, with 12 hr light dark cycle, free
      access to water and semi-ad libitum supplies of pelleted standard feed. The
      silastic implant gives rise to plasma levels of 8-12 pg estradiol/ml and still
      contains crystalline sediments when removed before the experiment. The
      manipulations for the transcervical, intrauterine instillation of solutions,
      imitating the reproductive action of the boar, are practiced daily for at least
      one week. The animals learn quickly to enter a restraining box, which is
      facilitated by the simultaneous offering of pellets drenched with root beer. The
      intrauterine injections proceed thereafter without any signs of stress from the
      animals. Stress is also avoided during slaughter by unexpected electric stunning
      on leaving the box, followed by exsanguination. Uteri are quickly excised and
      chilled in crushed ice until processed. One to two grams of endometrium cells can
      be harvested by curettage from each, treated and untreated (detached) horn. The
      Mariensee model allows for defined kinetic analyses of treated cells and provides
      nontreated controls from the same animal. It combines the advantages of in-vivo
      and in-vitro experiments.

PMID- 1814472
TI  - Cage ammonia levels during murine reproduction.
AB  - Monogamous pairs of inbred BALB/c and outbred CD-1 mice housed in M2 cages with a
      floor area of 330 cm2, produced a mean cage ammonia level of 26 ppm and 154 ppm
      respectively over a four day period prior to weaning their litters. A gradient of
      ammonia exists from the nest to the food hopper. By housing CD-1 monogamous pairs
      in RM2 cages which have double the floor area of M2 cages (676 cm2), a lower mean
      level of ammonia was recorded at the same stage of reproduction and air sampling.
      The CD-1 mice in particular, were subjected to high levels of ammonia when
      compared with long term human health and safety occupational exposure limits of
      25 ppm.

PMID- 1814473
TI  - [Serum concentration of calcium and calcitonin in hyperthyroidism caused by
      Graves' disease].
AB  - Serum calcium and calcitonin were determined in 13 patients (12 women and 1 man),
      ages ranging from 30 to 40 years, with clinical diagnosis of hyperthyroidism due
      to Graves' Disease, confirmed by serum determinations of T3 and T4, with the
      purpose of establishing the relationship that these two substances may have in
      this pathology. The results obtained showed a decrease in seric calcium
      concentration in relation to a control group (10.02 +/-) 0.48 vs 11.49 +/- 0.28
      mg/dl; p less than 0.005) and an increase in calcitonin concentration (193.6 +/-
      8.62 vs 116.7 +/- 7.61 pg/ml; p less than 0.0001). We also found a significative
      negative association (r = -0.69; p less than 0.01) between these two compounds in
      the group of patients with hyperthyroidism, not being found in the control group.

PMID- 1814475
TI  - [Fibrinolytic activity of gingival fluid in hemophiliac patients].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation is to compare the fibrinolytic activity in the
      gingival fluid, of 32 hemophilic patients with 36 normal subjects. Oral
      examination was carried out in both groups in order to determine the extent of
      periodontal disease, using the Ramfjord Periodontal Index. The disease was
      classified in three grades according to the depth of the gingival crevices: grade
      I: 0 to 3 mm (Normal Deepness); grade II: from 3 to 6 mm; grade III higher than 6
      mm. The fibrinolytic activity was measured in fibrin plates, prepared with
      thrombin and fibrinogen with and without plasminogen. It was found that the
      fibrinolytic activity was similar in the groups studied and related to the depth
      of the gingival crevices, with the exception of hemophilic patients with grade I
      disease, who showed higher fibrinolytic activity in the fibrin plates with
      plasminogen, than in the corresponding controls (p less than 0.001). This result
      could possibly be due to mucosal traumatism during the withdrawal of the sample,
      which permitted the release of plasminogen activators from the damaged vessels.
      It is important to mention the absence of grade III periodontal disease in the
      hemophilic group. The reason for this result could be due to the important
      bleeding occurring in grade II, which induces the patient to seek immediate
      professional attention. The above mentioned results suggest that the fibrinolytic
      activity of the gingival fluid in hemophilic and control patients is directly
      related to the degree of periodontal disease.

PMID- 1814474
TI  - [Usefulness of ketoconazole combined with cyclosporin in renal transplantation].
AB  - To reduce the cost of treatment in renal transplant patients, ketoconazole, an
      inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, was added to their triple
      immunosuppressive treatment (prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporine). Thirty
      seven patients were included; they received 100-200 mg/day of ketoconazole and
      the amount of cyclosporine given was adjusted to keep its whole blood
      concentration within a therapeutic range. The dose of cyclosporine was decreased
      70.4% by the first month of combined treatment and 76% by the ninth month. The
      benefit obtained with this reduction allowed the use of cyclosporine to be
      extended to all the patients and to administer it permanently. In 3 patients the
      increase in the serum hepatic enzymes made us stop ketoconazole. In order to
      detect hepatotoxicity early, periodic monitoring of liver function tests is
      mandatory.

PMID- 1814476
TI  - [Systemic strongyloidiasis. Review].
AB  - In Venezuela, Strongyloides stercoralis is an endemic parasite, but scarce
      information exists about systemic strongyloidiasis, an opportunistic infection
      that generally occurs in immunosuppressed patients, especially in those with a
      defect in cell-mediated immunity. The symptomatology of systemic strongyloidiasis
      is variable. The syndrome is characterized mostly by gastrointestinal and
      respiratory symptoms. Paralytic ileus and acute respiratory insufficiency can be
      prominent. Sepsis and meningitis are frequent. The diagnosis can be made by
      examination of feces, duodenal or jejunal aspirates and sputum. Larvae can also
      be identified in peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, lymph nodes, urine specimens
      and cerebrospinal fluid. Thiabendazole, at standard doses, during at least five
      to seven days is satisfactory if administered promptly. It is necessary to rule
      out this parasitoses in patients at risk to avoid fatal outcomes.

PMID- 1814477
TI  - The "C.D." appliance: prescription for controlled distilization of maxillary
      molars.

PMID- 1814478
TI  - Upper airway compromise (UAC) and the long face syndrome.

PMID- 1814479
TI  - Case report: adult canine Class I.

PMID- 1814480
TI  - Finishing orthodontic cases, Part II.

PMID- 1814481
TI  - Evaluation of alveolar ridge bend and length in upper and lower jaws in
      anthropological skulls for planning of a series of endosseous dental implants.
AB  - The alveolar ridge bend and length were measured in the interforaminal part of
      the upper and lower jaws in 338 anthropological skulls. Interforaminal sections
      were determined by projection of the most medial points of the two foramina
      infraorbitale and foramina mentale at right angles to the alveolar ridge bends.
      Interforaminal arch lengths and radii of the circles that best fit the arches
      were analyzed with the use of celluloid transparencies. The differences between
      female and male group samples and the left and right sides were established. The
      data were processed by computer and were used for the development of a series of
      endosseous dental implants to satisfy various anatomical conditions.

PMID- 1814482
TI  - Routine exploration of orbital fractures.

PMID- 1814483
TI  - Interference of craniofacial plating systems in diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 1814484
TI  - Crouzon twins with cloverleaf skull malformations.
AB  - We describe unique monozygotic twins with Crouzon's disease and cloverleaf-shaped
      skull deformities who have been closely followed since birth. Their abnormal
      skull shapes were identified during antenatal ultrasound examination. The twins
      had gross exophthalmos and hydrocephalus with papilledema, so early calvarial
      decompression surgery was required. Although born to healthy parents of normal
      appearance, a third cousin of the twins had a milder form of Crouzon's disease,
      and there was a family history of high-arched palate on the twins' paternal side.
      Because Crouzon's disease is an uncommon condition and the cloverleaf skull shape
      is unusual in patients with Crouzon's disease, identical twins with this
      constellation of deformities must be exceptionally rare.

PMID- 1814485
TI  - Long-term effects of rigid fixation on the growing craniomaxillofacial skeleton.
AB  - Fixation of craniomaxillofacial bones with plates and screws is becoming an
      increasingly popular method of managing patients with maxillofacial fractures,
      congenital anomalies, and skeletal defects after tumor extirpation. The effects
      of rigid fixation on growth, however, are not well defined and remain
      controversial. This experimental work was designed to evaluate the effects of
      rigid fixation on the growing craniomaxillofacial skeleton. Eight 2-month-old
      beagle dogs were divided into two groups. Cephalometric analysis and computed
      tomography were obtained preoperatively to establish a baseline of the
      craniomaxillofacial skeleton. Rigid fixation using plates and screws was applied
      across the intact coronal and nasofrontal sutures. The contralateral side served
      as the control. The periosteum was elevated over the contralateral suture and
      replaced without any surgical intervention. The animals were killed one year
      after application of rigid fixation, when they had achieved full and mature
      skeletal growth. The skulls were evaluated both grossly and cephalometrically.
      There was bony growth over some of the plates, as well as sclerosis of the plated
      suture lines. Cephalometric analysis demonstrated consistent asymmetry between
      the plated and nonplated sides, with deviation of the midline toward the plated
      side in all of the animals. Although further studies are necessary to clarify
      this issue fully, we conclude from our study that rigid fixation during skeletal
      development can potentially alter the growth patterns of the craniomaxillofacial
      skeleton and should be used with caution.

PMID- 1814486
TI  - Microscrew anchorage techniques in craniofacial surgery.
AB  - An adjunctive technique for fixation of soft tissue and alloplastic materials in
      craniofacial reconstruction by employing microscrews is presented.

PMID- 1814487
TI  - Osteoma of the frontoethmoidal sinuses: craniofacial resection and reconstructive
      strategy.
AB  - Frontoethmoidal involvement by benign tumors may lead to aesthetic and functional
      sequelae. The key for removal of such lesions is a proper planned craniofacial
      approach based on the preoperative evaluation. If total extirpation requires
      resection of part of the forehead or orbit, immediate reconstruction is
      mandatory. In recent years, craniofacial techniques and strategies have become
      popular. Among these are the use of split cranial bone, rotation of skull bones,
      the use of galeal-pericranial flaps, and the introduction of internal rigid
      fixation. We present a case of frontoethmoidal osteoma treated with a combined
      craniofacial approach. For the reconstruction, modern principles of craniofacial
      surgery have been applied.

PMID- 1814488
TI  - Craniofacial clefting and sutural dystopia.
AB  - Sutural anomalies in conjunction with craniofacial clefting are unusual. A case
      of median frontal clefting is presented in which there was an absence of a normal
      metopic suture and replacement by paramedian frontal sutures. The association of
      an underlying brain anomaly, with attendant surgical difficulties, is noted, as
      are the radiological techniques of preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 1814489
TI  - Frontal bone advancement and compensatory craniofacial growth changes in rabbits
      with experimental coronal suture immobilization.
AB  - Recent clinical advances in the surgical correction of coronal suture synostosis
      involve the overcorrection of a frontal bone segment to allow for unrestricted
      expansion of the developing neurocapsular matrix. However, the effects of such
      large-scale calvarial repositioning on subsequent brain mass growth trajectories
      and compensatory cranio-facial growth changes is unclear. This study was designed
      to investigate this relationship in an experimental rabbit model of bilateral
      coronal suture synostosis. Amalgam markers were placed across the frontonasal,
      coronal, and anterior lambdoid sutures in thirty-one 1.5-week-old rabbits. Twenty
      one animals underwent bilateral coronal suture immobilization using methyl
      methacrylate. Ten animals were left untreated and served as sham controls. At 6
      weeks of age, the coronal suture was released by frontal bone craniotomy or
      frontal bone craniotomy with a 6-mm frontal bone advancement. Lateral head
      radiographs were taken at 1.5, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 18 weeks of age. Results revealed
      that by 6 weeks of age, animals with coronal suture immobilization exhibited
      growth disturbances across the various sutures resulting in altered craniofacial
      and cranial vault shape compared to control animals. Following coronal suture
      release, animals that underwent craniotomy showed rapid restenosis, which
      resulted in significantly altered cranial vault shape and cranial
      orthocephalization by 18 weeks of age. Animals that underwent frontal bone
      advancement exhibited normal overall craniofacial growth by 18 weeks of age
      compared with control animals but did exhibit regional compensatory growth
      disturbances at the frontonasal and anterior lambdoid sutures, possibly related
      to neural tissue distension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814490
TI  - The missing maxilla: restoring aesthetic balance with mandibular surgery.
AB  - Traumatic loss of large portions of the maxilla remains uncommon. Reconstruction
      demands careful attention to both the anatomy of the primary deformity as well as
      the associated secondary changes if there is to be acceptable restoration of
      facial aesthetics and function. In concert with rebuilding the missing maxilla,
      reconstruction may frequently involve repositioning the apparently undisturbed
      mandible.

PMID- 1814491
TI  - Hemifacial microsomia: assessment of classification systems.
AB  - Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) represents a spectrum of congenital malformations
      involving embryological derivatives of the first and second branchial arches. The
      multiple anomalies that may exist in HFM present considerable variability in
      patients with the diagnosis. Numerous classification systems have been devised to
      facilitate the individualized components of this complex condition. Because
      multiple HFM classification systems exist, their utility is frequently confusing
      and selection of a particular system is indeterminate. Several of the better
      known systems are evaluated using patients with variable expressivity of HFM.
      This review suggests that there currently exists no ideal classification system
      for this association of developmental malformations. The systems that were found
      to be most complete are acknowledged and recommendations or modifications are
      suggested.

PMID- 1814492
TI  - One-stage extracranial repair and reconstruction for frontoethmoidal
      encephalomeningocele: a new simple technique.
AB  - Forty-five patients born with frontoethmoidal encephalomeningoceles were treated
      using the craniofacial technique of one-stage extracranial repair and
      reconstruction. The operation begins with a bicoronal scalp flap, involving
      frontonasosuperomedial orbital wall osteotomy, reduction of the interorbital
      distance by nasal bone segment removal, hernial sac amputation and dural repair,
      medial orbital wall mobilization, medial canthopexy, and rib augmentation
      rhinoplasty. The result was very satisfactory. This new method has undoubtedly
      contributed in a major way to the improved results in frontoethmoidal
      encephalomeningocele treatment. We believe that the main advantages of this
      technique are that it offers a simple procedure for simultaneous correction of
      both soft tissue and bony deformities. The direct and external access to the neck
      of the hernial sac renders more secure dural repair with almost negligible
      cerebrospinal fluid leakage and eventually none of the postoperative brain
      sequelae. The postoperative course is less eventful and requires a shorter
      hospital stay than previous procedures.

PMID- 1814493
TI  - Percutaneous iliac bone grafting of secondary alveolar clefts.
AB  - Secondary bone grafting of residual alveolar clefts has become an integral part
      of the comprehensive care of children born with facial clefting. Although
      indications and timing may remain somewhat controversial, bone grafting during
      the period of mixed dentition has gained widespread acceptance. A number of bone
      graft sites have been proposed; each has its enthusiastic proponents. We believe
      that cancellous bone harvested from the ilium provides optimal material to
      achieve successful alveolar bone grafting. Unfortunately, this site has been
      associated with significant morbidity, primarily pain, which can prolong a
      patient's hospitalization. We relate our experience from two centers encompassing
      24 patients who underwent percutaneous harvesting of corticocancellous bone
      grafts from the ilium. With this method we were successful in obtaining adequate
      quantities of corticocancellous bone with the Craig bone biopsy needle regardless
      of the cleft size. Each patient was able to ambulate without difficulty within
      hours of surgery. We are currently performing alveolar bone grafting as an
      outpatient procedure employing this technique. In addition, we believe this
      method has particular usefulness in Third World countries.

PMID- 1814494
TI  - Massive teratoma of the sphenoid sinus in a premature infant.

PMID- 1814495
TI  - Semirigid bone fixation: a new concept in orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 1814496
TI  - Duraplasty in cranial base resection.
AB  - Complications of cerebrospinal fluid leakage following cranial base surgery are a
      predominant source of morbidity and mortality. The physical properties of the
      dura in this region, advanced patient age, previous irradiation, and the extent
      of tumor resection often limit or complicate the reconstructive options available
      to cranial base surgeons. We describe a technique that delivers vascularized
      tissue to the dural wound by transposing a dural flap based on the axial pedicle
      blood supply from the middle meningeal artery. This "duraplasty" can allow
      primary closure of defects at the cranial base. The donor site, which is less
      gravitationally dependent, more accessible, and often not affected by radiation
      therapy, can be closed using traditional methods. Advantages, disadvantages, and
      indications for this technique are discussed.

PMID- 1814497
TI  - Special issue in honor of Bruno Zimm.

PMID- 1814499
TI  - Condensation of DNA by multivalent cations: considerations on mechanism.
AB  - DNA is generally found within viruses and cells in a tightly packaged state,
      typically occupying only 10(-4)-10(-6) of the volume of the uncondensed DNA
      wormlike coil. Condensation can be induced in vitro at low salt by the naturally
      occurring polyamines spermidine3+ and spermine4+, by hexammine cobalt(III), and
      even by Mg2+ in methanol-water mixtures. These condensates generally have an
      orderly, toroidal, or rodlike shape and size similar to that of DNA gently lysed
      from phage heads. It is also striking that the condensate size distribution is
      independent of DNA molecular length from 400 to 40,000 base pairs (bp), but that
      shorter DNA molecules (e.g., 150-bp mononucleosomal DNA) cannot condense in this
      fashion. We have constructed a successive association equilibrium theory to
      attempt to explain these results, using an equation devised by Tanford for
      micelle formation. Most of the obvious attractive and repulsive free energy
      contributions (mixing, bending, hydration, and other nearest-neighbor
      interactions) are linear in the amount of DNA incorporated, but the net
      attractive delta G0 grows nonlinearly because of the increasing average number of
      nearest neighbors of each duplex as the particle grows. In order that the size
      distribution have a maximum, a quadratic repulsive free energy is also required,
      arising from the electrostatic self-energy of the incompletely neutralized
      particles. The net attractive free energy per base pair interaction is tiny, on
      the order of 10(-3) kT. Despite the apparent generally correct order of magnitude
      of the various free energy terms, the calculated size distribution is smaller and
      narrower than observed experimentally. It appears that the size distribution of
      condensed particles is determined kinetically rather than thermodynamically. Very
      short DNA molecules cannot nucleate stable aggregates because they cannot develop
      adequate overlap, either internally or intermolecularly. A substantial fraction
      of rodlike condensates is observed in aqueous solutions only with a rather
      inefficient condensing agent, permethylated spermidine. This suggests that slow
      condensation kinetics may be required to overcome the high activation energy of
      highly distorted DNA bends or kinks at the turning points of rods. Evidence is
      reviewed that condensation may be associated with localized helix structure
      distortion provoked by condensing agents.

PMID- 1814498
TI  - Parameters of helix-coil transition theory for alanine-based peptides of varying
      chain lengths in water.
AB  - Thermal unfolding curves have been measured for a series of short alanine-based
      peptides that contain repeating sequences and varying chain lengths. Standard
      helix-coil theory successfully fits the observed transition curves, even for
      these short peptides. The results provide values for sigma, the helix nucleation
      constant, delta H0, the enthalpy change on helix formation, and for s (0 degree
      C), the average helix propagation parameter at 0 degree C. The enthalpy change
      agrees with the value determined calorimetrically. The success of helix-coil
      theory in describing the unfolding transitions of short peptides in water
      indicates that helical propensities, or s values, can be determined from
      substitution experiments in short alanine-based peptides.

PMID- 1814500
TI  - Cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides with two aromatic side chains. I. Synthesis.
AB  - A series of cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides--2-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-5-benzyl
      4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedi one (c[mPhe-gTyr]), 2-benzyl-5-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]
      4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedione (c[mTyr-gPhe]), and 2-benzyl-5-amino-5-[(4
      hydroxy)benzyl]-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedione (c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe])-
      were synthesized in order to define the minimum structural requirements for
      binding affinity with opiate receptors and biological activity. Although the
      first two compounds lack a free amine proposed to be necessary for receptor
      recognition, the c[mPhe-gTyr] and c[mTyr-gPhe] analogues serve as model molecules
      in conformational studies of the target analogue, c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe]. The
      cis- and trans-c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe] contain all the functional groups such
      as the amine and phenolic groups in the tyrosine, and the aromatic group in the
      phenylalanine, necessary for opiate activity. In addition, the c[(alpha
      amino)mTyr-gPhe] analogues possess similar geometries to the Tyr-Pro part of
      morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2) whose high mu-receptor activity is attributed
      to conformations with the Tyr-Pro amide bond in a cis conformation because the
      peptide bonds assume a cis conformation. However, both analogues are inactive in
      the guinea pig ileum and the mouse vas deferens assays. This may result from
      wrong orientation of the benzyl group of the gPhe residue with respect to the
      (alpha-amino)mTyr residue. Conformational studies of these molecules using 1H-nmr
      spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations will be reported in the
      following paper. Results of conformational analysis should provide information
      about backbone-side-chain interactions in the retro-inverso peptide chains since
      all the fundamental structural elements of the retro-inverso peptides are
      included in these model systems even though the peptide bonds must assume a cis
      conformation.

PMID- 1814501
TI  - Cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides with two aromatic side chains. II. Conformational
      analysis.
AB  - The conformations of cis and trans cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides--2-[(4
      hydroxy)benzyl]-5-benzyl-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedi one (c[mTyr-gPhe]), and 2
      benzyl-5-amino-5-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinedione (c[mTyr
      gPhe]), and 2-benzyl-5-amino-5-[(4-hydroxy)benzyl]-4,6(1H,2H,3H,5H)
      pyrimidinedione (c[(alpha-amino)mTyr-gPhe])--and the parent cyclic dipeptides-
      c[tyrosyl-phenylalanine] (cis-c[L-Tyr-L-Phe]) and c[tyrosyl-D-phenylalanine]
      (trans-c[L-Tyr-D-Phe])--were studied by using 1H-nmr spectroscopy and
      semiempirical energy calculations. In the cis compounds of all the cyclic retro
      inverso and parent dipeptides, the most stable conformer has both aromatic side
      chains sharing the space over the backbone ring in a "face-to-face" fashion. All
      the trans compounds predominantly assume a "sandwich" conformation in which the
      two aromatic rings are folded back over the backbone ring on opposite sides.
      However, different conformational preferences were observed for the backbones
      between the retro-inverso and parent cyclic dipeptides. The parent cyclic
      dipeptide trans-c[L-Tyr-D-Phe] adopts two types of boat structures with different
      side-chain orientations in almost equal amounts: one with the Tyr side chain in a
      pseudoaxial position and the Phe side chain in a pseudoequatorial position, the
      other with the Tyr side chain in a pseudoequatorial position and the Phe side
      chain in a pseudoaxial position. On the other hand, the cyclic retro-inverso
      dipeptides trans-c[mPhe-gTyr] and trans c[mTyr-gPhe] assume only one type of boat
      structure in which the malonyl side chain is in a pseudoequatorial and the gem
      diamino side chain is in a pseudoaxial position. In addition to the preferred
      conformations, the conformational energies of the C alpha--C beta bonds in the
      malonyl and gem-diamino residues were estimated from the temperature variation of
      vicinal 1H--1H coupling constants for the H--C alpha--C beta--H groupings
      observed for the trans isomers of cyclic retro-inverso dipeptides. The energies
      were evaluated to be 1.1 and 1.8 kcal mol-1 for the malonyl and gem-diamino
      residues, respectively. Applying these energies to the parent cyclic dipeptide
      trans-c[L-Tyr-D-Phe], the observed fractions of three side-chain conformations
      are reasonably reproduced. The conformational energies as well as conformational
      properties of the molecules estimated in this investigation may be useful to
      refine force constants for both parent and retro-inverso peptides with aromatic
      side chains.

PMID- 1814502
TI  - Conformational energy studies of beta-sheets of model silk fibroin peptides. I.
      Sheets of poly(Ala-Gly) chains.
AB  - A new model structure is proposed for the silk I form of the crystalline domains
      of Bombyx mori silk fibroin and the corresponding crystal form of poly(L-Ala
      Gly). It was deduced from conformational energy computations on stacked sheet
      structures of poly(L-Ala-Gly). The novel sheet structure contains interstrand
      hydrogen bonds but is composed of anti-parallel polypeptide chains whose
      conformation differs from that of the antiparallel beta-sheets that constitute
      the silk II structure. The strands of the new sheet have a two-residue repeat, in
      which the Ala residues adopt a right-handed and the Gly residues a left-handed
      sheet-like conformation. The computed unit cell is orthorhombic, with cell
      dimensions a = 8.94 A, b = 6.46 A, and c = 11.26 A. The model accounts for most
      spacings in the observed fiber x-ray diffraction patterns of silk I and of the
      silk-I-like form of poly(L-Ala-Gly), and it is consistent with nmr and ir
      spectroscopic data. As a test of the computations, the well-established beta
      sheet structure of silk II and the corresponding form of poly(L-Ala-Gly) have
      been reproduced. The computed energies for the two forms of poly(L-Ala-Gly)
      indicate that the silk-II-like form is more stable, by about 1.0 kcal/mol per
      residue. The main difference between the two structures is the orientation of the
      Ala side chains of neighboring strands in each sheet. In the Pauling-Corey beta
      sheet and in the silk II form, referred to as an "in-register" structure, the Ala
      side chains of every strand point to the same side of a sheet. In the silk I
      structure, referred to as "out-of-register," the side chains of Ala residues in
      adjacent strands point to opposite sides of the sheet.

PMID- 1814503
TI  - The elastic resilience of DNA can induce all-or-none structural transitions in
      the nucleosome core particle.
AB  - DNA on the surface of the histone octamer in the native nucleosome core particle
      is modeled as a circumferentially wound elastic line on the surface of a
      cylinder. In a model for the radial transition, the line is allowed to
      straighten, and thus lose energy, by swinging off the surface, but it is impeded
      in such an excursion by a radial force field representing the attractive
      interaction between DNA and histone octamer. In a model for the axial transition,
      the line may straighten by becoming more parallel to a generator of the cylinder
      while remaining on the surface. In this mode of straightening, dimer-tetramer or
      tetramer-tetramer interfaces are disrupted, and the resulting energy gain impedes
      the transition. Both radial and axial transitions are predicted to occur in all
      or-none fashion. We propose that these models are related to the abrupt
      transitions actually observed in the nucleosome core particle.

PMID- 1814504
TI  - Effects of Na+ on the persistence length and excluded volume of T7 bacteriophage
      DNA.
AB  - Total intensity, Rayleigh light scattering has been used to measure the rms
      radius, second virial coefficient, persistence length, and excluded volume of
      homogeneous T7 bacteriophage DNA as a function of Na+ concentration (0.005 to 3.0
      M). All parameters decrease sharply as [Na+] increases, and tend to level off at
      high Na+. The variation of persistence length with [Na+] is consistent with
      predictions from counterion condensation theory.

PMID- 1814505
TI  - Comparison of the conformational dynamics of the (1----4)- and (1----6)-linked
      alpha-D-glucans using 13C-NMR relaxation.
AB  - The conformational dynamics of alpha-(1----4)- and alpha-(1----6)-glucan
      homooligomers in the nanosecond time domain have been compared by measuring the
      13C-nmr longitudinal relaxation times T1 for carbons of the terminal and interior
      sugar residues. Measurements are reported on monomeric glucose and on oligomers
      containing up to ten glucose residues at room temperature in aqueous solution at
      concentrations of 3 and 20 g/dL. The carbons of terminal residues display longer
      relaxation times than do those of interior residues, presumably as a consequence
      of a greater degree of conformational mobility of the chain ends. The T1s of the
      reducing terminal residues of all oligomers are significantly longer than those
      of the corresponding nonreducing termini, a phenomenon that we associate
      tentatively with the anomeric equilibrium at the reducing end. Carbons of the
      reducing terminal residues in the beta-anomeric form relax more slowly than their
      alpha-anomeric counterparts. At 20 g/dL the mean T1s for carbons of the terminal
      and interior residues attain asymptotic behavior with increasing chain length at
      a chain length of about six residues, and carbons of the alpha-(1----4)-linked
      maltooligomers relax significantly more slowly than those of the corresponding
      alpha-(1----6)-linked isomaltooligomers. The T1s of both glucan series increase
      with decreasing concentration. This concentration dependence disappears below 3
      g/dL, where the T1s of the two series of homoligomers are no longer
      distinguishable. This suggests that in dilute aqueous solution at room
      temperature viscous damping effects predominate over contributions to the T1
      sensitive conformational dynamics from structural differences in the glycosidic
      linkage region. At 3 g/dL the approach to long chain-length asymptotic behavior
      is more protracted than at 20 g/dL, and the T1s of carbons of interior oligomeric
      residues appear to match the corresponding high-polymer behavior at a chain
      length of eight and greater.

PMID- 1814506
TI  - Importance of oligoelectrolyte end effects for the thermodynamics of
      conformational transitions of nucleic acid oligomers: a grand canonical Monte
      Carlo analysis.
AB  - Effects of salt concentration on the stabilities of oligonucleotide helices are
      analyzed directly in terms of delta gamma N----yN identical to gamma denyN -
      gamma natN, the difference in the salt-nucleotide phosphate preferential
      interaction coefficients for the denatured state, having yN phosphate charges,
      and for the native state, having N phosphate charges (y = 1 for hairpin
      denaturation and y = 0.5 for dimer denaturation). Previous experimental studies
      of the denaturation of hairpin oligonucleotides (having 18 less than N less than
      44) indicate significant differences between delta gamma N----N and delta gamma
      infinity, the value determined for the denaturation of the corresponding
      polynucleotide. These differences are thermodynamic manifestations of the
      oligoelectrolyte end effect. In contrast, the available data on the denaturation
      of oligonucleotide dimer helices (N less than or equal to 22) imply that
      differences between delta gamma infinity and delta gamma N----0.5N, and hence
      oligoelectrolyte end effects, are small or negligible. To determine the origin of
      these apparently conflicting implications concerning the importance of
      oligoelectrolyte end effects, we have calculated the N dependence of gamma N from
      grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for an idealized model of the structure
      and charge distribution of each oligomer conformation. Our calculations are in
      quantitative agreement with the experimental finding for d(TA) hairpin oligomers
      that -delta gamma N----N decreases linearly as N-1 increases, and with the extant
      experimental determinations of delta gamma N----0.5N. These results provide an
      illustration of how the large electrostatic end effects exhibited by the hairpin
      denaturation data are masked when delta gamma infinity is compared with values of
      delta gamma N----0.5N for short dimer helices (N less than or equal to 22). For
      0.5N greater than 24, -delta gamma N----0.5N is predicted to be a linear function
      of N-1 whose slope has the opposite sign from, and is more salt-concentration
      dependent than, the corresponding slope of -delta gamma N----N as a function of N
      1. Our calculations also yield predictions about the N dependences of the
      individual values of gamma N that can be tested by determining Donnan
      coefficients from membrane dialysis equilibrium experiments. For long enough
      hairpin and dimer oligonucleotides (yN greater than or equal to 24), in either
      native or denatured forms, we predict that the (positive) difference gamma
      infinity - gamma N increases linearly with increasing N-1. For smaller values of
      N the difference gamma infinity - gamma N continues to increase with increasing N
      1.

PMID- 1814507
TI  - The helix-coil transition in heterogeneous peptides with specific side-chain
      interactions: theory and comparison with CD spectral data.
AB  - Natural and synthetic peptides that contain detectable intramolecular alpha
      helical structure in aqueous solution have been used to evaluate the helical
      propensities for the common amino acids. Experimental spectroscopic data must be
      fit to a model of the helix-coil transition in order to determine quantitative
      stability constants for each amino acid. We present here a statistical mechanical
      description of helix formation in peptides or protein fragments that takes into
      account multiple internal conformations, heterogeneity in the stabilizing effects
      of different side chains, and specific side-chain-side-chain interactions. The
      model enables one to calculate values of [theta]222 for a given peptide using the
      length dependence of the helix signal computed by a quantum mechanical treatment
      of the n pi * transition that dominates the 222-nm band. In addition, the helical
      probability at any residue in the chain is readily computed, and should prove
      useful as nmr spectral data become available. The free energy of specific side
      chain interactions, including ion pair formation, can be evaluated. Application
      of the analysis to experimental data on a pair of isomeric peptides, only one of
      which contains ion pairs, indicates that forming a single glutamate-lysine ion
      pair stabilizes the alpha-helix by 0.50 kcal/mole in 10 mM sodium ion and pH 7. A
      survey of the CD data measured for a variety of model peptides is presented,
      indicating that a single set of s values and sigma constant can account for some
      but not all of the available results.

PMID- 1814508
TI  - Distance-dependent dielectric constants and their application to double-helical
      DNA.
AB  - Detailed studies of structures of biological macromolecules, even in simplified
      models, involve many costly and time-consuming calculations. Any thorough methods
      require sampling of an extremely large conformation and momentum space.
      Calculations of electrostatic interactions, which depend on many physical
      factors, such as the details of solvent, solvent accessibility in macromolecules,
      and molecular polarizability, are always developed in a compromise between more
      rigorous, detailed models and the need for immediate application to complicated
      biological systems. In this paper, a middle ground is taken between the more
      exact theoretical models and the simplest constant values for the dielectric
      constant. The effects of solvent, counterions, and molecular polarizability are
      incorporated through a set of adjustable parameters that should be determined
      from experimental conditions. Several previous forms for the dielectric function
      are compared with the new ones. The present methods use Langevin functions to
      span the region of dielectric constant between bulk solvent and cavity values.
      Application of such dielectric models to double-helical DNA is important because
      base-stacking preferences were previously demonstrated [A. Sarai, J. Mazur, R.
      Nussinov, and R. L. Jernigan (1988) Biochemistry, vol. 27, pp. 8498-8502] to be
      sensitive to the electrostatic formulation. Here we find that poly(dG).poly(dC)
      can be A form for high screening and B form for low screening. By contrast,
      poly(dA).poly(dT) can only take the B form. Base stacking is more sensitive to
      the form of the dielectric function than are the sugar-phosphate backbone
      conformations. Also in B form, the backbone conformations are not so affected by
      the base types as in A form.

PMID- 1814509
TI  - The three states of globular proteins: acid denaturation.
AB  - We describe statistical mechanical theory that aims to predict protein
      stabilities as a function of temperature, pH, and salt concentration, from the
      physical properties of the constituent amino acids: (1) the number of nonpolar
      groups, (2) the chain length, (3) the temperature-dependent free energy of
      transfer, (4) the pKa's (including those in the native state) and their
      temperature dependencies. We calculate here the phase diagrams for apomyoglobin
      and hypothetical variant proteins. The theory captures essential features of
      protein stability including myoglobin's Tm vs pH as measured by P. L. Privalov
      [(1979) Advances in Protein Chemistry, Vol. 33, pp. 167-241] and its ionic
      strength vs pH phase diagram as measured by Y. Goto and A. L. Fink [(1990)
      Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 214, pp. 803-805]. The main predictions here
      are the following: (1) There are three stable states, corresponding to native
      (N), compact denatured (C), and highly unfolded (U), with transitions between
      them. (2) In agreement with experiments, the compact denatured state is predicted
      to have enthalpy closer to U than N because even though there is considerable
      hydrophobic "clustering" in C, this nevertheless represents a major loss of
      hydrophobic contacts relative to configurations (N) that have a hydrophobic
      "core." (3) C becomes more prominent in the phase diagram with increasing
      nonpolar content or decreasing chain length, perhaps thus accounting for (a) why
      lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin differ in their denatured states, and (b) why
      shortened Staph nuclease molecules are compact. (4) Of major importance for
      protein calorimetry is Privalov's observation that the enthalpy of folding, delta
      H (T, pH) is independent of pH. The theory accounts for this through the
      prediction that the main electrostatic contribution to stability is not
      enthalpic; the main contribution is the entropy, mainly due to the different
      distributions of protons and small ions in the native and denatured states.

PMID- 1814510
TI  - Transient electric birefringence of two small DNA restriction fragments of the
      same molecular weight.
AB  - The transient electric birefringence of two small DNA restriction fragments of
      the same molecular weight, one of which migrates anomalously slowly on
      polyacrylamide gels, has been investigated. Both fragments exhibit negative
      birefringence. The decay of the birefringence of the anomalously slowly migrating
      fragment is 8-9% faster than that of the normally migrating fragment. The faster
      birefringence decay of the anomalous fragment 12A persists under a variety of
      buffer conditions, suggesting that it is due primarily to static bending and/or
      curvature of fragment 12A. In reversing electric fields the absolute amplitude of
      the birefringence of fragments 12A and 12B decreased about 26% before returning
      to the steady state value. The minimum in the birefringence occurred faster than
      expected from the birefringence decay times and decreased with increasing
      electric field strength, suggesting that the minimum is due to a slow
      polarization of the ion atmosphere. For both fragments, the rise of the
      birefringence in the Kerr region is about 10% slower than the field-free decay.
      The buildup of the negative birefringence is preceded either by an interval when
      no birefringence is observed or by a small positively birefringent transient,
      suggesting that a small transverse ionic polarizability is also present. Both DNA
      fragments exhibit Kerr law behavior over most of the range of electric field
      strengths investigated. Analysis of the shapes of the saturation curves suggests
      that differences may exist in the polarization mechanisms of the two fragments.

PMID- 1814511
TI  - [Helicobacter pylori: identification and correlation between its presence and the
      histological modification of the mucous membrane in the course of duodenal ulcer
      and chronic gastritis].

PMID- 1814513
TI  - Ultrastructural features in an erythrophagocytic T4 lymphoma.
AB  - Electron microscopic investigation allowed the identification and
      characterization of the atypical malignant cells in a case of T-cell lymphoma.
      The proliferating cells were endowed with characteristics belonging to two
      different lineages: phagocytic ability, complement receptors and ultrastructural
      features proper to the macrophagic lineage, and T-cell determinants (E receptors,
      T3, T4 and T11 antigens). The cells were peroxidase and esterase negative. The
      erythrocytes were partially or completely dehemoglobinized and presented the
      phenomenon of autolysis in different stages of evolution. Because this lymphoma
      is difficult to diagnose and is apparently resistant to therapy, its recognition
      and further study are warranted.

PMID- 1814512
TI  - An ultrastructural study of the synovial fluid (S.F.) in rheumatoid arthritis
      versus ankylotic spondylarthritis.
AB  - Our studies focused on the cytomorphological and ultrastructural analysis of ten
      synovial fluid (S.F.) samples from patients with serum positive rheumatoid
      arthritis (R.A.) (latex 1/1280, 1/640 and Waaler-Rose 1/1024, 1/1512) as compared
      to five S.F. sampes from patients with peripheral ankylotic spondylarthritis
      (A.S.). The cytomorphological investigation aimed at defining the cellularity,
      ragocytosis and synoviocytogram. We found out that the average number of cells
      (R.A. = 8060/mm3; A.S. = 6100/mm3), percentage of ragocytes (R.A. = 75%; A.S. =
      25%), polymorphonuclear cells (R.A. = 70%; A.S. = 58%), degradative
      polymorphonuclear cells (R.A. = 7%, A.S. = 3%) and phagocytic mononuclear cells
      (R.A. = 16%; A.S. = 13%) are by far larger in R.A. than in A.S., whereas the
      lymphocyte percentage is much more reduced (R.A. = 13%; A.S. = 26%).
      Ultrastructurally, the rheumatoid S.F. ragocytes present specific
      intracytoplasmic inclusions and phagolysosomes pointing to an endocytotic
      activity. At the level of the degradative polymorphonuclear cells (7%
      cytomorphologically confirmed), the alteration of the granular-fibrillar
      structure of the nucleus and the presence of some cytoplasmic lysis areas were
      associated with the absence of cellular organelles. We also noticed cellular and
      collagen detritus. In A.S. the ultrastructural effect on the polymorphonuclear
      cells is much more reduced (3%) as compared to R.A. and resides in the dilatation
      of both mitochondrial cristae and granularendoreticular cisternae as well as in a
      slight concentration of the fibrogranular nuclear matter. The cells are
      considerably active in endocytosis. The phagocytotic mononuclear cells of the
      rheumatoid S.F. and A.S. are morphologically identical to the immunologically
      activated macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814514
TI  - Clastogenic effects induced in vitro by CCNU and AMD during G2-phase in bone
      marrow cells of Wistar rats.
AB  - Three concentrations of CCNU and AMD (1, 5 and 10 micrograms/ml) were given to
      bone marrow cells of Wistar rats immediately after their removal from the body
      into the culture medium. Abnormal metaphases observed 2, 3 and 4 h later were
      considered to represent the effect induced by the two drugs on G2-phase
      chromosomes in a cell population that traversed in vivo previous phases of the
      cell cycle. In order to determine if the cells examined at metaphase completed S
      phase in vivo, BroU at 100 micrograms/ml was added into the culture medium and
      metaphases displaying replication banding were scored 2, 3 and 4 hours
      afterwards. Only 4% of metaphases with incorporated BrdU (Bromodeoxyuridine) were
      seen after 4 hours exposure and none after 2 or 3 hours, indicating that
      treatment was given to cells during G2-phase. A dose-related clastogenic action
      was observed both after AMD and CCNU treatments, but the response was essentially
      determined by the lapse of time between treatment and mitosis. The highest
      chromosome damaging effect was induced by CCNU when administered 4 hours before
      mitosis, while AMD reached the highest clastogenic effectiveness when given 2
      hours before mitosis. These results express G2 sensitivity of bone marrow cells
      that traversed G1- and S-phases in vivo and consequently possessed a biochemical
      "machinery" initiated and effective into the rat body. The capability of primary
      cultures of bone marrow cells to mimic the mechanisms of the in vivo clastogenic
      action is discussed.

PMID- 1814515
TI  - Mixed folliculo-papillary and squamous cell variant of medullary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - A case of thyroid carcinoma with a triple medullary, folliculo-papillary and
      squamous differentiation is reported. Lymph node metastatic deposits showed
      folliculo-papillary and squamous cell areas. The problems of histogenesis are
      discussed.

PMID- 1814516
TI  - The spermatogram of a man into a couple bearing a total molar pregnancy. Case
      report.

PMID- 1814517
TI  - Implant disease--a new arena.

PMID- 1814518
TI  - High-strength ceramic abutment provides esthetic, functional alternative.

PMID- 1814519
TI  - Diskimplant system yields tricortical support to make the most of available bone.

PMID- 1814520
TI  - Periotest measures stability of implants and natural teeth.

PMID- 1814521
TI  - You and me and the FDA.

PMID- 1814522
TI  - Implant esthetics. 2. Understand nature of tooth loss before tackling anterior
      maxillary single-tooth replacement.

PMID- 1814523
TI  - New technology. 2. High-strength ceramic abutment provides esthetic, functional
      alternative.

PMID- 1814524
TI  - Octabutment screw-retained restorative system.

PMID- 1814525
TI  - Pathogenesis of the spondylarthropathies.

PMID- 1814526
TI  - Pregnancy and aPL.

PMID- 1814527
TI  - AIDS and Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - HIV infection can produce a clinical syndrome and immunologic changes similar to
      those seen in SS. HIV infection can occasionally result in an SS-like disease but
      without the formation of antibodies to Ro(SS-A) or La(SS-B). Could this mean that
      a retrovirus yet to be discovered is responsible for the autoimmune exocrinopathy
      known as SS? Evidence to date is circumstantial, based on antibodies to a
      retroviral protein (p24). The idea that retroviruses act in a genetically
      susceptible host to cause SS is a reasonable hypothesis. Syphilis and Lyme
      disease are both models where infectious organisms cause chronic multi-system
      disease. The virus of SS need not be a foreign invader but could be an endogenous
      retrovirus contained within our own genetic material (10, 11). More investigation
      is needed to exploit the research opportunities that have appeared in clinical
      immunology since the AIDS epidemic first appeared.

PMID- 1814528
TI  - Coexistence of acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the
      vestibular efferent neurons in the rat.
AB  - An immunocytochemical study combined with the retrograde tracer technique was
      performed in the rat to assess the vestibular efferent system. All 3 neuron
      groups which give rise to axons terminating on the vestibular end-organs were
      cholinergic, i.e., a group dorsolateral to the genu of the facial nerve (DL), a
      group dorsomedial to this genu (M), and scattered cells in the parvocellular
      reticular nucleus (PCRt). In addition, we further demonstrated that about 55% of
      the cholinergic cells in DL had calcitonin gene-related peptide.

PMID- 1814529
TI  - Effects of substantia nigra gamma-vinyl-GABA infusions on flurothyl seizures in
      adult rats.
AB  - There is evidence implicating the nigral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in
      the control of seizures. Our previous studies have demonstrated that, in rat
      pups, intranigrally infused gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG, 5-20 micrograms) strongly
      suppresses flurothyl-induced tonic but not clonic seizures. Furthermore, nigral
      infusions of bicuculline or muscimol abolish the anticonvulsant effect of GVG. In
      this study, we report that in adult rats bilateral infusions of GVG (20
      micrograms) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) significantly
      elevated the thresholds for both clonic and tonic seizures induced by flurothyl.
      Lower doses (5 and 10 micrograms) did not significantly protect adult rats
      against seizures, but there was a significant effect of GVG dose. Unilateral
      infusion of GVG (20 micrograms) in the SNR did not alter the thresholds for
      flurothyl-induced seizures. Intranigral infusions of bicuculline following
      pretreatment with GVG abolished the protective effect of GVG on flurothyl-induced
      seizures, indicating that the anticonvulsant effect of GVG is most likely
      mediated by the nigral GABAA receptor. Intranigral administration of muscimol
      after GVG pretreatment significantly suppressed flurothyl-induced seizures, but
      the combined effect of the two drugs was not as strong as that of GVG alone. The
      data suggest that GVG protects adult rats against flurothyl-induced seizures. In
      adults, however, the dose of GVG required to protect against both clonic and
      tonic seizures is higher than that needed in rat pup SNR.

PMID- 1814530
TI  - Effects of cholinergic agonists on two non-pyramidal cell types in rat
      hippocampal slices.
AB  - In the hippocampus, pyramidal cells (PCs) are not the only cell type sensitive to
      cholinergic stimulation. Two non-pyramidal cell types from animals as young as 8
      days demonstrated clear, direct responses to application of cholinergic agonists.
      These cholinergic actions are excitatory, mostly blocked by muscarinic
      antagonists, and persist under conditions which block synaptic transmission (TTX,
      low Ca2+/high Mg2+). Cholinergic agonists may affect different conductances in
      interneurons than in PCs, sometimes resulting in rapid depolarization.
      Demonstration of direct excitatory cholinergic effects on inhibitory interneurons
      supports the view that cholinergically-evoked hyperpolarizations in PCs are due
      to local circuit interactions.

PMID- 1814531
TI  - Brain ubiquitin is markedly elevated in Alzheimer disease.
AB  - Levels of ubiquitin, microtubule associated protein tau and tubulin were
      determined by immunoassays in homogenates of cerebrum and cerebellum of Alzheimer
      disease and aged control cases. Ubiquitin levels increased many fold in the
      cerebral cortex of Alzheimer disease cases and the increase correlated strongly
      with the degree of neurofibrillary changes in the tissue. The increase in
      ubiquitin was much less remarkable in the cerebral white matter. Cerebellum which
      is unaffected with neurofibrillary changes in Alzheimer disease had normal levels
      of ubiquitin both in gray matter and in white matter. There was an appreciable
      increase in abnormally phosphorylated tau in an Alzheimer disease brain with
      severe neurofibrillary degeneration, whereas the normal tau levels were increased
      only slightly. Tubulin was slightly decreased in the cerebral gray matter but not
      in the adjacent white matter. Marked increase in brain ubiquitin in Alzheimer
      disease suggests the role of ubiquitin in the pathobiology of Alzheimer disease.

PMID- 1814532
TI  - Hemispheric asymmetry of late auditory evoked response induced by pitch changes
      in infants: influence of sleep stages.
AB  - Late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs) have been recorded in response to a 1000
      Hz standard (occurrence 80%) or a 2000 Hz deviant (occurrence 20%) tone on the
      left (T3) and right (T4) temporal scalp in 6-week-old full-term newborns during
      pure quiet or active sleep states. Sleep states were premanently controlled by
      polygraphic recording including EEG, EOG, EMG, EKG and respiratory movements.
      During quiet sleep LAEPs consisted of a clear polygraphic response: N1-P2-N2-P3.
      Mean latencies ranges on T3 and T4 were: N1 = 28-70 ms; P2 = 343-407 ms; N2 = 966
      1178 ms; and P3 = 1461-1492 ms. During active sleep LAEPs consisted of a N1-P2-N2
      response. Mean latency ranges on T3 and T4 were: N1 = 36-79 ms; P2 = 278-304 ms;
      N2 = 555-620 ms. N2 latency was significantly shorter in AS than in QS. Amplitude
      of the N1-P2-N2 complex was significantly lower during active sleep. In response
      to standard stimuli, mean amplitudes and latencies of the LAEP were similar on T3
      and T4 during active or quiet sleep states. In response to deviant stimuli mean
      amplitude of the N1-P2-N2 complex was significantly higher and mean latencies of
      N1 and N2 were significantly shorter on T3 during quiet sleep. No significant
      difference was observed during active sleep. These results confirm that sleep
      stages have a considerable influence on cortical auditory pathways. The auditory
      message is amplified during quiet sleep and inhibited during active sleep.
      Therefore sleep states need to be controlled to analyze LAEPs in young
      children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814533
TI  - Rapid postmortem decrease in the ectocellular acetylcholinesterase activity in
      rat striatum as assessed by in vivo microspectrophotometry.
AB  - The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in striatum rat was determined before
      and shortly after death using the in vivo microspectrophotometric method. This
      technique allowed us to monitor the Ellman colorimetric reaction directly inside
      the brain using an optical probe implanted in a live animal and to determine
      locally the AChE activity. Whatever the cause of the animals death, we observed a
      drastic postmortem decrease of the AChE activity of about 35-50%, 10 min after
      death. We have verified that the postmortem decrease of brain temperature or pH
      and postmortem optical properties changes could only explain a fraction of the
      AChE activity fall (16%). This phenomenon seems to be related to events strictly
      localized at the cellular level, since local injection of cyanide at the
      measuring site promotes a decrease of the enzymatic activity (40%) close to the
      levels observed after death. The origin of this rapid postmortem fall of the AChE
      activity is discussed. The technical properties of the microspectrophotometric
      method exclude a decrease of the ectocellular pool of enzyme after death. Our
      results allow us to envisage the existence of an in vivo endogenous regulation of
      the AChE activity which disappears shortly after death.

PMID- 1814534
TI  - Depletion of brain serotonin by 5,7-DHT modifies hamster circadian rhythm
      response to light.
AB  - The midbrain raphe complex innervates the circadian rhythm regulating system by
      direct projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate
      leaflet (IGL). The present experiments examined the changes in circadian rhythm
      regulation consequent to the depletion of brain serotonin by central 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (DHT) application. Adult male hamsters with access to running
      wheels were entrained to a light-dark cycle 14:10 (LD) of photoperiod, pre
      treated with desmethylimipramine and given bilateral lateral ventricle infusions
      of 75 micrograms DHT/2.5 microliters 0.5% ascorbic acid in saline or vehicle
      only. Two separate experiments were performed. Four weeks after surgery, animals
      were transferred to either constant light (LL; Experiment 1) or constant dark
      (DD; Experiment 2). Animals remained in LL for 85 days, then were transferred to
      DD for 50 days, followed by a return to LD 14:10 for 14 days. Animals in Expt. 2
      remained in DD for 55 days, were given 3 days food deprivation, then, beginning
      35 days later, were periodically exposed to 30 min light pulses as a phase
      response curve (PRC) to light was generated. DHT treatment induced rapid
      appearance of advanced activity onset, delayed offset and longer duration of the
      nocturnal activity phase. DHT animals in LL had circadian locomotor rhythms much
      longer than control animals (24.43 +/- 0.04 vs 24.19 +/- 0.05 h) and normal
      circadian rhythmicity was rapidly lost by DHT animals in LL. There was no effect
      of DHT on circadian period in DD, but the DHT treated animals in DD had a larger
      phase delay region of the PRC than did controls and this was associated with an
      overall change in the temporal properties of the PRC. Serotonin
      immunohistochemistry showed an approximate 90% loss of cells from the dorsal
      raphe nucleus and decreased density of the serotonergic terminal field in the SCN
      and IGL. The results support the view that the serotonergic system modulates the
      phasic actions of light on the hamster circadian rhythm system. The data also
      indicate that hamsters can have a Type 0 PRC.

PMID- 1814535
TI  - Serotonergic modulation of the hamster wheelrunning rhythm: response to lighting
      conditions and food deprivation.
AB  - Depletion of brain serotonin by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT) produces large
      changes in photic regulation of the hamster circadian running rhythm. This study
      documents the changes in daily wheelrunning caused by DHT lesions and their
      relationship to changes in photic conditions or food availability. Hamsters were
      given bilateral infusions of the selective neurotoxin during entrainment to a
      light-dark cycle (LD) of 14:10 h. At a later time, animals were transferred to
      constant light (LL) or dark (DD) for a prolonged period. Animals in DD were also
      subject to 3 days of food deprivation. Destruction of the serotonergic system
      does not change the amount of daily running in LD 14:10, but does alter the rate
      of running. Control animals respond to LL by greatly decreasing running compared
      to those with lesions. Food deprivation, a condition that greatly elevates
      running in control animals, is not nearly as effective in lesioned animals. The
      results suggest that serotonin-depleted hamsters have diminished responsiveness
      to environmental stimuli.

PMID- 1814536
TI  - Low doses of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid stimulate the firing rate of dopaminergic
      neurons in unanesthetized rats.
AB  - In unanesthetized rats the intravenous (i.v.) administration of gamma
      hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) at the doses of 50-400 mg/kg produced a dose-related
      stimulation (10-56%) of the firing rate of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars
      compacta of the substantia nigra. Doses of 1000 and 1500 mg/kg inhibited the
      firing rate almost completely. In unanesthetized rats the intraperitoneal
      injection of GHB at the dose of 750 mg/kg produced a brief initial stimulation
      (23%) followed by a modest reduction in the firing rate (29%). On the other hand,
      in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats the i.v. administration of GHB at cumulative
      doses of up to 200 mg/kg failed to modify the firing rate of DA neurons, while a
      cumulative dose of 400 mg/kg suppressed neuronal firing. The results indicate
      that sub-anesthetic doses of GHB stimulate the firing rate of DA neurons in
      unanesthetized rats.

PMID- 1814537
TI  - Restoration of serotonergic innervation underlies the behavioral effects of raphe
      grafts.
AB  - It has been previously demonstrated that an embryonic raphe grafted into a
      serotonin-depleted hippocampus restores normal serotonin innervation of the
      hippocampus and behaviors associated with serotonin. To test the possibility that
      the behavioral effects of these grafts result from non-specific actions of the
      grafted tissue or the grafting procedure itself, we compared raphe grafts with
      septal grafts, in serotonin-depleted rats. We also compared the effects of a
      serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine, on the behavior of normal,
      serotonin-depleted and raphe-grafted rats. The results indicate that the bulk of
      behavioral effects of raphe grafts are due to the serotonergic nature of the
      graft.

PMID- 1814539
TI  - Muscle denervation increases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) biosynthesis in
      the rat medullary raphe.
AB  - To determine whether thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) could exert a trophic
      role in ventral horn motor neurons, we examined the effect of muscle denervation
      with botulinum toxin A on TRH mRNA in the rat medullary raphe by in situ
      hybridization histochemistry. Compared to controls, denervated rats showed a
      significant increase in the number and silver grain density of hybridized
      medullary raphe neurons. Increased proTRH gene expression in the medullary raphe
      in response to motor unit perturbation indicates that TRH may be trophic to lower
      motor neurons.

PMID- 1814538
TI  - Hypothalamic blood flow autoregulation remains unaltered following surgical and
      pharmacological blockade of central vasopressin.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in urethane anaesthetized, ventilated rats to
      determine if brain arginine-vasopressin (AVP) plays a physiological role in
      cerebral blood flow autoregulation. Autoregulation was tested by determining
      local hypothalamic blood flow in the mediobasal hypothalamic area (HBF; H2-gas
      clearance technique) during consecutive stepwise lowering of systemic mean
      arterial pressure to 80, 60 and 40 mm Hg, by hemorrhage. Endogenous AVP was
      blocked by transecting the rostral, lateral and dorsal neuronal connections of
      the hypothalamus (including the median eminence) from all major brain areas, by
      bilateral transection of the vasopressin-containing fibres in the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal tract to the median eminence at the level of the lateral
      retrochiasmatic area (RCAL), and finally by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
      administration of an AVP antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (AAVP). Significant
      increases of daily water intake indicated impaired vasopressin release following
      both types of surgical transection. Resting HBF was significantly elevated both
      after surgical isolation of the hypothalamus and after 10 ng AAVP administration
      compared to controls. Blood flow autoregulation in the hypothalamic region was
      seriously impaired following surgical isolation of the hypothalamus. However, HBF
      autoregulation remained just as effective as that of the control rats following
      either selective bilateral transection of the vasopressin pathways or following
      AAVP treatment. The present data indicate that AVP may play a role in the control
      of resting hypothalamic blood flow, but does not support a role of AVP in HBF
      autoregulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 1814540
TI  - Convergence of somatosensory and baroreceptive inputs onto parabrachio
      subfornical organ neurons in the rat: an electrophysiological study.
AB  - Electrophysiological characteristics were described for neurons of the
      parabrachial nucleus (PBN) which receive baroreceptive and somatosensory inputs
      in the rat. Following focal electrical stimulation in the ipsilateral caudal
      nucleus of the tractus solitarii (NTS), the firing rates of these neurons were
      increased in 94 (55.6%), and decreased in 38 (22.5%). Fifty-three (54.5%) of 97
      PBN neurons tested were excited, and 11 (11.3%) inhibited in response to
      contralateral common peroneal nerve (CPN) stimulation. Of these neurons, 52 were
      found to respond to both caudal NTS and CPN stimulation. Effects of subfornical
      organ (SFO) stimulation were also examined in 151 of 169 parabrachial neurons. 13
      (7.7%) were activated antidromically and were located in the lateral division of
      the PBN, while 34 (22.5%) were affected orthodromically. Stimulation of the
      caudal NTS resulted in both a fall in the heart rate and changes of PBN neuronal
      firing rates. Similar effects were elicited by activating peripheral
      baroreceptors by the administration of phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic
      agonist. These results strongly indicate that: (1) the lateral PBN is involved in
      central cardiovascular control; (2) somatosensory and baroreceptive messages may
      converge onto some PBN neurons; and (3) some PBN neurons may relay baroreceptive
      information from the caudal NTS to the SFO.

PMID- 1814541
TI  - Estradiol enhances behavioral sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine-stimulated
      striatal [3H]dopamine release.
AB  - Locomotor activity and stereotypy induced by cocaine is increased or 'sensitized'
      after repeated cocaine administration. This behavioral sensitization may be
      mediated by a persistent increase in dopamine (DA) transmission in mesolimbic and
      nigrostriatal pathways. Since the female estrous cycle and ovarian steroid
      hormones appear to affect both cocaine sensitization and DA transmission, studies
      were undertaken to determine the effects of ovarian steroids on sensitization of
      the behavioral responses to repeated cocaine injections and any concomitant
      effects on striatal DA release. Young female adult rats were ovariectomized and 2
      weeks later were implanted with chronic release forms of estradiol (E),
      progesterone (P), both (EP) or vehicle (V). Locomotor and stereotypic behavior
      were rated after an initial injection of either saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg,
      i.p.) and after the 8th daily injection of saline or cocaine. A significant
      increase in both locomotor and stereotypic behaviors was seen after the first
      cocaine injection relative to saline-injected animals and this response was not
      affected by steroid treatment. Repeated injections of cocaine caused
      sensitization of the initial behavioral response to cocaine (i.e. an increase in
      stereotypic and locomotor behavior) and the degree of cocaine sensitization was
      greatest in group E. Steroid treatment did not affect behavior in saline-treated
      rats. When striatal [3H]DA release was measured in vitro 1 or 7 days after the
      last injection, amphetamine-stimulated release was greater in vehicle-treated
      rats 7 days after cocaine injections but not 1 day after injections. In contrast,
      release was enhanced in group E both 1 and 7 days after cocaine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814542
TI  - Radiation enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha production by murine brain cells.
AB  - Astrocytes and microglial cells cultured from murine brain were stimulated to
      produce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) by exposure to lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS). TNF alpha production began within 2 h with maximum production between 4
      and 8 h after stimulation. Clinically relevant low (2 Gy), but not high (8 Gy),
      doses of radiation significantly increased TNF production by astrocytes and
      microglial cells in response to LPS. The radiation effect was even more marked
      with multiple 2 Gy doses. TNF is cytotoxic for oligodendrocytes and for certain
      tumor cells. It increases vascular permeability and enhances immune responses as
      well as having other biological effects. It is conceivable that production of TNF
      by astrocytes and microglial cells during clinical radiation therapy might
      influence the responses of tumor and/or normal CNS tissues.

PMID- 1814543
TI  - 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol: its unique central action on food intake and blood
      glucose in rats.
AB  - Peripheral administration of D-fructose has been reported to decrease food
      intake, and its 2-deoxy analogue, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM), increased food
      intake and decreased blood glucose in rats. In the present study, 2,5-AM was
      selected for comparison with well-known 2-deoxy analogues of glucose. Infusion of
      2,5-AM into the rat third cerebroventricle at 11.00 h induced feeding dose
      dependently (Y = 0.63 logX-1.20, r = 0.95, P less than 0.05). Rats treated with
      2,5-AM at a maximal effective dose of 24 mumol/rat ate meals most persistently (P
      less than 0.05). No periprandial drinking was observed. Ambulatory activity
      increased concomitantly with feeding, but did not exceed the activity normally
      associated with a meal. Infusion of 24 mumol 2,5-AM into the third
      cerebroventricle induced no substantial change in plasma glucose or insulin in
      any 60-min experimental period. Unilateral microinfusion of 1.2 mumol 2,5-AM
      induced feeding in all 6 rats (P less than 0.01) when a cannula tip was located
      in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), but not in the lateral
      hypothalamic area (LHA). These findings indicate that feeding elicitation may be
      due to disinhibition by 2,5-AM through the VMH. This is quite unique compared to
      the action mechanisms of hexose, pentose and their analogues, except 2,5-AM.

PMID- 1814544
TI  - One experience with 'lower' or 'higher' intensity stressors, respectively
      enhances or diminishes responsiveness to haloperidol weeks later: implications
      for understanding drug variability.
AB  - This laboratory has previously shown that acute exposure to a variety of brief
      stressful events can have a very long-lasting influence on subsequent
      responsiveness to pharmacological and non-pharmacological stressors. In some
      cases the response to these agents is enhanced, while in others it is diminished:
      the common denominator being that in each instance the influence of the initial
      stressor grows stronger with the passage of time. Here, we identify one factor
      that determines which time-dependent effect is manifest. In 3 separate
      experiments, male rats were subjected to a single exposure to stressors of either
      lower or higher intensity and their effects on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and
      dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the nucleus accumbens and
      medial frontal cortex, measured either 1-2 h or 2 weeks later. The stressors were
      either environmental (needle jab or 1 h of immobilization), metabolic (200 or 750
      mg/kg, i.p. of 2-deoxy-D-glucose), or no effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy
      when stressors preceded such behavioral testing by 1-2 h. By contrast, when the
      interval was 2 weeks, the lower-intensity stressors all increased haloperidol
      catalepsy, whereas the higher-intensity stressors decreased the same response. In
      other words, a process that progressed with the passage of time was observed
      regardless of whether sensitization or diminution of haloperidol's action
      occurred. In contrast to the uniform bipolar behavioral effects observed,
      depending on the intensity of the prestressor, the neurochemical findings failed
      to show any evidence of bipolarity whatever.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814545
TI  - The nature of suprasegmental influences on the late reflex activity in human
      forearm muscles.
AB  - The earliest component of the late EMG response (M2) to sudden stretch of an
      isometrically contracting muscle is influenced by suprasegmental mechanism, but
      whether these are tonic, phasic, or both, is uncertain. We have therefore
      investigated the nature of these mechanisms by varying the predictability of the
      direction of perturbation of forearm muscles held isometrically against a
      constant flexor or extensor force of 2.3 N. We found that the M2 response did not
      change appreciably regardless of whether the direction of perturbation was known
      in advance or which hand was used by the subject. These findings suggest that any
      tonic supraspinal influence of the M2 response is of little significance compared
      to the importance of phasic mechanisms and provide support for the existence of a
      cerebral arc subserving this reflex component.

PMID- 1814546
TI  - Analgesia is produced by uterocervical mechanostimulation in rats: roles of
      afferent nerves and implications for analgesia of pregnancy and parturition.
AB  - Afferent activity from the reproductive tract activates intrinsic pain
      attenuating processes. For example, analgesia results from vaginocervical mechano
      stimulation in nonpregnant rats and occurs during pregnancy and parturition. In
      the present study, the effect of uterocervical mechanostimulation on pain
      thresholds was investigated in order to determine whether direct stimulation of
      the uterine cervix could play a role in the analgesia of pregnancy. Uterocervical
      mechanostimulation was applied to nonpregnant rats via a silastic disc implanted
      in the uterus. The disc abutted against the cervix and was attached to a thread
      externalized through the vaginal orifice. Application of a force of 150 g, but
      not 100 g, produced a significant increase in tail flick latency (110.4 +/-
      40.6%, P less than 0.03). This effect was abolished by pelvic neurectomy, but was
      not altered by hypogastric neurectomy. Stimulation of the uterine cervix in
      combined pelvic and hypogastric neurectomy rats produced a decrease in tail flick
      latency. These results indicate that the analgesia that occurs during pregnancy
      and/or parturition may result, at least in part, from the uterocervical
      mechanostimulation that occurs during this condition.

PMID- 1814547
TI  - Differential influence of medial and lateral preoptic areas on body temperature
      in conscious and unconscious rats.
AB  - Since temperature sensitive neurons are unevenly distributed in the medial and
      the lateral preoptic areas, it was hypothesized that the two areas possibly would
      influence body temperature to a different extent. As alteration in sleep
      wakefulness and body movement may affect the body temperature, experiments were
      conducted by reversible inactivation of those two areas, in freely moving
      (conscious) rats as well as in rats where changes in EEG and movement were
      restricted (unconscious). Results showed that the medial preoptic area is more
      effective in body temperature regulation. The study also revealed that the
      preoptic area mediated effect on body temperature regulation is not necessarily
      linked to simultaneous changes in sleep-wakefulness and alteration in the latter
      probably helps in maintaining the former within limit.

PMID- 1814548
TI  - Serum and plasma from patients with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome reduce
      depolarization-dependent uptake of 45Ca2+ into rat cortical synaptosomes.
AB  - The reduction in nerve-evoked release of transmitter at the neuromuscular
      junction of patients with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is thought to
      be caused by a circulating autoantibody to calcium channels of presynaptic motor
      nerve terminals. Studies were undertaken to determine whether acute application
      of plasma and serum from patients with LEMS or small cell carcinoma (SCC) would
      reduce depolarization-dependent uptake of 45Ca2+ into isolated nerve terminals of
      the central nervous system (CNS). Net potassium-stimulated influx was reduced by
      sera and plasma from patients with LEMS but not by sera from patients with SCC.
      Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from synaptosomes incubated with plasma or
      serum from patients with LEMS was not increased over control. These results are
      significant because: (1) they demonstrate that acute exposure to a circulating
      factor in sera/plasma from a patient with LEMS is sufficient to inhibit Ca2+
      channel activity in isolated nerve terminals, as opposed to chronic regimens used
      in other models for the disease; (2) they indicate that the existence of SCC
      alone is insufficient to trigger a LEMS-like autoimmune response; (3) they
      suggest that Ca2+ channels of nerve terminals secreting different transmitters
      may share common epitopes recognized by the LEMS autoantibody; and (4) they
      suggest that synaptosomes will be useful in determining the neurochemical site
      and specificity of the LEMS autoantibody.

PMID- 1814549
TI  - Class II MHC antigen expression by cultured human cerebral vascular endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Cerebral vascular endothelial cells (EC) isolated from human brain do not
      constitutively express class II MHC antigens. However, incubation in the presence
      of human interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) resulted in the expression of both HLA-DR
      and -DP antigens. FACS analysis revealed that approximately 40% of the EC
      population expressed HLA-DR antigen. Quantitation by ELISA demonstrated that
      maximum expression was observed with 100 U/ml IFN gamma for 4 days. Treatment
      with IFN gamma also increased class II mRNA levels in all EC cultures tested.

PMID- 1814550
TI  - Postsynaptic effects of DMSO at the frog neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Postsynaptic effects of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were studied at the frog
      cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junction using electrophysiological techniques
      and computer assisted analysis. It was found that the average amplitude of
      extracellularly recorded miniature end-plate potentials (meppse) as well as the
      time constant of their monoexponential decay (tau) were both elevated in the
      presence of DMSO. In spite of increased scatter of individual values, amplitude
      and tau of meppse highly correlated with each other. These results imply that
      DMSO partially blocked the activity of acetylcholine esterase in addition to its
      already known presynaptic action of acetylcholine release enhancement. Inhibitory
      action of DMSO on activity of isolated acetylcholine esterase was previously
      demonstrated by biochemical methods.

PMID- 1814551
TI  - Co-expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in reactive
      astrocytes following brain injury in rats.
AB  - The immunohistochemical expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and
      vimentin (VIM) was studied in reactive astrocytes of the rat cerebral cortex 5
      days after a brain injury. Seriated Epon semithin sections were immunostained
      alternatively for GFAP or VIM. Thereafter, both antigens were detected in
      consecutive sections of the same cell. Bordering the wound, an inner reactive
      glial layer 300-350 microns thick, showed positive astrocytes with the two
      immunohistochemical techniques. In this layer, about 60% of the GFAP positive
      astrocytes were also positive for VIM. Outside the inner layer, only GFAP
      positive astrocytes could be found.

PMID- 1814552
TI  - A double-label analysis demonstrating that all enkephalin-immunoreactive amacrine
      cells in the chicken retina express neurotensin immunoreactivity.
AB  - A previous study demonstrated less than 50% co-existence between the populations
      of enkephalin- and neurotensin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the chicken
      retina. The present study was undertaken with the intent of re-examining this
      relationship using a more sensitive double-label paradigm. An examination of
      retinal cryosections collected throughout the retina revealed that all labelled
      cells express both enkephalin and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. Therefore,
      these results indicate the presence of a single population of chicken amacrine
      cells the members of which express both these neuropeptides.

PMID- 1814553
TI  - Substantia nigra reticulata neurons during sleep-waking states: relation with
      ponto-geniculo-occipital waves.
AB  - We have previously hypothesized that the spike bursts of brainstem peribrachial
      (PB) neurons, leading to ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves in thalamocortical
      systems, are triggered by phasic hyperpolarizations of sufficient magnitude or by
      excitatory inputs reaching a steadily hyperpolarized membrane. We have proposed
      that the source of these hyperpolarizing actions are substantia nigra pars
      reticulata (SNr) cells that project to, and exert inhibitory effects upon, PB
      neurons. Here we tested this hypothesis by recording antidromically identified
      SNr-PB cells in chronically implanted, naturally sleeping cats. A subpopulation
      of SNr-PB cells exhibited tonically increased firing preceding by 70-200 ms the
      thalamic PGO wave. These data support the hypothesis that an enhancement in SNr
      cells' discharges may lead to hyperpolarization of PB neurons, with the
      consequence of spike bursts in one class of PGO-related PB-thalamic neurons.

PMID- 1814554
TI  - Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic
      morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment.
AB  - This study shows the effect of opiate withdrawal on dopamine (DA) in the nucleus
      accumbens (NAC). Microdialysis was used to detect variations in extracellular DA,
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the NAC of
      freely moving rats during acute and chronic morphine treatment followed by
      naloxone-precipitated withdrawal with and without clonidine. Basal levels of
      extracellular DA did not change between sessions, but morphine (20 mg/kg, i.p.)
      caused a significant and identical increase in extracellular DA and metabolites
      in both the acute phase (day 1) and the chronic phase (day 7). On day 8, naloxone
      (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant decrease in DA levels accompanied by typical
      withdrawal symptoms such as wet dog shakes and teeth-chattering. Clonidine
      pretreatment (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) eliminated both the withdrawal symptoms
      and the DA decrease. These results support the view that morphine increases
      extracellular DA at times when the drug is rewarding and also suggest that the
      converse may be true; morphine withdrawal decreases DA release in association
      with the aversive state.

PMID- 1814555
TI  - Evidence for a supraspinal mechanism in the opioid-mediated antinociceptive
      effect of ketamine.
AB  - Systemic ketamine (50 or 160 mg/kg, i.p.) produced an antinociceptive effect in
      rats on the tail flick test. This effect of ketamine was inhibited by injection
      of naloxone (27 nmol) into the lateral ventricle. Intrathecal ketamine (3
      microns) produced a slight but significant antinociceptive effect on the tail
      flick test, which was not affected by injection of naloxone (27 nmol) into the
      lateral ventricle. Antinociception was not produced by injection of ketamine into
      the lateral ventricle (3 microns) or the rostral ventromedial medulla RVM (30
      nmol). The role played by spinal and supraspinal opioid receptors in ketamine
      induced antinociception is discussed.

PMID- 1814556
TI  - Polyamine metabolism in transient focal ischemia of rat brain.
AB  - Polyamine metabolism was studied in rat brains subjected to 30 min transient
      cerebral ischemia by measuring the activity of the key enzyme ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) and levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and
      spermine. A transient increase in ODC activity was apparent after 4 h of
      recirculation in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum (P less than 0.05).
      Putrescine levels were significantly increased in the ipsilateral striatum after
      4 h of recirculation, and after 24 h of recirculation in both the ipsilateral
      cortex and striatum. During ischemia spermidine levels were significantly reduced
      in the ipsilateral hemisphere and spermine levels in the ipsilateral cortex. It
      is suggested that during ischemia polyamines are released from neurons into the
      extracellular compartment and cleared into the blood.

PMID- 1814557
TI  - Neither triazolam nor activity phase advance circadian locomotor activity in SCN
      lesioned hamsters bearing fetal SCN transplants.
AB  - Both triazolam (Tz) and exercise can phase advance free-running locomotor
      activity rhythms in intact hamsters. Furthermore, Tz increases activity at the
      time of injection, and this appears to be the mechanism whereby Tz produces phase
      shifts. This study tested the phase-shifting effect of Tz in SCN-lesioned (SCN-X)
      hamsters that had regained circadian rhythms of locomotor activity after
      transplantation of fetal SCN into the third ventricle. The results indicate that
      in both groups, increases in locomotor activity are seen at the time of Tz
      injection, and most intact animals, but no grafted animals show a phase advance
      in response to Tz administration. Given that hamsters bearing SCN grafts have
      limited neural connections between the host brain and transplanted SCN tissue,
      the results suggest that a site outside the SCN, with afferents to these nuclei,
      mediates the phase-shifting effect of Tz and of exercise.

PMID- 1814558
TI  - Induction of long-term potentiation is associated with an increase in the number
      of axospinous synapses with segmented postsynaptic densities.
AB  - Long-term potentiation (LTP) is characterized by a long-lasting enhancement of
      synaptic efficacy which may be due to an increase in synaptic numbers. The
      present study was designed to verify the validity of this suggestion using
      recently developed unbiased methods for synapse quantitation. LTP was elicited in
      young adult rats by high-frequency stimulation of the medial perforant path
      carried out on each of 4 consecutive days. Potentiated animals were sacrificed 1
      h after the fourth stimulation. Stimulated but not potentiated and implanted but
      not stimulated rats served as controls. Synapses were examined in the middle
      (MML) and inner (IML) molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Using the
      stereological disector technique, unbiased estimates of the number of synapses
      per neuron were differentially obtained for the following morphological synaptic
      types: axodendritic synapses involving dendritic shafts, non-perforated
      axospinous synapses exhibiting a continuous postsynaptic density (PSD) and
      perforated axospinous synapses distinguished by a fenestrated, horseshoe-shaped
      or segmented PSD. A major finding of this study is that the induction of LTP is
      accompanied by a selective increase in the number of synapses with segmented
      PSDs. This change was detected only in the potentiated synaptic field (MML), but
      not in an immediately adjacent one (IML) which was not directly stimulated during
      the induction of LTP. It is strongly suggested by the latter finding that the
      increase in the number of axospinous synapses exhibiting segmented PSDs is
      associated with LTP. Such a highly selective modification of connectivity, which
      involves only one particular subtype of synapses in the potentiated synaptic
      field, is likely to represent a structural substrate of the enduring augmentation
      of synaptic efficacy typical of LTP.

PMID- 1814559
TI  - ATP-evoked calcium signal stimulates protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in
      astrocytes.
AB  - Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-evoked increases in intracellular
      calcium and the consequent stimulation of calcium-mediated protein
      phosphorylation systems were investigated in primary cultures of rat cerebral
      cortical astrocytes. Measurement of calcium responses in fura-2-loaded astrocytes
      indicated that extracellular ATP stimulated a transient calcium peak followed by
      a sustained increase in intracellular calcium which declined to baseline when
      external calcium was removed, thereby indicating that ATP evokes mobilization of
      internal calcium as well as influx of external calcium. Protein phosphorylation
      studies revealed that application of extracellular ATP resulted in increased
      phosphorylation of 55 and 52 kDa proteins (4-fold and 2-fold, respectively) and
      decreased phosphorylation of 24 and 21 kDa proteins (approximately 50% for each
      protein). These effects were time- and dose-dependent. The changes in phosphate
      incorporation were (a) inhibited by lanthanum, (b) reduced when calcium was
      omitted from the bath and (c) mimicked by ionomycin, thus suggesting that the ATP
      induced changes in protein phosphorylation were dependent on increased levels of
      intracellular calcium. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) gave similar, but reduced,
      effects while adenosine and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) were ineffective,
      findings consistent with activation of P2 purinergic receptors. The 52 kDa
      protein co-migrated with glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results support
      the premise that calcium-dependent protein kinases and phosphatases are
      transducing elements for the calcium signal brought about by activation of P2
      purinergic receptors in astrocytes. Since ATP is released from neurons and
      endothelial cells, this signal transduction mechanism may be an important
      component of neuronal- and endothelial-astrocytic communication.

PMID- 1814560
TI  - Neurochemical studies on the mesolimbic circuitry of antinociception.
AB  - Previous studies using the technique of microinjection into brain nuclei
      indicated that the periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus accumbens, habenula and
      amygdala play an essential role in pain modulation and that these nuclei possibly
      act through a 'mesolimbic neural loop' to exert an analgesic effect, in which Met
      enkephalin (MEK) and beta-endorphin (beta-EP) have been implicated as the two
      major opioid peptides involved in antinociception. In the present study performed
      in rabbits, intracranial microinjection was supplemented with push-pull perfusion
      and radioimmunoassay to determine whether the release of enkephalins (ENK) and
      beta-EP was increased in these nuclei when the putative neural circuit was
      activated by morphine administered into one of the nuclei. The results showed:
      (1) microinjection of morphine into the PAG increased the release of ENK and beta
      EP in the N. accumbens, and vice versa; (2) microinjection of morphine into the
      N. accumbens increased the release of ENK and beta-EP in the amygdala, and vice
      versa; (3) morphine microinjected into the PAG caused an increase in the release
      of ENK and beta-EP in the amygdala and vice versa, although the release of ENK in
      PAG was statistically not significant. These results indicate that PAG, N.
      accumbens and amygdala are connected in a network served by a positive feedback
      circuitry.

PMID- 1814561
TI  - Frequency dependence of 5-HT autoreceptor function in rat dorsal raphe and
      suprachiasmatic nuclei studied using fast cyclic voltammetry.
AB  - Fast cyclic voltammetry (FCV) at carbon fibre microelectrodes was used to monitor
      the time course of changes in extracellular concentration of endogenous 5
      hydroxytryptamine ([5-HT]ex), in slices of rat brain containing either dorsal
      raphe nucleus (DRN) or suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Five- or 20-pulse
      electrical stimulation trains were applied at frequencies between 5 and 500 Hz.
      [5-HT]ex was frequency and train length dependent, with maximum overflow in both
      sites at 100 Hz. Methiothepin (0.1 microM) caused a significant increase in [5
      HT]ex when 5 pulses were applied at 5 Hz or when 20 pulses were applied at 10 or
      20 Hz, but not at higher frequencies. When a single pseudo single pulse
      stimulation was used (5-pulse train at 100 Hz), methiothepin (0.1 microM) did not
      enhance [5-HT]ex in either the DRN or SCN; when 4 such pseudo single pulses were
      applied at 1 Hz methiothepin (0.1 microM) enhanced [5-HT]ex. A minimum period of
      stimulation of between 400 ms and 1 s was required for autoreceptor activation to
      occur in both regions. We conclude that [5-HT]ex can show a wide dynamic range of
      response to electrical stimulation, and that in both DRN and SCN it is subject to
      pulse-to-pulse regulation by presynaptic autoreceptors.

PMID- 1814562
TI  - Effects of intrathecal monoamine antagonists and naloxone on the descending
      inhibition of the spinal transmission of noxious input in rats: study with a new
      experimental model.
AB  - An electrophysiological model has been developed to explore the transmitters and
      their relationships in the descending control of spinal transmission of noxious
      inputs. Nociceptive discharges were recorded extracellularly in parafascicular
      (Pf) neurons, and the caudal stump of longitudinally isolated dorsal half of the
      lower thoracic spinal cord was stimulated to simulate the descending volleys
      coming from the supraspinal structures. Nociceptive discharges in 34 Pf cells
      were markedly suppressed (83.2 +/- 13.9%) by the preceding spinal stimulation.
      Phentolamine, methysergide and naloxone were separately administered with random
      sequence in each of 25 cells by an intrathecal route to observe if the descending
      inhibition could be blocked by these drugs. The results suggested that in the
      dorsal spinal cord there exist at least two neurochemically different descending
      inhibitory fiber systems which comprise either the long descending adrenergic or
      serotonergic fibers and, most of the adrenergic fibers are succeeded by a
      propriospinal opioidergic neuron while a few of the serotonergic fibers have such
      a succession.

PMID- 1814563
TI  - Castration reduces potassium-stimulated norepinephrine release from superfused
      olfactory bulbs of male rats.
AB  - In order to investigate the possible relationship among the olfactory bulb (OB),
      norepinephrine (NE) and gonadal steroids, we measured NE release from superfused
      anterior and posterior OB in intact and castrated male rats (Expt. I) as well as
      in castrated male rats implanted with either empty or testosterone filled
      silastic capsules (Expt. II). Both basal and potassium (K+ 30 mM)-stimulated
      release of NE was greater in posterior compared to anterior OB. All groups were
      responsive to the K+ stimuli showing increases in NE release. The degree of K(+)
      stimulated release was significantly greater in intact compared to that of
      castrated rats. No differences in K(+)-stimulated release were observed between
      castrated and castrated plus testosterone-treated groups. These results
      demonstrate that castration of male rats significantly reduces OB noradrenergic
      responsiveness to K+ stimulation, an effect which was not restored following
      administration of silastic capsules containing testosterone.

PMID- 1814564
TI  - O2 tension in adult and neonatal brain slices under several experimental
      conditions.
AB  - Brain tissue O2 tension (pO2) was measured in brainstem slices of adult and
      neonatal rats using carbon fiber polarographic microelectrodes. These studies
      were performed in order to examine the relation between pO2 and a variety of
      experimental conditions including temperature, distance from slice surface, brain
      region, animal age, tissue thickness and ambient O2 levels. Baseline brain tissue
      pO2 was inversely proportional to temperature and depth from slice surface. White
      matter had a much higher pO2 than gray matter. Tissue thickness and animal age
      had major effects on tissue pO2. In slices of 800 microns thick at 37 degrees C,
      for example, brain tissue pO2 in the adult dropped to 0 mm Hg at a depth of 200
      300 microns, but remained above 45 mm Hg throughout neonatal (3-10 days) slices,
      when O2 tension in the perfusate was about 600 mm Hg. In thicker neonatal slices
      (1500 microns), pO2 decreased also to 0 mm Hg in deep areas. An N2 environment
      produced a rapid reduction in pO2 to 0 mm Hg within 15 s, and O2 levels of 21, 10
      and 5% induced graded pO2 minima and graded latencies to reach each pO2 nadir. We
      conclude that: (1) tissue thickness has a major effect on tissue pO2 level: pO2
      can reach zero if the slice is thicker than 600 microns in the adult and 1500
      microns thick in the neonate; (2) pO2 level is higher in neonatal brain tissue at
      all ambient O2 concentrations than in the adult; and (3) graded hypoxia produces
      patterned and graded reductions in tissue pO2.

PMID- 1814565
TI  - Localization of respiratory bulbospinal and propriobulbar neurons in the region
      of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat.
AB  - The location of neurons within the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of rat was
      mapped following injections of 3 different fluorochrome tracers into different
      sites known to receive projections from VRG neurons. Injection sites included
      muscles innervated by the vagus (X) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves, and the
      sites of expiratory activity in the caudal medulla and of inspiratory activity in
      the spinal cord at the C4 level. Labeling of vagal motoneurons resulting from
      fluorochrome injections into muscles innervated by X and IX nerves was always
      ipsilateral to the site of injection. Both propriobulbar and bulbospinal neurons
      had primarily ipsilateral projections. No double-labeled cell bodies were
      observed. The cell bodies of the 3 types of neurons, propriobulbar, bulbospinal
      and vagal/glossopharyngeal, were unevenly distributed along the rostrocaudal axis
      of the VRG, suggesting a complex mosaic of neurons which regulate respiratory
      related functions such as swallowing and vocalization.

PMID- 1814566
TI  - The cerebellopontine system: an electrophysiological study in the rat.
AB  - We examined the effects of electric stimulation of the cerebellar lateral nucleus
      (LN) in the rat on the activity of single pontocerebellar neurons in the basilar
      pontine nuclei (BPN) and the reticulotegmental nucleus (RtTg). We found that
      about half of the cells of these nuclei that were influenced by LN stimulation
      were inhibited. A significant fraction of both excitatory and inhibitory
      responses had latencies of less than 4 ms and were able to follow high frequency
      stimulation, compatible with a monosynaptic linkage. Extracellular field
      potential recordings within the BPN and RtTg were interpreted as arising from
      impulses propagating along inhibitory axons projecting in a bundle from the
      cerebellum to these pontine structures. Microiontophoretic administration of GABA
      antagonists bicuculline or picrotoxin abolished or attenuated most inhibitory
      effects. Therefore, we conclude that LN-induced inhibition is most likely
      mediated by cerebellopontine GABAergic fibers. The functional significance of
      this cerebellopontine inhibitory circuit is discussed.

PMID- 1814567
TI  - Clonidine inhibition of potassium-evoked release of glutamate and aspartate from
      rat cortical synaptosomes.
AB  - Release of endogenous glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp) and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been investigated using synaptosomes prepared from
      rat cerebral cortex. Exposure in superfusion to a depolarizing concentration of
      KCl (30 mM) evoked 3-, 2- and 2-fold increases in Glu, Asp and GABA release,
      respectively. More than 70% of Glu and Asp overflow were calcium-dependent,
      although 67% of the GABA overflow was calcium-independent. Clonidine inhibited
      the K(+)-evoked overflow of Glu and Asp in a concentration-dependent manner, but
      the GABA overflow was not inhibited. Clonidine inhibited K(+)-evoked Glu and Asp
      overflow to 40 and 30% of the control with a potency (IC50) of 11 and 36 nM,
      respectively. Similarly, norepinephrine inhibited the K(+)-evoked overflow of Glu
      and Asp, although phenylephrine and isoproterenol showed no effect. Rauwolscine,
      yohimbine and idazoxan counteracted the effects of clonidine on Glu and Asp
      overflow. The data suggest that the depolarization-evoked overflow of excitatory
      amino acids is regulated in an inhibitory fashion by alpha 2 adrenoceptors, which
      are located on the nerve terminals of Glu and Asp neurons in rat cortex.

PMID- 1814569
TI  - Regional cerebral glucose metabolism compared in rodents and humans.
AB  - In order to compare regional brain glucose metabolism in rats and humans, this
      parameter was measured using Sokoloff's deoxyglucose method in rats, and positron
      emission tomography with magnetic resonance imaging in humans. An atlas of
      cerebral regions of interest common to both species was developed to facilitate
      the evaluation of the relationship in regional values. We found among the regions
      studied a significant positive correlation in their metabolic values (r = 0.72, P
      less than 0.001) and coefficients of variation (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01)
      suggesting that regional brain glucose consumption is comparable between rat and
      human. Results of this study support the view that rat and human brain may be
      phylogenetically linked functionally as well as anatomically.

PMID- 1814568
TI  - Chronic L-dopa treatment in the unilateral 6-OHDA rat: evidence for behavioral
      sensitization and biochemical tolerance.
AB  - Two separate experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral and biochemical
      effects of chronic L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment in rats with
      unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. In this animal model,
      contralateral rotation provides the behavioral indicator response for L-DOPA
      activation of the dopamine denervated striatum. Following 30 daily L-DOPA
      treatments, a subthreshold dose (10 mg/kg) for rotation became suprathreshold and
      the contralateral rotation induced by a suprathreshold dose (20 mg/kg) became
      exaggerated. This motoric sensitization to L-DOPA was not reversed by a three-day
      period of L-DOPA withdrawal. In contrast with the emergence of behavioral
      sensitization to L-DOPA, biochemical measurements showed that the increase of
      dopamine metabolite concentrations (DOPAC and HVA) induced by acute L-DOPA
      treatment became attenuated with chronic treatment. This finding suggests that
      chronic L-DOPA treatment produces a partial tolerance in the conversion of L-DOPA
      to extracellular dopamine. The emergence of L-DOPA sensitization-over-stimulation
      effects was hypothesized to reflect the combined effects of dopamine receptor
      priming and Pavlovian drug conditioning and to contribute to the emergence of
      dyskinetic effects of L-DOPA therapy. The partial tolerance observed for dopamine
      metabolites was hypothesized to represent a decreased conversion of L-DOPA to
      dopamine which with long-term treatment could progress to an eventual wearing-off
      effect of L-DOPA therapy.

PMID- 1814570
TI  - Quantification of the effects of long-term unilateral naris closure on the
      olfactory bulbs of adult mice.
AB  - The effects of unilateral naris closure on the olfactory bulbs of adult mice were
      assessed quantitatively by measuring four parameters. Naris closures were
      performed when animals were at least 5 months of age and lasted for 4-8 months.
      The first parameter measured was mitral cell number, which revealed that there
      was no significant effect of closure on numbers of these cells. The next
      parameter measured was the area of the external plexiform layer (EPL). The area
      of the EPL was 41% smaller in the closed-side olfactory bulbs than in the open
      side olfactory bulbs (P less than 0.01). Comparisons of the areas of the granule
      cell layers (GCL) showed that the closed-side GCL was 25% smaller than the open
      side GCL (P less than 0.01). Finally, the number of cells in the open- and closed
      side GCLs were compared. The number of cells in the closed-side GCL was 30% lower
      than the number of cells in the open-side GCL (P less than 0.01). These data show
      that the shrinkage of closed-side olfactory bulb after naris closure in adult
      mice is due, at least in part, to the loss of granule cells and not to the loss
      of the main output neurons, the mitral cells.

PMID- 1814571
TI  - Neuroanatomical correlates of sparing of function after neonatal medial
      prefrontal cortex lesions in rats.
AB  - In rats, the possibility of neuroanatomical changes in response to partial medial
      prefrontal cortex lesions at postnatal day 6, concomitant with behavioural
      sparing, was investigated. The projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the
      thalamus (MD) and the mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) projection were examined. No
      indications were found for a changed pattern of projection from MD in response to
      either a neonatal or an adult medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) lesion. However,
      the DA innervation was changed after neonatal mPFC lesions. In the remainder of
      the mPFC, the DA fibre network proved to be denser, fibres were thicker, had more
      varicosities, and often the background staining was higher. None of these
      phenomena were seen in operated adult rats or in controls. It is postulated that
      the changes in DA innervation might contribute to the sparing of function
      observed in the spatial delayed alternation task.

PMID- 1814572
TI  - Aphagic and adipsic effects of interleukin-1.
AB  - Intake of rat chow and water was reduced 4 and 8 h after the intrahypothalamic
      injection of 5 ng interleukin-1a (IL-1a). Although core body temperature was also
      elevated significantly for at least 4 h by the administration of this cytokine,
      resting energy expenditure was not altered. These results suggest that IL-1a may
      be involved in the reduction of feeding associated with trauma, infection or
      cancer, by inducing early satiety. Additionally, hyperthermia associated with the
      injection of IL-1a appears to be maintained by decreased heat dissipation rather
      than by increased thermogenesis.

PMID- 1814574
TI  - Interaction of glucose signals between the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and
      the portal vein area in the control of gastric acid secretion in rats.
AB  - Gastric acid outputs were examined after glucose injection into the nucleus of
      the tractus solitarius (SOL) of the medulla oblongata or into the portal vein
      (PV) or both using the bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. Twenty mM glucose (500
      nl) injected into the SOL or into the PV (25 microliters) decreased the acid
      output associated with insulin-hypoglycemia. Simultaneous injection of glucose
      into the SOL and PV produced a reduction in acid output in a synergistic manner.
      It was also noted that a significant reduction in acid output was seen when an
      ineffective concentration of glucose was injected into the OSL and PV
      simultaneously. Results suggest that the SOL and PV signals interact with each
      other to potentiate the inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 1814573
TI  - LHRH-immunoreactive neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglia of voles: a component
      of the nervus terminalis?
AB  - Cranial tissue from adult and neonatal voles was examined with immunocytochemical
      techniques to determine the distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      immunoreactive (LHRH-ir) neurons in extracerebral structures. The overall
      distribution of the LHRH-ir portion of the nervus terminalis in the nasal and
      extracranial cavities was comparable to that of other rodents. However, we
      observed a unique association of LHRH-ir neurons with the pterygopalatine ganglia
      of neonatal and adult voles. We also found LHRH-ir fibers in nasopalatine nerves,
      and trigeminal nerves and ganglia of neonatal voles. We speculate that these
      neurons may influence the autonomic control of the vascular pump in the
      vomeronasal organ.

PMID- 1814575
TI  - Corticotrophin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin in the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal portal blood of rats following high-dose glucocorticoid treatment and
      withdrawal.
AB  - Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood was obtained from rats treated with chronic,
      high-dose prednisolone in the drinking water and after subsequent withdrawal of
      the steroid for up to 7 days. Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)
      immunoreactivity in portal blood was reduced by treatment with prednisolone but
      not completely abolished. There was a rapid recovery of CRF to control values
      within 3 days of withdrawal of prednisolone. There was no significant change in
      arginine vasopressin (AVP) in portal blood over the time-course of the
      experiment.

PMID- 1814576
TI  - Nerve injury-induced depletion of tachykinin immunoreactivity in the
      somatosensory cortex of adult squirrel monkeys.
AB  - Cortical immunoreactivity for tachykinin neuromodulators was evaluated 5-21 days
      after median and ulnar nerve transections in adult squirrel monkeys.
      Contralateral to the deafferentations, immunoreactive cells were reduced by about
      20-40% in layer IV of the hand representation compared to the face region in area
      3b. Similar deafferentations have been shown to alter the pattern of neuronal
      activity in the somatosensory cortex. Unresponsive regions are produced that with
      time become reactivated by receptive fields served by intact nerves. The
      immunocytochemical results reported here suggest that the presence or pattern of
      somatosensory input regulates content of tachykinin neuropeptides in intrinsic
      cortical neurons.

PMID- 1814577
TI  - The effect of gangliosides upon recovery of aspartate/glutamatergic synapses in
      striatum after lesions of the rat sensorimotor cortex.
AB  - Changes in neuronal uptake of glutamate/aspartate were studied in the striatum
      after unilateral destruction of the sensorimotor cortex and injection of GM1
      ganglioside. A 75% decrease of uptake of [3H]D-aspartate in the striatum
      ipsilateral to the cortical lesion was detected at 10 days postlesion compared to
      the contralateral striatum. We have demonstrated that injection of gangliosides
      during 10 days returned the uptake of [3H]D-aspartate to control level and
      compensated loss of the synapses in the striatum after the cortical lesion and
      thereby can prevent aberrant axonal overgrowth in the contralateral striatum.

PMID- 1814578
TI  - Fibronectin immunoreactivity in neural trauma.
AB  - The presence of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) at the site of
      neural trauma was examined using immunohistochemical methods. At 2, 4 and 7 days
      following a penetrating wound through the rat cerebral cortex, FN staining was
      detected in the neuropil and in non-neuronal cells adjacent to the wound. FN
      stained cells were GFAP-negative and were identified as brain macrophages based
      on cell surface staining for CR3 complement receptor. Our findings suggest a role
      for FN in the repair of neural trauma.

PMID- 1814579
TI  - Rapid appearance of beta-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in damaged
      axons and reactive glial cells in rat brain following needle stab injury.
AB  - Brains of rats that had received needle stab wounds were examined sequentially
      for 72 h by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to beta-amyloid precursor
      protein (APP). Immunoreactivity appeared 0.5 h after the injury in axons adjacent
      to the needle tract, becoming stronger over 15 h in neighboring swollen axons.
      APP-immunoreactive glial cells appeared 6 h after the injury around the needle
      tract and persisted throughout the experiment. Morphologically, these cells were
      thought to be mainly astrocytes.

PMID- 1814580
TI  - Delayed potassium current and non-specific outward current in pyramidal neurones
      acutely dissociated from rat hippocampus.
AB  - The electrical property of delayed K+ currents (IKD) was studied in pyramidal
      neurones freshly isolated from the rat hippocampal CA1 region. The IKD was
      separated pharmacologically from other membrane currents. Activation and
      inactivation processes of the IKD were highly voltage-dependent in the potential
      range between -30 and +20 mV. The steady-state inactivation of IKD was observed
      at -100 mV or more positive potentials. The potential for half steady-state
      inactivation was -65 mV. The IKD was fully inactivated around -20 mV.
      Reactivation of IKD consisted of two exponential components. After
      pharmacological suppression of IKD, the small amount of residual voltage
      dependent outward current (one-fifteenth to one-twentieth of IKD amplitude) was
      observed. The current kinetics was similar to that of IKD and greatly reduced by
      substitution of internal K+ with N-methyl-D-glucamine+. It was concluded that the
      properties of IKD was basically similar to those of IKD in other excitable
      tissues and that the residual current might be non-specific outward current.

PMID- 1814581
TI  - Survival and distribution of transplanted human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - The visualisation of transplanted cell lines is essential to determine both their
      viability and possible functional properties. Fluorescent latex microspheres were
      used to label cultured human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells prior to transplantation.
      IMR-32 cells were first rendered amitotic by treatment with mitomycin C and
      bromodeoxyuridine and subsequently incubated with fluorescent microspheres for 3
      days. Cell suspensions were prepared from these cultures and transplanted into
      the cortex and hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats bearing ibotenate lesions
      of forebrain cholinergic projections. The animals were perfused at 4, 8 and 12
      weeks post-transplantation and tissue was prepared for electron and light
      microscopy. IMR-32 cells containing fluorescent microspheres were clearly
      visualised in cryostat sections at all time points. Greater survival was seen in
      the hippocampus, with evidence of migration of cells from the site of
      implantation. Macrophages were seen at the electron and light microscope level,
      and were distinct from the discrete fluorescent labelled IMR-32 cells.
      Ultrastructurally, transplanted IMR-32 cells resembled cells in vitro, with
      microspheres clearly distinguished within the cytoplasm. Fluorescent microspheres
      provide a simple and direct labelling technique suitable for long-term transplant
      experiments using characterised cell lines.

PMID- 1814582
TI  - Amygdala lesions block the amnestic effects of diazepam.
AB  - This experiment examined the effects of pre-training systemic injections of the
      benzodiazepine (BZ) diazepam (DZP) on learning and retention of an inhibitory
      avoidance response in rats with bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid complex (AC)
      induced by intra-amygdala injections of the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartic acid
      (NMDA). Unoperated, sham-operated and AC-lesioned rats received i.p. injections
      of DZP (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to training in a continuous
      multiple-trial inhibitory avoidance task. Retention was tested 48 h later. The
      acquisition and retention of the AC-lesioned rats were impaired, relative to that
      of the unoperated and sham controls. In the unoperated and sham controls, DZP
      impaired retention but did not affect acquisition. In contrast, in animals with
      AC lesions, DZP did not affect either acquisition or retention. These findings
      suggest that the amnestic effects of DZP are mediated, at least in part, through
      influences involving the AC.

PMID- 1814584
TI  - Implants--the name of the game is still maintenance.

PMID- 1814583
TI  - Inhibition of lactate-induced swelling by dichloroacetate in human astrocytoma
      cells.
AB  - High levels of tissue lactate exacerbate tissue damage that results from cerebral
      ischemia and reperfusion injury that follows. Post-ischemic treatment with
      dichloroacetate (DCA) facilitates a decrease in lactate in the central nervous
      system (CNS) of animals during reperfusion following experimental ischemia, thus
      it may help to ameliorate ischemic cell damage. It has been suggested that the
      lactate lowering effect is mediated through a stimulatory effect of DCA on
      pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC) activity. We have studied such a hypothesis in a
      human astrocytoma derived cell line, UC-11MG. Under conditions resembling those
      of the ischemic tissue (i.e. high lactate and low pH) these cells accumulate
      lactate, driven by the inwardly directed proton gradient, and swell as a
      consequence of the osmotic effect of intracellular lactate. We have demonstrated
      that DCA increases PDHC activity and also reduces lactate-induced swelling.
      However, we also found that these two effects could be uncoupled and that the
      ability of DCA to prevent swelling is still present in the absence of any
      stimulation of PDHC. We also demonstrated that DCA competitively inhibits the
      uptake of lactate (Ki = 1.9 mM) and increases the efflux of lactate in a trans
      acting manner that suggests the presence of a lactate-DCA exchange. We present a
      mechanism by which reduction in the rate of lactate uptake could account for the
      observed inhibition of swelling. This effect of DCA on lactate transport
      indicates another possible mechanism of action for DCA in facilitating the
      decrease in lactate observed in vivo during reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814585
TI  - Periodontal and restorative considerations in implant dentistry: the compromised
      dentition.

PMID- 1814586
TI  - Enhanced guidelines for partially edentulous implant restoration incorporating
      intramobile elements.

PMID- 1814588
TI  - Restorative advantages of the coronally hexed implant.

PMID- 1814587
TI  - Clinical report on hydroxyapatite-coated cylindrical implants.

PMID- 1814589
TI  - The implant abutment connection: the key to prosthetic success.

PMID- 1814590
TI  - Abutment head selection as a prosthetic discipline.

PMID- 1814591
TI  - Is this what Walter wanted?

PMID- 1814593
TI  - Weathering the patient management monsoon: almost everything a senior dental
      student or the newly graduated dentist, or, for that matter, any dentist needs to
      know to remain afloat.

PMID- 1814594
TI  - Scaling, root planing and curettage.

PMID- 1814592
TI  - Waste management: it's the law.

PMID- 1814596
TI  - One class of stock for "S" corporations: proposed regulations.

PMID- 1814595
TI  - Look at the gums first!

PMID- 1814597
TI  - Surviving seniormania.

PMID- 1814598
TI  - Circadian variation in the gastric-emptying response to eating in rats previously
      fed once or twice daily.
AB  - Four experiments dealt with circadian variation in the gastric emptying (GE)
      response to eating, among rats accustomed to eating once (1x) or twice daily
      (2x). In measuring GE response, a test meal [10 g accustomed diet per (kg body
      weight)3/4] was fed close to a scheduled eating time or after a delay of up to 24
      h. GE response was the fraction of the ingested test meal emptied per hr, up to a
      known degree of emptying, e.g., 50-58% of the test meal. Animals accustomed to
      the prescribed eating patterns ate promptly and at similarly rapid rates at all
      times of day. GE response, as plotted against time of response, fit a 24-h cosine
      model. Acrophase (time of maximum GE response of the fitted model) was similar,
      being 1.5 and 2.1 h, respectively, after the starting time of the accustomed dark
      span meal for 1x and 2x rats, while amplitude (1/2 the maximum-to-minimum
      difference) was 41 and 24% of the MESOR (rhythm-adjusted mean). Characteristics
      of the GE rhythm appeared to be unchanged among 1x rats, severely versus
      minimally restricted in food intake during a final 9 days.

PMID- 1814599
TI  - Cyclosporine A dosing-time-dependent effects on plasma creatinine and body weight
      in male Wistar rats treated for 3 weeks.
AB  - Cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity was assessed in 120 male Wistar rats (350 +/-
      50 g) entrained to a 12-h cycle (light-dark 12:12); plasma creatinine level and
      body weight were examined in controls and in rats that had been treated daily
      with oral CsA or vehicle alone (olive oil-ethanol 90:10) for 21 days; daily
      dosing (40 mg/kg) was at one of six equally spaced given times during the 24-h
      cycle. The variations observed in both indexes were shown to be circadian dosing
      stage dependent. Nephrotoxicity was present as early as the third day of
      treatment with CsA; plasma creatinine level was enhanced by about 50% in rats
      dosed around the time of the change from darkness to light: at 22 HALO, 146.7 +/-
      4.5 mumol/L, against 92.0 +/- 2.8 mumol/L for controls (p less than 0.05); and at
      2 HALO, 148.3 +/- 10.0 mumol/L, against 95.0 +/- 4.3 mumol/L for controls (p less
      than 0.05). Thereafter, a remission episode was observed between days D5-D9. The
      more drastic effects were seen on days D16 and D21, in animals dosed in the
      beginning of the dark span (14 HALO): 185 +/- 10 mumol/L for CsA and 98.0 +/- 5.3
      mumol/L for controls (p less than 0.01) and, to a lesser extent, in rats treated
      at the early resting phase (2 HALO): 152.4 +/- 31 mumol/L for CsA and 95.0 +/- 4
      mumol/L for controls (p less than 0.05). The normal increase in body weight
      during the 21-day period (about 14 +/- 8% in controls) was impeded in CsA
      administered rats, especially those dosed at the beginning of the activity span
      (14 HALO) that even suffered weight reduction. Differences in percentages of
      survivors were noticed, depending on dosing stage. About 40% of the animals in
      every time CsA-treatment group died, except for those dosed at the end of the
      resting period (10 HALO), when all animals died. In surviving rats, the cessation
      of CsA dosing resulted in a reversible effect on the study variables.

PMID- 1814600
TI  - Erwin Bunning (1906-1990).

PMID- 1814601
TI  - Chronopharmacokinetics of valproic acid following constant-rate administration in
      mice.
AB  - This study was carried out to investigate the circadian rhythm in the
      pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA). ICR male mice, housed under a light-dark
      (12 h:12 h) cycle, were used in these studies. In the constant-rate
      administration study (536.3 or 1,072.6 micrograms/h), osmotic minipumps were
      implanted subcutaneously in mice. There was a significant circadian rhythm in
      plasma VPA concentrations: higher values were obtained in the light phase and
      lower values were found during the dark phase. A significant circadian rhythm
      also was shown for clearance (CL) of the drug: lower values were obtained in the
      light phase and higher values were demonstrated in the dark phase. In the
      intravenous administration study, VPA (50 mg/kg) was injected into a tail vein of
      the mice. Mean plasma VPA concentrations were significantly higher in mice
      injected with the drug at 1700 h than at 0100 h. The CL was higher, the volume of
      distribution (V) was larger, and the area under the curve (AUC) was smaller (p
      less than 0.05, respectively) in mice injected with the drug at 0100 h than at
      1700 h. As the values of CL and V increased similarly during the dark period,
      there was no effect on half-life (t 1/2) and obviously on the elimination rate
      constant (K). These findings indicate that the circadian rhythms of plasma VPA
      concentrations observed after constant-rate administration are due to those of CL
      and V. To keep drug concentrations constant, the drug release rate from the
      osmotic minipump should be controlled according to the rhythm of drug
      pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 1814602
TI  - Reproducibility of seasonal effects in antibody formation and host resistance in
      the outbred mouse.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of any seasonal
      effects in the outbred CD1 mouse of antibody production to sheep red blood cells
      (SRBCs) and host resistance to the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. A marked
      seasonal effect on antibody production was seen when 5- to 6-week-old female CD1
      mice were studied on a weekly basis for a period of 2 years. Maintained on a
      12:12 h light:dark schedule, animals were held for 12 days prior to experiment to
      insure physical condition and acclimatization to the lighting regimen. Beginning
      at 4 h after lights on (HALO) for day 1 and 2 HALO thereafter, groups of mice
      were (a) not treated, (b) administered a vehicle (corn oil, 1% methylcellulose,
      or distilled water) by oral gavage for 5 days, or (c) not treated, but given an
      intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 24 h prior to assay. On the fifth
      day, mice were injected with SRBCs intravenously. Four days later, antibody
      formation against SRBCs was measured using spleen cells. Circannual and seasonal
      rhythms were displayed by each group of animals, with greatest antibody
      production, indicated by the number of plaque-forming cells (PFCs)/million viable
      cells, in the Spring (range of double amplitude = 36-108%). The timing of these
      rhythms was reproducible from one year to the next. In contrast, the magnitude of
      the response in year 1 was significantly different from year 2 for animals given
      vehicle or not treated. Cyclophosphamide-treated mice had consistently low
      numbers of plaque-forming cells. Host resistance was studied in separate mice
      treated with vehicles at the same time as the antibody assay. On the third day of
      dosing, mice were injected intravenously with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and
      monitored for death for 10 days. When analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis life table
      analysis, there was no overall effect of vehicle on survival for 1987 but there
      was an effect for 1988 and when data from both years were combined. Distilled
      water-treated mice had lower survival rates than the other two vehicles. Mice
      treated with distilled water displayed a circannual rhythm for survival for 1988
      and for both years combined, in contrast to the other two vehicles. When each
      vehicle was analyzed separately for seasonal effect, a significant effect of
      season occurred for corn oil- and distilled water-treated animals. The greatest
      survival rate and longest survival time generally occurred in the months between
      July and December.

PMID- 1814604
TI  - Autogenous formation of spiral waves by coupled chaotic attractors.
AB  - When large arrays of strange attractors are coupled diffusively through one of
      the variables, chaotic systems become periodic and form large archimedean spirals
      or concentric bands. This observation may have importance for many applications
      in the field of deterministic chaos and seems particularly relevant to the
      question of the formal temporal structure of the biological clock in metazoan
      organisms. In particular, although individual cellular oscillators, as manifested
      in the cell cycle, may have deep basins of attraction and appear to be more or
      less periodic, we suggest that cells oscillate with chaotic dynamics in the
      ultradian domain. Only when large aggregates of these cells are tightly coupled
      can a precise circadian clock emerge. For changing coupling strength or parameter
      values, period increase occurs through quantal or integral multiple increments of
      the fundamental. All calculations were implemented on a 386AT, using a Mercury
      MC6400 floating point processor.

PMID- 1814603
TI  - Day-night and individual differences in response to constant-rate ranitidine
      infusion.
AB  - Twelve ulcer patients with inactive disease received constant-rate infusions of
      ranitidine, in doses of 6.25 and 10.0 mg/hr, during separate 24-h spans. Gastric
      pH and serum ranitidine concentrations were monitored. Serum ranitidine
      concentrations did not vary significantly after attainment of steady-state. For
      the group, gastric acidity was controlled above pH 4 during the day; however, at
      night, when gastric acid secretion was greatest under placebo conditions,
      ranitidine less effectively controlled gastric pH. There was individual variation
      in response to ranitidine. Patients (8/12) evidencing control of gastric acidity
      (pH greater than or equal to 4) for at least 16 h when infused with ranitidine
      (6.25 mg/h) were considered responders. Those (4/12) not so well controlled were
      designated poor responders. With parenteral infusion of 6.25, as well as 10.0
      mg/h ranitidine, responders evidenced a relatively high 24-h mean pH and only
      minor day-night variation in gastric acidity. In contrast, poor responders were
      characterized by a low 24-h mean pH and high-amplitude circadian variation in
      gastric acidity. Poor responders evidenced statistically significant (p less than
      0.05) lower gastric pH responses to parenteral infusions than did responders. A
      similar, significant difference between the two groups was observed when the
      percentage of time that gastric pH was maintained below 4 was considered.
      Differences between responders and poor responders to ranitidine infusion are
      unknown. Since Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients were not included in the
      study, observed differences in drug response cannot be ascribed to hypersecretion
      of gastric acid.

PMID- 1814605
TI  - Circadian variation in alloxan sensitivity of mice as indicated by mortality and
      blood glucose alteration.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine in mice if a time-dependent
      pancreatic beta-cell susceptibility to alloxan could be correlated to daily
      changes in blood glucose levels and to monitor the pattern of blood glucose at
      various times of day as mice became diabetic. Food was removed from mice
      standardized to a 12-h light:dark cycle (lights on at 0600 h CST, during the
      month of June) at 12 h before subcutaneous injection with 0.27 mg/g of alloxan.
      Six groups of 30 fasted mice were injected at 4-h intervals. Blood glucose levels
      were measured from each group immediately prior to injection, and at 2, 4, 8, 12,
      24, 48, and 216 h after treatment. Animals receiving alloxan during the early- to
      middark period had an increase in blood glucose after 2 h, followed by a decline
      to hypoglycemic levels between 4 and 8 h, and recovery to hyperglycemic levels 48
      h after alloxan exposure. Three and 30% of these animals were dead at 8 and 48 h,
      respectively. Mice treated during the midlight span had decreased blood glucose
      levels 2 h after alloxan treatment followed by an increase to diabetic
      hyperglycemia within 48 h. Twenty-three and 70% of the animals treated at 1430 h
      were dead at 8 and 48 h, respectively. At 216 h, total mortality was 45.6% and 81
      of the 98 surviving mice were hyperglycemic. These data suggest a greater
      sensitivity to alloxan during the midlight resting period of the mice. This may
      be the result of increased sensitivity to the insulin released from the beta
      cells when alloxan was given during the light span.

PMID- 1814606
TI  - Space travel shortens diapause in gypsy moth eggs.
AB  - Field-collected and laboratory-reared gypsy moth eggs were exposed to
      microgravity, cosmic radiation, sub-freezing temperatures, unusual vibrations,
      and other extraterrestrial phenomena while they were sealed for 6 days, in
      January, in a Get-Away-Special (GAS) canister in the open bay of a NASA earth
      orbiting spacecraft, the Columbia. Insects were not exposed to light after
      preparation for and during space flight. Under field conditions, out-of-doors,
      the eggs should have hatched in April, after 3-4 months of chilling temperatures
      and should not have hatched after the 6 days of chilling to -11 degrees C during
      flight in the Columbia spacecraft. However by April 1, more than 4000 larvae had
      hatched from eggs that had travelled in space, as opposed to approximately 350
      from a similar number of control, earthbound eggs. These results indicate that
      the period of a circannual rhythm in field- and lab-reared insects had been
      shortened, presumably as result of exposure to microgravity, other factors
      associated with space flight, and/or conditions of outer space. These results
      suggest that it may be possible to develop methods for rearing the gypsy moth
      year round, without the necessity of three months chilling interspersed in the
      development process. This, in turn, would facilitate production of large numbers
      of insects for sterile male release or for use as a rearing medium for parasites,
      predators and pathogens of the gypsy moth.

PMID- 1814607
TI  - Study on the bile salt, sodium scymnol sulfate, from Rhizoprionodon acutus. II.
      The structures of scymnol, anhydroscymnol and sodium scymnol sulfate.
AB  - The crystal structures of anhydroscymnol (I) and scymnol (II), which were
      prepared from sodium scymnol sulfate (III) isolated from the bile of
      Rhizoprionodon acutus, have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction
      analyses. The crystals of I are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with Z =
      4; unit-cell dimensions: a = 13.562(2), b = 21.636(2), c = 8.735(2) A; II
      orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2, with Z = 4; unit-cell dimensions a =
      18.553(2), b = 19.887(2), c = 7.986(2) A. Both structures, (24R,25S)-(+)-24,26
      epoxy-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,27-tetrol (I) and (24R)-(+)-5
      beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,26,27-hexol (II), were solved from
      diffractometric data by direct methods and refined by least-squares calculations
      to R = 0.073 (I) and R = 0.062 (II) (2044 (I) and 2250 (II) observed independent
      significant reflections (I greater than 3 sigma(I)), respectively. All the
      hydroxyl groups of both compounds are involved in a hydrogen-bonding network. The
      structure of III was determined to be (24R,25S)-(+)-3 alpha,7 alpha,12
      alpha,24,26-pentahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-27-yl sodium sulfate, based on the
      chemical data that alkaline degradation of III with aqueous potassium hydroxide
      gives only I.

PMID- 1814608
TI  - Solubilization of steviolbioside and steviolmonoside with gamma-cyclodextrin and
      its application to selective syntheses of better sweet glycosides from stevioside
      and rubusoside.
AB  - 1,4-alpha-Glucosylation at the 13-O-glycosyl moiety of stevioside (S) and
      rubusoside (RU) results in a significant increase of sweetness. Saponification of
      the 19-COO-beta-glucosyl linkage of S and RU yielded steviolbioside (SB) (= 13-O
      beta-sophorosyl-steviol) and steviolmonoside (SM) (= 13-O-beta-glucosyl-steviol),
      respectively, both of which are poorly soluble in an acetate buffer. It was found
      that the solubilities of SM and SB in the buffer solution were remarkably
      increased in the presence of gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD). SB was solubilized in
      the buffer solution with the aid of gamma-CD, and the solution was subjected to
      1,4-alpha-transglucosylation by using a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-starch
      system to give a mixture of products which were glucosylated at the 13-O-glycosyl
      moiety. This mixture was acetylated, and the acetate was subjected to chemical
      beta-glucosylation of 19-COOH followed by deacetylation to afford compounds which
      have superior sweetness to S. In the same way, derivatives with superior
      sweetness were selectively prepared from RU through SM.

PMID- 1814609
TI  - Synthesis and protective effect of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, leukotriene C4
      antagonist, on HCl.ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.
AB  - 2,4-Diamino-[E]-6-[2-(3-pyridyl)ethenyl]-1,3,5-triazine (3a), leukotriene C4
      (LTC4) antagonist, was found to possess a protective effect on HCl.ethanol
      induced gastric lesions. Analogues of 3a were synthesized and evaluated for the
      effect as well as antagonistic activity against LTC4-induced contraction. Seven
      compounds (3a-d, f-h) exhibited a potent protective effect on gastric lesions
      which was considered to be based on the antagonistic activity against LTC4. The
      structure-activity relationships of the derivatives (3a-k) are discussed.

PMID- 1814610
TI  - Synthesis and antitumor activity of 20(S)-camptothecin derivatives: A-ring
      modified and 7,10-disubstituted camptothecins.
AB  - 20(S)-Camptothecin derivatives having nitro, amino, chloro, bromo, hydroxyl and
      methoxyl groups in the A-ring were synthesized. B-Ring hydrogenated camptothecin
      (2a) was converted into 10-hydroxycamptothecin (6e) by treatment with lead
      tetraacetate in trifluoroacetic acid. 10-Substituted derivatives (6) were
      obtained by a photoreaction of N-oxides (9). The cytotoxicity of the A-ring
      modified camptothecins was evaluated against KB cells in vitro and leukemia L1210
      in mice. 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (6i) was identified as a potential
      derivative for further modification.

PMID- 1814611
TI  - Studies on nilvadipine. I. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1,4
      dihydropyridines containing novel substituents at the 2-position.
AB  - The synthesis of new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives containing novel substituent
      at the 2-position of the nucleus via the key intermediate 2-formyl-1,4
      dihydropyridines (X), is described. The aldehydes (X) were prepared by hydrolysis
      of the acetals (IX) which were obtained from aryl aldehyde (V) and alkyl 4,4
      dialkoxyacetoacetate (VI) by the Knoevenagel reaction and treatment with alkyl 3
      aminocrotonate (VIII) according to the modified Hantzsch method. The formyl group
      of the aldehydes (X) was reactive enough to be converted to a variety of
      functional groups such as hydroxymethyl, cyano, substituted iminomethyl,
      carbamoyl, semicarbazone, substituted vinyl, ethynyl, and so on. In all of the
      novel compounds we prepared, 2-hydroxymethyl- and 2-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridines
      (IV and XXII) were found to possess potent activities in preliminary biological
      evaluations on hypotension in normotensive rats and on an increase in coronary
      blood flow in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Optimization research in order to
      obtain a more potent compound was accomplished in the 2-hydroxymethyl- and 2
      cyano-1,4-dihydropyridine series. We selected isopropyl 2-cyano-3-methoxycarbonyl
      4-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine -5-carboxylate (XXIIj) as a
      candidate compound for further biological evaluation studies. Fortunately, XXIIj
      (nilvadipine) has been accepted in clinical use for the treatment of
      hypertension.

PMID- 1814612
TI  - Synthesis and platelet aggregation inhibitory activities of 3-(2
      oxopropylidene)azetidin-2-one derivatives. II.
AB  - A series of 3-acylidene-4-methylazetidin-2-one derivatives bearing various
      substituents at the 1-position of the azetidin-2-one ring was synthesized. These
      compounds were evaluated for platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. Most of
      the compounds synthesized showed potent inhibitory activities against rabbit
      platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate or collagen in vitro.
      Structure-activity relationships are also discussed.

PMID- 1814613
TI  - Studies on the synthesis of compounds related to adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      phosphate. IX. Synthesis and cytotoxic effect of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      alkylphosphoramidates.
AB  - A series of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoramidates (3, cAMP amidates),
      including long-chain alkyl amidates, were synthesized from adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (1, cAMP) by means of a one-pot reaction. This reaction proceeded
      by the treatment of cAMP tributylammonium salt (2) with phosphorus pentachloride
      (PCl5) and alkylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Compounds 3 synthesized
      were investigated to determine their cytotoxic activities on the growth of mouse
      mastocytoma P-815 cells, mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells, and human mammary tumor
      ZR-75 cells in culture. It was found that compounds 3h-m showed significant
      cytotoxic activities against these cell lines, and that cAMP decylamidate (3j)
      was the most cytotoxic compound (the concentration required for 50% inhibition of
      cell growth, ID50 = 6.0, 15.0, 2.2 microM, respectively); the antitumor effect on
      P-815 cells by a total packed cell volume method showed 81.8% inhibition. The
      cytotoxic activity of 3 increased with the increase in alkyl chain length up to
      10 carbon atoms and decreased in compounds having longer alkyl chain.

PMID- 1814615
TI  - Synthetic studies of vitamin D analogues. IX. Synthesis and differentiation
      inducing activity of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-23-oxa-, thia-, and azavitamin D3.
AB  - Three vitamin D3 analogues, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-23-oxavitamin D3 (3), 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxy-23-thiavitamin D3 (4) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-23-azavitamin D3 (5)
      were synthesized. In the differentiation-inducing activity of human myeloid
      leukemia cells into macrophages in vitro, the 23-aza analogue (5) showed the
      least activity, while no remarkable differences were observed between the 23-oxa
      analogue (3) and the 23-thia analogue (4), which were less active than 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1).

PMID- 1814614
TI  - Structure-activity studies on triazolothienodiazepine derivatives as platelet
      activating factor antagonists.
AB  - A series of triazolodiazepines was synthesized and evaluated for anti-platelet
      activating factor (PAF) activities. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies
      on this series revealed that the introduction of a methyl group into the 8
      position of the thienodiazepine nucleus can lead to a lengthening of the duration
      of action. Introduction of a methyl group produced an asymmetric center and the
      enantiomers so formed were separated with an optical resolving column. In the in
      vitro assay system, the (+)-isomers displayed 50-200 times more potent anti-PAF
      activity than the (-)-isomers. After comparison of toxicology and
      pharmacokinetics, (+)-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-3- cyclopropanecarbonyl-8,11-dimethyl
      2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8H-pyrido[4' ,3':4,5]thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3
      a][1,4]diazepine (35(+)-isomer, E6123) was selected from among the compounds
      synthesized as a candidate for clinical study.

PMID- 1814616
TI  - Central cholinergic agents. I. Potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 2-[omega
      [N-alkyl-N-(omega-phenyl-alkyl)amino]alkyl]-1H-isoindole- 1,3(2H)-diones, based
      on a new hypothesis of the enzyme's active site.
AB  - It has been suggested that the active site of acetylcholinesterase contains a
      hydrophobic binding site (HBS-1), which is closely adjacent to both the anionic
      and the esteratic sites. In this paper, we assumed that there exists another
      hydrophobic binding site (HBS-2), some distance removed from the anionic site. On
      this assumption, a new working hypothesis was proposed for the design of
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A series of 2-[omega-[N-alkyl-N-(omega-phenyl
      alkyl)amino]alkyl]-1H- isoindole-1,3(2H)-diones was designed based on this
      hypothesis and tested for its inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase. Some
      in this series were revealed to be more potent than physostigmine. Optimum
      activity was found to be associated with a five carbon chain length separating
      the benzylamino group from the 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (phthalimide) moiety.
      Quantitative study of substitution effect on the phthalimide moiety revealed that
      hydrophilic and electron-withdrawing groups enhance the activity.

PMID- 1814617
TI  - Central cholinergic agents. II. Synthesis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory
      activities of N-[omega-[N-alkyl-N-(phenylmethyl)amino]alkyl]-3-arylpropenamides.
AB  - A series of N-[omega-[N-alkyl-N-(phenylmethyl)amino]alkyl]-3-arylpropenamides was
      prepared and tested for its inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase. Some
      in the series were found to be potent inhibitors. The structure-activity
      relationships were discussed in detail.

PMID- 1814618
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of lipid A analogs: modification of a
      glycosidically bound group with chemically stable polar acidic groups and
      lipophilic groups on the disaccharide backbone with tetradecanoyl or N
      dodecanoylglycyl groups.
AB  - Six novel lipid A analogs were synthesized. The first two analogs, 4 and 5, have
      an alpha-glycosidically bound carboxymethyl or 1,3-dicarboxyisopropyl group on
      the disaccharide backbone with four tetradecanoyl groups. The next three analogs,
      6, 7 and 8, have two or four N-dodecanoylglycyl groups on the 1-alpha-O
      phosphonooxyethylated disaccharide backbone. Analog 6 bears N-dodecanoylglycyl
      groups on the hydroxyl functions at positions 3 and 3', and tetradecanoyl groups
      on the amino functions at positions 2 and 2'. Analog 7 is a 2, 3, 2' and 3'
      tetrakis(N-dodecanoylglycyl) derivative, and analog 8 resembles compound 6, but
      the binding of the N-dodecanoylglycyl and tetradecanoyl groups at positions 2, 2'
      and 3, 3' are reversed. The third analog, 9, has the same acyl group
      configuration as compound 6, but has a 1,3-dicarboxyisopropyl group at position C
      1. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited definite antitumor activity against Meth A
      fibrosarcoma, indicating that the phosphate group at the C-1 position in lipid A
      could be replaced by the carboxylic acid without reducing the antitumor activity.
      In rabbits, compounds 6 and 9 exhibited potent antitumor activity, but their
      toxicity was extremely low. On the other hand, compounds 7 and 8 showed no
      antitumor activity. The levels of antitumor activity of 6 and 9 were similar to
      those of the natural-type lipid A. The antitumor activities of analogs with a N
      dodecanoylglycyl group on the disaccharide backbone depended on the connecting
      sites of the acyl groups.

PMID- 1814619
TI  - Chemical conversion of corticosteroids to 3 alpha,5 alpha-tetrahydro derivatives.
      Synthesis of 5 alpha-cortol 3-glucuronides and 5 alpha-cortolone 3-glucuronides.
AB  - The synthesis of the 3-glucuronides of 5 alpha-cortol-20 alpha, 5 alpha-cortolone
      20 alpha and their 20 beta-epimers is described. The 5 alpha-cortol 20,21
      diacetates (12, 17) and 5 alpha-cortolone 20,21-diacetates (14, 19) were the key
      intermediates. Sodium borohydride reduction of the carbonyl group at C-20 in 5
      alpha-tetrahydrocortisol 3-tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether 17,21-acetonide (8) gave
      the 20 alpha-hydroxy-acetonide (9). Selective removal of the acetonide ring was
      successful when the 20 alpha-acetoxy-17 alpha,21-acetonide (10) was treated with
      50% acetic acid. Subsequent acetylation with acetic anhydride in pyridine,
      followed by removal of the protecting group at C-3 in the silyl ether-acetate
      (11) gave the desired 20 alpha-intermediate (12). The 11-ketone (14) was prepared
      from 11 by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate, followed by desilylation.
      The 20 beta-acetates (17, 19) were synthesized from 21-acetoxy-3 alpha,11 beta,17
      alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one 3-tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether (15).
      Introduction of the glucuronyl residue at C-3 was carried out by means of the
      Koenigs-Knorr reaction.

PMID- 1814620
TI  - Vanadate-stimulated release of hepatic lipase activity from liver.
AB  - Vanadate stimulated the release of rat hepatic lipase activity from liver slices
      into an incubation medium in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Insulin, however,
      failed to have this stimulatory action, and the release by heparin was
      recognized, but was not additive to that by vanadate. Amiloride, an inhibitor of
      tyrosine kinase in some receptors and of the Na+/H+ exchange system suppressed
      the vanadate-stimulated release. Biochanin A, a different type of tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor than amiloride, also suppressed the effect of vanadate. The stimulation
      by vanadate was clearly preserved in Na(+)-, K(+)-, or Ca(2+)-free medium,
      suggesting that neither the Na+/H+ exchange system, Na+, K(+)-adenosine
      triphosphatase, nor Ca(2+)-influx into cells is involved in the action of this
      substance. These results suggest that vanadate-stimulated release of the enzyme
      activity is associated with the activation of the tyrosine kinase activity.

PMID- 1814621
TI  - Enhancement of murine erythropoiesis in vitro by a porcine kidney extract.
AB  - We have examined the effect of porcine kidney extract (PKE) on the growth of
      erythroid progenitor-derived colonies in a methylcellulose culture. The addition
      of PKE resulted in an enhancement of burst-forming-unit-erythroid (BFU-E)-derived
      colonies, and the enhancement of the colony was also observed in a low
      concentration of erythropoietin (Epo) and fetal calf serum (FCS). The activity of
      PKE on BFU-E was compared with the erythroid growth factors, such as recombinant
      murine interleukin-3 (IL-3), recombinant murine granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating
      factor (G-CSF) which are all well known to stimulate BFU-E growth. IL-3 showed a
      potent burst-promoting activity (BPA), but GM-CSF and G-CSF did not enhance BFU-E
      growth in our culture conditions. In the cultures supplemented with Epo, the
      rapid loss of BFU-E was prevented with IL-3; however, PKE alone did not prevent
      the disappearance of BFU-E. These results suggest that PKE possesses a BPA-like
      activity which is considered an enhancement of BFU-E.

PMID- 1814622
TI  - Changes in surface charge density of lecithin liposomes by lipid peroxidation. A
      fluorescence study with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate.
AB  - Treatment of lecithin liposomes with 100 microM ascorbic acid and 10 microM
      ferrous ion resulted in the formation of fluorescent products exhibiting an
      emission maximum at 430 nm and a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of 8
      anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) bound to the liposomes without change in the
      emission maximum. The degree of ascorbic acid/Fe(2+)-induced decrease in the ANS
      fluorescence was dependent on the extent of fluorescent product formation. The
      results of kinetic studies on ANS-binding to the liposomes showed that treatment
      of the liposomes with ascorbic acid/Fe2+ causes an increase of the apparent
      dissociation constant (Kd) of ANS-liposome complex. This indicates that lipid
      peroxidation of the liposomes by treatment with ascorbic acid/Fe2+ decreases the
      binding affinity of ANS to the liposomes. In addition, it was also found that
      there is a good correlation between degrees of the Kd value and the formation of
      fluorescent products. The fluorescence properties, i.e. emission maximum and
      response of the fluorescence intensity for borohydride reduction, of the products
      formed by lipid peroxidation of the liposomes were similar to those derived from
      modification of the liposomes with monofunctional aldehydes such as acetaldehyde
      and heptaldehyde. From these results, it is suggested that the decrease of ANS
      binding affinity to the liposomes by treatment with ascorbic acid/Fe2+ may be due
      to changes in the surface charge density of the liposomes relating to the
      formation of fluorescent products.

PMID- 1814623
TI  - Internalization model using rat liver plasma membrane for receptor-mediated
      endocytosis of epidermal growth factor.
AB  - We have demonstrated the internalization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) using
      membrane isolated from rat liver. The isolated membrane exhibited a saturation
      curve of the binding of 125I-EGF. Furthermore, competition between the binding of
      125I-EGF and unlabeled EGF to the isolated membrane was observed. These results
      were similar to those obtained from whole hepatocytes. In order to confirm
      whether or not the present experimental system using the isolated membrane can be
      used for the study of receptor-mediated endocytosis, the internalization of pre
      bound EGF in the isolated membrane was assessed by two different methods. First,
      acid-insensitive 125I-EGF time-dependently increased following incubation at 37
      degrees C. Secondly, EGF became inaccessible to the exogenous 125I-anti-EGF
      antibody when under the same condition. These processes were dependent on
      adenosine triphosphate, but independent of Ca2+ and stimulated by guanosine
      triphosphate. These results demonstrate that receptor-mediated endocytosis
      occurred in the isolated membrane.

PMID- 1814624
TI  - Urethanase of Bacillus licheniformis sp. isolated from mouse gastrointestine.
AB  - Trace levels of urethane, a cancer causing chemical, were detected in many kinds
      of wine, sherry, whisky, brandy and sake. Urethane formation from urea and
      ethanol in sake can be prevented by the treatment of acid urease, which is
      produced by Lactobacillus fermentum, but urethane, once formed, is very difficult
      to decompose. In order to keep the safety of alcoholic beverages, enzymatic
      removal of urethane has become an urgent problem. We found that Bacillus
      licheniformis sp., isolated from mouse gastrointestine, decomposed urethane to
      ethanol and ammonia. The enzyme showed higher urethanase activity at an acidic
      condition than at a neutral condition, and was resistant against ethyl alcohol of
      high concentrations. However, the enzyme had a low affinity to urethane for the
      industrial removal of the compound from alcoholic beverages.

PMID- 1814625
TI  - Purification of a rat liver phenol sulphotransferase (P-STG) with the aid of
      guanidine hydrochloride treatment.
AB  - An isoenzyme of phenol sulphotransferase, designated P-STG, was purified 157-fold
      from male rat liver cytosol by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) and
      agarose-hexane-adenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate affinity chromatography. The P-STG
      fraction obtained after DEAE-cellulose chromatography rapidly lost its activity
      during storage at 4 degrees C, however, the activity was recovered by the
      addition of 1.6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gndn HCl) followed by dialysis. Gndn
      HCl also substantially improved the yield of P-STG in a subsequent purification
      step using affinity chromatography, while the specific activity of the purified P
      STG was not changed by Gndn HCl treatment. It is possible that the Gndn HCl
      treatment caused P-STG recovery from an inactivated to an active form rather than
      reactivating it for increased activity. Purified P-STG is a homodimer with a
      native molecular mass of 67 kDa; the subunit molecular mass is 35 kDa. Immunoblot
      analysis carried out with antibodies raised against the purified enzyme indicated
      that male rat liver contains a higher level of the enzyme than female rat liver.
      This enzyme is also expressed in the kidney and the stomach. P-STG reaches
      maximum activity when 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 4-nitrophenol are used as
      substrates at pH 5.5. Using dopamine as a substrate the pH optimum is about 9.0.
      P-STG activity is markedly inhibited by the addition of sodium chloride to the
      reaction mixture.

PMID- 1814626
TI  - Fibrinolytic effect of tissue plasminogen activator on cerebral embolism in
      stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - To study the thrombolytic effect of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) on
      cerebral emboli, we characterized cerebral embolization in stroke-prone
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs).
      [125I]Fibrin clot particles (20-100 microns diameter) were injected twice at an
      interval of 90 min into the left internal carotid artery of WKYs and SHRSPs.
      After each injection, spontaneous embolus dissolution was monitored with a gamma
      ray detector placed on the head of the embolic rats. Embolus dissolution was
      spontaneously generated in 15 min after the injection of fibrin clots. In WKYs,
      21% and 42% of the clots were dissolved 30 and 90 min after the second
      embolization, respectively. On the other hand, the spontaneous embolus
      dissolution in SHRSPs was significantly lower than that of WKYs, indicating that
      the endogenous fibrinolytic ability of SHRSPs is less potent than that of
      normotensive rats. The intravenous administration of t-PA at doses of 75, 250 and
      750 micrograms/kg caused a dose-dependent embolus dissolution in SHRSPs.
      Furthermore, systematically applied t-PA produced embolus dissolution without
      causing systemic plasminogen activation, fibrinogen breakdown or bleeding. In
      conclusion, the intravenous administration of t-PA produces selective embolus
      dissolution without systemic fibrino(geno)lysis in a cerebral embolic SHRSP.

PMID- 1814627
TI  - Synthesis of [125I]iodoclorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, and
      its biodistribution in mice.
AB  - A new radioiodinated monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) specific inhibitor,
      [125I]iodoclorgyline, was synthesized from its tin precursor by
      iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with
      high yield and site specificity. The product possessed a high radiochemical
      purity as well as high specific activity. The method can be readily applicable
      for labeling with 123I, a very suitable radioisotope for in vivo imaging with
      single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Biodistribution studies of
      the [125I]iodoclorgyline in mice showed high initial uptake in the brain, and
      brain radioactivity reached a constant level at 60 min after intravenous
      injection. The results suggested that [125I]iodoclorgyline might have potential
      as a radiopharmaceutical for MAO-A studies in the brain with SPECT.

PMID- 1814628
TI  - Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from natural products. IV. Constituents
      and aldose reductase inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bixa orellana
      and Ipomoea batatas.
AB  - The hot water extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bixa orellana and Ipomoea
      batatas, were found to have potent inhibitory activity towards lens aldose
      reductase (AR). Ellagic acid (4) was isolated from C. morifolium and I. batatas,
      isoscutellarein (7) from B. orellana and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (10) from I.
      batatas, respectively, as potent inhibitors.

PMID- 1814629
TI  - Mitogenic activity of Tulipa gesneriana lectins on mouse and human lymphocytes.
AB  - Tulipa gesneriana lectin-erythrocyte (TGL-E) which agglutinates mouse
      erythrocytes showed a potent mitogenic activity on mouse spleen cells and human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes, however, TGL-E had only slight mitogenic activity
      on mouse thymus cells. Its subunit alpha with a molecular weight (MW) of about
      26,000 showed a potent mitogenic activity as did that of native lectin, but
      subunit beta with a MW of about 14,000 showed no activity, indicating that the
      mitogenic activity of TGL-E originates from subunit alpha. TGL-E stimulated T
      cell enriched spleen cells which passed through a nylon column, but not spleen
      cells from a nude mouse or spleen cells treated with anti-Thy 1.2 antibody and
      complement. Thus, TGL-E stimulates only mouse T cells but not B cells. The other
      lectin in tulip bulbs, Tulipa gesneriana lectin-yeast showed no mitogenic
      activity on mouse spleen, thymus cells or human paripheral blood lymphocytes.

PMID- 1814630
TI  - Transport to intestinal lumen and peritoneal cavity of intravenously administered
      aprinidine in rats.
AB  - Transfer of aprindine from the blood into the intestinal lumen or into the
      peritoneal cavity was examined after intravenous administration of the drug at a
      dose of 5 mg/kg in rats. The amount of the drug transferred from the blood into
      the intestinal lumen was much greater than into the peritoneal cavity. The
      average amounts of aprindine transported into the intestinal lumen and the
      peritoneal cavity were 0.12 and 0.03% of the dose (5 mg/kg) in 120 min,
      respectively. Thus, a notable difference in the clearance values of the drug was
      obtained between the intestinal lumen (14.8 ml/h) and the peritoneal cavity (4.94
      ml/h). The net water flux showed that secretion predominated in the peritoneal
      transport while absorption overbalanced secretion in the intestinal transport. It
      seems likely that a solvent drag effect by water movement did not contribute much
      to the transport of aprindine from the blood to the intestinal lumen or the
      peritoneal cavity. The differences in transport across the two membranes could be
      due to differences in the surface area and other geometrical factors. Differences
      could also be due to a difference in the pharmacologic effects of the drug which
      causes a decrease in tissue splanchnic perfusion.

PMID- 1814631
TI  - Redispersible dry emulsion system as novel oral dosage form of oily drugs: in
      vivo studies in beagle dogs.
AB  - The absorption characteristics of vitamin E acetate (VEA) formulated into a dry
      emulsion system after its oral administration to beagle dogs were determined and
      compared to those of two different dosage forms (an oily mixture of the drug with
      cottonseed oil and an oil (drug)-in-water emulsion). The three dosage forms were
      administered in a crossover fashion to six nonfasting subjects, and the drug
      absorption was assessed from the plasma concentration of the major metabolite
      (free vitamin E). VEA formulated in the dry emulsion was rapidly absorbed, which
      suggested that a considerable amount was released as reformed emulsion droplets
      in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in water in vitro. Based on the analysis
      of variance, no significant differences in bioavailability parameters (AUC, Cmax
      or Tmax) were observed among the three dosage forms.

PMID- 1814632
TI  - Oral administration of calcium hydroxide stimulates bone metabolism in the
      femoral diaphysis of rats with skeletal unloading.
AB  - The preventive effect of calcium hydroxide on the disorder of bone metabolism
      caused by skeletal unloading was investigated. Skeletal unloading was designed
      using the model of hindlimb hang in rats. Skeletal unloading for 7 d caused a
      significant decrease of inorganic phosphorus concentration in the serum and of
      alkaline phosphatase activity and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content in the
      femoral diaphysis of rats. Oral administration of calcium hydroxide (16 and 24 mg
      Ca/kg) caused a significant increase in serum inorganic phosphorus concentration
      and femoral-diaphyseal calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity of rats
      with skeletal unloading. Bone DNA content was significantly increased by the dose
      of 24 mg Ca/kg. These results clearly indicate that skeletal unloading-induced
      disorder of bone metabolism is partly prevented by oral administration of calcium
      hydroxide. Calcium ingestion may be useful as a therapeutic tool in the disorder
      of bone metabolism caused by skeletal unloading.

PMID- 1814633
TI  - Preparation of [Arg-Gly-Asp]-[amino-poly(ethylene glycol)] hybrids and their
      inhibitory effect on experimental metastasis.
AB  - Hybrids of a fibronectin-related tripeptide (Arg-Gly-Asp) and amino-poly(ethylene
      glycol) were prepared and their inhibitory effect on experimental metastasis in
      mice was examined. The hybrids exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the
      metastasis of B16 melanoma BL6.

PMID- 1814634
TI  - Biosynthesis of beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)alanine, the precursor of the
      neurotoxic amino acid beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid.
AB  - beta-(Isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)alanine (BIA), a biosynthetic precursor of the
      neurotoxic amino acid beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP),
      was confirmed to be derived from O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) and isoxazolin-5-one by
      cysteine synthase in higher plants. Some properties of this enzyme in the
      biosynthesis of BIA are described.

PMID- 1814635
TI  - A chromogenic substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C: 4
      nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate.
AB  - A chromogenic water-soluble substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C was synthesized starting from myo-inositol employing
      isopropylidene and 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl protecting groups. In this analogue
      of phosphatidylinositol, 4-nitrophenol replaces the diacylglycerol moiety,
      resulting in synthetic, racemic 4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate. Using
      this synthetic substrate a rapid, convenient and sensitive spectrophotometric
      assay for the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus
      was developed. Initial rates of the cleavage of the nitrophenol substrate were
      linear with time and the amount of enzyme used. At pH 7.0, specific activities
      for the B. cereus enzyme were 77 and 150 mumol substrate cleaved min-1 (mg
      protein)-1 at substrate concentrations of 1 and 2 mM, respectively. Under these
      conditions, less than 50 ng quantities of enzyme were easily detected. The
      chromogenic substrate was stable during long term storage (6 months) as a solid
      at -20 degrees C.

PMID- 1814636
TI  - Aggregation properties of GD1b, II3Neu5Ac2GgOse4Cer, and of GD1b-lactone,
      II3[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2----8, 1----9)-alpha-Neu5Ac]GgOse4Cer, in aqueous solution.
AB  - The relevance of the presence of an inner ester in the oligosaccharide chain on
      the aggregative properties of gangliosides is investigated. Micellar molecular
      weight and hydrodynamic radius of natural GD1b and of semisynthetic GD1b-lactone
      are measured by the laser light scattering technique. The presence of the lactone
      ring causes an increase of 36% for the molecular weight and 16% for the
      hydrodynamic radius. Measurements on mixtures of GD1b and GD1b-lactone show that
      mixed micelles are formed with microdomain structure. The results are interpreted
      in terms of the geometrical packing model for the aggregation of amphiphilic
      molecules and are correlated to membrane processes.

PMID- 1814637
TI  - Iodide penetration into lipid bilayers as a probe of membrane lipid organization.
AB  - The quenching efficiency of iodide as a penetrating fluorescence quencher for a
      membrane-associated fluorophore was utilized to measure the molecular packing of
      lipid bilayers. The KI quenching efficiency of tryptophan-fluorescence from
      melittin incorporated in DMPC bilayer vesicles peaks at the phase transition
      temperature (24 degrees C) of DMPC, whereas acrylamide quenching efficiency does
      not depend on temperature. The ability of iodide to penetrate the hydrocarbon
      region of the bilayer was examined by measuring the fluorescence quenching of the
      pyrene-phosphatidylcholine incorporated into DMPC vesicles (pyrene was attached
      to the 10th carbon of the sn-2 chain). The quenching efficiency of pyrene by
      iodide again shows a maximum at the lipid phase transition. We conclude that
      iodide penetrates the membrane hydrocarbon region at phase transition through an
      increased number of bilayer defects. The magnitude of change in quenching
      efficiency of iodide during lipid phase transition provides a sensitive technique
      to probe the lipid organization in membranes.

PMID- 1814638
TI  - Precipitation and 13C-NMR relaxation enhancement measurements of the interactions
      of bile acids with synthetic cationic bile acid derivatives, and with spin
      labelled fatty acids.
AB  - In an investigation of novel potential bile acid sequestrants, the affinities of
      the sodium salts of the glycine and taurine conjugates of naturally occurring
      bile acids (cholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate and lithocholate) for
      several cationic ammonium bile acid derivatives have been investigated by
      measurements of the extent to which the derivatives are able to precipitate the
      bile acids. This is roughly proportional to the lipophilicity of the interacting
      species. Thus, amino and ammonium derivatives of cholic acid do not precipitate
      taurocholate or glycocholate to any great extent, whereas ammonium derivatives of
      deoxycholate and lithocholate are much more effective. To complement the
      precipitation measurements, high resolution 13C-NMR has been applied to
      investigate the weaker interactions between the ammonium cholate derivative and
      glycocholate, glycodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate. Addition of either of
      the latter two bile acids to the cationic ammonium compound results in
      considerable broadening of the 13C resonances of both species, indicating the
      formation of relatively rigid structures. In addition, we have used T2 relaxation
      enhancement induced by spin-labelled fatty acids to examine the mechanism of
      interaction with bile acids of amphiphilic anions, which might compete with bile
      acids for sites on bile acid sequestrants. Low concentrations of 16-DOXY L
      Stearate dramatically broaden the 13C-NMR resonances of deoxycholate carbons 19,
      18 and 7 in particular, while 5-DOXY L-Stearate exerts much less specific
      effects. These results have been incorporated into a snapshot model of bile acid
      fatty acid interactions.

PMID- 1814639
TI  - The influence of low amounts of cholesterol on the interdigitated gel phase of
      hydrated dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine.
AB  - Dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC)/cholesterol binary mixtures in excess of
      water have been characterized by small-angle X-ray diffraction and differential
      scanning calorimetry and a temperature-composition phase diagram for this binary
      has been constructed. The property of cholesterol to perturb the hydrocarbon
      chain interdigitation in the lamellar gel phase of DHPC and to convert it into a
      non-interdigitated state has been observed by small- angle X-ray diffraction at
      cholesterol concentrations as low as 0.1 mol%. The interdigitated and non
      interdigitated lamellar gel phases coexist in the range up to 5 mol% cholesterol.
      At this and higher cholesterol concentrations only non-interdigitated phases have
      been found in the phase diagram of the mixture. It is suggested that the ability
      of cholesterol in low concentration to eliminate the hydrocarbon chain
      interdigitation is related to the free energy increase due to unfavourable line
      boundaries between the interdigitated and non-interdigitated lipid domains.

PMID- 1814640
TI  - Effects of surfactant-associated protein SP-B synthetic analogs on the structure
      and surface activity of model membrane bilayers.
AB  - The effect of several synthetic peptides based on the sequence of human pulmonary
      surfactant-associated protein B (SPB) on the molecular packing of model membrane
      lipids (7:1 dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG)) was studied using fluorescence anisotropy. This
      information was then correlated with complementary biophysical data obtained on
      both a modified Wilhelmy-Langmuir balance and a pulsating bubble surfactometer.
      The SP-B peptides examined in these studies are synthetic human SP-B Phe1-Ser78
      (SP-B 1-78, full-length sequence), synthetic human SP-B Phe1-Thr60 (SP-B 1-60),
      synthetic human SP-B Phe1-Ala20 (SP-B 1-20), synthetic human SP-B Ala20-Thr60 (SP
      B 20-60), synthetic human SP-B Leu27-Ser78 (SP-B 27-78), synthetic human SP-B
      Leu40-Thr60 (SP-B 40-60) and synthetic human SP-B Tyr53-Ser78 (SP-B 53-78). trans
      parinaric acid was utilized to detect changes in ordering of lipids within the
      interior upon incorporation of synthetic SP-B peptide, whereas 1-hexadecanoyl-2
      [N-(7-nitro-2-benzoxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-a min ohexanoyl] phosphatidylcholine (6
      NBD-PC) and 1-acyl-2-[N-(7-nitro-2-benzoxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)aminohexanoyl ]
      phosphatidylglycerol (6-NBD-PG) were utilized to determine alterations in lipid
      order at the surface of the model membrane bilayer. With the exception of SP-B 40
      60, which corresponds to the most hydrophobic segment of the full-length SP-B,
      none of the other peptide significantly perturbed the interior bilayer as
      determined by fluorescence anisotropy of trans-parinaric acid. Incorporation of
      any of the peptides with the exception of SP-B 40-60, resulted in an increase in
      anisotropy of NBD-PC. The most significant enhancements resulted from the
      addition of SP-B 1-78, SP-B 1-20, SP-B 27-78 or SP-B 53-78. The magnitude of
      anisotropy increase with these peptides is similar to that observed with an
      equivalent molar ratio of native SP-B isolated from a bovine source. These
      observations suggest that these four synthetic peptides have the structural and
      compositional characteristics required for surface ordering of the membrane
      bilayer in a manner similar to that observed with native SP-B, thereby
      facilitating the surfactant-like properties of phospholipid mixtures.

PMID- 1814641
TI  - Regio- and stereoselective enzymatic esterification of glycerol and its
      derivatives.
AB  - A methodology for regio- and stereoselective preparation of acyl glycerol
      derivatives is presented. It offers easy access to specific 1,2-, 1,3
      diglycerides and triglycerides as well as alkyl glycerol esters, phospholipids
      and glycolipids. These compounds are prepared by esterification of the
      corresponding glycerol derivatives such as 2-monoglycerides, alkyl glycerols,
      glyceryl glycosides, glyceryl phosphate esters, or unsubstituted glycerol. The
      regio- and stereoselectivity in the esterification is achieved by using fatty
      acid anhydrides and an enzymatic catalyst, 1,3-specific lipase. NMR methods for
      determining the regio- and stereoselectivity of esterification are discussed.

PMID- 1814642
TI  - Effects of solute concentration on the entrapment of solutes in phospholipid
      vesicles prepared by freeze-thaw extrusion.
AB  - Phospholipid vesicles prepared by the freeze-thaw extrusion method contain
      internal solute concentrations which are much higher than the external values
      (entrapment ratios much greater than 1). This concentrating effect is a complex
      function of the total impermeant solute concentration in the medium used to
      prepare vesicles, the presence or absence of permeant solutes in the medium and
      the apparent competitive binding interactions between solutes and phospholipid.
      Increases in water phase solute concentration during freezing are thought to
      underlie the concentrating phenomenon, while osmotic pressure driven lysis of
      vesicles during thawing appears to limit its magnitude. By judicious selection of
      solute concentration and physical properties, further increases in the entrapment
      ratio should be obtainable, improving the usefulness of these vesicles as drug
      delivery vesicles and experimental systems.

PMID- 1814643
TI  - Stability of sonicated aqueous suspensions of phospholipids under air.
AB  - The stability of phospholipids in liposomal aqueous suspension against oxidative
      degradation in air was investigated using spectrophotometric indices, glutathione
      peroxidase reactivity and thin layer chromatography. Zwitterionic phospholipid
      was found to be susceptible to degradation via oxidation of polyunsaturated
      hydrocarbon chains and ester hydrolysis, producing oxidized lysophosphatide and
      free fatty acid derivatives. These products were characterized as hydroperoxides
      based on their reactivity with the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase
      isolated from human erythrocytes. Lecithin in Tris buffer was more resistant to
      hydrolysis than in water. The sonication of 8.0 mM of soybean phosphatidylcholine
      (SB-PC) suspension in 0.1 M Tris (pH 7.5) in the presence of air produced
      relatively high concentration of conjugated diene hydroperoxide, but a small
      amount of hydrolyzed products. Anionic phospholipids, such as egg
      phosphatidylglycerol (egg-PG), demonstrated higher resistance to air oxidation
      than the zwitterionic lecithin, but its oxidation was promoted by sonication.

PMID- 1814644
TI  - Body fat distribution and serum lipoproteins in relation to age and body weight.
AB  - Android obesity is reported to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease and
      aberrations in lipid metabolism, but so far its association with other risk
      factors such as age and overweight has not been clearly analyzed. We therefore
      investigated the relationship between the waist-to-hip ratio, age, body mass
      index and serum lipoproteins in 305 probands (158 men, 147 women), while body
      mass index was kept constant in all age groups. Waist-to-hip ratio correlated
      with both age (r = 0.441) and body mass index (r = 0.532) in simple linear
      correlation analysis (P less than 0.001). In stepwise multiple regression
      analysis we found in both sexes a first step dependence on age for total and LDL
      cholesterol (P less than 0.001), a first step dependence on waist-to-hip ratio
      for triglycerides (P less than 0.001), VLDL-triglycerides (P less than 0.001) and
      VLDL-cholesterol (P less than 0.001 for men, P less than 0.05 for women), and an
      inverse first step dependence on body mass index for HDL-cholesterol (P less than
      0.05 for men, P less than 0.001 for women). From these results we propose an
      independent association between waist-to-hip ratio and triglycerides while the
      relation to total and LDL-cholesterol is determined by age. HDL-cholesterol, on
      the other hand, is influenced by body fat mass and independent from age or body
      fat distribution.

PMID- 1814645
TI  - A rapid fluorometric enzyme immunoassay for the determination of neonatal TSH
      from blood spots.
AB  - We describe a novel method for the detection of thyrotropin from dried blood
      spots using a horseradish peroxidase-labelled sandwich enzyme immunoassay with
      fluorometric detection. The detection limit of the present assay is 1.25 mIU/l
      with within-run and between-run imprecision being in the range 5.2 to 11.4%. The
      results of the assay correlate well with two commercial methods: an enzyme
      immunoassay (r = 0.93) and a time-resolved fluorescence assay (r = 0.90). The
      blood spot values also show a good correlation (r = 0.93) with respective values
      obtained from plasma using a commercial immunoradiometric method. The assay may
      also be performed colorimetrically with sensitivity similar to the fluorometric
      assay. However, the latter provides a wider dynamic range with an upper limit of
      400 mIU/l while the colorimetric method reaches a plateau at 25 mIU/l. Due to its
      simplicity and rapid performance (3 h), the fluorometric assay is suitable for
      the routine screening of congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 1814646
TI  - A new immunochemical assay for biotin.
AB  - A double antibody technique has been developed to separate free biotin from bound
      biotin after competitive binding of [3H]biotin and unlabelled biotin to avidin.
      Antiavidin goat antibody was added followed by the addition of antigoat IgG
      antibody linked to agarose. Centrifugation separated the free biotin from the
      biotin bound to the avidin complex. The method was suitable for the detection of
      the amounts of biotin contained in 100-200 microliters of plasma or 5-10
      microliters of urine. Normal values for the concentration of biotin in plasma and
      urine determined by this assay were 1.27 +/- 0.67 nmol/l and 49.1 +/- 35.7
      mumol/mol creatinine, respectively.

PMID- 1814647
TI  - Isolation of amniotic fluid proteins of non-maternal serum origin by negative
      immuno-affinity chromatography.
AB  - Although several proteins of non-maternal serum origin are known to exist in
      amniotic fluid, the predominance of serum proteins has hampered the isolation of
      all but a very few. This report describes the removal of large amounts
      contaminating serum proteins from amniotic fluid with anti-human serum antibody
      coupled to a solid matrix, leaving behind small amounts of proteins of interest,
      about 3% of the total amniotic fluid proteins. An antibody raised against the non
      adsorbed proteins and used in immunoelectrophoretic methods permitted detection
      of more, probably unknown, proteins in amniotic fluid of potential biological and
      diagnostic interest.

PMID- 1814648
TI  - Effect of alcohol on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and porphyrin
      metabolism in man.
AB  - The influence of alcohol on porphyrin metabolism was investigated in 6 healthy
      non-alcoholics and 19 patients with chronic alcohol abuse. In the healthy
      subjects, blood and urine samples were obtained before and after acute alcohol
      exposure, whereas in the chronic alcoholics only one examination was performed.
      In both groups a significant inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
      was demonstrated. The activity was partially restored in vitro by addition of
      zinc ions or dithiothreitol. A combination of both activators produced
      reactivation to normal levels. Coproporphyrinuria was more prominent in chronic
      alcoholics (373 nmol/24 h on average, upper norm 119 nmol/24 h) compared to non
      alcoholics (140 nmol/24 h). Urinary porphobilinogen and delta-amino-levulinic
      acid were normal except for a moderately increased delta-aminolevulinic acid in
      four healthy individuals. In conclusion, alcohol causes reversible inhibition of
      delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. The metabolic changes reflect both an
      inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and coproporphyrinogen
      oxidase; a simultaneous, moderate induction of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid
      synthase is suggested. Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity
      could serve as a sensitive indicator for both acute and chronic alcohol
      consumption even better than coproporphyrinuria.

PMID- 1814649
TI  - ELISA using monoclonal antibody to human serum arylesterase.
AB  - ELISA for determining arylesterase content in human serum has been developed by
      the one-step sandwich method using 2 monoclonal antibodies. While the content of
      arylesterase in healthy adults was 81 +/- 25 mg/l, a decrease was observed in
      patients with liver cirrhosis, where the mean +/- SD was 37 +/- 7 mg/l. ELISA of
      human serum arylesterase correlated with the activity determined by a specific
      substrate assay we devised recently.

PMID- 1814650
TI  - Role of iron in the photosensitization by uroporphyrin.
AB  - The role of iron in the mechanism of photosensitivity due to uroporphyrin was
      investigated. There is frequently increased levels of Fe in the serum from
      patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, where the photosensitivity is due to
      uroporphyrin. It has been reported that H2O2 has a major role in the uroporphyrin
      induced photosensitivity. Hence we examined the hypothesis that Fe would catalyze
      the production of OH from H2O2 and the OH thus formed may have a significant role
      in the uroporphyrin photosensitivity. This was examined by studying the effects
      of the Fe chelating compound deferoxamine in an in vitro system. Our results show
      that deferoxamine inhibited the uroporphyrin photosensitivity, but not the
      photosensitivity due to protoporphyrin. This indicates that Fe may play a role in
      the uroporphyrin photosensitization in the skin, by accelerating the formation of
      OH, which may be a major reactive species responsible for the photosensitization
      in porphyria cutanea tarda.

PMID- 1814651
TI  - Radiation oncogenesis in relation to the treatment of pituitary tumours.

PMID- 1814652
TI  - Gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor: a missing link in the control of LH
      secretion?

PMID- 1814653
TI  - Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the production of gonadotrophin surge
      attenuating factor (GnSAF) in vivo.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the time-course production of gonadotrophin surge attenuating
      factor (GnSAF) after the onset of FSH treatment in women. DESIGN: Normally
      cycling women were treated with FSH injections (225 IU per day) starting on cycle
      day 2 (0800 h). The response of LH to an i.v. injection of 10 micrograms GnRH
      (GnSAF bioactivity) was investigated 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the first FSH
      injection, as well as during the early follicular phase of an untreated
      spontaneous cycle. PATIENTS: Six normally ovulating women with long-standing
      unexplained infertility were studied. The women were used as their own controls
      during the spontaneous cycles. MEASUREMENTS: Pituitary response to GnRH was
      calculated as the net increase in LH at 30 min (delta LH30) above the basal
      value. RESULTS: delta LH30 was significantly attenuated 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours
      after the first FSH injection as compared to the spontaneous cycles. In the
      latter cycles, delta LH30 decreased significantly from day 2 (12 hours) to day 4
      (48 hours). Serum oestradiol levels at 12 and 24 hours did not differ
      significantly between the FSH and the spontaneous cycles. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results demonstrate that in superovulated women, a marked attenuation in the
      pituitary response to GnRH occurs as early as 12 hours from a single injection of
      FSH before any significant increase in serum oestradiol levels. It is suggested
      that FSH is a potent stimulus of GnSAF production in women.

PMID- 1814654
TI  - The effect of subcutaneous injection site on absorption of human growth hormone:
      abdomen versus thigh.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether growth hormone (GH) absorption is site
      dependent. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: Human growth hormone (hGH, Norditropin) 4 IU,
      was injected subcutaneously on two separate occasions: into the thigh on one
      occasion and into the abdomen on a second occasion. Blood was sampled for GH,
      insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol at baseline and hourly
      for 12 hours. Serum insulin-like growth factor I was measured at baseline, and
      after 12 and 24 hours. SUBJECTS: Eleven healthy young adults (8 M, 3 F). RESULTS:
      Following the injection serum GH had risen by 1 hour and peaked by 3-6 hours. The
      peak GH and growth hormone area under the curve were significantly higher after
      injection in the abdomen compared with the thigh (GH peak (mean +/- SEM) 103 +/-
      20 vs 41 +/- 8 mU/l, P = 0.002 and GH area 528 +/- 86 vs 239 +/- 34 mU/l h, P =
      0.003 respectively). Serum insulin-like growth factor I at 12 and at 24 hours
      showed a significant rise from the baseline level, but no significant difference
      was observed between the two injection sites. No significant difference in plasma
      insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids or glycerol was observed between the
      two methods of injection. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneously injected GH is better
      absorbed from the abdominal site than from the thigh.

PMID- 1814655
TI  - The assay of urinary growth hormone in normal and acromegalic adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To establish a normal range for urinary growth hormone in adults and
      to investigate the urinary growth hormone levels in patients with acromegaly,
      comparing these with the serum growth hormone results of a glucose tolerance
      test. We also studied the molecular identity of the growth hormone recognized by
      our assay method. DESIGN: Overnight urine samples and, in some cases, timed urine
      samples taken during the day were obtained from healthy volunteers and
      acromegalic patients. A standard glucose tolerance test with serum growth hormone
      measurements was performed on the acromegalic patients. PATIENTS: One hundred and
      thirty-five normal adults and 33 acromegalic patients were studied. MEASUREMENTS:
      Urinary growth hormone was measured using a sensitive and precise assay developed
      previously. RESULTS: In healthy volunteers overnight urinary growth hormone
      values fell gradually with increasing age, but there was no significant
      difference between men and women in any decade or between smokers and non
      smokers. Sexual intercourse had no detectable effect on the values, but there was
      a large increase following strenuous exercise. Studies of the diurnal patterns in
      normal and abnormal adults suggested that it might be possible to diagnose
      acromegaly on a random urine sample. Gel filtration studies on a urine sample
      from an acromegalic patient showed a single peak of molecular weight 22,000.
      Using overnight collections there was clear discrimination between the values
      given by the normal adults and the acromegalic patients and an excellent
      correlation between urinary growth hormone levels in acromegalic patients and the
      mean serum growth hormone in a glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast
      to some other groups we conclude that urinary growth hormone provides a useful,
      non-invasive screening test for acromegaly, but this conclusion depends crucially
      on the assay being sensitive and precise at low values.

PMID- 1814656
TI  - Meningitis as a late complication of surgically and medically treated pituitary
      adenoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report meningitis occurring as a late complication of both medical
      and surgical treatment of pituitary tumour. DESIGN: Two case reports. PATIENTS:
      One patient developed meningitis 9 years after she underwent transsphenoidal
      hypophysectomy for Nelson's syndrome. The second patient developed rhinorrhoea
      while on treatment with bromocriptine for a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
      and subsequently developed meningitis. MEASUREMENTS: In Patient 1, CT scanning
      identified a small defect in the floor of the sella turcica. In Patient 2, CT
      scan examinations performed with a 3-year interval demonstrated marked shrinkage
      of a pituitary tumour which had invaded the sphenoid sinus so that the tumour no
      longer plugged the erosion. RESULTS: Both patients experienced rhinorrhoea for
      over a year prior to the onset of meningitis. Both patients dismissed the
      occurrence of rhinorrhoea as insignificant and did not bring it to medical
      attention. In Patient 1, rhinorrhoea and presumably the entry site for
      pneumococaal infection was through a defect in the floor of the sella turcica
      consistent with transsphenoidal hypophysectomy performed 9 years previously. In
      Patient 2, rhinorrhoea and presumably entry of infection was facilitated by
      unplugging of a defect in the wall of the sphenoid sinus by bromocriptine-induced
      shrinkage of the pituitary adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Meningitis can occur as a late
      complication of surgical or medical treatment of pituitary tumours. This may be
      preceded by rhinorrhoea which should be regularly enquired for as the symptom may
      not prompt patients to disclose its presence spontaneously. These reports
      document only the third occurrence of meningitis as a late complication of
      transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and the first occurrence of meningitis as a
      consequence of treatment of a pituitary tumour with bromocriptine.

PMID- 1814657
TI  - The effect of a highly specific serotonin agonist on osmoregulated vasopressin
      secretion in healthy man.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore a possible interaction of the serotonin neurotransmitter
      system and posterior pituitary function, we have looked at the effect of
      fluoxetine treatment on osmoregulated vasopressin secretion in normal men in two
      placebo controlled studies. DESIGN: In each study subjects took in random order
      for 7 days one capsule daily of placebo or 40 mg fluoxetine. On the 8th day
      subjects underwent assessment. Study 1 A hypo-osmotic stimulus of an oral water
      load of 20 ml/kg. Study 2 A hyperosmotic stimulus of intravenous infusion of 5%
      (855 mmol/l) saline at 0.06 ml/kg/min for 120 minutes. PATIENTS: Normal, healthy
      male volunteers. Study 1, 9; Study 2, 10. MEASUREMENTS: In both studies regular
      measures of plasma osmolality, sodium and vasopressin were made. In Study 1 urine
      osmolality was measured together with urine volume at set time points and an
      accumulative measure of percentage of water load excreted. Free water clearance
      was calculated. In Study 2 the relationship of plasma vasopressin to change in
      plasma osmolality was calculated for each subject by linear regression analysis.
      RESULTS: Serotonin agonism had no effect on baseline measurements in either
      study. Study 1 After 4 hours subjects excreted 95 and 99% of the water load after
      placebo and fluoxetine respectively (P = 0.407). There was no effect of
      fluoxetine compared to placebo on the pattern or extent of change of plasma
      osmolality (nadir 285.9 +/- 1.4 mosm/kg placebo, 283.1 +/- 1.1 mosm/kg
      fluoxetine, P = 0.145) or free water clearance or maximum urine dilution after
      oral water loading. Plasma vasopressin suppressed to a minimum concentration
      after both treatments in response to hypo-osmolality 0.5 +/- 0.1 pmol/l
      (placebo), 0.3 +/- 0.01 pmol/l (fluoxetine), P = 0.195. Study 2 Fluoxetine had no
      significant effect on the sensitivity of vasopressin release to change in plasma
      osmolality (0.33 +/- 0.06 pmol/l per mosm/kg placebo, 0.36 +/- 0.06 pmol/l per
      mosm/kg fluoxetine, P = 0.347). Nor was there a significant effect on the
      theoretical osmotic threshold for release of vasopressin (287.0 +/- 1.21 mosm/kg
      placebo, 286.9 +/- 1.09 mosm/kg fluoxetine, P = 0.700). CONCLUSION: We have found
      no evidence of a physiologically relevant effect of serotonin agonism on
      osmoregulated vasopressin release, or on the ability of normal man to excrete a
      water load. The possible reasons for this contrast to animal work are discussed.

PMID- 1814658
TI  - Correlations between mean LH levels and LH pulse characteristics: differences
      between normal and anovulatory women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Since LH secretion occurs as a series of pulses, relationships between
      mean LH levels and LH pulse characteristics are to be expected. The aim of this
      study was to determine whether such relationships are similar in normal women and
      anovulatory patients. DESIGN: We studied the correlations between mean LH levels
      and the products amplitude x frequency and area x frequency of LH pulses in
      normal women and in patients with disorders of ovulation. Blood samples were
      taken from each subject every 10 minutes during 6 hours on the 8th day after the
      last menses. PATIENTS: The patients were divided into three groups: patients with
      polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 11), patients with idiopathic anovulation (n = 14)
      and patients with short luteal phase (n = 13). Their results were compared to
      those of 12 normal women. MEASUREMENTS: LH was evaluated with an
      immunoradiometric assay. LH data were analysed with a 3 standard deviation
      threshold criterion for significant peaks, and with cluster analysis algorithm
      using 1, 2.5 and 5% false positive error rates and 'optimal parameters' (which
      give less than 5% false positive and false negative error rates in LH male data).
      RESULTS: Highly significant correlations between amplitude x frequency, area x
      frequency and mean LH were found in normals and patients with short luteal phase;
      no significant correlation was found in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome,
      while significant correlations were found in patients with idiopathic anovulation
      only with some of our criteria for peak detection. CONCLUSION: The differences
      that we found between the groups suggest that when commonly used methods are
      employed to determine LH pulse characteristics, most of the significant LH pulses
      are taken into account in normals and patients with short luteal phase, but not
      in anovulatory patients, especially in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
      This method using two correlations appears to be a simple and useful way to show
      the differences in the mechanisms by which mean LH levels are achieved in normal
      subjects and patients.

PMID- 1814660
TI  - The effect of thyroxine on small intestinal motility in the elderly.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of thyroxine on orocaecal transit time in a group
      of elderly hypothyroid patients on long-term thyroxine replacement therapy.
      DESIGN: Measurement of the effect of withdrawal and subsequent replacement of
      thyroxine replacement therapy on orocaecal transit time. PATIENTS: Fifteen
      elderly, previously hypothyroid patients on full replacement therapy with oral
      thyroxine were studied. There were 11 females and four males, aged 60-94 years
      (median 78 years) receiving initially 50-200 micrograms of oral thyroxine daily
      (median 100 micrograms). MEASUREMENTS: Serum TSH and FT4 were measured by
      radioimmunoassay and orocaecal transit time assessed using a lactulose hydrogen
      breath test. These tests were repeated 7 days after withdrawal of thyroxine
      replacement and again 7 days after subsequent reinstatement of therapy. RESULTS:
      On withdrawal of therapy, the median transit time increased from 75.0 to 135
      minutes (P less than 0.01), the median TSH increased from 1.8 to 2.3 mU/l (P =
      NS) and the median FT4 decreased from 13.7 to 10.6 pmol/l (P less than 0.01). On
      reinstatement of therapy, the median transit time decreased to 95 minutes (P =
      NS), the median TSH decreased to 1.1 mU/l (P = NS) and the median FT4 increased
      to 14.1 pmol/l (P less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the
      sensitivity of the small bowel to changes in thyroid hormone status and suggest
      that constipation arising as a result of this hypomotility may well be an early
      physical manifestation of hypothyroidism.

PMID- 1814659
TI  - Rapid preoperative preparation in hyperthyroidism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We have evaluated an alternative method of preparation of hyperthyroid
      patients for surgery, using betamethasone, iopanoic acid and propranolol. DESIGN:
      Betamethasone (0.5 mg every 6 hours), iopanoic acid (500 mg every 6 hours) and
      propranolol (40 mg every 8 hours) were given orally for 5 days; thyroidectomy was
      performed on the 6th day. We analysed patient acceptability, clinical and
      hormonal effects, ease of surgery and final outcome. PATIENTS: Thirteen females
      and 1 male, aged 16-59 years, ten with diffuse goitre and four with nodular
      goitre were submitted to subtotal thyroidectomy because antithyroid drugs had
      failed to control thyrotoxicosis or because hyperthyroidism coexisted with other
      conditions (pregnancy, hypertensive disease). MEASUREMENTS: Daily clinical
      assessments were made together with T3, T4 and rT3 serum concentrations before
      and while on drug treatment, during the surgical procedure and post-operatively.
      RESULTS: Daily assessment showed progressive clinical improvement so that on day
      5 the patients were considered clinically euthyroid. Serum levels of T3 (mean +/-
      SD) showed significant decrease (by 38.2 +/- 24.9%, P less than 0.01) as early as
      24 hours after medication was started, reaching almost euthyroid levels on day 3;
      on the day of operation T3 had diminished by 64.5 +/- 16.6% (P less than 0.0001).
      Serum T4 concentration showed a slight but significant decrement only from day 4
      on and never reached euthyroid levels. Serum rT3 values exhibited a brisk
      increment at 24 hours (+333 +/- 194%, P less than 0.0001) and remained elevated
      between 8 and 10 nmol/l until medication was stopped. Drug tolerance was
      considered as excellent since no serious side-effects were noted, even in
      pregnant patients. There were no anaesthetic incidents or postoperative
      complications and patients were discharged 48-72 hours after operation. The final
      outcome has been satisfactory and pregnant patients continued their pregnancies
      without incident, bearing normal children. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological
      combination of betamethasone, iopanoic acid and propranolol has proved to be safe
      and effective and is of low cost. Provided there is adequate supervision of the
      patients, it may be used in patients requiring urgent thyroidectomy or in those
      who for reasons of non-compliance need a short preoperative regime.

PMID- 1814661
TI  - [Pathohistological findings in palatine glands in autopsy and biopsy material].
AB  - Histological examinations of the palatine glands were performed in 100 postmortem
      cases and 65 biopsies of outpatients. These data were related to personal
      characteristics, such as age, sex, denture-wearing and certain primary diseases.
      The histological results of the postmortem material were found to be only partly
      comparable to those of the biopsy specimens. The pathohistological findings in
      the parenchyma of the outpatients proved to be less pronounced in the individual
      groups than those of the postmortem cases. An evaluation of the postmortem
      findings showed inflammatory, ectatic and metaplastic alterations of the ducts as
      well as atrophies and inflammations of the parenchyma, particularly in baseplate
      denture wearers and with increasing age. In persons under 65 the tissue
      irritation caused by baseplate dentures resulted in increased gland and duct
      alterations. In the dead above 65 the difference between age-dependent and
      denture-induced alterations of the parenchyma was statistically immaterial.

PMID- 1814662
TI  - [Ultrastructural studies on obstructive palatal sialadenitis in denture wearers].
AB  - The ultrastructural phenomena of obstructive palatal sialadenitis were studied in
      7 denture wearers versus 3 non-denture wearers as control. Apart from mucositis
      severe stagnation of salivary flow in the excretory ducts was observed in
      patients with dentures with short periods of service. In contrast to the control
      group there were mucous droplets after exocytosis of the acinus cells that
      remained intact even in the lumina of the distal excretory ducts. Desquamation of
      the duct and acinus cells results in a change in the organic components of the
      secretory mucus. The periductal infiltrate consisted mainly of plasma cells and
      lymphocytes, whereas neutrophils or macrophages were not observed.
      Ultrastructurally there was no evidence of an ascending microbial infection of
      the ducts. Probably, infections do not play an important role in the pathogenesis
      of obstructive palatal sialadenitis.

PMID- 1814663
TI  - [Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate. Literature report of 3 new cases].
AB  - In this study 3 cases diagnosed as necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) of the palate
      are described and discussed together with 106 other cases cited in the
      literature. A benign, self-limiting, inflammatory lesion NS is reviewed focusing
      on age, sex, race, clinical and symptomatic features, etiology, and therapy.
      Clinically and histologically NS mimics malignancy. Male (mean age 49.8 yrs) to
      female (mean age 36.3 yrs) ratio is 1.95:1. The etiology of NS remains unknown,
      but it may be associated with local trauma, use of a denture, arteriosclerosis or
      allergy. Most investigators seem to favor an ischemic cause of NS. Lesions heal
      spontaneously without treatment within 1-3 months; the only invasive procedure
      required is a biopsy.

PMID- 1814665
TI  - [Unilateral hyperplasia of the TMJ condyle].
AB  - Based on 8 case reports, the clinical features, etiology and therapy of
      unilateral condylo-mandibular hyperplasia are discussed. It is assumed that the
      underlying cause of this clinical picture is traumatic damage to the articular
      cartilage. According to our findings a distinction can be made between condylar
      hyperplasia and condylo-mandibular hyperplasia depending on the type of trauma
      and whether this damage occurs prior to or after completion of mandibular growth.
      Resection of the affected condyle is the treatment of choice. Immediate
      reconstruction of the joint using autogenous material (costal cartilage, iliac
      crest grafts) is recommended. In those cases of condylo-mandibular hyperplasia
      where esthetic impairment is only slight and the occlusion is left intact, the
      indication for surgery must be carefully discussed with the patient.

PMID- 1814664
TI  - [Angiolipoma of the maxillary sinus as a cause of recurring sinusitis-like
      symptoms].
AB  - A review of the literature shows that intraoral lipomas are more common than they
      are generally believed to be. The clinical course of a case with unusual
      localization, size and clinical manifestation of an angiolipoma of the maxillary
      sinus is described. Differential diagnosis with other types of intraoral lipomas
      is made.

PMID- 1814666
TI  - [Tension bolt osteosynthesis for fractures of the mandibular condyle].
AB  - 182 patients were treated with our method of tension bolt osteosynthesis between
      1980 and 1989. Follow-ups of 103 patients with severe displacement and
      dislocation fractures showed the results to be clearly better than those of
      conservative functional treatment. Compared with other surgical procedures this
      method has the advantage that it does not require the joint area to be exposed
      again for removal of the osteosynthesis material. Slight displacement,
      diacapitular fractures and fractures in children still require conservative
      functional treatment.

PMID- 1814667
TI  - [Color Doppler ultrasonography--a new imaging procedure in maxillofacial
      surgery].
AB  - Colour Doppler ultrasonography shows blood flow in real time and colour by
      combining the features of real time B mode ultrasound and Doppler. At each point
      in the image the returning signal is interrogated for both amplitude and
      frequency information. The resulting image shows all non-moving structures in
      shades of gray and moving structures in shades of red or blue depending on
      direction and velocity. The technique of colour Doppler ultrasonography and our
      experiences in 63 examinations are described. The clinical application of this
      new simple non-invasive method in maxillo-facial surgery is discussed.

PMID- 1814668
TI  - [Physiology and pathophysiology of the minor salivary glands].
AB  - Measurements of the secretory rates of the palatine and the parotid glands,
      assessing the electrolyte content of all salivary fractions and combined clinical
      biotic studies underline the clinical importance of the minor salivary glands.
      The minor salivary glands are shown to be organs whose function is decisively
      involved in symptoms such as xerostomia, stomatodynia, and what is known as
      "denture intolerance". Moreover, proper secretion of the palatine glands is of
      crucial importance for the physical retention of maxillary full dentures. There
      are no connections between secretory rates of major and minor salivary glands.
      The effect of certain drugs on salivary production and thus on the symptoms of
      hyposalivation seems to be considerable. Treatment methods for inadequate
      salivary secretion are outlined. The adaptive tendency of properly functioning
      palatine glands appears to be high. The fact that atrophic and dystrophic
      processes can be functionally compensated to a relatively high degree speaks for
      the dynamic capability of the glandular parenchyma. In view of the clinical
      relevance of the minor salivary glands it is mandatory that the functional
      principles and control mechanisms underlying their secretion be investigated in
      future studies.

PMID- 1814669
TI  - [Porous hydroxylapatite ceramics with homologous osteoblasts from cell cultures
      for bone replacement].
AB  - In an animal model using 24 inbred Lewis rats the effect of the simultaneous
      implantation of in vitro cultivated osteoblasts and a porous hydroxyl apatite
      ceramic material on bone regenerations was studied. Bone tissue was harvested
      from 2 inbred rats and a cell line of osteoblasts was established. The
      osteoblasts were multiplied in cell cultures and after 3 passages inserted along
      with granular HA into monocortical femur defects in 24 rats of the same inbred
      line. After various times of observation the femurs were examined
      radiographically and bone growth was assessed histologically. No significant
      increase in bone growth rate was observed, although earlier studies in the same
      model showed a marked qualitative effect of reimplanted in vitro cultured
      osteoblasts on new bone formation. Considering that pre-incubation largely
      reduces the toxic effect of HA ceramics, the results of this study indicate that
      the activity of the implanted osteoblasts in the defect is prevented by the
      simultaneous implantation of replacement material and cells.

PMID- 1814670
TI  - [Increased expression of adhesion molecules in oral lichen planus].
AB  - Adhesion of cells to other cells and to the matrix is the prerequisite for a
      multitude of cell interactions such as the emigration of circulating leukocytes
      to sites of inflammation, antigen-presentation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cell
      anchorage and differentiation. In the past few years, a large family of adhesion
      molecules has been defined which are receptors for these adhesion events. Using
      immunohistochemical techniques we analyzed the distribution pattern of adhesion
      molecules in the buccal mucosa of 12 patients with oral lichen planus reticularis
      and compared it with 12 specimens of normal oral mucosa. In lichen planus, a neo
      expression of the antigens VLA-1, 3, 5 and 6, which are receptors for collagen,
      fibronectin and laminin, could be detected on T cells and macrophages
      infiltrating the basement membrane zone. ICAM-1, the specific ligand of LFA-1,
      normally only expressed by endothelial cells, showed a focal expression on basal
      keratinocytes at sites of intramucosal T cells. The abundance of adhesion
      molecules on leukocytes and keratinocytes in oral lichen planus is indicative of
      a special state of activation. It enables the leukocytes to penetrate the tissue,
      especially the basement membrane zone, to persist in this environment and to
      exercise their effector functions.

PMID- 1814671
TI  - Structure and function of gamma-subunit of photoreceptor G-protein (transducin).
AB  - 1. The gamma-subunit of the vertebrate photoreceptor GTP-binding protein
      (transducin) is S-farnesylated at the C-terminal cysteine residue, with a part of
      the residue being methyl-esterified at the alpha-carboxyl group. 2. Functionally,
      the modified cysteine residue is implicated in efficient coupling of the alpha-
      and beta gamma-subunits, and indispensible for expressing GTP-binding activity.
      3. Similar modifications, isoprenylation and methyl-esterification of the C
      terminal cysteine residue have been found in a variety of proteins involved in
      signal transduction and growth regulation processes. However, it seems likely
      that the physiological roles of the modifications are different for the various
      proteins.

PMID- 1814672
TI  - Mammalian alpha 1-antitrypsins: comparative biochemistry and genetics of the
      major plasma serpin.
AB  - 1. Human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1 AT) has been extensively characterized and
      reviewed. It is the archetypal member of the superfamily of serine proteinase
      inhibitors, the serpins. As human alpha 1-antitrypsin exhibits a relatively high
      concentration in plasma and is usually the highest concentration serpin, it can
      be referred to as the major plasma serpin. 2. alpha 1-Antitrypsin from species
      other than man has been characterized for two major reasons: (1) for use in a
      model animal system to assist with the study of the human alpha 1 AT deficiency
      disease; and (2) to find polymorphism for use in gene mapping and linkage studies
      or for parentage analysis. 3. The diverse range of reasons for studying alpha 1AT
      has yielded a vast array of literature that is often not well cross-referenced.
      4. The characteristic features of alpha 1AT in all species examined to date will
      be presented with a view to examining which features are important structurally
      and functionally from an evolutionary perspective. 5. In mouse, horse, rabbit and
      guinea pig, multigene families which appear to have arisen from alpha 1AT have
      been found. The functional and evolutionary implications of these paralogous
      genes will also be discussed.

PMID- 1814673
TI  - Adenylate cyclase responses to sucrose stimulation in membranes of pig
      circumvallate taste papillae.
AB  - 1. Typical adenylate cyclase (AC) responses to guanine nucleotides were found in
      membranes of pig circumvallate (CV) taste papillae. 2. Sucrose stimulated AC
      activity in the CV membranes and this stimulation was GTP dependent and tissue
      specific. 3. The stimulatory effect of sucrose in the CV membranes was dependent
      on the concentration of membranes used in the AC assay. 4. This study provides
      the first biochemical data on cellular transduction of taste in the pig, compares
      positively to preliminary results in cattle and supports recent suggestions for a
      role of cAMP in sweet taste transduction.

PMID- 1814674
TI  - Sarcomeric disorganization in post-mortem fish muscles.
AB  - 1. The post-mortem evolution of protein pattern in fish striated muscle was
      followed by SDS-PAGE, after different conditions of storage time and temperature.
      2. Sarcoplasmic and sarcomeric fractions were analyzed respectively by low and
      high ionic strength extractions of fish muscle samples. 3. No evident
      modification of electrophoretic patterns was observed during the pre-rigor mortis
      period. 4. The high mol. wt proteins titin and nebulin were highly sensitive to
      proteolysis during the rigor mortis period. 5. Myosin extraction was
      predominantly influenced by the storage temperature. The myosin content of the
      extracts decreased during the rigor mortis period at storage temperatures greater
      than 8 degrees C. 6. alpha-Actinin was very resistant to proteolysis, but could
      be released from Z-disc structure during post-mortem aging.

PMID- 1814675
TI  - Insulin and glucagon family peptides in relation to activities of hepatic
      hexokinase and other enzymes in fed and starved Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and
      cod (Gadus morhua).
AB  - 1. Plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide (Glp) were all
      reduced by starvation of salmon and cod. In the salmon the drop in Glp was larger
      than in insulin and glucagon. 2. After starvation the activity of hexokinase (EC
      2.7.1.1) was increased in salmon liver, but decreased in cod liver. The salmon
      hepatic hexokinase activity was inversely correlated with the Glp/insulin ratio.
      3. Activities of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) and
      phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) were increased in starved as compared to fed
      salmon. In cod, starvation resulted in decreased or unchanged activity of
      phosphorylase. This discrepancy may be related to different degrees of
      environmental and handling stress. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of human insulin
      in salmon gave increased hepatic phosphorylase and hexokinase activities and
      reduced plasma levels of glucagon, Glp and endogenous fish insulin at sampling
      after 30 hr. 5. No differences in hepatic hexokinase activities or plasma hormone
      levels were observed between cod fed low and high carbohydrate diets. Apparently,
      regulation of glucose phosphorylation by dietary carbohydrate does not occur.

PMID- 1814676
TI  - Comparison of glutathione S-transferase activity in the rat and birds: tissue
      distribution and rhythmicity in chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver.
AB  - 1. Mature, male chickens, Bobwhite quail, and rats differed with respect to
      glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the kidney, duodenum and testis, but
      species differences were not observed in the liver. 2. GST activity was present
      in the heart, spleen, liver, duodenum, kidney, testis, cerebral cortex,
      cerebellum, optic tecta, and medulla oblongata of chickens with differences in
      tissues and breeds. 3. Renal GST activity was higher in female chickens, whereas
      enzyme activity in the brain was higher in males. 4. Hepatic GST activity
      fluctuated about a mean of 784 nmol min-1 mg protein-1 with a 12 hr periodicity
      which was not a feeding phenomenon. 5. The results demonstrate that GST activity
      occurs in diverse tissues of the chicken and Bobwhite quail with kidney greater
      than liver greater than duodenum greater than testis, compared to testis greater
      than liver greater than duodenum greater than kidney in the rat. Hepatic GST
      activity exhibits an ultradian periodicity.

PMID- 1814677
TI  - Short-term exposure to cadmium modifies phosphorylation of gill proteins in the
      sea mussel.
AB  - 1. Sea mussels were exposed to cadmium for short periods of time. The excised
      gills were incubated with radioactive orthophosphate. The gill proteins were
      separated by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the phosphorylation
      state of the proteins was determined by image analysis of autoradiographs. 2. 1
      Dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that exposure of the animals to cadmium
      stimulated phosphorylation of the gill proteins in a cadmium concentration
      dependent manner. 3. 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that cadmium
      differentially affected the phosphorylation of various proteins. Major
      alterations were observed in the basic, high mol. wt proteins and in the acidic,
      low mol. wt polypeptides.

PMID- 1814678
TI  - Comparative study of the fatty acid composition of sponges of the genus Ircinia.
      Identification of the new 23-methyl-5,9-tetracosadienoic acid.
AB  - 1. The phospholipid fatty acid compositions of the sponges Ircinia strobilina,
      Ircinia felix, Ircinia campana, Ircinia sp., Spongia tubulifera and Dysidea
      etherea were studied, revealing the presence, besides other common fatty acids,
      of considerable amounts (2-5%) of the novel 23-methyl-5,9-tetracosadienoic acid
      (1). 2. The demospongic acids 5,9-tetracosadienoic acid, 23-methyl-5,9
      tetracosadienoic acid (1), and 5,9-pentacosadienoic acid, were particularly
      abundant in sponges of the genus Ircinia, in contrast to the most common 5,9
      hexacosadienoic acid found in other species. These findings are discussed in
      terms of the taxonomy of the Dictyoceratida. 3. The complete characterization of
      the novel phospholipid fatty acid 23-methyl-5,9-tetracosadienoic acid (1) is
      presented.

PMID- 1814679
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to human haptoglobin reacts with goat haptoglobin.
AB  - 1. Monoclonal antibody 2.36.71.41 produced to human haptoglobin forms
      precipitates with goat haptoglobin in double immunodiffusion and
      electroimmunodiffusion. 2. Solid-phase immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) based on the
      reaction of the monoclonal antibody 2.36.71.41 with goat haptoglobin can be used
      for quantitative estimation of haptoglobin content in goat sera. 3. The minimum
      detectable concentration of goat haptoglobin is 0.03 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 1814680
TI  - Accumulation of sulfoglycolipids in hyperosmosis-resistant clones derived from
      the renal epithelial cell line MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney cell).
AB  - 1. Two clones (osmR-A and osmR-B) resistant to hyperosmotic media of 700 and 800
      mosmol/l, respectively, were selected from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)
      cells. 2. When cultured in isosmotic medium (300 mosmol/l), the concentration of
      galactosyl sulfatide and lactosyl sulfatide in these hyperosmosis-resistant
      clones was 3.4-5.9 times higher than in the wild-type MDCK. The rate of
      incorporation of [35S]sulfate into sulfolipids of osmR-A and osmR-B was 1.9-6.7
      times higher than MDCK. 3. The stimulation of incorporation into sulfolipids by
      hyperosmotic culture was completely inhibited by cycloheximide. The pulse-chase
      studies indicated decreased turnover rate of sulfolipids in osmR-A.

PMID- 1814681
TI  - Inhibition of diamine oxidase from porcine kidney by pentamidine and other
      aminoguanidine compounds.
AB  - 1. Three bisguanidine compounds (those of pentamidine, streptidine and
      phenformin) were compared for their in vitro inhibitory capacity on diamine
      oxidase activity (EC 1.4.3.6), the first enzyme of putrescine degradation. 2.
      Pentamidine was the most potent inhibitor, and phenformine the weaker. Two and a
      half micromoles of pentamidine was enough to reduce the enzyme activity by 50%,
      while streptidine and phenformin produced the same effect at concentrations
      greater than 0.90 and 4 mM, respectively. 3. Pentamidine, streptidine and
      phenformin appeared to be non-competitive inhibitors, and the Ki values
      calculated by a Dixon plot were 3 microM, 0.95 mM and 4 mM, respectively.

PMID- 1814682
TI  - Effect of dichloroacetate on oxidative removal of lactate in mice after
      supramaximal exercise.
AB  - 1. The effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), which activates substrate oxidation on
      oxidative removal of lactate in mice after supramaximal exercise was
      investigated. 2. DCA significantly decreased the blood lactate concentration and
      increased the oxidative removal of lactate during prolonged exercise. 3. No
      significant differences were found in the removal of the blood lactate
      concentration, in oxidative removal of lactate after supramaximal exercise. 4. It
      is concluded that DCA administration which activates lactate oxidation during
      exercise does not activate lactate oxidation in mice after supramaximal exercise.

PMID- 1814683
TI  - Isolation and characterization of rat skeletal muscle proteoglycan decorin and
      comparison with the human fibroblast decorin.
AB  - 1. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of rat skeletal muscle contains several
      proteoglycans (PGs). The more abundant correspond to a chondroitin/dermatan
      sulfate PG or decorin. 2. Decorin isolated from rat skeletal muscle ECM has a
      smaller molecular size than human fibroblast decorin. 3. The difference in size
      is mainly due to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain length rather than the core
      protein size. 4. Peptide analysis of trypsin treated decorins shows at least
      three peptides with the same electrophoretic mobility.

PMID- 1814684
TI  - Rate of urinary urea output correlates to degree of muscular atrophy induced by
      triamcinolone acetonide.
AB  - 1. The effect of administering triamcinolone acetonide (10 mg kg-1 day-1) as
      seven consecutive single daily subcutaneous injections on urinary urea output and
      muscular atrophy was studied in rabbits. 2. The ratio of the wet weight of the
      lateral vastus of the quadriceps muscle to body weight (MI) varied greatly among
      the rabbits. 3. The ratio of urinary urea output after to before triamcinolone
      injection correlated significantly to MI. 4. These findings suggest that the
      ratio of urinary urea output can be used as a predictive index for steroid
      myopathy.

PMID- 1814685
TI  - Purification and tissue distribution of rat epidermal growth factor.
AB  - 1. Two forms of rat epidermal growth factor, EGF-I and EGF-II, were purified to
      homogeneity from male rat submandibular glands. 2. The mol. wts of EGF-I and -II
      were estimated to be 5200 and 5400, respectively, both of them having an apparent
      biological activity. 3. The antiserum against EGF-II strongly cross-reacted with
      EGF-I; however, it did so only slightly with mouse or human EGF. 4. EGF was
      detected by radioimmunoassay in various tissues of male and female rats, and the
      concentrations of rat EGF in the submandibular gland, parotid gland, sublingual
      gland, and liver were significantly higher in the male than in the female.

PMID- 1814686
TI  - Glycosaminoglycan profile of peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages.
      Changes associated with macrophage activation.
AB  - 1. We have analysed the glycosaminoglycan patterns of peritoneal and bone marrow
      derived macrophages obtained from four different mouse strains which are
      resistant (A/J) or susceptible (BALB/c, DBA and C-57) to murine hepatitis virus
      type 3 (MHV3) infection. The glycosaminoglycans were biosynthetically labelled by
      exposing the macrophages to 35S-sulphate. The medium and cell fractions were
      collected and the 35S-glycosaminoglycans formed were identified by a combination
      of agarose gel electrophoresis and enzymatic degradation with bacterial
      mucopolysaccharidases. 2. Both peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages
      synthesize and secrete a mixture of dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and
      chondroitin sulphate. Dermatan sulphate is the main glycosaminoglycan and most of
      the synthesized glycosaminoglycans are released to the culture medium. 3. The
      glycosaminoglycan patterns vary depending on the macrophage source. Bone marrow
      derived cells synthesize glycosaminoglycans at lower rates, release a lower
      glycosaminoglycan percentage to the culture medium and express higher amounts of
      heparan sulphate in comparison with their peritoneal counterparts. Furthermore,
      LPS-induced activation leads to an increased glycosaminoglycan expression in bone
      marrow-derived macrophages and to a decrease in 35S-glycosaminoglycans of
      peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c, A/J and C-57 mice. 4. We have not established
      any correlation between macrophage glycosaminoglycans and resistance to MHV3
      infection, since the glycosaminoglycan patterns of resistant (A/J) and
      susceptible (BALB/c, DBA and C-57) mouse macrophages are similar. Furthermore,
      the in vitro infection of both control and LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages
      with MHV3 did not cause any changes in the expression of glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 1814687
TI  - Two-dimensional electrophoresis of Arenicola marina extracellular hemoglobin:
      separation of chains with identical molecular mass but different isoelectric
      point.
AB  - 1. On the basis of their molecular masses, four types of polypeptides (A, B, C,
      D) were obtained by SDS-PAGE of the extracellular hemoglobin of the polychaete
      annelid Arenicola marina. 2. On 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      the erythrocruorin dissociated into six different types of polypeptide chains;
      A1, A2, B1, B2, C and D. 3. A1 and B1 migrate in 2-dimensional electrophoresis at
      the same position as alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin.

PMID- 1814688
TI  - Evolution of a centromeric satellite DNA and phylogeny of lacertid lizards.
AB  - 1. The composition and phyletic distribution of a highly repetitive satellite
      DNA, isolated from Podarcis sicula, was studied. 2. This DNA was rich in adenine
      and thymine and displayed frequent adenine stretches. It was always located on
      the centromeric heterochromatin even in quite taxonomically distant species. 3.
      Southern blot hybridization of the Taq I satellite on various species of lacertid
      families showed a close affinity among Podarcis, Algyroides and Lacerta dugesii.
      4. All the other taxa investigated did not seem to possess this repeated
      sequence.

PMID- 1814690
TI  - Protein conformation. Introduction.

PMID- 1814689
TI  - Retroviral mutagenesis of cellular oncogenes: a review with insights into the
      mechanisms of insertional activation.

PMID- 1814691
TI  - Multidimensional triple resonance NMR spectroscopy of isotopically uniformly
      enriched proteins: a powerful new strategy for structure determination.
AB  - A procedure is described that affords complete 1H, 13C and 15N resonance
      assignment in proteins of up to about 25 kDa. The new approach requires uniform
      isotopic enrichment of the protein with 13C and 15N and correlates resonances of
      adjacent nuclei using the relatively large and well-resolved one-bond J
      couplings. Spectral overlap, a common problem in the application of two
      dimensional NMR, is removed by increasing the dimensionality of the new methods
      to three or four, without increasing the number of observed resonances. With
      complete 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments available, the nuclear Overhauser
      effect (NOE)-based interproton distance constraints can be extracted in a very
      straightforward manner from four-dimensional NOE spectra.

PMID- 1814692
TI  - On deriving spatial protein structure from NMR or X-ray diffraction data.
AB  - During the last decade it has become possible to derive the spatial structure of
      small proteins in solution using multidimensional NMR spectroscopy measurements
      and interpreting the data in terms of a chemical atomic model. The NMR
      experiments generate a set of interproton distance constraints, which is
      subsequently used to generate spatial structures that satisfy the experimental
      data. Correspondingly, crystallographic least-squares and molecular dynamics
      refinement is routinely applied to obtain a protein structure that is compatible
      with the observed structure factor amplitudes. The quality of the structure
      obtained will depend on the number and quality of the experimental data and on
      the searching power of the refinement method and protocol. The potential energy
      annealing conformational search (PEACS) algorithm is shown to be an improvement
      over standard molecular dynamics search methods. The use of time-dependent
      distance or structure factor restraints in molecular dynamics refinement yields a
      much better representation of experimental information than the fixed, static
      restraints which have generally been used until now. Conventional structure
      refinement methods lead to a too static and rigid picture of a protein in
      solution or in the crystalline state.

PMID- 1814694
TI  - Protein-protein interaction: an analysis by computer simulation.
AB  - A survey of protein-protein interactions in structures derived by X-ray
      crystallography of protease-inhibitor and antigen-antibody complexes shows that
      they form close-packed interfaces from which water is excluded. The interfaces
      are of almost constant size, and they contain about ten hydrogen bonds. These
      features account for the stability of the complexes. To test whether they also
      account for specificity, we designed a computer simulation that searches for
      complementary surfaces on two protein molecules. In all cases tested, the
      simulation finds a number of complexes having interfaces and hydrogen bonds
      equivalent to those of the native complexes. These artificial complexes might
      represent secondary specificities, which can be detected when normal association
      is prevented by mutation or other means.

PMID- 1814693
TI  - Protein stability and protein folding.
AB  - Proteins show only marginal free energies of stabilization. Mutative adaptations
      to extremes of physical conditions (high temperature, pressure and salt
      concentration) tend to maintain 'corresponding states' regarding overall
      topology, flexibility and hydration. Since enhanced stability requires only
      minute local changes in the structure of a given protein, general strategies of
      adaptation cannot be established. Apart from alterations at the protein level,
      extrinsic factors such as ions, cofactors or specific ligands may serve to
      enhance in vivo and in vitro protein stability. Protein folding and association
      reflect the hierarchy of protein structure, with the formation of
      secondary/supersecondary structure, subdomains/domains and structured monomers as
      consecutive steps. The process requires highly specified environmental
      conditions; e.g. active mesophilic or halophilic proteins cannot be expressed in
      thermophilic and non-halophilic hosts. On the other hand, a given protein may
      tolerate extreme sequence variability without substantially altering its three
      dimensional structure and stability. Significant rate-determining steps in the
      overall reaction, that is, formation of disulphide bridges, proline isomerization
      and oligomerization, are catalysed by specific enzymes or directed by 'helper
      proteins' (protein disulphide isomerase, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and
      chaperones). Physiological stress conditions, (site-directed) mutations, and in
      vitro studies may be used to unravel the significance of the three 'shuffling
      reactions'.

PMID- 1814695
TI  - Comparative analysis of protein three-dimensional structures and an approach to
      the inverse folding problem.
AB  - Comparative analyses of three-dimensional structures of proteins provide useful
      rules for protein structure prediction. Sequence templates that define the amino
      acid substitutions consistent with a known protein fold can be constructed using
      such rules. Such templates can define sequences with similar three-dimensional
      structures even where there are no significant sequence identities. In such cases
      protein structure may be predicted using an extension of the methods developed
      for comparative modelling of homologous proteins.

PMID- 1814696
TI  - Structural and genetic analysis of electrostatic and other interactions in
      bacteriophage T4 lysozyme.
AB  - The lysozyme from bacteriophage T4 is being used as a model system to determine
      the roles of individual amino acids in the folding and stability of a typical
      globular protein. Such studies can provide quantitative information on the
      contributions made by different types of interactions including hydrogen bonds,
      hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges and disulphide bridges. To determine the
      contribution of long-range electrostatic interactions a combination of charge
      change mutations was used to reduce the overall formal charge on T4 lysozyme at
      neutral pH from +9 to +1 units. Such changes in charge were found to have little
      effect on the stability of the molecule. Salt bridges engineered on the surface
      of the protein also were found to contribute little to stability. In contrast,
      the introduction of acidic groups designed to interact with the partial positive
      charges at the N-termini of alpha-helices consistently increased the stability of
      the protein. It is argued that this difference between electrostatic salt-bridge
      interactions and electrostatic 'helix-dipole' interactions lies in the entropic
      cost of bringing together the interacting partners. In an attempt to simplify the
      folding problem, and also to further investigate the helix propensity of
      different amino acids, a series of alanines was introduced within an alpha-helix
      of T4 lysozyme. The resultant protein not only folds normally but is also more
      stable than the wild-type enzyme, adding further support to recent evidence that
      alanine is a helix-favouring amino acid.

PMID- 1814697
TI  - Simulation analysis of the stability mutants R96H of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme
      and I96A of barnase.
AB  - Free energy simulation methods are used to analyse the effects of the mutation
      Arg-96----His on the stability of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme and of Ile-96----Ala
      on the stability of barnase. By use of thermodynamic integration, the
      contributions of specific interactions to the free energy change are evaluated.
      It is shown that a number of contributions that stabilize the wild-type or the
      mutant partially cancel in the overall free energy difference; some of these
      involve the unfolded state. Comparison of the results with conclusions based on
      structural and thermodynamic data leads to new insights into the origin of the
      stability difference between wild-type and mutant proteins. For the charged-to
      charged amino acid mutation in T4 lysozyme, the importance of the contributions
      of more distant residues, solvent water and the covalent linkage involving the
      mutated amino acid are of particular interest. Also, the analysis of the Arg-96
      to His mutation with respect to the interactions with the C-terminal end of a
      helix (residues 82-90) indicates that the nearby carbonyl groups (Tyr-88 and Asp
      89) make the dominant contribution, that the amide groups do not contribute
      significantly and that the helix dipole model is inappropriate for this case. For
      the non-polar-to-non-polar amino acid mutation in barnase, the solvent
      contribution is unimportant, and covalent terms are shown to be significant
      because they do not cancel between the folded and unfolded state.

PMID- 1814698
TI  - Towards time-resolved diffraction studies with glycogen phosphorylase.
AB  - Laue diffraction with high intensity, broad-spectrum synchrotron radiation
      sources allows three-dimensional data sets on protein crystals to be recorded in
      seconds or milliseconds and opens the way for time-resolved studies on dynamic
      events in crystals. This chapter briefly reviews the field and describes progress
      towards time-resolved studies with glycogen phosphorylase. Methods for the
      synchronization of the start of reaction with the start of data collection have
      been developed for the phosphorolytic reaction of glycogen phosphorylase. The
      compound 3,5-dinitrophenylphosphate is photolabile, yielding Pi and the by
      product, 3,5-dinitrophenol, which is non-reactive with the enzyme. Spectroscopic
      studies show that the compound has good quantum yield and that photolysis is
      rapid (greater than 1000 s-1). Release of the dinitrophenylate anion, following a
      pulse of light from a xenon flash lamp, has been monitored with a diode array
      spectrophotometer specially adapted for measurements on crystals. In a laboratory
      X-ray experiment with crystals of glycogen phosphorylase b, release of Pi and
      formation of the enzyme-product complex have been demonstrated. The way is now
      open for Laue diffraction studies on the catalytic reaction in the crystal.

PMID- 1814700
TI  - [Acute and chronic toothache].
AB  - Toothache occurs as a result of pulpal and periodontal diseases. Due to the
      nature of their innervation pain is the only means for both pulp and dentine to
      react to all kinds of external stimuli. The actual mechanism of sensory
      transmission, however, has not been clarified, yet. In contrast to this, the
      innervation of the periodontium offers a wide range of mechano-sensitive
      receptors. Chronic dental pain is mainly the result of inflammatory reactions.
      Nerve sprouting, summation, convergence in the trigeminal system and regional
      inflammatory conditions modulate the local pain process, thus complicating
      diagnosis. The differential diagnostic clarification with regard to neuralgiform
      and ENT-diseases therefore requires special care with case history and status.
      Although there have been advances in pain research over the last few years, no
      fundamental development in dental diagnosis has been brought about, yet. Probing,
      sensitivity- and percussion testing as well as x-ray exposure are still the most
      important diagnostic tools for the dental practitioner.

PMID- 1814699
TI  - The application of computational methods to the study of enzyme catalysis by
      triose-phosphate isomerase and stabilities of variants of bacteriophage T4
      lysozyme.
AB  - We review our research on triose-phosphate isomerase and bacteriophage T4
      lysozyme. In our studies over the last ten years we have used electrostatic
      potentials, computer graphics, quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular
      dynamics and free energy calculations to try to understand why triose-phosphate
      isomerase is such an efficient enzyme and why its efficiency is dramatically
      decreased by several site-specific mutations. For T4 lysozyme we have used free
      energy methods to analyse and try to understand why Thr-157----Val and Thr-157---
      Ala mutations decrease protein stability by about 1-2 kcal/mol.

PMID- 1814701
TI  - [Psychogenic pain sensations in teeth, mouth and jaws].
AB  - Pain is always a subjective experience. Therefore the term "psychogenic pain
      sensation" seems to be a pleonasm at first sight. In fact, however, the dentist's
      attention should not only be focussed on the removal of the objective causes of
      pain, but the fact itself, i.e. the patient's subjectivity, must be considered,
      too. Unless this is done, the results are serious diagnostic and therapeutic
      errors.

PMID- 1814702
TI  - [Accuracy of fit of the denture base depending on various jaw geometries.
      Biotechnical analysis].
AB  - Good function of full dentures is closely related to an accurate fit of the
      denture bases. The shape of these bases depend again on the polymerization
      technique applied. Methods of biotechnical analysis were employed to determine
      the effects of the alveolar ridge, defined as an angle with the vertical plane,
      on the accuracy of fit. Both the expansion of castings and the curing contraction
      of acrylics were taken into consideration in this analysis. The relationships
      between an increase or reduction of the full denture base and the mechanism of
      adhesion to the denture-bearing area were computed and their practical
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 1814703
TI  - [Clinical behavior of NPM dental alloys after several years of intraoral
      service].
AB  - 179 patients from the University Dental School of Cologne with 437 crowns and
      bridges cast of base metal alloys (Wiron 77, Wiron 88, Microbond NP2) were
      evaluated after clinical exposure between two and six years. Symptoms indicating
      corrosion, allergic or toxic reactions were not found. Cracking of ceramometal
      veneers occured in 2.8%. The survival rate of the examined crowns and bridges was
      95% for those cast of Wiron 88 after four years of service and 97.7% for those of
      Wiron 77 after six years.

PMID- 1814704
TI  - [Fracture rate of Dicor crowns under clinical conditions].
AB  - Failure-time analysis of Dicor single crown restorations: Statistical methods of
      survival-analysis according to Kaplan-Meier were applied to investigate the
      effects of the fracture of 159 Dicor-restorations in 82 patients in a private
      dental office. After 33 months of service 77% (+/- 15%; 95% Conf. Int. for the
      mean) of the crowns were still under risk. Fractures were very high in molar
      crowns.

PMID- 1814706
TI  - [Effect of the light source on the marginal adaptation of composite fillings].
AB  - The marginal situation of class I restorations is determined by the intensity of
      the light used for curing. In all composites the use of an intensive light-source
      (Osram HBO 100) leads to marginal gaps. This effect was demonstrated in three
      composites cured with light sources that are commonly used in practice.

PMID- 1814705
TI  - [Strength of the In-Ceram system under mechanical loads and thermocycling in
      artificial saliva].
AB  - The mechanical strength of the new oxide ceramic system In-Ceram introduced by
      Vita (Bad Sackingen, Germany) was investigated by an in-vitro study for its
      mechanical strength and suitabilities for use as posterior three-unit bridges.
      The transverse strength value measured by a three-point bending test (DIN 13,927)
      is 320 MPa and the maximum vertical load on three-unit bridges until brittle
      failure occurs is in the range of 1000 to 1350 N. This is up to four times higher
      than corresponding values of other ceramics, e.g. Dicor (Dentsply) or Optec
      (Jeneric). The dental bridges were luted to metallic pontics, and a layer of
      silicon rubber simulating the periodontal membrane, separated the pontic from a
      resin base in the testing machine. Life value tests were performed before and
      after 10 days of thermocycling at temperatures alternating between 5 and 55
      degrees C in artificial saliva. Although the pontics had a much higher mobility
      than normal teeth, the fatigue limit was found to be above 600 N which is much
      higher than the average biting forces acting on the first and second molars.

PMID- 1814707
TI  - [Surface morphology of alloys treated with the Rocatec system].
AB  - The new Rocatec-System is propagated for improving the resin metal bond. With a
      tribotechnical blasting procedure a silicate layer is applied to the alloy
      surface. The resin is bonded to this layer with a silane coupling agent. This
      study investigates the alloy surface morphology alterations caused by the
      blasting procedures. The volume loss increases with blasting time, high gold
      alloys showing higher volume loss. Thin edges are deformed due to the high
      blasting pressure.

PMID- 1814708
TI  - [Possibilities of trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials in diagnosing
      neuralgiform facial pain].
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyse the possibilities of trigeminal
      somatosensory evoked potentials (TSEP) as an objective diagnostic tool for the
      classification of pain sensations of the 5th cranial nerve. 43 patients suffering
      from trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial pain and cancer pain were
      investigated. Pain sensations of patients correlated with changes in the
      somatosensory evoked response by presenting an increase in latency periods.
      Specific pathological peaks could not be found, and thus it must be concluded
      that TSEP changes should be interpreted only in the light of the clinical
      symptoms.

PMID- 1814710
TI  - [Primary accuracy of fit of composite inlays produced according to the indirect
      method].
AB  - The primary accuracy of fit of three composite inlay systems was evaluated
      comparatively. Control inlays were made of a phantom metal. In the proximal
      cervical surfaces the resulting median widths of the open margins showing luting
      agent were as follows: EOS (74.1 microns) greater than Ful-Fil (59.5 microns)
      greater than Brilliant (43.13 microns) greater than Phantom metal (18.6 microns).
      Even though, under clinical conditions, composite inlays are attached by means of
      adhesives, the primary accuracy of fit achieved should be comparable to that of
      cast restorations, because the long-term stability of the material used for
      fasting the inlays cannot be warranted.

PMID- 1814709
TI  - [Individually controlled sedation using Midazolam].
AB  - Midazolam might be an alternative to general anesthesia for noncooperative
      children. 40 children were treated during 94 midazolam sedations to evaluate the
      potential dental therapy. An average of 2 fillings and 1 endodontic treatment was
      possible per sedation. The initial Midazolam dosage was 0.6 mg/kg. Every 15 min
      another 0.3 mg Midazolam/kg were administered to maintain the treatability of the
      children. 30 min after the initial Midazolam dosage dental treatment could be
      started. The average duration of a sedation was 76 min. Our results suggest that
      sedations complement under dental treatment general anesthesia.

PMID- 1814711
TI  - [Field study on the accuracy of fit and the marginal seal of In-Ceram crowns and
      bridges].
AB  - It was the objective of this in-vitro field study to evaluate the marginal fit of
      the In-Ceram system (Vita). All the materials applied in this system were
      compared with each other under the aspect of their dimensional behavior to
      determine the influence of this factor on die adaptation. The mean value of the
      marginal fit of the In-Ceram restorations on the master models was 12 (+/- 10)
      microns. The PFM bridges showed marginal openings of 9 (+/- 10) microns. The
      values on the patient models were 38 (+/- 12) microns for In-Ceram, and 44 (+/-
      19) microns for PFM. This increase had been anticipated because of the grain size
      of the Harvard Cement. The dimensional changes of the materials involved were in
      great harmony. At least one coat of die spacer is necessary to compensate for the
      contraction of the ceramic and the expansion of the special plaster. Two paints
      are recommended for crowns and three for bridges. Careful shoulder or chamber
      preparation is required to create smooth surfaces.

PMID- 1814712
TI  - [Mercury in the hair of dentists and dental personnel].
AB  - The mercury concentrations in the hair of 53 dentists, 49 dental assistants, 35
      dental students and 35 non-exposed persons were analyzed by AAS and compared with
      a group of 22 factory workers producing chloride gas. The average mercury
      concentrations in the hair of the dentists was found to be twice as high as the
      amount measured in the non-exposed population, but only one quarter of that
      established for the factory workers. The dental assistants had 50% more mercury
      in their hair than the non-exposed group. The mercury concentrations did not
      correlate with age, sex, or number of amalgam fillings, but rather with the
      daily/weekly consumption of fish. The mercury concentrations in the hair of
      dentists and dental personnel found in this study were low, even when compared
      with international results; toxicologically their importance is negligible.

PMID- 1814713
TI  - [Pulp reactions during Erbium YAG laser irradiation of hard tooth structure].
AB  - The Er:YAG Laser is an effective tool for removing hard tooth structure without
      causing any measurable degree of thermal damage. In view of the fact that the
      process of ablation basically depends on thermal effects, pulpal microcirculation
      was studied by Laser-Doppler flowmetry during Er:YAG Laser irradiation. Rat
      incisors were used to demonstrate that pulp damage can be avoided if correct
      laser parameters are used for preparing enamel and dentin.

PMID- 1814714
TI  - [Glass ionomer cement and "sandwich" restorations after two years of clinical
      service].
AB  - Esthetic restorations for class V lesions extending into root dentin often show
      marginal discoloration after some time. In this clinical study the long term
      quality of glass ionomer cement and "sandwich" restorations was compared with
      each other. In 19 patients 83 class V lesions with the apical margin in dentin
      were restored with glassionomer cement (I: Fuji II/G-C Dental; II: Ketac
      Fil/ESPE) or with a glass ionomer liner (III: Lining Cement/G-C Dental; IV: Ketac
      Bond/ESPE) and laminated with a composite. Where necessary the margins were
      prepared apically with a butt joint. The observation period between placement and
      last follow-up check varied between 18 and 44 months. Modified Ryge criteria were
      used for the clinical assessment of 77 restorations. Marginal quality was
      assessed in the SEM using replicas. 15.8% of the "sandwich" type and 5% of the
      glass ionomer cement restorations were lost. All restored teeth remained vital.
      Clinically the best marginal quality was found with a glass ionomer cement (II)
      whereas only two thirds of the sandwich restorations and the other glassionomer
      cement (I) had perfect margins. In the SEM the glassionomer cements had
      significantly less marginal openings than one of the sandwich restorations (III).

PMID- 1814715
TI  - [Pain and the experience of pain].
AB  - Pain research has been considerably expanded in the past few decades. Pain
      sensation must be differentiated from pain perception. The psychological
      experience of pain varies individually and depends on each patient's
      conditioning. Although there is an abundance of analgesics and sedatives, the
      patients' attitude towards pain and suffering, his or her motivation, past
      experiences, social environment and susceptibility towards suggestive guidance
      are of great importance.

PMID- 1814716
TI  - [Considerations in weighing dental intervention].
AB  - The dental operation as an intervention in the physical and psychical integrity
      of human beings is controlled by three main regulators: the concurrence of dental
      treatment with scientific knowledge, its accordance with the law to secure dental
      treatment and its supervision by law. The significance of these three regulators
      for the weigheability of dental operations is described and analyzed.

PMID- 1814717
TI  - [Medical commitment and rational decision-making rules. Problems of medical
      treatment from aspect of general regulations].

PMID- 1814718
TI  - [Disinfection of dental impressions].
AB  - The need for disinfection of dental impressions is generally postulated. While
      many disinfectants for elastomeric impression materials have been recommended for
      at least ten years, several authors recently described suitable disinfectants for
      alginate impressions. Disinfectants for reversible hydrocolloid materials are in
      the phase of practical testing, and show promising first results. Under practical
      and scientific aspects further investigations are necessary to evaluate standards
      and standardized testing procedures.

PMID- 1814719
TI  - [Bennett movement. A literature review].
AB  - The transversal movement of the human mandible on the balancing side is
      characterized by a downward, forward and inward movement of the condyle.
      Projected onto the horizontal plane, an angle between the midsagittal plane and
      the curve of the non-working condyle can be seen. This angle is called the
      Bennett angle. The rigid connection established by the body of the mandible
      results in a simultaneous rotation of the working side condyle. Additionally,
      there is a lateral shift of the mandible towards the working side called the
      Bennett movement. A review of the literature demonstrates that there are
      controversies regarding a physiological or pathological amount of Bennett
      movement, the direction and pattern, the reaction to occlusal equilibration and
      to the multitude of influencing factors. Unresolved aspects of the lateral
      movement of the mandible have been discussed and the direction of valuable
      investigations has been indicated.

PMID- 1814720
TI  - [Studies on the transversal movement capacity of the TMJ].
AB  - The range of transversal movements of the temporomandibular joint was determined
      by electronic measurements under different types of mandibular guidance. The
      results illustrate that there is a certain freedom in transversal movement. The
      mean transversal movement of the balancing condyle supported by the operator was
      0.09 mm with a maximum at 0.4 mm. The results without guidance of the mandible or
      under tooth guidance were found to be smaller. The mean lateral operator-guided
      movement of the working condyle was 0.3 mm with a maximum at 0.9 mm whilst
      applying a horizontally directed pressure to the angle of the mandible.
      Furthermore after 0.5, 1 mm and 2 mm translation of the balancing condyle, the
      greatest transversal movements were observed again under operator-assisted
      guidance. The authors recommend rules for the selection of the adjustment of
      semiadjustable articulators, a wax-up to provide transversal freedom in movement
      and a technique to check fixed restaurations for proper occlusion and
      articulation.

PMID- 1814721
TI  - [Anterior guidance compared with curvatures of sagittal TMJ excursions].
AB  - The sagittal condylar paths of 17 healthy persons with class I occlusion were
      recorded by electronic axiography. Based on the radius values established for the
      geometry of each condylar path these could be compared with the protrusive facets
      of the incisors and the first premolar teeth. The results are important for our
      understanding of the movement profiles of the masticatory system. Correlations
      between the TMJ and the anterior teeth in terms of functional morphology were
      observed.

PMID- 1814722
TI  - [Sagittal palatine rugae--a whim of nature?].
AB  - The fact that, for the first time in the Erlangen Orthodontic OPD's inventory of
      casts, sagittal palatine rugae have been observed in a dental student gave rise
      to a search of the available publications for a similar finding. As there seems
      to be no comparable observation in the literature, the case with the palatine
      rugae arranged in this unique pattern is described.

PMID- 1814723
TI  - [Reproducibility of measurements to assess the quality of dental restorations].
AB  - Criteria for assessment of the quality of dental restorations should be highly
      reproducible. To prove reproducibility of a set of modified Ryge-criteria we
      assessed the quality of 468 fillings (157 amalgam, 155 cast restorations, 156
      composites). Assessment was done double-blind by two investigators. The amount of
      agreement between the investigators ranged from 56.1% to 88.4% depending on the
      criteria used. The more positive the results of the assessment and the more
      objectifiable the criteria, the higher was the amount of agreement. For an
      objective assessment the reproducibility of the method seems to be
      unsatisfactory.

PMID- 1814724
TI  - [Histomorphometrical studies on the histocompatibility of dental alloys].
AB  - The local toxicity (histocompatibility) of 12 dental casting alloys was examined
      with the aid of quantitative histomorphometry after intramuscular implantation in
      rabbits. For each alloy examined and each implantation period (2, 4, 8, 12 weeks)
      two rabbits were used. In each animal eight grooved cylindrical implants of the
      same alloy were installed in the left paravertebral muscle. Histomorphometric
      measurements of the thickness of the connective tissue encapsulating the implant
      were carried out to assess the degree of foreign body reactions caused by the
      alloys. Histomorphometry revealed significant differences in the thickness of the
      soft tissue capsule in relation to the length of the implantation period. The
      study also demonstrated significant differences in capsule thickness for the
      different dental alloys at equal implantation periods. Quantitative
      histomorphometry of the thickness of the connective tissue capsule around
      intramuscularly implanted dental alloys proved to be suitable for examining the
      histocompatibility of those materials.

PMID- 1814725
TI  - [Missing data in clinical trials. Problem of structure similarity of study
      population and control groups].
AB  - Missing data in a clinical trial may produce a change in the stratification of a
      controlled group. The method of statistical analysis employed should thus be
      designed for incomplete data to avoid false conclusions. This approach is
      illustrated in a realistic clinical example using cross-sectional and
      longitudinal data.

PMID- 1814726
TI  - [A long-term study of amalgam and composite fillings].
AB  - 549 amalgam and 257 composite fillings, which were made by students, were
      reexamined. The functional loss of restorations was recorded and present fillings
      were assessed regarding marginal integrity, anatomy, surface condition and colour
      as referred to composite fillings. After 2-4 years of wear 90.3% of the amalgam
      fillings were still present, the percentage for 5-8 years-old amalgams was 88.5%
      and for 9-11 years-old amalgams 85.3%. Composite fillings were substituted or
      lost at a rate of 7.1% after 2-4 years, 10.8% after 5-8 years and 10.5% after 9
      11 years.

PMID- 1814727
TI  - [Presentation of an expert system for planning partial dentures].
AB  - An expert system for treatment planning in cast clasp partial denture cases is
      presented. The system may be used both to verify the construction principles of
      proposed clasp constructions and to develop new constructions. At first, it is
      intended to use this expert system for teaching in university dental schools.

PMID- 1814728
TI  - [Criteria for the assessment of full dentures].
AB  - In our efforts aimed at securing quality it is mandatory that certain criteria be
      defined which should be met by any dental treatment. These criteria must be based
      on the common features of the different acknowledged concepts of full denture
      construction. A review of the literature including about 200 publications mainly
      of the past 15 years is presented. A concept for the assessment of full dentures
      is introduced.

PMID- 1814729
TI  - [SEM study on the finishing of glass ionomer cement filling surfaces].
AB  - The surfaces produced by different finishing techniques at two different time
      intervals following placement of three glass ionomer cements are compared by SEM
      evaluation. All finishing procedures impaired the surface texture obtained under
      a matrix strip. Finishing of glass-ionomer cement restorations is best performed
      with flexible discs at 24 hours after placement. Initial finishing after 15
      minutes using water spray is detrimental to the glass-ionomer cement surface. A
      useful procedure is to apply a lubricant during finishing of the cement.

PMID- 1814730
TI  - [Histomorphometrical study of physiological tooth movements in humans].
AB  - Quantitative analysis of remodeling activity was done using microradiographs of
      horizontal ground sections of human alveolar bone obtained from autopsies. The
      results demonstrated no significant age- or sex-dependent variations. The local
      distribution of remodeling activity in younger individuals pointed to a tipping
      mesial movement of the teeth. In older individuals this distribution showed a
      more random pattern.

PMID- 1814731
TI  - [Clinical post-treatment evaluation of powder metallurgically produced tooth
      replacements].
AB  - 258 units of fixed crowns and inlays, produced with the powder metallurgic
      Degusint-System (Degussa), were clinically evaluated 6 and 12 months after
      insertion. Periodontal examinations, especially of the crevicular fluid flow,
      failed to show higher amounts of marginal inflammation due to the subgingival
      localization of the margins of fixed sintermetallic restorations compared with
      reference teeth of the same individual. Plaque accumulations during the wearing
      period were quite the same as those observed with crowns.

PMID- 1814732
TI  - [Removal of cemented crowns and bridges using piezoelectric ultrasound].
AB  - 50 cemented crowns and three-unit-bridges of 34 patients were treated by piezo
      electric ultrasound. 23 of 32 crowns were removed within 10 min, 14 of 18 bridges
      were removed within 15 min. Crowns and bridges could be taken off after an
      average time of 5 min or of 12 min of ultrasound treatment, respectively. To
      remove the restorations only few strokes with the Treymann crown remover were
      required. In most cases patients felt no or only slight pain during ultrasound
      treatment. Restoring metal or ceramic surfaces after ultrasound treatment
      required final firing of the ceramic and polishing of the metal surfaces.

PMID- 1814733
TI  - Effect of orally administered misoprostol and cimetidine on the steady state
      pharmacokinetics of diazepam and nordiazepam in human volunteers.
AB  - The effects of misoprostol and cimetidine on diazepam pharmacokinetics were
      evaluated in order to determine whether the kinetic variables for diazepam and
      nordiazepam alone differ with the repeated oral administration of misoprostol and
      cimetidine to healthy adult volunteers. The trial was conducted as an open
      crossover study in 12 normal subjects, divided into two groups with all subjects
      receiving both regimens. Total study duration was 5 weeks. An initial clinical
      assessment, including blood biochemistry and assessment of subject oxidation
      status was carried out on study day 1. On this day, subjects began taking
      diazepam (10 mg) orally for one week, with pharmacokinetic studies performed at
      day 8, when steady state levels of diazepam were reached. This was followed by
      one week with active drug, misoprostol to Group I and cimetidine to Group II,
      with pharmacokinetic studies performed at the end of a 1-week treatment. After a
      2-week wash-out period, both groups took for one week, the alternate drug, i.e.
      cimetidine plus diazepam to Group I and misoprostol plus diazepam to Group II. On
      days 8, 15 and 36, subjects were admitted to the hospital for 12 h, during which
      time a clinical examination was carried out and blood samples were taken at time
      zero and at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h post-dosing for the measurement of serum
      diazepam and nordiazepam. The main parameters measured and evaluated were
      diazepam and nordiazepam pharmacokinetics at steady state (days 8, 15 and 36).
      These were areas under the curve in the dose intervals (AUC0-24h), maximum plasma
      concentrations (Cmax), time to peak concentrations (Tmax), elimination half-life
      (t1/2), elimination constant (Kel), distribution volume (Vd), total body
      clearance (ClB) and clearance after oral administration (Cloral). The results
      demonstrated that plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations had a
      significant increase after steady states have been reached with the simultaneous
      administration of 800 mg of cimetidine daily for one week. The simultaneous
      administration of 800 micrograms of misoprostol did not cause any significant
      change in diazepam and nordiazepam plasma levels after steady states had been
      reached. Comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of Groups A and B as well as
      within groups on days 8, 15 and 36, a significant increase in plasma diazepam and
      nordiazepam levels was detected. This was due to a cimetidine-induced impairment
      in microsomal oxidation of diazepam and nordiazepam, which caused a decrease in
      total metabolic clearance and increased mean steady state plasma concentrations.
      A more prolonged half-life was observed for both groups taking cimetidine as well
      as an increase of mean maximum plasma concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1814734
TI  - The effect of aluminium chloride upon the transition of drugs through the blood
      brain barrier into the central nervous system.
AB  - In order to determine the effect of Al3+ upon the transition of drugs through the
      blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system we examined its effect upon a
      drug that dissociates as a cation (quinidine) and drugs that dissociate as anions
      (acetylsalicylic acid and pentobarbital). The entry and exit of quinidine into
      and out of the brain in mice pre-treated with AlCl3 was inhibited. Al3+ did not
      compete with acetylsalicylic acid for the penetration through the blood-brain
      barrier but did slow down its elimination from the brain. Brain kinetics of the
      examined drugs showed good correlation with their central pharmacodynamic
      effects.

PMID- 1814735
TI  - The effect of food and metoclopramide on the pharmacokinetics and side effects of
      bromocriptine.
AB  - The effect of food and metoclopramide on the pharmacokinetics of bromocriptine
      was investigated in 7 healthy subjects. Plasma concentrations of bromocriptine
      were measured by radioimmunoassay after a single oral dose of 7.5 mg
      bromocriptine. Maximal plasma concentrations of bromocriptine were slightly lower
      when the drug was given after breakfast. Bioavailability of the drug was not
      significantly reduced by food nor by metoclopramide pre-treatment. Side effects
      of bromocriptine were considerably reduced by metoclopramide pre-treatment (0.5
      mg/kg); the decrease was about 83% as estimated from Table II.

PMID- 1814736
TI  - Metabolic fate of 2,2-dimethylbutyryl moiety of simvastatin in rats:
      identification of metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - Metabolic pathways of simvastatin (MK-733), a lactone prodrug of an inhibitor of
      HMG-CoA reductase, were elucidated in male rats, using the [14C]-labelled
      compound. Evidence has been obtained for hydrolysis of simvastatin and its
      metabolites at their 2,2-dimethylbutyryl moieties. Metabolites identified in
      plasma were 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid (DMB), 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid
      (DMHB) and an open chain hydroxy acid of simvastatin: metabolites identified in
      urine were DMHB, a glucuronide and the glycine conjugate of DMB. They were
      characterized by gas chromatography/electron impact and chemical ionization mass
      spectrometry as phenacyl or pertrimethylsilylated derivatives. The structures of
      the metabolites and the aglycone of the glucuronide were confirmed as phenacyl
      esters by comparison of their chromatographic data and mass spectra with those of
      the phenacyl derivatives of authentic compounds.

PMID- 1814737
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of dipyridamole-beta-cyclodextrin complex in healthy volunteers
      after single and multiple doses.
AB  - Dipyridamole is a well known anti-aggregating agent characterized by poor water
      solubility as well as scant and variable bioavailability. Recently, the compound
      was complexed with beta-cyclodextrin forming a molecular encapsulation resulting
      in better oral absorption and stronger biological activities in animals. In the
      present study, a randomized double blind cross-over comparison between
      dipyridamole-beta-cyclodextrin complex (dip-beta-CD) and dipyridamole was
      performed in 12 healthy subjects after single (75mg) and multiple oral treatments
      (75mg TID). Dip-beta-CD showed better bioavailability and less interindividual
      variability than dipyridamole either after single or multiple doses. In
      particular, dip-beta-CD had a greater AUC and Cmax, and a smaller Tmax even at
      the steady state. In addition, 100% of the subjects receiving a single dose of
      dip-beta-CD, as compared to 66.7% of those treated with dipyridamole, had plasma
      levels superior to 1 microgram/ml (which is the supposed anti-aggregating
      threshold level). In contrast, 0 and 33.03% of the subjects showed plasma levels
      superior to 2.5 micrograms/ml (which might cause the appearance of side-effects)
      on the 7th day of the multiple treatment with dip-beta-CD and dipyridamole,
      respectively. In fact, the subjects presenting higher levels after uncomplexed
      dipyridamole also complained of headache and/or dizziness on occasion. No adverse
      side effects were reported for dip-beta-CD.

PMID- 1814739
TI  - Dexamethasone bovine pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Dexamethasone phosphate (DXM-PHO) is an ester which is quickly hydrolysed by the
      bovine and the dexamethasone (DXM) plasma half-life was 5.16 h. It has been
      demonstrated that 54 h after DXM-PHO injection, DXM concentrations were lower
      than 0.1 mg/ml. Tritiated dexamethasone was also administered twice to an another
      young bull for metabolite investigation. The elapsed time required to recover, in
      plasma, half of the radioactivity injected was 8.8 h. Radioactivity recovery in
      the urine reached 36.4% and 22.6% for the first and the second injections
      respectively.

PMID- 1814740
TI  - Comparative bioavailability and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two different
      brands of rifampicin.
AB  - A comparative bioavailability study was undertaken between a new formulation of
      rifampicin 'Famcin' and a standard formulation of rifampicin 'R-cin' in eight
      healthy male volunteers at two dose levels: 300 mg and 450 mg given orally under
      both single dose and steady state conditions. Plasma rifampicin was assayed
      spectrophotometrically. The study documented comparable rate and extent of
      bioavailability. (Cmax, Tmax and AUC0-infinity) and elimination half-lives (t1/2)
      of the two brands of rifampicin when compared at similar dose levels. The study
      establishes the bioequivalence of Famcin to that of the standard brand R-cin.
      Further, a comparative in vitro microbiological sensitivity of the two brands of
      rifampicin was undertaken against several strains of two test micro-organism viz.
      Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For both the micro
      organisms the minimal inhibitory concentration of Famcin was lower than that of R
      cin, suggesting a somewhat greater potency of Famcin in suppressing the growth of
      test micro-organisms.

PMID- 1814738
TI  - In vivo behaviour of low molecular weight iron complexes.
AB  - The in vivo distribution in mice of ferric citrate, ferric beta-glycerophosphate
      and ferric lactate complexes has been studied. There is a relationship between
      the 59Fe uptake by various tissues and the physicochemical characteristics of the
      complexes. Ferric lactate seems a useful preparation for iron deficiency therapy.

PMID- 1814741
TI  - Comparison of the disposition and of the metabolic pattern of Reboxetine, a new
      antidepressant, in the rat, dog, monkey and man.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the disposition and the metabolic
      pattern of Reboxetine in several species, including man. [14C]-Reboxetine was
      given orally to the rat, the dog, the monkey (5 mg/kg) and man (2 and 4 mg/kg).
      Radioactivity was eliminated both by the renal and faecal route in the rat and
      the dog, mainly in urine in the monkey and man. Reboxetine was extensively
      metabolized. A number of urinary metabolites were quantified by radio-HPLC and
      tentatively identified by comparison with the retention times of reference
      compounds. Suggested routes of metabolic transformation are: 2-O-dealkylation;
      hydroxylation of the ethoxyphenoxy ring; oxidation of the morpholine ring;
      morpholine ring-opening; and combinations of these. Metabolites were partially or
      completely conjugated with glucuronic acid and/or sulphuric acid.

PMID- 1814743
TI  - Mortality and morbidity of prostatectomy. How far does preselection and pre
      operative care influence the result?
AB  - Mortality and morbidity rates of prostatectomy have been progressively reduced
      over the past years, but with increasing ageing of the population, a limit is
      reached when medical complicating factors ensue, beyond which operative
      intervention carries an unacceptable risk. Results of surgery have little meaning
      if patients who are not fit or too old are excluded and not shown. It is with the
      above objectives in view that a prospective study is reported where all patients
      who presented or were admitted with prostatic symptoms over 1 year were recorded.
      There were 246 patients. Age, presentation and ASA (American Society of
      Anesthesiologists) status, post-operative problems and stay were noted. Joint
      assessment with a senior anaesthetist was performed in all higher-risk patients.
      132 patients were operated on, 91% by transurethral resection of the prostate.
      66% were ASA 2 and 3. Age itself bore no relation to length of post-operative
      stay but ASA status did. There was no mortality. However, 12 (9%) ASA 4 cases
      were excluded from surgery. It is concluded that with careful assessment,
      patients who are old and medically compromised can undergo prostatectomy safely,
      but one has to identify accurately those unsuitable for surgery and offer
      alternative treatment.

PMID- 1814744
TI  - Diagnosis and management of sacral agenesis.
AB  - Herein, the diagnosis and management of 14 cases with sacral agenesis experienced
      in the last 15 years were reviewed. Age at first presentation tended to be older
      than that of meningomyelocele patients. All the children displayed partial sacral
      agenesis or hemisacrum. Occult spinal dysraphism was found in 8. Frequent
      association of genitourinary and anorectal anomalies required important
      alterations in the management. Vesicoureteral reflux was found in 8 patients but
      most of them were treated conservatively. Thirteen children underwent urodynamic
      evaluation on more than 1 occasion and 12 displayed neurogenic bladder
      dysfunction (upper motor type 6, lower motor type 5, upper and lower type 1).
      However, the diagnosis of bladder dysfunction was not final. Clean intermittent
      catheterization was most frequently assigned but it was difficult in some cases
      with urethral abnormalities. Overall, 5 children required surgical intervention
      for their urinary tract, 4 of whom needed multiple procedures. As a result, half
      the children achieved continence and 1 child, who awaited reconstructive surgery,
      had slightly elevated serum creatinine. In summary, early diagnosis, complete
      neurourological evaluation and adequate management with careful follow-up
      monitoring risk factors to the upper urinary tract are mandatory.

PMID- 1814742
TI  - A single blind normal volunteer bioavailability study of a new microencapsulated
      potassium chloride tablet compared with two reference potassium formulations.
AB  - A single blind placebo controlled, cross-over study comparing a new
      microencapsulated potassium chloride tablet (MET) with two reference formulations
      of oral potassium, potassium chloride solution (PS) and potassium chloride wax
      matrix tablets (WMT), was performed in 12 normal healthy volunteers. Urinary
      potassium excretion was the main criterion of comparison. Results showed that all
      three formulations have excellent bioavailability. This indicates that potassium
      absorption in the stomach is similar to that in more distant portions of the gut.
      The slow-release characteristics of both MET and WMT were confirmed. Clinical and
      pharmacological tolerance was excellent and no side-effects were reported with
      any of the potassium formulations studied.

PMID- 1814745
TI  - Genuine hereditary hydronephrosis in a three-generation family.
      Clinicopathological and genetic implications with a review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical features and management of genuine hereditary hydronephrosis (GHH)
      in 4 members of the same family are presented. Genealogical studies provide
      evidence of a dominant autosomal inheritance with complete penetrance. All
      affected members of the family had inherited the same HLA haplotype through the
      male line. This finding, added to those from previous association studies with
      histocompatibility typing (in 3 families), lends support to the localization of
      the GHH gene/s in the 6p human chromosome. Based on our findings from the present
      familial study and on a review of the literature, we suggest that all first
      degree relatives of children or adults with genuine hydronephrosis should be
      screened by ultrasound. Such a prospective screening, including fetal echography,
      will lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic cases and, moreover,
      will identify GHH cases for possible genetic counseling with regard to the
      empiric recurrence risk.

PMID- 1814746
TI  - Histopathological change of corpora cavernosa after long-term intracavernous
      injection.
AB  - Repeated intracavernous injections in healthy monkeys with 2 kinds of vasoactive
      agents [papaverine and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) 3 monkeys each] and normal saline
      (2 monkeys) were conducted in this study. The purpose was to observe the effect
      of long-term injection on histopathological changes of the cavernous tissue, as
      well as the change in drug sensitivity (dosage dependence). Different dosages of
      the same volume (double, single and half dose) of these 3 agents were injected,
      twice weekly, 10 times alternatively, with rigidity and maintenance of erection
      recorded. After long-term injection (papaverine group: 37, 60, 60 times; PGE1
      group: 26, 60, 60 times; normal saline group: 60, 60 times), all monkeys were
      sacrificed and the penises were collected for light-microscopic (LM) and electron
      microscopic (EM) examinations. Dose-dependent response with reversed drug
      sensitivity was found in the papaverine group, but only elongation to tumescence
      was found in the PGE1 group, even with double dosage (probably because of scarce
      PGE1 receptors in monkey's penile tissue). Histopathologically, mild to moderate
      fibrotic changes and distortion of normal architecture were predominant findings
      in LM while aggregation of mitochondria, irregular shape or atrophy of cells were
      obvious in EM observation in the papaverine group. On the other hand, limited
      fibrosis with preservation of corpora cavernosa and hypertrophy of smooth muscle
      were noted in the PGE1 group. This study indicated that less histopathological
      change occurred in the PGE1 group after long-term intracavernous injection.

PMID- 1814747
TI  - Correlation between the expression of the P21 ras oncogene product and the
      biological behavior of bladder tumors.
AB  - It has been proven that the abnormal activation of ras oncogene and the
      expression of its product P21, a 21,000-dalton molecular weight protein, are
      present in a number of human tumors. Using an ABC immunoencymatic staining
      technique and a P21-specific monoclonal antibody, SCI-Oncogema I, we have
      detected the expression of P21 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from
      53 bladder tumors and 7 normal bladder mucosae. The chi 2 test was used for data
      analysis. The results demonstrate that P21 is only expressed on tumor tissues. It
      is also seen that the percentage of P21 positivity increases, obviously in
      parallel with the increase of pathological grade and stage. The morbidity rate
      due to tumor recurrence in 32 P21-positive patients was only 9% (3/32), whereas
      that in 21 P21-negative cases was 67% (14/21). This suggests that in patients
      with bladder tumors P21 positivity could be considered as an objective indicator
      of a favorable prognosis.

PMID- 1814749
TI  - Ileal bladder substitute: antireflux nipple or afferent tubular segment?
AB  - Spheroidal bladder substitutes made from double-folded ileal segments, similar to
      Goodwin's cup-patch technique, are devoid of major coordinated wall contractions.
      This, together with the reservoir's direct anastomosis to the membranous urethra,
      prevents major intraluminal pressure peaks and assures a residue-free voiding of
      sterile urine. In order to determine whether, under these conditions, an afferent
      tubular isoperistaltic ileal segment of 20-cm length protects the upper urinary
      tract as efficiently as an antireflux nipple, 60 male patients who were subjected
      to radical cystectomy were prospectively randomised to groups in which a bladder
      substitute was formed together with either of these 2 antireflux devices. An
      analysis of the results obtained in 20 patients from each group who could be
      followed for more than 1 year (median observation time 30 and 36 months) showed
      no differences between the groups in metabolic disturbances, kidney size,
      reservoir capacity, diurnal and nocturnal urinary continence, the incidence of
      urinary tract infection or episodes of acute pyelonephritis. Later than 1 year
      postoperatively, intravenous urograms of the renoureteral units of 25% of the
      patients with antireflux nipples showed persistent but generally slight
      dilatation of the upper urinary tracts. This observation was significantly more
      frequent than it was in patients with afferent tubular segments. Urodynamic and
      radiographic studies showed that the competence of the antireflux nipples was
      secured by the raised surrounding intravesical pressure. This, however, also
      resulted in a transient functional obstruction, and a gradual rise of the basal
      pressure in the upper urinary tracts was recorded. In patients with afferent
      ileal tubular segments, contrast medium could be forced upwards into the renal
      pelvis when the bladder substitutes were overfilled. However, despite raised
      intravesical pressures, peristalsis in the isoperistaltic afferent tubular
      segment gradually returned contrast medium back to the reservoir. Our results
      suggest that the combination of an ileal low-pressure reservoir together with an
      afferent tubular isoperistaltic limb is at least as good as an antireflux nipple
      valve. Moreover, the use of the afferent ileal limb makes it possible to resect
      the distal and often diseased ureters together with the paraureteric lymphatics
      at a safe distance from the bladder tumor. This avoids also distal ischemic
      ureteric stenosis and makes possible a simple end-to-side ureterointestinal
      anastomosis with a small complication rate.

PMID- 1814748
TI  - Intratumoral heterogeneity of DNA indexes in transitional cell bladder cancer:
      relation to tumor histology.
AB  - DNA flow cytometry (FCM) was performed from multiple samples in 60 transitional
      cell bladder carcinomas (TCC) to detect intratumoral heterogeneity of DNA index
      (DI). The samples for analysis were selected randomly and they were paraffin
      embedded peroperative biopsy specimens from the primary TCCs. Intratumoral
      heterogeneity of DI was found in 12 of 60 (20%) samples. All WHO grade I tumors
      were diploid whereas 12 of 41 (29%) WHO grade II-III tumors showed a
      heterogeneous DI. DI heterogeneity was related to WHO grade (p = 0.004), mitotic
      frequency (p = 0.002), inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI; p = 0.003) and
      nonpapillar growth pattern (p = 0.06). In multivariate analysis, the WHO grade (p
      = 0.027) and the degree of ICI (p = 0.041) were independently related to
      heterogeneous DI. The results show that (a) many of the WHO grade II-III TCCs are
      composed of diploid and aneuploid cell populations; (b) the presence of dense ICI
      and TCCs may lead to false diploid DI. Consequently, the analysis of multiple
      samples is recommended in WHO grade II-III tumors to detect aneuploidy
      particularly when dense ICIs are present.

PMID- 1814750
TI  - Fundamentals for the development of a lithotripter of the new generation. A
      survey of the principle knowledge and skills contributing to the progress in
      lithotripter efficiency for a wide scale of application.
AB  - An improved shock wave source is required for the extended application of
      extracorporeal lithotripsy in proven and anticipated novel fields of therapy.
      Fundamental research was performed in the domains: disintegration efficiency;
      hydrophone stability; absolute calibration, and source optimization. The combined
      experiences resulted in the development of a new shock wave source, the Siemens
      Electromagnetic Acoustic Source (EMAS-C), with considerably improved performance.
      The compact EMAS-C provides shock wave foci varying over a broad energy range,
      dedicated to efficient concrement disintegration and to new fields of application
      in medical therapy.

PMID- 1814751
TI  - Appendicovesical fistula associated with papillovillous adenoma of the appendix.
AB  - Appendicovesical fistulae represent 5% of all intestinal vesical fistulae.
      Usually a known cause is appendicitis, cecal diverticulitis, cystadenocarcinoma
      of the appendix and carcinoid tumors. We report the 2nd case, to our knowledge,
      where a benign tumor is a possible reason for the formation of an
      appendicovesical fistula.

PMID- 1814752
TI  - Acute abdomen: an unusual presentation of a blind-ending bifid ureter.
AB  - This case report features the unusual presentation of a blind-ending ureteric
      duplication (BEUD) as acute abdomen. The partially obstructed BEUD had mimicked
      acute appendicitis, leading to previous errors in the diagnosis and management of
      the case. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose such a rare
      congenital anomaly when it presents as acute abdomen.

PMID- 1814753
TI  - Increasing infertility in myotonia dystrophica Curschmann-Steinert. A case
      report.
AB  - A 26-year-old male came to our andrologic out-patient clinic because of his
      desire to have children. Preliminary examinations revealed a varicocele left and
      a subclinical varicocele right. Testicular volume was smaller than normal, and
      spermiogram values were already poor (vitality, motility and morphology). Basic
      hormones were normal. The anamnesis gave no information on hereditary disorders.
      Surgical treatment of the varicocele did not bring the desired outcome. A
      testicular biopsy showed Leydig cell hyperplasia with strongly reduced
      spermiohistogenesis. In a renewed and extensive anamnesis, the patient revealed
      that he suffers from myotonia dystrophica Curschmann-Steinert. This disorder
      causes sclerosis of the tubuli seminiferi contorti, which can ultimately lead to
      azoospermia.

PMID- 1814755
TI  - The polyamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine is
      neuroprotective against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced brain damage in vivo.
AB  - We examined the ability of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor or
      ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis, to
      protect the brain of the perinatal rat from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced
      brain damage. Treatment of the rat pups with DFMO administered either by i.p.
      injection (500 mg/kg x 2) or through the milk of the mother (2% solution in
      mother's drinking water) significantly reduced, by 48 and 62%, respectively, the
      brain damage produced by intrastriatal NMDA injection. We conclude that
      activation of polyamine synthesis may mediate part of the neurotoxic action of
      NMDA.

PMID- 1814754
TI  - Role of central prostaglandin E2 in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in
      the rat.
AB  - The central action of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on gastric acid secretion was
      investigated in rats by comparing the effects of intracisternal (i.ci.) and i.v.
      administration of PGE2 and the influence of i.ci. injection of indomethacin on
      acid secretion and PGE2 generation in the brain and stomach. I.ci. injections of
      PGE2 (1-10 micrograms) or the stable analog, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2, (0.01-0.1
      micrograms) induced a dose dependent inhibition of baclofen-stimulated gastric
      acid secretion by 0-82% and by 7-87% respectively. I.v. infusion of PGE2 also
      induced a dose related inhibition of baclofen-stimulated acid secretion, but 10
      fold higher doses were required. I.ci. or i.v. injection of indomethacin in doses
      ranging from 50 to 500 micrograms/rat, produced a similar dose dependent
      inhibition of the PGE2 generation in both the gastric mucosa and brain cortex
      measured 1 h post injection. I.ci. injection of indomethacin (500 micrograms)
      increased within 10 min acid secretion with a peak response at 20-30 min; 60-120
      min post injection, when prostaglandin synthesis was inhibited by 90%, basal and
      baclofen-stimulated acid output were not altered. These results further establish
      that PGE2 acts in the brain to inhibit vagally stimulated gastric acid secretion
      in rats, and do not support a tonic inhibitory influence of endogenous brain PGE2
      in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. In addition, these data showed that
      indomethacin injected i.ci. at 500 micrograms does not induce a selective
      inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the brain.

PMID- 1814756
TI  - Protective effects of dazmegrel on the PAF potential of ouabain-induced cardiac
      arrhythmias.
AB  - The ouabain threshold to induce cardiac arrhythmias in urethane-anaesthetized
      guinea-pigs was not modified by the administration of either dazmegrel, 4 mg/kg
      i.v., or lysine-acetylsalicylate, 13.5 mg/kg i.v., 5 min before the infusion of
      ouabain,10g/kg per min i.v. The previous administration of platelet-activating
      factor (PAF), 0.01 to 1 nmol/animal i.v., 2 min prior to ouabain, caused a
      significant, dose-dependent decrease of the ouabain threshold for the cardiac
      rhythm disturbances. Lysine-acetylsalicylate lacked any effect on this PAF
      potentiation. Pretreatment with dazmegrel 5 min before PAF, 0.05 nmol/animal
      i.v., abolished the PAF potentiation of the digitalis-induced arrhythmias. These
      results suggest that thromboxane synthesis is involved in this PAF effect and
      indicate an ability of PAF to induce thromboxane generation even in the case of
      cyclooxygenase inhibition.

PMID- 1814757
TI  - Improved posthypoxic recovery with a membrane-permeable calpain inhibitor.
AB  - In vitro hippocampal slices from adult rats were subjected to transient hypoxia
      in the presence of a cell-penetrating, calpain inhibitor (Cbz-Val-Phe-H; MDL
      28170). The posthypoxic recovery of synaptic potentials was greatly improved in
      protease inhibitor-treated slices relative to control slices. These findings
      support a role for calcium-activated proteolysis in the process of hypoxic
      pathophysiology.

PMID- 1814758
TI  - Enhanced sensitivity to anorexia and consumption of drinking water induced by
      interleukin-1 beta in obese yellow mice.
AB  - Exogenously administered interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) was reported to suppress food
      intake and endogenous CRF in the brain was reported to be involved in mediating
      the IL-1-induced anorexia. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
      effect of IL-1 (i.p.) on food and water intake in obese yellow mice and in lean
      mice. Enhanced sensitivity to IL-1-induced suppression of food and water intake
      were observed in obese yellow mice compared to lean mice (food intake
      suppression: lean 29.92%, obese 88.48%; water intake suppression: lean 25.18%,
      obese 71.56% of respective controls). After treatment of the mice with ibuprofen
      (10 mg/kg i.p.), the suppression of food and water intake was prevented in lean
      mice but unaffected in obese mice. The results suggest that there may be
      differential sensitivity to activation of CRF neurons induced by the peripheral
      injection of IL-1 in obese yellow and in lean mice.

PMID- 1814759
TI  - HA1077, a novel calcium antagonistic antivasospasm drug, increases both cerebral
      blood flow and glucose metabolism in conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of a novel calcium antagonistic antivasospasm drug, HA1077, on local
      cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were
      studied in 33 anatomically discrete regions of the brain in conscious rats, using
      the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]iodoantipyrine and [14C]2-deoxyglucose
      techniques. HA1077 was infused i.v. over a 30-min period (1 or 3 mg/kg). HA1077
      significantly increased LCBF in 9 of 33 sites in rats given 1 mg/kg, and in 14 of
      33 sites in rats given 3 mg/kg compared to the control group given vehicle.
      Significant increases in LCGU were also noted in 16 of 33 sites in rats given 3
      mg/kg. HA1077 increased both cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in
      conscious rats.

PMID- 1814760
TI  - Neuromedin-induced excessive grooming/scratching behavior is suppressed by
      naloxone, neurotensin and a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist.
AB  - Neuromedin B and neuromedin C were tested for their grooming/scratching-inducing
      effects and the composition of neuromedin-induced grooming was established by
      calculating the relative contribution of various grooming elements to the total
      grooming scores. Excessive grooming induced by neuromedins is characterized by a
      predominant display of scratching. Since neuromedin C is much more potent than
      neuromedin B to induce excessive grooming/scratching behavior, it is concluded
      that the carboxyl-terminal heptapeptide of neuromedin C is important for this
      effect. Furthermore, it is concluded that dopamine D1 receptors and opiate
      receptors are involved in this effect since the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist,
      SCH 23390, as well as the opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone, suppresses or
      attenuates neuromedin C-induced excessive grooming/scratching behavior.

PMID- 1814761
TI  - NIP-121 and cromakalim, potassium channel openers, preferentially suppress
      prostanoid-induced contraction of the guinea-pig isolated trachea.
AB  - We have investigated the relaxant effect of the potassium channel openers, NIP
      121 and cromakalim, on spontaneous and spasmogen-induced tone in the isolated
      guinea-pig trachea. NIP-121 and cromakalim fully suppressed the spontaneous tone
      in a concentration-dependent manner and the maximal response was 89 and 97% of
      that to 1 mM aminophylline. The suppressant effect of NIP-121 (pD2 7.39) was 5
      times stronger than that of cromakalim (pD2 6.69). Spontaneous tone was
      completely inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, and partially
      inhibited by the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) antagonist, BM13177. In the presence of
      indomethacin, the contraction induced by prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha and PGD2 was
      reversed by BM13177 to the same extent. NIP-121 and cromakalim reversed the
      contraction induced by PGF2 alpha, PGD2 and the TXA2 mimetic, U46619, and the
      effects were more potent than those observed on the contraction induced by
      leukotriene (LT) D4, LTC4, histamine and acetylcholine. The maximal relaxant
      responses (%) induced by NIP-121 and cromakalim were 97 and 96 for PGF2 alpha, 94
      and 87 for PGD2, 94 and 93 for U46619, 69 and 69 for LTD4, 75 and 58 for LTC4, 73
      and 61 for histamine and 1 and 16 for acetylcholine, respectively. The relaxant
      effect of NIP-121 on responses to these spasmogens (pD2 7.35 for PGF2 alpha, 7.40
      for PGD2, 7.31 for U46619, 7.28 for LTD4, 7.09 for LTC4, and 7.15 for histamine)
      was about 10-20 times stronger than the effect of cromakalim (pD2 6.23 for PGF2
      alpha, 6.04 for PGD2, 6.20 for U46619, 6.01 for LTD4, 5.82 for LTC4 and 5.88 for
      histamine).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814762
TI  - Cholecystokinin octapeptide and caerulein injection into the dorsomedial nucleus
      accumbens potentiate apomorphine-induced jaw movements in rats.
AB  - The effects of bilateral intra-accumbal and intrastriatal injections of CCK-8
      sulphate and its analogue, caerulein, on apomorphine-induced jaw movements were
      studied in ketamine-anaesthetized rats after C1 spinal transection. Jaw movements
      were detected by a photo-transducer attached to the mandible. CCK-8 (5, 10 and 20
      ng) and its analogue, caerulein (1 and 5 ng), injected into the dorsomedial
      nucleus accumbens increased the frequency of apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.)-induced
      jaw movements. The potentiation was prevented by administration of a CCK-A
      receptor antagonist, lorglumide (5 ng), together with CCK-8 (20 ng) or caerulein
      (5 ng). Injection of lorglumide alone into the dorsomedial nucleus accumbens did
      not alter apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.)-induced jaw movements. Injections of CCK-8
      (20 ng) and caerulein (5 ng) into adjacent sites (the ventrolateral nucleus
      accumbens, dorsal striatum and ventral striatum) did not affect the responses
      elicited by apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.). These results demonstrate that CCK-8
      modulates responses elicited by a dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, in a
      region of the brain where CCK-8 is known to co-exist with dopamine.

PMID- 1814763
TI  - Difference between the cerebrovascular effect of purinergic Co-ATP and that of
      the cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, in vivo.
AB  - Development of the cerebrovascular effect of cobalt-ATP was compared to that of
      physostigmine in 34 anesthetized rabbits. The resting cortical cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) was estimated from the H2 clearance and the CBF changes by the heat
      clearance method. Systemic blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate and
      cerebral electrical activity were recorded simultaneously. In addition, we
      measured arterial glucose concentration, pH, PaO2 and PaCO2. Both drugs were
      found to induce a significant increase in CBF. However, the degree of the CBF
      increase induced by Co-ATP was inversely related, while that induced by
      physostigmine was directly related to both the baseline level of CBF and the
      value of PaCO2. We conclude that the cerebrovascular effect of ATP depends mainly
      on vessel tone, while the effect of physostigmine is related to the level of
      PaCO2.

PMID- 1814765
TI  - Traditional foods in the Near East.

PMID- 1814764
TI  - Protective effect of WEB 1881 FU on AF64A (ethylcholine aziridinium ion)-induced
      impairment of hippocampal cholinergic neurons and learning acquisition.
AB  - The effect of continuous administration of 4-aminomethyl-1-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one
      hemifumarate (WEB 1881 FU) on cerebral cholinergic neurons was studied using rats
      treated with ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A), a neurotoxic choline analog.
      AF64A (2.0 nmol, administered i.c.v.) caused a significant decrease in the
      hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) content. This decrease in hippocampal ACh content
      was accompanied by a reduction of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity. Under
      these experimental conditions, the latency of the passive avoidance response of
      rats, determined with a step-through method, was strongly decreased as compared
      with that of sham-operated rats. Although treatment with WEB 1881 FU (50 mg/kg
      per day, administered orally for 7 days) from immediately after the
      administration of AF64A did not affect the AF64A-induced decrease of ACh in the
      hippocampus, 100 mg/kg per day of WEB 1881 FU (orally for 7 days) significantly
      suppressed the AF64A-induced declines in hippocampal ACh content and CAT
      activity. The AF64A-induced reduction in latency of the passive avoidance
      response was also significantly antagonized by the treatment with 100 mg/kg per
      day of WEB 1881 FU (administered orally for 7 days) from immediately after the
      administration of AF64A. Continuous administration of WEB 1881 FU (100 mg/kg per
      day, orally for 7 days) from 7 days after the treatment with AF64A also had a
      significant inhibitory effect on the AF64A-induced decrease in ACh content in the
      hippocampus. These results suggest that WEB 1881 FU may have protective actions
      on the destruction of hippocampal cholingergic neurons as well as memory
      impairment induced by AF64A administration.

PMID- 1814766
TI  - A study of the relationship among pulpal response, microbial microleakage, and
      particle heterogeneity in a glass-ionomer-base material.
AB  - This investigation was designed to study the pulpal responses to glass-ionomer
      base materials that differ in particle size distribution. The study was carried
      out according to the BSI (1980) recommendations for testing restorative materials
      in vivo. The base materials caused more pulpal inflammation than the control
      material, Kalzinol, although by an indirect mechanism. A significant association
      was demonstrated in the statistical model between bacterial presence within the
      experimental cavity and pulpal inflammation. The type of restorative material has
      no direct association with the degree of inflammation, although the model
      suggests that it exerts an indirect influence via its antibacterial properties,
      and hence its influence on microbial microleakage. The base material, with a
      heterogeneous particle distribution, was associated with greater bacterial
      microleakage. Particle size distribution, therefore, has some effect upon
      bacterial microleakage, but, because of its complex effect upon several physical
      properties of materials, further studies are indicated.

PMID- 1814767
TI  - Tensile bond strength of resin-bonded non-precious alloys with chemically and
      mechanically roughened surfaces.
AB  - The present study was carried out for investigation of the tensile bond strength
      of resin-bonded non-precious alloys after their surfaces were roughened by sand
      blasting, chemical etching, or sugar crystal impressions. Fifty test specimens
      were cast in a Ni-Cr (Wiron 88) alloy and 50 in a Co-Cr (Wirobond) alloy. Twenty
      specimens of each alloy were surface-treated according to the sugar crystal
      impression method. The remaining specimens were first sand-blasted, and 20
      specimens of each alloy were thereafter allocated for chemical etching and
      divided into subgroups with different etching conditions. The samples were
      chemically etched in strong inorganic acid solutions. After being etched, the
      specimens were bonded together in pairs by a chemically-curing resin cement
      (Panavia EX) with a force of 2 kg/cm2. After cementation, the specimens were
      stored under humid conditions at 37 degrees C for three wk. Prior to being
      tested, the specimens were subjected to 1000 thermal cyclings at temperatures
      between 10 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The tensile bond strength tests showed
      that Ni-Cr specimens sand-blasted and thereafter etched with a 50% conc. of HNO3
      and a 50% conc. of HCl for two min and Co-Cr specimens sand-blasted and etched
      (conc. HCl for 15 min or three h) or sand-blasted alone resulted in similar high
      bonding values ranging between 33.3 and 37.2 MPa. Surface roughening with use of
      the sugar crystal impression method resulted in statistically significant lower
      bond strength values for both alloys (Ni-Cr, 17.9 MPa; Co-Cr, 10.2 MPa).

PMID- 1814768
TI  - A two-year clinical study of light-cured composite and amalgam restorations in
      primary molars.
AB  - The object of this prospective study was to compare the clinical behavior of
      composite and amalgam restorations with respect to anatomical form, marginal
      adaptation, caries adjacent to margin, and post-operative sensitivity. We
      selected children (n = 43) with an average age of 6.4 yr exhibiting proximal
      caries lesions in primary molars distributed on both left and right sides. In
      each child, one amalgam and one composite side were randomly chosen, resulting in
      64 fillings for composite and 55 for amalgam. After a two-year period,
      significantly (p less than 0.05) more composite fillings (88%) were clinically
      classified as satisfactory compared with amalgam fillings (68%). No significant
      relationship was found between the success rate of proximal fillings and the
      caries activity of the individuals. The results indicate that composite can be
      used successfully as a class II filling material in primary molars in children.

PMID- 1814769
TI  - Effects of high-speed cutting on dentin permeability and bonding.
AB  - The effects of high-speed cutting by use of a diamond bur with or without water
      coolant or sanding by 80-grit SiC paper on dentin permeability, before and after
      surface treatment, and dentin bonding of adhesive resins were compared. Three
      different bonding systems were used: Scotchbond DC, which requires no removal of
      smear layers, and two others, Clearfil Photobond and Superbond C&B, both of which
      remove smear layers (phosphoric acid gel or 10% citric acid containing 3% ferric
      chloride, respectively). Creation of smear layers by bur cutting or sanding
      reduced dentin permeability to levels that were only 1-3% of the maximum
      permeability values. Scotchbond DC gave low but consistent bond strengths (3.7
      6.1 MPa) to dentin covered with smear layers. Clearfil PHotobond also produced
      consistent bond strengths (8.6-9.4 MPa). The increase in the permeability of
      dentin after phosphoric acid treatment was higher when the SiC paper was used
      (146%) than when the high-speed bur was used (87-90%). The smear layer and smear
      plugs produced by the diamond bur were more resistant to 10-3 treatment than were
      the SiC-created smear layers. The bond strengths of Superbond showed the highest
      bond strengths to the conditioned dentin when the high-speed cutting was used
      with water coolant (16.3 MPa), compared with the other two groups (12.2-12.5
      MPa).

PMID- 1814770
TI  - In vitro microleakage associated with posterior composite restorations used with
      different base/bonding system combinations.
AB  - The study aimed to determine the base/restoration combination which allowed the
      least microleakage in Class II cavities. One hundred premolar teeth were prepared
      with a standardized, minimal two-surface cavity and randomly ascribed to ten
      equal groups. The cavities were restored by use of one of ten different
      material/technique combinations. Restored teeth were sealed to within 1 mm of the
      restoration margins with nail varnish prior to the immersion of the crowns in 5%
      (buffered) eosin for 48 h. The teeth were then hemisected longitudinally, in a
      mesio-distal plane, through the midline of the restoration by means of a diamond
      disc with water coolant, and one half of each tooth was then photographed. The
      transparencies were examined by image analysis programmed to facilitate
      calculation of the percentage of the tooth/restoration interface and of the crown
      dentin exhibiting dye penetration. Light- and chemically-cured glass-ionomer
      based restorations showed similar amounts of leakage when expressed as a
      percentage area of crown dentin. This was significantly (p less than 0.05) less
      than that shown by cavities both etched and bonded. Cavities restored without
      enamel etching or involving the use of a bonding system exhibited significantly
      (p less than 0.05) greatest leakage.

PMID- 1814771
TI  - Cutting effectiveness and wear of carbide burs on eight machinable ceramics and
      bovine dentin.
AB  - As a first approach in evaluating the feasibility of industrial machinable
      ceramics in dentistry, we performed weight-load-cutting tests on eight machinable
      ceramics and bovine dentin, using #1557 carbide burs driven by an air-turbine
      handpiece. While the transverse load applied to the bur was cyclically varied
      between 20 and 80 g, we measured the cutting speed (i.e., the steady-state
      handpiece speed during cutting) and the cutting volume. The greater the applied
      load, the more the cutting speed decreased and the cutting volume increased. The
      degree of this trend, however, differed among the workpieces. When dentin and
      mica-based glass ceramics were being cut, the cutting speed was moderately
      reduced, the cutting effectiveness of the bur remained high, and the wear of the
      bur was small. When other ceramics--such as AIN-based, Si3N4-based, and CaO.SiO2
      based ceramics--were being cut, however, the cutting speed was less diminished,
      and the cutting efficiency of the bur was smaller and decreased rapidly, along
      with extensive wear of the bur. We speculate that mica-based glass ceramics could
      be used as the substitute for dentin in the pre-clinical cutting exercise, and
      that another potential use of machinable ceramics examined might be in the
      production of future machined dental prostheses.

PMID- 1814772
TI  - Microstructures of Pd-containing dispersants for admixed dental amalgams.
AB  - Blended Pd-containing dispersants were developed by the utilization of a Ag-Cu
      eutectic into which Pd was substituted for Ag or Cu in concentrations of up to 20
      wt%. Compositions were melted either in argon-filled sealed vycor tubes or in a
      graphite-linked carbon crucible of an induction furnace with an argon blanket.
      Ingots of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter were sectioned to 0.2 cm in thickness
      and polished through standard metallographic polishing procedures. The possible
      compounds were identified by XRD. The microstructures of the alloys were examined
      by SEM/EDS. XRD analysis of the alloys revealed the preferential dissolution of
      Pd in Cu when the Pd concentration was less than or equal to 10 wt%. When the Pd
      concentration exceeded 20 wt%, Pd was found to be dissolved in both Ag and Pd. No
      Cu3Pd x-ray diffraction peaks were found for alloys with Pd concentration of up
      to 20 wt%. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed XRD results; lamellae of Ag and Cu-Pd were
      found in alloys with Pd concentration less than or equal to 10 wt%.

PMID- 1814773
TI  - Non-linear in vitro wear of posterior composites with time.
AB  - Several clinical studies have found the wear rate of posterior composites to be
      nonlinear, with greater wear occurring initially. This relationship and its
      causes were sought in an in vitro test that used the Taber Abraser. Three
      commercial composites--Marathon, Occlusin, and P-30--were tested. Sixteen cured
      samples of each were initially finished with 600-grit paper and then abraded by
      medium-grit wheels for 30,000 cycles. Periodically, the weight losses were
      recorded and then converted to volume losses. Analysis included comparison of
      volume losses per 5000-cycle interval and comparison of first derivatives (wear
      rate) and second derivatives of the best-fit second-order regression line.
      Significant differences (p less than 0.05), as analyzed by ANOVA, were
      consistently realized between the volume losses for the first interval and those
      for subsequent intervals. Rank, with regard to wear resistance, depended on
      whether volume loss or initial wear rate was compared. The Taber Abraser did show
      non-linear trends similar to those observed clinically. Initial surface
      preparation, which apparently contributes to the greater early wear rates
      recorded in this in vitro study, may also be a factor clinically.

PMID- 1814774
TI  - Technical note: resin-to-metal bonds mediated by adhesion promoters.
AB  - This study aimed to establish whether the bonding between a composite cement
      (Comspan Opaque) and grit-blasted nickel-chromium alloy (Biobond Plus) could be
      enhanced by pre-treatment of the alloy surface with adhesion promoters. Six
      groups of metal adherends, of ten specimens each, were prepared. The specimens in
      each group were finished flat and blasted with 50 microns alumina. The first
      group was used without further treatment of the metal surface. A second group was
      electrolytically etched. Each of the remaining four groups was treated with an
      adhesion promoter. The resin cement was bonded to the adherend and, after 24 h in
      water at 37 degrees C, the tensile bond strengths were determined. ANOVA and the
      Scheffe test at the 0.05 level showed that Scotchbond dual-cure dental adhesive
      enhanced the resin-to-metal bond significantly and produced a mean bond strength
      value (30.9 MPa) higher than that obtained with electrolytic etching (22.7 MPa)
      or grit-blasting (14.6 MPa). This would appear to be of considerable
      significance. The metal primers, ABC primer and GoldLink, and the ceramic primer,
      Scotchprime, were much less effective than Scotchbond dual-cure.

PMID- 1814775
TI  - Determination of polymerization shrinkage kinetics in visible-light-cured
      materials: methods development.
AB  - An instrument for the reproducible measurement of polymerization shrinkage
      kinetics is described, constructed around a disc-shaped specimen sandwiched
      between two glass plates. Test specimens of light-sensitive dental restorative
      materials were irradiated through the lower, rigid plate. The upper, non-rigid
      plate was readily deflected by an increase of the adhesive stress from the
      polymerizing and shrinking sample. Deflection was measured by an LVDT transducer
      and computer-recorded. Dimensional changes were confined to the specimen disc
      thickness dimension, such that the fractional linear shrinkage approximated the
      volumetric shrinkage. Shrinkage data are reported for representative materials:
      unfilled and resin composites, base-lining materials, and an impression material.
      Equilibrium shrinkage magnitudes ranged from 0.65%, for the impression material,
      to 7.9% for the unfilled resin. The kinetic behavior was approximately
      characterized by an overall time constant, ranging from 12.5 to 280 s, associated
      with an exponential growth curve, although the initial shrinkage was near-linear
      in time, for many materials, due to non-steady-state concentrations of polymer
      free-radicals. The test-specimen geometry facilitates rapid and essentially
      uniform cure and hence the determination of minimum possible time-constants at
      each ambient temperature and incident light-intensity. Study of hybrid glass
      ionomer materials, without spurious dehydration effects, was also achieved.

PMID- 1814776
TI  - [History of public health in the country of Vaud in the middle ages: an
      evaluation].
AB  - The rich archival sources of mediaeval Vaudois institutions make it possible to
      study a great variety of health problems of that country. Recent studies
      elucidate, e.g., the administration of the vineyards of the hospital of the town
      of Vevey as well as the management of great numbers of pilgrims or victims of a
      disaster by the same hospital. Progression and demographic consequences of the
      plaque outbreaks of 1348 and 1360 have been worked out and the network of leper
      houses could be reconstructed. Finally, the ambiguous attitude of the citizens of
      Lausanne towards their hospital in the 14th century has been revealed: pious
      legacies on the one hand, endeavour to control them politically on the other.

PMID- 1814777
TI  - [Cause of death in the 17th and 18th centuries in Geneva: nosology and disease
      spectrum. Perspectives and objectives of a study].
AB  - For the twenty years of 1740-1759, the authors analyze, for the city of Geneva,
      the causes of death as officially indicated on the bills of mortality. This study
      is part of a larger analysis of mortality: over a longer period, the whole gamut
      of disease--pathocoenosis--will be studied, and some light should be shed by this
      on the causes of the decline of mortality in the 18th century. The data are
      analyzed with regard to age, sex and season and interpreted according to ancient
      as well as modern medical criteria.

PMID- 1814778
TI  - [Physiology in the work of Jean Senebier (1742-1809)].
AB  - Born in a family of French refugees established at Geneva in the XVIth century,
      Jean Senebier was first a protestant parson at Chancy and later librarian at
      Geneva. Charles Bonnet convinced him to become a naturalist and persuaded him to
      translate Spallanzani's experimental work. At that time the chemistry of gases
      was making great progress and Senebier applied it to the study of gaseous
      exchanges in plants. He brought an important contribution to plant physiology.

PMID- 1814779
TI  - [The spirit and sensations according to Charles Bonnet (1720-1793)].
AB  - When Charles Bonnet, the many-sided naturalist, was forced by eye troubles to
      abandon observation and experimentation, he took to psychology and philosophy,
      concentrating his thought on two main topics: the origin of our ideas and the
      organisation of our mental faculties. In Bonnet's view, the nerve fibre is the
      anatomical and physiological element on which not only sensation but the entire
      mental life depends.

PMID- 1814780
TI  - [The religious physician and Geneva theologian. A letter written in 1802 by M. F.
      R. Buisson to Pierre Picot].
AB  - In a letter addressed to Pierre Picot, professor of divinity at the Academy of
      Geneva, the young doctor Matthieu-Francois-Regis Buisson (1776-1804) describes
      the climate of tension in which he had to defend his thesis at the Medical
      Faculty of Paris. He advocates a kind of holy alliance between Christian
      physicians and theologians against the party dominating the Ecole de medecine, in
      which the ideology of the Encyclopedie together with Pinel's anticlericalism and
      Cabanis's materialistic monism prevail.

PMID- 1814781
TI  - [Medical mission of Louis-Andre Gosse during his trip to Greece (1827-1829)].
AB  - Louis-Andre Gosse (1791-1873), a liberal-minded Geneva physician, went to Greece
      in 1827 in order to work, for a couple of years, for the Greek State, which had
      won its independence just a few years ago. When, in 1828, an Egyptian army
      brought plague back to Greece, Gosse took an active part in the fight against the
      epidemic. The present author gives a detailed account of Gosse's relation of his
      experience including treatment and preventive measures.

PMID- 1814782
TI  - [Geneva prominent Geneva physician of his time: Jean-Charles Coindet (1796-1876),
      hygienist and alienist].
AB  - The author gives a short account of Coindet's career. This remarkable physician
      was also a conservative politician. As an alienist, Coindet was particularly
      influenced by the Englishman Samuel Tuke.

PMID- 1814783
TI  - [Auguste De la Rive and electrotherapy].
AB  - After a survey of the state of electrotherapy at the beginning of the 19th
      century, the author studies the pertinent work of Auguste De la Rive (1801-1873),
      mainly exposed in the three volumes of his Traite d'electricite theorique et
      pratique (1854-1858). He mentions "direct" and "indirect" therapeutic effects of
      electricity as well as methods and apparatus applied and concludes by pointing at
      the reserved attitude towards the medical use of electricity that still prevailed
      at the close of the century.

PMID- 1814784
TI  - [An underestimated forerunner: Marc-Jacob D'Espine (1806-1860) and medical
      statistics].
AB  - This article relates the life and work of Marc-Jacob D'Espine, a disciple of
      P.C.A. Louis and a somewhat unrecognised predecessor of medical statistics. Many
      extracts of his unpublished correspondence are given. After a short biography,
      the scientific work of D'Espine as well as his action to diffuse his ideas--in
      Switzerland as well as in foreign countries--are discussed.

PMID- 1814785
TI  - [Contribution of Friedrich Wilhelm Zahn (1845-1904) to the study of
      inflammation].
AB  - Prior to being named to the first chair of Pathology at Geneva University,
      Friedrich Wilhelm Zahn had published, in 1871, his doctoral thesis entitled Zur
      Lehre von der Entzundung und Eiterung. This work, written under the direction of
      Edwin Klebs, at Berne, demonstrated experimentally that the so-called Microsporon
      septicum (an infectious fungus identified by Klebs) provoked a local inflammation
      as well as remote secondary focal suppurations. This study apparently confirmed
      Kleb's hypothesis that Microsporon septicum, usually present in wounds, is the
      cause of an infectious disease. Zahn's research as well as the work of Klebs fell
      under attack: the method of identifying the microorganism as well as the
      demonstration of his causal relationship to inflammation were not conclusive. At
      the end of the discussion, it was admitted that the status of a cause of
      infection could be attributed to a microorganism only under the two following
      conditions: the latter must be identified with Koch's method, and his causal
      relationship to the infectious disease must be specific. This is precisely what
      Zahn's thesis was unable to prove. The analysis of his work as well as of the
      critical arguments enables us to follow and understand the controversy on the
      cause of inflammation and suppuration at the dawn of the bacteriological age.

PMID- 1814786
TI  - [Medical faculty of the Lausanne University (1890): a political challenge].
AB  - The Lausanne Faculty of Medicine was originally founded for political rather than
      medical reasons: Vaud's accession to cantonal sovereignty made possible the call,
      in 1804, for a medical school, and the canton's federalist convictions brought it
      into being in 1890. --In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Lausanne had
      to assert its own position between the patrician power of Bern, meanwhile
      elevated to federal capital, and industrious Geneva. Discussions centred on the
      siting of new railway lines and of facilities for higher education. It was
      thereupon decided that Vaud's cantonal capital should become a major intersection
      for rail traffic and a university city. Then, a medical faculty was created in
      Geneva (1876) and federal medical examination was instituted (1877). These two
      developments had a catalytic effect: after introductory courses had begun in
      1881, a complete medical faculty was established in Lausanne in 1890, enabling
      the former Academy inherited from the days of Bernese administration to be
      transformed into a fullscale university (1890).

PMID- 1814787
TI  - [The first women students of the medical faculty and their professional
      activities in Geneva].
AB  - Amongst the first students enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine of Geneva in the
      last decades of the 19th century were many women, mostly originating from Eastern
      Europe. After graduation, only few remained in Geneva. The life of three early
      graduates illustrates the difficulties encountered by women doctors at the turn
      of the century in Geneva and some of the ways to overcome the resistance
      encountered. Henriette de Joudra (1856-1928) married a Swiss physician and
      practised in town; the Societe medicale de Geneve however never granted her
      membership. Marguerite Champendal (1870-1928), one of the first Swiss nationals
      to graduate, created a school for nurses that she directed until her untimely
      death. Lina Stern (1878-1968), of Russian origin, turned after graduation to
      laboratory research and to university teaching: she performed original research
      in biochemistry and in the neurosciences. From 1918 onwards she was the first
      woman having professional rank at the University of Geneva. After 1925 she
      pursued a brilliant academic career in the Soviet Union.

PMID- 1814788
TI  - [La Source nursing school: revolution in the nursing profession?].
AB  - La Source, founded in 1859 at Lausanne, was the first laic school for nurses in
      the world. Its spirit of education, however, was most conservative. This is borne
      out by two lecture note-books (1871, 1883) which the authoress compares with
      printed manuals. In a tradition, which may be traced back to the Enlightenment
      (Tissot), education at La Source aimed at the formation of efficient but docile
      nurses embellished by feminine virtues such as gentleness and compassion.

PMID- 1814789
TI  - [The first laic school of nurses in Geneva (1896-1901)].
AB  - The foundation of this school is intricately bound to the socio-political and
      religious context of the turn of the century. Polemics about the implementation
      of the laic principle in the State and in public services led to the foundation
      of this school, which accordingly was opposed by some political parties, by part
      of the healing professions and by the religious-minded. As a reaction to the
      appointment of sisters of the protestant nursing order of Berne at Geneva
      Hospital, the new school was intended to form laic nursing personnel of local
      origin and high quality. The idea met with a cool reception by the population of
      Geneva and the school lived only for a few years.

PMID- 1814791
TI  - [Tuberculosis--the starting point of thoracic surgery].
AB  - The amazing development of thoracic surgery was due to the extraordinary number
      of operations necessary in the treatment of diseases of epidemic proportions:
      tuberculosis, rheumatic heart disease and coronary disease. From 1939 onwards,
      the young chest surgeons were confronted with war wounds of the heart and great
      vessels. Back in civilian practice, they became the pioneers of an initially
      primitive, blind cardiac surgery. In the course of 40 years this surgery
      developed to become the highly specialized interdisciplinary specialty of today's
      cardiovascular surgery, the crowning of which is the routine heart
      transplantation of 1990.

PMID- 1814790
TI  - [The physician Charlotte Olivier (1865-1945) and control of tuberculosis among
      the poor in Lausanne].
AB  - At the beginning of the 20th century, tuberculosis is regarded as a social
      disease. For lack of an anti-infectious therapy, an indirect prophylaxis seems
      mandatory: a network of institutions, sanitation of dwellings, protection of
      children. One assists at the development of a social and preventive medicine
      which cares for the sick in their social environment. This implies, however,
      intrusion into private life. Fighters against tuberculosis in this form are
      predominantly women: charitable ladies, visiting nurses, and doctors. Among the
      latter, Charlotte Olivier is prominent; in the decisive years of 1911-1925 she
      directs the Lausanne antituberculous dispensary.

PMID- 1814792
TI  - [Vicissitudes of Geneva forensic psychiatry at the turn of the century].
AB  - In the second half of the 19th century two sensational criminal trials took place
      at Geneva. They lead to theoretical debates about insanity and responsibility on
      an international level, which reveal not only a contest for power between
      medicine and law; they also show us a science in making in search for reliable
      concepts. Later it will find them in Freud's theories.

PMID- 1814793
TI  - [Surgical sterilization and mental disorder. A case study].
AB  - The author examines the intellectual, social and political conditions which
      permitted the introduction of compulsory sterilization of mentally ill as a
      lawful measure in the Canton of Vaud in 1928. Essential was the fear of
      "degenerated" and socially harmful progeny prejudicial to the existing order. The
      victims of this regulation were mostly feeble-minded women--the poorest and least
      respected members of community.

PMID- 1814794
TI  - [The Oath of Geneva].
AB  - The atrocities of Nazi doctors as revealed by the Nuremberg trial caused the
      World Medical Association in 1948 to formulate a modernized version of the
      Hippocratic Oath. The author discusses particularly the notion of Humanity, newly
      introduced in this so-called Oath of Geneva: contradictions may arise between
      medical interests and criteria of humanity, which make it necessary to draw
      limits.

PMID- 1814795
TI  - SRY and male sex determination.

PMID- 1814796
TI  - Plasma melatonin rhythm in disorders of puberty: interactions of age and pubertal
      stages.
AB  - A concurrent effect of age and puberty has hampered assessment of the influence
      of melatonin on human puberty. This study examined the pineal-puberty interaction
      in 41 subjects (ages 5-17 years) whose puberty was asynchronous from age
      (constitutional delay, hypopituitarism and idiopathic precocious puberty).
      Melatonin nocturnal profile was determined using blood samples drawn hourly by
      constant withdrawal. There was no significant trend for melatonin peak or time
      peak in pubertal or age groups. The linear correlation between age and melatonin
      peak was not significant. Thus, neither age nor puberty alone can account for the
      decline in nocturnal melatonin concentration observed across human development.

PMID- 1814797
TI  - Different effects of the GABAergic agent sodium valproate on the oxytocin
      responses to angiotensin II and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal men.
AB  - The present study was performed in order to establish whether angiotensin II (ANG
      II) and/or insulin-induced hypoglycemia exert their oxytocin (OT)-releasing
      effects by interacting with a GABAergic pathway. For this purpose, in 14 normal
      men the OT responses to ANG II (infusion for 60 min of successively increasing
      doses of 4, 8 and 16 ng/kg.min, each dose for 20 min; n = 7) or to insulin (0.15
      IU/kg)-induced hypoglycemia (n = 7) were evaluated with or without previous
      treatment with the GABAergic agonist sodium valproate (600 mg in 3 divided doses,
      p.o.). In all subjects insulin produced a similar hypoglycemic response
      regardless of sodium valproate administration. Both ANG II and insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia produced significant increases in plasma OT levels (mean peaks were
      about 60% higher than baseline). The pretreatment with sodium valproate was
      unable to change the OT response to hypoglycemia, whereas it abolished the ANG-II
      induced OT rise. These data suggest that in man a GABAergic mechanism is involved
      in the regulation of the OT response to ANG II, but not in the mediation of
      poglycemia-induced OT release.

PMID- 1814798
TI  - Beta-endorphin and insulin/glucose responses to different meals in obesity.
AB  - The responses of plasma beta-endorphin, insulin and glucose to two different
      isocaloric mixed meals--high carbohydrate (CHO meal) and high fat (fat meal)-
      were assessed in women with android obesity before (n = 11) as well as after (n =
      5) weight reduction, and in normal-weight controls (n = 8). Basal plasma beta
      endorphin concentrations in the obese subjects (7.7 +/- 1.2 pmol/l) were
      significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than in the controls (3.8 +/- 0.5
      pmol/l) and were not influenced by weight loss. Fasting plasma levels and the
      integrated releases of insulin and glucose, both after the CHO meal and after the
      fat meal were significantly higher in the obese subjects than in the controls.
      The fat meal induced no changes in beta-endorphin levels in either group. After
      the CHO meal a significant decrease in plasma beta-endorphin concentration was
      observed only in the obese group before weight reduction. An influence on beta
      endorphin release by macronutrients is hypothesized.

PMID- 1814799
TI  - Restoration of normal gonadotropin responses to naloxone by chronic bromocriptine
      treatment in elderly men.
AB  - Naloxone is unable to stimulate FSH and LH secretion in elderly men, suggesting a
      reduced endogenous opioid control of gonadotropin secretion in senescence. In the
      present study, we examined whether in elderly men a chronic dopaminergic
      stimulation with bromocriptine (5 mg/day for 7 days) modifies the gonadotropin
      response to naloxone (4 mg as an i.v. bolus plus 10 mg infused in 2 h). Eleven
      younger men (group 1, 22-40 years old) participated as controls. Twenty-two
      elderly men were selected from a larger population and were divided into two
      groups: subjects with compensated gonadal failure (normal blood testosterone and
      elevated gonadotropin concentrations; group 2, n = 11; 62-80 years old) and men
      with normal gonadal function (normal blood testosterone and gonadotropin levels;
      group 3, n = 11; 61-82 years old). Naloxone induced a striking LH and a slight
      but significant FSH increase in group 1, but was unable to change serum
      gonadotropin concentrations in elderly subjects of both groups 2 and 3. When
      experiments were repeated after bromocriptine treatment, no significant
      differences in LH and FSH responses to naloxone were observed in the younger
      subjects. On the other hand, bromocriptine restored significant gonadotropin
      responses to naloxone in elderly men. In fact, after bromocriptine, naloxone
      induced FSH and LH increments in groups 2 and 3 were indistinguishable from those
      observed in group 1. These data suggest that in men age-related dopaminergic
      alterations may underlie the defective endogenous opioid control of gonadotropin
      secretion.

PMID- 1814800
TI  - Dopaminergic regulation of gonadotropin and thyrotropin hormone secretion is
      altered with age.
AB  - To determine if age-related changes in glycoprotein pituitary hormone secretion
      are associated with alterations in dopaminergic regulation, plasma gonadotropins
      and TSH were measured before and after L-dopa administration in 44 young (31-44
      years of age) and 42 old (64-88 years of age) healthy male participants. Plasma
      GH and PRL were also determined in order to examine the somatotroph and
      lactotrope response. In the young, following L-dopa, plasma FSH, LH and TSH were
      unchanged from baseline. However, in older subjects, plasma FSH was significantly
      increased (p less than 0.001) and a similar trend was noted for LH. Plasma TSH
      was significantly depressed (p less than 0.002) in older subjects only. Following
      L-dopa, increases in plasma GH and decreases in plasma PRL were of similar
      magnitude in each group. These data indicate that dopaminergic modulation of
      gonadotropins and TSH is altered with age.

PMID- 1814801
TI  - Effects of pirenzepine, bromocriptine and their association on basal and GHRH-
      and TRH-induced GH secretion in acromegaly.
AB  - In order to ascertain if pirenzepine (Pz), an antimuscarinic drug, could inhibit
      GH secretion in acromegaly, 8 patients were submitted to 3 successive treatment
      courses of 9 days each: Pz, bromocriptine (BRC) and Pz plus BRC. No change in
      basal levels of GH after Pz administration was seen, but its reduction (p less
      than 0.05) by BRC was observed. Pz plus BRC did not improve this response. None
      of these drugs abolished the paradoxical GH response to TRH. In 7 normal
      controls, Pz suppressed the GH responsiveness to GHRH (p less than 0.001), but
      not in acromegalic patients. BRC, instead, blunted this response. In conclusion,
      cholinergic control of GH secretion is altered in acromegaly. Pz, either when
      administered alone or associated with BRC, is not useful for the treatment of
      this disease.

PMID- 1814802
TI  - Immunoreactive delta sleep-inducing peptide in the rat hypothalamus, pituitary
      and adrenal gland: effects of adrenalectomy.
AB  - Immunoreactive (IR) delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) was examined by
      immunocytochemistry in the rat pituitary and adrenal gland and found to be
      colocalized with IR thyroid-stimulating hormone in the pituitary and with
      noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla. IR-DSIP was also detectable in nerve fibers
      in the posterior pituitary. By radioimmunoassay, IR-DSIP was quantified in plasma
      and tissue extracts after uni- or bilateral adrenalectomy. Significantly elevated
      plasma levels of IR-DSIP were measured 5 days after bilateral adrenalectomy (p
      less than 0.001). IR-DSIP was increased (p less than 0.05) in pituitary extracts
      from bilaterally adrenalectomized rats after 5 days, but not after 14 or 28 days.
      Sham- and unoperated animals did not significantly differ in plasma or tissue
      concentration of IR-DSIP. High-performance liquid chromatography of C18 SEP-PAK
      purified hypothalamus extracts revealed a single peak of IR-DSIP material of
      lower hydrophobicity than synthetic DSIP. The elevated concentration of IR-DSIP
      in the rat pituitary and plasma after bilateral adrenalectomy is consistent with
      the previously suggested role of DSIP to influence the activity of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

PMID- 1814803
TI  - Single-dose intravenous pamidronate is effective alternative therapy for Paget's
      disease refractory to calcitonin.
AB  - We have conducted an open, prospective study to investigate the efficacy of a
      single 60 mg infusion of pamidronate as alternative therapy in 15 subjects with
      severe Paget's bone disease refractory to calcitonin. Disease activity was
      assessed with a visual-analogue score of symptom severity, plasma alkaline
      phosphatase and quantitative estimation of 99mTc-methylene biphosphonate uptake
      on bone scan. All indices of disease activity fell after pamidronate, reaching a
      nadir at 3 months. Although disease activity increased thereafter, only 3
      subjects required retreatment within 12 months. Plasma calcium fell after 3 days
      and remained below baseline levels for 6 months associated with evidence of
      secondary hyperparathyroidism. Pamidronate was well tolerated; femoral neck
      fractures occurred in 2 subjects with severe local Paget's disease but were
      unlikely to be due to the drug. We conclude that pamidronate is an effective and
      promising alternative for treatment of patients with severe Paget's disease no
      longer adequately controlled by calcitonin. Calcium supplementation may be
      prudent to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with the use of this
      agent.

PMID- 1814804
TI  - Influence of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor,
      pravastatin, on corticosteroid metabolism in patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The present study examined whether hypolipidemic therapy with a potent 3-hydroxy
      3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, influences
      corticosteroid metabolism in patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia (FH). Urinary excretion of tetrahydrocortisone,
      tetrahydrocortisol, 6 beta-hydroxycortisol and free cortisol were determined in
      22 patients with heterozygous FH before and after pravastatin administration (10
      mg/day for 2 months). Pravastatin induced a statistically significant decrease in
      serum total cholesterol in patients with heterozygous FH from 6.9 +/- 0.1 to 5.9
      +/- 0.1 mmol/l (p less than 0.05). No significant changes were seen in the
      urinary tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol and free cortisol levels before
      and after pravastatin therapy. Urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) increased after pravastatin administration.
      These results suggest that the hypolipidemic effect of pravastatin in patients
      with heterozygous FH does not influence the corticosteroid metabolism. The
      increase in urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol may be caused by pravastatin-induced
      hepatic microsomal 6 beta-hydroxylase induction.

PMID- 1814805
TI  - Quantitation of circulating angiotensin II using commercial immunoassays.
AB  - The quantitation of circulating angiotensin (ANG) II is not consistent among
      various commercially available kits. We measured plasma concentrations with three
      radioimmunoassay kits (Buhlmann Laboratories, Basel, Switzerland; Immuno
      Technology Service Production, The Netherlands, and Amersham, UK). The antibody
      specificity and their cross-reactions with ANG I decapeptide and with fragments
      of ANG II, were evaluated. The antibodies of the three kits cross-reacted with
      nearly all immunoreactive fragments of ANG II with intact carboxyl end. Cross
      reaction with ANG I was detected with the antibody of the Immuno Technology
      Service kit only.

PMID- 1814806
TI  - Central adrenergic suppression augments the insulin and glucagon secretory, and
      the glycogenolytic responses in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - It has been suggested that the increased activity of the sympathetic nervous
      system and the resultant increase in the tissue catecholamine levels contribute
      to the pathogenesis of diabetes. In this study we evaluated the effect of
      clonidine, a central adrenergic agonist that decreases sympathetic tone, on the
      serum levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine and on the hepatic
      glycogen content in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The animals were
      treated with clonidine 25 micrograms/kg/day interperitoneally for 3 weeks to
      suppress the central adrenergic impulses. Clonidine treatment significantly
      increased the weight gain, but did not affect plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon
      and norepinephrine in the diabetic animals. Pancreatic insulin and liver glycogen
      contents were significantly higher in the clonidine-treated than in the untreated
      diabetic rats. However, clonidine did not affect pancreatic insulin and liver
      glycogen content of nondiabetic animals. The intravenous administration of
      glucagon increased plasma glucose in the clonidine-treated, but not in the saline
      treated diabetic rats. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia significantly enhanced
      glucagon release in clonidine-treated but not in saline-treated diabetic rats. We
      conclude that the suppression of central adrenergic activity may ameliorate the
      effects of insulin insufficiency on pancreatic hormone secretion and hepatic
      glycogen content.

PMID- 1814807
TI  - Octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, in diabetic neuropathic pain.

PMID- 1814808
TI  - Autoimmune thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis: comparison between painful
      thyroiditis and painless thyroiditis.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory findings and long-term outcomes in 8 patients (7 women)
      with autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), aged 34-59 years, who had a painful tender
      goiter and a transient thyrotoxicosis with a low thyroid radioactive iodine
      uptake (RAIU), were compared with those in 15 patients (13 women) with painless
      thyroiditis (PT), aged 23-69 years. Six painful AT and 6 PT patients had a
      history of prior awareness of goiter. All patients with painful AT had a moderate
      or marked elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a positive result for C
      reactive protein, while only 3 PT patients (group B) did. There were no
      significant differences between the mean age, duration of symptoms, white blood
      cell count, serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, serum
      T3/T4 ratio and duration of thyrotoxicosis after the initial examination and
      prevalences of positive results for antithyroglobulin and -microsomal antibodies
      in the two diseases. Two of 8 painful AT patients showed a histologically chronic
      fibrous variant and 6 others showed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. All PT
      patients examined also showed lymphocytic thyroiditis. Two and 5 painful AT
      patients developed transient and persistent hypothyroidism, respectively, while 8
      [7 in group A (normal ESR), 1 in group B] and 3 PT patients (1 in group A, 2 in
      group B) did, respectively. The mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level in
      the hypothyroid phase in painful AT patients was higher than that in PT
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814809
TI  - [Genetic polymorphism of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein in the Han population in
      Chengdu].
AB  - The distribution of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) phenotype frequencies in the
      Han population in Chengdu was studied using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric
      focusing followed by immunofixation with rabbit anti-human AHSG serum. Two
      hundred eighty-six serum samples collected at random from unrelated individuals
      were phenotyped for AHSG. The distribution of AHSG phenotype frequencies was
      found to be AHSG 1 = 47.20%, AHSG 2 = 8.04% and AHSG 2 - 1 = 44.76%. The observed
      numbers agreed well with the expected numbers calculated on the basis of the
      Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequencies were estimated to be AHSG.1 =
      0.6958 and AHSG.2 = 0.3042. The discrimination probability of AHSG is 0.5704 and
      the exclusion probability of parentage 0.1669.

PMID- 1814810
TI  - [Apolipoproteins AI, B100, CII, CIII and E in human cerebrospinal fluid].
AB  - Apolipoproteins AI, B100, CII, CIII and E contents were measured by radial
      immunodiffusion assay kits developed by our Research Unit. The apolipoprotein in
      10 human cerebrospinal fluid samples was determined. Results show that there are
      no apo B100, CII or trace apo CIII in human cerebrospinal fluid, the levels of
      apo AI in cerebrospinal fluid are 1.00 +/- 0.54 mg/dl with a range of 0.35-2.00
      mg/dl and the apo E content is 0.69 +/- 0.16 mg/dl with a range of 0.51-0.99
      mg/dl. The results are discussed.

PMID- 1814811
TI  - [Study on thixotropic parameters of whole blood from healthy children].
AB  - With low shear-30 rheometer, the authors used a modified protocol to measure
      thixotropic parameters of whole blood from 200 healthy newborns and children, so
      as to suggest the normal range of blood thixotropic parameters in four age
      groups, namely, the newborns, 1 year- group, 5 year- and 10-15 year group. The
      results demonstrated that the thixotropic parameters in the newborn group were
      higher than those in other three groups. However, these thixotropic parameters in
      the group 1-10 years were lower than those in the 10-15 year group. No
      significant sex differences were noted among the fore three groups, but sex
      differences appeared obviously in the 10-15 year group. It implied that the
      changes relying on the age is consistent with children's growth, development and
      physiologic activities.

PMID- 1814812
TI  - [A study on the development of vertebral column in reference to the gestational
      ages of fetuses].
AB  - The anteroposterior radiographs and ultrasound measurements of vertebral columns
      ranging from 12 to 33 weeks' gestation were studied. Two kinds of regressive
      equations were developed: one for estimating the length of cervical, thoracic and
      lumbar regions of vertebral column in accordance to gestational ages, and the
      other for estimating the gestational ages on the basis of the length of cervical,
      thoracic and lumbar regions of vertebral column. The normal values with
      confidence interval in accordance to the length of lumbar vertebral column for
      estimating the gestational ages were obtained. Also presented were the adjusted
      values of intercept between the data of ultrasound measurement and X-ray
      measurement. The ossification centers of neural arch appeared first in the upper
      cervical vertebrae, then they extended towards the lower vertebrae. Ossification
      centers for the vertebral centra appeared first in the lower thoracic/upper
      lumbar region and then extended to the lower and upper centra, respectively.
      Combining the length of lumbar vertebral column with the appearance time of the
      ossification centers of cervical vertebral centra, sacral vertebral centra and
      sacral neural arch, the authors set a standard for assessing the developmental
      condition of 12-23 weeks' fetuses.

PMID- 1814814
TI  - [Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against chorionic gonadotropin receptor and
      study of its characteristics].
AB  - We reported the production of monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against chorionic
      gonadotropin hormone (CG) receptor by fusing spleen cells of BALB/c mice which
      had been immunized by purified bacteria (Pseudomonas maltophilia) CG receptor
      with mouse myeloma line SP2/0. Four hybridoma cell lines secreting CG receptor
      McAbs were obtained (ED490 DG390, AB890 and GE590). The titers of specific
      antibodies of both mice ascites and culture supernatant were 10(-2)-10(-6) and 1
      10(-2) respectively, by solid phase ELISA. Double-Immunodiffusion test showed
      that the McAb GE590 was IgG1, and the McAbs ED490, DG390 and AB890 were IgG2b
      Immunoprecipitation indicated that 125I-HCG could bind the HCG receptor which had
      reacted with McAbs ED490, AB890 and DG390, suggesting that they may recognize the
      receptor with different antigenic determinant. Interaction of McAb GE590 with the
      receptor showed that the increased concentration of GE590 was in inverse
      proportion to the amount of 125I-HCG binding receptor, indicating that both the
      McAb and 125I-HCG could recognize a common site of receptor and that increased
      concentration of McAb GE590 may induce some change in conformation and structure
      of the receptor. Our study suggested that these McAbs may be used for studying
      structure of CG receptor.

PMID- 1814813
TI  - [Galactosyl neoglycoalbumin:preparation and studies of its binding with hepatic
      special receptor].
AB  - Galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (NGA) can bind with the asialoglycoproteins receptor
      specifically on the surface of mammal's liver. We prepared NGA in different
      carbohydrate density and made some animal and clinical tests with technetium-99m
      labeled NGA. The maximum absorption of 99mTc-NGA-21 was 82.6% in liver. We also
      got the satisfactory radiographs of liver. NGA was synthesized by the covalent
      coupling of a carbohydrate bifunctional reagent, 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl-1-thio
      galactose (4), to human serum albumin. The cyanomethyl-1-thio-glycoside of beta-D
      galactose (3) was prepared from the pseudothiourea derivative (2) which was
      synthesized by acetylation, bromination and substitution of galactose (3) could
      be converted to (4) by treatment with sodium methoxide.

PMID- 1814815
TI  - [Consecutive observation of the plasma MDA, XO and UA levels and erythrocyte SOD
      in 10 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass].
AB  - The plasma malonaldehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO) and uric acid (UA) levels
      and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in 10 cases during
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) operation. These examinations were taken at pre
      aortic clamping, 15 min after aortic clamping, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after
      reperfusion respectively. The results showed that MDA, XO and UA rise but SOD
      decreases after reperfusion. We believe that a lot of oxygen free radicals (OFR)
      release during peri-operative period and the XO may be an important pathway of
      OFR release.

PMID- 1814816
TI  - [Effect of HFMC injection of various concentrations on patency of vas deferens
      and resumption of fertility in rats].
AB  - Great efforts have been made to develop non-occlusive or non-ever-lasting
      occlusive contraception devices in vas deferens during the recent decade at home
      and abroad. In our previous studies both in vivo and in vitro, polymer HFMC was
      found to have a spermicidal effect. In this investigation in SD rats, the
      relationship between the concentration of HFMC injected into the vas deferens and
      the resumption of fertility was studied by means of continual observations on the
      existence of sperms in vaginal smears from the caged female and on pup-birth
      delaying, so as to determine occlusion of the vas lumen and the effect of HFMC on
      contraception in male. The histopathological changes in the vas deferens and
      caudal epididymis of the HFMC-injected male rats were also observed. The results
      indicated: (1) HFMC in concentration over 7.5% could show temporary contraception
      effect by its slow releasing of H+; (2) HFMC could induce definite contraception
      effect which lasted longer as the concentration of HFMC given increased; (3) HFMC
      had no effect on the descendents in number, mortality, sex ratio, body weight and
      appearance; (4) the bilateral internal reproductive structures were identified
      normal after resumption of fertility, but 20% HFMC induced vas deferens occlusion
      and spermatoceles; (5) moderate concentration of HFMC was considered favorable
      for reversible intra-vas deferens contraception.

PMID- 1814817
TI  - [A study on autoimmune response against spermatozoa following intravas deferens
      injection of high molecular hydrogel HFMC in rabbits].
AB  - To investigate whether intravas injection of HFMC can result in antisperm
      antibodies, we divided 30 fertile male rabbits into the DMSO, 10% HFMC and 20%
      HFMC groups. Two to 8 months after intravas injection of the agents, we collected
      the sera per month and used ELISA to detect the serum antisperm antibodies, The
      results showed that there are lower antisperm antibody levels in the sera of
      DMSO, 10% HEMC and 20% HFMC groups in the first 2 months (P less than 0.05), but
      no significant difference between the antibody levels of DMSO, 10% and 20% HFMC
      groups and that of the control group from the 3rd month to the 8th month (P
      greater than 0.05). No immune-related pathological changes were found in the
      testis and epididymis. Intravas injection of HFMC in the rabbits appears to be a
      safe method of contraception that causes no deleterious effects.

PMID- 1814818
TI  - [Role of rostral ventrolateral medulla in the "renzhong" induced pressor response
      in rabbits].
AB  - Experiments were performed on 14 rabbits locally anesthetized with procaine. Both
      vagus nerves were cut. The animals were immobilized with gallamine trithiodide
      and maintained by artificial ventilation. The effects of electrical stimulation
      of "Renzhong" area on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were observed before
      and after microinjection of kainic acid (KA) into rostral ventrolateral medulla
      (RVL). Electrical stimulation of "Renzhong" area could elicit a very marked
      increase in arterial blood pressure, before microinjection of KA into RVL.
      Bilateral microinjection of KA (0.5 microgram, an excitotoxin) into RVL could
      essentially abolish the pressor effect of stimulation of "Renzhong" area.
      However, bilateral microinjection of NS into RVL showed no effects on the pressor
      effect of stimulation of "Renzhong" area. These results suggest that RVL plays a
      key role in the pressor effect of "Renzhong" area stimulation.

PMID- 1814819
TI  - [Determination of the partial mean transit time with "convenient calculation" in
      young children].
AB  - A "convenient calculation" of MTTp = 0.1 FVC/2 Vp was derived from the principle
      of Jordanoglou to measure the partial mean transit time (MTTp). It was used to
      calculate the MTTp from the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve of 342
      healthy young children. The multiple regression equations were built with age,
      height and FVC as independent variables. The result showed that the MTTp of all
      children were elongated with the decay of lung volume with a similar rule as in
      the old, middle-aged and young people. No regular changes of MTTp in age groups
      were noticed. The regression equations showed that the MTTp of boys were
      positively correlated with FVC; while those of girls were negatively correlated
      with age; besides, MTT20-30% and MTT70-80% were positively correlated with FVC.
      The age and FVC just had the opposite effects so that little regular changes of
      MTTp occurred in the age groups.

PMID- 1814820
TI  - [A study of textile noise influence on maternal function and embryo-growth].
AB  - Ninety hundred seventy-eight female textile workers exposed to noise (greater
      than or equal to 85 dB (A)) were recruited as the subjects of observation group,
      and 402 nonexposed female workers were chosen as the controls (less than 75 dB
      (A)). According to noise level, the observation group was subdivided into three
      groups: group 1, 100-104 dB (A), 416 workers; group 2, 95-99 dB, (A), 310
      workers; group 3, 85-94 dB (A), 252 workers. Non-conditional logistic regression
      model was used to exclude the effect of mixed factors, such as age and working
      life. The result showed that noise-exposure could have some adverse effect on
      reproductive function of women and embryo growth. The workers exposed to noise
      had significantly increased incidence rates for irregular menstrual cycle,
      dysmenorrhea, lumbago, hypertension in pregnancy, threatened abortion,
      spontaneous abortion, premature labour, dystocia and low birth weight of
      newborns. When the noise intensity heightened, the sorts of abnormal function of
      reproduction increased and the risk of incidence raised too. These demonstrated a
      dose-response relationship between the noise intensity and incidence rate. The
      noise-working life had significant effects on the incidence of hypertension in
      pregnancy and prematurity. Although the age had some influence, it was not
      statistically significant. In terms of the maternal function and embryo growth,
      the factors in order of risk are: noise intensity greater than working life
      greater than age.

PMID- 1814821
TI  - [Study on determination of ammonia-nitrogen in water by ammonia gas sensor
      electrode].
AB  - A method for the determination of NH3-N content in water by ammonia gas sensor
      electrode was studied systematically. Good results were obtained by adding acid
      to water samples until pH less than 2 for storage and adding EDTA to prevent
      metal ions from interference. Recoveries varied in the range of 90-104%, and the
      coefficients of variation less than or equal to 3.4%. The measurement range was
      10(-1)-10(-4)micrograms/ml, and the detection limit 0.13 micrograms/ml. The
      reliability of the method was confirmed by comparison with Nesslerization (P
      greater than 0.5). This method is simple, rapid, accurate and can directly be
      applied to the determination of the content of ammonia-nitrogen in colored and
      turbid water samples.

PMID- 1814822
TI  - [The species of titanium in natural water].
AB  - The species of titanium in natural water was studied. Sample was filtered with a
      paper filter and a 0.45 micron membrane filter. The content of titanium in each
      case was determined by polarography proposed by Li, et al. It was found that the
      main species for all the tested samples was of the particle form. A supernatant
      of a river water sample was taken to study the effect of pH on the distribution
      of titanium species. It was found that pH was an important factor for species
      distribution. At pH1-2, the particle will change into the dissolved form in a
      short time; at pH 6-8, the dissolved form will change into the particle form in
      several days.

PMID- 1814823
TI  - [The effect of gemfibrozil on serum apo C II and C III in diabetic
      hyperlipidemia].
AB  - The effects of gemfibrozil on apolipoproteins C II and C III (apo C II, C III)
      were observed in 20 NIDDM hyperlipidemic patients. All of the patients continued
      their anti-diabetic treatment, gemfibrozil 900 mg/day for 4 weeks. The results
      revealed no significant change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1 before
      and after the study. But after the treatment with gemfibrozil, the following
      parameters changed significantly: total cholesterol (TC) decreased by 18.64% (P
      less than 0.01), total triglyceride (TG) decreased by 65.05% (P less than 0.001),
      VLDL-C decreased by 63.19% (P less than 0.001), HDL-C increased by 44.23% (P less
      than 0.001), apo C III decreased by 31.38% (P less than 0.02), and the ratio of
      apo C III/C II reduced by 35.49% (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that
      gemfibrozil has excellent effect on decreasing apo C III and the ratio of apo C
      III/C II, thus facilitates the metabolism of chylomicron and decreases TG level
      in hyperlipidemic diabetic patients.

PMID- 1814824
TI  - [The amount of IgG synthesized within the central nervous system in patients with
      multiple sclerosis].
AB  - IgG-Alb ratio, IgG index and IgG synthesis rate were determined in 40 patients
      with multiple sclerosis (MS group), 20 patients with other neurologic diseases
      (OND group) and 22 normal persons (normal group) by using Beckman Immunochemistry
      System II. The results showed the average values and abnormal frequencies of the
      three parameters in MS group were significantly higher than those in the normal
      group and OND group (P less than 0.01), indicating the synthesis of IgG within
      the central nervous system (CNS) in MS. These parameters were increased in most
      of the MS patients. Therefore, they could be used in the diagnosis of MS. It was
      also found that the amount of IgG synthesized within CNS was decreased in
      patients treated with corticosteroids.

PMID- 1814825
TI  - [A comparative study of Bacteroides fragilis and E. coli related to the
      pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstones].
AB  - A comparative study of Bacteroides fragilis and E. coli bacterial infection in
      the biliary tract in relation to the pathogenesis of pigment stone formation was
      carried out on the basis of gallstone rabbit's model of anaerobic bacterial
      infection. One hundred and twenty Japanese hybrid big-ear white rabbits were
      randomly divided into four groups: 14 in control group, 31 in B. fragilis (BF)
      group, 42 in E. coli group and 33 in the mixed group. In the experimental groups
      we successfully made gallstone formation in aerobic, anaerobic and mixed
      bacterial infections in biliary tracts respectively. On 7, 15 and 30
      postoperative days the survival rabbits were sacrificed for investigations. Our
      experiments demonstrated that the incidence and amount of stone formation in the
      mixed group were the highest among the experiment groups. The key point to
      preclude stone formation was to control the bacterial infection in the biliary
      tract as early as possible. The results suggested that the ability of production
      of beta-glucuronidase in BF group was significantly higher than that in E. coli
      group. The author considered that BF was more important than E. coli in the
      pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstone formation.

PMID- 1814826
TI  - [Observation of curative effect of refined interferon-alpha on viral pneumonia in
      infants].
AB  - Fifteen cases of viral pneumonia in infants were treated with refined interferon
      alpha and antibiotics. Clinical symptoms of the cases with IFN-alpha were
      relieved in 1.40-2.79 days, earlier than those of the control. Clinical recovery
      time was on the average shorter than that of the control by 1.9 days, and
      complete recovery by 1.5 days. The difference is statistically significant. It
      suggested that the clinical effect of IFN-alpha together with antibiotics is
      better than that of antibiotics alone. There was no significant change between
      the experimental and control groups in absolute lymphocyte count Ig and T-cell,
      but OKT3 increased and OKT8 decreased slightly. The study shows that IFN is an
      effective and safe administration for viral pneumonia.

PMID- 1814827
TI  - [Pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound evaluation of flow velocity waveforms of fetal
      umbilical artery and uterine artery as predictors of neonatal outcome].
AB  - A pulsed-wave doppler ultrasound system was used to record arterial flow velocity
      time waveforms from the fetal umbilical artery (UmA) and the branches of the
      uterine artery (UtA) in the placental bed in term pregnancies. The systolic
      diastolic ratio (S/D) of flow velocity was measured as an index of peripheral
      resistance in the placental bed. The UmA S/D ratio was measured in 123 pregnant
      women between 37- less than 42 gestational weeks and the UtA S/D ratio was
      measured in 121 of them simultaneously. The cutoff value of an abnormal UmA S/D
      ratio was 3.0 or higher, and UtA S/D ratio 2.5 or higher. Furthermore, the
      neonatal poor outcome was observed more frequently in both the abnormal ratio
      groups than in both the normal ratio groups. The sensitivity of the UmA, and UtA
      S/D ratios to predict an adverse neonatal outcome was 72.7%, 27.3%, respectively.
      The data showed the abnormal UmA S/D and abnormal UtA S/D ratios were associated
      with the neonatal poor outcome, but the former was the better test for screening
      for adverse neonatal outcome.

PMID- 1814828
TI  - [Copper, iron and zinc content of preterm and term human milk and cow's milk].
AB  - Sixty-eight samples of preterm human milk and 39 samples of term human milk were
      obtained during 4 weeks postpartum from 7 mothers delivering prematurely and 9
      mothers giving birth at term. Eleven cow's milk samples were obtained at random
      from 11 healthy cows. Samples were measured by flame method using an atomic
      absorption spectrophotometer (Type WYX-402). The three trace elements content of
      PT and FT milks decreased significantly with duration of lactation, and the
      content of each mineral was higher during the first week than that measured
      during the fourth week. PT and FT milk did not differ significantly in the
      content of the three elements during the first month of lactation. Copper content
      of PT milk at each week, iron content of PT milk at the first week and zinc
      content of PT milk during the first two weeks of lactation are higher than those
      of cow's milk respectively. The intake of copper, iron and zinc of the preterm
      infant fed his own mother's milk or cow's milk was calculated. Comparison of the
      intake level of copper and zinc of breastfed and cow's milk-fed preterm infant
      with the recommended intake level of the two minerals was made. The results show
      PT milk is superior to cow's milk for copper, iron and zinc; may be helpful for
      promoting breast feeding and feeding the preterm infant with supplemental trace
      elements.

PMID- 1814830
TI  - Endometrium--an extragonadal source of inhibin.
AB  - Using polyclonal antibodies generated against human seminal plasma inhibin (10.5
      KDa), immunocytochemical localization was carried out in paraffin embedded tissue
      sections of human endometrial biopsies obtained at various phases of the
      menstrual cycle. A positive reaction which indicated the presence of inhibin was
      characterized by the presence of golden yellow or brown colour in the cytoplasm
      of epithelial cells that formed the glands as well as the luminal lining. The
      stromal cells however, showed negative staining. In early proliferative phase,
      the endometrial glands exhibited weak positive staining for inhibin which
      gradually increased and was intense in late follicular and early secretory
      phases. The intensity of the staining although was not diminished in the
      glandular epithelium in the mid as well as late secretory phases, the number of
      cells showing positive staining appeared to be reduced. Incubation of endometrial
      biopsies in vitro with labelled amino acid and immunoprecipitation of newly
      synthesized protein with specific antibodies to inhibin indicated that
      endometrium is capable of de novo synthesizing inhibin. The above results suggest
      that endometrium is an extra ovarian source of inhibin and the possible role of
      endometrial peptide in sperm fertilizing capabilities as well as in pre and post
      implantation events is suggested.

PMID- 1814829
TI  - [The influence of Chinese Agkistrodon acutus enzyme (CAAE) on the functions of
      washed human platelets].
AB  - The effects of the activation and influence of CAAE on washed human platelets
      were investigated. Our findings were: (1) CAAE could induce aggregation and alpha
      granule release reaction in the washed human platelet suspension; thus it could
      activate the platelets; (2) the aggregation effect of CAAE was inhibited by
      albumin and affected by Ca2+, Mg2+ concentration; (3) heparin and/or AT III did
      not inhibit the aggregation activation of CAAE, but alpha 2MG markedly inhibited
      it; (4) the aggregation activity of CAAE was associated with the serine protease
      activity. The mechanism of CAAE-induced aggregation mainly follows the
      prostaglandins-endoperoxides thromboxane A2 pathway.

PMID- 1814831
TI  - Suppression of steroidogenesis in mice granulosa cells by a synthetic nonapeptide
      fragment of human seminal plasma inhibin.
AB  - A synthetic nonapeptide, which is C-terminal sequence of 94-amino acid of
      prostatic inhibin peptide was tested for progesterone and estrogen secretion by
      mouse granulosa cell cultures. Nonapeptide suppressed the progesterone and
      estrogen synthesis, the magnitude of suppression was highest at 5 ng dose level
      for progesterone and 50 ng dose level for estradiol. The study suggests that,
      nonapeptide exerts its effect by impairing the binding of FSH to granulosa cell
      receptors.

PMID- 1814833
TI  - Intra- and interspecies variations in pupation height in Drosophila.
AB  - In order to study the pupation site preference which is an important component of
      larval behaviour, pupation height was scored in Drosophila ananassae, D.
      bipectinata and D. malerkotliana by using a large number of strains of these
      species. The mean pupation height of different strains ranged from 1.1 to 8.7 mm
      in D. ananassae, from 0.41 to 0.75 mm in D. bipectinata and from 1.0 to 1.3 mm in
      D. malerkotliana. The analysis of variance and t-test were performed to test
      intre- and interspecies variations in pupation height. These tests revealed
      significant variation among three species. Significant variations among different
      strains of the same species were also found in D. ananassae and D. bipectinata.
      These observations provide evidence for intra- and interspecies variations in
      pupation height in Drosophila. Variations among different strains of the same
      species in pupation height are attributable to genetic heterogeneity among the
      strains.

PMID- 1814832
TI  - Hormonotoxins: synthesis, characterization and bioefficacy of some defined
      disulfide linked conjugates of ovine LH with a ribosome inactivating protein,
      gelonin.
AB  - In order to synthesise a bioeffective hormonotoxin for selective targeting to
      specific cells in the gonads, gelonin, a single chain RIP obtained from an Indian
      plant, Gelonium multiflorum of Euphorbeaceae family was covalently linked to oLH
      with the use of N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, generating a
      linkage containing a disulfide bond and a amide bond. The hormonotoxins were
      separated according to their molecular weight (indirectly according to
      oLH:gelonin molar ratio) and a complete biochemical analysis was performed. The
      linkage occurred through the epsilon-NH2 group of alpha oLH as judged from RP
      HPLC analysis. The conjugates were devoid of ingredients as determined by SDS
      PAGE and RP-HPLC analysis. The hormonotoxins retained substantial receptor
      binding, steroidogenic activity and immunoreactivity of oLH and gelonin to their
      antibodies. Hormonotoxins bind to the Leydig tumour cells via oLH part leaving
      gelonin free as judged by competitive displacement analysis. The hormonotoxin was
      internalized to the sufficient degree to effectively inhibit protein synthesis.
      The cytotoxicity of 1:1 molar ratio conjugate was relatively higher than that of
      others. The cytotoxicity of presently described more defined hormonotoxins
      exhibited higher receptor binding and cytotoxicity than the hormonotoxins
      reported earlier [Singh, et al., J Biol Chem, 264 (1989) 3089].

PMID- 1814834
TI  - Neuropharmacological studies on the venom of Vipera russelli.
AB  - Neuropharmacological studies have been conducted on the venom of V. russelli on
      experimental animals. The venom was found to produce alteration in general
      behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motility, hypothermia, potentiation
      of pentobarbitone hypnosis, analgesia, reduction in exploratory behaviour
      pattern, muscle relaxant action, and suppression of aggressive behaviour. The
      venom caused a significant increase in brain GABA content in mice. The
      observations are suggestive of a potent CNS-depressant action of V. russelli
      venom.

PMID- 1814835
TI  - Influence of mancozeb on mitogenically responsive lipids in rat cerebrum and
      liver.
AB  - Mancozeb, a commonly used fungicide, has been shown to induce tumours in mouse
      skin and maneb, unit constituent of mancozeb, is reported to induce tumours in
      rats. The mechanism by which mancozeb induced tumorigenicity is not known. Since
      the levels of inositol phospholipids and phosphatidic acid have roles in the
      regulation of cell proliferation, the effects of mancozeb on the levels of these
      lipids were studied in rats. Daily oral administration of commercial grade
      mancozeb at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body wt for 30 days (5 days a week)
      caused no significant change in the levels of inositol phospholipids and
      phosphatidic acid (PA) in both cerebrum and liver, while at high concentration
      (250 mg/kg body wt) under the same treatment schedule mancozeb increased the
      levels of these lipids. In cerebrum, the levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and
      PA were increased by 36 and 43% respectively without affecting the levels of
      polyphosphoinositides, whereas in liver the levels of not only PI (50%) and PA
      (49%) but also those of polyphosphoinositides were increased. These results show
      that mancozeb influences the levels of PA and inositol phospholipids, involved in
      phospholipase C-pathway of signalling.

PMID- 1814836
TI  - An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring Bacillus sphaericus toxin.
AB  - Larvicidal proteins of B. sphaericus H5a5b (strain VCRC B42), purified by ion
      exchange chromatography were used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The antibodies
      were specific in reacting to alkali-solubilized fractions from whole cells of
      toxic strains only. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion showed homology in toxin
      structure between strains of different serotype. A sandwich ELISA using avidin
      biotin amplification was standardized. The lowest detectable limit was 6.25
      ng/ml. Near linear quantitative binding of the antigen was found in the range 25
      200 ng/ml. The growth, toxin level and LC50 values during various stages of
      fermentation of B. sphaericus strains 1593 and B42 were compared. There was
      significant correlation between LC50 values and toxin levels as measured by
      ELISA.

PMID- 1814837
TI  - Impact of surface modifications of Acanthocheilonema viteae microfilariae on cell
      adhesion.
AB  - Exposure of A. viteae microfilariae to various lectins reduced their capacity to
      react with the peritoneal exudate cells of the host, Mastomys natalensis. Sugars
      corresponding to these lectins with the exception of N-acetyl glucosamine, did
      not affect the adhesion per se. They however, protected the parasite against the
      adverse effect of lectins. Neuraminidase and chitinase also suppressed adhesion
      capacity of the microfilariae. Except sodium dodecylsulphate which enhanced cell
      attachment, other surfactants inhibited this reaction considerably. The results
      indicate that antibody dependent adhesion of the microfilariae with the
      macrophages involves surface moieties of the parasite, where N-acetylglucosamine
      acts as the principal sugar residue. Participation of -SH groups also is inferred
      from the observations that p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic
      acid) inhibited cell attachment and dithiothreitol provided protection against
      these agents.

PMID- 1814838
TI  - Circulating immune complexes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous
      meningitis.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes (ICs) were isolated from cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs)
      of patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM), non-tuberculous neurological
      diseases by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis antigen 5 was detected in CICs of 30% patients with TBM, by sandwich
      ELISA. CIC level decreases during antituberculosis chemotherapy and therefore its
      detection can provide a method to monitor the therapeutic schedule in patients
      with TBM.

PMID- 1814839
TI  - Sublethal effects of textile dye stuff effluent on selected oxidative enzymes and
      tissue respiration of Cyprinus carpio (Linn.).
AB  - Toxic effects of sublethal concentration of dye stuff effluent on succinic
      dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and tissue
      respiration were studied in C. carpio. While the sublethal exposure significantly
      reduced SDH activity and tissue respiration, LDH activity increased in gill,
      brain, liver, muscle and kidney. The maximum inhibition of SDH activity (74%) was
      recorded in gill and the minimum (38%) in liver. The percentage reduction of
      oxygen consumption in the tested tissues was in the order of gill greater than
      brain greater than liver greater than muscle greater than kidney. The muscle
      showed the highest level (96%) of increase in LDH activity whereas the kidney
      cells showed the minimum increase. Exposure to sublethal concentration suppressed
      the aerobic respiration and triggered the anaerobic respiration.

PMID- 1814840
TI  - Evaluation of ELISA and GM1-ELISA for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin.
AB  - The ELISA and GM1-ELISA, by using antiserum to purified Salmonella enterotoxin
      (SE), were standardized and carried out to screen salmonellae isolated from foods
      of animal origin for enterotoxigenicity. Of the 101 strains of Salmonella
      belonging to 15 different serogroups tested, 76 (75.24%) strains from 13
      serogroups were found enterotoxigenic. ELISA correlated well with rabbit ligated
      ileal loop (RLIL) test for the detection of enterotoxin producing salmonellae
      with 24 test strains. ELISA also yielded positive reaction with 7 of 13 RLIL
      negative strains. GM1-ELISA could not be carried out as none of the 101 cell free
      culture supernatants (CFCS) were able to bind with GM1-ganglioside. ELISA and GM1
      ELISA were also standardized with antiserum to cholera toxin for the detection of
      salmonellae producing cholera related enterotoxin. None of the 101 strains was
      found to produce cholera related enterotoxin. ELISA could detect as low as 15
      ng/100 microliters of purified SE and 10 ng/100 microliters of cholera toxin when
      tested with their homologous antisera.

PMID- 1814841
TI  - Safety and pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous ofloxacin in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - The safety and pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous ofloxacin were studied
      in 32 healthy male volunteers participating in a single-centre, two-protocol,
      randomized, crossover double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ofloxacin (50, 100,
      or 200 mg in protocol 1 or 200 or 400 mg in protocol 2) or a placebo was
      administered as a single 1-h infusion. Ofloxacin plasma and urine concentrations
      were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistically
      significant but clinically insignificant dose-dependency in ofloxacin
      pharmacokinetics over the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg was evidenced by increases
      in dose-normalized area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve (mean +/
      s.d., 2.47 +/- 0.40 to 3.05 +/- 0.44 mg/L.h per 50 mg) and terminal disposition
      half-life (harmonic mean 4.49 to 5.29 h) and a decline in total body clearance
      (20.68 +/- 3.13 to 16.67 +/- 2.21 L/h) as the dose increased. High volume of
      distribution (means of 121 to 135 L) suggested effective extravascular
      distribution. High total (means of 16 to 21 L/h) and renal (means of 9 to 11 L/h)
      clearances indicated primarily renal elimination of the compound via glomerular
      filtration and tubular secretion. There were no significant differences between
      the ofloxacin and placebo groups in either protocol in the proportion of subjects
      reporting adverse experiences. Further pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with
      intravenous ofloxacin are warranted.

PMID- 1814843
TI  - Onset of action of astemizole.
AB  - Astemizole has been described to have a slow onset of action and this has to a
      large extent been attributed to its unusual pharmacokinetic profile. Yet,
      pharmacokinetically, there are no reasons why astemizole should not act within
      the first hours after intake, since plasma levels of unchanged astemizole are
      maximal within 40 min and there is fast tissue distribution. Animal pharmacology
      data show effective antihistamine activity with astemizole within 1 h after
      intake. Clinical data referring to the onset of action of astemizole with regard
      to symptom relief were available from 27 studies on over 7000 patients. These
      studies showed astemizole to provide symptom relief within 4 to 6 h of intake in
      16-85% of patients, and within 24 h in 42-90% of patients; these figures are
      comparable to those reported for other new antihistamines. Comparative studies
      between astemizole and other new antihistamines (terfenadine, loratadine and
      cetirizine) indicated no or only minor differences in onset of clinical effect.
      Two recent studies compared astemizole to both terfenadine and loratadine under
      well-controlled circumstances. One was a pollen challenge study showing all three
      drugs to be able to reverse the challenge-induced effects within 1-3 h after
      intake. In the other, the mean time to relief of at least one rhinitis symptom
      was assessed as 18 min for astemizole, 24 min for terfenadine and 36 min for
      loratadine. Compared with the systemic decongestant pseudoephedrine, time to
      first relief of symptoms was similar for astemizole (4 h) and pseudoephedrine
      (3.5 h). Controlled clinical trials thus show astemizole to provide fast symptom
      relief. This was confirmed in patient surveys in Canada and Switzerland: over 80%
      of patients were very satisfied with astemizole and experienced onset of action
      within hours. In conclusion, astemizole results in symptom relief within hours
      after its administration. Its onset of action is not different from that of other
      nonsedating antihistamines and is also similar to that of pseudoephedrine.

PMID- 1814842
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of slow-release theophylline during
      treatment with nimesulide.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions were studied between
      nimesulide, a recently introduced non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and
      theophylline, another highly protein-bound drug, in patients who were receiving
      slow-release theophylline for a chronic airflow-obstruction and who also needed
      anti-inflammatory treatment. A good tolerability was demonstrated of the two
      drugs association and there was an absence of pharmacodynamic interaction, as
      shown by lung function parameters, assayed before and after the coinciding
      nimesulide association. The pharmacokinetics of nimesulide and 4-hydroxy
      nimesulide (its active metabolite) were not modified, in agreement with data
      shown by other authors. On the contrary, there was a slight alteration of
      theophylline pharmacokinetics, yet neither clinically nor biologically
      significant, probably due to an enzymatic induction.

PMID- 1814844
TI  - Nifedipine concentrations in maternal and umbilical serum, amniotic fluid, breast
      milk and urine of mothers and offspring.
AB  - Eleven hypertensive pregnant patients were treated with nifedipine orally 10 mg
      thrice daily. At steady state, nifedipine concentration, measured by the high
      performance liquid chromatographic method, was 4.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml (mean +/-
      s.e.m.) in maternal serum in the third trimester of pregnancy. During delivery,
      the parent drug levels in maternal and umbilical serum and in amniotic fluid were
      12.4 +/- 4.0, 8.6 +/- 2.3 and 2.5 +/- 1.2 ng/ml, respectively. Small amounts of
      nifedipine were found also in urine of the neonates. In breast milk, the
      nifedipine concentration was 4.1 +/- 0.8 ng/ml on the third day after delivery.
      The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine did not correlate with the serum drug
      concentration. The outcome of pregnancy was favourable in all cases.

PMID- 1814846
TI  - Prothymosin alpha enhances interleukin 2 receptor expression in normal human T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - We investigated whether the enhancement, by prothymosin alpha (Pro alpha), of the
      phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) is due to its affect on the number of cells expressing
      the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) or the surface density of IL-2R on PBMC.
      Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 21 donors. For both an
      optimal phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) concentration (H) and a 10-fold dilution (L),
      their responses fell in two classes, high (h) and low (l), making four dose-
      response situations. Pro alpha significantly increased the number and IL-2R
      density of cells expressing IL-2R only when the response in its absence was about
      half maximal, i.e. for PBMC responding well to the low PHA stimulus (group Lh) or
      PBMC responding poorly to the optimal stimulus (group Hl). The enhancement of IL
      2R expression in group Lh by Pro alpha was dose-dependent and paralleled by
      increased proliferative response. It appears not to be mediated by IL-2, since it
      was unaffected when IL-2 production was suppressed by cyclosporin A. The early
      interaction of Pro alpha with lymphocytes did not require the presence of
      macrophages, but macrophages were necessary during lymphocyte activation for
      modulation of PHA-stimulated IL-2R expression to be affected. The
      immunoregulatory activity of Pro alpha may prove useful for improving the
      decreased T-cell function associated with immunodeficiency, or for restoration of
      normal IL-2R expression by the lymphocytes of aged individuals.

PMID- 1814845
TI  - Effect of an in vivo immunostimulant treatment on PMN functions: interaction with
      antibiotics in vitro.
AB  - The in vivo effect of immunostimulant treatment, bacterial ribosomes together
      with membranal proteoglycans (three tablets and three sprays daily during 4 days)
      in combination or not with in vitro amoxicillin or josamycin (range 5-50
      micrograms/ml), has been studied on three related functions of polymorphonuclear
      cells (PMN) isolated from human blood: adhesion, spontaneous and oriented
      migration. The immunostimulant treatment always induces an increase of the three
      parameters. A positive effect of high concentrations of amoxicillin could be also
      observed on adhesion and gives rise to a great additional impact by associating
      it with immunostimulant treatment (control: 8.26 PMN/field; assay: 51.55
      PMN/field). Spontaneous and oriented migration are not very altered by in vitro
      antibiotics. A very significant decrease of chemotaxis has been only observed
      with 50 microgram/ml of josamycin. However, the immunostimulant treatment
      compensates for this negative effect. The real increase in PMN activation
      produced by the immunostimulant treatment might extend its indications beyond
      prevention during antibiotherapy, for example in the acute phase of respiratory
      infections.

PMID- 1814848
TI  - Immunomodulator, LZ-8, prevents antibody production in mice.
AB  - LZ-8, a new and recently discovered immunomodulator from Ganoderma lucidum, has
      been shown to have immunosuppressive activity in vivo and to be a member of the
      immunoglobulin superfamily. In this paper we examined the in vivo effect of LZ-8
      on antibody production using the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) in mice. LZ
      8 had mitogenic activity in vitro towards spleen cells of C57BL/10 (B10) and
      C57BL/10BR (B10BR) as previously shown towards those of DBA/2 mice. B10 and B10BR
      mice produced anti-HBs Ag antibody by the twice sensitization of the antigen
      while intraperitoneal administration of LZ-8 twice weekly into the mice (8 and 12
      mg/kg) greatly prevented the production of antibody to HBs Ag (83.3-96.8%
      inhibition). We further examined the effect of LZ-8 administration on mitogen
      responsibility of spleen cells and on the T-cell subset population in both the
      spleen and lymph node but no significant differences were observed between the LZ
      8 treated and untreated mice. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive
      activities of LZ-8, previously shown, such as the prevention of systemic
      anaphylaxis and the Arthus reactions, were caused by the blocking of antigen
      specific antibody production.

PMID- 1814847
TI  - Chlorpromazine protection against interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor
      mediated activities in vivo.
AB  - Interleukin (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are thought to play a key role
      in septic shock and inflammation. We had previously shown that chlorpromazine
      (CPZ) has a protective effect in various models of endotoxic shock and IL-1
      toxicity. We have tested the effect of CPZ on several activities of IL-1 in vivo.
      CPZ (4 mg/kg) inhibited increases in serum corticosterone, triglycerides and
      serum amyloid A (SAA). Chlorpromazine also antagonized these same effects when
      they were induced by endotoxin or TNF, suggesting that this activity could be
      implicated in the protective effect of CPZ in various models of endotoxic shock
      and IL-1 lethality.

PMID- 1814849
TI  - Demonstration of the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) by
      tetrandrine, a novel anti-inflammatory agent.
AB  - Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, was found to cause death of
      malignant lymphoid and myeloid cells but not of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed
      lymphoblastoid cells. The death took the form of apoptosis (programmed cell
      death), the nature of the process being confirmed by DNA gel electrophoresis and
      electron microscopy. The induction of apoptosis by tetrandrine was much more
      rapid in CEM-C7 cells (4 h) than in the same cells treated with glucocorticoids
      (40 h), and did not require de novo protein synthesis. These results suggest that
      the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of tetrandrine are
      mediated by novel mechanisms worthy of further investigation. They also indicate
      that tetrandrine may have value as an anti-neoplastic agent.

PMID- 1814850
TI  - Inhibition by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors of interleukin-6 production by human
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - The effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by
      human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined. Indomethacin and Y-9223,
      a novel cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, inhibited the increases in the IL-6 level in
      the culture medium of both mitogen-stimulated adherent cells and non-adherent
      cells fractionated from mononuclear cells. Northern blotting showed that the
      mitogen-induced increase in the expression of IL-6 mRNA was inhibited by
      indomethacin and Y-9223, indicating that these agents inhibit IL-6 biosynthesis.
      Aspirin, ibuprofen, and phenylbutazone also inhibited IL-6 production by adherent
      cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). There was, however, no direct
      relationship between inhibition of IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by
      these agents. The addition of PGE2 corresponding to the amount produced by
      adherent cells stimulated with LPS slightly increased IL-6 production by
      unstimulated adherent cells, but to a lower level than that reached with LPS. An
      anti-PGE2 antibody partially blocked IL-6 production by adherent cells stimulated
      with LPS. These results suggest that, in addition to the inhibition of PGE2
      production, other mediators including cyclooxygenase products or other action
      mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of IL-6 production by these drugs.

PMID- 1814851
TI  - Modulatory effect of synthetic human IgG Fc peptides on the in vitro immune
      response of murine spleen cells.
AB  - Synthetic peptides representative of defined surface-exposed sequences within the
      CH-2 and CH-3 domains of human IgG1 induce IgM production by murine spleen cells,
      even in cultures depleted of T-lymphocytes. This stimulation was not altered by
      simultaneous administration of dextran sulphate in suboptimal concentration, its
      effect being additive to that of the peptides. Cell proliferation was augmented
      only at 10(-4) M doses of peptides. IL-1 production by adherent cells was also
      increased as a result of peptide treatment; whilst administration of exogenous IL
      1, 4 h later, seemed to abrogate the effect of peptide treatment on the
      augmentation of IgM production. Peptide treatment failed to induce IL-2 and/or IL
      4 production. The effect of IgG peptides seems to be exerted directly on B-cells
      at an early step of activation and to be mediated at least in part by IL-1.

PMID- 1814852
TI  - The combined treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with
      thymolymphotropin and interleukin 2 increases PPD-driven T-cell proliferation and
      IL-2 induced cellular cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells.
AB  - Two in vitro systems (the DNA synthetic response to mycobacterial antigens and
      cytotoxicity against lymphoid cells) were used to analyse the effect of
      thymolymphotropin (TLT) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Purified
      protein derivative of mycobacteria (PPD)-driven T-cell proliferation in low
      responder donors was increased by the combined treatment with TLT and suboptimal
      doses of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2). Similarly, the activities of natural
      killer (NK) cells and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells have been enhanced
      in PBMC cultures pretreated with TLT. Also, TLT showed an enhancing effect on the
      development of LAK cells capable of lysing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B
      lymphocytes infected or uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

PMID- 1814853
TI  - Effect of anticancer drugs on the release of interleukin-3 in vitro.
AB  - In this study several anticancer drugs were tested for their effect on the
      release of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated mouse
      splenocytes in vitro. When Adriamycin or vincristine were added to the cultures
      at non-cytotoxic concentrations, the release of IL-3 was inhibited. However,
      bleomycin, FK156, FK565 and 4-OOH-cyclophosphamide (the in vitro active analogue
      of the anticancer and immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide) did not alter the
      release of IL-3 under the same conditions. It was confirmed that cyclosporin A
      inhibited the release of IL-3 in the same experimental system.

PMID- 1814854
TI  - Effects of subchronic d-fenfluramine on splenic immune functions in young and old
      male and female Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - The present study was designed to demonstrate age- and sex-related differences in
      immune functions, and to determine whether subchronic elevations in serotonin (5
      HT) availability in vivo would alter immune functions assessed subsequently in
      vitro. Male and female F344 rats (5 and 21 months of age) were administered the 5
      HT releaser and reuptake inhibitor, d-fenfluramine (d-Fen), in their drinking
      water for 30-38 days then killed. The young animals received a higher dose (1.8
      mg/kg/day) of d-Fen than the old rats (0.6 mg/kg/day) in order to compensate for
      age-related decreases in drug biotransformation and clearance. Brain and spleen d
      Fen and metabolite concentrations, however, were considerably higher in the young
      than in the old rats. d-Fen treatment did not affect body weight or fluid intake.
      Although substantial sex differences in immune function were not discerned, age
      related decreases were observed in absolute splenic cellularity, recombinant
      interleukin-2 (rIL-2) stimulated natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity, LPS stimulated
      B-cell mitogenesis, and in the level of Ox19 (CD5) positive cells. d-Fen caused
      an increase in absolute spleen weight and a decrease in absolute splenic
      cellularity only in the old rats of both sexes. Spleen cells from young male and
      old female rats receiving d-Fen had relatively more large granular lymphocytes
      and enhanced baseline and rIL-2 activated killing of YAC-1 cells than their
      vehicle matched or opposite sex counterparts. The drug also increased Con A
      induced T-cell proliferation in young males and LPS induced B-cell proliferation
      in old females. d-Fen decreased Ox39 (CD25) levels by 19%, but did not affect any
      of the other phenotypes examined. The results suggest that 5-HT has a selective
      stimulatory effect on young male and old female NK activity, and that old female
      rats are more sensitive to the immunological effects of d-Fen than old male rats.

PMID- 1814855
TI  - Hb Yokohama [beta 31 (B13)Leu----Pro] detected as a de novo mutation in a
      Yugoslavian boy.
AB  - Hb Yokohama [beta 31 (B13)Leu----Pro] was observed in a young Yugoslavian boy as
      a de novo mutation. The child exhibited severe transfusion-dependent hemolytic
      anemia. The variant was detected and quantitiated at 10.5% by reversed phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. In vitro globin chain synthesis showed a
      slight imbalance with an alpha/beta ratio of 1.38. Structural characterization of
      the abnormal beta chain was done by high performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis, on material obtained by high salt precipitation. The mutation was
      confirmed by sequencing of the amplified DNA.

PMID- 1814856
TI  - Hb Coimbra or alpha 2 beta (2)99(G1)Asp----Glu, a newly discovered highoxygen
      affinity variant.
AB  - We have identified a new high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variant in members of a
      Portuguese family; it is characterized by an Asp----Glu replacement at codon 99
      of the beta chain which is in the alpha 1 beta 2 interface. The altered
      functional properties of Hb Coimbra likely result from the inability to form a
      hydrogen bond between beta 99Glu and alpha 42Tyr; such a bond is formed in deoxy
      Hb A between the normally occurring beta 99Asp and alpha 42Tyr. The two affected
      members of the family have a distinct erythrocytosis with hemoglobin levels of 18
      to 20 g/dl. The mutation in the beta-globin gene (GAT----GAA at codon 99)
      resulting in the Asp----Glu replacement is the seventh type at this specific
      location. A review of the many variants of the alpha and beta chains identifies
      primarily aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues as being most frequently
      replaced; it is speculated that codons GAC and GAT (for Asp), and GAG and GAA
      (for Glu) are most susceptible to mutational events.

PMID- 1814857
TI  - Application of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry for the characterization of a hemoglobin variant.
AB  - An abnormal hemoglobin was structurally characterized by use of reversed phase
      high performance liquid chromatography in combination with plasma desorption mass
      spectrometry for peptide identification. The study was accomplished using
      approximately 150 micrograms of hemoglobin and unambiguously demonstrated the
      variant to be beta 104(G6)Arg----Ser, known as Hb Camperdown.

PMID- 1814859
TI  - Hb Hoshida [beta 43(CD2)Glu----Gln] observed in a Yugoslavian family.

PMID- 1814858
TI  - Detection of beta-thalassemia mutations by ASO hybridization of PCR amplified DNA
      with digoxigenin ddUTP labeled oligonucleotides.
AB  - A simple procedure for nonradioactive labeling of oligonucleotides has recently
      been developed (1). It consists of 3' end labeling of oligonucleotides with
      terminal transferase by incorporation of a single digoxigenin labeled dideoxy
      uridine triphosphate. We used these oligonucleotides for allele specific oligomer
      hybridization of polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA, followed by an enzyme
      linked immunoassay and subsequent enzyme-catalyzed color reaction. We compared
      this procedure with the standard radioactive oligonucleotide hybridization
      technique through the detection of the most common Mediterranean beta-thalassemia
      mutations. This procedure was also used for the confirmation of a new mutation at
      position -87 (C----A) (2) of the beta-globin gene and for the subsequent family
      analysis.

PMID- 1814860
TI  - A preliminary report on HA-2-91: an antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces sp.
      UK10.

PMID- 1814861
TI  - Selective strategies for antibiotic fermentation, Part II: Effect of aeration on
      streptomycin production by Streptomyces griseus JB-19.
AB  - The effect of higher aerated fermentation medium which enhanced streptomycin
      production by Streptomyces griseus JB-19 was found mainly related to the changes
      in dextrose consumption, inorganic phosphate utilisation and ammonia nitrogen
      accumulation under optimal and suboptimal supply of soluble vegetative protein.

PMID- 1814862
TI  - Role of side chain moiety in the hydrolysis of penicillins by beta-lactamase.
AB  - Various beta-lactam compounds and structurally related moieties were examined as
      substrates of beta-lactamase from Bacillus cereus 5/B NCTC 9946. The enzyme was
      specific for penicillins and none of the cephalosporins were hydrolysed.
      Electronic environment of allylic carboxy group in dihydrothiazine ring restricts
      the acceptance of cephalosporins as substrates. The efficiency of hydrolysis of
      penicillins is dependent on dense resonating electronic environment of phenyl
      ring present in the side chain, flexibility of the side chain and the distance
      between the phenyl ring and carbonyl group in the side chain.

PMID- 1814863
TI  - Microbial production of L-tryptophan: a review.
AB  - Microbial production of L-tryptophan has been reviewed with 172 references. The
      review includes different tryptophan producing microorganisms, their optimal
      cultural conditions, yields, assay and process of recovery. It also includes a
      discussion on the pathway of tryptophan biosynthesis and its regulation.
      Achievements in this regard made through genetic engineering have also been
      included.

PMID- 1814864
TI  - Antibiotics literature index--select bibliography.

PMID- 1814865
TI  - Effect of ten antibiotics on the recovery of seed-borne Pseudomonas syringae pv
      syringae of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp var. IT 825-2246-4.
AB  - The effect of ten different antibiotics: Amoxil, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol,
      Cloxacillin, Cotrimexazole, Erythromycin, Nitrofurantoin, Penicillin,
      Tetracycline and Vibramycin on the recovery of seed-borne Pseudomonas syringae
      pv. syringae and on percentage seed germination of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata(L.)
      Walp var. IT 825-2246-4 at various temperature regimes: 25 degrees C, 30 degrees
      C, 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C were investigated using the Standard Blotter
      Method. Seeds were presoaked for 1 hour in each antibiotic at the concentration
      rate of 250mg/liter before plating on three layers of moist blotter papers in
      petri dishes. Seeds were incubated for 72 hours in temperature controlled
      incubators at the various temperature regimes. Seeds not treated with antibiotic
      served as control. In all the temperature regimes studied. Tetracycline was the
      most effective antibiotic in controlling the bacterium while Cotrimexazole was
      the least effective when compared with control. The highest percentage seed
      germination was recorded on seeds treated with Amoxil while the lowest percentage
      seed germination was recorded on seeds treated with Tetracycline. Generally, the
      temperature regimes used did not have any appreciable effect on the recovery of
      the bacterium and on percentage seed germination.

PMID- 1814866
TI  - Human performance capability in psychomotor tasks at variable difficulty levels
      and physiological reactions under noise and heat conditions.
AB  - The effects of noise and heat on the efficiency of human performance of
      psychomotor tasks at variable difficulty levels were investigated. Twenty four
      young, healthy volunteers with normal hearing, randomly divided into 4 equal
      sized groups, were tested in a climatic chamber under 4 combinations of two
      environmental conditions made up of noise and heat, each at two levels: 70 dB (A)
      (quiet), 100 dB (A) (noise): 28 degrees C (comfortable), 35 degrees C (heat). A
      statistically balanced procedure was followed. Three physiological variables were
      also recorded: Heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. A 2 x 2 analysis
      of variance showed rise in the physiological variables by noise and heat
      respectively as well as by their interactions. Performances of the psychomotor
      tasks were affected differently by noise and heat depending on the difficulty
      levels of the tasks. The interaction of noise and heat entailed superior
      performance of the tasks of memory and search, two hand coordination and reaction
      time, at moderate difficulty levels, but no distinct interaction effect was
      observed on the performance of tweezer dexterity.

PMID- 1814867
TI  - Embryotoxicity of xylene and toluene: an in vitro study.
AB  - Exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon solvents during pregnancy has been reported to
      adversely affect human embryonic development. This exposure may be due to
      deliberate abuse or may occur in the workplace. Xylene and toluene are the most
      common solvents encountered in the workplace and toluene is a constituent of
      commonly abused substances. This study was performed in an endeavour to fulfil
      two requirements for proof of teratogenicity of a substance, namely development
      of an animal model and demonstration of a dose-response relationship of
      teratogenicity. To fulfil these aims, the possible teratogenic and embryotoxic
      effects of xylene and toluene on rat embryos during the organogenic period was
      investigated in vitro. Rat embryos were explanted on day 9.5 of gestation and
      cultured in heat-inactivated rat serum to which xylene or toluene (0.1, 0.5 or
      1.0 microL/mL) had been added, dispersed in 0.1% DMSO. The amount of solvent in
      the culture medium was quantitated using gas chromatography. Neither xylene nor
      toluene had any observable teratogenic effect on the embryos in terms of
      increased malformations. However, both solvents were embryotoxic and caused a
      dose-dependent retardation of growth and development. A no-effect level was not
      established for either xylene or toluene, however, the lowest levels used for
      each of these compounds caused only a slight retardation of growth. Although
      there was no indication that exposure to these solvents caused a teratogenic
      effect, there was clear evidence of embryotoxicity. The embryotoxic levels of
      these solvents needed in culture were higher than blood levels likely to occur in
      the human following industrial exposure or recreational abuse.

PMID- 1814869
TI  - Negligible risk of horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus among mechanics
      and salespersons in the automobile industry.

PMID- 1814868
TI  - Lymphocyte transformation test with nickel in hard metal asthma: another
      sensitizing component of hard metal.
AB  - To determine cell-mediated immunity to nickel, another matrix in hard metal
      besides cobalt, lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT) with nickel were carried
      out in seven hard metal asthma patients all of who had reacted to cobalt chloride
      in the bronchial provocation tests (BPT). Immunoallergic studies prior to the
      present study revealed that three of the seven generated a simultaneous positive
      reaction in the BPT with nickel and the allergosorbent test with nickel
      conjugated human serum albumin (Ni-HSA). A stimulation index in LTT indicating a
      positive response was defined on the basis of results from the studies in the
      controls. Data revealed that two of the three who showed a combination of
      positive bronchial and immunological reactions with nickel had a positive LTT
      with nickel. In the other five, peripheral lymphocytes did not proliferate in
      response to nickel. Thus it is suggested that cell-mediated immunity to nickel as
      well as cobalt is implicated in some cases associated with hard metal asthma.

PMID- 1814870
TI  - Antinucleolar autoantibody induced in mice by mercuric chloride. A genetic study.

PMID- 1814871
TI  - Hepatitis and antitubercular therapy.

PMID- 1814872
TI  - Anti-tubercular treatment in patients with hepatitis.
AB  - Sixty seven patients with coexistent tuberculosis and hepatitis were given a 3
      drug regimen of streptomycin (SM), isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and
      ethambutol (ETB) and observed for a period of 15 days. Total bilirubin as well as
      SGPT were repeated weekly and these showed a significant drop in a majority of
      patients when observed over this period. No patient developed any signs of
      fulminant hepatic failure. We conclude that a regimen of SM, INH and ETB can be
      given to patients who suffer from combined pathologies of pulmonary tuberculosis
      and active hepatitis without incurring the danger of increasing hepatocellular
      dysfunction/damage.

PMID- 1814873
TI  - Bacteriology of community acquired urinary tract infection. Analysis of 1048
      cases.
AB  - Urine samples from 1048 cases clinically suspected to have urinary tract
      infection were examined for bacteriological culture and antibiotic sensitivity.
      Of 1048 cultures, 530 (50.5%) were sterile, 163 (15.5%) showed the presence of
      nonpathogenic bacteria and 11 (1%) revealed nonsignificant bacteriuria with
      Escherichia coli. Significant bacteriuria (more than 10(5)/ml) was found in the
      remaining 344 (32.8%) cases. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen
      isolated from 170 (16.2%) samples; Klebsiella aerogenes was the next in order,
      found in 46 (4.3%) cases. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 37 (3.5%),
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 29 (2.7%), Proteus mirabilis in 26 (2.4%),
      Streptococcus faecalis in 21 (2.0%), Staphylococcus aureus in 12 (1%) and
      Citrobacter freundii in 3 cases. Nalidixic acid was the most effective drug
      against gram negative organisms. Nitrofurantoin was the next antibiotic of
      choice, whereas cephalexin was the third drug in order of sensitivity. Ampicillin
      was the first drug of choice in infection with gram positive cocci, followed by
      nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, cephalexin and cephaloridine. The results of
      sensitivity tests emphasise the problem of multiple drug resistance in our
      community.

PMID- 1814874
TI  - Role of ultrasonography in patients with normal oral cholecystogram.
AB  - The role of real-time ultrasonography was evaluated in 50 randomly selected cases
      with a strong clinical suspicion of gallbladder diseases and normal oral
      cholecystogram. Of these, 13(26%) cases showed abnormalities on ultrasonography.

PMID- 1814875
TI  - Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in
      generalised and partial epilepsy.
AB  - Ninety four patients of generalised and partial epilepsy were randomly assigned
      to treatment with sodium valproate (49 cases) or phenytoin (45 cases). Serum
      levels were monitored. Cases were evaluated after 4, 12, 24 weeks of treatment.
      Both drugs were found to be equally effective in controlling generalised
      seizures. However, valproate is better in partial seizures. No correlation could
      be established. Side effects were minor with both the drugs.

PMID- 1814876
TI  - Haemorheological treatment of painful sickle cell crises. Use of pentoxifylline.
AB  - A variety of drugs have been tried, with little or no benefit, to prevent and
      treat painful crises in patients with sickle cell anaemia. The new drug
      pentoxifylline, which has the ability to alter red cell flexibility, was tried in
      nine patients with painful vaso-occlusive crises. Another nine matched patients
      served as control. While no patient in the control group improved, five patients
      in the pentoxifylline group responded favourably within 48 hours. We conclude
      that pentoxifylline may be useful in patients with acute painful vasoocclusive
      crises due to sickle cell anaemia.

PMID- 1814877
TI  - Clinical profile of giardiasis and comparison of its therapeutic response to
      metronidazole and tinidazole.
AB  - Seventy five cases (50 males, 25 females; mean age 20.2 +/- 5.8 years), whose
      stools were positive for cysts and/or trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, were
      studied for their clinical profile and therapeutic response to metronidazole and
      tinidazole. Maximum frequency of cases (41.2%) was noted upto 20 years of age,
      and it declined with advancing age. A majority of them (41.3%) presented with non
      specific symptoms while 38.6% were asymptomatic parasite carriers. Features of
      malabsorption were observed in 12% of cases and 8% presented with acute illness,
      having explosive, watery, foul smelling diarrhoea along with crampy upper
      abdominal discomfort. Most of them (62.5%) had blood group A. Tinidazole (97.5%)
      was more efficacious (P less than 0.01) than metronidazole (54%) in a single dose
      of 50 mg/Kg, with good tolerance. Tinidazole can be recommended for the treatment
      of giardiasis in individual cases as well as in families and close communities.

PMID- 1814878
TI  - Lung transfer components in hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Pulmonary functions were studied in twenty hyperthyroid non smoker patients.
      Their FVC, PEFR and MVV were significantly lowered while FEV1/FVC% and EFR25-75%
      were normal. Amongst the diffusion functions, Tlco, Dm and VA were reduced and VC
      increased, though these changes were not statistically significant. After the
      achievement of euthyroid state, statistically significant increase was seen in
      FVC, PEFR, MVV, Tlco120, Dm and VA with significant decrease in Vc from the basal
      levels. FEV1/FVC% and EFR25-75% were not affected. These observations suggest
      that the principal abnormalities in pulmonary functions in the hyperthyroid state
      are increased pulmonary capillary blood volume and respiratory myopathy, which
      are reversed as euthyroid state is achieved.

PMID- 1814879
TI  - Statistics for clinicians. 8. Miscellaneous topics.

PMID- 1814880
TI  - Reporting your study. Methods and results.

PMID- 1814881
TI  - Lasers in pulmonology.
AB  - Lasers have multiple applications in pulmonary medicine. The Nd: Yag laser is at
      present widely accepted for the management of respiratory problems. The major
      indications are central tracheobronchial obstruction due to neoplasms,
      uncontrolled haemorrhage from malignant lesions and tracheal stenosis. Its role
      is entirely palliative and only occasionally curative. Two main complications are
      perforation and bleeding. The basic concepts, techniques and use in various
      respiratory problems are discussed.

PMID- 1814882
TI  - Multifocal tuberculous spondylitis.

PMID- 1814883
TI  - Reversion of ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia by magnesium sulphate
      therapy in aluminium phosphide poisoning. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with aluminium phosphide poisoning developed supraventricular
      tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia (one each). These reverted successfully
      with magnesium sulphate therapy.

PMID- 1814884
TI  - Chlorpropamide induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
      hormone.
AB  - This is a report of a patient who developed symptomatic hyponatraemia during
      chlorpropamide therapy for diabetes mellitus. The patient's clinical and
      biochemical abnormalities were corrected by withdrawal of chlorpropamide. This
      represents a drug induced, reversible form of the syndrome of inappropriate
      secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).

PMID- 1814885
TI  - Sahaja yoga in the management of intractable epileptics.

PMID- 1814886
TI  - Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients.

PMID- 1814887
TI  - Anatomico-clinical significance of ligament of Struthers.

PMID- 1814888
TI  - Diagnostic lag period in kala-azar: test for early diagnosis needed.

PMID- 1814889
TI  - Follow up of cases of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 1814890
TI  - Recurrent infective endocarditis treated with cefotaxime.

PMID- 1814891
TI  - Cardiac trauma.

PMID- 1814892
TI  - Drug resistant typhoid in Bangalore.

PMID- 1814894
TI  - Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome sans alcohol.

PMID- 1814893
TI  - Management of myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 1814895
TI  - Thyrotoxic vomiting.

PMID- 1814896
TI  - Iron chelation.

PMID- 1814898
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular function in chronic severe anaemia. An
      echocardiographic study.
AB  - Left ventricle (LV) performance was assessed by echocardiography (2-D and M-mode)
      in 30 patients with chronic severe anaemia and an equal number of age and sex
      matched healthy controls. Patients with anaemia were divided into two groups:
      those with tachycardia (pulse rate more than 100 per min) and those without. LV
      performance indices computed were LV ejection fraction (LVEF), % fractional
      shortening (FS), cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI). In patients of
      anaemia with tachycardia, LVEF was 48.6 +/- 8.41 (mean +/- SEM) vs 71.6 +/- 4.96
      among controls. Percentage FS was 19.93 +/- 4.21 vs 36.0 +/- 4.5, CI 5.46 +/- 1.2
      vs 3.1 +/- 0.78 l/min/m2, and stroke index 48.6 +/- 12.2 vs 41.5 +/- 10.7
      ml/beat/m2. In patients without tachycardia, LVEF was 55.1 +/- 8.86, percentage
      FS 23.6 +/- 5.42, CI 2.87 +/- 0.526 and stroke index 41.34 +/- 12.1. These
      findings suggest that LV performance was depressed in both groups of patients
      with anaemia but LV function was better in patients without tachycardia.

PMID- 1814897
TI  - Efficacy and safety of 1-2, dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1) as an oral iron
      chelator in patients of beta thalassaemia major with iron overload.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with beta thalassaemia major, aged 8-22 years (mean 15.3 +/-
      8.1) were given 1-2, dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1) orally for a period of
      three months. The drug was given in the dose of 25 mg/Kg/day for the first week
      and gradually increased to 100 mg/Kg/day which was continued until 3 months. The
      mean urinary iron excretion was 5.73 +/- 3.648 mg/day on 25 mg/Kg/day of L1; 15.2
      +/- 11.225 mg/day on 50 mg/Kg/day; 24.2 +/- 12.69 mg/day on 75 mg/Kg/day and 36.3
      +/- 19.4 mg/day on 100 mg/Kg/day of L1. Serum ferritin estimated by ELISA before
      and 3 months after L1 therapy in 21 patients showed significant drop in levels,
      the mean drop being 964.3 +/- 844.4 (P less than 0.001). The only side-effects
      noted were transient gastrointestinal symptoms in 5 patients and skeletomuscular
      pain in 3 patients. Both these groups of symptoms were of transient nature. The
      efficacy of L1 appears to be excellent and equivalent to the standard iron
      chelation therapy available at present i.e. desferrioxamine. It appears to be
      free of major toxicity. L1 is also a specific chelator for iron as it does not
      deplete trace metals. L1 appears to be a cheap and effective oral alternative to
      desferrioxamine for treating iron overloading.

PMID- 1814899
TI  - Iron status in patients of rheumatoid arthritis with special reference to serum
      ferritin levels.
AB  - Thirty patients of rheumatoid arthritis comprising 16 classical and 14 definite
      cases based on the ARA criteria were evaluated in a prospective and controlled
      study for iron status with special reference to serum ferritin levels. Serum
      ferritin levels were estimated by RIA technique and marrow iron status was
      ascertained by semi-quantitative estimation after Pearl's staining of marrow
      aspirate (G 0-6). Marrow iron stores were found absent to decreased in 17
      patients (56.7%), normal in 2 (6.7%) and increased in 11 patients (36.6%). The
      serum ferritin levels in the iron depleted rheumatoid arthritis patients were
      significantly lower in comparison to patients with normal to increased marrow
      iron stores (23.91 +/- 11.45 ug/L vs 69.94 +/- 24.7 ug/L, p less than 0.001).
      There was a strong positive correlation between serum ferritin levels and marrow
      iron stores (r = +0.08, p less than 0.001). A serum ferritin value of less than
      or equal to 32 ug/L was a good predictor of decreased iron stores in the bone
      marrow, with a sensitivity of 88.2% and specificity of 84.5%. The test had a
      predictive value of 83.33%. There was no correlation between marrow iron stores
      and conventional indicators or iron status i.e. serum iron, TIBC, transferrin
      saturation and MCHC. It is concluded that serum ferritin correlates well with
      marrow iron stores and can be used as a simple non-invasive test for predicting
      iron-deficiency in patients of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1814900
TI  - Acute renal failure in severe exertional rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - During the last 6 years, 7 healthy individuals who were reasonably well
      acclimatised to physical exertion came under observation with acute renal failure
      due to exercise induced myoglobinuria. Their mean age was 20 years, and renal
      failure resulted after cross country run of 10-15 km in 6 cases and long route
      march of 90 km in 3 days in one case. There was no evidence of effects of heat,
      dehydration or hypotension. Apart from myoglobinuria and significant urinary
      sediments, serum aldolase (mean 69.0 SL u/ml) and serum creatinine phosphokinase
      (mean 120.0 Sigma u/ml) were also elevated. Maximum blood urea and creatinine
      were 224 mg/dl and 13.9 mg/dl respectively. Hypocalcaemia was noticed in 3 cases,
      hyperkalaemia in 4 cases and hyperuricaemia in one case during the oliguric
      phase. One case had features of non-oliguric acute renal failure. All cases
      recovered though 4 cases required dialysis support. Kidney biopsy in 3 cases
      showed recovering acute tubular necrosis with eosinophilic material in tubules.
      Lactate studies in the convalescent period revealed normal response and repeat
      physical exertion of same severity after 6 months did not reproduce the syndrome.
      It is concluded that exertional rhabdomyolysis unassociated with heat stress is a
      rare entity, and with prompt diagnosis and energic management results are
      rewarding.

PMID- 1814901
TI  - Clinical manifestation of Clostridium difficile enteritis in Calcutta.
AB  - 233 cases with acute diarrhoea investigated, Clostridium difficile was isolated
      as a sole pathogen from 17 (7.3%) cases. The Major clinical features of these
      cases were watery diarrhoea (82.4%), bloody stool (17.6%), vomiting (64.8%),
      fever (17.6%) and abdominal pain (2.5%). Fourteen (82.4%) of 17 C difficile
      isolates were found to produce cytotoxin as detected by Verocell assay.

PMID- 1814902
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of azathioprine (Azoran), in fresh cases of
      renal homotransplantation.
AB  - In a randomised, controlled study, the efficacy and safety of an indigenously
      developed azathioprine formulation, Azoran/1000 (Searle), was compared with an
      imported formulation Imuran, as an immunosuppressive agent in fresh cases of
      renal transplantation. All 14 patients enrolled into the trial completed the
      study period were analysed. There were 8 episodes of rejection, 4 in each group.
      All these cases responded to pulse steroids. There was no instance of severe bone
      marrow suppression or hepatitis in either group and none of the patients had any
      drug related adverse effects. The results of this study show that Azoran is
      equiefficacious and safe as an immunosuppressive drug in renal transplants and
      compares satisfactorily in all respects with the imported formulation Imuran and
      has the added advantage of being easily available and less costly.

PMID- 1814903
TI  - Patients' attitude towards health care at a teaching hospital in India.
AB  - Using a questionnaire, 362 patients attending the outpatients services of
      Internal Medicine of Nehru Hospital attached to our institution were randomly
      interviewed. Seventy per cent of the patients were in the 21-50 years age range;
      50% came from rural and 50% from urban areas. Forty per cent travelled more than
      30 Km; 72% used a public transport to reach hospital. Most patients had an income
      less than Rs. 1000/-. Ninety per cent had already consulted another medical
      practitioner earlier. The largest number of complaints related to the
      gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. On an average 1-2 drugs
      were prescribed per patient; only 13% of these were available at the hospital
      dispensary. Most patients were willing to purchase the prescribed drugs from the
      market.

PMID- 1814904
TI  - Direct estimation of absolute glomerular filtration rate from dynamic renal
      scintigraphy using gamma camera.
AB  - Absolute glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which can serve as a useful parameter
      of renal function, is not applied in clinical practice due to various technical
      constraints. We estimated GFR in 20 subjects (10 controls, 10 patients) by two
      different techniques simultaneously with a single intravenous injection of TC99m
      DTPA. The GFR results obtained by a conventional plasma clearance technique were
      compared with that of a simpler, scintigraphic technique which does not require
      any blood or urine sample, and these were found to correlate significantly (r =
      0.75, p less than 0.001). The linear relationship between the fraction of the
      dose injected taken up by the kidneys during the parenchymal phase of the dynamic
      imaging study and the overall plasma clearance was also found to be significant
      (r = 0.932, p less than 0.001) our study shows that reliable estimation of
      absolute GFR is possible from the routine dynamic renal scinti-scanning procedure
      using the gamma camera - computer system, and hence might prove applicable in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 1814906
TI  - 'Introduction' and 'discussion' in a scientific paper.

PMID- 1814905
TI  - Cardiac changes implicated in chronic heart block.
AB  - Fifteen cases of chronic heart block were studied. Eight of them could be
      designated as idiopathic or primary heart block; the others were associated with
      hypertension, diabetes and ischaemic heart disease, either singly or in various
      combinations. In six cases, the whole heart was available for histopathological
      study of the conduction system. In the other 9 cases, only a portion of the heart
      muscle was available for examination. A V nodal fibrosis extending upto the
      proximal bundle of His was seen in all the six whole heart autopsy materials.
      Fibrosis of the adjacent myocardium was seen in five cases. In three cases,
      conducting system fibrosis was associated with atherosclerotic (1 case) or
      diabetic changes (3 cases) of the intramural vessels. In the 9 partial autopsy
      studies, myocardial fibrosis was seen in two cases, diabetic microangiopathy in
      one and atherosclerotic changes in two including an old thrombus in one. Thus,
      diabetic microangiopathy was seen in total four cases. These changes may be
      responsible for the cardiomegaly and cardiac failure associated with conduction
      defects observed in diabetes. In the idiopathic group also, heart block could be
      considered as a significant facet of a primary myocardial degenerative process.

PMID- 1814907
TI  - Aerosol therapy in respiratory diseases.

PMID- 1814908
TI  - Status of fructosamine in monitoring the control of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1814909
TI  - A case of massive hepatomegaly due to amyloidosis.

PMID- 1814910
TI  - Spontaneous complete remission in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 1814911
TI  - Lymphatic leishmaniasis associated with visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Lymphatic leishmaniasis associated with visceral leishmaniasis is rare in India.
      We are reporting one such case, which is the first case reported so far from
      Bihar.

PMID- 1814912
TI  - Ataxic hemiparesis following head trauma.
AB  - Ataxic hemiparesis may result from multiple aetiologies. Four patients who had it
      after head trauma, a rare cause, are reported.

PMID- 1814913
TI  - Candidal oesophagitis in Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - Opportunistic infections are known to occur with increased frequency in patients
      with Cushing's syndrome, particularly those due to ectopic ACTH production. This
      report highlights the rare situation of a patient with Cushing's disease having
      candidal oesophagitis as one of the major presenting manifestations.

PMID- 1814915
TI  - Delayed fatal reaction to parenteral iron therapy.

PMID- 1814914
TI  - Insulin allergy.
AB  - A diabetic patient with a non-healing leg ulcer was found to be allergic to both
      conventional insulin and purified monocomponent insulin of porcine origin. He was
      successfully treated with human insulin.

PMID- 1814916
TI  - Epilepsy and congenital malformation.

PMID- 1814917
TI  - Testicular seminoma in a patient with familial multiple (asymmetrical)
      lipomatosis.

PMID- 1814918
TI  - Gastritis following Hepatoglobin administration.

PMID- 1814919
TI  - Is Hepatoglobin therapy justified?

PMID- 1814920
TI  - Hepatopulmonary amoebiasis.

PMID- 1814921
TI  - Hepatopulmonary amoebiasis.

PMID- 1814922
TI  - CT spectrum of neurocysticercosis.

PMID- 1814924
TI  - Is paracetamol an NSAID?

PMID- 1814923
TI  - CT spectrum of neurocysticercosis.

PMID- 1814925
TI  - Lysine acetylsalicylate: a clinical view point.

PMID- 1814926
TI  - Domain interactions in protein kinase C.

PMID- 1814927
TI  - How relevant is the Escherichia coli UvrABC model for excision repair in
      eukaryotes?
AB  - Knowledge about the DNA excision repair system is increasing rapidly. A detailed
      model for this process in Escherichia coli has emerged in which a lesion in the
      DNA is first recognized by the UvrA2B helicase complex. Subsequently, UvrC
      mediates incision on both sites of the DNA injury. Finally, the concerted action
      of helicase II (UvrD), polymerase and ligase takes care of removal of the damage
      containing oligonucleotide, DNA resynthesis and sealing of the residual nick. In
      the eukaryotes, yeast and mammals a total of 10 excision repair genes have been
      analysed thus far. However, little is still known about the molecular mechanism
      of this repair reaction. Amino acid sequence comparison suggests that at least
      three DNA helicases operate in eukaryotic nucleotide excision. In addition, a
      striking sequence conservation is noted between human and yeast repair proteins.
      But no eukaryotic homologs of the UvrABC proteins have been identified. In this
      Commentary the parallels and differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic
      excision repair pathways are weighed in an attempt to assess the relevance of the
      E. coli model for the eukaryotic system.

PMID- 1814928
TI  - Freeze substitution reveals a new model for sporangial cleavage in Phytophthora,
      a result with implications for cytokinesis in other eukaryotes.
AB  - Rapid freezing and freeze substitution (RF-FS) have been used to re-examine the
      process by which the multinucleate sporangium of the Oomycetes, Phytophthora
      cinnamomi and P. palmivora, is subdivided into uninucleate zoospores. The results
      indicate a new model for sporangial cleavage in Phytophthora and suggest that the
      currently accepted model is based on interpretation of artefacts caused by
      chemical fixation. The previous model describes cleavage as a two-stage process
      in which specialized cleavage vesicles first become positioned at the boundaries
      of each future subdivision and later fuse to compartmentalize the sporangium. RF
      FS, however, indicates that cleavage results from the progressive extension of
      paired sheets of membrane along the future subdivision boundaries. These sheets
      finally interconnect and subdivide the sporangium. Cleavage vesicles are only
      evident in preliminary stages of this process and are never aligned along the
      future boundaries, contrary to the observations of studies based on chemical
      fixation. Chemical fixation apparently causes the membranous sheets to
      vesiculate, even at relatively advanced stages of cleavage, thus giving the
      misleading impression that the resulting network of lined-up vesicles is an
      intermediate stage in the cleavage process. This finding has wide-ranging
      implications for the understanding of eukaryotic cytokinesis, because all
      previous studies that describe vesicle alignment and fusion have relied upon
      chemical fixation. Other novel features revealed by RF-FS include an extensive
      extracellular matrix within the sporangium that could be involved in zoospore
      release, and a trans-Golgi network.

PMID- 1814929
TI  - Calcium sequestration in the Golgi apparatus of cultured mammalian cells revealed
      by laser scanning confocal microscopy and ion microscopy.
AB  - Co-localization of the elements calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium with
      sequestering organelles has been achieved by application of two microscopy
      techniques on the same cell. Organelles were first localized by laser scanning
      confocal microscopy (LSCFM) using fluorescent organelle stains. The same cells
      were then analyzed for elemental distribution with ion microscopy. This approach
      has identified a perinuclear region of prominent total calcium concentration with
      the Golgi apparatus. Live cells were fluorescently stained with C6-NBD-ceramide
      for labeling the Golgi apparatus prior to cryogenic preparation and freeze
      drying, and imaged with LSCFM for Golgi localization; identical cells were then
      analyzed with ion microscopy to image subcellular distributions of total calcium,
      potassium, sodium and magnesium. In three cell lines, LLC-PK1 porcine kidney
      epithelial cells, Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and L5 rat myoblast cells, the
      Golgi regions contained significantly higher total calcium concentrations than
      any other region of the cell (as measured at the spatial resolution of ion
      microscopy of about 0.5 micron). Intracellular potassium, sodium and magnesium
      were homogeneously distributed throughout the cell and did not show this pattern.
      Measurements of depletion of calcium by exposure to calcium-free medium showed
      that the Golgi apparatus was substantially more resistant to calcium depletion
      than all other regions of these cells, but sequestered Ca2+ could be released
      from the Golgi by exposing the cells to calcium ionophore A23187. The Golgi
      apparatus appears to sequester about 5% of the total cell calcium in LLC-PK1
      cells, about 2.5% in 3T3 cells and L5 cells.

PMID- 1814930
TI  - The effect of permeant and impermeant osmoticants on exocytosis in guinea pig
      sperm.
AB  - Guinea pig sperm were suspended in calcium-containing medium supplemented with
      various concentrations of the tetrasaccharide, stachyose. At concentrations up to
      and including 0.6 M, stachyose was without effect on the A23187-induced acrosome
      reaction. At 1.0 M stachyose, greater than 97% of sperm retained their acrosome
      after exposure to A23187, as judged by light microscopy. Electron microscopy
      demonstrated, however, that exocytotic membrane fusion had occurred, although
      with substantial retention of the acrosomal matrix. Sperm incubated in 1.0 M
      stachyose solutions also underwent exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of
      A23187 and external calcium. Sperm suspended in 0.175 M ammonium chloride
      solution progressively lost motility over 30 min, but without acrosomal swelling.
      By contrast, sperm in 0.19 M ammonium acetate underwent substantial swelling of
      the acrosome within 2-5 min. 70-80% of these sperm were able to exclude the vital
      dye propidium iodide with their acrosomes swollen. These sperm underwent
      acrosomal shrinkage if resuspended in normal medium within 5-10 min, and the
      majority (60-70%) recovered some motility. These sperm could undergo an A23187
      induced acrosome reaction. Electron microscopy indicated that swelling in
      ammonium acetate solution solubilizes much of the acrosomal matrix and causes
      internal fusion between adjacent regions of the outer acrosomal membrane. There
      was no exocytotic membrane fusion in ammonium acetate solution, however. The
      evidence suggests that there is no stachyose osmolality for guinea pig sperm
      which will suppress the membrane fusion associated with exocytosis, and that
      sufficiently high osmolalities cause exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of
      calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1814932
TI  - Laminin and basement membrane-associated microfilaments in wild-type and mutant
      Drosophila ovarian follicles.
AB  - The localization of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein laminin was studied
      using polyclonal anti-laminin antibodies. The laminin patterns of the basement
      membranes of the muscular epithelial sheath that envelops the ovariole were
      conspicuously different from those of the basement membrane of the follicular
      epithelium. In the latter structure laminin was stained in a pattern of parallel
      stripes oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the follicle; microfilament
      bundles at the adjacent basal side of the follicle cells have the same
      orientation. At late vitellogenic stages the orientation of the microfilaments
      remained the same while the laminin stripes were no longer visible. The
      orientation of laminin and F-actin was abnormal in follicles of the egg-shape
      mutant kugel, which produces shorter and thicker eggs than wild-type flies. This
      phenotype might result from the disturbance of the normal circular microfilament
      and/or laminin pattern.

PMID- 1814931
TI  - Assembly of actin-containing cortex occurs at distal regions of growing neurites
      in PC12 cells.
AB  - Although actin filaments are known to be localized in the cortex of axons and in
      the growth cones of nerve cells, it is unclear how actin-containing structures
      are assembled during nerve growth. We have studied the formation of actin
      structures in growing neurites by microinjecting fluorescent phalloidin or actin
      into PC12 neuron-like cells to label endogenous actin filaments. Upon stimulation
      of neurite growth in cells microinjected with fluorescent phalloidin, little or
      no fluorescence was detected in nascent growth cones and adjacent neurites
      despite the presence of actin filaments in these regions, suggesting that actin
      filaments were primarily formed by de novo assembly rather than the transport and
      reorganization of pre-existing, phalloidin-labeled actin filaments. Time-lapse
      observations of the distribution of phalloidin-labeled actin filaments during
      neurite elongation confirmed that fluorescence associated with pre-existing
      neurite cortex spread out more slowly than the elongation of neurites.
      Furthermore, when a dark spot was photobleached with a laser microbeam along
      neurites of cells microinjected with either fluorescent phalloidin or actin, the
      spot showed no appreciable translocation during active neurite elongation. Taken
      together, these results suggest that de novo assembly of actin filaments plays a
      crucial role in the formation of growth cones and adjacent cortex in the distal
      region of neurites, but does not appear to require the anterograde or retrograde
      transport of cortical filaments, or the passive stretching of the proximal
      segment of the neurite cortex.

PMID- 1814933
TI  - Transfection of the human Muc 1 mucin gene into a poorly differentiated human
      pancreatic tumor cell line, Panc1: integration, expression and ultrastructural
      changes.
AB  - Full-length cDNA for the human mucin Muc 1 gene under the control of the beta
      actin promoter was transfected into a morphologically poorly differentiated
      pancreatic tumor cell line, Panc 1, by the DEAE-dextran method. Integration of
      the foreign Muc 1 cDNA occurred at multiple sites in the genome of Panc 1.
      Northern blot analysis showed Muc 1 expression in cells transfected with the Muc
      1 cDNA, but not in control cells transfected with vector alone or an antisense
      Muc 1 cDNA construct. Transfection of Panc 1 with Muc 1 cDNA did not cause any
      detectable alteration or rearrangements in the Muc 1 gene or cDNA. Western blot
      analysis of cell lysates from the transfected lines using a monoclonal antibody
      reactive with the Muc 1 protein (HMFG-2) demonstrated that Muc 1 protein
      expression correlated with the Northern blot data. Immunoperoxidase staining
      using HMFG-2 showed that Muc 1 protein was expressed in less than 5% of control
      Panc 1 cells, whereas greater than 95% of cells transfected with Muc 1 cDNA
      expressed the protein. Ultrastructural examination of Muc 1-transfected cells
      demonstrated the formation of dense core granules and increased amounts of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 1814934
TI  - Normal Chlamydomonas nuclear gene structure on linkage group XIX.
AB  - The unusual Chlamydomonas linkage group XIX-called the uni linkage group for the
      uni mutants that lack one of the paired flagellae of wild-type cells--has been
      reported to be physically located exclusively at the basal bodies. To learn
      whether the structure of genes on this linkage group differs from the structure
      of nuclear genes in this organism, we determined the primary structure of a gene
      that maps to linkage group XIX. This analysis reveals the presence of nine
      intervening sequences; the nucleotides at exon/intron boundaries conform with
      nuclear gene intron junction sequences. Also typical for C. reinhardtii nuclear
      genes are the position and sequence of the putative polyadenylation signal. These
      findings suggest that transcripts from linkage group XIX are likely to be
      processed in the nucleus. The open reading frame, which displays weak but easily
      detected Chlamydomonas codon bias, potentially encodes a protein similar to a
      membrane anchor for cytoskeletal proteins. The observation that expression of
      this gene is regulated during interphase and in gametes is not consistent with
      the hypothesis that linkage group XIX may be expressed only during mitotic and
      meiotic processes.

PMID- 1814935
TI  - Allometric relationships of the dentition of the great White Shark, Carcharodon
      carcharias, in forensic investigations of shark attacks.
AB  - As a result of a systematic morphometric study of shark dentitions, a system of
      notation for describing the location of shark teeth has been developed and is
      proposed as a standard to be adopted for use in similar studies in the future.
      The macroscopic morphology of White Shark teeth has been characterised in order
      to gain quantitative data which might assist in identification of these sharks
      from bite marks on victims or objects or from shark carcasses. Using these data,
      a nomogram has been developed which can be used to estimate the body length of a
      White Shark from measurements of tooth or bite mark morphology. An example of the
      forensic application of such allometric data is provided as it applied to a
      recent fatal attack on a diver by a White Shark.

PMID- 1814936
TI  - Amalgam tattoo as a means for person identification.
AB  - Person identification from the teeth depends on establishing a number of points
      of correspondence between ante- and postmortem dental data, but a single
      characteristic, if unique enough, may be sufficient. The use of amalgam tattoos
      in establishing identity has not been reported in the literature. Two cases in
      which amalgam tattoos were used in conjunction with other dental data to
      establish identity are reported. Ante- and postmortem radiographs showed the
      presence of amalgam within the adjacent alveolar bone and periapical tissues,
      respectively. Attempts were made to duplicate the angulation of the original
      antemortem radiographs so that a direct comparison could be made of the amalgam
      fragments. The antemortem radiographs date from 1984 and 1985 in the two
      respective cases. In both instances the pattern of amalgam remained fairly
      similar, differences being ascribed to angulation which could not be reproduced
      exactly. From these results it seems that amalgam tattoo may be a reliable method
      of identification, even though a number of years may have elapsed since the ante-
      and postmortem radiographs were taken. The pattern of amalgam dispersal may be
      sufficiently unique so that identity can be established using this single
      characteristic.

PMID- 1814937
TI  - Post-mortem dental radiography: a useful innovation.
AB  - Post-mortem Intra-oral radiographs can reveal the entire status of the crowns of
      teeth when visual access is limited or impossible and afford a reliable means of
      achieving identification by a comparison with antemortem clinical records.
      Difficulties are often encountered in placing and retaining intra-oral films in
      the mouths of deceased persons whose mandibular musculature has been fixed in
      rigor mortis or by the effects of incineration. These difficulties may be
      minimised by the use of balloon catheters which can be inflated within the oral
      cavity and serve to support the film in place during radiographic exposure.

PMID- 1814938
TI  - Utilization of forensic dental experts from a "visiting" victim identification
      commission (VIC) in mass disasters. A Scandinavian design.

PMID- 1814939
TI  - National characteristics of dental treatment in disaster victim identification.
AB  - In this age of mass tourism it is necessary to identify repeatedly a great number
      of casualties. In otherwise hopeless cases of identification dental alloys can be
      broken down by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and an scanning electron
      microscope to furnish valuable clues as to the country of their origin.

PMID- 1814940
TI  - A fixed labial/lingual technique for rapid bite opening.

PMID- 1814941
TI  - Torque in the base vs. torque in the face.

PMID- 1814942
TI  - Molar distalization with repelling magnets.

PMID- 1814943
TI  - Long-term experience with direct-bonded lingual retainers.

PMID- 1814944
TI  - An indirect-bonded lingual retainer.

PMID- 1814945
TI  - Getting and keeping dentist referrers.

PMID- 1814947
TI  - The satellite practice: counting the cost.

PMID- 1814946
TI  - 1991 JCO orthodontic practice study. 1. Trends.

PMID- 1814948
TI  - Mechanical mixing of glass ionomer cement.

PMID- 1814949
TI  - Anchorage control during leveling and aligning with a preadjusted appliance
      system.

PMID- 1814950
TI  - Correction of open bite with elastics and rectangular NiTi wires.

PMID- 1814951
TI  - Lingual bonded splint.

PMID- 1814952
TI  - Ankylosis and the frontal occlusal plane.

PMID- 1814953
TI  - Generating practice correspondence with a computer scanner.

PMID- 1814954
TI  - Direct bonding with light-cured adhesives.

PMID- 1814955
TI  - Technique modifications to optimize ceramic bracket performance.

PMID- 1814956
TI  - Trimming study models for photocopying.

PMID- 1814957
TI  - Management & marketing.

PMID- 1814958
TI  - Debonding ceramic brackets: effects on enamel.

PMID- 1814959
TI  - A new mold technique for making acrylic appliances.

PMID- 1814961
TI  - A palatal expansion appliance for non-compliance therapy.

PMID- 1814960
TI  - A method of enamel reduction for correction of adult arch-length discrepancy.

PMID- 1814963
TI  - Patient brochure for two-phase treatment.

PMID- 1814962
TI  - Therapeutic ankylosis of primary teeth.

PMID- 1814964
TI  - Short-term effects of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate, glucocorticoid, and
      saline injections on rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - The short-term effect (4 weeks) of intra-articular injections of sodium
      hyaluronate, glucocorticoid, and saline was studied in three groups comprising 41
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Sodium
      hyaluronate and glucocorticoid treatments had a significant positive effect
      according to the patients' subjective evaluation. A comprehensive clinical
      dysfunction score was reduced significantly in all groups, while the number of
      tender muscle regions was significantly reduced and the maximum voluntary mouth
      opening significantly increased in the glucocorticoid and sodium hyaluronate
      groups only.

PMID- 1814965
TI  - The validity and predictive value of four assessment instruments for evaluation
      of the cervical and stomatognathic systems.
AB  - Four assessment instruments--a 10-item cervical pain questionnaire, a 10-item TMJ
      pain questionnaire, the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) instrument, and the
      Craniomandibular Index--were used to evaluate 25 consecutive patients presenting
      to a physical therapy clinic for evaluation and treatment of cervical
      hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries. The assessment tools were tested for
      internal consistency between the cervical and stomatognathic measures as well as
      between the two sets of measures. The cervical questionnaire was strongly
      correlated to the CROM measurements. Tenderness to palpation of the superficial
      neck muscles was not correlated to the cervical questionnaire nor to measures of
      cervical flexion-extension or lateral flexion. It was, however, correlated to
      cervical rotation. The TMJ questionnaire was a useful predictor of muscular
      tenderness and self-reported symptoms in the stomatognathic system, but it was
      not related to the intra-articular signs of TMD. The flexion-extension and
      rotation measures of cervical mobility were useful predictors of masticatory
      muscle tenderness. These assessment tools are valid indicators of cervical or
      stomatognathic status and, when used together, provide a comprehensive
      description of jaw and neck status.

PMID- 1814966
TI  - Short-term effect of the stabilization appliance on masticatory muscle activity
      in myogenous craniomandibular disorder patients.
AB  - The short-term effect (4 to 6 weeks) of a stabilization appliance on masticatory
      muscle activity was investigated in 26 myogenous craniomandibular disorder
      patients. The patients were instructed to clench at 10% and 50% of their maximum
      clenching effort in the intercuspal position and on the appliance. Recordings
      were made before and immediately after appliance delivery, and 2 and 4 weeks
      after delivery. The average EMG activity of the masseter muscles remained the
      same during the period of appliance use, whereas the anterior temporal muscles
      showed an immediate and long-lasting reduction in activity. The appliance also
      resulted in an improvement in the balance of left and right masseter muscle
      activity. There was a minor improvement in temporal muscle symmetry at the 50%
      clenching level and after 4 weeks of appliance use.

PMID- 1814967
TI  - Symptom characteristics in TMD patients reporting blunt trauma and/or whiplash
      injury.
AB  - Descriptive data are presented for 100 patients reporting facial pain and
      temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) precipitated by (1) overt facial/head trauma,
      (2) "whiplash" injury, and (3) "whiplash" injury with overt trauma. Analysis of
      the data suggests that these TMD trauma subsets are significantly different in
      terms of total number of pain sites, presence of concomitant neck pain, range of
      opening, and report of sleep disturbance and involvement in litigation. They also
      varied with respect to reducing and nonreducing disc displacement. However,
      significant differences were not observed for initial pain at presentation;
      muscle pressure pain threshold; McGill affective or HSCL-90 depression, anxiety,
      and somatization scores; prior pain duration; or time post-trauma before pain
      onset. These findings suggest that patients within these trauma categories share
      some common characteristics but may differ in important demographic, pain, and
      temporomandibular joint dysfunction variables.

PMID- 1814968
TI  - Nocturnal bruxing events in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and control
      subjects.
AB  - Nocturnal bruxing events were recorded during a single night of sleep for 12
      subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and 12 age- and sex-matched controls.
      The results suggest that bruxing events are very common in both groups and are
      closely associated with sleep arousals. There were few differences in the number,
      duration, or type of bruxing events between these two groups. Bruxing events were
      common during stage 1, stage 2, and REM sleep, while they rarely occurred during
      stage 3 and 4 sleep. The average duration of bruxing events ranged from 3.82 to
      6.68 seconds. There was a trend toward more bruxing events occurring while
      sleeping on the back than on the side.

PMID- 1814969
TI  - The role of functional occlusal relationships in temporomandibular disorders: a
      review.
AB  - This review highlights the consensus existing in past research on the role of
      functional occlusal factors in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular disorders
      (TMD). The functional occlusal relationships considered are balancing and working
      occlusal contacts, length and symmetry of retruded contact position-intercuspal
      position (RCP-ICP) slides, occlusal guidance patterns, parafunction, and dental
      attrition. Controlled studies fail to demonstrate any association between
      occlusal interferences and TMD signs or symptoms. Temporomandibular joint
      condylar autorepositioning secondary to intracapsular arthrosis is associated
      with larger and asymmetric RCP-ICP slides. Other TMD conditions are not
      associated with any slide length or asymmetries. Occlusal guidance patterns are
      not associated with TMD symptom provocation or, conversely, health. Parafunction
      appears to be universal and is not associated with TMD development or
      symptomatology in healthy individuals. Furthermore, parafunction is not provoked
      by longstanding, naturally occurring occlusal variations. Dental attrition is not
      associated with TMD, and any observed increased attrition in osteoarthrosis
      patients is likely the result of age effects and occlusal alterations secondary
      to condylar positional changes.

PMID- 1814970
TI  - Health care system utilization for chronic facial pain.
AB  - Because physician utilization is only partly related to physical health status,
      it was hypothesized that high utilization associated with chronic pain should
      correlate with other nonpain factors. One hundred consecutive patients were given
      a battery of tests and rated by clinicians for the severity of psychological
      factors, stress, and chronicity. The patients were divided into high- and low
      utilization groups on the basis of their scores on the Health Care Utilization
      Index. The high-utilization patients were found to be more focused on bodily
      symptoms and to be more convinced that they had a physical illness. This
      contrasted with the clinicians' opinion that the high-utilization patients had
      higher levels of psychological factors and stress.

PMID- 1814971
TI  - Large-cell lymphoma of the infratemporal fossa presenting as myofacial pain.
AB  - Patients with temporomandibular joint or myofascial pain are often subjected to
      rigid protocols of diagnosis and treatment. This tendency to generalize patient
      care can result in overlooking occult pathology. A case of large-cell lymphoma of
      the infratemporal fossa causing facial pain is presented.

PMID- 1814972
TI  - Ramifications of the axons of AH-neurons injected with the intracellular marker
      biocytin in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig small intestine.
AB  - The projections and terminal ramifications of electrophysiologically
      characterized myenteric neurons of the guinea pig small intestine were studied
      after intracellular injection of the marker substance biocytin. Myenteric neurons
      were impaled with microelectrodes containing 4% biocytin in 2 M KCl (pH 7.4) and
      characterized electrophysiologically as either AH-neurons or S-neurons. AH
      neurons were neurons in which action potentials were followed by prolonged after
      hyperpolarizations (lasting greater than 4 seconds). S-neurons were neurons in
      which such hyperpolarizations were not seen. Electrical stimulation of internodal
      strands evoked prominent fast excitatory synaptic potentials in S-neurons, but
      not in AH-neurons. Biocytin was injected electrophoretically into the impaled AH
      neurons by passage of hyperpolarizing current (0.6-0.8 nA for 5-15 minutes)
      through the recording electrode. The preparation was then fixed in Zamboni's
      fixative, dehydrated, and exposed to avidin coupled to horseradish peroxidase
      which allowed the injected biocytin to be visualised via a diaminobenzidine
      reaction. In many cases, the injected biocytin appeared to fill all the processes
      of injected AH-neurons that ramified within the myenteric plexus. The filled
      processes included axons running up to 4 mm within the plexus and profuse
      varicose terminals ramifying within both the ganglion containing the injected
      cell body and nearby ganglia. Most (90%) cell bodies of the injected AH-neurons
      had the morphology of Dogiel type II neurons; large, mostly smooth cell bodies
      with few short processes and several long processes. The other 10% of the AH
      neurons had similar cell bodies and long processes but also had prominent short
      filamentous processes. This population was termed dendritic AH-neurons. The
      projections and terminals of 28 AH/Dogiel type II neurons and 7 dendritic AH
      neurons were analysed in detail. Both types of neurons project circumferentially
      to provide terminals to nearby ganglia, but the AH/Dogiel type II neurons also
      provide terminals to their own ganglia while the dendritic AH-neurons typically
      do not. Although many of the injected AH-neurons had projections orally or anally
      along the intestine no evidence for a preferential direction of projection was
      obtained. Analysis of the areas and distributions of the terminal fields of the
      AH/Dogiel type II neurons suggests that each may contact several other myenteric
      neurons and that each myenteric neuron may receive input from about ten AH/Dogiel
      type II neurons.

PMID- 1814973
TI  - Receptive field properties of somatosensory neurons in the cat superior
      colliculus.
AB  - In general, knowledge of the internal organization of receptive fields has played
      an important role in shaping current understanding of sensory physiology. Such
      knowledge is particularly important for understanding the function of the
      superior colliculus, since this structure is at once implicated in spatial
      localization and has relatively large receptive fields. While this issue has been
      addressed in the visual and auditory modalities represented in the superior
      colliculus, there are no previous studies of its somatosensory receptive field
      organization. Here, the properties of somatosensory receptive fields in the cat
      superior colliculus were studied quantitatively to determine whether they contain
      internal non-homogeneities that might aid in the determination of stimulus
      detail. Of special interest was the possibility that these comparatively large
      receptive fields would contain areas of differential excitability that could aid
      in spatial resolution, that within-field spatial summation and/or inhibition
      would be exhibited, and that the borders of the excitatory receptive field would
      be flanked by inhibitory regions. The data demonstrate that while inhibition
      beyond the receptive field borders is a rarity, these somatosensory receptive
      fields nearly always contain a well-defined area of maximal sensitivity within
      which the size of the stimulus is a critical feature in determining the magnitude
      of the response. These best areas are systematically distributed across receptive
      fields as a function of their location in the structure, and indicate that the
      resolution of stimulus location and size may be greater than expected on the
      basis of receptive field size alone.

PMID- 1814974
TI  - Selective localization of polyribosomes beneath developing synapses: a
      quantitative analysis of the relationships between polyribosomes and developing
      synapses in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
AB  - Previous studies have revealed that polyribosomes are selectively localized
      beneath post-synaptic sites on central nervous system (CNS) neurons, and are
      particularly prominent during periods of synapse growth. The present study
      evaluates whether polyribosomes are most prominent at a consistent time in the
      developmental history of the synapse, or instead at a consistent time in the life
      of the organism regardless of the state of synaptic maturation (suggesting a
      globally acting factor). We compare the time course of synaptogenesis and the
      association between polyribosomes and developing synapses in three regions that
      develop at different rates: the external and internal blades of the dentate
      gyrus, and the CA1 region of the hippocampus proper. Each region was examined
      electron microscopically at 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 28 and over 120 days of age,
      evaluating: (1) synapse density (the number of synaptic profiles/area of
      neuropil), (2) the width of the neuropil layers, (3) the proportion of synapses
      with underlying polyribosomes, and (4) the number of polyribosome-containing
      synapses/area of neuropil. As anticipated on the basis of the differences in
      cytogenesis, the time course of synaptogenesis was different in the three
      regions. In the external blade of the dentate gyrus, synapse density increased in
      a nearly linear fashion between birth and 15 days of age, and then continued to
      increase at a somewhat slower rate until 28 days of age. Synapse development in
      the internal blade was delayed by several days in comparison to the external
      blade. In CA1, synapse density increased slowly between 1 and 7 days, and then at
      a rapid rate between 7 and 28 days of age. In all three regions, the proportion
      of synapses with underlying polyribosomes was highest between 1 and 7 days of
      age, and then decreased as synapse density increased. However, the peak in the
      number of polyribosome-containing synapses/unit area of neuropil occurred at
      different times in the three regions (4-7 days of age in the external blade of
      the dentate gyrus and in CA1, and 20 days of age in the internal blade). In
      addition to further defining the relationship between polyribosomes and
      developing synapses, the present study provides a data base on the time course of
      synapse development in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, which will be useful
      for comparisons with other measures.

PMID- 1814976
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II in the brain
      of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou.
AB  - We have recently developed sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for
      salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) and
      have measured the contents of both GnRHs in the rainbow trout brain. Our results
      showed that contents of the two GnRHs are variable among different brain regions.
      Therefore, in order to confirm the differential distribution of the two GnRHs by
      a different technique, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive sGnRH and
      cGnRH-II in the brain of masu salmon by using immunocytochemical techniques.
      sGnRH immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were scattered in the transitional areas
      between the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb, the ventral olfactory bulb,
      between the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon, the ventral telencephalon, and
      the preoptic area. These sGnRH-ir cell bodies were dispersed in a strip-like
      region running rostrocaudally in the most ventral part of the ventral
      telencephalon. sGnRH-ir fibers were distributed in the various brain regions from
      the olfactory bulb to the spinal cord. They were especially abundant in the
      olfactory bulb, ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, deep layers
      of the optic tectum, and thalamus. sGnRH-ir fibers also innervated the pituitary
      directly. cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were found in the nucleus of the medial
      longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF). The distribution of cGnRH-II-ir fibers was
      similar to that of sGnRH-ir fibers, except that cGnRH-II-ir fibers were absent in
      the pituitary. The number of cGnRH-II-ir fibers was much fewer than that of sGnRH
      ir fibers. The results of the present immunocytochemical study are in basic
      agreement with those of our previous RIA study. Thus, we suggest that in masu
      salmon, sGnRH not only regulates gonadotropin (GTH) release from the pituitary
      but also functions as a neuromodulator in the brain, whereas cGnRH-II functions
      only as a neuromodulator.

PMID- 1814975
TI  - Dual serotoninergic projections to forebrain in the rat: morphologically distinct
      5-HT axon terminals exhibit differential vulnerability to neurotoxic amphetamine
      derivatives.
AB  - The cerebral cortex of the rat and other mammals is innervated by two
      morphologically distinct classes of serotoninergic (5-HT) axon terminals: fine
      axons with minute varicosities and beaded axons characterized by large, spherical
      varicosities. Fine and beaded 5-HT axons exhibit different regional and laminar
      distributions in forebrain and arise from separate brainstem nuclei, the dorsal
      and median raphe nuclei, respectively. The present neuroanatomic study, based on
      immunocytochemical methods to visualize 5-HT axons, demonstrates that the two
      axon types differ markedly in their vulnerability to the neurotoxic amphetamine
      derivatives, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA).
      While both drugs cause extensive degeneration of fine 5-HT axons throughout
      forebrain, beaded 5-HT axons are consistently spared. Fine 5-HT axons, which
      richly innervate most regions of dorsal forebrain in control rats, are rarely
      seen 2 weeks after treatment with MDA or PCA; this loss of fine axons reflects a
      marked denervation that persists for months after drug administration. The
      serotoninergic axon terminals remaining after MDA or PCA administration are
      almost entirely of the beaded type and appear to be unaffected by both drugs.
      Over a wide range of doses (2.5-40 mg/kg PCA) and survival times (2 weeks to 2
      months), these spared 5-HT axons with large, spherical varicosities cannot be
      distinguished from the normal, beaded 5-HT axons in control rats by morphologic
      criteria. Moreover, beaded 5-HT axons exhibit a highly characteristic regional
      distribution which is the same in control as in MDA- and PCA-treated rats: these
      axons innervate specific zones or layers within parietal and occipital cortex,
      hippocampus, cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the olfactory bulb, among
      other forebrain areas, and they form a dense plexus lining the ventricular
      system. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that fine 5-HT
      axons are highly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of the amphetamine
      derivatives MDA and PCA, while beaded 5-HT axons are markedly resistant. These
      findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there are two anatomically and
      functionally distinct sets of serotoninergic neurons projecting to forebrain.
      While both of these neuronal systems utilize 5-HT as a neurotransmitter, they
      differ in several features: 1) origin from separate nuclei in the brainstem (the
      dorsal and median raphe), 2) two types of morphologically distinct axon
      terminals, 3) markedly different distribution and innervation patterns in
      forebrain, and 4) dissimilar pharmacological properties. The results further
      suggest that psychotropic amphetamine derivatives have a selective action upon
      fine serotoninergic axons that arise from the dorsal raphe nucleus.

PMID- 1814977
TI  - Synaptic organization of globular bushy cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus of
      the cat: a quantitative study.
AB  - The synaptic organization of globular bushy cells of the anteroventral cochlear
      nucleus was quantitatively analyzed in order to understand better their
      functional attributes. A method was devised to estimate the concentrations and
      relative proportions of synapses on the entire postsynaptic surface of Golgi
      impregnated neurons, by sampling with limited series of sections for electron
      microscopy. This provided a characteristic synaptic profile which was homogeneous
      for the population measured. The total concentration of synaptic endings
      decreases with distance from the soma. The cochlear, presumably glutamatergic and
      excitatory, endings with large spherical vesicles (LS) account for most of this
      decrease. Of the noncochlear inputs, the putative glycinergic endings with
      flattened vesicles (FL) decrease slightly, and the presumed GABAergic terminals
      with pleomorphic vesicles (PL) maintain a relatively constant concentration,
      while endings with small spherical vesicles (SS) increase on the distal
      dendrites. LS endings have the largest proportion of synapses near the soma,
      while FL synapses maintain a constant proportion in all cell regions, and PL and
      SS proportions increase on higher-order dendrites. Excitatory and inhibitory
      synapses have significant inputs to the axon hillock and initial segment, as well
      as to the distal dendrites, where dual synapses may provide a way to sample the
      activity of surrounding neurons. These features must be considered in
      explanations of physiological properties, such as the synaptic security, level of
      spontaneous activity, and well-timed, rapid onset responses, as well as their
      potential for normalizing and synchronizing an important inhibitory pathway
      involved in binaural signal processing. Synaptic profile analysis should be
      useful for experimental studies and for developing realistic computational
      models.

PMID- 1814979
TI  - Specialty certification in optometry.

PMID- 1814980
TI  - Monovision.

PMID- 1814978
TI  - Hair cell differentiation in the developing chick cochlea and in embryonic
      cochlear organ culture.
AB  - We have defined a method for growing chick embryonic cochleae in organ culture
      that preserves many aspects of hair cell differentiation. Cochlear ducts were
      isolated from embryonic day 8 chicks, placed in organ culture, and incubated for
      48 hours (to a point equivalent to embryonic day 10). The cultured ducts were
      then fixed and processed for scanning electron microscopy. As controls, cochlear
      ducts at embryonic days 8 and 10 were dissected and immediately fixed and
      processed for scanning electron microscopy. We chose this period to culture
      cochleae because at the corresponding time in vivo hair cells undergo a dynamic
      phase of differentiation. During this time, the number of stereocilia in the
      stereociliary bundle increases, and two to three rows of stereocilia nearest the
      kinocilium elongate, initiating the staircase pattern of the bundle. Also, the
      orientation of many hair cells shifts from nonpolarized at embryonic day 8 to
      polarized toward the inferior edge of the basilar papilla at embryonic day 10.
      Many of these aspects of hair cell differentiation proceed normally in organ
      culture. The appropriate distal-to-proximal gradients of hair cell density,
      apical surface area, and stereociliary number are preserved. Elongation of the 1
      2 stereociliary rows next to the kinocilium continues, and more stereociliary
      bundles are oriented toward the inferior edge in cultured cochleae than in
      embryonic day 8 chicks. It appears that cochlear organ culture can serve as an
      effective method with which to study how hair cell differentiation is regulated.

PMID- 1814981
TI  - Standard setting in optometric clinical skills examinations.
AB  - Objective-based clinical skills examinations have become an accepted method of
      assessing minimal competency for licensure in optometry. This paper reviews key
      elements of Clinical Skills Examination (CSE), and how standard setting for CSEs
      can be improved.

PMID- 1814982
TI  - Modification of impression cytology for in-office use.
AB  - An in-office procedure for assessment of the conjunctival epithelium, goblet
      cells, mucin and immune cells is described. The collection of three samples from
      each eye greatly improves cell harvest and increases reproducibility of the
      technique called impression cytology. The protocol and its pitfalls are discussed
      as well as the numerous applications of impression cytology.

PMID- 1814983
TI  - The unification of European optometry: how the profession will change after 1992.
AB  - The economic integration of the European Community (EC) targeted for 1992 has the
      potential to change the course of the development of the optometric profession in
      Europe. One of the goals of this integration is to create within Europe an
      environment free of professional barriers, such that European professionals will
      be able to practice their skill anywhere within the Community. Because optometry
      is practiced so differently among the 12 EC countries, the development of a
      system of reciprocity for optometric credentials in Europe will be a difficult
      task. Currently, there exists a strong movement, headed by the Association of
      European Schools and Colleges of Optometry (AESCO), to unify the profession by
      creating a European-wide examination for optometry. The implications of such an
      examination are tremendous in that it will establish a standard for the delivery
      of optometric care not only for the 320 million people within the EC, but also
      world-wide. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current status of
      optometry in Europe, to review efforts by both the EC and AESCO to unify the
      profession, and to discuss the impact of recent developments on the future of
      optometry not only in Europe, but throughout the world.

PMID- 1814984
TI  - A clinical comparison of visual field testing between Goldmann-type manual
      perimetry and the Marco MT-336 automated perimeter.
AB  - A randomized, prospective clinical trial was performed to compare the Marco MT
      336 automated perimeter with Goldmann-type manual kinetic perimetry. The number
      of true and false, positive and negative scotomas were counted, as determined by
      the findings on the Marco perimeter, assuming that the Goldmann perimeter was the
      "gold standard." For eight of the available programs, the accuracy specificity,
      sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were
      determined. Chi-squared testing across and within programs was performed to
      determine the degree of agreement between the tests as to the presence or absence
      of scotomas. Additionally, McNemar's test was used to determine the amount of
      random disagreement between the two methods of testing. Although there are
      inherent difficulties in the analysis, the authors conclude that the Marco MT-336
      perimeter is an accurate instrument for both detecting and ruling out the
      presence of visual field defects.

PMID- 1814985
TI  - Fixation disparity: clinical implications and utilization.
AB  - Research suggests that fixation disparity data is extremely useful in the
      assessment of the binocular and accommodative systems. However, clinicians have
      been slow to integrate this method of analysis into their practices. Fixation
      disparity measurement, under different fusional and accommodative demands, aids
      the practitioner in prescribing ophthalmic prism and/or plus lenses. In addition,
      it helps determine when vision therapy is appropriate and provides an objective
      assessment of the effectiveness of a vision therapy program. This paper discusses
      significant aspects of horizontal and vertical fixation disparity measurement,
      with particular emphasis on its clinical usefulness in understanding and
      resolving asthenopic symptoms attributable to vergence and/or accommodative
      dysfunction. The goal of this paper is to provide the practitioner with
      information so that fixation disparity testing can be incorporated within the
      clinical regimen.

PMID- 1814986
TI  - Metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide.
AB  - The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that are used most frequently in ophthalmic
      practice are acetazolamide and methazolamide. They both are weak systemic
      diuretics and lower intraocular pressure ultimately by decreasing aqueous
      production. Unfortunately, they have a number of important side effects including
      the potentiation or exacerbation of metabolic acidosis. In some patients, this pH
      shift may be quite transient and temporary; whereas, in some patients with other
      maladies, the acidosis may be much more serious. The patient herein reported had
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and had had a nephrectomy. Close patient
      monitoring is advisable in these types of patients.

PMID- 1814987
TI  - Localization of visual field defects in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Demyelinating plaques can occur throughout the central nervous system in multiple
      sclerosis, possibly involving the visual pathways at any location. The proper
      evaluation of visual field defects in multiple sclerosis patients enables the
      optometrist to become a part of the health care team in monitoring the severity
      and progression of the disease. Three case reports are presented which illustrate
      the variable presentations and the proper interpretation of findings to localize
      demyelinating plaques in the visual pathways.

PMID- 1814988
TI  - Congenital optociliary shunt vessels.
AB  - Congenital optociliary shunt vessels have rarely been reported in the literature.
      Three cases of congenital optociliary shunt vessels are presented: two with
      unilateral shunt vessels and one with bilateral shunt vessels. All three patients
      were asymptomatic with good visual acuity and essentially normal visual fields
      with no apparent change in visual function over time. Associated with congenital
      optociliary shunt vessels is an anomalous bifurcation of the vasculature.
      Diagnostic implications of optociliary shunt vessels include 1) congenital
      variations, or 2) acquired secondary to a long-standing venous congestive event
      as occurs with optic nerve sheath meningioma, central retinal vein occlusion,
      papilledema, hyaloid bodies of the optic nervehead, dysthyroid optic neuropathy,
      and papillophlebitis.

PMID- 1814989
TI  - Applications of expert computer systems.
AB  - An expert system is a computer program which uses artificial intelligence to make
      logical decisions on the basis of input data. The rules the system uses to make
      its decisions are called heuristics which can be provided in the form of IF . . .
      THEN statements, or they can be learned by the system from examples. The term
      "expert" is used because the rules or examples come from human experts and the
      program is considered to have captured their expertise. Currently there are many
      expert systems in business and medical use but few, if any, are used in
      optometry. The rule-oriented nature of many ophthalmic procedures suggests a
      future role for these systems, but their cost-effectiveness may not yet be
      favorable enough to justify development of expert systems for optometric
      practice.

PMID- 1814990
TI  - Hypertensive retinopathy caused by a rare ovarian tumor: case report and photo
      essay.
AB  - A 38-year-old female presented for an optometric exam complaining that her
      "vision had occasionally gone blank while reading during the past 2 months".
      Although visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes, hypertensive retinopathy was
      present in both eyes. Blood pressure was measured to be 210/142. After inadequate
      response to initial treatment, her family physician referred her to an internist.
      Ultimately, a four pound Sertoli-Leydig ovarian tumor was found to be causing
      malignant hypertension. Removal of the tumor and medical treatment of the
      hypertension cleared the hypertensive retinopathy within 4 months. Prompt
      optometric care led to the timely discovery of this tumor, and probably prolonged
      this woman's life. This case illustrates the valuable role optometric care can
      have in the management of hypertension from any cause. Coordination with the
      primary physician as to the status of the hypertensive retinopathy is an integral
      part of the total management. Retinal photographs at presentation and at various
      stages of treatment dramatically show how the level of fundus pathology is
      related to the level of hypertension.

PMID- 1814991
TI  - An overview of dermatology for primary care providers.
AB  - Primary care providers should have a working knowledge of dermatology to enable
      them to recognize common benign and potentially malignant skin lesions and to
      make referrals when appropriate. It is also useful in the differential diagnosis
      of ocular conditions that have cutaneous manifestations. This paper presents a
      review of dermatological terminology and screening techniques that may be
      employed by primary care providers. An overview of common or significant
      dermatological conditions with which they should be familiar also is presented.

PMID- 1814993
TI  - Commencement 1990.

PMID- 1814992
TI  - Synergy.

PMID- 1814994
TI  - What is the standard of care?

PMID- 1814995
TI  - Resource-based relative value scale: a new payment system for practitioners under
      Medicare.

PMID- 1814996
TI  - The effect of oculomotor training on reading efficiency.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to record and measure, by means of a microcomputer,
      the reading eye movements and reading efficiency of a sample of "poor readers"
      from an adult, professional school population. A program of oculomotor skill
      enhancement training was given to 10 students who failed an academically
      appropriate reading test. Their pre- and post-training reading performance was
      compared to that of a group of students who also failed the reading test but
      received no such training. All subjects' eye movements were monitored and
      recorded individually while reading, using a Visagraph Eye-Movement Recording
      System. The subjects were split into an experimental group (receiving training)
      and a control group (receiving no training). Following a 12-hour program of "in
      office" and "home" training, the group receiving oculomotor training showed
      trends toward improved reading eye movement efficiency (number of regressions,
      number of fixations and span of recognition), compared to that of the untrained
      group.

PMID- 1814997
TI  - A special segment of the gray market.

PMID- 1814998
TI  - Optometric contact lens research.

PMID- 1814999
TI  - Induced hyperphoria in anisometropic presbyopia.
AB  - Anisometropia occurring either as a result of physiological or acquired
      etiologies may present a challenge to the optometrist if the patient is
      presbyopic. Fortunately, many patients with anisometropic presbyopia are able to
      adapt to near induced hyperphoria. There are, however, several options available
      for the optical management of symptomatic patients with near induced hyperphoria.
      These include: displacement of the distance optical centers, setting the bifocal
      segment higher than usual, using a combination of these two, dissimilar bifocal
      segments, slab-off prism and contact lenses. This paper reviews clinical
      considerations as well as the available spectacle management options.

PMID- 1815000
TI  - The effect of excessive add power on the acceptance of progressive addition
      lenses.
AB  - Twenty-nine subjects wearing Varilux Plus (Varilux 2) or Varilux Infinity lenses
      were drawn from the UAB School of Optometry primary care clinic population. Using
      a double-masked, randomized cross-over design, subjects wore one pair of
      progressive addition lenses (PALs) with a normal add and one pair with the add
      overplussed by 0.50 D. Subjects wore each pair of lenses for 1 week. Twenty-five
      of the 29 patients preferred the normal add over the overplussed add. In all
      subjective response categories the normal add was rated higher than the
      overplussed add.

PMID- 1815001
TI  - A comparative evaluation of Readables to single vision lenses.
AB  - Emmetropic presbyopes are often prescribed single vision lenses for near or
      intermediate work. These lenses limit the usable range of clear vision especially
      in advanced presbyopia. Readables, a special purpose PAL that emphasizes
      intermediate and near vision extends the usable range by providing appropriately
      changing power over the middle 28 millimeters of the lens. A crossover design,
      randomized controlled clinical trial was undertaken to determine if Readables
      were perceived to provide better function than the single vision reading lens.
      Readables were preferred by a ratio of 25:2 and scored significantly better in
      lens performance measures. The design benefits of Readables are appreciated by
      the presbyopic patient.

PMID- 1815003
TI  - Subjective evaluation of a new multi-design progressive lens.
AB  - Throughout the first quarter of 1989, 14 professionals field-tested Varilux
      Infinity prior to its launching. The study was conducted to determine the
      following factors: the level of ability to adapt, length of the adaptation
      process, ratings of distortion and head movements, and level of satisfaction.
      Varilux Infinity was systematically offered to each potential user whatever the
      prescription requirement. Among the 720 persons who were fitted in the course of
      the experiment, only 8 (1.1 percent) could not adapt. After a 6-week trial
      period, 168 answered a survey as to their level of satisfaction with the new
      progressive lenses. The results show that the parameters of the prescription
      (ametropia, cylinder, axis, addition) are not related to either the length of the
      adaptation process or the other ratings of the Multi-Design progressive lens.
      Experienced wearers of progressive lenses adapt more quickly and are the most
      favorable in their evaluation of the new lens. On the other hand, first-time
      users of progressive lenses offer the same response as did new wearers of Varilux
      2. However, wearers of Varilux Infinity do not notice as much the need for head
      movements. This improvement can be considered as a point in favor of the wider
      visual field provided by Varilux Infinity. On the whole, the most active and the
      least active patients respond similarly in their evaluation of the new lens. The
      ametropia, add power, or level of activity cannot be held as risk factors in the
      adaptation to Varilux Infinity.

PMID- 1815002
TI  - Visual discomfort and astigmatic refractive errors in VDT use.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of small amounts of
      uncorrected astigmatism on the visual comfort of video display terminal (VDT)
      users. We hypothesized that these small errors produce visual discomfort in the
      use of these devices even though visual acuity is relatively unaffected. Eight
      subjects (ages 23-35 years) with corrected visual acuities of 20/20 participated.
      Our double-masked cross-over experiment included two 25-minute periods during
      which the subject read from a VDT. The subjects were randomly assigned to wear
      either the test lens pair (+0.50 D x 090) or a control lens pair (+0.12 DS) over
      their best correction during the first period and the alternative pair during the
      second period. A questionnaire was used to obtain ratings of visual discomfort.
      Our analysis of the data indicated greater reported eyestrain for the test lens
      pair (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p = 0.01). These results suggest careful
      consideration be given to the correction of small amounts of astigmatic errors
      for VDT users.

PMID- 1815004
TI  - The Medicare Optometry Parity Amendment: predicted and actual payments to
      optometrists and ophthalmologists.
AB  - This paper compares various costs estimates for the expansion of optometric
      services under the Medicare program that were developed prior to the enactment
      the Medicare Parity Amendment of 1986. The new law, effective April 1, 1987
      redefines the conditions of optometric participation and expanded coverage to
      include all Medicare covered services for which optometrists are authorized to
      perform under the state law. The paper describes the impact of the Medicare
      amendment with regard to payments to optometrists and ophthalmologists. Payments
      to optometrists increased from $12 million in 1986, a year before the Medicare
      Amendment to $81 million in 1988, the first full year after the law's
      implementation increasing their market share of Medicare payments from 2.6% to
      11.1%. Ophthalmology incurred a significant decrease in market share from 97.9%
      to 88.9% during this period.

PMID- 1815005
TI  - Low vision aids and the presbyope.
AB  - When light rays emerge divergent from a low vision device, a presbyopic patient
      requires a near addition to focus the image. The magnitude of the divergence and
      the near addition power used by a presbyope can substantially alter the
      magnification effects of a device. This study examines the effects of different
      emerging divergences and near addition powers on the magnification of low vision
      devices. The emerging divergence of 54 fixed focus stand magnifiers was measured
      using trial lenses and a telescope. The magnifiers represented a range of powers
      and manufacturers. The emerging divergence was not predictable. It could not be
      correlated to magnifier power. Although mathematical formulas exist to calculate
      the effect of the divergence and near addition on magnification, tables were
      developed to simplify this determination.

PMID- 1815006
TI  - Connective tissue polypeptides in serum as parameters to monitor antifibrotic
      treatment in hepatic fibrogenesis.
AB  - With the potential to specifically inhibit hepatic collagen synthesis a demand
      for serum tests to monitor the effectiveness of such treatment is expected. Serum
      assays for connective tissue polypeptides offer the potential to assess the
      dynamics of accumulation, i.e., fibrogenesis, and removal, i.e., fibrolysis, of
      the hepatic connective tissue on a regular and frequent basis. Several assays for
      circulating connective tissue polypeptides may be of use in fibrogenic liver
      diseases. Whereas an increase of the aminoterminal propeptide of type III
      procollagen (PIIINP) appears to be related to fibrogenesis, the propeptides of
      type IV procollagen (PIVNP, PIVCP) and laminin mirror enhanced basement membrane
      turnover in active fibrosis. Collagen type VI (CVI) and undulin (Un) rather
      reflect fibrolysis and remodelling of the interstitial connective tissue.
      Although the circulating antigens measured by these assays are heterogeneous,
      which often complicates the interpretation of elevated serum levels, it is likely
      that firm conclusions can be drawn as to the ongoing fibrogenesis, fibrolysis or
      both, once individual patients are followed with a combined measurement of two or
      three of these connective tissue parameters. Since 'easy to perform' assays are
      currently developed, such as therapy control seems practicable.

PMID- 1815007
TI  - The future of virology.

PMID- 1815008
TI  - Child labour.

PMID- 1815009
TI  - Mistakes in diagnosis and their causes. 1931.

PMID- 1815010
TI  - Chronic granulomatous cholecystitis: a clinicopathological study of 17 cases.
AB  - In a clinicopathological study of 376 cases of gall bladder diseases, chronic
      granulomatous cholecystitis was diagnosed in 17 specimens (4.52%). All these
      cases presented with pain in the right hypochondrium and a non-functioning gall
      bladder. Besides cholegranulomas and xanthogranulomas, 5 cases presented with
      localised yellowish brown areas in the wall of the gall bladder which revealed on
      histology proliferation of histiocytes containing abundant granular brown pigment
      (as seen in ceroid granulomas), intermingled with lymphocytes, plasma cells and
      occasional foreign body giant cells. The average age of the patients was 41.3
      years. Cholelithiasis was present in 12 cases (70.6%). In one case the gall
      bladder was bilocular, having granulomatous lesion on one side of the septum and
      papillary adenocarcinoma on the other side.

PMID- 1815011
TI  - Genetics of epidermal ridges: a study in subjects with refractive errors.
AB  - The dermatoglyphic characteristics of subjects with refractive errors when
      compared with control group revealed significant differences in both qualitative
      and quantitative parameters. The loops were increased in male myopics; the whorls
      were increased in male hypermetropics and astigmatics and the arches were
      decreased in all types of refractive errors in males. However, the whorls were
      decreased in female hypermetropics only. The mean total ridge count was
      significantly higher in male astigmatics only. As regards pattern intensity
      (fingers) no significant difference in the mean value was observed in either sex
      with any type of refractive errors when compared with those of controls.

PMID- 1815012
TI  - Microbiological study of vaginal discharge associated with the use of CuT 200.
AB  - A microbiological study of the vaginal discharge was conducted on 75 women
      attending family planning outdoors. In 24 out of 25 symptomatic CuT 200 users
      suffering from non-specific vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginalis was isolated from 19
      cases (79%). The difference in the recovery rate of Gardnerella vaginalis was
      highly significant between symptomatic CuT 200 users and non-users (p less than
      0.001) and that between symptomatic and asymptomatic CuT 200 users (p less than
      0.05). But the difference between asymptomatic CuT 200 users and non-users was
      not statistically significant. The presence of clue cells on direct Gram's
      staining of vaginal discharge is significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the
      recovery of Gardnerella vaginalis on culture.

PMID- 1815013
TI  - Teratomas of rare sites: a review of ten cases.
AB  - Out of 267 cases of teratomas diagnosed in the department of pathology, Christian
      Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab from January 1980 to December
      1989, 10 cases occurred in rare sites ie, 3 cases of teratoma in retroperitoneal
      space, 3 in the floor of the mouth, one each in mediastinum, thyroid, urinary
      bladder and kidney. None of these cases was clinically suspected as teratoma. One
      of the 3 teratomas of the retroperitoneal space and that of kidney were solid.
      Lesions of mediastinum and urinary bladder were solid as well as cystic. All
      these teratomas showed foci of immature elements. All other tumours were cystic
      and contained mature tissues only. Teratomas of the thyroid and kidney were
      treated with subtotal thyroidectomy and nephrectomy respectively, rest had
      surgical resection. One patient of immature retroperitoneal teratoma was lost to
      follow-up. All the others are alive and well for the period of 1 to 8 years. None
      had recurrence.

PMID- 1815014
TI  - Percutaneous retrogasserian radiofrequency thermal rhizotomy for trigeminal
      neuralgia.
AB  - Forty patients suffering from intractable unilateral trigeminal neuralgia
      involving more than one division of the trigeminal nerve were treated by
      percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the trigeminal sensory root. The
      aim of the operation was to relieve the pain without producing dense sensory
      deficit in the face. This goal was achieved by making selective lesions in the
      sensory root with gradually increasing temperature 60 degrees C to 90 degrees C.
      Three to four consecutive lesions each for 60 seconds have been found to produce
      excellent pain relief in 77.7% with good and fair results in the rest. The
      recurrence rate has been found to be 15% during 2 years of follow-up.
      Considerable dysaesthesia was observed in 5% of cases. Corneal anaesthesia was
      found in 5% cases while one patient developed neuroparalytic keratitis. Transient
      trigeminal motor weakness was observed in 10% of patients.

PMID- 1815015
TI  - American medical education and health care: lessons for India.

PMID- 1815016
TI  - Frozen shoulder.

PMID- 1815017
TI  - HIV testing.

PMID- 1815018
TI  - The effectiveness of a combined fluoride mouthrinse and fissure sealant
      programme.
AB  - A preventive programme was carried out amongst primary school children living in
      a non-fluoridated area in which a fortnightly fluoride mouthrinse, combined with
      a fissure sealing programme, was found to significantly reduce the incidence of
      dental caries over a two year period. The cost of the programme was high when
      compared with fluoridation of water supplies.

PMID- 1815019
TI  - Evaluation of a prebrushing mouthrinse in controlling dental plaque.
AB  - The study was designed to evaluate an advertising claim made for a commercial pre
      brushing mouthrinse, that it aided plaque removal. Forty-one subjects completed a
      six month, randomised, two-group, blind, pragmatic clinical trial. Those in the
      control group continued with their normal oral hygiene practices whilst those in
      the study group were given supplies of the test rinse and asked to use it in
      accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Mean plaque scores recorded in
      the test group after one month, three months and six months, were statistically
      significantly lower than in the control group supporting the claim made on behalf
      of the test product. The clinical significance of these findings, for example on
      gingivitis, is uncertain and further research is needed to assess this.

PMID- 1815020
TI  - Childrens dental health in 8 primary schools in South County Meath (1988).
AB  - A study of caries prevalence in a high selenium area in County Meath was carried
      out in 1988. A secondary aim of this study was to gather information that might
      be useful in planning of dental services in the county. For the purpose of this
      latter aim, 425 children in junior infants, 2nd and 6th standards were examined.
      The study consisted of clinical examinations, questionnaires and analyses of
      water samples for fluoride content. Caries prevalence in County Meath was very
      low, a finding consistent with the results of previous national surveys. Most of
      the caries in the permanent teeth was in the pit and fissure surfaces.
      Periodontal treatment needs were minor and confined to oral hygiene instruction
      and simple scaling. A preventive programme of sealants and dental health
      education conducted by auxiliary personnel would be beneficial in reducing
      further the dental disease levels in primary school children.

PMID- 1815021
TI  - The future of orthodontics in general practice.

PMID- 1815022
TI  - A successful defence in a litigation case at Drogheda Circuit Court.

PMID- 1815023
TI  - Retiring or cutting back? Keep these points in mind.

PMID- 1815024
TI  - Purchasing dental supplies.

PMID- 1815025
TI  - Lasers in dentistry: an analysis.

PMID- 1815026
TI  - The limits of lasers in dentistry: a review.

PMID- 1815027
TI  - Sabouraud('s) agar.
AB  - 'Sabouraud glucose agar' is the name recommended for present-day versions of the
      medium originally designed by Raymond Sabouraud. The title 'Sabouraud glucose
      agar' implies a medium comprising 1% (w:v) peptone, 4% (w:v) glucose and 1.5-2.0%
      (w:v) agar with a final pH of 5.6 and should not be applied to any other
      formulation, in the interests of inter-laboratory reproducibility. Use of the
      word 'dextrose' as a synonym for 'glucose' is not recommended. The colony forms,
      microscopic characteristics and other physiological properties of fungi
      cultivated on Sabouraud glucose agar may vary considerably according to the type
      of peptone used in the medium. The type of agar chosen and the conditions of
      autoclave sterilization are further obstacles to true standardization of this
      widely used mycological culture medium.

PMID- 1815028
TI  - Biochemical and antigenic characterization of mannoprotein constituents released
      from yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans.
AB  - Yeast or mycelial cultures of Candida albicans released comparable amounts of
      Concanavalin A-reactive mannoprotein material after 24-h of growth, and in both
      cases this material showed a qualitatively similar SDS-PAGE pattern, with
      predominantly polydisperse constituents of high molecular mass. The two secretion
      mixtures also showed similar reactivity by ELISA with serum from a subject with
      high titre anti-Candida antibodies, as well as with an anti-Candida hyperimmune
      antiserum raised in rabbits. Both secreted extracts were separated by ion
      exchange chromatography into two major fractions (designated F1 and F2), each
      containing mannoprotein antigens recognized by rabbit and human sera, although
      the immunoreactivity of the two fractions from the two growth forms was not
      uniform. The mannoproteins released from mycelial cultures, in particular those
      present in the F1 fraction, were poorly reactive or not reactive at all in ELISA
      with a monoclonal antibody (mAbAF1) which strongly recognized the material
      released from yeast cultures. Immunoblots of the more acidic, more antigenic F2
      fractions with mAbAF1 and polyclonal anti-Candida antisera demonstrated that the
      monoclonal antibody did not recognize several mannoprotein molecules which were
      recognized by the polyclonal antibodies, in particular a 45-47 kDa component
      present only in the secreted extract from mycelium. A quantitative ELISA
      inhibition method showed that the rate of release of mannoprotein antigen during
      growth in the yeast form was either constant (as assayed with polyclonal
      antibodies) or fluctuated without any definite trend (as seen with mAbAF1). On
      the other hand, cultures of mycelial cells exhibited an early (90 min) peak of
      antigen release, followed by either a decrease to a rate corresponding to that of
      yeast cells (with polyclonal antibodies) or a total lack of secretion (with
      mAbAF1). This modulation in the secretion of mAbAF1 reactive molecules was
      temporarily associated with germ tube emergence-elongation, and was not observed
      in an agerminative mutant of C. albicans grown under germination permissive
      conditions. These results highlight the dynamic aspects of the secretion of
      specific mannoprotein epitopes released from C. albicans during hyphal growth,
      and the direct relationship between this release and the dynamic expression of
      the same epitopes on the cell surface demonstrated previously.

PMID- 1815029
TI  - Studies of natural killer cells in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.
AB  - The number and activity of natural killer (NK) cells were studied in 34 untreated
      patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, 20 with the chronic form of the disease and
      14 with the acute form. NK cells were detected with monoclonal antibody Leu-11c
      and the cytotoxic activity was measured using a single cell assay against K562
      target cells. Both groups of patients had an increased number of circulating NK
      cells, their cytotoxic activity being significantly lower than in the healthy
      controls. These findings may be of importance in the immunological disturbances
      associated with paracoccidioidomycosis since NK cells exert important immune
      effector functions and may play a role in resistance against Paracoccidiodes
      brasiliensis.

PMID- 1815031
TI  - Ultrastructure of budding process of Malassezia pachydermatis.
AB  - The ultrastructure of Malassezia pachydermatis and its budding process was
      investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The innermost
      layer of the cell wall showed the serrated structure characteristic of the genus
      Malassezia. In the daughter cell, this structure became more defined as the cell
      grew. The mode of conidium ontogeny was monopolar blastic development with a
      collarette. The appearance was similar to that reported previously for Malassezia
      furfur, with the following difference: the budding base was 0.9-1.1 microns in
      diameter which was broader than that of M. furfur (0.5-0.7 microns).

PMID- 1815030
TI  - Identification of a gene encoding an HPr-like protein in Aspergillus fumigatus.
AB  - The gene encoding a histidine-containing protein (HPr)-like protein was
      identified in a cDNA library of Aspergillus fumigatus. The predicted amino acid
      sequence of the fungal HPr showed greater homology with HPr from Gram-positive
      bacteria than from Gram-negative bacteria. Since other components of the
      phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system have not been
      identified in eukaryotes, this raises the question of what regulatory function
      the HPr-like protein might have evolved in this fungus.

PMID- 1815032
TI  - The elastinolytic proteinase of Aspergillus flavus is not glycosylated.
AB  - Aspergillus flavus produces an elastinolytic metalloproteinase in culture fluid
      which does not appear to be a glycoprotein. The elastase did not stain with
      periodic acid Schiff reagent, its migration rate was not changed by digestion
      with glycosidases or chemical agents, and its release into culture medium was not
      inhibited by tunicamycin.

PMID- 1815033
TI  - Long-term laboratory preservation of pathogenic yeasts in water.
AB  - A total of 1583 yeast isolates, mostly Candida albicans, has been maintained
      under sterile distilled water for periods ranging from 1 to 18 years. Overall, 71
      (4.5%) of the isolates were not recoverable at 37 degrees C. Survival of the
      yeasts was 97% in the first 5 years and 96% after 10 years. Isolates of Candida
      krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were particularly unlikely to survive storage
      in water and these species should be preserved by other means if they are to be
      kept for more than a few years. All of the Candida guilliermondii (n = 19) and
      Candida parapsilosis isolates (n = 51) survived water storage. The water
      preservation method is inexpensive and simple and is recommended for maintenance
      of most yeasts isolated from clinical material.

PMID- 1815034
TI  - Contribution to our knowledge of Trichophyton megninii.
AB  - In addition to its requirement for histidine, Trichophyton megninii can be
      readily differentiated from certain other dermatophytes, particularly
      Trichophyton rubrum, by its "+" mating type and a positive urease test on urea
      indole broth.

PMID- 1815035
TI  - Evaluation of antibody-bearing liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of
      systemic candidiasis in a neutropenic murine model.
AB  - The efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B bearing anticandidal antibodies (LAMB
      Ab) was investigated in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in a murine model
      made neutropenic by an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide. Treatment
      with a single dose (0.6 mg amphotericin B kg-1 body weight) of LAMB-Ab resulted
      in an improved survival of neutropenic mice infected with Candida albicans
      compared to neutropenic mice treated with identical doses of liposomal
      amphotericin B or free amphotericin B.

PMID- 1815037
TI  - Glucose gradients of maternal vein-umbilical vein and umbilical vein-umbilical
      artery in normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the roles of maternal-fetal glucose
      transport and fetal glucose utilization in the regulation of fetal growth.
      Maternal venous blood, umbilical arterial and venous blood were sampled
      simultaneously in 60 full-term appropriate-for gestational age (AGA) fetuses and
      48 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. The cases were divided into four
      groups: group 1 consisted of 35 AGA fetuses, group 2 consisted of 25 AGA fetuses,
      group 3 consisted of 25 SGA fetuses, and group 4 consisted of 22 SGA fetuses. The
      mothers of group 1 and 3 were given 2.5% glucose in 0.9% normal saline and those
      of groups 2 and 4 by cesarean section received normal saline or Ringer's lactate
      at least one hour prior to delivery of the fetus SGA fetuses were found to have
      hypoglycaemia of umbilical venous blood, increased (maternal vein-umbilical vein)
      MV-UV and decreased UV-UA (umbilical vein-umbilical artery) glucose gradients,
      all of which disappeared after maternal glucose supplementation. However,
      hypoinsulinemia and lower insulin/glucose ratio in SGA fetuses persisted either
      with or without maternal parenteral glucose infusion. Increased MV-UV and
      decreased UV-UA glucose gradients suggests placental dysfunction and poor glucose
      utilization in SGA fetuses. The lower fetal insulin/glucose ratio may imply
      pancreatic dysfunction in SGA fetuses, which did not respond to glucose challenge
      from the maternal side. It seems that in SGA fetuses, placental dysfunction
      interferes with maternal-fetal transfer with resulting fetal hypoglycemia; on the
      other hand, pancreatic dysfunction leads to poor glucose utilization and retarded
      intrauterine growth. However, the mechanism that primarily accounts for
      pancreatic dysfunction in these fetuses remains to be resolved.

PMID- 1815036
TI  - The search for fetal cells in the maternal circulation.
AB  - Currently, all methods of prenatal diagnosis require an invasive approach. The
      next step in the continuing challenge to make prenatal diagnosis more accessible
      is the development of a noninvasive test. The presence of fetal cells in the
      maternal circulation has been debated for several decades, but traditional
      attempts to identify the rare fetal cell within the pool of maternal cells have
      met with partial success at best. Today, with the aid of highly sensitive and
      specific techniques such as fluorescent activated cell sorting, polymerase chain
      reaction, and in-situ hybridization, the task of finding the "on-in-a-million"
      fetal cell is moving from the realm of the imagination into that of reality.

PMID- 1815038
TI  - Prenatal care: a path (not taken) to improved perinatal outcome.
AB  - Six hundred and six low income women were studied postpartum to assess the
      relationship among medical risk factors, use of alcohol and drugs, race,
      content/amount of prenatal care and birth weight. Content of prenatal care was
      defined by the number of medical procedures performed and amount of care was
      determined by the Kessner Index. Women received prenatal care in 1-4 different
      sites. Those remaining in or transferring to sites performing the least number of
      routine prenatal procedures delivered babies with lower birth weights than those
      selecting sites performing more procedures. A path analysis (LISREL) constructed
      a priori to model the relationships among medical risk factors, use of alcohol
      and drugs, race, content/amount of prenatal care received and birth weight,
      revealed that women at high medical risk were more likely to receive care at
      sites offering more medical procedures while those who abused drugs and alcohol
      were significantly less likely to receive such care. Medical risk factors and the
      use of alcohol and drugs had significant negative effects on birth weight, while
      content and amount of prenatal care contributed to improved birth weight. These
      findings are discussed relative to issues of access to high quality prenatal care
      by patients at greatest risk and to the prevention of low birth weight infants.

PMID- 1815039
TI  - Assessment of fetal well-being with magnetic resonance.
AB  - The application of magnetic resonance techniques in the assessment of fetal
      growth, fetal growth patterns and fetal health was assessed. Eighty-four sets of
      fetal images were obtained using a fast-scan magnetic resonance imaging
      technique. Measurements were made of fetal subcutaneous fat thickness, uterine
      cavity length and width, fetal and uterine cross-sectional areas and fetal
      volume. Fetal area and fetal volume measurements were found to correlate well
      with birth weight. Measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness may prove to be a
      means of differentiating between those fetuses who are constitutionally as
      opposed to pathologically large or small. Thirteen women had additional
      spectroscopic studies carried out. Twelve of the women had normal pregnancies.
      One woman had a twin pregnancy in which one twin died. 31P phosphorus spectra
      were obtained from seven of the normal pregnancies. In the remainder, the depth
      of the abdominal wall prevented spectra being obtained from the placenta.
      Differences in phosphorus metabolites were obtained from the placenta of the dead
      twin compared to those from the healthy pregnancies.

PMID- 1815040
TI  - Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in consecutive pregnancies.
AB  - Neonatal and antenatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is caused by the placental
      passage of maternal antibodies directed against platelet-specific fetal antigens.
      This disease is analogous to Rhesus hemolytic disease of the newborn and may be
      complicated by intracranial hemorrhage. Following increased awareness to the
      disease, it is currently no longer considered to be rare. Recent advances in the
      utilization of percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling has led to a dramatic
      change in both prenatal and intranatal management of affected fetuses. We present
      a sibship with four infants, three of them found to have alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia. The neonatal thrombocytopenia in the subsequent births was not
      shown to be more severe, as could have been expected from the
      pathophysiologically analogous Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn. The role of
      prenatal determination of platelet count, intrauterine treatment with
      immunoglobulins and platelet transfusions, and elective cesarean section, in
      preventing possible hemorrhagic complications in repeated pregnancies should be
      reconsidered, taking into account the natural history of this rare disorder.

PMID- 1815041
TI  - Airway pressure triggered ventilation for preterm neonates.
AB  - The usefulness of airway pressure triggered ventilation for the preterm newborn
      has been assessed using a new patient triggered valveless ventilator, the SLE
      2000 infant ventilator (SLE 2000). This ventilator performs well at fast rates
      with no inadvertent positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) even at rates of 150
      breaths per minute (bpm). The ventilator is triggered by a change in airway
      pressure equal to or exceeding 0.5 cmH2O. If the infant fails to achieve the
      change in airway pressure which will trigger the ventilator the infant is
      ventilated at the back-up rate which is predetermined in conventional mode prior
      to commencing PTV. Infants were ventilated for one hour on a conventional
      neonatal ventilator, then for one hour on the SLE 2000 in conventional mode
      without changing the ventilator settings and finally for one hour on the SLE 2000
      in patient triggered mode. Arterial blood gases were checked at the end of each
      hour. During patient triggered ventilation (PTV) the peak pressure, inspiratory
      time and inspired oxygen concentration were the same as those used during
      conventional mode. Simultaneous recordings were made of flow, volume, ventilator
      and oesophageal pressure change, from this recording the trigger delay during PTV
      was calculated. The trigger delay, being the time lag from the start of
      spontaneous inspiration, indicated by the negative deflection in the oesophageal
      pressure trace, and the onset of the ventilator breath. Thirteen infants were
      included in the study, median gestational age 32 weeks (range 25-35) and
      birthweight 1640 g (range 838-3038). All were being ventilated for respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS) and were 4 days of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815042
TI  - Is placenta previa a determinant of preeclampsia?
AB  - Low implantation of the placenta has been reported to be associated with a
      decreased risk for preeclampsia and this has been attributed to increased
      placental blood flow. However, placenta previa is known to be associated with
      separation and bleeding, intrauterine growth retardation, and elevated umbilical
      blood flow resistance by Doppler studies, suggesting decreased umbilical blood
      flow. To better evaluate the relationship of placenta previa and preeclampsia,
      6576 consecutive patients who had ultrasound examination after 28 weeks gestation
      and delivery at our institution were studied. The placental location, parity,
      maternal weight, development of preeclampsia, and gestational age were evaluated
      by using frequency tables and stepwise discriminant analysis. Results showed that
      placenta previa is not a significant determinant of the development of
      preeclampsia, but parity, maternal weight, and gestational age contributed
      significantly to the development of preeclampsia. The finding of decreased
      incidence of preeclampsia with previa is explained not by increased placental
      blood flow but by associated maternal characteristics, and particularly by the
      strong association of previa with premature delivery.

PMID- 1815043
TI  - Early antenatal sonographic diagnosis of conjoined syncephalus-craniothoraco
      omphalopagus twins. Case report.
AB  - The paper describes the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of conjoined
      syncephalus-craniothoraco-omphalopagus twins at 13 weeks' gestation. The mother,
      after genetic counseling, decided to interrupt the pregnancy. The fetal
      karyotype, the maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels were
      normal. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic examination of the fetus after
      termination of pregnancy.

PMID- 1815044
TI  - Estimation of amobarbital plasma-effect site equilibration kinetics. Relevance of
      polyexponential conductance functions.
AB  - The time delay between drug plasma concentrations and effect has been modeled
      most commonly by the effect compartment approach, assuming first-order
      monoexponential equilibrium kinetics between plasma and effect site. So far this
      assumption has not been rigorously probed. The purpose of the present
      investigation was to model the delay between amobarbital plasma concentrations
      and EEG effect using a new approach based on system analysis principles. This
      approach models the equilibrium between plasma and effect site without assuming a
      specific kinetic structure. Assuming linear distribution kinetics between plasma
      and effect site, the relationship between the two variables may be described by a
      convolution type of linear operation, involving a conductance function phi(t),
      which is approximated by a sum of exponentials. Six male Wistar-derived rats
      received an iv infusion of amobarbital at a rate of 10 mg/kg per min until
      isoelectric periods of 5 sec or longer appeared on the EEG. Frequent arterial
      blood samples were obtained and EEG was continuously quantified using aperiodic
      analysis. The amplitudes in the 2.5-30 Hz frequency band were used as EEG effect
      measure. The delay between plasma concentrations and EEG effect was best modeled
      by a biexponential conductance function. The use of a biexponential conductance
      function resulted in a significant further reduction (41 +/- 10%) in hysteresis
      when compared to a monoexponential function, indicating that the assumption of
      simple first-order monoexponential equilibration kinetics is inadequate. The use
      of a biexponential conductance function also resulted in a significantly
      different shape of the effect site concentration-EEG effect relationship and
      hence the estimated pharmacodynamic parameters, when compared with a
      monoexponential function. This relationship showed a biphasic behavior, with EEG
      effects being maximal at amobarbital concentrations of 29.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L. At 80.2
      +/- 2.0 mg/L the EEG effect was reduced 50% below baseline values. A comparison
      was made with the equilibration between amobarbital plasma and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) concentrations. Six male Wistar-derived rats received an iv infusion
      of amobarbital, 10 mg per min for 15 min. Arterial blood and CSF samples were
      taken simultaneously at regular intervals. The equilibration between plasma and
      CSF concentrations was best fitted by a monoexponential conductance function.
      Significant differences in equilibration profiles of CSF and effect site with the
      plasma site were observed. To reach 50% equilibrium the effect site requires 2.5
      +/- 0.3 min and the CSF 3.5 +/- 0.2 min, to reach 95% the values were,
      respectively, 90 +/- 27 and 15 +/- 1 min. This suggests that CSF is kinetically
      distinguishable from the effect site.

PMID- 1815045
TI  - An approximate model-independent method to maintain constant plasma levels of
      intravenous drugs.
AB  - To rapidly achieve and maintain constant plasma concentrations most intravenous
      drugs must be administered as an initial bolus followed by a combination of
      exponentially declining plus constant-rate infusions. In the clinical practice of
      anesthesia and critical care medicine this is often not practical without
      specialized equipment. In this paper a simpler approach of maintaining
      approximately constant plasma concentrations is developed using a loading dose
      with a two-stage infusion scheme (an initial rapid infusion reduced at a given
      time to a lower rate). Equations are developed for determining the rate of the
      infusions as well as the duration of the initial infusion by equating moments of
      the Laplace transform of the approximate infusion to the moments of the Laplace
      transform of an exact solution. This approach is independent of models and uses
      as parameters the moments of the curve relating the concentration following a
      single iv dose of unit magnitude as a function of time. The accuracy of this
      technique was assessed by computer simulation.

PMID- 1815046
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diclofenac in the rat.
AB  - Diclofenac sodium is a widely used drug with interesting absorption and
      disposition features when administered to laboratory animals. The present study
      was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug after iv and
      gastrointestinal dosing to rats. Renal excretion of unchanged drug was
      negligible, but biliary excretion of the drug (unchanged and conjugated) was
      detected in bile duct-cannulated rats; it accounted for 27.2 and 31.2% of the
      total dose following iv and intraduodenal administration, respectively. Most of
      the drug excreted in the bile was conjugated diclofenac; unchanged drug accounted
      for only 4.7 and 5.4% of total diclofenac excreted in the bile after iv and
      intraduodenal dosing, respectively. In normal animals, intestinal absorption of
      the drug excreted in the bile resulted in higher drug concentrations in plasma
      than those obtained in bile duct-cannulated rats, but only after 60 min of
      dosing. When administered directly into the duodenum, diclofenac absorption was
      extremely fast and the maximum plasma diclofenac concentration was reached within
      2 min. After oral dosing, an early peak was also observed, but it was lower than
      that obtained after intraduodenal dosing: 71% diclofenac bioavailability was
      found in bile duct-cannulated rats intraduodenally dosed, whereas in normal
      animals dosed by mouth a bioavailability of 79% was obtained. In normal animals
      intraduodenally dosed, an apparent bioavailability of 106% was observed. All of
      these features, particularly the influence of enterohepatic circulation on drug
      bioavailability, are discussed.

PMID- 1815047
TI  - Moment analysis of drug disposition in kidney. VI: Assessment of in vivo
      transmembrane transport of p-aminohippurate in tubular epithelium.
AB  - This paper describes a novel method to assess the antiluminal membrane (ALM) and
      luminal membrane (LM) transport in vivo across renal tubular epithelial cells.
      The method is based upon a noncompartmental moment analysis of the plasma
      concentration and urinary excretion rate curves following renal artery injection.
      Quantitative relationships are represented between the noncompartmental
      parameters (clearance, volume of distribution, and the mean transit time) and the
      first-order rate constants associated with transmembrane transport processes. The
      in vivo transepithelial transport of [14C]p-aminohippurate (PAH) was examined
      using the rat kidney in the absence or presence of various plasma concentrations
      of unlabeled PAH, cefazolin, and methotrexate. The tubular secretion intrinsic
      clearance was reduced with an increase in the plasma concentration of concurrent
      unlabeled organic anions. The distribution volume of PAH in the kidney decreased
      in association with a decrease in the amount of PAH secreted, whereas the mean
      transepithelial (artery-to-lumen) transit time (Tcell) remained constant. These
      findings indicate that ALM transport is a capacity-limited process determining
      the amount of tubular secretion, and that LM transport is linear over the
      concentration range examined and independent of the amount of secretion. The
      contribution of ALM and LM transport to transcellular transport was first
      clarified in vivo. The present method will be useful for analyzing the
      transmembrane transport processes in vivo for highly diffusible substances in the
      kidney.

PMID- 1815048
TI  - Semiparametric analysis of non-steady-state pharmacodynamic data.
AB  - We present an approach to the analysis of pharmacodynamic (PD) data arising from
      non-steady-state experiments, meant to be used when only PD data, not
      pharmacokinetic (PK) data, are available. The approach allows estimation of the
      steady-state relationship between drug input and effect. The analysis is based on
      a model describing the time dependence of drug effect (E) on (unobserved) drug
      concentration (Ce) in an hypothetical effect compartment. The model consists of
      (i) a known model for the input rate of drug I(t), (ii) a parametric model; L(t,
      alpha) (a function of time t, and vector of parameters alpha), relating I to an
      observed variable X, (iii) a nonparametric model relating X to E. Ce is
      proportional to X. X (t) is given by I(t) * L(t, alpha)/AL, where L(t, alpha) = e
      alpha 1t * sigma k m = 1 alpha 2k e-alpha 2k + 1t, sigma k m = 1 alpha 2k = 1, AL
      = integral of 0 infinity L(t) dt, and * indicates convolution. The nonparametric
      model relating X to E is a cubic spline, a function of X and a vector of (linear)
      parameters beta. The values of alpha and beta are chosen to minimize the sum of
      squared residuals between predicted and observed E. We also describe a similar
      model, generalizing a previously described one, to analyze PK/PD data.
      Applications of the approach to different drug-effect relationships (verapamil-PR
      interval, hydroxazine-wheal and flare, flecainide and/or verapamil-PR, and left
      ventricular ejection fraction) are reported.

PMID- 1815049
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug interactions with zidovudine. I: Probenecid
      and zidovudine in monkeys.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between zidovudine (AZT) and
      probenecid was conducted in monkeys. Six animals received 20 mg/kg of AZT as
      single intragastric (ig) and iv doses in the absence and presence of 50 mg/kg of
      probenecid administered ig. Plasma concentrations of AZT and its 5'-glucuronide
      metabolite (AZTG) were quantitated for 12 h by HPLC. Amounts of AZT and AZTG in
      urine were also measured, as were probenecid plasma concentrations. Non
      compartmental methods were used to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters for AZT and
      AZTG. In the presence of probenecid, the total clearance of AZT decreased by 50%,
      renal clearance decreased, and elimination half-life increased. The volume of
      distribution at steady-state and systemic bioavailability of AZT were not
      significantly altered by probenecid. The areas under the plasma concentration
      time curves and terminal half-lives of AZTG were increased, and renal clearances
      of AZTG were decreased. The alterations in AZT and AZTG pharmacokinetic
      parameters are consistent with inhibition of metabolism and renal tubular
      secretion by probenecid. Since AZT was administered by both oral and iv routes,
      clearance, volume of distribution, and bioavailability parameters were
      independently determined. Based on data reported for humans on the zidovudine
      probenecid interaction, monkeys appear to be appropriate animal models for the
      evaluation of zidovudine drug interactions.

PMID- 1815051
TI  - Penicillin-enhanced chemiluminescence of the luminol-H2O2-Co2+ system.
AB  - The luminol-H2O2-Co2+ system has been widely used in chemical and biological
      analysis. We report here an investigation of the observation that penicillins
      have the ability to prolong and enhance the intensity of chemiluminescence from
      luminol. The basis of this phenomenon appears, as revealed by difference
      spectroscopy, to be the formation of a complex between the beta-lactam and the
      superoxide ion. The latter is the oxidizing species responsible for the oxidation
      of luminol in alkaline solution and has a mean lifetime, in solution, of
      milliseconds. The stabilization of the superoxide ion by penicillin complexation
      extends the effective lifetime of the superoxide ion by a few orders of magnitude
      and thereby allows for more efficient oxidation of the beta-lactam. Several
      penicillins were determined by their enhancement of luminol chemiluminescence. A
      detection limit of 100 ng mL was obtained for penicillin G with a less-than-ideal
      detection system.

PMID- 1815050
TI  - Design and evaluation of sustained-release tablets of lithium in a fat matrix and
      its bioavailability in humans.
AB  - The development of sustained-release lithium (Li) tablets, intended to release
      the active principle at a rate of 1.0 mM/h for 10 h, was undertaken. The
      parameters used for the control of the release were the glyceril palmite-stearate
      content, the carboxypolymethylene content, and the compression force. The
      experimental design is based on Hadamard's matrices and is of the adaption by
      stages type. The formulation seen as optimal from in vitro assays was later
      assessed in vivo by a crossover study of six subjects. The parameters used to
      measure the bioavailability were the total amount of Li excreted in the urine in
      the 96 h following ingestion, the maximum urinary excretion rate, and the time at
      which this rate was reached. The acceptability interval for the first two
      parameters was established from the theoretical curve of urinary excretion, which
      was calculated by convolution of the desired in vivo release variable (1.0 mM/h
      for 10 h) by the absorption-disposition variable obtained after administering the
      preparation in Li carbonate capsules. The results obtained show that the
      bioavailability of the formulation is 75% of the immediate-release formulation
      used as control and that the release rate, although close to the desired value,
      lasts only 7 or 8 h; these results agree with those given by numerical
      deconvolution using the mean urinary excretion curves.

PMID- 1815052
TI  - Ibuprofen-loaded ethylcellulose microspheres: analysis of the matrix structure by
      thermal analysis.
AB  - The determination of the drug dispersion state in microspheres prepared by the
      solvent evaporation method is essential to foresee the stability of the particles
      and the drug release behavior. The present work deals with ibuprofen-loaded
      ethylcellulose microspheres, that are characterized by a lower drug melting point
      than the polymer glass transition temperature. Although annealing experiments
      were not possible, the study has evidenced the presence of a metastable molecular
      dispersion for intermediate loadings, coexisting with a solid solution and a
      crystalline dispersion of the drug in the polymer matrix. In addition,
      differential scanning calorimetry helped to distinguish between surface and inner
      ibuprofen crystals, which interact differently with the polymer matrix and
      therefore have different melting points.

PMID- 1815053
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine after partial gastrectomy in dogs.
AB  - The effect of gastric surgery on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine was studied
      in six dogs, all serving as their own controls. Prior to and after surgery, each
      dog received a single oral dose (5 mg/kg of body weight) of a ranitidine
      solution. The surgery consisted of partial gastrectomy (antrectomy) and truncal
      vagotomy. Ranitidine plasma and urine concentrations were measured by reversed
      phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with UV detection. Pharmacokinetic
      parameters were estimated by noncompartmental data analysis techniques. Gastric
      surgery tended to slow the absorption of ranitidine as reflected by a slight
      increase of the time necessary to reach the peak plasma concentration. The
      maximum observed plasma concentration was slightly lowered. The amount of drug
      absorbed remained unchanged as reflected by no change in the AUCs. Other
      parameters such as mean residence time, elimination half-life, apparent oral
      clearance, and fraction excreted unchanged in the urine remained unchanged.
      However, due to the small number of animals and the considerable intersubject
      variability, none of these trends reached statistical significance.

PMID- 1815054
TI  - Anesthetic-protein interaction: effects of volatile anesthetics on the secondary
      structure of poly(L-lysine).
AB  - Effects of volatile anesthetics (chloroform, halothane, and enflurane) on the
      secondary structure of poly(L-lysine) were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD).
      The relative proportions among alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and random-coil
      conformations were calculated by the curve-fitting method on the CD data.
      Volatile anesthetics partially transformed alpha-helix to beta-sheet but not to
      random-coil under the present experimental condition. When expressed by the
      anesthetic partial pressures in the gas phase in equilibrium with the solution,
      the values that partially transformed alpha to beta conformation by 10% were 1.1
      x 10(-2), 4.7 x 10(-2), and 7.9 x 10(-2) atm for chloroform, halothane, and
      enflurane, respectively. The order of potency is in reasonable agreement with the
      order of the anesthetic potencies of the agents. The alpha-to-beta transition was
      completely reversible when anesthetics were purged by nitrogen gas. Volatile
      anesthetics disrupted the hydrogen bonds of alpha-helix backbones and rearranged
      them to form the beta-sheet conformation. The beta-sheet conformation is
      stabilized mainly by the hydrophobic interaction among methylene side groups of
      poly(L-lysine). Volatile anesthetics promoted the transition by enhancing the
      hydrophobic interaction among side-chains and by rearranging the hydrogen bonds
      in the peptide backbone.

PMID- 1815055
TI  - Area-based estimation of the initial volume of distribution and elimination rate
      constant following intravenous bolus injection.
AB  - We evaluate here an area term, the area under the rate of change of concentration
      time curve (AURC), which allows the determination of the initial or central
      volume of distribution (V1). It has previously been shown that AURC is equal to
      the sum of the coefficients of a multiexponential equation and, therefore, V1 =
      dose/AURC. It is also shown that the normalized moment, AURC/AUC, is equal to the
      elimination rate constant, K10, where AUC is the area under the concentration
      time curve. This area-based method to estimate V1 and K10 has been evaluated with
      simulation of three model equations and compared with nonlinear regression
      analysis of the same data. Random errors of 10 and 15% were introduced into the
      concentration values. The AURC method provides values of both parameters that are
      similar to those obtained from nonlinear regression analysis and which are
      reasonably accurate estimates of the theoretically correct values. The potential
      limitations of this area method are discussed. Good correlations were also
      observed for values of V1 and K10 obtained by AURC and regression methods for
      data obtained from the literature for 13 different drugs.

PMID- 1815056
TI  - Correlation between antimicrobial activity and chelating ability of 2-(N,N,N
      trialkylammonio)alkyl hydrogen phosphates.
AB  - The chelating abilities of phosphobetaines [2-(N,N,N-trialkylammonio)alkyl
      hydrogen phosphates; 1] for divalent cations (e.g., calcium ion, zinc ion, copper
      ion, and cadmium ion) were investigated to elucidate the correlation between the
      antimicrobial activity and the chelating ability. The maximal chelating ability
      was obtained with the compound having a dimethylene bridge as an intercharge
      distance between the phosphate and quaternary ammonium group; in contrast, the
      minimum was obtained with the compound with a trimethylene bridge. These
      behaviors paralleled the antimicrobial activity of these compounds. The
      antimicrobial activities, in terms of log (1/MIC) (minimum inhibitory
      concentration, mumol/L) of homologues of 1 against Candida albicans and
      Propionibacterium acnes were found to correlate linearly with the chelating
      ability for the calcium ion. This linear relationship is discussed with respect
      to the structure of the phosphobetaine moiety in the molecule of 1.

PMID- 1815057
TI  - A new multiple-unit oral floating dosage system. I: Preparation and in vitro
      evaluation of floating and sustained-release characteristics.
AB  - A multiple-unit type of oral floating dosage system, (a new type of floating
      pills which generate carbon dioxide gas) has been prepared in order to prolong
      the gastric emptying time (GET) of the preparation. The floating ability and the
      sustained-release characteristics of the system have been elucidated in vitro.
      The system was composed of sustained-release pills as seeds and double layers on
      the sustained-release pills. The inner layer was an effervescent layer containing
      both sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. The outer layer was a swellable
      membrane layer containing mainly polyvinyl acetate and purified shellac. When the
      system was immersed in water, it formed swollen pills, like balloons, with a
      density much lower than 1.0 g/mL. The reaction was due to carbon dioxide gas
      generated by neutralization in the effervescent layer with the diffusion of water
      through the swellable membrane layer. The system was floating completely within
      approximately 10 min and approximately 80% remained floating over a period of 5 h
      irrespective of pH and viscosity of the test medium. While the system was
      floating, a drug (p-aminobenzoic acid) was released. The release rate of the drug
      from the system was zero order and depended on the sustained-release
      characteristics of the sustained-release seeds composing the system. The release
      rate was not affected by the amount of the swellable membrane layer up to 13%
      (w/w).

PMID- 1815058
TI  - Absorption and metabolic characteristics of p-aminobenzoic acid and its isomer, m
      aminobenzoic acid, from the rat small intestine.
AB  - Absorption and metabolic characteristics of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and m
      aminobenzoic acid (MABA) from the rat small intestine were examined by means of
      in situ recirculation and in vitro everted sac experiments. p-Aminobenzoic acid
      was extremely rapidly absorbed from the rat small intestine, whereas the
      absorption of MABA, the m-isomer of PABA, was comparably slower. This finding was
      partly explained by the result that PABA is more lipophilic than MABA. The
      metabolite percentage of PABA was considerably greater than that of MABA in
      mucosal fluid, tissue, and serosal fluid. On the other hand, a concentration
      dependent and a directional difference in the transfer rate of these drugs were
      observed in everted and noneverted sacs of rat small intestine. Furthermore,
      mucosal uptake of PABA or MABA was inhibited by 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol, 10 mM
      sodium azide, and pretreatment with HgCl2 (10 mM). These results indicate that
      MABA, as well as PABA, is transported through the intestine by a carrier-mediated
      transport system, and that the molecular structure of these drugs is important
      for their absorption and metabolic characteristics.

PMID- 1815059
TI  - Preparation and evaluation of Eudragit gels. II: In vitro release of salicylic
      acid, sodium salicylate, and ketoprofen from Eudragit L and S organogels.
AB  - The in vitro dissolution characteristic of salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, and
      ketoprofen from Eudragit L and S organogels was investigated by the rotation disk
      method. The dissolution pattern of salicylic acid and erosion of Eudragit L
      polymer from the organogels followed apparent zero-order kinetics, providing
      strong evidence for a surface erosion mechanism and negligible diffusional
      release of salicylic acid. On the other hand, the dissolution of salicylic acid
      from Eudragit S organogels was a linear function of the square root of time. The
      apparent dissolution rate of salicylic acid from Eudragit S organogels increased
      with increasing temperature from 32 to 42 degrees C and agitation rate from 50 to
      200 rpm. A linear relationship was obtained between the logarithm of apparent
      dissolution rate constants and the reciprocal of absolute temperatures. The
      activation energy for release of salicylic acid from Eudragit S organogels was in
      the range of 2.99 to 5.57 kcal/mol. From various experimental results, it was
      concluded that the release process of salicylic acid from Eudragit S organogels
      was diffusion controlled through the organogels matrix.

PMID- 1815060
TI  - Stereoselective pharmacokinetics and inversion of suprofen enantiomers in humans.
AB  - The stereoselective pharmacokinetics of suprofen enantiomers has been studied in
      humans by means of stable isotope-labeled pseudoracemate-diastereomer
      methodology. After a single oral dose of a near equimolar mixture of unlabeled
      (R)-(-)- and [2H3]-(S)-(+)-suprofen [or unlabeled-(S)- and [2H3]-(R)-suprofen] to
      three healthy male subjects, the plasma concentrations of drug were determined by
      a stereospecific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Racemic
      [2H7]suprofen was used as an internal standard. The method involved chiral
      derivatization with (S)-(-)-1-(naphthyl)ethylamine to form the diastereomeric
      amide. The plasma concentrations were consistently higher for the (R)-isomer than
      the (S)-isomer. No significant difference in the elimination half-life of the
      enantiomers was observed. An average of 6.8% of an administered dose of the (R)
      isomer was stereospecifically inverted to the (S)-isomer. There was no measurable
      inversion of the (S)- to (R)-isomer. The present stable isotope-labeled
      pseudoracemate-diastereomer methodology has made it possible to evaluate the
      pharmacokinetics of each enantiomer, including the estimation of chiral inversion
      after administration of the racemic mixture.

PMID- 1815061
TI  - Correlation of water and lidocaine flux enhancement by cationic surfactants in
      vitro.
AB  - The penetration of radiolabeled water and lidocaine through human epidermis was
      studied simultaneously using a flow-through apparatus under infinite-dose
      conditions. The donors were suspensions of lidocaine in propylene glycol:water
      mixtures containing cationic surfactants of varying alkyl chain length from three
      classes: alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium halides, alkyl trimethyl ammonium halides,
      and alkyl pyridinium halides. Each skin sample served as its own control; each
      was subjected to sequential treatments of control formulation with no surfactant,
      test formulation, and then a repeat control. Higher surfactant concentration
      resulted in greater enhancement ratios for both permeants. Peak surfactant
      enhancement effects were seen at alkyl chain lengths of 12 or 14 carbons. Strong
      correlation was noted between the enhancement ratios of water and lidocaine.
      Water permeation can serve as a predictor of the effects of surface-active
      compounds on the permeation of drugs. The data suggest that water and lidocaine
      utilize the same pathway through the horny layer.

PMID- 1815062
TI  - Multiple linear regression modeling of furosemide renal clearance and urinary
      excretion rate.
AB  - Multiple linear regression techniques were utilized to determine models for the
      renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of furosemide. Models for the renal
      clearance were formulated based on data collected from the literature. The best
      model predicted that the weight-normalized renal clearance was a function of the
      weight-normalized creatinine clearance, with coefficient values dependent on the
      presence or absence of heart, liver, and/or kidney failure. The predictive
      performance of this model was evaluated using a separate verification data set,
      and, prospectively, for a group of cardiac patients. The urinary excretion rate
      of furosemide is the primary determinate of response. Models for the furosemide
      excretion rate were formulated from data collected prospectively from a group of
      patients with cardiac disease. The best model predicted that the dose-normalized
      morning urinary excretion rate was a function of the blood urea nitrogen
      concentration (BUN), with modifications for the presence of liver failure and/or
      decompensated heart failure. The oral dosage required to produce a clinically
      optimal furosemide excretion rate in cardiac patients without liver disease was
      dose (mg) = 42.1/(0.925-0.0151 BUN).

PMID- 1815063
TI  - Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic, and
      gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of ticlopidine in baboon plasma
      after solid-phase extraction.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) and gas
      chromatography with either nitrogen phosphorus (GC-NPD) or mass spectrometry (GC
      MS) detection were used for the determination of ticlopidine in plasma. Solid
      phase extraction of ticlopidine from plasma was performed using Extrelut columns
      without pH adjustment, and using hexane as the solvent of elution. With HPLC, a
      mobile phase of 0.01 M pH 7.8 phosphate buffer:acetonitrile (70:30) was passed
      through a mu Bondapack C-18 column at a rate of 1.3 mL/min. Ultraviolet detection
      at 235 nm was sensitive to plasma ticlopidine concentrations of 0.05
      micrograms/mL. The GC-NPD and GC-MS were performed on a DB-17 fused-silica column
      using on-column injection. For GC-NPD and GC-MS, limits of quantification were
      found to be 0.020 and 0.005 micrograms/mL, respectively. Compared with HPLC-UV,
      the GC methods were found to be more reproducible, sensitive, and specific and
      therefore more suitable for pharmacokinetic applications.

PMID- 1815064
TI  - Cetiedil-induced increase in water exchange in sickle cell anemia erythrocytes.

PMID- 1815066
TI  - Prediction of the disposition of propafenone in humans and dogs from
      pharmacokinetic parameters in other animal species.
AB  - Most allometric studies performed until now have considered results obtained by
      different authors. The parameters mentioned in these studies reflect experiments
      made under very different conditions and have been calculated by assembling these
      heterogeneous data reported in the literature. In this paper, we present an
      allometric study of propafenone carried out in eight animal species, all treated
      and handled under the same conditions, and taking into account their weight to
      calculate different pharmacokinetic parameters. Propafenone plasma concentration
      time data were analyzed by a model-independent method, and the pharmacokinetic
      parameters (Y) were correlated with body weight (B) using linear regression
      analysis by the equation Y = aBx. In addition, human and dog pharmacokinetic
      parameters were predicted from the results obtained in the other seven species
      and compared with the experimentally observed values. We demonstrated that these
      predictions are subject to great error when drugs with extensive metabolism, such
      as propafenone, are considered.

PMID- 1815065
TI  - Lipidic peptides. III: Lipidic amino acid and oligomer conjugates of morphine.
AB  - A series of lipidic morphine esters 1b-1f with enhanced membrane-like character
      were synthesized by coupling the lipidic amino acids 2a-2e to the phenolic
      hydroxyl group of the opioid analgesic morphine (1a). The antinocioceptive
      activity of the esters 1b-1f was determined in vivo following both iv and oral
      dosing. After iv administration, four of the conjugates, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1f,
      exhibited antinocioceptive activity in the mouse abdominal constriction test,
      with a potency similar to that of the parent compound 1a. Conjugate 1b showed
      activity following oral administration.

PMID- 1815067
TI  - Sodium-dependent retention of prostaglandins in rat ileum.
AB  - An intestinal perfusion technique is reported to study the steady-state ileal
      mucosal retention of labeled prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2 alpha in rats. Ileal
      homogenates were analyzed for [3H]prostaglandin E1, [14C]prostaglandin E2, and
      [14C]prostaglandin F2 alpha after intestinal segments were perfused with Krebs
      improved Ringer buffers containing sodium or depleted from sodium and replaced
      with choline, and buffers containing 1 mM ouabain, 2 mM amiloride, or 50 nM
      tetrodotoxin. Prostaglandin ileal mucosal uptake was also studied after iv
      injection of tetrodotoxin (20 micrograms/kg body weight). Prostaglandin
      concentration-dependent transport studies support passive uptake mechanisms for
      prostaglandin E1 and E2. Physiological concentrations of sodium increased labeled
      prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2 alpha ileal mucosal uptake and decreased n-octanol
      buffer partition coefficients. Unlike sodium, potassium showed no effect on
      labeled prostaglandin ileal transport. Ouabain, amiloride, and tetrodotoxin in
      the perfusates did not significantly alter prostaglandin mucosal uptake. However,
      injecting tetrodotoxin into rats caused a drastic increase of prostaglandin
      uptake through the ileal mucosa. Therefore, the role of sodium on labeled
      prostaglandin E1, E2, and F2 alpha ileal mucosal transport can be postulated to
      be controlled by either one or both of the following mechanisms: a pH-partition
      passive transport mechanism, and/or a sodium channel-dependent pathway whereby
      prostaglandin permeation possibly proceeds via a sodium-prostaglandin ion-pair
      mechanism which is controlled by a gating phenomenon.

PMID- 1815068
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of maprotiline and its demethylated metabolite in serum and
      specific brain regions of rats after acute and chronic administration of
      maprotiline.
AB  - The concentrations of maprotiline (MAP) and its demethylated metabolite
      desmethylmaprotiline (DMAP) in the serum and specific brain regions were
      determined periodically after acute or chronic administration of 20 mg/kg of MAP
      in rats. MAP was eliminated in a biexponential manner from the serum and
      monoexponentially from the brain. The DMAP declined monoexponentially from the
      serum and brain regions. No significant difference was observed in elimination
      among the eight brain regions examined. In the brain, MAP distributed unevenly
      after chronic administration, whereas DMAP showed an even distribution. In the
      acute administration, the AUCbrain: AUCserum ratio of MAP was similar to that of
      DMAP, and the AUCDMAP: AUCMAP ratio in the serum was almost equal to that in the
      brain, indicating equivalent ability of MAP and DMAP to penetrate into the brain.
      After chronic administration, the AUCDMAP value in the serum increased 4.1 times,
      whereas no marked change was observed for MAP. There was no evidence of enhanced
      N-demethylation activity from in vitro metabolism study, suggesting that the
      enhanced AUCDMAP value was not attributable to the enhancement of drug
      metabolizing activity. Although the AUCMAP value in the brain, as well as in the
      serum, increased slightly, the AUCDMAP in the brain increased 2.3 times, showing
      less increase than that in the serum. These findings suggest inhibited
      distribution of DMAP into tissue, including brain regions, after chronic
      administration. The pharmacokinetics of the demethylated metabolite DMAP is
      affected more than that of MAP by chronic administration of MAP.

PMID- 1815069
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular
      administrations.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and urine
      were investigated after administration of 100 mg by the iv route to 15 subjects
      and by the im route to 12 subjects. The concentrations of sulpiride in plasma,
      RBC, and urine were measured by HPLC. All the data were consistent with a two
      compartment, open-body model. After iv administration, the mean +/- SD apparent
      elimination half-life of sulpiride was 6.47 +/- 1.00 h, and the mean +/- SD
      volume of distribution at steady state was 0.94 +/- 0.23 L/kg. Renal clearance
      (119.5 +/- 28.2 mL/min) was very close to total clearance (127.8 +/- 26.2
      mL/min). In urine, the mean +/- SD recovery in form of the unchanged drug was
      90.0 +/- 9.68% of the administered dose, and the excretion rate versus time
      showed an elimination half-life similar to that found in plasma. The values of
      all these parameters were very close to those obtained after im administration.
      The sulpiride partition coefficient between RBC and plasma did not show any
      significant change as a function of time and concentration, with a mean value +/-
      SD of 1.00 +/- 0.043, indicating that sulpiride is evenly distributed between RBC
      and plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters determined from the plasma and the RBC
      data were similar.

PMID- 1815070
TI  - Intranasal absorption of flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam in dogs.
AB  - Intranasal delivery of flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam was studied in a dog
      model as a possible alternate route of drug administration for treatment of
      insomnia. Four beagles received each hypnotic by both intranasal and oral routes
      on two separate occasions. Plasma concentrations for each hypnotic after dosing
      were measured by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. The mean intranasal
      absorption rates (tmax) of flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam were 1.7, 2.0,
      and 2.6 times faster, respectively, compared with oral dosing. The mean dose
      normalized peak concentrations (Cmax) after intranasal delivery were 16.4, 2.9,
      and 3.4 times higher, respectively, versus oral administration. The mean dose
      normalized AUCs estimated for these compounds after nasal administration were 2.4
      , 2.5-, and at least 2-fold larger than after oral administration for midazolam,
      triazolam, and flurazepam, respectively. If these observations can be
      extrapolated to humans, the faster absorption achieved by the intranasal route
      would appear to benefit insomniacs characterized by difficulty in falling asleep
      because of an anticipated faster sedative effect onset. The higher peak
      concentrations and larger amounts absorbed in the case of intranasal midazolam
      and triazolam delivery may lead to dose reduction.

PMID- 1815071
TI  - Synthesis and antineoplastic activity of some cyano-, carboxy-, carbomethoxy-,
      and carbamoylborane adducts of heterocyclic amines.
AB  - Boron analogues of piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, and imidazole proved to be
      cytotoxic against the growth of murine and human tissue culture cells.
      Significant activity was demonstrated for single-cell suspensions of L1210
      lymphoid leukemia, Tmolt3 lymphoblastic leukemia, and HeLa-S3 cervical carcinoma.
      Trimethylamine-imidazole carbonyldihydroborane 17 demonstrated activity against
      solid tumor growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma, KB nasopharynx, and
      osteosarcoma. In addition, 4-methylpiperidine-carbomethoxyborane 12, 2
      methylimidazole-3-cyanoborane 16, and 1-methylimidazole-3-(N
      ethylcarbamoyl)borane 19 were active against the KB nasopharynx growth.
      Piperidine-cyanoborane 2, piperidine-carboxyborane 4, and 1-methylimidazole-3-(N
      ethylcarbamoyl)borane 19 were effective in reducing the growth of osteosarcoma
      cells. The imidazole derivatives 13-19, as well as 4-methylpiperidine
      carboxyborane 11 and carbomethoxyborane 12, demonstrated good activity against
      lung bronchogenic and glioma growth. In the in vivo studies, N-methylmorpholine
      carboxyborane 7,4-phenylpiperidine-carboxyborane 9, 4-phenylpiperidine
      carbomethoxyborane 10, 4-methylpiperidine-carboxyborane 11, imidazole cyanoborane
      14, and 1-methylimidazole-3-carbomethoxyborane 18 demonstrated the best activity
      against Lewis Lung growth and P388 lymphocytic leukemia growth in mice. Mode of
      action studies in L1210 leukemia cells demonstrated that piperidine-carboxyborane
      4 and N-methylmorpholine-carboxyborane 7 inhibited DNA synthesis, purine
      synthesis at PRPP amido transferase and IMP dehydrogenase sites, and thymidine
      kinase and thymidine diphosphate kinase activities, while lowering d(NTP) pool
      levels. Also, DNA strand scission was evident after incubation with these drugs.

PMID- 1815072
TI  - Mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rh2: uptake and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2
      by cultured B16 melanoma cells.
AB  - The uptake and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) by B16 melanoma cells were
      studied. In a medium containing 2% fetal calf serum, the uptake of Rh2 reached a
      maximum of 3 nmol/10(6) cells at 3-6 h after Rh2 (12.5 microM) was added, but
      gradually decreased to 0.8 nmol/10(6) cells. In these cells, protopanaxadiol
      (PPD), which is an aglycon of Rh2, increased inversely with the decrease in Rh2
      as a result of deglycosylation by the cells. When PPD (8 microM) was added to the
      medium, the uptake reached a plateau of 2.4 nmol/10(6) cells, within 0.5 h. The
      association constant of Rh2 (1.74 +/- 1.08 x 10(6) M-1) for bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) was significantly higher than that of PPD (9.90 +/- 1.10 x 10(4) M-1). In a
      serum-free medium, both Rh2 and PPD were incorporated within 1.5 h. The uptake
      rate constant of Rh2 (1.20 +/- 0.20 h-1) was not significantly different from
      that of PPD (1.02 +/- 0.15 h-1), but the release rate constant of PPD (2.12 +/-
      0.38 h-1) was significantly lower than that of Rh2 (3.03 +/- 0.57 h-1). These
      differences in affinity for BSA and the release rate constants were thought to be
      the cause of the difference in uptake kinetics between these drugs. The effects
      of Rh2 and PPD on the cells were identical, and there was no difference in the
      lag periods before the appearance of their effects, despite their differing rates
      of uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815073
TI  - Enterohepatic recirculation and renal metabolism of morphine in the rat.
AB  - Morphine (2.5 mg/kg) was administered iv to intact (I), bile duct-cannulated
      (BC), and bile duct-cannulated--renal-ligated (BC-RL) rats (n = 4 per group) to
      investigate the extent of enterohepatic recirculation and renal metabolism of the
      drug. A decrease in the serum area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was
      observed for the BC in comparison with I rats. From these AUC values, it was
      determined that approximately 16% of the administered dose was subject to
      enterohepatic recirculation. In addition, a statistically significant (p less
      than 0.05) decrease in the systemic clearance of morphine was observed in the BC
      RL rats compared with the BC animals (55.2 +/- 17.2 versus 31.4 +/- 8.5
      mL/min/kg). This decrement in systemic clearance appeared to be the result of a
      significant decrease in the formation clearance of morphine glucuronide after
      ligation of the renal pedicles (23.2 +/- 4.8 versus 10.9 +/- 5.0 mL/min/kg).
      Renal metabolic clearance was calculated as 15.7 mL/min/kg, accounting for 28.5%
      of the systemic clearance of morphine. Hepatic clearance (31.4 +/- 8.5 mL/min/kg)
      accounted for 56.8% of total systemic clearance.

PMID- 1815074
TI  - A new multiple-unit oral floating dosage system. II: In vivo evaluation of
      floating and sustained-release characteristics with p-aminobenzoic acid and
      isosorbide dinitrate as model drugs.
AB  - In a previous study, we developed a multiple-unit type of oral floating dosage
      system, which is a new type of floating pill composed of both an effervescent
      layer and a swellable membrane layer coated on sustained-release pills. The
      system was shown to have excellent floating ability and sustained-release
      characteristics in vitro, irrespective of the pH and viscosity of the medium. In
      the present study, the floating ability and the sustained-release characteristics
      of the system in the gastrointestinal tract have been evaluated in vivo. In
      beagle dogs and humans in the fed state, most of the new type of pills containing
      barium sulfate were floating in the stomach at 10 min, and they kept floating for
      at least 3 h after administration (observed by periodic X-ray photographs), while
      some control pills without the effervescent layers were already transited into
      the small intestine by 3 h. Moreover, in order to evaluate the sustained-release
      characteristics of the drug from the new type of floating pills, p-aminobenzoic
      acid (PABA), with a limited absorption site, and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN),
      with wide absorption sites in the gastrointestinal tract, were employed as model
      drugs. Floating pills of the new type, with the same sustained-release rate as
      that of non-floating pills (control pills) were prepared. In beagle dogs in the
      fed state, the new type of floating pills containing PABA showed higher plasma
      PABA levels at 5 and 6 h after dosing and 1.61 times greater AUC than the control
      pills.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815075
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the stoichiometries in beta
      cyclodextrin:steroid inclusion complexes.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance at high field has been used to investigate the
      stoichiometries of pharmacologically important beta-cyclodextrin:steroid
      complexes. This technique provides evidence for the existence of true inclusion
      complexes and allows unequivocal determination of the stoichiometry for complexes
      obtained in the solid state, as well as in solution. The present data clarify
      previously published determinations of the stoichiometry of these complexes and
      show the influence of the nature and position of functional groups on the
      molecular ratio in the complex. The observed behavior can be rationalized using
      representative steroids and allows prediction of the strength of inclusion and
      the most probable stoichiometry.

PMID- 1815076
TI  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of naproxen interaction with
      cyclodextrins in solution.
AB  - Changes in naproxen (NAP) 13C-chemical shifts were measured as a function of the
      concentration of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin (alpha Cd, beta Cd, and
      gamma Cd, respectively) in aqueous solution in order to obtain details on the
      mechanism, geometry, and stoichiometry of the respective interactions. The
      probable structures of the inclusion compounds of NAP with natural cyclodextrins
      were constructed using a molecular graphics program. The higher stability of the
      beta Cd:NAP 1:1 (mol/mol) complex in comparison with alpha Cd:NAP 2:1 (mol/mol)
      and gamma Cd:NAP 1:1 or 1:2 (mol/mol) complexes was accounted for in terms of a
      deeper, more complete, and better fitting inclusion of the drug into the cavity
      of beta Cd. The inclusion behavior of NAP with some statistically substituted
      beta Cd derivatives [hydroxyethyl-beta Cd (HE beta Cd), hydroxypropyl-beta Cd (HP
      beta Cd), and methyl-beta Cd (M beta Cd)] was also investigated through 13C-NMR,
      UV, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and phase-solubility analysis. The
      stoichiometry of host:guest interactions was the same as with beta Cd, as were
      thermodynamics and basic complexation mechanisms. The binding between the host
      and guest molecules is thought to be mainly due to van der Waals, dipole-dipole,
      and hydrophobic interactions. The inclusion ability of the parent beta Cd was
      enhanced by the introduction of methyl, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxypropyl groups.
      The M beta Cd formed the most stable inclusion complex (apparent formation
      constant K(1:1) = 6892 L.mol-1 at 298 K); it was about three times more stable
      than those with HP beta Cd or HE beta Cd and four times more stable than that
      with beta Cd.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815077
TI  - R-[N-acetyl]eglin c:poly(oxyethylene) conjugates: preparation, plasma
      persistence, and urinary excretion.
AB  - In this paper, we describe the preparation, purification, and characterization of
      conjugates of R-[N-acetyl]eglin c (Eglin c) with poly(oxyethylene) (POE; Eglin
      c:POE). The plasma profile and urinary excretion of the conjugates has been
      determined after iv administration in mice. The modification of Eglin c with POE
      does not significantly impair the ability of Eglin c to bind elastase as measured
      by an in vitro assay. In the best example, 79% of theoretical activity was
      retained by the conjugate. The in vivo results clearly show that the amount of
      Eglin c:POE in plasma after iv administration is much higher than comparative
      doses of unconjugated Eglin c. The time course of the plasma concentration of the
      conjugate matches closely that of the corresponding free polymer. Consequently,
      we can expect that higher plasma concentration could be achieved, if and when
      required, by selecting polymers of appropriate size.

PMID- 1815078
TI  - Instrumental color measurement: a method for judging the appearance of tablets.
AB  - An instrumental method for the quantification of the color and the discoloration
      of tablets is presented. The results are not influenced by external factors and
      are more rapidly accessible compared with visual determination. Two of the
      measured parameters, lightness (delta L*) and yellowishness (delta b*) were found
      to reflect the changes in coloration observed in stability tests on white
      metoprolol tablets. Correlation studies between visual judgments and instrumental
      measurements are presented. The instrumental performance was carefully examined,
      and the results indicate that the employed instrument gives color parameters in
      the same range for tablet samples irrespective of whether the examined tablet
      surface has an engraving on it or not.

PMID- 1815080
TI  - For better or for worse.

PMID- 1815079
TI  - Does increasing the lipophilicity of peptides enhance their nasal absorption?

PMID- 1815081
TI  - Circum-rescue collapse: collapse, sometimes fatal, associated with rescue of
      immersion victims.

PMID- 1815082
TI  - The hazards of operational diving in heavily oil-polluted water.

PMID- 1815083
TI  - Fair dinkum way-out woop woop: the Sydney to Darwin Motor Safari 1990. Part 2.

PMID- 1815084
TI  - A review of submarine escape trials from 1945 to 1970 with a particular emphasis
      on decompression sickness.

PMID- 1815086
TI  - An insight into the life of Royal Naval surgeons during the Napoleonic War. Part
      1.

PMID- 1815085
TI  - Subarachnoid haemorrhage--new management strategy.

PMID- 1815087
TI  - An historical note. The build-up to VJ Day and its aftermath as recorded in 'The
      Tjitjalengka Times.

PMID- 1815088
TI  - High altitude cerebral oedema of rapid onset.

PMID- 1815089
TI  - Smokeless tobacco, oral cancer and the law.

PMID- 1815090
TI  - Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia.
AB  - The term autogynephilia denotes a male's paraphilic tendency to be sexually
      aroused by the thought or image of himself as a woman. This term subsumes
      transvestism as well as erotic ideas or situations in which women's garments per
      se play a small role or none at all. This review article presents clinical
      examples of the lesser known types of autogynephilia (i.e., those in which the
      element of cross-dressing is secondary or entirely absent), sketches earlier
      attempts to label and conceptualize these phenomena, summarizes recent
      quantitative studies exploring the relationships between autogynephilia and other
      psychosexual variables (e.g., heterosexual attraction), and speculates on the
      etiology of autogynephilia and its relationship to transsexualism. It is
      concluded that the concept of autogynephilia is needed to fill a gap in our
      current battery of concepts and categories for thinking about gender identity
      disorders.

PMID- 1815091
TI  - Group therapy for gender-dysphoric heterosexual men.
AB  - The treatment and clinical management of gender dysphoric heterosexual men often
      poses a challenge to the clinician. Gender dysphoric patients pursuing various
      lifestyle options may seek psychotherapy to deal with some of their conflicts.
      This paper describes one form of counseling--group therapy--which has been
      helpful to gender dysphoric heterosexual men and outlines the group psychotherapy
      program at the Gender Clinic of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry.

PMID- 1815092
TI  - Psychological intimacy.
AB  - Psychological intimacy develops between a speaker and a listener. Depending on
      how individuals fulfill these roles, intimacy may occur or be precluded. Intimacy
      quickly creates a bond and, if repeated, enhances psychological function.
      Psychological intimacy is the glue of all important relationships, including
      professional ones. It also is a powerful motivator of sexual expression and an
      enhancer of self-esteem. Because its effects are short-lived, psychological
      intimacy must be frequently reestablished. Mind reading and sexual intimacy, the
      short-cuts to the benefits of intimacy, are frequently employed to avoid telling
      about one's private experiences and listening respectfully.

PMID- 1815093
TI  - Male masturbation as a vehicle for the pursuer/distancer relationship in
      marriage.
AB  - When one spouse chooses masturbation over sexual intercourse in marriage, a
      pursuer/distancer relationship cycle may be behind the choice, or may develop.
      This cycle, which can cause severe marital discord, entails one spouse pursuing
      sexual intercourse, while the other spouse distances via solitary masturbation.
      The more the pursuer pursues, the more the distancer distances (or masturbates),
      and vice versa. This paper demonstrates this cycle with male masturbators, and
      proposes an integrative treatment model which addresses not only the behavior,
      but the roots of it as well. Cases are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of
      the model.

PMID- 1815094
TI  - Sexual narcissism and the abusive male.
AB  - This study compared abusive husbands with nonabusive, marital discordant husbands
      using seven measures to ascertain certain sexual characteristics of abusers. Both
      samples were then matched and completed the Relationship Closeness Inventory, the
      Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness, the Sexual Opinion Survey to assess the
      extent of negative (erotophobic) to positive (erotophilic) attitudes toward sex;
      the Sexuality Scale for its measures of sexual-esteem, sexual-preoccupation, and
      sexual depression; and the Index of Sexual Satisfaction. As predicted, abusive
      husbands evidenced significantly lower relationship closeness, sexual
      assertiveness, and sexual satisfaction in their marriages than did nonabusive
      husbands. Also, physically abusive men demonstrated more negative (erotophobic)
      attitudes toward sex and greater sexual preoccupation than did the nonabusers.
      Inconsistent with our predictions, however, abusive husbands evidenced
      significantly greater sexual esteem. An egocentric pattern of sexual behavior
      appeared in the marital relationships of abusive husbands. This pattern, referred
      to as "sexual narcissism," is discussed.

PMID- 1815095
TI  - Specialty recognition and the future of dental implants. An American Academy of
      Implant Dentistry position paper.

PMID- 1815097
TI  - The pocket guide to the lawsuit.

PMID- 1815098
TI  - Insurance agency taking shape.

PMID- 1815096
TI  - Assumed truths concern member.

PMID- 1815099
TI  - Survey develops data base for Missouri dentists.

PMID- 1815100
TI  - Comparison of glycoproteins from ten human Mycoplasma species.
AB  - Multiple bands of glycoprotein, rare in procaryotes, were detected in ten human
      Mycoplasma species by staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent after
      sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A major
      contaminant formed in Hayflick medium (H medium), corresponding to an apparent
      molecular weight of about 80 kD, was eliminated by using the organisms grown in
      PPLO broth supplemented with PPLO serum fraction (P medium), except that M.
      genitalium and M. pneumoniae were grown in H medium as monolayers on the glass
      surface. The comparison of glycoproteins among ten human Mycoplasma species
      indicated that their profiles were shown to be species-specific. However, those
      of M. buccale and M. faucium were very similar, and M. pneumoniae and M.
      genitalium seemed to be related.

PMID- 1815101
TI  - Effects of dietary carbohydrates on mutacin production and activity.
AB  - Although mutacins (bacteriocins produced by Streptococcus mutans) were shown to
      be active in vivo, their ecological role in the oral cavity is still
      controversial. In the present paper, the effect of dietary carbohydrates, one of
      the ecological parameters which influences oral bacterial populations, on the
      activity and the production of mutacins from four S. mutans strains (C67-1,
      Ny257, Ny266 and T8) is described. Results obtained by the deferred antagonism
      test in solid media and by the mixed cultivation of the mutacinogenic strains
      with a sensitive indicator strain in liquid batch cultures, indicate that a
      minimal fermentable sugar concentration is needed for mutacin production. Among
      all the fermentable carbohydrates tested (fructose, glucose, lactose, mannitol
      and sucrose), none significantly affected the production and the activity of the
      four mutacinogenic strains used, in concentrations up to 5%. Although the results
      do not discount the possibility of mutacin inactivation in vivo, they indicate
      that they are not affected by dietary carbohydrates.

PMID- 1815102
TI  - Improved detection of Candida albicans in a blood-culture model.
AB  - Human blood reduced the numbers of colony-forming units (cfu) of Candida albicans
      in a blood-culture model so that the detection time was increased by 12 h.
      Reduction in cfu was accompanied not by reduction in cell mass but by observable
      clumping of cultures, which was attributable to a heat-stable serum component.
      The action of the latter component could be negated if the medium were
      supplemented by a combination of trypsin, 2-phenyl ethanol, liquoid and Tween 80,
      when a statistically significant improvement was noted in minimum detection time
      for C. albicans growing in blood-culture medium.

PMID- 1815103
TI  - Immunoblotting and ligand blotting of envelope structures of Staphylococcus
      aureus grown under iron insufficiency and in a sub-minimal inhibitory
      concentration of penicillin G.
AB  - Strip immunoblotting with specific, hyperimmune antisera and normal human sera
      (NHS), in conjunction with lectin and avidin ligand blotting and surface
      iodination, was used to investigate cell envelope components of phenotypes of
      Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571. Cocci were grown with a relatively slow doubling
      time (48 min) under iron sufficiency (Fe+) and iron insufficiency (Fe-), and with
      or without a sub-MIC of penicillin G (pen G), to approximate to in vivo
      conditions. Fe+ phenotypes demonstrated extra bands with prominent antigens at
      48, 52 and 54 kD. Iron depletion or pen G simplified profiles, notably in the mid
      range. In this particular S. aureus strain, protein A was ascribed a molecular
      mass of 35.5 kD and its detection was not affected by iron or pen G conditions.
      NHS reacted poorly with the Fe+ phenotype, supplying indirect evidence that this
      phenotype may not be common in vivo. Lectin blotting demonstrated the presence of
      glycosylated residues. Lectin affinities were not affected by the pen G treatment
      but in the Fe- phenotypes only, a 30 kD fucose-containing structure was seen.
      Avidin blotting visualised a major 86 kD binding site in all phenotypes which was
      not detected in immunoblotting. Whole cell radioiodination revealed that five
      major proteins of 21, 35.5, 48, 52 and 68 kD were surface-associated but their
      immunoreactivity depended upon the phenotype and source of sera.

PMID- 1815104
TI  - Leukocyte-endothelial interaction and capillary perfusion in ischemia/reperfusion
      of the rat cremaster muscle.
AB  - The role of leukocytes in the decreased perfusion following ischemia in skeletal
      muscle was examined in the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle. The
      isolated muscle was viewed with an intravital microscope. Diameters of A1 and A2
      arterioles and collecting venules were determined hourly. The number of
      leukocytes rolling along the venular walls was determined from a videotape.
      Nonischemic (control) rats (n = 10) were observed for 6 hours. The ischemic group
      (n = 10) was observed for one hour, the iliac and femoral arteries and veins were
      then clamped for 4 hours, released, and the muscle was observed for another two
      hours. No change in arteriole or venule diameters occurred in the control group.
      The diameters of the arterioles in the ischemic group decreased significantly
      during reperfusion but, the venule diameters did not. There was a significant
      reduction during reperfusion but, perfused capillaries following ischemia
      compared to control. There was a small but not significant increase in the number
      of rolling leukocytes in the ischemic group. The extent of leukocyte rolling in
      postcapillary venules was found to not correlate with the decrease in capillary
      perfusion that occurs after ischemia and reperfusion. However, the decrease in
      capillary flow was associated with reduced arteriole diameters.

PMID- 1815105
TI  - Nitric oxide does not mediate arteriolar oxygen reactivity.
AB  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, which is believed to be nitric oxide (NO),
      mediates vasodilation of arteries perfused with hypoxic solutions. The purpose of
      the present study was to determine if NO mediates the response of arterioles in
      the hamster cheek pouch to changes in superfusion solution PO2. This was
      accomplished by comparison of constriction of fourth order arterioles to
      increases in superfusate PO2 before and during superfusion with NG-nitro-L
      arginine (L-NAG), a stereospecific inhibitor of NO synthesis. The efficacy of L
      NAG was assessed by comparison of dilations induced by topical application of
      methacholine (MCH), an endothelium-dependent vasodilator. We found that 10-15 min
      superfusion with 30 microM L-NAG significantly inhibited MCH-induced arteriolar
      dilation. However, this concentration of L-NAG had no significant effect on
      resting arteriolar diameters, O2-induced constrictions, constrictions induced by
      phenylephrine or dilations induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Increasing the
      concentration of L-NAG to 100 microM similarly inhibited MCH-induced dilations,
      but did not affect SNP reactivity and may have increased vasoconstriction induced
      by O2. Thus, effective inhibition of NO synthesis in the hamster cheek pouch does
      not inhibit responses to elevated oxygen. Therefore NO does not mediate
      arteriolar O2 reactivity in this tissue. Furthermore, there is little evidence
      for tonic modulation of arteriolar reactivity by NO in the microvessels observed
      in this study.

PMID- 1815106
TI  - Red cell membrane dynamic properties and erythrocyte metabolic parameters in
      essential hypertension: preliminary report.
AB  - In a group of 12 subjects with essential hypertension (EH), we evaluated the
      erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient.
      We also evaluated the total red cell Ca content, the red cell cytosolic free
      calcium, the red cell membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and the red cell
      membrane individual phospholipids. From the data obtained, it is evident that the
      erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient
      discriminate normals from hypertensives. None of the red cell metabolic
      parameters is able, however, to differentiate normals from hypertensive subjects.
      Our data underline the abnormality of the red cell membrane dynamic properties in
      hypertension; this abnormality is not, however, related to the red cell metabolic
      parameters considered.

PMID- 1815107
TI  - Total red cell calcium content, cytosolic red cell free calcium and erythrocyte
      membrane dynamic properties in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In a group of diabetics subdivided for type (12 of type 1 and 12 of type 2), we
      evaluated the total red cell Ca content, red cell cytosolic free calcium,
      erythrocyte membrane fluidity and erythrocyte membrane protein lateral mobility.
      From the results obtained, it is evident that the total red cell Ca content does
      not discriminate normals from type 1 and 2 diabetics, whereas the red cell
      cytosolic free calcium does differentiate between these diabetic types.
      Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and erythrocyte protein lateral mobility
      discriminate normals from type 1 and 2 diabetics. In normals and in diabetics of
      type 1 and 2, no relationship is evident between total red cell Ca content,
      membrane fluidity and membrane protein lateral mobility. A slight, but
      significant negative correlation between red cell cytosolic free calcium values
      and parameters reflecting the red cell dynamic properties is present in type 2
      diabetics only.

PMID- 1815108
TI  - Rheological determinants and red cell lipidic pattern in essential obesity, in
      obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in obese
      subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
AB  - In a group of subjects with essential obesity, in a group of obese subjects with
      non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and in a group of obese subjects
      with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), we evaluated whole-blood filtration, mean
      erythrocyte aggregation, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell lipid
      pattern. From these data, it is evident that the macro- and microrheological
      determinants are able to discriminate normals from each group of obese subjects.
      Regarding the red cell lipids, few are the variations between each group of obese
      subjects and normal controls.

PMID- 1815109
TI  - Age-related potentiation of the cutaneous capillary blood flow response to heat
      stress.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that the rarefaction of cutaneous capillaries
      with age is compensated by an increase in the response of remaining capillaries
      to heat stress. Experiments were performed on unanesthetized male Sprague Dawley
      rats of the following age groups: young (Y--age 4 mo.), middle aged (M--age 16
      mo.) and old (O--age 27 mo.). The subepidermal vascular plexus of the tail was
      viewed by video microscopy from which measurements of blood cell velocity (BCV)
      in single plexus capillaries and the density of flowing capillaries (DFC) were
      made. The animal's body and tail were housed in separate chambers for
      respectively indirect and direct heat stress trials. At a neutral temperature of
      25 degrees C there were no significant age differences in BCV, but DFC was
      decreased from the Y to the M to the O groups. During an indirect heat stress of
      35 degrees C, there was a modest increase in DFC and the Y greater than M greater
      than O rank order persisted. By contrast, all groups experienced a marked
      increase in BCV during both indirect and direct heat stress, and the degree of
      the response was significantly greater for the O rats compared to the M or Y
      groups. These results support the hypothesis being tested.

PMID- 1815110
TI  - Fat embolism--a review.

PMID- 1815111
TI  - Action of dopamine infusion on resistance and capacitance vessels during
      cardiopulmonary bypass in man.

PMID- 1815112
TI  - Spinal and interpleural bupivacaine for percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
AB  - The promising interpleural block (IPB) technique stimulated the comparison of its
      adjuvant effect to spinal analgesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with
      that of meperidine-diazepam. Twenty five patients receiving spinal analgesia 15
      mg 0.5% heavy bupivacaine for PCNL were randomly allocated to receive the
      adjuvant effect of either meperidine 1 mg/kg IV and diazepam 10 mg total dose (n
      = 10) or IPB with 10 ml 0.5% plain bupivacaine (n = 15). It was found that IPB
      produced a totally pain free operation and needed less frequent administration in
      the postoperative period, while meperidine-diazepam produced a pain free in 20%
      of patients and needed more frequent postoperative meperidine (1 mg/kg IM)
      administration.

PMID- 1815113
TI  - Anesthesia and sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 1815114
TI  - Physostigmine is equipotent to flumazenil only in excessive doses, while naloxone
      is ineffective in reversing midazolam anesthesia.
AB  - As fast-acting, water-soluble compounds, like midazolam (MID) are increasingly
      used in anesthetic practice, the need for quick and effective reversal of
      benzodiazepine actions in accidental overdoses is obvious. Quite a few drugs have
      been used in both animal models and clinically towards this aim, including:
      physostigmine (PHYS), naloxone (NAL), aminophylline, doxapram, in the past and,
      more recently, flumazenil (FLU) or Ro-15-1788. In the present study we assessed
      the relative potency, safety and efficacy of the antagonistic actions of PHYS
      (0.06 and 0.6 mg/kg), NAL (2 mg/kg) and FLU (2.5 mg/kg) on the state of sleep
      induced by MID (2.5 mg/kg) in 50 male, drug-naive rats. Time of induction of
      anesthesia and duration of sleep were measured with digital chronometer. Level of
      consciousness was determined by pain reactivity, spontaneous motor activity and
      computer-aided analysis of cumulative EEG patterns. Times obtained were
      integrated as mean values and statistical analysis was made using the t-test
      (Student's criterion). Rats were given MID followed 30 min later by an i.p.
      injection of either vehicle (VEH = water for injection = control group) or low
      dose PHYS or high-dose PHYS or NAL or FLU (n = 10 in each group). We measured the
      duration of anesthesia following the injection of each antagonist. The following
      results were obtained: [table: see text] Thus, the relative potency scale of MID
      antagonism in this series of experiments is: FLU = High-dose PHYS greater than
      low-dose PHYS much greater than NAL VEH. Although FLU has a strong duration and
      rapid awakening action, this action is of short duration and the animals are
      resedated after 33.3 +/- 7.14 min. PHYS does not appear to show this resedation
      effect, while in high doses is equipotent to FLU. Nevertheless, in these
      excessive doses, the animals become restless and excited, showing phenomena of an
      acute, severe nicotinic crisis. In conclusion, FLU appears to have much more
      specific and reliable effects upon reversing MID-induced anesthesia in comparison
      to either PHYS or NAL. In fact, PHYS must reach toxic levels to counteract MID
      effects, while FLU is very safe. The existence of the resedation effect is due to
      the short t1/2 of FLU and can be overcome by continuous i.v. infusions or
      repeated bolus injections.

PMID- 1815115
TI  - Induction of anesthesia in children following administration of methohexital into
      the sigmoid colon.
AB  - The authors evaluated the sigmoidal administration of methohexital, the effect of
      methohexital concentration (1% versus 2%), the effect of dosage (25 mg/kg versus
      15 mg/kg) on sleep-success rate, administration - sleep time, recovery time and
      the effect of aspirating the residual methohexital on recovery time. The study
      demonstrated that both 1% solution and 25 mg/kg of sigmoidal methohexital were
      independently associated with significantly higher sleep success rate and faster
      onset of sleep compared with 2% and 15 mg/kg of sigmoidal methohexital solution
      respectively. The recovery time was significantly affected by the dose of
      methohexital and was not significantly affected by the concentration of
      methohexital solution. Aspiration of the residual methohexital did not
      significantly affect the recovery time.

PMID- 1815116
TI  - [Albuminuria in the diabetic patient: clinical relevance and methodological
      features].

PMID- 1815117
TI  - [Percutaneous treatment under echographic guidance of toxic thyroid nodules.
      Technique for its performance and preliminary results].
AB  - Six patients affected by toxic thyroid nodules (Plummer disease) were treated by
      percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). Treatment was performed injecting under
      ultrasound guidance 2-4 mL of 95% sterile ethyl alcohol through a spinal needle
      (22 gauge, 75 mm length). Treatment was performed once-twice weekly and repeated
      as an outpatient procedure 4-6 times. PEI induced clinical improvement and
      hormonal control by the end of the treatment (one month) and no complications
      took place. After PEI all hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules became smaller at
      clinical and ultrasound examination. Three months after PEI hot areas appeared
      cold at 99mTc and 1311 scintiscan. Serum levels of FT3, FT4, AbT, AbM, TG reached
      the normal range and serum TSH levels were significantly increased and responsive
      to TRH stimulation.

PMID- 1815118
TI  - [Evaluation of central dopaminergic tone in diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The role of dopaminergic ways in human copulatory activity and the high frequency
      of impotence in diabetes mellitus are well known. In order to study the
      involvement of the central dopaminergic tone in diabetic impotence we have
      evaluated the PRL and TSH response to metoclopramide (MCP 10 mg ev) in 28
      diabetic male patients (15 ID including 6 impotent and 13 NID including 5
      impotent ) compared with 9 healthy controls. All subjects were investigated for
      the presence of neuropathy, retinopathy, macroangiopathy, gonadal and thyroid
      diseases. The PRL response to MCP was greater (p less than 0.05) in impotent
      patients than in controls at 60' and 90' in ID, and at 30' and 120' in NID. There
      was no significant difference in TSH increase and in PRL and TSH response areas
      between the groups considered. In conclusion, the dopaminergic tone is
      substantially normal in diabetic patients, while some PRL hyperresponsiveness to
      MCP exists in impotent diabetics.

PMID- 1815119
TI  - [Effect of insulin on the activity of bone alkaline phosphatase in culture].
AB  - Diabetes and osteoporosis are linked. The question remains, however, as to
      whether insulin has any direct effect on bone formation. To test this hypothesis
      we have measured, as a marker of osteoblast activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
      released by rat limb intact bones incubated in the presence and in the absence of
      physiological concentration of insulin. The results indicate that insulin
      significantly (p less than 0.012) increases ALP by a mean value of 48% (from 5.4%
      to 215%) over matched controls. We conclude that insulin has a direct stimulatory
      effect on osteoblast activity, and that in the absence of this effect, as in
      diabetes, bone loss might occur.

PMID- 1815120
TI  - [Unusual endocrine behavior in adrenal carcinoma. A case study].
AB  - The Authors report a case of left adrenal mass incidentally discovered by upper
      abdominal echogram in a 40 year old man. Physical examination showed no signs of
      hypercortisolism and plasma cortisol and ACTH levels were in the normal range as
      well as urinary free cortisol. After adrenalectomy, 4 and 8 month follow-up was
      performed, without clinical, hormonal and TC evolution. Thirteen months later the
      patient was referred to our department for widespread oedema, hypertension,
      hypokalemia and alkalosis. These symptoms were associated with dramatically
      elevated concentrations of plasmatic and free urinary cortisol. TC showed a large
      mass in the same adrenal region and diffuse hepatic metastases. In spite of
      mitotane and ketoconazole therapy the patient died few weeks later.

PMID- 1815121
TI  - [XYY syndrome. Report of a case].
AB  - A sixteen year old boy was admitted to our department for delayed puberty. The
      personal history was not significant and physical examination revealed only a
      genital hypogonadism. The endocrinology study of the patient showed a
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The IQ was low. The personality showed infantilism
      and aggressive impulses. A karyotype revealed 47,XYY. We discuss here the
      clinical implications of the case.

PMID- 1815123
TI  - [Courageous choices].

PMID- 1815122
TI  - [Adrenal incidentaloma in a patient operated upon for colon carcinoma].
AB  - The extensive use of visualization techniques has allowed the finding of adrenal
      masses without clinical symptoms in a growing number of patients affected by
      diseases of different nature. The challenge of these masses, so called
      incidentalomas, is particularly diagnostic but also prognostic and therapeutic. A
      flow-chart of proper investigations utilized in a tumoral patient harbouring a
      left adrenal mass, permitted the correct diagnosis and prognosis.

PMID- 1815124
TI  - [The morphology of the base of the cranium in prognathism. A cephalometric study
      of adult patients].
AB  - The cranial base of 60 adults affected by mandibular prognathism was studied with
      the aid of a computerized cephalometric analysis. The means and standard
      deviations of the values measured on the sample where compared with the
      cephalometric standards of the University of Michigan. The studied sample showed
      a significant reduction in length of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa, the
      cranial base angle showed no deviation from the control but the whole cranial
      base was backward and upward rotated in relation to the Frankfurt plane. The
      cranial base morphology was similar in patients with or without maxillary
      retrusion. The data in our possession may indicate that mid-facial sagittal
      growth in patients affected by mandibular prognathism is somehow impaired by
      altered cranial base growth. In any case the sagittal projection of the frontal
      and nasal bones appears to be reduced in our patients and this data must be kept
      in mind when studying these patients with the aid of cephalometry.

PMID- 1815125
TI  - [Inclination of the temporomandibular eminence and craniomandibular disorders].
AB  - The articular eminence angle of 30 patients with TMJ dysfunctions was measured on
      cephalometric X-ray and compared with the joints of 30 patients without TMJ
      disorders. The inclination of the posterior slope of the articular eminence was
      52.9 degrees with a mean difference compared to the control group of 1.7 degrees.
      The vertical parameters appeared of less importance than the antero-posterior to
      produce TMJ dysfunction. In the skeletal class II group a steeper inclination,
      with a mean difference compared to the control group of 8.6 degrees, was seen in
      the symptomatic patients. The study of this angle could have a diagnostic and
      prognostic utility in the treatment of dysfunctional class II malocclusions.

PMID- 1815126
TI  - [Black's class II: a critical analysis of 278 fillings].
AB  - The aim of this study was to make a critical and statistical assessment of
      Black's class 2 fillings. The study was based on a critical examination which
      evaluated the material used for the fillings, morphology, periodontal conditions
      and oral hygiene.

PMID- 1815127
TI  - [The first isolation of Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries from dental
      granulomas].
AB  - Thirteen Cladosporium have been isolated from 221 dental granulomas. Cases have
      been observed of cerebral lesions both in man and cats. Also various types of
      lesions, encapsulated abscesses, etc. to be classified under the group of
      pheoifomycoses. Cutaneous allergies and cases of keratitis and
      chromoblastomycosis have been observed, too Cladosporium cladosporioides is very
      resistant to mercuric and phenolic compounds and radiations. The systematic
      position and morphology of Cladosporium have been fully examined in accordance to
      the latest scientific views.

PMID- 1815128
TI  - [Acinar-cell tumors of the minor salivary glands].
AB  - The authors present a rare case of acinic-cell tumor of minor salivary glands. In
      the dissertation are analyzed the clinical, histopathological and therapeutic
      aspects of this rare pathology.

PMID- 1815129
TI  - [Stomatological problems related to pregnancy. A statistical study].
AB  - Pregnancy is related to particular dental issues, such as the increased incidence
      of diseases( gingivitis, caries, epulis), the fluoride supplementation, and the
      limits of diagnostics and therapy. Moreover, the mysterious halo surrounding
      pregnancy often makes the dentist uneasy. In order to objectively evaluate the
      implications of pregnancy in dentistry, we distributed a form to 100 pregnant
      women. The results of the form showed that 53 of them had gingival bleeding, 22
      had toothache, 19 had caries but that just 12 of them had gone to the dentist
      because of dental troubles while 54 had not gone at all. Among the pluri
      gravidae, all the women with dental diseases in their previous pregnancies had
      them again in their current pregnancy but nonetheless only some had undergone a
      dental check-up. The dentists did not show any uneasiness, as they performed
      tooth extractions in 5 women, endodontics in 2 women and fillings in 11 women.
      Just 4 out of 100 women had taken a fluoride supplementation. We deem advisable a
      stronger collaboration between physician, gynecologist and dentist in order to
      resolve specialist problems and to make pregnant women more aware of the need for
      dental follow-ups and fluoride supplementations.

PMID- 1815130
TI  - [The possibility of orthodontic therapy in transplanted teeth].
AB  - The paper reports four cases of tooth transplant: two teeth were transplanted
      once they were fully mature (completely formed roots) and two were transplanted
      as germs. Having documented the clinical and radiological recovery for all four
      teeth, orthodontic braces were applied for a variety of reasons. In the two cases
      of teeth transplanted once the roots had completely formed it was impossible to
      move the teeth, whereas in the case of the germ transplants the teeth were
      quickly moved to a correct occlusal position. On the basis of these different
      reactions, the author assesses the possibility of histological recovery of the
      tooth transplant. Repeated radiographic controls showed anomalies in radicular
      formation and of the camera pulposa. Lastly, the paper discusses the optimal time
      to transplant a tooth germ.

PMID- 1815131
TI  - [The dentomaxillofacial characteristics of the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. A
      clinical case report].
AB  - The authors describe the clinical and cephalometric characteristics of a case of
      Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome (obesity, hypogonadism, oligophrenia, hypotonia,
      small hands and feet). Taurodontism and enamel-dentine dysplasia are reported as
      the main dental features. The craniofacial region shows an increased bony
      interorbital distance and a low level of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
      bone. The possibility that these anomalies could be related to the
      etiopathogenesis of the syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 1815132
TI  - [Submandibular sialadenectomy. Our experience].
AB  - The authors analyze 102 personal cases of submaxillary gland excision. They
      describe their epidemiological and clinical features and make a comparison with
      the data already published on the same subject.

PMID- 1815133
TI  - [Gingival metastasis, the first clinical sign of a silent kidney carcinoma. A
      case report].
AB  - It is not uncommon for renal carcinomas to present with a solitary metastasis. A
      case of metastasis in the maxillary and mandibular gingiva as primary clinical
      sign of an asymptomatic, unknown renal carcinoma is reported. The diagnosis was
      not difficult. The biopsy of gingival swelling showed a clear cell carcinoma
      metastasis and the CT showed the tumor in the right kidney.

PMID- 1815134
TI  - Metabolism of semisynthetic single-chain GM1 derivatives in cerebellar granule
      cells in culture.
AB  - Semisynthetic single-chain GM1 derivatives containing N-acetyl-sphingosine
      (LIGA4) or N-dichloroacetyl-sphingosine (LIGA20) were recently reported to exert
      strong protection against glutamate-induced neuronal death in primary cultures of
      cerebellar granule cells. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying the
      evoked effect requires knowledge of the metabolic fate of such molecules in the
      same cultured cells. For this, LIGA4 and LIGA20 were made radioactive on the long
      chain base moiety and added to cerebellar granule cells in culture in parallel
      with GM1 ganglioside. The metabolic fate was then investigated. It was found that
      both these molecules were easily taken up by the cells and promptly metabolized
      in a fashion qualitatively similar to that of control GM1. The highest amount
      processed was attributed to the different aggregation properties of LIGAs in
      solution. Among metabolites, higher accumulation of the single-chain ceramide
      residues was found after LIGA administration. Interestingly, sphingomyelin was
      generated, regardless the added compound, suggesting a recycling of the free long
      chain base.

PMID- 1815135
TI  - Accumulation of noradrenaline and its oxidation products by cultured rodent
      astrocytes.
AB  - The accumulation of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) and its oxidation products was
      studied in primary cultures of cerebral astrocytes. Astroglial accumulation of
      radiolabeled catecholamine ([3H] NA and oxidation products) was enhanced by
      manganese or iron, but it was inhibited by unlabeled NA, dopamine or ascorbate.
      Tissue: medium ratios of radioactivity increased as extracellular [3H]NA was
      oxidized. When extracellular oxidation was prevented by ascorbate, as confirmed
      by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, either
      ouabain pretreatment or nominally Na(+)-free incubation medium inhibited
      approximately one-half of specific [3H]NA accumulation by rat (but not mouse)
      astrocytes. These observations suggest that neurological responses to trace
      metals and ascorbate may arise from the effects of these agents on the clearance
      of extracellular catecholamines. Astrocytes can accumulate oxidation products of
      NA more rapidly than they take up NA itself, but ascorbate at physiological
      concentrations prevents the oxidation process in extracellular fluid.
      Furthermore, in the presence of ascorbate, Na(+)-dependent transport mediates a
      significant component of NA accumulation in rat astrocytes.

PMID- 1815136
TI  - Decahydroquinoline alkaloids: noncompetitive blockers for nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor-channels in pheochromocytoma cells and Torpedo electroplax.
AB  - In pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, (+)-cis-decahydroquinoline 195A (5-methyl-2
      propyl-cis-decahydroquinoline) and (+)-perhydro-cis-decahydroquinoline 219A (2,5
      dipropyl-cis-decahydroquinoline) inhibit carbamylcholine-elicited sodium flux
      with IC50 values of 1.0 and 1.5 microM, respectively. Both of these
      decahydroquinolines appear to enhance desensitization, although apparent lack of
      complete removal of (+)-perhydro-cis-219A by washing complicates interpretation
      of the effects of that agent. A series of cis- and trans-decahydroquinolines with
      substituents in the 2- and 5-position also exhibit structure-dependent inhibition
      of carbamylcholine-elicited sodium flux in PC12 cells and all of the
      decahydroquinolines inhibit binding of the noncompetitive blocking agent
      [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      channels in membranes from Torpedo electroplax. The Ki values in electroplax
      membranes range from 1.4 to 7.9 microM, making these alkaloids comparable in
      potencies to the histrionicotoxins. Potencies are increased 2- to 3-fold in the
      presence of an agonist, carbamylcholine. The profile of activities are similar in
      PC12 cells and electroplax membranes. The cis- and trans-decahydroquinolines
      represent another class of noncompetitive blockers for acetylcholine receptor
      channels with similar activity for both muscle-type and ganglionic type nicotinic
      receptors.

PMID- 1815137
TI  - 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines: a new class of noncompetitive blockers for
      nicotinic receptor-channels.
AB  - A series of 8-methyl-5-substituted indolizidines inhibit binding of the
      noncompetitive blocking agent [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to muscle-type
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channels in membranes from Torpedo electroplax.
      The Ki values range from 0.16 to 1.12 microM, making these alkaloids among the
      most potent ligands for this site. Unlike most noncompetitive blockers, the
      potencies of the 8-methyl-5-substituted indolizidines are reduced in the presence
      of carbamylcholine. Indolizidine 205A (8-methyl-5-(4-pentynyl)indolizidine) is
      unique in enhancing binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin by 1.5-fold. The
      enhancement is at a maximum at 0.01 to 0.1 microM, followed by progressive
      inhibition with an IC50 of about 20 microM. In the presence of carbamylcholine,
      which itself enhances binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin, indolizidine 205A
      causes only an inhibition of binding with an IC50 of about 10 microM.
      Indolizidines with a hydroxy substituent on the 8-methyl group have very low
      activity. None of the indolizidines affect binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to
      acetylcholine recognition sites. In pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, indolizidine
      205A has no agonist activity, but only inhibits carbamylcholine-elicited 22Na+
      influx. The profile of potencies for the 8-methyl-5-substituted indolizidines is
      similar in electroplax membranes and PC12 cells. Indolizidines 205A and 209B (8
      methyl-5-pentylindolizidine) have no apparent effect on desensitization of
      receptors in PC12 cells. The 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines appear to represent
      an atypical and potent class of noncompetitive blockers for muscle-type and
      ganglionic nicotinic receptor-channels.

PMID- 1815138
TI  - Seizures increase acetylcholine and choline concentrations in rat brain regions.
AB  - Seizures induced by three convulsant treatments produced differential effects on
      the concentration of acetylcholine in rat brain. Status epilepticus induced by
      (i) coadministration of lithium and pilocarpine caused massive increases in the
      concentration of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, (ii) a
      high dose of pilocarpine did not cause an increase of acetylcholine, and (iii)
      kainate increased acetylcholine, but the magnitude was lower than with the
      lithium/pilocarpine model. The finding that the acetylcholine concentration
      increases in two models of status epilepticus in the cortex and hippocampus is in
      direct contrast with many in vitro reports in which excessive stimulation causes
      depletion of acetylcholine. The concentration of choline increased during
      seizures with all three models. This is likely to be due to calcium- and agonist
      induced activation of phospholipase C and/or D activity causing cleavage of
      choline-containing lipids. The excessive acetylcholine present during status
      epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine was responsive to pharmacological
      manipulation. Atropine tended to decrease acetylcholine, similar to its effects
      in controls. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, reduced
      the excessive concentration of acetylcholine, especially in the cortex.
      Inhibition of choline uptake by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) administered icv reduced
      the acetylcholine concentration in controls and when given to rats during status
      epilepticus. These results demonstrate that the rat brain concentrations of
      acetylcholine and choline can increase during status epilepticus. The accumulated
      acetylcholine was not in a static, inactive compartment, but was actively turning
      over and was responsive to drug treatments. Excessive concentrations of
      acetylcholine and/or choline may play a role in seizure maintenance and in the
      neuronal damage and lethality associated with status epilepticus.

PMID- 1815139
TI  - Purification of endogenous inhibitors of [3H]flunitrazepam binding from bovine
      brain.
AB  - Endogenous substances which inhibited the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]FNZ)
      to bovine synaptosomal membranes have been purified from the hot acetic acid
      extracts of the bovine brain. Three peaks of inhibitory activity were obtained by
      Sephadex G-10 gel chromatography. Two of the peaks (Peak 2, and Peak 3) which had
      lower molecular weights than that of peak 1 were identified as inosine and
      hypoxanthine by TLC methods. Another peak (Peak 1) was further purified to
      homogeneity using both cation and anion ion-exchange chromatography and the
      following two-step reversed-phase HPLC. The purified substance inhibited the
      [3H]FNZ binding dose-dependently and competitively but did not have an effect on
      the binding of the peripheral-type BZ ligand [3H]Ro 5-4864. It was also shown
      that the substance was heat-stable and resistant to proteolytic degradation
      (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, pronase). However, a significant loss of inhibitory
      activity to [3H]FNZ binding was observed after acid hydrolysis. Molecular weight
      estimates based on gel filtration methods were less than 500 dalton, and the
      maximal ultraviolet absorption peak was at 314 nm. These results suggest that
      this substance is a new endogenous ligand for the central BZ receptor and may
      play an important role in regulating the GABAergic tone in the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 1815140
TI  - Stimulation of mono- and diacylglycerol lipase activities by gangliosides in
      chicken neuronal cultures.
AB  - Chicken neurons in culture display measurable activities of mono- and
      diacylglycerol lipases. Treatment of chicken neuronal cultures with gangliosides
      (10(-8)M to 10(-5)M) resulted in a time and dose dependent increase in
      monoacylglycerol lipase activity. The diacylglycerol lipase showed significant
      increase in specific activity before that of monoacylglycerol lipase. The
      increase was observed only up to 24 hours and no differences between
      diacylglycerol lipase activity of control and ganglioside treated cells were
      observed after 48 hours. The data indicate that the treatment of neurons with
      exogenous gangliosides affect the diglyceride metabolism in stimulating not only
      the enzymes catalyzing their production but also those involved in their
      catabolism.

PMID- 1815141
TI  - Prolactin stimulates dopamine release from the rat corpus striatum in the absence
      of extra-cellular calcium.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) increased basal dopamine (DA) release and attenuated amphetamine
      (AMPH)-stimulated DA release in vitro from rat corpus striatum in a concentration
      dependent manner with 10(-5) M PRL being the most effective. The effects of PRL
      on DA release were enhanced in the absence of extracellular calcium. PRL at 10(
      5) M did not alter the DA post-superfusion content of the striatal tissue. These
      results indicate that the stimulatory effect of PRL on basal DA release does not
      require extra-cellular calcium and the inhibitory effect on AMPH-stimulated DA
      release is not due to depletion of DA stores.

PMID- 1815142
TI  - Human somatosensory cortical finger representation as studied by combined
      neuromagnetic and neuroelectric measurements.
AB  - We studied somatotopy of human hand somatosensory cortex using evoked responses
      recorded on magnetoencephalogram (MEG) and scalp-electroencephalogram (EEG) in
      conjunction with dipole modeling. We found a somatotopic arrangement of cortical
      digit representations with a sensory sequence from lateral inferior to medial
      superior in the anatomical order thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger,
      and little finger. MEG alone was able to reproduce this sensory sequence more
      accurately than scalp-EEG alone. However, the combined information provided by
      both techniques improved localization accuracy even further. As MEG and scalp-EEG
      are complementary and confirmatory techniques, this combined approach was useful
      to get more complete information on the functional organization of human hand
      somatosensory cortex.

PMID- 1815143
TI  - The development of ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the visual cortex
      of the rat.
AB  - The development of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the rat visual
      cortex was studied with the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA
      HRP) retrograde tracing technique. Large injections of WGA-HRP in the visual
      cortex of newborn, early postnatal, and adult rats resulted in a substantial
      number of retrogradely labelled neurons in the VTA showing the same distribution
      pattern at all ages examined. Contrary to other reports, labelled cells were
      never found in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra but occasionally were
      seen in the contralateral VTA near the midline. These neurons showed a continuous
      growth from the day of birth to the end of the second postnatal week, when they
      acquired morphological features comparable to the adult; they subsequently showed
      a substantial decrease in soma size. The present results clearly demonstrate that
      there exists a substantial mesocortical projection to the rat visual cortex which
      arises exclusively from the VTA. This projection is already established at birth,
      but the neurons which give rise to it appear morphologically immature during the
      first two postnatal weeks.

PMID- 1815144
TI  - Effects of chemical stimulation of the subfornical organ on metabolic activity of
      the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats.
AB  - Topical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO) with angiotensin II (ANG II)
      or acetylcholine (ACh) increased blood pressure, water intake, and the activity
      of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS). The pressor and drinking
      responses were higher and the metabolic activity of the HNS, measured with the
      [14C]deoxyglucose (DG) method, was lower with ANG-II than with ACh. Glucose
      utilization in the neural lobe increased by 165% with ACh as opposed to 65% with
      ANG II. These results demonstrate the ANG II and ACh mobilize differentially the
      mechanisms increasing blood pressure, drinking responses, and the activity of the
      HNS.

PMID- 1815145
TI  - Bilateral cortical ablations attenuate amphetamine-induced excitations of
      neostriatal motor-related neurons in freely moving rats.
AB  - Single-unit recordings from neostriatal neurons showing movement-related
      excitations were obtained in freely moving, cortically ablated rats and sham
      lesioned controls. D-Amphetamine (AMPH, 1.0 mg/kg s.c.) increased neuronal
      activity relative to resting baseline firing rates in both groups of animals, but
      cortical ablation significantly attenuated this effect. A behavioral clamping
      analysis, which compared neuronal activity during identically rated pre- and post
      AMPH behaviors, revealed that: (a) AMPH enhanced movement-related neuronal
      activity in sham-lesioned controls, but not in cortically ablated rats; and (b)
      the drug-induced neuronal activation in control rats was not simply secondary to
      the behavioral activation produced by AMPH. In contrast to its neuronal effects,
      cortical ablation did not affect ratings of AMPH-induced locomotion, rearing, or
      head movements, though sniffing scores showed a positive correlation with lesion
      size. Thus, corticostriatal projections are critically involved in AMPH-induced
      excitations of neostriatal motor-related neurons.

PMID- 1815146
TI  - Sympathectomy alleviates mechanical allodynia in an experimental animal model for
      neuropathy in the rat.
AB  - We attempted to determine the effects of surgical sympathectomy on an animal
      model for neuropathic pain. The L5 and L6 spinal nerves on one side were tightly
      ligated in anesthetized rats. Mechanical sensitivity of the affected hind paw was
      significantly elevated from the first day after the surgery as evidenced by the
      increased occurrence of foot withdrawal to innocuous mechanical stimulation
      applied with von Frey filaments to the hind paw. The increased mechanical
      sensitivity continued for three weeks, at which time surgical sympathectomy was
      performed by removing the L2-L6 sympathetic chain. The sympathectomy produced an
      immediate and almost complete reversal of the increased mechanical sensitivity,
      whereas sham sympathectomy had no effect. The data suggest that sympathectomy
      alleviates mechanical allodynia in this experimental animal model.

PMID- 1815147
TI  - Overlapping projections to the amygdala and striatum from auditory processing
      areas of the thalamus and cortex.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to advance our understanding of the anatomical
      organization of sensory projections to the amygdala, and specifically to identify
      potential interactions within the amygdala between thalamic and cortical sensory
      projections of a single sensory modality. Thus, interconnections between the
      amygdala and acoustic processing areas of the thalamus and cortex were examined
      in the rat using WGA-HRP as an anterograde and a retrograde axonal tracer.
      Injections placed in medial aspects of the medial geniculate body (MGB) produced
      anterograde transport to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala and to adjacent
      areas of the striatum. Injections of primary auditory cortex (TE1) produced no
      transport to amygdala. In contrast, injections ventral to TE1 involving TE3 and
      perirhinal periallocortex (PRh) produced anterograde transport in the subcortical
      forebrain that was indistinguishable from that produced by the MGB injections.
      The TE3 and PRh injections also resulted in retrograde transport to primary
      auditory cortex and to MGB, thus confirming the involvement of these ventral
      cortical areas in auditory functions. Injections of the lateral nucleus of the
      amygdala resulted in retrograde transport back to the medial areas of MGB and to
      temporal cortical areas PRh, TE3, and the ventral most part of TE1. Thus,
      auditory processing regions of the thalamus and cortex give rise to overlapping
      (possibly convergent) projections to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. These
      projections may allow diverse auditory signals to act on common ensembles of
      amygdaloid neurons and may therefore play a role in the integration of sensory
      messages leading to emotional reactions.

PMID- 1815148
TI  - Serotonergic projections from the nucleus raphe dorsalis to the amygdala in the
      rat.
AB  - Previous studies have shown a possible connection between the nucleus raphe
      dorsalis (NRD) and the amygdala in mediating opioid analgesia. In the present
      study, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing was used in combination
      with serotonin (5-HT) immunocytochemical staining in an attempt to search for
      serotonergic projections from the NRD to the amygdala. In rats which received an
      injection of HRP into the amygdala, HRP retrogradely labelled 5-HT-immunoreactive
      cells were observed in the NRD. About 10% of the 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons in
      the NRD give rise to axons to the amygdala. These cells are predominantly
      situated in the ipsilateral wing and ventromedial part of the NRD. These data
      indicate the existence of serotonergic projections from the NRD to the amygdala,
      providing a morphological substrate for the putative antinociceptive pathway from
      the NRD to the amygdala.

PMID- 1815149
TI  - Laryngeal nerve paraganglia of the rat are morphologically and biochemically
      unchanged by long-term hypercapnia.
AB  - Exposure to hypercapnia (8.2 +/- 0.7% CO2) for 3 weeks failed to change the
      morphometric characteristics (mean cell area, nuclear, mitochondria and vesicle
      volume density) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve paraganglia of the rat.
      Moreover, this treatment had no effect on the dopamine and noradrenaline content
      of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The results are in contrast to
      what is found after exposure to hypoxia which increases the dopamine content and
      the cell area of the paraganglia and indicate that the mechanisms of the
      paraganglia in long-term hypoxia and hypercapnia differ.

PMID- 1815150
TI  - Effects of chronic ethanol consumption associated or not with experimental
      anterior thalamic lesions on spontaneous sequential alternation in mice.
AB  - Previous studies from our team have shown that a 12 month ethanol administration
      induced deficits in a sequential alternation task, whereas a 6 month treatment
      had no effects. We have already shown that the 12 month treatment induced
      deficits both in diencephalic and hippocampal structures, whereas the 6 month
      treatment damaged only the mammillary bodies. Thus, the question remained whether
      or not increasing selectively the diencephalic damage by lesioning the anterior
      thalamic nuclei would disrupt sequential alternation in 6 month ethanol-treated
      mice. Results indicate that alcohol-treated mice exhibiting experimental lesions
      into the anterior thalamus were significantly impaired in the sequential task as
      compared to both controls or 6 month ethanol-treated mice. In contrast, anterior
      thalamic lesions in normal (no alcohol treatment) subjects induced no deficits.
      The relative contribution of the hippocampo-mammillo-thalamic circuitry in
      sequential alternation is discussed.

PMID- 1815151
TI  - Moderate hypoglycemia induces ultrastructural changes in perivascular nerve
      terminals of cat cerebral arteries.
AB  - A quantitative morphological analysis of the perivascular nerve terminals of
      cerebral arteries during moderate hypoglycemia was performed. 5-Hydroxydopamine
      (5-OHDA) was applied to discriminate dense-cored vesicles, related to
      noradrenaline, and clear vesicles, related to acetylcholine, under the electron
      microscope. Five hypoglycemic and 5 normoglycemic cats, all receiving 5-OHDA,
      were compared. In both the middle cerebral artery and vertebral artery, the dense
      cored vesicles were significantly smaller and clear vesicles were significantly
      larger in hypoglycemia than in normoglycemia. These morphological changes in the
      vesicles may indicate hyperactivity of the sympathetic system and hypoactivity of
      the parasympathetic system of the cerebral vessels during hypoglycemia.

PMID- 1815152
TI  - Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the decrease in extracellular neostriatal
      dopamine induced by a unilateral transection at the mesodiencephalic junction in
      rats: a microdialysis study.
AB  - The effect of chronic treatment with (-)-nicotine on the decrease in
      extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in neostriatum induced by a unilateral
      transection at the meso-diencephalic junction in rats was studied. At the lesion
      time, Alzet minipumps filled with (-)-nicotine were implanted subcutaneously. Two
      weeks later, microdialysis probes were implanted bilaterally into the
      neostriatum. Perfusates were assayed for DA, acetylcholine (ACh) and metabolites
      in HPLC systems under basal and KCl stimulated conditions. The unilateral
      hemitransection produced an ipsilateral decrease in neostriatal extracellular DA,
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), but not in ACh
      levels. Chronic nicotine treatment counteracted the lesion-induced decrease in
      DA, but had no effect on extracellular DA levels in the contralateral neostriatum
      or in normal rats. The results support the idea that chronic nicotine treatment
      may protect against degeneration of central DA neurons.

PMID- 1815153
TI  - Spinal afferent projections to subnucleus reticularis dorsalis in the rat.
AB  - Small amounts of the retrograde tracer WGA-apoHRP-Au complex were injected in the
      caudal medulla to study the spinal afferents to the subnucleus reticularis
      dorsalis (SRD). Labelled neurones were found at all levels of the spinal cord:
      the highest numbers were in the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord (mainly laminae
      I, V, VI, VII, VIII and X), the lowest were at the thoracic and lumbar levels
      bilaterally, while an intermediate density was found bilaterally at the sacral
      level. When injection sites were located in the underlying subnucleus reticularis
      ventralis (SRV), labelling was bilateral and mainly in the deep layers of the
      cervical spinal cord. Together with our previous electrophysiological and
      anatomical data, this study suggests that the SRD provides a link in spino
      reticulo-spinal loops implicated in the processing of pain.

PMID- 1815154
TI  - Valuating a practice. As a rule of thumb, forget rules of thumb.

PMID- 1815155
TI  - Death and taxes. Dealing with the two certainties.

PMID- 1815156
TI  - Non-aldehyde pulpectomy technique for primary teeth. A formocresol pulpotomy
      alternative.

PMID- 1815157
TI  - A simple technique for uprighting partially impacted molars.

PMID- 1815159
TI  - Of skateboards, peanut butter and tug-of-war. Oral surgery is no time for fun
      unless there's a child involved.

PMID- 1815158
TI  - The prevalence of the retrocuspid papilla among three indigenous groups of
      patients. Study of the subjects in Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
AB  - The retrocuspid papilla (RCP) is a soft well circumscribed nodule located
      lingually to the mandibular cuspid on the gingival tissue surface. The RCP is
      observed more frequently in young children and regresses or disappears with age.
      Little information is available in the literature on this structure. The
      prevalence of the RCP is discussed as it relates to its distribution among three
      groups of Latin American patients: those of southern Ecuador, northeastern
      Honduras and eastern Nicaragua. The distribution by age, sex, symmetry and
      gingival position is evaluated. Based on the analysis of the results, it was
      determined that: the RCP is most prevalent in under-five age group at a relative
      frequency of 25 per cent; its prevalence decreases progressively with age; it is
      present significantly more often among females in the Honduras group; a
      unilateral distribution is more frequent than a bilateral distribution, except
      for the Nicaragua group, where a bilateral distribution prevails; and it is most
      frequently located on the attached gingiva as compared to free gingiva and
      mucosa. The clinical significance of the RCP resides in the fact that it may
      simulate pathological gingival conditions from which it must be differentiated.

PMID- 1815160
TI  - Playing with percentages. Tips on how to keep your fixed income fixed.

PMID- 1815161
TI  - The pitfalls of planning. Thinking of group ownership? Expect the unexpected.

PMID- 1815162
TI  - The role of radiation in dental diagnosis. University of Toronto's head oral
      radiologist says it's time to lay some old prejudices to rest.

PMID- 1815163
TI  - How much is too much? When it comes to staff wages, it depends.

PMID- 1815164
TI  - Suitcase dentistry in the Dominican Republic. Between Jesus and the tarantula,
      there was no time for boredom.

PMID- 1815165
TI  - Aeolus Press awards first OPG medal to Dr. Marcelle Jay.

PMID- 1815166
TI  - Congenital alacrima without associated manifestations (AD). An affected father
      and son.
AB  - The authors report a Kuwaiti Arab family in which the father and one of his two
      sons have severe hypolacrimation with blotchy staining of the cornea and punctate
      staining of the interpalpebral bulbar conjunctiva by fluorescein and Rose Bengal.
      Pharmacologic testing together with biochemical analysis and systemic
      examinations and investigations suggest an isolated dysfunction of lacrimation.
      The authors' small Arab family differs from the only other recorded pedigree
      (Irish) in which all five affected members in four generations also had atopy.

PMID- 1815167
TI  - DNA diagnosis in a family with autosomal dominant aniridia.
AB  - A large family with autosomal dominant aniridia is described. One of the family
      members presented with reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, slightly distorted
      macular reflex, but normal irides and clear media. Because of the high
      variability in expression of aniridia, even within family, a diagnosis of
      aniridia could not be excluded. However linkage analysis using tightly linked
      chromosome 11p13 markers flanking the aniridia locus (catalase, D11S151, and
      D11S325) made it highly unlikely that this patient inherited the aniridia gene
      from his affected mother.

PMID- 1815168
TI  - Microphthalmos and anterior segment dysgenesis in a family.
AB  - An unusual sibship is described of a spectrum of microphthalmos associated with
      various degrees of anterior segment mesodermal dysgenesis ranging from partial
      sclerocornea to congenital anterior staphyloma. The possible embryologic
      significance of these anomalies manifesting together are discussed, along with
      the visual benefits which are sometimes surprisingly attainable in these usually
      hopeless eyes.

PMID- 1815169
TI  - A new case of acro-renal-ocular (radio-renal-ocular) syndrome with cleft palate
      and costo-vertebral defects? A brief clinical report.
AB  - The authors describe a girl with retarded growth, renal malformations, retinal
      coloboma and hypoplasia of the thumbs like reported in the acro-renal-ocular
      syndrome. In addition, they found defects of the ribs and spine and cleft palate,
      not previously described in this syndrome. The was noted to have minor anomalies
      of the hands, which might represent a mild manifestation of this autosomal
      dominant syndrome.

PMID- 1815170
TI  - Intervertebral disk space calcification. A report of 51 children with a review of
      the literature.

PMID- 1815171
TI  - Neuroimaging findings (ultrasonography, CT, MRI) in 3 infants with congenital
      rubella syndrome.
AB  - Neuroimaging observations of three infants with congenital rubella syndrome are
      reported. We have observed congenital rubella syndrome lesions in the
      subependymal area, the basal ganglia and the deep white matter. Cranial
      ultrasonography defines subependymal cysts, calcification and possible vascular
      changes in the basal ganglia while MRI is the most sensitive to minor atrophic
      changes and white matter lesions. Although CT defines calcification, it is less
      sensitive than MRI to white matter changes and does not demonstrate subependymal
      cysts.

PMID- 1815172
TI  - Anterior mediastinal masses with calcifications on CT in children with
      histiocytosis-X (Langerhans cell histiocytosis). Report of two cases.

PMID- 1815173
TI  - Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood.
AB  - The authors reviewed the medical histories and radiological examinations of five
      pediatric patients with a histologic diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG)
      seen over a six year period in whom a total of 22 thoracic CT scans were
      performed. Involvement of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts was seen in
      all patients at presentation. One patient had subglottic stenosis necessitating
      tracheotomy. Pulmonary hemorrhage occurred in three patients at initial
      diagnosis. Classic cavitary lung nodules were seen in two patients--one at
      initial presentation, the other at relapse. The plain radiographic lower
      respiratory tract manifestations of pediatric WG were protean both at initial
      presentation and during follow up. Similarly, disease expression was highly
      variable on thoracic CT examinations but, overall, multifocal parenchymal
      infiltrates with or without small peripheral nodules were the commonest thoracic
      CT manifestations. As a consequence of cytotoxic and corticosteroid therapy the
      long-term prognosis of WG has improved considerably in recent years. Knowledge of
      the varied patterns of the primary disease and potential for iatrogenic
      complications are necessary for successful radiologic assessment of pediatric
      patients with WG.

PMID- 1815174
TI  - Plain film diagnosis in meconium plug syndrome, meconium ileus and neonatal
      Hirschsprung's disease. A scoring system.
AB  - Abdominal plain films of 133 neonates, with 82 cases of meconium plug syndrome
      (MPS), 27 cases of meconium ileus (MI) and 24 cases of neonatal Hirschsprung's
      disease (HD), were reviewed to assess the value of such radiographs for
      diagnosis. The radiographs were examined according to a list of 11 parameters. By
      using multivariate discriminant analysis, it appeared that 4 parameters i.e.
      dilatation of bowel loops, varying loop calibre, fluid levels and colonic gas
      were most important in discriminating among the three disorders. For each
      parameter the weight (in points) was derived. To classify patients, three group
      scores had to be calculated: the group-score with the largest value indicated the
      most likely disorder. So in 99%, 88% and 63% of MPS, HD and MI, respectively, an
      accurate diagnosis could be predicted. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 89%.
      Such a diagnosis can be a sound basis for further investigation.

PMID- 1815175
TI  - Augmented-pressure colostogram in imperforate anus with fistula.
AB  - Most newborns with imperforate anus, except for those with very low varieties,
      undergo a diverting colostomy performed in the postnatal period, with definitive
      surgical repair at a later age. Accurate demonstration of the anatomy of any
      associated fistula between the rectum and urogenital tract is essential for
      optimal surgical management. An augmented-pressure distal segment colostogram is
      recommended prior to definitive repair, both to confirm the level of rectal
      atresia and to define any associated fistulous communication. We report a case of
      high imperforate anus with rectourethral fistula in which the fistulous tract was
      not identified on the conventional contrast colostogram but was readily
      delineated when an augmented-pressure modification of the technique was utilized.
      The technical aspects of augmented-pressure colostography are presented.

PMID- 1815176
TI  - Furosemide-related renal calcifications in the premature infant. A longitudinal
      ultrasonographic study.
AB  - Low birthweight infants treated with chronic furosemide therapy are at risk for
      the development of intrarenal calcifications. A prospective longitudinal renal
      ultrasound investigation was conducted to study the correlation of diuretic
      therapy, clinical course and ultrasonographic findings. Of 117 premature infants
      studied ultrasonographically upon discharge from the hospital, 20 had intrarenal
      calcifications. Eight patients at age 16.3 +/- 2.6 months had sonographic
      resolution of renal calcifications, 6.6 +/- 1.1 months after furosemide therapy
      had been discontinued. Of the 12 patients with persistent calcifications, 4 died
      from severe pulmonary disease and autopsy in 3 of them confirmed the
      ultrasonographic diagnosis. All 12 children but 2 continued to receive furosemide
      for their chronic lung disease demonstrating significant association between
      chronic use of loop diuretics and persistence fo the renal calcifications (p less
      than 0.001). Two patients required nephrolithotomy and 4 suffered from recurrent
      urinary tract infections. In 4 patients, 5 kidneys were of small size and in 2
      bilateral collecting system dilation was noted. We conclude that discontinuation
      of furosemide therapy is associated with resolution of the renal calcifications.
      On the other hand, continued treatment with furosemide is associated with high
      renal morbidity which indicates ongoing clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up.

PMID- 1815177
TI  - Neuroblastoma: evaluation with contrast enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - The use of GD-DTPA was introduced recently for MR imaging of the body. This paper
      presents our experience with GD-DTPA enhanced MRI in the evaluation of
      neuroblastoma in children. The characteristics of the tumor-enhancement are
      described, its contribution to the diagnosis and the follow-up of this disease
      are discussed.

PMID- 1815179
TI  - Seatbelt induced chance fracture in an infant. Case report and literature review.
AB  - Chance ("seat belt") fractures of the lumbar spine are extremely rare in the
      pediatric population and virtually unheard of in infants. We report a case of a
      14 month old boy sustaining an isolated Chance fracture to L1 without associated
      spinal subluxation, dislocation, neurologic or visceral injury. He was being
      breast fed with his back beneath the passenger side shoulder harness when the
      vehicular front end collision causing his injury occurred. Thus, he may actually
      have sustained a hyperextension distraction or "Reverse Chance" fracture.

PMID- 1815178
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasound in a children's hospital: is it worthwhile?
AB  - We report our experience with transvaginal sonography (TVS) in 35 nonpregnant
      adolescent and young teenage females referred for pelvic sonography. We assessed
      the efficacy of TVS as compared to transabdominal sonography (TAS) in 40
      examinations. Of the 40 examinations, there were 5 discrepancies. In 4,
      abnormalities were detected on TVS not seen on TAS. In one there was a false
      positive TAS with bowel recognized as such on TVS. Image quality (clarity,
      completeness, anatomic detail) was judged better by two reviewers on TVS in 85%
      of cases but additional useful information given in 58% of patients. TVS provided
      greater diagnostic confidence in 30% of patients with possible PID by better
      demonstration of fluid in the endometrial canal, pyosalpinx or tubo-ovarian
      abscess, or by better characterization of free pelvic fluid. The average scan
      time required for TVS was 8 minutes. TVS was better tolerated than TAS in the
      majority of patients. TVS is a relatively easy, rapid imaging technique that is
      well tolerated. It enhances anatomic detail and helps to elucidate unclear
      findings on TAS. TVS is also helpful in obese patients and those unable to
      maintain a full bladder. It should be considered a useful and worthwhile adjunct
      to TAS in the evaluation of adolescents and teenagers with pelvic diseases.

PMID- 1815180
TI  - Leiomyomatosis of oesophagus, congenital cataracts and hematuria. Report of a
      case with rectal involvement.
AB  - Isolated oesophageal leiomyomatosis in children is very rare. The association
      between leiomyomatosis of oesophagus and female genital tract and an Alport like
      hematuric nephritis has been recognized as a distinct entity by Garcia-Torres and
      Guarner. Since then few other cases of this syndrome have been observed.
      Congenital cataracts and neurosensory deafness have been added to the clinical
      spectrum. Autosomal dominant inheritance is suggested by the familial cases. We
      report a patient who presents, as a new finding, leiomyomatosis of the rectum.

PMID- 1815181
TI  - The temporal bone in the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. A CT study.
AB  - The findings of thin-section high-resolution CT of the temporal bone in two
      children with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome are reported. In both cases an anomaly
      of the inner ear was found, consisting of bilateral cystic dilatation of the
      cochlea and the vestibulum. The possible etiologic basis for the hearing loss in
      this syndrome is discussed and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 1815182
TI  - Gorlin's syndrome with associated odontogenic cysts.
AB  - Multiple maxillary and mandibular cysts are principle features of basal cell
      nevus syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz). We present cases from an affected family in which
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was helpful in evaluation of the cystic lesions.
      A middle ear anomaly was identified which may represent an additional abnormality
      associated with the syndrome.

PMID- 1815183
TI  - Splenic necrosis in Wegener's granulomatosis.
AB  - The CT appearance of asymptomatic splenic necrosis in a 11-year-old girl with
      Wegener's granulomatosis is presented. Sonography showed splenic inhomogeneity
      with patency of the splenic artery and vein. Follow-up CT showed lobulation and
      shrinkage of the spleen with return to a normal attenuation.

PMID- 1815184
TI  - Duodenojejunal intussusception secondary to a duodenal lipoma presenting in a
      young boy.
AB  - A case of duodenojejunal intussusception secondary to a single multilobulated
      duodenal lipoma mimicking acute pancreatitis in a 12-year-old boy is presented.
      Duodenojejunal intussusception is a rare entity because of the somewhat fixed
      position of the duodenum within the retroperitoneum.

PMID- 1815185
TI  - Segmental cord atrophy. Unusual case report in an infant.
AB  - We describe an unusual case of paraplegia in infancy. Radiographs of the spine
      were unable to detect any anomalies. An MRI demonstrated segmental atrophy of the
      spinal cord.

PMID- 1815186
TI  - Urea cycle defect: a case with MR and CT findings resembling infarct.
AB  - A 2 1/2 year old girl was admitted to the hospital because of recurrent
      vomitting, impaired consciousness, and hyperammonemia. MR and CT findings
      resembled an infarct, but she was found to have a defect in the urea cycle,
      partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

PMID- 1815187
TI  - Granulomatous hepatitis in cat-scratch disease. Ultrasound and CT observations.
AB  - A male two year old was admitted to the hospital with a one month history of
      fever. The physical examination was unrevealing. Abdominal ultrasound revealed
      multiple, circumscribed regions of low attenuation in the liver and a
      parapancreatic mass. Laparotomy and biopsy revealed multiple nodules in the
      liver. The histopathologic findings indicated the child had cat-scratch disease,
      which resolved with administration of gentamycin sulfate.

PMID- 1815188
TI  - Osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea of the humerus.
AB  - Osteochondritis dissecans is a transchondral fracture. Localization to the elbow
      is rare when it is usually located in the capitellum of the humerus or the radial
      head. Osteochondritis of the trochlea of the humerus is described in a 12 year
      old X-ray and MRI.

PMID- 1815190
TI  - Mandibuloacral dysplasia as a form of idiopathic osteolysis.

PMID- 1815189
TI  - Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type II. Report of a case with
      characteristic skeletal features.
AB  - Osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type II manifests typical skeletal features
      which have not previously been described in the radiographic literature. We
      present an infant with characteristic findings and discuss related conditions,
      especially the Seckel syndrome.

PMID- 1815191
TI  - MR appearances of bone marrow in children following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 1815193
TI  - Baby bottle tooth decay: a problem affecting young children in North Dakota.

PMID- 1815192
TI  - Diving and dentistry.

PMID- 1815194
TI  - Smoking and periodontal disease.

PMID- 1815195
TI  - Dentistry in Operation Desert Storm.

PMID- 1815196
TI  - How to reduce legal fees.

PMID- 1815197
TI  - Association between primary dentition wear and clinical temporomandibular
      dysfunction signs.
AB  - Dental wear facets often are considered indicators of temporomandibular
      dysfunction (TMD). Dental wear facets are common in children, but their
      association with TMD signs is unknown. A reproducible, clinical evaluation of TMD
      signs for young children shows no statistically significant association between
      primary dentition wear facets and clinical signs of TMD (P less than or equal to
      0.05). Wear facets in young children do not appear to warrant TMD evaluation or
      treatment.

PMID- 1815198
TI  - Serum antibody levels to oral microorganisms in children and young adults with
      relation to the severity of gingival disease.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the IgG and IgM serum
      antibody levels to 10 microorganisms involved in periodontal diseases in children
      and young adults with no systemic disease, but with either minimal/none or severe
      gingival inflammation. Blood samples from 15 children and 14 young adults were
      collected. Seven children and nine adults had minimal or no gingival
      inflammation; the rest had severe gingivitis. Kruskal-Wallis H analysis indicated
      significant differences among the age groups in the IgM values for all
      microorganisms and for most organisms in the IgG values. The contrast coefficient
      matrix values between children and young adults were significant for all the
      microorganisms for the IgM values and for most of the organisms for the IgG
      values when the severity of the disease was not taken into consideration.
      However, when the severity of the disease was also considered, the contrast
      coefficient matrix values for most of the microorganisms were not significant for
      both the IgG and IgM values. Age had a more significant influence on the serum
      antibody levels than the severity of the disease, mostly in the IgM values.

PMID- 1815199
TI  - Risk factors associated with atypical root resorption of the maxillary primary
      central incisors.
AB  - Maxillary occlusal radiographs of 233 children between 42 and 60 months old were
      examined for the presence or absence of atypical root resorption (ARR). In
      addition, the dental records of these children were examined to determine if an
      association existed between ARR, oral habits, documented trauma and overjet.
      Thirty-three (14.2%) of the patients had radiographic evidence of ARR of either
      maxillary primary incisor. Children with a positive history of both trauma to the
      incisors and oral habits had a statistically higher prevalence of ARR than those
      without either finding (P = .03). ARR was more prevalent as overjet increased,
      independent of trauma, and oral habits (P = .03). Furthermore, as the number of
      risk factors (large overjet, documented trauma, and oral habits) increased, the
      likelihood of developing ARR also increased.

PMID- 1815200
TI  - The effectiveness of infiltration anesthesia in the mandibular primary molar
      region.
AB  - The purposes of the present study were to determine the effectiveness of
      infiltration anesthesia in the mandibular primary molars, and how patient age,
      tooth location, and anesthetic type relate to the quality of anesthesia. Data
      were derived from 66 subjects, 42-72 months old, requiring restorative treatment
      in mandibular primary molars. Infiltration anesthesia was provided with
      mepivacaine hydrochloride 2%, prilocaine hydrochloride 4%, and articaine
      hydrochloride 4%. After 10 min, probing, rubber dam placement, and drilling were
      initiated. Procedures were videotaped and ratings of comfort and behaviors were
      made using the SEM scale and the Frankl Behavioral Scale. The conclusions were:
      1) sixty-five per cent of the subjects experienced little or no pain; 2) children
      who demonstrated little or no pain during injection were likely to be comfortable
      during successive procedures; 3) there was a high relationship between children
      behaving cooperatively and comfort during procedures; and 4) the quality of
      anesthesia was not significantly related to tooth location, age, or type of
      anesthetic agent.

PMID- 1815201
TI  - The Papoose Board and mothers' attitudes following its use.
AB  - Seventy-four mothers were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward the use of
      a Papoose Board (PB, Olympic Medical Corporation, Seattle, WA) to treat their
      uncooperative children (mean age 3.1 years). If, at the initial exam, it was
      agreed that the PB might be an acceptable treatment modality, the child was
      prescribed a sedative for the next appointment. At that appointment, the child
      was placed in the PB and teeth were restored using local anesthetic, mouth prop,
      and/or nitrous oxide. Afterward, each mother received a survey to complete at
      home and mail back anonymously. Seventy-four surveys were issued; 59 were mailed
      back. Of the 59, 50 were answered comprehensively; nine were incomplete. Of the
      50 surveys, 90% of the mothers approved of the use of the PB, 96% thought the PB
      was necessary to perform the dentistry, 78% did not think it had a later negative
      effect on the child, and 86% were willing to use it with their next child.

PMID- 1815202
TI  - The association of simple anterior dental crossbite to gingival margin
      discrepancy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of gingival margin
      discrepancy affecting the mandibular incisors in children with a single-tooth
      anterior crossbite. The response of the position of the gingival margin to
      correction of the crossbite also was investigated. Twenty-two subjects with a
      single central crossbite and 16 subjects with a single lateral crossbite were
      identified from two orthodontic practices. Seventeen of the 22 central incisor
      patients had immediate posttreatment records available; six patients had long
      term follow-up records. An insufficient number of posttreatment records were
      available for the patients with lateral crossbites. The mean clinical crown
      length of crossbite mandibular incisors, measured on the study models, was
      compared with mean crown length of contralateral control incisors and the
      difference in clinical crown length was determined. A gingival margin discrepancy
      was identified when the gingival margin of the crossbite incisor was at least 1.0
      mm apical to the gingival margin of the control incisor. The proportion of
      subjects with gingival margin discrepancy was significantly higher in subjects
      with central incisor crossbite (12/22 = 54%) than in those with lateral incisor
      crossbite (4/16 = 25%), P less than 0.05. While a gingival margin discrepancy
      persisted for eight of the 17 central incisor crossbites after discontinuing the
      appliance, 8.9 +/- 4.7 months, the severity of the discrepancy showed a
      significant reduction from 2.2 +/- 0.5 mm to 1.3 +/- 0.8 mm, P less than 0.05.
      True recession with exposure of cementum was not observed in any
      subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815203
TI  - Impaction of a primary maxillary canine by an odontoma: surgical and orthodontic
      management.

PMID- 1815204
TI  - Radiation reduction technique for pediatric dental panoramic radiographs.

PMID- 1815205
TI  - Another use for dental floss: a clinical safety suggestion.

PMID- 1815206
TI  - Lack of effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonists on blood flow in the
      rat thyroid.
AB  - We used three putative vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antagonists: 1) [4C1-D
      Phe6,Leu17]VIP, 2) [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2] GRF(1-29)-NH2, and 3) VIP(10-28) to assess
      the involvement of endogenous VIP in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion
      and thyroid blood flow (BF). We measured thyroid BF in ketamine-pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats using the microsphere technique. Increases in thyroid BF
      induced by VIP administration (30 pmol-1.5 nmol/100 g b.wt.) were not affected by
      any of the three compounds tested at doses 10-100 times higher than that of VIP.
      These compounds (3-15 nmol/100 g b.wt.) also failed to affect basal thyroid BF or
      hormone secretion. Increases in pancreatic and salivary gland BFs induced by VIP
      (30 pmol/100 g b.wt.) were also not affected by [4C1-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP or [N-Ac
      Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF(1-29)-NH2 (3 nmol/100 g b.wt.). These results indicate that the
      three compounds tested are not effective inhibitors of VIP receptors in the
      thyroid vasculature and, therefore, they cannot be used in the investigation of
      the functional significance of endogenous VIP in the regulation of thyroid BF.

PMID- 1815207
TI  - [3H]desGly-NH2(9)-d(CH2)5[D-Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP: an AVP V2 receptor antagonist
      radioligand.
AB  - Binding characteristics of the selective V2 antagonist radioligand [3H]desGly
      NH2(9)-d(CH2)5[D-Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP to rat kidney were determined. Binding was
      specific, saturable and reversible. The peptide bound to a single class of high
      affinity binding sites with Bmax 69.4 +/- 6.8 fmol/mg protein and KD 2.8 +/- 0.3
      nM. AVP and other related peptides displaced [3H]desGly-NH2(9)-d(CH2)5[D
      Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP binding. The order of potency of inhibition was desamino-D-AVP
      greater than AVP greater than d(CH2)5[D-Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP greater than oxytocin
      greater than d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP greater than d(CH2)5[sarcosine7]AVP, which is
      typical of a selective V2 radioligand. Autoradiographic localization of
      [3H]desGly-NH2(9)-d(CH2)5[D-Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP binding sites in kidney showed dense
      binding in the inner and outer medulla with less binding in the cortex, which is
      consistent with known renal V2 receptor distribution.

PMID- 1815208
TI  - Distribution of neurotensin-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the
      brainstem of the adult male cat.
AB  - We studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing neurotensin in
      the brainstem of the cat using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A high or
      moderate density of immunoreactive perikarya was found in the interpeduncular
      nucleus, inferior colliculus, nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus
      and in the lateral tegmental field. Moreover, a high density of neurotensin
      immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus
      and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. The interpeduncular
      nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
      contained a moderate density of immunoreactive fibers.

PMID- 1815210
TI  - Theoretical amino acid descriptors. Application to bradykinin potentiating
      peptides.
AB  - A simple and computationally nonintensive technique based on principal component
      analysis of 3-dimensional fields to derive theoretical descriptors is presented.
      The descriptors are then applied to a quantitative structure-activity
      relationship study on bradykinin potentiating pentapeptides.

PMID- 1815209
TI  - Effects of selective cholecystokinin antagonists L364,718 and L365,260 on food
      intake in rats.
AB  - The selective type A and B cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists L364,718
      and L365,260 were used to identify the receptor subtype that mediates the satiety
      effect of endogenous CCK. Male rats (n = 12-13/group), fed ground rat chow ad
      lib, received L364,718 (0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 micrograms/kg IP) or L365,260 (0,
      0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 micrograms/kg IP) 2 h after lights off, and food
      intake was measured 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 h later. L364,718 significantly stimulated
      1.5-h food intake by more than 40% at 10 micrograms/kg and higher doses;
      cumulative intake at 3.5 and 5.5 h remained elevated by about 20% at 1000 and 100
      micrograms/kg of L364,718, respectively. In contrast, L365,260 had no significant
      stimulatory effect on feeding at any dose. The potency of L365,260 for
      antagonizing gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was examined in
      unanesthetized rats. Male rats (n = 14), prepared with gastric and jugular vein
      cannulas, received doubling doses of gastrin (G-171) (0.16-5 nmol/kg/h IV), each
      dose for 30 min, and gastric juice was collected for each 30-min period. G-171
      stimulated gastric acid output dose dependently; the minimal effective dose was
      0.16 nmol/kg/h, while maximal output (5-fold above basal) occurred at 5
      nmol/kg/h. L365,260 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 micrograms/kg IV),
      administered 30 min before continuous infusion of G-171 (1.25 or 5 nmol/kg/h),
      significantly inhibited acid output only at 10,000 micrograms/kg; cumulative 60
      min output was decreased by 60%. These results suggest that CCK acts at CCK-A
      receptors to produce satiety during the dark period in ad lib-feeding rats.

PMID- 1815211
TI  - Naloxone blocks the release of opioid peptides in periaqueductal gray and N.
      accumbens induced by intra-amygdaloid injection of morphine.
AB  - The working hypothesis that the periaqueductal gray (PAG), N. accumbens and
      amygdala were connected serially in a unidirectional loop for antinociception, in
      which Metenkephalin and beta-endorphin were considered to be two important
      analgesic neurotransmitters, was examined by simultaneously perfusing the PAG and
      N. accumbens after microinjection of morphine into the amygdala. Intra-amygdaloid
      injection of morphine increased the release of enkephalins and beta-endorphin in
      the PAG and N. accumbens. When the perfusion fluid contained 3 microM of
      naloxone, the release of enkephalins and beta-endorphin was reduced in both the
      PAG and the N. accumbens. These results do not support the hypothesis of a
      unidirectional loop and its putative sequence.

PMID- 1815212
TI  - Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulation of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in
      neonatal rats.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known as peptide mitogens and
      important growth factors in fetal as well as in early postnatal development. In
      particular, IGF II is strongly expressed during fetal life and in neonatal
      animals. Very little is known about the regulation of IGF II gene expression. In
      order to study in detail the regulation of IGF II mRNA levels in the liver by the
      potent nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we have used
      quantitative in situ hybridization to detect the mRNA encoding for this growth
      factor. Pups were separated into 4 groups and injected twice a day immediately
      after birth with 3 different doses of DHT: 0.1 mg DHT/day, 0.25 mg DHT/day, 0.5
      mg DHT/day for 4 and 7 days, and the control groups were injected with the
      vehicle alone. Animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and sections from
      the liver, heart, kidneys and brain were cut with a cryostat. A [35S]-labeled
      cDNA probe was used to detect IGF II mRNA levels. After hybridization, sections
      were autoradiographed with X-ray films and then coated with liquid photographic
      emulsion. Densitometric measurement revealed that, at 4 days of age, IGF II mRNA
      levels were lower in DHT-treated rats than in control animals. No statistically
      significant differences in IGF II mRNA levels were observed among the three
      groups treated with the different doses of DHT, thus revealing that even the
      lowest dose of DHT (0.1 mg/day) used was sufficient to inhibit IGF II gene
      expression in neonatal rats. Moreover, at 7 days of age, DHT-treated rats showed
      the same levels of IGF II mRNA as those observed in rats treated with DHT for 4
      days. These results suggest that DHT may play an important role in the regulation
      of IGF II gene expression in the rat liver during the neonatal period.

PMID- 1815213
TI  - Naloxone and TRH affect regional blood flows in the anesthetized rabbit.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of IV naloxone and a subsequent administration of TRH
      IV were studied in the rabbit. Naloxone caused a vasodilation in the myocardium
      and adrenal glands. Naloxone elicited an increment in cerebral blood flow in
      several regions which attenuated the cerebrovasodilating effect of TRH in a few
      regions. The blockade of endogenous opioids with naloxone did not modify the
      peripheral vasoconstricting effect of TRH or affect the vascular effects of TRH
      mediated by the peripheral sympathetic nerves. The results indicate that naloxone
      has a vasodilating effect in the myocardium and CNS in anesthetized rabbits. The
      major part of the cardiovascular effect of TRH is not dependent on mechanisms
      sensitive to naloxone.

PMID- 1815215
TI  - Presence of corazonin in three insect species, and isolation and identification
      of [His7]corazonin from Schistocerca americana.
AB  - An ELISA for corazonin, a cardioactive neuropeptide from the American cockroach,
      Periplaneta americana, was developed. It was used to isolate corazonin from the
      cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, the locust Schistocerca americana, and the hawkmoth
      Manduca sexta. The peptides from Nauphoeta and Manduca had the same retention
      times as Periplaneta corazonin, and their amino acid compositions also suggested
      that these peptides are identical with corazonin. The corazonin-immunoreactive
      peptide from Schistocerca eluted slightly earlier on HPLC than corazonin, and its
      structure was determined to be [His7]corazonin, or pGlu-Thr-Phe-Gln-Tyr-Ser-His
      Gly-Trp-Thr-Asn-amide. These results indicate that corazonin is generally present
      in insects and that its structure has been well conserved.

PMID- 1815214
TI  - Capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents and CCK in inhibition of gastric motor
      function induced by intestinal nutrients.
AB  - The role of vagal afferent pathways and cholecystokinin (CCK) in mediating
      changes in gastric motor function after a meal was investigated in urethane
      anesthetized rats. Proximal gastric motor function was measured manometrically,
      and nutrients were infused into an isolated segment of duodenum. Inhibition of
      gastric motility in response to duodenal infusion of protein (peptone or casein),
      but not carbohydrate (glucose), was significantly attenuated by administration of
      the CCK antagonist, L364,718. Selective ablation of vagal afferents by perineural
      treatment with the sensory neurotoxin, capsaicin, significantly reduced responses
      to both duodenal protein and glucose. These results suggest that protein in the
      duodenum decreases proximal gastric motor function via release of CCK and a vagal
      capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathway. In contrast, glucose acts via a capsaicin
      sensitive vagal pathway not involving CCK. Thus separate neural and hormonal
      mechanisms mediate the effects of different nutrients in the duodenal feedback
      regulation of gastric motor function.

PMID- 1815216
TI  - The identification and structure-activity relations of a cardioactive FMRFamide
      related peptide from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus.
AB  - The pericardial organs and thoracic ganglia of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus
      were resected and extracted. The extracts were fractionated by HPLC and the
      fractions analyzed by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) to FMRFamide. Multiple peaks of
      immunoreactivity were present and one of these, upon fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry (FAB-ms) and microsequencing, yielded the sequence GYNRSFLRFamide.
      The amount of this peptide in each crab is between 7 and 13 pmol. Several
      incomplete sequences were also characterized, suggesting a precursor with
      multiple copies of peptides related to GYNRSFLRFamide might occur. The peptide
      caused a dose-dependent increase in heart rate; threshold was 10 to 30 nM, and
      the EC50 was 323 +/- 62 nM. A structure-activity study of GYNRSFLRFamide on the
      crab heart suggests that, for full potency, a peptide should be at least a
      heptapeptide with the sequence XXZFLRFamide, where X is any amino acid and Z is
      either asparagine or serine.

PMID- 1815217
TI  - Mammalian FMRF-NH2-like peptide in rat pituitary: decrease by osmotic stimulus.
AB  - Previous studies with the Brattleboro rat suggested a possible interaction at the
      pituitary level between AVP and the neuropeptide, F-8-F-NH2. In order to test
      this hypothesis, we studied the effect of various osmotic stimuli on
      neurohypophyseal F-8-F-NH2. In rats drinking 2% NaCl solution for two days,
      neural lobe AVP and F-8-F-NH2 levels were equally reduced by 87%. After maximal
      depletion, pituitary levels of F-8-F-NH2 and AVP rebounded in parallel when
      normal drinking water was reintroduced. Pituitary stalk transection depleted
      neurohypophyseal F-8-F-NH2. The results of this study suggest that
      neurohypophyseal F-8-F-NH2 originates from the hypothalamus and, furthermore, is
      coreleased along with AVP in response to hyperosmotic stimuli.

PMID- 1815218
TI  - Behavioral changes induced by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue, RGH
      2202.
AB  - The behavioral activity of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, L-6
      ketopiperidine-2- carbonyl-leucyl-L-prolinamide (RGH 2202), has been studied in
      the rat. The number of errors in a radial maze test was reduced after acute
      intraperitoneal (IP) injection of RGH 2202 at the dose of 5 or 10 mg/kg. Grooming
      activity was increased with a lower dose, 1 mg/kg. Hypoxia-induced amnesia, as
      assessed with active and passive avoidance behavior tests, was reversed in rats
      treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg of the drug. The loss of learning and memory capacity
      shown by aged rats in the same behavioral tests was also reduced after injection
      of RGH 2202. In a test for sexual activity of male rats, the higher dose of the
      drug induced a facilitation of mounting and ejaculations, while smaller doses
      were ineffective. The rotorod test revealed a decreased number of falls in
      animals treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg of RGH 2202. In all behavioral tests, the same
      doses of natural thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were less effective,
      indicating that this analogue may be qualified as a potentially active drug in
      human pathologies.

PMID- 1815219
TI  - Increased food intake by neuropeptide Y is due to an increased motivation to eat.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY), administered intracerebroventricularly, is a potent
      orexigenic agent. To determine if NPY-induced eating represented an increase in
      motivation to eat (e.g., hunger) rather than pathological or stimulus-bound
      eating, we determined its effect on eating in three paradigms, including lever
      press, appetitive passive avoidance and quinine-adulterated milk. NPY-injected
      mice consumed more milk when required to work for it in a lever press apparatus
      and tolerated shock to the tongue for drinking milk. Increasing the dose of NPY
      also allowed mice to overcome a taste aversion for quinine-adulterated milk.
      Overall, these studies support the hypothesis that NPY causes a specific increase
      in the motivation to eat, rather than nonspecific or stimulus-bound behavior.

PMID- 1815220
TI  - Porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity in rat tissues.
AB  - The presence of immunoreactive porcine brain natriuretic peptide in rat tissues
      was studied with a specific radioimmunoassay for porcine brain natriuretic
      peptide-26. The cross-reactivity of the antiserum used was less than 0.001% with
      rat atrial natriuretic peptide, rat brain natriuretic peptide-32 and rat brain
      natriuretic peptide-45. Immunoreactive porcine brain natriuretic peptide was
      detectable in various tissues of the rat, and high concentrations of
      immunoreactive porcine brain natriuretic peptide were found in the brain and
      cardiac atrium, with the highest level in the hypothalamus (159 +/- 30 fmol/gram
      wet tissue, mean +/- SEM, n = 4). Reverse phase high performance liquid
      chromatography showed that the immunoreactive porcine brain natriuretic peptide
      of the whole brain and heart extracts eluted mainly at an identical position to
      synthetic porcine brain natriuretic peptide-26. These findings indicate that
      porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like substance, distinct from rat brain
      natriuretic peptide, is present in high concentrations in the rat brain and
      cardiac atrium.

PMID- 1815221
TI  - Distinct hemodynamic and gastric effects of human CGRP I and II in man.
AB  - The human calcitonin gene-related peptides I and II (or alpha and beta) (CGRP I
      and II) are encoded by two different genes, but they have 34 of the 37 amino acid
      residues in common. Human CGRP I more potently stimulated blood flow through the
      skin and carotid artery (p less than 0.01), and the heart rate (p less than
      0.05), and plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion than human CGRP II (p
      less than 0.02). Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid output, on
      the other hand, was only obtained with CGRP II. The separate effects of human
      CGRP I and II on the cardiovascular and gastric systems are presumably mediated
      by different receptors or receptor pathways recognized by the two closely related
      neuropeptides.

PMID- 1815223
TI  - Phosphorylation of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) by casein kinase II in
      vitro.
AB  - A phosphorylated analogue of DSIP at Ser7 has been shown to exist endogenously by
      immunochemical studies. An enzyme which could phosphorylate DSIP has not yet been
      identified. In the present study, we examined DSIP as a substrate for in vitro
      phosphorylation by casein kinase II. DSIP was phosphorylated by the enzyme with
      apparent Km and Vmax values of 20 mM and 90.9 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively.
      Both ATP and GTP were utilized as phosphoryl donors. Phosphorylation of DSIP was
      inhibited by heparin and enhanced by spermine. These results demonstrate that
      DSIP can serve as a possible substrate for casein kinase II in vitro.

PMID- 1815222
TI  - Age-related changes of beta-endorphin and cholecystokinin in human and rat
      mononuclear cells.
AB  - Beta-endorphin (BE) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured in fresh PBMC
      isolated from human subjects and rats. The BE and CCK PBMC contents increased
      significantly with age both in human and rat models. Moreover, polyclonal
      stimulation induced a significant decrease of BE but not CCK contents in
      mononuclear cells from human aged subjects. The time course of changes in BE and
      CCK concentrations observed in fresh and cultured cells from subjects of
      different ages did not directly correlate to the time course of age-associated
      impairment of lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferative response and interleukin-2
      synthesis. In fact, the lymphocyte functional defects were significantly observed
      only in the 71-99 year age group, whereas the neuropeptide changes were already
      evident in the 31-50 age group. Since BE has been shown to participate in the
      modulation of the immune system, the age-related modifications of PBMC BE could
      play a role in the immunodepression observed during aging.

PMID- 1815224
TI  - Vasopressin and cognitive processes: two event-related potential studies.
AB  - Two experiments studied the influence of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on cognitive
      processes by means of an electrophysiological measure, the late positive complex
      (LPC) of the event-related potential. The LPC varies systematically with
      cognitive processes. The classical oddball paradigm and an incidental memory task
      (structural encoding of emotional adjectives) were used. The two studies differed
      only in the dose of AVP (study 1: three time nasal application of 10 IU AVP;
      study 2: 20 IU). In study 1, AVP intake enhanced memory performance. The LPC
      elicited by oddball stimuli was not influenced by AVP, neither when compared
      before and after intake nor when compared to placebo treatment. However, specific
      influences of AVP on the LPC elicited during the structural encoding task were
      observed. In both studies, AVP intake resulted in a marked change of the scalp
      distribution of the P3 component, which is a prominent part of the LPC.
      Furthermore, subjects treated with the lower dose of AVP showed a more positive
      P3 component on emotional (negative and positive) adjectives, when compared to
      neutral ones. The results suggest that vasopressin influences the central nervous
      processing of the emotional content of stimuli.

PMID- 1815226
TI  - Effects of vasopressin on the habituation of the orienting reaction in men.
AB  - Effects of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on the habituation of the orienting
      reaction and response to stimulus mismatch were investigated in a between-group
      design with 40 healthy male volunteers using skin conductance and heart rate
      responses as dependent measures. Twenty-one 1000 Hz tones of 90 dB(A) intensity
      and 2 s duration were presented with alternating intervals of 20 and 140 s.
      Stimulus mismatch responses were analyzed to the tones after the long intervals
      and to a change of the interval duration. The expected prevention of habituation
      as an indicator of a general stimulus-related increase of phasic arousal under
      AVP could not be confirmed. There were no differences between the AVP and the
      placebo group in the skin conductance and heart rate responses. The interval
      change did not provoke a dishabituation reaction, but responses to the tones
      after the long intervals were reliably enhanced. However, AVP did not increase
      the reaction to stimulus mismatch. It is concluded that autonomic indicators of
      the habituation of the OR remain unaffected by AVP.

PMID- 1815225
TI  - Vasopressin and oxytocin do not influence early sensory processing but affect
      mood and activation in man.
AB  - Effects of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OX) on brainstem and middle
      latency auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP and MAEP), reflecting early sensory
      processing within the specific auditory pathways and primary auditory cortex,
      were investigated. Additionally, subjects rated their feelings of activation and
      mood on an adjective check list (EWL). The experiments were undertaken in 12
      healthy male volunteers, receiving either placebo, 0.15 IU AVP, 0.5 IU AVP or 0.5
      IU OX as IV bolus injection according to a within-subject double-blind design.
      There were no consistent effects of AVP and OX on BAEPs and MAEPs. AVP decreased
      self-perceived deactivation, fatigue and arousal. Results do not suggest an
      effect of AVP and OX on early stages of sensory processing, but, consistent with
      previous studies, demonstrate changes towards increased (self-perceived) general
      activation following administration of these hormones.

PMID- 1815227
TI  - Behavioral effects of neurohypophyseal peptides in healthy volunteers: 10 years
      of research.
AB  - A short summary of behavioral studies on the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin
      published during the past decade is provided. Only studies using healthy
      volunteers as subjects were included. Among the studies reviewed, large
      differences exist with respect to design, procedure, treatment schedule and dose
      used. Results from the majority of the studies support that vasopressin and
      oxytocin affect central nervous functions in man after systemic administration.
      Since the hormonal influences do not appear to be consistently restricted to
      certain stages of stimulus processing but nonspecifically concern a great variety
      of cognitive functions, it is suggested that the influence of hypophyseal
      peptides on stimulus processing is mediated through an action on basic mechanisms
      involved in the general regulation of central nervous activation, i.e., on
      arousal systems that could also alter affective aspects of stimulus processing.
      The altogether moderate number of studies, so far, does not provide a sufficient
      data base justifying a clinical application of these peptides as nootropic
      treatments.

PMID- 1815228
TI  - Endogenous opiates: 1990.
AB  - This paper, an examination of works published during 1990, is thirteenth in a
      series of our annual reviews of the research involving the behavioral,
      nonanalgesic, effects of the endogenous opiate peptides. The specific topics this
      year include stress; tolerance and dependence, eating; drinking;
      gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic functions; mental illness; learning, memory,
      and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures
      and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; locomotor
      activity; sex, pregnancy, development, and aging; immunological responses; and
      other behavior.

PMID- 1815229
TI  - Bombesin effects on responding maintained by a fixed interval schedule of food
      reinforcement.
AB  - The present experiment examined rats' responding maintained by a fixed interval
      two-min schedule of food reinforcement following IP injections of bombesin (4, 6,
      16, 32 micrograms/kg). The results showed that bombesin's effects were rate
      dependent where the responses per minute emitted during the early portion of the
      fixed interval were reduced, but responding during the latter portion was
      unaffected. Bombesin did not reduce overall session responses per minute, pause
      after reinforcement, or amount of water consumed in the test chamber. The results
      are in accord with prior research examining the effects of bombesin and
      cholecystokinin on operant behavior. Together, the data challenge the notion that
      bombesin affects food-motivated behavior generally; rather, the results indicate
      that bombesin's effect may interact with the demands required of the animal for
      reinforcement.

PMID- 1815230
TI  - Structure of equine corticotropin releasing factor.
AB  - A 41 amino acid peptide, probably identical in structure to human corticotropin
      releasing factor, was isolated from 70 equine hypothalami by methanol extraction,
      immunoaffinity chromatography and single step of reverse phase HPLC. The amino
      acid sequence was determined by gas phase sequence analysis. Probable carboxyl
      terminal amidation was demonstrated by similar retention times for equine and
      human corticotropin releasing factor on reverse phase HPLC at pH 8. The likely
      structure of equine corticotropin releasing factor is: Ser-Glu-Glu-Pro-Pro- Ile
      Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Met-Ala-Arg- Ala-Glu -
      Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Ser-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Met-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2. The purified
      peptide is equipotent with human corticotropin releasing factor in an in vitro
      bioassay and in a human plasma binding protein assay.

PMID- 1815232
TI  - [Preliminary evaluation of the usefulness of vascular prostheses Protegraft DV
      1900 manufactured by B. Braun Melsungen AG].
AB  - The authors carried out preliminary clinical evaluation of usefulness of the
      knitted vascular prostheses Protegraft DV 1900 of B. Braun Melsungen AG's firm.
      10 prostheses of that firm were used for investigation implanting biforked
      protheses to six patients and single prostheses to four patients. Such qualities
      were taken into account: their behaviour in the operation field during the
      operation so blood percolating through the wall, shredding of the edges, passing
      of the suture through the prostheses as well as wall rigor after blood
      coagulation. It was observed that the vascular prostheses Protegraft DV 1900
      together with the advantages ascribed until now to prostheses from woven
      materials and, first of all, a very short period of bleeding through the wall
      after releasing the clip.

PMID- 1815231
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of hydrogel-type dressing materials after their 8-year use].
AB  - The subject to assessment were hydrogel dressings (in 42 patients) compared with
      the classical gauze dressing with an addition of various pharmaceuticals (in 65
      patients). We found out that the gauze dressings get dry 24 hours after they have
      been applied, their replacement being very painful. The hydrogel dressings, on
      the other hand, do not cause any pain when replaced after the 24 hours. The
      hygroscopic properties of hydrogel dressings allow a quick cleaning of the wound
      from microorganisms. Permitting an easy absorption of antibiotics and other
      drugs, they contribute to an acceleration of the healing process and epidermis
      development.

PMID- 1815233
TI  - Biologically active thrombin-containing hydrogels based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl
      methacrylate) for endovascular occlusion.

PMID- 1815234
TI  - [Experimental studies of new Polish hydrogel dressing materials HDR].
AB  - Recently the spectrum of dressings was enriched, incorporating the so-called
      hydrogel dressing, made by Geistlich Sons Ltd. and Byk Goldbin-Konstanz referred
      to as "Geliperm". In Poland, HDR hydrogel dressings' technology was launched by
      Institute of Radiative Technology, Lodz+ Polytechnic. This type of dressing is
      obtained by radiative cross-linking of hydrophilic polymers. The experimental
      studies of the new Polish hydrogel materials were accomplished at the Department
      of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, the Chair of traumatologic
      Surgery, Medical Academy of Wroclaw. These studies concerned three kinds of
      hydrogel dressings, different in composition and irradiation conditions. HDR-1
      10% of polyvinylpyrrolidone+, 1.5% of agar, 1.5% of polyethylene glycol 300,
      irradiated with 30 kGy (gamma radiation of 60Co); HDR-1 with neomycin--formula as
      above plus neomycin sulfate (2.5%); HDR-2 6% of polyvinylpyrrolidone++, 1% of
      agar, 1.5% of polyethylene glycol 300, irradiated with 25-27 kGy (gamma radiation
      of 60Co). The usable properties of the HDR dressings approximate those of the
      West German products. Owing to the lab tests, biological and in vitro
      examinations we had performed, it was possible to state that aqueous extracts of
      the hydrogel dressings subjected to assessment did'nt exhibit hemolytical or
      toxic activities in cellular tests, at the same time lacking an irritating
      effect. They cause a minimal tissular reaction and accelerate the process of
      healing.

PMID- 1815235
TI  - Monthly prostaglandin bibliography prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 1815236
TI  - Effect of exogenous phospholipase A2 and triacylglycerol lipase on the synthesis
      and release of monoenoic and bisenoic prostaglandins from isolated rat uterus.
AB  - The possible existence of a selective and independent mechanism subserving the
      formation of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been
      reported in previous studies from our group. In the present experiments we have
      demonstrated that neutral lipid lipases play an important role yielding dihomo
      gamma-linolenic acid for the formation of PGE1. Indeed, exogenous triglyceride
      lipase added to the incubation bathing solution at a concentration of 150 U/ml
      increased several fold the production of PGE1 by isolated uterine strips obtained
      from spayed rats. Nevertheless the presence of the enzyme did not modify
      significantly the synthesis and release of bisenoic PGs (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha).
      When triarachidonin was added, as an artificial substrate into the incubating
      medium in order to detect the presence of endogenous triacylglycerol lipase, we
      observed a significant increment in the generation of PGE2 (p less than 0.005)
      and of PGF2 alpha (p less than 0.001) without evident changes in the basal
      release of PGE1. On the other hand, the addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) at
      0.2 U/ml, increased significantly the production of PGE2 (p less than 0.001) but
      failed to alter the concentration of PGE1 in the incubating solution.
      Surprisingly, PLA2 did not enhance the synthesis of PGF2 alpha in the present
      experiments, a situation for which we do not have a clear explanation. Exogenous
      bradykinin (10(-6) M), a well known stimulant of PLA2 activity in several
      tissues, also increased significantly (p less than 0.001) the production of PGE2
      without altering that of PGE1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815237
TI  - Uterine production of prostaglandins F2 alpha and 6-keto-F1 alpha by
      ovariectomized pregnant rats receiving antiprogesterone steroid or in which
      progesterone has been withdrawn.
AB  - Ovariectomized early pregnant rats given continuous steroid replacement therapy
      have been treated with antiprogesterone steroid, ZK98299 or RU38486. At 24 h
      following treatment, uterine explants in culture were found to produce
      significantly greater amounts of PGF2 alpha, but not of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, when
      compared to controls. ZK98299 and RU38486 gave almost identical levels of uterine
      PG production. The 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/PGF2 alpha production ratio for uteri of
      treated rats was decreased by 45% relative to controls. Similar changes in
      uterine PGF2 alpha production and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/PGF2 alpha ratio have been
      shown for ovariectomized early pregnant rats in which progesterone has been
      withdrawn when compared to control animals. It has been suggested that inhibiting
      or withdrawing progesterone in rat uteri exposed to estradiol and progesterone
      may lead to a stimulation of endoperoxide F-reductase and/or E2 9-ketoreductase
      activities. The presence of luminal fluid in the uteri was observed for animals
      treated with antiprogesterone steroid or in which progesterone had been
      withdrawn. This was associated with a decrease in % dry weight for the uteri of
      these animals.

PMID- 1815238
TI  - Inhibition by prostacyclin and carbacyclins of endothelin-induced DNA synthesis
      in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Effects of prostacyclin and carbacyclins on endothelin-induced DNA synthesis were
      investigated in vascular smooth muscle cells. DNA synthesis was estimated by
      [3H]thymidine incorporation. Five carbacyclins used in this report were 5-[(1S,
      5S, 6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(E)-(S)-3-hydroxy-1-octenyl]bicyclo [3.3.0]oct-2-en-3
      yl) pentanoic acid (TEI-7165), methyl 5-[(1S, 5S, 6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(E)-(S)-3
      hydroxy-1-octenyl]bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-en-3- yl]pentanoate (TEI-9090), 5-[(1S, 5S,
      6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(E)-(3S, 5S)-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-nonenyl]bicyclo[3.3.0]oct
      2-en-3-yl)penta noic acid (TEI-9063), methyl 5-[(1S, 5S, 6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(E)
      (3S, 5S)-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-1- nonenyl]bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-en-3-yl)pentanoate
      (TEI-1324), 5-[(1S, 5S, 6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(E)-(S)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-
      octenyl]bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-en-3-yl] pentanoic acid (TEI-3356). Prostacyclin and
      the carbacyclins inhibited the endothelin-induced DNA synthesis within the
      nanomolar range. These results suggest that prostacyclin and carbacyclins are
      possibly effective in inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle
      cells under some situations in vivo.

PMID- 1815239
TI  - Synergistic stimulation of amnion cell prostaglandin E2 synthesis by interleukin
      1, tumor necrosis factor and products from activated human granulocytes.
AB  - We examined the interactions between supernatant from FMLP-activated human
      granulocytes, recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) and recombinant tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) in the stimulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by human
      amnion cells. Amnion cells from elective term cesarian sections were cultured in
      monolayer culture. Human granulocytes were activated with FMLP and centrifuged to
      obtained cell-free supernatant. Amnion cells were treated with granulocyte
      supernatant, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, or different
      combinations of these. Each of the stimulators alone enhanced the PGE2 production
      5- to 27-fold. Granulocyte supernatant was synergistic with each of the
      cytokines. The combinations of IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta with either TNF-alpha or
      TNF-beta caused a synergistic stimulation of amnion cell PGE2 production as well,
      whereas the combinations of IL-1 alpha with IL-1 beta or of TNF-alpha with TNF
      beta were not synergistic. Furthermore, granulocyte supernatant was synergistic
      with the combination of IL-1 and TNF, resulting in a more than 150-fold
      stimulation of PGE2 production. Indomethacin completely suppressed these effects.
      We propose that granulocyte products acting together with IL-1 and TNF enhance
      PGE2 synthesis during inflammation, and serve as signals for the initiation of
      preterm labor in the setting of intra-amniotic infection.

PMID- 1815241
TI  - Isolation of multiple substances in amniotic fluid that regulate amnion
      prostaglandin E2 production: the effects of gestational age and labor.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of whole amniotic fluid
      (AF) and fractions of AF on amnion cell prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production.
      Amnion cells were grown to confluence and then incubated in the presence of AF,
      or fractions thereof, obtained at 17-19 weeks gestation (MID), at term prior to
      the onset of labor (NIL), and at term after spontaneous onset of labor (LABOR).
      All whole AFs were stimulatory to amnion cell PGE2 production (p less than 0.001)
      but the stimulation by NIL and LABOR AFs was significantly greater (p less than
      0.001) than stimulation by the MID AF. Fractionation of the AFs from the three
      groups (n = 9-10 per group) revealed multiple discernable peaks of stimulatory
      activity in each group. The majority of peaks had retention times that were
      similar among the three groups, and peak stimulatory activities were greater in
      NIL and LABOR samples than in MID samples.

PMID- 1815240
TI  - Fatty acid composition of serum lipids of mothers and their babies after normal
      and hypertensive pregnancies.
AB  - The biochemical essential fatty acid (EFA) status of neonates born after normal
      and hypertensive pregnancies (PIH) and that of their mothers was assessed by
      measuring the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG)
      and cholesterol esters (CE) of umbilical cord serum and maternal serum,
      respectively. Relative contents of linoleic acid of serum PL and CE were
      significantly lower in mothers with PIH compared to normal pregnancies. Most
      other (n-6) polyenes in PL tended to be higher under hypertensive conditions.
      Total maternal (n-3) polyenes of serum PL were significantly higher in PIH,
      mainly due to clupanodonic acid, 22:5 (n-3), and cervonic acid, 22:6 (n-3). Total
      maternal (n-7) and (n-9) fatty acids were also significantly higher in PIH (PL
      and CE). The results indicate that PIH is associated with a relative increased
      unsaturation of maternal serum PL, which might facilitate the placental transfer
      of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids. As a result, the neonatal EFA status
      after PIH only slightly differs from normal.

PMID- 1815242
TI  - Linoleic-acid-dependent slowing of erythrocyte sedimentation in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - The influence of linoleic acid upon the sedimentation of washed erythrocytes from
      multiple sclerosis patients and controls was investigated in the present study.
      Linoleic acid, especially in the concentration of 250 microM and 500 microM,
      caused slowing of erythrocyte sedimentation and this effect was significantly
      greater in multiple sclerosis than in controls. These findings with all
      probability reflect an unsaturated fatty acid-dependent membrane alteration in
      multiple sclerosis and are analogues to results obtained earlier by several
      authors by using cytopherometric measurements.

PMID- 1815244
TI  - PHC--more than the community nurse's concern.

PMID- 1815243
TI  - Effects of progesterone withdrawal on uterine prostaglandin levels in the
      ovariectomized pregnant rat.

PMID- 1815246
TI  - A comparative study of nursing and nursing education in selected countries in
      Southeast Asia.

PMID- 1815245
TI  - Breast-feeding and fertility: risk of conception based on breast-feeding status
      in a selected Metro Manila urban poor community.

PMID- 1815247
TI  - Role of the enterostomal therapy nurse in the care of ostomy patients.

PMID- 1815248
TI  - Health as a basic right still possible through primary health care.

PMID- 1815249
TI  - The PNA and the nurse.

PMID- 1815250
TI  - WHO sets guidelines for preventing HBV/HIV transmission in healthcare settings.

PMID- 1815251
TI  - Stability of vaccines.

PMID- 1815252
TI  - International nurses preparation for RN licensure in the United States.

PMID- 1815255
TI  - ICN--nursing's voice worldwide.

PMID- 1815254
TI  - "Sharing the challenge" World AIDS Day.

PMID- 1815253
TI  - Statement of the ICN on the World Health Assembly technical discussions on
      strategies for Health for All in the face of rapid urbanization (May 1991).

PMID- 1815256
TI  - A renewed call for primary health care.

PMID- 1815257
TI  - The private sector and NGO's at a time of crisis: "what has been done and what
      has to be done".

PMID- 1815258
TI  - Status of nursing education program in the country today.

PMID- 1815259
TI  - Financial disclosures for authors.

PMID- 1815260
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy and nephrectomy on adrenal regeneration hypertension in
      the rat.
AB  - The involvement of the regenerating adrenal gland and kidney, and the
      contribution of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in the
      development of adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) was evaluated in young
      female Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on tail-cuff plethysmographic measurement,
      animals subjected to nephrectomy and adrenalectomy on the right side and adrenal
      enucleation (removal of the adrenal cortex) on the left side developed
      significant (P less than 0.05, n = 12) hypertension within 6 weeks following
      operation. Subsequent left nephrectomy in these ARH rats produced a further
      elevation, whereas a secondary adrenalectomy resulted in an acute and discernible
      reduction in blood pressure within 24-36 hours. It is interesting to note that
      the progressive increase in blood pressure following left nephrectomy was
      significantly reversed by PGE2 (10 or 20 micrograms/kg, i.p.). At the same time,
      the reduction in blood pressure after secondary adrenalectomy was significantly
      retarded by deoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (2 mg/kg, i.p.). These data
      demonstrated that both the kidney and the regenerating adrenal cortex are
      involved in the pathogenesis of ARH. Furthermore, it is probable that the
      secretion of DOC by the regenerating adrenal cortex is responsible for the
      elevation in blood pressure, in a process that is balanced by PGE2, possibly
      secreted by the kidney.

PMID- 1815261
TI  - Capability of ovarian steroids in inducing LH surges in acutely ovariectomized
      rats.
AB  - The capability of estradiol (E2) or E2 and progesterone (P4) in inducing
      luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in acutely ovariectomized (Ovx) rats was studied.
      In group I, rats were Ovx on estrus and were implanted with E2 capsules and
      atrial cannulae immediately after operation for blood samplings. In group II,
      rats were also Ovx on estrus but were implanted with E2 capsules and sampling
      cannulae the next day (the expected diestrus day 1, D1). In group III, rats were
      Ovx on D1, and were implanted E2 with capsules and atrial cannulae immediately
      after operation. All surgical operations were done around 1000h in the morning.
      On the expected diestrus day 2(D2) at 0930h, one half of the rats in each group
      received an oil vehicle or 2mg of P4 subcutaneously. Blood samples were taken
      from the indwelled cannulae at 1300, 1500, and 1700hrs in the afternoon. Results
      showed that P4 treatment amplified LH release in all three groups of rats primed
      with E2, and that the oil vehicle did not assist in LH release in E2 primed rats
      of group I and group II, but it did in 8 out of 10 rats in group III in the late
      afternoon of D2. Results suggested that the estradiol alone was capable in
      inducing LH surge on the expected D2 afternoon, and that under estradiol-primed
      conditions, P4 can trigger neural initiators to advance LH surge, but that the
      internal hormonal milieu at the time of ovariectomy may affect the influence of
      ovarian steroids in inducing LH release.

PMID- 1815262
TI  - Prevalence and pathological study on rabbit hepatic coccidiosis in Taiwan.
AB  - Five breeds of rabbits, which included the New Zealand, Californian, Spot, Rex
      and Angora rabbit, were found from a survey of 1,152 rabbits in Taiwan. The
      prevalence of coccidia in young rabbits (weaning-2 months old) was 95% to 100%.
      Adult female rabbits usually acted as carriers within the farm and transmitted
      the parasite to young rabbits, which caused severe infection with clinical signs
      and even death. Parasitism of hepatic coccidia (Eimeria stiedai) in the rabbit
      led to severe mortality. Numerous and scattered white nodules about 0.1 to 0.5 cm
      in diameter were seen on the liver surface and dark greenish mucoid exudate was
      found in intestinal lumen. Histopathologic lesions included hyperplasia of the
      bile duct epithelium with different developmental stages of coccidia within.
      Oocysts could be seen in the lumen, and granuloma tissues encircle the bile duct
      with infiltration of inflammatory cells. The other organs were not infected.

PMID- 1815263
TI  - Production of beta-lactam antibiotics and its regulation.
AB  - The discovery of penicillin was announced over 60 years ago. It was the first
      beta-lactam antibiotic and the importance of this group is greater today than it
      has ever been. It is clear that even at 60 years of age, beta-lactams are going
      strong and no one contemplates their early retirement. Currently, sales of beta
      lactam compounds form the largest share by far of the world's antibiotic market.
      The beta-lactam antibiotics include penicillins such as penicillin G, penicillin
      V, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and piperacillin; cephalosporins such as cephalothin,
      cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefaclor; and cephamycins such as cefoxitin. In
      addition, beta-lactam antibiotics include the more recently developed
      nonclassical structures such as monobactams, including aztreonam; clavulanic
      acid, which is a component of the combination drug augmentin; and thienamycin,
      which is chemically transformed into imipenem, a component of the combination
      drug known as primaxin (or tienam). The classical beta-lactam antibiotics can be
      divided into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fermentation products. The hydrophobic
      members, e.g. benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) and phenoxymethylpenicillin
      (penicillin V), contain non-polar side chains, e.g. phenylacetate and
      phenoxyacetate, respectively, and are made only by filamentous fungi; the best
      known of these is Penicillium chrysogenum. The antibacterial spectrum of the
      hydrophobic penicillins is essentially Gram-positive. The hydrophilic types are
      penicillin N, cephalosporins and 7-alpha-methoxycephalosporins (cephamycins)
      which are made by fungi, actinomycetes and unicellular bacteria. They all contain
      the polar side chain, D-alpha-aminoadipate. We can draw a sequence of reactions
      which describes the biosynthesis of all penicillins and cephalosporins, however
      the total sequence exists in no one microorganism. All penicillin and
      cephalosporin biosynthetic pathways possess the first three steps in common and
      all cephalosporin pathways go through deacetylcephalosporin C. However, there are
      many subsequent biosynthetic reactions which vary in the different producing
      organisms. Production of beta-lactam antibiotics occurs best under conditions of
      nutrient imbalance and at low growth rates. Nutrient imbalance can be brought
      about by limitation of the carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus source. In addition to
      these factors, amino acids such as lysine and methionine exert marked effects on
      production of penicillins and/or cephalosporins by some microorganisms. Induction
      of some of the synthetases, especially the first enzyme, ACV synthetase, by
      methionine is the basis of the methionine stimulation of cephalosporin C
      synthesis in C. acremonium. Inhibition of homocitrate synthase is the mechanism
      involved in lysine inhibition of penicillin synthesis in Penicillium
      chrysogenum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1815264
TI  - [Enrichment for mutants of Bacillus megaterium deficient in the synthesis of poly
      beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)].
AB  - Centrifugation through sucrose gradients was adapted to separate spore-forming
      cells of B. megaterium deficient in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis from wild
      type cells. The conditions described allowed the detection of mutant clones
      screening a low percentage of the mutagenized population.

PMID- 1815265
TI  - [Bacteria of the genus Yersinia in chickens for human consumption and in balanced
      bird food].
AB  - Yersinia was investigated in 50 skin samples of chicken carcasses from retail
      shops and 65 samples of balanced food for domestic fowl. Enrichments were
      performed in saline phosphate buffer 0.067 M, pH 7.6 and post-enriched in 0.5%
      KOH. Subcultures were performed in Salmonella-Shigella agar and MacConkey agar.
      Isolates were identified through biochemical, serological and lysotyping methods.
      The following biovar (B), serovar (O) and phagovar (Lis) were isolated from
      chickens: Y. enterocolitica (five strains) B:1:O:6,47;Lis Xz; B:1;O:6:Lis Xz;
      B:1:O:5,Lis Xz; Y.intermedia (two strains) B:1;O:52;Lis Xz; B:1;O:52,53,54;Lis Xz
      (NRA, nitrate reductase type A); Y. frederiksenii (two strains)
      O:10,K1,25,35,38,46:Lis Xz; (citrate): O:10,K1,25,35,38,46:Lis Xz (ONPG-: citrate
      +); Y. kristensenii (one strain) does not agglutinate; Lis Xo. Yersinia were not
      isolated from balanced food for domestic fowl. Virulence tests (calcium
      dependency and autoagglutination at 37 degrees C) were negative in all instances.
      It is concluded from this study that Yersinia isolated from chickens are without
      pathogenic importance.

PMID- 1815266
TI  - [Microbiological diagnosis of infections by coagulase-negative staphylococci].

PMID- 1815267
TI  - [Immune response in Trypanosoma cruzi infection].

PMID- 1815268
TI  - [Isolation of bacterial alpha-amylase. Effect of heat shock and media nutrients].
AB  - We studied alpha-amylase production by Bacillus subtilis strain NRRL 3411, the
      effect of heat shock, concentration and nature of the growth factors, carbon and
      nitrogen source. We also considered the stability of the cell-free enzymatic
      culture by using spores heat shocked at 100 degrees C for 10 minutes in media
      containing lactose, casein, yeast extract and minerals. We achieved a final value
      of 1400 units of alpha-amylase after 72 h of process. It was also found that by
      adding 20% glycerol and 1% sodium benzoate, cultures were stable at 20 degrees C
      for 30 days.

PMID- 1815269
TI  - Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis to twelve antibiotics, time-kill assays,
      and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in a university hospital in Argentina.
AB  - A total of 201 Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from different body sites
      were tested to (i) establish their antibiotic susceptibility pattern; (ii)
      determine the percentage of strains highly resistant (MIC greater than 2,000
      micrograms/ml) to five aminoglycosides and (iii) know if the combination of
      penicillin or ampicillin plus an aminoglycoside is reliably synergistic for the
      strains with low-level resistance (MICs ranged from the break point of
      susceptibility for each aminoglycoside to 2,000 micrograms/ml). Erythromycin
      exhibited very poor activity with MIC90 greater than 128 micrograms/ml.
      Pefloxacin and norfloxacin had intermediate activity, inhibiting 50% of isolates
      at 4 micrograms/ml and 90% at 8 micrograms/ml. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
      (1:20) inhibited 94% of isolates at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml and
      87.6% at less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml. Ampicillin, penicillin and
      piperacillin were the most potent agents studied. Ninety percent of strains were
      inhibited at 1 microgram/ml of ampicillin and 4 micrograms/ml of penicillin and
      piperacillin. The E. faecalis isolates were relatively or totally resistant to
      the aminoglycosides. Ninety six (47.8%) were highly resistant at least to one of
      them. High level resistance to streptomycin was found in 47.3% of all strains and
      was the most frequent resistance encountered; amikacin highly resistant strains
      were the less common and accounted for 4.5%. Low-level resistance to the
      aminoglycosides ranged from 50.2% (for streptomycin) to 94.5% (for amikacin).
      Thirty one E. faecalis isolates were selected for 24-time kill-assays. There was
      a good correlation between resistance to penicillin or ampicillin aminoglycoside
      synergy in all but 3 strains which were highly resistant. Among the strains with
      low-level resistance to the aminoglycosides, there was no synergy in 37 (63.8%)
      of 58 killing assays with each of the aminoglycosides combined with penicillin.
      These results demonstrate that the susceptibility to 2,000 micrograms/ml of the
      aminoglycoside does not assure the penicillin or ampicillin aminoglycoside
      synergism.

PMID- 1815270
TI  - [Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in solid media with a water activity less than
      0.86].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether S. aureus could grow in solid
      substrates with aw 0.843 adjusted by water adsorption. The media used included
      dehydrated powder of pork, beef and milk as basic substrates in order to
      compensate an eventual deficiency; additional source of nutrients was added. The
      tested strains were ATCC 6538 P, FDA-C243, NA1 and FM1. It was observed that no
      strain grew at 30 degrees C in those media at aw 0.843. These data were compared
      with others which indicate that S. aureus could grow al aw 0.83-0.84. The
      possible reasons for the difference in the minimal aw value reported to be
      required for the growth of S. aureus are discussed.

PMID- 1815271
TI  - [Preliminary study on the presence of arbovirus in the populations of Corrientes
      and Misiones].
AB  - Human seroprevalence of Flavivirus was determined by hemagglutination inhibition
      tests on 479 sera from Misiones and 49 from Corrientes provinces. Parana and
      Uruguay river bank communities from Argentina and neighbouring countries carry
      out frequent traffic across the rivers. With the aim of searching for a possible
      introduction of Dengue virus from Brasil or/and Paraguay, reactivity among people
      from Parana and Uruguay river communities was compared with those from mountain
      communities. Two sera from Ituzaingo (Corrientes Province) were positive for
      Dengue 2. In Misiones, 3 sera from Obera and 2 from Montecarlo were reactive for
      Dengue 2 and 1 serum from Puerto Iguazu was reactive for Dengue 1. Seroprevalence
      among the river population was significatively higher than among the mountain
      population. Likewise, populations on Parana river showed more positive sera than
      those on Uruguay river; 54% of the samples possessed titers for SLE virus higher
      than for Dengue or Yellow fever. Anti-alphavirus (EEE and WEE) antibodies tested
      in sera from Misiones people showed a complementary distribution pattern to
      flavivirus. Seroprevalence of anti-alphavirus antibodies was higher in the
      mountain than in the river populations.

PMID- 1815272
TI  - [Production of xanthan gums].
AB  - Xanthomonas campestris was investigated in 70 samples of infected plants in the
      neighbourhood of Lujan, province of Buenos Aires, between February and August,
      1990. The production of xanthan gum was determined from 50 strains of Xanthomonas
      campestris, as well as the conversion efficiency of substrate concentration into
      gum and the number of colony forming units (CFU) of Xanthomonas campestris/ml of
      broth culture. The highest number of strains producing extracellular
      polysaccharide was obtained from alfalfa. Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfa gave
      elevated cell concentration and conversion efficiency of glucose in xanthan gum.

PMID- 1815273
TI  - [Effect of polymyxin B on the hemolytic mechanism of the genus Listeria].
AB  - The contact between polymyxin B and human blood cells produced a double effect on
      the haemolytic activity of Listeria monocytogenes, L. seeligeri and L. ivanovii
      hemolysins. At low polymyxin B concentrations the antibiotic promoted erythrocyte
      lysis whereas at higher antibiotic levels, hemolysis inhibition was observed.
      According to the effects of polymyxin B, hemolytic profiles were established for
      each hemolysin. L. monocytogenes and L. seeligeri exhibited a similar profile
      with maximum hemolytic activity at 1000 U/ml polymyxin B. L. ivanovii displayed a
      different profile, with two maximum hemolytic activities: one similar to that
      showed by L. monocytogenes and L. seeligeri at 1000 U/ml, and another peak of
      hemolysis at 4000 U/ml polymyxin B.

PMID- 1815274
TI  - [Population of Fusarium spp. in soils from the arid regions and effect of water
      potential on their growth].
AB  - In trials of wheat establishment in irrigated areas in the Patagonian valleys
      (Picun Leufu), sectors with plants showing symptoms of typical foot-rot were
      detected. In order to investigate the phytopathogenic mycoflora of these soils
      (arid zone), the population of Fusarium spp was analysed quali- and
      quantitatively and its tolerance to water stress by measuring the mycelial growth
      in the presence of different water potentials. Fusarium spp detected in that type
      of soil did not coincide with those commonly present in traditional wheat zones.
      In 100% of the samples analysed the predominant fungus present vas Fusarium
      equiseti. This species was the one isolated from wheat plants with foot-rot. It
      was isolated in soil sown with wheat as well as in soils free of wheat. In none
      of the samples, was the number less than 10,000 propagules/g of soil. In sporadic
      cases F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum appeared. When comparing, in different
      water potentials, the growth capacity of isolated species in the arid zone with
      respect to the other phytopathogenic species common in wheat (F. graminearum an
      F. poae), it was noted that F. equiseti showed the greatest tolerance to water
      stress. This species had the capacity to grow in water potentials as low as -12
      MPa. This physiological characteristic was manifest in the strains of F. equiseti
      found in the arid zone and also in those isolated in a wet zone.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815275
TI  - [Incidence of Streptococcus mutans and changes in the concentration of serum
      immunoglobulins and SIgA in allergic children with caries].
AB  - The incidence of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque and the relationship
      between dental caries and the levels of serum Igs and IgAS was investigated in
      allergic children. The relationship between IgAS mean levels and a) cariogenic
      diet, b) fluoride concentration in consumption water and c) different frequency
      in brush-washing was also studied. Direct examination of specimens obtained from
      either dental plaque or caries was performed. Cultures in tryptone soy agar and
      blood agar base were carried out. Catalase and nitrate reductase tests and
      biochemical tests for the identification of Streptococcus mutans were also done.
      Seric Igs and IgAS from saliva secretion were measured by radial immunodiffusion
      technique. Streptococcus mutans were found in 25/45 samples from allergic
      children, in 3/16 non allergic, in 25/43 children with caries and 3/18 children
      without caries. IgM reached higher levels in children with caries. Seric IgA
      average levels were lower in allergic children and were significantly increased
      in the non-allergic with caries. Most allergic children with caries showed very
      low IgAS values. Cariogenic diet, fluoride water ingestion and frequent brush
      washing had no effect on IgAS concentration. Allergic children with caries showed
      low levels of seric IgA and Streptococcus mutans were frequently found in dental
      plaque. In these patients the specific class IgA response against the potentially
      cariogenic microorganisms was diminished. Allergic as well as non-allergic
      children with dental caries showed low IgAS levels suggesting that this may be an
      important factor in caries development.

PMID- 1815276
TI  - [Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis in populations with different risks of
      infection].
AB  - The level of infection by Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending different
      units of urogenital diseases was evaluated. One hundred and fifty four patients
      divided in four groups were studied. Fifty percent of C. trachomatis isolation
      was achieved in the high risk group A, composed by men attending to a sexual
      transmission disease service. Among men attending an urology unit (group B)
      isolation reached 20.7%. In group C composed by women from a general
      gynecological unit the rate of isolation was 13.3%; and in group D (men and women
      with infertility problems) the rate of isolation was 4.3%. These isolation values
      were achieved combining the primoinoculation of cell cultures with a posterior
      blind passage. The known risk factors such as the number of sexual partners, age
      and previous data of sexually transmitted diseases affected the percentages of C.
      trachomatis isolation from each group.

PMID- 1815277
TI  - [Comparative study of culture media for isolating Brucella ovis].
AB  - For the isolation of Brucella ovis, modified Thayer-Martin medium with the
      addition of 0.01 micrograms/ml of trimethoprim and 100 IU of nystatin (TMM) was
      compared with Skirrow Agar (SK). Using viable counting technique, 11 strains were
      evaluated and the results were compared with those using Columbia Base Agar with
      bovine blood 7% (CBA). Ninety-four semen samples of 33 rams from a flock with
      infection antecedents were cultured on the same media. Growth of Brucella ovis
      strains was similar in all three media with the exception of one strain that did
      not grow on TMM. The results of semen cultures were the same for TMM and SK media
      and B. ovis was isolated from 27% of the samples. The results indicate that TMM
      and SK media are excellent for the isolation of B. ovis from semen of rams in
      field conditions.

PMID- 1815278
TI  - [Bacterial flora of the digestive tract of specimens of Notothenia neglecta
      caught in Caleta Potter (South Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica)].
AB  - A qualitative and quantitative study of the predominant heterotrophic bacterial
      flora in the stomach and intestine of the Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta was
      carried out: 10 newly caught specimens (Potter cove, King George Island, South
      Shetland Islands) were analyzed. The cultures were made under aerobic and
      anaerobic conditions. The stomach flora showed variable results between samples
      which are probably related to the flora ingested with food. The gut flora was
      composed almost exclusively of Vibrio spp. These results are in agreement with
      those attributing to Vibrio the nature of indigenous flora of the intestine of
      marine teleosts and show that this flora had not changed, not even during the
      adaptation of these fish to the extreme Antarctic environmental conditions.

PMID- 1815279
TI  - [Prevalence of Mycoplasma orale as a contaminant of cell cultures in Argentina].
AB  - Over a period of 4 years 200 cell cultures were analysed for the presence of
      mycoplasma. Cultures were established cell lines from different origins, namely
      monkey, mouse and human, hybrid cell cultures and primary cultures. The cultures
      belonged to various research and industrial laboratories located in different
      areas of the country. Seventy per cent of investigated cultures were found to be
      contaminated with mycoplasma using a DNA fluorescent stain. Fifty cultures,
      selected at random out of the contaminated cultures, were further investigated to
      identify the prevalent serotype. For that purpose immunofluorescent reactions
      were performed using immune sera raised against several mycoplasma strains
      routinely found among contaminated cultures. Forty one cultures were contaminated
      with a single type of mycoplasma, whereas in the remaining nine, two or even
      three serotypes were detected. Mycoplasma orale II contaminated 40% of single
      infected cultures, followed by M. hyorhinis and A. laidlawii-A (12% each), M.
      arginini (5%), M. orale III (8%), A. laidlawii-B (2%). We were unable to serotype
      the remaining positive cultures, because of the lack of a full battery of immune
      sera against all known serotypes. The prevalence of M. orale in mycoplasma
      contaminated cultures thus far tested, indicates that human handling would be the
      main source of infection. This situation could be modified by avoiding mouth
      pipetting and adopting good microbiological techniques.

PMID- 1815280
TI  - [Effect of the type of swab on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis].
AB  - The success in the isolation of C. trachomatis is dependent on several factors.
      One of them is the type of swab used for collection the specimens. As some types
      of swabs, such as calcium alginate and aluminum, cotton and wood have recently
      been shown to decrease the isolation rate, different types of swabs were prepared
      and tested in our laboratory. Commercial aluminum, type 5056 aluminum and
      stainless steel were used with the same type of cotton. Commercial swabs of
      cotton and wood were tested too. The swabs were incubated with 1 ml of transport
      medium and a known number of UFI for 24 h at 4 degrees C, then were processed for
      isolation. The isolation rate with commercial aluminum was 95%, with aluminum
      5056 was 91% and with stainless steel was 98%. The swabs made of cotton and wood
      were toxic to McCoy cells, destroyed the monolayer and did not allow the recovery
      of C. trachomatis. The poor recovery of Chlamydia from some types of swab,
      indicates that the available swabs used in each laboratory should be periodically
      evaluated to avoid false negative results.

PMID- 1815281
TI  - Genetic predisposition to high infections in an endemic area of Schistosoma
      mansoni.

PMID- 1815282
TI  - Biting behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes in Costa Marques, Rondonia, Brazil.
AB  - Mosquito collections were made in and near Costa Marques, Rondonia, Brazil, to
      determine anopheline anthropophilic/zoophilic behavior. Collections from a non
      illuminated, bovine-baited trap and indoor and outdoor human-bait collections
      were compared. Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum were more
      anthropophilic than the other anophelines collected. The remainder of the
      Anopheles species were collected much more frequently in bovine-baited traps than
      in human-bait collections. Anopheles darlingi and An. deaneorum were more
      frequently collected inside houses than the other anopheline species. But, when
      collections were made in a house with numerous openings in the walls, there were
      few differences in the percentages of each species biting man indoors versus
      outdoors. Anopheles darlingi was the predominant mosquito collected, both inside
      and outside houses, and had the strongest anthropophilic feeding behavior of the
      anophelines present.

PMID- 1815283
TI  - [Canine visceral leishmaniasis: evaluation of the serologic method used in
      epidemiologic studies].
AB  - A comparative study was made of eluates of the blood of dogs experimentally
      infected with different trypanosomatids. Using antigens prepared from
      promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi, assessments
      were made by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The results showed a
      sensitivity of 87.5% in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis,
      independent of antigen used. Cross-reactions occurred in 75% of cases of
      cutaneous leishmaniasis and 83.3% of dogs with chagas' disease. An
      epidemiological survey in an area of leishmaniasis confirmed that
      immunofluorescence tests on eluates of dogs' blood give cross-reactions between
      L. braziliensis and L. chagasi. The results suggest that such testing could be
      useful in public health campaigns but attention is drawn to the fact that the
      level of positive reactions cannot be used as an indicator of the prevalence of
      canine kala-azar.

PMID- 1815284
TI  - [Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in feces collected during necropsies].
AB  - With the intention to verify the frequency of intestinal parasites, we have taken
      the inside digestive system material from three different parts of the intestinal
      tract while we were doing 135 complete necropsies. The stools were kept in MIF
      (Formol, iodine and merthiolate mixture) being studied in slides by the direct
      method. We have found intestinal parasites in 40 cases (29.6%), 11 (27.5%) with
      two or more kinds of parasites and 29 cases (72.5%) with only one kind of
      parasite. The most frequent parasites were: S. stercoralis (31,9%), E.
      hystolytica (23.4%), hook worm (19.1%) and A. lumbricoides (17%). The results are
      in according with epidemiological research made in this area. Thus, they prove
      that the parasitological exam made in feces taken during the necroscopy provides
      further evidence to enrich the anatomo-pathological diagnosis.

PMID- 1815285
TI  - [Efficacy of various insecticides in the environmental control of Tunga penetrans
      (L., 1758)].
AB  - In this study the variation of infection prevalence before and after control
      procedures was utilized as an evaluation tool. The pyrethroids Cypermethrine
      (Cymperator 25EC), deltamethrine (K-Othrine 25EC and 5OSC) were tested. Apart
      from the effects, the results evaluation has also been based on the cost per area
      and cost benefit, which are relevant items in Public Health campaigns. We believe
      all these aspects will help us to evaluate these results and serve as basis for
      future better insecticide choices.

PMID- 1815286
TI  - [Xenodiagnosis and criteria to assess the level of parasitemia in chronic
      chagasic patients].
AB  - Xenodiagnosis sensibility and its relation to Chagas' disease chronic phase
      parasitemia was verified in 104 patients. The nymphs of the triatomine species,
      simultaneously utilized in the xenodiagnosis of these patients, divided into two
      groups, were examined in different ways. The positivity rates achieved in the two
      groups (40.0% and 42.4%) and the individual positivity rates suggest a
      reavaliation in what is called "quantification of the chronic chagasic patient
      parasitemia", considering the methodology used in the xenodiagnosis examinations.

PMID- 1815287
TI  - [Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the etiology of acute respiratory infections in
      Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil].
AB  - Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation was attempted in respiratory fluids from 64
      patients with respiratory infection Complement fixation test (CF) and
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) were used for Mycoplasma antibody detection
      using the patient sera. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was not isolated. Serologic
      diagnosis were positives in 3.1% (2/64) by CF test and 1.6% (1/64) by CIE.
      Serologic tests done in 200 health controls showed 4% (8/200) positives by CIE
      and 1% (2/200) by CF. The results showed differences in sensitivity among the
      serologic tests. CF seems to be more indicated for Mycoplasma infection diagnosis
      while, CIE could be used for Mycoplasmas serosurveys. The prevalence of
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections was low (3.1%) in the 64 patients during our
      study period.

PMID- 1815288
TI  - [Madurella grisea eumycetoma. Presentation of a case].
AB  - One case of mycetoma produced by Madurella grisea localised on the foot of a
      house wife is reported. The identification of the strain was made through the
      following features: aspect of the grains, micro e macromorphology in Sabouraud
      agar and capacity of assimilation of the sugars. This is the fifth case of
      mycetoma by Madurella grisea reported from Brasil.

PMID- 1815289
TI  - [Current status of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in the State of
      Maranhao. I. Preliminary report].

PMID- 1815291
TI  - [Jose Aluisio Bittencourt de Fonseca].

PMID- 1815290
TI  - [Identification of isosporiasis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome in Salvador, Bahia].

PMID- 1815293
TI  - [Physiopathology of nasal respiration].
AB  - The static and dynamic aspects of nasal anatomy determine the characteristics of
      the air flow passing through the nose and the thermo-hygrometric and particulated
      conditioning of the inhaled air. Through rhinomanometry it is possible to measure
      nasal cavities resistance to the passage of inhaled and exhaled air. Ventilation
      obstacles in the nose are frequent and varied: they are examined with the
      consequences of nasal obstruction at local and zonal level.

PMID- 1815292
TI  - Human infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania viannia braziliensis (Lvb).
      A clinical perspective.

PMID- 1815294
TI  - [Obstructive sleep apnea syndromes].
AB  - With the exception of cases where a lesion creates a clearly identifiable and
      surgically removable anatomical obstacle on the upper air duct (tumors, cysts,
      hypertrophic tonsils, vegetations,...), currently the continuous positive air
      pressure is the treatment of choice. One drawback is that in most cases it is no
      more than a symptomatic treatment. The most efficient alternative treatment is
      using extensive maxillofacial surgery. Another promising way is prevention
      through specific mouth breathing treatment from the earliest age on.

PMID- 1815295
TI  - [Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: the orthodontist's viewpoint].
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), previously called Pickwickian syndrome
      is usually associated with obesity, excessive daytime sleepiness and ventilation
      troubles. These patients are heavy snorers and present a typical craniofacial
      morphology. Among several characteristics is retrognathic lower maxillary.
      Functional orthodontic appliances are proposed to help these patients, in order
      to open the superior airway and allow a better ventilation.

PMID- 1815296
TI  - [Orthodontic consequences of mouth-breathing].
AB  - Mouth breathing habits are frequently associated with orthodontic problems. In
      the nasal area, the lack of ventilation leads to an underdevelopment of the
      maxilla: lateral and sometimes anterior cross bites appear. In the buccal area,
      the want of maintaining the mouth opened induces a new postural position of the
      mandible which alters the pattern of growth of the mandible ("long face"). The
      functional context of the buccal praxis is also altered: low or protruded tongue,
      deviant swallowing, troubles of speech.... The treatment of this pathological
      context needs a pluridisciplinary approach where the otorhinolaryngologist, the
      dentist, the orthodontist and the speech pathologist have to play an important
      role. In the orthodontic fields, we have to carry out an orthopedic treatment
      (rapid maxillary expansion, facial masks,...) to normalize the growth of the
      maxilla before the orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 1815297
TI  - [Therapeutic maxillary expansion].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of rapid maxillary expansion
      on nasal airflow studies and mouth breathing habit. 15 children aged from 5 to 12
      years underwent rapid palatal expansion for orthodontic abnormalities.
      Otolaryngologic evaluation, computerized active anterior rhinomanometric
      measurements and oral myo-functional disorder examination were obtained before
      treatment, 2 months after expansion and after a retention period of approximately
      10/12 months. Based on this multidisciplinary judgment and confirmed by the
      rhinomanometric values two groups could be distinguished: a group of
      predominantly mouth breathers where the nasal airway resistance had an average
      decrease of 34% and a group of predominantly nasal breathers where the nasal
      airway resistance had an average decrease of less than 5%. From the initial 8
      predominantly mouth breathers before treatment only 2 remained clinically
      unchanged. From these results it was concluded that for the 15 children involved
      in this study rapid maxillary expansion affected the nasal airway patency in a
      way tailored to the initial deficiency and had a significative effect on the
      respiratory mode.

PMID- 1815298
TI  - [Evaluation of speech therapy and rehabilitation exercises in mouth-breathers].
AB  - Mouth breathing induces a low rest posturing of the tongue and tongue thrusting
      in many cases. This disturbs the development of the oral functions. The first
      stage of the reeducation is nose breathing's rehabilitation in order to
      "liberate" the tongue. Nasal breathing cannot be taught exteriorly . It's a
      result of the physical well-being. It's important to observe the mouth breathers
      and understand their needs. The second stage of the reeducation concerns the
      tongue moving tonicity and suppleness. Every exercise relies on the
      proprioceptive control that makes the child aware of each motion of the tongue.
      The next stages will be the recovering of the different functions as the rest
      tongue posture, swallowing, chewing. The use of phonation (lingual alveolar
      speech sounds) will facilitate the automatism of the new functions, because the
      children feel the elevation of the tongue.

PMID- 1815299
TI  - [The mouth-breathing patient].

PMID- 1815301
TI  - [Primary care and psychoactive drugs. Some reflections].
AB  - This paper aims at defining some problems that are present in the prescribing of
      psychotropic drugs in general practice. An important proportion of the patients
      in the primary care have psychological and/or clear psychiatric disorders;
      therefore it is necessary for the general practitioners to understand their
      needs, but also overuse or misuse of psychoactive drugs. The rational use is
      discussed and some considerations and instructions are stated.

PMID- 1815300
TI  - [Mycoses and adrenocortical function. New pathogenetic aspects of adrenal
      hypofunction].
AB  - Three aspects of the possible relationships between adrenocortical function and
      mycoses are considered: a) abnormal steroid hormone concentrations that may
      favour onset and/or clinical course of mycotic diseases; b) presence of
      granulomas in the adrenal glands during systemic mycoses; c) effects of
      antifungal drugs on steroidogenesis. Glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of T
      lymphocyte proliferation, in that they affect both the production of IL-1 from
      monocytes/macrophages and IL-2 from activated T-lymphocytes. Consequently
      opportunistic fungal infections are frequently observed in patients with chronic
      hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) and in particular in those under chronic
      treatment with corticoids. On the other hand, mucocutaneous candidiasis is a
      prominent feature of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I, characterized
      by adrenal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Its
      onset is usually at childhood, first with symptoms and signs of the fungal
      infection and then with those of endocrine failure. It is a complex disorder,
      familiar or sporadic, not linked to particular HLA haplotype, potentially
      associated with other autoimmune diseases (endocrine and not), thus forming the
      so called candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome (CES). Adrenal involvement is very
      frequent in systemic mycoses, such as histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum),
      cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans), and paracoccidioidomycosis. From the
      pathogenetic view point, corticostatins-defensins may play a role. They are a
      family of recently discovered cationic peptides, that are able to inhibit adrenal
      steroidogenesis by interfering with ACTH at the specific receptor level. The
      pharmacological effects of ketoconazole on adrenal (and gonadal) steroidogenesis
      are a focus of great interest. This compound has been demonstrated to be a potent
      inhibitor of cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815302
TI  - Growth hormone secretion in aging. Effect of pyridostigmine on growth hormone
      responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - Recent studies in adults have shown that cholinergic enhancement by
      pyridostigmine (PD) has a stimulatory effect on growth hormone (GH) response to
      GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). PD probably reduces somatostatin release from the
      hypothalamus by increasing the central cholinergic tone. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the effect of PD (120 mg orally) or placebo pretreatment on GH
      responsiveness to GHRH (1 micrograms/kg b.w. i.v.) or placebo in 10 normal
      elderly males (68-92 years). PD induced a significant increase in GH secretion
      (GH peak 7.3 +/- 1.8 micrograms/L, mean +/- SEM) over the basal value (0.9 +/-
      0.2 micrograms/L; P less than 0.01) and enhanced GH response to GHRH (peak after
      GHRH: 17.0 +/- 3.8 micrograms/L; after PD plus GHRH: 42.6 +/- 12.2 micrograms/L;
      P less than 0.05). There was a significant difference in the secretory areas of
      GH among tests (P less than 0.05). The secretory area was greater after PD plus
      GHRH (2722 +/- 801 micrograms/L/120 min) than after GHRH (1185 +/- 206
      micrograms/L 120 min; P less than 0.01). The effect of PD on GH secretion
      suggests that cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in GH control in normal
      aging. During the life-span cholinergic neurons and/or the somatostatin pathways
      could exert a differential effect on GH control.

PMID- 1815303
TI  - [Autoimmune neuropathy in monoclonal gammopathy].
AB  - The relationship between polyneuropathies and monoclonal gammopathies is well
      known even though the pathogenetic hypotheses are controversial. The role of
      autoantibodies against neural antigens has been recently underlined. 45 patients
      (29 M and 16 F), affected by multiple myeloma (MM) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
      with paraproteinemia and monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance
      (MGUS)4, underwent an EMG study including SCV, MCV and late responses of several
      nerves, and a search for serum antibodies against neural antigens by
      immunoblotting assay. 19 out of 45 pts. tested positive to EMG and 15 out of 45
      (10 MM and 5 NHL) showed a serological positivity. Among them 11 were positive to
      EMG too. The results confirm the hypothesis of a possible pathogenetic role of
      high-titer autoantibodies against neural antigens in cases of polyneuropathy.

PMID- 1815304
TI  - [Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome caused by prolonged infusion therapy during the
      postoperative period].
AB  - Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome (W.K.S.) is a complication of alcoholism and
      malnutrition and usually presents acutely and is characterized by disturbances of
      consciousness, paralysis of the external ocular muscles, ataxia and disorder of
      retentive memory. The disease results from deficiency of vitamin B1, or thiamine,
      an essential coenzyme in intermediate carbohydrate metabolism. We report a
      seriously ill, nonalcoholic surgical patient, who developed W.K.S. in the
      postoperative period as a result of thiamine deficiency, during prolonged
      intravenous therapy. It is recommended that malnourished patients receive 100 mg
      parenteral thiamine especially when glucose infusions are administered.

PMID- 1815305
TI  - With regards to the presence of iron granules in plasma cells.
AB  - We report on the occasional presence of iron granules in plasma cells in two male
      patients respectively 64 and 71 years old, both with excessive drinking habits.
      One patient also had liver cirrhosis. In both patients the bone-marrow biopsy
      showed a macrocytic anemia without megaloblasts. We refer the morphologic data
      because the cases reported are not many and the presence of iron granules in
      plasma cells was a curious and rare aspect. The most important feature appearing
      from the data issued is the gap concerning both the source and mechanism that
      cause this phenomenon. Some investigations have suggested that the plasma cell
      iron is located in mitochondria, others have noted that iron granules were
      located between the Golgi region and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover,
      the morphologic data are not related to the number of plasma cells in the bone
      marrow and there is no causal relation between alcoholic abuse and plasma cell
      iron. The first problem is common, the second is rare.

PMID- 1815306
TI  - [Sweat-gland function in patients with X-linked ichthyosis].
AB  - Literature reports that patients affected by X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) have a
      reduction of sweat glands and a decrease of sweat production. The sweat
      physiology of 28 patients, 14 with XLI, 7 with lamellar ichthyosis, 7 with
      dominant ichthyosis and 28 control subjects were examined with sweat test,
      performed by pilocarpine iontophoresis. In the same patients we have performed
      skin biopsy to evaluate quantitative and qualitative reduction of sweat glands.

PMID- 1815307
TI  - [Acute recurrent pancreatitis in ulcerative rectocolitis].

PMID- 1815308
TI  - [Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis].

PMID- 1815309
TI  - [The sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria to chemotherapeutic agents (Zurich,
      1991)].
AB  - There have been numerous reports on resistance of anaerobic bacteria against
      antimicrobial agents. Therefore, to assess the situation in Zurich, 187 anaerobic
      strains of various bacterial genera, isolated from clinical specimens during
      winter 1990/91, were tested for their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
      active against anaerobic bacteria. Besides the Bacteroides fragilis group, which
      is naturally resistant against penicillin, 30% of isolates of other Bacteroides
      species were also resistant against penicillin. In general, anaerobes have
      remained susceptible to cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, imipenem, the 5
      nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, ornidazole) as well as combinations of beta
      lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanic acid, sulbactam and
      tazobactam). Because rare strains resistant against cefoxitin, clindamycin and
      beta-lactams plus beta-lactamase inhibitors can be found, at least isolates from
      specific clinical situations should be tested for antimicrobial susceptibility.
      These are strains isolated from patients with brain abscess, endocarditis,
      osteomyelitis, arthritis, infected implants and prosthesis as well as those from
      persisting or recurrent bacteremia. Because the agar diffusion test yields
      unreliable results, minimal inhibitory concentration should be determined. Maybe
      the new 'E test' or the spiral gradient procedure can be used after evaluation.

PMID- 1815311
TI  - [A case from practice (234). Torsades de pointes under quinidine therapy and
      diuretic-induced hypokalemia. 2. Hypertension and coronary heart disease -
      tachycardia with atrial flutter - biventricular heart insufficiency - sick-sinus
      syndrome - 3. Arterial hypertension. 4. chronic bilateral venous insufficiency].

PMID- 1815310
TI  - [Acute sedative effect of a herbal relaxation tablet as compared to that of
      bromazepam].
AB  - The relaxing effect and the systemic tolerance of a single oral dose of Valverde
      relaxation dragees have been examined double-blinded against 3 mg of bromazepam
      and placebo in groups of 20 healthy male volunteers each treatment. The systemic
      tolerance was assessed at the end of the examination, relying on spontaneous
      remarks or comments made on side effects upon questioning. As the four plants
      from which Valverde has been extracted (valerian, balm, passion-flower, and
      pestilence wort) have a reputation of being tranquilizing agents with spasmolytic
      effect, not only this effect needs to be demonstrated, but also sedative side
      effects and impairment of vigilance must be assessed to explore the risk for
      accident proneness. We expected that the relaxing-tranquilizing effect of
      bromazepam as well as of Valverde relaxation dragees compared with placebo is
      perceived subjectively. A potentially existing impairment of performance due to
      Valverde was assumed to be milder than impairment due to bromazepam. The study,
      however, inspite of a sophisticated test battery with extended testing, could not
      detect any effect for either of the two drugs; nor could it detect a side effect.
      The sedation and reduction of vigilance observed in a pre-study without placebo
      controls (Gerhard and Hobi, unpublished) was explained by natural fatigue which
      appeared in the course of the morning also under placebo. Therefore, sedative
      side effects, leading to an impairment in performance, can be excluded for both
      drugs at the studied dose level.

PMID- 1815312
TI  - Collet-Sicard syndrome caused by a coiling of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - A Collet-Sicard syndrome was observed in a 53-year-old patient with a coiling of
      the left internal carotid artery just below the skull base. Although impairment
      of cranial nerves by tortuous vessel compression has frequently been reported, a
      combined palsy of the last four cranial nerves related to such a mechanism has
      never been described before.

PMID- 1815313
TI  - [Description of a case of cerebral stroke with transcranial Doppler observation
      of a partial obstruction of the middle cerebral artery and its subsequent
      recanalization].

PMID- 1815314
TI  - Recent results in ataxia research.
AB  - Five families with late onset spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) were studied. A high
      association was found between the disease and HLA. A stronger association results
      with a marker called D6S89. Clinical data of 26 patients and neuropathological
      study in two are reported. The clinical phenotypes of other HLA-linked SCA
      kindreds shows differences when comparison is made. The Authors suggest that the
      phenotype might appear more homogeneous if disease duration is taken into
      account.

PMID- 1815315
TI  - Gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic polypectomy as a contribution to
      prevention and treatment of malignancies.
AB  - In the retrospective study the author shows the survey of 4,468 gastro and
      colonofiberscopies performed at the Endoscopic Unit of the Clinic of Surgery in
      Hradec Kralove during the time span 1981-1990. Indications and contraindications,
      as well as the conditions for performing these endoscopies are being considered.
      Experiences with the optimum preparation of such patients are also described.
      Furthermore, the question of the occurrence and importance of gastrointestinal
      polyps is being discussed. In the second part of this study mainly the
      problematics of the endoscopical polypectomy is revealed. This set includes 612
      patients with polyps in both the upper and lower parts of the gastrointestinal
      tract. The group of polyps has been divided and studied in greater detail from
      several points of view, such as their histological character, morphology,
      localization, clinical symptomatology and others. The endoscopic treatment of
      polyps is further compared with the alternative way of treatment. The survey of
      complications is also given. In the discussion and conclusion the follow-up
      policy, which differs from that of some other authors, is being supported and
      further ways of diagnosis in this field are outlined, too.

PMID- 1815316
TI  - Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)--a report on the first 500 patients.
AB  - This paper presents the results of the treatment of the first 500 patients
      treated with the second generation lithotriptor SIEMENS "LITHOSTAR". In 500
      patients with 607 stones 521 treatments were performed in 799 sessions. Six
      months after the ESWL treatment 522 out of 607 stones (86%) were desintegrated
      completely, i.e. 87.2% of the patients were stone-free. The best results were
      obtained with solitary pelvic (95.51%) and ureteral stones (95.8%). In 52
      patients (10.4%) complications due to obstruction were successfully solved by
      endoscopic procedures. These results clearly present ESWL as the best method in
      the treatment of urolithiasis patients.

PMID- 1815317
TI  - Containers for freezing and storage of bone marrow stem cells.
AB  - The authors describe a flat stainless steel container with two necks of the
      volume 160-180 ml, manufactured according to their own design as well as their
      first experience with controlled-rate freezing of leukocytes and/or peripheral
      blood stem cells (PBSC) in this container. The containers meet the requirements
      of clinical application, i.e. they are made of non-toxic stainless steel, the
      inner and outer surfaces are polished electrochemically, sterilization by
      autoclaving is possible, several containers can be frozen simultaneously in a
      freezing chamber of a programmable freezer and storage of containers in both
      vapour and liquid phase of nitrogen is possible. Analysis of the cell volume
      distribution in suspensions of leukocytes and PBSC collected by hemapheresis
      showed high recovery of cells after thawing. The advantages and disadvantages of
      metal containers in comparison with disposable plastic bags are discussed in
      detail.

PMID- 1815318
TI  - Dose-related stress reaction in male rats chronically exposed to lead acetate.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were given 0.5% lead acetate and natrium acetate equimolar to 2%
      lead acetate for 3 months, 1 and 2% lead acetate for 2 months. Noradrenaline (NA)
      in hypothalamus and striatum corticosterone, thyroxine and 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine in serum and catecholamines (CA) in adrenals were determined at
      one month's interval. Results were accomplished by body and organ weights. All
      the changes depend on lead exposure level and time of exposure. At the three
      doses, lead exposure produced a significant decrease of NA in hypothalamus and
      striatum, increase of CA in adrenals and increase of kidney weight. Significant
      changes of all hormones, liver, spleen and kidney weight were observed in rats
      given 2% lead acetate. The stress effects of acetate was excluded by the lack of
      biochemical, organ or body weight effects of sodium acetate. Our results suggest
      a nonspecific stress reaction in rats activating hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid
      adrenal axis.

PMID- 1815319
TI  - Cyanoacrylates: an ideal agent for intravascular embolotherapy?
AB  - From a large number of various embolic agents introduced in interventional
      radiology in last two decades it seems that an ideal embolic agent for
      intravascular embolization has not been found yet. The favourable properties of
      one of these agents - n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate are presented by authors. It is
      concluded that the intravascular embolotherapy with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate
      performed in a strict accordance with the technical demands has proved to be
      efficient in the management of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations, in the
      percutaneous transhepatic embolization of gastroesophageal varices and in
      palliative embolization of renal tumors.

PMID- 1815320
TI  - Longterm catheterization of the lingual artery for intraarterial cytostatic
      therapy.
AB  - The authors present a technique of longterm lingual artery catheterization for
      intraarterial regional chemotherapy. The transtemporal approach enables safe
      introduction through the external carotid artery. Catheterization technique is
      presented in 16 patients with the diagnosis of carcinoma baseos oris and
      carcinoma linguae. Both the lingual arteries were infused in four patients with
      tumors spreading over the midline. The dislocation of the catheter was found
      seven times of twenty catheterizations. The following catheter repozition was
      always successful.

PMID- 1815321
TI  - Our contribution to the external fixation in traumatology.
AB  - The experience is summarized in using the method of external fixation (Stuhler
      Heise from Aesculap, Poldi 7, Ilizarov's compressory distractive devices) in the
      traumatology of extremities within 5-year lasting period. Starting from june 1985
      to July 1990, the amount of 90 open fractures of long bones has been managed
      (10.2% of all fractures admitted). Open fractures related to III. grade by
      Gustilo's classification were 20 in number, i.e. 22.0% of all open fractures
      admitted with anatomical distribution as follows: 50% crural, 25% humeral, 15%
      forearm and 10% femoral locations. The EF device was applied in 11 cases, i.e.
      55%. Primary amputations were done in 4 cases, i.e. 20%. The EF application
      period averaged for 64 days. One case showed primary healing of EF treated
      fractures. The remaining cases attributed an exchange of the type of
      osteosynthesis or were supplemented with plastic surgery on the soft tissues and
      bone. Another group of 36 pseudoarthroses of long bones were operated on within
      the mentioned period, from them 9 cases as infected ones were treated with EF
      method. Once the infection has been healed, the authors proceeded with surgery
      and EF exchange in all cases when treating pseudoarthroses. Third--the group of
      18 nonstabile intraarticular fractures of distal radius treated by means of EF is
      presented. The advantages of individual EF methods are discussed, and the
      comprehensive care approaches are presented in documental groups of injuries as
      illustrated with the short case-reports.

PMID- 1815322
TI  - The initial experience with closed interlocking intramedullary fixation.
AB  - Authors present the initial experience with the closed locked intramedullary
      fixation of long bones (mainly the tibial bone) in conditions of the Teaching
      Hospital. Possible improvisation is reported on when lacking the foreign
      osteosynthetical material.

PMID- 1815323
TI  - The use of fasciocutaneous flaps on perforating vessels.
AB  - The distally based fasciocutaneous flaps on perforating vessels are mobile, well
      shapable and cosmetically satisfactory ones. In soft tissue defects of the lower
      third of the leg the above flaps should be a method of choice for their simple
      applicability and shapability of tissues. Pedicular fasciocutaneous flaps enable
      us to enlarge the possibilities of reconstructive surgery in this field.
      Microsurgical flaps may then be reserved for more important losses of soft
      tissues.

PMID- 1815324
TI  - Mortality effect of selected diseases on the life expectancy indicators in
      Czechoslovakian population.
AB  - Czechoslovakia is contemporarily ranged between the countries with mostly
      unfavourable indicators of national health. The life expectancy (LE) values at
      birth as achieved by 1988 in men were 67.85 years and 75.42 years in women,
      respectively. In Czechoslovakia this indicator is averagely 4 and more years
      lower than that of industrially developed countries. Such a low czechoslovakian
      LE value is conditioned with mainly higher mortality to the ischemic heart
      disease, vascular brain disease as well as malignancies and traumas. In men, the
      mortality due to the ischemic heart disease (IHD) is accounted for the Le
      decrease to 3.23 years, and 2.57 years in women, respectively. Similarly, there
      is a LE decrease to 3.05 years in men, and to 2.54 years in women due to the
      malignancies. When the IHD mortality decrease may be achieved up to 30% against
      the status of 1985-87, it may be resulted in LE prolongation to 0.84 in men, and
      0.66 in women, respectively. The similar decrease in mortality to vascular brain
      disease and atherosclerosis may have resulted in LE prolongation to 0.51 in men,
      and 0.72 years in women. The mortality decrease to cancers for 30% may have been
      resulted in LE prolongation for 0.84 years in men, and for 0.73 years in women,
      respectively. The attempt on how to prolong the LE is resulting in fast and
      responsible measures of primary prevention and partly in those of secondary
      prevention.

PMID- 1815326
TI  - Clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup infections
      in Japan.
AB  - The subgroup characteristics of 130 strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      isolated in Sapporo during 9 epidemic years 1980-1989 were determined. Monoclonal
      antibodies raised against the RSV Long strains were used. Subgroup A included 77
      (59.2%) isolates and subgroup B 52 (40.0%) strains, while 1 strain was considered
      to be a variant of a subgroup A strain. The distribution by age of infants and
      children was different for the 2 subgroups: less than 1 year of age infants with
      subgroup A infection dominated, greater than 1 year of age subgroup A infections
      were less common than subgroup B infections. These was no difference in type of
      illness between the subgroups. Bronchiolitis was the dominant diagnosis in all
      patients.

PMID- 1815325
TI  - Clinical and bacterial features of infections caused by Streptococcus milleri.
AB  - The clinical and bacteriological features of 51 infections due to Streptococcus
      milleri observed in 43 patients over a 2-year period were reviewed. Clinical
      syndromes included bacteremia in 6 cases, endocarditis in 4 cases, cellulitis and
      subcutaneous abscesses in 8 cases, pleural empyema in 8 cases, brain abscesses in
      5 cases, abdominal infections in 5 cases, and other miscellaneous infections in
      15 cases. An underlying condition was associated with infection in 33/43 patients
      (77%). S. milleri was the only pathogen isolated in 19 patients (44%). All
      strains of S. milleri were susceptible to penicillin. Surgery was combined with
      antimicrobial therapy in 27 (63%) patients. Nine patients died during
      hospitalization, and death was directly related to S. milleri infection in 4
      patients (9%). These results confirm that S. milleri frequently causes serious
      suppurative infections and that species identification is a clinically useful
      procedure.

PMID- 1815327
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies against parvovirus B19 in Norwegians with congenital
      coagulation factor defects treated with plasma products from small donor pools.
AB  - The seroprevalence of antibodies against parvovirus B19 in 308 Norwegians with
      coagulation factor defects of different types and severities was assessed by an
      IgG antibody capture radioimmunoassay (GACRIA). The overall seroprevalence was
      62%. The seroprevalence among subjects with different types of coagulation factor
      defects was related to the type and severity of the coagulation factor defect:
      severe hemophilia A 64%, moderate and mild hemophilia A 58%, severe hemophilia B
      88%, moderate and mild hemophilia B 73%, and von Willebrand's disease 52%. The
      prevalence of parvovirus B19 antibodies among household contacts and blood donors
      was 49% and 42% respectively. This study confirms that replacement therapy with
      coagulation factors is accompanied by an increased risk for acquiring parvovirus
      B19 infection. However, the prevalence of parvovirus B19 antibodies among
      Norwegian hemophiliacs is well below the prevalence reported from other countries
      and probably reflects the small numbers of donors in plasma pools used for the
      preparation of coagulation factor concentrates.

PMID- 1815328
TI  - Effect of zidovudine on cerebrospinal fluid in patients with HIV infection and
      acute neurological disease.
AB  - Two cases of HIV infection associated with neurological complications are
      described. The patients had been followed with repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      analyses 1-3 years before the neurological disease and 5 months after zidovudine
      treatment. CSF mononuclear cell count and the AIDS predictors beta 2
      microglobulin and neopterin decreased in CSF after treatment and were lower or at
      the level seen 1-3 years before treatment. The results suggest that zidovudine
      has a suppressive effect on the HIV infection in CNS at least for 5 months, even
      when low zidovudine doses (500 mg daily) were used.

PMID- 1815329
TI  - Calprotectin in cerebrospinal fluid of the HIV infected: a diagnostic marker of
      opportunistic central nervous system infection?
AB  - The calprotectin level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 15 HIV positive
      patients with symptoms from the central nervous system (CNS) was measured. All 5
      patients with opportunistic infections had levels above the reference range and
      all 10 patients with HIV associated encephalopathy had levels within the
      reference range. Thus, the calprotectin level in CSF can be of diagnostic value
      in differentiating between HIV associated encephalopathy and opportunistic
      infection in the HIV positive patient with symptoms from the CNS.

PMID- 1815330
TI  - Dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infections in AIDS are still rare although
      the number of cases is increasing. We present 2 cases of extrapulmonary
      pneumocystosis detected at our institution during an 8-month period. The first
      was a patient treated for P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) disseminated to liver,
      spleen and kidneys. The second patient had widely dissemination of P. carinii
      diagnosed at autopsy. Both patients had received aerosolised pentamidine (AP) for
      PCP prophylaxis. Totally we have treated patients with AP prophylaxis for 122
      patient years and found a frequency of extrapulmonary spread of 1.6% compared to
      none in the 116 patient years on sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.

PMID- 1815331
TI  - Low yield of screening for cryptococcal antigen by latex agglutination assay on
      serum and cerebrospinal fluid from Danish patients with AIDS or ARC.
AB  - From July 1, 1989 to September 5, 1990, 530 serum specimens and 50 cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) specimens from 334 HIV-1 infected patients, most of whom had AIDS or
      ARC, were analysed in a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination assay, and all
      were negative. Three cases of meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed
      by microscopy and culture in 3 HIV-1 infected patients are presented. Stored
      specimens of serum and CSF from these patients were assayed for cryptococcal
      antigen, and in all 3 the onset of meningitis was preceded by the presence of
      cryptococcal antigen in serum. It is concluded that the low occurrence of
      cryptococcosis in our patient population does not justify a routine serum
      screening for cryptococcal antigen.

PMID- 1815332
TI  - Cerebral toxoplasmosis in Danish AIDS patients.
AB  - We estimate the frequency of central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis in Danish
      AIDS patients and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy using the following criteria
      for acceptance of the diagnosis: either (1) the demonstration of Toxoplasma
      gondii in brain tissue or (2) one or more hypodense or ring-enhancing lesions on
      computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and a neurologic and CAT scan
      improvement in response to 2 weeks of treatment. From 1981 until July 1990 266
      patients were diagnosed with AIDS at Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen and 29 (11%)
      were treated, suspected for CNS toxoplasmosis. 17 patients had the diagnosis
      confirmed but since 5 patients, who were never treated, were diagnosed at
      autopsy, the overall cumulated incidence was 8% (22/266 patients). The overall
      diagnostic accuracy was 59% (17/29 patients) showing some changes over time.
      Among patients diagnosed with AIDS in 1988 or later, the accuracy was 83% (10/12
      patients) while among patients diagnosed in 1987 or earlier the accuracy was 41%
      (7/17 patients). Four patients were diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
      (PCP) prior to the diagnosis of CNS toxoplasmosis, while among patients with
      toxoplasmosis as the AIDS-defining diagnosis, 3 later developed PCP. None of
      these 7 patients had received secondary prophylaxis with a drug containing
      sulfonamide.

PMID- 1815333
TI  - Natural killer cells and the post viral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - 60 patients were referred with a diagnosis of post viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS),
      but only 50 fulfilled strict criteria for this illness. Many lymphocyte
      subpopulations were normal, but there was a spectrum of natural killer (NK) cell
      results: 20/50 (40%) were raised; 8/50 (16%) were low;, 5/50 (10%) were low
      initially but normal on repeat testing; 17/50 (34%) were normal. When patients
      were categorised on their NK cell results, there were significant differences in
      the two groups with raised or low NK cells compared to the "Not PVFS" group: the
      CD8 cells were increased (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.02) and the CD4/CD8
      ratio was reduced (p less than 0.05) but the CD4 cells were normal. Clinical data
      showed that the "Not PVFS" group were older, with less severe illness, less
      muscle pain and less virological evidence of infection. It is postulated that
      patients have low NK cells initially and then progress to normal or raised levels
      dependent on factors such as stress, other infections and behaviour.

PMID- 1815334
TI  - Urosepticemia and fatal endocarditis caused by aerococcus-like organisms.
AB  - Two cases of invasive infections with aerococcus-like organisms (ALO) are
      presented: an 81-year-old man with fatal endocarditis and a 63-year-old man with
      urosepticemia. No antigenic relationship was found between ALO and Aerococcus
      viridans (NCTC 8251) in crossed immunoelectrophoretic assay.

PMID- 1815335
TI  - Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Denmark 1980-1988.
AB  - Based on epidemiological data of notified cases of meningococcal disease (MD) in
      Denmark during the period 1980-88 the recommendations for prophylaxis are
      evaluated. In 1986 the incidence of MD increased about 60% to 5.5 per 100,000
      population. The clinical diagnosis of MD was verified by culture of Neisseria
      meningitidis in 79% of notified cases. About 40% of all patients were less than 4
      years of age. The mortality in 1988 was found to be 10%. Serogroup B disease
      accounted for about 80% of the cases. Two co-primary and 28 secondary cases were
      registered. Two major outbreaks of serogroup C disease occurred in 1984 and 1986,
      respectively. In small clusters of 2-3 cases within socially well-defined groups
      the recommendations for prophylaxis are sufficient. But for the new pattern of
      clusters spread over months to years in certain geographical areas or open social
      groups, especially among teenagers, the existing recommendations are
      insufficient. The occurrence of localized clusters of serogroup B disease
      emphasises the need for a vaccine against serogroup B disease.

PMID- 1815336
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase activity in nasopharyngeal aspirates for
      rapid diagnosis of whooping cough in relation to culture and serology.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase activity, measured in 201 nasopharyngeal aspirates from
      patients presenting with own or parental suspicion of whooping cough, was
      compared to diagnosis made by culture and by serology in the culture negative
      cases. The median amount of cyclic AMP in samples from culture negative patients
      (n = 145) was 0.60 pmoles which differed significantly (p less than 0.001) from
      the median value 3.28 in samples from culture positive patients (n = 56). The
      median value 0.70 pmoles of cyclic AMP in samples from culture negative patients
      who were positive by serology (n = 54) did not differ significantly from the
      value of 0.57 pmoles in samples from serology negative patients (n = 91). With a
      limit for positive cyclic AMP set at 2 pmoles, 45 samples were positive. The
      sensitivity of the assay was 66% (37/56) in culture positive patients while the
      specificity was 93% (85/91) in the serology negative patients. The positive
      predictive value for the c-AMP test was 82% (37/45) in relation to culture and
      87% (39/45) in relation to culture and/or serology. The results confirmed that
      measurement of adenylate cyclase activity in nasopharyngeal aspirates by an 1-h
      incubation method can serve as an early and rapid diagnostic method of pertussis
      infection. The low sensitivity of the c-AMP assay in samples from serology
      positive but culture negative patients indicates however, that this assay will
      have to be supplemented by serology for a high diagnostic sensitivity in all
      cases of pertussis.

PMID- 1815337
TI  - Epidemiological fingerprinting of Klebsiella pneumoniae by small-fragment
      restriction-endonuclease-analysis (SF-REA).
AB  - Epidemiological fingerprinting of Klebsiella pneumoniae was performed by
      restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of whole cell DNA. 11 isolates from 4
      patients in an intensive care unit and 80 unrelated strains were examined in this
      study. DNA was cleaved with restriction endonuclease EcoR I, electrophoresed on
      10% polyacrylamide gels, and restriction fragment patterns were visualized by
      silver staining. The analysis of small fragments within the cleavage patterns (SF
      REA) yielded sufficient information for reliable strain identification. The gel
      patterns of unrelated strains exhibited marked differences by direct visual
      comparison. In contrast, the isolates from the ICU could only be subdivided into
      2 types, supporting our suspicion of nosocomial infections in some of these
      patients. SF-REA was evaluated with regard to interstrain discriminatory ability,
      reproducibility, and practicability. Our results indicate that SF-REA may be used
      as a rapid, precise and reliable technique in typing K. pneumoniae strains.

PMID- 1815338
TI  - Effects of different types and combinations of antimicrobial agents on endotoxin
      release from gram-negative bacteria: an in-vitro and in-vivo study.
AB  - Total and free endotoxin release in time from cultures of Escherichia coli by
      different antibiotics was studied in vitro for 4 h in relation to the antibiotic
      effect on viable counts and morphological features of the test cultures. The most
      rapid fall in viable counts was seen after treatment with imipenem or the
      combination of imipenem with tobramycin, accompanied by an early, but minimal
      increase (1.8-fold) of the total (free plus cell-bound) endotoxin level at 1 h.
      Total endotoxin levels increased approximately 5-fold upon incubation with
      ceftazidime, tobramycin or the combination of tobramycin with cefuroxime, whereas
      incubation with cefuroxime or aztreonam alone caused a late 22-and 49-fold
      increase in total endotoxin, respectively, at 4 h. In chloramphenicol treated
      cultures there was still an increase in viable counts during therapy, resulting
      in an ultimately 78-fold increase of mean levels of total endotoxin. Free
      endotoxin levels increased approximately 6-fold within 1 h upon treatment with
      imipenem, alone or in combination with tobramycin, or ceftazidime as the result
      of rapid lysis of bacteria. Treatment with cefuroxime or aztreonam induced a
      relatively late but much higher release of free endotoxin (118-and 222-fold,
      respectively), which was due to the formation of long filamentous structures
      during the first 2 h of incubation and eventually cell lysis. Both tobramycin and
      the combination of tobramycin with cefuroxime caused a more gradual rise in free
      endotoxin, with a +/- 15-fold increase in free endotoxin at 4 h. In
      chloramphenicol treated cultures, as in the control cultures, the level of free
      endotoxin remained proportional to the amount of viable organisms. We also
      studied plasma endotoxin levels in 20 patients with septic shock. 10 out of these
      20 patients had a detectable endotoxemia (greater than 5 ng/l) on admission. We
      describe the patterns of plasma endotoxin in these patients during the first 24 h
      of antibiotic treatment. We conclude that, in the in-vitro study, values of total
      endotoxin, free endotoxin, and the rate of release of endotoxin varies with the
      antibiotic used. We also demonstrate that in patients under treatment for septic
      shock endotoxin release can be related to the administration of antibiotics.

PMID- 1815339
TI  - Phenoxymethylpenicillin two or three times daily in bacterial upper respiratory
      tract infections: a blinded, randomized and controlled clinical study.
AB  - In relation to compliance problems it was investigated whether
      phenoxymethylpenicillin dosed 2 or 3 times daily was equally effective in
      bacterial upper respiratory infections. In a randomized, controlled and single
      blind clinical trial, 131 patients with otitis media, sinusitis and tonsillitis
      were treated with phenoxymethylpenicillin. 71 received the daily dose twice a day
      and 60 patients received the daily dose 3 times a day. The dose was adjusted for
      diagnoses and age. Clinical cure was the endpoint for treatment success. In the 2
      dosage group 78.6% had full effect of the treatment and 86.2% had full effect in
      the 3-dosage group. There was no statistically significant difference. In
      conclusion phenoxymethylpenicillin dosed 2 or 3 times daily seems to be equally
      effective in bacterial upper respiratory infection.

PMID- 1815340
TI  - Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-meningococcus
      group B outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine in children 2-60 months of age.
AB  - Haemophilus influenzae b - Neisseria meningitidis group B outer membrane protein
      conjugate vaccine (Hib-OMP) was given to 571 children 2-60 months of age. Two
      doses of Hib-OMP were given, 2 months apart, to 2-11 month old infants, and a
      single dose to children 12-60 month old. Sera were obtained from a subset of
      vaccinees at each immunization, and at follow-up 1 month and 1 year after
      immunization. Geometric mean antibody concentration (micrograms/ml) before and
      after full immunization were respectively 0.111 and 3.549 for 2-3 month old,
      0.108 and 5.048 for 4-5 month old, 0.082 and 6.933 for 6-11 month old; they were
      0.103 and 3.500 for 12-17 month old, 0.167 and 7.791 for 18-23 month old and
      0.243 and 12.781 for children greater than or equal to 24 months. Detectable
      antibody (greater than or equal to 0.125 micrograms/ml) failed to develop in
      2/399 (0.5%) after primary immunization, and 12/252 (4.8%) lost detectable
      antibody 1 year later. Six of these 12 infants were less than 12 month old. The
      vaccine was immunogenic as early as 3-5 months of age. The need for booster
      immunization needs to be assessed.

PMID- 1815341
TI  - Protective immunity to entamoeba histolytica infection in subjects with
      antiamoebic antibodies residing in a hyperendemic zone.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between amoebic gut infection and the presence of
      serum antiamoebic antibodies in a community where amoebiasis is highly endemic, a
      cross-sectional population survey was conducted covering 982 subjects in 2
      adjacent villages in rural India. E. histolytica was detected in fecal smears in
      18.1% (88/487) and antiamoebic antibodies by micro-ELISA in 28.7% (251/874)
      subjects. In 450 subjects in whom there was no clinical evidence of invasive
      amoebic disease or history of ingestion of antiamoebic drugs in the previous year
      and from whom both stool and matched serum samples were obtained, correlation of
      gut infection with seropositivity was attempted. Seropositivity in 80 cyst
      passers (23.8%) was significantly lower than in 370 non-cyst passers (35.1%; p
      less than 0.05). Conversely the rate of gut infection with E. histolytica was
      lower in seropositive subjects (19/149; 12.8%) as compared to seronegative
      subjects (61/301; 23%, p less than 0.05). In the population where E. histolytica
      infection was highly endemic, the rate of gut infection with the parasite was
      inversely related to seropositivity. Our data suggests that invasive E.
      histolytica infection (mostly asymptomatic) evokes good gut immunity in the host
      with clearing of the parasite from the colon and/or resistance to reinfection.
      High prevalence rate of amoebic antibodies indicates good "herd" immunity.

PMID- 1815342
TI  - Diagnosing multiple parasitic infections: trypanosomiasis, loiasis and
      schistosomiasis in a single case.
AB  - A case is reported of a 32-year-old traveller with loiasis, schistosomiasis and
      African trypanosomiasis. The patient had been working in oil exploration in
      Nigeria and Gabon and presented with Calabar swellings and carpal tunnel
      syndrome. Serology for all 3 diseases was positive but microfilariae of Loa loa
      and ova of schistosomiasis were not found. Treatment with diethylcarbamazine and
      praziquantel was given for loiasis and schistosomiasis respectively. Trypanosomes
      were isolated from a lymph node aspirate only after repetition of the procedure 2
      months later and the patient was treated with suramin. He developed a drug
      induced nephritis and was then treated successfully with alpha
      difluoromethylornithine. There is a discussion of the difficulties encountered
      making these diagnoses in Europeans particularly where there are atypical
      clinical features. The risks of rural work in West Africa are noted and the
      importance of considering all parasitic diseases relevant to the
      travel/occupational history is emphasised.

PMID- 1815343
TI  - Prenatal serologic screening in Bahrain.
AB  - Between 1988 and 1990, serological surveys designed to study local disease
      prevalence and assess the clinical value of various prenatal screening tests were
      undertaken at Salmaniya Medical Center in Bahrain. High maternal antibody
      prevalence (greater than 85%) to cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus
      (HSV) and rubella was demonstrated, and 28% showed antibodies to Toxoplasma
      gondii. The lowest seroprevalence values were found for HBsAg (1.2%) and
      Treponema pallidum (0.9%). Routine testing for rubella, syphilis, and hepatitis B
      are advocated for all pregnancies in Bahrain. In contrast, CMV and HSV serologies
      are not recommended. Toxoplasma antibody testing remains controversial, but the
      lack of a proven agent to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis coupled with the high
      cost of serial testing mitigates against its routine use at this time.

PMID- 1815344
TI  - Epidemiology of chloramphenicol resistant Salmonella strains isolated in Bombay
      during 1990.

PMID- 1815345
TI  - [Environmental monitoring and biological monitoring of young people exposed to
      nonoccupational levels of formaldehyde, toluene and other hydrocarbons].
AB  - During the period of 1983-1985, in two of apprentice schools of P. town the
      health disorders were investigated in the total of 82 apprentices 15-18 years old
      from the environment with elevated concentrations of formaldehyde and toluene.
      The study was contrasted with a control total of 42 apprentices. Cytogenetical
      examination has been performed, and selected immunological parameters in both
      blood serum and saliva have been assessed with red and white blood cells counts
      including differential formula of white blood cells. In addition, the atmospheric
      toxicity of formaldehyde and vapours of organic solvents (toluene, xylene,
      varnish naphtha) was measured. A single biological exposure test has been
      performed for the detection toluene. Statistically significant were differences
      in occurrence of cell chromosomal aberrations between the group of long term
      formaldehyde and toluene exposure (averagely 3.53% ABB) and controls (2.21% ABB)
      as obtained in 1983 and 1984, and so were differences between the long term-to
      toluene exposed group (3.30% ABB) and the above mentioned control group as
      obtained in 1984. No similar results were stated between the long term-to
      formaldehyde exposed (3.07% ABB) and control (2.55% ABB) groups in 1985. The main
      evidence consisted in finding the genotoxical/clastogenic effect of observed
      agents associated with mainly chromosomal abnormalities of chromatide type. It
      outflowed from the determination of selected serum proteins (Ig and acute phase
      proteins) and salivary lysozyme that the group under the combined influence of
      formaldehyde and toluene showed significantly lower IgG and higher alpha-1
      antitrypsin (A1AT). The group at risk of toluene was characteristical in elevated
      concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and A1AT. Most pronounced changes
      in first year had been revealed through the evaluation of the influence of the
      duration at risk (significant decrease in IgA and prealbumin, and the increase in
      A2M and A1AT). The infectious disease as experienced 2 month prior the collection
      resulted in a significant decrease of IgM, A2M and A1AT in risky groups in
      individuals with infection in anamnesis. Salivary lysozyme concentration of
      apprentice environmentally exposed to formaldehyde in the noon showed the
      decrease, whereas its increase occurred in controls with the difference on 5%
      significancy level. Blood count assessements showed no significant differences
      between the investigated values as well as any were assessed between the
      incidence of health disorders of apprentices and their correspondance to the
      given group.

PMID- 1815346
TI  - [The gastrointestinal post-irradiation syndrome].
AB  - In the recent years, more attention is paid by radiobiologists to both prevention
      and therapy of a relatively less studied gastrointestinal postirradiation
      syndrome (GPS). Moreover, the increase in interest in GPS is motivated with the
      requirement as to obtain the decrease in action of ionizing radiation on the
      intestinal mucosa at making radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic region. The GPS
      occurs consequently to the affected abdominal region or all the organism with
      ionizing radiation. Its approximal doses from 10 to 100 Gy (gamma) are critical
      for the survival of intestinal mucosa, especially that of jejunum and ileum.
      Under the threshold of a single and total dose from 6 to 10 Gy, the intestinal
      mucosa may usually regenerate, and the survival depends mainly on the
      preservation or restoration of hemopoietic activity of blood forming tissues. The
      main pathogenetic GPS factor resides in the afflication of stem cells of mucosal
      crypts. The intestinal epithelium stops to be fluently replaced after the
      irradiation. The motion arrests of epithelial cells from crypts to the apex of
      villi. The elderly cells undergoes degradation, and after several days the
      denudation of mucosa occurs with possible distortion of deeper layers of
      intestinal wall. The intestinal microflora is involved in the pathogenesis both
      directly and indirectly. Amongst the former events is ranged the invasion of
      distorted mucosa in compromised both local and systemic immunity. Indirectly, the
      intestinal microflora is GPS associated by stimulating mitotic activity in
      crypts, therefore more cells are in the radiosensitive phase. In germ-free
      animals there is a significant decrease in mitotic activity of crypts, and the
      migration time of epithelial cells from crypts to the apex villi is twice more
      prolongated, what induces possible restoration of active center after the
      irradiation. The GPS also results in disorder of metabolic processes which are
      conditioned with intestinal mucosa. Its typical manifestation resides in the wash
      out of mucus, decreased resorption of nutrients and loss of water and minerals
      into the intestinal lumen. The GPS-related are another disorders of the organism,
      those of liver and kidney apparently induced due to the intoxication with
      catabolic products. The microflora has been stated to be involved in GPS by the
      experiments on germ-free animals. In the absence of microflora, the survival is
      greater in duration. After a total pigs irradiation with 10-30 Gy, more than two
      times survival prolongation occurs. The abdominal irradiation with 12 Gy results
      to the death of only conventional pigs, whereas those germ-free show a
      survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1815347
TI  - QSAR in environmental sciences and drug design.
AB  - Structure-activity relationships are applied in drug design as well as in
      environmental sciences. Although both fields of application have much in common,
      there are also some differences. This paper will focus on the similarities and
      differences in QSAR applied in drug research and environmental research.

PMID- 1815348
TI  - Descriptors for isomer resolution of (bio-) distribution of chlorinated aromatic
      compounds.
AB  - Both Solubility Parameter (SOLPAR) and Linear Solvation Energy Relationship
      (LSER) theory utilize molar volume and energies as descriptors for distribution
      phenomena. They provide powerful methods for the prediction of the GLC retention
      indices of chlorobenzenes (CBzs) and tetrachlorodibenzo[p]dioxins (TCDDs). Almost
      complete isomer resolution is obtained with correlation coefficients (r) of
      greater than or equal to 0.9984 (CBzs) and greater than or equal to 0.9839
      (TCDDs). The n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) of CBzs can be
      calculated with a standard error of regression of 0.04, which compares favourably
      with standard deviations of 0.03-0.26 in mean values based on four different
      experimental methods. The HPLC capacity factor of TCDDs on C18 columns can be
      predicted by SOLPAR with moderate accuracy (r = 0.9470), allowing for a
      preliminary calculation of log Kow. A simplified LSER method fails.

PMID- 1815349
TI  - Outliers: their origin and use in the classification of molecular mechanisms of
      toxicity.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) provide a useful tool for
      defining a mathematical relationship between chemical structure and toxicity, and
      for applying such statistically derived models for predicting the toxicity of
      untested chemicals. Outlier chemicals can be encountered both in the derivation
      of QSAR models as well as in their application. Information regarding the
      relationship between molecular descriptors and molecular mechanism of toxicity
      can provide insight into the origin of outlier behavior as well as guidance
      regarding the predictive limitations of such models. Comparison of measured
      toxicity data for fish and rats with baseline QSAR prediction provides a means of
      identifying outliers and for categorizing more specific molecular mechanisms.

PMID- 1815350
TI  - Complex factors in hydrocarbon/water, soil/water and fish/water partitioning.
AB  - Many partitioning and toxicological events that appear to correlate simply with
      log P (octanol/water) can be resolved into greater detail by a factoring process.
      Log P can be separated into lipophilic (PL) and hydrophilic (PH) contributions
      that combine well with polarizability (MR) and hydrogen-bonding (HB) to describe
      partitioning and non-specific binding in phases that differ greatly from n
      octanol. In addition, hydrogen-bonding can be factored into donor groups (HBD)
      and acceptor groups (HBA) for stronger correlations and greater mechanistic
      insight. These descriptors are applied to a variety of problems in simple
      partitioning, soil organic matter binding, bioaccumulation in fish, and aquatic
      narcosis and toxicity.

PMID- 1815351
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of chemical mutagens and carcinogens.
AB  - In recent years, octanol-water partition coefficients (P) have been used in
      toxicology studies to correlate chemical structure and biological activity.
      Generally, only limited attempts are made to show how a new correlation equation
      relates to those previously published, especially when different activities are
      involved. Evidence is presented to show that there is often a high degree of self
      consistency between the dependence of activity on hydrophobicity (defined by log
      P) from different systems. Examples are drawn from nonspecific toxicity,
      mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. It is suggested that this kind of lateral
      correlation is an important means for validating structure-activity
      relationships.

PMID- 1815352
TI  - Chemical topology and ecotoxicology.
AB  - The experimental determination of environmental parameters (e.g. soil sorption,
      bioconcentration, biodegradation and biotransformation, toxic effects, etc.) of
      commercial chemicals is a costly and time-consuming process. Since there is a
      large number of chemicals currently in common use (approximately 100,000) and new
      chemicals are registered at a very high rate (1000/year) it is obvious that our
      human and material resources are insufficient to obtain experimentally even basic
      information on environmental fate and effects for all those chemicals. Thus, it
      is necessary to develop quantitative models that will accurately and rapidly
      predict environmental behaviour for large sets of chemicals. Thus far, molecular
      connectivity indices have been shown to be the most successful structural
      property for describing and predicting soil sorption coefficients, association
      with dissolved humic substances, Henry's law constants, bioconcentration factors
      in aquatic organisms and vegetation, biodegradation, and acute toxicity. We
      describe and discuss the most recent results on modelling environmental fate of
      organic pollutants by the application of molecular connectivity indices. Two
      sections describe the usefulness of environmental QSAR models based on n
      octanol/water coefficients and the systematics and possible physical
      interpretation of molecular connectivity indices. Some practical and theoretical
      weaknesses and pitfalls are discussed concerning the use of n-octanol/water
      partition coefficients in environmental QSAR research.

PMID- 1815353
TI  - Prediction of contradictions between technologically and environmentally relevant
      properties of PCBs.
AB  - Environmental and technological data on PCBs were collected from the literature.
      Concentrations in the environment were calculated using the fugacity model of
      Mackay and Paterson. Environmental and technological properties and the
      calculated concentrations of PCB congeners were related to the number of chlorine
      atoms per molecule. Technological and environmental requirements are found to be
      contradictory, especially for the 2,2',4,5,5'-PCB congener.

PMID- 1815354
TI  - Predictive QSAR models for estimating biodegradation of aromatic compounds.
AB  - The development of valid structure biodegradation relationships (SBRs) is
      restricted by the lack of reproducible published data and by the considered
      endpoint of degradation data. A classification scheme is required for comparative
      evaluation of degradation data obtained by different test methods. SBRs based on
      substructure indicators are available for application to most compounds, but the
      reliability is still uncertain. SBRs based on physico-chemical parameters are
      only available for a few classes of compounds based on specific test methods. A
      combination of several SBRs covering the various transformation pathways provides
      a promising tool for predicting biodegradability. Two models describing
      biodegradation are introduced.

PMID- 1815355
TI  - QSARs and PARs for biodegradation of PCBs.
AB  - Relationships between the biodegradation rate constants of a number of
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydrophobic and electronic structural
      parameters are compared. There is no simple relationship with octanol-water
      partition coefficients, indicating that the biodegradation rates of PCBs are
      probably not determined by their rates of permeation through the bacterial
      membranes. Biodegradation rate constants correlated much better with both the
      electronic and hydrophobic properties of the chlorine substituents, which
      suggests that the reactivity and possibly enzyme binding of PCBs control their
      biodegradation rates.

PMID- 1815356
TI  - Application of QSAR to biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS)
      isomers and homologues.
AB  - An approach of initially testing various structure descriptors on a trial and
      error basis, followed by mechanistic hypothesis and simple mathematical modelling
      to refine the choice of descriptor, is applied to develop a quantitative
      structure-activity relationship (QSAR) correlating initial biodegradation
      relative rate constants with carbon number and substitution position for (4
      sulphophenyl)-substituted alkanes (linear alkyl benzene sulphonates, LAS). The
      relative rate constants are found to be linearly correlated with a composite
      descriptor, [(0.5 + L-1)-12 + (0.5 + S-1)-12]1/2 where L and S are the carbon
      numbers of the longer and shorter chains, respectively, counting from the (4
      sulphophenyl) substitution position.

PMID- 1815357
TI  - A kinetic description of the fate of chemicals in biosystems.
AB  - A simple kinetic description of the fate of low-molecular-weight compounds in
      biosystems was derived using the mass action law. Michaelis-Menten kinetics of
      enzymatic reactions was considered with respect to its two boundary cases, namely
      first- and zero-order kinetics. Absorption, membrane accumulation, non-covalent
      protein binding, biotransformation, and excretion have been included in the
      model, with only the last two steps being considered as time-dependent on the
      pertinent time scale of hours and days. This time hierarchy allowed for
      simplification of the resulting expression. In accordance with the results of
      uptake experiments and contrary to previous approaches, transport of organic
      molecules into the cell was not considered as the rate-limiting step. The
      decisive compound properties were found to be hydrophobicity and the intrinsic
      rate parameters of biotransformation and excretion. The model was applied to the
      elucidation of the dependence of the observed biotransformation rate parameters
      on hydrophobicity. The resulting equations are consistent with literature data.

PMID- 1815358
TI  - Toxicokinetics of aromatic amines in guppy, Poecilia reticulata.
AB  - In this study the elimination kinetics of several chlorinated anilines and a
      tetrachlorobenzene in guppy, Poecilia reticulata, have been determined. The
      elimination of all the chlorinated anilines in fish showed a bi-phasic pattern,
      whereas the elimination characteristics of the tetrachlorobenzene are in
      agreement with a one-compartment model. Elimination of the chlorinated anilines
      is faster than elimination of the tetrachlorobenzene. The small differences in
      octanol-water partition coefficient of these compounds can only in part describe
      the differences in elimination rate. The observed differences might be attributed
      to differing biotransformation rates.

PMID- 1815359
TI  - QSAR for organic chemical bioconcentration in Daphnia, algae, and mussels.
AB  - Prediction of the bioconcentration of organic chemicals from water by aquatic
      organisms has important applications in the management of hazardous chemicals.
      This study gives a compilation of bioconcentration factors on a wet weight basis
      (BCFw) of 52 organic chemicals by Daphnia magna from aqueous solution. The
      bioconcentration factors for the chemicals in Daphnia were successfully
      correlated with their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow) using a
      linear regression analysis. In addition to the ordinary least-square regression
      technique, the geometric mean regression technique is also used because this
      takes into account deviations in Kow values. Both results show that the Kow value
      of a chemical is a good predictor of the BCF in Daphnia. The BCF-Kow
      relationships between Daphnia, algae (Chlorella), and mussels (Mytilus edulis)
      are compared with each other.

PMID- 1815360
TI  - First-order and pseudo-first-order elimination kinetics.
AB  - There is evidence that, for a number of chemicals, the elimination
      characteristics during bioconcentration do not follow monophasic first-order
      kinetics. In the first part of the present communication, a simple mathematical
      formula is presented that allows a clear-cut distinction between monophasic
      (pseudo-) and first-order and morephasic or higher-order elimination processes.
      The second part gives the mathematical description of a simple monophasic pseudo
      first-order two-compartment model, which allows a quantitative kinetic analysis
      in the case of both initial compound and metabolite elimination.

PMID- 1815361
TI  - QSAR approach to target organ estimation.
AB  - This paper summarizes attempts to apply QSAR analysis to the prediction of the
      distribution of xenobiotics and the target organ. Biosolubility is a property of
      xenobiotics which plays a dominant role in transport kinetics and distribution in
      the body. Biosolubility is related to tissue-gas partition coefficients and can
      be estimated from oil-gas and water-gas partition coefficients. The biosolubility
      ratios in individual tissues determine the distribution pattern of xenobiotics in
      the body. The tissue with the highest probability of being reached by a
      xenobiotic is a candidate target tissue.

PMID- 1815362
TI  - Bioconcentration, metabolism and toxicity of substituted anilines in the
      zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio).
AB  - The LC50 (96 h) values and the bioconcentration factors (BCF) for nine anilines
      (aniline; 2-, 3-, 4-chloroaniline; 2-, 3-, 4-nitroaniline; 2,4- and 3,4
      dichloroaniline) in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were determined.
      Biotransformation products of anilines in the zebrafish were analyzed by HPLC.
      The aim of the investigations was to find relationships between
      accumulation/elimination/metabolism and toxicity on the one hand and between
      chemical structure and biotransformation on the other. We found a good
      correlation of log BCF and of log Pow with log LC50. This concurs with the
      assumption that the internal dose determines the toxicological effect. All
      anilines investigated, with the exception of 2- and 4-nitroaniline, were
      transformed into the corresponding acetanilides. The toxicity of the compounds
      was not altered by biotransformation. A comparison of the extent of acetylation
      confirms the supposition that substituents in the ortho position sterically
      hinder acetylation.

PMID- 1815363
TI  - Correlation of tumour-inhibiting activity with acute toxicity.
AB  - We have developed predictive equations for the anti-carcinogenic activity of 21
      phenolic anti-oxidants against forestomach tumours in mice. One of these
      equations was then used to predict the anti-carcinogenic activity of a further 25
      phenolic compounds. It was found that anti-carcinogenic activity correlated well
      with acute toxicity to the fathead minnow.

PMID- 1815364
TI  - QSAR studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms.
AB  - This study investigated the relationships between the toxicities of common
      organic pollutants to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), to Daphnia magna,
      to Tetrahymena pyriformis and in the Microtox test, which uses the luminescent
      bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. The toxicity data were compiled from the
      literature, with the exception of 40 experimentally determined Microtox data.
      Encouraging correlations are seen, indicating significant relationships between
      fish toxicities and those to lower organisms. When the toxicities of individual
      chemical classes are studied, further improvement is often seen in the
      correlations. Analysis of significant outliers from the inter-species
      relationships has led to the suggestion that the fathead minnow may be more
      susceptible to chemicals that are metabolised to reactive intermediates (such as
      the aldehydes). The fish may, however, be less susceptible to other chemical
      classes such as ketones and alcohols.

PMID- 1815365
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative modelling of toxic effects of organophosphorous
      compounds to fish.
AB  - In this paper a QSAR analysis is applied with the intention of analyzing toxicity
      data of 20 organophosphorous compounds in terms of possible rate-limiting steps.
      Several aspects will be discussed and related to the physico-chemical properties
      of the test compounds. These are: bioconcentration factors, inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and biotransformation in oxidative and glutathione
      mediated in vitro systems. As expected, relatively simple relationships between
      toxicity data and Kow, as obtained for narcotic chemicals, were not obtained. The
      results of this study show that large differences can occur in the toxicity of
      the chemicals to fish, despite the fact that in vitro parameters for AChE
      inhibition and biotransformation are approximately equal. From these observations
      it is concluded that the application of general QSAR models for the estimation of
      toxicity data of reactive compounds that can be metabolized in vivo is as yet
      restricted due to our lack of knowledge of specific enzyme activities and of the
      role of possible extrahepatic biotransformation processes.

PMID- 1815366
TI  - Influence of survival time on the lethal body burden of 2,3,4,5
      tetrachloroaniline in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.
AB  - The lethal body burden (LBB) of 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroaniline in guppy (Poecilia
      reticulata), exposed for up to 14 days, has been determined at different aqueous
      concentrations of the test compound. It was found that the LBB is not constant
      during these 14 days, declining within the first 48 h to an approximately
      constant value. It is concluded that LBBs of organic compounds may not always be
      constant and may depend on survival time.

PMID- 1815367
TI  - QSARs for the sublethal responses of marine mussels (Mytilus edulis).
AB  - The marine environment is contaminated with many organic compounds, some of which
      induce deleterious responses in biota. Biological impact can be assessed by
      measuring the physiological responses of mussels, though the task of establishing
      which of the bioaccumulated compounds cause the observed effects is complex. To
      facilitate this task, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for
      the physiological responses are being established. In this paper, the
      responsiveness of ciliary feeding to alkanes and benzene-substituted alkanes is
      described and compared with a QSAR established previously for aromatic compounds.
      Most of the test compounds with aqueous solubilities greater than 70 micrograms
      dm-3 were toxic to feeding activity when bioaccumulated to similar
      concentrations, whereas compounds of lower solubility were less toxic. The only
      exceptions were the polyaromatic hydrocarbons pyrene and fluoranthene, which were
      less toxic than predicted from their solubility. These data are consistent with
      the hypothesis that the toxicity cut-off is due to solubility-related phenomena,
      the effect perhaps being enhanced for aromatic hydrocarbons dosed near to their
      solubility limits, by sequestration of crystals within the mussel tissues. These
      observations indicate that many organic contaminants detected by chemical
      analysis of mussels have no direct effect on filter feeding, whereas the less
      frequently determined volatile compounds are toxic.

PMID- 1815368
TI  - Inorganic concepts relevant to metal binding, activity, and toxicity in a
      biological system.
AB  - Selected physical and inorganic concepts and factors which might be important in
      assessing and/or understanding the fate and disposition of metal compounds in a
      biological environment are reviewed. The stereochemistry (geometry),
      thermodynamic stability, redox properties, and intrinsic reactivity/lability are
      properties of metal compounds which can have a major influence on metal-target
      binding and on the eliciting of activity/toxicity. Concepts and factors are
      illustrated with appropriate examples where possible. Efforts to correlate the
      toxicity of metal compounds with a suitable indicator of toxicity should be
      expanded to include other parameters or combinations of parameters.

PMID- 1815369
TI  - Regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six
      species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient.
AB  - The acute toxicities of 267 compounds to six aquatic and one terrestrial species
      were investigated with correlation, principal component and cluster analysis
      techniques for relationships with each other and with the compounds'
      octanol/water partition coefficient. Selection of the investigated chemicals was
      based on the availability of at least three of the following measured parameters:
      acute (24-h to 96-h) lethal concentrations (LC50) to the fish fathead minnow
      (Pimephales promelas), the fish goldorfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus), the
      zooplankter Daphnia magna, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the algae
      Scenedesmus quadricauda; the (30-min) inhibitory concentrations (EC50) to the
      luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (the Microtox test); the
      acute oral dose (LD50) for the common Norway rat and the octanol/water partition
      coefficient (log P or log Kow). The results indicate highly significant
      correlations between the fathead minnow, goldorfe and Daphnia LC50 and the
      Photobacterium EC50 concentrations. The cluster and principal components analyses
      did not detect any clearly defined groups of compounds. The toxicities were also
      highly collinear with the octanol/water partition coefficients for all species
      except the rat, where two relationships are indicated, with the division at log P
      = 2.00.

PMID- 1815370
TI  - Interpreting aquatic toxicity QSARs: the significance of toxicant body residues
      at the pharmacologic endpoint.
AB  - Aquatic QSAR investigations employ bioassay data where a biological response is
      associated with a toxicant concentration in the exposure water. Although
      convenient this ignores the fundamental principle that the response is more
      closely related to an amount present in the organism. This problem has been
      examined using acute toxicity and bioconcentration QSARs employing log Kow as the
      molecular descriptor. Combining these QSAR relationships enables estimates of the
      amount of toxicant in organisms to be made. For acute narcosis (50% mortality)
      the toxicant level in the hydrophobic (lipid) phase of an exposed organism is, as
      a first approximation, constant at approximately 50 mmol l-1 of lipid. For the
      acute toxicity of a variety of hydrophobic narcotic organics examined by US EPA
      Duluth in tests with fathead minnows, this corresponds to a whole-body residue of
      about 4 mmol kg-1. Although the level in the hydrophobic phase remains constant,
      for hydrophilic chemicals (log Kow less than 1.5) the contribution of the
      hydrophilic (water) phase of the organism dominates and total body residues
      should be similar to the respective threshold LC50s. This has important
      implications in simple pharmacokinetic modelling and in interpreting residue
      levels in organisms collected in environmental monitoring studies.

PMID- 1815371
TI  - Predictive QSAR models for estimating ecotoxic hazard of plant-protecting agents:
      target and non-target toxicity.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are evaluated for
      predicting pesticides' effects on non-target and target organisms: aquatic biota,
      mammals, soil micro-organisms, and plants. Satisfactory estimates of pesticides'
      fish toxicity are obtained from log POW-dependent QSARs derived using chemicals
      of similar polarity and reactivity. Algal toxicity of herbicidal compounds
      reflects interactions with the electron transport chain in photosystem II and can
      be modelled by QSARs describing the Hill reaction inhibition. The ranking in
      effects on soil micro-organisms is evaluated from models derived using in-vitro
      bacteria systems. Mammalian toxicity can be estimated by QSARs using the
      partition coefficient log POW and electronic terms derived by MNDO quantum
      mechanical calculations. In general, the targets are more susceptible than the
      non-target species towards phenylurea herbicides. Plants and algae constitute the
      most sensitive populations, corresponding to the same mode of action. Differences
      in mode of action towards bacteria, rats, and fish, which are similarly sensitive
      organisms, are revealed by QSAR analyses.

PMID- 1815373
TI  - The utility of computed superdelocalizability for predicting the LC50 values of
      epoxides to guppies.
AB  - A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was found for predicting
      the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant of the alkylating chemical 4
      nitrobenzylpyridine with a set of epoxides. The superdelocalizability of the
      unoccupied levels of the orbital along the carbon-oxygen bond of the least
      substituted carbon was found to be an excellent predictor. This parameter, along
      with the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), were found to be
      predictors in a QSAR for guppy (Poecilla reticulata) 14-day LC50 values.

PMID- 1815372
TI  - A QSAR study of the toxicity of amines to the fathead minnow.
AB  - Simple and multiple linear regressions were applied to the development of fish
      toxicity QSAR models for the 96-h LC50 to the fathead minnow, Pimephales
      promelas. The data on unbranched saturated primary alkylamines as well as the
      complete data set were well-fitted to linear QSAR models using log P or the
      valence first-order connectivity index (1XV) as descriptors. Although adding data
      on other subclasses of amines in this data set yield acceptable QSARs, only the
      tertiary amine subclass provided a poor fit with both of these descriptors. The
      amines include both acyclic and cyclic derivatives, either with no additional
      functional groups, or with the hydroxyl, keto, methoxy, and propargyl moieties.
      The molecular mechanism for fish toxicity of these amines as well as the outliers
      in the study were investigated. Based upon the calculated log P value of -1.40,
      tripropargylamine has an apparent excess toxicity of 84 times; in contrast, the
      measured shake-flask log P for this compound was subsequently found to be 1.26,
      giving a predicted LC50 consistent with the observed value. An upward curvature
      of the QSAR plot for the most hydrophilic compounds suggests a shift in mechanism
      for the lowest members of the series.

PMID- 1815374
TI  - QSAR issues in aquatic toxicity of surfactants.
AB  - Acute lethal toxicity data for a range of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are
      analysed with the aim of determining whether QSARs can be developed relating
      toxicity to calculated log P (octanol/water) values. Approaches have been
      developed for dealing with deficiencies in the fragment method for calculation of
      log P when applied to surfactants, and when these are applied it is found that
      log P-based QSARs for surfactants can be developed and are very similar to QSARs
      established for non-surfactant organic compounds with non-specific modes of
      action.

PMID- 1815375
TI  - QSARs for monosubstituted anilines eliciting the polar narcosis mechanism of
      action.
AB  - The relative toxicities (log IGC50(-1] of a fairly heterogeneous series of 66
      anilines that were monosubstituted in the 2-, 3-, and 4-positions have been
      evaluated in the 48 h static Tetrahymena population growth impairment system.
      Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were examined using the 1
      octanol/water partition coefficient (log KOW) and the summation of the Hammett
      sigma electronic substituent constant (sigma sigma) as orthogonal independent
      predictors. Four chemicals, 4-decylaniline, 4-dodecylaniline, 4-tritylaniline and
      4-aminophenethyl alcohol, did not elicit the measured response at saturation.
      Five chemicals, 2-aminophenol, 2-phenylenediamine, 4-aminophenol, 4
      phenylenediamine and 4-nitroaniline, had an altered HPLC spectrum with time. As
      previously reported, the parent compound, aniline, as well as the 4-position
      halogen derivatives have been shown to be aberrantly more toxic than expected.
      None of these chemicals were included in QSAR development which employed linear
      regression analysis. Log IGC50(-1) = 0.599(log KOW) - 0.905 (n = 52, r2 = 0.885,
      s = 0.265, f = 383.65, Pr greater than f = 0.0001) was found to be a good
      predictor of relative toxicity of these monosubstituted anilines. The addition of
      sigma sigma as a second predictor did not improve the predictability of this
      QSAR. Abiotic loss over the duration of the assay varied markedly with
      derivative; however, chemical persistence was not considered to be a factor with
      this model. The above equation was strikingly similar to log IGC50(-1) =
      0.595(log KOW) - 0.996 (n = 67, r2 = 0.866, s = 0.254, f = 421.64, Pr greater
      than f = 0.0001), a previously developed QSAR from data on a heterogeneous set of
      monosubstituted phenols. The data for these two equations were combined and
      subsequent regression analysis resulted in log IGC50(-1) = 0.588(log KOW) - 0.939
      (n = 119, r2 = 0.873, s = 0.261, f = 806.49, Pr greater than f = 0.0001). The
      authors feel that this represents the log KOW-dependent QSAR in the Tetrahymena
      population growth assay for the polar narcosis mechanism of toxic action.

PMID- 1815376
TI  - QSARs for selected aliphatic and aromatic amines.
AB  - The relative toxicity of 24 selected amines was evaluated in the 48 h Tetrahymena
      pyriformis static population growth impairment assay and compared with literature
      data for the 96 h Pimephales promelas flow-through mortality assay. Chemicals
      selected included normal and branched aliphatic primary amines, 4-position alkyl
      substituted primary aromatic amines, as well as secondary and tertiary amines.
      Three amines were not toxic at saturation in the Tetrahymena system, whereas one
      amine was not toxic at saturation in the Pimephales system. Due to the aberrantly
      high toxicity of aniline observed in the Tetrahymena system, this chemical was
      not included in the analyses. For QSAR development, toxicity measured as log
      IGC50(-1) and log LC50(-1), respectively, was regressed against the log of the 1
      octanol/water partition coefficient (log KOW). Both toxicity and hydrophobicity
      varied over five orders of magnitude. The model, log IGC50(-1) = 0.72(log KOW) -
      1.64 (n = 20, r2 = 0.92) (1), was found to be a good predictor of toxicity in the
      Tetrahymena system. Similarly, the model, log LC50(-1) = 0.80(log KOW) - 1.80 (n
      = 23, r2 = 0.96) (2), was found to be a good predictor of toxicity in the
      Pimephales system. A comparison of Eqns (1) and (2) showed the models to be very
      similar. Therefore, as seen by the model, log LC50(-1) = 1.11(log IGC50(-1] -
      0.01 (n = 20, r2 = 0.93) (3), a regression of the log toxicities gave a slope of
      one, an intercept of zero and a high correlation.

PMID- 1815377
TI  - The QSAR prediction of melting point, a property of environmental relevance.
AB  - Melting point is an important environmental parameter, since it affects
      solubility. The melting point of a compound is controlled primarily by
      intermolecular forces and molecular symmetry. This study shows that it is
      possible to predict the melting points of a series of 42 anilines quite well (r =
      0.941, s = 24.6) by an equation containing five parameters; namely a measure of
      hydrogen bond donor ability, the hydrophobic substituent constant, molar
      refractivity, the Sterimol width parameter B2 and an indicator variable for m
      substitution.

PMID- 1815378
TI  - Development of a predictive model for biodegradability based on BIODEG, the
      evaluated biodegradation data base.
AB  - A file of evaluated biodegradation data was used to develop a model for
      predicting aerobic biodegradability from chemical structure alone. Chemicals were
      initially divided into three groups: (i) chemicals that degrade rapidly under
      most environmental conditions without requiring acclimation; (ii) chemicals that
      degrade slowly or not at all; and (iii) chemicals that are biodegradable, but
      only after an acclimation period. Chemicals in the first two groups were then
      used to develop a model for classifying chemicals as rapidly or not rapidly
      biodegradable. The model is based on linear regression against 34 preselected
      substructures, and correctly classifies 92% (211 or 229) of the chemicals in the
      final training set.

PMID- 1815379
TI  - Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances
      Control Act.
AB  - The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 and provides for the
      regulation of industrial chemicals. TSCA allows for regulation of a chemical if
      there is an unreasonable risk towards human health or the environment, and it
      allows for testing if a chemical may present an unreasonable risk or has
      significant exposure towards humans or the environment. Risk assessment under
      TSCA consists of the integration of the hazard assessment for a chemical with the
      chemical's exposure assessment. The environmental hazard assessment consists of
      identifying all of the effects of a chemical towards organisms in the
      environment, and towards the populations, communities, and ecosystems to which
      those organisms belong. Toxicity data for a chemical consists of effective
      concentrations (EC) which indicate the type of effect and the seriousness of that
      effect at a known concentration of chemical. Effective concentrations are either
      measured or predicted using structure activity relationships (SAR). SAR may
      consist of nearest analog analysis, member of a toxic chemical class, or
      quantitative SAR (QSAR). A collection of all of the ECs for a chemical is called
      a hazard profile or a toxicity profile. The environmental exposure assessment
      consists of measuring or predicting the environmental concentrations of a
      chemical from releases due to its production, processing, uses, and disposal.
      There are two types of exposure assessment most frequently used under TSCA: the
      Percentile Stream Flow Method and the Probability Dilution Model (PDM) Method.
      Environmental risk assessment under TSCA is performed by using the quotient
      method. This method simply compares an EC with the actual or predicted
      environmental concentrations (PEC). If the PEC is greater than the EC, then you
      have a potential risk. The risk assessment process usually consists of three
      steps: (i) worst case risk assessment, (ii) identification of the type or risk
      (e.g., acute and/or chronic risk), and (iii) quantification of the degree of
      environmental risk or the potential environmental impact expected for each type
      of risk. If the risk assessment determines that a chemical presents a potential
      risk to the environment, then the results of this assessment are integrated with
      the economic assessment, any relative risk factors, and governmental policy in
      order to decide whether a chemical may present an unreasonable risk to the
      environment.

PMID- 1815380
TI  - ASTER: an integration of the AQUIRE data base and the QSAR system for use in
      ecological risk assessments.
AB  - Ecological risk assessments are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency
      (US EPA) and other governmental agencies to assist in determining the probability
      and magnitude of deleterious effects of hazardous chemicals on plants and
      animals. These assessments are important steps in formulating regulatory
      decisions. The completion of an ecological risk assessment requires the gathering
      of ecotoxicological hazard and environmental exposure information. This
      information is evaluated in the risk characterization section to assist in making
      the final risk assessment. ASTER (ASsessment Tools for the Evaluation of Risk)
      was designed by the US EPA Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth (ERL-D) to
      assist regulators in producing assessments. ASTER is an integration of the
      ACQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval system) and QSAR (Quantitative
      Structure Activity Relationships) systems. ACQUIRE is a data base of aquatic
      toxicity tests and QSAR is comprised of a data base of measured physicochemical
      properties, and various QSAR models that estimate physicochemical and
      ecotoxicological endpoints. ASTER will be available to international governmental
      agencies through the US EPA National Computing Center.

PMID- 1815381
TI  - QSARs in Netherlands water quality management policies.
AB  - QSARs are a useful tool for predicting the potential toxic effects of compounds
      for which no data are available. Within strictly defined limits, QSARs can be
      applied to assess the potential impact of a spill, to evaluate ecotoxicological
      effects and environmental fate of organics in waste water and to set priorities
      for water quality criteria. For a wider application, there is a need for 'worst
      case' SARs providing a 'safer' estimate of toxicity than QSARs with an optimum
      fit, which might underestimate toxicity.

PMID- 1815382
TI  - The application of QSARs, extrapolation and equilibrium partitioning in aquatic
      effects assessment for narcotic pollutants.
AB  - QSAR estimates of toxicity of relatively unreactive organic chemicals for 19
      species of bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoans, coelenterates, rotifers, molluscs,
      crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians were used to predict 'no-effect-levels'
      (NELs) at the ecosystem level by means of a recently developed extrapolation
      model. Equilibrium-partitioning theory for sediment and water was used to derive
      NELs for aquatic sediments. A simple table is given from which NELs for water and
      sediments can be predicted on the basis of only the octanol-water partition
      coefficient and molecular weight.

PMID- 1815383
TI  - Retention of neutral and basic heteroaromatic hydrocarbons in RPLC systems and
      its use in predictive studies. I. Concentration of the organic modifier.
AB  - The retention of polynuclear heteroaromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase liquid
      chromatographic systems was studied using methanol-water or acetonitrile-water as
      the mobile phase. The relation between the concentration of the modifier and the
      capacity factor was investigated, and capacity factors in pure water were
      obtained by means of extrapolation of this relation and were used in quantitative
      chromatographic retention-activity relationships. It was shown that the general
      equation for the relationship between the n-octanol/water partition coefficient
      (log Kow) and retention of apolar compounds in octadecyl-silica/methanol-water
      systems, first presented by Tomlinson and Hafkenscheid, is valid for neutral
      heteroaromatic hydrocarbons. For basic heteroaromatic compounds, this
      relationship is not valid. Both log Kow and the logarithm of the bioconcentration
      factor in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) of neutral heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
      can be predicted satisfactorily from capacity factors extrapolated to pure water.

PMID- 1815384
TI  - Chemical selection by the Interagency Testing Committee: use of computerized
      substructure searching to identify chemical groups for health effects, chemical
      fate and ecological effects testing.
AB  - Since 1977, the Interagency Testing Committee has convened over 300 meetings,
      issued 27 semi-annual reports to the Administrator of the US Environmental
      Protection Agency, screened about 26,000 chemicals, reviewed about 4,500
      chemicals and recommended between 5000 and 7600 health effects, chemical fate or
      ecological effects tests for 114 chemicals and 27 chemical groups. The Committee
      has used three chemical selection processes to screen and identify chemicals for
      priority testing consideration. From 1977 to 1980, the Committee's processes
      consisted of examining large lists of chemicals and designating chemical
      categories that satisfied generic definitions. From 1980 to 1989, the Committee
      used sequential exposure and biological scoring processes followed by in-depth
      review. Since 1989, the Committee has used computerized processes to identify
      chemical groups that are associated with potentials to cause adverse health or
      ecological effects or that are likely to involve occupational or environmental
      exposure and that have common substructures, uses, testing information
      deficiencies, risk assessment uncertainties, etc. This paper focuses on use of
      the computerized processes to identify chemical groups containing common
      substructures that are associated with potentials to cause adverse ecological
      effects. The purpose of this paper is to describe how: (i) chemical substructures
      are selected, (ii) substructures are used to identify chemical groups, (iii)
      groups are processed, and (iv) reliability of the processes that were used to
      select chemical substructures are being assessed.

PMID- 1815385
TI  - A thermodynamic analysis of quantitative structure-activity relationships for
      hydrophobic organic chemicals.
AB  - An experimental analysis is presented of the molecular interactions controlling
      the activity and solubility of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in water.
      For this purpose, the enthalpy, entropy and free-energy contributions of fusion,
      vaporization, solvation and aqueous solution are determined. It is shown that,
      due to enthalpy-entropy compensation in the water, the solvation of hydrophobic
      organic chemicals in water is independent of molecular size, total surface area
      or molar volume. The observed relationship between the aqueous solubility and
      molar volume (or total surface area) is caused by the phenomenon that, with
      increasing molar volume, molecules require more energy to leave the pure
      (subcooled liquid) phase. This suggests that the relationship between aqueous
      solubility and molecular structure, and, consequently, many quantitative
      structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for hydrophobic organic substances,
      reflect molecular interactions between the solute molecules in the pure subcooled
      liquid phase rather than solute-water interactions.

PMID- 1815386
TI  - Design of site-specific protein drugs.
AB  - The ability to clone and express proteins at high levels of abundance and purity
      has led to their increasing consideration as therapeutic agents. The use of
      various protein engineering and recombinant DNA techniques has enabled
      progression to where proteins can be tailored so that they have not only the
      ability to interact with a unique (extra)cellular component in order to produce a
      pharmacological effect, but their structure can be altered so as to achieve a
      selective biological disposition. This ability to control the biological
      dispersion of proteins is becoming a key element in the design of therapeutic
      polypeptides and proteins, finding application in modalities intended for
      treating HIV infections, accessible tumor masses, and diseases of the
      hematopoietic system, etc. For recombinant site-specific systems to be
      successfully introduced into the clinic, radically different approaches are
      required during their development and clinical testing. These relate not only to
      the pharmacokinetics and receptor availability of the drug, but also its
      pharmacodynamics, its analytics and its safety pharmacology. This contribution
      examines how the control of the biological disposition of proteins may be
      achieved using both site-directed mutagenesis, sequence re-ordering, hybrid
      protein formation, protein resurfacing, as well as synthetic adduction to
      polymers.

PMID- 1815387
TI  - Decision making in critically ill patients with hematologic malignancy.
AB  - Hematologic neoplasms that were previously considered fatal are now potentially
      curable with techniques such as bone marrow transplantation. Such therapies also
      carry significant morbidity and mortality. With the increasing application of
      these therapies, a growing number of physicians are using medical decision making
      regarding critical care for these patients. The process by which ethical
      decisions are reached for these critically ill patients may be baffling because
      of several factors: rapidly evolving treatments, uncertain probabilities of the
      cure of the malignant disorder, the relatively young age of many of these
      patients, and the poor prognosis with critical illness. I discuss a process to
      reach acceptable decisions, providing a case example of the application of the
      process. This process is derived from the ethical principles that drive decision
      making in general medicine and attempts to maximize patients' autonomy. It
      involves a consideration of accurate information regarding the disease process
      and the prognosis, a clear delineation of the goals of the medical care, and
      communication with patients. Appropriate, ethical, and consistent decisions
      regarding the critical care of patients with hematologic malignancy can be
      reached when these considerations are addressed.

PMID- 1815388
TI  - Liver transplantation. Experience with 100 cases.
AB  - Between March 1988 and November 1989, 100 liver transplants were performed on 90
      patients at Pacific Presbyterian (now California Pacific) Medical Center in San
      Francisco. The immunosuppressive regimen was a combination of prophylactic
      Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporine, and low-dose corticosteroids.
      Rejections were treated with OKT3, a monoclonal antibody, or corticosteroids. Of
      the 100 transplants, 32 were done on 30 children, 18 of whom weighed less than 10
      kg and 9 of whom received livers that had been surgically reduced in size to fit
      the recipient. The overall patient survival at 2 years was 85%. Of 100 liver
      transplants, treatment was given for 80 (80%) for at least 1 episode of
      rejection. At least 1 episode of serious infection occurred in 34 of the 60 adult
      patients and 25 of the 30 children. Of the entire group, 2% had hepatic artery
      thrombosis, and 12% had biliary complications that necessitated reoperation. The
      quality of life has been good, with a follow-up from 1 to almost 3 years (mean =
      22 months). Comparing these data with those of other published series shows a
      decreased incidence of surgical complications and a lower rate of fungal and
      viral infections. We attribute this to the reduction of steroid dosage during
      convalescence without jeopardizing patient or graft survival.

PMID- 1815389
TI  - Recruiting physicians to rural practice. Suggestions for success.
AB  - Medical school graduates from 1986 to 1988 and current residents in 12 family
      practice residency programs in the Northwest (N = 302) were surveyed to identify
      important factors in the recruitment process for their first postresidency
      placement. The study sought to compare the recruitment practices of rural
      communities and urban sites. Specific questions addressed in the study concerned
      sources of information about practice opportunities, stage in training when job
      search was initiated, factors related to unsuccessful site visits, and activities
      scheduled in the visit. Results indicated that referrals from faculty were the
      most valued source of information. Most job searches were initiated in the first
      6 months of the third year in training. An unreceptive physician community and a
      reluctant spouse or partner were substantial problems for residents making site
      visits to rural communities. Rural sites tended to provide a broader mix of
      professional and personal activities during the visit.

PMID- 1815391
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - The Scientific Board of the California Medical Association presents the following
      inventory of items of progress in psychiatry. Each item, in the judgment of a
      panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly
      established, both as to scientific fact and important clinical significance. The
      items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to
      the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who
      may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy
      practitioners, students, researchers, or scholars to stay abreast of these items
      of progress in psychiatry that have recently achieved a substantial degree of
      authoritative acceptance, whether in their own field of special interest or
      another. The items of progress listed below were selected by the Advisory Panel
      to the Section on Psychiatry of the California Medical Association, and the
      summaries were prepared under its direction.

PMID- 1815392
TI  - Electrophysiologic evaluation for brain dysfunction.

PMID- 1815393
TI  - Prophylaxis of antipsychotic drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes.

PMID- 1815394
TI  - Panic disorder.

PMID- 1815390
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of cancer.
AB  - Cancer is caused by specific DNA damage. Several common mechanisms that cause DNA
      damage result in specific malignant disorders: First, proto-oncogenes can be
      activated by translocations. For example, translocation of the c-myc proto
      oncogene from chromosome 8 to one of the immunoglobulin loci on chromosomes 2,
      14, or 22 results in Burkitt's lymphomas. Translocation of the c-abl proto
      oncogene from chromosome 9 to the BCR gene located on chromosome 22 produces a
      hybrid BCR/ABL protein resulting in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Second, proto
      oncogenes can be activated by point mutations. For example, point mutations of
      genes coding for guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, such as H-, K-, or N
      ras or G proteins, can be oncogenic as noted in a large variety of malignant
      neoplasms. Proteins from these mutated genes are constitutively active rather
      than being faithful second messengers of periodic extracellular signals. Third,
      mutations that inactivate a gene can result in tumors if the product of the gene
      normally constrains cellular proliferation. Functional loss of these "tumor
      suppressor genes" is found in many tumors such as colon and lung cancers. The
      diagnosis, classification, and treatment of cancers will be greatly enhanced by
      understanding their abnormalities at the molecular level.

PMID- 1815396
TI  - Eating disorders in psychiatric illness.

PMID- 1815395
TI  - Tobacco dependence and smoke-free psychiatric units.

PMID- 1815398
TI  - Treatment-resistant depression.

PMID- 1815397
TI  - Nocturnal enuresis.

PMID- 1815399
TI  - Antidepressant treatment in patients with heart disease.

PMID- 1815400
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PMID- 1815401
TI  - Brain imaging and neurodevelopmental psychiatry.

PMID- 1815402
TI  - Treating compulsive behaviors in dermatology.

PMID- 1815403
TI  - Bulimia nervosa.

PMID- 1815404
TI  - Aspergillar myocarditis and acute coronary artery occlusion in an
      immunocompromised patient.

PMID- 1815405
TI  - The numb chin in metastatic cancer.

PMID- 1815406
TI  - Massive splenic infarction in doubly abnormal heterozygous sickling disorders. A
      new complication of acute splenic sequestration syndrome.

PMID- 1815407
TI  - Managed-care plans. Their future under national health insurance.
AB  - The nation's health maintenance organizations, preferred-provider organizations,
      independent practice associations, and similar managed-care efforts are not well
      positioned to take a leadership role in a nationwide universal access or national
      health insurance plan. They--with the possible exception of some large staff and
      group health maintenance organizations--have been unable to show uniformly that
      they can contain costs, provide better access or higher quality of care, and
      achieve greater patient satisfaction than fee-for-service endeavors. As the
      United States pursues universal access as a step toward national health
      insurance, the managed-care plans will continue to increase their numbers of
      subscribers. They will not, however, be able to enroll large numbers of the
      young, low-income employees and their dependents who account for most of the 63
      million people uninsured sometime during each year. Under national health
      insurance, there might be an option for some health maintenance organizations to
      negotiate capitated payments. The vast majority of the nation's physicians,
      however, will reluctantly embrace a centrally managed fee-for-service approach
      rather than a salary or capitated reimbursement method, leaving only a trace of
      the competitive managed-care plan theme in a future, primarily monolithic,
      national health care system.

PMID- 1815408
TI  - Physician, heal thy planet.

PMID- 1815409
TI  - There's a long, long trail a-winding ...

PMID- 1815410
TI  - Physicians and the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 1815411
TI  - Liver transplantation--challenges for the future.

PMID- 1815412
TI  - Molecular genetics in the cancer clinic.

PMID- 1815413
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children who received transfusions in
      Mexico.

PMID- 1815414
TI  - Toxic exposure to betamix.

PMID- 1815416
TI  - An inexpensive, convenient adjunct for the treatment of diabetes.

PMID- 1815415
TI  - Smoking cessation attitudes, practices, and policies among California primary
      care physicians.

PMID- 1815417
TI  - The digital rectal examination of women.

PMID- 1815418
TI  - WARNING--inhaling tabasco products can be hazardous to your health.

PMID- 1815419
TI  - Memoirs of an amnesiac--two years with brain cancer, or the outer space of living
      with brain tumors.
AB  - Alexandra Dane Dor-Ner ("Ali" to friends) was a photographer, writer, and a
      producer of programs on child development. In February 1989, at the age of 41,
      she was diagnosed with malignant brain cancer. During the following months she
      underwent brain surgery, radiation, and implant radiation. Throughout her
      treatment, she continued to work on a novel and write stores and literary
      criticism. A volunteer in hospitals before her illness, she now became very
      active in a support group of brain tumor patients and often served as a first
      resource and contact for others diagnosed with brain cancer. All was very
      accomplished; her award-winning photographs have been exhibited in the
      Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and her articles and pictures were
      published in books, periodicals, and newspapers around the world. A native of
      Boston, Ali lived for 17 years in Israel, where she joined a group of
      photographers documenting disappearing neighborhoods in Jerusalem. She was
      awarded first prize in the "Israel Through the Camera's Eye" competition in 1977.
      She also taught English and photography in Israeli high schools. Ali traveled
      extensively on photographic assignments. Early in their 22-year marriage, she and
      her husband circumnavigated the globe on a freighter, producing a documentary
      film of the voyage. "Memoirs of an Amnesiac" was written while Ali was a student
      at the Warren Wilson College Writers' Program in North Carolina; she intended to
      explore the compensatory aspects of her disease. In February 1991, within days of
      completing the piece, Ali had a third brain operation to remove a regrowth of
      cancerous tumor cells, as well as necrotic tissue. Two days later, she was again
      operated on to remove blood clots resulting from the previous surgery. For the
      next 12 weeks she fought to regain her ability to walk, talk, and write. In May,
      she underwent a fifth operation to relieve pressure in the brain. She was still
      in the hospital when she learned, to her great pleasure, that she would be
      awarded a master of fine arts degree from Warren Wilson College. She died on June
      19, 1991.

PMID- 1815420
TI  - Assessing the effects of antihypertensive medication on cerebral blood flow:
      demonstration in internal carotid artery occlusion.
AB  - Dynamic cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies using acetazolamide or hypercapnia as a
      vasodilatory challenge have attempted to evaluate intracranial hemodynamics. We
      report two patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion in whom
      the vasodilatory stimulus was a single oral dose of antihypertensive medication
      (prazosin hydrochloride or enalapril maleate). In both patients, changes in
      regional CBF occurred that were larger than those seen in nine normal controls.
      One patient experienced an improvement in regional CBF with a reduction in probe
      pair asymmetry. In the other patient, who had bilateral carotid artery disease, a
      decrease in regional CBF in all 16 probes (mean decrease 12 percent) and an
      accentuation of the predose asymmetry were observed. Both patients remained
      asymptomatic throughout the study. Assessing these effects on cerebral
      circulation may help identify patients at risk for iatrogenic focal cerebral
      ischemia and provide information regarding the functional status of the cerebral
      vasculature.

PMID- 1815421
TI  - Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis
      patients.
AB  - Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine (HC) sulfate (Plaquenil) were
      studied in five volunteers with rheumatoid arthritis who had taken 6 mg/kg/d of
      the drug for at least six months. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,
      12, and 24 hours following an oral dose. Both whole blood and plasma were assayed
      by an HPLC method for HC and its metabolites desethylhydroxychloroquine,
      desethylchloroquine, and didesethylchloroquine. A 24-hour urine collection was
      obtained and assayed for the same compounds. The pharmacokinetics of HC and its
      metabolites conformed to the model predicted by single-dose studies. During the
      24-hour period the absorption phase and both early and late distribution phases
      were seen. Variation in mean maximum/minimum concentration was 40 percent. Renal
      clearance accounted for only 16 percent of unchanged HC (22 percent of total drug
      and metabolites) and did not correlate with creatinine clearance.

PMID- 1815422
TI  - Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in postpartum women with endomyometritis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in postpartum women with endomyometritis were
      characterized and models for predicting patient pharmacokinetic parameters were
      developed using multiple regression analysis. Fifty-one women 13-34 years of age
      received gentamicin in combination with either ampicillin or clindamycin to treat
      endomyometritis. Forty-three women delivered by cesarean section and 8 women had
      vaginal deliveries. Gentamicin serum concentrations were determined at steady
      state to compute the elimination rate constant (Kc), half-life (t1/2), apparent
      volume of distribution (Vd), and total body clearance (Cl). Gentamicin dosages
      were individualized using a one-compartment intermittent infusion model to
      achieve steady-state peak and trough concentrations of 6.5 and less than 2
      micrograms/mL, respectively. The mean gentamicin t1/2 was 2.8 +/- 0.9 h; the mean
      apparent Vd was 21 +/- 8 L; and the mean total body Cl was 89.5 +/- 31.7 mL/min.
      Multiple regression analysis revealed that total body weight (TBW) was the best
      predictor for the apparent Vd, described by the equation Vd = 0.146 TBW + 8.153
      (r = 0.56, p = 0.00005). Total body weight and creatinine clearance (Clcr) were
      included as predictors for total body Cl, described by the equation Cl = 0.264
      TBW + 0.337 Clcr + 3.416 (r = 0.68, p = 0.00005). Age and serum creatinine (SCr)
      were included in the models for the Ke, described by the equation Ke = -3.770 x
      10(-3) age -0.115 SCr + 0.449 (r = 0.42, p less than 0.004). Additional patient
      factors need to be identified to explain the variance in these pharmacokinetic
      parameters.

PMID- 1815423
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a finger oscillometric blood pressure device.
AB  - An oscillometric blood pressure (BP) device designed for recording systemic BP
      from a finger was compared with a random-zero, mercury-column sphygmomanometer in
      76 subjects recruited from the patient population and staff of a primary-care
      center. After both devices were placed on the left arm or finger of the left
      hand, three BP readings were obtained with each device in alternating fashion,
      thereby according random assignment. The mean for all measurements was 119.2/72.4
      mm Hg for the finger device and 118.6/75.3 mm Hg for the random-zero
      sphygmomanometer; systolic readings were not different (p = 0.53) but diastolic
      readings were different (p = 0.001). There were considerable differences among
      the readings obtained with the two devices in individual patients: the mean
      differences +/- tolerance limits for readings obtained with the finger device
      compared with the random-zero device were 0.6 +/- 33.5 mm Hg for systolic and 
      2.9 +/- 25.3 mm Hg for diastolic readings. There was also considerable
      variability in the readings obtained with the finger device; the minimum to
      maximum differences in 39 systolic (51 percent) and 26 diastolic readings (34
      percent) were greater than 10 mm Hg with the finger device; 24 systolic (32
      percent) and 11 diastolic readings (14 percent) differed by this amount with the
      random-zero device. The variability in measurements made with the finger device
      was significantly different from the random-zero device for diastolic pressure (p
      = 0.0048) but not for systolic pressures (p = 0.8729). Based on the experience
      obtained in this study, devices to measure BP from the finger cannot be
      recommended for routine use.

PMID- 1815424
TI  - Clinical and pharmacokinetic profiles of digoxin immune Fab in four patients with
      renal impairment.
AB  - Minimal pharmacokinetic data on digoxin immune Fab are currently available,
      especially in patients with impaired renal function. The serum concentration-time
      profiles of total digoxin, free digoxin, and digoxin immune Fab in four patients
      with moderate to severe renal impairment who received digoxin immune Fab are
      presented. The calculated elimination half-life of digoxin immune Fab was 25-73
      hours. The calculated elimination half-life of total digoxin was 24-72 hours.
      Free digoxin concentrations rebounded to a peak of 1-2.9 ng/mL 44-97 hours after
      the administration of digoxin immune Fab. The areas under the curve for digoxin
      immune Fab were 213-1026 micrograms.h/mL, and total body clearances were 2.3-7.1
      mL/min. The total digoxin concentrations peaked at 14-33 times the pre-Fab
      digoxin concentrations 5-30 hours after digoxin immune Fab administration. In
      comparing these data with data available from patients with normal renal
      function, the half-life of digoxin immune Fab and total digoxin was longer, the
      peak total digoxin concentration occurred later, the ratio of the peak total
      digoxin concentration to pre-Fab digoxin concentration was larger, and the
      rebound in free digoxin occurred later in patients with renal impairment. The Fab
      dose should not be reduced in patients with renal impairment; however, post-Fab
      monitoring should be extended to compensate for the prolonged half-life of Fab
      and later rebound of free digoxin.

PMID- 1815425
TI  - Ketoconazole hepatotoxicity in a patient treated for environmental illness and
      systemic candidiasis.
AB  - Environmental illness, a hypothesized disease caused by exposure to substances
      such as combustion products, pesticides, food additives, and Candida albicans, is
      discussed. The case of a patient with environmental illness and systemic
      candidiasis for six weeks with ketoconazole, liver enzyme concentrations
      increased. One month after discontinuation of ketoconazole, the liver enzyme
      concentrations decreased; however, over the next five months, liver enzymes and
      bilirubin increased. The patient developed encephalopathy and eventually was
      transferred to a medical center for possible liver transplant. A review of the
      literature pertaining to ketoconazole hepatotoxicity is also presented.

PMID- 1815426
TI  - Possible association of pulmonary fibrosis with mexiletine.
AB  - This case describes a 75-year-old man who developed pulmonary fibrosis. The onset
      of symptoms occurred three months after starting mexiletine. A computerized
      tomogram obtained eight months after initiating mexiletine documented findings
      consistent with chronic pulmonary fibrosis. The patient died from intractable
      respiratory difficulties 13 months after beginning mexiletine therapy. To date,
      there have been three cases of pulmonary fibrosis in patients receiving
      mexiletine spontaneously reported to the manufacturer.

PMID- 1815427
TI  - Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vaginitis with
      mupirocin.
AB  - We report the case of a 54-year-old, quadriplegic woman with a methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) vaginal infection. After failing a five
      day course of intravenous vancomycin therapy, the patient was treated for ten
      days with mupirocin ointment applied intravaginally twice daily, which resulted
      in eradication of the infection. This report details a novel approach in treating
      MRSA vaginal infections.

PMID- 1815428
TI  - Procainamide-induced pseudo-obstruction in a diabetic patient.
AB  - We report the case of a 65-year-old black man who presented to our facility with
      pseudo-obstruction of the bowel within two weeks of the initiation of oral
      sustained-release procainamide hydrochloride therapy. The syndrome continued
      despite conversion to intravenous procainamide and only resolved after
      discontinuation of the medication. We believe that the anticholinergic properties
      of procainamide, coupled with the patient's diabetes, contributed to severe
      hypomotility of the gastrointestinal tract and, subsequently, a pseudo
      obstructive state. The syndrome of drug-induced pseudo-obstruction is also
      reviewed.

PMID- 1815429
TI  - Medical versus pharmaceutical continuing education: are both appropriate for the
      pharmacist?
AB  - Continuing education (CE) courses in pharmacy and medicine often overlap with
      regard to their informational content. At the present time, however, it is
      feasible that two pharmacists could attend the same national meeting that has
      continuing medical education (CME) approval status and only one of them would
      receive CE credit from his state board of pharmacy. Therefore, a survey of 51
      state board of pharmacy policies regarding acceptance of CME was conducted. Forty
      five of the 51 boards of pharmacy require CE for relicensure. Twenty percent of
      state boards requiring CE accept CME credit without review, 24 percent do not
      accept CME credit, and the remaining 56 percent review submitted requests for CME
      credit. A general lack of uniformity exists among state boards regarding policies
      pertaining to CE credit. If CME credit was universally accepted, pharmacists
      would benefit from the increased availability of CE, the building of collegial
      relationships with other healthcare professionals, and the cost savings of
      combining courses that mutually benefit both pharmacists and physicians.

PMID- 1815430
TI  - Clonidine for growth acceleration.

PMID- 1815431
TI  - Amiloride for lung disease in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 1815432
TI  - Topical uses of testosterone.

PMID- 1815433
TI  - Indomethacin for prevention of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.
AB  - Up to 50 percent of premature infants develop an intracerebral hemorrhage.
      Intracerebral hemorrhage in neonates occurs most frequently in the
      periventricular or intraventricular areas. Intravascular, vascular, and
      extravascular factors influence the development of hemorrhage. Pharmacologic
      therapies, such as phenobarbital, vitamin K, pancuronium bromide, vitamin E, and
      indomethacin, have been used in an attempt to prevent intraventricular hemorrhage
      (IH). Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin production, which results in cerebral
      vasoconstriction and reduced cerebral blood flow. Several clinical studies have
      evaluated the role of indomethacin for the prevention of IH in premature infants.
      No definitive recommendations can be made regarding indomethacin use for this
      purpose. However, the two largest studies conducted to date have shown
      indomethacin to be effective in preventing or limiting the progression of IH. The
      drug appears to be most effective in reducing low-grade IH. More extensive
      research is needed to determine the most effective dose, duration, and serum
      concentration of indomethacin.

PMID- 1815434
TI  - BCG and the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.
AB  - In this report, we review the evolution of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
      immunotherapy as a legitimate form of treatment in superficial, nonmuscle
      invasive bladder cancer. In the US, an estimated 45,000 new cases of bladder
      cancer are diagnosed each year and the annual death rate approaches 11,000.
      Approximately 70 percent of these cancers are superficial at the time of initial
      presentation. The treatment of superficial bladder cancer has three objectives:
      (1) eradication of existing disease, (2) prophylaxis against tumor recurrence,
      and (3) prevention of tumor progression (either muscular invasion, metastatic
      spread, or both). Cystectomy generally is reserved for muscle-invasive disease.
      Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor is the preferred initial therapy.
      Intravesical instillations of various chemotherapeutic agents following
      transurethral resection have been extensively investigated. Some of the common
      agents used include thiotepa, mitomycin, and doxorubicin. Despite such treatment
      efforts, however, over 40 percent of patients with superficial bladder cancer
      experience a recurrence of their tumor within three years. Approximately half of
      these recurrences either present as less-well-differentiated tumors or have
      already penetrated into the bladder musculature, metastasized, or both. Since
      Morales et al. first introduced intravesical BCG vaccine for prophylaxis as well
      as for treatment of superficial bladder tumors in 1976, support has grown rapidly
      for its use as an alternative to chemotherapy. When used with prophylactic intent
      following transurethral resection, recurrence rates are lower than those achieved
      with other agents. In addition, BCG is emerging as the consensus drug of choice
      for treating carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The mechanisms by which BCG exerts
      its antitumor activity remain largely unknown. BCG is thought to stimulate a
      localized, nonspecific inflammatory response that leads to subsequent shedding of
      tumor cells. A large body of clinical and experimental data suggest an
      association between the development of an immunologic response to BCG and
      successful antitumor activity. No universally accepted therapeutic regimen has
      been agreed upon. One regimen commonly used consists of an ampul of BCG mixed
      with 50 mL of NaCl 0.9%, instilled once a week for six weeks and retained for two
      hours prior to voiding. Maintenance therapy generally consists of intravesical
      doses given at three-month cycles for at least two years of recurrence-free
      follow-up. Because BCG is a biologic agent, the commercially available products
      may differ in weight, colony-forming units per vial, and antigenicity. How these
      product characteristics affect clinical responsiveness to different strains of
      BCG remains unanswered.

PMID- 1815435
TI  - Early individualization of tricyclic antidepressant dosing using a Bayesian
      pharmacokinetic model.
AB  - Existing methods to prospectively dose tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) require
      either specific test doses, precisely timed serum sampling, or both. We
      prospectively tested a new pharmacokinetic model that allows flexible dosing and
      sampling to determine maintenance requirements in patients receiving TCAs. Thirty
      four patients entered the study. Drug concentrations were measured on the third
      day after starting TCA therapy. These values were analyzed using a Bayesian
      pharmacokinetic model to determine drug clearance and volume of distribution.
      This information was then used to predict the serum concentration resulting from
      a maintenance dose chosen by the psychiatrist. In phase I (n = 17), patients
      received imipramine without specific starting doses. Phase II (n = 17) was
      performed to provide a preliminary evaluation of the method in the usual clinical
      environment. In this phase, patients received either amitriptyline, imipramine,
      desipramine, doxepin (75 mg on day 1,100 mg on day 2), or nortriptyline (50 mg on
      day 1, 75 mg on day 2). Lower doses were allowed if clinically indicated. The
      predictability of future serum concentrations was then compared between the two
      phases. The mean prediction errors (model bias) in phases I and II were -15.5 +/-
      27.3 and -12.3 +/- 21.8 ng/mL and were not different (p greater than 0.05). The
      absolute prediction errors (model precision) were 18.5 +/- 25.1 and 18.8 +/- 16.0
      ng/mL and were not different (p greater than 0.05). Two slow metabolizers were
      identified (clearance less than 0.10 L/kg/h). This new method allows the
      determination of maintenance dose requirements early in therapy without standard
      test doses or specifically timed serum sampling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815436
TI  - Medication usage patterns in patients with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection: a comparison of patient-reported medication usage with medical chart
      review.
AB  - Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receive numerous
      medications from multiple providers. As a result, it is important that medication
      usage is properly documented in each patient's medical record. Lack of adequate
      documentation may confound a provider's assessment of drug efficacy, potentially
      leading to an increased incidence of drug interactions and adverse effects. The
      objective of this study was to determine if discrepancies exist between patient
      reported medication usage and that documented in the medical record by healthcare
      providers. Data were obtained using structured telephone surveys and medical
      chart review. Study participants were recruited from the University of
      California, San Francisco Medical Center AIDS Clinic. Results obtained for 41
      patients demonstrated discrepancies between patient-reported medication usage and
      that documented in the medical record ranging from 9 to 92 percent, depending on
      the class of drug. The largest differences were observed with the "as-needed"
      class of drugs: benzodiazepines (92 percent), morphine (60 percent), and codeine
      (56 percent). Differences were also noted for scheduled medications: ketoconazole
      (54 percent), clotrimazole (45 percent), acyclovir (38 percent), zidovudine (15
      percent), and pentamidine (9 percent). These observed discrepancies reaffirm the
      need for accurate exchange of information between provider and patient to promote
      the most effective, rational, and safe drug therapy. Careful reviews of
      medication usage at each visit and use of pharmacy-based medication profiles are
      potential mechanisms to improve documentation of medication usage in HIV-infected
      patients.

PMID- 1815437
TI  - Recommendations for establishing a drug and toxicology information center in a
      developing country.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to formulate guidelines to help health professionals
      in establishing or strengthening the capabilities of drug and toxicology
      information centers and related facilities in developing countries. These
      guidelines are based on the experience of an established drug and toxicology
      information service in Zimbabwe which has been operating for more than ten years
      and on information obtained from other centers in developed countries. The
      guidelines provide advice rather than a unique model and should therefore be
      adapted rather than adopted. We conclude that national drug policies should
      include provision for establishing drug information centers. The World Health
      Organization and similar organizations should assist in establishing these
      centers. We believe that a drug and toxicology information center is more
      beneficial to the community when it is part of the teaching curriculum and
      continuing education for health professionals. Therefore, the center should be
      located in a medical teaching institution.

PMID- 1815438
TI  - Clonidine therapy for short stature: can the question be put to rest?

PMID- 1815439
TI  - Indomethacin therapy for intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates: another use for
      that "old" drug.

PMID- 1815440
TI  - Preventing medication prescribing errors.
AB  - Medication errors may arise in the manufacture, preparation, distribution, and
      administration of drugs. Physician prescribing errors are of particular
      importance as such errors have been associated with significant adverse patient
      outcomes. The pharmacist plays an important role in preventing such errors from
      reaching the patient. The purpose of this article is to define and illustrate the
      various error types and the mental attitudes that cause individuals to prescribe
      errant orders. Through better understanding of the cause of prescribing errors,
      pharmacists may be able to improve the error prevention services they provide.
      Based on the error types discussed and their causes, recommendations are proposed
      to decrease the frequency of such errors and thereby improve the quality of
      patient care.

PMID- 1815441
TI  - Aseptic meningitis associated with muromonab-CD3.

PMID- 1815442
TI  - Fluoxetine-induced mania in a suicidal depressed patient.

PMID- 1815443
TI  - Confusing bacterial endocarditis recommendations.

PMID- 1815444
TI  - Ciprofloxacin-warfarin interaction.

PMID- 1815445
TI  - Interferon alfa-2a-induced impotence.

PMID- 1815447
TI  - Pharmacist involvement in Society of Critical Care Medicine.

PMID- 1815446
TI  - Early anticoagulation therapy in deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 1815448
TI  - Imipenem/cilastatin drug utilization evaluation in a large community hospital.

PMID- 1815449
TI  - Dramatic early postnatal growth failure in children with early onset growth
      hormone deficiency. The International Board of the Kabi Pharmacia International
      Growth Study.
AB  - From the large group of patients included in the Kabi Pharmacia International
      Growth Study, 58 were studied who were treated with growth hormone (GH) before
      the age of 2 years, after diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD). The growth parameters
      calculated from these infants indicate dramatic early postnatal growth failure,
      thus suggesting that GH could participate in early postnatal growth. The
      intensity of growth failure in these infants with GHD suggests that early
      screening on clinical grounds is possible.

PMID- 1815450
TI  - Growth hormone treatment and diabetes: survey of the kabi pharmacia international
      growth study.
AB  - Out of a total of 8136 children registered in the Kabi Pharmacia International
      Growth Study, 12 have been reported to have diabetes either before or during
      treatment with growth hormone (GH). Two of these have non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), of whom one had risk factors for the development of
      his condition, namely gross obesity and familial occurrence of NIDDM. One is a
      rare case of McCune-Albright's syndrome with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM), and 9 other patients have IDDM. Of these 9, 6 have idiopathic GH
      deficiency. In 8 of the 9 patients with IDDM, the condition was diagnosed before
      GH therapy was commenced, at ages ranging from less than 2 years to 16 years. The
      association is probably fortuitous, however, as the onset of IDDM in 7 patients
      was immediately before or during puberty, as often occurs in IDDM in general.

PMID- 1815452
TI  - Puberty in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency on growth hormone
      treatment: preliminary analysis of the data from the Kabi Pharmacia International
      Growth Study.
AB  - In total, 524 children (335 boys, 189 girls) with idiopathic growth hormone
      deficiency (GHD) who had entered puberty after at least 1 year of growth hormone
      (GH) treatment were studied. Spontaneous onset of puberty occurred in 319 boys
      and 174 girls, and puberty was induced in 16 boys and 15 girls. Median
      chronological and bone ages at onset of spontaneous puberty were 14.8 and 13.4
      years in boys, and 13.3 and 11.8 years in girls, respectively. Age at onset of
      spontaneous puberty was correlated to age at start of GH treatment. Puberty was
      induced at a median chronological age of 16.0 years in boys and 14.4 years in
      girls. Height velocity increased in the year before spontaneous puberty in boys
      and girls, and rose further to a maximum (median, 8.3 cm/year) in the first year
      of puberty in boys. In girls, the maximum height velocity occurred in the year
      before puberty (median, 6.5 cm/year). Height velocity increased in the year
      before spontaneous puberty in boys and girls, and rose further to a maximum
      (median, 8.3 cm/year) in the first year of puberty in boys. In girls, the maximum
      height velocity occurred in the year before puberty (median, 6.5 cm/year). Height
      velocity during the first year of puberty was inversely correlated to age at
      puberty onset (r = -0.56, p = 0.0001). After medical induction of puberty, height
      velocities in the first year of puberty were 5.4 and 3.4 cm/year for boys and
      girls, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815451
TI  - Growth response in prepubertal children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
      during the first two years of treatment with human growth hormone. Analysis of
      the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study.
AB  - From the large database of patients enrolled in the Kabi Pharmacia International
      Growth Study (KIGS), 289 prepubertal patients with idiopathic growth hormone
      deficiency (GHD), treated for 2 years with growth hormone (GH) substitution
      therapy, were selected. A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine
      both the auxological factors characterizing the patients at the beginning of the
      first and second years on GH therapy and the respective treatment modalities
      relevant to the magnitude of the growth response. It was observed that during the
      first year on GH therapy the magnitude of the growth response was negatively
      correlated with chronological age and height SDS, and positively correlated with
      target height SDS, GH dose (IU/kg/week) and frequency of GH injections. During
      the second year the growth response was negatively correlated with chronological
      age and the first-year GH dose (IU/kg/week), and positively correlated with
      height velocity during the first year, GH dose (second year), and injection
      frequency (second year). The data suggest that the forces of 'catch-up'-
      auxologically entrenched within the distance between target height SDS and height
      SDS--no longer prevail during the second year of GH therapy. The inverse
      influence of the first-year GH dose in the two yearly phases of growth suggests
      that optimizing GH treatment must be attempted by analysing growth in response to
      GH over longer periods of time and considering that the growth process is
      influenced by interactive factors.

PMID- 1815453
TI  - Neuroendocrine alterations in the somatotrophic axis in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Both secretion and metabolic clearance of GH in health and disease are subject to
      regulation by an array of metabolic, nutritional, physical activity, age, and
      body composition cues. Moreover, both GH and its mediators (e.g. IGF-I) are bound
      in plasma by one or more high-affinity binding proteins. Accordingly, carefully
      designed clinical and basic investigations are required to examine and clarify
      the diverse alterations in the dynamics of the somatotrophic axis that accompany
      the syndrome of CRF with its attendant attenuation of normal anabolism, growth
      and development.

PMID- 1815454
TI  - Growth hormone secretion and the therapeutic effects of human growth hormone:
      first Japanese results of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth
      Study/International Cooperative Growth Study.
AB  - Data for a total of 942 new cases of hypopituitarism, out of 3493 patients
      treated with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) for more than 1 year, have
      been analysed. The mean peak GH correlated well with clinical variables related
      to growth and was considered to be a good index of GH secretory capacity. Mean
      peak GH was correlated inversely with obesity (r = -0.253, p less than 0.01). The
      lower the height velocity before treatment, the mean peak GH and the height SDS,
      the greater was the therapeutic effect achieved. The patients with mean peak GH
      less than or equal to 5 ng/ml were defined as having complete GH deficiency
      (GHD), and those with a mean peak GH of 5-10 ng/ml as having partial GHD. The
      clinical entity of GH neurosecretory dysfunction could not be identified from
      either the clinical variables examined or the therapeutic effect. The appearance
      of GH antibody was considered to be of no clinical significance because its
      incidence and titre were both low.

PMID- 1815455
TI  - Growth hormone therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 1815456
TI  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in chronic renal
      failure: evidence for reduced secretion of IGFs.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that growth hormone (GH) insensitivity is responsible,
      amongst other mechanisms, for impaired growth in uraemic children, insulin-like
      growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-2 and
      IGFBP-3 were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal control children, in patients
      with end-stage renal failure (n = 51) and in patients with preterminal chronic
      renal failure (n = 11) and the production rate of IGF was calculated. A unique
      pattern of normal IGF-I and IGF-II levels and markedly increased levels of all
      three IGFBPs was present in uraemia. Measurement of free IGF-II binding capacity,
      and affinity cross-linking experiments showed that the excess immunoreactive
      IGFBP was able to bind IGFs. To explain the excess of unoccupied IGF binding
      sites in uraemia, a mathematical model was developed which describes the
      production of IGFs and their interaction with IGFBP. Calculations of IGF
      secretion rates suggested that production of IGF is two orders of magnitude lower
      in uraemic children than in control children, despite normal GH secretion. It is
      concluded that in uraemia there is a relative GH insensitivity with respect to
      IGF production.

PMID- 1815457
TI  - Pathogenic mechanisms of pubertal growth failure in chronic renal failure.

PMID- 1815458
TI  - Effects of two years of growth hormone treatment in short children with renal
      disease. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal
      Failure.
AB  - The effect of 1-2 years of growth hormone (GH) treatment (28-30 IU/m2/week) on
      growth rate, bone age, renal function and metabolic parameters was studied in 61
      short, slowly growing children with chronic renal disease (20 with preterminal
      chronic renal failure (CRF), 24 with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) and 17 with
      functioning renal transplants). Height velocity (2-year data) significantly
      increased in children with preterminal CRF from a baseline median of 4.1 cm/year
      to 9.2 cm/year after 1 year and to 6.6 cm/year after 2 years of treatment. In
      patients with transplants, the corresponding values were 2.6 cm/year before GH
      treatment and 8.6 and 7.2 cm/year after 1 and 2 years, respectively. This
      resulted in normalization of height in 8 of the 16 children who completed 2 years
      of treatment. The growth response after 1 year in children with preterminal CRF
      was significantly higher than that in children with ESRF. Bone maturation was in
      proportion to the increase in chronological age; the expected final height of the
      children therefore increased by approximately 8-10 cm. In children with
      preterminal CRF, the decrease in glomerular filtration rate was not affected by 2
      years of treatment with GH. The incidence of acute rejection in children with
      transplants was low; however, a slight stimulatory effect of GH could not be
      excluded. The major metabolic change induced by exogenous GH was an increase in
      serum levels of insulin in the three treatment groups, though all glucose
      tolerance tests remained stable over the 2-year period.

PMID- 1815459
TI  - Growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic renal failure and after
      renal transplantation: combined data from European clinical trials. The European
      Study Group.
AB  - Growth retardation is common in children with chronic renal failure (CRF). To
      investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone treatment
      in such children and in children after renal transplantation, 43 prepubertal
      children with CRF, and 30 prepubertal and 25 pubertal patients with a renal
      transplant were studied. Data are reported for 31, 26 and 17 of these patients,
      respectively. Median height velocity increased from 4.2 to 9.8 cm/year during the
      first year of treatment, and to 6.8 cm/year during the second year of treatment
      in the patients with CRF. In the prepubertal transplant group, median height
      velocity changed from 3.5 to 8.4 cm/year during the first year and to 5.4 cm/year
      during the second year. In the pubertal transplant group, median height velocity
      increased from 3.2 to 6.6 cm/year during the first year and was 4.5 cm/year
      during the second year. The gain in height SDS for the prepubertal children in
      both the CRF and transplant groups was approximately 1 SD over 2 years. Treatment
      was well tolerated, and renal function did not change significantly in any group.

PMID- 1815460
TI  - Mutations in collagen genes as a cause of rare and perhaps common diseases of
      connective tissue.

PMID- 1815461
TI  - Serum binding proteins for growth hormone: origins, regulation of gene expression
      and possible roles.
AB  - The above discussion highlights the heterogeneity of the family of GH
      receptors/GHBPs and their mRNAs. Considerable uncertainty still exists as to the
      interrelationships between the various forms, the specific mechanisms for their
      generation and their possible significance in terms of modulating GH action and
      receptor function. Collectively, the regulatory data indicate that while the
      mRNAs encoding the membrane and soluble GH receptors/GHBPs in the rat are
      expressed by the same broad distribution of tissues, they can be differentially
      regulated. Such regulated expression implies a functional basis for production of
      GHBP. The wide tissue distribution of GHBP mRNA also suggests a role for GHBP as
      a paracrine/autocrine effector molecule, perhaps in addition to an endocrine
      role. Additional studies, both in vitro and in vivo, perhaps utilizing highly
      purified recombinant GHBP, will be required to provide more definitive
      information as to the true physiological role(s) of the circulating GHBPs.

PMID- 1815462
TI  - Expression and physiological significance of growth hormone receptors and growth
      hormone binding proteins in rat and man.
AB  - The molecular structure of the GH receptor has recently been characterized and
      the receptor identified as a member of a new receptor superfamily that includes
      the prolactin receptor and several cytokine receptors. No obvious signal
      transducing domain has been identified on any of these related receptors. One
      possible signalling mechanism involves receptor interaction with other membrane
      associated proteins that function as mediators of signal transduction. Whether
      such a mechanism is involved in signal transduction of the GH receptor is not
      known. Another common feature of these receptors is the presence of soluble forms
      such as the GHBP. The functions of these proteins in the circulation and at the
      level of the target cell remain to be resolved.

PMID- 1815463
TI  - Regulation of growth hormone binding proteins in human plasma.

PMID- 1815464
TI  - The Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study: aetiology classification list with
      comments.

PMID- 1815465
TI  - An overview of the diagnoses in the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study.
AB  - This paper provides an overview of the diagnoses of patients entered in the Kabi
      Pharmacia International Growth Study (KIGS). By May 1991, data from a total of
      5377 children treated with growth hormone (GH) were included in the main
      database. Of these children, 2691 were classified as having idiopathic GH
      deficiency (GHD), 866 as having GHD of known origin, and 1820 as having other
      causes of short stature. The majority of patients with idiopathic GHD have no
      history of perinatal trauma. In the patients with GHD of known origin, 137 were
      congenital cases and 729 acquired GHD. The largest number of congenital cases
      (114) belonged to the group of central malformations (e.g. septo-optic dysplasia
      and empty sella syndrome). Of the cases with acquired GHD, 73% were associated
      with tumours or leukaemia. Other causes of short stature include 12 groups of
      diagnoses, with more than 150 cases in four of them (idiopathic short stature,
      635; defined syndromes with chromosomal aberrations, 337, of which 304 were
      Turner's syndrome; defined syndromes without chromosomal aberrations, 157;
      intrauterine growth retardation without stigmata, 366). Analysis of the KIGS data
      allows modern GH therapy for GHD to be compared with older treatment modalities.
      The study offers the advantage of larger numbers of cases than can be achieved in
      individual trials and allows assessment of the use of GH therapy for GHD of
      comparatively uncommon causes.

PMID- 1815466
TI  - Development of the electroencephalographic rhythms of wakefulness in healthy
      infants during their first year.
AB  - Broad-band automated analysis was performed of the delta-, theta-, alpha- and
      beta EEG-rhythms from F3 and F4, C3, and C4, O1, and O2, T3 and T4 of healthy
      awake infants with open eyes. The data on the integrated amplitude of the above
      mentioned rhythms were obtained in volt. sec. The age-determined changes in the
      mean values of this parameter were proved to be different in scope and in
      character. Generally speaking, the delta activity was not substantially changed
      in any of the areas indicated above at the end of the first year of life,
      compared with the first three months; the theta activity was substantially higher
      everywhere, with the exception of T3 and O2; the alpha activity was not increased
      only in T3 and T4, whereas the beta 1 activity was not increased in F3 and T3.
      Greatest changes were observed in the theta activity of the two central regions
      and O1, for the alpha activity--in the two occipital and the two central regions,
      for beta 1--generally in the right hemisphere. This state was attained
      predominantly through a gradual rise in the integrated amplitude of the
      respective rhythms, though there was also an abrupt development, mainly in the
      central and occipital regions.

PMID- 1815467
TI  - Effects of serotoninergic receptor antagonists and their combination with
      scopolamine on memory.
AB  - Using the method for passive avoidance with punishment reinforcement (step-down),
      it was found that the serotonin (5-HT)-receptor blockers methergoline,
      methysergide and ritanserin at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. administered i.p. 30 min
      before the training session as well as the M-cholinergic-receptor blocker
      scopolamine administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w. 90 min before training
      impaired acquisition and retention of memory traces. The memory impairment was
      also manifested by the poor habituation of methergoline- and scopolamine-treated
      rats placed in an unfamiliar environment. Memory deficit was increased by the
      combination of methergoline or ritanserin with scopolamine. On multiple
      administration before training the nootropic drug adafenoxate completely
      prevented the amnestic effect of the combination methergoline plus scopolamine.

PMID- 1815468
TI  - Postural adjustments upon arm movement during sinusoidal induced body
      oscillations.
AB  - Postural adjustments due to the fast forward right arm elevation, performed
      during sinusoidal induced body oscillations in the phase of platform-induced
      dorsal, as well as plantar flexion of the foot were studied. Start times of the
      changes in the cyclic way of the center-of-gravity position (SG) and right ankle
      goniogram (GG) as well as the EMG onsets of the right soleus (S), anterior tibial
      (AT) and femoral biceps (FB) muscles relative to the ipsilateral anterior deltoid
      muscle (AD) EMG onset were measured. The EMG onset of FB muscle was found to
      occur significantly before the EMG onset of the AD muscle during plantar flexion
      series, wherever during dorsal flexion series the EMG onset of the AT muscle was
      significantly before the AD muscle EMG onset. Only the FB muscle changed
      significantly its EMG onset with the change of platform direction and started
      later in the dorsal flexion series. The results showed that two different
      strategies of postural adjustments might be distinguished depending on the
      direction of the platform movement.

PMID- 1815469
TI  - Effect of continuous treatment with some heavy metal salts upon rat hepatic
      monooxygenases.
AB  - The effect of 90-days treatment with Co(NO3)2, NiSO4, CdSO4, ZnSO4 and HgCL2 on
      the rat liver cytochrome P-450 linked monooxygenases was studied. It was found
      that all metal salts studied significantly decreased the activity of
      ethylmorphine N-demethylase in the rat liver. The activity of benzphetamine N
      demethylase was decreased by the salts of Co, Cd and Zn whereas Hg and Ni did not
      change it. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content was significantly
      decreased after treatment with Co, Cd, Zn and Ni and was not changed by Hg.
      Microsomal hem content was decreased by Co, Cd and Zn and was not changed by Ni
      and Hg. Co, Cd, Zn and Ni salts decreased the activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid
      synthetase which shows that the decreased cytochrome P-450 content was probably
      due to a decrease of its synthesis. HgCL2 had no enzyme inhibitory effect. All
      metal salts did not change the metabolizing activity of aniline hydroxylase which
      confirm that multiple molecule species of cytochrome P-450 exist in the liver of
      adult rats. The hepatic cytochrome b5 content was not changed by the metal salts
      studied which shows that probably cytochrome b5 was not involved in the enzyme
      inhibitory action of heavy metal salts on the rat liver monooxygenases.

PMID- 1815470
TI  - The role of brief presentation times and of the spatial-temporal deficit for the
      recognition of the shape of visual patterns.
AB  - The results of a number of experimental works showed that with brief presentation
      times the visual system can be perceived as a low-frequency spatial filter. In
      order to verify this hypothesis, we studied the recognition of clear visual
      patterns (with full spatial-frequency spectrum) and defocused patterns (with
      optically cut high spatial frequencies), with brief presentation times. We used
      the method of constant stimuli (simple geometric figures), which were presented
      tachystoscopically with preceding and subsequent masking. Two experimental
      subjects took part in the research. The results show that, contrary to our
      expectations, clear patterns were recognized better after brief presentation
      times. This shows that when brief presentation times are used, the high spatial
      frequencies are also accessible for processing by the visual system, contributing
      at the same time to the better recognition of shapes.

PMID- 1815471
TI  - Muscle lactate transport studied in sarcolemmal giant vesicles: dependence on
      fibre type and age.
AB  - Lactate transport was studied in sarcolemmal giant vesicles obtained from rat or
      rabbit skeletal muscle. With this technique it is possible to obtain quantitative
      information on sarcolemmal transport characteristics. In equilibrium exchange
      experiments with 10, 30 and 60 mM lactate, vesicles from 'red' rat muscles had a
      50% higher lactate transport capacity than vesicles from 'white' muscles. Giant
      vesicles made from rabbit red muscles had a 39% higher lactate transport capacity
      than vesicles from white muscles. These differences probably reflect a different
      number of lactate transporters, whereas the lactate affinity in red and white
      muscles are identical. Lactate transport capacity decreased with age. Sarcolemmal
      giant vesicles made from 22-month-old rats had a 28% lower transport capacity
      than vesicles from 2-month old rats. In absolute terms, the initial exchange flux
      with 30 mM lactate was 92 and 127 pmol cm-2 sec-1 for old and young rats,
      respectively. In supplementary studies in which microelectrode measurements were
      made in single mouse muscle fibers, it was shown that the cellular acidification
      rate due to lactate incubation, was 38% lower in fibres from 18-month old mice
      than in fibres from 2-month old mice.

PMID- 1815472
TI  - Acetyl group accumulation and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in human muscle
      during incremental exercise.
AB  - The changes in the muscle contents of CoASH and carnitine and their acetylated
      forms, lactate and the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were studied
      during incremental dynamic exercise. Eight subjects exercised for 3-4 minutes on
      a bicycle ergometer at work loads corresponding to 30, 60 and 90% of their
      VO2max. Muscle samples were obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy technique at
      rest, at the end of each work period and after 10 minutes of recovery. During the
      incremental exercise test there was a continuous increase in muscle lactate, from
      a basal value of 4.5 mmol kg-1 dry weight to 83 mmol kg-1 at the end of the final
      period. The active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex increased from 0.37
      mmol acetyl-CoA formed per minute per kilogram wet weight at rest to 0.80 at 30%
      VO2max, 1.28 and 1.25 at 60 and 90% VO2max, respectively. Both acetyl-CoA and
      acetylcarnitine increased at the two highest work loads. The increase of acetyl
      CoA was from 12.5 mumol kg-1 dry weight at rest to 27.3 after the highest work
      load and for acetylcarnitine from 6.0 mmol kg-1 dry weight to 15.2. The CoASH and
      free carnitine contents fell correspondingly. There was a close relationship
      between acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine accumulation in muscle during exercise,
      with a binding of approximately 500 mol acetyl groups to carnitine for each mole
      of acetyl-CoA accumulated. The results imply that the carnitine store in muscle
      functions as a buffer for excess formation of acetyl groups from pyruvate
      catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

PMID- 1815473
TI  - Mechanics and Ca(2+)-sensitivity of human detrusor muscle bundles studied in
      vitro.
AB  - Mechanical properties of isolated smooth muscle strips from human urinary bladder
      were investigated in vitro. Bladder tissue was obtained from tumour-free wall
      regions of bladders from male patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder
      carcinoma. In intact muscle strips, activated with high-K+ solution, half-maximal
      force occurred at about 0.9 mM extracellular [Ca2+]. The length-active force
      relation was determined and the muscle strips were fixed for light and electron
      microscopy at optimal length for active force (1o). The maximal active force per
      unit smooth muscle cross-sectional area was 208 +/- 49 mN/mm2, n = 6. Chemically
      skinned preparations were obtained by treatment with triton X-100. These
      preparations had a steep [Ca2+]-force relation in the micromolar range which was
      influenced by calmodulin. The skinned preparations could be maximally activated
      by irreversible thiophosphorylation of the regulatory light chains. The force
      velocity relation was determined in the maximally activated skinned muscle at 22
      degrees C at 0.51o. When the muscle was shortened by 10%, force was reduced by
      35% whereas the maximal shortening velocity was little affected.

PMID- 1815474
TI  - Effect of diffusion distance on measurement of rat skeletal muscle glucose
      transport in vitro.
AB  - The relationships between muscle size, diffusion distance, and glucose uptake
      were studied using the Type IIb epitrochlearis (13 +/- 1 mg intact), Type I
      soleus (25 +/- 1 mg), and mixed Type IIa/IIb extensor digitorum longus (25 +/- 1
      mg) from 60-70 g rats. Using intact muscles, the relative rates of 3-O-methyl
      glucose uptake in response to 2 mUml-1 insulin were soleus = epitrochlearis
      greater than extensor digitorum longus, a finding inconsistent with the fibre
      type compositions and the relative GLUT-4 protein levels (soleus greater than
      extensor digitorum longus greater than epitrochlearis). To test whether these
      results were influenced by substrate diffusion limitations in the tubular
      muscles, soleus and extensor digitorum longus were split longitudinally from
      tendon to tendon into strips of comparable size (13 +/- 1 mg) to the
      epitrochlearis. Insulin-stimulated rates of 3-O-methyl-glucose uptake were
      significantly enhanced in the split soleus (+120%) and split extensor digitorum
      longus (+200%), but not in the epitrochlearis, with the relative rates being
      soleus greater than extensor digitorum longus greater than epitrochlearis.
      Diffusion distances of the split soleus and extensor digitorum longus, as
      reflected by [14C]mannitol space equilibration time, were markedly enhanced (by
      at least 50%) relative to the intact muscles, and were comparable to that of the
      epitrochlearis. These results indicate that when muscles of different size and/or
      shape are used for in vitro measurement of glucose transport, the muscle
      preparations used must have similar diffusion distances for physiologically
      meaningful comparisons to be made.

PMID- 1815475
TI  - Differential bronchial and pulmonary vascular responses to vagal stimulation in
      the pig.
AB  - The pulmonary and bronchial vascular responses and changes in bronchial tone upon
      vagal stimulation (240 impulses at 2 Hz or 10 Hz) were studied in anaesthetized
      pigs paralyzed with pancuronium. The acetylcholine-evoked vasodilatation in the
      tracheobronchial circulation had the same magnitude when using pancuronium or
      succinylcholine as skeletal muscle relaxants. Atropine-sensitive bradycardia,
      hypotension and bronchoconstriction were observed upon vagal stimulation. A
      vasoconstrictor response in the pulmonary vascular bed and clear-cut
      vasodilatation in the bronchial circulation supplied by the bronchial artery also
      occurred upon vagal stimulation. The vagally-evoked increase in pulmonary
      vascular resistance was markedly reduced after atropine while the bronchial
      vasodilatation was unchanged. This suggests that the vagally-induced increase in
      bronchial blood flow was not secondary to changes in the pulmonary circulation.
      Furthermore, the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response caused by vagal stimulation
      under control conditions is probably explained by reflex sympathetic activation
      due to the fall in systemic blood pressure. These data indicate selective vagal
      non-cholinergic influence of blood flow in the bronchial vascular bed compared to
      the pulmonary circulation.

PMID- 1815476
TI  - Intravenous bilirubin infusion causes vacuolization of the cytoplasm of
      hepatocytes and canalicular cholestasis.
AB  - To examine whether intravenous bilirubin infusion causes cholestasis and impairs
      liver metabolism, bile secretion and ethanol clearance were measured in 34
      anaesthetized pigs before and after intravenous infusion of 0.5 mumol kg-1 min-1
      bilirubin for 4.5 hours. Bilirubin infusion increased plasma bilirubin to 556 +/-
      76 mumol l-1 and hepatic tissue bilirubin to 3.5 +/- 1.3 mmol kg tissue weight-1.
      Bilirubin infusion depressed bilirubin secretion and net hepatic uptake of
      cholate and taurocholate, and caused a 86 +/- 6% reduction of cholate-induced
      bile secretion. Bilirubin caused formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles in
      hepatocytes and dilatation of bile canaliculi. Ethanol clearance and secretin
      dependent ductular bile secretion were unaffected by bilirubin. We conclude that
      intravenous infusion of unconjugated bilirubin causes accumulation of bilirubin
      in the liver, vacuolization of the hepatocyte cytoplasm and canalicular but not
      ductular cholestasis. The canalicular cholestasis is not due to impaired hepatic
      mitochondrial energy metabolism, but may be due to inhibition of a common pathway
      for lipid, bilirubin and bile salt secretion from hepatocytes.

PMID- 1815477
TI  - Effects of bradykinin and papaverine on renal autoregulation and renin release in
      the anaesthetized dog.
AB  - The present study on six anaesthetized dogs investigates the influences of two
      different vasodilators, bradykinin and papaverine, on the relationship between
      autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, sodium
      excretion and renin release. At control conditions renal blood flow and
      glomerular filtration rate was autoregulated to the same levels of renal arterial
      pressure, 55 +/- 3 and 58 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively. Renin release increased from
      0.3 +/- 0.1 to 22 +/- 4 micrograms AI min-1, and sodium excretion decreased from
      99 +/- 29 to 4.6 +/- 3.3 mumol min-1 when renal arterial pressure was reduced
      from 122 +/- 6 to 44 +/- 2 mmHg. Infusion of bradykinin (50 ng kg-1 min-1)
      increased renal blood flow by 50% at control blood pressure without changing
      glomerular filtration rate, and both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration
      rate autoregulated to the same pressure levels as during control. Sodium
      excretion increased threefold at control renal arterial pressure, but was
      unchanged at low renal arterial pressure. Bradykinin did not change renin release
      neither at control nor low renal arterial pressure. Papaverine infusion at a rate
      of 4 mg min-1 increased renal blood flow 50% without changing glomerular
      filtration rate. The lower pressure limits of renal blood flow and glomerular
      filtration rate autoregulation were increased to 94 +/- 6 and 93 +/- 6 mmHg,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815478
TI  - Pain threshold changes by skin vibratory stimulation in healthy subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this research is to evaluate the changes of cutaneous pain
      threshold induced by vibratory stimuli applied to the skin. The pain threshold
      was tested by means of electrical stimuli using the method of limits. Both
      vibratory stimuli (conditioning stimuli) and electrical stimuli (test stimuli)
      were driven by a computer. The experiments were carried out on the dorsal surface
      of the second phalanx of the index finger in the dominant hand of 34 healthy
      subjects (18 males and 16 females). The conditioning stimuli were sinusoidal
      waves (250 microm peak to peak) at a rate of 30 and 300 Hz. During the experiment
      (6 min of vibration and 9 min after) the cutaneous temperature of the stimulated
      area was recorded. Both vibratory rates induced significant increases of the pain
      threshold but the 30 Hz vibrations were the more effective. After stimulation the
      pain threshold lowered to a steady value which was higher than before the start
      of vibrations. Such threshold changes showed no correlation throughout the
      experiment with changes in skin temperature. We therefore advance the hypothesis
      that the main factors which modulate the pain threshold are neuronal connections
      between tactile and pain pathways.

PMID- 1815479
TI  - Nitric oxide inhalation selectively attenuates pulmonary hypertension and
      arterial hypoxia in porcine endotoxin shock.

PMID- 1815480
TI  - Release of ketoprofen from dermal bases in presence of cyclodextrins: effect of
      the affinity constant determined in semisolid vehicles.
AB  - We describe a method to determine the affinity constant values between Ketoprofen
      and beta-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in semisolid vehicles.
      The method is based on the diffusion of the drug, released from semisolid
      vehicles, through a lipidic non porous membrane. The affinity constants of
      Ketoprofen towards cyclodextrins as determined in semisolid media better
      represent the release of the drug from dermal bases than the corresponding values
      in aqueous systems.

PMID- 1815481
TI  - Free-radical synthesis of 3-(2-cyanoethyl)- and 3-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2,3
      dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-pentofu ranoside and their application in the synthesis
      of potential antiviral nucleosides.
AB  - Free-radical reaction of different carbohydrate educts 2, 5, and 7 with
      acrylonitrile in the presence of tributyltin hydride and a radical initiator
      (AIBN) gave the methyl 3-(2-cyanoethyl)-2,3-dideoxypentofuranosides 3a and 6.
      Similar reaction of 2 with methyl acrylate gave 3-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2,3
      dideoxypentofuranose 3b. Nucleoside coupling of 3a with silylated uracil gave an
      anomeric mixture of beta- and alpha-nucleoside 8 and 9 which were deprotected to
      give 10 and 11, respectively. Similar reaction of 3b with silylated N4
      isobutyrylcytosine gave 12 and 13 which were deprotected to give the final
      nucleosides 16 and 17, respectively. None of the compounds 10a, 11, 14-17 showed
      significant activity against HIV.

PMID- 1815482
TI  - [Synthesis of heterocyclic immunomodulators. 1. Alkyl derivatives of 1,2,4
      dithiazolidin-3,5-diyliden-bis(o-benzoquinone-meth ide): synthesis and testing of
      immunomodulating action].
AB  - Reactions of 1,2,4-dithiazolidine-3,5-diylidene-bis(o-benzoquinone-met hid) 3
      with alkyl and substituted benzyl or phenacyl halides yield 1,2,4-dithiazol-3
      ylidene-quinone-methides 4a-4i. Mass spectral fragmentations of 4a, 4c, and 4f
      are discussed. Tests for immunomodulating properties of 4a-c, 4e, and 4g are
      described. Some of these compounds show immuno-stimulatory activity.

PMID- 1815483
TI  - Ring transformation with bridged 1,3-dicarbonyl heteroanalogues, III: 5-(omega
      aminoalkyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles by ring-transformations of 3-methylthio-2-aza-3
      propeniminium salts.

PMID- 1815484
TI  - [Peroxides as plant constituents. 8. Guaianolide-peroxides from yarrow,Achillea
      millefolium L., a soluble component causing yarrow dermatitis].
AB  - From the ether extract of the blossoms of yarrow, Achillea millefolium L., two
      guaianolides (1, 2) with a peroxide bridged cyclopentane ring and an alpha
      methylene-gamma-butyrolactone structure have been isolated. For these compounds
      the names alpha-peroxyachifolid (1) and beta-peroxyisoachifolid (2) are proposed.
      1 is responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis caused by yarrow.

PMID- 1815485
TI  - [2,2-Disubstituted 1,3-oxathiazine as potential active sustances].

PMID- 1815486
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-(7-theophylline)-3(2H)
      pyridazinone.
AB  - Since the introduction of theophylline (1) as the first PDE-inhibitor used in the
      treatment of asthma, there has been intense activity in this area of therapy to
      design drugs with improved potency and efficacy. Derivatives of theophylline and
      other purine analogs were prepared and tested as PDE-inhibitors and cardiac
      stimulants, some of them being several times more active than theophylline. A
      variety of 4,5-dihydro-6-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives are PDE-inhibitors
      like CI-914 (2) which produced a cardiotonic effect accompanied by only slight
      decreases in blood pressure and moderate increases in heart rate. In a recent
      report some 6-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinones showed a bronchospasmolytic effect more
      marked than that of xanthines. In this paper we report the synthesis and
      pharmacological profile of 6-(7-theophylline)-3(2H)-pyridazinone; the synthesis
      is shown in Scheme 1.

PMID- 1815487
TI  - [Biological threshold limit values for occupational exposure to harmful
      chemicals].

PMID- 1815488
TI  - [Bronchial reactivity after provocation of the nasal mucosa with histamine].
AB  - Data on the relationship between nasal and bronchial reactivities are scarce.
      This study aimed at investigating a possible influence of the nasal provocation
      test on bronchial reactivity. Three groups of eleven subjects each were examined:
      patients suffering from allergic rhinitis with no clinical evidence of asthma,
      workers exposed to respiratory irritants complaining of occupational rhinitis and
      asthma, and healthy subjects. Non-specific bronchoprovocation was performed
      before and after nasal challenge with histamine. The bronchial challenge with
      histamine solutions (0.125 mg/ml and 128 mg/ml) was performed by the five-breath
      cumulative method (Chai H. et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975;56:323-7). Non
      specific nasal provocation was performed by spraying doubling concentrations of
      histamine (0.125 mg/ml-32 mg/ml) into both nostrils at three-minute intervals.
      The reaction was monitored by measurement of nasal inspiratory peak flow, nasal
      resistance, and nasal spirometry. The level of non-specific nasal reactivity was
      significantly lower in patients with allergic rhinitis than in the other two
      groups. The bronchial reactivity of the "rhinitis" group and of those
      occupationally exposed to irritants was significantly lower than among healthy
      subjects. An immediate and significant decrease in bronchial reactivity could be
      observed after nasal challenge in the group of healthy subjects as well as in
      workers exposed to irritants, but there was no significant change in bronchial
      reactivity among patients suffering from allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 1815489
TI  - [Immunologic findings and ventilatory function in cotton industry workers].
AB  - Immunological testing was carried out in 24 cotton workers and in 30 control
      workers. Skin prick test was performed with allergens prepared from cotton dust
      and cotton seed. Skin tests were positive in 33.3% and IgE level was increased in
      62.5% of the cotton workers. Only two 3.3% had positive skin tests and none had
      increased IgE serum level. Ventilatory capacity in cotton workers with positive
      skin tests and those with negative skin tests was comparable. The same was true
      of the workers with increased and normal IgE levels. The effect of cotton dust
      extract on isolated tracheal smooth muscle of a guinea pig was an indication of a
      direct irritative action causing airway obstruction.

PMID- 1815490
TI  - Anticonvulsive and protective effects of diazepam and midazolam in rats poisoned
      by highly toxic organophosphorus compounds.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the anticonvulsive and protective effects of
      diazepam and midazolam in rats poisoned by chemical warfare agents. In rats
      treated with soman, sarin or VX, the anticonvulsive effects of midazolam and
      diazepam were of similar magnitude. Atropine and oxime HI-6 decreased the
      toxicity of soman, sarin and VX 1.65, 2.06 and 18.3 times, respectively. The
      introduction of diazepam and midazolam in the therapy of rats poisoned by VX and
      sarin led to further improvement of protective indices. Midazolam was even more
      effective than diazepam. A reliable protective effect was obtained with the
      lowest dose of both benzodiazepines used (0.5 mg/kg). The specific benzodiazepine
      antagonist flumazenil abolished, almost completely, the protective effect of both
      benzodiazepines. These data confirmed a significant role of the gabaergic system
      in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, especially during the initial stage
      of intoxication.

PMID- 1815491
TI  - [Hematologic changes in workers exposed to radio wave radiation].
AB  - Haematological parameters were measured in 43 radar operators employed in air
      traffic control occupationally exposed to microwave radiation of low intensity
      over a period of four years. Exposure to heat, soft X-ray radiation and noise
      were within maximally allowed limits. The haematological changes included a
      decreased number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, segmented
      granulocytes and monocytes, and an increased number of leucocytes and
      lymphocytes. The changes were not pathologically significant and most of them
      were reversible.

PMID- 1815492
TI  - [Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in workers exposed to the effects of
      mercury].
AB  - Mercury concentration in urine and urinary activity of N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase were determined in a group of 100 workers from an electrolysis
      workshop. The enzyme activities measured were twice as high as those of 100
      control subjects. The difference was statistically significant. There was no
      correlation between urinary activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and
      mercury concentration in urine. The applicability of this biochemical
      toxicological test in occupational health practice is discussed.

PMID- 1815493
TI  - [Relation of somatic and psychosocial factors to systemic pressure in
      hypertensive and normotensive workers].
AB  - A cohort of 900 workers aged 35-59 years underwent clinical, electrographical and
      psychological examinations. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 15.2%.
      Family history of hypertension was positive in 87 (63.5%) hypertensive and 41
      (29.9%) normotensive workers (P less than 0.01). The mean body index and the mean
      resting heart rate were significantly higher in the hypertensive than in the
      normotensive group (P less than 0.01). In the former group 96 (70.1%) persons and
      in the latter 89 (65%) persons belonged to type A behavior (P greater than 0.05).
      No significant difference in the intensity of eight basic emotions was found
      between the hypertensive and normotensive persons (P greater than 0.05).
      According to multiple regression analysis the most predictive variables of
      systolic blood pressure in both groups were age and resting heart rate. The two
      variables were more significant predictors in the hypertensive than in the
      normotensive group. The most predictive variable of diastolic blood pressure
      among the normotensive workers was body index. For the hypertensive workers this
      variable was not a significant predictor of diastolic blood pressure. The eight
      basic emotions according to Plutchik and the life need satisfaction were not
      significant predictors of systemic blood pressure either with the hypertensive or
      normotensive workers.

PMID- 1815494
TI  - [Drug poisoning in children in Vojvodina].
AB  - Epidemiological characteristics of acute drug poisoning in children were
      investigated over a period of two years (1988-1989). The total number of
      poisonings was 450. Among causes of poisoning psychopharmaca, especially
      benzodiazepine, came first (33.3%). They were followed by drugs affecting the
      nervous system (9.1%), usually by analgoantipyretics, and by drugs affecting the
      cardiovascular system (7.8%). In 10.6% of the cases poisoning was due to two or
      more drugs. In 12.3% of the poisonings drug was unknown. Sodium fluoride was the
      most frequent single cause of acute poisoning. The average age of the poisoned
      children was 5.1 years. Poisoning with drugs was more frequent among girls than
      among boys (55:45%). In more than half poisoning accidents there was no one
      present when poisoning occurred. A major number of poisonings were an attention
      getting gesture or a suicidal attempt. There were 11 cases of repeated poisoning
      with the same drug.

PMID- 1815495
TI  - [Levels of calmodulin and changes in cell physiology].
AB  - Calmodulin is a calcium-dependent regulator protein which activates about thirty
      enzymatic systems. Its intracellular levels, as well as the distribution between
      cytosolic and membrane fractions, are dependent on chemical (metal ions) and
      biological agents (hormones, viruses). The changes in levels are particularly
      pronounced after the cell transformation. The influence of transformation and the
      effect of chemical/biological agents are discussed separately as are the
      analytical methods for calmodulin determination. A detailed mechanism of action
      of chemical and biological agents on calmodulin levels is not yet known.

PMID- 1815496
TI  - Valinomycin-induced modulation of adriamycin resistance and cationic probe
      distribution in MCF-7 cell lines.
AB  - In vitro restoration of adriamycin sensitivity in a resistant human breast tumor
      cell line was obtained by continuous exposure to nanomolar nontoxic valinomycin
      concentrations. Seven-day treatment with nanomolar valinomycin concentrations
      caused a slight increase of the signal of the cationic fluorescent cyanine probe
      DiOC5(3) but did not appreciably affect adriamycin incorporation in the cells. A
      marked increase of the DiOC5(3) signal was obtained in the presence of micromolar
      valinomycin concentrations, which were incompatible with the in vitro cellular
      growth.

PMID- 1815497
TI  - Identification of the lysine residue involved in the inactivation of lamb liver 6
      phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate.
AB  - Fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate binds almost selectively at the active site of lamb
      liver NADP-dependent 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase causing the inactivation of
      the enzyme. The substrate and the coenzyme protect against the loss of catalytic
      activity. The enzyme derivative was digested with trypsin, the labelled peptide
      was isolated by h.p.l.c. and its amino acid analysis allowed to establish that
      the inactivator binds to lysine 166 at the active site of the protein.

PMID- 1815498
TI  - Influence of membrane fluidity of 5'-nucleotidase activity in isolated hepatocyte
      plasma membrane.
AB  - The influence of membrane microviscosity on 5'-nucleotidase activity has been
      investigated on liver plasma membrane preparations from rats during aging and
      following diet restriction. In addition the microviscosity of membranes from old
      rats was changed in vitro by the Active Lipids. During aging the membrane
      microviscosity increased progressively and in parallel the activity of 5'
      nucleotidase decreased. Diet restriction was able to slow down the modification
      of both parameters. The experiment performed with the Active Lipids further
      supports that membrane microviscosity modulated the enzyme activity.

PMID- 1815499
TI  - Proline hydroxylation by soybean lipoxygenase.
AB  - The lipoxygenase-catalyzed hydroxylation of proline was studied in vitro in the
      presence of linoleic acid. The rate of reaction exhibited dependence on the
      concentration of proline, linoleic acid and the enzyme. The magnitude of
      hydroxyproline formed per mg of protein was time-dependent. Nordihydroguaiaretic
      acid at 0.1 mM concentration completely inhibited this reaction. No proline
      hydroxylation was detected during peroxidation of linoleic acid by vanadyl(IV).
      It is suggested that free-radical products of linoleic acid peroxidation may co
      oxygenate proline in the presence of lipoxygenase.

PMID- 1815500
TI  - Inhibition of proteinase K by phosphorylated sugars.
AB  - Proteolysis of lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase and the synthetic substrate N
      succinylalanylalanylalanyl-p-nitroanilide by proteinase K is inhibited by glucose
      6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-biphosphate. Analysis of the kinetic data obtained
      with the synthetic substrate indicates that the inhibition is a mixed-type and
      that more than one inhibitor molecule binds to proteinase K. Glucose and fructose
      are ineffective as inhibitors. In the presence of 0.2-4 mM fructose-1,6
      biphosphate, aldolase becomes more susceptible to proteolysis, probably as a
      result of a conformational change induced by the substrate.

PMID- 1815501
TI  - Redox-elimination reaction catalyzed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) catalyzed reduction of N,N-dimethyl-4
      nitrosoaniline by NADH. The stoichiometry of reaction, steady-state kinetic
      parameters, and the pH-profile for this reaction were estimated. On that basis,
      the minimal mechanism of the above reaction was postulated.

PMID- 1815502
TI  - Metabolic changes induced by w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich-diet (w-3 PUFA)
      on the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult rats.
AB  - The maximal activity of key enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA
      cycle and glutaminolysis were measured in the immune tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA
      during 6 weeks. Total lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity were
      also measured. The hexokinase activity was enhanced 4-fold in the spleen and
      thymus, doubled in the liver and was diminished in mesenteric lymph nodes (35%).
      Citrate synthase activity was decreased in the spleen and lymph nodes and
      increased in the thymus. G-6-PDH activity was increased 2-fold in the spleen and
      mesenteric lymph nodes and by 20% in the thymus whereas it was reduced (66%) in
      the liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity and total lipid peroxides increased in
      all tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA. The results presented here suggest that w-3
      PUFA, by causing important metabolic changes in the immune tissues and lipid
      peroxidation may lead to changes of immune function.

PMID- 1815504
TI  - Screening and kinetic analysis of delta-crystallins with endogenous
      argininosuccinate lyase activity in the lenses of vertebrates.
AB  - Screening of lens homogenates from the representative species of five major
      classes of vertebrates was undertaken to search for delta-crystallin with
      argininosuccinate lyase activity. Purification and biochemical characterization
      of delta-crystallins from the avian and reptilian species revealed differences in
      their electrophoretic and kinetic properties in spite of their similar tetrameric
      structure of about 200 kDa in the native forms. Chicken delta-crystallin, in
      contrast to those obtained from duck, goose and caiman, is almost devoid of the
      enzymatic activity. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of lens homogenates
      indicated that in the chicken lens delta-crystallin is composed of a subunit with
      an isoelectric point of 5.9 and a subunit mass of 50 kDa whereas that of goose
      lenses possesses heterogeneous subunits with isoelectric points spreading in a
      range of 5.9 to 6.8. Immunological comparison of inactive and active delta
      crystallins from the chicken, duck and caiman lenses established the apparent
      structural similarity of all delta-crystallins to the authentic enzyme regarding
      some of common surface epitopes, yet they are not completely identical. Kinetic
      constants for two of the active delta-crystallins, i.e. those from the duck and
      goose of the Anatidae family, were also determined and their catalyzed reaction
      was shown to conform to a random Uni-Bi kinetic mechanism similar to that of the
      argininosuccinate lyase from the bovine liver.

PMID- 1815503
TI  - Phosphoramidon-sensitive endothelin converting enzyme in rat lung.
AB  - A neutral proteinase with endothelin (ET)-1 converting activity was identified in
      cytosol and membrane fractions prepared from rat lung, in a ratio of 1:4,
      respectively. The membrane-bound proteinase was solubilized by 0.5% 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) with an increase in
      specific activity, and then was characterized. The solubilized proteinase was
      capable of converting big ET-1 to ET-1 with an optimum pH of 6.5, and the
      conversion was dose-dependently suppressed by phosphoramidon (IC50 = 0.5 microM).
      The molecular mass of the proteinase was estimated to be about 500 kDa by gel
      filtration in the presence of 0.5% CHAPS. These results indicate that rat lung
      contains a phosphoramidon-sensitive neutral proteinase catalyzing conversion of
      big ET-1 to ET-1. The proteinase may be involved in the biosynthetic pathway of
      ET-1 in the lung and/or the conversion of circulating big ET-1.

PMID- 1815505
TI  - Identical and similar amino acid sequences in the pulmonary surfactant proteins
      SP-B and SP-C and hemerythrin and myohemerythrin--an example of "biochemical
      Velcro"?
AB  - A remarkable sequence similarity has been found in the N-terminal regions of
      hemerythrin, myohemerythrin and the pulmonary surfactant protein, SP-B. There is
      a very high degree of similarity in the first 9-10 amino acids in the sequences
      of these proteins. A less striking but significant sequence similarity has been
      found between a region of five amino acids in the N-terminal portion of pulmonary
      surfactant protein SP-C and the C-terminal portion of hemerythrin and
      myohemerythrin. Functional similarities are not obvious for these sets of
      proteins. We hypothesize that the similar sequences may be involved in the
      association of peptide regions with one another.

PMID- 1815506
TI  - Biosynthesis of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family members expressed in
      human tumor cell lines: evidence for cleavage of the glycosyl phosphatidyl
      inositol (GPI) anchor by GPI-PLC and GPI-PLD.
AB  - Three Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) gene family members: CEA, Non-specific cross
      reactive antigen 50/90 (NCA) and biliary glycoprotein (BGP) were expressed in the
      colon carcinoma cell lines LS174T and HT29. The CEA, NCA50/90 and four
      alternatively spliced BGP transcripts (BGP a-d) were identified. The molecular
      weights of the mature glycoproteins were: CEA, 180kD; NCA50/90, 70-100 kD; BGP,
      85, 120 and 140 kD. Pulse chase experiments demonstrated that CEA first appears
      as a 165 kD high mannose precursor which is trimmed to a 160 kD intermediate and
      finally transformed into the mature 180 kD glycoprotein. The precursor form of
      NCA had a molecular weight of 50 kD. CEA and NCA50/90, but not BGP, were linked
      to the cell membrane via glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol and could be released
      from the intact tumor cells by glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-specific
      phospholipase C. CEA on isolated membranes and in cell lysates, but not on intact
      cells, was also cleaved by fresh human serum or purified glycosyl phosphatidyl
      inositol-specific phospholipase D.

PMID- 1815507
TI  - Functional reconstitution of yeast mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier by removing
      detergent with Amberlite treatment.
AB  - The ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) from yeast mitochondria has been reconstituted in
      phospholipid vesicles essentially according to the procedure described for the
      reconstitution of AAC from bovine heart mitochondria (Kramer and Heberger (1986)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 863, 289-296). Liposomes were prepared from the mixed
      micelles of dodecyl octaoxyethylene ether (C12E8)-solubilized protein and egg
      yolk phosphatidylcholine by removing the detergent with Amberlite treatment. The
      micelles were treated with Amberlite either by repeatedly passing through small
      columns filled with Amberlite XAD-2 beads or by stepwise addition of Amberlite
      beads to the micelles. All the important variables of the reconstitution
      components were kept at optimal level and the liposomes obtained by both the
      methods of Amberlite treatment were analysed for (3H)CAT binding, orientation of
      AAC and nucleotide exchange activity. Reconstituted AAC showed 80% right side out
      orientation in the liposomes prepared by either procedure. Lipsomes prepared by
      the Amberlite column procedure exhibited higher CAT binding but lower ADP
      exchange activity. Liposome preparation by the stepwise addition of Amberlite is
      suggested to be the method of choice for functional reconstitution of yeast AAC
      in view of the higher nucleotide transport activity associated with the liposomes
      prepared by this method.

PMID- 1815508
TI  - Localization of ligand binding regions of the human formyl peptide receptor.
AB  - The formyl peptide receptor is involved in the activation of human neutrophils
      (PMN) and their subsequent response to chemotactic peptides such as FMLP. The
      normal FMLP receptor has been reported to contain both high and low affinity
      states and to consist of several glycoprotein components, ranging in size from 40
      94 kDa. However, little is known about the functional domains of the receptor. In
      this study we have constructed synthetic peptides corresponding to different
      portions of the reported receptor structure, and have tested their involvement in
      ligand binding. One of these peptides, corresponding to the first extracellular
      loop of the N-terminus end of the molecule, has been shown to specifically
      inhibit FMLP binding to PMN membranes. Concomitantly, this peptide exhibited the
      strongest direct binding to the ligand. We propose that this portion of the FMLP
      receptor molecule is important in receptor-ligand interactions.

PMID- 1815510
TI  - [Synaptosomal degradation of neuropeptides].
AB  - Proteolytic conversions of some neuropeptides possessing neurotransmitter and
      neuromodulator properties were studied on the synaptosomal plasma membrane level.
      The main goal was to describe the peptide bonds being primarily hydrolysed by
      membrane peptidases. The analysis of the accumulated data allowed one to make
      some summarizing conclusions about properties of the enzyme system responsible
      for the biological inactivation of the peptides in synapsis.

PMID- 1815509
TI  - Purification and characterization of aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase from
      human kidney.
AB  - Aldose reductase and aldehyde reductases have been purified to homogeneity from
      human kidney and have molecular weights of 32,000 and 40,000 and isoelectric pH
      5.8 and 5.3, respectively. Aldose reductase, beside catalyzing the reduction of
      various aldehydes, reduces aldo-sugars, whereas aldehyde reductase, does not
      reduce aldo-sugars. Aldose reductase activity is expressed with either NADH or
      NADPH as cofactor, whereas aldehyde reductase utilizes only NADPH. Both enzymes
      are inhibited to varying degrees by aldose reductase inhibitors. Antibodies
      against bovine lens aldose reductase precipitated aldose reductase but not
      aldehyde reductase. The sequence of addition of the substrates to aldehyde
      reductase is ordered and to aldose reductase is random, whereas for both the
      enzymes the release of product is ordered with NADP released last.

PMID- 1815511
TI  - [Determination of the spatial structure of insectotoxin 15A from Buthus erpeus by
      (1)H-NMR spectroscopy data].
AB  - The solution structure of insectotoxin 15A (35 residues) from scorpion Buthus
      eupeus was determined on the basis of 386 interproton distance restraints 12
      hydrogen-bonding restraints and 113 dihedral angle restraints derived from 1H NMR
      experiments. A group of 20 structures was calculated with the distance geometry
      program DIANA followed by the restrained energy minimization with the program
      CHARMM. The atomic RMS distribution about the mean coordinate position is 0.64 +/
      0.11 A for the backbone atoms and 1.35 +/- 0.20 A for all atoms. The structure
      contains an alpha-helix (residues 10-20) and a three-stranded antiparallel beta
      sheet (residues 2-5, 24-28 and 29-33). A pairing of the eight cysteine residues
      of insectotoxin 15A was established basing on NMR data. Three disulfide bridges
      (residues 2-19, 16-31 and 20-33) connect the alpha-helix with the beta-sheet, and
      the fourth one (5-26) joins beta-strands together. The spatial fold of secondary
      structure elements (the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet) of the insectotoxin 15A
      is very similar to those of the other short and long scorpion toxins in spite of
      a low (about 20%) sequence homology.

PMID- 1815512
TI  - [Chemical reactions in double helical nucleic acids. XIII. Directed introduction
      of acylphosphate internucleotide bonds into the DNA-duplex structure].
AB  - DNA duplex, containing an acylphosphate internucleotide bond in a predetermined
      position of the sugar-phosphate backbone, was synthesized. The synthesis was
      carried out by condensing on the complementary matrix two heptanucleotides, one
      of which possessed at the 3'-end a glycine residue, connected with the
      oligonucleotide by the phosphoramide bond, whereas the 5'-end phosphate group of
      the other was activated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
      (EDAC). The yield of the oligonucleotide with an acylphosphate bond was 24%. The
      stability and chemical properties of the synthesized compound were studied in
      comparison with analogous oligonucleotide containing a substituted pyrophosphate
      internucleotide bond. The former was shown to be an effective acylating agent in
      the aqueous medium in contrast to the latter which is a phosphorylating agent.

PMID- 1815513
TI  - [Synthesis and properties of DNA-duplexes, containing 9-(1'-hydroxy-2'
      (hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methylguanine].
AB  - Phosphoramidite derivative of 9-[1'-hydroxy-2'
      (hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methylguanine (glG) is synthesized which allows one to
      introduce point modifications in any position of the chemically prepared
      oligonucleotide chain. Oligonucleotides with 5'-terminal glG can be used in
      chemical ligation promoted by cyanogen bromide. The modified oligonucleotide
      duplexes were characterized by melting curves and CD spectra.

PMID- 1815515
TI  - [Synthesis, cloning and determination of the primary structure of human alpha 1
      antitrypsin cDNA].

PMID- 1815514
TI  - [Isolation of recombinant interleukin-3 produced by E. coli].
AB  - A synthetic gene coding for human interleukin-3 (hIL3) was cloned in the plasmid
      pTE2IL3, the gene expression being controlled by the phage fd PVIII promotor and
      the phage T7 gene 10 translational enhancer. Under constitutive biosynthesis
      conditions in E. coli, the accumulation of recombinant hIL3 (in the inclusion
      bodies) was up to 30-40% of the total cell protein. An effective procedure of the
      hIL3 isolation is suggested. The hIL3 was solubilized in 5 M guanidinium
      chloride, renaturated and purified to homogeneity by a single chromatographic
      step. The protein's yield was 34 mg/g wet cells. The isolated hIL3 showed a
      specific biological activity.

PMID- 1815516
TI  - [Rubomycins M and N--new anthracycline antibiotics].

PMID- 1815517
TI  - Therapeutic effect of orally applied cytidine diphosphate choline in mild and
      severe degrees of normobaric and normocapnic degrees of hypoxia of rats.
AB  - Eighty Wistar rats were maintained under conditions of chronic hypoxic for a
      period of 5 months. After gradual adaptation to the reduced oxygen content of the
      inhaled air, animals were kept on the levels of 15, 12, 10 and 7 vol% O2 and
      their behaviour in an open field was observed. One group of 40 animals received
      CDP-choline (cytidine diphosphate choline, Somazina; CAS 1477-47-0) at a dose of
      100 mg/kg body weight in their food. Hypoxia-induced behavioural deteriorations
      were partly mitigated by this substance. Therapeutic application of CDP-choline
      was more effective than prophylactic administration. The efficiency of CDP
      choline decreased after prolonged application. Under conditions of extreme
      hypoxia CDP-choline exhibited a life prolonging effect.

PMID- 1815518
TI  - Effects of the new cardiotonic phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1,2-dihydro-5-
      imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridine-carbonitrile hydrochloride
      monohydrate on aortic input impedance.
AB  - Beneficial effects of cardiotonic phosphodiesterase inhibitors on congestive
      heart failure are possibly mediated in part by a reduction of afterload. 1,2
      Dihydro-5-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-6-methyl-2-oxo-3- pyridinecarbonitrile
      hydrochloride monohydrate (E-1020, CAS 119615-63-3), a new cardiotonic
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor was evaluated for its effect on aortic input
      impedance in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs. First instantaneous aortic
      pressure and flow under random ventricular pacing before and after E-1020
      infusions (10, 30, and 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) were measured. Then aortic input
      impedance over the frequency range of 0.024 to 20 Hz was estimated using a
      multichannel autoregressive model. With the infusion of E-1020, aortic input
      impedance was decreased in the low frequency range (below 0.1 Hz) and shifted
      leftward in the transitional frequency range (from 0.1 to 2 Hz), while it
      remained unchanged in the high frequency range (above 2 Hz). Parameterization of
      the aortic input impedance using a three-element Windkessel model indicated that
      E-1020 (at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) decreased arterial resistance by 35%
      (p less than 0.01) and increased arterial compliance by 12% (p less than 0.01).
      It is concluded that E-1020 improves cardiac performance by unloading static and
      dynamic afterload in addition to its cardiotonic effect.

PMID- 1815520
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of prajmalium bitartrate after
      single oral dosing.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of the marketed prajmalium
      bitartrate tablet (Neo-Gilurytmal, CAS 2589-47-1) compared to an oral solution
      were investigated in an open, randomized, single-dose two-fold crossover study in
      20 healthy male volunteers. One subject was identified to be a poor metabolizer.
      In the study population with normal metabolic status the two oral formulations
      proved to be bioequivalent with regard to the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax,
      AUC(0-Tlast), AUC(0-infinity) and Ae(24h). tmax was prolonged after
      administration of the tablets. The relative bioavailability of prajmalium
      bitartrate from the tablet amounted to 112%. The poor metabolizer demonstrated in
      both oral formulations high plasma concentrations, increased AUCs and prolonged
      terminal half-lives as well as increased renal excretion of prajmalium
      bitartrate.

PMID- 1815519
TI  - Pharmacological properties of 5-[(6,7,8-trimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl) amino]-1
      pentanyl nitrate maleate in cardiovascular system.
AB  - Effects of 5-[6,7,8-trimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)amino]-1-pentanyl nitrate maleate
      (KT-1, CAS 47487-05-8), whose chemical structure has both a prazosin and a
      nitrate moiety, on cardiovascular system were investigated in in vivo and in
      vitro experiments. KT-1 i.v. decreased aortic pressure, renal blood flow, left
      ventricular enddiastolic pressure and resistances of total peripheral, vertebral,
      coronary and renal vasculatures and increased aortic blood flow, vertebral blood
      flow, coronary blood flow, peak positive left ventricular dP/dt and heart rate in
      anesthetized open-chest dogs. These cardiovascular effects of KT-1 were similar
      to those of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin, GTN). Nitrate-deleted KT-1 from
      its chemical structure (denitro KT-1) equimolar to KT-1 produced no marked
      changes in these cardiovascular parameters, but 3 or 10 times large doses of
      denitro KT-1 showed relatively long persisting vasodilator effects. In isolated
      dog coronary artery preparations contracted with KCl, the order of relaxant
      potency was GTN greater than KT-1 greater than denitro KT-1. In isolated dog
      mesenteric artery preparations, phenylephrine produced concentration-dependent
      contractions which were significantly inhibited by prazosin and KT-1 but not by
      denitro KT-1. In anesthetized open-chest dogs, phenylephrine produced pressor
      responses which were significantly inhibited by KT-1 but not by GTN or denitro KT
      1. In isolated rat thoracic aorta strips, in contrast to GTN, KT-1 hardly
      developed a tachyphylaxis. Thus, KT-1 showed cardiovascular effects similar to
      those of both nitrates and a1-adrenoceptor blocking agents with no development of
      a tachyphylaxis.

PMID- 1815521
TI  - Effects of a standardized meal on the pharmacokinetics of the new cardiotonic
      agent piroximone.
AB  - The influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of piroximone (MDL 19.205, CAS
      84490-12-0) was evaluated in two groups of 6 healthy male volunteers receiving
      either 25 or 50 mg of the drug. Single doses were administered intravenously and
      orally under fasting conditions or orally with a standard breakfast on 3
      different days with a washout period of at least 3 days in-between doses,
      according to an open, 3-way crossover, randomized design. Pharmacokinetic
      parameters (Cmax, tmax, AUC, t1/2, Cl, aVd, UEx) were not affected by food
      administration, but significant differences were found in t1/2 calculated from
      the decay of plasma concentrations in response to oral administration of 25 mg
      and 50 mg treatment doses. The urinary excretion of piroximone was significantly
      reduced after oral administration, when compared with the values obtained after
      intravenous application. In addition, extra-renal clearance was significantly
      reduced in the 50 mg treatment group, when compared with the values obtained in
      response to 25 mg. Bioavailability of piroximone calculated from AUC data
      compared favorably with data obtained from urinary recovery results.

PMID- 1815522
TI  - Actions of the novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist sodium (E)-11-[2-(5,6
      dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)-ethylidene]-6,11- dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-1
      carboxylate monohydrate on smooth muscle preparations.
AB  - The effects of KW-3635 (sodium (E)-11-[2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)-
      ethylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2-carboxylate monohydrate, CAS 127166
      41-0) on smooth muscle preparations were examined. In isolated guinea-pig aorta,
      KW-3635 competitively inhibited the U-46619 (a thromboxane mimetic) induced
      contractions (pA2 = 7.74), the effect being more potent than those of sulotroban
      and daltroban. In canine saphenous vein, KW-3635 also antagonized the U-46619
      induced contraction (pA2 = 8.11). In this preparation, solutroban and daltroban,
      but not KW-3635, exhibited intrinsic agonistic action. KW-3635, even at a high
      concentration of 10(-5) mol/l did not affect the norepinephrine- or KCl-induced
      contractions of guinea-pig or rat aorta, prostaglandin (PG)E2- or PGF2 alpha
      induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum nor the PGE2-induced contraction of rat
      fundus. KW-3635 at concentrations higher than its thromboxane A2- (TxA2
      )antagonistic one, non-competitively inhibited the PGF2 alpha-induced
      contractions of guinea-pig aorta (pD2' = 6.23), as was the case with daltroban.
      The inhibitory effect of KW-3635 (3 x 10(-6) mol/l) on U-46619-induced
      contractions of guinea-pig aorta persisted for longer than 2 h following washout
      of the tissue, whereas that of daltroban (10(-5) mol/l completely disappeared at
      1 h after the washout. In anesthetized guinea-pigs, KW-3635 at doses of 10 to
      1000 micrograms/kg (i.v.) inhibited U-46619 (1 microgram/kg i.v.)-induced pressor
      responses in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of KW-3635 (0.1 to 1 mg/kg i.v.)
      persisted for longer than 3 h. These results demonstrate that KW-3635 is a potent
      and specific TxA2 antagonist without agonistic action in vascular smooth muscles.
      KW-3635 is considered to be a promising candidate for the treatment of patients
      with disorders mediated via TxA2.

PMID- 1815523
TI  - Protective effects of the novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist sodium (E)-11
      [2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)-ethylidene]-6,11- dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2
      carboxylate monohydrate against 9,11-dideoxy- 9 alpha, 11 alpha-epoxymethano
      prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced sudden death in guinea-pigs and rats.
AB  - Injection of U-46619 (9,11-dideoxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha-epoxymethano-
      prostaglandinF2 alpha; 130 micrograms/kg i.v.) produced sudden death in
      anesthetized guinea-pigs and rats within 10-15 min. This sudden death is typified
      by a precipitous drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and a dramatic
      decrease in the circulating platelet counts. In guinea-pigs, KW-3635 (sodium(E)
      11-[2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)ethylidene]-6,11- dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine
      2-carboxylate monohydrate, CAS 127166-41-0) at doses of 0.1 mg/kg or greater
      dramatically protected animals against sudden death induced by injection of U
      46619. Pretreatment with KW-3635 (0.3, 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) inhibited the decrease in
      circulating platelet counts and the decline in blood pressure associated with the
      i.v. injection of U-46619. Oral administration of KW-3635 (10, 30 mg/kg) also
      protected the animals from the U-46619-induced sudden death. The effect of KW
      3635 was almost the same as that of daltroban, and was more potent than that of
      sulotroban. In rats, intravenous administration of KW-3635 at doses of 0.3 mg/kg
      or greater protected against sudden death. In contrast, acetylsalicylic acid a
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor, did not protect against sudden death induced by U
      46619, indicating that the formation of endogenous thromboxane does not play a
      major role in the lethal effect of U-46619, and that the blockade of the lethal
      effects of U-46619 is specific for thromboxane receptor antagonists. Our data
      show that KW-3635 protects guinea-pigs and rats against U-46619-induced sudden
      death. Therefore, KW-3635 may be useful for the investigation of diseases where
      thromboxane is involved.

PMID- 1815524
TI  - Beneficial effect of the novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist sodium (E)-11
      [2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)ethylidene]-6,11- dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2
      carboxylate monohydrate on collagen-induced coronary ischemia in guinea-pigs.
AB  - The effect of KW-3635 (sodium (E)-11-[2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)
      ethylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] oxepine-2-carboxylate monohydrate, CAS 127166
      41-0), a novel thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor antagonist, on collagen-induced
      coronary ischemia was studied in guinea-pigs. Under pentobarbital anaesthesia,
      intravenous injection (i.v.) of collagen (1 mg/kg) induced abnormal ECG changes
      such as ST-T changes, elevation of T-wave arrhythmia and cardiac arrest in severe
      cases. The changes of ECG (leads I, II and III) were recorded for 10 min
      following collagen injection. KW-3635 (25-50 mg/kg p.o.) remarkably improved the
      collagen-induced ischemic ECG changes. The effect of KW-3635 was more potent than
      those of daltroban, isbogrel and ticlopidine. Neither nifedipine nor propranolol
      had any effect. The plasma thromboxane B2 level in the KW-3635-treated animals
      was lower in comparison with those in both the control and daltroban-treated
      animals. These results suggest that TxA2 may play a role in this model of
      coronary ischemia and that KW-3635 is effective in the treatment of ischemic
      heart disease.

PMID- 1815525
TI  - Enhancement of tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis and
      prevention of reocclusion by sodium (E)-11-[2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)-
      ethylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2-carboxylate monohydrate in a canine
      model of femoral thrombosis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine whether the blockade of thromboxane A2
      (TxA2)/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor by the selective TxA2/PGH2 receptor
      antagonist KW-3635 (sodium (E)-11-[2-(5,6-dimethyl-1-benzimidazolyl)ethylidene]
      6,11- dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2-carboxylate monohydrate, CAS 127166-41-0) is
      effective in enhancing tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced
      thrombolysis and preventing reocclusion in a model of femoral artery thrombosis
      in anesthetized dogs. The thrombus was formed by inserting a copper coil into the
      femoral artery. Sodium heparin (100 U/kg i.v.) was administered shortly after the
      formation of thrombus. All dogs received i.v. tPA at a dose of 20
      micrograms/kg/min starting 60 min after the formation of the occlusive thrombus
      for up to 60 min if necessary, to achieve reperfusion. After 30 min of thrombotic
      occlusion, the animals received vehicle (Group I, controls, n = 9) or KW-3635
      (Group II, 0.3 mg/kg bolus i.v. + 0.3 mg/kg/h infusion, n = 9; Group III, 1 mg/kg
      bolus i.v. + 1 mg/kg/h infusion, n = 9) and the infusion of either vehicle or KW
      3635 was continued thereafter throughout the experiment. The time to reperfusion
      in Group I was 37.3 +/- 5.2 min, while those in Group II and Group III were 25.3
      +/- 6.2 min (p greater than 0.05) and 17.3 +/- 3.1 min (p less than 0.05),
      respectively. Reocclusion occurred within 4 h in 100% of Group I, whereas the
      incidence of reocclusion was reduced to 67% in Group II and to 0% in Group III.
      These data suggest that endogenous TxA2 generation is involved in lysis and
      rethrombosis during thrombolytic therapy by tPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815526
TI  - Pharmacological activities of a novel thienodiazepine derivative as a platelet
      activating factor antagonist. Effects on microvascular permeability, hypotension
      and nephrosis.
AB  - The effects of a newly synthesized platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist,
      (S)-(+)-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropanecarbonyl-8,11- dimethyl-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-8H-pyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-f] [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine
      (E-6123, CAS 131614-02-3) on microvascular permeability, systemic hypotension and
      nephrosis were investigated. E-6123 inhibited PAF injection-induced microvascular
      permeability (edema) in guinea pigs after oral administration at 3 micrograms/kg.
      The inhibitory effects of E-6123 were very potent compared to those of other PAF
      antagonists. E-6123 reversed PAF and/or endotoxin injection-induced hypotension
      in rats after intravenous administration at 3 micrograms/kg. The increase in
      urinary protein excretion of rats in which nephrosis had been induced by
      intraperitoneal injection of aminonucleoside was not inhibited by oral
      administration of E-6123 at 10 mg/kg/d.

PMID- 1815527
TI  - Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of some 3-(1-adamantyl)-4
      substituted-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of 4,5-disubstituted-3-(1-adamantyl)- 1,2,4-triazoles
      is described. The compounds 3-(1-adamantyl)4-methyl, ethyl and benzyl-5-mercapto
      1,2,4-triazoles (3a, 3b and 3f) produced a high dose-dependent anti-inflammatory
      activity against carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats. The analgesic activity
      of these active compounds correlated with their anti-inflammatory activities.

PMID- 1815528
TI  - Pharmacology of the potent new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent aceclofenac.
AB  - Aceclofenac (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl) amine]phenylacetoxyacetic acid; CAS 89796-99
      6) is a new orally effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent of the
      phenylacetic acid group which showed remarkable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
      antipyretic properties. Hence, aceclofenac possesses a potent inhibitory activity
      in several models of acute and chronic inflammation in rodents, and resembles
      indometacin and diclofenac in its pharmacodynamic profile, being superior to
      naproxen and phenylbutazone. In addition, aceclofenac was found to be highly
      active against sodium urate-induced synovitis in dogs and adjuvant-induced
      polyarthritis in rats, both prophylactically and therapeutically. The analgesic
      effect of aceclofenac on the pain elicited by chemical and mechanical stimuli was
      nearly equal to or slightly better than that of indometacin and diclofenac. Fever
      induced by brewer's yeast injection in rats was also markedly suppressed by
      aceclofenac. In contrast, the acute gastric ulcerogenic activity of aceclofenac
      was about 2, 4 and 7-fold lesser than that of naproxen, diclofenac, or
      indometacin, respectively. As a consequence of its high anti-inflammatory
      activity and lower potential for gastric damage aceclofenac exhibited the most
      favourable therapeutic ratio in comparison with indometacin, diclofenac,
      naproxen, and phenylbutazone. These data indicate that aceclofenac could be a
      potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent with a wide margin of safety in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 1815529
TI  - [Immunorestitutive action of hydrolysates and ultrafiltrates of bovine spleen].
AB  - Investigations with different spleen extracts of varied composition and purity
      have shown immunomodulatory effects. In the present study the in vivo effect of a
      bovine spleen hydrolysate (Prosplen) on a radiation-induced immunodeficiency
      model is demonstrated. Intraperitoneal application of 1 mg/g bw hydrolysate
      3/times a week caused a highly significant acceleration of the restitution of the
      humoral and cell-mediated immunoreactivity towards sheep erythrocytes in
      sublethally (600 cGy) radiated mice: plaque-forming cells in the spleen,
      hemagglutination, hemolysistiter of the serum, delayed type of hypersensitivity =
      DTH reaction. The immunoreactivity of the treated groups reached normal levels
      within 6-8 weeks, whereas in the groups receiving placebo this was observed after
      10 weeks at the earliest. Cytofluorometric investigations revealed an accelerated
      restitution of the B-lymphocyte fraction in the spleen. Mice that was not
      irradiated showed no effect after treatment with the hydrolysate. Similar results
      were obtained using an ultrafiltrate of the hydrolysate.

PMID- 1815530
TI  - Protein binding of methotrexate to human albumin and serum. A first derivative
      spectroscopic analysis.
AB  - Usual methods allowing the measurement of the free concentration of a drug in
      serum, i.e. equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation, are
      generally based on a physical separation of the bound and free fractions. During
      this, variations or errors may occur which are probably at the origin of the
      variability of the previously published results for methotrexate (CAS 59-05-2).
      In order to verify these results as well as to experience a technique recently
      applied to rifampicine the first derivative spectroscopic analysis was used to
      estimate the bound and free fractions of methotrexate in human serum and serum
      albumin (HSA). Free drug concentrations were measured at 377 nm and the bound
      form at 372.5 nm. In human serum, bound methotrexate was 54.1% on average for
      total concentrations ranging from 10(-5) mol/l to 10(-3) mol/l, without any
      saturation. With HSA, a saturation occurred. Scatchard analysis showed one family
      of binding sites characterized by 2 binding sites and an affinity constant of
      3200 mol/l, in mean, values close to that previously calculated using equilibrium
      dialysis.

PMID- 1815531
TI  - [The bioequivalence of doxycycline in two preparations in capsule form].
AB  - In a randomized cross-over study the bioavailability of doxycycline (CAS 17086-28
      1) in two preparations was examined by determining AUC and Cmax. The
      bioavailability of Doxycyclin-Kapseln (T = test preparation) relatively to a
      reference preparation (R) in 20 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis of plasma
      concentration curve and maximum concentration showed no differences between the
      pharmaceutical preparations tested. Both preparations proved to be bioequivalent.

PMID- 1815532
TI  - Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to
      triiodothyronine and on serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels.
AB  - The influence of alpha-lipoic acid (LA, thioctic acid, CAS 62-46-4) on thyroid
      hormone metabolism and serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels was
      investigated. In the first setup of experiments administration of LA together
      with thyroxine (T4) for 9 days suppressed the T4 induced increase of T3
      generation by 56%. This suppression was similar to that affected by 6
      propylthiouracil (54%). LA or T4 alone did not affect the cholesterol level, but
      together they led to a reduction. LA decreased the triglyceride level by 45%; the
      decrease induced by T4 or LA plus T4 was not significant. Total protein and
      albumin levels decreased by LA plus T4 treatment when compared to the LA control.
      The slight increase in glucose level by LA or T4 alone was not observed when they
      were administered together. In the second setup of experiments the administration
      of T4 for 22 days increased the serum T3 level 3-fold. When LA was combined with
      T4 and the treatment continued, the T3 production decreased by 22%. T4 reduced
      cholesterol level by 30%, and LA plus T4 further reduced it by 47%. The
      triglycerides were not affected. A moderate decrease in total protein was
      observed after treatment with T4 plus LA; T4 and LA plus T4 decreased the albumin
      level. The decrease in serum glucose by T4 recovers by LA treatment. These
      results demonstrate that LA interferes with the production of T3 from T4 when it
      is co-administered with T4. The elevated level of T3, after T4 administration, is
      reduced by treatment with LA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815533
TI  - Effects of tamoxifen and levonorgestrel treatment on carbon tetrachloride induced
      alterations in rats.
AB  - Oestrogens cause progression in liver lesion, and thus ovariectomy improves
      hepatic injury both functionally and histologically. In the present study the
      efficacy of the antioestrogen tamoxifen (CAS 10540-29-1) was examined in
      chronical carbon tetrachloride damage. The results were compared with the effect
      of the progestogen levonorgestrel. Male Wistar rats were treated for 16 days.
      Blood sampling and autopsy were performed 2 h after last tamoxifen resp.
      levonorgestrel and 1 h after last CCl4 dosage. Tamoxifen diminished water content
      of the healthy liver. By fairly the same ratio it decreased high water content of
      the damaged liver. Levonorgestrel moderated water imbibition in CCl4 impairment.
      Tamoxifen caused protein synthesis in healthy and in injured liver.
      Levonorgestrel could not prevent protein loss associated with CCl4 damage.
      Tamoxifen counteracted, levonorgestrel moderated glycogen loss in liver lesion.
      Blood glucose was normal in all examined groups. Cytochrome P-450 decrease in
      CCl4 injury was moderated but not normalised by tamoxifen. Levonorgestrel was
      less effective. Cytochrome b5 content diminished in CCl4 lesion and both
      treatments restored it. Aminopyrine-N-demethylase was impaired by liver injury.
      An improvement was measured correlating with microsomal cytochrome P-450 content.
      This was significant with tamoxifen but not following levonorgestrel
      administration. The pathological serum bilirubin level of CCl4 lesion was
      normalised by tamoxifen as well as levonorgestrel treatment. The progestogen
      levonorgestrel moderated liver injury in reducing high water content, glycogen
      loss and normalising serum bilirubin. The antioestrogen tamoxifen seems to be a
      promising treatment in chronic hepatic impairment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1815534
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and hepatic catabolism of tissue-type plasminogen activator.
AB  - Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase, Actilyse,
      Activase; CAS 105857-23-6) is the most effective agent currently available for
      thrombolytic therapy of life-threatening diseases such as acute myocardial
      infarction. It acts by rapid, clot-specific lysis of pathological thrombi, with
      only limited effects on systemic hemostasis. Pharmacokinetics of rt-PA have been
      extensively characterized in animal species and man, and can be generally
      described by a 3-compartment model. Preferred analytical methods for rt-PA in
      plasma are ELISA and chromogenic activity assays. The dominant plasma half-life
      of rt-PA in myocardial infarction patients is short (3.6 min), which allows
      excellent control of plasma levels during therapy. Steady-state plasma
      concentrations effecting coronary thrombolysis using the current dosage regimen
      are 2.2 micrograms/ml. A deep compartment results in elevated rt-PA
      concentrations several hours after termination of infusions, which may contribute
      to short-term maintenance of patency of reperfused blood vessels. Clearance of rt
      PA can be saturated in animals at very high plasma concentrations (Km = 12-15
      micrograms/ml), however, pharmacokinetics in clinical settings are linear.
      Clearance occurs via hepatic receptor mediated endocytosis and intracellular
      degradation in liver parenchymal, endothelial and Kupffer cells. The catabolism
      involves coated pits, coated vesicles, endosomes, and finally degradation in
      lysosomes. Current evidence supports the existence of hepatic receptors
      recognizing carbohydrate as well as polypeptide determinants in rt-PA. In
      conclusion, increasing knowledge of rt-PA pharmacokinetics will contribute to the
      optimization of new clinical dosage regimens, such as front-loaded infusions and
      boluses, and to the identification of novel molecular targets for pharmacologic
      control of rt-PA catabolism and of circulating fibrinolytic activity.

PMID- 1815535
TI  - The effect on the stratum-specific odds ratios of nondifferential
      misclassification of a dichotomous covariate.
AB  - Precise measurement of confounding or effect modifying variables is seldom
      possible. Nondifferential misclassification of such a variable can introduce bias
      in the odds ratios within the strata of the confounding variable. For two strata,
      the effect on the odds ratios is dependent on separate measures of the degree of
      nondifferential misclassification of the confounding variable. The authors
      investigate the bias in the stratum-specific odds ratios from nondifferential
      misclassification of a confounder in a case-control study, and show how estimates
      of the true stratum-specific odds ratios can be derived. For one stratum, the
      degree of bias introduced in the odds ratio is dependent only on the sensitivity
      of the measure of the confounding variable while only the specificity of this
      measure determines the bias introduced in the other stratum-specific odds ratio.
      The results are applied to a case-control study of fenoterol prescription and
      asthma death.

PMID- 1815536
TI  - Clinical characteristics of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced
      angioedema.
AB  - We present the cases of two patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor-induced angioedema that required intubation for life-threatening airway
      compromise. This side effect has been previously reported with all ACE
      inhibitors, but its incidence and potential for a fatal outcome may not be fully
      appreciated. A review of the literature reveals 227 reports of this reaction with
      an overall incidence of approximately 0.1% to 0.2%. The etiology is
      nonimmunogenic and thought to be related to accentuated bradykinin activity.
      There is no clinical profile that identifies patients at increased risk for this
      side effect. There are unique clinical characteristics to this idiosyncratic
      reaction: angioedema may suddenly occur even though the drug has been well
      tolerated for months or years; symptoms may regress spontaneously while the
      patient continues the medication, erroneously prompting an alternative diagnosis;
      the pathology has a special predilection for the tongue, a circumstance that
      renders orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation difficult; symptoms may progress
      rapidly despite aggressive medical therapy, necessitating emergency airway
      procedures; and a rebound phenomenon following successful medical therapy has
      been described. We recommend intensive medical treatment before angioedema is
      severe enough to thwart standard methods to ensure a protected airway. Once even
      minor angioedema is attributed to an ACE inhibitor, an alternative class of
      antihypertensive medication should be chosen. Individuals with a history of
      idiopathic angioedema probably should not be given ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 1815537
TI  - Failure of creatine kinase slope values to reliably predict acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 1815539
TI  - ['Manifestation Nursing 1992' in the beginning stage].

PMID- 1815538
TI  - Sneddon syndrome presenting with hemicranic attacks: a case report.
AB  - The case of a young woman suffering from a rare cerebrovascular disease
      associated with livedo reticularis (Sneddon syndrome) is reported. Hemicranic
      attacks were the first symptom detected. The patient had a progressive clinical
      course of neurologic symptoms. Cerebral CT scan, NMR and cerebral arteriography
      revealed a progressive cerebral multifarctual feature involving middle-size
      arteries.

PMID- 1815540
TI  - Hemostasis at the time of renal transplantation for bleeding following core
      biopsy.

PMID- 1815541
TI  - Adverse reactions to contrast media. Ionic and nonionic media and steroids.

PMID- 1815542
TI  - Observations on a new enzyme immunoassay (Joshua Sickle Screen) for sickle cell
      screening in a rural hospital.

PMID- 1815543
TI  - Regional variations in plasma fibrinogen levels.

PMID- 1815544
TI  - Troublesome tumours. 1: Adnexal tumours of the skin.

PMID- 1815545
TI  - The disappearance of the "cold patch" in recovered migraine patients:
      thermographic findings.
AB  - In a previous paper we suggested that the vascular cold patch may be a useful
      prognostic index to followup migraine patients. Considerable criticism against
      our contention has been raised by Swerdlow and Dieter (Headache 29:562-568, 1989,
      ref. 1), who claim that the cold patch constitutes a "fixed geography" of the
      vasculature of migraine patients. In the present paper we replicate and extend
      our previous findings reporting the results of facial thermography in a sample of
      246 consecutive migraine patients. Of these the 206 exhibiting a typical cold
      patch or a significant asymmetry in the forehead thermal dissipation were
      admitted to prophylactic treatment (beta blocker or calcium channel blocker). The
      thermography was performed at entry in the study and after six months of active
      treatment. The clinical outcome was compared to the thermographic findings. The
      patients were subdivided in three classes on the basis of the clinical outcome.
      Among the 136 patients who experienced complete or substantial relief from
      headache the cold patch disappeared or markedly improved in 85% of the cases. In
      the 46 patients with partial relief the thermogram showed an improved pattern in
      48% of cases, most of the time of smaller extent than in the previous class. In
      24 patients we observed no clinical improvement. Among these the thermogram
      remained unchanged in 85% of cases. Taken together these findings corroborate our
      previous suggestion that thermography is useful to monitor the clinical course of
      the disease. One additional suggestion from the present data is that thermography
      closely parallels the clinical course so as to represent a useful criterion for
      the decision of discontinuing the therapy.

PMID- 1815546
TI  - Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumour of the orbit: CT features correlated with
      clinical outcome.
AB  - Idiopathic orbital pseudotumour is an inflammatory condition which usually
      presents as an orbital mass. The response to treatment is variable and often
      unpredictable. In this study we have assessed the spectrum of computed
      tomographic (CT) appearances in 17 patients. Four categories of orbital
      pseudotumour were identified by CT based on the location and extent of the
      inflammatory process within the orbit. Patients within each of the four
      categories had broadly similar clinical outcomes. CT was valuable in identifying
      certain prognostic features enabling better clinical and therapeutic planning.

PMID- 1815547
TI  - Occupational and environmental medicine. Meeting the growing need for clinical
      services.

PMID- 1815548
TI  - Oral cancer screening in the elderly.
AB  - Oral cancers represent approximately 3% of all cancers diagnosed in the United
      States. Oral cancer is one-fifth as common as cancer of the breast, colon, and
      lung but more than twice as common as cervical cancer. Incidence rates for oral
      cancer are highest among older men. Epidemiologic data identify alcohol and
      tobacco as major risk factors associated with the disease. Screening for oral
      cancer is a simple, non-invasive procedure which can be easily incorporated into
      the comprehensive assessment of older patients. Oral cancer screening can detect
      early, localized lesions which are associated with an improved prognosis. Five
      year survival rates are more than four times greater in individuals with
      localized lesions than those with distant metastases. Since older Americans visit
      their physician more often than their dentist, the physician's medical
      examination provides an excellent opportunity to screen for oral cancers.

PMID- 1815549
TI  - Anti-cell antibody in macaques.

PMID- 1815550
TI  - Occult testicular tumour presenting as idiopathic gynaecomastia.

PMID- 1815551
TI  - Amalgam alternatives: what can compete?
AB  - I have not discussed the full veneer restoration of metals or ceramics. These are
      costly services-between four and six times amalgam's cost. No clinical evidence
      supports longevity much greater than amalgam. Full veneer restoration requires
      significant reduction of tooth structure and may also require a buildup for
      appropriate retention. A buildup requirement again debates the question of
      alternative to amalgam. Full cast restorations have not been discussed as
      legitimate alternatives, though partial veneers would be equivalent to onlay
      procedures. Full veneer procedures are better suited to significant
      reconstructions of tooth structure, and only then when there can be some
      expectation of home care by the patient. Dr. Miles Markley extolled the use of
      amalgam during his career. He was innovative in creating extremely conservative
      preparations, and the placement procedures for quality amalgam restorations. He
      stated: "Amalgam is the standard." All techniques for single tooth restoration,
      whether esthetic or not, could stand a comparison to this standard. There are
      materials and techniques that begin to compare well with amalgam. No one material
      or technique fits all the needs amalgam has fulfilled, but some can begin to
      compete.

PMID- 1815552
TI  - Trigeminal neuralgia: case study of pain cessation with a low-caffeine diet.

PMID- 1815553
TI  - The challenge is in the handpiece.
AB  - Among the equipment recommended for today's dental office is a complete and easy
      to-follow sterilization protocol. It may mean the difference between health and
      disease.

PMID- 1815554
TI  - Doctors and pharmacists--working together.

PMID- 1815555
TI  - Antianginal treatment and 201Tl scintigraphy.

PMID- 1815556
TI  - But what of the caliber of our students?

PMID- 1815558
TI  - Hyperlipidaemia and coronary risk. The Scottish Lipid Consensus Group.

PMID- 1815557
TI  - Increase in arch perimeter due to orthodontic expansion.
AB  - A mathematical model was developed to compare quantitatively the effects of
      various types of orthodontic expansion on mandibular arch perimeter. Mandibular
      arch form was modeled with spline interpolation to fit a smooth curve between
      assigned molar, canine, and incisor positions. Starting with average arch
      dimensions, intermolar width, intercanine width, and midline arch length were
      increased individually and in combination in millimeter increments up to 5 mm,
      and the consequent changes in arch perimeter were measured. Increasing midline
      arch length by incisor advancement was nearly four times as effective in
      increasing arch perimeter as was molar expansion; canine expansion had an
      intermediate effect. Arch perimeter increments increased slightly with successive
      amounts of expansion for the molar, canine, and incisor. Combinations of molar
      canine and canine-incisor expansion yielded results comparable to the total
      effects achieved by expansion of those teeth individually. Combined molar-canine
      expansion created increases in arch perimeter that were only slightly less than
      those generated by incisor advancement alone.

PMID- 1815559
TI  - The future of general practice. Caring for larger lists.

PMID- 1815560
TI  - Guaranteed health insurance? Most PGM readers say yes.

PMID- 1815561
TI  - Febrile convulsions.

PMID- 1815562
TI  - The opacity proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain MS11 are encoded by a family
      of 11 complete genes.
AB  - Variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11 show distinct colony morphologies because
      of the expression of a class of surface components called opacity (Opa, PII)
      proteins. Southern analyses combined with molecular cloning of genomic DNA from a
      single variant of MS11 has identified 11 opa genes contained in separate loci.
      These opa genes code for distinct opacity proteins which are distinguishable at
      their variable domains. The opa gene analyses were also extended to divergent
      variants of MS11. These studies have shown that, during in vitro and in vivo
      culture, 10 of the 11 opa genes did not undergo significant change in their
      primary sequence. However, in these variants, one gene (opaE) underwent non
      reciprocal inter-opa recombinations to generate newer Opa variants. Phylogenic
      analysis of the opa gene sequences suggests that the opa gene family have evolved
      by a combination of gene duplication, gene replacement and partial inter-opa
      recombination events.

PMID- 1815563
TI  - Cold spots.

PMID- 1815564
TI  - Neuropsychic development of "normal schoolchildren" from iodine deficient areas.

PMID- 1815565
TI  - The prevalence of osteomalacia among patients with hip fracture.

PMID- 1815566
TI  - Management of chlamydial cervicitis in general practice.

PMID- 1815567
TI  - Branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. Continuing controversy.

PMID- 1815568
TI  - Combined praziquantel-oxamniquine treatment of schistosomiasis: synergy in low
      dosage.

PMID- 1815569
TI  - Oral ketamine.

PMID- 1815570
TI  - Pre-operative removal of dentures.

PMID- 1815571
TI  - Breaking out of the rut: the use of alternative methodologies to measure AIDS
      related attitudes and behaviour.

PMID- 1815572
TI  - Leucocyte-endothelial cell interactions.

PMID- 1815573
TI  - Health and the environment: population.

PMID- 1815574
TI  - Audit of radiological investigations.

PMID- 1815575
TI  - The feeding pharyngostomy.

PMID- 1815576
TI  - Simplified derivation of auditory filter shapes.

PMID- 1815577
TI  - Research on heterocyclic compounds. XXVIII. Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines.
AB  - A group of 24 imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines was taken into consideration in order to
      study their relationships between chemical structure and antiinflammatory
      activity. Some of these compounds were synthesized by us in the past, the others
      have been synthesized and characterized to complete the series. Antiinflammatory,
      analgesic, antipyretic and gastric ulcerogenic activities of such compounds were
      compared with those of indomethacin and discussed in terms of the effects exerted
      by the presence on the heterocyclic system of various substituents and an acidic
      or nonacidic moiety.

PMID- 1815578
TI  - Synthesis and cardiovascular properties of fluorenyl derivatives related to
      verapamil.
AB  - A series of fluorenyl analogues of verapamil were synthesized and their
      cardiovascular properties on guinea pig isolated atria and isolated perfused
      heart evaluated. The compounds were also tested for their calcium antagonistic
      activity on guinea pig aorta. They were found to be poor calcium antagonists, but
      showed negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic properties. The results obtained
      seem to indicate that their mechanism of action differs from that of verapamil.

PMID- 1815579
TI  - Further investigation on methoctramine-related tetraamines: effects of terminal N
      substitution and of chain length separating the four nitrogens on M2 muscarinic
      receptor blocking activity.
AB  - A series of tetraamines related to methoctramine (1) was synthesized and
      evaluated for its blocking activity on M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors of guinea
      pig left atria and ileum, respectively. Thus, tetraamines 2-7 were synthesized to
      evaluate the effect on affinity of replacing the 2-methoxybenzyl moiety of
      methoctramine by a phenethyl-type substituent. Furthermore, tetraamines 8 and 9
      were investigated to analyze the effect on affinity of the chain length
      separating the inner nitrogens and the inner from outer nitrogens while keeping
      the total distance between the two outer nitrogens equal to that of
      methoctramine. It turned out that all the tetraamines investigated, although
      showing a significant affinity, were less active than methoctramine at M2
      muscarinic receptors. The underlying drug-receptor interaction mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 1815580
TI  - Reactions with pyrrolidine-2,4-diones, III (1). Synthesis of some substituted 3
      pyrrolin-2-ones and 4-hydrazonopyrrolidin-2-ones as potential antineoplastic and
      antimicrobial agents.
AB  - The syntheses of 3-bromo-, 3-substituted aminomethyl-, and 3-(4-substituted
      sulfamylphenylazo)-4-hydroxy-1,5-diphenyl-pyrrolin-2-ones 4,6 and 8 from 1,5
      diphenylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione 3 via bromination aminomethylation and
      diazocoupling, respectively, are described. The preparation of some 1,5-diphenyl
      4-(substituted thiosemicarbazono) pyrrolidin-2-ones 10 and their conversion
      either to 1,5-diphenyl-4-(substituted thiazol-2-ylhydrazono)pyrrolidin-2-ones 12
      or to 1,5-diphenyl-4-(3,4-disubstituted-4-thiazolin-2-ylidenehydrazon
      o)pyrrolidin-2- ones 13, is also reported. Nine compounds were screened against P
      388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice but were inactive. Two compounds (6a and 6b)
      exhibited in vitro activities against some Gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 1815581
TI  - Synthesis and study of antiprotozoal activity of some 5-nitrothiophene aldimines.
AB  - This paper reports on the synthesis and the antiparasitical activity of some 5
      nitrothiophene aldimines variously substituted on aniline nucleus. The influence
      of substituents on the activity of the prepared compounds is discussed.

PMID- 1815582
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of total catecholamines and metanephrines in human urine
      by liquid chromatography with coulometric detection.
AB  - A simple routine method is described for simultaneous assay of total urinary
      norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, normetanephrine and metanephrine. An
      internal standard of 3,4 dihydroxybenzylamine is added to the diluted urine and
      acidic hydrolysis of the conjugates is followed by reverse-phase HPLC separation
      and coulometric detection in the redox mode. The method is rapid and precise and
      it has a broad linear working range for all substances making it suitable for
      clinical analysis. Examples are shown of excretion patterns of catecholamines and
      metanephrines for healthy subjects and depressed patients.

PMID- 1815583
TI  - Binding of Zn(II) ions to alpha-lactalbumin.
AB  - The binding of Zn(II) ions to human and bovine alpha-lactalbumin has been studied
      by fluorescence, scanning microcalorimetry, and proteolytic digestion. The
      intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectrum of Ca(II)-loaded alpha-lactalbumin is
      insensitive to Zn(II) binding to the strong cation binding sites (Zn:protein
      ratios up to 20), yet the thermal denaturation transition, as detected by
      intrinsic fluorescence, is shifted toward lower temperatures. On the other hand,
      low concentrations of Zn(II) ([Zn]:[protein] less than 1) shift heat sorption
      curves toward lower temperatures. It was concluded that alpha-lactalbumin possess
      several relatively strong Zn(II) binding sites, which are filled sequentially,
      the process being accompanied by protein aggregation. The strongest Zn(II)
      binding (5 x 10(5) M-1) increases its susceptibility to tryptic and chymotryptic
      digestion, slightly decreases its affinity for the fluorescent probe, bis-ANS,
      and alters its interactions with UDP-galactose. Zn(II) binding to aggregated
      forms of alpha-lactalbumin increases its affinity to bis-ANS.

PMID- 1815584
TI  - Purification and properties of pig heart pyruvate kinase.
AB  - Using essentially a two-step procedure involving phosphocellulose column
      chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G200, pig heart pyruvate
      kinase (PH PyK) was purified 267-fold to at least 97% purity. PH PyK co
      sedimented with rabbit muscle PyK during sucrose density ultracentrifugation
      yielding an S20,w of 10 and a corresponding molecular weight of about 237,000.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded a subunit
      molecular weight of approximately 59,000, suggesting that native PH PyK exists as
      a tetramer. The isoelectric point (pI) was determined to be 8.2, and the pH
      optimum (pHo) for the forward reaction is 7.2. Steady-state kinetics with
      phospho(enol)pyruvate (PEP) as the variable substrate show that there is a
      threefold decrease in the Km for PEP in the presence of 1.0 mM fructose-1,6
      diphosphate (FDP), and that the activity of PH PyK is increased over fourfold by
      FDP at low (0.1 mM) PEP concentrations. Lineweaver-Burk plots are linear in the
      presence and absence of FDP, indicating that the Michaelis-Menten curves are
      hyperbolic. The amino acid composition for pig heart PyK shows close similarities
      between pig muscle and kidney PyKs, but not liver PyK. Among the data on pI, pHo,
      and FDP activation, only the activation by FDP is useful in tentatively
      designating pig heart PyK as an M2 isozyme.

PMID- 1815585
TI  - Conservative and variable regions of homologous snake phospholipases A2
      sequences: prediction of the taxon-specific peptides structure.
AB  - Homologous amino acid sequences of phospholipases A2 (PLA2) of snakes belonging
      to the families Elapidae, Viperidae, and Colubridae were considered in order to
      study the conservative and variable regions location. The PLA2 sequences were
      divided into two groups (taxons) according to the phylogenetic tree reconstructed
      from the pair similarity matrix. Results of the intergroup comparison were
      plotted to facilitate the identification of significant conservative and variable
      regions. It was shown that the results of the comparison between two phylogenetic
      groups of snake PLA2 did not much depend on the number of each group
      representatives and did not markedly change if one of the groups was represented
      by the single sequence. The knowledge of the number and location of conservative
      and variable regions and their dependence on the phylogenetic relations between
      compared taxa may be used to predict a synthetic peptide structure to obtain
      specific antibodies against PLA2 of one of these taxons. Such prediction is
      possible if there is a specific region conservative for one taxon but variable
      for two of them.

PMID- 1815586
TI  - Determination of dehydroalanine residues in proteins and peptides: an improved
      method.
AB  - Dehydroalanine residues in peptides and proteins react with 4-pyridoethanethiol
      in alkaline solution to form 4-pyridoethyl cysteine residues, which after acid
      hydrolysis, give the corresponding amino acid. An experimental protocol has been
      developed, and with simple dehydroalanine derivatives, conversions of 96-99% are
      achieved. Tests with peptides and proteins show that serine and cysteine/cystine
      residues do not interfere with this analytical procedure. A sample of wool
      keratin contained 57 mumol dehydroalanine/g.

PMID- 1815587
TI  - The amino acid sequence of hemoglobin II from the symbiont-harboring clam Lucina
      pectinata.
AB  - The cytoplasmic hemoglobin II from the gill of the clam Lucina pectinata consists
      of 150 amino acid residues, has a calculated Mm of 17,476, including heme and an
      acetylated N-terminal residue. It retains the invariant residues Phe 44 at
      position CD1 and His 65 at the proximal position F8, as well as the highly
      conserved Trp 15 at position A12 and Pro 38 at position C2. The most likely
      candidate for the distal residue at position E7, based on the alignment with
      other globins, is Gln 65. However, optical and EPR spectroscopic studies of the
      ferri Hb II (Kraus, D. W., Wittenberg, J. B., Lu, J. F., and Peisach, J., J.
      Biol. Chem. 265, 16054-16059, 1990) have implicated a tyrosinate oxygen as the
      distal ligand. Modeling of the Lucina Hb II sequence, using the crystal structure
      of sperm whale aquometmyoglobin, showed that Tyr 30 substituting for the Leu
      located at position B10 can place its oxygen within 2.8 A of the water molecule
      occupying the distal ligand position. This structural alteration is facilitated
      by the coordinate mutation of the residue at position CD4, from Phe 46 in the
      sperm whale myoglobin sequence to Leu 47 in Lucina Hb II.

PMID- 1815588
TI  - Characterization of the immunochemical reactivity of fibrinogen fragments by
      competitive radioimmunoassay: an improved method of analysis.
AB  - Published results on the immunochemical reactivities of fibrinogen and fibrinogen
      fragments with fibrinogen-elicited antibodies that had been fractionated on the
      basis of preferential interaction with A alpha [Nagy, J. A., Meinwald, Y. C., and
      Scheraga, H. A. (1982), Biochemistry 21, 1794-1806] and B beta [Nagy, J. A.,
      Meinwald, Y. C., and Scheraga, H. A. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 882-887] peptides of
      this bivalent antigen have been reinterpreted. First, the multivalent counterpart
      of the Scatchard analysis has been used to determine the intrinsic association
      constant for the interaction of antibody with [125I]fibrinogen, the radiolabeled
      ligand used in subsequent competitive binding studies. Second, the corresponding
      affinity constant for native fibrinogen has been evaluated from the relevant
      competitive radioimmunoassays by means of a quantitative analysis that takes into
      account the bivalency of both the radiolabeled and native fibrinogen molecules.
      Finally, affinity constants for the interactions of various fibrinogen fragments
      with antibody are also obtained by the procedure, and their magnitudes
      rationalized in terms of the equilibrium coexistence of unreactive (disordered)
      and native (functional) states of the fibrinogen peptides.

PMID- 1815589
TI  - Botulinum neurotoxin type A: structure and interaction with the micellar
      concentration of SDS determined by FT-IR spectroscopy.
AB  - Secondary structures of botulinum neurotoxin type A have been determined using
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the amide I and amide III frequency
      regions. Using Fourier self-deconvolution, second derivatization, and curve-fit
      analysis, the amide I frequency contour was resolved into Gaussian bands at 1678,
      1654, 1644, and 1634 cm-1. In the amide III frequency region, several small bands
      were resolved between 1320 and 1225 cm-1. Assignments of the bands in both amide
      I and amide III frequency regions to various types of secondary structures and
      the estimation of spectral band strengths by integrating areas under each band
      suggested that the neurotoxin contains 29% alpha-helix, 45-49% beta-sheets and 22
      26% random coils. These values agreed very well with those determined earlier
      from CD spectra. The neurotoxin was treated with a micellar concentration of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate to simulate interaction between the protein and the
      amphipathic molecules. Sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles induced significant
      alterations both in the spectral band positions, and their strengths suggest
      refolding of the neurotoxin polypeptides. However, these changes were not
      entirely reversible, which could implicate the role of the altered structures in
      the function of the neurotoxin.

PMID- 1815592
TI  - Syndrome-related genetics in generalized epilepsy.

PMID- 1815590
TI  - Purification of a nuclear protein (receptor binding factor-1) associated with the
      chromatin acceptor sites for the avian oviduct progesterone receptor.
AB  - The specific high affinity binding of the avian oviduct progesterone receptor
      (PR) to target cell nuclei and chromatin has been shown to involve DNA complexed
      with specific chromatin acceptor proteins. One of these chromatin acceptor
      proteins has been partially purified and found to be a small hydrophobic protein
      with a broad pI of 5.0-6.0 [Goldberger and Spelsberg (1988), Biochem. 27, 2103
      2109]. Using western immunoblots with anti-RBF-1 polyclonal antibodies to monitor
      the purification, a 10 kD candidate acceptor protein, termed the Receptor Binding
      Factor-1 (RBF-1), has been purified to apparent homogeneity. RBF-1 has an amino
      acid composition consistent with a hydrophobic protein having an acidic pI and a
      unique N-terminal sequence. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and high-performance capillary electrophoresis support the purity of a protein
      congruent to 10 kD in size, having an acidic pI, but with evidence of several
      differently charged isoforms. Phosphatase treatment provides evidence that charge
      heterogeneity may result from variable phosphorylation states. A role of this
      factor as a candidate "acceptor protein" in the chromatin acceptor sites for the
      avian oviduct PR is proposed.

PMID- 1815591
TI  - Biosynthetic antibody binding sites: development of a single-chain Fv model based
      on antidinitrophenol IgA myeloma MOPC 315.
AB  - The functional antigen binding region of antidinitrophenol mouse IgA myeloma MOPC
      315 has been produced as a single-chain Fv (sFv) protein in E. coli. Recombinant
      315 proteins included sFv alone, a bifunctional fusion protein with amino
      terminal fragment B (FB) of staphylococcal protein A, and a two-chain 315 Fv
      fragment. Successful refolding of the 315 sFv required formation of disulfide
      bonds while the polypeptide was in a denatured state, as previously observed for
      the parent Fv fragment. Affinity-purified recombinant 315 proteins showed full
      recovery of specific activity, with values for Ka,app of 1.5 to 2.2 x 10(6) M-1,
      equivalent to the parent 315 Fv fragment. As observed for natural 315 Fv, the sFv
      region of active FB-sFv315 fusion protein was resistant to pepsin treatment,
      whereas inactive protein was readily degraded. These experiments will allow the
      application of protein engineering to the 315 single-chain Fv; such studies can
      advance structure-function studies of antibody combining sites and lead to an
      improved understanding of single-chain Fv proteins.

PMID- 1815593
TI  - A genetically determined basic mechanism in benign partial epilepsies and related
      non-convulsive conditions.
AB  - The classification of benign partial epilepsies and related conditions includes
      (besides rolandic epilepsy) atypical benign partial epilepsy, bioelectrical
      status epilepticus and a variety of other syndromes. The broad overlap of the
      clinical and bioelectrical symptomatology might reflect a pathogenetic background
      common to these epilepsies. In order to understand the great phenotypic
      variability, the clinical symptomatology in 51 sibships with focal sharp waves of
      genetic origin was analyzed. A genetic determination was assumed if in addition
      to the index case at least one sib or offspring revealed typical focal sharp
      waves. The 51 index-cases and their 57 sibs/offspring showed a broad spectrum of
      epileptic and non-epileptic conditions ranging from mild selective performance
      deficits to severe complex psychomental retardation, from simple rolandic
      epilepsy to severe epilepsies with minor seizures or bioelectrical status. The
      different conditions are not disease entities but sets of variably weighted
      symptoms of a complex pathogenetic background, in which a genetic disposition to
      focal anomalies of brain function is of decisive importance. As can be
      demonstrated by the data, this genetic 'focal liability' coincides with other
      widespread genetic traits, expressed in certain EEG patterns, as well as with
      lesional pathogenetic factors. The biological background of the genetic focal
      anomaly is unknown up to date. The marked age dependence of the symptoms
      justifies the assumption of an hereditary impairment of brain maturation.

PMID- 1815594
TI  - Genetic studies of febrile convulsions: analysis of twin and family data.
AB  - Children with febrile convulsions (FC) including 46 twin pairs, 1913 families
      including 393 sibling pairs, and 42 three-generation FC kindreds have been
      studied. Twin studies: (1) The pairwise concordance rate for FC was 69% (18/26
      pairs) in monozygotic (MZ) and 20% (4/20 pairs) in dizygotic (DZ) twins (P less
      than 0.01). (2) The intra-pair similarity of clinical symptoms in 18 concordant
      MZ twin pairs showed a positive significant correlation, particularly in 4 items-
      duration of seizure, exogenous factors, intelligence level, and background EEG
      abnormality. These correlations were greater than those in sibling pairs. (3) No
      evident cause for discordance was detected in 8 discordant MZ twin pairs, and
      many dissimilar symptoms were observed in 4 concordant DZ twin pairs. Sibship
      studies: A large positive correlation of some clinical symptoms was observed in
      sibling pairs concordant for FC: age at onset of FC, degree of fever, duration of
      seizure, exogenous factors, and background EEG abnormality (r = +0.2- +0.6).
      Family history analysis: Morbidity risk among near relatives (17% in parents, 23%
      in siblings) than in second- (6.1%) or third-degree relatives (4.6%). The
      difference was found between: sibling greater than parents, uncles greater than
      aunts, male cousins greater than female cousins. Segregation analysis showed
      maternal preponderance. In 42 three-generation kindreds the morbidity risk was
      higher in siblings (32%), uncles/aunts (14%), and cousins (6.4%) than in
      relatives of other probands. Characteristic findings in FC patients with family
      history: Characteristic findings in FC patients with an FC parent or sibling,
      compared with those with no family history, were early onset of FC, lower degree
      of fever, longer duration of seizure, many recurrences, FC recurrence after age
      3, and background EEG abnormality. Similar findings were more markedly observed
      in 42 3-generation kindreds. Mode of inheritance: A multifactorial mode of
      inheritance for FC receives some support from this study, and the heritability
      was estimated as 75%.

PMID- 1815595
TI  - Genetic studies of epilepsy in Montreal.

PMID- 1815596
TI  - The use of analytic epidemiologic methods in family studies of epilepsy.

PMID- 1815598
TI  - Genetic analysis of multivariate traits.

PMID- 1815597
TI  - The choice of epilepsy syndromes for genetic analysis.

PMID- 1815600
TI  - The discovery of epilepsy genes by genetic linkage.

PMID- 1815599
TI  - Epilepsy in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.

PMID- 1815601
TI  - Recent advances in genetics.
AB  - The science of genetics has been revolutionized during the past 4 decades, most
      notably the discovery of the structure of DNA, and the advent of recombinant DNA
      technology. The Human Genome Project, an international effort to map and
      eventually sequence the entire human genome, promises to revolutionize human
      genetics once again, with significant impact on medical diagnosis and therapy, as
      well as intellectual approaches to biological science. Recent advances in the
      technology of molecular genetics pave the way for the construction of complete
      clone maps of chromosomes or entire genomes which may be arrayed in high density
      clone collections, thus rendering obsolete molecular cloning as we know it. This
      approach to the analysis of entire genomes rather than individual genes will
      allow a more rapid and direct approach to the definition of the human genotype,
      and the characterization of phenotypes associated with human genetic diseases.
      The localization and cloning of many human-disease genes and the subsequent
      molecular analysis of human genetic diseases, including hereditary epilepsies,
      would thus become a relatively simple and almost routine task.

PMID- 1815602
TI  - The phenotype: seizures and epilepsy syndromes.
AB  - The coincidence of recent advances in human genetics and the development of an
      international classification system in the field of epilepsy, mostly for
      practical reasons, has resulted in unexpected progress in syndrome-related
      epilepsy genetics. This review of the International Classification of Epileptic
      Seizures as well as of Epilepsies and Epilepsy Syndromes, in addition to
      presenting up-to-date clinical views on epilepsy classification, tries to draw
      special attention to problematic areas of the classification and its underlying
      concepts, particularly to those to which genetic studies could be expected to
      contribute. These questions include, amongst others: are there genetically
      different non-specific basic mechanisms for the generation of focal epileptic
      discharge on one hand, and ambincipient or generalized discharge on the other?;
      are absence epilepsies, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and grand mal on awakening
      genetically separate or identical disorders?; how do genetically determined
      precipitating factors such as photosensitivity and, perhaps, pattern and eye
      closure sensitivity, interact with other genetic factors?; what is the place of
      idiopathic localization-related epilepsies in relation to idiopathic generalized
      epilepsies?; and what is the possible role of age-related, regional or diffuse
      gene action? Further areas of investigation may include the study of regional
      distributions of 'generalized' spike wave discharge as a possible indicator of
      subsets of this genetically determined trait; the search for a possible relation
      of West syndrome to chromosome 21; and the collection of precise data on the
      phenotype of the occasional later remanifestations in syndromes with age-related
      offset.

PMID- 1815603
TI  - Mutational analysis of spike-wave epilepsy phenotypes.

PMID- 1815604
TI  - Molecular approaches to genes of the CNS.

PMID- 1815606
TI  - Potassium channels and epilepsy: evidence that the epileptogenic toxin,
      dendrotoxin, binds to potassium channel proteins.
AB  - Dendrotoxin-I, a component of the venom of the black mamba snake, Dendroaspis
      polylepsis, was used to affinity purify a potassium channel from bovine brain.
      This dendrotoxin-I binding protein was composed of several subunits with
      molecular weights of 35,000, 38,000, 42,000 and 74,000. Partial sequence
      resulting from Edman degradation of the N-terminus of the 74 kDa subunit was
      identical to the predicted amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of a protein
      encoded by a mouse/rat homologue of the Shaker gene family of potassium channels,
      MK2/RBK2 (RCK5). Polyclonal antibodies raised against synthetic peptides derived
      from the predicted amino acid sequence of another member of this family, MK1,
      recognized this 74 kDa subunit. Due to extensive amino acid sequence identity
      between MK2 and MK1, it is likely that antibodies recognized epitopes common to
      both. Thus, from an immunological standpoint, either MK1, MK2, or both channel
      proteins could have been present in this 74 kDa band on protein blots. Closely
      related K+ channels in bovine brain could have copurified based on their affinity
      for dendrotoxin-I (DTX-I). DTX-I was shown to inhibit MK1 currents in a time and
      voltage independent fashion. Physiological and molecular evidence indicates the
      existence of many types of DTX sensitive potassium channels in the mammalian
      brain, however, our protein sequencing of the 74 kDa subunit has detected the
      presence of only one unique N-terminal sequence, identical to MK2. The possible
      reason for the appearance of this discrepancy is discussed. This paper represents
      the first report identifying one dendrotoxin binding protein in bovine brain
      tissue (BK2) as a delayed rectifier type of potassium channel.

PMID- 1815607
TI  - Genetic strategies in epilepsy research. Indications for future research.

PMID- 1815605
TI  - Seizures and the regulation of neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide gene
      expression in brain.
AB  - Seizure-induced plasticity, in the form of either changes in cellular morphology
      or changes in neurochemistry, could have a profound impact upon regional
      excitability in brain. There is now ample evidence that in genetically 'normal'
      animals, seizure activity stimulates alterations in neuronal gene expression
      which could lead to changes in levels of excitability and, hence, to changes in
      the susceptibility for further seizures. Here we describe the influence of limbic
      seizures upon the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), 2 related neurotrophic
      factors, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and
      several neuropeptides (enkephalin, dynorphin, and neuropeptide Y) in the rat
      forebrain. Using 35S-labeled riboprobes and in situ hybridization methods, the
      effects of recurrent limbic seizures and of individual hippocampal paroxysmal
      discharges have been evaluated. Recurrent seizures are found to increase levels
      of mRNAs for NGF and BDNF and to decrease levels of mRNA for NT3 within select
      hippocampal neurons. Temporally distinct increases in the expression of mRNAs for
      NGF and BDNF are also observed across broad fields of neocortex, paleocortex
      (entorhinal, piriform, and cingulate cortices), and the amygdala. As little as
      one 20-sec paroxysmal discharge is sufficient to stimulate large changes in
      neurotrophic factor mRNA content of hippocampal neurons. The time courses and
      cellular specificities of these alterations in neurotrophic factor expression are
      discussed and contrasted with seizure-induced changes in neuropeptide expression.
      Mechanisms by which seizure-induced increases in hippocampal neuropeptide and
      neurotrophic factor synthesis could lead to both short- and long-term changes in
      regional excitability, and thereby could contribute to susceptibility for further
      seizure activity, are considered.

PMID- 1815608
TI  - The challenging genetics of epilepsy.
AB  - The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the clinical, epidemiological,
      genetic and animal studies that have led us to the conclusion that many forms of
      epilepsy are clearly inherited on a genetic basis. The genetics of epilepsy are
      complex. Many forms of epilepsy do not follow simple Mendelian patterns of
      inheritance and still elude clear genetic explanation. The challenge in these
      areas is evident, and at the end of this chapter some suggestions based on recent
      advances in molecular neurobiology are given that might explain some of these
      complex patterns of inheritance. Hopefully, the synthesis of clinical,
      epidemiological, genetic and biological studies will provide, in the next decade,
      a clearer understanding of this complex genetic picture. The challenge raised in
      the first workshop held in Minnesota in 1980 is being realized in this conference
      with clear evidence that juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and benign neonatal
      convulsions are linked to specific chromosomes in man. The challenge for the next
      decade and the strategies to meet that challenge are what will be outlined in
      this conference.

PMID- 1815609
TI  - The use and role of EEG in the genetic analysis of epilepsy.

PMID- 1815610
TI  - Risk factors for epilepsy.

PMID- 1815611
TI  - Epidemiological studies of epilepsy and their contribution to genetics.

PMID- 1815612
TI  - Age specificity of seizure expression in genetic epilepsies.

PMID- 1815613
TI  - Family studies of epilepsy.

PMID- 1815614
TI  - Hippocampus, context, and conditioning.
AB  - Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with lesions to either the hippocampus or
      overlying neocortex and unoperated controls underwent acquisition of the
      classically conditioned nictitating membrane response to a tone conditioned
      stimulus and an air puff unconditioned stimulus until they reached a criterion of
      8 conditioned responses in any block of 10 trials. They were then returned to
      their cages. On the next day, they were either placed in the same context in
      which they underwent initial conditioning or switched to a new context that
      distinctly differed along olfactory, visual, and tactile dimensions. In relation
      to unswitched controls, rabbits with lesions to the neocortex and unoperated
      controls showed a disruption of conditioning when contexts were switched. In
      contrast, rabbits with lesions to the hippocampus performed at the same levels as
      unswitched controls. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of
      hippocampus in coding context in classical conditioning.

PMID- 1815615
TI  - Thalamic short-term plasticity in the auditory system: associative returning of
      receptive fields in the ventral medial geniculate body.
AB  - The effects of classical conditioning on frequency receptive fields (RFs) in the
      ventral, tonotopic part of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) medial geniculate
      ventral body (MGv) during cardiac conditioning to a single tone frequency were
      studied. Associative frequency-specific plasticity, in which the RF was returned
      to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus (CS), developed if the CS frequency
      was within 0.125 octave of the pretraining best frequency. Otherwise, a general
      increase across the RF developed. Sensitization training also produced general
      increased responses. The frequency-specific plasticity was short-term and
      observed only immediately after training, whereas the general effects were
      maintained. These results suggest that frequency-specific RF plasticity in the
      MGv may be a substrate of short-term mnemonic processes that could participate in
      long-term storage of information and modification of the representation of the CS
      at the auditory cortex.

PMID- 1815616
TI  - Directional dependence of intraocular transfer of stimulus detection in pigeons
      (Columba livia).
AB  - The eyes of the pigeon (Columba livia) are positioned laterally in the head.
      Thus, there is only a small area of binocular overlap, which constitutes the
      frontal visual field and a large area of monocular vision in the lateral visual
      fields. The conditions were examined under which intraocular transfer occurs in
      pigeons; that is, the transfer of information between both portions of the visual
      field of one eye. Different groups of head-fixed birds learned to discriminate
      the presence of a bright light from its absence in an instrumental conditioning
      situation with water as reinforcer. After the animals had acquired the task when
      the stimuli were viewed in either the frontal or lateral visual field, the
      stimuli were moved into the converse visual field. Transfer was shown to be
      directionally selective: It occurred when stimulus presentation was changed from
      the lateral to the frontal visual field but not when this change was in the
      opposite direction.

PMID- 1815617
TI  - Prepartal chronic stress increases anxiety and decreases aggression in lactating
      female mice.
AB  - The effects of two types of prepartal chronic stress on maternal behavior,
      anxiety, and maternal aggression during lactation were assessed in female outbred
      Swiss mice. Two groups (n = 18 each) were subjected to 10 consecutive daily
      sessions of restraint stress (RS) or novel environment stress (NES) from Day 4 to
      Day 14 of pregnancy. A third group (n = 18) was left undisturbed during pregnancy
      (controls, C group). All females underwent a maternal behavior test (10-min
      observation after separation and reunion with the pups) on Postpartum Day (PD) 1,
      an anxiety test (a light-dark conflict test) on PD 6, and a maternal aggression
      test (5-min exposure to an unfamiliar adult male) on PD 7. NES and RS groups
      tended to show higher amounts of maternal care. Anxiety increased in the stressed
      females compared with controls, whereas the opposite was true for maternal
      aggression. In the RS group, anxiety was negatively correlated with maternal
      aggression. These results suggest that chronic stress may have produced neuronal
      and endocrine alterations in the dams, which may have led to increased avoidance
      of aversive stimuli. The results also support the hypothesis that, in lactating
      mice, anxiety is inversely related to the probability of displaying intense forms
      of aggression.

PMID- 1815618
TI  - Age-related enhancement and suppression of a T-cell-dependent antibody response
      following stressor exposure.
AB  - The effects of uncontrollable footshock on the peak splenic plaque-forming cell
      (PFC) response and serum antibody titers to sheep red blood cells (10(6) cells
      ip) were assessed in 3-month-old and 9-month-old male CD-1 mice. Exposure to
      uncontrollable footshock provoked an immunosuppression in mice of both age
      groups. The critical period for the induction of the suppression (i.e., 72 hr
      after inoculation) did not differ between the 3-month-old and 9-month-old mice;
      however, the suppression could be provoked more readily in the older animals. In
      the 9-month-old mice, the variations of immune activity were dependent on the
      severity of the stressor and the time of stressor application. Specifically, in
      contrast to the suppression induced by footshock, a relatively mild stressor such
      as exposure to a novel environment effectively increased the PFC response. A
      marked enhancement of the PFC response and antibody titers was evident in older
      animals that were shocked immediately or 24 hr after inoculation. The possibility
      exists that stressor application in older mice may influence regulatory processes
      that are associated with an immune response and that the nature of these
      regulatory mechanisms may vary with the time after antigenic challenge.

PMID- 1815619
TI  - Trigeminal and olfactory pathways mediating isolation distress and companion
      comfort responses in rat pups.
AB  - Isolation in a novel test cage elicits ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in 12-13-day
      old rat pups, and the presence of an anesthetized littermate companion reduces
      USV while eliciting body contact. These responses were studied in pups with
      surgical lesions of trigeminal snout afferents and after olfactory denervation by
      nasal ZnSO4 perfusion. With lesions of only one system, body contact with the
      passive companion was reduced by 20%, and interpup orientation was differentially
      affected by the two types of lesions. However, USV rates were no different from
      littermate controls in the presence of the companion or when tested alone.
      Combined lesions of both systems reduced contact time 55% and eliminated any
      reduction in USV rates by the companion while leaving intact USV and locomotor
      responses to isolation. These results suggest that different sensory pathways may
      mediate isolation distress and companion comfort responses.

PMID- 1815621
TI  - All-or-none suppression of glucose sham feeding by an intragastric mixed meal in
      rats.
AB  - Rats were permitted to sham feed a 1 M glucose solution after varying delays (0
      40 min) following the intragastric (IG) infusion of a large, nutritionally
      adequate meal. (a) The meal affected sham feeding in an all-or-none way. After
      such a meal, sham feeding was either suppressed almost entirely, or it was not
      suppressed at all as compared with a no-meal control condition. (b) When it
      occurred, the suppression was short-lived: As little as a 20-min delay after the
      meal could suffice to change its suppressant effect from "all" to "none." This
      implies in turn that the much longer suppression found under other conditions is
      not a product of systemic inhibition on readiness to ingest. (c) The duration of
      the suppression appeared to decrease with successive exposures to the
      experimental conditions. After several such exposures, some rats showed no
      postprandial suppression at all, even immediately after the IG meal.

PMID- 1815620
TI  - Effect of BIM-18216, a novel cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on food intake
      reduction induced by cholecystokinin.
AB  - The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in food intake was investigated in rats by
      using BIM-18216, a novel CCK receptor antagonist. In rats fed 6 hr/day, BIM-18216
      antagonized the reduction of food intake induced by exogenous CCK octapeptide
      (CCK-8; 4 micrograms/kg) in a dose-dependent manner and had a maximum effect at 1
      mg/kg. BIM-18216 did not antagonize the effect of bombesin on food intake and
      showed some degree of specificity. BIM-18216 was not able to prevent the effect
      of endogenous CCK at the beginning of the feeding period. These data demonstrate
      that BIM-18216 is a potent CCK-specific antagonist. These results also suggest
      that endogenous and exogenous CCK could act by different regulating pathways.

PMID- 1815622
TI  - Ontogeny of hyperactivity and circling behavior in a transgenic insertional
      mutant mouse.
AB  - In a previous study (Ratty et al., 1990), the discovery of a transgenic mutant
      mouse that displayed abnormal circling behavior was reported. Mice homozygous for
      the transgene display this phenotype, whereas heterozygotes are phenotypically
      normal. In this study, circling mutants displayed excessive lateralized circling
      behavior and locomotor hyperactivity by Postnatal Days (PND) 14 and 16,
      respectively. These abnormalities persisted unattenuated through adolescence and
      adulthood. Disturbances in rearing and grooming were also observed in circling
      mutants. Surface-righting ability in the mutants was normal, and the age of eye
      opening was only marginally delayed. However, body weights of the mutants were
      reduced compared with normal mice from PND 15 to adulthood. Possible
      relationships between the behaviors that are exhibited by circling mutants and
      previous neurochemical findings are discussed.

PMID- 1815623
TI  - Evidence for autonomic-autonomic dissociation: an alternative to Dworkin and
      Dworkin (1990).
AB  - Dworkin and Dworkin (1990) reported that conditioned responses of the tibial
      nerve (a putative measure of skeletal motor activity) were uncorrelated with
      conditioned responses of the plantar vasculature during discriminative Pavlovian
      conditioning in the chronically paralyzed rat. On the basis of this finding,
      Dworkin and Dworkin concluded that the vasomotor response had not been mediated
      by skeletal motor processes. This commentary presents neuroanatomical,
      physiological, and behavioral evidence that suggests that sudomotor (sweat gland)
      and not skeletal motor efference might have been responsible for the classically
      conditioned tibial nerve response of Dworkin and Dworkin (1990). If this
      interpretation is correct, then Dworkin and Dworkin have documented an autonomic
      autonomic dissociation, not a skeletal motor-autonomic dissociation. Response
      mechanisms in Pavlovian and instrumental autonomic conditioning are discussed.

PMID- 1815624
TI  - Verification of skeletal activity in tibial nerve recordings: a reply to Roberts
      (1991).
AB  - In Dworkin and Dworkin (1990), we described classically conditioned tibial nerve
      responses that were uncorrelated with vasomotor responses in the same limb. We
      pointed out that this finding conflicted with the persisting idea that skeletal
      and autonomic responses are permanently locked into fixed action patterns that
      can not be reorganized by learning (Cohen & Obrist, 1975). Roberts (1991) has
      doubted our interpretation. In this reply, we rebut his arguments and also
      describe new pharmacological and other recent data showing unambiguously that the
      nerve activity we measured was not of postganglionic sympathetic origin. We
      conclude that the nerve activity was most probably due to motoneurons and
      reiterate that the results of our experiment specifically failed to support a
      general assertion of obligatory central coupling between skeletal and autonomic
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1815625
TI  - Hemisection of a molar tooth in a dog: an alternative to total extraction.
AB  - Hemisection is a viable option to complete extraction in those situations where a
      portion of a tooth can still perform in health and function after the diseased
      portion has been removed. A case report is presented describing the hemisection
      of a mandibular first molar in a dog. Indications and contraindications for the
      procedure are outlined.

PMID- 1815626
TI  - Orthodontic correction for breeding and show dogs--an ethical dilemma.

PMID- 1815627
TI  - Spirochetes in periodontal disease in the dog: a review.
AB  - The importance and the role of spirochetes in periodontal disease is
      controversial since the means to study these particular bacteria are limited.
      Because of specific requirements for growth, spirochetes are difficult to
      culture. Spirochetes could have profound effects on the perpetuation of
      periodontal disease. A review of the literature related to spirochetes is
      described.

PMID- 1815628
TI  - Anterior crossbite correction in a dog using a lingual bar, a labial bow, lingual
      buttons, and elastic threads.
AB  - Anterior crossbite occurs as a result of several conditions. These conditions
      include retained deciduous teeth, over-crowding, trauma to developing permanent
      tooth buds, and trauma to erupted teeth. Treatment includes the use of
      orthodontic appliances and materials to correct the occlusal relationship. This
      case illustrates the use of a maxillary labial bow, a mandibular lingual bar and
      lingual buttons to correct an anterior crossbite in a dog.

PMID- 1815629
TI  - Crown reduction--disarming of biting pets.
AB  - Crown reduction is a sterile endodontic procedure indicated for reducing the
      crown height of teeth. The procedure is used primarily on canine teeth as a
      disarming technique in aggressive biting pets or to treat traumatic occlusion.
      Recommendations for using this technique for biting pets are described.

PMID- 1815630
TI  - Oral photography.
AB  - Oral photography is an important tool in veterinary dentistry. For years it has
      been used in the education process. Case documentation by photography has become
      more valuable. It is important that these photographs be of good quality. This
      article reviews the hardware such as cameras and the software such as film and
      exposure.

PMID- 1815631
TI  - Coronal access of the canine dentition.
AB  - Access preparation for endodontic treatment should be very exact, and knowledge
      of the anatomy of the teeth is a very important requirement for success. The use
      of radiographs is indispensable and should be used throughout endodontic
      treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate correct coronal
      access for endodontic treatment in regard to the anatomy of the endodontic
      system. The most common teeth that require endodontic treatment are the canines,
      fourth maxillary premolars, first mandibular molars, incisors, and then the
      remaining premolars and molars. Special emphasis will be placed on coronal access
      of the canine, carnassial and incisor dentition.

PMID- 1815632
TI  - The modified Triadan system: nomenclature for veterinary dentistry.
AB  - Recently the issue has been raised concerning the nomenclature for describing
      dentition in the veterinary dental patient. Several methods for referencing teeth
      have been utilized, leading to confusion concerning an acceptable system that is
      interchangeable between species. The Modified Triadan System is introduced and
      offers a simple, accurate, "userfriendly" veterinary dental nomenclature system.
      This article describes how the system evolved and its advantages for the
      veterinary dentist.

PMID- 1815633
TI  - Comparative obturation techniques in the canine.
AB  - Recent technological advances have created new approaches and techniques in
      endodontics while enhancing traditional criteria. The goal of this article is to
      present the best aspect of current techniques and materials to enable the
      practitioner to achieve success in the clinical practice of root canal therapy.

PMID- 1815634
TI  - Endodontic instrumentation.
AB  - Endodontic instruments are used within the tooth pulp chamber and root canal
      systems. An understanding of the armamentarium of endodontic instrumentation is
      necessary in the selection of, and proper use of, these instruments. This proper
      selection and use of instruments along with the meticulous use of the endodontic
      triad, can greatly increase the probability of success of endodontic procedures.
      The endodontic triad is canal preparation, sterilization, and obturation. The
      object of preparation is to prepare the canal to accept obturation with a
      positive seal and appropriate sealer. This article describes in detail, the types
      of endodontic instrumentation available.

PMID- 1815635
TI  - Triple helix structures: sequence dependence, flexibility and mismatch effects.
AB  - By means of molecular modelling, electrostatic interactions are shown to play an
      important role in the sequence-dependent structure of triple helices formed by a
      homopyrimidine oligonucleotide bound to a homopurine. homopyrimidine sequence on
      DNA. This is caused by the presence of positive charges due to the protonation of
      cytosines in the Hoogsteen-bonded strand, required in order to form C.GxC+
      triplets. Energetic and conformational characteristics of triple helices with
      different sequences are analyzed and discussed. The effects of duplex mismatches
      on the triple helix stability are investigated via thermal dissociation using UV
      absorption.

PMID- 1815636
TI  - Theoretical study of ethidium intercalation in triple-stranded DNA and at triplex
      duplex junctions.
AB  - The contribution of different factors in the interaction of ethidium intercalated
      into various sequences of a triple helix, or in the region of the junction
      between the double- and triple-stranded DNA has been studied by energy
      minimization. It is found that in the total energy of the ethidium- triple helix
      complexes, a particular electrostatic contribution emerges due to the presence of
      protonated cytosines in the triple helix. This parameters is determinant in the
      sequence-specificity of ethidium binding to the triple helix. The preferred
      intercalation sites of ethidium in the triple helix are proposed. The interaction
      of ethidium at the triplex-duplex junction, and its effects are also discussed.
      This study is aimed at searching for new drugs specific for the triple helix, or
      for the triplex-duplex junctions.

PMID- 1815637
TI  - Triple helical polynucleotidic structures: sugar conformations determined by FTIR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra of triple stranded polynucleotides containing
      homopurine dA or rA and homopyrimidine dT or rU strands have been obtained in H2O
      and D2O solutions as well as in hydrated films at various relative humidities.
      The spectra are interpreted by comparison with those of double stranded helixes
      with identical base and sugar composition. The study of the spectral domain
      corresponding to in-plane double bond stretching vibrations of the bases shows
      that whatever the initial duplex characterized by a different IR spectrum (A
      family form poly rA.poly rU, heternomous form poly rA.poly dT, B family form poly
      dA.poly dT), the triplexes present a similar IR spectrum reflecting similar base
      interactions. A particular attention is devoted to the 950-800 cm-1 region which
      contains marker bands of the sugar conformation in the nucleic acids. In solution
      the existence of only N (C3'endo-A family form) type of sugar pucker is detected
      in poly rU.poly rA.poly rU and poly dt.poly rA.poly rU. On the contrary
      absorption bands characteristic of both N (C3'endo-A family form) and S (C2'endo
      B family form) type sugars are detected for poly rU.poly rA.poly dT, poly rU.poly
      dA.poly dT and poly dT.poly rA.poly dT. Finally mainly S (C2'endo-B family form)
      type sugars are observed in poly dT.poly dA.poly dT.

PMID- 1815638
TI  - 1H-NMR investigation of the interaction of the amino terminal domain of the LexA
      repressor with a synthetic half-operator.
AB  - A synthetic half-operator DNA-duplex, d(GCTACTGTATGT), containing a portion of
      the proposed recognition sequence (CTGT) of several "SOS" genes, has been
      synthesized. The dodecamer has been characterized through 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
      Complete assignment of exchangeable hydrogen bonded imino protons has been
      achieved by applying 1D NOE techniques and an analysis of the temperature
      dependence of the chemical shifts. In order to determine the specific role of the
      CTGT consensus sequence in the overall recognition process, the oligonucleotide
      duplex has been titrated with the amino terminal DNA binding domain of the LexA
      repressor. The observation of substantial changes of 1H-NMR chemical shifts in
      the imino proton region upon interaction with the protein strongly suggests that
      the protein binds specifically to the operator DNA. The largest deviations of 1H
      NMR chemical shifts upon protein binding have been observed for protons assigned
      to the CTGT segment, thus strongly suggesting a direct involvement of this
      sequence in the binding process. At high potassium chloride concentrations the 1H
      NMR chemical shift deviations are reverted which is consistent with the known
      drop in the affinity constant of LexA for operator DNA at high salt
      concentrations.

PMID- 1815639
TI  - Structural comparison of the B-DNA dodecamers d(CGCGTTAACGCG) and d(CGCGAATTCGCG)
      with T2A2 and A2T2 tracts.
AB  - The x-ray structure of the deoxy oligonucleotide dodecamer d(CGCGTTAACGCG)
      recently determined in our laboratory shows that the helical parameters of the
      central TTAA segment are significantly different compared to the central AATT in
      d(CGCGAATTCGCG). The roll in the central TA step of the T2A2 dodecamer opens
      towards the minor groove while the AT step of the A2T2 dodecamer opens towards
      the major groove. Also, the roll angles at the steps 4 and 8 (GT and AC in T2A2)
      and (GA and TC in A2T2) are in opposite directions. The high cup and helical
      twist angles at the central base-pair of T2A2 decreases the base stacking
      interactions compared to A2T2. Tilt angles within the tetranucleotide segments
      TTAA and AATT have opposite signs. In spite of the local differences caused by
      the sequence inversion (TTAA----AATT), the two dodecamers exhibit similar overall
      bending. The top third is more bent than the bottom third relative to the central
      segment. This asymmetric bending in the two dodecamers is mainly due to crystal
      packing interactions.

PMID- 1815640
TI  - Allowance for spatial dispersion of dielectric permittivity in polyelectrolyte
      model of DNA.
AB  - In order to allow for real dielectric properties of a solvent in calculating of
      electrostatic characteristics of strongly charged polyions such as DNA in salt
      solution we consider a simple model of linear dielectric response of a medium.
      The interactions between charged particles are treated in the framework of self
      consistent-field approximation. The basic characteristic of the problem,
      electrostatic potential, can be found from the solution of non-linear integro
      differential equation. Specifically we consider so-called quasimacroscopic model
      where dielectric response of a medium depends only on the distance from the
      polyion. Application of the approach for calculating of the B-to-Z free energy
      qualitatively retains the main conclusion obtained previously within the model
      with fixed dielectric constant: non-monotonous behavior of the free energy
      differences as a function of ionic strength. At the same time, essential
      sensitivity of the results to specific values of dielectric parameters is
      observed.

PMID- 1815641
TI  - Observation of DNA molecules undergoing capillary electrophoresis.
AB  - This paper presents a method to observe the motions and configurations of large
      DNA molecules undergoing capillary electrophoresis (CE). A simple device to
      perform CE horizontally under microscopic observation is designed and images of
      single DNA molecules inside the capillary are obtained using an epi-fluorescence
      microscope. DNA molecules moved towards the negative electrode when an electric
      field was applied. The mobilities of three types of DNA (T4 and lambda
      bacteriophage DNA and PBR322 plasmid DNA) were measured at different electric
      field strength. The mobility vs. electric field strength curves of these three
      large DNAs showed that the mobility remained constant at high electric field
      strength (200-600 Volt/cm) and increased significantly at low electric field
      strength (less than or equal to 50 Volt/cm.). The apparent mobilities of the
      large DNA molecules were independent of molecular weight. At electric field
      strengths greater than or equal to 400 Volt/cm., big aggregates (snowballs) of
      DNA molecules formed and moved upstream towards the positive electrode. When the
      field was turned off, the aggregates dissociated into a cloud of single DNA
      molecules, and diffused into the solution.

PMID- 1815642
TI  - Eukaryotic DNAs in solution contain characteristic components of tertiary
      structure.
AB  - For natural eukaryotic DNA in solution, we suggest the existence of secondary
      helix components superponed to parts of the DNA double helices. In a previous
      report we found, for calf thymus DNA in solution and of different mean molar mass
      Mr, an electrostatically driven rise of the hydrodynamically operative contour
      length of the double helix. This result was derived from Mr-dependent systematic
      deviations from the almost but not exactly linear plots of intrinsic viscosity
      [eta] as a function of 1/cs1/2 (cs = Na+ concentration) accurately determined by
      a titration technique [K.G. and K.E.R., Nucl. Acids Res. 8, 2807 (1980)]. In
      order to discriminate between DNA elongation contributions caused by secondary or
      by tertiary structure effects, respective measurements have now been extended to
      different temperatures for two eukaryotic and two prokaryotic DNA species. The
      slope of the curves obtained for the (apparent) gradual elongation effect as a
      function of temperature is negative for the eukaryotic DNAs investigated and is
      smaller and positive for the prokaryotic species, thus revealing different
      underlying main elongation mechanisms. We propose that, for the eukaryotic DNA
      samples, an electrostatically driven partial abolition of tertiary structure
      components is responsible for the prevailing part of the DNA elongation effect
      measured. (A helix elongation of this type may be the result of an abolition of
      an apparent helix shortening as realized in a very high degree on formation of
      nucleosome chains or in a less degree by DNA molecules with a respective
      evolutionarily fitted tertiary structure). For the smaller effects of prokaryotic
      DNA species something like a base breathing seems to dominate. Recent literature
      results support such an interpretation.

PMID- 1815643
TI  - A binding mode of lambda-[tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)]2+ exhibiting
      preference for purine-3',5'-pyrimidine sites of DNA.
AB  - Molecular mechanics calculations and molecular dynamics simulations have been
      used to study the binding of the partially inserted major groove complex of
      Lambda-[Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+ with DNA. Energy refinements of this complex
      showed a clear preference for binding at purine-3',5'-pyrimidine sites over
      pyrimidine-3',5'-purine sites. The basis for this difference is shown to be a
      slight change in the binding orientation induced by interchanging the purine and
      pyrimidine bases. This in turn provides for a better secondary interaction with
      the helix backbone at a point beyond the immediate binding site. It is this
      secondary interaction that provides the additional energetic stabilisation for
      complexes formed at purine-3',5'-pyrimidine sites. Molecular dynamics simulations
      including explicit representation of solvent support these conclusions and
      provide an insight into the positional stability of the ligand at a particular
      site. Repuckering of specific deoxyribose rings to the C3'-endo conformation
      seems to be an important feature of the DNA/ligand complex.

PMID- 1815644
TI  - Alkyl substituent in place of the thymine methyl group controls the A-X
      conformational bimorphism in poly(dA-dT).
AB  - Circular dichroism studies of a family of poly(dA-y5dU) polynucleotides (y = H,
      methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl) were conducted in water-alcohol solutions
      containing sodium or cesium counterions. The polynucleotides denatured or adopted
      A- or X-DNA double helices depending on the concentration and type of alcohol,
      type of counterions and the length of the aliphatic substituent in place of the
      thymine methyl group. Short aliphatic substituents and sodium cations favored A
      DNA while long aliphatic substituents and cesium cations promoted X-DNA. This
      study demonstrates delicacy of the conformational equilibrium of poly(dA-dT)
      between the A- and X-DNA double helices which depends on both intramolecular and
      intermolecular factors.

PMID- 1815645
TI  - Molecular modelling of 9-aminoellipticine interactions with abasic
      oligonucleotides.
AB  - We have used molecular mechanics to study the insertion of the DNA intercalating
      agent 9-aminoellipticine (9AE) into single and double stranded abasic
      oligonucleotides containing abasic sites in the aldose or furanose conformations.
      9AE-abasic oligonucleotide complexes have been considered with 9AE bound at
      abasic sites as a covalent complex, a reversible complex or a Schiff base.
      Results are in good agreement with experimental data available on abasic
      oligonucleotides (melting temperature measurement, NMR results) and allow an
      analysis of different possible structures for 9AE-abasic oligonucleotide
      complexes. Hypotheses concerning the role of 9AE-abasic site complexes in
      enzymatic inhibition are formulated from these data.

PMID- 1815646
TI  - Amide isosteres of lexitropsins: synthesis, DNA binding characteristics and
      sequence selectivity of thioformyldistamycin.
AB  - The synthesis and properties of an amide isostere of the antibiotic distamycin,
      thioformyldistamycin 3 is described. Compound 3 exists predominantly in the E
      conformation of the thioamide group in freshly prepared DMSO solution but is
      converted into the Z form, predicted by molecular mechanics to be more stable, on
      standing for 24 h. The coalescence temperature in DMSO is 110 degrees C by 1H
      NMR. The thioformyl moiety of 3 is resistant to both peptidase action and acid
      treatment. Complementary strand MPE footprinting on a EcoRI/Hind III restriction
      fragment of pBR322 DNA demonstrated that either E or Z forms of 3 give a single
      set of footprints very similar to that of the parent antibiotic with strongest
      protection at TAAG and TATTAT with moderately strong protection at ATTT and AAAA.
      The strength of binding of 3 and distamycin from delta Tm measurements to either
      poly.d(AT) or calf thymus DNA is comparable. Molecular modeling predicted a
      preferred conformation for 3 wherein the C = S bond has a torsional angle of 110
      degrees with the pyrrole ring. The energy difference between this conformation
      and the E form is less than 1 kcal/mole. In contrast the E-form has an energy
      17.3 kcal/mole greater than the Z and a value of 26.3 kcal/mole was calculated
      for the energy barrier between the two isomers.

PMID- 1815647
TI  - Molecular mechanics studies of dinucleoside methylphosphonates: influence of
      methylphosphonate and its chirality on the phosphodiester conformation.
AB  - Molecular mechanics studies are performed on single stranded as well as base
      paired forms of dinucleoside methylphosphonates comprising different base
      sequences for both the S- and R-isomers of methylphosphonate (MP). S-MP produces
      noticeable distortions in the geometry, locally at the phosphate center, and this
      enables the stereochemical feasibility of compact g- g- phosphodiester. Besides,
      it tends to perturb the conformations around the P-O3' and glycosyl bonds,
      causing minor variations in stacking interactions. In single stranded
      dinucleosides, the gain in adjacent base stacking interaction energies seems to
      be sufficient to overcome the barrier to P-O3' bond rotation arising due to S
      MP...sugar interaction, and this results in transition to a compact
      phosphodiester (BI-type) from an initial extended phosphodiester (BII-type)
      conformation. Such a thing seems rather difficult in base pair constrained
      duplexes. Dinucleosides with R-MP behave analogous to normal phosphate duplexes
      as the methyl group is away from the sugar. It is found that dinucleoside
      methylphosphonates are energetically less favoured than the corresponding
      dinucleoside phosphates mainly due to the depletion of contributions from
      electrostatic attractive interactions involving the base and sugar with the
      methylphosphonate consequent to the nonionic nature of the latter. Neither S-MP
      nor R-MP seem to significantly alter the stereochemistry of duplex structure.

PMID- 1815649
TI  - Pharmacological properties of YM-21095, a potent and highly specific renin
      inhibitor.
AB  - A novel renin inhibitor, YM-21095 [2RS), (3S)-3-[N alpha-[1,4-dioxo-4-morpholino
      2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-buthyl]-L- histidil-amino]-4-cyclohexyl-1-[(1-methyl-5
      tetrazolyl)thio]-2-but anol), has been synthesized in our laboratories. The aim
      of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of YM-21095 in in
      vitro and in vivo experiments. YM-21095 inhibited human renin with an IC50 value
      of 4.7 x 10(-10) mol/L. YM-21095 was also a potent inhibitor against squirrel
      monkey renin, but less effective against renins from dog, rabbit, and rat. The
      effect of YM-21095 is highly specific for renin, since it did not inhibit
      cathepsin D, pepsin, or angiotensin converting enzyme up to a concentration of
      10(-4) mol/L. YM-21095 was resistant to proteolytic actions of the enzymes
      (pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin) and squirrel monkey tissue homogenates (liver,
      kidney, small intestine). Intravenous infusion of YM-21095 (0.1 to 100
      micrograms/kg/min) decreased mean blood pressure and inhibited plasma renin
      activity in a dose-dependent manner with no effect on heart rate in anesthetized
      sodium-depleted and sodium-replete squirrel monkeys. The hypotensive effect of YM
      21095 in sodium-depleted squirrel monkeys was about ten times as potent as that
      in sodium-replete squirrel monkeys. Oral administration of YM-21095 to conscious
      sodium-depleted squirrel monkeys produced dose-related decreases of systolic
      blood pressure. We conclude that YM-21095 is a potent and highly specific
      inhibitor of primate renin and produces a blood pressure lowering effect.

PMID- 1815648
TI  - NaCl induces differential changes of regional vascular reactivity in salt
      sensitive versus salt-resistant men.
AB  - The objective of our study was to determine the structural or functional factors
      which increase forearm vascular resistance (FAVR) during a high NaCl diet in salt
      sensitive (SS) volunteers. We studied the effects of 20 v 200 mEq/day NaCl diets
      on FAVR responses to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII), nitroprusside,
      verapamil, and ischemia in 27 men. Twelve men had supine mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) on high NaCl which was greater than or equal to 5% above MAP on low NaCl
      and were consequently labeled SS. Eleven subjects had lower MAP on the high NaCl
      diet and were classified salt-resistant (SR). Basal FAVR was greater in SS (P
      less than .005) and unchanged in SR subjects on high (v low) NaCl. FAVR responses
      to NE and nitroprusside were not different between the two diets within either
      the SS or SR subgroups. FAVR responses to AII decreased during high NaCl in the
      SR (P less than .01), but not in the SS subset. The response to phentolamine and
      verapamil increased in SS (P less than or equal to .05) and tended to decrease in
      SR subjects (P less than .15) during high NaCl. In contrast, the vasodilator
      response to ischemia was impaired in the SS (P = .02) and enhanced in the SR (P =
      .02) group on high v low NaCl. Enhanced alpha-adrenergic and Ca2+ channel
      (verapamil)-dependent vascular tone probably contribute to the greater baseline
      FAVR in SS subjects on high NaCl. Failure to decrease vasoconstrictor responses
      to AII may indirectly contribute to their maladjustment of FAVR.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815650
TI  - Hemodynamic responses to verapamil monotherapy in patients with renal disease.
AB  - We have explored the effect of verapamil on renal hemodynamics and the renin
      aldosterone system in ten patients with chronic renal disease and hypertension
      before and after 3 months of therapy. The mean +/- SEM glomerular filtration
      rates were 55 +/- 7 mL/min pre- and 55 +/- 8 mL/min posttherapy; the renal plasma
      flow was 231 +/- 29 mL/min pre and 244 +/- 35 mL/min posttherapy. The filtration
      fraction (0.24 pre; 0.23 post) and the renal vascular resistance (492 +/- 144
      pre; 422 +/- 101 post) also remained stable with verapamil therapy. Blood
      pressure was lower after treatment (P less than .02) in 7 of 10 patients. Urinary
      albumin excretion was reduced only when blood pressure was lowered. Verapamil had
      a modest effect on the renin-aldosterone axis. While the mean increase in plasma
      renin activity from a pretreatment value of 1.8 +/- 0.42 ng/mL/h to 2.1 +/- 0.56
      ng/mL/h failed to reach statistical significance, the increases in urinary
      aldosterone excretion from 8.2 +/- 2.2 mg/24 h to 11.1 +/- 2.3 mg/24 h did (P
      less than .001). Our results demonstrate that verapamil lowered blood pressure
      without renal hemodynamic compromise in hypertensive patients with chronic renal
      disease. The antihypertensive response was associated with a rise in urinary
      aldosterone excretion, with unchanged serum electrolytes. We conclude that
      verapamil is effective, safe, and well-tolerated in patients with renal
      impairment and hypertension, and may be suitable for clinical trials evaluating
      long-term progression of renal disease.

PMID- 1815651
TI  - Hyperfiltration and calcium metabolism in essential hypertension.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that hyperfiltration in essential hypertension is linked
      to alterations in calcium metabolism, we studied the relationship between urinary
      calcium excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR, creatinine clearance) in
      38 untreated essential hypertensives on a free diet. We also studied the
      influence of changes in calcium intake on GFR in 30 essential hypertensives (15
      with well-defined hypercalciuria and 15 with normal urinary calcium excretion)
      and in 11 normotensive healthy subjects. In the patients on a free diet, urinary
      calcium excretion was directly and independently related to GFR (r = 0.56, P less
      than .001), while serum calcium showed an opposite trend (r = -0.27, P = .12). In
      patients on fixed calcium diets, GFR was significantly higher (P = .008) at low
      calcium intake (115 +/- 31 mL/min/1.73 m2) than at high calcium intake (98 +/- 22
      mL/min/1.73 m2). Further analysis showed that the hyperfiltering effect of low
      calcium almost exclusively occurred in hypercalciuric patients and in
      hypertensive women. In hypercalciuric hypertensives there was a highly
      significant inverse correlation between GFR and serum calcium (r = -0.51, P =
      .004) and a similar correlation between GFR and plasma renin activity (r = -0.70,
      P = .003) in the high calcium phase of the study. Changes in calcium intake had
      no influence on GFR in normal subjects (Low Ca 103 +/- 22 mL/min/1.73 M2, High Ca
      110 +/- 23 mL/min/1.73 m2). The data indicate that alterations in calcium
      metabolism interfere to an important extent with mechanism(s) regulating GFR in
      essential hypertension.

PMID- 1815652
TI  - The effect of caffeine on renal vein renin concentration in patients with renal
      arterial disease.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine stimulates selectively
      renal vein renin levels at the side of unilateral stenosis in patients with
      renovascular hypertension. In this study seven of the involved patients had renal
      arterial stenosis and four had no stenosis. Four of the seven patients with a
      stenosis had retrospectively-proven renovascular hypertension. Renal vein renin
      sampling was performed before and after intravenous administration of caffeine.
      Caffeine did not induce any consistent effect on plasma renin activity in the
      renal veins, either on the stenotic side or on the contralateral side in patients
      with renovascular hypertension. There were no consistent caffeine mediated
      changes in systemic plasma renin activity.

PMID- 1815654
TI  - Relationship between ambulatory blood pressure and albuminuria in normal
      subjects.
AB  - Elevation of the urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) may be an important marker
      of vascular disease in nondiabetic as well as diabetic patients. Although
      hypertension is associated with an elevated AER, little is known regarding the
      relationship between AER and blood pressure in normal subjects. We studied 13
      healthy, normotensive, nondiabetic subjects over 48 h. Urine was collected every
      2 h and blood pressure was measured half hourly during the day using an
      ambulatory sphygmomanometric device. Overnight, blood pressure was measured
      hourly and a single overnight urine collection was obtained. Daytime blood
      pressures were higher than those overnight for systolic (122 +/- 9 v 105 +/- 8, P
      less than .01), diastolic (122 +/- 9 v 105 +/- 8, P less than .01) and mean
      arterial pressures (92 +/- 7 v 78 +/- 6 mm Hg, P less than .01). Similarly, AER
      fell overnight [day 5.9 (3.8 to 9.5) v night 3.6 (2.3 to 5.2) micrograms/min,
      median (interquartile range), P less than .01]. In the majority of subjects there
      was a significant positive correlation between AER and systolic (N = 9),
      diastolic (N = 10), and mean (N = 10) arterial pressure. We conclude that
      systemic blood pressure may influence AER in normal subjects.

PMID- 1815653
TI  - Stress-induced renal functional alterations in normotensives.
AB  - This study was performed to assess changes in renal function accompanying
      cardiovascular responses to mental stress. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR,
      inulin clearance), renal plasma flow (RPF, PAH clearance), filtration fraction
      (FF), sodium excretion, and segmental sodium tubular reabsorption (lithium
      clearance) were measured in 15 normal volunteers during rest and stress. The
      psychological stress test used is based on a computerized version of the Stroop
      word color conflict test. Stress induced a significant (P less than .05) and
      sustained increase in blood pressure and heart rate. During stress, GFR and RPF
      did not change whereas FF increased significantly (P less than .05) and sodium
      excretion tended to decrease. The decrease in sodium excretion was due to a
      significant (P less than .05) increase in proximal reabsorption, which may be
      mediated by renal hemodynamic changes. The observed significant increase in FF
      suggests an increase in postglomerular arteriolar resistances, which may account
      for the increase in proximal sodium reabsorption through an alteration in
      peritubular Starling forces. In the long run, the stress-associated increase in
      sodium reabsorption may contribute to the development of hypertension.

PMID- 1815655
TI  - The primacy of membrane microviscosity in genetic hypertension.
AB  - Because of the known influence of the lipid bilayer on membrane transport
      systems, the characteristics of the bilayer from vascular smooth muscle and from
      platelets were studied in genetically hypertensive and in normotensive rats.
      Membrane microviscosity was measured by the degree of polarization of embedded
      fluorophores. Both the core of the bilayer in which diphenylhexatriene (DPH) was
      embedded and the surface in which the trimethyl-ammonium derivative of DPH (TMA
      DPH) was embedded evidence a greater microviscosity (less fluid) in the
      hypertensive than in the normotensive rat. We had previously observed that
      monovalent cation fluxes were elevated in hypertension. We now observe that an
      increase in calcium concentration reverses both the elevated microviscosity and
      the increased cation fluxes. Conversely an increased incorporation of cholesterol
      in the membrane increases both the microviscosity and the cation fluxes. We
      hypothesize that the greater microviscosity of the lipid bilayer in hypertension
      constitutes a generalized defect of the matrix in which the transport proteins
      function. We further hypothesize that this defect is responsible for the multiple
      abnormalities of membrane transport systems and the increase in vascular
      reactivity that have been described in genetic hypertension.

PMID- 1815657
TI  - Study may make reimbursement for third molar extraction difficult.

PMID- 1815656
TI  - The greater renin system. Its prorenin-directed vasodilator limb. Relevance to
      diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and hypertension.
AB  - A greater renin system is proposed. Evidence is presented that a greater renin
      system exists that has both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor properties.
      Vasodilator activity is induced by prorenin, vasoconstrictor activity by renin.
      Our model is based on evidence that both prorenin and renin have the capacity to
      generate angiotensin and that angiotensin causes vasodilation at high
      concentrations and vasoconstriction at low concentrations. In our model, prorenin
      acts only at particular target sites while renin of renal origin acts via the
      general circulation. Prorenin's designation as a biosynthetic precursor implies
      lack of intrinsic catalytic activity whereas in fact it can become reversibly
      active. Activation may occur in vivo at binding sites without cleavage of the
      prosequence. In this framework, prorenin should be more aptly called renin I and
      circulating active renin, renin II. In our model, the role of renin I (prorenin)
      is to generate localized high concentrations of angiotensin II, eg, in the
      afferent arteriole of the kidney and in other vital organs, causing regional
      dilation by rendering tissues insensitive (tachyphylactic) to the vasoconstrictor
      effect of circulating angiotensin II or by releasing vasodilator substances. The
      role of renin II (active renin) is to constrict resistance vessels and the
      efferent arteriole of the kidney, thereby raising blood pressure, maintaining
      glomerular filtration rate, and enabling more blood flow to those organs that
      selectively bind prorenin. This twin control system is ideally designed to
      maintain blood flow to vital organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815658
TI  - Air purifiers can help in the battle against mercury vapor.

PMID- 1815659
TI  - The future of dental adhesives. An interview with Dr. Wayne W. Barkmeier.

PMID- 1815660
TI  - Indirect composite restorative materials: a buyers' guide.

PMID- 1815661
TI  - Insurance "gaming" is bad business.

PMID- 1815662
TI  - Treating the cleft palate patient using surgery and implants.

PMID- 1815663
TI  - Clinical procedures using vinyl polysiloxane impression materials.

PMID- 1815664
TI  - New computerized charting system listens to the dentist.

PMID- 1815665
TI  - Tooth preparation in adhesive dentistry.

PMID- 1815666
TI  - Practice building with soft tissue management: Part 1.

PMID- 1815667
TI  - Developing an implant practice: the auxiliary role--Part 2.

PMID- 1815668
TI  - The direct and indirect tempered inlay/onlay: restoration of the '90s.

PMID- 1815669
TI  - Computer services for dentists are coming online.

PMID- 1815670
TI  - Hiring dental staff: a different kind of "buyers' guide".

PMID- 1815671
TI  - Common dental neglect is harder to identify than child abuse.

PMID- 1815672
TI  - Consumers choose dentists by shopping around.

PMID- 1815673
TI  - Panel discusses future of periodontal diagnostics.

PMID- 1815674
TI  - OSHA update: looking at OSHA's infection control standard.

PMID- 1815675
TI  - Are you ready when OSHA comes knocking?

PMID- 1815676
TI  - Building the perfect aesthetic practice: an interview with Dr. Ronald Goldstein
      and Dr. David Garber. Interview by Dr. Hugh F. Doherty.

PMID- 1815677
TI  - Smile design workshop. 6. The role of age in smile design.

PMID- 1815678
TI  - Addressing our patients' concerns about infection control.

PMID- 1815679
TI  - Myths need to be dispelled. Sealants offer patients caries security.

PMID- 1815680
TI  - Viewpoint: third molar study is flawed.

PMID- 1815682
TI  - The all-etch bonding technique/wetbonding.

PMID- 1815681
TI  - Scaling and rootplaning: evolution or revolution?

PMID- 1815683
TI  - . . . And then there was light: a buyers' guide to hand-held curing lights.

PMID- 1815685
TI  - The gagging patient: a method for success.

PMID- 1815686
TI  - Practice building with soft tissue management, Part II.

PMID- 1815684
TI  - Pregnant patients deserve extra-special care.

PMID- 1815687
TI  - Six steps to marketing posterior composites.

PMID- 1815690
TI  - Does your appointment book belong on your computer? Computerized appointment
      scheduling offers many advantages, but there are some pitfalls you need to avoid.

PMID- 1815688
TI  - High-tech dentistry: managing the future: digital radiography in the practice.

PMID- 1815689
TI  - How to deal with telephone shoppers.

PMID- 1815691
TI  - How to hold on to a staff during hard economic times.

PMID- 1815692
TI  - [From dental care of children to community dental care. An organizational
      development of a model for dental care. 1. Development of theory, model, and a
      concrete example].

PMID- 1815693
TI  - [From dental care of children to community dental care. An organizational
      development of a model for dental care. 2. Development of dental care in Herlev
      community 1987-90].

PMID- 1815694
TI  - [Users opinions in the district of Varde to offer of community dental care].

PMID- 1815695
TI  - [Root fracture in middle third of tooth with an open apex and luxation of the
      coronal tooth fragment].

PMID- 1815696
TI  - [Root fracture in cervical third of a tooth with an open apex--with healing].

PMID- 1815697
TI  - Prosthetic options in implant dentistry.

PMID- 1815698
TI  - Maxillary denture retention using rare earth magnets and endosteal implants.

PMID- 1815699
TI  - Clindamycin v. tetracycline in the surgical treatment of advanced periodontitis:
      a double blind study with applicability for implant salvage.

PMID- 1815700
TI  - Denture satisfaction--a patient perspective.

PMID- 1815701
TI  - Patient selection in oral implantology--a review.

PMID- 1815702
TI  - Implantation of artificial crown and bridge abutments. 1913.

PMID- 1815703
TI  - Transferring records and other pertinent information. Patients' right to their
      records.

PMID- 1815704
TI  - Infectious disease crisis: general information. Changes in Department of Natural
      Resources medical/infectious waste definitions.

PMID- 1815705
TI  - Mucosal immunity and vaccination.
AB  - The gut mucosal immune system is a critical component of the body's defense
      against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections
      associated with diarrhoeal disease. Attempts to vaccinate against infections of
      mucosal tissues have been less successful than vaccination against systemic
      infections, to a large extent reflecting a still incomplete knowledge about the
      most efficient means for inducing protective local immune responses at these
      sites. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominating immunoglobulin along mucosal
      surfaces, and SIgA antibodies generated in gastrointestinal, respiratory or
      genito-urinary mucosal tissues can confer protection against infections affecting
      or originating in these sites. An efficacious intestinal SIgA immunity-inducing
      oral vaccine against cholera has been developed recently, and development of oral
      vaccines against other enteric infections such as those caused by enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli, Shigella and rotaviruses is in progress as well. Based on the
      concept of a common mucosal immune system through which activated lymphocytes
      from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal and glandular tissues,
      there is currently also much interest in the possibility of developing oral
      vaccines against infections in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. However,
      the large and repeated antigen doses often required to achieve a protective
      immune response still makes this vaccination approach impractical for many
      purified antigens. There is, therefore, a great need to develop strategies for
      enhancing delivery of antigen to the mucosal immune system as well as to identify
      mucosa-active immunostimulating agents (adjuvants). These and other aspects of
      mucosal immunity in relation to immunization and vaccine development are
      discussed in this short review article.

PMID- 1815706
TI  - Recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi antigens and Chagas' disease diagnosis: analysis of
      a workshop.
AB  - A workshop organized by the Ibero-American Project of Biotechnology evaluated the
      diagnostic potential of several cloned Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigens for
      Chagas' disease serodiagnosis. A set of recombinants, Antigen 2, Antigen 13,
      SAPA, H49, A13, JL5, JL7, JL8, JL9, and RA1 provided by three different South
      American laboratories were probed with a panel of 236 South American serum
      samples. Antigens JL7, H49, Antigen 2, and A13 scored as the best diagnostic
      recombinant reagents. The results suggested that the main advantage of using
      cloned peptides for chronic Chagas' disease diagnosis resided in their highly
      specific immunoreactive properties.

PMID- 1815707
TI  - The characteristics of macrophage-like cell lines derived from normal sheep
      spleens.
AB  - Macrophage-like cell lines were derived from sheep spleens using conditioned
      medium from L-929 mouse cells as a source of colony stimulating factor. In seven
      out of ten attempts colonies of macrophage-like cells appeared after 2-3 weeks of
      culture. The cells were established in culture as cell lines, and survived 120
      passages. They were strongly (+ +) positive for non-specific esterase but
      negative for peroxidase and produced detectable but small amounts of lysozyme
      (0.21-1.76 micrograms/10(6) cells). Latex particles were actively phagocytosed.
      Bacteria (Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus) attached to the cell
      surface and were internalized in the presence of specific antibody. Expression of
      receptors for immunoglobulin and complement varied somewhat between the different
      cell lines: the proportion of receptor-bearing cells ranged between 9 and 26% FC
      receptors, and 10 and 38% for C-receptors. The cell lines displayed a peculiar
      karyotype as well as protein profile that were different from normal sheep but
      similar between the different cell lines. Culture supernatants of the cell lines
      contained a colony stimulating activity which was used to establish further cell
      lines. They also spontaneously produced an interleukin-1-like activity that had
      no effect on baseline proliferation of sheep lymphocytes but enhanced their
      response to PHA (1.7-fold) particularly in conjunction with sheep IL-2 (4-fold).
      Prostaglandin E2 was produced in a growth-cycle dependent manner: the peak
      production occurred on the second day (77-140 pg/ml) at 2 x 10(5) cells and
      declined to 33-50 pg/ml on the eighth day when cell numbers had increased to 2-3
      x 10(6). These easily cultured cell lines derived from normal tissue without the
      introduction of viral DNA should provide a useful source of material for studies
      of macrophage function in sheep.

PMID- 1815708
TI  - Cytofluorometric analysis of anti-lymphocyte antibodies in AIDS.
AB  - Anti-lymphocyte antibodies (ALA) have been detected in the plasma of 53.8% of HIV
      positive patients tested (CD4/CD8 ratios: mean 0.265; range 0.01 to 0.5) using
      analytical continuous-flow cytofluorometry. IgG from the AIDS plasma was seen to
      bind to normal PBL in 53.8% of cases (14/26). In double labelling experiments CD4
      + lymphocytes, CD8 + lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were all bound by the ALA,
      but monocytes were not bound. Pre-adsorption of the diluted AIDS plasma onto an
      excess of mouse spleen cells did not remove lymphocyte binding activity. No
      evidence was found for preferential binding to phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated
      lymphocytes. ALA could not be detected in the plasma of normal subjects, patients
      with acute renal failure undergoing renal dialysis, or patients with high levels
      of circulating immune complexes.

PMID- 1815709
TI  - The neutrophil chemiluminescence response to Pneumocystis carinii is stimulated
      by GM-CSF and gamma interferon.
AB  - The interaction of Pneumocystis carinii purified from rat lung with human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was studied using amplified chemiluminescence.
      Pre-incubation of PMN with granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor or gamma
      interferon resulted in phagocyte stimulation.

PMID- 1815710
TI  - Dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome: are they tumour necrosis
      factor-mediated disorders?
AB  - A consecutive series of 24 patients with clinical features of primary dengue
      infection and 22 controls (14 patients with viral fever of unknown origin and 8
      healthy subjects) were assayed for serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF).
      The acute sera of the 24 patients with clinical dengue infection were positive
      for dengue virus-specific IgM antibody. Clinically, 8 had dengue fever (DF), 14
      dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 2 dengue shock syndrome (DSS). All 16
      patients with DHF/DSS had significantly elevated serum TNF levels but the 8 DF
      patients had TNF levels equivalent to that in the 22 controls. A case is made for
      augmented TNF production having a role for the pathophysiological changes
      observed in DHF/DSS and mediator modulation as a possible therapeutic approach to
      treatment.

PMID- 1815711
TI  - Association of Lps gene with natural resistance of mouse macrophages against
      Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - Peritoneal macrophages obtained from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-low responder
      C3H/HeJ mice (J) permitted the intracellular growth of the bacterium in
      macrophages of (J x N) F1 progeny was between the parent strains, showing that
      the traits were co-dominantly expressed. Correlation between intracellular
      bacterial growth in macrophages and LPS response of spleen cells was examined.
      Negative correlation was found between the two factors in F2, (J x F1) backcross
      and (N x F1) backcross progeny. This result implies that Lps gene controls the
      innate resistance of murine macrophages against the bacteria. Although
      macrophages of A/J strain also permit intracellular growth of L. pneumophila,
      gene complementation analysis of A/J and C3H/HeJ mice made clear that the gene
      control in C3H/HeJ differs from that of A/J strain. Macrophages of C57BL/10ScN,
      which is LPS-low responder line obtained from C57BL/10, were also defective in
      controlling the bacterial growth when compared to C57BL/10 mice. We suggest that
      the Lps gene also controls the natural resistance of murine macrophages against
      L. pneumophila.

PMID- 1815712
TI  - A new capture test using conjugated peptides for the detection of HIV antibodies.
AB  - A new capture test utilizing conjugated peptides has been developed for the
      detection of antibodies elicited against HIV-1. Human sera diluted 1:1000 were
      incubated in ELISA plates precoated with protein G. The captured IgG were allowed
      to react with three synthetic peptides corresponding to the gp41 sequence (591
      611) YLKDQQLLGIWGCSGKLICTT, the gp120 sequence (314-329) IRIQRGPGRAFVTIGK and the
      p27 sequence (182-198) EWRFDSRLAFHHVAREL. The peptides were used in the form of N
      hydroxysuccinimido-biotin ovalbumin conjugates. Peroxidase-labelled streptavidin
      was used to detect antigen-antibody complexes. The sensitivity and specificity of
      detection of antibodies were analyzed with 40 HIV positive sera, 10
      seroconverting sera and 21 normal human sera (NHS). The results were compared
      with a commercial indirect ELISA in which a single conjugated gp41 peptide was
      used as antigenic probe. This indirect ELISA recognized 100% of the HIV positive
      and the seroconverting sera. The new capture test using the gp41 conjugated
      peptide also recognized 100% of the HIV positive sera but was more specific since
      it gave no false positive results whereas the indirect test did. The gp120 and
      p27 conjugated peptides detected 35/40 (87.5%) and 31/40 (77.5%) of HIV positive
      sera respectively and also detected 9/10 (90%) and 10/10 (100%) of the
      seroconverting sera respectively, without any false positive results (0/21). The
      proposed new capture test is a very sensitive and specific assay for detecting
      HIV antibodies.

PMID- 1815713
TI  - Overview and status of mouthguard bleaching.
AB  - Since the bleaching of vital teeth using a tray delivery system with a 10 percent
      carbamide peroxide first became common knowledge in March, 1989, there has been
      much discussion, improvement, and questions concerning the process and the
      various products available. This article presents an overview of its history, the
      variations in techniques, and questions concerning safety, including the impact
      on tooth structure, the pulp, soft tissue of the mouth, and systemic ingestion.
      It divides currently available products according to their composition, into
      either a carbamide peroxide with and without carbopol, a hydrogen peroxide of
      varying concentrations, a hydrochloric acid, or other categories. It discusses
      the various delivery mechanisms and comments on their apparent effectiveness, as
      well as reflecting the current knowledge base of the profession.

PMID- 1815714
TI  - Is home tooth bleaching gel cytotoxic?
AB  - Tooth whitening systems are widely used clinically and for home usage. The aim of
      this study was to determine the effects of two bleaching gels, each containing 10
      percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide, respectively, a 'bleaching gel'
      without carbamide peroxide, and carbamide peroxide alone on the viability of
      human endothelial cells in vitro in comparison with culture medium that acted as
      a negative control. The incubation period used was 30 minutes. A colorimetric
      viability assay (MTT assay) was employed. The results showed that the gel without
      carbamide peroxide is not cytotoxic compared to the negative control, while
      carbamide peroxide on its own and 10 percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide
      bleaching gels were cytotoxic, but there were no significant differences (p
      greater than 0.05) among these latter three test groups. These data indicate that
      10 percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide bleaching gels are cytotoxic and
      that carbamide peroxide is the component responsible for this cytotoxic effect.
      This paper also discusses why this in vitro cytotoxic effect appears not to be
      significant in vivo.

PMID- 1815715
TI  - Rembrandt Whitening System and Quik Start versatile tooth bleaching systems.
AB  - Both the Rembrandt Whitening System and Quik Start offer a conservative treatment
      of discolored teeth, with no adverse reactions to hard or soft tissues reported.
      As well, patient satisfaction has been high.

PMID- 1815716
TI  - Clinical observations of porcelain veneers: a three-year report.
AB  - One hundred and sixty-five Cerinate porcelain veneers were placed by 11 private
      practice clinicians from diverse locations throughout the USA. The veneers were
      evaluated over a 3-year service period using Kodachrome photographs and grading
      of clinical characteristics by evaluators. The following factors were evaluated:
      (1) esthetics; (2) margin fit; (3) margin discoloration; (4) breakage; (5)
      gingival irritation; (6) patient acceptance; and (7) caries. Specific
      characteristics and their evaluations over three years were: (1) Esthetics
      started out excellent and remained that way; (2) Margin fit was acceptable at the
      beginning of the study and was actually perceived to improve, perhaps related to
      cement at the margins wearing and smoothing; (3) Margin discoloration started
      very low and became slightly worse; (4) Breakage was present during each of the 3
      years, and 13 percent of veneers had some breakage after 3 years. Changes in
      clinical procedures are suggested in this paper to diminish this problem; (5)
      Gingival irritation was minimal throughout the study; (6) Patient acceptance was
      excellent at the beginning of the study and improved; and (7) Dental caries
      involvement was minimal, with only one veneered tooth showing caries involvement.
      Over the 3-year period, the veneers provided excellent service overall.

PMID- 1815717
TI  - Comparison of enamel microabrasion techniques: Prema Compound versus a 12-fluted
      finishing bur.
AB  - This clinical study was done to compare the effectiveness of microabrasion with
      Prema Compound versus a high speed 12-fluted bur with water spray in removing
      incisor hypomineralized defects. Twenty-one patients had two incisors with enamel
      surface defects. It was randomly decided to use Prema Compound on one of the
      incisors and a 12-fluted bur on the contralateral incisor. One operator did all
      the procedures, but the tooth's color changes were rated by three observers who
      rated color photographs pre- and postoperatively, and one of the three rated each
      patient's teeth in person. The data revealed that there was no significant
      difference between Prema Compound and the 12-fluted bur in removing incisor
      hypomineralized defects. Both microabrasion techniques significantly improved the
      tooth's color, but the Prema method took over 9 minutes longer. The 12-fluted bur
      caused no clinically identifiable marks on the enamel surface. Both techniques
      were very reliable in removing the brown hypomineralized enamel defects, but were
      far less reliable in removing the white mineralization defects. The 12-fluted bur
      appeared to be an easier and equally effective alternative to Prema Compound for
      mineralization defects in incisors.

PMID- 1815718
TI  - Fluoride-releasing retainers.
AB  - A method for fabrication of a fluoride-releasing retainer is described. The
      insert releases low levels of fluoride, which should promote remineralization and
      reduce caries potential. Previous research on the amount of fluoride release is
      also discussed.

PMID- 1815719
TI  - Reliable porcelain repairs.

PMID- 1815720
TI  - Avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle: a literature review.

PMID- 1815721
TI  - Update on the surgical management of temporomandibular joint disorders-1991.

PMID- 1815722
TI  - Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the temporomandibular
      joint and related musculoskeletal disorders.

PMID- 1815723
TI  - Where there is a need, Dr. Morrow hopes to provide a solution.

PMID- 1815724
TI  - Common questions on waste-hauler contracts answered.

PMID- 1815725
TI  - Five ways to receive tax-free income.

PMID- 1815726
TI  - The development of the avian conduction system, a review.

PMID- 1815727
TI  - Liver ultrastructure and a new cell type in the Japanese newt, Cynops
      pyrrhogaster.
AB  - The liver of the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, has been investigated using
      light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Hepatic parenchyma was
      composed of clusters and cords or tubules of polyhedral cells separated by a
      sinusoidal net. Hepatocytes had spherical, euchromatic nuclei with one or more
      nucleoli and stacked mitochondria with sparse cristae and dense bodies. Rough
      endoplasmic reticula formed peribiliary stacks and diffusely scattered vesicles
      and tubules. Smooth endoplasmic reticula were more pronounced in glycogen-rich
      hepatocytes. Most hepatocytes contained peroxisomes, Golgi complexes and large
      numbers of fat droplets within the cytoplasm along with glycogen. Some cells were
      mainly glycogen-storing and contained few or no fat droplets. A special feature
      of the newt liver was biliary atresia. Bile canaliculi had short, stout
      microvilli which were entirely atretic in some canaliculi. Canaliculi were sealed
      off by junctional complexes including zonulae occludentes and maculae adherentes.
      The latter showed extraordinary wider desmosomal gaps in the vicinity of the
      atretic bile canaliculi. The sinusoid wall was non-distinctive and contained
      fenestrated endothelial cells connected to Kupffer cells by zonulae occludentes.
      A distinctive new cell type (OG cell) was observed in the newt liver. These cells
      were found individually or in small clusters in proximity with the sinusoidal
      surfaces. They had small nuclei, a paucity of cytoplasmic organelles, but
      numerous, unique, osmiophilic granules of two distinct types. Less numerous Type
      I granules contained homogeneous electron-dense material, and a predominant Type
      II granule contained circumferentially arranged subparticulation. Granules of
      both types were detected within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells and within
      sinusoids together with blood elements. The function of this secretory type cell
      remains obscure, though it may represent a stage of melanophore.

PMID- 1815728
TI  - The topogenesis of the thyroid in chick embryos.
AB  - Using the technique of linar marking on the embryonic thyroid of chicken, it was
      proven that the thyroid anlage after its evagination from the primitive pharynx,
      does not undergo any caudal migration. Its topogenesis is influenced by two main
      mechanisms. First, the relative craniocaudal displacement follows from the
      cranially oriented growth of the neck and second, the enlarging oesophagus
      presses the trachea ventrally against the thyroid anlage promoting its division
      and separation of both lobes.

PMID- 1815729
TI  - Neurologic complications of HIV infection in children.
AB  - Neurologic abnormalities occur frequently in children with symptomatic HIV-1
      infection (class P2) and include cognitive, language and motor deficits, as well
      as acquired microcephaly. Neurologic abnormalities can be seen as early as the
      first 3 months of age and can precede signs of immune deficiency and systemic
      illness. Hypotonia, delayed or poor head control and decreased vocalizations are
      some of the early neurologic manifestations of HIV-1 infection. In the majority
      of cases CNS impairment appears to be related to HIV-1 brain infection although
      at this time the exact timing of CNS invasion by the virus and the pathogenesis
      of CNS dysfunction are unknown. Treatment with antiretroviral agents can at least
      temporarily improve neurologic functioning in some children with HIV-1-related
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 1815730
TI  - Cytogenetic studies of pediatric brain and spinal cord tumors.
AB  - Seventy pediatric patients with brain and spinal cord tumors had cytogenetic
      analysis of 99 samples of their tumors. Successful analysis was accomplished in
      95%. Tumors included 43 gliomas, 9 medulloblastomas and a variety of other
      lesions. Forty-three patients had normal chromosomes; 28 of these had benign
      tumors and good outcomes. Of 11 patients with malignant tumors and normal
      chromosomes, 8 have no disease or stable disease during the period of follow-up.
      Outcomes of the 23 patients with abnormal chromosomes were poor; 17 had malignant
      pathology. Six patients with 'benign' disease and abnormal chromosomes died or
      have progressive disease. A relationship between outcome and pathologic diagnosis
      is often enhanced by cytogenetic findings. The study indicated specific
      chromosome abnormalities in certain pediatric brain tumors, such as chromosome 1
      abnormalities in gliomas and isochromosome 17 abnormalities in medulloblastomas.
      It is recommended that cytogenetic studied be included in cooperative therapeutic
      trials. The clastogenic effects of treatment on the cytogenetic characteristics
      of tumors sequentially studied were demonstrated, as was the role of sampling
      variations. Attention to the treatment history of tumor samples, as well as
      evaluation of multiple samples from each tumor, may improve the reliability of
      cytogenetic studies.

PMID- 1815731
TI  - Pediatric intracranial aneurysms: simple and complex cases.
AB  - Between 1984 and 1990, 20 aneurysms in 16 patients (9 males and 7 females), 18
      years or younger (mean age, 8 years; range, 7 months to 18 years), were treated
      at our institution. Seven patients had a solitary saccular aneurysm located at an
      arterial bifurcation which manifested as a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Six of these
      patients were treated with clip obliteration. Postoperative results were
      excellent or good in 5 and fair in 1. Nine patients had complex or multiple
      aneurysms of variable origins (3 giant, 2 infectious, 2 traumatic and 2
      associated with an arteriovenous malformation) and presentation. Surgical
      treatment of these children required the use of hypothermic arrest, trapping,
      bypass and anastomotic procedures. Outcome was excellent or good in 7 and fair in
      2. An analysis of these patients with regard to pathogenesis and management is
      presented.

PMID- 1815732
TI  - Quantitation of medullary astrogliosis in sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - One of the few relatively consistent pathologic observations in sudden infant
      death syndrome (SIDS) is astrogliosis of the brain stem. Astrogliosis is a
      nonspecific reactive process and its cause in SIDS, although still uncertain, is
      postulated to be hypoxia-ischemia. In this study, the distribution of reactive
      astrocytes throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the medulla has been
      determined. Although astrogliosis was present throughout the length of the
      medulla, it reached a maximum at levels 50-75% of total length, with 0% at the
      pontomedullary junction. Counting every reactive astrocyte through serial
      sections of the medulla seems unwarranted in view of the nonspecificity of the
      astrocytic response. This report proposes a practical approach to the
      quantitation of reactive astrocytes in SIDS by examining a representative sample
      of medulla midway through its length.

PMID- 1815734
TI  - Sudden and unexpected death due to hemorrhage from occult central nervous system
      lesions. A pediatric autopsy study.
AB  - A retrospective review of the Department of Histopathology files at the Adelaide
      Children's Hospital was conducted to examine all cases where sudden death
      (defined as death occurring within 24 h of sudden collapse and unconsciousness in
      a previously apparently well child) was attributable to hemorrhage from an occult
      central nervous system lesion. Ten cases were found with significant hemorrhage
      and associated cerebral edema. The diagnoses were cerebral arteriovenous
      malformation (1), probable cerebellar vascular malformation (4), berry aneurysm
      of middle cerebral artery (1), cerebellar medulloblastoma (1), optic chiasm
      astrocytoma (1), pineal gland teratoma (1), and fourth ventricle ependymoma (1).
      These cases demonstrate the wide range and variable location of intracranial
      lesions capable of causing sudden death in children. Careful examination of the
      brain in all cases of sudden pediatric death is essential so that intracranial
      lesions causing unexpected death will be adequately characterized.

PMID- 1815733
TI  - Neuropathology of central respiratory dysfunction in infancy.
AB  - We studied the neuropathology of 7 infants who had primary respiratory problems
      unrelated to increased intracranial pressure. These infants ranged in age from
      newborn to 2 years. Five were male. In 2 of them the main neuropathological
      findings were in the brainstem with prominent neuroglial heterotopia in the
      subarachnoid space, and aplasia of the VI and VII cranial nerves. Two infants had
      abnormalities of the X and XII nerves together with neuronal heterotopia and
      migration failure of the inferior olivary nuclei. In 1 infant diagnosed with
      Ondine's curse, examination showed diffuse neuronal loss and gliosis in the
      medullary tegmentum. One infant had a unilateral infarction in the medulla and
      another showed extensive gliosis in the brainstem tegmentum along with a large
      infarction in the region of the anterior cerebral artery. These infants exhibited
      a spectrum of abnormalities including neuronal dysplasia, gliosis and hypoxic
      ischemic changes. In the differential diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction in
      infants a rare consideration is a central etiology based on malformation of
      essential neuronal components of the brainstem.

PMID- 1815735
TI  - Thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in a pediatric
      brain tumor. A case report.
AB  - Thallium brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be useful
      for differentiation of tumor recurrence from scar tissue and radiation necrosis
      and to predict low or high grade brain tumors. We report a case of an 11-year-old
      boy with recurrent oligodendroglioma who showed increased focal uptake of
      thallium-201 at the site of recurrence after surgery and radiotherapy on a SPECT
      imaging of the brain. This indicates viable tumor mass as opposed to radiation
      necrosis.

PMID- 1815736
TI  - Primary posterior crossbite: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - The incidence of posterior crossbite in the primary dentition has been reported
      as 7-17%. The crossbite usually results from bilateral maxillary constriction and
      is commonly associated with an occlusion guided lateral deviation of the mandible
      upon closing. Correction of the functional posterior crossbite in the primary
      dentition is indicated to establish a stable occlusion and avoid possible
      deleterious effects on the developing temporomandibular joint. Treatment in the
      primary dentition results in the eruption of the first permanent molars in normal
      transverse relationship in 84% of the cases. The diagnosis and management of two
      cases is presented.

PMID- 1815737
TI  - Unilateral rampant caries: an unusual presentation.
AB  - An unusual presentation of rampant caries in a child was described. Lactose from
      bovine milk, bad feeding habits and poor oral hygiene appear to play a major role
      in its aetiology.

PMID- 1815738
TI  - Apexification with the use of calcium hydroxide: a clinical study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the type of root-end closure achieved
      with the apexification technique, in relation to age, sex and stage of root
      development. Data from 34 cases, in which apexification was performed, were
      analyzed. In all cases chemically pure powder Ca (OH)2 with anaesthetic solution
      was used. The age of 12 patients was between 27-40 years (1 male and 11 females)
      and of the other 22 was between 8-20 years (14 males and 8 females). Continuation
      of root development was achieved in 6 cases, continuation and bridge formation
      was revealed in three cases, bridge formation was seen in 21 cases and finally in
      4 cases no root-end closure was noticed. From the above results it was evident
      that the bridge formation was the most common form of root-end closure.
      Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between the type of root-end
      closure and the stage of root development prior to apexification in relation to:
      a) sex and b) age. Thus the bridge formation was the most common type (87.5%) in
      the group of females. Also in the same sex group concerning the stage 4 of root
      development bridge formation was again the type of root-end closure (92.85%).
      Finally, it was found that in age group B (27-45-years-old), with stage 4 of root
      development, the bridge formation was the most common type of root-end closure
      (90%).

PMID- 1815739
TI  - The floor of the pulp chamber following pulpotomy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of pulpal floor damage
      caused by operator error in a standard pulpotomy exercise, and to determine if
      this damage produced significant changes in dentin morphology and thickness at
      the base of the pulp chamber. One hundred and fourteen primary molar teeth were
      utilized in this study, 61 having pulpotomies and the remainder untreated. The
      dentin thickness in the furcation was measured on all the teeth and the pulpal
      floor morphology was examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy.
      The difference in thickness of dentin in the furcation of pulpotomized and non
      pulpotomized teeth was not statistically significant. Less than fourteen per cent
      of pulpotomized teeth showed damage to the pulpal floor and this damage was only
      minimal in all cases. This study therefore suggests that damage to the pulpal
      floor during preparation is unlikely to be a factor contributing to failure of
      pulpotomies.

PMID- 1815740
TI  - Variation in function of the masticatory system in 1008 rural children.
AB  - The aim on the present study was to investigate the variation in function of the
      masticatory system in 1008 subjects 5 to 15-years-old in a rural community. This
      study considered the effects of age, gender, developmental stage of the dentition
      and interexaminer variability. In addition, maximal opening capacity of the
      mandible was assessed in relation to age, gender and body size. Four dentists
      performed the examinations combined with routine check-ups, preventive and
      operative dental treatments. The results showed that the opening capacity in
      children increases from the age of 6 to the age of 12 with no difference between
      the sexes. Children of bigger size seem to have larger opening than the smaller
      ones. Minor differences were found between the sexes, but some variation with age
      could be seen in signs of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and in occlusal
      recordings. Children with RP-IP slide had more often CMD-signs than the ones
      without this occlusal feature mainly from the instability of occlusion. This is
      in accordance with the finding of a higher prevalence of muscle tenderness and
      mediotrusion interferences during the mixed dentition. In general, in children
      expression of the craniomandibular disorders seems to reflect physiological
      changes during development of the dentition and occlusion rather than a
      pathological condition.

PMID- 1815741
TI  - Dento-facial morphology and caries experience: an epidemiological study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the association between occurrence of enamel
      focal demineralization (EFD) lesions and caries on the smooth surfaces of
      permanent teeth and some parameters concerning dentofacial morphology in
      different age groups of Finnish children. Altogether 587 children aged 7, 9 and
      12 years living in Helsinki and Kuopio, Finland were examined clinically and some
      parameters of dento-facial morphology were measured. Of the dento-facial
      morphological parameters, the size of the gonial angle seemed to be associated
      with caries indicators. The possible predictive value of dento-facial morphology
      for caries should be confirmed by longitudinal study.

PMID- 1815742
TI  - Fluoride levels and fluoride contamination of fruit juices.
AB  - Increasing consumption of beverages as a replacement for water have made fluoride
      content in beverages an important issue. In this study, forty-three ready-to
      drink fruit juices were examined for fluoride ion concentration. It was found
      that 42% of the samples had more than 1 ppm of fluoride. It was also determined
      that "pure" fruit juices, often grape juices, contained high levels of fluoride.
      Juice made from grapes separated from the skin did not contain any fluoride.
      Since it is common practice to use fluoride-containing insecticide in growing
      grapes, it is believed that contamination of these juices is occurring. Washing
      of grape skins produced appreciable quantities of fluoride. Given that increasing
      numbers of people are consuming beverages instead of water, fluoride
      supplementation should not be based solely upon the concentration of the drinking
      water, but should also consider the amount of different beverages consumed and
      their fluoride content.

PMID- 1815743
TI  - Surface condition of primary teeth after approximal grinding and polishing.
AB  - Mesiodistal reduction of primary teeth is necessary in cases with mild or
      moderate primary crowding, in patients treated with Frankel appliance type I or
      II or in those who need to keep a primary molar as long as possible due to
      congenitally missing premolars. In order to minimize the risks of periodontal
      destruction and caries, the tooth surface should be polished after grinding. A
      technique for stripping permanent teeth, recently proven successful in achieving
      smoother enamel than untreated tooth surfaces, was slightly varied and applied to
      primary teeth. By means of scanning electron micrographs, it could be shown that
      application of this technique produces smooth surfaces on primary teeth as well.
      The procedure is described in detail and cases in which it should be used are
      presented.

PMID- 1815744
TI  - Dental implants and the pediatric dental patient.

PMID- 1815745
TI  - Are Medicaid fraud control units the real fraud, Part 3? Bias, distortions and
      misplaced analyses.

PMID- 1815746
TI  - Temporomandibular disorder in a child.
AB  - Temporomandibular (TM) disorders among children are uncommon. Their many
      etiologies include interferences with the formative process, malocclusion, and
      muscle disharmony. Facial pain, earache, headache, difficulty with chewing, and
      joint noise during mandibular function are symptoms. The two year course of a TM
      disorder that first became symptomatic in a six month old child is described.

PMID- 1815747
TI  - [Measurement of the clenching force during needle point registration in dentulous
      patients].
AB  - In this study the clenching force was measured, which 12 patients used, while the
      needle-point tracing was in progress. The patients were not instructed about the
      measurement. The results show, that 10 of 12 test persons used higher clenching
      forces, when they had to do border movements according to verbal instructions
      then when doing free movements of the mandibula. All test persons showed peaks in
      the level of the clenching force, which were clinically accompanied with
      swallowing.

PMID- 1815748
TI  - [Adhesive bridge and marginal periodontium--results of a prospective study after
      a period of wear of 2-3 years].
AB  - After a period of wear of 2-3 years in 48 adhesive bridges periodontal criteria
      (SBI and PI) were determined around the abutment teeth and compared with the
      condition before the insertion of the restaurations. Significant increase in the
      index values on the oral side of these abutment teeth was found out. Here the
      distance from the gingiva to the margin of restaurations was smaller than 1 mm.

PMID- 1815749
TI  - [Contribution for the method of testing the shearing strength of metal ceramic
      bonding system].
AB  - The shown method of testing the shearing strength of metal ceramic bonding
      systems has proved in connection with the development of metal ceramic materials
      and their handling as an efficient technique, which leads to reproducible results
      with a small dispersion. In divergence from the method of Schmitz and Schulmeyer
      we use material layers in a bigness, which allow usual laboratory manufacturing
      techniques and above it the bonding strength of single cera layers can be
      estimated.

PMID- 1815750
TI  - [Tooth replacement by BIONIT-implants].
AB  - Aluminium oxide ceramics, apart from Titan, must be regarded at present as the
      most favourable material for dental implants, due to the fact it has adequate
      parameters of stability in addition toits inert biocompatibility. It is reported
      on dental implants of BIONIT capable of being produced in deries for the most
      various applications, and the results obtained in clinical routine.

PMID- 1815751
TI  - [Side effects of the immunsuppressive cyclosporin A in dentistry].
AB  - 31 renal transplant patients with Cyclosporin-A-Medication were dental discussed.
      Half of the patients showed gingival hyperplasia in the anterior region of the
      maxilla after different time of medication. A relation between gingival
      hyperplasia, age and sex could'nt be seen. Two stomatitis were presented. The
      oral hygiene and the parodontal statement before the transplantation influenced
      the formation of gingival hyperplasia. At time it seems, that Nifedipin has no
      influence on the formation of gingival hyperplasia. We recommend a extensive
      research with a long list of patients. A patient with a voluminous hyperplasia
      was discussed.

PMID- 1815752
TI  - [Tumors of the peripheral nervous system in the region of jaw and face].
AB  - Benign and malign forms of tumors of the peripheral nervous system also occur in
      the region of jaw and face. They demonstrate a quite different dignity and
      different courses. Very well known is the neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen)
      which can be observed in several variants in face. The possibility is pointed out
      that primarily benign tumours of the peripheral nervous system may be degenerated
      to malign ones and the course as well as the therapy with benign and malign
      tumours are being described.

PMID- 1815753
TI  - [Restorative therapy with amalgam-indication and long life time].
AB  - The pattern of restorative therapy with amalgam of 38 thuringian dentists were
      checked up over a period of 4 weeks. The indications of the 3644 in these time
      applicated amalgam restorations were in 42% of all cases primarily caries, in 22%
      secondary caries and in 24% noncaries caused reasons. Occlusal caries was
      dominant in adolescents and young adults. Patients older than 24 years had a
      higher risk of approximal caries and root caries is becoming a clinical problem
      in patients older than 54 years. 61% of the replaced amalgam restorations have
      had a function period over 5 years. Prevention, early restorative therapy and
      consequently a recall system in connection with correct indication are the most
      important factors for a long time of amalgam restorations and successful dental
      treatment.

PMID- 1815755
TI  - Management of occupational exposure to potential blood-borne infections.
      Considerations for development of office procedures to handle "needlestick
      injuries".

PMID- 1815754
TI  - [Contribution to the method of potentiodynamic polarization investigations to
      characterize the corrosion of dental alloys].
AB  - In an experimental study could be shown, that in corrosion investigations by help
      of the anodic polarization the sensity of the measurement of amperage is
      important. Testing alloy-systems like Remanium CS, which show passivation on a
      higher resting potential, mistakes in valuation of the corrosion behaviour by
      registration in a range of 10-50 muA/cm are possible.

PMID- 1815756
TI  - Dissecting the AAO position on TMJD.

PMID- 1815757
TI  - Considerations before and during occlusal equilibration.

PMID- 1815758
TI  - Case report: a pseudo Class III malocclusion corrected with "the Hedrick
      technique".

PMID- 1815759
TI  - Defend yourself against faulty brackets. 1. Faults due to poor manufacturing.

PMID- 1815760
TI  - Retargeting of human lymphocytes against human ovarian carcinoma cells by
      bispecific antibodies: from laboratory to clinic.
AB  - We have selected a monoclonal antibody (MOv18) reactive with ovarian carcinoma,
      which exhibits a restricted tumor specificity, a high affinity constant and which
      recognizes a 38-kDa glycoprotein homogeneously expressed on the cell surface of
      90% of human ovarian carcinomas. Localization studies with radiolabelled MOv18
      showed that MOv18 could specifically reach ovarian carcinoma cells growing in the
      peritoneal cavity of nu/nu mice. MOv18 did not mediate antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity via Fc and could not be used as a carrier for toxins due to
      poor internalization of the antigen-antibody complex. Bispecific F(ab')2
      antibodies made with MOv18 and an antibody reactive with CD3 were able to
      redirect the cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) against ovarian
      carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo in an animal model. The treatment of
      athymic mice bearing a human ovarian carcinoma intraperitoneally, with human PBL
      coated with the bispecific F(ab')2, significantly prolonged survival of the
      animals compared with tumour-bearing untreated and control mice treated with PBL
      alone. Four ovarian cancer patients have been treated with autologous lymphocytes
      coated with this bispecific F(ab')2 in a phase I clinical trial. No serious side
      effects were observed but patients developed human anti-murine antibodies mainly
      directed against the idiotype of MOv18. We have now begun phase II clinical
      trials in ovarian cancer patients.

PMID- 1815761
TI  - Risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
      Study of hemostasis measurements.
AB  - A large number of hemostasis measurements complications were performed in 20
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease; whose changes have been associated with
      an increased risk of thromboembolic. Of the 20 patients, 9 (45%) had one or more
      changes suggestive of activation of the hemostatic system. Such changes were more
      frequently observed in patients with active disease. Two patients had changes in
      the fibrinolytic system (high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels) and 2 in
      the natural anticoagulants (low antithrombin III activity). Nine patients had
      increased plasma fibrinogen levels and 6 patients had slightly increased levels
      of anticardiolipin antibodies. Most of the changes observed were not related to
      the type, location or activity of the disease. These data show that various
      biochemical abnormalities may be found in patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease, which may account for their increased risk of thrombosis, and suggest
      that multiple mechanisms may interact in determining such complications.

PMID- 1815762
TI  - Determination of serum levels of complement component C4b-binding protein:
      influence of age and inflammation.
AB  - C4b-binding protein (C4b-BP) is a high molecular weight plasma protein which
      inhibits the activity of the classical complement pathway C3 convertase. In
      addition to multiple binding sites for C4b, C4b-BP possesses a single binding
      site for vitamin K-dependent protein S, an inhibitor of blood coagulation. As
      protein S bound to C4b-BP has no anticoagulant activity, C4b-BP participates in
      the regulation of both the complement and the coagulation pathways. We have
      produced and immunochemically characterized a series of murine monoclonal
      antibodies to human C4b-BP. A mixture of four monoclonal antibodies precipitating
      C4b-BP both in agarose gel and in solution was used to develop a highly
      reproducible radial immunodiffusion method for the measurement of C4b-BP in human
      serum. C4b-BP levels were measured in sera from 284 patients referred to our
      central laboratory. Samples from subjects with an increased erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR), a1-acid glycoprotein (a1-AGP) or C-reactive protein
      (CRP) had significantly higher C4b-BP levels (307 mg/l, 292-322 mg/l, geometric
      mean and 95% confidence limits of the mean) than those from subjects without
      elevation of the aforementioned established acute phase reactants (231 mg/l, 226
      237 mg/l, P less than 0.00001). C4b-BP was significantly (P less than 0.001)
      correlated with ESR (r = 0.715), a1-AGP (r = 0.692) and CRP (r = 0.567). There
      was no gender-related difference in C4b-BP levels. In subjects with no increased
      acute phase reactants there was a significant correlation between C4b-BP levels
      and age (r = 0.387, P less than 0.001). High C4b-BP might contribute to the
      increased thrombotic risk associated with inflammation and aging.

PMID- 1815763
TI  - Immunochemical and functional characterization of anti-idiotypic antibodies to a
      mouse anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Immunization of BALB/c mice with the mouse anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb)
      HP2/6 resulted in the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Analysis of the
      kinetics of the development of anti-idiotypic antibodies showed a homogeneous
      response among the immunized animals. Cross-blocking assays performed with anti
      CD4 mAbs OKT4, OKT4c and OKT4d showed that syngeneic anti-idiotypic antiserum
      elicited with mAb HP2/6 recognizes idiotope(s) expressed only on the immunizing
      mAb. The idiotope(s) is (are) located within or closely related to the antigen
      combining site of mAb HP2/6. Hybridization with the myeloma cell line NSO of
      splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse hyperimmunized with mAb HP2/6 generated the anti
      idiotypic mAbs F11-2113, F11-2302 and F11-2444 which recognize idiotope(s)
      outside the antigen-combining site of mAb HP2/6. Although the anti-idiotypic mAbs
      cross-inhibit each other in their binding to mAb HP2/6, they differ in the
      ability to elicit anti-anti-idiotypic antisera. Furthermore, mAb F11-2113
      enhances CD4 down-regulation in the presence of mAb HP2/6 to a larger extent than
      mAbs F11-2302 and F11-2444. The latter results suggest an additional mechanism by
      which anti-idiotypic antibodies may induce functional abnormalities of CD4+ T
      cells in human immunodeficiency virus-infected T cells.

PMID- 1815764
TI  - L-arginine therapy in Raynaud's phenomenon?
AB  - Since L-Arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis by vascular
      endothelial cells the effects of L-arginine treatment on the digital vascular
      response to local stimuli were investigated in patients with primary or secondary
      Raynaud's phenomenon. After therapy, patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary
      to systemic sclerosis showed: (1) higher digital vasodilation after local
      warming, (2) cold-induced digital vasodilation, and (3) increase of plasma levels
      of tissue-type plasminogen activator.

PMID- 1815765
TI  - Induction of beta-1,3-glucanase in barley in response to infection by fungal
      pathogens.
AB  - The sequence of a partial cDNA clone corresponding to an mRNA induced in leaves
      of barley (Hordeum vulgare) by infection with fungal pathogens matched almost
      perfectly with that of a cDNA clone coding for beta-1,-3-glucanase isolated from
      the scutellum of barley. Western blot analysis of intercellular proteins from
      near-isogenic barley lines inoculated with the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe
      graminis f. sp. hordei) showed a strong induction of glucanase in all inoculated
      lines but was most pronounced in two resistant lines. These data were confirmed
      by beta-1,3-glucanase assays. The barley cDNA was used as a hybridization probe
      to detect mRNAs in barley, wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (oryza sativus), and
      sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), which are induced by infection with the necrotrophic
      pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. These results demonstrate that activation of beta
      1,3-glucanase genes may be a general response of cereals to infection by fungal
      pathogens.

PMID- 1815767
TI  - Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery following failed balloon angioplasty:
      role of the internal mammary artery graft.
AB  - During a 4-year period (1986-1989), 3,502 patients had percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in our institution. One hundred nineteen (3.4%)
      patients required emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) because
      of abrupt vessel closure following PTCA. Factors associated with vessel closure
      included lesion angulation greater than or equal to 90 degrees (p less than
      0.007), the presence of thrombus (p less than 0.02), or a long (greater than or
      equal to 2 cm) lesion (p less than 0.03). Of these 119 emergency CABG patients,
      108 (91%) arrived in the operating room in a stable condition (group I) and 11
      (9%) were in cardiogenic shock (group II). Five (45%) of the group II patients
      were admitted to the hospital with an acute myocardial infarction and all 11
      patients had a higher incidence of multivessel disease (p less than 0.05) and
      lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p less than 0.001) than group I
      patients. The overall surgical mortality was 10.1%; however, in group I the
      mortality was 5.6% and in group II it was 54.5% (p less than 0.001). The vessel
      that abruptly closed ("culprit vessel") was the left anterior descending (LAD) in
      60%, the right coronary artery in 27%, and the left circumflex in 13%. The
      internal mammary artery was utilized to bypass the culprit artery in 51 (43%)
      patients, including 50% of the culprit LADs. With group I culprit LAD patients,
      when the left IMA was the bypass conduit, there were no hospital deaths nor
      strokes and there was a 6.3% incidence of perioperative infarction.

PMID- 1815766
TI  - Surgical technique for artificial mitral chordae implantation.
AB  - Failure of reconstructive procedures of the mitral valve is often ascribed to
      diffuse alteration of the subvalvular apparatus, which prevents the utilization
      of well-established techniques such as chordal transposition or shortening. For
      this reason, in 1986 after 2 years of animal experiments, we started the clinical
      use of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene mitral chordae. Details of the surgical
      procedure are presented. Our experience is based on 51 patients with a mean
      follow-up of about 20 months (range 3-57). Four patients had the valve replaced
      during the same operation: one patient died later of cardiac failure and two
      underwent reoperation, 8 and 18 months after operation. Forty-one patients are in
      New York Heart Association Functional Class I and three in Class II. We suggest
      this technique in association with other traditional procedures to increase the
      number of mitral valves repaired, mostly because of degenerative etiology.

PMID- 1815768
TI  - A new vascular probe: a technique rather than a tool.
AB  - A new intravascular probe designed to facilitate small vessel, especially
      coronary artery, anastomosis is presented. Modifications in anastomotic
      techniques by using the device are discussed.

PMID- 1815769
TI  - Immunogenicity, antigenicity, and endothelial viability of aortic valves
      preserved at 4 degrees C in a nutrient medium.
AB  - In patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, allograft valves stored at 4
      degrees C in a nutrient medium have been associated with excellent immediate and
      long-term results. The effects of this method of prolonged storage on the
      antigenic, immunological and cellular characteristics of these grafts are
      incompletely understood. This study was designed to study these phenomena in rat
      aortic valves subjected to antibiotic sterilization and stored for up to 3 weeks
      in RPMI containing 10% fetal calf serum. Selected valves from Brown Norway rats
      were implanted heterotopically into the abdominal aorta of Lewis rats. Other
      valves were studied prior to transplantation. Antigenicity was determined by
      immunocytochemical staining using monoclonal mouse antibodies directed at Class I
      and Class II rat antigens. Immunogenicity was determined by duration of second
      set skin graft survival following heterotopic aortic valve implant. Endothelial
      cell viability was determined by flow cytometric analysis of endothelial cells
      harvested from aortic valve allografts by collagenase digestion. Only fresh
      valves and valves stored for 1 day were positive for Class I antigens; no valves
      were positive for Class II antigens. Duration of skin graft survival was
      prolonged with greater duration of storage, but grafts remained immunogenic after
      21 days of storage. Endothelial cell viability declined from 95% in the fresh
      valves to 64% after 21 days of storage. With prolonged duration of allograft
      valve storage at 4 degrees C, there is an attenuation of antigenicity,
      immunogenicity, and endothelial cell viability. Loss of endothelial cells may
      contribute to the changes in immunological responses to the valve allografts. The
      expression of antigens on the endothelial surface is not a reliable predictor of
      immunological response.

PMID- 1815770
TI  - Identification of a failure mode of the antibiotic sterilized aortic allograft
      after 10 years: implications for their long-term survival.
AB  - Freehand aortic allograft valves that had been previously sterilized with
      antibiotics were recovered at reoperation for biomechanical testing. The elastic
      extensibility of two leaflets from each explanted allograft stored in modified
      Hank's solution at 4 degrees C were measured using biaxial testing techniques. It
      was found that the leaflets had lost a significant amount of the natural,
      preimplant tissue extensibility. Computer simulation was used to investigate the
      likely consequences of such a profound change in the biomechanical
      characteristics of the leaflets on whole valve function. We found that the valve
      becomes progressively more incompetent as leaflet extensibility is lost and the
      stress levels at the commissures rise sharply with reduced coaptation. The stress
      levels in the load-bearing leaflet center are increased in the ventricularis as
      load is transferred from the fibrosa. The measured change in the radial
      extensibility of the aortic allograft leaflet needs to be allowed for when sizing
      the graft at insertion. Inserting the largest possible graft will maximize the
      time to the onset of central incompetence and improve valvar longevity by
      lowering the stress during diastole.

PMID- 1815771
TI  - The cryopreserved stented pulmonary homograft valve in the tricuspid position.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the early phase events occurring in a stented
      pulmonary homograft valve implanted in the tricuspid position. A human pulmonary
      homograft was sterilized in antibiotic solution for 48 hours and cryopreserved in
      liquid nitrogen (-176 degrees C). Following thawing and trimming, the pulmonary
      valve was mounted on a Dacron cloth-covered Delrin stent and implanted into the
      tricuspid position in 3-month-old sheep, for a mean of 95 +/- 5 days. Seven
      animals were studied. Morphological assessment indicated good structural tissue
      preservation despite a decrease in viable fibroblasts noted in the distal part of
      the leaflets. The collagen fibers remained unchanged, and no tissue calcification
      was found. Viability of the mounted homograft was evaluated using an in vitro
      tissue culture method, and the viable cells underwent chromosomal analysis to
      identify whether they originated from the donor or host. Cells with 56
      chromosomes, a number intrinsic to sheep cells, were cultured from the donor
      recipient junctional area. Hemodynamic and angiographic data, which were
      collected at the time of both implantation and explantation, revealed no
      functional deterioration of the implanted valve over 3 months. At the time of
      explantation, six of the seven valves were competent and no cusp retraction or
      thickening was noted. The seventh valve had deteriorated due to endocarditis. We
      conclude that stented cryopreserved pulmonary homografts may be useful as
      bioprostheses in the tricuspid position.

PMID- 1815772
TI  - On stress reduction in bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets by the use of a
      flexible stent.
AB  - It has been postulated that flexible stent posts can reduce tensile stress at the
      commissures of tissue heart valves by about 90% when compared with the same valve
      mounted on a rigid stent. We have used a detailed computer model to investigate
      the role of flexible stent posts in reducing stress in the leaflets of three
      types of bioprosthetic heart valves: the bovine pericardial and the high- and
      zero-pressure fixed porcine valves. The models use stress/strain data from
      biaxial experiments to characterize the tissue properties and are subjected to a
      back pressure of 120 mmHg. We found that strain was reduced linearly with stent
      post deflection and that this was a purely static process--it did not require the
      load to be applied impulsively. This finding was in close agreement with earlier
      experimental studies, which measured the same strain reduction whether the valve
      was loaded quasi-statically or at physiological rates. In addition, we found that
      for this mechanism to be effective the valve must have good coaptation at the
      center and the tissue should be stiff; in other cases, the advantages of strain
      reduction through the use of a flexible stent are considerably diminished.

PMID- 1815773
TI  - Aortic valve/root interactions in porcine hearts: implications for bioprosthetic
      valve sizing.
AB  - The implantation of aortic allografts as well as stentless, freehand porcine
      xenograft valves requires proper sizing of the graft for the recipient aortic
      root. To visualize the aortic valve in motion and measure the cyclic expansion of
      the aortic root, we developed an isolated porcine heart model and a computerized
      three-dimensional reconstruction technique. Dynamic and static expansions of the
      aortic root were obtained from beating and arrested porcine hearts, and
      additional static expansions at varying pressures were measured from
      reconstructed three-dimensional models of valves obtained with high-resolution
      magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements of aortic root expansion have shown that
      it is highly dependent upon the pressures imposed on the heart. Although the
      aortic root expanded by only 5% between systolic pressures of 60 and 100 mmHg,
      the total expansion was up to 40% between rest and cyclic pressurizing to 100
      mmHg. This data suggest that unstented xenograft valves should be sized 30% to
      40% larger than the collapsed size of the recipient aorta. Proper sizing of
      valves on stents should also be attempted to reduce the large amount of leaflet
      redundancy that current stenting techniques produce.

PMID- 1815774
TI  - Hydrodynamic function of second generation porcine bioprosthetic heart valves.
AB  - The hydrodynamic function and leaflet dynamics of second generation porcine
      valves prepared with low- or zero-pressure fixation have been studied and
      compared to first generation porcine bioprostheses, bileaflet, and tilting disc
      mechanical valves. The Carpentier-Edwards Supra-Annular and Hancock II valves
      showed lower pressure drops than the Medtronic Intact valve and first generation
      porcine valves, and comparable overall energy losses to mechanical valves at
      normal cardiac outputs. Only the zero-pressure fixed Intact valve showed
      synchronous leaflet opening. Delayed leaflet opening and high opening pressures
      were found in both low- and high-pressure fixed porcine valves. All porcine
      bioprostheses showed high open leaflet bending strains. Fixation of valve
      leaflets with "near zero" pressure fixation and a more physiological neutral
      geometry is necessary to ensure synchronous leaflet opening at low flows and a
      reduction in commissural bending strains.

PMID- 1815775
TI  - The autogenous tissue heart valve: current status.
AB  - Residual antigenicity of xenograft tissue after glutaraldehyde tanning may be a
      factor that determines calcification and durability of bioprostheses. We have
      pursued the concept of a nonantigenic, noncalcifying, more durable bioprosthesis.
      We previously described a technique for rapid intraoperative fabrication of an
      autogenous tissue heart valve (ATHV). That technique has been modified to improve
      reliability and ease of learning. With the modified technique, a geometrically
      perfect trileaflet valve can be made in 5 minutes. Although any suitable tissue
      can be used, the pericardial ATHV is the subject of this report. Autogenous
      pericardium immersed for 5 minutes in glutaraldehyde has proven satisfactory for
      valve construction. In vitro testing in the pulse duplicator and accelerated life
      tester has shown that the stent assembly is capable of function beyond
      800,000,000 cycles without failure. In vivo testing has been performed in the
      juvenile sheep model as described by the National Institutes of Health group.
      Five sheep were maintained for 5 months postimplant before sacrifice. Explanted
      valves showed no tissue thickening or shrinkage, problems seen with earlier
      valves made with untreated autogenous tissue, and the leaflets remained pliable,
      free of the degenerative changes usually seen in the sheep model.

PMID- 1815776
TI  - Comparison of viscoelastic properties of suture versus porcine mitral valve
      chordae tendineae.
AB  - Recent reports have advocated the use of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suture
      for replacement or reinforcement of ruptured or elongated mitral valve chordae
      tendineae. The mechanical properties of PTFE (Gore-Tex) and other sutures were
      determined and compared to those of porcine mitral valve chordae. The results
      were analyzed to assess how closely chordal mechanical function may be simulated
      by synthetic suture materials. Chordae tendineae and suture samples were tested
      in uniaxial tension using an INSTRON Model 1000 at strain rates of 5 and 10
      mm/min. The stress (g/mm2) was plotted versus strain, and the elastic modulus
      determined as the slope of the curve. Chordae tendineae exhibited a nonlinear
      viscoelastic stress/strain behavior. The elastic modulus of both suture types
      tested was significantly higher than that of the chordae. However, the PTFE
      suture did exhibit some viscoelastic characteristics (hysteresis and creep) that
      begin to approach the chordal behavior. Chordal viscoelastic behavior results
      from the inherent composite structure (collagen, elastin, endothelium, water, and
      ground substance). As yet, no synthetic materials are able to imitate this
      behavior with the appropriate tensile strength and fatigue resistant
      characteristics. At present, PTFE appears to be the best synthetic alternative
      for chordal replacement, due to its limited viscoelastic capabilities.
      Nevertheless, the need to more nearly approximate the mechanical behavior of
      mitral valve chordae tendineae with synthetic material warrants further
      investigation.

PMID- 1815777
TI  - Anomalous origin of the left anterior descending artery from the pulmonary
      artery.

PMID- 1815778
TI  - Surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia rather than
      pulmonary stenosis.

PMID- 1815779
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of novel, potent and long-acting analogs of AC
      CCK-7 with high affinity for peripheral (type A) receptors.
AB  - Analogs of cholecystokinin (CCK-7) in which the N-terminal Tyr(SO3H) was
      acetylated, Asp6 replaced with Thr(SO3H) and Phe7 replaced with N-methyl-Phe were
      prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis and evaluated for their receptor
      binding activity and ability to suppress appetite. The receptor binding
      activities of these synthetic analogs of CCK-7 and their selectivity for the CCK
      A and CCK-B receptor subtypes were determined using solubilized membrane
      preparations from rat pancreatic tissue and bovine striatum. The synthetic
      peptide Ac-Tyr(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Thr(SO3H)-N-methyl-Phe-NH2 (referred to as
      Ro 23-7014) demonstrated superior satiating potency (ED50 = 0.3 micrograms/kg,
      i.p.), increased selectivity for CCK-A receptors (400-fold), increased resistance
      to peptidergic degradation and a longer duration of action (4 to 5 hours). This
      analog also effectively suppressed food intake following intranasal
      administration (ED50 = 100 micrograms/kg). These studies demonstrate the
      feasibility of designing analogs of CCK-8 with greater selectivity, potency and
      duration of action, which may be useful as nonsystemically administered appetite
      suppressants.

PMID- 1815781
TI  - Suppression of a side reaction associated with N(im)-benzyloxymethyl group during
      synthesis of peptides containing cysteinyl residue at the N-terminus.
AB  - During the synthesis of His-containing peptide, having a Cys residue at the amino
      terminus, by the HF method, a large quantity of an unexpected product was formed
      when the His residue was protected by the benzyloxymethyl (BOM) group. This side
      product was found to be a thioprolyl-peptide which was formed from the Cys
      peptide with formaldehyde released from the Bom group by HF. In order to suppress
      this side reaction, we tried using various scavengers and found that Cys and its
      derivatives were most effective, although they could not completely suppress the
      side reaction. Even after the HF reaction, formaldehyde attached to the scavenger
      or peptide seemed to cause further conversion of the Cys-peptide to thioprolyl
      peptide. Thus, proper removal of the formaldehyde from the reaction mixture is
      essential to reduce the formation of this undesirable product.

PMID- 1815780
TI  - A conformation-activity study of the [L-(alpha Me)Phe]3 analog of the formyl
      methionyl tripeptide chemoattractant.
AB  - CHO-L-Met-L-Leu-L-(alpha Me)Phe-OMe, an analog of the formyl methionyl tripeptide
      chemoattractant CHO-L-Met-L-Leu-L-Phe-OH, was synthesized by solution methods and
      fully characterized. This compound was prepared to determine the effect of the
      incorporation of a conformationally restricted C alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha
      amino acid residue at position 3 on the relation of three-dimensional structure
      to biological activity. The peptide was tested for its ability to induce granule
      enzyme secretion from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In
      parallel, a conformational analysis was performed in the crystal state by x-ray
      diffraction and in organic solution by infrared absorption and 1H nuclear
      magnetic resonance. These biological and conformational data are discussed in
      relation to those of the prototype tripeptide and its methyl ester.

PMID- 1815782
TI  - Semiautomated T-bag peptide synthesis using 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl strategy
      and benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate activation.
AB  - Multiple peptide synthesis using the T-bag method is considerably facilitated
      using 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl strategy and benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethyl
      uronium tetrafluoroborate activation. Convenient protocols were achieved when
      semiautomation was applied. Successful syntheses of analogues of neuropeptide Y
      demonstrate the advantages of these improvements. Various peptides consisting of
      up to eighteen residues were built up with unusual amino acid residues. Useful
      hints are given for semiautomated multiple peptide synthesis for up to 120
      different peptides.

PMID- 1815783
TI  - HBTU activation for automated Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis.
AB  - Excellent results have been obtained for the Fmoc solid-phase syntheses of
      peptides using the activating reagent 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3,
      tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU). Activation occurs very rapidly in
      N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methyl-pyrrolidone, optimal solvents for peptide
      resin solvation. It has been observed that complete coupling reactions occur in
      only 10-30 min. Residues such as Arg, Ile, Leu and Val, which often require
      double coupling by other activation methods, react with high efficiency by single
      coupling when HBTU is used. The Fmoc/HBTU chemistry has recently been applied to
      the peptide synthesizers. The incorporation of trityl side-chain protection for
      Fmoc-Asn and Fmoc-Gln further enhances coupling efficiencies in difficult
      sequences.

PMID- 1815784
TI  - [Preparation for ceramic veneers].

PMID- 1815785
TI  - [Rapid orthodontic extrusion: clinical crown lengthening].

PMID- 1815786
TI  - [Can attachment gain be achieved by means of orthodontic measures?].
AB  - The influence of intrusive movement was analyzed in an animal experiment. The
      results indicate that the periodontal status previously observed might in fact be
      related to a clinically significant amount of new attachment. Since the intrusion
      is carried out in case of horizontal bone loss, this treatment is specially
      focusing on the situation which has the most doubtful prognosis by means of the
      current new attachment procedures. A possible explanation of the attachment gain
      demonstrated may be that the stretching of the periodontal ligament fibres at the
      marginal level generates a sort of natural filter reducing the down growth of the
      epithelium. Another possible explanation may be that the orthodontic stimulation
      increased the turnover in the periodontal ligament and thereby improved the
      chances of the periodontal ligament to repopulate the previous infected root
      surface. There is, on the basis of the results presented reason to believe that a
      combination of a prevented colonarization from gingival tissue and a stimulation
      of the periodontal ligament cells showed open new perspective in the treatment of
      heavily involved periodontal patients.

PMID- 1815787
TI  - [Biomechanical aspects of the spring-active-appliance during the night sleep].
AB  - 1. During the night the mandibular activities caused by the spring-active
      appliance are increased. Seven times more mandibular movements occur compared to
      the activator according to Andresen-Haupl. 2. A distinct increased mandibular
      activity during the time the patient fall asleep or in the wake up time can be
      registered, especially in the adaptation phase or after reactivating the springs.
      3. Powerful activities of the m. masseter did not lead to an inversion of the
      mandibular movement. 4. A regular movement of the mandible is the most frequent
      movement whilst mandibular activities. 5. During the night asymmetrical
      activities of the mm. masseters very often occur. 6. An inversion of the
      mandibular movement, that means a counter-clockwise-rotation of the m. mandible,
      occurs if the force direction of the m. temporalis is directed more distally or
      if the ratio between masseter- and temporalis activities are for the benefit of
      the temporalis-activities. 7. During the night the springs in the spring-active
      appliance cause a counter-clock wise-rotation of the mandible without mandibular
      activities around a transverse axis in the region of the molars. This leads to an
      approach of the anterior teeth whilst the distance between the molars remains
      constant. 8. Contrary movements and rotations around a transverse axis in the
      region of the molars lead to a distraction of the condyle of about one
      millimeter.

PMID- 1815788
TI  - [Alignment of malpositioned canines].
AB  - This article presents a system for aligning impacted canines. The base of this
      system is the lingual arch, a rigid reaction unit of four teeth, molars and
      premolars. From this base unit an impacted canine can be extruded, moved
      distally, jumped over the occlusion and derotated by segment arches, coil springs
      and elastic ligatures. The efficiency of this appliance is due to the elimination
      of undesired reactive forces, the safe moving of teeth, the possibility of an
      exact force application and the simple manipulation; also the esthetic
      inconvenience is minimal. All this results in a better prognosis and an
      essentially shorter treatment time. This appliance can be used in the upper and
      the lower jaw. Schematic drawings and clinical examples demonstrate this method.

PMID- 1815789
TI  - [Clinically relevant biomechanics--1. Moment/force ratio--terminologic
      clarification].
AB  - The movement of a tooth under the influence of an orthodontic appliance is
      dependent upon the acting force and the resulting moment. This moment can be
      computed by adding the inherent moment of the force and the therapeutic moment of
      the appliance. The article points out the differences between these two kinds of
      moments. Moreover, it describes, that the resulting moment is the base for
      another kind of moment-to-force-ratio, Mi/F', which is the only parameter to
      predict the direction of orthodontic tooth movement.

PMID- 1815790
TI  - [Effect of different enamel structures on bonding of glass ionomer cements].
AB  - In the present study, the adhesive strength of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) for
      bracket bonding is analysed in relation to the surface characteristics of the
      enamel. The bonding of brackets to the enamel of impacted teeth as well as
      erupted teeth of adolescents and adults is determined in shear force experiments.
      The results of our investigation shows that GIC attaches to adult enamel to a
      significantly better extent than to the teeth of adolescents. The poorest values
      were shown in impacted teeth. It is shown with reference to scanning electron
      micrograms that surface lesions occur especially frequently in use of
      conventional etching technique on enamel in adults after debonding the bracket.
      GIC thus appears to be a promising alternative material for bracket fixation
      which does not damage the enamel, especially in adult orthodontics. In view of
      the result, its suitability should be checked in clinical studies.

PMID- 1815791
TI  - [Use of temporary crowns for corrections of malocclusions during the deciduous
      dentition in children with cleft lips and palates].
AB  - Diagnosis and correction of the a priori not normal development of the dentition
      in cleft palate children is of utmost importance in the primary dentition.
      Secondary preventive dental care using uncomplicated procedures is one of the
      most rewarding responsibilities in cleft orthopedics. Aesthetics in dentistry is
      stressed and cleft palate children should not be excluded out of consideration
      for their parents. A technical modification of the inclined plane using only
      tooth coloured materials for the treatment of sagittal and transverse anomalies
      of the primary dentition is presented. Case reports include a patient with a
      genetic disposition for anomalies in the ipsilateral maxillary quadrant.

PMID- 1815792
TI  - [Usefulness of the sum angle according to Bjork (Jarabak)].
AB  - The term sumangle (SA) according to Bjork has been attributed in the literature
      to Jarabak. The term was not used by Bjork in his original works. Because of the
      demonstrated relations the sumangle can be deducted from the simplified
      calculation SA = X + 360 degrees, whereby X is the angle between the reference
      lines NS-ML. Beside from this fact also the high unreliability of defining the
      necessary reference points makes the sumangle a questionable measurement of
      vertical skeletal development. Therefore other trigonometric parameters as for
      instance the Y-axis are preferable.

PMID- 1815793
TI  - [Indication and application of the cervical traction headgear].
AB  - Two types of cervical headgear were presented, the cervical traction with caudal
      tip and with cranial tip of the long outer bow. The results of an actual long
      term follow-up study show long-term stability after distalization with both
      appliances. The indication and application of the cervical traction are described
      as a two-term movement. Type I, the cervical headgear with long outer bow tipped
      10 to 15 degrees caudal to the inner bow allows to move the crown of the molar
      distally and to upright mesially tipped molars; the classic indication is the
      dentoalveolar class II division 1. Type II with long outer bow and tip of 10 to
      15 degrees cranial is indicated to upright the roots distally in cases of
      dentoalveolar and/or skeletal class II with deep overbite. As a concluding remark
      the recommendation is made that the indications for extraction therapy are
      understood and that cervical headgears are not seen as a substitute for
      extractions.

PMID- 1815794
TI  - [Protraction--it's use and abuse].
AB  - 1. Protraction devices can be used to close excess spaces by moving posterior
      teeth forward, to protract maxillas, to rotate arch segments in cleft palate
      patients and to remove hyper anterior contacts in patients with TMJ derangements.
      2. There are three types of protraction headgears: Chin support with cranial
      straps (Hickham), chin support with a forehead pad (Face mask) and zygoma support
      with a headband (Suborbital). They all have specific advantages and
      disadvantages. 3. The force magnitude from a protraction gear varies according to
      the desired effect from between app. 400 grams/side to move the maxillary
      anterior teeth forward and 800 grams/side to encourage maxillary sutural
      expansion. 4. The centers of rotation of the jaws and the dentition are located
      apically to the attachment of the protraction device. Therefore not only the
      intended mesially oriented force is produced but also the undesired side effect
      of both jaws moving around their centers of rotation. To avoid these negative
      effects the protraction elastics should always leave the arch in the canine area.
      5. Basically Class III cases are due to either a short maxilla and/or a long
      mandible with variations in the vertical. App. 60% of all Class III cases have a
      short maxilla indicating the need for protraction. About 50% of the total Class
      III patient population would need surgery to finish with an ideal occlusion.
      However, many types of compromise treatments can be acceptable. 6. A good
      occlusion can only be accomplished in the presence of normal function. In Class
      III patients special attention should be given to possible nasal obstruction as
      well as to tongue posture and function. ENT cooperation and tongue spikes are
      often necessary to resolve these problems. 7. Class III elastics tend to rotate
      the maxilla and mandible counterclockwise. The resulting change in molar
      relationship is only due to the rotation of the occlusal plane which is unstable.
      Also because of the extrusional side effect there is an increase in vertical
      dimension which usually is undesirable. 8. Intraorally the protraction device can
      either be attached to a bonded acrylic expansion appliance or to a cemented Hyrax
      depending on the developmental stage of the dentition. To avoid traumatic
      occlusion conditions a modified splint should be used with the protraction gear
      in adults. 9. In all growing Class III patients overcorrection of overjet and
      overbite is very important. This way not only possible relapse is prevented but
      also the change of a posteriorly displaced mandible is avoided which could be a
      later cause for TMJ derangement. 10. When deciding whether the deformity is in
      the maxilla or in the mandible--the individualized Jacobson templates are very
      helpful.

PMID- 1815795
TI  - [Clinically relevant biomechanics. 2. Mechanics of non-symmetric front teeth
      intrusion].
AB  - Front teeth can be intruded by the segmented arches described by Burstone. The
      article analyses the vertical forces under the influence of symmetric intrusion
      arches and examines the static situation caused by non-symmetric activation of
      symmetric intrusion mechanics. It shows that in some cases even extrusive forces
      can occur in the anterior segment, whereas intrusive forces are intended to be
      applied.

PMID- 1815796
TI  - [Clinical experiences using modified Schwarz double plates].
AB  - The efficiency of supported double plates according to A.M. Schwarz in the
      treatment of patients with distocclusion is well-known. When using these
      appliances we prefer the following procedure: First maxillary and mandibular
      dentition are treated separately with biomechanically active plates. Then the
      mandible is adjusted to the normal occlusion but not before the eruption of the
      first premolars. We attach great importance to the motivation of parents as well
      as patients for a 12-week intensive co-operation. During this period the patient
      is expected to wear the appliance 16 to 17 hours per day. It is not necessary for
      the patient to wear the double-plates at school. The modification of our double
      plates consists in a U-shaped "Vorbissbugel" (a guidance for protrusive
      occlusion) with an adequate frontal inclined plan at the mandibular plate.

PMID- 1815797
TI  - [Cementing brackets with glass ionomer cements].
AB  - The results of this in-vitro investigation on cementing brackets with different
      glass ionomer cements show that Fuji I is the only cement which could be used as
      an alternative for bonding metal brackets to enamel. Although present clinical
      use seems to be quite satisfying, further in-vivo research will be necessary to
      prove and confirm these findings. All other investigated glass ionomer materials
      demonstrated a significant loss of shear bond strength after various temperature
      changes and therefore do not seem to be indicated for clinical use. At the moment
      research and development of the various glass ionomer cements are so intensified
      that it is almost impossible to give general statements or recommendations on
      different brands for cementing brackets to enamel.

PMID- 1815798
TI  - [Automation for the orthodontics model analysis using a digital caliper].
AB  - 1. The discussed program structure is a common one and is transferable to other
      computer systems. 2. The structure is independent from computer language and thus
      is usable with various computer languages. 3. This proposal for automation is
      helpful in treatment planning but it cannot substitute the orthodontists
      diagnostic work. 4. Because of the modular structure the program can be used for
      daily practice as well as for extensive scientific works. 5. The program can be
      included totally or partly in other programs and used as an integral part of
      existing programs.

PMID- 1815799
TI  - [Elasto-orthodontic system--a development of the positioner].
AB  - A clear classification of the various types of elasto-appliances is necessary in
      order to understand the indications of such appliances. The elasto-finisher, for
      example, is used over brackets left in situ after the completion of multibracket
      therapy whilst the elasto-aligner is placed over specially placed buttons. The
      elasto-orthodontic system and the indications for the four different types of
      appliances are presented together with typical case examples. The basic principle
      of the positioner construction to determine the treatment objectives, namely the
      set-up, is also essential for the construction of elasto-appliances. The
      differences between the conventional positioner and elasto-appliances are
      describe in detail.

PMID- 1815800
TI  - [Orthodontic space-closure after extraction of the upper lateral incisors in
      adult patients with Class II Division 2 malocclusions].
AB  - In three adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusions the upper lateral
      incisors were extracted either because of their deformity or nonvitality.
      Orthodontic space-closure was performed in all three cases to prevent any
      prosthetic procedure. The sequence of therapeutic steps and difficulties during
      treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1815801
TI  - [Optimization of arch guided tooth movement by the use of powerhooks].
AB  - Arch guided tooth movement is today still the most often used technique to move
      teeth bodily in mesiodistal direction. One of the most important disadvantage of
      this method, however, is friction between bracket and arch wire, which impairs
      tooth movement and may result in dangerous overload of the anchorage units.
      Powerhooks are used to accomplish a more effective orthodontic tooth movement by
      reduction of the tipping and rotating moments. This investigation answers the
      question which mechanical dimensions powerhooks should have in order to minimize
      friction. If the point of force application lies coronally to the center of
      resistance (CR) and rotatory moments are eliminated, friction can be reduced by
      as much as 90%. Concerning length, powerhooks must not be extended beyond.
      Otherwise, if the point of force application lies apically to CR, friction
      increases dramatically. In the horizontal direction, a unilateral powerhook
      should not be extended to more than the half of its length.

PMID- 1815802
TI  - [Clinically relevant biomechanics. 3. Critical reflections about the Burstone
      intrusion mechanics].
AB  - A segmented arch for intrusion of front teeth, as described by Burstone, is
      compared to a coil-and-stylus-model. The mechanics of constructive modifications
      are analyzed and their consequences for the movements of front teeth are
      discussed. It is shown, that in some cases extrusive forces occur, while
      intrusive forces are applied. In these cases it is necessary to reduce intrusive
      forces below 0.20 Newton per side. In order to avoid extrusive forces, it is
      recommended to apply intruding forces between the centers of resistance of the
      central and lateral incisors.

PMID- 1815803
TI  - [Cephalometric analysis of Class III patients after surgery].
AB  - The University of Innsbruck, Department of Dentistry, analysed the cephalograms
      of 23 prognathic patients whose dysgnathia was corrected by an osteotomy of the
      mandible only. The obtained results were compared with an analysis of the
      respective models. Documentation was obtained prior to surgery, post-operatively
      and during follow-up examinations over a period of at least six years. Evaluation
      of the results focused on occlusion and the WITS-appraisal. Prior to surgery 21
      patients presented with a macromandibulosis which in 50 percent of the cases was
      combined with a micro- or retromaxillosis. As a rule, there were also dento
      alveolar compensations with retrusion of the lower front teeth and protrusion of
      the anterior maxillary teeth. Surgical results remained stable in 14 cases, three
      patients incurred a slight partial relapse while six patients had a significant
      relapse, though the original extend of the malocclusion with anterior crossbite
      reoccurred in two cases only. It was possible to prove the relationship between
      relapse and the existence of myofunctional disturbances. Consequently, safe long
      term results may only be obtained by means of interdisciplinary planning and
      treatment.

PMID- 1815804
TI  - [Findings for validity of Dresden cephalometric (by Hasund)].
AB  - Cephalometric analysis is essential in order to evaluate treatment results. 202
      patients were investigated for the validity of the norm values according to
      Hasund. In order to test the validity of the growth prediction methods of Bjork
      and Petrovic 23 class II div. 1 and 21 class III patients were analysed before
      and after treatment and the treatment results achieved compared with the growth
      prediction values. The results of the norm value tests showed that the population
      in Saxonia is more retrognath than that in the northern region of Germany (Hasund
      norm group). The study also showed that the Bjork growth prediction and the
      Petrovic growth categories were not specific enough and it is therefore suggested
      that separate growth prediction methods should be used in class II div. 1 and
      class III groups.

PMID- 1815805
TI  - [Problems in orthodontic space closure after loss of first permanent molars].
AB  - Space closure after loss of first permanent molars represents a difficult
      treatment task. To arrive at a reasonable treatment result a great variety of
      factors has to be evaluated in each individual case. These are among others:
      patient's age, topography of toothless alveolar bone, specific periodontal
      conditions and general orthodontic problems. In case of several unfavourable
      prognosticated factors alternative treatment methods should be taken into
      consideration.

PMID- 1815806
TI  - [Combined orthodontic and surgical approach to dentofacial abnormalities-
      coordination of orthodontic and orthognathic therapy. 1].
AB  - Correction of dentofacial deformities requires a high standard of teamwork
      between the orthodontist, the oral surgeon and the general dentist. Both,
      orthodontist and maxillofacial surgeon must establish a combined treatment plan
      and a time schedule. The treatment goal of presurgical orthodontic preparation
      includes three-dimensional intra-arch alignment to provide ideal conditions for
      orthognathic surgery. A typical case report is presented.

PMID- 1815807
TI  - [Acceptance of headgear in children and teenagers].
AB  - This survey may provide a starting point for the improvement of the acceptability
      of headgears for children and teenagers during orthodontic treatment by taking
      aesthetic and material factors into consideration when selecting these
      appliances. The extent to which these findings are allowed to influence the
      planning of future treatment must be decided on an individual base; it is to be
      expected that such considerations will contribute both to the success of
      therapeutic aims and a reduction of costs in orthodontics.

PMID- 1815808
TI  - [The principles of two-teeth-mechanics in straight-wire-technique].
AB  - Application of straight-wire-technique leads to expression of complicated
      biomechanical systems. If these--according to Burstone--are subdivided into
      simple couples of teeth, it is possible to determine the moments and forces
      acting on one side of a tooth. However the significant factor for clinical tooth
      movement are the resulting forces and moments. These can be computed by adding
      the vectors of the forces and moments acting on both sides of a tooth.
      Consequently the movement of a single tooth results from the geometry of three
      teeth. This can be simulated by the superimposition of two systems of two teeth.

PMID- 1815809
TI  - [Extremely delayed mineralisation of a first premolar in conjunction with
      submerged deciduous molars--a case report].
AB  - This case report presents a patient with extremely delayed mineralisation of a
      first upper right premolar and simultaneously congenitally missing second
      premolars. While the germs of the first premolars are usually detectable on
      dental X-ray films at the age of three or four years, the demonstrated patient
      was older than 13 years when the first premolar became visible. As the right
      first bicuspid actively erupted normal root growth took place, and once the tooth
      is in its normal position its anatomy can be considered normal. With the eruption
      of the permanent tooth the periodontal situation improved considerably in the
      region where depression of its predecessor had taken place. As a practical
      clinical consequence one should take into consideration that mineralisation of a
      first premolar can be extremely delayed in cases with congenitally missing second
      premolar teeth.

PMID- 1815810
TI  - [Problems of orthodontic care in a patient with Wiedemann-Beckwith-syndrome].
AB  - A review of cases with Wiedemann-Beckwith-syndrome in the literature and a
      comparison with our case is presented. The specific craniofacial and
      stomatognathical findings are highlighted. Aspects and problems of orthodontic
      treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1815811
TI  - [Responsible autonomy in solidarity: ethics for tomorrow].

PMID- 1815812
TI  - [Brain grafts: ethical and scientific aspects].
AB  - Neural grafting will dramatically modify the treatment of major cerebral and
      medullary illnesses. This new approach has already been used in Parkinson's
      disease, perhaps too early according to our knowledge in that field. Ethical
      problems are numerous with brain grafting but one may hope in next future a
      better understanding of the mechanisms involved in these procedures and a
      solution to most of ethical objections to perform that treatment.

PMID- 1815813
TI  - [Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and of the renin-angiotensin system
      in the acute stage of myocardial infarction].
AB  - We studied sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems activity in a series of 175
      patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. These two systems were both
      overactivated especially in the cases complicated by hemodynamically documented
      left heart failure. The response of these systems to acute heart failure was in
      the same range for patients younger or older than 65 years and the witness
      (norepinephrine and plasma renin levels) of sympathetic and renin-angiotensin
      activities were good independent prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality.

PMID- 1815814
TI  - [Metabolic impact of current estrogen-progestins and cardiovascular
      consequences].
AB  - In recent years, reduction of estrogen and progestogen dosages and use of new
      progestogens with less androgenic activity (desogestrel-gestodene-norgestimate)
      have apparently allowed combined oral contraceptives (OCs) to be associated with
      less frequent undesirable vascular effects. From an epidemiologic viewpoint, the
      atherogenic impact of new low-dose OCs is less marked, including in users over 40
      years of age, but thromboembolic effects still persist--though at a lower level
      than with standard-dose products. From a metabolic viewpoint, the adverse effects
      of the progestogens contained in current OCs on the lipoprotein profile and their
      atherogenic effect on the vessel wall seem effectively counterbalanced by the
      estrogen content of these new OCs. However, the progestin content seems still
      responsible for a low level of chronic insulin resistance, which might be related
      to vascular alterations potentially linked to syndrome-X. In conclusion, reduced
      metabolic effects of new low-dose OCs appear to decrease their atherogenic risk.
      However, thrombotic effects dose-related to the estrogen component of OCs are
      still persisting and seem less easily suppressible.

PMID- 1815815
TI  - [AIDS and perinatal aspects].
AB  - The proportion of women among AIDS. patients in Europe is progressively rising.
      The male-to-female sex ratio had constantly decreased from 11.7% through 1984 (17
      countries) to 5 in 1990 (31 countries). The proportion of female cases is
      greatest in Southern Europe, France and Belgium. This is related to the
      predominant transmission factors, homosexual in Northern Europe, IV drug use in
      Southern Europe and heterosexual in Belgium. In France, IV drug use predominates
      in the South, whereas heterosexual transmission is more frequent in the Paris
      area. Pregnancy does not appear to accelerate disease progression, except in
      women with symptomatic infection or low CD4 counts. Over 80% of infant AIDS cases
      are related to mother-to-child transmission. The rate of transmission is about
      20%, higher in patients in advanced disease stages. A number of questions remain
      open. At what time in pregnancy, early gestation, late gestation and/or during
      labor, does transmission occur? Is the only mechanism of transmission
      transplacental, or can it also occur during delivery? Does placental transfer
      concern free virus, immune complexes and/or intracellular virus? Management of
      pregnancies with HIV infection concerns the entire European community. In France,
      pregnancy is discouraged among HIV-seropositive women. However, more than 1,500
      do become pregnant each year. Testing is recommended at the first prenatal visit
      for all women, and repeated regularly for seronegative women with HIV-infected
      partners. Preconceptional testing should be proposed whenever possible. The
      decision whether to continue or to terminate pregnancy is a woman's choice.
      Complete information and counseling must take into account the patient's disease
      status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815816
TI  - [Role of patent foramen ovale in the etiology of cerebral embolisms].

PMID- 1815817
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of central nervous system anomalies and the implications
      of teratogens].
AB  - One of the aims of epidemiologic surveillance is to assess the role of
      environmental factors acting during pregnancy (teratogens) in abnormal
      development of the nervous system. The data of Eurocat, a european system of
      congenital anomaly surveillance, was analysed and evaluated. Great geographical
      variation is observed in the prevalence of neural tube defects. Geographical
      variation in the prevalence of microcephaly, hydrocephaly and holoprosencephaly,
      may be related to problems of definition, validation and precision of diagnosis.
      A better definition of the unit of surveillance is required for anomalies where
      phenotypic heterogeneity is linked to aetiologic heterogeneity (such as neural
      tube defects) and for anomalies which range from minor to major forms (such as
      microcephaly). The strengths and deficiencies of the surveillance system for
      central nervous system anomalies are revealed by its performance in the
      evaluation of the Chernobyl accident.

PMID- 1815818
TI  - Fos-like protein is induced in neurons of the medulla oblongata after stimulation
      of the carotid sinus nerve in awake and anesthetized rats.
AB  - The protooncogene c-fos is expressed rapidly, transiently and polysynaptically
      within neurons in response to synaptic activation and voltage-gated calcium entry
      into the cell. The nuclear protein product of this gene (Fos) is detectable
      immunohistochemically 20-90 min after cell activation and remains within the
      nucleus for hours after expression. The present study was undertaken to identify
      cells within the rat medulla oblongata that express Fos-like protein in response
      to stimulation of afferent fibers of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN). Direct
      electrical stimulation of the CSN in anesthetized animals or hypoxic stimulation
      in either anesthetized or awake animals resulted in a consistent and discrete
      distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI). Fos-LI was observed
      bilaterally within nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla
      (VLM), within area postrema and nucleus raphe pallidus, and bilaterally along the
      ventral medullary surface. Unstimulated animals were devoid of Fos-LI within the
      medulla oblongata. Furthermore, neither the surgical preparations alone nor the
      effects of anesthesia could account for the extent of Fos-LI observed. We believe
      these cells represent second- and higher-order neurons within the baroreceptor
      and chemoreceptor reflex pathways.

PMID- 1815819
TI  - Brain excitability and electroencephalographic activation: non-invasive
      evaluation in healthy humans via transcranial magnetic stimulation.
AB  - Excitability changes of the central motor tracts as a function of the
      electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics has been investigated in 10 healthy
      volunteers. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCS) was administered to the right
      motor cortex with an intensity 5-10% above threshold for the elicitation of motor
      evoked potentials (MEPs) in the left forearm muscles. Simultaneously, the right
      median nerve was stimulated to provoke an H-reflex in the forearm flexors and EEG
      activity was recorded from the left hemiscalp. Subjects were completely relaxed
      and were asked at random either to keep the eyes closed while maintaining mental
      inactivity (A) or to open their eyes and perform mental arithmetics (B).
      Latencies and amplitudes of MEPs and H-reflexes were statistically matched with
      the spectral content of the EEG. In condition A, MEPs of 119 +/- 61 microV, with
      up to 36% of missing responses and background EEG activity dominated by rhythms
      in the alpha range were found. In condition B, MEPs of 219 +/- 66 microV (P less
      than 0.001), with less than 16% of missing responses, 'blocking' of the
      background alpha rhythms, and a potentiation of the faster ones' relative power
      were observed. Changes of the H-reflex characteristics were neither statistically
      significant nor related to MEP amplitude and EEG spectral profile fluctuations.

PMID- 1815820
TI  - Extensive loss of brain dopamine and serotonin induced by chronic administration
      of MPTP in the marmoset.
AB  - Common marmosets were given a subcutaneous injection of MPTP (1.25-2.5 mg/kg
      twice a week) for 5 or 10 consecutive months and were sacrificed after a survival
      time of 6 months or 15 days, respectively. The parkinsonian symptoms were not
      very marked at the time of sacrifice but there was a strong decrease of dopamine
      and, to a lesser extent, of its metabolites in the striatum and in some
      extrastriatal regions. There was also a profound loss of serotonin in the
      striatum and in all of the extrastriatal regions analyzed, which was still highly
      significant 6 months after discontinuation of MPTP treatment. The results suggest
      that the selected dosage schedule produces a widespread and lasting neuronal
      degeneration closely resembling the neurochemical pathology of Parkinson's
      disease.

PMID- 1815821
TI  - Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat produces a preferential
      ipsilateral antinociception.
AB  - The few studies analyzing somatotopic organization of stimulation-produced
      antinociception (SPA) from the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) have reported
      contradictory results. In the present study, the distribution of SPA on the
      hindquarters was assessed by measuring the threshold for inhibition of withdrawal
      reflexes to noxious heat applied to the hindpaws and tail in pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats. Of the 3 body regions tested, the hindpaw contralateral to the
      stimulating electrode required the highest level of PAG stimulation to inhibit
      withdrawal. Reducing the intensity of the heat stimulus applied to the hindpaws
      caused a concomitant reduction in SPA threshold. As before, a higher stimulation
      current was needed to inhibit the withdrawal reflex in the contralateral than in
      the ipsilateral paw. These data indicate the antinociception from PAG stimulation
      is not equally distributed throughout the body, and that the intensity of the
      noxious stimulus influences the threshold for SPA.

PMID- 1815822
TI  - Electrophysiological characteristics of the Mauthner cell of the weakly electric
      fish Gymnotus carapo.
AB  - The Mauthner cell (M-cell) of the 'weakly electric fish' Gymnotus carapo was
      investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The antidromic action
      potential, the recurrent inhibitory input and the posterior VIIIth nerve
      excitatory input in this cell exhibited characteristics similar to those
      described in the goldfish. In addition, we found an excitatory input evoked by
      spinal stimulation at intensities subthreshold for M-cell axons.

PMID- 1815823
TI  - A transient voltage-dependent outward potassium current in mammalian cerebellar
      Purkinje cells.
AB  - Utilizing the single electrode voltage clamp technique applied to rat Purkinje
      cells (PCs), we have recorded a transient outward voltage-dependent potassium
      current, Ito. Half maximal values for inactivation and activation were -65 mV and
      -39 mV, respectively. Ito decays as a single exponential with a time constant of
      95 ms and is reduced by 4-aminopyridine. Based on criteria of voltage dependency
      of activation and inactivation, kinetics of inactivation, ionic selectivity and
      pharmacologic sensitivity, we have verified a strong resemblance between the
      typical A current in other neurons, and Ito in PCs. As in other cells, Ito may be
      important in shaping PC output by modulating intrinsic and extrinsic factors that
      govern PC firing.

PMID- 1815824
TI  - Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide- and peptide histidine isoleucine
      amide-like immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the thoracic spinal cord of the
      rat.
AB  - The distributions of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine
      isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactivities (IR) in the thoracic spinal cord of the
      rat are described. VIP- and PHI-IR were present in cells and fibers in the
      lateral spinal nucleus, lamina VII, nucleus proprius, substantia gelatinosa,
      intermediolateral cell column, and the area around the central canal. The
      functions of these peptides in the thoracic spinal cord are not known; however,
      their locations suggest that they are involved in sensory and autonomic
      functions, among others.

PMID- 1815825
TI  - Decreased potassium-stimulated release of [3H]D-aspartate from hippocampal slices
      distinguishes encephalopathy related to acute liver failure from that induced by
      simple hyperammonemia.
AB  - The calcium-dependent, high (65 mM) potassium-evoked release of the L-glutamate
      analogue [3H]D-aspartate (D-Asp) was measured in hippocampal slices derived from
      rats with (a) hepatic encephalopathy (HE) induced with a hepatotoxin,
      thioacetamide, (b) hyperammonemia produced by i.p. administration of ammonium
      acetate, and (c) in normal slices preincubated for 30 min with 1 mM ammonium
      acetate. HE (variant a) inhibited the release by about 30%, which was interpreted
      to indicate depressed exocytosis of synaptic glutamate. This phenomenon is likely
      to lead to a decrease of glutamate-mediated neural excitation, which in turn
      could contribute to the neural inhibition typical of HE. By contrast, and in
      agreement with earlier reports, hyperammonemia (variant b) did not affect D-Asp
      release, whereas in vitro treatment of the slices with ammonium acetate (variant
      c) resulted in a 60% increase of the release. Hence, impairment of synaptic
      glutamate exocytosis is the phenomenon that distinguishes HE related to toxic
      liver failure from simple hyperammonemia. This result emphasizes the role of
      other factors than ammonia in the pathophysiological mechanism of HE.

PMID- 1815826
TI  - Long-lasting decrease in the crayfish giant motoneuron soma excitability induced
      by Ca2+ influx.
AB  - After a single Ca-dependent action-potential or a 300 ms clamp pulse to 0 mV in
      the motor giant somata of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord, a decrease in input
      resistance, an afterhyperpolarisation and a shortening of the test action
      potentials were observed during 10-15 min. These effects were due to a novel type
      of long-lasting outward current, triggered by a single influx of Ca2+, resistant
      to TEA+ and blocked by Ba2+.

PMID- 1815827
TI  - Neuroanatomical characterization of inferior collicular seizure genesis: 2
      deoxyglucose and stimulation mapping.
AB  - Previous work has demonstrated that the cortical sub-division of the inferior
      colliculus is capable of seizure genesis, so the present studies delineated the
      neuroanatomical extent of this seizure genesis using two mapping techniques,
      [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake and electrical stimulation. When 4 inferior
      collicular seizures were elicited over a 5 min period, the stimulated side of the
      brain showed highly selective increases in the [14C]2-DG uptake in comparison to
      the unstimulated side. Although the substantial change in [14C]2-DG uptake
      occurred over the entire inferior collicular cortex, electrical stimulation
      mapping delineated a specific area capable of seizure genesis within the inferior
      collicular cortex. The electrical stimulation also identified a number of regions
      that would support electrically dependent seizure behaviors: the cuneiform
      nucleus, the ventrolateral inferior colliculus, portions of the dorsal central
      gray, and the peripeduncular nucleus. In concert, marked unilateral increases in
      [14C]2-DG uptake were found on the stimulated side in the
      peripeduncular/substantia nigra lateralis area, the medial geniculate and a
      specific region of the dorsal central gray. These studies verify the asymmetric
      nature of inferior collicular seizure genesis, identify areas of seizure
      modulation, and delineate a region in the inferior collicular cortex that
      modulates sensory-motor integration.

PMID- 1815829
TI  - Calcium-dependent component of massive increase in extracellular potassium during
      cerebral ischemia as demonstrated by microdialysis in vivo.
AB  - This study characterizes the physiological features and limitations of K(+)-free
      dialysis to detect changes in extracellular concentration of K+ ([K+]e) in the
      rat hippocampus in vivo. It also demonstrates the effects of Ca(2+)-free
      perfusate containing Co2+ or Mg2+, which blocks Ca2+ entry into the presynaptic
      nerve terminal, on the abrupt increase in [K+]e detected by this technique during
      cerebral ischemia. K(+)-free dialysis for 40 min caused no significant changes in
      the baseline [K+]e. In contrast, Ca(2+)-free dialysis for 40 min significantly
      reduced the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Under this condition, together with
      addition of Co2+ or Mg2+ to the perfusate, the increase in [K+]e was delayed, and
      a delay in reaching the maximum level was observed in a dose-dependent manner.
      These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the initial increase in
      [K+]e during cerebral ischemia is related to the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytotic
      release of neurotransmitters from depolarized nerve terminals.

PMID- 1815828
TI  - Metabolic signaling between photoreceptors and glial cells in the retina of the
      drone (Apis mellifera).
AB  - Experimental evidence showing metabolic interaction and signaling between
      photoreceptors-neurons and glial cells of the honeybee drone retina is presented.
      In this tissue [3H]2-deoxyglucose ([3H]2DG) in the dark and during repetitive
      light stimulation is phosphorylated to [3H]2-deoxyglucose-6P ([3H]2DG-6P) almost
      exclusively in the glial cells. Hence, stimulus-induced changes in the rate of
      formation of [3H]2DG-6P occurs predominantly in the glial cells. Repetitive
      stimulation of the photoreceptors with light flashes induced about a 47% rise in
      the rate of formation of [3H]2DG-6P in the glial cells and this effect is
      probably due to the activation of hexokinase. The potent inhibitor of glycolysis
      iodoacetic acid (IAA), inhibited this phosphorylation by about 75%. Probably this
      was largely due to an about 70% decrease of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
      Exposure of the retina to IAA suppressed the transient rise in oxygen consumption
      (delta QO2) in the photoreceptors and subsequently the light-induced receptor
      potential. This indicates that the supply of a glycolytic substrate by glial
      cells to the photoreceptors is greatly reduced by IAA. Anoxia, by rapidly
      suppressing QO2, abolished the receptor potential of the photoreceptors and
      caused a rapid drop of about 50% in the ATP content of the retina. At the same
      time the formation of [3H]2DG-6P was inhibited by about 30%. This indicates that
      respiring photoreceptors send a metabolic signal to glial cells which is
      suppressed by anoxia.

PMID- 1815830
TI  - Glycine cleavage system in astrocytes.
AB  - The localization of the glycine cleavage system was examined in the rat brain by
      immunohistochemistry using an antibody to P-protein (a constituent of the
      system). In all sites studied, the enzyme was confined to the astrocytes. The
      intensity of astrocyte staining varied in different brain regions, with the
      strongest staining being noted in the hippocampus, the cerebellar cortex, the
      Bergmann glia in the cerebellum and the Muller cells in the retina. The weakest
      staining was seen in the brainstem and spinal cord. P-protein was found to be
      located in the mitochondria by an ultrastructual study.

PMID- 1815831
TI  - Attenuation of pulsatile changes in the density of striatal [3H]GBR-12935 binding
      sites during chronic ethanol consumption.
AB  - Using [3H]GBR-12935 as a selective ligand, we have examined the properties of rat
      striatal dopamine transporter complex during chronic ethanol consumption. The
      results of this study show a significant change in the Bmax (maximal binding
      capacity), but not Kd (affinity) of [3H]GBR-12935 binding sites. The observed
      changes were pulsatile and they exhibited an increase (144% of control), decrease
      (80% of control), tendency to increase (111% of control), increase (141% of
      control), decrease (84% of control), no change (98% of control), and decrease
      (80% of control) after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of ethanol consumption,
      respectively. Since the duration of ethanol exposure appears to be an important
      variable in regulating the properties of dopamine transporter complex, the
      behavioral changes observed during chronic ethanol intake may vary with time.

PMID- 1815832
TI  - Effects of pHi and pHe on membrane currents recorded with the perforated-patch
      method from cultured chemoreceptors of the rat carotid body.
AB  - In this study we investigated the effects of intracellular pH (pHi) and
      extracellular pH (pHe) on whole-cell currents in cultured glomus cells of the rat
      carotid body and small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of sympathetic ganglia.
      The use of the perforated-patch recording technique along with established
      methods of cytoplasmic acidification allowed us to carry out this study without
      greatly disturbing the cell's endogenous pH regulatory mechanisms. A reversible
      decrease in the outward K+ current (20-30%) was observed during acid loading of
      glomus (and SIF cells) using the K+/H+ ionophore nigericin (3 microM) and acetate
      (20 mM). A reversible decrease in the inward Na+ current was also observed in
      both cell types during nigericin application. Application of amiloride (0.1 mM)
      to the bathing solution inhibited recovery of the K+ current from an acid load
      implicating the Na+/H+ antiporter as a mechanism involved in pH homeostasis in
      glomus cells. A reversible decrease in K+ and Na+ currents was also observed
      during changes in pHe from 7.4 to 6.5. The effects of pHi on membrane currents,
      Ca2+ levels, and neurotransmitter release are discussed in the context of the
      role of glomus cells as primary transducers of chemosensory stimuli in arterial
      blood.

PMID- 1815833
TI  - Changes in motor performance and rubral single unit activity in cats after
      microinjections of serotonin into the red nucleus area.
AB  - The serotonergic control exerted on the red nucleus (RN) was studied in
      unrestrained cats during the performance of a simple reaction time task which
      consisted of releasing a lever in response to an auditory go-signal. The effects
      of microinjections of serotonin-oxalate salt into the rubral area on the motor
      activity and on the firing of neurons recorded concomitantly in the red nucleus
      were investigated. Injections of serotonin (5-HT) (200-400 ng) into the red
      nucleus or its dorsal border induced subtle alterations in the conditioned motor
      performances but had no major effects on the spontaneous motor behavior. The
      changes in the conditioned motor output (an increase in the static force exerted
      on the lever and a speeding up of the lever release) are reminiscent of the
      facilitatory influence of serotonin on various motor reflexes previously
      reported. Changes in the neuronal activity were observed concomitantly with the
      effects on the motor output: 5-HT either enhanced or reduced the firing rate of
      the rubral neurons. These effects were apparently dependent on the discharge
      pattern of the neurons during the static motor activity. The results suggest that
      the serotonergic input to the red nucleus may participate in motor control by
      exerting a dual modulatory action on the activity of rubral neurons.

PMID- 1815834
TI  - [Uterine artery flow in pregnancy with 1st trimester hemorrhage].
AB  - The authors examined in a prospective study in 25 pregnant women blood flow in
      the uterine artery during haemorrhage in early pregnancy with the diagnosis of
      imminent abortion. The control group was formed by a group of 25 women with
      intact pregnancy, in the first trimester. For examinations an ultrasound
      apparatus ATL MK 600 was used, the authors evaluated the S/D ratio and RI from
      five consecutive cycles. The mean values of the S/D ratio in the investigated
      group were 4.85 +/- 0.22, in the control group 4.41 +/- 0.24 which is a
      statistically significant difference. Similarly the mean RI values in the
      investigated group were 0.79 +/- 0.01, in the control group 0.77 +/- 0.02--the
      difference is statistically significant. The results confirmed the assumption
      that by monitoring of the blood flow in the uterine artery in women with bleeding
      during the first trimester of pregnancy it is possible to detect relatively early
      risk patients.

PMID- 1815835
TI  - [Peritoneal defects (Allen-Masters syndrome) belong among the atypical
      manifestations of endometriosis].

PMID- 1815836
TI  - [Experience with prenatal genetic diagnosis of congenital developmental defects
      in the fetus].

PMID- 1815837
TI  - [Non-typical pregnancy gestoses and the risk factors].

PMID- 1815838
TI  - [Monitoring cervical lesions in pregnancy].

PMID- 1815839
TI  - [Childbirth in a patient with von Willebrand's disease].

PMID- 1815840
TI  - [New progestins].

PMID- 1815842
TI  - [Immune cells and cytokines in the uterus].

PMID- 1815841
TI  - [Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception].

PMID- 1815843
TI  - [Tumor markers in malignant ovarian tumors].

PMID- 1815844
TI  - [Abortion techniques in the USA].

PMID- 1815845
TI  - [In utero transfer in various regions in Czechoslovakia].

PMID- 1815846
TI  - [Abortion regulations and contraception in Prague].

PMID- 1815847
TI  - [Privatization of health care--care of the woman, mother and child].

PMID- 1815848
TI  - OKU & TKO at UOP.

PMID- 1815849
TI  - The new management team.

PMID- 1815850
TI  - A strong start. Pre-dental education at UOP Stockton.

PMID- 1815851
TI  - Circadian changes in salivary constituents and conductivity in women and men.
AB  - Circadian rhythms in salivary [glucose], [Na+], [K+] and conductivity were
      measured in 2 age groups of men (men A, 20-45 years and men B, 46-60 years) and 8
      different states of fertility in women (normally menstruating, taking oral
      contraceptives, pregnant, lactational amenorrhea, lactational amenorrhea and
      taking oral contraceptives, lactating and menstruating, menopausal, and post
      menopausal). Unstimulated whole saliva (2-3 ml) was collected every 3 h over a 48
      h span. Analysis of Spearman Rank Correlations indicated significant circadian
      rhythms (significant positive coefficients) for all groups of [Na+] (mean = 0.577
      +/- 0.040) and conductivity (mean = 0.410 +/- 0.050). There was no evidence of
      differences in prominence of rhythm across groups for [Na+] and conductivity.
      [K+] showed less evidence of rhythms and much greater variability between groups
      (mean correlation coefficient = 0.198 +/- 0.055). Rhythms in [glucose] (mean
      correlation coefficient = 0.409 +/- 0.051) were evident in all groups except men
      B (0.016), menopausal women (0.151) and post-menopausal women (0.310). Model
      analysis of the data showed no discernible rhythmic trend with age for either
      conductivity, [Na+] or [K+], where any differences were explainable by the group
      characteristics. The rhythm in [glucose] showed a significant weakening with age
      over all groups (F-ratio = 7.46**), and was different between men A and men B (F
      ratio = 6.95**). It was concluded that circadian rhythms were present in whole
      unstimulated saliva for conductivity and [Na+] and that these rhythms were
      independent of reproductive state, whereas circadian rhythms in [K+] were
      dependent on reproductive state. Circadian rhythms for [glucose] were dependent
      on age. The loss of a rhythm in [glucose] with age indicates that glucose, Na+
      and K+ are not linked in their entry into saliva. The influence of entry and
      reabsorption on the final concentrations of glucose, Na+ and K+ in saliva is
      discussed.

PMID- 1815852
TI  - The blood pressure and heart rate chronome of centenarians.
AB  - Rhythm characteristics of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (Hr) of 11 healthy
      centenarians and 66 medical students are described. Each subject ambulatorily
      monitored measured BP and HR around the clock at 15-min intervals for 48 hours.
      Least-squares spectra were obtained by the fit of cosine curves (cosinor) and
      compared between the two populations. Confounding by geographic differences seems
      to be ruled out by comparisons with results from international data bases. A
      shift in prominence from the circadian domain to higher frequency harmonics was
      found for the BP but not for the HR of centenarians. In clinically mostly healthy
      centenarians, markers of primary aging may consist of a relatively low circadian
      BP and HR amplitude and a tendency toward internal and external
      desynchronization. Whether these chronobiologic changes with age are desirable,
      indifferent or undesirable can now be elucidated by outcome studies, in the light
      of the reference standards provided herein.

PMID- 1815853
TI  - Circadian variation of the frequency of sudden infant death syndrome and of
      sudden death from life-threatening conditions in infants.
AB  - 136 infants died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 140 infants died
      suddenly and unexpectedly from life-threatening conditions (LTC) from 1983 to
      1989 in Leningrad entered the study. 24-hour distribution of death cases was
      evaluated in both studied groups. The increased incidence of SIDS was revealed
      from 04(00) to 06(00). There was not significant difference between circadian
      variation of SIDS and that of death from LTC. The early morning seems to be the
      time when the risk factors that lead to sudden death are likely to be prominent.

PMID- 1815854
TI  - Chronobiologic leads toward preventive health care for all: cost reduction with
      quality improvement. A challenge to education and technology via chronobiology.

PMID- 1815855
TI  - Circaseptans return to Bratislava and gather momentum beyond.

PMID- 1815856
TI  - [A study of maxillary and mandibular vasculature in relation to orthognathic
      surgery].
AB  - Angiography and Chinese ink perfusion were performed in 14 cadavers. It was found
      that the origins of arterial blood supply to maxilla and mandible in human beings
      are multiple. Normally, the maxilla and mandible receive not only the centrifugal
      blood from the alveolar arteries, but also the centripetal blood from the
      surrounding mucoperiosteum. This feature of jaw bone's blood supply is the
      important anatomic basis for the establishment of blood compensation to the moved
      bone segments which are nourished only by attached mucoperiostea after
      osteotomies have cut off the blood supply of alveolar arteries in orthognathic
      surgery.

PMID- 1815857
TI  - [A study of changes in oral residual alveolar ridge under the partial denture
      bearing occlusal stress].
AB  - The change of oral residual alveolar ridge showing in X-ray films before and
      after wearing unilateral distal extension partial dentures for ten cases was
      observed by the image processing technique. It was demonstrated that the image
      processing technique is an available method for evaluating the degree of alveolar
      ridge resorption both quantatively and qualitatively. By the technique of
      pantomography of X-ray we can control the coincidence of the corresponding part
      of the X-ray film taking at different time. So we can use this method to study
      the regularity of the residual alveolar ridge resorption.

PMID- 1815858
TI  - [A quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      in osteosarcoma of jaw].
AB  - The monoclonal antibody against bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-McAb) was first
      used for demonstration of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in 13 patients with
      osteosarcoma. Using avidin-biotin complex method (ABC), we demonstrated that BMP
      mainly existed in the tumor cell cytoplasm and tumorous osteoblast with positive
      staining in 10 out of 13 osteosarcoma patients. Using this staining method, we
      can not only differentiate osteosarcoma from fibrosarcoma (all are negative) and
      other non-osteogenic tumors, but also further classify osteosarcoma according to
      the BMP content and distribution by means of quantitative histological analysis.
      The BMP quantity of osteosarcoma with the patients' clinical situation will be
      useful in clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The relationship between
      BMP and the formation of the tumorous bone, and the relation between BMP and the
      process of osteosarcoma are discussed.

PMID- 1815859
TI  - [Observation of surface ultrastructure of experimental oral leukoplakia and
      cancer].

PMID- 1815860
TI  - [CT diagnose in cranial cavity tumor].

PMID- 1815861
TI  - [Radionuclide bone scan using single-photon emission-computed tomography in
      detecting oral and maxillofacial tumor infiltrating to the jaws].
AB  - 83 cases (including 53 cases of patients and 30 cases of normal volunteer) of
      SPECT bone scan had been studied for detecting oral and maxillofacial tumor
      infiltrating to the jaws. The results was contrasted with X-ray, operation and
      pathology, and indicated that SPECT bone scan could reveal the early tumor
      infiltrating to the jaws and accurate extent of tumor lesions, more accurate than
      X-ray. SPECT provided us more important information about the preservation of the
      jaw and extent of bone resection.

PMID- 1815862
TI  - [Study of interleukin-2 production in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients
      with oral lichen planus].

PMID- 1815863
TI  - [Synthesizing and biological quality of hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramics].
AB  - Hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramics were prepared by dry method from Ca3(PO4)2 and
      CaCO3. The compounds were single crystals of HAP. The biological tests, according
      to the test standard of biological quality, including cell culture cytotoxicity
      assay, pyrogenicity, hemolysis assay, systemic injection acute toxicity assay and
      implant usage assay in animal for the material have been performed. The results
      showed that the material has no any toxicity and stimulation for organism, has
      superior histocompatibility and ability to bind directly to bone. The particles
      of HAP have been used clinically for mandibular cyst and alveolus implants
      presently. The initial observation has shown that the wounds are all healed well
      and there is no any adverse reaction for the patients.

PMID- 1815864
TI  - [Castable glass-ceramic-synthesizing and testing].
AB  - This paper introduces the composition of Castabe Glass-Ceramic (CGC), synthetic
      technique and physical and chemical properties. By means of TEM, SEM, XRD and
      EPMA techniques, the structure of CGC on K2O-MgO-Al2O-SiO2-F glass, type and size
      of crystallization are investigated. The results are as follows: the main crystal
      phase is tetrasilicic flourmica (K2Mg2.5Si4-O10F2), refractive index = 1.53,
      transparency = 48%, Density = 2.7 g/cm3, elastic modulus = 68.22 GPa, breaking
      strength = 141.1 MPa, breaking durability = 1.83 and V. H. = 505 kg/mm2. Base the
      above properties described, the function of CGC is similar to the Dicor
      (Dentsply. Int. U. S. A.) which is one of the well known material in western
      countries in now days.

PMID- 1815865
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome].
AB  - In this paper, condylar cartilages of 10 temporomandibular joint disturbance
      syndrome (TMJDS) patients were studied by means of immunofluorescence and
      immunogold staining to clarify if there are immune complexes. We also detected
      the antibodies to type II collagen in synovial fluids and sera of the TMJDS
      patients with passive hemagglutination. Through these studies, we found: there
      are autoimmune responses in articular tissues in TMJDS; these responses are
      caused by the exposure of sequestered antigens and taken place mainly in the
      involved joints, and may participate in the destruction of TMJ.

PMID- 1815866
TI  - [Using occlusal pad for post-operative treatment of sever temporomandibular joint
      disturbance syndrome].

PMID- 1815867
TI  - [The comparison of the caries status in 3 years old children and the maternal
      caries activities between Chinese and Japanese].

PMID- 1815869
TI  - [The review and prospect of the diagnosis and treatment of mandibular condyle
      fracture].

PMID- 1815868
TI  - [A study on the microcirculation and hemorheology of oral lichen planus].

PMID- 1815870
TI  - [Bone marrow histological changes in myelodysplastic syndrome and its clinical
      significance].
AB  - The authors compared bone marrow histological changes in 28 cases of
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 21 cases of aplastic anemia and 8 cases of
      hemolytic anemia. It is shown that abnormal localization of immature precursors
      (ALIP) is a characteristic change in MDS. The presence of erythroblastic islands
      and the variance of morphology of megakaryocytes are valuable for diagnosis. The
      histological method for the observation of lymphoid micromegakaryocytes is not so
      accurate as cytological method. "ALIP" can more or less help to evaluate the
      prognosis of MDS. According to the histological changes, it is easy to
      differentiate the three types of anemia we studied.

PMID- 1815871
TI  - [Splenic embolization therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].
AB  - 21 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and 3 patients
      with Evan's syndrome underwent partial splenic embolization (PSE). 22 patients
      underwent PSE once, while 2 patients were treated twice, thus a total of 26
      procedures were carried out. Follow-up 3 months after embolization was available
      in all the 24 patients for their response to embolization therapy. 16 patients
      (67%) achieved complete remission (platelets greater than 100 x 10(9)/L) and 4
      (17%) partial remission (platelets greater than 84 x 10(9)/L) after splenic
      embolization. A total efficacy rate of 83% was observed. This response to
      embolization after transcatheter vessel occlusion 3 months after is similar to
      the reported results of splenectomy. Not only may the morbidity and mortality
      associated with surgical splenectomy be avoided, but also the noninfarcted spleen
      may continue to provide immunologic functions. The most important experience in
      this series, however, was the emphasis on partial (60-70%) rather than total
      splenic arterial embolization. The sequestration site of platelets was associated
      with the outcome of splenic embolization. More splenic sequestration sites were
      found in responders, to the therapy.

PMID- 1815872
TI  - [Characteristics of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with
      hypertension].
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling was examined by Doppler echocardiography
      in 239 patients with essential hypertension and 100 normal subjects. The Doppler
      study showed an inverse correlation between age and early diastolic peak velocity
      (PVE, r-0.201, P less than 0.05) [and a positive correlation between age and late
      diastolic peak velocity (PVA, r = 0.202, P less than 0.05) in normal subjects.
      Isovolumic relaxation time and late diastolic filling time were prolonged, PVA,
      A/E and Ai elevated, PVE, E/A and Ei/Ai as well as total filling time decreased
      in patients with hypertension as compared with the values found in the normal
      subjects (P less than 0.05 to 0.01). The results showed definite impairement of
      LV diastolic function in hypertensive patients. PVA correlated positively with
      systolic blood pressure (r = 0.68, P less than 0.01) and modestly with left
      atrial dimension in the hypertensives. No significant differences were found in
      FS and EF between the two study populations, indicating that LV filling
      abnormalities may occur early in patients with hypertension, even at a time when
      systolic performance has not yet been affected.

PMID- 1815873
TI  - [Complications of mechanical ventilation. A clinical analysis of 82 cases].
AB  - The complications of mechanical ventilation were analysed retrogradely in 82
      cases with respiratory failure treated in ICU in recent 5 years. There were 48
      males and 34 females ranging from 28 to 82 years of age (mean age: 57.1 +/-
      16.8). In 82 cases, 6 cases had complications of barotrauma, 39 cases, of
      infections, 15 cases, of hypotension, 24 cases, of arrhythmia, 14 cases, of upper
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 10 cases, of multiple organ failure. The total
      incidence of complication was 76.8%. Exactly within three days of mechanical
      ventilation, the incidence of complication was 31.3%, while beyond three days, it
      was 87.9%. It was indicated that the mortality increased significantly in the
      cases with severe complications such as, multiple organ failure. The causes of
      all kinds of complications and their prevention as well as treatments were
      discussed.

PMID- 1815874
TI  - [Effect of drugs on endoscopic manometry of the sphincter of Oddi].
AB  - We used a catheter passing through the papilla duodeni under the view of
      endoscope, with persistent perfusion system and transducer, to measure the
      pressure and contraction frequency of sphincter of Oddi (SO) in 10 healthy
      persons and 20 patients. Meanwhile, we compared the effect of Buscopan, Nitrostat
      and Vitamin K3 on the pressure and contraction frequency (CF). SO basal pressure
      (BP) in healthy group was 5.21 +/- 1.61 kPa (mean +/- s), SO peak pressure (PP)
      8.21 +/- 1.34 kPa and CF 6.14 waves/min. In the group of peripapillary fistula,
      SO pressure decreased significantly and CF slowed down greatly. In comparison
      with the healthy group, SO pressure and CF in the group of gallbladder stone,
      choledocholithiasis and pancreatic diseases did not show any change of statistic
      significance. Intravenous injection of Buscopan could decrease SO peak pressure
      and BP remarkably. Sublingual administration of Nitrostat and intramuscular
      injection of Vit K3 could reduce SO PP markedly, SO BP didn't change
      statistically. It was also showed that spheric and semi-spheric papillae had
      higher pressure than the flat ones (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 1815875
TI  - [Immunoradiometric measurement of serum thyrotropin levels in inhabitants who
      used iodized salt for 25 years in an endemic goiter area].
AB  - Recently we surveyed the thyroid function and TSH concentration of villagers in
      an endemic goiter area where iodized salt had been supplied for 25 years. We
      found that the serum FT3 and TSH (IRMA) level of villagers were higher and the
      FT4 level was lower than those of the controls, comparing with the RIA, which
      suggested that the inhabitants of the endemic goiter area had subclinical
      hypothyroidism based on the IRMA method for TSH assay. Therefore, we suggest that
      the best biochemical technique for monitoring the iodized salt prophylaxis
      program and the physiological response of villagers to iodine is measurement of
      serum TSH level with the ultrasensitive assay and FT4 level periodically.

PMID- 1815876
TI  - [Dynamic changes in fibrinolytic system in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - Dynamic change of serum tissue-type plasminogen, activator (t-PA) and PAI
      activity was studied in 22 cases with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 11 cases
      with unstable angina (UA) and 24 healthy persons. The group of AMI was divided
      into two subgroups, one with severe complications, AMI-A subgroup and the other
      without complication, AMI-B subgroup. The results revealed: t-PA activity was
      decreased in AMI group, especially in AMI-A subgroup; PAI activity was markedly
      increased in AMI-A subgroup in first three days after onset; there was a marked
      decrease of active type in AMI-A subgroup. The study confirms that the function
      of fibrinolytic system is abnormal in patients with AMI and UA. The change of
      activity of t-PA and PAI is closely related with the severity of AMI. It is
      important to augment the activity of the fibrinolytic system in the treatment of
      AMI.

PMID- 1815877
TI  - [Dynamic investigation of antithrombin III in the plasma of patients with acute
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - Antithrombin III level in the plasma of patients with AMI was determined
      dynamically by using the methods of chromogenic substrate and rocket
      electrophoresis. Meanwhile, plasma specimens of 40 normal subjects were examined
      with the same method. The results showed that the AT III level in AMI patients
      was much lower than that in normal controls at the first and third day after
      infarction. The level was also significantly lower than that at the 7th, 14th and
      21st day after the onset of the disease. It revealed that there was a
      hypercoagulative state in patients within the first three days of infarction. The
      AT III level in patients who died within ten days was much lower than that in the
      survivor group, P less than 0.01. The authors concluded that a patient may be in
      a severe condition when their plasma AT III levels decrease apparently and
      persistently.

PMID- 1815878
TI  - [Lipoprotein (alpha) as a risk factor for myocardial infarction].
AB  - Serum lipoprotein (alpha) [Lp(alpha)]was determined in 105 cases of myocardial
      infarction survivors (MIS). Lp(alpha) level in MIS was much more elevated as
      compared with that in healthy subjects and in a hypertension group. Lp(alpha) had
      no relation with apolipoprotein B and AI, cholesterol, triglyceride and high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol. It may be a significant and independent risk
      factor for coronary heart disease.

PMID- 1815879
TI  - [A clinical study of recovery of memories in 46 cases of cerebrovascular
      diseases].
AB  - The authors reported the application of a clinical memory scale to 46 patients
      with cerebrovascular diseases after administration of nimodipine or placebo by
      using the double-blind method of study and making careful clinical observation,
      evaluation and statistical treatment. It is shown that nimodipine can increase
      the memory quotient (MQ) of patients with cerebrovascular diseases (P less than
      0.01). The relation between the patients age and cultural background, the site
      and nature of the lesion and the degree of memory recovery was discussed.

PMID- 1815880
TI  - [Alteration of erythrocyte biophysical properties in patients with ischemic
      cerebrovascular disorders].
AB  - Several erythrocyte biophysical properties (erythrocyte deformability,
      erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility) were
      investigated in patients with cerebral infarction and in individuals with risk
      factors of stroke (RFS population; RFSP). Blood viscosity, plasma viscosity,
      hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen level and yield shear stress (YSS) were also
      tested. In comparison with the results in a control group, erythrocyte
      deformability (erythrocyte length under a certain constant shear stress and
      erythrocyte filterability) was less in both the patient group and the group of
      RFSP and there is an accompanying increase of erythrocyte aggregation. Blood
      viscosity and fibrinogen level were higher in the patient groups. There was no
      correlation between erythrocyte deformability and other hemorheological
      parameters. Our results suggest that significant alteration of erythrocyte
      biophysical properties may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
      These abnormalities are associated with some of the risk factors of stroke such
      as hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders.

PMID- 1815881
TI  - [Clinical use of polysomnography (PSG)].
AB  - The clinical diagnoses in 695 cases using PSG were analysed. The results are as
      follows: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in 482 cases (69.4%), chronic
      obstructive pulmonary diseases with nocturnal hypoxemia in 25 cases (3.6%),
      epilepsy in 31 cases (4.5%), other sleep disorders in 5 cases (0.7%), and
      essentially normal in 152 cases (21.9%). Some parameters of PSG in 65 cases with
      OSAS and those in 2 cases before and after treatment were analysed. It is
      emphasized that PSG is using for diagnosis of different types of OSAS with
      appraisable seriousness and of other related sleep disorders. The method and
      indications of PSG were discussed.

PMID- 1815882
TI  - [Small bowel transit time measured with native lactulose breath hydrogen test].
AB  - Native lactulose was used in breath hydrogen test (BHT) to detect small bowel
      transit time (SBTT) in normal persons (34 cases) and patients with functional
      diarrhea (24 cases) and functional constipation (12 cases). The mean SBTT was
      80.6 +/- 28.3 min, 58.4 +/- 42.2 min and 104.2 +/- 21.0 min respectively. When
      the mean SBTT in the patient groups was compared with that in the normal group,
      there was statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05 and 0.01
      respectively). The results showed that native lactulose produces hydrogen
      successfully (94.3%). Few side-effects were found, if a dose of 10g was used.

PMID- 1815883
TI  - [A study of the relationship between tryptophan metabolism and hepatic pathologic
      changes in chronic viral hepatitis].
AB  - The results of intravenous tryptophan tolerance test and its relationship with
      hepatic pathologic changes were studied in 47 patients with chronic viral
      hepatitis (CVH). It is shown that patients with CVH whether chronic persistent
      hepatitis (CPH) or chronic active hepatitis (CAH), the average value of total
      tryptophan were above 97 mumol/L (normal less than or equal to 85 mumol/L). There
      was no significant difference between the CPH and CAH groups (P greater than
      0.05). In CPH, the value of free tryptophan (F) was all normal (normal less than
      or equal to 7.5 mumol/L), but in CAH, the average value of F was above 8 mumol/L.
      There was much difference (P less than 0.01) between the two groups. Moreover,
      there was also significant difference between the mild and severe CAH groups (P
      less than 0.05). It is found that retention of intravenous F is closely related
      to the degree of hepatic tissue necrosis the presence of balloon cells and
      acidophilic bodies as well as the severity of intralobular and portal
      inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 1815884
TI  - [Report of 10 cases of multiple myeloma surviving more than 6 years].
AB  - Ten cases of multiple myeloma seen in PUMC hospital survived more than six years.
      4 of them survived more than ten years. 6 patients were of IgA type. Features of
      those cases included: (1) symptoms mild; (2) incidence of anemia low; (3)
      percentage of tumor cell in bone marrow also relatively low; (4) blood urea
      nitrogen, creatinine and calcium normal; (5) maintenance therapy rather long. The
      prognostic factors and the current general situation of treatment were briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 1815885
TI  - [Sex hormone changes during the prepubertal and pubertal development of healthy
      boy].
AB  - The size of testis, testosterone, LH, FSH were measured in 463 healthy boys, ages
      5-18 years old. Our results showed that the values of the developmental indices
      increased with the age, and abruptly elevated at 13 years old indicating the
      beginning of puberty. At 17, all has indices had achieved the level of adulthood
      and did not further increase. It suggested the maturity of sex development at 17.
      The linear correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between LH, FSH
      and testosterone (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05-0.01, separately). The
      kinetic curves of LH and testosterone were also similar. The rise of LH preceded
      one age group than that of testosterone. The correlation between LH, FSH and
      testis size were positive correlation (before 14, P less than 0.001, P less than
      0.01, separately; after 14, no significant difference in P values) and LH was
      positive correlation since 5 years old, but FSH was positive correlation since 7
      years old. These finding suggest that the prepubertal testicular enlargement is
      primarily due to the action of LH and afterwards, FSH and testosterone combined
      with LH also contribute to the enlargement of testes. The clinical significance
      of sex hormone measurement was discussed.

PMID- 1815887
TI  - Exploring brain functional anatomy with positron tomography.

PMID- 1815886
TI  - [The studies on myocardial revascularization by lasers].

PMID- 1815888
TI  - Positron emission tomography studies of the somatosensory system in man.
AB  - Activity in the human somatosensory system was measured by regional cerebral
      blood flow (rCBF) and by the binding of [11C]nimodipine to L-type Ca2+ channels.
      These physiological variables were considered to be indicators of neuronal and
      synaptic activity. In general, structures in the cerebellum, thalamus and the
      somatosensory cortices which increased their rCBF in response to somatosensory
      stimulation also showed high binding of [11C]nimodipine. Voluntary movements
      carried out largely independently of sensory feedback, natural somatosensory
      stimulation and passive stimulation of the somatosensory system all activate the
      somatosensory system. However, it is possible by subtraction techniques to show
      that differences in activations between these conditions exist in the cerebellum
      and the somatosensory cortices in the anterior part of the parietal lobe.

PMID- 1815889
TI  - A thought experiment with positron emission tomography.
AB  - This paper describes a thought experiment. The experiment supposes that the
      technique of positron emission tomography (PET), as we known it today, was
      available in 1920 and had been applied then to a study of the visual cortex of
      man. The 'results' of the experiment show that such an approach would have
      generated new concepts about the functioning of the visual cortex, and that PET
      can therefore be considered to be an hypothesis-generating technique.

PMID- 1815890
TI  - Selective attention modulates extrastriate visual regions in humans during visual
      feature discrimination and recognition.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify regions of the human
      visual system which were selectively modulated by attention during feature
      discrimination and recognition tasks. In a first experiment, subjects were cued
      to the shape, colour or speed of visual stimulus arrays during a same-different
      match-to-sample paradigm. The psychophysical sensitivity for discriminating
      subtle attribute variations was enhanced by selective attention. Correspondingly,
      the neural activity (as measured by blood flow changes) in different visual
      associative regions was enhanced when subjects attended to different attributes
      of the same stimulus (intraparietal sulcus for speed; collateral sulcus and
      dorsolateral occipital cortex for colour; collateral sulcus, fusiform and
      parahippocampal gyri, superior temporal sulcus for shape). These regions appeared
      to be specialized for processing the selected attribute. Attention to a visual
      feature, therefore, enhances the psychophysical sensitivity as well as the neural
      activity of specialized processing regions of the human visual system. In a
      second experiment the effect of target probability (which biases attentional
      selection) was studied during visual search tasks involving the recognition of a
      single-feature (i.e. colour) or a feature-conjunction (i.e. colour x orientation)
      target. Target probability positively modulated neural activity of extrastriate
      visual regions, which were related to the single-feature or feature-conjunction
      processing level. These results suggest that selective attention can influence
      different processing levels in the visual system, possibly reflecting a
      facilitatory effect on different visual computations or task components.

PMID- 1815891
TI  - Positron emission tomography studies of frontal lobe function: relevance to
      psychiatric disease.
AB  - The frontal lobes in man include about one-third of the total cortical area of
      the cerebrum, a considerably greater proportion than in other primates. It is
      likely that the frontal lobes subserve the most complex of cognitive functions
      including will and consciousness. During the performance of willed actions
      (spontaneous selection of actions without help from external cues) an increase of
      activity can be observed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Critically, there is
      no increased activity in this location when the same actions are performed
      routinely. Such observations, which systematically use positron emission
      tomography (PET) in conjunction with specific cognitive activations, should make
      it possible (a) to specify more precisely the cognitive components comprising
      'frontal' attributes such as willed behaviour and planning, (b) to relate these
      components to particular frontal lobe areas, and (c) to show how these frontal
      lobe areas interact with other parts of the brain. Psychotic patients typically
      show abnormalities of willed behaviour (e.g. poverty of speech and action) and
      consciousness (e.g. hallucinations, delusions of control). PET studies of frontal
      lobe function in patients with these signs and symptoms should not only provide
      information about the pathophysiology of these disorders, but also increase our
      knowledge of the brain systems underlying the most complex human faculties.

PMID- 1815892
TI  - Memory mechanisms in the processing of words and word-like symbols.
AB  - Modern functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET)
      provide the opportunity to examine in some detail the implementation of mental
      activities in the human brain. Using measurements of changes in local brain blood
      flow obtained with PET as a marker of changes in local neuronal activity we have
      examined the processing of single words and word-like symbols. These studies
      reveal the very distributed, modular nature of this implementation and provide
      some preliminary insights into the role of memory mechanisms in the process.

PMID- 1815893
TI  - Rapid measurement of cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography.
AB  - The intravenous administration of H2(15)O makes possible the quantitative
      evaluation of regional changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during various
      neuronal activations in man. Many variations on this technique have been
      proposed. We have compared bolus and slow administration procedures and short and
      long scan lengths. For a short scan period this study suggests that the bolus
      injection procedure (with a scan length of 60-120 seconds) provides better CBF
      count statistics and less sensitivity to errors in the input function than the
      slow infusion procedure. For a long scan length (greater than 3 min) the slow
      infusion procedure is recommended. Continuation of H2(15)O infusion allows
      prolongation of the scan length, which enables us to obtain sufficient CBF
      statistics (the statistical error may be negligibly small if a sufficient amount
      of H2(15)O is infused). Another advantage of the slow infusion method may be
      related to the fluctuation of CBF during the scan period. If CBF fluctuates
      during this period the slow infusion procedure is expected to provide an average
      estimate of CBF, whereas the bolus injection procedure provides an estimate (an
      average over 10 seconds) of CBF which is more sensitive to short-term variations.
      The feasibility of using 15O2 inhalation to measure regional CBF has also been
      investigated. By means of a dynamic H2(15)O scan which measures the regional
      distribution volume of water and a static C15O emission scan which measures blood
      volume prior to the 15O2 scan, both CBF and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
      (CMRO2) have been accurately measured by the 15O2 scan for various physiological
      conditions. The application of this technique in a human study confirmed the
      uncoupling of CBF and CMRO2 during motor and visual activation.

PMID- 1815894
TI  - The functional anatomy of recovery from brain injury.
AB  - The functional neuroanatomical basis for recovery from ischaemic brain injury is
      not known. We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to study changes in
      the functional organization of the brain in patients recovering from
      striatocapsular motor strokes. Significant changes in regional cerebral blood
      flow (rCBF) were found during repetitive sequential opposition movements of the
      fingers in normal subjects and in patients with recovery from motor deficits.
      There was a difference in the pattern of cerebral activation when patients
      performed the motor task with the unaffected hand (when the activation was
      lateralized to contralateral sensorimotor and premotor cortex and ipsilateral
      cerebellum) and when the task was performed with the recovered, previously plegic
      hand (when the activation was bilateral and involved novel areas of cortex,
      especially area 40). Comparisons of rCBF maps at rest in the patient group and in
      normal subjects showed areas with significantly decreased rCBF in the patients
      (contralateral to the plegic hand in the basal ganglia, thalamus, insular cortex,
      brainstem and ipsilateral cerebellum), which reflected the distribution of
      dysfunction caused by the ischaemic lesions. A significantly increased activation
      over and above that in normal subjects was found in patients during movement of
      the recovered fingers in ipsilateral premotor cortex and bilateral frontal
      opercular/insular regions and area 40, the ipsilateral basal ganglia (the
      ischaemic lesion lying contralaterally) and the contralateral cerebellum. We
      postulate that these findings may be explained by the generation of movements by
      pathways that are different from those that normal subjects use to perform what
      are ordinarily fairly simple, automated tasks. We suggest that this is a direct
      demonstration of cerebral plasticity resulting in the resolution of acquired
      motor deficits.

PMID- 1815895
TI  - Testing cerebral function: will it help the understanding or diagnosis of central
      nervous system disease?
AB  - The recent introduction of non-invasive tools for the quantitative mapping of
      cerebral function in humans (e.g. cerebral blood flow measurement and positron
      emission tomography) in conjunction with detailed in vivo tomographic morphology
      (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) has led to a fruitful
      interaction between clinicians and fundamental neuroscientists. This has led to
      the development of a productive, scientifically sound human neuroscience whose
      aim is to explore brain function directly in the human subject. With respect to
      the physiological state, this research has resulted in major findings especially
      in the fields of visual function, attention, anticipatory anxiety, language,
      motion and somaesthesia. The study of disease states has resulted in less
      impressive findings. The investigation of patients with focal brain lesions has
      revealed time-dependent alterations of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism
      in widespread grey matter structures, as a result of disconnection; however,
      these functional alterations apparently reflect a variety of processes, from
      Wallerian or retrograde degeneration to reversible or irreversible transsynaptic
      or transneuronal effects, which makes their interpretation uncertain. Likewise
      the cellular and neurochemical basis for the recovery of energy metabolism in
      deafferented brain areas remains speculative. Although several types of metabolic
      effects due to disconnection are correlated to well-defined
      neuropsychological/behavioural impairment (and recovery therefrom) unexplained
      discrepancies exist and their role in individual patients remains obscure. The
      study of the brain's 'functional reserve' by activation paradigms would
      presumably shed more light on the clinical/functional brain relationships in
      disease but such investigations are hampered by unresolved methodological issues
      such as the choice criteria for the control population (?healthy controls,
      ?asymptomatic brain-lesioned patients) and task (?pseudo-impaired). There are
      also complex statistical issues because of the requirement to study single cases
      as a result of the inter-subject variability in lesion topography, size or
      duration, as well as in the pattern and degree of behavioural impairment. The
      design of controlled experimental paradigms in non-human primates, involving
      controlled lesions and sequential behavioural and PET assessment, may help to
      resolve some of these issues.

PMID- 1815896
TI  - Optimization of signal in positron emission tomography scans: present and future
      developments.
AB  - The absolute sensitivity of a state-of-the-art, commercial neuroPET tomograph
      with interplane septa is about 0.5%. This poor utilization of the available
      photons could be improved by increasing the intrinsic efficiency of the detection
      process and, more significantly, by increasing the solid angle coverage of the
      tomography. While multi-ring scanners currently have an axial length of about 10
      cm, the useful solid angle is limited by the presence of interplane septa. These
      septa reduce the acceptance rate not only of scattered photons but also of true
      unscattered coincidences, although in studies performed at high photon counting
      rates the loss of potential signal may be less important than a reduction in
      scatter. Removal of the septa increases the absolute sensitivity of the scanner
      to about 3%, a figure which also includes an unavoidable increase in scattered
      photons. However, in studies performed at low photon counting rates, any increase
      in scattered and random (uncorrelated) coincidences resulting from septa removal
      may be an acceptable price to pay for the accompanying increase in signal,
      provided that there is a real improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. Recently,
      scanners with automatically retractable septa have become commercially available,
      thus enabling the configuration (i.e. septa extended or retracted) to be selected
      according to the study to be performed.

PMID- 1815897
TI  - Basic aspects of functional brain metabolism.
AB  - Brain energy metabolism and blood flow are greatest in neuropil where there is a
      high density of oxidative enzymes and capillaries. Here fluctuations in synaptic
      potentials cause the greatest demand on metabolism through the continuous need to
      pump ions to maintain membrane charge. A transient increase in functional
      activity within a pathway causes an increase in energy metabolism followed by an
      increase in blood flow. The vascular response is biphasic, with an initial
      increase followed by a plateau phase. The site and magnitude of the response
      reflect the quality and intensity of the stimulus. Prolonged changes in
      functional activity within a pathway cause a reorganization of energy
      metabolizing enzymes and vascular architecture.

PMID- 1815898
TI  - Relating structure to function in vivo with tomographic imaging.
AB  - For the normal physiological responses of the brain or the pathophysiological
      changes that accompany disease states to be evaluated, it is necessary to compare
      data sets between different imaging modalities for individual subjects.
      Similarly, it is important to compare data between individuals both within and
      across imaging modalities for individual subjects. In a collaborative project
      with a number of university groups we have developed a system that allows for the
      within-subject alignment and registration of three-dimensional data sets obtained
      from different modalities for the same individual. This analysis takes into
      account the error induced by image acquisition, registration and alignment with
      regard to scaling, translation and rotation. A more difficult problem is the
      between-subject warping of individual brain anatomy to match that of another
      individual or of an idealized model. If the principles of morphometrics and
      homologous landmarks are applied, three-dimensional brain warping can provide
      this type of between-subject comparison. The results of accomplishing these two
      tasks is a system that allows data obtained in a given individual to be compared
      across structure and function, as obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      and from positron emission tomography (PET), respectively. It also allows
      comparison of the resultant information with averaged between-subject data from
      populations of normal individuals or patients with specific neurological
      disorders. This system provides the means by which to compare quantitative data
      between individuals in an objective and automated fashion.

PMID- 1815899
TI  - [Clinical application of retrograde island flap from back of the hand].
AB  - With the blood vessels filled with dye, 12 fresh specimens of adult human hand
      were dissected. At web spaces, anastomoses between artereiae palmariae dorsales
      and arteriae digitalis palmares communes or their branches were always present.
      The anastomotic branch was 0.4-0.8 mm thick and 11-14 mm long, and was
      accompanied by 2 veins, lying superficially in the subcutaneous space. With the
      anastomotic branch as an axis and the arteriae palmares dorsales as pedicle, a
      retrograde island flap back of the hand was designed and employed to cover skin
      defect of finger in 11 patients. One of the flaps was transposed together with an
      extensor tendon. The defect was covered by suturing together the skin edges on
      both sides and healed nicely. The 11 transpositioned flaps varying from 3.5 x 2.2
      cm2 in size were taken successfully. Follow-up examination for 2-10 months after
      operation revealed fine texture of and good sensation over the flaps, and good
      function of the transplanted extensor tendon. We conclude that this kind of flap
      is physiologically sound and easy to be made for the repair of palmar defect and
      in finger defect.

PMID- 1815900
TI  - [Autogenous nerve replantation in situ for prevention and treatment of traumatic
      neuroma. Laboratory study and clinical application].
AB  - The median and ulnar nerves of 30 rabbits were surgically severed and replanted
      in situ on the right side, but a little segment was resected and left alone on
      the left side. Periodical examination of the specimen under light and electron
      microscopes in 24 weeks showed that in the replanted group (right side) the nerve
      fibers were regularly arranged in order with constant polarity, and the Schwann'
      cells were intact without signs of neuroma. In the control group (lift side)
      however, typical neuroma was formed. 30 painful amputation stump neuroma (7
      recurrent ones following repeated excisions) in 17 patients were treated by the
      same method used in the experiment. Follow-up examination within 6-48 months
      (32.6 mon. on average) showed good and excellent results in 90.0% the neuroma.
      Four different methods for repairing various neuromas were described, and the
      cause of the poor result in 2 cases was discussed.

PMID- 1815901
TI  - [Calculation of carpal-high index of normal hand].
AB  - The carpal-high index was calculated from figures measured on X-ray films of 200
      normal hands of 100 healthy persons. In light of the measuring methods by Dr.
      Youm et al and Dr. Stahelin et al., reference points and lines were marked and
      drawn on radiograms taken with standard technic. The carpal-high index was 1.0.
      Its standard deviation was smaller than that of carpal-high ratio. The carpal
      high index can be used as a scale to investigate progression or regression of
      unilateral carpal disease before or under treatment.

PMID- 1815902
TI  - [The effect of T-PA on thrombosis, an experimental study].
AB  - The effect of T-PA on experimental thrombosis in 116 rats was studied. Following
      intravenous administration of T-PA, plasma content of T-PA and its activity
      elevated in 2 minutes, at peak in 6 minutes, declined in 15 minutes and
      disappeared at 24 hours. In animals treated with T-PA, the endothelial areas,
      where thrombi occurred covered with fibrin and were ready for endothelialization,
      as was shown under electron microscope. It was proved that small dose of T-PA
      (1/3 mg/100 g) could work as a thrombolytic agent, not evoking hemorrhage
      resulting in death of the animals.

PMID- 1815904
TI  - [Ulnar variance].

PMID- 1815903
TI  - [Subdivisions of "no man's land" of flexor tendon and the treatment of each
      subzone].
AB  - "No man's land" of the flexor tendon system was divided into 4 divisions
      according to our anatomical study. Clinically, 72 flexor tendon injuries in "no
      man's land" were repaired during the primary and delayed primary stages.
      Different treatment methods of flexor tendons, sheath, vincule and postoperative
      exercises were used according to the degree of injuries, anatomical and
      functional characteristics of each division. Excellent or good results were
      obtained in 81.3% of cases. The significance of the sa division of Bunnell's "no
      man's land" and selection of treatment method in each subzone were discussed. We
      believe that primary and delayed primary repair can restore good function to the
      repaired tendon. The effective way to enhance the results of tendon repair is to
      apply comprehensive treatments according to the extent of injury to the intrinsic
      healing capacity of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon.

PMID- 1815905
TI  - [Clinical application of percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy].
AB  - From September 1990 to March 1991, 109 women and 41 men, aged 22-73, with
      symptomatic gallstones underwent percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy. The
      procedure is performed with the patient under epidural anesthesia. The fundus of
      gallbladder was pulled with forceps and fixed to the anterior abdominal wall,
      then the fundus of gallbladder was punctured and dilated, and gallstones were
      removed with a 23-F cholecystoscope under direct visual inspection. Larger stones
      were disintegrated with ultrasound lithotripsy, and small fragments aspirated or
      removed with forceps. In this group, all patients had a successful percutaneous
      cholecystolithotripsy, cure rate was 97.3%, only four (2.6%) had residual stones,
      there we ren't complications. The result shows percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy
      is a safe and effective technique, which is practicable and preferable when the
      stones are found within a gallbladder with normal drainage and normal
      contractility.

PMID- 1815906
TI  - [Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Report of 40
      cases].
AB  - Forty cases of adult congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts
      were reported in this paper together with a review of the literature. The disease
      is characterized by repeated attack of cholangitis, and the diagnosis is
      dependent almost entirely upon cholangiographic findings. The authors believe
      that basing on the typical cholangiographic findings as well as the tendency of
      having a longer course, this disease can be differentiated from the acquired
      dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts secondary to hepatolithiasis. The
      principle of treatment is resection of the diseased focus as well as
      establishment of an internal drainage. The diagnosis in 50% of the cases in this
      series was confirmed by histopathology, which has not been reported in the
      previous literature.

PMID- 1815907
TI  - [Clinical classification and surgical correction of pectus excavatum].
AB  - We described the experience in clinical classification and surgical correction of
      320 cases of pectus excavatum (1984-1990). The patients age ranged from 2 to 14
      years. According to the configuration, the deformity was divided into types:
      extensive type (7.5%); common type (74.3%); localized type (12.5%); mixed type or
      irregular (5.6%). We found such as four characteristic signs shoulder
      anteversion, kyphosis, chest excavation and abdominal bulge. Rotation of sternum,
      costal margin eversion, chest asymmetry and flat chest were also encountered. All
      these made the correction very difficult. A reverse "V" shape osteotomy of the
      sternum and ribs was with internal fixation. Small hand saw, special periosteum
      elevator and related internal fixation device were designed for the operation. In
      severe cases, satisfactory result was obtained by the technique combined with
      other surgical procedure.

PMID- 1815908
TI  - [Surgical treatment of ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinuses and ventricular septal
      defect. Report of 7 patients].
AB  - From Dec. 1985 to Oct. 1988, 7 patients with ruptured aneurysm of the aortic
      sinus and VSD were treated surgically. The aneurysm of the right coronary sinus
      of Valsalva was ruptured into the right ventricle in 6 patients and that of the
      non-coronary sinus into the right atrium in another one. All patients survived
      and murmurs disappeared. Chest X-ray examination 6-18 months after operation
      showed a normal cardiac-thoracic ratio. The patients resumed their daily
      activities.

PMID- 1815909
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of colonic wound. Analysis of 81 cases].
AB  - 81 cases of colonic wound were treated in the last 10 years. In early diagnosis,
      attention was paid to clinical signs and a few untypical bu. specific signs of
      colonic injury. In the management of colonic injury, one stage operation must
      comply with 5 operative indications including correct approach to the dangerous
      factors affecting the result of the operation. Our cure rate of one stage
      operation was 97.5%. We preferred one stage surgery to two-staged operation
      because of the complications occurred following colonostomy. In this series the
      cure rate of two-stage procedure was 92.7%.

PMID- 1815910
TI  - [Feminizing adrenocortical tumor].
AB  - Feminizing adrenocortical tumor is rare. Three patients with feminizing
      adrenocortical tumor (2 males and 1 female) were treated surgically. The age of
      the patients was 11, 21 and 32 years old respectively. The removed tumors
      weighing 70 g, 250g and 31g respectively and they all were adrenocortical
      adenoma. The chief symptoms of the patients were gynecomastia, orchiatrophy and
      sexual inadequacy. The results of follow-up for 1-11 years showed no recurrence
      in all 3 patients. We consider that the tumor should be resected as soon as the
      diagnosis was established and long-term follow-up should be made after operation.

PMID- 1815911
TI  - [Carbon dioxide elimination of normal to moderately advanced chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease under thoracotomy].
AB  - We evaluated CO2 elimination by low frequency IPPV under thoracotomy through
      observation of both PaCO2 and PetCO2. Patients with mild to moderately advanced
      pulmonary insufficiency were included so as to make sure the appropriate
      frequency of IPPV to avoid hyperventilation. Ventilation with 10 bpm and TV 10
      ml/kg over 3 hours was satisfactory, as PetCO2 and PaCO2 of the patients were
      within normal limit. However, in patients with severely impaired pulmonary
      function, the management of ventilation should be individualized.

PMID- 1815912
TI  - [Effect of total parenteral nutrition with different nitrogen burden on organ
      function and protein metabolism in multiple organ failure rabbits].
AB  - Rabbits with MOF induced by intraabdominal sepsis were used to observe the effect
      of TPN with different amount of amino acid nitrogen on organ function, nitrogen
      balance and urine 3-MH excretion. The results showed that TPN support could
      improve the impaired organ function and reverse negative nitrogen balance. Low
      nitrogen burden was helpful to the lung, while high nitrogen appeared to be
      beneficial to the liver. Low nitrogen was more effective in increasing nitrogen
      balance and decreasing the urine 3-MH excretion. We conclude that excessive
      nitrogen burden results in significant thermic effect and an elevation of stress
      level, just as excessive glucose does.

PMID- 1815913
TI  - [Home-made straight needle for anastomosis of posterior urethra].
AB  - We designed and made a straight needle for the anastomosis of the posterior
      urethra. From 1983 to 1989, eleven patients with stricture of the posterior
      urethra were treated with the needle. Follow-up for 3 to 6 months showed that
      satisfactory results were obtained in all the patients. With the straight needle,
      the catgut may be led outside or inside the bladder easily through suprapubic
      incision, may minimize the damage to bladder mucosa and increase the success rate
      of operation.

PMID- 1815914
TI  - [Computerized image analysis of normal optic discs].
AB  - A self-designed computer system was used for image analysis of 172 normal optic
      discs, with Littmann's correction of photographic magnification. The mean disc
      area was found to be 2.40 +/- 0.50mm2, and the mean rim area 1.77 +/- 0.32mm2.
      The rim area was significantly correlated to disc area (r = 0.67, P = 0), but not
      to age, sex or refraction.

PMID- 1815915
TI  - [Retinitis pigmentosa associated with glaucoma].
AB  - Analysis of 1400 cases of retinitis pigmentosa revealed that (1) 32 cases (2.3%)
      were associated with glaucoma, of which (2) 30 cases were of the angle closure
      type; (3) the C/D ratio was normal in over one half of the cases, and in 5 cases
      the optic disk remained normal after 1/2-5 years of persistent IOP elevation; (4)
      in 31 cases (97%) the blood pressure was below the norm of equivalent age group;
      and (5) pathologic examination of the trabecular meshwork in 14 cases showed no
      excessive pigment deposition to obstruct the outflow channels.

PMID- 1815916
TI  - [Temporary amaurosis from retrobulbar lidocaine injection in late glaucoma
      patients].
AB  - Temporary amaurosis occurred after retrobulbar injection of lidocaine in 12 cases
      of antiglaucoma surgery in 4 years, and 10 of the patients were of late glaucoma.
      Lidocaine has a strong penetration potential which blocks the visual pathway,
      particularly for late glaucoma eyes in which the remnant optic nerve fibers may
      be especially sensitive to the drug. Therefore, the authors refrain from
      retrobulbar lidocaine in late glaucoma patients.

PMID- 1815917
TI  - [Control of corneal astigmatism following IOL implantation by Nd:YAG laser
      selective suture cutting].
AB  - Nd:YAG laser was used to cut the sutures selectively to reduce the postoperative
      corneal with-the-rule astigmatism in 48 eyes that underwent posterior chamber IOL
      implantation. A significant decrease in corneal astigmatism with visual
      improvement was affected, and the manipulation was simple. The actual procedure
      with its advantages and disadvantages was discussed.

PMID- 1815918
TI  - [Risk factors and visual prognosis of 407 patients with retinal vein occlusion].
AB  - Among 407 patients (416 eyes) with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), 196 eyes had
      branch RVO, 185 eyes central RVO, and 26 eyes hemi-central RVO. The ischemic type
      accounted for 39.7%, and the non-ischemic type 60.3%. The risk factors were
      vascular hypertension (59.8%), retinal arteriosclerosis (58.0%), increased blood
      beta-lipoprotein (49.0%) and fibrinogen (21.7%), and high blood viscosity. The
      mean levels of whole blood and plasma viscosity were significantly higher in the
      patients than in the controls. The therapeutic effective rate was 63.2% for
      branch RVO, 52.4% for central RVO, and 69.2% for hemicentral RVO. The resultant
      rate of blindness was 15.9%, and that of low vision 23.1%, due to cystoid macular
      edema (44.4%) and vitreous hemorrhage (15.4%). The incidence of neovascular
      glaucoma was 9.5% in central RVO.

PMID- 1815919
TI  - [Analysis of 52 cases of retinal vein occlusion treated with laser
      photocoagulation].
AB  - 41 of 52 cases of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) treated with laser
      photocoagulation were followed up for 3-30 months. Visual prognosis was good for
      patients of branch RVO, while visual improvement was not much for central RVO;
      however, the treatment could prevent or combat neovascularization and in turn
      neovascular glaucoma. Laser photocoagulation therapy of RVO was effective and few
      complications occurred if performed at an opportune time with an optimal
      wavelength or combination of wavelengths, and periodical follow-up and
      fluorescein angiography were useful in promoting the rate of successful
      operations.

PMID- 1815920
TI  - [Combined surgery for complicated retinal detachment].
AB  - During 1986-1989, the authors treated 23 cases of complicated retinal detachment
      with vitrectomy in combination with reattachment surgery and intraocular
      injection of C3F8 gas. The PVR gradings were C1, 3 cases; C2, 7 cases; C3, 8
      cases; D1, 4 cases; and D2, 1 case. Retinal breaks occurred in 16 cases, in whom
      the rate of surgical success was 65.2%. The visual acuity improved in 66.6% of
      the cases after operation. The advantages, the actual procedures and the causes
      of failure of the combined surgery were discussed.

PMID- 1815921
TI  - [Analysis of the curative effect of partially accommodative esotropia in
      children].
AB  - Partially accommodative esotropia in children is due to accommodative factor in
      addition to anatomical factor. The former is corrected with spectacles, whereas
      the latter must be surgically treated. The authors handled 75 such cases by first
      prescribing spectacles for full correction of hyperopia, and surgical operations
      were performed to the residual esotropia after wearing the spectacles for 6
      months. Patients surgically under-corrected were advised to wear over-correction
      spectacles, and patients surgically over-corrected to wear under-correction
      spectacles. Skiascopic examinations were done every 6 months; the physiological
      hyperopia decreased year by year, and the strength of hyperopic spectacles was
      decreased accordingly.

PMID- 1815922
TI  - [Radiotherapy of palpebral carcinoma--a follow-up study].
AB  - After radiotherapy, 52 patients of palpebral carcinoma were followed up,
      including squamous cell carcinoma 24 cases, basal cell carcinoma 19 cases,
      undifferentiated carcinoma 7 cases, and Meibomian gland carcinoma 2 cases. The
      tumors of 46 cases (88.5%) resolved in 3-6 months after treatment, and the 3-year
      survival rate was 92.3% (48 cases), the 5-year survival rate was 82.7% (43
      cases), and the 10 to 16-year survival rate was 47.7% (21 cases). The curative
      effect of radiotherapy on palpebral carcinoma is noteworthy.

PMID- 1815923
TI  - [Comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in
      diagnosis of orbital disorders].
AB  - 16 cases of confirmed orbital disorders, comprising orbital tumor 11 cases,
      inflammation 2 cases, ophthalmic Graves' disease 2 cases and carotid-cavernous
      sinus fistula 1 case, were studied with ultrasound, CT, and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) in regard to identification and localization of the lesions. MRI
      excelled CT and ultrasound in histologic contrast resolution and spatial
      localization. The technique of MRI was particularly discussed.

PMID- 1815924
TI  - [Intermittent exophthalmos].
AB  - Intraorbital angiograms revealed venous lakes and phleboliths in 14 cases of
      intermittent exophthalmos. The pathological features were similar to those of
      venous varix, with frequent irregular vascular sclerosis, hyperplasia of
      connective tissue, and secondary hemorrhages encapsulated by granulation. The
      occurrence of enophthalmos following exophthalmos was due to atrophy of
      intraocular adipose tissue through compression by the venous varix. Among the
      series, 4 cases were treated successfully with surgery and 2 cases with
      injections of sclerosing agent, the latter being especially simple and useful for
      cases of indication.

PMID- 1815925
TI  - [The embryonic development of iridial muscles].
AB  - Development of iridial muscles was observed in 116 fetal eyes (72 human embryos 7
      weeks to full gestation). Bundles of microfilaments with local high density spots
      appeared in the cytoplasm of the anterior pigment epithelium early in 10 week
      embryos. The high density spots later grew to be the dense-bodies in the
      myofilaments, the original structure of the pupillary sphincter. In embryos of 4
      1/2 months, blood capillaries grew into the sphincter, which was fully developed
      in the 6th month, and myofilaments of the dilator muscles began to appear in the
      cytoplasm of peripheral anterior pigment epithelium, with villous protrusions
      toward the stroma. Many myofilaments with scattered dense-bodies were seen in the
      protrusions. It was thus confirmed that both the sphincter and dilator muscles
      originated from the iridial anterior pigment epithelium of neuro-ectoderm;
      however, the former developed fully to form independent smooth muscle bundles,
      while the latter was less developed and remained part of the pigment epithelium
      (myo-epithelium). The appearance of both muscles was earlier than previously
      reported.

PMID- 1815926
TI  - [An immunofunctional assessment of herpes simplex keratitis patients with T
      lymphocyte subsets monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - The T-lymphocyte subsets T11, T4, T8, and the T4/T8 ratio in peripheral blood of
      patients with herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) were determined by means of
      monoclonal antibodies. The patients included dendritic keratitis 7 cases,
      geographic keratitis 7 cases, disciform keratitis 7 cases, metaherpetic keratitis
      5 cases, necrotic stromal keratitis 5 cases, and inactive herpetic keratitis 11
      cases; 21 healthy subjects served as controls. The results showed that the
      pattern of T-lymphocyte subsets in inactive patients differed little from that of
      the controls, while in active patients it varied for different clinical types, of
      which the clinical significance was discussed.

PMID- 1815927
TI  - [Compliance with treatment standards and the scope allowed for own judgements in
      dentistry from the viewpoint of liability].

PMID- 1815928
TI  - [Social criteria of generally accepted rules in dentistry].

PMID- 1815929
TI  - [The significance of generally accepted rules and their criteria in the
      discussion on the quality of dental treatment].
AB  - The significance of generally accepted rules and their criteria in the discussion
      on the quality of dental treatment is pointed out. The fact that dental treatment
      is based not only on empirical but to a great extent also on hypothetically
      established rules emphasizes the importance of epidemiologic clinical research.
      Dental treatment cannot be considered purely under the aspects of mechanics. The
      consideration of dental activities by mechanical and technical parameters alone
      is not permissible, because this approach disregards the non-mechanical nature of
      dental interventions.

PMID- 1815930
TI  - [Effects of porcelain fused to metal on the accuracy of fit of various alloys].
AB  - One high gold and five low gold porcelain bonding alloys were examined for
      dimensional changes after fusion of the porcelain. With the same processing
      techniques applied, the individual firings resulted in varying changes in the
      accuracy of fit of the tested alloys. Averaging at -0.09 mm Bond-on 4 showed the
      greatest marginal discrepancies and this was the only alloy that displayed a
      statistically significant difference to Degudent U.

PMID- 1815931
TI  - [Effects of an incremental application technique on the polymerization of two
      light-activated composite filling materials].
AB  - The influence of the use of an incremental technique on the polymerization depth
      of two light-activated composite resins (hybrid composite resin, microfilled
      composite resin) was investigated in vitro. Of each of the two materials
      specimens were produced using variable increments and different polymerization
      times. Polymerization depth was determined by means of a microhardness tester
      (Vickers hardness). At the bottom of the cavity hardness values were
      significantly higher in samples produced in small increments (2 mm) than in
      samples with thicker layers (3 mm). A polymerization time of 20 s resulted in a
      significantly poorer polymerization at the bottom of the cavity than longer
      polymerization times. Hardness values decreased within each layer from the
      surface to the bottom. Irrespective of the material and the duration of
      illumination SEM pictures showed the presence of a line in the interface of the
      layers. The use of incremental technique in class II restorations resulted in
      differently polymerized zones that are exposed to the varying conditions of the
      oral cavity.

PMID- 1815932
TI  - [Influence of saliva components on periodontal disease in insulin-dependent
      diabetics].
AB  - In diabetic patients an increased incidence of periodontal disease has been
      demonstrated. This study was to elucidate the influence of saliva constituents on
      periodontal alterations. 31 insulin-dependent type-I diabetics and a control
      group were submitted to oral examination. During daytime salivary samples were
      collected at regular intervals for analysis of glucose, sodium, potassium,
      calcium and the pH values. Additional information on relevant blood values and
      organic complications were obtained from the diabetic group. The results revealed
      a significant correlation between the degree of diabetes control and periodontal
      disease. The saliva concentrations of glucose and potassium were significantly
      elevated as against the controls. However, no correlation was found between the
      saliva components and periodontal disease.

PMID- 1815934
TI  - [Root canal preparation using Excimer lasers].
AB  - As an alternative in endodontics to mechanical methods for root canal treatment,
      the use of a XeCl-excimer laser to prepare the canal wall was studied. In a light
      microscopic investigation undecalcified sections of laser-treated extracted human
      teeth showed that it was not possible to remove dentine in the root canal. Pulpal
      tissues remained in all wall areas. The available energy densities of this laser
      type seem to be not sufficient to ablate pulpal tissues or wall dentine.

PMID- 1815933
TI  - [High volume vs. activated root canal irrigation].
AB  - Irrigation of the root canal is carried out to remove the smear layer and the
      overlying pulp tissue remnants and dentin chips left by preparation. Our results
      show that even high volume irrigation is less effective in the apical section
      than towards cervical. A positive effect of activated continuous irrigation was
      demonstrated above all in the apical third of the root canal. Almost complete
      removal of both the smear layer and the overlying debris was achieved. Since high
      volume, continuous activated irrigation is superior to any other form of
      irrigation, particularly in the apical section, the results of our studies
      suggest that further efforts to develop such a root canal irrigation system to
      the state in which it can be clinically used are necessary.

PMID- 1815935
TI  - [In vitro study on the corrosion behavior of two amalgams in direct contact to
      different cast metal alloys].
AB  - The direct contact between amalgam and cast metal may enhance electrochemical
      reactions. In a study to determine the amount of mercury released in these
      reactions, six cast metal alloys with increasing precious metal contents were
      placed in immediate contact (contact area 10 mm2) to two non-gamma 2-amalgams
      (Amalcap, Valiant) and incubated with artificial saliva at 37 degrees C for up to
      8 weeks; then the salivary mercury concentrations were measured. After the end of
      the incubation period the case metal surfaces were analyzed by ESCA for metal
      appositions. The results showed that direct contact between amalgam and cast
      metal after storage in artificial saliva for 8 weeks resulted in a minor release
      of mercury (22.7 +/- 10.63 ng/ml Hg). On the cast metal plates themselves only
      smallest mercury concentrations could be demonstrated. These in vitro tests have
      shown again that, although charge transfers do occur when different metals are in
      direct contact, they do so only to a minor degree, because of the passivation
      processes involved.

PMID- 1815936
TI  - [Studies on skull morphology in cleidocranial dysostosis].
AB  - Using computerized tomography (5 patients) and lateral cephalograms (17 patients)
      for analysing craniofacial pathology in patients with cleidocranial dysostosis, a
      number of specific morphologic disorders could be demonstrated in great detail.
      Furthermore, new characteristics of cranial base dysplasia and disproportion of
      the facial skeleton could be clearly demonstrated. These findings also explain
      the typical concave profile of these patients.

PMID- 1815937
TI  - [Studies on the incidence and quality of root fillings. Evaluation by
      orthopantomograms].
AB  - Incidence, distribution and quality of endodontic treatment were investigated
      using panoramic radiographs of 200 patients of the Department of Periodontology.
      The results were compared to those of similar epidemiological investigations
      published in the recent literature. 3.2% of all teeth showed to be root-canal
      fillings, which is less than in any other investigation. 87% of all root-canal
      fillings ended more than 2 mm from the apex and more than 60% exhibited
      insufficient obturation. Periapical lesions were detected in 60% of all root
      canal-fillings teeth.

PMID- 1815939
TI  - [Neuropathy of the gingival autonomous nerve system in inflammatory diseases of
      the periodontium. Ultrastructural analysis].
AB  - In a comparative study the influence of periodontal disease on the autonomous
      nerve-system of human attached gingiva was analysed ultrastructurally in 20
      gingiva specimens. The test group was formed by 10 patients with adult
      periodontitis (AP) and compared with 10 patients with clinically healthy gingiva.
      The specimens were prepared for ultrastructural evaluation. The autonomous nerve
      fibres near the epithelium, in the connective tissue, and at the blood vessels
      were qualified and quantified by means of electron microscopy. In the test group
      clear signs of neuropathy of the autonomous nerve system like lysis of axoplasm,
      evagination of axons from their Schwann's sheaths, de- and regeneration pistons
      and reduction of axons were found. The possible pathogenic significance of this
      neuropathy of the autonomous nerve system in periodontal disease is discussed.

PMID- 1815938
TI  - [Studies on the bond strength of various titanium-ceramic base materials].
AB  - The present contribution presents the results of a study comparing the bond
      strength of Ohara Titan Bond (Tanaka, Bad Homburg), Vita Titankeramik (Vita, Bad
      Sackingen) and Duceratin Experimental Titankeramik (Ducera, Rosbach) fused to
      titanium with that of Vita VMK 68 fused to Wiron 88. For the measurement of the
      bond strength we utilized the three point bending test of fracture mechanics.

PMID- 1815940
TI  - [Situation and extension of epithelial excrescences alongside the lip furrow band
      and the dental lamina].
AB  - 3-D-reconstructions of serial sections of human embryos show that the margin of
      the lip furrow band is irregular and consists of an abundance of individual
      epithelial excrescences. Additional foldings of the lip furrow band extending
      over a length of up to 160 microns were found. The hypothesis that epithelial
      foldings in this region may be early anlagen of a perlacteal dentition is
      discussed and rejected.

PMID- 1815941
TI  - [Therapeutic approaches for patients with cleidocranial dysostosis].
AB  - In three cases of c.c.d. it could be shown, that combined orthodontic and
      surgical treatment provided further possibilities for the treatment of severe
      problems in permanent dentitions as well as correcting extreme skeletal
      discrepancies of the facial skeleton in c.c.d. Well-scheduled removal of
      supernumerary teeth creates space for the spontaneous eruption of delayed teeth.
      By the use of carefully applied orthodontic forces, alignment of even extremely
      displaced teeth is shown to be possible. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that
      careful planning and realization of osteotomies in the midface can remarkably
      improve the facial appearance and the relationship of the jaws thus facilitating
      particularly future prosthodontic treatment.

PMID- 1815942
TI  - Removal of solid intracanal fragments and silver points: technique survey and
      evaluation.

PMID- 1815943
TI  - Free gingival graft coverage of an alloy restoration: a case report.

PMID- 1815944
TI  - The intraoral sinus tract.

PMID- 1815945
TI  - Endodontic surgery: principles, objectives, and treatment of posterior teeth.
      Part 1.

PMID- 1815946
TI  - Kinetic properties of sheep brain glutathione reductase.
AB  - The kinetic properties of sheep brain glutathione reductase (GSSGR) were
      investigated. The enzyme showed Ping-Pong kinetics with double substrate
      inhibition in the forward direction. Km values for NADPH and GSSG were found to
      be 60.9 and 116.9 mumol/l, and Ki values were found to be 42.1 and 347.3 mumol/l,
      respectively. NADP+ inhibition at low fixed concentration of NADPH was mixed-type
      with a Ki of 281.5 mumol/l and alpha of 0.048. It is concluded that the enzyme
      shows a hybrid Ping-Pong-ordered branched mechanism.

PMID- 1815947
TI  - Guanidino compound metabolism in arginine-free diet induced hyperammonemia.
AB  - Guanidino compounds, intermediates of arginine metabolism, are altered in many
      pathological conditions especially those involving the urea cycle. Arginine and
      creatine play an important role in nitrogen metabolism whereas other guanidino
      compounds such as guanidinosuccinic acid and N-acetylarginine are toxins. Our
      objective was to investigate the relationship between guanidino compounds and
      hyperammonemia. Young and adult ferrets were fed a single meal of either an
      arginine-containing diet (ACD) or an arginine-free diet (AFD). Guanidino
      compounds were determined by HPLC in the plasma, liver, kidney and brain 3 h
      after feeding the specified diet. Only young ferrets fed AFD developed
      hyperammonemia. Plasma and kidney arginine was decreased whereas
      guanidinosuccinic acid was increased in young ferrets fed AFD. Hepatic creatine
      and kidney and brain guanidinoacetic acid were significantly decreased in this
      group. These results indicate that AFD-induced hyperammonemia produced decreased
      methylation activity in the liver and transamidination activity in kidney.
      Elevated guanidinosuccinate levels coupled with deficient hepatic creatine
      synthesis may play a role in the pathophysiology of hyperammonemia.

PMID- 1815949
TI  - Properties of amphiphilic and hydrophilic forms of alkaline phosphatase from
      human liver.
AB  - Amphiphilic and hydrophilic forms of alkaline phosphatase differed in
      electrophoretic mobility, sensitivity to heat, activation by phospholipids and
      albumin, and affinity of monoclonal antibodies, but were similar in substrate Km
      and inhibitor Ki values, sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, and
      electrophoretic behavior on desialylation. Chemical cross-linking experiments
      failed to conclusively demonstrate an aggregated state of amphiphilic alkaline
      phosphatase in Triton X-100. Further, attempts to identify a polymeric hybrid
      between amphiphilic forms of human liver and placental alkaline phosphatase were
      unsuccessful. We conclude that the covalent attachment of the hydrophobic
      phosphatidyl-inositol membrane anchor causes the amphiphilic form to behave
      anomalously on electrophoresis and to affect certain of the enzyme's catalytic
      and physical properties.

PMID- 1815948
TI  - Plasma lysosomal enzymes after liver transplantation in the pig.
AB  - During liver transplantation in the pig, the plasma activities of beta
      galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase were elevated as early as
      15 min after establishing the hepatic circulation. The enzyme activities peaked
      at 3 h and returned to the initial level within 2-3 days. However, such
      substantial alterations were not observed in other enzymes, alpha-mannosidase and
      alpha-glucosidase. Similar reactions to those of the first three enzymes were
      found in aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase but with later
      peaks and slower eliminations. In light of the current study, the serial
      estimation of acid hydrolases may be useful to discover the extent of tissue
      injury and also to evaluate the effectiveness of various organ-preservation
      methods.

PMID- 1815950
TI  - Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from human placenta:
      characterization of the catalytic subunit.
AB  - The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) was purified
      for the first time from human placenta by DEAE-cellulose and HTP chromatography.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a single band of
      average molecular weight of 42 kDa (SEM = 0.52). Kinetic experiments showed a Km
      for ATP of 12.6 +/- 1.2 mumol/l, for histone II-AS of 1.3 +/- 0.05 mg.ml-1, for
      kemptide of 11.4 +/- 4.4 mumol/l. The synthetic inhibitor IP20-amide showed a
      competitive mechanism of inhibition with a Ki of 5.0 nmol/l. The protein kinase
      inhibitors H7 and H9 showed an apparent Ki of 8.3 and 4.9 mumol/l respectively.
      Preparative isoelectric focusing revealed the presence of 5 different isoforms
      with an average pI of 6.17, 6.70, 7.15, 7.67, 8.9.

PMID- 1815951
TI  - Effective recovery by KCl precipitation of highly diluted muscle proteins
      solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate.
AB  - A new, improved method is described, which takes advantage of the low solubility
      of potassium dodecyl sulfate (KDS), to concentrate sodium dodecyl sulfate
      solubilized proteins from nanomolar solutions by KDS precipitation. The method
      was applied to proteins differing in Mr and pI. The effect of varying KCl, and
      the pH and/or concentration of the buffer on KDS-protein precipitation was
      studied. These parameters may be chosen to allow selective repartition of
      specific proteins in the pellet or supernatant. After precipitation, the hundred-
      or thousand-fold concentrated solutes are easily resuspended in small volumes of
      any required medium. Though initially experimented to recover muscle proteins
      from effluents of electroendosmotic preparative gel electrophoresis, the method
      proved to be of general interest as a powerful tool to recover proteins from
      highly diluted solutions.

PMID- 1815952
TI  - Immobilized pH gradients (IPG) simulator--an additional step in pH gradient
      engineering: I. Linear pH gradients.
AB  - A new computer program, called immobilized pH gradients (IPG) simulator, is
      proposed for calculating and optimizing any recipe for use in isoelectric
      focusing in immobilized pH gradients. Unlike our previous monoprotic electrolyte
      gradient simulation (MGS) and polyelectrolyte gradient simulation (PGS) programs,
      based on minimizing CV(beta), the present program has a target function the
      minimization of the quadratic moment around zero of the residuals (mu 2). With
      this algorithm it is possible to formulate IPG recipes which have deviations from
      linearity well below 1% of the given pH interval (a limit set with the previous
      MGS and PGS programs), in fact, as small as 0.1-0.2% (in pH units). The new
      simulator performs 2-3 times better than the previous ones in the pH 4-10 range,
      and is absolutely necessary when working outside this range, at extreme pH
      values, where CV(beta) cannot work against the buffering power of bulk water,
      thus generating pH recipes with huge deviations from linearity. In the latter
      cases, mu 2 performs 10 times better than CV(beta). When utilizing strong
      titrants for extended pH intervals, the "all or none" rule has been discovered:
      such titrants should always be used in tandem, since omission of one of the two
      at either the acidic or basic extremes produces strongly distorted pH profiles.
      Our new, most powerful simulator also contains equations for creating nonlinear
      gradients, notably: concave and convex exponentials and sigmoidal (see the
      companion paper: Righetti, P. G. and Tonani, C., Electrophoresis 1991, 12, 1021
      1027).

PMID- 1815953
TI  - Immobilized pH gradients (IPG) simulator--an additional step in pH gradient
      engineering: II. Nonlinear pH gradients.
AB  - While in the companion paper (Tonani, C. & Righetti, P. G., Electrophoresis 1991,
      12, 1011-1021) we gave the general outline of our new computer program,
      immobilized pH gradients (IPG) simulator, able to simulate and optimize linear pH
      gradients for isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients, in the present
      report we extend the application of such a program to: (i) convex exponential
      gradients, (ii) logarithmic and (iii) polynomial gradients. Such gradients are
      meant to give equal space to protein spots in complex protein mixtures (e.g.,
      cell lysates, biological fluids) and follow the statistical distribution of
      protein pI values along the pH axis. They will prove of fundamental importance in
      two-dimensional maps, both because they optimize the spreading of spots in the
      two-dimensional plane and because of the excellent reproducibility of immobilized
      pH gradients. The following concave exponential recipes are given: pH 3-8, pH 3
      9, pH 3-10, pH 3-11, pH 4-7, pH 4-8, pH 4-9, pH 4-10, pH 4-11, pH 5-8, pH 5-9,
      and pH 5-10, as well as the most extended pH 2.5-11 interval. Two interesting
      logarithmic gradients are described: pH 3-6 and pH 3-7 and one sigmoidal (derived
      with a polynomial of 5th degree): pH 3-11.

PMID- 1815954
TI  - Immobilized metal ion affinity electrophoresis: a preliminary report.
AB  - The ligand "Sepharose-IDA-Cu(II)" was entrapped into an agarose gel used for
      affinity electrophoresis. The binding of three closely related proteins, namely
      alpha-chymotrypsinogen A, alpha-chymotrypsin, and alpha-chymotrypsin inactivated
      with diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DIFP) to the affinity gel, was investigated.
      When the protein having affinity for the ligand was run in the presence of small
      amounts of the ligand, the retention of the protein by the ligand caused
      "tailing" of the sample. This pattern was changed in the presence of increasing
      amounts of the ligand, leading to a "rocket" shape due to the stronger binding of
      the protein to the chelated metal ligand entrapped in the gel. The degree of
      retardation in the gel with the ligand is an expression of the affinity between
      the protein and the ligand. The migration distance of alpha-chymotrypsin and
      alpha-chymotrypsin treated with DIFP at a given concentration of the ligand is
      linearly related to the protein amount deposited on the gel. The dissociation
      constant for the tested proteins were calculated from the Bog-Hansen-Takeo plot.
      The difference in the affinity strength of these structurally related proteins
      towards the ligand suggests the involvement of the surface topography of
      histidine residues on their binding to the ligand.

PMID- 1815955
TI  - Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human parotid
      salivary proteins.
AB  - The proteins in human parotid saliva have been separated by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 20 or more well resolved
      species. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250 and silver staining procedures
      have been modified to overcome the problems encountered with staining of proline
      rich proteins. By means of the CBB R-250 procedure which stains proline-rich
      proteins pink-violet, immunoblotting, concanavalin A binding, periodate-Schiff
      staining and zinc binding, all of the major proteins have been characterised.
      Substantial individual-to-individual differences were observed in the protein
      patterns formed. Comparison of parotid, submandibular, and whole saliva from a
      single individual indicated that fewer proline-rich proteins are expressed in
      submandibular saliva than in parotid, but whole saliva contains much lower levels
      than either duct secretion. The results will form a useful base for future
      research into the functions of salivary proteins.

PMID- 1815956
TI  - Electrophoretic human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQA1 DNA typing after polymerase
      chain reaction amplification.
AB  - An electrophoretic method (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis) is described which permits the identification of human leukocyte
      antigen HLA-DQA1 types and subtypes without using allele-specific oligonucleotide
      probes and dot-blot methodology. The procedure can be used in miniaturized gels
      in combination with automated electrophoretic systems. The PhastSystem is
      particularly recommended since temperature control is essential. HLA-DQA1*01 and
      DQA1*0301 can be distinguished in homoduplexes and DQA1*01 subtypes, DQA1*0201
      and DQA1*0401 in heteroduplexes (in only 5 h including DNA extraction and PCR
      amplification). Additional variations to those recognized using commercially
      available dot-blot methods can be provided since this procedure permits the
      identification of single base-pair substitutions. In addition, this method is
      faster and less expensive than commercial methods.

PMID- 1815958
TI  - Pressure refilled polyacrylamide columns for the separation of oligonucleotides
      by capillary electrophoresis.
AB  - The separation of oligonucleotides by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was
      studied in fused silica separation capillaries filled by linear (noncrosslinked)
      polyacrylamide (PAA) solutions, introduced into the capillary from the stock by
      pressure after each analysis. The time-consuming in-capillary polymerization step
      could thus be avoided, and fast and reproducible repetition of the analyses was
      assured. The PAA concentrations varied within the range of 3-10% and both the
      reproducibility of the analyses and the stability of the solution in the
      capillary, with and without a chemically treated inner wall, were tested.
      Ferguson plots were used to assess the size selectivity of the separation.

PMID- 1815957
TI  - Determination of rat plasma esterase-1 (ES-1) activity by scanning densitometry
      of gradient polyacrylamide gels with zymogram detection.
AB  - There is no specific assay for rat plasma esterase-1 (ES-1) activity. Plasma
      contains many esterases, while known substrates do not discriminate between
      esterases. With gel electrophoresis, plasma esterase isozymes can be separated.
      Thus, a method consisting of gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      visualization of the enzyme with a staining technique based on substrate
      conversion, and densitometric scanning of the stained gel has been developed for
      quantitative measurement of rat plasma ES-1 activity. ES-1 activities were
      expressed as total peak areas. Reproducibility of the method was found to be
      about 10% (expressed as apparent between-gel coefficient of variation). When the
      ES-1 zone areas was expressed relative to that of a plasma ES-1 standard,
      reproducibility was about 3%. The kinetics of catalysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate
      hydrolysis by ES-1 could be determined with the gel scanning assay; the Km was
      0.76 mM. At the alpha-naphthyl acetate concentration of 2.69 mM, total peak areas
      of the ES-1 zone were linearly associated with the staining time (up to at least
      40 min) and amount of plasma (up to 26.25 microL). The pH of the staining buffer
      influences the ES-1 zone area, the largest areas being obtained when the pH
      ranged between 7.0 and 7.8. With propionate as acyl moiety of the alpha-naphthyl
      ester substrate, ES-1 zone areas were higher than with either acetate, butyrate
      or hexanoate.

PMID- 1815959
TI  - Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in agarose solutions at 40 degrees C.
AB  - DNA fragments ranging from 72 to 1353 bp in length (phi X174 RF DNA/HaeIII) were
      separated by capillary electrophoresis in 0.3-2.0% solutions of agarose (Sea
      Plaque GTG) at 40 degrees C. Liquified agarose above its gelling temperature is
      easily filled and refilled into capillaries. Its background absorbance at 260 nm
      was sufficiently low to allow for DNA detection at an estimated DNA load of 13
      ng/10 components. Sample injection proceeded at 1 kV for 16 s. The internal
      capillary diameter was 150 mu, the migration path 27 cm. Migration times varied
      from 5 to 14 min at 185 V/cm. Potentially, the applicability of capillary
      electrophoresis in agarose solutions can be expected to extend to the entire size
      range of DNA, in view of the recent demonstration of kb-sized circular DNA
      separations in agarose solutions, and those of Mb-sized DNA-agarose complexes in
      linear polyacrylamide solutions.

PMID- 1815960
TI  - Simultaneous Ferguson plot analysis, using electrophoresis on a single agarose
      pore gradient gel, of DNA fragments contained in a mixture.
AB  - A recent study has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining Ferguson plots in
      agarose gel electrophoresis, using a single pore gradient gel. We now report
      three remedies for defects in the previous experimental approach: (i) UV
      absorbing media for density stabilization of the gel is avoided by replacing 5-(N
      2,3-dihydroxypropylacetamido)-2,4,6-triiodo-N,N'-bis(2,3-dihy droxypropyl)
      isophthalamide (Nycodenz) with heavy water; this renders the method applicable to
      ethidium bromide-labeled DNA. (ii) The density stabilizing medium is kept from
      having an effect on field strength. (iii) Data collection by uninterrupted time
      lapse photography is possible by using an apparatus with a quartz window. These
      three measures make the method practical for the gel electrophoretic
      identification and physical characterization of DNA species, potentially up to 50
      kb in size.

PMID- 1815961
TI  - Pentoxifylline in arterial disease of the legs.

PMID- 1815962
TI  - The effect of verapamil on cardiac sympathetic function.
AB  - We have used systolic time intervals (STI) to measure inotrophy and chronotropy
      as indirect measures of the actions of noradrenaline, in order to ascertain
      whether the depletion of cardiac noradrenaline stores which has been shown to
      occur in laboratory rats after chronic verapamil treatment could be demonstrated
      in healthy volunteers. Placebo, verapamil, or atenolol were given by slow
      intravenous injection to 8 healthy volunteers and QS2I, LVETI, and PEP/LVET were
      measured. Verapamil pretreatment resulted in a positive inotropic state.
      Intravenous verapamil after oral pretreatment caused accentuated negative
      inotropic and chronotropic responses as compared with acute verapamil without
      pretreatment. We postulate that the observed initial inotropic effect may be in
      part due to an increase in the amount of noradrenaline available to the
      myocardium intrasynaptically, and that the accentuated negative response after
      intravenous or oral verapamil may result from a decrease in cardiac noradrenaline
      storage.

PMID- 1815963
TI  - Changes in calcium homoeostasis and bone formation in patients recovering from
      acute myocardial infarction: effect of verapamil treatment. Danish Study Group on
      Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - The effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil on calcium homoeostasis and bone
      metabolism has been investigated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled
      study. Ten patients randomized to verapamil 120 mg t.i.d. and 9 patients
      randomized to placebo in The Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II took part in
      the study. Bone formation, estimated by 24-h whole body retention of
      diphosphonate (WBR), osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and calcium metabolic
      indices, was recorded before the start of medication and after 1 and 6 months of
      treatment. Baseline calcium metabolic variables were not significantly different
      between the two study groups. There were no significant differences in WBR (0.38
      vs 0.37), osteocalcin level (8.2 vs 8.0 micrograms/l) or alkaline phosphatase
      (218 vs 200 U/l) after treatment for 6 months with verapamil compared to placebo.
      Serum PTH, calcium and phosphate levels were also not affected by verapamil. The
      results suggest that prolonged treatment with clinical doses of verapamil does
      not affect indices of calcium and bone metabolism in humans.

PMID- 1815964
TI  - New synergistic combinations of differentiation inducing agents in the treatment
      of acute myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Differentiation inducing agents in double and triple combinations can induce
      differentiation in primary culture of more than 80% of blast cells from some AML
      patients. In the present study, the interactions between these differentiating
      agents have been analysed using Berenbaum's general algebraic solution and three
      new, potentially clinically useful synergistic combinations: have been identified
      all trans retinoic acid (RA) + hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), cytosine
      arabinoside (Ara-C) + HMBA and RA + Ara-C + HMBA. A measure of the effectiveness
      of these combinations was that the doses of Ara-C and HMBA required to induce 50%
      differentiation were decreased about 10-fold and 5-fold, respectively, in
      combination with 1 microM RA. The new synergistic combinations are important not
      only to limit toxicity but also because multiple drug combinations may better
      overcome the inherent molecular heterogeneity of the differentiation defect in
      AML patients. They warrant clinical trial in AML patients who are either
      unsuitable for or are unresponsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PMID- 1815965
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of intravenous rilmenidine in man.
AB  - Ten patients (44 y), 6 with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and none with
      hypertensive disease, underwent electrophysiological studies before and after
      intravenous infusion of a single dose of 1 mg rilmenidine administered over 15
      min. The regimen produced a mean plasma rilmenidine concentration of 3.16 ng.ml-1
      at the end of the infusion. There was no significant change in sinus cycle
      length, PR interval, QRS, QT duration or in PA, AH and HV intervals. Estimated
      sinoatrial conduction time and corrected sinus node recovery time did not
      significantly change. In one patient, however, an abnormal pause was noted after
      termination of rapid atrial pacing. The right atrial effective refractory period
      decreased from 209 to 194 ms. There was no significant change in the anterograde
      and retrograde block cycle length or in the refractoriness of the nodal,
      ventricular and accessory pathways. The cycle length of induced reciprocating
      tachycardia decreased slightly from 374 to 351 ms. No patient exhibited an
      abnormal response to the carotid sinus massage. The findings indicate that
      intravenous administration of 1 mg rilmenidine exerts modest effects on the
      electrophysiological parameters of the human heart.

PMID- 1815966
TI  - Carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite in acute mania: clinical and
      pharmacokinetic correlates.
AB  - The study was designed to investigate the antimanic profile of carbamazepine as a
      first-line drug in affective or schizoaffective disorders, to correlate the
      clinical efficacy with the plasma level of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide
      metabolite, and to test the potential value of monitoring the salivary level. It
      was administered alone for 3 weeks to 21 acute manic inpatients. During the first
      week, the dosage was rapidly increased to 800 mg/day in order to produce steady
      state plasma levels of carbamazepine on Day 7. The individual dose was then
      adjusted to maintain the therapeutic range of 8-12 mg/l. Plasma and saliva levels
      of the drug and its metabolite, as well as clinical status were assessed weekly.
      Overall, there was 62% globally improved patients and 77% in affective disorders.
      The improvement of manic symptoms was significantly lower in schizoaffective than
      in affective disorders, whereas the dropout rate and the need for antipsychotic
      medication was higher in the former group. The antimanic response was
      significantly correlated with the plasma levels both of carbamazepine and its
      epoxide metabolite, with a time-lag consistent with a delayed drug effect. Drug
      and metabolite concentrations in saliva were close to their plasma free fraction
      and were strongly correlated with their plasma levels, suggesting the potential
      value of salivary drug monitoring.

PMID- 1815967
TI  - Inhibition of sucrose- and starch-induced glycaemic and hormonal responses by the
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitor emiglitate (BAY o 1248) in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The absorbable deoxynojirimycin derivative emiglitate (BAY o 1248) is a potent
      competitive inhibitor of small intestinal alpha-glucosidases in man. In two
      similar randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind investigations, the
      efficacy, duration of action and tolerability of single doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg
      emiglitate have been assessed in healthy male volunteers after repeated sucrose
      or maize-starch loads at 08.00, 12.00 and 17.00 h. Even at the lowest dose used,
      emiglitate almost abolished the glycaemic (-88%) and hormonal responses after the
      first sucrose meal, simultaneously evoking significant hydrogen evolution (mean
      peak H2-concentration greater than 100 ppm), which was not related to the dose,
      and which induced unacceptable symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption, i.e. at
      the dosages tested, the inhibition of glycaemic and hormonal responses was at the
      expense of intolerable gastrointestinal adverse effects. Flattening of
      postprandial responses of blood glucose, serum insulin and gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide was still apparent after a second sucrose load 4 h later,
      demonstrating long-lasting inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity. After
      starch, the dose dependency of inhibition emerged more clearly than after
      sucrose, i.e. the reduction was less pronounced. However, emiglitate led to
      significant reduction of the glycaemic and hormonal rises after both the first
      and second starch meals. Symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption were absent after
      10 mg and were negligible with 20 mg or 40 mg emiglitate. Breath hydrogen
      concentration increased gradually, indicating slight but significant carbohydrate
      malabsorption after the highest dose of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. The
      results show that a single morning dose of 20-40 mg emiglitate might be useful in
      the control of postprandial hyperglycaemia after breakfast and lunch.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815968
TI  - The effect of food or milk on the absorption kinetics of ofloxacin.
AB  - We have studied the effects of food or milk on the absorption of ofloxacin in 21
      healthy male volunteers in a three-way crossover design. Milk did not alter the
      rate or extent of absorption of ofloxacin or its elimination. Food altered the
      onset and/or rate of absorption, but not the extent of absorption or the
      elimination rate. Thus, food reduced peak ofloxacin concentrations (Cmax) by 20%
      compared with fasting conditions and the time to reach maximum concentration
      (tmax) was prolonged on average by 1 h. However, the extent of absorption and the
      half-life (t 1/2) of ofloxacin were the same after each treatment. These data
      indicate that food and milk have a clinically insignificant effect on ofloxacin
      absorption.

PMID- 1815969
TI  - In vitro forecasting of drugs which may interfere with the biotransformation of
      midazolam.
AB  - The biotransformation of midazolam is mediated by a cytochrome P-450 isozyme (P
      450 IIIA) whose activity is highly variable. The kinetics of the 1'- and 4
      hydroxylation of midazolam, the major routes of midazolam oxidation, by human
      liver microsomes have been examined to characterize further the cytochrome
      isozyme(s) catalysing these reactions, and to screen for drugs that might
      interfere with them. In hepatic microsomal preparation from two kidney donors
      (extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine) KM values for 1'-hydroxylation
      were 4.2 and 6.1 microM (extensive and poor metabolisers, respectively), and for
      the 4-hydroxylation they were 14.7 and 18.1 microM, respectively. The
      corresponding Vmax values were 25.8 and 29.8 and 17.0 and 18.1 nmol.mg P-1.h-1.
      Both reactions appeared to be catalysed by the same or by coregulated isozymes.
      Midazolam hydroxylations in vitro are inhibited by many drugs, including
      nifedipine and other dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers, ergot
      alkaloids, cyclosporine, erythromycin and phenothiazine-type neuroleptics. A
      clinical case report illustrates the consequence of such a drug-drug interference
      with hepatic biotransformation; midazolam-induced sleep in a patient lasted for 6
      days (t1/2 = 25 h).

PMID- 1815970
TI  - Relationship between renal function and disposition of oral cefixime.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefixime following a single oral dose of 200 mg have been
      investigated in 6 normal subjects and in 22 patients with various degrees of
      renal insufficiency. Serum and urine samples were collected between 0 and 72 h
      and were subjected to two methods of analysis: bioassay and HPLC. There was a
      linear relationship between the two sets of results from 228 samples. This result
      suggests that none of the metabolites, which may accumulate in uraemic patients,
      has antibacterial activity. In normal subjects, the peak serum level (Cmax) was
      2.50 micrograms.ml-1 at 2.83 h (tmax); the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2)
      was 3.73 h; the apparent total body clearance (CL.f-1) was 154 ml.min-1, the mean
      renal clearance (CLR) was 39.1 ml.min-1 and the apparent fraction of the dose
      recovered in 24 h urine was 0.22. In uraemic patients, Cmax and tmax were
      slightly increased and t1/2 was increased to 12-14 h in patients with an
      endogenous creatinine clearance below 20 ml.min-1. The apparent volume of
      distribution was decreased. Apparent total and renal clearances were lower in
      proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. Linear relationships were found
      between CL/f, CLR and creatinine clearance (CLCR). The findings suggest that the
      dose of cefixime needs to be reduced only in patients with severe renal failure.

PMID- 1815971
TI  - Absolute bioavailability of nicotine applied to different nasal regions.
AB  - The absolute bioavailability of nicotine administered nasally, as drops to the
      nasal conchae and nasal septum, and as a nasal spray, has been studied in eight
      healthy volunteers. Single nasal doses of 1 mg nicotine were given and plasma
      concentrations of nicotine were followed for 6 h. Compared to an intravenous
      infusion of nicotine, the bioavailability of the nasal administrations was 60 to
      75%. The rate of absorption was fast, the maximum concentration being reached
      after about 10 min. In the present study, there was no significant difference in
      the rate or extent of absorption between the different nasal treatments.

PMID- 1815972
TI  - Dosage frequency and drug-compliance behaviour--a comparative study on compliance
      with a medication to be taken twice or four times daily.
AB  - The objective of the study was to investigate patient compliance with two
      different dosage regimens. Ethinyloestradiol 80 micrograms daily was prescribed
      to 35 female outpatients to be taken as 20 micrograms four times daily or 40
      micrograms twice daily for 7 days. It was given to standardise cervical mucus
      before a sperm cervical mucus penetration-test (SCMPT) was performed. Sixty-five
      patients with primary infertility (mean age 29.9 y) completed the study.
      Compliance was assessed by microprocessor-based compliance monitoring. Besides
      compliance (percentage of prescribed doses taken), the adherence of the patients
      to the dosage schedule was evaluated--'regimen compliance'. The latter parameter
      of drug intake behaviour was calculated by the number of days in which 2 (BID) or
      4 openings (QID) were recorded by the electronic monitor. As a third parameter,
      the deviation from the prescribed dosing intervals, i.e. 12 or 6 h, was also
      determined. Partial compliance was the predominant finding and only 9 patients
      (13.8%) were over-compliant. Mean compliance was 75.7% in all 65 patients as a
      group, range 7.1 to 143%. The mean compliance with the QID regimen was 67%
      compared to 85% with the BID regimen. 'Regimen compliance', the percentage of
      doses taken on schedule, was 36% and 63% for the QID and BID regimens,
      respectively. Drug-intake behaviour was more erratic with the QID than the BID
      regimen, as indicated by the 55% of opening intervals recorded which exceeded the
      range of 3-9 h (mean: 6 h), compared to only 19% exceeding 6-18 h intervals
      (mean: 12 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1815973
TI  - Pharmacokinetic investigation of oral and i.v. dihydroergotamine in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - A new radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the specific measurement of dihydroergotamine
      (DHE), sufficiently sensitive for the determination of low plasma concentrations,
      has been used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of unchanged DHE. In a
      randomized cross-over trial, eight healthy male volunteers received single doses
      of DHE 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg orally and 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg intravenously. It was
      possible to determine plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of DHE over the
      following 48 h. A long terminal plasma elimination phase of unchanged DHE (half
      life 15 h) was found. A similar terminal elimination half-life was also
      calculated from urine data. The multi-exponential decline in plasma DHE with a
      long terminal half-life suggests that distribution into a deep compartment
      contributes to the long-lasting effect of the drug. Plasma protein binding was
      93%. Despite extensive tissue distribution (Vz = 33 l/kg) and a high plasma
      clearance (CLP = 2 l/min), dose-independent linear pharmacokinetics was observed.
      The present assay was at least 20-times more specific than the polyvalent RIA
      used previously and appears suitable to explore the pharmacokinetics of unchanged
      DHE in patients on low-dose therapy. The long terminal elimination half-life of
      DHE only reported previously in studies using 3H-labelled drug, and considered to
      be due to metabolites, was also true for the parent compound. This, in addition
      to the sustained pharmacological activity of the 8'-hydroxy metabolite already
      shown, provides a further explanation for the long duration of action of DHE in
      animals and man.

PMID- 1815974
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of chlormezanone in elderly patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of Chlormezanone (CM) has been determined after a single
      oral dose of 400 mg CM in 5 young volunteers (28 y) and in 8 elderly patients (79
      y). In the young subjects, CM was rapidly absorbed and distributed, and was
      slowly eliminated with a half-life of 38 h major metabolites were not detected in
      plasma or urine. Only 3% of CM was excreted unchanged in urine. In elderly
      patients absorption was delayed but not reduced; the Cmax and AUC did not differ
      from those in younger subjects, the elimination rate was reduced compared to the
      younger subjects (mean 54 h). The increase was in part related to the reduction
      in renal function and metabolism observed in aging. However, the change in
      pharmacokinetics was moderate and no adjustment in dosage seems necessary for
      treatments of limited duration in elderly patients.

PMID- 1815975
TI  - Digitalis enhances exercise-induced hyperkalaemia.
AB  - In 9 patients with atrial fibrillation the effect of zero, low and high levels of
      serum digoxin on exercise-induced hyperkalemia was assessed by bicycle exercise
      tests. Exercise at each level of serum digoxin was associated with a significant
      (up to 20%) rise in plasma potassium. At a work load of 75 W the highest level of
      serum digoxin was associated with a significantly higher maximum plasma potassium
      concentration as compared to the maximum valueatazero serum digoxin. The
      enhancement of exercise-induced hyperkalemia may add to the arrhythmogenic effect
      of digitalis.

PMID- 1815976
TI  - Salivation from the denervated human parotid gland induced by pirenzepine and
      telenzepine.

PMID- 1815977
TI  - Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and
      theophylline in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol
      and theophylline has been examined in a crossover study. Six subjects in each
      group received a single oral dose of propranolol 40 mg or theophylline (150 mg)
      alone or in combination with piperine 20 mg daily for 7 days. An earlier tmax and
      a higher Cmax and AUC were observed in the subjects who received piperine and
      propranolol. It produced a higher Cmax, longer elimination half-life and a higher
      AUC with theophylline. In clinical practice, the enhanced systemic availability
      of oral propranolol and theophylline could be exploited to achieve better
      therapeutic control and improved patient compliance.

PMID- 1815978
TI  - No influence from topical application of EMLA cream before blood sampling on
      routine clinical chemistry and haematology measurements.
AB  - Blood samples were taken from both antecubital veins in ten healthy volunteers.
      One side was anaesthetized beforehand with EMLA cream covered with an occlusive
      dressing for 1 h and the other side served as a control. 19 routine clinical
      chemistry and haematology measurements were made. There were no clinically
      relevant alterations in any of the measurements. It is concluded that EMLA cream
      can be used to anaesthetize normal skin before blood sampling without any risk of
      distorting the results of the analyses of the blood.

PMID- 1815979
TI  - Effect of inhaled morphine on the bronchial response to isocapnic
      hyperventilation in patients with allergic asthma.

PMID- 1815980
TI  - Effect of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte membrane and plasma lipids.

PMID- 1815981
TI  - Humoral effects of perindopril in essential hypertension.

PMID- 1815982
TI  - MPTP mechanisms of neurotoxicity and their implications for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
      gives rise to motor deficits in humans and other primates which closely resemble
      those seen in patients with Parkinson's disease. These deficits are associated
      with a relatively selective loss of cells in the pars compacta of the substantia
      nigra and severe reductions in the concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline and
      serotonin in the striatum. Similarly, in mice of various different strains the
      administration of MPTP also induces a marked loss of dopaminergic cells with
      severe depletion of biogenic amines, but higher doses of MPTP are required to
      produce these effects in mice than in primates. This review summarises advances
      made in understanding the biochemical events which underlie the remarkable
      neurotoxic action of MPTP. Major steps in the expression of neurotoxicity involve
      the conversion of MPTP to the toxic agent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)
      by type B monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) in the glia, specific uptake of MPP+ into the
      nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurones, the intraneuronal accumulation of MPP+, and
      the neurotoxic action of MPP+. This is exerted mainly through the inhibition of
      the enzymes of the respiratory chain (Complex I), the disturbance of Ca2+
      homeostasis, and possibly by the formation of free radicals. The relevance of the
      MPTP model to idiopathic Parkinson's disease is discussed.

PMID- 1815983
TI  - Reciprocal effects of chronic morphine administration on stimulatory and
      inhibitory G-protein alpha subunits in primary cultures of rat striatal neurons.

PMID- 1815984
TI  - Manual of food quality control. 12. Quality assurance in the food control
      microbiological laboratory.

PMID- 1815985
TI  - The dental assistant's role in risk management. The health history (Part 1 of 3
      part series).

PMID- 1815987
TI  - Tips for becoming a thrifty buyer.

PMID- 1815986
TI  - Bulimia: full stomachs, empty lives.

PMID- 1815988
TI  - Computer integration: a challenge for dental assisting education.

PMID- 1815989
TI  - The role of the dental assistant in mixing polyacrylate cement.

PMID- 1815991
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I): a molecular basis for endocrine versus
      local action?

PMID- 1815990
TI  - Thyroid hormone regulation of rat pituitary tumor cell growth: a new role for
      apotransferrin as an autocrine thyromedin.
AB  - In the 40 years of transferrin research, no previous role for apotransferrin has
      been recognized other than to serve as a plasma carrier for dietary and storage
      iron. Our studies have revealed a new 'autocrine' growth role for this molecule
      as well as a possible new cell-cell bridge/CAM function. Certainly, these
      observations have opened many new areas of investigation both with regard to
      thyroid hormone action and the function of apotransferrin. In addition, there is
      now accessible the broader question of tissues other than pituitary which might
      utilize apotransferrin to regulate responsiveness to thyroid hormones.

PMID- 1815992
TI  - Temporal architecture of in vivo endocrine glandular signaling: obtaining a
      secretory blueprint by deconvolution analysis.

PMID- 1815993
TI  - Progesterone acts at the plasma membrane of human sperm.
AB  - There has been increasing interest in the relationship between rapid effects of
      steroids and steroid-plasma membrane interaction. This laboratory has previously
      reported that progesterone increases human sperm cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i)
      and thereby initiates the human sperm acrosome reaction (AR) in less than 1 min.
      Herein, to test whether progesterone acts at the sperm plasma membrane,
      progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime: bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate (free
      of unconjugated progesterone) was added to capacitated human sperm. Fura-2 assays
      were used to detect less than 1 min changes in [Ca2+]i, and indirect
      immunofluorescence was used to assay the AR occurring 1 min after stimulus
      addition. The conjugate increased [Ca2+]i and the AR (though less than did
      unconjugated progesterone). Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated that the
      concentrations of unconjugated progesterone in conjugate-treated sperm
      suspensions did not increase over those of control suspensions. Since the
      progesterone: BSA conjugate presumably does not cross the sperm plasma membrane,
      progesterone must act at that membrane to increase [Ca2+]i and the AR.

PMID- 1815994
TI  - Polyamines and mammalian hormones. Part I: Biosynthesis, interconversion and
      hormone effects.

PMID- 1815995
TI  - Relationship between inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass level and [14C]aminopyrine
      uptake in gastrin-stimulated parietal cells.
AB  - The relationship between gastrin-stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
      (Ins(1,4,5)P3) content and [14C]aminopyrine ([14C]AP) uptake (an index of in
      vitro acid secretion) was investigated in a population of highly enriched rabbit
      parietal cells (90 +/- 5%). Gastrin induced a rapid rise in Ins(1,4,5)P3 content
      which was maximal within 15 s of stimulation (2- to 2.5-fold basal level)
      followed by a rapid decrease within 30 s; a high Ins(1,4,5)P3 level could also be
      observed after a longer time of hormone stimulation (180 s). Gastrin dose
      dependently induced Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation and [14C]AP uptake; both dose
      response curves were similar (EC50 approximately 0.1 nM). Furthermore, L-365,260
      (3-(acylamino)benzodiazepine), a selective gastrin/CCK-B receptor antagonist,
      dose-dependently inhibited Ins(1,4,5)P3 production and [14C]AP accumulation
      induced by 10 nM gastrin with a similar potency (IC50 approximately 1-2 nM).
      These results led us to conclude that Ins(1,4,5)P3 is involved in gastrin
      stimulated acid secretory activity of gastric parietal cells.

PMID- 1815996
TI  - Regulation of the expression of mitogen-regulated protein (MRP; proliferin) and
      cathepsin L in cultured cells and in the murine placenta.
AB  - The genes encoding mitogen-regulated protein (MRP; also called proliferin; PLF)
      and procathepsin L (CL; also called major excreted protein; MEP) are expressed to
      high levels in the mouse placenta. Although they are both regulated by epidermal
      growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in 3T3 cells, expression
      of these genes is differently regulated with growth state. The expression
      patterns of MRP and CL as a function of murine development are also different.
      Basal and growth factor-stimulated levels of MRP expression are much higher in
      growing than in quiescent 3T3 cells, whereas CL levels are similar. These changes
      in gene expression in cultured quiescent cells parallel the changes in MRP and CL
      expression observed in the late-gestational quiescent placenta. These results
      suggest growth factors may regulate the expression of these genes, but other
      influences also regulate the expression of MRP and CL in vivo.

PMID- 1815997
TI  - Antiestrogens stimulate expression of transiently transfected and endogenous
      genes in rat pituitary tumor cell lines.
AB  - Tamoxifen, nafoxidine, and clomiphene (1 x 10(-5) M) cause 5- to 15-fold
      increases in transient expression of plasmids transfected into rat
      somatomammotrophic pituitary tumor cell lines. To be effective, the antiestrogen
      must be present during the calcium phosphate transfection though it does not
      enhance the nuclear uptake or stability of transfected plasmid. The effect occurs
      with mammalian (rat growth hormone, mouse metallothionein I) or viral (thymidine
      kinase, Rous sarcoma virus) promoters and is inhibited by prior exposure of cells
      to high concentrations of estradiol but not glucocorticoid, progesterone or
      testosterone. Cis-tamoxifen, a conformation with much lower affinity for the
      estrogen receptor, has only one-fifth the effect of tamoxifen. Neither estradiol
      nor diethylstilbestrol have similar effects. Tamoxifen also increases endogenous
      rat growth hormone mRNA in these pituitary tumor cell lines. Transient expression
      in a number of other cell lines (JEG-3, COS-7, PC-12) is unaffected by tamoxifen
      suggesting the effect may be cell-type specific though MCF-7 cells are slightly
      responsive. The mechanism for the potent stimulation of gene transcription by
      these agents is not apparent but may be relevant to the mechanism of action of
      these agents as estrogen antagonists in vivo.

PMID- 1815998
TI  - Synthesis and processing of pro-ocytocin in bovine corpus luteum and granulosa
      cells.
AB  - Bovine corpus luteum is the site of intense production of pro-ocytocin
      neurophysin mRNA at day 1 after estrus (Ivell et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 190, 263
      267) which is followed by apparent delayed production of ocytocin. Therefore it
      is a good model to study both the translational and post-translational production
      of this neuropeptide in non-hypothalamic tissues and its regulation. In order to
      assess if this mRNA is translated during the lag period we have analyzed the
      neurophysin-like species produced in this organ. As early as day 2 after estrus
      one neurophysin species (pI approximately 4.7) could be detected and was
      unequivocally identified as pro-ocytocin-neurophysin. In primary cultures of
      luteinizing granulosa cells, biosynthetic intermediates were characterized, i.e.
      ocytocin-Gly, ocytocin-Gly-Lys and ocytocin-Gly-Lys-Arg, whereas amidated, fully
      mature, ocytocin was undetectable. We conclude that translation of pro-ocytocin
      neurophysin mRNA takes place soon after transcription and we propose that
      incomplete processing could be responsible for the low level of ocytocin in the
      early bovine corpus luteum.

PMID- 1815999
TI  - Evidence for regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis operating before
      mevalonate in locust corpora allata.
AB  - Exogenous mevalonate poorly stimulated juvenile hormone III (JH-3) biosynthesis
      by corpora allata from Locusta migratoria. However, mevalonolactone strongly
      stimulated glands from different physiological states and fully restored JH
      synthesis in mevinolin-treated glands. Asymmetry in spontaneous rate of JH
      release was abolished by exogenous mevalonolactone. After transection of nervus
      corporis allati 1 (NCA-1), the rate of mevalonolactone-stimulated JH synthesis
      was maintained at the preoperative levels although the spontaneous rate of JH
      biosynthesis decreased rapidly. These results suggest that the spontaneous
      asymmetry of JH biosynthesis and the low rate of JH biosynthesis by denervated
      corpora allata both result from non-stimulation or inhibition acting on the JH
      pathway before the utilisation of mevalonate.

PMID- 1816000
TI  - Effects of activin A on anterior pituitary cells fractionated by centrifugal
      elutriation.
AB  - We have shown previously that activin A increases the number of immunoreactive
      follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cells. To further investigate the action of
      activin A, we examined its effects on anterior pituitary cells fractionated by
      centrifugal elutriation. Before activin A treatment, FSH cells were widely
      distributed among various fractions; a higher proportion of FSH cells was found
      in larger cell fractions (fractions 5-9), and a lower proportion in smaller cell
      fractions (fractions 2-4). After culture of the cells in each fraction with
      activin A (10 ng/ml) for 72 h, the number of FSH cells in fraction 4 only was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) higher by 225% than that in cells cultured
      without activin A. The amount of FSH secreted into the medium was minimal or
      undetectable in fractions 1-4. However, FSH secretion tended to be, or was
      significantly (P less than 0.01 in fraction 9), stimulated by activin A in
      fractions 5-9, in which the numbers of FSH cells were not significantly affected.
      These results suggest a dual mode of action of activin A on FSH: activin A
      increases the number of FSH cells in a specific type(s) of middle-sized cell
      fraction, and stimulates FSH secretion at least from larger cells without
      affecting the number of FSH cells.

PMID- 1816001
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression during development and estrous cycle
      in the rat uterus.
AB  - The ontogeny and estrous cycle-dependent variation of insulin-like growth factor
      I (IGF-I) gene expression was analyzed in the rat uterus. RNA extracted from rat
      uteri contained transcripts with estimated sizes of 7.0, 1.7, and 1.2-0.8 kb that
      were recognized by a 32P-labelled mouse IGF-I RNA probe. A solution hybridization
      RNase protection assay was used to measure the abundance of IGF-I mRNAs in uteri
      from rats of different ages. The highest levels were found in adult rats (p less
      than 0.01). The levels of IGF-I transcripts changed markedly during the estrous
      cycle with the highest levels at proestrus (p less than 0.01). There was an 8
      fold increase in the abundance of IGF-I mRNA between diestrus-2 and proestrus.
      The corresponding livers had no significant variation of IGF-I gene expression
      during the estrous cycle, demonstrating a tissue-specific regulation of the IGF-I
      gene. The time and dose dependency of estrogen regulation of IGF-I gene
      expression was studied in hypophysectomized rats. The levels of IGF-I mRNA in the
      uterus decreased after hypophysectomy. A single s.c. injection of estradiol
      significantly increased the levels of IGF-I transcripts after 3 h (p less than
      0.01). A low dose of estradiol (0.1 micrograms/100 g) increased the levels of IGF
      I transcripts but progesterone in higher doses (5 micrograms/100 g) was without
      effect, indicating that the effect was specific for estradiol. However, the
      present study provides no information regarding whether this regulation is at the
      level of transcription or mRNA stability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816002
TI  - Prolactin receptor gene expression in the rabbit: identification,
      characterization and tissue distribution of several prolactin receptor messenger
      RNAs encoding a unique precursor.
AB  - The expression of the prolactin (PRL) receptor gene was studied in rabbit tissues
      by Northern blot and S1 mapping analysis of mRNA preparations. Rabbit mammary
      gland contained three major (10.5, 3.4, and 2.7 kb) and one minor (6.2 kb)
      prolactin receptor poly(A)+ RNA transcripts all of which contain the entire
      coding sequence of the long form of PRL receptor. Each of these mammary mRNAs
      hybridized equally well with cDNA sequences encoding either the NH2 terminal,
      middle, or COOH terminal part of the rabbit mammary PRL receptor. The four mRNAs
      differed only in their 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions. The 10.5 kb mammary
      transcript was further shown to represent a primary transcript of nuclear origin.
      Among the various rabbit tissues tested, male and female adrenals, mammary gland,
      ovaries, and jejunum contained the highest level of prolactin receptor mRNA. The
      prolactin receptor gene was also expressed at moderate to weak abundance in
      uterus, liver, kidney, pancreas, testis and seminal vesicles. No prolactin
      receptor mRNA species were detected in adult muscle, lung, total brain, placental
      cotyledons and spleen, and in thymus from young animals. In all the rabbit
      tissues examined, the same four PRL receptor poly(A)+ RNA transcripts identified
      in the mammary gland were expressed and no additional transcript(s) were
      detected. Variations in the relative proportion of the 10.5 kb transcript and the
      two smaller transcripts were observed, while the ratio of the 3.4 and 2.7 kb
      mRNAs remained unchanged. These findings ask for the role of these different
      transcripts generated in the rabbit, all of which encode the same long form of
      PRL receptor precursor but have heterogenous 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions.
      Moreover, they suggest that the various forms of PRL receptor mRNA originate
      through differential splicing of a single PRL receptor gene.

PMID- 1816003
TI  - Pachytene spermatocytes regulate the secretion of Sertoli cell protein(s) which
      stimulate Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
AB  - The influence of germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids) on the
      secretion by Sertoli cells of the proteinaceous factor(s) which stimulates Leydig
      cell steroid biosynthesis was investigated. Sertoli cells from immature rats were
      cultured on plastic dishes or on Millipore filters impregnated with reconstituted
      basement membrane in bicameral chambers. Immature rat Sertoli cell secreted
      proteins (rSCSP; MW greater than 10,000), from conventional cultures, stimulated
      4- to 5-fold steroid biosynthesis in normal rat and MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig
      cells, respectively. MA-10 cells were then used as a bioassay system for most
      studies, although purified rat Leydig cells were used in some cases to further
      confirm results obtained with MA-10 cells. rSCSP collected from both the apical
      and basal compartment of the chambers were examined for their ability to
      stimulate Leydig cell steroidogenesis. The Leydig cell stimulatory activity from
      Sertoli cells was found to be secreted in a polarized manner, with 80% of the
      total bioactivity found in the basal rSCSP. Addition of pachytene spermatocyte
      proteins (PSP) in the apical compartment of the chambers inhibited, in a time-
      and concentration-dependent manner, the basally directed Sertoli cell secretion
      of the Leydig cell stimulatory protein(s) by 85%. Similar results were obtained
      when freshly isolated pachytene spermatocytes were directly added on top of
      Sertoli cell epithelial sheets in the apical compartment of the chambers. In
      contrast, round spermatid proteins (RSP) did not exhibit a comparable effect to
      that of PSP in regulating the Sertoli cell secretion of the Leydig cell
      stimulatory activity. These results demonstrate that the Sertoli cell secreted
      protein(s) which stimulates Leydig cell steroid biosynthesis is secreted in a
      basally polarized direction, and its secretion is specifically modulated by
      pachytene spermatocytes.

PMID- 1816004
TI  - Rapid stimulation of calcium uptake and protein phosphorylation in isolated
      cardiac muscle by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AB  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been shown to induce rapid changes in calcium fluxes
      in skeletal muscle and other target tissues independently of gene activation. The
      possibility that the hormone would produce similar effects in heart where 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities have been shown, was studied. A
      significant increase of 45Ca uptake by left ventricular slices from vitamin D
      deficient chicks was observed upon incubation for 1-10 min with physiological
      doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This stimulation was dose-dependent and
      specific for the hormone when compared with vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and
      24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and could not be associated to changes in lipid
      synthesis as assessed by measurements of [3H]glycerol incorporation into cardiac
      tissue lipids. The Ca channel blockers nifedipine (30 microM) and verapamil (10
      microM) abolished the increase in Ca uptake produced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
      The rapid effects of the hormone on heart Ca influx were accompanied by a
      stimulation of the phosphorylation of two microsomal proteins of 43 kDa and 55
      kDa. These results further support a direct action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in
      the regulation of cardiac muscle Ca metabolism which may involve activation of Ca
      channels.

PMID- 1816005
TI  - Effects of in vivo dihydrotestosterone treatment on changes in nocturnal surge of
      prolactin, luteal ultrastructure and P-450scc mRNA and protein content in
      pregnant rats.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that the administration of dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT) decreases plasma progesterone levels within 24 h and thus, results in
      abortion during the first half of pregnancy (Am. J. Physiol. 241 (1981) E444
      E448). The purpose of this study was to determine (a) if the administration of
      DHT suppresses plasma prolactin levels or its nocturnal surge within 24 h after
      the treatment, (b) how soon after the commencement of treatment do the
      concentrations of DHT increase and progesterone levels decrease in the
      circulation, (c) the ultrastructural changes that occur in corpora lutea, and (d)
      the changes in luteal P-450 side-chain cleavage (P-450scc) enzyme and mRNA
      content upon DHT treatment. Within 24 h after the commencement of DHT treatment,
      the nocturnal surge of prolactin, detected in both groups on day 10 at 03.30 h,
      was inhibited in DHT-treated rats as compared to controls. The non-surge levels
      of prolactin at 05.00 and 06.00 h were not different between groups. The
      intraovarian DHT pellet increased plasma levels of the steroid 3-fold within 2 h
      (blood samples were taken at 2-hourly intervals) when compared to controls. By 24
      h DHT levels were decreased but were still higher than controls. Plasma
      progesterone levels began to fall 6 h after the commencement of treatment. Luteal
      tissue from animals treated with DHT appeared steroidogenic, and contained more
      lipid droplets than controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816006
TI  - [Within the limits of partial hepatectomy and orthotopic liver transplantation].

PMID- 1816007
TI  - [Increased fasting gallbladder volume: a new ultrasonic sign of cirrhosis?].
AB  - Ultrasound was used to calculate fasting gallbladder volume in three groups of
      patients: 90 with cirrhosis (alcoholic in 75 cases), 41 with non cirrhotic liver
      disease (alcoholic in 14 cases), and 38 controls. Gallbladder volume was
      evaluated according to sex, age, alcoholism, presence of gallstones, time of
      diagnosis, and biological tests of hepatocellular function. Mean fasting
      gallbladder volume was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients (45.89 +/-
      32.65 ml, m +/- 1 SD) than in patients with non cirrhotic liver disease (25.31 +/
      14.08 ml) and in control subjects (21.28 +/- 10.30 ml) (P less than 0.001), but
      there was a great overlap between individual results in each group. No
      relationship was found between gallbladder volume and all clinical and biological
      tested parameters, except for decreased prothrombin time (P less than 0.02).
      Further studies are necessary to consider this ultrasound sign as an useful
      diagnostic tool in cirrhosis.

PMID- 1816008
TI  - [Anomalies of hemostasis in hepatopathies].

PMID- 1816009
TI  - [Animal models for hepatic metastases].

PMID- 1816010
TI  - Anorectal manometry. A collective international experience.

PMID- 1816011
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA content in Barret's esophagus. A study
      of 66 cases].
AB  - Dysplasia is the only marker for malignant potential in Barrett's esophagus. The
      histologic interpretation of dysplasia is sometimes difficult, particularly when
      attempting to distinguish dysplastic changes from those of a regenerating and
      inflammatory mucosa. In order to find an objective marker to identify patients
      with high risk of malignant transformation, the authors evaluated 497 biopsies
      from 66 patients with Barrett's esophagus with flow cytometry. The aim of the
      study was to correlate DNA content and proliferative abnormalities with
      histology. All biopsies classified histologically as negative for dysplasia had a
      diploid DNA content. The percentage of biopsies with an aneuploid DNA content
      increased with the histologic grade of dysplasia: 2 percent of indefinite
      dysplasia, 11 percent of low grade dysplasia, 44 percent of high grade dysplasia
      and 78 percent of biopsy specimens with cancer biopsies were aneuploid. Mean S
      and G2M fractions of diploid biopsy specimens increased with the severity of
      histologic changes. The S and G2M fraction threshold values that could
      differentiate patients that were negative for dysplasia from those with high
      grade dysplasia or cancer were 9 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Aneuploidy
      or G2M fraction greater than 6 percent was the best discriminating criteria
      between those two distinct groups of patients. All 6 patients with high grade
      dysplasia or cancer had aneuploid cell populations or increased G2M fraction,
      whereas none of the 35 patients whose biopsies were histologically negative for
      dysplasia had evidence of genomic instability or increased G2M fraction. Flow
      cytometric abnormalities were found in 10 out of 25 patients whose biopsies were
      classified as indefinite for dysplasia or low grade dysplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816012
TI  - Anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG levels in abattoir workers.
AB  - The aim of our study was to detect antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (H.
      pylori) in abattoir workers whose activity was variable (pig, poultry-carcasses,
      poultry-intestinal organs treatment). An adsorption of all sera with H. pylori
      and Campylobacter species known to be ubiquitous and responsible for zoonosis was
      included in the ELISA reaction to eliminate possible cross-reactions between
      these species. Statistically higher specific titres of IgG antibodies against H.
      pylori were observed in men and women who had only worked for 1 or 2 years versus
      matched controls, indicating a possible transmission of H. pylori from animal to
      man. The role of poultry or pigs as contaminants alone or in association remains
      to be determined.

PMID- 1816014
TI  - [Cholecystokinin receptors].

PMID- 1816013
TI  - [Gastric functional exploration. Comparison between secretory results in 72 non
      ulcer dyspeptic patients and 289 non-operated duodenal ulcer patients. Predictive
      criteria for the efficacy of fundus vagotomy in duodenal ulcer].
AB  - Basal and pentagastrin- or insulin- stimulated secretion was studied in 72 non
      ulcer dyspectic patients (NUD), in 289 non operated duodenal ulcer patients (DU),
      and in 30 DU, before and after highly selective vagotomy (HSV). Acidity,
      proteolytic activity, choline indicating the presence of duodenogastric refluxed
      material and sialic acid bound to mucus glycoprotein, marker of mucus erosion,
      were measured. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretions in
      NUD were significantly reduced with regard to those in DU. Sialic acid content
      was weak in basal secretion and markedly increased in response to pentagastrin
      reaching the values observed in DU. DU basal secretions of acid and of pepsin
      were modulated according to the stimulating secretory mechanism. Mucus
      glycoprotein erosion was related to pepsin mucolytic activity and/or to the
      presence in gastric juice of refluxed material. In DU the increase of peptic
      mucolysis corresponded to a biological signal of the ulcer attack when no
      duodenogastric reflux was identified. High values pepsin output in basal
      secretion and in response to insulin and of basal sialic acid content combined
      with a pepsin/acid basal output ratio higher than 80 were biological arguments
      anticipating the efficacy of HSV in DU. Multiparametric analysis of gastric
      secretion allows to evaluate the ratio between aggressive factors and mucosal
      defense corresponding to an equilibrium in NUD and to greater aggressivity in DU
      whose intensity is related to the course of disease.

PMID- 1816015
TI  - [Cholecystokinin and its antagonists: effects on digestive motility].

PMID- 1816016
TI  - [Liver abscess and appendicular foreign body].
AB  - We report a case of liver abscess secondary to appendicitis which was due to a
      wire within the appendix. Appendicitis was asymptomatic, probably because of its
      retrocaecal position and/or previous antibiotic treatment. The abscess was
      treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and percutaneous drainage, followed by a
      second stage appendicectomy. This case illustrates the value of gastrointestinal
      radiological investigations before considering the abscess as cryptogenetic.

PMID- 1816018
TI  - [Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in chronic alcoholic diseases and
      alcoholic cirrhosis].

PMID- 1816017
TI  - [Gastroduodenal duplication and chronic hepatitis: fortuitous association?].
AB  - Gastroduodenal duplication is a rare congenital entity. Preoperative diagnosis is
      difficult because symptoms are usually non specific and can mimick pancreatitis.
      We report 2 cases of gastric and duodenal cystic duplication in adults presenting
      as pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis was observed on endoscopic retrograde
      pancreatography and confirmed at laparotomy in both cases. Pancreatitis was
      probably related to alcoholism in one case, but might have been secondary to
      duplication in the other. In both cases, duplication was misinterpreted initially
      as a pseudocystic complication of pancreatitis until laparotomy was performed.
      These 2 cases lead us to discuss the relationship between duplication and
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 1816019
TI  - [Ultrasound guided percutaneous alcoholization for small hepatic metastases.
      Results in 21 patients].

PMID- 1816020
TI  - [Colonic carcinoma arising de novo near a lymphoid follicle].

PMID- 1816021
TI  - [Myocardial damage after use of 5 fluorouracil in digestive pathology].

PMID- 1816022
TI  - [Sjogren's syndrome associated with chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 1816023
TI  - [Clostridium septicum pyomyositis revealing colonic cancer].

PMID- 1816024
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus 8 years after the diagnosis of a leiomyoma].

PMID- 1816025
TI  - [Rectal and duodenal strictures after prolonged Di-Antalvic ingestion].

PMID- 1816026
TI  - [Treatment of hemorrhagic gastric lesions in Kaposi's sarcoma by NdYAG laser].

PMID- 1816027
TI  - Osmium tetroxide reactivity of DNA bases in nucleotide sequencing and probing of
      DNA structure.
AB  - Osmium tetroxide, 2,2'-bipyridine (Os,bipy) has been widely applied as a probe of
      the DNA structure. To obtain information about reactivity of DNA bases toward
      this probe synthetic homopolynucleotides poly(dT), poly(dC), poly(dG) and
      poly(dA) were treated with Os,bipy and the content of modified bases measured by
      stripping voltammetry and absorption spectrophotometry. After 20 hours' treatment
      strong modification of poly(dT) and poly(dC) and weak modification of poly(dG)
      were observed, while no modification was detected in poly(dA). At short
      incubation times under conditions close to those usually used in probing the DNA
      structure the extent of poly(dT) modification was more than 10 times higher than
      that of poly(dC). Thus, in single-stranded DNA Os,bipy reacts with T much greater
      than C and G. Due to the fast reaction of thymines with Os,bipy (and osmium
      tetroxide, pyridine) these chemicals can be applied in Maxam-Gilbert nucleotide
      sequencing as agents specific for thymines in single-stranded DNA.

PMID- 1816028
TI  - External potassium and action potential propagation in rat fast and slow twitch
      muscles.
AB  - The role of extracellular K+ concentration in the propagation velocity of action
      potential was tested in isolated rat skeletal muscles. Different K+
      concentrations were produced by KCl additions to extracellular solution. Action
      potentials were measured extracellularly by means of two annular platinum
      electrodes. Fibre bundles of m. soleus (SOL), m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL),
      red (SMR) and white (SMW) part of m. sternomastoideus were maximum stimulated.
      The conduction velocity (c.v.) was calculated from the distance between the
      electrodes and the time delay of the potentials measured at 22 degrees C. In
      Tyrode solution containing 5 mmol/l K+, the c.v. was close to 1 m.s-1. Bundles of
      the fast muscle type seemed to have a somewhat higher c.v. The differences
      observed in these studies were not significant. At higher temperatures, the c.v.
      increased (Q10 of approx. 2) and a dissociation between SMR and SMW muscles
      appeared. An elevation of K+ concentration to 10 mmol/l induced a drop of the
      c.v. by approx. 25% and 15% in EDL and SOL muscles, respectively. After return to
      normal solution, the recovery was not complete within 30 min. In K+ free solution
      the c.v. of EDL and SM muscles rose by a factor of 1.5, but less in SOL muscles.
      The weaker response of SOL to K+ modification was related to the higher
      resistance of this muscle to fatigue. This suggestion was supported by
      experiments on fatigued fibre bundles. Immediately after a tetanic stimulation
      producing fatigue, the c.v. of EDL and SOL muscles dropped similarly as in 10
      mmol/l K+; again, the drop was less for SOL muscles. Adrenaline (0.5-10.0
      mumol/l) enhanced both the c.v. and the twitch amplitude. The results support the
      suggestion that extracellular K+ accumulation during activity is an essential
      factor of muscle fatigue.

PMID- 1816029
TI  - Effects of amphotericin B methyl ester on potassium conductance and effluxes in
      frog skeletal muscle.

PMID- 1816030
TI  - Effect of vitamin E-deficiency on the activity of some lysosomal and non
      lysosomal proteases in rabbit muscles.
AB  - The activity of different cathepsins and neutral proteinases was measured in
      normal and vitamin E-deficient rabbit muscles using specific substrates. Among
      the changes of enzyme activities in dystrophy caused by vitamin E-deficiency the
      increase in the activity of cathepsin B is the most striking. The activity of
      cathepsin H, both in the fast and slow muscles and that of MMP-ase in the slow
      muscle remains practically unchanged. Activities of other proteases significantly
      increase. The change in the activity of proteolytic enzymes in striated muscle of
      vitamin E-deficient rabbits seems to be selective. As a rule the increase in the
      activity is higher in fast than in slow muscles.

PMID- 1816031
TI  - Experimental investigations of osmotic-and-diffusive free energy conversion.
AB  - A practical method of analysis of osmotic-and-diffusive conversion of free energy
      of solutions with different concentrations in membrane systems, which was
      elaborated previously (Kargol 1990) is experimentally verified in this work. A
      proper membrane system was chosen for examination. Equations for power and
      efficiency were obtained in a mathematically simple way for this system as an
      example of application of the method. Next, experimental investigations were
      made, whose results show the reasonability of the method proposed.

PMID- 1816032
TI  - [Hygienic problem of disposal of waste water in deep absorbing underground
      layers].

PMID- 1816033
TI  - [Hepatocellular mechanisms of compensatory processes influenced by environmental
      chemical factors].
AB  - The hepatocellular compensatory mechanisms against chemical pollutants were
      investigated. They expressed in hypertrophic nucleus-nucleolus structures,
      increased DNA-synthetizing and proliferative activity of hepatocytes, activated
      hepatic bile secretion and metabolic rearrangement in hepatocytes.

PMID- 1816035
TI  - [Substantiation of maximum permissible water level of the flotation reagent EFK
      1].
AB  - Threshold concentrations of the flotation reagent EFK-1 in the water of
      reservoirs at 0.8 mg/l and 10.0 mg/l for organoleptic and total sanitary indices,
      respectively, were reported. Dl50 was 7469 mg/kg. The MAC of 0.8 mg/l for EFK-1
      in the water of reservoirs (the limiting sign is organoleptic) was proposed.

PMID- 1816034
TI  - [Hygienic regulation of hydroxylamine sulfate level in reservoir water].

PMID- 1816037
TI  - [Cytogenetic damage and the degree of reparative synthesis in the lymphocytes of
      chemical industry workers].
AB  - A thiophosphamide-induced increase of repair DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes in
      shown. To include cytogenetic studies in a genetic- and epidemiologic programme
      of genetic monitoring to make a complex assessment of health status of chemical
      industry workers is recommended.

PMID- 1816036
TI  - [Hygienic study of possible use of worn-out tires for building seashore
      protective breakwater].

PMID- 1816038
TI  - [Characteristics of the immune status of truck drivers with frequent and long
      term illnesses].

PMID- 1816039
TI  - [Experimental substantiation of maximum permissible level of Baculoviridae in the
      air of the work area].

PMID- 1816040
TI  - [Mortality among infants with congenital anomalies in unfavorable hygienic
      conditions].

PMID- 1816041
TI  - [Evaluation of combined effects of ionizing radiation and mercury on the
      reproductive function of animals].
AB  - Reduction of spermatogenesis and enzymatic activity due to single or combined
      action of ionizing radiation and mercury was noted. The total biological effects
      seemed to be close to the cumulative influence of environmental factors.

PMID- 1816042
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic radiation from video display terminals].

PMID- 1816043
TI  - [Indicators of lipid peroxidation in albino rats].

PMID- 1816044
TI  - [Genotoxic effect of acrylates].
AB  - Study of mutagenic activity of butylacrylate and methyl methacrylate on bone
      marrow cells of rat was carried out. Mutagenic activity of both of them was
      noted, but the butylacrylate was more active.

PMID- 1816045
TI  - [Polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins--harmful and persistent environmental
      pollutants (review of the literature)].

PMID- 1816047
TI  - Attitude of middle-aged and elderly persons to their health.

PMID- 1816046
TI  - [Evaluation of work of the specialists of radiological divisions of sanitary
      epidemiological stations].

PMID- 1816049
TI  - [Statistical criteria and their use in hygienic control].

PMID- 1816048
TI  - [A method of quantitative evaluation of combined effects of 2 toxic components].

PMID- 1816050
TI  - [Methods of processing of the results of field studies for evaluating the
      threshold and subthreshold levels of environmental factors].

PMID- 1816051
TI  - Chemical modification of rhodanese with sulphite.
AB  - The essential sulphydryl group of bovine liver rhodanese (thiosulphate: cyanide
      sulphurtrasferase, E.C. 2.8.1.1.) is modified by sulphite produced during the
      enzymatic reaction or added to the fully active enzyme. The enzyme treated with
      labelled reagent incorporates 1 equivalent of SO3(2-) and loses one -SH group
      with the formation of a S-sulphonate group at the active site. Mercaptoethanol is
      effective in both restoring enzyme activity and removing bound sulphite from
      protein. The inactivation process is dependent on the presence of oxygen and is
      antagonized by chelation of metal ions, that catalyze sulphite autoxidation, or
      by scavenging free radicals with mannitol or benzoate. Since the presence of
      superoxide dismutase and/or catalase protects the enzyme only to a small extent,
      the inactivation process should be attributed to sulphite radicals rather than
      intermediates of oxygen reduction.

PMID- 1816053
TI  - Recurrent attacks of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
AB  - In 1955 Gasser and his co-workers were the first to describe the so-called
      hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); since then, the number of reports has steadily
      increased. Some authors consider HUS as a unique syndrome, while others suggest
      that HUS is both heterogenic and heterogeneous. It is generally emphasized that
      HUS never recurs. However, this view should be reconsidered due to the numerous
      reports on a recurrent form of HUS, which is beginning to be recognized as an
      important subset or variant of this syndrome. This report describes a case, where
      three similar recurrent episodes of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and uremia
      had occurred during the past eight years.

PMID- 1816052
TI  - Reactivity of indole derivatives towards oxygenated radicals.
AB  - The reactivity of a series of indole derivatives was assessed in the following
      systems: (i) oxidation of the indole derivatives induced by the thermolysis of
      2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) (ABAP); (ii) oxidation of cumene induced by the
      thermolysis of 2,2'-azobis-(2-methyl propionitrile) (AIBN); (iii) lysozyme
      inactivation induced by the thermolysis of ABAP and (iv) brain homogenate
      autoxidation. In systems (ii) to (iv), addition of the indole derivatives
      decreases the rate of the process. The data obtained indicate that common factors
      (i.e., oxidation potential and presence of N-H bonds) control the reactivity of
      the indole derivatives in the four systems considered. However, in the brain
      homogenate autoxidation, hydrophobicity is an additional factor that affects the
      efficiency of antioxidants, as illustrated by Q1/2 values (the concentration of
      additive required to decrease the autoxidation rate to one half that observed in
      the absence of additive) of 0.1 mM and much greater than 8 mM for 3-methylindole
      and tryptophan, respectively.

PMID- 1816054
TI  - Congenital factor XIII deficiency. A family report.
AB  - Four sisters born to consanguineous muslim parents with a bleeding disorder since
      birth are presented. They also had prolonged umbilical cord bleeding and history
      of delayed wound healing. Since childhood, they have been developing spontaneous
      ecchymotic spots. Three out of four sisters had Factor XIII deficiency. Their
      mother's sisters, who have been developing ecchymotic spots were found to have
      normal clot stability and Factor XIII levels. Family study indicates autosomal
      recessive mode of inheritance of the congenital Factor XIII deficiency.

PMID- 1816055
TI  - Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytosis in a patient with acute myelomonocytic
      leukemia and long evolution.
AB  - A patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4), dysmegakaryocytopoiesis and
      thrombocytosis is presented. Immunophenotyping and blast colony assay showed the
      presence of blasts with IaDr, CD 33 and CD 14 antigens. Cytogenetic analysis and
      level of thrombopoietin were normal. This atypical case represents yet another
      example of the transitional zone between atypical myeloproliferative disease and
      acute leukemia, and the apparent absence of any cytogenetic abnormality is
      noteworthy.

PMID- 1816056
TI  - Impaired production of GM-CSA in bone marrow and peripheral blood monocytes in
      two patients with severe congenital neutropenia.
AB  - The capacity of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells to stimulate colony
      formation by normal granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) was
      investigated in two patients with severe congenital neutropenia using soft agar
      gel culture techniques. In both patients, monocyte/macrophage-derived colony
      stimulating activity (GM-CSA) in conditioned medium was found to be significantly
      decreased compared to the control. Furthermore, the capacity of patients'
      unfractionated peripheral blood leukocytes to stimulate normal CFU-GM in
      overlayers, was also found significantly decreased. In contrast, the number of
      bone marrow and peripheral blood CFU-GM was within the normal range in both
      patients. Patients' CFU-GM showed a normal pattern of in vitro differentiation
      when they were stimulated by exogenous GM-CSA. These data indicate that in some
      cases of severe congenital neutropenia, monocyte/macrophage-derived GM-CSA may be
      impaired. Whether this abnormality plays some role in the regulation of
      granulopoiesis in these patients is unclear.

PMID- 1816057
TI  - Expression of chromosomal protein HMG-1 in transformed and normal human cells.
AB  - Western blot analysis showed differences in the expression of chromosomal high
      mobility group protein (HMG-1) in human leukemic cell lines and normal peripheral
      nonproliferating leukocytes. The amount of HMG-1 was increased in fast growing
      transformed cells. The data suggest that HMG-1 has an important function in cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 1816058
TI  - Growth kinetics and blast-colony forming cell binding capacity of stromal cells
      in various haematological malignancies.
AB  - Growth kinetics of bone marrow stromal layers from normal, AML, ALL and CML
      patients was studied. Significantly reduced time for confluency was observed in
      AML patients in complete remission, in CML patients in chronic phase, or CML
      patients after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. The functional capacity of
      these stromal layers did not differ: they all bound similar amounts of blast
      colony forming cells (BL-CFC) from normal bone marrow. The stromal layers from
      bone marrow transplanted patients varied in their BL-CFC binding capacity: two
      CML patients (10.5 and 49 months after transplantation) showed normal values,
      while two ALL patients (1.5 and 3 months, respectively, after transplantation) as
      well as one patient transplanted for CML (19.5 months after transplantation)
      showed significantly reduced BL-CFC binding capacity.

PMID- 1816059
TI  - Characterization of T lymphocyte subsets in hairy cell leukaemia: influence of
      splenectomy and correlations with the clinical stage of the disease.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cell surface markers were studied in a series of 26
      hairy cell leukaemia patients 19 of whom were splenectomized previously. Patients
      with non-symptomatic and stable disease were distinguished from those with
      symptomatic and/or progressive disease (also termed "active" clinical stages). In
      all HCL patients as a group, the absolute number of CD4+ MN cells did not differ
      statistically from that of the controls, while the number of CD8+ MN cells was
      significantly increased. The reduction of the CD4/CD8 ratio in the peripheral
      blood of HCL patients as compared to the controls was explained by the reduction
      of this ratio in patients with "active disease", while the CD4/CD8 ratio of
      patients with non-symptomatic and stable disease did not differ statistically
      from that of the controls. The CD4/CD8 ratio was found to be influenced mainly by
      the clinical stage of the disease, and not by the effect of splenectomy.

PMID- 1816060
TI  - Circadian rhythms of food intake, plasma glucose and insulin levels in fed and
      fasted rabbits.
AB  - The rhythm of circadian variations of plasma insulin level was similar in 48 h
      fasted and in fed rabbits; however, the amplitude of variations was less
      important in fasted animals. Plasma glucose level did not change during circadian
      cycle. In conclusion, we showed in rabbit a circadian rhythm of insulin with two
      maxima: one diurnal and the other nocturnal.

PMID- 1816061
TI  - Effect of exogenous or endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on plasma
      triglyceride responses in rats.
AB  - We examined the effects of exogenous and endogenous GIP on plasma triglyceride
      levels in rats, pretreated with a fat-enriched diet, during intraduodenal
      infusion of a lipid test meal (Lipomul, 8 ml/h). Following the fat load the
      plasma triglyceride levels increased nearly linearly from a fasting value of
      0.621 +/- 0.031 mmol/l to 3.32 +/- 0.403 mmol/l at 150 min. Simultaneously, the
      plasma GIP levels rose from 47.1 +/- 5.1 at fasting to a peak value of 268.4 +/-
      32.2 pmol/l at 120 min. When porcine GIP was infused intravenously during the fat
      load, the plasma triglyceride increments were significantly smaller (control 1.64
      +/- 0.264 mmol/l versus 0.949 +/- 0.114 mmol/l during GIP infusion at 60 min; p
      less than 0.002). GIP infusion in the absence of the fat load did not change
      fasting triglyceride levels. The effect of endogenous GIP was investigated by
      neutralization of GIP by injection of GIP antiserum (0.3 ml). Rats pretreated
      with the antiserum exhibited a significantly greater triglyceride increment late
      in the time course of the fat load. These data demonstrate that exogenous and
      endogenous GIP are able to lower the plasma triglyceride response to a fat load.
      Both, inhibition of fat absorption or stimulation of triglyceride uptake by
      peripheral tissues may be responsible for the GIP effects. The gut peptide GIP
      seems to represent an important hormonal regulator of postprandial triglyceride
      response.

PMID- 1816062
TI  - Effect of castration and anatomical site on the plasma membrane structure and the
      activities of adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase in pig adipocytes.
AB  - The effects of castration on fat cell plasma membrane structure and enzyme
      activities (adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase) were studied in pig adipose
      tissues in two fat deposits (subcutaneous and perirenal). Castration induced a
      fat cell enlargement in both tissues. Membrane cholesterol content was reduced
      and fluidity was increased in perirenal fat from castrated animals. Castration
      had no effect on 5'-nucleotidase activity which was higher in subcutaneous than
      in perirenal in both kinds of animals. Adenylate cyclase activity was studied in
      the presence of different effectors: isoproterenol-stimulations of the enzyme
      were not affected by castration but were site-specific. GppNHp-stimulated
      activities were increased in subcutaneous fat from castrated animals. Castration
      had no influence on forskolin stimulations. The magnitude of GppNHp- and
      forskolin-stimulated activities were found to be tissue-dependent. Membrane
      results are discussed in relation with castration-induced fat cell enlargement.

PMID- 1816063
TI  - Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor and a potent analog on antibody
      formation in African green monkeys.
AB  - African Green monkeys were injected (2 x daily subcutaneously for six months)
      with human GRF(1-44)-NH2 (10 micrograms/kg BW) or a more potent analog,
      [desNH2Tyr1,Ala15]-hGRF(1-29)-NH2 (2 micrograms/kg BW) to determine the potential
      of each peptide to induce antibody formation. Blood samples were taken every two
      weeks, diluted 1:100 and tested for ability to bind radioiodinated hGRF. One
      animal in the hGRF(1-44)-NH2 group [N = 6] produced low-titer GRF antibodies by 6
      weeks (19% binding) and continued throughout the 24 weeks of treatment (average =
      50-60% binding). Similarly, one animal in the hGRF analog group [N = 6] displayed
      low-titer GRF antibodies by 18 weeks (14% binding), with the highest binding
      observed at 24 weeks (51% binding). Subsequent dilutions (1:1,000 and 1:3,000) of
      these bleedings confirmed that higher GRF antibody titers were not masked by
      antibody excess. Dialyzed sera from these two animals did not affect the
      abilities of hGRF(1-44)-NH2 or [desNH2Tyr1,Ala15]-hGRF(1-29)-NH2 to stimulate GH
      secretion by rat pituitary cells in vitro. After 20 weeks of treatment,
      significant GH responses (increased mean GH area under the curve 2.3-2.5 fold and
      GH peak 3.5-3.7 fold, that of control) were observed following hGRF or hGRF
      analog injection. Therefore, the low titer GRF antibodies detected in monkey sera
      during six months of treatment with hGRF or a potent analog were biologically non
      neutralizing.

PMID- 1816064
TI  - Parathyroid hormone (1-34) and Nleu8,18Tyr34-parathyroid hormone, (3-34) amide
      increase diacylglycerol in neonatal mouse calvaria.
AB  - Previously, we and others have presented evidence that a calcium second messenger
      system is involved in the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone. In the
      present report, the effects of PTH(1-34) and PTH(3-34)amide treatment on
      diacylglycerol (DG) in neonatal mouse calvaria are described. PTH(1-34) produced
      a rapid (within 5 minutes) increase in calvarial incorporation of 3H-arachidonic
      acid into DG. The effect was maximal at 0.1 nMPTH(1-34), the lowest concentration
      tested. The 3-34 amide analogue of PTH increased DG to the same extent as PTH(1
      34). The effect was maximal at 10 nM PTH(3-34)amide, the lowest concentration
      tested. These concentrations were lower than those required to elicit maximal
      effects on bone resorption. In contrast to effects on cyclic AMP, where the 3-34
      amide inhibited the increase elicited by PTH, combined treatment of calvaria with
      PTH(1-34) and PTH(3-34)amide did not inhibit effects on resorption or
      diacylglycerol.

PMID- 1816065
TI  - Platelet stimulation for prostacyclin production in aortic endothelial cell
      cultures: alteration in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of platelets on prostacyclin (PGI2) production in bovine
      aortic endothelial cell cultures. Human platelet extract significantly stimulated
      PGI2 production by cultured aortic endothelial cells in a time- and dose
      dependent manner, suggesting that platelets contain PGI2-stimulatory activity
      (PSA). Supernatant fluid separated from platelets activated by collagen also
      exhibited PSA. The factor(s) causing the PSA of platelets was non-dialysable and
      heat-stable (56 degrees C for 30 min or 100 degrees C for 3 min), was completely
      inhibited by trypsin pretreatment, and exhibited an affinity to heparin agarose.
      Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography showed that the factor(s) responsible
      for the platelet PSA was eluted at three different peaks with approximate
      molecular weights of 50,000, 25,000 and 11,000. The PSA of platelet extract from
      patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (n = 10) was
      compared to that from age-matched control subjects (n = 10). Platelet extract
      from patients with NIDDM stimulated cultured aortic endothelial cells to produce
      greater amounts of PGI2 than did that from control subjects. These data suggest
      that the increased PSA of platelets isolated from diabetic patients may
      contribute to the abnormal interaction between platelets and the vascular wall in
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 1816066
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin binding to erythrocytes of
      normal prepubertal children and adults.
AB  - Erythrocyte insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin receptors were
      characterized in 10 normal prepubertal children (5 girls and 5 boys) aged 4-11
      yrs and 10 normal adults (4 women and 6 men) aged 32-47 yrs. erythrocytes were
      purified from 5 ml of blood by Ficoll-Paque gradient centrifugation.
      Reticulocytes count in the erythrocyte suspensions were lower than 1%. Insulin
      and IGF-I binding assays were performed simultaneously. Maximal percent binding
      of [125I] labelled IGF-I was significantly higher in prepubertal children than in
      adults (8.7 +/- 0.7% versus 6.2 +/- 0.5% at a concentration of 5 x 10(9)
      erythrocytes/ml). Scatchard analysis revealed the high affinity constant was
      better in prepubertal children (Ka = 4.6 +/- 1.3 nM-1 versus 1.8 +/- 0.2 nM-1),
      whereas the binding capacity was similar (5.8 +/- 1.1 versus 7.7 +/- 0.8 high
      affinity binding sites/cell). In both groups, unlabelled IGF-I inhibited tracer
      binding half maximally at about 1 nM. Insulin was 100-fold less potent. In
      adults, specific binding of [125I] labelled IGF-I was higher in women (7.6 +/-
      0.7%) than in men (5.3 +/- 0.4%). No significant difference was observed in
      maximal specific binding of [125I] labelled insulin between prepubertal children
      (8.2 +/- 0.5%) and adults (7.2 +/- 0.7%). In both groups, competition by
      unlabelled insulin for [125I] labelled insulin binding gave 50% displacement for
      approximately 0.25 nM and IGF-I was about 80-fold less potent. Both IGF-I and
      insulin binding parameters were not significantly correlated with plasma hormone
      levels. In prepubertal children, the high-affinity IGF-I receptors number
      decreased with increasing high-affinity insulin receptors number.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816067
TI  - Bone alkaline phosphatase in Paget's disease.
AB  - The measurement of bone proteins and peptides and their derived products has been
      very useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with skeletal disease.
      This group of assays includes alkaline phosphatase (AP) and bone Gla protein
      (BGP). We here describe the comparison of a new immunoassay that is specific for
      bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) to measurements of total alkaline phosphatase
      (TAP) and BGP in Paget's disease. In our studies, we demonstrated that BAP was
      increased in the serum of patients with Paget's disease. Comparisons with the
      other measurements revealed that BAP correlated better with total AP (r = 0.92)
      than with BGP (r = 0.51); the lowest correlation occurred between BGP and total
      AP (r = 0.26). In patients with liver disease, the BAP was indistinguishable from
      normal whereas the TAP was elevated. These studies indicate that BAP assesses
      different aspects of bone cell function than BGP in Paget's disease. This
      discordancy also exists between BGP and total serum AP activity. BAP measurements
      by immunoassay offer a novel method of assessing skeletal status. Thus, the
      information that measurement of different bone-specific proteins provides should
      be separately useful in assessing the skeleton for a variety of metabolic bone
      diseases.

PMID- 1816068
TI  - Decreased free insulin levels during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in non
      insulin dependent diabetics on insulin therapy.

PMID- 1816069
TI  - Are the hypokalaemia and hypertension in Cushing's disease caused by apparent
      mineralocorticoid excess?

PMID- 1816070
TI  - Induction of protein disulphide-isomerase and immunoglobulins by pokeweed mitogen
      in human lymphocytes.
AB  - The Protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1, Thiol-proteindisulphide
      oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) is thought to regulate the sulfhydryl status of cells
      and to catalyze thiol/disulphide exchange reactions involved in the post
      translational processing of disulphide containing secretory proteins. The aim of
      the present investigations was to study the possible function of this enzyme in
      differentiation of B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin synthesis. Non-adherent human
      mononuclear cells or purified T cells were cultured in presence and absence of
      Pokeweed mitogen over 3, 5 and 7 days. Monoclonal antibodies and a rabbit
      polyclonal antiserum specific for human liver PDI were produced to determine the
      concentration of PDI by an ELISA technique and cytoplasmic immunofluorescence.
      After PWM stimulation, both, the cellular content of PDI as well as that of
      immunoglobulin, particularly IgM, have been found to be induced in a time
      dependent manner with a 2-3 fold increase in comparison to unstimulated cells.
      The specific induction of PDI in human B lymphocytes was also confirmed in
      Western blotting. Our findings suggest that PDI plays a critical role in the
      final stages of B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin synthesis by activated
      B cells and plasma cells, respectively.

PMID- 1816072
TI  - Generation and characterization of the murine monoclonal antibody M-KID 2 to VLA
      3 integrin.
AB  - Through the analysis of the antigenic phenotype of a recently established human
      renal carcinoma cell line (KJ29), we have demonstrated that alpha 3 subunit of
      the integrin family is selectively expressed by the plastic adherent cell
      subpopulation. Because of the scanty availability of monoclonal antibodies to
      this adhesion molecule, we have used KJ29 cell line as immunogen to raise novel
      murine monoclonal antibodies. We isolated an hybridoma secreting the mAb M-KID 2
      of the IGg1k isotype that immunoprecipitates from intrinsically [35S]-Methionine
      labeled KJ29 cells, an heterodimer of 130/130 and 110/150 Kd, in reducing and
      nonreducing conditions respectively. This reactivity was completely abolished by
      immunodepletion of the cell extract with a polyclonal anti alpha 3 chain
      antiserum. Treatment of M-KID 2 immunoprecipitates with various solutions of pH
      ranging from 2 to 10.5, to dissociate alpha 3 from beta 1 chains, showed a
      retention of both alpha 3 beta 1 chains thus indicating that the epitope
      identified by mAb M-Kid 2 is likely to be constituted by the alpha 3 beta 1
      heterodimer. Furthermore immunohistochemical studies on selected frozen and
      paraffin embedded tissues with mAb M-Kid 2 have provided staining pattern
      indicating the recognition of Vla-3. These findings demonstrate that mAb M-KID 2
      can represent a valuable reagent for the study of Vla-3 integrin in normal and
      pathologic conditions.

PMID- 1816071
TI  - Protective humoral immune responses to the human immunodeficiency virus induced
      in immunized pigs: a possible source of therapeutic immunoglobulin preparations.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) induces progressive and fatal disease in
      infected hosts. Initially the human immune response appears to control HIV
      infection. This hypothesis is supported by the long latency period observed
      during HIV infection prior to development of the active disease state. Similarly
      the observation of fetal protection from HIV infection in some pregnant women who
      have high titered neutralizing antibody responses to the virus underscores the
      importance of the humoral response to HIV in limiting infection. Therefore
      antibody replacement therapy is likely to provide substantial clinical benefits
      in this and other infected populations. However, currently there is no safe
      source for human antibodies with the desired protective qualities necessary for
      passive immune therapies. For a passive immune therapy to be valid it must
      protect against a diverse collection of viral isolates. Such a task is likely to
      require a complex mixture of human antibodies or human substitute antibodies
      which are available in large quantities and target conserved regions of the viral
      envelope, such that protection from diverse isolates are realized. Porcine
      products have been used extensively in many human therapeutic replacement
      regimens. Their use is primarily due to genetic similarity of the two species at
      the amino acid level which results in a high acceptance of grafted prosthetics
      and excellent tolerance of repeatedly administered biologicals. Accordingly we
      have examined the immunoglobulin responses to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      (HIV-1) of the Yorkshire mixed breed pig. Immunized animals developed significant
      humoral immunity as judged by ELISA, Western blot, radioimmunoprecipitation, flow
      microfluorimetry as well as in functional assays including neutralization and
      syncytia inhibition. The high neutralizing activity obtained and the
      immunological similarity between human and porcine immunoglobulin suggests that
      further investigation into the use of porcine immunoglobulin as human replacement
      antibodies for the therapeutic treatment of HIV is warranted.

PMID- 1816073
TI  - Increased proportion of antigen-specific antibody-producing hybridomas following
      an in vitro immunization with in vivo immunized mouse spleen cells.
AB  - Development of murine monoclonal antibodies to weakly immunogenic antigens was
      accomplished by combining both in vivo and in vitro immunizations. Following
      immunization of mice with Treponema hyodysenteriae outer membrane antigens,
      Manduca sexta apolipoproteins, and Drosophila melanogaster DNA polymerase,
      respectively, a significant increase in percentage of antibody-producing hybrids
      were identified when immune spleens were subjected to an in vitro immunization
      prior to fusion with SP2/0 myeloma cells. The hybrids developed, produced Abs to
      a T. hyodysenteriae 14 Kd carbohydrate, M. sexta apolipoproteins I, II, and III,
      and D. melanogaster DNA polymerase. The use of both in vivo and in vitro
      immunizations may increase the likelihood of generating monoclonal antibodies to
      weakly immunogenic antigens.

PMID- 1816074
TI  - Isolation of a monoclonal antibody to the TrpE protein and its use for the
      purification of recombinant fusion proteins.
AB  - The trpE (or anthranilate synthetase) gene product has been used extensively as a
      fusion protein for the expression of a myriad of biologically active proteins. A
      trpE construct can be produced in high yield, is relatively resistant to
      proteolysis, and separates from the bulk of E. coli proteins because of its
      insolubility. We have isolated and characterized a monoclonal antibody against
      the TrpE protein for use as a detection and immunoaffinity reagent. The MAb, TRP
      7.4, is highly specific for the TrpE protein and has a relative affinity of 1.0
      ng. The antibody can also be used to detect TrpE constructs on Western blots. In
      addition, TRP 7.4 has been used to purify a TrpE-IL-6 fusion protein. These
      studies show the utility of this MAb as a tool for both research and protein
      purification.

PMID- 1816075
TI  - Hybridomas can successfully be prepared from frozen/thawn spleen cells.
AB  - Spleens from mice immunized with either human von Willebrand factor, albumin or
      fragment DD from plasminolyzed fibrin were divided into two equal parts.
      Subsequently, one half of the spleen cells were fused directly with X-63 mouse
      myeloma cells and the other half fused after freezing and thawing. The results
      show that hybridomas may successfully be prepared from frozen/thawn spleen cells,
      but that a higher cell density than with fresh cells is required. The possibility
      of making use of frozen spleen cell material implies that valuable time and cell
      material can be saved, and that fusions can be postponed and performed at the
      time of choice.

PMID- 1816076
TI  - Isolation and cloning of Bacillus thuringiensis var Kurstaki HD73 toxin gene and
      construction of a chimaeric gene for expression in plants.
AB  - Necessity for the production of transgenic crop plants of India, capable of
      expression of insecticidal Bt protein in plant to combat lepidopteran pest damage
      has been strongly felt. Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki HD73 crystal protein
      coded by CryIA(c)73 gene has been found to be sufficiently effective against the
      major pests of jute and chickpea. An attempt to isolate the gene and make its use
      in a chimaeric gene construct for expression in plant was carried out. The
      plasmid CryIA(c)73 gene was cloned and tailored at the 3' end. The expression of
      the truncated gene was monitored in the minicell systems of E. coli. The
      entomocidal property was found to be fully retained by the gene product. Deletion
      of the nucleotides at the 5' end was carried out and chimaeric gene construct of
      cryIA(c)73 was made in such a way that it was fused in frame with GUS gene under
      the control of the caMV 35S promoter with Nos polyadenylated terminus. Such a
      chimaeric gene construct was used as the passenger of a Ti plasmid derived plant
      vector with kanamycin gene (NPTII) as the additional plant marker. Transformation
      through infection of tobacco and mustard plant cells in culture was carried out.
      Plants regenerated from the transformed cells showed the presence of GUS gene
      indicating the expression of the cloned fused gene. Also, Northern analysis
      established the presence of cryIA(c)73 gene transcripts in the transgenic plants.

PMID- 1816077
TI  - Correlation between tissue growth kinetics and modulation of mouse skin
      tumorigenesis by phorbol esters.
AB  - Previous studies on the influence of phorbol esters on mouse skin tumorigenesis
      have shown that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhances development
      of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal skin tumors by a completely carcinogenic
      dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), while its congener phorbol-12, 13-diacetate
      (PDA) exerts an inhibitory effect. Differential effects of these two agents were
      analysed by histology, morphometry and cell kinetic techniques including
      autoradiography and estimation of labelled precursor incorporation into DNA by
      liquid scintillation counting. Epidermal hyperplasia induced on exposure of S/RV
      Cri mouse skin to a single or multiple TPA application after MCA injection was
      associated with a significant increase in the thickness of nucleated cell layers,
      stratum granulosum, number of suprabasal cells and dark basal cells. Enhancing
      effect of TPA on MCA-induced neoplastic development correlated well with an
      increase in mitotic activity, number of cells in S-phase and increased rate of
      DNA synthesis in the epidermis, dermis and subcutis as also mast cell number. In
      contrast, treatment of MCA-injected preneoplastic mouse skin with PDA resulted in
      epidermal hypoplasia and cellular damage evident as cytoplasmic vacuolation and
      nuclear pyknosis. Multiple PDA exposure also reduced the thickness, mitotic index
      and number of cells in S-phase in epidermis, dermis and subcutis. Thus, cellular
      toxicity and inability to recruit cells in DNA-synthetic phase may account for
      inhibition of progression of preneoplastic epithelial and mesenchymal cells into
      overt tumors by PDA.

PMID- 1816078
TI  - Desynchronization of oral temperature, pulse and performance circadian rhythms in
      shift working Indian nurses.
AB  - Circadian time structure in shift working Indian nurses was studied. In shift
      workers desynchronization between circadian rhythms in different physiological
      variables was observed. Circadian amplitudes of oral temperature, pulse and
      random add speed rhythms decreased significantly in shift workers as compared to
      control subjects. Circadian mesors of performance rhythms increased significantly
      in shift workers indicating that the time taken by them was more for performing
      the tasks. It can be concluded that the subjects studied herein are intolerant to
      shift work and amplitude decrement may be considered as a chronobiologic index to
      determine the tolerance of individual workers to shift work.

PMID- 1816079
TI  - Androgenic control of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in an apoda, Gegenophis
      carnosus (Beddome).
AB  - In vivo administration of testosterone significantly stimulated the activities of
      cytochrome oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), succinate
      dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase), in mitochondria
      isolated from the liver of G. carnosus. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone
      and androstenedione while significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome
      oxidase and alpha-GPDH, did not change that of SDH and Mg2+ ATPase. Simultaneous
      injections of testosterone and actinomycin D or chloramphenicol prevented the
      testosterone-stimulated activities of all the oxidative enzymes studied. The
      results clearly document the important stimulatory role of androgens in the
      regulation of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in G. carnosus.

PMID- 1816080
TI  - Ethanol potentiates in vivo hepatotoxicity of endosulfan in adult male rats.
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the effect and interaction of ethanol on endosulfan
      induced hepatotoxicity in vivo to adult male rats, both, endosulfan (7.5 mg/kg
      body wt) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg body wt) were studied separately as well as in
      combination after a chronic oral exposure of 30 days. When fed separately, both
      the agents were found to induce microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in
      treated animals. A simultaneous induction in the activity of cytosolic GSH-s
      transferase was found to be associated with significantly induced ascorbate
      induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. Both endosulfan and ethanol showed
      increasing trends in the activities of reducing equivalent (NADPH)-generating
      enzymes in liver. The activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was, however,
      found to be relatively unaffected. When ethanol was administered in combination
      with endosulfan, the observed effects on the activities of major drug
      metabolizing enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and NADPH generation were
      further pronounced. Findings demonstrated the MFO inducing capability of both
      endosulfan and ethanol, and showed further that chronic ethanol ingestion might
      potentiate the in vivo hepatotoxicity of endosulfan if administered in
      combination.

PMID- 1816081
TI  - Multiple mechanisms of ethanol-induced gonadal toxicity to adult male rats.
AB  - In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying the alcohol-induced
      pathogenesis of testis, acute as well as chronic studies were undertaken in adult
      male rats. Ethanol reduced significantly the plasma and testicular testosterone
      contents in treated rats even at moderate dose levels. The alterations in
      pituitary gonadotrophins, LH and FSH, demonstrated a central defect in the
      hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis. Major microsomal enzymes involved in the
      biosynthesis of testosterone, viz. 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and
      steroidogenic mixed function oxidases were markedly inhibited in a dose and
      duration dependent manner. The terminal enzyme 17 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase was, however, unaffected by ethanol treatments except at a higher
      dose level of 6 g/kg body wt. Although, the activity of testicular alcohol
      dehydrogenase was relatively unchanged, a marked induction in the activity of
      cytosolic conjugation enzyme, GSH-s-transferase was noticed. The present study
      demonstrates the major role of the metabolism of ethanol in the underlying cause
      for in vivo toxicity of ethanol and warrants its further consideration.

PMID- 1816082
TI  - Effect of in utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on rat testes.
AB  - In utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP; 1000 mg/kg body weight)
      significantly decreased activities of testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase and acid
      phosphatase and increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase
      and beta-glucuronidase activities at early ages. A decrease in the sperm count of
      the epididymal spermatozoa was also observed in the sexually matured animals of
      DEHP exposed group. The data suggest that in utero exposure to DEHP may affect
      the normal development of testes.

PMID- 1816083
TI  - In vitro release of biologically active materials from the bovine filarial
      parasite Setaria digitata.
AB  - Release of macromolecules by S. digitata, in 9 different media under in vitro
      condition have been studied. A direct relationship between microfilariae (mf)
      release and associated folin positive materials was seen in majority of the
      cases. High activities of hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, collagenase,
      alkaline phosphatase and lipase were detected in the excretary-secretary products
      and worm preparations. Activity of collagenase could not be detected in the male
      worm under experimental conditions.

PMID- 1816084
TI  - Photoproduction of hydrogen from sewage by immobilized cells of Chromatium
      species IA.
AB  - Immobilized cells of two Chromatium species produced hydrogen continuously for
      more than 160 hr in 60% and 80% sewage. One strain showing high optimum range of
      sulfide tolerance (up to 9 mM) produced more hydrogen in 80% sewage while the
      less sulfide tolerating strain (up to 6 mM) showed hydrogen photoproduction in
      60% sewage. Cells were immobilized in alginate and stable hydrogen
      photoproduction was observed for more than one week. Appropriate strategy
      necessary for the treatment of sewage and similar industrial effluents for energy
      reclamation is discussed.

PMID- 1816086
TI  - Regulation of hysterectomy induced derangements in ovarian carbohydrate
      metabolism in albino rats. II. Role of prostaglandin F2 alpha.
AB  - Wistar strain albino rats were subjected to bilateral hysterectomy surgically and
      the ovarian carbohydrate metabolism of these animals was compared with sham
      operated controls. The ovarian glycogen content of hysterectomized animals was
      elevated with inhibition of glycogenolysis, hexose mono and diphosphate pathways
      and oxidative metabolism. Administration of PGF2 alpha to hysterectomized animals
      led to activation of ovarian glycogenolysis and other pathways of carbohydrate
      metabolism of hysterectomized animals was restored towards normal level after
      PGF2 alpha substitution.

PMID- 1816087
TI  - Effect of dimethoate on hepatic cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferase
      activity in pigeon and rat.
AB  - Effect of acute exposure (24 hr) to different oral doses of dimethoate on hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 (Cyt. P-450) content and cytosolic glutathione S
      transferase (GST) activity were determined in pigeon and rat to ascertain
      difference in the metabolic response as a measure of species selective toxicity.
      Dimethoate at five different doses caused a statistically significant decrease in
      Cyt. P-450 content both in pigeon and rat. However, reduction in GST activity was
      significant at three doses in pigeon and at high dose in rat. Thus, a different
      quantum of hepatic Cyt. P-450 decrease and a differed response of GST activity
      against dimethoate exposure in pigeon and rat may be one of the possible causes
      for relatively higher toxicity of dimethoate in birds.

PMID- 1816085
TI  - Detergent dissection of membrane proteins of Entamoeba histolytica and its effect
      on lymphokine release in in vitro.
AB  - Fifty-two amoebic liver abscess cases were assessed for the release of
      lymphokines (LMIF) using detergent dissected membrane proteins (DDMP) of axenic
      Entamoeba histolytica (NIH:200) obtained with sodium deoxycholate treatment.
      Lymphokines release by T lymphocytes in response to both DDMP and whole amoebic
      lysate (WAL) was tested by leukocyte migration inhibition test on blood samples
      from amoebic liver abscess cases. A significant increase was noted in the release
      of LMIF and 100% positivity was observed with DDMP compared to whole amoebic
      extract with a positivity of 73%. The difference between means of the above two
      with regards to release of LMIF was found to be highly significant (P less than
      0.005). This shows the patients had high degree of leukocyte sensitization to
      surface antigens of E. histolytica compared to the whole amoebic lysate. These
      findings suggest that the antigens shed might have important role as a potent
      antigen in elicitation of CMI response in amoebic liver abscess cases.

PMID- 1816088
TI  - Increased degradation of dermal collagen in diabetic rats.
AB  - The effect of alloxan induced diabetes on the dermal collagen content of albino
      rats was studied in relation to few lysosomal enzymes. Diabetes decreased the
      dermal collagen content. The specific activities of the lysosomal enzymes studied
      in the diabetic rat skin were elevated. It has been established that lysosomal
      enzymes degrade the connective tissue components. Thus, it may be suggested that
      the increase in the lysosomal enzymes studied should have facilitated the
      decrease in dermal collagen content of diabetic rats by increasing the
      degradation of dermal collagen.

PMID- 1816089
TI  - Characterization of dopamine receptors involved in central thermoregulation in
      rabbits.
AB  - Intracerebroventricularly administered dopamine produced dose dependent
      hyperthermia in rabbits. Haloperidol, a D1 receptor blocker produced consistent
      hypothermia, whereas D2 receptor blocker metoclopramide produced hyperthermia,
      pretreatment with haloperidol competitively blocked the hyperthermic response of
      dopamine. Pretreatment with metoclopramide augmented the onset and peak response
      of dopamine. It is suggested that D1 receptors are involved in producing
      hyperthermia and D2 receptors in hypothermia.

PMID- 1816090
TI  - Interaction of T-DNA border sequences and Ti-plasmid vir functions of
      Agrobacterium results in differential single-stranded linear T-DNA molecule
      production and plant transformation.
AB  - The mechanism of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of plants is
      dependent upon certain genetic function of the chromosome of the bacterium as
      well as on Ti-plasmid borne vir loci and the border sequences of T-DNA. The
      organisationally variable forms of the naturally occurring border sequences
      amongst Ti-plasmid types are differentially responsive to gene products of vir
      loci concerned with T-strand production. Additionally, the production of stable
      transformants is dependent upon vir gene products effective after T strands are
      produced. The interaction of border sequences from different strains of
      Agrobacterium with vir proteins encoded by various helper plasmids revealed that
      functional differences do exist amongst vir gene products contained in the type
      of helper plasmids used.

PMID- 1816091
TI  - Effect of intracerebroventricularly administered insulin on brain monoamines and
      acetylcholine in euglycaemic and alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats.
AB  - There is now conclusive evidence for the presence of insulin and insulin
      receptors in the mammalian CNS and it has been postulated that they can modulate
      peripheral glucose homeostasis. Since a number of central neurotransmitters are
      also known to influence glucose levels and it is likely that CNS insulin
      receptors act through neurotransmitter mediation, the present study was conducted
      to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered insulin
      on rat brain dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin and acetylcholine (ACh)
      activity in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic animals. Insulin was
      administered in doses (50 and 100 microU) which induced minimal hypoglycaemia, so
      as to obviate the likely effects of hypoglycaemia on neurotransmitter function.
      DA was estimated in midbrain-diencephalon (MD) and caudate nucleus (CN), NA and
      serotonin in MD and pons-medulla (PM), while ACh was estimated in all the three
      areas, namely, MD, CN and PM. The regional brain concentrations of DA, NA and
      serotonin were more in the hyperglycaemic rats as compared to their euglycaemic
      counterparts. However, the reverse was noted in case of ACh. Insulin induced a
      decrease in rat brain DA and NA levels, which was more marked in the
      hyperglycaemic animals. Conversely, insulin induced an increase in rat brain
      serotonin concentration which was not significantly different in normal and
      hyperglycaemic rats. Insulin induced marked increase in rat brain ACh levels,
      which was accentuated in hyperglycaemic animals. The present study reports for
      the first time the likely interaction between CNS insulin receptors and brain
      monoamines, and ACh, in euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816092
TI  - Role of HLA-DR antigen on T-cell activation in visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Ability of peripheral blood monocytes in association with HLA-DR molecules to
      support T-cell activation in response to soluble Leishmania donovani antigen was
      investigated. Adherent cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies. The
      increased number of cells with DR expression was more efficient in presenting L.
      donovani antigen to sensitized T-cells. The results suggest that quantitative
      variation in monocytes with expression of DR molecules, correlates with their
      ability to support T-cell response to L. donovani antigen, in vitro, as assessed
      by migration inhibition factor (MIF). However, it is not clear whether this is
      due to only HLA-DR antigen on the surface or whether other factors are involved.

PMID- 1816093
TI  - Effects of testosterone propionate, prolactin and photoperiod on feeding
      behaviours of Indian male weaver birds.
AB  - Testosterone propionate (TP) is not associated with the total food consumption of
      the male weaver bird. Reproductively active birds maintained under long daylength
      eat continuously however under short daylength they eat in 2-3 peaks and are also
      reproductively quiescent. Results show that total food consumption is independent
      of length of photoperiod/reproductive states of the bird, perhaps associated with
      the caloric demand of the bird. Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the testicular
      development of the bird. PRL induced weight loss does not involve decrease food
      intake as there is no change in the total food consumption of the bird and
      therefore, reflects the improper utilization of the food. This hormone alters the
      feeding behaviour from cyclic (2-3 peaks) to continuous pattern.

PMID- 1816094
TI  - An indirect role of vitamin B12 in regulation of thymidylate synthase in
      Lactobacillus leichmannii.
AB  - Vitamin B12 augments thymidylate synthase function in L. leichmannii by
      facilitating indirectly the availability of suitable nonmethylpolyglutamylfolate
      cofactors. This is effected by the demethylation of trapped
      methyltetrahydrofolates, catalysed by a vitamin B12 requiring methionine
      synthase. Deoxyuridine supplemented cells, lacking in B12, have decreased levels
      of methionine synthase and thymidylate synthase. Addition of active and inactive
      conjugase preparation as a source of mono and polyglutamylfolates indicated that
      the latter are the preferred cofactors for thymidylate synthase.

PMID- 1816095
TI  - Effect of lead on nitrogenase and enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in a
      cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
AB  - Lead decreased the growth rates, total cell mass, heterocyst frequency, total
      cell protein, nitrogenase activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate
      synthase (GOGAT) activities in N:muscorum. However, lead at 0.01 and 10
      micrograms ml-1 conc. enhanced nitrogenase as well as GS activity of the cells.
      On transfer to excess lead (100 micrograms ml-1), nitrogenase and GS activities
      ceased almost after 24 hr in the cyanobacterium. It is deduced that lead has a
      two step effect on stimulation and inhibition of metabolic activity at 0.01 and
      10 micrograms ml-1 concentration and 0.1 and 100 micrograms ml-1 concentration
      respectively indicating a close interaction between nitrogen fixation and GS
      activity. However, GOGAT activity is an exception to this two step stimulation
      and inhibition process.

PMID- 1816096
TI  - Effect of a herbal psychotropic preparation, BR-16A (Mentat), on performance of
      mice on elevated plus-maze.
AB  - Effect of BR-16A on various parameters of anxiety and transfer latency (TL) was
      studied in mice using elevated plus-maze. BR-16A (50-500 mg/kg) reduced the
      percentage of time spent in open arms and the percent preference of open arms for
      the first arm entry following acute as well as chronic drug administration. The
      total number of arm entries and the percentage of open arm entries remained
      unaffected. In combination with FG 7142 (10 mg/kg), BR-16A (100-500 mg/kg)
      further reduced the exploration of open arms. BR-16A reversed scopolamine (0.3
      mg/kg)-induced delay in TL on 1st day. The reversal effect of BR-16A was enhanced
      by aniracetam (50 mg/kg). The data suggest anxiogenic and nootropic actions of BR
      16A.

PMID- 1816097
TI  - Role of exogenous ascorbic acid in tissue status of ascorbic acid-2-sulphate in
      guinea pigs.
AB  - Guinea pigs were given ascorbic acid orally in two doses; a low and a high dose.
      The tissue levels of ascorbic acid-2-sulphate was estimated in these animals
      after 15 days of feeding and a subsequent deprivation period of 15 days. The
      specific activity of the enzymes ascorbic acid sulphotransferase and ascorbic
      acid-2-sulphate sulphohydrolase was studied. During higher ascorbic acid intake,
      the activity of ascorbic acid sulphotransferase was increased, whereas ascorbic
      acid-2-sulphate sulphohydrolase showed a decreased activity. But when ascorbic
      acid intake was lowered or ceased, the activity of the above enzymes showed a
      reverse pattern. Possible reasons for the lack of antiscorbutic activity of
      ascorbic acid-2-sulphate in guinea pigs is discussed.

PMID- 1816098
TI  - In vitro anti-oxidant property of protein-A of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Protein-A (PA) is a cell-surface glycoprotein of S. aureus Cowan I with
      immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities, and ability to ameliorate
      cyclophosphamide and carbontetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity in rodents. The
      likely mechanism of this effect appears to be the anti-oxidant property of PA,
      evidenced in the present study by inhibition of CCl4 and Fe2-ascorbate induced
      lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates and inhibition of deaminative
      oxidative degradation of L-glutamate into 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive products
      in a constituted chemical system. The anti-oxidant property of PA seem to arise
      from its molecular characteristics and the ability to interact with a superoxide
      derived free-radical species without any affinity for superoxide anion, hydroxyl
      radical and singlet oxygen species.

PMID- 1816099
TI  - Action of DL-alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine on Acanthamoeba culbertsoni.
AB  - The multiplication of A. culbertsoni in the peptone medium was not inhibited by
      10-20 mM concentration of alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (DMFO) while a partial
      and transient inhibition of cell multiplication was observed by 10-20 mM DFMO in
      proteose peptone, yeast extract, glucose (PYG) medium. Ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC) activity in the cells and cell free extracts was strongly inhibited by
      DFMO, excluding enzyme refractoriness and impermeability of cells for DFMO as the
      possible causes of DFMO resistance. The presence of polyamines in the peptone and
      PYG media as well as uptake of polyamines by the amoebae has been demonstrated.
      The growth and multiplication of A. culbertsoni in chemically defined medium was
      not affected by 1-5 mM DFMO while 10-20 mM DMFO yielded partial inhibition. A
      lowering of diaminopropane levels and enhancement of spermidine levels was
      observed in DFMO inhibited cells and level of ODC was drastically reduced in the
      inhibited cultures. Uptake of polyamines from the growth media may partly account
      for DFMO resistance of A. culbertsoni. Alternative mechanisms for DFMO resistance
      are indicated.

PMID- 1816100
TI  - Relationship between testosterone and hepatic lipids in mature male bonnet
      monkeys, Macaca radiata (Geoffroy).
AB  - Administration of testosterone propionate (TP; 1 mg/kg body weight/day; im, for
      30 days) to mature male bonnet monkeys, decreased total lipids, glyceride
      glycerol and cholesterol concentrations in hepatic tissue. The decrease in
      glyceride glycerol was due to decrease in monoacyl and triacyl glycerol. Both,
      free and esterified cholesterol were decreased after testosterone administration.
      Eventhough, total phospholipid was not significantly altered, phosphatidylserine
      and cardiolipin were increased, due to testosterone administration. Testosterone
      inhibited NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in liver. The findings suggest
      that testosterone acts as a lipolytic hormone and its action may be direct
      through its specific receptors in liver.

PMID- 1816102
TI  - Successful non-surgical embryo recovery from a goat.
AB  - Embryos from a Jamunapari goat were successfully recovered using non-surgical
      approach. The technique of Bessoudo et al [Theriogenology, 29 (1988) 221] was
      simplified and all the appliances used were fabricated indigenously. Fluid
      retrieval rate was 95%. Five excellent embryos (blastocysts) were recovered. The
      whole process of embryo collection was completed in 30 min.

PMID- 1816101
TI  - Deficits in reproductive behaviour in septally lesioned female rats.
AB  - Estrous cycle and sexual behaviour were studied in septally lesioned female
      albino Wistar rats. In lesioned rats the vaginal smears showed continuous
      diestrus and the females failed to exhibit sexual receptivity during the
      postoperative period. Ovarian and uterine weights in lesioned rats were also
      significantly decreased. The results suggest that the septal nuclei exert a
      modulatory influence on female sexual behaviour.

PMID- 1816103
TI  - Effect of prolonged centchroman treatment on pituitary gonadotrophic activity in
      rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Daily oral administration of antiestrogen centchroman at 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg
      doses to adult female rhesus monkeys continuously for one year caused no
      significant effect on their total pituitary gonadotrophin content as evidenced by
      an almost similar extent of uterine weight gain, premature opening of vagina and
      cornification of vaginal epithelium in immature female mice treated with
      pituitary homogenates from control and centchroman treated monkeys.

PMID- 1816104
TI  - A PMA degrading constitutive organomercurial lyase in a broad-spectrum mercury
      resistant Bacillus pasteurii strain DR2.
AB  - A broad-spectrum Hg-resistant strain of B. pasteurii DR2 utilized phenylmercuric
      acetate (PMA) as sole source of carbon. This bacterial strain contained a
      constitutive organomercurial lyase which specifically degraded PMA but not other
      organo-mercurials. This PMA-lyase activity was also stimulated to different
      extents when this bacterial strain was grown in presence of different organic
      compounds as sole source of carbon.

PMID- 1816105
TI  - Nerve commitment during head regeneration in hydra.
AB  - Most important event in head regeneration in hydra is a wave of conversion of
      many interstitial cells into nerve cells. Experimental evidence lends support to
      the idea that the commitment of interstitial cells into nerve cells is the first
      morphogenetic prerequisite for emergence of head structures, when the number of
      nerve cells increases. This increase in nerve cells is delayed when regeneration
      occurs at a site lower in the body column.

PMID- 1816106
TI  - Pre-implantation embryo development in BALB/C ByJ mice.
AB  - Problem of failure of ovum implantation in BALB/C ByJ strain in comparison to
      Swiss inbred mouse was studied. The results were compared with those of BALB
      outbred mice thereafter. BALB/C ByJ strain showed a poor responsiveness to
      superovulatory stimuli and their embryo development was not uniform. The embryo
      were delayed in attaining blastocyst stage on day 4. The delay was not
      significant in Swiss inbred embryos and was prevented by in vitro cultures. By
      direct embryo transfer it was shown that the uterus was not receptive for
      successful implantation. However, when these blastocysts were transferred to F1
      hybrid (CBA x BALB outbred) recipients demonstrated normal acceptances. This may
      be a manifestation of inbreeding depression.

PMID- 1816108
TI  - Use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in selected surgical procedures-
      results of a survey in 889 surgical departments in German hospitals.
AB  - In 1989, a survey on perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was conducted in 2,739
      surgical (general surgical, orthopedic, traumatologic, and cardiothoracic)
      departments of German hospitals. In all, 889 (32.5%) questionnaries were
      returned. Regarding the choice of antibiotic and the duration of prophylaxis the
      respective rates of correct statements were as follows: 32.6% and 55.0% in
      gastric surgery, 29.5% and 42.9% in colorectal surgery, 38.3% and 50.5% in
      biliary tract surgery, 81.0% and 41.0% in total hip replacement, 91.3% and 0% in
      heart valve replacement, and 95.7% and 0% in coronary artery bypass graft.
      Altogether, the choice of antibiotic and the duration of prophylaxis were correct
      in only 49.1% and 43.3%, respectively.

PMID- 1816107
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of gram-negative sepsis and shock with
      antibodies to core glycolipids and lipid A of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

PMID- 1816109
TI  - Low-dose zidovudine in combination with either acyclovir or lymphoblastoid
      interferon-alpha in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
AB  - The antiretroviral activity, tolerance and toxicity of two different antiviral
      drug combinations were assessed and compared in a randomized, crossover pilot
      study in 16 HIV-1 p24 antigenaemic subjects with asymptomatic HIV infection. Oral
      zidovudine 250 mg twice daily was combined with either oral acyclovir 800 mg
      twice daily or lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha 1.5 x 10(6) IU administered
      subcutaneously three times weekly. The 12-week treatment period was followed by a
      4-week washout period and a further 12-week crossover phase. During the entire
      treatment period a decline in p24 antigen was observed in all patients. No
      significant differences were found between the two treatment regimens. No patient
      showed clinical progression of HIV infection. Three patients were withdrawn from
      the study, one due to serious anaemia and two due to severe clinical adverse
      events. Long-term efficacy and tolerance data in asymptomatic HIV-infected
      patients with these regimens would be valuable.

PMID- 1816110
TI  - Antiviral therapy of varicella-zoster virus infection in immunocompromised
      children--a prospective randomized study of aciclovir versus brivudin.
AB  - Both aciclovir and brivudin are effective in the treatment of immunocompromised
      children with varicella-zoster virus infection. To determine which drug is
      preferable, a prospective randomized trial aciclovir vs. brivudin was conducted.
      Forty-three immunocompromised children were randomly assigned to receive
      aciclovir intravenously at a dose of 1,500 mg/m2/d and brivudin orally at a dose
      of 15 mg/kg/d, respectively. Twenty-two patients were treated with aciclovir and
      21 with brivudin. In all children the general status improved within two days.
      The eruption of new lesions stopped within one to five days, fever stopped within
      one to nine days, complete remission occurred within five to six days after
      introduction of the virustatic therapy. There was no difference in therapeutic
      efficacy between aciclovir and brivudin. Two children in each group did not
      respond to the medication. No myelo-, hepato- and nephrotoxic side effects due to
      aciclovir or brivudin were observed. All obviously immunocompromised children
      with varicella or zoster may be treated with aciclovir or brivudin.

PMID- 1816111
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of cefmenoxime in children with bacterial
      meningitis.
AB  - Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefmenoxime were determined
      either microbiologically or by means of HPLC in 20 children with proven or
      suspected bacterial meningitis. Sixteen children suffered from bacterial
      meningitis: causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b (n = 10),
      Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 4) and Neisseria meningitidis (n = 2). In these
      patients the cefmenoxime concentration in the CSF ranged from 0.9 to 12.2 mg/l,
      with a mean concentration of 4.63 mg/l 1.5-3 h after the last intravenous
      cefmenoxime application and 24-48 h after initiating therapy with 200 mg
      cefmenoxime/kg/d in four doses. In eight cases the bactericidal titers of the CSF
      were examined during therapy. Titers between 1:64 and 1:2,048, exceeding the
      minimal bactericidal concentration, were found. After five doses of cefmenoxime
      50 mg/kg, two CSF cultures showed bacterial growth: one H. influenzae
      (bactericidal titer in CSF 1:256) and one S. pneumoniae.

PMID- 1816112
TI  - Therapy of regional lymphadenitis following BCG vaccination.
AB  - In this study we presented 92 cases with regional lymphadenitis (over 1 cm in
      diameter) which was caused by BCG vaccination generally performed a few days
      after birth. The patients were divided into four therapy groups. In group I, the
      lymphadenitis in 26 cases was excised totally by a surgical operation and they
      improved in a median period of four weeks (average: 4.4). No therapy was applied
      in 33 patients constituting group II and their periods of improvement were 28
      weeks (average: 29.1). Sixteen cases in group III were given isoniazid (INH) 10
      mg/kg for six months in addition to total surgical excision and their healing
      period was 4.5 weeks (average: 4). Seventeen cases in group IV were administered
      only INH for six months and the median improvement period was found to be 27
      weeks (average: 28.2). The statistical differences in terms of the improvement
      periods between groups I and III, and groups II and IV were found to be
      insignificant (p greater than 0.05) but these differences were significant
      between groups I and II, groups I and IV, groups II and III, and groups III and
      IV (p less than 0.05). These results show that spontaneous healing is possible.
      Total excision is the best therapy for BCG lymphadenitis in suppurative forms and
      INH has no effect in shortening the therapy period.

PMID- 1816113
TI  - Human cellular immune response to Giardia lamblia.
AB  - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from two individuals
      experimentally and one naturally infected with Giardia lamblia responded strongly
      (in an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay) to both heterologous and
      homologous (parasite origin) G. lamblia antigen stimuli. Proliferative responses
      to specific antigens as determined by T-cell blotting were due to Giardia T-cell
      epitopes mostly present in antigens lower than Mr 85,000 and 31,000 in isolates
      PM and GS/M-H7, respectively. Additionally, Il-2 production of PBMC respective to
      T lymphocyte subsets under antigen stimulation were determined in one selected
      patient. Proliferative and lymphokine responses could be associated with CD4+
      PBMC depleted of CD8+ T cells and not with PBMC depleted of CD4+ T cells. These
      preliminary results suggest the initiation of larger studies addressing questions
      of cell-mediated immune response and the role of lymphokines in human giardiasis.

PMID- 1816114
TI  - Serum antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis in experimental sinusitis.
AB  - Maxillary sinusitis was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by local inoculation
      of 10(6) colony-forming units of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, and the serum
      IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to cell wall antigens were studied. Prior to
      inoculation, and one, two, three and four weeks after induction, serum samples
      were obtained and analysed for antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide and the
      capsular polysaccharide. Capsular polysaccharide from B. fragilis ATCC 23745 was
      used as control. The rise in IgG activity against NCTC 9343 capsular
      polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide was most marked and sustained throughout
      the four weeks. The increases in IgA concentration were moderate and sometimes
      transient, and a more pronounced IgA increase was seen with IFA than with EIA.
      The IgM peak levels were weak and usually declined within two to three weeks. The
      development of antibody to the lipopolysaccharide was similar to that of the NCTC
      9343 capsular polysaccharide antibodies, though somewhat delayed in time. No
      significant increase in antibody to the control capsular polysaccharide was seen.

PMID- 1816115
TI  - Spontaneous pyomyositis and AIDS: an infrequent association.
AB  - Pyomyositis is an acute bacterial infection of striated muscle. It is common in
      the tropics, but rarely reported in temperate climates. We present two cases in
      patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), one an active
      homosexual, and one an intravenous drug user. A brief review of the clinical
      findings and diagnostic procedures is included. We conclude that pyomyositis
      should be included in the list of locations of pyogenic infections that can occur
      in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1816116
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pleuropneumonia after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.
AB  - We observed an atypical Pneumocystis infection with spontaneous pneumothorax,
      bronchopleural fistulae, an apical cyst and Pneumocystis pleuritis after
      aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in an AIDS patient. These findings suggest a
      failure of pentamidine aerosol in controlling active Pneumocystis infection in
      peripheral pulmonary areas. A relapse of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
      must be suspected when pneumothorax occurs during secondary prophylaxis with
      aerosolized pentamidine. It should always be confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage
      or transbronchial or open biopsy. Cases presenting as atypical Pneumocystis
      pneumonia may additionally reveal extrapulmonary dissemination of Pneumocystis
      infection.

PMID- 1816117
TI  - Endocarditis caused by Bacillus circulans.

PMID- 1816118
TI  - Prosthetic valve endocarditis by Gemella haemolysans.

PMID- 1816119
TI  - Intraabdominal infections: classification, mortality, scoring and
      pathophysiology.
AB  - Studies on intraabdominal infections have been difficult to compare in the past
      due to a missing system of classification for peritonitis. According to a
      recently developed classification system, secondary peritonitis, including
      spontaneous acute peritonitis, postoperative peritonitis and posttraumatic
      peritonitis, is the most common complication of severe intraabdominal infections.
      In several studies the mortality rate of postoperative peritonitis was still
      between 60% and 79%. Scoring systems were developed, some of them with the idea
      to predict mortality in peritonitis. Although the APACHE II score cannot predict
      the outcome of peritonitis in an individual patient, it is a reliable, valid and
      objective system for risk stratification in intraabdominal infections. Local
      trauma or bacterial contamination is responsible for an acute phase reaction,
      which involves the release of certain cytokines such as TNF-alpha, interleukin-1
      (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The IL-6 seems to play an important role in the
      mechanism of the acute phase reaction, acting on hepatocytes to release acute
      phase proteins (e.g. CRP). Preliminary results of investigations of IL-6 levels
      in peritonitis indicate a possible role for IL-6 as a predictor of the outcome of
      peritonitis.

PMID- 1816120
TI  - Operative management of intraabdominal infection.
AB  - Surgical principles in the management of intraabdominal infection have remained
      constant. Rather, it is the application of these principles in selected cases
      that has varied. Judgement, therefore, becomes paramount for the surgeon. In
      selected cases multiple planned relaparotomies may be the most effective means of
      closing the infectious source and eliminating toxic infectious materials. The
      Burr has proven to be an effective yet safe means of permitting entry and closure
      of the abdominal fascia.

PMID- 1816121
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in biliary surgery.
AB  - Early studies in which a higher incidence of wound infection and septic
      complications in biliary surgery was found demonstrated the need for antibiotic
      prophylaxis. In two studies, one retrospective and one prospective, the role of
      prophylactic antibiotics in biliary surgery was studied in "at risk" and "no
      risk" groups of patients. Twenty-eight percent of "no risk" patients had a
      positive bile culture. It was concluded that a single dose of 1 g cefotaxime,
      administered upon induction of anaesthesia, is a safe and effective prophylactic
      regimen in biliary surgery.

PMID- 1816122
TI  - Prophylaxis of infection following colorectal surgery.
AB  - Due to the high incidence of infective complications following colorectal
      surgery, prophylactic application of systemic antibiotics is required. In a
      prospective, randomised study of 34 patients who underwent elective colorectal
      surgery, it was found that a single 1 g dose of cefotaxime was as effective as
      three doses in controlling post-operative infections. Both groups received 500 mg
      metronidazole i.v. every 12 h for 72 h, with the first dose administered
      immediately prior to surgery. The results indicate that prophylactic cefotaxime
      and metronidazole are effective in reducing the incidence of septic complications
      following colorectal surgery; nevertheless, a study with a larger number of
      patients is needed to reach a definitive conclusion.

PMID- 1816123
TI  - Prophylaxis with ofloxacin in patients with cancer and neutropenia.
AB  - The suppression of potentially pathogenic microorganisms using prophylactic
      antibacterial treatment could eventually protect the patient from infection. Oral
      absorbable and non-absorbable antibacterial agents have been used with variable
      results. In the present study, 47 patients with cancer and neutropenia received
      oral ofloxacin 200 mg twice daily prophylactically. All patients were previously
      treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy. Septicemia developed in ten patients
      (21%). The number of infections was higher in patients with a level of
      granulocytopenia under 0.5 x 10(9)/1. Infection was caused in almost all patients
      by gram-positive organisms. Prophylaxis with ofloxacin provided efficacious
      protection against gram-negative bacteria and was well tolerated.

PMID- 1816124
TI  - The toxic pseudosclerodermas.

PMID- 1816125
TI  - Cutaneous diphtheria.

PMID- 1816126
TI  - Atypical clear cell acanthoma.
AB  - Two cases of clear cell acanthoma (CCA) with marked signs of cellular atypia and
      mitotic figures are reported. Although the nature of CCA is not completely
      understood, it is considered to be a benign epithelial tumor. Our cases show that
      these lesions can develop malignant features.

PMID- 1816127
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the face and scalp.
AB  - Angiosarcoma of the face and scalp developed in 12 patients. The patients were
      five women and seven men with an average age of 71 years. Initial features were
      solitary or multiple violaceous vascular nodules or plaques. The clinical course
      was complicated by ulceration, secondary infection, bleeding, anemia,
      infiltration into the underlying bones, tumor cachexia, and death. Metastases
      were not observed. Histologically, seemingly benign hemangiomatous capillary-like
      structures were found in some areas of the tumors, with richly cellular, solid
      sarcomatous proliferations in other areas. Early and extensive surgical excision
      is the therapy of choice, but generally it does not alter the relentless course
      of the disease. Neither palliative radiation therapy nor polychemotherapy is
      capable of interfering with tumor progression.

PMID- 1816128
TI  - Tissue level lymphocyte subpopulations in donovanosis.
AB  - Total T-, B-, T4-, and T8-lymphocyte populations were estimated in tissue
      sections of ulcers from 22 donovanosis patients, comprising 17
      ulcerogranulomatous, four hypertrophic, and one sclerotic variants, using
      monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemical technique (PAP). T- and B
      lymphocytic infiltrations in the tissues were almost identical, without any
      significant difference in ulcerogranulomatous and hypertrophic variants. The
      T4:T8 ratio in ulcerogranulomatous variants, however, was 1.41, which was
      significantly higher than that of hypertrophic variants (1.28), indicating a
      greater cell-mediated immune response in the former than in the latter. This is
      substantiated by the documentation of a paucity of Donovan bodies, both in the
      tissue smear and slow (overnight) Giemsa-stained tissue sections, in the
      ulcerogranulomatous variant.

PMID- 1816129
TI  - Specificity of human keratinocyte X HeLa cell hybrid murine monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - The immunofluorescent staining patterns of three differentiation-specific
      monoclonals (HLK3, HLK7, HLK20) that display different immunofluorescent (IF)
      reactivity in normal and psoriatic epidermis, were examined in basal cell
      carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), as well as other human normal
      epithelial and nonepithelial tissues. Similar staining patterns within epidermis
      were seen with HLK3 (intercellular) and HLK7 (perinuclear) in psoriasis, SCC, and
      BCC. HLK20 selectively stained BCC and SCC within epidermis and dermis, and was
      negative in psoriasis. The monoclonals did not react with nonepithelial tissues,
      but repetitively displayed positive, granular reactivity with simple epithelia
      and transitional epithelium. Stratified squamous epithelia showed IF staining
      similar to normal epidermis for all three monoclonals. These new monoclonal
      antibodies offer new investigative tools to study abnormalities in keratinocyte
      differentiation in benign and malignant hyperplastic skin diseases.

PMID- 1816131
TI  - Palmoplantar keratoderma in a noncutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 1816130
TI  - Mycosis fungoides with oral involvement.
AB  - Oral mucous membrane involvement occurs uncommonly in mycosis fungoides and
      reports of it are scarce. We present two patients with severe involvement of the
      oral mucous membranes.

PMID- 1816132
TI  - Morphea profunda.

PMID- 1816133
TI  - Lentigo maligna. A unique case with pronounced nesting of atypical melanocytes
      seen at histologic examination.

PMID- 1816134
TI  - Imported tungiasis.

PMID- 1816135
TI  - Elevated plasma histamine in chronic uremia. Effects of ketotifen on pruritus.
AB  - A role for histamine in the pathogenesis of uremic pruritus was investigated in
      maintenance hemodialysis patients. Venous plasma histamine levels, as determined
      by radioenzymatic assay, were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in
      hemodialysis patients with pruritus (368 +/- 103 pg/ml [mean +/- SEM], n = 6)
      than in those without pruritus (146 +/- 22 pg/ml, n = 5) and in normal controls
      (142 +/- 16, n = 5). Arteriovenous fistula histamine levels (202 +/- 52 pg/ml, n
      = 6) were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than simultaneously drawn venous
      samples. Markedly elevated histamine-degrading enzyme (histaminase) activities
      were found in both hemodialysis patients with (2.95 +/- 0.18 pg histamine
      degraded/minute) and without (2.44 +/- 0.28) pruritus, but was undetectable in
      normal controls. Histaminase activities did not significantly differ in
      simultaneously drawn venous and fistula samples. With hemodialysis, histaminase
      activities fell significantly (p less than 0.01), whereas plasma histamine did
      not change. We further examined the effects of ketotifen, a putative mast cell
      stabilizer, on severe uremic pruritus. Five of five patients had significant (p
      less than 0.01) reductions in pruritus, as judged on a six-point pruritus index,
      after 8 weeks of drug (x = 2.3), as compared to conventional therapy (x = 5.9).
      Despite these improvements, no significant differences were noted in pre- versus
      post-drug plasma histamine levels, histaminase activities, or the histamine
      content per gram of skin biopsy specimen. These data support prior hypotheses
      that mast cell activation contributes to the pruritus of uremia.

PMID- 1816136
TI  - The role of cyclosporine A in the treatment of pemphigus erythematosus.
AB  - Steroids are effective in the autoimmune bullous disease pemphigus; however,
      treatment may be difficult to sustain because of severe side effects.
      Cyclosporine A acts mainly on helper/inducer T lymphocytes and has few side
      effects at low doses. We report three patients with pemphigus erythematosus who
      had a relapse while receiving the maintenance dose of steroid therapy. All
      patients who were treated with both cyclosporine A (5 mg/kg/d) and prednisone (1
      mg/kg/d) responded remarkably well to combined therapy. After clearing,
      prednisone was discontinued and cyclosporine A was reduced to 2 to 3 mg/kg/d.
      With this treatment, all patients have been virtually free of symptoms, have
      remained well, and have had normal laboratory values.

PMID- 1816138
TI  - Mucha-Habermann disease resolves after tonsillectomy.

PMID- 1816137
TI  - The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream.
AB  - The efficacy of 20% azelaic acid cream and 4% hydroquinone cream, both used in
      conjunction with a broad-spectrum sunscreen, against melasma was investigated in
      a 24-week, double-blind study with 329 women. Over the treatment period the
      azelaic acid cream yielded 65% good or excellent results; no significant
      treatment differences were observed with regard to overall rating, reduction in
      lesion size, and pigmentary intensity. Severe side effects such as allergic
      sensitization or exogenous ochronosis were not observed with azelaic acid.

PMID- 1816139
TI  - Mask dermatitis.

PMID- 1816140
TI  - Oral habits and atypical deglutition in certain Sao Paulo children.

PMID- 1816141
TI  - Assessment of orofacial behaviors utilizing self-report.

PMID- 1816143
TI  - Can you just say no?

PMID- 1816142
TI  - The breath of life.

PMID- 1816145
TI  - Food in the therapy program.

PMID- 1816144
TI  - Communication the easy way.

PMID- 1816146
TI  - Sequencing therapy.

PMID- 1816147
TI  - Tongue and lip resting postures.

PMID- 1816148
TI  - A collaborative research study to investigate the relationship between size of
      interlabial gap and long term dental status in an anterior open bite population.

PMID- 1816149
TI  - The relationship of posture and dental health.

PMID- 1816150
TI  - Replantation and revascularization of large segments of the hand and forearm.
AB  - From November 1985 to July 1989, the authors performed replantation or
      revascularization surgery on 18 patients in whom a large segment of the upper
      limb between the elbow and the palm of the hand had been either completely
      severed (9 cases) or incompletely severed with ischemia (9 cases). The operation
      was successful in 16 cases, and the authors were able to clinically review 14
      patients (average follow-up, 23 months). The results were analyzed using a
      protocol based on the following parameters: range of motion, sensation, muscle
      strength, cold intolerance, pain, return to work, cosmesis, and the patient's
      level of satisfaction. The final outcome was rated excellent in 2 cases, good in
      6 cases, fair in 3 cases, and poor in 3 cases. The authors point out that
      recovery of sensory and motor function in replantation of large portions of the
      hand and forearm is often difficult. Nevertheless, the good cosmetic result, the
      lack of pain, and the high probability of returning to work made the patients
      quite satisfied with this kind of reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 1816152
TI  - Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. II. Surgical treatment.
AB  - The authors analyze the results of operative treatment in 32 cases of
      degenerative spondylolisthesis with various degrees of compression of the nervous
      structures. Five types of surgery were performed: unilateral laminotomy;
      bilateral laminotomy with or without transverse process fusion; bilateral
      laminectomy with or without spinal fusion; and laminectomy, spinal fusion, and
      interspinous wiring. Satisfactory results were achieved in 84% of the cases.
      Seventy-six percent of the patients had further vertebral displacement, and 81%
      showed varying degrees of articular process regeneration more than two years
      after surgery; these findings concern both patients who had been treated with
      spinal fusion and those who had not. Bilateral laminotomy is indicated in
      patients with isolated nerve root canal stenosis; as the olisthesis is mild and
      lateral flexion-extension radiographs show no vertebral hypermobility, spinal
      fusion is not necessary. When central spinal canal stenosis is present, bilateral
      laminectomy, extensive lateral decompression, and spinal fusion are recommended.
      Interspinous wiring may be useful for immediate vertebral stabilization.

PMID- 1816151
TI  - Non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma: results in 98 patients treated with neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy.
AB  - From June 1983 to December 1987, 98 patients with non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma
      of bone were treated by a protocol of neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of two
      months of preoperative chemotherapy with vincristine, adriamycin, and
      cyclophosphamide followed by local treatment and one year of chemotherapy aimed
      at preventing recurrence using the same drugs plus dactinomycin. Local treatment
      consisted of surgery in 39 cases (40%), radiation in 34 (34%), and both surgery
      and radiation in 25 (26%). After an average follow-up of five years, 51 patients
      (52%) had remained continuously disease-free (CDF), 46 had developed metastasis,
      of which 20 with local recurrence, and one had developed a radioinduced sarcoma.
      The site of the tumor (61% of patients with Ewing's sarcoma of the extremities
      were CDF vs. 35% with tumor of the pelvis) and the kind of local treatment (61%
      of patients who underwent surgery with or without radiation therapy were CDF vs.
      35% of patients treated with radiation therapy alone) were important prognostic
      factors. These results are similar to those obtained in 59 patients treated from
      1979 to 1982 (average follow-up, 10 years) using the same drugs administered
      according to adjuvant chemotherapy procedure as well as those reported in the
      only other large study on this subject in the literature (the multi-institution
      German study CESS-81). The authors conclude that even though neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy makes surgery possible and easier in Ewing's sarcoma, it does not
      significantly increase survival when compared to traditional adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 1816153
TI  - Reconstruction of the chronically lax anterior cruciate ligament using the middle
      third of the patellar tendon. A 3-9 year follow-up.
AB  - After an average of 5 years, the authors reviewed 76 cases of anterior cruciate
      ligament reconstruction in which the middle third of the patellar tendon had been
      used as a free autogenous graft. A lateral Lemaire operation had been used in 85%
      of the cases and postoperative cast immobilization in 72%. Functional knee
      instability was eliminated in 96% of the patients. Pain was present at the follow
      up in 14.5% of the patients and correlated with both meniscectomy (p = 0.03) and
      the presence of degenerative changes on the radiographs (p = 0.002). The pivot
      shift was eliminated in 93% of the cases and the maximum manual test performed
      with the KT-1000 arthrometer was less than or equal to 5 mm in 83%. Lateral
      compartment laxity which was not corrected at operation was frequently associated
      with graft failure (p = 0.01). Seven patients had difficulty in rehabilitation,
      and in 6 of these the final result was unsatisfactory. Pain and swelling in the
      femoropatellar joint were present in 8% of the cases. Slight and moderate
      degenerative changes were shown on the radiographs in 48% and 10% of the
      patients, respectively, at follow-up; these findings correlated with meniscectomy
      (p less than 0.001) and rehabilitation problems (p = 0.03). This procedure
      achieved lasting, satisfactory results in 70% of the cases. Additional advances
      include greater care in positioning the graft, use of arthroscopy, and early
      mobilization. Further studies are needed to verify the advantages of these new
      techniques.

PMID- 1816154
TI  - Surgical treatment of traumatic spinal injuries with cord damage. Clinical review
      of 12 years of experience with the Roy-Camille technique.
AB  - The authors critically review 135 cases of traumatic injuries of the spine with
      cord damage (75 cervical, 60 thoracolumbar) treated by posterior osteosynthesis
      using the Roy-Camille technique at the authors' institution from 1978 to 1989.
      The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 12 years. In addition to fracture and/or
      dislocation, most patients had severe spinal cord injury resulting in either
      complete or incomplete paraplegia or quadriplegia. The authors describe the
      surgical indications, the advantages, and the long-term results of this
      technique.

PMID- 1816155
TI  - Operative treatment of cervicobrachialgia and vertigo due to uncovertebral joint
      arthritis.
AB  - In the field of cervical spondylosis, cervicobrachialgia caused by uncovertebral
      joint arthritis has been well defined and classified, as it is seen quite
      commonly in clinical practice. Non-operative treatment relieves the symptoms in
      most cases. Operative treatment is used when the neurovascular structures are
      involved and the patient does not respond to conservative treatment. The authors
      present the surgical technique they employed on 38 patients with neck and arm
      pain due to uncovertebral joint arthritis, and they report the long-term results.

PMID- 1816156
TI  - The herniated lumbar intervertebral disc in children and adolescents. Long-term
      follow-up of 101 cases treated by surgery.
AB  - The authors review 101 cases of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc in children
      and adolescents treated by surgery. The most significant etiologic and
      pathogenetic factors in this series were early onset of disc degeneration,
      congenital lumbosacral malformations, and repeated trauma. The main clinical
      symptom was pain, usually sciatica, while neurological symptoms were less common
      than they are in adults. In all patients diagnosed correctly with the aid of
      appropriate imaging studies (myelography, CT scan, MRI), discectomy by means of
      conservative hemilaminectomy achieved satisfactory results, except in two cases
      of concomitant spinal instability due to spondylolysis and in one case of
      recurrence.

PMID- 1816157
TI  - Results of arthroscopic treatment of degenerative meniscal tears (meniscosis).
AB  - The aim of this paper is to propose a new classification of degenerative meniscal
      tears and assess the validity of arthroscopic treatment. The study is based on 37
      of the 47 patients treated, and the average follow-up was 2 years and 2 months.
      The cases were evaluated using previously adopted systems (HSS, Tapper and
      Hoover) as well as a new method proposed by the authors. The results were
      satisfactory (excellent and good) in 68% of the patients who did not have
      moderate to severe osteoarthritic changes, while patients with these changes had
      a 66% rate of unsatisfactory (fair or poor) results.

PMID- 1816158
TI  - Clinical, histological, and chemical characterization of ectopic calcification in
      dialyzed and non-dialyzed patients.
AB  - In a review of 11 cases of ectopic calcification (5 of which in dialyzed patients
      and one in a paraplegic), the authors attempt to characterize this disorder in
      all its various forms using histological, clinical, and chemical methods. In
      dialyzed patients, two contributing factors were identified: hyperphosphatemia
      (plus hypercalcemia) and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In hyperphosphatemic
      patients the calcifications are multiple, paraarticular, labile, and have a fluid
      viscous consistency. In secondary hyperparathyroidism, in addition to the above
      metastatic calcification there is dystrophic calcification typically localized in
      the anterior muscles of the hip and thigh. The ectopic calcification of the non
      dialyzed patients is true ossification. The precise moment of the onset of the
      lesion is not always discernable, but its evolution points to primary or
      secondary local irritation as the trigger. Ossification is the predominant
      phenomenon in the paraplegic as well, while the triggering mechanism is still
      unknown.

PMID- 1816160
TI  - Ultrasound screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. Results and
      correlations between clinical and ultrasound findings.
AB  - The author reports the findings of clinical and ultrasound screening for
      congenital dislocation of the hip in 1000 consecutively examined newborns. This
      study found that medical history and clinical signs do not always guarantee
      diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation. The disease can in fact be present even
      in the absence of clinical signs, including the Ortolani click sign. Ultrasound
      is a safe and reliable diagnostic tool which should be used together with
      clinical examination in the screening of newborns for congenital dislocation of
      the hip.

PMID- 1816159
TI  - High-pressure hemarthrosis: possible consequences to the vascularization of the
      femoral head.
AB  - The authors both detected hemarthrosis and calculated intraarticular pressure and
      blood supply to the femoral head using diagnostic tests (ultrasound,
      arthrography, manometric measurements, and bone scan tomography) in 18 patients
      with femoral neck fracture. The data obtained, in agreement with other reports in
      the literature, show a relationship between the condition of the joint capsule,
      the level of intraarticular pressure, and the arterial blood supply to the
      femoral head in cases of undisplaced or slightly displaced femoral neck fracture.
      The potential clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 1816161
TI  - The epidemiology of fractures of the proximal end of the femur. Change in the
      incidence among the population at risk in the city of Perugia, Italy between the
      periods 1975-77 and 1986-88.
AB  - The current interest in the epidemiology of fractures of the proximal end of the
      femur stems from a constant rise in their incidence in Western countries over the
      past several decades. Many authors believe the explanation could be an increased
      specific risk factor as well as an aging population. In the city of Perugia,
      Italy between 1975-77 and 1986-88 the incidence of these fractures increased by
      108%, although the number of residents over 60 years of age increased by only
      25%. An especially remarkable increase was seen in women over 70 and in
      intertrocherantic fractures. This information together with the National
      Institute of Statistics' (ISTAT) demographic forecasts regarding the aging
      Italian population lead to alarming epidemiologic projections for the next
      several decades. We propose two possible explanations for this increased risk
      factor: an increase in the frequency of falls suffered by elderly people and a
      deterioration in the quality of their bone.

PMID- 1816162
TI  - Post-traumatic hematoma of the iliopsoas muscle with femoral nerve entrapment:
      description of a rare occurrence in a professional cyclist.
AB  - The authors describe a case of iliopsoas muscle injury complicated by nerve
      entrapment, a rare occurrence both in the literature and in clinical experience.
      The diagnostic procedure excluded the many differential diagnoses possible. The
      authors prescribed conservative treatment which achieved nearly full recovery of
      the athlete approximately 6 months after injury.

PMID- 1816163
TI  - A rare injury to the upper limb: elbow dislocation combined with Galeazzi
      fracture-dislocation.
AB  - The authors describe a rare instance of elbow dislocation associated with
      Galeazzi fracture-dislocation in a 16 year-old patient injured in a motor vehicle
      accident. They analyze the modalities of the trauma, the type of treatment
      employed, and the result after 2 years.

PMID- 1816164
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on the formation of micronuclei in the
      bone marrow of mice exposed to gamma radiation.
AB  - The frequency of micronuclei was determined in the bone marrow of female BALB/c
      mice treated with various doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) before
      exposure to 4.0 Gy of gamma radiation at 24 h post-exposure. In animals treated
      with CPZ alone, the frequency of micronuclei increased with the increase in drug
      dose. A similar pattern was observed when the mice were exposed to 4.0 Gy
      radiation after CPZ treatment. The dose response curves thus obtained for the CPZ
      treated and CPZ + irradiated groups were linear quadratic.

PMID- 1816165
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in Norwegian reindeer calves exposed to fallout from the
      Chernobyl accident.
AB  - Chromosome aberrations were analysed in 1222 peripheral blood lymphocytes from 24
      reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L., calves from central Norway, where considerable
      fallout from Chernobyl accident had occurred, and in 1532 lymphocytes from 26
      calves from three different districts in Northern Norway which were not affected
      by fallout from the accident. Three dicentrics, two rings, and three
      translocations were detected in calves from the exposed area, while no
      dicentrics, nor rings and only one translocation were detected in the control
      calves. The frequency of chromatid-type aberrations and chromosome deletions did
      not significantly differ between the two groups. Although the present study is
      based on a limited number of observations, the radioactive burden in the exposed
      reindeer, and the differing character of the chromosome aberrations in the two
      groups, might indicate that certain genetic effects have occurred as a result of
      the Chernobyl accident in Norwegian reindeer in the most contaminated areas.

PMID- 1816166
TI  - Ag-NOR staining and satellite association in lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) activity and the frequency of satellite
      associations (SA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with two chronic
      lymphoproliferative disorders were studied: 10 cases with B-cell chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and 10 with mycosis fungoides (MF). Thirteen healthy
      individuals formed the MF control group, and the oldest 7 constituted the B-CLL
      control group. The mean of Ag-NORs per metaphase was increased in B-CLL patients
      (8.80 +/- 0.63) compared with their controls (7.99 +/- 0.90) (P less than 0.025),
      meanwhile MF patients' value did not differ from their controls. In both
      disorders, the frequency of Ag-NORs in the G chromosomes was increased. The
      analysis of SA in B-CLL patients only revealed an increase in the frequency of
      cells with more than 4 ASPs (association pairs). Meanwhile, a significant higher
      mean of ASPs per cell in MF patients (1.74 +/- 0.41) compared to controls (1.40
      +/- 0.24) (P less than 0.05) was observed. Furthermore, a close correlation
      between cells with complexes of 3 or more chromosomes and the mean of ASPs per
      cell was also found in MF. In conclusion, an increase of the Ag-NORs expression
      in B-CLL patients and a modification in the degree of SA in MF patients were
      found.

PMID- 1816167
TI  - Mutagen specificity for 71 lines resistant to barley powdery mildew race D1 and
      isolated in four highbred barley varieties.
AB  - A search for practically valuable mutant genes conferring resistance to barley
      powdery mildew applied a screening system where four commercial varieties of
      barley without known genes for resistance were tested to the successful mildew
      race D1. Ionizing radiations and chemicals were used as mutagens. Among the 71
      resistant lines isolated, 28 were recessive and belonging to locus ml-o, and 43
      were dominant. In tests to a panel of 30 different races of barley powdery
      mildew, 27 among the dominant lines showed resistance spectra similar or
      identical to those characterizing 7 previously known genes. The remaining 16
      lines formed 12 groups displaying new spectra of resistance to the panel of
      mildew races. Taking the frequency of recessive mutations in locus ml-o as a
      standard, ionizing radiations were significantly more efficient mutagens for
      producing dominant resistance to mildew. In spite of some possible sources of
      contaminant dominant resistance genes, the evidence points at a vast majority of
      the isolated lines representing genuine dominant mutations. Being produced in a
      single mutational step, such dominant genes for resistance offer evidence of
      having a regulatory function, regulating aspects of the host metabolism of
      importance for or interfering with the pathogen development.

PMID- 1816168
TI  - Dominant resistance to barley powdery mildew race D1, isolated after mutagen
      treatments in four highbred barley varieties.
AB  - After treatments with ionizing radiations and chemicals in the commercial barley
      varieties 'Bonus', 'Mari', 'Pallas', and 'Kristina', 43 lines with dominant
      resistance to the mildew race D1 were isolated, 34 in infection tests on M3
      seedlings from M2 spikes, and 9 as resistant M2 seedlings from M1 spikes.
      Genetical analyses of these dominant resistant lines included crosses to
      susceptible material, crosses to the ml-o variety 'Refoma', crosses among the
      lines, crosses to sources of known dominant resistance genes, and tests to a
      panel of 30 different races of barley powdery mildew. In the panel tests, 27
      among the lines showed resistance spectra similar or identical to Ml-a7, Ml-a9,
      Ml-a12, Ml-a13, Ml-a3 + Tu2 in Sv 57/510-44, Ml-g, and Ml-(La), whereas the
      remaining 16 lines formed 12 groups showing new spectra of resistance. The
      genetical analyses of F2 and F3 data from crosses indicate that the majority of
      the 43 lines are due to a restricted chromosomal segment in or close to the Ml-a
      region. There is ample evidence that the vast majority of the isolated dominant
      lines represent genuine mutations. Mutation breeding is suggested to offer a
      convenient way to introduce into the genome a tightly linked new dominant
      resistance gene, and so to create complex building-stones for further use in
      conventional combination breeding.

PMID- 1816169
TI  - Isolation and cultivation of embryogenic microspores from barley (Hordeum vulgare
      L.).
AB  - Two different techniques for mechanical isolation of microspores from the barley
      cultivar 'Igri' have been evaluated. The anthers were subjected to mannitol
      pretreatment prior to microspore isolation, which was performed either by
      maceration with a pestle or by blending of the excised anthers. The microspores
      were purified by centrifugation and washing and cultured in liquid medium on a
      membrane support. In the following four weeks the microspores developed into
      embryoids, which were subsequently regenerated to plants on solid medium.
      Microblending of the anthers was found to be more reproducible than pestle
      maceration, and the yield of large microspores was 100% higher using this method.
      With the microblending technique a mean of 9.4 green plants and 0.4 albino plants
      were regenerated per plated anther while a mean of only 2.8 green and 0.17 albino
      plants per anther were regenerated from microspores isolated after pestle
      maceration of the anthers. Microspores isolated from mass cultures were also
      cultured as single cells in microdroplets, and it was shown that microspores
      isolated from 3-5 days old mass cultures could develop into plants although at a
      low frequency (0.3%). Finally, the potential of using microinjection for
      transforming embryogenic microspores has been evaluated.

PMID- 1816170
TI  - The biochemical systematics of red and sika deer (genus Cervus) in Ireland.
AB  - Twenty enzyme loci were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis in managed
      populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (C. nippon) from Ireland.
      The red deer, which originated from several European countries, were polymorphic
      (%P) at 25% of the loci examined and exhibited a mean heterozygosity (H) of
      0.025. The sika, originally from Japan, were introduced to Ireland in very
      limited numbers. Here, %P was 5% and H was 0.006. Mean genetic distance (D)
      between these taxa was 0.160. Because Scottish red deer, the source of much of
      the Irish herd, had previously been investigated for 16 of the same enzyme loci,
      it was possible to merge the present data with results from that earlier study,
      which also included North American wapiti (C. elaphus canadensis). The resulting
      phenogram based on genetic distance demonstrates that sika are twice as distantly
      related to red deer and wapiti, than the latter are to each other and suggests
      that sika-like forms are ancestral. Also, the demonstration of absolute mobility
      differences in the products of two enzyme loci in red deer and sika has many
      practical applications.

PMID- 1816171
TI  - Mammalian sex chromosomes. IV. Replication heterogeneity in the late replicating
      facultative- and constitutive-heterochromatic regions in the X chromosomes of the
      mole rats, Bandicota bengalensis and Nesokia indica.
AB  - The karyotypes of Nesokia indica and Bandicota bengalensis are identical except
      for their sex chromosomes, which are much larger in Nesokia due to additional
      constitutive heterochromatin (C.H.). Replication patterns of their sex
      chromosomes were studied employing 3H-Tdr autoradiography and BrdUrd-FPG staining
      techniques. Though the "conservative" part of both early- and late-replicating X
      chromosomes revealed identical replication patterns in most cells, deviant
      patterns of only the late replicating X chromosome were encountered in
      approximately 10% cells. Surprisingly, these late-X variants were similar in the
      two species. The sex chromosome-associated C.H. segments replicated late in S
      phase and, in females, the homologous heterochromatin replicated asynchronously-
      the later replicating one was predominantly associated with the late X. These
      results suggest structural and functional conservation of the X chromosomes as
      well as the possible influence of facultative heterochromatin (F.H.) on the
      replication of associated C.H. in these two species.

PMID- 1816172
TI  - Unusual Drosophila virilis stress-puff at 20CD: cytological localization of a
      heat sensitive locus and some peculiarities of the heat shock response.
AB  - Using a series of chromosome aberrations a heat shock (hs) inducible site of the
      Drosophila virilis heat shock puff 20CD has been cytologically localized in the
      distal 20C subdivision: the hs puff was not observable in chromosome 2 carrying
      the Df(2)ebTG-52 deficiency; the bands in the proximal 20D subdivision could not
      autonomously be activated by hs in aberrant chromosomes that have this deficiency
      or the In(2)ebPC-19 inversion. An electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the
      successive stages of puff development in the 20CD and 20F regions shows that the
      20CD puff is intially formed from the right part of the 20C6-7 band. In the
      maximally developed puff, the neighboring bands of the 20C and 20D regions are
      only partially decondensed; they are seen as discrete compact chromatin clumps.
      Specific differences in the ultrastructural organization and in response to hs
      have been found between the D. virilis "unusual" 20CD and typical 20F hs puffs.

PMID- 1816173
TI  - A karyotype study of vendace, Coregonus albula (Pisces, Coregoninae).

PMID- 1816174
TI  - An improved technique for chromosome preparations from human lymphocytes.

PMID- 1816175
TI  - Case report. Class II dental and skeletal malocclusion.

PMID- 1816176
TI  - Cranial strain pattern analysis: a new cephalometric system for the PA head-film.

PMID- 1816177
TI  - Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus.
AB  - Examination of 12 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus revealed that the
      strains expressed different constitutive levels of beta-lactamase. Mutants
      resistant to cefoxitin, cefoperazone or ceftazidime were selected from a strain
      producing a low level of beta-lactamase. All the mutants showed no change in
      expression of beta-lactamase, but produced penicillin-binding proteins with
      altered expression and/or affinity for beta-lactams. In addition, the outer
      membrane of the mutants showed decreased permeability (40-80% that of the parent
      strain) towards small hydrophilic solutes, together with diminished production of
      a 46.5 kDa porin protein. It was concluded that the enhanced resistance to beta
      lactams in the A. calcoaceticus mutants was the result of interplay between the
      altered penicillin binding proteins and the reduced outer membrane permeability.

PMID- 1816178
TI  - Reduction of capsular polysaccharide and potentiation of aminoglycoside
      inhibition in gram-negative bacteria by bismuth subsalicylate.
AB  - Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), sodium salicylate, and bismuth nitrate were compared
      with respect to their effects on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) production,
      bacterial growth inhibition, and potentiation of aminoglycoside inhibition on
      strains of Gram-negative bacteria. At 250 microM, BSS reduced CPS production in
      Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures by greater than 90% in contrast to a 36% reduction
      by salicylate. At 500 microM, salicylate reduced CPS by 52%, versus a 70%
      reduction by bismuth nitrate. Substantial reduction of CPS production by BSS
      occurred before bacterial growth inhibition was observed. However, BSS at 250
      microM decreased cell viability by 21%, and at 1 mM by 50%. Bismuth nitrate was
      equally inhibitory to cell growth. Salicylate at 1 mM did not affect bacterial
      cell counts. The susceptibility of selected Gram-negative bacteria to
      aminoglycoside antibiotics was studied in the presence of BSS or salicylate.
      Generally, salicylate at 2.5 mM reduced the concentration of aminoglycoside
      required to inhibit culture growth for 24 h (IC24) by two-fold. In contrast, 700
      microM BSS reduced the IC24 for amikacin four-fold for a resistant K. pneumoniae
      strain. At 500 microM, BSS reduced the IC24 of gentamicin seven-fold for
      Salmonella typhimurium. Inhibitory concentrations of amikacin or tobramycin for
      Enterobacter cloacae or Serratia marcescens were also reduced seven-fold with 500
      microM BSS. Bismuth nitrate reduced the IC24 of tobramycin by four-fold for E.
      cloacae. Thus, the profound effects of BSS on CPS production and aminoglycoside
      potentiation were due to the additive effects of bismuth and salicylate ions,
      whilst its effects on growth inhibition were due to the bismuth ion.

PMID- 1816179
TI  - Mechanism of aminoglycoside enhancement of Staphylococcus aureus adherence to
      HeLa cells.
AB  - There is enhanced adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to HeLa cells if the
      organism is grown in the presence of sub-lethal concentration of aminoglycosides.
      In this study, we investigated the mechanism of this enhancement. Cell surface
      components obtained by lysosaphin digestion under hypertonic conditions were
      examined for binding to HeLa cells. The components considered responsible for the
      adherence were recovered more from aminoglycoside treated cells than from
      control, benzylpenicillin or chloramphenicol treated cells. Using a contact angle
      measurement, the bacterial cell surface was found to be more hydrophobic after
      growing in the presence of some aminoglycosides, and hydrophilic which decreased
      adherence, after growing in the presence of benzylpenicillin and ofloxacin.
      Spectinomycin and kasugamycin, which are both aminoglycosides which do not cause
      misreading, failed to enhance adherence suggesting that misreading caused by
      aminoglycosides plays an important role in the enhancement of adherence.

PMID- 1816180
TI  - Effect of metronidazole on surface properties of Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole on the general
      morphology, ultrastructure and charge and hydrophobicity of Bacteroides fragilis
      were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and
      measurements of zeta-potentials and contact angles. Metronidazole treatment
      induced morphological alterations in B. fragilis. Cells became filamentous and
      showed a significant loss of cytoplasm. The surface anionogenicity and
      hydrophobicity of B. fragilis were enhanced by the drug treatment. Metronidazole,
      by modifying B. fragilis surface properties, could alter, indirectly,
      interactions with host cells.

PMID- 1816182
TI  - Susceptibilities of anaerobic gram-negative bacilli to thirteen antimicrobials
      and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
AB  - Thirteen antimicrobial agents and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations were
      tested simultaneously for their in-vitro activity against a range of anaerobic
      Gram-negative bacilli with a standard reference agar dilution method. Overall,
      metronidazole, imipenem, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and
      cefoperazone/sulbactam, followed by clindamycin, cefoxitin, and piperacillin, had
      the greatest activity. Cefotetan, ceftizoxime, and cefoperazone were moderately
      active, while ampicillin and penicillin were least active. Metronidazole was the
      only drug active against all strains, but only one strain was resistant to
      imipenem. Resistance was highest among certain members of the Bacteroides
      fragilis group, but was observed also among numerous other Bacteroides species.
      beta-Lactamase was produced by 94% of strains in the B. fragilis group, and by
      64% of strains overall. The activities of clindamycin and cefoxitin were compared
      with those in previous surveys since 1982 at our institution. No clear evidence
      of increasing resistance was demonstrated, but the data emphasized the
      significant effects resulting from variations in susceptibility testing.

PMID- 1816181
TI  - Effect of media composition on the susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia to
      beta-lactam antibiotics.
AB  - The susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia strains to beta-lactams was shown
      to depend on the concentrations at which individual media were prepared. MIC and
      disc susceptibility tests were performed on solidified Mueller-Hinton and Iso
      Sensitest media prepared at 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 x the concentrations recommended
      by the manufacturers. Nine of ten X. maltophilia strains tested showed increasing
      sensitivity to meropenem, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, piperacillin and latamoxef as
      the nutrient concentrations of the two media were increased. The opposite pattern
      was found with one strain (NCTC 10257) on Mueller-Hinton agar. This strain
      behaved inconsistently on Iso-Sensitest agar. Previous studies have shown that
      medium-dependent susceptibility in X. maltophilia is not related to beta
      lactamase expression. The present study demonstrated that 22 and 25 kDa outer
      membrane proteins were induced on media with higher nutrient concentrations. The
      possible relationship of these proteins to sensitivity is considered.

PMID- 1816183
TI  - The resistance patterns and serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated
      from children.
AB  - Among 916 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from children in a Warsaw
      hospital during the period 1985-1988 the most frequently encountered serotypes
      were O6, O11, O12, and O16. The majority of isolates resistant to aminoglycosides
      were characterized by simultaneous resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin and
      belonged to serotype O11. Among isolates resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics the
      most frequently encountered serotype was O6, followed by serotype O3 and O11.
      Most strains of serotype O12 were resistant to aminoglycosides and beta-lactam
      antibiotics as has been reported from other countries.

PMID- 1816184
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase production of Hong Kong
      isolates of gastroenteric salmonellae and Salmonella typhi.
AB  - We examined the in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 760 gastroenteric
      salmonellae and 36 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Hong Kong between 1985
      and 1988. S. typhi remained susceptible to all the antibiotics tested except for
      one isolate resistant to chloramphenicol, another to kanamycin and co
      trimoxazole, and a third to nalidixic acid. In contrast, resistance and multiple
      resistance has increased significantly in gastroenteric salmonellae over the last
      ten years. Seventeen percent were resistant to ampicillin, 61% to tetracycline,
      23% to chloramphenicol and 8% to gentamicin. Many ampicillin-resistant strains
      remained resistant to ampicillin even in the presence of sulbactam (69%) or
      clavulanic acid (25%). More than 50% of isolates were resistant to two or more
      antibiotics and one isolate was resistant to eleven. Ampicillin-resistance was
      usually due to the production of TEM-1 or OXA-1 beta-lactamases but a few
      isolates produced AER-1, PSE-1 or PSE-2. Genetic determinants for these enzymes
      were usually borne on plasmids ranging in size from 2 to 143.7 Md but half of the
      OXA-1 genes were chromosomally located.

PMID- 1816185
TI  - Electrophoretic mobility of cefodizime-treated Staphylococcus aureus and
      chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - The electrophoretic mobility of Staphylococcus aureus 209P treated with
      cefodizime or cefotiam was examined by microscopic electrophoresis, and the
      production of oxygen-derived radicals by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN)
      was measured by a luminol-chemiluminescence assay. S. aureus cells moved from the
      negative to the positive electrode. Treatment with more than 0.039 mg/L (1/256
      MIC) cefodizime or 0.313 mg/L (1/4 MIC) cefotiam significantly reduced the mean
      mobility compared with the untreated bacterial cells. The decrease of the
      electrophoretic mobility of antibiotic treated bacteria indicated the decrease of
      the negative charge of the cell surface. Chemiluminescence of PMN when stimulated
      by S. aureus treated with more than 0.156 mg/L cefodizime (1/64 MIC) or 1.25 mg/L
      cefotiam (MIC) increased significantly compared with the untreated cells. These
      results suggested that the antibiotics caused a decrease of negative charge
      density on the cell surface of S. aureus, followed by an increase of phagocytic
      activity of PMN for S. aureus. Furthermore, cefodizime showed this effect even at
      the low drug-concentration which did not influence the growth of the bacteria
      cells.

PMID- 1816186
TI  - Activity of aminoglycosides against phagocytosed bacteria.
AB  - The intracellular activity of streptomycin, gentamicin, and netilmicin on
      Escherichia coli phagocytosed by murine peritoneal macrophages was studied using
      a sensitive and standardized method. Intracellular activity of streptomycin and
      gentamicin at therapeutic concentrations was seen after 1 h of incubation of
      antibiotics with macrophages containing phagocytosed bacteria, whilst for
      netilmicin a significant intracellular activity was observed only after 3 h
      exposure. The activity of these antibiotics against intraphagocytic bacteria was
      significantly lower than that observed against extracellular bacteria. Sub
      inhibitory concentrations of streptomycin were active against intracellular E.
      coli. Streptomycin was also active for a phagocytosed streptomycin-resistant
      strain of E. coli, but this activity was eliminated when the O2-dependent killing
      mechanisms of macrophages were inhibited by sodium fluoride. The data demonstrate
      that aminoglycosides may exert a dose-dependent intraphagocytic activity against
      E. coli that correlates with the time of incubation of the antibiotics with
      infected macrophages. Streptomycin appears to be the most effective agent
      followed by gentamicin and the least active was netilmicin. In the case of
      streptomycin, the intraphagocytic activity seems to be due, at least in part, to
      the stimulation of O2-dependent cellular microbactericidal mechanisms.

PMID- 1816187
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of meropenem in serum and suction blister fluid during
      continuous and intermittent infusion.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and penetration into suction blister fluid of meropenem was
      investigated after intermittent (10 mg/kg/6 h) and during continuous infusion (10
      mg/kg/6 h) in eight healthy male volunteers in a crossover fashion.
      Concentrations in serum, urine and blister fluid were determined by a HPLC
      method. The pharmacokinetic parameters in serum (+/- S.D.) T1/2 beta, AUC and
      clearance after the third dose of intermittent infusion were 62.7 (11.4) min,
      43.5 (7.1) mg.h/L and 292.1 (36.8) mL/min respectively. The penetration in
      blister fluid was rapid and good, with a AUC ratio blister fluid/serum of 84.7
      (11.4)%. During continuous infusion, from 12 to 18 h after the start of the
      infusion, the mean concentration in serum was 6.3 (0.7, S.D.) mg/L and in blister
      fluid 5.4 (0.7, S.D.) mg/L. The clearance was 338.3 (45.6) mL/min for serum.
      Urinary recovery was 61.6 (8.7)% after intermittent and 61.9 (6.9)% after
      continuous infusion.

PMID- 1816188
TI  - Effect of variation in infusion time and macrophage blockade on organ uptake of
      amphotericin B-deoxycholate.
AB  - Amphotericin B is administered as a colloidal suspension due to its insolubility
      in water. Macrophages, particularly those in the liver, have been implicated as
      the predominant cell type responsible for the uptake of colloidal amphotericin B.
      We examined the effect of infusion time and macrophage function to confirm the
      role of the macrophage in the uptake of amphotericin B. Prolonged infusion time
      (24 h compared to 6 h) resulted in significantly less hepatic and splenic
      accumulation of amphotericin B. Blockade of macrophage function with
      methylpalmitate also resulted in significantly decreased hepatic and splenic
      uptake of amphotericin B. Uptake of amphotericin B by lung macrophages was not
      significantly affected by methylpalmitate. The area under the serum concentration
      versus time curve was significantly higher in the group that received
      methylpalmitate compared to either the 6 or 24 h amphotericin B infusion groups.
      These results suggest that fixed macrophages play an important part in the
      pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B, and that increasing drug solubility may alter
      the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B.

PMID- 1816189
TI  - Penetration of ceftazidime into bronchial secretions in critically ill patients.
AB  - Five adult patients admitted to ICU, with respiratory failure, required
      endotracheal intubation and respiratory support. They were treated with
      ceftazidime because of lower respiratory tract infections. All patients were
      given ceftazidime at 1, 2 and 3 g dosages in a randomized sequence and timed
      serum and bronchial secretion samples collected. Mean peak serum concentrations
      of 60.3, 148.7 and 224.8 mg/L were found in the three treatment groups and mean
      trough levels of 1.02, 1.85 and 1.63 mg/L respectively. Ceftazidime appeared
      rapidly in bronchial secretions reaching mean maximal concentrations of 2.2, 4.81
      and 5.69 mg/L in the first sampling period (0-2 h). Serum and bronchial
      secretions AUCs have been calculated showing that both almost doubled their
      values between 1 and 2 g dosing, while between 2 and 3 g doses only a moderate
      and non-significant increase were found. On the basis of these results, the
      existence of a saturable transport mechanism for ceftazidime from serum to
      bronchial secretions can be postulated.

PMID- 1816190
TI  - The effects of sub-MICs of cefonicid on the interaction of human macrophages with
      Klebsiella pneumoniae.

PMID- 1816191
TI  - Prophylaxis of experimental bacterial infection in mice by 1'-methylascorbigen.

PMID- 1816192
TI  - Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after administration via a jejunostomy tube.

PMID- 1816194
TI  - Clinical and haematological manifestations of paroxysmal nocturnal
      haemoglobinuria.

PMID- 1816193
TI  - Fluconazole resistance in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1816195
TI  - A clinico-haematologic profile of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.
AB  - Clinico-haematological parameters in sixteen patients of paroxysmal nocturnal
      haemoglobinuria (PNH) are presented. Their modes of presentation included
      recurrent episodes of cola-coloured urine (6/16), refractory anaemia (9/16) and
      predominant thrombotic manifestations (1/16). Laboratory investigations revealed
      the presence of anaemia (16/16), reticulocytosis (14/16), thrombocytopenia
      (11/16), leucopenia (5/16) and cellular bone marrow (14/16). Two patients had
      hypoplastic bone marrow initially but subsequently developed PNH. The patients
      were treated with haematinics, prednisolone (16/16) and oxymethalone (2).
      Prednisone was effective in suppressing haemolytic episodes. Oxymethalone given
      to the 2 patients with hypoplastic bone marrow resulted in amelioration of
      anaemia in one but no effect in the other patient.

PMID- 1816196
TI  - Mono and dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis.
AB  - Sixty patients with Helicobacter Pylori positive non ulcer dyspepsia were
      randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups: Group I--norfloxacin
      400 mg bid for 10 days, Group II--amoxycillin 500 mg bid plus tinidazole 500 mg
      bid for 15 days, Group III--colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) 240 mg bid for 4
      weeks. H pylori elimination was achieved in 14%, 81%, and 62% in Groups I, II and
      III respectively. Eradication of H pylori was not observed in Groups I and II,
      but was achieved in 25% of patients in Group III. Antral gastritis improved in
      69% in Group II and 50% in Group III. We conclude that norfloxacin is not
      effective in H pylori infection. A combination of amoxycillin and tinidazole is
      highly effective in H pylori elimination with improvement in associated
      gastritis, but H pylori eradication is not observed with this therapy. CBS is
      also effective in H pylori elimination though H pylori eradication is achieved in
      only 25%.

PMID- 1816197
TI  - Enoxacin therapy for severe pleuro-pulmonary infections.
AB  - Enoxacin, a new 6-fluoroquinolone known to be active in vitro against most common
      pulmonary pathogens, was evaluated in comparison with ceftazidime, a third
      generation cephalosporin proven to be effective in the treatment of gram negative
      pneumonias. Clinical and microbiologic responses to therapy were satisfactory and
      comparable in both antibiotic groups. Enoxacin could be an effective alternative
      choice in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections caused by gram
      negative organisms.

PMID- 1816198
TI  - Epidemic dropsy in Andhra Pradesh due to contaminated ghee.
AB  - An outbreak of epidemic dropsy in Andhra Pradesh was studied during August to
      September 1987. Thirty cases from 6 families were identified and examined. Ghee
      and one oil sample were found to be contaminated with the toxic compound
      sanguinarine. The affected families had purchased ghee from one vendor. The
      epidemic ended after alerting the villagers of the contaminated ghee, and
      stopping its further use.

PMID- 1816199
TI  - Dietary cholesterol induced changes in lipid profile in patients with nephrotic
      syndrome and chronic renal failure.
AB  - Fifteen patients with nephrotic syndrome (9 aged below 30 years), 6 patients with
      chronic renal failure and 26 healthy males (14 below 30 years) were studied.
      After estimating the basal serum levels of total cholesterol (STC), triglycerides
      (STG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), the
      patients were given a high cholesterol and high fat breakfast (containing 32 g
      fat and 527 mg cholesterol) for 7 days. Lipoprotein levels were again estimated
      on days 8 and 16. In the basal state, all patients with nephrotic syndrome had
      markedly elevated levels of STC and LDL. In patients aged below 30 years, STG and
      VLDL levels were also elevated, while HDL levels were similar in both the groups
      in comparison to their respective age group controls. In patients with renal
      failure, basal levels of all lipoproteins were similar to levels in controls.
      After the high cholesterol fat diet, there was an insignificant rise in all
      lipoprotein values in patients with nephrotic syndrome and renal failure.
      However, HDL levels rose significantly in patients with nephrotic syndrome aged
      below 30 years. Patients with nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure can
      safely be given high cholesterol and high fat diet despite abnormalities in lipid
      lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 1816200
TI  - Aetiological profile of overt hypothyroidism in Indian population.
AB  - We analysed the aetiology of hypothyroidism in 144 patients. In these hospital
      referral data, thyroid surgery and decompensated iodine deficiency were the major
      known causes of hypothyroidism (19.5% and 15.3% respectively), while in the
      majority of patients (45.14%) the aetiology was obscure. The idiopathic group had
      patients who were significantly younger (p less than 0.01), showed a gland size
      between 2 and 3 SD ranges in significantly higher preponderance (p less than
      0.05), and presented with generally higher prevalence rates of signs and
      symptoms; however, only menstrual disturbances (p less than 0.01), loss/reduced
      appetite (p less than 0.01) and dry/thickened hair (p less than 0.25) reached
      statistical significance. Since hypothyroidism has definite and substantial
      morbidity, these results are of importance to public health and medical personnel
      for a Bayesian approach to the aetiological diagnosis of hypothyroidism and for
      ordering specific confirmatory laboratory investigations.

PMID- 1816201
TI  - Seeking attention: title, abstract and key words of an article.

PMID- 1816202
TI  - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
AB  - Diabetic neuropathy, a challenging contemporary problem, has a clinical
      prevalence of 60% problematic peripheral neuropathy occurs in about 20%. Recent
      concepts in aetiopathogenesis include the role of sorbitol excess and myoinositol
      depletion in causing deficient Na+/K+ ATPase activity. Sorbitol excess per se may
      result in intraneuronal oedema. Besides these metabolic hypotheses, theories on
      endoneurial microcapillary pathology and hypoxia have gained favour. Furthermore,
      a unifying concept of sorbitol excess with intraneuronal oedema leading to
      secondary vascular compromise has been suggested. A new research classification
      linking clinical and laboratory evaluation has been proposed which may serve to
      unify research results. Quantitative sensory testing, autonomic function testing
      and electrodiagnosis have been utilised to detect incipient diabetic neuropathy.
      The benefit of 'tight' glycaemic control has been objectively documented by using
      laboratory parameters. Oral myoinositol supplementation and gangliosides have
      produced marginal improvement. The role of intraneuronal oedema in the
      pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and its reversal by aldose reductase
      inhibitors holds out fresh promise for their use in prevention and treatment.

PMID- 1816203
TI  - Resistant ascites in a chronic alcoholic.

PMID- 1816204
TI  - Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with lacunar infarct.

PMID- 1816205
TI  - Acquired haemoglobin H disease in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - A case of acquired haemoglobin H (HbH) disease with underlying myelodysplastic
      syndrome in the form of acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia is reported.
      Family studies and subsequent drop in HbH percentage strongly supported the
      acquired nature of the defect.

PMID- 1816206
TI  - Malignant insulinoma presenting with recurrent episodic loss of consciousness.
AB  - A 57 year old male presented with episodic behavioural abnormalities and loss of
      consciousness for 2 years. His fasting blood glucose was 20 mg/dl and
      corresponding insulin level 119 uU/ml. His EEG showed intermittent rhythmic delta
      activity. Abdominal CT scan revealed an enhancing mass in the tail of the
      pancreas and secondaries in the liver. After distal pancreatectomy, resection of
      the left lobe of the liver and chemotherapy, the hypoglycaemic spells subsided.
      Histopathology revealed an islet cell tumour with metastases in the liver.
      Episodic neurobehavioural dysfunction should alert towards the possibility of
      hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 1816208
TI  - Crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with puerperal sepsis.
AB  - Acute renal failure developed in a young female having puerperal sepsis due to
      beta-haemolytic streptococci. The patient succumbed to her illness and an autopsy
      revealed extensive crescentic glomerulonephritis. The association between chronic
      visceral sepsis and glomerulonephritis is discussed.

PMID- 1816207
TI  - Meningeal carcinomatosis complicating ovarian malignancy.
AB  - A case of meningeal carcinomatosis following ovarian carcinoma is reported. The
      rarity of this occurrence is highlighted.

PMID- 1816209
TI  - Mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A patient of rheumatoid arthritis having mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation
      is reported. Our findings are based on clinical and echocardiographic study.

PMID- 1816210
TI  - Disseminated nocardiosis.
AB  - A middle aged female suffering from idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), on
      treatment with steroids, developed bronchopneumonia and pyopneumothorax due to
      opportunistic infection by Nocardia asteroides. Aspirates obtained from the
      lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and bone marrow were positive for Nocardia
      asteroides, confirming disseminated infection in an immunocompromised host. The
      patient succumbed to the infection.

PMID- 1816211
TI  - POEMS syndrome.
AB  - A patient with peripheral polyneuropathy, hepatosplenomegaly, osteosclerotic
      myeloma in the ilium, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis is described. A
      diagnosis of POEMS syndrome was made. This is the first report of this syndrome
      from India.

PMID- 1816212
TI  - Malignant lymphoma and coexistent tuberculous lymphadenitis.

PMID- 1816213
TI  - Platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolytic activity in diabetes mellitus before and
      after therapy.

PMID- 1816216
TI  - DISH--a common but ignored entity.

PMID- 1816214
TI  - Cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 1816215
TI  - NSAIDs: a pain in the gut.

PMID- 1816217
TI  - Double blind, placebo controlled trial on the cytoprotective effect of
      misoprostol in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and
      seronegative spondarthropathy on NSAIDs.
AB  - Ninety arthritic patients were randomly allotted to receive misoprostol 200
      micrograms thrice daily or placebo, for 4 weeks, while they were started on
      various NSAIDs. While upper gastrointestinal symptoms occurred equally in both
      groups, patients on placebo had significantly more post-therapy abnormal
      endoscopy findings. Misoprostol was well tolerated without any adverse side
      effects; it did not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of the NSAIDs.
      Arthritic patients requiring long term NSAID therapy appear to benefit from
      misoprostol because of its cytoprotective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

PMID- 1816218
TI  - Short term study on relative merits of acetate and bicarbonate dialysis.
AB  - We did a double blind, crossover, prospective study comparing bicarbonate and
      acetate containing solutions in haemodialysis. Thirty stable patients with end
      stage renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis while awaiting a renal
      transplant were each studied on three dialysis with acetate and three with
      bicarbonate. Nine patients developed symptoms like headache, nausea, vomiting,
      giddiness, and malaise and developed hypotension during acetate dialysis and
      three patients during bicarbonate dialysis. There were symptoms during 16.66% of
      acetate dialysis sessions and 5.55% of bicarbonate dialysis sessions. (P less
      than 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in PaO2 and PaCO2 on
      acetate dialysis at 30 minutes after initiation of dialysis. There was no
      significant difference in weight loss on dialysis, or in blood pressure and
      correction of acidosis. We conclude that bicarbonate dialysis is better
      tolerated, but acetate intolerance is not a major problem since we use small
      surface area dialysers (0.8 M2).

PMID- 1816219
TI  - Autonomic function tests and clinical significance of dysautonomia in chronic
      liver disease.
AB  - Autonomic function in 20 patients with chronic liver diseases was assessed
      clinically and by various tests like Valsalva ratio, expiratory-inspiratory
      ratio, postural tachycardia index, atropine ratio, blood pressure response to
      assumption of erect posture, hand immersion in cold water, and finger wrinkling
      response to hand immersion in warm water. Eighty per cent of the patients showed
      some clinical evidence of dysautonomia. While a good correlation between various
      clinical complaints of dysautonomia and the extent of parasympathetic dysfunction
      was observed in the individual patient, a significantly greater impairment of
      sympathetic function tests was observed in oliguric cirrhotics as compared to
      their non-oliguric counterparts.

PMID- 1816220
TI  - Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rajasthan.
AB  - Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria in four districts of
      Rajasthan, viz Dungarpur, Banswara, Udaipur and Kota, is reported. In vivo
      sensitivity of Pf to chloroquine base 25 mg/kg/body weight over three days was
      evaluated as per standard WHO method. A total of 3112 blood smears were collected
      and examined; 279 cases were selected but only 98 completed the study. Twenty
      four per cent of cases were sensitive, and 54% resistant at RI, 4% at RII and 9%
      at RIII levels. Eight per cent of cases were either sensitive or resistant at RI
      level.

PMID- 1816222
TI  - Clinical pharmacology series.

PMID- 1816223
TI  - Clinical pharmacology. Introduction.

PMID- 1816221
TI  - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - A retrospective study of 36 confirmed cases of subacute sclerosing
      panencephalitis (SSPE) was carried out to detect any variation in the clinical
      and EEG patterns previously described. There were 31 males and 5 females, aged 4
      to 24 years. Onset of SSPE at or after 15 years of age was observed in 22.2% of
      cases. Rapid progression of the disease was observed in 52%. The first symptom
      was myoclonus in 61.6%, mental regression in 22.2% and generalised seizures in
      11.1% of cases. Low positive measles antibody titres in the CSF were found in
      36.1% of cases. EEG analysis revealed slow background in 69.2% and periodic
      complexes in 94.4% of cases. Atypical periodic complexes, focal abnormalities and
      paroxysms of bisynchronus sharp activity were also observed.

PMID- 1816224
TI  - The new genetics and its application in the study of childhood muscular
      dystrophies.

PMID- 1816225
TI  - Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy in clinical practice.

PMID- 1816226
TI  - Sickle cell disease in India.
AB  - A screening programme involving 9,822 hospitalised patients revealed the
      frequency of individuals with S gene to be 11.1 per cent. A population survey of
      1,000 randomised subjects from amongst about 70,000 people in one block of the
      area showed the frequency to be 15.1%. The gene is not confined to tribal
      peoples, but is prevalent throughout the society, being more frequent in
      scheduled castes and some caste Hindus. With the available Indian data a sickle
      cell belt can be mapped out in the country. Analysis of clinical data on the
      first 700 cases of sickle cell disease seen in the Sickle Cell Research Centre
      (ICMR) at Burla shows patients of all ages, even beyond 40 years, though many
      patients tend to die by 20 years of age. Genetically, while most patients are SS
      and 8.1% are S-beta thalassaemia, cases of SD disease and SE disease were also
      encountered. A frequency of 0.32% of alpha thalassaemia gene was noted in SS
      patients against 0.28% in sickle cell trait and 0.12% in AA controls. The disease
      was found to manifest as early as 3 months or may remain asymptomatic till adult
      life. Though generally running a milder course, moderate to severe anaemia, vaso
      occlusive attacks (86.5-89.36%), splenic sequestration (8.43%-12.76%), crippling
      avascular bone necrosis (5.7%-35.08%), osteomyelitis (5/700), and epistaxis
      (28.92%-35.08%) remain a few clinical events deserving competent and urgent
      medical management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816227
TI  - Spinal cord compression in HbE-thalassaemia.
AB  - Two cases of spinal cord compression due to extramedullary haemopoiesis in
      haemoglobine E thalassaemia are described. Possible mechanisms and treatment
      modes are discussed.

PMID- 1816228
TI  - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: asymptomatic survival for 50 years
      without surgical intervention.
AB  - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is an uncommon cyanotic heart
      disease and survival beyond infancy is rare. We report a patient of TAPVC of the
      supracardiac variety who has survived till the age of 50 years without surgery.

PMID- 1816229
TI  - Complete heart block as a cause of syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 1816230
TI  - Choreoacanthocytosis with marked dysphagia and laryngeal dystonia.

PMID- 1816231
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following a single dose of
      succinylcholine.
AB  - A 30-year old with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure is presented. The
      attack followed a minor operation under general anaesthesia during which
      succinylcholine was administered as muscle relaxant. The fasciculations which
      occurred immediately after injection of succinylcholine may possibly have
      precipitated rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 1816233
TI  - Symptomatic hypercalcaemia due to vitamin D intoxication.

PMID- 1816232
TI  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
AB  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with hemiparesis occurred in a young woman who was not
      a known diabetic. Rhyzopus species grew from the initial nasal biopsy. The
      patient was treated with amphotericin B, in addition to control of diabetic
      ketoacidosis. Surgical intervention was not done. The patient died on the fourth
      day of hospitalisation.

PMID- 1816234
TI  - Teaching ethics in the Indian context.

PMID- 1816235
TI  - Lupus anticoagulant assay: indications, laboratory techniques and therapeutic
      options.

PMID- 1816236
TI  - Oduvan leaf poisoning.

PMID- 1816237
TI  - Minimal exposure transfusion concept.

PMID- 1816238
TI  - Collection and storage of single donor platelets prepared by elutriation.

PMID- 1816239
TI  - Quality control: single-donor platelets.

PMID- 1816241
TI  - Plasmapheresis in acute attacks of multiple sclerosis: the cons.

PMID- 1816240
TI  - Plasmapheresis in acute multiple sclerosis: rationale and results.

PMID- 1816242
TI  - Plasmapheresis in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: pro.

PMID- 1816243
TI  - Sickle cell anemia: pathophysiology, management, and prospects for the future.
AB  - Sickle cell anemia is present in about 1 in 600 Black Americans at birth. It
      claims the life of many infants, causes pain and suffering in adults, and usually
      culminates in premature death. We currently understand a great deal about this
      disease on a molecular, cellular, and clinical basis. The results of years of
      research are slowly being translated to innovative therapies and improvements in
      patient care. In this paper I review the pathophysiology of this disorder,
      highlight the currently available treatment, and discuss new forms of therapy
      that promise a more direct approach to avoiding the many complications of sickle
      cell anemia.

PMID- 1816244
TI  - Use of continuous flow erythrocytapheresis in pregnant patients with sickle cell
      disease.
AB  - The role of partial prophylactic red cell exchange transfusion in the management
      of pregnant patients with major sickle hemoglobinopathies is unclear. Over a 10
      year period, 131 pregnant patients with major hemoglobinopathies (HbS 101, HbS-C
      30) were managed by the same group of physicians. Of these, 103 received partial
      prophylactic exchange transfusion early during prenatal care while 28 received
      blood only when serious complications developed (control group). Patients treated
      with exchange transfusion received continuous flow erythrocytapheresis on an
      outpatient basis. The results indicate that there were fewer crises (P = .0001),
      a reduction in other significant medical complications (P = .002), and a decrease
      in maternal hospital days (P = .05) in those receiving prophylactic transfusions
      compared to women in the control group. The number of preterm deliveries (P =
      .004), the prevalence of low birthweight infants (P = .01), and the perinatal
      death rate (P = .01) were significantly lower among those who were routinely
      transfused. Two patients developed hepatitis, five had transfusion reactions, and
      11 were found to have alloantibodies among those receiving prophylactic
      transfusions versus one, two, and five patients, respectively, in the control
      group. The results indicate a benefit of this methodology in the treatment of
      pregnant sickle cell patients in our population. However, a national
      collaborative randomized study is needed to adequately address the controversy
      regarding the use of red cell exchange in the pregnant sickler.

PMID- 1816245
TI  - Management of sickle cell anemia and pregnancy.
AB  - There has been significant decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality of sickle
      cell disease patients during pregnancy due to better understanding of the
      pathophysiology of the disease and physiologic changes during pregnancy.
      Prophylactic blood transfusion does not appear to reduce complications in
      patients with sickle cell anemia. Patients with sickle hemoglobin C disease and
      with S beta thalassemia+ have fewer complications but still need close
      monitoring. Blood transfusion therapy should be made available for medical and
      obstetrical complications to include increasing hypoxemia, progressive anemia,
      acute chest syndrome, twin pregnancy, splenic sequestration syndrome,
      preeclampsia, septicemia, or prior to general anesthesia and surgery. Blood
      transfusion therapy is associated with hepatitis, allergic reaction,
      alloimmunization, AIDS, and iron overload states. These aspects should be
      considered prior to using blood transfusion therapy. Excellent prenatal
      monitoring and aggressive intervention should be instituted when problems arise
      for the successful management of the pregnant patient with sickle cell disease.
      Prenatal diagnosis and cord blood screening should be made available for the
      infant. Appropriate pediatric referral and prophylactic penicillin is recommended
      for the infant with sickle cell disease.

PMID- 1816246
TI  - Problems of chronic transfusion in sickle cell disease.

PMID- 1816247
TI  - Granulocyte collection.
AB  - Techniques for collecting granulocytes for transfusion either to neutropenic
      patients or to neonates are described. Currently, the best granulocyte
      concentrates are prepared using continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis of
      steroid-stimulated donors in the presence of pentastarch. Donor reactions are
      mild and are similar to those expected with automated plateletpheresis.

PMID- 1816248
TI  - Writing, reviewing, and presenting an abstract.
AB  - Abstracts afford an opportunity to report data at professional meetings and, when
      published, in the literature. Accordingly, they should be prepared with great
      care. When writing an abstract, anticipate questions the reviewer will ask when
      judging it and provide complete answers. The presentation of an abstract should
      follow similar thought processes. State why a problem or question is important,
      how you addressed it, what you found, and how your findings can be applied to the
      issue at hand. Slides and text should provide coordinated visual and auditory
      input, respectively, to ensure complete comprehension.

PMID- 1816249
TI  - Legal issues in apheresis.
AB  - There are many concerns about the impact of the law on the practice of apheresis
      and transfusion medicine. This discussion reviews the sources of laws, the
      processing of cases, and risk management. In addition, specific legal issues and
      employee concerns are included.

PMID- 1816250
TI  - DNA probe amplification methods.

PMID- 1816251
TI  - Direct identification of recombinant vaccinia virus plaques by PCR.
AB  - A fast method for the identification of recombinant vaccinia viruses directly
      from individual plaques is described. Plaques are picked, resuspended in PBS-A
      and processed for PCR using two 'universal' primers. The amplified sequences are
      analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. This procedure allows discrimination
      between spontaneously arising TK-negative mutants, which do not carry the
      inserted gene, and the desired TK-negative recombinants resulting from
      insertional inactivation of the TK gene.

PMID- 1816252
TI  - High-level expression and characterization of hepatitis B virus surface antigen
      in silkworm using a baculovirus vector.
AB  - The Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) in the silkworm was used
      successfully for mass production of biologically active foreign genes under the
      control of the polyhedrin promoter. This system was adapted for the production of
      large amounts of hepatitis B virus surface antigens (HBsAg). The DNA fragments
      coded for the middle protein, which is composed of the S protein with the pre-S2
      region, were cloned, the signal protein gene of beta-IFN was added, and both were
      inserted into a cloning vector. After co-transfection with wild-type BmNPV,
      stable recombinant viruses were isolated by the limiting dilution method.
      Infected silkworm larvae with the recombinants expressed HBsAg at high levels
      (400-600 micrograms/ml). These products, consisting of two polypeptides with
      molecular weights of approximately 25,000 (p25) and glycosylated P25 (GP28), were
      purified as assembled 22-nm particles. We demonstrated that HBsAg from silkworms
      consists of S protein with 7 amino acids of Pre-S2.

PMID- 1816253
TI  - Comparison of nonradioactive cDNA probes for detection of potato spindle tuber
      viroid by dot-blot hybridization assay.
AB  - Six nonradioactive cDNA probes were compared for their sensitivities for
      detecting potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) by dot-blot hybridization assay.
      Three biotinylated PSTVd cDNA probes, labeled by photoactivation with
      photobiotin, by nick translation or by random priming with biotinylated
      deoxyribonucleotides, were all capable of detecting 20 pg of purified PSTVd by a
      colorimetric assay and 2-20 pg by a chemiluminescent assay. Digoxigenin-labeled
      probe was able to detect 200 pg of purified PSTVd. Two biotinylated probes
      prepared with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) incorporating biotinylated dUTP or
      dATP were the most sensitive: 0.2-2 pg of PSTVd was detectable by both assays.
      All six probes could detect PSTVd also in extracts of infected tomato leaves at a
      dilution of up to 1/250-1/1250. These nonradioactive probes are equal to
      radioactive probes in their sensitivity, and the biotinylated probes produced
      with PCR amplification are particularly suitable for practical diagnosis, as they
      are sensitive and rapidly prepared in large quantities.

PMID- 1816254
TI  - Storage and preservation of whole blood samples for use in detection of human
      immunodeficiency virus type-1 by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Methods used in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)
      infection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) usually require the separation
      of lymphocytes from a whole-blood sample within 24 hours of patient sampling. A
      method is described in which blood samples are mixed with a cryopreservative
      ('Glycigel'), stored frozen, and DNA suitable for use in an HIV PCR recovered.
      Samples can be stored at -20 degrees C for up to 3 months and still give positive
      results with all samples from infected patients; storage at -80 degrees C for at
      least 3 months shows no loss of titre. The method shows no loss of sensitivity
      compared to previously described sample preparation methods. Deglycerolised
      Glycigel supernatants were found to be suitable for conventional anti-HIV-1
      serological studies and loss of sensitivity only represented the dilution effect
      due to sample preparation. Application of the method as a means of storing
      samples frozen at the point of sampling and transporting them to a central
      laboratory for processing is demonstrated using samples taken from HIV-1-infected
      mothers and their babies.

PMID- 1816256
TI  - Molecular analysis of contagious pustular dermatitis virus: a simplified method
      for viral DNA extraction from scab material.
AB  - A new simplified method of DNA extraction of contagious pustular dermatitis virus
      directly from scab material of natural and experimental infections is described.
      Scabs are suspended in buffer solution and an enriched core suspension is
      obtained after treatment with detergent, quelants and centrifugation. DNA is
      isolated after proteinase digestion and phenolchloroform extraction. Viral DNA
      and fragments with sizes ranging from 23-25 kb were observed by agarose gel
      electrophoresis. This DNA was used for digestion with several restriction
      endonucleases which produced parapoxvirus-specific patterns. Southern blots with
      the TK gene of vaccinia virus as probe confirmed the virus as being poxvirus
      related and allowed a preliminary TK gene location for our isolates. The method
      was developed in order to allow a quick epidemiological survey of contagious
      pustular dermatitis virus in Brazil, eliminating the need for time-consuming and
      expensive viral propagation in cell culture and purification.

PMID- 1816255
TI  - Rapid detection of hog cholera virus in tissues by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - A rapid method for the detection of hog cholera virus (HCV) in infected tissues,
      using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed. Total RNA isolated from HCV
      infected tissues was reverse transcribed with AMV reverse transcriptase and the
      resulting complementary DNA was amplified by Taq DNA polymerase in the presence
      of two HCV-specific primers. The amplified DNA fragment was detected by agarose
      gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of this method was at 10(4) TCID50 of HCV.
      The sensitivity increased approximately 1000-fold when the DNA was reamplified
      with a set of nested primers. DNA sequencing analysis of the PCR products
      revealed that the HCV sequence amplified from a local field isolate was highly
      homologous to the HCV Alfort strain. This method may be useful for pathological
      and epidemiological studies of HCV in pigs.

PMID- 1816257
TI  - The detection of beet western yellows virus and beet mild yellowing virus in crop
      plants using the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Oligonucleotide primers were synthesised corresponding to conserved sequences
      between three isolates of beet western yellows virus (BWYV), flanking a 913 base
      fragment of BWYV genomic RNA. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), these
      primers successfully amplified the target fragment in total RNA extracts from two
      oilseed rape plants infected with different isolates of BWYV. The PCR products
      were readily detected by staining with ethidium bromide following agarose gel
      electrophoresis, but the limit of detection could be increased further by
      Southern blotting. However, three isolates of beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) in
      sugar beet did not give a signal which could be detected by ethidium bromide
      staining, although the target fragment could be detected by Southern blotting.
      The primers used have the potential to detect BWYV in crops with far greater
      sensitivity than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or nucleic acid hybridisation
      (dot-blotting) and may be capable of distinguishing between BWYV and BMYV. The
      application of PCR to detection and distinction of luteoviruses in general is
      discussed.

PMID- 1816259
TI  - Orthodontic office design. Sick building syndrome.

PMID- 1816258
TI  - Application of two RNA extraction methods prior to amplification of hepatitis E
      virus nucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Amplification of the enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis virus (HEV)
      RNA using conventional reverse transcriptase reactions followed by the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA has not been successful. However, after
      application of two different RNA capture/extraction methods we were able to
      amplify HEV nucleic acid from clinical samples and specimens from experimentally
      infected animals. The first procedure, adapted from an immune electron microscopy
      (IEM) technique, incorporated an immunocapture step with concentration of the
      virus-antibody complexes by pelleting in a Beckman airfuge. In the second method,
      glass powder (or size-fractionated silicon dioxide) was used to capture the RNA
      from its surrounding milieu by adsorption of the nucleic acid to the silicate
      particles. Since conventional immunoassays for HEV antigen or antibody are not
      currently available, the use of these RNA extraction methods, coupled with PCR
      techniques, will be valuable in screening clinical specimens and in further
      defining the course of disease using animal infectivity studies.

PMID- 1816260
TI  - 1991 JCO orthodontic practice study. 2. Practice success.

PMID- 1816261
TI  - Thermal debonding of ceramic brackets.

PMID- 1816262
TI  - An accurate, inexpensive headgear timer.

PMID- 1816263
TI  - Clinical management of the Jasper Jumper.

PMID- 1816264
TI  - An effective fee schedule.

PMID- 1816265
TI  - A case of possible latex allergy.

PMID- 1816266
TI  - The cranial base triangle.

PMID- 1816267
TI  - Effect of prophylaxis pastes on shear bond strength.

PMID- 1816268
TI  - A retraction headgear for bilateral cleft lip.

PMID- 1816269
TI  - Localization of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system
      and peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica.
AB  - The distribution of myomodulin-like peptides in the nervous system of Aplysia
      californica was examined by using immunocytochemical techniques. Neurons and cell
      clusters containing immunoreactive material were located in each of the major
      central ganglia. Myomodulin-like immunoreactivity was also present in fibers in
      each of the connectives between the ganglia and in peripheral nerves.
      Varicosities containing immunoreactive material were located on specific regions
      of peripheral tissues associated with the feeding, digestive, cardiovascular, and
      reproductive systems. Double-labeling experiments were used to demonstrate
      myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in two identified neurons, the motor neuron B16
      in the buccal ganglion and the widely acting interneuron L10 in the abdominal
      ganglion. Structures in the eye and cerebral ganglion that may correspond to the
      optic circadian pacemaker system were also stained. The central and peripheral
      distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity indicates that this family of
      neuropeptides is present in specific efferent, afferent, and interneuronal
      elements that participate in a diversity of neural circuits in Aplysia.

PMID- 1816270
TI  - Pattern of retinotectal projection in the megachiropteran bat Rousettus
      aegyptiacus.
AB  - The retinotopic organisation of the superior colliculus (SC) in the
      megachiropteran bat Rousettus aegyptiacus was examined with single and multi-unit
      recordings and by tracing the retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) between the retina and the SC. The pattern of projection of the
      visual field onto the SC in Rousettus resembles the pattern found in most
      mammals. The whole of the contralateral visual field is represented and, in
      addition, a region of the ipsilateral visual field extending 25 degrees beyond
      the vertical 0 degree meridian. The ipsilateral visual field is represented
      binocularly in the most anterior 300-500 microns of the rostral pole of the SC.
      The contralateral visual field up to 25 degrees from the vertical meridian is
      represented through both eyes for the next 500-800 microns. The peripheral part
      of the contralateral visual field, 25 degrees-110 degrees from the vertical
      meridian is seen only by the nasal retina (the monocular crescent) of the
      contralateral eye and is represented in the caudal part of the SC. Following
      multiple injections of HRP into one SC, ganglion cells were labeled in both the
      nasal and temporal hemiretina of the contralateral eye. In the retina ipsilateral
      to the injection site, labeled cells were restricted to the temporal hemiretina.
      After injections of HRP into one eye, labeled terminals were found all over the
      contralateral SC, but in the ipsilateral SC they were restricted to a band that
      begins 300-500 microns caudal from the rostral pole and extends to the middle of
      the SC. These results suggest that in Rousettus, unlike the megachiropteran bats
      described by Pettigrew, Jamieson, Robson, Hall, McAnally, and Cooper
      (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 325:489-559,
      1989), the retinotopic organisation of the SC is not primate-like, but follows
      the general mammalian scheme. As the retinotopic organisation of the SC is not
      consistent among the megachiropteran bats, the pattern of this projection may not
      be a useful indicator of their phylogenetic origins.

PMID- 1816271
TI  - Afferents to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and their collateral
      projections.
AB  - Cells and axons that supply direct afferent input to the medial nucleus of the
      trapezoid body are described. Afferents were intracellularly labeled in brainstem
      tissue slices of two rodent and two bat species. The main afferents are
      calyciferous axons from globular bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus.
      Calyciferous axons were highly consistent across species, projecting directly
      from the cochlear nucleus, across the midline in the trapezoid body, to the
      contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Within the target nucleus, a
      typical axon turned sharply away from horizontal to form a large ending, the
      calyx of Held, around the soma of a single principal cell. Three groups of
      calyciferous axons were classified based on the path taken from bend to calyx. In
      subjects younger than four weeks, single axons often formed two calyces, each on
      a different cell. These calyx pairs were often found on adjacent or vertically
      aligned cells. In older animals, calyx pairs were more closely aligned, but fewer
      double calyx axons were seen. A secondary focus of this study was the system of
      thin collateral branches that characterizes calyciferous axons in all species.
      The projection patterns of these collaterals suggest that calyciferous axons may
      provide ascending input to periolivary cell groups with descending projections.
      In addition to calyciferous afferents, labeled cells that provide input to the
      medial nucleus of the trapezoid body from adjacent periolivary cell groups are
      described. Also described is a type of afferent that descends from the level of
      the lateral lemniscus to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.

PMID- 1816272
TI  - Classification of the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid
      body.
AB  - Cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body were intracellularly labeled in
      brainstem tissue slices of two bat and two rodent species. The main cell type
      found in this nucleus, the principal cell, is an important link in the relay of
      ascending projections from the contralateral cochlear nucleus to the lateral
      superior olive, completing an essential pathway for sound localization. Principal
      cells are often viewed as a highly homogeneous group with a consistent morphology
      as well as a common function. Intracellular labeling has revealed a number of new
      axonal and dendritic features of principal cells. Some of these features vary
      widely from cell to cell, suggesting that the population of principal cells
      contains several morphologically distinct subgroups. Similar subsets of principal
      cells were recognized in all species examined. Five subgroups were distinguished
      on the basis of the position of dendritic fields. Although the dendrites of most
      labeled cells were confined to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, some
      principal cells had dendrites that spread outside the nucleus to one of several
      adjacent periolivary cell groups. Cells were also found that had dendrites that
      spread medially across the midline and into the contralateral medial nucleus of
      the trapezoid body. Axonal projections were used to distinguish two additional
      subgroups of principal cells. All principal cells project to the lateral superior
      olive and virtually all have one or more secondary projections. There are two
      subgroups with unusual collateral projections: one with collaterals that extended
      to the lateral lemniscus and one with recurrent collateral axons.

PMID- 1816273
TI  - Calmodulin and calbindin localization in retina from six vertebrate species.
AB  - Calmodulin is abundant in the central nervous system, including the retina.
      However, the localization of calmodulin in the retina has not been described in
      detail. We therefore decided to investigate calmodulin localization in retinae
      from six vertebrate species, by using immunohistochemical labeling with four
      different rabbit polyclonal antibodies against calmodulin. The localization of
      calbindin-D28k, another calcium-binding protein already well described in retina,
      was compared. We found that calmodulin distribution is more highly conserved
      among species, contrasting with calbindin variability. The most striking result
      emerging is that calmodulin could not be detected in photoreceptors although
      other layers are intensely calmodulin-immunoreactive, casting doubt about a
      direct role of calmodulin in phototransduction. Horizontal cells are weakly
      calmodulin-immunoreactive, bipolar cells are calmodulin-immunoreactive except in
      turtle retina, numerous amacrine and ganglion cells are labeled in all species,
      and the fiber layer is always labeled. These data demonstrate that, while the
      calmodulin distribution in retina is similar among vertebrate species, selective
      differences in localization can be detected not only among the same cell types in
      different species but also among different cell types in the same species. The
      results showing differences in calmodulin immunoreactivity among cell types also
      provide further evidence that calmodulin expression in eukaryotes is not
      constitutive, in the sense that not every cell expresses similar levels of
      calmodulin.

PMID- 1816274
TI  - Morphometric analysis of phrenic motoneurons in the cat during postnatal
      development.
AB  - The dendritic geometry of 20 phrenic motoneurons from four postnatal ages (2
      weeks, 1 and 2 months, and adult) was examined by using intracellular injection
      of horseradish peroxidase. The number of primary dendrites (approximately 11-12)
      remained constant throughout postnatal development. In general, postnatal growth
      of the dendrites resulted from an increase in the branching and in the length and
      diameter of segments at all orders of the dendritic tree. There was one
      exception. Between 2 weeks and 1 month, the maximum extent of the dendrites
      increased in parallel with the growth of the spinal cord; however, there was no
      increase in either combined dendritic length or total membrane surface area. In
      addition, there was a significant decrease in the number of dendritic terminals
      per cell (59.8 +/- 9.3 vs. 46.4 +/- 7.4 for 2 weeks and 1 month, respectively).
      The distance from the soma, where the peak number of dendritic terminals per cell
      occurred, ranged from 700-900 microns at 2 weeks and 2 months to 1,300-1,700
      microns in the adult. The diameter of dendrites as a function of distance from
      the soma along the dendritic path increased with age. The process of maturation
      tended to increase the distance from the soma over which the surface area and
      dendritic trunk parameter (sigma d1.5/D1.5) remained constant. The three
      dimensional distribution of dendrites was analyzed by dividing space into six
      equal volumes or hexants. This analysis revealed that the postnatal growth in
      surface area in the rostral and caudal hexants was proportionately larger than
      that in either the medial, lateral, dorsal, or ventral hexants. Strong linear
      correlations were found between the diameter of the primary dendrite and the
      combined length, surface area, volume, and number of terminals of the dendrite at
      all ages studied.

PMID- 1816275
TI  - Appearance and distribution of the 275 kD hair-cell antigen during development of
      the avian inner ear.
AB  - The 275 kD hair-cell antigen (HCA) is a protein that was originally identified
      using immunological techniques in the inner ears of early hatchling and adult
      chickens. The HCA is specifically associated with the apical surface of sensory
      hair cells; in the vestibular system the antigen is distributed over the entire
      stereocilia bundle, but in the auditory system it only extends a short distance
      up the shafts of the stereocilia. The objectives of this study were to ascertain
      when the HCA is first expressed during inner ear development, to compare the
      temporal and spatial patterns of HCA expression with those of neurite ingrowth,
      and to determine how the distribution of the antigen observed in the auditory
      system arises during development. Serial sections of otocysts from embryonic day
      (ED) 4 to ED7.5 (stages 24 to 32) were stained with a monoclonal antibody to the
      HCA and polyclonal antibodies to the neuron-glial cell adhesion molecule in order
      to analyse patterns of HCA expression and neurite ingrowth. Nerve fibres are
      first observed in the anterior pole of the otocyst at ED4.5 (stage 24), and in
      the evaginating basilar papilla by ED5 (stage 26). The HCA first appears within
      the vestibular system in the anterior pole of the otocyst at ED5 (stage 26), and
      within the auditory system in the distal end of the basilar papilla at ED6.5
      (stage 29). Serial section analysis indicates that expression of the HCA is
      always limited to areas of the epithelium where nerve fibres are found, although
      the delay between the onset of innervation and the onset of HCA expression varies
      from one region of the otocyst to another. The growth of stereocilia bundles in
      the auditory system was studied from ED10 to 2 days after hatching in sections
      from the medial to distal regions of the basilar papilla double labelled with
      rhodamine phalloidin and monoclonal anti-HCA. At ED12 the stereocilia bundles are
      1.7 microns high and the staining observed with both phalloidin and the antibody
      extend to the same maximum height above the apical surface of the hair cell. The
      maximum height that anti-HCA staining extends up the stereocilia bundle remains
      almost constant between ED12 and postnatal day 2, but between ED15 and ED18 the
      stereocilia bundle grows rapidly in height, with a membrane domain lacking the
      HCA forming at the distal ends of the stereocilia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1816276
TI  - Time of origin of neurons in the murine enteric nervous system: sequence in
      relation to phenotype.
AB  - The hypothesis was tested that developing enteric neurons withdraw from the cell
      cycle in a sequence related to their phenotype. The birthdays of
      immunocytochemically identified myenteric and submucosal neurons were determined
      in the murine duodenum and jejunum. [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) was injected into
      timed pregnant mice or pups at 4-8 hour intervals over a 24 hour period. Pups
      were killed on postnatal day 30 (P30). [3H]TdR incorporation was detected by
      radioautography in enteric neurons, which were phenotypically identified by the
      simultaneous detection of the immunoreactivities of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
      choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), enkephalin (ENK),
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
      The dates of the earliest withdrawal from the cell cycle of neurons containing
      these markers were determined, as well as the length of time during which the
      identified neurons continued to be born, and the date on which their rate of
      birth was maximal. The birthdates of myenteric neurons that contained 5-HT (E8
      E14, peak at E10) or ChAT (E8-E15, peak at E12) tended to be earlier than those
      that contained ENK (E10-E18, peak at E14), NPY (E10-E18, peak at E15), VIP (E10
      P5, peak at E15), or CGRP (E10-P3, peak at E17). For any given
      immunocytochemically defined neuronal phenotype, submucosal neurons tended to be
      born later than their myenteric counterparts and submucosal neurons that
      contained neuropeptides were born later than those that contained only ChAT
      immunoreactivity. The day (E8) on which the first 5-HT- and ChAT-immunoreactive
      neurons became postmitotic is earlier than the day (E9) on which the colonization
      of the bowel by crest-derived cells has been detected. The population of neural
      precursors that colonizes the gut, therefore, is heterogeneous; many cells are
      proliferating, but a specific subset, which will ultimately give rise to
      serotoninergic or cholinergic neurons, is already postmitotic. Neurons continued
      to be born throughout fetal life and even after birth. Consequently, terminally
      differentiated neurons coexist in the developing enteric nervous system with
      dividing neural precursor cells. This observation is consistent with the idea
      that early developing neurons could affect the development of enteric neural
      precursors; moreover, they also demonstrate that it is possible to add neurons to
      the enteric plexuses even after the neural circuits on which the bowel depends
      have become functional.

PMID- 1816277
TI  - Nerve cables formed in silicone chambers reconstitute a perineurial but not a
      vascular endoneurial permeability barrier.
AB  - The passage of molecules into the endoneurial environment of the axons of normal
      peripheral nerve is regulated by two permeability barriers, the perineurial-nerve
      barrier and the endoneurial blood-nerve barrier. These barriers exist because of
      the presence of tight junctions between adjacent perineurial cells and adjacent
      endothelial cells. In the present study we investigated whether permeability
      barriers form in nerve cables, which develop inside silicone chambers. The
      sciatic nerves of adult rats were cut, and the proximal and distal ends sutured
      into opposite ends of silicone chambers that were filled with dialyzed plasma.
      The presence of barriers was determined with the tracer horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP), which was injected intravenously and detected histochemically in tissues
      by light and electron microscopy. At four weeks, a regenerated nerve cable
      extended across the 10 mm length of each chamber. However, no permeability
      barriers were present since the reaction product for HRP was visible throughout
      the cable. At twenty-six weeks, all the axons in cables were gathered into
      minifascicles. Each minifascicle of axons was surrounded by perineurial cells.
      Blood vessels were excluded from the minifascicles by the perineurial cells and
      the vessels were permeable to HRP, thus indicating that their endothelial cells
      had not formed tight junctions. Despite the leakage of HRP from the excluded
      vessels, the tracer did not reach the axons because the perineurial cells
      encircling the minifascicles developed tight junctions. In some animals, the
      chambers were removed at four weeks to determine whether the chamber influenced
      barrier development. This manipulation had no effect since cables, with or
      without chambers, exhibited similar findings at twenty-six weeks. Our results
      indicate that nerve cables regenerate a perineurial but not an endoneurial
      permeability barrier. We conclude that axons in long-term cables are protected by
      only a perineurial permeability barrier.

PMID- 1816278
TI  - Lack of beneficial effects of l-baclofen in affective disorder.
AB  - GABAB mechanisms have been implicated in the antinociceptive, but not
      anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine. A variety of antidepressants have been
      reported to upregulate GABAB receptors after chronic administration. The GABAB
      agonist l-baclofen was studied in depressed patients based on two separate
      rationales. l-Baclofen, in doses ranging from 10-55 mg/day, was administered to
      five patients with primary affective disorder. No patient showed a positive
      clinical response, while three patients showed a pattern of increasing depression
      or cycling during treatment and improvement during withdrawal. These preliminary
      data suggest that GABAB agonism is unlikely to produce antidepressant effects and
      may be unrelated to the mechanism of carbamazepine's antidepressant action. These
      data, taken with a reinterpretation of other findings that antidepressant
      modalities upregulate GABAB receptors in brain following chronic administration,
      suggest that GABAB antagonism rather than agonism may be a fruitful clinical
      strategy to explore in depression.

PMID- 1816279
TI  - Does treatment with antidepressant medication increase suicidal behavior?
AB  - Suicidal ideation and behavior are commonly associated with psychiatric
      conditions, in particular the affective disorders. Patients diagnosed with Major
      Depression carry an estimated lifetime risk of suicide ranging from 15-30%. In
      recent years increasing attention has been paid to the psychobiology of suicide.
      Serotonin, an indolamine neurotransmitter, has been implicated as playing a role
      in suicidal behavior, especially in depressed patients. Treatment of depressive
      episodes with antidepressant medication has greatly improved the prognosis for
      survival through the suicidal period and recovery from the depressive episode.
      However, there has been considerable debate about the significance of reports
      that antidepressants may, on occasion, adversely affect depressed patients.
      Recently this has received much attention in the United States of America,
      particularly involving the antidepressant fluoxetine. In this paper we briefly
      outline previous studies on the role of serotonin in suicidal behavior in
      depression; and review the debate about antidepressants adversely affecting
      suicidal behavior. Possible mechanisms involving effects on the serotonergic
      system that could account for some of these adverse reactions are discussed, and
      a contextual framework is developed for interpreting clinical data on this
      important phenomenon.

PMID- 1816280
TI  - Comparison of performance of healthy volunteers given prazepam alone or combined
      with ethanol. Relation to drug plasma concentrations.
AB  - The interaction between a single dose of 20 mg of prazepam and 0.5 g/kg body
      weight ethanol was investigated in 12 healthy male volunteers by nine objective
      performance tests, eight visual analogue self-rating scales and measurement of
      prazepam and ethanol plasma concentrations, using a double-blind three-way
      crossover design. The volunteers were each given three treatments
      (prazepam+ethanol, placebo+ethanol and prazepam alone), separated by a 2-week
      interval. They completed the performance tests before treatment and 1.5 and 4 h
      thereafter, and the self-rating scales before treatment, 1.5, 4 and 8 thereafter.
      To determine prazepam and ethanol plasma levels, venous blood samples were drawn
      before drug intake and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 8 h thereafter. In two of
      the performance tests: auditory reaction time and digit symbol substitution, the
      combination of prazepam and ethanol was shown to impair performance more than
      either drug taken alone 1.5 h after their administration. A similar result was
      found for the drowsiness scored in the self-ratings. The time needed to complete
      the two-symbol cancellation test was longer when the subjects received prazepam
      either alone or combined with ethanol. Simultaneous ingestion of prazepam and
      ethanol did not alter the bioavailability of either drug.

PMID- 1816281
TI  - Homosexual emancipation in Germany before 1933: two traditions.

PMID- 1816282
TI  - Homosexuality and male bonding in pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay
      movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise.

PMID- 1816283
TI  - Nudity in art and life.1906.

PMID- 1816284
TI  - Fidus.1903.

PMID- 1816285
TI  - Eros and male bonding in society. Introduction.

PMID- 1816286
TI  - Into the future!1903.

PMID- 1816287
TI  - The women's movement and male culture.1903.

PMID- 1816288
TI  - Friend-love as a cultural factor: a word to Germany's male youth. 1930.

PMID- 1816289
TI  - What we want.1925.

PMID- 1816290
TI  - The significance of youth-love for our time.1902.

PMID- 1816291
TI  - On the rearing of the homosexually inclined boy.1903.

PMID- 1816292
TI  - Political issues and the rise of Nazism. Introduction.

PMID- 1816293
TI  - Homosexuality and reaction.1911.

PMID- 1816294
TI  - Eros in the German youth movement.1025.

PMID- 1816295
TI  - Male and female culture: a causal-historical view.1906.

PMID- 1816296
TI  - Seven propositions.1909.

PMID- 1816297
TI  - Male heroes and comrade-love in war: a study and collection of materials.1925.

PMID- 1816298
TI  - Political criminals: a word about the Rohm case.1931.

PMID- 1816299
TI  - Male bonding and homosexuality in German nationalism.

PMID- 1816300
TI  - Opposing the doctors. Introduction.

PMID- 1816302
TI  - Love.1899.

PMID- 1816301
TI  - The ethical-political significance of Lieblingminne.1899.

PMID- 1816303
TI  - Same-sex love, or Lieblingminne: a word on its essence and its significance.1903.

PMID- 1816305
TI  - The aesthetics of the male body. Introduction.

PMID- 1816304
TI  - Memoir for the friends and contributors of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee
      in the name of the secession of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee.1907.

PMID- 1816306
TI  - A word in advance to the better ones.1903.

PMID- 1816307
TI  - The tragedy of being different.1914.

PMID- 1816308
TI  - The decline of Eros in the middle ages and its causes.1903.

PMID- 1816309
TI  - Surgery in adults for rectal prolapse: a challenge to surgeons.

PMID- 1816310
TI  - Kala-azar--a resurgence.

PMID- 1816311
TI  - Abdominal suture proctopexy for complete prolapse of rectum.
AB  - Eighteen patients, 13 males and 5 females, with complete rectal prolapse have
      been treated by suture proctopexy during the period 1987-1989 with no operative
      mortality and very little morbidity. There was only one case of recurrence during
      a 3-year follow-up for which a repeat identical procedure was successful. There
      was some disturbance in faecal continence pre-operatively in 14 cases, of whom,
      13 cases were improved by suture proctopexy. There was no significant change in
      bowel habit postoperatively, with the exception of 2 patients who had
      constipation postoperatively but one reverted to normal on re-education of bowel
      habit. All the patients had normal urinary and sexual function. This relatively
      simple procedure was well tolerated by the patients.

PMID- 1816312
TI  - Plasmodial antigen detection by monoclonal antibody as a screening procedure for
      blood donors in transfusion medicine.
AB  - Very little information is available as regards the methods to be advocated to
      prevent transfusion malaria, especially in endemic countries. Most of the malaria
      non-endemic countries follow the rule of donor deferral for 3 years after malaria
      infection. This criterion cannot be followed in endemic areas since the majority
      of the population is continuously exposed to this infection. Therefore, there was
      a long felt need for a suitable screening procedure for blood donors to make the
      transfusion therapy safe. A total of 6,435 blood donors and 3,621 patients who
      received blood from these donors were studied by blood smears examination and
      malarial antigen detection by specific monoclonal antibody. Smear examination by
      Giemsa and acridine orange staining methods showed poor results (0.06% and 0.1%
      positivity respectively), probably due to low concentration of parasites.
      However, antigen detection by monoclonal antibody confirmed specific diagnosis in
      majority of these subjects. Blood smear examination failed to reveal malaria
      infection in 92.3% of antigen positive blood donors. It is, therefore,
      recommended that antigen detection by monoclonal antibody should be adopted as a
      routine screening procedure by the blood transfusion services in malaria endemic
      countries like India.

PMID- 1816314
TI  - Gastro-intestinal bezoars.

PMID- 1816313
TI  - Puerperal tetanus.
AB  - Fifty cases of puerperal tetanus were studied. It constituted 6.66% of total
      cases of tetanus with overall mortality of 52% which was higher in cases with
      incubation period of 14 days or less, period of onset 48 hours or less, higher
      grades, cases with temperature more than 37.7 degrees C and patients with
      respiratory complications. Significantly higher mortality rate after 48 hours
      signifies the need of effective local control of infection to improve prognosis.
      Prevention, early detection and prompt treatment of respiratory complications
      which is the main cause of death may further reduce mortality rate in these
      patients.

PMID- 1816315
TI  - Glanzmann's thrombasthenia--a case report.

PMID- 1816316
TI  - Volvulus of the sigmoid colon: a study of 105 cases in northeastern UP.

PMID- 1816317
TI  - Vesico-uterine fistula following caesarean section.

PMID- 1816318
TI  - Drugs in paediatrics: critical analysis of practices and problems.

PMID- 1816319
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase in lungs, spleen, and liver: synthesis and distribution.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL, E C 3.1.1.34) is the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis
      of triacylglycerols in plasma lipoproteins, making the fatty acids available for
      use by subjacent tissues. LPL is functional at the surface of endothelial cells,
      but it is not clear which cells synthesize the enzyme and what its distribution
      within tissues and vessels is. In previous studies we reported that in the major
      LPL-producing tissues (muscles, adipose tissue, and mammary gland) the enzyme is
      made by the major cell types. In the present work we have studied in adult guinea
      pigs some tissues that present LPL activity but in lower amounts (lung, spleen,
      and liver). On cryosections of these tissues we have searched for specific cell
      expression of the LPL gene (by in situ hybridization using a RNA probe) and for
      the corresponding protein distribution (by immunocytochemistry). Based on
      morphological criteria we can suggest that, contrary to the main LPL-producing
      tissues, in these tissues the enzyme is made by scattered cells, such as
      macrophages in the lung and spleen and Kupffer cells in the liver; endothelial
      cells present but do not synthesize the enzyme, indicating that the endothelial
      LPL originates in other cells. In the liver strong immunoreaction was detected in
      the sinusoid in contrast to the low level of mRNA expression, suggesting that
      liver takes up circulating LPL from blood.

PMID- 1816320
TI  - Macrophage-derived factors increase low density lipoprotein uptake and receptor
      number in cultured human liver cells.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests the possibility that macrophages can influence
      lipoprotein metabolism. Therefore we investigated the ability of cultured
      macrophages to alter low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in a human liver cell
      line (HepG2). Conditioned media from phlogogenic-induced mouse peritoneal
      macrophages or from a human macrophage cell line stimulated with endotoxin
      increased HepG2 LDL uptake by as much as 60-70%. The increase was due, in part,
      to a significant macrophage-induced 40% increase in the number of LDL receptors
      per cell. Although macrophage conditioned media inhibited HepG2 cholesterol
      synthesis, the LDL receptor up-regulation did not appear to be due to the effects
      on cholesterol synthesis. The LDL receptor stimulatory activity was sensitive to
      proteolysis and heat. Its molecular mass was approximately 20 kDa based on gel
      filtration. Several macrophage secretory proteins were tested in HepG2 cultures
      for LDL uptake stimulation. Of these, oncostatin M (approximately 18 kDa by gel
      filtration) gave the strongest response. The rank order for LDL uptake
      stimulation was oncostatin M much greater than interleukin 6 = interleukin 1 =
      transforming growth factor-beta 1. A neutralizing antibody directed against
      oncostatin M inhibited the ability of conditioned media to up-regulate LDL
      receptors by 85%. Thus, our results indicate that macrophages can secrete several
      proteins that up-regulate LDL receptors in HepG2 cells and that most of the up
      regulatory activity in macrophage conditioned media appears to be due to
      oncostatin M.

PMID- 1816321
TI  - Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in
      mouse macrophages by oxidized low density lipoprotein.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for
      several cytokines within atherosclerotic arteries. Since cytokines have been
      shown to modulate functions of cultured arterial wall cells in a manner that
      could influence atherogenesis, this suggests that factors that modulate cytokine
      production would influence the atherosclerotic process. To examine whether
      lipoproteins can modulate cytokine production, the effect of lipoproteins on
      mouse macrophage interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) mRNA expression was examined by
      dot blot and Northern blot analyses. Low density lipoprotein (LDL), acetylated
      LDL, or malondialdehyde-LDL did not induce IL-1 beta mRNA expression or affect
      the expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, copper ion
      oxidized LDL did not stimulate the production of IL-1 beta mRNA. However,
      oxidized LDL inhibited the LPS-induced expression in a concentration- and time
      dependent manner with a maximum inhibition (greater than 90%) observed after a
      2.5 h preincubation with 25 micrograms protein/ml. These conditions did not
      affect protein synthesis or phagocytosis and the inhibition was partially
      reversible after 24 h, which together suggest that the inhibition was not due to
      cell death. An inhibition of IL-1 alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression was also
      observed while there was no change in gamma-actin mRNA levels. The level of
      inhibition of IL-1 beta mRNA was dependent upon the extent of LDL oxidation, but
      did not correlate with recognition by the scavenger receptor. A non-receptor
      pathway was supported by two lines of evidence: 1) the inhibition could be
      reproduced with a lipid extract, and 2) oxidized LDL also inhibited scavenger
      receptor negative THP-1 cell IL-1 beta mRNA expression. Finally, oxidized LDL had
      no effect on the turnover of IL-1 beta mRNA, suggesting that the decreased
      accumulation of IL-1 beta mRNA is due to a decrease in gene transcription.
      Together these studies suggest that as macrophages become foam cells their immune
      responsiveness is attenuated.

PMID- 1816322
TI  - Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in sitosterolemia: effects of lovastatin,
      cholestyramine, and dietary sterol restriction.
AB  - We investigated the effects of lovastatin, cholestyramine, and dietary sterol
      restriction on cholesterol synthesis and low density lipoprotein receptor
      function in freshly isolated mononuclear leukocytes from two unrelated
      sitosterolemic families. Total plasma sterol concentrations were elevated in the
      two homozygous sitosterolemic subjects (343 and 301 vs. 185 mg/dl in controls)
      and contained increased amounts of plant sterols and 5 alpha-saturated stanols
      (20% and 8% vs. less than 1% in controls), but were not significantly different
      from controls in the two heterozygous subjects. The rates of conversion of
      acetate to cholesterol by mononuclear leukocytes were subnormal in all homozygous
      and heterozygous subjects and correlated with markedly reduced microsomal 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. In the two
      homozygous subjects, cholestyramine treatment decreased plasma sterols 29% and
      35%, and yet was associated with a paradoxical decline in mononuclear leukocyte
      HMG-CoA reductase activity. In contrast, plasma sterol concentrations decreased
      14% and 5%, and mononuclear leukocyte HMG-CoA reductase activities increased 13%
      and 46% in three control and one heterozygous subjects treated with
      cholestyramine, respectively. Plasma sterol concentrations in the homozygous
      subjects unexpectedly failed to decline during treatment with lovastatin or a low
      sterol diet. In distinction, plasma sterol concentrations in three control and
      one heterozygous subjects dropped 28% and 31%, respectively, during treatment
      with lovastatin. Both cholestyramine and low dietary sterols stimulated low
      density lipoprotein receptor function. These results demonstrate a marked
      abnormality in cholesterol homeostasis in patients with homozygous sitosterolemia
      with xanthomatosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816323
TI  - Hepatic metabolism of short-chain bile acids. Inversion of the 3-hydroxyl group
      of isoetianic acid (3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid) by
      the adult rat.
AB  - The stereospecificity of mechanisms for hepatic transport of short-chain bile
      acids has been examined by following the hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion
      of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid (isoetianic acid)
      administered in two different labeled forms to rats prepared with an external
      biliary fistula. While 93% of the administered [2,2,4,4-3H]isoetianic acid was
      recovered in bile after 20 h, only 18% of a similar dose of [3 alpha
      3H]isoetianic acid was secreted in bile over the same time period. The recovered
      radioactivity of the latter compound was mainly associated with bile water. With
      the [2,2,4,4-3H]isoetianic acid, the bulk of the biliary isotope was determined
      to be in the form of two glucuronide conjugates. Spectral analysis identified
      these metabolites as the hydroxyl-linked (major) and carboxyl-linked (minor) beta
      glucuronides, not of the 3 beta-hydroxy compound administered, but of 3 alpha
      hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid (etianic acid), i.e., the
      products of hydroxyl group inversion. It is concluded that isoetianic acid is
      efficiently cleared from plasma and conjugated with glucuronic acid after its
      epimerization to etianic acid. The prevalent, but not complete, loss of the 3
      tritium atom and the retention of the 2- and 4-tritium atoms probably indicates a
      3-oxo-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid intermediate with partial return
      of the label via a limited labeled pool of reduced nicotinamide cofactor.

PMID- 1816324
TI  - Localization of the major sites of rabbit apolipoprotein D gene transcription by
      in situ hybridization.
AB  - We have identified the sites of transcription of the apolipoprotein D (apoD) gene
      in the rabbit by in situ hybridization. We show here for the first time that 1)
      apoD mRNA production does not correlate with the sites of steroid hormone
      production in adrenal glands nor male genital tissues; and 2) the expression of
      the apoD gene is clearly higher in white than in gray matter throughout the
      central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, apoD mRNA was abundant near blood
      vessels and was expressed mostly in fibroblast-like cells, in particular in the
      testis, the efferent ducts, the ductus epididymis, the lung, and the subarachnoid
      space of the CNS. Other positive cell types were endothelial cells of adrenal
      sinusoidal capillaries and glial cells of the CNS. We detected apoD mRNA in both
      the adrenal cortex and medulla. White but not gray matter showed high levels of
      apoD mRNA throughout both the rabbit CNS and in human brain. The red pulp of
      spleen showed a strong hybridization. In prepubertal rabbits apoD mRNA levels
      were moderate in both testis and epididymis. Epididymal but not testicular
      expression increased with the onset of puberty and epididymal levels always
      exceeded those of the testes in animals showing spermatogenesis. Thus, the
      variation in levels of apoD mRNA among organs in vivo, that we and others have
      previously reported, can be explained by transcription being not only
      characteristic of cell type, with a few common cell types producing in each
      organ, but transcription also varied among cells of the same lineage.

PMID- 1816325
TI  - Secretion of VLDL, but not HDL, by rat hepatocytes is inhibited by the
      ethanolamine analogue N-monomethylethanolamine.
AB  - The role of phospholipids in the assembly and secretion of very low density
      lipoproteins (VLDL) has been investigated by incubation of monolayer cultures of
      rat hepatocytes with monomethylethanolamine, an analogue of ethanolamine and
      choline. The cellular concentration of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine was
      increased 17-fold in response to treatment of hepatocytes with
      monomethylethanolamine. The secretion of phosphatidylcholine, triacylglycerol,
      and the apolipoproteins BH, BL, and E into VLDL was inhibited by approximately
      50% in hepatocytes incubated with monomethylethanolamine, compared to untreated
      cells. Cell viability was unaffected by treatment with the ethanolamine analogue,
      as was cellular protein synthesis. The mechanism by which monomethylethanolamine
      reduced VLDL secretion was examined. Since monomethylethanolamine is a structural
      analogue of ethanolamine and choline, an obvious hypothesis for explanation of
      the effect on VLDL secretion was that phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, which is
      required for VLDL secretion (Z. Yao and D. E. Vance. 1988. J. Biol. Chem. 263:
      2998-3004) was inhibited. However, the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine from
      [3H]choline or from [3H]glycerol was not significantly reduced in the analogue
      treated, compared with the untreated, hepatocytes. Nor was the incorporation of
      [3H]glycerol into cellular triacylglycerol altered in the monomethylethanolamine
      treated cells. Furthermore, addition of monomethylethanolamine to hepatocytes did
      not reduce the rate of biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine either from CDP
      ethanolamine or from phosphatidylserine, nor was phosphatidylserine biosynthesis
      from [3-3H]serine affected. The 50% inhibition of VLDL secretion elicited by
      monomethylethanolamine was apparently specific for VLDL because there was no
      difference in secretion of HDL (lipid or apoprotein moieties) or albumin by cells
      incubated with or without the ethanolamine analogue. The experiments showed that
      inhibition of VLDL secretion by monomethylethanolamine was not the result of
      decreased biosynthesis of phospholipids, triacylglycerols, or cholesteryl esters.
      More subtle effects of the ethanolamine/choline analogue, for example
      interference by the increased amount of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, in
      the process of assembly of lipids with apoB remain a possibility.

PMID- 1816326
TI  - Modification of copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoprotein by
      proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.
AB  - Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) appear to contribute to retention of low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) in atherosclerotic lesions. In vitro, CSPG and
      glycosaminoglycans (GAG) modify LDL structure and increase its uptake by
      macrophages. This latter effect appears related to increased exposure of arginine
      and lysine-rich segments of apoB-100. We explored whether alterations of LDL
      induced by human arterial CSPG and purified GAG alter the lipoprotein
      susceptibility to transition metals-catalyzed oxidation. Human LDL was complexed
      with human arterial CSPG and dissociated by raising the ionic strength. The
      nonaggregated, CSPG- and GAG-treated LDL was subjected to oxidation by micromolar
      amounts of Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+. This treatment increased LDL susceptibility
      to Cu2+ oxidation 3- to 5-times, as indicated by the degradation rate of
      phospholipids and cholesteryl esters and formation rates of dienes and
      thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS). Also, human macrophages degraded
      the CSPG-treated, Cu2+-oxidized LDL 3- to 6-times faster than native LDL
      similarly treated. No enhancement of oxidation was observed with Fe2+, Fe3+, and
      Cu+. Quenching of the LDL intrinsic fluorescence by Cu2+ showed that heparin,
      CSPG, and chondroitin-6-SO4 pretreatment increased the access of Cu2+ to
      hydrophobic chromophores, probably tryptophan, 6- to 7-, 3- to 4-, and 2- to 3
      fold, respectively. Also, the affinity constant (Ka) of LDL for Cu2+ was
      increased from 0.12 microM to 0.20 microM by the treatment with CSPG and GAG.
      These results and evaluation of the fraction of surface-accessible LDL
      chromophores to acrylamide quenching suggest that the increased susceptibility to
      oxidation may be associated with an increase in the access of Cu2+ to hydrophobic
      regions in LDL caused by treatment with CSPG and GAG. This effect was not
      detected with Cu+, Fe2+, or Fe3+. The phenomenon may contribute to acceleration
      of the oxidative modifications of LDL in cell culture models and in vivo.

PMID- 1816327
TI  - Cholesterol efflux from cells to immunopurified subfractions of human high
      density lipoprotein: LP-AI and LP-AI/AII.
AB  - Using immunoaffinity chromatography, we separated human high density lipoprotein
      (HDL) into two subfractions: LP-AI, in which all particles contain apolipoprotein
      A-I (apoA-I) but no apoA-II, and LP-AI/AII, in which all particles contain both
      apoA-I and apoA-II. To compare LP-AI and LP-AI/AII as acceptors of cell
      cholesterol, the isolated subfractions were diluted to 50 micrograms
      phospholipid/ml, and then incubated with monolayer cultures of cells in which
      whole-cell and lysosomal cholesterol has been labeled with 14C and 3H,
      respectively. We used three cell types (Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells, normal human
      skin fibroblasts, and rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells). When these cells were
      prepared to contain normal physiological quantities of cholesterol (20-35
      micrograms/mg protein), LP-AI and LP-AI/AII were nearly equally efficient in
      promoting efflux of both whole-cell and lysosomal cholesterol. For whole-cell
      cholesterol, the rate constants for efflux to LP-AI and LP-AI/AII were: 0.050/h
      and 0.053/h, respectively, with Fu5AH cells; 0.0063/h and 0.0074/h with GM3468
      human skin fibroblasts; and 0.0076/h and 0.0079/h with rabbit aortic smooth
      muscle cells. When cholesterol in hepatoma cells or fibroblasts was elevated two-
      to threefold above normal, there was still not difference in efflux of whole-cell
      cholesterol to LP-AI and LP-AI/AII. In longterm incubations, the net depletion of
      cholesterol mass from cholesterol-enriched cells was either identical with the
      two HDL subfractions, or somewhat greater with LP-AI/AII.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816328
TI  - Role of LDL subfraction heterogeneity in the reduced binding of low density
      lipoproteins to arterial proteoglycans in cynomolgus monkeys fed a fish oil diet.
AB  - Previous studies using cynomolgus monkeys have shown that isocaloric substitution
      of dietary fish oil for lard reduced the in vitro binding of plasma low density
      lipoproteins (LDL) to arterial proteoglycans (PG) (Edwards, I.J., A.K. Gebre, W.
      D. Wagner, and J. S. Parks. 1991. Arterioscler. Thromb., 11: 1778-1785). The
      purpose of the present study was to determine whether all LDL subfractions were
      equally affected by the type of dietary fat with regard to PG binding and to
      identify compositional changes in LDL subfractions that might relate to the
      differential in PG binding. Two groups of cynomolgus monkeys (n = 5 each) were
      fed atherogenic diets (40% calories as fat; 0.26 mg cholesterol/kcal) containing
      20% of calories as egg yolk and 20% as either lard or menhaden fish oil. LDL were
      isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography and
      subfractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Three density ranges of LDL
      subfractions were collected from the gradients for determination of chemical
      composition, apoE and apoB content by ELISA, and binding to arterial PG in vitro.
      The d 1.015-1.025 g/ml subfraction contained 39 +/- 8% of the LDL cholesterol in
      the lard group but only 7 +/- 3% for the fish oil group. Values for cholesterol
      distribution were opposite for the d 1.035-1.045 g/ml subfraction, 8 +/- 1%
      versus 41 +/- 8%, respectively. Similar trends were noted for the distribution of
      apoB. For the lard group, LDL binding to arterial PG increased with decreasing
      density (i.e., increasing size) of the subfractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1816329
TI  - Use of [15N]glycine in the measurement of apolipoprotein B synthesis in perfused
      rat liver.
AB  - Rat livers were perfused with [15N]glycine and unlabeled sodium benzoate by the
      single-pass technique via the portal vein or in retrograde fashion via the
      inferior vena cava. Perfusate [15N]hippurate enrichment was significantly greater
      than that of hepatic free glycine from 15 to 90 min, regardless of the direction
      of the perfusion. This result implies that differential labeling by periportal
      versus perivenous hepatocytes is not likely. When fasted animals were compared to
      those fed a chow diet or a sucrose-enriched diet, the labeling ratio of medium
      hippurate/hepatic free glycine decreased by only 9% in spite of a 5-fold decrease
      in the concentration of intrahepatic free glycine. Administration of nembutal to
      the intact animal significantly increased the enrichment of medium hippurate by
      24% but did not affect the enrichment of the hepatic free glycine. We conclude
      that the difference between hippurate and free glycine enrichment is related to
      intracellular compartmentation of glycine transport. We suggest that measurement
      of the enrichment of hippurate after the administration of [15N]glycine with
      benzoate in intact animals or human subjects can therefore be used to estimate
      the enrichment of the intracellular precursor pool of glycine with a correction
      factor that does not vary appreciably under fed or fasted conditions. When
      uniformly labeled deuteroglycine was used as the tracer, enrichment of hepatic
      free glycine was decreased fivefold compared with [15N]glycine. Isotopic
      enrichments of apoBH and apoBL from the d less than 1.063 g/ml lipoprotein
      fraction isolated from the perfusion medium between 30 and 90 min averaged 3.7
      and 4.1% excess, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816330
TI  - Dentistry's contributions to medicine.

PMID- 1816331
TI  - Boilerplate agreements don't cut the ice.

PMID- 1816333
TI  - Designing your retirement plan.

PMID- 1816332
TI  - Preparation for X-ray inspection.

PMID- 1816334
TI  - Overview of current techniques to remove stains from tooth structure.

PMID- 1816335
TI  - MDS's nursing home screening program.

PMID- 1816336
TI  - Tufts University School of Dental Medicine's geriatric outreach program.

PMID- 1816337
TI  - One individual's efforts to provide dental care to nursing home patients.

PMID- 1816338
TI  - What steps the Medicaid Department has taken to increase access to care for its
      clients.

PMID- 1816339
TI  - The Lazarus House Ministries Medical-Dental Clinic.

PMID- 1816340
TI  - The American Dental Association's nationwide program.

PMID- 1816341
TI  - Legislative factors that impact patient access to dental care.

PMID- 1816342
TI  - As I see it. NDA and ADA: schism or alliance?

PMID- 1816343
TI  - Updating TMJ diagnostic concepts.

PMID- 1816344
TI  - Potential defects found in three obturation techniques.

PMID- 1816345
TI  - What is HR 2691?

PMID- 1816346
TI  - Treatment and disposal of contaminated sharps.
AB  - Dentists, like other health care workers, make an overt effort to protect
      themselves and their employees from infectious agents present in the body fluids
      of their patients. Of special concern are treatment-generated infectious waste
      materials, such as sharps. Sharps are items such as needles, sutures, scalpel
      blades, or broken glass which are capable of puncturing, cutting, or abrading
      tissue. Needles can cause occupational transmission of hepatitis B and AIDS. This
      article presents methods to safety store, treat, and dispose of sharps. All
      suggested procedures comply with current Indiana law, CDC guidelines, and EPA and
      OSHA regulations.

PMID- 1816348
TI  - AIDS in the heartland.

PMID- 1816347
TI  - Effect of age of sample on the shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents to
      dentin.
AB  - The effect of sample age on the shear bond strengths of two dentin bonding agents
      to human dentin was evaluated by bonding composite resins to human dentin treated
      with either Imperva-Bond or Prisma Universal Bond 3. One-half of the specimens
      were tested at 5 minutes, while the remainder were thermocycled and tested at 2
      weeks. Results were analyzed using two sample t tests at the 0.05 probability
      levels. Failures were evaluated using light microscopy and categorized as
      adhesive, cohesive within resin, cohesive within tooth, or mixed. The bond
      strengths were significantly higher for Imperva-Bond than for Prisma Universal
      Bond 3 at both time periods. For both bonding agents, the 2 week bond strengths
      were significantly higher than the 5 minute bond strengths. The 2 week bond
      strength of Imperva-Bond approaches that of unfilled resin to etched enamel.

PMID- 1816349
TI  - The implementation of a computer management systems program for dental students.

PMID- 1816350
TI  - Treatment decision-making: student choices of autonomy versus paternalism.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' use of the Hippocratic
      Principle versus a patient-autonomy approach to ethical decision-making. A
      questionnaire composed of three independent case situations was distributed to
      113 junior dental students. The survey instrument allowed subjects to prioritize
      their choices of action from a series of alternative responses and to identify
      factors that influence their choice of action. A majority of responses appear to
      reflect a decision-making process based on patient-autonomy principles. Patient
      rights are important for this population, and their choice of action and the
      factors influencing these choices consistently emphasized autonomy.

PMID- 1816352
TI  - The patient's right to know. 2. A major dilemma continues unresolved.

PMID- 1816353
TI  - Dental ethics and the role of experts.
AB  - Moral problems in dentistry have both a technical and an evaluative component,
      but expertise in clinical dentistry does not confer expertise in clarifying
      evaluative issues. Ethical expertise consists of the capacity either to provide
      strong justifications for a range of ethical propositions or to perform a skill
      well according to the moral rules and virtues of a practice. I consider four
      areas of ethical expertise, the contributions that ethics experts might make to
      the practice of dentistry, and who the likely candidates to be ethics experts
      are.

PMID- 1816351
TI  - Dental malpractice in Sweden.
AB  - This study reports and analyses the handling of malpractice cases by the Swedish
      authorities from an odontological and legal point of view, in order to find
      explanatory factors and create a basis for prevention and discussion of the
      principles for processing such cases. Women report their dentists more often than
      men. The main reasons for complaint are "faulty management/performance of
      treatment," "unsatisfactory technical/esthetic quality," and "wrong
      diagnosis/indication." Many cases concern elementary and well-known clinical
      principles for investigation, treatment planning, and clinical management.
      Private practitioners from the Stockholm region are most often involved in
      malpractice cases, and most of the complaints concern prosthodontic treatment.
      Poor record keeping is not uncommon.

PMID- 1816354
TI  - Mandatory testing for HIV/AIDS and related issues.

PMID- 1816355
TI  - HIV-positive health-care professionals: should they still provide patient care?

PMID- 1816356
TI  - TMJ and dental malpractice: defining the standard of care.

PMID- 1816357
TI  - The damndest things have occurred in the other fellow's dental offices.

PMID- 1816358
TI  - Communications--the future of dentistry.
AB  - Superior communication is a vital key to success in practice. Excellent
      communication with patients and prospective patients can build a practice more
      quickly than any other technique. Strengthening of team relationships depends on
      open communication. Sound communication builds long-term allegiance from patients
      who accept recommended treatment, enroll in the recare system, and refer others.
      And connecting with other health-care providers is an exciting challenge in
      communication. This article explores avenues of communication--with patients,
      with prospective patients, with coworkers and with other health-care providers
      through five techniques: listening, speaking, writing, reading, and
      nonverbal/body language. The author shares specific ideas and methods for honing
      these five skills to assure improvements in communication, the universal glue
      that binds people together and assures excellence in practice.

PMID- 1816359
TI  - Women dentists' office apparel: dressing for success in an age of infection
      control.
AB  - A questionnaire on office apparel was answered by 928 of the 2000 women dentists
      surveyed. The most surprising aspect of this study is that only 51% of all the
      women surveyed feel the need to wear some type of lab coat or uniform for
      infection control. Women dentists who do wear a lab coat over street clothes do
      so primarily for the enhancement of their professional image. Women dentists
      reporting the highest gross incomes were more likely to wear only street clothes
      (P = .01) in the office. This study suggests that the dichotomy of dressing for
      success and dressing for infection control is an issue that needs to be addressed
      by the profession. Guidelines would be especially helpful for the majority of
      women dentists who are currently in their first years of practice.

PMID- 1816360
TI  - Biological consequences associated with DNA oxidation mediated by singlet oxygen.
AB  - Singlet oxygen is a major oxidative species that can be generated by numerous
      biological processes such as photosensitization. This oxidant can react with
      deoxyguanosine and with guanine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to the
      induction of at least four different reaction products such as 4,8-dihydro-4
      hydroxy-8-oxodeoxyguanosine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine. The induction of
      true single-stranded breaks in the oxidated DNA is still a matter of controversy
      and is not yet clearly established. This paper focuses mainly on several
      biological consequences which can be associated with the induction of DNA lesions
      by singlet oxygen. Oxidated DNA loses its transformation efficiency probably
      because unrepaired lesions can partially inhibit DNA replication. Mutagenesis is
      one of the main effects induced by guanine oxidation products. Molecular analysis
      of mutated genes reveals that G to T transversions are the most frequent
      mutations; these are probably introduced in DNA by misincorporation of
      deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP) opposite to the lesion. Efficient repair of
      these oxidated guanine residues can take place via specific glycosylase,
      endonuclease or the SOS network. However, the data concerning the toxicity of
      singlet oxygen for eukaryotic cells are not frequent enough in the literature to
      draw a clear picture of the effects of this activated species in several
      biologically revelant phenomena.

PMID- 1816361
TI  - Chemically induced Parkinson's disease. III: A study of a possible role of
      singlet molecular oxygen in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The near IR emission at 1270 nm following pulsed laser excitation of methylene
      blue in deuterium oxide, was used to study the interaction of a singlet molecular
      oxygen (1O2) with (i) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its
      oxidation products, and (ii) biosubstrates of relevance in Parkinson's disease.
      Steady state irradiation of methylene blue and MPTP led to a product with an
      absorption profile consistent with that of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3
      dihydropyridinium ion. This may suggest that even if monoamine oxidase enzyme
      activity is inhibited by the use of drugs such as Deprenyl and Paragyline the
      underlying conversion of MPTP to its neurotoxic oxidation product via 1O2 may
      still take place.

PMID- 1816362
TI  - Two-quantum photoprocesses in DNA under picosecond laser UV irradiation at 216
      and 270 nm.
AB  - It is demonstrated that at high power picosecond laser irradiation of 216 and 270
      nm, two-quantum photodestructions of the DNA secondary structure, such as
      interstrand covalent crosslinks, "weak" crosslinks, and B----C conformational
      transition, take place. Thermal effects do not contribute to the observed
      effects.

PMID- 1816363
TI  - The temperature sensitivity of the Robertson-Berger sunburn meter, model 500.
AB  - The temperature dependency of the response of the Robertson-Berger sunburn
      detector was tested. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at 254, 302 and 315
      nm resulted in temperature coefficients of -6.8%, +4.3% and +14.6% per 10 degrees
      C respectively. Scans of the spectral response curve showed a redshift with
      increasing temperatures in accordance with measurements of the temperature
      response at solar exposure. The temperature dependency during solar exposure was
      calculated as S(T) = (0.831 +/- 0.060) 10(-2)T + (0.694 +/- 0.004), relative to a
      detector kept at a constant temperature, 32 degrees C. The difference in average
      summer temperatures for Oslo city in the period 1951-1989 would influence
      uncorrected annual Robertson-Berger counts similarly as an approximate 2% change
      in the total amount of atmospheric ozone. The variation of the sensitivity of the
      Robertson-Berger meter with temperature is recommended to be corrected for by
      simultaneous temperature registrations.

PMID- 1816364
TI  - Potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. III. Photophysical
      properties of a lipophilic chlorin and its zinc and tin chelates.
AB  - Photophysical properties of a lipophilic chlorin derivative and its zinc and tin
      chelates were investigated in chloroform. The quantum yields of the fluorescence
      phi F, of the S1----T1 intersystem crossing phi T and of singlet oxygen (1 delta
      g) formation phi delta, as well as the Stern-Volmer constants for the quenching
      of the S1 states by oxygen and the rate constants of quenching of O2(1 delta g)
      by the chlorins were measured. In comparison to the metal-free chlorin an
      increase of phi T and a decrease of phi F have been observed for the metal
      containing derivatives, whereas the phi delta values remain constant.

PMID- 1816365
TI  - In vivo effects of porphyrins on bacterial DNA.
AB  - The DNA damage in intact Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli cells induced by
      photosensitized deuteroporphyrin or hemin is described. Treatment of S. aureus
      cultures with hemin or photosensitized deuteroporphyrin (Dp) caused time
      dependent changes in the plasmidial DNA profiles. The major observation was the
      disappearance of the plasmid supercoiled fraction. The chromosomal DNA was also
      affected by hemin and by photosensitized Dp, since its degradation products were
      detected after exposing the bacterial cells to the porphyrin drugs.
      Photosensitization of E. coli cells, pretreated with Dp and polymyxin B
      nonapeptide (PMBNP), also resulted in plasmidial damage. No such damage occurred
      when E. coli cultures were treated with hemin and PMBNP. The above results can be
      tightly correlated with the antimicrobial action of porphyrins. Their damage to
      the bacterial DNA seems to reflect one of the in vivo effects of these
      porphyrins.

PMID- 1816366
TI  - Photodynamic therapy with chlorin e6. A morphologic study of tumor damage
      efficiency in experiment.
AB  - Morphological changes in rat sarcoma M-1 after photodynamic treatment with
      chlorin e6 were studied. The frequency of necrosis appearance and the depth of
      its spreading in tumor tissue were evaluated after intraperitoneal injection of
      chlorin e6 in doses of 1-10 mg kg-1 and subsequent irradiation by a krypton laser
      with light energy density 22.5-135 J cm-2, using the method of vital staining
      with Evans blue. It was found that the antitumoral effect of photodynamic
      treatment was strengthened by increasing the dose of the agent and light and
      reduced by increasing the time interval between chlorin e6 injection and light
      irradiation. The treatment being given in the parameters mentioned produced a
      depth of tumor necrosis which varied from 4.0 mm to 16.6 mm. The mechanisms of
      tumor tissue damage after photodynamic treatment in vivo are discussed.

PMID- 1816367
TI  - Time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy of porphyrin derivatives and aluminium
      phthalocyanine incorporated in vivo in a murine ascitic tumour model.
AB  - The effect of systemic administration on drug uptake at cellular level was
      evaluated using time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy performed on a murine
      ascitic tumour model. Mice bearing L1210 leukaemia were injected
      intraperitoneally or intravenously with 25 mg per kg body weight hematoporphyrin
      derivative (HpD), 12.5 mg per kg body weight photofrin II (PII), 25 or 5 mg per
      kg body weight disulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine (AlS2Pc). Every 2 h and for
      up to 22 or 30 h, mice were sacrificed, leukaemic cells extracted from the
      peritoneum, washed, and resuspended in buffer for fluorescence measurements. HpD
      and PII emission spectra were almost identical 12 h after intraperitoneal
      injection with main peaks at 630 nm and no appreciable changes afterwards. In the
      first 12 h, the PII fluorescence spectrum was constant, while in the case of HpD
      a shoulder at 615 nm was detectable. Similar fluorescence behaviour was observed
      after intravenous administration of porphyrin derivatives. These results seem to
      confirm that the tumour localizing fraction is the part actually retained by the
      cells. The AlS2Pc spectrum peaked at 685 nm and did not change in any of our
      experiments. AlS2Pc is incorporated more rapidly with respect to porphyrins, as
      was clearly observed in the case of intravenous administration, where the AlS2Pc
      fluorescence was readily detectable after 2 h, whereas the PII emission became
      apparent only after 4-6 h.

PMID- 1816368
TI  - Direct evidence of electron-phonon interaction in melanins.

PMID- 1816369
TI  - The use of all-trans beta-carotene to ameliorate PDT-induced skin
      photosensitivity.

PMID- 1816370
TI  - Cross-bridge movement in fast and slow skeletal muscles of the chick.
AB  - 1. Fast (posterior latissimus dorsi, PLD) and slow (anterior latissimus dorsi,
      ALD) muscles of the chick were studied by time-resolved X-ray diffraction using a
      synchrotron radiation source. 2. In both muscles and at both 20 and 30 degrees C,
      intensities of the X-ray equatorial reflections changed faster than tension at
      the beginning of tetanus. When the intensity change was converted into the mass
      transfer from the thick to the thin filament, the difference between the half
      rise times of the transfer and tension development at 20 degrees C was 140 ms in
      ALD and 37 ms in PLD. At 30 degrees C it was 110 ms and 10-20 ms for ALD and PLD
      respectively. 3. These results indicate that in the early stage of contraction,
      some of the myosin heads in the vicinity of the thin filament are developing
      little or no tension, and suggest that the fast and slow muscles differ in the
      transition rate of myosin heads from the state of attachment with low tension to
      that with high tension.

PMID- 1816371
TI  - Influence of mild cold on the components of 24 hour thermogenesis in rats.
AB  - 1. The influence of two weeks' acclimation to either 28 degrees C (thermal
      neutrality) or 21 degrees C (mild cold) on 24 h heat production and motor
      activity has been investigated in male Wistar rats. Food intake was controlled
      and provided as a single meal of approximately 170 kJ per day. Mathematical
      modelling was used to relate metabolic rate to measured movement and time of day.
      2. For animals at thermal neutrality it was clear that metabolic rate increased
      during periods of substantial measured movement and returned to baseline during
      periods of minimal activity. Total heat production could therefore be divided
      into two components: underlying and movement-induced thermogenesis. 3. At 21
      degrees C, a more complex model was needed. During periods of substantial
      activity, the relation between metabolic rate and movement was similar to that at
      28 degrees C and total heat production could be divided into the same two
      components of underlying and movement-induced thermogenesis. However, during
      periods of prolonged inactivity, a different model was required, which included a
      component of extra metabolic activity, termed supplementary thermogenesis. By
      fitting this model to data at 28 and 21 degrees C, it was possible to partition
      24 h heat production into the three possible sources of underlying, movement
      induced and supplementary thermogenesis. 4. Total 24 h heat production was
      approximately 25% higher for rats at 21 compared with 28 degrees C (P less than
      0.01) and underlying thermogenesis was approximately 20% higher for those in the
      mild cold (P less than 0.01). Measured movement was significantly reduced in the
      mild cold (P less than 0.05) although it was energetically less efficient since
      there was no difference in movement-induced thermogenesis, which accounted for 18
      and 15% of total heat production at 28 and 21 degrees C respectively.
      Supplementary thermogenesis was observed only in the mild cold and it accounted
      for approximately 6% of 24 h heat production, while the peak value accounted for
      20% of total heat production. Circadian variations in thermogenesis were also
      different at 28 compared with 21 degrees C. Possible mechanisms accounting for
      the components of underlying thermogenesis and supplementary thermogenesis are
      discussed.

PMID- 1816372
TI  - Magnesium and ATP dependence of K-Cl co-transport in low K+ sheep red blood
      cells.
AB  - 1. In low K+ (LK) sheep red blood cells, depletion of adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP) by glycolysis inhibition induced specific effects on ouabain-resistant Cl(
      )-dependent K+ transport (K-Cl co-transport), depending on the osmolarity:
      stimulation in isosmotic while inhibition in hyposmotic solutions. However, these
      effects depended upon the presence of internal Mg2+. 2. In LK sheep red blood
      cells, ATP constituted nearly 90% of the Mg2+ buffering capacity. As no
      significant reduction of total Mg2+ was observed after ATP depletion, the overall
      internal Mg2+ in ATP-depleted cells exists in the free form. 3. The dependence of
      K+ efflux on internal Mg2+ was also directly related to the presence of ATP. In
      control cells, Mg2+ constituted an endogenous inhibitor, inducing a 70%
      inhibition of K-Cl fluxes but only 30% in ATP-depleted cells. The Cl(-)
      insensitive component of K+ efflux was unaffected by the divalent cation. 4.
      After Mg2+ removal, the rate of K+ efflux was significantly increased at all
      osmolarities, between 240 mosM (swollen cells) and 440 mosM (shrunken cells).
      Hence, Mg(2+)-depleted LK sheep red cells lose volume sensitivity of K-Cl co
      transport. 5. Internal K+ or Cl- were not required for the Mg2+ inhibition, and
      Mg2+ did not interfere with the internal binding sites for Cl- or K+. Hence, the
      sites for Mg2+ or MgATP, and for K+ and Cl- are independent of each other.

PMID- 1816373
TI  - Morphology of long-term denervated rat soleus muscle and the effect of chronic
      electrical stimulation.
AB  - 1. Rat soleus muscles were denervated for 6-10 months; some of these were
      chronically stimulated for the last 3-8 weeks before recording. The muscles were
      fixed at physiological lengths and embedded in epoxy resin. 2. Sections for light
      microscopy were stained with p-phenylenediamine. Denervation reduced the mean
      cross-sectional area of fibres to 3% of controls (peak at 20 microns2). The cross
      sectional areas of the stimulated fibres had a peak at 70 microns 2. In light
      micrographs of denervated muscles, the total number of fibres appeared to be
      reduced; however not all fibres could be identified (see paragraph (3)). 3. In
      the electron microscope, many fibres showed disarrayed myofilaments. Few fibres
      had more or less normal cross-striations. Muscle fibres as small as 1 micron in
      diameter were seen. The smallest fibres did not contain myofilaments. Some
      unequivocally necrotic fibres were seen. 4. Most stimulated denervated fibres
      showed an almost normal sarcomere pattern. Scattered throughout the muscle were
      single fibres as small as 2 microns in diameter, but these were well organized
      and could be recognized in the light microscope. Few fibres were necrotic. Often
      fibres were serially arranged. Satellite cells were prominent. 5. It is concluded
      that in long-term denervated rat soleus the original fibres are lost and those
      seen are the result of repeated cycles of regeneration and necrosis. Stimulation
      maintains the sarcomeres and probably prevents secondary degeneration and
      necrosis.

PMID- 1816374
TI  - Effects of chronic electrical stimulation on contractile properties of long-term
      denervated rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. The contractile properties of fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus or EDL)
      and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles in the rat were followed for periods of between
      4 and 10 months after denervation. The effects of chronic electrical stimulation
      during the last 3-8 weeks of denervation were investigated. 2. The fall in
      tetanic tension that follows axotomy ended after about 4 months' denervation. The
      equilibrium tension was about 0.75% of control tension in EDL and 0.2-0.3% in
      soleus. 3. The low tension in soleus was due partly to the small diameter of the
      muscle fibres (atrophy) and partly to their necrosis that resulted in an 8-fold
      fall in specific tension (the force per unit cross-sectional area). Similar but
      less extreme changes occurred in EDL. 4. It is speculated that the final level of
      tension reached by unstimulated denervated muscles is an equilibrium between
      decrease in force due to atrophy and necrosis and increase due to regeneration.
      Differences between the final tension levels in soleus and EDL cannot be
      accounted for quantitatively by known differences in atrophy alone. Therefore,
      the rate of necrosis in soleus and of regeneration in EDL may be higher. 5.
      Chronic stimulation of long-term denervated muscle increased force generation by
      about 7-fold in EDL and between 20 and 55 times in soleus. The final tension
      reached was between 4 and 5% of normal in both muscles. Specific tension of
      fibres was almost completely restored by stimulation and the number of fibres was
      normal. The failure to recover full tension was largely due to failure to reverse
      denervation atrophy completely. 6. Twitch contraction and relaxation times were
      identical in denervated-stimulated soleus and EDL. There was no evidence for
      dependence on duration of stimulation or tension of the muscle. The normalized
      maximum rate of rise of tetanic tension remained higher in EDL than soleus.

PMID- 1816375
TI  - Topography and nociceptive receptive fields of climbing fibres projecting to the
      cerebellar anterior lobe in the cat.
AB  - 1. The cutaneous receptive fields of 225 climbing fibres projecting to the
      forelimb area of the C3 zone in the cerebellar anterior lobe were mapped in the
      pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cat. Responses in climbing fibres were recorded as
      complex spikes in Purkinje cells. 2. A detailed topographical organization of the
      nociceptive climbing fibre input to the C3 zone was found. In the medial C3 zone
      climbing fibres with receptive fields covering proximal and/or lateral parts of
      the forelimb projected most medially. Climbing fibres with receptive fields
      located more medially on the forelimb projected successively more laterally. The
      sequence of receptive fields found in the lateral C3 zone was roughly the reverse
      of that in the medial C3 zone. Climbing fibres with receptive fields restricted
      to the digits projected preferentially to the caudal part of the forelimb area,
      whereas those with receptive fields covering both proximal and ventral areas of
      the forearm projected to more rostral parts. 3. The representation of the
      forelimb was uneven. Receptive fields with a focus on the digits or along the
      lateral side of the forearm dominated. 4. The proximal borders of the receptive
      fields were located close to joints. The area from which maximal responses were
      evoked was usually located eccentrically within the receptive field. Based on
      spatial characteristics the receptive fields could be divided into eight classes,
      which in turn were tentatively divided into subclasses. Similar subclasses of
      receptive fields were found in different cats. This classification was further
      supported by the results of a quantitative analysis of eighty-nine climbing
      fibres. The receptive fields of these climbing fibres were mapped with
      standardized noxious stimulation. 5. Climbing fibres terminating within sagittal
      strips (width, 100-300 microns; length, greater than 1 mm) had receptive fields
      which belonged to the same subclass. There were commonly abrupt changes in
      receptive fields between such microzones. Most classes of receptive fields were
      found in both the medial and the lateral parts of the C3 zone. However, receptive
      fields with a focus on the ventral side of either the metacarpals, the wrist or
      the forearm were found only in the medial part of the C3 zone. Furthermore, the
      class of receptive fields restricted to the lateral side of the upper arm and
      shoulder was only found in the lateral part of the C3 zone. 6. In the discussion,
      it is proposed that climbing fibres projecting to each microzone carry
      information from spinal multireceptive reflex arcs acting on a single muscle or a
      group of synergistic muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816376
TI  - The postsynaptic dorsal column pathway mediates cutaneous nociceptive information
      to cerebellar climbing fibres in the cat.
AB  - 1. The location in the spinal cord of the pathway mediating cutaneous nociceptive
      C fibre input to climbing fibres projecting to the forelimb area of the C3 zone
      in the cerebellar anterior lobe was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized
      cats. Lesions of the spinal cord at the segmental level of C3 sparing the dorsal
      funiculi (DF preparation) or lesions of the ipsilateral and part of the
      contralateral dorsal funiculi were made. 2. In the DF preparation, the cutaneous
      input to climbing fibres projecting to the C3 zone was the same as in cats with
      an intact spinal cord. Also, the topography of tactile and nociceptive receptive
      fields and the distribution of A- and C fibre-evoked climbing fibre field
      potentials was similar to that in cats with an intact spinal cord. 3. In cats
      with an initially intact spinal cord the cutaneous nociceptive C fibre input and
      the topographically well organized tactile input to the C3 climbing fibres
      disappeared following a lesion of the ipsilateral and part of the contralateral
      dorsal funiculi. Following this lesion the receptive fields of the climbing
      fibres became indistinct and only irregular responses were evoked on skin
      stimulation. 4. It is concluded that the cutaneous nociceptive C fibre input from
      the forelimb to climbing fibres projecting to the C3 zone is mediated by the
      ipsilateral dorsal funiculus. Since cutaneous C fibres terminate exclusively in
      the spinal cord close to their entrance zone the postsynaptic dorsal column
      pathway must be part of this spino-olivocerebellar pathway.

PMID- 1816377
TI  - Parvalbumin content and Ca2+ and Mg2+ dissociation rates correlated with changes
      in relaxation rate of frog muscle fibres.
AB  - 1. Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that parvalbumin (PA) promotes
      relaxation in frog skeletal muscle. Single fibres and purified PA from Rana
      temporaria skeletal muscle were used to determine the relationship between PA
      concentration ( [PA] ), Ca2+ and Mg2+ dissociation rates from PA and changes in
      rate of relaxation as a function of tetanus duration at 0 degrees C. 2. Total
      [PA] in fibres from tibialis anterior muscles is 0.76 +/- 0.20 mmol PA l-1
      myoplasmic water (mean +/- S.D., n = 25) with 65% PA IVa and 35% PA IVb, where PA
      IVa and PA IVb are PA isoforms. 3. Relaxation rate from an isometric tetanus
      shows progressively as a function of tetanus duration with an exponential time
      course and a rate constant of 1.18 +/- 0.35 s-1 (n = 17). Time course of recovery
      of relaxation rate after a prolonged tetanus is exponential with a rate constant
      of 0.12 +/- 0.02 s-1 (n = 14). 4. The extent of recovery of relaxation rate after
      a prolonged tetanus was correlated with total [PA] in fibres (correlation
      coefficient (r) = 0.80, n = 7; P less than 0.05). 5. Dissociation rate constants
      for Mg2+ and Ca2+ from purified PA are 0.93 +/- 0.02 s-1 (n = 5) and 0.19 +/-
      0.01 s-1 (n = 5), respectively. Dissociation rate constants were not
      significantly different for PA isoforms IVa and IVb. These rate constants are
      similar to the rate constants determined for the time courses of slowing and
      recovery of relaxation rate, respectively. 6. Results suggest that the time
      courses of slowing and recovery of relaxation rate may be controlled, to a large
      extent, by Mg2+ and Ca2+ dissociation from PA, respectively. This evidence
      supports a role for PA in facilitating relaxation during a tetanus in frog
      skeletal muscle at 0 degrees C.

PMID- 1816379
TI  - Amiloride block of the mechanosensitive cation channel in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - 1. Patch clamp recording techniques have been used to investigate the block by
      amiloride of the mechanosensitive cation-selective channel in frog (Xenopus
      laevis) oocytes. 2. Cell-attached and outside-out patch recording configurations
      were employed to study the differences in block produced when amiloride was
      present at either the extracellular (external) or intracellular (internal)
      membrane face. 3. External amiloride causes a highly voltage-dependent 'flickery'
      block of single mechanosensitive channel currents in which inward
      mechanosensitive current recorded at negative potentials is reduced in amplitude
      but outward mechanosensitive current recorded at positive potentials is almost
      unaffected. 4. At -100 mV the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for external
      amiloride block is 0.5 mM. The extracellular concentration dependence of
      amiloride block yields a Hill coefficient equal to 2, inconsistent with a single
      site blocking stoichiometry. 5. The shapes of current-voltage relationships
      measured in different external amiloride concentrations also indicate deviations
      from a simple channel plug model in which a single blocking cation is driven into
      the channel by the membrane potential. 6. Internal amiloride causes a voltage
      independent 'flickery' block of mechanosensitive channel currents which equally
      reduces both inward and outward mechanosensitive currents. 7. The present data
      indicate that a minimum of two amiloride binding sites are necessary to predict
      external amiloride block. A model involving a voltage-dependent conformational
      change with subsequent voltage-independent co-operative binding of two amiloride
      molecules is found to explain the data. 8. The relevance of the present actions
      of amiloride on mechanosensitive channels is discussed in relation to reports of
      amiloride-inhibitable cation flux pathways involved in a number of basic
      physiological functions including mechanosensitivity of sensory cells, volume
      regulation and fertilization.

PMID- 1816378
TI  - The role of troponin C in the length dependence of Ca(2+)-sensitive force of
      mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscles.
AB  - 1. Skinned fibre preparations of right ventricular trabeculae, psoas and soleus
      muscles from hamster and rabbit were activated by Ca2+ and the length
      dependencies of their pCa (-log [Ca2+])-force relationships were compared. 2.
      Ca2+ sensitivity of the myocardium was higher at 2.2-2.4 microns than that at 1.7
      1.9 microns. The length dependence was at least twofold greater in cardiac muscle
      than in fast skeletal fibres at identical temperatures and salt concentrations.
      Slow-twitch fibres gave a response similar to that in the myocardium. 3. The
      effect of the troponin C (TnC) phenotype on the length dependence of Ca2+
      sensitivity was measured on both fast skeletal fibres and cardiac muscle with TnC
      exchange in situ. The length-induced increase in Ca2+ sensitivity was found to be
      greater in the presence of cardiac TnC than with fast skeletal TnC. Thus the
      results indicate that a certain domain of TnC is specialized in this length
      function, and that this domain is different in the two phenotypes. 4. The
      possibility that the enhanced length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity after cardiac
      TnC reconstitution was attributable to reduced TnC binding was excluded when the
      length dependence of partially extracted fast fibres was reduced to one-half the
      normal value after a 50% deletion of the native TnC. 5. Two recombinant forms of
      cardiac TnC (kindly provided by Dr John Putkey, Houston, TX, USA) were used next,
      to investigate the roles of two specific domains in TnC in the control of length
      dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity and in the contraction-relaxation switching of
      cardiac muscle: 6. Using mutant CBM1 [corrected], in which site 1 was modified
      such as to bind the 4th Ca2+ ion, as in skeletal TnC, the length-induced Ca2+
      sensitivity in cardiac muscle was suppressed. The effect was intermediate between
      cardiac and skeletal TnCs under the same conditions. The pSr (-log [Sr2+])-force
      relationship of cardiac muscle was also measured. In the presence of the mutant,
      skinned trabeculae manifest pSr-activation curves identical to those of fast
      fibres. This indicates that the metal ion binding properties of site 1 in TnC
      modulate the regulatory action of site 2. 7. Using mutant CBM2A, in which site 2
      was inactivated, the activation of cardiac muscle by both Ca2+ and Sr2+ ions was
      completely blocked. This is the expected result, since both regulatory sites were
      now inactive, regulatory site 1 being normally inactive in cardiac
      muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816380
TI  - Changes produced by increased hydrostatic pressure in isometric contractions of
      rat fast muscle.
AB  - 1. Muscle fibre bundles isolated from the extensor digitorum longus (a fast
      muscle) of the rat were exposed to different hydrostatic pressures (range 0.1-10
      MPa), in order to determine the pressure dependence of their isometric
      contractions. 2. The pressure dependent changes in the contractions were
      reversible and linearly related to pressure. 3. The peak tension, the time to
      peak and the time to half-relaxation of a twitch contraction increased with
      pressure; the mean (+/- S.E.M.) percentage increases were 5.9 +/- 0.5% MPa-1, 2.7
      +/- 0.2% MPa-1 and 2.7 +/- 0.4% MPa-1, respectively. 4. In a fused tetanus, the
      tension was typically depressed at high pressure (0.9 +/- 0.16% MPa-1); the half
      time of tension rise was decreased (2.1 +/- 0.2% MPa-1) and the half-time of
      exponential relaxation was increased (2.4 +/- 0.3% MPa-1).

PMID- 1816381
TI  - Acetazolamide on the ventral medulla of the cat increases phrenic output and
      delays the ventilatory response to CO2.
AB  - 1. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM) applied to the surface of the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla or microinjected beneath the medullary surface in chloralose-urethane
      anaesthetized, vagotomized, carotid-denervated, paralysed, servo-ventilated cats
      produced a long-lasting increase in integrated phrenic nerve activity. 2.
      Extracellular pH measured beneath the rostral ventrolateral medulla exhibited a
      long-lasting decrease after surface acetazolamide but was not a good predictor,
      in each individual animal, of changes in phrenic activity. 3. Medullary carbonic
      anhydrase inhibition reduced the slope and the half-time of the phrenic response
      to rapid step CO2 increases. Conversely, acetazolamide did not affect the phrenic
      response to steady-state CO2 increases. 4. These data indicate that localized
      inhibition of medullary carbonic anhydrase causes a centrally mediated increase
      in ventilation that we attribute to medullary tissue hypercapnia and acidosis. In
      addition, these data indicate that medullary carbonic anhydrase may play a role
      in central CO2 chemotransduction.

PMID- 1816382
TI  - Differential response of renin secretion to vasoconstrictors in the isolated
      perfused rat kidney.
AB  - 1. We have examined whether an increase of renal vascular resistance is generally
      accompanied by an inhibition of renin secretion. The effects of vasoconstriction
      produced by angiotensin II (Ang II), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), and potassium
      (KCl) depolarization on vascular resistance and on renin release from isolated
      rat kidneys perfused at constant pressure of 100 mmHg were investigated. 2.
      Histological examination performed on some representative kidneys revealed that
      the tubular lumina of all segments within the cortex were patent and the brush
      borders of the proximal tubules were well preserved. The renal vasculature and
      the juxtaglomerular region appeared to be morphologically intact. By
      immunocytochemistry, renin-positive cells were found exclusively in the wall of
      the afferent arterioles. 3. Basal flow rate through isolated kidneys was 14.5 +/-
      2.0 ml min-1 (g kidney weight (gkw))-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10). Under control
      conditions renin secretory rates were in the range of 30-40 (ng Ang I h-1) min-1
      gkw-1. 4. Ang II (100 pM) caused a decrease of renal flow rate to 42 +/- 2% of
      control which was accompanied by a reduction of renin secretion rates by a factor
      of 4. 5. AVP (10 pM to 1 nM) reduced renal perfusate flow in a dose-dependent
      fashion to a minimum of 25 +/- 3% of control. The vasoconstrictor effect of AVP
      was paralleled by a concentration-dependent increase of renin secretory rates
      reaching a factor of maximally 5 when AVP was used at a concentration of 1 nM.
      The stimulatory effect of AVP on renin release could be mimicked by [deamino
      Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP), a vasopressin analogue with prevalent V2
      receptor agonistic properties. In the presence of dDAVP (100 nM, 1 microM) renal
      flow rate reversibly increased by 8 and 12% of control values, respectively. 6.
      Depolarizing concentrations of KCl (30 mM) decreased perfusate flow to 20 +/- 4%
      of control. The vasoconstrictor effect of KCl was paralleled by an increase of
      the arterio-venous difference of perfusate renin activity to such an extent that
      the rate of renin release remained unaltered. 7. Our findings suggest that there
      exists no general inverse relationship between renal arteriolar resistance and
      renin secretion. Our study, moreover, does not support a functional role of
      potential operated calcium channels in the control of renin secretion. Finally,
      we conclude that V2 receptors are present on juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell
      membranes and mediate the stimulatory effect of AVP on renin release from
      isolated rat kidneys.

PMID- 1816383
TI  - Effects of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone on fever caused by endotoxin in
      rabbits.
AB  - 1. We measured the effect of intravenous and intracerebroventricular injections
      of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on changes in body
      temperature and serum iron concentration following i.v. injection of endotoxin in
      rabbits. 2. Intravenous alpha-MSH (2.5 micrograms) significantly reduced both
      phases of endotoxin fever and attenuated the fall in serum iron concentration
      which follows endotoxin injection. 3. Intracerebroventricular alpha-MSH (200 ng)
      reduced only the second phase of the fever and had no effect on the fall in the
      serum iron concentrations. 4. We conclude that alpha-MSH, in doses that are known
      to inhibit endogenous pyrogen fever, inhibits the fever induced by endotoxin in
      rabbits, probably by blocking the actions of endogenous pyrogens mediating the
      endotoxin fever.

PMID- 1816384
TI  - Cardiac output, oxygen consumption and arteriovenous oxygen difference following
      a sudden rise in exercise level in humans.
AB  - 1. To investigate the relative contributions of increases in cardiac output and
      arteriovenous oxygen difference to the increase in oxygen consumption during
      exercise, the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to a sudden transition
      from unloaded cycling to 70 or 80 W were measured in six normal healthy subjects.
      2. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured breath-by-breath and corrected for
      changes in lung gas stores. Cardiac output (Q) was measured beat-by-beat using
      pulsed Doppler ultrasound, and blood pressure was measured beat-by-beat using a
      non-invasive finger cuff (Finapres). All data were calculated off-line, second-by
      second. 3. Arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-VO2) was calculated from Q and VO2
      using the Fick Principle. Left ventricular afterload was calculated by dividing Q
      by mean blood pressure. 4. The data for Q and VO2 were closely fitted by single
      exponential curves (mean r2 0.84 and 0.90 respectively; r is the correlation
      coefficient). These curves yielded mean time constants for the increases in Q and
      VO2 of 28 and 55 s respectively following the increase in exercise level. In each
      individual subject, the time course of adjustment of Q was faster than that of
      VO2. There was a mean lag of 15 s from the start of the new exercise level before
      the derived A-V O2 began to increase; the mean time constant for A-V O2 was 57 s.
      5. If A-V O2 had remained constant, the observed rise in Q alone would have
      resulted in an average of 87% of the increase in VO2 which was observed after 5
      s. If Q had remained constant, the observed increase in A-V O2 would have led to
      only 8% of the actual increase in VO2 after 5 s. 6. Mean and systolic blood
      pressure rose and afterload fell immediately after the onset of the increased
      workload. The time constants of the systolic blood pressure and afterload
      responses to exercise varied widely and ranged from 37 to 81 and 10 to 26 s
      respectively (n = 4). 7. We conclude that Q is responsible for most of the early
      increase in VO2 following a sudden increase in exercise workload. Blood pressure
      responses to exercise are slower than Q and VO2 responses, probably due to the
      rapid decrease in afterload. 8. The dominant contribution of Q to adaptation to
      changing workload may be physiologically important particularly in heart disease,
      where decreased ability to increase cardiac output may limit the capacity to cope
      with changing metabolic needs during everyday activities.

PMID- 1816385
TI  - Changes in excitability and accommodation of human motor axons following brief
      periods of ischaemia.
AB  - 1. The mechanism of post-ischaemic ectopic impulse generation in nerve is not
      known, and previous measurements of excitability changes in human motor axons
      have appeared to conflict. We have used automatic threshold tracking and
      different stimulus-response combinations to follow the effects on excitability of
      brief (5-10 min) periods of ischaemia, too short to induce motor fasciculations.
      Excitability changes have been compared at different sites in axons innervating
      hand, arm and foot muscles. 2. Threshold was determined as the percutaneous
      stimulus current required to excite a single motor unit, or to evoke a constant
      multiunit response, after rectifying and integrating the electromyogram (EMG).
      Three different waveforms of stimulus current were compared: short (less than or
      equal to 2 ms) pulses, long (100-200 ms) pulses to measure rheobase, and 100 ms
      current ramps. We also measured accommodation by recording the effects of
      subthreshold depolarizing currents on excitability. 3. Ischaemic and post
      ischaemic excitability changes were greatest in the proximal parts of the longest
      motor axons, and greater if the sphygmomanometer cuff was inflated over, rather
      than proximal to, the stimulating site. 4. Using integrated EMG responses from
      abductor digiti minimi, the ulnar nerve stimulated above the elbow became rapidly
      much less excitable after ischaemia when tested with short pulses, but more
      excitable when tested with current ramps. The rheobase rose briefly, but then
      fell, often below resting level, always staying below the pulse and ramp
      thresholds. 5. The latency of the response to a rheobasic stimulus altered in
      parallel with the threshold to short current pulses, and increased dramatically
      after ischaemia. This latency increase was associated with a prolonged phase of
      'negative accommodation', i.e. the continued increase in excitability to a
      maintained subthreshold depolarizing current. 6. Changes in excitability and
      accommodation similar to those occurring after ischaemia were recorded following
      high frequency trains of stimuli. They were attributed primarily to
      hyperpolarization by the electrogenic sodium pump, since comparable changes could
      be induced by passing a steady hyperpolarizing current through the stimulating
      electrode. 7. Threshold and latency recordings from single motor units during and
      after ischaemia resembled in most respects the multiunit responses, but single
      unit rheobase did not show a post-ischaemic fall below the resting level.
      Repetitive firing contributed to the low multiunit thresholds recorded with long
      current pulses during the post-ischaemic period. 8. We conclude that human motor
      nerves become simultaneously both more and less excitable than normal after 10
      min of ischaemia, depending on the choice of stimulus and response.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816386
TI  - Resting and ADP-evoked changes in cytosolic free sodium concentration in human
      platelets loaded with the indicator SBFI.
AB  - 1. Cytosolic free Na+ concentration, [Na+]i, was investigated in human platelets
      loaded with the fluorescent indicator SBFI (sodium-binding benzofuran
      isophthalate). 2. SBFI fluorescence from platelet suspensions was measured at
      excitation wavelengths of 340 and 385 nm and the 340/385 nm fluorescence ratio
      was calibrated in terms of [Na+]i in situ. [Na+]i was set to known values by
      resuspending cells in media with various [Na+], in the presence of the Na(+)-K+
      ionophore, gramicidin. 3. Basal free [Na+]i was 5.5 +/- 0.3 mM (n = 50). This is
      considerably lower than estimates of total platelet Na+, suggesting that much
      intracellular Na+ is sequestered or bound. 4. ADP (40 microM) evoked a rise in
      [Na+]i from 6.4 +/- 0.7 to 18.3 +/- 1.1 mM (n = 8). The ADP-evoked rise in [Na+]i
      was abolished when external Na+ was replaced with N-methyl-D-glucamine. This
      indicates that the rise in [Na+]i was due to Na+ entry. 5. In platelets loaded
      with the fluorescent pH indicator, BCECF, 40 microM-ADP was shown to evoke a fall
      in cytosolic pH (pHi) from 7.21 +/- 0.03 to 7.12 +/- 0.03 (n = 10). Three minutes
      after ADP addition pHi had only recovered to 7.15 +/- 0.03. The recovery was
      dependent on external Na+, suggesting it was mediated by Na(+)-H+ exchange.
      However, this would only account for an increase in [Na+]i of approximately 0.5
      mM, indicating most of the ADP-evoked Na+ entry occurred by other mechanisms. 6.
      Stopped-flow fluorimetry showed that the ADP-evoked rise in [Na+]i commenced
      without measurable delay and peaked within 1 s. The initial kinetics were thus
      similar to those reported for ADP-evoked rises in [Ca2+]i. 7. Cell-attached patch
      clamp recordings showed that ADP evoked single-channel inward currents when
      included in the pipette-filling solution. The currents were similar whether Ca2+
      was present or absent from the pipette. The slope conductance was 11 pS in the
      presence of external Ca2+ and 10 pS in its absence. Current-voltage relationships
      were similar and the reversal potentials were close to 0 mV under both
      conditions. 8. SK & F 96,365 (20 microM), a blocker of receptor-mediated Ca2+
      entry in several non-excitable cells, blocked the ADP-evoked rise in [Na+]i. This
      compound has been shown to only partly block the biphasic ADP-evoked rise in
      [Ca2+]i, being selective for the fast, receptor-operated phase of entry. 9. These
      data suggest that ADP rapidly activates a channel in that platelet plasma
      membrane which is permeable to Na+ and divalent cations.

PMID- 1816387
TI  - Modulation of motor cortical excitability by electrical stimulation over the
      cerebellum in man.
AB  - 1. We have stimulated over the cerebellum of intact human subjects by applying
      single electrical stimuli through electrodes placed on the back of the head,
      approximately at the level of the inion. The intensity of stimulation used was
      below that required to produce direct EMG responses in pre-activated muscles of
      the hand. 2. In ten subjects the effect of the stimulus over the cerebellum was
      to reduce the size of the EMG response in first dorsal interosseous muscle evoked
      by a magnetic stimulus to the cerebral cortex. In all subjects the onset of the
      period of suppression occurred when the test magnetic cortical shock followed the
      conditioning cerebellar shock by 5 ms. The duration of the suppression lasted
      from 3 to 7 ms. 3. The amount of suppression was related to the intensity of
      stimulation over the cerebellum. At 15% below the threshold for direct motor
      activation there was no effect; increasing suppression was evident at 10, 5 and
      0% below motor threshold. 4. With a conditioning-test interval of 5-6 ms the
      suppression was the same whether the target muscle was relaxed or active. With
      longer conditioning-test intervals (12 and 15 ms) the amount of suppression was
      greater in active than relaxed muscles. 5. The short-latency suppression was
      greatest when the stimulating anode was ipsilateral to the target muscle and
      contralateral to the stimulated sensorimotor cortex. The later period of
      suppression was insensitive to the polarity of stimulation. When the stimulating
      electrodes were moved 2 cm caudally or cranially the short latency suppression
      disappeared whereas the longer latency suppression was still observed with the
      electrodes in the lower position. 6. Different results were obtained when the
      test EMG response was produced by an electrical (rather than magnetic) stimulus
      over the sensorimotor cortex. The short latency effect was no longer visible
      whereas the longer latency effect was the same as when testing with a magnetic
      cortical stimulus. 7. We suggest that a single electrical stimulus across the
      base of the skull (particularly with the anode over one cerebellar hemisphere)
      produces a short latency (5-6 ms) disfacilitation of the contralateral motor
      cortex through activation of cerebellar structures. A later (12 and 15 ms), less
      specific suppression which is present when testing in active muscles is thought
      to be mediated by a different mechanism and probably produces its effect at the
      level of the spinal cord.

PMID- 1816388
TI  - Horizontal interactions between visual cortical neurones studied by cross
      correlation analysis in the cat.
AB  - 1. To explore the functional significance of horizontal neural connections in the
      extent of a 'hypercolumn' of the cat visual cortex, we carried out cross
      correlation analysis of spike trains recorded simultaneously from a pair of
      neurones separated horizontally by less than 1 mm. 2. Significantly correlated
      firings, which were found in sixty-eight pairs of cells among 327 pairs analysed,
      were classified into three types on the basis of their functional implications:
      (1) excitatory interactions, (2) inhibitory interactions and (3) common inputs to
      both neurones of a pair from other sources. 3. Of these three types, common
      inputs were encountered most frequently. Excitatory interactions were always
      accompanied by common inputs. Inhibitory interactions were observed least
      frequently. 4. The proportion of cell pairs with correlated firings was high in
      pairs with a horizontal separation of less than 200 microns and decreased
      markedly with a horizontal separation of more than 400 microns. 5. Regarding
      laminar locations of cells, common inputs and excitatory interactions were often
      observed in layers II + III and V, whereas laminar bias was not seen in
      inhibitory interactions. 6. With respect to difference in orientation preference
      between two cells, all the three types of correlations were observed, mostly in
      cell pairs with a difference of less than 45 deg. In particular, common inputs
      and excitatory interactions were often seen in cell pairs with matched
      orientation preferences, but inhibitory interactions were found mostly in those
      with slightly different orientation preferences. In addition, common inputs and
      excitatory interactions tended to be found between cells with the same eye
      preference. 7. These results suggest that horizontal functional interactions
      exist mainly in a range of up to 400 microns as far as the extent of a
      hypercolumn of the visual cortex is concerned, and these interactions operate
      effectively between cortical cells with similar receptive field properties except
      for inhibitory interactions.

PMID- 1816389
TI  - Kinetics of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by shortening myofibrils from
      rabbit psoas muscle.
AB  - 1. Using a solenoid-operated mixing device, time-resolved measurements were made
      of shortening and accompanying ATP hydrolysis at 20 degrees C by myofibrils
      prepared from rabbit psoas muscle. 2. The extent of ATP hydrolysis was determined
      by an improved Malachite Green method for determination of inorganic phosphate
      (Pi) in the presence of a large excess of ATP. For the measurement of the change
      in sarcomere length by phase contrast microscopy, shortening was terminated
      without delay and artifact by a mixture of 0.2 M-acetate (pH 4.6) and 1.25% (v/v)
      glutaraldehyde. 3. The shortening velocity per half-sarcomere was 10 microns s-1
      in 25 mM-KCl for sarcomere lengths above 1.4 microns, and at least 12 microns s-1
      in 150 mM-KCl for sarcomere lengths above 1.7 microns. During this rapid
      shortening, there was no significant ATP turnover by cross-bridges (upper 95%
      confidence limit: 0.14 mol (mol of myosin head)-1 in 25 mM-KCl; 0.12 mol mol-1 in
      KCl solutions greater than or equal to 100 mM). 4. When the sarcomeres shortened
      below 1.7 microns in KCl concentrations greater than 100 mM or below 1.4 microns
      in 25 mM-KCl, there was a transient acceleration of ATP hydrolysis (delayed ATP
      hydrolysis), which was then followed by a steady slow hydrolysis. 5. The
      magnitudes (+/- estimated standard deviation) of delayed ATP hydrolysis by
      myofibrils of initial sarcomere length 2.4 microns were 0.42 +/- 0.19, 0.31 +/-
      0.10 and 0.17 +/- 0.09 mol (mol myosin head)-1 in 25 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM-KCl,
      respectively. For myofibrils of sarcomere length 2.0 microns, however, it
      decreased to 0.24 +/- 0.10 mol mol-1 in 25 mM-KCl or to an insignificant level in
      150 mM-KCl. 6. These results indicate that most of the ATP hydrolysis products
      remain bound to cross-bridges during rapid shortening, and that when the force
      opposing shortening increases, a proportion of cross-bridges rapidly dissociate
      the products and enter the next ATP cycle, which diminishes with the decrease in
      shortening distance as well as the increase in ionic strength. Such behaviour of
      the cross-bridge is probably a manifestation of its energetic and kinetic
      properties in the state with bound ADP and Pi interacting with actin filaments at
      zero load and at a transition from zero to non-zero loads.

PMID- 1816390
TI  - Characterization of radial force and radial stiffness in Ca(2+)-activated skinned
      fibres of the rabbit psoas muscle.
AB  - 1. When chemically skinned muscle fibres are activated by Ca2+ at an ionic
      strength of 170 mM, the spacing between the filaments has been shown to decrease
      with increasing force, suggesting that the cross-bridges can generate force not
      only in the axial but also in the radial direction. In the present study, radial
      force and radial stiffness of activated single skinned rabbit psoas fibres were
      studied by X-ray diffraction. The responses of the lattice spacing to changes in
      osmotic pressure by application of dextran T500, which is equivalent to force
      applied in the radial direction, was examined. The radial force generated by the
      attached cross-bridges was calculated, with the approximation that a negligible
      fraction of cross-bridges was attached in the relaxed muscle at the same ionic
      strength of 170 mM. 2. The active radial force was found to be a slightly non
      linear function of lattice spacing, reaching zero at 34 nm. The radial force was
      compressive at lattice spacing greater than 34 nm and expansive at less than 34
      nm. 3. The active axial force, on the other hand, was found to be much less
      affected by the application of dextran T500. Active axial force increased by 4%
      to a plateau at 4% dextran T500 and then decreased by 10% at 8% dextran T500. 4.
      While not under osmotic pressure, the radial force of the activated fibre was
      determined to be 400 pN (single thick filament)-1. This is of the same order of
      magnitude as the axial force. The radial stiffness was also comparable to the
      axial stiffness at 7 pN (thick filament)-1 (0.1 nm)-1. 5. The radial elasticity
      of the fully activated fibre differs significantly from that of the fibre in
      rigor. The radial stiffness exhibited by fibres in rigor was approximately five
      times higher, at 30 pN (thick filament)-1 (0.1 nm)-1 and the point where the
      radial force reached zero was 38 nm. 6. In the activated state, the point at
      which radial force reaches zero is independent of the level of Ca2+ activation,
      i.e. independent of the number of cross-bridges attached to actin in the force
      generating state. We suggest that the zero-force point is equivalent to the
      equilibrium point of a spring and is an intrinsic property of the radial
      elasticity of the cross-bridge. 7. It is concluded that activated and rigor cross
      bridges exhibit a spring-like property in the radial direction.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816391
TI  - Tension as a function of sarcomere length and velocity of shortening in single
      skeletal muscle fibres of the frog.
AB  - 1. Simple measurements of muscle tension at fixed fibre or segment length produce
      a range of length-tension relationships, depending primarily on the duration of
      the interval between stimulation onset and tension measurement, in contradiction
      with the simple predictions of current models. This has been explained by non
      uniformity in sarcomere lengths, leading to internal motion and, in turn, to
      increasing tension because the force-velocity relationship has a much greater
      slope for slow lengthening than for slow shortening. 2. Previous attempts to
      reduce the effect of internal motion have been focused on decreasing the initial
      extent of non-uniformity and measuring tension early in a contraction, when non
      uniformities are at a minimum. An alternative approach that has not been
      attempted previously is to reduce the non-linearity of the force-velocity
      relationship by avoiding the discontinuity in slope at zero velocity. This is
      accomplished by imposing overall fibre shortening at velocities sufficient to
      ensure that all sarcomeres are shortening. 3. When the tension maintained during
      shortening was measured and plotted against sarcomere length for each release
      velocity used, linear length-tension relationships resulted that extrapolated to
      a common sarcomere length intercept. This was true whether the release was
      applied early in the tetanus or near the end of the 'creep phase' of tension
      rise. These observations were duplicated by computer simulation using a
      multisarcomere model of a muscle fibre. 4. These results provide strong support
      for the view that cross-bridges function as independent force generators and for
      the explanation of the creep phase of fibre or segment isometric tension as being
      due to internal motion. The results also imply that the force-velocity
      relationship scales with sarcomere length without changing shape. 5. Using this
      novel method for obtaining length-tension relationships, the sarcomere length at
      which active tension fell to zero was found, by extrapolation, to be 3.65 microns
      in semitendinosus fibres and 3.53 microns in tibialis anterior fibres from the
      frog (Rana temporaria).

PMID- 1816393
TI  - Stress incontinence in women. Psychological status before and after treatment.
AB  - Sixty-three women with clinical and urodynamic evidence of stress incontinence
      were evaluated before and after incontinence surgery for symptoms of depression,
      nervousness, tension, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, somatic weakness
      and headaches. Women treated successfully with surgery demonstrated a
      statistically significant improvement in their subjective psychologic status (P
      less than .05). Unsuccessful treatment, however, was not associated with a
      significant change in or deterioration of their symptoms. All the symptoms were
      evaluated individually to ascertain the specific effects of treatment. Sleep
      disturbances were significantly improved with successful treatment and worsened
      with unsuccessful treatment (P less than .05). Tension was significantly improved
      with successful therapy (P less than .05) but was unchanged if surgery was
      unsuccessful. Depression became worse with subjectively unsuccessful surgery.
      Headaches and appetite were not affected by the therapeutic outcome. Therapy can
      be instrumental in affecting the psychologic status of women with stress
      incontinence. If the psychologic disability continues after therapy and/or
      treatment is unsuccessful, a referral for psychologic evaluation should be
      considered.

PMID- 1816392
TI  - Neurones in commissural nucleus tractus solitarii required for full expression of
      the pulmonary C fibre reflex in rat.
AB  - 1. The pulmonary C fibre reflex, triggered by activating pulmonary C fibre
      endings in the lung, consists of rapid shallow breathing (which may be preceded
      by apnoea), bradycardia, and hypotension. The purpose of this work was to
      identify proximal synapses in this reflex. From pilot data, we hypothesized that
      neurones in a discrete region of the commissural nucleus in the nucleus tractus
      solitarii (NTS) are required for full expression of the pulmonary C fibre reflex.
      Studies were carried out in urethane-anaesthetized, unilaterally vagotomized,
      spontaneously breathing rats, in which diaphragm electromyogram, arterial
      pressure, and blood gases were measured. Phenyldiguanide (PDG) was injected in
      the right atrium to elicit the pulmonary C fibre reflex. Unilateral NTS
      injections were made through multibarrelled pipettes containing DL-homocysteic
      acid (DLH) to mimic the reflex, cobalt chloride to reversibly impair the reflex,
      and/or dye to mark the injection sites. 2. PDG (5-16 micrograms kg-1) injected in
      the right atrium of twenty-six rats produced the classic pulmonary C fibre
      reflex: a vagally mediated, rapid onset of rapid shallow breathing, bradycardia
      and hypotension. 3. Injection of DLH (3-12 nl of 20 mM for a total of 60-240
      pmol) in the dorsomedial aspect of the commissural nucleus of the NTS in thirty
      rats mimicked the pulmonary C fibre reflex, producing rapid shallow breathing,
      hypotension, and a slight bradycardia. 4. Interruption of neuronal transmission
      by injecting cobalt chloride (15-30 nl of 100 mM) in the site where DLH produced
      rapid shallow breathing, reversibly impaired the rapid shallow breathing and
      bradycardia produced by right atrial injections of PDG in fifteen rats. The
      commissural region where DLH produced rapid shallow breathing and cobalt impaired
      the pulmonary C fibre reflex extended from 720-1100 microns caudal to the obex,
      30-200 microns lateral to mid-line, and 200-600 microns ventral to the dorsal
      surface of the brain stem within the NTS. 5. Taken together, the results suggest
      that neurones within a discrete region in the dorsomedial commissural nucleus in
      caudal NTS are required for full expression of the pulmonary C fibre reflex.

PMID- 1816394
TI  - Reproduction in the older gravida. A literature review.
AB  - Infertility, spontaneous abortions and trisomic anomalies increase with maternal
      age, as do ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, macrosomia, abruptio placentae
      and labor dysfunction. However, those phenomena are multifactorial in origin and
      cannot be ascribed solely to advancing age. Older pregnant women are also at
      increased risk for diabetes and hypertension. Whereas the older gravida is at
      increased risk for maternal mortality and morbidity and for fetal and infant
      mortality, those problems are explainable in large part by coexisting medical
      complications. The healthy older pregnant woman who receives appropriate
      prepregnancy counseling and up-to-date perinatal care can achieve results
      comparable to those achieved by younger ones.

PMID- 1816395
TI  - Pulse oximetry. Application in the labor-and-delivery unit of a tertiary care
      center.
AB  - Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive early warning system capable of alerting the
      nursing and medical staff of the occurrence of arterial hemoglobin desaturation
      and resultant hypoxemia. This technology has already achieved widespread use
      intraoperatively, in the recovery area and in medical and surgical intensive care
      units. Application during labor and delivery, another acute care setting often
      involving emergency conditions, is a logical extension. We applied this
      technology in the labor-and-delivery suite. The degree of arterial desaturation
      (absolute percent) and range of values appear greater in pregnancy than in the
      pregnant woman's healthy, nonpregnant counterpart.

PMID- 1816396
TI  - Ciprofloxacin versus gentamicin/clindamycin for postpartum endometritis.
AB  - An open, randomized, comparative study of intravenous ciprofloxacin versus
      gentamicin and clindamycin was performed on women with postpartum endometritis.
      Ciprofloxacin alone successfully eradicated the infections in 35 of 49 patients
      (71%), while the combination of gentamicin/clindamycin cured 41 of 48 (85%) (P =
      .15). The microbiology and antibiotic sensitivity of the endometrial isolates
      confirmed the poor activity of ciprofloxacin against anaerobic bacteria and less
      than-optimal activity against Streptococcus faecalis. Ciprofloxacin, when used
      alone, may not be suitable for the treatment of postpartum endometritis.

PMID- 1816397
TI  - Cocaine and the pregnant woman.
AB  - The growing use of cocaine among pregnant women and its effects on the fetus have
      attracted national attention. Increasing amounts of data are now available
      showing the specific negative obstetric, perinatal and neonatal complications.
      This review examines specific aspects of cocaine use during pregnancy, including
      pharmacology, effects on pregnancy and childbirth, perinatal and neonatal
      outcome, and detection of drug use.

PMID- 1816398
TI  - Forces affecting the dynamics of labor. A biophysical perspective.
AB  - In an effort to comprehend the role of various parameters affecting the rate of
      obstetric labor, the physical and biochemical factors involved were reviewed. In
      particular, the forces acting to dilate the cervix were examined mathematically.
      The increase in the rate of dilation as labor progresses is the direct
      consequence of the interaction of the applied forces and changes in the chemical
      characteristics of the cervix. In this way, empirical observations that have been
      made in the delivery suite can now be understood in terms of the fundamental
      scientific phenomena active in promoting labor.

PMID- 1816399
TI  - Serum CA-125 levels in women with ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies.
AB  - In women with ectopic pregnancies the extrauterine compartments are exposed to
      fetal tissue. Since such tissue is known to express CA-125, we measured serum
      levels of CA-125 in patients with ectopic pregnancies and compared them to those
      in patients with intrauterine pregnancies. A total of 44 pregnant women were
      included in the study; all were in the first trimester. Twenty-seven of them had
      ectopic pregnancies, and 17 had intrauterine ones. Our results show that women
      with ectopic pregnancies, ruptured or unruptured, were more likely to have
      elevated levels of serum CA-125 than were women who had intrauterine pregnancies.

PMID- 1816400
TI  - Calcium citrate for vulvar vestibulitis. A case report.
AB  - A woman had suffered from vulvar vestibulitis (vulvodynia) for four years. Pain
      from the disorder had disrupted her ability to function at work and home as well
      as sexually. An initial full range of treatments, including multiple operations,
      had produced no relief. Examination of the urine for evidence of excess oxalate,
      which has been shown to cause epithelial reactions similar to those found in
      vulvodynia, showed periodic hyperoxaluria and pH elevations related to the
      symptoms. Calcium citrate was given to modify the oxalate crystalluria. The
      symptoms were significantly reduced in three months, and the patient was pain
      free after one year. She was able to resume normal work, family, sexual and
      recreational activities. Withdrawal of the calcium citrate resulted in a return
      of the symptoms; reinstitution alleviated them. These findings suggest that
      further study of individualized metabolic factors that may underlie vulvodynia is
      warranted.

PMID- 1816401
TI  - The New Zealand Society of Periodontology: the first double decade.

PMID- 1816402
TI  - The early days of the Society.

PMID- 1816403
TI  - Teaching of periodontology in New Zealand, 1946-1971.

PMID- 1816404
TI  - Teaching of periodontology in New Zealand, 1971-1991.

PMID- 1816406
TI  - The evolution from bulletin to journal.

PMID- 1816405
TI  - Publications of the New Zealand Society of Periodontology.

PMID- 1816407
TI  - The transition of the Journal during 1981-91.

PMID- 1816409
TI  - Preventive dentistry has worked beyond expectations.

PMID- 1816408
TI  - The development of specialist periodontal practice in New Zealand.

PMID- 1816410
TI  - "Why has no one ever looked at my gums before". A time for plain speaking.

PMID- 1816411
TI  - The early days leading to the formation of the New Zealand Society of
      Periodontology.

PMID- 1816412
TI  - Effects of ligustrazine controlled release capsule in chronic pulmonary heart
      disease.
AB  - Before and after oral administration of ligustrazine controlled release capsule,
      pulmonary hemodynamics, right cardiac function, arterial blood gas and TXB2/6
      keto-PGF1 alpha were studied in 16 patients with advanced cor pulmonale. The
      decrease of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance,
      increase of cardiac output, improvement of right cardiac function and arterial
      blood gas were demonstrated after one course of treatment. The mechanism of these
      effects may be related to improvement of imbalance of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha.
      These results were in agreement with those of intravenous administration of
      ligustrazine, but no adverse reactions were found.

PMID- 1816413
TI  - Surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis and evaluation of its efficacy.
AB  - This paper reports 30 cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) treated by thymectomy from
      1965 to 1990 in our hospital. Of all the 30 cases of MG, peripheral blood
      lymphocyte subpopulation was determined in 10, and anti-acetylcholine receptor
      antibody titer in 6, before and after operation. The results demonstrated the
      efficacy of thymectomy against MG. We considered that with application of hormone
      before and after operation to regulate immune function of the body, and/or with
      plasma exchange to remiss symptoms, all the patients with generalized MG may be
      indicated for treatment by thymectomy. Indication of treatment does not depend on
      age, sex and the course of the disease. But radical operation, proper anesthesia
      and appropriate use of antibiotics may ensure safety of the operation and its
      curative effect.

PMID- 1816414
TI  - Bone mineral content and density in Chinese.

PMID- 1816415
TI  - Experimental study on bone of parathyroidectomized rats.

PMID- 1816416
TI  - [The growth and morphological characteristics of human and rabbit corneal
      endothelium in tissue culture].
AB  - In in-vitro culture, we have found that corneal endothelial cells exhibited
      membranous growth character in tissue culture. The cells were polygonal in shape.
      When human corneal endothelium grew in single layer, we found the phenomenon of
      amitosis. Scanning electronmicroscopy showed the microvilli of endothelial cells
      in vitro were more than in vivo. Transmission electronmicroscopy demonstrated a
      lot of intercellular desmosome and many fibrillar structures accumulated into
      bundles, curly-hair-like in shape and distributed reticularly around the nucleus.
      The cells were rich in organelles. We have also discussed the regenerative
      ability and some biological characteristics of corneal endothelium. It may be
      suggested that human corneal endothelia exhibit the proliferative ability in some
      condition. However, their proliferative form remains to be further studied.

PMID- 1816417
TI  - Dialectic classification of syndrome diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine
      used as new criterion for evaluating prognosis of patients with cervical cancer.
AB  - 254 patients with cervical cancer were treated by radiotherapy from Jan 1979 to
      Dec 1984. All the patients were followed up at least for more than 3 years, of
      them 180 for over 5 years. According to various symptoms, picture of the tongue
      and pulse condition, the disease was classified into 4 types, namely: 1)
      deficiency of liver-yin and kidney-yin, 2) deficiency of splenic qi, 3) internal
      retention of damp-heat, and 4) stagnation of qi and blood or stagnation of liver
      qi. The survival rate of the various types was quite different. The patients of
      type 4 had the worst prognosis. The prognosis of patients with type 1 was
      significantly better than that of patients with type 4. The difference was of
      statistical significance (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 1816418
TI  - [Effects of ginseng on hepatocellular carcinoma in rats induced by
      diethylnitrosamine--a further study].
AB  - The curative effects of Panax ginseng on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats
      induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were further studied. The size of cancerous
      nodes was quantitatively measured by image analysis instrument. The
      hepatocellular hyperplastic foci were quantitatively analysed with gamma-GT stain
      under microspectrophotometer. Pathological changes of hepatocytes were observed
      under light and electron microscope. The results of the investigation indicated
      that ginseng had significant inhibitory effect on HCC in rats induced by DEN and
      prolonged the survival time of the rats with HCC. The mechanism of inhibition of
      the development of HCC by ginseng was also preliminarily approached.

PMID- 1816419
TI  - Pharmacokinetic studies of norethisterone-3-oxime and norethisterone-3-oxime
      acetate in rhesus monkey.
AB  - After [6,7-3H]-labelled norethisterone-3-oxime (NETO) and norethisterone-3-oxime
      acetate (NETO-AC) were given intravenously or orally through a nasal tube with 1
      mg of respective unlabelled steroid to Rhesus monkey, serum samples were
      collected at various periods, and radioactivity was counted with or without
      reverse-phase HPLC separation in advance. Pharmacokinetics of NETO and NETO-AC
      were compared with those of norethisterone (NET) and norethisterone acetate (NET
      AC) respectively which were studied in a similar experimental design. The results
      indicated that the serum concentration-time curve of NETO and NET could be
      adequately described by a two-compartment model. Average t 1/2 ka, t 1/2 alpha
      and t 1/2 beta with standard deviation for oral administration were 0.21 +/- 0.08
      (h), 1.28 +/- 0.31 (h) and 10.01 +/- 4.59 (h) for NET and 0.37 +/- 0.81 (h), 0.90
      +/- 0.26 (h) and 8.55 +/- 2.21 (h) for NETO respectively. NETO metabolized to NET
      which had a similar serum profile with its precursor. NET-AC also metabolized to
      NET, but more rapidly. It disappeared from blood 8-12 h after nasal feeding. NETO
      AC was non-detectable at all when given orally because it metabolized immediately
      and extensively in the animal body. Its major metabolites, NETO, NET and NET-AC
      already appeared in the first blood sample drawn 15 min after administration.
      NETO-AC, when injected intravenously, declined abruptly and could not be detected
      4 h later. Among the metabolites, only the deacetylated products (NET and NETO)
      reached relatively higher levels and sustained longer in blood.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816420
TI  - Changes of intracellular IP3 with the expression of interleukin 2 receptor in
      human peripheral blood T lymphocytes.
AB  - The changes of the intracellular inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) associated
      with the expression of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) were studied. In
      resting lymphocytes, IL-2 did not alter intracellular concentration of IP3, but
      Con A caused an increase in IP3 by 45%. In IL-2 sensitive T cells, which
      expressed IL-2R by 83%, the change of intracellular IP3 was dependent upon IL-2
      concentration. The IP3 increased at IL-2 concentrations of 10 and 50 U/ml, and
      the maximal response of 60% was found at the concentration of 50 U/ml. At IL-2
      concentration of 100 U/ml no increase in IP3 was observed. After binding of anti
      Tac McAb to IL-2R of T lymphocytes the increase in IP3 at IL-2 concentrations of
      10 and 50 U/ml was significantly attenuated. It has been suggested that IL-2
      could induce the changes of intracellular IP3 of the human peripheral blood T
      cells, which is related to the IL-2 concentrations incubated with T cells and the
      expression of IL-2R on T lymphocyte.

PMID- 1816421
TI  - Biplane transesophageal echocardiography: imaging sections and anatomic segments.
AB  - In order to recognize correctly the images of transesophageal echocardiography
      (TEE), in 410 subjects TEE was performed with uniplane or biplane transducer, and
      in 7 corpses the cardiac anatomic segments were observed, at various levels and
      in different directions, 9 transverse and 6 longitudinal views were compared with
      the corresponding cardiac anatomic segments. Based on this study, the authors
      reported the levels of segments, insertion depth, anatomic structure
      identification, image characteristics and clinical application of TEE, and the
      advantages of biplane TEE are discussed.

PMID- 1816422
TI  - [New trends in nursing research on environmental health nursing (2). Breakthrough
      in nursing research on human-environment relations].

PMID- 1816423
TI  - [New trends in nursing research on environmental health nursing (2). Human
      community-environment-system and health].

PMID- 1816424
TI  - [New trends in nursing research on environmental health nursing (2). Nursing
      research on working environment].

PMID- 1816425
TI  - [New trends in nursing research on environmental health nursing (2). The
      viewpoints of nursing research on school environment].

PMID- 1816426
TI  - [New trends in nursing research on environmental health nursing (2). The
      influence of noisy environments on patients in hospital wards].

PMID- 1816427
TI  - [The interaction of preschool children with nurses. How do the nurses interpret
      the children in pain?].

PMID- 1816429
TI  - [The approach to the English monograph. To challenge your translation, to
      discover your mistakes (II)].

PMID- 1816428
TI  - [Theme of nursing research discovered in patient observation].

PMID- 1816430
TI  - [Critical conditions of the cardiovascular system in acute pulmonary pathology].

PMID- 1816431
TI  - [Favorable course of aortic coarctation].

PMID- 1816432
TI  - [Graded for energy expenditure exercise therapy and physical training by walking
      at the polyclinical stage of rehabilitation of patients with ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 1816433
TI  - [Interrelations between obstructive changes in the coronary arteries and clinical
      manifestations of heart failure in patients after myocardial infarction].
AB  - The study was undertaken to examine clinical and angiographic signs in 154
      patients with prior myocardial infarction. There was a relationship between the
      left ventricular performance and heart failure stages and the number of diseased
      left ventricular segments and heart failure stages. With an increase in the
      number of diseased left ventricular segments, cardiac contractility decreased.
      Severe stages of heart failure were observed in the diseased channel of the
      infarct-related anterior interventricular branch and in its occlusion. The stages
      of heart failure were unassociated with the number of diseased coronary arteries,
      and the presence or absence of collaterals. There were more frequently eccentric
      stenoses of type II and/or irregular shape in severe heart failure groups.

PMID- 1816434
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of using peripheral vasodilators in
      the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left
      ventricular failure].
AB  - The effects of intravenous nitroglycerin, isodinit, and monizid were compared in
      patients with myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure.
      Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, coronary venous blood flow and
      precardial mapping data were analyzed. The drugs were found to be potent
      vasodilators in the treatment of these patients; the mechanism of their action
      was identical. The clinical efficacy of isodinit was shown to be superior to that
      of monizid and nitroglycerin.

PMID- 1816435
TI  - [Prognostic significance of disorders of regional left-ventricular contractility
      detected in the subacute period of myocardial infarction].
AB  - The predictive value of left ventricular contractility index, lesion extent,
      ejection fraction was examined from sector scanning data in 107 able-bodied males
      with primary transmural myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by left
      ventricular aneurysm in the acute period (in 28 patients with anterior MI) and
      heart failure (in 23 patients with inferior MI). The findings suggest that the
      severity of regional contractility disorders is associated with the location of
      myocardial infarction and the state of the coronary bed. The significant lesion
      extent and multiplicity in the coronary arteries showed a high risk for
      postinfarction events. On the contrary, the lack of severe regional contractility
      disorders and isolated coronary lesion were indicative of good prognosis.

PMID- 1816436
TI  - [Prognostic evaluation of vascular reactivity to vasoactive drugs and the
      clinical index of disease severity in patients with myocardial infarction].
AB  - The parameters of vascular responsiveness to vasopressors and vasodilators and
      the clinical severity index were determined in 45 patients with various acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) extents in the hospital period. In a group of
      patients with small AMI foci, the responsiveness to vasopressors normalized on
      day 14 with normal parameters to vasodilators throughout the study. The mean
      clinical severe index was the highest. In a group of patients with gross and
      transmural AMI there was a high responsiveness to norepinephrine in the whole
      hospital period and a high clinical severity index. Patients with fatal AMI
      outcomes showed an extremely low responsiveness to norepinephrine in the whole
      hospital period and a low abnormal response to histamine. The clinical severity
      index corresponded to the most grave course leading to an unpredictable outcome
      without any trends to decrease.

PMID- 1816437
TI  - [Complement 3 in hypertension and arteriosclerosis].
AB  - The serum levels, residual functional activity (RFA), phenotype of complement
      component 3 (C3) were determined in 20 patients with hypertensive disease (HD),
      11 with documented coronary atherosclerosis (CA), and 11 with HD + CA. The sera
      from 21 apparently healthy subjects were used as a control. There was a higher
      frequency of the allotype C3F in the HD, CA, and HD + CA groups (0.400, 0.417,
      and 0.364, respectively) than in the controls. The HD + CA group showed a
      significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in RFA of C3 as compared to the HD and CA
      groups. There were significant differences in the serum C3 concentrations and RFA
      in allotype C3F carriers between the patients with CA and HD. The findings
      suggest that allotype C3F carriage may be a factor predisposing to accelerated
      progression of CA in HD.

PMID- 1816438
TI  - [Carotid sinus and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflex in patients with
      hypertension].
AB  - The nature of sinocarotid and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflex was examined in
      33 patients with labile hypertensive disease (HD). The mechanic receptors of the
      sinocarotid area was activated by a neck barochamber; lower extremity
      decompression was used to test the vasoconstrictor cardiopulmonary baroreflex.
      The studies demonstrated that the activation of the mechanic receptors led to
      less severe bradycardia in hypertensives than in healthy persons. At the same
      time blood pressure fall with a decrease in neck chamber pressure achieved higher
      values in the patients than in normotensives, which was due to vasodilation in
      most patients. A direct relation was proved to exist between the degree of a
      decrease in the cardiochronotropic baroreflex component, presence of its
      vasomotor component, and disease duration. The hypertensives displayed increased
      in vasoconstrictor cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflex.

PMID- 1816439
TI  - [Hemodynamic response of patients with arterial hypertension to graded pedal
      isometric exercise after administration of vasodilators of different classes].
AB  - Graded isometric exercise (IE) testing was performed to study the effects of
      vasodilators from various classes on the hemodynamic response in 60 patients with
      mild and moderate essential hypertension (EH). Hemodynamic parameters were
      determined by rheography. Group I patients took captopril, 50 mg, Group II
      prazosin, 2 mg, and Group III nifedipine, 20 mg. Hemodynamic changes tended to
      deteriorate in patients with the EH syndrome during IET. Application of the
      vasodilators led to the alleviation of the changes both at rest and during IET,
      as manifested by lower absolute values of the parameters and their relative
      increase. The beneficial influences of drugs from various classes on some
      hemodynamic parameters were different.

PMID- 1816440
TI  - [Status of the venous system and pulmonary circulation at early stages of
      development of arterial hypertension (clinico-experimental comparisons)].
AB  - The study was undertaken to examine 116 patients with borderline arterial
      hypertension (BAH), 67 normotensives without a family history of hypertensive
      disease (HD), and 29 normotensive relatives with HD. The hemodynamics of systemic
      and pulmonary circulations were investigated. For comparison, the functional
      activity of the portal vein was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats of
      different age. High systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery and predominant
      hyperkinetic central hemodynamics were observed in the normotensives with a
      family history of HD and patients with BAH. The findings are in good agreement
      with experimental evidence for a higher functional activity of the venous system
      in early essential hypertension.

PMID- 1816441
TI  - [Proliferation of smooth muscle cells in hypertension].
AB  - The aortic intima and media isolated from hypertensives showed a significantly
      larger number (up to 20%) of smooth muscle cells (SMC) with tetraploid DNA
      content. The similar process was shown to be also a part of normal human vessel
      maturation. Normotensive human and rat aortic SMCs were found to accumulate 3H
      thymidine, have a lower proliferative ability and they were apt to polyploidize
      in the primary culture. Such a population could not be detected in the aorta of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats. It was ascertained that 10 microM of
      noradrenaline significantly increased (approximately by 2 times) the occurrence
      of true polyploid cells in the rat aortic SMC subculture. The effect of
      noradrenaline was blocked by the concomitant effects of alpha- and beta
      adrenoreceptor antagonists. SMC polyploidization was also stimulated by the
      simultaneously use of the direct activators of second messenger systems forskolin
      and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Thus, the SMC subpopulation that is apt to
      polyploidize exists in normal vessels and noradrenaline may be one of the
      mediators of a response of the vascular wall SMC, which seems to occur due to the
      synergism of two second messenger systems.

PMID- 1816442
TI  - [Treatment of cardiac insufficiency. Achievements and prospects].

PMID- 1816444
TI  - [Anatomic and hemodynamic comparisons in patients with aorta and pulmonary artery
      arising from the right ventricle].
AB  - The anatomy and hemodynamics were compared in 59 patients with aorta and
      pulmonary artery origin from the right ventricle. The patients' age was from 3
      months to 23.5 years. The pathophysiology of the patients' circulation was
      determined by many factors, the most important factors were the following: the
      anatomic type of the malformation, the presence or absence of pulmonary and
      aortic stenoses and other concurrent congenital heart malformations. The oxygen
      saturation of the arterial blood was associated with the direction of
      physiological blood flows in the right ventricle. The most "successful" anatomic
      and hemodynamic variants of the malformation were types A and B, in which there
      was no higher blood oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery as compared to the
      level of blood oxygenation in the aorta despite the presence or absence of
      pulmonary stenosis and the site of great vessels. Type C with the inverse site of
      great arteries is the less "successful" anatomic and hemodynamic variant.

PMID- 1816443
TI  - [Epidemiology of arterial hypertension and various characteristics of mineral
      metabolism among nomadic stock breeders in Tuva].
AB  - To reveal cardiovascular abnormalities, a screening was made in Tuva, which
      covered 1481 nomadic stock breeders, 1041 settled natives and 1081 migrants. The
      incidence of arterial hypertension (AH) was 33.5% among the nomadic stock
      breeders and 17.2% among the settled Tuva habitants and migrants. No impact of
      obesity and dyslipoproteinemia on the incidence of AH was found in the nomadic
      stock breeders. There was a direct correlation between the incidence of AH and
      alcoholization and an inverse correlation between its incidence and smoking in
      nomadic stock breeders aged 50-59 years. The hairs from the nomadic stock
      breeders exhibited elevated levels of aluminium, chromium, manganese, iron, and
      vanadium, which is not attributable to higher levels of these compounds in the
      meat of domestic animals.

PMID- 1816445
TI  - [Evaluation of functional reserves of the oxygen transport system in cardiac
      surgery patients].
AB  - The informative value of determination of the restoration rate of spiroergometric
      parameters was examined in cardiosurgical patients who had undergone exercise
      testing. All the patients were divided into 3 homogeneous groups: (1) those
      without disorders; (2) those with moderate restoration; and (3) pronounced
      restoration. There was a moderate relationship between the restoration rate and
      the function of the oxygen transport system (OTS) and a high relationship between
      the rate and exercise tolerance in decompensated metabolic acidosis and left
      ventricular function. Analysis of the restoration of spiroergometric parameters
      provided a final assessment of the functional reserves of OTS in cardiosurgical
      patients and serves as a non-invasive technique to study left ventricular
      function in the patients.

PMID- 1816447
TI  - [Non-invasive topical ECG diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].
AB  - The paper deals with the procedures and techniques of the non-invasive topical
      ECG diagnosis of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, which were based on the
      regression analysis. Based on the analysis of ECG data and the results of
      intraoperative cardiac mapping in 64 patients operated on for the Wolff-Parkinson
      White syndrome, a linear regression model was developed, which precisely
      localizes the site of the Kent bundle from the measurements of delta-wave
      amplitude and polarity in 12 standard leads. The site of the Kent bundle was
      determined by 30 zones of the atrioventricular sulcus. The model represented a
      linear statistical dependence of the zone number of the atrioventricular sulcus
      on the delta-wave amplitude. Its parameters were evaluated from the data obtained
      in the training group of 47 patients and the accuracy of the diagnosis was
      assessed from the data obtained in 17 controls. The testing of the model showed
      that the Kent bundle may be localized at an accuracy (0.79 +/- 0.16), on an
      average, no greater than 1 zone. The estimation error was no more than 1 zone in
      88% of the cases and 2 zones in 12%. The proposed model may be widely used in in-
      and outpatient care, as its application requires no cost-effective equipment and
      computer facilities.

PMID- 1816446
TI  - [Clinical and functional correlations of left-atrial myocardial excursions in
      patients with mitral valve defects (I)].
AB  - Three types of atrial excursions correlating with the somatic symptoms of
      circulatory and respiratory dysfunctions, as well as with the degree of left
      atrial dilatation were intraoperatively recorded in patients with mitral valvular
      disease. Types I and II excursions were more common in patients with left
      atrioventricular stenosis, Type III in those with mitral incompetence. It is
      concluded that it is advisable to use left atrial myocardial excursion
      characteristics in the diagnosis of cardiac disease.

PMID- 1816448
TI  - [Disorders of cardiac rhythm and the changes in Q-T interval in mitral valve
      prolapse syndrome].
AB  - To study the incidence and nature of cardiac arrhythmias and the changes in the
      corrected Q-T interval, 60 patients with the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome were
      examined. All the patients underwent resting ECG and leg isometric exercise. 24
      hour ECG monitoring was performed in 48 patients. The latter technique was found
      to be the most informative tool for detecting cardiac arrhythmias (66.8%).
      Prolonged corrected Q-T interval (more than 440 msec) was more frequently
      revealed in leg isometric exercise (41.6%) than in resting ECG (26.6%) and 24
      hour monitoring (29.2%). Its degree was directly related to the severity of
      cardiac arrhythmias in patients with the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome.

PMID- 1816449
TI  - [Study of myocardial morphology in chronic obstructive bronchitis complicated by
      pulmonary hypertension based on the results of endomyocardial biopsy].
AB  - Endomyocardial biopsy along with right heart catheterization was first performed
      in 12 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis complicated by transient or
      sustained pulmonary hypertension. Light and electron microscopic findings showed
      signs of severe myocardial dystrophy in 7 patients and prevalent hypertrophy in
      the remaining patients. Endomyocardial biopsy provided valuable information on
      the state of the myocardium, yielding evidence for the heretogeneous nature of
      right ventricular myocardial changes. Two morphological variants of cor pulmonale
      -hypertrophic and dystrophic--could be identified with regard to the findings.

PMID- 1816450
TI  - [Bacteremia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 1816451
TI  - [Ischemic heart disease in patients with symptomatic arterial hypertension of
      different etiologies].

PMID- 1816452
TI  - [Aldosteroma (Conn's syndrome)].

PMID- 1816453
TI  - [Characteristics of using cardiovascular drugs in pregnancy].

PMID- 1816454
TI  - [Effect of drugs inhibiting prostaglandin activity on the appearance of
      leukocytes in the tears after experimental injury to the corneal epithelium].
AB  - The investigations were carried out on 3 groups of rabbits in which the corneal
      epithelium was removed and into the conjunctival sac were instilled drugs
      inhibiting the activity of prostaglandins such as indomethacin solution or a 0.5
      p.c. solution of ibuprofen. It was demonstrated that these drugs lead in the
      period of the first 8 hours to reduction of the number of leucocytes in tears
      from 2 to 20 times in comparison with the control group. The presented
      observation show that prostaglandin inhibitors may be a successful mean leading
      to decrease of number of leucocytes in tears after corneal injury.

PMID- 1816455
TI  - [Study of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of
      patients with presenile cataract].
AB  - In connection with the increased incidence of cataract in middle-aged patients
      investigations were carried out in order to clear up one of the possible causes
      of this condition. The detection of a substantial decrease of galactose-1
      phosphate uridyl transferase activity in patients with presenile cataract
      evidences the disturbance of galactose metabolism these patients and allows to
      accept this genetic defect as the causes of opacification of the lens. Attention
      was called to the eventual importance of these investigations because of the
      adoption of a diet without galactose in person threatened+ by cataract could
      prevent or check this disease.

PMID- 1816456
TI  - [Visual acuity and refraction in pseudophakia].
AB  - Visual acuity with correction was checked in 86 persons with anterior and
      posterior chamber lenses in various postoperative periods. In the majority of
      examines of both groups in the late postoperative period the visual acuity was
      correct. The results obtained in both groups of patients were compared. The
      causes of astigmatism detected in some cases were considered.

PMID- 1816457
TI  - [Intraocular pressure in pseudophakic eyes].
AB  - The IOP was checked in 86 eyes with implanted intraocular lenses in various
      postoperative periods. There was no essential difference in the behaviour of the
      IOP in persons with anterior or posterior chamber lenses. Causes of secondary
      glaucoma appearing in some cases were considered.

PMID- 1816458
TI  - [Rheographic studies in intraocular tumors].
AB  - Investigations concerned a group of 15 patients with an intraocular tumor
      diagnosed by clinical examination, ultrasonography and computer tomography. The
      record of the rheographical curve of the healthy and affected eye was performed.
      In all the cases the eye was enucleated and histopathological examination done.
      In the evaluation of results attention was called to a much higher altitude of
      the curve in the eye with the tumor which could evidence an increased blood flow
      in the eye ball.

PMID- 1816459
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of Pentoxifylline in the treatment of retinal
      vein thrombosis. Preliminary report].
AB  - In 18 patients with retinal vein occlusion the authors used Pentoxifylline in
      droplet infusion for an increased deformation of erythrocytes. In all the
      patients they observed a substantial improvement of all physiological parameters
      of the visual system.

PMID- 1816460
TI  - [Results of the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema by laser coagulation
      of the scatter grid type. Preliminary report].
AB  - The authors present a method of treatment of diffuse diabetic macular oedema by
      means of photocoagulation of scatter grid type. Discussed are observations in the
      period of 6 months to 1 year after intervention. The technique of surgery,
      indications and all other factors which could have an influence on the final
      functional results are discussed in detail. Small risk of this surgical
      intervention and a good efficacy of this method is evaluated as a stabilization
      of the visual acuity, they allow to suggest that this method may play an
      important role in the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular oedema.

PMID- 1816461
TI  - [Late results of the treatment of suppurative endophthalmitis by vitrectomy].
AB  - The authoress discusses the late results of treatment in 14 patients with
      infective endophthalmitis by vitrectomy. She compared the results of treatment of
      13 patients with the same condition treated by conventional methods. The received
      data enabled to confirm the thesis that vitrectomy combined with an intraocular
      antibiotic therapy is a method of choice in the treatment of purulent
      endophthalmitis. The late observations demonstrated that favourable results have
      a lasting character.

PMID- 1816462
TI  - [Injection of botulinum toxin into the oculomotor muscles in disorders of ocular
      motility].
AB  - Injections of botulinum toxin into the oculomotor muscles was used in
      incorrectible diplopia, ocular torticollis, Duane's syndrome and congenital
      nystagmus. Favourable results were obtained and the sole complications which
      could be observed were a transitory ptosis and subconjunctival haemorrhages.
      Frequently 2 to 3 injections were sufficient for a permanent effect.

PMID- 1816463
TI  - [Pemphigoid as a cause of marked impairment of visual acuity].
AB  - Among 11 patients aged 9-79 years with diagnosed pemphigoid 5 were men and 6
      women. Three persons exhibited only some conjunctival irritation and conjunctival
      adhesions, the remaining 8--besides some shallowness of the fornices--showed also
      corneal changes. Six patients showed signs of the dry-eye syndrome and 3-
      symptoms of secondary glaucoma. General treatment (Avlosulfon, encorton) was
      applied in 8 patients.

PMID- 1816464
TI  - [3 cases of tumors of the optic disk].
AB  - Presented are 3 cases of tumors affecting the papilla of the optic nerve. On the
      basis of the ophthalmoscopic picture, of fluorescein angiography and of clinical
      symptoms the authors identified a capillary haemangioma, a pigmentary naevus and
      a meningeal hernia. In all the cases observation did not detect any increase in
      the changes.

PMID- 1816465
TI  - [Neurofibroma of the lacrimal sac].
AB  - A sole neurofibroma has been found in the lacrimal sac. It is the fourth case of
      this unusual localization presented in the world literature.

PMID- 1816466
TI  - Relationship between self-confidence and sex role identity among managerial women
      and men.
AB  - The self-confidence and sex role identities of 437 American female and male
      managers were examined by using three subscales of the Adjective Check List.
      Results showed that, contrary to stereotypes and older research, female and male
      managers were strikingly similar. Women and men with cross-sex role identities
      showed lower levels of self-confidence than those did with androgynous
      orientations; high self-confidence was linked with masculine and androgynous
      orientations. The managers were not significantly different in self-confidence
      when demographic variables and sex role identity were held constant. Sex role
      identity (but not gender) was a major factor in the level of self-confidence.

PMID- 1816467
TI  - Factors affecting the accuracy of facial affect recognition.
AB  - The effect of subjects' locus of control of reinforcement and self-monitoring
      orientations on their ability to identify the emotional meaning of facial
      expressions was evaluated under competitive and noncompetitive instructions. On
      the basis of social learning principles, it was predicted that internally
      controlled, high-self-monitoring American college students would be the most
      accurate; the results confirmed the prediction. The impact of locus of control
      and self-monitoring orientations was greatest on male subjects who had received
      competitive instructions. In addition, female subjects were more accurate than
      male subjects, and positive emotions were more often correctly identified than
      negative ones.

PMID- 1816468
TI  - Personal space and density as factors in task performance and feeling of
      crowding.
AB  - The study was an investigation of the effects of density and personal space on
      simple and complex task performance and on feelings of crowding on 60 female
      Hindu students in India. A 2 x 2 design was used. Density was manipulated by
      varying the number of subjects in a fixed room space (social density), and the
      stop-distance technique was used to measure personal space. Results revealed that
      complex task performance was adversely affected by a high-density condition and
      by the personal space of the subjects, leading to a significant interaction
      effect of the two variables, but no significant main or interaction effect was
      found for the simple task performance. The subjects with "far" personal space
      under the high-density condition evaluated the environment of the experimental
      room as most crowded, more than any other subject did.

PMID- 1816469
TI  - Double forced compliance: a new paradigm in cognitive dissonance theory.
AB  - An experiment was conducted with a new paradigm of Festinger's (1957) theory of
      dissonance. This paradigm was used to test dissonance reduction following two
      behaviors, rather than just one as in the classic forced compliance paradigm. The
      first behavior involved refraining from smoking for one evening, and the second,
      convincing a peer that abstinence from smoking was not difficult. It was
      hypothesized that the dissonance reduction effect would be greater for a sample
      of French students who had executed both behaviors than for those who had
      executed only one. The results supported this hypothesis.

PMID- 1816470
TI  - Conformity behavior of Afrikaans- and English-speaking adolescents in South
      Africa.
AB  - The conformity behaviors of 50 Afrikaans- and 48 English-speaking early
      adolescents (ages 12 to 14 years) were measured by a modified Asch experiment and
      then compared. The effects of sex, self-concept (measured by the Tennessee Self
      Concept Scale) and certain personality factors (measured by the High School
      Personality Questionnaire) were also examined. No significant differences between
      the conformity scores of the two groups were found, but boys and girls
      significantly differed with regard to their conformity scores. Although subjects
      with low self-concept scores did not have higher conformity scores than those
      with high self-concept scores, a significant difference between the self-concept
      scores of Afrikaans- and English-speaking adolescents was demonstrated. Low but
      significant correlations were found between personality factors (A, J, and Q2)
      and conformity scores.

PMID- 1816471
TI  - Altering attitudes and knowledge about obesity.

PMID- 1816472
TI  - The association between involvement in war and rates of suicide and homicide.

PMID- 1816473
TI  - Photodynamic therapy in gastrointestinal cancer.
AB  - Six patients with an early stage of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer (T1N0M0, stage
      I) were successfully treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) as follows: esophagus
      1, stomach-2, rectum-3. The patients were photosensitized 72 hrs prior to
      treatment with pure hematoporphyrin at a dose of 5.10(-6) kg/kg b.w. in a slow
      intravenous infusion. Argon-pumped dye laser light at 0.630 microns wavelength
      was used in single and multiple treatment sessions with the power density ranging
      from 0.015 to 0.192 W.m-2 and a dose varying from 0.320 to 1.600 kJ.m-2. Tumor
      eradication (complete response) was obtained in each of the patients. No early or
      late treatment related complications were recorded. The patients were followed-up
      in the course of 7-16 months after treatment and no local recurrence or general
      development of disease (metastases) were reported. PDT in the early stage of GI
      carcinoma was recognized as a radical therapeutic method in clinical oncology.

PMID- 1816474
TI  - Presence of blood significantly decreases transmission of 630 nm laser light.
AB  - Application of 630 nm light in the presence of blood is often necessary during
      photodynamic therapy, particularly for proposed intravascular applications. The
      effect of blood on transmission of 630 nm light was studied using a three
      dimensional irradiation model and an integrating sphere for measuring light
      transmitted in any direction through blood layers of different hematocrit (25 to
      75) and thickness (.15 to .98 mm). There was an inverse relationship between
      transmission and hematocrit and transmission and blood thickness, p = .000 for
      both. At a physiologic hematocrit of 46, transmission through blood layers of
      .98, .41, .28, and .15 mm were 21%, 33%, 29%, and 58% respectively. These blood
      thicknesses or more are likely in the clinical environment, and can be expected
      to result in significant transmission losses. The marked absorption of 630 nm
      light by blood indicates that removal of the blood or correction for power loss
      should be employed when 630 nm light is applied in a blood containing
      environment.

PMID- 1816475
TI  - Excimer laser corneal ablation: absence of a significant "incubation" effect.
AB  - Pulse-to-pulse consistency of excimer laser etching of cornea has been examined
      via two noncontact techniques: photoacoustic probe beam deflection, and time
      resolved excimer pulse reflectometry. These methods clearly document the
      incubation phenomenon accompanying excimer laser ablation of polymethyl
      methacrylate and the absence of the effect during polyimide ablation. In
      comparison, results for corneal ablation indicate consistent tissue etching over
      a train of pulses. Consequently, incubation appears to have negligible impact on
      corneal ablation.

PMID- 1816476
TI  - Micron-resolution ranging of cornea anterior chamber by optical reflectometry.
AB  - Noncontact, high resolution measurements of anterior eye structures using optical
      coherence domain reflectometry are described. Distances between intraocular
      structures are measured by directing a beam of short coherence length light onto
      the eye and performing an interferometric measurement on the optical group delay
      of reflected signals. Measurements of corneal thickness, corneal excision depth,
      and anterior chamber depth are demonstrated in vitro, and the location of tissue
      boundaries is resolved to within +/- 2 microns. The full-width-half-maximum
      longitudinal resolution is 10 microns. Sensitivities to reflected signals as
      small as 10(-10) of the incident power are achieved by heterodyne detection.

PMID- 1816477
TI  - Plasma-mediated ablation of corneal tissue at 1053 nm using a Nd:YLF
      oscillator/regenerative amplifier laser.
AB  - Plasma-mediated ablations were performed on human donor corneas with a short
      pulsed Nd:YLF laser system at 1053 nm. The pulses were 60 psec in duration at a
      repetition rate of 1.0 kHz. The laser beam was oriented perpendicular to the
      cornea surface. The threshold energy densities for ablation of epithelium,
      Bowman's membrane and stroma were measured. They were 6.1 +/- 1.8 J/cm2, 21.0 +/-
      5.1 J/cm2 and 10.4 +/- 1.8 J/cm2, respectively. The mean rate of tissue removal
      at the stromal energy density threshold was about 1 micron per pulse. The walls
      of the laser excisions were smooth with distortions of less than 1 micron. A new
      quantitative model of plasma-mediated ablation is introduced and found to closely
      predict the observed results. Based on the promising nature of the experimental
      data further investigations are planned in the use of a mode locked Nd:YLF laser
      as an alternative to excimer lasers for refractive corneal surgery.

PMID- 1816479
TI  - Internal sclerostomy with laser: a new approach to glaucoma surgery.
AB  - The creation of a fistula that permits controlled flow of aqueous from the
      anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space has been and remains the main
      technical goal of glaucoma filtering surgery. Currently, most complications are
      secondary to the surgical manipulation of the conjunctiva (mainly leakage from
      bleb and conjunctival fibrosis) or flattening of the anterior chamber. To
      overcome this problem, new methods are evolving in which the fistula is created
      from within the eye, with no conjunctival dissection. The performing of the
      sclerostomy by means of externally delivered laser energy is a further step in
      the same direction.

PMID- 1816478
TI  - Hyperthermia potentiates the effects of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate
      mediated photodynamic toxicity in human malignant and normal cell lines.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of photodynamic therapy
      utilizing aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in vitro on several human
      malignant and normal cell types, with or without hyperthermia. Cells examined
      included normal skin fibroblasts, HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, SCC-25 (squamous
      cell carcinoma) and malignant melanoma cells. An argon-pumped continuous wave
      tunable dye laser at 675 nm was used as the light source, hyperthermia groups
      were heated to 42.5 degrees C, and radioisotope incorporation was used to measure
      DNA and protein synthesis as toxicity assays. Results showed an energy-dose, and
      A1PcS-concentration dependent toxicity in all cell lines examined, with moderate
      selectivity toward malignant cells. Hyperthermia alone was slightly toxic in
      melanomas and HT-1080 cell lines but had no effect in normal fibroblasts or SCC
      25 cells. Hyperthermia synergistically potentiated the effects of PDT in all cell
      lines, and the combined modality was significantly more toxic in all malignant
      cell lines compared with normal cells. Thus, addition of hyperthermia to PDT
      protocols may enhance the efficacy of this treatment modality in vitro.

PMID- 1816480
TI  - Water-jet-cooled Nd:YAG laser coagulation: selective destruction of rat liver
      metastases.
AB  - The photocoagulating properties of the water-jet-cooled Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm)
      have been studied in a rat tumor model. A colon carcinoma CC531 was implanted in
      the liver; 20 days after inoculation, laser therapy was performed with 600 J, 850
      J, 1,200 J, 1,700 J, or 2,400 J at a power setting of either 10 or 20 W. Liver
      damage was determined in tissue specimen on day 1 after treatment and by serum
      levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase on day 1 and 2.
      Tissue specimen of day 36 were used to evaluate tumor remission. Liver function
      was assessed by antipyrine clearance on day 2. Light microscopic examination on
      day 1 showed coagulative necrosis up to 10 mm in diameter at 1,700 J and 20 W. At
      20 W, liver damage was 22% larger than at 10 W (P = 0.0001). A significant
      relationship was found between laser energy and liver damage with complete tumor
      destruction in all animals at 2,400 J. No deterioration in liver function was
      found. The results of this study show the ability of the water-jet-cooled Nd:YAG
      laser to produce tumor coagulation necrosis with minor liver damage.

PMID- 1816481
TI  - Use of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser for intraoral soft tissue surgery.
AB  - Application of a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was compared to
      conventional scalpel in dental soft tissue surgery. Two surgery sites on 29
      patients were randomly selected and treated. An additional 41 patients were
      exclusively treated with the Nd:YAG laser. The surgical technique was then
      evaluated for periodontal pocket depths, degree of pain perceived, bleeding,
      inflammation, procedure time, and anesthesia. Surgical prognosis was made at the
      time of surgery and compared to actual healing 1 week and 1 month after surgery.
      No differences were observed between laser and scalpel surgery in terms of pocket
      depth reduction, postoperative pain, post-operative inflammation, and treatment
      time. However, operative and postoperative bleeding with laser surgery were
      significantly less than with conventional surgery. Anesthesia is required for
      scalpel surgery, the majority of laser-treated sites evoked minimal pain without
      anesthesia. These results indicate that the Nd:YAG laser can be used successfully
      for intraoral soft tissue applications are well tolerated without anesthesia and
      minimal bleeding compared to scalpel surgery.

PMID- 1816482
TI  - Effect of low level laser therapy on wound healing after palatal surgery in
      beagle dogs.
AB  - The effect of low level laser therapy on wound healing and wound contraction
      after palatal surgery in Beagle dogs of 12 weeks of age was investigated. A total
      of 30 Beagle dogs was used and assigned to a control group (Group C; n = 6) and
      two experimental groups (Group L; n = 12 and group LL; n = 12). In both
      experimental groups, Von Langenbeck's palatal repair was simulated. Then in the
      LL group the denuded bony areas were treated with low level laser therapy using a
      continuous Ga-As-A1 laser beam (830 nm) and energy output set at 30 mW. Per
      treatment a dosage of 1 J/cm2 wound surface area was used. Therapy was carried
      out three times a week with a total of ten treatments. Wound healing was observed
      clinically until wound healing was completed at 4 weeks p.o. and wound areas were
      measured at regular intervals on standardized intra-oral photographs. Wound
      contraction was measured as the increments of the distances between tattoo points
      on the opposite wound margins. No significant differences were found in the
      quality and rate of wound healing between the two experimental groups. The same
      held true for the increments of the distances between opposite tattoo points. It
      was concluded that macroscopically low level laser therapy under conditions used
      in this study did not have an influence on wound closure or wound contraction.

PMID- 1816483
TI  - Post polymerization strength values of an argon laser cured resin.
AB  - A hybrid composite resin, Prisma APH, and a microfilled composite resin, Silux
      Plus, were compared regarding diametral tensile strength values following
      conventional visible light polymerization and argon lasing. The time interval
      between resin polymerization and physical property testing ranged from 1 hour to
      20 days. Results demonstrated considerable mean tensile strength value variation
      in the earlier phases of the study with a lessening of the differences between
      the tensile strengths achieved by each method of polymerization as the 20 day
      interval was approached. It was concluded that composite resin testing protocols
      should be lengthened to be able to fully assess the effects of the widely
      variant, time dependent mean test results.

PMID- 1816484
TI  - Healing of infected wounds following iodine scrub or CO2 laser treatment.
AB  - This study compares CO2 laser sterilization with iodine surgical scrub in
      infected pseudomonas wounds in the rabbit, and on frequency of wound breakdown
      secondary to sepsis. Thirty-three New Zealand rabbits underwent bilateral flank
      incisions and infection with a standard solution of pseudomonas aeruginosa. After
      4 days of incubation, the wounds were randomized to receive laser sterilization
      and routine iodine surgical scrub respectively. Following sterilization, excision
      of the wound, and suturing was carried out. After 12 days, the wounds were
      assessed for evidence of residual infection as well as wound breakdown in a
      double blind fashion. Clinical observation, qualitative microbiology, and in some
      cases histology, were used to document the presence of infection. Statistical
      analysis of wound breakdown secondary to infection revealed a significant
      difference in breakdown rates. Three laser and 12 iodine treated wounds displayed
      breakdown secondary to sepsis. We conclude that the CO2 laser sterilization
      technique is more effective than routine iodine surgical scrub.

PMID- 1816485
TI  - Molecular insights into rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1816486
TI  - Virulence properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

PMID- 1816487
TI  - Isolation of a fibroblast mutant resistant to Clostridium difficile toxins A and
      B.
AB  - A mutant of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (Don cells), resistant against
      Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, was isolated after mutagenization with
      ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin B. The mutant, termed
      CdtR-Q, was 10(4) times more resistant to toxin B than wild-type cells and cross
      resistant to toxin A (10(3) times more resistant). The resistance was overcome by
      increasing the dose of toxin. The resistance has been stable after cultivation
      for 40 generations in the absence of toxin. The morphology of the mutant was more
      epithelial-like than that of the fibroblast parental cells. The plating
      efficiency was about half that of the wild-type, whereas the growth rate was the
      same. The mutant was significantly less sensitive than the wild-type to the
      microfilament-interacting cytochalasins B and D. It was as sensitive as the wild
      type to endocytosed toxins (diphtheria, pertussis, ricin), to microtubule
      interacting agents (colchicine, gossypol, nocodazole, taxol, vinblastine), and to
      membrane-damaging toxins with different mechanisms of action, with one exception;
      the mutant was more highly sensitive to the action of phospholipase C (with broad
      substrate-specificity) than the wild-type. The results suggest that the mutant
      has a normal endocytosis, and that the mutation does not affect the microtubuli.
      The results are consistent with a mutation affecting the microfilaments in the
      cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1816489
TI  - Phenotype versus genotype of the 19 kD peptido-glycan associated protein of
      Legionella (PpIA), among Legionellae and other gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - The protein PpIA (19 kD) cloned from a genomic library of Legionella pneumophila,
      Philadelphia 1, represents a peptido-glycan associated outer membrane protein in
      recombinant E. coli K-12 and L. pneumophila. It exhibits distinct sequence
      homology to lipoproteins of Haemophilus influenzae and E. coli. A ppIA specific
      DNA probe generated by PCR was used in Southern hybridizations of chromosomal DNA
      of Legionella strains and other Gram-negative pathogens. Under conditions of high
      stringency, hybridization could only be observed in L. pneumophila isolates, but
      all other Legionella strains tested displayed hybridization under lower
      stringency. No signals appeared after hybridization of chromosomal DNA from a
      variety of other bacteria. Using anti-PpIA monospecific polyclonal antibodies in
      Western blots, it was demonstrated that PpIA related proteins of nearly the same
      size are found in all L. pneumophila isolates and in a variety of, but not all,
      the Legionella species analysed here.

PMID- 1816488
TI  - Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by gut-associated lymphoid tissue and
      spleen following oral Salmonella typhimurium challenge.
AB  - Although IFN-gamma has been shown to play an important role in protection against
      a systemic S. typhimurium challenge, the in vivo and in vitro production of this
      cytokine following S. typhimurium infection of the gastrointestinal tract has not
      been investigated. In this study, IFN-gamma production by gut-associated lymphoid
      tissue and spleen was investigated in mice following oral challenge with S.
      typhimurium. Cells obtained from the Peyer's patches (PP), mesenteric lymph nodes
      (MLN) and spleen (Sp) of mice orally challenged with S. typhimurium were assessed
      for levels of IFN-gamma mRNA after varying times following in vivo infection. RNA
      obtained from the above tissues was subjected to reverse transcription followed
      by PCR amplification using primers specific for murine IFN-gamma. Elevated levels
      of IFN-gamma mRNA were first detected in the PP at 6 h post-challenge. Elevated
      levels of IFN-gamma mRNA were then detected in the MLN at 24 h and in the spleen
      at 4 days post-challenge. These in vivo results were in agreement with the
      ability of these lymphoid tissues to produce IFN-gamma upon in vitro stimulation
      with killed S. typhimurium. Neutralization of endogenously produced IFN-gamma by
      administration of mAb to IFN-gamma completely abrogated resistance to an oral
      challenge of S. typhimurium. A significant difference in the percent mortality
      was observed between the antibody-treated and control groups. Evaluation of
      bacterial spread in the antibody treated group versus the control group at 4 days
      following oral challenge revealed higher numbers of bacteria in the spleen and
      liver of antibody treated mice. These results clearly show that IFN-gamma is
      rapidly produced by gut-associated lymphoid tissue and spleen following oral S.
      typhimurium infection, and that endogenous production of IFN-gamma is essential
      in host resistance to S. typhimurium.

PMID- 1816490
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b1) plays a detrimental role in the
      progression of experimental Mycobacterium avium infection; in vivo and in vitro
      evidence.
AB  - BALB/c mice were infected with 10(5) colony forming units (cfu) of Mycobacterium
      avium TMC 702 i.v. and the growth of the inoculum followed in the spleens of
      control mice. Other infected mice given weekly doses of 1 microgram of TGF-b1 or
      weekly doses of 2 mg of a rabbit antiserum against mouse TGF-b1 were evaluated
      for their resistance to M. avium TMC 702. Growth of M. avium in the spleens of
      mice given repeated doses of TGF-b1 (1 microgram weekly) was significantly higher
      than in the spleens of control mice starting at day 40 of infection. Similarly,
      growth of M. avium was significantly diminished (0.7 log difference at 80 days)
      in mice given infusions of anti-TGF-b1 (2 mg weekly). Macrophage activation
      status was similar in the three groups of mice, as seen by a comparable release
      of superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by peritoneal macrophages
      of infected mice. However, TGF-b1-pulsed peritoneal macrophages were found to be
      more permissive for M. avium growth in vitro than control macrophage monolayers.
      Overall, these results suggest that TGF-b1 plays a detrimental role in the
      progression of experimental M. avium infections, by an unclear mechanism.

PMID- 1816492
TI  - Mouse subcutaneous chamber model for in vivo growth of Haemophilus ducreyi.
AB  - The ability of Haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid, to grow in
      subcutaneous chambers implanted in mice was studied. All seven H. ducreyi strains
      tested were able to maintain a long-term infection in ICR mice; one mouse
      remained infected with strain Hd175 for more than 4 months. Growth curves
      obtained following the removal of chamber fluid at various time points from
      infected mice demonstrated that H. ducreyi was growing during the course of the
      infection. In addition, all three mouse strains tested (ICR, CBA and BALB/c) were
      able to maintain long-term H. ducreyi infections. This model will be valuable in
      studying the effects of in vivo growth on the antigenic composition of H. ducreyi
      as well as for the identification of virulence factors.

PMID- 1816491
TI  - In vivo expression of iron regulated outer-membrane proteins in Pasteurella
      haemolytica-A1.
AB  - Pasteurella haemolytica-A1 was grown in vitro under iron-rich conditions, iron
      depleted conditions, and in vivo within a chamber implanted in the peritoneal
      cavity of a rabbit to determine if iron regulated outer-membrane proteins were
      expressed in vivo. The antigenicity of outer membrane (OM) proteins from bacteria
      grown under these conditions was assessed by immunoblotting with pooled serum
      from convalescent bovine calves experimentally infected with P. haemolytica-A1
      and serum from the implanted rabbit. Pasteurella haemolytica-A1 grown under iron
      depleted conditions showed three distinct OM protein bands (71, 77, and 100 kDa)
      that were present in much lesser amounts when the organism was grown under iron
      rich conditions. These same three bands were evident in OM protein preparations
      from bacteria grown in vivo. Western blotting indicated that these protein bands
      were recognized immunologically by the convalescent bovine serum and by serum
      from the implanted rabbit, in cells grown under the iron-depleted conditions and
      in vivo, but not if the bacteria were grown under the in vitro iron-rich
      conditions.

PMID- 1816493
TI  - Recent developments in antitrust and health care law.

PMID- 1816494
TI  - Serotonin immunoreactivity in the autonomic intrapulmonary ganglia of the fetal
      sheep.
AB  - Using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, serotonin immunoreactivity was
      found in paraganglionic cells within pulmonary autonomic ganglia of fetal sheep
      at pseudoglandular and canalicular stages of lung development. Serotonin
      immunoreactive cells appeared individually or in clusters, and were occasionally
      seen around or in close contact with blood vessels.

PMID- 1816495
TI  - Depth distribution of frontal cortical field potential to acoustic stimulation in
      unrestrained non-anaesthetized rats.
AB  - Intracortical depth profiles of acoustically evoked potentials (AEP) through the
      frontal cortex were studied with moveable electrodes in 5 freely behaving rats to
      identify the generators of the AEP components with current source-density
      analysis in pharmacologically uninfluenced relaxed wakefulness. The main negative
      AEP components (N21 and N38) which change their polarity across the cortical
      depth are generated by extracellular current sinks within the V cortical lamina.
      Since both components were polarity reversed in different cortical depths and
      have their current sources in different laminae, the participation of different
      generation modi are assumed for both AEP components.

PMID- 1816496
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-containing neuronal pathway from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to
      the pontine peribrachial region in the rat.
AB  - The existence of ascending medullary neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing projection
      from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the pontine peribrachial area has been
      demonstrated by a combination of immunohistochemical methods with surgical
      transections in the lower brainstem. An NPY immunopositive cluster of varicose
      fibers was detected in the spinal trigeminal and in the paratrigeminal nuclei.
      Numerous immunoreactive perikarya could also be visualized here after colchicine
      treatment. Transections destroying the lateral region of the medulla oblongata
      resulted in an accumulation of NPY immunoreactivity in several trigeminal neurons
      ipsilateral to the knife cut, but no such retrograde accumulation was seen in any
      neuronal perikarya anywhere else in the medulla oblongata.

PMID- 1816497
TI  - Intrathecal administration of clonidine suppresses autotomy, a behavioral sign of
      chronic pain in rats after sciatic nerve section.
AB  - The effect of chronic intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist clonidine on self-mutilation behavior (autotomy) after
      unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve was studied in rats. Rats injected
      with 10 micrograms clonidine twice daily for 21 days, starting 1 h before nerve
      section, autotomized significantly less than saline controls. However, in the few
      rats which received clonidine and autotomized, clonidine did not delay the onset
      of autotomy compared to saline controls. Termination of clonidine injection after
      21 days resulted in increased autotomy within 1-4 days. No sedation or motor
      impairment was found after this dose of i.t. clonidine. It is suggested that
      clonidine may be useful in treating neuropathic pain in humans.

PMID- 1816498
TI  - Apolipoproteins in rat cerebrospinal fluid: a comparison with plasma lipoprotein
      metabolism and effect of aging.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) apo E concentrations, determined by a sensitive
      sandwich ELISA, were 411.3 +/- 76.0 and 454.3 +/- 51.8 micrograms/dl (mean +/-
      S.D.) for young rats (8-12 weeks old, n = 7) and old rats (36-40 weeks old, n =
      10), respectively. Age-related increase, which was conspicuous in serum apo E
      (21.2 +/- 2.4 vs 60.9 +/- 14.1 mg/dl for young and old rats, respectively), was
      not observed in CSF apo E. CSF apo A-I concentrations, determined by ELISA, were
      extremely low in the both groups (less than 10 micrograms/dl). Neither CSF apo A
      I nor CSF apo E correlated to any of the plasma lipoprotein components,
      indicating the presence of largely independent lipoprotein metabolism in the rat
      central nervous system. Apo E is present in CSF in the form of apo E-rich HDL1
      with particle sizes similar to those of plasma E-rich HDL1.

PMID- 1816500
TI  - Prenatal and postnatal development of the CGRP-immunoreactive innervation in the
      rat kidney.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive afferent nerves were seen
      intrarenally by prenatal day 16. They grow rapidly and CGRP positive nerves are
      observed at birth associated with the arterial and venous vascular tree, forming
      a rich plexus in the pelvic region and in the connective tissue located near the
      corticomedullary region. The distribution and extent of CGRP immunoreactive
      nerves suggest that at birth the rat is able to provide information on the status
      of the kidney to be integrated in the mechanisms of body fluid homeostasis.

PMID- 1816499
TI  - Responses of neurons in the ventromedial midbrain to noxious mechanical stimuli.
AB  - Neurons of the ventromedial midbrain in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were
      examined by extracellular recording for responses to mechanical stimulation of
      the skin. Responses were absent from neurons clearly located in the
      interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) (n = 20), and from 92% of linear raphe (LR) neurons
      (n = 26). However, 37% of neurons in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) (n
      = 38) and 63% of neurons in the small interfascicular nucleus (IF) (n = 9) were
      inhibited, often recovering with a delay of 1-2 min. A few cells (n = 4) were
      weakly excited in these 4 nuclei; none responded to innocuous mechanical
      stimulation of the skin. It is concluded that noxious cutaneous stimuli will not
      modify (by feedback) any influence of the IPN on pain perception, but could
      dampen behavior-reinforcing effects of the VTA and IF.

PMID- 1816501
TI  - Dextromethorphan alters cerebral blood flow and protects against cerebral injury
      following focal ischemia.
AB  - The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist dextromethorphan (DM)
      on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral injury were studied in a
      rabbit model of transient focal ischemia. Anesthetized rabbits underwent 2 h
      occlusion of the left internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral
      artery, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Ten minutes after the onset of ischemia
      they were treated with either i.v. DM 20 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg/h (n = 6) or
      normal saline (NS, n = 5). Control rabbits received DM (n = 3) or NS (n = 2)
      infusion without arterial occlusion. DM attenuated the sharp, post-ischemic rise
      in rCBF seen during reperfusion within the ischemic core of NS controls (DM 31%
      pre-ischemic value, NS 92%). DM also improved the delayed post-ischemic
      hypoperfusion compared with controls. DM infusion without arterial occlusion did
      not change rCBF values. Compared with NS controls, DM treated animals
      demonstrated recovery of the somatosensory evoked potential (DM 96% pre-ischemic
      values, NS 24%), 76% reduction in cortical edema and 92% decrease in cortical
      ischemic neuronal damage. We conclude that DM's effect on CBF may contribute to
      its neuroprotective action.

PMID- 1816502
TI  - Adjacent neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats: a model for sympathetic independent
      pain.
AB  - Following sciatic nerve section in rats a saphenous nerve mediated adjacent
      neuropathic hyperalgesia (ANH) develops in response to pressure. This study
      demonstrates that a similar ANH to heat stimuli develops over the medial dorsum
      of the hindpaw (MDH) following sciatic section. A similar neuropathic
      hyperalgesia, with an associated pain syndrome, is seen in man following
      peripheral nerve section. When chronic bilateral ANH rats were unilaterally
      injected intradermally over the MDH with noradrenaline (NA), and with vehicle
      over the contralateral MDH, no side to side pressure or heat withdrawal threshold
      differences were observed. Likewise, no changes in pressure or heat withdrawal
      thresholds occurred in chronic ANH rats following chemical sympathectomy with 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). A similar pattern was seen in control rats treated with
      NA and 6-OHDA. The pressure and heat ANH seen in the rat was not dependent on
      sympathetic outflow, and thus provides an animal model for sympathetic
      independent pain (SIP). Sympathetic modulation was also ineffective on control
      rat nociceptive thresholds, which is in agreement with prior behavioral findings
      (Nature, 323 (1986) 158-160).

PMID- 1816503
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of neuronal genomic DNA from hypertrophic spinal ganglia
      during lizard tail regeneration.
AB  - Cytoplasmic and nuclear hypertrophy in neurons from the last 3 pairs of sensory
      ganglia left in situ cranially to the plane of amputation occurs during lizard
      tail regeneration. Cytophotometry after Feulgen staining demonstrated the
      presence of some neurons, from hypertrophic ganglia, whose quantity of DNA
      exceeded the diploid level (hyperdiploid neurons). In the present work agarose
      gel electrophoresis of total genomic DNA extracted from hypertrophic ganglia
      showed one or two bands migrating below the high molecular weight DNA, pointing
      to a selective amplification of discrete DNA segments.

PMID- 1816504
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus neurons of
      ovariectomized estrogen-deprived young rats.
AB  - We report the occurrence of neuronal degeneration in the supraoptic nucleus of
      the hypothalamus of prepubertal female rats as a consequence of ovariectomy
      followed by estrogen deprivation (OVX-EB). In contrast, no degenerating neurons
      were observed in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogens (OVX + EB) or sham
      operated animals. The altered neurons in the OVX-EB group presented a cytoplasm
      with dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The nuclear envelope also
      appeared dilated. There was mitochondrial swelling with disintegrated cristae,
      while lysosomes appeared intact. The cell nucleus showed a pattern of chromatin
      condensation and a nucleolus hardly distinguishable from the nucleoplasm. The
      neuronal alterations reported here may be due to altered gene expression in the
      cell nucleus resulting from induced hormonal loss during early postnatal
      development.

PMID- 1816505
TI  - A novel cell adhesion molecule, G-CAM, found on cultured rat glia.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated AMP1, a novel cell adhesion
      molecule was identified on rat astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. When confluent
      monolayers of cultured rat astrocytes were labeled with AMP1, the antigen was
      discretely localized to the cell surface in regions of cell-cell contacts. The
      antibody did not label embryonic rat cortical neurons plated on monolayers of
      neonatal astrocytes, indicating that the antigen is neither present on cultured
      neurons nor does it reorganize on the glial surface under the neurons. On
      immunoblots of astrocytic or brain proteins, mAb AMP1 recognized a 106 kDa
      protein. In the present paper, data are presented demonstrating that the AMP1
      antigen is a cell adhesion molecule and is distinct from all the known cell
      adhesion molecules present on astrocytes: N-CAM, N-cadherin, or members of the
      beta 1 integrin family. We have tentatively termed this molecule 'glial cell
      adhesion molecule' (G-CAM).

PMID- 1816506
TI  - Dual role for calcium in the control of spike duration in rat supraoptic
      neuroendocrine cells.
AB  - Magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) display activity-dependent changes in
      spike duration to modulate Ca2+ influx both in their somata, and in their axon
      terminals in the neurohypophysis. This study reveals (i) that Ca2+ influx is
      required to mediate the expression of spike broadening, and (ii) that internal
      Ca2+ activates a delayed component of spike repolarization in MNCs of the rat
      supraoptic nucleus. This mechanism provides a rapid feedback control of spike
      mediated Ca2+ influx in these neuroendocrine cells.

PMID- 1816507
TI  - Characterization of the uptake of adenosine by cultured rat hippocampal cells and
      inhibition of the uptake by xanthine derivatives.
AB  - Hippocampal cells were cultured in 24-well culture plates with enriched
      populations of neuron or glial cells. The [3H]adenosine uptake by 7-10-day
      cultures of these cells was dependent on temperature, but independent of
      extracellular Na+. The uptake of adenosine (10 microM) for 15 s was greatly
      blocked by addition of 100 microM dipyridamole, 50-200 microM propentofylline or
      50 microM of 2-chloroadenosine or nitrobenzylthioinosine in both cells and by 100
      microM pentoxifylline in neuron. Either caffeine or theophylline (50 microM each)
      had no effect on the uptake by these cells. Inhibition of the adenosine uptake by
      propentofylline was demonstrated to be competitive in both cells.

PMID- 1816508
TI  - Non-NMDA antagonists protect against kainate more than AMPA toxicity in the rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - Single focal injection of the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) kainic acid (KA, 1.1
      nmol/microliters) and (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic
      acid (S)-AMPA, 6 nmol/microliters) into rat dorsal hippocampus resulted in
      widespread neurodegeneration with 90-100% loss of hippocampal pyramidal cells in
      CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4 subfields, and 50-70% loss of dentate granule (DG) cells.
      Focal injection of NMDA (30 nmol/microliters) under the same conditions resulted
      in 70-90% loss of CA1 cells with less damage in CA2, CA3, CA4 and DG cells (30
      50%, 10-30%, and 30-50%, respectively). The non-NMDA antagonists NBQX (2,3
      dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(f) quinoxaline) and GYKI 52466 (1
      (amino)phenyl-4-methyl-7,8-methylendioxy-5H-2,3,benzodiazepine. HCl) co-injected
      (24 nmol/microliters) with EAAs or given as i.v. infusion (30 mg/kg/3h),
      protected against KA toxicity in CA1, CA2 and DG cells, with no protection in CA3
      and CA4. NBQX i.v. protected against (S)-AMPA toxicity in the DG cells but no
      protection was observed against (S)-AMPA toxicity in hippocampal subfields (CA1,
      CA2 and CA4). Intravenous administration of NBQX and GYKI 52466 (30 mg/kg/3 h)
      also failed to protect against NMDA toxicity in the hippocampus. Systemic
      injections of D(-)-CPPene, (E)-4-(3-phos-phonoprop-2-enyl)-piperazine-2
      carboxylic acid, (10 and 5 mg/kg, i.p., 20 min prior and 3 h post EAA injection)
      protected against NMDA and KA toxicity in the CA1, CA2 and DG subfield with no
      protective effect against (S)-AMPA toxicity.

PMID- 1816509
TI  - Interaural intensity and latency difference in the dolphin's auditory system.
AB  - Binaural hearing mechanisms were measured in dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) by
      recording the auditory nerve evoked response from the body surface. The azimuthal
      position of a sound source at 10-15 degrees from the longitudinal axis elicited
      interaural intensity disparity up to 20 dB and interaural latency difference as
      large as 250 microseconds. The latter was many times greater than the acoustical
      interaural time delay. This latency difference seems to be caused by the
      intensity disparity. The latency difference seems to be an effective way of
      coding of intensity disparity.

PMID- 1816510
TI  - Potassium currents contributing to action potential repolarization in dissociated
      cultured rat superior cervical sympathetic neurones.
AB  - Pharmacological blocking agents were used to assess the contributions of
      different K(+)-currents to spike-repolarization and early spike
      afterhyperpolarization recorded in dissociated, tissue-cultured rat superior
      cervical sympathetic neurones using both patch-clamp and impalement
      microelectrode techniques. Effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA), in concentrations which selectively reduced the delayed
      rectifier current IK(DR) and Ca(2+)-activated K(+)-current IK(Ca, fast),
      respectively, indicated that IK(DR) made a significant contribution to both spike
      repolarization and spike afterhyperpolarization under all recording conditions,
      whereas the contribution of IK(Ca,fast) depended on the level of intracellular
      Ca(2+)-buffering. No evidence for a significant role for the transient current
      IK(A) could be adduced in these experiments.

PMID- 1816511
TI  - Cramps: a sign of motoneurone 'bistability' in a human patient.
AB  - In a patient suffering from severe long-lasting cramps, cramps were triggered in
      the triceps surae by volleys in homonymous Ia afferents (elicited by electrical
      stimulation or by tendon taps) and were interrupted by antidromic invasion and
      Renshaw inhibition of triceps surae motoneurones (evoked by a single maximal
      stimulation of motor axons). This result suggests that the mechanisms which
      generate the cramps are intrinsic to alpha-motoneurone somata. A similar on-off
      switching of a self-sustained motor discharge has been observed in the
      decerebrate cat and recognized to depend on 'bistability' of the motoneuronal
      membrane. We propose that the same mechanism may be at the origin of the cramp
      discharge.

PMID- 1816512
TI  - Activity of identified cerebral neuron correlates with food-induced arousal in
      Aplysia.
AB  - Firing of the cerebral-pedal regulator neuron, C-PR, evokes a constellation of
      responses which are characteristic of the food-induced arousal state that occurs
      following exposure of Aplysia to seaweed. To provide further evidence that C-PR
      plays a role in generating the food-induced arousal state, extracellular
      recordings from the cerebral-pedal connective, which contains the axon of C-PR,
      were obtained in freely moving animals. The C-PR spike in the connective recorded
      in vivo was then identified by comparing the wave form to the obtained by firing
      C-PR in an in vitro preparation. We report here that C-PR activity is evoked by
      food stimulation, and increased firing of the C-PR is closely correlated with
      appetitive head lifting, the first manifestation of the food arousal state.

PMID- 1816513
TI  - Metabolic activation of the rat visual system by patterned light and footshock.
AB  - Autoradiography with [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose was used to examine metabolic changes
      in the visual system of hooded rats exposed to patterned light or to darkness
      following footshock. Primary retinorecipient structures (superficial layer of the
      superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus) showed a response
      to light but not to shock. Higher visual sites showed two different shock
      effects. First, in darkness the intermediate grey layer of the superior
      colliculus was suppressed by the shock. Second, in the lateral posterior nucleus
      and primary visual cortex, the footshock led to significant enhancement of the
      metabolic responses to the patterned light. The findings suggest that footshock
      induced arousal has significant modulatory effects on the operations of higher
      visual centers of behaving rats.

PMID- 1816514
TI  - Clinical decision making.

PMID- 1816515
TI  - 1990: 91% of US schools of nursing have microcomputers.

PMID- 1816516
TI  - Integrating Nursing Care of the Elderly Patient with COPD.

PMID- 1816517
TI  - Methods of teaching nursing informatics around the globe.

PMID- 1816518
TI  - Using telecommunications to teach information technology.

PMID- 1816519
TI  - Using interactive video simulations to teach and evaluate clinical decision
      making.

PMID- 1816520
TI  - Principles to follow when developing a computer program or whatever happened to
      COMMES?

PMID- 1816521
TI  - What a well-endowed computer facility has and delivers.

PMID- 1816523
TI  - Four strategies for using interactive videodisc programs.

PMID- 1816522
TI  - An educator's experience with LANs.

PMID- 1816524
TI  - The microcomputer price wars and how to take advantage of them.

PMID- 1816525
TI  - Preparing for the next five years of instructional technology.

PMID- 1816526
TI  - Preparing for the next five years (continued).

PMID- 1816527
TI  - Cost-effective use of instructional programs.

PMID- 1816528
TI  - Learning outcome benefits of IVD revealed in FITNE survey.

PMID- 1816529
TI  - Explaining consciousness--a tribute to Daniel Dennett.

PMID- 1816530
TI  - Motion adaptation from surrounding stimuli.
AB  - When a narrow uniform gap was surrounded by a moving grating, the gap appeared as
      a grating in the opposite phase to that of the surround, moving in the same
      direction with the same speed. Contrast thresholds for moving test-gratings
      placed in the region of the uniform gap were found to be elevated after prolonged
      viewing of this pattern, thus demonstrating the existence of motion adaptation in
      a retinal region surrounded by, but not covered by, a moving pattern. The
      amplitude of the moving induced-grating was measured by nulling with a real
      grating moving in the same direction and with the same speed as the surround.
      When the speed of the inducing grating was varied, the amplitude of the induced
      effect did not correlate with the magnitude of the threshold elevation.
      Therefore, it is unlikely that motion adaptation in the uniform gap was due to
      induced gratings. In some conditions, the adaptation effect of surrounding
      gratings was no less than the adaptation effect of gratings covering the test
      region. This result rules out an explantation involving scattered light, and
      indicates that motion adaptation occurs at a later stage than that consisting of
      simple motion mechanisms which confound the contrast and velocity of a moving
      stimulus.

PMID- 1816531
TI  - Perceived onset simultaneity of stimuli with unequal durations.
AB  - Temporal-order judgment was investigated for a pair of visual stimuli with
      different durations in order to check whether offset asynchrony can disturb the
      perception of the order/simultaneity of onset. In experiment 1 the point of
      subjective simultaneity was estimated by the method of adjustment. The difference
      in duration of the two stimuli in the pair was either 0 or 50 ms. It was found
      that the subject shifts the onset of the shorter stimulus towards the offset of
      the longer one to obtain a satisfying impression of simultaneity even though the
      subject was asked to ignore the events concerning the stimulus offset. In
      experiments 2 and 3 the method of constant stimulus was applied. Both experiments
      indicate that subjects, in spite of instruction, take into account the offset
      asynchrony in their judgment.

PMID- 1816532
TI  - Some observations on the perception of Marroquin patterns.
AB  - Demonstrations are presented to show that the perception of structure in
      Marroquin patterns is disrupted if the dots comprising the pattern have opposite
      contrast polarity, and also if the dots comprising the pattern are separated in
      stereoscopic depth. It is also demonstrated that the perception of structure in a
      Marroquin pattern is made possible if the pattern is separated in stereoscopic
      depth from 'noise' dots, where the pattern structure cannot be perceived in
      either half of the unfused stereogram. In these respects the perception of
      Marroquin patterns is similar to the perception of Glass patterns. These findings
      are thus consistent with the proposal that the perception both of Marroquin and
      of Glass patterns is based on the construction of virtual lines.

PMID- 1816533
TI  - The interaction of oculomotor cues and stimulus size in stereoscopic death
      constancy.
AB  - In the natural world, observers perceive an object to have a relatively fixed
      size and depth over a wide range of distances. Retinal image size and binocular
      disparity are to some extent scaled with distance to give observers a measure of
      size constancy. The angle of convergence of the two eyes and their accommodative
      states are one source of scaling information, but even at close range this must
      be supplemented by other cues. We have investigated how angular size and
      oculomotor state interact in the perception of size and depth at different
      distances. Computer-generated images of planar and stereoscopically simulated 3-D
      surfaces covered with an irregular blobby texture were viewed on a computer
      monitor. The monitor rested on a movable sled running on rails within a darkened
      tunnel. An observer looking into the tunnel could see nothing but the simulated
      surface so that oculomotor signals provided the major potential cues to the
      distance of the image. Observers estimated the height of the surface, their
      distance from it, or the stereoscopically simulated depth within it over viewing
      distances which ranged from 45 cm to 130 cm. The angular width of the images lay
      between 2 deg and 10 deg. Estimates of the magnitude of a constant simulated
      depth dropped with increasing viewing distance when surfaces were of constant
      angular size. But with surfaces of constant physical size, estimates were more
      nearly independent of viewing distance. At any one distance, depths appeared to
      be greater, the smaller the angular size of the image. With most observers, the
      influence of angular size on perceived depth grew with increasing viewing
      distance. These findings suggest that there are two components to scaling. One is
      independent of angular size and related to viewing distance. The second component
      is related to angular size, and the weighting accorded to it grows with viewing
      distance. Control experiments indicate that in the tunnel, oculomotor state
      provides the principal cue to viewing distance. Thus, the contribution of
      oculomotor signals to depth scaling is gradually supplanted by other cues as
      viewing distance grows. Binocular estimates of the heights and distances of
      planar surfaces of different sizes revealed that angular size and viewing
      distance interact in a similar way to determine perceived size and perceived
      distance.

PMID- 1816535
TI  - The ceiling of the Church of St Ignatius and the perception of concave surfaces.
AB  - This research describes two hitherto unobserved phenomena in the frescoes of the
      seventeenth century architect and painter, Andrea Pozzo, painted on the vaulted
      ceiling of the central nave of the Church of St Ignatius in Rome. The present
      research also reports the results of two experimental studies on the problem of
      the perception of shapes projected on concave surfaces. A quantitative evaluation
      of the phenomena perceived from various points of observation is made by means of
      stimuli projected at various angles on a semicylindrical surface. The validity of
      the assumption of invariance, and in particular of the projective invariant
      called the cross-ratio, is discussed within the framework of ecological theories
      on perception.

PMID- 1816534
TI  - Recognising facial surfaces.
AB  - The extent to which faces depicted as surfaces devoid of pigmentation and with
      minimal texture cues ('head models') could be matched with photographs (when
      unfamiliar) and identified (when familiar) was examined in three experiments. The
      head models were obtained by scanning the three-dimensional surface of the face
      with a laser, and by displaying the surface measured in this way by using
      standard computer-aided design techniques. Performance in all tasks was above
      chance but far from ceiling. Experiment 1 showed that matching of unfamiliar head
      models with photographs was affected by the resolution with which the surface was
      displayed, suggesting that subjects based their decisions, at least in part, on
      three-dimensional surface structure. Matching accuracy was also affected by other
      factors to do with the view-points shown in the head models and test photographs,
      and the type of lighting used to portray the head model. In experiment 2 further
      evidence for the importance of the nature of the illumination used was obtained,
      and it was found that the addition of a hairstyle (not that of the target face)
      did not facilitate matching. In experiment 3 identification of the head models by
      colleagues of the people shown was compared with identification of photographs
      where the hair was concealed and eyes were closed. Head models were identified
      less well than these photographs, suggesting that the difficulties in their
      recognition are not solely due to the lack of hair. Women's heads were
      disproportionately difficult to recognise from the head models. The results are
      discussed in terms of their implications for the use of such three-dimensional
      head models in forensic and surgical applications.

PMID- 1816537
TI  - The Charles Bonnet syndrome: 'phantom visual images'.
AB  - The Charles Bonnet syndrome is a condition in which individuals experience
      complex visual hallucinations without demonstrable psychopathology or disturbance
      of normal consciousness. An analysis of the sixty-four cases described in the
      literature reveals that the syndrome can occur at any age though it is more
      common in elderly people. Reduction in vision, due to peripheral eye pathology as
      well as pathology within the brain, is associated with the syndrome. Individual
      hallucinatory episodes can last from a few seconds to most of the day. Episodes
      can occur for periods of time ranging from days to years, with the hallucinations
      changing both in frequency and in complexity during this time. The hallucinations
      may be triggered or stopped by a number of factors which may exert their effect
      through a general arousal mechanism. People, animals, buildings, and scenery are
      reported most often. These images may appear static, moving in the visual field,
      or animated. Emotional reaction to the hallucinations may be positive or
      negative. Several theories have been proposed to account for the hallucinations.
      This paper highlights the sensory deprivation framework, with particular emphasis
      on the activity in the visual system after sensory loss that produces patterns of
      nerve impulses that, in turn, give rise to visual experience.

PMID- 1816536
TI  - The discriminability of smooth stereoscopic surfaces.
AB  - In this study the sensitivity of human vision to the smoothness of stereoscopic
      surface structure was investigated. In experiments 1 and 2 random-dot stereograms
      were used to evaluate the discrimination of smooth versus 'noisy' sinusoidal
      surfaces differing in the percentages of points on a single smooth surface. Fully
      coherent smooth surfaces were found to be much more discriminable than other less
      smooth randomly perturbed surfaces. In experiment 3 the discrimination between
      discontinuous triangle-wave surfaces and similarly shaped smoothly curved
      surfaces obtained from the addition of the fundamental and the third harmonic of
      the corresponding triangle-wave surface was evaluated. The triangle-wave surfaces
      were found to be more accurately discriminated from the smoothly curved surfaces
      than would be predicted from the detectability of the difference in their Fourier
      power spectra. This superior discriminability was attributed to differences
      between the curvature and/or discontinuity of the two surfaces. In experiment 3
      the effects of incoherent 'noise' points on the discrimination between the two
      surface types were also evaluated. These randomly positioned noise points had a
      relatively small effect on the discrimination between the two surfaces. In
      general, the results of these experiments indicate that smooth surfaces are
      salient for stereopsis and that isolated local violations of smoothness are
      highly discriminable.

PMID- 1816538
TI  - New Mexico Medicaid Program seeks dental providers. Medicaid future guided by
      federal mandates. Interview by R. Gene Walker.

PMID- 1816539
TI  - [Use of mercury in medicine and dentistry. Historical reflections].

PMID- 1816540
TI  - [What happens to patients referred for implant evaluation? Treatment choice and
      patient response].
AB  - Case histories of patients referred to a university clinic for
      evaluation/treatment with implants were studied, regarding recommended and
      actually performed treatment. Patient reactions after treatment with conventional
      methods were also recorded. Three main groups attended: 1) Elderly, unsatisfied
      complete denture wearers. 2) Patients with few remaining teeth and an aversion
      against removable dentures. 3) Young patients with single teeth missing in an
      otherwise healthy dentition. Fifty-seven per cent of edentulous patients were
      recommended correction/replacement of their conventional full denture. Three out
      of four followed the recommendation. For jaws with a severely reduced dentition
      conventional prosthetic alternatives were advocated in 80 per cent of the cases.
      Corresponding treatment was carried out in 57 per cent of the cases, prosthetic
      appliances differing substantially from the suggested alternative in 26 per cent,
      and 17 per cent received no prosthetic treatment. Only few jaws required single
      tooth replacements. Every second patient who had this complete denture corrected
      or remade, considered implant therapy then superfluous. All complicated cases
      with extensive tooth loss were treated to the patients satisfaction, without
      using implant support, provided the treatment was referred to a colleague with
      specialist training. Forty per cent of similar cases remitted to their general
      practitioner did not receive any prosthetic treatment at all.

PMID- 1816541
TI  - [Periodontal epidemiology and the estimate of treatment needs].
AB  - This article reviews the present status on the prevalence and distribution of
      periodontal diseases in the population. The relationship between periodontal
      diseases and tooth loss is described. Epidemiological data have limitations when
      they are used to describe treatment needs in the population. Some of these
      limitations are discussed.

PMID- 1816542
TI  - Unwarranted removal of dental amalgams.

PMID- 1816543
TI  - Effect of dentin age on effectiveness of dentin bonding agents.
AB  - The purpose of this research effort was to investigate the effect of age changes
      in dentin on the effectiveness of two dentin adhesives in minimizing microleakage
      at the tooth-restoration interface. Cavities were prepared in permanent teeth
      extracted from patients below 20 years or over 55 years of age. Wedge-shaped
      cervical preparations were made with the gingival cavosurface margin on dentin.
      Treatment groups were randomly restored with one of two composite restorative
      materials, together with the appropriate dentin adhesives. The control group
      specimens were restored with the respective composite restorative materials
      without the adhesives. All specimens were thermocycled, then placed in 0.5% basic
      fuchsin dye solution for 24 hours and subsequently sectioned longitudinally.
      Microleakage at the tooth-restoration interface was assessed by dye penetration.
      The results showed that the use of adhesives significantly reduced microleakage
      along the tooth-restoration interface. The adhesive formulated with glycidyl
      methacrylate was significantly more effective in reducing microleakage in dentin
      of the over-55 age group.

PMID- 1816544
TI  - Comparison of shear bond strengths of some third-generation dentin bonding
      agents.
AB  - Recently a series of new dentin bonding systems has been introduced to the dental
      profession. These agents are the third generation of systems that have been
      developed over the past two decades. Some dentin bonding agents are easily
      applied, clinically, while others are complicated, multi-step procedures. A
      comparison of the shear bond strengths of five of these systems was made at 15
      minutes and after 24 hours stored in water at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 1816545
TI  - Direct surface pH determinations of setting cements.
AB  - Surface pH measurements were made over a 24-hour period for several luting
      cements and glass-ionomer lining and restorative materials. Of the luting
      cements, the water-mixed glass-ionomer cement, Ketac-Cem, had the lowest initial
      pH and the polycarboxylate, Durelon, had the highest. Three glass-ionomer lining
      materials showed differences in pH that increased over the entire test period.
      Two of the three visible-light-cured glass-ionomer liners evaluated showed
      similar pH values, while the third exhibited a considerably lower pH. The lower
      pH values found with the water-mixed glass-ionomer luting agent suggest that
      acidity may contribute to the posttreatment sensitivity associated with this
      material.

PMID- 1816546
TI  - Clinician of the Year Award.

PMID- 1816547
TI  - Pigmentary system of the adult alpine salamander Salamandra atra atra (Laur.,
      1768).
AB  - The pigmentary system of the skin from adult specimens of the black alpine
      salamander Salamandra atra atra was investigated by light microscope, electron
      microscope, and biochemical studies. Results were compared with those obtained in
      previous study of the subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae. Unlike Salamandra atra
      aurorae, which presents epidermal xanthophores and iridophores, Salamandra atra
      atra is completely melanized, presenting only epidermal and dermal melanophores.
      The melanosomes in both the epidermis and the dermis appear to derive from a
      multivesicular premelanosome similar to that in the goldfish, and the epidermal
      melanosomes are smaller than those in the dermis. Premelanosomes with an internal
      lamellar matrix were not observed. The biochemical results have shown that in the
      ethanol extracts obtained from the skin in toto and from the melanosomes,
      pteridines and flavins are always present and are the same as those extracted
      from the black skin areas of Salamandra atra aurorae.

PMID- 1816548
TI  - Differentiation of extracutaneous melanocytes in embryos of the turtle, Trionyx
      sinensis japonicus.
AB  - The present study investigates the mode of differentiation of neural crest
      derived melanocytes in the embryos of the soft-shell turtle, Trionyx sinensis
      japonicus. DOPA reaction-positive melanoblasts were first detected in 10-day-old
      embryos. Melanocyte differentiation in terms of pigmentation takes place from the
      day 16 of development. Melanin pigments were found in the dorsal integument as
      well as in various extracutaneous tissues such as skeletal muscle, dorsal aorta,
      peritoneum, blood vessels, choroid, lung, bone marrow, fat tissues and in the
      connective tissue of the nose. These results suggest the presence of a specific
      environmental regulation of the melanoblast differentiation in the soft-shell
      turtle.

PMID- 1816549
TI  - Dysplastic melanocytic nevi contain high levels of pheomelanin: quantitative
      comparison of pheomelanin/eumelanin levels between normal skin, common nevi, and
      dysplastic nevi.
AB  - The degree and type of melanogenesis, i.e., either eumelanin of pheomelanin, has
      been shown to be a reliable marker for the differentiation of the melanocyte. If
      exposed to UV light, these two melanins were reported to behave differently;
      eumelanin was photoprotective whereas pheomelanin was phototoxic to cultured
      tumor cells. Our previous study indicated that dysplastic melanocytic nevus (DMN)
      undergoes altered melanogenesis, forming pheomelanosome-like granules. The
      present study examined chemically the type and degree of melanin synthesized in
      31 melanocytic nevi excised from 27 patients as compared with that occurring in
      the surrounding normal skin. The tissue content of eumelanin and pheomelanin was
      expressed by the amounts of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and
      aminohydroxyphenylalanine (AHP), respectively. We found that DMN lesions contain
      significantly higher amounts of pheomelanin than either common melanocytic nevus
      (CMN) or normal skin. Differences in pheomelanin content between DMN and CMN
      could not be accounted for by inherently higher levels of pheomelanin within the
      skin in general from DMN patients. Our present finding substantiates our previous
      claim that epidermal melanocytes in DMN undergo deranged melanogenesis.

PMID- 1816551
TI  - FAB/mass spectrometry of lipids.

PMID- 1816550
TI  - A recombinant vaccinia virus infects Xenopus melanophores.
AB  - A recombinant vaccinia virus was employed to demonstrate infection of cultured
      Xenopus laevis melanophores. The recombinant virus contains one copy each of the
      Escherichia coli lac Z and human growth hormone genes under the transcriptional
      control of two separate viral promoters. Western blot analysis and in situ
      staining revealed the dependency of beta-galactosidase production in infected
      Xenopus cells on time and multiplicity of infection (MOI). Western blot analysis
      was used to demonstrate the production of a 65 kD vaccinia late protein and its
      variation over time and with MOI. When virus preparations from infected Xenopus
      cells were attempted, no amplification of virus was observed and only a minute
      portion of the original innoculum was recovered. We therefore propose an abortive
      infection of Xenopus pigment cells by vaccinia virus: The amphibian cells allow
      for the synthesis of viral proteins, but not for the efficient replication of
      competent virus. The findings have implications not only for our understanding of
      the virus/host interaction, but also for the efficient expression of exogenously
      introduced genes in cultured Xenopus melanophores.

PMID- 1816552
TI  - Lipids and their effects on membrane proteins: evidence against a role for
      fluidity.

PMID- 1816553
TI  - Hormonal regulation of the hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor and the
      catabolism of low density lipoproteins: relationship with the secretion of very
      low density lipoproteins.

PMID- 1816554
TI  - Dissociation of haloperidol-induced "anhedonia" and catalepsy by lesions of the
      dorsal raphe nucleus.
AB  - Electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus were found to attenuate
      haloperidol-induced catalepsy, but did not alter haloperidol's ability to
      suppress the intake of a highly palatable saccharin/glucose mixture by
      nondeprived rats. These results suggest that neuroleptic-induced suppression of
      the drinking of palatable fluids is not secondary to the types of motor deficits
      that result in catalepsy.

PMID- 1816556
TI  - Approaches to molecular modeling studies and specific application to serotonin
      ligands and receptors.
AB  - Molecular modeling studies are useful in as much as they may allow us to
      understand the activity and selectivity of currently existing agents, and,
      furthermore, may aid in the design of completely novel therapeutic agents. There
      are two basic modeling strategies: the ligand-ligand approach and the ligand
      receptor approach. Both approaches possess certain inherent advantages and
      disadvantages and, in addition, make certain assumptions about the agents and/or
      receptors being investigated. Keeping with the spirit of this minisymposium, we
      describe these two approaches, their general usefulness, and their limitations.
      Using serotonin (5-HT) receptors as a focal point, we review and provide novel
      examples of molecular modeling studies involving both strategies. Presented for
      the first time are examples of ligand-receptor models to account for the binding
      of serotonergic agents at 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors.

PMID- 1816555
TI  - Serotonin receptors and their ligands: a lack of selective agents.
AB  - Four major families of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors have been
      identified: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4. At this time, there is a general
      consensus that the 5-HT1 family can be further subdivided into 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5
      HT1C, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT1P subpopulations. In addition, there are several other
      populations of less well-defined 5-HT receptors. The purpose of this presentation
      is to discuss 5-HT receptor nomenclature and the agents that are commonly used to
      investigate each receptor population in as much as it will serve to provide
      background for the remainder of the symposium. There is presently available an
      abundance of serotonergic agents; however, these agents are only semiselective,
      and none can be considered truly selective for a particular population of 5-HT
      receptors. As useful as these agents have been for the identification and
      characterization of 5-HT receptors, there remains a need for the development of
      new, more selective ligands.

PMID- 1816557
TI  - Molecular modeling of 5-HT3 receptor ligands.
AB  - Ligands of various chemical classes (e.g., indoles, indazoles, benzamides,
      carbazoles, and quinolines) have demonstrated high affinity for the 5-HT3
      receptor in radiolabeled ligand-binding studies, and have shown 5-HT3 receptor
      antagonistic activity in functional assays which utilize the excitatory effects
      of 5-HT on enteric neurons and autonomic afferents. Several 5-HT3 antagonists are
      currently being evaluated for potential use in the treatment of migraine,
      schizophrenia, and anxiety, and a few have already demonstrated high efficacy as
      antiemetics in cancer chemotherapy. The purpose of this presentation is to
      highlight the significant structure-affinity relationships (SAFIR) and common
      geometrical features among 5-HT3 receptor ligands, and to describe the three
      dimensional pharmacophore for the 5-HT3 recognition site derived from
      computational techniques. The chemical template containing the recognition
      elements (functional groups) for the 5-HT3 receptor are: an aromatic or
      heteroaromatic ring system, a coplanar carbonyl group, and a nitrogen center,
      interrelated by well-defined distances. Two "binding shapes" or "active shapes"
      for 5-HT3 ligands have been identified from detailed conformational analyses.

PMID- 1816558
TI  - Structure-activity relationships at 5-HT1A receptors: binding profiles and
      intrinsic activity.
AB  - The 5-HT1A receptor has been one of the most studied 5-HT receptor subtypes in
      terms of its pharmacologic profile. Comparisons of various studies of structure
      activity relationships (SAR) at this receptor shows an emerging profile for this
      receptor's pharmacophore. The present discussion focuses on the findings
      generated with relatively small molecules that can be considered as analogs of
      serotonin itself and that illustrate some of the structural properties that are
      important for high-affinity recognition by the receptor. Most of the SAR work has
      been based on the affinities of compounds for the receptor as determined by the
      radioligand-binding technique, which has a significant limitation in that it
      cannot define the intrinsic activity of compounds at the receptor. This problem
      can be addressed by functional assays, and an example of SAR at the 5-HT1A
      receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system is provided.

PMID- 1816560
TI  - Phentolamine and thermoregulation in rats.
AB  - Phentolamine (PHEN), a nonselective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, causes a dose
      and ambient temperature (Ta)-dependent fall in body temperature (Tb) when
      injected intraperitoneally. In this paper, we investigated whether this was
      caused by integrated behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory responses and
      whether it was due to a central action of the drug. Male rats were trained to
      press a bar for warm air in the cold or cold air in the heat. Rats were tested in
      both conditions near their Tb peaks and troughs after injections of saline or
      PHEN (5 and 10 mg/kg, IP). Tb fell significantly within the first 30 min post
      PHEN, and after that, in the cold, the rats worked to increase Ta. In the heat
      they did not change Ta. To determine what was responsible for the Tb fall, we
      measured heat loss and heat production after saline or PHEN (10 mg/kg; IP) at Ta
      2, 20, and 30 degrees C. Decreases in Tb at 2 and 20 degrees C were caused by
      increased heat loss during the first 15-30 min post-PHEN. At 2 degrees C, heat
      production increased after the drop in Tb. We conclude that the main reason the
      rats do not start to work immediately to prevent their core temperature from
      falling is that skin temperature is high, due to peripheral vasodilation, and
      that skin temperature is the major stimulus for regulating preferred Ta. We
      believe these effects are mediated by peripheral mechanisms because intracerebro
      ventricular injections of PHEN did not cause a fall in Tb.

PMID- 1816559
TI  - Molecular biology of serotonin (5-HT) receptors.
AB  - The recent cloning of three types of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)
      receptors substantiates radioligand-based definitions of 5-HT receptors, and
      provides a framework in which to understand the function and evolution of the
      receptors. The primary sequences determined by molecular cloning of the 5-HT1c, 5
      HT1a and 5-HT2 receptors place each of these 5-HT receptor subtypes into the
      class of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors all share similar
      functional and structural features. Each receptor is positioned in the lipid
      bilayer with seven membrane-spanning domains and corresponding intracellular and
      extracellular domains. By analogy to the known functional structures of the beta
      adrenergic receptor, the binding site of 5-HT is proposed to be in the membrane
      domains and the intracellular domain is important for G protein interaction. The
      primary sequences and the second messenger systems of the receptors indicate the
      5-HT2 and 5-HT1c receptors are closely related, whereas the 5-HT1a receptor is
      more distantly related to the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1c receptors.

PMID- 1816561
TI  - Cholinolytic antagonism to the disruptive effects of oral low doses of
      pyridostigmine on simple discrimination performance in rats.
AB  - We have previously reported that acute oral administration of low doses (less
      than or equal to 12 mg/kg) of pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) to rats resulted in a
      dose-dependent decrement in reinforcement rate under two different multiple
      schedules of response-produced water presentation, which involved motivational
      dysfunction rather than motor impairment and alterations in visual perception.
      The purpose of the present investigation was to examine further if the
      anticipated operant behavioral deficits of PYR are mediated by central and/or
      peripheral cholinergic mechanisms. Lever-press responses of male Sprague-Dawley
      rats were maintained under a multiple fixed-ratio GO/differential-reinforcement
      of-low-rate NO GO, brightness discrimination, schedule of water reinforcement.
      The effects of the muscarinic antagonists atropine (ATR) and methylatropine
      (MAT), both at doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (SC), against a single oral low
      dose of PYR (12 mg/kg)-induced behavioral disruption were compared. ATR partially
      antagonized the reinforcement loss of PYR with concomitant dose-related increases
      in nonreinforced responses, whereas MAT completely antagonized the reinforcement
      loss without affecting the frequency of nonreinforced responses. These results
      suggest that in rats, the debilitating effects of oral PYR on operant behavior
      are primarily due to the stimulation of peripheral muscarinic receptors via its
      anticholinesterase activity. The increments of nonreinforced responses observed
      after coadministration of PYR with ATR may reflect a central, excitatory action
      of ATR which could affect the discrimination performance. The present results
      have practical implications for the clinical utilization of PYR in combination
      with the peripherally active muscarinic antagonist in situations where optimal
      performance is required.

PMID- 1816562
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication
      of silver foxes.
AB  - Silver foxes selected for more than 30 years for tame behavior and displaying no
      defensive reaction to human contact were shown to have a higher serotonin level
      in midbrain and hypothalamus, and a higher 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)
      content in midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus in comparison to nonselected
      wild silver foxes bred in captivity over the same time span. Tryptophan
      hydroxylase (TPH) activity in midbrain and hypothalamus in domesticated foxes was
      increased as compared with their aggressive/defensive counterparts. Monoamine
      oxidase type A (MAO A) activity was was decreased with an increased Km and
      unchanged Vmax in domesticated foxes. No changes in specific [3H]ketanserin or
      [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding in frontal cortex was revealed. A reduced density (Bmax) of
      5HT1A receptors in hypothalamic membranes in domesticated foxes was shown. It is
      suggested that the brain serotonergic system is involved in the mechanism of
      domestication converting wild aggressive/defensive animals into tame ones.

PMID- 1816563
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of triadimefon: comparison with
      methylphenidate.
AB  - Two groups of rats (N = 4 each) were trained to discriminate either triadimefon
      (40 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (4 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever, milk
      reinforced drug discrimination paradigm. Dose-response functions were determined
      during 5-min extinction sessions. Both agents produced a dose-related increase in
      the percentage of responses that occurred on the drug lever. In the substitution
      phase of the study, rats trained to discriminate triadimefon were tested with
      methylphenidate and rats trained to discriminate methylphenidate were tested with
      triadimefon. Triadimefon substituted completely for methylphenidate and
      methylphenidate substituted completely for triadimefon. These results indicate
      that triadimefon can function as a discriminative stimulus and that it shares
      discriminative stimulus properties with methylphenidate.

PMID- 1816564
TI  - Arecoline-associated changes in open-field behavior following swim stress in the
      rat. A possible relationship to water temperature.
AB  - The rat exhibits a reduction in movement in an open field following a 14-day
      course of forced swim stress at 12 degrees C. The decrease in movement is greater
      in rats receiving arecoline relative to those receiving saline prior to placement
      in the open field. The authors report that when water temperature is increased to
      20 degrees, there is a categorical difference in the results. The saline control
      group exhibits a rise and the arecoline group no change in crossings.

PMID- 1816565
TI  - Effects of triadimefon on a multiple schedule of fixed-interval performance:
      comparison with methylphenidate, d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine.
AB  - Triadimefon is a fungicide that has recently been shown to increase motor
      activity and rates of schedule-controlled responding. These findings indicate
      that triadimefon resembles psychomotor stimulants and in this respect is a unique
      pesticide. The present experiment was designed to evaluate triadimefon's effects
      on performance maintained by a multiple schedule of reinforcement and to compare
      triadimefon to known psychomotor stimulants. Four rats were trained to perform
      under a mult FI 1-min FI 5-min schedule of milk reinforcement. They then received
      a series of dosages of triadimefon (10-170 mg/kg, IP) and of methylphenidate (1
      17.3 mg/kg, IP) in a counterbalanced order. Triadimefon increased response rates
      in both the FI 1-min and FI 5-min components. Methylphenidate did not
      consistently alter response rates in either component. Temporal patterns of
      responding were disrupted much more in the FI 5-min component than in the FI 1
      min component by both triadimefon and methylphenidate. Performances were then
      evaluated following a series of dosages of d-amphetamine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, IP) and
      chlorpromazine (0.5-2.0 mg/kg, IP). Response rates were increased by d
      amphetamine in the FI 1-min component but not in the FI 5-min component. Like
      triadimefon and methylphenidate, d-amphetamine produced a greater disruption of
      response patterning in FI 5-min than in FI 1-min. Only chlorpromazine decreased
      response rates in both components. Chlorpromazine also disrupted FI 5-min
      response patterning, but left FI 1-min patterning intact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816567
TI  - Intracerebroventricular naltrexone treatment attenuates acquisition of
      intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats.
AB  - The influence of centrally administered naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, on
      acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration behaviour in rats was
      examined. On five consecutive days, three hours per day, they could self
      administer a cocaine solution (30 micrograms per infusion) through an indwelling
      cannula. Treatment consisted of daily injections of naltrexone (2 or 5
      micrograms) or placebo into the lateral ventricle 30 minutes before testing.
      Naltrexone treatment dose dependently attenuated the rate of cocaine self
      infusion. Both self-infusion rate and rate of responding on the reinforcement
      lever in the group treated with 5 micrograms naltrexone differed from placebo,
      whereas rate of responding on a dummy lever did not. These findings a) support
      the notion that opioid systems play a role in cocaine reinforcement, and b)
      suggest that naltrexone exerts its effect on cocaine reinforcement through action
      in the central nervous system.

PMID- 1816566
TI  - Effects of yohimbine on isolation-induced aggression, social attraction, and
      conspecific odor preference in mice.
AB  - Yohimbine treatment inhibited isolation-induced attack in mice but had no effect
      on defense. The drug also increased social distances and produced a transient
      decrease in preference for conspecific male odors. The antiaggressive actions of
      yohimbine parallel those reported for the anxiogenic beta-carbolines and for
      phenylpiperazine "serenic" agents. The results emphasize the importance of
      supplementing conspecific agonistic encounters with additional behavioral
      measures such as nonagonistic social attraction in evaluating antiaggressive
      drugs. The decreased responsiveness to conspecific odors seen in Experiment 3
      also suggests that increased conspecific avoidance may be mediated, in part at
      least, by altered olfactory processes.

PMID- 1816568
TI  - Neonatal caffeine exposure alters developmental sensitivity to adenosine receptor
      ligands.
AB  - Studies were done to determine whether the apparent changes in behavioral
      sensitivity to adenosine receptor ligands that occur with age and with neonatal
      caffeine exposure were due to a change in sensitivity of the receptor for the
      ligand or to a more fundamental change in the receptor. Using an animal model
      that mimics the brain developmental period and level of caffeine exposure in
      human premature neonates treated with caffeine for apnea of prematurity,
      behavioral and neurochemical investigations were undertaken. The locomotor
      responses to acute challenge with caffeine (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) and with D
      phenylisopropyladenosine (D-PIA) (0.038 and 0.38 mg/kg), an adenosine receptor
      agonist, were measured in control and neonatally caffeine-exposed rats at 12, 15,
      18, and 28 days of age. The dissociation constants (Kd) and maximal binding
      densities (Bmax) for agonist binding at the adenosine A1 receptor site were
      determined over a similar time period. Caffeine displacement of an adenosine A1
      agonist was also measured to examine in vitro sensitivity to caffeine as a
      function of age and neonatal caffeine exposure. Our studies demonstrated that the
      differential responses to adenosine receptor ligands seen as a function of both
      age and neonatal caffeine exposure could not be overcome by merely increasing the
      doses of ligand administered. In addition, the results of the binding studies
      indicated that changes in the adenosine receptor are occurring as a function of
      age in different regions of the brain of control animals and that this
      development is influenced by neonatal caffeine exposure.

PMID- 1816570
TI  - Effects of triazolam on human aggressive, escape and point-maintained responding.
AB  - Placebo and triazolam (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/70 kg of body weight) were
      administered to male subjects under double-blind conditions prior to experimental
      sessions which provided three operant response options. These options were: 1)
      responding maintained by the presentation of points exchangeable for money, 2)
      responding which ostensibly resulted in the subtraction of points from a
      fictitious person was termed aggressive since this responding resulted in the
      delivery of an aversive stimulus to another person, and 3) responding which
      ostensibly protected the subject's point counter from subtractions initiated by
      the other person and was termed escape. Aggressive and escape responding were
      initiated by subtracting points from the subject. Point subtractions were
      attributed to the other person. Aggressive and escape responding were maintained
      by initiation of provocation-free intervals (PFI), during which no further point
      subtractions were presented. Triazolam produced dose-dependent decreases in point
      maintained and escape responding. The effects of triazolam on aggressive
      responding varied across subjects.

PMID- 1816569
TI  - "Paradoxical" effects of morphine on antipredator defense reactions in wild and
      laboratory rats.
AB  - In a Fear/Defense Test Battery, measuring defensive reactions to a present,
      approaching and contacting predator, the highest dose of morphine tested (7.5
      mg/kg) reliably reduced vocalization to dorsal contact, to vibrissae stimulation,
      and to an anesthetized conspecific in laboratory-bred wild R. norvegicus. Except
      for a dose-dependent reduction in flinch/jump reactions to dorsal contact (taps),
      other defensive behaviors (flight, freezing, etc.) were not reliably altered by
      morphine treatment (0, 1.0, 2.5, 7.5 mg/kg). Vocalization responses to vibrissae
      stimulation in wild-trapped R. rattus were reliably increased following naloxone
      (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) administration, lending support for opiate receptor
      involvement in the mediation of defensive vocalization. In the Anxiety/Defense
      Test Battery, measuring defensive reactions to situations associated with a
      predator (cat) or with cat odor, laboratory rats showed no decrease in defensive
      behavior with morphine (0, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg). In direct contrast to the above
      findings, the effects of morphine treatment in this test battery suggested a
      generalized increase in defensiveness to noncontacting and nonpainful threat
      stimuli. These effects included a decrease in time spent near the cat
      compartment, with a complementary increase in time spent at maximum distance, a
      decrease in transits between these sections, an increase in crouching, and a
      decrease in grooming and rearing. This pattern of results suggests that morphine
      may have two opposing effects on defensive behavior, a generalized enhancement,
      together with a more specific reduction of responses to tactile or painful
      stimulation. A very widespread pattern of reliable sex or sex x drug effects in
      the Anxiety/Defense Test Battery was in good agreement with previous reports of
      sex differences in these tests, with females generally more defensive than males.
      Consonant with previous findings, no reliable sex differences were found with the
      Fear/Defense Test Battery, although several values approached an acceptable level
      of statistical significance.

PMID- 1816571
TI  - Behavioral and biochemical consequences of perinatal exposure of mice to instant
      coffee: a correlative evaluation.
AB  - In the present study, the lasting effects of prepartum and perinatally consumed
      instant coffee by female mice on the behavior as well as on the level of
      activities of certain enzymes in the tissues of their male offspring have been
      investigated. The behavioral observations of nonsocial investigation, defense,
      displacement, latency to threat and naso-nasal contact has decreased
      significantly in offspring of treated mothers, while the threat, attack, latency
      to threat and attack and number of fights have increased significantly. Hence,
      coffee has proven to be an inducer of hyperactive behavior in these offspring.
      Such effects are both dose dependent and duration-of-treatment dependent.
      Moreover, variations were detected in the level of AChE activity in the brain
      tissues of these offspring together with variations in the levels of AcPase and
      AlPase activities in their liver, kidneys and testes. Such variations in these
      organs have developed in utero, making these enzymes convenient markers in
      teratological studies.

PMID- 1816572
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy on macronutrient selection patterns in the rat.
AB  - The present studies examined the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on nutrient
      selection of rats over the 24-h period, as well as during the first 2 h of the
      nocturnal feeding cycle. Results indicate that ADX, in rats showing generally
      similar preferences for carbohydrate and fat, equally suppresses intake of both
      of these nutrients over the 24-h period. The relative impact of ADX on
      carbohydrate and fat intake may shift depending upon baseline, with carbohydrate
      preferring rats showing a stronger decrease in intake of this diet after ADX and
      fat-preferring rats exhibiting a greater decline in fat intake after ADX. Acute
      injections of corticosterone (CORT) and aldosterone (ALDO) are both found to
      restore carbohydrate as well as fat intake to ADX rats over the 24-h period.
      However, in the first 2 h of the dark feeding cycle, carbohydrate intake is found
      to be selectively suppressed after ADX, and CORT injection (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg,
      SC) restores carbohydrate intake during this early dark period, while producing a
      small increase in fat intake only at the higher dose. This is in contrast to ALDO
      administration at dark onset, which has a stronger stimulatory effect on fat
      intake in the ADX rat but does not fully restore carbohydrate intake. These
      findings indicate that CORT and ALDO have differential effects on nutrient intake
      in ADX rats particularly at the onset of the dark cycle, and it is suggested that
      these effects are mediated, respectively, by the type I and type II steroid
      receptor systems in the brain.

PMID- 1816573
TI  - Effects of alcohol abstinence on spontaneous feeding patterns in moderate alcohol
      consuming humans.
AB  - It has previously been found through observational techniques that moderate
      alcohol consumers tend to add alcohol calories to their diets without displacing
      macronutrient calories. The present investigation was an active manipulation of
      alcohol consumption to test for causation by instructing subjects to refrain from
      alcohol for five days. Twenty-five moderate alcohol consumers, identified with
      the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, were asked to complete a food intake
      diary for ten consecutive days during which they refrained from drinking any
      alcoholic beverages for either the first five days or the last five days. The
      subjects recorded in a diary everything they either ate or drank, the time at
      which the meal began and ended, their subjective state before and after the meal,
      and the number of other people present. Subjects' overall intake of food energy
      during the alcohol week was significantly higher than during the no alcohol week
      (2205 vs. 1829 kcal) and meals eaten during the alcohol week contained
      significantly more food energy than did meals eaten during the no alcohol week
      (649 vs. 541 kcal). Alcohol added additional calories to the diets without
      altering any other macronutrient intake. These results could have both health and
      weight loss implications.

PMID- 1816574
TI  - Enantioselective behavioral effects of threo-methylphenidate in rats.
AB  - The relative potency of d- and l-threo-methylphenidate (d-MPH and l-MPH) was
      evaluated using three behavioral paradigms for rats: Responding maintained by a
      fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement (FI), responding maintained by a
      concurrent variable-interval schedule of reinforcement (Conc VI VI), and
      consumption of sweetened condensed milk during a 15-min free-access period. In
      each case the potency of the d-MPH enantiomer greatly exceeded that of the l-MPH
      enantiomer. Temporal control of responding was reduced (FI) choice responding was
      equalized for most rats (Conc VI VI), and milk consumption was suppressed by d
      MPH and dl-MPH.

PMID- 1816575
TI  - Long-lasting dopamine receptor up-regulation in amphetamine-treated rats
      following amphetamine neurotoxicity.
AB  - Amphetamine (A) (9.2 mg/kg, IP), in combination with iprindole (I) (10.0 mg/kg,
      IP), caused long-lasting dopamine (DA) depletions in striatum (-49%, 4 weeks) but
      not in nucleus accumbens following one A/I injection. Striatal DA had recovered
      by 4 months. DA receptors (DAr) were up-regulated: 1) behavioral responses to a
      DA receptor agonist (apomorphine) were significantly elevated. These included
      apomorphine-induced locomotor activity (+103% and +160%, on weeks 3 and 10) and
      apomorphine-induced stereotypy (day 10). 2) Bmax for [3H]spiroperidol binding to
      striatal D2 DAr (12 weeks) increased (+53%, week 12). Injection of the DAr
      neuromodulator cyclo(leucyl-glycyl) (8 mg/kg/day x 4 days, SC) reversed the Bmax
      increase. Thus toxicity (DA depletion) following high-dose amphetamine appears to
      induce compensatory changes in DAr. This DAr upregulation may explain the lack of
      abnormal movements despite enduring DA depletion. Additionally, the A/I paradigm
      as an animal model of long-lasting DAr up-regulation, could be used to screen
      neuromodulatory agents, like CLG, that might treat disorders (e.g., tardive
      dyskinesia and schizophrenia) thought to involve up-regulated DAr.

PMID- 1816576
TI  - Morphine analgesia, tolerance and addiction in the cricket Pteronemobius sp.
      (Orthoptera, Insecta).
AB  - The escape reaction time (ERT) of the cricket Pteronemobius sp. from the heated
      box begins at 48 degrees and increases with temperature until 56 degrees C,
      beyond which there is no further increase. The ERT (2.2 +/- 1.39 s) from the hot
      box at 54 degrees C is used as a model for studying the analgesic effects of
      opiates. Results of the present paper show that the ERT did not change after
      injecting the insect in the abdominal haemocoel with 0.9% saline solution, but
      ERT increased when 0.32, 0.52 or 0.69 mg/g of morphine is injected in the same
      place. The maximum ERT increase is reached at 90 min after drug injection, and
      the drug effect disappears 3 h after the injection. At 90 min after drug
      injections, the dose of 0.50 mg/g of morphine produces 50% of ERT increase, and
      it is referred to as the median analgesic dose (D50). 1.05 mg/g of morphine
      produces an ERT longer than 30 s that results in an irreversible damage to the
      insect. Sixty-four micrograms/g of naloxone given in addition to D50 of morphine
      fully blocked the effect of morphine during its 3-h action. However, more than 64
      micrograms/g of naloxone alone also increase the ERT in the cricket, similar to
      what has been described for vertebrates. Four daily morphine injections of D50
      decreased ERT in such a way that, at the fourth day, the ERT is similar to the
      ERT produced by saline solution; i.e., tolerance is shown. The suppression of
      daily morphine injections of D50 during the fifth day produced a hyperresponse to
      vibration (big jumps) not shown in the case of the injections of saline solution;
      i.e., addiction is shown.

PMID- 1816577
TI  - Ultralow-yield cigarettes and type of ventilation: the role of ventilation
      blocking.
AB  - Habitual smokers of perforation-ventilated cigarettes and of channel-ventilated
      cigarettes (18 male and 18 female subjects each; nicotine yield 0.1-0.3 mg, 0.2
      mg, respectively) were compared with respect to different smoke exposure
      indicators and puffing behavior. The role of ventilation blocking was assessed by
      comparing normal lip contact with smoking through a cigarette holder. The
      presmoking concentrations (plasma nicotine, cotinine, respiratory CO) were higher
      for channel-filter than for perforation-ventilated cigarettes, as were the pre-
      to postsmoking boosts (nicotine, CO) with normal lip smoking. Holder smoking
      resulted in lower boosts than lip smoking for the channel filter cigarettes,
      although the puffing behavior was considerably intensified. The boosts for
      perforation-ventilated cigarettes remained unchanged and were reached with only
      moderately intensified puffing behavior. The results indicate the importance of
      ventilation blocking in everyday lip smoking for channel-filter cigarettes, but
      not for conventional, perforated cigarettes.

PMID- 1816579
TI  - Acute effects of the organophosphate paraoxon on schedule-controlled behavior and
      esterase activity in rats: dose-response relationships.
AB  - The effects of acute intraperitoneal administration of paraoxon on behavioral and
      biochemical parameters were studied in male rats. Rats were trained to press a
      lever under an FR10 schedule of reinforcement. Rats were injected with 3
      sublethal doses of paraoxon (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg) and performance was
      monitored for four days after exposure. Response rates were depressed
      significantly for days 1 and 2 with 0.75 and 1.0 mg/kg, but not 0.5 mg/kg, even
      though there was inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterases at all doses.
      Performance recovered prior to brain AChE recovery. There was no clear-cut
      threshold of brain AChE inhibition required to yield performance deficits, nor
      was there a direct correlation between significant inhibition in peripheral
      enzymes which could serve as markers (plasma aliesterases, butyrylcholinesterase,
      non-iso-OMPA-sensitive cholinesterase, and hepatic aliesterases) and performance
      deficits, suggesting that other noncholinergic targets may play a role in OP
      induced behavioral deficits.

PMID- 1816578
TI  - Alcohol drinking attenuated by sertraline in rats with 6-OHDA or 5,7-DHT lesions
      of N. accumbens: a caloric response?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to elucidate further the role of serotonin (5-HT)
      in the preference for ethyl alcohol induced in the Sprague-Dawley rat by lesions
      of the N. accumbens. Following a standard preference test for 3-30% alcohol,
      dopaminergic or serotonergic neurons in the N. accumbens of the rat were lesioned
      bilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT),
      respectively. After recovery postoperatively, each rat was offered water and its
      maximally preferred concentration of alcohol, which ranged from 7% to 11%.
      Following a 4-day pretest, either the saline control vehicle or the 5-HT reuptake
      inhibitor, sertraline, was injected subcutaneously in a dose of either 3.0 or 10
      mg/kg b.i.d. at 0800 and 2000 h over the next 3 days. Alcohol preference during
      the injection sequence and for 4 days thereafter was significantly reduced by
      sertraline in terms of both absolute g/kg and proportion of alcohol to water
      intakes. Saline was without effect on alcohol drinking. Comparisons of the
      drinking profiles of serotonergic versus dopaminergic lesioned rats revealed a
      dose dependent response to sertraline only in the 5,7-DHT lesioned animals.
      Although sertraline did not alter water drinking, the consumption of food
      declined significantly during and after its administration with a decline in body
      weight also observed at the higher dose. These results suggest that in addition
      to dopaminergic neurons in the N. accumbens, the synaptic activity of 5-HT in
      this structure contributes to the aberrant drinking of alcohol. However, this
      interpretation is tempered by the fact that caloric intake was suppressed
      concomitantly by the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816580
TI  - Changes in urinary catecholamine excretion after smoking cessation.
AB  - Excretion levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were assessed in 17
      habitual cigarette smokers while smoking and periodically during 30 days of
      abstinence to determine whether a pattern of transient change existed, suggestive
      of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) involvement in tobacco withdrawal. Excretion
      of all three catecholamines declined 1 day after abstinence but did not return to
      precessation levels during the rest of the follow-up period. The results suggest
      that postcessation declines in excretion may be permanent changes caused by loss
      of tobacco's agonist effects, rather than transient withdrawal phenomena
      resulting from SNS adaptation to the stimulatory effects of tobacco.

PMID- 1816582
TI  - Cocaine: on-line analysis of an accumbens amine neural basis for psychomotor
      behavior.
AB  - Dose-response studies on subcutaneous cocaine were done to ascertain its effects
      in nucleus accumbens in dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal circuitry in the
      behaving rat with in vivo voltammetry. Simultaneously, and at each dose of
      cocaine, unconditioned psychomotor stimulant behavior induced by cocaine was
      studied in terms of multiple concurrent measures of spontaneous behavior and by
      activity pattern analysis, a study of spatial patterns of locomotion. Time course
      studies showed that the neurochemical effects of cocaine (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg
      SC) significantly (p less than 0.0001) increased accumbens synaptic
      concentrations of dopamine (DA) and concurrently and significantly (p less than
      0.0001) decreased accumbens synaptic concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) in a dose
      response manner. Simultaneous behavioral time course studies showed that cocaine
      (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg SC) significantly (p less than 0.0001) increased
      ambulations (locomotor activity), fine movements (stereotypic movements of
      sniffing and grooming) and rearing behavior, while significantly decreasing
      agoraphobic behavior, as measured by a statistically significant increase in
      central ambulations (p less than 0.0001). The high dose of cocaine (40 mg/kg SC)
      significantly increased fine movements over those produced by the lower doses of
      cocaine (p less than 0.0002). One import of the findings is that the DA and 5-HT
      biogenic amine response occurs in a behavioral paradigm of psychomotor
      stimulation, which is a known measure of reinforcement. Another is that the
      biogenic amines DA and 5-HT are affected by cocaine in this reinforcement
      paradigm with exactly opposite directionality. Finally, acute cocaine
      administration is shown to produce a dose response inhibition of agoraphobia
      (fear), which is highly correlated (p = .983, p less than 0.01) with the opposing
      effects of cocaine on the accumbens biogenic amines, DA and 5-HT.

PMID- 1816581
TI  - Cocaine actions, brain levels and receptors in selected lines of mice.
AB  - The effects of cocaine (15 mg/kg IP) versus IP saline on open-field behaviors
      were evaluated using a crossover design in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS)
      mice. Under treatment order 1, mice received saline injection on day 1 followed
      24 h later by cocaine (saline-cocaine, S-C). Under treatment order 2, animals
      received cocaine on day 1 and saline on day 2 (cocaine-saline, C-S). Immediately
      following injection, animals were placed into an automated open-field apparatus
      with behavioral samples taken at 5-min intervals for 30 min. The behaviors
      measured were distance traveled, stereotypy and time spent in proximity to the
      margins of the test apparatus (thigmotaxis). Cocaine increased locomotor activity
      in both lines of mice, with S-C producing more pronounced initial activation than
      C-S in LS mice. Compared to S-C, C-S also increased thigmotaxis, an effect more
      pronounced in SS mice. In a separate experiment, brain cocaine levels were
      measured in brains of adapted and nonadapted LS and SS mice 5 min following
      injection of 15 mg/kg cocaine. Regardless of order, SS mice had significantly
      higher brain cocaine levels than did LS mice. Mazindol and cocaine binding
      studies in the forebrain indicated higher Bmax values for both ligands in LS
      compared to SS mice. The results of this study indicate that genetically based
      differences in cocaine receptors as well as treatment order contribute to
      behavioral actions of cocaine.

PMID- 1816583
TI  - In vivo voltammetric studies on release mechanisms for cocaine with gamma
      butyrolactone.
AB  - The effect of cocaine (20 mg/kg SC) on presynaptic mechanisms of release for
      dopamine (DA) and for serotonin (5-HT) was studied in nucleus accumbens of
      unrestrained rats (Rattus norvegicus). The studies were done by assaying synaptic
      concentrations of DA and 5-HT in the presence of the neuronal impulse flow
      inhibitor, gamma-butyrolactone (gamma-BL). The results were compared with cocaine
      effects on accumbens DA and 5-HT in the freely moving rat, without gamma-BL
      treatment. A neurochemical time course profile showed that the cocaine-induced
      increase in accumbens synaptic concentrations of DA was significantly blocked (p
      less than 0.0001) after DA impulse flow was significantly inhibited (p less than
      0.0038) by gamma-BL (35.8%). The neurochemical time course profile concurrently
      showed that the cocaine-induced decrease in accumbens synaptic concentrations of
      5-HT was significantly blocked (p less than 0.0004) after impulse flow was
      significantly inhibited (p less than 0.025) by gamma-BL (50.6%). The findings
      show that cocaine's effects on synaptic concentrations for DA and for 5-HT in
      accumbens are dependent on neuronal impulse flow. The findings indicate that
      presynaptic releasing mechanisms, which may be different for DA vis-a-vis 5-HT,
      play a role in the mechanism of action of cocaine.

PMID- 1816584
TI  - Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: site for the antinatriorexic action of
      tachykinins in the rat.
AB  - The present study investigated the sensitivity of the posterior part of the
      medial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to the
      antinatriorexic action of the tachykinin eledoisin in the rat. Salt appetite was
      evoked by sodium depletion following furosemide-induced natriuresis. The results
      obtained show that bilateral injection of eledoisin into the BNST evokes a very
      potent antinatriorexic effect, a statistically significant inhibition being
      observed even at the dose of 3.1 ng/BNST. On the other hand, when eledoisin was
      injected into the lateral ventricle, just above the BNST, much larger doses were
      required to elicit comparable inhibition of salt appetite. The antinatriorexic
      effect of eledoisin into the BNST is apparently behaviorally selective, since the
      same doses, which inhibited salt appetite, did not significantly affect the
      intake of 10% sucrose solution in the sodium-depleted animal. Present results
      suggest that the BNST is a site of action for the effect of tachykinins on salt
      appetite.

PMID- 1816585
TI  - Pentylenetetrazole can induce a conditioned place preference.
AB  - Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected into 4 groups (n =
      8/group) and conditioned in a standard place preference task. The groups differed
      in the dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administered prior to conditioning
      trials. With respect to the three treatment groups, placement into the,
      initially, nonpreferred side of the CPP apparatus was preceded by injections of
      5.6, 10, or 17.8 mg/kg PTZ. The control group was injected with hypertonic saline
      (1.8% w/v) on the rats', initially, nonpreferred sides and isotonic saline (0.9%
      w/v) on their preferred sides, to control for any irritative effects of PTZ
      injections in the treatment groups. Six pairs of drug-saline conditioning trials
      were conducted with each subject. PTZ produced a dose-dependent increase in the
      amount of time spent in the drug-associated environment. Saline control subjects'
      preference scores did not change over the course of the study. These data suggest
      that PTZ is not aversive in the place learning task; more importantly, the data
      suggest that a dose-dependent shift in the hedonic valences associated with
      environmental stimuli can occur when these stimuli are repeatedly paired with PTZ
      administration. The data are discussed in terms of the stimulus properties of PTZ
      and the hypothetical "anxiety" state the drug may produce.

PMID- 1816586
TI  - The effects of prenatal nicotine on radial-arm maze performance in rats.
AB  - Studies have revealed lasting cognitive impairments, including deficits in
      attention and learning, in the offspring of women who smoke. Animal models have
      shown that prenatal nicotine can induce behavioral impairments, including
      deficits in learning and memory, and one study showed that only females were
      impaired on a maze task. The purpose of the present experiment was two-fold: 1)
      to attempt to replicate the reported sex difference in maze learning and 2) to
      assess the ability of nicotine-treated subjects to learn a maze that placed
      particularly heavy demands on their attentional capabilities. Pregnant mothers
      were given 6.0 mg/kg/day of nicotine in their drinking water. Offspring of both
      sexes were tested following weaning in an 8-arm-radial maze using a confinement
      procedure. Results showed that prenatal nicotine treatment produced significant
      impairments in performance in the radial-arm maze. These impairments were seen in
      animals of both sexes, a finding which challenges the view that only females
      prenatally treated with nicotine show deficits in maze learning.

PMID- 1816587
TI  - Sweet taste preference in women smokers: comparison with nonsmokers and effects
      of menstrual phase and nicotine abstinence.
AB  - Cigarette smokers weigh less than comparably aged nonsmokers, and many gain
      weight following cessation. Though some evidence suggests that nicotine reduces
      food intake, with a selective effect on sweet-tasting foods, the issue remains
      unresolved. In the current study, 64 women (20 smokers, 26 never-smokers, and 18
      ex-smokers) were tested for sweet taste preference; 9 of these smokers were
      studied under conditions of both ad lib smoking and overnight abstinence, in
      three hormonally verified menstrual phases. 1) Although no overall differences
      were detected in taste preference among the three groups, significantly more
      smokers than nonsmokers preferred the higher sucrose concentrations. 2) No
      significant differences due to menstrual phase were observed. 3) Although
      preference ratings did not differ significantly between overnight abstinence and
      ad lib smoking, a subset of smokers who preferred higher sucrose concentrations
      rated their preference for the solutions significantly higher during the ad lib
      smoking sessions. Our findings suggest that smoking and nonsmoking women differ
      with respect to taste preference and that, at least in a subset of female
      smokers, preference is affected by nicotine abstinence/acute dosing.

PMID- 1816588
TI  - Probing the time-course of the auditory oddball P3 with secondary reaction time.
AB  - An elementary neural model of the P3 is proposed in which the P3 is held to
      manifest a brief, widely-distributed, inhibitory event. A preliminary and
      indirect test of the model is described using secondary-task methodology. Manual
      reaction times were measured to probe clicks delivered during the presumed time
      course of an auditory oddball P3. We observed that reaction times to probes
      presented after oddball stimuli were significantly slowed as compared to reaction
      times to probes presented after standards. The latency of maximum reaction time
      slowing corresponded generally to the latency of the P3. The latency of maximum
      reaction time slowing did not respond to a manipulation varying the latency of
      the P3. Thus, some of the obtained results were consistent with the P3-inhibition
      hypothesis, whereas others were not. Secondary-task methodology may provide a
      valuable new approach to understanding the late event-related potentials.

PMID- 1816589
TI  - Electrodermal lability and myocardial reactivity to stress.
AB  - The relationship between electrodermal lability and myocardial reactivity to
      stress was examined in male undergraduates, who were classified as
      electrodermally labile (n = 19) or stabile (n = 19) based on the frequency of
      nonspecific skin conductance responses at rest. Heart rate, pre-ejection period,
      cardiac output, and skin conductance responses were recorded at rest, during task
      instructions, and during two mental arithmetic tasks that varied in level of
      difficulty. As predicted, labiles exhibited greater myocardial reactivity to the
      task instructions and the tasks than did stabiles, with more persistent group
      differences emerging for pre-ejection period and cardiac output than for heart
      rate. The group differences did not vary as a function of task difficulty, but
      did decline over time. These results support a positive relationship between
      electrodermal lability and beta-adrenergic myocardial reactivity to stress,
      particularly under conditions of task novelty or uncertainty, and suggest that
      electrodermal lability is related fundamentally to arousal and reactivity
      processes.

PMID- 1816590
TI  - A comparison of field and laboratory polygraphs in the detection of deception.
AB  - This study compared the effectiveness of field and laboratory polygraphs in
      discriminating guilty and innocent subjects tested using the Control Question
      Technique (CQT). Subjects were 48 prisoners examined regarding a mock theft in a
      peer threat context; physiological responses were recorded simultaneously on a
      Lafayette field polygraph and a Sensor Medics laboratory polygraph. Overall hit
      rates were essentially the same whether classifications were based on
      quantitative measures from the laboratory polygraph or on numerical scores from
      the field polygraph (i.e., 73% and 79%, respectively), and in both cases the best
      discriminating measures were electrodermal activity and indices of respiration
      suppression. Further analyses revealed that errors of classification were mostly
      due to the failure of the available measures to differentiate between relevant
      and control questions for innocent subjects. These results indicate that the CQT
      is susceptible to false positive errors when subjects are tested under field-like
      circumstances, a problem that is not likely to be eliminated by refinements in
      instrumentation and scoring.

PMID- 1816592
TI  - The processing of temporal intervals reflected by CNV-like brain potentials.
AB  - The present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) of the brain to
      improve the understanding of temporal processing. A reproduction paradigm was
      realized by presenting a visual stimulus (illuminated screen) for intervals of
      varying length. A few seconds after presentation of such standard intervals the
      visual stimulus was switched on again and subjects were asked to reproduce the
      duration of the standard interval by turning off the illumination after a
      corresponding interval had elapsed. The length of standard intervals varied
      randomly with each of the following lengths being presented 20 times: 1, 2, 3, 4,
      6, and 8 s. Reproduction was accurate for standard intervals up to 3 s but
      deteriorated with increasing interval length. Brain potentials during
      reproduction intervals of 1-3 s differed from those recorded during the longer
      intervals. A CNV-like slow negative shift developed during the shorter
      reproduction intervals. Negatively was reduced or even absent, when subjects had
      to reproduce standard intervals of 4 s or longer. The ERP results suggest that
      intervals shorter than 3-4 s may evoke a processing mode that is qualitatively
      different from the one dominating when periods in the range of several seconds
      have to be processed.

PMID- 1816591
TI  - Heart rate reactivity, behavior pattern, and parental hypertension as predictors
      of cardiovascular activity during cognitive challenge.
AB  - Hemodynamic responses were studied during work on serial subtraction and digits
      backwards tasks in 99 healthy male undergraduates jointly classified as high or
      low heart rate reactors, Type A or Type B behavior pattern, and as having
      positive or negative parental history of hypertension. Heart rate, systolic blood
      pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded, and rate pressure product
      was calculated at rest and during the tasks. High heart rate reactors to a cold
      pressor task responded with relatively higher heart rate and rate pressure
      product during both cognitive tasks than low heart rate reactors. Type A subjects
      defined by Jenkins Activity Survey did not differ from Type Bs on any of these
      physiological variables, although behavioral evidence demonstrated greater effort
      and superior performance by the Type As. Subjects with a positive parental
      history of hypertension manifested greater systolic and diastolic pressures and
      rate pressure product responses to the cognitive challenge than those lacking
      such parental history. These results indicate that the individual difference
      variables of heart rate reactivity and parental history of hypertension predicted
      different hemodynamic response patterns to behavioral challenge.

PMID- 1816593
TI  - Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress reactivity in middle-aged normotensive
      adults with parental history of cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress reactivity was studied in healthy middle
      aged individuals whose parental history included essential hypertension and/or
      myocardial infarction and a control group without parental history of
      cardiovascular disease. All subjects completed a rest session (1 hour) and a
      stress session (1 hour). The stress session included behavioral (mirror image
      tracing, mental arithmetic, and the Stroop color word conflict test) and physical
      stressors (the cold pressor test and isometric exercise). Systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures and heart rate were recorded at baseline before and during all
      stressors. Specimens for determination of urinary catecholamines and cortisol
      were sampled after the rest and stress sessions respectively. Generally, a
      parental history of hypertension but not of myocardial infarction influenced
      neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress reactivity. A family history of
      hypertension was associated with exaggerated epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
      cortisol excretion during stress and with enhanced heart-rate reactivity to
      behavioral (mental arithmetic and mirror image tracing) but not to physical
      stressors (isometric exercise or the cold pressor test). We conclude that
      individuals with a family history of hypertension tend to display exaggerated
      cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress.

PMID- 1816594
TI  - Active-passive coping and skin conductance and heart rate changes.
AB  - Sixty subjects were administered 33 tasks, selected from the Raven Progressive
      Matrices, in conditions that differed by type of monetary reinforcement (reward,
      frustration, and control group). Subjects were tested in pairs. One subject,
      assigned as the active one, was asked to solve a problem while the other was only
      a passive observer. Heart rate level and the amplitude of evoked skin conductance
      responses were measured. Statistical analysis detected a higher heart rate level
      in active versus passive subjects at the beginning stage of the experiment, as
      well as a faster heart rate decrease in the former versus the latter group during
      subsequent blocks of four tasks. Changes in skin conductance response magnitude
      during the ensuing task phases exhibited a descending trend in passive subjects
      and an ascending trend in active subjects. The monetary reinforcement
      manipulation was not effective. The results support a concept put forward by
      Fowles (1988), who maintained that tonic heart rate and skin conductance response
      amplitude may serve as indices of the behavioral activation system and behavioral
      inhibition system, respectively, as postulated by Gray's model of arousal.

PMID- 1816595
TI  - Effects of feedback on the control of skin temperature using the tension
      relaxation experiment.
AB  - The effects of feedback on the control of peripheral skin temperature were
      examined using a tension-relaxation experiment. Sixteen male undergraduates were
      assigned to feedback or no-feedback groups and asked to increase the temperature
      of the right index finger immediately after decreasing with (in the feedback
      group) or without (in the no-feedback group) feedback during 10 training
      sessions. A no-feedback transfer session (post-test) followed these sessions.
      During the training sessions, skin temperature corresponded to instructions in
      the feedback group, whereas it did not in the no-feedback group. Feedback control
      did not transfer to the no-feedback condition. These results were discussed in
      terms of the ceiling-effect hypothesis in the baseline-relaxation type experiment
      and of the subjects' cognitive events, including strategies.

PMID- 1816596
TI  - EEG slow wave activity, REM sleep, and rectal temperature during night and day
      sleep in morning-type and evening-type subjects.
AB  - During 3 baseline nights (2 for adaptation) and during 3 days of a sleep-wake
      reversal, electrophysiological characteristics of sleep and rectal temperature
      were recorded in 8 morning-type (M-type) and 8 evening-type (E-type) subjects,
      living in a quiet sleep laboratory. Outcomes of visual sleep scoring revealed the
      following general tendencies for day-sleep as compared to night-sleep: shorter
      sleep latencies, shorter REM (rapid eye movement sleep) latencies, advance of the
      time of maximum REM duration, increased duration of slow wave sleep, more
      intermittent wakefulness, and decreased subjective sleep quality. Furthermore,
      for the M-types consistently shorter sleep latencies and--for day-sleep--longer
      REM latencies were observed than those for the E-types. With regard to the
      parabolic time course of REM duration, M-types appeared to be relatively phase
      advanced, in particular for their day-sleep. In addition, subjective sleep
      quality was consistently higher for the M-types, with the exception of the first
      day-sleep. The temporal distributions of EEG delta (0.5-3.5 Hz) energy over the
      first four NREM/REM cycles of day-sleep all deviated from a monotonically
      decreasing trend. Compared to night-sleep the M-types showed a relative increase
      of delta energy for Cycle 2, whereas for the E-types a relative increase for
      Cycles 3 and 4 was observed. An analysis of delta energy, employing a pattern
      recognition technique independently from visual sleep scoring, revealed an
      overall faster rate of accumulation for the M-types. Following sleep onset,
      rectal temperature showed a decrement, which was larger for the M-types.
      Moreover, rectal temperature and delta energy were negatively related, as
      indicated by a negative mean intra-individual correlation. These results are
      discussed in relation to the characteristic sleep-wake behavior of M-types and E
      types.

PMID- 1816597
TI  - The inhibition of cardiovascular responses to mental stress following aerobic
      exercise.
AB  - The effects of exercise on subsequent psychophysiological responses to mental
      stress were assessed in a study of 30 normotensive male volunteers. Participants
      were randomly allocated to three experimental conditions--20-min exercise at 100
      Watts (high exercise), 20-min exercise at 25 Watts (low exercise), or 20-min no
      exercise (control). After a recovery period of 20 min, all subjects performed a
      mental arithmetic task for four 5-min trials. Blood pressure and heart rate were
      monitored continuously using a Finapres, and respiration and electrodermal
      activity were also recorded. Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate was
      assessed using power spectrum analysis. Exercise produced consistent increases in
      systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective tension, together with
      reductions in systemic resistance and baroreflex sensitivity. The systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure and heart rate reactions to mental arithmetic were
      significantly blunted in the high exercise compared with control conditions, with
      the low exercise group showing an intermediate pattern. Subjective responses to
      mental stress were unaffected by prior exercise. The pattern of hemodynamic
      response was not a result of changes in baroreflex sensitivity. The mechanisms
      underlying this result are discussed in relation to the discrepancies between
      subjective and physiological responses to mental stress, and the implications for
      the use of exercise in stress management.

PMID- 1816598
TI  - The reliability and specificity of delta versus residualized change as measures
      of cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral challenges.
AB  - The statistical parameters that influence the reliability of delta and
      residualized change were examined in the context of the assessment of
      cardiovascular reactivity. A comparison of the relative reliabilities of these
      two quantification methods was performed using systolic blood pressure, diastolic
      blood pressure, and heart rate data from two samples of 134 and 109 subjects
      observed during baseline and either two or four behavioral challenges. The
      results indicated that both delta and residualized change scores can yield
      reliable measures of blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to behavioral
      challenges, and that their reliabilities will be comparable under the conditions
      observed in laboratory reactivity studies. Correlations between baseline and
      delta did not indicate that these two measures were systematically related.
      Finally, delta scores are more appropriate than residuals when assessing the
      generalizability of responses across a variety of tasks.

PMID- 1816599
TI  - A technique for making porcelain facings.
AB  - New improved refractory die materials are now being introduced onto the UK market
      which make it possible to construct porcelain facings and inlays directly onto
      refractory dies. From previous experience with several refractory die facing
      systems, it was decided that the Flexo-Ceram system should be used. This is
      because the porcelain is matched to the full Vita shade range and the materials
      are relatively easy to handle.

PMID- 1816600
TI  - Closure of median diastema--a conservative approach.

PMID- 1816601
TI  - Colour changes of light-cured composite resin after exposure to water and
      photographic wetting agent.
AB  - Light-cured composite resins were investigated colourimetrically under the three
      different conditions, dry and exposed to water and photographic wetting agent. As
      a result, perceivable differences were found, particularly in photographic
      wetting agent. We conclude that the colour changes of composite resins seems to
      be affected by the lower surface tension of a liquid.

PMID- 1816602
TI  - Ridge recontouring and crown lengthening prior to bridge placement.
AB  - This report describes crown lengthening and ridge recontouring to facilitate the
      provision of an aesthetic bridge pontic. A short clinical crown on one of the
      abutment teeth and a prominent edentulous ridge were probably related to a
      traumatic episode which caused the avulsion of the missing incisor in childhood.

PMID- 1816603
TI  - Localised palatal tooth surface loss and its treatment with porcelain laminates.
AB  - Localised tooth surface loss and subsequent caries in a young patient due to an
      unusual dietary habit is reported. The treatment and management of such
      conditions is discussed. Tooth surface loss is a condition seen with increasing
      frequency, often associated with the retention of the natural dentition into
      older age. In these older patients, abrasion and attrition tend to predominate as
      the causative factors but, in younger patients, acid erosion is frequently
      implicated. The acid involved may be dietary, in the form of carbonated
      beverages, fruit juices, vinegar or excessive intake of citrus fruits. If not
      derived from the diet, gastric acid may be the source if the patient has gastric
      reflux, perhaps associated with an ulcer or, in cases of anorexia nervosa or
      bulimia, where the patient deliberately induces vomiting and bathes the teeth in
      acid. There is a preponderance of female patients in the latter categories,
      although not exclusively so. Sometimes patients develop habits where an acidic
      substance is held in contact with certain teeth and the erosive process is more
      localised. This is illustrated in the case quoted by Reuter where grapefruit was
      held against the palatal surfaces of the upper anterior teeth resulting in enamel
      loss affecting that area. In all these cases of erosion the affected tooth
      surface was reported as being hard and shiny, lacking any of the features
      normally associated with dental caries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816604
TI  - An unusual presentation of dental caries.
AB  - A case report is described in which a young patient presented complaining of an
      uncemented "cap". Subsequent examination revealed the cap to be an intact enamel
      shell.

PMID- 1816605
TI  - [Chelation].
AB  - The use of chelation in endodontics demands a knowledge of the workings of its
      physico-chemical process. To explain this, we must define unsaturated salts and
      contrast them with the complexes to which the chelates belong. A few examples of
      application illustrate these different properties especially the action of
      E.D.T.A. on the calcified tissues of the endodontium. The mode of action of
      liquid E.D.T.A. or chelating gels in calcified root canals, poses several
      questions. The varied studies realized in this domaine allow us to affirm the
      usefulness of E.D.T.A. in root canal disinfection and in opening up lateral and
      accessory canals. Also, we must consider the possible influence of chelating
      agents on the apical seal when the permanent root filling is post poned, and
      their role in changing the permeability of dentine.

PMID- 1816606
TI  - [Interpretation of S.E.M. images using a treatment system and image analysis:
      preliminary study].
AB  - The scanning electron microscope has multiple applications in the research of
      endodontics, but there are not standard methods for the evaluation of the
      results. The use of the computerized processing and analysing systems for the
      images reduces the sources of error due to the subjectivity of the operator. This
      first part, after the introduction of the principles of processing and analysis,
      puts in view two methods of computerized analysis used in the study of the films
      of dentinal walls in the scanning electron microscope.

PMID- 1816607
TI  - [Aging of the dental pulp].
AB  - During life, the modifications of the dental pulp are important mostly in the
      root portion. This area, more than the coronal part of the tooth is submitted to
      involution and histologic dedifferentiation. Fibrosis and calcification occur
      leading to severe difficulty in performing endodontic treatment.

PMID- 1816608
TI  - [Titularization].

PMID- 1816609
TI  - [Intraligamentary anesthesia: review of the literature].
AB  - Intraligamentary anesthesia is widely used both as a primary and a supplemental
      injection technique. The purpose of this review of the literature is to answer
      questions one may ask about the technique, its efficacy, anesthetic solutions,
      postinjection discomfort, distribution of the injected solutions, systemic
      effects and pulpal and periodontal tissue response.

PMID- 1816610
TI  - [S.E.M. study of surface condition of ultrasonic K files].
AB  - The present study was not about the interest of the association of ultrasonic
      instrumentation with irrigation in the root canal therapy, but about the wear of
      the K files themselves. The results showed with the assistance of the sono
      synergistic system, files are almost as clean as the sterile are. This is
      important for the prevention of possible contamination.

PMID- 1816611
TI  - [Removal of two calcium hydroxide preparations: S.E.M. study].
AB  - Calcium hydroxide is one of the most often medication used for temporary
      treatment in endodontics. Different forms of preparation are available. The aim
      of this study is to evaluate in vitro the elimination of the pharmaceutical and
      the commercial forms of presentation. The aspect of the dentinal walls were
      analysed using SEM and X-ray microanalysis. The results show that Ca(OH)2 removal
      is difficult but there is no significant difference of elimination between the
      two forms.

PMID- 1816612
TI  - [Relationship between vital pulp and deep periodontal pockets].
AB  - From clinical observation, the relationships between vital pulp and deep
      periodontal pockets are discussed. The bone healing of infra periodontal pocket
      is not performed after periodontal treatment, but after pulpectomy.

PMID- 1816613
TI  - [Forced eruption using orthodontic traction. (Apropos of a case)].

PMID- 1816614
TI  - [The problem of disobturation of a canal obturated with gutta-percha. Apropos of
      "Gutta-Percha Remover" (G.G.P.X.)].

PMID- 1816615
TI  - [Radioactive isotope evaluation of apical seal of two types of thermoplasticized
      gutta-percha at high and low temperature].
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical seal obtained using root canal
      filling techniques based on low and high temperature thermoplasticized gutta
      percha, comparing them with the lateral condensation technique. The roots of
      thirty permanent upper canines and incisors were used, they were instrumented and
      obturated using each of the above techniques. The apical leakage was measured
      using a radioactive isotope and an external detection technique. No significant
      difference was found in the apical seal obtained by the three techniques.

PMID- 1816616
TI  - [Effects of an efficient health information system].

PMID- 1816617
TI  - [Pulp and root canal treatment of deciduous teeth].

PMID- 1816618
TI  - [Chemical-mechanical removal of decay (Caridex)].

PMID- 1816619
TI  - [Pedodontic specialty dental health care in the district of Abo].

PMID- 1816620
TI  - [Tooth loss in Finland during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s].

PMID- 1816621
TI  - [Place for alternative medical treatments in the health care system].

PMID- 1816622
TI  - [Menopause--general hormonal changes and manifestations in the oral cavity].

PMID- 1816624
TI  - [Change in the DMF-index and time of observation among 17-year olds at the health
      care center in Raisio from 1978-1988].

PMID- 1816623
TI  - [Allergic gingival reaction to metallic palladium fixed prosthetic appliance
      (bridge)--case report].

PMID- 1816625
TI  - [Jaw segment repositioning (surgical)--a forgotten treatment alternative?].

PMID- 1816626
TI  - [Clinical oral microbiological laboratory--report of the first year activity].

PMID- 1816627
TI  - Introducing PINSERV.

PMID- 1816629
TI  - Let's take stock of our options and futures in after-PACs securities.

PMID- 1816628
TI  - The National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 1816630
TI  - What is your practice worth?

PMID- 1816631
TI  - Anaesthetic and sedation records--a personal view.

PMID- 1816632
TI  - The defibrillator.

PMID- 1816633
TI  - C.P.R. in the dental chair.

PMID- 1816634
TI  - [Evaluation of the Sysmex NE-8000 hematologic autoanalyzer].
AB  - The results of an evaluation of the Sysmex NE-8000 cell counter are reported.
      Good results were attained for all values of red and white cell counts. Platelet
      values were good as well, although samples with thrombocytosis were overstated to
      some extent. Fair results were found for the white-cell differential count
      concerning neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, but false monocytosis were
      frequently seen in paediatric blood samples, whereas some monocytosis were
      undetected. The alarms for suspected pathology had only moderate sensitivity when
      used as the only criterion. The predictive value of such alarms was low, except
      for the "platelet clumps?" sign.

PMID- 1816635
TI  - [Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Clinical course and
      biological aspects of 397 cases].
AB  - The diagnostic criteria, incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of 397
      patients with monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance, all of them
      diagnosed and followed-up at the Haematology Service of the Miguel Servet
      Hospital, in Zaragoza, between January 1970 and December 1988, were revised. The
      patients' mean age was 64.7 years (range: 2-89). The M/F ratio was 236/161. The
      mean concentration of the M component (MC) was 1.17 g/dL (range: 0.20-3.50), this
      being under 0.50 in 65 cases. IgG was the most frequent MC (71.26%), followed by
      IgA (14.34%) and IgM (10.82%). Multiple MC was present in 14 cases (3.58). Light
      chains were passed in urine by 33 patients (8.31%). No associated pathology was
      found in 213 patients (53.65%) upon MC discovery, while 65 other (16.31%) were
      carriers of different blood disorders, chronic lymphoproliferative diseases being
      the commonest (11.57%). In 30 patients (7.30%) the MC was associated to
      nonhaematological malignancies, and 29 others had an underlying chronic
      infection. Chronic liver disease was present in 25 cases, and autoimmune disease
      in 14. Transient monoclonal gammopathy was seen in a small group of patients
      (6.54%), most of them suffering from acute infectious illness. With regard to the
      group of patients without any associated pathology, their median follow-up was
      37.8 months (range: 18-228). Of them, the MC kept unchanged in 134 cases
      (62.91%); 47(22.06%) died from any unrelated cause, and 10 others evolved into
      malignant monoclonal gammopathy. The median clinical course of these last
      expanded to 60 months (range: 11-124), with an accumulated actuarial risk of 4.5%
      at 5 years, 15% at 10 years and 26% at 15 years.

PMID- 1816636
TI  - [Evaluation of the Sysmex NE-8000 analyzer according to the norms of the
      International Committee for Standardization in Hematology].
AB  - The Sysmex NE-8000 blood autoanalyser determines the values of red cells and
      platelets by impedance method and the differential leucocyte count (DLC) by means
      of radiofrequency plus two independent channels for eosinophils and basophils.
      The system is provided with a sampler capable of holding 100 closed tubes and its
      working velocity is about 120 samples per hour. The results of its evaluation are
      presented in this report. The parameters systematically provided by this cell
      counter include blood cell counts (plus haemoglobin rate, haematocrit and red
      cell indices), DLC platelet indices and volumetric distribution curves of red
      cells and platelets. The machine is provided with alarms on each of the above
      parameters for any suspicion of pathology. The accuracy analysis was performed
      with regard to the Technicon H*1 system and the conventional methods recommended
      by the ICSH. Precision, carry-over, linearity and effective velocity were
      evaluated in accordance to ICSH standards, and when assessing the DLC the number
      of visual revisions and the percentage of false positives and negatives were
      taken into account, and hence the sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of the
      machine. The accuracy of the parameters analysed was acceptable, except for MCHC
      and monocyte and eosinophil counts. A fair precision was found except for the
      monocyte count, along with excellent linearity except for high white-cell count.
      Less than 1.5% carry-over was observed, except for the leucocyte count. The
      number of necessary revisions of the DLC was somewhat higher than expected, the
      false negatives being below 11%. Sensitivity, specificity and efficiency were
      over 75%, except for hospital patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816637
TI  - Poland's syndrome associated with chronic granulocytic leukemia.
AB  - Poland's syndrome has been sporadically associated with haematological neoplasms,
      namely acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas. The authors present the case of a child in whom this syndrome coexists
      with a Philadelphia negative, chronic granulocytic leukaemia, which has only
      required one course of treatment with busulphan in two and a half years of follow
      up.

PMID- 1816639
TI  - [Circulating lymphocyte populations and B-cell differentiation in a young female
      patient with multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia].
AB  - Giant multicentric hyperplasia of the lymph nodes (GMHLN) is currently regarded
      as a disseminated form of angiofollicular lymphoid hyperplasia, or Castleman's
      disease. An immunologic study was carried out on a 24 year-old Caucasian woman
      who was admitted to hospital with generalised lymph node enlargement, jaundice
      and fever, and showed an excellent response to steroid therapy. No alterations
      were found in the lymphocytic subsets, the intrinsic B cell function or the T-B
      cooperative capability. These data disagree with the hypothesis than GMHLN is due
      to a deficiency of the T cell suppressive function with concomitant
      immunoglobulin over-production.

PMID- 1816638
TI  - [Therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia with interferon, alone or combined.
      Preliminary experience].
AB  - The value of low-dose interferon (IFN) on the evolution of chronic myelogenous
      leukaemia was assessed in this study. Eleven patients previously treated with
      busulphan were analysed. Seven of them, in the chronic phase, received IFN 2 x
      10(6) U/m2 subcutaneously three times a week; four patients in accelerated phase
      and two unresponsive to IFN were given a combination of IFN and hydroxyurea. Low
      dose IFN proved capable of prolonging the remission period induced by busulphan.
      In the accelerated phase, the association of IFN and hydroxyurea protracted the
      evolution of the disease, although no conclusions can yet be drawn regarding the
      patients' survival. Ph1-chromosome negativity was attained in 28% of the cases.
      Minimal untoward effects were observed. It was concluded that low doses of IFN
      may induce scarce toxicity while preserving the therapeutic value.

PMID- 1816640
TI  - [Subleukemic acute monophagocytic leukemia. A biological phenotype close to
      malignant histiocytosis].
AB  - An 80 year-old woman presented subleukaemic acute monoblastic leukaemia (AML
      M5a). Her bone marrow showed invasion by highly dysplastic histio-monocytic cells
      of great size and wide cytoplasm, with intense phagocytic activity
      (erythrophagocytosis was frequently seen), and with abnormal karyotype (50XX, +8,
      +8, +16, +21). The different malignant and reactive features of the mononuclear
      phagocytic system are commented, along with the haemophagocytic activity of the
      histio-monocytic cells in different states. The cytogenetic anomalies more
      frequently found in AML-M5 are also dealt with as compared to this patient's. The
      case reported here seems to correspond to subleukaemic acute "monophagocytic"
      leukaemia, with a biologic phenotype close to that of malignant histiocytosis.

PMID- 1816641
TI  - [Type C Niemann-Pick disease].

PMID- 1816642
TI  - [Preleukemia myelodysplastic syndrome after chemotherapy for multiple myeloma: "a
      new case"].

PMID- 1816643
TI  - [Antiplatelet antibodies in a patient with refractory anemia with excess of
      blasts].

PMID- 1816644
TI  - [Autotransfusion].

PMID- 1816645
TI  - [Frequency of HIV positivity in donors. Follow-up of ambiguous Western blots].

PMID- 1816646
TI  - [Distribution of delta-beta-thalassemia near the Bahia de Cadiz].

PMID- 1816647
TI  - [Indications and use of fissure sealants in public dental health care in Denmark.
      A questionnaire-investigation].
AB  - During the past decade usage of the fissure sealant technique for occlusal caries
      prevention has been increasingly recommended. This study explores variations in
      indications and usage of this technique in Denmark. A questionnaire was sent to
      205 chief dental officers in the Danish Public Child Dental Health Service (PDHS)
      covering 90% of Danish children and to municipalities, where dental health to
      children is provided by private practitioners. More than half of the respondents
      did not use firmly defined criteria for fissure sealant application. Oral hygiene
      and previous caries experience were most often stated as indications. Actual
      usage of the sealant technique differed significantly from the PDHS and private
      clinics. Thus, 33% of the chief dental officers in the PDHS said that sealants
      were routinely applied to 8- and 13-year-olds, 43% to 30-80% of the children, and
      15% used sealants to less than 10% of 8- and 13-year-olds. In contrast, only 5%
      of the private clinics reported routinely use of sealing technique, 22% used
      application to 30-80% of the children, while more than one third of the private
      practitioners used sealants to less than 10% of the 8- and 13-year-olds. In spite
      of the significant difference in sealant usage between PDHS and private
      practitioners, it was not possible to see a corresponding difference neither in
      caries prevalence nor in occlusal filling incidence. Moreover, analysis of PDHS
      caries prevalence data revealed that PDHS variations could not be explained by
      variations of risk in terms of social classes and caries incidence.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816648
TI  - [Dose and image quality in intraoral radiography].
AB  - The technique factors when performing intraoral X-ray exposures must be selected
      in such a way that sufficient diagnostic information is obtained at a reasonable
      patient dose. The Danish National Institute of Radiation Hygiene has performed a
      study comprising 32 dental X-ray sets. The mean value of the skin dose for a
      maxillary molar was 9.6 mGy and the value for the dental colleges 7.0 mGy. For a
      mandibular incisor the corresponding doses were 7.7 mGy and 3.6 mGy. After the
      conclusion of the mentioned study it has been part of the institute's inspection
      procedure for dental X-ray sets to measure patient skin doses. 243 measurements
      were performed and the mean value of the entrance skin dose was 6.5 mGy and the
      dose interval was 0.7-57 mGy. All doses are normalised to speed class D film. At
      16% of the inspected sets films of speed class E were used. The remainder used
      class D films. The spread in doses cannot be explained by variation in equipment
      parameters alone but is to a high degree due to a combination of inappropriate
      film processing and exposure time. Interviews with staff in dental clinics
      confirm that films are frequently processed until the desired density is obtained
      by visual estimation. It is shown that the skin dose when using film of speed
      class D can be kept below 7 mGy for a mandibular incisor. Concluding is stated
      that film processing shall be performed in accordance with specifications from
      the manufacturer of the developer. Film of speed class E must be used. Finally
      must the exposure time be graduated according to the object exposed.

PMID- 1816649
TI  - [Amyloidosis diagnosed from changes in the oral cavity mucosa].
AB  - A patient with lesions of the oral mucosa is presented. Biopsy of the lesions
      showed deposits of amyloid, which lead to further examination of the patient,
      revealing a generalized amyloidosis.

PMID- 1816650
TI  - [A case of a solitary osteoma in the mandible].
AB  - A case of osteoma in the angular mandibular region is presented and discussed. A
      survey of the literature on osteomas shows some confusion about the
      classifications exostosis and torus, which in a number of cases should be
      regarded as hamartomaz.

PMID- 1816651
TI  - [Amalgam and alternative restorative materials].

PMID- 1816652
TI  - [Acupuncture--a treatment method of interest to dentists].

PMID- 1816653
TI  - Everything you ever wanted to know to pass an X-ray inspection.

PMID- 1816654
TI  - The new dental practice act in Texas: some ramifications for the practitioner.
      Part 2 Art. 4551e-1. Duties of the dental assistant.

PMID- 1816655
TI  - Review of the literature and report of a case of a dermoid cyst.
AB  - This article presents a large dermoid cyst discovered in the floor of the mouth
      of a young male patient. The lesion was clinically detected by manual palpation
      and confirmed by the use of magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment of this case
      was by surgical removal of the dermoid cyst. The patient recovered without any
      complications or evidence of re-occurrence of the cyst.

PMID- 1816656
TI  - Independent contractor or employee?

PMID- 1816657
TI  - Paid dental comes of age.

PMID- 1816658
TI  - Informed consent for dental and surgical procedures.

PMID- 1816659
TI  - A comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the
      diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women.
AB  - One thousand women in the child bearing age group, attending the Obstetrics and
      Gynaecology Outpatient Department, were investigated for the presence of
      Trichomonas vaginalis in their vaginal discharges. T. vaginalis was isolated in
      68 patients (6.8%) by wet mount and/or culture. 55 cases (80.9%) were detected by
      wet mount examination and 67 (98.5%) by culture in TPS-I medium. Significant
      levels of antitrichomonal IgA antibody in the vaginal secretions by micro-ELISA
      technique were detected in 38 out of 50 subjects (76%) harbouring T. vaginalis in
      whom this assay was carried out. Culture was found to be the single most
      sensitive method for diagnosing trichomoniasis in women.

PMID- 1816660
TI  - A comparative efficacy of plate ELISA and dot ELISA to detect antiamoebic
      antibodies in clinical patients.
AB  - The dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) has been developed and
      compared with plate ELISA for detecting antiamoebic antibodies in serum samples
      from amoebic patients and healthy controls. Both dot and plate ELISA detected
      antiamoebic antibodies in all 17 confirmed amoebic liver abscess cases and 15
      (68%) of 22 suspected amoebic liver abscess cases while none of 21 non-amoebic
      hepatic disorders, 25 non-amoebic intestinal disorders and 28 apparently healthy
      subjects had antiamoebic antibodies as assessed by either of the tests. All the
      15 suspected amoebic liver abscess patients who had antiamoebic antibodies
      responded favourably to antiamoebic treatment. As the dot ELISA is simpler,
      rapid, inexpensive, equally sensitive and specific as compared to plate ELISA,
      its use in detecting antiamoebic antibodies is recommended especially under field
      conditions.

PMID- 1816661
TI  - Evaluation of indigenous plants in the treatment of acute shigellosis.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of three indigenous plants was compared with that of
      ampicillin and placebo in a randomized double blind clinical trial. Eighty-two
      men with shigellosis were studied. Sixteen patients received dried unripe fruit
      powder of 'bel' (Aegle marmelos), 19 received dried powdered plant of 'thankuni'
      (Hydrocotyle asiatica), 15 received a similar preparation of 'gandhavadulia'
      (Paederia foetida), 15 received ampicillin and 17 received a placebo. Treatment
      with indigenous plants did not show any clinical improvement or bacteriological
      cure as compared to ampicillin. The natural history of shigellosis was obtained
      by documenting the response of the indigenous plants and placebo treated groups.

PMID- 1816662
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis in an Ethiopian teaching hospital.
AB  - Between August 1986 and July 1989, a total of 70 patients (M:F = 1:6) with
      thyrotoxicosis were prospectively studied at a weekly endocrine clinic of Tikur
      Anbessa Teaching Hospital (T.A.H.) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 39 patients (55.7%)
      had Graves' hyperthyroidism, 20 (28.6%) had toxic multinodular goitre while the
      rest had toxic adenoma (7.1%), Jodbasedow phenomenon (5.7%) and thyroiditis
      (2.9%). The mean age was 29.4 +/- 9.8 years for Graves' cases and 48.0 +/- 10.9
      years for toxic multinodular goitre cases. The clinical presentation was similar
      to the ones already known and all responded to propylthiouracil therapy. Two
      Graves' cases, however, had discordant hypothyroxinaemia and
      hypertriiodothyroninaemia while on therapy. Eight patients underwent subtotal
      thyroidectomy of whom 1 became hypothyroid 1 year later while 6 remained
      euthyroid 2 1/2 years after surgery; the other patient did not return
      subsequently. The result of this study shows that thyrotoxicosis is not as rare
      as it was previously thought.

PMID- 1816664
TI  - Childhood coma in Ibadan. Relationship to socio-economic factors.
AB  - According to the literature, socio-economic factors may contribute more to
      geographic variations in the aetiology and prognosis of childhood coma than has
      previously been recognised. This prospective study involving 118 children with
      strictly defined coma demonstrated that the commonest causes of coma in Ibadan
      were cerebral malaria (55%), meningitis (13%) and encephalitis (10%). The
      prognosis was poor. Forty-three (36%) of 118 cases died and 75 (64%) survived,
      including 23 who showed neurologic deficits. Noteworthy prognostic indices of
      coma were the aetiology of the condition, the presence of severe anaemia,
      hypoglycaemia and pneumonia. The findings are discussed in the context of the
      socio-economic background of children in the tropics.

PMID- 1816663
TI  - The effect of ambient temperature on glucose tolerance and its implications for
      the tropics.
AB  - There have been a few reports in Caucasians that glucose tolerance is worse at
      higher environmental temperatures. In investigating these observations in a
      tropical African population, we performed standard oral glucose tolerance tests
      in the morning after overnight fasting in 16 diabetic (with varying glycaemic
      control) and 16 nondiabetic subjects, both groups with differing body weights.
      Each volunteer ingested 75 g glucose at two different ambient temperatures of 22
      23 degrees C and 32-33 degrees C in random order. These room temperatures are
      typically observed during hot and humid seasons in sub-Saharan Africa. Our
      results confirm that glucose tolerance was worse at the higher room temperature
      (p less than 0.01). The post-oral glucose 2 h values at the lower room
      temperature were lower by about 5 mmol/l in the diabetics and 0.5 mmol/l in the
      non-diabetics (both p less than 0.02). Similarly, the total and incremental areas
      under the 2 h glucose/time curves were greater at the higher room temperature.
      These results were not influenced by obesity. We conclude that glucose tolerance
      in tropical Africans is dependent on environmental temperature. An ambient
      temperature for the performance of diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test should
      therefore be specified, especially when evaluating differences in diabetes
      prevalence rates in populations resident in different climatic regions.

PMID- 1816665
TI  - Prevention of neonatal hypothermia in Himalayan villages. Role of the domiciliary
      caretaker.
AB  - Given severe winters at high altitudes, prevention of environmental neonatal
      hypothermia is of particular importance in Himalayan villages. This is a
      retrospective study of traditional concepts and practices for the prevention of
      neonatal hypothermia. 202 babies were studied from a population of 16,425 in
      three districts of a Himalayan state of North India. The community was found to
      believe that newborns, especially if underweight are vulnerable to cold induced
      disease for the first few months of life. A warm heated room for delivery and
      lying-in, early rooming in, oil massage and layers of warm clothing are
      traditional means for thermo-regulation as practiced by mothers, birth attendants
      and relatives. The ritual practice of bathing immediately after birth and then
      upto three times each day even in winter is not perceived by them to provoke
      hypothermia. For upto one month postpartum mothers are believed to be at risk for
      cold induced disease.

PMID- 1816666
TI  - Presentation of echinococcus infection as lung abscess.
AB  - A 35-year-old man presented with clinical and radiological features of lung
      abscess. Despite broad spectrum antibiotics for 5 weeks he remained systemically
      unwell. Underlying Echinococcus infection was suspected when repeat radiology of
      his chest showed a water lily sign, and this diagnosis was confirmed at
      thoracotomy. Hydatid disease may present as lung abscess and cause delay in
      diagnosis and appropriate therapy.

PMID- 1816667
TI  - Sparganosis of the breast.

PMID- 1816668
TI  - Massive lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage from abdominal tuberculosis.
AB  - This is a report of a 27-year-old Nigerian male who presented with massive lower
      gastrointestinal haemorrhage requiring seven units of whole blood to finally
      stabilize him. Physical examination and other laboratory investigations as well
      as sigmoidoscopy were not helpful in establishing a diagnosis. Barium enema had
      indicated a suspicious narrowing of the transverse colon which led to advising
      laparotomy. The definitive diagnosis was established following laparotomy and
      biopsy, histology of which revealed tuberculosis. Following the institution of
      anti-tuberculous therapy the patient's response was outstandingly remarkable.

PMID- 1816669
TI  - Acute intermittent porphyria in Nigerians; a rare disease or a low suspicion
      index?
AB  - The rarity of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) in Negroes has been emphasized
      by various authors. But the increasing number of cases reported from the
      University College Hospital, Ibadan, shows that this may be an
      overgeneralization. Most of these reported cases have initially been misdiagnosed
      and only found accidentally to be cases of AIP. Considering the frequency of
      misdiagnoses in most reported cases, it is worthwhile to alert doctors working
      among Negro populations to be on the look out for this disease. A simple Watson
      Schwartz test for porphobilinogens will save many patients from the unnecessary
      hazards of treatment they are exposed to when misdiagnosed.

PMID- 1816670
TI  - Endometrial ossification.
AB  - A case of endometrial ossification in a 22-year-old woman is reported. Chronic
      endometritis following post-abortion evacuation was considered the basis for the
      osseous metaplasia in her endometrium. Besides being a reversible cause of
      infertility, endometrial ossification needs to be differentiated from mixed
      mesodermal tumours of the endometrium.

PMID- 1816671
TI  - Problems in the management of mycosis fungoides in Nigeria.
AB  - The management of Nigerian patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is
      beset with various problems which are presented in this study. These problems
      include dearth of specialists medical personnel, shortage of radiotherapy
      facilities, high cost of chemotherapy drugs which an average patient cannot
      afford to buy. Cases of eight patients seen and managed over a 21 years period
      (1968-1989) were analysed. However, many CTCL cases might have been missed since
      we have acute shortage of medical specialists to carry out accurate diagnosis of
      this disease in Nigeria. The patients reviewed, received radiotherapy, and
      cytotoxic chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was found to be the optimum treatment for
      patients with stages I and II CTCL, who in this study had recurrence free periods
      of 30 to 60 months post radiotherapy. The authors recommend systemic cytotoxic
      chemotherapy and local radiotherapy for patients with late stages of CTCL as
      mainstay of treatment.

PMID- 1816672
TI  - A new focus of Schistosoma mansoni in the western province of Zambia.
AB  - A new focus of Schistosoma mansoni in the Western Province of Zambia is
      described. Four study groups were investigated using the Kato faecal smear
      method. Prevalence ranged form 2-38%, intensity of infection ranged from 0-4920
      eggs per gram faeces.

PMID- 1816673
TI  - Endemic human paragonimiasis in Equatorial Guinea. Detection of the existence of
      endemic human paragonimiasis in Equatorial Guinea as a result of an integrated
      sanitary programme.
AB  - Between February and April 1990 the first five cases of human paragonimiasis,
      tentatively due to Paragonimus africanus, have been detected in Equatorial
      Guinea, thanks to the normal activities of the National Schistosomiasis Project
      and its coordination with the National Tuberculosis Project.

PMID- 1816674
TI  - [Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on properties and physicochemical properties
      of lactate dehydrogenase].
AB  - Catalytic and some physicochemical properties of lactate dehydrogenase have been
      studied as affected by UV-irradiation. The degree of lactate dehydrogenase
      inactivation has been determined both at UV-irradiation of a free enzyme and of
      the enzyme in complex with NADH. It is shown that at pH 7.4 NADH makes a
      photosensitizing effect on the enzyme. Based on the analysis of changes in the
      absorption spectrum and molecular weight of lactate dehydrogenase caused by UV
      irradiation it is supposed that this irradiation induces the process of unrolling
      rolling up of the protein globule.

PMID- 1816675
TI  - [Effect of manganese on transketolase activity and total pentose content in
      rabbits].
AB  - Different doses of manganese are shown to exert a positive effect on the
      transketolase activity in the blood serum and in certain tissues as well as on
      the amount of total pentoses in the blood serum of rabbits. This confirms
      intensification of the pentose-phosphate exchange of carbohydrates under the
      effect of manganese.

PMID- 1816676
TI  - [Loss of creatine in the body in cardiac insufficiency and prevention of this
      pathology with alpha-tocopherol].
AB  - Peculiarities of creatinemia and creatinurea have been studied in patients with
      different stages of the heart failure. Administration of alpha-tocopherol, an
      antioxidant, promotes normalization of these changes. Antioxidants are discussed
      in the aspect of their possibility prevent the creatine loss by the heart and
      skeletal muscles in case of the heart failure.

PMID- 1816677
TI  - [Immunogenic chromatin proteins of rat hepatoma induced by N
      nitrosodiethylamine].
AB  - Immunoglobulins G against chromatin of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatoma of
      rats have been obtained. They help determining in the hepatoma tumour-associated
      chromatin proteins and proteins common for chromatins of the hepatoma and normal
      liver. Both tissue-specific and tissue-nonspecific proteins compose immunogenic
      chromatin proteins of the hepatoma.

PMID- 1816678
TI  - [Coronary-active bovine heart proteins induce relaxation in the rabbit aorta].
AB  - Seven cardioactive polypeptides have been identified in the precardiac and
      auricular regions of the bovine heart. Those polypeptides were studied for their
      action on the function of isolated preparations of the vessel. It has been found
      that compounds isolated from the precardiac region induce different (20-55%)
      relaxation of smooth muscles in a strip of the aorta of rabbit. The possibility
      of formation of endogenic cardioactive compounds in model experiments imitating
      processing is studied. The data obtained permit assuming and alternatively
      explaining existence of multiple forms of the mentioned compounds as a result of
      partial proteolytic splitting of larger molecules.

PMID- 1816679
TI  - [Effect of aminazin and haloperidol on the content of glial fibrillar acid
      protein in the rat brain].
AB  - The immune-enzyme analysis was used to determine the quantity of glial fibrillar
      acid protein in the water-soluble extracts of frontal and limbic cortex, caudate
      nucleus, medulla oblongata of rats before and after administration of aminazin
      and haloperidol. The obtained results testify to a decrease of the protein
      content under the action of both neuroleptics only in the limbic brain cortex of
      rats.

PMID- 1816680
TI  - [Isolation and properties of trypsin inhibitor from the leaves of pedunculate
      oak].
AB  - Four protein fractions inhibiting trypsin are isolated from the English oak
      leaves by the method of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Three active fractions
      more are found in each of them after the affinity chromatography on trypsin
      agarose. Each of 12 multiple forms in the calcium-free medium contains different
      sets of proteins and oligopeptides possessing rather high inhibiting activity.
      Ca2+ being introduced to the medium, all the multiple forms somewhat increase
      their activity, having one peak (Mm approximately 16.5 kDa) on the column with
      sephadex G-50. The inhibitor possesses high indices of denaturation stability and
      specificity to trypsin.

PMID- 1816681
TI  - [Anticoagulants of the nondialyzed fractions of the ammonia extract of the herb
      Pulmonaria mollissima].
AB  - T-100 anticoagulants non-dialyzed through cellophane are isolated from ammonia
      extract of herb Pulmonaria mollissima. Their effect is mainly realized at the
      stage of coagulation conversions of fibrinogen, first of all at the stage of
      fibrin self-assembly. One of these anticoagulants is a peptide, another one is a
      glycopeptide which contains glucose residues like carbohydrate. Peptide
      components of the both anticoagulants are characterized by the high level of
      amino acids, their radicals are capable to ionization under physiological
      conditions. In contrast to animal-origin analogs, glycopeptide in nontoxic doses
      causes stable hypocoagulemia in animals. It is expedient to study Pulmonaria
      mollissima extracts as a source of direct anticoagulants.

PMID- 1816682
TI  - [Intensity of gluconeogenesis in liver tissue of rats of various age groups].
AB  - Intensity of glucose synthesis from different substrates in the liver slices was
      investigated in 1-, 13-15-, 30-day old and adult (3-6 month old) rats. Maximal
      gluconeogenesis activity was observed in the liver tissue of 13-15 day old rats.
      There was a change in the substrate specificity of gluconeogenesis during
      ontogenesis. Under cold stress and low body temperature (30 degrees C) a rate of
      gluconeogenesis from some substrates in young rats increased, while in adults
      decreased. The activation of gluconeogenesis in adult rats occurred only at
      prolonged hypothermia to 3 h and almost complete exhaustion of glycogen reserves
      in the liver.

PMID- 1816684
TI  - [Exogenous NADPH restores the detoxication function of isolated hepatocytes lost
      in the process of freezing-thawing].
AB  - Freezing and thawing have been studied for their effect on the rat hepatocyte
      detoxication system. Freezing-thawing of hepatocytes in the medium without
      cryoprotectors is to impair functioning of the biotransformation system of
      biphenyl, a hydrophobic xenobiotic. It is found that inhibition of the first
      stage of xenobiotics biotransformation is a result of the loss of pyridine
      nucleotides and substrates necessary for NADP+ reduction.

PMID- 1816683
TI  - [Phospholipase A2 from rat spleen lymphocytes hydrolyzing arachidonoyl
      phospholipids].
AB  - Phospholipase A2 activity in the postnuclear supernatant of lymphocytes has been
      studied by measuring 14C arachidonate released from labelled phosphatidyl
      ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) as exogenous substrates. The pH
      optimum was 7.5-9.0 for PE and 9.0 for PC. Phospholipase A2 was not detected in
      the presence of 2 mM EGTA. It was optimal with the millimolar calcium
      concentrations and higher towards PE. Preincubation of lymphocytes with 0.5 M
      ionophore A-23187 was followed by 2.4 fold stimulation of the phospholipase
      activity. A stimulatory effect was observed after preincubation of cells with 10
      micrograms/ml of phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A; it
      decreased as: lipopolysaccharide greater than phytohemagglutinin greater than
      concanavalin A. The results obtained have suggested the possibility of existence
      of different forms of phospholipase A2 in the spleen lymphocytes and
      participation of the enzyme in the early signalling events.

PMID- 1816685
TI  - [Role of albumin in the biotransformation of biphenyl by isolated rat
      hepatocytes].
AB  - The role of albumin in biotransformation of biphenyl, a lipophilic xenobiotic, by
      isolated rat hepatocytes has been studied. It is shown that in the absence of
      albumin biphenyl is quickly and almost completely bound by cells. The rate of
      formation of 4-hydroxybiphenyl, the reaction product, depends on the substrate
      concentration (in the range 8.5-70 microM) and conforms with the Mikhaelis-Menten
      equation. An increase in the biphenyl concentration in the incubating medium to
      140 microM induces no changes in the rate of its biotransformation. Serum
      albumin, while binding biphenyl, also reduces its effective concentration in a
      cell, which prevents the cytochrome-P-450-dependent monooxygenase system of
      hepatocytes from the inhibiting effect of high concentrations of the xenobiotic.

PMID- 1816686
TI  - [Quantitative photometric analysis of ethanol using purified alcohol oxidase and
      mutant cells of methylotrophic yeast].
AB  - The photometric method is suggested for ethanol analysis by means of purified
      alcohol oxidase isolated from a wild strain of methylotrophic yeast Hansenula
      polymorpha. Three different chromogenic systems for peroxidative oxidation
      together with alcohol oxidase reaction have been used. For the first time the
      intact cells of the catalase-negative mutant as a source of alcohol oxidase are
      employed in the photometric alcohol assay. The prospects for application of the
      latter method for practical purposes are discussed.

PMID- 1816687
TI  - [Effect of protamine on the composition of blood lipoproteins at various periods
      of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits].
AB  - Protamine has been studied for its effect on changes in the protein-lipid
      composition of main fractions of blood lipoproteins in different periods (1- and
      7-months) of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. Daily introduction of protamine to
      intact animals for 30 days did not change the studied parameters. Results of
      analysis of the protamine action against the background of the 1-month
      hypercholesterolemia testify to an increase of the protein and cholesterin
      concentration in apoB-containing lipoproteins. A moderate increase of the
      cholesterin concentration in the HDL composition has been observed, the protein
      concentration remaining at high level. The atherogenic diet for 7 month has
      induced in animals subjected to its dyslipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis of
      vessels. Under these conditions protamine has inhibited "proatherogenic"
      alterations in the composition of lipoproteins. The concentration of protein,
      cholesterin and triglycerides in the apoB-containing fractions decreased and the
      concentration of total cholesterin and triglycerides in the blood serum fell
      considerably.

PMID- 1816688
TI  - [Mechanical lysis of human erythrocytes. Membrane stabilization by plasma
      proteins].
AB  - Mechanical properties of erythrocyte membranes play an important role in red cell
      functions. Stability of human erythrocytes under deforming mechanical tensions
      which occur in the rapidly moving fluid is studied. The activation energy of the
      mechanical hemolysis determined by the temperature dependence of the hemolysis
      rate is 55 + 7 kJ/mol. The fragility of erythrocytes rises sharply as the salt
      concentrations increase. Glutaric dialdehyde forms a certain number of
      interprotein bonds which increase the fragility of erythrocytes. The mechanical
      stability of the erythrocyte membrane falls at high (0.5 M) ethanol
      concentrations. Blood plasma proteins, particularly human serum albumin, have a
      pronounced stabilizing effect. The hemolysis occurring during the rapid mixing is
      not probably associated with an osmotic mechanism since high sucrose
      concentrations do not prevent this process. The mechanical hemolysis depends both
      on the deforming tension arising in the membrane and on the state of the
      erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 1816689
TI  - [Interaction of liposomes with erythrocytes in the process of their lysis].
AB  - Interaction of phosphatidyl choline liposomes with erythrocytes during
      spontaneous lysis of the latter has been studied. It is shown that hemoglobin
      which is released during the lysis of erythrocytes is found by liposomes which in
      their turn are absorbed on the external erythrocyte surface. In this case the
      binding of hemoglobin by liposomes takes place with a greater speed than its
      release during erythrocyte lysis and is accompanied by a change in its
      conformation. Possibilities of the microcalorimetry methods for studying the
      interaction of liposomes with erythrocytes under the conditions mentioned above
      are considered.

PMID- 1816690
TI  - [Mechanism of erythrocyte cryohemolysis, induced by cationic amphipaths:
      synergism of induction of the "discocyte-stomatocyte III" transition due to
      chlorpromazine and medium tonicity].
AB  - It is determined that chlorpromazine, a cationic amphipath usually protecting
      erythrocytes under conditions of hypertonic cryohemolysis is an efficient
      inductor of the cell lysis in case of cooling in media with tonicity close to the
      physiological (the isotonic cryohemolysis). Both chlorpromazine and tonicity of
      the medium influence the alterations in the state of cells, which is confirmed by
      synergy of the "discocyte-stomatocyte III" transition induction. The above
      process may be considered as a critical stage of structural modification of
      erythrocytes. Transition through this stage coincides with appearance of
      sensitivity to cooling in cells.

PMID- 1816692
TI  - [Content of blood lipids and characteristics of dyslipoproteinemias in people
      exposed to radiation during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station].
AB  - Lipid and lipoprotein spectrum of the blood plasma was investigated and
      phenotyping of hyperlipoproteinaemias was carried out in men exposed to ionizing
      radiation and suffered from acute radiation illness as a result of the Chernobyl
      accident. An increase of the total cholesterol triglycerides and content
      frequency of atherogenic types of hyperlipoproteinaemias in comparison with
      average levels of population both a year and 3 years after irradiation was
      observed. No essential differences were found between the obtained indices 1 and
      3 years after irradiation which testified to the stability of the revealed
      disturbances.

PMID- 1816691
TI  - [Isolation of the alkaline phosphatase from the intestinal contents of common
      seal by immobilized monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - It is shown that monoclonal antibodies against the alkaline phosphatase of the
      Greenland seal interact with the alkaline phosphatase of the bowels contents of
      adult common seal (Phoca vitulina larga). The purified antibodies were covalently
      bound with BrCn-activated sepharose 4B and used as an immunosorbent for
      purification of the alkaline phosphatase of the bowels contents. The specific
      activity of the purified is equal to 7300 units per 1 mg of protein.

PMID- 1816693
TI  - [Synthesis of sorbent from cross-linked starch for affinity purification of
      glucose(mannose)-specific lectins].
AB  - Cross-linked starch gel for the affinity chromatography of D-glucose (D-mannose)
      specific lectins is suggested. In order to optimize hydrodynamic properties of
      gel 30% starch has been hydrolysed by HCI at 70 degrees C during 60 min and then
      cross-linked by epichlorohydrin under alkaline conditions. Every 100 g of starch
      require 18 ml of epichlorohydrin and 36 ml of 8 N KOH. The gel obtained has been
      successfully used for the purification of lectins from Pisum sativum L., Lens
      culinaris L., Vicia sativa L., and Vicia faba L. seeds. These lectins, purified
      on starch gel do not differ from sephadex-purified samples.

PMID- 1816694
TI  - New opportunities for component societies and dental schools to jointly enhance
      practitioners' success.

PMID- 1816695
TI  - Xerostomia.

PMID- 1816697
TI  - Business succession.

PMID- 1816696
TI  - Radiation protection & regulations.

PMID- 1816698
TI  - [Iconography of the coca plant].
AB  - We can distinguish four periods in the iconography of the cocaplant, namely the
      prehispanic period in South-America, the early period in Europe, from 1749 until
      1860, the period of confusion (1860-1906) and finally the period of modern
      iconography. The iconography of the cocaplant before the arrival of the Spanish
      invaders was limited to the drawing of cocaleaves. In Europe, the first people
      who showed any interest for the cocaplant were the botanists. In the second half
      of the XVIIIth century, the botanists made especially good drawings of
      Erythroxylum coca. From the second half of the XIXth century, the industry became
      interested in coca and, consequently, a very intensive research arose, coming
      from several directions. This led to the discovery of new species, at that time
      often described by non botanists. This resulted in discussions and in serious
      confusion as to the nomenclature. Excellent pictures were however produced in
      this period. During the XXth century fundamental botanical research resulted in
      the final classification of the different coca species. The quality of the
      pictures was however not better.

PMID- 1816699
TI  - [Archeological and artistic sources of coca consumption in pre-hispanic America].
AB  - The use of coca in pre-hispanic America is confirmed by archeological and
      artistic sources, such as sculptures, ceramics, fabrics and pictures. The
      historical and geographical diffusion of these pieces of evidence seems to point
      to the fact that coca has been a strong element in the union of the different
      cultures of this continent. Those pieces of evidence were mostly found in a
      religious bond and indicate towards the divine character awarded to this plant;
      this divinity will, later on, be confirmed by the Inca's, who will raise it to a
      god. Owing to its many properties such as its use in the course of initiation
      rituals and of important celebrations, and seeing its fundamental importance in
      economy, coca was allowed a manifold value. The investigation of as well the
      technical (materials, workmanship,...) as the esthetic factors (form, style,...)
      of the works of art, combined with the study of the cultural background, shows
      that the use of coca seems to have been a privilege of the upper social classes.
      It is just from the Inca period (1450-1530) that the whole people could reach to
      coca, so that its stimulating properties outweighed the symbolic meaning.

PMID- 1816700
TI  - [Cocaine: half a century of therapeutic use (1880-1930)].
AB  - After observations concerning the cultivation, the trade and the use of coca by
      the Peruvian population, several Spanish physicians--among whom MONARDES--had
      already in the XVIth century, proposed to use this plant as a medicine.
      Therapeutical experiments however were not effected until the second half of the
      XIXth century. In 1559 the Italian neurologist MANTEGAZZA was the first to try
      out the remedy on himself and to advocate the use of coca as an internal
      medicine. Experiments with cocaine were still made during about twenty years,
      until more and more therapeutical applications clearly appeared. In psychiatry
      cocaine was used--also on Freud's recommendation--as an euphoriant excitant in
      cases of melancholia, both physical and psychic exhaustion and of cachexia. It
      was further used as a substitution therapy for morphine-addicts. 1884 also meant
      a break-through for the use of cocaine as a local anesthetic. It was first used
      in eye-surgery and was applied later on in dentistry and in cases of minor
      surgery. Local pain-killing injections seems to have been used at the beginning
      of our century in all sorts of indications. Cocaine was also applied to cure
      asthma, mountain-sickness, sea-sickness, pregnancy vomiting and all possible
      sorts of cramping pains. Although in the last years of the XIXth century the
      medical literature already clearly warned against the danger of therapeutically
      induced cocaine mania, it is only several years after World War I that the use of
      cocaine pills for painful diseases of the mouth and of the upper digestion organs
      still appeared. Between 1880 and 1930, we may assert that cocaine had taken the
      place of the universal panacea of the Middle Ages, the Theriaca.

PMID- 1816701
TI  - [Consumption of coca in history].
AB  - The first consumers of coca were the Aymara Indians of the Andes mountains. At
      the beginning, the consumption of coca-leaves was reserved to princes and priests
      during religious ceremonies. This habit was later extended to the common people.
      The Spanish invaders judged that this practice was the expression of a "pagan
      cult" and therefore banned the cultivation of the coca-plant. In the XIXth
      century, coca and cocaine were used once more in Europe. Freud made self
      experiments with cocaine, but he was promptly discouraged by reading about the
      cases of cocaine mania reported in the American scientific literature. In 1870
      Angelo Mariani brought on the market a kind of wine, based on coca extract, which
      enjoyed a great success in Europe. Hereafter Pemberton produced, in the USA, a
      competitive drink under the name "Vin francais cola", wherein he replaced the
      wine by a cola extract and where from he finally vanished cocaine. The medical
      use of cocaine for the treatment of hayfever and asthma (Dr. Tucker's elixir) had
      in between officially been agreed by the famous scientific societies in America.
      This treatment was finally abandoned.

PMID- 1816702
TI  - [Cocaine and pain control in childbirth].
AB  - Without absolutely any pain, women can live through the whole process of birth
      giving thanks to the discovery of cocaine (1860) and the work of surgeons and
      obstetricians, who invented a whole range of locoregional methods, and the
      chemists who delivered them safe substitutes for cocaine. It was, as a matter of
      fact, a long way to go, but the final result was surely worth the effort.

PMID- 1816703
TI  - [Dragees bengue with cocaine. Historic review of legislation concerning cocaine].
AB  - The Bengue sugar-coated pills with menthol and cocaine, followed by the "B.M.C.
      pills" (with borax, methanol and cocaine) were delivered freely at the chemist's
      shop. The fact that nobody seemed shocked by the free delivery of this dope does
      not result only from the circumstance that it was allowed by law, but also
      because, in our countries, in the XIXth century, there were as good as no cases
      of cocaine mania. Owing to personal experiments, it became known in wide social
      circles that cocaine was not only an anesthetic and pain-killing remedy, but also
      an intoxicating drug that can quickly lead to addiction. Physicians began to
      search for means of eliminating the plague of addiction: a first International
      Opium-meeting was held in Shanghai in 1909. After that time, international
      meetings were held in The Hague (1912) and Geneva (1924 and 1925). Strangely
      enough, we find that in the promulgated laws an exception is made for
      pharmaceutical products which contain less than 0.2% morphine or less than 0.1%
      cocaine. When the medical world began to devote more attention to the danger of
      cocaine mania, the pharmaceutical and the chemical world became alarmed. A
      synthetic substitute was searched for and found; it should be less toxic and less
      addicting. The producers of the BMC pills eagerly adopted the new drugs. They
      replaced cocaine by amylocaine. The name of the pills was changed into BMA pills
      (borax-menthol-amylocaine). The coat of the pills remained the same and not one
      single patient ever noticed the substitution!

PMID- 1816704
TI  - Past and present perspectives on cocaine in Britain.
AB  - Thanks to the Rolleston Report of 1926, the prescription of opiates and cocaine
      was allowed in the United Kingdom to physicians who treated addicted people.
      Until 1960 there were only a few cases per annum. However, this regulation
      strongly encouraged the immigration of addicts and in specialized clinics great
      amounts of cocaine were used. This changed speedily when one understood that this
      was not the right method, and the prescription of cocaine-injections disappeared
      in 1968. Afterwards began the illegal use of cocaine and greater and greater
      amounts were seized by Customs and police. The official number of cocaine
      addicted people is however very low. At this time, the Police of the United
      Kingdom cannot yet decide if there is a beginning cocaine-epidemic or if cocaine
      should still be considered as a secondary drug.

PMID- 1816705
TI  - Bionic organs.
AB  - When a lizard loses its tail, a new caudal appendage soon grows to replace the
      one that is missing. But when a human loses a kidney, severs a peripheral nerve
      or worse, the spinal cord, that organ is lost forever. Such at least is
      conventional thinking. But imagine that the victim of an industrial accident with
      a paralyzed hand could achieve new levels of function by inducing axonal regrowth
      through a synthetic nerve guidance channel; or that a Parkinsonian patient's
      symptoms could be relieved by implanting in his brain neural tissue encased in a
      selectively permeable polymer envelope; or that the inexorable progression of the
      vascular complications of juvenile diabetes could be stopped, even reversed, by a
      membrane-protected xenograft of insulin-producing tissue. This is the dream of
      bionic organ science. It is predicated on two lines of technological achievement:
      the availability of ultra-thin, biocompatible, selectively permeable polymer
      membranes which can protect a transplant against immune rejection while allowing
      solute exchange between the graft and its environment; and the synthesis of novel
      materials, some biostable, some bioresorbable, which can serve as scaffolding or
      anchor for tissue regrowth in the geometrically and chemically controlled
      environment of an implant. The fabrication, growth and survival of composites of
      living tissues with synthetic polymers, often enhanced by the incorporation of
      specific cell growth factors or inhibitors, has been demonstrated at the tissue
      culture level, and extended in vivo to experimental models of human endocrine
      deficiency or neurological defects. The key to progress with bioartificial organs
      is the confluence of knowledge ranging from materials science to cell and
      molecular biology to experimental surgery. Obstacles to clinical implementation
      of this new therapeutic concept include: large scale procurement of specific
      tissue structures or isolated postmitotic cells from animal sources;
      demonstration of safety and efficacy of spontaneously occurring, bioactive tumor
      cell lines; verification of long-term stability and bio-acceptance of polymer
      implants; and industrialization of the fabrication process to meet quality
      control, shelf-life and commercial distribution requirements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816706
TI  - Development of new potent and selective agents against HIV (human
      immunodeficiency virus).
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus which replicates within
      critical cells of the immune system, particularly CD4+ T-cells and
      monocyte/macrophages, leading to a progressive loss of helper T-cells and
      profound immunosuppression. This condition is known as the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A rational screening strategy was adopted to
      evaluate new anti-HIV agents. Primary in vitro evaluation of antiviral compounds
      and studies of the relationship between structure and antiviral activity were
      carried out in a CD4+ T-cell line (MT-4). These cells develop a cytopathic effect
      (CPE) within a few days after infection. Initially, protection against the HIV
      induced cytopathic effect as well as the MT-4 host cell cytotoxicity was
      determined by a highly automated evaluation system. Promising lead compounds
      emerging from these studies were then further investigated for their anti-HIV
      properties in other target cells and against different HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains.
      This strategy allowed the identification of several potent and selective
      inhibitors of HIV replication in vitro. Following the 3'-azidothymidine (AZT)
      lead, we synthesized and evaluated other 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues with
      modifications in the base and/or sugar moiety. Based on their selectivity indexes
      in vitro, several congeners of this group, including 2',3'-thymidine (ddeThd,
      D4T) and 5-chloro-3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (FddClUrd), seem at least as
      promising as AZT. From a series of phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines and 
      pyrimidines, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(2
      phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP) emerged as a new class of
      broad-spectrum anti-retrovirus agents. Sulfated polysaccharides and sulfated
      polymers represent another class of compounds achieving high therapeutic indexes
      in vitro. Comparative studies allowed to define the structural requirements for
      anti-HIV activity. Finally, a rational screening strategy allowed the
      identification of tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepine-2(1H)-one and 
      thione (TIBO) derivatives which represent a complete new class of anti-HIV-1
      agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816707
TI  - [Complete canal preparation by root resection with a normal instrument].

PMID- 1816708
TI  - [Use of ultrasonics in endodontics].

PMID- 1816709
TI  - [Root canal preparation: comparison of manual, mechanical and ultrasonic
      instrumentation].

PMID- 1816710
TI  - [Motivation-mobilization of performance reserves in professional office and
      clinic].

PMID- 1816711
TI  - A dynamical system for biological development: the case of Caenorhabditis
      elegans.
AB  - We show how a simple nonlinear dynamical system (the discrete quadratic iteration
      on the unit segment) can be the basis for modelling the embryogenesis process.
      Such an approach, even though being crude, can nevertheless prove to be useful
      when looking with the two main involved processes: (i) on one hand the cell
      proliferation under successive divisions; (ii) on the other hand, the
      differentiation between cell lineages. We illustrate this new approach in the
      case of Caenrhabditis elegans by looking at the early stages of embryogenesis, up
      to several hundreds of cells ("lima bean" larval stage). We show how the many
      results that have been obtained by several groups can be interpreted in terms of
      values for the parameters controlling the dynamical system. Furthermore, we can
      extend the model to the cases of genetic mutations. More precisely the
      teratogenetic and lethal effects are associated with abnormal variation of teh
      control parameters with time.

PMID- 1816712
TI  - [Theory of metabolic control. Control and regulation].

PMID- 1816713
TI  - [Self-modifying automata. Models allowing the understanding of the properties of
      self-programming of life and of the nervous system (some basic theorems)].
AB  - In an attempt to discover the properties of the nervous system, we imagined the
      conditions under which a machine would be able to construct its own program and
      from which emerged the model of Self Modifying Automata (SMA). We demonstrated
      the unicity of the SMA model, their convergence in a p-cycle and, in this case,
      the SELFREFERENCE of a stabilised SMA (it then generates its own program), their
      adaptability when connected to a deterministic world. The SMA reaches its p-cycle
      very quickly and the most probable length of the -cycle is 1.

PMID- 1816714
TI  - Organizational levels of the cerebral cortex: an integrated model.
AB  - We propose a theoretical model of the cerebral cortex which is based on its
      cellular components and integrates its different levels of organization: (1)
      cells have general adaptive and memorization properties; (2) cortical columns are
      repetitive interneuronal circuits which determine an adaptive processing specific
      to the cerebral cortex; (3) cortical maps effect selective combinations which are
      very efficient to learn basic behavioural adaptations such as invariant
      recognition of forms, visually-guided hand movements, or execution of structured
      motor programs; (4) the network between cortical areas has a global architecture
      which integrates successive learning experiences into coherent functions such as
      the human language.

PMID- 1816715
TI  - [The muscular arch of the axilla and its nerve supply in Japanese adults].
AB  - We examined 94 axillary regions of 47 Japanese adults and found the muscular arch
      of the axilla (Maa) in five sides of three cadavers as well as the tendinous arch
      of the axilla (Taa) in two sides of two cadavers. The results are summarized as
      follows: 1) The frequency of Maa was 6.4% of the total bodies and 5.3% of the
      sides in this series. 2) In the left side of a 57-year-old male (No. 427), Maa
      was attached to the surface of the coracobrachialis muscle after fusing with the
      dorsal surface of the inserting tendon of the pectoralis quartus muscle. Both
      muscles were supplied by the caudal pectoral nerve (Npc) from the medial pectoral
      nerve. Moreover, in this same specimen, the sternalis muscle was recognized on
      the ventral surface of the pectoralis major muscle. In the left side of a 93-year
      old female (No. 386), the cranial part of the muscular arch of the axilla (Cpa)
      was extended to the coracoid process by a tendon and attached to the abdominal
      part of the pectoralis major by two muscle bundles supplied by independent
      branches from Npc. One muscle bundle was attached to the lower margin of the
      abdominal part of the pectoralis major on the same plane, and the other bundle
      was located on the dorsal surface of the abdominal part. In a 74-year-old female
      (No. 411), the well-developed lateral part of the muscular arch of the axilla
      (Lpa) was attached to the inferior side of the tendinous arch. According to Ruge
      (1914) and Kasai et al. (1977), this arch was in the transition of the muscle
      bundle of Cpa to the arch. In the right side of the same specimen, only the
      thoracodorsal nerve (Ntd) was distributed into Lpa, whereas in the left side,
      only Npc supplied branches to Lpa. 3) The axillary arch was classified into 8
      types based on the form and the supplying nerve of Cpa and Lpa. Cpa consisting of
      the muscle bundle is Type I, and Cpa consisting of the tendinous arch is Type II.
      We proposed that only Type II-A, with Cpa as tendinous arch and no Lpa, be
      designated as Taa (found in two cases), and the others as Maa. The following
      types were found in this study: Type I-A, consisting of only Cpa supplied by Npc
      (two cases); Type I-D, consisting of Cpa supplied by Npc and Lpa supplied by Ntd
      (one case); Type II-B, consisting of the tendinous arch and Lpa supplied by Npc
      (one case); Type II-D, consisting of the tendinous arch and Lpa supplied by Ntd
      (one case). 4) From the above findings, it can be suggested that Maa of varying
      shapes have been formed by a portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle supplied by
      Ntd, together with the pectoralis subcutaneous muscle, consisting of the
      pectoralis abdominalis, humeroabdominalis, humerodorsalis and ventrolateralis
      muscles supplied by Npc. The latter three muscles were proposed by Ura (1937) as
      the panniculus carnosus muscle, which was well developed in some lower mammalian
      orders. However, early investigators suggested that Maa was derived from the
      panniculus. Maa might have occurred as a rudimentary phylogenetic remainder in an
      early human embryonic stage.

PMID- 1816716
TI  - [A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney].
AB  - A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney was found in
      a Japanese male cadaver (72 years old) during a dissection for students in 1989.
      The main findings were as follows. The right superior vena cava (21.2 mm average
      diameter) was normal and opened into the right atrium. The left superior vena
      cava (8.4 mm average diameter) was smaller than the right one and ran in the
      coronary sinus to reach the right atrium. There was a small transverse
      anastomosis (8.9 mm average diameter), which corresponded to the normal left
      brachiocephalic vein, between the right and left superior vena cava. The azygos
      vein system showed a symmetrical condition and the right and left azygos veins
      opened into the superior vena cava on each side. This was the 57th case of
      persistent left superior vena cava reported in the anatomical literature in
      Japan. It corresponded to Type 3 of the classification by Fujimoto et al. (1971),
      and might be the first report of Type 3 in Japan. The horseshoe kidney was a
      typical one, in which the right and left kidneys were fused by an isthmus
      (bridge) consisting of renal tissues at their lower poles. The positions of both
      kidneys were lower than those of normal ones, the bilateral renal hili opened
      ventrally, the ureters ran on the anterior surface of the isthmus, the
      longitudinal axes of both kidneys crossed each other under the isthmus, and there
      were some additional renal arteries and veins. Neither the persistent left
      superior vena cava nor the horseshoe kidney alone are very rare anomalies, but a
      case such as the present, in which both anomalies coexist in the same body, is
      very rare.

PMID- 1816717
TI  - [A case of a right-sided sigmoid colon].
AB  - During dissecting practice by students at Chiba University in 1991, a rare
      anomaly was found in a cadaver of a 50-year-old Japanese male. The distal part of
      the colon, including the sigmoid colon, was excessively long and formed a loop
      behind the ascending colon. This anomalous colon consisted of four parts. The
      first part began in the left iliac fossa and passed across the lower posterior
      abdominal wall into the right iliac fossa; the second turned upward and ascended
      along the posterior surface of the ascending colon to the inferior surface of the
      right lobe of the liver; the third turned backward and descended to the right
      iliac fossa and was in contact with the posterior abdominal wall; the fourth
      curved medially and downward and ended in the rectum at the median line. Only the
      anterior surface of the anomalous colon was covered with the peritoneum, and its
      mesocolon was not found. The inferior mesenteric artery gave off four branches
      toward the distal three-fourths of the excessively long colon and the superior
      rectal artery to the upper part of the rectum. Since it did not directly give off
      any branches toward the descending colon and the first part of the anomalous
      colon (these portions were supplied by a marginal artery), the branch supplying
      the second part was considered to be equivalent to the left colic artery. Thus,
      the proximal half of the long colon (parts 1 and 2) can be regarded as a part of
      the descending colon, and the distal half as the sigmoid colon.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816718
TI  - Dental students and dental health education in Jerusalem.

PMID- 1816719
TI  - Overviews of pediatric-endodontics.
AB  - Pediatric-endodontics is an expanding part of pediatric dental practice. Emphasis
      is centered on the retention of primary teeth until the normal exfoliation time
      utilizing indirect pulp therapy, pulpotomy, pulpectomy and root canal fillings.
      The preservation of vitality in young permanent teeth via pulp capping and
      pulpotomy is paramount until root formation is completed. When pulpless, these
      young teeth may be salvaged by apexification procedures.

PMID- 1816720
TI  - Pediatric orthodontics: where have we been? Where are we going?
AB  - Pediatric treatment planning is difficult for those doctors who observe their
      patients throughout the long period of childhood. Which changes are normal? Which
      will self-correct? How long should the therapy be? Which is the best, current
      modality of treatment? An understanding of cyclic patterns, a dentofacial
      orientation on an individual basis, problem-oriented treatment plans, and certain
      reasonably based protocols make this journey through the time of childhood and
      the current age of dentistry rather rewarding.

PMID- 1816721
TI  - Prevention for children and adolescents.
AB  - Preventive oral health care for the growing child begins before birth and
      continues through adolescence. The basic elements of a good preventive program
      remain the same but the importance of each one changes as the child grows and
      develops. As the child grows, the parent's role in oral health care changes. The
      infant is totally dependent upon the parent for all aspects of care, the young
      child is beginning to assume some responsibility for his own care but the parent
      must still see that things are done properly, and with the teenager, the parent's
      role has been religated to that of observer with greatly reduced control over
      what is accomplished. In the same way as the parental role changes from that of
      provider to that of observer, the professional role changes from teaching parents
      what to do to that of provider of care the parents cannot provide.

PMID- 1816722
TI  - The unauthorized biography of pharmacologic behavior management.
AB  - Behavior management in pediatric dentistry is taught as a clinical science and
      few dentists learn the historical basis of the techniques in use today. The use
      of sedative medications to control behavior, though popular, has only a limited
      scientific basis. The drugs, regimens and methods of administration used today
      often have curious and anecdotal origins. Today's practice climate demands that
      the dentist using sedative medications be aware of their risks and benefits, but
      also the often limited scientific rationale for their use. A generation of
      research provides insight into the evolution of today's practice of pharmacologic
      behavior management.

PMID- 1816723
TI  - Moxibustion and breech presentation: preliminary results.
AB  - Moxibustion at the Zhiyin acupuncture point (67 B) is an ancient method of
      obtaining the version of abnormal presentation of the fetus during the last three
      months of pregnancy. The authors reviewed the Chinese references on this subject
      and stressed the importance of parity and gestational age in testing the efficacy
      of this therapy. Preliminary results are described and compared with those
      reported in Chinese articles. Success rates in version by moxibustion versus
      spontaneous version are also compared.

PMID- 1816724
TI  - Effect of sho-saiko-to(xiao-chai-hu-tang) on HBeAg clearance in children with
      chronic hepatitis B virus infection and with sustained liver disease.
AB  - We studied the effect of Sho-saiko-to (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang) on HBeAg clearance rate
      (SN rate) in fourteen children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and
      with sustained liver disease. Seven of fourteen patients (50.0%) became HBeAg
      negative in the average observation period of 0.47 years(0.2-0.9 years). Four of
      those seven patients developed anti-HBe. The annual SN rate in the She-saiko-to
      treated group was apparently higher than the natural annual SN rate (22.7%) of 22
      untreated patients retrospectively reviewed from the onset of hepatitis. Sho
      saiko-to seemed to promote clearance of HBeAg in children with chronic HBV
      infection and with sustained liver disease. Sho-saiko-to may be a useful drug for
      such patients.

PMID- 1816725
TI  - Action of oren-gedoku-to on platelet aggregation in vitro.
AB  - Oren-gedoku-to is a Chinese medicine with hypotensive activity, hemostatic
      actions and the ability to augment cerebral blood flow. It is therefore expected
      to be useful in patients with hypertension and cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
      These effects of Oren-gedoku-to on platelet aggregation and coagulation
      fibrinolysis were evaluated. A significant decline in platelet aggregation rate
      in both healthy control and patient plasma in response to Oren-gedoku-to was
      found. Maximal platelet aggregation time shortened, however, in healthy controls,
      but was prolonged in 8 of 20 patients with CVA, in particular those with cerebral
      infarction.

PMID- 1816726
TI  - Successful treatment of a hyperprolactinemic infertile woman with a pituitary
      microadenoma using hachimijiogan.
AB  - A hyperprolactinemic infertile woman with a pituitary microadenoma, who was
      resistant to bromocriptine as a method of bringing on pregnancy, succeeded in
      having a normal pregnancy and delivery with Hachimi-jio-gan treatment. This paper
      reports that the patient did not succeed in pregnancy in spite of 16 months of
      bromocriptine treatment, though her prolactin level gradually decreased and
      continued to be between 40-60 ng/ml with Hachimi-jio-gan treatment. Although the
      level of prolactin of the patient did not normalize, she, nevertheless, succeeded
      in having a normal pregnancy and delivery.

PMID- 1816727
TI  - Tokishakuyakusan stimulates progesterone and estradiol-17 beta production by rat
      granulosa cells and progesterone, testosterone and estradiol-17 beta by the
      residual portion of the follicle in vitro.
AB  - To examine the possible effects of Tokishakuyakusan (TS) on steroidogenesis by
      preovulatory follicles at the cell level, the expressed granulosa cells and
      remaining portion of follicles from pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS)
      treated immature rats were incubated in vitro with increasing concentrations of
      TS for 3 h. TS significantly stimulated progesterone and estradiol-17 b
      production, with a predominant stimulation of progesterone, by the expressed
      granulosa cells, while testosterone production was not stimulated. In the
      remaining portion of the follicle, TS also significantly stimulated progesterone,
      testosterone and estradiol-17 b production. Similar to the effect produced by
      granulosa cells, the stimulatory effect of TS was stronger on progesterone than
      on testosterone and estradiol-17 b production. These results suggest that TS has
      a potent, direct stimulatory effect on steroidogenesis, especially progesterone
      production, by constituent tissue compartments of rat preovulatory follicles in
      vitro.

PMID- 1816728
TI  - The direct luteotropic effect of tokishakuyakusan in rats.
AB  - The effect of Tokishakuyakusan (TS) on the corpus luteum function in
      pseudopregnant rats was examined in vivo. On day 4 of pseudopregnancy (PSP),
      induced by cervical stimulation, TS (20 micrograms) stimulated the progesterone
      secretion rate (PSR) in the ovarian venous plasma. There was also a significant
      increase in the rate of progesterone to 20 alpha-OH-progesterone. However, on day
      8 of PSP, there was no apparent change in PSR in the ovarian venous plasma after
      the administration of TS. These data suggest that the sensitivity to TS of the
      corpus luteum varies according to its age.

PMID- 1816729
TI  - Remarks on population planning and control.
AB  - We investigate the use of control theory in population planning and show how the
      use of age at first birth, birth interval, and sex ratio as control variables
      leads to a practical, fault tolerant approach to population planning and control.

PMID- 1816730
TI  - A comparative study of diazepam and acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis
      pain: a placebo controlled study.
AB  - Forty-four patients with chronic cervical osteoarthritis took part in this study.
      Patients were treated with acupuncture, sham-acupuncture, diazepam or placebo
      diazepam in randomized order. Pain was rated on visual analogue scales before,
      during, and after treatment. Two scales were separately used to rate the
      intensity (sensory component) and the unpleasantness (affective component) of
      pain. The results analyzed from these trials show that diazepam, placebo
      diazepam, acupuncture and sham-acupuncture have a more pronounced effect on the
      affective than on the sensory component of pain. Acupuncture was significantly
      more effective than placebo-diazepam (p less than 0.05), but not significantly
      more effective than diazepam or sham-acupuncture.

PMID- 1816731
TI  - Medicaid's new prescription drug legislation: prudent purchasing and drug use
      review.

PMID- 1816732
TI  - An emergency corneal ulcer kit.
AB  - Bacterial corneal ulcer is a potentially blinding emergency which should ideally
      be treated by an ophthalmologist aided by slit lamp biomicroscopy, microbial
      stain and cultures, and then selected fortified topical antibiotics. We suggest
      an emergency corneal ulcer kit for the initial treatment of patients with
      suspected corneal ulcers who are unable to readily travel to an ophthalmologist.

PMID- 1816733
TI  - Elements for building a culturally specific addiction treatment program.
AB  - Addiction treatment tailored to specific cultural, ethnic and racial groups has
      been recognized as optimally effective. Alaska rural and Native cultures have
      healing elements that serve well in addiction treatment. However, it is not
      sufficient to "add on" a culturally orientated group to an already well defined
      program. In order for these cultural elements to be fully effective the basic
      philosophy and orientation of that modality of the treatment program needs to be
      based on them. Such program development needs to be implemented in a clear,
      coordinated and consistent manner. It is postulated that program modalities that
      offer a culturally specific theoretical base will be more effective then programs
      based on the medical model.

PMID- 1816734
TI  - Specialized programs of research excellence (SPORE).

PMID- 1816735
TI  - Follow-up systems can reduce malpractice risk.

PMID- 1816736
TI  - Women in medicine in Anchorage.

PMID- 1816737
TI  - A bloody skirmish in Kotzebue Sound (1827).

PMID- 1816738
TI  - On Canadian health system.

PMID- 1816739
TI  - Ion-selective electrode studies on novel organic molecule sensors.
AB  - Researches on prospects for novel ion-selective electrodes, based on organic
      molecule sensors, are described. The organic molecules are large crown ethers
      extending from bis(metaphenylene)-26-crown-8 to bis(metaphenylene)-38-crown-12,
      small crown ethers, bis-crown ethers, and acyclic polyethers consisting of
      diphenyl ethers of tetraethylene glycol and receptor molecules of planar and
      tetrahedral tripodal types.

PMID- 1816740
TI  - Disposable electrochemical biosensors.
AB  - The market for decentralized clinical testing is undergoing expansion.
      Electrochemical biosensors represent one approach to the different demands of
      this market. A range of sensing systems are described which use electrochemical
      techniques for the measurement of various analytes and which have been
      demonstrated to be applicable to the manufacturing methods required for single
      use disposable tests.

PMID- 1816741
TI  - Determination of 4-methyl-cis-hexahydrophthalic anhydride in human blood by gas
      chromatography with electron-capture detection.
AB  - A gas-chromatographic technique using 63Ni electron-capture detection was applied
      to the determination of 4-methyl-cis-hexahydrophthalic anhydride in the blood of
      workers occupationally exposed to this airborne agent. The detection limit was
      0.24 nmol ml-1. For occupational exposure to between 0.14 and 0.31 mg m-3 of the
      anhydride, the anhydride concentration in the workers' blood samples ranged from
      3.4 to 10.7 nmol ml-1. The results are consistent with earlier findings in animal
      exposure experiments and support the view that the hydrolysis of the anhydride in
      a biological medium is not spontaneous, but might be an enzyme-catalysed
      reaction. The resulting dicarboxylic acid is excreted by the kidneys without
      further conjugation reactions.

PMID- 1816742
TI  - Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human serum by fluorescence labelling
      and high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human
      blood serum. The problems of sensitivity and selectivity encountered with
      previous techniques were avoided by the formation of a highly fluorescent Diels
      Alder adduct following solid-phase extraction of the vitamin. After excess of
      reagent had been eliminated, quantification was achieved by high-performance
      liquid chromatography. The recovery of the vitamin from serum was 76.4 +/- 1.76%.
      The precision of the method was determined, and the relative standard deviations
      were 8.38% at a concentration of 47.0 x 10(-9) mol dm-3, 6.74% at a concentration
      of 99.8 x 10(-9) mol dm-3 and 3.79% at a concentration of 146.8 x 10(-9) mol dm
      3. The detection limit for the adduct was 2.93 x 10(-14) mol injected, for a
      signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1, and serum concentrations of 0.25 x 10(-9) mol dm-3
      could easily be quantified. No interference from endogenous or exogenous
      substances was observed.

PMID- 1816743
TI  - Use of 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole as a
      labelling reagent for peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection and its
      application to the determination of the beta-blocker metoprolol in serum by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Fluorogenic reagents having a benzofurazan moiety, viz., 4-(N,N
      dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F), 7-fluoro-4-nitro
      2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and 4-(aminosulphonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, were
      compared for the sensitive analysis of their derivatives by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. Of the
      proline derivatives, DBD-proline was the most sensitive with a detection limit of
      2 fmol. The optimum concentrations of bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9
      trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate and H2O2 for the post-column reaction were
      0.5 and 75 mmol dm-3 respectively and amino acids and beta-blockers derivatized
      with DBD-F were detected in the range 0.2-40 fmol (signal-to-noise ratio = 3)
      using the proposed method. The lower detection limit of metoprolol (a beta
      blocker having an isopropylamino group) spiked in serum was 0.8 ng ml-1 using 20
      microl of serum (signal-to-noise ratio = 5).

PMID- 1816744
TI  - Determination of trace amounts of sulphide in human red blood cells by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection after
      derivatization with p-phenylenediamine and iron(III).
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method based on pre-column fluorescence
      derivatization has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of
      sulphide. After the sulphide had been converted into a fluorescent derivative,
      thionine, by the reaction with p-phenylenediamine and Fe3+, it was separated on a
      reversed-phase column and detected fluorimetrically (excitation, 600 nm;
      emission, 623 nm). Sulphide ion can be determined in the range from 0.01 to 3.0
      mumol dm-3 with a relative standard deviation (n = 5) of 2.54% at 0.02 mumol dm-3
      and 1.74% at 1.0 mumol dm-3. The proposed method was applied to the determination
      of sulphide in human red blood cells from ten healthy subjects, by generating
      sulphide in a microdiffusion apparatus; the concentrations found ranged from
      0.123 to 0.189 mumol dm-3.

PMID- 1816745
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of
      dexamethasone in bovine tissues.
AB  - A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is
      described for the determination of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone
      (DXM), in bovine muscle, kidney, liver and fat tissues, using methylprednisolone
      as the internal standard. Following extraction with ethyl acetate (muscle, kidney
      and liver) or diethyl ether (fat) and clean-up of the tissue extract, the drug
      residue was isolated using a C18 solid-phase extraction column. Separation of DXM
      was achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with
      ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. By using this procedure, DXM levels as low as
      0.01 mg kg-1 can be detected in muscle, kidney, liver and fat.

PMID- 1816746
TI  - Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the study of the
      biological transformation of adiponitrile by nitrile hydratase and amidase.
AB  - A procedure for the assay of nitrile hydratase and amidase activities by high
      performance liquid chromatography is described. The method can be used to assay
      the intermediate compounds resulting from the hydrolysis of adiponitrile to
      adipic acid, and to determine the kinetics of the hydrolysis of these compounds
      using whole cells and enzyme extracts. The precision of the method makes it
      suitable for the determination of the enzymic parameters.

PMID- 1816747
TI  - [Echocardiographic image of the heart in physiological pregnancy and pregnancy
      induced hypertension (EPH gestosis)].
AB  - The aim of the paper was an attempt to perform own evaluation of the changes
      which in the woman's circulatory system are provoked by pregnancy, being
      complicated by gestation-induced arterial hypertension (gestosis H) as compared
      with changes occurring in physiological pregnancy. The model of the study was
      provided by monodimensional echography. The study covered 51 normal non-pregnant
      women, 43 normal pregnant women and 45 pregnant ones with arterial hypertension
      induced by the pregnancy (gestosis EPH). The evaluated anatomical and functional
      parameters permitted the estimation of the circulatory system and the direction
      of hemodynamic changes in the studied groups. In the group of women with
      physiological pregnancy I obtained the confirmation of hitherto existing
      viewpoints, it means, I disclosed features of the hyperkinetic circulation with
      the increase of the cardiac output, and the drop in peripheral resistance as well
      as a slight, compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricular muscle. In women
      with gestosis. I revealed higher intensity with regard to the features of
      hyperkinetic circulation, apparent hypertrophy of the muscle of the left
      ventricle, its good contractility, and indirect symptoms that may evidence a
      defect in diastolic tendency of the left ventricle. The increment in the severity
      of gestosis was accompanied by a further mass increase of the left ventricular
      muscle.

PMID- 1816748
TI  - [Changes in the intracranial pressure in relation to body posture and their use
      in the treatment of patients after cranio-cerebral injuries].
AB  - The determination of the best body position in patients after cranio-cerebral
      injuries was the main subject of the undertaken studies. This optimal body
      position should ensure the intracranial pressure drop on condition that the
      cerebral blood flow and cerebral elasticity are not disturbed. To accomplish this
      task a biophysical model of the positional changes of the cerebro-spinal fluid
      pressure was elaborated. I took the activity of the gravitation and adhesive
      forces as well as contraction phenomenon into consideration, while preparing the
      model. The verification of the biophysical model was carried out by clinical
      examination of 15 patients, which confirmed its correctness. The positional
      changes of the intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure as well as
      cerebral elasticity were analyzed in 11 patients after cranio-cerebral injuries.
      I disclosed the intracranial pressure normalization and cerebral blood flow
      improvement by elevation of the body to the position of 30 degrees. Moreover, it
      appears that the shift of the cerebral midline structures causes an essential
      diminution of the positional intracranial pressure drop by the body elevation.
      The retrospective studies in 157 patients after cranio-cerebral injuries
      permitted me to compare the results of the classical treatment and the
      positioning one. I have ascertained that the applying of the trunk and head
      elevation to the position of 30 degrees improves the results of the medical
      treatment.

PMID- 1816749
TI  - [Study of selected problems of epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in the Western
      Pomerania based on the data of patients hospitalized at the Otolaryngological
      clinic, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, in Szczecin l978-l987].
AB  - At the Clinic of Otolaryngology PMA in Szczecin the laryngeal cancer occurred in
      1079, i.e. 76.9%, patients hospitalized in the years 1978-1987 due to malignant
      neoplasms. The men constituted 90.3% of the patients. The mean age of the
      affected men during the investigated period was 56.4 years, and that of the women
      55.0 years. The most numerous occupational group among men was made up of farmers
      and forresters as well as workers employed in industry. It was revealed that in
      60.3% the tumour was localized in epiglottis, in 38.3% in the glottic area, and
      in 1.2% in subglottis. Supraglottic localization of the tumour was preponderant
      in patients who abused alcohol, performed their work under poor atmospheric
      conditions and stemmed from rural population, in younger age compartments. As
      many as 64.6% of patients displayed the localization advancement of the tumour T3
      T4, T1-T2 and claimed 35.4% of cases, mainly involving the glottis. The habit of
      cigarette smoking was reported by 92% of men and 85% of women, while the alcohol
      was abused by 84.9% of men, and 65% of women. Prior to admission to the clinic
      63.5% of patients underwent no medical treatment. It was disclosed that 84.8% of
      patients were seeking medical help because of hoarse voice. The appearance of
      symptoms ranged most frequently from 3 to 8 months, regardless of the primary
      focus localization of the neoplasm, sex and the age of the patient. The highest
      morbidity rise was recorded for towns in Gorzow Voivodeship. But the highest
      incidence rate was observed in villages and towns in Szczecin Voivodeship.

PMID- 1816750
TI  - [Changes in the velocity of the utero-placental and fetal blood flow studied by
      the Doppler technique in physiological and pathological pregnancies].
AB  - The aim of the work was to study the changes in the blood flow velocity in three
      vessels of the uteroplacental and fetal circulation simultaneously (in umbilical
      artery, arcuate artery and fetal aorta) in the course of normal pregnancy and
      pathological one. The studies were being performed between the 20-th and 40-th
      weeks of gestation. The group with normal pregnancy comprised 260 patients. The
      second group was made up of 20 patients with pregnancies complicated by fetal
      hypotrophy, 15 with EPH gestosis, and 6 patients, in whom the Doppler examination
      revealed fetal risk state. The studies were carried out by implementing
      "Kranzbuhler ADR 8130" ultrasonographic apparatus. Qualitative method was
      employed to estimate the Doppler's flow velocity waveform. For analyzing each
      sonogram obtained from the studied vessels use was made of three indices
      simultaneously: AB index, resistance index, (RI), and pulsatility index (PI). It
      has been recorded that the blood flow velocity in umbilical artery and arcuate
      artery in the course of physiological pregnancy was increasing with the progress
      of the pregnancy development, whereas in the fetal aorta it persisted at a
      constant level. In pregnancy complicated by fetal hypotrophy the blood flow
      velocity was diminished as compared with the norm. However, in the pregnancy
      complicated by EPH gestosis no significant differences were seen in the flow
      velocity in the umbilical artery, arcuate artery and the fetal aorta as compared
      with the norm, except cases being accompanied by the fetal hypotrophy. It has
      also been disclosed that a marked diminution of the blood flow velocity, in the
      final phase of diastole at the time of the heart cycle, in umbilical artery and
      the fetal aorta is an early indication of a fetal risk state.

PMID- 1816751
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of ligation of the inferior thyroid arteries during non
      radical thyroidectomy in simple goiter on selected parameters of calcium
      phosphate metabolism in the body].
AB  - The aim of the paper was to evaluate the effect of inferior thyroid arteries
      ligation during the incomplete excision of the thyroid gland in patients with
      simple goitre, exerted on selected parameters of phosphate-calcium balance in the
      organism as compared with a group of patients, in whom no inferior thyroid
      arteries were ligated. The study material comprised 84 patients with simple
      goitre, free of other diseases. The evaluation covered the following parameters
      of the phosphate-calcium balance in the organism, namely: the concentration of
      total calcium, protein, dialyzing calcium, inorganic phosphate as well as
      immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. The study was performed three times: prior to
      operative procedure, directly after the operative procedure, and three months
      after the procedure. It has been shown that there are slight, but statistically
      significant, differences in the behaviour involving the concentration of total
      and dialyzing calcium as well as IRPTH in serum, depending on the applied
      operative technique. Directly after the procedure the changes affecting the
      studied parameters were more pronounced in patients with ligated inferior thyroid
      arteries. Three months after the operative procedure the mean concentration of
      IRPTH, total and dialyzing calcium was somewhat higher in patients, whose
      inferior thyroid arteries were ligated, than in patients, in whom the arteries
      were not ligated. The described changes were of subclinical character.

PMID- 1816752
TI  - [Treatment of chronic ischemia of the lower extremities with complex herbal
      preparation].
AB  - Chronic ischemia of the lower extremities with atherosclerosis background is
      being manifested by intermittent claudication. For treating the intermittent
      claudication many drugs are used, which may give rise to therapeutical side
      effects. In 50 patients with diagnosed arteriosclerosis affecting the lower
      extremities in II stage according to Fontain, a vegetable preparation PADMA-28
      was applied for 16 weeks. A marked, statistically significant elongation of the
      claudication distance was achieved. That was measured, under standardized
      condition, on an ergometer-treadmill. Moreover, there was also a decrease in the
      index of blood platelets aggregation, a drop in the level of cholesterol,
      triglycerides, total lipids, beta lipoproteins, and an increase in ++alpha
      lipoproteins. Also 50 patients were receiving placebo for 16 weeks, but no
      positive results were observed in comparison with preparation PADMA-28. The
      studies were carried out by the method of double blind test, the latter was
      accomplished by randomized method. Observation, the performed biochemical
      examinations did not reveal any undesirable effect. Drug tolerance was excellent.
      The positive influence of the drug may result from summed action of components
      contained in the preparation namely: bioflavonoides, salicylates, valepotriates,
      tannins, phenol acids, ethereal oils and esters of acids. PADMA-28 may be a
      useful adjuvant to therapeutic methods with regard to chronic ischemia of the
      lower extremities in II stage, according to Fontain.

PMID- 1816753
TI  - [Adsorption of pesticides on synthetic adsorption polymers].
AB  - On the basis of adsorption of selected pesticides on synthetic adsorption
      polymers it has been shown that both the adsorption balances as well as kinetics
      and dynamics of the adsorption strongly depend on the concentration of hydrogen
      ions of the liquid phase. The dependence of adsorption isotherms on pH value was
      demonstrated with sufficient accuracy by resorting to the models having been
      suggested on the ground of IAS theory and the potential one. The kinetic
      investigations have revealed that the surface diffusion proceeds extremely
      rapidly in pH ranges that lodge between sorptive pK value and the isoelectric
      point of the adsorbent surface. The known solutions of transportation and balance
      equations, which in this case were transferred on the pH-dependent adsorption
      processes, were implemented for simulating the breakthrough curves. The
      investigation, covering the effect of the presence of heavy metals in a solution
      exerted on the pesticides adsorption properties, has shown that the formation of
      model-pesticide type connections improves the adsorption properties of pesticides
      to a lesser or greater extent.

PMID- 1816754
TI  - [Effect of estrogens on pharmacokinetics of phenazone and N-acetyl-p
      aminophenol].
AB  - The aim of the paper was to determine the effect of estrogens on the
      pharmacokinetics of drugs. The experimental models were made up of female rabbits
      with bilaterally removed ovaries or those being given mestranol for a long time .
      N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol and phenazone were the model substances. The effect of
      surplus as well as deficiency of estrogens on the pharmacokinetics of drugs was
      ascertained. The surface area under the curve of paracetamol concentration
      changes was found to diminish after the bilateral removal of ovaries; there was a
      shortening of the half-life period for the elimination phase, and also an
      increase of the total clearance. The application of mestranol has made the
      mentioned parameters behave adversely. The bilateral ovariectomy has led to an
      increase in the surface area under the curve for phenazone concentration changes,
      elongation of its half-life period for the elimination phase, and the diminution
      of the total clearance. These parameters followed the course in a manner being
      inverse to that in animals receiving mestranol. It may be concluded that
      estrogens induce the microsomal system of oxidases with mixed function, and exert
      inhibitory action on enzymes mediating in reactions of coupling.

PMID- 1816755
TI  - [Chronic effect of ammonium fluoride on selected parameters of microsomal
      fracture of the rat liver with special reference to the cytochrome P-450 system].
AB  - Male Wistar rats were exposed to NH4F in concentration corresponding to mean
      annual limit of fluoride compounds in the atmospheric air. After 3, 6 and 9
      months a microsomal fraction was isolated from the liver, and the composition as
      well as the metabolic activity of this fraction was determined. The content of
      microsomal protein increased after 3-month-long period of experiment, and
      subsequently it dropped after the period of 9 months. The content of
      phospholipids decreased after 3 months. The content of microsomal cholesterol was
      particularly high after a 6-month-long experiment. There were also changes in the
      contents of individual phospholipid fractions, and fatty acids of phospholipids.
      The content of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 and activity of NADH-cytochrome b5
      reductase did not change. Activity of NADPH-dependent reductase of cytochrome c-
      decreased after the period of 9 months. Moreover, as consequence of changes in
      the activity of cytochrome P-450 system and the endoplasmic reticulum
      composition, alterations were observed in the metabolism of the tested substrates
      i.e. aniline and aminopyrine. The aniline turnover was inhibited after 6 and that
      of aminopyrine after 9 months experiment. The observed changes may prove that the
      detoxication capacity of the liver was impaired due to being exposed to ammonium
      fluoride.

PMID- 1816756
TI  - [Prematurity and intrauterine hypotrophy in the light of selected medical and
      socioeconomic factors among children's population in Szczecin].
AB  - During the period of two-year-long studies (15.03.1985-14.03.1987) as many as
      11.2% of newborn infants were born in Szczecin with low body mass. The studies
      covered 498 out of 659 infants born, at that period, with low body mass at two
      Clinics of Obstetrics--Institute of Gynaecology and Obstetrics--PMA in Szczecin.
      Of 498 studied infants born with low body mass: 327 (65.7%) were born
      prematurely, therein 65 (13.1%) prematurely with a feature of intra-uterine
      hypotrophy, and 171 (34.3%) were delivered with hypotrophy at term or delayed
      deliveries. For determining the incidence rate of symmetric and asymmetric forms
      of hypotrophy 94 infants born with body mass 2500 g, and meeting the criteria of
      this syndrome, were added to the group of 171 infants with hypotrophy, who were
      born at term or post-term with low body mass. On the basis of the weight index
      (WI) in 53 (20%) out of 265 children with hypotrophy born at term or post-term
      the established diagnosis revealed symmetric form of hypotrophy, while in 212
      (80%) asymmetric one of this syndrome. The control group was made up of 337
      eutrophic infants, delivered at term and selected in a lottery-target manner. In
      order to define the causes of prematurity and intra-uterine hypotrophy the
      mothers of the studied infants were subjected to retrospective studies by
      questionnaires. The results provided by the studies were elaborated by using
      electronic computing technique. In the majority of cases it was disclosed that
      there was a multifunctional base for the low body mass, whereas both prematurity
      and hypotrophy were essentially associated with cigarette smoking, the work done
      by mothers under conditions being harmful to their health, elementary education
      of the parents and little body mass increase during pregnancy. Besides the share
      of the mentioned factors, prematurity prevalently occurred in women, who
      experienced miscarriages, immature and premature deliveries, as well as in women
      with body mass deficit. However, the intra-uterine hypotrophy involved evidently
      more frequently women with arterial hypertension during the pregnancy, previously
      bearing children with intra-uterine hypotrophy, and whose physical conditions
      were unfavourable.

PMID- 1816757
TI  - [Evaluation of the activity of the heart conduction system with special reference
      to the sinoatrial node automatism in patients with mitral valve prolapse
      syndrome].
AB  - Electrophysiological examination of hearts were performed in 35 women and 25 men
      aged 18-63 years (mean age 38 years) without any concurrent heart diseases,
      divided into two groups: with PMVP (group I--40 subjects) and patients without
      this valvular anomaly (group II--20 subjects). In the patients with PMVP the
      examination revealed a significantly more frequent occurrence of the so-called
      "electrophysiological anomalies" (in 67.5%). The following appeared most
      frequently: sinus automatism disorders (32.5%), accessory a-v pathways (32.5%),
      longitudinal a-v node dissection (20%), and disorders of intracardiac conduction
      in segments: proximal (15%), distal (7.5%) and in both (5%). The implementation
      of pharmacological tests (with ajmalin, propranolol and atropine) made it
      possible to detect, in group with PMVP, the existence of occult conduction
      disturbances, particularly in distal segments of the conduction system (10%), and
      also to estimate exactly the character of the sinus node dysfunction (the
      background being in 7 patients functional, in 6 organic). During the programmed
      heart stimulation supraventricular dysrhythmias were evoked in 17 patients with
      PMVP. This is a proof that there is increased predisposition for paroxysmal
      supraventricular arrhythmias to occur in patients with mitral valve anomaly.

PMID- 1816758
TI  - Contractile effect of endothelin-2 on the isolated human saphenous vein.
AB  - The contractile effect of endothelin-2 was investigated in isolated human
      saphenous vein preparations. Spare segments taken from revascularized patients
      were set up in isolated organ chambers and mechanical activity was recorded under
      isometric conditions. Endothelin-2 (10(-11)-10(-7) M) evoked a dose-dependent
      contractile response, having the same efficacy as noradrenaline and 100 times its
      potency. Conversely, the "selective" ETB agonist, C-terminal hexapeptide
      endothelin (16-21), was completely ineffective. The activity of endothelin-2 was
      not modified by phentolamine, saralasin and indomethacin, thus excluding a direct
      or indirect activation of alpha-adrenoceptors and angiotensin receptors as well
      as the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products. Calcium removal from nutrient fluid
      depressed, but not fully abolished, the contractile effect of endothelin-2;
      furthermore, calcium channel blockers, verapamil and nifedipine, produced only a
      partial inhibition of the endothelin-2-induced contractions. These observations
      suggest that endothelin-2 induces a direct activation of specific receptors in
      the saphenous vein muscle and that both intracellular and extracellular calcium
      pools may be involved in the contractile effect of the peptide.

PMID- 1816759
TI  - Influence of endothelium on the vasoconstrictor effect of dihydroergotamine in
      pithed rats.
AB  - The aim of the present paper was to investigate whether endothelial damage
      influences the vasoconstrictor activity of dihydroergotamine in pithed
      normotensive rats. Intravenous administration of dihydroergotamine caused a dose
      dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure. Endothelial lesions were
      produced by a bolus injection of homocysteine (100 mg/kg) or methionine (100
      mg/kg every 24 hr for 6 days). In these animals, the resting blood pressure was
      not influenced, while the dihydroergotamine-induced pressor effect was
      significantly enhanced with an increase in the maximum effect. Pretreatment of
      the animals with NG-nitro-L-arginine (10 mg/kg), which inhibits the biosynthesis
      of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor in endothelial cells, markedly
      enhanced the pressor response to dihydroergotamine accompanied with an increase
      in the maximum response. Intravenous administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine alone
      led to a sustained increase in blood pressure by 19 +/- 4 mm Hg. In comparative
      studies with noradrenaline, the dose-response curve for the pressor effect was
      shifted to the left after pretreatment of the rats with methionine or NG-nitro-L
      arginine, whereas the maximum effect remained unchanged. The results suggest that
      the impaired basal release of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor accounts
      for the increased vasoconstrictor activity of dihydroergotamine. This might be an
      explanation for the vasospastic effects of dihydroergotamine in arterial vessels
      with endothelial damage.

PMID- 1816760
TI  - Endothelium-independent relaxation of the rat femoral artery caused by activation
      of histamine H2-receptors.
AB  - The effect of histamine on the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of isolated
      rings of the rat femoral artery and the receptor type involved in its development
      were examined. Relaxed rings did not respond to histamine (10(-8)-10(-4) mol/l).
      However, when contraction had been produced by phenylephrine, histamine (3 x 10(
      7)-10(-4) mol/l) caused a concentration-dependent relaxation. The relaxant effect
      of histamine on the rat femoral artery was abolished by metiamide, but it was not
      affected by removal of the vascular endothelium, pyrilamine, atropine, sotalol,
      hemoglobin or methylene blue. In contrast, under the same experimental
      conditions, the relaxant effect of histamine on the rat mesenteric artery was
      strongly reduced by removal of the vascular endothelium, hemoglobin or methylene
      blue. These findings indicate that, in the rat femoral artery, unlike in several
      other rat large peripheral arteries, the histamine-induced relaxation is
      endothelium-independent and results from the activation of smooth muscle
      histamine H2-receptors. It is tentatively suggested that histamine H1-receptors
      are not present on the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the rat femoral
      artery.

PMID- 1816761
TI  - Relationship between gender difference in intravascular aggregation of platelets
      and the fibrinolytic pathway in the rat.
AB  - Intravascular aggregation of platelets was evaluated in relation to the
      fibrinolytic system in order to assess the possibility of a "cause-effect"
      relationship. The spontaneous fibrinolytic activities of the plasma of male rats
      and of female rats at the various stages of the oestrous cycle were determined.
      Male rats had higher euglobulin clot lysis time (54.5 +/- 5.3 vs 29.2 +/- 3.1
      min; P less than 0.05), higher fibrinogen levels (330.0 +/- 15.8 vs 231.0 +/-
      31.1 mg/dl; P less than 0.025) and higher plasminogen activity (8.1 +/- 1.2 vs
      6.1 +/- 1.6 plasmin units/ml; P less than 0.05) than female rats. Female rats had
      higher fibrinolytic index (8.8 +/- 0.8 vs 6.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; P less than 0.05)
      and plasminogen activator activity (99.1 +/- 6.0 vs 76.5 +/- 7.7 Plough units/ml;
      P less than 0.05) than male rats. The antiplasmin activities were the same in
      both sexes. During the oestrous cycle in female rats, euglobulin clot lysis time
      was not significantly different though it was highest during met-oestrous (34.2
      +/- 3.6 min). However, pro-oestrous rats had lower fibrinogen (122.9 +/- 5.3
      mg/dl; P less than 0.005), higher fibrinolytic index (10.6 +/- 0.8 mg/dl/min; P
      less than 0.001) and higher plasminogen activator activity (109.4 +/- 7.8 Plough
      units/ml; P less than 0.05) than rats from the other stages of the oestrous
      cycle. There were no significant differences in plasminogen content and
      antiplasmin activity. Using native rats, aggregatory responses to submaximal
      doses of adenosine diphosphate (20 micrograms/kg) were determined and correlated
      with the fibrinolytic data in age- and weight-matched rats (of both sexes).
      Aggregatory responses in all the groups of rats used correlated positively with
      fibrinogen levels (r = 0.8316; P less than 0.001) and negatively with plasminogen
      activator activity (r = -0.7839; P less than 0.05). Streptokinase (250-1000
      Plough units/kg/hr) and urokinase (1000-4000 Plough units/kg/hr) produced dose
      related reductions in intravascular aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate.
      The streptokinase effect (but not urokinase effect) was reversed by epsilon
      aminocaproic acid. Following the cessation of infusion of streptokinase and
      urokinase, there was a recovery of the platelets to aggregate to adenosine
      diphosphate. These observations suggest fibrinolytic pathway-specific effects.
      However, on its own, epsilon-amino-caproic acid did not affect the aggregatory
      responses of platelets from pro-oestrous rats. These results suggest that changes
      in fibrinolytic mechanisms may account for differences observed in intravascular
      aggregation of platelets of male and female rats and of female rats during the
      oestrous cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1816762
TI  - Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced relaxations of guinea-pig
      proximal colon.
AB  - The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor by which 5-HT can evoke nonadrenergic
      noncholinergic (NANC) relaxations in isolated guinea-pig proximal colon was
      characterized using a variety of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists. In the
      presence of atropine (0.2 microM), guanethidine (5 microM) and ketanserin (10
      microM), a concentration-dependent relaxation was obtained with 5-HT (apparent
      mean pEC50 value 6.43), 5-CT (5.64) and 5-CH3-T (5.02); 8-OH-DPAT, TFMPP, GR43175
      and 5-OCH3-N,N-DMT (up to 100 microM) did not relax the guinea-pig proximal
      colon. The nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist, metitepine (0.1 microM), the 5
      HT1C/5-HT2 receptor antagonists, mianserin (1 microM) and pizotifen (0.1 microM),
      and the 5-HT1A/5-HT2 receptor antagonists spiperone (3 microM) shifted the
      concentration-response curves for 5-HT to the right. The 5-HT1A/5-HT1B receptor
      antagonist, cyanopindolol (0.3 microM) and a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist,
      ICS205-930 (1 microM) failed to block the 5-HT-induced NANC relaxation. In
      conclusion, the experiments with agonists and antagonists are compatible with the
      view that a 5-HT1-like receptor is involved in 5-HT-induced NANC relaxations of
      the guinea-pig proximal colon.

PMID- 1816763
TI  - Effect of CD349, a new dihydropyridine derivative Ca2+ antagonist, on the voltage
      dependent Ca2+ currents in isolated mammalian brain neurons.
AB  - The effects of CD349 [2-nitratopropyl-3-nitratopropyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-
      nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate], a dihydropyridine derivative
      Ca2+ antagonist, were studied on low and high voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in
      single pyramidal neurons isolated from the rat hippocampal CA1 region. CD349
      inhibited the peak amplitude of the low voltage-activated Ca2+ current in a
      concentration-dependent manner with a threshold concentration of about 10(-7) M.
      The concentration for half-maximum inhibition was 1.5 x 10(-6) M. At 10(-5) M or
      more, a complete suppression of the low voltage-activated Ca2+ current was
      observed. There was no apparent effect on the current-voltage relationship and
      the current kinetics (rising and decaying phases of the current). The inhibitory
      potency of CD349 was similar to that of nicardipine. CD349, at a concentration of
      10(-6) M (near the half-maximum inhibition concentration), delayed the
      reactivation and enhanced voltage- and time-dependently the inactivation of the
      low voltage-activated Ca2+ channel, suggesting that CD349 preferentially binds to
      the inactivated Ca2+ channel. CD349 also decreased the peak amplitude of the high
      voltage-activated Ca2+ current at half-maximum inhibition concentrations of 5.7 x
      10(-6) M. The current kinetics of the high voltage-activated Ca2+ current were
      slightly accelerated without shifting the current-voltage relationship in the
      presence of 10(-5) M of CD349. The potency of CD349 in inhibiting both types of
      Ca2+ current was also similar to that of nicardipine. It is suggested that the
      blocking effect of CD349 on neuronal Ca2+ influx, in combination with a cerebral
      vasodilatory action, may contribute to a favorable effect on ischemic brain
      damage.

PMID- 1816764
TI  - Whole-body autoradiographic study on the distribution of 3H-cryptolepine in mice.
AB  - The distribution of 3H-cryptolepine in pigmented and albino mice and in pregnant
      mice on day 16 of gestation was studied by whole-body autoradiography, after a
      single intravenous injection. The labelled compound rapidly left the blood and
      was localized in most tissues, except for the central nervous system where no
      radioactivity could be observed. The most pronounced decrease of concentration
      occurred between 1 and 4 hours postinjection. A relatively high and lasting level
      of radioactivity was found in organs with rapid cell proliferation and in the
      liver. The most notable and prolonged retention, however, was found in the
      adrenal medulla and in the melanin-containing tissues of the eye (up to 8 days
      after administration--the longest survival time). In the pregnant animals, the
      activity in fetal tissues was much lower than in the maternal. It has previously
      been found that cryptolepine produces blood pressure-lowering effects, which may
      be due to the marked localization in the adrenal medulla. The retention in the
      melanin-containing tissues of the eye (both in adults and fetuses) may indicate a
      potential risk for the induction of adverse effects in pigmented tissues,
      especially after chronic administration of the drug.

PMID- 1816765
TI  - Cardiovascular profile of oxodipine, a novel dihydropyridine calcium channel
      blocker, in anesthetized open-chest dogs: a comparison with nitrendipine.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of oxodipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium channel
      blocker, were studied after i.v. administration to chloralose-anesthetized dogs,
      and compared with those of nitrendipine. Nitrendipine produced more marked
      decreases than oxodipine in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and in
      total peripheral resistance. No significant modification of heart rate was
      observed. Oxodipine decreased cardiac contractility, whereas nitrendipine
      increased it. This difference originated in reflex modifications, since both
      drugs, administered at doses of 30 and 60 micrograms/kg, decreased cardiac
      contractility during studies performed after cardiac autonomic blockade. Under
      these conditions, nitrendipine decreased heart rate, whereas oxodipine had no
      effect. The two drugs showed comparable effects on coronary and femoral vascular
      resistance. However, oxodipine caused a very marked persistent decrease of
      vertebral vascular resistance. On this local circulation, nitrendipine had a weak
      effect. The results from the present study indicate that oxodipine predominantly
      increases vertebral blood flow with a concomitant hypertension which is more
      moderate than after nitrendipine.

PMID- 1816766
TI  - Digitalis glycosides accentuate the depressant effect of anoxia and reoxygenation
      on the cardiac myocyte: antagonism by amiloride.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether digitalis glycosides alter the
      effect of anoxia and reoxygenation on the cardiac myocytes and whether it could
      be modified by inhibition with amiloride. Cardiac myocytes aggregates were
      prepared from ventricles of 7 day old chick embryos and were maintained in
      culture. They were exposed to a 2 hr anoxia period followed by reoxygenation.
      Anoxia produced a significant reduction in contractile frequency. Ouabain, at low
      doses (10(-7) M and 10(-8) M), produced little effect in the absence of anoxia
      but produced a marked and significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in contractile
      frequency in the presence of anoxia. Myocytes exposed to anoxia stopped beating
      only in the presence of 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M ouabain and the time to cessation
      of spontaneous contraction was dependent on ouabain dose. Amiloride (10(-7) M or
      10(-6) M) significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced but did not completely prevent
      the effect of ouabain. During reoxygenation, beating rate returned to base line
      in control cells and those exposed to ouabain (10(-8) M and 10(-7) M) but ouabain
      slowed the rate of recovery. This slowing of recovery, produced by ouabain, was
      prevented by amiloride. These findings indicate the potentially deleterious
      effects of digitalis glycosides in myocardial anoxia and reoxygenation and the
      ability of amiloride to oppose these adverse effects.

PMID- 1816767
TI  - Influence of adrenaline on blood perfusion and vascular conductance of the whole
      pancreas and the islets of Langerhans in the rat.
AB  - The blood perfusion and vascular conductance of the whole pancreas and of the
      islet organ were measured separately with the aid of a microsphere technique
      after intravenous infusion (0.1 ml/min) of adrenaline in different doses (1, 2 or
      3 micrograms/kg body weight x min). Control animals were infused with saline
      alone and had a mean arterial blood pressure of approximately 100 mm Hg.
      Adrenaline increased the mean arterial blood pressure to 150, 175 and 200 mm Hg,
      respectively. A decrease of both whole pancreatic blood flow and islet blood flow
      could be seen after adrenaline administration, but no differences were observed
      between the two highest doses (greater than 2 micrograms/kg body weight x min of
      adrenaline). The fraction of blood diverted through the islets was approximately
      10% of the whole pancreatic blood flow in all experimental groups. Also the
      vascular conductance decreased more than the blood perfusion values. It is
      concluded that adrenaline produces a decrease of blood flow to both the islets
      and the whole pancreas, which is similar in both the endocrine and exocrine
      tissue.

PMID- 1816768
TI  - Resistance modification by PSC-833, a novel non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin
      [corrected].
AB  - A novel non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin [corrected], PSC-833, has been tested
      for its ability to circumvent resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine and
      colchicine in human and murine multidrug resistant (MDR) cell lines. This
      compound is shown to be a highly potent resistance modifier, being 7-10-fold more
      potent than the parent compound, cyclosporin A, whilst approximately equal to
      cyclosporin A in the growth inhibitory effects of compound alone. Reversal of the
      P-glycoprotein-associated MDR drug accumulation defect is a major component of
      resistance reversal for PSC-833, as it is for cyclosporin A.

PMID- 1816769
TI  - Why should every physician know about hemobilia?

PMID- 1816770
TI  - [How one achieves the practice of medicine in Puerto Rico--1990].
AB  - We have gathered information of particular interest to students of medicine and
      recent graduates about the law that regulates the practice of medicine in Puerto
      Rico. We have also reviewed the current information about how to obtain the
      examination of the Puerto Rico Board of Medical Examiners, and the requirements
      to obtain the provisional licenses for postgraduate training (internship and
      residency), for the compulsory year of government service and for the regular
      license. We have compared 1980, 1986, and 1990 as to the number of internships in
      the 28 programs available. At present it is quite likely that physicians with
      marginal credentials will have a difficult time finding a place in fully
      accredited programs. Since July 1980 the unauthorized practice of practice
      medicine is considered a serious offense. The increasing number of malpractice
      suits and the recent changes in the law have made the practice of medicine in
      Puerto Rico increasingly risky.

PMID- 1816771
TI  - Rubella susceptibility in a population of prenatal care patients.
AB  - Rubella is a self-limited viral infection which can have congenital rubella
      syndrome as a sequelae. Since the introduction of the rubella vaccine the
      elimination of congenital rubella syndrome has become feasible. To estimate the
      threat of congenital rubella syndrome in a population; the incidence of rubella,
      the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome and the percent of the population
      immune to rubella should be available. Reliable statistics are not available in
      Puerto Rico. This study was designed to determine the present of women in two
      prenatal care clinics susceptible to rubella. A correlation was done between the
      history of immunity and the actual immune status. The percent of women
      susceptible to rubella is higher than in comparable studies in the United States.
      The correlation between immunity and the history given by the patient was very
      poor. This would indicate that all primary care physicians should evaluate the
      immune status of women childbearing capacity and or give them the rubella
      vaccine. This is an important consideration for physicians in continental United
      States who care for Puerto Rican women.

PMID- 1816772
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of patients with deep seated
      metastatic and recurrent malignancies.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration (F.N.A.) is widely accepted as a safe and reliable
      diagnostic technique. In patients presenting with widespread metastatic disease
      of unknown primary origin it can play an important role in providing a rapid and
      accurate diagnosis and therefore allowing to institute a prompt therapeutic
      approach. This technique can usually be performed in an outpatient setting
      needing no hospitalization therefore reducing the cost both for the hospital and
      for the patient. When a definitive diagnosis is reached with the use of F.N.A.
      the patient can be spared from unnecessary surgery. A few examples are presented
      of patients with widespread metastatic disease in which a definitive diagnosis
      was reached through the use of F.N.A.

PMID- 1816773
TI  - Halophilic Vibrio infections: a review.
AB  - Halophilic vibrios are gram-negative curved bacilli that requires high
      concentrations of salt for survival. They are usually found in marine
      environments and have a worldwide distribution. Infections caused by these
      organisms are usually associated with ingestion of raw shell fish or exposure of
      wounds to sea water. The clinical presentation and severity of this infections is
      wide ranging. The most common presentation is self-limiting gastroenteritis, but
      soft tissue infections and septicemia do occur and their morbidity and mortality
      is high specially in patients with liver disease. Early detection and initiation
      of treatment with tetracycline is of vital importance in soft tissue infections
      and septicemia since the progression of the infection may be extremely fast.

PMID- 1816774
TI  - Physiology of the denervated heart: a review.
AB  - The physiology of the transplanted organ is discussed. The cardiac allograft can
      sustain almost all the functions of the normal organ, however it possesses
      intrinsic properties that modify its response to exercise and pharmacologic
      agents. For this reason the physiology of the transplanted heart is reviewed.

PMID- 1816775
TI  - Unusual presentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a review.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, gram negative bacillus that causes
      serious hospital acquired infections. However, it also causes infections with
      unusual presentations which are acquired in a non-hospital environment. This
      report will discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy of
      this uncommon infection, such as: 1) Pseudomonas folliculitis: a superficial or
      deep bacterial infection associated with the use of public hot tubs, whirlpools
      and swimming pools. 2) Invasive external otitis: an infection that can progress
      to skull base mostly associated to elderly diabetic patients. It is usually
      secondary to aural irrigation with contaminated water. 3) Pseudomonas
      osteomyelitis: an infection usually associated with nail puncture wounds
      especially if wearing tennis shoes. 4) Toe with infection: mostly associated with
      individuals using topical antibacterial agents. 5) Green nail syndrome: a non
      tender paronychia lesion that appears most often in persons whose hands are
      constantly exposed to water, soaps and detergents or are subject to mechanical
      trauma. 6) Corneal ulcer keratitis: mostly associated with the use of soft
      lenses, eye drops, mascara or contaminated whirlpools. This condition may
      terminate in panophthalmitis. 7) Endocarditis: most commonly associated with
      intravenous drug addicts.

PMID- 1816776
TI  - AAP updates Hib vaccine recommendations. American Academy of Pediatrics.

PMID- 1816777
TI  - Onset of AIDS virus causes brain impairment.

PMID- 1816778
TI  - PAAC challenges AMA/ADA sanctions against HIV-infected healthcare workers.
      Physicians Association for AIDS Care.

PMID- 1816779
TI  - Ethical considerations in HIV testing of healthcare workers and restrictions on
      seropositive healthcare workers.

PMID- 1816780
TI  - Infection precautions reduce physician exposure and risk.

PMID- 1816781
TI  - HIV-1 seroprevalence rates in new prisoners higher in women than men.

PMID- 1816782
TI  - Current status of silicone breast implants.
AB  - The current status of the silicone breast implants which have recently come under
      scrutiny by the FDA and received much unfavorable media coverage is reviewed. The
      gel-filled breast implants which in 1976 were "grandfathered" by the FDA have now
      been required to provide scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness by July
      9, 1991. The possible risks of silicone breast implants include capsular
      contracture, interference with early tumor detection by routine mammography,
      development of sarcomas in laboratory animals (no human cases are reported),
      silicone gel leakage and connective tissue disease. In the less frequently used
      polyurethane covered implants, the degradation of the polyurethane to
      diaminotoluene (TDA) has caused liver cancer in laboratory animals, yet at
      present, this type of implant has been voluntarily removed from the market by the
      manufacturer. After reviewing the available evidence, the American Society of
      Plastic Surgery still considers silicone breast implants reliable and safe.

PMID- 1816783
TI  - Differences in patient mix: a partial explantation for the excessive Medicare
      mortality observed in some Puerto Rican hospitals.
AB  - Data from a census in a Puerto Rican community were used to retrospectively
      compare patients admitted to government hospitals in terms of demographic
      variables, mental status and functional status in the community prior to
      admission. A total of 268 patients admitted to a hospital at least once during
      the study period were identified. Patients admitted to government hospitals were
      poorer, less educated, less functional and had a higher level of mental
      impairment. However, in comparison to private hospitals, stratified analysis
      showed consistently higher in-hospital mortality rates among patients admitted to
      government hospitals when other variables were taken into account.

PMID- 1816784
TI  - Chylous cysts of the mediastinum: report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - Life-threatening spontaneous chylothorax is a rare clinical entity. Correct
      diagnosis and understanding of its pathogenesis is paramount in order to apply
      definite surgical treatment. A case of a ruptured multilocular chylocyst around
      the thoracic duct and cysterna chyli is presented. Multiple bilateral
      aspirations, right thoracostomy, right thoracotomy, a frustrated attempt to
      ligate the thoracic duct, and an attempt to insert a pleuroperitoneal shunt, were
      all unsuccessful. Definite surgery accomplished rehabilitation of the patient
      after a 5 1/2 month hospitalization. Revision of the literature and vindicative
      historical facts are presented.

PMID- 1816785
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in Puerto Ricans.

PMID- 1816786
TI  - Benign cystic lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland an unusual
      presentation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - This article presents a case of a young, otherwise asymptomatic male patient with
      a parotid gland enlargement. The initial clinical history did not reveal any risk
      factors related with HIV infection. A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the lesion
      showed a benign cystic lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland. This once
      unusual lesion of the salivary gland has been recently associated with infection
      by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is presently encountered with
      increased frequency in the clinical practice. The knowledge of the association
      between these two entities led, in this case, to the diagnosis of HIV infection
      in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. Early detection of HIV infection is of
      vital importance since it has been demonstrated that prompt treatment of these
      patients with AZT slows down the progression of the disease.

PMID- 1816787
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in Puerto Rican patients at the Texas Heart Institute.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from
      end-stage cardiac disease unamenable to conventional medical or surgical
      treatment. More than 390 patients have undergone heart transplantation at the
      Texas Heart Institute in Houston, and nine were Puerto Rican. Overall survival of
      these patients is 88%. Our experience with patients from Puerto Rico is
      described.

PMID- 1816788
TI  - [Pediatrics and sports medicine].

PMID- 1816789
TI  - Carbohydrate for athletic training and performance.
AB  - Although fats and protein contribute to energy demands of exercise, carbohydrate,
      principally glycogen, is the preferred fuel for muscular activity. Because of its
      limited storage, depletion of muscle glycogen has been shown to be one factor
      responsible for fatigue and exhaustion during prolonged exercise. Thus, dietary
      carbohydrate plays a key role in exercise performance and training. When the
      athlete's diet is low in carbohydrate, little glycogen is resynthesized between
      training sessions, leaving the individuals with low muscle glycogen and a state
      of chronic fatigue. The most sensitive period for glycogen resynthesis is within
      the first few hours after exercise. Optimal recovery from an exhaustive exercise
      bout depends on a reasonably rich carbohydrate diet soon after the exercise. Such
      feedings serve to replenish carbohydrate stores in both liver and muscles.
      Exertional hypoglycemia can occur when liver glucose output falls below the rate
      of muscle glucose uptake. Though this seldom occurs in well-fed and highly
      trained individuals, sugar feedings during long-term exercise has been shown to
      enhance performance. Thus, the important role of dietary carbohydrate before,
      during and after endurance activities is well established, whereas our
      understanding of the nutritional needs for protein and fat remain unclear.

PMID- 1816790
TI  - Genetic influences on body composition and regional fat distribution.
AB  - It is clear that some people are more at risk of becoming overweight or Type I,
      II, III or IV obese because of the fact that they store ore mobilize fat more
      readily than others under identical energy intake, dietary composition and level
      of physical activity conditions. Much work is needed to elucidate the relative
      importance of genetic versus nongenetic determinants of overweight and obesity.

PMID- 1816791
TI  - [Anatomoclinical aspects of organic vocal cord lesions of functional origin].
AB  - We have made a retrospective study about 100 cases of vocal cords nodules and
      polypoid degeneration, then we study the anatomo-clinic aspects for this
      pathology that has been consider of functional cause. We also have made a review
      of literature.

PMID- 1816792
TI  - [Laryngeal cancer in females. Considerations on a juvenile case].
AB  - The authors commented a case of carcinoma of the larynx in a young non-smoking
      woman with antecedents of repetitive endolaryngeal traumatisms. The familial and
      genetic factors were also considered.

PMID- 1816793
TI  - [Prognostic value of the grade of malignancy in epidermoid carcinoma of the
      larynx].
AB  - At the moment the use of quantitative techniques in anatomopathology are becoming
      more and more frequent. In this study, with the mathematical transformation of
      morphometric data obtained from cell populations of epidermoid carcinoma of the
      larynx, the authors arrive at the "grade of malignancy" for every patient which
      has in itself prognostic value without taking into account the other
      anatomopathologic or clinical parameters.

PMID- 1816794
TI  - [Congenital choanal atresia: transpalatal approach].
AB  - From 1975-1990, we have diagnosed and treated 17 cases of choanal atresia. The
      clinical findings, diagnosis and surgical management by transpalatal means, are
      reviewed.

PMID- 1816795
TI  - [Mucous melanoma of the nasal fossa. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - The mucous melanoma is a rare affection with has a very poor prognosis by its
      difficult diagnosis and unsatisfactory treatment. We have three patients with
      mucous melanoma nasal, which has been studied (clinic evolution, diagnosis and
      treatment) in our Hospital.

PMID- 1816796
TI  - [Naso-sinusal aspergillosis. Review of the literature and description of 2
      cases].
AB  - The number of cases of NSA is increasing owing to a better knowledge of the
      disease and the high number of patients with impaired immunologic defense
      mechanism. Two cases are presented. A valoration of the different diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedures and also the different etiologic and clinical
      possibilities is done.

PMID- 1816797
TI  - [Combined endoscopic and microscopic technique for naso-sinusal surgery].
AB  - As an alternative method to endoscopic endonasal surgery of the paranasal sinuses
      the authors present their technique based on the use of a microscope with the
      help of a 25 degrees-30 degrees rigid endoscope to visualize anatomic sites which
      cannot be reached by microscope. This technique is called "Combined endonasal
      microsurgery" (CENM). Aspects of the anesthesia and the surgical procedure are
      discussed. With the combined technique described the goals of the endoscopic
      endonasal surgery may be achieved as well, being especially interesting for cases
      with large naso-sinusal polyposis.

PMID- 1816798
TI  - [Sinusal teratocarcinosarcoma].
AB  - We present a case of a very rare naso-sinusal malignant, teratoid neoplasia,
      recently called "terato-carcinosarcoma". The tumor appeared in right sinuses of a
      18 year old male with nasal obstruction, headache and unilateral proptosis. In
      spite of surgery and radiotherapy, the patient showed, 4 months later, local
      massive relapse. Treatment was considered to not be possible. We review the
      literature about this topic, and we only find 26 published cases; the presented
      case would be the first published one in our country.

PMID- 1816799
TI  - [Effect of the ototoxicity of gentamycin on the vestibulo-ocular reflexes in the
      cat].
AB  - In this paper we show the effect of gentamicin upon the VOR and ViVOR gain and
      phase in pendular and impulse rotatory tests. We show the early effect of
      gentamicin upon the gain in low frequency tests, and the small effect upon the
      phase of the response.

PMID- 1816800
TI  - [Circadian development of synaptic ribbons in the hair cells of the internal ear.
      Morphometric and statistical analysis].
AB  - We have realized a morphometric and statistic study about "synaptic ribbons" in
      the hair cells of the Corti organ. These structures are pinealocyte features with
      remarkable and demonstrated circadian circle and also the main parameter to
      measure the pineal function. Therefore we tried to clarify if the hair cells are
      or not resembling to other cellular types with the functional circadian circles,
      as well as if they present it or not in their basic function , as they are also
      included in the "endocrine diffuse system" and "the paraneuron" concepts.

PMID- 1816801
TI  - [Electrocochleography and topographic diagnosis].
AB  - We present a group of 50 patients with retrocochlear pathology, divided on 41 (82
      per 100) non tumoral and 9 (18 per 100) tumoral: 8 cerebello-pontine angle
      meningiomas and 1 intracranial cholesteatoma. The retrocochlear diagnosis of the
      pathology is assessed by the results of the audiovestibular explorations,
      specially the electrophysiology (early auditory evoked response,
      electrocochleography). The neuroradiologic explorations (TAC, MNR) define the
      tumoral or non tumoral nature of the pathology. We review some technical aspects
      of the common electrocochleographic practice, as actually is realised by the
      Bordeaux group; also, the different parameters of a retrocochlear pathologic
      response. In this group, the electrocochleography was necessary on 64 per 100 of
      the cases to obtain an electrophysiologic retrocochlear diagnostic.

PMID- 1816802
TI  - [Surgical approach to the middle ear of the guinea pig].
AB  - A total of 40 guinea pigs have been used: in 5 a general anatomical dissection of
      the temporal bone was utilized; in another 5 guinea pigs a submandibular approach
      was performed; and in the remaining 30 a superior approach was employed. The
      submandibular approach begins with an incision of 30 mm inside of and parallel to
      the inferior border of the mandible , identifying the masseter muscle, the
      salivary gland, the thymus and posterior belly of the digastric muscle and,
      finally, the tympanic bulla. In the superior approach a horizontal supra
      auricular incision of 15 mm is used which, after dissecting the temporal muscle,
      permits the access to the external wall of the epitympanum.

PMID- 1816803
TI  - [Morphological evaluation of the organ of Corti in the guinea pig subjected to
      acoustic trauma. I. Surface preparation study].
AB  - Adult guinea pigs (250-500 g) were exposed to a chronic wide-band noise, at
      intensities ranging from 117 and 133 dB(A) at different times. The objective of
      this first part of the study is, after the lesions are established, to classify
      and put into order the structural damage produced by noise, using surface
      preparations observed with the light microscope and specimens prepared for
      scanning electron microscopy, from the organ of Corti.

PMID- 1816804
TI  - Biotransformation of 2-fluoroaniline in rats studied by in vivo 19F NMR.
AB  - The present study describes results from an in vivo 19F NMR study on rats exposed
      to the xenobiotic compound 2-fluoroaniline. Qualitative pharmacokinetics and the
      biotransformation of 2-fluoroaniline were studied after exposure to 50 mg/kg body
      wt 2-fluoroaniline. Accumulation and elimination of the parent compound in and
      from the liver of exposed animals were readily observed. Metabolites formed in
      the liver were shown to be efficiently excreted from the liver, as the amount of
      metabolites in this organ was always less than 10% of the maximum amount of the
      parent compound observed. In the bladder, rapid accumulation of 2-fluoroaniline
      derived metabolites was detected. The metabolite pattern was shown to change in
      time, with the parent compound being dominantly present during the first hours of
      exposure. N-acetylated products (4-acetamido-3-fluorophenyl sulphate and 4
      acetamido-3-fluorophenyl glucuronide) were observed to accumulate more slowly in
      the bladder than the non-acetylated products (4-amino-3-fluorophenyl sulphate and
      4-amino-3-fluorophenyl glucuronide). Urine metabolite patterns obtained from the
      bladder in vivo were compared to those obtained during metabolic cage
      experiments.

PMID- 1816805
TI  - Metabolite images of the human arm: changes in spatial and temporal distribution
      of high energy phosphates during exercise.
AB  - Localized variations in metabolites in resting and exercising skeletal muscle
      have been studied using Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) techniques to obtain 2-D
      arrays of 31P NMR spectra from a slice through the human forearm. The excitation
      profile of the coil resulted in a slice thickness of ca 80 mm and the planar
      resolution of the CSI data corresponded to either 7, 10 or 14 mm. The metabolite
      information was represented both as 2-D arrays of spectra and by constructing
      images of the spatial distribution of different metabolites. Correlation with the
      anatomy was clearly visualized by overlaying the metabolite images on the
      appropriate region of the corresponding proton images. At rest, significant
      variations in the intensity of Pi, phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP were observed in
      different regions of the arm. Our planar spatial and temporal (1-9 min)
      resolution was also sufficient to follow changes in Pi, PCr and pH in response to
      exercise. These changes were restricted to the exercising muscle and demonstrated
      heterogeneity both in the kinetics and magnitude of response between different
      muscles.

PMID- 1816807
TI  - Effect of pentoxiphylline on the recovery of the preserved rat liver: 31P NMR and
      ultrastructural studies.
AB  - Hepatic failure often occurs following transplantation. This is primarily due to
      cold ischemia during preservation, warm ischemia during implantation, and finally
      reperfusion damage after transplantation and reflow. The possibility that this
      ischemia and reperfusion-induced damage can be reduced by preischemic application
      of a xanthine derivative (pentoxiphylline) was examined using 31P NMR
      spectroscopy and electron microscopy (EM) studies of bioenergetic and
      ultrastructural changes in oxygenated erythrocyte-perfused rat livers. EM
      illustrated that the hepatocytes and the mitochondria appeared to be relatively
      unaffected by cold preservation of the liver, whereas the endothelial cells
      lining the sinusoids became disrupted. After reperfusion, NMR spectroscopy showed
      a partial recovery of ATP levels, and EM indicated progressive mitochondrial
      injury. This progressive injury to the liver was probably due to endothelial cell
      damage which resulted in microcirculatory malfunction and free radical formation
      during reperfusion. Pentoxiphylline pretreated livers showed better preservation
      of the cell morphology and exhibited better ATP recovery than untreated livers.
      Pentoxiphylline is known to prevent the loss of precursors of ATP resynthesis by
      inhibiting AMP dephosphorylation during ischemia and improves the
      microcirculation via vasodilatory properties following ischemia. Thus, it is
      concluded that pentoxiphylline may ameliorate ischemia-induced cell damage during
      transplantation.

PMID- 1816806
TI  - Is cellular integrity responsible for the partial NMR invisibility of ATP in
      isolated ischemic rat liver?
AB  - The observability of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) by 31P NMR spectroscopy was
      studied in the isolated rat liver during hypothermic perfusion and a subsequent 4
      h cold ischemia. The influence of hypothermia (4 degrees C) was examined because
      of its delaying effects on cell injury induced by the ischemic conditions. The
      viability of the liver after hypothermic ischemia was assessed by measuring the
      recovery of the beta-NTP resonance after reperfusion. In 4-h cold ischemic liver,
      recovery was found to be in the range of 90-100% and consequently NTP visibility
      was studied under these conditions. Because the individual purine (or pyrimidine)
      NTPs are not distinguishable in the liver on the basis of their 31P NMR chemical
      shifts, the contributions of UTP and GTP were investigated by HPLC. The changes
      in liver NTP content measured either by NMR on isolated liver or by HPLC after
      perchloric acid extraction from the same organ are not significantly different.
      The total NTP level in normothermic perfused liver is 7.6 +/- 0.2 mumol NTP/g
      liver dry wt as determined by NMR. In such a liver, ATP + GTP + UTP and ATP
      contents measured by HPLC are, respectively, 7.9 +/- 1.0 and 6.3 +/- 0.9 mumol/g
      liver dry wt. This indicates that all NTP is detected by NMR and that a 20%
      contribution of the signal occurs from UTP + GTP. Under 4-h cold ischemic
      conditions, NTP visibility remains unchanged, furthermore the UTP + GTP
      contribution reaches 32% of the whole NTP content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1816808
TI  - [Mathematical investigations of the functional tooth axis].
AB  - The functional tooth axis is--contrary of the anatomical tooth axis--defined as
      follows: The effect of force in its direction causes a maximum of desmodontal
      fibres being stressed on drawing. After measure of an upper caninus, an upper and
      a lower molar mathematical models of the teeth and the desmodont of force are
      calculated with a computer simulation. A variety of functional tooth axes which
      are not identical with the anatomical ones, result for each tooth. The possible
      functional axes yield a variety which signifies the biological tolerance. This
      tolerance causes that many individual forms of occlusion don't have any
      pathological effect on the desmodont.

PMID- 1816809
TI  - [Investigations on the incorporation of telescopic crown-partial dentures in
      comparison with bridgework and total dentures].
AB  - Incorporation of prosthodontics are expected to depend not only on technical
      perfection. Therefore a hypothesis was built up that incorporation occurs
      different in patients and depends on psychological factors. In order to prove
      that, seven determinants were evaluated and inquired in 80 patients, parted in
      three groups after having treated by Konuscrown partial dentures in an average of
      wearing for seven years. All events could be observed as being in an average
      range lesser than 8 till 10%. Whilst total nonaccustomes can be expected in the
      amount of 3.8%. On behalf incorporations, Konuscrowns shows results as similar as
      bridgework.

PMID- 1816810
TI  - [The influence of dentin conditioning on permeability of dentin].
AB  - In this study the influence of four different pretreatments showed significant
      differences on the permeability of cut dentin. On the average the application of
      25% polyacrylic acid increased the permeability by approximately 10 percent, the
      application of 34% polyacrylic acid by 30 percent. The treatment with 0.1%
      chlorhexidin-digluconate produced no change of permeability. Calciumhydroxide
      suspension reduced the permeability by 15 percent and diminished the increase
      caused by phosphoric acid significantly.

PMID- 1816811
TI  - [Results after insertion of apical titanium cones in apicoectomy].
AB  - In a post-treatment study 50 apicoectomized teeth in 34 patients being treated
      with apical titanium cones between 1988 and 1990 were registered. After a mean
      postoperative observation period of 15.3 months, 42 teeth were still in situ and
      subjected to clinical and radiographical evaluations. Their mobility was measured
      by the periotest method. A resulting 84% success rate demonstrates the technique
      to be suitable to safeguard a prolonged lifetime of severe damaged teeth by use
      of conical pins which guarantee a perfect closing at neoapex.

PMID- 1816812
TI  - [Long time results of the Sandwich-technique for mandibular alveolar ridge
      augmentation].
AB  - During six years twenty-five patients have been operated upon using a "sandwich
      technique" for mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation. This technique was
      advocated by Schettler in 1974. In 3 cases, autologous rib cartilage was used, in
      20 Cases an autologous transplant from the iliar crest and in two cases,
      autologous "cialit" conserved bone chips were inserted. All transplants healed
      without complications and less resorption was found in all transplants at the
      late follow-up examinations.

PMID- 1816813
TI  - [Efficiency of a 2% epinephrine-free Articain solution (Ultracain 2%) for dental
      local anesthesia].
AB  - In a prospective, randomized study it was researched whether epinephrine-free
      Articain 2%-solution is suitable for dental surgery. The estimated local
      anesthetic effect was subjective considering a dental operation an in comparison
      with the usual Articain 4% solution with an epinephrine addition of 1:200,000
      (Ultracain D-S). The local anesthetic effect of the 2% solution was clearly lower
      than that of the 4% solution. However, in many cases even the lower doses of the
      2% solution was sufficient for dental treatment including surgery. The higher
      efficiency of the 4% solution is more a result of a higher concentration than of
      anesthesia. In principle, the epinephrine-free 2% Articain solution is suitable
      for dental surgery, although, due to a shorter anesthetic duration and an unsure
      effect additional injections have to be given more often.

PMID- 1816814
TI  - [Structural arrangement of mandibular neuromuscular guided drive systems].
AB  - The free movements of mandibular, oral apertures can be related to the couples'
      movements of neuromuscular throttle cranks which reveal a common specific
      property: a double dead position of the mandible (couple). As the neuromuscular
      system uses the same cyclic path of a well-defined mandibular point for the
      opening and the closing process of a specific mandibular movement, the mandible
      can follow the same or two different trajectories although the positive drive
      works on. The different movements of oral aperture are related to the geometrical
      positions of the cranks at the fixed plane. Geometrical properties and measures
      of the gear systems of eleven class-I-patients are reported and discussed.

PMID- 1816815
TI  - [Benign cementoblastoma--trigger of the painful myoarthropathic syndrome.
      Overview and case report].
AB  - With a clinical case report of a benign cementoblastoma of a 32 year old female
      patient which led on the one hand to a resorption of the distal root of the tooth
      46 and on the other to a painful myoarthropatic syndrome, the clinical,
      histological and radiological aspects of the 51 in the literature described cases
      are discussed under the point of differential-diagnoses.

PMID- 1816816
TI  - [Examinations of the temporal and spatial course of the reciprocal TMJ click].
AB  - A new computerized system for jaw movement registration allows a finer diagnosis
      of TMJ clicks. We recorded jaw movements in patients where we detected reciprocal
      clicks during clinical examination. We found two different types of derangements:
      an anterior displacement of the disk (as described by Farrar and a posterior
      displacement of the disk (similar to description of Klett).

PMID- 1816817
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint examination under general anesthesia--a case report].
AB  - Surgical interventions involving the temporomandibular joint are subject to
      strict indications. It further requires the exhaustion of all conservative
      treatment possibilities before operative procedures are considered. This case
      report involves a patient with an impressive TMJ dysfunction. After a series of
      frustrating attempts at functional treatment, surgical intervention was finally
      decided. Under general anesthesia however, the patient examination showed not
      even the least pathologic change in the passive joint function. Besides
      considering the discrete signs of possible psychiatric-psychosomatic causalities
      for such alterations, it seems to us that a temporomandibular joint examination
      under general anesthesia in such suspected cases has a diagnostic and therapeutic
      significance.

PMID- 1816818
TI  - [Examination of shear strength of repaired composite specimen].
AB  - The test of the shearstrength of two composite-inlay-materials and two posterior
      composites exhibited a statistically significant less bond-strength of repaired
      specimen compaired with unrepaired control-groups, whereas each material showed
      different results. The indirect-inlay-system proved to have the lowest
      bondstrength after repairing. The combination of the two posterior composites as
      well as the two inlay-systems with each other showed that none of these materials
      was convincing as a repairing material.

PMID- 1816819
TI  - [Experimental comparative study on investment materials for casting high-melting
      dental alloys].
AB  - The physical properties of 12 investment materials produced in middle- and east
      european countries were tested with methods as usual in experimental practice. At
      that the following properties were evaluated: grain-size distribution by screen
      analysis, setting behavior by penetration, setting and thermal expansion, primary
      and secondary hardness and porosity by water-absorption. On the basis of the
      results the tested materials are valuated.

PMID- 1816820
TI  - [Infrared casting temperature control of the induction centrifuge casting
      exemplary in the non-precious dental alloy Wiron 88].
AB  - A temperature-dependent, IR-controlled casting technology for the non-precious
      dental alloy Wiron 88 (Bego) is presented and compared with a traditional
      procedure. The new casting allows the production of cast objects with favourable
      and reproducible material properties. Compared with the commonly used technology
      hardness, grain size and susceptibility to corrosion could be reduced. Texture
      after casting was found to be homogeneous. The procedure presented meets the
      requirements for a modern casting technology and be adapted to older automatic
      casating devices.

PMID- 1816821
TI  - [In vitro culture of pulp cells].
AB  - The purpose of our study was the culture of cellular elements of the pulp.
      Migration and proliferation of fibroblast-like cells can be observed during the
      in vitro culture of pulpal tissue. However, no mitotic acticity of the
      odontoblasts could be induced by nutritive variations of the culture medium. The
      proliferation of the fibroblastlike cells varied during the primary culture and
      the first subculture. By contrast, during the second subculture there is a
      homogeneous process of growth. The growth rate of the second subcultures is
      therefore suitable for a biological evaluation of dental materials.

PMID- 1816822
TI  - [Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - Ultrasonography is a relatively new diagnostic aid in maxillofacial surgery. It
      can be used in maxillofacial surgery in three modifications: Doppler sonography,
      A-scan sonography, B-scan sonography. As clinicians we wanted to determine what
      contribution ultrasound examination has made to the diagnosis of superficial
      maxillofacial masses, when compared with clinical examination, intraoperative
      findings and with other methods of investigations. Since 1985 B-scan sonography
      has been performed in the examination of congenital, inflammatory and neoplastic
      masses of the head and neck on more than 1500 patients. The ultrasound
      examination was performed in the Department of Radiology by radiologists. The
      value of the ultrasound findings varied depending on the soft tissue lesions
      which were examined and the experience of the radiologists who performed the
      examination. The advantages of the diagnostic ultrasound are in being
      noninvasive, without any known deleterious biological effect, rapid, painless,
      inexpensive and easily reproducible. Ultrasonography is a procedure which
      nowadays is routinely performed in our department for the preoperative evaluation
      of our cancer patients and postoperative follow-up as well as for the patients
      with inflammations, diseases of the salivary glands and soft tissue swellings.

PMID- 1816823
TI  - [Results of cephalometric-anthropometric measurements of the nasal profile of
      patients with ClassII/1 anomalies].
AB  - Appropriating to a study of literature about norm values for the judgement of
      nasal profils we investigated with the help of a metric analysis by 100 patients
      with Angle-Class II/1-anomalies mean values of the lengths of the darsum and the
      base of the nose, the distance Glabella-Pogonion, the naso-labial angle, the naso
      frontal angle, and the naso-mental angle. Norm values and existing values of
      girls and boys with Class II/1-anomalies were compared and allowed conclusions to
      the development of the nasal profile.

PMID- 1816824
TI  - [The pattern of prevalence of localized periodontal recessions].
AB  - It is reported the kind of prevalence of localized periodontal recessions (lpr)
      in cases of 121 subjects aged from 20 up to 34 years. Most frequently the facial
      sites of the teeth 44, 23, 34, 13, 14, 24 and 43 are involved. We could not
      detected an increase of frequency of lpR with the increase of age. Right-handed
      persons generally show more and deeper lpr in both jaw-sites compared with left
      hander. Also right-hander show a smaller plaque accumulation. This result gives
      us support for our recommendation for a special gentle method of tooth cleaning
      for subjects suffering from lpr.

PMID- 1816825
TI  - [Interleukin 1 (IL 1) in gingival fluid from patients with plaque induced
      gingivitis].
AB  - The level of interleukin 1 in gingival fluid is determined in 17 volunteers with
      healthy gingiva and in 58 patients with gingivitis of different severity.
      Continously increased levels of local IL 1 are found in connection with increased
      plaque accumulation in the dentogingival sites and with exacerbating gingival
      inflammation. The relevance of IL 1 in gingival fluid as a sensitive indicator of
      plaque-associated gingivitis is discussed.

PMID- 1816826
TI  - [Caries prevalence, caries experience, caries increment and caries risk in
      apprentices of 16-18 years].
AB  - Yearly cross-sectional studies from 1985 to 1990 of 16-18 years old apprentices
      indicate a constant high caries prevalence of about 10 DMF/T. The yearly caries
      increment is also high like it is documented by longitudinal investigations of
      152 apprentices, and it depends from the caries experience in the past. Only 9
      17% of the youngsters had a yearly caries increment of greater than or equal to 3
      D/T. Individual caries risk requires individual preventive dental services.

PMID- 1816827
TI  - [Collective measures of oral hygiene effects on dental health in elder school
      children].
AB  - A collective measures of oral hygiene have been carried out at monthly, quarterly
      and half-yearly intervals on 442 pupils at the 6th to 8th classes, integrated in
      rhythm of the school-year. These investigations demonstrate the general
      possibilities of collective preventive measures also in this group of age. By
      means of a well organized system of care progress will be obtained in the sense
      of oral health. However twicely instructed measures of oral hygiene for each
      school year are not sufficient, if started at first in the superior classes.

PMID- 1816828
TI  - [Different indications for lower incisor extraction].
AB  - A general survey of literature between 1955 and 1989 is given about the different
      indications for incisor extraction in the lower jaw. The dominating indications
      from the orthodontist's point of view with varying ways of treatment are
      mentioned as well as trauma and missing incisors. A review of 10 treatment cases
      presents our indications which are discussed.

PMID- 1816829
TI  - [Will fluoridation of the drinking water influence the extent of treatment in
      orthodontic extraction therapy?].
AB  - Whether fluoridation of drinking water would have an influence on orthodontic
      extraction therapy and especially on selection of extraction objects was
      inquired. Treatment results of 256 patients of a town with fluoridation of
      drinking water (Chemnitz) who had extraction of teeth under their orthodontic
      treatment, were interpreted and compared with these of a district without
      fluoridation of drinking water (Berlin). Evident differences concerning
      extraction frequency of the various species of teeth were noticed.

PMID- 1816830
TI  - [The bite-jumping-appliance].
AB  - By the development of the bite-jumping-appliance (BJA) the wearing comfort for
      the patient was significantly improved and also the handling through the doctor
      was multiple facilitated. 1. While treating with the BJA the forward advancement
      of the mandible can be done simultaneously with the harmonizing of the maxillary
      and mandibular dental arches. 2. The wearing comfort during the day time, as well
      as the speech with the BJA in the patients mouth is possible without any problems
      due to the fact, that the BJA consist of two separate appliances. 3. The
      functioning of the BJA can be improved while using extraoral forces. Also the
      wearing of the BJA without extraoral forces leads to a headgear effect onto the
      maxilla. 4. Also uncontrolled muscle activities during the night leads, if the
      muscle activity is great enough, to a total biting together. 5. To avoid the
      contact between protrusive sticks and inclined plane in the lower appliance, the
      patient will bring unconsciously the mandible, while speaking during day time, in
      a more anterior position. This training effect leads to an accelerated forward
      advancement of the mandible as well as to an accelerated harmonizing of the
      muscular chewing pattern in the anterior position. 6. A harmonized muscular
      chewing pattern in the sagittal plane as well as in the frontal plane can be
      achieved in nearly all patients after finishing the BJA-therapy. These results
      couldn't be achieved with other bimaxillary appliances [28].

PMID- 1816831
TI  - [The use of the measurement for the electrical resistance in order to standardize
      experimental cavities].
AB  - For histological examination of the pulp responses to dental materials vital
      teeth are needed with an expected thickness of the cavity floor between 0.2 and
      1.0 mm (DIN 13,930). In order to control the thickness of the cavity floor we
      used a method based on the measurement of the electrical resistance of the
      dentine layer, as previously described. The obtained results by evaluation the
      thickness of the floor of class V cavities, using the domestic pig as a model,
      indicate the accuracy of our method. Further, it was possible to identify
      locations of the cavity floor characterized by minimal dentinal tubules
      thickness.

PMID- 1816832
TI  - [Cell and cell organelle changes after the effect of calcium hydroxide].
AB  - The changes of cells cultured in vitro after Calxyd effect which basical
      component is calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) are described. The ingredient evoked
      cytoplasmic membrane changes, forming of pathological pseudopodies, the changes
      of nuclei and nucleoli. Fast start and development of pathological cell changes
      leading to their death in a short time and forming of sharply separated line
      between the damaged intact cells are characteristics for the effect of calcium
      hydroxide.

PMID- 1816833
TI  - [Caries prevalence, periodontal status, traumatised anterior teeth and sealant in
      11-14-year olds in Styria].
AB  - The average caries prevalence for first year pupils in secondary schools
      (Hauptschulen and Gymnasien) was 3.2 DMFT and 5.8 DMFS. The corresponding values
      for fourth year pupils were 6.4 DMFT and 12.4 DMFS. The proportion of children
      with at least one extracted first molar was 9.2%. Significant differences were
      observed between the two schooltypes. The periodontal assessment showed pocket
      depth greater than 3 mm in at least one molar in 42% of the fourth year children.
      Only 3-4% of those examined had sealed fissures. Carles prevalence in Styrian
      children is considerably higher than reported for other countries. It therefore
      appears necessary to intensify dental health in this age group.

PMID- 1816834
TI  - [The epidemiology of wedge shaped defects].
AB  - 23% of a nonselected group of patients showed wedge shaped defects (9-10 of them
      per person). The number of teeth with these cervical erosions increases with age.
      Small accumulation of plaque was found. 65% of the patients with wedge shaped
      defects had parafunctions and 70% had a chronic pain. A complex of causes
      underlies the wedge shaped defects. A causal relation appears to exist between
      wedge shaped defects, occlusal disharmony, parafunctions and strong psychological
      tension of patients.

PMID- 1816835
TI  - [Contribution to clinical findings of the so-called chronic granulating
      periodontitis Partsch].
AB  - Even today you will find again and again extraoral pyorrhea from fistulas, caused
      by dentogenous infections. From a traditional feeling the above mentioned disease
      name is very often used. It is necessary to point out that this is a granulating
      periodontitis, which finds its "way out" into check or chin. The localization
      frequency in our patients is shown in some cases. Also the therapy is discussed.

PMID- 1816836
TI  - [The clinical periodontal condition in patients with pain dysfunction syndrome].
AB  - 50 patients suffering from tempero-mandibular dysfunction syndrome (TMS), 25
      patients suffering from localized periodontal recessions, and 25 clinical healthy
      subjects were used for a clinical investigation. The oral hygiene index
      (Greene/Vermillion), the pocket depth, the size of periodontal recessions, the
      frequency of McCall-garlands, the frequency of Stillman-clefts, the frequency of
      wedge-shaped defects, the amount of occlusal wearing, and the clinical and
      anamnestic dysfunctions-index (Helkimo) were compared between the three different
      groups. No connection between the frequency and the size of any periodontal
      symptoms and the signs of TMS-dysfunctions could be found.

PMID- 1816837
TI  - [Radiological findings in therapy planning and follow-up control of fibrous
      dysplasia].
AB  - 25 patients with fibrous dysplasia have been treated surgically between 1980 and
      1989. For monostotic manifestations which occurred mostly in the lower jaw, as
      well as for the follow up control, the conventional x-ray examination beneath
      anamnestic data was sufficient. Polyostotic extracranial lesions have mainly been
      diagnosed by scintigraphy. For exact statements about the extend and the
      involvement of functionally important structures, specially in the orbital and
      skull base region, CT proved to be the most effective diagnostic method by
      showing simultaneously bony and soft tissue structures. To our knowledge not yet
      described in the literature, we diagnosed a manifestation of several cervical
      vertebrae in one case.

PMID- 1816838
TI  - [About the correlation between bruxism and chronic headache].
AB  - During a clinical investigation including 281 patients we analysed the
      association between bruxism and chronical benign headache. A correlations having
      practical relevance could be shown, especially for patients with headache similar
      in type to the classical tension headache.

PMID- 1816839
TI  - [Toward uniformity of the licensure requirements for dentists after the
      unification contact of 1990].

PMID- 1816840
TI  - [Failure of dental implants following psychosomatic disturbances in the
      stomatognathic system--a clinical-catamnestic study].
AB  - Nowadays dental implantations are highly successful if individual indications are
      taken into consideration. From our experiences with patients from the Research
      Institute for Psychopathology and Psychosomatics, we would like to point out a
      contraindication for the treatment of dental implants, which until now has been
      hardly considered. A special case report shows that psychosomatic problems and
      pains in the maxillofacial region can be the cause of failure of dental implants.

PMID- 1816841
TI  - [Quantitative profilometric surface analyses to verify the accuracy of
      reproduction of elastic impression material].
AB  - The optical fine scanner RM 600 Laser Stylus (Rodenstock) allows in combination
      with the perthometer S 8P (mechanical scanner, Feinpruf/Perthen) a direct
      quantitative analysis of elastic impression materials. We verified with this
      apparatus the accuracy of surface reproduction of thirty-three various impression
      materials. The mean roughness values (Rz) of the originals and the reproductions
      showed no significant differences. This result suggests that all materials used
      have a high surface reproduction and they can be used unrestrictly.

PMID- 1816842
TI  - [Nickel solubility of dental alloys in the immersions-test and in the mouth].
AB  - The nickel solubility of 7 different nickel-alloys was tested in vivo and in
      vitro. The results revealed that the solubility of the alloys, after encasing
      them in lactic-acid solution of pH 4.2 for a period of seven days, allows to find
      out those alloys, which will also clinically dissolve small amounts of ions only.
      The Ni59-65Cr26-23Mo11-9 mass per cent alloys dissolved the smallest quantities
      of nickel in the in vitro and the in vivo tests and are therefore recommended for
      clinical use instead of the type Ni74-85Cr15-13Mo5-3 alloys.

PMID- 1816843
TI  - [Control cycles of mandibular movements as a "slow-reflex" model].
AB  - The neuromuscular gearing of mandibular movements is of complex nature. In this
      Context of a feedback system peripherical afferent stimuli represent the input,
      where as the efferent motoric stimuli the output. The pyramidal, extrapyramidal
      system and the influence of the cerebellum is discussed. The mandibular movement
      follows a slow reflex pattern.

PMID- 1816844
TI  - [Dysfunction in connection with functional disorders of the cervical spine].
AB  - In pain patients with functional disorder you can often find a disharmonie in the
      cervical spine. The results of the examination from 74 patients (47 female, 27
      male) shows that: 1. 86.5% of the patients told about neck pain. Those patients
      with hard neck pain, you can find five or more dolent masticatory muscles. 2. 50%
      of the patients have on block in the cervical spine, 36.5% have between two and
      four blocks. 3. In patients with low neck pain you can find less blocks, than in
      patients with hard neck pain. If there is a block the part of the patients with
      more than five dolent muscles is significantly higher. 4. 64 patients who have a
      block shows at the same time 56.8% a functional disorder. So everybody can see
      that it is really necessary to work together in the diagnosis, therapy and
      treatment in patients with functional disorders.

PMID- 1816845
TI  - [The effect of a chemotherapeutical amine containing toothpaste on plaque
      formation, gingivitis and caries in clinical and animal experiment].
AB  - "C31G" means and amine mixture, which shall be, a new "sure" substance of small
      toxicity and is used as an effective plaque and caries reducing
      chemotherapeutical substance in a tooth paste. In this study we report on: the
      caries reducing effect in the teeth cleaning experiment in Osborn-Mendel-rats (96
      animals, 6 Groups) with C-31G-containing tooth pastes in different concentrations
      and also in combinations with and without fluoride. the effect of an 1% C31G
      containing tooth paste on plaque formation (SLI + QHI) and gingivitis (SBI) in a
      clinical double blind cross over-study (section % patients, 2 groups, 2 pre
      experimental OH-Plases, teeth cleaning once per day). The study results don't
      show the expected plaque and caries reducind effect. The results of the in vivo
      and in vitro experiments call for a critical examination of the substances with
      attention of further parameters.

PMID- 1816846
TI  - [The influence of drug supported initial treatment on the content of interleukin
      1 in the gingival sulcus fluid in patients with plaque associated gingivitis].
AB  - In 32 patients with plaque associated gingivitis the effect of initial treatment
      for 2 respectively 4 weeks on the gingival index (GI) and the interleukin 1 (IL
      1) content in the gingival sulcus fluid (SSF) was investigated. After successful
      clinical treatment a decrease of the IL 1 level was found. The importance of the
      IL 1 content of the gingival sulcus fluid as a sensitive parameter for therapy
      control is discussed.

PMID- 1816847
TI  - [The relevance of the loss of first permanent molar for the periodontium of
      neighbouring teeth].
AB  - There is a controversial discussion according to treatment of the early loss of
      first permanent molar. The aim of this investigation was to study the change of
      periodontal conditions of the teeth neighbouring the gap. We investigated 33
      patients with 55 gaps. The average time of first molar loss was 10.5 years. The
      position of neighbouring teeth was influenced by the early loss of the first
      molar. Oral hygiene and self cleaning of the periodontal tissues was of good
      quality in this region. The bleeding on probing was smaller in this region
      compared with control teeth. The pocket depth of the second molar was higher than
      that of the second premolar. The loss of alveolar bone detected by radiography
      was greater in the second molar compared with the second premolar and also in the
      distal periodontal site of the second molar and the mesial site of the second
      premolar controlled with sites neighbouring the gap.

PMID- 1816848
TI  - [Comparison of stomatological findings in geriatric population of both the homes
      for the aged and one-man households].
AB  - In 187 residents of houses for the aged and 80 old persons living in one-man
      households in Hradec Kralove, the authors proceeded by comparing the functional
      state of dentition, rate of pathological changes on the oral mucosa, level oral
      hygiene and regularity of stomatological care. Both groups showed no significant
      difference in numbers of male or female subjects, in age distribution nor in the
      educational level. Stomatological findings were more favorable in those living in
      their homes. This was probably caused by significantly higher numbers of self
      sufficient persons than in the group of population living in the homes for aged.

PMID- 1816849
TI  - [Comparison of oral health in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan district of
      Leipzig in 1979 and 1989 (ICS I replication study)].
AB  - In 1989 the Leipzig-ICS-I study from 1979 was replated according to the same
      methodology on randomized probands (N = 2693). A significant reduction of the
      dmft-value (27%) and DMF-value (50 resp. 27%) with clear increased f(F)-value was
      found at 8/9 and 13/14, years olds. At the same time there was a caries increment
      of 1.9 DMFT from 1979 to 16 DMFT in 1989 in the age group of 35-44 years. Again
      in this group was found a very low edentulousness (0.3%) and a very high number
      of natural teeth (25.9). During 10 years the prevalence of dentofacial anomalies
      decreased about 25.6% (13 to 14 years old) and in the adult group the prostetic
      treatment needs decreased by half. The results reveal an essential improved oral
      health status in consequence of intensive dental care. Unsatisfied is the
      periodontal status. 90% of subjects need oral hygiene measures.

PMID- 1816850
TI  - [The result of the needle point tracing in dependence of the clenching force and
      changed needle position in the transverse direction].
AB  - The effect of the positioning of the needle in the horizontal plane and the
      applied clenching force on the result of the needle point tracing was
      investigated. The results show a strong influence of the applied clenching force.
      The results on the variation of the needle position leaded to the conclusion,
      that in the progress of the needle point tracing the lower jaw is balanced over
      the central bearing point.

PMID- 1816851
TI  - [Posterior guidance of the mandible as a neuromuscular assigned dimeric joint
      chain].
AB  - Measurements of the mandible's movements which take its six degrees of freedom
      into account show that the conventional concept of a condylar hinge axis does not
      hold: on principle the structure of motion of the condylar hinge axis is not
      different from that of the incisal edge. The spaces of movement which are related
      to the condylar hinge axis and the incisal edge are factually enforced by a hinge
      axis of the neuromuscular system. This neuromuscular hinge axis cannot directly
      be related to anatomical structures although in the sagittal-vertical plane it
      reduces the number of the degrees of freedom from three to two.

PMID- 1816852
TI  - [Examination of coordination of masseter muscle activity].
AB  - The coordination of masseter muscle contraction is inseparably wrapped up in the
      occlusal elements. This study measured bilaterally the masseter muscle activity
      of 22 subjects without temporomandibular joint disease. The EMG recordings of the
      left and the right masseter muscles were repeated 20 times to test symmetry,
      reproducibility and appearance of silent periods. In 6 subjects the beginning of
      the muscle contraction showed laterality characteristics depending on handedness.
      The complex processes of recorded mandibular movements showed more biological
      variations than the recording patterns of occlusal indicator foils may disclose.
      That indicates the possibility of pseudocontact markings. The occluding surfaces
      therefore should allow free mandibular movements.

PMID- 1816853
TI  - [The primary reconstruction of soft palate by intraoral buccal transposition
      flap].
AB  - A method for the primary reconstruction of soft palate after radical tumor
      excision is described. By combination of a cranial pedicled pharynx flaps and a
      cranial pedicled intraoral buccal transposition flap is it possible to close the
      resulting defect in a double layer. In additional resection of the combination of
      the method with a M. masseter-transposition flap is possible. By the method it is
      possible to have a satisfactory reconstruction of swallowing and speech functions
      with only small operative troubles.

PMID- 1816854
TI  - [Histological study of the remains of periodontal membrane at the alveolar wall
      after tooth extraction].
AB  - Histological study of 40 alveolar wounds of altogether 5 dogs have given evidence
      to the fact that remains of the periodontal membrane could remain in the apical
      area of the alveoli in their whole width. In the middle part of the alveoli,
      remains of it are found in a thin layer. In the marginal area, bone can be found
      lying open with torn remnants, which are lying free in the coagulum. In these
      adhering rests of the periodontal membrane plenty of dynamic cells as well as
      dilated vessels can be observed. All these facts lead to the idea of considering
      the part that the remains of the periodontal membrane may possibly play in the
      beginning process of alveolar wound healing.

PMID- 1816855
TI  - [The role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of alveolitis after tooth
      extraction. Preliminary report].
AB  - We registered fibrinolytic activity of blood within fresh wounds after tooth
      extractions by means of measuring fibrinolysis in vitro. In cases which later
      developed alveolitis we found higher degrees of fibrinolysis. Women taking oral
      hormonal contraceptives showed fibrinolysis to a greater extent than other women
      or men. We found more fibrinolytic activity in cases with longer extraction
      times. Possible starting points for prevention of alveolitis are discussed.

PMID- 1816856
TI  - [Elastic open activator].

PMID- 1816857
TI  - [Efficiency of various dental dust-aspiration-equipment regarding the treatment
      of cobalt-chromium alloys].
AB  - The comparative measuring of the dust-seizure-efficiency of aspirators is being
      carried out by a practice-related treatment of 5 cylindrical-shaped specimen made
      of a commercial cobalt-chromium-alloy with aluminum-oxide-grinding instruments
      and silicone-rubber-polishers. A small-filter-apparatus takes up the person
      related samplings of the occurring total-dust-amount, which is then being
      calculated by a gravimetric standard-measuring-procedure. The cobalt-chromium
      dust-fraction in the total dust amount is determined through an x-ray
      fluorescence-analysis. Workplace dust-aspiration-equipment of the firms KaVo,
      Freuding and Wassermann have been subjected to testing. The values of the
      efficiency of all aspirators turned out to be below the American Threshold Limit
      Value TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average) of 0.5 mg/m3 for
      chromium. The strict TLV-TWA-value of 0.05 mg/m3 for cobalt it also--with the
      exception of the Freuding-aspirator A 84 with aspiration-tube--not exceeded.

PMID- 1816858
TI  - [The bonding properties of various silicone impression materials at standardized
      surfaces using adhesives].
AB  - Light body cured and putty cured silicone impression materials were tested for
      tensile strength on metallic surfaces. The effect of roughened surface was
      compared to the effect of tray adhesives. The bonding strength of light body
      cured materials appeared to be twice as high than that of putty cured materials.
      Roughening of the surface resulted in an improved adhesion, but the values of
      tray adhesives were not matched. The highest tensile forces were obtained using
      those tray adhesives recommended by the manufacturer.

PMID- 1816859
TI  - [Is titanium an alternative for base metal alloys?].
AB  - Because of the excellent biocompatibility titanium can be considered as an ideal
      material for prosthetic reconstructions. Especially for base metal alloys
      titanium is an alternative due to the low cost. Processing still causes problems.
      In this paper a vacuum pressure casting system and a combination of milling and
      spark erosion are described and investigated. Both techniques are suitable to
      manufacture prosthetic restorations with a high accuracy of fit. Problems in
      dental castings lie in the occurrence of a superficial reaction zone of about 40
      100 microns width. No final conclusions concerning the metal-ceramic compound can
      be drawn at the moment for lack of undisputable results in different mechanical
      bonding tests. Due to the remaining difficulties the future importance of
      titanium in prosthetic dentistry cannot be prognosticated.

PMID- 1816860
TI  - [The influence of different electrolytes on the electrochemical polarization
      behaviour of dental amalgams].
AB  - The measurements of electrochemical polarization of dental amalgams was studied
      in 5% sodium chloride aqueous solutions, in an artificial saliva and in natural
      saliva with different pH-values. The non-gamma-2-amalgams have been reported to
      have higher corrosion resistance in comparison to gamma-2-phase containing
      amalgams. The results show that the electrochemical corrosion behaviour is
      strongly differentiated using natural saliva.

PMID- 1816861
TI  - [Biocompatibility of a chromium-cobalt alloy studied in vitro].
AB  - The authors followed the effect of chromcobalt alloy on human cells cultured in
      vitro. They found out that corrosion increases the cytotoxicity of this alloy,
      meanwhile the perfectly laboratory elaboration, especially polishing of
      substitution decreases the cytotoxicity. We recommend for the complex
      cytotoxicity review, to test the metals and alloys also after laboratory
      elaboration, it means in the condition it is passed on to the patient.

PMID- 1816862
TI  - [The general even mandibular movements as couple movements in neuromuscular
      guided mechanism].
AB  - The manifold mandibular movements of oral aperture can be modelled by movements
      of couples in neuromuscular gear systems. These systems consist of the dimeric
      link chain of the neuromuscular hinge axis (rocking arm) and a neuromuscularly
      enforced cyclic trajectory of a well-defined point of the mandible. The
      neuromuscular hinge axis is the common constant of all gear systems whereas the
      position of the cyclic trajectory at the fixed plane (maxilla) is closely related
      to the specific path of the entire rigid body mandible. The presented theory is
      inferred by measurements of the mandible's movement that take all six degrees of
      freedom into account.

PMID- 1816863
TI  - [Maturation of enamel and tooth eruption].
AB  - The tertiary maturation of the erupting tooth needs much more time than it is
      supposed in literature. Possibly the completion is in accord with the decline of
      the caries activity at the end of the second decade of lifetime. With the aid of
      polarizing microscopy, electron microprobe, microhardness testing (Vickers) and
      scanning electron microscopy different stages of posteruptive maturation from
      human and other mammalian teeth were analysed. The mineralization level in the
      outer surface of human enamel is completing little by little in more than 5 years
      after eruption. This state is in the ruminant tooth obvious never within reach in
      consequence of the specific physiological conditions. The maturating
      mineralization after our preliminary findings is fundamentally different to
      remineralization.

PMID- 1816864
TI  - [The progression of dental caries and marginal periodontitis in young adults].
AB  - Young adults show increased progression of caries and shallow periodontal
      pockets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the epidemiological
      situation in a survey sample of young adult population and to derive a conclusion
      about periodontic and endodontic treatment care. For this purpose a longitudinal
      study was conducted for two years on 200 patients which underwent special
      examination. The frequency distribution according to the employed index systems
      DMF/T, GPM/T and CPITN has been evaluated by means of a computer dental analysis
      programme. The results revealed improvement of oral health conditions after oral
      hygiene instruction and control. Guiding principles for prevention, diagnosis and
      therapy are decided by the distribution of GPM- and DMF teeth. The early
      detection and treatment of caries beside the early diagnosis of periodontitis are
      of great importance whereby first and second molars show the highest progression
      rate of caries and periodontitis.

PMID- 1816865
TI  - [Pulpitis chronica clausa, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Resulting from clinical observation the relations between acute and chronical
      pulpitis and pulpitis chronica clausa, regressive metamorphoses and pulpal
      biomorphose are examined by histological findings and the literature. The
      etiological, nosological and pathohistological differentiation of this process is
      discussed. With the rising up of endodontological therapy needs into the middle
      and higher age the chronical inflammatorical and biomorphological events are more
      important. Proposals for diagnostics, differentiation and in the role wainting up
      instead of a early therapy are made.

PMID- 1816866
TI  - [Histochemical observations on enzyme activity of the dental pulp following the
      orthodontic therapy].
AB  - The authors studied distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases, non specific
      esterase and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase in the dental pulp of children treated
      by fix orthodontic appliances. All the enzymes studied exhibited positive
      reaction, the activity, however, was lower than in the controls, except of the
      alkaline phosphatase. The results of the study demonstrated that the forces
      between 60-200 g cannot be evaluated as biologically favorable.

PMID- 1816867
TI  - Clinical experience with two simple methods of measurement of 99mTc-methylene
      diphosphonate body retention in bone disease.
AB  - Whole-body retention (WBR) of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate was measured in 15
      control subjects and in 99 patients with various metabolic bone diseases
      (osteoporosis, Paget's disease of the bone, hyperparathyroidism). In all the
      subjects WBR was measured indirectly from urinary excretion and in 30 it was also
      measured directly using a simple detector. Mean WBR values did not differ between
      control subjects and osteoporotic patients, whereas patients with Paget's disease
      and patients with hyperparathyroidism had significantly higher mean WBR levels
      than the controls. However, overlapping of results among the groups was high, and
      consequently the diagnostic value in the individual patients was low. In the
      patients whose WBR levels were measured simultaneously by both the direct and the
      indirect urinary method, the results were essentially the same, provided urine
      losers were excluded. Comparison of the two detection methods showed that urine
      loss occurred frequently and this was probably partly responsible for the low
      diagnostic sensitivity of the WBR. When WBR was measured at different time
      intervals in untreated individuals, the values remained markedly constant. The
      method would probably be of value in monitoring treatments influencing bone
      turnover in metabolic bone diseases.

PMID- 1816868
TI  - Prospective comparative study of ultrasound, CT-scan, scintigraphy and laboratory
      tests to detect hepatic metastases.
AB  - The conventional methods of CT scan (CT), ultrasound (US), scintigraphy (SC), and
      laboratory tests (LDH, AP, 5-Nt) were prospectively compared in 135 patients with
      gastrointestinal carcinoma to define the most useful test to detect hepatic
      metastases. Thirty-six patients (26.7%) had hepatic metastases at laparotomy.
      Sensitivities were low: 46% for SC, 58% for US, 68% for CT and 63% for LDH.
      Accuracies ranged from 62% (LDH) to 78% (SC). No significant differences were
      found. Accurate and efficient detection of hepatic metastases is hampered by the
      relatively low sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of conventional imaging and
      laboratory tests.

PMID- 1816869
TI  - Diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas with 99mTc-labeled red blood cell scanning:
      value of SPECT.
AB  - 99mTc-labeled red blood cell (RBC) scanning is considered a highly specific
      technique for the study of hepatic hemangiomas. However, planar imaging displays
      poor sensitivity for the identification of small lesions. The authors consider a
      survey group of 119 patients, of whom 66 with a presumed diagnosis of hepatic
      hemangioma, for a total of 77 lesions ranging from 0.8 to 15 cm in diameter. The
      study was conducted with three-phase planar imaging and single photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT). The results, which confirm a high specificity of
      99mTc-RBC scanning (100%) in the study of hepatic hemangiomas, show that SPECT
      significantly improves the detection of these lesions (71%) compared to the
      delayed static study (52%), with the largest gain for lesions between 2-3.5 cm
      (83% versus 51%). However, also SPECT has difficulty in detecting lesions of less
      than 2 cm. With regard to three-phase imaging, the authors point out that the
      pattern considered characteristic for hepatic hemangiomas (perfusion blood-pool
      mismatch) is infrequent (13%).

PMID- 1816870
TI  - Methodologies for performance evaluation of positron emission tomographs.

PMID- 1816871
TI  - Significance of CA72.4 in patients with colorectal cancer. Comparison with CEA
      and CA19.9.
AB  - CA72.4 is a new tumor-associated antigen identified by monoclonal antibodies cc49
      and B72.3. Serum levels of CA72.4 were measured in patients with benign and
      malignant diseases. The cut-off used was 4 U/mL. CA72.4 is a highly specific
      marker since only 3% of 162 patients with benign diseases had elevated levels of
      antigen. Forty-four percent of 89 patients with colorectal cancer had elevated
      CA72.4 levels. Compared with CEA and CA19.9, we have found that CEA (75%) is the
      most sensitive marker (p less than 0.001). The simultaneous use of two or three
      markers did not further contribute to the evaluation of patients with colorectal
      cancer.

PMID- 1816872
TI  - Technetium-99m distribution into Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Bacteria labelled with radionuclide has been the subject of much investigation
      and has been applied in microbiological research. Technetium-99m (99mTc) may be
      an alternative radionuclide for the labelling of bacteria employed in various
      microbiological procedures. This radionuclide is easily available, is not
      expensive and presents important physical and biological characteristics. 99mTc
      labelled bacteria are stable and their cell viability and biological properties
      are not modified. Study of the distribution of radioactivity in 99mTc-labelled
      Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures, after homogenization and differential
      centrifugation of the cells fractions, showed that this radionuclide was present
      inside the cell, mainly in a ribosomal fraction. Treatment of these fractions
      with enzymes and detergent revealed a high sensitivity to pronase and Triton X
      100. After phenol extraction, a large percentage of radioactivity was detected in
      the phenol phase. Treatment of the soluble fraction with trichloroacetic acid at
      different temperatures showed that the concentration of 99mTc in the precipitate
      was lower at 100 degrees than at 4 degrees C. These results suggest that 99mTc
      binds mainly to the proteins in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

PMID- 1816873
TI  - Unfolding of an alpha-helix in water.
AB  - We describe a 1 ns molecular dynamics simulation of an 18-residue peptide
      (corresponding to a portion of the H helix of myoglobin) in water. The initial
      helical conformation progressively frays to a more disordered structure, with the
      loss of internal secondary structure generally proceeding from the C-terminus
      toward the N-terminus. Although a variety of mechanisms are involved in the
      breaking of helical hydrogen bonds, the formation of transient turn structures,
      with i----i + 3 hydrogen bonds, and bifurcated hydrogen-bond structures
      intermediate between alpha and turn or 3(10) structures is a common motif. In
      some cases a single water molecule is inserted into an internal hydrogen bond,
      but it is also common to have several water molecules involved in transient
      intermediates. Overall, the results provide new information about the detailed
      mechanisms by which helices are made and broken in aqueous solution.

PMID- 1816874
TI  - Resolution of end-to-end diffusion coefficients and distance distributions of
      flexible molecules using fluorescent donor-acceptor and donor-quencher pairs.
AB  - We used time-dependent fluorescence energy transfer, time-dependent collisional
      quenching, and global analysis of the data resulting from these through-space and
      contact interactions to recover the end-to-end distance distributions and
      diffusion coefficients of flexible fluorescent molecules. The fluorescence decays
      of covalently linked tryptamine-acceptor and tryptamine-quencher pairs were
      measured by the frequency-domain method. These data were fit using numerical
      solutions of the differential equation, which predicts the time- and distance
      dependent population of the excited state donors in the presence of energy
      transfer or collisional quenching, followed by transformation to the frequency
      domain for nonlinear least-squares comparison with the experimental data. We
      found that the energy transfer data for the donor-acceptor pair alone were
      adequate to recover the starting distribution and the end-to-end diffusion
      coefficient; however, the resolution is dramatically improved by the use of both
      the through-space and contact interactions.

PMID- 1816875
TI  - Heat aggregation studies of phycobilisomes, ferritin, insulin, and immunoglobulin
      by dynamic light scattering.
AB  - Dynamic laser light scattering studies on the heat aggregation behavior of
      phycobilisomes (PBS), ferritin, insulin, and immunoglobulin (IgG) in dilute
      aqueous solutions has been reported. Except for PBS, results are reported for
      heat aggregation trends in these proteins for three different pH environments
      (4.0, 7.5, 9.1). For PBS, studies were performed only in the neutral buffer
      medium (pH 7.5). The experiments were performed in the very dilute concentration
      regime (between 0.23 and 1.8 gL-1). For all these samples heat aggregation and
      dissociation trends were found to be linear with temperature. Upon temperature
      reversal (self-cooling), hysteresis-like behavior observed in insulin was found
      to be predominantly large at pH 7.5. PBS, ferritin, and IgG showed no such
      behavior at any of three pH values, and retraced their path of aggregation while
      dissociating on temperature reversal. Heat aggregation and dissociation processes
      in ferritin were found to be independent of pH. The IgG samples showed smooth
      aggregation tendency only up to 35 degrees C in the buffer media pH 4.0 and 9.1,
      whereas for pH 7.0 the same could be observed until 60 degrees C. Low
      polydispersity in the correlation spectra was observed in case of all these
      samples.

PMID- 1816876
TI  - Conformational studies on bombesin antagonists: CD and NMR characterization of
      [Thr6, Leu13 psi(CH2NH) Met14] bombesin (6-14).
AB  - The conformational flexibility of the [Thr6, Leu13 psi(CH2NH) Met14] bombesin (6
      14) nonapeptide has been studied by CD and one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D)
      nmr techniques. The CD and nmr parameters in different solvents and in a micellar
      environment (SDS) are compared with the data collected for the parent bombesin
      (BN) and [D-Phe12, Leu14]BN. A preliminary investigation on spantide is also
      reported. In particular, the results obtained from CD measurements indicate that
      there is a shift from random coil structures, in aqueous solutions, toward folded
      structures in apolar media (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) and in a membrane-mimetic
      environment (40 mM SDS) for all three peptides, namely BN, [D-Phe12, Leu14]BN,
      and [Thr6, Leu13 psi(CH2NH) Met14]BN (6-14). Spantide, which also possesses some
      inhibitory activity against BN but very little sequence similarity, even in
      water, shows an ordered conformation. Nuclear magnetic resonance parameters such
      as backbone NH-alpha CH coupling constant values, amidic temperature
      coefficients, and the presence of only sequential nuclear Overhauser effects have
      not provided, so far, any clear evidence for a preferential ordered structure in
      the peptides studied, and this may be due to rapid exchange among different
      conformers in the nmr time scale.

PMID- 1816877
TI  - Assignment of the 1H-NMR resonances of the four rotamers of beta-casomorphin-5 in
      DMSO.
AB  - We report the complete assignment of the 1H-nmr spectrum of beta-casomorphin-5 in
      DMSO-d6 solution. With a combination of one-dimensional, double quantum filtered
      correlated spectroscopy, homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn, and rotating frame nuclear
      Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) spectra, we were able to
      differentiate the four conformers originating from two Xxx-Pro bonds present in
      the sequence. Exchange peaks in the ROESY spectra confirmed the presence of four
      interchanging conformational isomers. Based on integrations, the relative
      populations of the four species were estimated, while characteristic sequential
      nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs) were used to determine the orientation of
      the Xxx-Pro bonds. This orientation was also shown to correlate with the chemical
      shift changes for the alpha protons of both the Xxx and Pro residues. Finally,
      interresidue NOEs indicate conformational preferences for the aromatic side
      chains, especially in the all-trans conformer.

PMID- 1816878
TI  - Kinetics of folding and unfolding of alpha alpha-tropomyosin and of
      nonpolymerizable alpha alpha-tropomyosin.
AB  - Stopped flow CD (SFCD) kinetic studies of self-assembly of coiled coils of rabbit
      alpha alpha-tropomyosin and of nonpolymerizable alpha alpha-tropomyosin (NPTm)
      are reported. The protein was denatured in 6 M urea buffer, then renatured by 10
      fold dilution into benign saline buffer. Folding was monitored by SFCD in the
      backbone region (222 nm). Protein chains are shown to be totally unfolded (and
      separated in the reduced species) in the initial denaturing medium and fully
      folded as two-chain coiled coils in the final benign medium. In all cases of
      folding in benign buffer of totally unfolded chains, two phases were found in the
      folding process: a fast phase (less than 0.04 s, the SFCD dead time), in which an
      intermediate state with about 70% of the equilibrium ellipticity forms; followed
      by a slower, observable phase that completes the folding. The slow phase is first
      order (k-1 = 1.6 s at 20 degrees C), signifying that chain association for
      reduced samples occurs in the fast phase. In contrast, folding in benign buffer
      from an initial state with 70% of the equilibrium ellipticity is all fast,
      suggesting that the folding intermediate is not an equilibrium species. Cross
      linking at Cys-190 increases the helix content of the fast-formed intermediate
      state to about 85% of the equilibrium value, but leaves the rate constant of the
      slow phase unchanged. In NPTm, which does not form high aggregates at low ionic
      strength, the rate of the observable phase is almost independent of ionic
      strength in the range of approximately 0.15-0.6 M, but is reduced one to two
      orders of magnitude by further reduction to 0.026 M. In folding from totally
      unfolded chains, the rate is reduced less than one order of magnitude by changing
      the final state to about 50% folded. In contrast to folding, unfolding of alpha
      alpha-tropomyosin from the native state is all fast.

PMID- 1816879
TI  - Dependence of the hydration shell structure in the minor groove of the DNA double
      helix on the groove width as revealed by Monte Carlo simulation.
AB  - The hydration shell of several conformations of the polynucleotides
      poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA).poly(dU), and poly(dA-dI).poly(dT-dC) has been
      simulated using the Monte Carlo method (Metropolis sampling). Calculations have
      shown that the structure of the hydration shell of the minor groove greatly
      depends on its width. In conformations with a narrowed minor groove, the first
      layer of the hydration shell of this groove has only one molecule per nucleotide
      pair that forms H bonds with purine N3 of one pair and pyrimidine O2 of the next
      pair. The second layer of the hydration shell of such conformations contains
      molecules that form H bonds between two adjacent molecules of the first layer.
      The probability of formation of hydration spine is about 20% while the bridges of
      the first layer are formed with a probability of about 70%. In the first layer of
      the minor groove of the B-DNA conformation with wide minor groove there are
      approximately two water molecules per base pair that form H bonds with purine N3
      or pyrimidine O2 and with the sugar ring oxygen of the adjacent nucleotide. The
      probability of simultaneous H bonding of a water molecule with N3 (or O2) and O
      of sugar ring is about 30%. The results of simulation suggest that hydration
      spine proposed for the narrowed minor groove of oligonucleotide crystals [H. R.
      Drew, and R. E. Dickerson (1981) Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 151, pp. 535
      556] can be formed in fibers of poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA).poly(dU), and poly(dA
      dI).poly(dT-dC) as well as in DNA fragments of these sequences in
      solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816880
TI  - Undesirable contamination of DNA electrophoresed through polyacrylamide and
      agarose gels as revealed by reversing-pulse electric birefringence signals.

PMID- 1816881
TI  - [Smoking and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese adolescents--results from
      "Japan Know Your Body Study"].
AB  - The "Japan Know Your Body Study" (JKYB) is an example of collaborative activities
      of technology transfer carried out in Japan in several phases. The first phase is
      a needs assessment and data collection survey and it was administered during
      1989. A survey was conducted throughout 9 prefectures in Japan with participation
      by 49 schools. Subjects were students in elementary, junior and senior high
      schools who ranged in age from 6 to 18 years. Participants, 12,892 in total,
      completed a survey on knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding cigarette
      smoking, alcohol drinking, diet, exercise and so on. The main results concerning
      cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking behavior were as follows: 1) The
      percentage of monthly male smokers rose remarkably from 8% in the third grade of
      junior high school to 37% in the third grade of senior high school, while that of
      female smokers showed a slow rise from 3% to 15%. The sex difference for smoking
      behavior was clear among senior high school students. 2) Smoking rates increased
      in proportion to the numbers of parents, siblings and friends who smoked. Above
      all, smoking behavior of friends was strongly related. Among senior high school
      students, for example, 50% of males and 46% of females who had two or more
      smoking friends were smokers, as compared to 5% of males and 2% of females with
      no smoking friends. 3) The percentage of monthly drinkers rose at a steady pace
      from 13% of males and 7% of females in the fifth grade of elementary schools to
      59% of males and 50% of females in the third grade of senior high schools. The
      sex difference for alcohol drinking behavior among senior high school students,
      while statistically significant, was not as pronounced as that for smoking
      behavior. These results suggest that tobacco- and alcohol-use prevention programs
      should be introduced in elementary schools and those programs should include
      components relating to the social influences of parents, siblings and friends.

PMID- 1816882
TI  - [A population-based study of the proportion by type of stroke determined by
      computed tomography scan].
AB  - To investigate the proportion by type of stroke in communities, a stroke
      surveillance was conducted in three rural populations between 1979 and 1987.
      Among 411 stroke patients aged 40 and over determined by the modified Millikan's
      stroke criteria, the type of stroke was analyzed using computed tomography (CT)
      criteria for 273 patients who were examined by CT. 1. Incidence rates of stroke
      determined by the modified Millikan's criteria did not vary among the three
      populations in all age-sex groups except for men aged 60-69. 2. The proportion of
      stroke patients who had CT examinations was 84-88% for men and women aged 40-69
      in the three communities. 3. According to the CT criteria, the proportion by type
      of stroke in patients aged 40-69 in the three communities was 32% for cerebral
      hemorrhage, 16% for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 42% for cerebral infarction and 10%
      for unspecified stroke without CT abnormalities. Among the total with cerebral
      infarction, the proportion with cerebral infarction in penetrating artery
      regions, mostly lacunar infarction, was 65% and that of infarction in cortical
      artery regions, mostly thromboembolic infarction, was 35% for patients aged 40
      69. 4. Cerebral infarction in cortical artery regions was classified further into
      embolic, thrombotic and unspecified types based on CT findings, the presence of
      embolic origin, and symptoms at the onset. The proportion of these three types of
      infarction were similar in patients aged 40-69. Compared with hospital-based
      studies in Japan, the present population-based study showed a higher proportion
      of cerebral infarction and infarction in penetrating artery regions. This study
      also indicated that the proportion of cerebral hemorrhage and infarction in
      penetrating artery regions was higher and that of infarction in cortical artery
      regions lower in Japanese than in Caucasians.

PMID- 1816883
TI  - [Detection of pulmonary tuberculosis. Special characteristics of patients
      detected while receiving treatment for other diseases].
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) detection is mainly classified as being either passive case
      finding, at a hospital, or positive case-finding through a mass screening.
      Pulmonary TB patients detected while being examined for other complaints at a
      hospital are classified as passive findings. It is suspected that these patients
      have special characteristics which separate them from patients that are detected
      only after the onset of TB symptoms. The aim of this study is to elucidate those
      special characteristics of patients where detection occurred while being examined
      for other diseases by comparing them with patients detected by the other means. A
      survey was conducted on 686 pulmonary TB patients, diagnosed between 1986 and
      1988, from the area served by the Kochi Prefectural Chuo Health Center, with the
      following results. 1) Among the 533 patients who were detected at a hospital, and
      excluding those detected by mass screening, 331 patients were detected only after
      the onset of TB symptoms (group B), with 202 patients being treated for other
      diseases before being diagnosed as having TB (classified as group A). In group A,
      130 patients were detected because of manifesting additional symptoms related to
      tuberculosis such as fever and cough (group A-1), while the remaining 72 patients
      were detected by chance while being examined for other diseases (group A-2). 2)
      The number of elderly people and relapse cases was higher in group A compared to
      B group and the group detected by mass screening. 3) Symptoms, the rate of
      tubercle bacillus positives, and the period from the onset of symptoms to
      diagnosis (defined delay) in group A-1, were similar to group B. In group A-2,
      symptoms and the rate of tubercle bacillus positives were less than those of the
      other groups. 4) From the above findings, it is concluded that passive case
      findings should be classified into 3 distinct groups.

PMID- 1816884
TI  - [Educational objectives in the courses of the Departments of Environmental Health
      and of Human Ecology in UOEH, Japan].

PMID- 1816885
TI  - [Studies on serum fatty acid composition of inhabitants in a rural area, Kyoto].

PMID- 1816886
TI  - Care or control. Questions and answers for psychiatric nursing practice.
AB  - An existential phenomenological approach is used to study the experiences of
      adults hospitalised with acute mental illness which they consider contribute to
      the stress of, or coping with, mental illness. The phenomenological research
      method used is described. The analysis of data reveals that consumers of acute
      mental health care view 'being controlled' as contributing to the stress of
      mental illness, and 'caring' as contributing to them coping with mental illness.
      The implications of these findings for nursing practice and further research are
      discussed.

PMID- 1816887
TI  - Who cares for the carer?

PMID- 1816888
TI  - Women, size and dieting. What are the myths, and what are the realities?

PMID- 1816889
TI  - The New Zealand nursing heritage.

PMID- 1816890
TI  - The Buddhist way of dying.

PMID- 1816891
TI  - "And I dream....".

PMID- 1816892
TI  - Transforming health care: does nursing theory have anything to offer?
AB  - The notions of power, empowerment and autonomy have received little attention in
      modern nursing theory yet they lie at the very heart of primary health care. This
      paper explores the ways in which critical social theory, and in particular
      Habermas's knowledge-constitutive interests, might inform nursing theory. It then
      goes on to argue that incorporating the principles of primary health care in
      nursing theory requires a radical reconceptualisation of key concepts.

PMID- 1816893
TI  - Primary care services. In search of alternative ways of providing services that
      are affordable, accessible and appropriate. A review of recent literature.
AB  - Services where the G.P. is the central health professional or "team leader" may
      satisfactorily provide first-contact medical services. Major problems reported in
      literature are related to inequity in distribution, and the fee-for-service
      practice that limits access for those on lower incomes and encourages high
      throughput. There is a heavy reliance on pharmaceuticals as the main treatment,
      with health promotion and educative services, and counselling, being generally
      low. While alternative or complementary therapies may address problems of "failed
      medicine", these don't answer issues of accessibility, or self-responsibility.
      Studies on nurse practitioners as the first contact in primary level care
      demonstrate that technically they can function competently and safely amongst a
      similar clientele, and that the clients find nurses both satisfactory and
      acceptable as health care providers. While the quality of care is comparable to
      that offered by a G.P., the cost is less, both directly to user, or more
      generally to society. This is related to lower costs of education and
      remuneration, and that lower costs of pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tests are
      generated. In addition, the health promotion and educative functions of nurses
      are overall more prominent, and effective in enhancing peoples self
      responsibility in health through improving competence and awareness. User
      participation and involvement in health services, and empowerment and self
      responsibility in health, are therefore more likely to be an outcome of a service
      in which health promotion and educational activities are central, rather than
      when medical interventions are the focus. In conclusion, this review of recent
      literature has raised questions about services currently provided by general
      practitioners, and as presently funded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816894
TI  - Professional disunity: the effect on preparation for practice.

PMID- 1816895
TI  - A New Zealand neonatal service.
AB  - Advances in neonatal technology and greater expertise in neonatal intensive care
      have significantly reduced neonatal mortality in recent years. The esoteric
      environment which has contributed to this achievement has been daunting to most
      parents, and often seriously undermining of their confidence at a time when more
      normal circumstances would still require that it be encouraged. The institution
      of the Neonatal Home Care service at National Women's Hospital has done much to
      resolve this crisis of confidence by easing the transition from hospital to home
      with its provision of specialised nursing care, advice and education.

PMID- 1816896
TI  - How do titanium techniques differ?

PMID- 1816897
TI  - Before the die is cast.

PMID- 1816898
TI  - Model and die systems/products catalog including technical troubleshooting tips.

PMID- 1816900
TI  - How to handle complaining customers.

PMID- 1816899
TI  - Titanium: a market-driven metal for the '90's. The ever-increasing demand for
      safe dental materials puts titanium in the spotlight.

PMID- 1816901
TI  - One on One. A guide to making effective telephone sales calls.

PMID- 1816902
TI  - Confessions of a dental receptionist.

PMID- 1816903
TI  - How to make colored and custom designed retainers.

PMID- 1816904
TI  - Six phone calls from hell.

PMID- 1816905
TI  - How to buy legal services.

PMID- 1816906
TI  - 'I don't make crowns, I make teeth'.

PMID- 1816907
TI  - New technology opens the door to price hikes.

PMID- 1816908
TI  - Worth the wait.

PMID- 1816909
TI  - Ceramist turns problems into profits.

PMID- 1816910
TI  - Approaches to knowledge development in nursing.

PMID- 1816911
TI  - Prefacing knowledge development in nursing: telling stories.

PMID- 1816912
TI  - Strike by nurses: perceptions of colleagues coping with the fallout.

PMID- 1816913
TI  - Well elderly perceptions of the meaning of health and their health promotion
      practices.

PMID- 1816914
TI  - The effect of routine vs. p.r.n. post-operative analgesia on pulmonary
      complications: a multicenter trial.

PMID- 1816915
TI  - Controlled reduction of acarbose: conformational analysis of acarbose and the
      resulting saturated products.
AB  - Saturation of the double bond in the non-reducing terminal unit of the
      tetrasaccharide amylase inhibitor, acarbose (1), with Raney nickel as the
      catalyst and at pH 8, gave 57% of a approximately 1:1 mixture of the 5a-carba
      gluco (2) and -ido (3) isomers together with cleavage products including 26% of
      the trisaccharide 6-deoxy-alpha-D-Glcp4N-(1----4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1----4)-D-Glc
      (4). The saturated compounds were isolated and characterised using 1H- and 13C
      n.m.r. spectroscopy. The preferred conformations of 1 and 2 were dependent on the
      state of ionisation of the bridging nitrogen atom. The inhibition by 1-4 of the
      hydrolysis of methyl beta-maltoside by glucoamylase has been investigated; 1 and
      2 were strong inhibitors.

PMID- 1816916
TI  - N.m.r. and conformational analysis of some 2,3-disubstituted methyl alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosides.
AB  - Conformational studies of the branched trisaccharide glycosides X-(1----2)[Y-(1--
      -3)]-alpha-L-Rha-OMe (where X and Y are residues of alpha-L-, beta-L-, alpha-D-,
      and beta-D-hexopyranoses) were based on 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. data (n.O.e.'s, 13C
      chemical shifts) and theoretical calculations. In the majority of the
      trisaccharide glycosides, there is insignificant restriction of rotation around
      the glycosidic linkages in the disaccharide units as compared to the
      corresponding disaccharide glycosides X-(1----2)-alpha-L-Rha-OMe and Y-(1----3)
      alpha-L-Rha-OMe. Differences in the conformations observed for several compounds
      resulted in changes of the n.O.e. patterns and in deviations from additivity of
      glycosylation effects in the 13C-n.m.r. spectra.

PMID- 1816917
TI  - A procedure for the analysis by mass spectrometry of the structure of
      oligosaccharides from high-mannose glycoproteins.
AB  - A strategy, based on mass spectrometry, for analysis of the structure of
      oligosaccharides obtained from high-mannose glycoproteins, is described. The
      oligosaccharides are analysed first by f.a.b.-m.s. as the acetylated alditols,
      then O-deacetylated, oxidised with periodate, and reduced with borodeuteride. The
      products are analysed further by f.a.b.-m.s. after acetylation and subsequently
      by both f.a.b.- and e.i.-m.s. after methylation. The entire procedure is carried
      out on the same sample and the data allow assignment of the positions of all of
      the glycosidic linkages, including those of the branched residues. Individual
      components in mixtures of isomeric compounds can often be identified from f.a.b.
      m.s. by their molecular weights after periodate oxidation.

PMID- 1816918
TI  - Analysis of sialic acid-containing mucin oligosaccharides from porcine small
      intestine by high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of their
      dimethylamides.
AB  - Acetylation of sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides lactonises the sialic acid
      residue quantitatively for all oligosaccharides studied except for 6'-sialyl
      lactose. The modified, unsulphated, sialylated and sulphated oligosaccharides can
      then be fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography. Ammonolysis of the
      lactones followed by methylation yielded the dimethylamides, which are amenable
      to g.l.c.-m.s. and give intense and informative mass spectra. This approach has
      been used to characterise the sialic acid-containing O-linked oligosaccharides
      obtained from the mucin glycopeptides of the small intestine of the pig. At least
      28 structures were found, having NeuAc or NeuGc 6-linked to the HexNAc attached
      to the peptide core or to a Hex 3-linked to HexNAc. Four different disialylated
      oligosaccharides were found having NeuAc or NeuGc on the Hex residue 3-linked to
      HexNAc and 6-linked to HexNAc.

PMID- 1816919
TI  - Collisional-activation tandem mass spectrometry of sodium adduct ions of
      methylated oligosaccharides: sequence analysis and discrimination between alpha
      NeuAc-(2----3) and alpha-NeuAc-(2----6) linkages.
AB  - Collision-activated dissociation (c.a.d.) of sodium adducts of molecular ion
      species have been carried out on methylated beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-
      (1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Glcp (1), beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-
      --3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Glcp (2), alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----3)
      beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta -D-Galp - (1----4)-D-Glcp (3), alpha-D-NeuAc-(2---
      6)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta -D-Galp - (1----4)-D-Glcp
      (4), and alpha-D-NeuAc-(2----6)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-alph
      a-D- Manp-(1----3)-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc (5). The numerous daughter ions
      reflect the sequences, clearly differentiate (1----3) and (1----4) linkages, and
      discriminate between alpha-NeuAc-(2----3) and alpha-NeuAc-(2----6) linkages.

PMID- 1816920
TI  - Characterisation of polysaccharides by in-source pyrolysis positive- and negative
      ion direct chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Series of oligosaccharide ions have been generated from a range of
      polysaccharides by the application of in-source pyrolysis mass spectrometry,
      using both ammonia positive-ion chemical ionisation and negative-ion chlorine
      nucleophilic-addition ionisation. Glucans with alpha-(1----6), beta-(1----6),
      alpha-(1----4), beta-(1----4), beta-(1----3), and beta-(1----2) linkages were
      studied, together with pentosans, xyloglucans, and an arabinogalactan. The series
      of ions correspond to intact, desorbed oligosaccharides with a terminal anhydro
      sugar unit, and to similar oligosaccharides with attached sugar ring-cleavage
      fragments. The ions generated are dependent on the position of the linkage and
      ring size, and retain significant information on the structure of the original
      polysaccharide.

PMID- 1816921
TI  - Fast-atom-bombardment chemistry of sulfatide (3-sulfogalactosylceramide)
AB  - F.a.b.-m.s. of sulfatide (3-sulfogalactosylceramide, 1) in the negative-ion mode
      reveals the molecular weight and the presence of the sulfate ester without
      ambiguity. The size of the long-chain base is represented as the (M - H)- ion of
      the corresponding lyso-form (deacylated molecule) only when the fatty acid is
      alpha-hydroxylated. The spectrum in the positive-ion mode indicates the molecular
      weight by a pair of sodium adduct ions separated by 102 a.m.u. However, the
      desulfated fragment ion is not shown in the B/E-constant linked-scanning mode. If
      the long-chain base ion [CH2C(NH2) = CHR]+ is present, B/E-constant linked
      scanning confirms that the double bond is located at C-4. B/E-Constant linked
      scanning of the (M - H)- ions in the negative-ion mode indicates the location of
      a double bond in the fatty acid moiety at C-15 for the most abundant molecular
      species c24:1.

PMID- 1816922
TI  - Linkage analysis in disaccharides by electrospray mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1816923
TI  - Complete assignment of the 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of the O-deacetylated
      glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype B.

PMID- 1816924
TI  - N.m.r. studies of the conformation of analogues of methyl beta-lactoside in
      methyl sulfoxide-d6.
AB  - The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of solutions of methyl beta-lactoside (1), all of
      its monodeoxy derivatives (2, 3, 6-10), the 3-O-methyl derivative (4), and methyl
      4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylopyranoside (5) in methyl sulfoxide-d6 have been
      analysed. The n.O.e.'s and specific desheildings indicate similar distributions
      of low-energy conformers, comparable to those in aqueous solution. The major
      conformer has torsion angles phi H and psi H of 49 degrees and 5 degrees,
      respectively, with contributions of conformers with phi/psi 24 degrees/-59
      degrees, 22 degrees/32 degrees, and 6 degrees/44 degrees.

PMID- 1816925
TI  - The resolution into molecular species on desorption of glycolipids from thin
      layer chromatograms, using combined thin-layer chromatography and fast-atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Using a specially designed, motorised t.l.c.-f.a.b.-m.s. probe with continuous
      desorption and scanning over a moving t.l.c. plate, it was shown that glycolipids
      with identical carbohydrate sequences were well resolved into molecular species
      with differences in long-chain base and fatty acid. There was no serious
      diffusion of the glycolipids into the matrix. The technique is demonstrated for
      sulphatides (one and two sugar residues) isolated from human kidney, GM3
      ganglioside isolated from human malignant melanoma, and chemically modified
      gangliotetraosylceramide from mouse intestine. T.l.c.-f.a.b.m.s. is convenient
      for sequencing and composition analysis of receptor-active glycolipids, the
      biological activity of which can be monitored in parallel by overlay on the
      t.l.c. plate with proteins, viruses, bacteria, or animal cells.

PMID- 1816926
TI  - Characterisation by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy of oligosaccharides, derived from
      arabinoxylans of white endosperm of wheat, that contain the elements ----4)[alpha
      L-Araf-(1----3)]-beta-D-Xylp-(1---- or ----4)[alpha- L-Araf-(1----2)][alpha-L
      Araf-(1----3)]-beta-D-Xylp-(1----.
AB  - The structure of penta- to hepta-saccharides, generated by digestion of purified
      wheat-endosperm arabinoxylan with endo-(1----4)-beta-D-xylanase and isolated by
      gel-permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel P-6 followed by high-performance anion
      exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, was established using
      monosaccharide and methylation analysis, f.a.b.-m.s., and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
      The oligosaccharides had a core of (1----4)-linked beta-D-xylopyranosyl residues
      3- or 2,3-substituted with single alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl groups, and gave 1H
      n.m.r. spectra typical for each type.

PMID- 1816927
TI  - [Preoperative embolization for extensive facial hemangiomas].
AB  - An extensive hemangioma of the lower face is discussed as an example illustrating
      the use of therapeutic--particularly preoperative--arterial embolization in the
      treatment of extensive facial hemangiomas. In this procedure a thrombusinducing
      material is inserted into the lumen of a blood vessel to occlude this vessel, and
      thus to reduce blood flow to the lesion. This promising technique opens up new
      possibilities in the treatment of extensive hemangiomas of the maxillofacial
      region. It may be used either as a definite therapy or as pretreatment procedure
      enabling a safer and simpler surgical approach.

PMID- 1816928
TI  - [Ameloblast proliferation within dentigerous cysts of the jaw bone].
AB  - The presence of ameloblastic structures in dentigerous cysts in a 26-year-old
      female patient and a 42-year old male patient is reported. Their non-invasive
      growth distinguished the present circumscribed ameloblastic tissue structures
      from classic ameloblastomas. Enucleation of the cysts resulted in undisturbed
      healing of the surgical area; none of the ameloblastomas recurred. These cases
      emphasize the importance of careful pathologic-histological examination of all
      tissues removed.

PMID- 1816929
TI  - [Success rates of midfacial fracture treatment].
AB  - 295 patients with midfacial fractures were treated on an inpatient basis between
      1975 and 1989. 185 patients underwent a follow-up examination. Discomfort was
      reported by patients in 43% of the cases, whereas pathological clinical findings
      were observed in 39% of the patients followed up. The late sequelae, which were
      only slight in extent, were increasing in frequency with the severity of the
      injury. The use of miniplate osteosynthesis resulted in improved clinical
      results. Apart from early diagnosis, immediate referral to a specialized hospital
      and immediate therapy, more emphasis must be placed on interdisciplinary
      cooperation.

PMID- 1816930
TI  - [Bone scintiscan of the mandible after tension bolt osteosynthesis of condylar
      fractures].
AB  - Bone scintiscans were performed in 11 patients with dislocation fractures of the
      mandibular condyle after reduction of the fractures and fixation of the condyles
      by tension bolt osteosynthesis. Since the storage of the radioisotope in the bone
      tissue is directly dependent on the blood circulation, these examinations allow
      conclusions as to the blood supply of the mandibular condyle head following
      reduction. No negative effects on blood supply resulting from the operative
      intervention could be observed.

PMID- 1816931
TI  - [The value of double contrast arthrotomography combined with cinematography in
      the diagnosis of functional and structural TMJ alterations].
AB  - Double contrast arthrotomography combined with cinematography as a diagnostic
      instrument establishing functional and structural TMJ alterations is evaluated
      for its diagnostic value and reliability within the chain of diagnostic measures
      applied. In 131 patients double-contrast arthrotomography was followed by a
      comprehensive history of joint problems, and verification of the clinical
      findings as well as the arthrographic diagnosis and the post-arthrographic TMJ
      alterations. Our interest was focussed, among others, on the question whether
      arthrography alone would have any therapeutic effect or produce an alteration in
      TMJ function.

PMID- 1816932
TI  - [Characterization of immunological responses to bone and cartilage xenografts].
AB  - The immunological responses to subcutaneous bone and cartilage grafts were
      investigated in rats using phenol oxidase, a leukocyte labelling enzyme. The
      resulting development of granulomas reflects a cell-mediated immunological
      process and is proof of the immunogenicity of bone and cartilage. This method is
      a new criterium for the assessment of the biocompatibility of graft and implant
      materials.

PMID- 1816933
TI  - [Genuine ossification of cleft jaws in bilateral total clefts of the lip, jaw and
      palate].
AB  - Report on the treatment of a female patient, now 18 years old, with a bilateral
      continuous cleft of the lip, jaw and palate, in whom genuine ossification
      occurred at the jaw clefts. The upper lateral incisors and both upper canines
      have aligned themselves regularly in this jaw. Until now natural bone formation
      in a cleft jaw has been considered impossible.

PMID- 1816934
TI  - [Ultrastructural findings of the muscles around lip clefts].
AB  - Our electron microscopic observations show alterations of the muscles near the
      cleft margins confirming the theory resulting from light microscopic and
      immunohistochemical findings that the myogenic structures surrounding cleft
      margins are inferior tissue that is capable neither of regeneration nor of normal
      function. The clinical implication derived from these observations is that the
      tissue in the vicinity of the clefts should be generously excised when doing
      cheiloplasties.

PMID- 1816935
TI  - [Aspects of early treatment in cleft lip and palate patients].
AB  - The Heidelberg Concept of combined surgical otorhinolaryngological and
      orthodontic treatment of cleft patients starts immediately after birth with the
      incorporation of an orthopaedic plate. In a study on 38 children with complete
      unilateral and bilateral cleft lips and palates, maxillary alveolar arch
      morphology was analyzed by standardized photographs of casts. The importance of
      early treatment with plates for guided growth and functional coordination is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1816936
TI  - [The effect of presurgical orthodontic treatment on the development of cleft
      children].
AB  - The implications of immediate postnatal early orthodontic obturation for the
      development of cleft children and parental acceptance of the deformity are
      discussed and the practical procedure is explained.

PMID- 1816937
TI  - [Middle-ear findings in young cleft lip and palate children. Comparison of two
      treatment clinics].
AB  - Middle-ear findings in two groups with cleft lips and palate of the early
      childhood have been compared with each other. In 126 CLAP children of the
      Departments for Maxillofacial Surgery/ENT of the University of Hamburg tympanic
      cavity wash tubes (grommets) were inserted (26%) or myringotomy was done (10%)
      after persistence of middle ear effusions for more than 3 months. In contrast to
      this rather conservative approach, grommets were inserted as a primary treatment
      in 58 CLAP children of the Iowa Cleft Palate Center. Long-term follow-up revealed
      no marked middle-ear pathology in either of these groups. Repeated use of general
      anesthesia and the risk of othorrhoea (10-18%), however, speak against the
      routine practice of grommet insertion. From the otological point of view a wait
      and-see strategy should be employed in the indication for grommet insertion in
      CLAP children after closure of the soft palate, just as it is done in the normal
      population (controlled intervention). Therapeutic grommet insertion performed in
      time will restore the normal physiology of the middle ear due to mucociliary
      clearance. Moreover, there is an immediate effect on the child's hearing ability
      thus contributing to physiological speech development. On the other hand,
      adequate treatment prevents defect healing sequelae such as middle-ear deafness,
      adhesions and cholesteatomas.

PMID- 1816938
TI  - [Results of parent's counseling within the framework of psychosocial care for
      families with cleft children].
AB  - The birth of a child with a cleft lip or palate may give rise to quite severe
      reactions among those concerned. Due to lacking information of the physicians and
      nurses in the delivery wards on this type of disability the parents are left
      alone with their grief, frustration and fear. Often precious time is lost until
      the first necessary steps in treatment are taken. The great number of highly
      different concepts on cleft treatment and the feeling of being considered
      immature and incompetent by the professionals adds to the parents' uncertainty in
      a situation, in which they have to take important decisions on behalf of their
      child. The practical experience gained in counseling and supporting parents of
      cleft children has shown that unless medical, psychological, pedagogic and social
      measures are integrated into the therapeutic approach, not even the basic
      prerequisites for a satisfactory early management of these children are met. The
      responsibility for optimum treatment rests with all those involved. Optimizing
      the physician patient-parents interactions is thus regarded as a possibility for
      promoting a favorable physical, psychosocial and mental development.
      Interdisciplinary cooperation between professionals from various disciplines and
      the integration of the family in the treatment as well as improved information to
      support these joint efforts will open up new avenues for the future.

PMID- 1816939
TI  - [Surgical findings in an Egyptian mummy's skull].
AB  - Reports of hard and soft tissue injuries of the head in ancient Egypt were first
      published in the surgical "Book of Wounds" of E. Smith's Papyrus, which dates
      back to the 16th century B.C., and is assumed (Pahl, 1986) to be a collection of
      experiences gained over a thousand years. Diagnostic clues and guidelines for the
      treatment of fractures of the maxilla and the zygomatic bone are described in
      several cases.

PMID- 1816940
TI  - [The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma--an odontogenic mixed tumor progressing into an
      odontogenic sarcoma].
AB  - A case report is given on the rare course of an ameloblastic odontoma which
      originated from the right mandible in a girl at the age of 14. During the follow
      up of 12 years there where 4 recurrences with a change in the histological
      findings. While ameloblastic epithelial complexes were found to be ever
      decreasing, there was, on the other hand, an increase in the mesenchymal
      component with foci of a marked proliferation of spindle cellular fibroblastic
      elements. Finally the condition progressed to an ameloblastic odontosarcoma
      appearing as a pleomorphic fibrosarcoma with a local metastasis. The clinical
      behaviour correlated with the histopathological findings.

PMID- 1816941
TI  - [Osteomyocutaneous flap].
AB  - A method for the reconstruction of the bony chin contour with an iliac crest free
      flap is described. The skin pad may be used to replace mucosa or skin or both.
      Excessive bulk can be a problem, particularly where a relatively small bone and
      oral mucosal defect requires replacement. Attempts at minimizing this bulk risk
      the loss of blood supply to the overlying skin. Another procedure, such as the
      internal oblique-iliac crest osseomyocutaneous flap or inclusion of the
      thoracodorsal pedicle with the scapular osteocutaneous flap, should then be
      considered.

PMID- 1816942
TI  - [Basaliom. Case report and isolation of mesenchymal stroma cells in various
      growth conditions in vitro].
AB  - The case of a 54-year-old man with multiple basaliomas of the face but without
      any other symptoms of the Goltz-Gorlin syndrome is described. Obviously, there
      ist a family history of a tendency to develop basaliomas. One of the patient's
      three brothers, his mother, her sister and two of his six children were also
      affected. After removal of the tumor, electron microscopy revealed intranuclear
      crystal-like structures in some of the epithelial cells of the tumor tissue. The
      particular geometry of these structures suggests that these are papilloma
      viruses. The tumor stroma contained fibroblasts, fibrocytes and predominantly
      myofibroblasts. Tumor explants were cultured in vitro in Dulbecco-Vogt medium
      using 5 different supplements: 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 10% fresh human serum
      with and without PDGF and CL (PDGF-CL, PDGF, CL, NULL). These cultures result in
      different rates of collagen gel contraction and binding of varying amounts of the
      "q" fraction of the first complement (C1q): PDGF CL-cells greater than PDGF cells
      greater than FCS cells greater than NULL cells. The culture of tumor tissue cells
      in different media thus seems to enhance the dominance of different cell
      subtypes.

PMID- 1816943
TI  - [Assessment of flap vitality by measuring tissue oxygen pressure].
AB  - The tissue oxygen pressure measurements carried out in 33 freshly operated flaps
      with a newly introduced needle probe show a relation between the pO2-values and
      the prognosis of the flaps. In the assessment of clinically doubtful flap
      vitality (pale or blueish appearance) this method allows the clinician to
      discriminate grafts in need of therapeutic intervention (drugs, leeching,
      surgery) from those that need not to be treated.

PMID- 1816944
TI  - [Transplantation of the scapular bone vascularized by the thoracodorsal vessels.
      A new method of scapula transplantation].
AB  - Transplantation of the scapular bone vascularized by the thoracodorsal vessels
      offers some major advantages. This new myo-osseous grafting unit has the longest
      pedicle of all pedicled bone flaps used until now. It is particularly in
      difficult cases involving major parts of the maxillofacial region--as after neck
      dissection and irradiation--or distant regions such as the maxilla that its long
      pedicle and its anatomical configuration render the scapula an ideal graft.

PMID- 1816945
TI  - [A cortico-cancellous graft with a periosteal pedicle for the treatment of deep
      single-walled bone pockets].
AB  - The treatment of single-walled bone pockets involves a number of problems.
      Conventional treatment methods fail to bring about permanent success,
      particularly in the more advanced stages. A new method has been developed and
      described using a cortico-cancellous graft harvested from the apical region of
      the teeth with a periosteal pedicle that can be inserted into the highly
      infection-prone area of a bone pocket. The advantage of this procedure is that
      the transplant is perfused and thus not subjected to necrosis but highly
      resistant to infections. Indications, practical procedure and success rates are
      discussed and illustrated in one example.

PMID- 1816946
TI  - [Experimental animal studies on laser osteotomy using the erbium: YAG laser
      system].
AB  - The new short pulse Er:YAG laser system allows effective and careful osteotomy.
      Bone healing subsequent to Er:YAG laser osteotomy takes the same course in time
      as secondary fracture healing. By contrast, bone healing after cw CO2 laser
      application is delayed about two to three weeks.

PMID- 1816947
TI  - [The clinical picture of lichen ruber of the oral mucosa].
AB  - A comprehensive discussion of our current understanding of lichen ruber of the
      oral cavity is given. The diagnostic and therapeutic experience gained in our
      clinic is communicated with particular emphasis being placed on the wide range of
      clinical pictures and on differential diagnosis. A treatment strategy is
      presented to illustrate our therapeutic approach.

PMID- 1816948
TI  - [Cytostatic-induced stomatitis].
AB  - 45 patients with oral cancer preoperatively received regional intraarterial
      chemotherapy (RIAC). All patients developed stomatitis or glossitis limited to
      the region of cytostatic perfusion. Between 1 and 19 days (median 4 days) after
      RIAC the tumor was removed by hemiglossectomy, partial resection of the floor of
      the mouth etc. The tissue alterations induced by chemotherapy in these surgical
      specimens were analyzed histomorphologically. Stomatitis due to RIAC was
      characterized by necrosis, ulceration and severe epithelial dysplasia of mucous
      membranes. Approximately 2 weeks after chemotherapy both the inflammatory changes
      and the dysplasia had disappeared completely. The differences between spontaneous
      premalignant dysplasia of the oral cavity and dysplasia induced by RIAC are
      discussed.

PMID- 1816949
TI  - [Scintigraphic panoramic imaging of the jaws].
AB  - A method for the generation of a panoramic image from skeletal scintiscans of the
      jaws with the aid of a cylindrical projection of emission CT scans ist presented.
      Based on this "panoramic tomoscintigraphy" the jaw regions, arranged in the order
      of the arch segments, are evaluated numerically and the quantitative results are
      presented in a clearly organized form. The relative activity of each segment is
      computed relative to the corresponding contraletaral segment or to the average
      activity of the respective jaw. In the case of pathologic findings the respective
      segments are highlighted in the dental chart. A set of normal values with
      standard deviations has been generated using this method in 24 patients without
      evidence of any jaw pathology. Within the framework of the significance limit it
      was not possible to demonstrate any right/left asymmetry in the metabolic
      activities of the jaw bone.

PMID- 1816950
TI  - [CT structural analysis of the ramus].
AB  - Size and quality of the medullary space in the mandibular ramus are highly
      variable. Mean value studies using CT scans show a broad range of variation for
      vertical measurements of the medullary space. An individual CT scan of the
      mandibular ramus therefore seems to be necessary to establish the optimum line of
      osteotomy in preparing a sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible.

PMID- 1816951
TI  - [High-resolution computerized tomography in the diagnosis of impacted third
      molars and its implications in terms of irradiation exposure].
AB  - Inferior alveolar nerve lesions are amongst the most frequent and most severe
      complications in the surgical removal of third molars. To avoid nerve lesions,
      careful preoperative radiographic assessment of the anatomical relationships is
      mandatory. Whenever there is a close topographical relationship between the third
      molar roots and the mandibular canal, we perform high-resolution CT scans. The
      additional information obtained as against conventional x-ray films is
      demonstrated in case descriptions. The results and possible implications in terms
      of irradiation exposure are discussed.

PMID- 1816952
TI  - [Source studies on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of TMJ ankylosis and
      syngnathia. 1. From classical antiquity to mid-19th century].
AB  - The present first part of two of a historical overview on ankylosis of the TMJ
      and syngnathia covers the period from antiquity to the 2nd half of 19th century.
      Etiology, case studies and the first therapeutic approaches are documented on the
      basis of long forgotten and meanwhile hardly accessible original sources.

PMID- 1816953
TI  - [Fibromatosis colli--a benign tumor of the neck in diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Fibromatosis colli is a benign tumor of infancy, and although prognosis is
      usually good, it is the most frequent cause of congenital torticollis. The
      clinical picture, sonography, or, if required, CT scans, permit a clear
      diagnosis. Invasive diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be avoided and
      restricted to those cases, where a malignancy is suspected with good reason or
      where local complications due to bulk shifts and compression are anticipated.
      Even after the usually spontaneous remission of the tumor torticollis may develop
      later on so that accompanying exercise therapy should be provided from infancy to
      school age.

PMID- 1816954
TI  - [Aspergillosis of the antrum].
AB  - Aspergillus falls into the class of hyphae-forming molds and is ubiquitous. It is
      known as a facultatively pathogenic opportunist. It is incorporated by breathing
      in spores from the air and develops its pathogenicity only in predisposed
      subjects with a weakened systemic or local defense mechanism. While systemic
      mycosis involves a weakening of the defense condition by an underlying disease,
      immune suppressant therapy, metabolic disorder or the like, isolated antral
      affections usually appear in otherwise healthy subjects. Our observations in one
      case are presented.

PMID- 1816955
TI  - [Isolation of bone morphogenetic protein from human osteosarcoma tissue].
AB  - Isolated from an osteosarcoma specimen from a 15-year-old girl and assayed by
      implantation, partly purified lyophilized bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      induced heterotopic ossification in the mouse quadriceps. The apparent molecular
      weight was 18 kDa. Osteosarcoma-derived BMP induced the same process of bone
      development as human BMP from normal bone matrix.

PMID- 1816956
TI  - [Optimizing titanium osteosynthesis miniplates. Some basic considerations].
AB  - Most recently there seems to be a general turning away from the use of
      rectangular osteosynthesis miniplates in the treatment of maxillofacial fractures
      and in plastic surgery. Meanwhile a novel design based on circular arcs and
      connecting bars has been successfully employed. Its particular two-dimensional
      shape allows three-dimensional deformation without damaging the plates or the
      openings required for screw insertion. Apart from a reduced plate-bearing area
      and an increased torsional stability during adaptation to the bone surface, this
      new plate geometry and the complete system excells by its high tissue
      compatibility. This later characteristic is attributable to the choice of the
      bioinert material titanium, which has been processed into a special alloy.

PMID- 1816957
TI  - [Comparative experimental studies on reconstructive miniplates].
AB  - In an experimental study reconstructive miniplates consisting of 1.0 mm thick
      stainless steel and 1.27 mm thick pure titanium were comparatively examined.
      Plate stress trials showed better results for stainless steel in tension, and at
      the same time better results for titanium plates in bending trials over the edge
      and the plane. In lever trials of second order titanium plates showed equal or
      better results when used for reconstructing lower jaw specimens and plastic
      models. Our experimental results lead to the conclusion, that the plates tested
      can guarantee exercise stability of lower jaw reconstructions during the primary
      healing phase. Considering their more favorable E-modulus and better
      biocompatibility the new titanium miniplates with the dimensions mentioned are
      superior the stainless steel miniplates in the fixation of lower jaw grafts.

PMID- 1816958
TI  - [Can steel screws be combined with titanium plates? Hard polishing technique and
      SEM in animal experiments].
AB  - To clarify the compatibility of steel and titanium, mandibular resections were
      performed on 24 sheep and the defects bridged with titanium plates and steel vs.
      titanium screws. 6, 12 and 24 weeks after osteosynthesis the implants were
      removed along with the surrounding bone segment and thin ground sections were
      prepared using the Donath method. The sections were then studied by light,
      fluorescence, polarization and scanning electron microscopy. The stability and
      easy removal are advantages of steel screws rendering them particularly suitable
      for temporary implantations. Moreover, they are 50-75% less expensive than
      titanium screws. After 3 and 6 months some minimum friction corrosion was
      observed at the screw/plate interface of steel screws. None of the specimens,
      however, showed signs of local tissue damage such as metallosis. From this it may
      be concluded that at least on a temporary basis a combination of steel screws and
      titanium plantes seems to be possible.

PMID- 1816959
TI  - [Results of free and vascularized bone grafts in reconstructing mandibular
      defects].
AB  - In 105 patients with composite resections of the mandible different
      reconstructive approaches were studied. In 63% the defect was bridged with metal
      plates alone, in 15% free grafts, and in 22% microvascular bone grafts were used.
      The high failure rate of free grafts (48%) was contrasted by the low rate (8%) of
      vascularized grafts lost. Resorption of vascularized grafts was not observed
      where the anastomoses remained patent.

PMID- 1816960
TI  - [The Helkimo index for assessing treatment results after mandibular fractures].
AB  - Based on the Helkimo index we assessed the success of conservative and
      conservative-surgical forms of treatment for mandibular fractures in a total of
      166 patients. The control group consisted of 50 probands. The Helkimo dysfunction
      index, which is based on various criteria, showed dysfunction in 81.9% of the
      patients with only slight functional impairment in 57.2% of these cases. 18.1% of
      the patients were clinically symptom-free. A comparison with the probands
      revealed no major differences in dysfunction between the two groups. Significant
      differences were observed only in the case of 2 isolated criteria (maximum
      mandibular protrusion, muscle pain). Severe dysfunction, however, was more common
      in the fracture patients. Based on the Helkimo occlusion index disorder were
      noted in 91.7% of the patients, while severe occlusion disorder were observed
      particularly in patients with combined mandibular body and condyle fractures
      (40.0%). In the control group a more favorable occlusion index was found to be
      due mainly to the greater number of present and/or occluding teeth. The Helkimo
      index, particularly the dysfunctionindex, is a very useful instrument for
      assessing the success of treatment measures in mandibular fracture cases. It
      should be more commonly used to improve the possibilites of objective comparisons
      between patients from different hospitals.

PMID- 1816961
TI  - [Autologous blood transfusion in elective operations. Procedures with 102 blood
      retransfusion cases].
AB  - Since June 1987 a total of 102 patients undergoing elective operations have
      donated autologous blood for a later possible retransfusion. Although autologous
      transfusion was time-consuming, nearly all patients accepted this method because
      they received the safest of all possible transfusions. This way, preoperative
      psychological anxieties could be reduced and it was made easier for the patients
      to decide in favor of the operation. Severe somatic pains caused by blood
      donation were not observed.

PMID- 1816962
TI  - [Volumetric verification of edema protection with Serrapeptase after third molar
      osteotomy].
AB  - Preventive edema protection using Serrapeptase after standardized one-stage
      osteotomy procedures of 4 third molars was verified by means of an opto
      electronic measuring instrument. This measuring technique proved to be a
      sensitive tool for demonstrating the efficacy of Serrapeptase in reducing
      postoperative edema. Although statistically significant, the reduction of soft
      tissue swelling was only approximately 15% when compared with a patient group
      without Serrapeptase medication.

PMID- 1816963
TI  - [Linear tomography and the Zonarc TMJ program. Reproducibility of condylar
      position of TMJ after surgical correction of dysgnathia].
AB  - In this clinical study the position of the mandibular condyles of 40 patients
      treated for malocclusion by surgical splitting of the mandibular ramus alone or
      combined with Le Fort I osteotomies was studied on lateral linear TMJ tomograms.
      Linear tomograms of the right and left TMJ with the mandible closed were taken
      from each patient prior to surgery and 6 months postoperatively. The
      postoperative changes in condylar position wee assessed in terms of direction and
      amount. Condylar displacements were found in 89% of the examined joints, most of
      them were less than 2mm. All types and combinations of displacement occurred,
      however, general trends in direction depending on the type of treatment could not
      be established with statistical significance. The type of surgical correction,
      its direction and amount did not seem to have an effect on the direction and
      amount of condylar displacement resulting. A comparison of the measured values
      with data in the literature showed that the amount of condylar displacement was
      markedly less--this seemed to be attributable to our precise evaluation method
      and a more sophisticated surgical technique.

PMID- 1816964
TI  - [Local gentamicin application].

PMID- 1816965
TI  - [Microsurgical arterial prostheses in tissue pretreated with Cisplatin].
AB  - Female WAG-Rij rats (160-180 g b.w.) were treated with Cisplatin (12.6 mg/kg
      b.w.) over 3 weeks. After chemotherapy a homologous freeze-dried carotid segment
      of 4 mm length was grafted in the right carotid artery. The evolution of the new
      prosthesis endothelium was observed by SEM. 4 weeks after the microsurgical
      treatment, the healing process and reendothelialization of the prosthesis was
      concluded in the control group. In the cisplatin group endothelial damages and
      irregularities of the pseudointima of the freeze-dried graft were found up to the
      sixth week after surgery. This may be the reason for thrombosis and a lower
      patency rate after chemotherapy.

PMID- 1816966
TI  - [Temporary stabilization of mandibular stumps].
AB  - The insertion of bridging plates following mandibular resections is usually
      complicated by the unphysiological and incorrect axial position of the jaw stumps
      and by tensions resulting in necrosis of the covering tissues in the area of the
      reconstructive plate. With the aid of temporary intraoperative pin fixation using
      a minifixateur (small fixateur from the ASIF armamentarium for hand and forearm
      surgery) it was possible to maintain the physiological axial position of the jaw
      stumps during the operation.

PMID- 1816967
TI  - [Carcinoma in a 40-year chronic oro-antral communication].
AB  - A squamous cell carcinoma developed in a 66 year old patient in the region of a
      traumatically caused oro-antral fistula that has persisted for 40 years. The
      clinical course and histological findings are presented. Based on the few case
      reports in the literature the occurrence of malignancies in chronic traumatic
      fistulae is discussed. Reference is also made to causal relationships between
      such a fistula and malignancy under the aspect of forensic medical consultations.

PMID- 1816968
TI  - [Expression of intermediate filament and oncogene proteins in squamous cell
      carcinomas of the oral cavity. Correlation of differentiation].
AB  - We investigated normal oral epithelium and 20 oral squamous cell carcinomas with
      antibodies against oncogene products (p21, EGF-R) and intermediate filaments
      (cytokeratins 4, -10/11, -13, -18, Vimentin). Antigen expressions in oral
      epithelium and squamous cell carcinomas were associated in different patterns
      with epithelial maturation. Dedifferentiation of the squamous cell carcinomas was
      accompanied by quantitative changes in the oncogene products and a more complex
      pattern of the cellular intermediate filament equipment.

PMID- 1816969
TI  - [Optimizing radiotherapy for carcinomas of the tongue and floor of the mouth.
      Measurement of oncoradiogenic enzyme peaks of GPI].
AB  - After a first irradiation with 2 and 5 Gy blood samples were collected at 30
      minutes' intervals for 24 hours in 19 tongue cancer patients to assess the
      activity of the glycosis enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) and the
      creatine kinase (CK). In all patients the GPI activity exhibited peaks at
      reproducible points in time. Observed for the very first time, this GPI peak had
      a height at 15 to 18 hours following radiation that correlated with the tumor
      volume and the irradiation dose. We refer to it as the oncoradiogenic enzyme
      peak. The frequency of the appearance of a late enzyme peak is significantly
      related to the presence of regional lymph node metastases. The radiobiological
      considerations regarding the potential causes for such post-irradiation increases
      in enzyme activity are discussed. The impact of demonstrating oncoradiogenic GPI
      peaks for optimizing radiotherapy is outlined.

PMID- 1816970
TI  - [Treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. An overview].
AB  - In the past few years the following methods have been accepted as the treatment
      of choice in trigeminal neuralgia: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
      (TENS), drug treatment--especially carbamazepine, controlled thermocoagulation,
      percutaneous retrogasserian rhizotomy with glycerol, microvascular decompression.
      The attending physician will prefer the treatment from which he expects the best
      results. However,the choice of treatment should take into consideration the age
      and general condition of the patient, the possible side effects, the quality of
      pain and treatments already performed.

PMID- 1816971
TI  - [Long-term results of primary osteoplasty in CLP patients. A cephalometric
      analysis].
AB  - In the present paper the long term results of 27 patients with clefts who had
      undergone primary osteoplasty at 3-10 months are presented in a cephalometric
      follow-up. A review of the literature shows that in comparison to cleft
      populations without primary osteoplasty there have been no differences in terms
      of maxillary development. Therefore primary osteoplasty cannot alone be made
      responsible for the disturbance of the growth of the maxilla as has been
      postulated in the early 70s. According to the Tubingen results consistent
      orthodontic therapy is necessary to prevent developmental anomalies.

PMID- 1816972
TI  - [Language acquisition in CLP children. 3. Results].
AB  - Following part I "Fundamentals" and part II "Procedures", this third part
      presents the findings about language acquisition and the conditions governing
      this process in 315 CLP children. It has been shown that early language programs
      for CLP families leads to the linguistic rehabilitation of these children before
      they reach school age. Semantically and syntactically complex sentences at the
      age of 2-3 years results in good articulation at age 5-6. Early precision of
      articulation is usually associated with an increased risk for psychosomatic
      complications. The complexity of the cleft at birth is of minor importance for
      language acquisition, whereas early treatment, parents' compliance and avoidance
      of corrections and sensitizations are decisive for the successful course of the
      child's language development at the age of 5-6 years.

PMID- 1816973
TI  - [Narrow or wide brackets? Biomechanical investigation of friction on bracket
      form].
AB  - To minimize the effects of friction, the groove lengths of brackets and hence
      bracket widths should be selected accordingly. This implies that each tooth be
      seen not as one isolated tooth alone, but rather as part of the whole system.
      This basic consideration is of decisive importance for the optimum design of
      bracket size.

PMID- 1816974
TI  - [Animal model for the study of the biocompatibility of root filling materials].
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different pins usually
      used for intraoperative root filling on periapical bone healing. In a specially
      designed animal experiment it was possible to evaluate biocompatibility
      simultaneously with the influence of varying materials on bone regeneration in
      standardized defects. Bioincompatible silver, acrylate and gutta percha root
      filling delay and impede bone regeneration. Biocompatible aluminium oxide ceramic
      and titanium pins do not have any influences on spontaneous bone regeneration.
      Reducing the defect, however, they do improve the conditions for complete bony
      regeneration.

PMID- 1816975
TI  - Separation of beta-cells from dispersed porcine pancreas by selective lectin
      binding.
AB  - Variation in cell-surface sugar residues which exist between different pancreatic
      cells has been exploited in an attempt to isolate beta-cells from dispersed
      porcine pancreas utilizing selective lectin binding. The binding characteristics
      of a range of lectins were compared to determine their ability to differentiate
      between endocrine and non-endocrine cells in the porcine pancreas. Histological
      analysis showed that peroxidase labelled Arachis hypogaea bound selectively to
      islet cells in Carnoy-fixed sections of pancreas. In five experiments, porcine
      pancreas was dispersed into single cells by collagenase digestion, incubated with
      fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Arachis hypogaea and analysed using a
      Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Arachis
      hypogaea bound to a population of cells comprising 6% +/- 4.2% (mean +/- s.d.) of
      the total. Cells from representative samples were sorted into populations, based
      on fluorescence. Immunohistochemical analysis of the fluorescent populations
      showed that 93% +/- 2% of these cells contained insulin: none of the cells
      stained positive for glucagon or somatostatin. These preliminary studies show
      that it is possible to separate porcine beta-cells from a dispersed cell
      preparation using a fluorescent labelled lectin.

PMID- 1816976
TI  - Circadian variation of basal and postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy
      individuals and patients with type-1 diabetes.
AB  - The circadian variation of basal and postprandial plasma glucose and insulin
      levels was analyzed in 10 healthy individuals and 10 type-1 diabetic patients
      treated with a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system. In both groups the
      postprandial glycemic response to identical low caloric mixed meals ingested at
      8.00 am, 1.00 pm, and 6.00 pm increased significantly in the course of the day.
      In contrast to findings in conventional insulin therapy mean postprandial insulin
      requirements of the diabetic patients increased from 8.5 +/- 3.0 IU for breakfast
      to 9.1 +/- 2.0 for lunch and 10.9 +/- 3.0 for dinner (p less than 0.01). Repeated
      studies with different test meals showed that in the diabetic patients the
      circadian deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance was reduced after a fibre rich
      meal with low glycemic effect and insulin requirements. In the healthy subjects
      basal insulin levels at 8.00 am were 35% higher than at 1 and 6.00 pm (p less
      than 0.01). Basal insulin requirements of the diabetic patients increased
      significantly from a night value of 0.7 IU/h to 1.18 IU/h during the early
      morning and remained constant throughout day time. We conclude that circadian
      changes in postprandial carbohydrate tolerance are independent from the
      endogenous rhythmics of basal glucose metabolism. In diabetic patients the
      circadian pattern of postprandial responses is substantially determined by
      exogenous factors like diet composition caloric intake and therapeutic regimen.

PMID- 1816977
TI  - Dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor partially restores the decreased
      autophosphorylation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
AB  - The insulin resistance seen in diabetes mellitus has been attributed partly to
      impaired autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor. It has been suggested that
      the phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine residues of the insulin receptor
      may reduce tyrosine autophosphorylation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
      (STZ-D rats). To elucidate the mechanisms of decreased autophosphorylation of the
      insulin receptor in diabetic rats, we have investigated the effect of
      dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor by alkaline phosphatase on the insulin-
      and protein kinase-stimulating incorporation of 32P into the receptor of the
      liver from STZ-D rats. Both basal and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylations of
      the insulin receptor from STZ-D rats were significantly impaired to those from
      normal rats. Dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor by alkaline phosphatase
      resulted in an increase in insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of the insulin
      receptor from STZ-D rats (43 +/- 13% to 66 +/- 14%, P less than 0.05), but not
      from normal rats (100% to 109 +/- 12%, NS). Although maximal autophosphorylation
      of the dephosphorylated insulin receptor was still lower in STZ-D rats than in
      normal rats, the increase in insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of the
      insulin receptor from STZ-D rats by dephosphorylation was higher than that from
      normal (159.2 +/- 27.2% vs 108.0 +/- 12.4%, p less than 0.01), supporting the
      idea that the residues of the insulin receptor of STZ-D rats was highly
      phosphorylated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1816978
TI  - Relationship between urinary neopterin excretion and islet cell antibodies in
      type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
AB  - Neopterin is specifically produced by interferon-activated macrophages, and it
      may be considered a marker of cellular immunity. In 40 newly diagnosed and 38
      longer standing type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetics the relationship between
      urinary neopterin levels and islet cell antibodies (ICA) was investigated. Raised
      urinary neopterin levels were found in 30 ICA positive (mean +/- SD: 729.8 +/-
      602.1 mumol/mol creatinine, p = 0.0001) and 10 ICA negative (433.4 +/- 191.2
      mumol/mol creatinine, p = 0.0005) diabetics at onset of disease compared with age
      matched control subjects (118.1 +/- 33.2 mumol/mol creatinine). No significant
      difference in urinary neopterin levels was observed between diabetic groups.
      After the first stages of disease (greater than 5 months from onset), a
      significant difference (p = 0.0002) in urinary neopterin excretion was found
      between longer standing ICA positive patients and controls, but not between ICA
      negative diabetics and controls. In longer standing diabetics, neopterin levels
      were significantly higher in ICA positive patients than in ICA negative patients
      (544.6 +/- 341.3 versus 201.7 +/- 180 mumol/mol creatinine, p = 0.0002). No
      correlation between newly diagnosed or longer standing patients and HbA1c levels
      was found. Our results suggest that increased neopterin excretion in type 1
      diabetes seems to be a sensitive indicator for the activation of cell-mediated
      immunity even when ICA are undetectable.

PMID- 1816979
TI  - Calcium uptake by jejunal brush border membrane of the diabetic rat.
AB  - Chemically induced diabetes in the rat is associated with a number of functional
      abnormalities in the intestinal tract. The transport of glucose, amino acids and
      fatty acids are increased, whereas that of calcium and magnesium is decreased.
      Previous studies in calcium transport utilized in vivo perfusion and in vitro
      everted gut sac techniques. The present studies determined calcium uptake by the
      brush border membranes of controls, diabetic and diabetic rats treated with
      insulin or 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3. Calcium uptake with time was markedly decreased
      in diabetic rats compared to controls. Calcium uptake at 30 minutes was 4.4 +/-
      0.8 and 28 +/- 0.9 nmoles/mg protein in control and diabetic rats, respectively
      (p less than 0.001). Kinetics of calcium uptake at 5 seconds showed a Vmax of 2
      +/- 0.02 and 2.5 +/- 0.1 nmoles/mg protein (p less than 0.05) and a Km of 0.6 +/-
      0.1 and 0.54 +/- 0.1 mM in diabetic and controls, respectively. Calcium uptake at
      30 minutes showed a Vmax of 15.4 +/- 1.2 and 144.8 +/- 12 nmoles/mg protein (p
      less than 0.001) and Km values of 0.6 +/- 0.09 and 0.5 +/- 0.08 mM in diabetics
      and controls, respectively. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 treatment increased Vmax to 42.8
      +/- 6 nmoles/mg protein/30 minutes, whereas insulin treatment increased the Vmax
      to 71 +/- 8 nmoles/mg protein/30 minutes. The results suggest that calcium uptake
      by brush border membranes is markedly decreased in diabetic brush border
      membranes compared to controls. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 and insulin partially
      corrected calcium uptake by diabetic brush border membranes.

PMID- 1816980
TI  - Long-term results obtained with the Bankart method for the treatment of recurring
      anterior instability of the shoulder.
AB  - This review of cases was the product of a multicentric study the results of which
      were discussed during the Round Table discussion on the treatment of recurring
      anterior instability of the shoulder for the Spring Session of the S.OF.C.O.T 90.
      It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the long-term results obtained with
      Bankart capsuloplasty. Fifty-three patients were reviewed with a long-term follow
      up of more than 10 years. Their performance in sports and during everyday life
      was evaluated. The procedure may be the cause of mild joint stiffness in external
      and internal rotation, but it is distinguished for its scarce tendency to provoke
      arthrosis and for its excellent results in relieving pain, as compared to other
      procedures such as the Latarjet method. Thus, its results in terms of stability
      are comparable to those obtained with other methods. In this series the results
      seem to be correlated with sports activity, age and the side operated on. The
      worst results were obtained in very young amateur athletes and in non-dominant
      shoulders. Long-term follow-up showed that results were stable in time, with no
      functional progression or decline in sports activity.

PMID- 1816981
TI  - Complex fractures of the tibial plateau.
AB  - Out of 142 consecutive cases of fracture of the tibial plateau 48 cases (34%) of
      complex fractures are taken into consideration. Surgical treatment is based on
      two types of osteosynthesis: 1) osteosynthesis "of election" with
      interfragmentary plates and screws, which was used in most of the cases; 2)
      minimal osteosynthesis with Barr or lag screws, when there are lesions of the
      soft tissue and capsuloligamentous lesions. A total of 69% of the results were
      satisfactory (good and excellent). The most unfavorable prognostic factors are
      comminution of the fracture and residual widening of the tibial plateau.

PMID- 1816982
TI  - Long-term results of surgery for the treatment of sustentacular fractures of the
      calcaneus.
AB  - The authors reviewed 55 sustentacular fractures of the calcaneus treated between
      1979 and 1988. Our therapeutic objective was that of reconstructing the subtalar
      joint. This purpose was always achieved in a short amount of time; nonetheless,
      there were some cases of secondary unreduction in time (13% poor results in 4.5
      years). Essex-Lopresti closed surgery was used to treat fractures with limited
      damage of the joint surface; open osteosynthesis with associated grafting was
      used to treat fractures with more than one fragment.

PMID- 1816983
TI  - The use of the Ma-Griffith technique for percutaneous repair of fresh ruptured
      tendo Achillis.
AB  - All patients treated for a rupture of the Achilles tendon by the technique of
      percutaneous repair were identified from a five year period up to 1987. A review
      of the patients and results of this technique was undertaken using a clinical
      grading system. Review was conducted between 18 and 81 months following the
      injury. Of 38 patients followed up, 71% achieved good results and only 8% poor
      results. The re-rupture rate for this series was 8%. Sural nerve involvement
      (13%) was found to be a troublesome complication. During the period under study,
      a modification to the technique was introduced which abolished this complication.
      We present our results and describe the modification to the technique. The
      importance of the use of nonabsorbable sutures is emphasized.

PMID- 1816984
TI  - Syringomyelic arthropathy: a description of two cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Neurogenous arthropatHy is a rare disease. Nonetheless, every orthopaedist will
      sooner or later be faced with the arthropathy before the neurologic disease has
      been diagnosed. The authors report their study on two cases of syringomyelic
      arthropathy, repropose its anatomopathological, clinical and radiographic
      features, and discuss the etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment
      of the disease.

PMID- 1816985
TI  - Synovial fluid in arthropathy.
AB  - The authors examined 487 synovial fluid specimens in patients affected with
      spontaneous effusion in the knee. In 202 of the cases the features indicating the
      nature of the effusion were observed (rheumatoid arthritis: 27; active S.L.E.: 2;
      microcrystals: 77; infections: 38; doubts as to rheumatoid arthritis or other
      connectivitis: 58). In 84 cases no features were determined despite the presence
      of specific clinical signs (psoriasis, arthrosis, previous trauma). In 201 cases
      where there were no clinical signs in the synovial fluid, the authors were able
      to differentiate moderate phlogosis in 27 specimens, and intense phlogosis in
      104. Based on the results obtained, an attempt was made to define which tests are
      best to measure the amount of inflammation and which may be correlated with the
      etiology of the joint effusion.

PMID- 1816986
TI  - An evaluation of the "quoad vitam" prognosis in the elderly patient with medial
      fracture of the femoral neck.
AB  - The authors analyzed 425 consecutive cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck
      with the purpose of establishing a simple and practical system, and one which is
      easy to use, in order to evaluate this type of lesion and to compare different
      series of cases. Based on these criteria the death rate occurring intra-hospital
      and 6 months after trauma, the influence of the age factor, the type of
      anesthesia used and the type of treatment carried out, were evaluated. The
      results were as follows: The classification devised by the American Society of
      Anesthesiology continues to be an effective system for the evaluation of vital
      risk. The death rate was always directly related to age, and it was not
      influenced by either the type of anesthesia or the type of surgery used; however,
      it doubled when non-surgical treatment was used.

PMID- 1816987
TI  - Autologous blood pre-deposit in cemented hip arthroplasty.
AB  - The authors examine one of the methods used to avoid homologous blood transfusion
      in patients submitted to cemented hip arthroplasty. Although the series is not a
      numerous one (25 cases) it does show that even the pre-deposit of single unit of
      autologous blood is capable of eliminating the need for homologous blood
      transfusion in 96% of all cases.

PMID- 1816988
TI  - Systemic mastocytosis with skeletal involvement.
AB  - Systemic mastocytosis is a rare disease. The observation of one case
      characterized by clinical and radiographic bone involvement encouraged the
      authors to review the literature on the subject. The classification and most
      recent pathogenetic hypotheses correlated with various radiographic pictures, the
      different histological aspects, and most frequent differential diagnoses are
      reported.

PMID- 1816989
TI  - Long-term progression of a case of trans-epiphyseal fracture-dislocation of the
      proximal epiphysis of the femur.
AB  - Epiphyseal detachment-dislocation of the proximal femur constitutes a traumatic
      lesion, the immediate resolution of which always requires surgical treatment. How
      early treatment is carried out is important in improving the prognosis of the
      lesions which, however, in most cases is poor. In our case, clinical examination
      made 6 years post-surgery shows satisfactory preservation of range of movement
      with no important subjective disorders and with a minimal amount of hypometria (1
      cm) even if structural epiphyseal changes visualized on radiographic examination
      and CT scan predict progression towards early arthritic degeneration.

PMID- 1816990
TI  - Migration of Kirschner wires into the mediastinum after stabilization of sterno
      clavicular lesions. A report of two cases.
AB  - The authors describe two cases of intrathoracic migration of Kirschner wires used
      for fixation of unstable Allman grade III sternoclavicular dislocation. The wires
      continue their migration after 10 years despite the risk and the need to treat
      such complications.

PMID- 1816991
TI  - [Effects of green tea extract on the development of aflatoxin B1-induced
      precancerous enzyme-altered hepatocellular foci in rats].
AB  - Three kinds of extracts of green tea (decoction extract of green tea, water
      extract of green tea and ethanol extract of green tea) were tested for their
      effects on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. The results
      revealed that all these three extracts of green tea possessed the remarkable
      inhibitory effects on the development of precancerous enzyme-altered
      hepatocellular foci. These results indicated that the main components of the
      green tea responsible for cancer prevention were all soluble in water and ethanol
      and thus providing an important clue for the search of the effective components
      in green tea for cancer prevention.

PMID- 1816992
TI  - [A study on diarrhoea disease caused by Vibrionaceae along coast the east of
      Zhejiang Province].
AB  - A study of the etiology of 1028 cases of acute diarrhoea due to vibrionaceae was
      carried out between August 1988 to July 1990 along the coast of east Zhejiang
      Province. From 417 clinical cases (40.56%) were found. 590 strains (57.39%) of
      pathogenic vibrios Among them, the detection rates of vibrio, aeromonas and
      plesionmonas were 48.14%, 44.74%, 7.12% respectively. There were 8 Species of
      vibrio detected: V. parahemolyticus (63.73%), V. fluvialis (11.97%), V.
      alginolyticus (10.215), non-01 vibrio cholera (9.86%), V. furnissii (2.47%), V.
      mimicus (1.06%), V. metchnikovii (0.35%), V. vulnificus (0.35%). The detection
      rate of aeromonas species of A. sorbia, A. caviae, A. hydrophila and A.
      indefinite sp. were 30.68%, 27.27%, 22.73%, and 19.32% respectively. Plesionmonas
      shigellides was also found in this study. The age, sex, clinical features,
      detection rates of pathogenic vibrios of diarrhoea cases and sea food contact
      history were analyzed.

PMID- 1816993
TI  - [An analysis of the factors influencing the use of IUD].
AB  - An introduction of the method of the theory of quantification II is given, and it
      is applied to evaluation of the factors influencing the use of IUD. From the
      epidemiological data obtained in Jilin City, eight more important factors were
      screened. These factors are age of first parturition, age of first menses,
      condition of putting the IUD in, number of early stage induced abortion, number
      of gestation, labour posture, labour intensity and number of parturition. By
      comparing the results of analysis between the theory of the quantification and
      the Bayes discrimination analysis, it is shown that the former method is more
      objective and therefore the results are more reliable.

PMID- 1816994
TI  - [The study of the relationship between diet and primary liver cancer].
AB  - Two dietary surveys were carried out in a high prevalence area of primary liver
      cancer (PLC) and a low PLC area in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China
      in 1987 and 1988 respectively. The results of these two surveys were similar and
      no statistical significant differences were observed. They showed that negative
      correlations between the mortality rates of PLC and the intake amount of rice,
      fruit, vegetable, energy, protein, crude fiber and ascorbic acid existed.
      However, between the mortality rates of PLC and the intake of corn, and peanut
      oil, positive correlations were noted. The aflatoxin content of corn, peanut and
      peanut oil was greater than that of rice, hence the possible relationship between
      aflatoxin and PLC. It suggested that diet and nutrients could affect PLC
      mortality rates.

PMID- 1816995
TI  - [The effect of Cu, Zn, Mn, on selenium content in the liver, brain, blood and
      kidney of mice].
AB  - The influence of dietary copper, zinc and manganese on the contents of selenium
      in liver, brain, and kidney of 150 mice was studied. The mice were divided into 5
      groups with different trace elements in their forage (I. 40ppm Cu+4ppm Se, II.
      100ppm Zn+4PPm Se, III. 4ppm Mn+4ppm Se, IV. control group). Every 10 mice were
      killed at one month intervals in each group and the contents of selenium in
      liver, brain, kidney and blood were determined. The selenium contents of blood,
      kidney in I, II groups were significantly lower than in IV group. The selenium
      content of liver was also significantly lower than IV group in two months, but no
      difference in the third month. No change of selenium content in brain had been
      observed.

PMID- 1816996
TI  - [Relationship between visual fatigue of students and artificial illumination in
      classroom with television].
AB  - A comparison of visual fatigue of 105 students 20-25 yrs old, attending classes
      with T. V. education program at 30, 45, 65, 100, 150 (lx) on desk was made.
      Visual fatigue was determined by the changes of visuognosis persistent time,
      nearest and farthest point in nearvision, and accommodation from before to after
      classes. The results indicated that the lightest fatigue appeared in 65 1x. Under
      the illuminance, fluorescent lamp used as light source was more advantageous than
      incandescent lamp, but the difference of visual fatigue between watching colour
      and black-white television was not (obvious).

PMID- 1816997
TI  - [Investigation on renal function of workers exposed to toluene and xylene].
AB  - beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M), albumin (Alb), IgG, Protein in urine were
      measured in 59 workers exposed to toluene, and xylene, and 70 workers not so
      exposed as control. The results showed that the urine levels of beta 2-M, Alb in
      exposed groups were significantly higher and increased progressively with
      increasing work time. Urinary beta 2-M showed significantly positive correlation
      with Alb, protein. Conformability of beta 2-M, Alb with other renal damage
      indexes seems better. It is suggested that toluene and xylene might cause renal
      damage, changes of urinary beta 2-M and Alb concentrations might be used as
      sensitive indexes for early detection of renal dysfunction in toluene and xylene
      workers.

PMID- 1816998
TI  - Beyond cholesterol concentration: other abnormalities of lipid metabolism
      associated with coronary heart disease.

PMID- 1816999
TI  - The role of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein in lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 1817000
TI  - HDL heterogeneity and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 1817001
TI  - Novel atherogenic, oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein.

PMID- 1817002
TI  - Low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and familial combined hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 1817003
TI  - Relationship between diabetic dyslipoproteinaemia and coronary heart disease risk
      in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 1817004
TI  - Intestinally-derived lipoproteins: metabolism and clinical significance.

PMID- 1817005
TI  - [The predictive value of ventricular late potential in arrhythmia events].

PMID- 1817006
TI  - [Summary of the conference of clinical evaluation of ventricular late potential].

PMID- 1817007
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiograms].
AB  - Quantitative analysis of the high frequency components of the terminal portion of
      the high-resolution surface QRS was performed in 119 normal subjects (N), 62
      patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) including 20 patients with sustained
      VT or VF (VTs/VF) and in 565 ischemic and nonischemic cardiac patients (NO-VT).
      High-resolution surface ECG (SAECG) was obtained during sinus rhythm with noise
      level below 0.4 microV by ART-1200EPX. The vector magnitude of the filtered and
      signal-averaged standard bipolar orthogonal leads X, Y, Z (V = square root of X2
      + Y2 + Z2) were used for analysis. Total duration of the QRS (QRST), the duration
      of the low amplitude (40 microV) signals in the terminal portion of the QRS (D40)
      and the amplitude of the signals in the last 40 ms (V40) were measured at filter
      settings of both 25Hz and 40Hz by the computer. Specific values for each of the
      indices were identified at both 25Hz and 40Hz filterings, which could separate N
      as well as NO-VT from VTs/VF. They were greater than or equal to 120 ms for QRST,
      greater than or equal to 34 ms for D40 and less than or equal to 25 microV for
      V40 at 25Hz, greater than or equal to 120 ms for QRST, greater than or equal to
      39 ms for D40 and less than or equal to 20 microV for V40 at 40 Hz
      filtering.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817008
TI  - [The evolution and clinical significance of the ventricular late potential in
      acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Two hundred cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who had survived for 2 or
      more weeks were studied consecutively. 96.5% had been followed up for 0.5-27
      (average 13) months. Signal averaging with filter corner frequencies of 40-250Hz
      were used to record ventricular late potentials (VLP). During hospitalization,
      26.5% had at least one positive VLP. There were no statistical differences in
      age, gender, CK-peak value, or LVEF prior to the discharge between positive and
      negative VLP groups. However, there were more positive cases in inferior wall
      infarction and Killip's grade II or above (P less than 0.05). More VT/VF cases in
      VLP positive group, but no statistical correlation between the VLP and
      ventricular arrhythmias in Holter recording. On follow-up, 2/3 positive cases
      turned out negative, but greater part in these with continuous positive VLP had
      obvious cardiac dysfunction and reinfarction.

PMID- 1817009
TI  - [Localization of the optimal site for the detection of late potentials].
AB  - Late potentials (VLP) are high frequency-low amplitude electrical potentials that
      appear at late ventricular depolarization. A multilead method of detection
      (method M) was adopted in the present study. This study was designed to compare
      method M with composite XYZ lead method (method C) by analysis of signals
      recorded from the same hardware system. The purpose was to find out relations of
      the directions of MI Q vector and peri-infarction block to the recording lead
      axes of VLP. In 44 MI patients the results of VLP detection indicated that: (1)
      The positive incidence of VLP detection was 55% with method M which was
      significantly higher than that with method C (25%, P less than 0.01) especially
      in patients with ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation and
      ventricular premature contractions. The sensitivity of VLP with method M (75-88%)
      was apparently higher than that with method C (38%). (2) The direction of Q
      vector in MI was closely correlated with that of recording lead axes of VLP. (3)
      The positive VLP were found around peri-infarction block in patients with MI. The
      direction of peri-infarction block was mostly in line with that of lead axes with
      positive VLP, that is, the positive rate of VLP detection was the highest when
      ever the vector of MI and peri-infarction block were parallel to the recording
      lead axes of method M.

PMID- 1817010
TI  - [The value of spectral mapping of electrocardiograms with Fourier transform in
      detecting late potentials].
AB  - The results of spectral mapping of the electrocardiogram (ECG) with Fourier
      transform of multi-segments (Blackman-Harris window, size 80 ms, 40 segments,
      time shift 2 ms) were studied in 7 patients with recurrent sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT, group 1), 16 patients with a history of myocardial infarction
      without VT (group 2) and 30 healthy volunteers (group 3). The 3-dimensional
      spectral plots in group 1 were characterized by the discrete high amplitude multi
      peaks and increased high-frequency components at the end of QRS complex and early
      ST segment. The spectral-peak amplitude in group 1 (13.14 +/- 6.54 db) was
      significantly higher than that in group 2 and group 3 (P less than 0.05 and P
      less than 0.01), and the spectral-peak amplitude in group 2 (6.25 +/- 3.19 db)
      also higher than that in group 3 (4.30 +/- 2.00 db, P less than 0.05). The
      frequency spectra of late potentials mainly ranged from 40 to 100 Hz. The
      spectral peaks due to noises were present in all segments and irrespective of
      segment choice. The preliminary observation suggested that multi-segments
      spectral mapping of the ECG with Fourier transform offers a new analytic method
      for better identification of patients prone to sustained ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 1817011
TI  - [Correlation of signal-averaged electrocardiograms with the threatening
      ventricular arrhythmia during recovery period of experimental acute myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - Body surface signal-averaged ECGs were recorded in 24 dogs during recovery period
      of AMI. The correlation of VLP with ventricular arrhythmias induced by programmed
      electrical stimulation was studied. VLPs were positive in 12 dogs between 7 and
      14 days after AMI. VLPs were all positive in 6 dogs with induced VT(100%). In 15
      dogs with induced VF, however, VLPs were positive in only 5 (33.3%). The
      difference between two groups was significant (P = 0.01). Propafenone 2 mg/kg was
      injected intravenously in 21 dogs. Among the VF group no VF was induced after
      administration of the drug. In VT group propafenone increased the cycle length of
      VTs although it could not prevent the induction of the arrhythmias. The drug had
      no significant influence on VLPs, but it might provide some antifibrillation
      effect. There was no proarrhythmic effect observed when propafenone was used in
      this study.

PMID- 1817012
TI  - [A correlative study of ventricular late potential and programmed stimulation
      induced ventricular tachycardia].

PMID- 1817013
TI  - [A correlative study of surface ventricular late potential and coronary
      arteriography].

PMID- 1817014
TI  - [The relation between ventricular late potential and ventricular arrhythmia in
      coronary and non-coronary heart disease].

PMID- 1817015
TI  - [A comparative study of the temporal and spectral analysis of signal-averaged
      electrocardiograms].

PMID- 1817016
TI  - [Detection of cardiac myosin light chain I by monoclonal antibody in the patients
      with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Plasma cardiac myosin light chain I(CMLCI) was quantified by competitive enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody in 42 patients with
      confirmed acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In comparison to the value from
      healthy individuals, plasma CMLCI levels were significantly elevated in 40
      patients. In 28 of the 42 patients (66.7%), two major peaks were observed on time
      activity curves. The early peak (CMLCIp1) began a rapid rising within 4-12 hours
      and peaked at a mean of 25 hours following the onset of chest pain. The CMLCIp1
      appeared statistically higher and earlier in patients with early infarct-related
      artery recanalization (IRAR) than those without IRAR, which was assessed by CPK
      peaking time, continuous ST segment monitoring on 12 lead ECG and symptoms. Thus,
      CMLCIp1 might be influenced by early IRAR. The late peak (CMLCIp2), which was
      composed of another gradual increase of plasma CMLCI level, occurred at a mean of
      142 hours after AMI and remained elevated for about 7-10 days. The magnitudes of
      CMLCIp2 were correlated with the infarct size estimated by LVEF and LVWMS on
      cineventriculography and QRS scores on ECG. In the rest 14 patients only one peak
      was observed. It was suggested that CMLCIp1 could provide an early diagnosis of
      AMI and might be influenced by early IRAR after thrombolysis, while CMLCIp2 was a
      good later marker of extent of myocardial necrosis.

PMID- 1817017
TI  - [Influence of isometric exercise on left ventricular diastolic function in the
      normal subjects and in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease].
AB  - To evaluate the influence of isometric exercise on left ventricular (LV)
      diastolic function, transmittal flow velocity was measured by pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography before and after handgrip in 15 normal subjects and the patients
      with hypertension as well as 18 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
      Statistically significant differences in peak velocity of early rapid filling
      (Ev), the ratios of peak early to late diastolic velocity (Ev/Av) and early to
      late velocity-time integral (Ei/Ai) between normal subjects and both the patients
      with hypertension and CHD were noted at rest. After isometric exercise,
      significant increase in Av (0.70 +/- 0.13 vs 0.76 +/- 0.14, P less than 0.01) and
      Ai/total VTi (0.35 +/- 0.07 vs 0.42 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.05) were showed in
      the hypertension group. In CHD, multiple Doppler parameters changed after
      isometric exercise with increase in Av (0.70 +/- 0.16 vs 0.85 +/- 0.18, P less
      than 0.01) and Ai/total VTi (0.36 +/- 0.08 vs 0.42 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01) as
      well as decrease in Ev/Av (0.95 +/- 0.22 vs 0.82 +/- 0.15, P less than 0.05) and
      Ei/Ai (1.64 +/- 0.51 vs 1.35 +/- 0.34, P less than 0.05). However, there was no
      significant difference in any Doppler indices of LV diastolic function in the
      present normal subjects after isometric exercise. Thus, isometric exercise
      further enhanced late LV diastolic filling in the patients with impaired LV
      diastolic function in resting states greater than normal subjects, and myocardial
      ischemia induced by handgrip may play partial role in more changes in Doppler
      indices of LV diastolic function in CHD than the patients with hypertension.

PMID- 1817018
TI  - [Atrial pathology in relation to atrial fibrillation in mitral valve disease and
      its influence on cardioversion after mitral valve replacement].

PMID- 1817019
TI  - [The blood lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in hypertensive
      patients].

PMID- 1817020
TI  - [A study on pulmonary blood flow spectrum in tetralogy of Fallot intensified by
      CO2 contrast echocardiography].

PMID- 1817021
TI  - [An experimental study on thrombolysis in canine coronary artery by snake venom
      antithrombase II].

PMID- 1817022
TI  - Late onset neurometabolic genetic disorders. From clinical to molecular aspects
      of lysosomal and peroxisomal disease.

PMID- 1817023
TI  - Diagnosis and pathogenesis of late-onset genetic metabolic
      encephaloneuromyopathies.
AB  - The strategy of clinical investigations for the diagnosis of the late-onset
      neurometabolic diseases is reported. The criteria for the diagnostic suspicion
      are inheritance and multisystem involvement. The different clinical signs that
      are the basis for further biological investigations are reviewed. The diagnostic
      confirmation will be obtained by laboratory analyses, some of which can be easily
      performed in all hospitals. The pathogenesis of late-onset neurometabolic
      encephaloneuromyopathies and the clinical consequences of heterozygosity are
      reported. Finally these disorders are discussed as a useful model for
      understanding the pathogenesis of some of the most common neurological diseases
      and of the normal functions of many molecules in the nervous system.

PMID- 1817024
TI  - Biochemical basis of late-onset neurolipidoses.
AB  - The occurrence and the tremendous phenotypic variability of late-onset
      neurolipidosis variants are explained on the basis of a simple kinetic model that
      describes the correlation between residual activity of a deficient lysosomal
      enzyme and the degradation rate of its substrate in the lysosome.

PMID- 1817025
TI  - Neuropathology of late onset gangliosidoses. A review.
AB  - Neuropathological features of late onset gangliosidoses are reviewed. Although
      neuropathological studies are carried out on limited numbers of late onset cases,
      it appears that electron-dense heterogeneous conglomerates of neuronal inclusions
      increased with age admixed with more typical membranous cytoplasmic inclusions of
      gangliosidosis. Unlike early onset cases, which show extensive storage in
      cerebral cortical neurons, cortical neurons are involved less in late onset
      cases. In chronic (or adult) GM1 gangliosidosis, neuronal storage is almost
      exclusively limited to the basal ganglia, while in chronic (or adult) GM2
      gangliosidosis storage neurons are more widely distributed in the thalamus,
      substantia nigra and other brainstem nuclei, and cerebellum is significantly
      affected.

PMID- 1817026
TI  - Late-onset Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy): clinical and biochemical
      features of 15 cases.
AB  - The diagnosis of late-onset variants of Krabbe disease (globoid cell
      leukodystrophy) has been facilitated by the recognition of galactocerebrosidase
      deficiency as its biochemical hallmark. Fifteen patients, ages 4-73, are
      presented. Signs included pes cavus, optic disc pallor, progressive spastic
      tetraparesis, a sensorimotor demyelinating neuropathy and hypodense lesions in
      the parieto-occipital periventricular white matter. Although intellect was
      preserved in more than half the cases, significant intrafamilial variability in
      mental functioning was encountered in 3 families. Bone marrow transplantation was
      successful in 1 13-year-old girl, but caused the death of 2 teenage twin sisters.

PMID- 1817027
TI  - Symptomatology of late onset Krabbe's leukodystrophy: the European experience.
AB  - The authors present a study of 50 patients with late onset Krabbe's
      leukodystrophy (LOKL), including 27 from a pooled European Series collected in
      1987, and 23 published between 1906 and 1987. In Europe, the disease appears to
      be relatively frequent in Sicily and exceedingly rare in Sweden. Most cases
      started before the age of 5 years. The initial signs consisted mainly of
      progressive motor impairment, although, characteristically, visual failure was
      the initial manifestation in 25% of patients. Low nerve conduction velocities and
      a high protein content in the CSF were only present in 50%. There was no age
      linked symptomatic predominance. The pace and length of the disease was very
      variable, but in one-third of the children before the age of 3 the course was
      remarkably rapid. There was no difference in the residual activity of
      galactosylceramide galactosidase in LOKL compared to the early infantile form.

PMID- 1817028
TI  - Leuko-araiosis.
AB  - Leuko-araiosis is an unspecific radiologic sign, seen with CT scan or with MRI.
      It can be found as well in normal elderly persons as in pathological conditions.
      For the sake of clarity, CT scan and MRI images have to be distinguished. CT
      leuko-araiosis is linked with vascular risk factors and with age. The situation
      is more complex for MRI leuko-araiosis (likely on account of the higher
      sensitivity of MRI). Some images (caps and rims), frequently seen in normal, even
      young, individuals, are more frequent in aging. On the contrary, abnormal images
      at a distance from the ventricle are more difficult to interpret. Some of them
      are due to pathological well defined conditions (small infarcts, Binswanger's
      disease, cysts, plaques). Others may be secondary to remote pathologies (such as
      infarcts). Others are due to little specific conditions, such as perivascular
      dilatations ('etat crible' due to brain vasogenic edema, or to brain atrophy
      whatever its cause, and more frequently seen in the elderly). Other changes, such
      as incomplete infarction or myelin pallor with gliosis, have been described. At
      last, in some cases, no clearcut pathological lesion could be found. Leuko
      araiosis may be present in primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type,
      but it is neither necessary nor sufficient to establish the diagnosis of
      Alzheimer's disease, and it does not seem more frequent than in elderly controls.
      The mechanism of leuko-araiosis in Alzheimer's disease is likely multifactorial
      (for example, cerebral atrophy, amyloid angiopathy, associated hypertensive
      arteriolosclerosis could be involved). The relationship between leuko-araiosis,
      myelin pallor and white matter atrophy is poorly understood, and remains to be
      studied.

PMID- 1817029
TI  - Cognitive function in adult adrenoleukodystrophy: comparison with leukoaraiosis
      and multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Cognitive evaluation of 6 cases of adult adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) included in a
      brain magnetic resonance (MR) study are reported: 2 males with
      adrenomyeloneuropathy and 4 women heterozygous for ALD. Cognition was normal in 4
      and MR scan in 2 of them. In the 2 others, there were mild modifications of the
      white matter. One patient suffered of visual retention disturbances with
      abnormalities of the white matter in MR scan. In the last, cognitive decline was
      observed; MR scan showed atrophy of cortex and corpus callosum and
      periventricular high signal areas. Comparison with leukoaraiosis in healthy
      adults and with multiple sclerosis suggests that there is probably a relationship
      between cognition and extension of brain MR abnormalities. Time of appearance and
      frequency of cognitive dysfunction might be explained by the natural history of
      each of these diseases.

PMID- 1817030
TI  - Clinical aspects of adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy.
AB  - Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects mainly
      the nervous system white matter and the adrenal cortex. It is associated with an
      abnormal accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids and can be
      diagnosed by demonstrating an excess of these substances in plasma or red cells.
      Our laboratory has identified more than 900 hemizygotes and 1,000 heterozygotes.
      Approximately 50% of the hemizygotes have a rapidly progressive childhood or
      adolescent form of the disease. Twenty-five percent of males have a slowly
      progressive paraparesis in adulthood, but often are not diagnosed correctly. The
      illness may also present as Addison disease without apparent neurological
      involvement. Approximately 15% of heterozygotes develop moderately severe spastic
      paraparesis. It is important to diagnose ALD promptly because of the urgent need
      for genetic counseling and the availability of promising therapeutic
      interventions.

PMID- 1817031
TI  - Peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in relation to adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a neurological disease characterized by
      progressive demyelination with destruction of the white matter, and adrenal
      insufficiency. Biochemically there is accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids
      resulting from an impairment in the peroxisomal oxidation of these fatty acids.
      In this paper we describe the present state of our knowledge with regard to the
      organization of the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation system, with particular
      emphasis on X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

PMID- 1817032
TI  - Schilder's diffuse sclerosis.
AB  - The natural history and the evolution of the concept of Schilder's diffuse
      sclerosis have been described by Poser and van Bogaert in 1956 and there is
      really not much to add to their analysis. The major progress made in the
      clinical, genetic, enzymatic and biochemical workup of many of the conditions
      previously grouped under the denomination of Schilder's disease confirms its
      heterogeneity. We will discuss (1) the myelinoclastic disorders; (2) the
      leukodystrophies with disorders such as adrenoleukodystrophy and the still very
      ill-defined sudanophilic leukodystrophies; (3) the subacute sclerosing
      leukoencephalitis, better known today as the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
      In conclusion, the name of Schilder is to be remembered as are all the names of
      the great neurologists and neuropathologists of the past but it would be better
      to avoid nowadays the eponym of Schilder's disease in order to prevent confusion
      between different disorders.

PMID- 1817033
TI  - Experience on therapy of adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy.
AB  - We report the biochemical and clinical results obtained during a dietary erucic
      acid (C22:1) therapy in 20 patients affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
      (ALD). Six patients were very severely affected, 9 had milder neurological
      symptoms and 5 were presymptomatic. Mean basal levels of plasma C26:0 were 1.41
      +/- 0.48 micrograms/ml in ALD patients (control values: 0.33 +/- 0.12). In all
      patients C26:0 decreased to virtually normal values. In spite of good biochemical
      response and absence of consistent side effects of therapy, no encouraging data
      were observed during the clinical follow-up. The presymptomatic subjects were
      still free of symptoms after more than 1 year of therapy. The symptomatic
      patients, however worsened or did not show any improvement.

PMID- 1817034
TI  - Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in hereditary beta-galactosidase deficiency.
AB  - Results of a molecular analysis of GM1-gangliosidosis and galactosialidosis in
      our laboratory are briefly reviewed. A common single base substitution was found
      in adult/chronic form of GM1-gangliosidosis among heterogeneous beta
      galactosidase gene mutations, and restriction site analysis was successfully
      performed for diagnosis of homozygotes and heterozygotes. All adult
      galactosialidosis patients had a common mutation at a splice junction which
      caused skipping of an exon of the protective protein/carboxypeptidase gene. An
      artificial restriction site was introduced in this case and applied to diagnosis
      of this disease. The heterogeneous gene mutations were compared and correlated
      with phenotypic manifestations in these two diseases.

PMID- 1817035
TI  - Clinical aspects of Niemann-Pick type C disease in the adult.
AB  - Niemann-Pick type C disease diagnosed in adult neurology departments may be
      infantile or juvenile forms with prolonged life span or forms starting at
      adolescence or adulthood. The evolution is generally slower compared to the
      infantile cases. Psychomotor retardation is practically constant. Cerebellar
      ataxia and extrapyramidal manifestations are often found in opposition to
      pyramidal symptoms. Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia with a down-gaze failure is
      nearly constant. Cataplexy and other types of seizures may be found during the
      evolution of the disease. In some cases a psychosis may be the only manifestation
      for several years; the treatment by psychotropic drugs raises the question of a
      superimposition of a drug-induced lipidosis. Hepatosplenomegaly is often
      discrete, contrary to infantile cases. Foam cells or sea-blue histiocytes are a
      general feature of the disease. Although the primary defect is unknown, diagnosis
      must be confirmed by the defect in cholesterol esterification from exogenous
      cholesterol.

PMID- 1817036
TI  - Type C Niemann-Pick disease: biochemical aspects and phenotypic heterogeneity.
AB  - Within Niemann-Pick diseases, type C has now been demonstrated to be a
      nosological entity totally distinct from types A and B, and is best characterized
      at present by unique abnormalities of intracellular translocation of exogenous
      cholesterol, which are briefly reviewed. Although the primary defect is still
      unknown in type C Niemann-Pick disease, this discovery has had immediate medical
      applications, by providing the first strategy for reliable prenatal detection of
      the disorder and easy diagnosis of patients. From our personal experience of 134
      cases, diagnosis is best reached by the combined demonstration of a deficient
      induction of esterification and of an intravesicular cholesterol storage by
      cytochemistry after filipin staining. The prevalence of the various clinical
      forms observed is given, together with a brief report of 6 adult-onset cases. The
      spectrum of phenotypic heterogeneity in relation to abnormal LDL processing has
      been defined, resulting in the delineation of three biochemical groups, classical
      (86%), variant (7%) and intermediate (7%). Correlations between clinical and
      biochemical phenotypes have been studied. To get further insight into genetic
      heterogeneity, complementation studies were performed. Preliminary results have
      yet given no evidence of several complementation groups within type C Niemann
      Pick disease. The recognition of the three biochemical phenotypes is however
      critical for diagnosis and genetic counselling.

PMID- 1817037
TI  - Type C Niemann-Pick disease: use of hydrophobic amines to study defective
      cholesterol transport.
AB  - Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a cholesterol lipidosis resulting from
      defective postlysosomal cholesterol transport. In normal cells this segment of
      cholesterol trafficking is inhibited by treatment with either U18666A or
      imipramine. Other compounds are also capable of blocking postlysosomal
      cholesterol transport: stearylamine, RV-538, and sphinganine inhibit low-density
      lipoprotein-induced esterification of cholesterol and cause unesterified
      cholesterol to accumulate in perinuclear vesicles. These vesicles can be stained
      with filipin to give a staining pattern indistinguishable from that seen in NPC
      fibroblasts. Because all of these compounds are hydrophobic amines, we conclude
      that most, if not all, hydrophobic amines block the postlysosomal transport of
      cholesterol. These results also raise the possibility that an endogenous amine,
      e.g., sphinganine, may inhibit cholesterol transport in NPC.

PMID- 1817038
TI  - Cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome (type I sialidosis).
AB  - The authors report the sequence of the clinical symptoms in type I sialidosis or
      cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome, derived from the cases personally observed
      and from the literature. They also report neuropathological and neurochemical
      data. A serial EEG study in a case shows the tendency to a progressive
      deregulation of cerebral electric activity. Therapeutic attempts to reduce
      myoclonus, which is one of the more disabling symptoms in this syndrome, are
      described.

PMID- 1817039
TI  - Sialic acid storage disorders: observations on clinical and biochemical
      variation.
AB  - Lysosomal accumulation of free sialic acid results in two phenotypically distinct
      inherited metabolic disorders, Salla disease and infantile sialic acid storage
      disease. Clinical and biochemical findings in both diseases are reviewed. Recent
      studies indicate that sialic acid storage is a consequence of defective function
      of a lysosomal membrane transport system specific for sialic acid and some other
      acidic monosaccharides.

PMID- 1817040
TI  - Adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
AB  - Adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), also called Kufs' disease, is
      clinically distinct from the other NCLs. It is a rare condition which is
      difficult to diagnose. More than 50% of the reported cases of Kufs' disease are
      not adult NCL and correspond very likely to a heterogeneous spectrum of
      lipidoses. Various clinical and genetic phenotypes of adult NCL may be
      recognized, one featuring a progressive myoclonus epilepsy. It is important to
      stress that in contradistinction with the juvenile and protracted juvenile NCL,
      there is no pigmentary degeneration of the retina. Adult NCL is an autosomal
      recessive condition but two families have an autosomal dominant inheritance. The
      diagnosis of adult NCL may be suggested by a careful evaluation of skin, rectal
      or brain biopsies with the electron microscope but the diagnosis is fraught with
      many hazards. The pathogenetic defect lies probably in the intracellular
      processing of lysosomal and perhaps of Golgi membranes. The recent discovery of
      subunit c of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase in the stored
      cytosomes represents certainly an interesting prospect for future developments.

PMID- 1817041
TI  - Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease--clinical, biochemical and molecular biology
      aspects: successful treatment with bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease is a well defined nosological entity
      with a characteristic course and clinical manifestations. The disease is caused
      by a deficiency of the enzyme glucosylceramidase (cerebroside-beta-glucosidase).
      Studies of genomic DNA and cDNA encoding the enzyme show a single base
      substitution in exon 10 in the Norrbottnian patients. The enzymic lesion causes
      an accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in cells of the
      monocyte-macrophage system, particularly in spleen, liver and bone marrow. Early
      splenectomy results in severe symptoms from skeleton and CNS, owing to
      accelerated storage of glucosylceramide in these organs. Bone marrow
      transplantation had a life-saving effect and seems to be the method of choice for
      beneficial enzyme replacement therapy.

PMID- 1817042
TI  - Molecular aspects of Gaucher disease.
AB  - Gaucher disease is the most common sphingolipid storage disorder. Due to its high
      prevalence it may appear with a nonrelated neurological disease and be
      misinterpreted as Gaucher type 3. A family is described in which 2 Gaucher
      brothers presented different clinical signs. Molecular analysis has shown that
      both carried two mutated alleles. One allele had a G to C transversion at
      nucleotide 3119 of the active gene (Asp140-His) while the other presented two
      base pair changes, an A to C transversion at nucleotide number 3170 (Lys157-Gly),
      and a G-A transition at nucleotide number 5309 (Glu324-Lys). Therefore, both
      presented the same type of Gaucher disease which was accompanied with a
      nonrelated neurological disease in one of them. Molecular diagnosis of 161
      patients has provided a relative abundance of different mutations among Jewish
      and non-Jewish patients and allowed some genotype-phenotype correlation.
      Differential expression of the murine glucocerebrosidase activator gene (the
      prosaposine) has been demonstrated using Northern technique and in situ
      hybridization. High expression levels were observed in the brain and testes. In
      the testes the prosaposine expression was confined to the supporting cells. In
      the female gonad prosaposine expression has also been shown, in the corpus
      luteum. In a 12 1/2-day-old embryo, prosaposine gene expression was detected
      mainly in brain stem, in dorsal ganglia and in the genital ridge.

PMID- 1817043
TI  - Biochemical abnormalities in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.
AB  - Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare recessive inherited lipid storage
      disease that was first described by Van Bogaert. Although the principal clinical
      presentation affects the nervous system with dementia, spinal cord paresis,
      cerebellar ataxia and peripheral neuropathy, the liver is is the organ where the
      major biochemical abnormalities are expressed. The following sections deal with
      the pathogenesis and treatment of the biochemical problems in CTX.

PMID- 1817044
TI  - Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis as a multisystem disease mimicking premature
      ageing.
AB  - The authors report the clinical findings in 10 Italian cases of cerebrotendinous
      xanthomatosis (CTX). In addition to the classical neurological manifestations,
      the presence of psychiatric symptoms and osteopenia is stressed. Chronic
      treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid resulted in decreased plasma cholestanol
      levels and improvement of some central and peripheral neurophysiological
      parameters including EEG, VEP, SEP and conduction velocities. Due to the presence
      of cataracts, ischemic heart disease, premature atherosclerosis, mental
      deterioration and osteoporosis, usually found in old age, CTX can be considered a
      useful model of premature ageing.

PMID- 1817045
TI  - [The effects of furcation morphology on periodontal disease].
AB  - Enamel spurs projecting from the cemento-enamel junction into the furcation as
      well as small islands and droplets of enamel deposited on furcational root
      surfaces are characteristic morphological features of human maxillary and
      mandibular molars. The furrows and recesses created by these structures form
      pathways for bacterial invasion and predispose for local periodontitis.
      Furthermore, the furcations are often covered by thick central cementum ridges,
      with steplike or tongue-like deepenings around enamel droplets. In the cementum,
      there is a variable number of small and large openings, representing either
      cementum-inherent channels or large open connections between pulp chamber and
      furcation. These structures offer ample opportunities for uncontrollable
      bacterial retention and colonisation, and the possibility for pulpal infections
      to spread into the furcation. The literature covering these issues is summarized.

PMID- 1817046
TI  - [Diagnosis of furcation involvement].
AB  - The diagnostic aids for the assessment of furcation involvement are identical
      with the ones used for periodontal assessment. For probing of the furcation area,
      a special curved probe is indispensable. A new imaging procedure for diagnosis of
      alterations in the furcation area is presented: after congruently superimposing
      digitalized x-ray films on each other, the only structures left visible are the
      ones whose density has changed.

PMID- 1817048
TI  - [Extraoral post-curing of composite inlays].
AB  - Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) a post-curing effect of 3.8% could
      be observed. In accordance with these data a heat-induced polymerization of
      photocured composites of up to about 3% was found by FMIR infrared spectroscopy.
      In a single case the additional degree of cure was 15%. After heat treatment the
      degree of conversion in areas deeper than 50 microns was 75% to 79%. In the outer
      layer the content of unconverted double bonds could not be reduced by heat
      treatment. The degree of conversion here was 54% to 72%. Thus, the effect of this
      post-curing procedure is limited to the bulk material.

PMID- 1817047
TI  - [Conventional surgical furcation therapy. Closed and open scaling].
AB  - Epidemiological studies in the sixties indicated that in patients older than 45
      years periodontal disease was the major cause of tooth-loss, particularly in
      molars. However, improved prevention and enhanced dental awareness have now
      reduced both the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth-loss. Unfortunately,
      periodontal disease and tooth-loss still progress rapidly in a small group of
      patients. The currently used diagnostic parameters do not allow the early
      identification of this small group. Despite controlled periodontal treatment,
      loss of molars has remained twice as high as overall tooth loss. When all
      patients are divided into different perio-subgroups, molar loss tends to identify
      patients with a high periodontal risk. This conclusion can be drawn from the fact
      that furcation treatment is usually clinically successful, although calculus
      removal is insufficient. Early diagnosis of molar furcation involvement may help
      identify the small group of patients in which periodontitis may develop. The
      local morphological patterns may also contribute to rapid progression of the
      disease resulting eventually in loss of the molars. In such cases resective
      therapy is proposed instead of the usual open or closed scaling procedures.

PMID- 1817049
TI  - [Wettability and accuracy of reproduction of impression materials].
AB  - Traditional elastomeric impression materials, four recently developed
      "hydrophilic" silicones and a hydrocolloid have been tested for their accuracy of
      reproduction by use of indirect measurements via plaster dies and for their
      wettability by means of the sessile drop method. The new silicones are
      reproducing the original model as exactly as the traditional elastomers. The
      impression techniques have a stronger influence on the results than the
      impression materials. Although the new silicones are more hydrophilic than the
      traditional elastomers, they do not reach the wettability of a hydrocolloid. The
      results of the indirect measurements and the results of the contact angle
      measurements are corresponding to the results of other investigations and to
      literature data of bubble counts of plaster dies made of different impression
      materials.

PMID- 1817050
TI  - [Studies on the perception of periodontal stimuli].
AB  - The stimulation of the periodontium causes a reflex response of the jaw muscles
      and at the same time a perceptive reaction of the central nervous system. The aim
      of our study was to develop a method for the objective assessment of the
      subjective perception experienced after stimulating the periodontium. Seven
      healthy volunteers took part in these experiments in the course of which
      mechanical stimuli (2.5 N, 750 microseconds) were applied perpendicular to the
      tooth, thus leading to a stimulation of the periodontium. Sensory evoked
      potentials of the periodontium (SEP-PA) elicited from the EEG served as an
      objective measure of perception. A computerized analysis of the data thus
      obtained allows an assessment of the change in perception following repeated
      periodontal stimulation at different rates.

PMID- 1817051
TI  - [The effects of herbal agents on dental plaque and sulcus bleeding index].
AB  - This study was designed to examine the efficacy of plant-derived active
      substances in a combined application of toothpaste and mouth rinse on dental
      plaque and sulcus bleeding index and the pH values of the saliva. 50 healthy
      students of dentistry without periodontal diseases took part in this study. Over
      a period of 4 weeks half of the group used herbs, while the other half used a
      placebo preparation. The data of the oral examination were always obtained at 12
      a.m., with the last food intake at least 1 hour before. The results revealed a
      significant reduction of plaque accumulation and bleeding signs under herbal
      extracts in contrast to the placebo preparation. The salivary pH values were
      shifted to the alkaline range in the herbal extract group whereas the placebo
      product showed the opposite effect. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of herbal
      extracts as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontal disease and in a routine
      preventive regimen.

PMID- 1817052
TI  - [Postsurgical findings after tunnel preparation in mandibular molars with Class
      III furcation involvement].
AB  - 3 teeth developed carious lesions within the furcation. 9 tunnel preparations
      showed soft tissue closure. 5 teeth were extracted for various reasons.

PMID- 1817053
TI  - [Limitations of intrusion of periodontally involved maxillary buccal teeth for
      furcation treatment].
AB  - In a study on three dogs 12 two-rooted premolars with reduced periodontia were
      intruded to reestablish marginal attachment. In eight roots intrusion into the
      basal cortical bone of the nasal sinus was found. The histological findings
      showed that in these cases a possible gain of new attachment in the
      interradicular space may be impaired by a loss of bone support in those sites
      where the root intruded into the sinus. The greater the extent of intrusion into
      the sinus the higher the expected loss of periodontal attachment.

PMID- 1817054
TI  - [Long-term results of treated bi- and trifurcations in periodontitis profunda].
AB  - In 180 patients treated between 1971 and 1989 and subjected to regular follow-up
      checks, a total of 1111 molar teeth have been studied. 944 of them showed
      furcation involvement. Primarily 828 furcation involved teeth (87.7%) could be
      saved. The most frequently used method of treatment was flap surgery in primary
      treatment, and curettage in secondary treatment. Radectomy has gained ground in
      the past few years in the treatment of class III furcations. A treatment concept
      emphasizing the discriminating use of various treatment methods allows long-term
      preservation of molars with advanced furcation involvement.

PMID- 1817055
TI  - [The effect of an extended initial therapy on molars and single-rooted teeth].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of an initial periodontal
      therapy consisting of a single subgingival root debridement procedure followed by
      repeated monthly subgingival irrigations over a period of 6 months in 23 patients
      with multiple advanced periodontal lesions. The clinical and microbiological data
      of the test group indicated that the applied irrigation scheme was successful in
      maintaining improvements of periodontal health over a period of 6 months. There
      were no statistically significant differences in effectiveness between sites in
      molars and single-rooted teeth. On the other hand, negative controls treated only
      by a single root debridement procedure displayed a tendency towards pretreatment
      levels.

PMID- 1817056
TI  - [The influence of initial therapy on the symptoms of adult periodontitis].
AB  - Pocket depth, attachment level (AL), bleeding on probing (BOP), amount of dental
      plaque and calculus, concentrations of immunoglobulin G and C-reactive protein in
      GCF were determined at 54 periodontal sites in 9 patients suffering from adult
      periodontitis before and 1 week after periodontal initial therapy (IT). At the
      same time the subgingival plaque was assessed by dark-field microscopy (DFM). 17%
      of the sites treated showed further loss of attachment. Attachment gain was
      observed at 39% of the examined sites. IT had no influence on the IgG- and CRP
      concentrations of GCF. Measuring of AL, BOP and the assessment of subgingival
      plaque by DFM seem to be recommendable measures for monitoring adult
      periodontitis.

PMID- 1817057
TI  - [Surgical treatment methods in furcation involvement and their long-term
      prognosis].
AB  - Multi-rooted teeth showing severe furcation defects can be treated by either of
      the following techniques: Tunnel preparation, hemisection and root resection. The
      aim of these approaches is to reestablish the anatomical features making it
      possible to carry out proper homecare in the future. In hemisection and root
      resection this is achieved by separating and/or removal of roots. An assessment
      of prognosis is made on the basic of long-term follow-ups. After ten years an
      average bone loss of 9.5% was recorded. When bridgework was correctly designed
      loading did not have a detrimental influence on further bone loss. Roots restored
      by using gold dowels showed the same technical durability as roots restored with
      root screws/composite cores. The total failure rate after ten years varied
      between 32 and 38%. Nonperiodontal failures were predominating. This leads to the
      conclusion that prognosis may not be judged on the basis of periodontal aspects
      alone.

PMID- 1817058
TI  - [Periodontal treatment after the method of guided periodontal tissue
      regeneration].
AB  - Results of studies on animal models have shown that only guided periodontal
      tissue regeneration (GTR) will induce growth of new connective tissue fibers
      attached to new zement and bone tissue when the root surface had been exposed to
      plaque or pocket organisms. Studies of various authors suggest that it is
      exclusively the progenitor cells in the still existing periodontal ligament that
      permit regeneration. The development of GTR is based on biological principles. In
      the beginning its application was limited to periodontal surgery and has
      meanwhile expanded to include other areas such as implantology and oral surgery.
      Best results can be achieved in the periodontological treatment of three-walled
      bone defects and class II furcation involvements according to the data of several
      studies.

PMID- 1817059
TI  - [Treatment of furcation involvement--implantation of alloplastic materials].
AB  - Based on the results of clinical and experimental research, the treatment of
      furcation-involved teeth by alloplastic implant is critically evaluated. Only
      materials like calcium phosphate ceramic have shown to be of therapeutic value.
      Clinically it was found in reentry surgeries 6 months after implantation that the
      vertical and horizontal components of grade II furcation-involved mandibular
      molars were reduced to a greater extent with hydroxyapatite implants compared to
      flap surgery alone. Histological studies in animals were performed only in
      periodontal infrabony defects; these data yielded contradictory results. However,
      most studies showed that the apical migration of the epithelium along the root
      surface was reduced and periodontal regeneration was enhanced. Because these
      results cannot be extrapolated to the specific situation in the furcation area,
      the routine treatment of furcation-involved teeth with alloplastic implants is
      not recommended. Possible future aspects of this treatment modality may involve a
      combination of the membrane technique with alloplastic implants as well as a
      temporary closure of the involved furcation entrance with a sterile bone cement.
      These techniques are based on the principle of guided tissue regeneration. Both
      treatment modalities demonstrate promising results.

PMID- 1817060
TI  - [Effects of post-curing on the wear resistance of composite materials].
AB  - The effects of different postcuring methods on the wear resistance of three
      different composite materials was evaluated using a clinically correlated in
      vitro test. While postcuring did not significantly affect the wear resistance of
      the occlusal contact surfaces in two of the materials tested, wear decreased
      significantly in the third material after heat postcuring. The effects of
      postcuring on wear resistance seem to be of a complex nature. Thus it is
      recommended not to use postcuring techniques indiscriminately.

PMID- 1817061
TI  - [Specific aspects of extraoral curing].
AB  - Extraoral post-curing of composite inlays with the exclusion of oxygen is
      possible, by completely covering them with glycerin during the post curing
      process. This combined light and heat application improves the polymerization of
      inhibited surfaces as well as insufficiently cured parts of the inlay. Thus, an
      adequate homogenization of the composite material can be achieved. Surfaces
      treated without access of oxygen contain about 21 to 26% of double bonds, while
      surfaces treated in the conventional way contain about 28 to 48% of double bonds.
      The efficiency of this new post-curing technique is hardly influenced by
      conventional post-curing measures carried out prior to this procedure.

PMID- 1817062
TI  - [Solubility of enamel and synthetic hydroxylapatite on irradiation].
AB  - The effect of Co 60-irradiation (70 Gy) on pulverized human enamel and synthetic
      hydroxyapatite was studied in vitro. Irradiated and non-irradiated samples were
      experimentally demineralized (pH 5.1) during a period of 28 days. In terms of
      solubility, defined as the equilibrium of saturation, there was no statistically
      significant difference between irradiated and non-irradiated enamel. However, in
      terms of solubility rates, defined as the amount of dissolved substance during
      the demineralization period, irradiated enamel showed a statistically
      significantly higher solubility rate than non-irradiated enamel. There was no
      effect of Co 60-irradiation on synthetic hydroxyapatite.

PMID- 1817063
TI  - [Restricted mouth opening as a leading symptom of trismus-pseudocamptodactyly
      syndrome].
AB  - In the absence of pain or dental findings, incapacity to open the mouth fully,
      concomitant with a typical restriction of movement of the fingers is defined as
      the trismus-pseudocamptodactyly syndrome. This autosomal dominantly inherited
      feature is quite rare. So far only affections of families in the USA, the
      Netherlands, Canada and, recently, Japan, have been reported in the literature.
      Now, a German case affecting six members of the same family has been found for
      the first time. An important factor to be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of painless chronic trismus, this syndrome is described here.

PMID- 1817064
TI  - [Hardness of different carious layers in teeth with chronic dentinal caries].
AB  - Bacterially infected dentin layers should be removed, whereas non-infected layers
      capable of remineralization should be left. This in vitro study was to provide an
      answer to the question whether these zones can be differentiated from each other
      by their specific degrees of hardness.

PMID- 1817065
TI  - [Guided tissue regeneration for the treatment of different periodontal defects. A
      clinical study].
AB  - In 31 patients we implanted a teflon membrane (Gore-Tex) during flap operation
      for a duration of 6 weeks. The periodontal situation was assessed clinically and
      radiographically 1-1.5 years after surgery. The study comprised 18 upper and
      lower molars with furcation involvement and 15 single-rooted teeth with a 2-wall
      , 3-wall- or combined bony defect. Clinical gain of attachment only occurred in
      furcation class II lesions (upper molars + 2.3 mm, lower molars + 2.5 mm),
      whereas the attachment level was unchanged in "through and through" furcation
      defects in the upper jaw and loss of attachment was observed at lower molars with
      class III furcations. In single-rooted teeth the gain of attachment varied
      between 0.5 and 8.5 mm, depending on the proportions of the defect and the number
      of the surrounding bony walls.

PMID- 1817066
TI  - [Preliminary results in periodontal treatment with guided tissue regeneration].
AB  - The objective of the present clinical study was to evaluate the predictability of
      a treatment procedure (GTR) aimed at regenerating periodontal tissue. 34 patients
      and 103 teeth were selected for the investigation. All teeth included in the
      study exhibited advanced loss of periodontal attachment. The periodontal defects
      were associated with even and/or angular bone defects or, in the case of
      multirooted teeth, advanced loss of periodontal tissue support in the furcation
      area. The probing bone level (PBL) and the probing tissue level (PTL) of the
      diseased sites were recorded using a standardized procedure. Treatment included
      placement of a barrier membrane (e-PTFE, Gore-Tex) according to the GTR method.
      After a healing period of 4-6 weeks the membrane was removed in a second surgical
      procedure. The result of healing was evaluated immediately after membrane
      removal. A further measurement was carried out during a re-entry operation 9
      months later. The measurements of the treated sites revealed that GTR therapy had
      resulted in a marked tissue gain of more than 60% (p less than 0.001). In 33 of a
      total of 34 furcation-involved molars treatment had resulted in complete closure
      of the furcation defect. In the light of the findings of the present clinical
      trial it may be suggested that GTR therapy is an effective and predictable means
      of improving prognosis for both single- and multirooted teeth. A definite
      evaluation, of course, will be possible with the results of the re-entry
      procedure.

PMID- 1817067
TI  - Impaired mandibular growth and micrognathic development in children with juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis. A longitudinal study of lateral cephalographs.
AB  - The present report is a longitudinal study of the craniofacial growth, based on
      lateral cephalographs of a group of 26 patients with juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis (JRA), and a matched English control group. In the 26 matched pairs,
      the mean age at baseline was 8.4 years and at 6-year follow-up 14.7 years,
      female/male ratio was 3.3/1, and all patients had temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
      abnormalities. The study revealed obvious growth disturbances in the facial
      skeleton in the children with JRA. Compared with the controls, the patients
      showed a smaller mandible with an altered morphology and position. The mandible
      became more retruded by rotating posteriorly, around a centre in the molar
      region, and was characterized by appositional growth in the gonion area, vertical
      growth in the anterior part and proclination of the lower incisors. During the
      observation period the growth disturbances became more pronounced, reflecting the
      progressive nature of the abnormal development. Based on these findings, a future
      aspect of research in this field could be TMJ surgery and orthognathic surgery in
      an early stage, trying to avoid this unfavourable facial development.

PMID- 1817068
TI  - Association between morphology of the first cervical vertebra, head posture, and
      craniofacial structures.
AB  - In order to test the assumption of an association between the anatomy of the
      first cervical vertebra, the atlas, and dentofacial build, roentgen-cephalograms
      of 78 young adults with either a markedly high or a low atlas dorsal arch were
      analysed with regard to head posture, and cervicovertebral and dentofacial
      anatomy. The high and low dorsal arch groups each comprised 22 women and 17 men.
      The head was more extended in the low arch groups and particularly so among the
      women, in whose low arch group there was a tendency for the cervical spine to be
      inclined more forward. Both the dorsal arch and the dens of the second vertebra
      were vertically smaller in the low arch groups, and more so among the men.
      Vertebral length was reduced more in the women, however. The clival plane was
      more parallel to the foraminal plane in the low arch groups and the gonial angle
      was more obtuse. Furthermore, the women with low arches showed a steepened
      mandibular plane, a backward-rotated condylar head, a decrease in the ratio of
      posterior to anterior face height, smaller vertical overbite and reduced
      proclination of the lower incisors. The prevalence of severe malocclusions was
      higher than in the corresponding high arch group.

PMID- 1817069
TI  - Relationships of bicondylar position to occlusal asymmetry.
AB  - Mandibular asymmetry in the frontal plane is a common finding, the left side of
      the mandible being more often the longer one, and a progressive trend for a more
      post-normal occlusion on the right side as compared to the left has been reported
      recently. The aim of the present work was to measure bicondylar asymmetry using
      computed tomography (CT) and to determine whether this is correlated with certain
      occlusal characteristics in young adults with no gross malformations. The
      subjects were 49 adults aged from 15 to 33 years, mean 24.2 years (SD 3.79
      years). All of them had a complete or nearly complete dentition. The left condyle
      was found to be more anteriorly located on average and to be positioned closer to
      the skull base midline than the right condyle. The joint space between the
      condyle and the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa was larger on the left side.
      The asymmetry in bicondylar position correlated with the occlusal asymmetry.
      Subjects with lateral malocclusions showed a more asymmetric position of the
      condyles with respect to the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa. This may be of
      clinical importance and stresses the necessity for early correction of such
      malocclusions, as complete adaptation does not seem to occur in these cases.

PMID- 1817070
TI  - Location of centres of resistance for maxillary anterior teeth measured on human
      autopsy material.
AB  - The location of the centre of resistance (CR) of various consolidated units of
      maxillary anterior teeth was determined in this study using human autopsy
      material. The units studied consisted of two central incisors, four incisors, and
      six anterior teeth. When horizontal forces were applied the CR for the two- and
      six-tooth units was located approximately 6.5 mm apical to the bracket position.
      For the four-tooth unit, CR was placed slightly more occlusally, the distance
      being 5.0 mm. Applying vertical forces CR was located about 13.0 mm posterior to
      the bracket position for the two- and four-tooth unit. The incorporation of the
      canines into the incisor segment resulted in a distal shift of CR of 6 mm. CR for
      the six anterior teeth was, thus, located on a line 3 mm behind the distal
      surface of the canines. Increasing force levels had little effect on the location
      of CR for a given unit.

PMID- 1817071
TI  - Interrelationship between size and tissue-separating potential of costochondral
      transplants.
AB  - The aim was to determine whether the reportedly unpredictable outcome of the use
      of costochondral grafts in reconstructive surgery is related to variation in
      growth potential between the transplanted cartilages. A rib fragment including
      the costochondral junction was transplanted across the interparietal suture in 10
      day-old rats. The transplants contained either a short, intermediate, or long
      cartilaginous end and a constant length of bone. The animals were killed 25 days
      later and the width of the neurocranium was measured from dry skulls. The
      neurocranium was wider the longer the cartilaginous end of the transplant. It is
      concluded that costochondral transplants have an intrinsic potential for
      separating skeletal components and that this capacity is closely related to the
      amount of cartilage in the transplant.

PMID- 1817072
TI  - Cephalometric changes during headgear-reactivator treatment.
AB  - Sixty-six growing Class II, division 1 patients were treated with a headgear
      reactivator combination. The appliance included a mandibular advancement
      mechanism, that was reactivated during treatment. Lateral roentgenograms in
      centric occlusion were taken at the beginning and end of the active treatment
      period. At the end of treatment the sagittal jaw relationship was significantly
      improved. However, considerable maxillary incisor retroclination and mandibular
      incisor proclination also occurred. No marked changes in the vertical skeletal
      situation could be demonstrated.

PMID- 1817073
TI  - Long-term effects of the Herbst appliance in relation to the treatment growth
      period: a cephalometric study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyse the long-term effects of Herbst treatment on
      the dentofacial complex with special reference to the growth period in which the
      patients were treated. The sample consisted of 40 male subjects with a Class II,
      division 1 malocclusion treated successfully with the Herbst appliance for an
      average period of 7 months. The patients were reinvestigated at the end of the
      growth period, on average 6.6 years (SD = 1.0 years) after therapy. Nineteen
      patients were treated before the maximum of pubertal growth (prepeak), 15 at the
      maximum (peak) and 6 after the pubertal growth maximum (post-peak). Sagittal
      skeletal and dental changes occurring during and after Herbst treatment were
      evaluated on lateral radiographs in centric occlusion. At the time of follow-up
      examination no group differences were seen in sagittal dental arch relationships.
      During the follow-up period after Herbst treatment maxillary and mandibular
      growth development were favourable and comparable in all three groups: mandibular
      growth exceeding maxillary growth by an average of 4.3 mm (SD = 2.4 mm). For
      natural reasons, however, the amount of jaw growth during the follow-up period
      was larger in the subjects treated before the maximum of pubertal growth than in
      the subjects treated at the later stages. The conclusion of this study was that
      the growth period in which Herbst treatment was performed did not seem to have
      any conclusive effect on the long-term results. However, in order to favour
      occlusal stability after treatment and to reduce the time of post-treatment
      retention, Herbst therapy in the permanent dentition at or just after peak height
      velocity of growth is recommended.

PMID- 1817074
TI  - How effective is the combined activator-headgear treatment?
AB  - The frequency and possible causes of failure and success with the combination
      activator-headgear as the sole appliance was analysed retrospectively in 32 girls
      and 46 boys. The subjects comprised all the patients who started treatment with
      this combination in the postgraduate courses in 1972-82 at the Orthodontic
      Department of the University of Oslo, and where fixed appliances were not
      included in the initial treatment plan. Only 14 subjects completed the treatment
      with entirely satisfactory results according to strict criteria set for an
      acceptable standard. Among the most co-operative patients less than 50 per cent
      ended with entirely satisfactory results, and no one with decreasing or poor co
      operation had a satisfactory result. Neither sex, treatment time, nor
      ossification of the ulnar sesamoid bone seemed to influence the results
      significantly.

PMID- 1817075
TI  - Autotransplantation of teeth in cases with agenesis or traumatic loss of
      maxillary incisors.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognosis of 50 consecutively
      autotransplanted teeth to the maxillary incisor region. Thirty-five were
      transplanted in cases of traumatic injuries, eleven in cases of agenesis and four
      in cases with impaction of maxillary canines. The average follow-up time was 7
      years and 6 months (range 4-17 years). The transplants were examined clinically
      in respect of tooth vitality and radiographically in respect of root canal
      obliteration, periradicular changes, root formation, and root length. The results
      show a success rate of 82 per cent. It is concluded that the procedure of tooth
      transplantation has the advantage of maintaining or restoring alveolar bone
      volume and gives the opportunity to replace a missing tooth without involvement
      of neighbouring teeth as prosthetic abutments.

PMID- 1817076
TI  - Protein quality evaluation. Joint FAO/WHO.

PMID- 1817077
TI  - [Cobalt--its toxicity and biological control].

PMID- 1817078
TI  - [Cytogenetic examination of workers engaged in manufacturing of asbestos
      technical products].
AB  - The article contains data on a cytogenetic monitoring of workers engaged in
      asbestos production, depending on duration of professional service and degrees of
      dust contamination of the air. The results of the cytogenetic analysis of the
      peripheral blood lymphocytes in 31 workers revealed the average rate of aberrant
      cells 1.78% in workers with professional service below 1.5 years, 2.43%--with
      more than 10 years of service, 2.72%--in the control group (the personnel not
      engaged in the production). The differences were statistically negligible.

PMID- 1817079
TI  - [The role of cytological studies in the clinical management of dust-induced
      occupational diseases].
AB  - Mineral dusts induced immunopathies in silicosis patients can be traced through
      changes in the composition, quantity and activity of the mononuclear phagocytic
      system detected in broncho-pulmonary secretions. It was established that the
      development of chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases and dust bronchites were
      caused by local immunopathies. A cytologic test for pulmonary and bronchial local
      protection was proposed through determining the degrees of pathologic
      developments, gravity of bronchitis, its predominant syndromes, and surveillance
      of the therapeutic course.

PMID- 1817080
TI  - [Characteristics of work schedules of miners exposed to vibration in placer and
      ore mines in the North-West].
AB  - The contributors review the peculiarities of modelling the labour regimen for the
      vibration-affected professions in the North-West, based on the dosage-related
      approach, inasmuch as the existing techniques of ore deposits elaboration
      (chamber-long face and magnification of ore), and the organization of pit works
      on cyclogrammes, did not allow a practical application of the labour regimen
      recommendations proposed by the USSR Ministry of Health.

PMID- 1817081
TI  - [Physical characteristics of vibration produced by hand-operated machines and its
      effect on the workers].
AB  - Clinical studies of vibration disease cases among workers dealing hand-operated
      equipment: cut-hammers, pneumorammers, pneumopolishers,--revealed diversified
      physiological influences of different equipment on human organism. The
      vibrational analysis performed proved that the VD clinical peculiarities were
      partially due to the percussive impulses' characteristics.

PMID- 1817082
TI  - [Gas-chromatographic methods of analysis of methyl and butyl ethers of acrylic
      and methacrylic acids and their metabolites in biological media].

PMID- 1817083
TI  - [Standardization of di-chlor-di-para-xylilene, di-bromine-di-para-xylilene and di
      para-xylilene].
AB  - Studied were the new components of dielectric coatings: di-para-xylilene, di
      bromine-di-para-xylilene, dichlor-di-para-xylilene, which manifested themselves
      as low-toxicity compounds free from irritating, sensitizing and fibrogenous
      effects. The acute action thresholds for aerosols of the paraxylilenes were
      established at 10 mg/m3 (with regard to general and embryotoxicity), at 5 mg/m3
      for the maximal inactive concentrations.

PMID- 1817084
TI  - [Characteristics of adaptation to chemical damage studies on the example of
      phagocytic reactions of neutrophils].
AB  - The author believes that every cell is characterized by the inherent properties
      of the organism's reactivity as a whole. Therefore, studies of the adaptational
      reactions of the blood neutrophils exposed to metals chlorides can contribute to
      our knowledge of the body reactions to these substances. This research was based
      on a working hypothesis that the generally accepted universal applicability of
      the non-overlapping nucleotide triplet reaction with a high-reactivity form of a
      tropistic amino acid (e.i. in reactions with the participating units' ratio 3:1),
      presents a universal characteristic of the biologic mechanism underlying
      reactivity. The adaptational mechanisms' activation, induced by 3 metal
      chlorides, rather than 1 or 2, proved to be more effective.

PMID- 1817085
TI  - [Review of the "American journal of industrial medicine" No. 1 and 2, 1990].

PMID- 1817086
TI  - [Problems of using the State system of standards of work safety in elaboration of
      scientific-technical documentation regarding chemical production].

PMID- 1817087
TI  - [Evaluation of multifactor chemical effects by the method of partial regression].
AB  - It is shown that the partial regression technique is indifferent to the potential
      discrimination of different types of combined action, which depend on the ratio
      of the components and the components' and mixtures' cumulative properties. For
      the purposes of hygienic analysis and assessment, it would be more appropriate to
      use the common technique based on reciprocal transitions between mixtures of
      variable and constant compositions.

PMID- 1817088
TI  - [Morphobiochemical indicators of the evaluation of blood as the criteria of the
      effects of low doses of nitro- and nitrochlorine compounds of benzol].

PMID- 1817089
TI  - [Data on the substantiation of maximum permissible level of iodobenzene in the
      air of the work area].

PMID- 1817090
TI  - [Further improvement in the administration of pectin as a preventive agent
      against absorption of radionuclides by human body].
AB  - The radioprotective properties of pectin-vitamin powder (PVP) were investigated.
      PVP was prepared from dry citrus (lemon, orange) peels by special technology.
      Besides unavailable carbohydrates, it contains pectin (more than 15%), vitamins
      B, C, P, PP, mineral components. PVP effectively protected from incorporation of
      radionuclides contained in food products. The blocking effect of PVP was found
      essentially higher than that of sodium alginate or dry pectins. The optimal daily
      dose was experimentally defined.

PMID- 1817091
TI  - Review of the dioxin problem.

PMID- 1817092
TI  - Environmental carcinogens. Methods of analysis and exposure measurement. Volume
      11. Polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans.

PMID- 1817093
TI  - Review of methods of analysis for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and
      dibenzofurans.

PMID- 1817094
TI  - Development and validation of bioassays for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
      dibenzofurans.

PMID- 1817095
TI  - Quality assurance/quality control procedures for the determination of
      polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls.

PMID- 1817096
TI  - A chemometric study of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
      dibenzofurans in Great Lakes fish.

PMID- 1817097
TI  - Dioxins in the analytical laboratory.

PMID- 1817098
TI  - Sampling of drinking-waters containing low suspended solids.

PMID- 1817099
TI  - Extraction of human and cows' milk samples for the determination of
      polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.

PMID- 1817100
TI  - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
      dibenzofurans in various environmental matrices by high-resolution gas
      chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1817101
TI  - Determination of specific halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran isomers
      in environmental and biological matrices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1817102
TI  - Determination of specific polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in
      biological matrices by gel-permeation-carbon chromatography and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1817103
TI  - Determination of specific polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in
      blood and adipose tissue by isotope dilution-high-resolution mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1817104
TI  - The epidemiology of populations exposed to dioxin.

PMID- 1817105
TI  - Enrichment of biological samples by the semi-automated Smith, Stalling and
      Johnson method: human serum and adipose tissue.

PMID- 1817106
TI  - Determination of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins in
      polychlorinated biphenyl fire combustion products by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 1817107
TI  - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air
      and airborne dust samples by high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution
      mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1817108
TI  - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
      dibenzofurans in pulp and paper industry wastewaters, solid wastes, ashes and
      bleached pulps.

PMID- 1817109
TI  - Toxicology of the polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins.

PMID- 1817110
TI  - Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in
      humans and major exposure routes.

PMID- 1817111
TI  - Gastrointestinal surgery in the elderly.

PMID- 1817112
TI  - Head injury: looking beyond the patient.

PMID- 1817113
TI  - The case against pregnancy histocompatibility.

PMID- 1817114
TI  - Mozart (1756-91): his illnesses and death.

PMID- 1817115
TI  - Measurement of fundal height.

PMID- 1817116
TI  - Carrier detection for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton type) in an Irish
      family using linked DNA probes.
AB  - Being an X-linked condition, the sisters of men with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
      have a 50% risk of being carriers of the disease gene (provided the disease has
      not developed as a results of a new mutation). We demonstrate how this risk can
      be modified very significantly by DNA analysis using linked DNA probes. The value
      of such tests for genetic purposes is discussed.

PMID- 1817117
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors for childhood nocturnal enuresis.
AB  - A large population based study was carried out to describe the epidemiology of
      nocturnal enuresis and to outline medical management of the problem. Parents of
      1,806 schoolchildren were surveyed and prevalence was ascertained at 13% with two
      thirds classified as primary enuretics. Significant associated factors included
      social class, unemployment, family stress and a parental family history of
      enuresis. Enuretics were more likely to be behind at school, have behavioural
      problems, soiling and daytime wetting. Enuresis was distressful for the family
      yet most children never saw a doctor about the problem. In those that did, less
      than two thirds had a urine test and 40% of parents remained dissatisfied with
      the outcome of the visit to the doctor. Children were more likely to be
      prescribed medicine than other treatments whereas the enuresis alarm was
      recommended for only one in ten children. These findings illustrate that
      nocturnal enuresis continues to be a problem, that the characteristics of Irish
      enuretics differ from those in other countries and that medical management of
      enuresis has room for improvement.

PMID- 1817118
TI  - Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and adults.
AB  - A cystic fibrosis (CF) clinic for adults was established in 1977. We have
      reviewed the data on 164 patients who attended between 1977 and 1989. Twenty four
      patients had died, 11 being over 20 years of age at the time of death. Of the 140
      patients still alive, 61% were male and 53% were aged over 20 years. Only 55%
      were diagnosed by one year and 88% by ten years. Almost all patients had
      respiratory symptoms and sputum culture yielded pseudomonas species in 69%. Other
      respiratory problems included major haemoptysis and pneumothorax, each in 10%. We
      found a wide range of respiratory impairment among older patients. Among 33
      patients aged over 23 years, the mean (+/-S.D.) percent predicted FEV1 and FVC
      were 53.3% (+/- 18%) and 71.4 (+/- 20%) respectively. Mean weight in this group
      was 92.5% (+/- 14) of predicted. Malabsorption occurred in most patients and
      meconium ileus equivalent occurred in 34%. Other complications were clinical
      hepatomegaly (16%), diabetes mellitus (9%) and arthropathy (20%). Most patients
      were taking continuous antibiotics by mouth (89%) and by nebuliser (48%), beta-2
      agonists by inhaler (57%) and oral steroids (29%). Almost all were taking
      multivitamins, pancreatic replacement therapy and multiple nutritional
      supplements. The number of CF "bed days" grew 12 fold since 1979 and the mean
      stay in hospital was double the hospital mean. The economic impact was such that
      over 1/4 of the annual hospital antibiotic budget was expended on CF patients.

PMID- 1817119
TI  - The monitoring of prothrombin time ratios in general practice--a model for
      chronic disease care?
AB  - A small group of ten patients on long-term treatment with anticoagulant drugs
      were offered the opportunity to attend an anticoagulation clinic run by their
      general practitioner over a one year period. All had previously been travelling
      long distances to attend over-crowded hospital clinics. Attendance at general
      practice clinic was excellent, control of anticoagulation was good and there were
      no problems advising on dose alterations. The implications of this study for the
      management of this and other chronic conditions in General Practice are
      discussed.

PMID- 1817120
TI  - An audit of surgery for seventy-one primary parotid tumours.
AB  - Seventy-one consecutive patients who presented with lumps in the parotid gland
      over an eight year period (1981-1989) were analysed. Two-thirds of the patients
      presented with a history of swelling for over one year, while a quarter (24%) had
      a parotid mass for over five years at initial referral. The pathology of these
      masses was diverse, with pleomorphic adenoma being the commonest (64%).
      Superficial parotidectomy was the commonest procedure employed (50/71) with local
      excision being performed only in the initial part of our series (15/71). There
      were five cases of permanent facial palsy, four following radical resection for
      malignancy. Tumour recurrence rate was 2/15 (13%) in cases treated by local
      excision while none of the 50 patients treated by superficial parotidectomy had
      tumour recurrence at a mean follow-up of five years. Only three patients
      developed Frey's Syndrome. It is recommended that increased community awareness
      of early referral of a parotid mass is necessary, as surgical treatment in the
      form of superficial parotidectomy, which is the ideal procedure for such lumps,
      carries minimal morbidity when performed by a surgeon with a special interest in
      parotid surgery.

PMID- 1817121
TI  - Delayed presentation of traumatic splenic arterio-venous fistula.
AB  - We report a patient who presented with dyspnoea and was found on examination to
      have a machinery murmur in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The patient
      had sustained blunt abdominal trauma one year prior to presentation. A diagnosis
      of splenic arteriovenous fistula was made. The diagnosis and management of
      delayed presentation of traumatic splenic arteriovenous fistula are discussed.

PMID- 1817122
TI  - Tattoos in pregnant women; an important clinical sign.

PMID- 1817123
TI  - Mitempfindung.

PMID- 1817124
TI  - Neonatal urinary tract infection: the problem of specimen contamination.

PMID- 1817125
TI  - Clinico-pathological findings in non-immune hydrops fetalis.

PMID- 1817126
TI  - Survival after accidental ingestion of a fatal does of diquat.

PMID- 1817127
TI  - Irish Heart Foundation nutrition policy.

PMID- 1817128
TI  - The chromaffin cells of urodele amphibians.
AB  - Different conditions in the arrangement of the adrenal gland are observed in
      urodeles. The gland consists of islets scattered on the ventral surface of the
      kidneys, the amount, size and position of the islets varying consistently within
      different families and even within genera. The infraordinal variation also
      extends to the fine structure of the gland, as observed in 14 species belonging
      to 6 different families. The ultrastructural characteristics of chromaffin cells
      and their relationships with interrenal cells appear to be related to the
      phyletic position. In primitive urodeles (Sirenidae, Proteidae) the chromaffin
      cells are isolated or in small groups, mostly separated from interrenal cells and
      often in contact with renal cells. In neourodeles (Amphiumidae, Ambystomidae,
      Salamandridae, Plethodontidae) the chromaffin cells appear generally grouped and
      intermingled with steroidogenic cells. Some cytological characteristics of
      chromaffin cells, such as nerve supply and the shape and electron density of
      chromaffin granules exhibit a variability related to phyletic position.

PMID- 1817129
TI  - Voluntary rotation in the human knee joint.
AB  - The structures responsible for the restriction of knee joint rotation were
      established by means of sequential destruction of the menisci, cruciate
      ligaments, capsular and collateral ligaments; the capsular and collateral
      ligaments restrict both medial and lateral rotation. The anterior cruciate
      ligament was also found to restrict medial rotation, thus acting as a synergist
      to the capsular and collateral ligaments. The posterior cruciate ligament was
      found to have no effect on rotation. Under no circumstances do the cruciates as a
      pair restrict medial rotation as this is drastically increased as a consequence
      of the removal of the capsular and collateral ligaments, and the lateral
      meniscus. The axis of medial rotation ran through the medial tubercle of the
      intercondylar eminence while that of lateral rotation was located slightly
      lateral to it.

PMID- 1817130
TI  - Age-related changes in tendon fibrocartilage.
AB  - Age-related changes are reported in the rat suprapatella: a fibrocartilage that
      resists compression of the quadriceps tendon against the femur in the flexed
      knee. The suprapatella was studied by histology, immunohistochemistry and
      electron microscopy in rats aged 11-14 weeks, and 12, 15, 18 and 24 months. Type
      II collagen was absent in the matrix of animals 11-14 weeks old, but appeared by
      12 months; immunolabelling increased further with age. Chondroitin sulphate was
      present in all animals, although immunolabelling decreased with age. Keratan
      sulphate appeared transiently at 12 months. The structure of the suprapatellar
      cells also changed with age. In some respects the suprapatellar cells of aged
      rats are similar to those of younger animals; they contain relatively few
      organelles and their cytoplasm is packed with intermediate filaments which
      contain vimentin. However, lipid droplets and glycogen are more prominent in
      older animals, and the nuclei become elaborately infolded and multilobed. Type II
      collagen was present in rats aged 11-14 weeks in fibrocartilage of the attachment
      of quadriceps femoris to the patella, but with increasing age it spread
      proximally, further into the tendon.

PMID- 1817131
TI  - Extracellular matrix of connective tissues in the heads of teleosts.
AB  - The distribution of extracellular matrix molecules (chondroitin and keratan
      sulphates, type II collagen) is described in cranial connective tissues of
      teleosts. Hyaline cartilage was similar to that in mammals and usually contained
      all 3 molecules. The more cellular cartilages that are not normally present in
      mammals were more variable in composition. Scleral cartilage closely resembled
      hyaline cartilage, Zellknorpel in the gill filaments resembled it in some species
      but not in others, and elastic/cell-rich and hyaline-cell cartilages were unlike
      hyaline cartilage. These variations may be related to functional or developmental
      differences between the tissues. Bone and chondroid bone also varied in
      composition between species. Whilst both tissues contained chondroitin sulphate,
      bone contained type II collagen in 5 of the 12 species examined. This suggests
      that cartilage components are more widespread in teleost bone than has previously
      been shown. Type II collagen also occurred in dense connective tissues of some
      species. Notably, where this molecule was present in one of these tissues, it was
      present in all.

PMID- 1817132
TI  - Vertebral level of the termination of the spinal cord in human fetuses.
AB  - 1. The vertebral level of termination of the spinal cord, the length of the
      vertebral column and the length of the spinal cord were determined in 78 South
      Indian fetuses (42 male and 36 female) which varied from 40 to 330 mm CRL.
      Vertebral level of termination was also determined in 9 (2 male and 7 female)
      full-term South Indian neonates. The recession of the spinal cord and the ascent
      of the conus medullaris were calculated. Vertebral level of termination ranged
      from the 5th sacral to the 1st lumbar vertebrae, recession from 3 to 90 mm and
      ascent from 4 to 13 vertebrae. 2. There was a rapid ascent of the conus
      medullaris up to the 120 mm CRL stage, when it reached the 4th or even the 3rd
      lumbar vertebra. Beyond that, the ascent was fairly uniformly gradual and the
      spinal cord terminated mostly opposite the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae in the
      full-term neonates. 3. The South Indian female fetuses had cords terminating at
      the same or often a higher level than male fetuses. The spinal cords of South
      Indian neonates terminated at a higher level than North Indian neonates and a
      vertebra or more higher than the level quoted by Western textbooks. 4. South
      Indian and Saudi Arabian levels of termination were in general higher than
      others. Only South Indian and South African neonates reached the adult level of
      L1 which is one or more vertebrae higher than North Indian and Western levels. 5.
      The correlation between crown-rump length, length of vertebral column, length of
      spinal cord, vertebral level of termination and recession of spinal cord among
      all male, female and both was statistically highly significant.

PMID- 1817133
TI  - The orientation of the mineral crystals in the radius and tibia of the sheep, and
      its variation with age.
AB  - The direction of preferred orientation of the hydroxyapatite crystals in both the
      tibia and radius of the sheep is close to the long axis of the bone,
      notwithstanding the angle of about 30 degrees which, for the tibia, exists
      between the long axis and the direction of principal dynamic strain during
      locomotion. For both bones the orientation of the cranial cortex, which is a
      tension surface during locomotion, is about 40% larger than the caudal. The
      variation with age of the magnitude of the preferred orientation for the sheep
      bones is contrasted with what has been reported earlier for the human femur.
      Notably, for the sheep, both bones show substantial orientation at birth--having
      increased steadily during gestation--so that the animal is able to stand and walk
      at the outset.

PMID- 1817134
TI  - Muscle fibre directions of iliocostalis and multifidus: male-female differences.
AB  - The accuracy with which the fibre direction of the multifidus muscle can be
      predicted in females is comparable to that for males, and is well within the
      limits of accuracy obtainable in the placement of surface electrodes in relation
      to a reference line drawn on the skin, i.e. +/- 5 degrees. In females, the
      observed deviation of the iliocostalis fibres from the corresponding reference
      line may, however, add some degree of error to the proper orientation of
      electrode bars perpendicular to muscle fibres. It may thus be concluded that the
      surface recording of EMG power spectrum parameters of the iliocostalis in women
      cannot be carried out as accurately as for the multifidus muscle. Nevertheless,
      the resulting recording error associated with a possible orientation deviation
      of, for example, 13 degrees is rather small (3%) and may be acceptable for
      clinical research purposes.

PMID- 1817135
TI  - Histochemical identification of primordial germ cells and differentiation of the
      gonads in homozygous tetraploid mouse embryos.
AB  - This study was undertaken to establish whether primordial germ cells are
      differentiated by homozygous tetraploid mouse embryos produced by the technique
      of electrofusion, and to study the morphological features of their gonads.
      Tetraploid embryos were transferred to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients,
      and these were autopsied either on day 11 or days 15 or 16 of gestation. In the
      developmentally less advanced group, embryos in which cytogenetic analysis of
      their extraembryonic membranes confirmed that they had a tetraploid chromosome
      constitution were analysed histochemically in order to demonstrate the presence
      of intracellular alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. This enabled the presence
      or absence of germ cells to be established. Out of a total of 9 early limb-bud
      stage embryos studied, all contained primordial germ cells. The latter were
      mostly located in association with the hindgut, though some germ cells were still
      present at the base of the allantois. The sex ratio in this group was close to
      unity. In the 2nd group in which recipients were autopsied on either day 15 or 16
      of gestation, a total of 7 healthy tetraploid embryos were recovered. All
      displayed the characteristic craniofacial features seen in tetraploid embryos.
      Four of these embryos had a normal postcranial axial morphology, and their crown
      rump lengths were only slightly less (81-91%) than those of developmentally
      matched control diploid embryos. Three of the tetraploid embryos had an abnormal
      postcranial axis associated with a body wall closure defect involving the
      anterior abdominal and lower thoracic region. In all 7 of these embryos, gonadal
      differentiation was consistent with their developmental age.

PMID- 1817136
TI  - The distribution of uterine macrophages in virgin and early pregnant mice.
AB  - The spatiotemporal distribution of macrophages in the uterine wall of virgin mice
      and mice in the first half of pregnancy has been studied. Macrophages were
      identified using a combination of morphological criteria, the capacity to
      endocytose horseradish peroxidase and the expression of the Mac-1 antigen. In
      virgin mice and mice at preimplantation stages of pregnancy, macrophages were
      found throughout the endometrium, myometrium and mesometrial triangle. Following
      implantation, and in parallel with decidualisation, the density of macrophages
      appeared to decline in the decidua with advancing gestation. It is suggested that
      this change in density is due to a dilution of the macrophage population rather
      than a loss of individual cells. The numbers and distribution of decidual
      macrophages indicate that this group of cells does not play a major regulatory
      role in the success of pregnancy.

PMID- 1817137
TI  - Ultrastructural changes of the nodose ganglion cells following an intraneural
      injection of Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 into the vagus nerve in hamsters.
AB  - Virtually all the ganglion cells in the nodose ganglion in hamsters underwent
      rapid degeneration following an intraneural injection of RCA-60 into the vagus
      nerve in the cervical region. The earliest signs of neuronal degeneration were
      evident in animals which survived 5 days after the ricin application. A
      remarkable feature was the appearance of a variable number of granular dense
      bodies measuring 1-4 microns in diameter in the cytoplasm. They were composed of
      closely stacked cisternae which were continuous at the periphery with those of
      the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Associated with the membranous cisternae were
      large accumulations of glycogen. With longer survival time, these glycogen
      membrane complexes appeared to disintegrate. Numerous vacuoles and neurofilaments
      accumulated in their vicinity. Satellite cells were activated between the 7th and
      10th postoperative days. These penetrated deeply into the degenerating neurons
      dividing them into numerous fragments by their extensive cytoplasmic
      prolongations. The cytoplasmic fragments of the RCA-poisoned neurons eventually
      became necrotic and disintegrated in the satellite cells, suggesting a rapid mode
      of neuronophagia. The biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by the
      ricin injected as shown by the drastic reduction of the enzyme activity in the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Some isolated ganglion cells
      apparently survived the RCA injection as shown by their occurrence in long
      surviving animals (30-90 days). A few of them displayed an enhanced density of
      their cytoplasm and neurites. It is postulated that this was induced by the RCA
      released from the RCA-poisoned neurons.

PMID- 1817138
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of stellate cells of mammalian adrenal cortex as
      revealed by NaOH maceration.
AB  - After removal of connective tissues by the NaOH maceration method, adrenal gland
      stellate cells of monkeys, rats and rabbits were studied by scanning electron
      microscopy. The stellate cells were situated in the perivascular and interstitial
      spaces and showed an ovoid cell body with numerous round or flat processes.
      Through these processes they were in contact with other adjacent stellate cells
      and thus formed a continuous cellular net around capillaries and parenchymal
      cells. This net, which probably provides a cellular scaffolding for the gland,
      may also play additional roles such as capillary contraction and nutrition for
      adjacent parenchymal cells.

PMID- 1817139
TI  - Variations in the running pattern of trabeculae in growing human nasal bones.

PMID- 1817140
TI  - Ultrastructural identification of Langerhans cells in normal swine epidermis.
AB  - Langerhans cells of the epidermis of 6-month-old white crossbred farm pigs were
      identified by electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally they were similar to those
      described in other mammals. They were present in basal and suprabasal layers and
      were characterised by a lobulated nucleus and an electrolucent cytoplasm with
      occasional dendritic processes, and the absence of tonofilaments and specialised
      unions with surrounding keratinocytes. They were specifically identified by the
      presence of characteristic rod or racquet-shaped intracytoplasmic granules.
      Intraepidermal clear cells without specific granules were present, although no
      melanocytes were observed. This is the first report of the presence of Birbeck
      granules in porcine Langerhans cells.

PMID- 1817141
TI  - The development of enamel tubules during the formation of enamel in the marsupial
      Monodelphis domestica.
AB  - In Monodelphis domestica, although both processes from odontoblasts and
      projections from ameloblasts were found in developing enamel, the majority of the
      contents of enamel tubules were probably processes that originated from
      odontoblasts. Processes from odontoblasts penetrating into enamel touched part of
      the ameloblasts in the stage of enamel formation. No specialised cell junctions
      were seen at the adherence between the two. There were no enamel tubules in the
      aprismatic and pseudoprismatic enamel layer. It is likely that enamel tubules
      exist only in prismatic enamel. The majority of enamel tubules seemed to contain
      no cell processes in the stage of enamel maturation, indicating that the cell
      processes in the tubules probably degenerate after the stage of enamel formation.

PMID- 1817142
TI  - The effects of dietary potassium depletion on the ultrastructure of cardiac
      ventricular myocytes in rabbits: a morphometric study.
AB  - The ultrastructure of cardiac ventricular myocytes isolated from normal and
      chronically K-depleted rabbits was analysed using morphometric techniques.
      Myocytes from normal animals showed a quantitatively similar distribution of
      organelle volumes to those previously reported for isolated myocytes from rat,
      and for whole myocardium in a variety of species. Myocytes from animals that had
      been fed a K-deficient diet for 25 days had a significantly increased surface
      density of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum with the T-tubules and a significant
      increase in the surface density of the T-system itself. There were no other
      differences. The increase in junctional SR and T-system may be related to the
      defect in cardiac contractility that has been reported for rabbit following K
      depletion, and may represent an adaptive mechanism acting to protect the heart
      against Ca overload.

PMID- 1817143
TI  - Stability of neuron number in the subthalamic and entopeduncular nuclei of the
      ageing mouse brain.
AB  - The subthalamic and entopeduncular nuclei of mice aged 6, 15, 25, 28 and 31
      months were examined in parasagittal 6 microns sections using quantitative
      histological techniques. The mean number of neurons in the subthalamic (overall
      mean 5366) and entopeduncular (overall mean 1101) nuclei did not vary
      significantly with age. The number of sections containing the subthalamic nucleus
      increased progressively in number with age with the increase beginning between 15
      and 25 months. The increase in size of the nucleus was accompanied by a decrease
      in neuron packing density. No similar changes were observed in the entopeduncular
      nucleus despite its close anatomical and functional relationships to the
      subthalamic nucleus.

PMID- 1817144
TI  - Number of mast cells in the harderian gland of the green frog, Rana esculenta:
      the annual cycle and its relation to environmental and hormonal factors.
AB  - The Harderian gland of the green frog contains mast cells. Their number shows
      annual variations, being more numerous in the winter months. The increase of mast
      cell number (MCN) is matched by a marked degranulation. No sex differences are
      found throughout the year. Manipulations of the photoperiod and temperature,
      either in winter or in summer, suggest that only the latter is responsible for
      the annual variations. Exposure to higher temperatures causes a decrease in the
      MCN in the winter frogs, while exposure of the summer frogs to low temperatures
      provokes the opposite effect. The pituitary gland also influences MCN.
      Hypophysectomy causes a decrease of MCN, with a return to normal following
      replacement therapy with homologous pars distalis homogenate. Among pituitary
      hormones, only ACTH mimics the effect of pars distalis homogenate. However, a
      possible link seems to exist between environmental (temperature) and hormonal
      (pituitary) factors, since hypophysectomy prevents the increase of MCN in the
      summer frogs exposed to low temperatures.

PMID- 1817145
TI  - The development and fate of the dental lamina of the mandibular first molar tooth
      in the rat.
AB  - The lamina of the first mandibular molar teeth of rats, age range 13 d
      intrauterine (i.u.) to 16 d postnatal (p.n.), was examined by light and
      transmission electron microscopy to establish histological baselines of its
      development and fate. All material was obtained from animals anaesthetised with
      ether, killed by cervical dislocation and prepared by routine methods for both
      types of examination. Contrary to earlier reports that the lamina remains intact
      throughout development, mesenchymal elements disrupt the lamina. These were seen
      first at 19 d i.u., as collagen-filled bays in the basal epithelial layers,
      associated with partial loss of related basal lamina. In the early stages,
      collagen deposition was limited and it was not obviously preceded by epithelial
      cell death or transformation, even though many bay-related cells showed lipid and
      glycogen accumulations. Later disruption of the lamina showed more mesenchymal
      cells as well as collagen in deeper spaces. After the onset of tooth eruption,
      mesenchymal cells external to and within the lamina contained lysosomal bodies
      and these plus evidence of related epithelial cell death and capillaries in the
      laminar spaces became more and more apparent. Similar collagen deposits were
      observed in a successional tooth primordium, which appeared at term but
      eventually aborted between days 5 and 10 p.n. Thus disruption of the lamina by
      connective tissue began earlier than has been reported previously and progressed
      as the tooth erupted towards the oral cavity. The evidence suggests that this
      disruption is initiated and sustained by mesenchymal cell activity rather than by
      programmed cell death or transformation of the epithelium.

PMID- 1817146
TI  - Immunocytochemical localisation of the carbonic anhydrase III in the rat parotid
      gland.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localisation of the carbonic anhydrase III isozyme in rat
      parotid glands was studied. In parotid glands, CA-III was found to be present in
      the striated and excretory duct cells with heterogenous staining. No significant
      activity could be found in other regions of the glands. Ultrastructurally, the
      reaction of anti-CA-III isozyme was noted to occur diffusely in the cytoplasm of
      the cells.

PMID- 1817148
TI  - Four hundred feeble-minded children classified by the Binet method. 1910.

PMID- 1817147
TI  - Expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the developing rat
      spinal cord: an immunocytochemical study of the spinal cord glial system.
AB  - The glial system in the developing rat spinal cord was studied using
      immunocytochemistry. Antibodies to vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP) were used. At E11, vimentin was first found in the membrana limitans
      externa. In the matrix layer, short vimentin protrusions were found near the
      membrana limitans externa at E12. In addition, vimentin was scattered throughout
      the matrix layer, where it was also present as vimentin-positive tangles. Later
      in development, vimentin immunoreactivity was distributed in a distinct radial
      pattern in the matrix layer. During the first postnatal weeks, vimentin was
      replaced by GFAP which is therefore expressed in a similar radial pattern. This
      orderly structural organisation of vimentin and GFAP in the matrix layer could
      indicate the involvement of both proteins in morphogenetic processes such as
      neuron migration and cell organisation. In the mantle layer, a distinct radial
      vimentin immunoreactivity was replaced by GFAP immunoreactivity during the first
      2 postnatal weeks. In addition, GFAP fibres appeared first, at E18, in the
      ventral mantle layer associated with the motor neuron columns. These glial fibres
      originated from a local source. In the dorsal mantle layer, GFAP-positive fibres
      were oriented tangentially, which is different from the overall radial
      arrangement. This expression pattern may be related to the ingrowth of primary
      afferents. In the ventral and dorsal raphe, a major vimentin expression was
      replaced by a minor presence of GFAP. Within the white matter, a vimentin
      positive radial pattern was demonstrated which, after birth, was replaced by
      GFAP. This palisading pattern suggested an involvement of both proteins in the
      development and guidance of the ascending and descending spinal cord fibre
      systems. The general transition from the expression of vimentin to the expression
      of GFAP in the rat spinal cord takes place during the first 3 postnatal weeks.

PMID- 1817149
TI  - A laboratory study of fear: the case of Peter. 1924.

PMID- 1817150
TI  - A genetic study of the emotions. 1930.

PMID- 1817151
TI  - The innate bases of fear. 1930.

PMID- 1817152
TI  - Learning and maturation in preschool children. 1932.

PMID- 1817153
TI  - The effect of cradling practices upon the onset of walking in Hopi children.
      1940.

PMID- 1817154
TI  - Consistency and variability in the growth of intelligence from birth to eighteen
      years. 1949.

PMID- 1817155
TI  - Involvement of catecholaminergic neurones of the nucleus of the solitary tract
      (NTS) in blood pressure regulation.
AB  - Determination of the release of catecholamines in the rostral and intermediate
      aspects of the NTS before, during and after termination of a bilateral carotid
      occlusion revealed that increases in blood pressure elicited by the occlusion
      reduce the release rates of noradrenaline and adrenaline, while occlusion-induced
      decreases in blood pressure diminish the release rate of dopamine. These findings
      demonstrate that, in response to blood pressure changes elicited by carotid
      occlusion, in both aspects of the NTS noradrenaline and adrenaline act to
      increase blood pressure when released from their neurones, while the release of
      dopamine lowers blood pressure. Noradrenergic neurones of the NTS receive
      impulses from baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aortic arch.

PMID- 1817156
TI  - Vasodilatation by endothelium-derived nitric oxide as a major determinant of
      noradrenaline release.
AB  - In the anaesthetized rabbit, L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA), a specific
      inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) formation, was used to assess the role of
      endothelium-derived NO in the regulation of haemodynamics and noradrenaline
      release (RNA). L-NMMA dose-dependently increased mean arterial pressure and total
      peripheral resistance (TPR), but decreased heart rate, cardiac output and RNA.
      The curvilinear relationship between RNA and TPR obtained for L-NMMA was
      virtually identical with that produced by phenylephrine, indicating that L-NMMA
      induced decreases in RNA are mediated by the baroreflex. Since the maximum RNA
      inhibition by L-NMMA was 69%, the counterregulation against peripheral
      vasodilatation by endothelium-derived NO accounts for 69% of basal RNA.

PMID- 1817157
TI  - Selective destruction of preganglionic sympathetic nerves by antibodies to
      acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - Systemic injection of monoclonal antibodies to neural acetylcholinesterase in
      rats causes permanent, complement-mediated destruction of presynaptic fibers in
      sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. Ptosis, hypotension, bradycardia, and
      postural syncope ensue. In sympathetic ganglia, cholinergic synapses disappear,
      but postganglionic adrenergic neurones remain structurally and functionally
      normal. Somatic motor and parasympathetic systems are also spared. This model of
      selective cholinergic autoimmunity is a new tool for autonomic physiology and may
      be relevant to the pathogenesis of human dysautonomias.

PMID- 1817158
TI  - Adenosine receptors in the central nervous system.
AB  - Two major subclasses of adenosine receptors have been distinguished in the
      central nervous system, termed A1 and A2. They are coupled to G-proteins and
      regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase, potassium channels and several other
      effector systems. Autoradiographic studies have shown that A1 receptors are
      mainly found in the hippocampus and the cerebellum, whereas A2 receptors are
      almost exclusively located in the striatum and olfactory tubercle. Furthermore, a
      novel adenosine binding protein was identified in bovine striatum by radioligand
      binding with [3H]5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ([3H]NECA). The pharmacological
      profile of this NECA binding protein has been determined in competition
      experiments with adenosine receptor ligands. It can be distinguished from that of
      A2 adenosine receptors and other adenosine binding proteins such as S
      adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and the adenosine transporter.

PMID- 1817159
TI  - Mediation by adenosine of the trophic effects exerted by the sympathetic
      innervation of blood vessels.
AB  - Chemical or surgical sympathetic denervation of blood vessels causes marked
      changes of the effector cells. Since postganglionic sympathetic cotransmission by
      noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate is well established, the role of
      these transmitters as putative trophic factors was investigated. Whereas
      noradrenaline was ineffective in preventing morphological changes due to
      denervation, both adenosine and N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine totally prevented
      them. In conscious rats, the adenosine receptor antagonist
      dipropylsulphophenylxantine (DPSPX) caused alterations of the blood vessel wall
      similar to those described for denervation. These results strongly suggest that
      adenosine is the trophic factor of sympathetic innervation.

PMID- 1817160
TI  - Energy requirements for the basal efflux of noradrenaline and its metabolites
      from adrenergic varicosities.
AB  - The combination of hypoxia plus glucose deprivation or of hypoxia plus lactate
      induces carrier-mediated outward transport of 3H-noradrenaline in the rat vas
      deferens. Lactate efflux is higher from atria than from vas deferens. Hence, the
      much lower contribution by outward transport to the spontaneous efflux of 3H
      noradrenaline in vas deferens than atria is likely to be due to a better supply
      of oxygen (and perhaps also glucose) to the 3H-noradrenaline-storing varicosities
      in vas deferens than in atria.

PMID- 1817161
TI  - Stereotypy and asymmetry in mice.
AB  - Mice ran in a circular runway. Number and direction of circuits were recorded.
      Most control mice ran about the same number of circuits in each direction. After
      100 mumols/kg cocaine there were 3.5 times as many circuits and most mice ran
      most circuits in one direction. Some mice ran strongly in one direction after a
      first dose of cocaine and strongly in the other direction after a second dose.
      Hence, the primary influence toward unidirectional running is stereotypy rather
      than asymmetry.

PMID- 1817162
TI  - Distribution of extraneuronal uptake1 in reproductive tissues: studies on cells
      in culture.
AB  - Cultures of stromal cells from pregnant mouse uterus, and an FL cell line derived
      from human amnion, displayed significant capacities to O-methylate noradrenaline.
      O-methylation was inhibited in the stromal cells by uptake1-inhibitors, and in
      the FL cell line by uptake2 inhibitors. These findings are discussed in terms of
      the distribution and possible functional importance of catecholamine metabolising
      systems in the female reproductive system.

PMID- 1817163
TI  - Extraneuronal inactivation of noradrenaline in tissue culture.
AB  - Corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal transport (uptake2) and metabolism of
      noradrenaline was investigated in the clonal human Caki-1 cell line. Caki-1 cells
      are the first experimental system for uptake2 which is based on a tissue culture
      technique. Previous experiments with Caki-1 cells opened the possibility of a
      close relationship between uptake2 and the renal transport system for organic
      cations (RTOC). The finding that steroids potently inhibit both uptake2 and RTOC
      further supports this hypothesis. Noradrenaline which has been taken up into Caki
      1 cells by uptake2 is metabolized by the intracellular enzymes catechol-O
      methyltransferase (COMT) and to a lesser extend by monoamineoxidase (MAO).

PMID- 1817164
TI  - The influence of the estrous cycle on the accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline in rat
      uterus and on efflux of radioactivity from the uterus.
AB  - Groups of female rats were used throughout the 4-days estrous cycle and the
      accumulation of noradrenaline and its efflux were studied after incubation with
      the labelled amine. Comparisons were made between uterine horns corresponding to
      each one of the 4 stages of the cycle, i.e., diestrus, proestrus, metestrus and
      estrus. Accumulation in diestrus reached the highest value, which was 1.64-fold
      higher than in estrus. An estimate of the original distribution of the amine into
      the extraneuronal and neuronal compartments of the tissue was obtained by
      compartmental analysis of the efflux curves. Size and half times of neuronal and
      extraneuronal compartments showed some relationship with the stage of the cycle.

PMID- 1817165
TI  - PC12 cells as a window for the differentiation of neural crest into adrenergic
      nerve ending and adrenal medulla.
AB  - Studies on PC12 and isolated adrenal chromaffin cells have revealed that PC12
      cells have a closer identity to the adrenergic nerve ending than do the
      chromaffin cells. This is revealed by the presence of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A
      and tyramine-released pool of catecholamines in PC12, resembling that in
      adrenergic neurones, and their absence in adrenal chromaffin cells. Indeed,
      chromaffin cells possess primarily MAO-B activity. Like the observations on
      adrenergic neurones, non-selective and selective MAO-A inhibitors potentiate the
      catecholamine-releasing property of tyramine in PC12 cells. This property has
      clearly been demonstrated to be associated with selective inhibition of MAO-A and
      not MAO-B. The fact that MAO-A and MAO-B are different proteins and under
      separate gene product control suggests that their regulation may be highly
      differentiated. Indeed, it has been shown that while steroids such as
      progesterone and hydrocortisone induce and estrogen diminishes MAO-A activity in
      PC12 cells, no such regulatory mechanism has been identified for MAO-B activity
      in chromaffin cells. In the final analysis the inter-relationship between MAO-A
      activity and the presence of tyramine-releasable pool of catecholamines in
      adrenergic neurons and PC12 cells may have a genetic basis and could be important
      in illuminating the differentiation of neural crest into adrenergic neurones and
      adrenal medulla on the one hand and chromaffin cells to PC12 cells on the other.

PMID- 1817166
TI  - Clinical aspects on presynaptic noradrenaline metabolism.
AB  - In healthy subjects, similar absolute increments in plasma noradrenaline (NA) and
      dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) were observed in response to upright posture or
      isoprenaline infusion. Blockade of neuronal uptake by desipramine abolished these
      plasma DOPEG responses and reduced plasma DOPEG per se. In essential
      hypertensives we found higher than normal plasma DOPEG levels at any given plasma
      NA. Evidence is provided that both the desipramine-sensitive and -resistant pool
      of plasma DOPEG contribute to this hypertensive-normotensive difference.

PMID- 1817167
TI  - Effects of imipramine and some tryptamine derivatives on the efflux of 3H-5
      hydroxytryptamine from rabbit platelets.
AB  - The efflux of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) from rabbit platelets (monoamine
      oxidase inhibited; pretreatment with reserpine) was measured in the absence and
      presence of various concentrations of imipramine or a number of tryptamine
      derivatives. The maximum efflux-accelerating effect (Emax) of 5-HT and some other
      tryptamines (e.g., N-methyl-5-HT, 5-methoxytryptamine) far exceeded that of
      imipramine, whereas the Emax for 2-methyl-5-HT did not. It is concluded that
      tryptamines that are more effective in releasing 3H-5-HT than imipramine have the
      property of being substrates of the 5-HT transporter.

PMID- 1817168
TI  - Influence of antidepressant drugs on seizure susceptibility and the
      anticonvulsant activity of valproate in mice.
AB  - The tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline (20-30 mg/kg, i.p.) and imipramine
      (30-40 mg/kg), provided a significant protection against electro-convulsions (12
      mA, 0.2 s stimulus duration) but desipramine (up to 40 mg/kg) remained
      ineffective. On the other hand, all drugs, amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), desipramine
      (20 mg/kg), and imipramine (20 mg/kg) distinctly potentiated the protective
      efficacy of valproate against maximal electroshock, reducing its ED 50 values
      from 255 mg/kg to 150, 135, and 128 mg/kg, respectively. In one case the plasma
      valproate level was measured and it was evident that desipramine (20 mg/kg) did
      not affect the plasma level of this antiepileptic.

PMID- 1817169
TI  - [Effect of the collateral circulation on myocardial salvage in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - The effects of the extent of coronary collateral circulations, the duration of
      myocardial ischemia and recanalization of infarct-related vessels on left
      ventricular function were evaluated in 43 patients with acute anteroseptal
      myocardial infarction. All patients had complete occlusions of their proximal
      left anterior descending coronary arteries and were treated with intra-coronary
      thrombolytic therapy within 8 hours after the onset of their chest pain. The 43
      patients were categorized in 4 groups based on the extent of their coronary
      collaterals in the early period of myocardial infarction and the results of
      thrombolysis. Group A consisted of 11 patients with well-developed collaterals
      who had successful thrombolysis. Group B was comprised of 14 patients with poorly
      developed or no collaterals, and successful thrombolysis. In group C, there were
      9 patients with well-developed collaterals and unsuccessful thrombolysis. In
      group D, there were 9 patients who had poorly or not developed collaterals, and
      all had unsuccessful thrombolysis. Four weeks after the intervention, ejection
      fraction (EF) and regional wall motion (RWM) were calculated from the data of the
      left ventricular angiograms. There was no significant difference in patients'
      age, sex, nor in peak serum creatine kinase among the 4 groups or the duration of
      myocardial ischemia between groups A and B. Patients with successful thrombolysis
      (groups A and B) had significantly higher EF and preserved RWM of infarct areas
      compared to patients with unsuccessful thrombolysis (groups C and D, p less than
      0.05). Thirteen patients with early reperfusion (within 4 hours after the onset
      of chest pain) had significantly higher EF and better RWM than did 12 patients
      with late reperfusion and 18 patients with unsuccessful thrombolysis (p less than
      0.01). However, there was no significant correlation between the duration of
      myocardial ischemia and RWM of the infarct areas among 25 patients who had
      successful thrombolysis (r = -0.3, NS). Patients in group A had higher EF and
      better RWM of infarct areas than did patients in groups B, C and D (p less than
      0.01). In addition, 3 patients with well-developed collaterals had good RWM
      despite late reperfusion which occurred more than 4 hours after the onset of
      symptoms. These results suggest that the extent of coronary collaterals during
      the early period of myocardial infarction and the time delay from the onset of
      symptoms to the initiation of thrombolytic therapy are important factors for the
      salvage of left ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction.

PMID- 1817170
TI  - [Coagula tamponade as a complication of open heart surgery: the clinical
      significance and diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography].
AB  - The pathogenesis of low cardiac output failure (LOF) immediately after open heart
      surgery was studied in 41 patients with LOF and 15 control patients without LOF
      using echocardiography. In 35 patients, transesophageal echocardiography was also
      performed. Left ventricular (LV) contraction was impaired in 28 of the 41 LOF
      patients, in whom LV fractional shortening was less than 25%. In the other 13 LOF
      patients, however, it was greater than 25%. In 12 of these 13 patients,
      transesophageal echocardiography revealed that accumulating pericardial coagula
      were localized in the right side of the heart, deforming the right atrial and
      ventricular chambers. The LV end-diastolic diameter was significantly less than
      the control, indicating that the pericardial coagula disrupted the distension of
      the heart. Emergent coagulotomy was performed in 5 patients, and hemodynamic
      conditions were improved. In spite of "cardiac tamponade", the wall motion and
      pressure tracings of the right atrium and right ventricle in these patients
      differed from those in fluid tamponade. Therefore, this condition should be
      designated "coagula tamponade." In the other 22 patients in whom transesophageal
      echocardiography was employed, no coagula were observed. Since pericardial
      coagula can hardly be detected by transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal
      echocardiography is indispensable for diagnosing pericardial coagula noted
      immediately after open heart surgery.

PMID- 1817171
TI  - [Cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating flow dynamics in congenital heart
      diseases with left-to-right shunts].
AB  - Cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine MRI) was used to evaluate the cardiac
      structures and blood flow in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunts.
      Fifteen children with left-to-right shunts which were confirmed by
      echocardiography or angiography were investigated in the present study. Five
      children each had atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and complete
      endocardial cushion defect. Their ages ranged from 4 months to 13 years (mean 5.5
      years). Prior to cine MRI, the ECG-gated cardiac imaging using multi-slice
      acquisition was performed in all the children to localize the optimal slice for
      cine MRI. To select the optimal imaging planes for various cardiac structures, we
      used axial, coronal, sagittal and four-chamber views. Cine MRI was demonstrated
      by a fast low 30 degree flip angle imaging technique, with a 15 msec echo time, a
      30-40 msec pulse repetition time, and a 256 x 256 or 128 x 128 acquisition
      matrix. Abnormalities of cardiac structures were defined extremely well in all
      the children using ECG-gated cardiac imaging. In 14 of the 15 children (93%),
      cine MRI clearly detected a left-to-right shunt flow, which was visualized as a
      low signal intensity area compared to the surrounding blood flow. Noninvasively,
      cine MRI provides accurate images of the anatomy of the cardiac structures, makes
      functional assessments of the cardiac chambers and walls, and flow relationships.
      It has no limitations of imaging planes imposed bones and lung, and is not
      associated with technical difficulties as required with echocardiography which
      has small cardiac window.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817172
TI  - [Cardiac performance before and after Jatene procedure for transposition of the
      great arteries: with specific reference to post-operative supravalvular pulmonary
      stenosis].
AB  - The cardiac performance was evaluated in patients who had received arterial
      switch operation (AS-op) for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in their
      infancy with special attention to postoperative supravalvular pulmonary stenosis
      (SVPS). AS-op was performed in 36 infants; 13 with simple TGA and 23 with TGA
      accompanied with ventricular septal defect. Nine patients had undergone pulmonary
      arterial banding with systemico-pulmonary shunt. The mean age at surgery was 7
      months. Postoperative catheterization was performed on average of 15 months after
      surgery. The end-diastolic volume (EDV) and ejection fraction (EF) of the left
      and right ventricles (LV, RV) were calculated from biplane cineangiograms. LVEDV
      and RVEDV were normalized and expressed as % of normals. SVPS was defined as peak
      systolic pressure gradient of 50 mmHg or higher between the RV and the pulmonary
      artery (PA). The mean LVEDV, RVEDV, LVEF and RVEF values were all within the
      normal range. Inverse correlation was observed between the peak systolic RV-PA
      pressure gradient and RVEF (n = 29, r = -0.84, p less than 0.001). SVPS after AS
      op was observed in 8 patients (22%). Stenosis was observed at the site of
      anastomosis of the artery. In these cases, the diameter of the PA at the stenotic
      site decreased to 52% of the preoperative values. Branch stenosis of the PA was
      observed in 3 patients who had undergone surgery during the neonatal period.
      Generally, the results after AS-op were satisfactory in terms of cardiac
      performance. Postoperative SVPS was observed in 8 patients (22%) with decreased
      RVEF. Careful observations of the growth of PA after AS-op are mandatory.

PMID- 1817173
TI  - [Coronary revascularization evaluated by thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy: a
      follow-up study].
AB  - To elucidate changes with time in T1-201 scintigraphy after coronary
      revascularization, T1-201 stress myocardial scintigraphy was performed at least
      twice during the follow-up period (from one to 12 months) in 58 patients with
      ischemic heart disease (12 with angina, and 46 with myocardial infarction) who
      had undergone PTCA or A-C bypass surgery. The perfusion defects were classified
      in 4 grades, and scintigraphic changes over grade 1 were judged significant. We
      evaluated; 1) time of scintigraphic improvement after revascularization, 2)
      presence of reverse redistribution, and 3) assessment of coronary restenosis.
      Scintigraphic improvement was observed in 21 of 58 patients during a 3- to 12-
      month follow-up period, 7 of whom improved within one month. Reverse
      redistribution after coronary revascularization was observed in 8 of the 58
      patients (14%), including 6 who showed scintigraphic improvement in 3 to 12
      months (2 were not examined). Among 29 patients whose coronary angiogram and Tl
      201 scintigram were compared, 11 had angiographic evidence of restenosis and 4 of
      them showed deterioration of scintigraphic findings (sensitivity 57%, specificity
      68%, and accuracy 66%). In conclusion, scintigraphic improvement was observed
      over various periods (immediately after and up to 12 months) after coronary
      revascularization. Reverse redistribution appears to be a predictor of good
      prognosis. Coronary restenosis cannot always be reliably assessed by Tl-201
      scintigraphy.

PMID- 1817174
TI  - [Blood flow redistribution and exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure].
AB  - We examined blood flow redistribution during exercise and its significance on
      exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure. Sixty-three patients with chronic
      heart diseases underwent symptom-limited maximal multistage exercise using a
      supine ergometer. We measured oxygen intake (VO2) and cardiac index (CI) using
      Fick's principle and leg flow with the thermodilution method at rest and during
      exercise. Patients were categorized in 5 groups according to their VO2 max; i.e.,
      control group (n = 12), having normal right-sided cardiac pressure during
      exercise; A group (n = 8), having an abnormal right-sided pressure elevation, but
      normal exercise tolerance VO2 max greater than 20 ml/min/kg; B group (n = 19) VO2
      max 20-15; C group (n = 17) also 15-10; and D group (n = 7), VO2 less than 10
      ml/min/kg. At maximal exercise, the CI max and leg flow max were similar between
      the control and A groups; whereas, they decreased in the order of groups B, C and
      D. The ratio of leg flow/CI increased by 5 times from rest to maximal exercise in
      all groups, although the values at rest and at maximal exercise were similar
      among all groups. The relationship between CI and leg flow during exercise was
      linear in each individual patient. The coefficient of this regression line was
      extremely high (r = 0.98 +/- 0.02). Therefore, we calculated each regression
      line, leg flow = (a).CI +/- (b), with the gradient (a) as an index of blood flow
      redistribution to working skeletal muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817175
TI  - [New method for estimating left ventricular myocardial elasticity by vibration
      analysis].
AB  - We solved numerical solutions of Advani-Lee's equation, which treats free
      vibrations of fluid-filled spherical shells, and forms the basis for non-invasive
      estimation of left ventricular myocardial elasticity. Numerical results showed
      that elasticity is approximated by E = 86.5.a2.f2 (E: elasticity (dyn/cm2), a:
      internal radius (cm), f: eigen-frequency (Hz)). To examine the accuracy of this
      theoretical equation in estimating elasticity, we made 7 spherical shells of
      silicone rubber, and compared the estimated elasticity by this equation with that
      by a standard stretch test. The elasticity calculated by Advani-Lee's equation
      and by stretch test proved to be nearly identical. Therefore, we concluded that
      we can estimate the elasticity of a spherical shell using this equation. We
      calculated the myocardial elasticity at the first heart sound emission in 25
      normal persons with a simplified (approximated form of) Advani-Lee's equation.
      The mean elasticity in normal subjects was (7.04 +/- 2.46) x 10(5) dyn/cm2.

PMID- 1817176
TI  - [Alcohol-induced variant angina and considerations of its mechanism: a case
      report].
AB  - A 64-year-old man had episodes of angina pectoris several hours after ingestion
      of alcohol. Otherwise, anginal attacks never occurred. He was diagnosed as having
      variant angina based on the typical ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF during
      the anginal attacks. We performed an alcohol challenge test on his 4th admission
      day. He was given 540 ml of "sake" at 6:00 p.m. and anginal attacks with ST
      elevations occurred 9.5 hours after its ingestion. The peak value of plasma
      ethanol was 136 mg/dl at 9:00 p.m. and it returned to 0 when angina occurred. By
      alcohol ingestion, urinary excretion of Mg increased in association with a slight
      decrease in serum Mg. The ratio of serum Ca to Mg was increased from 4.0 at the
      control state before taking alcohol to 4.5 at the occurrence of anginal attack.
      Mg content in red blood cells and in plasma catecholamines did not differ between
      before and after ingesting alcohol. We concluded that the change in the
      extracellular Ca-Mg equilibrium may contribute to the mechanism of alcohol
      induced variant angina.

PMID- 1817177
TI  - [Eosinophilic heart disease with favorable courses: report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of eosinophilia-associated acute peri-myocarditis which coursed
      favorably are reported. Case 1 was a 47-year-old man whose ECG revealed QS, ST-T
      change, bundle branch block, and arrhythmias. Case 2 was a 30-year-old man whose
      ECG showed ST segment depression. The chest radiographs of both patients revealed
      enlarged hearts. Left ventriculography showed abnormal regional wall motion.
      Their endomyocardial biopsies revealed eosinophilic infiltration of the
      myocardium, but few eosinophils were degranulated. In Case 1, the development of
      eosinophilia preceded perimyocarditis and the eosinophilia continued even after
      the symptoms of peri-myocarditis were improved. In conclusion, it seems that
      eosinophilia did not have specific relation to the initial manifestation of the
      disease but that it occurred as a secondary reaction to peri-myocarditis of
      unknown etiology in these cases.

PMID- 1817178
TI  - [Three infants with severe myocardial ischemia diagnosed by echocardiography:
      investigation of the cause of transient myocardial dysfunction].
AB  - We examined 3 infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. They also showed
      signs of heart failure. The signs of cardiac dysfunction noted in the acute phase
      were resolved after treatment with catecholamines and vasodilators. Contrary to
      the general concept that transient myocardial dysfunction is secondarily caused
      by persistent pulmonary hypertension, left myocardial dysfunction accompanied
      pulmonary hypertension and was followed by right myocardial dysfunction. High
      blood concentration of thromboxane B2 was reported in 2 neonates with persistent
      pulmonary hypertension. We considered thromboxane A2 as a possible cause of
      coronary spasm, resulting in myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 1817179
TI  - [Stress myocardial scintigraphy in coronary artery disease: its clinical
      significance].
AB  - To evaluate the clinical significance of asymptomatic ischemic heart disease,
      exercise electrocardiography and stress myocardial scintigraphy were performed.
      These were correlated with symptoms during exercise tests and histories of
      myocardial infarction (MI). The study subjects consisted of 70 patients with
      coronary artery disease, including 34 with MI, and 36 without MI but with angina
      pectoris. Stress tests were performed using bicycle ergometer under
      electrocardiographic monitoring throughout the test. Transient myocardial
      ischemia was confirmed by perfusion defects on thallium myocardial imaging
      demonstrated immediately after exercise, but not 3 hours after the stress test.
      Asymptomatic ST depression was observed in 18 of 34 patients with MI (53%) and in
      21 of the 36 patients with angina (58%); however, transient myocardial perfusion
      defects were confirmed in 61% of the patients with MI (11 of 18 patients), but in
      only 33% of those with angina (7 of 21 patients). The difference was
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05). It was suggested that there are
      some differences in the clinical significance of asymptomatic ST depression
      between the patients with MI and those without MI but with angina pectoris.

PMID- 1817180
TI  - [Risk factors for later restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty: Mitsui
      Memorial Hospital experience].
AB  - To determine the risk factors for restenosis, 170 patients with 245 stenotic
      lesions who underwent follow-up coronary angiography after successful coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA) were evaluated. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 116
      +/- 39 days (+/- SD). Restenosis was defined according to 3 criteria: 1) greater
      than or equal to 50% loss of the gain achieved by PTCA, 2) greater than or equal
      to 60% stenosis at follow-up, 3) greater than or equal to 30% increase in
      stenosis from post-PTCA. The rate of restenosis was 41.2% by criterion 1), 32.2%
      by criterion 2) and 34.3% by criterion 3). By univariate analysis of 12 clinical,
      9 angiographic and 8 procedural factors, 6 factors were significantly associated
      with restenosis: 1) left anterior descending artery, 2) severe stenosis before
      PTCA, 3) long lesions, 4) calcified lesions, 5) maximal inflation pressure
      greater than or equal to 100 psi, 6) number of inflations greater than or equal
      to 6 times. No clinical factors were suggested to have significant influence on
      restenosis. Multivariate analysis (stepwise method) revealed independent 6
      factors related to restenosis in the following order of importance: 1) number of
      inflations, 2) maximal inflation pressure, 3) presence of calcification, 4)
      vessel dilated at PTCA, 5) diabetes mellitus, 6) lesion length. The residual
      stenosis had no significant influence on restenosis. This may have been due to a
      small number (14.7%, 36 lesions) of prominent residual stenoses (greater than or
      equal to 40%) in this study. The presence or absence of intimal disruptions had
      no significant influence on restenosis. It was suggested that restenosis after
      successful PTCA may be influenced mainly by "local factors" related to regions.

PMID- 1817181
TI  - Clinical characteristics of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and
      bradyarrhythmias.
AB  - The clinical characteristics of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and
      bradyarrhythmias were studied. Among 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, 6
      had bradyarrhythmias. Among these patients were one with sinus bradycardia, one
      with atrial fibrillation and slow ventricular responses and sick sinus syndrome
      (SSS), one with SSS with advanced AV block, and 3 with advanced AV block. The
      average age at the onset of their cardiac symptoms (60.3 +/- 12.1 years (mean +/-
      SD)) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than that of 43 patients without
      bradyarrhythmias (40.0 +/- 17.6). The left ventricular diastolic dimension and
      ejection fraction were similar among patients with and without bradyarrhythmias.
      In 31 follow-up patients without bradyarrhythmias, 8 (25.8%) died of cardiac
      causes; whereas, in 5 patients with bradyarrhythmias, 4 had been implanted with
      pacemakers and 3 (60.0%) died of cardiac causes. Furthermore, the age at the
      onset of cardiac symptoms in patients with any kind of conduction disturbance,
      except tachyarrhythmia, was 50.4 +/- 16.5 years (n = 25), which was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.02) than that of patients without conduction disturbances
      (37.7 +/- 19.3 years, n = 23). We concluded that bradyarrhythmias are not rare
      complications in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and the mortality rate
      tends to be higher in patients with bradyarrhythmias than in those without them.
      Furthermore, the risks of conduction disturbances and bradyarrhythmias were
      higher in the elderly patients.

PMID- 1817182
TI  - [Natural history of 82 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: follow-up for
      over ten years].
AB  - The natural courses of 82 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were
      investigated in follow-up periods of over 10 years (mean follow-up: 11.7 yrs.).
      Twelve patients had obstructive, 30 non-obstructive and 40 apical HCM. There were
      76 males and 6 females. The mean age at the initial diagnosis was 48 years. All
      patients underwent cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography, and two
      dimensional echocardiography was conducted in some patients. To determine the
      clinical features influencing the prognosis, their serial laboratory and clinical
      data were reviewed and analyzed. Five patients died of non-cardiac causes. Only
      one died suddenly. Congestive heart failure developed in 3 patients, 2 with
      obstructive and one with non-obstructive HCM. Two patients had cavity dilatation
      and deteriorated ventricular function, and finally exhibited dilated
      cardiomyopathy-like features. Characteristically, in this deteriorating group, a
      decrease in the QRS voltage and an abnormal Q wave gradually developed without
      clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Two patients with apical HCM in this
      group had decreases in their QRS voltages and in the depths of their giant
      negative T waves. They developed apical left ventricular asynergy without
      myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. There were no specific
      clinical or laboratory parameters predictive of sudden death. Atrial fibrillation
      occurred in 9 patients, resulting in 3 cases of cerebral infarction, one
      myocardial infarction, and one congestive heart failure. One patient received
      pacemaker implantation because of the sick sinus syndrome. Three had acute
      myocardial infarction. Aortocoronary bypass grafting was performed in 3 patients.
      These results indicate that the good long-term life prognosis of HCM can be
      expected in all types of HCM. Among the 82 patients, only one died suddenly.
      However, since the natural history of HCM can take a variety of courses, careful
      observation is necessary.

PMID- 1817183
TI  - [Doppler and echocardiographic assessments of effects of disopyramide on non
      obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - We assessed the effects and therapeutic implications of disopyramide on left
      ventricular systolic and diastolic functions in 19 patients with non-obstructive
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Doppler echocardiography. All patients were in
      sinus rhythm. Parameters measured were fractional shortening (FS (%)), mean
      velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf (circ/sec)), ejection
      fraction (EF (%)), peak left ventricular outflow velocity (peak-LVOT (cm/sec)),
      peak rapid filling inflow velocity (peak-R (cm/sec)), peak late filling inflow
      velocity (peak-A (cm/sec)) and peak-A/peak-R ratio (A/R ratio). These values were
      compared before and after infusion of disopyramide (2 mg/kg). There was no
      significant difference in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures
      before and after infusion of disopyramide. Following the intravenous drip
      infusion of disopyramide, FS decreased from 38.1 +/- 5.4 to 33.2 +/- 4.9 (p less
      than 0.05) and the mean Vcf decreased from 1.285 +/- 0.181 to 1.141 +/- 0.188
      (NS). EF and peak-LVOT also decreased from 67.7 +/- 6.3 to 61.9 +/- 7.0 (p less
      than 0.05), and from 107.6 +/- 29.5 to 92.4 +/- 25.2 (p less than 0.01),
      respectively. The infusion of disopyramide increased the peak-R from 47.3 +/-
      18.2 to 55.5 +/- 19.2 (p less than 0.05), and decreased peak-A from 52.0 +/- 13.6
      to 40.2 +/- 12.6 (p less than 0.01), resulting in a decrease of A/R ratio from
      1.277 +/- 0.537 to 0.818 +/- 0.475 (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that
      disopyramide improved left ventricular diastolic function, although systolic
      function decreased slightly. In conclusion, disopyramide can be also used
      beneficially in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without arrhythmias.

PMID- 1817184
TI  - [Effects of verapamil on the left ventricular diastolic function and diastolic
      asynchrony in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The effects of verapamil on the diastolic function and regional asynchrony of the
      left ventricle were echocardiographically investigated in 37 patients with
      hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy (HCM). Before and 20 min after the
      intravenous administration of verapamil (0.1 mg/kg), blood pressure (BP), heart
      rate (HR), transmitral pulsed Doppler indices (R, A, A/R), M-mode echo indices
      (Dd, Ds, %FS) and the echo-phonocardiographic index (isovolumic relaxation time;
      IRT) were measured. We also measured the rapid extension times of the posterior
      walls at the chordae and papillary muscle level [Tc(pw), Tp(pw)] as the indices
      of regional diastolic function, and their difference [Tp-c(pw)] was used as the
      index of diastolic asynchrony. Before verapamil administration, the HCM patients
      had significantly larger A, A/R, IRT and Tp-c(pw) and smaller R than did 20
      healthy controls, but showed no significant differences in HR, BP, Dd, Ds and
      %FS. After verapamil injection, R increased and A, A/R, IRT, Tp-c(pw) decreased
      significantly without any changes in BP and HR. The increment of R (delta R)
      correlated significantly with the decrement of Tp-c(pw) (r = -0.66, p less than
      0.001). According to the value of delta R/R, 37 patients with HCM were
      categorized in 2 groups (19 responders with delta R/R greater than or equal to
      10% and 18 non-responders with delta R/R less than 10%). The responders had
      smaller R and larger A/R, IRT and Tp-c(pw) before verapamil administration than
      did the non-responders. Verapamil increased R, Dd, Ds and decreased A, A/R and Tp
      c(pw) in the responders, but not in the non-responders. These results suggested
      that verapamil might improve left ventricular diastolic function in HCM patients
      through the improvement of left ventricular diastolic asynchrony.

PMID- 1817185
TI  - [Analysis of left ventricular pulsus alternans in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - We analyzed left ventricular (LV) pulsus alternans in 49 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy during cardiac catheterization. LV pulsus alternans
      was noted in 6 of 17 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, 5 of
      whom already showed intraventricular pressure gradient at rest. No patient with
      hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy had LV pulsus alternans. Pulsus
      alternans was neither observed in the right ventricle nor in the pulmonary
      artery. There was little, if any, pulsus alternans in a low pressure LV chamber
      (subaortic portion) and peripheral artery during LV pulsus alternans in a high
      pressure chamber. LV end-diastolic pressure also remained unchanged during LV
      pulsus alternans, except in one case. It is suggested that LV pulsus alternans in
      hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy may imply LV dysfunction associated with
      increased afterload.

PMID- 1817186
TI  - Mortality among the offspring (F1) of atomic bomb survivors, 1946-85.
AB  - We compare the mortality in the years 1946-85 in a cohort of 31,159 children born
      to parents one or both of whom were exposed to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima
      and Nagasaki (a parental gonadal dose greater than or equal to 0.01 Sv) with that
      in a control group of 41,069 children. The average gonadal dose for the exposed
      parents was 0.435 Sv. The mean age of the cohorts was 28.8 years. In the greater
      than or equal to 0.01 Sv dose group 1,253 deaths were observed in the subset of
      children both of whose parents have been assigned DS86 doses. 3.2% were
      attributed to cancers, 72.9% to all diseases except neoplasms. These proportions
      in the 0 Sv dose group were about the same. Based on a linear relative risk
      model, no statistically significant increase in the mortality attributable to
      diseases other than neoplasms is noted following parental exposure, the excess
      relative risk being 0.030 (+/- 0.046) per sievert based on the DS86 doses (RBE of
      neutrons = 20). For fatal cancer, no statistically significant effect of parental
      radiation dose was also observed. An analysis based on the full sample, using not
      only the DS86 dose group but also ad hoc dose group, yields essentially the same
      results as the analysis restricted to the DS86 dose group.

PMID- 1817187
TI  - Effects of post-treatment incubation on recombinogenesis in incision-proficient
      and incision-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: I. Recombinogenesis
      after UV- and gamma-ray-irradiation.
AB  - After UV-irradiation of G1 phase cells, most gene conversion and crossing-over
      took place in cells of incision-proficient strains without post-irradiation
      incubation. In contrast, incision-deficient cells markedly induced both of these
      recombinational events only after irradiated cells were incubated for several
      hours in liquid growth medium before selection. These results indicate that when
      G1 cells are irradiated with UV recombinational events are initiated during that
      G1 phase in incision-proficient strains; whereas, they are not initiated in
      irradiated incision-deficient strains before the cells reach the S/G2 phase.
      Experimental gamma-ray results also suggest that post-irradiation incubation is
      not required for incision-proficient and -deficient strains to initiate mitotic
      recombinational events. Taken together, these results show that the formation of
      incision nicks and of post-replication gaps in DNA appears to be necessary for
      the initiation of recombinational events after UV treatment; whereas, it is not
      required after gamma-irradiation.

PMID- 1817188
TI  - Effects of post-treatment incubation on recombinogenesis in incision-proficient
      and incision-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: II. Recombinogenesis
      after the photoaddition of furocoumarins.
AB  - After the photoaddition of mono- and bifunctional furocoumarins to G1 phase
      cells, most gene conversion and crossing-over occurred without post-irradiation
      incubation of these cells in incision-proficient strains. In contrast, incision
      deficient cells showed marked induction of both recombinational events only after
      treated cells had been incubated for several hours before selection. These
      results indicate that when furocoumarins are photoadded to G1 cells, initiation
      of recombinational events occurs during the same G1 phase in the incision
      proficient cells; whereas, it occurs only after post-irradiation DNA replication
      in incision-deficient cells. The action of the PSO2 gene product specific for the
      repair of DNA crosslinks in recombination induction is discussed and compared to
      the actions of the excision repair genes RAD1 and RAD2.

PMID- 1817189
TI  - Mutation of RAS oncogene in atomic bomb radiation-exposed leukemia.
AB  - To determine what the role of RAS oncogene is in radiation-induced leukemia, we
      investigated the frequency of mutations and the sites of the base substitution of
      activated N- and K-RAS oncogenes in 25 leukemic patients who had been exposed to
      the atomic bomb and compared the results with those for 47 non-exposed leukemic
      patients. To detect the presence of mutated RAS oncogene, we used the PCR method
      to analyze DNAs from leukemic cells and from nude mouse tumors formed by in vivo
      selection assay. Eight of the 25 exposed leukemic patients (32%) and 13 of the 47
      non-exposed leukemic patients (27.6%) had RAS oncogene mutations. No significant
      differences were found between the exposed and non-exposed groups in frequency of
      mutation and the sites of base substitution on the RAS oncogene sequence. This
      study should prove valuable for understanding the role of RAS oncogene mutation
      in the genesis of radiation-induced leukemias.

PMID- 1817190
TI  - Tritium concentration in unpolished rice.
AB  - Inoue and Iwakura recently reported that the specific activity ratio of
      organically-bound 3H to free water 3H in polished rice samples collected in Japan
      and China was lower than unity. Their paper was the first to report the
      systematic apparent elimination of 3H for incorporation to organically-bound form
      in samples collected from the general environment. To confirm their result, seven
      unpolished rice samples obtained just after harvesting were analyzed for 3H. The
      mean specific activity ratio of organically-bound 3H to free water 3H was found
      to be 0.57, somewhat lower than the data by Inoue and Iwakura. This small
      difference may be caused by the different sampling years and/or the possible
      replacement of free water by atmospheric water vapor after harvesting.

PMID- 1817191
TI  - Effects of irradiation on marrow stromal cells with respect to committed
      granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells.
AB  - The effects of irradiation on the growth regulatory function of marrow stromal
      cells (MSC), and on the committed granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM
      CFC), were investigated using a liquid culture system. CSF activity in the
      supernatant of irradiated MSC (0-900 rads) increased markedly with the increase
      of MSC irradiation dose. CSF-inhibitory activity in the supernatant of irradiated
      MSC (0-900 rads) also increased with the increase of MSC irradiation dose.
      Furthermore, the activity of exogenous CSF added to the supernatant of 900 rad
      irradiated MSC was lost more slowly than that of non-irradiated MSC. These data
      suggest that irradiation affected CSF production, inhibitor production and
      consumption of CSF by MSC.

PMID- 1817192
TI  - A device for in vitro irradiation with alpha-particles using an alpha-emitting
      radioactive source.
AB  - A device to irradiate a monolayer of cultured cells with alpha-particles using an
      Am-241 alpha-source (33.4 MBq) was designed to investigate RBEs of alpha
      particles in cell killing, induction of chromosome aberration, mutagenic changes
      and transformation. This device can be used conveniently in a common laboratory
      by a small number of researchers without any limitation of machine time. The
      device performs as follows: (1) The energy of alpha-particles at the entrance of
      the cell layer is 3.20 MeV with a standard deviation of 0.25 MeV, (2) the
      incident angle to the cell layer is 82.8 degrees with a standard deviation of 3.2
      degrees, (3) the fluence rate is 4.7 x 10(5) cm-2.min-1, (4) the average LET
      infinity for a cell layer 5 microns thick is 138 keV/micron, (5) the average dose
      rate for a cell layer 5 microns thick is 0.10 Gy/min., (6) a temperature and CO2
      concentration conducive to cell cultivation are maintained during irradiation.

PMID- 1817193
TI  - Effect of the administration of bismuth nitrate on radiogenic thymoma induction
      in mice.
AB  - Metallothionein functions as a radical scavenger protecting cells from the
      indirect effect of radiations. We investigated the effect of bismuth nitrate, an
      efficient inducer of metallothionein, on acute and late effects of radiation in
      mice. Metallothionein contents were examined in several organs after the
      administration of bismuth nitrate. The content in bone marrow increased 2-fold in
      the treated as compared to the control mice. This treatment protected irradiated
      mice from bone marrow death and increased the number of endogenous spleen
      colonies. The metallothionein content in the ileum did not change after treatment
      with bismuth nitrate. Mice were not protected by bismuth nitrate when exposed to
      9 Gy of X-rays. This suggests that this agent does not protect from
      gastrointestinal death. The incidence of X-ray-induced thymic lymphomas was
      lowered by the administration of bismuth nitrate in mice exposed to four
      fractionated doses of 1.3 Gy of X-rays. These results indicate that bismuth
      nitrate effectively modified both acute and late effects of X-rays by inducing
      metallothionein in the target tissues.

PMID- 1817194
TI  - [Ileal absorption of various amino acids and dipeptides in rats administered
      cyclophosphamide--using the short-circuit current method].
AB  - Transport of amino acids; glycine, L-alanine, L-leucine, L-proline, L-lysine and
      dipeptides; gly-gly, gly-L-pro, gly-L-leu, L-leu-gly was investigated by
      measuring the short-circuit current in control rats and the rats 3 days after
      intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CPM) 300 mg/kg. For determining
      active transport using the short-circuit current method in injured intestinal
      epithelia the short-circuit current measured should be corrected for the decrease
      in the mucosal resistance of CPM group. Jmax values for transport of glycine and
      L-alanine in ileum are significantly decreased in CPM group than in control
      group. Contrariwise, there are no differences in Jmax values for peptides
      transport in ileum between two groups. The results indicate that the glycine
      transport carrier is more sensitive to CPM injury than the peptide transport
      carrier for glycine-containing dipeptide, suggesting the clinical usefulness of
      the peptide nutrition during chemotherapy.

PMID- 1817195
TI  - [Serum and ascitic phospholipase A2 activities and their heat stabilities in
      taurocholate induced rat acute pancreatitis].
AB  - Serum and ascitic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities in rat acute pancreatitis
      induced by sodium taurocholate (TCA) were investigated with special reference to
      their heat stabilities and were compared to those in serum of carrageenan induced
      granuloma in rats. PLA2 activity was measured by previously reported
      radiochemical method and was separated into two forms, heat stable and labile
      PLA2, based on the stability to preincubation at 55 degrees C for 5 minutes.
      While a heat stable PLA2 predominantly increased in ascitic fluid, the elevations
      of both heat stable and labile PLA2 activities in serum were observed in TCA
      induced pancreatitis. On the other hand, serum PLA2, which was mainly composed of
      heat labile form, elevated with the increase of leukocyte count in carrageenan
      induced granuloma rats. These facts suggested that serum PLA2 activity might
      increase in acute inflammatory changes other than in pancreatic diseases. And it
      is assumed that PLA2 derived from extrapancreatic origins as well as pancreatic
      secretory PLA2 may also contribute to high PLA2 level in acute pancreatitis,
      because pancreatic secretory PLA2 was generally accepted to be heat stable.

PMID- 1817196
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical studies of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
      for pancreatic duct stones].
AB  - The application of ESWL for pancreatic duct stones was studied clinically, and
      the safety of this technique was also investigated experimentally. In 12 patients
      suffering from chronic pancreatitis and having calcified stones in the main
      pancreatic duct, ESWL was performed. None of the patient had received endoscopic
      pancreatic sphincterotomy before ESWL. Stone disintegration was obtained in all
      cases, and the main pancreatic duct stones completely disappeared in 9 of 12
      cases. As a result, not only exacerbation of pancreatitis was removed, but also
      the preservation of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions was suggested.
      With regard to complications, no abnormalities were observed experimentally in
      the pancreatic parenchyma of treated dogs, and similarly no acute symptoms were
      recognized in the patients with pancreatic duct stones. ESWL for pancreatic duct
      stones is low in stress for the patient, and is effective for large stones. We
      therefore conclude that ESWL might be an extremely useful, new non-surgical
      treatment approach to control of pancreatic duct stones.

PMID- 1817197
TI  - [A autopsy case of synchronous triple cancers including gastric cancer, early
      urinary bladder cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma with metastatic
      malignant mesothelioma of the stomach].

PMID- 1817198
TI  - [A case of T cell-malignant lymphoma of the duodenum].

PMID- 1817199
TI  - [A case of hemorrhagic colitis complicated hemolytic uremic syndrome by
      enterohemorrhagic E. coli].

PMID- 1817200
TI  - [An autopsy case of Fabry's disease manifesting ileus].

PMID- 1817201
TI  - [A male case of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis found by an unusual
      finding on ultrasonography].

PMID- 1817202
TI  - [Effect of intraduodenal infusion of tocamphyl on pancreatic exocrine secretion
      and bile flow in rats].

PMID- 1817203
TI  - Evaluation of biventricular interaction in various cardiac diseases by pulsed
      Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - We evaluated the biventricular interaction in various cardiac diseases by pulsed
      Doppler echocardiography. A/R (atrial peak filling velocity/rapid peak filling
      velocity) from inflow wave and PEP/ET (pre-ejection period/ejection time) from
      outflow wave were measured as parameters of both ventricular function. In 20
      normal cases, A/R and PEP/ET correlated well between the right and left
      ventricles, respectively. In 6 cases with pulmonary hypertension, both values of
      A/R and PEP/ET were higher than those in normal cases in the right ventricle, but
      not in the left ventricle. In 15 cases with left ventricular infarction, these
      values were higher than those in normal cases. Not only in the left ventricle but
      also in the right ventricle, and good correlation between both ventricles was
      observed in each parameter. In 15 cases with hypertrophic nonobstructive
      cardiomyopathy and 15 cases with dilated cardiomyopathy, both values of A/R and
      PEP/ET in the both ventricles were also higher than those in normal cases,
      respectively, however, both parameters did not correlate with the both
      ventricles. It is suggested that the right ventricular function is influenced not
      only by the afterload or interventricular septal function, but also by the
      myocardial property of the right ventricle itself, in cases with
      cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 1817204
TI  - Adenine nucleotides metabolism of the canine pancreas during preservation by the
      two-layer cold storage method.
AB  - The relationship between tissue concentrations of adenine nucleotides (ANs) at
      the end of cold preservation period and organ viability after transplantation is
      controversial. The purpose of this study is to examine energy metabolism of the
      pancreas graft preserved by a two-layer cold storage method and the relationship
      with the viability of the pancreas graft following transplantation. After
      preservation by simple cold storage with Euro-Collins' solution (EC) (group 1) or
      University of Wisconsin solution (UW) (group 2), an original two-layer
      (EC/perfluorochemical(PFC)) method (group 3) and a modified two-layer (UW/PFC)
      method (group 4) for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, tissue concentrations of ANs
      were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the
      viability of the pancreas graft was tested in the canine model of segmental
      pancreas autotransplantation. While EC alone (group 1) was available only for 24
      hour preservation, UW alone (group 2) and the original two-layer method (group 3)
      were effective up to 72-hour preservation and the modified two-layer method
      (group 4) was successful up to 96-hour preservation. In simple cold storage with
      EC or UW, there was no significant difference between tissue concentrations of
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of viable grafts and nonviable grafts. But in groups
      3 and 4, there was an excellent correlation between the posttransplant viability
      and ATP tissue concentration at the end of preservation, and ATP was useful to
      predict the viability of the canine pancreas during preservation by the two-layer
      method before transplantation.

PMID- 1817205
TI  - Thyroid function in newborn infants from goitrous and non goitrous mothers.
AB  - Endemic goiter is one of the health effects of iodine deficiency. Enlargement of
      the thyroid is often seen during pregnancy especially in the endemic iodine
      deficiency disorders (IDD) areas. Thyroid hormones have a vital role in the fetal
      development and maturation of the brain. The lack of these hormones may result in
      neurological damage. We measured thyroid hormones and TSH in cord blood and TSH
      in newborn's blood from dry blood spots on filter paper in 5-14 th days, from 58
      non goitrous and 61 goitrous mothers. T4, T3 and TSH concentrations in cord blood
      were measured by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) using enzymum test Boehringer and TSH
      from dry blood spots on filter paper were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
      Goiter size was graded as follows: O, I, II and III. There were significant
      differences in cord serum T3 concentrations between non goitrous and goitrous
      mothers with grade I, II and III. TSH concentration in newborn's blood from
      goitrous mothers of grade III were significantly higher than those from non
      goitrous mothers and from goitrous mothers of grade I. T4 concentration in cord
      blood from non goitrous mothers in IDD area was significantly lower than those
      from non IDD area and those from goitrous mothers in the IDD area. There were
      significant differences also between TSH concentration in newborn's blood spots
      from goitrous mothers in IDD area and those from goitrous mothers in non IDD area
      and from non goitrous mothers in IDD area. Two cases of congenital hypothyroidism
      were found in infants from goitrous mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817206
TI  - Discrimination in vitro between the acoustic emissions from Bjork-Shiley convexo
      concave valves with and without a broken minor strut.
AB  - A statistical pattern recognition technique is used to learn and recognise the
      frequency spectra of the closing sounds emitted by Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave
      heart valves, with and without fractured minor struts, when operating in vitro.
      The sounds are generated with test valves operating under a variety of conditions
      in a model left ventricle. It is found in the learning stage that the
      discriminant functions generated correctly classified almost all of the cases
      within the learning set. When applied to cases outside the learning set,
      including a recording of a clinically implanted valve, the functions correctly
      classify the valves. These preliminary results, for a limited number of valves,
      lead us to believe that the discriminant analysis of heart valve sounds is a
      promising noninvasive method for screening patients with implanted Bjork-Shiley
      convexo-concave valves.

PMID- 1817207
TI  - One-dimensional model of cardiac defibrillation.
AB  - The response of a single strand of cardiac cells to a uniform defibrillatory
      shock assuming steady-state linear conditions is examined. It is argued that the
      effect of this current is quantitatively described by the induced transmembrane
      potential even under passive conditions. The characteristics of the single strand
      are those that would exist if the heart was a system of equivalent parallel
      pathways from apex to base. It is shown that essentially every cell is both
      hyperpolarized and depolarised from the shock by an amount proportional to the
      stimulus intensity and the intercellular junctional resistance. For physiological
      values of model parameters the evaluated depolarisations are consistent with
      levels necessary to affect electrophysiological behaviour.

PMID- 1817208
TI  - Finite-element model of the human head: scalp potentials due to dipole sources.
AB  - Three-dimensional finite-element models provide a method to study the
      relationship between human scalp potentials and neural current sources inside the
      brain. A new formulation of dipole-like current sources is developed here. Finite
      element analyses based on this formulation are carried out for both a three
      concentric-spheres model and a human-head model. Differences in calculated scalp
      potentials between these two models are studied in the context of the forward and
      inverse problems in EEG. The effects of the eye orbit structure on surface
      potential distribution are also studied.

PMID- 1817210
TI  - Velocity distribution model for normal blood flow in the human ascending aorta.
AB  - During the study of velocities in the human ascending aorta it became necessary
      to establish a method for two-dimensional velocity profiles from discrete
      velocity data obtained from different heartbeats and with different techniques. A
      descriptive geometrical model was therefore developed and expanded to 16 elements
      each containing 16 constants by a serial optimising technique using a least
      squares method. Published data from two different studies on velocity
      distribution in the ascending aorta comprising six subjects with normal aortic
      valves were used. Three-dimensional graphic displays of velocity profile at
      different time intervals of the heart cycle clearly show common features of
      distribution of velocity at a point 6 cm above the aortic valve. There was a
      pronounced skewness with clockwise rotation of the skewness direction during
      systole, reversed flow directed towards the left coronary sinus of Valsalva in
      late systole and early diastole concomitant with secondary flow augmentation
      along the opposite wall of the aorta. Consistent plane-symmetric features during
      the heart cycle could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 1817209
TI  - Computationally two-dimensional finite-difference model for hollow-fibre blood
      gas exchange devices.
AB  - The goal of this research is to develop a predictive model with good absolute
      accuracy for blood-gas exchange devices. The proposed model, unlike existing
      models, is able to predict gas transfer to blood flowing outside oxygenating
      fibres without experimental data. The proposed model uses a finite-difference
      numerical technique to solve computationally two-dimensional gas exchange
      problems such as gas transfer to blood outside hollow fibres. The model is
      compared to bovine and human experimental data from the small test cells with
      microporous polypropylene fibres. The test cell flow rates range from 1 m litre
      min-1 to 5 m litre min-1 for a 72-fibre device. Shear-augmented oxygen diffusion
      appears to be present, although good accuracy is obtained with a nonaugmented
      diffusion model, particularly at lower flows. The maximum deviation of oxygen
      saturation predicted by a shear-augmented bovine blood model from the
      experimental regression line was 1.7 per cent.

PMID- 1817211
TI  - Measurements of wave speed and compliance in a collapsible tube during self
      excited oscillations: a test of the choking hypothesis.
AB  - Indirect evidence links self-excited oscillation of flow through collapsed tubes
      with choking, defined by the cross-sectionally averaged fluid speed u reaching
      the local speed of small pressure waves c. This was tested by measuring both c-u
      and c as functions of tube cross-sectional area during self-excited oscillation,
      using small superimposed high-frequency wave packets. The wavespeed c was derived
      from the local slope of the pressure/area relationship, measured at both high and
      low frequency, while c-u was taken as the upstream propagation rate of the
      pressure disturbances. When u = 0, these were shown to agree with each other. The
      propagation results showed that choking did not occur at high frequency. At the
      low frequency of the self-excited oscillation the results were less conclusive,
      because of dispersion and indirect methodology, but choking appeared not to
      happen at the modest flow rate of the oscillation investigated. Results on the
      attenuation of the wave packets were successfully explained using a model of the
      tube throat consisting of two equal and opposite reflection sites.

PMID- 1817212
TI  - Fast-responding automated airway temperature probe.
AB  - Rapid changes occur in the thermal profiles of asthmatic subjects following the
      cessation of hyperpnea, which include temperature increases of the order of 0.25
      degrees C s-1 in the trachea. These thermal events could indicate abnormal blood
      flow in the airway wall of these patients, a factor which may be linked to the
      instability of their airway geometry. To monitor these events a series of fast
      responding thermistors and associated electronics have been developed. The
      apparatus uses temperature sensors of very small mass and the interrupt
      processing capability of the IBM-AT compatible computer to achieve a system
      response time that is in an order of magnitude greater than previous devices.
      Stable, reproducible and easily calibrated, this device shows no hysteresis over
      a required operating range of 15-35 degrees C. It exceeds all standards for
      electrical safety of the American Hospital Association. This device can be used
      to monitor the thermal transients which are seen in the airways of asthmatic
      patients as their airways rewarm following hyperpnea.

PMID- 1817213
TI  - Respiratory effects on cardiac related impedance indices measured under voluntary
      cardio-respiratory synchronisation (VCRS).
AB  - The respiratory effects on impedance-determined cardiac indices ((dZ/dt)min,
      stroke volume (SV), the Heather index (HI) and the O-wave) were measured at 100
      kHz on ten normal males in the supine and sitting positions. The respiration was
      synchronised to 1/5th of the heart rate using voluntary cardiorespiratory
      synchronisation (VCRS). Digital filtering was used to eliminate breathing
      artefacts in the impedance signals. SV, (dZ/dt)min and HI were statistically
      higher during inspiration than expiration. Ensemble-averaging of (dZ/dt) signals
      using the R spike of the ECG as reference will lose beat-to-beat information and
      statistically reduce (dZ/dt)min because of the variation of RZ intervals during
      respiration. Z0 increased with inspiration and decreased in expiration delayed by
      one heart beat. The ratio of the O-wave height to (dZ/dt)min changed by 48 per
      cent from the beginning of inspiration to the end of expiration. Based on the
      timing and direction of the changes, the data imply that the traditional band
      impedance measurement is more closely related to the right heart event than to
      that of the left heart.

PMID- 1817214
TI  - Comparison of different estimators of electromyographic spectral shifts during
      work when applied on short test contractions.
AB  - EMG was recorded during short test contractions performed during occupational
      work. Mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MF), calculated from EMG
      spectra, and zero crossing rate (ZC) of the EMG signal were compared as
      estimators of local muscular fatigue. The results show that there is a systematic
      difference between the three estimates. The difference can be explained by
      dividing the effect of muscle fatigue on EMG spectra into a motor unit action
      potential velocity effect and a firing statistics effect. Furthermore, it is
      shown that the phenomenon of increasing estimators of EMG spectrum shift is
      unlikely to be caused by motor unit action potential velocity increase.
      Successive recruitment of new motor units is suggested as a feasible explanation.

PMID- 1817215
TI  - Validated method for automatic detection of lung sound crackles.
AB  - Crackling lung sounds are associated with many pulmonary diseases. Their
      occurrence reflects the quality and the severity of the disease. An automatic
      method for crackle detection is developed, based on analysing the spectral
      stationarity of the lung sound. The method is validated by studying the crackles
      of 20 adult patients; 10 with fibrosing alveolitis (FA) and 10 with
      bronchiectasis (BE). The number of crackles detected by the automatic method in
      inspiratory cycles is compared to the number of crackles counted from time
      expanded waveforms by two expert observers. The total number of inspiratory
      cycles studied is 117 and that of crackles 1064. The method has a sensitivity of
      89 per cent and a positive predictivity of 88 per cent for patients with FA, and
      80 per cent and 83 per cent respectively, for patients with BE. The linear
      correlation coefficients between the numbers of crackles counted by the automatic
      method and by the observers is 0.86 (p less than 0.001) for the patients with FA
      and 0.93 (p less than 0.001) for the patients with BE. The values refer to whole
      inspiratory cycles. The new automatic method seems reliable enough for clinical
      and scientific purposes. It enables a rapid and objective analysis of large
      materials with crackling lung sounds.

PMID- 1817216
TI  - Orthogonal expansions: their applicability to signal extraction in
      electrophysiological mapping data.
AB  - The applicability of orthogonal expansions (singular-value decomposition,
      Karhunen-Loeve transform and principal-component analysis) for the purpose of
      identifying source distributions associated with definite electrophysiological
      events in the heart and brain is explored with a current dipole source model. By
      definition, the expansion eigenvectors are orthogonal, and as such will extract
      the features of one specific source only if all other secondary signals are
      orthogonal to that first source. The number of significant eigenvectors can be
      related to the number of original components forming a signal, but there is not a
      one-to-one correspondence between these eigenvectors and the individual
      components. Furthermore, many eigenvectors may be needed to faithfully represent
      even a single source, if that source is nonstationary. We conclude that generally
      it would be inappropriate to ascribe any physiological significance to the data
      resulting from such expansions.

PMID- 1817217
TI  - Detection of the pupil constriction latency.
AB  - Two methods to accurately determine the moment of pupil constriction onset are
      discussed. For data sampled at a high rate (approximately 200 Hz) pupil velocity
      deviations from zero can simply be used, giving a satisfactory inaccuracy of
      about 5 ms. For data sampled at a low rate (less than 50 Hz), e.g. using a TV
      pupillometer, curve-fitting can be applied. It is demonstrated that curve
      fitting, based on a second-order mathematical model, preceded by a linear trend,
      can result in an inaccuracy of less than 5 ms. Both methods give latencies
      independent of signal amplitude. This implies that a pupillometer yielding a
      relative measurement of the pupil area can be used for the detection of pupil
      constriction latencies. Furthermore it is demonstrated that the averaging of
      pupil constrictions results in an advanced moment of onset. Where latency
      differences of less than 25 ms are concerned, raw pupil data should therefore not
      be averaged.

PMID- 1817218
TI  - Three-dimensional knowledge driven reconstruction of coronary trees.
AB  - A knowledge-driven approach to the three-dimensional reconstruction of coronary
      artery trees by means of two X-ray projections is proposed. The spatial
      reconstruction of the tree skeleton is discussed. A binary tree model of the
      arterial structure and its projections is employed. Consequently, the
      reconstruction of the three-dimensional tree skeleton is achieved by (a) matching
      the skeletons of corresponding pairs of vascular segments in the two views and
      (b) back-projecting the coupled skeleton projections. From a geometrical point of
      view, the matching problem is, in general, ill-conditioned. For this reason,
      additional information sources were used. Thus, the matching phase is
      accomplished by using both the imaging geometry information, as well as
      anatomical and topological knowledge, about the coronary arteries coded in a rule
      base. As far as the back-projection phase is concerned, an algorithm was
      developed based on: (1) the imaging geometry, (2) the bounding of the back
      projection error and (3) a contiguity criterion.

PMID- 1817219
TI  - Alternate excitation of large and small axons with different stimulation
      waveforms: an application to muscle activation.
AB  - A method has been developed to activate separately and alternately two axon
      groups in an intact nerve trunk through a single-channel stimulation electrode.
      Two types of stimuli, quasitrapezoidal-shaped and narrow rectangular-shaped
      current pulses, were employed to activate smaller and larger axons, respectively.
      The technique was demonstrated on an alpha motor fibre population in cat
      peripheral nerve and was utilised to reduce muscle fatigue during repetitive
      stimulation. This method may have applications in physiological research and the
      design of neural prostheses.

PMID- 1817220
TI  - Programmable implantable device for investigating the adaptive response of
      skeletal muscle to chronic electrical stimulation.

PMID- 1817221
TI  - Simple optical switch for implantable devices.

PMID- 1817222
TI  - Evaluation of a new reflectance pulse oximeter for clinical applications.
AB  - The design of a noninvasive reflectance pulse oximeter that uses the same
      principle of transmittance pulse oximeter and analyses the oxygen saturation of
      arterial blood was described. Four sets of red and infra-red LEDs were used as
      light sources. The respective reflectance photoelectric outputs were used to make
      an internal calibration curve of the instrument relative to the arterial oxygen
      saturation values measured with a Co-Oximeter (OSM-3) in five healthy nonsmoking
      subjects during steady-state hypoxaemia. The accuracy of the present instrument
      was studied in six patients with respiratory failure. From 22 samples, a good
      correlation coefficient (0.98) with a standard deviation of 1.42 was obtained in
      the range between 73 and 100 per cent between the arterial oxygen saturation
      measured with the present instrument and that with the Co-Oximeter. The result
      strongly suggests the usefulness of this oximeter in monitoring patients with
      hypoxaemia.

PMID- 1817223
TI  - Simple, fast method for patient body capacitance and power-line electric
      interference measurement.

PMID- 1817224
TI  - Photoplethysmograph from a laser source.

PMID- 1817225
TI  - [The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on the phospholipid metabolism of neurons and
      neuroglia].

PMID- 1817226
TI  - [The effect of zinc ions on the lipid peroxidation process in the brain in
      alloxan diabetes].

PMID- 1817227
TI  - [The activity of NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in the brain of growing animals
      with demyelinating exposures].

PMID- 1817228
TI  - [The action of hydrocortisone on the content and redox status of ubiquinone in
      rat tissues].

PMID- 1817229
TI  - [Monoamine oxidase activity and the content of biogenic amines in the brain under
      the action of haloperidol].

PMID- 1817230
TI  - [The energy metabolism enzyme activity in subcellular brain fractions after the
      single administration of thyroxine to adult animals].

PMID- 1817231
TI  - [The characteristics of brain energy metabolism in rats under low-intensity laser
      exposure].

PMID- 1817232
TI  - [The polypeptide composition of neuron- and glia-specific proteins in brain
      tumors and peripheral organs].

PMID- 1817233
TI  - [Vasopressin and the mechanisms of memory. The problems under discussion].

PMID- 1817234
TI  - [The tubulin level in different sections of the rat brain].

PMID- 1817235
TI  - [Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid and homocarnosine in stress].

PMID- 1817236
TI  - [A new nerve tissue carboxypeptidase. Its regional distribution and
      physicochemical properties].

PMID- 1817237
TI  - [The fatty acid composition of individual brain gangliosides].

PMID- 1817238
TI  - [The characteristics of the brain cerebrosides, sulfocerebrosides and
      gangliosides in experimental demyelination and cerebrolysin administration].

PMID- 1817239
TI  - [The content of lipid methylation products in subcellular fractions of the rat
      brain].

PMID- 1817240
TI  - [The metabolism of brain and spinal cord cerebrosides and sulfocerebrosides in
      excess vitamin A in the body].

PMID- 1817241
TI  - [The effect of cerebrolysin on the metabolism of brain phospholipids in growing
      animals with experimental demyelination].

PMID- 1817242
TI  - [The phospholipid metabolism of the endoplasmic reticulum of the normal brain and
      liver and under the action of phenobarbital].

PMID- 1817243
TI  - Competition among lenders opens up mortgages choice.

PMID- 1817244
TI  - PAYE confusion hits holiday high.

PMID- 1817245
TI  - The borrowing burden.

PMID- 1817246
TI  - The case for fixed rate mortgages.

PMID- 1817247
TI  - Treatment plans are the key to oral reconstruction. Ceka precision attachment
      Revax system.

PMID- 1817248
TI  - Pain-free dental treatment is changing dentistry's image.

PMID- 1817249
TI  - A computer should make your life easier.

PMID- 1817250
TI  - A simple and efficient synthesis of the inducer IPTG made for inexpensive
      heterologous protein production using the lac-promoter.

PMID- 1817251
TI  - Towards protein tertiary fold prediction using distance and motif constraints.
AB  - Based on a simplified model of the all-alpha class of protein, all packing
      arrangements of alpha-helices were generated and assessed by both general and
      specific structural rules. The method was applied to myoglobin and parvalbumin,
      which were both ranked in the top 4% of folds under the general packing
      constraints. Incorporation of the restrictions implied by the EF-hand motifs of
      parvalbumin were sufficient to select the correct fold as one of two (equal
      scoring) possibilities. Myoglobin scored well under the general packing
      constraints and the addition of a single distance constraint, implied by haem
      binding, was sufficient to select the correct fold as one of several candidates.
      Incorporation of a score for complementary hydrophobic packing between helices
      further selected myoglobin as a unique fold but did not improve the ranking of
      parvalbumin. For both proteins, the alpha-helices were predicted from multiply
      aligned sequences using pattern-matching methods and no specific aspect of the
      known X-ray structures influenced this or the prediction of the correct folds.
      Although the method is currently of limited generality, its further applications
      and extension to a more detailed structural level are discussed.

PMID- 1817252
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation of trp-aporepressor in a solvent.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations of Escherichia coli trp-aporepressor were carried
      out in the absence and presence of explicit water molecules. The vacuum
      simulations resulted in significant deformation of the initial X-ray structure. A
      solvated simulation with a nonbonded cut-off radius of 9 A gave a better result,
      and the most satisfactory result was obtained when electrostatic interactions
      within a cut-off radius of 18 A were considered by a twin-range method. The
      trajectory from the last simulation was used to analyze the dynamical properties
      of the aporepressor. The root-mean-square fluctuations of the residues showed the
      rigidity of the central core and the flexibility of the DNA-binding sites,
      consistent with the X-ray temperature factors. The dynamical cross-correlation
      map indicated a significant negative correlation between the central core and the
      two DNA-binding sites, and thus reproduced the three-domain format (a central
      core and two DNA-binding heads) from a dynamical point of view. The core region
      showed weak, but many, intra- and inter-molecular correlations, while the helix
      turn-helix DNA-binding motifs were free from correlations with other regions.

PMID- 1817253
TI  - Proposed structure for the DNA-binding domain of the Myb oncoprotein based on
      model building and mutational analysis.
AB  - Myb-related proteins from plants to humans are characterized by a DNA-binding
      domain which contains two to three imperfect repeats of approximately 50 amino
      acids each. Based on the evolutionary conservation of specific residues,
      secondary structural predictions suggest an arrangement of alpha helices
      homologous to that seen in the homeodomains, members of the helix-turn-helix
      family of DNA-binding proteins. We have used molecular modelling in conjunction
      with site-directed mutagenesis to test the feasibility of this structure. We
      propose that each Myb repeat consists of three alpha helices packed over a
      hydrophobic core which is built around the three highly conserved tryptophan
      residues. The C-terminal helix forms part of the helix-turn-helix motif and can
      be positioned into the major groove of B-form DNA, allowing prediction of
      residues critical for specificity of interaction. Modelling also allowed
      positioning of adjacent repeats around the major groove over an 8 bp binding
      site.

PMID- 1817254
TI  - Mutations affecting the activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.
AB  - Mutagenesis throughout the single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu
      PA) cDNA molecule, followed by expression of the mutant genes and secretion of
      the resulting mutant proteins from yeast, has been used to determine the amino
      acid residues important for activity of scu-PA molecules. Twelve out of 13
      colonies secreting variant scu-PA molecules with decreased ability to form a zone
      of fibrinolysis had mutant genes with a single codon alteration in the serine
      protease encoding domain (B-chain). Many of these changes are of highly conserved
      residues in the serine proteases and are consequently of considerable interest. A
      model three-dimensional structure of the protease domain of urokinase was used to
      explain the basis for the effects of these down mutations. The model showed that
      the strongest down mutations result from either interference of the mutated side
      chain with substrate binding at the active site or the introduction of bulky or
      charged groups at structurally sensitive internal positions in the molecule.
      Attempts to find second site revertants of five down mutants, altered either at
      the plasmin activation site or near the serine at the active site, only resulted
      in same-site revertants, with the original or closely related amino acids
      restored.

PMID- 1817255
TI  - Changes in activity of porcine phospholipase A2 brought about by charge
      engineering of a major structural element to alter stability.
AB  - We have modified the stability of porcine phospholipase A2 by charge engineering.
      The mutations are situated at the N-terminal of a major helix and are N89D and
      N89D/E92Q. This engineering has significantly altered the activity of the enzyme
      to aggregated and monomeric substrates. A N89D/E92K mutant is more stable but
      considerably less active than wild type. An N89D mutant is more stable and of
      similar activity to wild type. The substantial change in activity may be due to
      direct interaction of residue 92 with aggregated substrate or may be via second
      calcium binding. Second calcium binding may be more probable as activity against
      monomers is also affected. Additional calcium binding may therefore be an
      important way of manipulating the activity of phospholipase A2.

PMID- 1817256
TI  - Site-directed mutations of arginine 65 at the periphery of the active site cleft
      of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase enhance the catalytic activity and eliminate
      anion-dependent activation.
AB  - The function of arginine 65, a conserved residue located at the periphery of the
      active site cleft in yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), has been investigated
      by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutant enzymes with glutamine, serine and alanine
      at position 65 all have very similar kinetic properties. The maximum velocities,
      determined in the absence of sulfate anion, are approximately 100% higher than
      the Vmax of wild-type PGK. The Km values are increased 2- to 3-fold for ATP and 5
      to 6-fold for 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). These results demonstrate that arginine
      65 is not essential for catalysis. In contrast to wild-type enzyme, the mutants
      are not activated by sulfate ions. In addition, steady-state kinetic experiments
      indicate that the mutants are no longer activated by high concentrations of
      either 3PG or ATP. The dissociation constants for anions were determined by
      spectral titrations of the R65Q mutant labeled with a chromophoric probe. The Kd
      for 3PG is increased 6-fold, as compared to wild-type PGK, whereas the Kd for ATP
      is essentially unchanged. The Kd for sulfate is decreased less than 2-fold. The
      suppression of substrate- and sulfate-dependent activation suggests that arginine
      65 participates in the regulatory mechanism responsible for activation of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 1817257
TI  - Stabilization of the neutral protease of Bacillus stearothermophilus by removal
      of a buried water molecule.
AB  - Using site-directed mutagenesis, Ala166 in the neutral protease of Bacillus
      stearothermophilus was changed into Ser. Model building and molecular dynamics
      simulations of the mutant enzyme indicated that the Ser hydroxyl group fits well
      in a cavity which contains a water molecule in the wild-type enzyme. The Ala166--
      -Ser mutation was expected to exert a stabilizing effect because of the gain in
      entropy resulting from the release of water molecule from the folded protein to
      the solvent. In addition, the hydrogen-bonding network around residue 166 was
      improved upon the mutation. As a result of this mutation the thermostability of
      the neutral protease was increased by 1.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C.

PMID- 1817258
TI  - Rapid detection of antigen binding by antibody fragments expressed in the
      periplasm of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Bacterial expression systems can greatly facilitate protein engineering of
      antibodies. We have developed a system for high-level expression of antibodies,
      antibody fragments, or hybrid antibodies with novel effector functions in the
      periplasm of Escherichia coli. From 5 ml of cells, a simple extraction yields
      sufficient material for SDS-gel electrophoresis, detection and characterization
      of hapten binding. To demonstrate our system, heavy-chain variable regions and
      lambda 1 light chains of a mouse anti-NP antibody were synthesized as hybrid
      proteins with a bacterial signal peptide (Omp F). Each chain is secreted into the
      periplasm where processing (cleavage of the signal peptide), folding and
      heterodimer association take place. Periplasmic proteins are released by cold
      osmotic shock, and hapten-binding activity is easily detected without further
      manipulation. The ease of genetic engineering in this system will facilitate the
      production of immunoglobulin derivatives designed for specific applications, and
      expression of these molecules in a native state will allow the rapid screening of
      combinatorial libraries and the results of mutagenesis.

PMID- 1817259
TI  - Phage-enzymes: expression and affinity chromatography of functional alkaline
      phosphatase on the surface of bacteriophage.
AB  - We have demonstrated that an active enzyme can be expressed on the surface of a
      bacteriophage. The gene encoding alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli was
      cloned upstream of gene 3, which encodes a minor coat protein of the filamentous
      bacteriophage, fd. A fusion protein of the correct size was detected from viral
      particles by Western blotting. Ultrafiltration confirmed that the enzyme fusion
      behaves as part of a larger structure as would be expected of an enzyme fused to
      a viral particle. Both wild-type alkaline phosphatase (Arg166) and an active site
      mutant (Ala166) expressed in this way retain catalytic activity and have
      qualitatively similar kinetic properties to free enzyme. Values were obtained for
      Km of 72.7 and 1070 microM respectively whilst relative kcat for the mutant was
      36% of that for wild-type. Phage particles expressing alkaline phosphatase were
      bound to an immobilized inhibitor (arsenate-Sepharose) and eluted with product
      (20 mM inorganic phosphate). In this way, the functional enzyme is co-purified
      with the DNA encoding it. This may permit a novel approach to enzyme engineering
      based on affinity chromatography of mutant enzymes expressed on the phage
      surface.

PMID- 1817260
TI  - Synthesis and mutagenesis of an IgG-binding protein based upon protein A of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A novel protein able to bind with high affinity to the Fc fragment of IgG from a
      variety of animals has been produced by a gene synthesis approach. The IgG
      binding is accomplished by the presence of a single or two consecutive domains
      based upon domain B from protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. The IgG-binding
      moiety is fused to a peptide containing 21, 53 or 81 amino acids derived from the
      N-terminus of bovine DNase I. The latter is present to guide the expression of
      the protein in Escherichia coli into an inclusion body. This facilitates the high
      expression and recovery of the IgG-binding domains. The binding activity of this
      fusion protein is very close to that of the native protein A. Site-directed
      mutagenesis of the fusion protein and subsequent identification of changed
      binding interactions is reported.

PMID- 1817261
TI  - Secretion and in vivo folding of the Fab fragment of the antibody McPC603 in
      Escherichia coli: influence of disulphides and cis-prolines.
AB  - Using the well-characterized antibody McPC603 as a model, we had found that the
      Fv fragment can be isolated from Escherichia coli as a functional protein in good
      yields, whereas the amount of the correctly folded Fab fragment of the same
      antibody produced under identical conditions is significantly lower. In this
      paper, we analyse the reasons for this difference. We found that a variety of
      signal sequences function in the secretion of the isolated chains of the Fab
      fragment or in the co-secretion of both chains in E.coli. The low yield of
      functional Fab fragment is not caused by inefficient expression or secretion in
      E.coli, but by inefficient folding and/or assembly in the periplasm. We compared
      the folding yields for the Fv and the Fab fragment in the periplasm under various
      conditions. Several diagnostic framework variants were constructed and their
      folding yields measured. The results show that substitutions affecting cis
      proline residues and those affecting various disulphide bonds in the protein are
      by themselves insufficient to dramatically change the partitioning of the folding
      pathway to the native structure, and the cause must lie in a facile aggregation
      of folding intermediates common to all structural variants. However, all
      structural variants could be obtained in native form, demonstrating the general
      utility of the secretory expression strategy.

PMID- 1817262
TI  - High-level bacterial expression, purification and characterization of human
      calreticulin.
AB  - To investigate its cellular function and role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis,
      we have bacterially expressed human calreticulin, a major calcium-binding protein
      in the endoplasmic reticulum and a human autoantigen. This is the first report
      describing the heterologous expression of calreticulin from any source. The
      recombinant calreticulin constituted approximately 32% of the soluble Escherichia
      coli proteins, and was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion exchange and
      hydrophobic liquid chromatography. As does the bona fide protein, the recombinant
      calreticulin binds calcium and undergoes changes in its conformation upon Zn2+
      binding. We take this as a strong indication that the folding of the E.coli
      expressed calreticulin is very similar, if not identical, to that of the
      authentic protein. Moreover, the bacterially expressed calreticulin readily
      reacted with anti-human and anti-rabbit antibodies, and the anti-recombinant
      calreticulin antibodies immunoreacted with HeLa calreticulin. The availability of
      this expression system will allow us to carry out site-specific and deletion
      mutagenesis analysis in structure--function studies of calreticulin.

PMID- 1817263
TI  - Diphtheria toxin receptor-binding domain substitution with interleukin 6: genetic
      construction and interleukin 6 receptor-specific action of a diphtheria toxin
      related interleukin 6 fusion protein.
AB  - We have genetically replaced that portion of the diphtheria toxin structural gene
      which encodes the native receptor-binding domain with a synthetic gene encoding
      the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6/IFN-beta 2/BSF-2). The resulting gene fusion
      encodes the chimeric toxin DAB389-IL-6. Following expression and purification, we
      demonstrate that DAB389-IL-6 is selectively cytotoxic for eukaryotic cells
      bearing the interleukin 6 receptor. In addition, the cytotoxic action of DAB389
      IL-6 is shown to require binding to the IL-6 receptor, internalization by
      receptor-mediated endocytosis and passage through an acidic compartment.
      Following the delivery of the catalytically active fragment A to the cytosol of
      target cells, cellular protein synthesis is inhibited by the ADP-ribosylation of
      elongation factor 2. While eukaryotic cells which are devoid of the IL-6 receptor
      are uniformly resistant to the action of this fusion toxin, the data presented
      suggest that a minimal number of IL-6 receptors may be necessary to mediate the
      internalization of sufficient levels of DAB389-IL-6 to result in the intoxication
      of target cells.

PMID- 1817264
TI  - Expression and characterization of an active and thermally more stable
      recombinant antifreeze polypeptide from ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus, in
      Escherichia coli: improved expression by the modification of the secondary
      structure of the mRNA.
AB  - The cDNA clone coding for the ocean pout antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) was
      modified to improve translation of its mRNA in Escherichia coli. A recombinant
      AFP (rAFP), MetLys-AFP-Lys, was expressed successfully using the lambda PL
      promoter, and constituted 1-2% of total bacterial proteins. The rAFP was purified
      to homogeneity from the soluble fractions of bacterial extracts. Its identity was
      confirmed by amino acid analysis, automated Edman degradation, immuno-blot and
      activity measurements. Although the rAFP is indistinguishable from the authentic
      AFP in its secondary structure, thermal hysteretic activity and the alteration of
      ice crystal structure, it is, however, thermally more stable (approximately 4.5
      degrees C increase in Tm) and is more effective in inhibiting ice growth along
      the a-axis. These investigations indicate that the extra amino acids in rAFP
      significantly improve the thermal stability and ice-binding activity of the
      polypeptide.

PMID- 1817265
TI  - From hospital to community: mental health policy in modern America.
AB  - Between the 1940s and the 1970s mental health policy in the United States
      underwent a fundamental change as the legitimacy of institutional care was
      undermined by individuals and groups committed to an environmentalist
      psychodynamic and psychoanalytic psychiatry and to community-oriented programs.
      The consequences of the policy changes during these decades, however, differed in
      significant respects from the goals and intentions of those who favored
      innovation. This paper sketches out the dynamics of policy changes from World War
      II to the 1970s.

PMID- 1817266
TI  - Hindsight in retrospect: learning the lessons of history.

PMID- 1817267
TI  - PTSD: psychopathology and the startle response.

PMID- 1817268
TI  - Personal reflections.

PMID- 1817269
TI  - Early models of community mental health programs: the vision of Robert Felix and
      the example of Alan Kraft.

PMID- 1817270
TI  - Toward a national mental health policy.

PMID- 1817271
TI  - [Multifocal histiocytosis in jaw region--case report].

PMID- 1817272
TI  - [Enamel margin preparation of anterior and posterior tooth cavities--new concept
      instrument].

PMID- 1817273
TI  - [Clinical results in patients treated with conical crown supported restorations].

PMID- 1817274
TI  - [Periotest values and mobility of periodontally diseased teeth--comparative
      study].

PMID- 1817275
TI  - [Apically placed flaps for treatment of advanced cases of marginal periodontitis-
      case example (2)].

PMID- 1817276
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 1817277
TI  - [Adaptation of Status-X exposure apparatus to highly sensitive film-foil
      systems].

PMID- 1817278
TI  - [ABC of practice management. Q--Quarterly billing].

PMID- 1817279
TI  - [Margin construction with composite resins].

PMID- 1817281
TI  - [Bilateral free-end prosthesis in combination with elastoclip retention element
      (2). Preparation of compatible dentures using spark-erosion].

PMID- 1817280
TI  - [A failure. 1. Possible causes].

PMID- 1817282
TI  - [Galvanically formed and synthetic resin occlusal splint].

PMID- 1817284
TI  - [Kawasaki color layer technique].

PMID- 1817283
TI  - [Value conversion system--a new procedure for modification of ceramic color under
      special conditions of color brightness (2)].

PMID- 1817285
TI  - [Preparation and functional description of Schneemann's spring appliance].

PMID- 1817286
TI  - [Adhesives in dental technique].

PMID- 1817287
TI  - [Infection prevention in the dental laboratory. Perspectives--problems-
      recommendations--realities].

PMID- 1817288
TI  - Steps towards a malaria vaccine.

PMID- 1817289
TI  - Plasmodium vivax: older and wiser?

PMID- 1817290
TI  - Natural immunities.

PMID- 1817291
TI  - Evaluation of human T-cell response to malaria antigens in naturally acquired
      immunity.

PMID- 1817292
TI  - Relevance of the squirrel monkey as a model for experimental human malaria.

PMID- 1817293
TI  - The multifactorial character of the protective immunity induced by immunization
      with sporozoites.

PMID- 1817295
TI  - Approaches to study merozoite invasion of erythrocytes.

PMID- 1817294
TI  - Malaria antigens expressed on the surface of infected hepatocytes: a role in
      protective immunity?

PMID- 1817296
TI  - The adhesion of malaria merozoite proteins to erythrocytes: a reflection of
      function?

PMID- 1817297
TI  - Malarial proteases: assignment of function to activity.

PMID- 1817298
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence.

PMID- 1817299
TI  - Parasite features impeding malaria immunity: antigenic diversity, antigenic
      variation and poor immunogenicity.

PMID- 1817300
TI  - Cytokines and anti-disease immunity to malaria.

PMID- 1817301
TI  - "The taming of the Anopheles": current trends in malaria vector research.

PMID- 1817302
TI  - [Expectant mothers opinion on the use of amalgam and the effect of pregnancy on
      dental health].

PMID- 1817303
TI  - [Oral health education of young adults (freshmen; 9th grade) on the use of
      tobacco].

PMID- 1817304
TI  - [Effect of pregnancy and use of medications to maintain a healthy periodontium].

PMID- 1817305
TI  - [Dental visits among young adults].

PMID- 1817306
TI  - [Dental treatment of elderly patients. Medical and pharmacological
      considerations].

PMID- 1817307
TI  - [Challenge for the dentist in treating elderly patients].

PMID- 1817308
TI  - [Dental care needs of 65-year old pensioners in Uleaborg].

PMID- 1817309
TI  - [Evergreen project as consumers of dental health care].

PMID- 1817310
TI  - [Treatment of root decay].

PMID- 1817311
TI  - [Investigation of saliva in elderly patients].

PMID- 1817312
TI  - [Effect of cleaning methods on dental prosthetic materials].

PMID- 1817313
TI  - [Cleaning of removable dental prosthesis].

PMID- 1817314
TI  - [Disposal of waste from dental offices].

PMID- 1817315
TI  - [Periodontal and prosthetic treatment of a patient with advanced periodontitis:
      case presentation].

PMID- 1817316
TI  - [Hepatitis B: prevention].

PMID- 1817317
TI  - [Periodontitis as the earliest sign of diabetes. Case presentation].

PMID- 1817318
TI  - [Current trends in oral health in Finland and the world].

PMID- 1817319
TI  - [Development of dental education over 100 years].

PMID- 1817320
TI  - [Specialist education of dentists].

PMID- 1817321
TI  - [Development of dental specialists for dental health care at University of
      Kuopio].

PMID- 1817322
TI  - [Dental students opinions of systematic training of specialists].

PMID- 1817324
TI  - [Function of the Finnish Dental Society in development of continuing education].

PMID- 1817323
TI  - [Development of dental researchers].

PMID- 1817325
TI  - [Development of an educational program for dental technicians, yesterday, today
      and in the future].

PMID- 1817326
TI  - [Dental assistant and hygienist education].

PMID- 1817327
TI  - [Dental health among 12-year olds in 1991].

PMID- 1817328
TI  - [Development of caries in deciduous teeth and the presence of Streptococcus
      mutans in the mothers' saliva].

PMID- 1817330
TI  - [Clinical experience of methodology associated with placement of Astra implants].

PMID- 1817329
TI  - [Composite (resin) restoration--a challenge in radiographic diagnosis].

PMID- 1817331
TI  - [Bibliography of the scientific publications of the staff of medical school in
      Bialystok. 1987-1988].

PMID- 1817332
TI  - [Factors limiting the correction of anemia with recombinant human
      erythropoietin].
AB  - The efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in correcting the anemia of the
      uraemic patient has been thoroughly confirmed. Iron deficiency, aluminum
      intoxication, severe hyperparathyroidism and infections are some of the main
      factors limiting patients' response to the drug. Worsening or de novo formation
      of arterial hypertension generally makes it necessary to diminish the degree of
      correction of anaemia. It is commonly accepted that anaemia should be only
      partially corrected and that the target haemoglobin level should be defined
      patient by patient.

PMID- 1817333
TI  - [Effects of erythropoietin on the cardiovascular system and the intradialytic
      hemodynamic behavior].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate, before and after hemodialysis (HD), the
      effects of partial correction of anemia with erythropoietin on: cardiac index
      (CI), stroke index (SI), heart rate (HR), ventricular ejection index (EVI), mean
      arterial pressure (PAM) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Cardiac
      parameters were gathered by means of transthoracic bioimpedance (BoMed). Twelve
      patients (6 M, 6 F) aged 50.6 +/- 5 years, on HD for 92.8 +/- 15.9 months, were
      studied twice (basal, end of follow-up). Before rHuEPO therapy, 6 patients had a
      "pathologic" cardiac response to HD (defined as an increase of CI despite the
      reduction of pre-load). After rHuEPO, 5 out of 6 patients with a "pathologic"
      response reverted to a "normal" response, and 1 hypertensive patient from a
      "normal" to a "pathologic" response. The EVI, CI and SI of patients with
      "pathological" response significantly improved after rHuEPO as compared with pre
      rHuEPO values (EVI 1.36 +/- 0.14 vs 1.07 +/- 0.08, p = 0.023; CI 3.18 +/- 0.24 vs
      1.78 +/- 0.27, p less than 0.01; SI 43 +/- 3.7 vs 24 +/- 3.8, p less than 0.01).
      In conclusion, partial correction of anemia with rHuEPO induces an improvement of
      myocardial performance, without significant hemodynamic adverse effects. Our
      results suggest also that anemia could play a significant role in the
      pathogenesis of myocardial disfunction in HD patients.

PMID- 1817334
TI  - [Variability of the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients
      undergoing hemodialysis treatment].
AB  - The paper assesses the existence of possible interference between dialysis and
      the response to human recombinant erythropoietin administered i.v. in a group of
      patients undergoing regular dialysis. The results obtained show that the time
      taken to reach the set hemoglobin target (Hb 10 g%) was shorter in
      hemodiafiltered (HDF) patients compared to those receiving bicarbonate dialysis
      (BD). A plausible explantation may be the different depurative characteristics
      and the greater degree of biocompatibility of alternative dialysis which is able
      to achieve a more rapid cellular response to pharmacological stimulation.

PMID- 1817335
TI  - [Utilization of EPO in CAPD].
AB  - From January 1988 to September 1990 14 uremic patients in CAPD underwent EPO
      therapy in the Nephrology and Dialysis Unit of the "E. Agnelli" Hospital in
      Pinerolo. Intravenous routes were used in 5 patients and subcutaneous routes in
      the remaining 9 patients, with a unified dose of 4000 IU/three times a week. Both
      methods were equally efficacious in achieving the set target: partial correction
      of anemia together with an improvement in the patients' well-being. The most
      frequent side-effect was increased blood pressure, above all in those patients
      with pre-existing hypertension. Satisfactory control was achieved by adjusting
      anti-hypertensive therapy. Low EPO doses, administered via a subcutaneous route
      once and twice a week (mean dose: 61.6 +/- 35.8 IU/kg/week), allowed hemoglobin
      values to be maintained at previous levels. On these grounds the method could
      also be used for patients in hemodialysis.

PMID- 1817336
TI  - [Erythropoietin treatment in Piedmont and Valle d'Aosta].
AB  - The paper reports a study carried out in the Dialysis Centres of Piedmont and the
      Aosta Valley on the use of erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia in patients
      undergoing regular dialysis. The efficacy of the drug and collateral and/or
      undesirable effects were evaluated. It was found that the drug was efficacious in
      99.2% of the 342 patients receiving treatment on 30-6-1990, whereas undesirable
      effects were observed in 14.6% of cases. Data from the Nephrology and Dialysis
      Service in Asti are also reported.

PMID- 1817337
TI  - [The lipid model in hemodialyzed patients].
AB  - In the context of metabolic alteration in dialysis patients the Authors have
      studied the characteristics, incidence, pathogenesis, effect of dialysis,
      atherogenic risk and therapeutic approach to hyperlipemia in hemodialysis
      patients. Hypertriglyceridemia secondary to reduced lipolytic activity is the
      most frequent alteration observed in hemodialytic patients (36.7% of cases). In
      addition, hemodialysis reduces the levels of lipoprotein in the blood whereas the
      atherogenic role of hyperlipemia does not appear to be as important as that of
      arterial hypertension and smoking. Simvastatin breaks down the lipidic fractions
      which are involved in atherogenesis and coronary cardiopathy, thus acting as a
      valuable prevention against cardiovascular involvement in dialysis.

PMID- 1817338
TI  - [Protein metabolism and nutritional status in hemodialysis].
AB  - We have studied protein metabolism and nutritional status in a group of patients
      in regular dialysis treatment. In forty-five patients (mean age 58 +/- 11 yr),
      undergoing maintenance hemodialysis we have measured protein (DPI) ad caloric
      (CI) intake by a three-day dietary recall. Protein catabolic rate (PCR) using the
      urea kinetic model (Gotch' variable volume), anthopometric parameters such as
      weight, height, midarm circumference, skinfold thickness, midarm muscle
      circumference (AMC), midarm muscle area (AMA), total muscle mass (TMM) and the
      percentage of body fat were measured as well. PCR was weakly correlated with DPI.
      TMM showed a direct relationship with DPI and correlated inversely with UNA/NI
      (Urea Nitrogen Appearance/Nitrogen Intake). 18% of patients were underweight; 17%
      showed a decrease of AMA. TMM was inversely correlated with total hospitalization
      days. There were no significant variations of the examined parameters in a year
      later evaluation. In our experience TMM is the parameter which better correlates
      with clinical findings.

PMID- 1817339
TI  - [Role of nutritional support and physical exercise in the dyslipidemia of renal
      transplantation].
AB  - The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of diet and physical exercise
      on the dyslipemia of renal transplant (RT) patients 52 pts, transplanted between
      12/85 and 4/87, subdivided into 2 groups (A and B), were studied. Characteristics
      of the diet adopted in patients in group A are: low carbohydrates, moderate
      animal protein, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fat in high rate. The second
      group had a lower animal protein and more fiber rich diet than the first one and
      a program of PE. By comparing A and B1 we noticed and increase in body weight,
      more slight in the group B, at the 24 months (56 +/- 8 59 +/- 10 vs 59 +/- 10 61
      +/- 10). The study of lipid behaviour has showed a trend to normalization of
      triglycerides at 24 months in A (189 +/- 88 106 +/- 33) and in B1 (173 +/- 81 103
      +/- 40), more evident normalization of cholesterol in group B1 (195 +/- 72 185 +/
      42), and increase of CT-HDL in A (42 +/- 12 63 +/- 17) and in B1 (44 +/- 10 61
      +/- 14, p less than 0.05). It should be noted that CT-LDL increase in A (100 +/-
      34 131 +/- 40) but not in B1 (103 +/- 35 111 +/- 33). With the aim of this
      program we obtained a positive effect on DL with a slight increase in body
      weight, a significant increase in CT-HDL without variation of total CT and CT-LDL
      levels.

PMID- 1817340
TI  - [Kinetics of oxalate in hemodialysis].
AB  - Regular dialysis treatment (RDT) does not obviate hyperoxalemia of chronic renal
      failure (CRF). However, there is emerging evidence suggesting that current
      dialysis prescription is not always associated with progressive oxalate
      accumulation. In view of the controversy still concerning this issue we have
      investigated on plasma profiles and dialysis kinetics of oxalate in patients on
      RDT. Oxalate was determined by ion chromatography on serum ultrafiltrates and on
      the whole dialysate in 23 stable patients on RDT for end-stage renal failure
      unrelated to primary hyperoxaluria. Nine patients were on traditional
      hemodialysis (HD) and 14 on soft hemodiafiltration (HDF). Plasma profiles showed
      that dialysis patients were virtually always hyperoxalemic. Dialysis reduced
      plasma oxalate by more than 60%. There was a post-dialysis oxalate rebound
      averaging 9.6% at 30 minutes from the end of dialysis. Oxalate dialyzer
      clearances were mildly higher on HDF than on HD, and were lower than both urea
      and creatinine clearances, irrespective of the dialysis technique. Distribution
      space of oxalate was 21.5 1, that is 37.3% of dry body weight, and was quite
      similar to estimates obtained in normal subjects and in patients with CRF by
      alternative isotope dilution methods. Oxalate appearance rate averaged 337 +/- 69
      mumol/24 h and was not different from the daily oxalate excretion assessed in 40
      healthy subjects. Oxalate appearance was significantly related to urea generation
      and protein catabolic rates. From our results we conclude that, unless metabolic
      generation of oxalate is increased, current dialysis programs should prevent
      progressive oxalate accumulation in the majority of the patients.

PMID- 1817341
TI  - [Role of food antigens and alcohol in idiopathic nephritis with IgA deposits].
AB  - It is generally thought that antigens inducing the formation of IgA immune
      complexes in primary IgA nephropathy and responsible for mesangial immune
      deposits are of infectious and alimentary origin. To investigate the possible
      role of alimentary antigens in eliciting the IgA mucosal immune response we
      studied the reactivity and the formation of mesangial IgA deposits in rodents
      following different experimental conditions: a) on gluten-free diet and oral
      immunization with gliadin; b) on gluten and soya free diet and oral immunization
      with soya; c) on chronic alcoholic intoxication. We found that oral immunization
      with gliadin induced the formation of mesangial deposits of IgA similar to those
      observed in human primary IgA nephropathy. On the contrary, oral immunization
      with soya failed to induce the formation of similar immune deposits even though
      the lectin components in soya and in gliadin are similar. Chronic ethanol
      intoxication induced an increase in serum IgA against alimentary antigens
      suggesting an increase in intestinal permeability due to alcohol. Mean times we
      observed significant IgA mesangial deposits. Our experimental data suggest that
      alimentary antigens can play a significant role in inducing primary IgA
      nephropathy.

PMID- 1817342
TI  - [Role of tumor necrosis factor in hemodiafiltration].
AB  - The Authors review the mechanisms involved in the production of cytokines during
      substitutive extracorporeal treatment with particular reference to microbial
      contamination and possibility of backfiltration of bacterial constituents more
      likely to occur with high permeability membranes. Recent and on-going studies
      from our laboratory support the contention that patients treated with high
      permeability membranes may be chronically stimulated. Use of "ultrapure" solution
      indeed brings about a marked reduction in predialytic plasma levels of tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF) in regard to what observed when standard solutions are
      adopted.

PMID- 1817343
TI  - [Effect of dialytic treatment and the relation between erythrocyte urea and
      plasma urea].
AB  - The existence of an intraerythrocytic binding between haemoglobin and urea is
      known; it determines, in normals, a higher erythrocyte than plasma urea
      concentration; this binding, in vitro, is progressive for an urea concentration
      range of 10-400 mg/dl. The only data found relating to dialysis patients, are
      reported by Nolph et al.; they indicate a decrease in the plasma-blood urea ratio
      during the blood transit through the dialyzer and a different ratio in comparison
      with normals, but in our opinion the method used to measure urea concentration
      was unsuitable. We determined urea distribution ratios by measuring, in blood and
      plasma, water and urea concentration in uremic inflow and outflow blood samples
      during dialysis. Our data indicate 1) an increase in outflow erythrocyte water
      (H2Oe inflow: 0.659, H2Oe outflow: 0.671 P less than 0.01) induced by a different
      erythrocyte osmotic gradient; 2) a not different ratio between urea of
      erythrocyte water and urea of plasma water in inflow and outflow samples of
      dialysed patients and in normals (respectively 1.06, 1.16, 1.13 p = n.s.). Our
      data from normal and uremic patients are like those found by Murdaugh & Doyle and
      by Colton & Lowrie in normals.

PMID- 1817344
TI  - [Critical evaluation of dialytic adequacy].
AB  - At present it is difficult to define the concept of dialysis adequacy correctly.
      The paper analyses two of the parameters which are commonly used for this
      purpose: Kt/V and the behaviour of Beta-2 microglobulin, molecular antipodes for
      the removal of uremic toxins. A critical analysis is made of the validity of
      methods to calculate the former and the reliability of the latter. Attention is
      focused on the fact that an evaluation of dialysis adequacy cannot be limited to
      theoretical observations regarding the removal of solutes, but must also be
      integrated by the clinical observation of patients and the commencement of
      support therapy (pharmacological and/or nutritional and/or physical). In this
      manner, the adequate treatment of the uremic patients is not entrusted solely to
      the technological component.

PMID- 1817345
TI  - [Electrolyte balance and acid-base equilibrium in high ultrafiltration
      hemodiafiltration].
AB  - Electrolyte and acid-base balance was evaluated in 14 high UF (124 +/- 7 ml/min)
      hemodiafiltration sessions. The dialysate contained (in mEq/l): Na 138-140, K 2
      3, Ca 3.5, Mg 0.5-0.7, Cl 106-110, acetate 38 or acetate 3 and bicarbonate 35-38.
      The fluid, infused in postdilutional mode, was 23.5 +/- 21 per session (session
      length 203 +/- 22 minuti), 80% containing Na 138, K 2, Ca 3.5, Mg 1, Cl 109.5,
      acetate 35 and 20% Na 145, HCO3 100, Cl 45. The balance was: negative for Na (
      255 +/- 220 mEq), for K (-74 +/- 22 mEq) and for Mg (-166 +/- 141 mg), positive
      for Ca (215 +/- 147 mg) and for acetate (590 +/- 15 and 966 +/- 412 mmol); the
      electrolytes and bicarbonate plasma values were within of close to normal limits
      during the session. An unphysiological feature was the positive balance of
      acetate which, though, was metabolized during the interdialytic period as to
      return to normal predialytic values. Therefore, in high UF HDF, the above
      combination of dialysate and reinfusate allows a reasonable electrolyte and acid
      base balance; however, bicarbonate should be the only buffer in order to avoid
      unphysiological levels of other buffers in the biological fluids.

PMID- 1817346
TI  - [Weekly dialysis integrated with low-protein diet and essential amino acids.
      Preliminary data].
AB  - The possibility of applying a once-a-week dialysis programme supplemented with
      hypoproteic diet as an adequate technique for starting the uraemic patient on
      dialysis is examined. Thirteen patients have been so treated, 7 of them currently
      under treatment for a global period of observation of 46 months. At the moment
      dialysis began, mean glomerular filtrate was 5.14 ml/min. Once-a-week dialytic
      treatment with bicarbonate dialysis was associated with a hypoproteic diet of 0.5
      g/kg/die of proteins, supplemented with essential amino acids. This treatment
      showed excellent dialytic tolerance, the values of dialysis start blood nitrogen
      were lower than 200 mg/dl and dialytic efficiency was compatible with a Kt/v
      greater than 1.1. There was no observation of any subjective or objective
      symptomatology that could be related to dialytic inadequacy. Taken as a whole
      these results make it possible to state that this type of approach permits a
      gradual start to dialysis and deserves further study.

PMID- 1817347
TI  - [Evaluation of nutritional status in a group of patients undergoing CAPD].
AB  - The onset of a protein-energy malnutrition represents a real risk for patients on
      CAPD. In order to verify the nutritional status and the effectiveness of the
      dietetic surveillance in preventing this complication, dietary intake,
      anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were monitored in 46
      patients (27 males, 19 females, mean age: 58.7 +/- 14.8 years), suffering from
      ESRF and treated with CAPD, for a total observation period of 1731.67 months
      (mean: 37.64 +/- 25.17 months). The mean glucose concentration in the dialysate
      was 2.00 +/- 0.36 g/dl, the glucose reabsorption from dialysate per kg of ideal
      body weight (kg-IBW) was equivalent to 5.1 kcal, the mean dialysate protein loss
      was 13.08 +/- 5.52 g/day and the incidence of peritonitis episodes was 1 every
      30.38 months-patient. The daily total caloric intake (by mouth and dialysate) was
      30.8 kcal/kg-IBW with a normal subdivision for each diet component: there were
      not statistically significant differences in distribution according to age, sex
      and in the follow-up. The mean daily value of protein intake (PI) evaluated by
      dietary interviews was 0.99 g/kg-IBW, with a significant increase 1 year since
      the beginning of CAPD; the PI evaluated from urea nitrogen appearance was 1.22
      g/kg-IBW. The PI remained stable later in the follow-up and in patients that made
      use of dietetic supplements, the mean daily increase by this way was 0.47 g/kg
      IBW. Anthropometric measurements showed a statistically significant increase of
      %RBW after 1 year and of TS and % body fat after 3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817348
TI  - [Progression of acquired renal cysts in patients undergoing dialysis].
AB  - In uremic and dialysed patients, acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) and its
      possible neoplastic degeneration are well-known. The aim of the paper is to
      assess the incidence of this pathology among dialysed patients in our Renal Unit.
      Final results have been achieved after three years. The evidence is that this
      pathology increases in older patients with respect to age and/or to long-term
      dialysis; we confirm neoplastic degeneration in two patients.

PMID- 1817349
TI  - [Evaluation of the reproductive endocrine system in a population of hemodialyzed
      adult males].
AB  - There is a high incidence of sexual disorders of multifactorial origin in
      hemodialysed patients. The endocrine reproduction system was evaluated in 19 male
      adult hemodialysed patients. Slightly enhanced levels of prolactin and
      gonadotropins were found together with normal levels of total and free
      testosterone. Androgen biosynthesis intermediates were substantially normal.
      Hypophyseal stimulation tests using TRH and GnRH revealed a prolactin and
      gonadotropins response which was reduced, slow and protracted compared to normal.
      Hypophyseal stimulation did not cause any variation in testosterone levels.
      Prolactin and gonadotropins were not pulsatile. Data obtained appear to indicate
      that the hormonal component in sexual disorders in uremic patients is related to
      dynamic alterations of the system rather than basic hormonal changes.

PMID- 1817350
TI  - [Socio-occupational adjustment in patients undergoing dialysis in the Piedmont
      region. Preliminary data derived from our questionnaire].
AB  - All working-aged patients in Piedmont receiving dialysis treatment were asked to
      fill in a questionnaire which aimed to highlight socio-working adjustment by
      assessing not only the optimal nature of dialytic treatment but also its
      repercussions in psycho-affective, socio-economic and cultural terms. The results
      of the study are reported together with preliminary comments.

PMID- 1817351
TI  - Fluoride release from glass ionomer cement in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The aims of this study were to investigate in vivo the release of fluoride from
      three glass ionomer cements (GICs) Vitrebond, Ketac-Fil and ChemFil II into the
      saliva of preschool children for a 1-year period and also to study in vitro the
      release-absorption-release of fluoride from the same GICs for 16 weeks. In the
      first part of the study, glass ionomer restorations were placed in primary teeth
      in preschool children. Unstimulated saliva was collected and the fluoride in the
      saliva was measured before placement of the restorations, immediately after,
      after 3 weeks, after 6 weeks, and after 1 year. In the second part of the study,
      test specimens of GICs were placed in deionized water and the release of fluoride
      was measured weekly for 16 weeks. At week 12, samples were exposed to fluoride
      toothpaste. The concentration of fluoride in saliva was 0.04 ppm before placement
      of the restorations. After three weeks it had increased to 0.8 ppm and the level
      remained as high as 0.3 ppm even after 1 year. In the laboratory study the tested
      glass ionomer cements showed a capacity to absorb fluoride from the fluoride
      toothpaste and then release it. It is concluded that glass ionomer cement can act
      as a rechargeable slow release fluoride device.

PMID- 1817352
TI  - A six year follow-up of three dental alloy restorations with different copper
      contents.
AB  - Class II restorations of three amalgam alloys, with 6%, 12% and 23% copper
      content, respectively, were evaluated and compared intraindividually during a six
      year follow-up. In total 10.3% of the restorations were replaced during the test
      period. The reasons for replacement were bulk fracture (5.6%), tooth fracture
      (2.4%), marginal ridge fracture (0.8%), and secondary caries (1.6%). The
      intraindividual ranking of the three alloys, including evaluation of anatomical
      form, marginal adaptation and secondary caries, showed significantly better
      results for the two high copper alloys than for the conventional low copper
      alloy. No difference was seen between the two high copper containing alloys.

PMID- 1817353
TI  - Use of miniplates in the treatment of jaw fractures.
AB  - The use of miniplate-osteosynthesis in fracture treatment has been evaluated in
      47 patients. In 25 of the patients plate fixation of the fracture was used
      without intermaxillary fixation and in 22 a supplementary IMF was used. Nine of
      the 47 patients had alcohol or drug addiction problems. The most common cause of
      fracture was assault and traffic accidents. The rate of complications including
      sensibility disturbances, occlusal disturbance and infection was evenly
      distributed among the two groups. The frequency of postoperative sensibility
      disturbances was however high, fifteen of the patients, although the sensibility
      returned in seven of these patients. Postoperative infections developed in five
      patients where the time between trauma and treatment exceeded three days. In no
      single case did the plate insertion make any damage to adjacent teeth.

PMID- 1817354
TI  - Number of remaining teeth among adults in communities with optimal and low water
      fluoride concentrations.
AB  - The aims of this study was to compare the dental health status measured as the
      number of remaining teeth, also considering local fluoride administration in two
      sociologically equal communities with optimal and low drinking water fluoride
      concentrations. The study is based on self-answer enquiries and clinical
      examinations. To be part of the study the subjects were required to have used a
      drinking water with a fluoride concentration representative of the community for
      all their lives. The participants were 30-40 years old: 320 met the criteria in
      the optimal fluoride concentration community compared to 284 in the low fluoride
      community. Of these 18% did not turn up to the clinical examination. The results
      of the study show no differences in the number of still remaining teeth between
      optimal and low fluoride communities respectively. There were also no
      statistically significant differences as to the reasons for toothloss. The number
      of remaining teeth were neither influenced by local fluoride administration in
      the two groups. Removable dentures were only present in 0.9% with no differences
      between optimal and low fluoride communities.

PMID- 1817355
TI  - Jaw fractures in the County of Kopparberg and Stockholm 1979-1988. A
      retrospective comparative study of frequency and cause with special reference to
      assault.
AB  - The material comprised all 367 patients with fractured jaws treated at the
      Departments of Oral Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (216) and the
      Central Hospital in Falun (151) during 1979, 1982, 1985 and 1988. Manibular
      fractures predominated. There was no increase of the number of fractures in
      Stockholm and a slight decrease in Falun. In both districts the patients were
      predominantly men aged between 20 and 35. The most common cause of fractures in
      Stockholm was assault followed by traffic accidents. In Falun traffic accidents
      were most common, followed by assault. No increase in assaults was found. The
      study refutes the widespread impression of a steadily increasing incidence of
      cases of assault and an increasing frequency of aggravated assault.

PMID- 1817356
TI  - [Cruise--relief assistance with the gospel].

PMID- 1817358
TI  - [Documentation of nursing].

PMID- 1817357
TI  - [Myths on censorship].

PMID- 1817359
TI  - [Cut-backs. They do not live long in a nursing home. Interview by Lars Peter
      Bergqvist].

PMID- 1817360
TI  - [Senile dementia. Music as a bridge between the past and the present].

PMID- 1817361
TI  - [Senile dementia patients in family groups].

PMID- 1817362
TI  - [Cross-professional. Physicians open door for other knowledge].

PMID- 1817363
TI  - [Need for more education for nursing instructors].

PMID- 1817364
TI  - [Research--information causes anguish].

PMID- 1817365
TI  - [Life's waiting room].

PMID- 1817366
TI  - [Social and health care education. Not a threat but an aid. Interview by Grethe
      Kjaergaard].

PMID- 1817367
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis. Proper education desirable].

PMID- 1817368
TI  - [Quality assurance. Nursing must measure, weigh and evaluate. Interview by
      Kirsten Bjornsson].

PMID- 1817369
TI  - ["I wouldn't dare"].

PMID- 1817370
TI  - [European Economic Community. A play for the social dimensions].

PMID- 1817371
TI  - [SSN (Nurses' Cooperation in Scandinavia). Think European think opposite
      direction. Interview by Soren Plasbo].

PMID- 1817372
TI  - [Nursing home. Senior dance].

PMID- 1817373
TI  - [Hospital policy. The patient should choose].

PMID- 1817374
TI  - [Nurse with AIDS with reduced working time. Interview by Lars Peter Bergqvist].

PMID- 1817375
TI  - [Use of antibiotics for the treatment of marginal periodontitis].

PMID- 1817376
TI  - [Effect of doxycycline therapy in treatment of recurrent marginal periodontitis
      in young adults].

PMID- 1817377
TI  - [Resin/dentin interphase].

PMID- 1817378
TI  - [Normal and pathologic prenatal development of the cranium].

PMID- 1817379
TI  - [Achondroplasia: craniofacial growth in a boy followed for a 10-year period
      analyzed by an implant method].
AB  - The present report deals with the description of craniofacial morphology and
      growth in an achondroplastic boy followed for a 10-year period. The methods
      included roentgencephalometry, and metallic implants were inserted in both jaws.
      Thereby it became possible to differentiate between displacement of the jaws and
      their bone remodelling. The study showed that in the patient analyzed the primary
      cause of the worsening of the sagittal jaw relationship was to be found in the
      growth disturbances of the cranial base rather than in the growth of the jaws per
      se.

PMID- 1817380
TI  - [Development of the dentition in cleidocranial dysplasia].
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the formation,
      maturation and eruption of the dentition, including supernumerary teeth in a
      sample of patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. The dentition was evaluated from
      orthopantomograms, intraoral radiographs, cephalometric films, surgically removed
      teeth and intraoral photographs in 22 patients (10 men, 12 women), aged 3.5 to 34
      years. Formation of primary teeth was normal, whereas all patients but one had
      supernumerary permanent teeth. Frequency of supernumerary teeth ranged from 22%
      in the maxillary incisor region to 5% in the molar regions. Anterior to the molar
      region supernumerary teeth were formed lingually and occlusally to the normal
      teeth. Maturation of the primary dentition was normal, while permanent teeth were
      delayed from 1 to 4 years. Supernumerary teeth were delayed about 4 years in
      relation to normal permanent teeth. Eruption of primary teeth was normal, whereas
      all patients had severe eruption problems of permanent teeth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817381
TI  - [Biomechanics--where are we today?].
AB  - The development within the field of orthodontics is taking place within both the
      "hardware" (the brackets and wires) and within the "software" (the concepts
      behind the design of biomechanics). A survey of the physical characteristics of
      the new wires is presented. Within the "software" section the differentiation
      between appliance-guided and orthodontist-guided force systems is important.
      While the first is a standardized system, the second is goal-oriented and
      individualized. The advantage in segmented- contra straightwire-technique is
      discussed in relation to the limitation of orthodontics.

PMID- 1817382
TI  - [Functional and orthodontic treatment of a patient with an open bite
      craniomandibular disorder].
AB  - In a 21-year-old man with open bite, myogenic headache and internal derangement
      of the temporomandibular joint clinical examination was supplemented by
      radiographs of the joints, cephalometric analysis, electromyographic recordings
      of the masticatory muscles and tracking of mandibular movements. His condition
      was characterized by reduced occlusal stability with contact limited to posterior
      molars, and weak elevator muscles with increased strain during posture and
      chewing. The purpose of the treatment was to eliminate symptoms with a reflex
      releasing stabilizing splint. Secondly, to increase occlusal stability, primarily
      with the splint and later through orthodontic treatment aiming at closing the
      bite in the premolar region because the reduced occlusal stability seemed to be a
      significant etiologic factor. Treatment with the splint reduced signs and
      symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. During the following orthodontic
      treatment, contact was established on both premolars and molars, mainly due to
      extrusion of mandibular premolars. Analysis showed greater elevator strength and
      decreased muscular loading after treatment. A splint was used for retention
      accompanied by muscle training with exercise gum. Permanent training with gum was
      recommended after the retention period.

PMID- 1817383
TI  - [Individual response to treatments using Teuscher activator].
AB  - Variations in facial growth and dentoalveolar development were studied in a group
      of 40 patients treated with the Teuscher appliance, a functional appliance which
      is a combination of an activator and a high-pull headgear. Patients were selected
      for this study on the basis of an initial Class II Division 1 malocclusion and on
      being consecutively treated with this appliance. The results showed that in 80%
      of the patients the maxilla either remained unchanged in it's relationship to the
      anterior cranial base (NSL) or became more retrusive during the treatment period.
      The mandible in 70% of the patients became more prognathic, only in four cases
      did the mandible become slightly more retrognathic. The analysis further showed
      that no statistically significant change occurred in the inclination of the
      mandible during treatment. Correlation analysis of the association between
      pretreatment mandibular plane angle and the changes during treatment showed no
      association. The dentoalveolar changes were characterized by retroclination of
      the maxillary incisors in 90% of the patients which occurred in spite of the
      torque springs, intended to maintain the inclination of these teeth. In contrast,
      the mandibular incisors on average showed no statistically significant change
      during treatment. This may be attributed to the capping of these teeth. Analysis
      of the association between the pretreatment inclination and the change during
      treatment of the mandibular incisors showed an inverse relationship. Mandibular
      incisors, that initially were proclined, tended to become more upright which is
      in contrast to previous studies indicating that functional appliance treatment
      generally increases the inclination of these teeth. The results of this study
      suggest that the correction of the skeletal component of the Class II
      malocclusion with the Teuscher appliance in most instances takes place by
      restriction of forward development of the maxilla in combination with downward
      forward growth of the mandible, but with wide individual variations. The control
      of the incisor inclination in the maxilla with this appliance, however, is not
      adequate and further development in this area is needed. In contrast, the control
      of the lower incisors by capping helps effectively control these teeth against
      undesirable proclination during treatment.

PMID- 1817384
TI  - [On differential indications for endosseous implants and autologous tooth
      transplants for single posterior tooth loss].
AB  - A therapeutic alternative in treating the loss of single teeth, the treatment
      with implant-borne crowns or autologue transplantation of teeth is gaining
      increasing importance in clinical dentistry. Both surgical techniques were
      demonstrated, and the authors tried to differentiate the ranges of indications
      for endosseous implants and autologue transplantation of teeth.

PMID- 1817385
TI  - [Occupational medical and orthopedic aspects of the dental workplace].
AB  - On the basis of traditionally designed dental workplaces recognized occupational
      diseases of dentists are presented. Clinical examples indicate the focuses of
      orthopaedic diseases. By means of improved technical health equipments such
      working conditions can be designed representing an essential precondition for a
      load-reduced work. Objectifications of posture parameters are brought in to make
      optimized use of the equipment and materials base.

PMID- 1817386
TI  - [Soft laser in postoperative care in dentoalveolar treatment].
AB  - After removal of lower third molars a postoperative treatment with a low energy
      laser (6mW-HeNe) was investigated to compare different parameters of wound
      healing with a control group. A positive influence of wound granulation seems to
      be possible; no side effects could be observed. There was neither interindividual
      nor intraindividual any statistical significance for the efficiency of this sort
      of laser-application.

PMID- 1817387
TI  - [Presentation of upper third molars and side molars on orthopantomograms].
AB  - Distortions of the pantomogram could be responsible for false diagnosis of
      position and figure of last molars. Two cases are introduced. To avoid
      misinterpretations additional x-rays in other projections are recommended.

PMID- 1817388
TI  - [Panoramic radiography--indisputable aid in diagnosis].
AB  - To the necessity and a consistent utilisation of a panorama X-ray photograph is
      referred. At the beginning of a comprehensive and systematic therapy the panorama
      X-ray photograph is an unalterable requirement.

PMID- 1817389
TI  - [Antibiotic support with oral penicillin in ambulant therapy for odontogenic
      infections].
AB  - In an open clinical trial 51 patients suffering from odontogenous infections were
      treated with 3 mega units of propicillin (potassium salt) daily for a period of 5
      to 10 days. During the therapy all objective and subjective symptoms disappeared
      or were markedly improved. Only two patients reported slight side effects
      (gastric disorders, exanthema). Propicillin proved to be an effective and well
      tolerated supplement for the surgical therapy of odontogenous infections.

PMID- 1817390
TI  - [Morita Panex-AC panoramic radiography with autofocus system and automatic
      exposure].

PMID- 1817391
TI  - [Fixed removable denture combined with precision APS-T attachments. Active screw
      enables fine adjustment of removal force].

PMID- 1817392
TI  - [Study of pressure resistance of galvano-crowns].
AB  - Ceramic veneered galvano crowns demonstrated an axial loading limit of 220 N on
      incisors and of 297 N on canines. Compressive strength values are only slightly
      lower at 45 degrees loading. These use of a bonding agent did not significantly
      affect strength.

PMID- 1817393
TI  - [Prosthetic care of reduced dentition].
AB  - The treatment of replacing missing functional teeth (due to various schools of
      concepts), as well as the extensive possibilities of gaps, that may occur in the
      oral cavity makes it often extremely difficult for the dentist in the practice,
      to decide which form of prosthesis is right. In this study 996 laboratory work
      procedures from 5 laboratories in Germany were photographed after completion and
      evaluated for construction faults. Although a large percentage of the work was
      extensure prosthesis (more than 50% combined fixed--removable and telescopic
      procedure) 33.4% showed construction faults, whereas 65% of the work was rated
      acceptable.

PMID- 1817394
TI  - [Care of edentulous mandible with implant stabilized telescope complete denture].
AB  - In comparison to the present junction elements of the implantologic-prosthetic
      treatment of the toothless lower jaw the dental implant stabilized overdenture is
      a good alternative. The movable positioning of the resilient telescopes needs the
      observance of the prosthetic criteria. Having only a guiding function the number
      of the implants can be reduced to two implants.

PMID- 1817395
TI  - [Experimental study of compactness of occlusal composite restorations as compared
      to occlusal metal inlays].
AB  - In this study class I cavities were prepared in extracted human molar teeth. The
      cavities were treated with composite restorations or metal inlay restorations.
      After thermal and occlusal stress, the marginal seal was tested using a dye
      penetration-test. The results were evaluated as follows: Grade 0-Grade 1 = sealed
      or almost sealed restoration; Grade 2-Grade 3 = evident or clearly distinct loss
      of marginal adaptation. The study showed following results: 1 Composite
      restorations (Heliomolar) proved seven out of ten cases to be sealed or almost
      sealed (Grade 0 or Grade 1). Three out of ten cases showed a dye penetration at
      Grade 3. 2 Metal inlays (Degulor M) that were cemented with zinc phosphate
      cement, were rated in none of the cases as sealed. They showed in nine out of ten
      cases a dye penetration at Grade 2 or 3. With dye-penetration-tests conclusions
      can be made regarding the marginal seal of restorations. However, clinical
      application of a restorative material should not be made dependent on this
      criteria alone.

PMID- 1817396
TI  - [Iliac crest plastic surgery of mandible more than 50 years ago].

PMID- 1817397
TI  - [99.4% of amalgam now separated without use of centrifuge].

PMID- 1817398
TI  - [System markers and performance criteria. Hardware for the dental office].

PMID- 1817399
TI  - [Charisma and righteousness also determine practice success].

PMID- 1817400
TI  - [Mercury vapor in dental office].

PMID- 1817401
TI  - [Dental drill in museum has had an adventurous trip].

PMID- 1817402
TI  - [Non-invasive stone removal: impulse lithotripsy of salivary stones].

PMID- 1817403
TI  - [Good alleviation of neurodermatitis is possible].

PMID- 1817404
TI  - [Caries frequency in school children].

PMID- 1817405
TI  - [Wearing time duration in orthodontics].

PMID- 1817406
TI  - [Desire for esthetics drove on research].

PMID- 1817407
TI  - [Oral implantation: indications--contraindications].

PMID- 1817408
TI  - [Local anesthesia in dentistry].

PMID- 1817409
TI  - [Pain medication prescription by dentists between effectiveness and risks].

PMID- 1817410
TI  - [Antibiotics in dental practice].

PMID- 1817411
TI  - [Endocarditis prevention in dental procedures].

PMID- 1817412
TI  - [Discoverer of anesthesia denied the glory].

PMID- 1817413
TI  - [Diagnostic advances in salivary duct diseases].

PMID- 1817414
TI  - [A comparative study of the composition of the microsomal membranes of the liver,
      brain and skeletal muscles in vertebrates].
AB  - Phospholipid and cholesterol amounts, intrinsic protein/lipid ratios in liver,
      brain and skeletal muscle microsomal membranes of 14 species of vertebrate
      animals have been studied. No significant differences between phospholipid
      amounts in tissues as well as vertebrate classes have been discovered. The
      highest cholesterol amount has been found in brain microsomes, the smallest one
      in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. In reptile brain and muscle microsomes a
      higher amount of cholesterol compared to that in species of other vertebrate
      classes has been found. In brain membranes intrinsic protein and lipid amounts
      are approximately equal, while in liver and muscle microsomes a protein component
      predominates. Phospholipid/protein ratio is larger in brain membranes than in
      liver and muscle ones. Cholesterol/protein ratio reaches the highest values in
      microsomal membranes of reptile tissues. Brain membranes of vertebrate animals
      are characterized by a greater stability of protein-lipid composition than liver
      and muscle ones.

PMID- 1817416
TI  - [Respiratory organ lipids in fishes and mammals. A model representation of the
      area of the lipid component].
AB  - Studies have been made on lipid composition of the gills in 19 species of fishes
      and of the lungs in 8 mammalian species. It was shown that the arbitrary "unit
      fragment" of the lipid component of the respiratory organs in all the
      investigated animals exhibits similar qualitative composition, but contains
      different quantity of lipid molecules, i. e. approximately 19 in fishes and 42 in
      mammals. Theoretical conformational analysis revealed predominant conformations
      of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine,
      sphingomyelin and cholesterol; projections of these molecules on the surface
      which is parallel to membrane surface were composed. It was shown that
      projectional areas for the main phospholipid molecules differ only by 2-3%. These
      data indicate that the surface of a model of the lipid component in the membranes
      of respiratory organs in mammals is twice larger than in fishes. These
      differences presumably account for more effective oxygen transfer in mammals.

PMID- 1817415
TI  - [The endorphins of the epithelial and subepithelial structures of the rat small
      intestine and the evolutionary hypotheses of the formation of the mechanisms of
      the negative regulation of their synthesis].
AB  - The effects of the agonist of the glucocorticoid hormones dexamethasone and
      dopamine antagonist--haloperidol on the concentration of immunoreactive alpha-,
      beta- and gamma-endorphins in duodenum, ileum, and jejunum of rats were studied.
      Besides the extracts of the intestines, the immunoreactive endorphins were
      measured in the extracts of their mucosa-submucosa and muscle-serous layers, that
      allowed to separate the endorphin-producing cells of the nervous system (muscle
      serous layer) from endorphin producing cells of endocrine and immune systems
      (mucosa-submucosa layer). The injection of dexamethasone (0.2 mg per rat, daily
      for 6 days) caused the reliable decrease in concentrations of all three types of
      endorphins in mucosa-submucosa and muscle-serous layer of duodenum, ileum, and
      jejunum. Under the action of haloperidol (0.6 mg per rat, daily for 6 days) the
      reliable increase of beta-endorphin concentration was noticed only in jejunum.
      The suggestion is made that two distinct subpopulations of endorphin-producing
      cells exist in the intestine: in one cells endorphin synthesis is regulated by
      glucocorticoids, as in the anterior lobe of pituitary, in the other cells the
      synthesis of endorphins is regulated by dopamine, as in the cells of the
      intermediate lobe of pituitary. It is suggested that both glucocorticoid and
      dopamine types of regulation of endorphins synthesis were formed in the intestine
      or even in the gastric cavity. In process of evolution the cells with
      glucocorticoid type of regulation gave rise to the anterior lobe of pituitary,
      the cells with the dopamine type of regulation--to the intermediate lobe.

PMID- 1817417
TI  - [A comparative study of serotonin metabolism in helminths and their hosts].
AB  - Studies have been made on the content of the main metabolite of serotonin, namely
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in parasitic worms from various classes. It was shown
      that 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level is lower than that of serotonin, which is
      taken as an indication of low catabolism of serotonin in worms. This tendency was
      observed in helminths from different taxonomic, ecological and age groups
      invading media with both low and high levels of serotonin metabolism.

PMID- 1817418
TI  - [The effect of temperature on the motor activity of the chick embryo and amnion
      at 5-14 days of development].
AB  - It has been shown that cooling the developing eggs from 37.7 degrees C results
      cessation of motor activity of the amnion in 5-14-day embryos at 36-33 degrees C,
      whereas motor activity of the embryo remains unaffected up to 31-26 degrees C.
      Immobilization of the embryo was observed on cooling up to 22-18 degrees C. The
      recovery of motor activity after cooling during heating takes place in a reverse
      order. Embryonic movements are observed at 18-23 degrees C, contractions of the
      amnion--at 28-33 degrees C. These experiments reveal complete independence of
      embryonic movements from the amnion. Motor activity of the amnion is related to
      that of the embryo only between the 8th and the 10th day of incubation.

PMID- 1817419
TI  - [The effect of DOPA on segmental reflexes in rat pups].
AB  - In acute experiments on spinal 5-30-day rat puppies, studies have been made of
      the effect of DOPA (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on monosynaptic reflex in
      extensors (evaluated by parameters of H-reflex) as well as on polysynaptic
      segmentary reflexes. In 5-7-day animals, mainly the inhibitory effect was
      observed with a short phase of facilitation of monosynaptic reflex. From the 10th
      day, facilitatory effect of DOPA becomes a predominant one reaching maximum to
      the 16th day. Within first 16 days of postnatal life, DOPA exhibits facilitatory
      effect on short-latent polysynaptic reflexes and inhibits long-latent ones. To
      the 30th day, reactions which are typical of adult animals are observed:
      inhibition of short-latent and facilitation of long-latent polysynaptic
      discharges. The data obtained indicate that in early postnatal development the
      effect of DOPA on mono- and polysynaptic reflexes qualitatively differs from that
      in adult animals.

PMID- 1817420
TI  - [The effect of hyperthermia during pregnancy in rats on the postnatal ontogeny of
      the mechanisms of intestinal carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport in the
      progeny].
AB  - In experiments on Wistar albino rats, it has been shown that exposition of
      animals to a temperature 40-41 degrees C from the first to the last day of
      gestation selectively inhibits intestinal transport of glucose in offsprings. At
      the same time, membrane hydrolysis of lactose and the absorption of the produced
      glucose increase, maltose utilization remaining essentially unaffected.

PMID- 1817421
TI  - [The effect of cadmium on the EEG and the representation of different forms of
      wakefulness and rest in the frog Rana temporaria in its diurnal cycle].
AB  - It has been demonstrated that single injections of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg,
      intramuscularly) to frogs result in sustained (up to 34 hours) hyperactivity
      which in its duration significantly exceeds activating effect produced by the
      injection procedure. No significant qualitative changes in spectral parameters of
      the EEG in the forebrain and midbrain were observed after cadmium injections.

PMID- 1817422
TI  - Determination of totalcoliform and faecalcoliform bacteria from bathing water
      with FLUOROCULT-BRILA-broth.
AB  - The BRILA-MUG one-tube-test in connection with the MPN-method can be used
      successfully to determine with sufficient reliability the number of indices of
      total coliforms and faecal coliforms according to the EC-Directive for bathing
      waters. Using the one-tube-test and determination of gas production, fluorescence
      and indole production is, from the hygienic point of view for surface waters,
      equal in value to subculture and biochemical identification. The test needs only
      a minimum of material and laboratory staff. Differences between this test and
      other more extensive tests with several biochemical identification steps are
      negligible. The work load for bathing water monitoring would not be justified in
      this case. Due to the occurrence of Aeromonas, the values for total coliforms
      compared to a determination with biochemical identification are higher in some
      cases. A high contamination with Aeromonas indicates a high polluted surface
      water with a high degree of eutrophication. This is an important additional
      criterion for the evaluation of bathing waters, even when a direct dependence on
      faecal contamination does not exist in every case. The degree of an up-to-date
      faecal contamination can be estimated by the pollution with faecal coliforms.

PMID- 1817423
TI  - Comparison of chromogenic and fluorogenic substances for differentiation of
      coliforms and Escherichia coli in soft cheese.
AB  - In food hygiene the differentiation of Escherichia coli and coliforms as index
      resp. indicator organisms is very important as a basis for the assessment of good
      manufacturing practice (gmp). Using a fluorogenic (MUG) and chromogenic (X-gal)
      substrate the laborious methods have become more simple and reliable. A new
      German DIN standard method (10.183, part 3) was used as a base to examine 200
      soft cheese samples for coliforms and Escherichia coli comparing different media,
      parameters and incubation times. It could be shown that an incubation of 48 h is
      absolutely necessary for E. coli and coliforms in both media, that X-gal is a
      quicker and more sensitive parameter for total coliforms than gas production and
      that the combination of fluorescence and indole is slightly superior to
      fluorescence and gas for the identification of E. coli. To sum up, the new
      fluorescence principle, integrated in new standard methods will be an excellent
      tool to simplify the differentiation of E. coli and coliforms in food hygiene.
      Additionally, X-gal as a chromogenic substrate for all coliforms, including E.
      coli, may be integrated in further standard methods.

PMID- 1817424
TI  - Rapid identification of Escherichia coli from urine by using Fluorocult media.
AB  - For rapid identification of Escherichia coli, we evaluated Fluorocult MacConkey
      Agar, Fluorocult Laurylsulfate Broth and Bactident E. coli, which are
      incorporating fluorogenic substrate, MUG (4-methylumbeliferyl-beta-D-Glucuronide)
      that specifically reacts with E. coli. To assess the specificity and sensitivity
      of Fluorocult MacConkey Agar and Laurylsulfate Broth, beta-D-glucuronidase; beta
      GUR activities of 264 strains from urine including 72 of E. coli were
      investigated. For both media, sensitivity was 92% and specificity was 100%. When
      there was 10(8) c.f.u./ml of E. coli in urine specimen, incubation times required
      for positive fluorescence by Fluorocult MacConkey Agar, Laurylsulfate Broth, and
      Bactident E. coli were 8 h, 4 h and 15 min, respectively. Influence of drugs in
      urine to fluorescence reaction was not observed.

PMID- 1817425
TI  - beta-D-glucuronidase (BDG) activity of gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - BDG is an inducible enzyme that is encoded by the uidA gene in Escherichia coli.
      Genetic sequences of this gene are present in most if not all E. coli strains
      regardless of the BDG phenotype. Expression of BDG activity can be influenced by
      lactose-induced catabolite repression or genetic mutations. Salmonella, Shigella
      and Yersinia strains frequently exhibit positive BDG reaction. BDG activity of
      strains belonging to genus Edwardsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Vibrio, Erwinia,
      Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Plesiomonas, Achromobacter,
      Flavobacterium, Chromobacterium and Pasteurella awaits examination.

PMID- 1817426
TI  - Fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates--a promising tool in microbiology.
AB  - During the last few years the use of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates for
      rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria has proved to be a powerful alternative
      to traditional methods. These sophisticated substrates might find widespread
      application in, for instance, the assay of clinically important enzymes, flow
      cytometry, and direct epifluorescent filter technique. Specific enzyme detection
      offers another approach to differential identification and characterization of
      viable bacteria from a sample. The use of some chromogenic and fluorogenic
      substrates specific for bacterial enzymes and their applications to microbial
      identification is reported. Particular emphasis is given to the examination of
      Escherichia coli and the description of the different techniques as used in
      routine analysis.

PMID- 1817427
TI  - Rapid methods and computer assisted diagnosis in medical microbiology.
AB  - Rapid diagnosis and reporting in medical microbiology is becoming more and more
      important. In recent years, introduction of automated instruments as well as of
      computer assisted diagnosis contributed to this aim. These methods, however, are
      very expensive. A more cost efficient and simple to perform method for rapid
      diagnosis is the use of specific fluorogenic substrates incorporated into culture
      media (solid or liquid) for identification of the most important pathogens, e.g.
      Escherichia coli. Investigation of Fluorocult ECD agar and Columbia agar revealed
      a high sensitivity (85%) and an excellent specificity (greater than 99%) of
      fluorescence in combination with a positive indole reaction for identification of
      E. coli.

PMID- 1817428
TI  - Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and their detection.
AB  - Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is of major concern to the food
      industry due to high pathogenicity of this foodborne organism. For the detection
      of these bacteria a special agar medium with a fluorogenic substrate has been
      developed. The medium uses the characteristics of this E. coli serotype not to
      ferment sorbitol and not to produce beta-glucuronidase. In contrast,
      approximately 96% of all other strains of E. coli are sorbitol-positive and
      nearly all of them are beta-glucuronidase-positive. For discrimination between
      Proteus and E. coli O157:H7 which are both sorbitol- and beta-glucuronidase
      negative, sodium thiosulphate and ferrio ammonium citrate were added. This leads
      to a brownish colour of the Proteus colonies due to their production of hydrogen
      sulphide. Growth of the gram-positive flora was inhibited by the addition of
      sodium deoxycholate.

PMID- 1817429
TI  - Programmed cell death (apoptosis): its virological and immunological connections
      (a review).
AB  - Programmed cell death is a physiological, energy-consuming mechanism leading to
      suicide of the cell. Cell death is accomplished by the activation of
      endonucleases that fragment the cell's nuclear DNA. Some tumour cells remain
      susceptible to programmed death. These are hormone- and growth factor-dependent
      tumour cells. Hormone or growth factor deprivation induces signals leading to
      apoptosis. Other tumours gain strong resistance to apoptosis. One of the normal
      functions of the bcl-2 gene is to provide longevity to memory B cells. When this
      gene becomes translocated in follicular B cell lymphomas, it renders lymphoma
      cells resistant to apoptosis. Latent membrane protein encoded by an EBV gene,
      either by itself or by amplifying bcl-2, enables tumour cells (nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma; Reed-Sternberg cell of Hodgkin's disease) to resist apoptotic death.
      Loss of antioncogene p53 provides for resistance against programmed cell death.
      Breakdown of resistance to apoptosis in tumour cells can be achieved by oncolytic
      viruses; generation of lymphotoxin and tumour necrosis factor; monoclonal
      antibodies; transfection with plasmid vectors carrying p53; gamma irradiation;
      and certain chemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 1817430
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux. Current indications and results of surgery, a critical
      look.

PMID- 1817431
TI  - [Indications for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the octogenarian: a first
      step investigation?].
AB  - Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the most reliable diagnostic method to
      evaluate the upper digestive tract. It is conceivable that a rising number of
      very aged patients with dyspeptic symptoms will come to observation as a
      consequence of the increasing mean age of the population; however there is not
      yet a complete agreement to submit patients with extremely advanced age to an
      EGD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the indications and the tolerance of
      the upper digestive endoscopy in patients more than 80 yrs old. EGD. Two hundred
      sixteen patients (mean age 84.5 yrs) were submitted to an EGD without any
      sedation and pharyngeal anesthesia in one-third of cases. Indications were
      specific symptoms in 52.3% and aspecific in 47.7%. Tolerance was very good with
      only one case requiring heavy sedation. We do not report complications. As
      expected, a high percentage of proliferative lesions were found, but also
      phlogistic and peptic lesions were very common. X-Rays were performed in 20% of
      cases but false negatives were observed in 11.6% and false positive in 23.2%.
      Moreover radiological procedures were poorly tolerated in a relatively high
      percentage of cases. Our experience showed that: 1) EGD is a very well tolerated
      and safe procedure in patients with very advanced age; 2) unsuspected lesions are
      found even in patients with aspecific symptoms; 3) EGD should be proposed as a
      first study in dyspeptic very aged patients being more tolerated and more
      reliable than X-Rays in these cases.

PMID- 1817433
TI  - [Colonic neoplasms: long-term survival after surgical treatment. Our experience].
AB  - The surgery is still the only treatment for large bowel tumours. The patients who
      underwent a radical operation and then were treated with chemo and/or
      radiotherapy have not shown a longer free-disease survival. Palliative resection
      should be preferred to by pass operation, since the latter has shown less
      postoperative morbility and mortality. The authors report their experience on 139
      patients with large bowel tumours operated between 1979 and 1988, and they
      analyze the surgical results and the five-years survival according to the stage
      of disease.

PMID- 1817432
TI  - [Primary space-occupying lesions in the mediastinum].
AB  - Authors report four cases of mediastinal tumors. X-rays, CT scan, bronchial
      endoscopy, angiography and mediastinal endoscopy can be useful to diagnose this
      kind of neoplasms. Surgical treatment and, further, radio or chemotherapy are
      used in case of mediastinal neoplastic lesions. Unfortunately, lifetime longer
      than five years is observed just in 50% of the patients.

PMID- 1817434
TI  - [A retrospective study on the use of preoperative percutaneous drainage in
      uncomplicated obstructive jaundice].
AB  - This study concerns a retrospective analysis of the use of preoperative
      percutaneous biliary drainage in the treatment of obstructive jaundice
      complicated or not by cholangitis. From 1980 to 1987, 87 patients were selected;
      among these, only those with bilirubin greater than 5 mg% and an overt indication
      to surgery were included in the study. It was so possible to match two relatively
      homogeneous populations, e.g. patients submitted to preoperative drainage vs
      patients not drained. According to our experience, a preoperative percutaneous
      biliary drainage does not affect postoperative mortality, incidence of immediate
      postoperative complications and length of hospitalisation. These results are
      probably linked to a predominant use of the drainage in absence of infectious
      complications.

PMID- 1817435
TI  - [Tuberculous peritonitis: extra-community immigrants at risk?].
AB  - Two cases of tuberculosis peritonitis are here reported. Two young black males,
      who had recently immigrated from Senegal to Italy, were admitted to the Hospital
      because of aspecific, acute abdominal pain and underwent exploratory laparotomy.
      In both cases a flare-up of quiescent, post-primary chronic intestinal
      tuberculous infection was found at surgery. Extra-European immigrants often live
      in poor hygienic conditions in our country and are exposed to infectious
      ailments, which are unusual for the Italian population. In the differential
      diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in African immigrants, tuberculosis peritonitis
      should be always considered.

PMID- 1817436
TI  - [Artificial nutrition in emergency surgery].
AB  - In emergency surgery the artificial feeding is clearly a treatment exclusively
      post-operatory but it is necessary to establish an exact indication that excludes
      abuses and too many limitations. The Authors believe that artificial feeding must
      be realized in emergency surgery considering the duration, the kind of operation
      and the patient's conditions. The Authors believe that artificial feeding is
      necessary when the blood loss is more than 1000 ml., the duration of operation is
      longer than 3 hs., there is an important inflammatory process and it is likely
      that an adequate natural feeding will be impossible after the operation for
      period longer than 7-8 days. The patient is valued as a critical patient likely
      to have an artificial feeding, bearing in mind the clinical examination, the
      anamnesis, the weight of the patient, the values of haematocrit, albumin,
      haemoglobin, lymphocytes and skin-tests. The Authors believe that in emergency it
      is necessary to use some simple and easily valuable parameters.

PMID- 1817437
TI  - [A new technique of heterotopic heart transplantation in rats].
AB  - A new technique of heterotopic heart transplantation in abdomen was developed on
      Wistar rats with fifteen experiments. This technique is characterized by termino
      lateral anastomosis of donor aorta to recipient abdominal aorta cranially to
      renal arteries, and anastomosis of pulmonary artery of donor to left renal artery
      of recipient. The advantages of this technique are: the abdominal aorta of rats
      proximally to renal arteries is characterized by a well developed adventitia and
      its caliber is double of that of infrarenal aorta; b) the left renal vein is more
      easily access of caval vein with similar caliber; c) the use of left renal vein
      and the widening of pulmonary artery permits a wide anastomosis; d) the so
      obtained heart position is better than the transversal one; e) the calibers of
      all anastomosis is so wide to permit the realization of this technique without
      extreme optical magnification.

PMID- 1817438
TI  - [Application of infrared lasers on in vitro culture of fibroblasts: effects of
      the duration of treatment parameter].
AB  - We have evaluated the effects of low dose laser radiation on in vitro grown
      fibroblasts. We have seen after twelve days of plates exposure at low doses of
      laser radiation a remarkable increment of cellular density. We conclude that the
      stimulating action on cellular mitosis are directly correlated at the length of
      the sample treatment with I.R. laser.

PMID- 1817439
TI  - Bibliographic information retrieval.

PMID- 1817440
TI  - [Telephone transmission of the cardiotocographic recording from the office to the
      obstetrical clinic].
AB  - The authors describe their experience in telephonic transmission of cardiographic
      recordings. With a Corometrics 116 and 410 unit installed in a remote facility,
      61 CTG recordings were tele transmitted and received by a Toshiba personal
      computer. The comparison between original and transmitted CTG record was
      excellent and a very low percentage of signal loss during transmission (3.2%).
      The advantages of telephone transmission of CTG in peripheral areas are stressed.

PMID- 1817441
TI  - [Computerized cardiotocographic assessment with the "8000 System". I.
      Construction of normal curves].
AB  - The construction of referral curves for the computerized ctg parameters may
      increase the clinical efficacy of the examinations in tracings of unfavourable
      interpretation. With the help of "System 8000" software, the longitudinal
      variation of computerized parameters fetal movements/hour, fetal movements in
      high and low variability, accelerations, length of high and low variability
      periods, mean range and value of short variability have been analyzed in a group
      of 12 low risk patients followed biweekly from the 24-26th week of gestation
      through term. While accelerations, minutes of low and high variability showed an
      absence of significative variation during pregnancy (F = 1.78; F = 9.3, F = 4.5 P
      = n.s.), significant (p less than 0.001) variation showed the other parameters.
      Number of movements/h and movements in high variability had an increase from 24
      26 weeks to 32-34 weeks and a progressive further decrease till term; movements
      in low variability disappear after 32-34 weeks of gestation; mean range and short
      variability increase until 34 weeks and remained stable till end. Therefore the
      results obtained are in use for the high risk fetuses that perform a computerized
      ctg registration: nevertheless, the longitudinal evaluation reveals the
      maturation of fetal central nervous control on heart rate and fetal movements
      after the 34-36th weeks of gestation as a shown from behavioural states
      evaluation.

PMID- 1817442
TI  - [Psycho-social and sexology study of women with florid genital condylomatosis].
AB  - During the last 20 years studies about sexual transmitted diseases have
      introduced decisive changes in the knowledge of both their pathogenesis and
      pathology and their clinical treatment. Only nowadays the psychological aspects
      of the diseases have been taken into consideration. Our research studied
      particularly the life style of women affected by florid condylomatosis. In this
      regard we developed a questionnaire with both open and closed answers and we
      handed it out to a group of women affected by HPV and to an unaffected control
      group. We took into account different parameters, in order to outline the profile
      of personality, the life style, in Adlerian terms, of the women affected by HPV.
      Looking at the result of our research we can state that the female group affected
      by flourishing condylomatosis does not show relevant differences with the
      controls as to the economical, social and cultural parameters, the sexual habits
      and behaviour. Whereas the results show a particular, conscious and unconscious
      conflict, which expresses itself by means of contradictory interrelational
      behaviour and reactions.

PMID- 1817443
TI  - [Role of platelet microaggregates in thrombocytopenia in normal and hypertensive
      pregnancy].
AB  - Platelet count and parameters (mean volume, MPV; volume distribution width, PDW;
      percent of large elements, PLCR) were examined at the third trimester, at
      delivery, at days 1 and 4 puerperium, in 9 primigravidae with idiopathic
      thrombocytopenia and 11 with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) with associated
      thrombocytopenia, and compared with those from 27 PIH and 22 normotensive,
      normothrombocytemic primigravidae. All hypertensive women were treated with
      nifedipine alone or associated to methyldopa, clonidine or labetalol. Platelet
      count tends to a progressive fall during normal pregnancy, and to rough rise in
      puerperium, the remaining parameters being unchanged. In idiopathic
      thrombocytopenia the reduced count remains unchanged even in puerperium, and the
      increased MPV and PLCR are consistent with the presence of large, immature,
      circulating elements, in pregnancy as well as in puerperium. When
      thrombocytopenia is associated to PIH, puerperal recovery is maximum. In this
      case, the drop in MPV and PLCR is consistent with the resolution of
      microaggregates that may produce artifact in the evaluation of platelet
      parameters. The presence of platelet microaggregates may therefore cause
      overestimation of thrombocytopenia associated to PIH.

PMID- 1817444
TI  - [Tumor markers in the early diagnosis of recurrence in gynecologic neoplasms:
      combined determination of CA-125, CA 15-3, CA 72.4, SCC, 90 K].
AB  - In 156 patients with gynecologic neoplasia the sieric levels of tumor markers (CA
      125, CA 15-3, CA 72.4, SCC and 90 K) before the primary treatment and during the
      follow-up have been evaluated. In the patients with ovarian cancer elevated
      levels of CA 125 (80%), CA 72.4 (62%), 90 K (49%) and CA 15-3 (16.6) were found.
      The integrated evaluation of CA 125 and 90 K sieric levels was positive in the
      86% of cases. The evaluation of CA 125 in combination with 90 K seems to
      facilitate the earlier detection of ovarian cancer recurrences. Elevated levels
      of SCC (89%) were found in the patients with cervical cancer. In the patients
      with endometrial or vulvar cancer the evaluation of these tumor markers was not
      significant.

PMID- 1817445
TI  - [Vesico-sigmoidal fistulas. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the
      complementary tests in our series].
AB  - We analyzed 14 cases of colovesical fistula that had been diagnosed and treated
      at the urology and gastroenterology and general surgery services of our hospital
      from 1986-1990. In 85.7% of the cases, the fistula had been caused by a tumor
      (adenocarcinoma of the colon) and in 14.3% by inflammatory disease
      (diverticulitis of the colon). All patients presented a varying degree of
      micturition syndrome; 30% had pneumaturia and 40% fecaluria. Cystoscopy proved to
      be the most effective in diagnosing colovesical fistula. It permitted
      visualization of the fistula or passage of fecal material to the bladder in 33%
      of the cases, while indirect endoscopic signs could be observed in 100%.
      Furthermore, it permitted the anatomopathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of
      the colon in 5 cases. We performed one-stage en bloc radical surgery in 57% of
      the cases, shotgun barrel discharge colostomy in 2 cases, exploration laparotomy
      in 3 and treatment was withheld in 1 case. The overall survival for the group
      submitted to radical surgery was 19.5 +/- 8.0 months. There were 4 deaths from
      metastasis, 2 from sepsis originating in the abdomen and the remaining deaths
      were due to iliofemoral venous thrombosis, cardiovascular disease and
      pneumopathy.

PMID- 1817446
TI  - [Rupture of the corpora cavernosa. Evaluation of 5 cases].
AB  - Five cases of fracture of penis with a mean follow-up of 52 months are described.
      Four underwent early surgical treatment and one was treated conservatively. This
      latter case developed penile curvature from fibrosis. The literature is reviewed
      with special reference to treatment. Like most of the authors, we advocate early
      surgical management as the treatment of choice for rupture of the corpora
      cavernosa.

PMID- 1817447
TI  - [Bladder leiomyoma. Report of a new case].
AB  - Benign mesenchymal tumors arising from muscle fiber are rarely encountered in the
      urogenital tract and account for 1-5% of all bladder tumors. This tumor type can
      present as multiple lesions and at different sites. Intramural, extramural and
      endovesical lesions, which are the most frequent, can be found in the bladder. An
      intramural tumor that had been incidentally detected is described and the
      literature reviewed, highlighting the benign nature of this tumor type, which
      does not recur if resection is complete.

PMID- 1817448
TI  - [Tumors of the upper urothelium and cyclophosphamide: presentation of a case and
      review of the literature].
AB  - We report a case of upper urothelial tumor in a patient who had previously
      received prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy for Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia.
      Although bladder tumors in cyclophosphamide-treated patients are relatively
      frequent, upper urothelial tumors are rare. Only 5 cases of this latter tumor
      type have been reported as of 1987. The literature on this disease entity is
      reviewed. Patients who have received prolonged therapy with cyclophosphamide or
      similar drugs must be followed very closely.

PMID- 1817449
TI  - [An unusual lithiasic nidus. Review of bladder lithogenesis caused by foreign
      bodies].
AB  - We report on an 88-year-old male patient with a bladder stone that had been
      incidentally detected and found to contain a foreign body, which was shown to be
      a urethral dilator on microscopic and chemical analyses. The calculi had three
      well-defined layers with clearly infective features. The literature on bladder
      stone formation is reviewed and the clinical features and treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 1817450
TI  - [Postoperative sclerosis of the bladder neck: surgical treatment].
AB  - We analyzed the results of surgical treatment of vesical neck sclerosis in 81
      patients who underwent 97 procedures. Most of these patients had post-operative
      sclerosis of the vesical neck. The different surgical techniques and their
      results are reviewed. Excision of the sclerotic tissue by transurethral
      encircling resection has been the most widely used and has achieved better
      results. It is frequently necessary, however, to use it together with other
      complementary techniques such as retrograde resection, knife incision, or
      combined procedures. Knife incision of the diaphragm has achieved the worst
      results. Overall, the results have been poor (approximately 36% poor results).
      The results achieved by these procedures are even worse (75% poor results) in
      recurrence.

PMID- 1817451
TI  - [Renal embolism. Revascularization using conservative treatment].
AB  - We report a case of embolism of the intrarenal arterial branches of a cardiac
      origin. The results of the urographic, ultrasound, ascending pyelography and
      laboratory work up prompted us to suspect the vascular nature of the condition.
      Its unilateral feature, involvement of the intrarenal arterial branches, and the
      coexisting mitral valve disease with atrial flutter advised conservative
      management with systemic anticoagulation.

PMID- 1817452
TI  - [Multilocular renal cyst].
AB  - A case of multilocular renal cyst in a 37-year-old patient is presented, which
      met all of the diagnostic criteria described by Powell (1951) and Boggs and
      Kimmelstiel (1956). The frequency of renal hydatid cyst observed in our setting
      warrants differential diagnosis from this disease entity. Conservative surgery is
      advocated as treatment.

PMID- 1817453
TI  - [Villous polyp of the urethra].
AB  - Villous polyps of the urethra are rare. This condition can be seen more
      frequently in patients aged 30-40 years. Hematuria is usually the major symptom.
      Generally, the polyps are localized in or around the verumontanum and do not
      recur after TUR or electrocoagulation. A case of villous polyp of the
      verumontanum is described in a patient who presented with symptoms and signs of
      obstructive micturition. The patient continues to be asymptomatic 6 months
      following treatment by electrocoagulation.

PMID- 1817454
TI  - [Inverted papilloma of the ureter].
AB  - We report a case of inverted urothelial papilloma localized to the ureter in a
      patient with solitary kidney. Treatment was by segmental resection and end-to-end
      anastomosis. In spite of the benign nature of this tumor type and because
      treatment is conservative, patients should be closely followed owing to the
      possibility of recurrence and because progression to malignancy has been reported
      in the literature.

PMID- 1817455
TI  - [Infranuclear neurogenic bladder secondary to primary extradural hydatidosis].

PMID- 1817456
TI  - [Glycoconjugates of the cecal intestinal epithelium of the chick before and after
      hatching: histochemical study performed with peroxidase-conjugated lectins].
AB  - A battery of seven different horseradish peroxidase-labelled lectins (PNA, ConA,
      DBA, SBA, LTA, WGA and UEA I) was used to study the distribution and changes of
      carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates in the caecal epithelium (proximal and
      distal tracts) of the chick embryo and of the 3 days old chicken. The chief
      results showed that: 1. The appearance of some sugar residues was earlier
      observed at the epithelium of the distal tract than the proximal one (Tab. 2). 2.
      The presence of sialic acid was detected only after hatching (Fig. 4, Tab. 2). 3.
      During the embryonic caecal development enterocytes and goblet cells were
      characterized by the presence of the same sugar residues (Tab. 2). 4. By a
      quantitative point of view, differences in sugar residues content between the
      epithelium of the proximal and distal tract were observed. The epithelial cells
      of the distal tract were generally characterized by an higher content of
      saccharide moieties (Tab. 2). 5. At the end of the incubation period and after
      hatching enterocytes and goblet cells showed differences in content of some sugar
      residues (Fig. 1-3, Fig. 5-8, Tab. 2).

PMID- 1817457
TI  - [Experimental models for studying the effects induced by staphylococcal toxins A
      and B on human keratinocytes in culture].
AB  - The toxic effects of the two serotypes of staphylococcal exotoxin: exfoliatin A
      (ETA) and B (ETB) on two experimental models: organotypic cultures of the skin
      and cellular cultures of the epidermis reconstructed "in vitro" have been
      studied. The results show that, in both cases, purified ETB (Fig. 4a, 6-6a, b, c)
      reproduces the characteristics of Lyell's Staphylococcal Syndrome that is the
      intraepidermal cleavage either between the granulosa and the spinous layers or at
      the granulosa layer of the epidermis. As the images of the LM and EM demonstrate,
      purified ETA behaves differently in the two experimental models; in fact, it
      produces the same effect as purified toxin B on the organotypic cultures (Fig.
      3a, b), whereas it causes no alterations in the epithelial cultures reproduced
      "in vitro" (Fig. 5a, b).

PMID- 1817458
TI  - A contribution to knowledge of the compartments and the fascial and septal
      formations of the popliteal fossa in the human fetus and the adult.
AB  - A contribution to knowledge of the compartments and the fascial and septal
      formations of the popliteal fossa in the human fetus and the adult. A study was
      made in human fetuses from the 3rd month onwards, newborn and the adult of the
      fascial and septal formations and the compartments of the popliteal fossa.
      Observations of serial sections of the knee of human fetuses, of macroscopic
      preparations of the knee of newborns and of ultrasound images of the popliteal
      fossa in adults showed that: the fascial formation covering the popliteal fossa
      consists of the popliteal fascia and the superficial fascia. The bud of the
      popliteal fascia is observable in the 3-month fetus as a layer of thin fibrillar
      connective tissue which is thicker in the tracts between the muscle buds. At
      birth the popliteal fascia is clearly a separate anatomical entity of continuous
      laminar structure which is thicker in the tracts between the muscles and thinner
      where it covers them. The superficial fascia becomes evident in fetuses at a
      later stage (6th month) in the form of a thin lamina in the frontal plane which
      at birth is well defined and observable as a thin continuous line deep below the
      subcutaneous layer. The septal formation consists of four septa: two in the
      sagittal plane (lateral and medial) and two in the frontal plane (lateral and
      medial). The bud of these septa appears in 4-month fetuses after the appearance
      of the popliteal fascia. They branch off from the thicker connective areas
      between the muscles buds as connective prolongations which later assume a laminar
      aspect and eventually become compact and form septa. In at-term fetuses and
      newborns these septal formations are clearly recognizable as antomical entities,
      which branch off from the deep surface of the thicker tracts of the popliteal
      fascia and are inserted into the femur. The relationships and connections with
      the muscular groups are also clearly visible. The organization and demarcation of
      the compartments, which is already delineated in the 6-month fetus, seems to be
      completed at birth, considering the presence of the superficial fascia, the
      popliteal fascia and the septa. It is possible to distinguish a superficial
      compartment between the popliteal and the superficial fascia an a deep
      compartment between the frontal septa, the skeletal plane and the popliteal
      fascia. This deep compartment is clearly subdivided by the two sagittal septa
      into three sectors (medial, intermediate and lateral). The medial and lateral
      sectors contain muscles, while the intermediate compartment contains the
      vasculonervous bundle and the popliteal adipose body.

PMID- 1817459
TI  - [Connections between the phrenic arteries and various visceral arteries].
AB  - During an angiographic research carried out over more than 1100 cases, some
      connections between the phrenic arteries and the arteries of the hepatic,
      superior mesenteric and renal districts were observed. The AA. point out the
      presence of these connections even of thin calibre, their right prevalence (71%),
      and their uncertain embryologic origin.

PMID- 1817460
TI  - [Anatomo-radiological study of the mesenteric small intestine using double
      contrast enteroclysis. I. Position, length and diameter of the loops, thickness
      of their walls].
AB  - The Authors examined some anatomical parameters concerning the jejunum and ileum
      as the relationship between the loops, their extension, length, diameter and the
      wall thickness. 2019 patients have been studied by "double contrast small bowel
      enema". The results are in general according with the literature. Only the
      measure of the length changed, in fact it is shorter than that indicated in the
      literature.

PMID- 1817461
TI  - Rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency in breast-fed infants in the southern
      United States.

PMID- 1817462
TI  - Split-thickness plantar skin grafts for coverage in the hand and digits.
AB  - The instep of the foot is an excellent donor site for split-thickness skin grafts
      to cover soft tissue defects of the palm and digits. The technique is described
      and three illustrative clinical cases are presented. The unique, specialized
      characteristics of plantar skin are described, emphasizing similarities to palmar
      skin. The indications for this technique are hyperpigmentation, hair growth,
      ulceration, hyperkeratosis, marginal scarring, or recurrent breakdown of a
      preexisting graft, but we have also employed it for primary reconstructions in
      selected circumstances. The instep graft provides ideal color and texture match
      and long durability for a palmar graft, with the added advantage of an
      inconspicuous donor site.

PMID- 1817463
TI  - The director of nursing and the chemically dependent nurse.

PMID- 1817464
TI  - Maharishi Ayur-Veda: modern insights into ancient medicine.

PMID- 1817465
TI  - Meconium for drug testing.
AB  - Samples of meconium from 28 neonates born to women suspected of drug abuse were
      tested for drugs of abuse (ie, cocaine, morphine, codeine, and marijuana). In
      each case, testing of urine from the mother, the newborn, or both had been
      ordered by the attending physician because of suspected maternal drug abuse.
      Seventeen (61%) of 28 meconium samples tested positive; 28 (60%) of 47 urine
      samples were positive. Meconium test results were concordant with the results of
      maternal or newborn urine testing in 24 (86%) of the 28 cases. In three cases,
      meconium was positive for cocaine when newborn urine was negative; in one case,
      meconium was negative when maternal urine was positive for cocaine. Compared with
      the combination of maternal and newborn urine testing, meconium testing had an
      82% positive predictive value (14/17) and a 91% negative predictive value
      (10/11). Collection of meconium is simpler and more reliable than collection of
      urine, and testing of meconium was easily incorporated into routine procedures at
      a busy commercial laboratory. Meconium is a useful sample for drug detection in
      newborns.

PMID- 1817466
TI  - Nicotine potentiation of haloperidol in reducing tic frequency in Tourette's
      disorder.
AB  - In an open, nonblind study, 10 patients with Tourette's disorder who were being
      treated with haloperidol were videotaped before, while, and after chewing
      nicotine gum. The frequency of tics was reduced significantly during the 30
      minute gum-chewing period and during the 1 hour after gum chewing. Nicotine
      appears to potentiate haloperidol effects in patients with Tourette's disorder.

PMID- 1817467
TI  - Excimer laser treatment of corneal surface pathology: a laboratory and clinical
      study.
AB  - The argon fluoride excimer laser emits radiation in the far ultraviolet part of
      the electromagnetic spectrum (193 nm). Each photon has high individual energy.
      Exposure of materials or tissues with peak absorption around 193 nm results in
      removal of surface layers (photoablation) with extremely high precision and
      minimal damage to non-irradiated areas. This precision is confirmed in a series
      of experiments on cadaver eyes and the treatment of 25 eyes with anterior corneal
      disease (follow-up 6 to 30 months). Multiple zone excimer laser superficial
      keratectomy is considered the treatment of choice for rough, painful corneal
      surfaces. All patients in this group were pain-free postoperatively. Where good
      visual potential exists, ablation of a single axial zone is recommended and
      results in improved visual acuity and reduction of glare. A hyperopic shift was
      noted in this group.

PMID- 1817468
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome and Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 15.
AB  - A case of Prader-Willi syndrome is presented in which high resolution chromosome
      analysis revealed not only a familial Robertsonian translocation [t(13q15q)], but
      also a del(15) (q11.2q13) of the chromosome 15 not involved in the translocation.
      While there have been numerous reports of Robertsonian translocations involving
      chromosome 15 in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, in this case, the
      Robertsonian translocation was shown to be unrelated to the clinical findings.

PMID- 1817469
TI  - Absence of a direct effect of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha on human
      sperm function and murine preimplantation development.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to test the in vitro effects of human
      recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) on sperm motility, fertilization, and
      preimplantation development. DESIGN: A sensitive enzyme immunoassay was used to
      determine half-lives of rTNF and confirm concentrations of cytokine throughout
      experimental conditions. Effect of rTNF on human sperm survival was measured by
      computer-assisted methodology, and effect on human sperm penetration was assessed
      by hamster ova penetration. Cytokine effect on murine gamete interaction was
      determined by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Murine preimplantation development
      was assessed by in vitro development of cryopreserved-thawed one-cell zygotes.
      RESULTS: The half-life of rTNF was reduced by the addition of sperm to culture
      media (P less than 0.001). Sperm motility (P = 0.245) and hamster ova penetration
      (P = 0.62) were not altered by incubations in the presence of concentrations of
      rTNF up to 10,000 U/mL. Mouse IVF (P = 0.60) and preimplantation development (P =
      0.56) were not altered by rTNF in concentrations up to 5,000 U/mL. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results demonstrate rTNF by itself does not interfere with gamete function
      or early embryo development.

PMID- 1817470
TI  - Management of weight problems and obesity: knowledge, attitudes and current
      practice of general practitioners.
AB  - A postal questionnaire was used to assess general practitioners' knowledge,
      attitudes and current practice of treatment regarding obesity and weight
      problems. Overall, 299 responses (75%) were received from general practitioners
      randomly selected from family practitioner committee lists in Portsmouth and
      Norwich. Currently 27% of the doctors were overweight and a further 3% obese.
      Many doctors (69%) had tried to lose weight at some time and 40% had been
      overweight and a further 12% obese in the past. The most popular methods used to
      educate overweight and obese patients were one to one counselling and giving out
      diet sheets and leaflets on healthy eating. The treatment advice to patients from
      the majority of doctors was to eat less in general (78%) (specifically to eat
      fewer calories 75%); to exercise (77%); or to attend a slimmers group (54%).
      Doctors thought that they were less effective than the media or the family in
      persuading overweight patients to lose weight. Doctors said they were prepared to
      counsel on weight reduction but felt they had little success in achieving weight
      loss in patients. Experience was ranked as the most important contributor to
      knowledge about managing obesity, and medical school was rated as least
      important. Further study is needed to discover how different practices and
      attitudes affect patient management and which ones are associated with greatest
      success. Medical schools and postgraduate centres could play a more important
      role in educating doctors about nutrition.

PMID- 1817471
TI  - Sampling endocervical cells on cervical smears: a comparison of two instruments
      used in general practice. Cumbrian Practice Research Group.
AB  - The Aylesbury spatula and a newer plastic device, the Cervex sampler (Steriseal),
      have been compared in a prospective study, to assess their ability to obtain
      endocervical cells on cervical smears taken in general practice. Twelve general
      practitioners in Cumbria took part in the study each taking equal numbers of
      smears from women with the Aylesbury spatula and the Cervex sampler. On average
      each practice took 20 smears with each instrument. All women attending for
      cervical smears for whatever reason were included in the study. Endocervical
      cells were reported in 62.8% of smears taken with the Aylesbury spatula and in
      78.2% taken with the Cervex sampler (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval
      1.10 to 1.41). Increasing the percentage of smears which contain endocervical
      cells by using the Cervex sampler would reduce the number of repeat tests needed.
      This would cut down anxiety and inconvenience for the patient, and reduce costs
      for the health service.

PMID- 1817472
TI  - A neurobehavioral syndrome after failure to thrive on chloride-deficient formula.
AB  - Eleven of 13 children, who demonstrated a failure-to-thrive pattern in infancy
      attributable to chloride-deficient Neo-Mull-Soy formula, had distinctive
      cognitive impairments four to nine years later. These included: a language
      disorder primarily involving articulation, word finding and naming; visual-motor
      and fine motor difficulties; and attention deficit disorder, often featuring
      repetitive behaviours, withdrawal and perseveration ('overfocus'). In contrast,
      global intellectual abilities were within the normal range in all 11 children.
      This residual neurobehavioral syndrome is too rare in the developmentally
      disabled population to reflect a chance association. It has not been associated
      either with protein-calorie malnutrition or chloride-deficiency diseases.

PMID- 1817473
TI  - Physical map locations of the himA and hip genes of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 1817474
TI  - An agenda to promote self-care. Nursing care of skeletal pin sites.
AB  - Treatment of skeletal pin sites is often open to ritual practice. To avoid pin
      reaction, reassessment of cleansing agents used and the involvement of patients
      in their care is required. By motivating patients to self-care, nurses can help
      them come to terms with an altered body image.

PMID- 1817475
TI  - Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect
      health'.

PMID- 1817476
TI  - Use of genetic testing by employers. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs,
      American Medical Association.

PMID- 1817477
TI  - Gender verification in sport: the need for change?
AB  - Most of an estimated one in 504 sportswomen fail the gender verification test
      unjustly. Until clinical examination becomes acceptable, a new code of practice
      is proposed which avoids unfair disqualification.

PMID- 1817478
TI  - Repeat injection after a "failed spinal": at times, a potentially unsafe
      practice.

PMID- 1817479
TI  - Pulse oximetry in closed limb fractures.
AB  - Recent sporadic reports have described the role pulse oximetry might play in
      monitoring trauma victims, and specifically in the assessment of patients with
      limb fractures where doubt exists concerning the adequacy of limb blood flow
      distal to the fracture after manipulation. The results of a prospective study to
      determine the changes in arterial oxygen saturation as shown by pulse oximetry
      before and after manipulation are presented. The results suggest that the pulse
      oximeter may be of use in confirming the presence or absence of adequate blood
      flow distal to a fracture, but that this information should be considered in the
      light of the clinical findings. The role of pulse oximetry in the early detection
      of a compartment syndrome complicating a closed limb fracture has yet to be
      determined.

PMID- 1817480
TI  - Change in the established prescribing habits of general practitioners: an
      analysis of initial prescriptions in general practice.
AB  - The aim of this study was to describe the types of drugs prescribed by general
      practitioners in a sample of initial (rather than repeat) prescriptions, the
      additions and deletions made to a doctor's repertory and the factors influencing
      these changes. The method used here enabled repeat prescriptions to be excluded
      as these are an inaccurate reflection of the current habits of the prescriber. A
      total of 201 (74%) of the principal general practitioners in the Grampian region
      participated. Data were obtained by substituting special prescription pads
      containing duplicate forms which allowed additional data to be recorded at the
      time of prescribing, including perceived influences that had resulted in changes
      from established choices of drug therapy. A sample of 100 forms were collected on
      seven occasions from each doctor over a one year sample period. Prescribers on
      average selected a preparation that they had only started to use within the last
      12 months (that is newly adopted to their repertory) in 5.4% of initial
      prescriptions. These changes mostly involved antibiotics and analgesics and were
      occasioned mainly by the influence of the 'limited list' regulations,
      pharmaceutical company representatives and hospital specialists. We conclude that
      general practitioners were not unduly influenced by commercial sources of
      information, and that their prescribing habits were stable and conservative. The
      paper presents a case for the separate analysis of initial and repeat
      prescriptions as an essential step in producing more informative data on
      prescribing.

PMID- 1817481
TI  - Effect of the full moon on a sample of developmentally delayed, institutionalized
      women.
AB  - Over 19 lunar months reports of all aggressive acting-out misbehaviors as
      recorded by direct-care staff were evaluated and recorded on a day-by-day basis
      for a randomly selected sample of 20 developmentally delayed women, CA 18 to 50;
      MA, 9 to 18 months. All had been in continuous residence in a residential
      treatment center for a minimum of 31 months. A grid representing the 24-hr.
      period of the full moon (a), the three days prior to the day of the full moon
      (b), the three days after the full moon (c), and the balance of the lunar period
      (d) was placed over the record. Comparisons using the Duncan multiple-range test
      indicated that the mean number of misbehaviors on the day of the full moon was
      significantly higher than the mean number on any other day of the lunar period
      (the next highest was for the three days prior to the day of the full moon).

PMID- 1817482
TI  - Unemployment rates: an alternative to the Jarman index?

PMID- 1817483
TI  - Kidney donation in blacks.

PMID- 1817484
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in Sotos syndrome.

PMID- 1817486
TI  - Nebulized pentamidine as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 1817485
TI  - Obstacles to Soviet health reform.

PMID- 1817487
TI  - Creamatocrit and pH measurements of human milk.

PMID- 1817488
TI  - Health and physical education: a joint effort.

PMID- 1817489
TI  - A new version of the ischemic tourniquet pain test.
AB  - A new method of producing ischemic tourniquet pain is presented. The present test
      model showed a sex difference in the pain recordings. Sum pain intensity (SPI)
      for a 5 min trial period of ischemic pain was lower for males than for females (p
      less than 0.0001). The observed variability between male test subjects was
      greater than between female subjects, while the variation in pain scores within
      subjects was lower for males compared to females. The differences between sexes
      as a group with respect to variability of pain recordings were not statistically
      significant. Due to the observed sex differences in pain recording it is
      recommended to use test subjects of the same sex when restricting the test
      procedure to a limited number of subjects. The present version of the tourniquet
      pain test, used according to the recommended criteria, allows discriminating
      between i.v. administered placebo, opioid analgesics (pethidine) and ketamine.

PMID- 1817490
TI  - Spousal allegations of incest during transient psychotic episodes.

PMID- 1817491
TI  - Helmets for pedal cyclists.

PMID- 1817492
TI  - Cranial nerve injuries.

PMID- 1817493
TI  - Giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 1817494
TI  - Comparison among three different methods of analysis of oesophageal pH
      monitoring.

PMID- 1817495
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin or megadose methylprednisolone for the treatment of
      idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 1817496
TI  - Qualifications and academic institutions.

PMID- 1817497
TI  - The utilization of contact liquid crystal thermography in the evaluation of
      temporomandibular dysfunction.
AB  - A previously diagnosed patient population of 109 volunteers having
      temporomandibular dysfunction agreed to undergo pretreatment and post-treatment
      thermographic examination. In 1988, at the time of this study, a contact liquid
      crystal thermographic unit was utilized in accordance with the protocol advocated
      by the Academy of Neuro-Muscular Thermography. The examination consisted of
      pretreatment and post-treatment thermograms repeated in a series of three sets,
      i.e., in triplicate, incorporating four different views per set, namely, frontal
      face, right lateral face, left lateral face, and posterior cervical. This study
      revealed that the application of contact liquid thermography in the evaluation of
      temporomandibular dysfunction was a reliable, valid, and efficacious diagnostic
      tool in approximately 95% of the cases. Resolution of thermographic asymmetry
      and/or decrease in Delta T was demonstrated in approximately 81% of the post
      treatment population. Thermography also proved to be a reliable indicator of
      pretreatment duration of dysfunction (chronicity pattern) in approximately 78% of
      the cases.

PMID- 1817498
TI  - [Only we know].

PMID- 1817499
TI  - [Pollution in Puerto Rico, 1991].

PMID- 1817500
TI  - Environmental pollutants.

PMID- 1817501
TI  - [Humanity: a plague].

PMID- 1817502
TI  - [Chemicals that kill us].

PMID- 1817503
TI  - [Alarming increase in toxic residues].

PMID- 1817504
TI  - [Establishment in Mayaguez of a coal-based thermoelectric plant: perspectives for
      human health].
AB  - The proposal to burn coal in Mayaguez fails to address important facts that may
      affect human health. In the first place, the pattern of winds prevailing in
      Mayaguez is simply excluded and arbitrarily substituted by a pattern prevailing
      twenty kilometer north of Mayaguez. The fact that pollutants in compliance with
      the air standards may, nevertheless, affect human health is entirely disregarded.
      Also is the episodic accumulations of pollutants by meteorological conditions,
      such as thermal inversions coupled by low winds. The remarkable effect of
      exercise amplifying ozone harmful action is ignored, in spite of the athletic
      activity at the Mayaguez Campus of the UPR. The effect of chronic exposures of
      nitrogen dioxide on children living in houses with gas stoves is also ignored.
      These and other omissions raise serious human health concerns about the burning
      of coal in the setting already existing in Mayaguez.

PMID- 1817505
TI  - [The role of the Environmental Quality Agency in the control of management of
      chemical substances].

PMID- 1817506
TI  - Mercury contamination in Puerto Rico: the Ciudad Cristiana experience.
AB  - Mercury contamination constitutes a serious health problem. Several ecological
      accidents have occurred in the world due to industrial contamination and
      consumption of mercury contaminated food. This article summarizes the increased
      absorption levels of mercury among dwellers of Ciudad Cristiana Housing Project
      in Humacao, Puerto Rico confirming the exposition to the metal as documented by
      sediment analysis of the area performed by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality
      Board. This obliged the local government to remove the dwellers from the area
      because of the probable health hazard.

PMID- 1817507
TI  - [Carcinogens in drinking water].

PMID- 1817508
TI  - [Abnormalities of sexual development in Puerto Rico: status report].
AB  - Puerto Rico presents the highest incidence in the world of anomalous sexual
      development. The authors have collected over 3100 cases in the past 19 years.
      Clinical and laboratory studies suggest possible estrogenic contamination of
      meats and poultry products. Variation in diet provides protection to a
      significant number of patients. The possibility of mycotic contamination of food
      employed in animal husbandry by Fusarium sp., and mycotoxins capable of
      estrogenic effects have been suggested in a preliminary study. Private and
      government investigators are active in the study of the condition, but more
      fiscalizing action is needed. A detailed study of food components for possible
      contaminants determination is considered mandatory.

PMID- 1817509
TI  - Food and chemicals as environmental incitants.
AB  - Susceptibility to environmental incitants such as air, food and water components
      is becoming an increasingly recognized health problem. These sensitivities and
      reactions can induce a spectrum of symptoms affecting smooth muscle, mucous
      membranes and collagen in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and
      vascular systems. These reactions may be mistaken for hypochondriasis, but
      actually are due to reactions to foods and chemicals found in the patient's home
      and work environments. Careful clinical histories should alert the nurse and
      physician, who can confirm suspicions by eliminating and challenging the patient
      with potentially offending agents under controlled circumstances.

PMID- 1817510
TI  - Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents in chemically sensitive patients.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to see if chemically sensitive individuals
      had aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents as part of their total body load. This was
      done by measuring blood levels from 85 chemically sensitive patients. These were
      measured by a purging trap method with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
      (GCC/MS) by the methods of Laseter. Thirteen patients had blood levels below the
      detection limit of less than 1 ppb and 72 were above the detection limit. An
      average of three solvents, out of seven measured, including n-pentane, 2,2
      dimethylbutane, cyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, n-hexane, n
      heptane, was found in 85% of the patients' blood on the 1 to 299 ppb range. The
      means were as follows: n-pentane 14.7 ppb, 2,2-dimethylbutane 2.5 ppb,
      cyclopentane 9.0 ppb, 2-methylpentane 16.7 ppb, 3-methylpentane 28.0 ppb, n
      heptane 5.5 ppb. The most frequently found of the above solvents was 2
      methylpentane (found in 68.1% of the patients), 3-methylpentane (62.5%), n-hexane
      (61.1%), and pentane (40.3%).

PMID- 1817511
TI  - Clearing of toxic volatile hydrocarbons from humans.
AB  - In this study, different modes of therapy for the removal of toxic chemicals from
      the human body have been assessed and compared. This consisted of: 1) thirteen
      inpatients in an environmentally controlled area in a hospital, 2) fourty-one
      outpatients with home environmental control and work area change, and 3) fifteen
      outpatients in a physical therapy/sauna program with a good environmental
      control. Attention to manipulation of food, food contaminants, water and air
      pollution as well as nutritional therapy was important in all groups. Each
      modality seemed efficacious in++ its own right; 100% inpatients, 80%
      sauna/physical therapy patients, and 70% outpatients improved their signs and
      symptoms. Inpatient therapy in a finally controlled environment was far superior
      to the other two modalities in clearing of symptoms, as well as in clearing of
      organic chemicals. Outpatient and sauna/physical therapy are efficacious for less
      ill patients.

PMID- 1817512
TI  - Studies on porphobilinogen-deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Porphobilinogen-deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated and
      partially purified 80- and 230-fold in the absence or presence of
      phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, respectively. Some properties of the isolated
      enzyme were studied. Porphyrin formation was linear with time and protein
      concentration. Optimum pH was about 7.5-7.8. Molecular mass of the protein was
      30,000 +/- 3000 Dalton when the enzyme was purified in the presence of
      phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. A less active and unstable 20,000 Da molecular
      mass species was obtained when purification was performed in the absence of the
      protease inhibitor. Porphobilinogen-deaminase exhibited classical Michaelis
      Menten kinetics. The apparent Km for uroporphyrinogen formation was 19 microM;
      Vmax was 3.6 nmol uroporphyrin/h and the Hill coefficient was n = 1. Also the
      action of several reagents on the activity was studied. Protective thiol agents
      had no effect. Heavy metals inhibited both porphyrin formation and
      porphobilinogen consumption, but known sulphydryl inactivating chemicals inhibit
      the former without modifying the latter. Ammonium ions had no effect on the
      activity while hydroxylamine completely inhibited both porphyrin formation and
      porphobilinogen consumption.

PMID- 1817513
TI  - Functional complementation in Escherichia coli of different phytoene desaturase
      genes and analysis of accumulated carotenes.
AB  - Three different phytoene desaturase genes, from Rhodobacter capsulatus, Erwinia
      uredovora, and Synechococcus PCC 7942, have been functionally complemented with a
      gene construct from E. uredovora which encodes all enzymes responsible for
      formation of 15-cis phytoene in Escherichia coli. As indicated by the contrasting
      reaction products detected in the pigmented E. coli cells after co
      transformation, a wide functional diversity of these three different types of
      phytoene desaturases can be concluded. The carotenes formed by the phytoene
      desaturase from R. capsulatus were trans-neurosporene with three additional
      double bonds and two cis isomers. Furthermore, small amounts of three zeta
      carotene isomers (2 double bonds more than phytoene) and phytofluene (15-cis and
      all-trans with + 1 double bond) were detected as intermediates. When the
      subsequent genes from E. uredovora which encode for lycopene cyclase and beta
      carotene hydroxylase were present, neurosporene, the phytoene desaturase product
      of R. capsulatus, was subsequently converted to the monocyclic beta-zeacarotene
      and its monohydroxylation product. The most abundant carotene resulting from
      phytoene desaturation by the E. uredovora enzyme was trans-lycopene together with
      a cis isomer. In addition, bisdehydrolycopene was also formed. The reaction
      products of Synechococcus phytoene desaturase were two cis isomers of zeta
      carotene and only small amounts of trans-zeta-carotene including 15-cis. The I50
      values for flurtamone and diphenylamine to inhibit phytoene desaturation were
      determined and differential inhibition was observed for diphenylamine.

PMID- 1817514
TI  - Thiazolylidene-ketonitriles are efficient inhibitors of electron transport in
      reaction centers from photosynthetic bacteria.
AB  - Thiazolylidene-ketonitriles are efficient inhibitors of photosynthetic electron
      flow in reaction centers from either Rhodobacter sphaeroides or Rhodobacter
      capsulatus. Some compounds of this class exhibit a higher inhibitor potency in
      the bacterial system as compared to photosystem II. Up to now, photosystem II
      inhibitors were generally less active in photosynthetic bacteria. An azido
      thiazolylidene-ketonitrile upon illumination almost exclusively tags the L
      subunit in the bacterial reaction center.

PMID- 1817515
TI  - [Replication of ColE 1-related plasmids at increased growth temperature depending
      on rom function].
AB  - The content of ColE 1-related plasmids increased about 4-6-fold after a
      temperature-shift from 30 to 42 degrees C (45 degrees C) if the rom-region of the
      plasmids was deleted. The copy number of rom(+)-plasmids did not change after the
      temperature shift. All rom(-)-plasmids tested in this study showed this plasmid
      amplification. The Rom-protein is capable of inhibiting plasmid replication by
      stabilization the initial reversible stage of the association of RNA I with the
      primer precursor RNA II. We suggest that the temperature-dependent enhancement of
      the copy number of rom(-)-plasmids is due to a destabilization of this initial
      phase of the RNA I-preprimer interaction at high temperatures which is suppressed
      by the Rom-protein in cells with rom(+)-plasmids.

PMID- 1817516
TI  - Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender
      after inhalation.
AB  - The sedative properties of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia
      Miller) and of its main constituents--linalool and linalyl acetate--were
      investigated in mice followed up in a series of experimental procedures. The
      significant decrease in the motility of female and male laboratory animals under
      standardized experimental conditions is found to be closely dependent on the
      exposure time to the drugs. Nevertheless after an injection of caffeine into mice
      a hyperactivity was observed which was reduced to nearly a normal motility only
      by inhalation of these fragrance drugs. In particular the correlation of the
      motility of the animals to linalool in serum is experimentally proven, thus
      furnishing evidence of the aromatherapeutical use of herbal pillows employed in
      folk medicine since ancient times in order to facilitate falling asleep or to
      minimize stressful situations of man.

PMID- 1817517
TI  - [Teratogenic and metamorphosis inhibiting activity of retinoic acid in Ciona
      intestinalis].
AB  - Exposure of embryos of the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, to all-trans-retinoic
      acid (between 10(-5) and 10(-7) M) causes specific malformations of the larvae
      and suppression of settlement and metamorphosis. Whether the vitamin A derivative
      was administered at the 2-cell stage, or at the early gastrula stage did not
      affect the nature of the extent of the ensuing anomalies. Malformations include a
      dorsal bulge of the body, an irregular disposition of ocellar pigment, and a
      twisted tail. Treated larvae have no statocyst pigment. There is also a reduction
      in size of the body, compared to control larvae. Retinoic acid retarded hatching,
      or even blocked it (at 10(-5) M). Obviously retinoic acid interferes with the
      induction of metamorphosis, possibly through neutralizing one or more factors
      responsible for settlement and metamorphosis. The possible role of thyroxin in
      these processes is being critically evaluated.

PMID- 1817518
TI  - Studies on uroporphyrinogen biosynthesis in pig liver.
AB  - Porphobilinogen-deaminase (PBG-D) and PBG-D-isomerase complex (PBG-D-I) from pig
      liver were isolated and partially purified. Uroporphyrinogen I and III formation
      was found to be linear with time and protein concentration. Optimal pH was about
      7.4 and 7.6-7.8 for PBG-D and PBG-D-I complex, respectively. Some properties of
      the isolated enzymes were studied. Molecular mass determination gave a value of
      40,000 Da for PBG-D and 50,000 Da for the complex. Both enzymes exhibited
      classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Km and Vmax parameters were estimated. The
      effect of several divalent cations, ammonia and thiol reagents was also
      investigated. The differential action of some of these chemicals on PBG-D and PBG
      D-I system would suggest that PBG-D and isomerase may not be only physically
      adjacent but actually associated.

PMID- 1817519
TI  - A simple method for counting small numbers of cells by flow cytometry.
AB  - We describe a flow cytometric method for the quantitation of small numbers of
      cells that facilitates proliferation studies in microcultures. A constant number
      of fluorescent latex microspheres/sample is added to single cell suspensions
      prepared from the cultures. By flow cytometric analysis, cells are easily
      distinguishable from the microspheres and can be quantitated on the basis of
      their light scattering and fluorescence properties is contour plots. As the
      number of microspheres/sample is known, the relative proportions of cells and
      microspheres, respectively, can be converted into absolute cell numbers. This
      quick method is useful for any type of studies where cell numbers less than 1 x
      10(5) in a small volume are to be determined.

PMID- 1817520
TI  - Omphalone, an antibiotically active benzoquinone derivative from fermentations of
      Lentinellus omphalodes.
AB  - Omphalone, a new antibiotic, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic pigment has been isolated
      from fermentations of a Canadian strain of Lentinellus omphalodes. Its structure
      has been established as 2-(4-methylfuran-2-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone (1) by
      spectroscopic investigations and conversion into leuco-acetate 2.

PMID- 1817521
TI  - Marginal adaptation of porcelain margins in metal ceramic restorations.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of all
      porcelain labial margin metal ceramic crowns using a porcelain shoulder material
      containing a light-polymerizing resin and one that used a direct-lift technique.
      Conventional metal margin restorations served as controls. Scanning electron
      micrographs were made of a 1-mm mesiodistal width of the margin at midfacial and
      midlingual reference marks. Image processing and analysis techniques were
      accomplished using a computer. Statistical evaluation indicated that the mean
      labial marginal discrepancy of the control group was significantly less than that
      of either of the two porcelain shoulder methods.

PMID- 1817522
TI  - An in vitro evaluation of the marginal integrity of a porcelain inlay system.
AB  - There is currently no consensus of opinion regarding form of the finish line for
      porcelain inlays. This study compared beveled and nonbeveled finishing lines.
      Twenty-four Class II MOD cavities of a standardised design were prepared in
      extracted premolar teeth. Twelve were finished using a half enamel occlusal bevel
      and 12 were not beveled. Porcelain inlays were fabricated and luted with a dual
      polymerizing resin material. The completed restorations were stored in water,
      thermocycled, and analysed using a scanning electron microscope. The quality of
      the enamel/composite resin interface was found to be considerably better than
      that of the inlay/composite resin interface. The adaptation of composite resin to
      enamel was of equal quality for both beveled and nonbeveled preparations.

PMID- 1817523
TI  - Construction of an interim obturator using a microwave-polymerized denture base
      resin.
AB  - This article describes a technique for fabricating an interim obturator for
      maxillectomy patients using a microwave-polymerized denture base resin. The use
      of microwave irradiation to polymerize this type of resin reduces the time
      required to fabricate interim obturators and results in prostheses comparable in
      physical properties and superior in dimensional accuracy to prostheses made with
      conventional heat-polymerized acrylic denture base resin. The technique is simple
      and time efficient, and it does not require any special or elaborate laboratory
      equipment.

PMID- 1817524
TI  - An in vivo experiment to test composite resin wear using the Latin-Square
      analysis.
AB  - The Michigan Computer Graphics Coordinate Measurement System was used to measure
      the wear of three composite resins and an amalgam alloy control. The validity of
      the Latin Square experimental design for analysis in a clinical study was
      demonstrated, and statistically significant differences in wear were established
      for main effect for the materials under investigation. None of the composite
      resins examined approximated the amalgam alloy control in wear properties. Rank
      ordering of the materials with respect to wear was possible using this
      experimental design. Ranking of the materials for wear resistance using this
      research approach opens up other future research opportunities to correlate such
      properties as filler particle size, composition, and distribution with the data
      derived.

PMID- 1817525
TI  - The rigid lingual connector: is it a paradox?
AB  - The design of removable partial dentures has progressed both clinically and in
      laboratory research. Nonetheless, there still appears to be a conflict between
      the empirical practice and the scientific data available. On this basis, the
      authors question several aspects of the lingual connector. If lingual connectors
      are required to be rigid, how is this best achieved and can it be assured that
      designs impart sufficient rigidity? On the contrary, is it possible to make the
      connector too rigid? No conclusions are attempted in this theoretical discussion,
      but research to resolve the dilemma is encouraged.

PMID- 1817526
TI  - A study on the attachment of human gingival cell structures to oral implant
      materials.
AB  - A technique enabling the study of adherence occurring among implant materials and
      epithelial and connective cells cultured in vitro and freshly obtained from
      explants of human gingival tissue is described. The data show that cell adherence
      to titanium alloy is influenced by the modality of implant surface preparation.

PMID- 1817527
TI  - Evaluation of the color and appearance of a new textured opaque porcelain.
AB  - Porcelains that are claimed to improve the appearance of metal ceramic
      restorations by increasing light refraction from a highly textured opaque surface
      have recently been introduced. This study compared the appearance and color of
      one of these opaque porcelains with a conventional smooth-surface opaque. The
      opaque porcelains were applied to alloy substrates, and samples were evaluated
      colorimetrically. After the application of body and incisal porcelains, the
      samples were evaluated subjectively by clinicians and again colorimetrically.
      Subjective determination of the most lifelike porcelain depended on the shade.
      Color differences existed between the opaque porcelains for all shades examined.

PMID- 1817528
TI  - Wettability of nonaqueous elastomeric impression materials.
AB  - The wettability of eight nonaqueous elastomeric impression materials was studied
      by comparing their contact angles. The materials included three polyethers (one
      of which was light activated), three hydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxanes), one
      conventional poly(vinyl siloxane), and one poly(vinyl siloxane) putty. Extracted
      teeth were prepared to approximate the roughness of a tooth preparation. Contact
      angles were measured at different time intervals after the start of mixing but
      were not shown to be significant. The nonhydrophilic poly(vinyl siloxane)
      materials and the poly(vinyl siloxane) putty were found to be significantly less
      wettable.

PMID- 1817529
TI  - Adhesion of a new light-polymerized denture base resin to resin teeth and denture
      base materials.
AB  - Shear adhesive strength tests were conducted to examine the adhesion of a newly
      developed light-polymerized denture base resin (LPR) to resin teeth and denture
      base materials. When LPR was bonded to these materials with a new light-activated
      bonding agent, the adhesive strength improved greatly. Adhesive strengths of LPR
      to denture base metals were greater than, or similar to, the metal adhesive
      autopolymerized resin containing 4-META. Compared with the metal adhesive heat
      polymerizing resin, the LPR adhesive values were less when bonded to pure
      titanium but greater for 18-8 stainless steel and the gold-silver-palladium
      alloy.

PMID- 1817531
TI  - Health promotion research. Towards a new social epidemiology.

PMID- 1817530
TI  - A study of acrylic resin denture base material distortion using computer-aided
      holographic interferometry.
AB  - A holographic interferometer for investigating deformations of dental prostheses
      is described. Residual stress relaxation resulting from the polymerization of
      acrylic resin dentures is qualitatively studied during the first 48 hours
      following fabrication. The resulting fringe patterns show a symmetry that is
      correlated to the shape of the denture. A quantitative analysis of the
      interferograms was performed with the aid of a computer program. The computer
      aided holographic interferometer was tested using disk-shaped acrylic resin
      materials. Dimensional deformations resulting from temperature changes were
      measured with an accuracy better than 0.2 microns. Because of the aging of the
      resin material, the reaction to temperature changes may differ as a function of
      time and may be studied using quantitative comparison of deformation plots. For
      convenience, the original object shape can be added to or subtracted from the
      graphical deformation data.

PMID- 1817532
TI  - Health promotion research. Towards a new social epidemiology. Introduction.

PMID- 1817533
TI  - Socioeconomic status and disease.

PMID- 1817534
TI  - Stress, social support, control and coping: a social epidemiological view.

PMID- 1817535
TI  - Psychobiology of stress and attachment: the biobehavioural view.

PMID- 1817536
TI  - Issues in lifestyles and health: lay meanings of health and health behaviour.

PMID- 1817537
TI  - The role of the family in creating and maintaining healthy lifestyles.

PMID- 1817538
TI  - The social support functions of the family.

PMID- 1817539
TI  - Health promotion in the workplace.

PMID- 1817540
TI  - Health promotion in hospitals.

PMID- 1817541
TI  - Promoting women's health.

PMID- 1817542
TI  - The relevance of health economics to health promotion.

PMID- 1817543
TI  - Unemployment as a stressor: findings and implications of a recent study.

PMID- 1817544
TI  - Health promotion among the elderly.

PMID- 1817545
TI  - Health promotion for chronically ill people.

PMID- 1817546
TI  - Community control of chronic diseases: a review of cardiovascular programmes.

PMID- 1817547
TI  - Community psychiatry and health promotion research.

PMID- 1817548
TI  - The role of community groups and voluntary organizations in health promotion.

PMID- 1817549
TI  - Health promotion through self-help: the contribution of self-help groups.

PMID- 1817550
TI  - Citizen participation in community health: principles for effective partnerships.

PMID- 1817551
TI  - Indicators of health promotion policy: directions for research.

PMID- 1817552
TI  - Making healthy public policy; developing the science by learning the art: an
      ecological framework for policy studies.

PMID- 1817553
TI  - Conceptualizing and measuring health.

PMID- 1817554
TI  - Molecular biology of murine MHC class II genes.
AB  - The murine class II genes are contained in the I region of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC). In the mouse, there are seven class II genes: A
      beta 3, A beta 2, A beta, E beta, E beta 2, A alpha, and E alpha. The A beta and
      A alpha genes code for the two polypeptide chains that form the I-A immune
      response molecule. The E beta and E alpha genes code for the two polypeptide
      chains that form the I-E immune response molecule. This review covers the genetic
      organization of the I region and the exon-intron structure of the class II genes.
      This review also discusses site-directed mutagenesis and exon shuffling studies
      and the effect of these changes on the function of Ia genes. Regulation of the
      cellular expression of Ia genes is discussed with emphasis on recent studies
      involving class II transgenic mice. Also, studies mapping recombination hotspots
      within the E alpha and E beta genes are reviewed.

PMID- 1817555
TI  - The role of cytokines in the regulation of local bone resorption.
AB  - The skeleton is a complex organ that has a variety of functions. It provides a
      supportive framework for the body, it is the site of hematopoiesis, and it is the
      principal storehouse for calcium reserves. Recently, it has become clear that the
      multiple cell types within bone may interact by producing paracrine factors.
      These substances were originally recognized as either the products of activated
      immune cells (cytokines) or as local growth factors. However, they appear to have
      potent effects on both the cells responsible for the structural integrity of the
      skeleton and the cells involved in hematopoiesis. In humans the skeleton is
      constantly remodeling. The cells involved in maintaining the skeleton fall into
      two broad categories: those responsible for the removal of bone (bone resorption)
      and those responsible for bone formation. This review concentrates on defining
      the effects that locally produced factors have on bone-resorbing cells and on the
      interactions between hematopoietic cells that reside in the skeleton and the
      cells responsible for maintaining skeletal integrity.

PMID- 1817556
TI  - Controversies in reproductive immunology.
AB  - Nine areas of current controversy in the field of immunology of reproduction have
      been selected for discussion: (1) do antisperm antibodies cause infertility; (2)
      does cell mediated immunity cause infertility; (3) do antibodies cause
      spontaneous abortion; (4) is abortion due to rejection of the "fetal allograft";
      (5) is altered antigen expression crucial for survival of the "fetal allograft";
      (6) is abortion mediated by graft rejection mechanisms; (7) does locoregional
      suppression prevent abortion; (8) does immunization to prevent abortion and
      promote pregnancy act via immunotropism and cytokine cross-talk; (9) do immune
      responses prevent spontaneous abortion in humans? The reasons for debate and
      uncertainty are reviewed and current data considered in an attempt to arrive at
      the most likely answer to each question. Directions for future research are
      proposed where appropriate.

PMID- 1817557
TI  - [Dental health promotion and planning in Greenland].

PMID- 1817558
TI  - [Longitudinal study of the benefit of clinical examination for diagnosis of tooth
      aplasia].

PMID- 1817559
TI  - [Root fracture in middle third with luxation and development of pulp necrosis].

PMID- 1817560
TI  - [Root fracture in cervical third with incomplete healing, and subsequent removal
      of the fragment and orthodontic extrusion].

PMID- 1817561
TI  - [Dental health of children in Ribe district, 1977-90].

PMID- 1817562
TI  - [Intrusion and palatal displacement of teeth with complete root involvement].

PMID- 1817563
TI  - [Palatal displacement of tooth #21 with subsequent pulpal calcification].

PMID- 1817564
TI  - IgG allotypes of the domestic mink: genetics, expression and evolution.
AB  - A brief review summarized the results we obtained with the identification,
      analysis of population distribution, genetics, expression, and evolution of 12
      IgG allotypes in the American mink and several closely related mustelids. The
      American mink is a unique species with respect to expressed allotypic
      polymorphism of Ig lambda chains. In contrast to the rabbit, human, mouse and
      rat, the phenotypic expression of IgC gamma allotypes shows unusual variations
      which mask their true genetic relationships (linkage of C gamma genes; C gamma =
      constant region of IgG chains). The allotypic IgG polymorphism in the American
      mink during mustelid phylogenesis underwent saltatory change. A parallelism
      between the data on changes in IgG allotype frequencies in man and mink in
      disease is emphasized. In mink, these changes are provided by allotype-specific
      activation of the expression of the 2 CH genes (CH = constant region of the Ig
      heavy chains). The results make apparent the need of including more taxa in
      investigations of Ig genetics. In addition, the Aleutian disease of the mink is
      presented as a model of human disease.

PMID- 1817565
TI  - Alloimmunization to human immunoglobulin genetic markers is frequent in early
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - HLA and Gm allotypes of 99 consecutive Swedish patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      were determined. Ninety-two of the 198 haplotypes contained DR4, a significant
      increase. The patients' sera from 3 different occasions were studied for anti
      immunoglobulin profile as judged by 6 selected anti-Rh coats, 4 of them being
      monoclonal anti-Ds restricted as to allotype. Ninety-two of the patients were
      reactive with a polyclonal anti-Rh Ri as against 10 with the monoclonal carrying
      the G1m(f) allotype. Antibodies to Ig coats carrying defined allotypes were more
      frequently observed in patients not carrying the allotype in question than in
      those individuals possessing it. The difference was significant or highly
      significant as regards presence/absence of G1m(a), G3m(b) and G3m(g),
      respectively. Anti-G1m(a) and anti-G3m(g) cooccurred in 17 of the patients.
      Results consistent with presence/absence of particular anti-immunoglobulins at
      the 3 examinations were observed in 74 of the patients. Gm allotypes or
      antiallotypes were not statistically related with DR4 status. In conclusion,
      alloimmunization to Gm markers frequently occurs in early rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1817566
TI  - HLA class II (DR, DQ, DP) in patients with sarcoidosis: evidence of an increased
      frequency of DRw6.
AB  - The distribution of HLA class II (DR, DQ, and DP) antigens was studied in 41
      patients with symptomatic sarcoidosis (SA) and ethnically matched healthy
      controls. HLA-DR, -DQw1 and -DQw3 typings were performed with alloantisera in the
      conventional microcytotoxic test, whereas -DP typings were done using primed
      lymphocyte typing. The frequencies of DRw6 were 41.5% in SA patients and 17.9% in
      controls (relative risk, RR = 3.2, p = 0.00087, p less than 0.05 when corrected).
      DR3 was decreased to 14.6% in SA patients compared to 25.9% in controls (RR =
      0.49, p = 0.07, i.e., not statistically significant). The decreased frequency of
      DR3 was only seen in patients with severe, long-standing disease. In contrast,
      the DRw6 increase was most pronounced in patients with severe disease (RR = 6.4;
      p = 0.003). There were no statistically significant deviations in the frequencies
      of DQ and DP alleles between patients and controls. In conclusion, our data
      suggest that DRW6 confers susceptibility and DR3 resistance to severe, long
      standing disease.

PMID- 1817567
TI  - C4 polymorphism and major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in IgA
      deficiency: association with C4A null haplotypes.
AB  - IgA-deficient individuals (n = 110) and six families comprising 9 cases of IgA
      deficiency were typed for HLA-A, -B, -DR, C4 and factor B. Phenotype frequencies
      were increased for HLA-B8 (p = 0.004), HLA-DR3 (p = 0.001) and homozygous C4AQ0
      (p = 0.01) and decreased for HLA-B7 (p = 0.004), HLA-DR2 (p = 0.0001) and C4A3 (p
      = 0.00007) compared to controls. Homozygous C4A deficiency was found in 20% of
      IgA-deficient persons. As clearly suggested by investigation of families, the
      findings could be attributed to high prevalence of the extended major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype [HLA-A1, B8, C4AQ0, C4B1, BfS, DR3] in
      IgA deficiency. All but 1 of the 9 IgA-deficient persons included in the family
      study carried this haplotype and 4 of them were homozygous. In the families, 3
      persons with normal serum IgA concentrations had the same MHC haplotypes as their
      IgA-deficient relatives. The findings were also consistent with possible
      overrepresentation of other MHC haplotypes with aberrant C4 gene organization in
      IgA deficiency. As previously suggested, the presence of two MHC haplotypes
      associated with IgA deficiency appears to be a necessary but not sufficient
      requirement for manifestation of the condition. The putative existence of a
      recessive gene in the MHC with regulatory function with regard to IgA gene
      expression is consistent with the findings.

PMID- 1817568
TI  - Delayed reflow of an ischemic infarct after spontaneous thrombolysis studied by
      CBF tomography using SPECT and Tc-99m HMPAO.
AB  - A patient with a large ischemic infarct in the left middle cerebral artery
      territory was studied six times in the acute/subacute phase by cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) tomography using Tc-99m-HMPAO. The SPECT instrument used was a brain
      dedicated highly sensitive four-camera system (TOMOMATIC 232) that allows to keep
      the radioactivity dose per study at 10 mCi (370 MBq). Transcranial Doppler and
      angiography showed spontaneous disappearance of the middle cerebral artery
      occlusion between days 5 and 8, while CBF showed reperfusion of the borderzone
      with flow increasing over several days after resolution of the occlusion with
      flows reaching levels above that of the opposite non-affected side ("Luxury
      Perfusion"). The delayed reflow implies, that SPECT may not constitute a reliable
      tool for evaluating the success or failure of thrombolytic treatment in ischemic
      stroke.

PMID- 1817569
TI  - Tumor imaging with carbon-11 labeled alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in patients
      with malignant melanoma.
AB  - The potential usefulness of [C-11]-labeled alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) for
      tumor imaging has been demonstrated previously in our findings of increased tumor
      uptake with C-14-labeled AIB in human melanoma heterotransplants in nude mice,
      and subsequently, in a single case study using C-11 AIB to demonstrate the extent
      of metastases in patient with widespread malignant melanoma. We report here on
      the use of C-11 AIB in ten patients with metastatic or unresectable malignant
      melanoma. Five patients had intense tracer uptake at all known sites of tumor
      involvement. A sixth patient had good uptake in metastatic lesions in the
      shoulder and the pelvis, but did not demonstrate uptake within metastatic lesions
      in the lungs. Two patients had only minimal uptake over the tumor lesions while
      the two other patients had essentially normal studies. Further studies with C-11
      AIB in patients with melanoma and other tumors are warranted.

PMID- 1817570
TI  - Thiol reduction-mediated 99mTc-IgG for scintigraphy of inflammatory lesions in
      the baboon model.
AB  - Radiolabeling procedures may modify the structure of the Fc portion of the
      immunoglobulin molecule in such a way that its in vivo immunological behavior may
      be altered and its efficacy as radiopharmaceutical for inflammatory lesions
      impaired. This study tested the efficacy of thiol reduction-mediated 99mTc human
      IgG for scintigraphy of focal inflammatory lesions, either bacterially or
      chemically induced and located either in the abdominal/thoracical region or in
      the thigh of baboons. Positive images were obtained in the thigh lesions between
      4 and 7 hr after i.v. administration of the labeled IgG. The abdominal/thoracic
      lesions were never very clear, mostly because of very hot kidneys. Late
      visualization (20 hr) of all lesions was poor and a high background was present.
      Bacterially induced lesions were better visible, although no neutrophil nor
      monocyte activity could be established in the mechanism of the IgG localization.

PMID- 1817571
TI  - Implementation of the T4/5 left ventricular functional image on a VAX-based
      Lexidata image processing station.
AB  - A VAX-based Lexidata image processing station has been used for the development
      and application of image processing and data analysis techniques in nuclear
      medicine. Within the area of cardiac multigated equilibrium blood-pool
      scintigraphy, the computational implementation of the T4/5 functional image, a
      new left ventricular functional image, is presented. This image reflects
      myocardial compliance. The versatility of the implementation is demonstrated.
      Examples of the T4/5 functional image are presented. The VAX-based Lexidata image
      processing station is a useful tool for parameter, feature, and image extraction
      from nuclear medicine images.

PMID- 1817572
TI  - Common bile duct obstruction in cystic fibrosis: utility of hepatobiliary
      scintigraphy.
AB  - Abdominal pain occurs commonly in patients with cystic fibrosis, and is the
      result of a variety of causes, including hepatobiliary disorders. With the
      increasing duration of survival in these patients, diagnostic investigations for
      abdominal pain, including hepatobiliary scanning, may be utilized more frequently
      than in the past. Difficulties in the interpretation of scintigraphic studies may
      arise because of associated gallbladder anomalies that occur in more than 50% of
      patients with cystic fibrosis. Hypoplasia of the gallbladder (microgallbladder)
      occurs commonly. A case is presented in which Tc-99m disofenin hepatobiliary
      scanning proved diagnostic in a patient with cystic fibrosis and cholelithiasis
      leading to common bile duct obstruction. The hepatobiliary abnormalities and
      causes of common bile duct obstruction encountered in cystic fibrosis are
      reviewed.

PMID- 1817573
TI  - Vicarious gastric excretion of intravenous contrast.
AB  - Radiographic identification of vicarious excretion of intravenous contrast into
      the stomach has not previously been cited in the literature. We report here an
      instance of gastric excretion of iodinated intravenous contrast following
      excretory urography in a severely burned patient. The physiology and possible
      pathways of vicarious excretion of contrast are discussed.

PMID- 1817574
TI  - Applications of mass spectrometry to DNA sequencing.
AB  - The ability of the mass spectrometer to analyze collectively the masses of DNA
      fragments that are produced in the Sanger procedure for sequencing may allow the
      gel electrophoresis step to be eliminated. On the other hand, if gel
      electrophoresis is required, the use of resonance ionization spectroscopy coupled
      to a mass spectrometer may enable much faster analysis of DNA bands labeled with
      stable isotopes. Other combinations of labeling of the DNA and its mass
      spectrometric analysis with or without gel electrophoresis are also considered.
      Recent advances in these areas of mass spectrometry are reviewed.

PMID- 1817575
TI  - Enhanced chemiluminescence for the detection of membrane-bound nucleic acid
      sequences: advantages of the Amersham system.
AB  - A range of nonradioactive nucleic acid labeling and detection systems have been
      developed that enable the user to label probes directly with enzyme molecules or
      indirectly with hapten-derivatized nucleotides. Horseradish peroxidase is used
      for the direct labeling procedures due to the ease of chemical modification and
      the relative thermal and chemical stability of this enzyme. Horseradish
      peroxidase has also been conjugated to a high-specificity antifluorescein
      antibody for detection of hapten (fluorescein)-labeled hybrids. Enhanced
      chemiluminescence is a light-emitting process optimized for the detection of low
      levels of horseradish peroxidase on membrane supports. Results are obtained as
      hard copy images on x-ray film.

PMID- 1817576
TI  - Differences in the probability of cloning specific DNA between primary and
      amplified libraries: theoretical considerations.
AB  - We present a theoretical study of the probability of isolating a particular clone
      from a DNA library. There are differences in this probability between primary and
      amplified libraries even if the desired clone represents the same fraction of
      both libraries. As the result, we must screen severalfold more phage or bacteria
      in an amplified library than in a primary library.

PMID- 1817577
TI  - Rapid detection of maize DNA sequence variation.
AB  - The allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) has been used to determine
      the genotype of maize lines at two loci, wx and NPI288. The ASPCR method uses
      allele-specific oligonucleotide primers in PCR amplifications to amplify and
      discriminate simultaneously between polymorphic alleles. The success of this
      technique relies on the specific failure of PCR to amplify with primers that do
      not perfectly match the DNA sequence of one of the allelic variants.
      Amplification results were evaluated by dot-blot hybridization using an alkaline
      phosphatase-coupled probe. The technique's speed, accuracy, sensitivity, and high
      throughput make it valuable for plant-breeding applications.

PMID- 1817578
TI  - In vitro tensile bond strengths of amalgam to treated dentin.
AB  - Since amalgam traditionally relies on undercuts in the tooth preparation for
      retention, extensive tooth structure must be removed for amalgam core build-ups.
      In contrast, the ideal build-up material would achieve its retention by directly
      bonding to tooth structure. This study compared tensile bond strengths of amalgam
      to dentin using All-Bond Liner-FX with three different dentin pretreatment
      conditions and Amalgambond according to the manufacturer's directions. One
      hundred and twenty dentin samples were tested. Groups 1-3 used All-Bond Liner-FX
      as a bonding agent. Group 1 received a 15-second application of 10 percent
      phosphoric acid on the dentin; Group 2 received the recommended dentin
      conditioner; and Group 3 received no dentin pretreatment. Group 4 used
      Amalgambond as the bonding agent after a 10-second application of 10 percent
      citric acid/3 percent ferric chloride. Analysis of the data was conducted using
      both ANOVA and the Weibull statistic. Results of the analysis of variance
      indicate that there were no statistical differences among mean tensile bond
      strengths for the three dentin pretreatment conditions using All-Bond. All (30)
      of the Amalgambond specimens debonded prior to testing. The All-Bond fracture
      data was well described by the Weibull function as evidenced by the high
      coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98-0.99). Fracture analysis indicated that
      all of the Amalgambond failures were adhesive at the Amalgambond-amalgam
      interface. All-Bond fractures were mixed cohesive/adhesive failures indicating
      similar bonding to amalgam and dentin.

PMID- 1817579
TI  - Universal bond resin--Class 5 restoration.

PMID- 1817580
TI  - In vitro bond strength of repaired amalgam with adhesive bonding systems.
AB  - The in vitro tensile bond strengths of Amalgambond and All-Bond were evaluated as
      adhesive systems for the repair of amalgam (Valiant Ph.D.) by two repair amalgams
      (Valiant or Valiant Ph.D.). Other variables evaluated were two surface finishes
      (SiC finish and sandblasted) and two storage conditions (37 degrees C, 24 h, and
      thermocycled). The Amalgambond bond was not reliable. All-Bond bonded amalgam to
      amalgam with Liner-FX. Bond strengths ranged from 3.4 to 8.8 MPa. The highest
      bond strengths were achieved with a sandblasted surface repaired with Valiant.
      Thermocycling did not affect bond strength.

PMID- 1817581
TI  - Dental adhesion and the All-Bond system.
AB  - The All-Bond dentin enamel bonding system is designed to be used for most dental
      applications when adhesion is needed. It is claimed that the system will bond to
      most surfaces encountered in the intraoral environment. This report examines the
      results obtained when the All-Bond dentin-enamel bonding system is used to bond
      to enamel, dentin, porcelain, and three types of metals. Special emphasis is
      placed on the fact that this material bonds to wet dentin surfaces. This has
      heretofore been considered impossible. The phosphoric acid etchant allows
      simultaneous treatment of the dentin and enamel surfaces, thus simplifying the
      procedure and reducing technique sensitivity.

PMID- 1817582
TI  - Hybrid layer as a dentin-bonding mechanism.
AB  - A number of mechanisms (both mechanical and chemical) have been proposed as the
      cause of dentin adhesion. Extensive research in Japan during the past 10 years
      has shown that strong, long-lived bonds between resin and living dentin will form
      when a monomer such as 4-META, which contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
      chemical groups, penetrates the tissue and polymerizes in situ. This resin
      impregnation creates a transitional "hybrid" layer, that is neither resin nor
      tooth, but a hybrid of the two. The thin layer of resin-reinforced dentin locks
      the two dissimilar substances together on a molecular level, sealing the surface
      against leakage and imparting a high degree of acid resistance.

PMID- 1817583
TI  - All-Bond--fourth generation dentin bonding system.
AB  - The All-Bond system is a unique development in the field of adhesive dentistry.
      It is a universal bonding system that will bond composite to all dental-related
      surfaces: dentin, enamel, metal alloy (precious and nonprecious), amalgam,
      porcelain, and composite. It is also the only system that allows use of both the
      conservative and all-etch techniques. The main purpose of this paper is to
      explain the features of the All-Bond system. Its chemistry and a working
      hypothesis are shown as well.

PMID- 1817584
TI  - Shear bond strength to dentin and Ni-Cr-Be alloy with the All-Bond universal
      adhesive system.
AB  - The shear bond strength of the All-Bond system to dentin and a nonprecious alloy
      was evaluated. Eighty human molar teeth (10 per group) were used in the dentin
      bonding phase of the study. A bond site was prepared in dentin, and both the
      succinic anhydride modified HEMA and 10 percent phosphoric acid dentin
      conditioning techniques were evaluated under both wet and dry conditions. Eighty
      Rexillium III specimens were used in the metal bonding phase of the study. All
      Bond primer and opaquer were applied to the metal surface, followed by a visible
      light-cured composite restorative material. Dentin bond strengths were determined
      at 24 hours, while metal bond strengths were evaluated both at 24 hours and after
      thermocycling (2,500 cycles). Separate groups were established for adhesion to
      both dentin and metal with the composite placed in a plastic matrix or a gelatin
      capsule. The highest mean shear bond values to dentin were obtained in the groups
      with the gelatin capsule bonding procedure, where the dentin was treated with 10
      percent phosphoric acid and then blotted dry (wet technique) before the bonding
      procedure (39.99 MPa). These values were higher than the succinic anhydride
      modified HEMA-treated group with gentle air drying (wet technique-29.56 MPa).
      There was essentially no difference in mean shear bond strengths to dentin when a
      succinic anhydride modified HEMA dentin conditioner was used with aggressive (dry
      technique) or gentle air drying (wet technique) [29.56 versus 29.08 MPa]. High
      bond strengths to Rexillium III were obtained when the All-Bond adhesive system
      was used in combination with a dual-care opaquer and a composite restorative
      material.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817585
TI  - Isolation of the field more important than ever.

PMID- 1817586
TI  - Management of periodontal tissues for restorative dentistry.
AB  - Proper management of periodontal tissues is required to achieve predictable long
      term success with restorative dental procedures. Forced eruption as well as
      several surgical techniques may be used to achieve and maintain adequate biologic
      width during restorative and esthetic dental procedures. The technique that will
      yield optimal results depends on the relationship between the restoration's
      margins and the surrounding periodontium. A classification system that describes
      these interrelationships and provides treatment recommendations is included.

PMID- 1817587
TI  - Periodontal margin in the older adult: considerations for position, placement,
      and support.
AB  - Some of the oral health problems of older adults arise from loss of function,
      which is catalyzed by changes in oral health induced by systemic disease and its
      treatment. The successful maintenance of a healthy gingival to root surface
      interface depends on the development of appropriate dental and gingival contours
      to facilitate self-cleansing and proper hygiene procedures by the patient. This
      article, with the use of case histories, discusses only one of the complications
      to restorative care in older adults, that is, loss of function and its
      relationship to marginal placement. Prevention of oral disease in the older adult
      may require modification of the long-held periodontal/restorative philosophy of
      placing margins above the tissue wherever possible. In addition, the professional
      prophylaxis of restorations adjacent to the gingival margin must address the
      problems of the creation of a roughened surface by abrasion to composites from
      pastes and polishing.

PMID- 1817588
TI  - Conservative esthetic geriatric restoration using anhydrous glass ionomer.
AB  - A conservative technique for treatment of incisal erosion lesions using a new
      light-cured ionomer restorative cement is described.

PMID- 1817589
TI  - Clinical application of Geristore glass-ionomer restorative in older dentitions.
AB  - Geristore is a new multi-use dual-cure glass-ionomer restorative that has been
      introduced recently. There are many clinical applications for this material, some
      of which are presented in this article.

PMID- 1817590
TI  - Interproximal finishing of esthetic restorations.

PMID- 1817591
TI  - [The ability of elderly institutionalized pensioners in Reykjavik in maintaining
      and carrying out oral hygiene procedures in 1984].
AB  - In 1984 a random sample of 400 institutionalized old-age pensioners, 67 years and
      older, was interviewed on oral hygiene habits. Complete denture cleanliness was
      also studied by using a plaque detector to disclose plaque on the fitting surface
      of the maxillary denture. Based on the distribution of plaque a grading system
      using three categories (excellent, fair, poor) was applied to indicate complete
      denture cleanliness. About 94% of dentulous and 88.7% of edentulous respondents
      claimed that they were able to take care of their oral hygiene themselves. The
      proportion of dentulous subjects that cleaned their teeth at least once a day was
      66.7%. A great majority (92.4%) of edentulous pensioners reported that they
      cleaned their complete dentures once a day or more often and women cleaned their
      dentures more frequently than men. Nevertheless cleanliness was graded excellent
      in only 14.4% of the complete dentures. This seems to indicate a need for
      increased education on the importance of a good oral hygiene and that
      institutionalized pensioners should receive more help with their daily oral
      hygiene.

PMID- 1817592
TI  - [Institutionalized elderly in Reykjavik in 1984. Their opinions of dental visits,
      need for dental service and possible changes in dental service and third party
      payments].
AB  - In 1984 an investigation was done among a random sample of 400 old-age
      pensioners, 67 yrs, and older, who were either inmates of old people's
      residential or nursing homes or long-term patients in geriatric departments at
      the hospitals in Reykjavik. A dentist asked all participants standardised
      questions, among which were: questions concerning dental visiting habits; opinion
      on the dental public health system; subjective estimation on own need for dental
      services; opinion on the services rendered by the dental profession; and refunds
      of dental fees by the public health system. During the last twelve month period
      only 16.6% had visited a dentist and 34% had not gone to a dentist for more than
      20 years. Of those who had made use of dental services during the last 5-10
      years, 79.6% said they were satisfied. Barely 75% considered themselves in need
      of dental services, and 67.6% claimed that they would not seek dental services
      more frequently if they were made available in the institution, or if free
      transportation were available to the dentist's office. Only 35.9% said that they
      would make use of free dental checkups, while 82.2% however were in favour of
      free health services for old age pensioners. For statistical analysis chi-square
      at 5% level was used, comparing the answers by sex, age, and institution. There
      was no statistically significant difference with the exception of difference
      between institutions with regard to a question of free dental services (0.005
      less than p less than 0.01). This question however did not give a significant
      difference between the sexes or the two different age groups.

PMID- 1817593
TI  - [Long-term study of incidence and occurrence of dental decay among children in
      Akureyri born in 1976, (11-12 years of age), 1988-89].
AB  - The Prevalence and incidence of dental caries was determined for children living
      in Akureyri, North Iceland, and born in 1976. They were examined when aged 11y
      and again at 12y. 240 children were examined in 1988 (99.2% of 11-year-olds
      resident at that time) and 222 children were examined on both occasions (greater
      than 90% of the total age cohort). The recommended methods of WHO were used for
      these examinations and no radiographs were taken. No teeth had been extracted
      because of caries. 22.5% of children aged 11y were caries free and 19.3% of those
      aged 12y. Mean DFS and DFT scores at 11y were 5.7 and 3.2 respectively and 6.2
      and 3.5 at 12y. These figures resemble very closely those obtained for children
      of the same age examined by the Schools' Dental Service in Reykjavik in the
      respective years. The prevalence and incidence of caries in these two Icelandic
      communities is similar despite being quite different with respect to the
      organization of dental health care. In Akureyri the dental care of children is
      organized by the private dental practitioners. More than half the increment in
      caries scores observed in the children at 12y was distributed amon only 9% of the
      study population (20 subjects). About one quarter of 12-years-old children had
      60% of the total caries score. The decline in caries prevalence from levels
      previously observed in Iceland makes it now likely that the aim of WHO to reduce
      mean DMFT scores to 3 by 2000 AD in children aged 12y will be achieved in
      Iceland.

PMID- 1817594
TI  - [An examination of dental X-ray units in 1988-1990].

PMID- 1817595
TI  - [Unexpected discovery in an orthopantomogram. Case report].

PMID- 1817596
TI  - [A comparison of stress distribution at tapered vs. threaded cylindrical posts
      using photoelastic stress analysis].
AB  - The need for complex restoration of pulpless teeth has resulted from successful
      endodontic therapy. When a post and core is necessary thought must be given to
      the stress producing characteristics of the post. A two-dimensional photoelastic
      analysis was used to investigate the stress distribution of a tapered post and
      core and two different core materials on the stress distribution of a threaded
      cylindrical post. A cast gold tapered post with core, and a prefabricated VLock
      post with amalgam or composite cores were compared with the VLock post without
      core at installation, at vertical, and at inclined loading. The findings confirm
      that tapered posts are benign on installation and that threaded posts create
      stress where they engage the model, the stresses being intensified upon loading
      where the posts are in contact with the models. The findings further indicate
      that cores can facilitate a more favorable distribution, especially at inclined
      loading.

PMID- 1817597
TI  - Change through remodeling.

PMID- 1817598
TI  - Changing the role of the manager to reflect the times.

PMID- 1817599
TI  - The role of the nurse executive in the volunteer community-based organization.

PMID- 1817600
TI  - Nurse executives: future leaders of our health care system.

PMID- 1817601
TI  - A nursing HMO--10 months with Carondelet St. Mary's hospital-based nurse case
      management.

PMID- 1817602
TI  - The redesign agenda.

PMID- 1817603
TI  - Work redesign: more than rearranging furniture on the Titanic!

PMID- 1817604
TI  - Home health care reframed.

PMID- 1817605
TI  - Localization of a specific nucleotide in yeast tRNA by scanning transmission
      electron microscopy using an undecagold cluster.
AB  - Scanning transmission electron microscopic images of transfer RNAs reveal the
      molecular dimensions and compact morphology of these small macromolecules in
      unprecedented detail. Selective labeling of a sulfhydryl group on 2-thiocytidine
      enzymatically inserted at position 75 at the 3' end of yeast tRNA(Phe) with an
      undecagold cluster permits identification of this specific tRNA site by dark
      field STEM. Imaging of a single nucleotide at a defined location on the tRNA
      molecule should make it possible to localize in situ tRNAs at the A, P, and E
      sites of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center, and in complexes of tRNA with
      enzymes and elongation factors. In addition, this approach may be used for the
      highly specific topographical mapping of other RNAs and/or biological
      macromolecular complexes.

PMID- 1817606
TI  - Spatial visualization of DNA in solution.
AB  - An image analysis method is presented which allows for the reconstruction of the
      three-dimensional path of filamentous objects from two of their projections.
      Starting with stereo pairs, this method is used to trace the trajectory of DNA
      molecules embedded in vitreous ice and leads to a faithful representation of
      their three-dimensional shape in solution. This computer-aided reconstruction is
      superior to the subjective three-dimensional impression generated by observation
      of stereo pairs of micrographs because it enables one to look at the
      reconstructed molecules from any chosen direction and distance and allows
      quantitative analysis such as determination of distances, curvature, persistence
      length, and writhe of DNA molecules in solution.

PMID- 1817607
TI  - Heavy-meromyosin-decorated actin filaments: a simple method to preserve actin
      filaments for rotary shadowing.
AB  - It has become accepted that deep-freeze-drying at or below -90 degrees C is
      necessary to preserve the structure of supramolecular assemblies such as actin
      filaments (AFs) for metal shadowing. This has kept the metal shadowing technique
      from widespread use in the study of proteins complexed with AFs because of the
      limited availability of the apparatus for deep-freeze-drying. I report here that
      adsorption to freshly cleaved mica, treatment with buffered uranyl acetate in
      glycerol solution, rinsing, and removal of liquid eliminate the need of freeze
      drying to preserve the structure of AFs. This technique, in combination with
      metal shadowing, was applied to the study of AFs decorated with heavy meromyosin
      (HMM). It was observed that (1) when HMM molecules are associated with single AFs
      in the majority of cases only one head of each HMM molecule makes contact at the
      point furthest from the neck region; (2) binding of HMM causes bundling of AFs,
      probably by the two heads of each molecule binding different filaments; and (3)
      the binding of HMM to the bundled AFs appears to be more stable than that to a
      single AF. This method of specimen preparation requires no freeze-drying and is
      therefore easily applicable to other large protein complexes.

PMID- 1817608
TI  - Microcrystals of the annexin, p68: paracrystal to crystal transition and
      molecular packing as determined by electron microscopy and image reconstruction.
AB  - The calcium-sensitive, membrane-binding annexin, p68, has been crystallized from
      solutions of polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate. Our electron microscopy
      and X-ray diffraction data indicate that p68 crystals are tetragonal, in space
      group P4(1), and have unit cell dimensions of a = b = 68.4 A and c = 209.6 A. The
      mechanism of crystallization from polyethylene glycol involves a transition from
      a paracrystalline form to ordered crystals by lateral reordering of chains of
      molecules extended along the c axis. These chains are directional and might
      reflect a mechanism whereby the two different ends of (chains of) the p68
      molecules interact with different membranes.

PMID- 1817609
TI  - High precision immunoscanning electron microscopy using Fab fragments coupled to
      ultra-small colloidal gold.
AB  - Ultra-small colloidal gold (less than 1 nm), bound to Fab fragments provides the
      shortest practical specific marker system to date and can be used in concert with
      field emission scanning electron microscopes to precisely locate antigenic sites.
      An "in-lens" FE-SEM equipped with a highly sensitive single crystal YAG-detector
      for backscattered electrons, as well as the use of advanced specimen preparation
      techniques based on cryofixation, are among the indispensible prerequisites. A T
      even type Escherichia coli bacteriophage, Tu II*-46, was chosen to study
      properties of the immunogold labeling system. Distinct regions on the tail fibers
      of this phage were labeled with Fab fragments derived from antibodies against the
      related phage Tu II*-6. The tail fibers are composed of pairs of homologous
      proteins, thus offering two identical antigenic sites at the same locus on the
      tail fibers. Fab fragments can be visualized in the SEM at high accelerating
      voltage (30 kV) without any additional marker. This permits comparison of the
      labeling characteristics of unmarked and colloidal gold-marked Fab fragments.
      Unmarked Fab fragments often bind by pairs (two singlet Fab fragments bound
      opposed to each other along the axis of the tail fiber). The labeling efficiency
      of unmarked Fab fragments was greater than that of ultra-small gold-labeled Fab
      fragments. Binding by pairs was not seen after labeling with ultra-small gold-Fab
      fragments. The conjugates used in this study exhibited one colloidal gold per Fab
      fragment.

PMID- 1817610
TI  - The glucocorticoid receptor in homodimeric and monomeric form visualised by
      electron microscopy.
AB  - The purified glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from rat liver has been visualised by
      electron microscopy. The specimens were prepared by spreading on thin carbon
      support and negatively stained using uranyl acetate. Two forms of GR, the
      monomeric and the dimeric forms, were identified based on size, chromatographic
      distribution, and DNA binding properties. The GR monomer consists of two globular
      domains of slightly different size with a thinner connecting domain in between.
      In the absence of DNA the dimeric GR has a characteristic four-leaf clover
      structure. The size and appearance of this structure is consistent with two GR
      subunits arranged in a side-by-side fashion. Monomeric and dimeric GR
      specifically bound to DNA are also shown.

PMID- 1817611
TI  - Image averaging of flexible fibrous macromolecules: the clathrin triskelion has
      an elastic proximal segment.
AB  - We have developed computational techniques that allow image averaging to be
      applied to electron micrographs of filamentous molecules that exhibit tight and
      variable curvature. These techniques, which involve straightening by cubic-spline
      interpolation, image classification, and statistical analysis of the molecules'
      curvature properties, have been applied to purified brain clathrin. This trimeric
      filamentous protein polymerizes, both in vivo and in vitro, into a wide range of
      polyhedral structures. Contrasted by low-angle rotary shadowing, dissociated
      clathrin molecules appear as distinctive three-legged structures, called
      "triskelions" (E. Ungewickell and D. Branton (1981) Nature 289, 420). We find
      triskelion legs to vary from 35 to 62 nm in total length, according to an
      approximately bell-shaped distribution (mu = 51.6 nm). Peaks in averaged
      curvature profiles mark hinges or sites of enhanced flexibility. Such profiles,
      calculated for each length class, show that triskelion legs are flexible over
      their entire lengths. However, three curvature peaks are observed in every case:
      their locations define a proximal segment of systematically increasing length
      (14.0-19.0 nm), a mid-segment of fixed length (approximately 12 nm), and a rather
      variable end-segment (11.6-19.5 nm), terminating in a hinge just before the
      globular terminal domain (approximately 7.3 nm diameter). Thus, two major factors
      contribute to the overall variability in leg length: (1) stretching of the
      proximal segment and (2) stretching of the end-segment and/or scrolling of the
      terminal domain. The observed elasticity of the proximal segment may reflect
      phosphorylation of the clathrin light chains.

PMID- 1817612
TI  - The three-dimensional organization of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in capillary
      endothelia: its possible role in regulation of free cytosolic calcium.
AB  - A rise in cytosolic free Ca in capillary endothelia leads to increased
      permeability. It has been proposed that this Ca(2+)-regulated modulation of
      junctional permeability of vascular endothelia involves structural elements
      comparable to those involved in stimulus-contraction coupling in smooth muscle.
      To explore this analogy the three-dimensional organization of smooth-surfaced
      cisternae, vesicular membrane profiles, and tight junctions was examined in
      endothelia of diaphragm and heart capillaries of the rat. Three-dimensional
      reconstructions, based on consecutive sections of the capillaries, have
      demonstrated a population of small, irregular membrane profiles, occurring in
      individual thin sections of the endothelial cytoplasm. These profiles represent
      an elaborate system of smooth-surfaced cisternae, structurally similar to the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of smooth muscle cells. Slender processes from the
      cisternae are often situated in parallel to the tight junctions at a distance of
      about 100 nm. The great majority of the characteristic circular membrane profiles
      represents caveolae and racemose invaginations of the endothelial plasma
      membrane, often in close relation to the cisternae. It is hypothesized that the
      endothelial cisternae and invaginations of the cell membrane are involved in
      regulation of free cytosolic calcium in the same way as the SR and caveolae in
      smooth muscle cells. The junction-related cisternal processes may play a role in
      the Ca(2+)-regulated modulation of junctional permeability.

PMID- 1817613
TI  - "Keep a clear airway".

PMID- 1817614
TI  - Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx.
AB  - Conventional lateral radiography was used in 18 elderly male patients to
      investigate the changes induced by general anaesthesia in the upper airway. The
      effect of tongue traction under anaesthesia was studied similarly in another 11
      patients. Following induction of anaesthesia, there were highly significant
      approximations to the posterior pharyngeal wall of the soft palate (median change
      1.3 mm, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.3-2.6 mm; P = 0.006), tongue base (mean
      change 6.5 mm, 95% Cl 5.3-7.7 mm; P less than 0.001) and epiglottis (mean change
      3.8 mm, 95% Cl 3.1-4.5 mm; P less than 0.001). Apparent radiographic occlusion of
      the airway occurred most consistently at the level of the soft palate (17 of 18
      patients), sometimes at the level of the epiglottis (four patients), but the
      tongue base did not touch the posterior pharyngeal wall in any patient. Traction
      on the tongue failed to clear the nasopharyngeal obstruction. Attempted
      inspiration under anaesthesia caused major secondary collapse of the pharynx,
      with multiple sites of obstruction, similar to that found in obstructive sleep
      apnoea.

PMID- 1817615
TI  - Nitrous oxide and formiminoglutamic acid: excretion in surgical patients and
      anaesthetists.
AB  - We have investigated the possible toxicity of nitrous oxide on vitamin B12 and
      its sequelae upon folic acid metabolism using the urine formiminoglutamic acid
      excretion test, an index of the functional state of folate metabolism. Ten
      control subjects not exposed to nitrous oxide and five patients receiving limb
      surgery under local anaesthesia excreted normal amounts of formiminoglutamic acid
      in urine for 6 days. Fifty patients received nitrous oxide anaesthesia for
      similar surgery and, of these, 22 had a dose-dependent increase in excretion on
      the first 2 days after operation. There were large individual variations.
      Exposure to 70% nitrous oxide appeared to cause abnormal metabolism of folate
      when exposure was greater than 90 min. Ten anaesthetists demonstrated normal
      excretion of formiminoglutamic acid; their exposure to nitrous oxide was typical
      of that in other studies of theatre environmental pollution.

PMID- 1817616
TI  - Human learning during general anaesthesia and surgery.
AB  - To determine if learning occurs during general anaesthesia, 72 women undergoing
      surgery were given postoperative implicit memory tests in which performance could
      be influenced by auditory information presented during general anaesthesia. Two
      methods of anaesthesia were used: nitrous oxide and opioids (n = 24) or nitrous
      oxide and isoflurane (1, 1.3 and 1.5 MAC for n = 12, 24 and 12, respectively).
      Three tests showed some retention, apparently unconscious, of information
      presented during anaesthesia: in Behavioural Suggestions tests, patients who were
      instructed during anaesthesia to touch a particular body part (ear or nose)
      during later questioning touched the "correct" (suggested) body part longer than
      the "incorrect" (not suggested) body part during a postoperative interview on the
      day of surgery (means 2.5 vs 0.2 s); in World Completion tests, patients shown a
      page containing the first three letters of words and asked to give words
      beginning with those letters gave more words from a list that had been played
      during anaesthesia than from a list not played (means 0.48 vs 0.27 words); in
      Nonsense Word tests, patients who were played different nonsense words between
      two and 16 times during anaesthesia preferred and guessed more accurately those
      that had been played most often (16 times) relative to those played less often in
      subsequent preference and recognition tests (means 56% vs 46% for preference and
      62% vs 48% for recognition), while showing no such patterns in additional control
      tests. Learning did not vary with the method of anaesthesia, as might have been
      expected if learning was a monotonic function of brain depression. Some
      information processing functions of the brain evidently continue to function
      during adequate general anaesthesia.

PMID- 1817617
TI  - Effect of low concentrations of nitrous oxide and isoflurane on peak velocity of
      saccadic eye movements.
AB  - Peak velocity of saccadic eye movements was studied in six healthy volunteers who
      were each given, on separate days, 5% and 10% MAC of nitrous oxide (5% and 10%
      end-tidal) or of isoflurane (0.06% and 0.12% end-tidal) or air, each gas for 25
      min. Subjective assessment following each treatment was also undertaken. No
      significant difference was found between air and either 5% or 10% nitrous oxide.
      However, significant differences occurred at 15 and 25 min after 0.06% isoflurane
      compared with air (P less than 0.05) and highly significant differences were
      present 5, 15 and 25 min after 0.12% isoflurane when compared with air and
      nitrous oxide (P less than 0.01). In contrast, there was little difference
      between the three gases by subjective assessment.

PMID- 1817618
TI  - Subhypnotic doses of thiopentone and propofol cause analgesia to experimentally
      induced acute pain.
AB  - Subhypnotic doses of thiopentone are considered to have a hyperalgesic effect,
      while propofol has a hypoalgesic effect. We investigated the effect of these
      drugs on the nociceptive system by measuring the pain threshold to laser
      stimulation and the pain evoked potential (power and latency). Nineteen patients
      (ASA group I) participated. Twelve patients received thiopentone 0.5 mg kg-1 and
      propofol 0.25 mg kg-1 in random order separated by an interval of 14 h, and seven
      patients received saline. Immediately after the injection of both agents, the
      pain threshold was increased significantly (P less than 0.001) and the amplitude
      of the evoked potential was reduced significantly (P less than 0.05), while the
      latency of the evoked potential remained constant. It is concluded that, in
      subhypnotic doses, both thiopentone and propofol decrease the acute pain evoked
      by argon laser stimulation.

PMID- 1817619
TI  - Pain on i.v. injection of some anaesthetic agents is evoked by the
      unphysiological osmolality or pH of their formulations.
AB  - We have studied the intensity and time-course of pain during and after injection
      into an isolated vein segment in seven normal subjects of saline or glucose of
      different osmolalities (0-6 osmol kg-1) or pH (2-13). Pain scores were recorded
      continuously by a modified visual analogue scale apparatus. With osmolar
      stimulation, pain occurred at 1.0 osmol kg-1 during perfusion and 3.0 osmol kg-1
      with rapid injection and increased with osmolar concentration of both saline and
      glucose solutions. Acidic and alkaline solutions evoked pain at a pH value less
      than 4 or greater than 11. We conclude that pain on i.v. injection of some
      sedative and hypnotic drugs is likely to be caused by formulations of extremely
      unphysiological osmolalities or pH values.

PMID- 1817620
TI  - Drawover anaesthesia and preoxygenation.
AB  - We have studied the efficacy of preoxygenation using the Triservice Anaesthetic
      Apparatus (TSA) in healthy patients and found it to be unsatisfactory. An
      alternative technique suitable for field use was explored. The Mapleson D system
      (Bain) was found to be suitable for preoxygenation with a fresh gas flow of only
      4 litre of oxygen per minute. In a randomized study using only 4 litre of oxygen
      per minute for 3 min, the Bain system was found to be superior to the TSA.

PMID- 1817621
TI  - Use of continuous positive airway pressure in paediatric dental extraction under
      general anaesthesia.
AB  - In a controlled prospective study, we studied 150 grade ASA I children undergoing
      outpatient dental extraction under inhalation anaesthesia with a T-piece system
      allocated to three equal groups: a control group (0 cm H2O CPAP), and two study
      groups receiving 2.5 or 5 cm H2O of CPAP via a nasal mask. We found that the
      incidence and severity of oxygen desaturation were reduced significantly in the 5
      cm H2O CPAP group.

PMID- 1817622
TI  - Effect of verapamil on right ventricular pressure and atrial tachyarrhythmia
      after thoracotomy.
AB  - We have studied the effect of verapamil on the incidence of ECG changes and right
      ventricular pressures (RVP) in 25 male patients (aged 62 (SD 9) yr) undergoing
      thoracotomy in a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Verapamil 0.01 mg kg-1 h
      1 (n = 12) or saline (n = 13) i.v. was started after surgery and continued on the
      first day after operation with oral verapamil 80 mg or placebo, 8-hourly.
      Haemodynamic data were collected before operation and on three days after
      operation with the patients breathing air and then 60% oxygen (FIO2 0.60) for 10
      min. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) (4/13) and new ischaemic ECG changes (3/13)
      occurred only in the control group (P less than 0.05). With an FI02 of 0.21,
      systolic RVP increased by 54% on the first two days after operation in the
      control group and by 13% in the verapamil group (P less than 0.02). With an FIO2
      of 0.60 for 10 min, systolic RVP decreased more in the control than in the
      verapamil group (P less than 0.01). In the control group, an increase in end
      diastolic RVP (P less than 0.001) and central venous pressure (P less than 0.05)
      on the first day after operation was predictive of AT occurring on the second
      day.

PMID- 1817623
TI  - Electroencephalographic changes during vital capacity breath induction with
      halothane.
AB  - We investigated the EEG responses in 17 patients during induction of anaesthesia
      with vital capacity breaths of 4% halothane. The control alpha activity changed
      to a low voltage, 5-25 muV, fast, 20-28 Hz activity at the time of loss of
      consciousness at 78 (SD 27) s and typical spindle bursts (20-75 muV, 12-15 Hz)
      developed at 223 (51) s. All patients remained haemodynamically stable. This
      sequence of EEG changes was similar to that observed during induction with the
      conventional method of normal tidal volume breathing and a gradual increase of
      the inspired concentration of halothane.

PMID- 1817624
TI  - Attenuation of the pressor response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive
      proteinuric pregnant patients by lignocaine, alfentanil and magnesium sulphate.
AB  - The pressor response to intubation is known to be exaggerated in patients with
      gestational proteinuric hypertension (GPH). The effect of pretreatment with
      lignocaine 1.5 mg kg-1, magnesium sulphate 40 mg kg-1 or alfentanil 10 micrograms
      kg-1 on this pressor response was studied in 69 patients with moderate to severe
      GPH. Systolic arterial pressure exceeded baseline values for the first 5 min
      after tracheal intubation in the lignocaine group, with a peak increase of 31.6
      (SEM 3.6) mm Hg at 2 min after intubation, but no mean increase in pressure
      occurred in the two other groups. Following intubation, six of 24 mothers in the
      alfentanil group, six of 21 in the lignocaine group and one of 24 in the
      magnesium group (P less than 0.05) exhibited a systolic arterial pressure (SAP)
      greater than 180 mm Hg sustained for 2 min or more. Alfentanil caused the least
      change in heart rate, but resulted in significant fetal depression.

PMID- 1817625
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of air or saline to identify the extradural
      space.
AB  - Fifty women in labour were allocated randomly to receive either air or saline to
      assist in the identification of the extradural space by the loss of resistance
      technique. A study volume of 4 ml of air or saline was used before 0.5%
      bupivacaine 8 ml and the spread of analgesia was followed for 30 min. The first
      segment blocked, time of onset, number of blocked segments and height of block
      were comparable in the two groups. At 30 min, there were eight patients with an
      unblocked segment in the air group, compared with two in the saline group (P less
      than 0.01). All unblocked segments were blocked subsequently by further doses of
      bupivacaine. We conclude that air is more likely than saline to produce unblocked
      segments in the initiation of extradural analgesia in labour.

PMID- 1817626
TI  - Effect of adrenaline on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following lower limb
      nerve block.
AB  - Twenty-two patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty received combined sciatic
      plus femoral "3 in 1" blocks as adjuncts to general anaesthesia. Eleven patients
      received 0.375% bupivacaine 45 ml (168.75 mg) with adrenaline 1 in 200,000 and
      the remaining 11 received plain solution according to a previously prepared,
      randomized list. The mean maximum plasma bupivacaine concentration was
      significantly greater with plain solution than when adrenaline was added (1.66
      micrograms ml-1 compared with 0.98 micrograms ml-1) (P less than 0.05).
      Bupivacaine concentrations were greater at all times in the plain group compared
      with the group receiving adrenaline. These differences were statistically
      significant at 10, 15 and 20 min (P less than 0.05). The greatest peak
      concentration recorded was 3.13 micrograms ml-1 in one patient receiving plain
      bupivacaine. No patient developed signs of systemic toxic effects. Peak plasma
      concentrations were related inversely to body weight in patients receiving
      solution containing adrenaline (P less than 0.005), but no relationship existed
      in patients who received plain solution.

PMID- 1817627
TI  - Comparison of incremental spinal anesthesia using a 32-gauge catheter with
      extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section.
AB  - Forty-three mothers who had requested regional anaesthesia for elective Caesarean
      section were allocated randomly to receive either extradural anaesthesia with pH
      adjusted 2% lignocaine with 1/200,000 adrenaline, or incremental spinal
      anaesthesia using a 32-gauge catheter with 0.5% plain bupivacaine. Increments of
      lignocaine or bupivacaine were given with the aim of achieving a block from T4 to
      S5. The spinal catheter was quicker to place (median 3 min, range 1-45 min,
      compared with median 10 min, range 1.5-50 min) and spinal anaesthesia was quicker
      to establish (median 20 min, range 10-46 min compared with median 48 min, range
      15-59 min) compared with the extradural technique. The maximum height of the
      spinal block was significantly higher (median T3-4, range T5-T3) than the
      extradural group (median T5, range T6-T3). The total dose of intrathecal 0.5%
      bupivacaine was unpredictable, with a mean dose of 2.7 ml and a range between 1.5
      ml and 7.4 ml. Haemodynamic stability and the quality of the block were similar
      between the groups. There were two mild spinal-headaches in the spinal group. All
      the spinal catheters were removed intact.

PMID- 1817628
TI  - Extradural clonidine does not potentiate analgesia produced by extradural
      morphine after meniscectomy.
AB  - We have studied the ability of clonidine to potentiate morphine analgesia in 28
      patients (ASA I) after meniscectomy under general anaesthesia. One hour after
      surgery, morphine 3 mg (n = 10), clonidine 75 micrograms (n = 8) or morphine 3 mg
      plus clonidine 75 micrograms (n = 10) was injected extradurally. Morphine alone
      and in combination with clonidine produced similar and significant analgesia as
      assessed by verbal analogue pain scores. Pain scores did not decrease
      significantly in patients given clonidine alone. There were statistically, but
      not clinically significant decreases in systemic arterial pressure after morphine
      alone and clonidine alone. No patient developed sensory or motor block. One
      patient given morphine alone developed retention of urine. It is concluded that,
      in the dose used in this study, clonidine did not potentiate the analgesia
      produced by extradural morphine.

PMID- 1817629
TI  - Extradural diamorphine with adrenaline in labour: comparison with diamorphine and
      bupivacaine.
AB  - In a randomized double-blind study of 51 primigravida, we have examined the
      relative efficacies of bupivacaine, diamorphine or diamorphine with adrenaline
      given by the extradural route for relief of pain during labour. Group 1 (n = 18)
      received diamorphine 5 mg in 0.9% sodium chloride 8 ml; group 2 (n = 19) received
      diamorphine 5 mg in 0.9% sodium chloride 8 ml with 1:200,000 adrenaline; group 3
      (n = 14) received 0.375% bupivacaine 8 ml. All patients received 0.375%
      bupivacaine 8 ml as a supplement after the initial analgesia had subsided.
      Patients in all groups had satisfactory and comparable analgesia 20 min after the
      initial injection. However, after 60 min and up to 8 h, analgesia was superior in
      group 2 as assessed by linear analogue pain scores, with statistical significance
      at 4, 6 and 8 h. Groups 1 and 2 required bupivacaine supplements less frequently
      than group 3 (P less than 0.001). There were no serious adverse effects in any
      group, but pruritus was a feature in the diamorphine groups. Diamorphine 5 mg may
      be used as an alternative to bupivacaine 0.375% 8 ml in the first stage of labour
      and provides a longer duration of action. The addition of adrenaline 1:200,000
      appears to augment both the quality and duration of analgesia.

PMID- 1817630
TI  - Priming of pancuronium with magnesium.
AB  - Magnesium inhibits the release of acetylcholine from the motor nerve terminal and
      thus potentiates the action of the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs.
      We have examined the possibility that this effect might enhance the speed of
      onset of non-depolarizing block with pancuronium. Following the administration of
      pancuronium 100 micrograms kg-1, 95% depression of thumb twitch occurred in 68.3
      (SD 25.9) s in magnesium-pretreated subjects and in 73.7 (19.5) s in a group
      given a priming dose (10 micrograms kg-1) of pancuronium. Tracheal intubation was
      performed after 97.8 (22.5) s in the magnesium group and in 121.0 (37.5) s in the
      control group (ns). It is concluded that pretreatment with magnesium does not
      usefully increase the speed of onset of action of pancuronium.

PMID- 1817631
TI  - Tension pneumothorax and pulse oximetry.
AB  - A case is described of spontaneous tension pneumothorax occurring during
      preparation for thoracic surgery. The earliest indication of this was unexplained
      haemoglobin desaturation as detected by pulse oximetry. This case report provides
      another example of the early warning potential of pulse oximetry.

PMID- 1817632
TI  - The Humphrey ADE system: evaluation in paediatric use.
AB  - The Humphrey ADE single lever parallel form breathing system was evaluated in 17
      children whose lungs were ventilated mechanically, mean age 28 (range 9-58)
      months, weight 13.3 (8.3-18.0) kg and in 10 spontaneously breathing children, age
      50.7 (18-99) months and weight 17.5 (10.9-24.3) kg. During controlled ventilation
      in the E mode, the ADE behaved in a manner similar to the Jackson-Rees
      modification of Ayre's T-piece with the fresh gas flows (FGF) set either
      according to weight or at a standard 3 litre min-1. After 5 min hand ventilation
      in the A mode with FGF 3 litre min-1 the mean end-tidal partial pressure of
      carbon dioxide was 5.3 (SD 0.8) kPa (range 4.1-7.7 kPa). Whilst breathing
      spontaneously in the A mode, no patient experienced rebreathing at FGF 3 litre
      min-1; rebreathing started at 124 (31.6) ml kg-1 min-1. The ADE circuit performed
      satisfactorily in all three modes. During controlled ventilation in the E mode,
      FGF should be adjusted according to the standard formulae recommended for the T
      piece circuit. During hand ventilation in the A mode, an FGF greater than 3 litre
      min-1 should be used.

PMID- 1817633
TI  - Resistance of humidifiers, and inspiratory work imposed by a ventilator
      humidifier circuit.
AB  - The pressures and resistances of a bubble humidifier (Bennett Cascade) and a blow
      by humidifier (Fisher and Paykel) were measured and computed at gas flow rates
      from 4.5 to 100 litre min-1. Pressures increased with flows, with the Bennett
      pressures being greater at all flows. The resistance of the Fisher-Paykel
      increased with flows, but remained less than that of the Bennett. An inverse
      resistance-flow relationship was seen with the Bennett up to a flow of 35 litre
      min-1. The work of breathing through a Servo 900C ventilator-humidifier circuit
      was computed, using a lung model. Work was performed by the Servo 900C on the
      lung, especially with the Fisher-Paykel circuit. The Bennett circuit required
      considerably greater (3.7 times more) inspiratory work. Thus the Bennett Cascade
      humidifier may present an unacceptable inspiratory load during spontaneous
      breathing.

PMID- 1817634
TI  - Anaesthetic equipment for a developing country.
AB  - A development aid project to Malawi is described. This involved the development
      of a suitable anaesthetic machine for use in under-developed countries and the
      selection of a suitable oxygen concentrator to provide it with air and oxygen.
      All government hospitals were provided with anaesthetic equipment and personnel
      were trained to keep it regularly serviced. Follow up testing of reliability was
      undertaken. The cost benefit to the country amounted to 234,084 pounds (sterling)
      per year. This is the first instance of widespread use of standardized
      anaesthetic equipment which includes oxygen concentrators.

PMID- 1817635
TI  - Masseteric muscle spasm.

PMID- 1817636
TI  - Intrathecal morphine-6-glucuronide.

PMID- 1817637
TI  - Blind nasal intubation the only option?

PMID- 1817638
TI  - Domiciliary oxygen concentrators in anaesthesia.

PMID- 1817639
TI  - NAARAS: the advisory service to anaesthetists provided by the Supraregional
      Protein Reference Unit in Sheffield.

PMID- 1817640
TI  - Propofol supports bacterial growth.

PMID- 1817641
TI  - Minitracheotomy--impossible cannulation.

PMID- 1817642
TI  - [Advances in molecular genetic diagnosis of leukemia].
AB  - Recently, Molecular genetics has remarkably advanced and it is introduced in
      medicine. The use of recombinant DNA methods for the diagnosis of leukemias is
      reported with special reference to the contribution of cytogenetic findings, such
      as specific chromosome aberrations previously obtained. Therefore, cytogenetic
      studies on Ph1 chromosome and other specific aberrations found in leukemias are
      historically reviewed. Using Southern blotting, PFGE, PCR, and in situ chromosome
      mapping techniques we have analyzed many cases with CML and cases with ALL. We
      found M-bcr rearrangements not only in standard Ph1, but also in complex types
      and in Ph1 (-) ve CML. Chromosomal in situ hybridization was very informative
      identifying transposition of bcr and abl genes between chromosomes 22 and 9. In
      this connection, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique was
      developed by us, which is expected to have an exceptional power of analysis. ALL
      had either M-bcr or m-bcr rearrangements, the latter being identified by PFGE.
      Next, application of PCR technique that enables to obtain more than 10(5) copies
      of target sequences could monitor minimal residual diseases in CML. Recently, the
      relevant gene were cloned respectively in FAB-M2 and APL (FAB-M3), so that
      detection of minimal residual diseases will be successfully performed in these
      types of leukemia. Finally, targeting chemotherapy using antisense sequences is
      prospectively described.

PMID- 1817643
TI  - [Cultivation of mammalian cells in serum-free media].
AB  - P3 cell lines can be grown in protein- and lipid-free synthetic medium. Using the
      P3 cell culture, we have shown that these cells produce autocrine growth factors
      and cell-substrate attachment factors. Because the cultured cells produce
      proteinase-inhibitor, spent medium is applicable for inactivating the action of
      trypsin at the time of cell passage. In addition, we have tried to cultivate
      various types of cells in serum-free media on the market (ASF103, ASF104 and
      GIT). Many cell lines can grow in these media, but inoculum dependency is
      observed in some cell lines. Production of monoclonal antibody by a hybridoma
      cell line is rather enhanced in these media. These media can be preserved at 4
      degrees C or -20 degrees C for a relatively long period. These media added with
      EGF support the growth of Syrian hamster embryo cells at an early passage. The
      growth of human diploid fibroblasts in GIT medium added with EGF is a little less
      compared in a serum-containing medium.

PMID- 1817644
TI  - Establishment of human endothelial cell lines in a serum-free culture and its
      application for expression of transfected prepro endothelin gene.
AB  - Endothelial cells cover the inner layer of vascular tube and are involved in the
      pathogenesis of some diseases in heart and brain. A development of endothelial
      cell lines in a serum-free culture lead to our discovery of endothelin (ET) and
      is expected to be breakthrough for other new fields of medical science. In this
      paper, we report establishment of vascular endothelial cell lines in serum-free
      and protein-free culture, transfection of prepro ET cDNA into them, and it's
      expression and processing to mature ET. A human endothelial cell line, ECV304,
      has been subcultivated in medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. We tested serum
      free culture of this cell line and a several months later, established a cell
      line, t-HUE2 which would show stable growth in serum-free medium ASF301
      containing EGF, insulin, transferrin and albumin as protein components. After
      additional 12-months' struggle for obtaining a new cell line which can grow
      without any protein components, we established t-HUE4 cell line which can be
      subcultivated in basal medium of HamF-12. Although the cell line was derived from
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells, production and secretion of ET by the
      cell line into culture medium was not detected with radioimmunoassay method. By
      transfecting prepro ET cDNA into t-HUE2 and Raji (a human B cell line), we
      examined the regulation of gene expression in the transformed t-HUE2 and Raji
      cell lines. The results indicated that all the transformants expressed high level
      of prepro ET mRNA but that Raji transformant did not produce detectable amounts
      of ET nor ER precursor protein (big ET). In addition, conversion ratio of ET to
      big ET in t-HUE2 transformants was much higher than those in normal endothelial
      cells. Thus, post-transcriptional regulation of prepro ET gene in human B
      lymphocyte cell line and induction of ET converting enzyme in human vascular
      endothelial cell line were suggested. In addition to the present study,
      usefulness of t-HUE2 cell line in serum-free culture for the production of human
      type glycoproteins was discussed.

PMID- 1817645
TI  - [Studies of novel bioactive substances in the spent media of cell lines using
      protein-free culture system].
AB  - Many human cell lines have been maintained in fetal bovine serum (FBS)
      supplemented medium. These produce and secrete many substances such as
      transferrin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alkaline phosphatase,
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatine kinase, carcino-embryonic antigen, alpha
      fetoprotein, and cytokines including colony stimulating factors and transforming
      growth factors and further they may produce small amounts of unknown substances.
      Usually, small amounts of substances have to be concentrated as highly as
      possible for detection, but FBS interferes with procedures. A protein-free
      culture system in an ideal method for detecting small quantities of substances
      which originate from cell lines without interference by FBS. Our protein-free
      culture system can be available in every laboratory since this is not only an
      economical method, but also an effective method for the saving of purification
      procedures. Moreover, this is a most suitable method for surveying unknown
      substances derived from cell lines.

PMID- 1817646
TI  - [Protein-free culture of esophageal cancer cell lines].
AB  - We have established 13 esophageal cancer cell lines capable of growing in a
      protein-free environment. The growth of these cells was not affected by
      conditioned medium, but the growth of NIH3T3 cells and human fibroblasts was
      stimulated by conditioned medium. On the other hand, conditioned medium inhibited
      the growth of human endothelial cells. Amplified int-2 oncogene correlated well
      with the growth of cells in a protein-free environment but the number of EGF
      receptors and growth effect of EGF did not relate to such growth. Esophageal
      cancer cells grow automatically, possibly involving mesenchymal cells via the
      paracrine system. This results in a poor prognosis in patients.

PMID- 1817647
TI  - [Production of useful recombinant proteins using Namalwa KJM-1 cells adapted to
      serum-free medium].
AB  - We investigated the basic technology of cell culture conditions for production of
      useful substances such as cytokines, and related proteins produced by Namalwa
      cells. Namalwa cells, human B lymphoblastoid cells, were used for large scale
      production of alpha-interferon. Namalwa KJM-1, a subline of Namalwa cells,
      adapted to serum- and albumin-free medium, can grow at a high density above 1 x
      10(7) cells/ml in suspension manner by the use of a perfusion culture system,
      Biofermenter, containing a cone-type cell-sedimentation column as cell separator.
      Several kinds of cytokine cDNA can be introduced and expressed in Namalwa KJM-1
      cells. Some of these were produced in large quantities by use of a gene
      amplification method with dhfr, even through the Namalwa KJM-1 cells contained
      endogenous dhfr genes. For stable production of the target protein, Namalwa KJM-1
      cells are very useful host cells, because they have no effective endogenous
      protease activity in the conditioned medium. Using Biofermenter with micro
      silicone fibers and a dialysis system, the specific productivity of the target
      proteins was not depressed at a high cell density.

PMID- 1817648
TI  - Cadmium injury of cultured human vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - The effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on cultured human vascular endothelial
      (HVE) cells and cultured human fibroblasts (HAIN-55 cells) was investigated.
      Umbilical vein-derived HVE cells were collected by enzymatic digestion with
      collagenase. At the concentration of 0-10 microM, Cd had hardly any effect on the
      cell viability of either cells. The viability of HVE cells decreased markedly at
      100 microM, but not that of HAIN-55 cells. Morphologic examination by phase
      contrast microscopy revealed a more damaging effect of Cd on HVE cells than on
      HAIN-55 cells. These results suggest that Cd is more cytotoxic to HVE cells than
      HAIN-55 cells.

PMID- 1817649
TI  - Bi-phenotypic t(9;22)-positive leukemia cell lines from a patient with acute
      leukemia: NALM-20, established at the onset; and NALM-21, NALM-22 and NALM-23,
      established after relapse.
AB  - Four leukemia cell lines; NALM-20, established at the onset of leukemia and NALM
      21, -22 and -23 established at the relapse of the disease were found to be
      t(9;22)-positive leukemia lines having the biphenotypic feature of B cell and
      myeloid cell characteristics. In addition, a polyclonal Epstein-Barr virus
      transformed normal B cell line, B250, was established from the peripheral blood
      at the onset of the disease.

PMID- 1817650
TI  - [Alveolar bone remodelling following orthodontic tooth movement in aged rats. An
      animal experimental study].
AB  - Orthodontic tooth movement of upper first molars was performed in twelve aged
      (500 days old) rats. It was demonstrated by histomorphologic findings as well as
      by vital polychrome staining that the remodelling process of the periodontal
      tissues in the aged animals was qualitatively similar to that in younger ones.
      The first molar in all animals was tipped mesially, while its mesial root was
      intruded. According to the vital polychrome staining the bone formation rate at
      the mesio-apical bone surface of the mesial root was determined as 7-8 microns
      per day. After 14 days comprehensive root resorption in the pressure zone distal
      of the bifurcation was found.

PMID- 1817651
TI  - [Biological evaluation of In-Ceram-ceramics compared to cobalt-base-alloys and
      the metals titanium, tantalum and niobium in animal experiments].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the in-cream-ceramic
      system in several technological phases by animal experiments. The comparative
      materials were the Co-Cr-alloys Remanium CD and Wirobond and the implant
      materials Titanium, Tantalum and Columbium and the high biocompatible material
      Teflon. The experiments were carried out in accordance with the DIN-standard
      13,930 using subcutaneous implantation to verify the toxicity of the materials.
      20 cylindrical test pieces were implanted into the subcutaneous connective tissue
      of the neck in rats. After 12 weeks the animals were sacrificed and the implants
      were removed with the surrounding tissues. The thickness of the fibrous capsule
      and the number of cells within the capsule were measured microscopically. The in
      ceram-ceramic-system showed the same results like approved Co-Cr-alloys. The
      results of the implant materials were not attained.

PMID- 1817652
TI  - [The ceramic system In-Ceram in the prosthetic dentistry--clinical and
      experimental results].
AB  - The ceramic system In-Ceram is a metal-free method to manufacture ceramic crowns
      and bridges. The metal framework is replaced by a sintered, glass infiltrated
      aluminium oxide substructure of high strength. Due to improved material
      properties the implementation of ceramic dental restorations allows a wider range
      of application. The paper presents own clinical experiences as well as
      recommendations concerning the dimensions of the aluminium oxide substructure.

PMID- 1817653
TI  - [Functional craniomandibular disorders and ENT-symptoms].
AB  - Complaints in the otolaryngologic region, that cannot be referred to an
      otolaryngological pathologic process, are often caused by or combined with
      craniomandibular dysfunctions. As a rule these complaints are not the result of
      direct mechanical irritation of the articular tissues, but the effect of
      neuromuscular incoordination and spasms. Consequently the term "Costen's
      syndrome" is obsolete and should be used no more. In many cases the interaction
      of otolaryngological symptoms and craniomandibular disorders can only be proved
      ex iuvantibus. Occlusal equilibration combined with physical and
      physiotherapeutic treatment are approved methods to normalize neuromuscular
      function and eliminate muscle tension and pain.

PMID- 1817654
TI  - [Sports-related maxillofacial trauma in young patients].
AB  - 314 young patients with sports-related maxillofacial trauma were classified into
      34.7% facial fractures, 35.9% dentoalveolar trauma and 28.4% soft tissue
      injuries. In the alpine regions the distribution of fractures by aetiology is
      dominated by skiing accidents. 43% of the midface fractures are due to fractures
      of the zygomatic bone and arch. Children up to ten years are more prone to
      dentoalveolar trauma. Opportune preventive measures are recommended.

PMID- 1817655
TI  - [Arrangement of neuromuscular movement cycles of free mandibular movements
      following Le Fort I-operations].
AB  - In orthognathic surgery the Le Fort I osteotomy changes the structure of motion
      of the mandible. This structure and its changes could reliably and quantitatively
      be described if it was evaluated by a projection of the mandibular movement upon
      a couple's movement in a gearing system. The comparison of Le Fort I cases with
      orthodontically treated class-I-cases shows significant differences.

PMID- 1817656
TI  - [Histiocytosis X: roentgenological findings in 23 cases].
AB  - The authors describe the clinical, roentgenological findings, especially the oral
      manifestation and differential diagnosis of histiocytosis X in 23 cases. It is
      shown that the clinical and roentgenological differential diagnosis is
      problematically.

PMID- 1817657
TI  - [Prophylaxis of the bacterial endocarditis in dental surgery].
AB  - Bacterial endocarditis is a disease with high morbidity and lethality. Bacteremia
      following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in oral surgery may cause
      bacterial endocarditis. Patients with certain kinds of heart diseases are at
      higher risk to develop bacterial endocarditis. Especially these patients have to
      be protected by means of systemic and local prophylactic regimens.

PMID- 1817658
TI  - [Investigations of centrifugal penetration of the tooth root hard substances by
      hydrogen peroxide].
AB  - After application of hydrogen peroxide into the root canal of extracted teeth of
      patients between the ages of 18 and 30 years the antiseptic could be detected on
      the root surface by means of iodometry and in tooth cross sections in dentine and
      cementum by means of staining reaction (benzidine-peroxidase solution). Out of
      the root canals which were apically not passable and coronally closed the first
      traces of the instilled 5% hydrogen peroxide appeared after 14 min 45 sec on the
      root surface. In the dentine a mean penetration depth of hydrogen peroxide up to
      1.28 mm (apical root area), 1.45 mm (middle root third) and 1.95 mm (coronal root
      area) could be measured. Best results were obtained after rinsing/suction
      treatment of the root canal, especially in combination with low-frequency
      ultrasound.

PMID- 1817659
TI  - [Dental care in homes for the elderly and aged. Organization and opinion of home
      management].
AB  - Managements of homes for the elderly and aged have been interviewed on the size
      and general organisation of their institutions, the amount of new admissions, and
      type and frequency of dental care for their residents. The home management was
      also asked to evaluate the dental care. Many managements show no understanding
      for problems in this respect. Regular dental control and assistance with oral
      hygiene, as well as regular training of the staff, are often thought to be
      unnecessary. This estimation of the actual state of dental care in such
      institutions indicates that information and motivation of management and nursing
      staff is the first step to improve the dental care of the home-residents.

PMID- 1817660
TI  - [General medication in elderly people].
AB  - A total of 460 elderly people (252 residents of home for aged, 137 patients of
      geriatric clinic and 71 old persons living in one-man households) were analysed
      for a general and long-term medication. They were ranged as follows: 8.5% without
      medication, 6.5% received 1 drug, 85% had 2-10 different drugs daily. The
      consumption of 3-4 drugs daily was the most frequent. Both male and female
      subjects showed no difference in the average number of drugs prescribed per
      person and day. It was significantly higher in advanced than in early old age
      persons, in those with the decreased self-sufficiency, an in the
      institutionalized geriatric population.

PMID- 1817661
TI  - [Oral findings in comparison in Prague and Rostock school-children].
AB  - In 1987, 12 years after fluoridation of drinking water, caries prevalence of
      Prague school-children is very low, and the goals of WHO have already been
      reached and undercut. Children from Rostock, where no fluoridation of drinking
      water was introduced, have an unchanged high caries experience in 1985. Degree of
      treatment and percentage of successfully treated children show only little
      differences in both towns. These results emphasize the demand for an introduction
      and/or a continuation of an effective caries prevention in children once more.

PMID- 1817662
TI  - [Salt fluoridation--present knowledge, results, experiences].
AB  - On the occasion of the introduction of salt fluoridation in Germany a survey of
      international results and experiences of salt fluoridation is given.
      Recommendations for successful caries prevention result from salt consumption
      dates and previous practice of dental prevention.

PMID- 1817663
TI  - Studies concerning the ergogenic value of Cantamega-2000 supply in top junior
      cyclists.
AB  - The effects of vitamins, minerals and amino acids supply were recorded in a group
      of 20 top junior cyclists by a double blind, controlled trial for four weeks. Ten
      top junior cyclists received orally 1 tablet Cantamega-2000, daily at breakfast,
      as supplement of food, for four weeks, while other 10 junior cyclists (members of
      the same team), having the same program of training (2 hours daily on road, about
      80 km), the same controlled food and being under medical supervision, received 2
      tablets of Polivitaminizant S (Romanian product which contains 9 vitamins), also
      at breakfast. Significant and favourable changes were recorded in the group
      treated by Cantamega-2000 (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, selenium and others)
      for the total calcium, magnesium, haemoglobin and proteins in serum, comparing to
      the control group, which received Polivitaminizant S. At the same time we noticed
      a faster metabolic (urine mucoproteins) and fatigue recovery after Cantamega-2000
      supply. Serum cholesterol and GPT did not change significantly in both groups.
      Based on these data, the authors recommend a supply of vitamins, minerals, amino
      acids and selenium ratio, by 1 tablet Cantamega-2000, daily at breakfast,
      including the days of competitions, for cyclists, in order to improve the
      biological potential of the body and accelerate recovery after exercise.

PMID- 1817664
TI  - The weight of the cortical inflow against medullary reflexes as enlightened by
      spectral analysis of HR and SP waves.
AB  - Components of the autonomic drive to the heart were studied in 5 young normals
      subjected to: 1. sustained lung inflation (SLI) in various postures; 2. mental
      loading by concentration of attention; 3. face immersion (FI) in cold water under
      SLI or snorkel breathing, when sitting; 4. superpositions of 1-3 experimental
      interventions. Recorded were: cardiotachogram (CTG as RR interval) and T-wave
      amplitude from ECG, ear-lobe photo-plethysmogram, digital impedance rheogram,
      thermistor pneumogram (PNG). Heart rate (HR) and systolic pressure (SP) data were
      treated using the Fourier analysis on a M118B microcomputer. Preliminary data
      exploration, reported in a previous paper, has verified the capability of the
      Fourier spectrum to spot in short quasistationary data-series known marks of
      single interventions and has pointed to the amphotrop nature of SLI and FI
      maneuvers. Present work approaches the same data from the point of view of the
      competition between various regulatory menus under combined interventions. The
      "cortico-cardiac reflex"--HR stabilizing under mental loading versus rest based
      upon balanced reduction in both respiratory and vasomotor sinus arrhythmia (RSA
      and VSA, respectively)--appeared now as a middle size actor upon medullary areas;
      it is overridden, yet not put to silence by the powerful orthostatic reflex; it
      is comparable (SLI) or major (FI) vis-a-vis of synergic vagal reflexes whose more
      easily approachable mechanisms could offer it meaningful models. Capacitating
      this "reflex" in the containment of intricated arrhythmias with extrinsic
      involvement or in "educating" the benefic vagal prevalence upon the heart should
      observe these precisions.

PMID- 1817665
TI  - The hypoglycemic effect of "Hipogalegin".
AB  - In alloxan-induced diabetes in rats a marked increase in fasting glycemia was
      seen. The administration of "Hipogalegin" (0.45 g/kg b.w.; for one
      administration) led to a marked decrease of the glycemia in fasted diabetic
      animals: 40% of the diabetic animals subjected to this treatment survived and
      continued to survive even on the 94th day after diabetes was induced. Diabetic
      animals who were not given "Hypogalegin" died during the first two weeks after
      diabetes was induced.

PMID- 1817666
TI  - Hepatoprotector effect of Chrysanthemum balsamita extract in ethanol intoxicated
      rats.
AB  - Male Wistar rats weighing 200 +/- 10 g were intoxicated with ethanol 50% (1
      ml/100 g b.w./, day, for 12 days) and concomitantly treated with hydroethanol
      extract of Chrysanthemum balsamita. An increase of liver glucose-6-phosphatase
      and phosphorylase a activities correlated with a liver glycogen breakdown as well
      as a decrease of glycemia were obtained in rats given ethanol 50%. It was found
      that Chrysanthemum balsamita extract counteracted ethanol effects and maintained
      at normal limit the metabolite parameters.

PMID- 1817667
TI  - Thiourea and methionine effects upon glucose and leucine absorption in chicken
      jejunum.
AB  - Administration of a unique dose of thiourea (7 mg per kg b.w.) in the 7th day of
      life to broiler chickens affects in different manners the jejunal absorption of
      glucose and that of leucine. Methionine supplementation of the fodder (1.5 g per
      kg) during 40 days affects--in an age-dependent manner--the glucose absorption,
      but not that of leucine.

PMID- 1817668
TI  - [Physiopathologic correlations between aminoaciduria and the risk that the
      newborn will develop conjunctivitis, repeated urinary infections or diabetes].

PMID- 1817669
TI  - Information of genome sequences and molecular basis of cancer.
AB  - This survey paper presents in a widely accessible form a thermodynamical approach
      to cancerogenesis and its relevance and utility for molecular biologists; it also
      suggests a possible definition of information contained in genome and of entropy
      leaps during cell transformation. A scenario concerning the amplification of an
      initial alteration in the genomic information during cancerogenesis is proposed,
      and its implication in our knowledge about spatial and temporal pattern of
      oncogenes and suppressor genes cooperation during cancerogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 1817670
TI  - Oxidative stress in ethanol intoxicated rats.
AB  - The present work has investigated the correlation between short-term ethanol
      administration and the free radicals production in rat liver. The non-protein-SH
      and lipid peroxides contents, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase
      activities were investigated. Increased lipid peroxides concentration, decreased
      glutathione content, significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity and a
      decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed.

PMID- 1817671
TI  - Redox changes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The present work evaluates some aspects of the redox potential in individuals
      with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The plasma lipid peroxides level
      and the concentration of glutathione (GSH) were measured. The data obtained
      revealed a rise in lipoperoxides concentration and a decrease in GSH content
      suggesting that oxygen derived free radicals may play a role in the pathogenesis
      of IDDM.

PMID- 1817672
TI  - A new radioimmunoassay for the determination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor perindopril and its active metabolite in plasma and urine: advantages
      of a lysine derivative as immunogen to improve the assay specificity.
AB  - A new radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the direct measurement of
      perindoprilate (PT), the active metabolite (diacid) of Perindopril (P), an
      angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Antibodies were raised in rabbits
      against the lysine derivative of PT conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The p
      hydroxyphenyl derivative of the lysine analogue was used for preparation of the
      radioligand by iodination (125I). Cross-reactivities for the glucuronide
      metabolites of P and PT are low (0.25 and 3.5%, respectively). The theoretical
      limit of detection is 0.2 nM, the sensitivity attainable with random samples is
      about 0.5 nM. Within- and between-assay variabilities observed were 4.2-6.7 and
      2.8-5.9%, respectively (concentration range 2.1-41.7 nM). Serial dilution of
      plasma and urine samples showed excellent parallelism (r greater than 0.95; P
      less than 0.001). Recoveries of PT spiked to urine and plasma samples were 90
      120%. The prodrug P can be measured in the same sample (plasma/urine) after
      chromatographic separation on a Dowex AG 1 x 2 anion-exchange column and
      quantitative alkaline hydrolysis of the P-containing fraction. It is concluded
      that the specificity and sensitivity of this assay are amply sufficient for
      pharmacokinetic studies and in patient monitoring.

PMID- 1817673
TI  - Use of p-benzoquinone for the spectrophotometric determination of certain
      sulphonamides.
AB  - A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of 15 sulphonamides in
      bulk and in dosage forms is described. The method is based on the interaction of
      p-benzoquinone with sulphonamides in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The resulting
      chromophore is measured at 500 nm. The effects of different variables on colour
      development were established. Beer's law was obeyed in a concentration range of
      10-50 micrograms ml-1. Results from the analysis of different sulphonamide
      tablets and ophthalmic solutions marketed locally were in good agreement with
      that of a reference method. Correlations between A1cm(1%) and certain physical
      parameters such as pKa values, characteristic volume Vx, and molecular
      connectivity indices 1X and 1Xv were determined by linear regression equations. A
      poor correlation was found between A1cm(1%) and bulkiness parameters but a highly
      significant negative correlation was obtained with apparent pKa values.

PMID- 1817674
TI  - Direct derivative spectrophotometric determination of nitrazepam and clonazepam
      in biological fluids.
AB  - The use of fifth order derivative spectra allows the direct determination of
      nitrazepam in urine at 388 nm with a limit of detection of 1 microgram ml-1. The
      determination of nitrazepam in blood plasma can be carried out directly by
      measurement at 402 nm in the fourth order derivative spectra with a limit of
      detection of 1.5 micrograms ml-1. Clonazepam can be determined directly in urine
      samples at 384 nm by using sixth order derivative spectra with a limit of
      detection of 1 microgram ml-1 and in blood plasma by using fourth order
      derivative spectra at 384 nm with a limit of detection of 0.5 ppm.

PMID- 1817675
TI  - Quantitative analysis of erythromycin by reversed-phase liquid chromatography
      using column-switching.
AB  - A column-switching technique is described for LC of erythromycin. The method
      allows, in about 1 h, the separation of erythromycin A from all its known
      potential impurities, except erythromycin D, which is a minor impurity. The
      switching technique combines two columns (7.5 cm x 4.6 mm and 25.0 cm x 4.6 mm)
      both packed with RSil C 18 LL 10 microns. The mobile phase is acetonitrile
      tetrabutylammonium sulphate (0.2 M, pH 6.0)-ammonium phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH
      6.0)-water (24:5:5:66, v/v/v/v). Temperature was 35 degrees C, flow rate was 1.5
      ml min-1, detection was by UV at 210 nm. Results for a number of commercial
      samples of various origin are reported.

PMID- 1817676
TI  - A new fluorogenic assay for tyrosine-containing peptides.
AB  - A new tyrosine-specific LC assay with pre-column fluorogenic derivatization is
      described for Tyr-Gly as model peptide. o-Hydroxylation of the tyrosine residue
      with tyrosinase in the presence of ascorbic acid, followed by oxidation to the
      corresponding quinone by potassium ferricyanide at room temperature and
      condensation with 1,2-diamino-1,2-diphenylethane in the presence of acetonitrile
      gave a highly fluorescent species. The resulting fluorescence signal was stable
      over the investigated period of 5 h and exhibited a linear response curve on a
      reversed-phase LC system. Under optimized reaction conditions, the lower limit of
      detection for Tyr-Gly was 200 fmol per injection. Examination of a series of
      dipeptides (L-Tyr-L-X; X = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Phe) showed no significant
      influence of neighbouring amino acids on the enzymatic hydroxylation by
      tyrosinase. This and the formation of a highly fluorescent signal for Leu
      enkephalin suggests the general feasibility of the approach for the determination
      of tyrosine-containing peptides.

PMID- 1817677
TI  - Determination of 6-chloro-3-(3-cyclopropyl 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazo
      less than 1,5-a greater than-quinoxalin-4(5h)-one in rat serum, urine and brain
      by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple, rapid, and accurate liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet
      detection and solid-phase extraction is described for the quantitation of 6
      chloro-3-(3-cyclopropyl 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazo less than 1,5-a
      greater than-quinoxalin-4(5h)-one (I, U-80447) in rat serum, urine and brain.
      Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration ranges of 5 ng ml-1
      20 micrograms ml-1 (serum), 20 ng ml-1-20 micrograms ml-1 (urine), and 50 ng g-1
      200 micrograms g-1 (brain). Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were
      all found to be less than 10% at the three concentrations evaluated. The absolute
      extraction recovery each from serum, urine and brain was greater than or equal to
      90%. Application of this method to the quantitation of the title compound in rat
      serum and brain for a pharmacokinetic study is reported.

PMID- 1817678
TI  - Isolation and identification of a new metabolite of diflunisal.

PMID- 1817679
TI  - The problems of the rational use of the medical staff in industrial health care
      complexes.
AB  - The awareness of resources scarcity in the occupational health care makes one
      analyze allocation in the selected institutions of occupational health service in
      Poland. The principal issue was to find out the differentiation in medical staff
      use and the costs involved. Such conclusions resulting from inputs and outputs
      evaluation are expected to be a basis for economic rationalization of resources
      allocation. An attempt to make such analysis has been made in Industrial Health
      Care Complexes (IHCCs) in Poland. Mainly, the costs of work of medical staff have
      been considered as an element of wider empirical study and comprehensive analysis
      of resources usage.

PMID- 1817680
TI  - Formaldehyde--induced bronchial asthma--does it really exist?
AB  - These studies try to explain if there is a correlation between exposure to
      formaldehyde (FM) and bronchospastic reactions. 367 workers were examined in our
      study. They were aged 23 to 52. They had been exposed occupationally to FM at
      concentration not exceeding 0.5 mg/m3. All subjects suffered from respiratory
      symptoms; 14 had chronic bronchitis, 2 bronchial asthma. A history was taken and
      spirometry performed (peak expiratory flow (PEF)) with use of a single blind
      crossover method, in a three-day clinical observation. All subjects were provoked
      with histamine (PC20). Skin prick tests with common allergens, a patch test with
      FM and formaldehyde-specific IgE antibodies assay were performed. There were no
      significant differences in the respiratory parameters during the three-day
      clinical observation. Two subjects were supposed to have bronchial asthma induced
      by FM, but for lack of differences in respiratory parameters the occupational
      background of their asthma was excluded. None of the subjects complained of
      significant irritant symptoms. On the basis of our results one may doubt that FM
      is capable of acting as a respiratory sensitizer.

PMID- 1817681
TI  - On the limitation of brainstem auditory evoked potentials for indication of
      susceptibility to noise.
AB  - The efficiency of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP) as an indicator of
      susceptibility to hazardous noise was investigated. In earlier studies, subjects
      were exposed to very intense occupational noise and temporary threshold shift
      (TTS) was produced by high intensity noise of 115 dB. Correlations between
      experimental TTS and the BAEP changes were investigated. BAEP indices, which
      significant correlations with the eventual hearing loss, were found. Similar
      criteria, which were found significant in the earlier work, were investigated in
      94 industrial workers with normal hearing, without past exposure to noise, using
      a more moderate TTS-producing noise of 110 dB SPL. Under these conditions, no
      significant correlation between the noise susceptibility index and BAEP changes
      during TTS was found. The results of this study demonstrate the limitation of
      determining individual susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss using BAEP.
      TTS-producing noise levels must be high enough. Their predictive value holds only
      for hearing losses typical of high intensity occupational exposures.

PMID- 1817682
TI  - Psychological tests for measurement of mental functions in individuals exposed to
      neurotoxicants and noise.
AB  - According to Sternberg's additive factors methodology two computer tests have
      been prepared in the Work Psychology Department of IOM. Several studies which
      allowed the assessment of effectiveness of experimental factors, manipulation and
      psychometric tests characteristics have been carried out. As well, effectiveness
      of experimental factors manipulation as reliability of both tests (IPT-Perception
      and IPT-Memory) appeared to be satisfactory. So these techniques are good enough
      to recommend using these tests in psychological examinations.

PMID- 1817683
TI  - Levels of trace elements in the serum and erythrocytes and some parameters of
      erythrocyte heme metabolism (FEP, ALA-D, ALA-U) in copper foundry workers.
AB  - The study was designed to investigate the usefulness of some biochemical indices
      for determination of lead toxicity. In exposed and control groups, the following
      parameters were measured: concentration of lead in the blood, level of free
      erythrocyte protoporphyrins and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of
      erythrocytes. Levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc in
      the serum and erythrocytes as well as of iron in the serum were determined. The
      chelation test was performed and excretion of lead, coproporphyrins and delta
      aminolevulinic acid (in 24 hour urine sample before and after EDTA injection)
      identified only in the exposed group. Absorption of lead was significantly higher
      in the exposed group (increased blood lead level (Pb-B), free erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin (FEP) and decreased erythrocyte ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D) activity.
      Levels of copper and calcium in the serum and red blood cells were significantly
      lower in comparison with the controls. Iron and sodium concentration in the serum
      as well as levels of potassium, magnesium and calcium in erythrocytes were
      significantly higher in the exposed group. The chelation test in the exposed
      group showed a significantly increased excretion of lead in 24 hour urine sample.
      Concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid in 24 hour urine sample was lower
      after EDTA injection.

PMID- 1817684
TI  - Dynamics of excretion (14C) bromfenvinphos in rats and dogs.
AB  - The dynamics of excretion of 14C in rat and dog after a single oral
      administration of 14C-bromfenvinphos was investigated. The level of radioactivity
      in urine, faeces and expired air in rats and in urine and faeces in dogs and the
      level of 14C in rat, depending on the dose and on the position of the labeling of
      the bromfenvinphos molecule (14C-vinyl) and (14C-ethyl), were determined. Also,
      the decay of 14C in blood and the retention degree of radioactivity in selected
      rat tissues were examined.

PMID- 1817685
TI  - The toxic effects of combined exposure to toluene and m-xylene in animals. II.
      Blood toluene and m-xylene during single and combined exposure in rats.
AB  - The influence of combined exposure to m-xylene and toluene vapours at a
      concentration of 100 + 100 ppm on blood m-xylene concentration in rats was
      investigated. Within 6-7 hours of coexposure to m-xylene and toluene a
      significant increase in blood m-xylene concentration, in comparison to single
      exposure to m-xylene at concentration of 100 ppm, was observed. Study results may
      suggest that, reported earlier, the more than additive toxic effects of combined
      exposure to m-xylene and toluene in animals may result from its metabolic
      interaction.

PMID- 1817686
TI  - Intervention program components.
AB  - It is evident that those delivering health promotional services need training not
      only in the technical aspects of their profession, but in terms of enhancement of
      their organizational and management skills as well. Tasks associated with
      testing, data analysis, life style prescription, counselling, education, and safe
      and effective direction of program functions obviously require a multi-faceted
      staff. Screening and testing of fitness/wellness program clients is designed to
      identify those who can safely participate with likelihood of achieving their
      goals. Data from these procedures are used to formulate exercise and nutritional
      prescriptions and to serve as motivation. Counselling and educational efforts are
      aimed at servicing special needs of clients, providing motivation, increasing
      program visibility in the community and at enhancing program adherence. In view
      of the fact that fitness/wellness programs affect the health of participants and
      that certain aspects of these programs are hazardous, well worked-out schemes for
      providing emergency assistance and for otherwise protecting participants from
      harm must be in line and well-practiced. This need is enhanced by the fact that
      fitness/wellness programs and those who are associated with them are legally
      liable for physiological and mechanical accidents that can be traced to
      negligence.

PMID- 1817687
TI  - The significance of somatization.
AB  - The following definition of somatization was adopted for purposes of this review.
      Somatization indicates one or more physical complaints where either appropriate
      evaluation discovers no organic pathology (or pathophysiological mechanism) or-
      when there is related organic pathology--the physical complaints or resulting
      social or occupational impairment is grossly in excess of what would be expected
      from the physical findings. Conclusions from the main research on somatization
      are summarized. A large proportion of patients seeking medical care suffer from
      one of the various forms of somatization. Various etiological factors contribute
      to somatization and these vary from one person to another. Although there is
      evidence that treatment is effective, only a small proportion of patients receive
      appropriate treatment.

PMID- 1817688
TI  - Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac activation during mental load:
      an assessment by spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
AB  - Spectral analyses of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations yield
      three typical peaks at a low (0.02-0.06 Hz), a mid (0.07-0.14 Hz) and a high
      (around the respiratory frequency) frequency area. These so-called bands attract
      the interest of researchers because they seem to offer the facility of non
      invasively studying autonomic cardiovascular control mechanisms. The high
      frequency component is solely under vagal control, the influence of
      sympathetic/vagal efferents on the low and mid frequency band is unclear. We
      therefore investigated in a single case study (23 year old male) the effects of
      propanol (0.06 mg/kg, 30 min. interruption, 0.12 mg/kg i.v.), dobutamine (1.14
      micrograms/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 2.21 micrograms/kg/min i.v., then 4.42
      micrograms/kg/min), atropine (0.01 mg/kg within 5 minutes, 30 minutes later 0.02
      mg/kg within 5 minutes), and carbachol (0.125 mg, 30 min. interruption, 0.25 mg
      s.c.) upon HR, HR-variability spectra, BP and respiratory parameters at rest and
      during 5 minutes of a mental task. Under all four drug conditions BP is elevated
      at rest and mental stress, the latter always giving higher results than the
      former. Atropine shortens interbeat intervals (IBI) by almost 50 percent (from
      939 msec to 514 msec), the high dose of dobutamine reduces IBI from 725 to 580
      msec, propranolol increases interval length by 10 percent. Drug effects on
      spectral bands give clear results with atropine: It reduces spectral energy in
      all three frequency bands at rest and during mental stress. The other drugs show
      no clear-cut effects on HR-variability spectra. Even though results of a single
      case study should be interpreted with great caution we believe that the following
      conclusion can be made: At rest and during short-lasting mental stress all
      frequency bands in HR-variability spectra are to a large extent under
      parasympathetic control.

PMID- 1817689
TI  - Pattern reversal VEP in epilepsy (a prognostical tool?).
AB  - 72 adult outpatients treated for epilepsy were examined by pattern reversal VEP
      method. 36 had generalized tonic-clonic seizures, 23 partial epilepsy with
      secondary tonic-clonic seizures and 13 had partial epilepsy with simple seizures.
      The patients were divided into three groups according to medical successfulness.
      The frequency of epileptic seizures per year was the criterion for dividing the
      group. Statistically significant relation was recorded in the occurrence of
      abnormal VEP findings to the frequency of epileptic seizures. Increased number of
      abnormal VEP findings occurred in the group of patients with greater frequency of
      epileptic seizures. The possible cause of the VEP abnormality in patients with
      frequent epileptic seizures is discussed.

PMID- 1817690
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials during standing posture on different support
      surface.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in response to stimulation of the posterior
      tibial nerve at the ankle were recorded during standing on stable ground or on
      unstable support surface (seesaw) or on support surface short in relation to foot
      length. During standing on the seesaw and on the short support surface a decrease
      in the amplitude of the early component (N32-P39) was observed. The amplitude of
      N49-P58 decreased during standing on the short support surface. The amplitude of
      the later components (N49-P58; P58-N76; N76-P117) decreased during standing on
      the seesaw in comparison to that during standing on the stable ground and on the
      short support surface. Thus, the attenuation of the cerebral potential during
      standing depend on the conditions for maintenance of posture.

PMID- 1817691
TI  - On the usefulness of finger blood-pressure measurements for studies on mental
      workload.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to explore the usefulness of the Penaz method for
      non-invasive, continuous finger blood pressure measurements during mental stress
      testing. In the first study, blood pressure was measured with the Penaz method,
      in the second it was measured intra-arterially. Two different subject groups were
      used. In both experiments the same mental task, a memory search and counting
      task, was used. Experimental effects, consisting of rest-task differences in
      heart rate and blood pressure, its (spectral) variability and the coherence
      between fluctuations in the two signals (e.g. baroreflex sensitivity) are
      compared for the two measuring methods. Experimental effects on mean pressure
      values, spectral variability measures and baroreflex sensitivity are similar for
      the two types of measurement. Effects on mean pressure are smaller in the finger
      pressure indices. It is concluded that the Penaz instrument can provide us with a
      useful method for studying cardiovascular reactivity in mental stress research.

PMID- 1817692
TI  - Psychophysiological mechanisms in hypochondriasis.
AB  - The paper has analysed hypochondriasis in terms of defence behaviour. The study
      sample consisted of 39 treated neurotics who felt themselves menaced by a serious
      disease which was not confirmed by appropriate medical examination and who came
      to the therapist with anxious states. Specific defence acts induced by
      hypochondriacal threat, stimuli inducing the states of threat and mechanisms
      responsible for formation and maintenance of their capability for inducing
      emotion were found in every patient. The results demonstrated that many
      manifestations of hypochondriasis considered generally as psychopathological
      symptoms were in fact meaningful defence responses against a threat which the
      patient believed existed.

PMID- 1817693
TI  - Role of adrenergic receptors in the endocrine hypothalamus.

PMID- 1817694
TI  - Impact of prenatal low-dose diazepam or chlorpromazine on reflex and motor
      development and inhibitory-learning.
AB  - Long-term behavioral effects of a low dose of diazepam (1 mg/kg body weight) or
      chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg) administered 2-3 times during the last week of
      pregnancy i.m. were studied in Wistar rats and compared with sequelae of
      analogously applied saline as well as with normal ontogeny in controls.
      Inhibitory learning-and-memory ontogeny was assessed by 3 types of passive
      avoidance (PA) at 3 different life periods: neonatal, 2 months, 4 months. Also
      were investigated: development of righting, air righting, hanging on a thin
      horizontal bar, eye-lid opening, somatic development and mortality. Prenatal
      application of diazepam had adverse effects in all parameters except of eye-lid
      opening. The reflex and motor development was retarded, and so was body weight.
      The high mortality in the diazepam treated progeny was due to increased death
      rate in males. In all PA paradigms investigated no memory was established in rats
      given diazepam prenatally. Chlorpromazine exhibited a lesser effect. I.m. saline
      had doubtless a character of prenatal-stress. The impact of diazepam was
      therefore the result of its proper action and only of a partial, if any, after
      effect of prenatal stressful manipulation of the dam.

PMID- 1817695
TI  - The assessment of the behavioural teratogenic risk of the tocolytic drug
      phenoterol.
AB  - Phenoterol, a tocolytic drug widely used in cases of imminent preterm labour for
      disruption of uterine contractions, was studied for potential harmful impact on
      the developing fetal brain which is just going through the vulnerable period of
      accelerated histogenesis and cytodifferentiation. As the developmental stage of
      human fetus brain in late pregnancy closely resembles the ontogenetic phase of
      the rat brain in the early postnatal period, the model experiments were carried
      out using the drug administration in the neonate rat and life-long comprehensive
      follow-up of sequels in behaviour, reproductive functions and brain biochemical
      parameters. No deviations were found when phenoterol was administered in the dose
      1 mg/kg/day s.c. on the postnatal days 6-9 (clinically relevant dosage). Several
      minor aberrations were observed after 10 times higher dose (10 mg/kg/day s.c. on
      postnatal days 5-7) in preweaning period (acceleration of somatic development)
      and in adulthood i.e. at the age of 2-7 months (higher score of emotionality).
      The inferiority of phenoterol treated rats became apparent only with the onset of
      senescence (age 11-14 months) when lower score of memory acquisition was
      ascertained joined with an increase of lipid peroxidation in the brain cortex.

PMID- 1817696
TI  - Activity of alkaline phosphatase and bone isoenzyme during lithium treatment of
      schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in children.

PMID- 1817697
TI  - Estimating employment longevity of nursing personnel.
AB  - Health-care managers require estimates of employment longevity (time from hire to
      termination) for use in assessing future pension obligations, costs that are
      functions of longevity and experience such as fringe benefits, and workforce
      stability. Existing approaches for obtaining these estimates are problematic,
      complicated by time-varying data or infeasible data requirements, and may result
      in biased estimators. Renewal theory is presented as a model for estimating the
      complete distribution of the longevity of a population when the only data
      available is censored (i.e., time on the job of current employees). The model's
      ability to estimate nursing personnel longevity is demonstrated.

PMID- 1817698
TI  - Nursing group practices in hospital settings.
AB  - As hospitals continue to face problems with nursing shortages and difficulty in
      retaining experienced nurses, they are forced to examine the environment of
      nursing practice to determine how that environment can be improved. At Henry Ford
      Hospital, a planning process is underway to establish a more truly professional
      practice environment for nursing. This professional practice environment is based
      on a group practice model for inpatient nursing. The group practice model offers
      the potential for greater clinical and administrative autonomy and collaborative
      practice with physicians, but may require significant changes in internal
      budgeting and accounting systems. Several different inpatient group practice
      models and their implications are discussed.

PMID- 1817699
TI  - The Patient-Focused Hospital: a patient care concept.
AB  - Steadily rising costs, increased competition, and employee and customer
      dissatisfaction have prompted hospitals to turn to a variety of traditional
      approaches to improving operations and performance. Extensive diagnostic analyses
      conducted in several hospitals have led Booz, Allen to conclude that these
      traditional approaches fall significantly short of providing lasting, substantial
      operations and performance improvement. As a result of these analyses, Booz,
      Allen has developed a new operational strategy known as the Patient-Focused
      Hospital. Implementation of this strategy at pilot sites has proven that it can
      improve significantly service performance as well as customer and employee
      satisfaction and reduce hospital operating costs. This article identifies the
      circumstance that gave birth to the Patient-Focused Hospital concept and
      describes how it works. The article also discusses the implications of patient
      focused operations within the hospital industry and predicts that hospitals that
      adopt this strategy now will be the leaders of the future.

PMID- 1817700
TI  - Strengthening hospital nursing: innovations for the improvement of patient care.
AB  - Hospital services account for over 40% of the total U.S. expenditure on health
      care. A key to the provision of effective and efficient hospital services rests
      on an adequate number of qualified nursing staff. The demand for qualified nurses
      continues to outstrip the existing and anticipated supply. In addition, hospitals
      face a growing public accountability for quality patient care. To meet these
      challenges, hospitals must develop innovative strategies to strengthen hospital
      nursing and improve patient care. A major challenge to the industrial
      engineer/health systems engineer is how to best design the hospital system of the
      future. The purpose of this paper is to enumerate common problems experienced in
      hospitals and to describe the innovative solutions to these problems proposed by
      hospitals across the nation.

PMID- 1817701
TI  - Centralized telemetry monitoring: implementation and management.
AB  - Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee has implemented a newly designed
      cardiac arrhythmia monitoring system. Management engineers worked closely with
      nurses and physicians in the design process which led to development and
      implementation of a centralized telemetry monitoring system. Changes in the work
      distribution, improvement of the work environment, efficient use of nursing
      personnel and upgrades of monitoring equipment are several of the objectives
      addressed by this new centralized monitoring system. The backbone of the
      centralized telemetry monitoring system is an effective communication system that
      fully addresses staff needs during emergency situations. This paper presents the
      communication system features as well as the operational, functional and
      technical considerations necessary to support a centralized telemetry monitoring
      system. Some topics covered in detail include communication system selection,
      staff scheduling, selection, training, and supervision of staff members,
      ergonomic workstation design parameters and centralized telemetry monitoring
      system benefits. One benefit observed was that an additional 35 minutes per nurse
      per shift was made available to provide additional patient care activities.

PMID- 1817702
TI  - Bedside technology: seven keys to success.
AB  - Bedside technology offers a unique opportunity to enhance patient care and
      improve labor resource utilization. Achieving success with bedside technology in
      this environment is a difficult proposition with considerable risk. Based on the
      experience of the authors, there are seven keys to success which reduce the risk
      and drive the long-term usefulness of bedside technology.

PMID- 1817703
TI  - An integrated nurse scheduling model.
AB  - Hospitals provide continuous service, including during holidays. This requirement
      causes discontent among hospital personnel, including nurses, and is often cited
      as one cause of the nurse shortage. This discontent and the pressure on hospitals
      to limit costs highlight the importance of nurse scheduling. This paper describes
      an integrated scheduling model that satisfies the interests of both hospitals and
      nurses. The model accommodates flexible work patterns by incorporating time-of
      day and day-of-week scheduling problems. Testing of the model is also presented.

PMID- 1817704
TI  - Perspectives from a student nurse.

PMID- 1817705
TI  - Leadership column.

PMID- 1817706
TI  - Plasmid coding for aerobactin production and drug resistance is involved in
      virulence of Escherichia coli avian strains.

PMID- 1817707
TI  - Drug abuse control and the Salvation Army.
AB  - The Salvation Army has been involved in the control of drug abuse since it was
      founded over 120 years ago, when alcohol was the predominant concern. Today,
      alcohol is still the most commonly abused substance, but the Salvation Army is
      increasingly tackling other forms of substance abuse as well. High priority is
      given to prevention of all levels and by all means through a network of over 200
      specialized rehabilitation centres throughout the world, in addition to
      programmes within hostels for the homeless, where there is a high proportion of
      alcohol and other substance abusers. The Salvation Army endeavours to help drug
      dependent persons to abstain from using drugs and achieve a healthy and happy
      life. It is of the view that, as drug dependence is usually a manifestation of
      deeper needs, the spiritual component is vital in dealing with drug abuse of all
      types.

PMID- 1817708
TI  - Information and alternatives: the role of a youth non-governmental organization
      in drug abuse control.
AB  - The World Assembly of Youth (WAY), a non-governmental organization promoting the
      cultural and economic advancement of youth, includes in its programme activities
      the prevention of youth substance abuse and assistance to the large number of
      youth currently using drugs. Recognizing that the problem stems from the user,
      WAY works to provide information and alternatives leading to a responsible
      decision on the part of youth regarding their consumption.

PMID- 1817709
TI  - A Baha'i perspective on drug abuse prevention.
AB  - The present article provides a description of some of the principles that are
      considered by Baha'i communities in developing programmes for the prevention of
      drug abuse that target the individual, the family and society. The individual is
      helped to develop a sense of purpose, a feeling of self-esteem and respect for
      others, a state of maturity making it possible for him or her to evaluate
      circumstances objectively and to postpone immediate gratification for a future
      goal, a feeling of responsibility, and spiritual orientation, which can help the
      individual to develop positive attitudes towards himself or herself and the
      environment. Parents are encouraged to promote love and unity, as well as a drug
      free lifestyle, so that children are provided with healthy models. The family
      experience is also intended to help children to cope with stress and other
      problems of daily life. By means of education, society at large is encouraged to
      adopt positive attitudes towards health and to promote activities that lead to
      the elimination of isolation.

PMID- 1817710
TI  - Drug abuse: a challenge to Caritas.
AB  - The present article contains a factual description of the main objectives of
      Caritas Internationalis (CI), together with a brief summary of the activities of
      various national branches of the organization in the field of drug abuse
      prevention. The activities are mainly educational campaigns aimed especially at
      the young and various treatment programmes for persons already dependent on
      drugs. CI has programmes in many different countries throughout the world. The
      conclusion provides an outline of the future priorities of CI and refers to the
      desire of the organization to cooperate more closely with other non-governmental
      organizations with similar objectives and approaches.

PMID- 1817711
TI  - The involvement of the International Association of Airport and Seaport Police in
      drug abuse control.
AB  - The International Association of Airport and Seaport Police is an international
      organization comprised of law enforcement agencies. Its responsibility is to
      enforce criminal law at airports and seaports, ensuring that those facilities are
      not used for illicit activity. The Association was established in March 1970 to
      satisfy a long-standing need to improve coordination and communication among
      security agencies of the world's major commercial ports and facilities.
      Programmes have been developed and implemented that contribute to reducing the
      incidence of drug smuggling and related criminal activity. The Association stands
      ready to assist its members, as well as others involved in dealing with illicit
      drug activity.

PMID- 1817712
TI  - The International Catholic Child Bureau and drug abuse: contributions to drug
      abuse prevention by a non-governmental organization concerned with children.
AB  - The present article is an attempt to demonstrate that a broad-based approach to
      matters directly affecting children, with special emphasis on meeting their non
      material and spiritual needs, can effectively contribute to drug abuse
      prevention, in particular, by promoting personal values that encourage
      constructive use of goods and time. The International Catholic Child Bureau
      (ICCB) has adopted its approach to drug abuse prevention, particularly in respect
      of "street children", and, through its vast network of experts and practitioners
      familiar with intercultural and interdenominational education, has implemented a
      number of projects in Africa, Europe and Latin America, primarily involving the
      use of therapeutic communities, workshops and "street educators". The religious
      dimension of the work of ICCB is particularly important because it highlights a
      fundamental aspect for youth of all cultures, i.e. integrated preparation for
      life as responsible members of the community. ICCB is of the view that it is
      imperative to provide children with possibilities for a life that is free of
      substance dependence, once they are able to make the right decisions.

PMID- 1817713
TI  - [Syndromes of the vitreo-macular interface].
AB  - Macular pucker, the vitreomacular traction syndrome and the macular hole are
      three conditions related to the vitreomacular interface. The role of the vitreous
      is different for each of these syndromes. Vitreous surgery aims at improving
      vision in the first two conditions. The role of preventive vitrectomy in the
      impending macular hole syndrome is still a matter of debate. The authors report
      their own experience and give a review of the recent literature on the subject.

PMID- 1817714
TI  - [Central serous retinopathy (atypical forms)].
AB  - In comparison with the typical forms of the central serous chorioretinopathy
      (CSCR), atypical forms are characterized by an older age, the presence of
      multiple and bilateral foci, the higher tendency for recurrence and the more
      accentuated functional damages. They may take the form of DRPE (diffuse retinal
      pigment epitheliopathy) and of gravitational epitheliopathy. Sedative therapy is
      justified by the particular psychic background which often accompanies this
      disease. Photocoagulation must be performed only in very selected cases in order
      to reduce the damage at the level of the macular photoreceptors.

PMID- 1817715
TI  - [Colobomatous pits and serous macular detachment].
AB  - Several congenital anomalies of the optic disc are associated with serous
      detachment of the macula or retinal detachment. Treatment of this condition, and
      hallmarks of disc and systemic anomalies are discussed.

PMID- 1817716
TI  - [Macular edema in arterial hypertension].
AB  - Acute arterial hypertension causes 3 types of fundus anomalies: hypertensive
      retinopathy, hypertensive choroidopathy and hypertensive optic neuropathy.
      Hypertensive retinopathy and optic neuropathy are characterised by retinal and
      optic disc capillary and precapillary occlusions, and a rupture of the inner
      hemato-retinal barrier resulting in retinal edema. Hypertensive choroidopathy is
      characterized by areas of choriocapillaris occlusion resulting in necrosis of the
      pigment epithelium which causes a rupture of the outer hemato-retinal barrier and
      retinal edema.

PMID- 1817717
TI  - [Macular edema in retinal vein occlusion].
AB  - Venous occlusion causes retrograde intravascular hyperpression resulting in a
      rupture of the inner hematoretinal barrier and sometimes in capillary occlusions.
      The various clinical types of venous thrombosis which result from various degrees
      of intravascular hyperpression have different prognoses. The laser treatment of
      macular edema secondary to venous occlusion is recommended under certain
      conditions.

PMID- 1817718
TI  - [Retinal telangiectases].
AB  - Retinal telangiectases have 3 main clinical forms: Leber-Coats disease, Adult
      Coats disease and parafoveal telangiectasia. Clinical characteristics, evolution
      and modes of treatment will be reviewed.

PMID- 1817719
TI  - [Arterial macro-aneurysm].
AB  - Retinal macroaneurysms cause visual symptoms either by hemorrhage, by exsudation
      or by arterial occlusion. Laser treatment shortens life duration of the macro
      aneurysm and results in reabsorption of retinal edema. Direct coagulation of the
      macroaneurysm should be avoided so as not to enhance the risk of arterial
      occlusion.

PMID- 1817720
TI  - [Edema and serous macular detachment: histopathological aspects].

PMID- 1817721
TI  - [Neuroretinitis].
AB  - The name "neuroretinitis" implies nothing but a fundus picture which can be
      caused by many infectious agents. The involvement of visual functions is variable
      and the prognosis relatively good. The treatment depends on which infectious
      agent is suspected.

PMID- 1817722
TI  - [Irvine-Gass syndrome or cystoid macular edema due to aphakia].
AB  - Angiographically confirmed cystoid macula edema occurs in 8% of aphakic patients
      and 3% of these patients will suffer permanent reduction of visual acuity. This
      is apparently due to inflammatory reactions and to alterations of the vitreo
      macular interface. Intracapsular cataract extraction has a higher incidence of
      angiographically confirmed CME clinical or persistent than extracapsular
      extraction. YAG-laser capsulotomy does not have any significant risk of CME. At
      present, there is no definitive clinically effective treatment.

PMID- 1817723
TI  - [Macular retinoschisis].

PMID- 1817724
TI  - Functional activity of the adenosine binding enhancer, PD 81,723, in the in vitro
      hippocampal slice.
AB  - The adenosine receptor binding enhancer, PD 81,723, enhances the inhibitory
      effects of exogenously applied adenosine in a dose-dependent manner in
      hippocampal brain slices. Extracellular recordings were obtained from the CA1
      cell layer while electrically stimulating the stratum radiatum. Application of 1,
      10 or 32 microM PD 81,723 in the presence of adenosine resulted in a dose
      dependent reduction in the amplitude of the population spike which could be
      partially reversed by theophylline. In addition, hippocampal slices exposed to
      adenosine showed greater paired-pulse facilitation compared to control and this
      facilitation was significantly enhanced by the presence of PD 81,723. PD 81,723
      had no effect when administered alone, but required the presence of adenosine.
      These results demonstrate that in addition to enhancing adenosine receptor
      binding, PD 81,723 also enhances the functional activity of adenosine in the
      hippocampal slice.

PMID- 1817725
TI  - Chromogranin A: localization and stoichiometry in large dense core catecholamine
      storage vesicles from sympathetic nerve.
AB  - Chromogranin A is present in both adrenal medullary chromaffin granules and
      sympathetic nerve large dense core catecholamine storage vesicles (LDVs), yet
      selective stimulation of sympathetic axons provokes only minor changes in
      chromogranin A in the circulation. We therefore examined the stoichiometry of
      chromogranin A storage in purified LDVs as compared to chromaffin granules.
      Chromogranin A was found in LDVs on immunocytochemical sections of sympathetic
      axons. Sedimentation of sympathetic axon homogenates on sucrose-D2O gradients
      localized chromogranin A, norepinephrine, enkephalins and dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase to the same gradient particulate fractions, suggesting that they
      inhabit a particle of the same buoyant density, the LDV. Chromogranin A was
      identified in LDV by radioimmunoassay, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry.
      Purified LDVs contained 17.8 +/- 4.8% of cell total chromogranin A, at 27.9 +/-
      3.5-fold enrichment over the original axon homogenate. When LDVs were lysed, all
      of the chromogranin A immunoreactivity originated from the soluble vesicle core
      rather than the LDV membrane. Although chromogranin A/catecholamine ratios were
      similar in LDVs and adrenal chromaffin granules, chromogranin A was a
      quantitatively minor protein in LDVs, accounting for only 0.16 +/- 0.015% of
      total LDV protein, as compared to 35.2 +/- 1.4% of total chromaffin granule
      protein. Each LDV particle contained approximately 0.94 +/- 0.09 chromogranin A
      molecules. Immunocytochemical data suggested that chromogranin A is costored in
      large dense core noradrenergic vesicles in subpopulations of sympathetic axons,
      analogous to enkephalins and neuropeptide Y. Thus, only profound changes in
      exocytotic catecholamine release from sympathetic axon LDVs would be expected to
      perturb circulating chromogranin A concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1817726
TI  - Physiological relevance and time course of a tonic endogenous opioid modulation
      of nociceptive messages, based on the effects of naloxone in a rat model of
      localized hyperalgesic inflammation.
AB  - In a rat model of localized hyperalgesic inflammation induced by intraplantar
      injection of carrageenin, the effect of a relatively high dose of naloxone (1
      mg/kg i.v.) was investigated using the measure of the vocalization threshold as a
      nociceptive test, on both the inflamed and non-inflamed paws. The effects of the
      drug were determined at two different periods after the intraplantar injection of
      carrageenin, in the same group of rats. We showed that 4 h after carrageenin (a
      few hours after the onset of the inflammatory process), naloxone induced a
      significant further decrease in the vocalization threshold induced by pressure on
      either paw, suggesting that naloxone had reduced a tonically active inhibitory
      system involving endogenous opioid peptides. Twenty-four hours after carrageenin,
      a consistent hyperalgesic effect of naloxone was observable only in rats which
      had recovered from their carrageenin-induced hyperalgesia. A significant negative
      correlation between the behavioral effect of naloxone and the degree of
      hyperalgesia determined for each animal was observed. This suggests that the
      tonic inhibition exerted by the endogenous opioids was particularly effective in
      rats which recovered from their initial hyperalgesia. By contrast, these opioid
      controls could have been weaker in those rats which remained hyperalgesic.

PMID- 1817727
TI  - Contralateral pallidothalamic and pallidotegmental projections in primates: an
      anterograde and retrograde labeling study.
AB  - Unilateral injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris
      leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in the internal segment of the pallidum (GPi) of the
      squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) led to anterograde labeling of fibers
      ipsilaterally in the following thalamic nuclei: ventral anterior (VA), ventral
      lateral (VL), centromedian (CM), and lateral habenula (Hbl). The labeled fibers
      reached these ipsilateral thalamic nuclei by coursing along or through the ansa
      lenticularis, the lenticular and thalamic fasciculi, and the Forel's fields. They
      arborized profusely in VA/VL nuclei where they displayed small glomerule-like
      formations. Numerous labeled fibers also occurred in the CM. Most of them were
      long, varicose and gave rise to shorter fibers that formed a dense terminal field
      covering a large portion of the CM. A small but dense terminal field composed of
      delicate fibers and extremely fine terminals was noted in the Hbl. A large
      contingent of labeled fibers were seen to cross the midline, principally at the
      rostral pole of the CM and in the supramammillary decussation, to reach the
      contralateral thalamus where they arborized profusely in the VA/VL and CM nuclei,
      but not in the Hbl. The patterns of termination of these contralateral
      pallidothalamic fibers were strikingly similar to those observed ipsilaterally.
      Other anterogradely labeled fibers were also noted bilaterally in the
      pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) and ipsilaterally in the external segment of the
      pallidum (GPe) and in the putamen. Complementary, double-labeling, retrograde
      studies involving the injection of nuclear yellow in the VA/VL and CM nuclei and
      Fast blue in the TPP, confirmed the existence of contralateral pallidothalamic
      and pallidotegmental projections. The number of retrogradely labeled cells in the
      contralateral GPi amounted approximately to 10-20% that in the ipsilateral GPi.
      These experiments further indicated that contralaterally projecting
      pallidothalamic neurons exhibited a high degree of axonal collateralization, the
      majority of its neurons projecting also to the contralateral TPP. Cells
      retrogradely labeled with the tracer injected into the thalamus were also
      encountered bilaterally in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Taken together, the
      results of these anterograde and retrograde investigations indicate that the
      contralateral pallidothalamic projection involves a relatively small population
      of GPi neurons, but that these neurons arborize extensively in their
      contralateral thalamic targets. Furthermore, the presence of retrogradely labeled
      cells in the ipsi- and contralateral reticular thalamic nucleus indicates that
      the VA/VL and CM nuclei, which receive a massive input from the GPi, are under
      the bilateral influence of this perithalamic nucleus. Such contralateral
      projections could play a major role in the subcortical organization of the
      bilateral aspect of normal basal ganglia function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1817728
TI  - In situ hybridization analysis of c-fos and c-jun expression in the rat brain
      following transient forebrain ischemia.
AB  - Early induction of the mRNAs encoding the c-Fos and c-Jun nuclear proteins was
      examined in rat brain by in situ hybridization at various timepoints following
      global forebrain ischemia by the method of four-vessel occlusion. All animals
      were subjected to 20 min of transient ischemia. This produced a pattern of proto
      oncogene activation that was most intense in the granule cells of the dentate
      gyrus 30 min after ischemia, while the hilar cells in the dentate and the
      pyramidal cells of the CA3 region in the hippocampus showed a more delayed but
      robust expression of these immediate early genes at 1 h. The neurons of the CA1
      region exhibited a more moderate hybridization signal at 1-2 h postischemia. Very
      little hybridization signal for either immediate early gene could be detected in
      animals perfused with fixative immediately following ischemia, suggesting that
      cellular energy levels may have to be restored to a certain level before
      efficient de novo mRNA synthesis can occur. In the cerebellum, a similar temporal
      pattern was observed: the granule cells exhibited a prompt but patchy expression
      of c-fos and c-jun that was followed by a delayed signal in the Purkinje cells.
      Without exception c-fos and c-jun appeared to be expressed in unison, although
      the time course of c-fos and c-jun mRNA accumulation and decay was different in
      various brain regions: invariably the cerebellum returned rapidly to its baseline
      with virtually no remaining signal at 3 h postischemia, while c-fos and c-jun
      activation in the hippocampus remained high at 3 h and returned to baseline by 6
      h. Several other brain regions showed early production of c-fos and c-jun mRNAs,
      such as the medial habenula, piriform cortex, the amygdala, the centromedian,
      lateral posterior, paracentral, intermediodorsal and reuniens nuclei of the
      thalamus and the ventromedial and dorsal nuclei of the hypothalamus; in the
      brainstem, the trapezoid body and the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus
      as well as the adrenergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (C1 group) and
      nucleus tractus solitarius (C2 group) regions displayed slightly less intense
      hybridization signals. In addition, the ependyma of the lateral ventricles and
      the third ventricle showed a prompt albeit short-lived production of c-fos and c
      jun mRNAs. Sham-operated animals as well as animals that had survived to one week
      postischemia showed either no or only trace levels of hybridization
      signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1817729
TI  - Suppression of spontaneous epileptiform activity with applied currents.
AB  - It has been well established that both applied and endogenous electric fields can
      modulate neuronal activity in various preparations. In this paper, we present the
      effects of applied currents on spontaneous epileptiform activity in the CA1
      region of the rat hippocampus. A computer-controlled system was designed to
      detect the spontaneous abnormal activity and then apply current pulses of
      programmable amplitude with monopolar electrodes in the stratum pyramidale. The
      epileptiform activity was generated by subperfusion of the neural tissue with an
      elevated potassium artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) solution. Extracellular
      recordings showed that the interictal bursts could be fully suppressed in 90% of
      the slices by subthreshold currents with an average amplitude of 12.5 microA.
      Intracellular recordings showed that the anodic currents generated
      hyperpolarization of the somatic membrane thereby suppressing neuronal firing.
      This inhibitory effect of applied current pulses is important for the
      understanding of electric field effects on abnormal neuronal activity and could
      be an effective means of preventing the spread of epileptiform activity.

PMID- 1817730
TI  - Effects of L-threo-DOPS, a noradrenaline precursor, on the long-term potentiation
      in the rat hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 region.
AB  - The effects of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS), a synthetic
      precursor of norepinephrine (NE), on the long-term potentiation (LTP) in the
      hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 system was examined in urethane-anesthetized rats,
      the objective being to determine whether or not this drug acts as NE on the LTP.
      L-threo-DOPS may be effective for treating some type of mental disorders,
      including dementia. The LTP, induced in CA3 by tetanic stimulation (100 Hz for 1
      s) applied to the mossy fiber persisted for more than 4 h. When L-threo-DOPS (50
      and 150 micrograms) was injected into the lateral ventricle 30 min prior to the
      tetanic stimulation, there were no significant alterations in the LTP. However,
      in animals treated with reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p.) 24 h before the experiment, LTP
      was not induced with tetanic stimulation alone yet was obtained when tetanic
      stimulation was preceded by L-threo-DOPS (50 and 150 micrograms) applied to the
      ventricle. The LTP obtained by L-threo-DOPS in the reserpine-treated animal was
      inhibited by pretreatment with benserazide and was completely blocked by the
      simultaneous administration of sotalol. These results suggest that NE converted
      from L-threo-DOPS plays an important role in inducing LTP in the mossy fiber-CA3
      system in the animals deficient in catecholamines.

PMID- 1817731
TI  - Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple
      organic osmolytes in rats.
AB  - Brain adaptation to hypoosmolality is known to involve volume regulatory losses
      of both extracellular and intracellular electrolytes. We studied the effects of
      acute and chronic hypoosmolality on brain content of organic osmolytes as well as
      electrolytes in rats to ascertain the relative contributions of different brain
      solutes to the brain volume regulation that occurs under these conditions. Brains
      were dissected from rats after 2, 7 and 14 d of sustained hyponatremia induced by
      continuous infusion of 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (DDVAP) in
      combination with a liquid formula, along with control rats fed the same formula
      in the absence of DDAVP infusions. One half of each brain was analyzed for
      organic osmolyte contents and the other half for water and electrolyte contents.
      Brain Na+, K+ and Cl- and multiple organic osmolytes (glutamate, creatine,
      taurine, myo-inositol, glutamine and glycerophosphoryl-choline) decreased
      markedly by 2 d of hyponatremia, and brain electrolyte and most organic osmolyte
      contents then remained at these reduced levels throughout the duration of the
      hyponatremia. Although the absolute magnitude of the brain electrolyte losses was
      greater than the magnitude of the brain organic osmolyte losses, the organic
      osmolyte losses accounted for approximately 35% of the total measured brain
      solute losses during sustained hyponatremia. These results demonstrate that
      organic osmolytes constitute a significant proportion of the brain solute losses
      that take place during hyponatremia, and indicate that reductions in both organic
      osmolyte and electrolyte contents are necessary to accomplish brain volume
      regulation during adaptation to sustained hypoosmolality.

PMID- 1817732
TI  - Cytochemistry of 5'-nucleotidase in the superior cervical ganglion of cat and
      guinea pig.
AB  - The localization of 5'-nucleotidase, an adenosine-producing ectoenzyme, was
      studied by a cytochemical method in the superior cervical ganglion of the adult
      cat and guinea pig. The following subcellular sites of enzymatic activity were
      detected: (1) the surface of Schwann and satellite cells including the
      extracellular space between these cells and neuronal profiles; (2) the
      plasmalemma and pinocytotic vesicles of capillary endothelial cells; and (3) the
      synaptic clefts between cholinergic preganglionic axon terminals and sympathetic
      neurons. The simultaneous presence of 5'-nucleotidase at both glial elements and
      synapses within the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) constitutes a novel
      distribution pattern for this enzyme which does not apply to the mature central
      nervous system (CNS), but which is rather typical for the developing CNS. These
      distributions of 5'-nucleotidase activity may reflect specific cellular
      requirements for nucleosides involved in parenchymal metabolism, in vascular
      transport processes and, possibly, in synaptic plasticity.

PMID- 1817733
TI  - Growth factor interactions in cultures of dissociated adult acoustic ganglia:
      neuronotrophic effects.
AB  - Auditory neurons cultured from adult rat acoustic ganglia require for survival
      either a substrate bound factor(s) present in astrocyte conditioned medium or
      substrate bound basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nerve growth factor (NGF)
      is not a survival factor for these neurons in vitro, but when used in combination
      with substrate bound bFGF, NGF does vigorously stimulate a neuritogenesis
      response by these neurons. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta 1) enhances
      the survival effect that bFGF has on these adult auditory neurons but does not by
      itself promote their survival in dissociated acoustic ganglion cultures. We
      propose that there may be complex interactions and synergy exerted by these
      growth factors (i.e. bFGF, NGF, TGF beta 1) during injury to the inner ear.

PMID- 1817734
TI  - Effect of nicotine on dopaminergic-cholinergic interaction in the striatum.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of nicotinic receptor stimulation on
      acetylcholine (ACh) release measured by radioassay in rat striatal slices. Since
      the release of ACh in the striatum is tonically inhibited by endogenous dopamine
      and nicotine enhances the release of dopamine, we studied the release of ACh when
      the dopaminergic input was impaired. We used chemical denervation (6
      hydroxydopamine pretreatment) or D2-receptor-blockade by sulpiride to remove the
      dopaminergic control of the cholinergic neurons. In our experiments nicotine
      failed to increase ACh release from striatal slices taken from rats whose
      dopaminergic-cholinergic interaction was not impaired but it enhanced the release
      of ACh from slices dissected from 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated rats or in the
      presence of sulpiride. Our results provide neurochemical evidence for the
      existence of nicotinic receptors on striatal cholinergic interneurons. Since the
      spontaneous release of ACh enhanced by nicotine was inhibited by tetrodotoxin it
      seems very likely that (-)-nicotine acts on the somatodendritic part of
      cholinergic interneurons.

PMID- 1817735
TI  - Levels of low molecular weight scavengers in the rat brain during focal ischemia.
AB  - Ascorbic acid, cysteine, glutathione, uric acid, tyrosine and tryptophan were
      quantified in samples of frontoparietal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and
      cerebellum from both sides of rat brain 0.5 h, 4 h and 24 h after focal ischemia.
      Cysteine, tyrosine and tryptophan were increased in cortex and striatum at 0.5 h,
      returning afterwards to normal. Uric acid was increased, whereas ascorbic acid
      and glutathione were correspondingly decreased. Although changes can be explained
      primarily by energy failure they are also consistent with free radical activity
      during early stages of ischemia.

PMID- 1817736
TI  - Angiotensin II blocks hippocampal long-term potentiation.
AB  - We have found that injection of angiotensin II (AII) above the hippocampus in the
      intact rat blocks the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant path
      stimulated dentate granule cells. A minimum dose of 4.78 pmol AII was required
      for the complete blockade of LTP and this blockade was entirely prevented if the
      AII-specific antagonist saralasin was co-injected at a 50-fold molar excess. AII
      thus appears to act via AII receptors and does not cause non-specific inhibition.
      The injection of saralasin alone yielded LTP comparable to that obtained when
      vehicle was injected. Angiotensin III was found to be 40-50 fold less potent than
      AII in blocking LTP. Both AII and AII receptors of unknown function occur in the
      hippocampal formation. The results reported here suggest a role for these
      molecules in the control of hippocampal LTP.

PMID- 1817737
TI  - Effects of dorsal raphe stimulation on cerebral glucose utilization in the
      anaesthetized rat.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effects of electrical stimulation of
      the dorsal raphe nucleus on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the
      alpha-chloralose anaesthetized rat. Activation of the dorsal raphe nucleus
      effected significant increases in LCGU, ranging from 13 to 52% in 8 brain
      structures out of 33 investigated. Increases were restricted to extrapyramidal
      and limbic non-specific areas, and no modifications were observed in cortical
      areas. The comparison with our previous results, showing that a similar raphe
      activation induced a global decrease in local cerebral blood flow, suggests that
      the ascending serotonergic system may be of importance in the regulation of the
      cerebral circulation.

PMID- 1817738
TI  - Suppression of neurotoxicity of ammonia by L-carnitine.
AB  - Administration of ammonium acetate to mice caused seizures and alterations of
      brain energy metabolites. Pretreatment of animals with L-carnitine suppressed the
      frequency of the seizures and prolonged the latency to the first fit. When
      examined using the 'freeze clamp' method, brain energy metabolites were well
      preserved and the elevation of ammonia was less marked on administration of L
      carnitine. Thus, L-carnitine suppresses ammonia-induced seizures and biochemical
      alterations of the brain in mice.

PMID- 1817739
TI  - Responses of monkey midbrain dopamine neurons during delayed alternation
      performance.
AB  - Cognitive deficits are important components of the parkinsonian syndrome. In
      order to investigate the role of dopamine (DA) neurons in cognitive functions, we
      recorded the electrical activity of midbrain DA neurons in a monkey performing in
      a spatial delayed alternation task. Triggered by a light, the animal reached
      toward one of two levers to receive a drop of liquid reward. The lever associated
      with reward was alternated after each correct movement. Of 88 DA neurons, 65% and
      52% showed phasic responses to the trigger light and reward, respectively. By
      contrast, sustained delay-related activity described for striatum and frontal
      cortex was not observed, suggesting that the activity of DA neurons does not
      reflect mnemonic or preparatory representational task components. Rather, DA
      neurons respond to the salient attentional and motivating stimuli guiding task
      performance.

PMID- 1817740
TI  - Strychnine blockade of the non-reciprocal inhibition of trigeminal motoneurons
      induced by stimulation of the parvocellular reticular formation.
AB  - Stimulation of a region within the parvocellular medullary reticular formation
      (PcRF) that contains somas of premotor interneurons produces short latency
      inhibitory synaptic potentials (IPSPs) in cat trigeminal motoneurons. The present
      study was undertaken to determine whether glycinergic synapses are responsible
      for these IPSPs. The intravenous administration of strychnine, an established
      glycine antagonist, abolished these PcRF-IPSPs. This effect appears to be
      specific for glycinergic inhibitory synapses because the short lasting component
      of the IPSP produced by inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) stimulation was also
      abolished, whereas, in contrast, the long lasting non-glycinergic component of
      this IPSP was not suppressed. These results indicate that a glycinergic system in
      the reticular formation is responsible for the non-reciprocal postsynaptic
      inhibition of trigeminal motoneurons.

PMID- 1817741
TI  - Neuronal activity and tonotopy in the auditory system visualized by c-fos gene
      expression.
AB  - Responsiveness in the cochlear nucleus complex and inferior colliculus of the
      mouse to tonal stimulation is labelled via immunocytochemically stained Fos
      protein that is expressed by c-fos gene activation in excited neurons. The
      locations of Fos-positive neurons closely reproduce the tonotopic maps in the
      dorsal cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus. Thus, the c-fos method can
      demonstrate stimulus-related local neuronal activation on a single-cell level and
      may be useful to complement other mapping techniques such as electrophysiological
      recording or 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography.

PMID- 1817742
TI  - [Grooved bonded bridges. Protocols for fabrication and bonding].

PMID- 1817743
TI  - [Esthetic aspects of crown lengthening].

PMID- 1817744
TI  - [Ceramic fracture on large bridges. A restorative solution].

PMID- 1817745
TI  - [Removable dentures for children].

PMID- 1817746
TI  - [Use of EsthetiCone abutments for Branemark fixtures].

PMID- 1817747
TI  - [Orthodontics and bonded bridge: coordinated procedures].

PMID- 1817748
TI  - [False gingiva in fixed prosthesis. Role of a simplified technique].

PMID- 1817749
TI  - [Complete over-implant removable denture. Chronology and operative protocol].

PMID- 1817750
TI  - [Multidisciplinary approach in treatment of a complex periodontitis case].

PMID- 1817751
TI  - [Bimaxillary Class I edentulism and combined denture. Treatment plan].

PMID- 1817752
TI  - [Ceramic mini-bonding].

PMID- 1817753
TI  - [Variations on a theme: the three-element bridge].

PMID- 1817754
TI  - [Treatment of a complex case of complete unimaxillary edentulism].

PMID- 1817755
TI  - On the issue of optimal imaging in cardiology.

PMID- 1817756
TI  - [Rapid onset aortic stenosis and clinical course in adults. Clinico-hemodynamic
      correlations].
AB  - In 8 patients aged 41-66 years, a second left heart catheterisation done 27-98
      months after the first study, demonstrated a pressure gradient across the aortic
      valve, that had not previously existed, or had been trivial. No significant
      change of the cardiac output had occurred. All but 1 patient were hypertensive.
      The etiology was rheumatic in 4, degenerative in 4. Electrocardiographic,
      radiographic, and echocardiographic evolution could not separate the patients
      with a gradient greater than or equal to 70 mmHg from those whose gradient was
      less than or equal to 40 mmHg. The intensity of the aortic component of the
      second heart sound, however, decreased in all former patients, and in only 1 of
      the latter. Aortic valvular stenosis can arise and rapidly develop in adult
      patients. Concomitant rheumatic mitral valve disease, coronary artery disease and
      hypertension can mask and/or modify symptoms, signs and laboratory findings.
      Changes of the aortic component of the second sound may suggest its occurrence.

PMID- 1817757
TI  - [Effect of high and low altitude exposure on the blood pressure response to
      physical exercise].
AB  - Altitude exposure is known to cause an increase in adrenergic activity, blood
      pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in resting conditions. Much less is known on
      the effects of the hypoxic environment on the BP and HR response to physical
      exercise. Five physically trained young normotensive subjects underwent a 1-hour
      long bicycle ergometric test to exhaustion at sea level and after 24 hours of low
      (1322 m) and high (3322 m) altitude exposure. HR, BP and Hb oxygen (HbO2)
      saturation were measured throughout the test and the recovery period. The values
      obtained at 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% maximum HR were calculated. Resting BP
      increased by 17.9/20.9 mmHg at 3322 m (p = 0.062/0.012) and by 10.0/12.8 mmHg at
      1322 m (NS). However, the BP difference present at rest gradually flattened
      throughout effort and at peak exercise similar BP values were obtained during the
      3 tests. HbO2 saturation was lower at 3322 m compared to the other 2 settings
      (91.5% vs 96.7% at sea level; p less than 0.0001) and this difference
      progressively and remarkably increased throughout the ergometric test. At 3322 m
      a lower workload was reached (189 +/- 39.4 vs 240 +/- 54.8 W; p less than 0.05).
      In agreement with previous results these data show that exposure to both high and
      low altitude causes an increase in resting BP and HR; however, during strenuous
      exercise maximum BP and HR do not exceed the levels attained at sea level,
      probably on account of the lower workload that may be reached in the hypoxic
      environment.

PMID- 1817758
TI  - [Evaluation of the kinetics of MB creatine kinase in patients undergoing systemic
      thrombolytic therapy].
AB  - This study was aimed to evaluate if the time-course of creatinkinase MB in acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) is influenced by therapy and which index, derived
      from the enzymatic curve, is the most reliable marker of successful coronary
      artery recanalization. We studied the enzymatic curves in 38 patients with
      transmural myocardial infarction, 19 treated with streptokinase (SK) and 19 with
      tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Blood samples were obtained every 2 hours
      for the first 12 hours and every 6 hours until the level of serum CK returned to
      baseline. Three indexes were calculated: peak serum enzyme level, time to peak
      enzyme level and maximal enzyme rise velocity. Time to peak did not differ
      significantly between SK and rtPA groups. Peak levels were significantly higher
      (414 +/- 40 vs 249 +/- 33; p = 0.004) in rtPA groups, as well as maximal enzyme
      rise velocity (1.7 +/- 0.4 vs 0.8 +/- 0.1; p = 0.02). However, infarct size
      evaluated by the total release of CK-MB in 28 patients was greater in rtPA group
      (10949 +/- 1097 vs 6346 +/- 869; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that
      differences in peak level and in maximal velocity of rise observed between SK and
      rtPA are due to differences in infarct size and not to a different recanalization
      rate. Thus, enzymatic estimate of infarct size significantly correlates to peak
      enzyme (r = 0.894, p less than 0.001), and to maximal rise velocity (r = 0.518, p
      = 0.007) but not to time to peak (r = 0.208, NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1817759
TI  - [Arterial blood pressure behavior during progressive muscular exercise in
      subjects with stable arterial hypertension].
AB  - To assess the behaviour of blood pressure (BP) during exercise in hypertensive
      patients (H), 103 males aged 21 to 59 years (mean 43 years) with essential
      hypertension WHO class I-II were studied. All H, without antihypertensive therapy
      for at least 15 days, underwent sitting bicycle exercise (10 W/min). BP was
      measured on the left arm by a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. The fifth
      Korotkoff phase was taken as the diastolic pressure. Heart rate was measured by
      electrocardiogram. Subjects were studied at rest in sitting position, during
      exercise every 3 min and during recovery at 1, 3 and 5 min. As controls we took
      100 normotensive (N) males aged 20 to 59 years (mean 39 years). The results were
      analyzed also by decades. Systolic (S) and diastolic (D) blood pressure were
      higher in H in comparison with N at rest, in sitting position, (N 119 +/- 10/79
      +/- 7 mmHg; H 162 +/- 21/112 +/- 11 mmHg; p less than 0.01), during exercise and
      recovery. SBP and, to a lesser extent DBP, progressively increased during
      exercise both in N and in H patients (at peak exercise: N 192 +/- 20/85 +/- 13
      mmHg; H 239 +/- 25/121 +/- 13 mmHg, p less than 0.01). The mean increase of SBP
      during exercise was 77 mmHg in H and 73 mmHg in N (NS). DBP increment was about 6
      mmHg in N and 9 mmHg in H (NS). Within the age decades, SBP during exercise was
      higher in the age group of 50 to 59 in comparison with 20 to 29 in N and H (p
      less than 0.05) and DBP in the age group of 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 in comparison
      with 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 (p less than 0.01). The fall of SBP and DBP was
      greater at 1 min of recovery both in H and N and became progressively smaller
      thereafter. At a same workload (90 and 120 W) 60% of H had SBP and 85% had DBP
      higher than BP in N (above 200/104 mmHg--mean + 2 SD--at 90 W and 215/106 mmHg at
      120 W). No difference was observed in heart rate at rest and during exercise
      between N and H. In conclusion, H had SBP and DBP higher at rest, during exercise
      and recovery in comparison with N. However, a parallel increase of BP was found
      in the 2 groups during exercise. Ergometric test showed that 60-85% of H had also
      excessive increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise.

PMID- 1817760
TI  - Efficacy and duration of the effect of gallopamil sustained release in patients
      with chronic stable effort angina.
AB  - This double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was designed to evaluate
      the effects and duration of action of gallopamil sustained release (SR) in
      patients with stable effort angina. Exercise tests were performed 3, 8, and 12
      hours after the last administration of placebo or gallopamil SR. Blood samples
      for plasma gallopamil concentration were taken just before each exercise test.
      Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance for multiple
      comparisons with evaluation of interaction between sequence and period according
      to a cross-over design. Compared to placebo, gallopamil SR significantly
      prolonged exercise time from 412 +/- 100 to 481 +/- 71 s (p less than 0.02; 17%),
      from 416 +/- 88 to 484 +/- 67 s (p less than 0.01; 16%), and from 364 +/- 88 to
      440 +/- 85 s (p less than 0.02; 21%) at 3, 8 and 12 hours respectively after
      administration. Time to -1 mm ST segment depression was also significantly
      prolonged from 263 +/- 56 to 336 +/- 76 s (p less than 0.001; 28%), from 262 +/-
      81 to 356 +/- 70 s (p less than 0.001; 36%), from 231 +/- 65 to 291 +/- 76 s (p
      less than 0.001; 26%), respectively. No significant relationship between plasma
      levels and anti-ischemic activity was observed. In conclusion, our data show that
      gallopamil slow-release is effective in improving exercise tolerance of patients
      with chronic angina and that its therapeutic effect persists, substantially
      unchanged, up to 12 hours after administration.

PMID- 1817761
TI  - [Abnormal origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.
      Description of a rare case in adulthood].
AB  - The anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a
      rare and usually fatal congenital malformation. The Authors present a case of
      anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery diagnosed in an
      adult patient.

PMID- 1817762
TI  - [Indications and results of transcatheter ablation and surgery in paroxysmal
      reentry nodal tachycardia].
AB  - In patients with nodal tachycardia refractory to medical therapy, transcatheter
      or surgical ablation is necessary. From January 1989 to December 1990, in 26/42
      patients with nodal tachycardia, referred to our institution for
      electrophysiologic evaluation, transcatheter ablation by radiofrequency (20
      patients) or surgical ablation by perinodal cryo (6 patients) was performed. In
      all these cases, a total refractoriness to several antiarrhythmic drugs alone or
      in association had been observed. The radiofrequency current, generated by the
      Osypka HAT 100 device, was administered through a tripolar USCI 7 F catheter. The
      ideal site for energy delivery was defined on the basis of a mapping, performed
      in the A-V junction area. In order to find out the most premature retrograde
      atrial activation, the following areas were explored: right bundle, atrial His
      bundle, peri-nodal region, proximal His bundle and coronary sinus ostium. Local
      atrial activation time was evaluated during nodal tachycardia by delivering a
      premature ventricular extrastimulus to discover the atrial deflection from the
      ventricular one. In the selected area, 5 applications (range 1-12) of 20-25 W
      power radiofrequency energy for 5-30 s were delivered on average. A complete
      prevention of nodal tachycardia was achieved in 18/20 patients (90%). Only in 2
      patients a total A-V block was induced. The pre- and post-procedure values are as
      follows: AH: pre 71 +/- 19, post 113.6 +/- 50; HV: pre 45.5 +/- 8, post 47 +/- 6;
      aWP: pre 353 +/- 57, post 391 +/- 87; rWP: pre 322 +/- 58, post 411 +/- 58. In
      10/18 cases the AH interval was normal after radiofrequency application.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817763
TI  - [Electrophysiological mechanisms of atrial tachyarrhythmia].
AB  - Both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias are generated by one of the
      following 2 mechanisms: increased automaticity and reentry. In this paper we will
      refer about the mechanisms of the commonest atrial tachyarrhythmias. Atrial
      parasystole: it is determined by an automatic focus protected by entrance block.
      In some cases the focus is only partially protected owing to a partial block or
      to the electrotonic influence of the sinus rhythm. Atrial tachycardia: it can be
      due both to increased automaticity and to reentry. Atrial flutter: it is
      generated by a counterclockwise macroreentry localized in the right atrium. The
      left atrium is passively activated. A critical delay of the circuit is present
      near the ostium of the coronary sinus. The lesion of this area by surgery or
      catheter ablation can interrupt and prevent the arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation:
      it is generated by multiple wavelets which continuously change site and
      direction. The functional multiple reentry is made possible by dispersion of
      atrial refractoriness and by the existence of areas having delayed conduction. It
      is noteworthy that the same arrhythmia and the same atrial electrophysiologic
      alterations are present in many clinical conditions having very different
      anatomic backgrounds: subjects with no evident heart disease and normal atria,
      subjects with large atria, subjects with an anomalous pathway. These data suggest
      that some important informations are probably lacking about the genesis of this
      arrhythmia.

PMID- 1817764
TI  - [Nonpharmacological therapy of supraventricular arrhythmia].
AB  - Between 1985 and 1990, 1242 patients with supraventricular arrhythmias were
      followed-up at our Institution. Six hundred and twenty patients had atrial
      fibrillation or flutter; 7 of them (1%) underwent modulation of atrioventricular
      conduction. Four hundred and twenty-eight patients had ventricular preexcitation;
      in 23 (5%) surgical or transcatheter ablation of an accessory pathway were
      performed. Atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardias were diagnosed in 111
      patients; 8 patients (7%) underwent antitachycardia pacemaker implantation.
      Surgical and catheter ablative techniques eliminate the substrate of the
      tachycardia; death and complete A-V block (paraseptal pathways) are at this
      moment rarely reported. Antitachycardia pacemakers do not offer a definitive
      therapy. For their safeness and effectiveness they are still indicated in
      patients with A-V node reentrant tachycardias, until technological development
      will reduce the risks of ablative techniques.

PMID- 1817765
TI  - [Supraventricular reentry tachycardia and athletic fitness].
AB  - Paroxysmal supraventricular reciprocating tachycardias (PSRT) which are due to a
      different type of reentry including the atrioventricular reentry circuit of Wolff
      Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, may disturb the professional career of an
      athlete. Moreover even severe episodes of preexcited atrial fibrillation of WPW
      may occur. PSRT in athletes may present various clinical consequences:
      unimportant symptoms, or severe hemodynamic effects on the athletic performance
      particularly during sports activity at intrinsic high risk. The athletes are
      evaluated by clinical protocol which includes Holter monitoring ergometric test,
      echocardiography study, thyroid check and transesophageal electrophysiologic
      study at rest and during exercise. The arrhythmological study should be carefully
      performed in order to exclude an underlying heart disease, to study
      electrophysiological mechanisms and possible hemodynamic effect sports activity
      relate of the inducible and clinical tachyarrhythmias. Sometimes, these PSRT may
      disappear after interruption of athletic activity because of modifications of
      electrophysiological conditions related to the sports activity.

PMID- 1817766
TI  - [Idiopathic atrial fibrillation: clinical and therapeutic problems].
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is defined as idiopathic when no one heart disease can
      be documented by clinical examination or by laboratory investigations.
      Epidemiological studies have shown that almost one third of all the cases of AF
      are idiopathic and that their incidence increases with age. Idiopathic AF may
      have different clinical manifestations: the paroxysmal form, characterised by
      long-lasting episodes, the transient recurrent form, characterised by frequent
      self-terminating episodes, or, less commonly, the chronic form. According to the
      literature, the risk of thromboembolic complications in idiopathic AF is not
      elevated and certainly lower than in AF associated with heart disease. By a
      clinical evaluation patients in whom an electrical cardioversion is necessary for
      reestablishing the sinus rhythm can be identified, considering that definite
      contraindications to electrical cardioversion exist. For prophylaxis of
      recurrences of AF the classical treatment with class 1A antiarrhythmic drugs
      (disopyramide or quinidine) is not very effective and not well tolerated;
      recently class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs have been employed with better results. In
      patients without heart failure their employment appears sufficiently safe.
      Amiodarone is certainly very effective but considering the serious side effects,
      its use must be limited to selected cases. Moreover non-pharmacological
      treatments (catheter ablation and surgery) have been developed recently for
      selected cases of AF refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 1817767
TI  - [A-V conduction in atrial fibrillation and flutter].
AB  - The assessment of A-V conduction in the presence of atrial fibrillation is based
      upon analysis of the R-R intervals. This is because in atrial fibrillation it is
      impossible both to identify the impulse that has been conducted to the
      ventricles, and to measure the A-V conduction time. The first step is, therefore,
      to evaluate whether the QRS complexes are the expression of conducted atrial
      impulses, or they are A-V junctional or ventricular in origin. In other words, it
      is necessary to distinguish between A-V conduction and A-V dissociation.
      Conduction in atrial fibrillation commonly results in irregular R-R cycles,
      whereas in the presence of dissociation the R-R cycles are mainly regular. This
      differentiation can be difficult in the presence of: aberrant conduction; A-V
      conduction disturbances; or A-V junctional tachycardia with anterograde 2nd
      degree exit block. The problem occurs both with tachycardia-dependent (or phase
      3), and with bradycardia-dependent (or phase 4) aberrant conduction. Distinction
      between aberration and ectopy is helped by: the sequence long cycle-short cycle;
      the pause that follows the wide QRS complex; the configuration of the wide QRS
      complex. Since aberrant conduction may be sustained, due to the linking
      phenomenon, the pattern may mimick ventricular tachycardia. In atrial flutter the
      atrial electrical activity is far less chaotic than in atrial fibrillation, so
      that assessment of A-V conduction is less difficult. Nevertheless, it is
      impossible to determine exactly which out of the atrial impulses has been
      conducted, due to the extremely fast atrial rate: the conducted impulse, indeed,
      is not always the one that immediately precedes the QRS complex. Furthermore, it
      is also difficult to measure the A-V conduction time, because the F waves follow
      to each other without any interruption, so that it is impossible to define
      exactly the beginning of atrial activation. In atrial flutter, thus, as well as
      in atrial fibrillation, A-V conduction may be assessed by analysis of the R-R
      intervals, apart from measurement of F-R intervals. In the absence of drugs,
      atrial flutter is usually associated with 2:1 (or, less frequently, 4:1)
      conduction ratio, being the odd ratios (3:1, 5:1) far more rare. Due to concealed
      penetration of non-conducted impulses, A-V conduction intervals are often
      variable, so that the R-R cycles are irregular even in the presence of a constant
      A-V conduction ratio. The most common mechanisms leading to irregularity are the
      alternation of A-V conduction times, and the alternating Wenckebach
      phenomenon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1817768
TI  - Cellular electropharmacology of human atrium: effects of antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - Human atrial tissue exhibits specific electrophysiological properties such as the
      presence of plateau shaped action potentials characterized by an initial notch
      followed by a long lasting plateau. In these cells, the notch and the plateau are
      due to the activation of transient outward currents Ito and slow inward current
      Isi. The effects of antiarrhythmic agents on this tissue depend on the morphology
      of the action potentials. We demonstrated that, in these plateau shaped fibers,
      action potential duration at 50 and 90% of repolarization was increased by
      flecainide at the concentration of 5 x 10(-7)M. This increase is due to the
      effect of the drug on Ito, as shown by experiments with 4 amino-pyridine, a
      blocker of transient outward currents. We also demonstrated that quinidine at the
      concentration of 10(-5)M decreased in these cells the action potential duration
      at 50% of repolarization. This decrease is due to the effects of the drug on Isi,
      as confirmed by experiments using the patch-clamp technique. These modifications
      of the repolarization duration were not obtained in triangular action potentials
      which are observed in young subjects and in patients with chronic atrial
      fibrillation. In these triangular action potentials both Ito and Isi are
      inactivated. Since the animal tissues do not exhibit the same
      electrophysiological inhomogeneity, it is interesting to test the different
      classes of antiarrhythmic drugs on human atrium. These studies on human tissue,
      especially on diseased atrium, are closer to clinical situations than those
      performed on normal animal tissue.

PMID- 1817769
TI  - [Atrial tachyarrhythmias in sinus node disease: diagnostic and therapeutic
      problems].
AB  - It is known that sinus node dysfunctions can, in some instances, be accompanied
      by paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias. It is however not completely
      understood if, in these patients, it is present a situation of electrical atrial
      vulnerability or an electrophysiological condition which may represent the
      substrate for these arrhythmias. With the aim to solve this issue, 23 patients
      with sinus node dysfunction (8 of whom with atrial tachyarrhythmias) underwent a
      complete electrophysiological study, according to the protocol of the Italian
      Group of Cardiac Electrophysiology. The results of the electrophysiologic study
      allowed to demonstrate that in 75% of patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias it
      was possible to reproduce the arrhythmia by means of a low aggressive protocol.
      Also, in these patients, an inter- and intra-atrial conduction disturbance was
      demonstrated and, with respect to those patients without arrhythmias, the atrial
      refractory period was shorter in basal conditions and during induced atrial
      rhythm with cycle length of 600 ms, it was longer in left atrium than in high
      right atrium, and it shortened to a lesser extent with the shortening of the
      cardiac cycle.

PMID- 1817770
TI  - [Therapy and prevention of atrial fibrillation].
AB  - In the last decade, broader insights into the mechanisms and clinico-prognostic
      significance of atrial fibrillation have prompted a dramatic shift in the
      clinician's decision making process in terms of treatment and prevention of this
      common rhythm disturbance. In fact, evidence of short- or long-term untoward
      effects on cardiac function and the risk of cerebrovascular accidents, together
      with a much wider therapeutic armamentarium, form the rationale for the present
      far more aggressive attitude, aiming at restoring sinus rhythm in all patients in
      whom an even weak chance exists. The newer class IC (flecainide, propafenone) and
      class III (amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents are widely and successfully
      utilized to restore and to maintain sinus rhythm, with significant advantages in
      comparison with classic quinidine derivatives in terms of efficacy and patient
      compliance, as demonstrated in clinical controlled trials. Moreover, calcium
      channels blocking agents as verapamil and diltiazem have been demonstrated more
      effective than digitalis in the limitation of ventricular rate in patients with
      chronic atrial fibrillation. Although the advantages of long-term anticoagulation
      and/or antiaggregation in patients with atrial fibrillation are still being
      widely investigated at the present time, data obtained in the last years favoured
      a wider use of this treatment. Many non-pharmacologic interventions have been
      shown as dramatically effective in particular aspects of atrial fibrillation.
      Permanent atrial or atrioventricular pacing, alone or in association with
      antiarrhythmic drugs, has come out as first choice option in patients with
      bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Transcatheter ablation and antiarrhythmic
      surgical techniques are more and more widely utilized with increasing success in
      cases refractory to conventional approaches.

PMID- 1817771
TI  - Non-pharmacological therapy of atrial fibrillation and flutter.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter are the most frequent arrhythmias
      encountered by the cardiologists in an everyday practice. External cardioversion,
      atrial temporary pacing and/or drugs are commonly and often successfully used in
      their treatment. The failures of these methods are rare, and for the patients who
      remain prone to arrhythmias or a recurrence with serious hemodynamic
      consequences, new therapies are presently under assessment. Electrical internal
      cardioversion can be performed when a permanent and bad tolerated atrial
      fibrillation is not managed by an external cardioversion. Elective ablation of a
      reentrant area will be probably the best solution to treat a recurrent atrial
      flutter or a junctional tachycardia by intranodal reentry. Finally, a radical
      solution consists to separate electrically the atria from the ventricles by
      interrupting totally or partially the A-V conduction. This can be performed by an
      endocavitary fulguration or an ablation by radiofrequency currents. To avoid
      recurrences, we usually use a pharmacological therapy. Permanent pacing is an
      exceptional solution.

PMID- 1817772
TI  - [Junctional reciprocating "fast-slow" reentry tachycardias. Diagnostic
      characterization and therapeutic possibilities].
AB  - The typical electrocardiographic pattern of "fast-slow" junctional reciprocating
      tachycardias is characterized by RP' interval longer than the P'R interval, with
      P wave negative in the inferior leads. The most common substrates of this
      arrhythmia are: an atypical (fast-slow) intranodal reentry; a reentry by a
      posteroseptal accessory pathway with decremental properties, which is responsible
      for the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT). Usually
      unresponsive to pharmacological therapy, these arrhythmias are often observed in
      young people. A variable degree of cardiac dysfunction, as a consequence of
      reversible tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, can occur in some patients. An
      endocavitary electrophysiologic evaluation is required to define the
      arrhythmogenic substrate. The occurrence of second degree A-V block with
      persistence of tachycardia is diagnostic of A-V node reentry, while the
      occasional (spontaneous or induced) appearance of pure posterior septal pre
      excitation is in favour of PJRT. Suggestive of PJRT is the identification of 2
      sequences of retrograde activation in the same patients during ventricular pacing
      at increasing rates. Due to the usual unresponsiveness of these tachycardias to
      pharmacological treatment, surgical interruption of the reentry circuit is often
      necessary. Such a goal can be reached by means of transcatheter techniques.

PMID- 1817773
TI  - [Classification and prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia].
AB  - The prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in the general population is
      still a debated issue. This appears mainly due to the few works in the literature
      which correctly deal with the complex methodologic aspects of such a research.
      Data are often taken from different populations, with different methods for data
      recording. Moreover Holter monitoring, the most employed recording technique,
      lacks the desired sensitivity to this aim. However recent reports suggest that
      the prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias is higher than commonly
      thought. The prevalence of supraventricular premature beats increases with aging:
      they are found in 10%-20% of subjects less than 20 years, in 30%-60% of those
      between 20 and 60 years, in 90% of subjects older than 75 years. They are few
      (generally less than 100/24 hours) in people without an evident heart disease. In
      the Framingham study the incidence of the atrial fibrillation is 1.7%; it
      increases with aging, and is very rare in young. In 60% of the cases it is
      chronic, and in 40% it is paroxysmal. The true prevalence of the ectopic atrial
      tachycardia is not known; however it is frequent in older subjects with various
      types of heart disease, with sick sinus syndrome, with chronic pulmonary disease.
      The reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is reported in about 1% in
      the general population. Electrophysiologic studies have shown that in 70% of
      cases the reentrant circuit is entirely localized in the A-V junction whereas in
      the remaining 30% a concealed Kent bundle with only retrograde conduction is
      involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817774
TI  - [Localization of the accessory pathways using surface ECG in Wolff-Parkinson
      White syndrome].
AB  - During recent years criteria for localization of bypass tracts in the Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome from the conventional ECG have been acquired utilizing
      epicardial and endocardial mapping data. The polarity of delta wave and QRS in
      the frontal and horizontal plane and the morphology of retrograde P waves during
      orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia, are the most indicative elements. An
      accurate analysis of QRS complexes during atrial fibrillation confirms the site
      of pre-excitation and could suggest the presence of 2 or more accessory pathways
      with sufficient spatial separation. Some criteria for identifying multiple
      accessory pathways are discussed.

PMID- 1817775
TI  - [Transesophageal study in the diagnostic evaluation of pre-excitation].
AB  - Electrophysiologic non-invasive transesophageal testing is compared to
      intracardiac study in the management of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
      syndrome. Transesophageal study can be reliably used to identify the
      participation of the accessory pathway in reciprocating supraventricular
      tachycardia and to determine the anterograde conduction properties of the
      accessory pathway. Using the shortest pre-excited interval during induced atrial
      fibrillation, or programmed and continuous atrial transesophageal stimulation can
      markedly reduce the need of intracardiac evaluation. The greater safety and
      economy of transesophageal compared to the intracardiac technique justify its
      wider use in preliminary screening of all WPW patients, unless ablative treatment
      has been clinically indicated, and in evaluating long-term drug protection
      against a potential deleterious ventricular response during atrial
      tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 1817776
TI  - [The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at risk].
AB  - Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is characterized by a wide spectrum of
      clinical conditions: many subjects remain symptom free during the whole life,
      others suffer from paroxysmal episodes of reciprocating atrioventricular
      tachycardia, a minority of patients present with episodes of atrial fibrillation.
      The latter is the most dreadful arrhythmia because in the presence of a short
      refractory period of the Kent bundle it can produce very high ventricular rates,
      degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and cause sudden death. Sudden death
      however is very rare in the WPW syndrome. In 1988 the European registry on
      "sudden death in the WPW syndrome" collected 26 cases of various centres. This
      study demonstrated that sudden death occurs in 73% of cases in symptomatic
      subjects while in the remaining 27% it is an unexpected event in previously
      asymptomatic subjects. While sudden death is very rare, high frequency atrial
      fibrillation producing hemodynamic deterioration is not so rare, although its
      precise incidence is unknown. In hospitalized WPW patients it is reported in 10
      30% of cases. One of the main problems in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients
      with the WPW pattern is to identify the subjects at risk of high frequency
      arrhythmias. Many Authors suggested that endocavitary or transesophageal
      electrophysiologic study can be useful in this regard if its results are
      evaluated by a multiparametric approach. In our opinion the main parameters to be
      evaluated are: presence or absence of retrograde conduction of the Kent bundle
      (which is necessary for the initiation of atrioventricular reciprocating
      tachycardia which is the commonest trigger of atrial fibrillation); atrial
      vulnerability; shortest and mean RR intervals during induced atrial
      fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817777
TI  - [Supraventricular paroxysmal reentry tachycardia. Empirical and guided therapy].
AB  - The empirical therapy of reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (A-V and
      junctional tachycardia) is based on a preliminary diagnosis through standard ECG
      to evaluate, whenever possible, the relationship between P wave and QRS. In order
      to distinguish atrial tachycardias from other types, we must employ vagal
      manoeuvres or drugs. Often we use methods of recording and stimulation such as
      Holter monitoring and transesophageal technique which can provide useful
      information about the electrophysiological mechanisms and therefore can better
      guide our choice of drugs. The decision of undertaking pharmacologic treatment
      takes into account frequency, duration and tolerability of the crises and the
      patient's compliance. The most commonly used drugs are verapamil, diltiazem,
      propafenone, flecainide, sotalol and amiodarone. The percentage of success at 1
      year ranges from 30 to 60%. Particularly in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
      therapy must follow an accurate evaluation of the electrophysiological pattern
      through effort test, drugs test, transesophageal (ETS) or endocavitary (EPS)
      electrophysiological study. Indeed therapy aims not only at reducing arrhythmic
      relapses, but also preventing the potential risk of either death or severe
      damage. The useful drugs must have the property of acting at the same time upon
      at least one branch of the A-V circuit, on the atrium reducing its vulnerability
      and finally modifying the conductive anterograde capacity of the Kent bundle.
      They are quinidine, procainamide, propafenone (group I) sotalol and amiodarone
      (group III). The limitations of the empirical therapy are a high percentage of
      relapses and the difficulty in foreseeing the pro-arrhythmic effects. The guided
      by serial electrophysiologic testing implies artificial induction of spontaneous
      arrhythmia by repeating the test after acute or chronic assumption of drugs. Is
      this way it can be evaluated the efficacy as well as the tolerability of an
      antiarrhythmic drug which later will be taken for chronic prophylaxis. The
      percentage of inducibility of clinical arrhythmias is next to 100% both for EPS
      and TES. The number of patients for whom we can find an effective pharmacologic
      regimen through acute testing ranges from 30 to 100%, but is influenced by
      several factors such as aggressiveness of therapeutic protocol and type and
      dosage of drugs. The predictive value is high as it approaches 100% for a
      positive acute test. The elective indications for serial electrophysiologic study
      are: failure of empirical therapy; disabling and very frequent arrhythmias;
      arrhythmias provoking major disturbances (lipothymia, syncope, hypotension,
      shock); symptomatic WPW.

PMID- 1817778
TI  - [Role of antitachycardia pacemakers in the treatment of supraventricular
      hyperkinetic arrhythmias].
AB  - The use of an antitachycardia pacemaker in the treatment of hyperkinetic
      supraventricular arrhythmias is founded on a reliable electrophysiological ground
      and on an high technology. Nevertheless the clinical impact of this approach is
      not considerable since the 5% to 7% of the potential candidates are in effect
      treated with an antitachycardia device. The success of new therapeutical
      procedures (i.e. catheter ablation) together with the shifting of the clinical,
      technical and commercial interest towards the electrical treatment of the
      malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias are the main causes of the minor role that
      now the antitachycardia pacemakers play in the management of the patients with
      hyperkinetic supraventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 1817779
TI  - [Combined masseter and buccal mucosa transposition flap. Primary reconstruction
      of posterior oral cavity].
AB  - A method for the primary reconstruction of the posterior oral cavity following T2
      and small T3 tumor surgery is described. The combination of a masseter flap with
      a cranially pedicled intraoral buccal transposition flap results in a double
      layer for the repair of defects. Because of its simplicity and hence a shorter
      operation time, this functionally satisfactory reconstructive procedure should be
      used particularly for high-risk patients.

PMID- 1817780
TI  - [Fixation screws and tension bolt technique for osteotomies. Stability study].
AB  - Following sagittal mandibular osteotomy the mandibles of Class II patients were
      stabilized using two different fixation techniques. It was the goal of this study
      to delineate the effects of these two techniques on stability. The patient
      population was approximately the same on both groups. 1 year after surgery
      differences in stability were not found. The functional and esthetic results,
      too, were equal in both groups.

PMID- 1817781
TI  - [A new implant system for the fixation of facial prostheses].
AB  - A newly developed titanium implant system is useful for the fixation of facial
      prostheses. Due to the osteointegration of this material the system can also be
      used for the treatment of anatomically less favorable cases. The clinical results
      achieved to date are good.

PMID- 1817782
TI  - [Fibrin adhesives in the treatment of oral hemangioma].
AB  - Selective embolization using the fast-setting phase of a fibrin adhesive is an
      improvement in the range of therapeutic options for oral hemangioma. Direct
      injection of TISSUCOL permits a safe, selective and tissue-sparing operative
      procedure involving little bleeding and resulting in the complete extirpation of
      a hemangioma with all the residues.

PMID- 1817783
TI  - [Use of mesh grafts in the face].
AB  - The use of unexpanded mesh grafts as split-thickness or full-thickness skin
      grafts in defects of uneven or highly flexible areas of the face has been
      discussed as a very successful method. Due to improved diffusion the "take" of
      grafts is more than 90% when a proper bandage has been applied.

PMID- 1817784
TI  - [Ascher's syndrome].
AB  - Ascher's syndrome is composed of the triad blepharochalasis, double lip and
      goitre. In many of the cases reported in the literature this typical
      constellation of symptoms is not complete; particularly the struma is not
      mandatorily involved. A 58-year-old patient with this rare disease who exhibited
      blepharochalasis and double upper and lower lip is presented. Additionally,
      subclinical hypothyroidism and alopecia areata totalis were found. In
      differential diagnosis other causes of double lips or enlargement of the lips
      must be considered.

PMID- 1817785
TI  - [Late sequelae of childhood condylar process fractures and their therapeutic
      options].
AB  - The causes of TMJ ankylosis after collum mandibulae fractures in the early
      childhood are discussed and two different surgical treatment approaches are
      presented. In cases of unilateral involvement it often suffices to separate the
      ankylosed area while the rest of the joint is spared; where as in cases of
      pronounced bilateral ankyloses wide reactions with temporary implantation of bone
      cement are carried out.

PMID- 1817786
TI  - [Different information patterns and their influence on patient anxiety prior to
      dental local anesthesia].
AB  - In 240 patients the correlation between different patterns of pretreatment verbal
      information on local anesthesia and perioperative patient anxiety was studied.
      Emphasis has been placed on the importance of "local anesthesia" itself as an
      anxiety factor as compared with other dental treatment measures and on legal
      aspects. The 240 patients were randomized into 3 groups of 80 patients each
      receiving minimum, basic, or extended information on local anesthesia. Anxiety
      was measured using the STAI test before and after the delivery of information,
      after local anesthesia, and finally after dental treatment. The significance of
      different anxiety factors was assessed with a questionnaire. Local anesthesia,
      pain sensation, and drilling were found to be the main anxiety factors. Higher
      STAI scores were observed in women and prior to surgical treatment, and the
      scores increased after minimum and extended information. Anxiety decreased after
      basic information, and significantly so in patients with high preoperative STAI
      scores. Disregarding the forensic aspects, our results suggest that basic
      information prior to dental treatment could be a useful method for reducing
      anxiety and improving the patients' confidence in the dentist or surgeon.

PMID- 1817787
TI  - [TMJ diagnosis in oral and maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - Recording pathologic mandibular movements is of crucial importance to the
      diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the masticatory system. The
      electronic computersupported recording system presented in this paper is a
      diagnostic instrument of extremely high precision. The clinical and scientific
      applications possible with this system in oral and maxillofacial surgery are
      discussed.

PMID- 1817788
TI  - [The significance of zonography in X-ray diagnosis of midfacial fractures].
AB  - The possibilities offered by panoramic zonography (MT program) in the diagnosis
      of the midface are outlined. The imaging quality of various anatomical structures
      is demonstrated both on the anatomical model and in clinical use. The benefits
      and limitations of this procedure are discussed. Zonography is a reliable
      instrument adding to the range of basic diagnostic procedures in the midfacial
      region.

PMID- 1817789
TI  - [Digital intraoral sonography. Technique, clinical use, perspectives].
AB  - Despite the advantages of sonography we have only little experience regarding the
      intraoral use of this technique. The reasons for this are related to the size of
      the ultrasonic transducers and patient compliance. A new miniaturized transducer
      system is presented which facilitates intraoral sonography. First results
      obtained above all in the field of tumor diagnosis are reported.

PMID- 1817790
TI  - [The value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of zygomatic arch fractures].
AB  - In 15 cases ultrasonograms were used to verify the result of a zygomatic fracture
      reduction and were correlated to conventional x-ray films. Both the pre- and
      postoperative ultrasonograms demonstrated all fractures of the zygomatic arch.
      Ultrasonographic imaging of the non-exposed bone surfaces enables the operator to
      monitor the reduction of zygomatic arch fractures intraoperatively, and thus
      optimize the treatment results.

PMID- 1817791
TI  - [Neuropathology of Onuf's nucleus].
AB  - Onuf's nucleus is a small motoneuron group in S2 anterior horn, which was
      described by Onufrowicz in 1900. He suggested that the motoneurons in the nucleus
      innervated striated muscles involved in election and ejaculation. The nucleus is
      readily shown by the K-B stain on account of its pale staining background which
      is sharply demarcated from the surrounding network of fine myelinated fibers.
      However, neuropathological descriptions of the nucleus are very rare. Pons
      Tortella et al reported the sparing of this nucleus in acute anterior
      poliomyelitis. In 1977. We reported that Onuf's nucleus were well preserved in
      cases with ALS, in which the function of bladder and rectal sphincters is often
      intact until the latest stage of the illness. On the control , Shy-Drager
      syndrome showed severe degeneration of Onuf's nucleus. The patients with Shy
      Drager syndrome showed clinically evident urinary and/or fecal incontinence.
      Combination of these clinical and pathological findings led to conclusion that
      Onuf's nucleus innervates the striated muscles of the sphincters. In 1990,
      Iwatsubo et al studied corticofugal projections to the motoneurons with Nauta
      Gygax's technique in a patient with cerebral infarction. They verified that the
      oculomotor and abducens nuclei and Onuf's nucleus do not receive direct cortical
      projections. These motoneurons are characteristically spared in ALS. For the
      studies on ALS, it is important to know what differences between Onuf's nucleus
      and other motoneuron groups in anterior horn are biochemically and
      physiologically.

PMID- 1817792
TI  - [Electrophysiologic tests of human reflexes: diagnostic values and limitations].
AB  - Traditional nerve stimulation techniques used in an electromyography laboratory
      primarily assess the distal segments of the peripheral nerves. Methods of testing
      the proximal nerve segments or the central nervous system include the F wave, H
      reflex, T reflex, tonic vibration reflex, and blink reflex. These studies reveal
      conduction characteristics along the entire course of the sensory and motor axons
      as well as the excitability of the neuronal pool in the brainstem and spinal
      cord. Extensive studies have proven the practical value of these late responses
      in certain neurologic disorders. Even though clinical applications of the
      techniques mentioned here await further clarification, they have already
      contributed substantially as a means of quantitating physiologic studies of motor
      and sensory systems. This report will review the basic physiology, diagnostic
      values and technical limitations of the newer methods in evaluating the regions
      of the nervous system not accessible by the conventional methods.

PMID- 1817793
TI  - [Neural mechanisms of visual long-term memory].

PMID- 1817794
TI  - [Molecular biology of mitochondrial myopathies].

PMID- 1817795
TI  - [Epilepsy surgery--advances in presurgical evaluations and operative techniques].
AB  - In 1886, Victor Horsley realized the possibility of surgical treatment of
      epilepsy, which had been suggested by John H. Jackson. However, it is only
      recently that surgery has been widely accepted as an important method of
      comprehensive management of epilepsies. In general, the presurgical evaluation is
      carried out in two phases: first phase of noninvasive studies (EEG and
      videomonitoring, brain imaging, psychometrics) and second phase using surgical
      techniques (videomonitoring with intracranial electrodes, angiography, Wada test,
      functional mapping). EEG-videomonitoring to record habitual seizures of patients
      contributed significantly. Although in about 25% of cases, phase 1 monitoring
      with scalp and sphenoid electrodes may be sufficient in determining surgical
      indication, depth electrode exploration is still necessary in the rest of cases.
      Among brain imaging tests, SPECT and PET showed better correlation with EEG
      abnormality, PET studies in ictal stage is the most reliable methods. The
      classical operative techniques, such as focal resection, temporal lobectomy and
      callosotomy are still in use. Application of microsurgical techniques enhanced
      the reliability of surgical outcome. The complex partial seizures of temporal
      origin are the most promising candidates for surgery. Careful presurgical
      evaluation may warrant more than a 90% postoperative improvement.

PMID- 1817796
TI  - [Environmental factors in western Pacific foci of ALS and a possible pathogenetic
      role of aluminum (Al) in motor neuron degeneration].
AB  - Recent decline in incidence rates of ALS in Guam and the Kii Peninsula of Japan
      strongly implicates environmental factors rather than inheritance in its
      causation. Environmental studies in Western Pacific foci showed identical mineral
      compositions in the soils and drinking water, i.e., extremely low calcium (Ca)
      and magnesium (Mg) and high aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn). Series of trace
      elemental analyses of the CNS tissue of ALS patients have revealed a high
      contents of Al and Ca with significant positive correlations between Al and Ca
      and/or between Ca and Mn, suggesting the prolonged exposure to these trace
      environment to cause abnormal mineral metabolism detrimental to neurons. Using
      electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS), Al was found to accumulate within DNA
      containing chromatins and rRNA-containing cellular components, i.e., nucleolus,
      heterochromatin, rough endoplasmic reticulum, in lumbar motor neurons of ALS.
      Thus, Al may preferentially bind to nucleic acids and cause a progressive
      inhibition of the protein synthesis of rRNA and the transcription or gene
      modulation of DNA, leading to neuronal degeneration.

PMID- 1817797
TI  - [Neuron damage in the rat spinal cord induced by acromelic acid].
AB  - A single systemic injection of acromelic acid, a novel kainate analogue, caused
      long-lasting spastic paraparesis in the rat. Two rats that developed paraparesis
      were neuropathologically examined one week and three months after the injection,
      respectively. Numerous degenerated neurons with marked reactive gliosis were
      scattered in the gray matter of the spinal cord of the rat with paraparesis for
      one week. Degenerated neurons were most abundant in the core part of lumbar and
      sacral segments. The cytometry on the 1st sacral segment disclosed that the
      number of small neurons was significantly decreased. No morphological sign of
      neuron damage was demonstrated in the rest of the central nervous system. These
      pathological changes were responsible for the development of characteristic
      behavioral changes which were quite different from those induced by kainic acid.
      The regional difference between the neuron damage induced by acromelic acid and
      that induced by kainic acid suggests the presence of plural kinds of kainate
      receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system. This assumption is supported
      by receptor binding studies on glutamate receptor subtypes, indicating the low
      affinity of acromelic acid for both kainate and AMPA binding sites. Acromelic
      acid may exert its potent depolarizing and neurotoxic effects through activating
      a new class of kainate receptor subtypes.

PMID- 1817798
TI  - [Antiganglioside antibodies in motor neuron disease and motor dominant
      neuropathies].
AB  - Serum antiganglioside antibodies were investigated in motor neuron disease (MND)
      and in chronic or acute immune-mediated motor-dominant neuropathies. IgM antibody
      binding to GM1 and GA1, reacting with Gal beta 1-3GalNAc epitope, was seen in 5
      out of 26 cases of MND. IgM antibody binding to Gal beta 1-3GalNAc epitope was
      also detected in 3 out of 3 cases with motor dominant neuropathy with multifocal
      conduction block (MNMCB). The IgM M-protein in a case with motor dominant
      neuropathy bound to GM1, GD1b, GM2 but not to GA1. This M-protein may recognize
      carbohydrate epitope including sialic acid. Antiganglioside antibodies were
      detected in 11 out of 16 cases with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Among them,
      anti-GM1 antibodies were detected in 6 cases. Gal beta 1-3GalNAc epitope was
      recognized in 3 cases, and GM1 was monospecifically recognized in 3 cases. Thus
      the binding specificities of anti-GM1 antibody in motor dominant neuropathies
      were varied. The titers of anti-GM1 antibodies in 1 case with MNMCB and in 6
      cases with GBS were more than 1:160, whereas those in MND were less than 1:80.
      The high titers of antibody in MNMCB and GBS decreased in association with
      clinical improvement, suggesting that they are closely related with the disease
      process. Although the titers are low, anti-GM1 antibody in MND may give us a clue
      to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms of this intractable disease.

PMID- 1817799
TI  - [Post-poliomyelitis late progressive muscular atrophy (PPMA)--clinical analyses
      of Japanese cases].
AB  - Clinical and epidemiologic analyses of PPMA in Japan based on the nation-wide
      case survey were reported, and differences between PPMA and ALS were discussed.
      The present survey covering the years from 1984 through 1991 cited 42 PPMA cases
      (30 male:12 female). The absolute incidence of PPMA is estimated 0.12/10(5) of
      the Japanese population (about 150 cases in total), which indicates 0.5% of the
      polio survivors. In Japan an actual increase of patients is noticed in these 10
      years, which reflects the big epidemic of polio around 1950-60. The antecedent
      poliomyelitis occurred at the mean age of 2.6, mostly between 1940 and 1960.
      Residual paralysis was generally absent or only minimal. Late muscular atrophy
      and weakness were noticed at age from 16 to 63 y (mean:41.5), with the mean
      latency of 40.1 years after polio. Both polio-affected and unaffected site of the
      limb were equally involved by PPMA, but the left leg tends to be predominantly
      involved. Neurological symptoms were summarized as an asymmetrical proximal
      muscular atrophy and flaccid motor paresis in one or two limbs with decreased
      tendon reflexes. Fasciculation in 45.2%, myalgia in 28.6%, and hypesthesia in
      28.5% were noticed. Electromyography and muscle CT scan showed marked selective
      neurogenic changes. In most cases symptoms are stable or slowly progressive, with
      some recovery by rest or rehabilitation and deterioration by over work and/or
      trauma. On regarding these clinical features, PPMA is essentially different from
      classical ALS. Long-term hyperfunction of survived neurons with potential
      fragility by polio infection is suspected to mediate PPMA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817800
TI  - [Test for analysing nerve conduction velocity].
AB  - Recently, many attempts have been made to measure the difference in velocity
      between the fastest and slowest fibers in a nerve trunk or to estimate the nerve
      fiber conduction velocity distribution in a nerve bundle using several different
      methods, such as collision technique (Hopf 1963) and computer analysis of the
      compound action potentials (Cummins et al. 1979; Barker et al. 1979). For the
      computer analysis, however, some assumptions in regard to the quantitative
      relationship among conduction velocity, single fiber action potential and fiber
      diameter are necessary, and there has been little agreement about them. There is
      also a problem about the relationship between conduction velocity and refractory
      period in Hopf's technique. Using a collision technique with a method of 3-point
      stimulation, Gilliat et al. (1976) now suggested that surface recording was
      unsatisfactory for measuring the velocity of the slow-conducting nerve fibers.
      With this method, however, we had a preliminary experiment to analyze conduction
      velocities of so-called A fibers in the bullfrog's sciatic-peroneal nerve using
      fluid electrode, and they were divided into 3 groups (Nakanishi et al. 1986).
      These findings were in good agreement with those obtained by Erlanger and Gasser
      (1937) using monophasic recording. Therefore, clinical measurement of the nerve
      conduction velocities with a method of this collision technique was performed
      using surface recording.

PMID- 1817801
TI  - [On the mechanisms and diagnosis of conduction disturbances due to demyelination
      with special reference to multifocal demyelinating neuropathy (Lewis-Sumner)].
AB  - Multifocal demyelinating neuropathy with persistent conduction block can mimic
      motor neuron disease, but is potentially reversible. Its diagnosis rests upon
      electrophysiological demonstration of focal conduction block at multiple sites.
      Conduction block is the most important mechanism causing clinical symptoms in
      peripheral nerve demyelination. On the other hand, conduction slowing is not
      always associated with clinical symptoms. In 2 out of 9 patients with multifocal
      demyelinating motor neuropathy, MRI showed focal swelling of the nerve at the
      site of conduction block. Both of them had elevated titers of anti-GM1
      antibodies. In one, we biopsied a portion of the medial pectoral nerve, which was
      adjacent to the focal swelling, at surgical exploration. Pathological findings
      included very thin myelin associated with large diameter fibers and small onion
      bulb formation, suggesting that remyelinative process is abortive in this disease
      leading to persistent conduction block. Anti-GM1 antibodies bound to the denuded
      axoplasmic membrane may interfere with the process by masking the cell surface
      markers. The reason why the sensory fibers are spared is unclear, but it may be
      possible that GM1 in sensory axons have less affinity to the antibody than that
      in motor fibers.

PMID- 1817802
TI  - [Nerve conduction abnormalities in chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      polyneuropathy (CIDP)].
AB  - Changes in compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were evaluated in 13 cases
      with CIDP by using inching-stimulation technique. The presence of
      electrophysiological multifocal lesion distinguished CIDP from hereditary
      demyelinating neuropathy (HDN). The size of each CIDP lesion was sometimes as
      small as a few millimeters, showing a decrease in CMAP amplitude proximally. No
      HDN cases revealed such focal changes. It is thus important to demonstrate small
      lesions with CMAP changes of demyelination-type in diagnosis of CIDP. Decrease in
      amplitude of proximally-evoked CMAP is essential but sometimes inadequate to
      determine partial conduction block, because HDN may show decrease in CMAP
      amplitude, up to 45%, by elbow stimulation as compare to one by wrist stimulation
      in our series. In determining partial conduction block a standard two-point
      stimulation can cause an error, because that threshold is quite high over a
      demyelinated segment, and that a cross stimulation may occur when high voltage
      stimulation is applied. Multiple-sites stimulation is the most reliable technique
      to demonstrate convincing changes in CMAPs over small demyelinating lesions.
      Revival of blocked motor fibers introduces new units to CMAP. In most cases some
      increase in CMAP amplitude occur first, because remyelinated fibers are slowly
      conducting. Some units with shorter latency occasionally revived first, which
      suggests a possibility of conduction block without morphological background.

PMID- 1817803
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria of conduction block and the spectrum of diseases which is
      accompanied with conduction block].
AB  - To establish the criteria of conduction block is essential for its clinical
      application. Nerve conduction studies were performed on 15 normal controls. Peak
      to-peak amplitude, negative wave area and negative wave duration were measured
      and their ratios between proximal and distal stimulation were estimated. The
      results were summarized in Table. Decrease of amplitude and area was the more
      conspicuous in the longer segment, and therefore it was suspected to be due to
      the duration-dependent phase cancellation. Since area reduction was less than the
      amplitude reduction, the area was a more useful parameter than the amplitude. The
      importance to provide different normal values for the different nerve segment was
      emphasized. The diseases which are known to be accompanied with conduction block
      include AIDP, CIDP and entrapment neuropathy. Multifocal motor neuropathy with
      conduction block associated with anti-GM1 antibody is recently noticed and we
      presented the cases we experienced. By contrast, it has been demonstrated that
      HMSN type 1 does not show conduction block. We examined diabetic and uremic
      neuropathies and showed that they do not have conduction block. These facts
      suggest that the demyelination does not always produce conduction block.

PMID- 1817804
TI  - [Morphologic basis of conduction block].
AB  - Conduction block is electrophysiologically defined and is shown to be an
      important pathologic condition encountered in both central and peripheral nervous
      system disorders. The conduction block is encountered most frequently in
      peripheral nerve injuries, which are the results of compression and ischemia. It
      is impossible to study morphologically the particular myelinated fibers showing
      the conduction block in human cases, but the alterations of myelinated fibers in
      the experimental models have been studied. The disturbance and/or destruction of
      the axoglial junction, with or without subsequent paranodal and segmental
      demyelination, is the major cause of the conduction block and is relatively
      easily identified morphologically in teased fiber and electron microscopic
      preparations of myelinated fibers. Following paranodal and segmental
      demyelination, the compensatory increase of large intramembranous particles,
      probably corresponding to the sodium channel, may enable the continuous
      conduction to be successful across the demyelinated axon. The abnormality of the
      nodal axolemma, dysfunction and/or loss of sodium channels, is another major
      cause and is not easily proven by light and electron microscopic techniques. Both
      causes may be concomitant under certain clinical and experimental conditions.
      Clinical and experimental conditions characterized by the conduction block are
      also listed.

PMID- 1817805
TI  - Association of high density lipoprotein cholesterol with plasma lipolytic
      activity and C-peptide concentration in type 2 diabetes.
AB  - In order to assess whether insulin concentration or plasma lipolytic activity has
      any role in the regulation of HDL cholesterol concentrations in type 2 diabetes,
      fasting plasma C-peptide and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations and the post-heparin
      plasma activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic endothelial lipase were
      measured in 148 patients with type 2 diabetes (76 male, 72 female). HDL2
      cholesterol was related negatively to hepatic lipase activity in men (r = -0.49,
      p less than 0.001) and women (r = -0.43, p less than 0.001) and positively to
      lipoprotein lipase activity in men (r = -0.33, p less than 0.01) and women (r =
      0.36, p less than 0.01). A significant inverse relationship was confirmed between
      C-peptide and the HDL2-cholesterol subfraction in both sexes (men, r = -0.40, p
      less than 0.001, women r = -0.51, p less than 0.001). This persisted after
      adjustment for the effects of alcohol intake, mode of hypoglycaemic treatment,
      plasma glucose and body mass index. The relationship was lost in men and greatly
      diminished in women when hepatic lipase activity was included in multiple linear
      regression analysis, whereas the inclusion of lipoprotein lipase activity in the
      analysis had little effect on the relationship between C-peptide and HDL2
      cholesterol. We suggest that hepatic lipase may be partly responsible for the
      commonly observed inverse relationship between measures of insulin secretion and
      HDL-cholesterol concentrations. We speculate that this may occur through a direct
      stimulatory effect of insulin on the enzyme's activity.

PMID- 1817806
TI  - Pre- and postprandial hyperinsulinemia during insulin pump treatment; role of the
      subcutaneous bolus and basal infusion.
AB  - The impact of the bolus dose and the basal infusion during insulin pump treatment
      on pre- and post-prandial hyperinsulinemia was investigated in 8 insulin
      dependent diabetic patients. Frequent determinations of free insulin in blood and
      simultaneous determination of glucose consumption with euglycaemic clamp
      technique were made after a bolus of 5 U with or without basal infusion and after
      10 U with basal infusion. The maximum free insulin level was reached after 75, 65
      and 105 min respectively (median; NS), whereas 50% of the maximum was reached
      already after 15, 10, and 12.5 min (NS). The fall in free insulin after the peak
      was slower in all protocols compared to the breakfast induced peak in healthy
      subjects and it was slower with than without basal infusion (p less than 0.03).
      Glucose consumption followed the free insulin profiles. We conclude, that
      administration of a subcutaneous bolus with an insulin pump gives a dose-related
      free insulin peak that is unphysiological in comparison with the normal meal
      related insulin secretion. Preprandial hyperinsulinemia, found after a prescribed
      interval of 30 min between injection and meal, as well as postprandial
      hyperinsulinemia, increased with a greater bolus indicating that adjustments of
      timing of meals and snacks may be necessary when the dose is changed.
      Furthermore, the insulin substitution with external pumps would probably be more
      physiological if the basal supply was interrupted after a bolus.

PMID- 1817807
TI  - Intravenous insulin simulates early insulin peak and reduces post-prandial
      hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - In NIDDM patients the deficient initial rise in insulin is a consistent finding.
      This early phase of insulin secretion influences the degree of hyperglycaemia
      following a meal. In this study insulin was infused intravenously into newly
      diagnosed NIDDM patients in an attempt to mimic the non-diabetic insulin response
      to a mixed meal and to determine the effect of early insulin availability on post
      prandial glucose, C-peptide and insulin concentrations in NIDDM patients. The
      study involved standardized meal tolerance tests (MTT) with and without insulin
      on 2 separate days, 1 week apart. Insulin was given by intravenous infusion (2.5
      U Actrapid over 30 min) immediately following the start of a 500 kcal MTT. The
      subjects were divided into non-obese and obese sub-groups with 8 subjects in each
      group (BMI 24.0 vs 32.0 kg/m2, HbA1, 12.7 vs 9.8%, age 44.4 vs 43.0 yrs,
      respectively). Following intravenous insulin in non-obese diabetics a peak plasma
      insulin concentration of 0.393 pmol/ml was observed at 15 min compared to 0.148
      pmol/ml at 90 min without exogenous insulin. The post-prandial glucose excursion
      between 60 and 120 min was significantly lowered with insulin (p less than 0.01).
      Similarly in the obese patients a higher and earlier insulin peak was achieved
      with intravenous insulin, with a lower level during the second half of the 4 h
      post-prandial period, the difference reaching significance at 150 min (p less
      than 0.05). No differences were observed in the C-peptide concentrations between
      the 2 study days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817808
TI  - Altered metabolism of acetaldehyde in blood is not a specific marker of diabetic
      macroangiopathy.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated altered acetaldehyde metabolism in diabetics
      with macroangiopathy. Elimination of acetaldehyde in blood homogenates was
      studied in 20 non-diabetic survivors of myocardial infarction and 22 healthy
      controls. The half-life of acetaldehyde was shorter in patients, than in controls
      (mean values 83 and 150 minutes, respectively, p less than 0.001). Thus, the
      presence of diabetes is not a prerequisite for altered acetaldehyde metabolism in
      angiopathy patients. Elimination of acetaldehyde proved to be an enzymatic
      process, as the elimination was virtually abolished in the presence of chloral
      hydrate, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase. In a previous study, however,
      results of a more specific assay of aldehyde dehydrogenase showed no correlation
      to the half-life of acetaldehyde. A possible explanation of the rapid
      acetaldehyde elimination in angiopathy patients is a low capacity of blood
      proteins for acetaldehyde binding.

PMID- 1817809
TI  - Renal subcapsular islet transplantation in the rat: a comparison of three
      techniques.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the results of renal
      subcapsular islet transplantation in the rat could be improved by placing the
      islets in a blood or plasma clot. Islets were isolated and transplanted into
      diabetic recipients using a standardized technique and islet function post
      transplantation measured by the ability to restore normoglycemia and by
      intravenous glucose tolerance testing. It was found that 750 islets in minimal
      essential medium reversed diabetes (6/6 recipients) and produced a normal IVGTT
      whereas the success rate if the islets were placed in a blood or plasma clot was
      only 0/6 and 1/6 recipients respectively (p less than 0.008). We conclude that
      any possible benefit from trophic factors within blood or plasma is outweighed by
      the fact that islets in a blood or plasma clot are distanced from the blood
      supply on the kidney surface. This finding has important implications for human
      islet transplantation.

PMID- 1817810
TI  - The detection of an early advanced glycation product which co-elutes with the
      Amadori product on aminophenylboronate affinity chromatography.
AB  - The production of an antiserum recognizing an early advanced glycation product of
      glycated human serum albumin (HSA) is reported. The antiserum was produced with
      the intention of recognizing the Amadori product, i.e. the monofructosamine
      derivative, of any glycated protein. In retrospect, however, the immunogen
      appears to have been transformed in vivo which led to the production of
      antibodies to an early advanced glycation product. Two-site immunometric and
      competitive ELISAs showed that the affinity-purified antibodies recognized
      glycated HSA only after it had been stored for several months. This recognition,
      by the antibody, was more specific for the transformed product than for the
      original hapten (1-amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose-6-aminohexanoic acid) used for
      immunization by a factor of more than 1,000. These antibodies also detected
      immunoreactive material present in the elution fraction after in vivo glycated
      HSA had been chromatographed on an aminophenylboronate affinity column,
      indicating that an early advanced glycation product can co-elute with the Amadori
      product of glycated HSA on aminophenylboronate affinity chromatography. This
      suggests that the antiserum recognized an early advanced glycation product that
      also contained cis-diols as does the Amadori product, and may prove useful in the
      early detection of clinical complications in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1817811
TI  - Abnormal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in motor neurone disease.
AB  - In this study, circulating concentrations of intermediary metabolites were
      measured in eight non-obese subjects with motor neurone disease in the basal
      (postabsorptive) state, and after a 75 g oral glucose challenge. Eight healthy
      subjects of similar age and body mass index served as controls. Basal pyruvate
      concentration was significantly elevated in the subjects with motor neurone
      disease (p less than 0.02). After oral glucose ingestion, overall levels of
      pyruvate (p less than 0.01) and lactate (p less than 0.05) were significantly
      higher in these subjects. Blood glucose concentrations fulfilled the criteria
      diagnostic of impaired glucose tolerance in six of the eight subjects with motor
      neurone disease (WHO, 1985). Cumulative insulin levels were slightly higher in
      these subjects and peak insulin response was delayed (120 min vs. 60 min)
      relative to the healthy controls. Circulating concentrations of alanine,
      glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and total ketone bodies were similar between
      groups. These results confirm that impaired glucose tolerance is a common feature
      of motor neurone disease. Furthermore, our data indicate disordered regulation of
      both pyruvate and lactate metabolism, consistent with reports of defective
      skeletal muscle pyruvate oxidation in individuals with this disorder. In
      contrast, our results indicate that the regulation of lipolysis and ketone body
      metabolism is unimpaired in motor neurone disease.

PMID- 1817812
TI  - Variable expression of isotopic discrimination in metabolic flows.
AB  - Isotopic discrimination in reaction velocity may affect to a variable extent the
      estimation of metabolic flow when a metabolic intermediate is catabolized by two
      pathways with different degrees of discrimination. This was explored in
      erythrocytes exposed to 14C- or 3H-labelled D-glucose in the absence or presence
      of menadione. In the absence of menadione, when the pentose phosphate pathway
      accounted for only 5% of the D-glucose 6-phosphate turnover, the oxidation of C1
      protonated or C1-deuterated D-[U-14C]glucose and D-[1-14C]glucose, mixed with the
      homologous non-radioactive D-[1-1H]glucose or D-[1-2H]glucose, indicated that,
      relative to the phosphorylation of the hexose, C1-deuterated D-glucose was less
      efficiently converted to 14CO2 than C1-protonated D-glucose. Moreover, in the
      absence of menadione, non-deuterated D-[U-14C]glucose and D-[1-14C]glucose were
      more efficiently oxidized in cells exposed to D-[1-2H]glucose rather than D-[1
      1H]glucose. In the presence of menadione, which increased more than ten-fold the
      flow rate through the pentose phosphate pathway, the phenomenon of isotopic
      discrimination was either revealed or masked. These data indicate that the
      phenomenon of isotopic discrimination may indeed affect to a variable extent the
      estimation of a given metabolic flow.

PMID- 1817813
TI  - Relationship between D-glucose oxidation and glycolysis in tumoral pancreatic
      islet cells with either rapid or decreased cell growth.
AB  - The relationship between glucose oxidation and glycolysis was examined in tumoral
      pancreatic islet cells with either rapid or decreased cell growth. In the control
      RINm5F cells, the utilization of D-[5-3H]glucose progressively augmented at
      increasing concentrations of D-glucose (0.2 to 16.7 mM), whereas D-[6-14C]glucose
      oxidation reached its maximal value at about 3.0 mM D-glucose. The 14CO2/3HOH
      ratio progressively decreased at increasing hexose concentrations, being about 5
      times higher at 0.2 than 10.0-16.7 mM. These experiments were repeated in cells
      cultured in the presence of D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine, which inhibits
      RINm5F cell proliferation. At 0.2 mM D-glucose, 14CO2 output was severely
      decreased but 3HOH production little affected, resulting in a marked fall of the
      14CO2/3HOH ratio. On the contrary, at 16.7 mM D-glucose, 3HOH formation was more
      markedly decreased than 14CO2 output, resulting in an increased 14CO2/3HOH ratio.
      These findings provide a model for the interference of cell growth with D-glucose
      metabolism in islet cells. Rapid growth causes a preferential stimulation of the
      Krebs cycle relative to glycolysis at a low glucose concentration, whilst
      increasing glycolysis more than oxidation at high concentrations of the hexose.

PMID- 1817814
TI  - Assessment of early stage autonomic nerve dysfunction in diabetic subjects-
      application of power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
AB  - To assess early stage autonomic nerve dysfunction, power spectral analyses were
      conducted on the consecutive RR records of healthy subjects (N/C, n = 21) and age
      matched diabetic patients without neuropathy (DNN, n = 11), with peripheral
      neuropathy alone (DPN, n = 14), and with autonomic neuropathy (DAN, n = 13)
      during resting, deep breathing, and tilting. From the analyses, power spectral
      densities of low frequency (0.05-0.1 Hz) component (LF; msec2) and of high
      frequency (0.2-0.35 Hz) component (HF; msec2) were calculated as expressing
      sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity, respectively. In N/C, LF and
      HF were 466 +/- 332 and 251 +/- 151, respectively. Deep breathing significantly
      (p less than 0.05 by paired t-test) increased HF to 403 +/- 305 and tilting
      increased LF significantly to 593 +/- 375. In diabetics as a group, both LF and
      HF were significantly smaller than those in N/C. DNN showed significantly smaller
      HFs than N/C. DPN showed a significantly smaller HF during deep breathing (135 +/
      93) and a significant smaller LF during tilting (122 +/- 119) than N/C. DAN
      showed a significantly smaller HF during deep breathing (49 +/- 49) and a
      significantly smaller LF during tilting (54 +/- 52) than DPN. Tilting increased
      LF significantly (p less than 0.001) in N/C but not in diabetics. Deep breathing
      increased HF significantly (p less than 0.001) in N/C and DNN. HF in diabetics
      highly correlated with known duration of diabetes. LF in diabetics did not
      correlate with known duration of diabetes nor level of hemoglobin A1c.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1817815
TI  - Detection and time course of humoral-mediated cytotoxicity to different cell
      types in diabetes-prone BB/OK rats.
AB  - Sera from diabetes-prone BB/OK rats were tested for humoral-mediated cytotoxicity
      to rat pancreatic islet cells, spleen lymphocytes and exocrine pancreatic cells
      using 51Cr-release assay systems. At the age of 20, 30 and 40 days all cross
      sectionally studied BB/OK rats showed cytotoxicity to islet cells but only 37.5%,
      25.0% and 63.3% of them exhibited anti-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, respectively.
      Neither the time course of cytotoxicity to islet cells nor to lymphocytes
      differed in BB/OK rats developing diabetes compared to animals maintaining
      normoglycaemia as evidenced in a follow-up study. The decrease of cytotoxicity to
      islet cells in vitro as observed in the time course study seems to be due to the
      appearance of an inhibitor of anti-islet cell cytotoxicity in serum from BB/OK
      rats older than 70 days. However, under conditions avoiding the influence of
      inhibitory components the observed time course of anti-islet cell cytotoxicity
      also did not permit to distinguish potential diabetic BB/OK rats from animals
      maintaining normoglycaemia. In contrast, long-term normoglycaemic BB/OK rats
      showed a peak value of cytotoxicity to rat exocrine pancreatic cells between 40
      and 50 days of age only whereas animals developing diabetes more frequently
      displayed cytotoxicity in the prediabetic phase. Inhibitory activity against
      cytotoxicity to exocrine cells was not likewise detectable in BB/OK rat serum. In
      conclusion, except of more frequently appearing cytotoxicity to rat exocrine
      pancreatic cells among the investigated BB/OK rats becoming diabetic the
      cytotoxicity patterns to islet cells and spleen lymphocytes were not predictive
      for diabetes onset. Thus, humoral-mediated cytotoxicity seems to appear in BB/OK
      rats as a sign of immune dysregulation characteristic for this animal model at
      high risk for diabetes rather than in a manner related to disease manifestation.

PMID- 1817816
TI  - Calcium antagonists and hormone release. VII. Effects of gallopamil infusion on
      insulin and C peptide release in normal subjects.
AB  - It is known that insulin release is calcium-dependent and that calcium
      antagonists, blocking calcium transport across cell membranes, inhibit it,
      especially interfering with the second phase of insulin secretion. Gallopamil
      (GAL) is a new calcium-antagonist that, although structurally similar to
      verapamil, has more potency. It blocks slow calcium channels and fast sodium
      channels. Even if it has been demonstrated in vitro, there is no evidence that
      GAL is able to impair the glucose-induced insulin release in humans. We have
      submitted five normal subjects (24-36 yr old) to oral glucose tolerance test
      (OGTT, 75 g of glucose p.o.) and OGTT plus GAL infusion test (1 mg i.v. as a
      bolus, followed by a 2 mg/hr infusion for 2.5 hr, starting 30 min before glucose
      load), in two different days, to determine the effects of GAL on insulin and C
      peptide release after oral glucose load. In opposite with verapamil effects, we
      found that GAL did not reduce the peak levels of insulin and C peptide, but the
      peak response was delayed and the incremental areas tended to increase during GAL
      infusion, so that an impairment of glucose tolerance was equally obtained. This
      study indicates that different calcium-antagonist drugs exert differential
      effects on insulin release and their action on glucose homeostasis should be kept
      in mind because of the large use of these drugs in cardiac patients.

PMID- 1817817
TI  - Gastric emptying rate and hormonal response in type II diabetics.
AB  - Gastric emptying time was measured by ultrasonography in 18 NIDDM patients with
      and without autonomic neuropathy, evaluated by cardiovascular autonomic tests and
      in 10 controls before and after a physiologic test meal. Six neuropathic subjects
      showed gastrointestinal symptoms such as fullness and early satiety. Blood
      glucose, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide were evaluated before and up to 200
      min after the test meal. The gastric emptying rate was similar in controls (275
      +/- 45 min) and in diabetic patients without (260 +/- 49 min) and with autonomic
      neuropathy (257 +/- 48 min) (p = ns), while diabetic symptomatics showed a
      significant reduction of gastric emptying rate (420 +/- 19.7 min) (p less than
      0.001). Basal serum glucose concentration was similar in all diabetic patients
      (132 +/- 18 mg/dl, 166 +/- 52 mg/dl, 161 +/- 61 mg/dl, p = ns). A basal value of
      serum gastrin was similar in all groups while the test meal produced a rise with
      a peak at 40' significantly higher only in symptomatics (195 +/- 58 pg/ml vs
      control 107 +/- 88 pg/ml, diabetics without and with autonomic neuropathy: 98 +/-
      12 pg/ml and 88 +/- 22 pg/ml respectively; p less than 0.01). Basal and
      stimulated PP values were similar in all groups. In conclusion ultrasonography is
      a simple, reliable method to evaluate gastric emptying rate without any
      interference in the mechanism of digestion and absorption of nutrients. The
      presence of non specific symptoms, such as nausea and gastric fullness, may
      indicate an early gastric involvement as supported by sonographic evidence of
      impaired emptying.

PMID- 1817818
TI  - [Role of pancreaticojejunostomy in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. A study
      of 105 operated patients].
AB  - 105 patients with intractable pain due to chronic pancreatitis were selected for
      treatment by lateral pancreatico-jejunostomy (according to the procedure of
      Partington Rochelle) after pre operative endoscopy had revealed a dilatation of
      the main pancreatic duct (mean : 6 mm). Pancreatico-jejunostomy was the unique
      procedure in 59 patients; it was associated with a biliary or duodenal diversion
      in 46 others patients. 2 patients died post-operatively and 12 required a second
      operation some years subsequent to the pancreatic drainage, for biliary stenosis
      due to the progress of the sclerosis. 8 of the 22 late death were in direct
      relation with the persistence of alcohol intake and 4 others died from an extra
      pancreatic cancer. Peptic ulcer complicating pancreatico-jejunostomy appeared in
      three patients and two of them died from hemorrhage. Mean observation time was 65
      years. Long term results were excellent or improved in 93.4% what pain relief
      concern, but the progression of exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency
      indicates that decompression of the dilated pancreatic duct does not prevent
      continuing destruction of pancreatic glandular tissue. In spite of these good
      results, the rational for duct drainage as a mean to decrease the intraductal
      pressure secondary to stricture is unclear. Neither the patency of the
      anastomosis, nor the presence or not of pancreatic lithiasis or the size of the
      dilated pancreatic duct seem to be crucial for pain relief after pancreatico
      jejunostomy. Notwithstanding of the dubiousness of the mechanism of action of the
      drainage procedure, pancreato-jejunostomy remains the most effective procedure
      for relief of pain in chronic pancreatitis with dilated duct.

PMID- 1817819
TI  - [Long-term results of necessarily extensive colectomies for cancer. A
      retrospective study of 41 cases].
AB  - In the present study, we try to discuss the results of the "en bloc" surgical
      resection of the extensive cancer of the colon which infiltrates one or more of
      the neighboring organs. Data from 41 patients who underwent this kind of
      operation from 1970 to 1988 were reviewed. The localisation, currently seen of
      this cancer, was the sigmoid colon and the number of the infiltrated neighboring
      organs varied from 1 to 3. The small intestine and the urinary tract were the
      most frequently infiltrated organs. The classification of Dukes was used: 14
      cases were on stage B and 27 on stage C. The operative mortality was 9.7% and the
      morbidity was 38%. The survival rate at 5 years was calculated with the Kaplan
      Meier method. It was 48% with a significant difference between stage B (91%) and
      stage C (25%). These results were similar to those of the authors found in the
      literature in the past ten years. They justify these extended resections.

PMID- 1817820
TI  - [Pseudarthrosis of the humeral shaft. Apropos of 58 cases].
AB  - We report 58 cases of humeral shaft non union following 28 times an orthopaedic
      treatment where persisted a space between the two fragments and 30 times an
      osteosynthesis but only 6 where satisfying. The sery contains 2 infected non
      union, dried in several months and 3 pseudarthrosis we did not operate because
      they were not inconvenienced. Among the 53 aseptic pseudoarthrosis the union has
      been to obtained after one operation for 42, two operations for 6 and three
      operations for 5. We analyse the consecutive mistakes having brought to the
      failures. We confirm that only an osteosynthesis not sufficient and that an
      associate graft is necessary. It could be an osteoperiosteum decortication, a
      spongious graft or a tibial graft (this last one is more safe but reserved to the
      iterative cases of the one with a big defect). The long evolution (more than a
      year for half at the cases) explains the fragment repercussions on shoulder or
      elbow.

PMID- 1817821
TI  - [Treatment of hepatic and juxta-hepatic abscesses by puncture-drainage].
AB  - The aim of this study was to show the result obtained by ultrasound-- or CT-
      guided puncture, possibly associated with transcutaneous drainage, for the
      treatment of hepatic and perihepatic abscesses. Preoperative imaging guides this
      treatment. It may reveal cavities as small as 1.5 cm in diameter. This
      nonsurgical treatment is based on single or multiple punctures, possibly followed
      by a long percutaneous drainage. The ideal indication is isolate liver abscesses
      located near the surface, as well as all juxtahepatic suppurative collections.
      Our experience is based on 73 patients, 32 of them presenting with an
      intrahepatic abscesses and 41 with a subphrenic or juxtahepatic abscess. For
      intrahepatic abscesses, healing was obtained with the surgical treatment in 75.3%
      of all cases: with a single puncture in 5 cases, two or more punctures in 4, and
      transcutaneous drainage in 11. Out of the 34 cases of perihepatic abscesses that
      underwent nonsurgical treatment, surgery was avoided in 25 cases, ie. 73.5% of
      all. Four of them were treated with a single puncture, 3 with repeated puncture,
      and 18 with transcutaneous drainage. The success of this procedure depends both
      on the indication and, most importantly, on the accurate application of the
      procedure.

PMID- 1817822
TI  - [Percutaneous puncture and drainage under ultrasonic control of pancreatic
      pseudocysts].
AB  - Eighty-seven pancreatic pseudocysts have been treated with a single or repeated
      puncture, which was or was not followed by percutaneous drainage. When the
      diameter of the cyst was smaller than 5 cm, it was healed in 83.3% of all cases.
      When the size of the cysts ranged from 6 to 10 cm, puncture alone allowed curing
      them in 57.1% of all cases, otherwise it had to be completed by drainage. On the
      other hand, puncture alone was not sufficient for cysts with a diameter exceeding
      10 cm, and an associated suction or surgical drainage was required. In the light
      of this experience, we can bring out the respective indications of single and
      multiple puncture and of percutaneous drainage, while taking account both of the
      size and of the etiological and clinicopathological features of the pseudocysts.
      In addition, this study allows assessing the incidence of the complications
      associated to this type of treatment.

PMID- 1817823
TI  - [Use of deep planes in surgery of rejuvenation of the face].
AB  - Since 1976, anatomical studies intensively performed in France have demonstrated
      the surgical interest in using the superficial musculo-aponevrotic system in the
      face, and also a subperiosteal malar approach. The SMAS is mostly a surgical
      structure. It could be considered as a remnant of a primitive subcutaneous muscle
      which would have been located in the superficialis fascia; its stays outward the
      parotid gland. Muscular fibers have been found inside, uniting from-down the
      patysma muscle toward the periphery of the frontalis muscle at the top. Risorius
      muscle is included in this structure. Its surgical interest is that it allows to
      relieve skin tension during a face lift by a fibromuscular associated stretch.
      The modern way in face lifting should prevent the fixed appearance of a too tight
      skin-pull, when skin is redraped alone. Risks of facial nerve injury are minimal
      when the proper technique is used. It is possible, in the same way, during a
      blepharoplasty to stretch the orbicularis oculi muscle, like the muscular
      resuturing of an inguinal hernia repair. Each of this technique has its own
      different indications now well defined. The authors shows this experience after
      150 cases of face lift operations and makes an analysis of the advantages and
      draw backs of using the SMAS in cases of rejuvenating face operations.

PMID- 1817824
TI  - [Conservative surgery for osteosarcoma in children under 8 years of age].
AB  - Recent progress is chemotherapy for treatment of malignant tumors of the skeleton
      permit conservative treatment in many cases by resection-reconstruction rather
      than amputation. The problem remains acute and divided in young children because
      of considerable intramedullary tumoral extension and other requirements due to
      growth. The authors comment their experience of femoral osteosarcoma in 3
      different methods of conservative treatment: 1 Creation of a progressive
      regenerate by Ilizarov's lift technique previously experienced on animal. 2 Total
      replacement of the femur with hip and knee arthroplasty using Dr Delepine massive
      growth prothesis. 3 Subtotal femoral replacement, sparing the superior and
      inferior growth plates, by a massive homograft fixed by a locked nail. The
      authors discuss the advantages and difficulties of each method with regards to
      literature and with their own experience.

PMID- 1817825
TI  - [Cranioplasties using free femoral osteo-periostal flaps].
AB  - Injuries, osteomyelitis, tumors are responsible of large skull defects. Their
      management is difficult. Three post traumatic and post infectious defects were
      repaired with an osteoperiostic flap taken from the internal face of the femur. A
      large defect due to the removal of a metastatic tumor was repaired with an iliac
      osseous flap. The choice of the donor site depends on the defect size (the femur
      provides a flap of 13 cm x 8 cm, the iliac bone a flap of 17 x 17 cm). The three
      head injured patients had a range of six previous unsuccessful surgical attempts
      using polymerised material or bone grafts. The post operative course in the post
      traumatic patients was uneventful, the domestic result good, the periostic
      consolidation less than three months. The free flap seems a good method for the
      management of risky cases.

PMID- 1817826
TI  - [Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of intraperitoneal fluid collections. An
      experience of a surgical team with 205 patients].
AB  - Percutaneous drainage has become, during the last ten years, the treatment of
      choice of abdominal abscesses. From January 1986 to January 1990, 205 patients
      have been treated in our department for an abdominal collection. In this
      prospective work we have realised percutaneous drainage in every patients who
      would have been operated, according to the classical indications. In 28 patients
      (acute cholecystitis), the indication has been elective because of the surgical
      risk, depending to the age (mean 80 years). We have treated 67 intra abdominal
      collections (34 post operative), 39 pseudocysts of the pancreas, 40 liver
      collections (18 abscesses); and we have done 37 biliary drainages. 15% of the
      patients showed communication of the collection with the digestive tract.
      Mortality was less than 5%. Half of these deaths occurred during the evolution of
      necrotic pancreatitis. 78% of the patients have been cured by the percutaneous
      drain. The other patients have been operated upon but the drainage facilitated
      the operation. In our experience percutaneous drainage is a secure technique and
      every abdominal surgeon would be able to practice this technique.

PMID- 1817827
TI  - [Extracorporeal lithotripsy of ureteral calculi using the Dormier HM3 device. A
      series of 176 calculi].
AB  - In a series gathered over 5 years (November 1984 to November 1989), we have
      treated 356 patients with ureteral lithiasis. Out of these, 170 (134 men and 36
      women) were treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotrity with a Dornier HM3
      system, in situ and as a first intention. The calculi (176 stones) were regularly
      distributed along the ureter: their location was subpyelic in 44 cases,
      lumboiliac in 59, upper pelvic in 42 and lower pelvic in 32. The average diameter
      of the calculi was 10 mm for subpyelic stones and 8 mm for the others. A
      preliminary urine drainage was required for 24 calculi causing acute obstructive
      pyelonephritis (32 ureteral drains surrounding the stone, and 2 percutaneous
      nephrostomies). Radioscopic localization required intravenous pyelography during
      lithotrity in 52 cases (30%). On radiographs without preparation taken the next
      day, 170 stones were regarded as fragmented (96%). After some time the 6 patients
      whose calculus had not been fragmented underwent another treatment (4
      ureterotomies and 2 ureteroscopies). Five patients had an additional treatment
      because of a painful and/or febrile episode (3 drain insertions and 2
      ureterotomies) and 2 patients required a second session of lithotrity because
      fragmentation was not sufficient; 4 patients were lost to follow-up. A total of
      153 patients (90%) got rid of their fragments, 146 during the first months and
      the remaining 7 before the sixth month. No severe complication was noted. Besides
      the 5 patients who had required additional treatment, 11 patients suffering from
      pain and/or fever had a medical treatment. These treatments lead us to proposing
      first-intention "in situ" extracorporeal shock wave lithotrity for all ureteral
      lithiases requiring a treatment.

PMID- 1817828
TI  - [Reconstruction of the intestinal tract by intracolonic ileal sleeve. An
      experimental study and 1st clinical cases].
AB  - An experimental study on 15 piglets allowed defining the technical procedure and
      controlling the anatomical and functional results of various modes of restoration
      of the ileocolic tract after resection with a terminolateral tubing including and
      intracolic ileal sleeve. Coloileal fixation was ensured only by a few
      seromuscular sutures and adhesion with "Tissucol". The clinical application of
      this procedure was very satisfactory for 9 recent right colectomies, thus
      confirming the results previously observed for 33 ileal perforations in Africa.
      The ileocolic tubing technique is easy, reliable, morbidity-free, and causes no
      leakage of intestinal fluid, no intestinal ischemia and no stenosis. As it
      prevents coloileal reflux, this assembly may prevent ileitis after right
      colectomy. Its valvular effect also contributes in the mechanical regulation of
      transit. The assembly produces a system that can be compared to the ileocecal
      valve.

PMID- 1817829
TI  - [Role of emergency subtotal colectomy in neoplastic obstructions of the left
      colon].
AB  - From 1984 to 1990, 60 patients underwent emergent surgery for a neoplastic
      obstruction of the left colon. We performed 19 colostomies without initial
      exeresis and 41 immediate tumoral resections. In the latter group, five subtotal
      colectomies (S.T.C.) were performed, including four with immediate mechanical
      anastomosis. Two patients had synchronous cancers and three had pre-perforating
      cecal lesions. Three patients had an associated general peritonitis. Three of the
      patients treated with STC died. These were these patients with general
      peritonitis, two of whom also had hepatic metastases. The data found in the
      literature on neoplastic obstructions of the left colon treated with STC with
      immediate anastomosis (227 cases are published) show an overall mortality rate of
      8.4% with 24% morbidity, a complication of the anastomosis occurring in 4.5% of
      all cases.

PMID- 1817830
TI  - [Conservative attitude in the treatment of closed injuries of the liver].
AB  - Progress made in surgical treatment of blunt hepatic trauma (BHT) are numerous.
      Some procedures are sophisticated, but the best results seem to be due to
      conservative trends. These conservative trends are observed on one hand during
      the laparotomy with limited hepatectomies, and peri-hepatic packing, on the other
      hand in non operative management (NOM). Among 55 patients treated over a 10 years
      period for BHT, NOM. (18 cases) is reported: incidence of NOM increased along the
      period (from 3 cases on 35, to 15 cases on 20). No deaths and no complications
      were observed. Secondary exploration was required in three patients: no one was
      objectively useful. Detection of hemoperitoneum greater than 500 cc and initial
      blood hypotension (if well corrected by resuscitation) do not exclude this NOM.

PMID- 1817831
TI  - [Complications of peroperative sterilization of hydatid cysts of the liver.
      Apropos of 6 cases].
AB  - Injection of scolicidal solution into the hydatid cysts has been used to
      sterilize the cyst and to prevent intra-abdominal dissemination of the parasite
      during surgery. We report six cases of complications of this measure.
      Intraoperative collapse in one patient and an immediate postoperative death
      occurring after injection of 10% H202. Postoperative sclerosing cholangitis
      occurred in 4 patients in whom 2% formalin or 20% sodium chloride was injected
      into the cyst. Cholangiography showed strictures affecting the intrahepatic
      biliary tree in 2 and both the intra and extra biliary tree in 3. Sclerosing
      cholangitis in these patients was likely to result from the caustic effect of the
      scolicidal solution having diffused from the cyst into the biliary tree. Jaundice
      developed in 3 patients from 2 to 5 months after operation. The intra-operative
      collapses is related to the injection of H202 into the cyst. The dramatic
      increasing of the volume of the cyst may fissure of the cyst-wall and allows the
      passage of gaz into the circulation. As the efficacity of intracystic injection
      of a scolicidal solution in preventing the dissemination of the parasite is still
      unproven, we recommend the rejection of this maneuver in the surgical treatment
      of hydatid disease of the liver.

PMID- 1817832
TI  - [Hepatic resection for alveolar echinococcosis].
AB  - The authors report their experience with 20 patients who underwent liver
      resection for alveolar echinococcosis of the liver from June 1982 to March 1991.
      Resection was radical in 9 patients and non radical in 11 patients. The 9
      patients treated by radical resection are alive. 8 patients are symptom-free and
      disease-free when one patient with a parasitic recurrence underwent another
      radical resection. Among the 11 patients treated by non radical resection, 4 of
      them died during the follow-up period, the cause of the death being related to
      the disease in 3 cases and non related in one case. When feasible, radical liver
      resection is the best form of therapy. When massive parasitic invasion precludes
      radical hepatectomy, non radical resection associated if necessary with
      percutaneous procedures should be considered before embarking on orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 1817833
TI  - [Is ischemia of the liver, lasting longer than an hour, a severity factor in
      hepatectomies? Apropos of 19 cases].
AB  - Nineteen hepatic resections with continuous liver ischemia exceeding one hour (60
      to 85 min, m = 68 +/- 8 min) are reported. Surgery was undertaken for 15
      malignant tumors, mainly metastatic, and 4 benign tumors. In 16 out of 19 cases,
      a major hepatic resection was necessary to remove massive and central lesions.
      Vascular clamping was a Pringle maneuver (9 cases), associated with inferior vena
      cava clamping-complete hepatic vascular exclusion (10 cases). 2050 +/- 2000 ml of
      packed red cells were infused peroperatively. No operative nor hospital mortality
      was recorded. Major complications developed in 6 patients: 3 intraperitoneal
      haemorrhages leading to complementary hemostasis of the raw surface of the liver
      in the first 24 hours, 1 erosive gastritis, 2 subphrenic abscesses treated by
      percutaneous drainage. Severe liver failure developed after left trisegmentectomy
      on a steatotic liver and led to emergency transplantation on the 17th day with
      success. Except this case, biochemical liver tests demonstrated slight and
      transitory alteration. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the rapidity of the
      regenerative process and liver biopsies at 6 and 12 months did not show any late
      changes. There is no relation between the duration of liver ischemia in the
      limits of this study and post operative morbidity rate, which is more influenced
      by the magnitude of the resection and the quality of the liver remnant.

PMID- 1817834
TI  - [Incidence of graft rejection after pancreas and kidney transplantation].
AB  - The possibility of an immunological follow-up of the pancreas through the renal
      transplant after simultaneous pancreaticorenal transplantation (S.P.R.T.) is
      controversial. Fifty patients have received a neopren-injected extraperitoneal
      segmental pancreatic transplant and a contralateral renal transplant, after
      immunological preparation with blood transfusions, without tissue matching but
      with a negative anti-T lymphocyte cross-match. Immunosuppression consisted in a
      three- or four-drug therapy during the first 10 days, then a long-term two-drug
      therapy (ciclosporine and azathioprine). Sixteen rejection episodes were noted in
      16 patients during the first 3 postoperative months. No concomitant alteration of
      the pancreatic function occurred (no pancreatic histology). No isolated
      pancreatic rejection has been noted so far. One patients presented with 2
      episodes of simultaneous rejection 15 and 26 months after transplantation. The
      actuarial survival rate at 2 years of the patients, kidneys and pancreata
      respectively is 96%, 92% and 80%. The absence of long-term alteration of the
      pancreatic function probably proves the absence of undetected pancreatic
      rejection. In our experience, the follow-up of the renal function allows
      screening and treating rejection episodes before a possible functional alteration
      of the pancreatic transplant occurs. In our opinion, extraperitoneal segmental
      pancreatic transplantation, a simple procedure with satisfactory metabolic
      results in the long term, is a good technique for S.P.R.T.

PMID- 1817835
TI  - [One liver for 2 transplantation recipients. How to divide the portal pedicle?].
AB  - It is possible to obtain two hepatic transplants from a single cadaveric liver by
      separation or right and left livers or by separation of the right lobe from the
      left lobe medial to the umbilical cleft. We attempt to define the ideal basis of
      separation of the structures of the portal pedicle, based on anatomical study of
      25 livers. One should ideally section the left portal vein, the right branch of
      the hepatic artery, the left hepatic duct. The segment I must be systematically
      resected, the segment IV must be resected after a separation of the right lobe
      from the left lobe. A cholangiogram and an arteriogram are indispensable prior to
      hepatic division.

PMID- 1817836
TI  - [Glycogen storage of the liver: a determining factor of initial function of the
      hepatic graft].
AB  - In this study we have investigated the effects of hepatocytes glycogen storage on
      the quality of livers for transplantation. Rats were fed or fasted for 24 h and
      hepatocytes isolated and cold stored in UW solution for 24 and 48 hours.
      Viability of the cells was analyzed by LDH release after 2 hours incubation in
      L15 with O2. Also, rabbits were fed, fasted (48 h) or glucose fed (48 h) and
      livers cold stored for 6, 24 and 48 h in UW solution. Functions of the livers
      were analyzed by isolated perfusion for 2 hours. Hepatocytes from fasted rats
      released significantly more LDH than hepatocytes from fed rats after 24 and 48 h
      cold storage. In rabbit livers, fasting depleted glycogen by 85% but had no
      effect on ATP or glutathione concentration. Livers from fasted rabbits produced
      similar amount of bile, released similar concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase
      and aspartate transaminase into the perfusate, maintained similar concentrations
      of glutathione after 24 hours preservation when compared to fed animals. After 48
      h preservation livers from fasted animals were less viable than livers from fed
      animals and the decrease of liver functions in livers from fasted animals
      preserved for 48 hours was prevented by feeding glucose. This study shows that
      liver glycogen storage in hepatocyte is an important metabolite for successful
      liver preservation. Glycogen may be a source for ATP and antioxydant synthesis
      during the early period of reperfusion.

PMID- 1817837
TI  - [Intervertebral biopolymer implant for arthrodesis. A study of 45 cases].
AB  - The B.O.P. biocopolymer is a bioresorbable, biocompatible product which can
      ossify. It has been used in 45 spinal arthrodesis, 42 times in cervical region
      but three in lumbar spine. The authors report their results after a follow-up
      period of 8 to 28 months. Persistent cervical pain has been noted in 9 cases.
      This was the most important postoperative complaint. Graft ossification has
      nevertheless been observed only in 40% of cases, as proved by simple X rays
      or/and scanner examination over a 26 months period. An osseous overproduction
      with posterior osteophytes could otherwise be observed. The authors remains
      cautious about using moreover this kind of graft, at least in its actual
      presentation, though the clinical results can be compared with these obtained
      with osseous autograft.

PMID- 1817838
TI  - [Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors. Apropos of 20 cases].
AB  - According to Glazer, the term of incidentaloma describes an adrenal tumor
      discovered incidentally during acomputed tomographyscan and by extension to all
      masses discovered whatever the imaging process. Twenty patients have been
      operated during the last 10 years. The discovering circumstances are not
      specific, except the ecography and CT Scan. Complementary examinations include
      biological tests aiming at showing a possible hormonal secretion and more
      specific examinations MIBG scintygraphy and magnetic resonance imaging. The
      tumors often large (80% more than 5 cm long) and solid (75%) have all been
      removed by transperitoneal approach (13) or lombotomy. Post operative course was
      approach unevertful. The histological study showed 6 metastasis, 5 benign kystic
      lesions, 3 hematomas, 3 adenomas, 2 adrenalcortical carcinoma and 1
      ganglioneuroma. A review of the literature series leads us to evaluate the
      frequency and risk of incidentalomas and to consider the necessary examination
      and the strategy to be adopted in front of such lesions. The evaluation of
      hormone status, the recourse to specific imaging seems necessary whereas the
      guided needle biopsy does not present any risk and should be reserved for very
      special cases. A decisional scheme is proposed, which ains at removing all
      voluminous and/or secreting tumors. Small lesions behind 35 mm will have to be
      examined closely and will be removed if they grow larger or persist.

PMID- 1817839
TI  - [Conservative surgery of kidney cancer. Ex vivo surgery with immediate magnetic
      resonance imaging].
AB  - In addition to the technical difficulties arising when the tumor is located in
      the centre of the kidney, one of the stumbling blocks of conservative partial
      surgery of the parenchyma is the risk of leaving a second tumoral focus in place.
      In these cases, we propose an ex vivo operation associated with an intraoperative
      examination of the isolated kidney with nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 1817840
TI  - [Antropyloric lithiasic obstruction. A variant of Bouveret's syndrome].
AB  - We report about one case of cholecystoduodenal fistula complicated by
      antropyloric lithiasic obstruction, which was treated surgically with gastrotomy
      and extraction of the calculus, in an 82-year-old woman. This case represents an
      anatomic variant of Bouveret's syndrome, which is classically defined as a
      duodenal lithiasic obstruction. On the basis of this case, the authors discuss
      the diagnostic and possibly therapeutic merits of digestive endoscopy and define
      the main clinical, anatomical and evolutive characteristics of this unfrequent
      complication of biliary lithiasis.

PMID- 1817841
TI  - [Preoperative radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy in the treatment of
      infiltrating cancers of the bladder].
AB  - The ratio of disappearance of bladder tumors after conventional irradiation (i.e.
      45 Gy) is about 30-40%. At least this is the percentage resulting from the study
      of specimens obtained with total cystectomy, a procedure that remains the usual
      treatment of these infiltrating cancers. For 30 patients (29 T3 and 1 T2), we
      have implemented a radio-chemotherapeutic procedure associating 24-Gy radiation
      to a sensitizing chemotherapy from D1 to D3 and from D15 to D17. Complete
      response was obtained in 75% of all patients. In one half of the cases in which
      the response was total, we abstained from removing the bladder, and have noted no
      signs of recurrence so far.

PMID- 1817842
TI  - [Malignant melanoma of the anal canal. Apropos of 8 patients and review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors present 8 patients with malignant melanoma of the anal canal. By
      including these patients with those already reported in the literature, they
      systematically analyse the various aspects of this exceptional site. These tumors
      always develop at the pectinate line and transitional mucosa, while rectal
      localizations corresponds to contiguous extension from a melanoma of the anal
      canal. The clinical features are only suggestive when the lesions appear
      pigmented macroscopically. The histological certainty depends of the
      demonstration of melanin pigment and is simple when the tumor is pigmented (75%
      of cases). The diagnostic is more complex in the case of nonpigmented tumors, but
      is facilitated by electronic microscopy and certain immune markers (Proteins S
      100). The constantly very severe prognosis depends of the depth of invasion,
      frequently assessed by Breslow's method, and lymph node invasion and metastatic
      spread are very frequent (88% of patients) either at the time of diagnosis or
      later in the course of the disease. The mean survival of 24 months does not
      appear to be influenced by treatment which is always surgical, either local
      excision of abdomino-perineal resection. Abdomino-perineal resection may be
      preferred in the case of a very small tumor less than 2 mm thick in the absence
      of any visceral metastases. Radiotherapy to extensive tumors is only palliative
      treatment and chemotherapy has not been found to be effective to date.

PMID- 1817843
TI  - [Traumatic hemoperitoneum of splenopancreatic origin. Apropos of 155 cases. Can a
      non-surgical treatment be proposed?].
AB  - From 1985 to 1990, we treated 155 patients presenting with a hemoperitoneum
      secondary to a splenic or hepatic injury (diagnosis established by sonography,
      puncture and washout and/or laparotomy). These were 39 children and 116 young
      adults (average age 33 years). Fifty-eight of them (37%) suffered from multiple
      injuries (11 children, 47 adults). Splenic lesions were observed in 110 cases and
      hepatic lesions in 45. Ninety-one patients were operated, 55 in emergency and 36
      later, while a watch-and-wait policy was applied to 64 (42%), with repeated
      clinical and complementary (ultrasound and/or CT) examinations. The indication
      for surgery was based on the clinical findings and the necessity of blood
      transfusion (more than 40 ml/kg/24 h in children, more than 2 to 5 U/24 h in
      adults, according to the context). This attitude allowed us to avoid operating
      two-thirds of the children and one third of the adults. We assess the limitations
      of this method.

PMID- 1817844
TI  - [Mandibular reconstruction using free vascularized fibula transplant].
AB  - Free revascularized fibular transplants have been used in surgery for the
      reconstruction of long bones since 1973. The reconstruction of the mandible using
      a free fibular transplant has been published in 1989 only by Hidalgo. The
      mandible and the fibula have little in common, except for their length and a
      similar structure in section. The anatomical study of the free
      osteofasciocutaneous fibular graft included 20 fresh subjects. The
      vascularization of the fasciocutaneous plate is either grouped or, more
      frequently, tiered (2/3 of cases). The technique to remove this graft is
      specified. Four clinical cases are reported, including three cases of neoplasm of
      the floor of the mouth invading the mandible, and one case of traumatic
      amputation of the lower part of the face. A free composed transplant taken from
      the fibula has been used in all four cases. The postoperative period was normal,
      and the grafts were completely successful. The main indications of free
      transplants made of fibular bone are: extensive (more than 8 cm) or compound
      losses of bony substance from the mandible. The richly vascularized transplant
      take from the fibula is very sophisticated and performant. The length of bone
      that can be removed is 25 cm; the bone may be osteotomized in 2 to 4 fragments
      retaining their vitality. Other tissular structures such as the skin, fascia,
      muscle, are removed with the bone. The independence in space is threefold and
      regards the bone, the teguments and the vascular pedicle. The microsurgical
      qualities of the vascular pedicle are considerable. These free transplants
      improve the quality of survival (endosseous implants in one case). The
      morphological, functional and esthetic result is good as a rule.

PMID- 1817845
TI  - [Lateral stenosis of the lumbar canal].
AB  - The authors report about 139 cases of nerve root compression due to a lumbar
      stenosis of the lateral recess. Saccoradiculography seems to be the best
      examination technique, and the radioclinical agreement is satisfactory. The
      technique for the surgical treatment and the extent of the release are described.
      Decompression must involve the symptomatic nerve roots, as well as those who
      appear to be displaced or amputated on radiculography. The only prognostic
      element noted in this study is the duration of evolution of preoperative
      symptoms. Thus the results may be less good for radicular pain lasting for more
      than one year.

PMID- 1817846
TI  - [Prostheses in recent and old complex injuries of the shoulder].
AB  - Eighty prostheses, including 46 humeral prostheses and 34 total ones, have been
      laid for complex injuries of the shoulder. In 56 cases, these were recent
      fractures, mainly of the head and tubercle of the humerus, in subject ages 65 in
      average. In 34 cases, the injuries were older and comprised malunion or
      epiphyseal necrosis. Five cases of subluxation and six of secondary displacement
      of the tubercles were noted. Pain was suppressed in most cases, but mobility was
      less satisfactory (37% exceeding 90 degrees active elevation). The humeral
      sealing evolved in a reassuring way, but a poorly evolutive glenoid rim was often
      observed. Finally, upper subluxation may occur during the evolution, which
      suggests the possibility of secondary ruptures in the rotator cuff.

PMID- 1817847
TI  - [Reconstruction of loss of bony substance in limbs by free vascularized fibula
      transplant].
AB  - The authors present their experience of bone-loss reconstruction by a free
      vasculized fibular transfer. 62 cases were operated, with an average follow-up of
      6 years (between 24 to 13 years). Studied were 15 upper limbs (10 humerus, 3
      ulna, 2 radius), 28 femurs and 19 tibias. We found a male predominance: 46 cases
      and the average age was 33 years old. The etiology was often due to trauma:
      serious road traffic accidents (37 cases). 44 cases were septic and the average
      bone-loss was of 10 cm (between 4 cm to 30). The most frequent complications were
      due to fractures of the graft (10 cases) and stiffness (15 cases). Consolidation
      rate was of 87%: 8 were failures (3 upper limbs: 20% at femur level, 10% at tibia
      level). The average consolidation rate of the septic cases was of 81%, and the
      non-septic cases over 97.5%. It seems to be a good technique and in particular
      for septic cases using a basic orthopedic technique and microsurgical suture.

PMID- 1817848
TI  - [Interlocking central medullary nailing of recent femoral and tibial fractures.
      Statistical study apropos of 835 cases].
AB  - Kuntscher's conventional closed intra-medullary nailing represents a good
      procedure in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the femur and the tibia but
      had a very restricted area (the midshaft) of indications. Thanks to the
      interlocking technic which consists in the fixation of the nail to the bone by
      means of transfixing screws either in a static or in a dynamic procedure, the
      method can be extended to fractures localised between both epiphysis of the long
      bones. After a first period between 1974 and 1983 of development of the method
      summarized in a first statistic, a second study was performed between 1984 and
      1989 in the Center of Traumatology of Strasbourg with 837 cases of fresh
      fractures of the femur (385) and the tibia (397) treated by locked intra
      medullary nailing. In two third of the cases the procedure was static and in one
      third it was dynamic. Full weight bearing was allowed in a mean period of 60
      days. On the femur (371 closed and 65 open fractures), we had noted 8 infections
      out of which 2 deep infections (0.45%), 5 non unions, 25 moderate malunions in
      varus and 18 in valgus. On the tibia (267 closed and 132 open fractures) we had
      observed 15 deep infections (3.7%) out of which 9 (2.2%) after open fractures, 15
      non unions (3.7%), 22 compartment syndroms, 6 mal unions in varus and 54
      malunions in valgus greater than 5 degrees out of which 15 greater than 10
      degrees.

PMID- 1817849
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography or MRI in the assessment of bone tumor extension].
AB  - Conservative surgery of primary bone tumors, which has become possible owing to
      the progress made by chemotherapy, must be carcinological, and it is therefore
      based on a thorough assessment of local tumor extension. CT and MRI have proven
      their great value for this assessment. While CT clearly shows the calcified
      tissue and the extension into soft tissue, MRI is more effective to delineate the
      tumoral and intraosseous margins and, more importantly, for the exploration
      within bone, for which it has the advantage of making a study in all planes
      possible. The anatomical substrate and exact meaning of the MR signal of
      pathological tissue still remains to be specified. However, MRI already appears
      to be the essential examination for the assessment of local bone tumor extension.
      If it did not have contraindications, it could replace CT within the next few
      years.

PMID- 1817850
TI  - [Single-compartment arthroplasty of the knee using the Marmor-Cartier method.
      Apropos of a series of 100 cases].
AB  - 100 unicompartmental knee prosthesis type Marmor-Cartier with 86 replacements of
      the medial compartment have been followed for a period of 5 to 15 years. Contrary
      to the reaxation osteotomies, a moderate hypocorrection about 3 to 5 degrees has
      to be respected in unicompartmental knee replacement. The two major complications
      are degradation of the contralateral compartment due to hypercorrection; and
      loosening of the tibial plateau due to hypocorrection over 5 degrees or anterior
      laxity or convex side laxity or misalignment of the prosthetic device. The
      unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is a trustful surgical procedure as long as
      precise indications for this method and a rigorous surgical technique are
      respected.

PMID- 1817851
TI  - [The role of dental implantology--statistical considerations].
AB  - Endosseous implantation procedures are used in dentistry with ever increasing
      frequency. For an assessment of the role of dental implantology within the
      specialities of dentistry, 2000 physicians and dentist in the FRG were surveyed.
      The article reports data on physicians/dentists involved in implantology, the
      frequency of insertions of endosseous implants, the popularity of implant
      systems, implantological methods applied, successes, failures and indications.

PMID- 1817852
TI  - [40 years of German Society for Prosthodontics and Material Sciences].
AB  - The German Society for Prosthodontics and Material Sciences is turning 40 years
      this year. This event is reason enough to look back and remember its stages in
      development.

PMID- 1817853
TI  - [Osteoplastic tooth transposition. Surgical method for orthognathic placement of
      a single tooth].
AB  - The procedure described in this article is based on the surgical subtotal
      luxation of a tooth-containing alveolar segment and allows the repositioning of
      single teeth while almost regularly safeguarding tooth vitality. This procedure
      has proven particularly effective in the treatment of maxillary anteriors,
      canines and premolars. For patients preferring surgical correction to long-term
      orthodontic treatment this limited operative intervention allows safe orthodontic
      alignment. To date, relapses have not been observed in the cases treated. Stable
      immobilization of up to six weeks postoperatively is achieved by splinting.

PMID- 1817854
TI  - [Clinical comparison of bonded bridges as a function of preparation and metal
      conditioning. Statistical analysis of failures].
AB  - A total of 107 bonded bridges could be re-evaluated after a mean period of 2.3
      years and a maximum of 5 years. The preparation of mechanical retentive aids,
      such as grooves and bores resulted in a significant reduction of failure rates
      after one year. Electrolytical etching or silicoating of the CoCr restorations
      failed to have any effect on the failure rates of those bridges that were
      provided with adequate mechanical retention.

PMID- 1817855
TI  - [The effect of inorganic fillers on the properties of light-curing composites].
AB  - Light curing composite resins became the preferred material in treating carious
      or traumatic lesions of anterior teeth. Attempts to improve the properties of
      these materials lead to the development of hybrid composites with an amount of
      anorganic fillers of more than 80 weight %. It was the purpose of this study to
      investigate whether composites with higher amounts of anorganic filler show
      better properties than those with lower amounts of filler. Eight commercial and
      two experimental composites have been tested for their resistance to abrasion by
      simulated toothbrushing, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption, porosity, and
      surface quality. The results showed no correlation between the amount of
      anorganic filler on the one hand and tested properties on the other. The amount
      of anorganic filler is no quality criterium per se, the properties of a composite
      are rather influenced by composition and quality of the organic matrix, even if
      the amount of anorganic fillers increases to more than 80 weight %.

PMID- 1817856
TI  - [New electronic-mathematical method for measuring the condylar center of
      rotation].
AB  - Until today, not all methodical details and problems concerning the exact and
      reproducible determination of the condylar hinge axis have been solved yet. All
      familiar mechanical-manual and electronically supported methods as well as
      computer methods of some electronical recording systems have their limitations
      and are partly incorrect up to now. The reason for this lies mainly in the
      theoretical respectively mathematical approach towards these methods. With the
      aim of determining a point of minimal translatory movement ("steady point")
      during the rotatory opening movement in the TMJ condyle, a mathematical method is
      presented, which calculates the 3D coordinates of the condylar rotation centers
      automatically, i.e. without manual manipulation of the recording system. Contrary
      to conventional methods, this new technique is very precise and relatively less
      sensitive towards superimposed translatory movements.

PMID- 1817857
TI  - [Comparative study of the measured values of different periodontal probes].
AB  - A 0.25 N hinged constant force probe (Borodontic) and two inflexible probes (WHO,
      PCP-11) were used for probing. The mean probing depth differences between WHO and
      Borodontic as well as between Borodontic and PCP-11 were significant. Deepest
      probing levels were found with WHO and shallowest levels with Borodontic. Also,
      the pockets in patients with higher sulcus bleeding index presented shallower
      probing levels with Borodontic than the other probes.

PMID- 1817858
TI  - [Modulation of glycosaminoglycan- and collagen synthesis of human gingival
      fibroblasts by progesterone].
AB  - Hormonal changes occuring during pregnancy are known to induce periodontal
      changes and may therefore influence preexisting periodontal diseases negatively.
      Since glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen are the principal constituents of the
      matrix, the influence of progesterone on their synthesis was chosen as an assay
      system. Confluent human gingival fibroblast cultures grown under standard
      conditions were preincubated with progesterone levels ranging from 0.05 to 0.5
      microgram/ml for 48h before GAG synthesis was assayed by incorporation of 14C
      glucosamine. The GAG fraction was detemined by ion-exchange-chromatography and
      fractionated precipitation. Collagen-synthesis was monitored by 14C-proline
      incorporation. Progesterone concentrations corresponding to those seen in the
      third trimenon of pregnancy were able to lower GAG-synthesis; the synthesis of
      all GAG-species was affected in a similar way. Collagen synthesis was only
      affected by unphysiologicaly high hormone doses. The observed clinical changes
      may therefore be due to the influence of progesterone on GAG synthesis.

PMID- 1817859
TI  - [Long-term success of various implant types--a study over 15 years].
AB  - This study reports the clinical success rates of 6 different implant types
      inserted with defined clinical indications. The criterium used was implant loss.
      The survival periods of a total of 1723 implants were statistically evaluated
      according to Kaplan and Meier's method in relation to the type of implant used
      and the indication chosen.

PMID- 1817860
TI  - [Studies on the effects of abutment position on the prognosis of endosseous
      implants].
AB  - Although the use of osseointegrated Branemark implants is associated with a high
      success rate, late losses of primarily osseointegrated implants have been
      observed again and again. In this study 50 patients were evaluated to clarify the
      effects of abutment position on late losses. The results have shown that implant
      position is less important for the loss of implants than other parameters such as
      healing disorders or poor oral hygiene.

PMID- 1817861
TI  - [Success of implantation depending on the type of prosthetic superstructure].
AB  - 53 patients with 120 endosseous implants could be re-evaluated after a mean
      period of 2.7 years (maximum 5 years). Using casts from the upper with transfer
      posts and lower jaw, we measured the deviation of the implant axes from their
      ideal direction and localisation. Furthermore, we tried to find out, whether an
      unfavourable localisation compromised the prognosis of osseointegrated implants.
      Ideal, axial load by the prosthetic construction was often impossible because of
      unfavourable localisation of the implants. In a rank correlation analysis we
      found a significant influence of unfavourable localisation on prognosis in the
      group of hinge bars. Further weak correlations were revealed between loss of
      attachment and gingiva index which in turn was correlated with the plaque index.

PMID- 1817862
TI  - [The attachments of the IMZ system in full denture prosthodontics].
AB  - With the aid of a photoelastic model it was possible to visualize the
      transmission of forces from four different types of attachment (parallel bar,
      round bar, RS- and O-ring attachment) onto IMZ implants. The parallel bar
      produced the highest stresses between the implants. By contrast, the round bar
      mainly transmitted transverse forces. RS- and O-ring attachments transmitted the
      least forces onto the implants. The retentive power of the attachments has also
      been measured. The round bar proved to be almost twice as retentive as the RS
      attachment and nearly three times as retentive as the O-ring.

PMID- 1817863
TI  - [The effect of bedding type on implant and abutment tooth in tooth/implant
      supported bridgework].
AB  - 17 distal extension cases were treated with IMZ implants supporting a fixed
      removable bridge connected to a natural tooth abutment with a precision
      attachment. Instead of the polyoxmethylene internal shock absorber an identically
      dimensioned titanium element was incorporated in the implants of every second
      patient. Patients were monitored on a recall schedule. Implant and tooth
      mobility, pocket probing depth, and bone loss were the parameters evaluated. The
      results after a mean incorporation time of 16.5 months indicate that, at least
      during this initial time of function, there are no differences between a mobile
      and rigid bedding of the superstructure on the implants.

PMID- 1817864
TI  - [Radioactive burden resulting from zirconia implants].
AB  - Due to its mechanical properties circonia is an interesting implantation
      material. However, it may contain a certain amount of radioactive isotopes. The
      measurement of alpha-emission reveals varying amounts of radiation. As a result,
      a declaration of radioactivity should be required for circonia implants and only
      circonia with low emission levels should be used for implantation purposes.

PMID- 1817865
TI  - [The influence of the titanium implant surface on the process of
      osseointegration].
AB  - In this study the influence of physically different titanium implant surfaces
      (smooth, rough-textured, porous-coated) on osseointegration was examined.
      Embryonic chick calvarial osteoblasts were cultured on the various titanium disks
      in vitro. Synthesis of extracellular matrix and mineralization were evaluated.
      Osteoblasts cultured on rough-textured and porous-coated titanium disks exhibited
      substantially higher rates of bone-specific extracellular matrix synthesis
      (collagen) and subsequent mineralization than the osteoblasts on smooth titanium
      disks or plastic tissue culture dishes as controls. From this it can be concluded
      that porous or rough titanium implant surfaces may act like "natural" substrates
      permiting microscopic tissue/cell ingrowth and thus improving clinical implant
      fixation.

PMID- 1817866
TI  - [Histocompatibility of implant materials--animal model criteria and findings].
AB  - The histocompatibility of the dental implant materials titanium and aluminium
      oxideceramics was examined with the aid of quantitative histomorphometry and
      semiquantitative histopathologic methods after intramuscular and subcutaneous
      implantation in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Of each material cylindrical and spindel
      shaped specimens with rough and smooth surface conditions were implanted for
      different implant periods (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks). The local tissue reactions
      caused by the implant materials showed significant differences. Cylindrical
      implants and/or implants with a rough surface produced, with statistical
      significance (p less than or equal to 0.001) the strongest tissue reactions
      (foreign body reactions). Contrary to this, spindel-shaped and smooth titanium-
      and Al2O3-ceramic-implants elicited bland tissue reactions. In these cases we
      found a significant increase in subcapsular adipose tissue (p less than or equal
      to 0.001) and significantly less thickness of the connective tissue capsule (p
      less than or equal to 0.001).

PMID- 1817867
TI  - [Psychological aspects of post-implant patients].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the expectations and emotions of
      patients after dental implant treatment with the clinical peri-implant findings.
      96 patients treated with Branemark implants and fixed-removable dentures in the
      edentulous lower jaw were interviewed in retrospective regarding their
      preoperative attitudes and their postoperative assessments and were examined
      clinically. The data of 73 patients (76%) were evaluated. While the clinical
      periimplant findings were comparable, the majority of these patients were
      satisfied with this form of oral rehabilitation. Apart from improved oral
      function, 90% of these patients reported a decrease in psycho-social problems.
      88% of the patients felt more secure and reported a higher self-esteem. In
      contrast to the previous denture, the implant-anchored fixed complete prostheses
      were perceived rather as an own "organ" by 88% of the patients. 93% would not
      hesitate undergoing this procedure again, if necessary.

PMID- 1817868
TI  - [Studies on the cell and tissue tolerance of a polymeric bone replacement
      material].
AB  - BOP (Biocompatible Osteoconductive Polymer) shows no cytotoxicity in vitro. After
      six months of subcutaneous implantation in mice a weak cellular tissue reaction
      is seen histologically. The hard tissue reaction after six months of implantation
      in fractured tibia bone shows less connective tissue between the implant material
      BOP and bone.

PMID- 1817869
TI  - [Corrosion behavior of dental alloys coated with titanium niobium oxinitride].
AB  - Dental alloys coated with (Ti,Nb)ON using the ion are PVD technique exhibit
      galvanic corrosion current densities of considerably less than Jg = 1 microA/cm2.
      These measurements were taken on plane surfaces. The results show no signs of
      local corrosion, which might impair the long-term intraoral stability of dental
      constructions or the health of the patients. Irrespective of the dental alloys
      used, the coatings exhibit pores extending down to the alloy. The alloy thus
      wetted on the one hand, and the coated areas on the other, act as galvanic
      elements with high source resistances and very low short circuit currents. It may
      therefore be concluded that the coating will effectively reduce allergic
      reactions to the components of the dental alloys.

PMID- 1817870
TI  - [The dimensional stability of hydrophilic impression materials after application
      of a disinfectant].
AB  - The influence of a disinfectant solution containing glutaraldehyde on the
      dimensional stability of 2 alginate and 4 elastomeric impression materials has
      been investigated. Die models were measured using a computer-controlled method
      and compared to the master die to assess the three-dimensional change in the
      impression material. After an immersion time of 10 min, a dimensional change did
      not occur. When using immersion times longer than 10 min, the accuracy of the
      alginate materials was generally more affected by the disinfecting solution than
      that of the elastomeric impression materials.

PMID- 1817871
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of electronic TMJ tracings in dysfunction patients].
AB  - Only in a minority of cases do electronic TMJ tracings allow a clear
      differentiation between arthrogenous dysfunctions. To us, the major application
      of this recording technique appears to be the diagnosis of dislocations of the
      articular disk. Because of the great variability of possible dislocation patterns
      it is mandatory that the interpretation of electronic jaw tracings be
      standardized to avoid contradictory interpretations and to enhance the validity
      of this diagnostic tool. In trying to establish reliable, hardware-independent
      criteria for the evaluation of joint tracings in TMJ dysfunctions, it is the
      shape of the condylar inclination, the time-correlation of condylar path changes
      in all three planes and the direction of these changes, that are of utmost
      diagnostic significance: Repeated recordings of all functional movements are
      necessary to ensure tracings of high diagnostic value. The diagnostic potential
      of three-dimensional electronic jaw tracings can be further enhanced by guided
      jaw movements, e.g. functional compression, which result in characteristic
      changes of the tracings.

PMID- 1817872
TI  - [Results of functional activator treatment of collum fractures in the growth
      period].
AB  - 29 children aged between 2 and 16 and suffering from fractures of the condylar
      process were treated by functional appliances, 15 of them received previous
      intermaxillary wiring. Clinical and radiological reexamination including nuclear
      magnetic resonance tomography of the TMJ revealed good results for the use of
      functional appliances without previous immobilization.

PMID- 1817873
TI  - [Difference reflectometry might permit process control for dental laser
      applications].
AB  - Difference reflectometry is a new method for assessing material surfaces by
      measuring the relative amount of light reflected within a range of 300-720 nm.
      The in vivo and in vitro results of the present study indicate that it is
      possible to transfer this measuring principle to dental applications. Reflexion
      measurements allow the detection of hard tooth structures and their pathologic
      alterations with adequate exactness. With the aid of this method it is possible
      to differentiate between carious hard tissues and clinically healthy tissues by
      color and surface structure during excavation. It also allows a reliable
      demarcation from oral soft tissues. Due to its high measuring frequency it may be
      used as on-line process control. In contrast to other spectrometric methods it
      requires a minimum of equipment and is easy to handle.

PMID- 1817874
TI  - [Frequency of tooth agenesis in CLP patients with eruption of all four third
      molars].
AB  - Tooth agenesis was investigated in 101 patients with complete unilateral or
      bilateral cleft lip and palate presenting four third molars. The prevalence was
      found to be six times higher than in the control group. The most commonly missing
      teeth were the upper second premolars and the upper lateral incisors. With the
      exception of one patient, tooth agenesis in the mandible was only found in
      combination with congenital absence of teeth in the maxilla.

PMID- 1817875
TI  - [Radiographic changes in the jaw bones of children with chronic renal failure].
AB  - Thirty-four children with chronic renal failure were examined to evaluate the
      character and frequency of radiographic changes in the jawbones as related to
      radiographic abnormalities in other skeletal regions and laboratory data. Twenty
      seven children showed signs of renal osteodystrophy on the roentgenograms.
      Radiographic changes in the jawbones including alterations of the laminae durae
      were observed in twenty-three children. Total loss of laminae durae was only seen
      in connection with other skeletal signs of renal osteodystrophy. In all these
      cases the serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH-C) and alkaline phosphatase levels were
      remarkably increased so that even in the uremic child total absence of laminae
      durae cannot be considered a first symptom of renal osteodystrophy. However,
      radiographic changes in the jawbones are important signs for early detection of
      renal insufficiency in childhood, as these symptomes appeared with similar
      frequency as pathologic changes in other skeletal regions and were already
      present in stage of preterminal renal insufficiency.

PMID- 1817876
TI  - [Castability and accuracy of fit of a titanium casting system].
AB  - The titanium casting system Cyclarc (Morita) was examined for its suitability for
      the fabrication of dense, fitting restorations. The investment material Titavest
      CB exhibited no setting expansion. Instead, thermal expansion, highly dependent
      on the liquid/power ratio and the temperature during preheating, was observed.
      The castability of unalloyed titanium is fully acceptable for the fabrication of
      prosthetic restorations. Single crowns showed a high accuracy of fit, if an
      optimal liquid/power ratio was used for investment.

PMID- 1817877
TI  - [Mechanical strength of ceramic materials for fusing on titanium restorations].
AB  - Bending, splitting tensile, and bond strengths of four ceramic systems for
      veneering titanium frameworks as well as the fatigue strength of the complete
      metal-ceramic crown were evaluated. The mechanical properties of ceramo-metallic
      systems are comparable with those of conventional dental ceramics. A slight
      increase in bending, tensile, and bond strengths when using higher firing
      temperatures was observed, although this did not result in an increased endurance
      strength of the complete system.

PMID- 1817878
TI  - [Ceramo-metallic bond of cast titanium].
AB  - The ceramo-metallic bond strength of cast titanium was tested according to DIN
      draft 13927. While the specimens failed in the bending tests, they clearly passed
      the 3-point bending test after removal of the surface reaction layer prior to
      firing. Light microscopy and SEM showed a satisfactory wetting of the titanium
      surface by the ceramic material. The result of X-ray analyses suggest that
      titanium particles are retained in the ceramic material when this layer is broken
      off its metallic substructure.

PMID- 1817879
TI  - [Nickel release of dental alloys as a function of the pH value of the corrosive
      solution].
AB  - Ni-59-65Cr26-23Mo11-9 alloys released distinctly lower quantities of nickel in
      lactic acid/saline solutions at pH 2.3, 4.2, or 6.5 than type Ni66-85Cr15-13Mo7-0
      alloys for a period of 1 day and, subsequently, periods of 3 days over a total
      period of 33 days. While nickel solubility was similarly high at pH 2.3 and 4.2
      (varying between 0.1 microns/cm2 d and 222 microns/cm2 d depending on the type of
      alloy), a maximum of 2 microns/cm2 d of nickel dissolved from all tested alloys
      at a pH value of 6.5.

PMID- 1817880
TI  - [Fixed tooth replacement of milled/spark eroded titanium].
AB  - In a clinical study the accuracy of fit of 82 crowns manufactured with the
      Procera-system (duplication milling/spark erosion) was investigated. The average
      marginal space width was 71 microns. Roughness of eroded surfaces was found to be
      similar to that of coarsely ground metal. Below the eroded areas a zone of
      increased hardness with a width of approximately 20 microns was demonstrated.

PMID- 1817881
TI  - [Tensile strength of the bond to In-ceram after varying modes of surface
      conditioning].
AB  - The tensile bond strengths of six different resin-bonding-systems to the
      aluminium oxide ceramic In-Ceram were tested. The samples were stored in
      artificial saliva (37 degrees C) up to 150 days and thermocycled (5 degrees-55
      degrees C, 18,750 cycles). After sandblasting or silicoating of In-Ceram the
      tensile bond strength of the modified Bis-GMA resin Panavia-Ex showed no
      significant changes within this observation period. Using the conventional Bis
      GMA resin Microfill-pontic, silicoating In-Ceram with the Rocatec-system resulted
      in a better bond strength than the use of a silane. The used etching procedure
      with boiling 70% sulphuric acid was proven to be unsuitable for a long-term
      stable bond.

PMID- 1817882
TI  - [Interocclusal clearance and changes in occlusal position in dentate and
      edentulous jaws. 1].
AB  - Six methods of assessing the resting position were evaluated in this study of 22
      patients with teeth and 10 edentulous patients. None of these methods yielded
      reproducible results. The resting position is not a fixed, constant value, but
      depends on the method used. As could be shown by means of the standard deviation
      the method used to determine the resting position has a considerable influence on
      the distribution, and hence on the margin of error when the vertical relation is
      being determined. Small ranges of distribution were achieved: a) by means of the
      closest speaking distance when the patient spoke the numbers from 60 to 70 in a
      natural voice, b) after prompt relaxation of the lower jaw when the patients were
      asked to relax their jaws, c) when the interocclusal distance was measured after
      the mouth had been opened a little and the lips subsequently touched again
      lightly. Since there is little difference in the values with any one patient the
      three methods can be recommended for practical use.

PMID- 1817883
TI  - [Chewing force discrimination in a biofeedback experiment].
AB  - Chewing forces were measured in a needle point tracing while the patients could
      view their actual and the proposed chewing forces (5 N, 10 N and 30 N) on a
      computer screen (biofeedback). Most probands used less than the proposed forces
      in the experiments. All probands approached the proposed level of force step by
      step. Fatigue of the chewing muscles led to a change in the Fourier
      transformation of the recorded samples: An increase in short-waved components
      (frequencies of approximately 1 Hz) was found.

PMID- 1817884
TI  - [Suitability of various materials for indexing needle point registrations].
AB  - Acrylic, plaster and polyether were evaluated for their accuracy in indexing
      needle point registration. Additionally, a new experimental system was tested,
      that permits the dentist do immediately verify the accuracy of the recording.
      Best results were obtained when the indexes were not removed from the occlusal
      plane plates. When the indexes were dislodged, acrylic and plaster demonstrated
      the most accurate results in repositioning the occlusal plane plates. The
      experimental system demonstrated comparable accuracy to both, acrylic and
      plaster.

PMID- 1817885
TI  - [Non-invasive method of measuring dentin resistance to the limit of the
      preparation depth].
AB  - Electrical resistance measurements may be used to determine the situation of the
      pulp horn tips of teeth prepared for crown restorations. The resistance value
      recorded for these sites of minimum dentin thickness depends on the thickness of
      the dentin layer and the degree of tooth development. A resistance value of 25 k
      omega revealed dentin thickness of 0.7-1.45 mm. The teeth of younger patients had
      thicker dentin layers than those of older patients.

PMID- 1817886
TI  - [Does temporary cementing have an effect on the bond strength of definitively
      cemented crowns?].
AB  - To establish whether or not temporary cementing with zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)
      cement affects the bond strength of the subsequent zinc phosphate cement, 60
      standardized metal blocks with cylindrical drill holes were produced. 50
      specimens were coated with ZOE cement and subjected to different cleansing
      techniques (mechanical, with alcohol or organic solvent, soap, Al2O3) in groups
      of ten. After examination of the cleansed surfaces under the light microscope,
      amalgam cylinders manufactured according to a standardized procedure were
      cemented into the cavities using zinc phosphate cement and pressed out. Only the
      Al2O3 jet-cleaned surfaces were free of ZOE cement residues. With high
      statistical significance the knock-through test revealed lower bonding strength
      values for the specimens cleaned either with alcohol or organic solvents.

PMID- 1817887
TI  - [Problem of anesthetic failure].
AB  - Failure of local anesthetics is a common problem in dentistry. A sample of 210
      dental practitioners was chosen at random and asked to evaluate the significance
      of anesthesia failure, comparing different injecting techniques. A standardized
      questionnaire, including a visual analogue scale for quantitative data, was
      distributed among the participants. The frequency of failure was indicated by
      most of the participants at 2% to 5% total. Considerably higher assessments were
      apparent in endodontics and abscess incisions. Rates of failure were said to be
      low in infraorbital nerve block, average in infiltration anesthesia and high in
      mandibular nerve block. These preliminary results indicate that a reliable
      anesthetic in dental treatment cannot always be provided.

PMID- 1817888
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and palate by ultrasound. Limits of prenatal
      sonography].
AB  - During the past ten years diagnostic ultrasound has dramatically changed
      obstetric approaches. Improvements in instrumentation have made it possible to
      identify an increasing number of fetal anatomical structures. Ultrasonography of
      the fetal face has become important for the detection of major syndromal
      malformations or chromosomal disorders. In cases with a family history of cleft
      lip and palate ultrasound can confirm or exclude the diagnosis. Associated
      anomalies have to be ruled out when cleft lip is present. Positive findings have
      different obstetrical implications.

PMID- 1817889
TI  - [Relative rigidity of standardized gutta-percha points].
AB  - Gutta-percha points often crack off when inserted in small and curved root canals
      before they have reached the full length of the canal. The goal of this
      investigation was to determine the relative rigidity of standardized gutta-percha
      points from different producers. It seems that not only significant differences
      between gutta-percha points of various producers, but also distinct variations
      between gutta-percha points from the same producer were detected. Several reasons
      for the differing rigidity of gutta-percha points are discussed.

PMID- 1817890
TI  - [Relationship between time of insertion and marginal adaptation of composite
      fillings in threshold load tests].
AB  - The marginal adaptation of six composites and one resin based inlay system was
      investigated. For all fillings maximum stress increased with time. Three days
      after insertion maximum stress increased up to more than 450 N for almost all
      fillings.

PMID- 1817891
TI  - [Studies on the specific electric resistance of the dentin of human teeth].
AB  - Electric current produced by corrosion of metals or used for diagnostic or
      therapeutic purposes has to pass through the dentin to reach the pulp. The
      electric resistance of the dentin, which influences the dentinal current
      intensity, is poorly documented in the literature. In this study 140 cylindrical
      dentin samples of human teeth were collected from four different regions of the
      tooth crown and their specific electrical resistance was measured. The recorded
      values vary with the orientation of the dentinal tubules ranging between 12.5
      ohms and ohms. The linear temperature coefficient of the specific resistance is 
      0.0132 degrees C-1 for the temperature interval of 20 to 34 degrees C. It is
      assumed that the mechanism underlying electric conduction in dentin is related to
      the transport of ions in the dentinal fluid.

PMID- 1817892
TI  - [Introduction of anesthetics into the oral mucosa by iontophoresis].
AB  - The results of this study of the behavior of anesthetics following ionic
      application showed great differences in terms of depth and duration of action.
      This is obviously attributable to different molecular structures resulting in
      variable rates of transport within the tissues.

PMID- 1817893
TI  - [Influence of different local anesthetics on the in vitro collagen synthesis of
      periodontal fibroblasts].
AB  - The influence of different local anesthetic fluids in an in-vitro-experiment of
      periodontal ligament cells was researched. Mepivacain, articain, lidocain and
      prilocain were used in the study. The common commercial local anesthetic fluids
      were in a proportion 1:1, 1:10 and 1:30 diluted, before they were placed in the
      incubator with cultures of periodontal ligament cells. At the 1st and 14th day
      after the experiment the synthesis of collagen type I, III, V and VI were
      determined with an ELISA. The mepivacain dilution of 1:30 had, compared with the
      controls the slightest influence on the collagen synthesis of periodontal
      ligament cells. Further clinical investigations must show if through dilution of
      the local anesthetic solution an adequate anesthesia can be reached.

PMID- 1817894
TI  - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intraoral nerve block].
AB  - Aim of this study was to show the time course of plasma concentrations of 2%
      lignocaine with adrenalin at a concentration of 1:100,000. Four retinated third
      molars were removed in one session in 23 patients. For local anaesthesia in each
      patient we used 10 ml of Xylocaine 2% (Astra), which is commonly used in
      dentistry. The plasma-concentration was measured for the first 30 minutes after
      injection of the local anaesthetic using high pressure liquid chromatography
      (HPLC). Our results suggest that partially intravascular injection could not be
      avoided although careful aspiration was carried out before injecting. Neither
      subjective nor objective adverse central nervous effects were seen in our
      patients. Nevertheless we consider a peripheral intravenous cannula and ECG
      monitoring strongly recommended in all major operations under local anaesthesia.

PMID- 1817895
TI  - [Experimental studies on the effectiveness of intraligamental anesthesia].
AB  - In this study the effectiveness of the periodontal ligament injection was tested
      in rats. Anesthetic solutions with carbon dye were injected into the crestal
      periodontal ligament space under back-pressure. Vital microscopic observations
      showed that the solution spreads via an intraosseous path into the vessels of the
      pulp. These results support the contention that the periodontal ligament
      injection is intravascular in nature. Therefore, possible cardiovascular
      responses to periodontal ligament injections containing catecholamines must be
      considered.

PMID- 1817896
TI  - [Experimental studies on intraligamental anesthesia].
AB  - In an experimental study on animals the correlation between the pressure created
      by periodontal ligament injection and the distribution pattern of the anesthetic
      solution was examined. It was possible to demonstrate the penetration following
      intraligamental injection by scintiscanning of the mandibular bone. A correlation
      between pressure and distribution could not be established.

PMID- 1817897
TI  - [Various factors influencing the local anesthetic effect of articaine].
AB  - In a field study, the reduction in the anaesthetic effectiveness of Articain was
      investigated in relation to various influencing parameters. Both in the ZMK
      Klinik (Dental Hospital) of Wurzburg as well an in various independent practices,
      the local anaesthetic Articain was given to over 2000 patients in the course of
      dental treatment. With 12.1% of all test-subjects, inspite of the initial
      positive effectiveness upon application of the nerve-blocking anaesthetic, touch
      sensitivity and/or painfulness was established in the area concerned. Statistical
      evaluations of the recorded data of the test-subjects investigated showed a
      significantly higher quota of anaesthetic failure in the case of heavy cigarette
      consumption, chronic exposure to inhaled toxins as well as in the case of the
      intake of medicines of certain pharmaceutical types. Apart from that, a
      connection was also established between reduction in the effectiveness of the
      local anaesthetic and various treatments as well as the way in which the local
      anaesthetic was applied and the site of injection. Possible causes will be
      presented and discussed in relation to information from the literature on the
      subject.

PMID- 1817898
TI  - [Clinical comparative study of local anesthetics. Random double blind study with
      four commercial preparations].
AB  - In a randomized double blind study effects and tolerability of the local
      anesthetics Prilocaine 3% with Felypressin, Articaine 4% with Epinephrine
      1/200,000 and 1/100,000, and Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1/100,000 were tested.
      There was no significant difference between the four agents as far as effect on
      blood pressure, pulse, and tissue rehabilitation are concerned. Prilocaine can be
      used for extractions and surgical tooth removal. It can not be recommended for
      apicoectomy or implantation. The better results of Articaine 4% compared to
      Lidocaine 2% were statistically not significant.

PMID- 1817899
TI  - [Perineural application of glycerol and phenol-glycerol. Histomorphologic
      morphometric study].
AB  - In a long-term study the effect of glycerol and phenol-glycerol on rats
      mandibular nerve was analysed. The substances were applicated perineurally.
      Nerves treated with glycerol did not show any severe pathological changes. Only
      the number of desintegrations of myelin seemed to be more pronounced. This,
      however, was a transitary effect. On the contrary, nerves treated with phenol
      glycerol showed the familiar picture of degeneration and regeneration. According
      to our results it can be stated that the perineural application of glycerol has
      no toxic and destructive effect on the nerve. Therefore, the perineural glycerol
      blocking will not cause severe side-effects and the method can be recommended in
      the therapy of chronic facial pain.

PMID- 1817900
TI  - [Morphological changes of peripheral nerves following intraneural injection of
      local anesthetic].
AB  - Neurosensory disturbances of the third branch of the trigeminal nerve occur in
      rare cases without any operative treatment near the nerve involved. The most
      frequently affected nerve branches are the inferior alveolar nerve and the
      lingual nerve. We examined the problem of intraneural injection of local
      anaesthetic solutions in an experimental study on animals. After intraneural
      injection of Articain (4%)-solution in the ischiadic nerve of Wistar rats and the
      lingual nerve of cats no toxic lesions were observed. It can be assumed that
      neurosensory disturbances caused by intraneural local-anaesthetic injection are
      the result of intraneural haematomas with consecutive fibrosis.

PMID- 1817901
TI  - [Necroses and hematomas--two local complications in intraoral conduction
      anesthesia. Case report].
AB  - According to the literature vascular lesions are reported in 6% of intraoral
      conduction anesthesia. A possible consequence is the intraarterial injection of
      catecholamin added local anesthetic. Due to a long lasting angiospasm necrosis of
      local mucosae and extraoral skin are possible. In a young female patient
      extraoral necrosis of parts of the skin of the lower lip and intraoral mucosa
      appeared, following intraoral conduction anesthesia. Subsequently a scar
      persisted needing a plastic cicatricotomy. Moreover sensitivity in the area of
      distribution of the mental nerve was deranged.

PMID- 1817902
TI  - [Influence of emotional stress and vasoconstrictor agents on heart rate and blood
      pressure].
AB  - With the administration of local anaesthetics is to expect in dependence of the
      vasoconstrictor a different cardiovascular reaction. An addition of epinephrine
      0.001% directs a rise of the heart rate and a drop of the diastolic blood
      pressure; after norepinephrine 0.005% the heart rate shows a decrease and at the
      same time there is an increase of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The
      alterations caused by exogenous catecholamines are superposed by alterations
      caused by emotional stress (injection, tooth extraction). The endogenous
      alterations always take place in the same way.

PMID- 1817903
TI  - [General complications in dental local anesthesia].
AB  - In a prospective, randomised double blind study we recorded the rate of
      complications in dental anesthesia in more than 1500 patients using 4 commonly
      known anesthetic solutions. 228 of our patients (18.3%) noted headaches
      postoperatively. Furtheron we found syncopes, failures of anesthesia and nausea.
      Double vision was noticed once intraoperatively (Articain) and postoperatively
      (Lidocain). We found a high standard of security in dental local anaesthesia.

PMID- 1817904
TI  - [Peripheral oxygen saturation during dental surgery with and without
      premedication].
AB  - 83 adults undergoing dental surgical procedures in local anesthesia were
      monitored continuously with a pulse oximeter for hypoxemia. 30 patients received
      as premedication either a combination of a neuroleptic drug and an opiate or a
      benzodiazepine. There was a drop in the oxygen saturation in 80% of the patients
      with premedication but only in 66% of the patients without. There were
      statistical highly significant more periods of hypoxemia in patients with
      premedication compared to the others. (1548 periods versus 659 periods p less
      than 0.001). The kind of premedication/sedation does not influence the number of
      hypoxic episodes. We conclude that especially patients with premedication should
      only be treated by surgeons with sufficient clinical experience in coping with
      emergency situations.

PMID- 1817905
TI  - [Laser technology in dentistry].
AB  - Although dental laser treatment is receiving great attention in basic and
      clinical research, only very few clinical applications have emerged as accepted
      standard methods. The most promising range of possible applications includes
      diagnostics and surgery. Most laser systems developed for therapeutic use are
      heat-producing units, i.e. they convert electromagnetic energy into thermal
      energy. These systems are employed above all in oral surgery for vaporization,
      cutting or coagulation of soft tissues and in prosthodontics for welding. More
      recently, new types of lasers have been developed allowing non-thermal modes of
      tissue interaction. A great number of technical and biological problems will have
      to be solved, however, before these laser systems will be practically applicable
      in such clinical fields as, for instance, caries therapy. In the near future,
      laser systems are expected to complete and supplement conventional methods in
      diagnosis and treatment, but not to replace them.

PMID- 1817906
TI  - [Longitudinal study on the effectiveness+ of removable cast partial dentures].
AB  - A prospective longitudinal study of 33 middle-aged patients carried out over a
      period of four years and based on a standardized procedure provides evidence
      that, under the conditions examined, a hygienic design of removable cast partial
      dentures can be recommended as a structurepreserving approach. During this study
      a regular dental and oral hygiene regimen was maintained. An evaluation of the
      results according to tooth surfaces revealed typical highrisk areas which require
      particular attention in dental care. All in all, the results obtained in the
      course of time indicate that the patients' oral health status could be largely
      preserved.

PMID- 1817907
TI  - [Texture formation of the dental ceramic core material In-Ceram and thermal
      expansion of its individual components].
AB  - Electron microscopic investigations of the core material In-Ceram show how its
      texture is formed. While these are processed the Al2O3 crystallites turn
      idiomorphic. Etching the material with sulphuric acid selectively dissolves the
      glassy phase and reveals the crystallites. The chemical composition of the two
      components of the core material is determined by microprobe analysis. While the
      crystallites are pure Al2O3, the glass consists of La2O3, SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO.
      Measurements of the thermal expansions of the glass and the Al2O3 frame show the
      value for the glass to be 5.1% lower than that of the Al2O3 frame. This results
      in internal pressure and contributes to the high strength of the material.

PMID- 1817908
TI  - [Bond between wash elastomers and putty silicones].
AB  - Areas of elastomeric impression materials are deformed when impressions are
      removed from undercuts in the mouth. Bond strength between low and high viscosity
      impression materials is considered to be higher than the adhesion between
      impression material and teeth or gum (up to 50 N/cm2). Otherwise failure of
      impression may be due to failure of the bond between putty and wash elastomers.
      Bond strength of condensation putty and wash silicones was evaluated at about 70
      N/cm2. Bond of putty and addition-cured wash silicones failed at about 130 N/cm2.
      Bond strength decreased to 34 N/cm2, when putty material was contaminated with
      saliva and dried before adding the wash elastomer. When putty silicones were
      rinsed and dried after contamination with saliva bond strength increased up to 80
      90% that of fresh probes.

PMID- 1817909
TI  - [Esthetic adhesive filling in posterior teeth--an illusion?].
AB  - This study demonstrates once more the high caries incidence of the proximal
      surfaces of molar teeth. If the lesions are completely excavated so that the
      cervical margin is free of any caries, more than 33-57% of all cavities,
      depending on the type of tooth, are not suited for acid etch procedures, because
      there is less than 1 mm of sound enamel, or none at all. In these cases the
      adhesive filling technique is contraindicated.

PMID- 1817910
TI  - [Articular disk dislocation in the human TMJ].
AB  - A three-dimensional model of articular disk dislocations has been developed.
      Histological examination of 35 temporomandibular joints in near sagittal section
      reveals sometimes extreme anterior displacement in about 50% and slight posterior
      displacement of the disk in 6% of the specimens. In the frontal plane medial
      dislocation prevails in more than 70% of the 32 specimens evaluated, whereas
      there is only one lateral dislocation. Within the predominantly medio-anterior
      direction of dislocation there are, however, variations. Excentric forces
      relative to the center of gravity of the disk always result in dislocations
      accompanied by rotation in the anterior or posterior part. Where the resulting
      forces apply on the center of gravity there is a translation in a medio-anterior
      direction.

PMID- 1817911
TI  - [Comparative material studies on dental stones in accordance with DIN 13911].
AB  - It was the object of this investigation to compare nine high-strength stone
      plasters in terms of visual appearance, pouring time, setting time, setting
      expansion, compressive strength and detail reproduction in accordance with DIN
      13911 and ISO 6873 using both standard consistency as indicated in the industrial
      standard and the water-to-powder ratio as indicated by the manufacturer. None of
      the tested stones met the visual requirements in all points. Regarding their
      physical properties, six tested stones were up to standard. Three stones failed
      to meet the DIN and ISO requirements. Following the manufacturer's mixing
      instructions resulted in a significant improvement in material properties as
      against standard consistency. Disregarding some minor improvements required, DIN
      13911 and ISO 6873 are useful standards for a standardized comparison of dental
      plasters.

PMID- 1817912
TI  - [Water disinfection of dental treatment units using ozone].
AB  - The disinfecting effect of ozonized water has been investigated. Under the
      precondition that the dental chair had been thoroughly sanitized, the system
      showed a good disinfecting effect. Finally, for reasons of practical medical
      treatment, the ozone concentration in air and, for reasons of hygiene in drinking
      water, the ozone concentrations in water were determined under various
      conditions. In addition, the influence of continuous-flow water heaters is
      discussed. The problem of continuous-flow water heaters regarding their effects
      on the colonisation of water by microbes proves not to be significant. The
      exposure of patients to disinfectants is discussed.

PMID- 1817913
TI  - [Caries in the permanent teeth of 7- to 15-year-old Hamburg pupils].
AB  - The dental health status of 2193 seven- to fifteen-year old pupils was evaluated
      in Hamburg. A total of 20.6% of these school children hat caries-free dentitions.
      Among the seven-year-old children this figure was 43.4% and it dropped down to
      4.8% among the fifteen-year old ones. DMFS values increased from 1.0% to 13.8%
      between the same groups. Obviously, caries prevalence was increasing to a
      statistically significant degree with the lower social classes.

PMID- 1817914
TI  - [Periodontal diagnosis based on an immunohistochemical-morphometric analysis].
AB  - What is the correlation between immunoreactive blood cells, clinical parameters
      and the presence of special subclasses of bacteria in the subgingival microflora?
      To answer this question, patients suffering from juvenile and rapid progressive
      periodontitis were examined and compared with a control group without any
      periodontal disease. Cryostat sections from gingiva biopsies were marked
      immunohistochemically. Using the Kruskall-Wallis test, highly significant
      differences could be shown between the groups of disease in terms of
      immunoreactive cells such as leukocytes and monocytes, as well as in terms of the
      clinical parameters pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index and sulcus fluid
      and in terms of the microbiological subclasses coccoid cells, curved and motile
      rods and spirochetes. The results showed that immunohistochemical and
      morphometric methods of characterizing immunoreactive white blood cells might be
      used as an aid in diagnosis and understanding of periodontal diseases.

PMID- 1817915
TI  - [Ultrasonic root cleansing with 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate as a coolant].
AB  - In 10 patients with marginal periodontitis a systemic periodontal treatment
      approach was employed in which the root surfaces were cleansed by exclusive use
      of ultrasound. The effect of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate as a cooling medium
      during the application of ultrasound was studied in a cross over design study.
      PI, GI, SBI and the probing depths at 6 sites per tooth as well as the clinical
      attachment levels were the parameters for evaluating the treatment effect. An
      improvement of the clinical findings was observed during initial treatment both
      in the test and the control group. Except for PI, which was better after
      chlorhexidine gluconate application, no obvious differences could be found.

PMID- 1817916
TI  - [Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans on oral mucosa].
AB  - The present study was carried out to delineate the parameters influencing the
      extracerevicular oral colonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
      Numbers of cultivable A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples,
      saliva, and samples from buccal and tongue mucosae were determined in 33 patients
      with A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. Subgingival samples from
      patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) had significantly higher
      levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans than samples obtained in non-LJP patients
      (740,000 vs. 59,000, median, p less than 0.05). Samples from buccal mucosae and
      saliva were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans in 85 vs. 70%, and 77 vs. 65%,
      respectively. Multiple regression analysis of log 10-transformed counts of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans in samples from cheek as dependent variable yielded a
      significant influence of numbers of deep periodontal pockets and diagnosis. The
      occurrence of A. actionomycetemcomitans on buccal mucosa seems to reflect the
      overall subgingival load with the organism.

PMID- 1817917
TI  - [Periimplant alterations under cyclosporin A drug treatment].
AB  - One titanium implant of the Branemark system and one Al2O2 ceramic implant each
      were inserted in the lower jaws of 6 Beagle dogs to evaluate the alterations of
      the periimplant tissues under CsA therapy. During the 3-6 months of CsA
      substitution hyperplastic alterations were observed as soon as after the 3rd
      week. These anomalies were most pronounced around the titanium implants.

PMID- 1817918
TI  - [Changes in the physical properties of Gingivamoll flexible gingival epithesis].
AB  - It was the purpose of this study to investigate variations in weight, volume,
      hardness, material density, adjustment and colour of Gingivamoll flexible
      gingival masks during a period of twelve months. Additionally, patients were
      inspected for potential infections of Candida albicans. Thirty-three gingival
      masks of nine patients were selected for the study. One third was placed into
      patients' mouths, one third was placed on stone models under room conditions and
      a third group was submerged under water. At baseline all gingival masks were
      examined and measured. For the first half of the year, measurements were recorded
      monthly and in the second half of the year at two months' intervals. Results
      showed a constant Shore-A hardness, volume and density. Gingival masks submerged
      under water kept their weight. The other masks, i. e. those placed into patients'
      mouths and those placed on plaster models, lost weight. Adjustment deteriorated
      at distal sites. Colour stability was not satisfactory. Tests for Candida
      albicans remained negative. It can be concluded that Gingivamoll flexible
      gingival masks can be used without serious problems for a period of twelve
      months.

PMID- 1817919
TI  - [Deviations of the central ray in standardized bite-wing radiographs].
AB  - Interpretation of serial radiographs without sufficient information of projection
      geometry is hardly possible. We obtained 51 pairs of bite-wing radiographs in 12
      patients by use of a modified filmholder (Duckworth et al. 1983). Two orthodontic
      wires of different profile, placed coaxially on the perpendicular, cast shadows
      on the film, which were differentiated by their respective shape. By placing each
      wire a known distance from the film plane, the angular difference between the
      perpendicular to the film and the actual direction of the central ray could be
      calculated. In 63% of pairs the angular deviation of the central rays between the
      serial exposures was below 0.9 degrees. The results of the present study show
      that utilization of this type of device can provide radiographs of sufficient
      quality to allow their use in image subtraction.

PMID- 1817920
TI  - [Amalgam fillings--tolerance].
AB  - Recently, there have been increasingly allegations on high health-risks of the
      dental filling material amalgam. This article focusses on the mercury exposure
      from amalgam for the dentist and the dental assistants, the patients and the
      general environment. Although an additional mercury exposure resulting from
      amalgam fillings can indeed be measured, it is of such low dimension that it
      cannot be considered as the cause of poisonings.

PMID- 1817921
TI  - [Studies on the pneumoconiosis risk of dental laboratory technicians due to
      palladium particles in dust].

PMID- 1817922
TI  - [Evaluation of crown margins in fixed prosthodontics].

PMID- 1817923
TI  - [Bond strength of multilayer-cured composites].
AB  - SEM studies of six visible light-cured composites showed no difference between
      the morphology of the layered area and of the compact zones, unless the inhibited
      layers are removed from the polymerized portions. Only in plugable materials did
      the removal of these layers result in an increased formation of air bubbles and
      in an interface of 10-20 microns thickness interspersed with cavities. The
      transverse strength of these specimens was in part approx. 35% less than in the
      control material. In all materials studied removal of the inhibited layers at
      their points of attachment resulted in an average decrease of transverse strength
      by 26%. When the inhibited layers were left in place this reduction was rarely
      more than 17%, on an average less than 13%. This slight reduction in the
      transverse strength of attached specimens with the inhibited layer retained may
      be attributed to the ability of this layer to polymerize when reirradiated after
      the exclusion of oxygen.

PMID- 1817924
TI  - [Sensitivity of pocket diagnosis as a function of numbers of probings].
AB  - Probing depth (PD) is measured at 2, 4 or 6 sites per tooth. We sought to
      ascertain whether or not more measurements increase the sensitivity of assessing
      the severity of periodontitis. 2 probings compared with 4 probings per tooth
      resulted in 68% sensitivity for PD greater than 2 mm and 77% for PD greater than
      4 mm. The mesio-buccal PD explains only 16% of the variance of the buccal/oral
      PD. Comprehensive examination of pockets should consist of a minimum of 4
      probings per tooth.

PMID- 1817925
TI  - [Adverse side effects of amalgam? An interdisciplinary study].
AB  - In an interdisciplinary study starting 2.5 years ago patients with various
      symptoms, which they associate with amalgam fillings, were examined. According to
      the first results of this study with 50 patients, the Hg-concentration in urine
      does correlate with the amount of amalgam fillings before and after taking DMPS
      (2,3-Dimercapto-1-propane-sulfonic-acid), but with a maximum of 66.4 micrograms
      Hg (24 h urine) the amounts of mobilization measured were significantly below
      toxicologically critical limits. Only in 3 patients did the individual
      immunological values (CD4/8 ratio, antinuclear antibodies) by far exceed standard
      values. In one case an allergy to amalgam is suspected. 40% of the patients
      showed a pathological psychiatric status (neurosis, depression, etc.). Another
      quarter had psychological problems like alcoholism or drug abuse. There is no
      reason at the moment to reject amalgam as filling material either because of the
      measured Hg-concentrations or because of any immunological or allergological
      findings.

PMID- 1817926
TI  - [Effects of amalgam on cells of the immune system].
AB  - Dental amalgam has been considered to have adverse side effects on the immune
      system. There are controversial reports, which indicate an increase as well as a
      decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts due to amalgam fillings. We
      investigated 2 groups of patients: one group was treated with amalgam
      restorations for the first time. In the other group all previous amalgam fillings
      were removed. Before and after treatment we determined the absolute and relative
      numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, T cells, B cells, suppressor T
      cells, helper T cells and NK cells. In addition, functional investigations of T
      cells were performed. In conclusion, we could not find any effect of amalgam
      restorations on the immune system regarding the investigated parameters.

PMID- 1817927
TI  - [Toxicological assessment of amalgam components released in immersion tests].
AB  - After immersion of unpolished and polished high copper amalgam in saliva with
      different pH values for up to 12 weeks, the elements mercury, tin, copper, silver
      and antimony were analysed in the solution. Unpolished amalgam corroded more than
      polished amalgam. Corrosion increased with the time of immersion and the acidity
      of the solution. The values calculated to a maximum of clinical application not
      imply any toxicologic risk.

PMID- 1817928
TI  - [Optimized pin geometry for improved retention of parapulpal pins in amalgam].
AB  - The retentive part of parapulpal pins is often very bulky, and this may
      compromise the strength of the amalgam restoration. This in turn may considerably
      limit the range of applications of parapulpal pins. For this reason the geometry
      of the retentive pin portion was optimized with the aid of a finite element
      analysis. This manoeuvre resulted in a better stress distribution and improved
      retention, although the pin size was reduced. In clinical terms this implies a
      wider range of possible applications, because these pins allow safe anchorage of
      extensive amalgam restorations and do not affect the strength of the restoration.

PMID- 1817929
TI  - [Mercury release from amalgam specimens].
AB  - Over 7 days specimens of 5 gamma 2-free Amalgams were stored in KSCN-containing
      and KSCN-free lactic acid-salt solution. After 1, 4 and 7 days samples of the
      solution were analyzed for their mercury contents using inductively coupled
      plasma atom emission spectroscopy. In KSCN-containing solution the release of
      mercury was 45.4 micrograms, in KSCN-free solution it was 70.7 micrograms/50 mm2.
      KSCN, a part of natural saliva, has the effect of inhibiting corrosion.

PMID- 1817930
TI  - [A prospective study on the incidence of mercury levels in dental students. 2.
      Correlation analysis].
AB  - The urinary mercury levels of 49 dental students have been examined in a
      longitudinal study for one year. The correlation of the measured values with the
      number of amalgam fillings, age, sex, smoking habits, and nutrition was assessed.
      The urinary mercury levels did not correlate with sex and smoking habits, but
      there was a correlation with the number of amalgam fillings. The data obtained in
      our longitudinal study confirm the results of cross sectional studies: amalgam
      fillings contribute a measurable though small amount to urinary mercury
      excretion.

PMID- 1817931
TI  - [Efficiency of mechanically aided vs. manual root canal irrigation. In vitro
      comparison].
AB  - This in vitro study shows that the cleaning of root canals can be decisively
      improved in terms of fluid mechanics by using mechanized instruments as opposed
      to conventional manual irrigation.

PMID- 1817932
TI  - [Oral streptococci affecting Ca-phosphate precipitation].
AB  - The precipitation of Ca-compounds in ageing dental plaque leads to the formation
      of calculus. Bacterial lipoteichoic acid (LTA) has been discussed as Ca-carrier
      in this process (Zoon et al., 1989). Therefore in this study, LTA was isolated
      from oral streptococci and tested for its influence on the precipitation of Ca
      phosphate. LTA-containing bacteria, LTA-free bacteria and isolated LTA were added
      to the reaction mixtures for Ca-phosphate precipitation and the amount of
      precipitated mineral was measured. LTA-containing cells and, above all, LTA,
      inhibited Ca-phosphate precipitation in a distinct pH-range just above the acid
      solubility of the mineral by complexing Ca(2+)-ions. Experiments with Ca-fluoride
      in place of Ca-phosphate showed that LTA did not affect the precipitation of this
      mineral.

PMID- 1817933
TI  - [Inter- and intrapersonal coincidence of caries epidemiologic data].
AB  - For testing the reliability of caries epidemiologic data a group of 273 children,
      aged 7 to 15 years, was examined by two dentists. A second group of children was
      investigated twice by one examiner at an interval of two weeks. Neither an inter
      examiner nor an intra-examiner comparison of these data did indicate any
      statistically significant differences in caries incidence.

PMID- 1817934
TI  - [Root caries incidence with regular use of AmF/SnF2 mouth rinse].
AB  - The caries protective effect of an AmF/SnF2 mouth rinse solution on exposed root
      surfaces was examined in 49 patients who had undergone periodontal surgery. The
      experimental group (EG, 19 patient) rinsed 1x/d using the F- rinse solution. The
      control group (KG) consisted of 30 patients. The trial was carried out over a
      period of 16 months. In addition to a complete periodontal status the root caries
      index (RCI) was recorded. Although the baseline values were comparable in both
      groups, there was a lower incidence of root caries in the EG at the end of the
      clinical trial. This clinical study shows that there is a lower root surface
      caries incidence after long-term application of the AmF/SnF2 rinse solution.

PMID- 1817935
TI  - [Clinical controlled study on the treatment of deep carious lesions in deciduous
      molars].
AB  - Compared with a step-by-step procedure, the one-step excavation of deep carious
      lesions in primary molars proved to be the treatment of choice in a clinically,
      microbiologically and histologically controlled trial. The stepwise method failed
      to produce any significant reduction in pulp exposure. Sensitivity assessment and
      percussion findings did not result in a reliable and unambiguous evaluation of
      treatment success. Histology showed inflammation-free pulps in 67% of the
      deciduous molars irrespective of the treatment method used. Microbiological
      examination revealed slightly softened dentin to be significantly more infected
      than clinically acceptable, hard dentin; although only 59.3% of the cavity floors
      were free of microorganisms. Chronic pulp inflammations were correlated with the
      presence of streptococci and lactobacilli, whereas actinomycetes were associated
      with inflammation-free pulps.

PMID- 1817936
TI  - [Animal studies of the effects of distal occlusion on the TMJ].
AB  - In four adult monks of the "macaca fascicularis" genus we surgically shifted the
      mandible posteriorly by 5 mm in three animals and by 10 mm in one animal. After
      83, 172, 273 and 354 experimental days, the animals were killed and the TM joints
      were prepared for patho-histological examination. Histomorphological changes
      could be observed above all in spongy and cortical bone situated close to the
      TMJ. There were no striking pathological findings, however, in condylar cartilage
      and the articular disk.

PMID- 1817937
TI  - [Factors involved in endosseous implant function].
AB  - Periodontometric and Periotest mobility parameters of 87 endosseous implants were
      studied during a period of up to 6 years. Moreover, the condition of the
      surrounding bone and mucosa was assessed by means of the Periodontal Index (PI).
      Mobility of endosseous implants was lowest during the first year of insertion and
      highest at the end of the study. Among all those variables that had a favorable
      effect on implant function, the length of the implants was in the first line.
      What is called the osseointegration of dental implants is no longer evident after
      just a short period of masticatory loading by a denture. Mobility parameters of
      implants then increase to those of periodontally healthy natural teeth. Improved
      dental hygiene and cleansing of the periimplant area reduce the incidence of
      pathological findings and improve the prognosis of dental implants.

PMID- 1817938
TI  - [Studies on the reproducibility of recordings obtained with the Condylocomp LR
      2].
AB  - The reproducibility of movement recordings obtained with the Condylocomp LR 2 was
      tested on three different types of articulator (Dentatus, SAM 2, Stuart).
      Additionally, reproducibility of TMJ movement recordings was tested on 18
      subjects. Differences of +/- 2 degrees to the real angles, when working
      carefully, seem to be precise enough. The Condylocomp LR 2 seems to be a useful
      means for diagnosing and documenting TMJ movements, because it allows dynamic
      recordings with high resolution and correction of geometric errors.

PMID- 1817939
TI  - [Mercury vapor emission from amalgam capsules during trituration and storage].
AB  - Inhalation of mercury vapor is a potential hazard when handling dental amalgam.
      To prove the safety of modern capsule systems, we tested 21 brands of dental
      amalgam. Mercury vapor emission was measured at different stages during handling:
      a) immediately after opening of a capsule package, b) cumulative emission over 24
      h of storage of an open package, c) during trituration and d) for different
      methods of waste capsule treatment. Highly significant differences between
      capsule types were found for the measured parameters. Disposable capsules that
      could be reassembled showed the most favorable results.

PMID- 1817940
TI  - [Cross-sectional study on the prevalence of prosthodontic reconstructions in
      young men].
AB  - The prevalence of prosthetic reconstructions among 1534 German recruits (mean age
      21.8 years) was evaluated. Of the total number of single crowns (n = 552), 72%
      were found in the upper jaw. Forty-one per cent of the crowns were situated in
      the upper incisor region. Four per cent of the probands received mostly three
      unit-bridges and 0.9% removable partial dentures. In 3.7% of the cases all
      missing molars of a quadrant were not prosthetically replaced. The number of
      single crowns and bridges was not associated with the final school education,
      which in its term is closely associated with the social stratum. Between the
      level of school education and the need of prosthetic treatment a highly
      significant association was found.

PMID- 1817941
TI  - [Amalgam fillings in the deciduous and mixed dentition--a post-treatment
      evaluation of service life and quality].
AB  - 295 amalgam fillings in deciduous teeth and 150 amalgam restorations in permanent
      first molars were examined in 112 child patients. The functional loss of
      restorations was corded and present fillings were assessed in view of marginal
      integrity, anatomy and surface condition. For primary molar amalgams the 4-year
      survival rates "estimate" ist ein Schatzwert--wenn der Autor es so gemeint hat,
      muss "estimate" stehenbleiben, andernfalls heisst es "iate" (= Quote) were 67%
      for Class 1 restorations and for 55% Class 2 fillings. After 4 years of placement
      78% of the Class 1 restorations in permanent first molars were still intact.

PMID- 1817942
TI  - [Treatment of deciduous teeth under rectal Midazolam sedation].
AB  - Individual controlled sedation using Midazolam proves to be a valuable addition
      to the range of therapeutic options for non-cooperative children. In a clinical
      study the oral and rectal routes of administration were compared with each other.
      Rectal application allowed considerably better dose adjustment. While the quality
      of sedation and the therapeutic range were equal with both routes, rectal
      application had the advantage that treatment can be commenced sooner. The
      sedation was of shorter duration and left the patient with less unpleasant
      memories. Rectal application was easier and required a smaller amount of
      Midazolam than oral administration.

PMID- 1817943
TI  - [The effect of modified forms of preparation on the quality of SR Isosit
      composite inlay margins].
AB  - Butt joint, plain and round beveled MOD cavities were prepared in extracted human
      molars. Composite resin inlays (SR-Isosit) were fixed adhesively and analysed by
      quantitative SEM-evaluation after thermocycling and mechanical load application.
      The marginal adaptation of the inlays differed significantly depending on the
      type of cavosurface preparation. Best results with a high percentage of perfect
      margins not only before but also after in vitro load application were obtained
      with cavities prepared with rounded bevels.

PMID- 1817944
TI  - [Effects of dentin bonding agents on the proximal margins of ceramic inlays].
AB  - Ceramic inlays have shown good marginal seal as long as the margins of the
      cavities are located in enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
      marginal seal of ceramic inlays with the cervical margins situated in dentin and
      to determine the effectiveness of dentin bonding agents. Sintered ceramic inlays
      were adhesively luted either without dentin bonding agents or with the use of
      Gluma or Miragebond. After thermocycling and incubation in a colored dye the
      penetration depth of the dye was measured on sequential sections. The used dentin
      bonding agents did not improve marginal seal. The glass ionomer cement base was
      able to prevent further penetration in most of the cases when deep leakage
      occurred. Unless a tight marginal seal in dentin can be achieved, the indication
      for adhesively luted inlays must be limited to cavities with margins located in
      enamel.

PMID- 1817945
TI  - [Marginal behavior of "Kulzer" composite inlays under simultaneous mechanical and
      thermal loading].
AB  - This in vitro study assessed the marginal behavior of the "Kulzer"-inlay using
      two different resin luting agents (Adhesive cement resp. Tulux-Cem). SEM
      evaluation after combined mechanical and thermal loading revealed significant
      differences in the marginal seal of the inlays depending on the luting composite
      resin used. "Kulzer"-inlays luted with Adhesive cement showed of rate a excellent
      margins of more than 90% even after in vitro load application, while the rate of
      perfect margins were less than 80% for "Kulzer"-inlays inserted with Tulux-Cem.

PMID- 1817946
TI  - [Opacity and opacity changes in composites].
AB  - The opacity of 5 self-curing and 11 light-curing composite resins was measured 24
      hours after sample/preparation and after 6 months of storage (dry or in water) by
      means of an UV-visible spectrophotometer. The opacity of the investigated hybrid
      composite resins was between 47.3 and 62.4%. The opacity of the microfilled
      composite resins ranged from 48 to 64.4%. The opacity was not influenced by the
      polymerization time. The spectral opacity decreased with greater wavelengths,
      particularly in microfilled composite resins. All materials except Durafill,
      which became more translucent, were more opaque after 180 days of storage in
      water. Storage in water for 180 days caused greater changes of the opacity than
      dry storage for the same time. The opacity changes resulting from storage in
      water can be reduced by increasing the polymerization time.

PMID- 1817947
TI  - [Motivational sensitivity of pregnant women for oral hygiene and use of fluoride
      tablets].
AB  - 200 pregnant women (group 1) attending a four-week cure in a home, 50 pregnant
      dental office patients (group 2), and 50 non-pregnant patients of the same age
      were included in this study. The preventive care program (information on oral
      hygiene, fluoridation and healthy nutrition, instructions and training) showed
      its greatest effect in the women of group 1, reflected in a reduction in OHI and
      GPM index and in an improved health awareness. All of the probands of group 1 who
      had planned during pregnancy to use fluoride tablets for their babies, put this
      plan into effect. In group 2 this percentage was only 46%. Pregnancy is a phase
      of increased motivational sensitivity and this should be exploited by doctors and
      dentists in terms of preventive programs for individuals and groups.

PMID- 1817948
TI  - [Pathomorphology of wedge-shaped defects].
AB  - Our function-oriented SEM studies of various stages of wedge-shaped defects on
      permanent teeth have shown that wedge-shaped defects probably result from
      parafunctional force application. These dental hard tissue defects are
      characterized by marginal surface fractures, arch-shaped enamel tears and axial
      enamel rod fractures with formation of sagittal gaps. The enamel fractures
      indicate a dynamic process and do not appear to be the result of improper
      toothbrushing technique.

PMID- 1817949
TI  - [How precise is the optical Cerec impression?].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the precision of optical
      impressio obtained with the Cerec-device. Cerec provides a linear correlation
      between z-data and altitude (r = 1), one bit representing 49 microns. Repeated
      measurements deliver pixel-z-data within a range of +/- 49 microns and
      surfaceaverages (484 pixel) within +/- 5 microns. Deviations occur near areas
      with parallel orientation to the direction of measurement.

PMID- 1817950
TI  - [Correlation of endometric results with the conditions in the root canal].
AB  - The correlation of endometric measurements with physical indicators, such as
      electrode impedance, electrolyte conductivity, in canal geometry and measuring
      electrode insulation, seems to be secured by the coincidence between the results
      of experimental and theoretical calculations. The measuring principle on which
      the currently available endometric instruments operate, do offer the measuring
      accuracy required for clinical use.

PMID- 1817951
TI  - Effects of chronic naloxone pretreatment on amygdaloid kindling in rats.
AB  - Effects of chronic naloxone pretreatment (75 or 270 micrograms/h for 14 days) on
      the development of amygdaloid kindling in rats were evaluated. The acquisition of
      seizure activity was modified in the naloxone pretreated animals, depending on
      the nucleus stimulated: facilitation of stages IV and V occurred in 37%,
      variability of electrographic and behavioral responses to electrical stimulation
      during the kindling development in 33%, and facilitation of stages IV and V
      followed by long periods of seizure suppression in 29%. Enhancement of postictal
      seizure suppression during a recycling paradigm was observed in all the naloxone
      pretreated rats. It was concluded that the chronic administration of naloxone
      (known to induce opioid binding upregulation and supersensitivity), in
      association with the enduring changes in opioid mechanisms provoked by kindled
      seizures, were responsible for the facilitation and suppression of epileptic
      activity. These findings support bidirectional modulatory effects of opioid
      peptides on epileptic seizures as well as the view that epileptic seizures can
      induce enduring alterations in opioid mechanisms.

PMID- 1817952
TI  - Histamine in brain--its role in regulation of seizure susceptibility.
AB  - The influence of drugs affecting the turnover and levels of histamine in brain
      and histamine antagonists on pentetrazole (PTZ)-induced and electroconvulsive
      seizure threshold in mice was studied. A 1.5-2-fold rise in histamine brain
      concentration (induced by treatment with histidine or metoprine), led to a
      concomitant increase of PTZ-induced seizure threshold. A histidine decarboxylase
      inhibitor (brocresine) induced a depletion of brain histamine by about 75% for at
      least 8 h, the seizure threshold was, however, only reduced at 6 and 8 h after
      the injection. At shorter intervals, the seizure threshold was substantially
      increased. Treatment with centrally acting H1 antagonists (dimethindene and
      promethazine) in non-sedative dosage diminished the PTZ seizure threshold
      significantly; no changes were seen after treatment with H2 and H3 antagonists
      (oxmetidine, ranitidine, zolantidine or thioperamide) and a H3 agonist (R-alpha
      methylhistamine). The electroconvulsive threshold was hardly influenced. It is
      concluded that histamine has a certain anticonvulsant effect which is mediated
      through H1 receptors.

PMID- 1817953
TI  - Distribution of [14C]2-deoxyglucose after various forms and durations of status
      epilepticus induced by stimulation of a kindled amygdala focus in rats.
AB  - Stimulation of a kindled amygdala focus for 60 min resulted in the development of
      status epilepticus (SE) in one of 4 forms: ambulatory, masticatory, immobile or
      generalized. Each of these forms was characterized by its own frequency of
      electrographic afterdischarge (AD) and anatomic pattern of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2
      DG) autoradiographic activity. After 1 h of SE, most of the rats exhibited
      ambulatory or masticatory SE, which decreased in severity over time (5-10 h), and
      ended often in the immobile SE pattern. After 1 h of SE, the 2-DG activity of the
      rats with ambulatory SE rats was largely unilateral, and concentrated in the
      kindled basolateral amygdala and its limbic projections, while the 2-DG pattern
      in the masticatory SE rats was similar, but bilateral, and included the dorsal
      hippocampus. These masticatory SE rats also had a strikingly large hypoactive
      area in the kindled amygdala. After 5 and 10 h of SE, the 2-DG activity of all
      rats was bilateral but, in the immobile SE cases, was very weak and restricted.
      In addition to the consistent limbic involvement of the ambulatory, masticatory
      and immobile SE groups, the 2 rats, at 1 h, with generalized SE showed an
      expanded neural network with strong bilateral 2-DG activity in the anterior
      neocortex, striatum and thalamus. Except for focal hypoactivity in the
      masticatory SE group, these various forms of SE, and their associated patterns of
      2-DG activity, largely approximated those forms of SE and patterns of activity
      induced in normal, non-kindled rats.

PMID- 1817954
TI  - Evidence for the interaction of brainstem systems mediating seizure expression in
      kindling and electroconvulsive shock seizure models.
AB  - Amygdala kindling was observed to increase significantly the proportion of rats
      that exhibited tonic hindlimb extension in response to corneal electroshock
      stimulation. Mechanical brainstem lesions which abolished electroshock-induced
      tonic hindlimb extension failed to alter either the expression of fully
      generalized kindled seizures or the development of amygdala kindled seizures.
      Results suggest that while kindling can alter the sensitivity of brainstem
      systems involved in the expression of tonic hindlimb extension, these same
      systems are not necessary for either the development or expression of amygdala
      kindled seizures.

PMID- 1817955
TI  - Anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital and primidone during ontogenesis in rats.
AB  - The influence of phenobarbital (PHB, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg i.p.) and primidone
      (PRI, 40 or 80 mg/kg i.p.) on metrazol-induced motor seizures was studied in rats
      7, 12, 15, 18, 25 and 90 days old. PHB blocked both types of seizures induced by
      metrazol-minimal (mMS) as well as generalized tonic-clonic (MMS)--in all age
      groups where they appeared under control conditions. The effect against major
      seizures was always better expressed than against mMS. Pretreatment with PHB led
      to the appearance of mMS in 7- and 12-day-old rat pups, where control animals did
      not exhibit this type of seizure. Combined administration of the 2 high doses of
      PHB and metrazol resulted in the appearance of behavioral automatisms in young
      rats. PRI abolished MMS in adult rats only, no changes were seen in 25-day-old
      animals and specific suppression of the tonic phase of MMS was observed in
      younger rats. mMS were influenced only in 7- and 12-day-old rats, where an
      increase in their incidence was recorded. Pretreatment with PRI never induced
      automatisms. The different actions of PHB and PRI speak in favor of an
      anticonvulsant action of PRI itself.

PMID- 1817956
TI  - Activation of partial seizures with motor signs during cyclic alternating pattern
      in human sleep.
AB  - Both interictal and ictal EEG phenomena are commonly activated by functional
      instability. The different non-REM sleep stages comprise long-lasting periods of
      cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in which arousal fluctuates between 'A phases'
      of greater arousal and 'B phases' of less arousal, and periods in which vigilance
      maintains a tonic stability (non-CAP). Previous studies have revealed that phase
      A induces a marked enhancement of generalized EEG paroxysms, a minor though
      significant activation of focal lesional bursts, but no effect on rolandic
      functional spikes. Conversely, phase B exerts an inhibitory modulation,
      especially on bilateral interictal phenomena. Because of the opposite influence
      of phase A and phase B also on muscle tone, we assessed the amount and
      distribution of nocturnal partial motor seizures in 6 subjects affected by focal
      epilepsy. The polysomnograms included 45 motor seizures, 43 of which occurred
      during non-REM sleep. Nocturnal fits were significantly more frequent in stages 1
      and 3 (P less than 0.0001). Among the non-REM seizures, 42 appeared in CAP (P
      less than 0.0001) and always in phase A. The transient arousal and the
      concomitant muscle tone activation expressed by phase A of CAP is likely to
      support the motor components of nocturnal seizures. Sleep analysis in terms of
      CAP and non-CAP provides a better understanding of the continuum from subclinical
      EEG paroxysms to clinical manifestations and of the relations between vigilance
      and seizure disorders.

PMID- 1817957
TI  - Interictal cerebral metabolism in partial epilepsies of neocortical origin.
AB  - We performed interictal [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG
      PET) in 24 patients with partial epilepsy of neocortical origin. Two-thirds of
      patients had regions of hypometabolism. The zone of intracranially recorded
      electrographic ictal onset was always located in a region of hypometabolism, in
      those with hypometabolism. Hypometabolic regions in partial epilepsies of
      neocortical origin were usually associated with structural imaging abnormalities.
      Regional hypometabolism occasionally occurred without localizing ictal scalp EEG
      and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings, however. FDG PET may be useful
      in directing placement of intracranial electrodes for presurgical evaluation of
      refractory neocortical seizures.

PMID- 1817958
TI  - A comparative pharmacokinetic study of intravenous and intramuscular midazolam in
      patients with epilepsy.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a water soluble 1,4-benzodiazepine, has been
      studied in 12 patients (11 male, 1 female; age range 19-57 years) with epilepsy.
      All patients were taking hepatic enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on a
      regular basis. Midazolam (5 mg) was administered intravenously and 1 week later
      midazolam was administered intramuscularly, the dose used being dependent on the
      sedative response to the intravenous dose (10 mg, n = 2; 7 mg, n = 8; 5 mg, n =
      2). Serial blood samples were collected at timed intervals for 5-7 h. After
      intravenous administration initial distribution was rapid with a mean half-life
      (t 1/2 alpha) of 0.06 +/- 0.03 h followed by a terminal half-life (t 1/2 beta or
      gamma) of 1.5 +/- 0.3 h. Volume of distribution was 0.62 +/- 0.27 l/kg. After
      intramuscular administration midazolam was rapidly absorbed with peak serum
      concentrations achieved at 25 +/- 23 min. Two patients showed delayed absorption.
      Mean terminal half-life was 2.8 +/- 1.7 h. The absolute bioavailability of
      intramuscular midazolam was calculated in 11 patients as 87 +/- 18%. Sedation was
      rapid (less than 1-2 min) but transient (7-75 min) after intravenous and slower
      (2-30 min) and for a longer period (20-120 min) after intramuscular
      administration. Since intravenous administration of AEDs including diazepam is
      not always feasible in status epilepticus there are obvious advantages in having
      an effective intramuscular formulation. Our data suggest that midazolam may be
      such a drug.

PMID- 1817959
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in patients with epilepsy.
AB  - In a double-blind parallel study, patients with epilepsy on stable regimen of
      antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were given lamotrigine (8 pts) or placebo (3 pts).
      Patients were sequentially dosed with 100, 200 and 300 mg/day given as a b.i.d.
      regimen. After steady state was achieved, timed plasma lamotrigine levels were
      obtained post dose. No medical, psychogenic, neurologic, or hematologic changes
      were observed and no subjective effects were detected as a result of treatment
      with lamotrigine. No changes in heart rhythm or blood pressure were observed
      related to lamotrigine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using 1
      compartment and non-compartment models. The results were similar using both
      models. Area under the plasma concentration vs. time curves increased linearly
      with dose. Mean half life (13.5 h), volume of distribution (1.36 l/kg) and
      clearance (1.27 ml/min/kg) were similar to previously reported results and did
      not change with increasing dose. These findings indicate that lamotrigine
      pharmacokinetics can be described by the 1-compartment model, has linear
      kinetics, and does not induce its own metabolism in patients on concomitant AEDs.

PMID- 1817960
TI  - Anticonvulsive effect of dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) on amygdala
      kindled seizures in rats and cats.
AB  - Dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone; DDS), an established anti-leprosy drug,
      showed anticonvulsive effects in the amygdaloid kindling model of epilepsy.
      Single doses of the drug in rats (6.25-12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed the kindled
      seizures in a dose-dependent manner without overt behavioral toxicity. With
      repeated oral administration in cats, relatively higher initial doses (13-23
      mg/kg) were required to obtain seizure suppression, and neurotoxic signs occurred
      within a few days with serum drug levels of approximately 20 micrograms/ml.
      Although dapsone showed anticonvulsive effects in both animal species, the
      effective serum levels overlapped the toxic levels reported in the clinical
      treatment of leprosy. In the majority of the cats, however, seizure suppression
      was maintained even after the discontinuation of dapsone with lower serum levels
      than those observed at the beginning of the seizure suppression. Therefore,
      dapsone would be useful as an antiepileptic drug only when long-term
      anticonvulsive efficacy is demonstrated using smaller doses comparable to those
      used in the treatment of leprosy.

PMID- 1817961
TI  - Effects of repeated administration of the preferential dopamine autoreceptor
      antagonist, (+)-AJ76, on locomotor activity and brain DA metabolism in the rat.
AB  - AJ76, the cis-(+)-(1S,2R) enantiomer of 5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propyl-amino)
      tetralin is a dopamine autoreceptor antagonist which has shown locomotor
      stimulatory properties, especially in habituated rats. AJ76 was given repeatedly
      to male rats at different time intervals and different doses to investigate if
      tachyphylaxis/tolerance would develop. Tolerance did not occur if AJ76 (300
      mumol/kg p.o.) was administered once daily for 7 days, (regarding both
      stimulation of locomotor activity and increase in brain DOPAC levels). Tolerance
      occurred after a single dose of 52 mumol/kg s.c. given in the morning followed by
      the same challenge dose 4 but not 24 h later. When the first dose was decreased
      to 13 mumol/kg s.c. no tachyphylaxis could be demonstrated regarding stimulation
      of locomotor activity. It is concluded that AJ76 induces a dose-dependent and
      short lasting tachyphylaxis, while no tolerance is observed after one week
      repeated administration. The possible mechanism behind these effects are
      discussed.

PMID- 1817962
TI  - Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis in the rat peritoneal cavity.
AB  - In the search for a model of leukotriene (LT) production to provide a method to
      determine in vivo 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitory activity by various compounds,
      a passive anaphylactic reaction in the rat peritoneal cavity was examined,
      refined and characterized. The reaction, produced by passive sensitization with
      an i.p. injection of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) followed by an
      i.p. injection of BSA, resulted in the biosynthesis of large amounts of
      sulfidopeptide LTs measurable by immunoassay or by reversed phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. The oral activity of several 5-LO inhibitors
      has been examined using this model. An example of these is zileuton (Abbott
      64077), a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor now under clinical evaluation. Zileuton
      inhibited sulfidopeptide LT biosynthesis in the rat peritoneal cavity in a dose
      dependent manner (ED50 = 3 mg/kg). WY-49,232, MK-866, BW A4C and phenidone also
      produced good activity with ED50 values of 6, 8, 11 and 17 mg/kg, respectively.
      This modified rat peritoneal anaphylaxis model appears to be a valuable tool for
      establishing in vivo activity of 5-LO inhibitors.

PMID- 1817963
TI  - The forced swimming test: effects of glucose administration on the response to
      food deprivation and adrenalectomy.
AB  - Rats food deprived for 24 h prior to a 15 min swimming test have no difficulty in
      acquiring the immobile response but showed significantly reduced levels of
      immobility (40%) on retest compared with controls (70%). This effect of food
      deprivation was reversed, by glucose (100 mg/kg), dexamethasone (6
      micrograms/rat) and ketocyclazocine (25 micrograms/rat). Adrenalectomised animals
      also acquire but cannot retain the immobile response, however, adrenalectomised
      rats given 1000 mg/kg glucose within 2 h of the initial swimming test are
      immobile for 75-85% of the retest period. We interpret these findings as
      suggesting a complex interplay of endocrine and metabolic factors are necessary
      for retention of the behavioural response.

PMID- 1817964
TI  - Protective effect of SR 27417, a novel PAF antagonist, on lethal anaphylactic and
      endotoxin-induced shock in mice.
AB  - In anaphylactic shock, SR 27417, the first member of a newly developed series of
      PAF (platelet-activating factor) antagonists, inhibited in a dose-dependent
      manner the lethal effect of antigen (ovalbumin) rechallenge in actively
      sensitized mice. It protected mice when given i.v. 5 min before ovalbumin
      challenge (ED50 = 50 micrograms/kg) or when given p.o. 1 h before ovalbumin
      administration (ED50 = 1.25 mg/kg). After i.v. or oral administration, SR 27417
      (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) greatly improved the survival rate of mice after
      antigen challenge and had an extremely long duration of action (48 and 30 h,
      respectively). Similarly, i.v. or oral doses of SR 27417 afforded in mice
      complete protection against endotoxin-induced lethality (ED50 values were 100 and
      150 micrograms/kg, respectively). SR 27417 (1 mg/kg) inhibited endotoxin-induced
      death in mice with impressive oral or i.v. durations of action of 66 and 110 h,
      respectively. These results confirm that PAF plays a major role in anaphylactic
      and endotoxin-induced shock and that SR 27417 may be an effective preventative
      drug.

PMID- 1817965
TI  - Acetylcholine modulates the effect of ovarian steroids on glutamic acid
      decarboxylase activity in the rat fallopian tube.
AB  - Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured in the oviduct of normal
      rats in diestrous and in rats ovariectomized (OVX) seven days before. OVX induced
      a significant decrease of GAD activity in the Fallopian tube. This effect was
      completely reversed by coadministration of estradiol benzoate + progesterone (E +
      P). Simultaneous injection of atropine, but not of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine or
      labetalol, completely prevented the activation of GAD induced by ovarian sterois.
      Moreover, prostigmin significantly potentiated the action of E + P on GAD
      activity in the rat oviduct. These data clearly suggest the participation of
      acetylcholine in the mechanisms whereby ovarian steroids regulate GAD activity in
      the rat Fallopian tube.

PMID- 1817966
TI  - [3H]5-carboxamidotryptamine labels multiple high affinity 5-HT1D-like sites in
      guinea pig brain.

PMID- 1817967
TI  - [Esthetics and function in complete dentures].

PMID- 1817968
TI  - [Variations in full porcelain. Possibilities and seeming impossibilities].

PMID- 1817969
TI  - [New methods for determining surface hardness of dental materials].

PMID- 1817970
TI  - [New methods of evaluation of compatible metal-ceramic alloys].

PMID- 1817971
TI  - [Model preparation for apprentice and master examination].

PMID- 1817972
TI  - [Dynamic components of a complete denture].

PMID- 1817973
TI  - [A sure way to perfect framework preparation].

PMID- 1817974
TI  - [Cast fillings and partial crowns--not a substitute for an amalgam filling].

PMID- 1817975
TI  - [Greater efficiency and quality by use of a labial wire pliers].

PMID- 1817976
TI  - [Jet-Pin, whole new pin sensation].

PMID- 1817977
TI  - [Harmonic occlusal concept for functional artificial tooth].

PMID- 1817978
TI  - [Partial mandibular denture using partial crowns and attachments].

PMID- 1817979
TI  - [Implant supported complete denture. FGP-technique cares for friction dosage].

PMID- 1817980
TI  - [Quicksplit reproduction milling platform. Cross-joint makes it possible].

PMID- 1817981
TI  - [Inlay-bridge. Tips for rational problem solution].

PMID- 1817982
TI  - [Efficiency and results of new bonded blended gold layer].

PMID- 1817983
TI  - [Cyclarc method of titanium casting. Material investigation].

PMID- 1817984
TI  - [Ha-Dent-Unilock--half automatic titanium bolt].

PMID- 1817985
TI  - [Wax-composite duo. More stability for modelling].

PMID- 1817986
TI  - [Significance of preprosthetic planning. Post concerns in edentulous mandible].

PMID- 1817987
TI  - [System of milling technique for anterior tooth groove-shoulder-post attachment].

PMID- 1817988
TI  - [The pinlay and its indications. Anchorage by parapulpal pins].

PMID- 1817989
TI  - [Harmony in form and color. Description of a case].

PMID- 1817990
TI  - [APF-system complete dentures].

PMID- 1817991
TI  - [Individual bridge preparation with non-parallel abutment teeth].

PMID- 1817992
TI  - [Ceramic and hybrid blends for double and conical crowns].

PMID- 1817993
TI  - [Clinical procedures and indications for composite inlays of SR-Isosit].

PMID- 1817994
TI  - [Material handling aspects of Carrara-metal and ceramic systems].

PMID- 1817995
TI  - [New technology for preparation of titanium crowns and bridges].

PMID- 1817996
TI  - [Technical utilization possibilities for a light curing impression material].

PMID- 1817997
TI  - [Infusion procedure for closed telescope and conical crowns].

PMID- 1817998
TI  - [Complete denture by the APF system].

PMID- 1817999
TI  - [Coordination of articulators with different fabrication].

PMID- 1818000
TI  - [Clinical usefulness of quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis
      of segmental kinesis of the left ventricle in monitoring of patients with
      neoplasms treated with anthracyclines].
AB  - To determine whether serial quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic
      analysis of left ventricular wall motion could be effective in selecting patients
      in whom anthracycline treatment must be stopped, 26 patients (18 M and 8 F, mean
      age 10 +/- 3, range 6 to 16 years) with malignancy, receiving doxorubicin or
      daunomycin were followed up. Left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities
      were detected in 11 patients (42%), while left ventricular ejection fraction at
      rest (although progressively decreased from baseline value [63 +/- 2 vs 55 +/-
      2%; p = 0.0001]) was still in normal range. The following distribution of left
      ventricular contraction abnormalities was noted: septal, anteroseptal and
      posteroseptal akinesis with posterior wall hypokinesis in one patient; septal,
      anteroseptal and posteroseptal akinesis with anterolateral free-wall hypokinesis
      in another; septal, anteroseptal and posteroseptal hypokinesis in four; lateral
      and posterolateral free-wall hypokinesis in one; septal, anteroseptal,
      posteroseptal and posterior hypokinesis in four. The drug was discontinued in
      only two patients with akinesis, since we regarded this contraction abnormality
      as a predictive index of more serious and extensive myocardial damage. We began
      to detect hypokinesis when cumulative doses of doxorubicin or daunorubicin were
      155-420 mg/m2 and 270-285 mg/m2 respectively, while akinesis was seen at doses of
      395 mg/m2 of body-surface area for doxorubicin and 575 mg/m2 for daunorubicin.
      Follow-up examination was conducted six months after the last dose of
      anthracycline, and improvement or recovery of left ventricular regional wall
      motion abnormalities was noted in all patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818001
TI  - [Changes in modalities of left ventricular filling associated with aging in
      normal subjects: secondary to increase in blood pressure and left ventricular
      mass?].
AB  - The mechanisms by which aging alters the pattern of left ventricular diastolic
      filling are still uncertain. To gain more insight into this tissue, the
      independent contributions of age, sex, heart rate, arterial blood pressure and
      left ventricular mass (as well as various indexes of left ventricular morphology
      and function) to left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities, were
      investigated by echocardiography in 81 normal subjects (18 to 84 years of age,
      mean 50), carefully screened to avoid the confounding effects of coronary artery
      disease and systemic hypertension. With advancing adult age, we found a
      significant increase in: body mass index (r = 0.25; p less than 0.02), systolic
      (r = 0.58; p less than 0.0001), pulse (r = 0.61; p less than 0.0001) and mean (r
      = 0.40; p less than 0.0001) arterial blood pressure; left ventricular wall
      thickness (r = 0.30; p less than 0.006); left ventricular mass (r = 0.32; p less
      than 0.004); left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.24; p less than 0.03);
      and peak systolic wall stress (r = 0.22; p less than 0.04). Pulsed Doppler
      analysis of mitral inflow showed a significant age-related decline in the peak
      early filling velocity (r = -0.51; p less than 0.001), and in the ratio of early
      and late diastolic filling velocity (r = -0.65; p less than 0.0001). Conversely,
      duration of isovolumic relaxation (r = 0.77; p less than 0.0001), peak late
      diastolic flow velocity (r = 0.39; p less than 0.001), and diastolic pressure
      half time (r = 0.34; p less than 0.01) increased significantly with age.
      "Stepwise" multivariate linear regression analyses showed that the ratio of early
      to late diastolic peak filling velocity was independently related only with age
      (R2 = 0.56; p less than 0.0001) while the isovolumic relaxation time was
      independently related with age (R2 = 0.48; p less than 0.0001) and duration of
      cardiac cycle (R2 = 0.06; p less than 0.008). Age-related changes in body mass
      index, blood pressure, peak meridional wall stress and left ventricular mass
      index did not show any independent relationship to Doppler parameters of left
      ventricular filling or duration of isovolumic relaxation. The results of the
      present study suggest that the effect of age on left ventricular filling
      modalities and duration of isovolumic relaxation are independent of age-related
      changes in blood pressure, left ventricular mass, morphology and systolic
      function.

PMID- 1818002
TI  - [Pharmacological effects on left diastolic ventricular function in acute
      myocardial infarct: comparison of gallopamil and atenolol].
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the effects of gallopamil and atenolol
      administration on left ventricular (LV) relaxation and filling in patients (pts)
      with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), by pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE).
      Two days after first AMI, 14 pts aged 56 +/- 10 years in Killip class I and
      treated with thrombolysis were randomized to gallopamil (50 mcg/Kg over 5 min) or
      atenolol (5 mg over 5 min) IV 10 ml bolus, with a 24 hour time interval, in a
      cross-over double blind sequence. Four PDE were performed in each patient: at
      baseline, before gallopamil and atenolol IV bolus, and a 15 min after each bolus.
      The following Doppler parameters were calculated: early (E) and late (A) peak
      filling velocities and their ratios (E/A), early (Ei), late (Ai) and total (TVi)
      diastolic filling time velocity integrals; the ratio between Ei and Ai (Ei/Ai),
      the peak filling rate normalized to mitral stroke volume (calculated as E/TVi
      [nPRP]), the percentage of atrial contribution to total diastolic filling (%AC),
      and the isovolumic relaxation time (nTRIV) normalized to an 800msec RR cycle
      length. Compared to baseline PDE evaluation, gallopamil administration
      significantly shortened nTRIV (89 +/- 13 vs 116 +/- 13 msec), improved early LV
      filling parameters (E: 74.5 +/- 14.0 vs 58.1 +/- 14.6 cm/sec; E/A 1.2 +/- 0.4 vs
      0.9 +/- 0.3; Ei: 11.2 +/- 1.8 vs 8.9 +/- 2.0 cm; Ei/Ai: 1.8 +/- 0.6 vs 1.3 +/-
      0.6; nPRP: 3.9 +/- 1.0 vs 3.5 +/- 1.0 SV/sec), and reduced %AC (35.6 +/- 8.8 vs
      44.6 +/- 10.6). A and Ai were not significantly changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818003
TI  - [Electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia in patients with
      previous myocardial infarct: frequency and significance of diverse diagnostic
      criteria].
AB  - Electrocardiographic tracings of ventricular tachycardia were recorded from 34
      patients with old myocardial infarction. The diagnostic criteria of ventricular
      tachycardia were carefully assessed in each tracing. The most commonly observed
      signs were: 1) QRS duration greater than 140 msec; 2) a prevalent negative
      deflection in Lead V6; 3) an interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to
      the S wave nadir greater than 100 msec in at least one precordial lead. The cases
      were subdivided into two groups on the basis of a predominant positive or
      negative deflection in Lead V1 (Group 1 and 2, respectively). The most common
      signs in Group 1 were a monophasic R wave configuration of the QRS complex in
      Lead V1, and a QS configuration in Lead V6. On the other hand, the most frequent
      criteria in Group 2 were an interval between the beginning of the QRS complex and
      the S wave nadir greater than 60 msec in Lead V1, and a QS configuration in Lead
      V6. Furthermore, none of the cases reflected a normal frontal plane QRS axis, but
      an axis deviation was evident in all 29 cases where axis could be calculated.

PMID- 1818004
TI  - [Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: description of a case in advanced age with
      documentation of electrocardiographic course].
AB  - We describe a case of non-obstructive apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an 86
      year-old Caucasian patient, whose electrocardiographic and echocardiographic
      patterns coincided with those originally described by the Japanese Authors. We
      documented the evolution of the patient's electrocardiographic alterations over a
      16-year period, in absence of symptoms, except for one syncopal episode, which
      occurred 13 years ago.

PMID- 1818005
TI  - [Complete occlusion at the origin of the common trunk of the left coronary artery
      with intercoronary and aorto-coronary anastomotic circle: description of a case].
AB  - We describe the case of a patient with unstable angina and left main coronary
      artery occlusion, yet with good collateral circulation from the right coronary
      artery, and with normal left ventricular function. We identified an anomalous
      vessel from the ascending aorta ensuring a good supply to the left coronary
      artery.

PMID- 1818006
TI  - Cell-cell communication in the testis.
AB  - In addition to the well-established endocrine regulation of testicular functions
      by gonadotropins, many data accumulated in the last few years indicate that a
      local control is required for a normal production of androgens and
      spermatogenesis. In the present paper we review the cell-cell interactions
      between somatic and germ cells in the testis and their role on the function of
      each cell type. Also, we will present evidences indicating that some of these
      interactions are mediated by several growth factors produced and acting within
      the testis. Moreover, very often the production of these factors are under
      control of gonadotropins, and in turn the growth factors regulate the sensitivity
      of testicular cells to these hormones.

PMID- 1818007
TI  - Idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls as a model of the effect of plasma
      estradiol level on growth, skeletal maturation and plasma insulin-like growth
      factor I.
AB  - Girls suffering from idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) may have
      different levels of estrogenic activity. This study was performed to evaluate the
      relationship between the estrogenic activity and the hypothalamopituitary
      activation and the effect of various plasma estradiol (E2) levels on growth,
      skeletal maturation and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Fifty-eight
      girls with CPP were divided into 2 groups: group I with E2 less than 25 pg/ml (13
      +/- 1 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM, n = 26) and group II with E2 greater than or equal to
      25 pg/ml (52 +/- 3 pg/ml, n = 32). The mean ages at onset and at evaluation were
      lower in group I (5.9 +/- 0.4 and 6.8 +/- 0.4 years) than in group II (6.8 +/-
      0.3 and 8.1 +/- 0.2 years, p less than 0.01), but the durations since onset
      (greater than 0.5 and less than 2 years) in the two groups were similar. The mean
      peak luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) ratios were lower
      in group I (0.8 +/- 0.2) than in group II (1.7 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.001) and
      correlated with E2 (r = 0.41, p less than 0.01). The mean height gains during the
      year preceding the initial evaluation were similar in the two groups (8.7 +/- 0.5
      vs. 9.2 +/- 0.4 cm). They were independent of the plasma E2 level. Conversely,
      the mean plasma IGF-I values were lower in group I (2.4 +/- 0.3 U/ml) than in
      group II (4.2 +/- 0.6 U/ml, p less than 0.01) and correlated with E2 (r = 0.52, p
      less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818008
TI  - Growth and timing of puberty: reciprocal effects.
AB  - Based on the analysis of the pubertal growth spurt and final height in different
      pathological conditions, this paper provides evidence that variations in age at
      onset of puberty have a major influence on the subsequent acceleration of the
      growth rate but a minor impact on final height. A reciprocal effect of the growth
      rate on the timing of onset of puberty is also suggested by a number of clinical
      observations.

PMID- 1818009
TI  - Etiologies of late puberty.
AB  - An expected lack of pubertal development can be due to an already diagnosed
      disease. The diagnosis of an unexpected lack of puberty is a difficult task. We
      have analyzed the etiologies of late puberty in 106 adolescents: 68 boys aged
      over 15 years and 38 phenotypic girls aged over 13 years. According to their
      clinical and biological (gonadotropin) data, they were classified in 3 groups. In
      the first group, hypergonadotropism was observed only in 19 females; pure gonadal
      dysgenesis was found in 2 cases with 46,XY, in 2 with 46,Xdel(Xq) karyotypes and
      9 cases were 46,XX constitutions; 2 sisters had also blepharophimosis; in 3 cases
      the ovarian failure was due to autoimmune disease, and 1 case, genetically male,
      had 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. The second group had gonadotropin
      insufficiency and consisted of 68 adolescents, 57 males and 11 females, with low
      gonadotropin levels: 33 were anosmic; in the boys, cryptorchism was present in
      68% and micropenis in 31%; 38 had a familial history of hypogonadism, the
      transmission of which was matrilineal in 16, patrilineal in 13 and recessive
      autosomal in 7. The third group had low or low-normal gonadotropin levels: 22
      cases of constitutional delay of puberty (11 cases in both sexes), demonstrated
      by further normal puberty during the follow-up. No clinical marker and familial
      history in 50% were noted.

PMID- 1818010
TI  - Therapeutic indications for delayed puberty and hypogonadism in adolescent boys.
AB  - Testosterone and synthetic androgens have formerly been used indiscriminately,
      but are now applied more selectively. They are the only treatment of primary
      hypogonadism, but are also useful in gonadotropin deficiency and constitutional
      delay. 17-Alkylated androgens are no longer used. Oral testosterone undecanoate
      is not suitable for adolescents because of unreliable absorption. The prototype
      disorder where replacement is necessary is congenital anorchia. As a
      physiological replacement, an initial dose of 35 mg/m2 per month for 6 months,
      followed by 70 mg/m2 for 1 year, and 150 mg/m2 thereafter, is recommended. No
      general rules can be given for other types of primary hypogonadism. In testicular
      atrophy after cryptorchidism, defects of testosterone biosynthesis, galactosemia
      or other causes, it is advisable to carry out periodic testosterone
      determinations and to wait until the levels drop below normal. Progress has been
      made in the treatment of gonadotropin deficiency, and pulsatile gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) has been shown to be effective in the hypothalamic type.
      Nevertheless, androgens still have a temporary place in this condition. In
      constitutional delay of growth and adolescence, treatment is not necessary
      somatically, but there are often psychosocial reasons. Gonadotropins, GnRH or
      growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone have been used. Also treatment with human
      GH is successful in accelerating height velocity. The most simple and economic
      treatment is still testosterone in a physiological dose for 3-6 months.
      Oxandrolone or other synthetic androgens have no advantages.

PMID- 1818011
TI  - Treatment of delayed puberty and hypogonadism in girls.
AB  - The therapeutic management of female delayed puberty depends more on the
      objectives than on the underlying cause. We will have to consider the development
      of sex characteristics, the occurrence of menarche and the promotion of growth.
      In this paper, we will review how girls with delayed puberty of different
      etiologies can benefit from the following therapeutic alternatives: follow-up
      without hormonal therapy; administration of growth hormone, anabolic steroids
      (e.g. oxandrolone) or estrogens and progestogens, and psychological support.

PMID- 1818012
TI  - Puberty and psychological development.
AB  - Emphasis is placed on the body and its role in shaping our relationship to
      reality. Puberty is responsible for integrating an irreversible body image either
      masculine or feminine. Pubertal pathology in which the fantasies about physical
      bisexuality remain ensconced can make working through psychical bisexuality a
      more arduous task.

PMID- 1818014
TI  - Endocrinology of puberty. 34th International Henri-Pierre Klotz Days of
      Endocrinology. Paris, May 23-24, 1991.

PMID- 1818013
TI  - Menstrual disorders in adolescence: pathophysiology and treatment.
AB  - Menstrual problems including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, irregular cycles,
      abnormal uterine bleeding or dysmenorrhea represent 50% of adolescents'
      gynecologic complaints. Irregular and anovulatory cycles are common during the
      first postmenarcheal years and may reflect a normal transient step of ovarian
      hyperandrogenism, but they may also result from hormonal abnormalities affecting
      the adrenals, the ovaries or the pituitary. Amenorrhea may be a sign of late
      puberty or of a problem affecting the hypothalamus, the pituitary or the ovaries.
      Evaluation includes a complete physical examination, basal hormonal
      determinations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function, of the thyroid, of
      the androgens and of the nutritional and growth parameters. This first evaluation
      must be completed by a karyotype analysis in case of primary amenorrhea or by the
      measurements of free testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide and testosterone
      glucuronide in case of hirsutism, and may be followed by X-rays, echography or
      dynamic tests depending on the first results. Therapy will always be directed
      towards the etiology of the disease. Abnormal uterine bleeding is generally the
      result of anovulatory cycles and responds to hormonal therapy, but a systemic
      illness, a local pathology or a complicated pregnancy must always be excluded. In
      case of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis must be excluded. Simple dysmenorrhea is
      generally suppressed by antiprostaglandins.

PMID- 1818015
TI  - Clinical aspects of normal pubertal development.
AB  - Puberty is associated with changes in nearly all organs and structures of the
      body. The present paper reviews the clinical aspects of these changes, i.e. the
      growth and development of the gonads and of secondary sexual characteristics, the
      pubertal growth spurt, the changes in body composition and the differential
      growth of certain viscera. The marked sexual dimorphism of some of these changes
      and of their timing is also discussed.

PMID- 1818016
TI  - Metabolic cues for the onset of puberty.
AB  - The hypothesis that the timing of puberty is at least in part stimulated by some
      'metabolic signal' that tells the central control system of the reproductive axis
      that the body is becoming large enough, and that there are enough metabolic fuel
      stores, to support reproductive function has received considerable attention over
      the past several decades. However, direct experimental support for the hypothesis
      that mild metabolic changes, such as those that occur slowly during development,
      are actually capable of modulating reproductive function has been lacking. Our
      recent studies have shown that very brief periods of fasting in both male rhesus
      monkeys and men can modify the pulsatile release of LH and testosterone. In
      monkeys, missing a single meal is associated with a suppression of mean plasma
      LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations, and with a slowing of the frequency of
      pulsatile LH secretion. Current studies are aimed at identifying the specific
      metabolic signals which cause these changes. It is hoped that the results of
      these studies will eventually help to answer the question of whether normal
      metabolic changes occurring during development play a role in timing puberty
      onset.

PMID- 1818017
TI  - Giant cell tumour of the petrous bone.
AB  - Giant cell tumours (GCT) are rare in the skull bones. In the cranium the sphenoid
      bone is the most common site. The petrous bone is a very uncommon location for
      such tumours. The chance location of GCT at the base of the skull makes total
      surgery difficult and hazardous. A case of GCT of the petrous bone is presented.
      The clinical course in the patient and role of primary radiotherapy in GCT in
      such an unusual site is discussed.

PMID- 1818018
TI  - Cytodiagnosis of metastatic melanoma in the lymph nodes.
AB  - Lymph-node aspirates performed over ten years numbering 1,555 showed 8.2 percent
      of metastatic tumors. Of these, only six percent were metastatic melanomas.
      Clinical diagnosis was made in three cases. Melanin in the cells made the
      diagnosis easy. But even in the absence of the pigment as in two amelanotic
      melanomas, the cytologic features were characteristic.

PMID- 1818019
TI  - A review of fallopian tube carcinoma over 20 years (1971-90) in Pondicherry.
AB  - Nine cases of tubal carcinoma were found in a period of 20 years in JIPMER
      Hospital among approximately 9,000 gynaecological malignancies. Most patients
      were diagnosed as malignant ovarian tumour, but two cases presented unusually,
      one as Meig's syndrome and another as acute hemoperitoneum. This often stressed
      symptom of amber discharge or hydrops tubae profluens could not be elicited in
      any patient. All the patients underwent surgical treatment and radiotherapy or
      chemotherapy. The period of follow up ranged from two months to four and half
      years.

PMID- 1818020
TI  - Clinical utility of ketoconazole in cases of adrenocortical carcinoma.
AB  - Ketoconazole, an imidazole derivative is known to decrease adrenal steroid
      biosynthesis by inhibiting cytochrome P450 dependent adrenal enzymes. Three
      patients of adrenal carcinoma treated with ketoconazole, 600-1200 mg daily showed
      significant fall in plasma and urinary cortisol levels, but no reduction in tumor
      size, one patient developed liver dysfunction which reverted back to normal on
      discontinuing the drug.

PMID- 1818021
TI  - Computed tomography of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity tumours.
AB  - One hundred and thirty seven patients with suspected neoplasms of paranasal
      sinuses and nasal cavity were studied with conventional radiography and C.T.
      Scan. Significantly greater tumour extent was detected on C.T. due to 3 -
      Dimensional demonstration of tumours. C.T.Scan was extremely helpful in
      diagnosing the primary site of tumour and tumour recurrence in treated cases.
      This information had pronounced effect on patient management and prognosis
      determination. C.T. was also helpful in differentiating certain benign conditions
      such as fibro-osseous lesions and inflammation without bony erosion from
      malignant tumours. The importance of C.T. scan in these neoplasms is discussed
      here.

PMID- 1818022
TI  - Intracranial cystic meningioma.
AB  - Two cases of intracranial cystic meningiomas are reported. Neuroradiological and
      intraoperative diagnoses in both cases were cystic astrocytoma. However routine
      biopsy during the intra-operative period and an accurate interpretation during
      frozen-section will establish the diagnosis of cystic meningioma. Complete
      excision of cyst wall of the meningioma during the surgery will minimise the
      incidence of recurrence of these benign tumours.

PMID- 1818023
TI  - Post laryngectomy rehabilitation the case for planned early speech therapy.
AB  - This study reflects the efficacy of planned early speech therapy on post
      laryngectomy rehabilitation. Not only do a larger number of laryngectomees
      acquire intelligible esophageal speech where therapy is instituted early but also
      the pace of development and quality of the speech is far superior when compared
      to those laryngectomees in whom speech therapy was delayed. This paper
      unequivocally supports the institution of planned early speech therapy in the
      successful rehabilitation of the laryngectomee. Such therapy can proceed
      simultaneously with the post operative radiation therapy sans deleterious effects
      and without prolonging hospital stay with its attendant overheads.

PMID- 1818024
TI  - An unusual case of plasma cell granuloma involving lung and brain.
AB  - A young male aged 20 years had resection of the upper lobe of right lung for
      plasma cell granuloma. Five years later he developed three lesions in the brain,
      one of which was resected. Brain lesion showed similar histopathological picture.
      A unique case of plasma cell granuloma involving more than one organ is reported.

PMID- 1818025
TI  - Tumoral calcinosis causing carpal tunnel syndrome (a case report).

PMID- 1818026
TI  - The indirect platelet suspension immunofluorescence test in the detection of
      platelet antibodies in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Among the various techniques developed for the detection of platelet antibodies,
      the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test has been reported to be simple,
      sensitive and reproducible, and therefore more clinically useful than other
      techniques available. An initial evaluation of the test was carried out for the
      detection of platelet autoantibodies in ten cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic
      purpura. The indirect PSIFT was found to be positive in 60%. The technical
      aspects of the test and the problems encountered are discussed.

PMID- 1818027
TI  - Computer based application software for histopathological reporting system.
AB  - For better follow up of patient and the immediate retrieval of records, we have
      developed a computer based application software for histopathological reporting
      system (HIPRIS). With its help, among others, we can (i) retrieve the biopsy
      report of a patient from the accession number of the specimen; (ii) find out the
      number of cases for a particular period as well as can analyse cases by any
      relevant referral parameter like department, specialty and disease and (iii) find
      out the time gap between receiving the specimen and reporting of result. Our
      experience suggests that this system greatly improves the efficiency of the
      histopathological laboratory.

PMID- 1818028
TI  - Prevalence of Campylobacter pylori in non-ulcerative dyspepsia.
AB  - Endoscopic biopsies were taken from the gastric antral mucosa, in 150 cases of
      non-ulcerative dyspepsia at the Gastroscopic Clinic, Dist. Hospital, Belgaum.
      Spiral or curved bacilli, were demonstrated in specimens from 99 patients. The
      histologic demonstration of the organism by Warthin Starry stain (66%) was
      superior to Haematoxylin and Eosin (47.33%), Urease test (42%) and Gram's stain
      (35.33%). There was a strong association between C pyloridis in the gastric
      mucosa and histologically defined gastritis (95.55%).

PMID- 1818029
TI  - Role of percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in detection of lung,
      pleural and mediastinal tumours--a study of 162 cases.
AB  - Percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was employed in 162 cases of
      lung, pleural and mediastinal tumours without the aid of fluoroscopy. There were
      143 males and 19 females. Analysis of results showed that the age of the patients
      ranged from 3 years to 85 years. 135 cases were lung tumours, 25 cases were
      mediastinal tumours and 2 cases were malignant pleural mesotheliomas. Correlation
      with histopathology showed diagnostic accuracy of malignant lung and pleural
      tumours was 97.1% while the accuracy of the exact categorisation of the lesion
      was 92%. Diagnostic accuracy of mediastinal lesions was 96%. There was no false
      positive report. No complication was encountered in this procedure.

PMID- 1818030
TI  - Beta hemolytic streptococcal carriers among school children in western Orissa.
AB  - Detection of carriers of Beta hemolytic streptococci and serogrouping of the
      strains isolated from throat of School Children helps in the epidemiological
      serosurveillance of the disease. With this in view the carriers among otherwise
      healthy school children in and around Buria, a small town in western Orissa, have
      been detected and the Streptococci isolated are grouped and typed.

PMID- 1818031
TI  - Predicted secondary structure of glycogen phosphorylase from Escherichia coli as
      deduced using Chou-Fasman analysis.
AB  - Secondary structure of glycogen phosphorylase from Escherichia coli has been
      deduced using Chou-Fasman analysis. Out of 809 amino acid residues, 244 residues
      showed formation of alpha-helix (30%), 218 residues beta-pleated sheet (27%) and
      192 residues (24%) showed formation of reverse beta turn, distributed all over
      the sequence. There are total 27 alpha-helix and 31 beta-pleated sheets
      distributed all over the molecule. A structure consisting of three consecutive
      strands of beta-pleated sheets and two joining alpha-helix is predicted for the
      stretch of the primary sequence from residues 325 to 372, thus showing the
      presence of a Rossman fold super secondary structure. There is a tyrosine at
      position 350 in the super secondary structure, in the area to contain a reverse
      beta turn. Several amino acids pairs are present in the sequence having Rossman
      fold super secondary structure.

PMID- 1818032
TI  - Pollution and sanitary quality of river Narmada in relation to human use at
      Mandla.
AB  - Study of physico-chemical characteristics and indicator bacterial population of
      Narmada river water at six different sites during summer, revealed extremely poor
      microbiological sanitary quality for human use. Free CO2 was found to be absent
      from all the sampling sites studied which indicates the trophogenic activity in
      the river water at Mandla. BOD value ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 mgl-1 and were less
      than the permissible limits of BOD in fresh waters i.e. 3-6 mgl-1.

PMID- 1818033
TI  - Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli to newer aminoglycosides and
      beta-lactams.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty nine i.e. 30.72% of 843 strains of gram negative bacilli
      were resistant to gentamicin. When tested against newer aminoglycosides, 48.9%
      were resistant to tobramycin, 4.1% to amikacin and 20.5% to netilmicin. Marked
      cross-resistance between gentamicin and tobramycin was seen. All these strains
      were resistant to ampicillin, amoxycillin and co- trimoxazole. However, a high
      level of antimicrobial activity was seen with third generation cephalosporins,
      cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin and
      tobramycin were of significant level. Gentamicin resistance could be transferred
      directly in 20 of 45 strains of S. typhimurium where conjugation experiments were
      done.

PMID- 1818034
TI  - Spontaneous remission of cutaneous sporotrichosis--a case report.

PMID- 1818035
TI  - Hemangioma of the ovary--a case report and review of literature.

PMID- 1818036
TI  - Angiomatosis of the breast--a case report with review of literature.

PMID- 1818037
TI  - Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton schoenleinii.

PMID- 1818038
TI  - Acardius amorphus monster--a case report.

PMID- 1818039
TI  - AIDS and transfusion practice.

PMID- 1818041
TI  - Cytological association of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and sexually
      transmitted diseases.

PMID- 1818040
TI  - False positive acid fast bacilli of aspirated fluids, urine and sputum.

PMID- 1818042
TI  - Effects of chronic prednisolone administration on plasma copper in rats with
      adjuvant arthritis.
AB  - Copper metabolism is known to be significantly affected by inflammation or by
      glucocorticoid administration. We have previously demonstrated that acute
      prednisolone administration induces a moderate but sustained increase in plasma
      copper in healthy rats while it induces a more pronounced but shorter increase in
      rats with adjuvant arthritis. In the present study we have investigated the
      effects of chronic prednisolone administration (around 0.65 mg/kg daily in food)
      in both healthy rats and rats with adjuvant arthritis at various stages of the
      disease. In healthy rats, a slight but significant increase of 11% was observed
      in plasma copper after 3 weeks of treatment. This modification was no longer
      apparent after 5 weeks of treatment. In arthritic rats, plasma copper was, as
      expected, higher than in healthy rats and reached a maximum 3 weeks after
      adjuvant injection. In prednisolone-treated arthritic rats, there was a sustained
      decrease in plasma copper starting after 2 weeks of treatment which could be
      correlated with an improvement of the clinical and biochemical signs of
      inflammation. In conclusion, chronic prednisolone treatment only slightly
      increases plasma copper in healthy rats while in arthritic rats plasma copper is
      dependent on the severity of the disease which is improved by the treatment.

PMID- 1818043
TI  - Increase in "pain sensitivity" induced by exercise applied during the onset of
      arthritis in a model of monoarthritis in the rat.
AB  - We have recently developed, in the rat, a model with a limited arthritic process
      for chronic pain studies. Intra-articular injection (0.05 ml) of complete
      adjuvant containing 300 micrograms Mycobacterium butyricum in the tibio-tarsal
      joint produces a predictable monoarthritis stable clinically and behaviourly from
      weeks 2 through 6 post-injection. This model appears to be a suitable alternative
      for the polyarthritic rat for chronic studies based on both its ethical and
      scientific advantages. In the present work we report results of experiments on
      the effects of exercise on the pain behaviour and development of arthritis in
      this model. A group of rats prepared with the above protocol was submitted at 2
      weeks post-inoculation to mild exercise (swimming [water 37 degrees C] three
      times per week) increasing from 5 to 15 min during 4 weeks. As revealed by
      analyses of the arthritis score, the stiffness score and the mobility score, no
      aggravation of arthritis occurred in these rats. However the threshold for
      struggle in response to paw pressure was further decreased (as compared to
      control arthritic rats) in these animals. These results are discussed in view of
      observations made in human studies.

PMID- 1818044
TI  - Further evidence for the involvement of the diencephalo-dopaminergic system in
      pain modulation: a neurochemical study on the effect of morphine in the arthritic
      rat.
AB  - Numerous studies from the past two decades suggest that the bulbospinal
      serotonergic and noradrenergic systems are involved in pain modulation at the
      spinal level. More recently the occurrence of a diencephalo-dopaminergic system
      has been demonstrated and there is evidence that this pathway may also
      participate in pain modulation. Several works have been devoted to the effect of
      morphine on the activity of the dopaminergic system in supraspinal areas but it
      is not at present known if opiates modify the activity of this system in the
      spinal cord sensory areas. In the present study the effect of morphine on the
      metabolism of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)
      in different laminae of the lumbar spinal cord of arthritic rats was
      investigated. A relatively small dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg s.c.), which
      produces marked analgesia in these animals, induces a naloxone-reversible
      increase of DA metabolism in the different laminae of the spinal cord that
      contain neurons which respond to the activation of articular nociceptors. In
      contrast, the same dose of morphine does not significantly affect 5-HT and NE
      metabolism in the same areas. These observations suggest that the diencephalo
      dopaminergic system is probably of equal importance to (or more important than)
      the two other monoaminergic systems in pain modulation at spinal level.

PMID- 1818045
TI  - Chondroprotective action of chondroitin sulfate. Competitive action of
      chondroitin sulfate on the digestion of hyaluronan by bovine testicular
      hyaluronidase.
AB  - Lysosomal hyaluronidase is responsible for the degradation of hyaluronan, a
      component of the extracellular matrix, in degenerative disorders of the joints.
      It has been hypothesized that the administration of chondroitin sulfate (both a
      component of the extracellular matrix and a substrate for hyaluronidase) could
      compete for this enzyme and reduce the degradation process. The present study
      shows that a mixture of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate is a good
      competitor of hyaluronan for hyaluronidase. The digestion of hyaluronan is
      reduced in proportion to the amount of competing chondroitin. The competitive
      ability is dependent on the 4-sulfate, 6-sulfate composition of the chondroitin
      mixture. Mixtures richer in the 4-sulfate isomer are more effective. The
      enzymatic reactions have been monitored by HPLC and PAGE.

PMID- 1818046
TI  - Simultaneous determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in
      serum by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simultaneous determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in
      serum by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Total analysis time
      is 13 min. A reversed-phase (Ultrasphere ODS, 5 microns) column is used with a
      mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-dichloromethane (70:10:20, v/v/v) and a
      flow-rate of 1.2 ml/min. Retinol is monitored at 325 nm, alpha-tocopherol at 292
      nm and beta-carotene at 450 nm. Serum is deproteinized with ethanol containing
      the internal standard (alpha-tocopherol acetate), then extracted with hexane. The
      evaporated organic layer is reconstituted with the mobile phase and injected. The
      choice of the eluent is discussed, as well as the choice of an internal standard
      and the need for an antioxidant during the extraction step. Sixteen different
      eluents are compared in terms of analysis time and selectivity. The linear
      concentration ranges (retinol 0.016-13.7 microM, alpha-tocopherol 0.18-91.8
      microM, beta-carotene 0.05-5.75 microM), within-run coefficients of variation
      (retinol less than 7%; alpha-tocopherol less than 8%, beta-carotene less than
      7%), between-run coefficients of variation (retinol less than 13%, alpha
      tocopherol less than 9%, beta-carotene less than 8%) and recoveries (retinol
      greater than 95%, alpha-tocopherol greater than 91%, beta-carotene greater than
      80%) are suitable for clinical investigations. Serum reference values were found
      to be 2.47 +/- 0.61 microM (retinol), 30.5 +/- 6.8 microM (alpha-tocopherol) and
      0.91 +/- 0.55 microM (beta-carotene). A significant difference (p less than
      0.001) between males and females was found for retinol.

PMID- 1818047
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of branched-chain
      keto acid hydrazone derivatives: optimization of techniques and application to
      branched-chain keto acid balance studies across the forearm.
AB  - A sensitive method of quantifying branched-chain keto acids in plasma and whole
      blood samples is described. It is based on the separation by ion-pair reversed
      phase liquid chromatography of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives with
      ultraviolet detection. The sample clean-up steps that are usually required for
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are eliminated. A reduction
      in ketoisocaproate isomer formation is obtained by incubation of derivatives in
      ice. The method is reproducible (coefficient of variation 2%, n = 5, at the 200
      pmol level) and the ultraviolet response is linearly related to branched-chain
      keto acid concentration. Recoveries are high (greater than 95%). Other keto acids
      do not co-elute with branched-chain keto acids. Because of its sensitivity and
      precision, this method can be proposed for whole blood branched-chain keto acid
      balance studies across organs.

PMID- 1818048
TI  - Method for the biological monitoring of hexahydrophthalic anhydride by the
      determination of hexahydrophthalic acid in urine using gas chromatography and
      selected-ion monitoring.
AB  - A method for the determination of hexahydrophthalic acid, a metabolite of
      hexahydrophthalic anhydride, in human urine has been developed. The urine was
      worked-up by liquid-solid extraction, esterified with boron trifluoride-methanol,
      and analysed by capillary gas chromatography and selected-ion monitoring.
      Hexadeuterium-labelled hexahydrophthalic acid was used as the internal standard.
      The precision was 4% at 0.7 microgram/ml and 5% at 0.07 microgram/ml. The
      recovery of the acid for the overall method was 101% at 0.07 micrograms/ml of
      urine (with a coefficient of variation of 4%) and 95% at 0.7 microgram/ml
      (coefficient of variation 2%). The limit of detection was 20 ng/ml urine.

PMID- 1818049
TI  - Avidin protein-conjugated column for direct injection analysis of drug
      enantiomers in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A new concept in high-performance liquid chromatography supports is proposed for
      the direct injection analysis of drug enantiomers in plasma. The new supports are
      designed with disuccinimidyl suberate as a hydrophobic internal region, and
      avidin protein as a hydrophilic and bulky surface region. Plasma proteins are
      excluded by the avidin phase and are eluted immediately from the column, whereas
      low-molecular-mass analytes can penetrate the surface region and interact with
      disuccinimidyl suberate. Enantiomers interact differentially with avidin, and are
      thereby separated. This column was used in reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatographic analysis to determine ketoprofen enantiomers in plasma by direct
      injection. The recovery of racemic drug from plasma was almost 100%.

PMID- 1818050
TI  - Characterisation of metabolites of 3-ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione, a
      potential breast cancer drug.
AB  - The identification of metabolites from the pyridylglutarimide 3-ethyl-3-(4
      pyridyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (PG, Rogletimide) was achieved using liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry with a thermospray interface (LC-TSP-MS). The
      urinary metabolites include PG N-oxide, the products of 4- and 5-hydroxylation in
      the piperidine residue (4- and 5-hydroxy-PG) and a gamma-butyrolactone derived
      via terminal hydroxylation in the ethyl residue. In addition to the above
      metabolites, several products of glutarimide ring-opening could be detected in
      the plasma extracts after multiple-dose treatment. Thus LC-TSP-MS is potentially
      a simple and rapid technique in studies of drug metabolism for the important
      glutarimide class of drug.

PMID- 1818051
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of quinidine
      and selected quinidine metabolites.
AB  - A specific and sensitive assay for the separation and quantitation of quinidine,
      3-hydroxyquinidine, quinidine-N-oxide, O-desmethylquinidine and dihydroquinidine
      is presented. The assay is shown to be sensitive to concentrations of 0.1
      microgram/ml for all the above compounds when using a serum sample of 0.1 ml. The
      standard curve demonstrates linearity at concentrations from 0.1 to 5
      micrograms/ml. The extraction procedure consists of adjusting the serum to an
      alkaline pH and extracting once with a mixture of methanol-dichloromethane
      (15:85). The organic extract is dried and the residue is solubilized in mobile
      phase. The chromatographic conditions are an isocratic delivery of the mobile
      phase 0.01 M K2HPO4-acetonitrile (96:4) through a C18 column at ambient
      temperature. Detection of the compounds of interest is by ultraviolet absorption
      at a wavelength of 210 nm. For each compound the inter-assay variation is less
      than 10% and the intra-assay variation is less than 15%. No interfering compounds
      were detected when a commercially prepared serum spiked with 28 commonly used
      therapeutic compounds was assayed by this method. The analytical method presented
      here for the isolation and quantitation of quinidine, several active metabolites,
      and dihydroquinidine has adequate sensitivity and specificity for monitoring the
      concentration of quinidine and quinidine metabolites in patient samples.

PMID- 1818052
TI  - Sensitive method for the determination of vincristine in human serum by high
      performance liquid chromatography after on-line column-extraction.
AB  - A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed
      for the determination of vincristine in serum. Sample preparation was carried out
      by means of on-line column-extraction, using a C18 reversed-phase
      preconcentration column. This technique is simple (minimizing manual sampling
      errors), rapid (reduction of time and costs) and can be easily automated. Both
      ultraviolet and electrochemical detection are possible, but the latter shows a
      cleaner chromatogram and is, by the use of a new electrochemical detector, far
      more sensitive (detection limit 0.3 microgram/l at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3).
      A matrix study was carried out (using human serum and urine and two kinds of
      calf's serum). Although it appeared that the system was matrix-dependent, no
      difference in matrix effects could be found in the serum or plasma of different
      patients. Controls for human serum analysis should be prepared in human serum.
      With the method described, pharmacokinetic studies of vincristine in children can
      be performed.

PMID- 1818053
TI  - Determination of the quaternary compound ciclotropium in human biological
      material after hydrolysis and derivatization with the fluorophor flunoxaprofen
      chloride.
AB  - The quantitative determination of the quaternary spasmolytic compound
      ciclotropium and its metabolite N-isopropyltropinium is described for human
      plasma and urine. The analytical procedure consists of ion-pair extraction from
      biological material, alkaline hydrolysis, subsequent derivatization with the
      fluorophor flunoxaprofen chloride and separation by high-performance liquid
      chromatography on a reversed-phase column with fluorimetric monitoring. The
      detection limits of 0.5 ng/ml in plasma and 10 ng/ml in urine at signal-to-noise
      ratios higher than 3 permit the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters after
      therapeutic doses.

PMID- 1818054
TI  - Determination of zopiclone enantiomers in plasma by liquid chromatography using a
      chiral cellulose carbamate column.
AB  - The enantiomers of zopiclone were determined in human plasma using a sequential
      achiral-chiral liquid chromatographic method. Zopiclone was separated from the
      biological matrix and quantified on an achiral silica column. The limit of
      detection was 5 ng/ml. The eluent fraction containing zopiclone was collected,
      evaporated, reconstituted with the mobile phase and injected onto a chiral
      cellulose carbamate column where the enantiomeric ratio was calculated. This
      validated method, applied to a pilot study, suggests that pharmacokinetics of
      zopiclone is stereoselective.

PMID- 1818055
TI  - Measurement of epidoxorubicin and its metabolites by high-performance liquid
      chromatography using an advanced automated sample processor.
AB  - A sensitive and rapid method for measuring epidoxorubicin and its six metabolites
      by high-performance liquid chromatography using an advanced automated sample
      processor is described. Plasma samples (1 ml) were extracted using C2 cassettes,
      and reversed-phase chromatography was performed with an Apex II ODS column. The
      isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.019 M NaH2PO4 (pH 4.0) had a flow-rate
      of 1 ml/min and the fluorescence detector an excitation wavelength of 480 nm with
      an emission at 580 nm. Linear calibration curves were obtained which were
      reproducible both within-day and day-to-day (coefficients of variation less than
      10%). The extraction efficacy of epidoxorubicin was 88% and ranged from 51 to 88%
      for the metabolites. This method has been successfully applied to measure the
      plasma levels of these compounds in patients receiving epidoxorubicin over a wide
      dose range (12-120 mg/m2) and in patients with disturbed liver biochemistry.

PMID- 1818056
TI  - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of famotidine in
      plasma. Application to pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the
      quantitation of famotidine in human plasma is described. Clopamide was used as
      the internal standard. Plasma samples were extracted with diethyl ether to
      eliminate endogenous interferences. Plasma samples were then extracted at
      alkaline pH with ethyl acetate. Famotidine and the internal standard were readily
      extracted into the organic solvent. After evaporation of ethyl acetate, the
      residue was analysed by HPLC. The chromatographic separation was accomplished
      with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (12:88, v/v)
      containing 20 mM disodium hydrogenphosphate and 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate,
      adjusted to pH 3. The HPLC microbore column was packed with 5 microns ODS
      Hypersil. Using ultraviolet detection at 267 nm, the detection limit for plasma
      famotidine was 5 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration
      range 5-500 ng/ml. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were
      found to be less than 10%. Applicability of the method was demonstrated by a
      bioavailability/pharmacokinetic study in normal volunteers who received 80 mg
      famotidine orally.

PMID- 1818057
TI  - Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      propranolol levels in canine and feline plasma.
AB  - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method that does not require
      organic extraction has been developed for the determination of propranolol levels
      in canine and feline plasma. Equal volumes of plasma and a mixture of methanol
      acetonitrile-0.1 M sodium hydroxide (3:3:4, v/v/v) were added to a
      microseparation unit with a 10,000 molecular mass cut-off filter. The
      ultrafiltrate was analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with
      fluorimetric detection. The consistency of the recoveries obtained eliminated the
      need for an internal standard (coefficients of variation less than 4%). Linear
      regressions for the standard curves (2.5-100 ng/ml) gave correlation coefficients
      above 0.9955. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml. The assay retains high sensitivity
      while eliminating laborious sample preparation.

PMID- 1818058
TI  - Determination of imipramine, desipramine and their hydroxy metabolites by
      reversed-phase chromatography with ultraviolet and coulometric detection.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described
      which analyzes imipramine, desipramine and their corresponding 2-hydroxy
      metabolites with sequential ultraviolet and coulometric detection from a single
      common extraction step, so that a wider dynamic range of plasma concentrations
      can be measured requiring smaller sample volumes. Applicability is broader
      including single-dose pharmacokinetic studies as well as steady-state
      concentrations. The extraction procedure gives excellent recoveries for
      imipramine, desipramine and their metabolites (mean +/- S.D.): ultraviolet
      detection, imipramine 99.5 +/- 0.68%, desipramine 100 +/- 0.0%, 2
      hydroxyimipramine 97.8 +/- 3.5% and 2-hydroxydesipramine 93.1 +/- 4.22%;
      coulometric detection, imipramine 97.5 +/- 1.9%, desipramine 98.3 +/- 1.2%, 2
      hydroxyimipramine 90.3 +/- 4.0% and 2-hydroxydesipramine 86.6 +/- 7.5%.

PMID- 1818059
TI  - Simple approach to measure metabolic pathways of steroids in living cells.
AB  - A simple, rapid approach to the study of conversion rates and metabolic patterns
      of the steroids testosterone and estradiol is presented. It includes an optimized
      isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure in the reversed-phase
      mode and radioactive on-line detection. The purpose was to estimate the activity
      of key enzymes of steroid pathways, such as 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      and 5 alpha-reductase, in in vivo conditions. Using this system, we obtained good
      efficiency and linearity of radio detection, under continuous flow conditions.
      Sensitivity limits were of the order of 50 and 70 cpm for [3H]estradiol and
      [14C]estrone, respectively, even though the efficiency was quite dissimilar
      (17.3% versus 56.2%). The applicability of this approach to studies of steroid
      metabolic pathways in growing cancer cells in culture is illustrated with
      examples of the conversion rates of both testosterone and estradiol. The high
      reproducibility (coefficients of variation of 2.7 and 5.1% for 3H and 14C,
      respectively) and good extraction efficiency (ranging from 86 to 94%) indicate
      the feasibility and reliability of this approach.

PMID- 1818060
TI  - Simultaneous determination of haloperidol and its metabolite, reduced
      haloperidol, in plasma, blood, urine and tissue homogenates by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the
      simultaneous determination of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in human
      plasma, urine and rat tissue homogenates using bromperidol as an internal
      standard. The method involved extraction followed by injection of 50-80
      microliters of the aqueous layer onto a C18 reversed-phase column. The mobile
      phase was 0.5 M phosphate buffer-acetonitrile-methanol (58:31:11, v/v/v) and the
      flow-rate was 0.6 ml/min. The column effluent was monitored by ultraviolet
      detection at 214 nm. The retention times for reduced haloperidol, haloperidol and
      bromperidol were 5.4, 7.2 and 8.4 min, respectively. The detection limits for
      haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in human plasma were both 0.5 ng/ml, and the
      corresponding values in human urine were both 5 ng/ml. The coefficients of
      variation of the assay were generally low (below 10.7%) for plasma, urine, blood
      and tissue homogenates. No interferences from endogenous substances or any drug
      tested were found.

PMID- 1818061
TI  - Performance analysis of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay of
      lamotrigine in plasma using solvent-demixing extraction.
AB  - A reversed-phase column liquid chromatographic assay is described and validated
      for lamotrigine, a new anticonvulsant drug. The drug and its internal standard
      were extracted from plasma into acetonitrile according to a previously described
      solvent-demixing procedure, separated on LiChrospher 100CN, and measured by
      ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. The assay performance was evaluated through
      analysis of variance and of regression with our usual validation design. The
      method detects ca. 2 ng (55 micrograms/l x 30 microliters) and shows a linear
      response with a constant 5% coefficient of variation from 1 to 10 mg/l. It is
      easy and robust, and seems well suited to therapeutic drug monitoring.

PMID- 1818063
TI  - Isolation of microfilariae from blood by gravitational field-flow fractionation.
AB  - Over 100 million persons suffer from diseases caused by filariae infestation, and
      one billion are at risk. A simple isolation method for both analytical and
      preparative separation is presented. Based on the simplest field-flow
      fractionation technique, the gravitational one, effective isolation of
      microfilariae is achieved. Microfilariae are eluted in the void volume of the
      channel without pollution by red blood cells. The red blood cell elution peak
      shows a total absence of microfilariae, as demonstrated after fraction collection
      and microscopic investigation. The elution mode of microfilariae and red blood
      cells appears to be a steric one, as confirmed by a reinjection experiment. The
      simplicity, low cost and the relatively short time required for this separation
      (10 min) indicate that gravitational field-flow fractionation could become a new
      separation tool for screening of microfilariae. With both live and dead
      microfilariae, the high recovery (66-80%) allows preparative fractionation for
      diagnostic purposes or fundamental research.

PMID- 1818062
TI  - Use of dabsylation, column switching and chiral separation for the determination
      of a renin inhibitor in rat, marmoset and human plasma.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching was
      developed for the determination of the renin inhibitor Ro 42-5892/001, (S)-alpha
      [(S)-alpha-[(tert.-butylsulphonyl)methyl]hydrocinnama mido]-N- [(1S,2R,3S)-1
      (cyclohexylmethyl)-3-cylcopropyl-2, 3-dihydroxypropyl]imidazole-4-propionamide
      methanesulphonate (1:1), in rat, marmoset and human plasma, using a Nucleosil C8
      120 (3 microns) stationary phase. Since the analyte and the internal standard are
      optical isomers, beta-cyclodextrin was used as a mobile phase constituent for
      their chiral separation. The method took advantage of the characteristics of
      dabsyl chloride derivatives, namely sensitivity, specificity and, particularly,
      stability, providing a quantification limit of 5 ng/ml. The accuracy (range of
      inaccuracy 1-13%) and the inter-assay precision (coefficient of variation range
      1.8-9.1%) were acceptable. The method was successfully applied to toxicokinetic
      studies in rats and marmosets.

PMID- 1818064
TI  - Trimethylsilyl-O-methyloxime derivatives for the measurement of [6,6-2H2]-D
      glucose-enriched plasma samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A new method for the determination of the enrichment of [6,6-2H2]-D-glucose in
      human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described.
      (2,3,4,5,6)-Pentakis-O-trimethylsilyl-O-methyloxime-D-glucose is used as a
      derivative for the GC measurement. Using GC-MS with electron-impact ionization,
      the enrichment is measured in the single-ion monitoring mode observing the masses
      m/z 319 and 321. In contrast to other methods the use of this glucose derivative
      reduced the amount of plasma needed from 200 to 10 microliters and no chemical
      ionization equipment is needed for the mass spectrometer.

PMID- 1818065
TI  - Sources of plant sterol contaminants encountered in low level steroid analysis.
AB  - During development of an analytical method to characterize ligands to new members
      of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, a persistant contaminant profile was
      observed during gas chromatographic analysis of reagent blanks. Mass
      spectrometric analysis identified three of the contaminant peaks as cholesterol
      and the plant sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol. Laboratory articles made of
      natural rubber, i.e. pipette fillers and latex gloves, were found to be the
      source of these and other compounds in the reagent blank profile.

PMID- 1818066
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of desmosine and
      isodesmosine after phenylisothiocyanate derivatization.
AB  - A new sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for
      the analysis of desmosine and isodesmosine in human and rat tissues is described.
      This method requires a purification step with column chromatography, followed by
      precolumn derivatization phenylisothiocyanate. The reaction products are then
      separated by isocratic chromatography on a C18 column and quantitated by
      ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The recovery of standards of both compounds
      added to tissue samples and analysed by this method is usually greater than 90%,
      and the absolute detection limit is 0.5 ng for both compounds. The method is
      sensitive enough to measure both substances in tissue fragments of 30 mg of wet
      mass, which means that it can be used to study elastin in small human biopsies.

PMID- 1818067
TI  - Application of ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography to detection of
      the atypical coproporphyrin isomers II and IV in human faeces.
AB  - A highly selective and sensitive method has been developed for the detection of
      small amounts of the atypical isomers II and IV of coproporphyrin in human
      faeces. This method combines liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase sampling
      techniques using talc and C18-modified silica gel as the sorbents. Simultaneous
      separation of the four coproporphyrin isomers I-IV was achieved by isocratic ion
      pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Stool samples of healthy subjects (n
      = 12) contained 1.1 +/- 0.4% (mean +/- S.D.) isomer II and 2.2 +/- 0.9% isomer IV
      of total coproporphyrins. A somewhat higher content of isomer II (2.7%) and
      isomer IV (5.4%) was found in faeces of a patient suffering from porphyria
      variegata.

PMID- 1818068
TI  - Determination of 9-[(2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]adenine in rat urine by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of
      9-[(2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) in urine is described. The procedure
      includes treatment of the urine sample with chloroacetaldehyde to form the
      fluorescent 1,N6-ethenoadenosine derivative, which was analyzed by reversed-phase
      HPLC with fluorometric detection. Validation of the method showed good
      sensitivity, precision and reproducibility. The method is useful for the study of
      urinary excretion of PMEA in the rat.

PMID- 1818070
TI  - Simple isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for measurement
      of iodixanol in human plasma.
AB  - A simple isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed
      for the determination of iodixanol in human plasma. Samples containing an
      internal standard were prepared for analysis using a simple clean-up procedure
      based on Sep-Pak C18 solid-phase extraction and chromatographed using a size
      exclusion column with purified water as a mobile phase. The iodixanol peak was
      completely separated from the peaks of an internal standard and endogenous
      substances on this column. Three geometric isomers (exo-exo, endo-exo and endo
      endo forms) of iodixanol could be eluted as a single peak. The method was found
      to be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of iodixanol in human plasma.

PMID- 1818069
TI  - Determination of 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine and its metabolite 5-iodouracil by high
      performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection in human
      serum.
AB  - A new assay is described for 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine, a drug employed as an
      antiviral agent by topical application. The parent drug, its systemic metabolite
      5-iodouracil and an internal standard (5-iodouridine) were extracted from salted
      serum by an ethyl acetate partition at pH 6.7, back-extracted in alkalinized
      water and injected into a reversed-phase column. Potassium phosphate buffer
      acetonitrile (95:5, v/v) eluted the analytes at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min.
      Detection was at 290 nm. The method proved to be linear in the 100-2000 ng/ml
      range.

PMID- 1818071
TI  - Simplified, rapid and inexpensive extraction procedure for a high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method for determination of disopyramide and its main
      metabolite mono-N-dealkylated disopyramide in serum.
AB  - A simplified, rapid and inexpensive extraction procedure for the determination of
      the antiarrhythmic drug disopyramide and its main metabolite mono-N-desalkylated
      disopyramide in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography has been
      developed. The analysis uses ultraviolet detection at 254 nm, and a 5 micron
      reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of water-triethylamine-acetonitrile-PIC
      B8 reagent. Serum extraction is performed with dichloromethane and 1 M sodium
      hydroxide. p-Chlorodisopyramide is used as internal standard. Recovery rates were
      94.5% (S.D. 5.7%) for disopyramide, 96.8% (S.D. 2.2%) for mono-N-desalkylated
      disopyramide and 97.9% (S.D. 2.8%) for the internal standard.

PMID- 1818072
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a
      potential memory-enhancing compound (CL 275,838) and its desbenzyl metabolite in
      rat plasma or serum.
AB  - A rapid, selective, precise reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been
      developed for the determination of a potential memory-enhancing agent (CL
      275,838) and its main metabolite (CL 286,527) in plasma and serum. The procedure
      includes isolation of compounds from proteins precipitated with acetonitrile,
      subsequent resolution by reversed-phase (Whatman Partisphere C8) high-performance
      liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. The assay was linear over the
      range 0.12-1.25 micrograms/ml of plasma or serum. The detection limit was 0.12
      micrograms/ml, using 0.2 ml of plasma or serum. Intra- and inter-day validation
      studies indicated an acceptable precision and reproducibility of the method
      within the concentration range investigated, the overall coefficient of variation
      being less than 10%. The method is currently applied in support of
      pharmacological and toxicity studies of the compound in rodents.

PMID- 1818073
TI  - Determination of HP 749, a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease,
      in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - N-(n-Propyl)-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine hydrochloride (HP 749, I), a non
      receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity, is a
      potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacokinetic studies
      in animals and humans showed that I was well absorbed and metabolized primarily
      to the N-despropyl metabolite (P7480, II) after oral administration. To
      facilitate the kinetic studies, a sensitive and selective high-performance
      chromatographic assay was developed. I and II are extracted from plasma by a
      mixture of cyclohexane-ethyl acetate and chromatographed on an isocratic reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatographic system employing an analytical
      phenyl column with acetonitrile-ammonium formate as mobile phase. The
      concentrations of these two compounds, quantitated by internal standardization,
      are monitored by ultraviolet detection. The method is linear in the plasma assay
      over a concentration range of 0.5-500 ng/ml for both compounds with a
      quantitation limit of 0.5 ng/ml. The precision and accuracy of the calibration
      curves and/or method are less than 10%. The recovery of I and II from plasma is
      63-74 and 63-68%, respectively, over a concentration range of 0.5-500 ng/ml.

PMID- 1818074
TI  - Determination of cholesterol and cortisone absorption in polyurethane. I.
      Methodology using size-exclusion chromatography and dual detection.
AB  - A size-exclusion chromatographic method is described for measuring the absorption
      of the steroid-based lipids cholesterol and cortisone into Pellethane 2363, a
      polyurethane used in biomedical implants. The method uses refractometry and
      ultraviolet diode-array detection, with tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase.
      Using an injection volume of 150 microliters, the lower limit of accurate
      measurement for cholesterol (refractive index detection) was 6 micrograms/ml with
      a lower limit of detection, based on a 2:1 signal-to-noise ratio, of 0.15
      micrograms (1 microgram/ml). For cortisone (ultraviolet detection), the lower
      accurate limit was 0.6 micrograms/ml with a lower limit of 0.015 micrograms (0.1
      micrograms/ml). The results show that after 44 h, 2037 micrograms/g cholesterol
      and 3131 micrograms/g cortisone were absorbed by the polyurethane. The method
      eliminates extensive sample manipulation and is sensitive to low levels of lipid
      in the presence of a high-molecular-mass synthetic polymer.

PMID- 1818075
TI  - Peptide mapping through the coupling of capillary electrophoresis and high
      performance liquid chromatography: map prediction of the tryptic digest of
      myoglobin.
AB  - The tryptic map of horse myoglobin was analysed through capillary electrophoresis
      using capillaries modified by a monolayer of acrylamide. The results were
      reproducible and the map was obtained in less than 30 min from ca. 8 pmol of
      tryptic digest. The peptide identification was performed using peptides
      previously identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The peak areas
      measured using the two techniques are closely related, and the comparison of
      elution and migration times shows that the two techniques provide different maps.
      Furthermore, using the semiempirical relationship suggested by Grossman et al.
      [Anal. Biochem., 179 (1989) 28], which links the electrophoretic mobility to the
      charge of the peptide and its number of amino acids, a good agreement between
      predicted and experimental mobilities was observed.

PMID- 1818076
TI  - Comparison of ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric precipitation and reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation of individual
      cardiac myosin light chains.
AB  - Three modified procedures for the separation of cardiac myosin light chains are
      carefully compared. Ion-exchange chromatography gives a purified cardiac myosin
      light chain 1, whereas light chain 2 is always contaminated by light chain 1.
      Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography gives the best resolution
      of these light chains and needs only 20 min for each run. However, it requires
      pure preparation of myosin light chains before separation. Isoelectric
      precipitation is the simplest procedure and suitable for large quantities of
      material. Although it gives the highest yield the separation is not adequate. A
      modified and rapid procedure for the isolation of cardiac and skeletal total
      myosin light chains is also presented.

PMID- 1818077
TI  - Determination of dietary cadmium-induced metallothioneins in rabbit kidneys and
      cadmium in metallothioneins by anion-exchange high-performance liquid
      chromatography coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
AB  - A rapid method is described for the determination of dietary cadmium-induced
      metallothioneins (MTs) in rabbit kidneys by anion-exchange high-performance
      liquid chromatography. Rabbit kidney MT-I and MT-II were eluted at ca. 15.0 and
      18.8 min, respectively, from a DEAE-5PW anion-exchange column with a Tris-HCl
      buffer (0.01-0.25 M, pH 8.6) and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm. A
      standard calibration curve was constructed using purified standard MT isoforms,
      which demonstrated an excellent linear correlation between UV absorbance peak
      heights and the amounts of MT isoforms. Feeding a dose of cadmium for some days
      resulted in an increase in MT concentrations in rabbit kidneys, but not in the
      livers. The cadmium concentrations in MT-I and MT-II elutions were determined by
      graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. MT-I and MT-II showed some
      differences associated with the oral intake of cadmium. Dietary cadmium also
      caused zinc to accumulate in kidneys to some extent. The effects of dietary oleic
      acid on the synthesis of MTs were also studied. Based on the method of standard
      additions, the recovery of MTs exceeded 93% and replicated injection of samples
      yielded a relative standard deviation of 2.4% at an MT level of 280 micrograms/g.

PMID- 1818078
TI  - Factors affecting the specific activity of immobilized antibodies and their
      biologically active fragments.
AB  - Factors affecting the specific activity of immobilized antibodies and their
      biologically active fragments were studied with goat anti-mouse and goat anti
      human immunoglobulin G. Antibodies were immobilized on HW 65 polymeric support
      matrix activated with carbonyldiimidazole, hydrazide and iodoacetic acid. The
      most significant factors influencing the specific activity of stochastic coupling
      of antibodies are multi-site attachment, multiple orientations and steric
      hindrance imposed by crowding of antibody and the size of the antigen. In
      oriented immobilization the specific activity is affected only by steric
      hindrance. The specific activity of immunosorbents prepared by immobilization of
      F(ab') fragments can be improved to almost 100% by limiting the amount of protein
      immobilization and the size of the antigen. The present study shows the protocols
      for optimizing immobilized antibody performance.

PMID- 1818079
TI  - Automated two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system for mapping proteins in
      highly complex mixtures.
AB  - An automated two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system was developed for
      systematic protein separations which could serve for analytical mapping and
      preparative separations of proteins. The system applies the principles of the
      column-switching technique, and consists of two different columns connected in
      tandem through an electrical column switching valve, two pumping systems to
      operate each column independently and a system controller to perform sequential
      chromatography on the two columns. A protein mixture is applied to the first
      dimensional anion-exchange column and is separated by stepwise elution with an
      increasing sodium chloride concentration. The eluent is introduced directly to
      the second-dimensional reversed-phase column, and is further separated by
      gradient elution with an increasing acetonitrile concentration. The two elution
      stages are synchronized by a computer program. By this system, very complex
      protein mixtures such as crude cerebellar extracts were resolved reproducibly
      into ca. 200 peaks within 12 h. The method can be used for the total analysis of
      proteins in various tissues and cells without complicated premanupulation of
      samples, and allows the simultaneous analysis of a protein isolated by
      chromatography. The isolated protein is most suitable for use in the strategy of
      protein and gene sequence analysis.

PMID- 1818080
TI  - Rapid ion-exchange chromatography for preparative separation of proteins. IV.
      Application to bovine carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle.
AB  - Bovine muscle carbonic anhydrase III was purified to homogeneity by the strategy
      of rapid ion-exchange chromatography. The ionic exchanger used was CM-cellulose,
      and this is the first application of this technique on a cation exchanger.
      Nitrogen gas was used to pressurize the chromatographic column to accelerate the
      elution. The results show that proteins with high isoelectric points can also be
      purified in this way. The procedure is very time-saving compared with
      conventional chromatography, reducing the elution time five- to ten-fold. The
      proteins are in addition protected against oxidation by air.

PMID- 1818081
TI  - Determination of a small amount of niacin in foodstuffs by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a small
      amount of niacin in foodstuffs is described. This method is based on hydrolysis
      of sample, extraction, clean-up (anion-exchange and cation-exchange columns) and
      separation from interferences by chromatography on an amino phase column. The
      detection limit of niacin in foodstuff is about 0.01 mg per 100 g. The results of
      analysis of foodstuffs by this method are in good agreement with those obtained
      by the microbiological method.

PMID- 1818082
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of oxytetracycline in chinook
      salmon following administration of medicated feed.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to detect
      oxytetracycline (OTC) in chinook salmon muscle tissue. A solid-phase extraction
      protocol was used to recover OTC and the internal standard, epitetracycline
      hydrochloride, from the salmon tissue samples. OTC was analyzed using a mobile
      phase of methanol-0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.25 (60:190), an ultraviolet
      detection wavelength of 365 nm and 250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D. Ultrasphere ODS column. A
      linear calibration curve (r2 = 0.999) of OTC in salmon muscle tissue from 0.05 to
      3.0 ppm was obtained. Using a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1, the OTC detection
      limit was 0.5 ppm in salmon muscle tissue. OTC recovery (74.4%) and intra-assay
      variability (2.3%) were optimized for salmon muscle tissue. An in vivo feeding
      study was performed by administrating OTC-medicated feed for a period of 10 days,
      followed by a 42-day sampling period. The half-life for the elimination of OTC in
      chinook salmon muscle tissue was found to be 5.4 days.

PMID- 1818083
TI  - Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination
      of 5-aminosalicylic acid and related impurities in bulk chemical.
AB  - An ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed
      for the determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) bulk chemical in the
      presence of thirteen potential synthetic process impurities. In addition, the
      method is suitable for the determination of the in process intermediate, 5
      nitrosalicylic acid. A selective method was achieved on a Hypersil-BDS reversed
      phase column using 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt as the ion-pairing reagent
      in a 0.08 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2) containing 0.005 M 1-heptanesulfonic
      acid sodium salt and 0.07 M sodium chloride-methanol-tetrahydrofuran (85:11:4,
      v/v/v) isocratic mobile phase. The method was validated using a multi-day, intra
      laboratory protocol. The validation addressed linearity, accuracy, precision,
      sensitivity, and ruggedness of the method. The validated method characterizes the
      purity of 5-ASA bulk chemical.

PMID- 1818084
TI  - Ion chromatographic analysis of the purity and synthesis of sulfonium and
      selenonium ions.
AB  - The use of single-column ion chromatography with conductometric detection was
      shown to be useful for the analysis of sulfonium and selenonium ions. A Hamilton
      PRP X-200 cation column was eluted with either solvent A (5 mM nitric acid in 30%
      methanol) or solvent B (4 mM nitric acid). With solvent B, trimethylsulfonium ion
      was separated from trimethylselenonium ion. With solvent A, amounts of
      trimethylsulfonium ion from 2 to 250 nmol were detected with a linear response.
      The retention times and response factors for a series of sulfonium ions with
      various organic groups were determined. In general the ions with more hydrophobic
      groups eluted later, but all had similar response factors. The method was shown
      to be useful for optimizing conditions for the synthesis of methylsulfonium ions,
      specifically the reaction of methyl iodide with diallyl sulfide.

PMID- 1818085
TI  - Optimization of resolution in capillary zone electrophoresis: combined effect of
      applied voltage and buffer concentration.
AB  - Expressions are formulated for the prediction of solute migration time and
      resolution as a function applied voltage and buffer concentration in capillary
      zone electrophoresis. The resolution equation assumes that solute diffusion is
      the only operative zone-broadening mechanism. A resolution surface in applied
      voltage and buffer concentration space is presented featuring isochrones that are
      used to predict the behavior of resolution under constant analysis time. In the
      resolution-voltage planes the resolution increases continuously with increasing
      voltage. At the high-voltage border, the resolution decreases continuously with
      increasing concentration, however, at the low-voltage border the resolution
      passes through a shallow maximum as the buffer concentration is increased. At
      constant analysis time, resolution is optimized by simultaneously increasing the
      voltage and the buffer concentration. In comparison, this theoretical approach,
      which predicts resolution from solute migration times only, gives values that are
      consistently about 40-50% higher than experimentally determined resolution.

PMID- 1818086
TI  - Precolumn fluorescence tagging reagent for carboxylic acids in high-performance
      liquid chromatography: 4-substituted-7-aminoalkylamino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoles.
AB  - Four new 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole amine reagents having different functional groups
      at the 4- and 7-positions, [4-nitro-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ),
      4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxad iazole (DBD-PZ), 4
      (N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-N-cadaverino-2,1,3-benzoxad iazole (DBD-CD) and
      ammonium 7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulphonate (SBD-PZ)] were
      synthesized as fluorogenic tagging reagents for carboxylic acids in high
      performance liquid chromatography. The reagents, except SBD-PZ, reacted with
      carboxylic acid at room temperature in the presence of activation agents to
      produce fluorescent adducts. The maximum wavelengths of arachidic acid tagged
      with DBD-PZ, DBD-CD and NBD-PZ were 569 nm (excitation, 440 nm), 561 nm
      (excitation, 437 nm) and 541 nm (excitation, 470 nm), respectively. Among various
      activation agents tested [diethyl phosphorocyanidate (DEPC), diphenyl phosphoroyl
      azide (DPPA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)-pyridine, 2.2'
      dipyridyl disulphide-triphenylphosphine (Mukaiyama A) and 2-chloro-1
      methylpyridinium iodide-triethylamine (Mukaiyama B)], DEPC and Mukaiyama A were
      more effective than the others. When the piperazino reagents (DBD-PZ and NBD-PZ)
      were used as the tagging reagents, the derivatization reaction in the presence of
      Mukaiyama A was faster than that in the presence of DEPC. Although the reaction
      in the presence of Mukaiyama A was completed after 30 min, an unknown peak
      derived from the activation agent appeared on the chromatograms. The fluorescence
      peak intensities were compared in the presence of DEPC. The order of the
      fluorescence peak areas obtained after reaction for 6 h in the presence of DEPC
      was DBD-PZ greater than DBD-CD greater than NBD-PZ. Thirteen saturated free fatty
      acids (FFAs) derivatized with DBD-PZ (or DBD-CD) and DEPC (or Mukaiyama A) in
      acetonitrile were separated completely by linear gradient elution on a reversed
      phase ODS column. Eight drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, dinoprost, prostaglandin
      E1, dehydrocholic acid, ursodesoxycholic acid, hydrocartisone succinate and
      prednisolone succinate) were also tagged with DBD-PZ in the presence of DEPC and
      separated by isocratic elution. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3)
      of FFAs tagged with DBD-PZ were in the range 3.2-4.7 fmol, whereas those of drugs
      were in the range 3.9-14 fmol.

PMID- 1818087
TI  - General and selective isolation procedure for high-performance liquid
      chromatographic determination of anabolic steroids in tissues.
AB  - A multi-residue method has been developed for the determination of anabolic
      steroids in animal tissue. The analytes are extracted from tissue with methanol
      and the extract is subjected to two solid-phase extractions, one using a non
      specific adsorbing material, such as graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B), and
      the other Amberlite CG-400 I in the OH form. This procedure allowed the neutral
      anabolics (testosterone, trenbolone and progesterone) to be isolated and
      separated from the acidic type (phenolic group), such as diethylstilbestrol,
      oestradiol, zeranol/zearalenone and their respective metabolites. The
      determination was effected using high-performance liquid chromatography with
      different detectors (ultraviolet, fluorimetric and electrochemical). Several
      analytical parameters were studied: chromatographic conditions, recoveries,
      evaporation step, solvent flow-rate, cartridges reusability, interference of
      plastic cartridges. For all the anabolics investigated the recoveries were
      greater than 83.6%.

PMID- 1818088
TI  - A case for sharing.
AB  - Unlike in other branches of science and technology, computer programs and
      algorithms are generally not fully disclosed. This leads to duplication of
      effort, and prevents building new knowledge rapidly on existing knowledge. To
      remedy this, effective patents on computer programs and algorithms should be
      granted. The community of authors and inventors, along with expert advice from
      patent attorneys, have to arrive at effective and equitable definitions of
      obviousness and novelty, so that the boundaries of protection on one side, and
      free progress on the other, can be defined. The same reasons exist for patenting
      and disclosing computer software knowledge as for chemistry, electrical and
      mechanical inventions. Patenting has protected inventors and assured progress for
      many decades successfully in these fields.

PMID- 1818089
TI  - Modeling and conformation analysis of beta-cyclodextrin complexes.
AB  - A series of beta-cyclodextrin complexes containing various guest molecules was
      studied using computer-aided molecular modeling and conformation analysis
      techniques. The geometry of each complex was studied using crystallographic data.
      The positions of the glycosidic O4 atoms indicate that the beta-cyclodextrin
      molecules are elliptically distorted. This distortion can be related to the van
      der Waals volume of the guest molecules. This correlation is different for
      aromatic and non-aromatic guest compounds. Rigid body docking experiments
      demonstrated that in crystal structures the guest molecule occupies a position in
      the cavity of nearly minimum interaction energy when there are no other molecules
      having interactions with the guest molecule. From the crystallographic data
      several rules could be deduced which seem to determine the conformation of beta
      cyclodextrin molecules in complexes. A procedure was developed to construct beta
      cyclodextrin molecules that are able to encompass guest molecules having a given
      van der Waals volume.

PMID- 1818090
TI  - HINT: a new method of empirical hydrophobic field calculation for CoMFA.
AB  - An empirical hydrophobic field-like 3D function has been calculated with the
      program HINT (hydrophobic interactions) and imported into the SYBYL
      implementation of CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis). The addition of
      hydrophobicity appears to offer increased chemical interpretability of CoMFA
      models. An example is given using the steroid model reported by Cramer et al. (J.
      Am. Chem. Soc., 110 (1988) 5959). While addition of the HINT field did not
      improve statistical parameters in this model, the CoMFA coefficient contours from
      the hydrophobic field unambiguously define the most active steroid molecules in
      the chemical terms of hydrophobic and polar substituents.

PMID- 1818091
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of Ca2+ channel blockers: a study using
      conformational analysis and chemometric methods.
AB  - A structure-activity relationship study has been done on 8 compounds with the
      activity known as 'Ca2+ channel blockers'. Conformational analysis was carried
      out using a molecular mechanics method. The 3D-QSAR approach was used and the
      most polar functional groups present in all the molecules were considered. Eight
      interatomic distances are necessary to define the relative spatial disposition of
      these relevant molecular fragments. The structure-activity relationship between
      interatomic distances and biological activity was performed using statistic and
      chemometric methods. In particular, with Principal Component Analysis, it was
      possible to reduce the number of interatomic distances: only six of the eight
      distances are sufficient to describe the system in a useful way. A classification
      method was iteratively used to select the most probable conformations linked to
      the biological activity and to build a model able to classify conformations
      according to their biological behaviour. Cluster analysis on the active selected
      conformations subsequently allowed the identification of two different
      geometrical patterns for the active compounds. Finally the validity of the model
      was verified by correctly predicting the activity of other molecules not used in
      the construction of the model but possessing known activity.

PMID- 1818092
TI  - Reaction mechanisms in peptide synthesis. Part 1. Semiquantitative
      characteristics of the reactivity of 2-methyl-5(4H)-oxazolone with water and
      ammonia in the gas phase and weakly polar media.
AB  - 2,4-Dialkyl-5(4H)-oxazolones are well-recognized intermediates in some aminolysis
      reactions in peptide synthesis. Using the MOPAC molecular orbital programs,
      detailed geometric and energetic characteristics of the elementary reaction
      pathways for the additions of water and ammonia to 2-methyl-5(4H)-oxazolone have
      been determined at the AM1 level. The results demonstrate that the additions must
      be parsed into a two-step mechanism involving formation of the alpha-hydroxyimine
      followed by tautomerization to the parent N-acetylamino acid or amide.

PMID- 1818093
TI  - Reaction mechanisms in peptide synthesis. Part 2. Tautomerism of the peptide
      bond.
AB  - We had concluded in previous work that ring opening of a 2-alkyl-5(4H)-oxazolone
      by water or ammonia leads to transient high-energy imidol intermediates which
      instantly tautomerize to the native amides. Using the MOPAC molecular orbital
      program, detailed geometric and energetic characteristics of the tautomerism of a
      peptide bond have been determined on the AM1 level. The results demonstrate that
      tautomerism of a peptide bond comprises a three-stage process involving three
      successive transition states and a bimolecular mechanism: (i) E----Z peptide bond
      isomerization followed by dimerization, (ii) concerted double-hydrogen exchange
      leading to an alpha-hydroxyimine (imidic acid) followed by splitting of the
      dimer, and (iii) Z----E N-methylimine inversion. While pathway (iii----ii----i)
      is predicted as a feasible route terminating in the formation of a peptide bond,
      the inverse route (iii----ii----i) is excluded as a possible initial step in the
      generation of a 5(4H)-oxazolone intermediate.

PMID- 1818094
TI  - A machine learning approach to computer-aided molecular design.
AB  - Preliminary results of a machine learning application concerning computer-aided
      molecular design applied to drug discovery are presented. The artificial
      intelligence techniques of machine learning use a sample of active and inactive
      compounds, which is viewed as a set of positive and negative examples, to allow
      the induction of a molecular model characterizing the interaction between the
      compounds and a target molecule. The algorithm is based on a twofold phase. In
      the first one--the specialization step--the program identifies a number of
      active/inactive pairs of compounds which appear to be the most useful in order to
      make the learning process as effective as possible and generates a dictionary of
      molecular fragments, deemed to be responsible for the activity of the compounds.
      In the second phase--the generalization step--the fragments thus generated are
      combined and generalized in order to select the most plausible hypothesis with
      respect to the sample of compounds. A knowledge base concerning physical and
      chemical properties is utilized during the inductive process.

PMID- 1818095
TI  - Networks.

PMID- 1818096
TI  - Mobilization of renal and hepatic cadmium by dithiocarbamates in rats.
AB  - Sodium N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (BGD), sodium N-p-hydroxymethylbenzyl
      D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (HBGD), sodium N-p-carboxybenzyl-D-glucamine
      dithiocarbamate (CBGD), and sodium N-p-methoxybenzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate
      (MeOBGD) were evaluated for their efficacy in the distribution and excretion of
      cadmium in rats exposed to cadmium. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with
      109CdCl2 (1 mg Cd/kg and 74 kBq of 109Cd/one animal) and 30 min or 24 h later,
      they were injected with chelating agents (400 mumol/kg). At both 30 min and 24 h
      after treatment with cadmium, these chelating agents all significantly enhanced
      the biliary excretion of cadmium. At 24 h after cadmium injection, BGD and MeOBGD
      were the most effective on the biliary excretion of the metal. These chelating
      agents were effective in mobilizing cadmium from the liver at 30 min after
      cadmium treatment. At 24 h after cadmium treatment, BGD and MeOBGD significantly
      depressed cadmium content in the liver. In another experiment, rats were injected
      intraperitoneally with 109CdCl2 and 3 d later, they were injected with BGD, HBGD,
      or MeOBGD every other day for 2 weeks. The fecal excretion of cadmium was
      significantly increased by these chelating agents and MeOBGD was the most
      effective. The hepatic and renal cadmium contents were significantly decreased
      after BGD, HBGD or MeOBGD injection. The injection of MeOBGD to rats pretreated
      with cadmium was more effective than that of BGD, HBGD, or CBGD in removing
      cadmium from the liver. HBGD injection was more effective in decreasing the
      cadmium content in the kidney. The treatment with these chelating agents did not
      cause the redistribution of cadmium to brain, testes, and heart.

PMID- 1818097
TI  - Absorption, biliary excretion, and metabolism of a new cholelitholytic agent,
      ursodeoxycholyl N-carboxymethylglycine and its esters in rats.
AB  - Intestinal absorption, biliary excretion and metabolism of a calcium gallstone
      dissolving agent, [11,12-3H]ursodeoxycholyl-N-carboxymethylglycine (UDC-CMG) and
      its monoethyl, diethyl and dipivaloyloxyethyl esters (UDC-CMG-Et, UDC-CMG-Et2 and
      UDC-CMG-PV2) were studied in bile duct cannulated rats. Biliary recovery of [3H]
      labeled UDC-CMG, UDC-CMG-Et and UDC-CMG-Et2 after intraduodenal administration
      were 65%, 80%, 98%, respectively. Radio-thin layer chromatography analysis of the
      bile revealed that UDC-CMG didn't undergo any biotransformation during
      administration and excretion. About 80% and 20% of radioactivity recovered in the
      bile was identified as UDC-CMG-Et and UDC-CMG, respectively, after intraduodenal
      administrations of [3H]UDC-CMG-Et2 and [3H]UDC-CMG-Et. The administered intact
      UDC-CMG-Et2 was not found in the bile. Intraduodenally administered [3H]UDC-CMG
      PV2 was rapidly recovered in the bile. The total recovery rate was 78% within a
      24 h period. More than 80% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was found
      as UDC-CMG. Lesser amounts of the monopivaloyloxyethyl ester of UDC-CMG were also
      found, but intact UDC-CMG-PV2 was not detected in the bile as in the case of UDC
      CMG-Et2. Among the esters of UDC-CMG investigated in the present studies, only
      UDC-CMG-PV2 was excreted in the bile mainly as the perhydrolyzed form, UDC-CMG.
      These results suggest the usefulness of UDC-CMG-PV2 as the pro-drug in calcium
      gallstone dissolution therapy.

PMID- 1818098
TI  - In vitro and in vivo correlation for controlled-release formulation of d
      chlorpheniramine maleate.
AB  - Four commercial controlled-release tablets of d-chlorpheniramine maleate, which
      showed various drug release properties, were administered to beagle dogs, and the
      correlation between in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption was studied. The
      mean in vivo absorption amount-time profile for each product showed good
      accordance with the in vitro drug release profile until 2-3 h after
      administration. However, absorption of the drug in dogs terminated at about 3 h.
      This short absorption time may be due to a short intestinal residence time for
      these dosage forms in the dog. In the present study, the deconvolution method was
      proved to be useful for in vitro/in vivo comparison, which clarified the in vivo
      absorption of controlled-release dosage forms having various release profiles.

PMID- 1818099
TI  - Mechanism for resistance to 5-fluorouracil in P388 leukemia cells.
AB  - In order to assess mechanisms for acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) of
      P388 cells on a cellular basis, we compared sensitivities of P388 and its 5-FU
      resistant subline (P388/5-FU) cells to 5-FU, 5-fluorouridine (FUrd) and 5-fluoro
      2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd). P388/5-FU cells exhibited an approximately 10-fold
      resistance to 5-FU and 170-fold cross-resistance to FUrd but not to FdUrd when
      they were exposed to each agent for 5 h in vitro. 5-FU-induced growth inhibition
      was hardly reversed with thymidine, suggesting its ribonucleic acid (RNA)
      directed effect. This was supported by the fact that similar amounts of 5-FU were
      incorporated into cellular RNA in P388 and P388/5-FU when these cells were
      incubated with equitoxic concentrations of 5-FU. Furthermore, incorporation of 5
      FU and FUrd into cellular RNA in P388/5-FU cells were significantly lower than in
      P388 cells when cells were exposed to them at the same concentration. These
      results suggest a major action of 5-FU is directed toward RNA in these cells at
      least under the present experimental condition, and 5-FU resistance of this cell
      line is closely associated with reduced uridine kinase activity among various
      enzymatic changes previously observed.

PMID- 1818100
TI  - Paracellular and transcellular permeabilities of fosfomycin across small
      intestinal membrane of rat and rabbit by voltage-clamp method.
AB  - The permeability of fosfomycin (FOM), which is a low molecular weight and water
      soluble antibiotic, across rat and rabbit jejunal membrane was investigated on a
      paracellular route and a transcellular route separated by voltage-clamp method.
      It was determined that FOM permeates through these two routes in both animals.
      Under a physiologically normal condition, the transmucosal electrical potential
      difference (about 2 mV), the contribution of the transcellular route to FOM
      membrane permeability was greater than that of the paracellular route. The
      transcellular permeability was significantly reduced in the presence of inorganic
      phosphate. The inhibitory effects of the inorganic phosphate coincided with our
      reports on FOM uptake by rat jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles in vitro and
      on FOM absorption by rat jejunal single-pass perfusion in situ.

PMID- 1818101
TI  - Hepatic uptake of lipid-soluble drugs from fat emulsion.
AB  - Oil violet in a fat emulsion was taken up into the parenchymal cells of rat liver
      in vitro. The uptake was greater at 37 degrees C than 25 degrees C or 4 degrees
      C, and it was increased by addition of postheparin plasma including lipoprotein
      lipase activity into the reaction medium. The uptake from the emulsion with
      smaller particles was greater than that from the emulsion with larger particles.
      The hepatic uptake of 14C-cholesteryl oleate in the emulsion by recirculating
      perfusion of the liver in situ was also increased by postheparin plasma in the
      perfusion medium. Its enhancing effect was found for distribution in the
      parenchymal cells but not in the Kupffer cells. The previous perfusion of
      Intralipos of the commercial fat emulsion reduced the hepatic uptake of 14C
      cholesteryl oleate in the emulsion. The emulsion particle sizes were reduced by
      postheparin plasma both in vitro and in situ. Consequently, it was suggested that
      a lipid-soluble compound entrapped in the fat emulsion is taken up into the
      parenchymal cells by receptor-mediated process via the reduced particle sizes
      emulsion (remnant), which is a mechanism similar to the dietary fat metabolism.

PMID- 1818102
TI  - In vivo utilization of N-(phosphonomethyl)-anilines and related substances by
      Pseudomonas spec. GS.
AB  - Utilization of various phosphonates as source for phosphorus by the glyphosate
      degrading strain Pseudomonas spec. GS was investigated. Metabolites of
      phosphonate degradation were characterized indicating the cleavage of the C-P
      bound as primary step of breakdown. The phosphonate N-(phosphonomethyl)-4'
      nitroazobenzene-4-amine (azophon) was characterized as a suitable substrate for
      detection of C-P-bond splitting activity in vivo. Pseudomonas cells permeabilized
      by toluene treatment were also capable of phosphonate degradation whereas no in
      vitro activity of a putative C-P-bond cleaving enzyme was detectable after cell
      disruption.

PMID- 1818103
TI  - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized during
      early germination of Bacillus subtilis 168 in the presence of actinomycin D.
AB  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate the synthesis of
      approximately 65 [35S]-methionine-labelled soluble proteins between 0 and 10 min
      after the start of germination, of approximately 210 proteins at 10-20 min, and
      of approximately 260 proteins during vegetative growth of Bacillus subtilis. When
      actinomycin D and [35S]-methionine were administered at the onset of germination
      and the proteins synthesized during the subsequent 15 min were analyzed, two
      proteins were detected, and were designated protein I and protein II. Immunoblot
      analysis with an antiserum raised against RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli
      demonstrated that protein II corresponded to the sigma A factor of Bacillus
      subtilis. Thus, the sigma A factor is synthesized during early germination of
      Bacillus subtilis in the presence of actinomycin D.

PMID- 1818104
TI  - Mycoflora associated with five species of freshwater leeches.
AB  - Twenty-two species belonging to 11 genera of zoosporic fungi were collected from
      10 freshwater sites and from five species of leeches on sesame and hemp seeds,
      maize grains and Pinus pollen grains as baits at 22 degrees C. Dictyuchus,
      Achlya, Pythium, Allomyces and Saprolegnia were the most common genera. The
      highest population of zoosporic fungi was estimated from Batracobdelloides
      tricarinata, the lowest from Barbronia assiuti. In addition fifty-three species
      and 1 variety representing 23 terrestrial fungal genera were identified on
      glucose (17 genera and 41 species) and cellulose (20 genera and 34 species + 1
      variety) Czapek's Dox agar at 28 degrees C. The most common species on the two
      media were Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Trichoderma harzianum,
      Gibberella fujikuroi and Penicillium chrysogenum. Some fungi were common only on
      cellulose agar medium such as Botryotrichum atrogriseum, Chaetomium bostrychodes,
      Dactylella alaskana and Drechslera halodes. Batracobdelloides tricarinata was the
      richest with terrestrial fungi whereas Salifa delicata was the poorest. Five
      leech species, namely Alboglossiphonia polypompholyx, Batracobdelloides
      tricarinata, Helobdella conifera, Barbronia assiuti and Salifa delicata were used
      during this investigation.

PMID- 1818105
TI  - Application of immobilized cells for biotransformations of steroids.
AB  - A survey is given of possible solutions and open-ended questions in the
      biotransformation of steroids (without side chain degradation of sterols) by
      using immobilized cells. The data of literature between 1975 and 1990 and results
      of preliminary experiments from the microbial, biochemical, biophysical,
      physiological, as well as the biotechnological point of view are summarized and
      discussed.

PMID- 1818106
TI  - Segmentation of sensory and sympathetic ganglia: interactions between neural
      crest and somite cells.
AB  - The segmental pattern of peripheral ganglia in higher vertebrates is generated by
      interactions between neural crest and somite cells. Each mesodermal somite is
      subdivided into at least two distinct domains represented by its rostral and
      caudal halves. Most migratory pathways taken by neural crest cells in trunk
      regions of the axis, as well as the outgrowth of motoneuron fibers are restricted
      to the rostral domain of each somite. Experimental modification of the somites,
      achieved by constructing a mesoderm composed of multiple rostral half-somites,
      results in the formation of continuous and unsegmented nerves, dorsal root
      ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic ganglia (SG). In contrast, both neurites and crest
      cells are absent from a mesoderm composed of multiple-caudal half somites.
      However, the mechanisms responsible for gangliogenesis within the rostral half of
      the somite, appear to be different for DRG and SG. Vertebral development from the
      somites is also segmental. In implants of either multiple rostral or caudal
      somite-halves, the grafted mesoderm dissociates normally into sclerotome and
      dermomyotome. However, the morphogenetic capabilities of each somitic half
      differ. The lateral vertebral arch is continuous in the presence of caudal half
      somite grafts and is virtually absent in rostral half-somite implants. Therefore,
      the rostrocaudal subdivision of the sclerotome determines the segmental pattern
      of neural development and is also important for the proper metameric development
      of the vertebrae.

PMID- 1818107
TI  - A mammalian in vitro model to study gangliogenesis from neural crest cells.
AB  - In spite of considerable advances towards understanding lineages derived from
      neural crest cells using amphibian and avian embryos, the molecular mechanisms
      involved in the formation of mammalian peripheral ganglia remain largely unknown,
      mainly because of the lack of experimental systems that will allow their in vitro
      manipulation. Here, we present a novel mammalian in vitro model permitting to
      study gangliogenesis from neural crest cells. This model allowed us to manipulate
      molecules involved in cell-cell interactions. Our data are in favour of the
      existence of a hierarchy among adhesion molecules.

PMID- 1818108
TI  - The neurotrophins and CNTF: specificity of action towards PNS and CNS neurons.
AB  - The availability of relatively large amounts of nerve growth factor (NGF) has
      allowed extensive in vitro and in vivo characterization of the neuronal
      specificity of this neurotrophic factor. The restricted neuronal specificity of
      NGF (sympathetic neurons, neural crest-derived sensory neurons, basal forebrain
      cholinergic neurons) has long predicted the existence of other neurotrophic
      factors possessing different neuronal specificities. Whereas there have been many
      reports of "activities" distinct from NGF, full characterization of such
      molecules has been hampered by their extremely low abundance. The recent
      molecular cloning of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) revealed that this
      protein is closely related to NGF and suggested that these two factors might be
      members of an even larger gene family. A PCR cloning strategy based on homologies
      between NGF and BDNF has allowed us to identify and clone a third member of the
      NGF family which we have termed neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The establishment of
      suitable expression systems has now made available sufficient quantities of these
      proteins to allow us to begin to establish the neuronal specificity of each
      member of the neurotrophin family, and the role of each in development,
      maintenance and repair of the PNS and CNS. Using primary cultures of various PNS
      and CNS regions of the developing chick and rat, and Northern blot analysis, we
      describe novel neuronal specificities of BDNF, NT-3 and an unrelated neurotrophic
      factor-ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).

PMID- 1818109
TI  - Multiple dystrophin isoforms are associated with the postsynaptic membrane of
      Torpedo electric organ.
AB  - We have shown previously that dystrophin is a component of postsynaptic membranes
      in Torpedo electric organ and is localized at mammalian neuromuscular synapses.
      In skeletal muscle, dystrophin is also detectable at the non-synaptic membrane of
      the myofiber, whereas in the electric organ, dystrophin is strictly localized to
      the postsynaptic membrane, and is not detectable in non-synaptic membranes.
      Multiple isoforms of dystrophin are present in skeletal muscle, and different
      isoforms could potentially be targetted to synaptic and non-synaptic membranes.
      We sought to determine whether the electric organ contains a single, or multiple
      isoforms of dystrophin, and we show here that the electric organ contains both a
      and b isoforms of dystrophin. Because dystrophin is found only at the
      postsynaptic membrane of the electric organ, we conclude that the two isoforms
      coexist in the postsynaptic membrane.

PMID- 1818110
TI  - Cerebellar synaptogenesis: mutant mice--neuronal grafting.
AB  - Neurological mutations affecting the cerebellum of the mouse have offered the
      possibility to study some of the cellular mechanisms involved in the
      establishment of synaptic connections (see in Sotelo, 1990). Indeed, these
      mutations provoke through well-defined lesions, the disruption of the normal
      processes of synapse formation and, by examination of the perturbations in the
      adult cerebellar connectivity, it is possible to unravel some of the numerous and
      intricate cellular interactions taking place during synaptogenesis. Furthermore,
      some of these mutants primarily affect Purkinje cells, the pivotal elements of
      the cerebellar cortex and its only output, inducing their degeneration. These
      Purkinje cell-deficient cerebella offer an optimal material to try--by grafting
      experiments--to replace the missing neurons, and to analyze synaptogenic
      processes between neuronal partners of different biological ages: the host adult
      neurons and the embryonary grafted Purkinje cells (Sotelo et al., 1990). The aim
      of this paper is to summarize some of the work carried out in my laboratory
      concerning the two above-mentioned topics.

PMID- 1818111
TI  - Cholinergic fiber growth in co-cultures of CNS tissue.
AB  - In co-cultures prepared from the septum and the hippocampus, cholinergic fibers
      originating in the septal slices grew into the neighboring hippocampal tissue and
      established functional cholinergic connections with pyramidal cells. To get
      further insight into the mechanisms governing cholinergic fiber growth, we have
      added TTX to the growth medium (2 x 10(-7) M) to block propagated electrical
      activity. Under these conditions, considerably fewer cholinergic cells appeared
      to survive. A few cholinergic fibers still invaded hippocampal target tissue, but
      their number was markedly reduced compared with control cultures. Simultaneous
      application of NGF together with TTX, however, not only increased enzyme levels
      and enhanced survival of cholinergic neurons, but also led to hippocampal
      ingrowth in virtually all septo-hippocampal co-cultures. These data, therefore,
      suggest, that in the absence of spiking activity, cholinergic fibers are capable
      of growing into a co-cultured target tissue. To test the specificity of growth of
      septal cholinergic fibers, we have co-cultured septal slices with slices of
      various brain areas which in situ lack a major cholinergic innervation, in
      particular the cerebellum. In the vast majority of such co-cultures, cholinergic
      fibers remained restricted within the septal slices, without innervating
      cerebellar tissue. This failure might in part be related to the lack of trophic
      factors released by the target tissue. We have, therefore, grown septo-cerebellar
      cultures in the presence and absence of NGF. Following application of 100 ng/ml
      NGF during the entire growth of the cultures, numerous AChE-positive fibers
      originating in the septal slices invaded the co-cultured cerebellar
      slices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818113
TI  - Development of laboratories of surgical sciences and establishment of pathology
      laboratory for heart and lung.

PMID- 1818112
TI  - Regeneration of functional synaptic connections between widely separated neurons
      in the adult mammalian central nervous system.
AB  - The responses to light of retinal ganglion cells with regenerated axons can be
      recorded from axons teased from peripheral nerve grafts replacing the optic nerve
      of the adult rat or hamster. These responses resemble those of normal retinal
      ganglion cells but can no longer be observed several months after grafting,
      concomitant with ongoing loss of the population of axotomized retinal ganglion
      cells. Synapses formed with neurons in the superior colliculus by retinal
      ganglion cell axons regenerated through peripheral nerve grafts mediate both
      excitatory and inhibitory responses. These experiments demonstrate that when
      provided with an appropriate milieu for elongation, neurons indigenous to the
      adult mammalian central nervous system can make functional reconnections with
      distant targets within the nervous system.

PMID- 1818114
TI  - Dr. Sen's contribution to cardiovascular surgery.

PMID- 1818115
TI  - Dr. Sen and experimental research.

PMID- 1818116
TI  - Life of a legend.

PMID- 1818117
TI  - Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery.

PMID- 1818118
TI  - Padma-Bhushan Dr. P. K. Sen: a tribute.

PMID- 1818119
TI  - [Accidental chloral hydrate poisoning].
AB  - A 42-year-old woman had an accidental overdose of chloral hydrate due to repeated
      absorption of a therapeutic dose of chloral syrup for insomnia. The total
      ingestion was estimated at 8 g. Overnight slight loss of consciousness associated
      with severe cardiac arrhythmia (bigeminia ventricular extra-systole) needed
      admission to the intensive care unit and intravenous lignocaine for two days. The
      evolution was satisfactory.

PMID- 1818120
TI  - Neutralization of the activity of vipera ammodytes ammodytes snake venom on
      myocardium of rats by antitoxinum viperinum: a histopathological study.
AB  - Antitoxinum viperinum was tested for its ability to prevent alteration of the
      myocardium induced by Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. Antivenom was injected
      intraperitoneally either immediately, 30 min or 2 hr after the intraperitoneal
      injection of venom. The light microscopic examination showed that the antiserum
      neutralized the effects of venom and antivenom might be useful in treating V.a.
      ammodytes venom poisoning.

PMID- 1818122
TI  - [French Society of Toxicology. Paris, 17 June 1991. Abstracts].

PMID- 1818121
TI  - [Biochemical and histological changes after acute oral poisoning with the
      acetanilide herbicide acetochlor].
AB  - Changes in the liver of male rats were studied on the 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days
      after a single oral application of 1/5 DL 50 of the chloracetanilic herbicide
      Acetochlor (DL50 = 1063 mg/kg-1). Two main periods in the action of acetochlor
      can be identified: between 1-2 days when the influence of the compound itself is
      predominant and between 5-7 days, when the toxic action of the slowly eliminated
      metabolites is most pronounced. These two periods provoke a biphasic
      activation/inhibition response of the liver. Remarkable is the compensatory
      effect of the cytochrome P-450 system responsible for the metabolism of
      acetochlor. The phase-specific changes were are followed by pathomorphological
      observations of liver tissue as well as by the time-course of the biochemical
      parameters studied in different liver fractions.

PMID- 1818123
TI  - Isolation and characterization of rat lung Pneumocystis carinii gp120.
AB  - The principal glycoprotein (gp120) of Pneumocystis carinii obtained from infected
      rat lung was isolated by differential extraction and size-exclusion
      chromatography. The purified glycoprotein was cleaved with CNBr to two peptides
      of approximately 27 and 33 kDa. Amino acid sequences were obtained from both
      peptides. Proteolytic digestion with V8 protease yielded several peptides and
      sequences were obtained from peptides of 10 and 19 kDa. The cyanogen bromide
      cleavage results led to the conclusion that gp120 exists as a homodimer.

PMID- 1818124
TI  - Cryptosporidium infections in inbred strains of mice.
AB  - Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite of man and animals, is an important
      etiological agent of diarrhea throughout the world, particularly in children and
      immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients. Unfortunately, because of
      the lack of both in vivo laboratory models and reliable in vitro parasite culture
      systems, virtually nothing is known about the immunological events occurring
      during disease. In order to identify reliable animal models for infection, we
      studied C. parvum infections in 19 different strains of mice representing 12 H-2
      haplotypes: A/J, AKR/J, B10.D2/J, B10.M/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/65, C57BL/6J-bgJ,
      CBA/NJ, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, HRS/J, HTG/J, NZB/B1NJ, NZW/J, P/J, RIII/J, SJL/J, SWR/J,
      and WB/ReJ, and in one gerbil: Meriones unguiculatus. Fecal samples and
      histological sections of the intestine taken on day 7 post-Cryptosporidium
      inoculation indicated that only the beige mouse (C57BL/6J-bgJ) harbored
      significant numbers of parasites compared to the other strains. The numbers of
      parasites harbored in these NK cell-deficient beige mice were, however,
      considerably lower than those seen in neonatal mice. Adult inbred mouse strains
      susceptible to Cryptosporidium infections are discussed.

PMID- 1818125
TI  - Susceptibility dynamics in neonatal BALB/c mice infected with Cryptosporidium
      parvum.
AB  - BALB/c Mice were infected as neonates and at different ages to study the
      susceptibility dynamics in this animal model to Cryptosporidium parvum. When 4
      day-old animals were infected with 10(5) C. parvum oocysts, parasites were
      detected in the terminal ileum when the mice became 14-25 days old (10-21 days
      post-infection [PI]). The percentage of animals positive for parasites was 100%
      up to the age of 19 days (15 days PI) but decreased immediately thereafter until
      no parasites were detected in 26-day-old (22 days PI) or older mice. Parasite
      load also decreased in these animals from 184.7 parasites per high power field in
      14-day-old animals (10 days PI) to 0.22 in 25-day-old (21 days PI) mice. In a
      second study, some neonatal mice became resistant to C. parvum when infection was
      attempted at day-10 of age (day-15 of age at sacrifice). The susceptibility to C.
      parvum decreased until 14 days of age (19 days of age at sacrifice) when mice
      could no longer be infected. Parasite load also decreased in infected mice from
      235.6 parasites per high power field (9 days of age at sacrifice) to 0.25 (18
      days of age at sacrifice).

PMID- 1818126
TI  - Culture, electron microscopy, and immunoblot studies on a microsporidian parasite
      isolated from the urine of a patient with AIDS.
AB  - Microsporidian spores isolated from a urine sample of an HIV-positive patient
      were inoculated onto monolayers of six different cell cultures. The parasites
      (CDC:0291:V213) grew profusely in two of the cultures (HLF and E6) and extruded
      spores into the culture medium. The spores were Gram-positive, 2.25- to 2.8
      microns long, 1.25- to 1.8-microns broad, and smooth-walled. Some of the spores
      had already extruded their polar tubes, which were either straight or slightly
      coiled. Infected host cells contained parasitophorous vacuoles filled with
      developing stages of the parasite, including mature spores. Each spore was
      surrounded by a thin, electron-dense exospore; a thick electron-lucent endospore;
      and a thin cell membrane. Cross-sections of six coils of the polar tube were seen
      inside the spore. Proteins extracted from spores of our isolate and those from
      Encephalitozoon cuniculi were separated on gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels and either silver-stained or transferred to nitrocellulose
      membranes. As many as 35 bands, ranging in molecular mass from 10,000 to 200,000,
      were visualized in the silver-stained gel. When reacted with the serum of our
      patient, strips cut from the membrane showed a number of bands ranging in
      molecular weight from 25,000 to 200,000. However, unique differences between the
      profiles of the two parasites were seen both in the immunoblot and the silver
      stained protein profiles. Based on these findings, we conclude that our isolate
      belongs to the genus Encephalitozoon, but more studies are needed to identify our
      isolate to the species level.

PMID- 1818127
TI  - Characteristics of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi: a consequence of
      its development within short-living enterocytes.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies were done on developmental stages of Enterocytozoon
      bieneusi obtained from HIV seropositive patients suffering from diarrhea. The
      presence of elaborate multilamellar structures suggest that they give rise to
      various membrane systems needed for rapid production of disseminating stages.

PMID- 1818128
TI  - An immunosuppressed rat model of respiratory cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - A rat model is described in which animals develop respiratory cryptosporidiosis,
      a disease which is well documented in immunocompromised patients, especially
      those with AIDS. Our present lack of knowledge of the pathophysiology and
      immunology of Cryptosporidium parvum respiratory infections warrants the
      development of a laboratory animal model. Lewis rats immunosuppressed by
      subcutaneous injection of methylprednisolone acetate and inoculated
      intratracheally with 10(6) C. parvum oocysts developed a reproducible infection
      consisting of all known developmental stages in the epithelium lining airways
      from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Developmental stages were
      morphologically indistinguishable from those seen in gut epithelium. Infections
      were apparent at 4 days post-inoculation, and at 10-14 days post-inoculation,
      rats exhibited respiratory distress and severe weight loss and had enlarged,
      elastic lungs. Increased mucus production and exfoliative necrosis of the
      epithelium resulted in accumulation of large amounts of mucocellular exudate
      throughout the airways and patchy alveolitis involving alveoli emerging from
      respiratory bronchioles.

PMID- 1818129
TI  - Attempts at in vitro cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii from human
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluids without feeder cells.
AB  - We attempted to cultivate Pneumocystis carinii obtained from two bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluids of AIDS patients with P. carinii pneumonia, in a system wherein
      cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol were substituted for the feeder cells. The
      presence of P. carinii cysts was monitored for 11 days under conditions of
      continuous culture. Moderate increase in cyst forms was observed until day 11.
      Further study with this system would be required to determine if the observed
      increase in cyst numbers is reproducible and whether the cyst form is a response
      to adverse in vitro conditions or is a manifestation of growth.

PMID- 1818130
TI  - Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle in suckling mice: a Nomarski interference
      contrast study of a human-derived strain.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis has emerged as one of the life-threatening opportunistic
      enteric infections in HIV-infected persons. To date, Cryptosporidium parvum is
      known to infect man via person-to-person or zoonotic transmission. We studied the
      sequential stages of the life cycle of C. parvum by Normarski interference
      contrast microscopy in fresh gut specimens of newborn mice, infected with a
      strain derived from an AIDS patient with cryptosporidial diarrheal enteritis.
      Many 4- to 5-day-old suckling BALB/C mice were orally inoculated with 1 x 10(6)
      oocysts, obtained by acid flocculation of the patient's stools. The animals were
      sacrificed from 4 to 96 h post-infection and the ileum was examined
      microscopically. All stages of the asexual life cycle of C. parvum, from excysted
      sporozoites in the intestinal lumen through the development of type II mature
      meronts, 12- to 72-h post-infection, were documented by extemporaneous
      microscopic evaluation of fresh gut samples. The sexual cycle, characterized by
      the appearance of micro- and macrogametocytes, followed by a zygote developing
      into a sporulated oocyst, was documented as early 48-h post-infection. Our
      Nomarski interference-contrast observations on the life cycle of C. parvum
      yielded data comparable with those originally published by Current and Reese, and
      confirm the results of previous electron microscopic studies performed by several
      other authors.

PMID- 1818131
TI  - Morphologic and biochemical studies of chitin expression in Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Tomato lectin, which binds oligosaccharides of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and an
      antiserum against macromolecular chitin were used to probe sections of human and
      murine lungs infected with Pneumocystis carinii. By light, fluorescence and
      electron microscopy, lectin and antiserum binding patterns indicated that both
      human and murine strains of P. carinii express chitin at all identifiable stages
      of their life cycles. Light microscopic autoradiographs of murine P. carinii
      cultured in vitro with 3H-glucosamine revealed dense incorporation of the
      radiolabel into the cell walls in a pattern analogous to those of the antiserum
      and lectin binding studies. These investigations offer further evidence that
      chitin is an integral part of the cell wall of P. carinii trophozoites and cysts.

PMID- 1818132
TI  - Overview of animal models of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 1818134
TI  - Establishment of Pneumocystis carinii in various mouse strains using natural
      transmission to initiate infection.
AB  - A mouse model for Pneumocystis carinii has now been established in several
      strains of mice: C3Heb/FeJ, C3HeN, Balb/c, DBA/2N and athymic. In lieu of using
      invasive methods for initiating P. carinii infections, mice infected with P.
      carinii (seed mice) transmitted the disease to mice without latent infection via
      short term co-habitation. Acute infections in recipient mice developed
      approximately 5-6 wk after C3Heb/FeJ seeds were removed, while control unseeded
      litter-mates remained uninfected. This approach allows investigators to
      consistently transmit P. carinii to mice and to select the strain of mouse
      desired for use in a particular study.

PMID- 1818133
TI  - Introduction of Pneumocystis carinii in a colony of SCID mice.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii-free SCID mice were housed closely exposed to corticosteroid
      treated non-SCID mice in a conventional area of our laboratory animal facilities.
      A one-day exposure was sufficient for P. carinii transmission. The lung infection
      increased thereafter. Irradiation or splenectomy of SCID mice at the beginning of
      the exposure resulted in a marked increase of parasite multiplication.
      Extrapulmonary foci of pneumocystosis were detected in heart and spleen of SCID
      mice infected by P. carinii via air transmission.

PMID- 1818135
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii--animal production perspective.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii is an important cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised
      human patients. The organism is also found as a saprophyte in the lungs of many
      species of animals. Animal models have been used as a source of P. carinii
      organisms for study of the disease. The rat model has been especially useful.
      Initially, the infection was latent in most colonies, and P. carinii pneumonia
      readily developed when animals were immunosuppressed. Today, many barrier raised
      rodent colonies are free of adventitious viruses, bacteria, Mycoplasma sp., and
      parasites, including P. carinii. Variability is now seen in the rat model. The
      use of cultured organisms to experimentally infect rats and mice prior to
      immunosuppression has met the need for some investigators, however, latent
      infected, barrier-raised and isolator-raised rodents are still required. Colonies
      specifically infected with P. carinii can provide latent-infected animals and are
      better protected from potentially interfering organisms than barrier-raised
      animals. The development of these colonies is feasible as investigators and
      animal producers work together to define and develop this resource.

PMID- 1818136
TI  - Inoculated mouse model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - A transtracheally inoculated mouse model of Pneumocystis carinii has been
      developed using BALB/c mice, a widely available strain free of latent P. carinii
      infection. The mean infectivity score of untreated inoculated mice was 4.1
      compared to the mean infectivity score of 0.1 for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
      (50/250 mg/kg) treated inoculated mice, approximately a four-log difference. An
      inoculated mouse model of P. carinii infection provides both a source of
      organisms from a different host and an animal model for study of drugs for
      therapy and prophylaxis which is less costly than rats and which requires less
      drug than required for rats.

PMID- 1818137
TI  - A review of common infectious disease agents of laboratory mice and rats:
      potential influence on Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - The influence of viruses and bacteria on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is
      suspected but not known for certain. A number of adventitious viruses and
      bacteria are common among commercially available and institutionally raised
      rodents, which may impact upon, or interfere with, the induction of PCP in
      rodents in several ways. Based upon the biological behavior and prevalence of
      certain rodent agents, the potential for such impact is great. Infectious agents
      can directly interfere with research by inducing severe disease in the
      immunocompromised host. They may also influence the course of P. carinii
      infection or disease via direct effects upon the respiratory tract or via
      indirect effects on lymphoreticular cells or other organ systems. Examples of
      likely agents and their potential effects are discussed.

PMID- 1818138
TI  - Factors influencing Pneumocystis infection in the immunocompromised rat.
AB  - A compromised immune system is the primary predisposing condition for
      Pneumocystis infection. Factors that contribute to this underlying state of
      immunosuppression are poorly understood. The presence of common rodent viruses
      and the role of anti-Pneumocystis antibodies on the progression of natural
      infection in the corticosteroid-treated rat model of Pneumocystis pneumonia were
      evaluated. The development and intensity of infection were not affected by the
      presence or absence of antibodies to these viruses or to major Pneumocystis
      antigens. A significant increase in survival of Pneumocystis-infected viral
      antibody-positive rats was observed when these rats were housed under barrier
      conditions.

PMID- 1818139
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat model.
AB  - Groups of barrier-raised but not certified virus-free Sprague-Dawley rats,
      obtained from the same source over the course of several years, were placed on an
      identical immunosuppressive regimen. This caused reactivation of latent
      Pneumocystis carinii infection, manifest as P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) of varying
      severity. Rats were euthanized after 9-12 wk of immunosuppression. An assessment
      of the severity of the induced PCP was made, based on the total number of
      organisms extracted from the lungs and their ability to proliferate in short-term
      cell culture. Serum samples obtained at sacrifice were tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence for antibodies to coronavirus, parvovirus, Sendai virus,
      pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and Mycoplasma pulmonis. A total of 60 rats were
      examined. Thirty-four of these (57%) developed moderate or severe PCP. No
      antibodies were detected to either coronavirus or Mycoplasma pulmonis in any of
      the rats. Although antibodies were detected to parvovirus in 13/60 (22%), to PVM
      in 29/60 (48%), and to Sendai virus in 47/60 (78%), there was no apparent
      correlation between the presence or absence of antibodies to these agents and the
      severity of PCP. Sequential observations during the course of immunosuppression
      are needed to clarify the role of concomitant infections in the development of
      PCP.

PMID- 1818140
TI  - An improved rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: induced infections in
      Pneumocystis-free animals.
AB  - An immunosuppressed rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is
      described that results in a predictable course of disease development which
      includes moderate P. carinii (Pc) infections in 2 to 3 weeks, heavy infections in
      4 to 5 wk, and a high percentage of mortality due to PCP in 6 wk. The model also
      provides uninfected, immunosuppressed contemporary controls, an experimental
      compartment that is needed to correctly interpret results obtained from many
      different studies. Non-invasive intratracheal inoculation of cryopreserved
      parasites into Pc- and virus-free rats immunosuppressed by weekly injections of
      methylprednisolone are key features of the model that result in the development
      of consistent heavy Pc infections and very few secondary infections by bacteria
      and fungi. This model is useful for (1) maintaining isolates or strains of Pc
      over time, (2) producing large numbers of parasites for laboratory studies, and
      (3) evaluating the anti-Pc activity of experimental compounds and approved drugs.

PMID- 1818141
TI  - Prevalence of Cryptosporidium muris-like oocysts among cattle populations of the
      United States: preliminary report.
AB  - As part of a national survey for bovine, Cryptosporidium muris oocysts, fecal
      smears in the form of up to 144, 3- to 5-mm dots per glass slide were prepared
      from pen samples at dairies and feedlots in the eastern and western United
      States. Acid-fast staining was followed by light microscopic evaluation at x100.
      Samples from 150 dairies numbered 48,810 and those from 30 feedlots, 47,064.
      Positive samples were found at 102 (68%) dairies and 24 (80%) feedlots. Overall,
      prevalence of positive samples by state was up to 4.7% (Virginia dairies), but
      within certain pens of cattle, 31% (Connecticut dairy) and 11.8% (California
      feedlot) of the samples were positive.

PMID- 1818142
TI  - The piglet as a potential model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - Spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii infections occur in piglets. In this report we
      describe the symptoms, pathology and predisposing conditions of P. carinii
      pneumonia in the pig. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the pig
      as an experimental system to study P. carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 1818143
TI  - 566C80, an antimalarial hydroxynaphthoquinone with broad spectrum: experimental
      activity against opportunistic parasitic infections of AIDS patients.
AB  - Hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 was synthesised and initially developed as an
      antimalarial with potent activity against drug-resistant strains of the human
      malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Subsequent studies have revealed that in
      addition, this compound has experimental activity, both in vitro and in vivo,
      against Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii; the data obtained thus far
      for Cryptosporidium parvum are equivocal. Currently 566C80 is being assessed
      clinically not only against malaria, but also against P. carinii pneumonia,
      toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 1818144
TI  - A radiometric method for objectively screening large numbers of compounds against
      Pneumocystis carinii in vitro.
AB  - A relatively simple method is reported for accurately quantitating the
      incorporation of [3H]para aminobenzoic acid (pABA) into the folates of
      Pneumocystis carinii cultured in vitro, and the subsequent development of a
      highly sensitive and reproducible 96-well microtitre plate drug screening system.
      Incorporation of [3H]pABA under optimized conditions has been utilized as a
      selective indicator of the in vitro viability of P. carinii against which the
      inhibitory effects of potential drugs were quantified. The anti-Pneumocystis
      agents pentamidine, sulfamethoxazole, 566C80 and piritrexim gave median
      inhibitory concentration values of 7.3, 0.1, 1.4 and approximately 100 microM,
      respectively in this assay. The results suggest that this 96-well plate P.
      carinii [3H]pABA-incorporation system is suitable as a rapid high throughput
      primary in vitro screen for detecting compounds with anti-Pneumocystis activity.

PMID- 1818145
TI  - Intestinal injury associated with spiramycin therapy of Cryptosporidium infection
      in AIDS.
AB  - Two of three patients treated with high doses of spiramycin for Cryptosporidium
      infection developed acute intestinal injury. Spiramycin at high doses may be
      directly toxic to the intestinal epithelium and thus may have limited utility as
      therapy for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1818146
TI  - Treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 1,3-di(4
      imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane lactate.
AB  - An analogue of pentamidine, 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane (DMP)
      lactate, was tested against rat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The drug
      was found to be highly active in the treatment of rat PCP at a dose of 1.75 mg/kg
      (parent molecule) when administered by intravenous (i.v.) injection (daily for 2
      wk). The compound was also active against PCP when given orally, however,
      significantly higher doses of DMP were necessary when compared to the i.v. dosing
      regimen. Prophylactic doses (i.v.) of the drug also proved highly effective in
      preventing PCP.

PMID- 1818147
TI  - Treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and further
      elucidation of the P. carinii life cycle with 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitor
      L-671,329.
AB  - Two different classes of 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitors, the echinocandins
      and papulacandins, have anti-Pneumocystis activity in an immunosuppressed rat
      model for acute P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). This activity combined with potent
      anti-Candida activity makes the echinocandins attractive agents for treating both
      Pneumocystis and candidiasis in the immunocompromised patient. Natural product
      echinocandin L-671,329 rapidly eliminates greater than 99% of the P. carinii
      cysts after 4 days of treatment at a dose of 1 mg/kg twice daily while 2-3 weeks
      of therapy with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) or pentamidine was
      required to achieve the same degree of cyst clearance. Effects of L-671,329, TMP
      SMZ and pentamidine on the trophozoite stage of P. carinii were also explored
      using a P. carinii-specific DNA probe to quantitate organism load. Although L
      671,329 was not as effective as the known agents against the trophozoite stage,
      prophylactic use of L-671,329 at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg prevented the
      development of cysts and trophozoites in the rat model. The foamy exudate
      commonly seen in lungs of animals with PCP is also absent in rats receiving L
      671,329 prophylaxis. In addition to demonstrating the potential of L-671,329 as a
      prophylactic agent these studies also help in elucidating the life cycle of P.
      carinii. The observation that L-671,329 prophylaxis prevents the appearance of
      trophozoites, while acute therapy does not directly affect trophozoites, provides
      the first evidence that the cyst stage is required for trophozoite proliferation.
      The rapid elimination of cysts by L-671,329 in animals with acute PCP also
      indicates that all cysts are turning over within 4 days since it is the
      development of new cysts which is prevented with this compound.

PMID- 1818148
TI  - Experimental infection in mice of Cryptosporidium muris isolated from a camel.
AB  - Cryptosporidium muris-like oocysts in 5 g of camel feces were concentrated by the
      Sheather sugar flotation method, saline-washed, pelleted and reconstituted to an
      approximate concentration of 2.5 million per ml. One- to 2-microliters inocula
      were given per os to 25 2- to 20-day-old mice, with 15 contact control litter
      mates. The 15- and 20- day inoculates had acid-fast-positive fecal smears by day
      12 after inoculation. Necropsies of mice inoculated at 2 and 5 days of age showed
      colonization only of gastric glands by day-12, and day-27, respectively. Control
      mice were negative. Identical methods using similar oocysts from cattle produced
      no evidence of transmission.

PMID- 1818149
TI  - Macrolide-antifol synergism in anti-Pneumocystis carinii therapeutics.
AB  - The synergistic activities of anti-Pneumocystis drugs were investigated.
      Macrolide antibiotics alone and in combination with sulfonamides were tested for
      their effects on P. carinii pneumonia in rats.

PMID- 1818150
TI  - Hemolytic properties of lytic peptides active against the sporozoites of
      Cryptosporidium parvum.
AB  - Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes mildto-severe
      diarrheal disease in animals and humans. There are currently no effective
      chemotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
      Recently, small, naturally occurring antimicrobial lytic peptides with anti
      protozoal activities have been described. In the present study, we compare the in
      vitro anti-cryptosporidial activities of synthetic lytic peptides and their
      corresponding hemolytic activities after a 30 min incubation at 37 degrees C.
      Sporozoite viability was assessed microscopically by the uptake of the vital dyes
      fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI). Hemolysis was assessed
      spectrophotometrically by the release of soluble hemoglobulin. The most active
      peptide, Hecate-1, reduced sporozoite viability by 85.5% with a corresponding
      hemolytic activity of 21.5% at a concentration of 10 microM.

PMID- 1818151
TI  - The effect of primaquine on the ultrastructural morphology of Pneumocystis
      carinii.
AB  - Ultrastructural examination of Pneumocystis grown on WI-38 human embryonic lung
      fibroblasts and treated with primaquine indicated progressive deterioration of
      cellular morphology. Thus, primaquine had a cidal effect on the organisms.

PMID- 1818152
TI  - Immunologic comparisons of Pneumocystis carinii strains obtained from rats,
      ferrets, and mice using convalescent sera from the same sources.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) infections were developed in animals immunosuppressed
      by dexamethasone treatment either from activation of latent infection (ferret) or
      trans-tracheal inoculation of Pc obtained from infected lungs of the homologous
      species (rat, mouse). Convalescent antisera were obtained by stopping
      dexamethasone treatment after 2-4 wk and allowing 5-8 wk for recovery. Parasites
      from infected lungs were purified by differential filtration, solubilized in
      loading buffer, subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and blotted to polyvinylidene fluoride sheets for Western
      analysis. Antisera from each animal species were reacted on Western blots of
      antigens from rat, ferret, and mouse. Each combination of antigen and antibody
      from the same species of animal showed reaction with 5 or more bands of Pc
      antigen. Convalescent mouse antibody did not react with rat or ferret antigens.
      Convalescent rat antibody reacted with a mouse antigen at about 66 kDa but not
      with ferret antigen, and convalescent ferret antibody showed minimal, probably
      non-specific reactions with both rat and mouse antigens. Variations in reactions
      indicate antigenic differences in Pc strains infecting these animals.

PMID- 1818153
TI  - Freeze-fracture studies of Cryptosporidium muris.
AB  - The attachment site of Cryptosporidium muris to host cells was investigated using
      the freeze-fracture method. Cryptosporidium muris was enveloped by a double
      membrane of host plasma membrane origin, which formed the parasitophorous
      vacuole. The outer membrane of the double membrane was continuous with the host
      plasma membrane at the dense band, while the inner membrane was connected with
      the anterior part of the parasite plasma membrane at the annular ring. The
      density of intramembranous particles (IMP) was dramatically altered at the above
      two junctures. The outer parasitophorous membrane showed low IMP-density as
      compared to the host plasma membrane, although both membranes were continuous.
      The inner parasitophorous membrane had few IMP, whereas the parasite plasma
      membrane showed numerous IMP. When the attachment sites of parasites and host
      cells were fractured, circular-shaped fractured faces were observed on both sites
      of the parasite and host cell. These exposed faces corresponded to the dense
      bands and were very similar in size in each parasite.

PMID- 1818154
TI  - New rapid method for the study of Pneumocystis carinii interaction with alveolar
      macrophages.
AB  - Understanding the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis carinii infection has been
      limited by the availability of methods for precisely measuring the interaction of
      P. carinii with host cells. Here we describe a new method which allows for the
      rapid assessment of P. carinii binding to, and internalization by, adherent
      alveolar macrophages. The method is based on the detection of fluorescein
      labelled P. carinii by an automated fluorescence measurement system.

PMID- 1818155
TI  - Host-parasite relationship in Pneumocystis carinii infection: activation of the
      plasmalemmal vesicular system in type I alveolar epithelial cells.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies of the attachment zone between Pneumocystis carinii (Pc)
      and type I alveolar epithelial cells showed a new aspect of the host-parasite
      relationship, i.e. an activation of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in the
      alveolar cells associated with Pc trophozoites in close apposition. This
      phenomenon may be involved in the nutrition of the trophozoite.

PMID- 1818156
TI  - Identification and purification of a soluble species of gp120 released by
      zymolyase treatment of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Purified zymolyase containing beta-glucanase activity releases a soluble species
      of the gp120 component of the high molecular weight surface antigen complex of
      rat- and human-derived Pneumocystis carinii. We have purified the soluble gp120
      from rat-derived P. carinii by concanavalin A-affinity- and hydrophobic
      interaction liquid chromatography. A single band was detected in this fraction by
      silver staining and immunoblotting. We have also partially purified a soluble
      form of the corresponding high molecular weight surface antigen from human
      derived P. carinii. Identification and purification of a nondenatured soluble
      species of gp120 will assist in the characterization of its interactions within
      the surface antigen complex and with host molecules.

PMID- 1818157
TI  - Characterization of anti-Cryptosporidium IgA antibodies in sera from
      immunocompetent individuals and HIV-infected patients.
AB  - Human antibody response to Cryptosporidium parvum has been previously shown as
      involving immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isotypes. The interest in anti
      cryptosporidial IgA antibody response has been recently stimulated by studies on
      the therapeutic effects of secretory IgA antibodies to Cryptosporidium in animal
      models and in patients. In the present study, isotypes of serum anti
      Cryptosporidium antibodies have been characterized in donors of the following
      categories: (a) healthy adults, (b) healthy children, (c) immunocompetent
      children with transient cryptosporidial diarrhea, (d) HIV-infected patients
      without clinical and parasitological evidence of Cryptosporidium infection and
      (e) AIDS patients with cryptosporidial diarrhea. Antibodies were detected using
      C. parvum oocysts purified by density gradient centrifugation from bovine faeces.
      The IgA antibodies were revealed using alpha-chain specific antibodies. Indirect
      immunofluorescence analysis with oocysts was used as control. Although high
      levels of serum antibodies of the IgA class were detected in some donors in the
      group of healthy adults, elevated values were consistently found in HIV-infected
      patients. Higher values were found in HIV patients with clinical
      cryptosporidiosis. The presence of a secretory component in serum IgA antibodies
      in these patients has been documented. Data indicate that IgA serum antibodies
      are produced as well as IgM and IgG antibodies upon contact with the parasite,
      and suggest that elevated IgA serum antibodies to Cryptosporidium are not
      associated with protection in HIV patients.

PMID- 1818158
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis in zoo and pet birds.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis is recognized as a primary disease in commercially raised
      chickens, turkeys, and bobwhite quail. Little is known about cryptosporidial
      infections in zoo and pet birds, although, infections of the small intestines,
      proventriculus, respiratory tract, and kidneys have been reported. In the present
      study, we reviewed cases of cryptosporidial infections in zoo and pet birds
      submitted to the State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, Alabama for
      necropsy or histopathologic examination. We identified infections in cockatiels,
      white-lored euphonias, bronze mannikin finches, and Australian diamond firetailed
      finches. Infections in the cockatiels occurred mostly in the small intestine, but
      parasites were also observed in the esophageal glands, air sacs, and
      proventriculus of some birds. Separate cases of small intestinal and
      proventricular infections were identified in the white-lored euphonias.
      Cryptosporidial parasites were found only in the proventriculus of the bronze
      mannikin finches and Australian diamond firetail finches. No cases of renal
      cryptosporidiosis were observed. Co-pathogens or other disease conditions were
      present in all birds. The Cryptosporidium species responsible for causing
      proventricular infection in zoo and pet birds may be different from C.
      meleagridis and C. baileyi.

PMID- 1818159
TI  - Detection of Cryptosporidium circulating antigens in human and calf sera.
AB  - Cryptosporidium-specific circulating antigens were detected in sera of
      experimentally infected calves and AIDS patients by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Antigenemia was detectable from 2 to a minimum of 22 days
      post-infection (d.p.i.) in calves whose feces were parasitologically positive
      from 2-10 d.p.i. Antigenemia was detected in AIDS patients showing no a sero
      conversion to immunoglobulin (Ig) M or to IgG. The detection of circulating
      antigens in humans allows early diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, even in
      immunosuppressed patients.

PMID- 1818160
TI  - Effect of hyperimmune bovine colostrum raised against Cryptosporidium parvum on
      infection of guinea pigs by Cryptosporidium wrairi.
AB  - Oocysts shedding was markedly reduced in guinea pigs inoculated intraintestinally
      with Cryptosporidium wrairi sporozoites that had been incubated with hyperimmune
      bovine colostrum raised to C. parvum when compared with shedding in guinea pigs
      inoculated with sporozoites incubated in either non-immune bovine colostrum or
      buffered saline. However oocyst shedding was apparently not reduced in guinea
      pigs inoculated by gavage with oocysts of C. wrairi and subsequently treated
      twice daily per os with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Similarly, oocyst shedding
      was apparently not reduced by oral treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum
      when treatment was begun simultaneously with inoculation of C. wrairi oocysts.

PMID- 1818161
TI  - Generalized immune response to Pneumocystis carinii infection in the lung.
AB  - We studied inflammatory cells retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from
      immunocompromised patients with or without Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).
      Twenty-four patients with PCP, and 20 patients without PCP underwent lavages of
      both an uninvolved lobe and the lobe involved in pulmonary infection. Patients
      without P. carinii, had a significant increase (p less than 0.02) in the
      percentages of neutrophils (22 +/- 7.1%, mean +/- SEM) and lymphocytes (16 +/-
      3.8%) in the involved lobe compared to those in the uninvolved area (neutrophils:
      9 +/- 4.8%; lymphocytes: 10 +/- 2.4%). Patients with PCP, had no differences
      between the % neutrophils or % lymphocytes in the involved vs. uninvolved lobes.
      Patients with PCP had more (p less than 0.01) P. carinii in the upper lobe (23 +/
      4.6 P. carinii clusters/500 cells) than the middle lobe (11 +/- 3.6). In PCP,
      despite regional infections, there was a diffuse inflammatory response.

PMID- 1818162
TI  - Production of a monoclonal antibody using lymphocytes from Pneumocystis infected
      mice.
AB  - A colony of BALB/c mice maintained in a protected area of our laboratory was not
      infected with Pneumocystis carinii. During corticosteroid treatment, animals
      became infected by exposure to infected mice. After four months of corticosteroid
      treatment, BALB/c mice developed severe pneumocystosis. Stopping of treatment was
      associated with: (i) high mortality of mice, (ii) decreased lung parasite level
      and (iii) appearance of anti-P. carinii antibodies in survivors. A monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) 4F2 was obtained by immortalisation of spleen lymphocytes of a
      female BALB/c mouse 3 months after the cessation of corticosteroid treatment. The
      MAb 4F2 recognized a 210-220 kDa mouse P. carinii antigen, but did not react with
      rat-, rabbit- or human-derived P. carinii. This MAb reacted with all stages of
      mouse P. carinii.

PMID- 1818163
TI  - Detection of human Pneumocystis carinii by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Oligonucleotide primers were prepared from a clone (B12) which has been shown to
      be a repetitive sequence in the rat P. carinii genome. Polymerase chain reaction
      was employed to amplify both rat and human P. carinii DNA. The detection limit of
      the assay was approximately 600 ng of total nucleic acid. Amplification products
      from both the rat and human isolates (ca. 780 bp) were characterized by
      denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis after digestion with Sau3A. No
      amplification products were obtained when DNA from the following potential
      pulmonary pathogens were used in identical reactions: Aspergillus fumigatus,
      Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and
      cytomegalovirus. In a blind study using the B12 primers, P. carinii DNA was
      successfully amplified in clinical samples which were positive by direct
      immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as well as in some specimens not identified by
      direct IFA.

PMID- 1818164
TI  - Detection and quantification of Pneumocystis carinii using a sandwich ELISA.
AB  - Antigenic sites on Pneumocystis carinii, the basis for organism enumeration by an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were adversely affected by incubation
      in detergents. However, stronger detergent concentrations were needed to
      eliminate high levels of non-specific background. Good P. carinii quantification
      was obtained with low non-specific background when the detergent was used only in
      the washing steps and not in cell suspension solutions. Formalin fixation of the
      cells resulted in good ELISA quantification of organism numbers with low non
      specific background. No adverse effects were observed using a detergent on fixed
      cells. Although the system's range of accuracy needs to be expanded, a reduction
      in the number of organisms in response to the effects of pentamidine in vitro
      could be demonstrated by ELISA.

PMID- 1818165
TI  - Value of an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii in
      Bronchoalveolar lavage.
AB  - An indirect immunofluorescence monoclonal antibody assay was found to have higher
      sensitivity than usual stains for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii,
      particularly in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in which there are only a few
      parasites, as in HIV-patients or in HIV+ patients with prophylaxis or treatment.
      For patients without any therapy, when different stains give conflicting results,
      decisions on therapeutic approaches to be used should consider the patient's
      clinical and biological status. Prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the
      predictive value of low parasitism in asymptomatic immunosuppressed patients.

PMID- 1818166
TI  - Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA by polymerase chain reaction compared to
      direct microscopy and immunofluorescence.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using published primers and probes has been
      compared to conventional stains and immunofluorescence for diagnosis of
      Pneumocystis carinii. We have screened 71 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids
      from HIV-immunosuppressed patients. Of 34 samples negative by conventional stains
      and immunofluorescence, only one was positive by PCR. Thirty of 35 samples
      positive by conventional stains and immunofluorescence were also positive by PCR.
      One BAL sample, negative by conventional stains but positive by
      immunofluorescence, was negative by PCR. These data are discussed in relation to
      clinical and therapeutic conditions of the patients.

PMID- 1818167
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii: from Bristol to Bozeman.

PMID- 1818168
TI  - Characterization of a Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite glycoprotein.
AB  - Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against Cryptosporidium oocysts or
      sporozoites were developed to identify and characterize sporozoite pellicle and
      apical complex antigens. A very large glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium sporozoites
      was identified by three monoclonal antibodies that also reacted with
      intracellular merozoites. The glycoprotein was also identified by polyclonal
      antibodies that were affinity-purified on nitrocellulose-bound recombinant
      proteins expressed by four lambda gtll genomic clones.

PMID- 1818169
TI  - Exploitation of a 650 bp probe for quantification of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Signals obtained from serial dilutions of rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii DNA
      were used to assess the sensitivity of a 650-bp DNA probe which recognises both
      cystic and non-cystic forms. Enhanced chemiluminescence was selected as a non
      radioactive detection method and signals could be semi-quantitated by scanning
      densitometry. This technique was used to examine the inhibitory effect of
      pentamidine in vitro indicating that DNA probes might be useful tools in the
      search for a novel therapeutic agent.

PMID- 1818170
TI  - Cryptosporidium merozoite isolation and purification using differential
      centrifugation techniques.
AB  - Simple modifications to a recently published merozoite purification procedure
      (Bjorneby et al., J. Immunol. 145:298, 1990) increased yields 3- to 5-fold.
      Calves were infected with 2.5 x 10(8) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and
      sacrificed 65 h post-infection. The ilium and caecum were removed. The tissue was
      sieved through a large strainer (2 mm2) to produce a homogeneous suspension. Red
      blood cells were removed by differential centrifugation (600 g); merozoites
      remained in the supernatant. The merozoites were pelleted (2,100 g) and washed in
      modified Hank's balanced salt solution deficient in Mg+2 and Ca+2. Percoll
      purification (density 1.070 g/ml and centrifugation speed of 22,000 g for 30 min)
      yielded 8 x 10(8) merozoites. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies (MAb) detected by
      either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or an immunofluorescence assay, have
      been generated against the merozoite stage. Gels of proteins separated by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver-stained showed that
      sporozoites and merozoites have many common lower molecular weight proteins.
      Western blots of sporozoite and merozoite antigens reacted with anti-sporozoite
      MAb showed several cross-reacting antigens shared by these life-cycle stages.

PMID- 1818171
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on the attachment of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites grow in vivo in close contact with host cells.
      The attachment of Pneumocystis to the lung cells seems to be a critical step in
      the parasite's development. Up to now, the contact of Pneumocystis with mammalian
      tissue culture cells was shown using light and scanning electron microscopy. The
      methods are not sufficient to observed in detail the parasite-feeder cell area of
      contact. In this work, the attachment of Pneumocystis trophozoites to feeder
      cells was examined in serial sections using transmission electron microscopy.
      When the contact of a trophozoite with a feeder cell took place, the development
      of filopodia penetrating deeply into invaginations of the feeder cell plasma
      membrane was observed. Then, the apical tips of filopodia become bulged anchoring
      the parasite to the feeder cell. The behaviour of Pneumocystis in feeder cell
      cultures is compared to that of the parasite in other in vitro or in vivo
      experimental models.

PMID- 1818172
TI  - Videomicroscopic recording of Pneumocystis carinii motion.
AB  - Videomicroscopy in combination with differential-contrast optics was used to
      study fresh preparations of Pneumocystis carinii from immunosuppressed rats.
      Certain spherical intracystic bodies appeared to move freely within the cyst
      wall. Flexing type movement was observed in intracystic ellipsoidal forms
      attached at a common point in the inner margin of the cyst wall. Greater movement
      was seen in non-attached thinner elongated forms. Possible extracellular trophic
      forms and movement were also identified. The movement of the morphological forms
      of P. carinii has been recorded in real time onto videotape. These initial
      observations suggest P. carinii is capable of movement and additional studies are
      under way to substantiate this possibility.

PMID- 1818173
TI  - An ELISA method for quantitation of Pneumocystis carinii in culture and lung.
AB  - Numbers of Pneumocystis carinii in cultures or tissues traditionally have been
      determined by counting organisms on Giemsa-stained slides. For cultures, 10
      microliters of culture supernatants have been sampled and counted on days 1, 3, 5
      and 7. Infectivity scores of P. carinii-infected animal lung have been determined
      by three examiners scoring lung impression smears stained with Giemsa using a
      roughly logarithmic scale. Both counting procedures are tedious and time
      consuming. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system
      which uses culture supernatants (in vitro) or homogenized animal lung (in vivo)
      as antigen, convalescent rat sera as primary antibody, and goat anti-rat alkaline
      phosphatase-conjugated immunoglobulin G as secondary antibody. The ELISA method
      shows good correlation with manual counts of Giemsa stains and allows a more
      rapid, more efficient method for quantitating P. carinii in both culture and
      infected lung.

PMID- 1818174
TI  - Culture and filtration methods for obtaining Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites
      and cysts.
AB  - Two methods for acquisition of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) trophozoites and cysts
      are reported. One method, the isolation of Pc from infected rat lung, provides
      large numbers of trophozoites and cysts but retains rat proteins. Ground lung is
      filtered through a series of Nucleopore filters from 10 to 3 microns; 1 g of rat
      lung yields an average of 1.1 x 10(9) Pc trophozoites and 1 x 10(7) cysts. The
      second method, propagation of Pc in culture with human embryonic lung cells on
      microcarrier beads, provides Pc trophozoites which are relatively free of host
      lung material. Cultured organisms may be filtered to remove rare culture
      monolayer cells. Organisms harvested from filtered lung are free from intact host
      cells and cell nuclei, however, host cell proteins and host DNA remain. Organisms
      from culture have minimal host contamination.

PMID- 1818175
TI  - Corneal microsporidioses: characterization and identification.
AB  - Two ocular infectious disorders attributed to Microsporidia have been observed.
      They differ in that one infection involves the corneal stroma leading to corneal
      ulceration and suppurative keratitis whereas the other infection involves the
      conjunctival and corneal epithelium. The corneal stromal infection is caused by a
      binucleated oval spore that is Nosema-like in character. The conjunctival and
      corneal epithelial infection occurs in HIV-sero-positive individuals and is
      caused by a spore containing a single nucleus that is a member of the genus
      Encephalitozoon. Characteristics of these genera and the above-mentioned
      infections are presented.

PMID- 1818176
TI  - Study on placental transmission of Pneumocystis carinii in mice using
      immunodeficient SCID mice as a new animal model.
AB  - Placental transmission of Pneumocystis carinii in mice was examined in 39 animals
      obtained by caesarean section from 17 pregnant SCID females experimentally
      infected with P. carinii. When examined with toluidine blue O, DAPI and
      immunofluorescent antibody stains, P. carinii was detected in the lungs of
      infected mothers but not in the lungs of caesarean section-derived neonates even
      after the neonates were treated with dexamethasone for 8 weeks. However, 13
      neonates born to five infected females developed P. carinii pneumonia. These
      results indicate that P. carinii cannot be transmitted transplacentally in mice.

PMID- 1818177
TI  - Specific T-cell response to a Pneumocystis carinii surface glycoprotein (gp120).
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii gp120 can elicit a specific T-cell proliferative response in
      mice after immunization with a gp120 preparation or with a crude P. carinii
      homogenate. It can also elicit a proliferative response from SCID mice after
      recovery from natural infection with P. carinii, implicating this glycoprotein as
      an important antigen in the host's response to P. carinii infection.

PMID- 1818178
TI  - Open-label efficacy and safety trial of 42 days of 566C80 for Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality
      in AIDS patients. Current therapies have a high rate of toxicity and failure.
      Compound 566C80 is a 1-4,hydroxynaphthoquinone with potent antiprotozoal activity
      which shows good efficacy and safety in 21-day treatment trials of P. carinii
      pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients. Because there is a generally high recurrence
      rate after treatment of PCP and there may be a possible advantage in decreasing
      the P. carinii burden in the lung with extended anti-Pneumocystis therapy, we
      performed an open label-trial of the safety and efficacy of 42-day therapy with
      566C80 for PCP in AIDS patients. Ten patients were enrolled and one was lost to
      follow-up. Eight of the remaining nine patients successfully completed 42 days of
      therapy with minimal toxicity. This trial suggests that 566C80 for 42 days can be
      an effective, safe, and well-tolerated oral therapy for PCP in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1818179
TI  - Effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and sulfadoxine-primethamine against
      fatal pneumocystosis in SCID mice.
AB  - The effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (S-T) and sulfadoxine-primethamine (S
      P) against Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) were examined in severe combined
      immunodeficiency (SCID) mice which are known to be susceptible to Pc. These
      animals develop fatal pneumocystosis without treatment with any
      immunosuppressant. The results suggested that S-T and S-P were effective against
      both trophic and cystic forms of Pc in SCID mice.

PMID- 1818180
TI  - Suppressive effect of deferoxamine on the growth of Pneumocystis carinii in
      vitro.
AB  - The effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine on the growth of rat-derived
      Pneumocystis carinii in culture with human embryonic lung fibroblasts were
      studied. Growth inhibition was calculated by comparison of trophozoite numbers in
      replicate samples of supernatant of treated and untreated samples. Deferoxamine,
      in concentrations safely achievable in humans (5-15 micrograms/ml, corresponding
      to 7.6-22.8 microM), reproducibly suppressed P. carinii growth in a dose
      dependent manner. The suppressive effect was reversed by prior iron saturation of
      the deferoxamine. Since the utility of current therapeutic agents for P. carinii
      disease is limited by toxicity and incomplete efficacy, the role of iron
      chelation as an adjunct to anti-Pneumocystis chemotherapy merits further
      investigation.

PMID- 1818181
TI  - In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow
      colostrum is highly inhibitory.
AB  - An in vitro model of Cryptosporidium parvum infection was developed utilizing an
      adherent human intestinal epithelial cell line HT29.74. The efficacy of potential
      immunologic therapy in the form of Cryptosporidium-specific hyperimmune bovine
      colostrum was evaluated for the ability to inhibit in vitro infection. Oocysts
      were purified from stool of chronically infected AIDS patients. Hyperimmune
      colostrum obtained from cows immunized with Cryptosporidium and nonimmune
      conventional colostrum were evaluated. oocysts (10(5)-10(6)) were pre-incubated
      with either hyperimmune colostrum, conventional colostrum, or saline as control,
      for 15 min at room temperature than applied to a 70% confluent monolayer of
      HT29.74 cells. Cryptosporidium schizonts were identified and counted per 1,000
      HT29.74 cells under oil immersion after 24 h. In the presence of hyperimmune
      colostrum, parasite infection was inhibited by 82% (p less than 0.001), and the
      presence of conventional colostrum, infection was inhibited by 67% (p less than
      0.001). Treatment with the soluble fraction of hyperimmune colostrum resulted in
      69% inhibition (p less than 0.001) compared to the soluble fraction of
      conventional colostrum which resulted in only 17% inhibition (p = NS). In vitro
      Cryptosporidium parvum infection of the differentiated human enterocyte cell line
      HT29.74 is a viable method for screening immunologic therapies. Hyperimmune
      bovine colostrum was highly inhibitory of Cryptosporidium infection in vitro and
      its soluble fraction remained significantly inhibitory while the soluble fraction
      of conventional colostrum did not.

PMID- 1818182
TI  - The role of breast milk in protecting urban Peruvian children against
      cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that breast milk of nursing mothers may afford children
      protection against cryptosporidiosis, a prospective cohort study was carried out
      in the young peoples' community of San Juan de Miraflores near Lima, Peru.
      Mothers and newborn children were sorted into cohort groups based on the mothers'
      breast milk antibody response to Cryptosporidium sporozoites using an antibody
      capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect parasite-specific
      immunoglobulin A. Children were monitored for Cryptosporidium infection using an
      indirect immunofluorescence assay. Of 211 mothers enrolled in the study, 39
      (18.5%) had high breast milk antibody titers, 107 (50.7%) had medium titers, and
      65 (30.8%) had low titers. Sixty-one episodes of Cryptosporidium infection were
      detected in 50 children of these mothers. Eleven (22%) had mothers in the high
      antibody titer group, 20 (40%) had mothers in the medium titer group, and 19
      (38%) had mothers in the low titer group. The prevalence of infection within
      children of each group was 0.17, 0.19 and 0.38 respectively. There was no
      significant difference in the prevalence or duration of infection among children
      of the different groups. The data does not support the notion that there is
      protection from Cryptosporidium infection afforded children whose mothers have
      demonstrable breast milk antibodies against the parasite.

PMID- 1818183
TI  - Anti-cryptosporidial drug activity screened with an immunosuppressed rat model.
AB  - Cryptosporidium parvum, a coccidian parasite can cause mild or severe self
      limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent humans, but chronic and life-threatening in
      immunocompromised individuals. An immunosuppressed rat model with persistent
      cryptosporidiosis was used to investigate the anti-cryptosporidial activity of
      drugs. Using curative procedures, no activity was found with 6 antibiotics
      assayed, including spiramycin (31-100%). Mepacrine at a dose of 100 mg/kg had
      mild activity (19%), while lasalocid (10 mg/kg) and sulfadimethoxine (60 mg/kg)
      exhibited a 0.1% and 13%, activity respectively. This experimental immuno
      suppressed rat model appears suitable for screening candidate drugs either for
      preventive or curative treatment of cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 1818184
TI  - Cytokine- and Pneumocystis carinii- induced L-arginine oxidation by murine and
      human pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide plus interferon gamma stimulated the L-arginine-.NO pathway of
      murine, but not human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Pneumocystis carinii
      induced .NO production by both murine and human pulmonary alveolar macrophages
      suggesting that the parasite stimulates L-arginine oxidation in these cells. The
      potential anti-Pneumocystis activity of .NO warrants further study.

PMID- 1818185
TI  - A technique for typing Cryptosporidium isolates.
AB  - Antigens extracted from Cryptosporidium oocysts, which had been purified from
      faeces or chick egg culture, were electrophoresed in sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels, and blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. A Cryptosporidium
      genus-specific monoclonal antibody MAb-C1 bound to multiple bands using several
      detection techniques, and these corresponded to bands detected using immune
      rabbit antisera. Using a detection system with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
      labelled MAb-C1 and alkaline phosphatase-labelled anti-FITC, bands were detected
      between 50 and 300 kDa. Blots were examined directly and by using a laser
      scanner. The system was shown to be specific for Cryptosporidium spp., giving no
      staining with a variety of other pathogens, and with negative samples. The oocyst
      antigen which bound MAb-C1 was stable, and banding patterns were not
      significantly affected by pretreatment of oocysts with proteinase K, trypsin,
      formalin, or sodium hypochlorite, methods commonly used during preparation and
      storage of C. parvum oocysts. However, banding was reduced with potassium
      dichromate. Of 76 samples containing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 53 showed one or
      more MAb-C1 staining bands. Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. parvum could be
      clearly differentiated by their banding patterns, indicating that the system will
      distinguish between species. Some isolates, including a single isolate of C.
      muris, produced weak bands which made interpretation difficult. The technique
      showed differences between isolates of C. parvum, with two different banding
      types found in human isolates, and other banding types seen in calf and lamb
      isolates. This method provides a useful way of characterising isolates which may
      be new species.

PMID- 1818186
TI  - Detection of Pneumocystis carinii in serum of AIDS patients with Pneumocystis
      pneumonia by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Amplification of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers a highly
      sensitive and specific method for detecting DNA sequences in biological samples.
      We applied this technology to develop an assay for the P. carinii dihydrofolate
      reductase (DHFR) gene. This assay was found to be sensitive enough to detect as
      little as 1 organism-'equivalent' of DHFR DNA. In rats with experimentally
      induced P. carinii pneumonia, DHFR DNA amplification demonstrated the presence of
      pulmonary P. carinii 2 wk prior to the onset of histopathological changes. When
      rat serum was analyzed by PCR, serum P. carinii DNA was found in 5 of 14
      experimental rats. Finally, P. carinii DNA was detected in the serum of 7 of 18
      patients (39%) with AIDS and active P. carinii pneumonia. These results suggest
      that circulating serum P. carinii DNA can be detected frequently in the course of
      pulmonary infection and may represent a blood-borne phase of infection. The PCR
      detection of P. carinii DNA provides a useful tool to study the natural history
      of P. carinii infection and may offer a non-invasive diagnostic procedure in some
      patients with P. carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 1818187
TI  - Binding of 125I-labelled tumor necrosis factor to Pneumocystis carinii and an
      insoluble cell wall fraction.
AB  - We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) causes loss
      of viability of Pneumocystis carinii. In this study, we demonstrate that TNF
      alpha irreversibly binds to P. carinii in vitro. The avidity of binding is orders
      of magnitude greater than that by which it binds to a known sensitive target,
      L929 cells. A detergent-insoluble fraction of P. carinii, which consists
      primarily of cyst walls, bound ten times more TNF-alpha per microgram protein as
      did whole P. carinii.

PMID- 1818188
TI  - Role of the zymolyase-sensitive cyst wall of Pneumocystis carinii in the
      oxidative burst of macrophages.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages are thought to participate in clearing Pneumocystis carinii
      (Pc) from the lungs. We have recently demonstrated that Pc cysts and trophozoites
      induce an oxidative burst in a cell line of rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383). In
      order to investigate the mechanism of this response, we examined the effect that
      disruption of the Pc cyst wall with zymolyase had on the cyst's ability to elicit
      H2O2 from NR8383 macrophages and correlated these results with the electron
      microscopic appearance of the cyst wall.

PMID- 1818189
TI  - In vitro aggregation of macrophages around human-derived Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Interaction between human monocyte-derived macrophages with human Pneumocystis
      carinii was examined in this study. Macrophages formed aggregates around P.
      carinii in the presence of heat-inactivated, but not native serum. This
      interaction is distinct from phagocytosis and appears to be analogous to
      granuloma formation.

PMID- 1818190
TI  - The effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on the attachment of
      Pneumocystis carinii to lung cell lines in vitro.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii cells labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate were co
      cultured with tissue culture cells. Measurements of attachment was determined by
      the tissue culture cell fluorescence after washing out the P. carinii organisms.
      The effects of the extracellular matrix proteins, laminin and fibronectin, on the
      binding of P. carinii onto the monolayer of cultured cells were investigated for
      better understanding of organism-cell interactions. The internalization of P.
      carinii by MRC5 cells was observed.

PMID- 1818191
TI  - Production and preparation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for passive
      immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - Pregnant cows were immunized to produce hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) by
      intramuscular injection or intramammary infusion (TI) followed by 3 successive TI
      boosters with Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) oocyst antigen mixed with Freund's (F)
      or Ribi (R) adjuvant. Control cows received no Cp. Colostrum from all cows was
      skimmed of butterfat and tested for specific anti-Cp immunoglobulin isotypes by
      ELISA. The HBC from Cp-F and Cp-R immunized cows had IgG1 titers exceeding
      1:400,000 and 1:800,000, respectively. Some HBC from Cp-F immunized cows was
      freeze-dried to facilitate storage and some were irradiated at 42.5 kGy to kill
      potentially contaminating pathogens. Freeze-drying, but not irradiation, reduced
      IgG1 titers by only one dilution. Neither treatment affected Western blot banding
      patterns.

PMID- 1818192
TI  - Antigenic variation of a major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - The mannosylated surface glycoprotein (gp) of Pneumocystis carinii has one known
      conserved epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody 85-1-5E12. The gp
      exhibits host species-specific antigenic variation, exhibits host species
      specific collagenase sensitivity, and varies in size depending on the host of
      origin and the method of preparation. These data support the existence of host
      species-specific serotypes of P. carinii.

PMID- 1818193
TI  - Hyperimmune hens as a novel source of anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies suitable
      for passive immune transfer.
AB  - Leghorn hens were subcutaneously immunized with 25 micrograms of Cryptosporidium
      parvum oocyst emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. A booster dose was
      injected 5 weeks later. Anti-Cryptosporidium activities of yolks and sera
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrated high
      levels in both sera and egg yolks which persisted for at least 17 wk.
      Preparations from yolks with high, medium and low anti-Cryptosporidium ELISA
      activities were used in a neonatal mouse model to assess their biological
      activities. A significant parasite reduction (P less than or equal to 0.001) was
      found between the high and all other groups. Hyperimmune eggs could be used as a
      source for passive immunity in cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 1818194
TI  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity response in mice to Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Resistance to Pneumocystis carinii infection appears to be mediated by T
      lymphocytes but the mechanism and subsets of T cells involved are poorly
      understood. We used the BALB/c mouse model to study the delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) response to rat P. carinii. Mice were sensitized to P.
      carinii for seven days and then challenged with P. carinii antigens in the right
      rear footpads and normal rat lung antigens in the left rear footpads. A typical
      DTH response was observed in the right footpads as evidenced by significant
      swelling and substantial mononuclear cell infiltration at 24-h post-challenge.
      The DTH response could be transferred to naive syngeneic mice by adoptively
      transferring spleen cells from P. carinii-sensitized mice. In addition, by using
      anti-thy-1, anti-mouse Ig, anti-L3T4 and anti-Lyt-2.2 monoclonal antibodies in in
      vitro cytolysis experiments, we were able to demonstrate that the DTH response
      was dependent upon T lymphocytes. The response appeared to require cooperation
      between both L3T4+ and Lyt 2+ subsets of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 1818195
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of ferret Pneumocystis carinii gp120.

PMID- 1818196
TI  - Identification and isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum genes encoding microtubule
      and microfilament proteins.
AB  - Microtubules and microfilaments are highly conserved cytoskeletal polymers
      hypothesized to play essential biomechanical roles in the unusual gliding
      motility of Apicomplexan zoites and in their invasion of, and development within,
      host epithelial cells. We have identified and isolated Cryptosporidium parvum
      genes encoding the microtubule proteins alpha- and beta-tubulin and the
      microfilament protein actin by screening a lambda gt11 C. parvum genomic DNA
      library with degenerate oligonucleotide and heterologous cDNA hybridization
      probes respectively. The alpha- and beta-tubulin genes have been partially
      sequenced and the deduced peptide sequences show greatest homology with the
      tubulins of the related parasites, T. gondii and P. falciparum. The complete
      nucleic acid sequence of the actin gene predicts a 376 amino acid, 42 kDa protein
      having 85% sequence identity with the P. falciparum actin I and the human gamma
      actin proteins. Each of these cytoskeletal protein genes was demonstrated to be
      of cryptosporidial origin by Southern analyses of C. parvum chromosomes
      fractionated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis; the cloned alpha- and beta
      tubulin genes hybridized with chromosomes of ca. 1,200 and 1,500 kb respectively
      and the cloned actin gene also hybridized with a 1,200 kb chromosome.

PMID- 1818197
TI  - Biochemical and cytological evidence for an overabundance of mucocysts in the bcd
      pattern mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila.
AB  - Three acidic proteins (42 kD, 43 kD and 50 kD) were present in unusually high
      concentrations in cortical preparations of the Tetrahymena pattern mutant
      broadened cortical domains (bcd). Antisera to the 42-kD and 50-kD proteins bound
      to discharging mucocysts and food vacuole contents in both wild-type and mutant
      cells. Subsequent analysis revealed that bcd mutant cell pellicles possess five
      times more "docked" mucocysts than their wild-type counterparts.

PMID- 1818198
TI  - A soluble fumarate reductase in Trypanosoma brucei procyclic trypomastigotes.
AB  - The enzyme NADH-fumarate reductase associated with the membrane fraction of
      Trypanosoma brucei procyclic trypomastigotes, can be solubilized by more than 50%
      when increasing the ionic strength to the equivalent of 150 mM KCl. The apparent
      KMs for NADH (125 microM) and fumarate (50 microM) remain close to those
      previously reported for the membrane-bound form of this enzyme. Other electron
      acceptors (i.e. oxygen or cytochrome c) appear to accept electrons in the absence
      of fumarate (KM for cytochrome c = 50 microM). The drug L-092,201 (Merck, Sharp
      and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ), an inhibitor of the membrane-bound
      fumarate reductase, also blocked the solubilized enzyme. Given the relatively
      high ionic strength of the intracellular environment we propose that, in vivo,
      the enzyme fumarate reductase is in the mitochondrial matrix or in the soluble
      fraction of another intracellular compartment.

PMID- 1818199
TI  - Amplification of a Cryptosporidium parvum gene fragment encoding thymidylate
      synthase.
AB  - Currently, there is no effective therapy for cryptosporidiosis and it is unclear
      why antifolate drugs which are effective treatments for infections caused by
      closely related parasites are not also effective against Cryptosporidium parvum.
      In protozoa, the target of these drugs, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), exists as
      a bifunctional enzyme also manifesting thymidylate synthase (TS) activity and is
      encoded by a fused DHFR-TS gene. In order to prepare a probe to isolate the C.
      parvum DHFR-TS gene we have used degenerate oligonucleotides whose sequences are
      based on strongly conserved regions of TS protein sequence to prime the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with C. parvum DNA. The PCR amplified a 375-bp
      DNA fragment which was cloned and sequenced; the deduced amino acid sequence had
      significant identity with known TS sequences, including strict conservation of
      all phylogenetically invariant TS amino acid residues. The cloned PCR fragment
      was used as a probe to isolate a number of overlapping clones from a C. parvum
      genomic library which were definitively shown to be of cryptosporidial origin by
      genomic Southern and molecular karyotype analyses. The deduced protein sequence
      of C. parvum TS was most similar to the bifunctional TS enzymes of Plasmodium
      chabaudi and Plasmodium falciparum.

PMID- 1818200
TI  - The response of contractile and non-contractile vacuoles of Paramecium calkinsi
      to widely varying salinities.
AB  - Paramecium calkinsi from tidal marshes survive a wide salinity range. Fluid
      output of contractile vacuoles of these cells decreased as salinity of the medium
      to which they were acclimated increased, and both pulse rate and vacuole volume
      were used to regulate output. When cells were first exposed to more dilute
      medium, contractile vacuoles greatly increased volume so that fluid output
      increased even though pulse rate decreased. In cells shifted to a more
      concentrated medium, contractile vacuole output decreased by decreasing pulse
      rate. The contractile vacuole is surrounded by a set of collecting structures
      which change form as the salinity changes. Distensible ampullae are found in
      media of low salinity and collecting canals are found in media of high salinity.
      When cells are shifted from high salinity to low, the number of ampullae
      increases and the number of canals decreases. When cells are shifted from low
      salinity to high, the number of ampullae decreases and the number of canals
      decreases. Other non-contracting vacuoles also appear in response to a
      hypoosmotic shock. These include vacuoles within the cell as well as "blisters"
      on the surface. The number and frequency of blisters increases with the size of
      the hypoosmotic shock. They detach from cells without resulting in any visible
      loss of cytoplasm. Non-contractile vacuoles may play a role in sequestering and
      removing excess water that the contractile vacuoles cannot handle.

PMID- 1818201
TI  - Splenomegaly and reticulocytosis caused by Babesia microti infections in natural
      populations of the montane vole, Microtus montanus.
AB  - A survey for Babesia microti in rodents was conducted at six sites within Grand
      Teton National Park, Wyoming. Blood and spleen smears, hematocrits, and
      reticulocyte counts were made on all of the animals to evaluate parameters for
      the diagnosis of babesiosis. Ticks were removed for identification. Of 257
      Microtus montanus, 103 were infected with B. microti. In addition, five of 12
      Microtus pennsylvanicus and one of three Arvicola richardsoni were parasitized by
      B. microti. Peromyscus maniculatus (n = 40) were not infected. Concurrent
      infections by Hepatozoon sp., Trypanosoma sp., and the bacterium, Grahamella sp.,
      were noted in blood smears from a number of M. montanus. Splenomegaly and
      reticulocytosis were significant parameters associated with babesiosis while
      decreased hematocrit was not. Ticks removed from the voles were identified as
      Ixodes eastoni and were the probable vectors of the B. microti.

PMID- 1818202
TI  - Isospora mcquistioni and Isospora bioccai (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae): two new
      coccidian parasites from Carduelis sinica (Passeriformes, Fringillidae).
AB  - The following two species are described from Carduelis sinica (Greenfinch) from
      Italy. The oocysts of Isospora mcquistioni n. sp. were 26.0 x 22.6 (24.0-28.5 x
      20.0-24.2) microns and ovoid with a smooth bilayered wall. Neither micropyle nor
      oocyst residuum were observed. One polar granule was found. Sporocysts were oval,
      18.1 x 11.4 (16.0-19.8 x 11.0-12.0) microns, and with a symmetrical Stieda
      complex. The residuum was compact and spherical. Isospora bioccai n. sp. oocysts
      were spherical to subspherical and 24.0 x 23.6 (22.0-26.0 x 21.0-25.8) microns.
      The oocyst wall was smooth and bilayered. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were
      absent; 4 to 10 elongate polar granules were present. Sporocysts were 19.5 x 11.6
      (18.0-20.0 x 10.0-12.4) microns, ellipsoidal, and with a symmetrical Stieda
      complex. The sporocyst residuum was diffuse and composed of a few granules.

PMID- 1818203
TI  - Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase in the three developmental forms
      of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - We used ultrastructural cytochemistry to localize adenylate cyclase activity in
      the three evolutive forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. We detected the enzyme by using
      adenylimidodiphosphate as substrate, prostaglandin E1 as enzyme stimulator,
      theophylline as inhibitor of adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, and
      either cerium chloride or lead nitrate as capture agent. Deposition of
      imidodiphosphate was stronger in trypomastigotes than in amastigotes and
      epimastigotes. Differences in the reaction product levels between the
      nonproliferative form and both proliferative ones are in accordance with our
      previous work that showed the involvement of adenylate cyclase on the control of
      T. cruzi's cycle.

PMID- 1818204
TI  - Cryptosporidial infections in SCID mice reconstituted with human or murine
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were experimentally infected with
      Cryptosporidium parvum. Adoptive transfer of BALB/c thymocytes, spleen and bone
      marrow cells resulted in functional immunologic reconstitution followed by
      complete eradication of the cryptosporidial infection. Additional SCID mice were
      injected with human blood peripheral blood lymphocytes and were subsequently
      infected with C. parvum. The latter mice (SCID-hu-PBL) were at least partially
      reconstituted with human lymphoid tissues, as evidenced by flow cytometric
      identification of human cell populations in the SCID mouse spleens and the
      response of these cells to the T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin. The SCID-hu-PBL
      mice did not resolve the cryptosporidial infections, although a transient
      reduction in parasitemia was noted 4-6 wk post-reconstitution.

PMID- 1818205
TI  - Yeast glucan of Pneumocystis carinii cyst wall: an excellent target for
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Pneumocystis pneumonia is the most serious opportunistic infection in
      immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. Approved therapy is
      limited to pentamidine and inhibitors of folic acid synthesis, but these drugs
      show a high rate of adverse reactions in AIDS patients emphasizing the urgent
      need for additional effective therapies. Progress has, however, been hindered by
      lack of knowledge about this parasite's cellular characteristics. Previously we
      reported that beta (1,3)glucan is a major component of the Pneumocystis carinii
      cyst wall. This study shows that administration of aculeacin A, an inhibitor of
      beta (1,3)glucan biosynthesis, affects cyst wall formation, inhibits cyst
      maturation, and prevents severe pneumonia in steroid-treated rats. Thus this
      study not only demonstrates that beta (1,3)glucan is indispensable for growth of
      the parasite in rats, but suggests a new therapeutic strategy for human
      pneumocystosis.

PMID- 1818206
TI  - Action of exogenous potassium and calcium ions on in vitro metacyclogenesis in
      Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - The cations Ca2+ and K+ and the anions Cl-, HCO3-, and PO4- were studied for
      their contribution to metacyclic trypomastigote formation of Trypanosoma cruzi in
      starvation media consisting of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 10 mM proline +
      10 mM sodium acetate as well as one of the following salts: 0.035% NaHCO3
      (PBSNPA), 0.035% K2CO3 (PBSKPA) or 0.035% K2HPO4 (PBSPPA). Isolates CL and DM28c
      were activated to transform with 5% CO2 and the percent metacyclogenesis
      determined after incubation for 96 h in PBS starvation media. Maximal
      metacyclogenesis was found with CaCl2 and KCl. In the presence of K+, the percent
      transformation was highest with the phosphate salt, followed by the carbonate and
      the chloride salts. Cells incubated in PBSNPA and the cationic ionophores A23187
      (5 x 10(-6) M), lasalocid (5 x 10(-6) M), and valinomycin (10(-8) M) do not
      survive; addition of 2 mM CaCl2 or 17 mM KCl to DM28c cells, reversed the lethal
      action of the ionophores permitting differentiation into metacyclic forms. The
      addition of CaCl2 to CL cells incubated in ionophores abrogated the lethal effect
      of the ionophores but transformation was significantly different than in control
      preparations. Adding KCl to ionophore incubated cells resulted in normal levels
      of transformation except in the case of valinomycin. DM28c and CL cells incubated
      in PBSKPA show significantly greater metacyclogenesis in the presence of 5 mM
      EGTA. These results indicate that exogenous concentrations of several cations and
      anions significantly influence T. cruzi metacyclogenesis and that the degree of
      response by the parasite to free ion levels may be strain dependent.

PMID- 1818208
TI  - Characterization of the beta-tubulin gene of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - To examine the potential of antimicrotubule drugs for treating Pneumocystis
      carinii infections, and to learn more about this unusual organism on a molecular
      level, we are studying its tubulin genes. A 0.3 kbp fragment of the P. carinii
      beta-tubulin gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence
      analysis of this DNA revealed that P. carinii beta-tubulin is most closely
      related to those of the fungal molds. Consistent with these results, P. carinii
      growth in vitro was sensitive to the antifungal benzimidazoles benomyl and
      carbendazim.

PMID- 1818207
TI  - A potential mucus precursor in Tetrahymena wild type and mutant cells.
AB  - By using an antibody to a specific mucus polypeptide (34 kDa) to study whole cell
      extracts of both a secretory mutant (SB281) and wild type (wt) Tetrahymena, we
      demonstrate that a 57-kDa polypeptide is a probable precursor to the 34-kDa
      secretory polypeptide. We postulate that the precursor accumulates in the mutant
      cells because it cannot be cleaved. This mutant contains no recognizable mature
      secretory granules (mucocysts). By immunoelectron microscopy, the 34-kDa
      polypeptide was localized in wt cells specifically to the mature mucocysts and to
      their released products. Localization in mutant cells occurred in two different
      types of cytoplasmic vesicles: small electron dense vesicles (0.3-0.5 microns in
      diameter) and large electron lucent vacuoles (1.2-3.5 microns in diameter).
      Immunoblot analyses of homogenates of mutant and wt cells with the anti-34-kDa
      serum revealed a dominant band in the mutant at Mr 57 kDa whereas the wt showed a
      dominant band only at Mr 34 kDa. Furthermore, the 57-kDa polypeptide is
      immunoprecipitated with anti-34-kDa serum from the mutant cell. Further evidence
      for a precursor relation of the 57-kDa polypeptide in mutant cells to the 34-kDa
      mucus polypeptide of wt cells was obtained by the use of drugs (monensin,
      chloroquine, NH4Cl) that block secretory product processing in wt cells. Extracts
      of drug-treated wt cells showed the presence of a 57-kDa cross reacting band even
      after 18 h of incubation in growth medium whereas untreated control cells
      contained the 34-kDa mature protein almost exclusively. These results indicate
      that processing of the precursor to the 34-kDa polypeptide occurs in an acidic
      compartment(s) possibly in either the trans Golgi network, or condensing vacuoles
      or both.

PMID- 1818209
TI  - General microsporidian features and recent findings on AIDS isolates.

PMID- 1818210
TI  - In vitro and in vivo investigations of human microsporidia.
AB  - The numerous infections of microsporidia which have been diagnosed in patients
      with AIDS have revealed the potential of these organisms for establishing
      themselves when the immune status of the host is compromised. Two species of
      Encephalitozoon, E. cuniculi and E. hellem, have been diagnosed in man, the
      former infecting a variety of tissues, the latter restricted to the corneal and
      conjunctival epithelia. These species are morphologically indistinguishable even
      at the ultrastructural level but can be separated biochemically. Two human sera
      were found to react with equal intensity in the ELISA on spores of E. cuniculi
      and E. hellem purified from in vitro cultures, and gave similar binding patterns
      in Western blots on SDS-PAGE protein profiles of the two species. This has raised
      questions about the identity of Encephalitozoon infections diagnosed previously
      in man. The diagnosis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which infects the intestinal
      enterocytes of AIDS patients and is associated with chronic diarrhoea, requires
      observation of smears or sections of biopsies or specialist observation of stool
      preparations. In vitro cultures, which would facilitate the raising of specific
      antisera, have proved difficult to establish. In vitro and in vivo systems for
      assaying drugs for microsporidia have revealed that albendazole has a marked
      effect on parasite numbers and morphology but does not eliminate infection, which
      resurges when drug pressure is removed.

PMID- 1818211
TI  - Studies on ocular microsporidia.
AB  - Sera from six ocular microsporidiosis patients and eight individuals with no
      history of microsporidiosis were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) and by Western blot immunodetection. Microsporidia used as antigen
      include Nosema corneum, Encephalitozoon hellem, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and
      Nosema algerae. Three AIDS patients with known E. hellem infections displayed
      ELISA antibody titers to E. hellem ranging from 1:400 to 1:12,800. Two patients
      with unclassified microsporidial infections displayed highest antibody titers to
      N. algerae (1:1,600 and 1:3,200), a mosquito microsporidian which, reportedly,
      cannot infect man. A sixth patient with a known N. corneum infection displayed
      the same ELISA antibody titer (1:1,600) to all four microsporidia. Western blot
      patterns also were variable among the patient sera; however, the most intense and
      complex antibody-binding patterns corresponded with the higher ELISA antibody
      titers. Sera from eight HIV-seronegative individuals with no history of
      microsporidiosis reacted variably to the four microsporidia. These results
      suggest that diagnosis of microsporidiosis may depend upon direct detection of
      the organisms using species-specific antibodies or molecular probes rather than
      conventional serology.

PMID- 1818212
TI  - Comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis karyotypes of Pneumocystis carinii
      derived from rat lung, cell culture, and ferret lung.
AB  - Pulsed field gel electrophoretic karyotypes of Pneumocystis carinii derived from
      three sources were compared: immunosuppressed virus-free rats transtracheally
      inoculated with Pneumocystis-infected rat lung; WI-38 cell/Cytodex bead cell
      cultures inoculated with the same material; and immunosuppressed ferrets which
      reactivated latent Pneumocystis pneumonia. Karyotypes of DNA from Pneumocystis
      trophozoites or cysts from rat lung, and trophozoites from cell culture were
      identical. In contrast, ferret Pneumocystis DNA karyotypes were distinctly
      different. Rat Pneumocystis gene probes reacted with Southern- transferred rat
      Pneumocystis DNA but not with ferret Pneumocystis DNA. We concluded that neither
      the source nor life stage of rat Pneumocystis carinii influenced genomic
      karyotype, and that rat and ferret Pneumocystis are genetically diverse.

PMID- 1818213
TI  - Analysis of the Pneumocystis carinii genome.
AB  - Chromosome-specific DNA probes were isolated to identify a particular chromosome
      in various karyotype band patterns of Pneumocystis. Bands in two P. carinii
      karyotype patterns hybridized to various DNA probes indicated that homologous
      chromosomes are of relatively similar sizes in the two P. carinii strains.

PMID- 1818214
TI  - Pentamidine sensitivity and resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for
      pentamidine effects on Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Pentamidine isethionate inhibits growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Inhibition
      requires lower drug concentrations under respiratory than fermentative growth
      conditions. Pentamidine-resistant strains bear heritable resistance mutations.
      Tested mutations are dominant to wild type sensitivity. These mutations may
      identify cellular targets of pentamidine and potential mechanisms of fungal
      pentamidine resistance.

PMID- 1818215
TI  - Cryptosporidium parvum: in vitro cultivation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - To facilitate studies of the biology of Cryptosporidium parvum, we have developed
      an in vitro culture system using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as the
      host cell. Oocysts or free sporozoites were incubated 37 degrees C with
      monolayers of MDCK cells in supplemented RPMI 1640 medium and the cells were
      examined at various time intervals after initiation of the culture. High rates of
      infection (up to 90% of MDCK cells) were achievable. Sequential development of
      trophozoites, meronts, microgametocytes, and macrogametocytes was observed over a
      72-h period of culture. Between 72 and 96 h we observed formation of oocyst
      walls, but fully sporulated oocysts were not observed. This culture system
      provides access to both the asexual and sexual intracellular stages of C. parvum.

PMID- 1818216
TI  - Effects of carbohydrates and lectins on cryptosporidial sporozoite penetration of
      cultured cell monolayers.
AB  - Cryptosporidium parvum first interacts with enterocytes when sporozoites
      penetrate the host plasma membrane. We have developed a shell vial assay using
      human embryonic Intestine 407 cells and purified C. parvum sporozoites to study
      this process. Sporozoites were incubated in culture medium with various
      carbohydrates and lectins, and the suspensions were then added to the cell
      monolayers. Following incubation, the monolayers were fixed and stained and the
      number of schizonts were counted. No decreases in sporozoite motility or
      Intestine 407 cell viability were observed with carbohydrate or lectin treatment.
      N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, chitobiose and chitotriose inhibited C. parvum infection,
      compared to 5 other tested carbohydrates. Wheat germ agglutinin reduced
      penetration and concanavalin A enhanced schizont formation, when compared to 8
      other lectins. Next, we pretreated sporozoites or Intestine 407 cells with wheat
      germ agglutinin and concanaval in A prior to sporozoite inoculation. Wheat germ
      agglutinin treatment of sporozoites or cells equally caused a reduction in C.
      parvum infection, while enhancement was only observed when Intestine 407 cell
      were pretreated with concanavalin A. These data suggest that glycoproteins with
      terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues may play a role in C. parvum adhesion or
      penetration of enterocytes. Also, host glycoproteins with concanavalin A-like
      activity may play a role in these processes.

PMID- 1818217
TI  - Construction of genomic libraries of Cryptosporidium parvum and identification of
      antigen-encoding genes.
AB  - Genomic libraries have been constructed from bovine C. parvum DNA in the lambda
      ZAP and lambda DASH vectors. Based on an estimated genome size of 2 x 10(4)
      kilobases (kb), each recombinant library contains greater than 10 genomic
      equivalents. The average recombinant size for the lambda ZAP library is 2.1 kb
      and for the lambda DASH library is 14 kb. We have identified genes to major
      antigens recognized by hyperimmune bovine antiserum. These recombinants are
      currently being purified and characterized. Limited DNA sequence analysis of
      random C. parvum clones confirms suggestions that the genome is quite AT-rich.
      The DNA sequence of random lambda ZAP fusion proteins has identified a potential
      ATPase, a structural protein and a DNA-binding protein.

PMID- 1818218
TI  - Expression cloning of Pneumocystis carinii antigens.
AB  - We undertook expression cloning of Pneumocystis carinii antigens to overcome the
      difficulties encountered in purification of these antigens. Using monoclonal
      antibodies to the P. carinii gp120 antigen and polyclonal rabbit antiserum to rat
      derived P. carinii, we have isolated cDNA clones encoding immunoreactive
      moieties. A cDNA clone encoding the 3' portion of a 45-55 kDa antigen of rat
      derived P. carinii, was the most abundant clone isolated. The peptide encoded by
      this cDNA has a novel sequence with a repeated motif rich in glutamic acid
      residues. Affinity-purified antibodies to this peptide reacted with the 45-55 kDa
      band of rat-derived P. carinii. The fusion protein was recognized by serum
      antibodies from rats with natural exposure to P. carinii. The production of this
      recombinant protein should allow more detailed studies of the host-parasite
      relationship of this important opportunistic infection.

PMID- 1818219
TI  - Ultrastructural study of asexual development of Cryptosporidium parvum in a human
      intestinal cell line.
AB  - The lack of a well-defined in vitro model of Cryptosporidium infection has
      severely hampered research on the biology of parasitic invasion of the host cell
      and on intracellular development of the parasite. In vitro infection of the
      differentiated human enterocyte cell line HT29.74 was studied by electron
      microscopy to detect changes in parasite and host cell morphology.
      Cryptosporidium oocysts obtained from AIDS patients were applied to a monolayer
      of cloned differentiated HT29.74 cells. Parasites and infected cells were
      evaluated by transmission electron microscopy at 20 min, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h and 7
      days. Sporozoite invagination within the epithelial cell microvilli and
      subsequent penetration was evident at 1 h. At 6 h, the development of a dense
      band and feeder layer was visible. Development of the trophozoite into a schizont
      occurred over 24 h. Micronemes and dense granules were clearly visible within
      sporozoites and merozoites. Organization of vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the
      host cell was evident below the dense band. A sexual Cryptosporidium development
      in vitro was morphologically no different from initial development in vivo. In
      vitro infection of HT29.74 cells provides an excellent model to study parasite
      host cell interaction and asexual parasite development.

PMID- 1818220
TI  - Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by 5S ribosomal DNA amplification.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect Pneumocystis carinii
      by amplifying the P. carinii 5S ribosomal DNA. The efficacy and specificity of
      this diagnostic method is reported. Analysis of patients' sputa indicate that the
      method can be used on these samples for the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 1818221
TI  - In vitro propagation of Nosema locustae using fat body cell line derived from
      Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
AB  - Nosema locustae, a microsporidian parasite of locusts and grasshoppers, was
      successfully propagated in a fat body cell line from Mythimna convecta (BPMNU
      MyCo-1). The fat body cells were grown in MGM-448 medium supplemented with 5%
      fetal bovine serum and 3% Bombyx mori serum at 25 degrees C. Cultures were
      inoculated with Nosema spores and agitated for 2 min. Infection appeared 3 days
      post-inoculation and by 7th day, some cells were filled with spores. At the 15th
      day post-inoculation, 32% of the fat body cells were infected. After isolation,
      the spore yield ranged from 1.4 x 10(6) spores/ml. Infected cells were
      subcultured and by the 4th passage spore production decreased. Harvested spores
      were found infectious to Locusta migratoria.

PMID- 1818222
TI  - Analysis of the dynamics of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro.
AB  - Three culture systems employing mammalian lung cell monolayers were evaluated in
      terms of their ability to support the replication of primary isolates of rat
      derived Pneumocystis carinii. For each system, analysis of variance was used to
      identify changes in the numbers of P. carinii over time. Significant replication
      was consistently demonstrated over lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), however, increases
      perceived in the culture supernatant were clearly influenced by the density of
      the underlying monolayer.

PMID- 1818223
TI  - Cryptococcus neoformans can be misidentified as a microsporidian: studies of lung
      lesions in leprosy patients.
AB  - Pulmonary lesions seen in autopsies of leprosy patients were initially thought to
      involve microsporidial infection. After immunohistochemical studies, it was
      concluded that the infectious microorganism was Cryptococcus neoformans.

PMID- 1818224
TI  - A comparison of two microsporidian parasites in enterocytes of AIDS patients with
      chronic diarrhea.
AB  - Enterocytozoon bieneusi was first described by electron microscopy in 1985 in
      intestinal biopsies from an AIDS patient. It has subsequently been observed in
      many AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea from the U.S.A., Africa, and Europe.
      Morphologically, this parasite meets the criteria for being a microsporidian but
      has unique features justifying the creation of a a new genus and family. It has
      organelles not seen in microsporida before, i.e. elongated nuclei, electron
      lucent inclusions, electron-dense discs, and development of multiple polar
      tubules in a single cell prior to the final cytokinetic process producing many
      sporoblasts. However, it produces typical microsporidian spores. Recently, a
      second type of microsporidian has been observed in similar biopsies from an AIDS
      patient which resembles an Encephalitozoon except that it secretes a fine network
      of material in which the developing organisms become embedded. During sporogony,
      each cell appears to be in a separate chamber. These two parasites are
      morphologically and pathologically compared.

PMID- 1818225
TI  - Immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient animal models.
AB  - Immunotherapy for persistent infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum was
      attempted in two immunodeficient animal models. BALB/c Athymic (nude) mice were
      infected with two oral doses of 2 x 10(7) C. parvum oocysts, and subsequently
      treated with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17.41 that neutralizes sporozoites and
      merozoites. Persistent infection was established in all exposed mice. Daily oral
      treatment with MAb 17.41 for 10 days significantly reduced (p less than 0.005)
      the number of C. parvum organisms observed by microscopic study of intestinal
      tracts of infected mice. Young horses with severe combined immunodeficiency
      (SCID) also developed persistent infection following oral exposure with 10(8) C.
      parvum oocysts. In contrast to nude mice, SCID foals exhibited diarrhea
      associated with oocyst shedding. Two foals were treated orally with MAb 18.44 and
      immune serum, both of which neutralized C. parvum sporozoites and merozoites.
      Oocyst shedding patterns did not significantly differ from those in five SCID
      foals treated with nonimmune reagents. The results obtained indicate that SCID
      foals are a useful large animal model of clinical disease associated with
      persistent C. parvum infection, and that nude mice are a convenient animal model
      for testing therapeutic potential of antibodies in persistent cryptosporidial
      infection.

PMID- 1818226
TI  - Laser interferometric techniques in orthopaedics.

PMID- 1818227
TI  - Phonocardiogram spectral analysis simulator of mitral valve prostheses.
AB  - Spectral analysis of sounds produced in vitro by mitral valve prostheses placed
      in a specially designed flow simulator has been carried out using a short-time
      Fourier representation of the recorded signal. Time variations of power spectra
      are displayed as a three-dimensional plot. Sounds produced by three types of
      valves, namely ball and cage, tilting disk and porcine valves, were analysed.
      Each valve type produced a characteristic spectrogram, and, for a given valve,
      spectrograms were reproducible to within a margin of 5 dB. The simulator may be
      used to detect structural deficiencies and functional abnormalities of prosthetic
      heart valves. In addition to quantifying the noise level of mechanical valves,
      the system may be used for quality control purposes to identify faulty valves.

PMID- 1818229
TI  - Role of the clinical engineer in patient monitoring services.
AB  - The basic role of a clinical engineer is to provide safe and effective management
      and application of technology within patient care settings. In the UK the total
      number of such people is still relatively small. Clinical engineering as a
      profession requires a proper career structure and professional status. This can
      be achieved only by the support of a professional body such as the Biological
      Engineering Society.

PMID- 1818228
TI  - Heart rate evaluation of axillary and elbow crutches.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the possible effect on heart rate in
      patients with a walking disability using 11 different crutch designs. Eighteen
      patients, over the age of 18 years, who had used crutches for a minimum of 2
      weeks before the study were divided into two groups: elbow and axillary crutch
      users respectively. The former tested six different designs of elbow crutches and
      the latter five different pairs of axillary crutches. Heart rate was recorded,
      using a portable digital pulse monitor during a 5-min walk on the level at self
      selected velocities. Walking heart rates increased between 28.6 and 58.8%
      compared with the resting phase. No differences were found in either heart rate
      or walking speed between elbow crutches. However, a significant difference (p
      less than 0.001) in heart rate was noted between elbow crutch users who were non
      weight bearing on their injured leg compared with those who were partial-weight
      bearing. The Canadian axillary crutch showed the lowest increase in heart rate at
      comparable walking speeds compared with other axillary crutches. Prescribers
      should be aware that the reduced energy requirements of the Canadian crutch would
      benefit patients with reduced cardiorespiratory function.

PMID- 1818230
TI  - The experiment with Medicare and Medicaid.

PMID- 1818231
TI  - Retinal detachment with high myopia in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
AB  - A case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with high myopia is presented in a 17
      year old boy with the typical characteristics of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
      Although multiple eye anomalies are known to occur in this syndrome, the
      occurrence of retinal detachment has not been reported up to now. The importance
      of including a thorough fundus examination in the routine eye examination of
      these patients is emphasized.

PMID- 1818232
TI  - Incidence of posterior capsule opacification after extracapsular cataract
      extraction in diabetic patients.
AB  - Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most frequent complication following
      extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE). To evaluate the rate of PCO we examined
      939 eyes (786 patients) following ECCE after a period of 26.3 months on the
      average. In 202 eyes (21.5%) cataract was associated with a clinically manifest
      type I or type II diabetes mellitus. The overall incidence of PCO was 28.1% (264
      eyes). In patients with no other diseases (371 eyes, 100%) it was 33.4% (124
      eyes). Out of 202 eyes (100%) associated with diabetes PCO was seen in 21.8% (44
      eyes). This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.05). Average age and
      sex did not differ significantly in both groups. In diabetic patients the lens
      epithelial cells show accumulation of sorbitol and fructose which is proposed to
      contribute to cataract formation by disturbing cellular metabolism. This
      mechanism may explain our findings of a lower incidence of PCO possibly caused by
      reduced proliferation of lens epithelial cells.

PMID- 1818234
TI  - Unilateral congenital ptosis due to plexiform neurofibroma, causing refraction
      error and secondary amblyopia.
AB  - An 8-year-old boy with congenital ptosis of the right upper eyelid due to
      plexiform neurofibroma was operated on because of a rapidly worsening of his
      ptosis. Only partial removal of the tumor was possible. A hypermetropic
      astigmatism of the right eye was caused by the condition of the upper lid, with
      secondary amblyopia. This finding suggests that in cases of congenital ptosis the
      presence of a lid tumor must be suspected. Such a tumor causes ptosis and this
      can lead to refraction error and amblyopia.

PMID- 1818233
TI  - Optic disc drusen and hypermetropia.
AB  - We report the case of a 41 year old lady with high hypermetropia and optic disc
      drusen (ODD) in both eyes. A recent study has shown that ODD has a greater
      tendency to form in eyes with a small scleral canal. It would therefore seem
      probable to find a higher rate of ODD in hypermetropic eyes. Some of the current
      literature denies this connection. In this article we discuss the pathogenesis of
      ODD and the possible connection between this entity and "high" hypermetropia.

PMID- 1818235
TI  - Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in two siblings.
AB  - Two cases of a brother and a sister with characteristic manifestations of Vogt
      Koyanagi-Harada syndrome are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      first report of a typical appearance of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in two
      siblings.

PMID- 1818236
TI  - The changes of fluorescein angiography and visual electrophysiology in ocular
      posterior aging degeneration syndrome (OPADS).
AB  - Ocular posterior aging degeneration syndrome (OPADS) is related to age excepting
      inflammation, trauma, tumor, congenital abnormalities. Clinically, it can be
      divided into several types: degeneration, pre-retinal membrane, hole and mixed
      types. Changes can be seen in the choroidoretina with fluorescein angiography. In
      the degeneration type, there are changes of chroid-blood vessels, pigment
      epithelium and neovasculization. The manifestation in pre-retinal membrane type
      are small vascular tortuosity, expansion or fluorescein leadage, retinal pigment
      epithelium window defects. The hole type shows lack of retinal capillaries and
      retinal pigment epithelium window defects. Visual electrophysiological tests by
      various intensities and colors show the abnormal ERG. The bio-electricity active
      changes indicated the correlation among several ocular posterior aging
      degeneration types.

PMID- 1818238
TI  - [The organization of laboratory entomological research as an element in the
      system of epidemiological surveillance for parasitic diseases in Crimean
      Province].

PMID- 1818237
TI  - The ocular abnormalities of blue diaper syndrome.
AB  - We describe the ocular abnormalities seen in a new metabolic disease which is
      deficient in the transport of tryptophan. Besides the symptoms and signs reported
      previously, we have found microconea, hypoplasia of the optic disc and abnormal
      eye movements in our case--a ten-year-old-boy. The sibling involvement and
      consaguineous marriage of the parents suggest a recessive heredity.

PMID- 1818239
TI  - [The organization of work in natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis and the
      prognosis of the vector count on the territory of Tyumen Province].

PMID- 1818240
TI  - [The need to expand protozoological and serological studies of intestinal
      protozoa].

PMID- 1818241
TI  - [A mathematical model of the transmission of tertian malaria with short and long
      incubations].

PMID- 1818242
TI  - [The structure of the nosogeographic range of opisthorchiasis in the Ob-Irtysh
      basin].
AB  - Results of our own investigations and available data in the literature concerning
      the epidemiology of opisthorchiasis in Ob-Irtysh river basin have been gathered,
      and geographic ranging have been established. The prevalence of infection,
      children's infection rate, the intensity of infection and clinical manifestation
      rate have been suggested as a criterion for division of territories into areas. 4
      degrees of endemia was established: areas with sporadic incidence rate
      (prevalence is less than 1%); hyperendemic (prevalence 1-10%, intensity of
      infection 1-20 egg/gr., children's infection and clinical manifestation are
      absent), mesoendemic (prevalence 10-40%, children's infection rate 1-25%,
      intensity of infection about 300 egg/gr., clinical manifestation rate about 50%)
      and hyperendemic area (prevalence above 40%, children's infection rate 25-60%,
      intensity of infection above 300 egg/gr., clinical manifestation rate about 80%).
      Original map of pattern of opisthorchiasis distribution area is presented. The
      decreasing of transmission of O. felineus to periphery of basin is noted.

PMID- 1818243
TI  - [Parasitic disease morbidity in the USSR and the tasks of public health organs
      and institutions in their control today].

PMID- 1818244
TI  - [The first trial of treating opisthorchiasis with the Soviet preparation
      azinoks].
AB  - 7 patients in the acute and 51 patients in the chronic stages of opisthorchiasis
      were treated with azynoks in daily dose 60 mg per kilo. The radical cure was
      achieved in 95.8 +/- 0.4% of cases. The wild side effects (headache, vertigo,
      nausea, fatigue) were registered in 51.7 +/- 9.1% of the cases, predominantly
      during the first hours of the treatment. The biochemical and immunological
      changes during the first 2 weeks after azynoks administration were analogues to
      those seen after biltricide and chloxyl (hexaparaxylol) treatment.

PMID- 1818245
TI  - [The functional characteristics of the ultrastructure of the outer membranes of
      opisthorchid eggs. 2. The mechanisms of egg retention on substrates].
AB  - The studies of the functional features of the ultrastructure of the outer
      membranes of Opisthorchis felineus and Clonorchis sinensis eggs have been
      continued. The variants of egg behavior on different substrates (artificial,
      natural, organic and inorganic) have been experimentally studied. It has been
      established that O. felineus and C. sinensis eggs retain on a number of
      substrates due to covering with microflora (e.g. fungus mycelium clinging to the
      rubbed surface of the egg outer membranes); sticking in the uneven surface of the
      substrate; catching in the uneven surface of the substrate; catching on
      microfibers of plant fragments. The features found are to a great extent caused
      by a complex comb-like structure of egg membranes and are interpreted in terms of
      the earlier unknown mechanisms of parasite adaptation (at the egg stage)
      facilitating its contact with molluscs--their intermediate hosts.

PMID- 1818246
TI  - [A morphological and histochemical study of the large intestine of white mice
      with experimental trichocephaliasis and after the action of some anthelmintic
      preparations].
AB  - Administration of levamisole, oxphendasole in dose 10 mg/kg and especially of
      ivomeck in dose 0.01 ml/kg of body weight damages the large intestine mucosa of
      intact mice and of mice with experimental T. muris infection. Epithelial cells
      dystrophy, the goblet cells destruction and the diffuse leucocytes infiltration
      of the intestinal wall, maximal 12 hours after the drugs administration, were
      most marked in animals treated with ivomeck. Pathomorphological changes in the
      gut mucosa after the drug administration to infected animals were significantly
      higher than in intact ones. That permits to conclude that the damage of the
      intestinal wall is due to the toxicity of the drugs, and perhaps with the damage
      of mucosa by the nonspecific (allergic) response to the chemotherapy.

PMID- 1818247
TI  - [The composition of the peripheral blood in white mice infected with Trichinella
      spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis].
AB  - The study of the peripheral blood response in mice with an experimental T.
      spiralis infection from the 1 to the 60 days of the latter showed leucocytosis,
      lymphomonocytosis and neutropenia maximal at the 21--35 days of the infection
      along with hyperthrombocytosis and ESR elevation, with the subsequent declination
      up to the end of the supervision. In experimental P. pseudospiralis infection
      lymphomonocytosis and ESR levels were comparatively lower but eosinophilia was
      significantly higher.

PMID- 1818248
TI  - [The morphology of the causative agent of human diphyllobothriasis in the Far
      East].
AB  - The morphology of types F, A, C plerocercoids, and mature Diphyllobothriidae of
      the Far Eastern populations (USSR) was studied by using scanning electron
      microscopy. New data were obtained on structure the skin muscular sac of
      plerocercoids type F (presence of tegumental microvilli, multi poly-layer of
      longitudinal subtegumental musculature, and variation of quantity of muscular
      filaments along strobila. The morphological identity of mature Diphyllobothriidae
      from the volunteer (self-infection of plerocercoid "type F"), infested men and
      seagulls from focuses of diphyllobothriasis in the Pacific Ocean regions in the
      Far East of the USSR was proved.

PMID- 1818249
TI  - [The action of albendazole on the broad tapeworm].
AB  - Studies of the effects of the anthelminthic agent albendazole on the tissues of
      D. latum in vivo showed large shapeless protrusions of the outer tegumental
      cytoplasm on the surface of strobila, the mitochondrial degeneration in the
      tegumental cells and their nucleolar material segregation. After in vitro
      treatment cavitary formations in the outer tegumental syncytium, muscular
      fascicle loosening, decreased glycogen levels, and altered secret granules in the
      vitellaria were found. Thus, albendazole might affect the biochemical system of
      the parasite, since there is a relationship between some biochemical processes
      and morphological changes.

PMID- 1818250
TI  - [The prevalence and problems of the prevention of parasitic diseases in the
      Ukraine].

PMID- 1818252
TI  - [The search for new antiparasitic agents. 9. The anthelmintic activity of halogen
      containing sulfonamidobenzamides].
AB  - The results of preclinical trials of 28 new compounds of haloid-containing
      sulfamidobenzamides with low toxicity are presented. The trials on a
      hymenolepiasis model showed that effectiveness of N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2/(3
      nitro-4-chlorophenyl) sulfonylamino/-5-bromobenzamide was similar to that of the
      well-known drug niclosamide. In the trials on an opisthorchiasis model, 2
      compounds were shown to be highly effective, and on a trichocephaliasis model 5
      compounds showed a high activity.

PMID- 1818253
TI  - [The current status of the ancylostomiasis problem in the USSR].

PMID- 1818251
TI  - [The structure and anthelmintic action of tricyclic analogs of praziquantel and 4
      acylpiperazinones-2].
AB  - The toxicity and anthelminthic activity of the earlier synthetized tricyclic
      analogues of praziquantel and 4-acylpiperazinones-2 have been studied. Tricyclic
      compounds have shown the acute toxicity similar to that of praziquantel and
      neurotoxic effect typical of praziquantel. 4-acylpiperazinones-2 toxicity
      correlated with their anthelminthic effect. The determination of anthelminthic
      activity of the above compounds in opisthorchiasis and hymenolepiasis has shown
      that they are less effective than praziquantel or have no anthelminthic activity.
      A biological activity-structure relationship has been traced in the compounds
      under study.

PMID- 1818254
TI  - [Cultural protection of a bullous form of Tinea pedis].
AB  - While maceration, hyperkeratosis and vesicles are well known as typical clinical
      correlates of dermatophyte infection of the feet it seems to be still
      controversial if bullae also belong to the clinical spectre. In a 48-year-old
      female Trichophyton rubrum could be cultured from the fluid obtained by
      aspiration of an interdigital bulla. In another case Trichophyton mentagrophytes
      could be isolated from the interdigital space but not from a bulla found on the
      sole microscopic investigation, however, being positive. This backs the
      hypothesis that blisters found on the foot can be due to the local presence of
      dermatophytes.

PMID- 1818255
TI  - [The first awarding of the research prize of the German-speaking Mycological
      Society].

PMID- 1818256
TI  - [Mycoses of the central nervous system].
AB  - The incidence of mycotic infections in the CNS has increased even outside those
      groups of patients with increased risk (AIDS, drug-addicts, etc.). These cases
      are secondary complications of other basic diseases favored by the influence of
      modern drug treatment and misinterpretation of modern diagnostic findings
      (radiology). A more frequent control of mycotic infections even in routine
      controls of chronic inflammations and a cautious individual handling of drugs
      (immunosuppressives, antibiotics, irradiation) should help to avoid these mainly
      lethal diseases.

PMID- 1818257
TI  - [Autopsy results of deep mycoses in hematologic neoplasms (1053 patients].
AB  - 1053 autopsies were performed during the period from 1976 to 1990 in patients
      with leukaemia and malignant lymphomas. At autopsy 184 of these (17.4%) presented
      with deep-seated mycoses. There was an increasing percentage of mycoses per year
      with a maximum of 30% in 1990. Today deep-seated mycoses are the most frequent
      lethal complication in haematologic neoplasias. As expected their number was
      especially high in patients with acute leukaemia but in recent years they were
      nearly just as frequent in myeloproliferative disorders. Among Non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas (NHL) they were twice as frequent in low-grade cases as in high-grade
      cases possibly due to a different extent of bone marrow infiltration. In contrast
      to former years more aspergillosis than Candida infections are found, probably as
      a result of antimycotic therapy.

PMID- 1818258
TI  - [Mucoraceae mycoses: clinical aspects and pathology in ten patients].
AB  - Zygomycosis is characterized by a very high lethality, often favoured by rapid
      fungal growth in blood vessels causing the formation of thrombi and infarcts in
      several organs, a disease poor in symptoms. A disseminated mycosis normally is a
      complication of a granulocytopenia which is in our days more frequently observed
      as localized manifestation, whereas the typical rhinocerebral manifestation
      complicating diabetic ketoacidosis has become more rare. The diagnosis of
      zygomycosis can apparently be obtained easier by histology than by culture. The
      prognosis of zygomycosis can be improved by: 1. an early examination by biopsy,
      2. if possible a rapid correction of predisposing factors (e.g. correction of
      acidosis), 3. an early antimycotic therapy by amphotericin B in risk patients,
      even if no causative agent can be cultured.

PMID- 1818259
TI  - [The German-speaking Mycological Society: yesterday--today--tomorrow].

PMID- 1818260
TI  - [Fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation--an autopsy study].
AB  - This report analyses the frequency, the pattern and the severity of mycotic
      infection in a necropsy series of 103 bone marrow transplantations. Fungal
      infection was documented in 33 (32%) of all death cases. The risk of mycotic
      infection was increased in patients with graft failure and after
      retransplantation. At post mortem examination, most cases showed invasive fungal
      infections. The most frequent organ manifestations were the lungs, the
      gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, the heart and the brain. In 19 of 33
      patients (57%), mycotic disease was the primary cause of death. Fungal infections
      still cause major problems in clinical diagnosis, because there remain cases that
      will be documented only if post mortem examination is performed.

PMID- 1818262
TI  - [Mycological surveillance of children with cystic fibrosis].
AB  - The mycological surveillance included 121 patients aged 1 to 21 years treated
      from 1981 to 1987 in the Centre of Cystic Fibrosis in Dresden. The control groups
      comprised 136 resp. 140 healthy children aged 1 to 16 years. The study evaluated
      the incidence of fungi in the oral cavity, bronchial secreta, sputum, faeces and
      urine as well as the specific serum antibodies to Candida albicans and
      Aspergillus fumigatus in correlation to the course of the cystic fibrosis and the
      applied chemotherapy. The study pointed out a parallel run concerning the
      progression of the clinical manifestation of the basic disease, the duration of
      the required chemotherapy and the mycological findings indicating more and more
      pathological levels. The mycological results of the children with a moderate
      course of cystic fibrosis were conformable to the findings of the children of the
      control groups. Systemic candidosis or aspergillosis were not seen. Because
      patients suffering from cystic fibrosis are predisposed for infections with
      fungi, especially with Aspergillus fumigatus, the authors recommend a mycological
      surveillance of these patients depending on the clinical course of cystic
      fibrosis: once in twelve months for patients with mild symptoms and every third
      month for patients with severe symptoms.

PMID- 1818261
TI  - [Diagnostic validity of imaging methods in the detection and observation of the
      progress of cases of invasive aspergillosis of the blood vessels of the lung].
AB  - Chest radiographs and thoracic computed tomograms (CT) of 21 patients with
      oncologic disease and vasoinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (PA) were assessed and
      compared. CT findings were interpreted by comparison with histologic lung
      specimens of 28 lethal cases of PA. The analysis showed that in the early stages
      of infection findings suggestive of PA were only found in 29% of cases (n = 6) on
      conventional radiographs, whilst CT suggested the presence of PA in all cases (n
      = 21). In advanced stages, conventional radiographs suggested the presence of PA
      in 38% of cases (n = 8), which was not significantly different from that value
      for early disease. The comparison of CT with histopathologic findings allows
      their objective interpretation; such studies provide an improvement in both
      detection rate and characterization of CT changes in PA.

PMID- 1818263
TI  - [Long-term fungal culture of sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis].
AB  - Mycological examination of sputum from 121 patients with cystic fibrosis by means
      of long-term culture (4 weeks) revealed the occurrence of Candida albicans in low
      quantities in 70%, Aspergillus fumigatus in 30%, and Exophiala/Wangiella
      dermatitidis in 9% of the examined patients. A. fumigatus causes frequently the
      development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic
      fibrosis. The predisposing factors for colonization with the otherwise seldom
      recovered fungus E. dermatitidis in these patients and the consequences of these
      findings are discussed. In conclusion, long-term fungal cultures are advocated
      for specimens from CF patients.

PMID- 1818264
TI  - [Interactions of fluconazole and phagocytic cells].
AB  - Fluconazole is a triazole compound with a coefficient of distribution P at pH 7.4
      of 1.6 (log P = 0.2), and has thus both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.
      The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of fluconazole are clearly
      different from those of other azole antimycotics. 3H-labelled fluconazole
      penetrates very rapidly into granulocytes and monocytes (macrophages) isolated
      from volunteers. The concentrations of the triazole in the granulocytes are about
      28% and in the macrophages about 63% higher than in the extracellular milieu. At
      the concentrations examined (5, 10 and 20 micrograms ml-1) fluconazole damages
      cells of Candida albicans which have been phagocytized by granulocytes or by
      macrophages. A clear synergy between fluconazole and the phagocytes can be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1818265
TI  - [Identification, cloning and characterization of the gene for the secretory
      aspartate protease of Candida albicans].

PMID- 1818266
TI  - [Recent evaluation of a Candida hemagglutination test].
AB  - The production of the Candida hemagglutination test Roche (C-HAT Roche) has been
      discontinued by the producer late in 1990. This deficiency is covered by the
      newly developed Candida hemagglutination test LD (C-HAT LD) (producer:
      Labordiagnostika Heiden/Westfalen). The test is performed on microtiter plates (V
      shape, broadside). The necessary volume of probands' sera is 25 microliters. The
      range of the antibody titers to be determined ranks from 1:10 until 1:2500. In
      the evaluation of the C-HAT LD with reference sera compared with the C-HAT Roche
      the following results were obtained: The antibody titers determined by C-HAT LD
      differ at maximum by one titer step from those obtained by the C-HAT Roche and
      are, therefore, comparable. In the C-HAT LD the probands' sera are not
      preabsorbed with unloaded sheep erythrocytes in order to eliminate unspecific
      agglutinins. The hitherto existing experience shows that the proportion of
      probands' sera containing unspecific agglutinins is as low as 2.5%. The
      repetition of the C-HAT LD with such sera after preabsorption is, therefore, much
      more economical than generally preabsorbing all probands' sera. In 18% of all
      tests a prozone phenomenon is observed with the C-HAT LD. In the majority of
      these sera the titer steps 1:10 and 1:20 show negative reactions. The
      determination of the antibody titer, however, is not influenced by the prozone
      phenomenon. Preabsorption of probands' sera eliminates the prozone phenomenon.
      The C-HAT LD, therefore, replaces the C-HAT Roche completely in all parameters
      and is technically easier.

PMID- 1818267
TI  - [Enzymatic activities of Candida albicans strains from different locations].
AB  - The api-Zym system offers a useful method for biotyping of Candida albicans. We
      assessed 19 hydrolytic enzymes with this method. Our 53 strains of human origin
      showed up to 10 different enzymatic activities.

PMID- 1818268
TI  - [The significance of Candida antigen detection in internal medicine and surgical
      patients].
AB  - Three different Candida antigen tests were studied in internal-surgical patients:
      two tests for Candida mannan antigen (C-Mannan-Dresden, Pastorex-Candida and Cand
      Tec test for cytoplasmatic antigen. Most positive findings could be seen by both
      tests for mannan. In cases with increased occurrence of fungi in feces, sputum,
      urine, and mouth smears the tests differently became negative. Some clinical
      cases are discussed. With increased positivity of titer courses of all 3 antigen
      tests the probability of detection of an endomycosis also increased.

PMID- 1818269
TI  - [The resistance behavior of yeast isolates from defined patient groups to 5
      fluorocytosine].
AB  - Susceptibility and development of resistance to 5-FC in Candida strains isolated
      from 4 defined groups of probands was investigated. 5-FC-susceptibility was
      determined in a microdilution assay in yeast nitrogen base after 24 h incubation
      at 37 degrees C. The range investigated ranked between 5-FC-concentrations from
      0.015-16 microgram ml-1. Isolates with an MIC of greater than or equal to 16
      micrograms ml-1 were regarded as 5-FC-resistant. In total 336 Candida isolates
      were investigated; 21 of them (= 6.3%) were found to be 5-FC-resistant. The
      Candida isolates were rather different with respect of their origin: 57 vaginal
      isolates from non-risk patients from Southern Germany comprised 5.3% 5-FC
      resistant strains. 160 isolates from the urine of longtime-intensive care
      patients of total Germany were 5-FC-resistant with 6.3%. Of 74 isolates of
      different localization from intensive care patients of the University Clinics in
      Freiburg 10.8% were 5-FC-resistant. Among 45 isolates from the oral cavity from
      HIV-positive patients of the Frankfurt region no 5-FC-resistant strain was found.
      The epidemiology of 5-FC-resistance is mainly based on the percentage of non
      albicans isolates of the proband groups (C. tropicalis, C. krusei and others),
      and is less based on the frequency of C. albicans serotype B isolates. In
      sequential observations with individual intensive care patients no increase of 5
      FC-resistance in their Candida isolates could be observed with longer periods of
      hospitalization.

PMID- 1818270
TI  - [Comparative study of the therapy of Candida esophagitis in HIV-1-infected
      patients with fluconazole or amphotericin B and flucytosine].
AB  - In 20 HIV-patients (17 male homosexuals, 1 male and 1 female i.v. drug abuser and
      1 female patient with M. Willebrand-Jurgens) Candida esophagitis was diagnosed by
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Clinically they presented retrosternal pain or an
      exacerbation of oral candidosis under local antimycotics. The diagnosis of
      Candida esophagitis was based on histopathologic examination and culture studies
      of biopsy specimen from macroscopically suspect lesions. Candida antigen was
      found in the serum of 30% of the patients, immunofluorescence was positive for
      Candida antibodies in 25%. A CMV- or HSV-esophagitis could be ruled out by direct
      immunofluorescence, in situ hybridoma experiments and by virus culture assays. In
      11/20 patients the Candida esophagitis was the first manifestation of full blown
      AIDS. 10 patients were treated daily with a combination of amphotericin B 0.4
      mg/kg KG and flucytosine 150 mg/kg/KG and 10 patients by oral administration of
      fluconazole 400 mg/d each for 8 days. Secondary prophylaxis was carried out with
      2.4 g/d (24 ml) amphotericin B as oral suspension in the amphotericin group and
      with 50 mg/d fluconazole p.o. in the fluconazole group. Both therapy regimens
      showed a complete remission in a control esophagogastroduodenoscopy after 10
      days. Side effects were only moderate. After an observation period between 7-24
      months there were three relapses in the amphotericin group and four in the
      fluconazole group. After 24 months 10 patients had died, a rate comparable to
      that after Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In total, there is no difference
      between both therapy regimens, the oral administration of fluconazole once a day
      allowed treatment as an outpatient and was appreciated by the patients.

PMID- 1818271
TI  - [Candida colonization in diseases of the oral mucosa: clinical observations].
AB  - The influence of Candida colonization of the oral mucosa in cases of diseases
      such as lichen planus mucosae and pemphigus vulgaris is demonstrated. Those
      colonizations which are not clinically evident may easily be overlooked. They may
      be one of the reasons why the treatment of the underlying diseases appears to be
      not effective. Repeated cultural investigations of yeasts in those diseases are
      necessary, especially during their sometimes prolonged therapy.

PMID- 1818272
TI  - [The control of storage mites in the mycological laboratory].
AB  - Mycological cultures in the laboratory are threatened by storage mites who feed
      on fungi and cause contamination by transferring bacteria and fungi from culture
      to culture. To eliminate mites from fungal cultures without damage to the fungi
      themselves several chemical and physical procedures were tested. The following
      substances were added to Sabouraud glucose (2%) agar at concentrations of 0.1 and
      1.0%: gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane), N-ethyl-o-crotonyltoluide,
      pyrethrins, dieldrin N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, benzyl benzoate, and--as popular
      household remedies--Eau de Cologne, neutral soap and garlic. The media were
      inoculated with 4 dermatophytes (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, M. gypseum and E.
      floccosum). Two to three weeks later the fully grown cultures were contaminated
      with mites and their eggs. In other test series, mite infested cultures were
      exposed to heat (40 degrees C and 60 degrees C) or cold from -12 degrees C to -28
      degrees C over different periods of time. Finally, the protective value of
      sealing culture dishes with adhesive tape was investigated. The most useful
      method to control mite infestation in fungal cultures seemed to be exposure to
      heat over a short time.

PMID- 1818273
TI  - [Constituent Congress of the International Society for Pathophysiology].
AB  - Pathophysiology began from general pathology due to a necessity of experimental
      analysis of pathological processes. Its origins date back to the works of
      Magenndie and Claude Bernard who introduced the concept of "experimental
      pathology". It is noteworthy that the founder of cellular pathology, Rudolph
      Virchow, emphasized the crucial importance of regulation disturbance for
      physiological processes as an essential mechanism of disease pathogenesis and
      used the term "pathological physiology". In Russia this term was defined by V.V.
      Pashutin in his lectures on pathological physiology (1878). In this country, in
      the thirties of this century pathophysiology acquired the significance of a
      medical discipline and was included in the medical education curricula. I. P.
      Pavlov, who designated pathophysiology as experimental pathology, greatly
      contributed to this end. In 1819, Galliot published a manual in general pathology
      and pathological physiology. But the first textbook in pathophysiology seems to
      have been written 200 years ago, as early as 1790, by professor A. F. Hecker,
      from the Erfurt University, who read lectures in "Physiologia pathologica". Thus,
      pathophysiology originated independently in various countries which testifies to
      the objective necessity for its origination due to medicine development. However,
      contemporary pathophysiology appreciably differs from that at its earlier stages
      of development, and even from that of several decades ago. Modern pathophysiology
      ceased to be just experimental pathology, it has acquired a new quality, having
      become an integrative biomedical science. This feature is due to medicine
      development, growing differentiation of medicine, and to an ever increasing body
      of diverse information about different pathological processes. All this brought
      about a necessity for the birth of an integrative medical science.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818274
TI  - [Nonspecific resistance of the body to transcranial electric stimulation in the
      analgesia regimen].
AB  - The authors studied the level of proteins in the acute phase of inflammation and
      the level of glucocorticoid hormones, the leukocyte composition, the functional
      activity of the peripheral blood phagocytes, and the body temperature in rabbits
      under normal conditions and in subcutaneous turpentine injection in transcranial
      electric stimulation in the analgesia regimen. Changes of the studied parameters
      and activation of the mechanisms of the organism's nonspecific resistance
      occurred on a model of aseptic inflammation. It is suggested that endogenous
      opioid peptides play a significant role in these changes.

PMID- 1818276
TI  - [Hemodynamics as affected by delta-sleep-inducing peptide].
AB  - The study was performed on 20 male rabbits. The effect of intravenous delta-sleep
      inducing peptide (DSIP), 60 nmol/kg in 5 ml of saline, on central hemodynamic
      parameters was studied in 11 experiments. Nine rabbits formed the control group.
      Two heterodirectional responses of the heart and vessels occurred in the animals
      given DSIP, which made them divide into 2 groups: those with a predominantly
      cardiac type of hemodynamic responses (n = 5) and animals with a predominantly
      vascular type of hemodynamic responses (n = 6). The results of the studies showed
      that DSIP affected central hemodynamics of intact animals; a direct action of
      DSIP on the vascular tone and permeability as well as on myocardial contractility
      cannot be excluded. The changes in hemodynamic parameters were, however, within
      the physiological normal range.

PMID- 1818275
TI  - [The microcirculatory system in hamsters in a model of central pain syndromes].
AB  - Experimental models of central pain syndromes, namely, trigeminal neuralgia (TN)
      and a pain syndrome of spinal origin, were developed in Syrian hamsters.
      Microhemocirculatory disorders, increased venular permeability, and increased
      mast cell degranulation in the mucosa of the cheek pouches were revealed. The
      importance of studying microcirculation in the cheek pouches of hamsters,
      especially in experimental TN is discussed, because appraisal of microcirculation
      in both pouches allows the beginning of generalization disorders to be
      determined.

PMID- 1818277
TI  - [Role of the neurogenic component in post-resuscitation disorders of
      cardiovascular regulation].
AB  - The reactivity of the cardiovascular system in the first 3 hours after 20-minute
      isolated compression ischemia of the brain was studied in experiments on dogs.
      Changes of baroreflex regulation in short-term clamping of the carotid arteries
      and in reduced pressure in the aorta as well as disorders of compensatory
      potentials of the circulatory system in acute blood loss were revealed. The fact
      that sympathicotonia increases was established. It is concluded that a search for
      methods for correction of posthypoxic disorders of neuroreflex regulation of the
      cardiovascular system is necessary.

PMID- 1818278
TI  - [Neuromotor dyskinesia occurring during repeated injections of enkephalins into
      the rat striatum].
AB  - The effect of 3-week daily injection of 5 or 15 mg enkephalin-like tetrapeptides
      (TP) into the rostral neostriatum was studied in chronic experiments on rats with
      implanted microcannulas. According to the type of TP, hyperkinesia or a
      pathological cataleptic status was registered in disorder of conditioned reflex
      behavior of rats. Myoclonus of the muscles of the face and the muscles of the
      front limbs was encountered from the 10th till the 120th minute after the
      injection and was characterized by dynamic changes during chronic administration
      of the agent and clearly defined stage of generalization. A pathologic cataleptic
      status (rigidity) in an animal kept in a suspended position occurred 120-140
      minutes after the microinjection and lasted for up to 100 sec. The effect of the
      agent depended on the dose and stage of its chronic injection. The results of the
      study allow the conclusion on the principal possibility of the striatal
      enkephalinergic system being involved in the genesis of neuromotor dyskinesia and
      dysfunction of the basal ganglia, which is manifested by disorders of conditioned
      reflex behavior and motor extrapyramidal deviations.

PMID- 1818279
TI  - [Effect of emulsions of carbon perfluoride compounds on the blood plasma
      complement system and functional state of the rabbit brain].
AB  - Experiments were conducted in vitro on rabbits to study the effect of emulsions
      based on composition of carbon perfluorides (decalin perfluoride/methyl
      cyclohexyl piperidine perfluoride) and proxanol (P-268) on the blood complement
      system. It is shown that despite preservation of the composition some emulsions
      activate complement others fail to do this. Intravenous infusion of complement
      activating emulsion in a test-dose leads to early neutropenic reaction in the
      peripheral blood of rabbits and intensified power of low frequency rhythms in the
      electrocorticogram.

PMID- 1818280
TI  - [Postradiation regeneration of hemopoiesis with preliminary whole body
      hyperthermia in mice].
AB  - The stimulatory effect of the preliminary whole body hyperthermia (WBH) on
      postradiation recovery of number both early hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-S
      and CFU-GM) and morphologically identifiable neutrophilic and erythroid cells in
      bone marrow was demonstrated in mice. Animals were exposed to the WBH (40 degrees
      C for 1 h.) 20 h before the irradiation in dose 6 Gr. WBH increased surviving of
      irradiated (7,5 Gr) mice up to 58% (100% lethality in control).

PMID- 1818281
TI  - [Blood system responses in inflammation and mechanisms of their development].
AB  - A model of acute infectious peritonitis in mice demonstrated that the
      inflammation is attended by marked biphasic activation of bone-marrow
      granulomonocytopoiesis and that the activation is due in many respects to
      increased functional activity of elements forming the hemopoiesis-inducing
      microenvironment. This was suggested by increased colony-stimulating activity of
      the marrow mononuclear cells and the content of hemopoietic islets in the marrow.
      The colony-stimulating activity of peripheral blood also increased. It was
      established that inflammation is also characterized by activation of bone-marrow
      erythropoiesis, which is linked with increased erythropoietic activity of the
      hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment and blood. There was a relation between the
      hemopoietic changes and the kinetics of leukocytes in the focus of inflammation.

PMID- 1818282
TI  - [Modulating effect of mast cells on the proliferation of cells from various
      lymphoid organs of rats].
AB  - There are some reasons for suggesting that mast cells (MC) can modulate lymph
      cell (LC) activity. The blast-transformation test was used to study the effect of
      serum MC of Wistar and ACI rats on the proliferation of splenic, thymus and lymph
      node LC in vitro. Rat MC modulate lymphocyte proliferation. Depending on their
      concentrations, serum MC increased spontaneous and T-mitogen induced
      proliferation of splenic and lymph node cells. T-mitogen thymocyte proliferation
      was also increased. The promoting effect was maximal when the MC proliferative
      response was induced by suboptimal doses of mitogens. No genetical restriction
      was found for development of the MC promoting effect.

PMID- 1818283
TI  - [Change in the function of glucocorticoid receptors and translocation of
      glucocorticoid receptor complexes in hepatocyte nuclei exposed to nonsteroidal
      drugs].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g to study the
      effect of medical agents (Tizercin 3,5.10(-4) M, 7,0.10(-4) M, Cephazolin,
      streptomycin and penicillin C--10(-3) M, 10(-4) M) on the function of
      glucocorticoid receptors of hepatic cytosol and translocation of the
      glucocorticoid-receptor complexes into the nuclei of hepatocytes. Synthetic
      labeled ligands 3H-dexamethasone and triamcinolone 3H-acetonide were used. Their
      specific activity was, respectively, 20 and 22 Ci/mmol The association and
      dissociation constants and the number of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes after
      their translocation into the hepatocyte nuclei were determined by Sketcher's
      method. It was found that streptomycin and Tizercin inhibit while Cephazolin and
      penicillin C activate the function of glucocorticoid receptors. Translocation of
      glucocorticoid-receptor complexes into the hepatocyte nuclei does not change
      under the effect of these agents.

PMID- 1818284
TI  - [Hypothalamo-bulbar regulation of afferent reactions of intact and altered
      heart].
AB  - Afferent reactions of the heart were studied by registration of evoked potentials
      (EP) in acute experiments on cats. It was established that the hypothalamo-bulbar
      structures take part in regulation of heart afferentation through depressive
      effects descending along the system of the vagus nerves. In this case increase of
      the activity of the posterior hypothalamus in the period of acute myocardial
      ischemia due to activation of neurons of the motor nucleus of the vagus nerves
      leads to depression of excitation processes on the neurons of the intracardiac
      nervous system, while the zones of the anterior hypothalamus exert a relieving
      effect on heart afferentation.

PMID- 1818285
TI  - [Role of adrenergic regulation in the genesis of myocardial ischemia].
AB  - The role of altered adrenergic regulation in the development of myocardial
      pathology was studied in dog experiments. Activation of the sympathetico-adrenal
      system was induced by electrostimulation of the sympathetic tonic cardiac nerve
      in the first experimental series and by intravenous infusion of exogenous
      noradrenaline (NA) in a dose of 1 microgram/kg/min in the second series. A
      positive inotropic response of the heart occurred in both series. Comparison of
      the effect of nerve stimulation with the effect of exogenous NA showed them to be
      essentially different. The NA-mediator secreted in stimulation of the nerve
      contributed to the development of coronarogenic myocardial ischemia which was
      confirmed by ECG and the results of study of the coronary blood flow. Infusion of
      NA from an ampule in the above-mentioned doses failed to produce an effect on the
      alpha-receptors of the coronary vessels, but by activating the beta 2-receptors
      of the coronary arteries facilitated their dilatation and thus increased the
      blood flow in them. The functional relationship between the sympathetic tonic
      nerve and the alpha-adrenoreceptors of the coronary arteries and between the
      humoral catecholamines and their beta 2-adrenoreceptors is shown.

PMID- 1818286
TI  - [Prevention of heart failure by adapting the body to high-altitude hypoxia].
AB  - The impact of adaptation of the body to various high-altitude levels was
      thoroughly studied in 355 Chinchilla rabbits. It was found that adaptation of the
      body to high-altitude conditions prevents to a great measure a complex of
      phenomena specific to heart failure: disturbed myocardial RNA metabolism, reduced
      cardiac volume, increased mass of circulating blood, destructive myocardial
      changes, etc. Adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia is conducive to resistance of
      the heart to additional load and may be used in the prevention of heart failure
      as well as in the prevention of heart diseases and circulatory disorders.

PMID- 1818287
TI  - [Water-soluble phosphorus-containing forms of ionol in experimental treatment of
      thermal burns].
AB  - The authors studied the membrane-stabilizing effect of two water-soluble
      preparations of antioxidants, analogues of ionol, in thermal burns. It was found
      that both preparations increase somewhat to a different degree the resistance of
      the red cell membranes to peroxide compounds and reduce hemolysis which is very
      characteristic of the first minutes and hours after the thermal trauma. The
      preparations alter the electrical properties of the red cells and affect the
      activity of phospholipases in blood plasma.

PMID- 1818288
TI  - [Effect of phosphatidylcholine liposomes on lipid peroxidation in the liver and
      phospholipid metabolism in hepatocyte plasma membrane in hemorrhagic shock].
AB  - The possibility of protecting the liver from lipid peroxidation (LPO) by
      phosphatidylcholine liposomes was studied in a model of hemorrhagic shock.
      Augmentation of LPO in hemorrhagic shock correlated with a decrease in
      phosphatidylcholine levels in the plasma membranes of hepatocytes and an increase
      in phosphatidylinositol content. With the use of liposomes the activation of LPO
      in the liver was removed and the level of phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylinositol in the hepatocyte plasma membrane was restored.

PMID- 1818289
TI  - [Functional relationship of venous to metabolic vessels of muscles in
      experimental venous insufficiency].
AB  - Modelled venous insufficiency of the hind limbs of cats (ligation of the
      posterior vena cava for 4-6 weeks) led to structural reorganization of the venous
      walls of the gastrocnemius muscle, which was manifested by a sharp increase of
      stretchability of the venous bed of the muscle if the activity of the smooth
      muscles was removed by papaverine, and by significant loss of the sensitivity of
      the smooth muscles of the intramuscular veins to noradrenaline as regards
      function. The range of adrenergic changes of postcapillary resistance and
      capillary pressure was reduced sharply in animals with venous insufficiency. This
      may be among the causes of disorders of metabolic processes in the skeletal
      muscles in venous insufficiency.

PMID- 1818290
TI  - [Analysis of the causes of incomplete structural and functional restoration of
      the skeletal muscles after severe traumatic injury to the limb (ultrastructural
      study)].
AB  - The work is concerned with light-optic and ultrastructural analysis of the causes
      of incomplete structural and functional restoration of skeletal muscles after
      extensive trauma and replantation of the limb. It was found that posttraumatic
      myogenesis was limited due to change of some of the satellite cells from the
      myogenic type of development to differentiation with the formation of fibroblast
      like cells. In distinction from the embryonal cells, the myoblasts form the
      surrounding basal membranes earlier which prevents their fusion and the formation
      of the myosymplast. The features of the macrophageal reaction, its permanency
      lead to accumulation of collagen in the interstitium. Progressing secondary
      neurogenic atrophy develops at the tissue level. The developing posttraumatic
      microangiopathies are the cause of secondary destructive changes in the muscles.
      The disorders of tissue nutrition and the progressing atrophic and destructive
      degenerative processes gear the autoimmune mechanisms in the late periods which
      is conducive to stable chronicity of the pathological process in the muscle.

PMID- 1818291
TI  - [Protective role of prostaglandins in damaging effects].

PMID- 1818292
TI  - [Mediator-hormonal mechanisms of diarrhea].

PMID- 1818293
TI  - [Pain syndrome in rats after injury to the sciatic nerve].
AB  - Chronic experiments were conducted on rats to study the peculiarities of changes
      of pain sense and the components of the microcirculatory system after division of
      the sciatic nerve. It was established that division of the sciatic nerve leads in
      1-2 weeks to the development of hyperalgesia, the appearance of autotomies,
      disorders of the microcirculatory system, which are evidence of the development
      of the pain syndrome.

PMID- 1818294
TI  - IL6 and lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - Interleukin 6 has pleiotropic effects on cells from various lineages. Several
      data indicate that it may play a critical role in the development of multiple
      myeloma by an autocrine or parcrine stimulation pathway. For instance, we showed
      that oligodeoxynucleotides antisens of IL6 mRNA were capable to decrease the
      proliferation of two different myeloma cell lines. In Waldenstrom's
      macroglobulinemia, at the initial stage of the disease, there is an autocrine
      differentiation pathway which is dependent of the secretion of IL6 by tumor
      cells. IL6 may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of some other lymphoid
      malignancies such as follicular lymphomas or large cell lymphomas. Its role in
      the systemic symptoms of Castleman disease has been clearly established.

PMID- 1818295
TI  - Influence of various conditioning regimens on the outcome of bone marrow
      transplantation for leukemia.
AB  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is widely used for the treatment of
      leukemias. Relapse is one of the main complications. Various types of
      conditioning have been used. Most teams use a combination of cyclophosphamide and
      different modalities of total body irradiation. In some regimens, high dose
      alkylating drugs like Busulfan are substituted for radiation. None of these
      regimens has modified significantly the long term disease free survival,
      indicating the need for prospective randomized trials.

PMID- 1818296
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation using voluntary donors. Role of European Secretariat.
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation using unrelated donors is one technique used for
      patients who have no HLA identical donor. The French Registry "France Greffe de
      Moelle" (F.G.M.), with 57.866 volunteer donors has allowed since its creation in
      1987 the treatment of 143 French patients (December 1990). For the remaining 20 %
      patients who have no donor on F.G.M., the request are sent to other European
      registries. In order to improve the management of these request, an European
      Secretariat: European Donor Secretariat (E.D.S.) has been created and set up in
      Paris. It manages all European requests coming from European registries. This
      organization permits to reduce the waiting time of the patients and therefore,
      participates in the improvement of the clinical results.

PMID- 1818297
TI  - The sequestration of 111-In-labelled autologous platelets and the efficiency of
      splenectomy.
AB  - The main information is the excellent correlation between the site of
      sequestration of autologous platelets (the use of 111-indium allows autologous
      labelling even in case of severe thrombocytopenia) and the efficiency of
      splenectomy. From 76 cases with splenic sequestration studied 2 to 10 weeks after
      splenectomy, an excellent increase of the platelet count (higher than 300
      10(9)/l) was observed in 65 cases, a moderate increase (100-300) in 6, a failure
      in 5. In contrast, in the 16 cases with hepatic sequestration, only one success
      did occur, and failure (platelet count lower than 100) occurred 15 times. Beyond
      the 6th month, in spite of some relapses, the prediction remains excellent. From
      the 67 evaluated cases with initial splenic sequestration, 58 have a platelet
      count higher than 100 10(9)/l. From the 14 cases with hepatic sequestration, 13
      have, at long term, less than 100 10(9)/l platelets.

PMID- 1818298
TI  - Dysfibrinogenemia and thrombosis.
AB  - A thrombotic tendency (venous or arterial) has been reported in some cases of
      dysfibrinogenemia. We report here the mechanism by which these thrombosis may
      occur. It may be related either to a defective clot lysis due to a poor
      reactivity toward fibrinolytic enzymes or to a defective thrombin binding
      capacity of the abnormal clot. Acquired fibrin clot structure anomalies may also
      be responsible for a defective thrombolysis.

PMID- 1818299
TI  - Perforin and granzyme B: predictive markers for acute GVHD or cardiac rejection
      after bone marrow or heart transplantation.
AB  - Monitoring of human allografts requires to use histological, immunohistochemical
      and functional techniques to characterize graft infiltrating cells. Granzyme B
      and perforin gene expression is of major importance in functional studies. Those
      proteins are present in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and
      are secreted during granule exocytosis at the effector/target cell interface.
      Gene expression of both proteins has been studied by in situ hybridization using
      specific riboprobes on serial sections of biopsies in two pathological models.
      Our results show that cells infiltrating early skin lesions of patients with
      acute GVHD after bone marrow graft are exclusively composed of T cells, among
      which some of them express granzyme B and perforin genes. Similarly the presence
      of granzyme B and perforine-expressing cells in endomyocardial biopsies of heart
      transplanted patients has been associated to early and severe crisis of
      rejection. In contrast, the absence of functional markers in lymphoid infiltrates
      was coinciding with less aggressive and late episodes of rejection. Taken
      together, our data indicate that granzyme B and perforin gene expression in skin
      infiltrating lymphocytes during GVH or within heart infiltrating cells during
      crisis of rejection are in favor of severe processes. The study has allowed to
      predict during heart transplantation the apparition of a rejection crisis and to
      show the necessity for treating the patient with immunsuppresive drugs. This is
      also the case for patients with GVHD at the time of the first skin rash.

PMID- 1818301
TI  - p53 gene alterations in human hematological malignancies: a review.
AB  - Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 are found in a wide variety of human
      tumors. In hematological malignancies, p53 alterations are involved in the
      evolution of chronic phase CML to myeloid blast crisis. p53 mutations were also
      found associated with Burkitt lymphoma (35%) and its leukemic counterpart, L3
      type B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (60%). These observations suggest that
      several common mechanisms are involved in the transformation process of these two
      hematological disorders.

PMID- 1818300
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a costimulator for cytotoxic cell differentiation.
AB  - Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) can be activated by interleukin-2 (IL-2) into
      lymphokine-activated killers (LAK). Tumor Necrosis factor alpha was found to act
      synergistically with very low concentrations of IL-2 which were ineffective by
      themselves in inducing LAK activity. We demonstrate that the failure of low doses
      of IL-2 to induce LAK generation was related to their incapacity to induce TNF
      production by LGL. When specific antibodies against TNF were added to the
      culture, the differentiation of LGL into LAK effectors by optimal concentrations
      of IL-2 in our system was partially inhibited suggesting that TNF may be a
      physiologic mediator in the sequential activation stages of LGL into LAK
      effectors. We have also investigated the functional interaction between IL-2 and
      TNF on the generation of alloreactive CTL. Using primary mixed cultures of
      lymphocytes from a MHC-recombinant sibling identical for MHC class II antigens
      and displaying MHC class I disparity, our data indicate that addition of
      exogenous TNF at the sensitizing phase of the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction
      did not result in CTL activation. However, when simultaneously added with IL-2,
      TNF could promote an optimal induction of cytotoxic T cell generation. The TNF
      property to potentiate the cytotoxic function appears to involve an enhancement
      of IL-2 induced serine esterase activity suggesting that TNF may affect some
      components of the cellular lytic machinery. In conclusion the data presented here
      are most consistent with the suggestion that TNF could increase the IL-2
      signaling efficiency or potentiate activation signaling involved in the
      acquisition of lytic competence by cytotoxic T cells.

PMID- 1818302
TI  - Monoallelic deletions of the P53 gene in Chinese patients with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis.
AB  - The configuration of the P53 tumor suppressor gene was investigated in 43 Chinese
      patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 32 in chronic phase and 11 in
      blastic crisis. No obvious rearranged DNA band was detected in Southern blot
      patterns from patients at both stages of the disease. However, P53 gene deletion
      events were observed in 4 out of 11 cases in blast crisis. This finding was
      associated with a cytogenetically identifiable chromosome 17p deletion, iso(17q),
      in only one out of 4 cases.

PMID- 1818303
TI  - Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and breast cancer.
AB  - PTHrP, a newly characterized peptide is responsible for humoral hypercalcemia of
      malignancy in squamous cancers. It is also expressed by a variety of normal
      tissue and might have growth factor propriety. It is expressed by lactating
      breast and is frequently present in breast cancer. Although it is responsible for
      humoral hypercalcemia in an animal model of breast cancer its role in breast
      cancer hypercalcemia is still putative. The possibility that it might be one of
      the autocrine growth factors implicated in breast cancer cell proliferation has
      been suggested.

PMID- 1818304
TI  - The SCID mouse.
AB  - Numerous investigations of the mammalian hematopoietic system in normal and
      pathologic states have been facilitated by the study of genetically determined
      immunologic dysfunctions in experimental animals. This article focuses on the
      scid mutation of the mouse (SCID mouse) that causes severe defects in the
      development of the immune system. The mutation appears to impair the
      recombination of antigen receptor genes, causing in the SCID mice a lack of
      functional T and B lymphocytes. Other hematopoietic cell types appear to develop
      and function normally. SCID mice readily support normal lymphocyte
      differentiation and can be reconstituted with normal lymphocytes from syngeneic
      or allogeneic mice and even partially reconstituted with human lymphocytes. They
      also support the growth of allogeneic and xenogeneic tumors. Thus, SCID mice
      might be useful for studies of both normal and abnormal lymphocyte development
      and function.

PMID- 1818305
TI  - Gene transfer to somatic tissues using retroviral vectors.
AB  - Retroviral vectors have successfully been used for stable gene transfer in a
      number of in vivo situation. Before this approach can reallistically be applied
      in the treatment of human genetic diseases, the correction of pathological
      symptoms have to be documented in an animal model. In this perspective, we have
      chosen to use a strain of mice carrying the gusmps mutation, where homozygotes
      are deficient for beta-glucuronidase and develop a mucopolysaccharidosis. Two
      methods which result in the stable introduction of the human beta-glucuronidase
      cDNA into skin fibroblasts or hematopoietic stem cells are presented. A third
      method, whereby genes can be stably transferred to the liver is also discussed.

PMID- 1818306
TI  - Platelet surface glycoprotein changes in patients with cerebral ischemia.
AB  - In vitro abnormalities of platelet behaviour have been described in patients with
      ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICD) suggesting that changes in platelet
      receptors and/or platelet a granules may occur in the circulation. We
      investigated the frequency of such alterations in 95 patients that were studied
      within a few days after acute stroke. Using specific antibodies to two intrinsic
      plasma membrane glycoproteins (GPs), the GPIIb-IIIa complex and GPIV, and to
      thrombospondin (TSP), a a-granular protein that becomes expressed on the platelet
      surface upon activation, we were able to distinguish two groups of patients: 16
      patients presented an increased concentration of TSP on their platelets
      demonstrating in vivo platelet secretion. These patients could constitute a group
      with increased risk of thrombosis. In contrast, 20 patients presented a decreased
      concentration of GPIIb-IIIa and GPIV. This decrease in intrinsic plasma membrane
      GPs was associated with a decrease in mean platelet volume and may suggest the
      occurrence of platelet fragmentation in the circulation.

PMID- 1818307
TI  - [Ethics and epidemiology].

PMID- 1818308
TI  - Recent treatments of aplastic anemia. The International Group on SAA.
AB  - The treatment of severe aplastic anemia has been modified recently by the
      demonstration that Cyclosporine A is active alone or in combination leading to
      more than 50% response rate. Combination or sequential treatments with ATG seem
      to be better than such drug separately but this must be studied in randomized
      studies. Long term follow-up is necessary to assess the rate of malignant
      transformation. Growth factors have been recently introduced. G or GM-CSF seem to
      be active. IL-3 has not been proven to be effective in very small non randomized
      study. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the best treatment with a
      matched related donor, progress must be achieved in methods of conditioning and
      GVH prophylaxis when a matched unrelated donor is used.

PMID- 1818309
TI  - Gene regulation in megakaryocyte.
AB  - Analysis of the mechanisms which control the differentiation of the
      megakaryocytic lineage is a major commitment to understand the production of
      circulating blood platelets. One way to approach this question is to examine the
      promoter domain of a marker gene which is expressed exclusively in the
      megakaryocytic lineage and at an early stage of the differentiation process. For
      this purpose the gene coding for the platelet specific glycoprotein IIb was
      isolated and its promoter was analysed. This promoter contains positive and
      negative DNA responsive elements that are responsible for the cell specific
      expression of the gene. With this promoter region it is now possible to direct
      the expression of heterologous genes in vivo using the transgenic approach.

PMID- 1818310
TI  - Value of imaging for the diagnosis of residual mediastinal mass in malignant
      lymphomas.
AB  - After optimal therapy, residual masses are defined as a mass greater than 2 cm of
      CT scann, and are present in 15 to 20% of mediastinal lymphomas. We prospectively
      studied 50 pts with gallium scan (32 cases) and a MRI (41 cases) after the
      diagnosis of residual masses. There were 38 Hodgkin's disease and 12 non Hodgkin
      lymphomas; stage I and II: 29 pts; stage III and IV: 21 pts; 32 cases had bulky
      mediastinal involvement at diagnosis. RESULTS: A negative gallium scan and/or a
      fibrotic signal on MRI was correlated with a complete remission in 43/50 cases.
      We observed 2 false positive with gallium scan and 7 cases were MRI was not
      conclusive with a high signal of indeterminate tissue. CONCLUSION: We propose to
      perform a gallium scan as soon as the residual mass is detected, than the follow
      up will be made an MRI. Surgical biopsy must be proposed only when both exams
      positive or not conclusive.

PMID- 1818311
TI  - Glycol alkyl ethers as hemopoietic toxins.
AB  - Since 1971, glycol alkyl ethers have taken progressively the place of aromatic
      solvents including benzene. Experimental data point out to a possible toxicity on
      bone marrow, responsible of hypoplasia and even acute leukemia.

PMID- 1818312
TI  - The comeback of lead poisoning.

PMID- 1818313
TI  - Rearrangement of the E2A gene in the t (1;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that the E2A gene encoding helix-loop-helix
      proteins E12/E47 is fused to a novel homeobox gene PBX1, as a result of the t
      (1;19) translocation observed in pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
      Molecular diagnostic techniques, including PCR, of the t (1;19) are now possible
      and provide an useful tool in conjunction with cytogenetics to identify
      involvement of E2A and PBX1 genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 1818314
TI  - Hypermethylation of the calcitonin gene and leukemia.
AB  - Methylation of some genes is associated with tumoral progression in numerous
      cancers. The short arm of chromosome 11 is a hot spot for such methylations. The
      calcitonin gene (11p15) seems to be a good marker of these phenomenons,
      particularly in acute leukemias. The abnormal methylation pattern of the
      calcitonin gene in leukemic cells is visualized by Southern blotting after
      digestion of tumoral DNA with isoschizomeric restriction enzymes which are
      methylation sensitive or not. These studies seem of interest for acute
      myeloblastic leukemias (AML) where few molecular markers are available. Moreover
      hypermethylation of the calcitonin gene correlates with acceleration and
      transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Sequential studies are
      warranted to evaluate if such techniques might help, especially for timing of
      bone marrow transplantation in CML.

PMID- 1818315
TI  - Women and AIDS.

PMID- 1818316
TI  - Standards of psychiatric nursing: a myth or reality in India.

PMID- 1818317
TI  - Nursing care case study: tuboplasty or recanalisation.

PMID- 1818318
TI  - Childhood psychopathology and temperament among slum dwelling children.
AB  - In this study we have identified the temperament and psychopathology among
      children between the age of 5 to 14 years. Out of the forty children selected for
      same thirty four of them belonged to parents who have less than primary education
      and earning less than Rs.1,000/- per month. Temperament and psychopathology is
      markedly high among the children belonging to these groups.

PMID- 1818319
TI  - [Biodegradable polymers as retardation excipients for drugs].

PMID- 1818320
TI  - [The effect of disease on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. 3. Cardiovascular,
      respiratory, neoplastic, thyroid diseases, diabetes, infections, mucoviscidosis,
      obesity, operations, burns etc].

PMID- 1818321
TI  - [The use of bead cellulose for controlled drug liberation. 3. The ion exchange
      capacity of bead cellulose and bead cellulose derivatives].
AB  - Methods are represented for the preparation of the ionic derivatives dihydrogen
      phosphate bead cellulose and carboxymethyl bead cellulose from pure, swollen bead
      cellulose. The degree of substitution can be varied by changing the extent of
      swelling of the parent bead cellulose and the amount of reactant. The products
      exhibit similar physical properties (swelling weight, porosity, bed volume and
      spherical shape) like pure, unsubstituted bead cellulose. The ion exchange
      capacity and pK values of bead cellulose derivatives were measured by a modified
      acid-base titration method. The tendency of varying the physical properties in
      relation to the degree of substitution is discussed.

PMID- 1818322
TI  - The release of naproxen in fatty suppository bases by beta-cyclodextrin
      complexation.
AB  - The effect of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) on the release of naproxen (1) from
      fatty suppository bases was investigated. The solid complexes of 1 with beta-CD
      in a molar ratio of 1:1 were prepared by using the kneading, co-precipitation and
      grinding method. Witepsol H15 and Massa Estarinum B suppositories were prepared,
      containing the intact 1 and 1-beta-CD complex, respectively. The in vitro release
      of 1 from fatty bases was examined. The release data were assessed kinetically.
      The best fit was obtained with Q vs. the square root of time.

PMID- 1818323
TI  - The effect of the cross-linking time period upon the drug release and the dynamic
      swelling of gelatin microspheres.
AB  - The cross-linking time period affected both the swelling and release processes of
      cross-linked gelatin microspheres. In the dynamic swelling procedure, the
      combination of both phenomena of microparticle swelling and drug diffusion
      produced at first the increase and then the decrease of the diameter of a loaded
      microsphere. The increase of the cross-linking time period produced the shift of
      the penetrant transport from anomalous to super-case II kinetics. This behaviour
      could justify the decrease of the diffusion component of the drug release as the
      cross-linking time period increased.

PMID- 1818324
TI  - Fractals also in pharmacokinetics?
AB  - Under certain circumstances the time course of drugs and/or metabolites in body
      fluids and tissues may show a 'fractal pattern', i.e. manifestations of mainly
      irregular figures having identical or similar structures in their parts as in the
      whole. This will be demonstrated in this paper by means of just one example,
      although many more can be found easily in the literature. It appears that the
      fractal concept may also be useful in pharmacokinetics to describe the complexity
      of time-concentration curves by an additional parameter, the 'fractal dimension'.
      A simple principle is proposed for testing the 'self-similarity' which is useful
      as accompanying evidence of the fractal dimension.

PMID- 1818326
TI  - [The analgesic action of d-phenylalanine in combination with morphine or
      methadone].
AB  - The analgesic action of D-phenylalanine (D-Phe) is well known. It has been
      demonstrated in hot-plate tests on mice that combining D-Phe with narcotic
      analgesics already with doses inactive on separate application. In combination
      with D-Phe, a dose of morphine less by half compared to its unique use does not
      reduce analgesic activity in rats, but after six weeks of treatment some
      undesirable side effects like dependence, behavioural disorders and growth
      retardation are markedly lowered. These results suggest the possibility to design
      a combined drug similarly effective as well-introduced narcotic analgesics, but
      better tolerated.

PMID- 1818327
TI  - [Rough sets theory in structure-activity relationship analysis of quaternary
      pyridinium compounds].
AB  - Relationship between chemical structure and antimicrobial activity of 53
      quaternary pyridinium compounds is analysed using the theory of rough sets. The
      compounds are described by 8 attributes concerning structure and are divided into
      5 classes of activity. The description builds up an information system. Using the
      rough sets approach a smallest set of attributes significant for a high quality
      of classification has been found. A decision algorithm has been derived from the
      information system showing important relations between structure and activity. It
      may be helpful in supporting decisions concerning synthesis of new antimicrobial
      compounds.

PMID- 1818325
TI  - [The effect of potential antineoplastic antibiotics and the metal complex
      compound cisplatin on in vitro phagocytosis].
AB  - Under standardized conditions the influence of the drugs lambdamycin, violamycin,
      granatomycin C, daunorubicin and cisplatin on the phagocytosis has been tested.
      Therapeutical doses of lambdamycin, daunorubicin and cisplatin did not have any
      obvious impairment on the phagocytosis. Contrarily to this granatomycin C (an
      isochromanchinon antibiotic) and violamycin (an anthracyclin in high
      concentrations) significantly depressed the phagocytosis of PMN.

PMID- 1818329
TI  - Determination of butalbital, caffeine and propyphenazone in pharmaceutical
      preparations by gas chromatography method.

PMID- 1818328
TI  - Comparison of HPLC and derivative spectrophotometric methods for the
      determination of paracetamol and caffeine in tablets.

PMID- 1818330
TI  - [In vitro liberation of spasmolytics from suppositories].

PMID- 1818331
TI  - Verapamil but not nifedipine influences the metabolic ratio of debrisoquine
      hydroxylation.

PMID- 1818332
TI  - Effects of antimitotic agents on tubulin-nucleotide interactions.
AB  - The interaction of antimitotic drugs with guanine nucleotides in the tubulin
      microtubule system is reviewed. Antimitotic agent-tubulin interactions can be
      covalent, entropic, allosteric or coupled to other equilibria (such as divalent
      cation binding, alternate polymer formation, or the stabilization of native
      tubulin structure). Antimitotics bind to tubulin at a few common sites and alter
      the ability of tubulin to form microtubules. Colchicine and podophyllotoxin
      compete for a common overlapping binding site but only colchicine induces GTPase
      activity and large conformational changes in the tubulin heterodimer. The vinca
      alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, the macrocyclic ansa macrolides,
      maytansine and ansamitocin P-3, and the fungal antimitotic, rhizoxin, share and
      compete for a different binding site near the exchangeable nucleotide binding
      site. The macrocyclic heptapeptide, phomopsin A, and the depsipeptide, dolastatin
      10, bind to a site adjacent to the vinca alkaloid and nucleotide sites.
      Colchicine, vinca alkaloids, dolastatin 10 and phomopsin A induce alternate
      polymer formation (sheets for colchicine, spirals for vinblastine and vincristine
      and rings for dolastatin 10 and phomopsin A). Maytansine, ansamitocin P-3 and
      rhizoxin inhibit vinblastine-induced spiral formation. Taxol stoichiometrically
      induces microtubule formation and, in the presence of GTP, assembly-associated
      GTP hydrolysis. Analogs of guanine nucleotides also alter polymer morphology.
      Thus, sites on tubulin for drugs and nucleotides communicate allosterically with
      the interfaces that form longitudinal and lateral contacts within a microtubule.
      Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), divalent cations, and buffer components
      can alter the surface interactions of tubulin and thus modulate the interactions
      between antimitotic drugs and guanine nucleotides.

PMID- 1818333
TI  - Transmembrane signalling by interferon-alpha.
AB  - Human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) binds to discrete cell surface receptors
      on target cells, and thereby alters gene expression. Transmembrane signaling by
      IFN-alpha involves the production of DAG without an increased intracellular free
      calcium concentration, and the subsequent activation of calcium-independent
      isoforms of PKC (beta and epsilon). Selective PKC inhibitors (H-7 and
      staurosporine) can block the ability of IFN-alpha to activate the transcription
      of a distinct set of genes, called the IFN-stimulated genes (ISG), and to protect
      cells against viral infection. IFN-alpha also induces the rapid changes in
      protein phosphorylation, which may include latent transcription factors for ISGs.

PMID- 1818334
TI  - Resistance to antimitotic agents as genetic probes of microtubule structure and
      function.
AB  - Much of our knowledge about microtubules has come from detailed morphological,
      biochemical, and cell biological studies. As more is learned about these
      organelles, questions regarding the in vivo regulation of their expression and
      function become increasingly important. Genetics provides an approach to address
      these more subtle questions in the living cell. Mammalian mutants with
      microtubule alterations have been isolated using selections for resistance to the
      cytotoxic effects of a number of antimitotic drugs. A subset of these mutants
      have clearly defined alterations in alpha- or in beta-tubulin, and these have
      been used to explore the mechanisms by which mammalian cells acquire resistance
      to this class of drugs. In addition, the mutants are providing valuable insights
      into how tubulin expression is regulated, into what factors determine the extent
      of microtubule assembly in living cells, into the domains of tubulin that are
      involved in assembly, and into the role of microtubules in essential cellular
      processes.

PMID- 1818335
TI  - Calcium signalling and the triggering of secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - The pivotal intracellular message for triggering catecholamine release from
      bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is an elevation in the concentration of cytosolic
      free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Studies using video-imaging techniques have shown that a
      rise in [Ca2+]i at the cell periphery, that is due to Ca2+ entry, is the major
      activating signal for exocytosis. The cytoskeleton has been identified as a major
      regulatory site of exocytosis, with Ca(2+)-induced disruption of the cortical
      actin network being required in order that previously restrained granules may
      have access to their exocytotic sites. The Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-dependent
      annexin protein, calpactin, has been strongly implicated in a late stage of
      interaction between granules and the plasma membrane by both ultrastructural and
      biochemical studies.

PMID- 1818337
TI  - Oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents.
AB  - Oligodeoxynucleotides can act as antisense complements to target sequences of
      mRNAs to selectively regulate gene expression. Chemically modified analogs that
      are nuclease-resistant enable this antisense strategy to be utilized in practice.
      Studies with oligodeoxynucleotide analogs in cell free systems, and their
      cellular uptake will be described. Certain analogs have been found to regulate
      viral and cellular gene expression. However, some also inhibit in a non-specific
      manner, that may be traced to their selective inhibition of viral and cellular
      polymerases. A chemically modified oligodeoxynucleotide analog can be regarded as
      an informational drug.

PMID- 1818336
TI  - Physical and spectroscopic methods for the evaluation of the interactions of
      antimitotic agents with tubulin.
AB  - The physico-chemical methods for the study of the binding of ligands to tubulin
      are examined in-depth, emphasizing the assumptions on which they are based and
      their limitations. The criteria of specificity and linkage to protein self
      association are presented. It is shown that, of the direct equilibrium binding
      techniques, Hummel-Dreyer gel permeation chromatography and rapid
      ultracentrifugation are applicable only when binding is not linked to protein
      self-association. Disc filtration is valid only when the reverse unbinding
      reaction is very low. Binding linked to protein self-association can be measured
      by batch gel permeation or by dialysis equilibrium. The indirect techniques, such
      as fluorescence perturbation or difference absorption spectroscopy are discussed
      in terms of the assumptions on which they are based. They are shown to be used
      best only after characterization of the binding by direct techniques. Equilibrium
      binding parameters can also be deduced from careful kinetic experiments.
      Comparison of calorimetrically measured enthalpies of binding to van't Hoff
      enthalpies derived from equilibrium measurements indicates that the method of
      choice is calorimetric, while comparison with van't Hoff analysis can reveal the
      existence of reaction steps not detected by equilibrium measurements. Use of
      other indirect approaches, such as titration of an enzymic activity, can also
      lead to the detection of additional steps. The criteria are set up for the proper
      data analysis of ligand binding linked to protein self-association and the
      selection of the proper mode of linkage. It is shown how the thermodynamic
      contributions of various moieties of a ligand can be established by a rational
      structural modification of the ligand and the proper analysis of the binding
      measurements, in which all non-specific entropic contributions are taken into
      account. It is demonstrated also how a similar analysis of binding data can lead
      to conclusions about the reaction pathway from a comparison of equilibrium
      thermodynamic measurements on judiciously modified ligand molecules.

PMID- 1818338
TI  - Invasion and metastasis: biology and clinical potential.
AB  - Metastatic dissemination of tumor is the primary cause of death for most cancer
      patients. The expanding field of study of the metastatic cascade has been the
      source of novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The
      metastatic process involves angiogenesis, tumor cell adhesion to vascular
      basement membrane, local proteolysis to create an opening in the basement
      membrane, migration through that rent and into the secondary site, and finally,
      successful proliferation. Important components of the metastatic cascade such as
      basement membrane structures, adhesion molecules and their receptors, proteolytic
      enzymes, migration-inducing factors, and growth factors have been demonstrated to
      have reproducible patterns in malignant and metastatic tissues. These patterns
      have led to clinical correlations demonstrating their utility in the
      identification and follow-up of malignant and metastatic disease. In addition,
      several promising new anti-cancer drugs such as inhibitors of angiogenesis,
      protease-inhibitors, and blockers of signal transduction have been identified and
      are awaiting introduction into the clinical arena.

PMID- 1818339
TI  - The effects of saikosaponin on macrophage functions and lymphocyte proliferation.
AB  - The effects of saikosaponin-d (ssd), isolated from Bupleurum radix, on phagocytic
      functions of mouse peritoneal macrophages were investigated after treatment in
      vitro. The macrophages treated with ssd showed a significant increase in PMA
      induced chemiluminescence. An increase in phagocytosis was detected after
      treatment with saikosaponin-b2 (0.1 microM) for 24 h in vitro, while a
      suppression of phagocytosis was observed following treatment with saikosaponins
      (0.5 microM). Treatment with ssd markedly increased the random migration of
      resident peritoneal macrophages, but did not affect the migration towards FMLP.
      We further investigated the effect of ssd on proliferative responses of spleen
      cells and found that ssd, which itself has no mitogenic activity, decreased
      spleen cell proliferative response to T-cell mitogen, but increased the response
      to B-cell mitogen.

PMID- 1818340
TI  - Compounds inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis isolated from Ipomoea pes-caprae.
AB  - The crude extract (IPA) of the plant Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. showed an
      inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Bioassay-guided separation
      of the extract led to the isolation of four active compounds: 2-hydroxy-4,4,7
      trimethyl-1(4H)-naphthalenone (1), (-)-mellein (2), eugenol (3), and 4-vinyl
      guaiacol (4). Among the isolated compounds, 3 and 4 were the most active with
      IC50 values of 9.2 and 18 microM, respectively. For 1 and 2 the IC50 values were
      230 and 340 microM, respectively. The influence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the
      formation of prostaglandins may partly explain a previously observed anti
      inflammatory effect of the extract IPA.

PMID- 1818341
TI  - Activity of boldine on rat ileum.
AB  - Boldine shows a concentration-dependent relaxation effect on the rat ileum
      preparation with a pD2 of 3.77 +/- 0.12. The alkaloid also produces a
      concentration-dependent parallel shift of the curve-response to acetylcholine,
      therefore it directly interferes with the cholinergic mechanism associated with
      the contraction, behaving as a competitive antagonist with a pA2 of 4.78 +/-
      0.19. On the other hand, boldine produces a nonparallel shift of the contraction
      response induced by barium, revealing the occurrence of a non-competitive
      antagonism. This effect could be the result of interference with intracellular
      events associated with the barium-induced changes in calcium pools.

PMID- 1818342
TI  - Anti-hepatitic activity of ginsenoside Ro.
AB  - Ginsenoside Ro, an oleanane-type saponin has been screened for activity in
      experimental models of acute and chronic hepatitis. Ginsenoside Ro (50 and 200
      mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the increase of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (s
      GOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (s-GPT) levels in D-galactosamine
      (GalN)- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatitic rats. Ginsenoside
      Ro inhibited the increase of connective tissue in the liver of CCl4-induced
      chronic hepatitic rats. Ginsenoside Ro showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the
      GalN-induced acute hepatitic model than those of the aglycone of ginsenoside Ro,
      oleanolic acid, or glycyrrhizic acid and its aglycone, glycyrrhetinic acid.

PMID- 1818343
TI  - Anti-allergic effect of bryonolic acid from Luffa cylindrica cell suspension
      cultures.
AB  - The anti-allergic activity of bryonolic acid (1) isolated from the cultured cells
      of Luffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae) was compared with that of glycyrrhetinic
      acid (2), the aglycone of glycyrrhizin from licorice. Compound 1, when
      administered to rats intraperitoneally at a dose of 600 mg/kg, inhibited
      homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis more strongly than 2 at the same dose.
      Compound 1 also significantly inhibited delayed hypersensitivity in mice which
      could not be inhibited by 2. In contrast to 2, 1 showed not only little toxicity
      but no visible side effects on mice, without impairing the activity of the
      hepatic enzyme (4,5 beta-dihydrocortisone:NADP+ delta 4-oxidoreductase) involved
      in steroid catabolism.

PMID- 1818344
TI  - Activity on the CNS of crude extracts and of some diterpenoids isolated from
      Euphorbia calyptrata suspended cultures.
AB  - Crude methanolic extracts from both root and cell cultures of Euphorbia
      calyptrata were investigated and found to be active on the CNS. An active
      fraction was isolated from the methanolic extract of suspension cultures; this
      possesses significant depressant activity on the CNS. When compared with the
      crude methanolic root extract, this fraction showed the presence of some common
      products, four of which were isolated and characterized as helioscopinolides A,
      C, D, and E. The pure products, administered intraperitoneally to mice, showed
      different activities on the CNS. Helioscopinolide C showed a clear depressant
      activity, helioscopinolide E a mild, short depressant effect, while
      helioscopinolides A and D had an opposite excitatory effect.

PMID- 1818345
TI  - Formation of nitrogen-containing metabolites from geniposide and gardenoside by
      human intestinal bacteria.
AB  - During the course of our studies on the metabolism of iridoid glycosides by human
      intestinal bacteria, we found that geniposide (1) and gardenoside (4) were
      transformed to new nitrogen-containing compounds, genipinine (3) and gardenine
      (6), respectively, along with the known aglycones. Although the amounts of new
      metabolites were somewhat lower than those of the aglycones, they were
      quantitatively analyzed by means of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
      (LC/MS). Of 25 strains of human intestinal bacteria, Peptostreptococcus
      anaerobius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides
      fragilis ssp. thetaotus produced appreciable amounts of 3, while a bacterial
      mixture of human feces produced 10 times or more higher amounts of 3, as compared
      to the individual strains.

PMID- 1818346
TI  - A new phloroglucinol derivative from Hypericum calycinum with antifungal and in
      vitro antimalarial activity.
AB  - The new phloroglucinol derivative 1 has been isolated from the light petroleum
      ether extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum calycinum. Its structure has been
      established by means of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and by nOe, MHQC, and HMBC
      experiments on its monomethyl ether derivative 3. Compound 1 was fungicidal
      against Cladosporium cucumerinum in a TLC bioassay. In addition, this new
      phloroglucinol derivative was also found to exert an interesting antimalarial
      activity in an in vitro test system.

PMID- 1818348
TI  - Purification of anti-ulcer polysaccharides from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum.
AB  - A water-soluble crude polysaccharide fraction (BR-1) prepared from the root of
      Bupleurum falcatum L. (Japanese name = Saiko) prevented HCl/ethanol induced
      ulcerogenesis in mice significantly. BR-1 was fractionated into four
      polysaccharide fractions (BR-2, BR-3, BR-4, and BR-5) by the addition of
      cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the strongly acidic polysaccharide fraction
      BR-2 showed the most potent inhibition of gastric lesion formation. When BR-2 was
      further fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, the most potent anti-ulcer
      activity was observed in the pectin-like polysaccharide, bupleuran 2IIc.
      Bupleuran 2IIc was homogeneous as determined by electrophoresis and gel
      filtration. Bupleuran 2IIc was composed mainly of galacturonic acid with small
      proportions of arabinose, rhamnose, and galactose, and its average relative
      molecular mass was estimated to be 63,000 d. BR-2 lost most of its activity after
      treatment with periodate or digestion with endo-polygalacturonase indicating that
      the polygalacturonan region and/or the molecular mass may contribute to activity.

PMID- 1818347
TI  - A novel leishmanicidal labdane from Polyalthia macropoda.
AB  - A new diterpene, (4S,9R,10R) methyl 18-carboxy-labda-8,13(E)-diene-15-oate has
      been obtained from the stem barks of Polyalthia macropoda (Annonaceae). This
      labdanic derivative was identified on the basis of spectroscopic data and is
      biologically active against the promastigote Leishmania donovani donovani.

PMID- 1818349
TI  - Enkleine: an isoquinolone from Enkleia siamensis.

PMID- 1818350
TI  - Iridoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis nordmanniana.

PMID- 1818351
TI  - Phenolic constituents of Rhodiola coccinea, a Tibetan folk medicine.

PMID- 1818352
TI  - [Serological and allergological survey of cattle in Niger].
AB  - A serosurvey and a tuberculination campaign have been conducted throughout Niger
      in 1989-1990 on cattle to measure the prevalence rate of six diseases:
      brucellosis (1.4%), haemorragic septicemia (3.9%), tuberculosis (2%), coxiellosis
      (15.4%), pleuropneumonia (3.7%), Rift Valley fever (0.52%). The results were
      analysed and compared to livestock service reports.

PMID- 1818353
TI  - Susceptibility of Nubian goats to mercury poisoning in the Sudan.
AB  - Twelve Nubian goats were given single or repeated oral dosages of mercuric
      chloride at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg and died or were killed in extremis at various
      times after dosing (18 hours-18 days). The main signs of poisoning were anorexia,
      frothing at the mouth, respiratory distress, epistaxis, bloat, diarrhoea,
      abnormal posture and recumbency. An increase in the activity of GOT and in the
      concentrations of urea and inorganic phosphate and a decrease in total protein
      and calcium concentrations in the serum were detected. The main lesions were
      dilatation and necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, shrinkage and
      disappearance of the glomerular tufts, varying amounts of acidophilic homogenous
      material in the lumens of the affected tubules of the kidney, enteritis,
      hepatocellular degeneration and/or necrosis and pulmonary congestion,
      haemorrhage, oedema and emphysema. The changes in the red blood cells indicated
      anaemia.

PMID- 1818354
TI  - [Note on a method of hepatic biopsy in young camels].
AB  - A method of liver biopsy in camels, less than two years old, is described as well
      as post-operation cares and risks. Using this method, it is possible to sample
      100 to 500 mg of fresh tissue in 75% of cases. This percentage may be improved
      with well trained surgeons.

PMID- 1818355
TI  - A serological survey of the prevalence of Aujeszky's disease antibodies in
      Thailand using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), serum neutralization
      (SN) and latexagglutination tests (LT).
AB  - The presence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) antibodies in eluates of whole blood on
      filter paper and corresponding sera from Thai pigs was determined by ELISA, SNT
      and LT. From a total of 800 samples tested by ELISA, 26% of the sera and 18% of
      the eluates showed positive results. From 640 samples tested by SNT and chosen
      because they gave negative, suspicious, or weakly positive results by ELISA, 22%
      were positive. A total of 182 suspicious samples were also tested by LT, and
      among them 63 (35%) were clearly positive. The investigation demonstrated that
      the older the animal, the greater the probability that antibodies would be found.
      Owner surveys tended to state that few animals had been vaccinated. This coupled
      with the high frequency of antibodies detected, indicates that AD-infection among
      Thailand's swine population is a common problem.

PMID- 1818356
TI  - Soremouth in sheep and goats at the Mankon Animal Research Station, Cameroon.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1989, a survey was carried out to appreciate the prevalence of
      the soremouth (orf) disease among sheep and goat flocks at the Mankon Research
      Station (Cameroon). The results showed that orf is enzootic at the station and is
      more a goat (85.5%) than a sheep disease (51%) with kids showing a higher
      susceptibility rate (53%) than adult goats. Orf has a high mortality (80-90%)
      with a negligible mortality rate (2%). Both sexes were affected while more
      incidences of orf were recorded during the dry season than in the rainy season.

PMID- 1818357
TI  - Camel (Camelus dromedarius) contagious ecthyma in the Sudan. A case report.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of the contagious ecthyma in camel calves
      in the Sudan were investigated. The animals were inappetant, emaciated and
      slightly anaemic. The disease was characterized by skin lesions around the lips
      and nostrils with occasional involvement of mucocutaneous junctions. The
      pathology includes vaculoar changes of the epithelial layers. Affected areas were
      ulcerated, haemorrhagic and with frequent secondary bacterial surinfection.
      Negative contrast electron microscopy has proven to be an extremely useful
      procedure for quick differential diagnosis.

PMID- 1818358
TI  - Predisposing factors in enterotoxemias of camels (Camelus dromedarius) caused by
      Clostridium perfringens type A.
AB  - C. perfringens type A was isolated from different organs and intestines from
      breeding and racing camels which died from peracute and acute enterotoxemias in
      two separate outbreaks. Pathological changes in the digestive tract were mild in
      breeding camels, and severe in racing camels. A polyvalent clostridial antiserum
      of bovine origin given intravenously had a life-saving effect on breeding camels,
      but not on racing camels. In the two outbreaks, fifty percent of the breeding
      camels were suffering from an acute Trypanosoma evansi infection, and 25% of the
      racing camels had developed a salmonellosis. It is suggested that both infections
      played an important role as predisposing factors for the outbreak of C.
      perfringens enterotoxemias.

PMID- 1818359
TI  - Proposed scheme for isolation and identification of Clostridium perfringens and
      Clostridium perfringens-like organisms.
AB  - The properties of 220 strains of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium
      perfringens-like organisms were studied. A scheme was designed for the
      identification of these strains. The scheme was based on the presence/or absence
      of lecithinase enzyme, synergestic haemolysis with Streptococcus group B toxin,
      their inhibition with appropriate antisera and reaction in the lactose gelatin
      nitrate motility test (LGNM) with the fermentation of a few sugars.

PMID- 1818360
TI  - Aetiology of an actinomycosis-like abscess in cattle.
AB  - Arachnia propionica was isolated from an abscess resembling actinomycosis in a
      four-year-old crossbred cow. The properties of the organism were described in
      comparison with closely related organisms.

PMID- 1818361
TI  - Isolation of Corynebacterium renale from slaughtered cattle at the Zaria abattoir
      in Nigeria.
AB  - Forty urinary bladders were collected from apparently healthy cattle slaughtered
      at the Zaria abattoir. Twenty-four (60%) were from male animals and 16 (40%) from
      females. Urine samples were obtained and cultured for Corynebacterium renale.
      Four (16.7%) of the samples from males and 1 (6.3%) from females were positive.
      The difference in infection between the sexes was statistically significant (P
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 1818362
TI  - Association of Klebsiella organisms with pulmonary lesions in sheep.
AB  - Small nodules were seen on chest wall and in the lungs of sheep slaughtered in Al
      Ahsa abattoir, Saudi Arabia. Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies ozaenae was
      isolated and characterized. The histopathology of the nodules was described.

PMID- 1818363
TI  - [Incidence of trypanosoma in the population of tsetse flies at the game ranch of
      Nazinga (Burkina Faso)].
AB  - The frequency of trypanosome infection in Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G.
      tachinoides, at the game ranch of Nazinga (Burkina Faso), was examined.
      Considering the absence of human activities and domestic animals, the study area
      can be considered as "primitive" and the infection rates as "natural". These
      results will contribute to clarifying some points concerning the epidemiology of
      the transmission of the parasite, in particular in those areas where the setting
      up of a natural game reserve is planned.

PMID- 1818364
TI  - [Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep on a
      pasture at Bunia (Itiri, Zaire)].
AB  - Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae were studied from
      December 1987 to November 1988 during three different periods (dry season, first
      and second rainy seasons) on an experimentally infected pasture at Bunia (Ituri,
      Zaire). Whatever the season, eggs developed into infective larvae within six days
      and the largest number of larvae on the herbage occurred between the 12th and the
      18th day post deposition. However, the two rainy seasons were the most favourable
      for transmission because of the high number of larvae on the pasture and the
      increased survival of these larvae after 4 weeks.

PMID- 1818365
TI  - Comparative studies of gastrointestinal helminths of poultry in Zaria, Nigeria.
AB  - Two-hundred and ten digestive tracts of local chickens reared in and around
      Zaria, Northern Nigeria, under the extensive native free range system of
      management and 203 digestive tracts of exotic chickens raised under the intensive
      system of management were examined for parasites. Two hundred and one (95.7%) of
      the local chickens were infected and 24 (11.8%) of the exotic chickens also.
      Among the local chickens, 12 species of nematodes and 7 species of cestodes were
      recovered. Only one nematode and one cestode species were recovered from the
      exotic chickens. The prevalence of helminth infections between local and exotic
      chickens was significantly different at 1%.

PMID- 1818366
TI  - [Cicatricial, antibacterial and antimycotic effects of tepescohuite in
      experimental animals].
AB  - The cicatricial and antibacterial effects of the sterile powder of the barks of
      tepescohuite (Mimosa tenuiflora), 2% mupirocin ointment, and 0.9% saline were
      compared. The experiment was performed in rabbits with chemically induced burns
      clinically, histopathologically, bacteriologically, and mycologically controlled.
      No statistically significant difference was found among the three treatment
      modalities. Due to the potentially hepatotoxic effects and low therapeutic
      efficacy of tepescohuite it should not be used in human beings.

PMID- 1818367
TI  - [Knowledge on nutrition among medical residents].
AB  - We evaluated the knowledge on nutrition of physicians undertaking their residency
      in gynecology, pediatrics or internal medicine. A group of nutrition students was
      also evaluated for comparison. We used a "don't know-false-true" type of
      examination. The mean grades of the physicians were lower than those considered
      minimum for approval, whereas the mean grades of the nutrition students were near
      the minimum for approval.

PMID- 1818368
TI  - [Long-term treatment and prognostic factors in adult acute myeloblastic leukemia.
      Experience of the INNSZ group Puebla-Monterrey-Mexico)].
AB  - The results of the treatment in a group of 43 adult patients with acute
      myelogenous leukemia (AML) are analyzed. All patients were induced to remission
      with a 7/3 schedule: cytarabine in continuous infusion during seven days and an
      anthracycline in push during three days; consolidation was done with the same
      regimen and no maintenance therapy was used. Complete remission (CR) was achieved
      in 60%, median survival of those achieving CR was 21 months. Mortality during
      induction was 30%; relapses occurred in 61% of those achieving CR. Twelve and 78
      months overall-survival was 50 and 18% respectively, whereas 12 and 78 months
      disease-free-survival was 46 and 16% respectively. Fourteen variables were
      analyzed in their impact in both CR achievement and long term survival. Four
      variables were found to be associated with CR achievement: hemoglobin levels,
      major bleeding and infection at diagnosis, and site of treatment (private
      practice vs city hospital). All variables were associated with the 78 months
      survival, but two variables were related to 12 months survival: time of recovery
      of the bone marrow after ablative chemotherapy and amount of platelets transfused
      during the chemotherapy-induced hypoplasia. With regard to the first variable,
      the 12 months survival was 90 and 55% for patients recovering a normal bone
      marrow, before or after 25 days of initiation of chemotherapy (p less than 0.05).
      On the other hand, the hemorrhage-associated-mortality during induction was 9 and
      36% for patients receiving more or less than 20 units of platelets during
      hypoplasia respectively (p = 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818369
TI  - [Immunoelectroblotting in Mexican subjects at high risk for infection with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].
AB  - Sera from 124 persons in high risk groups were analyzed including homosexuals,
      blood recipients, and spouses or siblings from AIDS patients. In this study, 118
      individuals had a positive ELISA for anti-HIV antibodies. Six persons had a
      complete immunodeficiency syndrome and a negative ELISA test. In the Western
      blot, 111 sera were positive, four negative, and nine scored indeterminate; four
      of the latter converted to positive when retested three months later. Antibodies
      present in the positive sera were directed against the HIV gp 41 kD in 100% of
      the cases and against the gp 120 kD in 82%. Frequency of recognition of p55 kD
      was 96% but p18 kD was only 42%.

PMID- 1818370
TI  - [Prolactin variants in serum and amniotic fluid of women with ovulatory
      hyperprolactinemia].
AB  - There is enough evidence that prolactin (PRL), like many other pituitary
      hormones, is composed by multiple forms that differ from each other by size
      charge. Although they can be seen in the pituitary glands of a variety of
      species, their biological significance, identity and chemical nature still remain
      poorly understood. Recently, a new syndrome characterized by normal ovarian
      function in the presence of sustained hyperprolactinemia has been reported by our
      group. In these women, highly abnormal percentages of serum big big PRL have been
      consistently demonstrated. This observation suggests that big big PRL is
      immunologically similar, but biologically less active than monomeric or little
      PRL. In this study we have determined then molecular size heterogeneity of
      immunoreactive PRL in serum and amniotic fluid from two ovulatory
      hyperprolactinemic subjects (subjects A and B) who had, under non-pregnant
      conditions, large amounts of serum big big PRL, throughout different stages of
      parturition. Control subjects consisted of two women at the end of pregnancy in
      whom PRL species demonstrated a normal size distribution (subjects C and D). Mean
      basal levels of PRL were the highest in subjects A and B and remained constant
      during labor. In the control subjects a remarkable decline in PRL levels was
      observed during the periparturitional period. This pattern of PRL release was not
      correlated with changes in steroid hormone concentrations. The relative
      proportions of PRL size variants throughout delivery showed no apparent changes
      in all four subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818371
TI  - [Hemoglobin I-Philadelphia (alpha 16 (A14) Lys----Glu) in a Mexican family
      identified during a survey done in the state of Chiapas].
AB  - The first finding in the Mexican population of hemoglobin I-Philadelphia is
      described. Six members of a family in the state of Chiapas were found to have the
      trait.

PMID- 1818372
TI  - [Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver. Report of a case].
AB  - A 15-year-old woman who was studied because an abdominal mass at the Instituto
      Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INNSZ) is reported. The history
      revealed only malaise and mild abdominal pain. At physical exploration, an
      abdominal mass in the upper right quadrant was found. Liver function tests were
      normal. Abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography revealed a large cystic
      mass of the right hepatic lobe. She underwent exploratory laparotomy.
      Intraoperative frozen sections of the biopsies demonstrated undifferentiated
      sarcoma of the liver, and an extended right trisegmentectomy was performed.
      Postoperative outcome was uneventful. Adjuvant treatment with doxorubicin and
      dacarbazine was given, and at six months of follow-up, the patient is alive
      without any evidence of recurrence. Clinical and histopathologic features of this
      rare malignant tumor are discussed, as well as the therapeutic choices.

PMID- 1818373
TI  - [3 cases of hematogenous lung abscess of amebic origin].
AB  - Invasive amebiasis is a very serious health problem in Mexico as it is presumably
      related to the presence of virulent strains of Entamoeba histolytica and poor
      hygienic and sanitary conditions; other factors related to invasive amebiasis are
      undernutrition, alcoholism, and homosexuality. We present three patients with
      pulmonary amebic hematogenous abscess. Clinically all patients had the typical
      "chocolate" exudate. The three patients had pulmonary consolidations by chest
      roentgenogram; one of them had multiple opacities with air fluid level, and the
      others had an isolated opacity with air fluid level. The ultrasound and
      hepatogammagram were negative for diaphragmatic communication in all; in one of
      them the pneumoperitoneum was negative for diaphragmatic communication. The
      transthoracic needle biopsy of the lesions was positive to ameba in two patients.
      The serologic tests were positive in all. We treated the patients with
      metronidazole and emetine during 10 days; since the clinical picture and the
      radiologic findings did not remit completely, we gave a second course of
      metronidazole during 10 days more and achieved complete resolution.

PMID- 1818374
TI  - [The heredity of obesity. Epidemiologic evidence (1923-1990)].

PMID- 1818375
TI  - [Granulomatous hepatitis and facial paralysis in a 21-year-old man].

PMID- 1818377
TI  - The aging equation in Asia.

PMID- 1818376
TI  - [Hepatitis B surface antigen in health personnel].

PMID- 1818379
TI  - Assessment of socio-economic, functional and medical problems among the elderly
      in one rural community of Thailand.
AB  - A survey of persons aged 60 years and over in Mae Sot in Tak Province, Thailand
      was conducted in 1989 to determine the prevalence of socio-economic, functional
      and medical problems. A total of 567 elderly persons from 8 villages
      systematically selected from 54 villages outside the municipality were
      interviewed and examined. Ninety-eight percent of them lived with their children
      or relatives. There were few elderly persons reporting difficulty performing
      basic physical activities of daily living due to the very low proportion of older
      elderly in this area. 13.3% of men and 14.5% of women reported some degree of
      urinary incontinence; however, most of them complained of only slight
      incontinence at occasional intervals. 62.4% of the study elderly had a body mass
      index below 20. The mean body mass index for men (19.5) was slightly higher than
      that for women (18.7). One hundred and two out of the 567 elderly surveyed were
      found to have hypertension and 51% of these hypertensives were newly diagnosed
      during this study. There was no association between the prevalence rate of
      hypertension and any of the other studied variables, including age, sex,
      educational level and smoking habits. The overall prevalence rate of diabetes in
      these elderly people was 1.6%. The mean body mass index of the diabetic group
      (23.1) was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than that of the non-diabetic
      group (19.1). Special homes for the aged may become necessary in the future as
      young people migrate away from rural areas where their aging parents live to
      urban areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818380
TI  - Declining impact of oral rehydration therapy in a Papua New Guinea Highlands
      Province: a case study with implications for Papua New Guinea's National
      Diarrheal Disease Control Program.
AB  - A provincial diarrheal disease control program that was based on the delivery of
      oral rehydration solution (ORS) from health facilities now places greater
      emphasis on the management of diarrhea with fluids at home. The change in
      strategy has been associated with decreasing utilization of health facilities and
      increasing mortality from diarrheal disease. The declining impact is attributed
      to the promotion of home-based management with little preparation of the target
      population for their therapeutic role. National policy recommends home-based
      management for mild cases of diarrhea and ORS for more severe cases. Our
      observations in the Southern Highlands Province have important implications for
      the diarrheal disease control program in Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 1818378
TI  - Recent advances in visceral leishmaniasis in China.
AB  - A review of major advances in investigations and laboratory work on visceral
      leishmaniasis in China is presented. In the eastern plain and northern
      mountainous regions, no new cases were detected, while sporadic appearance of the
      disease was noted in western mountain and desert regions. Considerable
      achievements were attained regarding epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis,
      experimental research on disease control in mountainous regions, sandfly control
      and elimination as well as immuno-diagnosis of the disease. Noticeable
      consequences were also obtained from the exploration on the problem of
      geographical strains and biochemical study of the parasite. The intervention
      measures in sporadically occurring visceral leishmaniasis in the western mountain
      and desert regions are discussed.

PMID- 1818381
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus serological markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Thailand.
AB  - The present study reports on the prevalence of specific IgA and IgG antibodies to
      EBV viral capsid antigen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with
      different histological types of carcinoma and their age-matched controls by the
      indirect immunofluorescence test, using the B-95-8 lymphoblastoid cell line as
      source of viral capsid antigen. EBV specific IgG was found in almost all the
      study cases, and antibody titers were significantly higher in the NPC patients
      than in non-cancer controls. GMT of anti-EBV IgG in NPC patients, patients with
      other malignant diseases, and those with non-malignant diseases were 371.5, 97.7
      and 35.5, respectively. Anti-EBV specific IgA was more specific to NPC than was
      IgG, and was present in 86.5% (83 of 96) cases of NPC patients, 6.6% (2 of 30) of
      patients with other cancers, and 3.1% (3 of 97) cases of non-malignant diseases.
      A weak correlation between level of anti-EBV IgA in NPC patients was observed (r
      = 0.3). EBV IgA was found in all histological types of NPC, ie, WHO types 1, 2
      and 3, but WHO type 1 was rare among NPC patients in Thailand. Use of anti-EBV
      IgA for monitoring cancer therapy is to be further investigated.

PMID- 1818382
TI  - Lymphocyte changes in secondary dengue fever: use of the Technicon H*1 to monitor
      progress of infection.
AB  - Secondary dengue fever as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome is a
      potentially fatal complication of an infection that presents with few clinical
      signs that help in the diagnosis. Previous workers have reported the value of
      buffy coat determinations of atypical lymphocytes as an aid to the diagnosis. We
      report here the use of an automated white blood cell differential counter, the
      Technicon H*1 in the monitoring of the atypical lymphocyte count as a measure of
      the progress of the infection in a retrospective study of serial full blood
      counts in 45 serologically confirmed patients. Technicon H*1 'basophil' and large
      unstained cell counts and manual atypical lymphocyte counts rose in tandem with
      the drop in platelets and decreased when the platelets recovered. In a sub-study,
      the atypical lymphocytes were immunophenotyped and found to be predominantly
      derived from T lymphocytes. We conclude that the Technicon H*1 is a useful
      monitor of the activity of the infection in dengue hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 1818383
TI  - Comparison of an IgM capture ELISA with a dot enzyme immunoassay for laboratory
      diagnosis of dengue virus infections.
AB  - This study describes the use of an IgM capture ELISA using cell culture derived
      antigens and a polyclonal rabbit antiflavivirus antisera for the detection of
      dengue positive cases. The IgM capture ELISA is compared with the dot enzyme
      immunoassay and the results are discussed in the context of dengue endemicity.

PMID- 1818384
TI  - Trial of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in infants aged under nine months.
AB  - Due to the recent finding that most infants in developing countries have lost
      maternal antibody for measles before nine months of age, immunization of infants
      younger than the recommended age of nine months would help reducing the incidence
      of measles in these endemic areas. We conducted a trial of Edmonston-Zagreb
      measles vaccine which is the strain that may be more immunogenic in young infants
      than the widely used Schwarz strain. Forty-five infants with mean age of 25 weeks
      received a dose of Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine. Antibody levels were measured, using
      plaque neutralization test, before and about 3 months after vaccination at which
      mean age was 38 weeks. The seroconversion rate was 89%. Only two infants (4.4%)
      had immunity before vaccination. Fifteen infants (33.33%) reported some adverse
      reactions including fever (13.33%), rhinorrhea (8.89%), rash (4.44%) and local
      reactions (22.22%). All of the reactions resolved spontaneously. We conclude that
      Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine is efficacious and safe in infants aged under
      nine months.

PMID- 1818385
TI  - Impact of a tetanus toxoid immunization mass campaign on neonatal tetanus
      mortality in Aceh Province, Indonesia.
AB  - Neonatal tetanus mortality declined dramatically in Pidie district (Aceh
      Province) Indonesia between 1984 and 1987. Baseline and follow-up survey results
      demonstrated an 85% reduction in neonatal tetanus mortality during this period,
      from 32.1/1000 live births to 4.9/1000 live births. During 1985 a tetanus toxoid
      mass campaign was conducted in Pidie district which resulted in 84% of women 10
      45 years of age receiving two tetanus toxoid injections. Analysis of the results
      of the two surveys provides very strong evidence of the impact of the tetanus
      toxoid mass campaign on neonatal tetanus mortality.

PMID- 1818387
TI  - Treatment of tuberculous meningitis with 6-month course of chemotherapy.
AB  - The results of a 6-month course of chemotherapy for treatment of 29 patients with
      tuberculous meningitis were analyzed. There were 7 patients in stage 1, 12
      patients in stage 2 and 10 patients in stage 3. The result was recovery of 20
      patients, death of 4 patients, while 4 patients were lost to the study and 1
      patients dropped out from serious side effects. Three patients had residual
      neurological deficits.

PMID- 1818386
TI  - Salmonella carriage rate amongst school children--a three year study.
AB  - As a part of three-years epidemiological survey of salmonellosis in South Kanara
      District, a southwest coastal region of India, an attempt was made to determine
      the human Salmonella carriage rate during the period between 1981 to 1983. One
      thousand and two asymptomatic school children 5 to 15 years of age, 42 restaurant
      employees and 17 dairy workers formed the subjects of this bacteriological study.
      The Salmonella carriage rate among healthy school children from a single fecal
      sampling was 1% and no Salmonellae were recovered from the feces of restaurant
      and dairy workers. Ten school children excreted Salmonellae which belonged to 6
      different serotypes-Salmonella oslo, S. ohio, S. typhimurium, S. urbana, S. cerro
      and S. derby; S. oslo and S. ohio were the most frequent serotypes. No-S. typhi,
      S. paratyphi A or S. paratyphi B were recovered. All Salmonella strains recovered
      during this study were dual or multiple drug resistant, sulfadiazine and
      tetracycline resistance being commonly observed. The significance of excretion of
      potentially pathogenic, drug resistant Salmonellae by symptomless school children
      is discussed from public health point of view.

PMID- 1818388
TI  - Evaluation of a single Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever.
AB  - The usefulness of a single Widal test was evaluated in an endemic area. This test
      was done on 62 bacteriologically proven enteric fever cases, 69 non-enteric fever
      cases and healthy individuals. Using an 0 antibody cut-off of greater than or
      equal to 1:20, the Widal tube agglutination test yielded a sensitivity of 61% and
      a specificity of 88%. At a pre-test probability of around 50%, the positive
      predictive value was 83% and the negative predictive value was 72%. A 4%
      prevalence of 0 antibodies was noted in the healthy population.

PMID- 1818390
TI  - Halofantrine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the
      Philippines.
AB  - In an open clinical trial, thirty patients 14 to 44 years old and with acute
      uncomplicated falciparum malaria were given halofantrine hydrochloride 500 mg (2
      tablets) 6-hourly for 3 doses, a total dose of 1500 mg. All 30 patients were
      cured, with a mean asexual parasite clearance time of 47.6 hours and mean fever
      clearance time of 36.6 hours. Post-dosing side-effects occurred in 6 patients
      consisting of mild to moderate headache, dizziness and abdominal muscle spasm.
      Drug-induced hemolysis did not occur in two G6PD deficient patients. Twenty-three
      out of 28 isolates tested (82%) were resistant to amodiaquine, 3 (11%) were
      resistant to the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination, and all were sensitive to
      chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine by in vitro microtests. The study confirms
      the efficacy of halofantrine hydrochloride as a blood schizonticide in falciparum
      malaria.

PMID- 1818389
TI  - Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether on multidrug resistant falciparum
      malaria in Thailand. A preliminary report.
AB  - A 5-day course of oral artesunate at total doses of 1200, 600, 650 mg and
      intramuscular artemether 480 mg proved effective (90-100% cured) in the treatment
      of multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Shorter courses yielded
      high recrudescence rates. The fever clearance and parasite clearance times were
      short. The side effects were mild and transient including occasional abnormal
      electrocardiograms and pain at the injection site. Slight reduction of neutrophil
      leucocytes and reticulocytes was observed. Further studies of artesunate and
      artemether should be carried out to find the optimum dosage regimen and to
      clarify the hematological effects.

PMID- 1818391
TI  - Detection of blood stage antigens of Plasmodium vivax by sandwich ELISA using pan
      species monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - This paper reports an improved PcAb-McAb-ELISA test to detect blood stage
      Plasmodium vivax antigen in which the plates were coated with rabbit anti-P.
      cynomolgi polyclonal antibody to capture the antigens in test samples and two
      monoclonal antibodies, M26-32 and 3F9, were added together to react with the
      captured antigens. The coincidence rate with this test was 93% with
      microscopically confirmed P. vivax cases, 97% with normal samples, 95% with
      microscopically negative fever cases from nonendemic areas and 86% from endemic
      areas, respectively. The sensitivity was greater than 1 parasite/10(5) RBC.

PMID- 1818392
TI  - Comparison of effects of mass annual and biannual single dose therapy with
      diethylcarbamazine for the control of Malayan filariasis.
AB  - Annual and biannual mass single dose diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) at 6 mg/kg
      body weight was administered to people in a Brugia malayi endemic area in
      Shertallai part of Kerala, India, in 1987 and 1988. The coverage of population
      ranged between 41.33% and 66.01% in different rounds. The highest percentage of
      treated population developing side reactions was 8.4%. Both annual and biannual
      regimens were effective in reducing the microfilaria prevalence significantly
      from 4.90% to 1.23% and from 6.27% to 0.62% respectively and the incidence of
      infection was minimal in the adult population and zero among children. There was
      significant reduction in mean microfilaria count in both annual (81.08%) and
      biannual (98.00%) areas. Marked reduction in the proportion of high density
      carriers and infectivity index of the population after DEC therapy was also
      observed. Beneficial effect of mass single dose DEC on clinical cases of
      filariasis was evident from the reduction in the prevalence of acute
      manifestations, recent edema cases and the proportion of chronic cases with acute
      episodes. Results obtained from mass treatment areas were compared with those of
      the control area.

PMID- 1818393
TI  - Nervous system of Clonorchis sinensis as revealed by acetylcholinesterase
      activity.
AB  - The gross neuroanatomy of Clonorchis sinensis has been revealed by the
      localization of acetylcholinesterase, well known to be associated with the
      nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of two cerebral ganglia
      situated postero-dorsally to the pharynx and connected by a transverse
      commissure. These ganglia give off four pairs of nerves anteriorly and three
      pairs posteriorly. The anterior nerves contribute to the pharynx and to the
      formation of the circum-oral ring located in the oral sucker. The posterior
      nerves, of which the postero-ventral nerve cords are the most prominent,
      contribute to the innervation of the acetabulum, the gut, the reproductive organs
      and the excretory bladder. All the posterior nerve cords are connected by a
      number of transverse connections throughout their course forming a complicated
      nerve net. At least two types of nerve cells, bipolar and multipolar ones, were
      observed.

PMID- 1818394
TI  - Application of alcohol- or acetone-fixed Schistosoma eggs as an alternative to
      lyophilized eggs for the circumoval precipitin test.
AB  - Antigenicity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum eggs preserved in ethanol or
      acetone were assessed in a circumoval precipitin (COP) assay. The egg antigens
      were found to retain sufficiently their COP reactivity for the diagnosis of both
      schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica, although their reactivity became lower than
      that of lyophilized eggs. These alternative preparations for COP tests have
      advantages, such as keeping eggs directly in fixatives soon after the egg
      purification process. Furthermore, evaporation-process may cause eggshell
      cleavages which facilitate the reaction. The possible usefulness of those eggs in
      COP assays in local endemic areas is discussed.

PMID- 1818396
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes aegypti larvae
      in the northeast region of Thailand.
AB  - Laboratory bioassays using a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (Bt.H
      14), namely Skeetal were conducted to determine their effectiveness against late
      3rd/early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The larvae were collected from
      municipal areas in 7 provinces, namely Burirum, Roi-Et, Khon Kaen, Ubol
      Ratchatani, Nakorn Phanom, Surin and Nakorn Ratchasima, in the Northeast of
      Thailand. It was found that for Skeetal, LC50 ranged from 128 to 151 nl/l
      (average 143) and LC90 ranged from 254 to 289 nl/l (average 275). The mortality
      rate of Ae. aegypti larvae in the 7 provinces did not differ significantly (p
      greater than 0.05) at a concentration of 300 nl/l. The result of the bioassays
      show that the preparation of Bt.H-14 is very effective against Ae. aegypti larvae
      in Northeast of Thailand and the mosquito larvae in the various areas were nearly
      equal in susceptibility to Bt.H-14.

PMID- 1818397
TI  - Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 on Mansonia spp. larvae.
AB  - The efficiency of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 (Vectolex) as larvicide against
      Mansonia spp. was studied. Bioassay studies showed that the toxicity of B.
      sphaericus on both age groups (I-II instar and III-IV instar) of Mansonia spp.
      larvae occurred within 24 hours. Probit analysis revealed that LC100 (one hundred
      per cent lethal concentration) for both age groups of M. boneae were higher than
      those of M. dives. Small scale field trials were done at Kreng Village, Cha-uat
      District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, one of the most serious filarial infected
      areas. It was indicated that 100% kill of Mansonia spp. larvae in the field
      occurred within 9 days after the larvicide application. When a dose of 5 times of
      LC100 value was used, 100% control was achieved up to about one month.

PMID- 1818395
TI  - Practicable IFAT slide antigen preparations for detection of Gnathostoma
      spinigerum antibodies in rabbits.
AB  - This study was designed to determine which stage of Gnathostoma spinigerum and
      which method of the preparation of test antigens are the most suitable for the
      detection of antibodies in serum of rabbits infected with advanced third stage
      larvae (AL3) of G. spinigerum by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT).
      Antigens from parasite ova and first stage larvae (L1) were obtained from freshly
      preserved specimens and affixed to glass slides with egg albumin. AL3 antigens
      consisted of paraffin sections, cryostat sections and pellets of crude worm
      soluble extract. Slides of adult male and female worms were prepared in cryostat
      sections. Pellets of crude worm soluble extract (AL3) smeared onto slides gave
      the best positive reaction followed by AL3 cryostat sections and L1.

PMID- 1818398
TI  - The advantages of mosquito biocontrol by stocking edible fish in rice paddies.
AB  - Edible fish stocked in rice fields at a density of 600-800 fry per mu (1 mu =
      1/15 hectare) for 150-170 days may act as an effective mosquito biocontrol agent.
      Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Tilopia
      spp. killed late stage larvae and pupae of Anopheles sinensis and Culex
      tritaeniorrhyncus in laboratory and field trials. Stocking of fish in
      experimental rice fields decreased larval numbers significantly in comparison
      with control areas. Expansion of fish stocking in rice fields on a large scale
      over several years correlated with a marked decrease in malaria transmission. The
      addition of fish to the rice fields also resulted in increased yields. A ditch
      ridge system of field arrangements is described for optimization of fish
      handling. Preliminary cost-benefit analysis indicates that this approach to
      mosquito control conveys considerable economic advantage and thus provides
      incentive to the community to participate in vector control programs. Farmers'
      experience in Guangxi over a number of years indicates that the use of edible
      fish for this purpose can be carried on a large, commercially viable scale.

PMID- 1818399
TI  - Study of the body surface of Haplorchis yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932) and H. taichui
      (Nishigori, 1924) (Trematoda:Heterophyidae).
AB  - The morphology of the surface of two heterophyid flukes, Haplorchis yokogawai and
      H. taichui, that can infect humans eating raw fish flesh, has been studied using
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The body surface of both species
      is covered with scale-like, serrated spines with the exception of areas around
      the oral sucker, ventrogenital opening and excretory pore. The species slightly
      differ by the dentation pattern of tegumental spines: H. yokogawai has finer and
      more numerous spine teeth (maximum tooth number 14-16) while H. taichui has more
      serrated spines, mostly with a lower number (up to 10-12) of somewhat more robust
      teeth. However, because of the variability, the shape and dentation of spines do
      not seem to be reliable diagnostic features enabling mutual differentiation of
      both species.

PMID- 1818400
TI  - In vitro culture of Toxoplasma gondii.

PMID- 1818402
TI  - A case of pernicious anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

PMID- 1818401
TI  - Immune response in acute Toxoplasma infection of Balb/C, ICR and CBA/J mice.

PMID- 1818403
TI  - Cutaneous myiasis of vulva caused by the muscoid fly (Chrysomyia genus).

PMID- 1818404
TI  - [High mercury content in blood and urine--negligible effect on the general
      health].

PMID- 1818405
TI  - [Methods used in Sweden to prevent mercury poisoning in the environment].

PMID- 1818406
TI  - [To describe, diagnose and treat headaches--does the dentist take part in the
      process?].

PMID- 1818407
TI  - [Dental and maxillofacial radiology. The Scanora technique--a breakthrough].

PMID- 1818408
TI  - [Aluminum leakage from aluminum oxide and metals containing aluminum].

PMID- 1818409
TI  - [Dental health care planning. A model used to group patients according to the
      incidence and severity of decay and periodontitis--a simple aid].

PMID- 1818410
TI  - [Saliva stimulating effect of SST. A clinical long-term study].

PMID- 1818411
TI  - [New developments in providing dental care at the dental college of Malmo].

PMID- 1818412
TI  - [Placebo- and nocebo-factors in medicine and dentistry].

PMID- 1818413
TI  - [Dental health among the elderly].

PMID- 1818414
TI  - [Rigid fixation of mandibular fractures which caused disruption of function of
      nervus alveolaris inferioris].

PMID- 1818415
TI  - [Periodontal health care--a data-based index system].

PMID- 1818416
TI  - [Frequency of prosthetic treatments in dental health care clinics in the district
      of Orebro].

PMID- 1818417
TI  - [Fluoride rinsing replaced by fluoride sucking tablets].

PMID- 1818418
TI  - [Dental health care project in Andhra Pradesh-India].

PMID- 1818419
TI  - [Orthodontics as an alternative to prosthetic treatment. An economic
      justification].

PMID- 1818420
TI  - [VITA In-Ceram--new system for fabrication of aluminum oxide cores for crowns and
      bridges].

PMID- 1818421
TI  - [Dental technicians and lung diseases].

PMID- 1818422
TI  - Use of benzodiazepines in psychiatry.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are generally well tolerated (compared to barbiturates or
      antidepressants, their side-effects are milder). They may be used safely, their
      toxicity is low. Benzodiazepine overdosage may be lethal only if the drug is
      taken simultaneously with other drugs or alcohol. They act primarily through
      inhibiting the GABA system, their anxiolytic and sedative effects are of primary
      importance from the psychiatric aspect. Their classification is based on the
      difference in their receptor affinity (potency) and kinetics. Derivatives of low,
      medium and high potency are known. The introduction of high potency
      benzodiazepines in psychiatry has increased the therapeutic means. The major
      field of indication of benzodiazepine therapy is DSM-III anxiety disorders and
      insomnias but they may be successfully used in the treatment of manic conditions,
      schizophrenia, delirium tremens, clinical conditions accompanied by anxiety
      depression, acute restlessness, neuroleptic-induced acute distonias, and
      akathisias. Even if therapeutic doses are used, tolerance to benzodiazepines may
      develop after some weeks of therapy. The general withdrawal symptoms are not
      severe, but the rebound symptoms often hinder the discontinuance of the drug or
      the reduction of doses. When prescribing benzodiazepines the risk of long-term
      therapy and the prevention of the development of drug addiction have to be
      considered.

PMID- 1818423
TI  - Nitrate therapy in heart failure.

PMID- 1818424
TI  - Management of chronic active B hepatitis with alpha interferon.
AB  - Patients with chronic active B hepatitis entered into an open study of IFN
      maintenance therapy. They received 3 x 10(6) I.U. INTRON-A by subcutaneous
      injection three times a week for a 4-month period. Four patients out of ten
      became HBeAg negative and anti-HBe, which was accompanied by the return of serum
      liver function tests to normal. In a control group with eleven patients, given
      only vitamins, no changes were registered in serological and biochemical data.
      Fever, "flu-like illness", fatigue were the main side-effects observed during the
      course of IFN therapy, which had not to be discontinued.

PMID- 1818425
TI  - Change to Tri-Regol from other oral contraceptives.
AB  - Seventy two women were recently controlled who changed to Tri-Regol. The women
      had used other oral contraceptive previously which they had not tolerated well.
      The aim of the change to Tri-Regol was successful in 77.7% partly successful in
      12.5%, and unsuccessful in 9.8% of the cases. According to the author's opinion
      Tri-Regol is of high value in improving the tolerance of oral contraception in
      justified cases. In spite of the good results the change from Tri-Regol to
      tablets of higher hormone contents may also be justified in individual cases. The
      importance of the use of low-dose, triphasic tablets when starting oral
      contraception for lowering the risk of complications and side-effects has been
      emphasized as a currently generally recommended method.

PMID- 1818426
TI  - Effect of Paxirasol aerosol on the clinical condition and objective functional
      respiratory parameters of obstructive respiratory tract disease patients.
AB  - Paxirasol aerosol applied in daily 3 x 5-puff doses was well tolerated by the
      examined patients. In the course of the 21-day therapy the laboratory findings
      did not change-haemopoetic or liver injury was not observed. On two-thirds of the
      patients the amount of sputum decreased in response to Paxirasol aerosol but the
      symptoms accompanying expectoration did not change notably. Among the objective
      respiratory parameters FEV1 values increased and Rtot values decreased. These
      changes may be observed during the first third of therapy. There was a continuous
      and linear increase in FEV values characteristic of respiratory pressure
      conditions. This phenomenon is not characteristic alone of the changes of values
      of obstructive diseases patients. The authors recommend the use of Paxirasol
      aerosol for the treatment of respiratory tract disease patients.

PMID- 1818427
TI  - Comparison of topical fungicides in women suffering from vulvovaginitis.
AB  - The effects of Nizoral cream and clotrimazole ointment have been compared under
      identical experimental conditions in 35 resp. 37 women suffering from mycotic
      vulvovaginitis. Nizoral tablet was administered as a basic therapy. Significant
      differences were not observed when comparing the results of the different 10-day
      long adjuvant therapies. Considering therapeutic action Nizoral cream was found
      to be equivalent to the successfully used clotrimazole ointment.

PMID- 1818428
TI  - Use of Doppler's echocardiography for the examination of Nitromint spray in
      coronary disease patients and in patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery.
AB  - The changes of "E" and "A" waves of mitral inflow have been measured before, and
      1,2,3,5 and 10 minutes after the use of Nitromint spray (EGIS) in coronary
      disease patients (14 cases), and in patients who had undergone bypass surgery (7
      cases), by pulsatile wave Doppler's echocardiography. The "E" wave gave more
      information on the preload decreasing effect of the drug, than the "A" wave
      (significant decrease in minutes 1,2,3,5 and 10 following spraying). On the basis
      of the changes of the "E" wave compared in the two patient groups a difference in
      the responses to Nitromint spray could be revealed: the non-operated coronary
      disease patients responded with a more marked decrease of preload to Nitromint
      spray than the revascularize patients.

PMID- 1818429
TI  - Role of domperidone in improving intestinal activity in acute myocardial
      infarction patients.
AB  - Domperidone has been used as a gastrokinetic and anti-emetic drug within the
      frames of an intensive care programme in 57 patients with a history of 3-4 days
      of acute myocardial infarction. According to the observations, Motilium prevents
      the development of gastroduodenal complaints and nausea, vomiting in a period
      following the first days of acute therapy and promotes the start of bowel
      movement and defecation. It has no cardiac or other toxic effects and does not
      influence the action of other drugs.

PMID- 1818430
TI  - Role of Klion ointment in the treatment of crural ulcer.
AB  - Klion ointment has been used for the cleansing of crural ulcer in 28 patients.
      The results of treatment were compared to a control group of 17 patients treated
      with another method. In response to metronidazole the ulcers were cleared within
      1-3 weeks, discharge ceased, and the accompanying inflammation and pain were also
      moderated. The starting proliferation and epithelization indicated the favourable
      action of Klion ointment form the standpoint of the complete wound healing
      process.

PMID- 1818431
TI  - History of artificial insemination.

PMID- 1818432
TI  - Relationship between serum selenium concentration and atherogenic index in
      Japanese adults.
AB  - In mass health screening of the inhabitants of a coastal district in Fukui
      Prefecture, venous blood samples were collected from 304 men (aged 22-87 years)
      and 223 women (aged 23-84 years). We examined whether serum selenium
      concentration was related to atherogenic index [= (total serum cholesterol--high
      density-lipoprotein cholesterol)/high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol] by
      multiple regression analysis with age, body mass index, and smoking and drinking
      habits as independent variables. Atherogenic index was a significant increasing
      factor of serum selenium concentration in the entire male subjects and the female
      subjects aged above 60 years.

PMID- 1818433
TI  - Substrain comparison of genetically hypertensive rats using DNA fingerprinting,
      and genetic analysis of blood pressure in the inbred rats.
AB  - Using DNA fingerprinting, genetic heterogeneity or homogeneity was studied
      between substrains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) rats maintained in Japan. Using human myoglobin minisatellite 33.15 as a
      probe, we did not detect any inter- or intra-substrain genetic heterogeneities in
      HinfI digests of SHR or WKY rat DNA. However, analysis of Sau3AI digests of rat
      DNA using mouse C-6 gene as a probe revealed intra-substrain heterogeneity of 1-2
      DNA bands in one of the WKY rat substrains. In the other substrains of SHR and
      WKY rats, there existed no intra-substrain heterogeneities, but several inter
      substrain heterogeneities were observed in both SHR and WKY rats. In another
      experiment using the inbred substrains of SHR and WKY rats which have been
      confirmed as genetically homogeneous, we produced F1 and F2 rats, and
      biometrically analyzed their systolic blood pressure. The results suggested that
      there may be 1-4 dominant antihypertensinogenic genes with high heritability of
      0.6-0.7.

PMID- 1818434
TI  - Effects of a benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, on hippocampal field
      potentials in freely moving rats.
AB  - Effects of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist (diazepam) and an antagonist (Ro 15
      1788, flumazenil) administered separately or in combination on field potentials
      recorded from the hippocampal dentate area were examined in unanesthetized,
      unrestrained rats. Population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked
      by stimulation of the perforant path were depressed significantly by diazepam (4
      mg/kg, i.p.). However, diazepam did not affect the firing (spike) threshold of
      dentate granule cells. The injection of Ro 15-1788 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) alone affected
      neither excitatory synaptic transmission nor population spike threshold. Strength
      of gamma-amino butyric acid-mediated recurrent inhibition as measured by the
      paired-pulse technique was potentiated by diazepam but unaffected by Ro 15-1788.
      However, the diazepam-enhanced inhibition was reversed by a subsequent
      administration of Ro 15-1788. Previous studies indicate that Ro 15-1788 acts not
      only as a selective benzodiazepine antagonist but also as a partial agonist
      antagonist or an inverse agonist depending probably on doses. The present study
      demonstrated that Ro 15-1788 acted as a pure antagonist at low doses. These data
      suggest that the clinical use of Ro 15-1788 at high doses against comas induced
      by unidentified drugs could worsen the conditions and that low doses are
      recommendable for initial treatments because of its pure antagonist action.

PMID- 1818435
TI  - Effect of pericardium on regional myocardial systolic function in acute ischemia.
AB  - To know whether or not the pericardium affects regional myocardial systolic
      function in acute ischemia, we measured ischemic and non-ischemic segment lengths
      of the left ventricle using ultrasonic crystals in 10 open-chest dogs with the
      pericardium preserved. When the left ventricular pressure and segment lengths
      were stable after left circumflex coronary occlusion, we opened the pericardium
      widely. After coronary occlusion, end-diastolic length (EDL) in ischemic and non
      ischemic segments increased, and the ischemic segment showed paradoxical systolic
      expansion while the non-ischemic segment increased its active shortening. After
      pericardiectomy, heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and peak
      positive and negative dP/dt did not change. EDL in ischemic and non-ischemic
      segments further increased from 12.02 +/- 0.18 to 12.50 +/- 0.16 mm (mean +/-
      S.E., p less than 0.01) and from 11.12 +/- 0.20 to 11.45 +/- 0.18 mm (p less than
      0.05), respectively, despite the concomitant fall in left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 12.4 +/- 0.6 to 10.6 +/- 0.8 mmHg (p less than
      0.01). End-systolic length in ischemic and non-ischemic segments also increased
      from 12.37 +/- 0.25 to 12.70 +/- 0.20 mm (p less than 0.05) and from 8.50 +/-
      0.13 to 8.74 +/- 0.13 mm (p less than 0.01), respectively, although the left
      ventricular end-systolic pressure did not change. Maximum expanded systolic
      length of the ischemic segment also increased from 12.99 +/- 0.20 to 13.42 +/-
      0.16 mm (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that, in acute ischemia, the
      pericardium inhibits paradoxical systolic expansion of the ischemic region and
      increase in end-systolic length of non-ischemic segment. Thus, it is concluded
      that the pericardium modifies the regional myocardial systolic function in acute
      ischemia, perhaps through the mechanical restraint of the pericardium.

PMID- 1818436
TI  - Improvements in qualitative characteristics of cryopreserved human spermatozoa
      following recovery via the SpermPrep II filtration method.
AB  - Motile, morphologically normal human spermatozoa can be separated from semen via
      a disposable SpermPrep filtration method. This method was employed with great
      success using frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The present study examined the
      qualitative characteristics of filtered spermatozoa via a new SpermPrep II
      filtration method in conjunction with the short-term freeze preservation of these
      spermatozoa. The isolation procedure yielded populations of spermatozoa with very
      high percentage motility and progressive motility grade (0-4) and which were free
      of seminal debris. For 20 semen samples the prefreeze values of percentage of
      motility and grade for the fresh and post-filtered were 58.6% and 3.1 vs 84.1%
      and 3.6, respectively. The sperm freeze preservation procedure involved dilution
      of the spermatozoa in Test-Yolk buffer (TYB) with 7% glycerol (v/v) and freezing
      and thawing in a conventional manner. Post-thaw percent motility, and survival %
      were substantially higher (p less than 0.05) for the filtered fraction than for
      the parent semen. The filtered fractions yielded post-thaw mean values of
      motility percent and grade of 68.9 and 3.4 vs 47.6 and 3.0 for the parent semen,
      respectively. Survival following incubation at 37 degrees C for 3 hours yielded
      respective values of 75.9% and 53.2% (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that
      the major factor in improving post-thaw quality recovery overall was the
      filtration via the SpermPrep II as applied in this study. This technique could
      have significant clinical applications in the use of frozen-thawed specimens for
      non-coital reproduction purposes.

PMID- 1818437
TI  - Effect of calcium on rat gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the initiation of gastroduodenal
      carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was
      examined under the conditions with and without sodium chloride. Male Wistar rats
      were given drinking water containing MNNG (100 mg/liter) and one of the following
      diets during the first 20 weeks ad libitum. Group 1 was given basal diet; group
      2, diet with 10% NaCl; group 3, diet with 10% NaCl and 2.5% CaCO3; group 4, diet
      with 10% NaCl and 7.5% CaCO3; group 5, diet with 7.5% CaCO3. During the next 20
      weeks, all groups were fed with the basal diet and tap water. The carcinogenic
      incidences of glandular stomach between the nonsalted diet groups, 1 and 5 (15%
      and 16% respectively), were not significantly different at the 40th week. The
      incidences in the salted diet groups 2, 3, and 4 were 59, 63, and 43%,
      respectively, indicating no statistical difference among them. Thus, CaCO3 showed
      no anticarcinogenic effect on gastroduodenal carcinogenesis. In the groups 3 and
      4, however, increased incidence of duodenal cancer was observed.

PMID- 1818438
TI  - The in vitro effects of glycyrrhizin and the derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid
      on the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of cellular
      polypeptide by the kinase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AB  - The effects of glycyrrhizin (GL) and the derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)
      on the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) and the
      phosphorylation of cellular polypeptides by the kinase purified from Ehrlich
      ascites tumor cells had been investigated in vitro. It was found that (i) the
      derivatives [3 beta-hydroxy-olean-11,13 (18)-diene-30-oic acid Na, olean-9(11),
      12 diene-3 beta, 30-diol-3 beta, 30-di-o-hemiphthalate 2Na and olean-12-ene-3
      beta, 30-diol 3 beta, 30-di-o-phosphate 2Na] of GA inhibited the activity of A
      kinase at the concentrations higher than 25 microM; (ii), at 10 microM, these
      derivatives and native GL stimulated the activity of the kinase significantly;
      and (iii) the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of some GA derivatives were
      clearly correlated with their chemical structures. Moreover, sodium dodecyl
      sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two dimensional gel
      electrophoresis followed by autoradiography detected several acidic polypeptides,
      including polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 35,000 (pI 4.3),
      27,000 (pI 4.5) and 18,000-21,000 (pI 4.5), phosphorylated by A-kinase, to be
      functioning as mediators in response to these drugs. This observation suggests
      that the GL-induced inhibition of phosphorylation of these cellular polypeptides
      by A-kinase may be physiologically implicated in the biochemical mechanisms
      involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug.

PMID- 1818439
TI  - [Does occlusal overload lead to periodontal recession? Literature review].
AB  - The etiology of periodontal clefts has been widely discussed throughout the
      years. Trauma from the occlusion is claimed to be one of the most important
      causative factors. The present review of the scientific literature did, however,
      not show that an occlusal overload could be regarded as the main etiologic factor
      in gingival recessions.

PMID- 1818440
TI  - [Implant optimization with help of numerical finite element studies].
AB  - During the past years numerical finite element studies have become more and more
      important for the evaluation of stress effect on the implant surrounding bone.
      Based on the results of recent researches and finite element studies B.I.T.
      Implants were developed from IK-Implants, which have been clinical successful for
      over 12 years. The result are two different screw implants with a very
      homogeneous and tolerable stress distribution in bone.

PMID- 1818441
TI  - [Dimensional stability of alginate impressions after immersion disinfection with
      Impresept].
AB  - With an experimental design near clinical conditions the alginates Alginoplast,
      Blend-a-print, Blue-print, Palgaflex and Xantalgin were examined under the
      influence of the disinfection with Impresept (Espe). The absolute means of the
      differences between models from disinfected or nondisinfected impressions reached
      from 0.05%lin to 0.19%lin. In comparison to the specific tolerances of the
      materials the influence of Impresept on the dimension stability is not important.

PMID- 1818442
TI  - [Impression disinfection--clinical tests].
AB  - In a series of tests was proved that the disinfection of impressions could be
      performed without significant dimensional changes of the impressions or loss of
      quality of the gypsum casts. There still exists, however, certain reservations
      among dentists and dental technicians to disinfect impressions routinely.
      Therefore the clinical effects of the disinfection of impressions have been
      tested. In total 248 impressions were tested, 138 were not disinfected, 110 were
      immersed for 15 minutes in a 2.5% solution of glutardialdehyd (Cidex). Lateron
      was controlled if the disinfection had an influence on the correct fitting of the
      fixed prosthodontics. As the result, the disinfection of impressions can be
      definitely excluded to be the course for incorrect fitting.

PMID- 1818443
TI  - [Wax-composite, a pair with perspective].

PMID- 1818444
TI  - [Technique of posterior restorations with plastic composite materials].
AB  - The interest in tooth-colored restorations for posterior teeth has steadily grown
      in the last years. Several inlay-techniques using composites and ceramics are in
      competition with the direct filling-technique in with plastic compositemasses are
      applied. The way of filling directly with plastic composites is widely spread and
      the easiest one of the listed techniques. Therefore the momentary state of the
      art will be discussed.

PMID- 1818445
TI  - [Clinical aspects of implant-supported telescopic crowns in partially edentulous
      jaw].
AB  - First clinical experiences indicate the possibility for implant-supported cone
      overdentures to be used in the treatment of partial edentulism. In situations
      with statically unfavorable abutment distribution or uncertain prognosis of the
      natural teeth, fixtures could be implanted in suitable positions and used as
      abutments in combination with the remaining teeth. Clinical and biomechanical
      aspects of implant-supported cones in the treatment of partially edentulous
      patients are discussed.

PMID- 1818446
TI  - [Care of maxillary anterior gaps with ITI-Bonefit implants].
AB  - As for the Implantation in the upper frontal jaw region ITI-Bonefit-Implants show
      konceptional advantages to other systems. Surgical and prosthodontic techniques
      are demonstrated. In cases of extreme transversal atrophy segmental bone
      splitting mostly makes implantation possible. First results from the dental
      clinic of Gottingen show a primary success rate of 100% in osteointegration and
      sufficient prosthodondic reconstruction.

PMID- 1818447
TI  - [Long-time follow-up studies of Isosit composite for conical veneer crowns].
AB  - The long-term resistance of veneers in conical-crowns is a predominant fact of
      asthetics in using this system of anchorage. 158 concical-crowns, veneered by
      composite ISOSIT were tested and measured after wearing 3 and 12 years. The
      results are: repeadings 3.2%, insufficient colour 8.9%, borderlinespace 12.1%,
      visible skeleton 7.6% and gross damages only 3.2%. This results may confirm the
      hitherto existing clinically experience in veneering conical-crowns by composites
      ISOSIT.

PMID- 1818448
TI  - [Tensile strength of dental porcelains].
AB  - Flexural, compressive and tensile strength as well as the modulus of elasticity
      of 15 different dental ceramics were evaluated. Conventional dental ceramics
      differed insignificantly in their mechanical properties. By testing new products
      like Cerec 2 and especially In-Ceram there was found an evident increase in inner
      strength. For comparison the strength of some other new ceramics as Dicor
      increased slightly related to conventional ceramics.

PMID- 1818450
TI  - [J. F. Gallette: a life against quackery].

PMID- 1818449
TI  - [Influence of surface conditions on the results of Periotest value. An in vitro
      and in vivo study].
AB  - In several experiments it was examined, whether slight deviations from the using
      reglementation for the PERIOTEST-device alter the measurement results. Tilting of
      the handpiece against ground or variation of the distance between handpiece and
      the surface of the tooth within the suggested intervals did not alter the
      PERIOTEST-value. If the measurement was done more incisal then specified, the
      PERIOTEST-value increased, if the measurement was done more cervical, the value
      decreased. Tilting the handpiece against the tooth surface within +/- 8 degrees
      in horizontal and +/- 6 degrees in vertical direction gave only little effect on
      the PERIOTEST-value on clinical firm upper front teeth.

PMID- 1818451
TI  - [Abrasiveness of toothpastes--results of a pilot study].

PMID- 1818452
TI  - [Oral health behavior of young people--results of a questioning].

PMID- 1818453
TI  - [Communication conditions for successful prophylaxis in the office].

PMID- 1818454
TI  - [Treatment and prophylaxis of children's teeth: work of the assistant].

PMID- 1818455
TI  - [Dental prophylaxis: fissure sealing--the fourth pillar].

PMID- 1818456
TI  - [Root surface caries--epidemiology, etiology and treatment possibilities].

PMID- 1818457
TI  - [Decreased saliva flow: a problem in aged].

PMID- 1818458
TI  - [Chronic infections and irritations and their relief with Voll's electro
      acupuncture method].

PMID- 1818459
TI  - [Fluoridated salt for caries].

PMID- 1818460
TI  - [Occlusal splint therapy for functional damage].

PMID- 1818461
TI  - [Occlusal surface profile and prosthetic base loading].

PMID- 1818462
TI  - [Functional occlusal surface arrangement from present viewpoint].

PMID- 1818463
TI  - [Model surgical apparatus for planning and simulation of maxillary and mandibular
      osteotomies].

PMID- 1818464
TI  - [Dental noble metal alloys. 1].

PMID- 1818465
TI  - [Does the brain age?].

PMID- 1818466
TI  - [First steps against Alzheimer's].

PMID- 1818467
TI  - [Calcium antagonists for the aging brain].

PMID- 1818468
TI  - [Quicksplit reproduction milling platform].

PMID- 1818469
TI  - [Dental noble metal alloys. 2].

PMID- 1818470
TI  - [Brain function damage--current status].

PMID- 1818472
TI  - [Senile dementia--inevitable fate?].

PMID- 1818473
TI  - [Degupal G].

PMID- 1818474
TI  - [Search for suitable alternative for amalgam].

PMID- 1818471
TI  - [Dementia in aging--diagnostic challenge].

PMID- 1818475
TI  - Sequential observation of pathomorphological alterations in liver of experimental
      murine schistosomiasis mansoni.
AB  - Fifty CFI female mice were experimentally infected with schistosomiasis mansoni
      (50 cercariae per mouse). This study was designed to follow the stages of
      structural changes that may take place in the liver of patients infected by this
      parasite. Histological examination of liver tissue samples were carried out
      weekly for ten weeks after infection with schistosomiasis mansoni cercariae. The
      present study suggests that the development of hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni in
      mice is biphasis with a first or granulomatous phase in which the morphological
      changes are mild and a second aggressive fibrotic phase, when hepatic collagen
      synthesis increases rapidly and leads to fibrotic morphological changes that are
      characteristic of this infection. Gross and microscopic portal fibrosis and
      portal vascular lesions resembled those in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in man.
      The rapid production of severe hepatic fibrosis without the use of hepatotoxic
      compound makes this model of interest for the study of liver fibrosis and its
      therapy.

PMID- 1818476
TI  - Comparative distribution of laminin and collagen types I, III and IV in
      transplant vasculopathy.
AB  - Composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) was studied in transplant
      vasculopathy occurring in rejected renal allografts using the immunoperoxidase
      technique with antisera against laminin, and collagen types I, III and IV. In
      acute transplant vasculopathy the loose ECM network of the intima showed intense
      immunostaining for laminin and type IV collagen. Type III collagen was detected
      in the advanced acute cellular intimal proliferations, while early acute lesions
      did not show immunreactions. Type I collagen was not seen in significant amount.
      In contrast to these findings in chronic transplant vasculopathy associated with
      intimal fibrosis the ECM was largely composed of interstitial collagen types III
      and I, while staining for the basement membrane type ECM components were markedly
      reduced. Degradation of the matrix components with variable composition was noted
      in foci of mononuclear infiltrates occurring inside the fibrotic intima. These
      results indicate that the ECM shows a compositional change in transplant
      vasculopathy which is associated with the age of the lesion.

PMID- 1818477
TI  - Pathogenesis of transplantation arteriopathy. Myointimal cells express HLA-DR
      antigens during rejection.
AB  - Arteries were investigated ultrastructurally in material from 40 needle and wedge
      biopsies of renal allografts, and immunohistochemically in another 10 cases with
      signs of chronic obliterative transplantation arteriopathy. In the early
      biopsies, but even in the control kidneys, thin extensions of the smooth muscle
      cells of the media were observed, which were in direct contact with the
      endothelial cells through the lamina elastica interna. These extensions may
      contain receptors mediating endothelial noxae to the smooth muscle cells thus
      initiating their proliferation, migration to the intima presumably begins in the
      early post-transplant period and continues until the lumen is occluded.
      Concomitantly, inflammatory cells (mainly macrophages, with a smaller number of
      CD4 and CD8-positive T lymphocytes) invade the intima. The proliferating
      myointimal cells, possibly having become HLA-DR-positive, may behave as antigen
      presenting cells, enhancing the anti-graft immune response further, and
      aggravating the arterial injury.

PMID- 1818478
TI  - Ultrastructural study of human macrophages from peritoneal dialysate.
AB  - Peritoneal macrophages obtained from 30 patients with end-stage kidney treated by
      intermittent peritoneal dialysis and from 30 subjects with normal renal function
      (relative control) were investigated by light microscopy, transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two populations of
      peritoneal macrophages were distinguished in both dialysed and control patients.
      In the former group, the main population consisted of macrophages similar to
      monocytes from peripheral blood, while the majority of macrophages in control
      patients showed larger size, more prominent vacuolization of the cytoplasm and
      stronger spreading on glass surface.

PMID- 1818479
TI  - Birth prevalence of different congenital limb deficiency types in a revised,
      population based Hungarian material, 1975-1984.
AB  - 998 cases affected with limb reduction deficiency were evaluated in Hungary, 1975
      1984. Through the check-up of other sources of ascertainments, the Hungarian
      Congenital Abnormality Registry was found to be 98.4% complete. The proportion of
      misdiagnoses was 12.6%. In the period encompassed by the study, the birth
      prevalence of revised cases affected with congenital limb reduction deficiency
      was 0.55 per 1000 total births. Isolated and multiple cases were separated. The
      birth prevalence of revised isolated cases was 0.35 per 1000. Six types were
      separated based on their phenotypic manifestations. As the number of affected
      limbs, ratio of isolated and multiple cases and sex ratio showed obvious
      differences, etiological factors should be evaluated separately in these
      different types of congenital limb deficiencies.

PMID- 1818480
TI  - Hypoxic damage to tubules due to blockage of perfusion in acute hematogenous E.
      coli pyelonephritis of rats.
AB  - To determine the role of hypoxia in the evolution of tubular damage in acute
      pyelonephritis (PN), the blockage of blood flow and injury to peritubular
      capillaries and tubules were studied morphologically in hematogenous acute E.
      coli PN of rats. Renal microvessels were stained by in situ intraarterial
      administration of Alcian blue. The non-occurrence of staining indicated blockage
      of perfusion. Injury to cortical capillaries and tubules was examined by electron
      microscope. In areas of inflammation, binding of Alcian blue did not occur in
      capillaries plugged by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL-s) and in the majority
      of glomerules. Ultrastructurally, severe injury to capillaries was found around
      endothelium-adhered, degranulated PMNL-s containing bacteria: the vessel wall was
      fragmented, the capillary basement membrane perivascular connective tissue matrix
      and collagen fibrils had disappeared, and fibrin had deposited intra- and
      extravascularly. Tubular changes varied from swelling to ischemic necrosis. The
      observations suggest that tubular damage was related to hypoxia due to
      preglomerular and capillary perfusion defects, and that PMNL-s injure capillaries
      via lysosomal enzymes discharged into the capillary fluid during the phagocytosis
      of bacteria. Since leukocyte plugs in capillaries, PMNL-dependent lytic injury to
      capillaries and mild ischemic tubular changes, but not ischemic necrosis, have
      been found in human acute PN previously, the preglomerular vasospasm may cause
      the tubular necrosis in experimental acute PN.

PMID- 1818481
TI  - Leukocyte adhesion: molecular basis and relevance in inflammation.

PMID- 1818483
TI  - Hepoxilins modulate second messenger systems in the human neutrophil.
AB  - In this chapter, we will review recent findings which implicate the hepoxilins as
      modulators of second messenger systems in the human neutrophil. We have shown
      that the hepoxilins affect calcium homeostasis in the cell and that they
      stimulate the release of arachidonic acid and diradylglycerol but not inositol
      phosphate indicating a mode of action for these 12-lipoxygenase metabolites that
      is independent of phospholipase C activation. In fact lipid analyses indicate
      that the phospholipid affected by the hepoxilins is phosphatidyl choline, and
      that this phospholipid is hydrolyzed by a phospholipase D. These findings
      indicate that the hepoxilins, which are formed by the platelet as well as the
      neutrophil, may affect neutrophil activation through a potential cell-cell
      interaction in the circulation or at pathologic sites to initiate or potentiate
      the inflammatory process.

PMID- 1818482
TI  - The lipoxin biosynthetic circuit and their actions with human neutrophils.

PMID- 1818484
TI  - Regulated secretion in vascular endothelium.

PMID- 1818485
TI  - Role of eicosanoids and the cytokine network in transmembrane signaling in
      vascular cells.

PMID- 1818486
TI  - PAF and TNF alpha interactions in the pathophysiology of septic shock.

PMID- 1818487
TI  - The role of lipid mediators in oxygen-induced lung injury.

PMID- 1818488
TI  - Interactions between macrophages and granulocytes in bronchial asthma.

PMID- 1818489
TI  - Metabolism of arachidonic acid by isolated lung cells and transcellular
      biosynthesis of thromboxanes.

PMID- 1818490
TI  - Keratinocytes can regulate prostaglandin synthesis by fibroblasts: potential role
      for interleukin 1.

PMID- 1818491
TI  - Neutrophil-epithelial cell interactions in the intestine.
AB  - PMN transmigration across intestinal epithelia and into crypt lumens is a
      hallmark of active intestinal disease. Models of the transmigratory event
      indicate that movement of PMN across intercellular tight junctions transiently
      increases junctional permeability, thus decreasing epithelial barrier function.
      Once accumulated in the lumen, activated PMN may release unidentified mediators
      which activate the epithelial transport mechanisms responsible for secretory
      diarrhea. Further characterization of such epithelial-PMN interactions may allow
      identification of rational treatment strategies aimed at intervening in the
      epithelial dysfunction characterizing this type of cell-cell interaction.

PMID- 1818492
TI  - Cell-cell interactions in the regulation of glomerular inflammation by
      arachidonate lipoxygenase products.

PMID- 1818493
TI  - Neutrophil adhesion to glomerular mesangial cells: regulation by lipoxygenase
      derived eicosanoids.
AB  - Our results suggest that leukotrienes promote rapid PMN adhesion to glomerular
      mesangial cells via actions on PMN (LTB4) and mesangial cells (LTD4). Leukotriene
      induced adhesion appeared to be mediated by a CD11/CD18-dependent (LTB4) and 
      independent (LTD4) mechanisms. The specific epitopes mediating LTD4-induced
      adhesion remain to be defined. Lipoxins did not influence basal adhesion. In
      contrast, lipoxins markedly inhibited LTD4-, but not LTB4-induced responses.
      Further elucidation of the components of these adhesion processes, of the
      pathways for leukotriene and lipoxin biosynthesis in the inflamed glomerulus, and
      of the counterregulatory actions of lipoxins and leukotrienes may reveal sites
      for therapeutic intervention in GN. (graph; see text) Data are mean +/- SE of 3
      experiments, each conducted in quadruplicate. Leukotriene-induced adhesion was
      not inhibited by vehicle alone.

PMID- 1818494
TI  - Interaction of platelets and neutrophils in the generation of sulfidopeptide
      leukotrienes.

PMID- 1818495
TI  - [Variability of percentile values of body measurements of newborn infants (with
      special reference to body weight)].
AB  - The percentile curves for fetal growth between the 25th and 42nd week of
      gestation calculated for more than 52,000 newborns in East Germany in 1985 were
      compared with the rates defined for the same population in 1973-74 and showed a
      significantly lower mean birth weight. Besides methodological differences
      (primarily a more precise estimation of gestational age in the new study by using
      ultrasound fetometry), the differences seem to be mainly the result of changes in
      the reproductive behaviour of the population over that period (decrease in
      parity). When comparing different populations independently of ethnic
      specificities, a number of modifying factors have to be taken into account which
      significantly influence the birth weight, namely: parity, spacing, age and
      stature of the mother. These variables have also to be remembered when assessing
      the maturity of newborns in order to standardize the birth weight in relation to
      mortality and morbidity. As a basis for calculating percentile curves the
      cumulative frequency distribution should be preferred, rather than assuming a
      normal distribution, since fetal diseases or developmental anomalies result in an
      uneven distribution with an over-representation of small for date fetuses. The
      selection of data for calculating normal values must be rejected because of the
      arbitrary decisions which this entails.

PMID- 1818496
TI  - [Gestational age related correction of birth weight by parity. Body height and
      weight of the mother].
AB  - Corrections to the real birthweight of infants are proposed from the 28th to 42nd
      week of pregnancy. These take account of the influence of parity and maternal
      height and weight. The effect of these three characteristics on the birthweight
      is calculated both one and two dimensionally by combining the characteristics
      with the actual duration of pregnancy. Thus, for example, after 40 full weeks of
      pregnancy 560g of the birthweight would be considered the weight correction. For
      newborn infants of relatively short light-weight mothers, this account should be
      added to the real birthweight ascertained, and for the babies of relatively tall,
      heavy mothers it would be subtracted. Only after this correction can the two
      dimensional classification of neonates into hypotrophic, eutrophic or
      hypertrophic take place according to birthweight and duration of gestation.

PMID- 1818498
TI  - [Drug and alcohol abuse in children and adolescents--attempt at determining the
      current status. 1: Epidemiology and causes].
AB  - The problem due to alcoholism in adolescents are shown with regard to
      epidemiology, genetics, transcultural aspects, and the influences of the family
      and the group of peers. The main aim in this connection is the trial and endeavor
      to moderate and to cultivate alcohol drinking as an ingredient of our social
      cultural life. This is an obligation for the whole society.

PMID- 1818497
TI  - [Somatic and psychomotor development of children of diabetic mothers in the 4th
      year in relation to neonatal findings].
AB  - 340 infants of mothers with type I diabetes (IDM) were examined during the
      neonatal period for gestational age, somatic data and clinical symptoms of
      diabetogenic foetopathy and assigned to one of three groups: group I--those whose
      weight development was delayed or appropriate for gestational age and without
      symptoms of foetopathy; group II--neonates who were overweight or of appropriate
      weight for their gestational age and who showed clear symptoms of foetopathy;
      group III--macrosomic infants (weight and length in advance of gestational age)
      without any major symptoms of foetopathy. In a pilot study preparing for more
      comprehensive follow up, 20 children from each group were examined in their
      fourth year to check their psychomotor and somatic development. To evaluate their
      growth additional data obtained on IDMs by correspondence were included. Although
      the group as whole showed a normal weight development for the fourth year with a
      low obesity rate (8.4%), the distribution among the three groups proved non
      homogenous. 11.4% of the macrosomic children were overweight; this comprises 57%
      of all the obese children registered. There was a still clearer trend towards
      macrosomia among the children in groups II and III where the average age: length
      percentiles amounted to 57 and 67%. The psychological test showed an IQ of less
      than 95 in 16.7% of the cases distributed homogeneously among the different
      groups. With reference to their psychomotoric and language development the
      children examined were normal, some slight deviations in group II in walking and
      concentration ability need to be checked further. Our studies show that in
      children of diabetic mothers there are links between neonatal findings and later
      psychomotor and somatic development. A classification of newborns which goes
      beyond the usual establishment of percentiles for weight and gestational age
      seems appropriate in order to identify risk cases (macrosomia, obesity). A follow
      up study is required on a larger representative group and should be conducted at
      a more advanced age and not before the sixth year.

PMID- 1818499
TI  - [Drug and alcohol abuse in children and adolescents--attempt at determining the
      current status. 3: Sequelae and preventive strategies].
AB  - The role of alcohol as an "entrance drug" to further addictive substances is
      described. Thereby the gradual increase of number and strength of drugs merits
      our special attention. Moreover the fetal alcohol syndrome and its prevention is
      an especially important point of view.

PMID- 1818500
TI  - [Drug and alcohol abuse in children and adolescents--attempt at determining the
      current status. 3: Sociologic aspects and strategies for intervention].
AB  - The preventive and therapeutic strategies should be determined by considering
      sociobiological factors and the great plasticity of the juvenile individualities
      causing the type of dealing with the alcohol and drug abuse problems. Already in
      the elementary school an enlightening and the attitude to drugs and alcohol
      influencing instruction should be given. Later on the therapeutic ways become
      more and more complex. Main methods in the efforts against alcoholism should be
      the suggestion of own decision ability and the induction of ideas of positive
      life aims and values.

PMID- 1818501
TI  - Mortality transmitters--new instrument for animal loss research on Norwegian
      ranges.
AB  - In 1988, 315 lambs from 4 sheep (Ovis aries) herds comprised of 1003 animals were
      marked with silent mortality transmitters in Gammeldalen in Hedmark County,
      southern Norway. The aim was to identify causes of death and the so-called
      "hidden loss" of lambs on summer range. A total of 22 animals, 19 lambs and 3
      ewes were found dead. Of these, 18 lambs were marked with radio transmitters. A
      total of 10 animals died of disease (45.5%) and 12 were killed by predators
      (54.5%). Of the 18 radio-located lambs, 6 died of disease (33.3%) and 12 due to
      predators (66.7%). Various common lamb diseases were diagnosed, e.g. lung,
      thoracic and intestinal infections. Eleven lambs were killed by lynx (Lynx lynx),
      a 12th was found chased to exhaustion, presumably by a predator. Use of mortality
      transmitters is concluded to be useful in investigating sheep losses on Norwegian
      ranges.

PMID- 1818502
TI  - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae isolation from the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of
      pigs.
AB  - The occurrence of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at different locations of the upper
      respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs was investigated in herds with problems of
      arthritis apparently caused by this microorganism. The isolation of M.
      hyosynoviae was facilitated by the use of a medium selectively suppressing the
      growth of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. M. hyosynoviae was cultured from 106 of 178
      tonsils of slaughterhouse pigs from 8 herds but could not be isolated from the
      mucosa of the nasal cavity or the oral-pharyngeal area of 100 living, 10-20 weeks
      old pigs in 5 of the herds. The value of the selective principles in the medium
      appears from the circumstance that 86 of the 106 isolates were obtained despite
      the presence of M. hyorhinis. It is concluded that the tonsil is a reservoir for
      M. hyosynoviae and is probably the location of choice for an easy demonstration
      of the presence of this mycoplasma in a pig herd.

PMID- 1818503
TI  - Cryopreservation of boar semen. I: A literature review.
AB  - The present review summarizes information concerning the methods available to
      cryopreserve boar semen, covering the historical background, cryobiology and
      cryoprotecting considerations, technological developments and recent advances in
      cryopreservation methodologies. Successful methods for cryopreservation of boar
      semen have not been achieved despite numerous efforts world wide. Improvements in
      semen preservation technologies have been deterred by lack of in vitro methods
      that can accurately predict in vivo fertilizing capacity of frozen boar semen.
      The cell membrane is of crucial importance with regard to freeze-thaw survival of
      spermatozoa. It is important to optimize the survival of the plasma membrane as
      this is a non homogenous entity both in structure and function. The boar sperm
      membrane exhibits extreme sensitivity to freezing treatment. Freezing and thawing
      results in considerable changes in electrolyte dynamics and damages have mainly
      been associated with alterations in the head membranes especially at thawing. To
      date fruitless efforts have been carried out to find a cryoprotectant for the
      spermatozoa membranes and glycerol still continues to be used despite its harmful
      effects to the membranes.

PMID- 1818504
TI  - Cryopreservation of boar semen. II: Effect of cooling rate and duration of
      freezing point plateau on boar semen frozen in mini- and maxi-straws and plastic
      bags.
AB  - The post-thaw motility and the acrosome integrity of semen from 4 boars frozen
      with a programmable freezing machine, in mini (0.25 ml) and maxi (5 ml) plastic
      straws and in 10 x 5 cm Teflon FEP-plastic bags (0.12 mm thick, 5 ml), were
      compared. The freezing of the semen was monitored by way of thermo-couples placed
      in the straws and the bags. Three freezing programmes were used, namely A: from
      +5 degrees C, at a rate of 3 degrees C/min, to -6 degrees C, held for 1 min at -6
      degrees C, and followed by a cooling rate of 20 degrees C/min to -100 degrees C;
      B: a similar curve except that there was no holding time at -6 degrees C and that
      the cooling rate was 30 degrees C/min, and C: from +5 degrees C to -100 degrees
      C, with a cooling rate of 35 degrees C/min, followed by storage in liquid N2.
      Despite the freezing curve assayed, both the mini-straws and the bags depicted
      much shorter freezing point plateaus as compared to the maxi-straws. Post-thaw
      sperm motility as well as the amount of normal apical ridges were equally
      significantly higher when semen was frozen in mini-straws or in bags than in maxi
      straws. Significant differences in these post-thawing parameters were obtained
      between the freezing curves used. The stepwise freezing procedure A appeared as
      the best alternative for boar semen, considering this in vitro evaluation.

PMID- 1818505
TI  - Cryopreservation of boar semen. III: Ultrastructure of boar spermatozoa frozen
      ultra-rapidly at various stages of conventional freezing and thawing.
AB  - Ejaculated boar spermatozoa subjected to a conventional freezing and thawing
      process, were ultra-rapidly fixed, freeze-substituted and examined by electron
      microscopy to monitor the presence of real or potential intracellular ice and the
      degree of cell protection attained with the different extenders used during the
      process. Numerous ice crystal marks representing the degree of hydration of the
      cells were located in the perinuclear space of those spermatozoa not in proper
      contact with the extender containing glycerol (i.e. prior to freezing). The
      spermatozoa which were in proper contact with the extenders presented a high
      degree of preservation of the acrosomes, plasma membranes as well as the nuclear
      envelopes. No ice marks were detected in acrosomes before thawing, indicating
      that the conventional assayed cryopreservation method provided a good protection
      against cryoinjury. The presence of acrosomal changes (internal vesiculization,
      hydration and swelling) in thawed samples however, raises serious questions about
      the thawing procedure employed.

PMID- 1818506
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of different methods for the isolation of Salmonella
      from pigs.
AB  - Three different selective enrichment media, Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (RV),
      selenite broth (SB) and Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKTB), in
      combination with plating on modified brilliant green agar (BGA), were compared
      for the isolation of Salmonella from samples of pig feces. These conventional
      methods were also compared with a new ELISA kit in conjunction with RV and SB
      enrichment. Of the conventional methods, enrichment in RV had a higher
      sensitivity and selectivity than SB and MKTB. Recovery of S. typhimurium from
      MKTB was significantly poorer than recovery of other serotypes. The combination
      of RV enrichment and ELISA was as good as the conventional method involving RV
      enrichment, with a similar high sensitivity and specificity.

PMID- 1818507
TI  - Effect of germination on vomitoxin level in grain.
AB  - The present investigation clarified the effect of enzymes or other substances
      formed during the germination process on the vomitoxin level of contaminated
      oats. The studies found that oats containing vomitoxin germinated very poorly;
      the decrease in toxins was also slight. The amount of pure vomitoxin added to
      toxin-free grain decreased (barley 53%, oats 40%, wheat 20%) during germination
      (5 d). In homogenized mixture of germinated grain (2.4 and 7 d) and toxic grain
      no decrease in toxin amount occurred during a 1-7 day period. In contrast, when
      germinating toxin free grains and toxic oats in a grain mixture the toxin level
      decreased at first, but later rose considerably. On the basis of these results,
      the utilization of germination processes for the improvement of grain containing
      vomitoxin is of questionable value.

PMID- 1818508
TI  - The effect of lactic acid sprays on Campylobacter jejuni inoculated onto poultry
      carcasses.
AB  - Spraying poultry carcasses with 1% lactic acid 10 min after inoculation with
      Campylobacter jejuni, resulted in a significant reduction in the number of the
      bacteria after 4 h at 4 degrees C. Some of the inoculated cells, however,
      survived for at least 144 h. Spraying 10 min after inoculation with 2% lactic
      acid, totally eliminated all inoculated C. jejuni within 24 h. On the other hand,
      spraying 24 h after inoculation, with either 1% or 2% lactic acid did not
      eliminate all the bacteria. Inoculated C. jejuni on poultry carcasses not sprayed
      with lactic acid, survived at 4 degrees C throughout the sampling period (up to
      144 h) and showed little tendency to decrease in number even when the carcasses
      started to deteriorate. Resident campylobacters on poultry carcasses were
      significantly reduced by the lactic acid treatment. Frozen and thawed chickens
      appeared to show a graying of the skins immediately after spraying with lactic
      acid, slightly stronger with 2% lactic acid, but the colour reverted to normal
      after 24 h. We were not able to observe any colour change on the fresh broiler
      chickens after lactic acid treatment. Our results indicated that lactic acid had
      a significant bactericidal effect on C. jejuni on both naturally and artificially
      contaminated poultry carcasses. This effect, however, became manifest only
      several hours after acid treatment.

PMID- 1818509
TI  - A modification of the indirect immunofluorescence test for detection of Ehrlichia
      phagocytophila antibodies.
AB  - A modified technique for production of antigen and performance of the test is
      described. A suspension of infected neutrophils was directly applied to multiwell
      slides. Multichannel pipettes may be used for dilution and application of sera.
      The modification increases the capacity both by production of the antigen and by
      performance of the test. This paper also gives a quantitative determination of
      the antibodies.

PMID- 1818510
TI  - ATP content and sperm motility of extended bovine semen under different storage
      conditions.
AB  - The effects of incubation temperature (+20 degrees C vs +35 degrees C) and media
      type on the ATP content and motility of spermatozoa were determined in fresh
      bovine semen in order to develop a method for assaying post-thaw quality. Semen
      was obtained from 3 bulls at 2 occasions. The spermatozoa were washed using a
      Ficoll-containing medium before being resuspended in each of 4 different media
      (I. 0.9% NaCl; II. Tris-buffer solution; III. seminal plasma; IV. seminal
      plasma+Tris-buffer solution) and incubated for 6 h. The least-squares means for
      ATP content were higher (p less than or equal to 0.05) at +20 degrees C than +35
      degrees C for all media except no. I. By contrast, the least-squares means for
      sperm motility were higher (p less than or equal to 0.05) at +35 degrees C than
      at +20 degrees C in media II and III. A decrease over time in ATP content and
      motility at both temperatures was also observed. The single most important factor
      responsible for changes in ATP content and sperm motility was the temperature and
      the medium, respectively.

PMID- 1818511
TI  - Impairment of neutrophil functions in a dog with an eosinophilic dermatosis.
AB  - An eosinophilic dermatosis was diagnosed in a dog with a multifocal distribution
      of pruritic, pustular and erosive lesions on the trunk. Ectoparasites, fungi and
      bacteria were not detected in the skin of the dog. At a subsequent admission to
      the university clinic, bacterial conjunctivitis and superficial pyoderma had
      developed. At a time when the dog received no medical therapy, evaluation of
      phagocytosis and chemotactic migration towards a variety of chemotactic factors
      revealed a general suppression of patient neutrophil responsiveness, as compared
      to a control dog. Viability of the patient's neutrophils was normal. It was
      proposed that deactivation of neutrophil functions occurred following exposure to
      suppressive factors from mast cells, or as a consequence of surface receptor down
      regulation due to prolonged cell activation by as yet unknown stimulants. The
      observed susceptibility to infections in the dog suffering from a primary,
      sterile eosinophilic dermatosis may be related to impaired host defence against
      opportunistic microorganisms.

PMID- 1818512
TI  - Tissue distribution of 14C-diflubenzuron in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
AB  - Diflubenzuron is a potent inhibitor of chitin synthesis, with potential use
      against salmon lice infestations. The absorption, distribution and elimination of
      the substance in Atlantic salmon was examined after a single, oral dose of 75
      mg/kg bodyweight. The kinetic properties were studied by whole-body
      autoradiography, liquid scintillation counting and thin layer chromatography,
      using a 14C-labelled isotope of the substance. The drug was poorly absorbed from
      the intestine, but reached a concentration of more than 4 micrograms/g in the
      mucus layer of the skin 2 days after administration. If maintained for several
      days, this concentration is probably sufficient to control all moulting stages of
      sea lice in Atlantic salmon. The main route of excretion was via the bile.

PMID- 1818513
TI  - Reproductive failure in goats in Norway: an investigation in 24 herds.
AB  - Twenty-four flocks comprising 2370 breeding goats were examined. Three hundred
      and-sixty-nine (15.6%) of the goats either aborted or delivered dead kids at full
      term, or were barren. In 23 of the herds the rate of reproductive loss ranged
      from 2% to 36%, whereas in one herd all of 54 mated goats had live kids. A loss
      of greater than or equal to 20% was found in 9 herds comprising 799 goats. In 11
      herds comprising 946 goats the rate of reproductive failure was less than or
      equal to 10%. The incidence of reproductive failure was higher in older goats
      than in those in their first or second pregnancy. The causes were identified in
      only about 3% of the goats that aborted. It is concluded that reproductive
      failure in many flocks probably is associated with non-infectious causes such as
      nutritional and environmental factors.

PMID- 1818514
TI  - Evaluation of three slide agglutination tests for rapid identification of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Three slide agglutination tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus were
      compared. The agglutination tests used for evaluation were Staphaurex (Wellcome
      Diagnostics), Staphyslide-Test (BioMerieux), and ANI S. aureus TEST (Ani Biotech
      Oy). A total of 347 isolates were analyzed, including 288 strains of S. aureus,
      49 of S. epidermis, 11 of S. intermedius, 12 strains of other staphylococci and
      14 non-staphylococcal strains. One hundred of the S. aureus strains were isolates
      from cases of food poisoning, 129 from mastitis and 59 from other clinical cases.
      The sensitivities of the tests were also compared using diluted suspensions of S.
      aureus strains and with purified Protein A dilutions. The results showed that the
      sensitivities of the tests were 98.6%, 97.9% and 99.0% for Staphaurex,
      Staphyslide-test and ANI S. aureus TEST, respectively. The specificities were
      100% for the Staphyslide test and 98.8% for both the ANI S. aureus TEST and the
      Staphaurex test. The sensitivities measured with diluted S. aureus strain
      suspensions and Protein A solutions were equal with the Staphaurex and ANI S.
      aureus TEST. All the agglutination tests studied proved to be practical, easy to
      use and accurate for the rapid identification of S. aureus strains from culture
      isolates.

PMID- 1818515
TI  - Therapy with immunoglobulin of the HIV infection related idiopathic
      thrombocytopenia.
AB  - The Authors report that in their experience in the therapy of HIV infection
      related thrombocytopenia with IG at the classic dose of 0.4 gr/Kg/day x 5 days.
      Moreover they report their experience in a patient with repeated single-dose
      infusions at low dosage. They treated four patients, who were drug-addicts, with
      HIV infection thrombocytopenia that didn't exceed 50,000/mm3. Anti-platelets
      antibodies tested with an indirect method weren't found in any of the patients
      examined. Among those patients three were of Group III CDC and one of Group IV C1
      CDC. Among the first group the best results were obtained in two patients with
      the immunocompromission of average seriousness but one of these had a rapid
      decrease in platelets count. In the others where results were low a severe
      immunocompromission was apparent and probably a severe damaged Reticulo
      Endothelial System (RES) function. So the AA think that function of RES may be
      important in the forecast of clinical response. The Authors conclude moreover
      that good results were obtained with a single-dose infusion at low dosage even if
      they observed a progressive decrease of response. They propose such a therapy if
      there isn't an emergency after tested RES function.

PMID- 1818516
TI  - In vivo effects of RU41740 in aged humans: evaluation of some immunological
      parameters.
AB  - The immunological effects of the oral administration of RU41740 in hypo-anergic
      aged humans are reported. Significant restoration of cellular immunity, evaluated
      by skin tests, and increase of percentage of CD3+, CD2+, CD4+ and HNKI+
      lymphocytes and phagocytic activity are demonstrated.

PMID- 1818517
TI  - One year follow-up of a HIV seropositive jail population.
AB  - A jail population has been followed for one year to study the risk of HIV
      seroconversion. Our data show that life in jail is not necessarily a condition
      for HIV spread. In fact no variation of seropositivity distribution has been
      found.

PMID- 1818518
TI  - Constant information is needed to prevent the spread of HIV-1 in Italy.

PMID- 1818520
TI  - [Gestosis past and present (the clinical and anecdotal aspects of its
      pathogenesis, semeiology and therapeutics)].

PMID- 1818522
TI  - [The replacement of the extrahepatic biliary tract].

PMID- 1818521
TI  - [The current possibilities in the diagnosis and treatment of impotencia coeundi
      in men].

PMID- 1818519
TI  - The soluble interleukin-2 receptor as a new biological marker in diseases.

PMID- 1818523
TI  - [The prevention of surgical infections].

PMID- 1818524
TI  - [In memoriam Juan Jose Lopez Ibor].

PMID- 1818525
TI  - [The treatment of precancerous states of the cervix uteri].

PMID- 1818526
TI  - [On the occasion of the donation of his library to the Real Academia Nacional de
      Medicina: a eulogy and reminiscence of Prof. Manuel Varela Radio].

PMID- 1818527
TI  - [Health resort cures of depressions in old age].

PMID- 1818528
TI  - [Kafka, the genius and his psychopathology].

PMID- 1818529
TI  - [Biological polymorphism and functional domains of pituitary glycoprotein
      hormones].
AB  - The glycoprotein hormones are a family of four proteins: LH, FSH, TSH and CG.
      These molecules are glycosylated dimers, sharing a common alpha-subunit and
      differing by their beta-subunit which confers to the hormone its immunological
      and biological specificity. The biological function of these hormones is mediated
      through the recognition of specific receptors at the target organ. Although still
      controversial, it appears that both subunits of the hormone are required to bind
      to the receptor and induce cAMP release. Furthermore, these hormones exhibit
      natural variability in their bioactivity and the molecular basis of this process
      are poorly understood at the moment. Recent data relative to the mapping of
      glycoprotein hormones, were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis as well as by
      the use of synthetic peptides. These two approaches allowed to elucidate several
      linear peptide sequences involved in the biologically active conformation and
      immunoreactivity of these molecules. Furthermore, these hormones exist in
      different molecular forms with a variable biological activity and immunological
      ratio, and this polymorphism is probably due to the glycan moities. The presence
      of these glycans are necessary for full expression of their biological activity
      as well as immunoreactivity, and both the biosynthesis and the secretion of these
      various glycoforms are probably under physiological regulation. We therefore
      propose that glycosylation may alter the expression of several domains at the
      surface of the hormone to modulate its plasmatic clearance as well as the action
      of each individual glycoform at the receptor and this will ultimately control its
      biological function.

PMID- 1818530
TI  - [Antineoplastic chemotherapy and fertility disorders in males].
AB  - Germinal cells are particularly sensitive to cancer chemotherapy in males. This
      toxicity is difficult to evaluate. It is the most frequently observed in young
      patients treated for curable cancers, by alkylants, specially if the treatment is
      intense and long. Depending on the patient and his age, on the cancer and its
      treatment, recovery of a normal spermatogenesis may be observed in a minority of
      cases and sometimes lately. This hazard must be told to the patient who is
      invited to preserve his sperm which is not always of enough good quality. There
      is no proved means to protect gonadal function. Therefore modifications of
      chemotherapy are desirable to decrease its toxicity.

PMID- 1818531
TI  - [Short-term effect of delayed-action injectable bromocriptine in
      macroprolactinoma. French multicenter study].
AB  - In this prospective multicenter trial, 61 patients presenting with a
      macroprolactinoma were studied over a 1 month-period following a single 50 mg
      intragluteal injection of the long-acting repeatable (L.A.R.) form of
      bromocriptine. The effects of the drug were evaluated mainly by repetitive plasma
      prolactin measurements on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 after injection, and by
      repeated visual-field and computed tomography scanning examinations.
      Normalization of PRL levels was obtained in 23% of patients during the first
      month following injection. In 6 patients (9.8%), PRL values remained within
      normal range on day 28 after injection. In these latter patients, PRL levels were
      significantly lower than in the patients whose PRL values were not normal on day
      28 (312 +/- 111 vs 2454 +/- 484 ng/ml [m +/- SEM]). The mean lowest PRL levels
      were achieved on day 3. The mean percent maximal decrease in PRL levels ranged
      between 70 and 72% from days 3 to 14 but constantly remained below 50% in 6
      patients. An improvement in visual field was observed by day 7 in 45% of patients
      presenting initially with visual field defects. In particular, in half of the
      patients with bilateral quadranopsia or hemianopsia, such visual impairments had
      disappeared after 1 month of treatment. Computed tomography scanning examinations
      showed in 11% of the patients a more than 20% reduction in tumor mass by day 7
      following injection. On day 28, the percent reduction in tumor size was 20-40% in
      28% and above 40% in 10% of the patients. Most adverse effects (digestive
      symptoms, dizziness, postural hypotension) were observed during the first 24
      hours of treatment. Local and systemic tolerability was in general good. In
      macroprolactinoma patients, a single 50 mg injection of bromocriptine LAR was
      thus able to achieve in the short-term a clear cut reduction in tumor size in 2/5
      patients and normalization of PRL levels in 1/10 of patients. A study of the
      effects of monthly administration of bromocriptine LAR is currently under
      progress to assess the long-term efficacy of this drug.

PMID- 1818532
TI  - [Evaluation of thyroid function after myocardial infarction].
AB  - The myocardial infarction (M.I.) constitutes an exemplary acute severe affection
      able to modifie hormonal concentrations. The total and unbound thyroid hormones,
      reverse T3 (rt3), TSH, and cortisolemia were determined in 24 patients during a
      period of 21 days in order to compare them to different markers of severity of
      MI. The initial phase of the disease is characterized by low concentrations of
      total and free T3 and high concentrations of rT3 combined with more often than
      not normal total and free T4 and TSH values contrasting with an increase in
      cortisol levels. The abnormalities were more pronounced the day after admission
      and then progressively amend. There are several statistic relationship between
      the marker of severity of MI and thyroid hormones. In the same way total T3 is
      all the more decreased especially since myoglobin, CPK-MB, ST amplitude and
      ventricle ejection fraction are more disturbed. Severe forms of MI induces a
      pseudo central thyroid insufficiency with low T3, low T4 and a tendency to TSH
      decrease. Total T3 blood levels may usefully contribute to the elaboration of an
      MI severity index.

PMID- 1818533
TI  - [Primary hypothyroidism and glomerular involvement].
AB  - Association between auto-immune dysthyroidism and glomerulonephritis is quite
      rare. The authors report 3 cases with proteinuria varying from 2.72 to 6.06 g/day
      and hypothyroidism. Nephrotic syndrome was found in 2 cases and thyroid auto
      antibodies (microsomal and thyroglobulin) and circulating immun complexes
      (C.I.C.) in 1 case, complement fractions C3 and C4 were normal in all cases.
      Renal biopsy showed membranous glomerulonephritis in 2 cases and minimal lesions
      in the third case. Proteinuria disappeared with glucocorticoids and thyroxine in
      1 case, with thyroxine alone in an other case and persisted in the third case
      with normal thyroid function.

PMID- 1818534
TI  - [Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis].
AB  - Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis associates the clinical picture of hyperthyroidism
      with bouts of paralysis due to hypokalaemia. The hypokalaemia is due to a massive
      shift of potassium from the extra- to the intracellular compartment. This entity
      is found almost exclusively in Asian males. The onset of bouts of paralysis is
      favoured by carbohydrate-rich meals and by strenuous exercise. The bouts cease
      after correction of the hyperthyroidism. They may be prevented by propranolol.
      Although the clinical manifestations and treatment of this condition are now well
      known, the physiopathology remains unclear. This paper presents two cases of
      thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in young Chinese and Philippine males with
      hypokalaemia at 1.5 and 2.1 mmol/l respectively. Different hypotheses concerning
      the physiopathology of the association are discussed.

PMID- 1818535
TI  - [Bone densitometry: technical principles and practical value].
AB  - X-ray dual photon absorptiometry has replaced isotopic mono and dual photon
      absorptiometry in the assessment of metabolic bone diseases. This method is a
      valuable tool for epidemiologic studies. Individual examinations give poor in
      vivo accuracy and precision. Further technical improvements are needed to give
      bone densitometry a predictive value for osteoporotic risk.

PMID- 1818536
TI  - Olive milling wastewater as a medium for growth of four Pleurotus species.
AB  - Four species of Pleurotus were adapted to grow on olive milling wastewater, and
      in certain conditions produced high yield of fruit bodies. Some biochemical
      transformations were observed in the olive milling wastewater owing to the growth
      of Pleurotus. In particular, the fungi actively excreted large amounts of laccase
      in the medium, and at the same time the concentration of phenolics and other
      toxic compounds significantly decreased, as revealed by HPLC analysis and
      toxicity tests on standard cultures of human cell lines.

PMID- 1818537
TI  - Urease purification from the seeds of Cajanus cajan and its application in a
      biosensor construction.
AB  - Urease has been purified from the seeds of Cajanus Cajan. The purification
      process involves three solvent extraction steps followed by DEAE-cellulose column
      chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is found to be 1920
      U/mg with the recovery of 8%. The application of the purified enzyme in a
      biosensor construction is discussed.

PMID- 1818538
TI  - Enzymatic activity of cellulase adsorbed on cellulose and its change during
      hydrolysis.
AB  - Hydrolysis of pure cellulose Avicel has been carried out, using Meicelase from
      Trichoderma viride, where the enzymatic activity of cellulase adsorbed on
      cellulose and its changes during the hydrolysis were investigated. A rapid drop
      of the hydrolysis rate during the reaction, that is always observed in enzymatic
      hydrolysis of cellulose, could be explained by a decline of specific activity of
      adsorbed enzyme, and it was implied that the decline results from a loss of
      synergistic action between endoglucanase and exoglucanase. An empirical equation
      expresses the change of hydrolysis rate during the reaction and also shows that
      the change of the hydrolysis rate is caused by the decline of the specific
      enzymatic activity of adsorbed enzyme.

PMID- 1818539
TI  - Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production by Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222.
AB  - Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222 grew well at 11 degrees C, as well as at 25 degrees
      C in a liquid medium containing glucose or linseed oil and yeast extract. High
      Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) yield was obtained at 11 degrees C. M. alpina cells
      did not produce EPA at 25 degrees C in the absence of linseed oil, whereas at 11
      degrees C, EPA accumulation was noted in the absence of linseed oil. When grown
      at 11 degrees C for 10 d in a medium containing 2% linseed oil as carbon source,
      the mycelium yielded 435 mg/L EPA (20 mg EPA/g dry mycelia) with 5.1% in lipid
      fraction. By gradually increasing the concentration of linseed oil to 4%, yield
      of biomass and EPA were increased to 43 g/L and 596 mg/L, respectively.

PMID- 1818540
TI  - Review and patents and literature. The use of insect cell cultures for
      recombinant protein synthesis: Engineering aspects.
AB  - The use of the insect cell/baculovirus expression system for producing
      recombinant proteins of bacterial, plant, insect, and mammalian origin has become
      widespread. The popularity of this eukaryotic expression system is due to many
      factors, including (1) potentially high protein expression levels, (2) ease and
      speed of genetic engineering, (3) ability to accommodate large DNA inserts, (4)
      protein processing similar to higher eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalia cells), and
      (5) ease of insect cell growth (e.g., suspension growth). The following review of
      the literature discusses two engineering aspects of recombinant protein synthesis
      by insect cell cultures: bioreactor scale-up and insect cell line selection.
      Following this review patent abstracts and additional literature pertaining to
      expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture are listed.

PMID- 1818541
TI  - Sleep apnoea's contribution to the road toll.

PMID- 1818542
TI  - Biochemical and molecular investigation of mitochondrial disease: an illustrative
      case showing the value of a multifaceted approach.
AB  - Detailed biochemical and molecular investigations in a patient with Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome are presented. Polarographic studies in isolated mitochondria revealed a
      global impairment in respiratory capacity consistent with an admixture of
      functional and non-functional mitochondria. Cytochrome difference spectra
      revealed a selective deficiency in cytochrome aa3. Western immunoblot studies
      revealed normal subunit content of Complexes I, III and IV. Southern blot studies
      of mtDNA showed a deletion of approximately 5 Kb coexisting with wild type DNA.
      PCR analysis confirmed that this deletion lies between the ATPase8 and NAD
      coenzyme Q oxidoreductase subunit 5 (ND5) genes. Breakpoint sequencing revealed a
      13 nucleotide direct repeat flanking sequence (ACCTCCCTCACCA) consistent with
      slippage in mtDNA during replication as the mechanism of deletion. Histochemical
      studies of skeletal muscle revealed many cytochrome oxidase negative fibres and
      immunocytochemical studies showed cytochrome oxidase negative areas with abundant
      respiratory complex protein suggesting upregulation. The value of a multifaceted
      approach in unravelling the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases is
      emphasised.

PMID- 1818543
TI  - A randomised double-blind trial of cyclosporin and azathioprine in refractory
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from four Australian
      centres were randomised to receive cyclosporin A (CSA) (n = 25) or azathioprine
      (AZA) (n = 27) for six months. Initial mean doses of CSA and AZA were 4.2 mg/kg
      and 1.7 mg/kg respectively. The mean doses of CSA and AZA at six months were 3.4
      mg/kg and 1.9 mg/kg. Assessments of side-effects and outcomes of benefit were
      made monthly by independent, blinded observers. Both treatment groups exhibited
      statistically significant improvement in standard outcome parameters when
      compared with baseline values. However, there were no statistically significant
      differences in these parameters between the two groups. There was a mean increase
      in serum creatinine concentration associated with CSA; no persons were withdrawn
      from the study for this reason. Seven CSA recipients (three gastrointestinal
      symptoms, two neurological symptoms, two other) and 12 AZA recipients (six
      gastrointestinal symptoms, four inefficacy, two other) withdrew from treatment
      prematurely. Seven CSA recipients became hypertensive and four required anti
      hypertensive therapy. Adverse events not requiring cessation of therapy were more
      commonly seen among CSA patients. In this group of severely affected patients
      with RA both cyclosporin and azathioprine were effective therapies. CSA
      toxicities were predictable and manageable but required close monitoring.

PMID- 1818545
TI  - Differences in the symptoms of men and women with obstructive sleep apnoea.
AB  - In order to determine whether the clinical features of obstructive sleep apnoea
      (OSA) are the same in men and women we reviewed the records of 22 women with OSA.
      The women were matched with 44 men of similar age (+/- 5 years) and frequency of
      respiratory events (less than or equal to 15/hr, 16-40/hr, 41-70/hr and greater
      than 70/hr). The degree of daytime somnolence was similar in men and women. Women
      are more likely than men to complain of morning fatigue and morning headache, and
      less likely to report restless sleep or to have been told of apnoea during sleep.
      Difficulty initiating sleep (DIS) was twice as common in women as in men (p less
      than 0.05). Most of these differences were also seen when women and men who
      snored but did not have OSA were compared. Arterial hypertension was less common
      in women (3/22) than in men (18/44), (p less than 0.001). More striking than the
      differences between men and women in the prevalence of single symptoms was the
      existence of a subgroup of women (9/22) with no complaint of either apnoea,
      choking arousals or restless sleep, and normal blood pressure, complaining only
      of fatigue and morning headache, and in three cases DIS as well. We concluded
      that OSA may be commoner in women than previous reports suggest, and that the
      clinical features may be misleading in women.

PMID- 1818544
TI  - A prospective randomised trial of cyclosporin and methotrexate versus
      cyclosporin, methotrexate and prednisolone for prevention of graft-versus-host
      disease after HLA-identical sibling marrow transplantation for haematological
      malignancy.
AB  - A prospective randomised trial was performed in patients given HLA-identical
      sibling bone marrow transplants for haematological malignancy comparing the
      combination of cyclosporin and methotrexate (CM) (n = 20) with the combination of
      cyclosporin, methotrexate and prednisolone (CMP) (n = 21) as prophylaxis for
      graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). There was no significant differences between
      the two arms for the incidence of acute GVHD grades I-IV, acute GVHD grades II
      IV, chronic GVHD, interstitial pneumonitis, relapse, survival and disease-free
      survival. The actuarial incidence of acute GVHD grades II-IV in the CMP group was
      10% and in the CM group 15% (ns). The incidence of leukaemic relapse in good risk
      patients was 42% in the CMP group and 40% in the CM group (ns), although the
      majority of these relapses were cytogenetic relapses only in patients with
      chronic myeloid leukaemia. The incidence of acute GVHD grades II-IV in both arms
      of the current trial was significantly lower than in our previous trial comparing
      cyclosporin and methotrexate as single agents. Leukaemic relapse is now the
      principal cause of treatment failure in this patient population. We conclude that
      prednisolone should not be included as part of the prophylactic GVHD regime and
      that further improvement in therapeutic outcome is dependent upon better control
      of the underlying malignancy.

PMID- 1818547
TI  - Allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease caused by Bipolaris and Curvularia.
AB  - Allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease (ABPFD) usually manifests in asthmatics
      as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. In a few instances other fungi have
      been implicated. Serological testing in Western Australia between 1979 and 1986
      revealed precipitins to Bipolaris and Curvularia species in 40 of 503 patients
      tested. Eight of these were patients with ABPFD due to Bipolaris and/or
      Curvularia and are reported here. Geographical location appeared to be
      significant as seven of eight of those with ABPFD (and at least 18 of 40 with
      positive serology) were living in the more remote and sub-tropical northern part
      of the state. ABPFD due to fungi other than Aspergillus species may be more
      common than previously recognised and further epidemiological assessment is
      warranted.

PMID- 1818546
TI  - Circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in coeliac disease and
      epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
AB  - The demonstration of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
      antibodies is almost diagnostic for anti-GBM disease and Goodpasture's syndrome.
      These antibodies are, however, occasionally present in SLE and diabetes, in
      association with IgA disease and membranous nephropathy and after transplantation
      in Alport's syndrome. In addition, we describe circulating anti-GBM antibodies in
      a research worker who handled GBM and in whom coeliec disease later developed,
      and in an individual with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Neither patient had
      impaired renal function nor an abnormal urinary sediment, suggesting either that
      these antibodies were of low affinity, or that additional factors are required
      for the pathogenesis of an aggressive glomerular lesion when circulating anti-GBM
      antibodies are present. In at least one of these individuals anti-GBM antibodies
      may have developed after the exposure of basement membrane collagen type IV to
      activated immunological mediators and cells.

PMID- 1818549
TI  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the heart: a rare cause of obstruction of the left
      ventricular outflow tract.
AB  - Primary cardiac tumours are rare and frequently only diagnosed post-mortem.
      Recent improvements in non-invasive imaging techniques have led to an increasing
      number being diagnosed in life, allowing surgical resection. We report a primary
      leiomyosarcoma presenting with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.

PMID- 1818548
TI  - Pulmonary actinomycosis complicated by effusive constrictive pericarditis.
AB  - A case of pulmonary actinomycosis presenting with a right calf abscess and
      complicated by effusive constrictive pericarditis is discussed. Clinical
      improvement occurred with antibiotic therapy and pericardiectomy. There was no
      evidence of recurrence after 18 months.

PMID- 1818550
TI  - Hepatic metastasis from a meningeal haemangiopericytoma.
AB  - Intracranial tumours rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS).
      Meningeal haemangiopericytoma is an exception. We report the case of a 41-year
      old female who initially presented in 1984 with what was thought to be a
      posterior fossa meningioma which was excised, as were two subsequent recurrences
      in 1987 and 1988. In October 1990 she represented, having discovered a mass in
      her abdomen. This proved to be a metastatic haemangiopericytoma in the liver
      which had similar histology to the original intracranial tumour. This metastasis,
      and another found at operation, have been excised, and at the time of this
      report, she is alive and well seven months after surgery without any evidence of
      other metastasis or recurrence. Hemangiopericytomas are unusual in their
      propensity to metastasize outside the CNS and successful resection of hepatic
      metastases from this tumour has not been reported before.

PMID- 1818551
TI  - Complete external ophthalmoplegia and asterixis with carbamazepine toxicity.
AB  - Ophthalmoplegia is a rarely observed sign in carbamazepine and other
      anticonvulsant overdoses. We present a patient who developed transient complete
      external ophthalmoplegia and asterixis with relative preservation of
      consciousness, in association with carbamazepine toxicity. Previously reported
      cases and proposed mechanisms are reviewed.

PMID- 1818553
TI  - Spontaneous dissection of the left main coronary artery: case report and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Primary coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of myocardial infarction. It
      should be suspected in young, healthy females. It is a condition which is treated
      by myocardial revascularisation.

PMID- 1818552
TI  - Severe constipation as the presenting complaint of phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - Phaeochromocytoma is a rare tumour which may present with gastrointestinal
      features. We report two patients who presented with severe constipation and were
      found to have a malignant phaeochromocytoma. Both patients deteriorated following
      barium contrast radiology. In the first patient, constipation improved following
      pharmacological manipulation with alpha and beta adrenoreceptor antagonists. The
      diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma must be considered in a constipated patient with
      the features of catecholamine excess.

PMID- 1818554
TI  - Renal sodium retention in the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Where do the experiments on rat kidneys exposed to puromycin leave us in
      attempting to evaluate further the pathophysiology of oedema in human nephrotic
      syndrome? They cannot be considered conclusive. The arguments favouring an
      intrinsic abnormality in the kidney as a major factor in sodium retention, rather
      than this being a secondary response to humoral and neural influences stimulated
      by changes in actual or perceived plasma volume, would be strengthened by
      experiments using another animal model of the nephrotic syndrome. But taken
      together with the longstanding clinical observations demonstrating the absence of
      any correlation between plasma oncotic pressure and diuresis or sodium retention,
      the work particularly of Dorhout-Mees and his colleagues on plasma volume, the
      frequent failure of infusions of salt-free albumin to induce natriuresis, and the
      profound resistance to intensive diuretic therapy in many nephrotics, the
      evidence for an important, probably predominant, role of intrinsic renal
      retention of sodium is strong. This is not to negate the importance of Starling
      forces in determining the distribution of the retained salt and water, nor to
      suggest that, on occasion at least, hypovolaemia, relative or absolute, may
      contribute to sodium retention. Certainly hypotensive shock due to hypovolemia in
      nephrotic patients untreated by diuretics has been observed often enough,
      particularly in children, and the risk of over-enthusiastic diuretic treatment
      resulting in tubular necrosis in the course of management of minimal change
      disease, is well recognised. An important role for leakage of plasma from the
      vascular compartment in the initiation of the oedema of the nephrotic state is
      certainly likely, but to consider this the major continuing mechanism is really
      not tenable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818555
TI  - Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure and body
      mass index in obstructive sleep apnoea.

PMID- 1818556
TI  - Annie B Cunning Lecture--Nutrition and infections in Australian aboriginal
      children.

PMID- 1818557
TI  - Potentiation of warfarin action by miconazole oral gel.

PMID- 1818558
TI  - Accidental mydriasis due to prantal powder.

PMID- 1818559
TI  - Giant cell arteritis and ophthalmoplegia.

PMID- 1818560
TI  - Giant cell arteritis presenting with status epilepticus.

PMID- 1818561
TI  - Screening for hypercholesterolaemia in a CCU.

PMID- 1818562
TI  - The use of polylactic acid matrix and periosteal grafts for the reconstruction of
      rabbit knee articular defects.
AB  - In order to find a material that would improve cartilage repair, we investigated
      the use of porous polylactic acid matrix (PLA) with and without periosteal grafts
      in large articular defects in the medial femoral condyles of 18 New Zealand white
      rabbit knees. The right knee defect was filled with PLA, the left defect was
      filled with PLA and a periosteal graft. All animals were killed at 12 weeks. PLA
      allowed for the de novo growth of neocartilage at the articular surface in all
      specimens and appeared to serve as a scaffolding for cell migration and matrix
      formation. Histologically, small amounts of PLA remained under the neocartilage
      with the majority being replaced by bone. PLA was a suitable carrier for
      periosteal grafts with a high graft survival rate (89%) and proliferation of a
      neocartilage which was thicker and more closely resembled articular cartilage
      than PLA alone knees. Biochemically, there was more type II collagen in the
      grafted knees (83%) than in the PLA alone knees (65%). Biomechanical tests of the
      neocartilage included equilibrium displacement, aggregate modulus, and apparent
      permeability. These tests were not statistically different between PLA alone and
      grafted knees. Comparison to normal cartilage indicated that the neocartilage was
      less stiff but had similar permeability. A consistent repair of the articular
      defects was achieved with and without periosteal grafts resulting in a tissue
      that closely resembled hyaline articular cartilage.

PMID- 1818563
TI  - [Union of Winterthur Dentists (VWZ). Formation and development].

PMID- 1818564
TI  - [Fifth annual meeting of the Division of Extrahospital Pediatrics of the Spanish
      Pediatric Association. Santander, 3-5 October 1991].

PMID- 1818565
TI  - Rapid charge movements and photosensitivity of visual pigments in salamander rods
      and cones.
AB  - 1. Photosensitivities of visual pigments were determined by measuring early
      receptor currents (ERCs) in voltage-clamped photoreceptors from larval
      salamanders. 2. As expected from previous work of others, the ERC elicited by a
      brief flash consisted of a rapid inward component followed by a larger and slower
      outward component. The magnitude of the outward component corresponded to the
      movement of about 0.18 electronic charge across the membrane per
      photoisomerization. 3. The time course of the ERC was independent of the flash
      intensity, the flash wavelength and the magnitude of the response. The outward
      component of the cone ERC declined about twice as rapidly as the outward
      component of the rod ERC.. 4. The amplitude of the ERC decreased as successive
      flashes bleached the cell's pigment. Using the proportional relation between the
      size of the ERC and the number of pigment molecules photoisomerized,
      photosensitivities of the native A2 pigments in rods, red-sensitive cones, blue
      sensitive cones and UV-sensitive cones were determined. Calculated solution
      photosensitivities for rhodopsin, red-sensitive and blue-sensitive cone pigments
      were not significantly different and the average value for all three pigments at
      their respective absorption maxima was (7.3 +/- 1.6) x 10(-9) micron 2 molecule
      1. A value of 44.0 x 10(-9) micron 2 molecule-1 was obtained in a single UV
      sensitive cone. 5. Substitution of the native dehydroretinal chromophore in the
      red-sensitive cone pigment with 11-cis-retinal increased the solution
      photosensitivity to (9.6 +/- 0.62) x 10(-9) micron 2 molecule-1. 6. We conclude
      that cone pigments have large molecular absorption cross-sections and high
      quantum efficiencies of photoisomerization. These properties seem well suited for
      the receptive molecules of a highly sensitive, miniaturized transducer.

PMID- 1818566
TI  - "For one brief shining moment...".

PMID- 1818567
TI  - Which organization certifies and recertifies?

PMID- 1818568
TI  - Liability insurance for LCs.

PMID- 1818569
TI  - Learning at the conference.

PMID- 1818570
TI  - Technology and breastfeeding.

PMID- 1818571
TI  - Candida and the lactating breast: predisposing factors.
AB  - Candida albicans infection of the nipples and breast ducts is a cause of sore
      nipples and "shooting" breast pain during lactation. A questionnaire which sought
      to identify predisposing factors was given to 51 women with candidiasis of the
      lactating breast, 18 women with other breastfeeding difficulties, and 29 women
      breastfeeding without any difficulties. Nipple damage in early lactation,
      mastitis, recent use of antibiotics postpartum, long-term use prior to pregnancy,
      and history of vaginal thrush were positively associated with candidiasis of the
      lactating breast. Thrush, especially oral thrush, was more common in babies of
      mothers in the candida group. However, some mothers with symptomatic candida
      infection reported none of these predisposing factors.

PMID- 1818572
TI  - Smoking and breastfeeding: an overview.
AB  - This paper reviews what is presently known about the associations between
      cigarette smoking, breastfeeding and infant health. Smoking almost certainly
      reduces lactational capacity. Tobacco constituents and combustion by-products
      reaching the infant through breastmilk or by inhalation are cause for concern.
      But artificially-fed infants are similarly exposed to many such compounds, and
      they in addition are at greater risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease,
      allergic disorders, and cot death. Hence breastfeeding must continue to be
      encouraged, even for smoking mothers. Recommendations that may reduce infant
      morbidity from smoking by the breastfeeding mother are set out. The author
      concludes that the scientific literature indicates that it is far from ideal to
      smoke and breastfeed--but it is worse to smoke and not breastfeed.

PMID- 1818573
TI  - One innovation helping breastfeeding mothers of preterm infants.

PMID- 1818574
TI  - How to take pictures of a nursing mother.

PMID- 1818575
TI  - Anticoagulant use during breastfeeding.

PMID- 1818576
TI  - Is lithium safe for use by a breastfeeding mother?

PMID- 1818577
TI  - The Mothers' Milk Bank of Wilmington, Delaware: history and highlights.

PMID- 1818579
TI  - Breastfeeding hotlines and warmlines.

PMID- 1818578
TI  - A textbook of obstetrical nursing. 1922.

PMID- 1818580
TI  - Microcalorimetric evaluation of blood compatibility of hemodialysis membranes.
AB  - The study was made in vitro of reactions elicited by contact of granulocytes
      suspended in autologous plasma with three polymers: polyacrylonitrile (AN);
      polyetherpoly-carbonate (PC), and regenerated cellulose (Cu). Alterations in
      basal metabolism and biological function of the human blood granulocytes induced
      by interfacial reactions were determined by direct microcalorimetry. The
      polymers, which are commonly used as membranes in artificial kidneys, were found
      to activate granulocytes to degrees which were inversely correlated with their
      response to zymosan. The compatibility of the granulocytes and each of the
      membranes was of the order: AN greater than PC greater than Cu.

PMID- 1818581
TI  - Radiocontrast removal by dialysis membranes.
AB  - To examine the effect of membrane characteristics on radiocontrast mass transfer,
      we studied in vitro clearances with cuprophane and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
      dialyzers and with polysulfone hemofilter. A perfusate of saline at 37 degrees C,
      with 7.5 mmol/l (45 mg/dl) of urea and either Renografin (molecular weight 723)
      or Hexabrix (1405), was pumped through the blood path of dialyzers at 200 ml/min
      for 5 min. Each radiocontrast agent (RCA) and dialyzer was tested at 0, 150, and
      250 or 300 mm Hg transmembrane pressure. In experiments with the use of
      hemofilter, clearances were tested at the perfusate flow of 50, 100 and 150
      ml/min. RCAs were measured by fluorescent excitation analysis of iodine. Mean
      urea clearance was 16% higher in PAN than in cuprophane dialyzers. Clearance of
      RCAs was 1.5-3 times higher in PAN than cuprophane dialysers. With the latter,
      increases in transmembrane pressure resulted in a small amount of ultrafiltration
      (UF) and little increment in RCA clearance. With the former, increases in
      transmembrane pressure resulted in massive UF and remarkable increases in RCA
      clearance. Renografin clearance generally exceeded that of Hexabrix, which we
      attributed to Renografin's lower molecular weight. With the hemofilter, sieving
      coefficients were approximately 0.8 for each RCA. Yet, because of the lack of
      diffusive transport and a small surface area even at the highest perfusate flow
      rates, RCA clearance by the hemofilter was 20-50% less than that of cuprophane
      dialyzers. We conclude that PAN dialyzers are more efficient for RCA removal than
      cuprophane dialyzers or polysulfone hemofilters.

PMID- 1818582
TI  - Why are there carbonic anhydrases in the liver?

PMID- 1818583
TI  - DNA methylation patterns: an additional level of information?

PMID- 1818584
TI  - The Ayerst Award Lecture 1990. Calcium-dependent mechanisms of regulation of
      smooth muscle contraction.
AB  - The contractile state of smooth muscle is regulated primarily by the sarcoplasmic
      (cytosolic) free Ca2+ concentration. A variety of stimuli that induce smooth
      muscle contraction (e.g., membrane depolarization, alpha-adrenergic and
      muscarinic agonists) trigger an increase in sarcoplasmic free [Ca2+] from resting
      levels of 120-270 to 500-700 nM. At the elevated [Ca2+], Ca2+ binds to
      calmodulin, the ubiquitous and multifunctional Ca(2+)-binding protein. The
      interaction of Ca2+ with CaM induces a conformational change in the Ca(2+)
      binding protein with exposure of a site(s) of interaction with target proteins,
      the most important of which in the context of smooth muscle contraction is the
      enzyme myosin light chain kinase. The interaction of calmodulin with myosin light
      chain kinase results in activation of the kinase that catalyzes phosphorylation
      of myosin at serine-19 of each of the two 20-kDa light chains (native myosin is a
      hexamer composed of two heavy chains (230 kDa each) and two pairs of light chains
      (one pair of 20 kDa each and the other pair of 17 kDa each)). This simple
      phosphorylation reaction triggers cycling of myosin cross-bridges along actin
      filaments and the development of force. Relaxation of the muscle follows removal
      of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm, whereupon calmodulin dissociates from myosin light
      chain kinase regenerating the inactive kinase; myosin is dephosphorylated by
      myosin light chain phosphatase(s), whereupon it dissociates and remains detached
      from the actin filament and the muscle relaxes. A substantial body of evidence
      has been accumulated in support of this central role of myosin phosphorylation
      dephosphorylation in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, a wide
      range of physiological and biochemical studies supports the existence of
      additional, secondary Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms that can modulate or fine-tune
      the contractile state of the smooth muscle cell. Three such mechanisms have
      emerged: (i) the actin-, tropomyosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein, calponin;
      (ii) the actin-, myosin-, tropomyosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein,
      caldesmon; and (iii) the Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase
      (protein kinase C).

PMID- 1818585
TI  - Glutamine and glucose metabolism in thymocytes from normal and spontaneously
      diabetic BB rats.
AB  - Metabolism of glutamine and glucose was studied in thymocytes from normal rats
      and BB rats with the spontaneous autoimmune diabetic syndrome to assess their
      potential roles as fuels. The major measured products from glucose were lactate
      and, to a lesser extent, CO2, and pyruvate. Glutamine had no effect on the rates
      of their production from glucose. Glutamine was metabolized to ammonia,
      aspartate, glutamate, and CO2, with aspartate being the major product of carbons
      from glutamine in the absence of glucose. Glucose markedly decreased the
      formation of ammonia, aspartate, and CO2 from glutamine, but increased that of
      glutamate, with an overall decrease in glutamine utilization by 55%. More
      glutamate than aspartate was produced from glutamine in the presence of glucose.
      The potential production of ATP from glucose was similar to that when glutamine
      was present alone. However, glucose markedly decreased production of ATP from
      glutamine, but not vice versa. This resulted in ATP production from glucose being
      2.5 times that from glutamine when both substrates were present. The oxidation of
      glucose to CO2 via the Krebs cycle accounts for 75-80% of glucose-derived ATP
      production. Cellular ATP levels markedly decreased in the absence of exogenous
      substrates, but were constant throughout a 2-h incubation in the presence of
      glutamine, glucose, or both. There were no differences in thymocyte glucose or
      glutamine metabolism between normal and diabetic BB rats, in contrast to previous
      findings in peripheral lymphoid organs. Our results suggest that glucose is a
      more important fuel than glutamine for "resting" thymocytes, again in contrast to
      the cells of peripheral lymphoid organs in which glutamine is as important as
      glucose as a fuel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818586
TI  - Binding of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) to human and dog serum albumins. An
      equilibrium dialysis and 113Cd-NMR study.
AB  - The binding of Cd(II) and Zn(II) to human serum albumin (HSA) and dog serum
      albumin (DSA) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and 113Cd(II)-NMR
      techniques at physiological pH. Scatchard analysis of the equilibrium dialysis
      data indicate the presence of at least two classes of binding sites for Cd(II)
      and Zn(II). On analysis of the high-affinity class of sites, HSA is shown to bind
      2.08 +/- 0.09 (log K = 5.3 +/- 0.6) and 1.07 +/- 0.12 (log K = 6.4 +/- 0.8) moles
      of Cd(II) and Zn(II) per mole of protein, respectively. DSA bound 2.02 +/- 0.19
      (log K = 5.1 +/- 0.8), and 1.06 +/- 0.15 (log K = 6.0 +/- 0.2) moles of Cd(II)
      and Zn(II) per mole of protein, respectively. Competition studies indicate the
      presence of one high-affinity Cd(II) site on both HSA and DSA that is not
      affected by Zn(II) or Cu(II), and one high-affinity Zn(II) site on both HSA and
      DSA that is not affected by Cd(II) or Cu(II). 113Cadmium-HSA spectra display
      three resonances corresponding to three different sites of complexation. In site
      I, Cd(II) is most probably coordinated to two or three histidyl residues, site II
      to one histidyl residue and three oxygen ligands (carboxylate), while for the
      most upfield site III, four oxygens are likely to be involved in the binding of
      the metal ion. The 113Cd(II)-DSA spectra display only two resonances
      corresponding to two different sites of complexation. The environment around
      Cd(II) at sites I and II on DSA is similar to sites I and II, respectively, on
      HSA. No additional resonances are observed in any of these experiments and in
      particular in the low field region where sulfur coordination occurs. Overall, our
      results are consistent with the proposal that the physiologically important high
      affinity Zn(II) and Cd(II) binding sites of albumins are located not at the
      Cu(II)-specific NH2-terminal site, but at internal sites, involving mostly
      nitrogen and oxygen ligands and no sulphur ligand.

PMID- 1818587
TI  - The cytoprotective effects of bilirubin and biliverdin on rat hepatocytes and
      human erythrocytes and the impact of albumin.
AB  - The hypothesis that unconjugated bilirubin and biliverdin are cytoprotective
      antioxidants has been examined for the first time in systems containing cells. In
      primary rat hepatocytes exposed to xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine, bilirubin
      (0-60 microM) failed to prolong cell survival. In contrast, biliverdin (20-100
      microM) markedly delayed hepatocyte necrosis in a concentration-dependent manner.
      When 0.3 mM of albumin was present, bilirubin (0-50 microM) became protective of
      hepatocytes, while biliverdin was less dramatically enhanced in its
      cytoprotective effect. In human erythrocytes exposed to peroxyl radicals,
      bilirubin and biliverdin inhibited 50% cell lysis at lower concentrations than
      Trolox and ascorbate, respectively. Albumin alone appeared less cytoprotective in
      red cells than in hepatocytes, but its presence enhanced the effects of both
      pigments on erythrocytes. Of probable physiologic relevance, bilirubin with
      albumin present or biliverdin alone protected hepatocytes substantially (and to a
      lesser extent red cells) at the normal blood levels of bilirubin (3.4-26 microM).
      Moreover, the fact that the pigments are cytoprotective at higher bilirubin
      levels (e.g., 50-100 microM) tempts the speculation that they may be circulating
      cytoprotectors of overlooked importance in jaundice.

PMID- 1818588
TI  - Relationships among serine hydrolases: evidence for a common structural motif in
      triacylglyceride lipases and esterases.
AB  - A detailed analysis of the highly refined (1.9 A resolution) molecular model of
      the fungal (Rhizomucor miehei) triglyceride lipase reveals a unique conformation
      of the oligopeptide containing the active serine (Ser 144) residue. It consists
      of a six-residue beta-strand (strand 4 of the central sheet), a four-residue turn
      of type II' with serine in the epsilon conformation, and a buried alpha-helix
      packed in a parallel way against strands 4 and 5 of the central beta-pleated
      sheet. It is shown that the invariant glycines in positions (1) and (5) of the so
      called lipase consensus sequence (G-X-S-X-G) are in extended and helical
      conformations, respectively, and that they are conserved owing to the steric
      restrictions imposed on these residues by the packing stereochemistry of this
      beta-epsilon Ser-alpha motif, and not by secondary structure requirements, as is
      the case in serine proteinases. Sequence homologies indicate that this unique
      motif is likely to be found in serine esterases and other lipases, indicating a
      possible evolutionary link of these families of hydrolytic enzymes.

PMID- 1818589
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies of a series of
      synthetic beta-D-galactosyl diacylglycerols.
AB  - We have investigated the physical properties of a homologous series of synthetic,
      saturated 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerols using
      calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Unannealed aqueous dispersions of these
      compounds exhibit a lower temperature, moderately energetic, chain-melting (L
      beta/L alpha) phase transition and a higher temperature, weakly energetic,
      bilayer/nonbilayer phase transition. On annealing below the L beta/L alpha phase
      transition, the L beta phase converts to an LC phase, which may undergo a highly
      energetic LC/L alpha or LC/HII phase transition at very high temperatures on
      reheating. The temperatures of these phase transitions are higher than those seen
      in the corresponding alpha- and beta-D-glucosyl diacylglycerols. However, the L
      beta/L alpha and bilayer/nonbilayer phase transition temperatures of the beta-D
      galactosyl diacylglycerols are lower than those of the corresponding diacyl
      phosphatidylethanolamines. These observations are discussed in terms of the
      hydration and hydrogen bonding properties of their respective headgroups.

PMID- 1818590
TI  - Carbon dioxide-oxygen relationships in gas exchange of animals. In memory of
      Hermann Rahn.
AB  - In external gas exchange of vertebrates, behavior of the respiratory gases CO2
      and O2 can in many cases adequately be explained by the different physico
      chemical properties of the gases, including solubility, chemical combination in
      blood and tissue, and diffusivity. In particular, the differences in behavior
      between CO2 and O2 are often of particular relevance. This is demonstrated on a
      number of examples of gas exchange mechanisms in vertebrates, including (1)
      exchange ratio after changes in ventilation, (2) local variations of pulmonary
      ventilation/perfusion ratio, (3) absorption of gas from gas pockets, (4) water
      vs. air breathing, (5) multimodal breathing, (6) skin breathing, (7) gas exchange
      of avian eggs, (8) anomalous gas/blood CO2 equilibration, (9) blood/gas CO2
      equilibration in avian lungs, (10) pulmonary diffusing capacity, (11) blood/water
      CO2 equilibration in fish gills, (12) deposition of gas into fish swim bladder.

PMID- 1818591
TI  - [Analysis of miniature potentials in reinnervated rat muscle].
AB  - Miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) are regarded as the expression of release
      of a single quantum of acetylcholine by motor nerve endings in the muscle. Mepp
      frequency is dependent on the presynaptic mechanism, but MEPP amplitudes and time
      courses are the result of the characteristics of pre- and postsynaptic structures
      and of the interaction between them. After post-traumatic reinnervation of
      skeletal muscles, MEPP frequency increases, reaching slowly normal values. Two
      groups of male, Sprague Dawley rats were used: in the first group left sciatic
      nerve was crushed and nerve fibres were allowed to regenerate, whereas the others
      were regarded as controls. MEPPs were intracellularly recorded in end plates of
      normal and reinnervated left extensor digitorum longus muscle. MEPPs were sampled
      and recorded on a personal computer, and, subsequently, amplitude, rise time and
      half decay time were computed. At early stage after reinnervation, MEPPs showed
      rise times and decay times longer than normal. Afterwards, we did not find
      differences between mepp time courses by normal and reinnervated end plates. The
      possible relationships between the results and changes in acetylcholine receptor
      number and type, and in acetylcholinesterase activity occurring during
      denervation and reinnervation are discussed.

PMID- 1818592
TI  - [Differentiation activity of pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone and its copper and
      cobalt complexes on Friend erythroleukemia cells].
AB  - Thiosemicarbazones are a wide group of organic derivatives whose biological
      activities are a function of the parent aldehyde or ketone and of the
      coordination metal type. Some thiosemicarbazones possess a broad spectrum of
      potentially useful chemotherapeutic properties (antitumor, antibacterial,
      antiviral, antimalarial). The present study reports the biological effects of
      pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone, H2L, and relative complexes with copper,
      [(Cu(HL)(OH2))2]++ and with cobalt, [Co(III)(L)(HL)] on the differentiation of
      Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC). They are murine proerythroblasts chronically
      infected by a producing Friend leukemia virus complex; their exposure to
      dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) or other chemical agents induces these cells to
      terminal erythroid differentiation, therefore these cells represent a good model
      of differentiation in vitro. Here we describe induction differentiation
      experiment of pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone and relative complexes of copper and
      cobalt on FLC performed with concentrations of 50 ug/ml (ligand), 2 ug/ml
      (complexes). These have little effects on cell proliferation at doses used in
      these experiments. Higher doses have evident cytotoxic effects. The treatment
      with the copper complex induces a moderate differentiation of FLC and enhances
      effects on erythroid differentiation of Me2SO-induced FLC. On the contrary H2L
      and [Co(III)(L)(HL)] haven't inducing effects or enhancing effects on Me2SO
      induced FLC hemopoietic differentiation. In conclusion, the present study shows
      that copper complexes of pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone exert action of inducing
      agent and are able to enhance Me2SO-induced FLC hemopoietic differentiation.

PMID- 1818593
TI  - [Serum T3, T4, FT3, TSH and TBG in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - Turner's syndrome was originally reported as sexual infantilism, short stature,
      webbed neck and cubitus valgus. Subsequent investigations, however, have
      disclosed many other abnormalities both in chromosomal and physical features
      occurring in this syndrome. An increased prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in
      patients with Turner's syndrome has been well documented and molecular defects of
      the TBG have been described. In our study we examined serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH
      and TBG levels in 18 girls with Turner's syndrome, in 18 healthy control girls
      and in the parents of both groups. We reported significant elevated levels of T3
      and FT3 in the Turner's group (P 0.01). We did not find any quantitative
      abnormalities of immunoreactive TBG in the same patients.

PMID- 1818594
TI  - [Correlations between individual and familial variables in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - In 20 cases of Turner's syndrome (10 with complete X monosomy, 10 with partial X
      monosomy or mosaicism) aged 3.47 to 15.5 years, the stature of the individual
      cases and their parents were evaluated. A significant frequency of short stature
      in mothers (25% below--2.0 S.D.S) has been observed, with a significant
      difference compared to the mean female stature of the general population. No
      significant difference has been observed on the stature of fathers. There was a
      closer correlation with mother's height (r = 0.65, p = 0.001) than with father's
      height (p = 0.07).

PMID- 1818595
TI  - [Progression of multiple innervation of reinnervated rat muscle treated with
      bilobalide].
AB  - During motor nerve regeneration a transitory polyinnervation of muscle cells
      occurs, which represents a phase of rearrangement of the recovered innervation.
      Bilobalide, a terpene extrated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, was proposed to affect
      some aspects of nervous system development and regeneration. In this work,
      influence of bilobalide on polyinnervation in reinnervated extensor digitorum
      longus muscle was studied, through electrophysiological and histological
      techniques. The muscle was denervated crushing the sciatic nerve and it was
      examined at 1 or 2 months after denervation. The polyinnervated muscle cells in
      controls reached 24% at 1 month and thus the percentage decreased. In muscles of
      bilobalide treated rats the number of polyinnervated cells was decreased at both
      times.

PMID- 1818596
TI  - Ascorbate system in Dasypyrum villosum from different environments.
AB  - Ascorbic acid content and redox-enzymes activities of AA system are determined in
      four population of Dasypyrum villosum adapted to live in different environments.
      In D. villosum from the driest and warmest environment (Pachino), AFR reductase
      and AA peroxidase have activities lower than in the other populations. The
      results point out the role of AA peroxidase as the main "scavenger" of the H2O2
      produced by cell metabolism.

PMID- 1818597
TI  - [Kinematic study of reaching-grasping movements in the monkey].
AB  - Kinematics of reaching-grasping movement towards stimuli of three different sizes
      located at two different distances were studied in one monkey (Macaca
      nemestrina). Transport and manipulation components were analyzed using the ELITE
      system. Transport time, peak velocity and deceleration phase of velocity were
      influenced by stimulus size, whilst acceleration phase remained unmodified. Peak
      velocity clearly increased with distance, while transport time remained constant
      (isochrony ). The main parameters of manipulation component were all influenced
      by stimulus size but they did not vary with distance. A comparison with kinematic
      data obtained from human subjects was made.

PMID- 1818598
TI  - [Kinematic study of the temporal coupling between the components of transport and
      manipulation during reaching and grasping movements].
AB  - In this study the temporal coupling between transport and manipulation components
      of prehension movements was tested. For this purpose two experiments were carried
      out. In Experiment 1 six normal subjects were required to reach and grasp one of
      three spheres located at three different distances (Blocked trials). In
      Experiment 2 a visual perturbation paradigm was used in which the location of the
      object to be reached and grasped could change at onset of arm movement (Perturbed
      trials). The results of this study exclude a temporal coupling between events of
      transport and manipulation components. On the contrary they suggest that
      manipulation component organizes its time course having information about the
      time required to reach the object.

PMID- 1818599
TI  - [Experimental research on vestibular compensation using posturography].
AB  - Vestibular compensation is a representation of nervous system plasticity which
      manifests as a gradual recovery of equilibrium function both in vestibulo-spinal
      system and vestibulo-oculomotor system. In order to assess whether the vestibular
      compensation is a homogeneous process among the different reflexes, the Authors
      have studied two groups of subjects affected by peripheral or central lesion. The
      development of the vestibular compensation has been evaluated by the rotation and
      posturographic tests. The results demonstrate a constant correlation between
      rotation and stabilometric parameters in the patients suffering from peripheral
      dizziness while there isn't any correlation between acceleratory and
      posturographic tests in patients affected by central vertigo. These results
      demonstrate that the compensation develops at the different levels of the balance
      function in a very different and independent way and that comparison of the
      rotation and posturographic patterns may be useful to establish the peripheral or
      central site of the lesions.

PMID- 1818600
TI  - [School dentistry in Zurich Canton: changes as a result of caries reduction of 80
      to 85 percent].
AB  - In Switzerland annual examinations of school children in the individual
      communities and the priority for their conservation treatment have a tradition of
      more than half a century. Already 40 years ago, the majority of the cantons had
      passed legislation compelling the communities to organize school dental services.
      They were not uniformly defined, and the communities had great freedom how to
      comply with the law, e.g. to contract local dentists for the priority care of
      children or to build their own school dental clinic. When preventive methods
      became available, initiated 1953 by daily tablet intake at school, the
      introduction of preventive activities into the already existing school dental
      care was comparatively easy. It was mostly welcomed in the face of the very high
      caries prevalence. Supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride preparation (mostly
      gels with 1.2% F) 6 times a year has been a standard for many years. It is the
      cornerstone of the dental health education programs. These cover now
      approximately 80% of the children up to age 11-12 while for the older
      schoolchildren, coverage is markedly lower. Caries prevalence has declined by 70
      84 percent since the late sixties. The most important factors for decline are
      listed in Table 1. In Western Germany, pedodontic care was not given priority. At
      the universities, pedodontics had no recognition as a professional or official
      branch of dentistry. There were numerous local initiatives to improve pedodontic
      care. Lack of official support, however, precluded most of these endeavours to
      gain momentum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818601
TI  - [Investigation of caries occurrence and occlusal restoration in beginning school
      children in Erfurt compared to Marburg an der Lahn].
AB  - At the end of 1990 in the area of Erfurt 309 and in and around Marburg an der
      Lahn 348 school beginners were examined by one children's dentist under identical
      conditions. The results (milk teeth) showed that the caries incidence (dmfs) was
      comparable in both regions. However, the proportion of restored milk teeth tended
      to be higher in Erfurt than in Marburg. In addition, the differences in
      individual caries incidence were more marked. In Marburg there were more caries
      free children, but children whose teeth had been damaged by caries were more
      seriously damaged than those in Erfurt.

PMID- 1818602
TI  - [Tooth health and periodontal condition in adults with and without root caries].
AB  - In a population sample of 2261 men and women aged between 35 and 74 years the
      prevalence of root caries increased for both sexes consistently with age and
      ranged between 49 and 73%. In the mean 1.8 to 2.9 teeth were affected. Subjects
      with root caries had fewer teeth, more teeth with untreated coronal caries, and
      more teeth which needed conservative treatments. The number of extractions
      required was the same in subjects affected by root caries. In the age older than
      65 years subjects affected by root caries had more teeth in the average of 2
      teeth and significantly more fillings in their teeth. If a DMF/T-index of 15 to
      19 was recorded nearly half of all subjects were affected by root caries. In
      individuals with root caries lesions aged between 35 and 54 years significant
      severe periodontal disease were seen.

PMID- 1818604
TI  - [Tooth protecting chewing gum tablets for lessening caries risk].
AB  - This study examines whether the regular use of sugar-free chewing gum can improve
      oral hygiene and therefore reduce the risk of caries. During a four-week test,
      twenty subjects chewed a piece of gum twice a day for thirty minutes after meals.
      At the start, after two weeks, and at the end of the test period, the plaque and
      gingiva indices were recorded and the buffer capacity and secretion rate of the
      saliva determined. At the end of the test, a substantial reduction in the plaque
      and gingiva indices, an increase in the secretion rate and an improvement in
      buffer capacity were found, in comparison with the start levels. The changes were
      statistically significant. Sugar-free chewing gum alone is no substitute for
      regular dental care, but its use can be recommended as a way of supplementing
      traditional methods of oral hygiene.

PMID- 1818603
TI  - [Effects of dequalinium chloride and sanguinarine on the ultrastructure of early
      supragingival plaque].
AB  - The influence of antimicrobial mouthrinses containing dequalinium chloride or
      sanguinarine on early plaque formation was assessed in vivo in a clinical
      experimental study. Rinses with water served as controls. After 24 and 72 hours,
      plastic films, which were applied to the buccal surfaces of six upper front teeth
      at the start of experiment, were removed and processed for transmission electron
      microscopic study. Dequalinium chloride or sanguinarine applied on plaque
      resulted in an increased and higher structured surface coating. Degenerated
      microorganisms were observed and the variety of bacteria seemed to be reduced.
      Both mouthrinses effected the early supragingival plaque formation. The effect of
      sanguinarine was more intensive than that of dequalinium chloride.

PMID- 1818605
TI  - [Efficient fluoride enrichment using mucous membrane adhesives with slow release
      tablets].
AB  - In this paper a possibility to enhance biodisponibility of fluoride is described.
      Whereas conventional formulations for fluoride application do not succeed in
      sustaining elevated salivary fluoride levels despite high doses, mucoadhesive
      slow-release devices permit to obtain a high biodisponibility with low doses.
      Several mucoadhesive polymers were tested in vitro and in vivo. From the three
      classes of polymers (polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol and modified corn
      starch), one polyethylene glycol (mol. weight 300,000) and a mixture of modified
      starch with 5% polyacrylic acid showed a high adhesion together with a good
      biocompatibility. Tablets made from these substances, containing 0.1 mg of
      fluoride, were shown to sustain significantly elevated fluoride levels in saliva
      during several hours.

PMID- 1818606
TI  - Global health: emerging frontier of international health.

PMID- 1818607
TI  - 1992 Prof. Kazue Kimura McLaren Leadership Achievement Award Asia-Pacific
      Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH).

PMID- 1818608
TI  - Declaration of Hanoi. A commitment of assistance to the Faculty of Public Health,
      Hanoi Medical University by the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public
      Health (APACPH).

PMID- 1818609
TI  - Development and prospects of public health in Viet Nam.

PMID- 1818610
TI  - The role of Third World universities in health development.
AB  - The need for a pro-active role for universities in the Third World in health
      development is identified as one of the important frontiers of international
      health. The questions of how to combine scientific objectivity with involvement
      in social problems are examined, using the experience of the Aga Khan University
      in Karachi, Pakistan as an example. The need for a clear and explicit value base
      to guide the university in its engagement with the problems of its society is
      stressed. The Third World university must serve the purposes of both absorbing
      advances in science and benefiting those who live at the social and geographic
      periphery of the country.

PMID- 1818611
TI  - Capacity building for the health sector in Africa.
AB  - Experiences in South Asia and Africa are compared, and a critical need for
      development of institutional capacities in Africa is identified. It is argued
      that in addition to investment in essential health services, there is a need for
      concerted effort among leaders in African governments, donor organizations,
      universities and professional bodies to develop a comprehensive plan of action
      for capacity development in the health sector.

PMID- 1818612
TI  - The demographic transition in Kenya: a portent for Africa?
AB  - It is contended that issues of population growth will continue to be an important
      frontier of international health. Kenya's case is examined and its achievements
      in arresting its population growth are analyzed. The case is made that Kenya's
      experience is transferable to other countries in Africa.

PMID- 1818613
TI  - Reaching the unreached: a miracle in the making.
AB  - The survival and well-being of children is identified as the primary frontier of
      international health. In this regard, 1990 is identified as the most historic
      year ever in world history for children, and the achievements of the Universal
      Child Immunization program in immunizing 80% of children of the Third World under
      one year of age by December 1990 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child
      and the World Summit for Children are cited. The importance of the world
      community exercising its capacity to act on a common problem together, of the
      health services taking on a much stronger social purpose, and of the tireless and
      dedicated spirits in these efforts is stressed as essential for making a much
      better world for children in the centuries to come.

PMID- 1818614
TI  - International health in transition.
AB  - The need for a transition towards a new concept of international health is
      emphasized and a paradigm for making the transition is proposed. The challenge of
      building a vigorous intellectual and academic tradition of international health
      which supports its efforts to generate knowledge and leads to its practical
      application is recognized and addressed. It is argued that the development of
      such an intellectual field is based on four elements: conceptual base, production
      base, reproduction base, and utilization base. The Unit for International Studies
      in Public Health (UISPH) of Mexico is presented as one example of efforts to
      consolidate an academic tradition in this field.

PMID- 1818615
TI  - Shifting paradigms of international health.
AB  - The evolution of international health is showing increasing symptoms of decline.
      The paradigms of world health crystallized into a clear system of international
      health relations in the post-war period (1945-1960), based upon the tenet to
      preserve and promote peace, culminating in the establishment and effectiveness of
      the World Health Organization (WHO). The last decades have witnessed the
      emergence of Primary Health Care (PHC) and the subsequent objective of "Health
      for All" (HFA) as the guiding principles of the field. By the 1990s, however, the
      strategic weakness of these paradigms has become apparent, yet no realistic
      substitute is in sight. Unless a serious and urgent attempt is undertaken at
      reformulating its basic conceptual tenets, the field of international health, and
      with it WHO, is risking a major decline and could ultimately pass into obscurity
      and oblivion.

PMID- 1818616
TI  - Predictors of long-term sexual assault trauma among a national sample of
      victimized college women.
AB  - Several multivariate studies have attempted to delineate the major predictors of
      long-term, sexual assault-induced aftereffects. The present study was an attempt
      to extend previous work by supplementing known preassault, assault, and
      postassault predictors of trauma with cognitive measures. The data were cross
      sectional and included responses from 1,213 victims of sexual assault who were
      recruited from a national sample of higher education students. Utilizing
      hierarchical multiple regression analyses and a cross-validation procedure, the
      results suggested that the prior mental status of the victims, the forcefulness
      of the assaults, as well as two cognitive variables related to a victim's beliefs
      about sex and relationships predicted victims' scores on standardized measures of
      anxiety and depression. The relationships were such that the most traumatized
      victims were those women who had evidenced a history of mental health problems,
      who had experienced the more aggressive assaults, who tended to believe that
      people in relationships are not trustworthy, and tended to place conservative
      restrictions on the sexual acts and circumstances under which sex should occur.
      Taken together these variables accounted for between 9%-14% of the variance in
      sexual assault aftereffects. The discussion emphasizes the contribution of
      cognitive processes to the understanding of sexual assault trauma.

PMID- 1818617
TI  - Concurrent validity of a Crime-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder scale for
      women within the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised.
AB  - Using a structured interview to obtain a lifetime history of criminal
      victimization, a community sample of 266 adult women who had experienced at least
      one incident of victimization was identified. These women were administered the
      Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Impact of Event Scale, and a structured
      clinical interview was used to identify Crime-Related Post-Traumatic Stress
      Disorder (CR-PTSD). A recently derived scale based on responses to items on the
      SCL-90-R was compared to the IES for predicting current diagnosis of Crime
      Related PostTraumatic Disorder. Both the scale and the IES were found to improve
      prediction of CR-PTSD above base rates and to perform in a similar manner. The
      utility of each of these scales as a screening measure is discussed.

PMID- 1818618
TI  - MMPI profile subtypes of incarcerated sex offenders against children.
AB  - Sex offenders are heterogeneous in personality and behavioral characteristics.
      The present study was conducted to identify homogeneous subgroups of incarcerated
      sexual offenders against children on the basis of the Minnesota Multiphasic
      Personality Inventory (MMPI). Subjects were 90 men undergoing initial evaluation
      for a treatment program conducted through a state department of corrections.
      Hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four profile
      subgroups. While two subgroups presented mean profiles within normal limits, the
      patterns indicated differences in personality functioning: one presenting signs
      of sociopathy and the other emotional disturbance. In contrast, the other two
      profile subgroups presented several scale elevations: One subgroup indicated
      anger and aggression and the other severe psychopathology. Both of the latter
      subgroups were similar to two rapist subtypes identified in previous research.
      Subgroups were further differentiated on the basis of psychosexual, affective,
      and psychosocial variables. Results suggest the existence of homogeneous
      subgroups of incarcerated sexual offenders against children as delineated by the
      MPPI.

PMID- 1818619
TI  - Child molesters who abduct.
AB  - This study examined the differences between 97 abducting and 60 nonabducting
      child molesters on selected typological and antisocial/criminal variables.
      Although the results supported one a priori hypothesis, they disconfirmed two
      others and yielded an unpredicted but theoretically interesting abductor
      covariate. Our hypothesis that child abductors would more likely be classified as
      "low" in their contact with children (i.e., have little or no contact with
      children outside of their offenses) than the nonabductors was supported. In
      contrast, our hypotheses that the abductors were more likely to be characterized
      by a history of antisocial and criminal behavior as well as a greater degree of
      aggression were not supported. Abductors were found to be lower in social
      competence than the child molesters who never abducted their victims. The results
      were discussed in terms of abduction as in victim control strategy that is more
      likely employed by offenders with poor social and interpersonal skills. The
      complex interrelation among social competence, weapons, and sadism for abductors
      and nonabductors was explored.

PMID- 1818620
TI  - Therapists' perceptions of severity in cases of family violence.
AB  - The incidence of relationship violence is a topic of increased concern (Koss,
      1990). Family therapy theorists have been criticized for emphasizing shared
      responsibility and obscuring the seriousness of the violence (Bograd, 1989;
      Pressman, 1989). The current study surveyed 362 members of a national family
      therapy organization. Respondents were asked to conceptualize and provide
      interventions for one of two actual cases that involved family violence. Results
      indicate the therapists surveyed did not attend to the seriousness of the
      violence if they attended to the violence at all. Interventions frequently failed
      to address the crisis and the need for protection of the wife.

PMID- 1818621
TI  - An ecological approach to tracking battered women over time.
AB  - The current study examined the difficulties inherent in using an experimental,
      longitudinal design to determine the effects of an advocacy program designed to
      increase battered women's access to community resources. The current research
      employed a multitude of techniques to follow battered women over the first year
      following their stay at a shelter for women with abusive partners. The tracking
      rate was very successful; 96% were found and interviewed at the 10-week project
      termination point, 96% at the 6-month follow-up, and 94% at the 12-month
      followup. The intricate system of procedures used for successfully tracking this
      mobile population over time are presented as an effective methodology for doing
      necessary longitudinal research with battered women as well as other transient,
      or "difficult to follow" populations.

PMID- 1818622
TI  - [Application of mini-TEA-CO2-laser in dentistry. Effect of pulsed low-energy
      infrared laser beam on dentin].
AB  - The effects of a very short pulsed infrared mini-TEA-CO2-laserbeam at the
      wavelength of 10.6 microns on dentine were studied. The results of the light- and
      scanning electron microscopic investigation indicated the possibility of a
      precise removal of hard tooth structure without causing thermal damage of the
      tissue. Removing material by photoablation leads to a retentive surface on
      dentine and to a partially closure of the dentinetubuli at the bottom of the
      treated cavity. Undesirable thermal effects like surface-cracking and
      carbonisation were not observed.

PMID- 1818623
TI  - [Electron probe microanalysis of fluorine content in deciduous and permanent
      teeth from an area with a fluoride-deficient (0,3% mg/I) water supply].
AB  - The content of fluorine in deciduous and permanent teeth of young people was
      determined by x-ray microanalysis. The purpose of this investigation was to
      determine the concentrations of F in teeth without any supplementation of
      fluorides and to elaborate basic dates as a standard of comparison. F was
      measured in microvolumes with a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (Step-Scan 100
      sec) after coating with about 300 A of Carbon. The highest values were
      established in the outermost surface of enamel with quantities between 300 and
      600 micrograms/g. The lower concentrations were found in deciduouns teeth. In
      both dentitions the F-content increases at the surface following the permanent
      change between de- and remineralization. In subsurface areas the values are
      decreasing quickly. At a deep of 10 microns from surface layer the content is
      only 70 micrograms/g and than it declines to a minimum of 20-30 micrograms/g.

PMID- 1818624
TI  - [The influence of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing gel on the oral
      microorganisms].
AB  - We examined the influence of an aminefluoride/stannous fluoride-containing gel
      (250 ppm F-) on the anaerobic metabolism of oral microorganisms in saliva
      specimens of 22 adult probands. A long lasting inhibition of the bacterial
      metabolism could be demonstrated.

PMID- 1818625
TI  - [Cariogenic potential of in-between-meals--results of oral plaque-pH-telemetry].
AB  - Using oral plaque-pH-telemetry the cariogenic potential of a sucrose-solution
      (10%), a sorbitol-solution (10%), of a roll with honey, a roll with jam together
      with sweetened coffee and the "Milchschnitte" has been examined. All sugar
      containing products cause a deep pH-drop in dental plaque. The duration of
      demineralization (time of plaque-pH below 5.5)-amounts to 75 min. after
      mouthrinsing with sucrose-solution, 80 min. after consuming a half roll with
      honey, 140 min. after eating a roll with jam and drinking sweetened coffee and 82
      min. after consuming a "Milchschnitte". All these products shouldn't be used as
      in-between-meals or snacks without a consequent oral hygiene afterwards.

PMID- 1818626
TI  - [First results with a microbiological quick diagnostic procedure in
      periodontitis].
AB  - We tested a new diagnostic procedure for the characterization of subgingival
      plaque in 119 subjects suffering from adult periodontitis. The method can be
      characterized as a hydrolysis of BANA (N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-beta-naphthylamide)
      by peptidases of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema
      denticola. The result of a positive will be a more or less blue coloured test
      paper representing the amount of these three peridontal pathogens into the
      subgingival plaque. After the periodontal initial therapy the frequency of the
      positive colour reaction was significantly reduced. A correlation between the
      colour reaction and the clinical signs of periodontitis as well as the
      morphological characterization of subgingival plaque by darkfield microscopy
      could not been found. The new method for the characterization subgingival plaque
      seems to be useful for the judgement of a successful periodontal therapy at
      single sites.

PMID- 1818627
TI  - [The influence of brushing methods on wedge-shaped defects].
AB  - By experimentally brushing 20 teeth vertically to the tooth axis under a pressure
      of 2 N only lesions in cementum or dentine could be obtained. There was no case
      in which enamel was damaged by our brushing experiments. Therefore, defects
      appearing clinically cannot be explained by wrong tooth brushing techniques.
      There were several parallel lesions (similar to a saw blade) to be found as well
      as confluent hard tissue losses. Both indicate the direction of the movement of
      the tooth brush. The smallest defect to be measured in coronal-apical direction
      was 2.25 mm, the biggest 6.7 mm. The depth of the defects ranged front 239.9
      microns to 493.2 microns. A correlation between Vicker's hardness and substance
      abrasion could not be proved, nor was the clinical appearance of wedge-shaped
      defects to be achieved by means of our experimental device. The formation of
      enamel defects cannot be explained by mere mechanical abrasion due to tooth
      brushing. In our opinions the formation of wedge-shaped defects implies a
      multicausal process.

PMID- 1818628
TI  - [Management of patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis].
AB  - At present diagnosis and therapy of rapidly progressive periodontitis is still
      difficult in the daily practice. It is possible to define this form of
      periodontitis by suitable clinical and paraclinical characteristics. In searching
      a practical therapeutic concept, including effective motivation, first results of
      a sufficient therapy confirm the possibility of a successful strategy in the
      treatment of patients with rapidly progressive peridontitis.

PMID- 1818629
TI  - [Study of the suitability casting patterns for secondary crowns].
AB  - A new method of sculpting casting patterns for secondary conical or parallel
      telescopic crowns was tested in a comparative study. After deep drawing of a
      carrier foil together with a spacer foil the space maintainer was removed out of
      the carrier cap. The space between the cap and the primary crown was filled with
      a light-curing resin liquid. After plymerisation the occlusal gap between this
      cap and the primary crown was measured in comparison to deep drawn Adapta carrier
      foils. The result is that the new method gives most accurate casting patterns.

PMID- 1818630
TI  - [In vitro investigation of the abrasion resistance of plastics teeth of different
      sizes and shapes].
AB  - It was proven that abrasion of artificial plastics teeth of different sizes
      (front and molar) of an usual-intrade assortment can be described with a common
      numeric value. The abrasion of Vitapan teeth is about 50% of that of IPN teeth.
      Isosit teeth are very little resistant against abrasion under the experimental
      conditions of this investigation.

PMID- 1818631
TI  - [Reexamination of cantilever bridges-a cross-section study].
AB  - In the present study reexaminations of 28 cantilever bridges and 26 conventional
      bridges were carried out. The aim was to evaluate the periodontal conditions and
      to give recommendations for use. Parameters were PI, GI, tooth mobility, pocket
      depth, gingival recession and BOP. Deducing from the results, which were
      statistical analysed, we recommend the cantilever bridges by right using. Special
      attention should be directed to antagonistical dentition.

PMID- 1818632
TI  - [Micro-plasma treatment of dental pulp in animal experiments].
AB  - The direct and indirect effect on the endodont after thermic treatment with the
      micro-plasma unit from EGIDE were examined in animal experiments. The EGIDE unit
      is considered by its producer to be an alternative for CO2 lasers. The
      histological evaluation showed that both the plasma-therapy of dentin and the
      exposed pulp lead to massive pathological changes of endodont and was inferior to
      traditional methods as the indirect pulpcapping.

PMID- 1818633
TI  - [Intraoral transpositional plastic surgery of coronoid process in treatment of
      recurrent TMJ luxation. Preliminary report].
AB  - As a preliminary communication, we introduce a surgical procedure not previously
      described--intraorally performed ventrocaudal transpositional plastic surgery of
      the coronoid process for the treatment of recurrent TMJ luxation. The aim is to
      provoke an early stretch reflex of the temporal muscle and tendons by surgically
      shifting its insertion when the mouth is opened to an extreme position.
      Physiologically, this limits the extent to which the mouth can be opened and
      counteracts luxation. We report on initial clinical results of the intraoral
      transposition of the coronoid process after on observational period of 9 months.

PMID- 1818634
TI  - [TMJ-function following orthognathic surgery].
AB  - 86 patients with dentofacial anomalies were examined to evaluate signs and
      symptoms of the stomatognathic system after orthognathic surgery. Clinical signs
      and symptoms were graded according to the anamnestic and clinical dysfunction
      index of Helkimo. Restriction of mouth opening in 37 patients influenced the
      anamnestic dysfunction index mainly to higher postoperative levels although the
      occurrence of symptoms as pain and tmj sounds decreased. No relationship between
      tmj pain-dysfunction and type of dysgnathia, surgical approach, molar support
      before and after surgery, age and sex was noted. It is concluded that surgical
      correction of dentofacial anomalies has a possible benefitialeffect on certain
      symptoms as tmj pain, but relief or impairment of clinical signs cannot be
      predicted preoperatively.

PMID- 1818635
TI  - [Anaesthesia and spontaneous return of sensation following resection of the
      mandibular continuity with primary alloplastic materials].
AB  - Resection affecting the continuity of the mandible and the mandible nerve leads
      to complete anaesthesia of the lower lip and mental area, furthermore to
      deformity and functional disturbance like uncontrolled salivation. In our long
      term follow up study on multimodal neurological investigation sensibility is
      reported to have uncomplete regenerated spontaneously often already after one
      year. Complete sensory, however, could not be found; the incomplete sensory
      return was to be measured in individually different degrees of hypaesthesia.
      Furthermore the axonal qualities of the mandible nerve show different
      regenerative potential: the receptor function for pressure and contact
      sensitivity could be demonstrated in the most of cases, whereas the heat- and
      painreceptor qualities could not be revealed in all cases.

PMID- 1818636
TI  - [Acid erosions of tooth surface. 1. Influence of saliva, medicaments, fruit acids
      and mechanical stress].
AB  - The clinical aspects, etiology, pathogenesis and classification of dental
      erosions are reviewed. Individual susceptibility or resistance to erosive damage
      has been attributed to variations in the quality and quantity of saliva. A lot of
      medicaments reduce the salivary secretion. Under the influence of acids, in
      particular of fruit acids, the peripheral tooth surface are demineralized in the
      absence of dental plaque. The citrus juices showed potentially the worst dental
      properties. Abrasive brushing techniques and functional influences wear down the
      already damaged layer of tooth surfaces.

PMID- 1818637
TI  - [Acid erosions of tooth surface. 2. Oral complications in patients with
      psychogenic eating disorders].
AB  - The increasing morbidity of the psychosomatical eating disorders demands more
      attention by the general practioners. The origin of the anorexia nervosa and
      bulimia nervosa and the clinical picture are described. The consequences of the
      acid erosion at the teeth are shown with illustrations. The cooperation between
      the psychotherapist and the dentist has a positive influence on the long therapy
      of the patients.

PMID- 1818638
TI  - [Acid erosions of tooth surface. 3. Prevention and therapy].
AB  - Tooth surface loss by erosion presents a challenge to the general practioner in
      terms of identification of patients at risk, diagnostic investigation and early
      therapy. The guidelines contain advice for changing the food habits and behaviour
      in oral hygiene. Patients, who prefer erosive products (fruits, juice, cola) or
      who vomit should use a bicarbonate mouthrinse to neutralize the acid. The
      spectrum of therapy reachs of simple fillings with glassionomer cements and
      composites to comprehensive crown therapy. Several particularities in the
      psychological care of patients with eating disorders are described.

PMID- 1818639
TI  - [Use of endosseous implants in the prosthetic treatment of mandible. Report on
      clinical experiences].
AB  - Clinical experiences of the last years have shown that the success of dental
      implantation is mainly determined by exact indication, correct therapy planning,
      tissue saving implantation, periodontal prophylactic form of suprastructure and
      an optimal recallsystem for oral hygienics.

PMID- 1818640
TI  - [Investigations on secondary emission of metallic implant materials Ti and Ta
      following radiation].
AB  - Two implant materials, titanium and tantalum, were investigated for their
      electron emission in response to therapeutic tumor irradiation and were compared,
      in this context, to a substance equivalent to bone. The reaction of titanium was
      found to be similar to that of bone, whereas substantive increase in radiation
      was caused by tantalum which, consequently, should be removed from the radiation
      field.

PMID- 1818641
TI  - [Variations of cemento-enamel junction of human teeth. Literature review].
AB  - The paper gives an account of the variations of the cemento-enamel borderline.
      Till now, the most studies were conducted on ground sections. Only a few
      descriptions of the relationship between enamel and cementum along the
      circumferential junction can be find. The authors described 5 variations which
      were discussed: cementum meets enamel, cementum fails to meet enamel, cementum
      overlaps enamel, enamel overlaps cementum, undertermined type. These observations
      show the unpredictable variability of enamel-cementum junction. It should be
      noted that the relationship is not constant along the circumferential crown root
      demarcation line.

PMID- 1818643
TI  - Respiratory disorders in agriculture from an epidemiologic perspective.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies show a relative excess of respiratory symptoms in persons
      dwelling in farming communities. An association of respiratory health with work
      conditions in agriculture has been suggested by investigations into chronic
      bronchitis, bronchial asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, organic dust toxic
      syndrome and airflow limitation. However, the occurrence and determinants of
      these diseases have been recognized for selected exposure categories. The evident
      lack of adequate information for a majority of agricultural respiratory hazards
      and respiratory responses invites further epidemiologic, experimental and
      clinical research into this major industry.

PMID- 1818642
TI  - [Priority health targets in the new Germany from the view point of oral health].
AB  - The global pattern of caries prevalence has undergone some changes since the
      seventies. This has occurred with some remarkable geographic differences.
      Comparative statistical analysis shows an acceptable situation at the current
      moment for the population of the new "Bundeslander". The globally given goals of
      oral health for the various age groups can be reached or have already been
      accomplished in part. For the youth population the state of good oral health
      corresponds always to the caries protective availability of fluorides, for the
      adult population to the remarkable state of a tooth-preservative oriented
      curative care. For the senior citizen population the high loss of teeth is an
      indication of past neglect in dental care. Future development of oral health of
      the population depends largely on all-encompassing preventive and tooth
      preservative concepts of dental care.

PMID- 1818644
TI  - New toxicological indices for health risk evaluation in ecological hazardous
      areas.
AB  - New toxicological indices for the quantitative evaluation of ecological hazardous
      areas are presented. The aggregation method for calculation of a general index of
      harmfulness is proposed. This method could serve for establishing priorities
      among areas of ecological hazard.

PMID- 1818645
TI  - Studies on commercial insecticides with the dominant lethal mutations test.
AB  - The dominant lethal test was performed on male Balb/c mice to examine three
      commercial forms of insecticide demeton, dichlorvos and endosulfan (Metasystox I
      forte, Nogos 50 EC and Thiodan 35, respectively). The assay was done by
      intraperitoneal treatment of animals both acutely (1 dose) and subacutely (5
      daily administrations). The number of total implantations differed from the
      control value only after five-fold injection of dichlorvos. There was no
      statistically-significant decrease in the number of live implantations. The
      frequency of postimplantation lethality was no significantly increased over the
      control level.

PMID- 1818646
TI  - The dynamics of distribution and excretion of butyl-(2,3-14C)-acrylate in male
      Wistar albino rats.
AB  - The disposition of butyl-(2,3-14C)-acrylate has been studied following
      intraperitoneal and oral administration to rats. Most of the administrated
      acrylate underwent rapid metabolism and excretion with expired air (more than 70%
      of the dose) and urine (15-22%). Most of 14C found in tissues was associated with
      the liver and kidneys. The level of 14C associated with most of the examined
      tissues remained unchanged, at least, for the first 8-10 hours, followed by its
      fairly rapid loss. The only exception was erythrocytes, fat and the sciatic
      nerve. Significant differences in the rate of 14C loss from tissues were found in
      relation to the route of its administration.

PMID- 1818647
TI  - Activity of phenacetin O-deethylase in rat liver: effect of inducers and
      inhibitors in vivo.
AB  - A method for the determination of microsomal phenacetin O-deethylase activity in
      the rat liver was described. Optimum conditions in which phenacetin is
      enzymatically converted to N-acetyl-p-aminophenol were determined. The product of
      enzymatic reaction was acid-hydrolyzed while heating. The amount of p-aminophenol
      formed was determined by means of indophenol reaction. The described method was
      applied to assess activity of phenacetin O-deethylase in normal rats and rats
      treated with inducers or inhibitors of microsomal monooxygenases, phenobarbital,
      3,4-benzpyrene, SKF 525-A and cobaltous chloride, respectively.

PMID- 1818648
TI  - The hepatotoxic action of chloroform: short-time dynamics of biochemical
      alterations and dose-effect relationships.
AB  - Chloroform was administered ip to Balb/c mice as a single dose ranging from 1/8
      to 1 of the approximate lethal dose. At different time periods after
      administration, mice were sacrificed. Serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
      (SGPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) as well as glutathione (GSH) and
      malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver were determined. Increased SGPT and SDH
      levels were found for all doses exceeding 1/8 of the approximate lethal dose. The
      depletion of GSH level was kept within 40% for all doses. A 2-4 fold increase of
      hepatic MDA level was found. The depletion of hepatic GSH and, to some extent the
      increase of serum SGPT and SDH, occurred in biphasic fashion. Dose-effect
      functions for these biochemical alterations could only be constructed for the
      second, delayed phase of action. It is postulated that the hepatotoxicity of
      chloroform is mainly dependent on radical formation in the course of
      biotransformation.

PMID- 1818650
TI  - The Australian food and nutrition system: a basis for policy formulation and
      analysis.
AB  - The Australian food and nutrition system can be seen as composed of four
      subsystems: production; processing and distribution; consumption; and nutrition.
      The production subsystem has a large number of producers and is largely export
      oriented. Processing is domestically focused, with a low level of innovation and
      a relatively high concentration of ownership. Export activity in this subsystem
      involves mostly low value-added products. Ownership of food stores is highly
      concentrated and their influence on innovation in food processing is increasing.
      The food service industry has many outlets and is growing rapidly. Most food
      consumption and decisions about it are made in the context of households.
      Nutrition is now known to be a causal factor in a wide range of chronic
      degenerative diseases. Improved nutrition, an important avenue for improving the
      health of Australians, requires coordinated activities across a number of sectors
      and would be facilitated by a national food and nutrition policy. An
      understanding of the food and nutrition system will facilitate formulation and
      analysis of such a policy.

PMID- 1818649
TI  - Ponderable indices in the offspring and nucleic acids quantity in endocrine
      glands of rats exposed to real and sham VDU screens.
AB  - Adult female and male Imp: DAK rats were exposed beneath a real VDU screen (Erl
      groups) loaded with light-green characteristics due to computation of
      trigonometric functions in a loop program from a microcomputer. The control
      animals were exposed beneath a sham screen (Esh groups), being the front glass of
      vacuum devoid cathode ray tube covered with a transparent celluloid sheet printed
      with light-green characteristics. The difference in body weight of foetuses from
      autopsied Erl and Esh females was due mainly to a one-day delay in the
      fecundation of Esh females. In other groups of Erl females, a prolongation of the
      oestrous cycle was found in comparison to that of the Esh females. In both Erl
      females and Erl males, a nonsignificant decrease of weight of anterior pituitary
      and adrenals was found. RNA quantity was augmented in the anterior pituitary of
      Erl females and DNA quantity was diminished in the hypothalamus of Erl males. The
      obtained results suggest the suppression of hypothalamo-hypophyseal function in
      rats exposed to a real VDU screen.

PMID- 1818651
TI  - Local food and nutrition policy.
AB  - Local food and nutrition policies (small-scale efforts to create food systems
      that respond to nutritional needs) are becoming more and more fashionable as a
      way of improving public health in Australia. Opportunities for local food and
      nutrition policies include urban planning, institutional catering, the private
      sector and local government. These policies are only feasible in organisational
      environments that are ready to receive them, although their chances of improving
      the population's food supply can be maximised by copying some aspects of
      successful policy programs of the past.

PMID- 1818652
TI  - Nutritional surveillance in Australia: a case of groping in the dark?
AB  - Nutritional surveillance means to watch over nutrition in order to make decisions
      and take actions to improve nutrition in populations. The information obtained
      through the surveillance system can be used in at least four areas--policy
      analysis, planning, program management and research. However, in Australia the
      information currently available is less than adequate for many key questions in
      these areas. The present state of infrequent and irregular data collection and
      analysis handicaps our efforts to understand the nutrition situation and to
      implement effective strategies to improve the nutritional health of Australians.

PMID- 1818653
TI  - Food and nutrition policy issues in remote aboriginal communities: lessons from
      Arnhem Land.
AB  - There is a high incidence of nutrition-related diseases amongst Aborigines living
      in remote areas. An outline of the corporate food and nutrition policy of the
      Arnhemland Progress Association is given to demonstrate the potential for
      positive strategies in remote area stores. The Association is a retailer owned by
      Aboriginal groups and operates 11 remote community stores. Factors such as price,
      Aboriginal buying habits, seasonality, consumer demand and most importantly
      remote area stock management affect the supply of and demand for food items.
      Further, government policy on sales tax and private sector capital city pricing
      policies influence retailing in remote areas. The experience of the Arnhemland
      Progress Association illustrates the extent to which factors affecting supply of
      and demand for food lie outside the health sector and points to the need for an
      intersectoral policy on food and nutrition.

PMID- 1818654
TI  - Who eats what? A comparison of dietary patterns among men and women in different
      occupational groups.
AB  - Dietary data were obtained during a community-based study of risk factors for
      heart disease in 1983. Results were compared for men and women in broadly defined
      socioeconomic groups based on occupation and education. People in higher status
      occupation groups and with more education, and women more than men, had food
      consumption patterns more consistent with current health promotion messages. For
      example, they reported eating more wholemeal or brown bread and more fresh fruit
      and vegetables, drinking more skim or low-fat milk, eating fewer eggs and having
      less sugar in hot drinks or on cereals. There was some evidence, however, of an
      interplay of influences of cost and health awareness. For example, retired men
      were less likely than employed men to eat butter, cream, fresh fruit and
      vegetables, while men in the upper socioeconomic groups reported relatively
      higher consumption of butter and cream. The results emphasise the need for a
      range of strategies aimed at specific subgroups in order to improve national
      dietary patterns in Australia.

PMID- 1818655
TI  - Kiwis, food and cholesterol: New Zealand consumers' food concerns and awareness
      of nutritional guidelines.
AB  - New Zealand food shoppers' nutrition and food concerns and attitudes to
      cholesterol screening were assessed during four consecutive surveys. Over 1000
      shoppers were interviewed during each survey, as part of the evaluation of the
      Heart Food Festival in 1988-89. Over two thirds of the respondents reported that
      they usually read the ingredients label on food products. Over a third were
      concerned about the presence of additives in foods (36 per cent), along with fat
      (27 per cent), salt (18 per cent), sugar (14 per cent) and fibre (5 per cent).
      Over half indicated that reductions in fat intake would make their diets
      healthier. One in five reported they were aware of the New Zealand nutrition
      guidelines. Only one third of respondents could correctly identify the bottom row
      of the healthy food pyramid. Almost one in eight respondents knew their
      cholesterol levels and a further two thirds wished to know them. Few differences
      were observed between the responses of early and late school leavers. In
      contrast, pronounced differences were associated with gender and the respondents'
      age groups. The results suggest that awareness of links between nutrition and
      heart disease is widespread. Educational and empowerment strategies are required
      to translate such awareness into dietary change.

PMID- 1818656
TI  - Public attitudes towards alcohol control policies.
AB  - In August 1989 we surveyed a household sample of 500 adults from 84 randomly
      selected census collector districts in metropolitan and rural New South Wales
      about their support for 'alcohol control policies' that aim to reduce the
      prevalence of alcohol-related problems by lowering population alcohol
      consumption. There was very little support for policies which increased the price
      or reduced the availability of alcohol. There was moderate support for controls
      on alcohol advertising, and substantial opposition to policies that would reduce
      the price of alcohol or increase its availability. Approval for alcohol control
      policies was more likely to be expressed by women and by persons whose self
      reported alcohol consumption was low. If these findings from New South Wales are
      representative of Australian attitudes then proponents of alcohol control
      policies face a major task in persuading the public to support them.

PMID- 1818657
TI  - Are we ready?

PMID- 1818658
TI  - Fluoridation.

PMID- 1818659
TI  - Measuring blood cholesterol.

PMID- 1818660
TI  - Measles immunisation.

PMID- 1818662
TI  - The health of indigenous peoples. Public Health Association of Australia 23rd
      Annual Conference. Alice Springs, 29 September-2 October. Abstracts.

PMID- 1818661
TI  - Measles immunisation.

PMID- 1818663
TI  - A study of different types of suicide notes.
AB  - A study of suicide notes in West Berlin revealed that those leaving instructions
      in their notes were younger, more often Catholic and having problems with work,
      loneliness and addiction. Those including wills and testaments were older, more
      likely to be female and widowed/divorced, and more likely to have recently
      experienced the death of a partner.

PMID- 1818664
TI  - Effect of phenobarbital on motor seizures elicited by picrotoxin and bicuculline
      in rats.

PMID- 1818665
TI  - Hypnocontraception effectivity tested.
AB  - The effectivity of hypnocontraception was tested in 23 women selected as the most
      suitable ones from 86 registered interested women. The method was based on
      experience of the Milanese authors, especially Professor Marchesan. The
      hypnocontraception was performed in eight sessions, the temporary sterility was
      suggested for six months with a possibility of prolongation for another six
      months. In the course of the study 14 out of the 23 treated women became
      pregnant, seven of them in the course of the first two months and twelve of them
      in the course of the first six months. The remaining 9 women did not get
      pregnant. Out of them six terminated the hypnocontraception after six months, one
      after 12 months and four continue up to now (7-22 months). Consequently, the
      effectivity of the procedure applied in this study has been shown as not
      sufficient to recommend its introduction as a current means of contraception in
      the general population.

PMID- 1818666
TI  - Kapalabhati--yogic cleansing exercise. I. Cardiovascular and respiratory changes.
AB  - We studied cardiovascular and respiratory changes during yogic breathing exercise
      kapalabhati (KB) in 17 advanced yoga practitioners. The exercise consisted in
      fast shallow abdominal respiratory movements at about 2 Hz frequency. Blood
      pressure, ECG and respiration were recorded continuously during three 5 min
      periods of KB and during pre- and post-KB resting periods. The beat-to-beat
      series of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), R-R
      intervals and respiration were analysed by spectral analysis of time series. The
      mean absolute power was calculated in three frequency bands--band of spontaneous
      respiration, band of 0.1 Hz rhythm and the low-frequency band greater than 15 s
      in all spectra. The mean modulus calculated between SBP and R-R intervals was
      used as a parameter of baroreceptor-cardiac reflex sensitivity (BRS). Heart rate
      increased by 9 beats per min during KB. SBP and DBP increased during KB by 15 and
      6 mmHg respectively. All frequency bands of R-R interval variability were reduced
      in KB. Also the BRS parameter was reduced in KB. The amplitude of the high
      frequency oscillations in SBP and DBP increased during KB. The low-frequency
      blood pressure oscillations were increased after KB. The results point to
      decreased cardiac vagal tone during KB which was due to changes in respiratory
      pattern and due to decreased sensitivity of arterial baroreflex. Decreased
      respiratory rate and increased SBP and low-frequency blood pressure oscillations
      after KB suggest a differentiated pattern of vegetative activation and inhibition
      associated with KB exercise.

PMID- 1818667
TI  - Two ways of integrating the time factor in complex motor patterns.

PMID- 1818668
TI  - The effect of local mescaline application on learning and memory in rats.

PMID- 1818669
TI  - System organization of peak frequencies and level of mean coherence in human EEG
      following interoceptive influence (hyperventilation).

PMID- 1818670
TI  - Comparison of two experimental models of depression.

PMID- 1818671
TI  - Cycles in optokinetic nystagmus at high velocities of the optokinetic stimuli
      motion.

PMID- 1818672
TI  - 26th Conference on Integrative Nervous Functions. Znojmo, CSFR, October 1990.

PMID- 1818673
TI  - Topographical aspects of saccadic eye movement related potentials.

PMID- 1818674
TI  - Ontogeny of alternation learning in pups of laboratory rats.

PMID- 1818675
TI  - Emotional significance of threat stimuli in neurotics is the result of various
      processes.

PMID- 1818676
TI  - Interference phenomena in relation to somatosensory evoked potentials and long
      latency reflex responses.

PMID- 1818677
TI  - Working memory (recognition of conspecific identity) in the genetically
      hypertensive rats of Koletsky type and in the rats of Wistar strain.

PMID- 1818678
TI  - Slow potential shifts to light on and off in the retina of the marine fish
      Serranus scriba.

PMID- 1818679
TI  - Avoidance learning in the marine fish Serranus scriba influenced by circadian
      rhythmicity.

PMID- 1818680
TI  - Alimentary learning in the marine fish Serranus scriba influenced by circadian
      rhythmicity.

PMID- 1818681
TI  - The influence of color illumination on the aggressivity of teleost fish Serranus
      scriba.

PMID- 1818682
TI  - Circadian differences in aggressive behavior of sea fish Serranus scriba.

PMID- 1818683
TI  - Hypnotic skin analgesy in healthy individuals and patients with atopic eczema.

PMID- 1818684
TI  - Neuroendocrine and neurochemical consequences of long-term sleep deprivation in
      rats: similarities to some features of depression.
AB  - The paradigm of long-term sleep deprivation was used as a model of chronic
      inescapable stress in rats. Several basic metabolic parameters (body weight
      changes, food and water intake, rectal temperature, serum glucose and
      creatinine), adrenal and thyroid secretion, norepinephrine and dopamine content
      and turnover in discrete brain regions, and open field behaviour were examined in
      the course of the exposure to experimental stress. Sleep deprivation over 7-9
      days caused complete physical exhaustion of the animals. It was accompanied by
      hypothermia and hyperphagia. Adrenal activity was characterized by significant
      hypercorticism, but also by a relative decrease of the responsiveness to ACTH. A
      gradual decrease in the thyroid secretion was observed. Sleep deprivation
      elicited a depletion of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus and decreased its
      turnover, whereas hippocampal norepinephrine content decreased without
      considerable turnover alterations. Striatal dopamine content and turnover
      remained unaffected. Behavioural depression and altered open field activity were
      also observed in exhausted animals. Long-term sleep deprivation, therefore, seems
      to reproduce some of the biological correlates of the depressive illness, and may
      be useful in studying the development of coping failure as a result of chronic
      stress exposure.

PMID- 1818685
TI  - Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1818686
TI  - 33rd Annual Psychopharmacology Meeting. Jesenik Spa, January 1991.

PMID- 1818687
TI  - Cholinergic system disturbance in the startle reaction in patients with early
      brain damage.

PMID- 1818688
TI  - Tacrine derivative in the myoclonus B of Papio papio baboons.

PMID- 1818689
TI  - Calcium channel blocker verapamil antagonizes anxiolytic effect of diazepam in
      mice.

PMID- 1818690
TI  - Modelling of the penetration rate of alaptide through the hematoencephalic
      membrane.

PMID- 1818691
TI  - Experimental study of long-term administration of cholinesterase inhibitors in
      aging rats.

PMID- 1818693
TI  - Diazepam alleviates phase advance of circadian rhythm of activity in the
      genetically hypertensive non-obese rats of Koletsky type.

PMID- 1818692
TI  - Increase of nonesterified fatty acids in CNS after physostigmine application.

PMID- 1818694
TI  - The action of clonazepam against seizures induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate in rats
      during ontogenesis.

PMID- 1818695
TI  - Effect of clonazepam on cortical epileptic afterdischarges in developing rats.

PMID- 1818696
TI  - Clonazepam effect on rhythmic EEG activity elicited by metrazol.

PMID- 1818697
TI  - Effect of triazolam in convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol.

PMID- 1818698
TI  - Kapalabhati--yogic cleansing exercise. II. EEG topography analysis.
AB  - Topography of brain electrical activity was studied in 11 advanced yoga
      practitioners during yogic high-frequency breathing kapalabhati (KB). Alpha
      activity was increased during the initial five min of KB. Theta activity mostly
      in the occipital region was increased during later stages of 15 min KB compared
      to the pre-exercise period. Beta 1 activity increased during the first 10 min of
      KB in occipital and to a lesser degree in parietal regions. Alpha and beta 1
      activity decreased and theta activity was maintained on the level of the initial
      resting period after KB. The score of General Deactivation factor from Activation
      Deactivation Adjective Checklist was higher after KB exercise than before the
      exercise. The results suggest a relative increase of slower EEG frequencies and
      relaxation on a subjective level as the after effect of KB exercise.

PMID- 1818699
TI  - Do suicide prevention centers prevent suicide?
AB  - States with a higher concentration of suicide prevention centers in 1970 had
      higher suicide rates in 1970 but experienced less of an increase in the suicide
      rates during the next decade. The results of this study, therefore, provide some
      support for the beneficial impact of suicide prevention centers on the
      communities that they serve.

PMID- 1818700
TI  - Effects of cholinomimetics and cholinolytics in a despair test in mice.
AB  - Cholinomimetics prolonged, while cholinolytics shortened the immobility time
      ("despair reaction") in a forced swimming test. It is concluded that this
      behavioral test is useful in studies on the central cholinergic system in mice.

PMID- 1818701
TI  - Autonomic reactivity in psoriatics sensitive ad insensitive to psychological
      stress.

PMID- 1818702
TI  - Late after-effects of hyperventilation or breathing exercises on cognitive
      functions.

PMID- 1818703
TI  - EEG characteristics after prenatal application of diazepam in rats.

PMID- 1818704
TI  - Does neonatal learning influence later learning?

PMID- 1818705
TI  - To spatial phase detection in humans.

PMID- 1818706
TI  - Transcultural comparison of the development of visual motor performance in
      healthy and minimal brain dysfunction boys.

PMID- 1818707
TI  - Early extralemniscal evoked responses (EER-s) contingent upon stimulus intensity
      and behavioral state.

PMID- 1818708
TI  - Practice in following rhythmical tonal sequences by finger tapping.

PMID- 1818709
TI  - Rhythm extrapolation in tapping.

PMID- 1818710
TI  - The effect of speed and type of visual stimulus on its perception.

PMID- 1818711
TI  - Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy.
AB  - Investigators in the past year have turned their efforts to several age-old
      obstetric questions. Using modern experimental tools, questions were raised about
      the validity of Nagele's rule of 280 days as a mean gestational length. One large
      study agreed with the 280-day mean length, while two other studies disputed it.
      Current guidelines for appropriate weight gain in pregnancy range from 9 to 14
      kg. Several studies found that mean weight gain in healthy pregnant women was
      greater than these guidelines, with a mean of 15 kg and a normal range from 8 to
      25 kg. Women who exercise strenuously throughout gestation were found to have
      smaller babies than control subjects, with a very mild asymmetric growth
      retardation. Their labors came on earlier, were shorter in duration, and involved
      less obstetric and surgical intervention. In an interesting study of maternal
      hemodynamics, standing was found to be associated with a decrease of more than
      15% in cardiac output compared with output in the lateral supine position in the
      third trimester. Investigators studied exercise in the water and found it to have
      less effect on fetal cardiovascular parameters than exercise of similar intensity
      on land.

PMID- 1818712
TI  - Labor and normal delivery: induction of labor.
AB  - The continuing search for improvements in the methods of labor induction has seen
      the development of techniques that are more efficient, more reliable, safer, and
      more acceptable to the patient. Ultimately, these objectives will be best served
      by striving to mimic the normal physiology of parturition as closely as possible.
      Attention must be paid to the control of cervical ripening as well as myometrial
      contractility. Refinements in the use of oxytocin and prostaglandins continue to
      produce better results and the dawning of the era of progesterone receptor
      blockers gives hope of further significant advances.

PMID- 1818713
TI  - Operative and assisted delivery.
AB  - Decisions about the role of cesarean section, forceps, and vacuum delivery in
      obstetrics continue to be a challenging part of daily obstetric practice. Five
      interesting papers on this topic are reviewed, including a comparison of
      international rates of cesarean sections and vaginal births after cesarean
      section, the method of choice for the delivery of the low-birth-weight fetus
      presenting as vertex, the advantages of a prelabor cesarean section for a fetus
      diagnosed with meningomyelocele, and the appropriate role for the midforceps
      delivery in the 1990s.

PMID- 1818714
TI  - Advances in anesthesia and pharmacology in the puerperium.
AB  - The past year has provided us with some interesting studies concerning
      pharmacology and anesthesia during the puerperium. I review the prevalence of
      various anesthetic techniques, as well as the use of different aspiration
      prophylaxis regimens. I also look at innovations in the administration of
      epidural and subarachnoid anesthetics, including use of the Sprotte needle to
      prevent postoperative headache. A small study shows that vitamin administration
      to premature neonates may prevent periventricular hemorrhage. Furthermore,
      predelivery injections of glucocortoid may protect against bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia. I also review painstaking studies that help to better understand
      thyroid stimulation and regulation during pregnancy. I hope this paper helps the
      busy obstetrician understand some of the highlights of this year's new literature
      on obstetric anesthesia and pharmacology.

PMID- 1818715
TI  - Recent developments in pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) still remains an area in obstetrics of
      active research and investigation. Despite widespread academic attention, the
      cause of this disorder still remains unknown. The purpose of this paper is to
      review the important contributions to the literature during the period of July,
      1990 through June, 1991. Elucidation of the pathophysiology of PIH has been
      enhanced by investigations of altered platelet calcium metabolism, the renin
      aldosterone-angiotensin system, and other potent vasopressors. Recent reports of
      clinical management for eclampsia, liver rupture, HELLP syndrome, severe PIH in
      the second trimester, severe hypertension, and magnesium toxicity are presented.

PMID- 1818716
TI  - Antepartum and intrapartum management of multiple pregnancy.
AB  - In antepartum management of multiple gestation, this review discusses studies
      covering the outcome of bedrest, use of ultrasound to assess fetal outcome,
      management of monoamniotic twins, and outcome of higher-order gestation. Studies
      comparing modes of delivery are also discussed.

PMID- 1818718
TI  - Female gender reconstruction surgery for ambiguous genitalia in children and
      adolescents.
AB  - This review summarizes the principles of diagnosis in patients with ambiguous
      genitalia and surgical reconstruction for a female gender assignment. Common
      goals of corrective surgery are to reduce clitoral size, to create or reshape
      labia majora, to exteriorize or create a vagina, and to remove potentially
      malignant gonads. A one-stage clitorovaginoplasty was performed on four children
      with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Passerini-Glazel et al., J Urol 1989,
      142:565-568). The technique preserved the clitoral glans, used the skin of the
      urogenital sinus to line the introitus and form the distal vagina, and reshaped
      the labioscrotum. Early follow-up found minimal vaginal stenosis. A postpubertal
      vaginoplasty for undermasculinized genetic males or for patients with a flat
      perineum is described. All 15 patients had functional success, and 93% had
      anatomic success (Rock and Jones, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989, 160:845-853). Early
      gender assignment helps stabilize gender identity, and neonatal reconstructive
      surgery of the external genitalia appears to be safe. Neovaginal construction is
      often performed postpubertally but should be individualized to the anomaly and
      the patient.

PMID- 1818717
TI  - Perinatal mortality and associated morbidity.
AB  - Perinatal mortality remains an important topic, with wide ranging coverage in the
      literature. I have considered three main themes: preexisting risk factors,
      clinical management, and perinatal mortality reviews. Three major studies have
      identified a wide range of risk factors for perinatal death. Different inclusion
      criteria may be responsible for some of the apparent inconsistencies between
      study findings, but unravelling the complex web of interrelated factors remains a
      major epidemiologic challenge. Recent studies of clinical management highlight
      the role of the delivery of health care in determining outcome. However, they
      also underline the difficulties of assessing contrasting approaches to clinical
      management in this field. There is a welcome continuing impetus to develop the
      systematic review of perinatal death as an indicator of effectiveness in the
      delivery of maternity care.

PMID- 1818719
TI  - Recent advances in the management of sexual precocity in girls.
AB  - Sexual precocity has important psychosocial implications for the prematurely
      developing child, as well as being associated in some cases with significant
      pathology. Conscientious evaluation and initiation of effective therapy can have
      a significant impact on improving long-term outcome. The differentiation between
      complete sexual precocity with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and
      incomplete sexual precocity without activation of the central reproductive system
      is of paramount importance. In incomplete sexual precocity, the sex steroids are
      of exogenous, adrenal, or gonadal origin. Premature adrenarche presents with the
      early development of pubic hair only and must be distinguished from adrenal
      hyperplasia or an androgen-secreting neoplasm, which may be associated with
      accelerated growth, advanced bone age, and virilization. When incomplete sexual
      precocity involves the ovary, ovarian tumors must be considered. Other causes of
      incomplete sexual precocity include hypothyroidism and gonadotropin-independent
      precocity such as McCune-Albright syndrome. Complete sexual precocity or
      precocious puberty of central origin is diagnosed in girls by gonadotropin
      releasing hormone challenge yielding a stimulated luteinizing hormone peak
      greater than 15 IU/L. Radiologic evaluation of the central axis is necessary.
      Treatment of precocious puberty relies on the use of potent agonists of
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone that reversibly suppress the prematurely activated
      pituitary. Depot preparations are efficacious. Early initiation and careful
      monitoring of treatment can reduce physical signs of development, improve the
      likelihood for normal adult height, and postpone normal pubertal progression to a
      more appropriate age.

PMID- 1818720
TI  - Psychologic aspects of sexual abuse in adolescence.
AB  - This paper reviews psychologic aspects of sexual abuse in female adolescents. It
      documents that sexual abuse is widespread, occurring at an alarming rate at all
      socioeconomic levels of society. It is perpetrated principally by adult men in
      the victim's family. Often its effects are tragic. Adolescent female sexual abuse
      victims are at high risk for subsequent acting out behavior, sexual promiscuity,
      physical and sexual abuse, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, alcohol and drug
      abuse or dependence, chronic sleep disturbance, dissociative disorders, eating
      disorders, emotional numbing, dissociation, guilt, shame, hyperalertness,
      suicidal ideation, and multiple associated psychiatric disorders. Although it may
      appear at a surface level that sexual abuse victims recover from such abuse,
      follow-up studies suggest that many remain disabled long after the abuse has
      ended. Health care professionals should be especially cognizant of the magnitude
      of the impact of sexual abuse on adolescent girls and recognize the need of these
      patients for psychologic and medical services.

PMID- 1818721
TI  - The female reproductive cycle: new variations on an old theme.
AB  - Understanding the female reproductive cycle is the essence of the practice of
      reproductive medicine. This article reviews important publications that shine new
      light on the female reproductive cycle. Menstrual dysfunction can begin at
      adolescence and persist throughout the reproductive years. Adolescent women with
      menstrual dysfunction should be evaluated and treated. Approximately 30% of
      pregnancies terminate in abortion during the first trimester. New epidemiologic
      data on the etiology of spontaneous abortion are reviewed. Advancing age is
      associated with a decline in fecundity. Delay in childbearing and advances in
      assisted reproductive technologies have enabled reproductive endocrinologists to
      better understand the effects of advancing age on reproductive function. The most
      important paper that we received supports the timing of breast cancer to the
      luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a statistically significant
      increase in 10-year survival in women who had surgery during the luteal phase
      compared with the follicular phase.

PMID- 1818722
TI  - Recurrent spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Recurrent pregnancy loss is a condition with many different etiologies. The
      proper evaluation and care of couples suffering from this form of reproductive
      failure requires that the clinician be well versed in many aspects of the
      physiology of normal and abnormal early pregnancy. Topics relevant to the subject
      of recurrent spontaneous abortion, with special attention to recent advances, are
      examined in this review.

PMID- 1818723
TI  - Fungal vulvovaginitis.
AB  - Fungal vulvovaginitis remains one of the most frequent conditions affecting the
      lower genital tract. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology
      of the condition have improved our ability to treat recurrent or persistent
      cases. More clinical data have become available on the optimal duration of
      treatment with some of the newer antifungal agents.

PMID- 1818724
TI  - Endometriosis and associated pathology.
AB  - The natural history of endometriosis, including the belief that it is a
      progressive disease, is reviewed with the help of a large, cross-sectional,
      prospective study and a smaller longitudinal study. Two studies are reviewed that
      address the role of growth factors in the development of endometriosis. These
      studies demonstrated that the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis
      contained significant growth factor activity against human endometrial stromal
      cells. In a mouse model, macrophage-derived factors stimulated endometrial cell
      proliferation. The possible correlation between endometriosis and decreased bone
      mineral density, which was reported by an earlier study, is reviewed. Recent
      data, however, have shown no correlation between bone mineral density and
      endometriosis. Finally, several reports on the usefulness of endometrial
      antibodies and serum CA 125 levels in the diagnosis and treatment of patients
      with endometriosis are reviewed. These data suggest that both endometrial
      antibodies and CA 125 measurements may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment
      of patients with endometriosis.

PMID- 1818725
TI  - New approaches to the management of fibroids.
AB  - It is clear that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists have potential as a new
      therapeutic approach in the treatment of fibroids. They are effective in
      decreasing the size of most fibroids but, on ceasing treatment, regrowth does
      occur. Because of their effect on calcium homeostasis, long-term unopposed use of
      these agonists is not recommended. However, sequential addback therapies could be
      useful in both counterbalancing the hypoestrogenic side effects and in protecting
      bone mineral density. Although surgery is likely to remain the primary therapy
      for fibroids, pretreatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for 3 to
      4 months before myomectomy or before hysteroscopic resection offer many
      advantages in facilitating these procedures and reducing peroperative blood loss.
      Further studies are required to establish the most satisfactory treatment
      regimens with this exciting group of drugs for a condition whose etiology is
      still poorly understood.

PMID- 1818726
TI  - The premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - Several areas of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) research have seen significant
      recent progress. The diagnosis of the syndrome may become more uniform and
      practical if the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences achieves widespread
      acceptance. The roles for sex steroids in the origin and treatment of the disease
      have become more problematic. A large, well-designed study has found that
      progesterone supplementation is no better than placebo therapy. Elimination of
      menstrual cyclicity by surgical or medical means effectively treats PMS;
      replacement of sex steroids does not seem to make PMS symptoms recur, and may
      become a successful, long-term treatment. The pathophysiology of PMS remains
      unexplained, but may involve recent findings regarding PMS and sex steroids,
      nutritional factors, and the adrenal axis.

PMID- 1818727
TI  - General obstetrics.

PMID- 1818728
TI  - Adolescent and pediatric gynecology.

PMID- 1818729
TI  - Office gynecology.

PMID- 1818730
TI  - An analysis of frequencies of surgical procedures in Canada.
AB  - This paper reports preliminary and selected results of an analysis of the
      frequencies of 36 common surgical procedures in hospitals across Canada during
      the period April 1985 to March 1987. Age-sex-specific and age-sex-standardized
      procedure rates were calculated for each procedure for each of 245 Census
      Divisions (CDs) across Canada, as well as for 338 smaller urban areas (FSAs)
      within the province of Ontario. Special attention was given to adjusting the
      rates for differing population sizes of the geographical regions. Procedure rates
      were computed based on the residence of the patient, not on the location of the
      hospital. Graphical techniques, analysis of variance, and other statistical
      techniques were used to identify unusually high or low procedure rates and to
      determine effects due to differences in age, sex, and geographical region. The
      relationship of procedure rate to the socio-economic level of a region (as
      measured by the proportion of low-income individuals in the region) was analyzed.

PMID- 1818732
TI  - Teenage pregnancies, Canada, 1975-1989.
AB  - There were 19,000 fewer teenage pregnancies in 1989 than the 58,600 in 1975. The
      teenage pregnancy rate (pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-19) declined 17.4% to
      44.1 in 1989 from 53.4 in 1975. For 13 of the 15 years under study, both the
      numbers and rates of teenage pregnancies decreased year after year. Of teenage
      pregnancies in 1989, 58% resulted in live births, 36% in therapeutic abortions
      and 6% in other pregnancy terminations including stillbirths. The annual
      pregnancy rates for younger teenagers (15-17) were about 60% lower than the rates
      for older teenagers (18-19). In 1989, the teenage pregnancy rates for Prince
      Edward Island, New Brunswick and Quebec were lower than the national rate, while
      rates for Nova Scotia, Ontario and the four western provinces were higher.

PMID- 1818731
TI  - Trends in low birthweight Canada. 1971 to 1989.
AB  - This paper reviews the levels of and the trends in low birthweight (under 2,500
      grams) and premature births (less than 37 weeks gestation) in Canada from 1971 to
      1989. Low birthweight (LBW) characterized 6.6% of births in 1971 and 4.6% of
      births in 1989: this represents a decline of 30% in LBW for the period. The
      decline was evident for mothers in all age groups, and for all birth parities.
      However, the prevalence of very low birthweights (less than 1,500 g) remained
      stable during the period, accounting for 0.8% of births in 1971 and 0.7% in 1989.
      Preterm births (less than 37 weeks of gestation) increased from 47% of all LBW
      births in 1971 to 60% in 1989. This shift and the small decline in the prevalence
      of preterm LBW babies has clinical and preventive implications. These and other
      findings are based on analysis of 6.6 million single live births between 1971 and
      1989.

PMID- 1818733
TI  - The report of the National Task Force on Health Information--a summary.

PMID- 1818734
TI  - A trend to a healthier lifestyle.
AB  - Canadians are taking better care of themselves today than they did just a few
      years ago. They are smoking less, drinking less, and exercising more. Yet at the
      same time, the picture is not entirely positive. While overall smoking rates have
      declined, this is not the case among women, particularly those in younger age
      groups. Also, despite increased physical activity, the percentage of people who
      are overweight has increased.

PMID- 1818735
TI  - Annual hospital statistics--1988-89.

PMID- 1818736
TI  - Canadian Nursing Doctoral Statistics, 1989 update.

PMID- 1818737
TI  - Divorces, Canada and the provinces, 1990.

PMID- 1818738
TI  - Health indicators 1991.
AB  - This is the second edition of a database developed by the Canadian Centre for
      Health Information (CCHI). It features 49 health indicators, under one cover
      containing the most recent data available from a variety of national surveys.
      This information may be used to establish health goals for the population and to
      offer objective measures of their success. The database can be accessed through
      CANSIM, Statistics Canada's socio-economic electronic database and retrieval
      system, or through a personal computer package which enables the user to retrieve
      and analyze the 1.2 million data points in the system.

PMID- 1818739
TI  - Statistics Canada's program of health statistics--an overview.

PMID- 1818740
TI  - Neurobiorheology. A new branch of biorheology. Historical background and current
      ideas.
AB  - The application of principles of biorheology, hemorheology and perihemorheology
      on problems of the nervous system in health and disease was suggested by Alfred
      L. Copley (1982, 1987). Late in 1988 Copley and Sourander considered
      neurobiorheology to be an appropriate term for a new branch of biorheology
      bridging the gap between biorheology and neurobiology. Neurobiorheology can be
      defined as a research field concerned with deformation behaviour of matter
      including flow and transportation in context with the structure and function of
      the nervous system at macroscopic, cellular, subcellular and molecular levels. It
      may be considered a basic life science with important clinical applications. Its
      "raison d'etre" should be to apply various ways of thinking, calculations and
      techniques used in biorheology to treat and if possible to solve neurobiological
      problems. Many regionally different chemical, structural and functional
      properties characterize the developing and adult nervous system and those parts
      of the circulatory system ("vessel-blood organ") which penetrate the nervous
      system at all levels. Considering the close metabolic and functional relations
      between neurons and surrounding non-neuronal ectodermal cells, neuroglial and
      Schwann cells deriving from common precursor cells in the wall of the neural tube
      and neural crest respectively, the term neuroectodermal organ appears suitable.
      The almost parallel ontogenetic evolution of vessel-blood organ and
      neuroectodermal organ and their interaction during the entire individual life
      cycle constitutes a challenging stimulus for integrated research. The main
      purpose of this review is to give some examples of importance concerning still
      insufficiently elucidated neurobiological problems suitable for biorheological
      approaches. Particular attention will be paid to the microenvironment at central
      and peripheral levels of the neuroectodermal organ.

PMID- 1818741
TI  - Compared responses of rat lungs to step volume changes and to sinusoidal forcing.
AB  - Lung pressure-volume hysteresis of cat lungs has been found by Hildebrandt (J.
      Appl. Physiol. 28, 365-372, 1970) to be 20-50% larger than predicted from stress
      adaptation data on the basis of a viscoelastic model. We have reinvestigated this
      phenomenon in isolated rat lungs with a different approach, in which the
      approximation inherent to using a model is avoided : Lung transfer function was
      derived from the digitally-computed Laplace transform of the pressure decay
      following a step volume change and used to predict lung pressure-flow
      relationship in the frequency domain. The latter was expressed in terms of lung
      effective resistance (Rlc) and effective elastance (Elc), and compared to the
      observed values (Rl and El) in the frequency range 0.01-0.5 Hz. The measurements
      were made in 5 lungs at a transpulmonary pressure (Pl) of 0.5 kPa and in 5 others
      at a Pl of 0.8 kPa. Rl was found to be 23-41% larger than Rlc at Pl = 0.5 and 29
      51% larger at Pl = 0.8. El did not differ significantly from Elc at Pl = 0.5 but
      was 14-28% larger at Pl = 0.8. These results are in good agreement with previous
      findings. The differences between Rl and Rlc are proportional to the reciprocal
      of frequency and, thus, correspond to a rate-independent dissipation. They are
      consistent with a yield stress of 3-6 Pa.

PMID- 1818742
TI  - Folding of red blood cells in capillaries and narrow pores.
AB  - The geometric features of red blood cells in narrow channels in vivo and in vitro
      were studied by electron microscopy. In rabbit myocardial capillaries about half
      of the red cells were folded. In polycarbonate filters with pore diameters of 2.2
      4.5 microns approximately one third of the trapped red blood cells were folded.
      The frequency of folding did not depend on the applied pressure, which ranged
      from 0.1 to 8.0 cm H2O. The folding of the red blood cells in filter pores was
      used to estimate the bending stiffness of the membrane. An analysis based on the
      large deformation theory of bending of an elastic sheet was developed. Using
      pressures of 0.2 and 1.0 cm H2O, the bending stiffness of human red cell
      membranes was estimated to be approximately 2.4 - 11.6 x 10(-12) dyn-cm, which is
      in good agreement with other methods. A limiting radius of curvature of about 85
      nm was found at higher pressures.

PMID- 1818743
TI  - Monoclonal antibody against platelet thrombospondin decreases erythrocyte
      aggregation rate.
AB  - The effect of thrombospondin, a major glycoprotein in the platelet alpha-granule,
      on the erythrocyte aggregation rate was investigated. Venous blood was sampled
      from 8 healthy male volunteers and anticogulated with 1.1 mg/ml EDTA(K2). The
      erythrocyte aggregation rate of each blood sample was measured with a whole-blood
      erythrocyte aggregometer before and after incubation with murine monoclonal
      antibody against human platelet thrombospondin. After 15 min incubation, the
      erythrocyte aggregation rate exhibited a significant decrease to 0.055 +/-
      0.022/s, representing 71.9 +/- 8.7% of the control value (0.075 +/- 0.028/s) (p
      less than 0.0005). The results obtained suggest that thrombospondin may
      participate in the control of erythrocyte aggregability in the circulating blood.

PMID- 1818745
TI  - Effect of hematocrit on wall shear rate in oscillatory flow: do the elastic
      properties of blood play a role?
AB  - Porcine blood was used to examine the relationship between hematocrit levels and
      wall shear rate patterns in straight and curved artery models under fixed
      oscillatory flow conditions characteristic of larger arteries. It is demonstrated
      that porcine blood models both the viscous and elastic components of the 2 Hz
      complex viscosity of human blood quite accurately over a broad range of shear
      rates (1-1000 s-1) and hematocrits (20%-80%). For a fixed oscillatory flow
      waveform (Poiseuille peak shear rate = 168 s-1; mean shear rate 84 s-1),
      increases in hematocrit produced a decrease in the peak wall shear rate in both
      the straight and curved artery models and a corresponding decrease in wall shear
      rate reversal on the inside wall of the curved artery model. The same trends were
      also observed for oscillatory flows of aqueous glycerin solutions of increasing
      viscosity in the range of viscosity of the blood samples tested. Aqueous glycerin
      solutions produced wall shear rate waveforms of the same magnitude and shape as
      the porcine blood. This indicates that variations in the shear rate, and
      therefore the shear stress, were caused primarily by changes in the viscous and
      not the elastic properties of blood. The results suggest that simple Newtonian
      fluids may be sufficient for in vitro determination of the first order effects to
      be expected of human blood flow in large vessels having complex geometries and
      shear rates in or above the range of the present study.

PMID- 1818744
TI  - Cytoplasmic rheology of passive neutrophils.
AB  - The rheological properties of leukocytes are important to their effectiveness in
      the microcirculation. Previous studies based on in vitro data from micropipette
      experiments suggest that a Maxwell fluid bounded by a cortical shell with
      persistent tension is a realistic model for non-activated neutrophils in both the
      rapid and slow deformation phases. However, various viscoelastic coefficients
      have been obtained depending on the degree of cell deformation. In the present
      paper it is demonstrated that the cytoplasmic apparent viscosity and elasticity
      vary continuously, depending on the degree of deformation. These apparent
      variations are due to the inhomogeneous nature of the neutrophil internal
      structure. It is shown that the nucleus is much stiffer than the cytoplasm. The
      composite structure of the cell results in the deformation-dependent properties.

PMID- 1818746
TI  - Topological analysis of microcirculatory networks and rheological blood
      properties from two teleost fishes--comparison with a sea mammal and a
      terrestrial mammal.

PMID- 1818747
TI  - [Microbiology of periodontitis. 1. The infective nature of periodontitis].
AB  - In the last years, guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and implantology have opened
      new possibilities for practical periodontologists in the treatment of advanced
      cases. For both techniques the successful therapy of the local infection of the
      pocket is a prerequisite. In the near future rapid tests for microbiological
      diagnoses and slow release devices for antibiotics will be available to achieve
      this aim easier. The following article will present the microbiological aspects
      of periodontitis and plaque control and show their relevance for the
      practitioner.

PMID- 1818748
TI  - [Periodontal treatment failure].
AB  - Therapeutic failure appears to be more frequent in periodontology than in other
      fields of dentistry. Such failure may be caused by errors in patient selection,
      incomplete diagnostic procedures, diagnostic or prognostic errors, treatment
      difficulties and obstacles, non-controlled healing, or the absence of maintenance
      therapy. Most failures can be avoided by instituting a regular recall system.

PMID- 1818749
TI  - [Localized periodontal recession--only caused by the chronic brushing trauma?].
AB  - Localized periodontal recession (LPR) is not rarely found in adults: 10.4% in
      subjects age 16-19 years, 24.8% in 20-24-year-old persons, and 46.8% in the age
      group of 35-44 years (N = 11,401 subjects). There is an accumulation of LPR
      patients, who referred to the Department of Periodontology, in young adults.
      Patients suffering from LPR show, in comparison to healthy people, a smaller
      diameter of the canine's apical basis both in the maxillary and mandibular
      arches, a smaller circumference of the alveolar crest as well as an upper canine
      crown which is turned out from the teeth arcus in a more labial direction. The
      vestibular sites of teeth 44, 23, 34, 13, 14, 24, and 43 are mainly affected by
      LPR. Right-handers generally show more and stronger LPR in both arches as well as
      a smaller value of oral hygiene index. The chronic trauma of teeth brushing is
      very important in the pathogenesis of the LPR. Prevention of LPR involves
      individual oral health education to protect the vestibular gingiva from chronic
      brushing trauma.

PMID- 1818750
TI  - [Comprehensive treatment concept].
AB  - This case report describes the treatment planning and the therapy of a 50-year
      old patient with advanced adult periodontitis. It was possible to satisfy the
      patient's need for oral health and to achieve esthetics function and comfort by
      the insertion of the fixed prosthesis. After the professional prophylaxis was
      finished, periodontal surgery, guided tissue regeneration, alveolar ridge
      augmentation with connective tissue grafts and trisection were performed.

PMID- 1818751
TI  - [Microbiology of periodontitis. 2. Microbiological diagnosis of periodontitis].
AB  - By common methods like scaling and root planing, flap procedures or surgical
      furcation treatment, a successful therapy of periodontal disease is possible in
      about 90% of the cases. The remaining 10%, mainly patients with juvenile or
      rapidly progressive periodontitis, are causing great problems, due to poor
      treatment response and frequent, local or general recidives. In the future,
      microbiological tests for a precise diagnosis of the pocket flora will be used in
      the dental office. They can provide better indications for additional antibiotic
      therapy. The present article reviews several microbiological investigation
      methods and their future use in the office during periodontal treatment.

PMID- 1818752
TI  - [Indices for the clinical evaluation of drug gingival hyperplasia using the
      example of cyclosporin A].
AB  - The gingiva and the dental health situation of patients after an organ
      transplantation are determined within the regular dental examination. The
      findings are recorded by different indices, which are summarized as CsA-indices,
      on a special data collection sheet. They indicate the gravity of the hyperplasia,
      the inflammation degree based on the color of the tissue, the tonus and the
      bleeding of the gingiva as well as plaque and calculus and therefore renders
      possible the dental supervision and the comparison of the gingival situations
      during a long recall period. Additionally, situation casts, photos from different
      visual angles and a full month radiograph are required. This systematic recording
      of the findings facilitates a therapy and follow-up treatment, which are adapted
      to each individual situation.

PMID- 1818753
TI  - [Single tooth replacement with an endosseous oral implant and a ceramic fused to
      metal crown in combination with guided tissue regeneration].
AB  - The biologic principle of guided tissue regeneration with a e-PTFE membrane was
      used to gain alveolar bone in combination with the installation of a titanium
      dental implant. For an acceptable esthetic result, the use of the UCLA abutment
      with a ceramometal butt-joint crown is recommended.

PMID- 1818754
TI  - A novel system for large-scale sequencing of cDNA by PCR amplification.
AB  - We have developed a method for constructing a library containing the 3' end
      fragment of cDNA for large-scale sequencing of cDNA clones. The average size of
      the insert was 270 bp. Cell lysates that carry plasmids having the cDNA insert
      were subjected to PCR amplification of the cDNA moiety and the products were
      subjected to sequencing analysis using an autosequencer. With this protocol,
      sample preparation became a non-limiting step, that allowed us to sequence as
      many samples as the autosequencer could handle.

PMID- 1818755
TI  - Gene organization and nucleotide sequence of the primase region of IncP plasmids
      RP4 and R751.
AB  - The primase genes of RP4 are part of the primase operon located within the Tra1
      region of this conjugative plasmid. The operon contains a total of seven transfer
      genes four of which (traA, B, C, D) are described here. Determination of the
      nucleotide sequence of the primase region confirmed the existence of an
      overlapping gene arrangement at the DNA primase locus (traC) with in-phase
      translational initiation signals. The traC gene encodes two acidic and
      hydrophilic polypeptide chains of 1061 (TraC1) and 746 (TraC2) amino acids
      corresponding to molecular masses of 116,721 and 81,647 Da. In contrast to RP4
      the IncP beta plasmid R751 specifies four large primase gene products (192, 152,
      135 and 83 kDa) crossreacting with anti-RP4 DNA primase serum. As shown by
      deletion analysis at least the 135 and 83 kDa polypeptides are two separate
      translational products that by analogy with the RP4 primases, arise from in-phase
      translational initiation sites. Even the smallest primase gene products TraC2
      (RP4) and TraC4 (R751) exhibit primase activity. Nucleotide sequencing of the
      R751 primase region revealed the existence of three in-phase traC translational
      initiation signals leading to the expression of gene products with molecular
      masses of 158,950 Da, 134,476 Da, and 80,759 Da. The 192 kDa primase polypeptide
      is suggested to be a fusion protein resulting from an in frame translational
      readthrough of the traD UGA stopcodon. Distinct sequence similarities can be
      detected between the TraC proteins of RP4 and R751 gene products TraC3 and TraC4
      and in addition between the TraD proteins of both plasmids. The R751 traC3 gene
      contains a stretch of 507 bp which is unrelated to RP4 traC or any other RP4 Tra1
      gene.

PMID- 1818756
TI  - Strain-dependent sequence heterogeneity in the nuclear group I introns and large
      subunit ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - The DNA sequence of an internal EcoRI fragment in the large subunit ribosomal RNA
      gene from the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, strain M3C, has been determined.
      This ribosomal DNA fragment contain two group I introns. Sequence heterogeneity
      in the two introns and in the coding region of the ribosomal RNA were identified
      upon comparison to the strain PPO-1 sequence. The nature of the sequence
      variations is discussed.

PMID- 1818757
TI  - Sequence of a HeLa cDNA provides the DNA binding domain and carboxy terminus of
      HE47: a human helix-loop-helix protein related to the enhancer binding factor
      E47.
AB  - In order to identify cDNA encoding regulators of gene expression, a HeLa lambda
      gt11 expression library was screened with a DNA segment containing multiple
      copies of a sequence spanning the AP4 site in the simian virus 40 control region.
      We identified a partial cDNA encoding HE47, a sequence-specific DNA binding
      protein. The HeLa clone overlaps with a previously reported human B-cell partial
      cDNA encoding E47. The HeLa cDNA includes the HE47 DNA binding domain, its
      carboxy terminus, and the 3' untranslated region of its mRNA.

PMID- 1818758
TI  - Potency ratio, clinical equivalence, and wasting ratio estimate of different
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 1818759
TI  - Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a
      double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study.
AB  - Back pain due to vertebral collapse is the main symptom of postmenopausal
      osteoporosis. The clinical picture in these crush fractures varies, depending on
      the type and the location of fracture, but in general, a new vertebral crush
      fracture gives rise to severe pain that immobilizes the patient and necessitates
      bedrest. In this double-blind controlled clinical trial, 56 patients who had
      recently (within the last 3 days) suffered an osteoporotic vertebral fracture
      were hospitalized for a period of 14 days. Salmon calcitonin (100 IU) or placebo
      injections were given daily. Pain was rated daily on a 10-point scale by the same
      observers. Blood and urinary parameters were also evaluated. The results showed a
      significant (P less than 0.001) difference in pain intensity between the
      calcitonin group and the placebo group. This beneficial effect was generally
      apparent from the second day of treatment onward, and over the following 2 weeks,
      the patients were able to sit and stand, and gradually started to walk again. A
      significant decrease in urinary hydroxyproline and urinary calcium was also noted
      in the calcitonin group. It is concluded that calcitonin exerts a beneficial
      effect on back pain following a vertebral crush fracture.

PMID- 1818760
TI  - Diurnal rhythm in serum osteocalcin: relation with sleep, growth hormone, and
      PTH(1-84).
AB  - We examined the role of sleep, growth hormone (GH), and parathyroid hormone
      [PTH(1-84)] as regulators of the diurnal rhythm of the osteoblastic bone marker,
      serum osteocalcin (OC). Nine normal subjects were followed with hourly blood
      sampling during one 24-hour period with normal sleep pattern, and one 24-hour
      period with absolute sleep deprivation. We found that the rhythm in serum OC did
      not exhibit significant changes (P greater than 0.50). Serum OC (mean +/- SE) was
      30.9 +/- 2.5 micrograms/liter during sleep (2330-0730 hours) versus 29.9 +/- 4.9
      micrograms/liter during sleep deprivation (not significantly different). The
      serum GH rhythm was significantly different on the two occasions (P less than
      0.01). A maximum GH peak (mean +/- SE) of 10.3 +/- 2.4 micrograms/liter occurred
      at 0136 hours +/- 6 minutes during sleep compared with a maximal peak of 7.6 +/-
      1.2 micrograms/liter (P less than 0.01) at 0245 hours +/- 20 minutes (P less than
      0.01) during sleep deprivation. During sleep (2330-0730 hours), mean serum GH was
      3.61 +/- 0.60 micrograms/liter compared with 2.39 +/- 0.40 micrograms/liter
      during sleep deprivation (P less than 0.005). Small insignificant changes
      occurred in serum PTH (1-84) and serum ionized calcium during the two occasions.
      We conclude that sleep and GH are not acute controlling factors of the diurnal
      rhythm in serum OC and the role of serum PTH(1-84) remains unsettled.

PMID- 1818761
TI  - Solid state 31NMR studies of the conversion of amorphous tricalcium phosphate to
      apatitic tricalcium phosphate.
AB  - The hydrolytic conversion of a solid amorphous calcium phosphate of empirical
      formula Ca9 (PO4)6 to a poorly crystalline apatitic phase, under conditions where
      Ca2+ and PO4(3-) were conserved, was studied by means of solid-state magic-angle
      sample spinning 31P-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). Results showed a gradual
      decrease in hydrated amorphous calcium phosphate and the formation of two new
      PO4(3-)-containing components: an apatitic component similar to poorly
      crystalline hydroxyapatite and a protonated PO4(3-), probably HPO4(2-) in a
      dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) brushite-like configuration. This latter
      component resembles the brushite-like HPO4(2-) component previously observed by
      31P-NMR in apatitic calcium phosphates of biological origin. Results were
      consistent with previous studies by Heughebaert and Montel [18] of the kinetics
      of the conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite under the same
      conditions.

PMID- 1818762
TI  - Resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of the
      environment of phosphate ion in the early deposits of a solid phase of calcium
      phosphate in bone and enamel and their evolution with age: 2. Investigations in
      the nu3PO4 domain.
AB  - Resolution-enhanced Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of early mineral
      deposits in enamel and bone show bands at 1020, 1100, 1110, 1125, and 1145 cm-1
      in the nu3PO4 domain which do not belong to well crystallized stoichiometric
      hydroxyapatite. Bands at 1020 and 1100 cm-1 have been shown to occur in
      nonstoichiometric apatites containing HPO4(2-) ions and the weak band at 1145 cm
      1 has been assigned to HPO4(2-) ions. Though the bands at 1110 and 1125 cm-1 have
      not been found in any well crystallized apatite, they are present in newly
      precipitated apatite. These latter bands disappear progressively during
      maturation in biological as well as synthetic samples, and partial dissolution of
      synthetic apatites shows that they belong to species that exhibit an
      inhomogeneous distribution in the mineral, and that are the first to be
      solubilized. Comparison of the FTIR spectra of biological apatites with those of
      synthetic, nonapatitic-containing phosphate minerals shows that the presence of
      these bands does not arise from nonapatitic, well-defined phases; they are due to
      the local environment of phosphate ions which may possibly be loosely related or
      perhaps unrelated to the phosphate groups present in the well-crystallized
      nonapatitic calcium phosphates. Resolution-enhanced FTIR affords a very precise
      characterization of the mineral phases which may be very useful in characterizing
      pathological deposits of Ca-P mineral phases.

PMID- 1818763
TI  - Hydroxyapatite formation in the presence of proteoglycans of reduced sulfate
      content: studies in the brachymorphic mouse.
AB  - Proteoglycans from the brachymorphic (bm/bm) mouse have a reduced sulfate content
      due to the impaired activity of adenosine phosphosulfate phosphokinase in these
      animals. X-ray diffraction and infrared analyses of the mineral from the
      calcified cartilage of the bm/bm mice demonstrate the presence of significantly
      larger and more perfect hydroxyapatite crystals of lower carbonate to phosphate
      content than crystals found in the control animals. No differences were seen in
      the mineral content, crystallite size, CO3:PO4 ratio, or infrared splitting
      factors measured in the diaphyseal bone from these animals. Electron microscopic
      examination similarly shows larger, more disorganized crystals in the bm/bm
      animals' calcified cartilage as contrasted with controls. In vitro, proteoglycan
      aggregates from these dwarf mice are shown in a collagen gel-growth system to be
      less effective inhibitors of hydroxyapatite formation and growth than similarly
      size sulfated proteoglycans from age-matched control animals. The proteoglycans
      from the control mice were comparable in inhibitory ability to proteoglycan
      aggregates extracted from fetal bovine epiphyses. The in vitro and in vivo
      mineral parameters suggest the importance of sulfate for the interaction between
      proteoglycans and mineral in growth plate calcification.

PMID- 1818765
TI  - Experimental determination of "the law of bone remodeling" and effect of rat
      parathyroid hormone (1-34) infusion on derived parameters.
AB  - The dependence of bone remodeling probability on bone age was investigated by
      fitting a previously described mathematical model to data describing the decline
      of radioactivity in the femurs of growing rats prelabeled with [3H]tetracycline.
      The remodeling probability declined with increasing bone age, but because the
      data were obtained at the whole bone level, several explanations for this finding
      are possible, and the results cannot be extrapolated beyond the duration of the
      experiment. A simpler exponential model that assumes remodeling probability is
      constant can be used to calculate bone resorption rate within a limited time
      period. A significantly increased bone resorption rate in PTH-infused rats could
      readily be demonstrated using the exponential model. A more sophisticated
      statistical analysis was required to discriminate between control and PTH-infused
      rats using the more complex model in which resorption rate was not constant.

PMID- 1818764
TI  - Effects of leukemia inhibitory factor on bone resorption and DNA synthesis in
      neonatal mouse calvaria.
AB  - Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a recently characterized cytokine which has
      been shown to regulate cell growth and differentiation in a variety of tissues.
      We have shown that LIF stimulates bone resorption and DNA synthesis in bone organ
      culture and, in vivo, LIF has been shown to have marked effects on bone
      remodeling. The present study examines further the dose-response, time course and
      mechanisms of action of LIF in neonatal mouse calvaria. 45Ca release was
      significantly increased by LIF at concentrations of 10-5,000 U/ml, and its
      stimulation of bone resorption increased with time from 24 to 96 hours. These
      concentrations of LIF also increased DNA synthesis at 24 hours. At 72 hours, low
      concentrations of LIF produced less marked stimulation of [3H]-thymidine
      incorporation, and 5,000 u/ml actually inhibited DNA synthesis at both this time
      point and at 96 hours. The effect of LIF on 45Ca release was partially inhibited
      when DNA synthesis was blocked by hydroxyurea (50 microM). The resorptive effect
      of supramaximal concentrations of LIF was not additive to that of parathyroid
      hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, or transforming growth
      factor-beta. Although LIF-stimulated resorption is at least partially dependent
      on DNA synthesis, these results suggest that there are different mechanisms
      involved in mediating LIF's effects on bone resorption and DNA synthesis. The
      demonstration of effects of LIF at low concentrations indicates that this
      cytokine may be involved in the physiological regulation of bone metabolism in
      vivo.

PMID- 1818766
TI  - 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate decreases the postovariectomy enhanced
      interleukin 1 secretion from peritoneal macrophages in adult rats.
AB  - Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption. In previous studies, we
      have shown that ovariectomy accelerates bone resorption and 1-hydroxyethylidene
      1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) inhibits ovariectomy-accelerated bone resorption in
      female Wistar adult rats. As interleukin 1 (IL-1) stimulates bone resorption in
      vitro and in vivo, we have investigated the effects of ovariectomy and HEBP
      administered in vivo on IL-1 secretion from peritoneal macrophages in adult rats.
      Ovariectomy or sham surgery were performed in female Wistar rats at 40 weeks of
      age. Ovariectomized and sham-operated rats were administered with HEBP (10 mg) or
      saline, 10 times in total, from 43 to 46 weeks of age. Paraffin oil-induced
      peritoneal macrophages at 46 weeks of age were cultured for 24 hours.
      Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from ovariectomized
      rats secreted more IL-1 than sham-operated rats. HEBP decreased LPS-stimulated IL
      1 secretion from peritoneal macrophages in ovariectomized rats, but not in sham
      operated rats. In vivo administration of HEBP decreased IL-1 secretion only in
      postovariectomy hyperresorptive states. These results suggest that alterations in
      LPS-stimulated IL-1 secretion from oil-induced peritoneal macrophages may be
      responsible, at least in part, for the postovariectomy acceleration in bone
      resorption and its inhibition by HEBP.

PMID- 1818767
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and distribution of pamidronate for a range of doses in the
      mouse.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the bisphosphonate drug pamidronate (APD, 3-amino-1
      hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate) have been investigated in the mouse by
      using 14C-APD and following the tissue concentrations for up to 90 days postdose.
      The accumulation of APD in bone was the highest of all tissues and was linear
      with increasing dose up to the maximum dose employed (30 mg/kg), which is
      indicative of the uptake process being a simple chemical phenomenon. Despite the
      known effects of APD on bone turnover rates and osteoclast activity, the dose
      appeared to have no significant influence on the biological half-life of APD in
      bone which was found to be 90-140 days. A high dose of APD (5 mg/kg) appeared to
      prolong its uptake phase by bone, however, a net movement of APD from the soft
      tissues is the likely explanation for this finding. The concentrations of APD in
      the soft tissues investigated (liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and muscle) declined
      in a biphasic manner, initially in parallel with the fall in the plasma
      concentration and followed by a gradual fall in APD's concentration in the soft
      tissues due to renal elimination and a redistribution favoring the calcified
      tissues. The liver and spleen contained higher concentrations of APD relative to
      the other soft tissues. The 0-24 hour renal excretion of APD was found to fall
      with increasing dose above 2.5 mg/kg; this may be due to either nephrotoxicity or
      increased uptake by soft tissues. For doses over 20 mg/kg, there was some
      evidence of nephrotoxicity. The data from these studies have been used to
      formulate a simple physiological model for APD disposition.

PMID- 1818768
TI  - Expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) in developing human tissues.
AB  - Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and its messenger RNA were localized in developing human
      skeletal and nonskeletal tissues by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ
      hybridization. Both protein and mRNA were found in mature, bone-forming cells but
      not in their immature precursors. In addition, osteoclasts displayed positive
      immunostaining and high densities of autoradiographic grains by in situ
      hybridization experiments. BSP was expressed in fetal epiphyseal cartilage cells,
      particularly in hypertrophic chondrocytes of growth plates. Though neither the
      protein nor the mRNA were identified in a variety of other connective and
      nonconnective tissues, an unexpected finding was the expression of BSP in the
      trophoblast cells of placenta. These findings show that BSP is primarily an
      osteoblast-derived component of the bone matrix expressed at late stages of
      differentiation. We have also found that osteoclasts produce BSP, possibly as a
      mediator of cell attachment to bone.

PMID- 1818770
TI  - The clearance and bioavailability of pamidronate in patients with breast cancer
      and bone metastases.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of pamidronate were assessed in patients
      with breast cancer, 6 subjects received the drug intravenously and 7 orally. The
      initial plasma half-life of pamidronate was short (42 +/- 27 min) and the
      apparent total plasma clearance was high (471 +/- 298 ml/min). The renal
      clearance (74 +/- 34 ml/min) was similar to the creatinine clearance (66 +/- 19
      ml/min). Most of the renal elimination occurred during and immediately post a 4 h
      infusion of the drug (23.2 +/- 7.9% in 24 h). The non-renal clearance was
      ascribed to uptake by bone and deep tissue compartments. Little additional drug
      appeared in the urine after 24 h. The mean bioavailability was estimated using a
      parallel study design to be 0.3% for a 300 mg oral dose.

PMID- 1818769
TI  - Quantitative CT for the evaluation of bone healing.
AB  - Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to quantitate the structural
      strength and local material properties of healing tibial osteotomies in 32 dogs.
      Dogs were divided into four equal groups, euthanatized at either 2, 4, 8, or 12
      weeks and imaged with QCT. Invasive techniques were used to determine (1) the
      torsional properties of the bone; (2) the local stiffness properties and calcium
      content within the bone; and (3) histologically determined new bone formation and
      porosity. QCT was strongly associated with the maximum torque (R2 = 0.44) and
      torsional stiffness (R2 = 0.69) of the healing bone. QCT had strong correlations
      with the local stiffness (R2 = 0.64), calcium content (R2 = 0.61), new bone (R2 =
      0.84), and porosity (R2 = 0.84) of healing tissues.

PMID- 1818772
TI  - [The detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its reactivity to
      three different purified protein derivative by ELISA].
AB  - The specific PPD IgG antibodies in serum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
      and its reactivity to PPD of Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. bovis and M. avium
      were detected by ELISA. The results showed that the antibody level and positive
      rate of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis significantly increased than those
      of normal subjects. Specific antibody level and its positive rate were higher in
      hospitalized patients than those treated in clinic and both were higher in sputum
      positive cases than in sputum negative one. There was cross-reactivity among
      three different PPD. Absorption black test indicated that M. tuberculosis PPD had
      good specificity. PPD should be further purified in order to make ELISA as a
      useful serodiagnostic tool.

PMID- 1818771
TI  - Accuracy and precision of lumbar bone mineral content by dual-energy X-ray
      absorptiometry in live female monkeys.
AB  - Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine the in vivo bone
      mineral content (BMC) of lumbar vertebrae in 20 feral adult female cynomolgus
      macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The ash weight of the third lumbar vertebra (L3)
      was compared to the measured L3BMC of the in vivo DXA analyses. Correlation
      between the estimated L3BMC by DXA and the actual ash weight was significant (r =
      0.965, P less than 0.01); however, DXA methodology underestimated ash weight on
      the average of 6.2%. Correlation was significant between two sequential in vivo
      DXA scans (r = 0.988, P less than 0.001). Noninvasive in vivo DXA was a fast,
      precise, and effective method for measuring the lumbar BMC in female cynomolgus
      macaques.

PMID- 1818773
TI  - [Re-estimation on the role of artificial pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of
      pulmonary tuberculosis haemoptysis].
AB  - The response of 150 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis haemoptysis treated by
      artificial pneumoperitoneum, when they failed to the regular hemostatic drugs, is
      analysed. The data showed that 101 cases (67.3%), got favorable results, and
      there was less effective (24.3%) in 35 patients; only 14 cases (9.3%) failed.
      Thus the total response rate was 90.6%. The conclusion is that artificial
      pneumoperitoneum is a rather safe, simple economic and effective method in
      treatment for hemoptysis of pulmonary to tuberculosis.

PMID- 1818774
TI  - [Prevention of septic ventilatory depression with naloxone].
AB  - Little is known of the endorphins' role in sepsis-induced respiratory distress
      and naloxone's effect as a treatment of it. Thirteen piglets were infused with
      live Escherichia coli at a rate of 2 to 10 x 10(8) colony-forming units per hour
      for six hours or until death and were divided into two groups: the septic control
      group (n = 8), and the naloxone-treated group (n = 5), which received 8 mg/kg/h
      of naloxone by continuous infusion. The results showed a significant reduction of
      QS/QT, VD/VT, and arterial carbon dioxide pressure at one hour and a significant
      increase of arterial carbon dioxide pressure and minute ventilation at 1, 3, and
      4 hours in the naloxone-treated group, compared with the untreated septic group.
      None of the piglets in the naloxone-treated group developed ventilatory
      depression, while 75% of those in the untreated septic group did. Among the
      latter ficial effects of naloxone are likely related to its action on the central
      and peripheral respiratory regulatory mechanisms. A transient protection of the
      cardiac output and relatively decreased extravascular lung water with naloxone
      treatment may also, in part, improve the ventilation-perfusion maldistribution
      and secondarily reduce QS/QT and VD/VT.

PMID- 1818775
TI  - [An experimental research on the acute lung injury induced by endotoxin].
AB  - Using a goat endotoxin model with chronic lung lymph fistula, we continuously
      measured lung lymph flow (QL), lymph to plasma protein ratio (L/P), pulmonary
      arterial pressure (Ppa) and the level of thromboxane B2 in plasma and lymph. We
      also observed the changes of ultrastructure in leukocyte and pulmonary
      parenchyma. It showed that the alteration can be divided into two intervals:
      phase I is characterized by the abrupt onset of pulmonary hypertension and in
      phase II, the capillary permeability increased predominantly. It was suggested
      that this model is a good research tool for studying adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS).

PMID- 1818776
TI  - [The effect of nifedipine on pulmonary hemodynamics after injection of oleic acid
      in rabbits].
AB  - Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups, A: control group; B: nifedipine
      group. Oleic acid (0.1 ml/kg) was injected into pulmonary arteries of 12 rabbits.
      Nifedipine (1 mg/kg) was given sublingually before oleic acid injected in B
      group. The results showed that the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary
      artery pressure (PAP) were obviously increased and cardiac output (CO) heart rate
      (HR) decreased in two groups (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01, P less than
      0.001). The degree of increase of PVR, and the degree of decrease of CO were
      obviously less in B group than that of A group (P less than 0.05, P less than
      0.01, P less than 0.001 in different periods). The results showed that nifedipine
      improved pulmonary hemodynamics of pulmonary damage by oleic acid.

PMID- 1818777
TI  - [The clinical investigation of the pulmonary arterial pressure in stable-stage
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with cor pulmonale].
AB  - We measured pulmonary arterial pressure with Swan-Ganz catheters both at rest and
      after exercise in 21 patients with stable-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD). The results were as follows: pulmonary arterial mean pressure
      cases (PAPm) increased at rest in 11 cases (PAPm greater than or equal to
      2.66kPa); in 6 cases PAPm was normal at rest (PAPm less than 2.66kPa) but
      increased above the normal level after exercise (PAPm greater than or equal to
      3.99 kPa); in 4 cases PAPm was within the normal limit both at rest and after
      exercise. These results suggest that (1) pulmonary arterial pressure in some
      patients with COPD and cor pulmonale can return to the normal level; (2) exercise
      load test can detect early-stage or latent pulmonary hypertension; (3) attention
      should be paid to the patient selection when long-term vasodilators are
      administered.

PMID- 1818778
TI  - [Effect of cigarette smoke extract on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction].
AB  - Using an intravital microscopic-video recording TV system, we observed change in
      microvascular internal diameter (ID) of surface lung and mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure (Ppa) in Wistar rats (n = 60) in vivo during hypoxic ventilation (Fi02 =
      0.1, 3 min) before and after intravenous administration of cigarette smoke
      extract (CSE). Our results showed that: (1) ID of pulmonary arterioles venules
      significantly decreased during acute alveolar hypoxia (P less than 0.001 vs
      control). After pretreatment of animal with administration of CSE intravenously,
      much more remarkable pulmonary vasoconstriction was induced by hypoxia than
      before CSE injection. (2) During hypoxia Ppa increased by 13.53 percent before
      administration of CSE (less than 0.001 vs control), and by 30.57 percent after
      CSE (P less than 0.001 VS control and before CSE), respectively. The data
      suggested that CSE can strengthen pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypertension
      induced by acute alveolar hypoxia.

PMID- 1818779
TI  - [Diaphragmatic fatigue in respiratory distress syndrome in dogs].
AB  - Diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) induced by
      injection of fat were studied in 7 dogs. After injection of fat, all dogs
      developed respiratory distress and tachypnea, PaO2 fell to the level lower than 8
      kPa. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) decreased progressively (P less than 0.05
      0.001), Pdi-stimulation frequency (Pdi-F) curve shifted to the right, central
      frequency (Fc), median frequency (Fm) and high/low frequency ratio (H/L)
      significantly decreased (P less than 0.05-0.001). It is concluded that the
      contractile force of the diaphragm progressively decreased after RDS was induced,
      which suggested the occurrence of DF.

PMID- 1818780
TI  - Recent advances in the chronopharmacology of the cardiovascular system. Part 1.
      Coronary heart disease, risk factors, and congestive heart failure.

PMID- 1818781
TI  - Circadian patterns of myocardial ischaemia and the effects of antianginal drugs.
AB  - Chronopathology of cardiovascular disease is now well documented. Silent
      myocardial ischaemia involves the same pathophysiological changes as conventional
      ischaemia. Early morning peaks in angina and myocardial ischaemia call for
      adequate timing of medication. beta-blockers abolish the morning peak, and
      aspirin reduces morning infarctions. The effects of other antianginals on these
      phenomena are presently unknown.

PMID- 1818782
TI  - Circadian variation in the onset of acute cerebral ischemia: ethiopathogenetic
      correlates in 80 patients given angiography.
AB  - In a continuous series of 80 acute ischemic hemispheric strokes, the onset of
      symptoms was between 6:01 a.m. and noon in 45% of cases, between noon and 6:00
      p.m. in 22.5%, between 6:01 p.m. and midnight in 31.25%, and between midnight and
      6:00 a.m. in 1.25% (p less than 0.0001). By means of angiography and computerized
      tomography, and by detection of arterial and cardiac sources of emboli, four
      stroke subtypes were identified. Embolic and thrombotic strokes had their most
      frequent onset between 6:01 a.m. and noon (45% and 71%, respectively), whereas
      strokes of unknown origin and lacunar strokes were randomly distributed between
      6:01 p.m. and midnight. The morning activation of the catecholaminergic system
      can account for this pattern of circadian onset of ischemic stroke.

PMID- 1818783
TI  - Aspirin, platelet aggregation, and the circadian variation of acute thrombotic
      events.
AB  - The onset of several acute cardiovascular diseases occurs in a circadian pattern,
      with a peak incidence in the hours soon after awakening. This finding, coupled
      with laboratory data that confirm a surge in platelet activation during the early
      morning hours, suggests that acute changes in platelet aggregability may be an
      important trigger of thrombosis. Therefore, the efficacy of antiplatelet agents,
      such as aspirin, in reducing risks of vascular occlusion may result, at least in
      part, from a blunting of these short-term changes in platelet aggregability. In
      this review, clinical and laboratory evidence describing these cyclical changes
      is discussed, as is current evidence of the effects of aspirin on platelet
      function and the circadian variation of acute thrombosis.

PMID- 1818784
TI  - Circadian variation of fibrinolytic activity in blood.
AB  - Approximately 35 years ago, it was discovered that spontaneous fibrinolytic
      activity in blood showed a sinusoidal variation with a period of 24 h; it
      increased severalfold during the day, reaching a peak at 6:00 p.m. and then
      dropped to trough levels at 3:00-4:00 a.m. The range of the fluctuation and the
      24-h mean levels were highly reproducible within an individual; moreover, the
      timing of the oscillation was remarkably consistent among individuals, with a
      fixed phase relationship to external clock time. The biorhythm could not be
      accounted for simply by variations in physical activity, body posture, or
      sleep/wake schedule. Gender, ethnic origin, meals, or resting levels of blood
      fibrinolytic activity also did not influence the basic features of the rhythm.
      Older subjects, compared to younger ones, showed a blunted diurnal increase in
      fibrinolytic activity in blood. Recent studies have established that, of the
      known components of the fibrinolytic system, only tissue-type plasminogen
      activator (tPA) and its fast-acting inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
      (PAI-1), show a marked circadian variation in plasma. In contrast, levels of
      plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, urinary-type plasminogen activator, and a
      reversible tPA inhibitor vary little or none during the 24 h. Quenching
      antibodies to tPA have shown that the circadian rhythm of fibrinolytic activity
      in blood is due exclusively to changes in tPA activity. However, the 24-h
      fluctuation of plasma tPA activity is phase shifted in relation to the rhythm of
      immunoreactive tPA, but shows a precise phase inversion with respect to the 24-h
      variation of PAI-1 activity and antigen. Therefore, plasma tPA activity, as
      currently measured in vitro, is tightly and inversely related to the levels of
      PAI-1 throughout the 24-h cycle. The factors controlling the rhythmicity of
      plasma PAI-1 are not fully elucidated but probably involve a humoral mechanism;
      changes in endothelial function, circulating platelet release products,
      corticosteroids, catecholamines, insulin, activated protein C, or hepatic
      clearance do not appear to be responsible. Shift workers on weekly shift
      rotations show a disrupted 24-h rhythm of plasma tPA and PAI-1. In acute and
      chronic diseases, the circadian rhythmicity of fibrinolytic activity may show a
      variety of alterations, affecting the 24-h mean, the amplitude, or the timing of
      the fluctuation. It is advisable, therefore to define the 24-h pattern of plasma
      tPA and PAI-1 in patient groups, before levels based on a single blood sampling
      time are compared to those of a control population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1818785
TI  - Chronobiology of coronary risk markers in Greenland Eskimos: a comparative study
      with Caucasians residing in the same Arctic area.
AB  - We report a comparison of fibrinolytic variables between 10 Caucasians on a
      predominantly European diet and 10 Greenland Eskimos on a traditional Inuit diet
      containing a substantial amount of fish and sea animals. We studied the diurnal
      variation in tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator
      inhibitor (PAI) antigens and activities during a 24-h period. Blood samples were
      taken every 4 h. The variations of the sinusoidal curves were evaluated by the
      Friedman chi 2 test. t-PA and PAI-1 antigen in plasma fluctuated significantly
      during the 24 h (Eskimos p less than 0.00007 and p less than 0.0007; Caucasians p
      less than 0.00003 and p less than 0.02), with a peak in the early morning and a
      nadir in the afternoon. This also held true for PAI activity (Eskimos p less than
      0.0008; Caucasians p less than 0.01), whereas t-PA activity showed an inverse but
      still significant pattern (Eskimos p less than 0.006; Caucasians p less than
      0.0008). Amplitudes, areas underneath, and overall medians of the sinusoidal
      curves did not deviate between the two groups with respect to t-PA and PAI. In
      contrast to the significant variation of t-PA and PAI, the plasma concentrations
      of fibrin degradation products (D-Dimer), a measure of effective fibrinolysis,
      remained constant during the 24 h, and the absolute differences between groups
      did not reach statistical significance. These findings suggest that circadian
      variation of fibrinolytic activators and inhibitors is a basic biologic
      phenomenon, which is not affected by life-style, dietary habits, or ethnic
      differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818786
TI  - Biological rhythms in the physiology and pharmacology of blood coagulation.
AB  - This article reviews the current knowledge on time-dependent variations in the
      physiology of blood coagulation and in the anticoagulant effect of heparin and
      warfarin. Animal data indicated that the shortest blood clotting time and the
      highest levels of coagulation factors II, VII, and IX were recorded during the
      resting period of the animal. These circadian rhythms were not altered by
      modifications of the lighting regimens. In healthy volunteers, the prothrombin
      time was longer at the end of the afternoon than early in the morning; the
      acrophases of activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time occurred in
      the evening or during the night. The acrophases of fibrinogen, factors II, VII,
      VIII, and a-1-antitrypsin were obtained in the morning. There is no agreement on
      the chronobiology of platelet aggregation, and differences can be found in the
      time of maximal aggregability. The chronopharmacological studies of heparin
      infused at a constant rate to patients with thromboembolic diseases suggested
      that maximal effectiveness occurred at 04:00, while it was minimal at 08:00.
      Animal data indicated that oral administration of warfarin at the end of the
      activity period of rats produced maximal inhibition of vitamin K-dependent
      factors. This was the time of day when warfarin interference with the vitamin K
      cycle of the liver was highest. Further studies are needed to determine the
      clinical significance of biological rhythms in the physiology and pharmacology of
      blood coagulation.

PMID- 1818787
TI  - Circadian variation of myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - The circadian variation of myocardial ischemia detected during 24-h ambulatory
      electrocardiographic monitoring (AEM) was analyzed in 123 patients with stable
      angina pectoris, positive exercise test, and angiographically proven coronary
      artery disease. A total of 437 ischemic episodes (ST-segment depression greater
      than or equal to 1 mm and duration greater than or equal to 1 min) were observed;
      333 (76%) episodes remained asymptomatic, and only 104 (24%) episodes were
      accompanied by anginal pain. Ischemic episodes predominantly occurred during the
      morning hours, between 6 a.m. and noon, and another smaller peak was observed in
      the afternoon, between 4 and 5 p.m.; this diurnal pattern was influenced neither
      by the extent of coronary artery disease nor the degree of left ventricular
      dysfunction. The circadian variation was restricted to the 345 (78%) ischemic
      episodes preceded by increases in heart rate; the 92 (22%) episodes without prior
      heart rate changes occurred randomly throughout the day. The morning peak in
      ischemic episodes was not associated with less myocardial oxygen supply; in
      contrast, heart rate profile showed parallel increases during the morning and
      afternoon hours, indicating elevated myocardial demand during these periods.
      Ischemia-related ventricular arrhythmias were concentrated during the morning
      hours, but their overall prevalence was low--28 (6%) of 437 ischemic episodes.
      These findings may provide further insight into the pathomechanisms of acute
      clinical events in patients with coronary artery disease, since the circadian
      variation of myocardial ischemia is very similar to that observed for the onset
      of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 1818788
TI  - Chronotherapy in coronary heart disease: comparison of two nitrate treatments.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the ischemic burden and the hemodynamic
      changes during daily activities in patients with coronary heart disease. Three
      exercise tests were performed during the day (10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m.),
      recording ST-segment depression, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge
      pressure, and cardiac output as well as heart rate and systemic blood pressure
      during placebo and nitrate therapy. With placebo as well as nitrate therapy there
      was a gradual increase of ischemia and preload and a decrease of cardiac output
      during the day. High nitrate concentrations led to a significant reduction of
      both preload and ST depression with a marked circadian phase dependency of
      cardiovascular effects.

PMID- 1818789
TI  - Chronopharmacology of oral nitrates in healthy subjects.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and the hemodynamic effects (blood pressure, heart rate) of
      oral organic nitrates have been investigated in healthy subjects after oral
      single-dose application either in the morning or in the evening. Isosorbide-5
      monitrate (IS-5-MN, 60 mg) was administered as an immediate-release tablet or as
      a slow-release formulation. Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, 20 mg) was ingested as an
      immediate-release tablet. After administration of IS-5-MN as an immediate-release
      tablet, the drug was more rapidly absorbed in the morning (tmax of 0.9 h) than in
      the evening (tmax of 2.1 h). The rapid absorption led to more pronounced effects
      in the morning, at which time maximum drug concentrations occurred at the same
      time as peak effects were observed. After evening administration, however, peak
      effects were in advance of the maximum drug concentrations. No chronokinetics
      were observed after application of the slow-release formulation of IS-5-MN. In
      accordance with the results of the immediate-release formulation, peak effects of
      the slow-release preparation occurred significantly earlier than peak drug
      concentrations after evening than after morning dosing. ISDN bioavailability was
      higher after morning than after evening administration and hemodynamic effects
      were more pronounced in the evening than in the morning. These results show that
      daily variations in pharmacokinetics and/or hemodynamic effects can be observed
      with oral nitrates. In addition, galenic formulation can influence the time
      specified pharmacokinetics of IS-5-MN.

PMID- 1818790
TI  - Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in congestive heart failure and effects of ACE
      inhibitors.
AB  - In 33 patients with heart failure (NYHA II-III), the 24-h blood pressure rhythm
      was examined before and after the titration period of two ACE inhibitors. Blood
      pressure was measured by the oscillometric method using the blood pressure
      monitor 90202 from SpaceLabs, Inc. The measurements were taken from 06:00 to
      22:00 h every 20 min and from 22:00 to 06:00 h every hour. Patients were
      randomized to therapy with either captopril (group 1, n = 17) or enalapril (group
      2, n = 16). The average daily dosage of captopril was 41 +/- 3 mg given in three
      divided doses (08:00, 12:00, and 17:00 h). The mean dose of enalapril was 8 +/- 1
      mg once daily (08:00 h). Serum electrolytes, serum creatinine, and plasma renin
      activity were measured before and during therapy with both ACE inhibitors. Twenty
      four-hour blood pressure measurements were taken before and on the fifth day of
      treatment with ACE inhibitors. Both groups were not different with respect to the
      degree of heart failure, the concomitant medication, and the 24-h profiles of
      blood pressure and heart rate before initiation of ACE inhibition. The 24-h blood
      pressure values on day 5 were consistently below the pretreatment values (p less
      than 0.005) in both groups. Both groups did not differ significantly during ACE
      inhibition in their 24-h blood pressure and heart rate profiles. In both groups,
      the mesor of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly by
      the same degree (by 4.7/5.1 mmg Hg in group 1 and 6.4/4.1 mm Hg in group 2). The
      systolic/diastolic blood pressure amplitude decreased slightly in both groups.
      Before treatment, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine were within the normal
      range. The increase in potassium (0.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) reached statistical
      significance (p less than 0.01) only in the captopril group, whereas it was not
      significant in the enalapril group (0.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/L). Serum creatinine was not
      significantly altered by both ACE inhibitors. No relationship could be found
      between the changes in serum potassium or creatinine and the mean of the 24-h
      blood pressure values during ACE inhibition. Captopril and enalapril showed
      comparable blood pressure profiles and similar effects on renal function at the
      end of the titration on day 5. It can therefore be concluded that the effects on
      blood pressure rhythm and renal function are similar with a single daily dose of
      enalapril compared to captopril given three times daily.

PMID- 1818791
TI  - Advanced nonenzymatic glycation endproducts (AGE): their relevance to aging and
      the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications.
AB  - Several studies in the last decade have highlighted the importance of the hexose
      sugars and especially glucose, as being responsible for alterations to living
      protein and other molecules. The phenomenon of nonenzymatic glycation--by which
      the carbonyl group of glucose can directly condense with a free amino group--may
      be relevant for the process of aging and for the pathogenesis of late diabetic
      complications. Thus life-long exposure to normoglycemia in non diabetic subjects
      or a shorter exposure but continued association with a hyperglycemic milieu, as
      in diabetes mellitus, have both been shown to lead to the formation and
      accumulation of irreversible and highly reactive advanced glycation endproducts
      (AGE) over long-lived, fundamental molecules such as the constituents of arterial
      wall collagen, basement membranes, nerve myelin, DNA and others. For example, the
      introduction of foreign AGE groups into proteins might alter their tertiary
      structure and therefore modify their function or activity. By increasing protein
      to-protein cross-links AGE could reduce protein turnover, with consequential
      increases in levels of modified and thus less reactive molecules. Moreover, AGE
      could initiate an immune response with the production of specific antibodies.
      Reducing the extent of nonenzymatic glycation could effectively reduce the
      accumulation of AGE. Many authors are experimenting with methods to achieve this
      aim. Amongst the products tested are aspirin and aminoguanidine which compete
      with glucose for the same protein amino group. D-lysine is also being
      investigated on the principle that by reacting with glucose in circulation, it
      could effectively prevent it from reaching the amino group on the
      protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818793
TI  - Hexose metabolism in pancreatic islets (time course of 3HOH production from
      tritiated D-glucose in models with and without enzyme-to-enzyme tunnelling).
AB  - The fate of D-[2-3H] glucose and D-[5-3H] glucose in pancreatic islets was
      simulated in models with or without enzyme-to-enzyme tunnelling of hexose 6
      phosphates in the glycolytic cascade. Satisfactory values for the recovery of
      phosphoglucoisomerase activity, for the ratio between unlabelled D-glucose 6
      phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, and for the time course of both 3HOH
      production from D-[2-3H] glucose and tritiated D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
      generation from D-[5-3H] glucose were only reached in models with enzyme-to
      enzyme tunnelling, with emphasis on the coupling between phosphoglucoisomerase
      and phosphofructokinase.

PMID- 1818792
TI  - Raised IgG and IgM in "epidemic" IDDM suggest that infections are responsible for
      the seasonality of type I diabetes.
AB  - Serum levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M were quantitatively measured at
      diagnosis and at regular intervals for four years in 92 type I (insulin
      dependent) diabetes patients. The patients were 0.8-15.99 years of age at
      diagnosis. Thirty-six of them got diabetes during periods of high incidence (the
      "epidemic" group) and 56 of them were diagnosed during periods of seemingly low
      incidence (the non-"epidemic" patients). Fifty percent (18/36) of the "epidemic"
      group had infections less than two months preceding diagnosis as compared to 29%
      (16/56) (p less than 0.01) of the non-"epidemic" patients. At diagnosis
      immunoglobulins G, and M in the "epidemic" group were 11.28 +/- 2.0 and 1.97 +/-
      0.77 as compared to 9.9 +/- 2.3 (p less than 0.01) and 1.31 +/- 0.58 (p less than
      0.001) respectively in the non-"epidemic" patients. The same highly significant
      differences were observed when mean values of IgG and IgM were compared between
      children who had infections less than two months before diagnosis and those
      without preceding infections. Except for slightly higher (p less than 0.12) total
      (OKT3) T-lymphocytes and higher (p less than 0.03) B-lymphocytes at diagnosis in
      the "epidemic" group, there were no significant differences in quantitative T-
      and B-lymphocyte subpopulations between various groups. 6.3% (2/32) of the
      patients who had preceding infections had HLA-DR3/non-DR4 genotypes as compared
      to 30.6% (15/49); p less than 0.001, of those patients without preceding
      infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818794
TI  - Incidence of symptomatic mild hypoglycaemic events: a prospective study in adult
      patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus using a portable microcomputer
      based data-logger.
AB  - A new method for recording mild symptomatic hypoglycaemic events was evaluated. A
      pilot study was conducted using a portable microcomputer-based data-logger which
      was carried for 10 days by 38 adult patients with insulin-treated diabetes
      mellitus. The patients recorded symptomatic hypoglycaemic events, meals and
      sleeping-hours. The recording was prospective and continuous and did not allow
      any corrections afterwards. No patients had any problems in carrying or handling
      the data-logger and compliance was good. A total of 76 hypoglycaemic events were
      recorded in 29 patients. Two patients had hypoglycaemic events that they were
      unable to manage without help from another person. There was a peak in the
      incidence of hypoglycaemic events late postprandially, particularly in patients
      treated with a four-dose insulin regime with fast-acting insulin before meals. A
      portable microcomputer-based data-logger is a reliable new method for recording
      symptomatic mild hypoglycaemic events. The incidence of mild hypoglycaemic events
      was higher than previously reported.

PMID- 1818795
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide production in ischaemic retina: influence of hyperglycaemia and
      postischaemic oxygen tension.
AB  - Free radicals have recently been proposed to play a role in the development of
      diabetic retinopathy. Ischaemia and hyperglycaemia followed by recirculation have
      been suggested to initiate free radical production in other tissues and the aim
      of the present study was to examine whether this could also be the case in the
      retina. The present study showed retinal cell damage, as measured by pycnotic
      cells, to be more pronounced when ischaemia was combined with hyperglycaemia than
      when combined with normoglycaemia. As an indication of free radical production,
      catalase activity was measured, reflecting the production of hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2). Small amounts of H2O2 were found to be generated in the normal retina,
      but did not increase during ischaemia and hyperglycaemia followed by
      recirculation. It thus seems, as if hyperglycaemia aggravates the harmful effects
      of ischaemia, but with the methods used, there does not seem to be any increase
      in free radical production (as measured by H2O2 production) in normal rat retina
      during ischaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions.

PMID- 1818796
TI  - Effect of carbohydrate structure and concentration on the non-enzymatic
      glycosylation and subsequent cross-linking of collagen.
AB  - It has been previously demonstrated that non-enzymatic glycosylation and
      subsequent cross-linking of proteins can occur at high or greater than
      physiological concentrations of glucose. Soluble collagen was incubated in the
      presence of increasing glucose concentrations. The amount of cross-linked
      collagen was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate. Our findings reveal that cross-linking due to non
      enzymatic glycosylation occurs at or near physiological concentrations of glucose
      (3.11-4.22 mM). In addition, this glucose induced cross-linking is a time
      dependent reaction. When collagen was incubated with a variety of different
      carbohydrates it was found that ketoses are more active cross-linking agents than
      aldoses. The addition of a reactive group (such as an amine) alpha to the
      aldehyde group on the carbohydrate increases the cross-linking activity of
      glucose 2.8 fold. Blockage of the reactive group alpha to the aldehyde (such as N
      acetyl glucosamine or 2-deoxy-D-glucose) totally abolishes glycosylation
      activity. Both 5-C and 7-C carbohydrates are more active than 6-C carbohydrates.
      Thus, although glucose may be the most abundant carbohydrate capable of non
      enzymatic glycosylation and subsequent cross-linking, it is not the most
      chemically reactive. However, the significance of these findings to the
      pathogenesis of diabetes needs to be defined.

PMID- 1818797
TI  - CELISA for rapid screening of monoclonal islet cell surface antibodies using
      living rat insulinoma cells as target.
AB  - An improved rapid cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) is described
      which is suitable for the large scale screening of monoclonal antibodies to islet
      cell surface antigens. 5 x 10(4) insulin-producing rat insulinoma (RIN) cells
      were seeded per well in a 96-well flat-bottomed polystyrene plate coated one day
      before a 0.01% poly-D-lysine solution in PBS. After culture for 4 days in 200
      microliters/well RPMI 1640 supplemented with 7.5% heat-inactivated fetal calf
      serum, the cell number per well was up to 2.1 x 10(5). These monolayer RIN cell
      cultures were used as a target for the detection of islet cell surface antibodies
      (ICSA) in the supernatants of hybridomas. The cells were used without fixation to
      avoid modification of sensitive surface antigens. Poly-D-lysine did not cause non
      specific binding of immunoglobulins to the plastic wells as tested with
      irrelevant monoclonals. The specificity and sensitivity of the method is
      comparable to indirect immunofluorescence. All mc-ICSA primary screened by
      indirect immunofluorescence using viable RIN cell suspensions were positive in
      this CELISA. There was a correlation (r = 0.7; n = 44) between the antibody
      binding measured by CELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The
      advantage of this CELISA is that cell surface structures are well preserved in a
      viable cell monolayer used as target without chemical fixation. This assay
      procedure should be generally suitable for the initial screening of monoclonal
      antibodies to cell surface antigens of cells growing under culture conditions.

PMID- 1818798
TI  - Antibacterial activities of amoxicillin alone and in combination with clavulanic
      acid correlated with beta-lactamase production.
AB  - Amoxicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, was tested for its effect in combination
      with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, against 9 species of bacteria
      isolated from clinical specimens. A total of 698 strains of bacteria were tested
      for beta-lactamase production by the rapid chromogenic cephalosporin method.
      Their susceptibilities to amoxicillin alone and in combination with clavulanic
      acid were tested by the agar dilution method. The percentage of beta-lactamase
      producing strains ranged from 46.6% in Proteus mirabilis to 100% in Klebsiella
      pneumoniac. In general, beta-lactamase nonproducers were more susceptible to
      amoxicillin than beta-lactamase producers. For beta-lactamase producers,
      clavulanic acid decreased the MICs of amoxicillin prominently in strains of
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae,
      P. mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacteroides fragilis, when combining
      clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in the ratio of 1:2. Their MIC50s, MIC90s and
      geometric means of MICs all decreased 4 folds or greater. For beta-lactamase non
      producing strains, the MICs did not show significant differences by adding
      clavulanic acid in most species we tested, including methicillin-sensitive
      Staphylococcus aureus, N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, Proteus vulgaris and E.
      cloacae.

PMID- 1818799
TI  - [A comparative study of antinuclear antibody measurement using different cells as
      nuclear substrates].
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate possible variations in the antinuclear antibody (ANA)
      titers resulting from nuclear substrate difference, we measured the ANA titer of
      104 normal subjects using substrates from mouse liver cell (MLC) and HEp-2 cell
      (CSI, USA). We also performed similar experiments on 50 sera from 50 patients
      with rheumatic disease using mouse liver cell, HEp-2 cell (CSI), HEp-2 cell (AFT,
      Japan), and HEp-2 cell (AI, USA) as substrates. The ANA titer assay using HEp-2
      cell (CSI), which is routinely used in our laboratory, was regarded as the
      reference method. The results showed that when HEp-2 (CSI) was used, 98.1% normal
      subjects had ANA titer lower than 1:320, therefore a cut-off value of 1:320 was
      used. While using the MLC method, 96.2% normal subjects had ANA titer lower than
      1:80, and the cut-off value was set at 1:80 accordingly. The geometric mean ANA
      titers of the 50 sera from 50 rheumatic disease patients were 676 for HEp-2 cell
      (CSI), 503 for HEp-2 cell (AFT), 368 for HEp-2 cell (AI), and 265 for MLC,
      respectively. Although statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05) in
      geometric mean titer existed between reference method and the other 3 methods,
      the latter 3 methods still had good sensitivity (97.2% for HEp-2 cell (both AFT
      and AI); 91.7% for MLC), and specificity (100% for HEp-2 cell (both AFT and AI);
      71.4% for MLC) for selecting out sera with abnormal ANA titer. We also evaluated
      the relationships between ANA titer and anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti
      dsDNA) concentration in another 210 sera from 151 patients with rheumatic
      disease. Statistically, there is no distinct correlation between anti-dsDNA and
      ANA of all fluorescence staining patterns except for peripheral pattern, in which
      case a significant correlation could be demonstrated.

PMID- 1818800
TI  - [Enteral nutrition support in severe surgical patients].
AB  - Enteral nutrition (EN) support was used in 88 patients with severe abdominal
      diseases, each with 2 to 7 (mean 3.8) surgical complications. Hospitalization
      ranged from 43 to 760 days (mean 122 days), during which the patients underwent 2
      to 8 surgeries (mean 3.4). EN lasted for 9 to 409 days (mean 57.4 days),
      including TEN in 47 patients, TPN+EN in 12, and TEN transferring from TPN in 29,
      respectively. Patients' body weight, plasma proteins, and serum transferrin
      increased significantly by the end of EN support with the improvement starting
      from the second week. We conclude that EN should be used first in indicated
      patients.

PMID- 1818801
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative splanchnic hemodynamics measured by indocyanine green
      clearance in patients with portal hypertension].
AB  - In this study, plasma indocyanine green clearance (PIGC) and hepatic blood flow
      (HBF) were measured in patients with portal hypertension before and after
      pericardial devascularization or side-to-side mesocaval shunt (MS), and the
      relationship between PIGC and plasma albumin level was investigated. It was found
      that there was no change in PIGC after the patients underwent pericardial
      devascularization (portoazygous disconnection). There were a significant decrease
      of PIGC (averaging 16.28 +/- 8.3%,) and a decrease of HBF (averaging 17.71%, p
      less than 0.001) after the patients underwent MS. It was also found that there
      was a positive relationship between PIGC and plasma albumin level in patients
      with portal hypertension.

PMID- 1818802
TI  - [Sensation restoration of the heel: report of 44 cases].
AB  - Forty-four patients with acute skin loss or chronic scarring around ankle were
      treated by skin transplantation for covering the skin defect or replacing the
      scar tissue as well as restoring sensation. 13 of them were treated by pedicled
      sensorineural island flap, 23 by sensorineural free flap, and 8 transplanting
      sensorineural band into the skin flap. Follow-up study for 2 to 6 years revealed
      that sensation of pain, temperature and touch was normal in each flap, with 2
      point discrimination of 20 to 60 mm. Trophic ulcer never developed in any case
      though on weight-bearing at least for 6 hours daily. Block of the sensory nerve
      proximal to the flap with 2% procaine in 6 cases resulted in senselessness over
      the flap area. The surgical procedures and the merits of every one of the three
      types of operation were described and discussed.

PMID- 1818803
TI  - [Surgical removal of brain stem hematoma].
AB  - Of 5 cases of brain stem hematoma, 4 males and 1 female, 4 had hematoma in the
      pons, and 1 in the midbrain. The diagnosis was confirmed by CT. Two cases had
      received craniotomy. CT-guided stereotactic evacuation was performed in other 3
      cases. All the cases had satisfactory results after operation. None of them died
      or had any severe complication. Three cases recovered and resumed work, one had
      mild disability and recovered well in the early time, but died of pneumonia two
      months later. We stressed that the method of evacuation for the treatment of
      hematoma is simple and convenient, and the wound is quite small.

PMID- 1818804
TI  - [Completion pneumonectomy for recurrent lung cancer. Analysis of 59 cases].
AB  - From 1973 to 1989, a total of 59 consecutive patients with recurrent lung cancer
      had completion pneumonectomy. Completion pneumonectomy was done on the right side
      in 35 patients and left side in 24. The median interval between the first
      pulmonary resection and completion pneumonectomy for patients was 35 months (5 m
      9.5 y). In this series postoperative complications and mortality were comparable
      to those for routine pneumonectomy. The 1, 3, 5 and 10 year survival rates were
      88.5%, 30.2%, 21.4% and 16.7% respectively. None of those patients with
      histologically proved gross tumor remaining in the hemithorax at the time of
      reoperation survived longer than 2 years. The authors emphasized that the
      planning for such an operation must be done meticulously but aggressively. It is
      obvious that incomplete surgical resection of bronchial carcinoma should be
      avoided either at initial operation or at completion pneumonectomy because of
      poor prognosis.

PMID- 1818805
TI  - [Closure of patent ductus arteriosus under extracorporeal circulation through
      pulmonary arteriotomy].
AB  - Twenty-nine patients underwent closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) via
      pulmonary arteriotomy under low-flow extracorporeal circulation combined with
      profound hypothermia. No complications from air embolism or hemorrhage were
      encountered during the operation. The early and late results were satisfactory.
      This technique was used as a safe method for PDA complicated by severe pulmonary
      hypertension, infective endocarditis, recurrence of ductal patency and for PDA in
      adults or coexistence of intracardiac anomaly.

PMID- 1818806
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of etomidate in cardiac surgery during induction of
      anesthesia].
AB  - For comparison of the induction effects of domestic etomidate on hemodynamics
      with gamma-OH, each group of thirty patients undergoing either repair of ASD or
      MVR was randomly selected. Certain hemodynamic parameters involving CI, SI, IC,
      MAP, HR and SVR (cardiac index, stroke volume index, index of contractility, mean
      artery pressure, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance) were followed
      throughout the course of induction. The results showed that HR decreased in gamma
      OH 2 minutes after intravenous injection (P less than 0.05) but not in etomidate.
      MAP and SVR decreased 5 minutes after the administration of drugs (P less than
      0.05), while the others showed no significant changes. We conclude that etomidate
      is superior to gamma-OH in patients for cardiac operations during induction.

PMID- 1818807
TI  - [Hydroelectric shock wave in the treatment of complex urethra obstruction].
AB  - Twenty-one patients with traumatic complex urethral obstruction were treated by
      hydroelectric shock wave (HSW). In the 21 patients, anterior urethral stricture
      was noted in 3 and posterior urethral obstruction in 18. The length of
      obstruction was 0.5-6cm. 15 patients were cured by single hydroelectric shock
      wave, 3 by HSW and electric resection, 2 by HSW with open operation, and 1
      failed. The follow-up of 19 patients for 3 to 43 months showed no recurrence of
      urethral obstruction. The classification of traumatic complex urethral
      obstruction and the points for attention during treatment of hydroelectric shock
      wave are discussed.

PMID- 1818808
TI  - [Intraprostatic injection of azactam for chronic prostatitis].
AB  - Seventy-five cases of chronic prostatitis were treated with intraprostatic
      injection of azactam via transperineal route. Direct intraprostatic antibiotic
      injection was advantageous. The drug can cross the barrier of the lipoprotein
      epithelial membrane of the prostate with a high concentration in the gland and
      longer effects. Of the 75 patients, 73 (97.3%) were cured. The pharmacological
      properties of azactam are also described.

PMID- 1818809
TI  - [Application of preoperative marking with Chinese-ink or methylenum coeruleum in
      radical operation of the esophagus (cardia). A preliminary study].
AB  - We present a method of staining with Chinese-Ink or methylenum coeruleum under
      endoscope preoperatively and its clinical valve as a guide for radical resection
      of esophagus (cardia) cancer. There were 39 cases of esophageal cancer and 9
      cases of gastric cardia cancer. 37 cases were stained with Chinese-ink and 11
      cases with methylenum coeruleum. 268 of the 334 groups (427 of 592 lymph modes)
      were stained. In the 73 metastatic groups (107 lymph nodes) 65 groups (96 lymph
      nodes) were stained (88.1%, 96/107). In this series radical operation was
      achieved in 45 cases. The indication of staining, choice of marking materials and
      main points of manipulation practice were discussed.

PMID- 1818810
TI  - [Quantitative study of myocardial pathological lesions in rheumatic mitral valve
      disease: correlations with changes in cardiac function after valve replacement].
AB  - Pathological lesions of left ventricular myocardium from 21 patients with
      predominant mitral stenosis (MS) and from 16 patients with predominant mitral
      regurgitation (MI) were studied quantitatively by means of image analysis system
      and light microscopic examination. Their correlations with changes of cardiac
      function after mitral valve replacement were also studied. The results showed
      that the percentage of the area of interstitial fibrosis (F%), the shortest
      diameter of myocardial fiber (SDMF) and endocardial thickness (ET) increased, and
      the inner diameter-out diameter ratio of intramyocardial arteries (Di/Do)
      decreased in 37 patients in various degrees. F%, Di/Do, SDMF and ET correlated
      with delta EF, delta FS, delta ESVI, postoperative dosage of dopamine, and
      duration of assisted respiration analysed respectively by linear regression.
      Multiple myocardial pathological lesions correlated strongly with delta EF
      analysed by multiple linear regression with multiple correlation coefficient of
      0.803 in MS group (P less than 0.01) and 0.763 in MI group (P less than 0.05).
      These data suggest that multiple evaluation of myocardial pathological lesions
      plays an important role in predicting prognosis of mitral valve replacement.
      After operation mean delta EF and delta FS decreased, dosage of dopamine and
      duration of assisted respiration increased when the patient had two or more
      following criteria: 1. F% greater than 31%, 2. Di/Do less than 0.400, 3. SDMF
      greater than 16 microns, 4. ET greater than 326 microns.

PMID- 1818811
TI  - [Pathological changes in immune defense system of multiple-organ failure rat and
      their action on pathogenesis].
AB  - To explore the action of immune defense system on the mechanisms of MOF, Wistar
      rat MOF model was made by peritoneal injection of Zymosan. The pathological
      changes of MOF and the effects of neutrophils, platelets, MPS and some immune
      organs on MOF were studied with light and electron microscopy and image pattern
      analysis. At the early stage of MOF, MPS cells was in an activated status,
      evidenced by hyperplasia, swelling and active phagocytosis with an elevation of
      plasma fibronectin level, while T-lymphocyte system was damaged seriously. At the
      later stage, MPS declined. These results suggest that the hyperfunction of MPS be
      one of the initial mechanisms of rat MOF and the deficiency of cellular immunity
      may result in the exacerbation of the disease.

PMID- 1818812
TI  - [Effect of fixative duration on recovery of local osteoporosis induced by rigid
      plate].
AB  - Sixty-four New Zealand rabbits were used in this experiment. Four animals served
      as controls and the other 60 were plated on their left tibia with stainless steel
      plates. They were divided into 3 groups, from which the plates were removed 2, 3
      and 4 months after implantation respectively. Four animals in each group were
      sacrificed immediately after plate removal and the others were killed 1, 2, 3 and
      4 months later. Image analysis of microsection of the cortical bone underneath
      the plate was performed by an automatic image analysis instrument. Results showed
      that prolonged plate fixation would greatly retard the recovery rate of the local
      osteoporosis induced by plate fixation. To reduce the incidence of refracture of
      the plated bone, the rigid plate should be removed as soon as a fracture is
      closed.

PMID- 1818813
TI  - [Experimental and clinical study of skin stored by vitrification].
AB  - To improve the quality of stored skin, vitrification storage method (rapid
      cooling) was introduced. G group cryoprotective solution (20% DMSO and 6%
      propylene glycol in kreb's Ringer phosphate solution) was selected from 7
      different kinds of solution with low toxicity and high cryoprotective activity. G
      group solution was proved very effective in cryopreservation of small and large
      pieces of guinea pig skin. Fresh cadaveric skin, 0.3-0.4 mm in thickness, with an
      area of 500-1,000 sq.cm was soaked in G group solution for 30 min. After being
      sealed in plastic bags, the skin was put directly into liquid nitrogen. The skin
      was thawed in 40 degrees C water bath before use. The cooling rate was about 2160
      degrees C/min (by fine transient thermometer). The viabilities of stored skin
      measured by oxygen consumption (microelectrolyte method) and succinic
      dehydrogenase (by modified Hershey's method) were about 70% as prestored value,
      and were 20% higher than those stored by slow cooling method. 250000 sq.cm of
      vitrified skin stored for one to two years were used in 135 operations for major
      full thickness burns after tangential excision or excision of eschar. The taken
      rate was over 94%. The color of skin turned to red within 3-4 days after
      grafting. There was no blister formation on the surface of grafted skin. If
      autologous micro-skin were put underneath the stored skin or small pieces of
      autologous skin were inserted into the small holes of the stored skin, the wounds
      healed smoothly within six weeks after operation and no further grafting was
      needed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818814
TI  - [The applied anatomy of human right posterior hepatic veins].
AB  - The right posterior hepatic veins (RPHV) were investigated using the stripped
      specimens of 55 cadaver adult livers and the corrosion casts of portal and
      hepatic venous system of 45 embryos and newborns. RPHV were found in 88 livers
      (88%). RPHV of 6 livers (6%) was thicker than the right hepatic vein. There were
      4 types of RP-HV and they could be grouped under three anatomical locations:
      superior, intermedial and inferior RPHV. According to our observation, RPHV with
      calibre more than 0.50 cm was mainly in the group of inferior RPHV (72%). RPHV in
      23 (41.82%) adult livers had extrahepatic course with a Length of 1.72 +/- 0.88
      cm. The application of RPHV in hepatectomy and image diagnosis was also
      discussed.

PMID- 1818815
TI  - [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancers].

PMID- 1818817
TI  - [Computerized image analysis of the neuroretinal rim area in early glaucoma].
AB  - The neuroretinal rim area reflects the amount of optic nerve fibers, while it is
      also related to the size of the optic disc. Minima of normal rim area at the 95%
      confidence level in relation to disc area in 172 normal eyes were established,
      and 81 eyes of early open angle glaucoma and 81 eyes of suspected glaucoma were
      assessed with these criteria in comparison with assessments according to the rim
      area alone without consideration of the size of the optic disc. The results in
      the glaucoma group indicated that the positive rate by the present method was
      72.8% in contrast to 45.7% by the rim area alone, the difference being very
      significant (P less than 0.01). However, the new method was less sensitive to
      glaucoma patients with large optic discs.

PMID- 1818816
TI  - [The neuroretinal rim area and the rim disc areal ratio in normal eyes].
AB  - A study of the neuroretinal rim area (NRA) and the rim disc areal ratio (R/D) in
      normal, suspected low tension glaucoma and low tension glaucoma eyes indicated
      that NRA had greater variation than did R/D in normal eyes, and NRA was
      positively correlated with the disc area whereas R/D was not. Meanwhile, R/D was
      more sensitive to glaucoma than was NRA or the cup and disc ratio, suggesting
      that R/D was useful in early diagnosis of glaucoma.

PMID- 1818818
TI  - [The correlation between hue discrimination and color brightness sensitivity in
      glaucoma].
AB  - Based on studies of 17 eyes with ocular hypertension and 72 eyes with glaucoma,
      it was shown that (1) significant correlation existed between hue discrimination
      and blue brightness sensitivity in patients with ocular hypertension and
      glaucoma, and (2) very significant correlation existed between hue discrimination
      and green brightness sensitivity in patients with glaucoma. The significance of
      the relationship between the two color visual functions was discussed.

PMID- 1818819
TI  - [Logistic regression analysis of risk factors of glaucomatous visual field
      defects].
AB  - 30 patients (42 eyes) of early primary glaucoma with normal visual field were
      followed up for 2.5 years, during which time visual field defects developed in 24
      eyes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the initial values of
      suspected risk factors demonstrated that a positive family history, the vertical
      C/D ratio, and the diurnal peak IOP were significant in predicting impending
      visual field defects.

PMID- 1818820
TI  - [5-Fu as remedy for unsuccessful glaucoma filtration surgery].
AB  - Subconjunctival 5-Fu injections were administered to 10 glaucomatous eyes (8
      patients) with unsuccessful previous filtration surgery, resulting in improvement
      of the filtration bleb and restoration of normal intraocular pressure to 9 eyes.
      Corneal exfoliation occurred in 2 eyes, which healed after cessation of the
      injections.

PMID- 1818821
TI  - [Treatment of persistent intraocular hypertension after attack of acute angle
      closure glaucoma].
AB  - Persistent intraocular hypertension followed attack of acute angle-closure
      glaucoma in 87 eyes of 71 patients. After 1-12 days, averaging 2.1 days, they
      were treated with sublamellar sclerotomy for initial drainage of aqueous, and
      then sclerectomy and trabeculectomy were performed for longterm hypotensive
      effect. No intra- or post-operative serious complications occurred and the
      anterior chamber reformed within 48 hours, while in all 20 controls the filling
      of anterior chamber was delayed. This modality of treatment had the advantage of
      combining immediate relief of critical IOP with permanent aqueous filtration.

PMID- 1818822
TI  - [A preliminary report of epikeratophakia in the treatment of keratoconus].
AB  - 7 eyes of keratoconus were treated with epikeratophakia in which the authors used
      self-made corneal lenses by a rapid method. The corneal curvature was markedly
      flattened to reduce myopia and irregular astigmatism was eliminated, resulting in
      much improved visual acuity in 6 eyes.

PMID- 1818823
TI  - [The inhibition of keratoplasty rejection with topical cyclosporin A].
AB  - 23 postoperative patients of keratoplasty were instilled 1% cyclosporin A
      eyedrops in addition to routine systemic corticosteroids, with reduced rate of
      rejection and increased rate of transparency of the corneal grafts. The values of
      OKT3, OKT4/OKT8 ratio, and Et-RFC were also reduced in comparison with those of
      the controls, indicating that the cyclosporin A eyedrops were effective in
      inhibiting corneal rejection.

PMID- 1818824
TI  - [Clinical analysis and epidemiological investigation of proteinoid corneal
      degeneration].
AB  - A series of corneal degeneration similar to Labrador keratopathy occurring in the
      Mongol nationalities is reported. Epidemiological survey indicated the incidence
      to be 8.11%, mostly among people over 30 years, and to increase with age. The
      majority of cases were bilateral and asymptomatic, showing proteinoid guttate
      opacities in the superficial layers and lower quadrants of the cornea. The
      etiology was believed to be related to altitude, cold windy and dusty
      environment, and probably alcohol.

PMID- 1818825
TI  - [Selection of culture media for human and rabbit corneal epithelia].
AB  - Five (5) culture media of MEM, DMEM, Ham's F12, DMEM+F12, and RPMI 1640 were used
      to culture the human and rabbit corneal epithelia, in order to find the best
      suited media for the purposes. It was found that rabbit corneal epithelium grew
      best in DMEM+F12, with good adhesion to the wall, cell multiplication, and sheet
      formation, while RPMI 1640 was suitable for human corneal epithelium. The authors
      discussed the ingredients of suitable media and their effects on the growth of
      cells.

PMID- 1818826
TI  - [Surgical treatment of senile cataract in the immature stage].
AB  - Comparison of postoperative vision and complications between 42 eyes of immature
      and 42 eyes of mature senile cataract showed that modern extracapsular cataract
      extraction on patients of senile cataract in the immature stage with posterior
      chamber IOL implantation yielded better results than in the mature stage. The
      traditional belief that senile cataract may only be operated on in the mature
      stage is challenged.

PMID- 1818827
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lid retraction in Graves' ophthalmopathy].
AB  - Surgical treatment of lid retraction in Graves' ophthalmopathy consisted of
      resection of Muller's muscle and myotomy of Muller's muscle combined with
      intraoperative guided disinsertion of the levator palpebrae superioris from the
      tarsus. Among 10 eyes of 9 patients treated by the authors, 9 eyes achieved good
      cosmetic effect and corneal exposure was prevented during a follow-up of 3-42
      months.

PMID- 1818828
TI  - [An immunological study of endogenous uveitis: changes in peripheral blood T-cell
      subsets and their transformation rate].
AB  - Dynamic changes of peripheral blood T-cell subsets and their transformation rate
      were studied in 77 cases of EU. The results showed that the percentages of T3+
      and T4+ cells, and the T4+/T8+ ratio decreased, while the percentage of T8+ cells
      increased, and the T-cell transformation rate was significantly lowered. The
      immunofunctional changes in chronic anterior uveitis and pan-uveitis were
      particularly remarkable. The findings indicated that abnormal T-cell subsets and
      the reduced cell-mediated immunofunction played an important role in the
      pathogenesis of EU.

PMID- 1818829
TI  - [The effect of suturing on Langerhans' cells of the ocular surface].
AB  - Langerhans' cells (LC) exist on the ocular epithelial surface and participate in
      immunologic and non-immunologic reactions. On the corneal surface, LC are
      distributed in the limbal area, but not in central cornea. Placement of a suture
      in central cornea induced increase of LC and their migration to central cornea,
      only to diminish after removal of the suture, indicating participation of LC in
      non-immunological reactions of the corneal surface. The role of LC in immunologic
      reactions was also discussed.

PMID- 1818830
TI  - Surveillance of potentially hazardous chemicals in food in the United Kingdom.
AB  - Surveillance of chemical contaminants in food plays an important role in helping
      to ensure a safe food supply in those countries that undertake it. This paper
      reviews the methods used in the UK as a means of highlighting the essential
      elements required by any food chemical surveillance programme. The following
      topics have been covered: quantifying food consumption, setting priorities in
      food surveillance, developing a common approach to the surveillance of different
      chemicals in the food supply (including the use of Total and Duplicate Diet
      Studies), estimating human intakes of chemicals from the diet, developing
      suitably sensitive and reliable methods of analysis, obtaining representative
      samples, and assessing and managing risk.

PMID- 1818831
TI  - Migration from plasticized films into foods. 5. Identification of individual
      species in a polymeric plasticizer and their migration into foods.
AB  - To assess the significance of migration of polymeric plasticizers into foods,
      chemical characterization and quantification of individual oligomeric species is
      required. This paper reports the identification of seven individual oligomers
      isolated from a poly(butylene adipate) plasticizer. Based on mass spectrometry,
      NMR and chemical degradation, the oligomers were identified as a series of diol
      terminated units ranging from a trimer up to an 11-monomer unit, along with a
      cyclic tetramer, all in the molecular weight range of 300-1100. A study of the
      migration of polymeric plasticizer from PVC film into olive oil indicated
      preferential migration of low molecular weight species. These oligomers which
      comprised 24% of the parent plasticizer contributed more than 90% of the
      plasticizer migration with the smallest oligomers migrating 90-fold more readily
      than the bulk of the plasticizer. From a knowledge of total polymeric plasticizer
      migration from PVC films under actual conditions of food-use, the abundance of
      individual oligomers in the foods has been estimated.

PMID- 1818832
TI  - International N-nitroso compounds check sample programme: report on the
      performance in the second study dedicated to their determination in beer and
      malt.
AB  - The second check sample survey for the determination of N-nitrosamines in beer
      and malt has been initiated. Each laboratory received four samples: two beer,
      from the same batch, spiked respectively with 0.5 microgram/l N
      nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 4 micrograms/l NDMA plus 30 micrograms/l N
      nitrosoproline (NPRO) and two naturally contaminated malts. Sixteen laboratories
      sent their results and two apologized in view of analytical problems. Results
      from this have been statistically evaluated. Comparison to those from the
      previous study demonstrated a distinct improvement in the results from the
      analysis of NDMA in beer and malt. Little has been achieved for the other two
      common contaminants of beer and malt, N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and NPRO. For
      this latter compound in beer, however, some hope came from the data produced by
      the method of Sen et al. (1983), but the number of results is insufficient to
      allow firm conclusions to be drawn.

PMID- 1818833
TI  - Volatile, non-volatile and total N-nitroso compounds in bacon.
AB  - Twenty-five smoked and unsmoked fried bacon samples have been analysed by a group
      selective procedure to measure the concentration of apparent total N-nitroso
      compounds (ATNC). The levels of a range of individual N-nitroso compounds,
      including simple volatile N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosothiazolidines, N-nitrosamino
      acids and N-nitrosothiazolidine carboxylic acids have also been examined.
      Concentrations of ATNC varied from 430 to 6800 micrograms(N-NO)/kg with a mean of
      2700 micrograms(N-NO)/kg. Protein-bound N-nitrosoproline was the most abundant
      compound detected in unsmoked bacon, mean 260 micrograms/kg, and on average
      accounted for 4% of the ATNC concentration. For smoked bacon, bound N
      nitrosoproline was detected in levels of up to 890 micrograms/kg and contributed
      5% to the ATNC total. The most abundant compound present in smoked bacon was N
      nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, mean 660 micrograms/kg, and this accounted
      for 6% of the ATNC. N-Nitrosothiazolidine, mean 340 micrograms/kg, and 2
      (hydroxymethyl)-3-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, mean 180 micrograms/kg,
      were the next most prominent compounds detected in smoked bacon. The combined sum
      of all the individual N-nitroso compounds measured accounted for, on average, 16%
      of the total ATNC. The identities of the N-nitroso compounds comprising the
      majority of the ATNC in bacon remain unknown.

PMID- 1818834
TI  - Comparison of an HPTLC and an HPLC procedure for the determination of
      chlorpropham, propham and thiabendazole residues in potatoes.
AB  - HPTLC was used to check for residues of chlorpropham, propham (sprout inhibitors)
      and thiabendazole (fungicide) applied to potatoes. The method used gave good
      precision and analytical sensitivity. The sample preparation method developed by
      the authors was simple and gave good recovery and selectivity as far as other
      components of the matrix were concerned. Comparison with liquid chromatography
      confirmed the validity of the results.

PMID- 1818835
TI  - The effects of microwave-baking and oven-baking on thiabendazole residues in
      potatoes.
AB  - The effect of microwave- and oven-baking on residues of the postharvest fungicide
      thiabendazole (E 233) in potatoes was investigated by comparing amounts present
      in raw, microwave- and oven-baked tubers. The levels of residues in the whole
      potato tubers were based on the determination of thiabendazole in peelings and
      flesh of potato tubers by reversed-phase HPLC analysis with fluorescence and UV
      detection after extraction with dichloromethane in the presence of anhydrous
      sodium sulphate. Amounts of thiabendazole determined after microwave- and oven
      baking showed that thiabendazole was predominantly retained in the peelings (96.3
      98.8%) and not lost during the two types of processing treatments at ca. 100
      degrees C. Thus residues did not migrate into the flesh of the tubers.

PMID- 1818836
TI  - Identification of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol as a contaminant responsible for
      organoleptic taint in melons.
AB  - An off-odour, described by the growers as similar to profenofos, occurred in
      melons in which this pesticide had been used in crop treatment. However,
      profenofos, O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate, could
      not be detected in the melons using GC/MS although a component with a shorter
      retention time was found. Concentration of melon volatiles by steam distillation
      yielded a product identical to that obtained by hydrolysis of profenofos,
      identified as 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. A solution of this compound in water had
      similar organoleptic properties to that of the contaminated fruits. It was
      concluded that 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol was responsible for the taint detected in
      melons.

PMID- 1818837
TI  - Formaldehyde content of milk in goats fed formaldehyde-treated soybean oil-meal.
AB  - Formaldehyde is used in ruminant feeding for different purposes including the
      protection of dietary proteins from ruminal degradation. The formaldehyde content
      of milk of goats fed various levels of formaldehyde-treated soybean oil-meal has
      been determined by using a sensitive HPLC method. Results showed a significant
      linear correlation between ingested formaldehyde and formaldehyde concentration
      in milk. About 0.02% of ingested formaldehyde was excreted in milk, as free
      formaldehyde.

PMID- 1818838
TI  - Is there a role for amines other than histamines in the aetiology of
      scombrotoxicosis?
AB  - Mackerel fillets associated with an outbreak of scombrotoxicosis have been
      analysed for their contents of cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, spermidine,
      spermine and tyramine, and fed to informed, healthy volunteers of both sexes
      under medical supervision. Of the 86 fillets examined, 30 rapidly induced
      nausea/vomiting and/or diarrhoea when 50 g were consumed. The remaining fillets
      failed to provoke such symptoms, even though 17 of them were tested by volunteers
      proven to be susceptible to scombro-intoxication. Statistical analysis failed to
      detect any differences in amines content between fillets shown to be scombrotoxic
      and those failing to induce nausea/vomiting and/or diarrhoea, and failed also to
      establish any significant relationships between the amines doses and volunteer
      responses, even after manipulations to simulate additive or synergistic
      interactions. Accordingly it is concluded that the content of such amines in
      mackerel have little or no role in the aetiology of scombrotoxicosis.

PMID- 1818839
TI  - Aluminium levels in milk and infant formulae.
AB  - Aluminium levels in infant formulae purchased in 1990 and prepared as for
      consumption were in the range 530 micrograms/l to 640 micrograms/l for soya-based
      products and 27 micrograms/l to 120 micrograms/l for cows' milk-based formulae.
      Mean aluminium concentrations in these soya and cows' milk-based samples were, on
      average, 37% and 45% lower, respectively, than those of the same brands purchased
      between 1985 and 1987. Levels of aluminium in breast milk were in the range 3
      micrograms/l to 79 micrograms/l. In the case of retail cows' milk, values ranged
      from 4 micrograms/l to 33 micrograms/l whilst more variable amounts of between 5
      micrograms/l and 285 micrograms/l were detected in retail soya milk.

PMID- 1818840
TI  - A survey of the monosodium glutamate content of foods and an estimation of the
      dietary intake of monosodium glutamate.
AB  - The MSG contents of a wide range of manufactured foods (over 200 samples) were
      measured using the AOAC Procedure (ion-exchange chromatography followed by formol
      potentiometric titration). The results obtained were used, in conjunction with
      published data on UK food consumption, to calculate tentative estimates of the
      dietary intake of MSG for specific groups of the UK population.

PMID- 1818841
TI  - Assessment of lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential of bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid from rat lungs.
AB  - Studies were carried out to further localize pulmonary tissue lipid peroxidation
      inhibitor reported earlier to be present in whole lung homogenate in rat. A major
      portion of the inhibitory material could be lavaged from bronchoalveolar region
      using various wash media. The material was heat labile and exhibited higher
      degree of inhibition when recovered from the lungs of mature and aged rats.

PMID- 1818842
TI  - Serum adenosine deaminase in pulmonary tuberculosis, malignancy and non
      tubercular respiratory diseases.
AB  - The study has been conducted to find out the serum ADA levels in 120 patients
      with various pulmonary diseases which included patients with tubercular pleural
      effusion (n = 86), lung cancer (n = 10) and patients with non-tubercular
      pulmonary diseases like pneumonia, etc (n = 24). Twenty healthy individuals
      served as control subjects. The mean (+/- SD) of ADA activity was 23.38 (4.47),
      7.29 (1.08), 12.71 (1.95) and 2.23 (1.00) units/litre in tuberculosis,
      malignancy, non-tubercular pulmonary diseases and healthy controls respectively
      with significant difference between each other (P less than 0.001). Patients with
      tuberculosis (100%) fall in 97% sensitivity range with a lower cut off limit at
      17 units/litre ADA activity, while for malignancy and non-tubercular respiratory
      diseases, the sensitivity was 90% and 83% respectively. Within the sensitivity
      limits, the serum ADA activity can be used for the differential diagnosis of
      pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 1818843
TI  - Effect of radiation on pulmonary functions in patients with breast cancer.
AB  - There is no systematic study available from our country regarding pulmonary
      function tests in patients of breast cancer who receive postoperative
      radiotherapy. Therefore, we planned a prospective study to find out the effect of
      radiation on pulmonary functions in patients with breast cancer; who had
      undergone surgery in the form of simple mastectomy and axillary clearance.
      Transient radiological changes were seen in two cases and one patient had
      fibrosis at 9 months.

PMID- 1818844
TI  - Dyspnea, subcutaneous emphysema and abnormal chest radiograph following
      pleurocentesis.

PMID- 1818845
TI  - Primary pulmonary neurofibroma--diagnosis with ultrasound guided fine needle
      aspiration cytology.
AB  - The computed tomography (CT) and sonographic appearance of primary pulmonary
      neurofibroma is presented where the diagnosis was suggested by ultrasound guided
      fine needle aspiration cytology and was subsequently confirmed on surgery.

PMID- 1818846
TI  - Metronidazole-induced asthma.
AB  - A case of metronidazole-induced asthma is being described. To the best of my
      knowledge, bronchospasm due to this drug has not been reported in medical
      literature so far.

PMID- 1818847
TI  - Pneumonitis secondary to drug induced gastric perforation.
AB  - Chemical pneumonitis in a 3-year-old child due to drug-induced gastric
      perforation at fundus is reported. The child was managed by closure of
      perforation with omental patch, gastrostomy and conservative treatment.

PMID- 1818848
TI  - Recurrent pneumothorax.
AB  - A young man with spontaneous pneumothorax who suffered from fourth recurrence, is
      being reported. He was treated by surgical pleural abrasion.

PMID- 1818849
TI  - Dependence on a common cough linctus.

PMID- 1818850
TI  - The role of pathology in public health.

PMID- 1818851
TI  - Glycemic control and its relationship to diabetic foot ulcers.
AB  - Glucosylhaemoglobin (HbA1) was estimated in 60 diabetic patients, 30 with foot
      ulceration and 30 without foot lesions. Peripheral neuropathy and vascular
      disease were commonly found in the ulcer' group. The mean HbA1 level in diabetics
      without ulcers was 9.77 +/- 2.34, while the corresponding level in diabetics with
      ulcers was 14.14 +/- 3.63. The difference in values is statistically highly
      significant (p less than 0.001) suggesting that foot ulcers are more likely to
      occur in poorly controlled diabetic patients.

PMID- 1818852
TI  - Bilateral testicular biopsy--is it necessary?
AB  - Bilateral testicular biopsies from 202 infertile males were examined to ascertain
      the differences in the degree of damage to the germinal epithelium on both sides.
      Depending on the histologic changes, the biopsies were divided into six groups. A
      significant difference in the morphology on both sides was seen only in 3% cases.
      The left and the right testes were equally damaged in cases with similar
      morphology.

PMID- 1818853
TI  - Antiribitol-teichoic acid antibody (ARTA) in diagnosis of deep seated
      Staphylococcus aureus infections.
AB  - Antiribitol-teichoic acid antibody (ARTA) was detected in sera of 30 out of 50
      patients (60%) with various acute deep seated Staphylococcus aureus infections
      and 5 out of 10 chronic osteomyelitis cases, whereas none of the sera from 50
      patients with superficial Staphylococcus aureus infections as well from 50
      patients without Staphylococcus aureus infections showed antibody response (p
      less than 0.01). This test is a definite advantage in diagnosis of deep seated
      staphylococcal infections like endocarditis, lung disease, meningitis and
      specially in osteomyelitis cases where organisms cannot be isolated and therefore
      helps in predicting the need for long term antimicrobial therapy.

PMID- 1818854
TI  - Clinico-microbiological study of dermatophytoses.
AB  - In the present series, 80 cases of dermatophytoses were subjected to mycological
      examination including microscopy and culture the mycological findings were
      correlated with clinical presentation of the patients. The isolation rate was
      62.5 percent. Fungal culture was successful in 36.25 percent of cases,
      Trichophyton rubrum being the commonest etiological agent accounting for 55.18
      percent of cases.

PMID- 1818856
TI  - Fibrinolysis in idiopathic menorrhagia.
AB  - Serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) was studied in 64 patients of
      menorrhagia without any organic cause in addition to 24 healthy women by Thrombo 
      Wellcotest HA - 13 Kit (Wellcome, England). Serum FDP levels were found to be
      less than 10 micrograms/ml in healthy subjects, whereas in idiopathic menorrhagia
      it was more than 10 micrograms/ml in 59.34% patients. Semi-quantitative
      estimation of FDP in 14 patients of idiopathic menorrhagia indicated a positive
      correlation between duration of bleeding and FDP levels. Bleeding appears to be
      due to increased fibrinolytic activity in uterus secondary to plasminogen
      activator. Such patients are likely to be benefitted with anti-fibrinolytic
      agents.

PMID- 1818855
TI  - Malpighian corpuscles of spleen in infancy and childhood.
AB  - In early infancy splenic white pulp is seen arranged around the central
      arterioles. They do not show any reactive changes even in the presence of
      systemic infections. Lymphoid follicles are seen at 6 weeks of life. Germinal
      centres appear from the 8th week of life onwards. Periarteriolar lymphocytic
      sheaths persist in the older children along with the reactive changes.

PMID- 1818857
TI  - Primary aplastic anaemia--presenting as a brainstem sol.

PMID- 1818858
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma.

PMID- 1818859
TI  - Enterogenous intraspinal cyst (case report).

PMID- 1818860
TI  - Cytologic diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma by fine needle aspiration--case
      report.

PMID- 1818861
TI  - Intermedullary spinal cord cysticercosis--a case report and literature review.

PMID- 1818862
TI  - Placental pathology.

PMID- 1818863
TI  - Benign osteoblastic lesion of breast--a metaplasia in fibroadenoma.

PMID- 1818865
TI  - Pediatricians' role in corporal punishment.

PMID- 1818864
TI  - Low cost weaning foods for infants in developing countries.

PMID- 1818866
TI  - Fluid therapy in acute diarrhea.

PMID- 1818867
TI  - Food based oral rehydration therapy for improved management of diarrheal disease.

PMID- 1818868
TI  - Development of an improved oral rehydration solution.

PMID- 1818869
TI  - Nutritional management of acute diarrhea.

PMID- 1818870
TI  - Management of persistent diarrhea during infancy in clinical practice.

PMID- 1818872
TI  - Cost effective strategy for promotion of appropriate case management of diarrheal
      diseases--establishment of DTUs.
AB  - Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is one of the essential components of child
      survival technologies which are currently being utilised to reduce morbidity and
      mortality on account of common illnesses. ORT has made it possible to undertake a
      global effort to reduce deaths from dehydration and diarrhea associated
      malnutrition. Appropriate case management can also combat deaths from dysentery
      and persistent diarrhea. During the last decade considerable success has been
      achieved by incorporating this simple, effective and economic therapeutic
      intervention in the primary health care package. However, the ultimate objective
      of improved case management of diarrhea including the use of ORT at all levels of
      health care system is yet to be achieved. Patients with dysentery need
      antimicrobial therapy apart from ORT. Clinical experience has shown that with ORT
      and appropriate dietary therapy, most patients with persistent diarrhea can be
      managed effectively. Unfortunately, injudicious use of intravenous fluids and
      irrational prescription of antibiotics and anti-diarrheal agents is quite common
      even in the hands of pediatricians. The training of mothers visiting health
      facilities is poor for ORT and feeding. Establishment of diarrhea training and
      treatment units (DTUs) is aimed to improve current practices in the teaching
      hospitals and to promote appropriate case management of diarrhea by all health
      personnel.

PMID- 1818871
TI  - Diarrhea training and treatment unit: experience from a teaching hospital.
AB  - Case management of children with diarrhea has been evaluated after the
      establishment of a Diarrhea Training and Treatment Unit (DTU) in Kalawati Saran
      Children's Hospital, New Delhi. Our one year experience has shown a decrease in
      hospital admissions on account of diarrhea by 13%. With the help of proper
      treatment protocol, 69.5% of total cases have been managed with home available
      fluids/ORS after educating the mothers on home management of diarrhea. Majority
      of admitted cases (80.7%) were managed in the ORT area and rehydrated under
      proper monitoring and supervision between 3-8 hours (mean duration of stay 4.28
      +/- 1.8 hours). Out of 1951 cases with dehydration, 1585 patients (81.2%) were
      rehydrated with ORS and only 366 cases (18.8%) received intravenous fluids. In
      more than 85% of cases with associated vomiting, successful oral rehydration was
      achieved with ORS. Use of ORS and early feeding even in those patients who
      initially received intravenous fluids for rehydration significantly reduced the
      average duration of stay in the diarrhea ward (P = less than 0.001). During the
      first year of its inception the average cost of rehydrating one patient of
      diarrhea in the DTU came down to Rs. 18.54 from Rs. 31.69 in the preceding year.
      Rationalising drug therapy in the case management helped to significantly reduce
      the consumption of antibiotics (P = less than 0.001) and antiemetics (P = less
      than 0.001), which has helped to reduce the expenditure on drugs on an average
      from Rs. 17.60 to Rs. 4.92 per patient.

PMID- 1818873
TI  - Drug therapy in acute and persistent diarrhea.

PMID- 1818874
TI  - Indian experience of home based mothers card: ICMR task force study.
AB  - To improve the quality of MCH services, a Home Based Mothers Card (HBMC) prepared
      and recommended by World Health Organization was adapted to Indian situation, and
      introduced in 1.5 lakh population of rural area covered by 6 participating
      centres under the aegis of Indian Council of Medical Research. Two thousand four
      hundred and forty six mothers were given this card and were followed up for a
      period of 2 years. Only 89.2 percent retrieval of the cards was possible after a
      period of 18 months. Screening of the population for "at risk" women monitoring
      and referral could be undertaken with the help of this card. Improved antenatal,
      and referral services were observed during the study period. The card (HBMC) was
      acceptable to the mothers as well as to the health workers, as a tool for
      improving the quality and coverage of MCH services being rendered at the Primary
      Health Centre.

PMID- 1818875
TI  - Reye's syndrome in Bangalore.
AB  - One hundred and twenty four cases of Reye's syndrome admitted to Vanivilas
      Children's Hospital, Bangalore were investigated. Clinical, biochemical and
      epidemiological details were obtained. The median age was five years, with no
      difference in sex ratio. This disease was frequent in winter months. Cases
      clustered in certain congested localities of the city among lower socio economic
      strata. Aspirin and varicella could not be associated as preceding factors. The
      clinical and biochemical features of the patients were suggestive of Reye's
      syndrome. Histopathological evaluation was done in 104 liver biopsy specimens.
      Virological studies for influenza and arbovirus were negative. Mortality was high
      (78%).

PMID- 1818877
TI  - Childhood neurocysticercosis in south India.
AB  - A total of 21 cases of childhood neurocysticercosis seen over five years (1985
      89) at JIPMER hospital Pondicherry, are reported. Nine of these patients were
      males and twelve females. Their age ranged between 5 to 15 years. The presenting
      features were convulsive seizures (14), features of raised intracranial pressure
      (6) and meningoencephalitis syndrome (1). Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was
      based on positive CSF serological tests (11), CT morphology (11), brain biopsy
      (1) and autopsy (1). Praziquantel therapy was given in 4 cases, 3 of them showed
      remarkable improvement in neurological status and one died of acute reaction.

PMID- 1818876
TI  - Need for protection against rubella in India.
AB  - Reports from different parts of India highlight the existence of Rubella leading
      to fetal malformations and wastage. However, the need for routine immunization to
      control rubella has not been duly recognized. In the present study the prevalence
      of rubella was determined in different age groups of the population by estimating
      IgG antibodies to rubella virus using ELISA kit obtained from Diamedix. Two
      hundred and seventy four pairs of maternal blood samples were collected. Samples
      were also obtained from one hundred and thirty nine children aged 1-15 years and
      assayed for rubella antibodies. The sample was read as positive if the Elisa
      unit/ml was 15 EU/ml. The results showed that 94.9% of mothers and 94.1% of cord
      blood samples showed seropositivity. Children between 1 and 5 years showed the
      lowest seropositivity of 69.2% which gradually increased to reach near 95% levels
      by 15 years. These observations indicate the prevalence of rubella in children
      and thus suggest the need to protect susceptible women of reproductive age group.

PMID- 1818878
TI  - Effectiveness of measles immunization on diarrhea and malnutrition related
      mortality in 1-4 year olds.
AB  - All the children between 1-4 year old were followed from January 1985 to December
      1987 and all eligible children 9-24 months were given measles vaccine using
      annual pulse method in November-December 1985 and 86 in the study area. The
      children in C.R.H.S. Project area were used as controls for comparison. At the
      end of 2 years and 2 rounds of immunization with measles, significant reductions
      were observed in 1-4 year old mortality due to diarrhea and malnutrition in the
      study area in contrast to control area. Using epidemiological data and method of
      pulse immunization with measles vaccine can bring considerable benefit to this
      age group.

PMID- 1818879
TI  - Growth parameters of Pakistani children.
AB  - A longitudinal study to determine anthropometric measurements was done in 1100
      Pakistani children. They were selectively chosen from a high socioeconomic back
      ground to eliminate factors of malnutrition and poor environmental sanitation.
      Measurements were compared with NCHS standards. Results indicate weight and
      length curves of the study group duplicating NCHS standards at all centiles.
      However the OFC measurements show a slight deviation whereby both the 50th and
      90th centile are above NCHS standards. These results emphasise that differences
      between South Asian and Western standards of growth which are usually cited, are
      due to malnutrition, repeated infections etc. Once these biases are removed,
      South Asian children grow as well as their Western counterparts.

PMID- 1818880
TI  - Serological studies on subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - This study reports the clinical picture and measles virus antibody titres in 32
      patients with cases of suspected subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The
      history of myoclonic jerks, mental regression, inability to walk and slurred
      speech, were noted in these cases. The EEG showed generalised periodic complexes
      in twenty nine patients and only in three patients the EEG was not available. In
      all the above mentioned patients measles occurred at an early age (within a
      year).

PMID- 1818881
TI  - Effect of receiving a weekly dose of vitamin A equivalent to the recommended
      dietary allowances among pre school children on mortality in south India.

PMID- 1818882
TI  - Evaluation of risk factors for hearing impairment in at risk neonates by
      brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA).
AB  - Thirteen (19.2%) of 68 at risk neonates in an intensive care nursery with one or
      more adverse perinatal clinical factors viz; prematurity (less than 37 wks), low
      birth weight (less than 2000 gm), hyperbilirubinemia requiring active
      intervention, birth anoxia, neonatal seizures, infections, aminoglycoside
      administration, and craniofacial malformations; were diagnosed to have hearing
      impairment (elevated auditory threshold) by BERA testing performed within the
      first six weeks of life at a mean conceptional (gestational age + age after
      birth) age of 40.2 +/- 0.6 wks. As against this, 20 healthy term neonates who
      were examined at a mean conceptional age of 40.4 +/- 0.8 weeks had a normal
      hearing threshold of 30 db nHL. Elevated auditory threshold was found more
      frequently in neonates with multiple clinical adverse factors than in those
      having single risk factor (6/13 Vs 7/55, p less than 0.001). On multiple logistic
      regression analysis, however, only 2 factors viz; hyperbilirubinemia at level
      exceeding indication for exchange transfusion and birth weight less than 1500 gm,
      were found to be significantly correlated with the hearing impairment in the
      affected neonates and in that order of importance. Prematurity, birth asphyxia,
      neonatal seizures, infections and aminoglycoside administration had no
      significant correlation with hearing impairment. Since most of the neonates
      admitted to the neonatal ICU have one or more identified adverse risk factors,
      their hearing screening by BERA at the time of discharge seems justified.

PMID- 1818883
TI  - Strength of association of increased placental weight and smokeless tobacco use
      in pregnancy.

PMID- 1818884
TI  - Non-surgical pneumoperitoneum in the newborn infant.

PMID- 1818885
TI  - The dilemma of diagnosis and treatment of gestational syphilis.

PMID- 1818886
TI  - [Anterior open bite].

PMID- 1818887
TI  - [New therapy for sialolithiasis].

PMID- 1818888
TI  - [Antibiotic prescription in periodontology].

PMID- 1818889
TI  - [A foaming antiseptic solution for handwashing. Study in dentists].

PMID- 1818891
TI  - [Twin-plate technique].

PMID- 1818890
TI  - [Medications].

PMID- 1818892
TI  - [Role of cephalometry in orthodontic treatment planning. A study with case report
      with various considerations of the Quick Ceph Image programs].

PMID- 1818893
TI  - [Free border movement of the mandible after operations for prognathism].

PMID- 1818894
TI  - [Canine guidance or group guidance. Evaluation of two occlusal concepts by means
      of a literature study].

PMID- 1818895
TI  - [Myofunctional therapy--80 years old already and still misunderstood].

PMID- 1818897
TI  - Abstracts of the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Francophone Society for Investigative
      Dematology. Lausanne, Switzerland, October 11-13, 1990.

PMID- 1818896
TI  - Abstracts for the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative
      Dermatology. Seattle, Washington, May 1-3, 1991.

PMID- 1818898
TI  - Second Bjorn Folkow Award Lecture. The renin-angiotensin system: new surprises
      ahead.
AB  - There is considerable evidence that the vascular renin-angiotensin systems
      contribute to the structural adaptations of hypertension. This article describes
      recent clinical data on local angiotensin formation in different vascular beds
      together with clinical findings that support the possible involvement of
      prorenin, in addition to renin, in local angiotensin formation. Our measurements
      of steady-state arterial and venous plasma levels of systemically infused 125I
      angiotensin (Ang) I and of endogenous Ang I across a number of vascular beds in
      untreated and captopril-treated hypertensive subjects have revealed that most of
      the Ang I production in the forearm, leg, and kidney appears to take place at
      tissue sites and not in circulating plasma. This local production depends mainly
      on plasma-derived renin of renal origin, however. When we also measured the
      levels of systemically infused 251I-Ang II across these vascular beds, we found
      that although a substantial fraction of Ang II in the regional veins was derived
      from new production and not from arterial delivery, most could be attributed to
      the conversion of arterially delivered Ang I. The exception was in the kidney,
      where about 70% of venous Ang II appeared to have been derived from Ang I
      produced in renal tissue. Thus, our results indicate that extrarenally
      synthesized renin does not contribute significantly to circulating levels of Ang
      I and II. The proposal that prorenin contributes to local extrarenal angiotensin
      formation is based on evidence that prorenin production occurs in a variety of
      tissues other than the kidney. This extrarenal production may lead to high levels
      of circulating prorenin, as seen in many diabetic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1818899
TI  - Does isolated systolic hypertension occur with ambulatory blood pressure
      measurement?

PMID- 1818900
TI  - Comparison of the twenty-four-hour blood pressure profile in elderly subjects
      with isolated systolic hypertension, essential hypertension and normotension.

PMID- 1818901
TI  - Should subjects with initially hypertensive values who become normotensive during
      3 months of office blood pressure follow-up be considered normo- or hypertensive?

PMID- 1818903
TI  - Diurnal pattern of vessel-wall properties of large arteries in healthy men.

PMID- 1818902
TI  - Relationship between blood pressure, as measured by a nurse, by a doctor and
      under basal conditions, and micro-albuminuria and left ventricular mass.

PMID- 1818904
TI  - Acute modulation of arterial compliance in mild essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818905
TI  - Alteration in the carotid artery wall properties with ageing and high blood
      pressure level.

PMID- 1818906
TI  - Local inhomogeneities in wall distensibility in the carotid artery bifurcation in
      borderline hypertensives.

PMID- 1818907
TI  - A randomized crossover study of the blood pressure effects of tobacco and non
      tobacco cigarettes.

PMID- 1818908
TI  - Effects of cigarette-smoking on blood pressure and heart rate.

PMID- 1818909
TI  - Forearm hemodynamics during recovery from exercise in hypertensive and
      normotensive subjects.

PMID- 1818910
TI  - Impaired microcirculation in moderate essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818911
TI  - Intracranial blood flow after hypocapnia-induced vasoconstriction in patients
      with essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818913
TI  - Calf venous modifications during pregnancy: preliminary report.

PMID- 1818912
TI  - Arterial structural changes and pressor responsiveness to noradrenaline.

PMID- 1818914
TI  - Short-term high dietary cholesterol in early life induces persistent increases in
      arterial wall thickness and vascular reactivity to noradrenaline.

PMID- 1818915
TI  - Relationship between systemic haemodynamics and glucose tolerance in patients
      with essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818916
TI  - Ultrasonic measurement of arterial wall mechanics: variability and
      reproducibility.

PMID- 1818917
TI  - Heterogeneous effect of nitrates on large arteries of hypertensives.

PMID- 1818918
TI  - Carotid artery tonometry: an accurate non-invasive method for central aortic
      pulse pressure evaluation.

PMID- 1818920
TI  - Stroke volume and left heart anatomy in relation to plasma volume in essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 1818919
TI  - Micro-albuminuria is correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy in male
      hypertensive patients.

PMID- 1818922
TI  - Cardiac effects of serotonin in hypertension.

PMID- 1818921
TI  - Left ventricular systolic function during stress as related to impaired diastolic
      filling in essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818923
TI  - Glomerular hyperfiltration and left ventricular mass in mild never-treated
      essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818924
TI  - Postexercise monitoring of ventricular late potentials in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 1818925
TI  - Effect of aging and hypertension on endothelial function of rat coronary
      arteries.

PMID- 1818926
TI  - Elevated plasma levels of endothelin in pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 1818927
TI  - Endothelin, a vasoconstrictor important to the uteroplacental circulation in pre
      eclampsia.

PMID- 1818928
TI  - Increased accumulation of hsp70 messenger RNA due to enhanced activation of heat
      shock transcription factor in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1818929
TI  - Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein increases vasoconstriction in vitro.

PMID- 1818930
TI  - Insulin response to oral glucose in essential hypertensives with increased
      circulating levels of insulin growth factor I.

PMID- 1818931
TI  - High-potassium diets greatly increase the release of growth-inhibiting agents
      from aortae of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, thereby partially
      explaining reduced aortic wall thickening.

PMID- 1818933
TI  - Adrenergic and muscarinergic receptors: classification, pathophysiological
      relevance and drug target.
AB  - The rapid development of receptor pharmacology has not only proved to be of great
      fundamental value, but has also acquired clinical relevance. Major advances have
      been made in fundamental issues such as the analysis of receptor structures by
      means of cloning techniques; the elucidation of signal transduction processes,
      which mediate the signal triggered by receptor activation to intracellular
      effector structures; and the investigation of receptor changes associated with
      disease. After a more general discussion of these issues, special attention is
      paid in the present survey to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and to muscarinic
      receptors. The agonists and antagonists for the various receptor subtypes are
      discussed, as well as the most important changes in receptor characteristics
      associated with cardiovascular disease. Potential new therapeutic options based
      on improved knowledge of receptor pharmacology are discussed for the various
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes. Special attention is paid to the new and
      rapidly developing field of muscarinic receptors as a hypothetical basis for drug
      therapy in cardiovascular and other diseases.

PMID- 1818932
TI  - Aorta viscoelasticity and arterial histopathology of atherosclerotic pigs treated
      by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.

PMID- 1818935
TI  - Synthesis of heat-shock proteins in cultured fibroblasts from normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rat embryos.

PMID- 1818934
TI  - Computer-driven assessment of 'immature'-type smooth muscle cells in rabbit
      aorta.

PMID- 1818936
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta 1 enhances the proliferative effects of epidermal
      growth factor on vascular smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

PMID- 1818937
TI  - The maximal stimulatory effect of low-density lipoprotein on the cytosolic free
      calcium ion depends on the presence of its lipid and protein component.

PMID- 1818938
TI  - Characterization of the muscarinic receptors in the mesenteric vascular bed of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1818939
TI  - In vivo involvement of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats: effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester.

PMID- 1818940
TI  - Plasma endothelin-1,2 levels in mild and severe hypertension.

PMID- 1818941
TI  - Blockade of adenosine receptors causes hypertension and cardiovascular structural
      changes in the rat.

PMID- 1818942
TI  - Insulin attenuates vasoconstriction induced by noradrenaline, serotonin and
      potassium chloride in rat mesenteric resistance arteries.

PMID- 1818943
TI  - A critical interpretation of juvenile borderline hypertension.
AB  - The search for the genetic configuration of essential hypertension and the link
      with intermediate phenotypes ranks high on the current research agenda. Juvenile
      borderline hypertension is supposed to contain essential clues to the
      identification of these phenotypes. According to a large number of
      investigations, this condition is characterized by a labile type of hypertension
      and an elevation of the cardiac index, plasma catecholamines and/or renin
      activity. The 'prehypertensive' offspring from hypertensive parents may be
      included in these observations. The psychometric profile of the hypertensive
      patient also enters the equation. It seems likely that external conditions affect
      the manifestation of borderline hypertension. In particular, the stigma of the
      term hypertension appears to be carried over into the clinical findings,
      presenting as components of the pathophysiological and psychological profile.
      This calls for a reinterpretation of the patterns observed in early human
      hypertension.

PMID- 1818944
TI  - Arterial blood pressure as a factor in endothelial permeability.

PMID- 1818946
TI  - Effects of bradykinin on carotid artery compliance: the role of the endothelium.

PMID- 1818945
TI  - Regression of structural vascular changes after chronic treatment in
      hypertensives.

PMID- 1818947
TI  - Renal interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic
      nervous system in man.

PMID- 1818948
TI  - Angiotensin II production in different vascular beds in hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 1818949
TI  - Effect of the angiotensin antagonist DuP 753 on the renal adaptation to sodium
      restriction in the rat.

PMID- 1818950
TI  - Insulin receptor concentration and gene expression are modulated by sodium intake
      in the rat kidney.

PMID- 1818951
TI  - Adenosine induces renal vasodilation in primary hypertensive patients.

PMID- 1818952
TI  - Increased genetic risk of hypertension in immunoglobulin A nephropathy but not in
      membranous nephropathy.

PMID- 1818954
TI  - Effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist MK 954 on the angiotensin II
      induced increase in free cytosolic Ca2+ and growth in vascular smooth muscle
      cells.

PMID- 1818953
TI  - Characterization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat kidney and heart
      using the non-peptide antagonists DuP 753 and PD 123 177.

PMID- 1818955
TI  - Angiotensin I and II disappear completely from circulating blood within 48 hours
      after binephrectomy: improved measurement of angiotensins in rat plasma.

PMID- 1818956
TI  - Adenosine causes angiotensin II release in human forearm arterioles.

PMID- 1818957
TI  - Regional production of angiotensins I and II: contribution of vascular kidney
      derived renin.

PMID- 1818958
TI  - The participation of the endothelium in the control of renin release.

PMID- 1818959
TI  - Accuracy of echo-Doppler flowmetry for renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 1818960
TI  - Indomethacin raises blood pressure in untreated essential hypertensives: a double
      blind randomly allocated study versus placebo.

PMID- 1818961
TI  - Regulation of rat renal kallikrein expression by estrogen and progesterone.

PMID- 1818962
TI  - Primary aldosteronism: implications of a new familial variety.

PMID- 1818963
TI  - Predictive value and rate of change of blood pressure throughout adolescence: a
      Belgian prospective study.

PMID- 1818964
TI  - Regulation of vasopressin secretion after administration of sodium nitroprusside
      in hypertensives.

PMID- 1818965
TI  - Effect of captopril on aldosterone response to potassium infusion in primary
      aldosteronism.

PMID- 1818966
TI  - Plasma neuropeptide Y and catecholamine concentrations and urinary metanephrine
      excretion in patients with adrenal or ectopic phaeochromocytoma.

PMID- 1818967
TI  - Effects of licorice on urinary metabolites of cortisol and cortisone.

PMID- 1818969
TI  - Serum uric acid and proximal sodium excretion: an independent association in man
      (the Olivetti Study).

PMID- 1818968
TI  - Low- and high-density lipoproteins as hormonal regulators of platelet, vascular
      endothelial and smooth muscle cell interactions: relevance to hypertension.
AB  - The major risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension,
      hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and smoking. They promote the development of
      atherosclerosis and thromboembolic complications, i.e. strokes and heart attacks.
      There are diverse interactions between these factors, the outstanding common
      denominator being alterations in serum lipoproteins, mainly elevated low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol concentrations, which results in disturbed cholesterol homeostasis
      (transport and metabolism) and eventually in perturbations of cellular
      integrity/function. In addition to their roles as cholesterol-transporting
      molecules, LDL and HDL directly influence inter- and intracellular communication
      via stimulation of pivotal signal transduction processes. The 'hormonal' effects
      of LDL on platelets, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are
      potentially harmful, whereas the effects of HDL may be protective in as much as
      HDL can antagonize LDL-mediated stimulation of cells. Therapy aimed at reducing
      serum LDL-cholesterol levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels will have
      multifactorial beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 1818970
TI  - Plasma glucose, insulin and triglycerides in young hypertension-prone non-obese
      males.

PMID- 1818971
TI  - Twenty-four-hour blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography in young
      normotensive subjects with parental hypertension.

PMID- 1818972
TI  - Relationship between blood pressure and mortality in the elderly.

PMID- 1818973
TI  - 86Rb and 22Na transport in primary cultured renal cells from spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1818974
TI  - Plasma membrane calcium content in essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818975
TI  - Oviductal-uterine and nursing environment alter blood pressure development in
      spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.

PMID- 1818976
TI  - Dissociation between derepressed K+,Cl- cotransport system and high blood
      pressure in the F2 hybrid generation (SHR x WKY).

PMID- 1818977
TI  - A mechanism of calcium binding by the erythrocyte skeleton: some features in
      primary hypertension.

PMID- 1818978
TI  - Time-course of changes in intracellular cations and blood pressure with salt
      loading in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818979
TI  - Effects of linoleic acid supplementation on blood pressure and kinetics of red
      cell sodium transport: the Piove di Sacco Study.

PMID- 1818980
TI  - The role of magnesium deficiency in insulin resistance: an in vitro study.

PMID- 1818981
TI  - Reference values for ambulatory blood pressure: a population study.

PMID- 1818982
TI  - Quantitative assessment of day-to-day spontaneous variability in non-invasive
      ambulatory blood pressure measurements in essential hypertension.

PMID- 1818983
TI  - Reproducibility of the blood pressure fall at night in healthy normotensive
      volunteers.

PMID- 1818984
TI  - Square wave fitting: a new method of characterizing diurnal variations in blood
      pressure.

PMID- 1818985
TI  - Effect of ageing on blood pressure variability.

PMID- 1818986
TI  - Impact of respiratory frequency on short-term blood pressure and heart rate
      variability.

PMID- 1818987
TI  - Accuracy of the SpaceLabs 90207, Novacor DIASYS 200, Del Mar Avionics
      Pressurometer IV and Takeda TM-2420 ambulatory systems according to British and
      American criteria.

PMID- 1818988
TI  - Validation of the SpaceLabs 90202 and 90207 devices for ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring by comparison with intra-arterial resting and ambulatory measurements.

PMID- 1818989
TI  - Self-measurement of blood pressure improves the accuracy and reduces the number
      of subjects in clinical trials.

PMID- 1818990
TI  - Twenty-four-hour blood pressure profile in elderly hypertensives: effects of
      heart failure.

PMID- 1818991
TI  - Twenty-four-hour monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate in heart transplant
      patients.

PMID- 1818992
TI  - Evidence for a sulfo-conjugate as active metabolite of cicletanine.

PMID- 1818993
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-induced pressor responses in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar
      Kyoto rats antagonized by D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-triphosphate (PP56).

PMID- 1818994
TI  - Gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones have pressor and natriuretic effects in
      spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

PMID- 1818995
TI  - Contractile reactivity of isolated resistance arteries after 4 weeks of treatment
      with rilmenidine, clonidine or hydralazine in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1818996
TI  - Moderate potassium supplementation in hypertension: how useful?

PMID- 1818997
TI  - The antihypertensive effect of nitrendipine and its interaction with sodium
      intake: a multicentre crossover trial.

PMID- 1818998
TI  - Dietary salt and blood pressure.
AB  - We have previously shown that the association between salt intake and blood
      pressure is large and of substantial public health importance. Analysis of the
      average blood pressure and average sodium intake in different communities yielded
      estimates of the decrease in blood pressure for a given reduction in dietary
      sodium according to age and blood pressure centile that successfully predicted
      both the association between sodium and blood pressure in observational studies
      and the reduction in blood pressure obtained in trials of dietary salt reduction.
      Here we consider the validity of criticisms of the appraisal. The fact that the
      observed blood pressure reductions in individual trials closely mirrored
      predicted values for individuals trials that varied widely (from 2.6 to 25.2 mmHg
      systolic according to age, existing blood pressure and the extent of salt
      restriction) renders bias implausible since it would be too great a coincidence
      for a source of error to reproduce such close matching. If the analysis is
      restricted to trials that avoided possible bias because (1) the high- and low
      salt diets were otherwise identical, (2) the order of the diet avoided regression
      to the mean or (3) the trials were double-blind with diets that were otherwise
      identical and the order was random, the matching between observed and predicted
      blood pressure reductions is equally close. Our results are consistent with the
      Intersalt study. A reduction in dietary salt could be a simple change, yet the
      reduction in mortality would be large.

PMID- 1818999
TI  - Blood pressure responses to low-dose oral ester or intravenous diacid angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 1819000
TI  - The effect of enalapril and calcium antagonists on blood pressure and cerebral
      perfusion in elderly hypertensives.

PMID- 1819001
TI  - Response of patients to enalapril, felodipine and their combination.

PMID- 1819002
TI  - A pharmacodynamic study of the renin inhibitor SR 43,845, administered
      intratracheally in conscious cynomolgus monkeys.

PMID- 1819003
TI  - Are the renal haemodynamic and natriuretic effects of calcium antagonists and
      angiotensin converting inhibitors additive?

PMID- 1819004
TI  - Non-modulating essential hypertension: renal hemodynamic effects of long-term
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.

PMID- 1819005
TI  - Effect of acute and chronic administration of verapamil on cardiac structure and
      function in essential hypertension without left ventricular hypertrophy.

PMID- 1819006
TI  - Neither hydralazine nor captopril significantly shifts carotid artery
      distensibility-pressure curves determined in intact spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.

PMID- 1819007
TI  - Metabolic effects of enalapril and nifedipine in diabetic hypertensives.

PMID- 1819008
TI  - Round Table: What blood pressure to measure?

PMID- 1819009
TI  - An investigation of the relationship between compliance with antihypertensive
      therapy and the Type A behaviour pattern.

PMID- 1819010
TI  - Alterations in sympathetic nerve traffic during cigarette-smoking in man: a
      preliminary report.

PMID- 1819011
TI  - Gene expression of catecholaminergic receptors in the central nervous system of
      hypertensive rats.

PMID- 1819012
TI  - Clonidine influences renal sympathetic nerve activity and renal function in
      experimental heart failure.

PMID- 1819013
TI  - Increased vascular sympathetic activity at rest and reduced responsiveness to
      excitatory stimuli in essential hypertension.

PMID- 1819014
TI  - Evidence that in man reflex control of antidiuretic hormone originates from
      cardiac receptors: preliminary report.

PMID- 1819015
TI  - Effect of sympathectomy on blood pressure variability in the conscious rat.

PMID- 1819016
TI  - Twenty-four-hour power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and of
      arterial pressure values in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 1819017
TI  - Disparate cardiovascular responses to passive tilt and mental stress in young and
      elderly normotensives.

PMID- 1819019
TI  - Does antihypertensive monotherapy attenuate stress-induced changes in blood
      pressure?

PMID- 1819020
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery vascular resistance is higher in hypertensives and is
      lowered by clonidine.

PMID- 1819018
TI  - 'Stress' levels of adrenaline mediate a protracted amplification of the blood
      pressure response to sympathetic stimulation in man.

PMID- 1819021
TI  - Plasma norepinephrine and spectral analysis of the heart rate during
      cardiopulmonary receptor stimulation in normal and hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 1819022
TI  - Natriuretic effect of intermittent bilateral carotid artery traction in the rat.

PMID- 1819023
TI  - Baroreceptor reflexes fail to modify the blood pressure response to the somatic
      pressor reflex in healthy subjects.

PMID- 1819024
TI  - Baroreceptor sensitivity in hypertension and vagal activity.

PMID- 1819025
TI  - Specific binding of catecholamines to plasma proteins: fact or artefact?

PMID- 1819026
TI  - Mechanisms of impaired parasympathetic control of the heart in hypertension:
      evidence against reduced cardiac vagal responsiveness.

PMID- 1819027
TI  - Lipoprotein receptor activity of peritoneal macrophages from insulin-deficient
      mice.
AB  - Binding, uptake and degradation of 125I-labeled normal very low density
      lipoprotein (125I-n-VLDL) from normal swine plasma and 125I-labeled beta
      migrating VLDL (125I-beta-VLDL) from hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma by
      peritoneal macrophages of mice rendered insulin-deficient by streptozotocin (250
      mg/kg) were studied. It was found that the amount of binding, uptake and
      degradation of 125I-n-VLDL by macrophages from the diabetic mice was 2-fold or
      2.5-fold higher than by macrophages from normal mice, resulting from an increase
      in the binding capacity of VLDL receptors on the macrophages from the insulin
      deficient rodents. In contrast, the binding, uptake and degradation of 125I-beta
      VLDL by macrophages from diabetic mice were reduced to only about 45% of normal
      levels because of a decrease in the number and affinity of the receptors for beta
      VLDL. These experimental results indicate that n-VLDL is more important than beta
      VLDL in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 1819028
TI  - Effect of injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone into nucleus accumbens on
      pain discharges in nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus in rats.
AB  - Glass microelectrode recording method was used to investigate the effect of
      injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into nucleus accumbens, nucleus
      amygdalae or nucleus caudatus on unit discharges from pain-excitation neurons
      (PEN) in nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus in rats. The results showed
      that: 1) Injection of TRH into the nucleus accumbens resulted in a significant
      inhibition of pain discharges from PEN in nucleus parafascicularis, while
      injection of TRH into nucleus amygdalae, nucleus caudatus exerted no significant
      effect. 2) Pretreatment with atropine abolished the above-mentioned effect of
      TRH. 3) Pretreatment with haloperidol also abolished the above-mentioned
      inhibitory effect of TRH. 4) Pretreatment with naloxone, propranolol or
      phentolamine did not affect the inhibitory effect of TRH. These results suggested
      that nucleus accumbens might be a special area in response to TRH and the effect
      of TRH seems to be involved in both cholinergic M-receptor and dopaminergic
      receptor.

PMID- 1819030
TI  - Techniques for intra-axonal recording of electrical activity from single nerve
      fiber in vitro and in situ.
AB  - The method usually applied for recording the electrical activity of single nerve
      fiber is extracellular recording on isolated single nerve fiber. It is difficult
      to obtain stable and satisfactory results from direct intracellular recording of
      single nerve fiber, except for some special biological materials, such as Loligo
      giant axon. We present in this paper a technique for recording intracellular
      resting membrane potential and action potential from single nerve fiber both in
      vitro and in situ, using glass microelectrode and a special mirror-base plate for
      fixing the preparation. Besides, we also report a method for labelling single
      nerve fiber by means of injection of HRP into the axon.

PMID- 1819029
TI  - Purification and immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibodies against myeloma-lambda
      chain.
AB  - In this study, two murine IgM-monoclonal antibodies (IgM-McAbs) against lambda
      chain of myeloma protein from hybridoma ascites were purified by Sephadex G200
      chromatography. The eluate of the first peak on absorption at 280 nm formed one
      precipitation band with rabbit anti-mouse IgM or anti-mouse immunoglobulin in
      agar gel double diffusion test; it also formed a detectable precipitation line in
      the IgM reaction area in immunoelectrophoresis. These findings showed that the
      eluate of the first peak on absorption at 280 nm contained purified IgM-McAbs. It
      was found in indirect ELISA that the immunoreactivity of the eluate of the first
      peak was four to five fold higher than that of the original ascites with
      equimolar protein concentration. Double antibody sandwich ELISA analyses of the
      immunoreactivity of HRP-conjugated IgM-monoclonal antibodies with lambda chain
      denoted that the purified IgM-McAb-HRP-conjugate might be of practical value in
      quantitative as well as qualitative assay of lambda chains.

PMID- 1819031
TI  - Reconstruction of the frequency distribution of A- and B-cell size in the
      pancreatic islets from several animal species--an important stereological
      operation in QMSOC.
AB  - The stereological algorithms for the conversion of the profile-size frequency
      distribution (PSFD) observed in histological section to the sphere-size frequency
      distribution (SSFD) in three-dimensional space was developed to a computer
      program and its practical application was described in this paper. The
      reconstructions of SSFD were based on the data of PSFD of A- and B-cells measured
      in sections of the pancreatic islets from ophiocephalus argus, toad, chicken,
      cat, rabbit and rat. The sizes of both profile and sphere were expressed by their
      caliper diameters. The experimental results showed that the patterns of SSFD of A
      and B-cells from six animal species were somewhat different, and that all the
      peaks of them, however, occurred in the range from 6 to 12 microns in caliper
      diameter.

PMID- 1819032
TI  - A genetic study of retinoblastoma.
AB  - Eight patients with retinoblastoma (RB) were studied by high resolution
      chromosome R-banding technique, and the esterase D was quantitatively determined
      in red blood cells of the patients. Among these patients, 2 showed 13q14 deletion
      mosaicism, 1 showed a monosomy 13q14.1-q14.2, and the remaining 5 had normal
      karyotype. Our findings indicated that 1) the RB gene is located at 13q14.1. The
      result confirmed previous data; 2) 13q deletion is an important event in the
      development of RB; and 3) esterase D determination is an important diagnostic
      tool in the detection of 13q deletion, useful for prenatal diagnosis and genetic
      counselling.

PMID- 1819034
TI  - An approach to the appropriate dosage of essential amino acids in the treatment
      of chronic renal failure.
AB  - 110 cases of chronic renal failure (CRF) were randomly divided into two groups (I
      and II). No significant differences in renal function between the two groups were
      found before treatment. All patients were put on a low protein, low phosphorus
      and high caloric diet. Group I was treated with EAA in a routine dose while group
      II was given the same EAA in a much smaller dosage. The therapeutic effects
      observed in group II proved to be much better than in group I in almost all
      aspects surveyed (P less than 0.001), including relief of symptoms, fall in Scr
      and BUN concentrations, favourable changes in amino acid profile, etc.

PMID- 1819033
TI  - A comparison of pneumoconiosis interpretation between Chinese and American
      readers and classifications.
AB  - As a preliminary step in joint Sino-American pneumoconiosis research efforts, a
      formal chest X-ray pneumoconiosis reading trial was conducted among Chinese and
      American radiologists. Twelve Chinese readers from different institutions located
      in south central China used the 1986 Chinese Roentgenodiagnostic Criteria of
      Pneumoconioses. Three American radiologists, centified as NIOSH "B" readers, used
      the International Labour Office Classification of Pneumoconioses. The chest X-ray
      study set consisted of 150 posterior-anterior films. One-half were Chinese X-rays
      of silica-exposed workers, and the other half were American films of variously
      exposed workers but primarily coal miners. All readings were done independently.
      The results showed that the inter-reader variability among the Chinese was
      similar to that of the American readers, both being in an acceptable range. In
      addition, there was general agreement between the Chinese and American
      interpretations. For small opacity profusion, the Chinese readers tended to read
      slightly more diseases than their American counterparts, although there was exact
      agreement as to the major category in two-thirds of the films. Agreement for film
      quality, and pleural disease was less, but was not different from reported
      variation among American "B" readers. Overall, the results suggest that despite
      the use of two different classification systems, a valid correspondence exists
      between the Chinese and American Interpretations, which is suitable for use in
      epidemiologic research.

PMID- 1819035
TI  - Effect of experimental acute hypertension of the biliary tract on hemodynamics
      and activity of the major splanchnic nerve in rabbits.
AB  - An experimental study of the effect of acute biliary hypertension on hemodynamics
      and activity of the major splanchnic nerve was conducted in Japanese big ear
      white rabbits. A catheter with an inflatable rubber bag fixed to its anterior end
      was inserted into the extrahepatic biliary duct via the duodenum, and a biliary
      high pressure of 20 kFa (150 mmHg) was created and maintained for 2 h by
      inflating the bag with water. The right major splanchnic nerve was isolated and
      the impulse frequencies of the nerve were recorded during the study. Arterial
      blood pressure was also dynamically monitored. A significant fall of the arterial
      blood pressure (P less than 0.01) and an increase in impulse frequency of the
      nerve (P less than 0.01) were found in this "simple type" acute biliary high
      pressure without infection. Biliary decompression immediately eliminated these
      abnormalities (P less than 0.01). The drop in blood pressure was much less
      prominent if the right splanchnic nerve was blocked prior to biliary high
      pressure.

PMID- 1819036
TI  - [Studies on double-labelling method for determination of T lymphocyte
      subpopulations].
AB  - In order to determine the concurrent expression of DR and CD antigen of T
      lymphocyte surface markers, the fluorescence-rosette double-labelling technique
      was developed by employing monoclonal antibody against HLA-DR and sensitized
      sheep erythrocytes with OKT series of monoclonal antibodies against cell surface
      antigen. Its reliability was evaluated by comparison with two-step isolating
      technique for determining DR antigen of activated T lymphocyte subsets in 30
      healthy volunteers. The result showed there was no statistic difference between
      results determined with two methods. The double-labelling technique was
      characterized by its samplity, no injury for cellular activity and ability for
      analysing the expression of the single antigen and double antigens on cell
      surface concurrently.

PMID- 1819037
TI  - The antitumor effects of qigong-emitted external Qi and its influence on the
      immunologic functions of tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - By utilizing murine tumor models bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and
      ascitic Sarcoma-180 (S-180), we investigated the in vivo antitumor effects of QEQ
      or/and the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide (CY) and their influence on
      the splenic natural killer (NK) activity, macrophage-mediated tumor cytolysis
      (MTC) activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production level of different groups of
      TBM. The results demonstrate that Qigong-emitted external Qi (QEQ) has inhibitory
      effects on tumor growth of tumor-bearing mice (TBM) and enhancing effects on
      antitumor immunologic functions of the tumor host simultaneously. Moreover, when
      used in combination with CY, QEQ can not only significantly increase the
      antitumor efficacy, but also markedly improve the compromised antitumor
      immunologic functions of the tumor host. Therefore, our findings suggest that in
      clinical practice of cancer treatment Qigong therapy in combination with
      conventional therapy (such as chemotherapy) is a treatment regimen worth
      recommending.

PMID- 1819038
TI  - [Production of the antibiotic-algicide cyanobacterin LU-2 by a filamentous
      cyanobacterium Nostoc sp].
AB  - A strain of cyanobacterium of Nostoc has been isolated, and found to produce a
      new antibiotic cyanobacterin LU-2. The antibiotic is synthesized by the
      cyanobnacterium under intensive cultivation conditions in a liquid mineral
      medium. Cyanobacterin LU-2 is an exometabolite; its maximum accumulation in the
      medium is achieved at 34 degrees. Cyanobacterin LU-2 is active against many
      cyanobacteria tested, including those of Microcystis and Aphanizomenon which are
      principals to give rise to blooms in fresh water supplies. It is poorly active
      against green algae and inactive against fungi and bacteria. The antibiotic
      hinders cell division in Synechococcus sp. R-2 (PCC 7942). It causes compression
      of the cytoplasm and exfoliation of the cell contents from cell wall; the
      distance between tylacoids is increased and their destruction is observed. The
      antibiotic hinders markedly light-dependent oxygen evolution. Cyanobacterin LU-2
      is substance of a phenolic nature containing amino-sugar.

PMID- 1819040
TI  - [Oxidation of dibenzofuran by Pseudomonas strains harboring plasmids of
      naphthalene degradation].
AB  - Pseudomonas strains harboring plasmids pBS3, pBS4, NAH7 were shown to carry out
      initial transformation of dibenzofurane to 4-[2'-(3'-hydroxy)-benzofuranyl]-2
      keto-3-butenic acid due to broad substrate specificity of the enzymes of
      naphthalene catabolism nahA, nahB, nahC and nahD. These strains did not grow on
      dibenzofurane because of the inability of the enzyme nahE to split pyruvate of 4
      [2'-(3' hydroxy)-benzofuranyl]-2-keto-3-butenic acid, which leads to accumulation
      of the latter. The strains harboring plasmids pBS2 and NPL-1 are not capable of
      any transformation of dibenzofurane.

PMID- 1819039
TI  - [Biochemical basis of varying nystatin resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
      Candida maltosa mutants].
AB  - Six groups of nystatin resistant mutants of C. maltosa and of haploid and diploid
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were obtained with the help of genetic and
      biochemical analysis. It has been shown that every group of the mutants was
      characterized by a specific level of resistance to nystatin. The dependence of
      the resistance level upon sterol content has been established. It has been shown
      that the more the structure of the sterol present differed from ergosterol the
      higher was the resistance level. The results obtained in vivo permit to make
      conclusions about the role of different functional groups of sterol molecule in
      the interaction with nystatin.

PMID- 1819042
TI  - [Esthetics in conservation therapy--possibilities, limits and accompanying work].

PMID- 1819041
TI  - [Antimutagenicity of propionic acid bacteria].
AB  - The antimutagenicity of the cell extracts of Propionibacterium shermanii VKM-103,
      P. pentosaceum CCM 1859 and P. acnes CCM 3322 against mutagenicity of sodium
      azide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was demonstrated for the first
      time. The extracts of propionic acid cocci didn't show such effect. The
      antimutagenic factor acts as a desmutagen, has polypeptide nature and evidently
      is an enzyme (enzymes). The inhibitory effect of the extract is due to the
      presence of more than one protein factor in it.

PMID- 1819043
TI  - [NM-system. Concept of an implant solution].

PMID- 1819044
TI  - [Branemark osseointegration methods--status five years after].

PMID- 1819045
TI  - Production of beta-fructofuranosidase with transfructosylating activity for
      fructooligosaccharides synthesis by Aspergillus japonicus NTU-1249.
AB  - Microbial beta-fructofuranosidases with transfructosylating activity can catalyze
      the transfructosylation of sucrose and synthesize fructooligosaccharides.
      Aspergillus japonicus NTU-1249 isolated from natural habitat was found to produce
      a significant amount of beta-fructofuranosidase with high transfructosylating
      activity and to have the potential for industrial production of
      fructooligosaccharides. In order to improve it's enzyme productivity, the medium
      composition and the cultivation conditions for A. japonicus NTU-1249 were
      studied. A. japonicus NTU-1249 can produce 83.5 units of transfructosylating
      activity per ml broth when cultivated in a shaking flask at 28 degrees C for 72
      hours with a modified medium containing 80 g/l sucrose, 15 g/l soybean flour, 5
      g/l yeast extract and 5 g/l NaCl at an initial pH of 6.0. The enzyme productivity
      was also optimized by submerged cultivation in a 5-litre jar fermentor with
      aeration at 1.5 vvm and agitation at 500 rpm. Under these operating conditions,
      the productivity of transfructosylating activity increased to 185.6 U/ml.
      Furthermore, the transfructosylating activity was improved to 256.1 U/ml in 1,000
      litre pilot-scale fermentor. Enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides by
      beta-fructofuranosidase from A. japonicus NTU-1249 was performed in batch type by
      adding 5.6 units of transfructosylating activity per gram of sucrose to a 50%
      (w/v) sucrose solution at pH 5.0 and 50 degrees C. The yield of
      fructooligosaccharides was about 60% after reaction for 24 hours, and the syrup
      produced contained 29.8% (w/v) fructooligosaccharides, 15.2% (w/v) glucose and
      5.0% (w/v) sucrose.

PMID- 1819046
TI  - Glycation of lysozyme in a restricted water environment.
AB  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB) was used to determine the glycation
      sites of lysozyme in a restricted water environment. A 30-day incubation at 25
      degrees C, and 65% relative humidity (R.H.) resulted in glycation at lysine-1
      while a much shorter (3-day) incubation at 50 degrees C and 65% R.H. resulted in
      diglycation at lysine-1 as well as glycation at lysine-13 and lysine-33.

PMID- 1819047
TI  - Potentiation effect of corn extract on the production of eremofortin C, EC
      oxidase, and PR toxin by Penicillium roqueforti.
AB  - Eremofortin C (EC) and PR toxin are secondary metabolites of Penicillium
      roqueforti. Their structures are similar and differ only by an alcohol and an
      aldehyde group at the C-12 position. EC has been demonstrated to be the precursor
      of PR toxin, and EC is transformed to PR toxin by EC oxidase. These two compounds
      and EC oxidase are secreted by P. roqueforti in the culture medium, which is
      usually composed of 15% sucrose and 2% yeast extract. Recently, we discovered
      that the addition of corn extract to this medium increased the production of EC
      and PR toxin and the activity of EC oxidase in a coordinative manner. In a time
      course study, we found that the peak yield of EC and PR toxin and the maximum
      activity of EC oxidase in the culture medium containing 7.5% sucrose, 1% yeast
      extract, and 20% corn extract were increased 6.2, 4.6, and 4.7-fold,
      respectively, as compared with those obtained in the medium without corn extract.
      Moreover, corn extract increased the production of EC and PR toxin and the
      activity of EC oxidase by P. roqueforti in a dose-dependent manner. On the other
      hand, when the concentrations of sucrose and yeast extract were increased while
      fixing the ratio of corn extract, we found that the levels of EC and PR toxin and
      the enzyme activity were decreased concomitantly. We thus conclude that corn
      extract can enhance the production of EC, PR toxin and EC oxidase by P.
      roqueforti when grown in a minimal medium and that the potentiation effect of
      corn extract is suppressed when the fungi are grown in a rich medium.

PMID- 1819048
TI  - Effects of male rat urine on norepinephrine levels in the accessory olfactory
      bulb of young and aged female rats.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in the accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB) of
      young (4-5 months) and old (25-26 months) ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats,
      which were implanted with a 17 beta-estradiol silastic capsule and then exposed
      to male rat urine, were studied. The unilateral vomeronasal organ was removed in
      all rats one week before exposure to the urine stimulation. The NE level in the
      AOB of this surgical side served as the control. Urine collected from young adult
      male rats was poured into the female's cage at 12:00h and the animals were
      sacrificed before and 1, 2, or 3 hours after the male urine was given. The NE
      basal levels in the AOB of young rats decreased significantly at 14:00h compared
      to those at 12:00h, while no obvious changes in the NE concentrations were
      observed in the AOB of old rats during the same period. Two hours after
      continuous exposure to male urine, the NE concentrations in the AOB of young rats
      markedly increased, but no similar response occurred in the old rats. These data
      suggest that the noradrenergic functions in the AOB under basal conditions as
      well as in response to pheromonal stimulation may be modified with increasing
      age.

PMID- 1819049
TI  - [Recovery and treatment of accidently lost teeth].

PMID- 1819050
TI  - [Optimally integrated color in composite restorations].

PMID- 1819051
TI  - [Case report of a female patient with disk prolapse of both TMJs--diagnosis and
      therapy (1)].

PMID- 1819052
TI  - [Periodontal-orthodontic treatment as alternative to extraction].

PMID- 1819053
TI  - [Study of plaque in marginal periodontitis with help of Perioscan-tests].

PMID- 1819054
TI  - [ABC of practice management. S--Schooling].

PMID- 1819055
TI  - [Biological examination of cobalt and nickel-based alloys in comparison of
      implant materials in animal experiments].

PMID- 1819056
TI  - [Dentists' wish list for emergency instruction].

PMID- 1819057
TI  - [Exact spatial measurements of models with help of an electronic measuring
      device].

PMID- 1819058
TI  - [Foreign bodies].

PMID- 1819059
TI  - [Implant anchorage possibilities for defect prostheses and replacements].

PMID- 1819060
TI  - [Antibacterial therapy in endodontics].

PMID- 1819061
TI  - [Case report of a female patient with disk prolapse of both TMJs--diagnosis and
      therapy (2)].

PMID- 1819062
TI  - [Different treatment forms for juvenile periodontitis--case report].

PMID- 1819063
TI  - [Ideal dental photo system? (1)].

PMID- 1819064
TI  - [ABC of practice management. T--telephone].

PMID- 1819065
TI  - [Comparison investigation of properties of pin systems with flat or structured
      surfaces for transdental fixation--experimental study].

PMID- 1819066
TI  - [Requirements of dentists' emergency education from anesthetists' viewpoint (1)].

PMID- 1819067
TI  - [Magnet anchorage of implant supported hybrid prostheses].

PMID- 1819068
TI  - [Current therapy for trigeminal neuralgia--overview from different considerations
      of possible dental therapies].

PMID- 1819069
TI  - [Possibilities for prevention of tooth root surface caries].

PMID- 1819071
TI  - [Psychological background for treatment of jaw anomalies in adult years-
      treatment demand and motivation development].

PMID- 1819070
TI  - [Alternative treatments for shortened dental arches--clinical case presentation].

PMID- 1819074
TI  - [ABC of practice management. U--taking over a dental practice (1)].

PMID- 1819073
TI  - [Ideal dental photo system? (2)].

PMID- 1819072
TI  - [Three-year observation of periodontal structures in juvenile periodontitis].

PMID- 1819075
TI  - [Requirements of dentists' emergency education from anesthetists' viewpoint (2)].

PMID- 1819076
TI  - [Tension headache and its treatment by dental measures].

PMID- 1819077
TI  - [Pin anchored implant supported hybrid prostheses].

PMID- 1819078
TI  - [Pemphigus vulgaris of mucous membrane--two case reports].

PMID- 1819079
TI  - [Intraalveolar transplantation with transdental fixation--reports of experience
      and case presentation].

PMID- 1819080
TI  - [Comparative investigation of accuracy of fit of the composite inlay "Estilux
      posterior CVS"].

PMID- 1819081
TI  - [Design of anterior protrusive plane (front tooth guidance with support)--an
      suitable procedure with articulator models].

PMID- 1819082
TI  - [Periodontal findings in pregnant diabetic patients].

PMID- 1819083
TI  - [ABC of practice management. R--reception].

PMID- 1819084
TI  - [Electronic occlusal diagnosis with the T-Scanner--possibilities and limits].

PMID- 1819085
TI  - [Oral rehabilitation in intubation narcosis of children in private dental
      practices].

PMID- 1819086
TI  - [Lighting of dental work place--study of methods].

PMID- 1819087
TI  - [A failure. 2. Clinical solution].

PMID- 1819088
TI  - [Assistant in charge or first assistant].

PMID- 1819089
TI  - [How to avoid stress and fear in our patients].

PMID- 1819090
TI  - [Communication and information: team discussion].

PMID- 1819092
TI  - [Partial dentures (3)].

PMID- 1819091
TI  - [Suction system: hygienic maintenance a problem?].

PMID- 1819093
TI  - [Stress--frequently self-made].

PMID- 1819094
TI  - [Dental assistants--dental assistants in Italy].

PMID- 1819095
TI  - [Assistance of dental assistants in the war against the people's disease-
      "caries"].

PMID- 1819096
TI  - [Correspondence writing--a non-skill?].

PMID- 1819097
TI  - [Dental alloys: over 800 products on the German market].

PMID- 1819098
TI  - [Problem of assistant scarcity].

PMID- 1819099
TI  - [Dental assistants in Switzerland].

PMID- 1819101
TI  - [Pregnancy concerns. Are the teeth neglected?].

PMID- 1819100
TI  - [Possibilities of occupational practice in other European countries].

PMID- 1819102
TI  - [Time management--a realizable concept in the practice?].

PMID- 1819103
TI  - [Gloves from medical and historical viewpoints].

PMID- 1819104
TI  - [How dangerous is ozone?].

PMID- 1819105
TI  - [Dental assistant. Situation of dental assistant in France].

PMID- 1819106
TI  - [Situation of the dental assistant in Netherlands].

PMID- 1819107
TI  - [Acquisition and selection of the educated].

PMID- 1819108
TI  - [The difficult patient].

PMID- 1819110
TI  - [Instrument hygiene--test for knowledge].

PMID- 1819109
TI  - [File system--or daily filing and relocation of documents].

PMID- 1819111
TI  - [Partial dentures (2)].

PMID- 1819112
TI  - [Individualization of complete and partial dentures using Muterthies' painted on
      colors].

PMID- 1819113
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint related restorations (1)].

PMID- 1819114
TI  - [Prosthetic concerns of Bonefit implants (1)].

PMID- 1819115
TI  - [In light of nature].

PMID- 1819116
TI  - [Practical procedures with Vita-Omega metal ceramic. Finishing an anterior bridge
      and posterior restoration].

PMID- 1819117
TI  - [Psychic loading in the technical dental arena. The question of time and quality
      pressure].

PMID- 1819118
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint related restorations (2)].

PMID- 1819119
TI  - [Prosthetic concerns of Bonefit implants (2)].

PMID- 1819120
TI  - [Opalescence effects in low melting ceramic].

PMID- 1819121
TI  - [VMK--complete blending of first maxillary molars. Educational segment of the
      master school of Freiburg].

PMID- 1819122
TI  - [Orthodontic study model].

PMID- 1819123
TI  - [Degusint system--powder metallurgical procedures for preparation of metal
      artificial tooth].

PMID- 1819124
TI  - [Help at the last second--separation of a bridge using an SAE blade electrode and
      subsequent blocking with an SAE blocking attachment].

PMID- 1819125
TI  - [Prosthetic concerns of Bonefit implants (3)].

PMID- 1819126
TI  - [Reflecting properties of new type emulsions].

PMID- 1819127
TI  - [Variation of tooth color in different periods of life].

PMID- 1819128
TI  - [Karwetzky's U-bar activator].

PMID- 1819129
TI  - [Use of PC as regulator for preheating oven].

PMID- 1819130
TI  - [Teamwork between dentist and dental technician. Historical review].

PMID- 1819131
TI  - Selective peripheral denervation in patients with spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - The results of selective peripheral denervation of the involved muscles in 35
      patients with spasmodic torticollis are reported. We modified the operation first
      described by Bertrand. Follow-up was 3 months to 2.5 years in 34/35 patients. 73%
      noticed a significant improvement or disappearance of dystonia and pain following
      surgery and physiotherapy for 3 months postoperatively. Selective peripheral
      denervation is recommended for patients with spasmodic torticollis of at least 1
      2 years duration which is resistant to conservative treatment. It may also be
      used in patients who do not respond to injection of botulinum A toxin or who
      develop resistance to this kind of therapy.

PMID- 1819132
TI  - Spinal somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during microsurgery for
      syringomyelia: case reports.
AB  - Spinal cord function was monitored during surgery in 2 cases of syringomyelia.
      The intraoperative recording of spinal segmental and conduction potentials evoked
      at cervical levels by the stimulation of median and tibial nerves were essential
      in the definition of the extent of the lesion and was consistent with
      postoperative neurological outcome.

PMID- 1819133
TI  - History of Clarke's stereotactic instrument.
AB  - The first original stereotactic instrument was designed by the turn of this
      century by the British surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist Robert Henry Clarke.
      In 1905 James Swift, in London, constructed the first machine, 'Clarke's
      stereoscopic instrument employed for excitation and electrolysis'. It was first
      used in 1906 by Clarke and Victor Horsley to create minute electrolytic lesions
      in the CNS of animals. The stereotactic apparatus was patented by Clarke in 1914
      and cost 300 pounds. Two further instruments were made by Goodwin and Velacott in
      London and brought to the United States to be used for animal research. The
      principal of these machines constitutes the basis of modern stereoguides for
      human use designed after World War II. Clarke's original instrument was last used
      by Dr Barrington, a genitourinary surgeon in London in the early 1950s. It then
      disappeared but parts were detected by Dr Hitchcock in 1960 and the complete
      machine by Dr Merrington in 1970. It can now be found at the museum of University
      College Hospital in London.

PMID- 1819134
TI  - Computed tomographic determination of coordinates for stereotaxis.
AB  - A visual, a computer-assisted and a trigonometric method for obtaining
      coordinates for stereotaxis are compared. Each method had its own deficiencies
      and produced comparable results.

PMID- 1819135
TI  - Intrathecal antiepileptic drugs in experimental epilepsy.
AB  - The effect of intrathecal administration of antiepileptic drugs on electroshock
      induced convulsions (maximal electroshock seizure, MES test) was investigated in
      an experimental study in rats. Drugs tested were phenobarbital sodium (50-800
      micrograms), sodium valproate (50-6,400 micrograms) and midazolam (50-250
      micrograms), delivered into the cerebrospinal fluid via a catheter placed in the
      upper cervical intrathecal space. Control animals were tested with saline. The
      animals were tested in the MES test 30 min after drug administration.
      Phenobarbital sodium showed a dose-related protective effect on the tonic phase
      of the convulsion, with a 50% effect at a dose of 200 micrograms. Sodium
      valproate showed a less protective effect, even when reaching doses that produced
      neurological symptoms. Midazolam protected at a high dose but produced a severe
      decrease in motor activity. The results indicate the feasibility to treat
      experimental convulsions by means of intrathecal injection of antiepileptic
      drugs.

PMID- 1819136
TI  - [Application of glass ionomer in orthodontic bonding].

PMID- 1819137
TI  - [Bioprogressive philosophy: clinical application].

PMID- 1819138
TI  - [New Edgewise has arrived ... (3)].

PMID- 1819139
TI  - [Reconsideration of craniofacial growth during development and evolution.
      Orthodontic consequences].

PMID- 1819140
TI  - [An auxiliary treatment for antero-posterior movement in the mandibular cuspid
      sector].

PMID- 1819141
TI  - [Thermoformed retainers].

PMID- 1819142
TI  - [Functional treatment of retrognathia].

PMID- 1819143
TI  - [Labial dysfunction, or: good use of the Chateau four-pieces].

PMID- 1819144
TI  - [Labio-lingual dysfunction, or: good use of the Martine-Tavernier rod].

PMID- 1819145
TI  - [An example of physiological surgery: "primary" rehabilitation of the premaxilla
      in cleft palate].

PMID- 1819146
TI  - [Neonatal anatomy of the deep facial mass: perspectives of clinical applications
      in orthodontic practice].

PMID- 1819147
TI  - [Use and construction of the Andresen activator].

PMID- 1819148
TI  - [Extraction or nonextraction?].

PMID- 1819149
TI  - [Reuse of ceramic brackets].

PMID- 1819150
TI  - Central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in blood pressure regulation.
AB  - Both intravenous and central administration of ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist, decrease blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity, suggesting a
      central origin of its effects. However, ketanserin also possesses alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking properties. Selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonists devoid of
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties, e.g. LY 53857 and cinanserin, fail to
      reduce blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. In addition, 5-HT2 receptor
      agonists increase blood pressure and sympathetic nerve discharge. Therefore, it
      seems improbable that blockade of central 5-HT2 receptors alone could lead to a
      reduction in blood pressure. In contrast, the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists
      8-OH-DPAT and flesinoxan decrease blood pressure and heart rate by a centrally
      mediated decrease in sympathetic tone and an increase in vagal tone. The sympatho
      inhibitory effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists result from the stimulation of
      postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors within the ventrolateral pressor area. These
      results suggest that selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists acting in the central
      nervous system could be developed for the treatment of hypertension. Indeed,
      drugs such as flesinoxan and urapidil are effective in this setting.

PMID- 1819151
TI  - Molecular modeling of antipsychotic drugs and G protein coupled receptors.
AB  - The three dimensional structure, electrostatic potentials and molecular dynamics
      of a series of tricyclic antipsychotic drugs and metabolites were examined by
      computer graphics and molecular modeling techniques. Three dimensional models of
      the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor and of the dopamine D2 receptor were constructed
      from the amino acid sequences. The receptor models have strongly negative
      electrostatic potentials around the synaptic domains and a postulated ligand
      binding site. This indicates that protonated ligands are attracted to these
      receptors by electrostatic forces. Pharmacologically inactive trans(E)
      thioxanthenes and phenothiazine ring sulphoxides had strongly negative
      electrostatic potentials around a part of the ring system. This may weaken their
      electrostatic interactions with the D2 receptor, and be the reason for their lack
      of potency in D2 receptor binding and related pharmacological tests. Molecular
      dynamics simulations in aqueous solution demonstrated that both the side chains
      and the tricyclic ring systems of the drugs are highly flexible, and move between
      different conformations in picoseconds.

PMID- 1819152
TI  - New areas for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of rheumatic disease.
AB  - Anti-rheumatic therapy has been targeted against the symptoms arising from
      chronic inflammation of the joint. This has resulted in the extensive use of non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is now becoming apparent that these agents
      have no beneficial effect on disease progression. This mini review concentrates
      on the formation and maintenance of pannus, the granulomatous tissue responsible
      for cartilage and bone erosion. This reveals a number of possible therapeutic
      targets. Protease inhibitors could be used to interfere with the degradatory
      processes. The diverse functions of endothelial cells suggest oedema formation,
      cell accumulation and supply of nutrients to the granulomatous tissue could all
      be targeted by appropriate therapy. Alternatively the immune processes that
      control pannus formation and state of activation could be regulated by
      interfering with antigen presentation and the cytokine network.

PMID- 1819153
TI  - [Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and effects on urinary secretion of
      electrolytes of furosemide and furosemide-amiloride in healthy subjects].
AB  - A randomized cross over study was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers to
      investigate simultaneously the pharmacokinetics and the effects on urinary volume
      and electrolyte excretion after administration of single doses of 40 mg frusemide
      and a combination tablet containing both 40 mg frusemide and 5 mg amiloride. From
      a statistical analysis of plasma levels of frusemide and amiloride measured by
      HPLC methodology, no significant difference between the reference drug alone,
      frusemide, and the combination tablets was observed in mean peak plasma levels,
      mean times to peak or mean areas under the plasma concentration-time curves
      (AUC). Frusemide and the combination tablet both produced a rapid and powerful
      diuresis in the 0-2 hours postdose period and did not differ significantly in
      urine output at any time point. However a difference in natriuretic activity was
      observed between frusemide and the combination with the latter producing a
      significantly greater sodium excretion in the 0 to 2 hours period (p less than
      0.05). Potassium retaining activity throughout the 24 hours was marked after the
      administration of the combination, the potassium excretion being significantly
      less (p less than 0.05) than either control of frusemide alone. There was also a
      significant correlation between plasma levels of frusemide and the time course of
      urine and electrolyte excretion in healthy subjects.

PMID- 1819155
TI  - [Effects of phosphate therapy on parathyroid gland reactivity].
AB  - The effects of a single oral dose of phosphate (780 mg of elemental phosphorus as
      100 drops of Phosphoneurol 120 from DOMS-Adrian Laboratories) on parathyroid
      function and on calcium and phosphate metabolism were studied in 10 young adults.
      The parathyroid response was checked by measurement of PTH 1-84 and of
      nephrogenous cAMP before and after a 10 days therapy by phosphate (780 mg of
      elemental phosphorus twice daily). Before treatment a 16 per cent increase in PTH
      1-84 (p less than 0.05) and a 34 per cent increase in nephrogenous cAMP (p less
      than 0.02) was obtained. After treatment the increases were respectively 34 per
      cent for PTH 1-84 (p less than 0.001) and 67 per cent for nephrogenous cAMP (p
      less than 0.001). The responses in PTH 1-84 and in nephrogenous cAMP were
      significantly (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01) higher after than before
      treatment by phosphate.

PMID- 1819154
TI  - [Randomized study during a year of early combination of L-dopa/lisuride in
      Parkinson disease].
AB  - The tolerance and efficacy of dopatherapy associated to lisuride or placebo were
      compared in 74 de novo patients with Parkinson's disease in a prospective
      randomized trial. Only non depressed and non demented patients, previously
      treated with low doses of levodopa during less than one year, were included in
      this study. Mean age was 59 (range 36-68). After 12 months, the mean dosage of
      levodopa was higher in the placebo group than in the lisuride group (318 +/- 121
      and 274 +/- 74 mg daily respectively). We observed a different decrease in the
      Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale with better scores in the lisuride group
      than in the placebo group, especially for the motor items (p less than 0.001) and
      the daily living (p less than 0.0001). The tolerance was similar in the two
      groups. This trial will be continued in open conditions over a period of 4 years
      to appreciate the incidence of motor fluctuations in the two groups.

PMID- 1819156
TI  - [Correlation between methods of plasma cyclosporine determination by TDx and RIA
      cyclo-Trac 125].

PMID- 1819157
TI  - [Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 1819158
TI  - [Treatment of erythromelalgia with piroxicam in a patient with acetylsalicylic
      acid hypersensitivity].

PMID- 1819159
TI  - [Are patients treated in an internal medicine department well informed about
      their drug therapy?].

PMID- 1819160
TI  - [New methods of oral rehabilitation. Combination preprosthetic surgical
      operations with endosseous screw implants].
AB  - New methods developed in 1987 by the author are described which make the setting
      of titanium screw implants also possible in extreme cases of mandibular and
      maxillary atrophy. We describe the first time the posterior mandibular sandwich
      procedure after lateralization of the alveolar nerve which is a new preprosthetic
      method even without setting of implants. The anterior mandibular sandwich
      procedure is a new combination of the Schettler-method 1976 and the placement of
      titanium implants with interpositioning of autologous as well as lyophilized
      sterilized bone or lyo-cartilage. A new development is the Le Fort I-osteotomy of
      the extremely atrophic maxilla with total removal of the mucosa from the floor of
      the sinus and its obliteration using bicortical iliac crest bones fixed by
      titanium screw implants (Sailer, 1989). Simultaneously the intermaxillary
      relation is corrected and a submucous vestibuloplasty performed. Another new
      method is the vertical maxillary sandwich procedure designed for the extreme
      narrow alveolar ridge; the method fills a gap of conventional preprosthetic
      procedures and can be used with bank bone and bank cartilage, but also together
      with titanium screw implants placed extraorally into iliac crest grafts which are
      squeezed between the maxillary alveolar lamellae. The bucco-labial bony lamella
      is pedicled to the submucous tissues and to the periosteum, a submucous
      vestibuloplasty is always performed. The new methods are a breakthrough in
      preprosthetic surgery which allow the setting of long implants in cases of severe
      mandibular and maxillary atrophy. Fixed and hybrid suprastructures are now
      possible in these cases. The aesthetic aspects are convincing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819161
TI  - [Treatment of two cases of periodic sleep apnea by maxillo-facial surgery].
AB  - Juvenile temporomandibular bony ankylosis may generate micro- and retroposition
      of the mandible. Collapse of the upper airway during sleep due to muscle atonia
      awakens the patient, leading to compensative diurnal hypersomnia. In severe
      cases, alveolar hypoventilation may result in anoxic seizure, sudden death or
      development of life threatening cor pulmonale. The corrective surgical procedure
      for adult is an anterior sagittal osteotomy and in the growing child,
      costochondral grafting is proposed. Pre and post operative polysomnograms with
      recording of oxygen saturation are objective measures of good surgical results.

PMID- 1819162
TI  - [Education and group instruction in the Dental Hygiene School of Zurich].

PMID- 1819163
TI  - [Instruction of prophylaxis assistants (PA) in the Dental Hygiene School of
      Zurich].

PMID- 1819164
TI  - [Dimensional accuracy of dental master models. What does science say to that?].

PMID- 1819165
TI  - [Fluoride prophylaxis at Winterthur in an optimization program].

PMID- 1819166
TI  - [Application of endosseous screw implants. Indications and planning].
AB  - To achieve long term positive results for endosseous dental implants, three
      points have to be considered: the osseointegration, the correct indication and
      the suprastructural planification designed for the specific type of implant. If
      the surgery part is done by a different practitioner as the prosthetic part,
      tight coworking for planning is necessary and the responsibility in each step has
      to be cleared in advance. The planification in implant cases is divided into
      three stages: clearing of contraindications, choice of the suprastructure, and
      the surgery planning. Aids for exact localisation of the implants are presented.

PMID- 1819167
TI  - [Structural and biomechanical based differences of osteosynthesis in mandibular
      or mid-face fractures. Why does the AO still use stiff plates?].
AB  - The mandible and the midface differ considerably in their anatomic structure, and
      therefore require different techniques for fracture stabilisation. Midface
      fractures are stabilised by mini-plates, which are arranged in a three
      dimensional fashion. Fractures of the mandible require stronger plates because
      the osteosynthesis is done in only one plane.

PMID- 1819168
TI  - [20 years of function-stable osteosynthesis in orthopedic surgery of the facial
      skeleton].

PMID- 1819170
TI  - [The participation of intracellular membranes in forming highly permeable domains
      in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells during the vasopressin stimulation of
      water transport].
AB  - Using different electron microscopic techniques, parallel studies of structural
      alterations in the apical membrane and specific granules of the frog urinary
      bladder granular cells were made. The results obtained suggest the participation
      of granule membranes in the formation of highly permeable domains in the apical
      membranes. After ADH action, the domains with high water permeability are
      internalized bringing cell membrane retrieval.

PMID- 1819171
TI  - [Acetylcholinesterase and the ADH-dependent transport of water in the amphibian
      bladder].
AB  - It was found that acetylcholine (ACh) at the concentration of 10(-3) M inhibited
      ADH-stimulated water transport through the wall of amphibian urinary bladder.
      This effect was suggested to be caused by an interaction of ACh with
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) rather than by a stimulation of the M- or N
      cholinoreceptor. The inhibitory action of ACh was completely suppressed in the
      presence of various AChE inhibitors (physostigmine, proserine, armine, Gd-42,
      acridine-iodmethylate), while an inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), AD
      4, failed to affect it. In accord with this observation the activity of AChE (but
      not of BuChE) was demonstrated in the urinary bladder epithelium. Since, in
      addition to the hydrosmotic effects of pituitrine, 8-arginine-vasopressin or
      oxytocin, ACh blocked also effects of forskolin or cyclic AMP, one may conclude
      that it acts at some post-cyclic AMP production stage. AChE-dependent inhibition
      of the ADH-stimulated water transport decreased significantly when the serosal pH
      was raising from 7.2 to 8.0, but was augmented by serosal acidification (pH 6.8),
      whereas such pH alterations did not affect the activity of the epithelium AChE.
      The effect of ACh under consideration was suppressed by adding amiloride (10(-4)
      M) to the serosal solution. Similarly, the ACh effect was blocked by an inhibitor
      of Ca-dependent K+ channels, 4-aminopyrdine, which in addition prevented the
      inhibition of the ADH-stimulated water transport by the serosal acidification. It
      was noteworthy that some other K+ channel blockers (Ba2+, Cs+,
      tetraethylammonium, apamine, quinine) did not affect either the water transport
      or the antipituitrine effect of ACh. In conclusion, we suggest that the
      inhibitory action of ACh on the ADH-stimulated water transport in the urinary
      bladder is mediated through the intracellular acidification resulting from ACh
      interaction with AChE. It is unlikely that the acidification is merely a
      consequence of the ACh hydrolysis, rather the ACh-AChE interaction induces
      directly an increase in the proton conductivity of the basolateral membrane of
      the urinary bladder epithelium.

PMID- 1819169
TI  - [Li+ as a Na+ analog in ion transport process in vertebrates].
AB  - Special features of Li+ transport in several organs ensuring ion homeostasis of
      vertebrates (in kidneys of fishes and mammals, in gills of teleost and rectal
      gland of elasmobranchs) are observed in comparison to Na+ transport in the same
      organs. Transport processes in extrarenal excretory organs--in gills of marine
      teleosts and in rectal gland of marine elasmobranchs--are distinguished by low
      lithium-sodium selectivity, i.e. in these processes Li+ behaves very much like
      Na+. On the contrary, renal excretion of these ions is accompanied by significant
      (more than ten times) increase of [Li]/[Na] ratio in urine in comparison with
      that of blood plasma. At the same time, there is no difference between Li+ and
      Na+ in process of glomerular filtration and their transfer across proximal tubule
      wall; discrimination takes place in distal parts of a nephron where Li+ is not
      involved in the process of Na+ reabsorption. Data on lithium-sodium selectivity
      of the kidneys and rectal gland were obtained by a direct measurement of Li+ and
      Na+ concentrations in body fluids. Estimations of lithium sodium-selectivity of
      gills of freshwater and marine teleosts were performed by means of the balance
      equation of Li+ and Na+ net fluxes in processes of exchange between the animal
      and its environment.

PMID- 1819172
TI  - [The role of changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ in dexamethasone
      induced thymocyte death].
AB  - The putative role of changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the
      dexamethasone (DM) induced thymocyte death was investigated. Incubation of rat
      thymocytes with 10(-7) M DM for different time intervals from 0.1 to 8 h did not
      change the basal [Ca2+]i level ca 100 nM as measured with Ca(2+)-fluorescent
      probe Quin-2. Ca2+ influx measured by the rate of 45Ca2+ uptake was also just the
      same in DM treated and control cells. At the same time a 6-8 h incubation of cell
      suspension with 10(-7) M DM results in significant increase in DNA fragmentation
      and pyknosis, and a 24 h incubation is associated with the decrease in the
      percentage of cells not staining with Trypan blue. Thus, the results obtained
      indicate that 10(-7) M DM induces thymocyte death without any significant and
      constant [Ca2+]i rise during the first 8 h after hormone application.

PMID- 1819173
TI  - [The intracellular significance of pH, its dynamics and possible role in
      regulating cell functions].
AB  - The intracellular and intralysosomal pH were studied on living monolayer cell
      cultures SPEV (pig embryo kidney), CHC (Chinese hamster's fibroblasts), NGUK-1
      (neurinoma of Gasser's gland of rat), and also on primary cell cultures of rat's
      hepatocytes and chick embryo fibroblasts. In cytoplasm and lysosomes of these
      cells were found out pH changes during cells cycle and cell cultivation. There
      was also showed a heterogeneity of different parts of cells and lysosomes, and
      circahoral pH oscillations were registered. So there was found a spatial and
      temporal pH mosaity of living cells. The probable role of intracellular pH
      changes via regulator of cell vital activity is discussed.

PMID- 1819174
TI  - [The relationship between the cation and protein content, cationic transport and
      the rate of protein synthesis detected in cells in the presence and in the
      absence of ouabain].
AB  - The measurements were made of monovalent cation (K+ + Rb+, Na+) and protein
      contents, of leucin incorporation into the protein (protein synthesis), and of
      ouabain-sensitive K+ influx during the growth of the Jurkat culture cells in the
      presence or in the absence of ouabain. All the data were calculated per cell. The
      time dependences of these parameters are nonlinear [correction of unline] curves.
      The results of three independent measurements are not reproduced. The problem was
      to find out an intracellular "main" parameter, so that the dependences between
      this and the rest of parameters be of line character. It has been found that it
      is the protein synthesis rate that may be taken as the main parameter, because
      between the protein synthesis rate and all the other parameters there is the line
      connection. Comparative results obtained with or without ouabain showed that K+
      and Na+ concentrations in the cell were different, although the constants of the
      rate of protein synthesis were the same. This points to the same type of change
      of the protein synthesis process in the cells growing with or without ouabain.

PMID- 1819175
TI  - [Clinical results of filling intraoral bone defects with ionomeric porous
      microimplants (V-Os)].
AB  - In a clinical trial over a period of two years 50 cavities were filled up with an
      ionomeric porous micro implant (V-Os)* as bone replacement material after
      apicectomy and excision of cysts. Primary healing was found in 43 cases. 3 months
      after the operation 44 of 46 examined cases showed no pathological signs. In two
      cases the material had to be removed. 2 years after the operation 35 cases should
      be examined, in one case there was a fistula, the other cases showed no
      pathological signs. The comparison of the individual reproducible X-ray pictures
      after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months shows a bone regeneration next to the implanted
      micro implant.

PMID- 1819176
TI  - [Instrumentation of root canal walls with Nd-YAG laser].
AB  - An in vitro study showed that it is possible to alter the surface morphology of
      root canals with a Nd-YAG Laser. S.E.M. and dye penetration photographs showed
      these changes in the canal surface morphology. In our opinion when an energy
      level of 15 IPS/1,5 W is used, the resulting changes are useful and of benefit in
      root canal treatment.

PMID- 1819177
TI  - [Nickel solubility and metallic taste].
AB  - Main causes for metal taste may be deficiency diseases (especially deficiency of
      zinc), medication or dental restorations. Saliva of probationers with partial
      dentures was analyzed for their nickel contents. The solubility behavior in
      saliva of the alloys studied was related to metal taste and burning sensation.
      For most alloys the frequency of metal taste was in accordance with the nickel
      solubility in saliva.

PMID- 1819178
TI  - [Preparation of root canals with the Excalibur in comparison with manual
      instrumentation, Endocursor and Intra-Endokopf].
AB  - 64 curved root canals of acrylic models were instrumented from two experienced
      operators with Endocursor, Excalibur, Intra-Endokopf 3LDSY and by manual. A
      significant influence on the form of the root canal preparation had the factors
      instrument type, operator and the interferences between operator and instrument.
      The time of root canal preparation had a significant influence in the middle and
      coronal third of the root only. The best results are achieved by ideal
      combination of operator and instrument. With the Excalibur it is possible, to
      make a sparing and careful instrumentation. The excellent calibration guide is
      very helpful.

PMID- 1819179
TI  - [Possible causes of incidents during dental anesthesia].
AB  - Inadvertent intravascular injection of a local anaesthetic is the main cause of
      incidents during local dental anaesthesia. The composition of the local
      anaesthetic solution determines the clinical symptoms in dependence on the
      patient's pathophysiological condition and a possible drug therapy. Since an
      intravascular injection cannot be excluded with certainty slow injection of the
      anaesthetic solution and the knowledge of its composition are prerequisites.

PMID- 1819180
TI  - [IPS-Empress. New full ceramic system].

PMID- 1819181
TI  - [Identification of the waveform of cortical auditory evoked potentials].
AB  - Slow vertex response (SVR) audiometry is presently one of the methods of choice
      in objective auditory threshold assessment. The aim of this study, carried out on
      twenty subjects with various degrees and types of hearing loss, was to evaluate
      the difficulties found in N1P2 complex identification. Tracings, presented as
      single averages and super-imposed averages, were examined separately by two
      Authors who had not been received any information concerning the audiometric
      thresholds of the subjects under investigation. Results showed that erroneous
      identification of SVR waveforms occurred frequently, especially near threshold
      level. The rate of false negatives (i.e. a waveform present but not identified)
      was higher than the rate of false positives (i.e. erroneous identification of a
      non-existing N1P2 complex). High intra- and interindividual discrepancies were
      also found. Our results appear to indicate that the SVR waveform is not easily
      identifiable and thus that SVR audiometry cannot, therefore, be considered a
      truly objective audiometric test since analysis of the tracings may be influenced
      by the high degree of variability in individual interpretation.

PMID- 1819182
TI  - [Relations between pure-tone audiometry and cortical evoked auditory potentials].
AB  - Slow vertex response (SVR) audiometry is presently one of the methods of choice
      in objective auditory threshold assessment. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate, as objectively possible, the relationship existing between the
      thresholds of SVR and or pure tone audiometry (PTA). The study was carried out on
      twenty subjects with hearing losses of various degrees and types. While mean
      differences between SVR and PTA thresholds ranged between 6 to 13 dB, in some
      cases values over 30 dB were found. No statistically significant intra- and
      interindividual discrepancies were found, even though in some cases the
      thresholds were given different in evaluations by different examiners. No
      statistically significant difference in SVR versus PTA thresholds was found in
      patients with sensory-neural and conductive hearing loss, while in subjects with
      normal hearing the difference between the thresholds was greater. Our results
      suggest that SVR is a reliable technique in objective threshold evaluation but
      that in single cases its threshold cannot be directly compared to that of pure
      tone audiometry.

PMID- 1819183
TI  - [Evoked oto-acoustic emissions in patients with retinitis pigmentosa].
AB  - Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOE) offer a unique opportunity to measure
      objectively the function of outer hair cells in human beings. In this paper the
      Authors report a study carried out employing EOE evaluation on cochlear function
      in subjects with retinitis pigmentosa. Nine patients with retinitis pigmentosa
      with normal hearing in both ears upon traditional audiometric evaluation were
      studied. The frequency spectrum of the EOE was taken into consideration,
      evaluated in frequency bands of 50 Hz, in order to ascertain the presence or
      absence of the emissions and, when present, their amplitude. These data were
      compared statistically, using the Student's T Test, to those obtained in a
      homogeneous control group of normal subjects. In subjects with retinitis
      pigmentosa, average EOE intensity values were statistically lower than those
      found in normal subjects. In fact, the Student's T Test evaluation revealed
      significant differences in EOE intensity in 64 of the 127 frequency bands
      examined. Moreover, the distribution of the EOE in patients with retinitis
      pigmentosa proved to be more discontinuous than that observed in the normal
      subjects. These data appear to indicate authentic alterations in the cochlear
      mechanics in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Such alterations may well be
      related to outer hair cell lesions. It seems likely that the auditory system is
      involved in retinitis pigmentosa degenerative processes more frequently than
      traditional audiometric tests have been able to show.

PMID- 1819184
TI  - [Use of the head shaking test in the posturographic diagnosis].
AB  - This study on equilibrium disturbances employed the Head Shaking Test (HST), with
      manoeuvres similar to those used in studying the Vestibule Oculomotor Reflex
      (VOR) as well as the Vestibule Spinal Reflex (VSR), following a posturographic
      technique. Two hundred and forty-eight patients suffering of equilibrium
      disturbance of peripheral (168 cases) and central (80 cases) origin underwent
      study in four different conditions: Open Eyes (OE), Closed Eyes (CE), Open Eyes
      with Head Retroflection (OER) and Closed Eyes and HST (CE-HST). The results
      obtained (47.9% positive results to the test) confirm the high sensitivity and
      specificity of the CE-HST. The correlation with posture alterations, peripheral
      as well as central, resulted highly significant (P less than 0.0001), with a
      notable reduction of false negatives. A positive correlation between CE-HST and
      HST-Ny was not detectable thus confirming two distinct patterns for VOR and VSR.
      Furthermore, no correlation between CE-HST and postural pathology of cervical or
      positional origin was documented.

PMID- 1819185
TI  - [Diurnal hypersomnolence and chronic snoring: an epidemiological study].
AB  - Excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) is highly correlated to the presence of
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). It appears that interest in such
      disorders may also be extended to extraneurological fields. The Authors report
      the results of a study on EDS in 1,146 adult subjects seen consecutively by
      different physicians. Excessive Somnolence during normal activity was reported in
      4.5% of the subjects studied. In a subgroup of habitual snorers, EDS was observed
      in 8.3% of the subjects and in 2.0% in a group of non-snorers. The subjects with
      EDS has a mean age and body mass index (BMI) greater than those of the control
      group and a higher frequency of certain performance disturbances. No sex
      differences were found. EDS and habitual snoring had a similar age-related trend.

PMID- 1819186
TI  - [Surgical treatment of androphonia].
AB  - While numerous surgical procedures which aim at modifying the mass and tension of
      the vocal cords have been successfully adopted in dealing with androphonia, the
      most suitable and the least traumatic appears to be cricothyroid approximation.
      The Authors report the method employed and the satisfactory results obtained in
      the case of a woman whose highly masculine voice had brought about relational and
      psychological disorders. Studies of the instrumental phoniatric data gathered
      prior to surgery as well as a week, three months and a year afterwards show a
      change in the frequency characteristics of the voice-that is, a significant
      increase in the fundamental frequency. No substantial changes in aerodynamic
      indices or vocal range were detected.

PMID- 1819187
TI  - [Tonsillectomy in childhood: personal considerations].
AB  - This paper discusses the personal criteria followed in indicating tonsillectomy
      and/or adenotonsillectomy in treating a group of 150 children between the ages of
      2 and 12 in the ENT Department of the Crobu Hospital of Iglesias where a follow
      up was carried out from May 1989 to March 1991. The study analyzes when and under
      what conditions these surgical procedures are indicated in young patients without
      recurrent tonsillitis but with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The utility of
      traditional laboratory investigations (such as surface pharyngeal swabbing) in
      indicating surgical therapy is also evaluated. In concluding, the Authors affirm
      that recurrent tonsillitis no longer controllable with medical therapy is still
      the most frequent indication for surgery. In fact, 64% of the children studied
      belonged to either class TR or ITR in which recurring infection was the primary
      indication factor. However, respiratory obstruction has recently emerged as a
      increasingly important factor in indicating tonsillectomy and/or
      adenotonsillectomy. In fact, 54 children (35.9%) of the 150 studied belonged to
      class IT or OSA in which tonsillar and/or adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy with
      obstruction of various degrees was the determining factor in indicating surgical
      treatment. It appears that in the near future with fewer tonsillectomies being
      indicated in the case of recurrent tonsillitis, a progressive increase in the
      number of indications of surgical treatment in cases of obstruction may be
      expected. The Authors stress, however, the importance of identifying OSA patients
      because of the cardiorespiratory risks they may encounter during surgery
      (intubation difficulty found by the anaesthesiologist, tendency towards laryngeal
      spasms and pharyngeal obstruction in the post-operatory period).

PMID- 1819188
TI  - [Kallmann's syndrome. Apropos of 2 personal cases].
AB  - The Kallmann's syndrome is a rare nosological phenomenon characterized by
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. In 1944, Kallmann first studied the
      genetic aspects of this syndrome in three different families in which 11 subjects
      suffered of deafness, syncinesis, brain disorders or skeletal anomalies along
      with olfactory dysfunction. In these patients histological studies revealed
      either a degeneration in the olfactory bulb tract or a generalized hypoplasia of
      the olfactory system. In the light of the presence of brain lesions and the
      possible association with several other endocrine pathologies, hypogonadism
      should be related to a diminished increase of releasing factors from the
      hypothalamus. At present the Kallmann's syndrome is considered a genetic syndrome
      linked to the X-chromosome. The hypothalamus is a genetic disorder target gland
      and its eventual close connection to the olfactory system could explain endocrine
      as well as olfactory pathology. Several recent studies carried out on mice by M.
      Schwanzel-Fukuda and D. Pfaff showed that neurons expressing Luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LH-RH) are located in the nervus terminalis, a cranial nerve
      that is a part of the accessory olfactory system and which projects directly from
      the nose to the septal-preoptic nuclei in the brain. Clinically, these data could
      explain the gonadotropin deficiency in association with olfactory dysfunction in
      the Kallmann's syndrome. In this paper the Authors report two cases of Kallmann's
      syndrome: a 41-year-old male with eunuchoidism and anosmia, and a 7-year-old
      child with hypospadia and anosmia.

PMID- 1819189
TI  - Effect of kainic acid injected into raphe dorsal nucleus on sleep stages in cats.
AB  - Early (up to 5 h) and late (up to 65 days) effects of kainic acid (KA) injected
      into raphe dorsal nucleus (NRD) at two doses, 4 and 12 nmol, on waking-sleep
      stages in cats were studied. Slow-wave sleep (SWS-1 and SWS-2) and rapid eye
      movement sleep (REM) were strongly reduced or even completely suppressed, while
      waking stage, especially quiet waking stage (W-2), was significantly increased
      during the first 5 h after the injection. The effect was much more pronounced
      after injection of KA at a dose of 12 nmol. These changes in sleep stages
      gradually subsided and starting from the first-third day up to the 65th day after
      injection of KA, sleep was completely normal. The effects were interpreted as
      reflecting the action of KA first as a strong excitant--when a suppression of
      sleep was established, and then as a toxic substance with respect to NRD cells-
      when sleep restored to normal. These results suggest that raphe dorsal nucleus is
      not essential for triggering or maintenance of sleep.

PMID- 1819190
TI  - Recognition of faces expressing emotions in patients with unilateral brain
      damage.
AB  - The experiment concerned the functional specialization of brain hemispheres in
      recognizing faces expressing emotions in patients with focal brain damage of the
      left and right hemispheres and in persons without damage of the central nervous
      system. Three types of faces were presented: happy i.e. expressing positive
      emotions, sad i.e. expressing negative emotions and neutral. The task of the
      subject was to recognize the test face exposed for 20 ms in the left or right
      visual field and point to the correct face on the response-card which contained
      three different faces. The errors made in recognizing of faces exposed in the
      right visual field (addressing the left hemisphere) and in the left one
      (addressing the right hemisphere) were analyzed. The patients with left
      hemisphere damage showed a similar pattern of hemispheric differences to that
      observed in the controls. In case of neutral and sad faces fewer errors were made
      in the left visual field exposures, in case of happy faces no significant
      differences between the two fields were stated. The results in patients with
      right hemispheric damage were different from both the other groups. In processing
      all the three types of faces, fewer errors were made in the left visual field
      presentations independently of the localization of the damage within the right
      hemisphere. Similar recognition level of different types of faces was also found
      in patients with left or right hemisphere damage as well as in controls. The
      above results suggest the crucial role of the right hemisphere in processing both
      positive and negative emotions expressed in faces.

PMID- 1819191
TI  - The respiratory response to magnetic stimulation of the cortex in the
      unanaesthetized baboon.
AB  - Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to study cortical input to the
      respiratory system in unanaesthetized baboons. Single magnetic pulse caused
      usually a short-latency excitation with subsequent inhibition in stimulated
      inspiratory phase and change in the amplitude and timing of the respiratory
      cycle. The results suggest that cortical information is processed by the
      medullary pattern generator.

PMID- 1819193
TI  - Step-down passive avoidance in the rat ontogeny.
AB  - Ontogeny of step-down passive avoidance (PA) was studied in 174 Wistar rats at
      the age of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 13 weeks. Latency to the first descent from the safe
      bench (DL), number of descents (DN), time to criterion meeting (TC) and time
      during which animals were shocked (TS), were evaluated within learning (L) and
      two consecutive retention tests (R1 and R2); R1 took place at short to
      intermediate intervals (5 min-6 h), R2 24 h after learning. None of 2-week pups
      mastered the task. The most efficient learning was in 6-week pups, and also three
      indices of R1 (DN, TC and TS) were best at this age. However, the longest DL
      (most commonly used memory index in PA) was found in R1 and R2 of 3-week pups,
      due probably to high fear motivation. In 3-month animals DL was zero in R1. It is
      emphasized that the development of learning and memory is non-monotonous, which
      was also seen in our previous studies. There were differences between DL recalled
      from memory and other three indices (DN, TC and TS) in which further
      reinforcement within the retention test facilitated the retrieval.

PMID- 1819194
TI  - Food anticipatory yawning rhythm in the rat.
AB  - The effect of feeding schedules on the daily rhythm in spontaneous yawning
      activity was studied in high yawning (HY) Sprague-Dawley rats. If the animals are
      fed ad libitum and changed from a standard 12-12 light-dark (LD) illumination
      regime to constant light (LL), the normal predark circadian peak in yawning
      disappears, to be replaced, after 3 weeks, by two or more ultradian smaller peaks
      in yawning frequency. Restriction of food availability to 2-2:30 regular hours of
      the day, in rats under LL conditions, leads to the appearance of a significant
      preprandial (food anticipatory) peak in yawning. A similar eating-fasting daily
      cycle of 2-22 h in rats under LD conditions determines the disappearance of the
      pre-dark peak in yawning activity, and a significant shift in higher yawning
      frequency towards the couple of hours preceding food availability. This result
      suggests that restricted feeding is more potent than the LD transition in the
      entrainment of the daily rhythm in yawning activity.

PMID- 1819195
TI  - Ureterosigmoidostomy: reevaluation of a "forgotten" continent urinary diversion.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1983 we performed 19 ureterosigmoidostomies (25% of all urinary
      diversions). We try to realise a reevaluation of this technique by means of
      clinical data, laboratory findings, U.S.- and X-ray examinations. The mean follow
      up time is 7.5 years. All patients mention a comfortable life-style. By routine
      administration of sodium bicarbonate, no electrolyte disturbances occur. Only 5
      kidneys (on a total of 32 renal units) show major deformities. Colon carcinoma is
      not reported. Since the introduction of the ileal conduit by Bricker in 1950 (1),
      together with the repeatedly published higher incidence of colon carcinoma (2), a
      certain revulsion for the traditional Coffey-technique arose. Yet there are some
      important advantages in this peculiar surgical method. We think that, after a
      rather premature condemnation, the time is ripe for a reevaluation and a
      reevaluation of the ureterosigmoidostomy.

PMID- 1819192
TI  - Intertrial responses of rats in two-way avoidance learning to visual and auditory
      stimuli.
AB  - Learning and performance of two-way avoidance were investigated in a total of 68
      rats trained with either a visual (change in illumination to darkness or to
      light) or an auditory (white noise of 70 or 60 dB intensity) conditioned stimulus
      (CS). Experiment I showed that the darkness CS produce lower avoidance
      performance and a much higher rate of intertrial responses than either a auditory
      or a compound (visual plus auditory) CS. A monotonic within-session increase of
      avoidance performance and a similar, but less regular increase of intertrial
      responses were found at the beginning of training in each group. In later
      sessions such trends were observed only in rats trained with a visual CS.
      Experiments II and III showed also rapid transfer of avoidance response and a
      corresponding change of intertrial response rate with the change of CS modality.
      When the compound CS was used, the effects of the visual element were completely
      overcome by the auditory one. Rats trained with a visual CS in Experiment IV
      showed a positive correlation between avoidance performance and the number of
      intertrial responses, which was more pronounced in earlier than in later training
      sessions. We consider the rise of intertrial behaviour as an adaptive response to
      the increase of task difficulty. CSi of different modalities differ not only in
      relative saliency, but also in the discriminability between their onset and
      offset. The modality of the CS influences not only avoidance performance but also
      the course of learning.

PMID- 1819196
TI  - [Urinary diversion to the rectum with rectal widening. Experimental study and
      initial clinical results].

PMID- 1819197
TI  - [Evaluation of the extent of prostatic carcinoma using magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI)].

PMID- 1819198
TI  - [A simple detubularized ileal neobladder].
AB  - Generalized use of bladder replacement techniques has turned Cystoprostatectomy
      into a less mutilating operation and made its indication easier, particularly in
      patients with bladder carcinoma. The authors propose an easy way of
      detubularizing an ileal loop by mechanical section-suture with the GIA*,
      resulting in a good capacity neobladder by a simple and quick operation. Results
      of this technique in 38 Patients, with a mean follow-up of 13.5 months (2 to 36.9
      months), point out its reliability, good tolerance of the high urinary tract and
      obtaining of a satisfying continence in most of the patients. The only real risk,
      that is stone formation on staples, seem negligible according literature, and
      only one case was observed in this series urodynamic results are presented and do
      not seem in close relation with clinical state, nor having any predictive value.
      At last considerations on cystoplasties continence are discussed, and nocturnal
      continence of neobladders is debated.

PMID- 1819199
TI  - [Functional and metabolic results of 24 Bordeaux-type bladder replacements
      following total prostato-cystectomy with a more than 2 years follow-up].
AB  - In March 1985, we realised the first Bordeaux neo-bladder, with detubularized
      ileo-colic segment (15 cm of ascending colon and 20 to 25 cm of ileum). The
      urethra is anastomosed at the lowest point of the caecum. 61 male patients
      underwent total replacement of the bladder, and we analyse the results in 24 of
      them, with a follow up more than 2 years. The following results were noted: the
      sensation of voiding is always physiological, daytime continence is quite
      perfect, while nighttime continence is good for 71% of patients, the filling
      pressure of the neobladder is low with a maximum of 20 cm H 0 (range 5-20 cm
      H20), and its capacity ranged from 300 ml to 400 ml, the mean flow rate is 21
      ml/s. We encountered no complication, nothing but 2 gall-stones and two patients
      with low vitamin B 12. We didn't note neither diarrhea, nor hyperchloremic
      acidosis. All patients maintained normal renal function. Initially, the
      indication of Bordeaux ileo-colic neobladder was limited to bladder replacement
      after cysto-prostatectomy for bladder cancer. Now, the good results obtained, and
      their durability without any major complication allow us to extend our
      indications to bladder enlargements in neurogenic bladders.

PMID- 1819200
TI  - Evolution of the urothelial bladder field after intravesical Bacille Calmette
      Guerin therapy.
AB  - After transurethral resection (T.U.R) and open surgery of 178 patients with
      superficial bladder tumors (pTa, pT1) we applied intravesical Romanian (modified
      Pasteur strain) Bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy. An introduction phase consisting
      of 8 weekly instillations was followed by a maintenance phase of instillations
      monthly for 10 months and then 3 monthly for 2 years. Two cases with primary
      Carcinoma in situ (Cis) were treated with the same protocol. The random
      urothelial biopsies (4 quadrant) showed before immunotherapy 105 cases (58.33%)
      with simple (36 cases), medium (36 cases), severe (13 cases) dysplasia and Cis
      (20 cases) and after 3 years of treatment we found 37 cases (20.55%) with simple
      (14 cases), medium (14 cases), severe (9 cases) dysplasia and two cases with
      invasive stage after Cis. The response rate was 75, 55% at 3 years. The mean
      period of follow up was 50 months. The complications of this therapy were
      frequent but mild. These results demonstrated the dynamic evolution of the
      urothelial bladder field after "long-course treatment" with intravesical BCG.

PMID- 1819201
TI  - [Role of transrectal echography in the clinical classification of the stages of
      prostatic cancer].

PMID- 1819202
TI  - [Value of neutron therapy of locally extended prostatic adenocarcinoma (stage C).
      Results obtained with the cyclotron of Louvain-la-Neuve].

PMID- 1819203
TI  - [Does chemotherapy have a role in the treatment of prostatic cancer?].

PMID- 1819204
TI  - [Radical prostatectomy for localized prostatic cancer].
AB  - A retrospective study of 70 patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy in
      1989 and 1990 was done. The significance of CT-scan in preoperative lymph node
      assessment should be reconsidered. The correct examination of the resection
      margins is very important: the pathologist should clearly distinguish between
      capsular invasion and capsular penetration or transgression. The etiology of
      local failure and its treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1819205
TI  - [Bladder substitution. Role of stoma therapy and equipment in continent stomas].
AB  - Have been added to the classical urinary diversion techniques the external
      continent diversion with stoma and the complete reconstruction of a reservoir
      with bowel attached to the urethra. The new methods offer serious advantages to
      the patient, but education of the patient is compulsory and the stoma nurse in
      this field has a role to play.

PMID- 1819206
TI  - [Tumors arisen following ureterosigmoidostomy. Review of the literature apropos
      of 2 clinical cases].

PMID- 1819207
TI  - [Is Coffey's operation (antireflux ureterorectal implantation) following
      cystectomy for cancer an obsolete procedure?].

PMID- 1819208
TI  - [Sigmoid neobladder].

PMID- 1819209
TI  - [Rectal neobladder. A 25-year experience].
AB  - On the experience of 153 cases of rectal bladder after cystectomy for cancer, the
      indications, technique and results of this operations are reported. Earlier, it
      was a method of choice as a bladder substitute. Today the indication is limited
      to female cysto-urethrectomy. Technique consists in rectum isolation and
      ureterorectal antireflux anastomosis; the sigmoid colon is pulled through behind
      rectum and between outer and inner layer of anal sphincter fixed on the perineum.
      The overall postoperative mortality is 7.8%, but in the last 5 years there was no
      mortality. The most frequent complications are sigmoid retraction and its partial
      necrosis. Micturition mostly is under control, but 14% of patients have a
      relative defecation incontinence.

PMID- 1819210
TI  - Determinants of rhabdomyolysis in the diabetic state.
AB  - To evaluate the determinants of rhabdomyolysis in the diabetic state, we compared
      biochemical and clinical features of diabetic patients with (group 1, 41
      patients) and without (group 2, 36 patients) rhabdomyolysis. There was no
      difference in values for serum potassium, bicarbonate, phosphate and calcium
      between the two groups. Nineteen patients in group 2 and 21 patients in group 1
      were hypokalemic. The mean serum sodium level was higher (p less than 0.001) in
      group 1 patients (148.8 +/- 2.1 mEq/l) than in group 2 patients (135.0 +/- 1.1
      mEq/l). Only 1 patient was hypernatremic in group 2, whereas 24 patients had
      hypernatremia in group 1. Linear regression of the creatine phosphokinase values
      versus serum sodium levels suggested a high correlation (p less than 0.001). The
      mean blood glucose level was higher (p less than 0.05) in group 1 patients (640.8
      +/- 80.3 mg/dl) when compared to group 2 patients (436.0 +/- 56.7 mg/dl). There
      was a linear association (p less than 0.05) between the levels of blood glucose
      and creatine phosphokinase values in the patients with rhabdomyolysis. The mean
      serum osmolality was 350.3 +/- 8.2 mosm/kg in group 1 patients as compared to
      304.9 +/- 3.6 mosm/kg in group 2 patients (p less than 0.001). There was also a
      significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between the serum osmolality levels
      and the serum creatine phosphokinase values in group 1 patients. We conclude that
      serum sodium, serum osmolality and blood glucose are major determinants for the
      occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in the diabetic state.

PMID- 1819211
TI  - Production and kinetics of interleukin-1 in hemodialysis. In vivo and in vitro
      study.
AB  - Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta) was measured in the plasma and peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell lysates of uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
      by means of either cuprophane or polysulfone membranes. Basal plasma levels of IL
      1-beta in hemodialyzed patients were strikingly higher than those of uremic
      patients on conservative treatment or of healthy subjects. Plasma levels of IL-1
      beta in uremic patients increased significantly after 3 and 6 months of
      hemodialysis. The study of the kinetics of IL-1-beta concentration during a
      single hemodialysis session revealed that the concentration of IL-1-beta fell to
      21 and 22% of the predialysis level with cuprophane and polysulfone,
      respectively. Hemodialysis patients also had a significantly higher intracellular
      IL-1-beta level than normal controls. During the hemodialysis session, an
      increase in cell-associated IL-1-beta was seen regardless of the membrane
      employed. In a parallel study, normal mononuclear cells were subjected to closed
      loop in vitro dialysis with either cuprophane or polysulfone membranes, with or
      without acetate buffer. After 120 min of recirculation, an increase in cell
      associated IL-1-beta was detected, but no changes were seen in the circulating
      medium. IL-1-beta production was not significantly influenced by either membrane
      or the dialysate composition. Hemodialysis has been associated with high plasma-
      and cell-associated IL-1 levels. The kinetics of intradialytic changes of IL-1
      beta levels make IL-1 an unlikely cause of acute complications in hemodialysis.
      On the other hand, a chronic elevation of IL-1 in plasma of patients on
      maintenance hemodialysis may contribute to the development of some of the long
      term complications of this treatment.

PMID- 1819212
TI  - Urinary levels of interleukin-6 and disease activity in patients with IgA
      nephropathy.
AB  - We studied, using ELISA, 27 patients with IgA nephropathy to determine if levels
      of urinary interleukin-6 (IL-6) might reflect the disease activity. The levels of
      urinary IL-6 in patients with the advanced stage were significantly higher than
      those in patients with the mild stage of the disease or in healthy adults. The
      results showed a significant correlation between the levels of urinary IL-6 and
      the disease activity, i.e., levels of urinary cast and urinary protein. It was
      thus suggested that the measurement of urinary IL-6 is useful in evaluating the
      degree of glomerular injuries and/or prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 1819213
TI  - Acute effects of calcium carbonate and citrate on secondary hyperparathyroidism
      in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Two grams of elemental calcium as carbonate or citrate were given after an
      overnight fast to 14 patients with advanced renal failure (serum creatinine 759
      +/- 365 mumol/l, mean +/- SD). The suppressibility of their hyperparathyroidism
      was confirmed with a calcium infusion test. Both calcium citrate and carbonate
      increased significantly plasma ionized calcium (6.8 and 4.5%, respectively) and
      total calcium (9.3 and 6.0%), p less than 0.001. In the majority of the patients,
      calcium citrate but not carbonate increased plasma calcium sufficiently to induce
      the suppression of hyperparathyroidism. The decrease of plasma intact parathyroid
      hormone was 35.9 +/- 24.8% (mean +/- SD); p less than 0.001) after calcium
      citrate and 9.2 +/- 18.9% (mean +/- SD; NS) after calcium carbonate.

PMID- 1819214
TI  - Biocompatibility of four plasmapheresis membranes in patients treated for
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Membrane plasma separation uses artificial polymers which might interact with
      blood components during treatment. In 7 patients treated for familial
      hypercholesterolemia with heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL precipitation
      (HELP), we studied 4 different synthetic plasma separation materials. The effect
      of membranes made from polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene
      and polysulfone on complement activation (C3a), granulocyte elastase release and
      granulocyte count were measured repeatedly during the treatment. Polyethylene and
      PMMA induced high levels of plasma elastase and marked granulocytopenia after 60
      min of treatment, much later than during hemodialysis, where granulocyte nadir is
      known to occur already after 15 min. Polysulfone and polypropylene did not change
      granulocyte counts and caused only modest levels of elastase during
      plasmapheresis. Complement activation was present in all 4 membranes but with
      polyethylene, very high concentrations of C3a were detected. These data indicate
      that irritation of immune system components as granulocytes or the complement
      system do occur during plasmapheresis to different degrees depending on the
      membrane material used. Reinfusion of plasma after processing increases the
      amount of plasmatic activation products infused into the patient. This was the
      case, although the plasma processing procedure itself did not add activation
      products to the plasma. Activation patterns during plasma separation differ from
      those known to occur during hemodialysis despite use of the same polymer.
      Immunocompromised patients treated with plasmapheresis may react differently than
      these otherwise healthy subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 1819215
TI  - Irreversible renal failure associated with triamterene.
AB  - A 66-year-old man was admitted with acute oliguric renal failure. The patient was
      known to have chronic heart failure (ejection fraction 13%) and his medication
      included furosemide, digoxin and triamterene. Physical examination was
      unremarkable, and blood pressure was 170/80 mm Hg. Serum creatinine was 1,173
      mumol/l. Renal ultrasound, CT scan and angiogram were normal. Despite correction
      of potential reversible factors and discontinuation of triamterene, renal
      function did not improve. Renal biopsy showed tubular obstruction with deposition
      of birefringent crystals and interstitial lymphocytic infiltration; the crystals
      emitted a blue autofluorescence at 425 nm, typical of triamterene. Renal tissue
      contained large amounts of triamterene (6.44 mg/g kidney at the initial biopsy
      and 400 micrograms/g kidney 5 months later). Triamterene has been previously
      reported to cause acute reversible renal failure, but to our knowledge, this is
      the first case of irreversible renal failure due to intratubular obstruction by
      triamterene crystal deposition.

PMID- 1819216
TI  - Interstitial nephritis in a patient receiving adoptive immunotherapy with
      recombinant interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells.
AB  - A patient receiving adoptive immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells for metastatic melanoma developed
      acute renal insufficiency out of proportion to the decrease in her renal
      perfusion after 4 days of receiving IL-2. On the 8th day of IL-2 and the 3rd day
      of LAK cell infusion she expired suddenly from an acute intra-abdominal
      hemorrhage due to rupture of a metastasis. Postmortem examination of the kidneys
      showed an interstitial infiltrate consisting largely of lymphocytes and
      concomitant tubulitis. Immunoperoxidase staining of the infiltrating cells with a
      panel of lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies showed the majority of cells
      to be T lymphocytes (70-75%), with a more focal infiltrate of B lymphocytes (25
      30%) and rare monocytes, granulocytes and natural killer cells. This patient
      represents the first reported case of acute interstitial nephritis associated
      with IL-2 immunotherapy. Our finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the
      acute renal failure that accompanies this therapy may sometimes be due to
      intrinsic renal disease as well as the usual pre-renal failure. Nephritis may be
      caused by IL-2-mediated effects on lymphocytes, resulting in renal parenchymal
      infiltration.

PMID- 1819217
TI  - Fulminant calcinosis in two patients after kidney transplantation.
AB  - The first patient had total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with autografting 2 years
      before. She developed disabling soft-tissue calcifications following kidney
      transplantation. After reduction of the autograft--a complete removal was not
      possible--the subcutaneous calcifications regressed. In the second patient,
      fulminant necrotizing vascular calcinosis developed after successful renal
      transplantation. Total PTX without autotransplantation was carried out, and
      progression of the vascular disease was ceased. In both patients, the parathyroid
      hormone was elevated but not the calcium-phosphate product. We suggest that
      fulminant calcinosis in patients with kidney transplants requires PTX.

PMID- 1819218
TI  - Renal complications of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy.
AB  - We report 3 patients who developed signs of systemic infection and renal
      insufficiency after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillations for
      a bladder cancer. Renal biopsy showed tubulo-interstitial nephritis with or
      without epithelioid granulomas in 2 cases, and mesangial glomerulonephritis in
      the last case. All patients had granulomatous hepatitis in association. It seems
      that hematogenous dissemination via a traumatic instillation of BCG and/or an
      immune-complex mechanism may have contributed to the renal damage, which was only
      partially reversible in 2 patients.

PMID- 1819219
TI  - Acquired renal cystic disease mimicking adult polycystic kidney disease in a
      patient undergoing long-term hemodialysis.
AB  - Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) is defined as the development of multiple
      cysts in the renal cortex and medulla in patients with chronic renal failure who
      are free from congenital polycystic kidney disease. ARCD develops generally in
      contracted kidneys. We report a case of grotesque enlargement of a single kidney
      in a patient who had been receiving hemodialysis for 18 years. Although the exact
      causes of ARCD are not known, 3 factors may contribute to the development of
      nephromegaly; the sex, the duration of hemodialysis and previous unilateral
      nephrectomy. As in polycystic disease, when the involved kidney reaches
      considerable size, ARCD may have a favorable effect on anemia caused by chronic
      renal failure.

PMID- 1819220
TI  - [A non-exocrine function of the submaxillary gland].
AB  - Emphasizing on the concept of "banalization" and multifactoriality of the signal
      molecules of the cellular communication, the authors review data of the
      literature which allow to attribute to some substances synthetized by the
      submandibular salivary glands (SSG), mainly growth factors as EGF and NGF, an
      endocrine role. Because of their direct secretion in the oral cavity or their
      overflow into bloodstream the consequences of the deficit of these growth factors
      could be correlated with some oral pathologies such as aphthous lesions, puberty
      and pregnancy gingivitis, which endocrine etiology is often assumed, as well as
      autoimmune salivary pathologies. Thus, the results obtained after SSG removal
      furnish a support for envisaging a link between the submandibular salivary glands
      and the reproductive function (decrease in plasma LH level, ultrastructural
      changes of the Leydig cells, spontaneous abortion) and with some structures of
      the central nervous system such as hypothalamus (variation in hypothalamic TRH
      content) or pineal gland (decrease in pineal cyclic AMP content). Particularly
      interesting is the possibility that NGF secreted in blood by the SSG during a
      stress may represent the signal able to stimulate the peripheral immunity cells
      as well as to inform the central nervous system through a neuronal pathway via
      the superior cervical ganglia and the pineal gland. This brain afferent
      information could be associated with an increased hypothalamic NGF synthesis,
      also observed during stress, whose finality might be to stimulate the secretion
      of hypophyseal ACTH, the main hormone involved in the interrelationship between
      endocrine and immune response.

PMID- 1819221
TI  - [Therapeutic efficiency of iodine 131 in autonomous thyroid adenoma and toxic
      multinodular goiter. Apropos of 59 cases].
AB  - Our study dealt with 81 patients treated by iodine 131 for autonomous goiter. We
      have followed 59 patients during about a year. The global therapeutic efficiency
      is of 73% and the risk of hypothyroidism is very weak. The administration of a
      high activity (greater than 15 mCi) of iodine allows to get a faster recovery, a
      better therapeutic efficiency and permits to reduce the number of cures
      (therefore, to reduce the irradiation of the patient), nevertheless, the risk of
      hypothyroidism is very slight. The advantages of metabolic radiotherapy (low
      cost, facility of administration, efficiency) make it preferable to surgery,
      above all with patients that are more than 40 years old, for whom the radiation
      risk is practically null (hereditary diseases, cancer).

PMID- 1819222
TI  - [Isolation of protein kinase C isoforms from human full-term placenta].
AB  - Protein kinase C isolated from human term placenta was resolved by hydroxyapatite
      column chromatography into two major fractions corresponding to type II (beta
      sequence) and type III (alpha sequence) PKC isolated from rat brain. Both
      subspecies were stimulated by Ca2+ with a different sensitivity. No effect of
      arachidonic acid on their activity was observed.

PMID- 1819223
TI  - [Antithyroid antibodies. Prevalence in primary hypothyroidism in Central
      Tunisia].
AB  - Thyroid microsomal (AAM) and thyroglobulin antibodies (AAT) were studied in sera
      of 112 patients with overt primary hypothyroidism in Central Tunisia. Thyroid
      antibodies were detected by an agglutination method. AAM and AAT were found
      respectively in 78.6% and 42%. The data confirm that there is a high prevalence
      of antibodies in primary hypothyroidism of short duration (AAM: 90%, AAT: 56.7%).
      The study reflect the prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and point to the
      usefulness of thyroid auto-antibodies in early screening of symptomless
      autoimmune thyroiditis.

PMID- 1819224
TI  - [Nuclear receptors. Hormones, anti-hormones and regulation of the transcription].
AB  - Nuclear receptors are ligand-inducible transcription factors which respond to
      endocrine, paracrine and, possibly, autocrine signals, thus triggering key events
      in early embryonal development, differentiation and homeostasis. Here we discuss
      recent results which may lead to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of
      transcriptional activation by a given transcription activation function (TAF) of
      these activators and of the receptor isoform-specific activation of
      transcription. In addition, we present a concept of the mechanism of action of
      two different types of antihormones.

PMID- 1819226
TI  - [Intracellular traffic and proteolytic cleavage of thyroglobulin, the thyroid
      prohormone].

PMID- 1819227
TI  - [Endocrinology in Paris Public Assistance hospitals. Development of
      hospitalization activity from 1981 to 1990].
AB  - An analysis of data of thirteen endocrinology wards gives an overview of hospital
      activity and epidemiological profiles for a ten-years period. The decrease of the
      A.L.O.S., the extra-regional recruitment and the shift of in-patient care toward
      day care show the development of specialization of this discipline.

PMID- 1819225
TI  - [Chromogranin A. Prohormonal function and synthesis regulation in neuroendocrine
      cells].
AB  - Chromogranins, which were originally found in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells,
      are a family of proteins exclusively localized in secretory granules of endocrine
      cells and neurons. Studies on primary structure have shown the presence of basic
      amino acid pairs which are putative cleavage sites. Recently, two chromogranin A
      derived peptides, pancreastatin and chromostatin, have been characterized which
      supports the assumption of chromogranin A to be a prohormone. These two peptides
      have autocrine and paracrine biological functions. Mechanisms which regulate
      chromogranin synthesis appear to be highly complex depending on the stimulated
      receptor and involving protein kinase C and cyclic AMP. The promoter region of
      the chromogranin A gene possesses numerous consensus transcriptional control
      elements (TATA box, cyclic AMP responsive element, SP1 site, phorbol ester
      regulatory element, oestrogen regulatory element,...), showing the complexity of
      the mechanisms regulating the expression of this gene, which is tissue- and
      neuroendocrine cell-specific.

PMID- 1819228
TI  - D12S56: a highly polymorphic locus on human chromosome 12q14.
AB  - A CA repeat, subcloned from a cosmid, has been assigned to chromosome 12 by use
      of a panel of somatic cell hybrids. The assignment was confirmed by fluorescent
      in situ hybridization and the site further localized to 12q14. The repeat is
      highly polymorphic and should be useful for genetic mapping.

PMID- 1819229
TI  - Genetic epidemiology of ovarian cancer: segregation analysis.
AB  - The genetic epidemiology of ovarian cancer has been investigated by complex
      segregation analysis of 462 pedigrees ascertained through a normal consultant.
      The observed pattern of ovarian cancer is compatible with an autosomal dominant
      gene. The gene frequency of the abnormal allele is 0.0015-0.0026 with a lifetime
      penetrance of 0.74-0.79. The gene frequency accounts for a significant proportion
      of ovarian cancer in young women. By age 70 the majority of affected women are
      phenocopies. The results from this analysis should enable the risks of ovarian
      cancer to be more accurately estimated than by empiric methods for relatives of
      affected women, and can maximize the usefulness of screening programmes and
      future linkage studies.

PMID- 1819230
TI  - Genetic epidemiology of complex phenotypes.
AB  - A theory is given for complex phenotypes represented by an ordered polychotomy
      separately for affected (as severity) and for normals (as diathesis), with
      consideration of history, ascertainment, sampling frames, and phenotype systems.
      Nonrandom selection of probands by severity is permitted. Both probit and
      logistic models are developed in a form compatible with segregation and/or
      linkage analysis. Probabilities are set out in detail in the Appendix. This
      approach avoids problems that have been encountered with quantitative traits and
      correlated phenotypes, although using this information.

PMID- 1819231
TI  - The reliability of locus orderings.
AB  - Locus orders are frequently presented in graphical form, supported by likelihood
      statements relating to less likely orders. Many imply genetic distances which are
      inconsistent with the meiotic evidence, usually by a factor of about 2. While
      such orders may be the best possible on the data available, measures of their
      reliability are difficult: the common assumption that an order is correct because
      changes lead to less likely orders only relates to the subset of orders tested.
      It is only possible to deduce the order of any set of loci if a recombinant
      separates every pair. This usually requires a number of recombinants
      substantially exceeding the number of loci. Orders may be inferred from distance
      in the absence of consistent separation. However, if reasonable reliability is to
      be achieved, the number of meioses necessary to define distances with sufficient
      precision will be many times the number of loci. Some estimates of the minimum
      number of recombinants necessary for a correct ordering to achieve a probability
      of a half, the 'half-right' solution, would be helpful. As a first approximation
      to this we use the probability of no 'null gap', i.e. no pair of adjacent loci
      with no recombination between them. Where the number of recombinant events is not
      available from counting, rough guidance can be given by estimating the number of
      equivalent meioses from lod scores. Where data are not available from homologies
      from other mammals or from pulsed-field studies, deductive methods of family
      analysis should be used, followed by pairwise optimizing methods for
      positioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819232
TI  - Using a dummy quantitative variable to deal with multiple affection categories in
      genetic linkage analysis.
AB  - Some diseases which have a genetic contribution to aetiology do not demonstrate a
      clear correspondence between genotype and phenotype. A variety of different
      clinical syndromes may be thought to reflect the action of a gene, but the
      probability of affection conditional on genotype may vary between these different
      diagnostic categories. The normal approach of repeating linkage analyses several
      times using different diagnoses to define individuals as affected loses power in
      two ways: multiple testing must be allowed for, and the distinction between more
      and less extreme forms of affection is lost. It is shown that for fully dominant
      or recessive autosomal diseases it is straightforward to assign a quantitative
      value to each diagnostic category to obtain the desired ratio of the likelihoods
      of affection conditional on the three possible genotypes. The increased power
      provided by using this quantitative value in linkage analysis is demonstrated by
      application to simulated pedigrees containing cases of bipolar and unipolar
      affective disorder.

PMID- 1819233
TI  - Comparison of asymptotic tests of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution.
AB  - Nine asymptotic tests of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution have been analysed. It
      is shown that the usual chi 2 test is the most appropriate one, considering type
      I and II errors.

PMID- 1819234
TI  - [Extended selective transplantation specificity of pancreas transplantation].

PMID- 1819235
TI  - [Study of the elastic skeleton of intracranial arteries in animal and human
      vessels and experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms].
AB  - In an attempt to clarify the elastic skeleton of cerebral arteries in animals and
      human, and experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms, following experiments were
      performed. Experiment (1): The elastic skeleton of major cerebral arteries in
      rats, monkeys, and one human were studied by scanning electron microscopy after
      hot-formic acid extraction followed by freeze-drying. For a comparative study,
      the thoracic aorta and femoral arteries of rats were also examined. The cerebral
      arteries of rats had one distinct internal elastic lamina connected with medial
      elastic tissue. This internal elastic lamina had fenestrations, which were less
      frequent in cerebral arteries than in extracranial arteries, and fold-like
      protrusions into the lumen. This finding has not been recognized before. Such
      protrusions were more prominent in cerebral arteries than in extracranial
      arteries. At the apical intimal pad, the internal elastic lamina appeared to be
      continuous, making a honeycomb-like structure there. These folds and
      fenestrations were numerous in the apical region. There were no essential
      differences between species. Experiment (2): Cerebral aneurysms were produced by
      ligating unilateral carotid artery and bilateral posterior branches of renal
      arteries, and feeding beta-aminoproprionitrile fumarate. The first noted change
      was the loss of fold-like structures protruding from the internal elastic lamina.
      Morphological changes of the internal elastic lamina, considered to be primarily
      responsible for aneurysmal formation, occurred after the loss or disintegration
      of the media. The internal elastic lamina disappeared after these consequences.
      In a large aneurysm with a thick dome, the wall contained fine proliferated
      elastic lamellae. The present study shows that the internal elastic lamina is not
      a simple sheet but part of the complicated architecture of the elastic tissue of
      the vessel wall. It seems probable that the complex elastic skeleton of the
      arterial wall may account for the mechanical properties of the artery and that
      growth of the aneurysm occurs due to disintegration of the elastic skeleton and
      not simply with rupture of the internal elastic lamina. We believe that such
      changes in the elastic skeleton are a property of the functional state of cells
      that produce elastin.

PMID- 1819236
TI  - [Development of artificial blood vessel suitable for cerebrovascular surgery:
      improvement in the mechanical properties].
AB  - Saphenous vein interposition grafts have been commonly used for the
      reconstruction of occlusive lesions in the extracranial cerebral arteries, such
      as carotid or vertebral arteries. In contrast, cerebral revascularization using
      an artificial blood vessel has not been so common. This is due to the fact that
      conventional artificial blood vessels have been too stiff for use in the
      cerebrovascular surgery. Another reason is that the patency rate of small-caliber
      artificial blood vessels has usually been inferior to that found in autologous
      vein grafts. The purpose of this study was to develop a pliable and compliant
      artificial blood vessel suitable for the reconstructive cerebrovascular surgery.
      This new artificial blood vessel is made of polyurethane, porous in structure
      (porous polyurethane). Thus, multiple small-sized pores exist both in the inner
      and outer surfaces, and in the wall of the graft. To test its mechanical
      properties, stress-strain curves and compliance were evaluated. In comparison to
      expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft, which has been one of the most commonly
      used artificial blood vessels in the cardiovascular surgery, the mechanical
      properties of the porous polyurethane graft more closely resembled those of the
      common carotid artery in dogs. This means not only that it can be maneuvered with
      technical ease for anastomosis but also that there is a reduction of compliance
      mismatch between the host vessel and the artificial vessel. Compliance mismatch
      has been documented as a major factor in the inducement of intimal hyperplasia,
      which causes a delayed occlusion of the grafts. In the in vivo animal
      experiments, a porous polyurethane graft (2.3-3.2 mm in diameter, 40-50 mm in
      length) was transplanted into the common carotid artery of dogs. The mean size of
      pore varied from 0 (group 1), 1.7 (group 2), 4.4 (group 3), 5.5 (group 4), 7.4
      (group 5), and 30.0 microns (group 6). In the follow-up study conducted 2 months
      after the transplantation, all grafts in group 4, 5, and 6 were shown to be
      patent, whereas no patency could be obtained in groups 1, 2 and 3. In addition,
      all grafts in group 6 were patent 6 months after transplantation, though one
      showed remarkable stenosis due to anastomotic intimal hyperplasia. Histological
      examination showed that the luminal surface of the graft was covered with
      monolayer of endothelium-like cells. Neoadventitia made of collagen developed
      around the external surface of the graft. Foreign body reactions were minimal. In
      conclusion, a porous polyurethane graft could be developed, which has improved
      mechanical properties suitable for the reconstructive surgery of the extracranial
      cerebral arteries.

PMID- 1819237
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a new human esophageal cancer cell line
      (YES-1).
AB  - A new human esophageal cancer cell line (YES-1) was established from a
      subcutaneous tumor implanted into nude mice, which had been transplanted from a
      surgical specimen obtained 50-year-old Japanese male patient. This cell line has
      been maintained for 33 months through 94 passages with stable growth. YES-1 cells
      are mainly polygonal-to-spindle shaped, have eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval-to
      round nuclei with some prominent nucleoli. There are also some cells having clear
      cytoplasm and round nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cells proliferate in a
      pavement-like cell arrangement and show a lack of contact inhibition. The
      doubling time at the 33rd passage was 35.2 hours. YES-1 cells produce
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC antigen) and
      tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) as tumor markers. Chromosome study have shown
      that the chromosome number ranges from 47 to 54 with a mode of 51. Tumorigenicity
      has been identified by the development of tumors after the subcutaneous injection
      of YES-1 cells into nude mice, which were found to be similar to the original
      tumor on histological examination. Thus, these findings indicate that the YES-1
      cell line is available as a new human esophageal cancer cell line which should be
      useful for various studies.

PMID- 1819238
TI  - [Ca++ antagonist and acute brain ischemia: effects of nilvadipine and nicardipine
      on middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats].
AB  - Effects of calcium antagonists, Nicardipine and Nilvadipine, on neurologic
      deficits and size of infarct were studied in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA)
      occlusion model. Each drug was administered immediately after induction of
      ischemia, and neurologic grade was evaluated 1 to 24 hours after MCA occlusion.
      At 24 hours post-occlusion, size of the infarct was compared with that of the
      control group. In addition, evolution of cerebral infarction was studied at 6
      hours and 12 hours post-occlusion by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the
      Nilvadipine-treated group, neurologic deficits improved more rapidly and the size
      of infarct was significantly smaller than in the Nicardipine-treated group. MRI
      showed a progressive extension of cortical infarct in the untreated rat, whereas
      the infarct size remained unchanged in the Nilvadipine-treated rat. These results
      suggest the potential therapeutic usefulness of calcium antagonist for acute
      cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 1819239
TI  - [The effects of altered hepatic energy metabolism as reflected by the blood
      ketone body ratio on plasma aminogram after the abdominal surgery].
AB  - The blood ketone body ratio (KBR), which reflects the liver mitochondrial redox
      state, and the plasma aminogram were measured postoperatively in 85 patients who
      underwent abdominal surgery at our Department. When the KBR of the patients was
      less than 0.4, the plasma concentrations of the total amino acids (TAA), the
      aromatic amino acids (AAA) and the branched chain amino acids (BCAA) were
      increased significantly compared with those when it was more than 0.7. The plasma
      concentrations of threonine, serine, glutamine, alanine, valine, asparagine,
      ornithine, glycine, cystine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine,
      tryptophan, lysine and histidine were increased significantly when the KBR was
      less than 0.4 compared with those when it was more than 0.7. The molar ratios
      (MR) which indicate the ratio of BCAA to AAA were decreased significantly when
      the KBR was less than 0.4 compared with those when it was more than 0.7. In the 4
      cases of prolonged decrease of KBR to less than 0.4 for 4 to 11 days
      postoperatively, the concentrations of the plasma amino acids listed above
      increased day by day. These phenomena suggest that the AAA and alanine, which are
      metabolized mainly by the liver, become hard to be metabolized when the KBR is
      less than 0.4. Furthermore, the increase in the other amino acids including BCAA,
      which are mainly metabolized by the peripheral tissue, may indicate an increase
      in peripheral proteolysis and a deterioration in the peripheral amino acids
      metabolism when the KBR is less than 0.4. The gradual postoperative increase in
      amino acids in those cases of prolonged decrease of KBR to less than 0.4 suggests
      that the decrease in the KBR, indicating a deterioration in the hepatic energy
      metabolism, precedes the increase in the plasma concentration of amino acids.

PMID- 1819240
TI  - [The beneficial effects of cross-hemodialysis on the patients with hepatic
      failure as reflected in the changes in blood ketone body ratio and plasma
      aminogram].
AB  - To evaluate the effects of cross-hemodialysis using pig or baboon liver in
      patients with hepatic failure, the changes in blood ketone body ratio (KBR) and
      plasma aminograms of 11 patients who were subjected to cross-hemodialysis were
      studied. In the 6 cases whose KBR were more than 0.25 before cross-hemodialysis,
      most of the amino acids except for the branched chain amino acids (BCAA),
      aspartate, and glutamine were increased. After cross-hemodialysis, they tended to
      be decreased and the KBR of these patients recovered to more than 0.4. On the
      other hand, in the 5 cases whose KBR were less than 0.25 before cross
      hemodialysis, most of the amino acids were extremely increased except in one
      case, and they tended to increase still more after cross-hemodialysis except for
      the aromatic amino acids (AAA). Serial measurement of the KBR and plasma amino
      acids of both the patient side and the perfused blood of the assistant liver
      during cross-hemodialysis in 3 cases revealed that the assistant liver removes
      the amino acids derived from the patients. The beneficial effects of cross
      hemodialysis, that is, to elevate the KBR and to recover the patients from
      hepatic failure, are conjectured to be produced by the reduction of the hepatic
      energy-consuming substances such as amino acids. Furthermore, two fresh, two 12
      hours preserved and one 24 hours preserved isolated pig livers were perfused with
      the amino acids imposed blood and the changes in the KBR and the plasma
      aminograms were studied to clarify the relationship between metabolic activity of
      the perfused liver and the KBR. In the cases of the fresh livers and 12 hours
      preserved livers, the amino acids, which were to be metabolized by the liver,
      decreased with time and the KBR was restored and maintained at more than 0.7. But
      in the case of the 24 hours preserved liver, the amino acids were not metabolized
      and the KBR was restored to nearly 0.7 only for a period of time, after which it
      decreased. These results suggest that it is necessary to keep the energy charge
      of the perfused livers high in order to maintain hepatic metabolic activity.

PMID- 1819241
TI  - [The clinical meaning of the measurement of the chest wall movement].
AB  - Using a 6-channeled linear magnetometer, the chest wall movement of the
      esophageal cancer patients was measured before operation. The patients were
      divided into two groups. Group A: measured value of the bilateral chest wall
      movement was equal. Group B: measured value of the chest wall movement was
      different. (One side of the chest wall movement was restricted.) Two groups were
      compared with several factors in pre-, intra-, post-operation. Two groups had
      difference in thickness and adhesion of the pleura, operation time, bleeding
      volume on thoracotomy, lymph nodes metastasis to intrathoracic region, and
      staging by lymph nodes metastasis. (Group B had larger value in these factors.)
      The result suggests that the restriction of the chest wall movement was caused by
      the adhesion of the pleura.

PMID- 1819242
TI  - Two cases of bizarre rib anomalies associated with intestinal malformation.
AB  - Two cases of bizarre skeletal anomalies associated with intestinal malformation
      are presented. One patient had ileal atresia and Hirschsprung's disease, and the
      other anorectal malformation. Abnormalities in the number and morphology of ribs
      and vertebrae were present. Esophageal atresia often is associated with skeletal
      abnormalities, including supernumerary ribs, but these usually are not severe.
      Despite their severe costal malformations, neither patient had any complication
      after surgery to correct their intestinal malformation.

PMID- 1819243
TI  - [Clinicopathological characterization of duodenal microgastrinoma].

PMID- 1819244
TI  - [Effect of nizofenone on the symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage and its relationship to the levels of serum complements (CH50, C3 and
      C4)].
AB  - Serum complements (CH50, C3 and C4) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were
      measured in 42 patients over 2 to 3-week period. Nizofenone, an anti
      vasospasmotic agent, was administered to 11 patients. In the nizofenone-treated
      group, 8 patients showed decreased serum C4 levels 5 days after the onset of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, but among them, only 2 patients showed symptomatic
      vasospasm. Considering our previous data (majority of patients who showed
      decreased serum C4 levels presented with symptomatic vasospasm), these results
      suggest a favorable effect of nizofenone on the symptomatic vasospasm after
      aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 1819245
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as 'acute leukaemia'.

PMID- 1819246
TI  - The value of helicopter transportation for trauma patients.
AB  - Helicopters have been used for the evaluation of civilian casualties since the
      1960s. This trend has been increasing and a number of helicopter emergency
      services have now commenced in the UK. Despite these developments, little
      attention has been paid to their exact role, and the potential benefits to
      patients. In addition, the costs of such services are high, and the risks to
      patients and staff from air accidents are considerable. Similar or improved
      results may be obtained through the use of more cost-effective ground-based
      units. Judicious placement of both helicopter emergency services and land-based
      'flying squads' in an integrated accident service may contribute usefully to
      better care of patients. However, enthusiasm for helicopters should not lead to a
      waste of resources and should be accompanied by careful consideration, planning
      and audit of their use.

PMID- 1819247
TI  - Alfred the Great: a diagnosis.

PMID- 1819248
TI  - Mania and paranoid psychosis in AIDS.

PMID- 1819249
TI  - How important is scalp soft tissue injury as a predictor of skull fracture.

PMID- 1819250
TI  - The trouble with chronic fatigue.

PMID- 1819251
TI  - Update on thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - There is a continuum of clinical research in thrombolytic therapy that will
      eventually evolve into the most effective regimen to chemically open a thrombosed
      artery. Numerous previous clinical trials, a number of ongoing trials, and
      planned future trials are shown in a list of acronyms and their translations as a
      convenience for identifying the trials.

PMID- 1819252
TI  - Radiographic sign of persistent soft-tissue imbalance after knee replacement.
AB  - We report on the radiological findings in a series of 871 consecutive primary
      condylar knee replacements followed up for an average of four years. A new
      radiological sign has been identified, consisting of a smoothly tapering wedge of
      cement visible beneath the horizontal portion of the tibial component on the
      anteroposterior radiograph. This was found in 25.4% of our cases and appears to
      indicate a persistent soft-tissue imbalance following condylar arthroplasty of
      the knee. The cement-wedge sign was associated with a highly significant increase
      in radiolucent lines at the tibial cement-bone interface.

PMID- 1819253
TI  - Carotid stenosis in lacunar stroke.
AB  - The prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis in patients with a clinical
      syndrome of lacunar stroke has not been extensively studied using noninvasive
      methods. We performed carotid duplex sonography on 168 patients referred to the
      neurosonology laboratory with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Strokes were
      independently classified as lacunar or nonlacunar hemispheric infarction without
      knowledge of the ultrasound results. We excluded patients with infarcts that were
      clearly vertebrobasilar, presumed to be cardioembolic, or had occurred greater
      than 1 year earlier, and patients for whom classification of the nature and
      location of the event was not possible. Fifty-five patients had lacunar and 54
      had nonlacunar stroke. No differences in age, sex, distribution, or prevalence of
      hypertension, diabetes, prior ischemia, or Hispanic surname existed between the
      two groups. Tobacco use was more frequent in the nonlacunar group (p less than
      0.01). The prevalence of important extracranial carotid stenosis (greater than or
      equal to 50% diameter reduction) in the lacunar stroke group was 13% (seven of
      55) in the ipsilateral and 4% (two of 55) in the contralateral carotid artery. Of
      the 54 patients with nonlacunar hemispheric stroke, 41% (22) had ipsilateral (p
      less than 0.01) and 26% (14) had contralateral (p less than 0.01) carotid
      stenosis. This study suggests that important carotid stenosis is infrequent among
      patients presenting with a clinical syndrome of lacunar stroke. These data impact
      on decisions regarding cerebrovascular work-up in such patients.

PMID- 1819254
TI  - The focus of the discipline of nursing.
AB  - The focus of nursing as a discipline has not been clearly defined but is emergent
      in the centrality of the concepts of caring and health. The authors propose a
      focus for nursing as a professional discipline in the form of a statement that
      identifies a domain of inquiry that reflects the social relevance and nature of
      its service. Several perspectives from which the focus can be studied are
      described. The authors assert that a unitary-transformative perspective is
      essential for the full explication of nursing knowledge.

PMID- 1819256
TI  - Development of a quality-of-movement measure for children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Development of a suitable measure of quality of movement, or gross motor
      performance, for children with cerebral palsy is a complex undertaking. A variety
      of conceptual, methodological, and practical issues inherent in such a project
      are discussed in this article. We report on the methodology used in the planning
      and construction of the Gross Motor Performance Measure. The measure has been
      developed by a multicenter, interdisciplinary group of therapists,
      methodologists, research staff, and international experts. Five attributes of
      gross motor performance have been defined, scaled, and operationalized. Results
      of content validity studies demonstrate that the measure has adequate
      completeness, clarity, and potential for evaluating change in quality of movement
      in children who have cerebral palsy. The measure is currently undergoing
      extensive testing to determine the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of
      the obtained scores. [Boyce WF, Gowland C, Hardy S, et al. Development of a
      quality-of-movement measure for children with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 1819255
TI  - Antigliadin and antiendomysium antibody determination for coeliac disease.
AB  - The value of IgG and IgA gliadin antibodies (AGA) was compared with that of IgA
      endomysium antibodies (EMA) for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Three hundred
      and six of 340 (90%) children with untreated coeliac disease (flat mucosa) had
      EMA and 338/340 (99.4%) had IgG AGA and/or IgA AGA. Only 1/340 (a 7 year old boy
      with selective IgA deficiency) had neither AGA nor EMA. Absence of EMA is more
      frequent in coeliac patients younger than 2 years than in older patients (32/277
      compared with 1/62). EMA were present in 4/211 (2%) of comparison subjects
      (normal mucosa), IgA AGA in 12/211 (6%), and IgG AGA in 74/211 (35%). The
      specificity of AGA cannot be calculated from these figures as they are biased.
      The combined determination of AGA and EMA, taking advantage of the high
      sensitivity of AGA and the high specificity of EMA, gives an excellent prediction
      of the condition of the mucosa: 247/248 patients (99.6%) with positive EMA and
      positive IgG AGA and IgA AGA had a flat mucosa, whereas 136/137 patients (99.3%)
      with neither AGA nor EMA had a normal mucosa. During a gluten free diet EMA and
      AGA disappear. Their presence or absence is therefore an indicator of dietary
      compliance. After reintroduction of gluten into the diet 110/134 (82%) of the
      patients who had a flat mucosa at diagnosis relapsed, but 24/134 still had a
      normal mucosa after 2-15 years of challenge. All these patients without a
      morphological relapse were less than 2 years old at diagnosis so we conclude that
      patients who are young at diagnosis should be challenged. AGA often reappear
      earlier than EMA. After one month of challenge 93% of patients are AGA and 69%
      EMA positive. After more than three years of gluten intake the percentage of AGA
      positive patients decreased to about 50% whereas the percentage of EMA positive
      sera was then highest (93%). Therefore EMA are more sensitive for the detection
      of 'silent' relapse after prolonged periods of gluten intake.

PMID- 1819257
TI  - Characteristics of tetanus toxin and its exploitation in neurodegenerative
      studies.

PMID- 1819258
TI  - Definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

PMID- 1819259
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - Over the past 2 decades, we have gained great insight into the sleep apnea
      syndromes. Though progress in this field continues, many problems, including an
      incomplete understanding of the disease and its natural history, remain. Future
      work should clarify these areas as well as provide a better understanding of our
      available therapeutic options.

PMID- 1819260
TI  - Cost effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging in the neurosciences.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To measure, in a service setting, the effect of magnetic resonance
      imaging on diagnosis, diagnostic certainty, and patient management in the
      neurosciences; to measure the cost per patient scanned; to estimate the marginal
      cost of imaging and compare this with its diagnostic impact; to measure changes
      in patients' quality of life; and to record the diagnostic pathway leading to
      magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN: Controlled observational study using
      questionnaires on diagnosis and patient management before and after imaging.
      Detailed costing study. Quality of life questionnaires at the time of imaging and
      six months later. Diagnostic pathways extracted from medical records for a
      representative sample. SETTING: Regional superconducting 1.5 T magnetic resonance
      service. SUBJECTS: 782 consecutive neuroscience patients referred by consultants
      for magnetic resonance imaging during June 1988-9; diagnostic pathways recorded
      for 158 cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs of magnetic resonance imaging and
      preliminary investigations; changes in planned management and resulting savings;
      changes in principal diagnosis and diagnostic certainty; changes in patients'
      quality of life. RESULTS: Average cost of magnetic resonance imaging was
      estimated at 206.20/patient pounds (throughput 2250 patients/year, 1989-90 prices
      including contrast and upgrading). Before magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic
      procedures cost 164.40/patient pounds (including inpatient stays). Management
      changed after imaging in 208 (27%) cases; saving an estimated 80.90/patient
      pounds. Confidence in planned management increased in a further 226 (29%)
      referrals. Consultants' principal diagnosis changed in 159 of 782 (20%)
      referrals; marginal cost per diagnostic change was 626 pounds. Confidence in
      diagnosis increased in 236 (30%) referrals. No improvement in patients' quality
      of life at six month assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Any improvement in diagnosis with
      magnetic resonance imaging is achieved at a higher cost. Techniques for
      monitoring the cost effectiveness of this technology need to be developed.

PMID- 1819261
TI  - Rationing: the search for sunlight.

PMID- 1819262
TI  - Solitary circumscribed neuroma of the skin.

PMID- 1819263
TI  - PET imaging of brain tumors.

PMID- 1819264
TI  - NMS and haloperidol.

PMID- 1819265
TI  - Palmoplantar pustular lesions in mycosis fungoides.

PMID- 1819266
TI  - Immunisation schedule: uses and abuses.

PMID- 1819267
TI  - Impaired renal function and colchicine toxicity.

PMID- 1819268
TI  - Childhood obesity and hypertension.

PMID- 1819269
TI  - Progressive high cervical cord lesion.

PMID- 1819270
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

PMID- 1819271
TI  - New criteria for brain death?

PMID- 1819272
TI  - Transient hypoglossal nerve palsy and Horner's syndrome: carotid dissection.

PMID- 1819273
TI  - Chiropractic versus medical management.

PMID- 1819274
TI  - Mitogenic properties of a new endothelial cell growth factor related to
      pleiotrophin.
AB  - A growth factor was isolated from a neutral pH extract of adult bovine brain.
      Purification of this polypeptide was achieved by a three step procedure including
      cationic exchange, heparin-Sepharose affinity and Mono S chromatography. This
      heparin binding protein had a molecular weight of 18,000 as assessed by silver
      stained SDS-PAGE and was not immunologically and structurally related to acidic
      or basic FGF. Freshly purified protein had a maximal mitogenic effect on bovine
      brain capillary cells at a concentration of 100 pM. Microsequencing revealed an
      unique amino-terminal sequence homologous to heparin-binding growth-associated
      molecule (HB-GAM), a neuronal maturation protein, to pleiotrophin (PTN), a
      fibroblast cell growth factor and to one form of the putative protein product of
      the MK gene, a retinoic acid induced-gene.

PMID- 1819275
TI  - Vanidil: a newly synthesized antiangina nonvolatile organic solid nitrate.
AB  - Newly synthesized Vanidil (4-o-(1,2-dinitroglyceryl)-6-nitrovanillic acid) is a
      nonvolatile organic solid nitrate, mp: 85 degrees C. In in vitro tests, Vanidil
      can inhibit 3,4-diaminopyridine (2 x 10(-2) M) induced pig coronary rhythmic
      vasocontraction, a prelude to coronary vasospasm, and nonrhythmic tonic
      vasocontraction. Vanidil is suggested as a potential antiangina agent.

PMID- 1819277
TI  - Risk assessment for oral diseases: reaction paper.
AB  - The "gold standard" outcome measure for periodontal diseases is clinical loss of
      attachment measured with a periodontal probe. All risk factors for periodontal
      diseases must be estimated against this standard, which provides post hoc
      evidence of past disease activity. Measurement of clinical attachment level is
      crude; therefore, rather large changes must be recorded for specificity to be
      ensured. This apparently results in rather poor sensitivity, masking good
      predictors that could prove valuable on a population, individual, and site basis.
      If risk assessment for periodontal diseases is to advance, this problem must be
      solved.

PMID- 1819276
TI  - Use of N-acetylpsychosine as internal standard for quantitative high-performance
      liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosphingolipids.
AB  - The use of N-acetylpsychosine as an internal standard for the quantitative high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives of
      glycosphingolipids is described. It is suitable because the chromogen reacts on
      equimolar basis with both N-acetylpsychosine and sample glycosphingolipids. The
      use of N-acetylpsychosine as an internal standard was validated by determining
      the glycosphingolipid content of a system of metastatic variants selected from a
      murine fibrosarcoma line (T3 cells). Reproducible results were obtained
      throughout several quantitative analyses of cellular glycosphingolipids and it
      was possible to determine the glycosphingolipid content of as few as 5 x 10(6)
      cells.

PMID- 1819278
TI  - Diagnosis of periodontal diseases.
AB  - This paper reviews current (Fall, 1990) information related to the diagnosis of
      periodontal diseases. As background, principles of diagnostic decision-making and
      conceptual shifts during the 1970's and 1980's are reviewed in brief. "Diseases"
      that appeared in many classification schemes for periodontal diseases in the
      early 1970's--for example, "periodontosis" and "occlusal trauma"--do not appear
      in most current classifications. A recent (1989a) classification recommended by
      the American Academy of Periodontology holds that "periodontitis" includes
      several different diseases. There is, indeed, evidence for several different
      forms of periodontitis, but the AAP's classification does not conform to the
      principles of diagnostic decision-making because of the significant overlap
      between and heterogeneities within its suggested "diseases". An alternative
      classification is suggested, based on a concept that the periodontal diseases are
      mixed infections whose outcome is modified by relative effectiveness of host
      response. This view suggests that the most usual forms, gingivitis and adult
      periodontitis, normally occur in persons with essentially normal defense systems.
      Variation in extent or severity of disease can be understood as a function of the
      local infection in hosts with various degrees of compromised resistance to the
      infection. Early-onset periodontitis (EOP) cases could be accounted for by those
      where host response is abnormal to some significant degree. The greater the
      abnormality, the greater the extent and severity of disease might be. Localized
      EOP cases would be those where a relatively effective specific response
      intervenes to ameliorate progress of disease after the initially rapid
      progression. Other issues are detection of disease activity and assessment of
      risk for disease progression. Non-cultural bacteriological tests are available,
      but have not yet been shown to detect or predict activity or risk. One difficulty
      in reaching such proof for those or other tests has been the lack of an
      appropriate "gold standard" for disease activity or progression. This is being
      remedied by development of improved automated probes and imaging technologies.
      Considerable effort is being devoted to determining whether factors in gingival
      crevicular fluid may have diagnostic utility. More evidence is needed before
      clinical utility is known, but several enzymes and cytokines have potential for
      aiding diagnostic decisions.

PMID- 1819279
TI  - Diagnosis of periodontal diseases: reaction paper.
AB  - With the recent description of 12 different forms and sub-forms of periodontitis
      by the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics (1989), increased emphasis has
      been placed on diagnosis. Dr. Ranney's review addressed the specificity and
      sensitivity of current diagnostic tests with respect to their ability to
      differentiate between health and disease and between the individual disease
      states. Although considerable microbiologic and immunologic data have been
      accumulated in the past decade, very little of this information has proved to be
      sufficiently sensitive to be of use in differential diagnosis. Clinical
      measurements provide us with an insensitive, retrospective analysis of what has
      already occurred but allow us to diagnose disease based on its natural history.
      Measures of attachment levels, by use of conventional probes, are only
      sufficiently sensitive indicators of periodontitis when as much as 20-30% of
      attachment has already been lost. Current technological improvements in probing
      measurements and radiographic assessment may increase sensitivity in this area.
      Future improvements in diagnostic techniques will occur with the advent of
      sensitive biochemical analyses of gingival crevicular fluid. These assays will
      provide a more objective analysis of inflammation and, in time, will provide
      sufficient sensitivity to allow for differentiation between and among the various
      forms of periodontal disease. Future directions in diagnosis will focus on the
      identification of disease-susceptible individuals and the prediction of future
      periodontal breakdown.

PMID- 1819280
TI  - Risk assessment for oral diseases.
AB  - This paper seeks to achieve four goals, each of which forms the basis for a
      section in the presentation. First, the rationale of risk assessment is fully
      described. In this section, some of the necessary conditions are identified that
      make disease prediction worth pursuing. The second section discusses some
      essential background to the understanding of risk assessment in dentistry. In
      this segment, attention is focused on population-based and individual-based
      perspectives, alternative approaches to expressing health risk, and methods for
      comparing the predictive accuracy of alternative risk assessment models. The
      third section of the paper develops a conceptual framework for risk assessment in
      dentistry. Particular emphasis is devoted to the identification of risk factors
      and their incorporation into alternative statistical models. In the fourth
      section, empirical data are offered by which certain comparisons of the
      alternative risk models can be drawn. The paper concludes with a discussion that
      emphasizes data and technical limitations, speculates on future applications, and
      suggests new avenues for research.

PMID- 1819281
TI  - Caries prevention--fluoride.
AB  - A clear understanding of the mechanism of action of fluoride and its
      pharmacokinetics would ensure appropriate clinical use of fluoride and fluoride
      containing modalities. Convincing evidence exists that fluoride has a major
      effect on the demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues, and
      that it interferes with the acid production from "cariogenic" bacteria. However,
      it has also been shown to be physiologically harmful if fluoride concentrations
      and/or exposure periods are inappropriate. In order to establish appropriate
      clinical concentrations and exposure periods for fluoride administration, this
      review is concentrated on the theme that fluoride controls but does not prevent
      caries. The review is organized along classical lines, with a discussion of the
      role of systemic vs. topical fluoride. Discussion of the systemic effects of
      fluoride includes ingestion through water fluoridation, fluoride supplements,
      topical fluoride applications, and dentifrices. The benefits and problems
      associated with the systemic route of fluoride administration are discussed with
      special reference to caries control and fluoride's mechanism of action and its
      toxic effect. The same discussions are focused on the role of the topical effects
      of fluoride, with particular emphasis placed upon: low vs. high fluoride
      concentrations; calcium fluoride vs. fluorhydroxyapatite; and fluoride
      distribution, in both the mouth and in the teeth.

PMID- 1819282
TI  - Caries prevention--fluoride: reaction paper.
AB  - Although the prevalence of caries has declined in young persons in developed
      countries, there is still a need for water fluoridation. The effectiveness of
      fluoride is dependent on the ambient levels of fluoride in the oral cavity.
      Fluoride appears to exert the bulk of its protective effect locally by promoting
      remineralization of early carious lesions. Nevertheless, fluoride tablets
      continue to be prescribed as if the action of fluoride is expressed systemically.
      There is an urgent need to explore the clearance of fluoride from the mouth and
      to develop methods to ensure constant levels of fluoride in the oral cavity,
      thereby reducing both the need for frequent exposure and the amount necessary for
      clinical effect.

PMID- 1819283
TI  - Preventive dental materials: sustained delivery of fluoride and other therapeutic
      agents.
AB  - In the 1940's, it was observed that silicate restorative cements were seldom
      associated with secondary caries. Fissure sealants, designed to protect caries
      prone surfaces, appeared in the 1960's. The 1970's and 1980's have seen an
      increasing emphasis on the use of dental materials for preventive purposes. Glass
      ionomers, the modern version of silicates, release fluoride and have been
      available for some time. Polymeric materials that release various therapeutic
      agents are currently under development for use in topical anesthetic, endodontic,
      prosthodontic, and periodontal applications. An attachable membrane-reservoir
      device for oral fluoride delivery will soon be available for general clinical
      use. Several fluoride-releasing filling and adhesive resins have recently been
      marketed. These materials are the leading edge of a new class of preventive
      materials that serve as controlled-release and/or site-specific sources of
      therapeutic agents. This trend is expected to continue, and the near future
      should see the introduction of additional oral sustained-delivery systems for use
      in periodontal and other applications.

PMID- 1819284
TI  - Dental materials related to prevention--fluoride incorporation into dental
      materials: reaction paper.
AB  - Rather than a specific commentary to Dr. Rawls' presentation, this reaction paper
      discusses the general concept of fluoride addition to dental materials. The
      genesis of the concept is reviewed, but more important is a critique of the
      rationale for the deliberate addition of fluoride to dental materials.
      Researchers and practicing dentists should realize that if the principal reason
      for the addition of fluoride is to prevent dental caries, the ultimate test of
      that rationale is a controlled clinical trial. Thus, although a number of
      questions need to be answered when fluoride is introduced into dental materials,
      the most important is: Does it inhibit dental caries?

PMID- 1819285
TI  - Etiologic theory and the prevention of temporomandibular disorders.
AB  - Over the last 75 years, a variety of etiologic factors has been suggested as the
      cause of pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular system. The earliest and
      still-popular etiologic theory proposed that temporomandibular disorders are
      induced by abnormal structure, usually described as a malocclusion of the teeth
      or jaws. The fact that this theory was based on mechanical concepts, ignored
      biologic diversity, and had limited factual experimental evidence to support it
      as well as extensive evidence in opposition did not seem to matter to its
      proponents. In the late 1960's and early 1970's, the structural occlusal model
      for TM Disorders was challenged and has yielded ground to a more multifactorial
      model of TMD causation. Other etiologic factors for TM disorders--such as
      anatomical susceptibility of TM tissues to trauma, polyarthritic diseases, joint
      laxity, repetitive parafunctional behaviors, and stress-related muscle
      dysfunction--need to be recognized and quantified. Unfortunately, many practicing
      dentists demonstrate a very poor understanding of and often fail to recognize
      these etiologic factors as agents that produce TM disorders. This failure is
      largely due to the fact that the dental profession has spent the last 90 years
      dealing with a variety of misconceptions about the etiology of temporomandibular
      disorders. In the 1990's, one of the more formidable challenges we face is
      acquiring the ability to segregate and define validly the specific TM Disorder of
      concern and then correctly identify and measure the specific etiologic factors
      that produce it. Until these problems are solved, it is unlikely that we will be
      able to prevent disease of the TM apparatus.

PMID- 1819286
TI  - Etiologic theory and prevention of temporomandibular joint disorders: reaction
      paper.
AB  - The treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction
      remains a controversial issue. Strong evidence exists that the occlusion of the
      teeth may not be a significant contributor to the overall etiology of the
      disorder. This now presents clinicians and researchers with a problem. What
      factors are responsible for the pain and dysfunction? Today, no solid evidence
      exists to substantiate the etiology of this disorder.

PMID- 1819287
TI  - Geriatric dentistry and prevention: research and public policy.
AB  - Changing demographics, including the increase in life expectancy and the growing
      numbers of elderly, has focused attention on the need for dental research
      activities to be expanded for geriatric dentistry. The elderly are at greater
      risk for oral disease, since gains in longevity result in more medically
      compromising conditions or systemic disease with oral manifestations. Also, as
      edentulism decreases and as more teeth are retained by the elderly, the pattern
      of oral diseases and the treatment of dental conditions will be altered. Barriers
      to self-care and professional care must be removed, and prevention and early
      intervention strategies must be formulated to reduce the risk of oral disease.
      Risk factors for oral diseases in the elderly can be reduced by personal home
      care regimens, professionally provided preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic
      care, changes in high-risk behavior, and a supportive environment. Generating new
      information about the prevention of oral diseases and conditions that have an
      impact on the elderly requires a substantial research effort. A research agenda
      for the elderly should include: epidemiologic studies of relevant oral diseases
      and related risk factors; investigations of patient and provider attitudes and
      behavior related to oral health; studies of the relationship between general
      health and oral health; development and testing of preventive and treatment
      strategies for conditions such as xerostomia, root caries, secondary caries, and
      gingival recession; and studies for the evaluation of the impact of the aging
      population on the dental delivery system. Public policy options to support
      geriatric oral health care and research are limited by the Government's pre
      occupation with cost containment and the lack of visibility for dental
      programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819288
TI  - Geriatric dentistry and prevention: research and public policy (reaction paper).
AB  - The population of older adults is heterogeneous and can be divided into many
      subgroups: the young-old, the old-old, the healthy, the sick, the frail, the
      mentally and physically handicapped, the ambulatory, the chair-bound, house-bound
      or institution-bound, and the economically advantaged and disadvantaged. This
      diversity is extremely important to the discussion of the oral health needs,
      preventive health strategies, and research agenda for the elderly. As life
      expectancy increases, more attention is being paid to disease prevention so that
      the quality of life in old age can be improved. However, the link among oral
      health, systemic disease, and quality of life in the elderly needs to be better
      defined. There is some evidence in the literature that indicates that coronal and
      root caries appear to be major health problems for the elderly. This needs to be
      corroborated in longitudinal studies. Although periodontal disease prevalence and
      severity are high in some subgroups of the elderly, these appear to be in decline
      in the general population. Dental health-care workers must be cognizant of the
      oral conditions associated with systemic disease and the use of medication, a
      major concern in older adults. Prevention of oral disease in the elderly requires
      early intervention, education of the dental health team, and innovative uses of
      well-established preventive agents such as fluoride. An extensive research effort
      is needed to answer basic and applied questions regarding the oral health needs
      of the elderly. Federal and private funding will be necessary. The dental
      profession will have to demonstrate and be persuasive that money spent on
      research and care for the elderly is money well spent.

PMID- 1819290
TI  - Oral prophylactic procedures and gingival health among Nigerian school children.
AB  - Various researchers have advocated the use of chewing sticks in community oral
      health programmes because they are readily available, cheaper than the toothbrush
      and paste, and are found to possess antiplaque properties. Oral health education
      is essential for enlightenment on good oral health maintenance. The study was
      thus aimed at educating children on how to maintain a good oral health (including
      the efficient use of various oral hygiene implements) and noting the impact on
      their gingival health. 120 school children with no gingival disease, aged 12 to
      14 years, participated in the study. They were all examined intra-orally and
      their plaque scores were recorded. After two weeks of oral health education
      programmes, they were randomly assigned into three equal groups, each group using
      either the toothbrush/paste, the Massularia acuminata chewing stick or the
      Sorindeia warneckei chewing stick for three months. Their plaque scores and
      gingivitis incidence were recorded. 36.0% had gingivitis, 2.0% had periodontitis
      with pocketing greater than or equal to 5 mm, and about 3.0% had gingival
      recession. More toothbrush users than the chewing stick users in the study had
      gingivitis (P less than .05). The inherent danger in introducing unfamiliar oral
      hygiene procedures to children without close monitoring is highlighted. Whatever
      mode of oral hygiene is adopted for use in children, adequate supervision by
      knowledgeable parents and teachers, and close monitoring by oral health personnel
      is mandatory in order to ensure effective use.

PMID- 1819289
TI  - Dental caries and dental health behaviour situation among 6- and 12-year-old
      urban schoolchildren in Madagascar.
AB  - The report presents the findings of a survey carried our among 153 6-year-old and
      164 12-year-old children in Antananarivo, Madagascar. A very high level of dental
      caries was observed (6 years: 7.1 dmft; 12 years: 4.4 DMFT). Personal interviews
      with the mothers (n = 235) showed a frequent consumption of sugar and poor oral
      hygiene habits among the children. Relatively few of the mothers helped their
      children in oral cleaning and the need for improvement in dental knowledge and
      attitudes was outlined. A total of 62 school teachers responded to self
      administered questionnaires and a relatively high level of dental knowledge and
      positive attitudes to prevention were found. Thus, the teachers should be
      considered highly relevant key persons in dental health education for children
      and mothers. The survey forms the base-line for evaluation of school-based
      preventive oral care in Madagascar.

PMID- 1819291
TI  - Extraction of 'nylon' teeth and associated abnormalities in Tanzanian children.
AB  - The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of extraction of 'nylon'
      teeth and its long term adverse effects on the permanent dentition of Tanzanians.
      A total of 1890 subjects, aged between 3 and 5 years, and 1377 subjects aged
      between 12 and 19 years, in different parts of the country were examined. The
      prevalence of missing teeth in the primary dentition due to 'nylon' teeth
      practice ranged from 0% to 16.9%, with a weighted mean of 9.5%. Canines were the
      most involved teeth, accounting for 95% of all missing teeth. Mutilated permanent
      teeth, a result of traditional extraction of deciduous tooth germs, were observed
      only in Singida district in 8% of the examined subjects. 22.8% of these
      mutilations presented as malformations, while the remaining 77.2% presented as
      missing teeth. Most missing teeth and all the malformed teeth were seen in the
      mandible. The mandibular canines were the most affected, followed by the
      mandibular lateral incisors. It is suggested that 'nylon' teeth practice in
      Tanzania may be a recent invention rather than a traditional tribe related
      custom. The precariously high prevalence of 'nylon' teeth practice in Tanzania,
      and the people's perception of this malpractice, requires that particular
      attention be paid to this issue during oral health educational programmes in the
      affected communities.

PMID- 1819292
TI  - Societal opinions on the eruption of deciduous maxillary central incisors before
      the mandibular ones in Nigeria.
AB  - This paper reports perceptions and beliefs about babies who erupt upper deciduous
      teeth before the lower in two rural Yoruba communities. 96.5% of respondents
      expected that the lower incisors should erupt first. The majority (70.4%)
      believed the eruption of upper teeth before the lower to be a sign of an evil
      child. This observation was, however, related to educational status and age. The
      higher the educational level of the respondents, the higher the proportion of
      respondents who viewed the occurrence as a mere individual variation. Similarly,
      the older people tended to view the eruption of upper deciduous teeth before the
      lower as evidence of an evil child. The need for an educational package directed
      at similar populations in order to reduce anxiety related to this human variation
      is stressed. It is suggested that a transcultural approach be taken to cater for
      the child and family welfare in a situation where societal pressure is high.

PMID- 1819293
TI  - Teething myths in Nigerian rural Yoruba communities.
AB  - Systemic and local disturbances have often been attributed to the eruption of
      human primary dentition. Several orthodox and folk remedies exist in some
      populations to prevent and treat these symptoms blamed on teething. The inherent
      danger in the persistence of teething myths is the danger that signs and symptoms
      of some diseases and conditions may be ignored if they are viewed as being merely
      a part of the teething process. Such behaviour could sometimes be detrimental to
      the child's health. This study investigated the knowledge and beliefs of two
      rural Yoruba communities about teething. 58% of the 622 respondents believed that
      teething may be accompanied by various problems including fever, diarrhoea and
      conjunctivitis. The higher the educational status, the lower the proportion of
      respondents who believed that teething is accompanied by a disease. There is
      clear indication of the need to include scientific information on teething in the
      health educational packages directed at different levels within these
      communities.

PMID- 1819294
TI  - Clinical crown heights of permanent teeth in Nigerians.
AB  - The clinical crown heights of 2,048 permanent teeth were measured using a pair of
      dividers and a metre rule on stone casts of study models of subjects aged 21-45
      years in order to establish the data for the clinical crown heights of Nigerians.
      A gradual increase in clinical crown height with advancing age was observed. The
      clinical crown heights of Nigerians appear to be shorter than the clinical crown
      heights of Caucasians.

PMID- 1819295
TI  - [An analysis of craniofacial changes from deciduous to the first stage of mixed
      dentition].
AB  - Analysis has been done, with intention to observe dynamic of craniofacial
      changes, from deciduous to the end of the first phase of the mixed dentition. In
      the longitudinal sample, consisted of 67 children both sexes, observed from 3.5
      to 8.5 year of age, the determined measurements of craniofacial variables, and
      indexes of the skull and face, were examined. The figures were elaborated
      statistically. Results show the slow reduction of the brachiocephals, while the
      frequency of mesiocephalics increases, especially at girls, what measurement of
      indexes confirm. From the deciduous period to the beginning of the mixed
      dentition, slow growth of the number of euriprosops and reduction of mesioprosops
      was found, while during the deciduous dentition the situation was opposite.
      Analysis of each craniofacial dimension shows that the length and the width of
      cranium are reduced until the beginning of the mixed dentition and increased
      after that. The other variables show continued increase of dimensions, especially
      at last period. Correlations are significant and very significant, between the
      width of the skull and the upper width of the face (and less significant at lower
      width of the face, which is in a high degree correlated with the height, than
      between the length of cranium and the height of the face. It is confirmed by
      factor analysis. At the multivariate analysis, two or three varimax factors can
      be isolated, dependent on phases: factor of wideness, factor of length height,
      and factor of age.

PMID- 1819296
TI  - [The effect of sagittal position of temporomandibular joint on development of
      Class I, II and III].
AB  - The scope of this paper is to estimate the effect of T-TM distance and mandibular
      length on sagittal jaw relationship. Examination was done on profile X-rays of
      100 out-patients of Dental Clinic in Nis, divided into groups of class I, II and
      III according to angle PgA/SpP. The following parameters were analysed:
      Frankfurter horizontal, length of the maxillary corpus, mandibular length and T
      TM distance. The following combinations were found: 1. Sagittal jaw relation is
      determined by T-TM distance with similar value of maxillary corpus and mandibular
      length. The shortest T-TM distance is in class III and the longest in class II.
      II. Sagittal jaw relation depends exclusively on mandibular length. Shorter
      mandible with similar values of maxillary corpus and T-TM distance give class II,
      while longer mandible will produce class III. III. Emphasizing effect--longer
      mandible and shorter T-TM distance and shorter mandible make distal jaw formation
      more emphasized. IV. Compensating effect--short T-TM distance and shorter
      mandible give class I instead of expected class III, while longer mandible
      compensates long T-TM distance forming class I instead of class II skeletal
      relationship.

PMID- 1819297
TI  - [The gnathometric evaluation of the effect of bionator in the treatment of Class
      II Division 1 malocclusions].
AB  - Treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion has a very important place in
      orthodontics because of the high frequency of this group of anomalies, as well as
      its special effect upon the face. The functional jaw orthopedics is of a special
      importance with its wide choice of orthodontic devices of which the Balter's
      Bionator can be put apart. The objective of this study was to gnatometrically
      check the efficiency of Bionator in the treatment of class II/division 1
      malocclusions. Ten patients of both sexes aged from 10 to 12 years were examined
      and diagnosed in accordance with the clinical criterion. The following are
      conclusions: After twelve month of treatment, class I sagittal occlusal relation
      was established in all the patients. The normal values of the sagittal incisal
      scale were established. Bionator has shown the largest influence upon the
      sagittal jaw relation, whereas the effects of the transversal dimension could be
      neglected. Because of its obvious positive effects, the Bionator I can be
      recommended as the best method in the treatment of class II/division 1
      malocclusion.

PMID- 1819298
TI  - [Mioconverter].
AB  - Mioconverter is a new appliance created by author used in the treatment of open
      bite. It is consisted of two free plates connected by added joint (similar to
      connection in the TMJ) Plates have lateral bite blocks, anchorage elements in the
      frontal region and a joint at the back. Joints are originally created by the
      author as an imitation of TMJ and mandibular ramus. The appliance converts muscle
      strength in the way of extruding frontal teeth, intruding molars, and rotating
      the upper and lower jaw. Finally, mioconverter reduces vertical skeletal
      discrepancy. The leaning plate is under the occlusal level. Therefore,
      mioconverter utilizes all types of forces used in the lower jaw movements.
      Results of treatment of a case with an open bite are illustrated.

PMID- 1819299
TI  - [Application of computerized teleroentgenographic analysis in orthodontic
      diagnosis].
AB  - The rapid advancement of electronics and availability of inexpensive personal
      computers have resulted in analytical programs for metric evaluation and graphic
      presentation of cranial roentgenograms and made it possible to predict
      craniofacial growth. Hence, an increasing number of roentgen-cephalometric
      analyses is now based on computerized data processing. The objective of this
      paper was to cast light on various aspects of computerized latero-lateral
      teleroentgenographic analysis by presenting recent literature data pertaining to
      this subject. The following conclusions have been reached: despite the fact that
      the number of data processed is very large, the time of processing is ten times
      shorter compared to conventional data processing; most analytical errors refer to
      the location of roentgen-cephalometric points; elaboration of orthodontic
      treatment on the basis of computerized growth prognosis is not recommended;
      despite its systemic limitations, there are numerous arguments in favor of the
      routine use of computerized roentgeno-cephalometric analysis.

PMID- 1819300
TI  - Findings of dentitions whose orthodontic treatment by removable appliances with
      and without extractions was ended about 23 years ago.
AB  - Out of a total of 300 patients the data of which and the dental casts including a
      control cast after an interval of 3 years were completely available, 56 patients
      could be investigated after an interval of about 20 years. When obtaining the
      last impressions they were aged 38 1/2 years. All casts were estimated and
      evaluated according to the method of Eismann (1969). It gives prerequisites to
      different dentofacial anomalies to compare them with each other under
      reproducible conditions. 15 factors are used in the assessment of the morphology
      of the dentition. Each of the criteria is measured and the results are evaluated
      according to the table. Points are scored for each condition registered and the
      total number will signify the extent of the morphological abnormality. The
      reduction of the numerical value between the initial and final casts is a measure
      of the success of treatment, and the difference between the score for end-of
      treatment and follow-up casts is a measure of the degree of stability. Thus the
      cases between the end of treatment and the first control casts showed a slight
      improvement of the results. Between the first and the last control casts two
      trends were observed. On one hand single dentitions showed a further improvement,
      on the other the amount of the dentofacial anomaly symptoms increased a little.
      There are no trends derivable that there are special reacting differences between
      the extraction therapy group compared to the patients without extractions. The
      individual mode of reactions seems to be the most important factor with respect
      to the morphological changes independent of type of treatment.

PMID- 1819301
TI  - [Intellectual development in cases with normal occlusion and malocclusions].
AB  - Purpose of this study is to evaluate psychical maturity of two orthodontic groups
      of examinees. Sample consists of 640 children: 320 are (E) orthognathous (160
      girls and 160 boys) and 320 are (PS) dysgnathous (160 girls and 160 boys). They
      are classified according to their age (7-14 years) into 32 groups, 20 examinees
      each. The dysgnathous subjects have a specific malocclusion; early tooth loss or
      secondary crowding. The evaluation of psychical maturity is based on the general
      success in school and the results of the intelligence test of the "Raven's
      Progressive Matrices", both are expressed in points. The results are
      statistically treated and presented in tables and graphs. PS children, in the
      analyzed sample, develop psychically slower than E children. PS examinees have
      lower score (in points) of general success in school, as well as in results of
      the intelligence test. Although the difference in the arithmetic means obtained
      by the results of the intelligence test between E and PS subjects is
      statistically significant, (t = 6.76; P = 0.009), clinically it is not considered
      significant and it is not interpretable, (as when expressed in points it amounts
      to only two points).

PMID- 1819302
TI  - [Treatment of severe malpositions and impactions of the upper frontal teeth by
      fixed orthodontic techniques].
AB  - The upper frontal region is the site of various abnormalities of the teeth: in
      number, size, form and position. Crowding of the upper frontal teeth is one of
      the most common type of malocclusions. The purpose of this report is to describe
      and illustrate treatment of 3 cases with predominant abnormalities of the upper
      frontal teeth performed by fixed orthodontic techniques. The first case had Class
      II division 2 malocclusion associated with an impacted upper right central
      incisor, as well as transposition of the upper right lateral incisor and canine
      (non-extraction case). The second patient presented Class I malocclusion with
      severe crowding of the upper frontal teeth and an ectopic position of the upper
      right canine (extraction case). The third patient was with Class II division 2
      malocclusion associated with a multiple impaction of the teeth. The following
      teeth were impacted: upper canines, upper left second premolar and lower second
      premolars (extraction case). The first case was treated by Straight Wire Arch
      combined with a headgear. The second patient was treated by Edgewise technique
      combined with a palatal arch. A combination of Edgewise technique and headgear
      was used in the treatment of the third case. The results obtained were
      functionally and aesthetically quite satisfactory.

PMID- 1819303
TI  - The total surface and number of occlusal contacts in the static and dynamic
      occlusion of the teeth. Development of the methods.
AB  - For reasons of different data in literature on occlusal parameters and their
      metric registration at the beginning of the eighties two methods, independent
      from each other, were developed to registrate the total occlusal contact area and
      the number of occlusal surfaces of contact on dental casts--the capacity
      measuring method and the quasi-planimetry method. The results obtained
      independently from each other show a high degree of correspondence. Because of
      its easy handling the method of quasi-planimetry was further developed and used
      for direct analysis of enorally obtained wafers of different characteristics. The
      total surface of occlusal contacts in the static occlusion ran up to 4-6 mm2, and
      the number of stops to 19-30. The method of qualitative and quantitative analysis
      of occlusal parameters is improved with a modern system of digital analysis. The
      results obtained up to now admit the conclusion that the occlusion of the teeth
      represents an individual condition of high variability.

PMID- 1819304
TI  - [An analysis of cephalometric polygons in 21 sets of triplets].
AB  - Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 21 sets of triplets (4 monozygotic, 12
      dizygotic and 5 three zygotic) were used for this study. The following two
      polygons were analysed: SNA and NSAr Go Me. Superimposition of the cephalometric
      tracings was made on the S-N line with S as the registration point. Intra- and
      inter-set comparisons between monozygotic (MZ), dizygotic (DZ) and three zygotic
      (TZ) triplets were made. Members of MZ triplets demonstrated the greatest
      similarity in size and form of the polygons. The second greatest similarity was
      found between MZ members of the DZ triplets, while the third DZ member of all
      such triplets showed much higher difference compared with the MZ members.
      Finally, triplets of TZ sets demonstrated the greatest difference between each
      other. The results obtained from this study indicated that genetic factors played
      a dominant role in growth and development of the craniofacial complex. However,
      difference found between members of MZ triplets suggested an importance of
      environmental factors in these processes as well.

PMID- 1819305
TI  - [A study of sagittal jaw relationships in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome].
AB  - Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to study sagittal jaw relationships
      in 22 cases with Klinefelter's syndrome. The following angles were measured: SNA,
      SNB and ANB. Depending on the size of SNA and SNB angles, all cases investigated
      were classified in the following groups: bimaxillary prognathism, bimaxillary
      orthognathism or retrognathism; maxillary prognathism combined with mandibular
      orthognathism; maxillary orthognathism combined with mandibular prognathism or
      retrognathism; maxillary retrognathism combined with mandibular prognathism,
      orthognathism, or retrognathism. The mean value of the ANB angle of the whole
      group was -0.20 degrees indicating the skeletal class III jaw relationship. Out
      of 22 cases investigated, 45.4% showed bimaxillary prognathism, and 27.3% had a
      combination of the maxillary orthognathism and mandibular prognathism. 27.3% of
      all cases investigated belonged to the remaining groups.

PMID- 1819306
TI  - [Sequence in calcification and eruption of second premolars and molars--a
      longitudinal study].
AB  - Investigation was done with the purpose of establishing frequency of eruption and
      calcification of P2 and M2 and to perform a longitudinal analysis of certain
      types, observing the changes during growth, character of these changes and their
      durability. Analysis was done on 354 orthopantomographic radiographs of
      orthodontic patients from Nis, aged 7 to 12 years. Eruption phase was determined
      on the bases of vertical relation to M1 Development phase was determined with the
      help of a table with 11 developmental phases. Depending on tooth in predominance,
      patients were divided into three groups: P2M2, (P2M2) and M2P2. All three types
      of eruption and calcification were recorded. (P2M2) eruption is dominant in
      maxilla, while M2 has some advantage in mandible. In calcification of both jaws,
      type P2M2 is predominant in both sexes. In later age, eruption shows changes of
      type-in 31% to 39% of cases, but this percentage is lower in calcification-from
      22% to 25%. Relation of P2 and M2 in eruption is not permanent and changes with
      growth: in maxilla, P2 has synchronous position in relation to M2 until 8 years
      of age, to gain advantage in later years; in mandible, P2 has lower position
      until 10 years of age, to start quicker growth in eleventh year so that in 42% of
      cases it erupts before M2. In development phase, P2 has advantage in both jaws.
      P2M2 type shows least changes with age. Other two types change into type P2M2 in
      40% of cases. Once set sequence of eruption and calcification cannot be a
      reliable indicator of later growth since considerable changes were observed in
      most patients.

PMID- 1819308
TI  - Unleashing your creative potential.

PMID- 1819307
TI  - [Where is the right angle?].
AB  - Cephalometric radiographs of 49 cases with normal occlusion in the period of
      permanent dentition (all cases were orthodontically untreated) to study the angle
      of mandibular incisors obtained by Tweed's and Kubein-Meesenburg's methods. It is
      known that in both methods the angle should be 90 degrees in cases with normal
      occlusion. The results obtained were statistically treated and compared. It was
      found that majority of cases showed value of the angles to be 90 degrees or very
      close to it obtained by both methods. This finding indicated that two planes were
      parallel in majority of cases investigated. A change of the Tweed's angle
      produced change of the Kubein-Meesenburg's angle in such a way that sum of these
      two angles was 180 degrees. Inclination of the lower incisors showed a
      considerable variability which indicated an individual sagittal position of these
      teeth.

PMID- 1819309
TI  - Infection control is on your patients' minds; use this opportunity to educate.

PMID- 1819310
TI  - Take time to know your patients' priorities; it's worth the effort.

PMID- 1819311
TI  - It's a matter of style.

PMID- 1819312
TI  - A combination of dental procedures gives patients the desired smile.

PMID- 1819313
TI  - Helping troubled workers could backfire if not sensitive to rights.

PMID- 1819314
TI  - The modeling game.

PMID- 1819315
TI  - Kinetic modeling as a prescription aid in peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Methods for calculating fluid and mass removal in peritoneal dialysis are
      presented in order to aid clinicians in their care and management of patients and
      to assist them in their understanding of the physiological mechanisms which
      govern peritoneal transport. These methods are based on the Pyle-Popovich
      peritoneal mass transport model which encompasses both diffuse and convective
      transport as well as lymphatic flow and residual renal function. Algebraic
      solutions to the mass balance equations governing solute transport are provided.
      Since these solutions are expressed explicitly as functions of time, they are
      easily programmed for use on a personal computer or calculator. This offers
      considerable advantage over the more computer-intensive numerical solutions which
      had been previously required since one can now calculate both mass removal and
      changes in blood concentration at the end of an exchange without requiring any
      intermediate calculations. This computational advantage and the ability to model
      changes in blood concentration are shown to be of particular importance when
      modeling more dynamic therapies such as CCPD or Tidal peritoneal dialysis.
      Finally, the model and solutions, when assessed clinically among 5 patients on
      two separate occasions, resulted in predicted fluid and mass removals which were
      in high concordance with measured fluid and mass removals (concordance
      correlation coefficients in excess of 0.97). Our findings suggest that kinetic
      modeling can provide the kind of analytical tools necessary to guide clinicians
      in their care and management of peritoneal dialysis patients.

PMID- 1819316
TI  - Prescribing hemodialysis using a weekly urea mass balance model.
AB  - Prescribing hemodialysis by monitoring only predialysis BUN concentrations is not
      sufficient to guarantee adequate therapy. Results from the National Cooperative
      Dialysis Study have suggested that hemodialysis therapy is adequate if the
      protein catabolic rate is maintained greater than 1 g/day/kg body weight and
      simultaneously if sufficient hemodialysis is prescribed to maintain either a time
      averaged BUN concentration (TACurea) less than 50 mg/dl or a value of Kt/V
      greater than unity. In the present study mathematical relationships were derived
      from a weekly urea mass balance model that permit an evaluation of TACurea and of
      protein catabolism via the urea generation rate (G) without the need for
      conventional urea kinetic modeling. The parameters TACurea and G were simply
      calculated from a midweek predialysis BUN concentration (BUNMW) by: TACurea = 0.7
      BUNMW G = 0.7 BUNMW(Kr + Kd tau/T) where Kr, Kd, tau and T denote residual renal
      urea clearance, dialyzer urea clearance, number of minutes of hemodialysis per
      week, and number of minutes total in a week, respectively. Clinical results from
      139 modeling sessions on 91 patients demonstrated that TACurea and G derived from
      urea kinetic modeling correlated highly with those calculated from the above
      equations (r = 0.96 and 0.94, respectively). It is concluded that individualized
      hemodialysis prescription and adequacy of therapy can be assessed by monitoring
      TACurea and G by calculation from a weekly urea mass balance model.

PMID- 1819318
TI  - [Caries protective effectiveness of fluoride varnish in animal experiments and
      clinical research].
AB  - Fluoride containing varnishes represent clinically proved means for individual
      caries prevention by topical application due to their prolonged contact time
      between fluoride and enamel. The fluoride accumulation in vitro and in vivo, the
      inhibition of demineralization, the experimentally and clinically proved
      reduction of caries and the toxicological safety during varnish application are
      reviewed. A reduction of caries between 20-50 per cent may be registered after
      semiannual application of such varnishes due to their high caries protective
      properties.

PMID- 1819317
TI  - Controlled study of heparin versus epoprostenol sodium (prostacyclin) as the sole
      anticoagulant for chronic hemodialysis.
AB  - We performed a controlled parallel study comparing the effects of heparin sodium
      to epoprostenol sodium (prostacyclin sodium, Flolan) during hemodialysis in 30
      dialysis patients. Mean fiber bundle volume loss and dialyzer function were
      similar with both anticoagulation methods. Intradialytic symptoms occurred in
      100% of the epoprostenol dialyses and 88% of the heparin dialyses, but only
      10/325 epoprostenol and 3/374 heparin dialysis were discontinued prematurely
      because of symptoms. Long-term hemodialysis with epoprostenol is safe and
      effective. Epoprostenol may be a suitable alternative to heparin in some dialysis
      settings.

PMID- 1819319
TI  - [Influence of objective introduction of preventive dentistry possibilities on
      kindergarten teaching procedures].
AB  - Prevention of caries and periodontal disease should start early in life, as
      everyone agrees. Nursery-school teachers can play an important part in passing on
      knowledge and methods of prevention. Our study confirms the positive effect of
      activities aimed at "teaching the teachers".

PMID- 1819320
TI  - [Oral health condition of kindergartners in Budapest].
AB  - A survey on caries prevalence and dental care was conducted on 441 children 3-6
      years old, from 9 kindergartens in Budapest. Only 36.3% of the examined children
      showed naturally healthy teeth. The four examined age groups demonstrated an
      increase in caries incidence from 45.4% at the age of 3 y to 83.6% at the age of
      6 y. The average dmf-s for the four age groups (3, 4, 5, 6 y) was: 1.77, 3.97,
      5.76, 6.77, respectively. Maximal caries-assault has been recorded at the age of
      4. Only 11.5% of the detected carious surfaces were restored. Moreover, 30% of
      these treated surfaces showed signs of recurrent caries. In general out of 280
      children with caries defects only 5 received a complete restoration.

PMID- 1819321
TI  - [Caries status and periodontal health in 6- to 10-year old elementary school
      children in Graz compared to Swiss, Swedish and WHO principles].
AB  - In a complete survey, 7500 primary pupils in Graz aged between six and ten years
      were examined for caries and periodontal health. Comparison with the DMF-T values
      of primary school pupils in Switzerland and Sweden indicated that considerable
      efforts are required in Austria if preventive dental health education is to
      achieve the standard status it has enjoyed for years in the other countries
      mentioned.

PMID- 1819322
TI  - [Comparative studies of toothpastes and toothpaste ingredients in biological
      systems. 2. Study of toothpaste ingredients and their effects on cell growth].
AB  - The influence on cell growth by different ingredients of toothpastes was examined
      in cell culture. Following parameters were evaluated: protein concentration, MTT
      test and cell morphology. Substantial inhibition of cell growth was caused by
      tensides. Preparations with Tego-Betain had a significantly less influence on
      cell growth than Texapon. Other ingredients as medical soap, fluoride and
      preservative showed a very low effect.

PMID- 1819323
TI  - Is lumbar puncture alive and well?

PMID- 1819324
TI  - Preliminary experience with controlled external lumbar drainage in diffuse
      pediatric head injury.
AB  - Our experience with the use of external lumbar subarachnoid drainage in 5
      children with severe diffuse head injuries is presented. All patients had Glasgow
      Coma Scale scores of 8 or less at 24 h after injury and were initially treated
      with ventriculostomies. Two children required surgical evacuation of focal mass
      lesions. Within 72 h of admission, all children manifested high intracranial
      pressures (ICP) refractory to maximal therapy, including hyperventilation,
      furosemide, mannitol, and barbiturate coma. After the institution of lumbar
      drainage, 3 of the 5 children had an abrupt and lasting decrease in ICP,
      obviating the need for continued barbiturates and hyperventilation. Three
      children survived, 2 of whom made good recoveries; 1 child is functional with
      disability. ICP varied passively with the height of the drainage bag in these
      surviving patients. Two patients died, most likely from uncontrolled ICP before
      the lumbar drain was placed. We conclude that controlled external lumbar
      subarachnoid drainage is a potentially useful treatment for severe diffuse
      pediatric head injury when maximal medical therapy and ventricular cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) evacuation have failed to control high ICP. Posttraumatic CSF
      circulation disruption, white matter cerebral edema, and intracranial venous
      hypertension can be treated with this modality in the absence of focal mass
      lesions.

PMID- 1819325
TI  - Continuous external drainage in the treatment of subdural hematomas of infancy.
AB  - A series of 16 patients with chronic or subacute subdural hematomas treated with
      continuous external drainage of the subdural space is reviewed. Of these only 44%
      went on to require subdural-peritoneal shunt placement. There were no
      complications in treatment and no clinical or laboratory evidence of infection in
      any case. The outcome, measured by neurological examination, was not different
      between the shunted and nonshunted groups. In conclusion, continuous external
      drainage of the subdural space in chronic and subacute hematomas of infancy
      frequently is an effective, definitive treatment. This approach should be
      considered as the initial procedure prior to subdural-peritoneal shunting.

PMID- 1819326
TI  - Selective posterior rhizotomy: evolution of theory and practice.
AB  - The spastic type of cerebral palsy has become more prevalent due to improved
      survival rates of premature infants. Selective posterior rhizotomy is a
      neurosurgical procedure which is designed to reduce spasticity and has been
      successfully used for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Although the
      procedure of posterior rhizotomy is nearly 100 years old, a revised technique was
      introduced in 1981. Since that time, the procedure has been further refined and
      its use has altered the theory and practice of cerebral palsy management. This
      paper reviews the neurophysiological and anatomical facts that have influenced
      the development of the technique. The current practice of selective posterior
      rhizotomy is an evolving process which has stimulated scientific interest in
      spasticity, cerebral palsy and its management.

PMID- 1819327
TI  - Vertebral artery aneurysm--a unique hazard of head banging by heavy metal
      rockers. Case report.
AB  - A 15-year-old drummer in a neighborhood rock music band suffered a traumatic true
      aneurysm of the cervical vertebral artery from violent head and neck motion. He
      underwent excision of the aneurysm after distal and proximal ligation of the
      artery. He is neurologically normal 1 year after surgery. The mechanisms of
      injury caused by extremes of cervical motion, as well as 5 previously reported
      cases of extracranial vertebral artery aneurysm from closed trauma, are
      discussed. Excision of vertebral artery aneurysms in patients with emboli from a
      mural thrombus is recommended. The consequences of vertebral artery ligation and
      the indications for distal reconstruction are discussed.

PMID- 1819328
TI  - Epidural metastasis of testicular yolk sac tumor: an unusual cause of spinal cord
      compression. Case report.
AB  - Testicular tumors in the pediatric age group are rare. Yolk sac tumor (YST) is
      the most common malignant tumor of germinal origin in this group, and it may
      spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. We have been unable to find any
      previously published report of metastasis of testicular YST to the epidural space
      of the spinal cord presenting as a cause of spinal cord compression.

PMID- 1819329
TI  - Acute cerebellitis: case report and review.
AB  - We report a case of acute cerebellitis in a 7-year-old male presenting with
      headache, vomiting, ataxia and life-threatening hydrocephalus requiring emergent
      placement of an external ventricular drain. Unlike earlier reported cases which
      did not provide radiographic correlation of this disease, this report documents
      changes in the cerebellum with serial magnetic resonance and computer tomography
      scans. The signs, symptoms and differential diagnosis of this rare, self-limiting
      condition are briefly discussed.

PMID- 1819330
TI  - Chiari I malformations and hydromyelia--complications.
AB  - The Chiari I malformation is associated with a hydromyelic cavity in 55-75% of
      patients. In the author's series (1977-1991), hydromelia occurred in 111 of 131
      patients (85%). There were 35 children. Posterior fossa decompression with
      duraplasty and fourth ventricle to subarachnoid shunt was made in all patients
      with Chiari I malformation with hydromyelia. The obex connection to the cervical
      cord central canal was closed with muscle, if widely patent. Eighty-five percent
      showed sustained objective improvement. The precautions taken to avoid
      complications and a literature review are tabulated for easy reference.

PMID- 1819331
TI  - Shunt revision: complications and their prevention.
AB  - Long-term maintenance of neurologic function in shunt-dependent individuals
      requires vigilance and attention to detail. This review details the essential
      elements for the long-term surveillance of the shunted child and adult in terms
      of access to a responsive system. The causes of shunt failure and complications
      are enumerated. The technical aspects of assessing a shunt that may have failed
      are discussed as well as the details of performing a shunt revision for a variety
      of causes of failures.

PMID- 1819332
TI  - Complications of hemorrhagic stroke in children.
AB  - The complications of hemorrhagic stroke in children begin first with one's
      failure to establish the correct diagnosis or from the lack of knowledge of
      attendant phenomena and second, from those events which occur before, during or
      because of the treatment provided for specific lesions. The fundamental
      principles of history gathering, clinical evaluation and appropriate neuroimaging
      will direct safe, uncomplicated patient care. This paper will examine those
      complications which may arise during the treatment of pediatric aneurysm,
      arteriovenous malformation and venous angiomas, newborn intraventricular
      hemorrhage, and cerebral hemorrhage associated with either a preexistent
      coagulopathy or neoplasm.

PMID- 1819333
TI  - Mechanical stress as a stimulant to the production of osteocalcin in osteoblast
      like cells.
AB  - When mechanical stress is applied, osteoblasts have shown to produce bone
      turnover stimulating hormones and enzymes like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclic
      AMP, alkaline phosphatase, and collagenase. Osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) is
      also a protein produced by osteoblasts to control bone metabolism. Thus, its
      production may also be stimulated by mechanical stress. The purpose of this
      investigation was to test if mechanical stress stimulates osteoblast-like cells
      to produce osteocalcin in vitro. The results suggest that osteocalcin production
      is stimulated at the initial stage of the culture by cyclic tension and
      relaxation force, and secretion may decrease with time.

PMID- 1819334
TI  - Psychological studies of emotional changes in children undergoing dental
      treatment. 1. Changes in plethysmogram.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the influence of children's personality traits
      and parents' child-rearing attitudes on children's internal behaviors before and
      after treatment. As an indicator of emotional changes, polygraph data and
      particularly plethysmograms were compared with psychological analysis data of
      children's personality traits and parental child-rearing attitudes. The subjects
      were 40 children with slightly carious primary molars, who were out-patients at
      Aichi-Gakuin University Dental Hospital. The results show that the emotional
      changes of children undergoing dental procedures are, in fact, observed at the
      resting pre-treatment stage, and that they are influenced by various factors,
      including parental child-rearing attitudes and children's personality traits.
      More over, in the resting post-treatment stage, these factors impinge upon
      children's emotions in a more complicated manner.

PMID- 1819335
TI  - Two cases of hemangioma of the upper lip in infants--treatment using the Nd: YAG
      laser.
AB  - We report here two cases of treatment of upper lip hemangioma in infants, in
      which the Nd:YAG laser had a significant therapeutic effect. Case 1 was a 3-month
      old male with swelling of the upper lip as the chief complaint. After galvano
      caustic was performed under general anesthesia, sclerosing agent injection
      therapy (6 times, total 4.5 ml) was continued for 2 months. But the tumor was
      still growing about 2 years later, so resection was performed with Nd:YAG laser
      under general anesthesia. Case 2 was a 1-month-old male, also with swelling of
      the upper lip as the chief complaint. Resection was performed with Nd:YAG laser
      under general anesthesia. But the tumor was still growing about 4 months later,
      so it was repeated. The patients made satisfactory prognosis. Histologically, the
      final diagnoses of two cases were capillary hemangioma.

PMID- 1819336
TI  - Mandibular reconstruction using the skeletal pin fixation system.
AB  - Excellent results were obtained in mandibular reconstruction by using the
      skeletal pin fixation system. The remaining bone was fixed before segmental
      resection. Case 1 was a 35-year-old male with a cementifying fibroma in the 2/6
      region. We used the HH type pin fixation system and Kirschner wire (diameter 3.0
      mm) for the fixation of the mandibular resection end. Case 2 was a 51-year-old
      male with an ameloblastoma in the 6/4 region. We used the HY type pin fixation
      system before mandibular resection. Case 3 was a 45-year-old female with an
      ossifying fibroma in the 6/4 region. The same fixation system was used as in case
      2. In all cases, mandibular reconstruction was carried out with iliac bone graft
      and A-O plate.

PMID- 1819337
TI  - A human skeleton from the Ohguruwa remains.
AB  - In 1941, the Ohguruwa remains were discovered at the Mizuho sports ground site in
      Nagoya. They date from about 3000 B.C., which is the early Jomon era. When the
      stadium was reconstructed in 1980, four human skeletons were found. Three of
      them, however, were in poor condition and moreover, were incomplete. However, the
      second skeleton was in good condition and could almost be reconstructed, and this
      skeleton (No. 2) was used for our study. It was found in the classic posture with
      arms and legs folded. Some pieces of a dog's skeleton were also discovered near
      the No. 2 skeleton's chest. This particular skeleton generally showed
      characteristics typical of the Jomon era. It had a stout structure and was judged
      to be a middle aged male because of the following features. There was
      considerable attrition of the occlusal surfaces on the remaining teeth. The teeth
      were worn flat, probably owing to the hard food and to their use as a tool. Both
      canines and first premolars of the upper and lower arches had been extracted in
      accordance with the custom of the time. Typical caries and localized periodontal
      breakdown were not observed, although there was horizontal alveolar bone loss,
      especially in the anterior regions. The mastoid process was extremely large and
      prominent. The lateral prominence of the mandible was developed. Analysis of
      lateral cephalogram revealed that the mandible was in the anterior position. The
      angles of SNA, SNB and ANB were 89.6 degrees, 89.2 degrees and 0.4 degrees,
      respectively. The skeletal pattern was definitive Class III. The adaptive changes
      in the teeth, their supporting tissues, temporomandibular joints and the related
      muscles--the harmonious masticatory system--were all estimated.

PMID- 1819338
TI  - A case report of congenital aglossia.
AB  - A case of congenital aglossia was orthodontically treated and long-term retention
      was observed from the age of 15 to 27. The patient had congenital absence of
      three lower incisors, abnormally small mandible (micrognathia), severe overbite
      and a telescopic bite in the premolar region accompanied by an extremely narrow
      lower arch. Orthodontic treatment was begun when the patient was 15 years and 6
      months old. The active treatment period was 2 years and 9 months. At the present
      time, nine years have passed since the end of the active treatment, and
      intercuspation between the upper and lower arches is still good. It is suggested
      that the maintenance of the lower arch width is essential for long-term retention
      in cases of congenital aglossia.

PMID- 1819339
TI  - The lactic acid and citric acid content in the gingival fluid of orthodontic
      patients.
AB  - Alveolar bone turnover has two phases: bone resorption and formation. Bone
      resorption entails both mineral removal and collagenolysis. A pH decrease over
      the local bone surface is required for mineral removal. Both lactic acid and
      citric acid has been suggested as the acids which remove crystals. During the
      orthodontic movement of teeth, a process of overall bone resorption occurs during
      displacement, whereas at the retention stage this process needs to be stopped in
      order to stabilize the alveolar bone. Thus, lactic acid and citric acid may be
      valid parameters of bone resorption intensity. The purpose of this investigation
      is firstly to test if these acids can be detected in gingival fluid around the
      moving teeth, and secondly to find if any changes occur before, during and after
      orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that these acids can be good
      parameters which show how favorably tooth movement is proceeding. They also show
      how stable the teeth are when orthodontic force is stopped to apply.

PMID- 1819340
TI  - The health risks of occupational stress in islamic industrial workers during the
      Ramadan fasting period.
AB  - During Ramadan, Moslems are required strictly to avoid fluids and nourishment
      from dawn to sunset. Heat stress during such abstinence represents a substantial
      health hazard. In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) where numerous Moslems,
      particularly of Turkish origin, perform heat work and other heavy labour, we
      observed moderate to severe health disturbances in such labourers during Ramadan,
      e.g.: tachycardia, severe headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and circulatory
      collapse. The severe dehydration of these workers was demonstrated by substantial
      increases in their hematocrit, serum protein, urea, creatinine, uric acid and
      electrolyte imbalance. Because of the evidence of the substantial health hazard
      to Islamic workers in such situations, we have strongly urged employers to
      refrain from assigning Islamic workers to heat work or heavy daytime work during
      Ramadan; we have therefore limited systematic studies of health problems during
      Ramadan to persons performing only moderate work. Even under these conditions
      signs of dehydration were found in the 32 labourers monitored. Some of these
      labourers also had to interrupt their observance of Ramadan due to health
      problems, e.g.: acute gout due to serum uric acid increase, or circulatory
      insufficiency. In light of the observed potentially harmful pathophysiological
      effects, the danger of dehydration of Islamic workers due to heat work during
      Ramadan should be taken very seriously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819341
TI  - The risk of death from cardiovascular diseases in the male population of working
      age in Poland. II. Epidemiological observations and basic results.
AB  - The objective of this work is to present the methodology and basic results of
      epidemiological studies, which facilitate the evaluation of risk of death from
      cardiovascular diseases in males of working age, exposed to risk factors related
      to this group of diseases, in comparison with females. The results revealed that
      in Poland, social and stressogenic factors determining strong negative life
      styles play a significant part in shaping male mortality. These factors, acting
      in combination with high rates of hazards such as smoking, arterial hypertension,
      obesity and diabetes, significantly increase mortality from cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 1819342
TI  - Neutrophil function in chemical plant workers employed in the production of dust
      pesticides.
AB  - In two divisions of a chemical plant producing dust pesticides, employees exposed
      to dust, containing 28%-65% SiO2, were examined. In the first division (group I,
      38 males and 35 females), the average air dust concentration was 5.0 mg/m3, and
      the active substances were: chlorinated hydrocarbons, captan, carbamates and
      dodine. In the other division (group II, 26 males and 33 females), the air dust
      concentration was 4.8-5.2 mg/m3, and the active substances included: carbamates,
      triazine compounds, cupric oxychloride, captan, lindane, carboxine. Spirographic
      investigations showed signs of pulmonary emphysema (RV/TLC) in 65.8% males and
      60% females of group I and 38.5% males and 40.6% females of group II. In
      leucocyte concentrate smears, the cytochemical reactions to beta-glucuronidase,
      acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase, as well as the nitroblue tetrazolinum (NBT)
      dye reduction of neutrophils were performed. The random migration and chemotaxis
      of isolated neutrophils, washed or incubated in 10% autologous serum, their
      phagocytic activity and tube adherence test were also investigated. Compared to
      the controls, the reaction to beta-glucuronidase as well as the NBT reduction
      were increased, whereas the acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase reactions were
      lowered. Impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis stimulated with zymozan-activated
      serum was observed in all groups of workers; random migration was enhanced in
      workers of group I and lowered in male workers of group II. Higher phagocytosis
      of latex particles occurred in workers of group I and in males of group II, while
      tube adhesion was impaired in group I and enhanced in males of group II.

PMID- 1819343
TI  - Toluene determination in capillary blood as a biological indicator of exposure to
      low levels of toluene.
AB  - The possibility of evaluating occupational exposure to toluene at low levels (50
      150 mg/m3), based on the determination of unchanged substances in capillary
      blood, was investigated. The volunteers were exposed in a toxicological chamber;
      during and after exposure venous and capillary blood samples were analysed by gas
      chromatography using the headspace technique. Toxicokinetic data point out that
      determination of toluene should be performed in blood samples collected 15-20 min
      after termination of exposure. The toluene concentration in capillary blood may
      reflect the toluene dose absorbed during the workshift only in the case of
      constant exposure. Otherwise, this measurement refers to the rate of toluene
      absorption, mainly in the last 2 hours of daily exposure.

PMID- 1819344
TI  - Barrier creams in the prevention of occupational contact dermatitis--an
      experimental study.
AB  - Experimental evaluation of two barrier creams has been carried out. One of these
      creams was composed of hydrocarbon components; the other had, in addition,
      silicone oil and cetaceum. The protective properties of these creams on rats and
      guinea pigs have been examined. It was found that investigated creams exerted an
      inhibiting effect on the absorption of chromium and nickel through the skin of
      rats from aqueous solutions. Moreover, the creams demonstrated a pronounced
      protective action on guinea pigs sensitized to chromium.

PMID- 1819345
TI  - Effects of noise on cognitive processes of individuals in a laboratory
      experiment.
AB  - The effects of noise on information processing in perceptual and memory tasks, as
      well as time reaction to perceptual stimuli, were investigated in a laboratory
      experiment. Performance and heart rate in Information Processing Test, Simple and
      Choice Reaction Time tests and Stroop's test were evaluated at three levels of
      noise (silence, 75 dBA, 95 dBA). Individual noise sensitivity and noise-induced
      temporary threshold shift (NITTS) were also assessed. The results show that
      neither noise nor individual noise sensitivity, or NITTS, as separate factors
      have an influence on information processing and time reaction to perceptual
      stimuli. However, noise effects simple reaction time in interaction with
      individual noise sensitivity, and information processing--within experimental
      session duration. Experimental session duration was the one separate factor
      affecting information processing. Noise as a separate factor does not have an
      influence on task performance, however, it affects heart rate. The higher
      increase of noise-induced temporary threshold shift, the smaller the number of
      heart beats/minute was found.

PMID- 1819346
TI  - Analysis of exposure to electromagnetic fields during professional use of
      radiotelephones.
AB  - An environmental survey on exposure to EM fields covered over 300 radiotelephone
      operating in the range of 300-344 MHz with input power of 5 W, used by 574
      radiooperators and 48 radiomechanics employed in sanitary transport, power
      engineering, municipal traffic and coal mining. The intensity of EM fields was
      measured and timing of effective radiotelephone transmitter work was done.
      According to the Polish standards, it was found that 3% of the population
      examined were subject to excessive exposure, 6%--to conditionally admissible only
      and 17%--to admissible. Exposure assessment, made for extreme conditions based on
      literature, theoretical and experimental data, showed that in radiomechanics'
      necks, eyes and wrists there may occur SAR values: 10-15 W/kg, 1-1.5 W/kg and 1.8
      W/kg, respectively.

PMID- 1819347
TI  - Radiological classification of Polish underground mines and recommendations of
      surveillance.
AB  - The paper presents the most recent data, collected 1987-1989, on concentrations
      of 222Rn products in the air of all Polish underground non-uranium mines, and
      data on the exposure of the miners employed there. The concentrations and
      exposure of miners were evaluated by using 'passive' dosimeters, based on the
      track-etch solid state nuclear track detector, worn as small individual cassettes
      on helmets of representative groups in every mine for one month, four times a
      year (once in each season of the year). The paper contains the average annual
      exposure of miners in coal-, metal-ore-, and chemical raw materials oremines. The
      paper, also presents expected 'frequency' distributions of individual miners'
      exposure in particular types of mines, as well as the computer simulations of
      'relative frequency' distributions of expected miner's exposure when the Annual
      Limit of Exposure would be adopted at the level 17, 12, 8.6, 6.9 and 3.4.10(-3)
      Jhm-3 (5.0, 3.5, 2.5, 2 and 1 WLM). The concept and criteria of classification of
      mines according to the radiation hazards are presented and discussed. According
      to that concept, all mines in Poland have been considered and classified into
      four classes of mines with a different level of radiation hazard. The appropriate
      radiological surveillance to the respective class of mine is proposed and
      discussed.

PMID- 1819348
TI  - ANUG--dental hygiene intervention.

PMID- 1819349
TI  - Hypnosis in dentistry.

PMID- 1819350
TI  - The cutting edge.

PMID- 1819351
TI  - Prosthesis-periodontics relationship. 2. Increase of clinical crown and surgery
      for prosthetic purposes.
AB  - One of the most useful procedures in periodontal surgery for prosthetic purposes
      is the technique of clinical crown increase. However, the technique is not yet
      fully understood, especially by general dental clinicians who also work in
      periodontics. In the present study, in addition to a description of the
      technique, its indications are discussed and the reasons for choosing it as the
      most appropriate procedure are analyzed.

PMID- 1819352
TI  - Myofunctional therapy combined with occlusal splint in treatment of
      temporomandibular joint dysfunction-pain syndrome.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to relate changes in reflex-vegetative
      functions and phonetics to the etiology of temporomandibular joint dysfunction
      pain syndrome. Myofunctional therapy associated with an occlusal splint had a
      very significant effect in relieving the pain and dysfunction caused by this type
      of disorder.

PMID- 1819353
TI  - Study of mandibular head volume in rats submitted to occlusal alterations.
AB  - The possible alterations caused by occlusal modifications in mandibular head
      volume were studied in rats by morphometric techniques. The results permitted the
      authors to conclude that, within the conditions of the experiments, the total
      volume of the mandibular head was unchanged, although alterations in the
      direction of growth may occur.

PMID- 1819354
TI  - Morphologic study of the maxillary molars. 1. External anatomy.
AB  - The authors studied the external anatomy, root curvature and degree of root
      fusion of 744 maxillary first, second and third molars. The root lengths and root
      curvatures were quite similar on the first and second molars with their lingual
      roots curving toward the buccal on 54.6% and 52.3% of them, respectively.
      Complete separation of all three roots was observed on 86.4% of the first molars,
      75.9% of the second molars and on only 18.8% of the third molars.

PMID- 1819355
TI  - Endodontic treatment of a maxillary lateral incisor presenting dens invaginatus
      and transposition to the region of the canine--case report.
AB  - Endodontic treatment was performed in a maxillary lateral incisor presenting two
      different types of anomalies: dens invaginatus and transposition to the region of
      the canine. The two transposed teeth were subsequently restored with light-cured
      composite, bringing dental esthetics to normal in a single session.

PMID- 1819356
TI  - Effect of the polishing technique at low or high speed on the micro-hardness of
      dental amalgam.
AB  - Dental cavities were prepared and restored with amalgam, using three different
      silver alloys. The surface of the restorations was finished 24 hours after
      condensation, with a rotatory instrument using a low- or high-speed handpiece.
      The specimens were then submitted to metallographic polishing and one of the
      margins of the amalgam restoration were then submitted to Vickers' micro-hardness
      test. Another micro-hardness test was accomplished 168 hours after condensation
      and the two sets of micro-hardness values were compared. No significant
      statistical differences were detected between the micro-hardness values obtained
      with low or high speed in the polishing technique.

PMID- 1819357
TI  - Periodontal aspects of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa, a rare dermatologic disease is discussed. Its
      oral manifestations and association with periodontal alterations, and possible
      systemic and periodontal treatment are described. An example of a case in which
      conventional periodontal therapy was effective is presented.

PMID- 1819358
TI  - In vitro study of the incidence of radicular grooves in maxillary incisors.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of radicular
      grooves in 500 central and 421 lateral extracted maxillary incisors. Radicular
      grooves were present in 2.0% of the central and 2.6% of the lateral maxillary
      incisors. The majority of radicular grooves in central maxillary incisors were
      detected on the buccal root surface (1.6%), and fewer on the lingual root surface
      (0.4%). In lateral maxillary incisors, the radicular grooves were always observed
      on the lingual surface.

PMID- 1819359
TI  - Presence of amastigotes in the Weber's lingual salivary gland of Trypanosoma
      cruzi-infected mice.
AB  - The authors studied histopathologically the presence of amastigotes in the
      Weber's lingual salivary gland of mice infected with RC strain of Trypanosoma
      cruzi. Amastigotes were found in Weber's gland acini cells, excretory duct cells,
      intralobular connective tissue, muscle fibers and inside the acini lumen.

PMID- 1819360
TI  - Anomalies in number of teeth in patients with lip and/or palate clefts.

PMID- 1819361
TI  - Expression and characterization of alkaline phosphatases during differentiation
      of human pancreatic cancer (Capan-1) cells in culture.
AB  - Human pancreatic cells of the Capan-1 cell line differentiate in culture. During
      the exponential growth phase, the cells are undifferentiated, only becoming
      differentiated during the stationary phase. The formation of domes in this phase
      is related to the exchange of water and electrolytes. The present study was
      designed to characterize the localization and expression of alkaline phosphatases
      (AP) in Capan-1 cells during growth in culture. Biochemical, cytoenzymatic and
      immunocytochemical methods were employed combined with light and electron
      microscopic examination. AP essentially of the placental type were expressed
      progressively during the exponential growth phase, and were seen to be
      distributed over the surface of the Capan-1 cells. In the stationary phase, the
      AP became localized on the surface of microvilli. The precipitates of the enzyme
      reaction highlighted regular four-bodied structures. Biochemical assays showed a
      progressive increase in activity of this enzyme in cells during both the
      exponential and stationary growth phases. However, in the stationary phase
      between days 7 and 8, there was a fall in enzyme activity, with a corresponding
      increase in this activity in the culture medium. Cytological examination
      indicated that this fall could be accounted for by loss of AP-positive membranes
      by vesiculization of apical microvilli and release of microvesicles into the
      culture medium. Immunoblots showed that Capan-1 cells expressed two types of AP,
      a placental type (70 kDa) and to a lesser extent a liver type (80 kDa).
      Expression of the placental type was attributed to a neoplastic derepression of
      the coding gene, while the liver type was assumed to be a normal gene expression
      of human duct cells. The placental type AP might thus serve as a marker of
      transformation, and the liver type as a marker of differentiation.

PMID- 1819362
TI  - Co-expression of the proto-oncogene fos (c-fos) and an embryonic interferon
      (ovine trophoblastin) by sheep conceptuses during implantation.
AB  - Expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene by ovine conceptuses was analyzed by
      Northern and slot blots and indirect immunohistofluorescence in relation to the
      expression of the embryonic interferon-alpha (oTP) during implantation. c-fos was
      expressed initially in the trophoblast, and then in the allantois, when this
      tissue began to develop (day 17). In the embryonic tissues, the c-fos proto
      oncogene was weakly expressed up to day 22 and increased thereafter. In the
      trophoblast, the expression of c-fos proto-oncogene was transient, occurring when
      the oTP gene was transcribed at a maximal level at the beginning of implantation
      (days 14-15), and decreased thereafter, following the pattern of oTP gene
      expression. This decline is due essentially to the arrest of c-fos and oTP gene
      expression by the trophoblastic cells which established cellular contacts with
      the uterine epithelium during the implantation process.

PMID- 1819363
TI  - Human keratinocyte membrane lectins: characterization and modulation of their
      expression by cytokines.
AB  - In an attempt to identify cell surface molecules involved in recognition
      phenomena between cells such as keratinocytes and melanocytes and putatively
      target biological responses modifiers to keratinocytes, we undertook the
      detection of cell surface sugar specific receptors: membrane lectins.
      Keratinocyte membrane lectins were found to bind synthetic glycoproteins
      (neoglycoproteins) carrying either alpha-L-fucosyl or alpha-L-rhamnosyl residues.
      Fluorescence microscopy observations indicate that cultured keratinocytes are
      able to bind these two neoglycoproteins while frozen sections of human skin
      labelled with neoglycoprotein-coated covaspheres show that the selectivity of the
      binding to keratinocytes is restricted to alpha-L-rhamnosyl-BSA. Keratinocytes
      were adapted to grow on collagen; harvesting conditions allowing the analysis of
      keratinocytes by flow cytometry are described. This technique allows the
      quantification of the binding at 4 degrees C, and the estimation of the
      endocytosis of F-, neoglycoproteins: F-, alpha-L-Rha-BSA and F-, alpha-L-Fuc-BSA
      were efficiently internalized. Thereafter, alpha-L-rhamnose-substituted liposomes
      containing 5-(6)carboxyfluorescein were prepared in order to follow the delivery
      of the fluorescent dye into cells. This was measured both by flow cytometry and
      by spectrofluorimetry. The expression of surface lectins was checked upon action
      of cytokines (IL1 alpha, IL1 beta, IL2 and TNF) which are known as biological
      response modifiers of keratinocytes.

PMID- 1819364
TI  - Vasopressin-induced changes in receptor-mediated endocytosis of
      asialoglycoprotein in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The ability of second messengers to modulate receptor-mediated endocytosis was
      studied on isolated rat hepatocytes. A 20-min preincubation with vasopressin was
      used as a modulation. We observed a 20% inactivation of both surface and
      intracellular receptors, with no change in the affinity of those remaining
      active. The internalization and dissociation of a synchronous wave of ligand was
      not affected, but its degradation was partially inhibited. Our observations
      suggest that second messengers such as intracellular calcium and diacylglycerol
      play a complex role in the intracellular trafficking associated with endocytosis.

PMID- 1819365
TI  - Process of re-establishment of beta-adrenergic induced protein secretion after
      cytochalasin D inhibition in rat parotid gland. Effect of cholinergic agonist,
      phorbol ester and calcium.
AB  - In rat parotid gland, 3H-protein secretion is stimulated by beta-adrenergic
      receptor activation (via cAMP) and also by cholinergic receptor activation (via
      IP3, calcium and diacylglycerol). The disorganization of microfilament system by
      cytochalasin D induced an inhibition of beta-adrenergic induced 3H-protein
      secretion whereas it did not modify the cholinergic muscarinic one. Cytochalasin
      D induced the formation of vacuoles in the parotid cell. In this work we show
      that the activation of muscarinic receptors (with carbachol) partially abolished
      the inhibitory effect of cytochalasin D on beta-adrenergic induced secretion.
      Since carbachol induced both intracellular calcium increase and protein kinase C
      activation, we decided to test separately the effect of calcium (using the
      calcium ionophore A23187) and protein kinase C activation (using phorbol ester)
      on the inhibitory effect of cytochalasin D on beta-adrenergic induced secretion.
      A23187, in the presence of calcium in the external medium was able to partially
      abolish cytochalasin D effect (ie re-establishing protein secretion) whereas
      activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12-13 di-butyrate had no effect. These
      results suggest that protein kinase C is not involved in re-establishing a
      'normal' secretion phenomenon whereas calcium does interfere. Furthermore, our
      fluorescence study shows that, when cytochalasin D is present in the incubation
      medium, the actin network is disturbed even in the presence of carbachol. This
      indicates that a calcium entry in the cell is not sufficient to restore a
      'normal' actin network.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819366
TI  - Lipid trafficking between high density lipoproteins and Babesia divergens
      infected human erythrocytes.
AB  - A two-fold increase in the amount of phospholipids was observed in Babesia
      divergens infected human red blood cells. In vitro incubation with [32P]
      phosphorus and [3H]-glycerol demonstrated that B divergens has the ability to
      synthesize the phospholipid backbone. On the other hand, the low incorporation of
      [14C]acetate indicated the absence of a de novo fatty acid synthesis and
      suggested the necessity of an exogenous lipid source for the parasite. Several
      intra-erythrocytic growth cycles of B divergens could be achieved in vitro, using
      a serum-free medium supplemented only with fractions of human high density
      lipoproteins (HDL). At an HDL concentration of 0.5 mg/ml (protein concentration)
      and with a 1% starting parasitaemia, parasite growth was similar to that observed
      under standard culture conditions with 10% human serum, at least for the first 24
      h, a time equivalent to three parasite erythrocytic life-cycles. Lipid transfer
      from HDL to the intra-erythrocytic parasites was demonstrated by uptake and
      exchange of fluorescent NBD-phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) loaded HDL at different
      temperatures. Kinetic experiments with [3H]-oleyl-PC-loaded HDL demonstrated a
      unidirectional transfer of lipids from radiolabelled HDL to the parasite; partial
      conversion of PC to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was also observed. In the semi
      defined medium, the HDL fraction appeared to be the major source of lipids for
      the growth of B divergens in human erythrocytes.

PMID- 1819369
TI  - Co-dependence: is the smile on your face real?

PMID- 1819367
TI  - Quantitative immunolocalization of four immunodominant antigens of Toxoplasma
      gondii.
AB  - Ultrastructural localization of four immunodominant antigens of Toxoplasma gondii
      was investigated quantitatively on thin sections and replicas by an immunogold
      technique using four monoclonal antibodies (Mab). On immunoblot Mab IV47, GII9,
      II38 and IE10 identified proteins of 28, 30, 45 and 66-70 kDa, respectively. Use
      of digital image analyzer and a semi-automatic procedure developed by us, the
      patterns of label distribution were compared in three cell structures: cell
      surface, submembrane area and rhoptries. On the whole cell surface, protein P28
      and P30 were 2.5 and 4 times more abundant than P66-70 respectively. The protein
      P28 was essentially concentrated in the submembrane area with a labeling of 195.4
      +/- 46.7 gold particles/microns 2 that follows a decreasing gradient from this
      area to the cell centre. In the rhoptries, all four antigens were detected, P45
      and P66-70 being major with a labeling of 97.1 +/- 31.1 gold particles/microns 2
      and 155.1 +/- 39.3 gold particles/microns 2 respectively. The results support the
      hypothesis that rhoptries are the essential site for antigen storage.

PMID- 1819370
TI  - Minor orthodontic movement.

PMID- 1819371
TI  - Hints for starting your first dental practice.

PMID- 1819368
TI  - Active measures in the war against epidemics in colonial Guatemala, 1519-1821.

PMID- 1819373
TI  - [Exercise provocation test in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma and detection of
      airway responsiveness].
AB  - Exercise provocation test was performed on a bicycle ergometer in 110 asthmatics,
      15 allergic rhinitis patients, 10 patients with moderate chronic bronchitis and
      22 healthy subjects. 87.5% (21/24) of atypical asthmatics revealed positive
      exercise induced asthma (EIA), with the overall positive rate of asthmatics being
      90% (99/110). There was a close negative linear correlation between the maximal
      reduction rate in FEV1 induced by exercise (delta FEV1%) and the inhaled
      histamine dose needed to reduce FEV1 by 20% (PD20FEV1) (r = -0.59, P less than
      0.01). None of the healthy subjects, one of 15 allergic rhinitis patients and one
      of 10 patients with moderate chronic bronchitis showed positive response to
      exercise test. In contrast, seven of 18 allergic rhinitis patients and all nine
      patients with moderate chronic bronchitis had positive response to histamine
      bronchial provocation test. Therefore, exercise provocation test is a reliable
      method for diagnosing EIA and detecting airway responsiveness and it may possess
      higher specificity than histamine provocation test in diagnosing bronchial
      asthma, particularly in atypical bronchial asthma.

PMID- 1819372
TI  - The role of computerized tomography in preoperative assessment of the dental
      implant patient: literature review.

PMID- 1819374
TI  - [A study on the immunology and etiology of platinum induced asthma].
AB  - Two platinum (Pt) refinery workers with work related asthma was reported. The
      serum specific IgE and skin test for Pt antigen were positive. Ten guinea pigs
      were immunized with Pt-BSA conjugates employing CFA or AHG adjuvant via
      intraperitoneal. After 5-8 weeks, 33.3% of the sensitized animals experienced
      asthma attacks after a Pt-HSA challenge. The dynamic ventilation pulmonary
      imaging with 99mTc-DTPA showed a central accumulation of radioactivity. A
      specific IgE and IgG type antibodies were developed in 66.7% of sensitized
      animals by PCA test. Results of these suggested that platinum complex salt have
      antigenic specify. Allergic response play an important role in the mechanism of
      Pt induced asthma.

PMID- 1819375
TI  - [Effects of cigarette smoking on pulmonary vasoreactivity].
AB  - The effects of cigarette smoking on hemodynamics and hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction were studied in intact rats, in isolated rat lungs and in
      humans. The results show that smoking increases the vascular tone of pulmonary
      arterioles and venules, and increases their reactivity to alveolar hypoxia;
      leukotrienes, prostaglandins and sympathetic nerve mediate the smoking--induced
      pulmonary vasoconstriction; and the augmentation of pulmonary vasoreactivity to
      hypoxia is mainly mediated by leukotrienes and sympathetic nerve, possibly by
      prostaglandins as well in humans.

PMID- 1819376
TI  - [Effect of activated leukocytes on pulmonary arterial pressure].
AB  - Shock model was established by intravenous injection of E Coli endotoxin with a
      dosage of 5 mg/kg wt in dog. An immediate fall in systemic arterial pressure
      (SAP) was found after injection, while an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure
      (PAP) and a markedly leukopenia in circulatory blood were also found. Rats lung
      was perfused with warm (37 degrees C) krebs solution in constant flow rate. There
      was an obviously increase in PAP when activated leukocytes had been added to the
      perfusion solution. The results suggested that activated leukocytes in the lung
      blood vessels may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 1819377
TI  - [Measurement of plasma malondialdehyde contents and erythrocyte superoxide
      dismutase activities in patients with chronic cor pulmonale].
AB  - We measured the contents of plasma MDA and erythrocyte SOD activities in patients
      with chronic cor pulmonale. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased; the
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities suppressed significantly and reoxygenation
      caused increases in the SOD activities in patients with acute attacks. But the
      changes of the contents of MDA and SOD activities did not appear in patients with
      stationary phase. These results indicate that oxygen free radicals may contribute
      to the physiopathological process of chronic cor pulmonale.

PMID- 1819378
TI  - [A study on pulmonary hemodynamic in patients with stable chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease].
AB  - Pulmonary hemodynamic changes in 63 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      were studied with right heart catheter and impedance pulmonary rheogram (IPR)
      both at rest and during exercise. The two regression equations for estimating
      exercise PAPM with rest and exercise IPR parameters were established as follows:
      PAPM (kPa) = -1.40-0.88lnHs + 8.30B-F + 5.78Q-B/B-Y. PAPM (kPa) = 6.46
      5.04Hs/square root of R-R + 4.35Q-B/B-Y-19.34Q-C.6 patients with normal rest PAPM
      were found to have PAPM increased during exercise and 4 patients with Cor
      Pulmonale had normal PAPM both at rest and at exercise. PCWP in all patients with
      and without Cor Pulmonale was normal. We also found that SV, SVI reduced
      significantly at exercise when compared with these at rest. With the patient's
      condition aggravating. SV, SVI decreased while RVSWI and dp/dt max of right
      ventricular systolic pressure increased.

PMID- 1819380
TI  - [Application of pursed lips breathing to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      patients with respiratory insufficiency].
AB  - Eighteen COPD patients with respiratory insufficiency received the treatment of
      pursed lips breathing. The results showed that respiratory rate reduced (from
      21.4 +/- 12.6 to 14.8 +/- 4.1 breath/min) and tidal volume increased (from 356.9
      +/- 96.7 to 462.0 +/- 147.1 ml) significantly. In the meantime, arterial partial
      pressure of carbon dioxide decreased and arterial partial pressure of oxygen
      increased significantly (all p values less than 0.01).

PMID- 1819379
TI  - [Calcium and phosphorus levels in serum and urine of patients with chronic cor
      pulmonale complicated with respiratory insufficiency].
AB  - The levels of Ca and P in serum and urine, and the renal functions: Ccr. TRCa and
      TRP were determined in 43 patients with chronic Cor Pulmonale complicated with
      respiratory insufficiency. The results showed that the level of SCa decreased in
      72.1% (31/43) and after correction by serum protein 58.1% (25/43). The SP was
      normal in 60.5%, (26/43). UCa and UP reduced in 62.8% (27/43) and 88.4% (38/43)
      respectively.

PMID- 1819381
TI  - [Pathological study of 16 cases of lung cancer with long-term exposure to dusts
      in coal mine].
AB  - 16 cases of lung cancer with long-term exposed to dusts in coal mine were studied
      by autopsies. This group of lung cancer's pathologic characteristics were: The
      mean of the age of death of the patients were 51.3 yrs, 10 years younger than
      that of the general population. In addition to the main tumor, multiple origin of
      bronchial mucosa with epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and carcinoma in situ
      were seen. Dusts smear were seen under polar-microscope and identification by
      EDAX in H-800 electronic microscope. According to EDAX analysis, on the surface
      of some particles, Co, Cr, ions were detected.

PMID- 1819383
TI  - [Evaluation of the protective effect of BCG vaccination against infiltrative
      pulmonary tuberculosis in the young adult].
AB  - In order to evaluate the protective effect of BCG vaccination against initial
      infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults, a case-control study was
      carried out. 120 cases including 60 patients with sputum positive and 60 negative
      were recruited between 1986 to 1988 at the tuberculosis dispensary of Hai Dain
      district, 240 controls were selected. Both groups are similar in sex, age,
      profession etc. The results showed that the protective effect was 86%.

PMID- 1819382
TI  - [The effect of silicon on the tuberculous infection and immune system].
AB  - Our study showed that silicon not only injured cell membrane, cytoplasm and
      nucleus membrane, but also inhibited the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in
      monocytes and lung tissue. In such condition, the tubercle bacilli became easier
      to grow. The tuberculous infection was worse in guinea-pigs infused with silicon.
      Guinea-pigs immunized by dead BCG or non-toxic tubercle bacillus H37 Ra strain
      were shown to have some effect against pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 1819384
TI  - [Clinical study on thyroid hormone levels in tuberculous patients].
AB  - The article reported the results of serum total thyroxine (TT4), triiodothyronine
      (TT3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), triiodothyronine resin uptake ratio (T3RU)
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine index (FT4I), and ratio of
      T3/rT3 in 103 tuberculous patients. The results showed the levels of serum TT4,
      TT3 and ratio T3/rT3 in tuberculous patients were lower than those of 50 healthy
      subjects (total P less than 0.01), rT3, T3RU and TSH were higher than those
      (total P less than 0.01). FT4I has no significant difference between the two
      groups (P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 1819385
TI  - [Catamenial pneumothorax].

PMID- 1819386
TI  - [Frequency of isolation of the microbes causing urinary infection from the
      hospital environment of Cotonou and their sensitivity to some antibiotics.
      (Evaluation of 280 samples)].

PMID- 1819387
TI  - [First cases of keratitis caused by free-living amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba
      diagnosed in Mali].
AB  - The authors present the first three cases of keratitis with Acanthamoeba sp.
      which have been diagnosed in healthy persons. Two of them are children and in two
      cases there had been a local traumatism.

PMID- 1819388
TI  - [General causes of retinal and vitreous hemorrhages in Mali].
AB  - Sixty four cases of retinal and vitreous hemorrhages are reported during a 15
      months prospective study in Bamako. Main diseases associated with hemorrhages are
      high blood pressure (56% of cases), hemoglobinopathies (33%) and diabetes
      mellitus (23%). In 28% of cases several aetiologies are connected. SC hemoglobin
      is a frequent aetiology of vitreous hemorrhage (40%). Hemoglobin AS and AC,
      generally asymptomatic, are also liable to hemorrhages. Terson and Eales
      syndromes, Werlhof disease, hemophilia and AIDS are most uncommon. In 8% of cases
      there is not any aetiology.

PMID- 1819389
TI  - [Cooley's syndrome in a Togolese nursing infant. Clinical and biological
      considerations].
AB  - Several possible diagnoses are proposed to explain the symptomatology observed in
      a slightly jaundiced 10 month-old suckling infant suffering from fever and
      anaemia. Major beta-thalassaemia in its most severe form (Cooley's syndrome)
      proved to be the correct diagnosis. The importance of family background is
      stressed for these haemolytic cases.

PMID- 1819390
TI  - [Embryofetal diseases in the tropical zone].
AB  - The treatment and the prevention of acquired fetal diseases in developing
      countries are difficult. Nevertheless the deleterious consequences of fever,
      alcohol consumption, drug intake and malaria on the embryo and the foetus can be
      avoided by appropriate measures. As for the prevention and the diagnostic in
      utero of rubella and toxoplasmosis, they may be considered lately when the
      current priority objectives of public health are reached. Epidemiological studies
      on these diseases are therefore justified.

PMID- 1819391
TI  - [Sexually transmitted diseases and mother-infant transmission (epidemiology and
      prevention)].
AB  - Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum may be severe with a high risk of blindness;
      therefore prophylaxis is mandatory. Chlamydial ophthalmia is less severe and
      prevention remains less effective. Both microorganisms may be responsible of
      preterm labour and perinatal deaths. Congenital syphilis is an important public
      health problem in developing countries. Some recent papers underline the decrease
      of infestation when mothers may be screened during pregnancy (at least two times
      in initially seronegative mothers) and correctly treated by beta-lactamines.

PMID- 1819392
TI  - [Placental transfer of antibodies in Africa and protection of the newborn].

PMID- 1819393
TI  - [Congenital malaria: clinical, parasitological and histological considerations.
      Apropos of 200 observations collected at the Lome University Teaching Hospital
      and Kpalime Hospital].
AB  - An evaluation was conducted of the usefulness of clinical, parasitological and
      histological parameters for the diagnosis of neonatal pathology due to congenital
      malaria. Haematozoa detected were invariably Plasmodium falciparum. Their
      presence in the placenta was considered essential to confirm congenital
      infection, but needed always to be accompanied by a positive diagnose of the same
      species in the mother, villous vessels, umbilical cord and peripheral blood of
      the newborn child. None of these was sufficient diagnosis alone. The existence of
      congenital malaria as a sickness in its own right appears unlikely, however, the
      indirect effects of maternal malaria on the foetus suggest prophylactic and
      individualised treatment is desirable for pregnant women.

PMID- 1819394
TI  - [The transplacental transport of Plasmodium falciparum in non-febrile parturient
      women in a holoendemic region].
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia measure, placenta print on microscope slide,
      immunofluorescence titration of Plasmodium antibodies and electrophoresis of
      haemoglobin were performed in 53 mothers and their child who did not shown any
      clinical signs of malaria. 51% from the mothers presented a patent parasitaemia
      associated with a high density of schizonts on uterine villi surface. Parasite
      density in children's blood was low and there was no correlation between mother's
      parasitaemia or placental schizogonia and newborn children's parasitaemia. We
      observed a higher prevalence of malaria attack, although the difference was not
      significant, in sickle cell women than in women whose haemoglobin was normal. In
      sickle cell women schizogonia occurred in placenta as in women whose haemoglobin
      was normal.

PMID- 1819395
TI  - [Malaria of the pregnant woman and the newborn].
AB  - A 25 year-old primigravid woman developed chronic falciparum malaria at 23 weeks'
      gestation. Diagnosis was suspected on splenomegaly and haemolytic anaemia but
      without fever and confirmed by thin smears (Plasmodium falciparum) and serologic
      tests. She was successfully cured with chloroquine therapy. One week after her
      return from Cameroon, a 28 year-old woman was seen for malaria at 32 weeks'
      gestation. In spite of chloroquine therapy, foetal troubles appeared and a
      caesarean was performed. The newborn had an APGAR coefficient of 3 points and
      examination both of his blood films and the placenta revealed numerous
      trophozoites of P. falciparum. Chloroquine resulted in a rapid cure of the child.
      In endemic areas, parasitaemia is more frequent and dense during pregnancy, and
      especially in primigravidae. However, clinical symptoms remain rare because of
      acquired immunity. In case of no or loss of immunity, malarial infections are
      heavy and abortions are frequent. Congenital malaria is probably due to
      transplacental transfer of infected red blood cells of the mother. In endemic
      areas, the incidence is low due to the simultaneously transferred immunity.
      Emergency treatment is necessary because of life-threatening to both mother and
      child.

PMID- 1819396
TI  - [Interest in placental apposition as an epidemiological marker for malaria].
AB  - Three studies about relation between pregnancy and malaria have been conducted in
      CAR. The comparative study between plasmodic indexes (PI) et placental
      appositions (PAP) had shown that PAP offers biggest sensibility in the diagnosis
      of malaria infection (37.1% for PAP versus 17.1% for PI). The comparison of the
      PAP with placental anatomopathological study (PAN) revealed the same sensibility
      of both technics but the PAP's realization is very easy, at the opposite PAN's
      realization is long and requires sophisticated equipment. Moreover, PAP allows
      the differentiation between recent and post-malaria infection. The simultaneous
      realization of the PAP and chloroquinaemia had allowed to develop a surveillance
      of chloroquine resistance level of Plasmodium falciparum to amino-4-quinolines.

PMID- 1819398
TI  - [The synthesis of the epidemiology and treatment of malaria of the pregnant woman
      and the infant in subsaharan Africa].
AB  - This article summarizes informations regarding epidemiology, prophylaxis and
      treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant women and children in
      subsaharian Africa. The authors recommend a regular antimalarial chemoprophylaxis
      using chloroquine and proguanil for pregnant women and particularly for
      primigravidae as they constitute a group at risk and considering the
      consequential effects on foetus. Precautions such as bed nets to avoid bites by
      infected mosquitoes are important. Chloroquine is the drug of choice for
      treatment in areas where P. falciparum remains sensitive. When chloroquine
      resistance exists or in cases of severe malariae, quinine must be used.

PMID- 1819397
TI  - [Tumor necrosis factor during the course of neuromalaria: new therapeutic
      perspectives].
AB  - Malaria remains one of the major public health problem in tropical and
      subtropical world. Malaria pathogeny depends partly on parasite multiplication
      and partly on some elements of the immunological response. It has recently become
      evident that one of these elements, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), is directly
      implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. TNF increase cytoadherence of
      infected erythrocytes to the brain microvascular endothelium. In a study
      involving african children with cerebral malaria high levels of TNF were
      positively correlated with a fatal outcome. We have previously demonstrated that
      in vitro Plasmodium falciparum products can directly stimulate the production of
      TNF from human macrophages. The aim of this work was to identify this soluble
      parasitic substance. Our results demonstrated that this substance could be a
      repetitive amino-acid sequence of the Ring-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen
      (RESA). The immunization against this kind of well-known peptides may be used as
      anti-disease vaccine. The elimination of mortality would be an essential target
      instead of parasitic clearance.

PMID- 1819399
TI  - [Maternal-infant transmission of the HTLV-1 virus].
AB  - The virus is transmitted horizontally via the bloodstream or sexual intercourse
      but vertical transmission is also believed to be a major mode of contamination.
      Between 20 and 25% of children born to seropositive mothers are believed to be
      infected and more than 90% of mothers whose children are found to be seropositive
      are themselves infected. If transplacental route appears to be exceptional or
      poorly documented, transmission by breast-feeding has been proved by virological,
      experimental and epidemiological arguments and is a major mode of contamination.

PMID- 1819400
TI  - [Anti-rubella antibodies in pregnant women in Niamey (Niger)].
AB  - A total of 345 serum samples from pregnant Nigerian women were tested for the
      presence of anti-rubella antibodies. A technique of inhibition of
      haemagglutination was used and 40 or more was considered as a positive titer.
      Rubella antibodies were found in 244 (70.7%) of the samples. These results are
      quite similar to those from other west African surveys.

PMID- 1819403
TI  - [Neonatal tetanus in Lome-Tokoin University Teaching Hospital. Apropos of 145
      cases].
AB  - The authors report on series of 145 cases of neonatal tetanus observed in the
      infectious disease ward of the University Teaching Hospital in Lome from 1980
      1988. The point of entry of infection was in all cases the umbilical cord.
      Neonatal tetanus is endemic in Togo with a high mortality rate of 71.03% in this
      series. The prevention of neonatal tetanus still poses a number of problems.

PMID- 1819401
TI  - [Materno-fetal dengue. Apropos of 5 cases observed during the epidemic in Tahiti
      (1989)].
AB  - During the dengue 3 epidemic which occurred in French Polynesia between September
      1989 and March 1990, number of cases of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) were
      reported among children and infants. Of interest, five cases of neonatal
      infections were recorded and involved the transmission of the virus from mother
      to child as the end of the pregnancy. Detailed observations on these cases are
      presented in this paper. Fever in mother, when delivering or just a few days
      before, represents the circumstances of the diagnosis. Analysis of the clinical
      features shows that fever and vasomotor troubles (blotches) were the dominating
      traits of the disease in the newborns. Also, hepatomegaly was constantly
      observed. Concerning the biological results, thrombopenia (platelets count:
      100,000/mm3) was reported for all cases. According to these data, all cases were
      classified into DHF cases. Laboratory confirmation was obtained by serological
      investigations (antidengue IgM immunocapture ELISA and Haemagglutination
      Inhibition Tests) and/or virus isolation in both mother and child. Thus, virus
      was recovered in two newborns while IgM were detected in all infants and in four
      mothers. Severity of the disease was variable. However, out of five cases one
      fulfills the WHO definition of Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSC). Moreover, the authors
      discuss about the difficulties encountered to classify the cases according to WHO
      criteria for the grade classification of DHF.

PMID- 1819402
TI  - [Carriage of Streptococcus B in the mother and infant pair at birth. Apropos of
      106 cases].
AB  - Streptococcus of group B found in the upper respiratory tract, the genito-urinary
      tract and the intestines of humans and animals is responsible for peri- and
      neonatal infections with serious outcomes: septicemia, meningitis. In Togo, the
      high frequency of neo-natal infections brought us to question the importance of
      streptococcus B in the mother-child couple at birth and to undertake a study
      conducted simultaneously in two maternities in the city of Lome. During 8 weeks,
      from 19 March-19 May we studied 100 mother-child couples and 300 placentas. The
      following laboratory samples were taken: from the mother a vaginal smear during
      labor at 5 cm dilatation and rectal swabbing, from the new-born, a swabbing of
      the outer ear canal and an aspiration of gastric liquid, a fragment of the
      placenta taken under conditions of surgical asepsis. The results obtained prove
      that streptococcus B play an important role in the mother-child couple in Togo.
      The authors propose that more systematic research be conducted on children at
      birth with regard to this issue.

PMID- 1819404
TI  - [Neonatal tetanus in Dakar. Epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic aspects
      (apropos of 1,159 cases, 1979-1989)].
AB  - Tetanus in general, particularly tetanus neonatorum is a great public health
      problem in tropical area. Our study concerned 1,159 cases admitted at the
      Infectious Diseases Department of Fann Hospital (Dakar, Senegal) from January
      1979 to December 1989. The high frequency of tetanus neonatorum in developing
      countries was related to certain delivery conditions and lack of generalized
      antitetanus immunization. Therefore it is necessary to emphasize on health
      education to decrease the frequency of the disease and to improve tetanus
      neonatorum prognosis which mortality rate fluctuated between 60% and 90%.

PMID- 1819406
TI  - [Risk factors for the development of diarrhea in children of 6-36 months carrying
      enteropathogenic microbes (apropos of 130 cases observed in Lome-Togo)].
AB  - Diarrhoea, an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality is a priority
      problem in developing countries. The diarrhoea is most often of infectious
      origin. This is an evaluation of the parameters susceptible of influencing the
      carrying of enteropathogenic agents and the apparition of diarrhoea in children 6
      36 months of age living in urban and peri-urban areas in the tropics. The study
      concerns 130 children divided between well nourished and malnourished. To the
      parameter "nutritional status" most often used in the different studies one finds
      in the literature, we chose to add a combination of others regrouped under the
      categories of "type of feeding" and "environmental factors". In our socio
      cultural context, these last two parameters are intimately linked to the mother
      who lives in symbiosis with her child at least until 36 months of age. At the end
      of the study we were able to put together the results of research on carriage of
      a large gamut of enteropathogenic agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses) with our
      chosen parameters. This allowed us observe all the interactions between these two
      variables, particularly relating to onset of diarrhoea. We were thus able to
      conclude that the factors characterizing "Food hygiene and environmental hygiene
      play the most important role whatever the nutritional status of child".

PMID- 1819405
TI  - [Risk factors for neonatal tetanus in western Burkina Faso. Case-control study].
AB  - A case control study was done in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) during a one year
      period (1989), to identify practices during the pregnancy and childbirth,
      environmental and sociocultural factors associated with the occurrence of
      neonatal tetanus.

PMID- 1819407
TI  - [Neonatal septicemia and meningitis caused by gram-negative bacilli in Yaonde:
      clinical, bacteriological and prognostic aspects].
AB  - Based on 139 cases collected in 36 months, the authors show that neonatal sepsis
      and meningitis with Gram negative bacilli represent 62.33% of confirmed neonatal
      sepsis (223 cases out of 6,784 neonatal hospitalisations). 53.96% of cases are
      manifest within the first 72 hours of life. 35.25% of these infants are preemies.
      The principal predisposing factors are: foul-smelling leukorrhea (45.23%),
      prolonged rupture of membranes (26.62%) and notion of resuscitation (36.69%). The
      most important clinical signs are: thermal dysregulation (47.48%), tonus
      disturbances (35.97%) and respiratory distress (25.90%). Sepsis make up 85.61% of
      cases; the principal germs isolated being: Acinetobacter (21.58%), Pseudomonas
      (15.83%), Escherichia coli (14.39%), Enterobacter (12.95%), Klebsiella (11.51%).
      Of the germs isolated, 27.78% were resistant to initial treatment with the
      association ampicillin gentamicin. Mortality rate was 46.76%.

PMID- 1819408
TI  - [Materno-fetal infection by Chlamydia psittaci transmitted by the goat: a new
      zoonosis?].
AB  - A case report is given of spontaneous abortion at 32 weeks brought about by
      Chlamydia psittaci following contact with a herd of goats. Severe symptoms were
      observed post-natally in this woman. Nine cases of materno-foetal infection with
      this pathogen are known, however, the source of infection is usually ewes
      suffering abortive chlamydiosis. Goats may also be infected, but caprine origin
      for the disease in pregnant women has not been reported previously.

PMID- 1819409
TI  - [Epidemiology and prevention of the neonatal transmission of gonococcus and
      Chlamydia].
AB  - Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum may be severe with a high risk of blindness,
      therefore prophylaxis is mandatory. Antibiotic eye drops and ointments are less
      effective to prevent chlamydial ophthalmia, usually less severe. Both
      microorganisms may be responsible to prematurity and perinatal deaths.

PMID- 1819410
TI  - [Meningeal attacks during the course of congenital syphilis and therapeutic
      consequences].
AB  - In a study carried out in Gabon, antibodies against the treponema were looked for
      in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 13 children with active congenital syphilis
      (presence of specific IgM antibodies) and in 7 children with positive serologic
      reactions reflecting transplacental passage of maternal antibodies. Serologic
      reactions used included the VDRL test, the TPHA test, and the FTA-ABS IgG and IgM
      tests. Among the 13 children with syphilis, 7 had a positive FTA-ABS IgG test in
      the CSF without correlation with severity of clinical features, CSF protein
      levels or CSF cytologic findings. The TPHA test was positive in only four
      children and the VDRL test was always negative. Passage of antibodies into the
      CSF is possible (1 case in this study after treatment of the mother), but TPHA is
      helpful in developing countries of research of neurosyphilis.

PMID- 1819411
TI  - [Diverse aspects of congenital syphilis].
AB  - Together with the new rise of recent syphilis in the adult woman, congenital
      syphilis reappears sporadically in our countries, where prophylactic measures
      (prenatal serology) are sometimes defeated. It remains much more frequent in
      developing countries. One should know how to interpret a positive serology in a
      newborn, as it may only reflect passive transplacental transfer of maternal
      antibodies. One should on the other hand think of syphilis again when the
      clinical signs are more or less suggestive, the typical picture not being, by
      far, the most frequent. In spite of the efficacy of Penicillin G: 50,000 U/kg/day
      during 10 days, neonatal death rate for congenital syphilis is in the
      neighbourhood of 10%. Our major effort should therefore be aimed at prevention.

PMID- 1819412
TI  - [Frequency of the ocular carriage of Chlamydia trachomatis by newborns and
      infants. A multicenter French study].
AB  - A multicenter study has been done in France in order to assess the presence of C.
      trachomatis in the newborn and the young infant. The results show that 4.3% of
      the infants less than 2 month old are positive. This put forward the question of
      the screening of pregnant women.

PMID- 1819413
TI  - [Impact of Chlamydia trachomatis on pregnant women in Gabon].
AB  - During two years 3,312 pregnant women has been screened for C. trachomatis. In
      spite of an improvement of the way of life and program of information on STD the
      rate of C. trachomatis have increased and reach a percentage of 22%. C.
      trachomatis is mostly found in women younger than 21 years and give no clinical
      sign in more than 55%. The consequence of this high degree of infection on the
      new born is difficult to assess but one cause, stress that 30% of the
      conjunctivitis are linked to C. trachomatis. Prevention has to be done to protect
      the newborn and to prevent the tubal infertility in young women.

PMID- 1819414
TI  - [Virological and bacteriological study of materno-fetal infections in
      Brazzaville].
AB  - Serological study of serum samples taken from pregnant women and umbilical cord
      and bacteriological study of vaginal secretions samples and cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) showed in mothers: T. pallidum antibody (Tp ab) 9%, Rubella virus antibody
      (Ru ab) 85%; HBs Ag 16%, HIV antibody (HIV ab) 4%. Microbe culture showed: S.
      aureus 18%, Streptococcus sp. 9%, E. coli 4.9%, Klebsiella 3.6%, Citrobacter
      3.6%, Candida albicans 15%; direct immunofluorescence: Chlamydia 26%. In infants:
      IgG umbilical cord: Tp ab 4.8%, Rub ab: 80.6%, HIV ab 4/4, Hbs Ag 11.3% Microbe
      culture in CSF: global frequency: 5.1%; Streptococcus sp. 31.8%, Staphylococcus
      20.5%, enterobacteriaceae 27.2%, other Gram negative bacilli 20.5%.

PMID- 1819415
TI  - [Role of cryptosporidiosis in infants in Gabon. Results of two prospective
      studies].
AB  - Two epidemiological surveys of cryptosporidiosis in urban and suburban areas of
      Libreville, Gabon, Equatorial Africa, were conducted in children. On 450 fecal
      samples on the first study, Cryptosporidium sp. has been seen about 3.11%. For
      the second survey, on 296 children, aged between 0 and 2 years, with acute
      diarrhoea, the rate of infestation was 24%. The maxima was observed for infants
      aged between 6-18 months, in case of malnutrition and during wet seasons.

PMID- 1819416
TI  - [The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in the Lome University Hospital Center].
AB  - 819 sera and 3 cerebro spinal fluid have been tested for toxoplasmic antibodies.
      Serum positivity is higher in males than in females (64.86% against 58.70%).
      Global positivity is 59.26%. Children up to 10 years old have antibodies titre
      more than 300 UI/ml. These titres decrease as people are growing old.

PMID- 1819418
TI  - [Risk factors for transmissible cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a multi-factor disease representing a real plague for
      developed countries, and spreading at an increasing rate in third world nations.
      In industrialized countries, coronary pathology occupied the first place in terms
      of morbidity and cardiovascular mortality, affecting more and more frequently
      younger people, thus constituting a serious problem of public health. Therefore,
      it seems absolutely necessary to carry out systematic screening for
      atherosclerosis amongst all high cardiovascular risk families groups, from
      infancy onwards. Lacking knowledge about the exact cause of atheroma, we had to
      determine what are commonly called the factors of cardiovascular risk. Among
      these, some are transmissible. Transmission may be direct: genetic and hereditary
      factors (sex, race, antecedents, dyslipemia, high blood pressure, diabetes) but
      it may also concern the transmission of a way of life. To prevent ischaemic heart
      disease, it is necessary to bring out change in behaviour from infancy onwards to
      detect high risk subjects and to correct every factor of cardiovascular risk upon
      which an action is possible.

PMID- 1819417
TI  - [Evaluation of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis in Togo].
AB  - The authors compare the seropositivity against Toxoplasma gondii in 618 women
      from 13 to 55 years old coming from 6 different regions of Togo. The sera were
      examined for the presence of IgG by ELISA technic. The results show a significant
      difference with regions (extremes: 62 and 88% seropositive subjects) but
      religion, ethnic origin and diet do not seem to have any influence.

PMID- 1819419
TI  - [Sheehan's syndrome in sudano-sahelian Africa. 40 observations].
AB  - Postpartum hypopituitarism or Sheehan's syndrome is frequent in Sahelian Africa.
      From February 1983 to July 1988, the authors observed 40 cases at National
      hospital of Niamey (Republic of Niger). These patients were Black African women
      living in rural areas, without medical assistance during the last delivery. Two
      signs were required for the diagnosis: absence of postpartum lactation and
      prolonged amenorrhoea. A 15 points score was used for identification of each
      case. Postpartum hypopituitarism is a severe disease in Sahelian Africa: after
      the pituitary necrosis, 80% children died. 60% of patients had no living child or
      only one malnourished infant with a poor prognosis. The social future of these
      sterile African women seemed uncertain. Hormonal treatment (estrogens, thyroxin,
      cortisone) is justified but expensive. Exceptionally a pregnancy developed after
      Sheehan's syndrome under treatment with childbirth of a living infant.

PMID- 1819420
TI  - [Application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnosis in virology].
AB  - Recall of the principle of the PCR and of its advantages: rapidity, possible
      automatization, high sensitivity allowing the detection of minute amounts of
      infectious agents, specificity depending on that of the primers used for the
      detection of the amplified product. But this technic has to be used with care to
      avoid any contamination which might give false positive results and requires
      controls. This procedure would allow to analyze the evolution and the variability
      of infectious agents by their sequence determination, thus providing a powerful
      tool for molecular epidemiology investigations. This method has already been used
      in many diagnoses of viral infections. The authors show results obtained on
      dengue viruses: 24 out of 32 sera were found positive (75%) by PCR whereas only
      15 (47%) were positive by cell culture. On the other hand, 7 strains of dengue 2
      virus of various regions throughout the world and isolated between 1969 and 1982
      showed extensive degrees of variability.

PMID- 1819422
TI  - [Antimalarials and pregnancy].
AB  - Paludism can occur quite easily in pregnant women in endemic zones, above all
      those who are primiparous or in their 2nd or 3rd terms. The onset of paludal
      attacks can be serious for both the mother and the child. That is to say, besides
      the obviously imperative therapeutic action, a prophylaxis is also a necessity.
      The use of antipaludial substances at our disposal has been complicated during
      the last few years as a result of chloroquine-resistance extension. Besides a few
      nuances of kinetic nature observed in pregnant women, a good knowledge of
      teratogenous or embryotoxic effects is necessary. But this remains fragmentary.
      Among the principal antipaludial medications is quinine (Q), reported to be
      abortifacient but in reality it is not: it is often poorly tolerated by the
      mother (hypoglycemia), but is not responsible for abnormalities in children,
      except under large doses. Chloroquine (CQ), considered to be without harmful
      effects, can be used in women without large restrictions, even if toxic effects
      have been observed in animals. The pyrimethamine-sulfanilamide (P-S) combination
      contains two substances which are a potential risk. Nevertheless, experiments
      have never showed harmful effects in pregnant women, particularly when under
      cover of a joint prescription of folinic acid. Proguanil is without doubt the
      only molecule which can be used without restriction. Two new medications,
      quinoline methanol, Mefloquine (MQ) and Halofantrine (HF) are contra-indicated
      for lack of experimentation and because of some abnormalities observed at high
      doses in animals. Artemisinine and amino-8-quinoline are contra-indicated, and
      cyclines are strongly inadvised. From the practical point of view, the present
      use of antipaludial medication in pregnancy should take into account the
      surrounding risk, namely that of paludism and of treatments. Curatively, Q
      remains a serious treatment in any form. In CQ-sensitive zones CQ is usable
      unreservedly in simple attacks. In CQ resistance zones the use of Q seems
      preferable to that of Fansidar proposed by certain people. MQ and HF, although
      contra-indicated, have already been employed without inconvenience. By way of
      prevention, it is important first of all to avoid all leisure stays in endemic
      zones. If travel is unavoidable or for indigenous people, a chemoprophylaxis,
      judged according to the local risk of impaludation, is desirable: CQ in sensitive
      zones, PG+CQ in resistant zones, P-S, as proposed by some people, is normally
      contra-indicated; MQ and HF are contra-indicated. Protection against nocturnal
      mosquito bites is still strongly applied (Mosquito net, repellents,
      insecticides).

PMID- 1819423
TI  - [Ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis: feasibility, compliance and
      efficacy of a mass treatment].
AB  - We have carried out a massive treatment by ivermectin on 2,425 people affected
      with onchocercosis (River Blindness) in six villages where this disease is
      endemic. The people who were affected with the disease and were to be treated
      have accepted the treatment. The secondary reactions that the patients had
      experienced had the highest effects on the second and third day after receiving
      treatment. These secondary reactions were easily controlled. This study has
      permitted us to notice that the treatment of onchocercosis by ivermectin on a
      large scale depends on many factors which are as follows: the very long period of
      treatment, the importance of becoming aware of the disease, the control of
      secondary reactions, absenteeism, the high mobility of the population and the
      ethical problems.

PMID- 1819424
TI  - [Infectious profile of the newborn in a pediatric unit in a regional hospital
      center in Togo].
AB  - In one year 106 suspect cases of neo-natal infection were admitted to the
      pediatric ward of CHR in Kara. The principal elements of diagnosis (slow labor,
      premature membrane rupture, troubled or fetid amniotic fluid, other obstetrical
      maneuvers or neo-natal reanimation) were related to insufficient follow-up during
      pregnancy. Given the lack of means for microbiologic investigation we were unable
      to identify any etiologic agent apart for Plasmodium. However, therapeutic
      response indicated infections of bacterial origin. The high rates of infectious
      morbidity (87%) and lethality (36%) could be reduced by the continued training of
      traditional birth attendants and the application of a maternal child health
      policy as part of an integrated primary health care program.

PMID- 1819426
TI  - [Routes of care and health of children in Togo].
AB  - A character of child health in the tropics is that benign diseases elsewhere
      become serious and even mortal. Thus, in spite of considerable pediatric care in
      Togo, diarrhoea, malaria, anaemia, malnutrition, and acute respiratory illness
      remain prevalent and comprise a formidable "gang of 5" for pediatric pathology.
      The behaviour patterns of families and the population in general confronted by
      illnesses may in part be responsible for this situation. A survey was conducted
      over 3 months and based on a questionnaire given to parents bringing their
      children for consultation at the hospital (CHU) of Lome. The following proved
      important aspects concerning the care of sick children: 1) many communities call
      upon health centers, only when other avenues of health care have failed. The
      number of emergency cases presenting themselves is therefore increased markedly,
      as is the number of deaths; 2) malaria and diarrhoea are the main offenders,
      while less than half the children affected use chloroquine or RVO; 3) self
      medication and traditional medicine dominate alternative health care strategies.
      As a result, access to official health resources is retarded. In conclusion, the
      efficiency of prophylactic and curative health care would be improved if simple
      preventive measures were employed at all levels and based upon cultural values
      adapted to individual populations.

PMID- 1819427
TI  - [Environment, public health and health education in Burkina-Faso (child-to-child
      program)].
AB  - The environmental factors influence the health status at individual and community
      level. This seems to be more important in tropical countries. This, in developing
      and specially in tropical countries, public health activities are more concerned
      with environmental factors. It is well known that in a community, mothers and
      children are more "at risk". Environmental factors influence child health status
      at different developmental stages. Several studies have proved the impact of
      mothers and community education on their health status. Thus mothers and adults
      education are important to improve child health. However, it became evident that
      a direct education of the child has also an impact. "Child to child program" is
      an active and participative educational approach. This report is about child
      activities related to environmental factors. These activities are promoted by our
      Association involving health workers, teachers, social workers in Burkina-Faso
      (west Africa).

PMID- 1819425
TI  - [Evolution of endemic goiter in Malian women and children after a year of
      enrichment of drinking water with iodine using diffusers made of silicone].
AB  - A new method for iodine deficiency disorders prevention is tested during one year
      in a rural area of Mali. Silicone and sodium iodide made diffusers are set up
      inside 2 villages' drillings. Their efficiency is compared with a placebo.
      Supervision criteria are evolution of goiter, rates of iodine in water and
      ioduria of the population, specially women and children. In the treated villages
      a decrease of goiters' size of the younger people is observed. Iodine rates in
      treated drillings water stay during 12 months between 150 and 300 micrograms/l
      with a minimum intake of 150 micrograms/day/person. The means of ioduria rates
      from less than 25 micrograms/l before treatment (severe deficiency) increase to
      more than 100 micrograms/l after six months of treatment (no deficiency).

PMID- 1819421
TI  - [Current orientation of antibiotic treatment in neonatal bacterial infection].
AB  - The bacterial infection are responsive of severe sepsis and localizations in
      neonates, with a high mortality. The right choice of the first antibiotics is
      essential, and they must be well-fitted, early and bactericidal. The antibiotics
      of choice in the mother-linked infections are directed towards streptococcus
      group B and E. coli. Ampicillin must be replaced by a third generation
      cephalosporin because E. coli are resistant in more than 50% of cases. In
      tropical areas the first neonatal infections may be also the fact of
      multiresistant hospital acquired bacteria, which are transmitted during delivery
      by lack of hygiene. As in the nosocomial infections the causative pathogens are
      resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. In all cases the
      neonatologist must use cephalosporin 3rd generation associated to aminoglycoside.
      The biological background and the cost of those antibiotics must be reevaluated
      in the high risk-areas (delivery rooms, nurseries, pediatrics departments).

PMID- 1819428
TI  - [Integration of primary health care into a program of pediatrics at the college
      of medicine of Lubumbashi].
AB  - A medical faculty in a third world country is intended for whom and what should
      be its good? A newly qualified doctor must be able to fulfill the needs of the
      population. Primary health care must, therefore, be included within the training
      programme, not as an isolated subject but rather as part of training in basic and
      clinical sciences. Toward this end, the medical faculty of Lubumbashi has
      established two laboratories so as to insure student training in Community
      Medicine Centre 8 km from Lubumbashi and another 100 km away. The results have
      been excellent, thanks to the scientific and multidisciplinary nature of the
      teaching programme. Close relations between lecturers and students have also
      helped the better to better appreciate the reality of the health care
      environment. Continued improvement of the programme is hoped to produce "Doctors
      for all seasons". More important, nurses, nursing aids, and family members
      (mothers, fathers and children) must also be allowed to participate in such
      programmes if we are to attain "Health for all for the year 2000."

PMID- 1819429
TI  - [Return to hygiene].

PMID- 1819430
TI  - [The enlarged program of vaccination in Togo (1980-1990). Realities and
      perspectives].
AB  - The Expanded Programme on Immunization in Togo began in 1980 in the provinces and
      extended to the whole country in 1984. At the present time, the immunization
      coverage of children under one year of age is of 43% and 63% for the tetanus
      immunization of women. The epidemiological impact is being notable on the
      incidence of measles, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis but efforts are still
      necessary for mothers' information.

PMID- 1819431
TI  - [Enlarged program of vaccination and community participation in Benin].
AB  - The lack of financial resources to make function health services and non
      implication of community in the management of the system is one of the major
      constraints to the improvement of health african populations. Within the EPI and
      to sustain its results, community financing has been implemented in order to
      focus on the resolution of the health problems of mother and child. The present
      analysis of the results of community financing in 166 health centers confirms the
      hope placed on this system which is one aspect of community participation. The
      cost recovery level of peripheral health services remains globally satisfactory.
      A better immunization coverage is noticed in the centers that benefit from this
      system compared to the others.

PMID- 1819432
TI  - [Role of BCG in the enlarged program of vaccination].
AB  - The BCG vaccine is the most given throughout the world, and the immunization
      coverage is the highest: 72% in 1989 for children under one year of age.
      Following doubts which appeared in 1980 concerning its efficacy, many
      epidemiological studies confirmed the protective potency of this immunization
      against the severe forms of tuberculosis in children. Recent problems of
      tolerance arose but are now resolved by the adaptation of the vaccine
      concentration to the routine immunization of newborns. The world wide epidemic of
      AIDS and the concomitant recent increase in tuberculosis cases encourage to
      sustain the effort of immunization of infants. However, questions of theoretical
      interest have been shelved on this subject: is it reasonable to immunize HIV
      positive children in absence of clinical signs in countries with high prevalence?
      Is the vaccine effective in these special cases? Is it safe? In any case, it is
      the only effective and cheap way, and probably with no risk, of preventing child
      tuberculosis meningitis in endemic disease countries.

PMID- 1819433
TI  - [Antitetanus immunity in mother-child pairs].
AB  - A study on tetanus toxoid immunity in mothers and their children by passive
      hemagglutination using "Vacci T Pasteur" was conducted in two stages: an initial
      study of 100 mothers and their newborns was conducted with no particular
      selection criteria used. Tetanus toxoid titers were measured on serum directly
      for the mothers and on whole blood using filter paper for the children; a second
      study of 100 mothers and children was conducted using defined criteria for
      enrollment. Blood was drawn directly from the veins of both the mother and child
      in this study. Titers were measured for both mother and child on serum. In both
      studies it was verified that the pregnant women has good vaccination coverage.
      However, the study of immunity levels among the newborns showed different results
      in the two studies. The authors discuss the reasons for these differences and
      formulate recommendations for an use of these tests during sero-epidemiologic
      studies in tropical climates.

PMID- 1819434
TI  - [Acellular anti-pertussis vaccine].
AB  - Since several years, pertussis has increased especially in non-immunized young
      infants under 6 months of age, in countries where pertussis-immunization is in
      widespread use. The whole-cellular pertussis vaccine so far used in these
      countries is not well tolerated, has been indicted in adverse neurological
      complications, and offers significant but temporary protection partially because
      of the absence of late booster-shots. The necessity to improve vaccine protection
      has justified the development of much better tolerated acellular pertussis
      vaccines thus allowing repeated booster-shots. Its safety and duration of
      protection are still under evaluation, but preliminary results are promising.

PMID- 1819435
TI  - [Comparative serological efficacy of the measles vaccine strains Edmonston
      Zagreb, Schwarz and AIK-C in Togolese infants of 4-5 months and 8-10 months].
AB  - To examine the value of vaccinating children against measles at age 4-5 months
      three groups of children in Togo were randomly assigned to receive high-dose
      Edmonston-Zagreb, high-dose Schwarz, or AIK-C vaccines at that age. Two other
      groups were vaccinated at age 8-10 months, with either the standard Schwarz
      vaccine or the same batch of AIK-C as for early immunization. For the 55% of
      children who were seronegative before vaccination at age 4-5 months, the
      seroconversion rates were 96% with the AIK-C, 94% with the Edmonston-Zagreb, and
      50% with the high-dose Schwarz. The immune response rates for children who were
      seropositive before vaccination were estimated to be around 50% with the high
      dose Edmonston-Zagreb and AIK-C strains and 10% with the Schwarz strain. The
      seroconversion rates for vaccination at 8-10 months were 87% for the AIK-C and
      68% for the Schwarz strains. Thus vaccinations with the high-dose Edmonston
      Zagreb or the AIK-C strain at 4-5 months as good as vaccination with the AIK-C
      strain at 8-10 months better than vaccination with the standard dose Schwarz
      strain at 8-10 months. These findings require confirmation by further
      investigations, particularly epidemiological studies, but they already provide
      evidence that administration of AIK-C and high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb strains at 4
      5 months is at least as effective as vaccination with the standard strains at 8
      10 months.

PMID- 1819436
TI  - [A new combined vaccine against yellow fever and measles in infants aged 6 to 24
      months in Mali].
AB  - In a rural area in Mali, 453 children were randomly enrolled in a study comparing
      the safety and the immunogenicity of a combined yellow-fever-measles freeze dried
      vaccine with each yellow-fever and measles separate administration. Children were
      divided in 2 populations 4-8 and 12-24 month old. 249 were controlled for measles
      (inhibition of hemagglutination) and yellow-fever (seroneutralization)
      antibodies. Seroconversion rates for measles were 82% when administrated before 9
      months and 100% when given in 12-24 months period. Measles GMT is similar
      whatever the schedule or the age group; so, early vaccination does not impair the
      immunogenetic response. Moreover, 96% of the children vaccinated before 9 months
      still have detectable measles protective antibodies 8 months after. Among the
      initially seronegative children, the yellow-fever response is satisfactory with
      92 to 96% seroconversion rate and post-immunization GMT ranging 16.5 to 29.5
      without any statistical difference between the vaccine and age groups. The safety
      of the combined yellow-fever-measles vaccine is assessed by the rare number of
      reactions which are equivalent with the normally expected reactions with each
      vaccine administered separately. The results demonstrate the satisfactory
      immunogenicity and safety of the combined yellow-fever-measles vaccine. Combine
      yellow-fever-measles vaccination could help to improve the feasibility of EPI.

PMID- 1819437
TI  - [Haemophilus vaccines. Their importance in tropical pediatrics].
AB  - Immunization with Haemophilus vaccine is undertaken to prevent invasive
      infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. Purulent meningitis is the most
      frequent chiefly in less than 2 years infants. Vaccine is composed of purified
      PRP which is poorly immunogenic and protective before two years. Actual vaccines
      are conjugate with protein which give them a protective and immunogenic power in
      very long young infants. They must be included in the schedule of infants
      immunizations, and fitting to other immunizations (DTP-Polio) is the best. The
      frequency of H. influenzae meningitis is high in tropics and those vaccines
      should be very useful. Cost of vaccine and inclusion in EPI are yet discussed for
      infants in tropical areas.

PMID- 1819438
TI  - [Future vaccines in parasitology].
AB  - The major public health problems posed by endemic parasitic diseases and the
      difficulty of treating these diseases have lead to a concerted effort towards the
      development of efficient vaccines. Associated immunological phenomena are
      extremely complex. It is in this area that recent progress has been the most
      impressive. Despite the failure of antisporozoite vaccine, which had seemed to
      offer much promise, the role of T-lymphocytes has been clarified. An
      antimerozoite vaccine utilizing several recombinant surface antigens has produced
      interesting experimental results. The concepts of an "antidisease" vaccine opens
      up a number of perspectives. Although immunodepression with respect to visceral
      leishmaniasis is better understood, there appears little hope for a vaccine,
      unlike cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immune mechanisms brought into play during
      schistosomiasis are particular to the disease and offer the potential for useful
      animal vaccines.

PMID- 1819439
TI  - [Seroprevalence of rubella in Kinshasa (Zaire)].
AB  - A serosurvey of rubella was carried out by haemagglutination inhibition and IgM
      assay among 106 newborn infants (91% positive); 101 suckling infants aged 9-18
      months (32.7% positive); 100 children aged 2-4 (58% positive); and 100 young
      girls 9-11 (68% positive), while 93% of mothers showed the presence of protective
      antibodies. These figures indicated that large numbers of women old enough to
      bear children are susceptible to infection with rubella, at least early in life.
      A vaccination programme is therefore recommended for one year-old children of
      both sexes and again for young girls prior to puberty.

PMID- 1819440
TI  - Usefulness of the pulse oximeter as a respiratory monitor during intravenous
      sedation.
AB  - During intravenous sedation, the pulse oximeter was applied as a respiratory
      monitor to 17 patients (Physical status classification of the American Society of
      Anesthesiologists, Class I-II) who were to have oral surgical operations, and the
      changes in arterial saturation of oxygen (SaO2) was observed consecutively. SaO2
      dropped after administration of sedative agents in each case; there was some
      individual variation. Respiratory depression during sedation was evaluated from
      arterial blood gas analysis. The reduction in SaO2 caused by surgical
      manipulations was also noted. Furthermore, arterial partial pressures of oxygen
      (PaO2) and saturation calculated from PaO2 (SAT) measured from blood gas analysis
      were compared with SaO2 measured by the pulse oximeter. Both PaO2 and SAT
      correlated well with SaO2. The differences between SAT and SaO2 exceeded the
      range of error (+/- 2%) in many cases after the administration of sedative
      agents. These results suggest that the pulse oximeter is useful as a respiratory
      monitor during oral surgery. However, the pulse oximeter gives incorrect SaO2
      readings in the presence of abnormal hemoglobin due to medication with nitrites
      or smoking habit.

PMID- 1819441
TI  - An ultrastructural study of the pocket epithelium in rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the biological characteristics
      of pocket epithelium in experimental periodontitis. Elastic rubber was inserted
      between the first and second molars of the left maxilla in rats. The rubber was
      removed after one week, and the animals were sacrificed one week after the
      removal, i.e., two weeks after the insertion. Sections of the teeth and
      surrounding tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Periodontal pockets
      were evident between the tooth surface and epithelial cell layer in the coronal
      portion. A large number of bacteria surrounded by neutrophils were observed on
      the cementum surface in the pocket; however, no bacterial invasion could be seen
      in the epithelium. The epithelial cells were spilt in the central portion by
      invasion of neutrophils, so that one or two layers of surviving epithelial cells
      were present on the cementum surface. Numerous fenestrations of capillaries were
      found in the connective tissue immediately below the epithelium. These results
      suggest that the pocket epithelium is formed by an intercellular split of the
      epithelium, not between cementum surface and epithelium.

PMID- 1819442
TI  - Histological study of therapy for infected nonvital permanent teeth with
      incompletely formed apices.
AB  - The histological response of periapical tissues to root canal fillings with
      calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)-iodoform paste, Vitapex (Neo Dental Chemical Products
      Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and Ca(OH)2-camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP)
      paste in nonvital permanent teeth with incompletely formed apices was
      investigated in 160 root canals from 90 dog premolar and incisor teeth.
      Periapical inflammatory lesions were initially induced in the experimental teeth.
      After debridement and cleaning, root canals were filled with one of the two
      materials. The animals were sacrificed after 30, 60, 120, or 180 days, and
      histological sections of each specimen were prepared with hematoxylin and eosin
      staining. Histological findings showed periapical repair and apical closure in
      both experimental groups. However, the differences in the level of inflammation,
      apical closure, and reparative process among the two groups were significant (p
      less than 0.05). It was concluded that the Ca(OH)2-iodoform paste, Vitapex,
      produced better results than Ca(OH)2-CMCP paste in treatment of infected nonvital
      permanent teeth with incompletely formed apices.

PMID- 1819443
TI  - Ameloblastoma and its relationship to ameloblastic fibroma: their histogenesis
      based on an unusual case and review of the literature.
AB  - The present paper describes the relationship between ameloblastoma and
      ameloblastic fibroma deduced from a case diagnosed as "ameloblastoma combined
      with ameloblastic fibroma" arising in the mandible of a 5-year-old boy.
      Histologically, the tumor consisted of ameloblastoma in the central area and
      ameloblastic fibroma in the peripheral area; it clinically fits the
      characteristics of ameloblastic fibroma based on predominant age, manner of
      growth, and encapsulation. We reviewed the literature and discussed the
      relationship between ameloblastoma a ameloblastic fibroma in terms of
      tumorigenesis. It is assumed that ameloblastic fibroma can also be transformed
      into ameloblastoma, if the succeeding hard tissues are not formed, and the
      collagenous connective tissue substituting for the stromal mesenchymal tissue is
      formed by the inductive effect of the epithelial strands or other unknown
      factors. Several possibilities relative to the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma have
      been proposed by oral pathologists; however, to our knowledge, "ameloblastic
      fibroma can be transformed into ameloblastoma" has not hitherto been reported.
      The case we experienced here may be thought as an intermediate tumor pattern
      between ameloblastic fibroma and ameloblastoma.

PMID- 1819444
TI  - A heat stable hemagglutinating activity of Eikenella corrodens.
AB  - Strains of Eikenella corrodens and Fusobacterium nucleatum were shown to possess
      lectinlike attachment factors. The present investigators found that E. corrodens
      has a heat stable factor which agglutinates sheep, mouse, and human erythrocytes.
      The activity is not abolished by additions of galactose or lactose.
      Lipopolysaccharide preparations from E. corrodens strains possessed strong
      hemagglutinating activity. LPSs of F. nucleatum did not agglutinate any
      erythrocytes tested. SDS-PAGE patterns stained with silver stain revealed that
      the LPSs of E. corrodens strains were rough type and those of F. nucleatum were
      wild type. The heat stable hemagglutinating activity of E. corrodens strains
      might be caused the rough type LPS of the cells.

PMID- 1819445
TI  - Clinical and microbiological study of local minocycline delivery (Periocline)
      following scaling and root planing in recurrent periodontal pockets.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of
      local administration of 2% minocycline-HCl ointment (Periocline) combined with
      scaling and root planing in recurrent periodontal pockets. Thirty-three sites
      were selected for this examination. The sites had probing depths greater than 5
      mm and loss of attachment greater than 2 mm within the previous 3 months. They
      were assigned as test (22 sites) or control sites (11 sites). After meticulous
      scaling (SC) and root planing (RP), Periocline was delivered into the periodontal
      pockets of test sites: control sites were irrigated with biological saline
      following SC/RP. Administration of Periocline or irrigation with saline was
      performed once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. The effects on clinical conditions
      including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on
      probing were evaluated at baseline, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Microbiological
      examinations consisting of darkfield microscopic study and culture were performed
      at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks. Clinical conditions improved in both groups
      following treatment; significantly better improvements were obtained in the test
      group. Microbiological study revealed that Periocline effectively eliminated
      periodontopathic gram-negative bacteria. These results indicated that a
      combination of SC/RP with local administration of 2% minocycline for recurrent
      periodontal pockets brought about more satisfactory results than conventional
      SC/RP.

PMID- 1819446
TI  - Ultrastructure of the encapsulated corpuscles in the lower lip mucosa of the
      mouse.
AB  - Under the light microscope, the encapsulated corpuscles of the mouse lower lip
      mucosa were only classified into 4 types, simple, ramifying, branched-axon, and
      clew-like corpuscles. The ultrastructural characteristics of the branched-axon
      and clew-like corpuscles, however, were not reported. Five male mice, aged 4 to 8
      weeks, were used. The mouse lower lip mucosa were examined with a electron
      microscope. Two types of corpuscles were distinguished. The first type had
      numerous branched axon terminals and bilaterally symmetrical and/or asymmetrical
      Schwann cell cytoplasmic lamellae in a few perineural capsules. The second type
      did not have perineural capsules. We concluded that these two types fell into the
      categories of branched-axon and/or clew-like corpuscles in the light
      microscopical observations. We concluded also that first type fit the category of
      coiled simple corpuscles and second type fit the category of Meissner-like
      corpuscles according to the electron microscopical observations.

PMID- 1819447
TI  - Research into changes in canine maxillary trabecular bone orientation after tooth
      extraction.
AB  - This paper described the morphological changes in the trabecular bone orientation
      of the jaw bone due to reduction in the applied functional pressure. All teeth on
      the right side of the upper and lower jaws were extracted from canine specimens.
      Experimental periods were set at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13
      months after tooth extraction. The trabecular bone orientation was measured by an
      image analyzer as morphometrical parameters. The loss of teeth changed the
      support system for functional pressure, resulting in the marked disordering of
      the trabecular bone orientation.

PMID- 1819448
TI  - Mathematical approach to horizontal and vertical magnification factors in
      rotational panoramic radiography--with attention to redundant shadows.
AB  - Rotational panoramic radiographs consist of two different images, the tomographic
      image and redundant shadows. Many authors have reported magnification factors for
      the tomographic image which include the term "real image", as proposed by McDavid
      et al. in 1983. However, a mathematical formula has never been proposed for ghost
      images, which redundant shadows projected only when the object is located between
      the center of rotation and the X-ray source. The purpose of this study was to
      propose a new mathematical approach for calculating the horizontal and the
      vertical magnification factors for ghost images. Using this approach, we
      investigated the effect of variations in the position of the object, its length,
      and its placement angle with respect to the X-ray beam. Since the object was
      assumed to be small, an approximated expression for film speed was integrated to
      determine the length of the object on the film in the horizontal dimension. The
      approximated and the geometric expressions proposed by Wakoh in 1988 were used to
      calculate the vertical dimension. Differences between the scanning and the film
      speeds were assumed to affect the horizontal magnification factors of the ghost
      image. In addition, differences in the setting position, length, and angle of the
      object affected the calculated values. Vertical magnification factors were
      considerably influenced by the Z coordinate of the position, even though the
      length and angle remained constant.

PMID- 1819449
TI  - Isolation and classification of anaerobic bacteria from pulp cavities of nonvital
      teeth in man.
AB  - The anaerobic microflora of infected pulp cavities and chronic periapical
      abscesses was studied. A total of 19 infected nonvital teeth were subjected to
      this study. The coronal surface was swabbed with 70% ethanol to remove debris and
      to disinfect. Material in root canal chamber was obtained by sterilized paper
      points and suspended in reduced transport fluid. The samples were dispersed,
      diluted, and inoculated on blood agar plates. Isolates were identified by colony
      characteristics and cellular morphology, fermentation, indole production, nitrate
      reduction, gelatin digestion, urease production, ability to grow aerobically, API
      20A System, and API ZYM System. Anaerobic bacteria were found in 14 pulp
      cavities. Anaerobic gram-negative rods, Actinomyces species, and
      Propionibacterium species were predominant in the root canals. Mixed infection
      with anaerobes and facultative anaerobes were demonstrated in most of the pulpal
      cavities of nonvital teeth.

PMID- 1819450
TI  - Multiple dens invaginatus and cranio-vertebral abnormality.
AB  - This paper reports a case of multiple dens invaginatus (DI) bilaterally involving
      the maxillary central incisors, mandibular canines, and first premolars. The
      patient was a 11-year-old boy with steeple-head and mild mental retardation. The
      maxillary central incisors showed disproportionately large crowns and short
      roots. A roentgenographic survey of the skeletal system showed a sutural
      hyperostosis of the skull at bregma and a hypoplastic cervical vertebra. The
      review of the literature yields 6 cases of multiple DI, including the present
      case; these can be classified into 2 types, cases of only DI and cases of DI with
      anomalies of skeletal and other systems. Morphological differences in the central
      incisors are found between these 2 types.

PMID- 1819451
TI  - Evaluation of lining materials and a new concept for lining: alpha-TCP cement or
      visible light curing calcium hydroxide composition in composite resin
      restoration.
AB  - Histological studies on the effect of lining methods using a alpha-TCP (TC) and a
      VLC Dycal (LD) were reported previously. In this report, SEM and electron-probe
      microanalyzer observations were utilized to determine the effects of lining
      methods. SEM observations were made on longitudinal sections prepared by a freeze
      fracture method, using 30 vital dog teeth and 5 vital human teeth. In the LD
      group, several kinds of crystal growth were seen on surfaces of the material and
      dentinal wall. In the TC group, the exfoliated space area filled up with rod
      shaped crystals. An electron-probe microanalyzer was employed to examine the
      crystal elements observed in the interface or the exfoliated space area. Our
      findings indicated that lining appeared to fill the gaps with crystal growth,
      block stimuli which result from bacterial invasion into the dentinal tubules, and
      reinforce the superficial dentinal zone.

PMID- 1819452
TI  - The carcinostatic effects of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and uracil
      (UFT) on tongue carcinoma induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) in rats.
AB  - UFT is a carcinostatic agent used in adjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck
      cancer. In the present study. UFT was given orally to treat tongue carcinoma in
      rats induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. The antitumor effects of UFT were
      studied macroscopically and histologically. In addition, the antitumor effects of
      UFT were evaluated in relationship to lesions of the clinical and, invasive
      types, and to there vascular structure. In clinical lesions, the antitumor effect
      of UFT was higher in extrovert tumor-mass lesions and lower in ulcerous lesions.
      With regard to vascular structure, the effect was higher in cases demonstrating
      irregular net-like patterns and branch-like patterns and lower in cases in which
      the pattern had been destroyed. There was a correlation between antitumor effect
      and invasive type. As invasive tendency the 3H-thymidine labeling index, and
      mitotic index increased, antitumor effect and degree of tumor cell degeneration
      decreased.

PMID- 1819453
TI  - Alterations of the glycan moiety of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in late-term
      pregnancy.
AB  - The carbohydrate moiety of purified alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) from healthy
      male adults (AGPn) and late-term pregnant women (AGPp) was analysed.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate before and after N
      glycanase treatment showed that AGPp had a slightly higher molecular mass due to
      an enriched carbohydrate moiety. BIO-GEL P-4 and Concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose
      chromatography of the oligosaccharides released by hydrazinolysis and
      fractionated by high-voltage electrophoresis indicated a progression towards Con
      A-unbound oligosaccharides and towards larger glycans in pregnancy. Carbohydrate
      analysis of purified AGPp and AGPn and of the most increased oligosaccharide
      fraction (F4A) evidenced a decrease in the fucosyl molar ratio and a slight
      increase in the galactosyl, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl and N-acetyl neuraminyl ratios.
      These results suggest that AGP contains more highly branched oligosaccharides
      and/or additional N-acetyllactosamine-type oligosaccharides in pregnancy.

PMID- 1819454
TI  - Cellular and humoral responses in coeliac disease. 2. Protein extracts from
      different cereals.
AB  - The humoral and cellular immune responses to grain protein extracts from coeliac
      toxic and non-toxic cereals were compared by use of a number of ELISA and
      immunoblotting methods and the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition factor
      (LMIF) assay. Both adult and child coeliacs had elevated levels of serum antibody
      to proteins from the coeliac-toxic cereals, namely bread wheat, durum wheat, rye
      and barley and low levels of proteins from other cereals. Using protein blotting
      techniques, antibody binding was greatest to gliadins/low mol mass glutenin
      subunits and homologous prolamins from rye and barley, consistent with the ELISA
      findings. Competition ELISA and preabsorption tests indicated that antibody
      reaction to maize storage proteins did not simply result from cross-reaction of
      antigliadin antibodies. In LMIF assays, only the wheat extracts had activity in
      coeliac patients. This is most likely partly due to loss of some of T-cell
      epitopes from the extraction technique required for these proteins, as well as
      the relatively small effects seen for even very active fractions in the LMIF
      assay.

PMID- 1819455
TI  - Influence of serum proteins on fructosamine concentration in multiple myeloma.
AB  - Serum fructosamine levels in 36 subjects with various types of multiple myeloma
      and in 64 normal controls were evaluated by means of a Nitroblue tetrazolium
      colorimetric assay. Only the IgA myeloma group showed significantly raised serum
      fructosamine values (P less than 0.001). In the IgG myeloma group, which showed a
      higher mean serum protein concentration, serum fructosamine levels were not
      significantly different from controls. The study shows that elevated IgA levels
      do influence serum fructosamine and this effect should be taken into due
      consideration in order to avoid possible misinterpretations in evaluating this
      widely used index of glucose metabolism.

PMID- 1819456
TI  - Optimisation of non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of
      glyoxalase I phenotypes in clinical blood samples.

PMID- 1819457
TI  - The nature of small bowel luminal fluid lactase.
AB  - The evidence indicating a mucosal source for the jejunal fluid lactase activity
      of children is so far inconclusive. Samples of jejunal mucosa and the adjacent
      fluid were obtained simultaneously from 15 children. Lactase activity was
      measured at pH 5.9 in mucosa and fluid. Fluid activities showed a significant
      positive correlation with the activity of the corresponding mucosal homogenate
      but a stronger correlation was found with an enterocyte microvillous membrane
      fraction prepared from the same homogenate (r = 0.807 and 0.889, respectively).
      Kinetic and pH optima studies were consistent with a microvillous membrane
      origin. Fluid activity and pH optimum were not changed detectably when measured
      in the presence of an enterocyte lysosomal acid lactase inhibitor. Jejunal fluid
      lactase activity and its properties closely reflect the microvillous membrane
      enzyme. Lysosomal acid lactase does not contribute measurably to the total
      lactase activity of jejunal fluid.

PMID- 1819458
TI  - Composition of very low density lipoproteins and in vitro effect of lipoprotein
      lipase.
AB  - In order to clarify the relationship between composition and lipolytic responses
      to lipoprotein lipase (LPL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from rats or
      humans were incubated with a commercially available LPL or with a partially
      purified LPL from postheparin human plasma and fatty acids released from VLDL
      were determined in vitro. VLDL from rats fed a diet containing 0.25% cholesterol
      for 6 months were rich in cholesterol and poor in triglycerides, and released
      less fatty acids from incubation with LPL than those from control rats. VLDL from
      normo-and hypertriglyceridemic human subjects were incubated with LPL. The fatty
      acid release poorly correlated with the apoprotein ratios of VLDL, apo C-III/C
      II, B/E, and C/E with the exception of apo B/C, but it correlated well with the
      ratio of triglyceride/either one of the surface components including total
      apoproteins, free cholesterol and phospholipids in VLDL or the ratio of the
      triglyceride/total sum of the surface components. The correlation coefficients
      between fatty acid release and a ratio of triglyceride/total surface components
      were 0.774 (using the commercially available LPL) and 0.786 (using the partially
      purified human LPL). The fatty acid release increased after pretreatment of VLDL
      with phospholipase A2. The phospholipid content of VLDL was reduced without
      significant changes in other VLDL components. Thus, the responses of VLDL to LPL
      treatment may depend mainly upon the surface: core relationship of VLDL rather
      than its apoprotein composition except in rare clinical cases such as apo C-II
      deficiency.

PMID- 1819459
TI  - Fatty acid composition of hepatic triglycerides in Reye's syndrome: implications
      for hepatic desaturase abnormalities.
AB  - Serum NEFA profiles in Reye's syndrome are reportedly unique with a
      disproportionate percent made up of polyunsaturated fatty acids some of which are
      not ordinarily found in the serum. This pattern is also reflected in the serum
      triglyceride composition as well. As the liver is probably the sole source of the
      serum triglyceride in Rye's syndrome because patients are vomiting or in coma,
      the fatty acid acid composition of the liver triglyceride was examined for
      insight regarding the lipid abnormalities in this disease. Palmitic acid (16:0)
      and the sum of all the saturated fatty acids in the liver triglycerides were
      significantly decreased whereas the sum of the monoenoic fatty acids and the
      products of delta 9 desaturase activity were increased in Reye's samples. When
      these data were compared to the fatty acid composition of the serum triglyceride
      from a separate cohort of Reye's and control subjects, certain inferences
      regarding hepatic delta 9, delta 6, delta 5, and delta 4 desaturase activities
      and the elongases can be drawn from the liver and serum triglyceride fatty acid
      profiles which are unique. Collectively, these data reflect considerable
      intrahepatic fatty acid desaturation and elongation activity and/or acyl transfer
      from lipid to lipid of various polyunsaturated fatty acids in Reye's syndrome.

PMID- 1819461
TI  - Capillary plasma lipid profiles.

PMID- 1819460
TI  - Purification and structural study of two albumin variants in an Irish population.
AB  - Two types of variant albumins were detected during routine electrophoresis on
      cellulose acetate on 34,000 sera from patients in a relatively stable Irish
      population. The fast type (IRE1) (relative mobility 1.05) had a heterozygote
      frequency of 1/3,780, and the slow type (IRE2) (relative mobility of 0.94) had a
      heterozygote frequency of 1/8,500. A method for purification of the two types of
      variants is described. Structural study of the fast variant established a single
      amino acid substitution 313 lysine----asparagine (313 Lys----Asn); this variant
      has been reported in several European populations and also in New Guinea
      indigenes. However, the slow variant has a new substitution, 479 glutamic acid---
      lysine (479 Glu----Lys). Because it appears to be uniquely Irish, the slow
      variant (formerly called IRE2) has been renamed albumin Dublin. Three other
      albumin variants most often reported in European populations (cumulative
      frequency only about 1/3,500) were not detected in this study. Because of the
      significance of albumin genetic variants for the study of protein evolution and
      as an aid in identification of drug-binding sites, clinical chemists are asked to
      be on the alert for cases of bisalbuminemia.

PMID- 1819462
TI  - Comparison of nonparametric recursive partitioning to parametric discriminant
      analyses in laboratory differentiation of hypercalcemia.
AB  - Recursive partitioning analysis was compared to logistic, linear and quadratic
      discriminant analyses in the ability to differentiate hypercalcemic patients with
      primary hyperparathyroidism from those with malignancy. Stepwise discriminant
      analysis identified serum albumin as the best single discriminant test. Albumin
      decision values optimally separating the two hypercalcemic groups were 39.46,
      38.54, and 32.25 g/l for the logistic, linear and quadratic discriminant methods,
      respectively. Recursive partitioning analysis identified carboxy-terminus
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) as the best discriminant test with an optimal decision
      value of 8.2 mequiv/l. The discrepancy between the selection of PTH by recursive
      partitioning analysis and albumin by discriminant techniques was attributed to
      the nonnormal distribution of PTH. Recursive partitioning analysis using PTH
      classified 85.4% of the patients correctly. Logistic, linear and quadratic
      methods, using albumin as the predictor variable, correctly classified 79.6%,
      78.6%, and 79.6% of patients, respectively.

PMID- 1819463
TI  - Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone radioimmunoassay following Sephadex LH-20
      column chromatography.

PMID- 1819464
TI  - Assay of inulin in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography
      with pulsed amperometric detection.

PMID- 1819465
TI  - Creatinine deiminase (EC 3.5.4.21) from bacterium BN11: purification, properties
      and applicability in a serum/urine creatinine assay.
AB  - Creatinine deiminase (EC 3.5.4.21) from the anaerobic microorganism BN11 has been
      purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on
      Sephacryl-S-300 superfine and chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose C1 6B. The final
      enzyme preparation had a specific activity of 78 units per mg protein. Analysis
      of creatinine deiminase by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and fast
      flow-liquid-chromatography gave a relative molecular mass of 285 kDa and 288 kDa,
      respectively. By treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol
      creatinine deiminase was dissociated yielding one polypeptide with a relative
      molecular mass of 47.5 kDa. The enzyme was entirely specific for creatinine and
      showed a Km value of 0.15 mM. Creatinine deiminase was used to determine the
      concentration of creatinine in serum and urine using a manual method and an
      automated system.

PMID- 1819466
TI  - Effectiveness of palladium matrix modification for the determination of thallium
      by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
AB  - The effect of palladium matrix modification on the determination of thallium has
      been investigated. The effect of palladium combined either with ammonium nitrate
      or with magnesium nitrate on the sodium chloride interference was systematically
      studied and was compared with that of the classical sulfuric acid modifier. A
      combination of 6 micrograms palladium with 100 micrograms ammonium nitrate allows
      the direct determination of thallium in ten-fold diluted blood against matrix
      free standards. The detection limit (3 sigma) in the undiluted blood was
      calculated to be 25 micrograms.1(-1). For the urine analysis the standard
      addition technique is recommended because a complete thallium recovery for all
      different urine samples studied was not always obtained.

PMID- 1819468
TI  - Platelet aggregation and fatty acid composition of platelets in type 1 diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - A raised content of arachidonic acid in platelets from diabetic patients with
      retinopathy was found without differences in platelet aggregation: platelet
      aggregability was not related to platelet fatty acid composition. In diabetes,
      platelet aggregation was inversely correlated to non-esterified fatty acids in
      plasma and may suggest an inhibiting effect. Mean platelet volume was raised in
      the diabetic patients, but without hyperaggregability. The findings do not
      exclude a relationship between platelet fatty acids and platelet aggregability,
      but suggest that variations in levels of non-esterified fatty acids in plasma
      might interfere with platelet aggregation.

PMID- 1819467
TI  - Betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase--a new assay for the liver enzyme and its
      absence from human skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes.
AB  - Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with increased
      atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by betaine (N,N,N
      trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to stimulate activity of the enzyme
      betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase. We have developed a new assay for this
      enzyme, in which the products of the enzyme-catalysed reaction between betaine
      and homocysteine are oxidised by performic acid before being separated and
      quantified by amino acid analysis. This assay confirmed that human liver contains
      abundant betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (33.4 nmol/h/mg protein at 37
      degrees C, pH 7.4). Chicken and lamb livers also contain the enzyme, with
      respective activities of 50.4 and 6.2 nmol/h/mg protein. However,
      phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured
      human skin fibroblasts contained no detectable betaine:homocysteine
      methyltransferase (less than 1.4 nmol/h/mg protein), even after cells were pre
      cultured in media designed to stimulate production of the enzyme. The results
      emphasize the importance of the liver in mediating the lowering of elevated
      circulating homocysteine by betaine.

PMID- 1819469
TI  - Carnitine therapy and metabolism in the disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism
      studied using 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - 1H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to study metabolic perturbations in patients
      with disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism during the administration of oral and
      intravenous L-carnitine. The administration of L-carnitine either in the form of
      a challenge or as a therapeutic measure resulted in an increased excretion of
      propionylcarnitine, consistent with the removal of accumulated intramitochondrial
      propionyl-CoA esters. Additionally, during the therapeutic administration of L
      carnitine excretion of acetylcarnitine occurred, coincident with an improvement
      in clinical condition and confirming the intracellular propionyl-CoA depletion.
      An additional benefit from the formation of acylcarnitines may be an accompanying
      intracellular alkalinisation.

PMID- 1819470
TI  - Increased susceptibility to peroxide-induced haemolysis with normal vitamin E
      concentrations in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Vitamin E status was assessed in 22 patients with cystic fibrosis and 9 controls
      by measuring concentrations of the vitamin, vitamin E:lipid ratios and peroxide
      induced haemolysis in plasma and erythrocytes. For a given concentration of
      plasma or erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol, erythrocytes of patients with cystic
      fibrosis were more susceptible to peroxide-induced haemolysis than controls. This
      susceptibility should be countered by supplementation with vitamin E to maintain
      higher than normal concentrations of circulating alpha-tocopherol-greater than
      4.8 mmol alpha-tocopherol/mol cholesterol.

PMID- 1819471
TI  - Plasma bromine concentrations and lipid profiles.

PMID- 1819472
TI  - In vitro glycation of human apolipoprotein AI reduces its efficiency in
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation.

PMID- 1819473
TI  - Determination of protein-bound urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcium
      nephrolithiasis.
AB  - Nephrocalcin is a urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) containing protein
      that may be a physiological inhibitor of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
      Nephrocalcin isolated from urine of stone formers seems to be abnormal in lacking
      Gla that is required for inhibitory activity. In order to study this hypothesis,
      we compared the protein-bound urinary Gla contents in 32 calcium oxalate stone
      formers and in 24 controls. Protein-bound Gla was resolved by reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography after elimination of free Gla, alkaline
      hydrolysis and precolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and
      mercaptoethanol. Protein-bound urinary Gla concentrations were similar in stone
      formers (0.83 +/- 0.38 mumol/l, mean +/- SD) and controls (0.81 +/- 0.27) and
      were less than 5% of free urinary Gla. However, excretion rates of free and
      protein-bound Gla (nmol/min) were higher in stone formers (P = 0.006 and P =
      0.002). Positive correlations (P = 0.000) were observed between free and protein
      bound Gla both in controls and in stone formers. These results do not support the
      hypothesis of a lacking Gla nephrocalcin in stone formers.

PMID- 1819474
TI  - Predisposition to LDL oxidation during copper-catalyzed oxidative modification
      and its relation to alpha-tocopherol content in humans.
AB  - The predisposition to LDL oxidation during copper-catalyzed oxidative
      modification and its relationship with LDL alpha-tocopherol concentration was
      studied in 41 control subjects. The results show that the predisposition of LDL
      to oxidation expressed as duration of the inhibition period and rate of the
      propagation period varied greatly in the controls, but did not correlate with the
      values of LDL alpha-tocopherol. On the contrary the experiments with alpha
      tocopherol incorporated in LDL demonstrate that even small increases of
      incorporated alpha-tocopherol, under circumstances where other variables were
      probably largely unaffected, increased proportionally the length of the
      inhibition period and reduced the rate of the propagation period. The values of
      LDL alpha-tocopherol achieved after the enrichment turned out to be positively
      correlated with the duration of the inhibition period and negatively with the
      rate of the propagation period. Finally the results of this study also show that
      there was a variability in the LDL alpha-tocopherol decay of different subjects
      under the same oxidative stress. In our conditions however, the time in which
      alpha-tocopherol contributed to the LDL protection was much shorter than the mean
      length of the inhibition period. The results demonstrate that the variability in
      the predisposition to LDL oxidation during copper-catalyzed oxidative
      modification is not determined only by the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in
      LDL and that therefore its value as a sole indicator of antioxidant status is
      probably inadequate.

PMID- 1819476
TI  - Urine thiocyanate:creatinine ratio as a reliable indicator of cigarette smoking.

PMID- 1819475
TI  - Gas chromatography method for the separation of amino acids enantiomers in plasma
      and urine. Application in a case of short bowel syndrome.
AB  - Urinary amino acids were isolated from the urine of healthy controls and a
      patient with a short bowel syndrome. Following derivatization with isopropyl
      alcohol/HCl and trifluoroacetic anhydride the amino acid enantiomers were
      separated by gas chromatography on a Chirasil-L-Val column. All subjects excreted
      D-alanine (10-30% of total Ala). The percentage D-alanine was higher in the
      patient with the short bowel syndrome. The excretion of D-alanine did not
      correlate with the D-lactate excretion. An intestinal origin for the D-amino
      acids is the most probable explanation.

PMID- 1819478
TI  - The birth of the specialty of orthodontics. 2.

PMID- 1819477
TI  - Cellular and humoral responses in coeliac disease. 1. Wheat protein fractions.
AB  - The humoral and cellular immune response of coeliac individuals to various wheat
      protein fractions was studied using serum antibody ELISA assays and the indirect
      leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) assays. Greater migration inhibition
      factor activity was seen in coeliacs on a gluten-free-diet having low serum
      antibody titres, and using purified T-cells instead of total peripheral blood
      mononucleocytes. Gliadin was the most active fraction in both assays. Raised
      antibodies to low-molecular weight and high-molecular weight glutenin
      polypeptides was observed, though these proteins had little migration inhibition
      factor activity. No cellular or humoral response was seen to albumins or
      globulins. Proteins associated with the granules of well-washed wheat starch are
      distinct from gluten proteins and had little T-cell activity, correlating with
      clinical observations that properly prepared wheat starch is devoid of coeliac
      toxicity. The greater specificity of the humoral response for individual wheat
      protein fractions in this study, compared with the earlier reports, likely
      results from cross-contamination in the earlier work of each fraction with
      gliadin.

PMID- 1819479
TI  - Pathology of the temporomandibular joint and its treatment in the first half of
      the 19th century. 2.

PMID- 1819480
TI  - Dental aspects of the Spitalfields exhumations.

PMID- 1819481
TI  - The Myc:Max protein complex and cell growth regulation.

PMID- 1819483
TI  - Coordination between cell growth and cell cycle transit in animal cells.

PMID- 1819482
TI  - c-myc and pRB: role in TGF-beta 1 inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation.
AB  - The TGF-beta s are potent inhibitors of proliferation of most cell types in
      culture and in vivo. Previous studies have demonstrated that TGF-beta inhibition
      of skin keratinocyte proliferation involves suppression of c-myc transcription.
      Evidence derived from use of expression plasmids for certain DNA viral
      oncoproteins has suggested that the retinoblastoma gene (RB) may be involved in
      this process. Transient expression of pRB, like TGF-beta 1, in skin keratinocytes
      represses expression of a human c-myc reporter plasmid, and the same c-myc
      promoter region (TCE) is required for repression by either TGF-beta 1 or pRB. We
      showed here that proliferation and c-myc expression in a cell line lacking normal
      pRB (DU145 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells) are not inhibited by TGF-beta 1.
      Oligonucleotides containing the TCE were found to bind to a cellular protein of
      approximately 106 kD (termed p106) in Southwestern assays, utilizing extracts
      from both the skin keratinocytes and DU145 cells. TCE binding to p106 was
      diminished by TGF-beta in TGF-beta-sensitive skin keratinocytes but not in TGF
      beta-insensitive SV40-transformed keratinocytes. These data support the
      hypothesis that pRB is required for TGF-beta 1 suppression of c-myc transcription
      and suggest the involvement of a cellular factor(s) in addition to pRB in the TGF
      beta 1 pathway for inhibition of c-myc transcription and growth inhibition.

PMID- 1819485
TI  - RB associates with an E2F-like, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein.

PMID- 1819484
TI  - A cell-cycle-regulated trans-factor, DSC1, controls expression of DNA synthesis
      genes in yeast.

PMID- 1819486
TI  - Modulation of retinoblastoma protein activity during the cell cycle.

PMID- 1819487
TI  - RB protein as a cellular "corral" for growth-promoting proteins.

PMID- 1819488
TI  - Regulation of transformation and the cell cycle by p53.

PMID- 1819489
TI  - New perspectives on Raf-1: the involvement of p21ras in the activation of Raf-1
      and a potential role for Raf-1 in events occurring later in the cell cycle.

PMID- 1819491
TI  - Control of initiation of the Escherichia coli chromosome.

PMID- 1819490
TI  - Structure, regulation, and function of protein tyrosine phosphatases.

PMID- 1819492
TI  - Regulation of DNA replication during the yeast cell cycle.

PMID- 1819494
TI  - Temporal control of DNA replication in yeast.

PMID- 1819493
TI  - Cell-cycle-regulated phosphorylation of the transcription factor Oct-1.

PMID- 1819495
TI  - Control of DNA replication in reconstituted nuclei.

PMID- 1819496
TI  - Analysis of Escherichia coli mutants with altered DNA content.

PMID- 1819497
TI  - Fidelity of mitotic chromosome transmission.

PMID- 1819498
TI  - RCCl is a nuclear protein required for coupling activation of cdc2 kinase with
      DNA synthesis and for start of the cell cycle.

PMID- 1819499
TI  - The spil GTPase interacts with RCCl in cell cycle dependency.

PMID- 1819500
TI  - Coordinating cell cycle events.

PMID- 1819501
TI  - Mitotic checkpoint control in fission yeast.

PMID- 1819502
TI  - Functional redundancy in the yeast cell cycle: FUS3 and KSS1 have both
      overlapping and unique functions.

PMID- 1819503
TI  - Differences in mitotic control among mammalian cells.

PMID- 1819504
TI  - Genetic suppression analysis of the function of a protein kinase C (PKC1 gene
      product) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle progression: the SKCd mutations.

PMID- 1819505
TI  - Vertebrate cdc2 kinase: its regulation by phosphorylation and its mitotic
      targets.

PMID- 1819506
TI  - Role of the cell-cycle-regulated NIMA protein kinase during G2 and mitosis:
      evidence for two pathways of mitotic regulation.

PMID- 1819507
TI  - cdc25 M-phase inducer.
AB  - In this paper, we have described the critical experiments leading to the
      discovery and analysis of the cdc25 M-phase inducer. We have shown that timing of
      mitosis is sensitive to the level of cdc25+ expression and that the cellular
      concentration of p80cdc25 increases as cells approach mitosis. From these
      observations we conclude that, in S. pombe, rate of accumulation of p80cdc25
      plays an important role in determining the timing of mitosis. We postulate that
      under a given set of conditions, a critical level of p80cdc25 activity is
      required to undergo mitosis. The actual level that is required can vary depending
      on ploidy, growth rate, nutritional status of the cell, and perhaps other
      parameters. These signals may be monitored through the weel pathway leading to
      tyrosyl phosphorylation of p34cdc2. We have shown that p80cdc25 encodes a
      phosphate that acts by directly dephosphorylating the Tyr-15 residue of p34cdc2.
      Our studies strongly indicate that this aspect of the mitotic control network is
      generally conserved among eukaryotes. It is conceivable, however, that the mode
      of regulation of cdc25 activity may vary from species to species. Clearly, in S.
      cerevisiae the cdc25+ homolog, MIH1, in contrast to cdc25+, is not rate-limiting
      for M-phase onset. It will be important to determine whether the level of cdc25+
      homologs in other organisms also oscillates during the cell cycle, or whether
      their activity is controlled by localization or posttranslational mechanisms,
      such as phosphorylation. Furthermore, our finding of more than one cdc25+ homolog
      in a single species suggests an additional level of complexity to the control of
      M-phase onset by cdc25 in higher eukaryotes that will require further
      investigation.

PMID- 1819508
TI  - Molecular mechanism of the final steps in the activation of MPF.

PMID- 1819509
TI  - stf1: a new suppressor of the mitotic control gene, cdc25, in Schizosaccharomyces
      pombe.
AB  - A novel element in the mitotic control, stf1, has been identified genetically by
      its ability to rescue cdc25-22 as well as a gene disruption of cdc25. This is the
      first phenotypically non-wee mutation shown to do so. stf1-1 functions additively
      with cdc2-1w, cdc2-3w, or wee1-6 to rescue cdc25. The available data are
      consistent with the wild-type gene product operating either on the same pathway
      as cdc25 or to stimulate cdc2 by a pathway independent of cdc25 or wee1. The stf1
      gene has been cloned and sequenced and encodes a putative protein of 50-65 kD,
      depending on whether a potential intron is present. It is a novel protein with no
      homology detected in the current data bases. When challenged with hydroxyurea,
      stf1-1 acts additively with cdc2-3w in rescuing cdc25 mutants and in allowing
      mitosis to occur without DNA synthesis. It does not appear to play a role in the
      nutritional sensing pathway nor in the pathway mediating radiation-induced G2
      delay.

PMID- 1819511
TI  - Structural and mechanical control of mitotic progression.

PMID- 1819510
TI  - New elements in the mitotic control of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces
      pombe.
AB  - The p107wee1 protein kinase plays a central role in regulating the cell cycle of
      fission yeast. It mediates transmission of signal(s) related to the nutritional
      status of the cell to the p34cdc2 protein kinase, which is an active component of
      the MPF complex driving cells into mitosis. p107wee1 is itself subject to control
      by the products of other genes such as nim1+/cdr1+, win1+, and perhaps wis1+ and
      other wis+ genes. At present, the relationships between these genes and their
      possible roles in the mitotic control are unclear and must await further analysis
      (Fig. 5). It is likely that some of the gene products are concerned with the
      sensing and/or transmission of nutritional signals. p107wee1 negatively regulates
      the activity of p34cdc2, probably by direct tyrosine phosphorylation, and also
      appears to regulate the activities of the cdc1+ and cdc27+ gene products. The
      effects of nitrogen starvation and of wee1 mutations on conditional lethal
      mutations at the cdc1, cdc2, and cdc27 loci, taken together, support the largely
      speculative model shown in Figure 5. During the normal cycle, the balance between
      phosphorylated and dephosphorylated p34cdc2 changes such that at the appropriate
      time, p34cdc2 is activated and the cell enters mitosis. We suggest that the cdc1+
      and cdc27+ products may be regulated in a similar way. Such a mechanism would
      ensure coordinated activation of these and perhaps other proteins required for
      the G2/M transition. There are, of course, many uncertainties, and these must
      await elucidation by biochemical and genetic analysis.

PMID- 1819512
TI  - Dynamic aspects of cytoskeletal and karyoskeletal intermediate filament systems
      during the cell cycle.
AB  - IF are major cytoskeletal and karyoskeletal components of eukaryotic cells
      (Steinert and Roop 1988). In numerous instances, their constituent protein
      subunits have been shown to be substrates for a variety of kinases such as A
      kinase, C-kinase, and Ca++/calmodulin kinase (Geisler and Weber 1988; Inagaki et.
      1988; Ando et al. 1991), as well as p34cdc2 (Chou et al. 1990; Peter et al. 1990;
      Ward and Kirschner 1990; Dessev et al. 1991). To date, all of the phosphorylation
      sites that have been mapped are in the non-alpha-helical amino- or carboxy
      terminal domains (Steinert 1988; Ando et al. 1989, 1991; Geisler et al. 1989;
      Chou et al. 1991), and these secondary modifications can lead to IF
      reorganization and/or disassembly in vivo and in vitro (see, e.g., Iganaki et al.
      1988; Lamb et al. 1989; Chou et al. 1990; Peter et al. 1990; Heald and McKeon
      1990; Dessev et al. 1991). In addition, it is possible that the exchange seen
      between subunits and polymerized IF in interphase following the microinjection of
      unpolymerized protein (Vikstrom et al. 1989; Miller et al. 1991) may also be
      regulated in some fashion by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions. In
      cultured fibroblasts such as BHK-21, the interphase equilibrium state that favors
      IF polymerization is shifted dramatically to a disassembled state in mitosis,
      apparently due to enhanced phosphorylation at specific sites mediated through the
      activity of p34cdc2. However, in other cells in mitosis, such as HeLa, the
      mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal IF remain unclear.
      Therefore, no one common mechanism appears to be responsible for IF regulation
      during cell division. On the basis of the majority of data available, it appears
      that the regulation of IF phosphorylation plays an important role in the
      regulation of the supramolecular organization of IF cytoskeletal and
      karyoskeletal networks, especially in the remodeling events that take place as
      cells enter and exit mitosis. Although the functional significance of IF
      phosphorylation during interphase is not as obvious as it is in some mitotic
      cells, we are tempted to speculate that there may be a connection with mechanisms
      involved in signal transduction, since IF proteins appear to be targets for
      kinases known to be activated by second messengers such as Ca++ and cAMP.

PMID- 1819513
TI  - Kinesin-like proteins of Aspergillus nidulans.

PMID- 1819514
TI  - TPR proteins as essential components of the yeast cell cycle.

PMID- 1819515
TI  - Role of the centromere/kinetochore in cell cycle control.

PMID- 1819516
TI  - Yeast spindle pole body components.

PMID- 1819517
TI  - Multiple kinesin-related proteins in yeast mitosis.

PMID- 1819518
TI  - Genetic determinants of spindle pole body duplication in budding yeast.

PMID- 1819519
TI  - A maternally encoded nuclear envelope protein required for embryonic mitosis in
      Drosophila.

PMID- 1819520
TI  - Meiotic chromosome metabolism: one view.

PMID- 1819521
TI  - Regulation of the direction of chromosome movement.

PMID- 1819522
TI  - Biogenesis of the Escherichia coli cell division system.

PMID- 1819524
TI  - Increasing recognition and awareness of elder abuse.

PMID- 1819523
TI  - MYB and MYC in the cell cycle.

PMID- 1819525
TI  - Diapers, drills, and dreams.

PMID- 1819527
TI  - What is OSHA and where did it come from?

PMID- 1819526
TI  - Stress in the dental office: occupational hazard or the "spice of life"?

PMID- 1819528
TI  - Counseling services: practice builders for the '90s.

PMID- 1819529
TI  - On the road to Everest: a summer in Nepal.

PMID- 1819530
TI  - Primary adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
AB  - Eight cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity associated with wood
      dust exposure are reported. The patients include seven men and one woman between
      the ages of 31 and 81 years. All the patients had a history of wood dust
      exposure. Carpentry was the occupation in four patients; inspector for railroad
      boxcars in one; teacher in a wood-work shop in another and worker in a desk
      factory in the other. The only female patient was a school teacher whose husband
      had a wood-work shop at home. Clinically, epistaxis and/or nasal obstruction were
      the most common symptoms. The histology of the tumors varied and consisted of
      well differentiated adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, papillary-mucinous
      adenocarcinoma, and "colonic-type" adenocarcinoma. Follow-up data showed that
      three patients were alive of whom two had either recurrent or metastatic disease
      at one and three years following the initial diagnosis, respectively. The third
      patient was alive and well four years after initial diagnosis. Three other
      patients died but a direct cause of death was not identified. The remaining two
      patients were lost to follow-up.

PMID- 1819532
TI  - Lasers in clinical otolaryngology: current uses and future applications.

PMID- 1819531
TI  - Reconstruction of radical mastoidectomy by obliteration technique.
AB  - Reconstruction of radical mastoidectomy was performed by obliteration
      tympanoplasty using Palva flap in 199 ears either in one stage (normal mucosa,
      normal stapes, no risk of residual cholesteatoma behind the flap) or in two
      stages. At the 2nd stage, middle ear was reopened and the posterior cavity was
      checked in 34 cases. Bony pate or ceramic granules may be added behind the flap,
      especially at this second stage. The closure of the tympanic membrane was
      achieved in 97% of cases. Residual cholesteatoma was removed in the middle ear at
      the 2nd stage in 17% of the ears. Late residual cholesteatoma behind the flap
      appeared in 5 cases where the posterior cavity had not been checked. Three early
      retraction pockets were due to technical failures which were more recently
      corrected by the use of fibromuscular graft placed between the fascia graft an
      the Palva flap. Three late retraction pockets progressed under the tympanic
      membrane from above to below. Hearing results were better in the 1st stage
      procedures, obviously selected: ABG within 20 dB in 83% of the ears with a normal
      stapes. On the contrary, in 2 stage procedures, ABG within 20 dB was achieved
      only in 50% of cases with a normal stapes and 29% of the ears where the crura
      were missing.

PMID- 1819533
TI  - Tracheo-gastric fistula following gastric pull-up.
AB  - Tissue damage from gastric acid may be more prevalent than currently believed
      following gastric pull-up. An intense anti-acid medical regimen should be
      instituted peri- and postoperatively. In cases where significant peptic ulcer
      disease exists preoperatively, an alternative means of reconstruction following
      laryngo-pharyngo-esophagectomy should be considered.

PMID- 1819534
TI  - Hamartoma of the cricopharyngeus muscle.

PMID- 1819535
TI  - GAX-collagen in the human vocal fold.
AB  - A report is presented of the first histological study of GAX-collagen injected
      into the human vocal cord. The study concerns a specimen from an arytenoidectomy
      performed 28 months after injection. As it had already been the case in the
      animal, the excellent integration of GAX-collagen with the host-tissues has been
      noted, as well as the stability of the result more than 2 years later. It also
      appeared that colonization of GAX-collagen by the host cells is less rapid than
      for the ZCI. While inflammatory reaction is weak in the region of the GAX
      collagen, there is to be seen some atrophy and fibrosis of the muscular fibres
      around the deposit, probably due to compression during injection.

PMID- 1819536
TI  - Relation between ultrastructural presence of CEA using peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      (PAP) method and tissue and serum levels of CEA in patients with breast cancer.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies were performed to detect the presence of carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) in breast cancer by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The
      evidenced presence of CEA was compared with the serum and tissue concentrations.
      A correlation between the presence of CEA at the ultrastructural level and tissue
      concentration was observed but not with serum levels. These studies revealed
      positive immunocytochemical staining for CEA when antigen concentration was 700
      ng/g tissue and the reaction was strongly positive when the concentration was
      greater than or equal to 2000 ng/g tissue.

PMID- 1819537
TI  - The effect of herbicide "Chwastox plynny 30" on the cell cycle parameters in root
      meristem of Vicia faba L. subsp. minor.
AB  - The duration of the cell cycle and its phases after the treatment with herbicide
      "Chwastox plynny 30" was calculated using 3H-thymidine labelling method.
      Inhibition of DNA synthesis and marked prolongation of G2 + 1/2 M phase were
      observed. Tested herbicide caused a significant lowering in the mitotic activity
      and accumulation of metaphase cells.

PMID- 1819538
TI  - Cosmetic dentistry in the nineties.

PMID- 1819539
TI  - Compliance with maintenance therapy after periodontal treatment.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance with a post
      treatment maintenance programme and to establish whether compliance could be
      related to the clinical assessment parameters before treatment or at the end of
      the initial phase of treatment. The study was carried out on 231 individuals who
      had been referred for periodontal therapy. Initial and post treatment plaque and
      gingivitis levels and pocket depth measurements were evaluated, in order to
      establish if postoperative compliance could be related to any of the pretreatment
      clinical parameters, or the changes which took place in these parameters as a
      result of treatment. It was found that more females tended to comply with the
      prescribed maintenance programme. Highly significant differences in the clinical
      parameters were noted for the compliant and non-compliant groups before treatment
      and at the end of the initial phase of treatment. 42% of individuals did not
      comply with the prescribed maintenance treatment. It is concluded that the degree
      of postoperative compliance with maintenance therapy is unrelated to the clinical
      parameters evaluated. The clinician must therefore recognise that a large
      percentage of individuals may not comply with the postoperative maintenance
      programme, although it is not possible to anticipate which individuals are less
      likely to be compliant from assessment of the clinical assessment parameters
      routinely used in clinical practice.

PMID- 1819540
TI  - [Breast cancer in clinical stage III. Multidisciplinary treatment].
AB  - The results of treatments applied to 142 patients with breast carcinoma stage
      III, in the Oncology Service from 1965 to 1974 are as follows: successive cycles
      of treatments were applied: irradiation with X-rays of 280 Kv-20 mA for ulcerated
      tumors or Cobalt 60 for non-ulcerated tumors, using a dose of 5,500 rad in eight
      weeks. Subsequently, in cases of residual neoplasia, mastectomy was used or an
      extra dose of 1,500 to 3,000 rad. Later, at the first sign of the spread of
      carcinoma, hormonal therapy was given and then chemotherapy. Survival rate after
      five years was as follows: 41.54% of patients survived and 58.45% died from the
      cancer.

PMID- 1819541
TI  - [Hormonal requirements for blastocyst implantation].
AB  - In the early stages of pregnancy, embryo development and preparation of the
      endometrium must be synchronized in a very precise manner, in order to let
      blastocyst establishment. This state results from the interactions of steroid
      hormones, progesterone and/or estrogens. The hormonal requirements for embryo
      implantation vary considerably among different mammals. Systemic progesterone
      intervention is common to the various species; however, the requirement for
      ovarian estrogen seems not to be. In this paper, certain new aspects of the
      hormonal requirements for blastocyst implantation are reviewed.

PMID- 1819542
TI  - [An alternative to perinatal care: traditional midwives in the state of Morelos].
AB  - In Morelos, it is estimated that about 40 percent of the births are attended by
      traditional birth attendants or parteras. This indicates a considerable
      contribution made by these health care workers. The objective of this study is to
      present a profile of the parteras in the state of Morelos: their concepts,
      resources, practices, age groups, geographic concentration, and the degree of
      training they possess. At the National Institute of Public Health (INSP), a
      census was created from three sources: data on the rural areas obtained by
      researchers at INSP; censuses of the parteras made by the Secretary of Health;
      and those made by the Mexican Social Security System. The total number of
      parteras found was six hundred and thirty. They are distributed in 33
      municipalities throughout the state with the majority lying in the border zones
      of the urban centers. Most of the parteras are between the ages of 51 and 70
      years, however, there exists a small number who are less than 30 years old.
      Approximately 60 percent knew how to read and write, and half had received
      training on health services. Besides this information and other studies based on
      this theme, the parteras have been classified as traditional, trained, and
      untrained. Due to secondary sources, the data has inevitable limitations in
      quality. However, the integration of the three sources of information and its
      relation to qualitative variables constitutes the beginning point for elaboration
      on plans and programs with this therapeutic sector.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1819543
TI  - [Treatment of fibrocystic breast disease with lisuride].
AB  - To study the efficacy of lisuride in fibrocystic mastopathy, we conducted a
      clinical trial in 23 out patients, aged 19-50 years, randomly recruited from the
      gynecological service of the ISSSTE, Dr. Dario Fernandez Fierro. Hospital. The
      only exclusion criteria was having received previous treatment. The patients
      clinical history was recorded. Physical examination, hormone profile (FSH, LH,
      prolactin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone) and ultrasound exam of the
      mammae at baseline were performed in all patients, as well as, mammography in
      patients older than 40 years or those requiring so. Treatment was started with
      1/2 tablet of lisuride (0.1 mg)/8 hours, preferably with meals, for 3 months. At
      the end of therapy, hormone profile, ultrasound of the mammae and physical
      examination were repeated for control purposes. We obtained the following
      results; fibrocystic mastopathy was most frequent in women aged 20-29 years, mean
      age 31 years symptoms disappeared in 36.9% and were reduced notably in 63.1%, of
      cases. Grade O ultrasound lesions disappeared in 100% of patients and grade I and
      II lesions improved. On physical examination all patients showed improvement;
      estrogen values were reduced and progesterone incremented. The prolactin level
      were normal at baseline, as well as by the end of treatment. One patient suffered
      severe side effects which required interruption of treatment; 4 patients
      experimenting light side effects were able to continue therapy and in the
      remaining 18 patients, no adverse reactions were observed.

PMID- 1819544
TI  - [Hyperprolactinemia. Study of a current topic].
AB  - This recapitulative study presents an integral synthesis of this important
      subject which during the last years has become more important, particularly
      regarding drugs for its control, since the studies of Chiari Fromel until now.
      The idea is to present a didactic contribution for the gyneco-obstetrician which
      will become more important and useful in the treatment of patients with this
      problem.

PMID- 1819545
TI  - Constitutional delay of growth and puberty: do they really reach their target
      height?
AB  - We compared the final adult height (FH) of patients with classic constitutional
      delay of growth and puberty with their target height (TH) and with the height
      prediction by the Bayley-Pinneau method (BP). 20 patients and their parents were
      included in our study: 6 females (mean age 19.1 years) and 14 males (mean age
      20.6 years). No significant difference could be detected between TH, FH and BP
      prognosis. This is in contrast to recent studies using height data partly
      obtained by self-estimation. We measured our patients and their parents ourselves
      and were accurately able to calculate their genetically determined TH. This
      proceeding could explain our results. Our study shows that adolescents with true
      constitutional delay do not need treatment and that height prediction seems to be
      accurate.

PMID- 1819546
TI  - Isolated aplasia of the anterior pituitary as a cause of congenital
      panhypopituitarism. Case report.
AB  - We document a male infant with congenital panhypopituitarism as detected at
      birth, in whom the adenohypophysis was totally absent by magnetic resonance
      imaging and all the anterior pituitary hormones were undetectable. His
      neurohypophysis was, by contrast, identified ectopically at the median eminence
      and antidiuretic hormone was appropriately secreted.

PMID- 1819547
TI  - Three-year results of treatment with growth hormone, alone or associated with
      oxandrolone, in girls with Turner syndrome. The Kabi Collaborative Study Group.
AB  - 22 girls with Turner syndrome aged 10.8 +/- 2.4 years with bone age 8.58 +/- 1.32
      years, randomized in two groups, were treated for 3 years with either growth
      hormone (GH), 0.1 U/kg daily (group A), or GH, 0.1 U/kg, plus oxandrolone, 0.06
      mg/kg (group B). This resulted in a sharp increase in growth rate for the first
      year of treatment, followed in the second and third years by a growth rate near
      to the normal mean for age. The growth velocity was better in group B, the
      difference being significant during the first year only. After 3 years, the
      predicted adult height had increased by 2.1 cm as a mean in group A and by 4.5 cm
      in group B, with important individual variations, resulting in a gain of at least
      3 cm in 3/10 patients of group A and 9/12 of group B. No metabolic or other side
      effects occurred. These 3-year data confirm that GH improves the predictable
      height in Turner girls. They suggest that it may be useful for at least 3 years
      and that adding a small dose of oxandrolone for 2 years in girls aged more than 8
      years could be of good practice. However, earlier and more protracted treatment
      with GH has to be studied with the hope to better improve the predictable adult
      height.

PMID- 1819548
TI  - Plasma estriol levels after intramuscular injection of estriol and two of its
      esters.
AB  - Twelve female volunteers from Berlin and 9 from Stockholm, all using a
      contraceptive pill (30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 150 micrograms
      levonorgestrel), received an intramuscular injection of estriol (E3; 1 mg in oil)
      on day 5 of withdrawal bleeding. Blood samples were collected at increasing time
      intervals during 4 weeks. Three months later, on day 5 of their withdrawal
      bleeding, 6 women were given intramuscularly (in oil) estriol 3,17-dipropionate
      (E3-prop) and 15 women estriol 3,17-dihexanoate (E3-hex). The doses were
      equivalent to 5 mg of estriol, i.e. 6.94 and 8.90 mg, respectively. Blood samples
      were collected during a period of 9 weeks. Estriol was analyzed by
      radioimmunoassay in all plasma samples. The average half-life of E3 ranged from
      1.5 to 5.3 h after the administration of E3. It was 12.7 h and between 187 and
      221 h after the administration of E3-prop and E3-hex, respectively. The average
      areas under the curve (in nmol.l-1.h) of E3 were between 82.5 and 161 after the
      administration of E3-prop or E3-hex, and between 27.1 and 37.9 when E3 had been
      given. As E3 was administered in a 5-fold lower dose than the esters, the areas
      under curve appeared to be comparable. Thus, the total exposure to E3 seemed to
      be almost independent of the type of E3 derivatization, while the time and
      intensity of exposure were very different.

PMID- 1819549
TI  - Metoclopramide increases plasma but not cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin levels in
      man: study in hydrocephalic patients.
AB  - Arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were determined in plasma and in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 8 adult male patients suffering from hydrocephalus
      of various etiologies, before and after intravenous administration of 10 mg
      metoclopramide. Metoclopramide was able to increase the plasma (2.6 +/- 0.2 ng/l
      in basal conditions and 6.1 +/- 0.6 ng/l at 30 min) but not the CSF AVP levels.
      The results suggest that the neurons which secrete AVP into the CSF may be
      functionally different from those secreting into the peripheral circulation.

PMID- 1819550
TI  - Androgen synthesis in human fetal testis exposed in utero to a combination of
      norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol.
AB  - The effect of norethindrone acetate (NET-Ac) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on the 3
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-delta5-isomerase complex of the human
      fetal testis was studied by administration of 20 mg NET-Ac and 0.04 mg EE2 p.o on
      a single day to 4 women, pregnant 10-16 weeks, before abortion was induced, the
      other 4 patients serving as controls. Testosterone and androstenedione formation
      from radioactive dehydroepiandrosterone was measured in 8 fetuses by incubation
      of testicular tissue in vitro. The presence of normal feta Leydig cells was
      confirmed by electron microscopy. There was no difference between the enzyme
      activities of testicles in the experimental and control groups. The findins give
      values of 3 beta-HSD-isomerase activity in human fetal testis and suggest that
      the steroidogenic function of the fetal testis exposed for a short time to
      normally used contraceptive steroids remains at the same magnitude.

PMID- 1819551
TI  - Interleukin-6 stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion from rat
      hypothalamic cells.
AB  - There are reports that both interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulate
      the release of adrenocorticotropin through stimulation of hypothalamic
      corticotropin-releasing factor. We established a primary culture system for
      hypothalamic neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and examined
      whether IL-6 stimulated their GnRH secretion. We demonstrated
      immunohistochemically that some of these neurons contained GnRH-like
      immunoreactivity. In primary cultures of these GnRH neurons, we found that the
      calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated GnRH secretion in a dose- and time-dependent
      manner. These hypothalamic cells secreted IL-6 spontaneously, producing about 10
      ng/l in 24 h, and their IL-6 secretion was significantly stimulated by E2 at 10(
      9)-10(-8) mol/l. This stimulatory effect was observed within 3 h. IL-6 also
      stimulated the release of GnRH in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and these
      effects of IL-6 were significantly blocked by anti-IL-6 antiserum. These results
      suggest that the central action of IL-6 on the GnRH neurons may be an important
      physiological event in the hypothalamus.

PMID- 1819552
TI  - A century of excellence.

PMID- 1819553
TI  - 50 years of dental economics and still going strong.

PMID- 1819554
TI  - Possible action of intracerebroventricular thyrotropin on Brobeck's hypothesis.
AB  - The effect of ICV administered TSH on Brobeck's thermostatic hypothesis was
      evaluated by recording chronological changes in electrical activity of precise
      loci (POA, VMN and CO) coupled by rectal temperature changes in dogs. The study
      revealed 1. TSH action on thermoregulation is biphasic in nature. 2. This action
      of TSH is not an independent act but depends on the reaction of satiety centre.

PMID- 1819556
TI  - National child health policies: the need to redefine and ensure implementation in
      this decade.

PMID- 1819555
TI  - Seroprevalence of HIV antibodies, Australia antigen and VDRL reactivity in
      Himachal Pradesh.
AB  - 3000 subjects from four high risk groups--patients attending STD clinics,
      hospital personnel, blood donors and foreign nationals were screened for the
      presence of HIV antibodies HBsAg and VDRL reactivity. No evidence of HIV
      infection was found in Himachiali population. However, there of the 150 foreign
      nationals screened were found positive for HIV antibodies. Overall HBsAg
      positivity and VDRL reactivity was found to be 5.53 per cent and 9.07 per cent
      respectively. The importance of circumspected and unswerving machinery for the
      surveillance of HIV antibodies in the high risk population of the state is
      emphasised.

PMID- 1819557
TI  - Women's health and fetal outcome.

PMID- 1819559
TI  - Perspectives in child health in India.

PMID- 1819558
TI  - Maternal mortality in India: current status and strategies for reduction.

PMID- 1819560
TI  - Secular trends in infant and perinatal mortality in India--implications for child
      survival.

PMID- 1819561
TI  - National family welfare programme in India: an overview.

PMID- 1819562
TI  - ICDS scheme: a programme for development of mother and child health.

PMID- 1819563
TI  - Current status of neonatal care and alternate strategies for reduction of
      neonatal mortality in the decade of nineties.

PMID- 1819564
TI  - Strategy for child survival.

PMID- 1819565
TI  - Integrated maternal and child health and family planning.

PMID- 1819566
TI  - Alternative approaches for delivery of family planning, maternal and child health
      services.

PMID- 1819567
TI  - Alternative approaches for delivery of family planning, maternal and child health
      services.

PMID- 1819568
TI  - ICMR's multicentre study on comprehensive MCH care.

PMID- 1819569
TI  - ICMR Task Force National Collaborative Study on Identification of High Risk
      Families, Mothers and Outcome of their Off-springs with particular reference to
      the problem of maternal nutrition, low birth weight, perinatal and infant
      morbidity and mortality in rural and urban slum communities. Summary, conclusions
      and recommendations.

PMID- 1819570
TI  - IAP-IPA-WHO-UNICEF workshop on strategies and approaches for women's health,
      child health and family planning for the decade of nineties. 22nd-23rd January
      1991 Hyderabad.

PMID- 1819571
TI  - Stressful family life events and nonspecific somatic complaints in school
      children.
AB  - The relationship between stressful family life events and somatic complaints in
      477 school children was studied. There was a significant association between life
      events and somatic complaints, with a general trend for somatic complaints to
      increase in almost direct proportion to the number of family life events. Overall
      occurrence of these nonspecific symptoms was more in girls. The somatic
      complaints were significantly more in children from nuclear families and of
      illiterate or poorly educated mothers. No significant association was observed
      between somatic complaints and number of children in the family or socio-economic
      status. Assessment of psychodevelopmental tasks and family environment during
      routine check up of children by the school health teams and their appropriate
      training in this field should be stressed upon.

PMID- 1819572
TI  - Spectrum of psychiatric symptomatology in children in high and low socio-economic
      groups in Ludhiana.
AB  - A door to door survey was conducted to study the spectrum of psychiatric
      symptomatology in children aged 1-12 years belonging to high and low socio
      economic groups. One hundred families in each group were studied. Symptom
      prevalence rate was comparable in the two groups, i.e., 479/1000 in the high
      socio-economic (HSE) group and 487/1000 in the low socio-economic (LSE) group.
      However, there were significant differences in the spectrum of symptomatology.
      Symptoms like quarrelsomeness, disobedience, abusive language, stealing, truancy,
      pica, school refusal, enuresis, mental subnormality and poor scholastic
      performance were significantly more in the LSE group. In the HSE group, symptoms
      like nail biting, food refusal, food fads and temper tantrums were significantly
      more.

PMID- 1819573
TI  - The dying child and overt parental behavior.
AB  - In order to study the immediate grief reaction in parents of children dying in
      the hospital each parental reaction was scored on a 'grief reaction and
      intervention' (GRI) scale (minimum 0; maximum 4). The death events of 73 children
      comprised the study. The GRI score was 0 in 10 (13.7%), 1 in 19 (26.1%), 2 in 21
      (28.7%), 3 in 15 (20.5%) and 4 in 8 (11%) cases; the mean (+/- SD) score was 1.89
      (+/- 1.20). Crying, weeping spells, hostility, restlessness, denial of death,
      mutism, impulsivity and destructive behavior were observed. A significantly
      higher grief reaction was observed among parents of grown up children and those
      from an urban background. An intense reaction was also seen in cases when the
      course of illness was acute and death was not anticipated. Parents of male
      children of the first and second birth order also had higher GRI scores. Our
      findings suggest that socio-cultural factors may influence the intensity of the
      parental grief reaction.

PMID- 1819574
TI  - Epidemiology of streptococcal infection with reference to rheumatic fever.
AB  - Antistreptolysin antibodies were estimated in 787 normal children and young
      adults by latex test. This test detects titres of 200 IU/ml and above, which is
      the western cut off point, for diagnosis. Children below one year showed no
      antibodies. Unlike western studies where no antibodies are detected below the age
      of 3 years, our study revealed that 7.9% children between 1-3 years had
      significantly elevated antibodies. This epidemiological pattern is well reflected
      in the different clinical profile of younger children developing rheumatic heart
      disease in our country. Antibodies progressively increased with age--11.8% in 4-8
      years group to 15.8% in 9-12 years age group. All these were from the lower socio
      economic group. ASO was positive in 16.7% of young adults from lower socio
      economic status while it was positive only in 9.2% in the upper socio-economic
      status. A total of 522 patients of rheumatic carditis were studied. Only 23.4%
      had no antibodies or less than 200 IU/ml, and 77% were positive (26.9% had
      greater than 400 IU/ml and 49.7% had 200 IU/ml). Throat swab culture and ASO
      antibodies were done simultaneously in 76 outdoor patients, clinically diagnosed
      as acute bacterial pharyngitis. Group A beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated
      in 64% and significant antistreptolysin antibodies were seen in 62%. School
      health records were scanned in more than 50,000 school children. Point prevalence
      of rheumatic heart disease was estimated to be 0.17% in lower and 0.05% in upper
      socio-economic groups. Age and socio-economic factors are important variables in
      epidemiology of streptococcal infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819575
TI  - Child health and care services in China.

PMID- 1819576
TI  - Aicardi syndrome.

PMID- 1819577
TI  - Pattern of pediatric malignancies in Rajasthan.

PMID- 1819578
TI  - Hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 1819579
TI  - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

PMID- 1819580
TI  - Ocular myiasis.

PMID- 1819581
TI  - Lipoid pneumonia in south Indian infants.

PMID- 1819582
TI  - Ciprofloxacin: the current status in pediatric practice.

PMID- 1819583
TI  - Phlyctenular conjunctivitis in kala-azar.

PMID- 1819584
TI  - Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in children.

PMID- 1819585
TI  - Urinary tract infections in children. II. Investigations, treatment and
      prognosis.

PMID- 1819586
TI  - Stereochemistry of peptides containing 1-aminocycloheptane-1-carboxylic acid
      (Ac7c).
AB  - The crystal structures of four peptides incorporating 1-aminocycloheptane-1
      carboxylic acid (Ac7c) are described. Boc-Aib-Ac7c-NHMe and Boc-Pro-Ac7c-Ala-OMe
      adopt beta-turn conformations stabilized by an intramolecular 4----1 hydrogen
      bond, the former folding into a type-I/III beta-turn and the latter into a type
      II beta-turn. In the dipeptide esters, Boc-Aib-Ac7c-OMe and Boc-Pro-Ac7c-OMe, the
      Ac7c and Aib residues adopt helical conformations, while the Pro residue remains
      semi-extended in both the molecules of Boc-Pro-Ac7c-OMe found in the asymmetric
      unit. The cycloheptane ring of Ac7c residues adopts a twist-chair conformation in
      all the peptides studied. 1H-NMR studies in CDCl3 and (CD3)2SO and IR studies in
      CDCl3 suggest that Boc-Aib-Ac7c-NHMe and Boc-Pro-Ac7c-Ala-OMe maintain the beta
      turn conformations in solution.

PMID- 1819587
TI  - Conformational analysis of [Cpp1, Sar7, Arg8] vasopressin by 1H-NMR spectroscopy
      and molecular mechanics calculations.
AB  - A combined 1H-NMR and molecular mechanics study of [Cpp1, Sar7]AVP was performed
      in order to select the most probable conformations in DMSO solutions. The NMR
      constraints obtained were employed in the selection of starting conformations of
      the cyclic moiety of the analog. In particular, the diminished accessibility of
      the Asn5 NH proton to solvent and the close contact between Cpp1 and Cys6 C alpha
      H protons suggests a beta-turn conformation at the Phe3-Gln4 residues. Energy
      minimization was carried out both in the ECEPP/2 (rigid-valence geometry) and in
      the AMBER (flexible-valence geometry) force fields. Comparison of the
      experimental and calculated values of NMR characteristics has revealed that
      conformations containing type I, II, and III beta-turns at the Phe3-Gln4 residues
      are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, with a dynamic
      equilibrium between the beta I (beta III) and beta II type structures of the
      cyclic part being the most probable. All of these conformations prefer the
      negative chirality of the disulfide bridge (theta 3 approximately -90 degrees).
      Five representative conformations were chosen for the acyclic tail: one with a
      beta I, one with a beta II'-turn at the Sar7-Arg8 residues, two extended-type
      conformations, and a conformation with a gamma-turn at Sar7. Because only high
      energy extended conformations were in agreement with NMR data, it was concluded
      that the acyclic tail has considerable conformational flexibility in solution.
      The conformations obtained are discussed in terms of the structure-function
      relationship of the neurohypophyseal hormone analogs.

PMID- 1819588
TI  - Crystal and molecular structure of the dehydropeptide Ac-delta Phe-Val-delta Phe
      NH-Me.
AB  - The dehydropeptide Ac-delta Phe-L-Val-delta Phe-NH-Me, containing two
      dehydrophenylalanine (delta Phe) residues, crystallizes from methanol/water in
      space group P212121, with a = 12.622 (1), b = 12.979 (1), and c = 15.733 (1) A.
      In the solid state, the molecular structure is characterized by the presence of
      two intramolecular hydrogen bonds which form two consecutive beta-bends. The
      (phi, psi) torsion angles of the three residues are very similar and close to the
      standard values of type III beta-bends, so the molecular conformation corresponds
      to an incipient right-handed 3(10)-helix, only slightly distorted. In the
      crystal, the molecules are linked by head-to-tail hydrogen bonds, thus forming
      continuous helical columns packed in antiparallel mode. There are no lateral
      hydrogen bonds; the only interactions are hydrophobic contacts between the apolar
      side chains of neighboring helical columns.

PMID- 1819590
TI  - Application of 2-chlorotrityl resin in solid phase synthesis of (Leu15)-gastrin I
      and unsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide. Selective O-deprotection of tyrosine.
AB  - The carboxyl terminal dipeptide amide, Fmoc-Asp-Phe-NH2, of gastrin and
      cholecystokinin (CCK) has been attached in high yield through its free side chain
      carboxyl group to the acid labile 2-chlorotrityl resin. The obtained peptide
      resin ester has been applied in the solid phase synthesis of partially protected
      (Leu15)-gastrin I utilising Fmoc-amino acids. Quantitative cleavage of this
      peptide from resin, with the t-butyl type side chain protection intact is
      achieved using mixtures of acetic acid/trifluoroethanol/dichloromethane. Under
      the same conditions complete detritylation of the tyrosine phenoxy function
      occurs simultaneously. Thus, the solid-phase synthesis of peptides selectively
      deprotected at the side chain of tyrosine is rendered possible by the use of 2
      chlorotrityl resin and Fmoc-Tyr(Trt)-OH. The efficiency of this approach has been
      proved by the subsequent high-yield synthesis of three model peptides and the CCK
      octapeptide.

PMID- 1819589
TI  - Synthesis of N alpha-Fmoc protected derivatives of S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)
      cysteine and their application in peptide synthesis.
AB  - Acylated derivatives of S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine (S-glycerylcysteine)
      form the N-terminus of structural and functional proteins of bacterial origin.
      Synthetic lipopeptides containing tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine are derived
      from bacterial lipoprotein and constitute potent immunoadjuvants activating both
      B-lymphocytes and macrophages. There is increasingly interest in conjugates
      consisting of tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine linked to appropriate viral and
      bacterial antigens, because of their capability of inducing antigen specific
      antibodies and T-helper and T-killer cell specific immune responses. A new
      convenient synthetic pathway for the preparation of these tripalmitoyl-S
      glycerylcysteinyl peptides is described. The use of N alpha-Fmoc-protected S-(2,3
      dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine and its O,O'-bis acylated derivatives for the synthesis
      of triacyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl, O,O'-bis-acyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl and S
      glycerylcysteinyl peptides of high diastereomeric purity by solid phase peptide
      synthesis or synthesis in solution is demonstrated.

PMID- 1819591
TI  - Crystal and molecular structure of L-valyl-L-lysine hydrochloride.
AB  - L-Valyl-L-lysine hydrochloride, C11N3O3H23 HCl, crystallizes in the monoclinic
      space group P2(1) with a = 5.438(5), b = 14.188(5), c = 9.521(5) A, beta =
      95.38(2) degrees and Z = 2. The crystal structure, solved by direct methods,
      refined to R = 0.036, using full matrix least-squares method. The peptide exists
      in a zwitterionic form, with the N atom of the lysine side-chain protonated. The
      two gamma-carbons of the valine side-chain have positional disorder, giving rise
      to two conformations, chi 1(11) = -67.3 and 65.9 degrees, one of which (65.9
      degrees) is sterically less favourable and has been found to be less popular
      amongst residues branching at beta-C. The lysine side-chain has the geometry of g
      tgt, not seen in crystal structures of the dipeptides reported so far.
      Interestingly, chi 2(3) (63.6 degrees) of lysine side-chain has a gauche+
      conformation unlike in most of the other structures, where it is trans. The
      neighbouring peptide molecules are hydrogen bonded in a head-to-tail fashion, a
      rather uncommon interaction in lysine peptide structures. The structure shows
      considerable similarity with that of L-Lys-L-Val HCl in conformational angles and
      H-bond interactions [4].

PMID- 1819592
TI  - Studies on asymmetric induction associated with the coupling of N-acylamino acids
      and N-benzyloxycarbonyldipeptides.
AB  - The asymmetric induction occurring during aminolysis by an amino acid benzyl
      ester of the 5(4H)-oxazolones obtained from N-acyl-DL-valine for acyl = formyl,
      acetyl, benzoyl, trifluoroacetyl and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Xaa where Xaa = Gly, Ala
      and Leu in dichloromethane and dimethylformamide at +5 degrees and -5 degrees was
      determined by analysis of the epimeric products by high-performance liquid
      chromatography after removal of protecting groups by hydrogenolysis. The
      influence of the side-chain of the activated residue on induction was assessed by
      examining aminolysis of the 5(4H)-oxazolones from N-benzyloxycarbonyl glycyl-Xaa
      OH for Xaa = Ala, Leu, Val, and Phe. The contribution of induction to the
      epimeric content of products obtained from couplings mediated by N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence and absence of l-hydroxybenzotriazole,
      and by the mixed-anhydride method, were calculated. The induction was affected at
      varying levels by the nature of the N-acyl group, the side-chain of Xaa, the
      nature of the aminolyzing nucleophile, the nature of the solvent, and the
      temperature, with diastereomeric excesses reaching -32 and +53. The influence of
      the side-chain of Xaa on the induction was different in the two solvents. For the
      N-acyl series, the epimeric content of products did not always correctly reflect
      the relative tendencies of the derivatives to racemize. The order for epimeric
      content of the products also depended on the method of coupling.

PMID- 1819593
TI  - Solid phase peptide synthesis of human endothelin precursor peptides using two
      step hard acid deprotection/cleavage methods.
AB  - Syntheses are described for the putative human and porcine biosynthetic
      precursors (hET-38 and pET-39) of endothelin, with the sequence previously
      deduced from human- and porcine-cDNA coding for preproendothelin. The Boc based
      solid phase synthetic method was applied, followed by weak hard acid,
      trimethylsilyl bromide, cleavage. The peptide removal from the resin was
      optimally accomplished with hydrogen fluoride. Disulfide bridges were formed by
      air-oxidation, and the linkage modes determined by enzymic (Endoproteinase Asp-N)
      digestion and HPLC. Five additional C-terminally elongated endothelin homologs
      were also synthesized. For alternative synthesis of pET-39, the use of
      trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate for the removal of peptide from the
      resin generated a major side product, which was characterized. hET-38 was found
      to be less effective in vitro, when compared to endothelin. The vasoconstrictor
      activity in vitro of other related peptides was comparable to that of hET-38.

PMID- 1819595
TI  - Evidence for a beta-turn in an azadipeptide sequence. Synthesis and crystal
      structure of ButCO-Pro-AzaAla-NHPri.

PMID- 1819594
TI  - Formation of a dehydroalanyl residue from S-benzylcysteine upon HF cleavage of a
      [Sar1, Cys8]-angiotensin II peptide resin.

PMID- 1819597
TI  - The CDA sub-council on young dentists--a historical perspective.

PMID- 1819596
TI  - Radiolucent entity of the maxilla.

PMID- 1819598
TI  - Identifying legal pitfalls for the young dentist.

PMID- 1819599
TI  - An improved record base for the maxillary denture-mandibular dental implant
      patient.

PMID- 1819601
TI  - The Haitian Health Foundation: a charitable outreach to neighbors in need.

PMID- 1819600
TI  - The unmet dental needs of some preschool children: dental caries patterns and
      treatment in Connecticut Head Start children: preliminary results.

PMID- 1819602
TI  - Atypical odontalgia: a cause for dental failure.

PMID- 1819604
TI  - [Topographical and spatial anatomy of the mandibular alveolar nerve].
AB  - After reviewing the origin and the anatomical path of the mandibular alveolar
      nerve, the author describes the study techniques used on dry bone: serial frontal
      sections laid out sagittaly; catheterism prior to standard radiographs; and,
      fenestration of the external osseous wall. These techniques demonstrate the
      precise topographical and spatial anatomy of this branch of the trigeminal nerve
      (V3).

PMID- 1819603
TI  - [Electrical dental anesthesia (EDA), an alternative to local anesthesia?].
AB  - Electrical dental anesthesia has recently been suggested as an alternative to
      local anesthetics for the control of pain related to certain dental acts. This
      article updates the evidence which supports the efficiency, indications and
      contra-indications of such a procedure. Although this technique has certain
      advantages, its use is limited by: 1) how cooperative the patient may be; 2) the
      time required to explain the procedure to the patient and that which is required
      to produce the needed clinical effect; and, 3) how efficient it may be relative
      to the patient in question and the dental treatment rendered.

PMID- 1819605
TI  - [AIDS paranoia].

PMID- 1819606
TI  - [Physical child abuse in Quebec. What is the role of the dentist?].
AB  - The role that the dentist can play in screening for physically abused children is
      often underestimated. The importance of his young clientele and the fact that the
      oro-facial area is a primary site associated with child abuse, allows the dentist
      to intervene in these matters. This article gives a Quebec perspective of the
      situation. The main points in the Youth Protection Act are discussed and local
      statistics confirm the extent of the problem. The importance of a proper
      examination to assist in screening such cases and protocol on what procedures to
      follow is suggested.

PMID- 1819607
TI  - [Oncology and its applications. 1. Basic principles of oncology].
AB  - This article briefly describes the fundamental principles associated with the
      development of cancerous cells in man. The manner in which these neoplastic cells
      appear and spread are discussed. A better understanding of these phenomena will
      allow the practitioner to realize the importance and necessity of a systematic
      evaluation of all patients.

PMID- 1819608
TI  - [Oncology and its applications. 2. Trends in oral oncology research].
AB  - This second article deals with the application of basic oncology principles which
      are described in relation to present research trends in oral oncology. The
      importance of the immunological aspects relative to detection and treatment in
      conjunction with a better understanding of the risk factors involved are
      hallmarks of this recent research.

PMID- 1819609
TI  - [New technology: evaluation of thermic treatment in 91].
AB  - The application of thermal treatment in medicine has truly developed during the
      last decade. Whether it be laser therapy or, more recently plasma therapy,
      clinicians are regularly using these treatments in their everyday practice. They
      truly appreciate the advantages relative to the precision of the surgical
      procedure, the absence of bleeding and the ability to preserve the integrity of
      the surrounding tissues. patient appreciate the comfort associated with the
      interventions, without practically any post-operative pain and complications. In
      the field of odontology, several million procedures are rendered each year with
      these systems which, among many other advantages, do preserve the vitality of the
      dentino-pulpal area. This article deals with the technology and indications for
      its therapeutic use today.

PMID- 1819610
TI  - Dental research and the role of the Health Research Board.

PMID- 1819611
TI  - The identification of periodontal attachment loss from clinical measurements.
AB  - Clinical readings of pocket depth and loss of periodontal attachment were
      recorded on the approximal sites of 21 teeth scheduled for extraction.
      Corresponding laboratory measurements of pocket depth and loss of periodontal
      attachment were made on the teeth after extraction. Clinical measurements were
      within 1mm of their corresponding laboratory values on 95% of occasions. Clinical
      readings of loss of periodontal attachment of 0 or 1mm showed poor agreement with
      corresponding laboratory measurements. It was concluded that the presence of loss
      of periodontal attachment can only be reliably identified where a clinical
      reading of 2mm or greater is recorded.

PMID- 1819612
TI  - Medical status of patients attending a primary care dental practice in Ireland.
AB  - Medical status of 1,500 patients attending a primary health care dental practice
      was examined by means of patient self-completed health questionnaire and by
      structured verbal interview by a dentist. Relevant medical histories and/or drug
      therapies affecting the practices of dentistry were found in 27.7% of patients.
      Problems identified included cardiovascular disease (10.4%), endocarditis risks
      (5.8%), hepatitis (7.9%), leukaemias (0.3%), bleeding tendencies (3%), drug
      allergies (7.0%), including penicillin allergy (3.6%) and intake of drugs
      affecting dentistry (6.0%). For most of these categories there was a marked
      increase in prevalence with increasing age and many categories contained many
      more women than could be expected from the male/female distribution of the total
      patient group.

PMID- 1819613
TI  - Shade selection for porcelain restorations.
AB  - This short paper describes the fundamental qualities of colour, applies these to
      the difficulties of choosing the correct shades for porcelain restorations and
      suggests a practical procedure for achieving a satisfactory shade match.

PMID- 1819615
TI  - Beta-lactamase induction antagonizes beta-lactam susceptibilities in Citrobacter
      diversus and Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates.
AB  - Inducible beta-lactamases were obtained after exposure to several beta-lactams in
      clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter diversus. Enzyme
      production was related to the inducer and medium composition. beta-lactamase is
      able to inactivate only labile compounds, thus generating minimum inhibitory
      concentrations higher than in the absence of the inducer; imipenem
      susceptibilities usually were not changed.

PMID- 1819614
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of Ro 41-1879, a new catechol cephalosporin.
AB  - The antimicrobial activity and spectrum of Ro 41-1879, a new 7'-catechol
      substituted cephalosporin, was assessed in a broth microdilution system against
      312 clinical isolates. Ro 41-1879 demonstrated a slightly superior spectrum of
      activity (2- to 32-fold) compared to ceftazidime against Gram-positive cocci,
      Pseudomonas spp. and Xanthomonas maltophilia. Enterobacteriaceae strains were
      more susceptible (97% versus 96%) to ceftazidime at less than or equal to 16
      micrograms/ml. These results represent a preliminary potency/spectrum analysis
      for Ro 41-1879 since the screening studies were performed with an in vitro system
      unlikely to detect the potency contributed by active drug transport (tonB system)
      into bacterial cells. This new class of cephalosporins shows some therapeutic
      promise.

PMID- 1819616
TI  - Efficiency and suitability of the penicillin-phenol red acidometric test for
      detection of beta-lactamase production in staphylococci.
AB  - The penicillin-phenol red acidometric test was found to be highly efficient and
      suitable for the detection of beta-lactamase production in staphylococci. The
      author presents his modification of the procedure and discusses its advantages.
      He recommends that all staphylococcal strains be tested for beta-lactamase
      production on the day of isolation.

PMID- 1819617
TI  - New epidemiological data on resistance to netilmicin and other aminoglycosides.
AB  - In previous investigations we considered the increasing resistance of Gram
      negative organisms to aminoglycosides over time. We therefore performed further
      studies to evaluate eventual variations in the incidence of bacterial resistance
      to aminoglycosides over the last four years. We tested Gram-negative
      microorganisms recently isolated from pathological materials of various clinical
      origins with gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and netilmicin. Our data show
      evidence that there was no significant increasing resistance to aminoglycosides,
      and that netilmicin continues to be active as an anti-Gram-negative antibiotic.

PMID- 1819618
TI  - Indirect transfer of resistance to imipenem in a strain of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Determinants of resistance of imipenem can be, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains
      resistant to this drug, transferred by transduction with wild-type phages as well
      as mobilized for conjugal transfer, as demonstrated by the indirect selection
      procedure. Exconjugants obtained in the latter type of experiments do not
      transfer imipenem resistance determinant to further recipient strains(s) by
      conjugation. Mobilized imipenem resistance is of non-hydrolytic character and its
      biochemical mechanism is unknown at present.

PMID- 1819619
TI  - Comparison of the efficacy of three different treatments with imipenem versus the
      classical clindamycin plus tobramycin in experimental peritonitis.
AB  - This study compares the efficacy of three different treatment modalities of
      imipenem/cilastatin and the conventional clindamycin plus tobramycin in an
      experimental model of intra-abdominal sepsis. 145 Wistar rats were used. 40
      served as control and 105 as study groups. A capsule with 0.5 ml of inoculum was
      surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity. The inoculum was prepared from
      human feces of healthy volunteers, with a composition of E. coli 10(6), E.
      faecalis 10(6), B. fragilis, Clostridium sp 10(5) to 10(6) and anaerobic
      streptococci 10(5) to 10(6). Eighty animals were treated with imipenem/cilastatin
      and divided in 3 subgroups: "short pretreatment"--29 animals treated 1 hour prior
      to surgery and 3 days after; "short"--26 animals starting treatment 2 hours post
      surgery and continuing it for 3 days; and "long"--25 animals treated for 10 days,
      starting 2 hours post-surgery. 25 animals received clindamycin plus tobramycin
      for 10 days. Mortality and the presence of visceral and peritoneal abscesses were
      the endpoints of the study. The control group had 100% mortality. There were no
      statistically significant differences among the treated groups although lower
      mortality was obtained with "short pretreatment" and "long" treatment with
      imipenem. The presence of abscesses were statistically significant between the
      imipenem and the combination group. In the imipenem groups, the "short
      pretreatment" and the long treatment had fewer abscesses than the short one. We
      conclude that imipenem may be a good alternative monotherapy to conventional
      therapy with clindamycin plus tobramycin. The "short pretreatment" seemed as good
      as the long one and better than the short treatment.

PMID- 1819620
TI  - Single dose imipenem-cilastatin compared with three doses of cefuroxime and
      metronidazole as prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery: a prospective
      randomized study.
AB  - A prospective randomized study was performed with 61 patients undergoing elective
      surgery for colorectal cancer, to evaluate the prophylactic effect of two
      different parenteral antibiotic regimens. All patients were randomly allocated
      into two groups, comparable in age, sex, nutritional status and operative
      procedures. The patients in Group A (n. 31) received 1 g i.v. of imipenem
      cilastatin at induction of anesthesia. Patients in Group B (n. 30) were given
      cefuroxime (1.5 g i.v.) plus metronidazole (0.5 g i.v.) at the time of anesthesia
      and two other administrations of the combined antibiotics (cefuroxime 0.75 g plus
      metronidazole 0.5 g i.v.) every 8 hours. The severity of sepsis was evaluated
      according to the scoring system proposed by Elebute and Stoner. No significant
      differences were found in terms of the rate of surgical infections: 9% in Group A
      and 16% in Group B. Infections not of surgical origin were found only in Group B
      (10.4%). These data suggest that a single dose of intravenous imipenem-cilastatin
      appears to be as effective as three doses of cefuroxime and metronidazole as
      prophylaxis against infection in elective colorectal surgery.

PMID- 1819621
TI  - A comparative study on aztreonam, ceftazidime and amikacin in the treatment of
      complicated urinary tract infections.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized trial, aztreonam (1 g intravenously or
      intramuscularly, twice daily) was compared with ceftazidime (1 g intravenously or
      intramuscularly, twice daily) and amikacin (500 mg intravenously or
      intramuscularly, twice daily) in 76 patients aged 24 to 84 years (mean, 59.7
      years) with complicated urinary tract infections. Initial pathogens included
      Escherichia coli (47.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.5%), Klebsiella spp. (9%),
      Proteus spp. (7.5%) and Enterobacter spp (6%). In four patients initial urine
      cultures yielded more than one organism. All pathogens were sensitive to the
      three study drugs. Including performance of 4- to 6-week follow-up cultures,
      eradication of the pathogens occurred in 72% of patients treated with aztreonam,
      in 74% of those treated with ceftazidime and in 71% treated with amikacin (p
      greater than 0.05). Clinical success was observed in 84% of patients treated with
      aztreonam, in 82% of those treated with ceftazidime and in 85% treated with
      amikacin (p greater than 0.05). All drugs were well tolerated. It is concluded
      that aztreonam, ceftazidime and amikacin are equally effective and safe for the
      treatment of complicated urinary tract infections due to susceptible organisms.

PMID- 1819622
TI  - Tamoxifen and alpha interferon in advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Thirteen pretreated advanced breast cancer patients received a combination of
      alpha interferon 5 million IU every 2 days, subcutaneously, plus tamoxifen 10 mg
      3 times daily, until disease progression. The objective response rate was 15.4%:
      1 patient achieved a complete response, 1 a partial response and 11 demonstrated
      stable disease; half of the patients were receptor negative and/or pretreated
      with hormonotherapy. Durations of response were 16 and 26 months for the CR and
      PR patients respectively; median progression-free survival was 4 months (range 0
      26). Toxicities were registered according to WHO criteria: 4 patients stopped the
      treatment with interferon because of severe flu-like symptoms, while in the
      others the combination was generally accepted with good tolerance.

PMID- 1819623
TI  - Metastatic renal cell cancer treated with recombinant alpha 2a interferon and
      vinblastine.
AB  - 42 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma were treated with a combination
      therapy with interferon alpha 2a (mean dosage 16 x 10(6) U i.m. 3 times/week) and
      vinblastine (0.1 mg/Kg every 21 days). 12 patients (28.5%) had a positive
      response. Of them 1 presented a complete response (2.38%), 5 a partial response
      (11.9%) and 6 a stable disease (14.2%). No significant side effects were observed
      apart from the flu-like syndrome (all patients) and a moderate leukopenia
      (45.2%). The median duration of responses was 10+ months (range 3-37 months). At
      4-year follow-up the median survival time was 16.0 months (range 4-37 months).

PMID- 1819624
TI  - Restoration of immune functions after chemotherapy.
AB  - A paradigmatic case in which anticancer chemotherapy could paradoxically lead to
      immune restoration is reported. A patient with hairy cell leukemia was
      unsuccessfully treated with alpha-interferon. Treatment had to be withdrawn
      because of unusual toxicity and therapy with cytotoxic drugs had to be
      administered. Not only did the anticancer agents produce a complete remission of
      the disease, but the immunological profile of the patient improved. This case
      report raises the problem of the interference of chemotherapy with the immune
      system in cancer patients.

PMID- 1819625
TI  - If you don't believe mercury is safe, should you inform your client/patient?

PMID- 1819626
TI  - Legal considerations for periodontal treatment.

PMID- 1819627
TI  - Ethical considerations for dental hygienists in private practice settings.

PMID- 1819628
TI  - The management of aerosols with airpolishing delivery systems.

PMID- 1819629
TI  - Median nerve dysfunction evaluated during dental hygiene education and practice
      (1986-1989).

PMID- 1819630
TI  - Effect of antibiotics on oral contraceptive efficacy.
AB  - It is estimated that there are currently 10 million women in the United States
      who are taking oral contraceptives on a daily basis. Although the actual number
      is not known, it is also estimated that a large number of these same women are on
      concomitant drug therapy. In recent years, there has been a number of published
      reports linking a loss of contraceptive efficacy with the concurrent
      administration of other drugs, including antibiotics. Because of the common
      practice of prescribing antibiotics in dentistry, oral healthcare providers
      should be aware of the possibility of oral contraceptive failure with antibiotic
      treatment. Since it is often the dental hygienist who interviews patients and
      assists them in completing their health questionnaire, she or he can play an
      important role in educating and counseling these patients in possible drug
      interactions. This article reviews the published incidence of oral
      contraceptive/antibiotic interaction, along with a discussion of the possible
      mechanisms by which this interaction occurs. Recommendations are also presented
      for the oral health management of women taking oral contraceptives and other
      prescribed drugs.

PMID- 1819631
TI  - Effectiveness of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride in reducing dentin
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine, sodium
      fluoride, and sequential rinses of chlorhexidine (Cx) and sodium fluoride (NaF)
      on dentin hypersensitivity. Forty-four adult patients with dentin
      hypersensitivity on three teeth were randomly assigned to receive one of four
      treatment rinses: (1) placebo; (2) 0.12% Cx; (3) 0.2% NaF; or (4) 0.12% Cx plus
      0.2 NaF. Patients' responses to cold stimulation were recorded at baseline, two
      weeks, and four weeks. Pain response was quantified by applying successively
      decreasing temperature intervals of water (20 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 10 degrees
      C, 5 degrees C, and 0 degrees C) to exposed dentin. Plaque Index (Silness and
      Loe) was recorded at baseline only. Data on dentin sensitivity over time were
      analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. This ANOVA was conducted to generate an
      error term for calculation of Dunn's multiple mean comparison test. A Spearman
      rank order test was computed to assess correlation between plaque and
      hypersensitivity at baseline. Results showed the Cx and NaF rinses alone
      significantly reduced hypersensitivity (p less than .01) at four weeks compared
      to baseline. Sequential Cx and NaF rinses significantly decreased sensitivity (p
      less than .01) at both the two- and four-week intervals compared to baseline. At
      the four-week interval, the sequential Cx/NaF rinse group showed a significantly
      greater reduction (p less than .01) in hypersensitivity response when compared to
      placebo. Cx alone, or NaF alone groups. A moderate, positive correlation (r =
      0.55) was demonstrated between plaque and dentin hypersensitivity. This was
      statistically significant at the (p less than .05) level.

PMID- 1819632
TI  - Dental hygiene's role in reducing tobacco use. A literature review and
      recommendations for action.

PMID- 1819633
TI  - If you disagree with the dentist's assessment of the patient's oral health
      status, do you inform the patient?

PMID- 1819634
TI  - Remedial psychomotor methodologies for the adult dyslexic. A pilot study.

PMID- 1819635
TI  - Physical characteristics of the hand and early clinical skills. Their
      relationship in a group of dental hygiene students.
AB  - Twelve hand measurements were made on 45 first-year dental hygiene students
      within one week of their entering a dental hygiene program. Multiple regression
      was performed, using three clinical examinations (use of periodontal probe, use
      of 3-A explorer, and use of Gracey curets) as dependent variables, to assess
      whether or not hand measurements predicted early clinical skill development. None
      of the hand measurements were predictive for the explorer examination. Wrist
      width accounted for 13% of the variance on the probing examination and 24% of the
      variance on the curet examination. Finger span added 16% variance to the
      equation. A total of 40% variance was explained by these measures on the curet
      examination. Results suggest that wrist width and finger span may be important
      predictors of early dental hygiene clinical skill development.

PMID- 1819636
TI  - The ACT as a predictor of success on the National Board Dental Hygiene
      Examination.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive ability of the American
      College Test (ACT) with respect to success (achieving a passing score of 75 or
      higher) on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE). Records of 209
      dental hygiene graduates from the 1975-1984 baccalaureate degree program at the
      Baylor College of Dentistry were used in this retrospective study. Descriptive
      statistics, median (MD), mean, standard deviation, maximum/minimum values, and
      95% confidence intervals were determined for each year for the ACT and NBDHE.
      Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (Pearson r), coefficients of
      determination (r2), t-ratios and p-values were calculated. The ACT scores were
      found to be a weak to moderate predictor of success (75+ passing score) on the
      NBDHE in five of the 11 years investigated.

PMID- 1819637
TI  - Test anxiety. Relationship to academic and clinical performance in dental hygiene
      students.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship of test anxiety, study skills, aptitude,
      and prior GPA to academic and clinical performance in junior and senior dental
      hygiene students. Eighty-nine volunteer subjects completed a test anxiety scale
      (TAS) and an effective study test (EST) at the beginning of the spring semester.
      Prior grade point average (GPA) and dental hygiene candidate aptitude (DHCAT)
      scores were obtained, and the relationships of all variables to spring GPA and
      spring clinic grade were analyzed. TAS showed significant, but weak, inverse
      relationships with prior GPA (r = -.24, p less than .05) and spring GPA (r = 
      .29, p less than .01). Verbal, science, and reading comprehension subscales of
      the DHCAT were significantly and moderately associated with spring GPA. In a
      hierarchical/stepwise regression analysis. TAS did not explain any of the
      variance in academic or clinical performance. Study skills explained 3% of the
      variance in spring GPA and 6% of the variance in spring clinic grade. Prior GPA
      was identified as the strongest predictor of academic performance in the dental
      hygiene program as it explained 44% of the variance in overall spring GPA. None
      of the variables studied emerged as a strong predictor of clinical performance.

PMID- 1819638
TI  - Overdentures. 2: Successful treatment planning and fabrication.

PMID- 1819639
TI  - AIDS: the legal issues.

PMID- 1819641
TI  - In pursuit of the perfect dental practice.

PMID- 1819640
TI  - Asymmetric adult growth and mechanical advantage in the etiology of the
      myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: a case report.

PMID- 1819642
TI  - A dentist's "hidden asset".

PMID- 1819643
TI  - Studies on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids of cattle, pigs and
      birds.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of the intramuscular lipids of cattle, pigs and birds
      were determined relative to breed and feeding regime. The cattle included Yellow
      Cattle, Hereford and Japanese Black; pigs included Wild-boar, Touyuens and
      Yorkshires; the birds were Wild-birds, Jungle-fowl and broilers. The pen fed
      animals such as Japanese Black cattle and Yorkshire pigs had a higher amounts of
      oleic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. On the other hand, wild or
      pasture fed animals such as the Herefords, Wild-boars and Touyuens had higher
      amounts of omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid, icosapentaenoic acid
      and omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Among Wild
      fowl, open-yard fed birds or broilers, there was no difference in fatty acid
      composition. It is suggested the meat of pasture fed or wild fed animals such as
      Herefords, Yellow Cattle and Wild-boar is better for health than meat from pen
      fed animals.

PMID- 1819644
TI  - Investigation of the IgE-binding proteins in soybeans by immunoblotting with the
      sera of the soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis.
AB  - The IgE-binding proteins in soybeans were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fractionated soybean proteins probed
      with the sera of the patients with atopic dermatitis. About 20% of the patients
      examined were shown to have specific IgE antibodies to soybean proteins. At least
      16 soybean proteins with molecular weights ranging from about 70,000 to 14,000
      were recognized by the sera of the patients: 10 major IgE-binding components were
      found in the 7S-globulin fraction, and the others mainly in the 2S-globulin and
      whey fractions. The IgE antibodies of the patients bound most strongly and
      frequently to a unique protein with molecular weight of about 30,000 in the 7S
      globulin fraction, which appeared to be the major allergen in soybeans and was
      named as Gly m Bd 30 K. The proteins in the 11S-globulin fraction were scarcely
      recognized by the patients' sera and assumed to be less allergenic for the
      patients with atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 1819645
TI  - Biotin transport in the rat central nervous system.
AB  - Previous studies in the biotin-deficient rat have shown that brain biotin
      concentrations and the activity of biotin-dependent carboxylases are relatively
      preserved in the face of biotin starvation and systemic biotin deficiency. These
      data suggested the existence of a concentration mechanism for biotin in brain,
      and the present studies were undertaken to further characterize brain biotin
      transport. We presently show that rat cerebrospinal fluid biotin concentrations
      are 2.5 times higher than serum concentrations, consistent with the existence of
      a concentrative mechanism for biotin. Further, we demonstrate uptake of 3H-biotin
      into rat brain from blood at physiologic biotin concentrations, using single pass
      clearance measurements of a brain uptake index. The calculated brain uptake
      indices for biotin, and the inhibition kinetics, are consistent with the possible
      existence of a low affinity mediated uptake mechanism. The results have
      implications for the pathophysiology of human biotin-responsive multiple
      carboxylase deficiency.

PMID- 1819646
TI  - Influence of dietary fish oil on the aortic, myocardial, and renal lesions of
      SHR.
AB  - To examine the effects of menhaden oil on the progressive glomerulosclerosis,
      arteriosclerosis, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and myocardial
      damage, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed Purina rat chow
      supplemented either with 6 g % of menhaden oil or with 6 g % of corn oil. They
      were sacrificed on the 12th and 18th months, and the kidneys, aorta, and heart
      were examined by light microscopy. At sacrifice, body weight, plasma creatinine,
      systolic blood pressure, 24 h' urinary protein output, total plasma cholesterol
      and triglyceride, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and glomerulosclerosis index
      were measured. There was no significant difference between the experimental and
      control groups in the average body weight, plasma creatinine level, systolic
      blood pressure, total 24 h urinary protein output, and glomerular filtration
      rate. Rats with menhaden oil had, however, statistically significant less aortic
      arteriosclerosis, myocardial damage, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels,
      and renal interstitial fibrosis than those with corn oil. The glomerular damage
      of the former as expressed by glomerulosclerosis index was numerically less than
      that of the latter. The data indicated that menhaden oil lessened the
      hypertensive damage to the renal and cardiovascular systems.

PMID- 1819647
TI  - Effect of dietary safflower phospholipid on plasma and liver lipids in rats fed a
      hypercholesterolemic diet.
AB  - The effect of safflower phospholipid (SP) on plasma and liver lipids in rats fed
      a hypercholesterolemic diet was examined. Triglyceride mixture (SPO) of safflower
      oil and palm oil (8:2) containing almost comparable amounts of linoleic acid to
      safflower phospholipid was used as a control diet. Similarly, the effect of paste
      safflower phospholipid (PSP) which contains approximately 45% of neutral lipid
      was also compared to safflower oil (SO). Concentrations of total cholesterol in
      plasma and liver of rats fed the SP diet were markedly decreased in comparison
      with those of the other diets, but a slight reduction of total cholesterol in
      plasma and liver was observed in rats fed PSP diet. SP and PSP induced a
      reduction in the plasma level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as
      well as an increase in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
      The activity of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was greatly
      increased in rats fed SP diet. These results suggest that the safflower
      phospholipids suppress the elevation of plasma and liver cholesterol and that
      this effect may depend on the phospholipid content in dietary lipid.

PMID- 1819649
TI  - Depression of phagocytic activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by methyl
      linoleate hydroperoxides.
AB  - Methyl linoleate hydroperoxides (MLHPO), a model for lipid hydroperoxides,
      decreased fungicidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) for
      fungi of Candida albicans. When PMN was cultured with MLHPO, phagocytosis to
      fungi was depressed. Degree of the depression was dependent on the concentration
      of MLHPO and the treatment time with MLHPO. These findings indicate that
      phagocytic activity of human PMN can be depressed by lipid hydroperoxides.

PMID- 1819648
TI  - Urate oxidase activity and copper content in the liver of macular mutant mouse, a
      model animal for human congenital copper deficiency, Menkes' kinky hair disease.
AB  - The macular mouse is an X-linked recessive inherited mutant and is considered to
      be a model for human congenital copper deficiency, Menkes' kinky hair disease.
      The activity of urate oxidase, which has been believed to be a copper enzyme, and
      copper content in the liver of the mutant mouse were determined. The oxidase
      activity was maintained at normal level even though there was very low level of
      copper present in the liver through days 7 to 14. Copper administration increased
      the copper content in the liver to the normal level, but did not affect the
      oxidase activity.

PMID- 1819650
TI  - Oral squamous cell carcinoma in Indiana.
AB  - Oral cancer is expected to occur in 30,800 individuals in the United States in
      1991. This article describes the clinical features of 549 cases which were
      submitted to the Indiana University School of Dentistry Department of Oral
      Pathology Biopsy Service for the years 1985-1990. Women accounted for 43.8
      percent of the cases, and the average age at detection was 62.7. The tongue and
      floor of the mouth were the sites of origin of 49.6 percent of the cases. The
      duration of the carcinomas was six months or less in 77.4 percent of the cases.
      Symptoms were observed in 73.6 percent of the cases and 66 percent were less than
      2 cm. in size. Nodes were palpable in 21.4 percent of the cases in which it was
      specified. This study supports the observation of an increasing incidence of oral
      cancer in women, as well as in the most common sites of origin, the tongue and
      floor of the mouth.

PMID- 1819651
TI  - Mouthwash and oral cancer.
AB  - Recently, a small but significant relationship has been identified between the
      use of over-the-counter mouthwash preparations containing greater than 25 percent
      alcohol and the development of oral cancer. This paper reviews the medical and
      dental literature, discusses the implications of long-term, excessive mouthwash
      use and makes recommendations regarding the use of mouthwash with a high alcohol
      content.

PMID- 1819653
TI  - The model dentist.

PMID- 1819652
TI  - Diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory periapical disease.
AB  - Most central bony lesions appearing in a periapical location are inflammatory in
      nature secondary to pulpal degeneration. However, cysts, tumors, and other
      diseases may be easily confused with such endodontic lesions. Four clinical cases
      are presented, illustrating the importance of thorough evaluation and the role of
      biopsy in appropriate cases.

PMID- 1819654
TI  - Modified uses of the Gates Glidden drill. An in-vitro study.

PMID- 1819655
TI  - An ultrastructural study comparing new gingival tissue attachment on chemically
      exposed fibrils and retained periodontal ligament.
AB  - Successful periodontal healing has been demonstrated in animals following
      application of citric acid to exposed root surface. However, we have been unable
      to achieve comparable results on clinical patients. Accordingly, the present
      study, using monkeys, was designed to re-evaluate the degree of interdigitation
      of newly-formed gingival fibrils with ones exposed to citric acid compared to
      normal attachment tissues of the retained periodontal ligament. We found that
      superficial collagen fibrils in both cases suffer degradation following normal
      inflammation and healing secondary to flap surgery. On retained periodontal
      ligament tissues, this change was limited to superficial levels and newly-formed
      collagen fibrils were linked immediately with old ones. In contrast, when exposed
      collagen fibrils were conditioned by exposure to citric acid, the degradative
      change occurred more deeply, and healing was delayed. Thus, the citric acid may
      not be the best choice of root treatments in terms of promoting better gingival
      tissue attachment. Furthermore, the results indicated that fibrils preserved on
      the root should not be curetted as possible during flap surgery as they offer an
      improved chance for optimal reattachment.

PMID- 1819656
TI  - Cytoplasmic crystalloids in the periodontal tissue of beige mice.
AB  - The periodontal tissue of beige mice has been examined by electron microscopy.
      Specimens of the periodontal tissue from the right mandibular first molars of 10
      male beige (bg/bg) and 5 male non-beige (bg/+, controls) mice, were fixed in a
      mixture of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde, and then decalcified in EDTA.
      After fixation in osmium tetroxide, the specimens were dehydrated and embedded in
      epon resin. Ultrathin sections were then stained with uranyl acetate and lead
      citrate, and observed by electron microscopy. A larger number of cytoplasmic
      crystalloids were seen in the lysosomes of the histiocytes of the beige mice than
      in the non-beige mice. These cytoplasmic crystalloids showed striation structures
      composed of linear densities that were oriented longitudinally, transversely, and
      obliquely, with about a 4-nm periodicity. The periodontal tissue of the beige
      mice contained several cells with numerous cytoplasmic crystalloids, whereas
      there were few cells with fewer crystalloids in the non-beige mice.

PMID- 1819657
TI  - Intraocclusal distance between the anterior teeth in intercuspal position.
AB  - We recorded intercuspal occlusal contacts using silicone for 20 subjects with
      complete dentition maintaining their masseter muscle contraction levels at 10 and
      30% of maximum EMG activity. A computer-aided video system was used to read the
      silicone image and translate the intensity of transmitted light to the thickness
      corresponding to the distance between opposing teeth. The intraocclusal distance
      was greater in the anterior than in the posterior teeth. The intraocclusal
      distance in the canines was intermediate between that in the incisors and
      posterior teeth. Although these tendencies were the same at the 10 and 30% EMG
      levels, an increase in the EMG level decreased all the distances.

PMID- 1819658
TI  - Alteration of cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan in tumor-bearing rats.
AB  - Alteration of cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) under tumor
      bearing conditions was evaluated using microsomal membranes prepared from the
      liver of ascites Tawa sarcoma-bearing and age-matched control rats. Cell
      associated HSPGs have been fractionated into two populations displaying different
      modes of membrane association; one is a NaCl-soluble HSPG and the other is
      recovered only after detergent treatment of the membranes. The former is thought
      to represent HSPG from the peripheral membrane and the latter, HSPG from the
      intercalated membrane. We extracted the cell-associated HSPGs from liver
      microsomal membranes with a NaCl solution followed by a deoxycholate (DCA)
      solution. Both were isolated by gel filtration and cetylpyridinium chloride
      precipitation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated from the tumor cells and
      tumorous ascitic fluids by standard procedures. Using electrophoresis on a
      cellulose acetate membrane, it was confirmed that the cell-associated HSPGs
      contained no GAG chains other than HS, and that these HSPGs did not include PGs
      from tumor cells since hyaluronic acid predominates in tumor cells while
      chondroitin sulfate is present in ascitic fluids. The HSPG extracted with the DCA
      solution was markedly reduced under tumor-bearing conditions, with slight
      increase in the NaCl-soluble HSPG. The results suggests that this condition
      strongly influences the type of cell-associated HSPG related to the intracellular
      cytoskeleton.

PMID- 1819659
TI  - Control of infection in dental practice.

PMID- 1819660
TI  - Medical waste management in Michigan: an update.

PMID- 1819661
TI  - The Michigan Right to Know Law and the Federal Hazard Communication Standard.

PMID- 1819662
TI  - "Why are dentists regulated so much"?

PMID- 1819663
TI  - Safety standards for the dental office.

PMID- 1819664
TI  - Disease protection for the dental clinical team.

PMID- 1819665
TI  - [Studies of the changes in crystalline lens transparency in rabbits with
      experimental cataract].
AB  - Changes of the transparency of lenses were checked by means of in vivo
      spectrophotometry of the eye ball and by light transmission through extracted
      lenses in the course of experimental early cataract in rabbits caused by
      naphthalen. The results of investigations show that changes of lens transparency
      evaluated by means of in vivo spectrophotometry of the eye appear earlier than
      the clinically seen opacity. It speaks for the advisability of undertaking of
      further studies on the possibility of utilizing this method for detection of
      precataractous conditions in humans.

PMID- 1819666
TI  - [Studies of the changes in crystalline lens transparency in subjects at risk of
      developing cataract].
AB  - The aim of the survey was a comparison of transparency of the lenses examined by
      means of in vivo spectrophotometry of the eye in metalurgists threatened by
      development of cataract--with the results obtained in persons not engaged in
      metalurgy and selected by chance from the population. The investigations showed
      that the transparency of the lenses was lower in the group of the metalurgists
      than in the control group in spite of the fact that the ophthalmological
      examination did not detect any lens changes. The results of this study show that
      the in vivo spectrophotometry may find some employment for detection of changes
      in the lens which may occur in persons threatened by development of cataract.

PMID- 1819667
TI  - [Preliminary in vitro studies of crystalline lens transparency in cataract].

PMID- 1819668
TI  - [Effect of vibration on crystalline lens transparency].
AB  - It was demonstrated experimentally that the transparency of the eye lenses
      diminishes under the influence of a prolonged vibration. Investigations were
      performed in a group of rabbits which were subjected to a long-lasting exposition
      to mechanical vibration of 10 Hz throughout a period of 5 months. The
      transparency of the extracted lenses was evaluated by spectrophotometry and
      compared with lenses of 2 control groups. Group 1 consisted of rabbits which in
      the same period of 5 months were subjected to a continuous neon illumination of
      1200 lx intensity as a cataractogenous factor. A second comparative group
      consisted of rabbits not exposed to any external factor. The authors detected a
      statistically significant decrease of transparency of lenses of the examined
      group in reference towards the second comparative group, it was however smaller
      than in the 1-st group.

PMID- 1819669
TI  - [Effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the crystalline lenses of patients
      after kidney transplantation].
AB  - Presented are the results of observation of lenses in 500 patients (aged 14-58
      years, period of observation 3 months - 12 years) treated according to various
      schemes of immunosuppression (encorton + azathioprin, cyclosporin + encorton).
      One hundred and eighty patients were examined over and over again. A typical
      posterior subcortical cataract was detected in the course of the first
      examination in 25 patients, in the control one in 55. It appeared more frequently
      in patients who--because of the process of rejection of the kidney--received high
      doses of steroids (1.0 g) throughout several days. No dependence could be
      detected between the degree of opacity of the lens and the general doses of
      steroids and the period of their application.

PMID- 1819670
TI  - [Preoperative anterior capsulotomy using YAG laser in cataract extraction by the
      envelope method. Preliminary report].
AB  - The envelope technique was used in 50 patients with cataract. In 25 patients
      anterior capsulotomy was performed by YAG laser before surgery (in 5 persons 1
      day, in the remaining 20 1 hour before operation). The sole complications
      connected with laser capsulotomy was the raise in the intraocular pressure in 2
      patients. In these woman-patients the laser surgery was performed a day before
      operation. In all the patients in whom the cataract operation was preceded by
      laser capsulotomy the removal of the anterior capsule did not produce any
      difficulty. The experience obtained during the study enable to state that laser
      capsulotomy simplifies considerably the operation and in connection with the
      envelope technique diminishes to a minimum the possibility of postoperative
      complications.

PMID- 1819671
TI  - [Intermediate uveitis].
AB  - Presented are contemporary opinions on the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and
      clinical course of intermediate uveitis. Discussed are also the diagnostics and
      the trials of treatment of this condition.

PMID- 1819672
TI  - [Late results of surgical treatment of retinal detachment by the cerclage method
      using a silicone band].
AB  - Presented are the results of control examination performed in 121 patients in the
      period of 3 to 8 years after retinal detachment operation by the silicone band
      encircling method. Evaluated were: the anatomical reattachment, function of the
      eye and the cosmetic effect. The retina reattached in 63.2 p.c. of eyes. The
      visual acuity for far was at least 0.1 in over one half (55 p.c.) of eyes and for
      near 2.0 or more in 78.5 p.c. Among the persons examined by means of Amsler's
      test and Panel D-15 test a correct response was attained by -- respectively --
      44.7 p.c. and 76.1 p.c. of the examinees. A very good cosmetic effect was
      achieved in 44.9 p.c. and a good one in 47.2 p.c. of eyes.

PMID- 1819673
TI  - [Reoperations after the treatment of retinal detachment].
AB  - Presented is an analysis of the clinical material comprising 100 patients in whom
      in the period of 1980-1989 one performed reoperations of retinal detachment. It
      was established that the most frequent causes--as well surgical failures as
      recurrences--were the vitreo-retinal proliferations and the insufficient closing
      of the holes. Reattachment of the retina after the second operation was attained
      in 42 p.c. of the eyes and after the third one in additionally 7 p.c. In cases
      with a reattached retina a very good visual acuity for far was found in 1/4 and
      for near in 1/2 of operated eyes. The results obtained are encouraging enough for
      the performance of reoperations.

PMID- 1819674
TI  - [Deep sclerectomy in surgical treatment of hemorrhagic glaucoma].

PMID- 1819675
TI  - [Function of the visual system after orbital surgery. Late observations].
AB  - Forty six persons with an orbital tumor were operated in the period of 1980-1988.
      A control examination performed in 39 persons did not show in 38 any
      characteristics of recurrence of the tumor; the motility of the eye ball was
      normal. In 29 persons the visual acuity of the eye at the side of the operated
      tumor was over 5/6.

PMID- 1819677
TI  - Esthetics in fixed and removable prosthodontics: the composition of a smile.
AB  - The composition of an esthetic smile can be an elusive goal. The purpose of this
      paper is to present and clarify the principles of perception and the common
      errors in dental esthetics. A review of the literature is distilled into basic
      building blocks for composing the esthetic smile. Utilization of the principles
      presented here will allow the practitioner+ to improve the appearance of fixed
      and removable restorations.

PMID- 1819676
TI  - [Refractive surgery in myopia. I. Radial keratotomy].
AB  - It is stressed that in myopia one performs 2 kinds of operation: therapeutical
      and for a change in refraction. Not only surgical methods but also the aim of
      operation are basically different. The author present the foundation, the
      development of the method, the up-to-date results of operation and complications
      connected with the radial keratotomy which is not therapeutical but refractive
      operation. Especially precisely are presented the qualification criteria for the
      surgery which are basing mainly on a--conceived on a large scale--American PERK
      study.

PMID- 1819678
TI  - Dental amalgam, a reliable material.

PMID- 1819679
TI  - Experience with health care in the Third World--a reciprocity of export and
      import.

PMID- 1819680
TI  - Chemical dependency: a disease?

PMID- 1819681
TI  - Perceptual evidence against internal structure in American Sign Language
      syllables.
AB  - Syllables in spoken languages have been argued to have an internal structure
      which may cluster the consonants and vowels into subgroups. The most commonly
      used subgroups are the Onset (initial consonants) and Rhyme (vowel and remaining
      consonants), with the further possibility of dividing the Rhyme into Nucleus (the
      vowel and any on- or off-glides) and the Coda (the final consonants). Although
      linguistic debate continues about the exact formulation of such syllable models,
      the evidence is clear that listeners identify rhythmic beats at a particular
      point inside the syllable, namely at the release of the initial consonants into
      the following linguistically stressed vowels (referred to as the syllable peak,
      assumed to be part of the Nucleus). To determine whether such loci would be
      identified for syllables in American Sign Language, deaf native signers, hearing
      native signers, and hearing subjects unfamiliar with sign language were asked to
      tap to videotaped signed stimuli. Analysis of the tap locations in signed
      syllables revealed a relatively flat distribution across the syllable for all
      three groups and for individual subjects. The absence of syllable peak perception
      is discussed in relation to the motoric characteristics of sign production.

PMID- 1819683
TI  - Sex- and age-related differences in colour vocabulary.
AB  - Data were collected on the colour names used by 26 females and 24 males in naming
      200 colour samples. Women used more elaborate colour names than men but, contrary
      to other findings, older subjects of both sexes used more elaborate names than
      younger subjects. Older men in our sample had a more elaborate vocabulary than
      younger women, showing that although sex differences were well established,
      vocabulary continued to increase with age. Colour related hobbies were
      significantly correlated with enhanced vocabulary for the male group, but not for
      the female group.

PMID- 1819682
TI  - Repetition and associative context effects in speech production.
AB  - An experiment is reported that addresses the impact of lexical constraint on the
      production characteristics (mean duration and peak amplitude) of a given target
      word within a sentence production task. Subjects produced aloud sentences from
      memory that contained a target word (e.g., cat) that was either a repetition of
      an earlier word in the sentence (e.g., cat), associatively related to an earlier
      word in the sentence (e.g., dog), or unrelated to an earlier word in the sentence
      (e.g., son). The position within the sentence and phonetic environment of the
      target were equated across conditions. The results indicated that the mean
      durations for the target word were shorter in the repetition condition, compared
      to the associatively related condition, which in turn produced shorter production
      durations compared to the unrelated condition. In addition, the peak amplitude
      measurements indicated that the repeated condition produced relatively lower peak
      amplitudes for the target word, compared to the remaining two conditions which
      did not differ.

PMID- 1819684
TI  - Kinetic studies of human and rat neutrophil lysoPAF acetyltransferase using
      lysoPAF and dansyllysoPAF as substrates.
AB  - Enzyme kinetic studies of lysoPAF acetyltransferase from microsomal preparations
      of human and rat neutrophils were carried out using lysoPAF or dansyllysoPAF as
      substrate. With the human enzyme, incomplete conversion of the substrate into the
      product was observed at 37 degrees C with both substrates. The acetyltransferase
      was inactivated at 37 degrees C in the absence of substrate with a half-life of
      7.5 min. However, the initial rate of product formation under the assay
      conditions was linear up to 10 min. Both enzymes were optimally active at 40
      microM concentration with either substrate, but enzyme activity was inhibited at
      higher substrate levels. At a constant substrate concentration (40 microM), the
      Km (microM) and Vmax (nmol product/min/mg protein) values for the human
      acetyltransferase, with respect to acetyl-CoA were 132 and 23.1, respectively,
      with lysoPAF as substrate, and 105 and 26.7, respectively, when dansyllysoPAF was
      used. The Km and Vmax values for the rat enzyme were 105 and 6.5, respectively,
      with lysoPAF as substrate, and 120 and 5.4, respectively, when dansyllysoPAF was
      used. Under our standard conditions, lysoPAF required 1 mg of BSA per mL in the
      assay, whereas full activity of both enzymes was seen with dansyllysoPAF even in
      the absence of BSA. The results show that dansyllysoPAF can replace lysoPAF in
      the assay without any significant changes in kinetic parameters.

PMID- 1819685
TI  - The hormonal regulation of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in
      plasma.
AB  - We have previously reported that certain fetal tissues including the lung and
      kidney have an increased platelet-activating factor (PAF) content and enzymatic
      mechanism for its elevated biosynthesis during the latter stages of pregnancy. In
      contrast, in the maternal plasma compartment of both the rabbit and human, a
      decreased capacity to inactivate PAF has been demonstrated. The PAF
      acetylhydrolase in the fetal plasma is also suppressed. The present study was
      undertaken to determine the mechanism(s) involved in the regulation of PAF
      acetylhydrolase. The 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol was administered (intraperitoneal
      [i.p.] 2.5 mg/kg body wt 5 days) to female and male rats. The plasma PAF
      acetylhydrolase activity decreased 5-fold. A decrease was observed when a
      concentration of the estrogen as low as 50 micrograms/kg was employed. The
      injection of dexamethasone (i.p., 1.3 mg/kg body wt, 5 days) to male and female
      rats resulted in a 3-fold increase in the plasma PAF acetylhydrolase activity.
      The activity returned to the values prior to hormone treatment 4 days after
      cessation of treatment. Testosterone and progesterone were without effect on
      plasma acetylhydrolase activity. The change in PAF acetylhydrolase activity
      caused by estrogen and the glucocorticoid was reflected by a change in the
      activity in the HDL fraction and not due to the presence of an inhibitor or
      activator in the plasma of the hormone-treated animals. Human serum obtained from
      a group of women, in which the 17 beta-estradiol concentration was elevated in
      preparation for an in vitro fertilization procedure, showed an inverse
      relationship between the plasma estrogen concentration and the PAF
      acetylhydrolase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819688
TI  - Inhibition by the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 of PAF induced inositol-1,4,5
      trisphosphate production in human platelets.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates human platelets by binding to a
      putative PAF receptor which evokes the rapid formation of inositol-1,4,5
      trisphosphate (IP3) by phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol-4,5
      bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis. Stimulation of [3H]inositol-labeled human
      platelets by PAF (1 nM-1 microM) resulted in a concentration-dependent increase
      of intracellular IP3, IP2 and inositolmonophosphate (IP1). IP1 levels increased
      up to three-fold upon maximum stimulation by 100 nM PAF. The EC50 concentration
      for PAF was 1.2 +/- 0.3 nM. Addition of the hetrazepinoic PAF antagonist, WEB
      2086, inhibited PAF stimulated hydrolysis of PIP2 in a dose-dependent manner. WEB
      2086 (100 microM) blocked inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate formation down to baseline
      levels (IC50 = 33 +/- 12 microM WEB 2086). In thrombin and ADP stimulated
      platelets, inositol phosphate (IP) generation was not influenced by WEB 2086. It
      is concluded that WEB 2086 selectively antagonizes PAF-induced increases in IP
      and does not interfere directly with intracellular signal transduction. Instead,
      WEB 2086, which has been shown to bind specifically and with high affinity (Ki 15
      nM) to human platelets, acts as a competitive antagonist at the PAF receptor
      level.

PMID- 1819687
TI  - Transmembrane signalling and paf-acether biosynthesis.
AB  - Expression of lyso paf-acether (lyso paf):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and its
      activation above basal levels by specific agonists controls the rate of paf
      biosynthesis in proinflammatory cells. Acetyltransferase activation in these
      cells is due to the rapid postranslational modification of an inactive precursor
      by phosphorylation, most probably catalyzed by a cAMP-dependent kinase. However,
      the possibility exists that a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase can be
      implicated as well. Unlike murine cultured mast cells, human neutrophils form paf
      when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or diacylglycerol. In both
      cell types, acetyltransferase is activated by PMA. Controversy exists as to
      whether PMA activates the remodeling pathway, i.e. the activation of
      phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, or the de novo route through CDPcholine
      cholinephosphotransferase action on alkylacetylglycerol. There is some indication
      that PKC might regulate paf biosynthesis. The implication of a GTP-regulated
      protein has also been postulated in signal transduction leading to paf formation
      in endothelial cells, neutrophils, and mast cells. The topography of paf
      formation is discussed in light of the subcellular distribution of
      acetyltransferase in neutrophils and Krebs II cells.

PMID- 1819686
TI  - Recent advances in our understanding of the biochemical interactions between
      platelet-activating factor and arachidonic acid.
AB  - In the last few years, it has become increasingly apparent that the biochemistry
      of PAF (platelet-activating factor) and that of arachidonic acid are interrelated
      in a number of inflammatory cells. Experiments presented here further point out
      that arachidonic acid plays a crucial role in the catabolism and biosynthesis of
      PAF. In addition, they suggest that the same phospholipid molecular species may
      serve as a source for both arachidonic acid and 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine during cell activation. Finally, they reveal that there may be
      common regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis of PAF and arachidonic acid
      metabolites. Taken together, studies examining the relationship between PAF and
      arachidonic acid suggest it may be difficult to consider the biochemistry of PAF
      without considering arachidonic acid metabolism and vice versa.

PMID- 1819689
TI  - Phorbol ester stimulates PAF synthesis via the activation of protein kinase C in
      rat leukocytes.
AB  - When rat pleural mononuclear leukocytes were stimulated with 1 microM phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA), platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like activity was
      detected in the supernatant and the cellular fractions of the incubation mixture,
      as measured by rabbit platelet aggregation. C16PAF activity peaked at 30 min in
      both fractions. Acetyltransferase activity in the microsomal fraction of the
      stimulated cells also increased rapidly and showed a peak at 10 min. A protein
      kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, and an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, p
      bromophen-acylbromide, inhibited stimulated PAF formation in both fractions.
      Staurosporine also inhibited PMA induced acetyltransferase activity. The data
      suggest that PMA stimulates PAF synthesis by the remodeling pathway in rat
      pleural cells through activation of both phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase,
      and that the acetyltransferase, in turn, may be activated through activation of
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 1819691
TI  - Biotransformation of alkylglycerols in plant cell cultures: production of
      platelet activating factor and other biologically active ether lipids.
AB  - Plant cells in culture are capable of incorporating exogenous 1-O-alkyl-sn
      glycerols into various neutral and ionic ether lipids. 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphocholines, the major class of compounds thus formed, are used for
      the preparation of platelet activating factor (PAF) in high yields. Similarly,
      the prochiral 2-O-alkyl-sn-glycerols are transformed to chiral 2-O-alkyl
      glycerophospholipids from which compounds can be obtained that exhibit antiviral
      activity in plant and animal cells. Reaction of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholines with phospholipase D in the presence of ethanolamine leads to 1-O
      alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines, which serve as starting material
      for the preparation of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(N
      acyl)ethanolamines, compounds known to have antitumor activity.

PMID- 1819690
TI  - A unique pool of free arachidonate serves as substrate for both cyclooxygenase
      and lipoxygenase in platelets.
AB  - Stimulation of platelets induces a rapid release of arachidonate from specific
      phospholipids and subsequent remodeling of arachidonate-containing phospholipids.
      This process is accompanied by transformation of released arachidonate by
      cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. We addressed the question of whether the
      cyclooxygenase and the lipoxygenase products originated from the same
      arachidonate-containing phospholipids. [14C]Arachidonate prelabeled platelets
      were stimulated by thrombin or by ionophore A 23187. We monitored the
      cyclooxygenase pathway by following 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
      [12(S)-HHT] formation and the lipoxygenase pathway by following 12-hydroxy
      5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE] formation and compared specific
      activities. The data showed that the same pool of released arachidonate can be
      utilized by either cyclooxygenase or by lipoxygenase. Indeed, the specific
      activity of both products was identical when both enzymes were acting. Since
      cyclooxygenase was rapidly deactivated while lipoxygenase continued to be active,
      the specific activity of 12(S)-HETE became lower than the specific activity of
      12(S)-HHT when large amounts of 12(S)-HETE were synthesized. Based on comparison
      of specific activity between phospholipids and oxygenated products, the pools of
      arachidonate-containing phospholipids involved in the synthesis of oxygenated
      products are dependent on the amount of arachidonate released.

PMID- 1819692
TI  - Paf-acether in human skin.
AB  - Paf is a phospholipid mediator present in human skin which induces inflammatory
      events, such as neutrophil infiltration and increased vascular permeability.
      Recent data suggest that cutaneous cells, such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes,
      produce paf and that paf is released during allergic cutaneous reactions. It is
      tempting to speculate that paf may contribute to the development of various skin
      disorders with acute and chronic skin inflammation. Paf antagonists may help in
      bringing answers to this hypothesis and may offer new prospects for the treatment
      of cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 1819693
TI  - Chemical synthesis and physiological activity of sulfonium analogues of platelet
      activating factor.
AB  - Phosphatidylsulfocholine (PSC), the sulfonium analogue of phosphatidylcholine
      (PC), occurs naturally in some diatoms. The replacement of the [formula; see
      text] group by a [formula; see text] results in an increase in the polar head
      group size in PSC relative to that of PC, consistent with the observed increase
      in permeability of PSC bilayers towards urea. It was of interest to see whether
      replacement of the [formula; see text] group in platelet activating factor (PAF)
      by an [formula; see text] group leads to any change in platelet aggregation or
      other physiological activity. Synthesis of the sulfonium analogue of PAF was
      carried out by suitable modifications of known procedures. The PAF-sulfonium
      analogue was found to have almost the same platelet aggregating activity as PAF
      itself, in the concentration range 1-20 microM, but a much lower activity in the
      range 0.01-1 microM. The analogue had little or no effect on the platelet
      aggregation activity of PAF when added in the concentration range 0.01-1 microM
      and had about half the hypotensive activity of PAF towards hypertensive CDF male
      rats. The sulfonium analogue, however, was much more cytotoxic to HL-60 cells
      than PAF itself, in the concentration range 0-15 microM; replacement of the
      acetate group by a benzyl group increased the cytotoxicity to the level of that
      of the methoxy analogue of PAF. Thus, replacement of the [formula; see text]
      group by a [formula; see text] group in the polar head group region of PAF
      results in a relatively small change in its platelet aggregation activity and a
      decrease in its hypotensive activity, but greatly increases its antitumor
      activity.

PMID- 1819694
TI  - Effect of platelet-activating factor on lipoprotein lipase and blood lipids.
AB  - We investigated the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and of the PAF
      specific antagonist CV-6209 on plasma lipid metabolism, and particularly on post
      heparin plasma lipolytic activity in male Wistar rats. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
      activity was enhanced by intravenous injection of PAF before intravenous
      injection of heparin when the PAF dose was low (0.2 micrograms/kg). PAF activated
      hepatic triacylglycerol lipase (HTGL) activity dose-dependently. Plasma
      triacylglycerols (TG) significantly decreased with the activation of LPL and/or
      HTGL. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) levels decreased at a
      low dose of PAF (0.2 micrograms/kg), but increased when higher doses were used.
      The PAF antagonist CV-6209 partially reversed the PAF induced effects on HTGL, TC
      and PL.

PMID- 1819695
TI  - Tandem mass spectrometry of negative ions from choline phospholipid molecular
      species related to platelet activating factor.
AB  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of choline phospholipids produces
      negative ions characteristic of the intact molecule and tandem mass spectrometry
      of collision-induced decomposition of M-15 anions characterizes both the identity
      and substituent position of radyl groups. Certain choline phospholipid molecular
      species which may be of special interest in the generation of platelet activating
      factor contain a highly unsaturated fatty acyl substituent at sn-2 and an ether
      radyl group at sn-1; other choline phospholipid molecular species which contain
      esterified arachidonic acid are of interest as potential sources of arachidonate
      for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Collisional activated decomposition of 1
      hexadecanoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine produce abundant
      carboxylate anions at m/z 303 (arachidonate) and m/z 255 (hexadecanoate) in a
      ratio of 3:1, diagnostic for the sn-2 arachidonoyl position. The ether analog, 1
      O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl glycerophosphocholine, produces only one collision
      induced dissociation ion at m/z 303 and no product ions corresponding to the
      ether substituent at sn-1. Molecular weight information from the M-15 ion
      combined with the CID generated carboxylate anions completely characterize these
      important phospholipids. Precursor ion studies of M-15 anions from glycero
      phosphocholine lipids indicate that this ion is derived directly from a unique
      adduct ion formed by attachment of the molecular species to a matrix alkoxide
      ion, neutralizing the positive charge of the quaternary choline nitrogen.
      Decomposition of this adduct ion yields a methylated matrix molecule and the
      nominal M-15 ion.

PMID- 1819696
TI  - Determination of platelet-activating factor by a chemiluminescence method and its
      application to stimulated guinea pig neutrophils.
AB  - A simple, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence method has been developed to
      measure platelet-activating factor (PAF). Hydrogen peroxide generated from PAF,
      upon phospholipase D cleavage, by choline oxidase is determined as
      chemiluminescence by a luminol-microperoxidase system. The detection limit of PAF
      by this method is 5 pmol/tube. The method is reproducible with a 5.5% coefficient
      of variation at 10 pmol of PAF (n = 5). Lipids were extracted from guinea pig
      neutrophils after stimulation with cytochalasin B and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine, and PAF was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and
      determined by chemiluminescence measurements. The amount of PAF detected was 96.1
      +/- 39.7 (mean +/- SD, n = 7) pmol/10(8) cells. This highly sensitive method
      could be useful for the determination of PAF generated under pathophysiological
      conditions.

PMID- 1819697
TI  - Specific binding of antibodies to platelet-activating factor (PAF) as
      demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography/immunostaining.
AB  - The specificity of rabbit antibodies produced by injection of 1-O-(15'
      carboxypentadecyl)-2-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine bovine
      serum albumin (BSA) conjugates was examined by a thin-layer chromatography
      (TLC/immunostaining method. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine
      (lysoPC), lyso platelet-activating factor (lysoPAF), phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), sphingomyelin (SM),
      phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) and cardiolipin (CL) were not
      immunostained. Among several synthetic PAF-related compounds, the antibodies only
      bound to PAF agonists which have the activity to induce washed rabbit platelet
      aggregation. The results suggest that the binding sites of the antibodies on the
      PAF molecule are the acetyl group at the sn-2 position and the choline moiety at
      the sn-3 position of glycerol, both of which are essential for exerting the
      biological function of PAF and for binding to the PAF receptors located on
      cellular membranes.

PMID- 1819698
TI  - Radioimmunoassay for platelet-activating factor.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measurement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) was
      developed. At a final antiserum dilution of 1:640, the lowest detection limit of
      PAF was 0.1 pmol (50 pg). The standard curve obtained was suitable for
      measurement of PAF in amounts ranging from 0.1 pmol to 30 pmol. The antiserum
      showed high specificity. Cross-reaction for lysoPAF, lysophosphatidylcholine and
      long-chain phosphatidylcholines was very low (less than 0.025%). 1-Palmitoyl-2
      acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine cross-reacted slightly (6.25%). PAF
      exogenously added to macrophage suspensions was quantitatively determined by RIA
      after solvent extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic separation.
      RIA was also used to estimate PAF formation after stimulation of rabbit alveolar
      macrophages in suspension with calcium ionophore A23187.

PMID- 1819699
TI  - Synthesis of a PAF immunogen and production of PAF-specific antibodies.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF), a naturally occurring phospholipid with many
      potent physiological and pharmacological activities, is implicated as a mediator
      of many diseases. An immunoassay for PAF would greatly improve quantitation, and
      hence PAF-specific antibodies were required. Chemically-reactive analogs of PAF,
      containing an aldehyde group at the end of the 1-O-alkyl chain (hexyl or
      dodecyl), were synthesized from readily available materials. During the multi
      step synthetic procedure, the aldehyde group was protected as an acetal, which
      was converted by mild acidic hydrolysis to the aldehyde immediately prior to
      protein coupling. These analogs were coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin
      and the resultant conjugates were injected into rabbits. Antibodies to PAF were
      detected using a solid phase radioimmunoassay based on Protein A-Sepharose. The
      dodecyl PAF conjugate proved to be the more immunogenic conjugate with more than
      half of the rabbits producing significant levels of antibodies (at least a 10
      fold increase in radioactive uptake over pre-immune levels). Results from solid
      phase immunoassays employing nitrocellulose discs impregnated with PAF, lysoPAF,
      lecithin, lysolecithin and 2-O-methyl-lysoPAF indicated that the antibodies
      recognized only PAF. PAF-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity
      chromatography using a column of PAF-poly(lysine) conjugated to carboxy-activated
      polyacrylamide. The antibodies may be employed in a sensitive and specific
      immunoassay for PAF and for many other studies involving PAF.

PMID- 1819701
TI  - Quantitation by radioimmunoassay of PAF in human saliva.
AB  - Approximately 75% of the PAF present in saliva is recovered on extraction of
      whole saliva (0.8 vol) with chloroform/methanol/water (2:2:1, v/v/v). PAF levels,
      determined by our recently developed radioimmunoassay, in saliva extracts ranged
      from 0.5-21 ng/mL with 59% between 2-6 ng/mL. These figures, for apparently
      healthy subjects, are higher than previously reported levels obtained by platelet
      assays. The validity of our radioimmunoassay results was checked by isolating and
      quantitating the PAF fraction from whole saliva. In addition, when we examined
      our saliva samples by platelet aggregation, low levels of PAF, comparable with
      the values found in the literature, were detected. Investigations revealed the
      presence of a substance(s) which inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation but
      which did not affect the radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 1819700
TI  - A specific, sensitive and high-capacity immunoassay for PAF.
AB  - A specific radioimmunoassay for platelet-activating factor (PAF) sensitive in the
      range 10-1000 pg (0.02-2 pmoles) has been developed. Detailed quantitative hapten
      inhibition studies showed specificity for the acetyl group at C-2 of PAF, a
      requirement for the ether linkage at C-1 and some tolerance for substituents on
      the choline nitrogen. No significant cross-reactivity was found with
      phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine or with lysoPAF.

PMID- 1819702
TI  - Inhibitor(s) of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human saliva.
AB  - Quantitation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human saliva samples by
      radioimmunoassay indicated there was, at times, sufficient PAF present to
      aggregate platelets. However, in certain samples, we observed little or no
      aggregation, and furthermore, these samples were found to inhibit aggregation
      induced by PAF (200 pg). Chromatographic fractionation of pooled saliva increased
      the PAF activity 4-fold, and the observed inhibitory activity was found to co
      migrate with the fatty acids. The inhibitory fraction was found to be active
      against platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (3.4 nmole) as well as
      PAF (25 pg), but not thrombin (20 mU). These results indicate the existence of a
      PAF inhibitor in saliva, which may explain why potentially toxic levels of PAF
      can occur in the saliva of normal, healthy individuals. These findings also
      highlight an important advantage of the radioimmunoassay over platelet
      aggregation for the quantitation of PAF in, at least, some biological fluids.

PMID- 1819703
TI  - Discovery and preliminary pharmacology of Sch 37370, a dual antagonist of PAF and
      histamine.
AB  - From a series of amide analogs of the histamine H1 antagonist, azatadine, a
      potent, orally active, dual platelet-activating factor (PAF) and histamine
      antagonist, Sch 37370, namely 1-acetyl-4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo-
      [5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidine)piperidine, was discovered. Sch 37370
      selectively inhibits PAF-induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro (IC50 =
      0.6 microM), and in vivo inhibits PAF- and histamine-induced bronchospasm in
      guinea pigs with ED50 values of 6.0 and 2.4 mg/kg p.o., respectively. Sch 37370
      is expected to be more efficacious than single mediator antagonists in allergic
      diseases, such as asthma.

PMID- 1819704
TI  - PAF inhibitory activity of diketopiperazines: structure-activity relationships.
AB  - FR900452, a natural product isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces
      phaeofaciens No. 7739, was found to inhibit PAF-induced rabbit platelet
      aggregation with an IC50 of 3.7 x 10(-7)M. FR900452, 1-methyl-3-[1-[5-
      methylthiomethyl-6-oxo-3-(2-oxo-3-cyclopenten-1-yli- dene)-2-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2
      indoline, has an oxocylopentylidene group incorporated as a vinylogous amide in a
      diketopiperazine skeleton. This unique structure led us to synthesize
      diketopiperazine derivatives, 3-arylalkyl- 6-substituted-piperazine-2,5-diones.
      Their observed PAF inhibitory activity suggest that the D-D configuration of
      diketopiperazine is an important factor for anti-PAF activity and that the
      hydrophobic aromatic portion may play a specific role in the binding of the
      diketopiperazine to the PAF receptor.

PMID- 1819705
TI  - Production of platelet-activating factor by human normodense and hypodense
      eosinophils.
AB  - Normodense eosinophils and neutrophils from normal donors produced considerable
      amounts of platelet-activating factor (PAF) when stimulated with ionophore
      A23187. PAF produced by eosinophils appeared to be degraded more rapidly than PAF
      formed by neutrophils, suggesting a higher activity of PAF-degrading enzyme in
      eosinophils. Substantial proportions of PAF newly formed by both eosinophils and
      neutrophils were shown to be cell-associated. By comparison, hypodense
      eosinophils obtained from a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
      produced an extremely large amount of PAF and released much of it into the
      incubation medium. The accelerated formation of PAF in hypodense eosinophils may
      be related to various cardiovascular complications associated with
      hypereosinophilic syndrome.

PMID- 1819706
TI  - Immunoregulatory functions of paf-acether. VI. Dual effect on human B cell
      proliferation.
AB  - The role of paf-acether (paf), a phospholipid cytokine, in the modulation of
      human B cell function was investigated. Paf, from 1 x 10(-5) M to 10(-6) M,
      decreased B cell proliferation induced by both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
      and anti-IgM antibodies (anti-IgM Ab). By contrast, 1 x 10(-7) M to 1 x 10(-9) M
      paf enhanced PMA triggered, but not anti-IgM triggered B cell proliferation. B
      cell proliferation was modulated between 24 and 72 hr of culture indicating that
      the effect of paf did not merely reflect a shift in proliferation kinetics.
      Interestingly, paf also enhanced the spontaneous proliferation of a Burkitt
      lymphoma-derived B cell line, Raji, which suggests that paf can directly act on B
      cells. The modulatory effect of paf on peripheral blood B cells was independent
      of PMA concentration, yet the effect on Raji cells was dependent upon cell
      density. The data suggest that paf is a potent modulator of B cell function, and
      may be involved in the control of humoral immune response.

PMID- 1819707
TI  - Intracellular Ca2+ concentration and H2O2 production in mouse peritoneal
      macrophages are stimulated by platelet activating factor.
AB  - The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in mouse peritoneal macrophages
      cultured on a coverglass was measured in the superfusion system using fura-2 as a
      fluorescent calcium probe and platelet activating factor (PAF) as a stimulant. In
      the presence of extracellular Ca2+, 10(-7) M PAF sharply increased [Ca2+]i from a
      basal level of 90 nM to 340 nM. Thereafter, the [Ca2+]i level gradually decreased
      in two phases, in an initial rapid phase and a subsequent slow phase of decrease.
      The calcium response was dependent on the PAF concentration. In the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+, a single sharp peak was observed, suggesting two different
      modes of Ca2+ movement, one from intracellular stores and the other from the
      extracellular medium. A simple, sensitive fluorometric assay system was developed
      for measuring H2O2 in the superfusate of macrophages after stimulation by use of
      immobilized peroxidase and 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid as a fluorogenic
      substrate. With this system, as little as 2 pmol of H2O2 could be measured. PAF
      (1 microM) increased H2O2 production in peritoneal macrophages in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+, but H2O2 production was not observed in the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 1819708
TI  - Calcium channel blockade inhibits platelet activating factor production by human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells.
AB  - An increase in intracellular calcium level is an important signal in the
      regulation of cellular responses under normal and pathological conditions.
      Because two key enzymes in the synthetic pathway of platelet activating factor
      (PAF), phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, are calcium dependent, we
      hypothesized that calcium channel blockade may inhibit agonist-induced PAF
      synthesis. Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC), pre
      incubated with [3H]acetate, were exposed to thrombin (5 U/mL) and PAF production
      was quantitated by incorporation of radiolabel into the EC lipid fraction co
      migrating with exogenous PAF in thin-layer chromatography. The effect of pre
      incubation with calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem, 10(-4) M) or
      buffer was determined. Results (triplicate experiments, * P less than 0.05 vs
      buffer, P less than 0.05 vs thrombin) demonstrate that pre-incubation with
      calcium channel blocker markedly inhibits thrombin-induced PAF production
      (verapamil:buffer 273 +/- 122, thrombin 10,735 +/- 1524*, thrombin + verapamil
      178 +/- 91 cpm/plate; diltiazem:buffer 1097 +/- 581, thrombin 15,283 +/- 2661*,
      thrombin + diltiazem 280 +/- 56 cpm/plate). The effect of diltiazem was dose
      dependent (% inhibition: 10(-7) M, 46%; 10(-5) M, 60%; 10(-4) M, 98%). Diltiazem
      also inhibited bradykinin (10(-8) M) induced PAF synthesis. In calcium-free
      medium or in the presence of LaCl3 (10(-3) M), the PAF response of EC to thrombin
      was blunted (buffer 582 +/- 360, thrombin 5394 +/- 1069, thrombin + calcium free
      medium 1055 +/- 571, thrombin + LaCl3 1271 +/- 58 cpm/plate). We conclude that
      calcium channel blockers prevent agonist-induced PAF synthesis, possibly by
      preventing cellular calcium influx and activation of PAF synthetic enzymes. We
      speculate that this mechanism may underlie, at least in part, the beneficial
      effect of calcium channel blockade under various pathological conditions.

PMID- 1819710
TI  - Calcium ion mobilization in neuronal cells induced by PAF.
AB  - We have reported previously that platelet-activating factor (PAF) interacts with
      the neuronal cell line NG108-15 (neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid) and the
      pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. PAF acts on these cells by raising levels of
      intracellular free calcium ions. In the present report, we extend these studies.
      PAF induced the vesicular release of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from PC12
      cells in a dose-dependent manner. The PAF-induced ATP release was inhibited by
      the PAF antagonists, CV-3988 and CV-6209, and the calcium antagonist prenylamine.
      The relevance of the interaction of PAF with neuronal cells was investigated
      further by using brain synaptosomal preparations and primary cortical and
      neostriatal cells. Nanomolar concentrations of PAF induced calcium transients in
      aequorin-loaded synaptosomal preparations, and cortical and neostriatal cells
      were sensitive to the action of PAF. The possible physiological and
      pathophysiological roles of PAF in brain function are discussed.

PMID- 1819709
TI  - The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid consumption on human neutrophil
      chemiluminescence.
AB  - The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the inflammatory potential of
      neutrophils was investigated by supplementing the diets of 12 subjects with 2.16
      g of EPA or 12 g of olive oil per day for 4 weeks in a double blind crossover
      study. Neutrophil function as assessed by luminol enhanced chemiluminescence
      responses to platelet-activating factor (PAF) and formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP) was significantly reduced after EPA but not after olive oil
      consumption in the subjects who consumed EPA first. In contrast, EPA had no
      significant effect on neutrophil chemiluminescence in the subjects who consumed
      olive oil first. Dietary supplementation with EPA inhibits neutrophil responses
      to inflammatory mediators such as PAF while other fatty acids appear to modify
      the effects of EPA.

PMID- 1819711
TI  - Role of platelet-activating factor in aggregation of leukocytes and platelets in
      cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Leukocyte and platelet aggregation stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP) was measured in 32 patients with cerebral ischemia and in 15
      controls, using a whole blood aggregometer. The increases in impedance and the
      reductions in leukocyte and platelet counts were significantly greater in stroke
      patients than in controls. Aggregation was inhibited by oral ticlopidine, but not
      by oral aspirin. The effects were clearly counteracted by platelet-activating
      factor (PAF) antagonists, and counteracted in part by a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
      The results suggest that platelets tend to be activated by PAF and leukotrienes
      liberated from hyperaggregable leukocytes in patients with ischemic stroke.

PMID- 1819712
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of platelet-activating factor.
AB  - Sudden release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) into the circulation can cause
      hypotension, tachycardia, and circulatory collapse. To further examine this
      response, we performed detailed studies of cardiovascular function after PAF
      administration to young domestic pigs and newborn piglets. Our results indicate
      that circulatory dysfunction after PAF reflects severe constriction of pulmonary
      resistance vessels and consequent acute right ventricular failure. Although PAF
      induced coronary artery constriction and contractile depression may be
      complicating problems, left ventricular underperfusion and dysfunction after PAF
      are mainly the result of systemic arterial hypotension and diminished left
      ventricular filling. The adverse hemodynamic effects of PAF are accompanied by
      substantial release of thromboxane A2 (TxA2). These effects are mimicked by the
      TxA2 agonist U-46619 and partially blocked by specific and nonspecific inhibitors
      of TxA2 synthesis (OKY-046 and indomethacin). Even more potent blockade of PAF
      action is exerted by the TxA2 receptor blocker, SQ 29,548. Taken together, these
      findings indicate that severe pulmonary vascular constriction and hemodynamic
      collapse soon after intravenous PAF are at least partially mediated by PAF
      induced TxA2 release. Tachyphylaxis to PAF influence has been observed in studies
      of leukocyte and platelet function. We hypothesized that tachyphylaxis to PAF
      might also occur in our studies of constrictor responses in pulmonary vessels.
      Recently, we have examined the capacity of PAF to produce sustained pulmonary
      vasoconstriction in open-chested, anesthetized newborn piglets. Infusions
      sufficient to produce 100% increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure after 3 min
      showed no loss of efficacy when sustained for 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1819714
TI  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces contraction of saponin-skinned smooth
      muscle of coronary artery.
AB  - The effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on the development of isometric
      tension by saponin-skinned coronary artery was studied. PAF caused two types of
      contractions of coronary smooth muscle cells (SMC): (i) rapid, transient (phasic)
      contractions of SMC were induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate dependent Ca2+
      release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); (ii) slow sustained (tonic)
      contractions were induced by increase in Ca(2+)-sensitivity of the contractile
      apparatus of SMC by protein kinase C activation. The present results support the
      hypothesis that, in SMC of coronary artery, PAF receptors are located not only on
      the plasma membrane, but also on the SR membranes.

PMID- 1819715
TI  - Role for platelet-activating factor in asthma.
AB  - Recent studies of the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on human and
      animal airways would support a putative role for this lipid mediator in asthma.
      PAF can induce many aspects of the clinical and pathological features seen in
      asthmatic airways such as airway oedema, eosinophil accumulation in the airway
      wall, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. PAF has potent activity as a chemotactic
      agent and as an activator of eosinophils, which are prominent cells in asthmatic
      airways, through the activation of specific surface receptors. The interaction
      between PAF and eosinophils may be crucial in the pathogenesis of bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness in asthma. A role for PAF in asthma can now be studied using
      the recently developed antagonists of the PAF receptor.

PMID- 1819713
TI  - Platelet-activating factor in cardiovascular stress situations.
AB  - Since the elucidation of its chemical structure two decades ago, platelet
      activating factor (PAF) has emerged as an important mediator of various
      cardiovascular stress situations. Most notably, PAF was implicated as a key
      factor in the septic shock syndrome, based on the similarities between endotoxin
      and PAF biological effects, the elevation of circulating and tissue levels of PAF
      during endotoxemia, and the protective effect of PAF antagonists in the septic
      state. In addition, accumulating data suggest the involvement of PAF in the
      pathophysiological processes associated with ischemia, hemorrhage and trauma,
      where PAF exerts its effects directly on cells and blood elements or indirectly
      through interactions with other mediators such as cytokines and prostaglandins.
      Nevertheless, the relative contribution of PAF to the pathophysiological
      processes in endotoxemia is still unknown and should await further
      investigations. The primary aims of this chapter are: to delineate the effects of
      PAF on the cardiovascular system, to summarize the data which suggest the
      involvement of PAF in stress situations of the cardiovascular system, and to
      identify areas where future experimental efforts should be focused.

PMID- 1819716
TI  - The contribution of platelet-activating factor to allergen-induced eosinophil
      infiltration and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an ether-linked phospholipid having a range
      of biological properties of relevance to our understanding of the pathogenesis of
      bronchial asthma and related allergic diseases. In particular the ability of PAF
      to induce eosinophil activation and recruitment has received considerable
      attention. Since in experimental animals PAF and allergen-induced eosinophil
      infiltration are dependent upon platelet activation, it is suggested that
      platelet activation may be an important component of the allergic process. The
      ability of PAF antagonists to inhibit various aspects of the allergic response
      has been demonstrated in a number of animal models but not all of them have been
      extended into man.

PMID- 1819717
TI  - Platelet activating factor-induced pulmonary accumulation of 111Indium-oxine
      labelled neutrophils in anesthetized guinea pigs.
AB  - The thoracic accumulation of neutrophils labelled with 111Indium-oxine in
      response to infusion of platelet activating factor (PAF, 18 ng/kg/min x 5 min,
      i.v.) was studied using an automated isotope monitoring system (AIMSplus) in
      anesthetized guinea-pigs. Loss of cell associated radioactivity in vitro was less
      than 1% over 4 hr. Labelled neutrophils maintained their functional capacity
      (oxidative response to the cell stimulants N-formyl-L-methionine-L-leucine-L
      phenylalanine and phorbol myristate acetate) and greater than 95% viability
      (ethidium bromide/acridine orange stain) in vitro. Total thoracic radioactivity
      increased significantly from baseline in response to PAF with a slight
      tachyphylaxia in the neutrophil-accumulation after a repeat PAF infusion. The
      highest ratios of radiolabel (tissue/blood) were found in the spleen much greater
      than liver greater than lung.

PMID- 1819718
TI  - Platelet activating factor induced respiratory mucosal damage.
AB  - Human sinus mucosal specimens from eight normal individuals were exposed to
      platelet activating factor (PAF) at concentrations ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(
      11) M in a humidified CO2 chamber at 37 degrees C. The mucosal surface of the
      specimens was recorded on video tapes and magnified 2,500 times on a 19-inch
      television (TV) monitor. Ciliary activity of each ciliated cell was
      photoelectrically measured on the TV monitor in real time. PAF induced mucosal
      damage which resulted in a coarse profile including ciliostasis and exfoliation
      of epithelial cells. The length of the incubation period in which the initial
      coarse profile occurred on the mucosal surface inversely correlated with the
      concentration of exposed PAF ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-10) M with r = -0.712
      (p less than 2 x 10(-4)). Both the control medium and 10(-8) M lysoPAF showed no
      effect on ciliary activity or mucosal surface alteration even after 24 hr of
      exposure. Significant ciliary inhibition was noted after 6 hr of exposure to PAF
      at concentrations of 10(-8) M and 10(-10) M (p less than 0.05). After 10 hr of
      exposure, significant ciliary inhibition (p less than 0.01) was noted at all
      concentrations. Inhibition occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The
      length of the incubation period in which initial ciliostatis occurred and the
      level of PAF concentration showed an inverse correlation with r = -0.918 (p less
      than 10(-6)). These results indicate that PAF is cytotoxic to human respiratory
      mucosa.

PMID- 1819719
TI  - Platelet-activating factor detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from an
      asthmatic patient.
AB  - It recently has been recognized that platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be a
      mediator of asthma exacerbation. We had the opportunity to analyze
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from an asthmatic infant, which were characterized
      by neutrophil infiltration. The patient's lungs were washed on three occasions
      with saline during asthmatic attacks. PAF was found in each case on the basis of
      its ability to cause the immediate aggregation of washed rabbit platelets. The
      PAF detected was equivalent to 1-1.4 pmol of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine, three quarters of which were recovered in cell-associated form.
      By contrast, we did not detect PAF in bronchoalveolar exudates from patients with
      laryngeal stenosis or with respiratory distress syndrome. LysoPAF, the direct
      precursor as well as initial metabolite of PAF, was also analyzed after being
      converted to PAF by acetylation. There was a wide variation in the amount of
      lysoPAF present in individual patients, suggesting that lysoPAF levels cannot be
      taken as an indicator for the presence of PAF.

PMID- 1819720
TI  - Effect of the selective PAF antagonist SM-10661 on an asthmatic model. 1. Effect
      on passive anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of SM-10661, a selective antagonist of platelet-activating factor
      (PAF), on passive anaphylactic bronchoconstriction was examined in guinea pigs. A
      challenge of ovalbumin to passively sensitized guinea pigs induced
      bronchoconstriction, which peaked at 4 min. When SM-10661 was administered
      intravenously 2 min before ovalbumin challenge, bronchoconstriction was inhibited
      dose-dependently with an ID50 of 68 mg/kg. In guinea pigs pretreated with 15
      micrograms/kg mepyramine which is a suboptimal dose, antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction peaked at 4-6 min, but was inhibited by SM-10661 with an ID50
      of 21 mg/kg. When guinea pigs were pretreated intravenously with 2.5 mg/kg
      mepyramine, 1 mg/kg indomethacin and 0.01 mg/kg propranolol, the antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction peaked at 6 min. SM-10661 inhibited the response with an ID50
      of 45 mg/kg. Histamine- and leukotriene D4-induced bronchoconstrictions were
      unaffected by up to 100 mg/kg SM-10661. Ovalbumin challenge of minced lungs from
      passively sensitized guinea pigs triggered the release of leukotrienes and
      histamine. SM-10661 had no effect on the antigen-induced release of peptide
      leukotrienes or histamine up to 10(-4) M. These results indicate that SM-10661
      may be a useful tool to investigate the role of PAF in antigen-induced
      anaphylactic bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 1819721
TI  - Effect of the selective PAF antagonist SM-10661 on an asthmatic model. 2. Effect
      on antigen-induced dual asthmatic response and infiltration of leukocytes into
      airways in actively sensitized conscious guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of a selective platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist,
      SM-10661, on antigen-induced dual asthmatic response and leukocyte infiltration
      into the airways of actively sensitized conscious guinea pigs was investigated.
      The animals were pretreated with mepyramine maleate (10 mg/kg i.p.) and then
      challenged with ovalbumin. The inhalation of ovalbumin caused an immediate
      decline in specific airway conductance (sGaw) which peaked at 5 min after the
      challenge. sGaw gradually returned to the baseline 6 hr after the challenge.
      After the early asthmatic response (EAR), a second phase change, a late asthmatic
      response (LAR) in sGaw peaking at 17-20 hr was observed. When 1% w/v disodium
      cromoglycate was inhaled for 2 min on two occasions, EAR was not affected, but
      LAR was significantly inhibited. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg fenoterol (30
      min before challenge) significantly inhibited EAR, but had no significant effect
      on LAR. SM-10661 administered orally 1 hr before the challenge inhibited EAR dose
      dependently (50% inhibitory dose (ID50); 59 mg/kg, but was even more effective
      against the LAR (ID50); 13-16 mg/kg). When 30 mg/kg of SM-10661 was administered
      orally 6 hr after ovalbumin challenge, LAR was completely inhibited. The number
      of total cells, macrophages and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids rose
      significantly 17 hr after antigen challenge compared to that observed after
      saline challenge. The number of neutrophils and lymphocytes also increased in
      response to the ovalbumin challenge, but not significantly. SM-10661 (30 mg/kg)
      administered orally 1 hr before the challenge significantly inhibited the
      increase in total cells, macrophages and eosinophils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1819723
TI  - The effects of R-75,317 on antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis in
      rats.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator which is
      released by various inflammatory cells and produced by certain tissues, including
      the kidney. PAF has been shown to increase glomerular permeability to protein and
      to decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by contracting mesangium. On the
      basis of these observations, it has been suspected that PAF may play a role as
      mediator of glomerular damage in glomerular nephritis. To examine this
      possibility, we studied the effects of a specific PAF antagonist, R-75,317, on
      the development of an experimental model of anti-glomerular basement membrane
      (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis was initiated by injecting
      rabbit anti-rat GBM serum into rats. Proteinuria gradually developed after serum
      injection, plateaued at week 2, and remained at the high level of week 2
      throughout the experimental period (6 wk). Chronic treatment with R-75,317 (10
      mg/kg/day i.p.) tended to delay the onset of proteinuria and significantly
      accelerated the recovery phase. Creatinine clearance (Ccr) fell to 40% at week 3.
      R-75,317 treatment completely prevented this decline of Ccr. Histological changes
      in this model (glomerular hypertrophy, proliferation of mesangial matrix and
      interstitial fibrosis) were also ameliorated by the R-75,317 treatment. The
      results suggest that PAF may play a role in the development of glomerulonephritis
      and that PAF antagonists could be used in the treatment of human renal disease.

PMID- 1819722
TI  - The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in experimental glomerular injury.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent autacoid that participates in
      inflammation and other pathophysiological processes. In this review we deal with
      recent evidence suggesting that PAF is a mediator that is released early during
      glomerular injury. PAF can be synthesized in the glomerulus by infiltrating
      intrinsic glomerular cells. Normal glomeruli produce PAF upon stimulation, and
      glomerular PAF synthesis is increased in a variety of experimental
      glomerulopathies. The local infusion of PAF into the renal artery of isolated
      blood-free kidneys induces proteinuria. PAF attracts and activates inflammatory
      cells. Glomerular mesangial, endothelial and epithelial cells are also targets
      for PAF. Therapy with specific PAF receptor antagonists has prevented or reduced
      proteinuria and improved glomerular inflammation in several experimental models
      of proliferative glomerulonephritis and minimal change nephrosis. However, the
      beneficial effect of administration of PAF antagonists once proteinuria is fully
      developed has been minimal. PAF may also play a role in the recruitment of
      inflammatory interstitial cells.

PMID- 1819724
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine: the role of platelet-activating factor and
      thromboxane.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent, is potentially nephrotoxic. We
      had previously observed that acute administration of CsA to Munich-Wistar rats
      induced a decrease in single nephron glomerular filtration rate, due to a decline
      in glomerular plasma flow, and in the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient.
      Moreover, these alterations were prevented when an antagonist of platelet
      activating factor (PAF) was administered. In the present study we examined
      whether the protective effect of the PAF blocker in CsA nephrotoxicity could have
      been mediated by thromboxane (TxA2). Our data show that the PAF effects were not
      mediated by TxA2, since administration of dazmegrel, a thromboxane synthetase
      inhibitor, did not ameliorate the acute renal failure caused by CsA. Thus, PAF
      appears to be a direct mediator of acute CsA nephrotoxicity, while TxA2 is not
      significantly involved in this process.

PMID- 1819725
TI  - Effect of platelet-activating factor antagonist BN 52063 on the nephrotoxicity of
      cisplatin.
AB  - Cisplatin (DDP) is an effective anticancer agent that has been successfully
      applied against various solid tumors. However, DDP commonly causes
      nephrotoxicity. We observed that DDP led to significant alterations in renal
      microcirculation when administered to Munich-Wistar rats, with a concomitant
      decrease in single nephron glomerular filtration rate due to reduction in
      glomerular plasma flow and transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference. BN
      52063, a platelet-activating factor antagonist, caused a striking change in acute
      renal failure induced by DDP leading toward normalization of all parameters of
      renal function. The results suggest that BN 52063 could be used as a novel drug
      to control DDP nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 1819726
TI  - Effects of PAF antagonists on renal vascular escape and tachyphylaxis in perfused
      rabbit kidney.
AB  - Renal vascular escape is a physiological phenomenon of adaptation that occurs in
      vascular smooth muscle. It has been described in many preparations subjected to
      electrical stimulation or treated with vasoactive agents, such as
      noreprinephrine, angiotensin and vasopressin. We have recently demonstrated that
      a naturally occurring ginkgolide (BN 52021), which is a PAF antagonist, was able
      to block norepinephrine-induced escape in perfused rabbit kidney. In the present
      work other PAF antagonists, such as the ginkgolides BN 52022 and BN 52024, and
      the synthetic compounds 48740 RP and WEB 2086, were tested. Their effects on
      renal vascular escape, perfusion pressure and tachyphylaxis were evaluated. They
      all were shown to block the escape. Among the ginkgolides, BN 52024 is generally
      recognized as one of the weaker PAF antagonists. However, in spite of this, BN
      52024 was able to significantly and simultaneously block renal vascular escape
      and tachyphylaxis in perfused rabbit kidney infused with norepinephrine.

PMID- 1819727
TI  - Presence of platelet-activating factor in pyuria in humans.
AB  - The relationship between the occurrence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and
      neutrophils in urine from patients with urinary tract infection was examined. PAF
      was detected in human pyuria, when leukocyte levels reached at least 300
      cells/microL (n = 45), but not in normal urine (n = 12). The amount of PAF found
      in pyuria, measured by platelet aggregation assay, was 0.01 to 13.3 pmol/mL. A
      close correlation was seen between the amount of PAF present and the number of
      urinary leukocytes (p less than 0.01, r = 0.70). The leukocytes in pyuria
      consisted almost entirely of neutrophils (96 +/- 4%, mean +/- S.D.). Our findings
      suggest that the occurrence of PAF is associated with the accumulation of
      neutrophils in urine.

PMID- 1819728
TI  - Significance of platelet-activating factor in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion.
AB  - Reperfusion of the ischemic mesenterium is frequently followed by acute
      circulatory collapse. This review focuses on the possible role of platelet
      activating factor (PAF) in ischemia-induced damage. It provides evidence that (i)
      PAF concentrations are elevated in the mesenteric circulation following temporary
      ischemia; (ii) administration of exogenous PAF into the superior mesenteric vein
      mimics many events observed during reperfusion; and (iii) pretreatment of the
      experimental animals with specific PAF receptor antagonists prevent the
      circulatory collapse. These findings suggest that PAF may play an important role
      in the development of circulatory collapse caused by mesenteric ischemia
      reperfusion.

PMID- 1819730
TI  - Antagonism of platelet-activating factor in isolated rat colon: possible
      mechanism.
AB  - The contractions of three different regions of rat colon in response to platelet
      activating factor (PAF) were compared. The ascending colon was found to be the
      most responsive. The slow contraction of the ascending colon induced by PAF was
      dependent on external Ca2+. CV-3988, a structural analog of PAF, slowly induced
      irreversible inhibition of PAF-induced contraction, whereas FR-900452, which is
      structurally unrelated to PAF, caused rapid reversible inhibition of PAF-induced
      contraction. No inhibitory effects of CV-3988 were observed when the strip was
      washed with Tyrode's solution containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). The
      results suggest that PAF and CV-3988 penetrate slowly into the outer half of the
      lipid bilayer of plasma membranes of cells in isolated rat colon, and then
      rapidly diffuse laterally to associate firmly with specific binding sites.

PMID- 1819729
TI  - Hypoxia, PAF, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
AB  - Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an important neonatal disease with a high
      mortality rate. The pathophysiology is unclear but epidemiologic studies suggest
      that hypoxia and infection are important risk factors. In this review we discuss
      the effect of hypoxia and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on intestinal blood
      flow and intestinal necrosis, and implicate PAF as an important mediator in
      hypoxia-induced intestinal injury. Finally we provide evidence that PAF may be
      important in neonatal NEC.

PMID- 1819732
TI  - The effect of CV-3988 and CV-6209 on the acute gastric erosions of rats due to
      water-immersion and restraint stress.
AB  - CV-3988 and CV-6209 inhibited gastric erosions in rats due to water-immersion and
      restraint stress in a dose-dependent manner. The above inhibitory effects of CV
      3988 were observed in the presence of indomethacin, which may indicate that the
      inhibition is not prostaglandin dependent. The studies indicate that platelet
      activating factor may be involved in the formation of erosions in rats under
      water-immersion and restraint stress.

PMID- 1819731
TI  - Molecular heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in rat glandular
      stomach determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PAF molecular species
      changes upon water-immersion stress.
AB  - The molecular heterogeneity of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
      (alkylacetyl-GPC) and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (acylacetyl
      GPC) in normal rat glandular stomach was studied by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (GC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. The percentage compositions of
      the molecular species of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC in the
      antrum were, respectively, 1-alkyl [16:0 (34%) and 18:0 (66%)]-2-acetyl-GPC and 1
      acyl [16:0 (60%), 18:0 (14%) and 18:1 (26%)]-2-acetyl-GPC. The alkyl chain
      composition of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC was quite different from that of 1-alkyl-2
      acyl-GPC in both the antrum and corpus, demonstrating a high degree of
      selectivity of alkyl chain utilization in PAF biosynthesis. The amount of 1-acyl
      2-acetyl-GPC was much greater than that of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC. The molecular
      heterogeneity of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC in the corpus was
      similar to that in the antrum. Water-immersion stress affected not only the
      amount of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC, but also their molecular
      heterogeneity in the antrum and corpus. Whereas the amounts of 1-hexadecyl-2
      acetyl-GPC and 1-acyl [16:0, 18:0 and 18:1]-2-acetyl-GPC decreased markedly (to
      less than one-fifth) in the antrum after such stress for 1 hr, the amount of 1
      octadecyl-2-acetyl-GPC increased markedly (up to 4-fold) in the corpus and severe
      lesions were observed after stress for 7 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819733
TI  - Platelet-activating factor may mediate dexamethasone-induced gastric damage in
      the rat.
AB  - The possible role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in dexamethasone-induced
      gastric mucosal damage was studied in rats. PAF was measured by a platelet
      aggregation assay. The identity of the PAF-like product recovered from gastric
      tissues was ascertained by thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid
      chromatography. Low levels of PAF were detected in the normal rat stomach, while
      in dexamethasone-treated animals PAF levels were significantly higher.
      Pretreatment of the animals with BN 52021, a specific PAF receptor antagonist,
      significantly attenuated dexamethasone-induced mucosal injury. These findings
      suggest that PAF may be a mediator of mucosal damage induced by glucocorticoids.

PMID- 1819734
TI  - Myoelectric intestinal disturbances in Escherichia coli endotoxic shock in rats.
      Involvement of platelet-activating factor.
AB  - Administration of BN 52021 (50 mg/kg i.v.), a specific antagonist of platelet
      activating factor (PAF), significantly reduced the intestinal myoelectric
      disturbances induced by E. coli endotoxin injection (50 micrograms/kg i.v.) by
      62%. Thus, PAF may be involved in the intestinal motor alterations observed in
      endotoxic shock. When given in combination with indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.p.), BN
      52021 inhibited endotoxic shock intestinal disturbances. Indomethacin alone also
      reduced PAF induced (25 micrograms/kg i.p.) disruption of migrating myoelectric
      complexes. Endotoxins may act on intestinal motility via release of endogenous
      PAF and prostaglandins, the effects of PAF being mediated through the release of
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 1819735
TI  - Involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in septic shock and priming as
      indicated by the effect of hetrazepinoic PAF antagonists.
AB  - Pharmacological data obtained with hetrazepinoic platelet-activating factor (PAF)
      antagonists, such as apafant (WEB 2086) and bepafant (WEB 2170), indicate a role
      for PAF in septic shock and in the priming process. The effect of PAF antagonists
      in different models of shock states favors a role for PAF in endotoxin associated
      lethality, activation of inflammatory blood cells with release of mediators,
      cardiovascular failure and increased vascular permeability, and in the
      development of shock organs and organ failure. The priming process (e.g., by
      endotoxin or tumor necrosis factor) towards an increased susceptibility towards
      minute amounts of PAF has to be taken into account when considering the
      pathophysiological significance of PAF under in vivo conditions and in septic
      shock.

PMID- 1819736
TI  - Effect of the hetrazepinoic platelet-activating factor antagonist Bepafant (WEB
      2170) in models of active and passive anaphylaxis in mice and guinea pigs.
AB  - The selective hetrazepinoic platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist WEB 2170
      (Bepafant) was used to study the pathophysiological role of PAF in several models
      of anaphylaxis in mice and guinea pigs. In actively sensitized mice, the PAF
      antagonist WEB 2170 (1.0-10 mg/kg p.o.) protected mice from anaphylactic death in
      a dose-dependent manner when the anaphylactic response was potentiated by the
      beta-receptor antagonist propranolol. When active anaphylaxis in guinea pigs was
      induced intravenously by 100 mg/kg ovalbumin (OA) in the presence of small doses
      of the antihistamine mepyramine, additional treatment with oral or intravenous
      WEB 2170 protected the guinea pigs from anaphylactic death. Also, the remaining
      anaphylactic bronchoconstriction and blood pressure changes (including
      anaphylactic hypotension) were attenuated. When guinea pigs were passively
      sensitized with a heterologous antibody via the tracheal route and then
      challenged by ovalbumin (100 mg/kg i.v.) 24 hr after sensitization in the
      presence of 0.003 mg/kg i.v. mepyramine, additional treatment with tracheal WEB
      2170 at 0.1-1 mg/kg protected the guinea pigs dose-dependently not only from
      anaphylactic death but also from a further decrease of respiratory flow and
      changes of blood pressure. Increased levels of PAF-like activity (20-50 ng
      PAF/whole lung) were detected in lungs removed from antigen-challenged animals.
      The results suggest a causative role for PAF in active and passive anaphylaxis.

PMID- 1819737
TI  - Platelet-activating factor type activity in plasma from patients with septicemia
      and other diseases.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine whether increased levels of
      platelet-activating factor (PAF) type activity can be detected in plasma from
      patients with septicemia and other diseases. A level of PAF below 0.5 ng/mL of
      plasma was considered normal. We found that plasma from a patient with adverse
      anaphylactoidic reaction to intravenous analgetics contained 2.1 ng PAF/mL. In
      seven patients with septicemia, including urosepsis, endocarditis and
      peritonitis, and with positive blood culture, increased plasma PAF levels (1-20
      ng PAF/mL) were observed. Other patients with clinical indications of septicemia
      had negative blood cultures and/or increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP).
      Yet, in the plasma from these patients, no increased PAF levels were detected
      under the assay conditions used. Two patients with allergic asthma, requiring
      treatment with steroids, had no measurable plasma PAF. In the plasma from a
      patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) only an "endogenous"
      inhibitor of PAF induced platelet aggregation was initially observed. In spite of
      this, the patient responded to treatment with the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 with a
      dramatic increase in platelet count (Lohmann et al., Lancet ii, 1147, 1988).
      Thereafter, also increased PAF levels (3.3 ng PAF/mL) were detected in plasma,
      although some "endogenous" inhibitor of PAF was still present. In conclusion,
      increased PAF levels in plasma from patients support a role of PAF in certain
      human disease states, such as in anaphylactoid reaction, sepsis and septic shock.
      The type, relevance and specificity of endogenous inhibitors of PAF deserve
      further study.

PMID- 1819738
TI  - Differential effect of a PAF antagonist CV-3988 on active and passive
      anaphylactic shock in various mouse strains.
AB  - To define the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in anaphylactic shock in
      the mouse, the suppressive effect of CV-3988, a PAF antagonist, on active and
      passive anaphylactic shock was studied. Various mouse strains treated or not
      treated with Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) were used. We found that the
      effect of CV-3988 on anaphylactic shock in the mice that were actively sensitized
      with bovine serum albumin plus B. pertussis differed markedly according to mouse
      strain. CV-3988 suppressed the anaphylactic shock in C3H/He and CBA/JN mice at a
      low dose of 3 mg/kg, whereas antagonists to other mediators such as histamine,
      serotonin, thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes did not show a suppressive effect.
      This suggests that PAF plays a major role in anaphylactic shock in these strains.
      On the other hand, CV-3988 did not suppress active anaphylactic shock in cataract
      Shionogi (CTS), NOD and DS strains even at a high dose of 30 mg/kg, which could
      be interpreted to suggest that PAF is not active in these strains. However, this
      possibility was ruled out based on the similar results obtained in passive
      anaphylactic shock and PAF-induced shock in these mice. Passive anaphylactic
      shock in CTS mice mediated by IgG1 antibody was markedly suppressed by CV-3988
      but not at all by antagonists to other mediators. Furthermore, the suppressive
      action of CV-3988 against passive anaphylactic shock, and PAF-induced shock was
      greatly attenuated when the mice were pretreated with B. pertussis. From these
      results, the conclusion can be drawn that PAF is the main mediator of active and
      passive anaphylactic shock in the mouse in general, even though the effect of CV
      3988 differs depending on the mouse strain and on whether or not B. pertussis
      treatment is used.

PMID- 1819739
TI  - Effect of a selective PAF antagonist SM-10661 ((+/-)-cis-3,5-dimethyl-2-(3
      pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one HCl) on experimental disseminated intravascular
      coagulation (DIC).
AB  - Intravenous infusion of endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg/hr for 4 hr) was shown to induce
      disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rats, which resulted in
      hypofibrinogenemia, prolongation of prothrombin (PT) and partial thromboplastin
      time (PTT), thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of fibrinogen/fibrin
      degradation products (FDP). Oral administration (100 mg/kg) of the selective PAF
      antagonist, SM-10661 ((+/-)-cis-3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one HCl),
      counteracted the changes caused by the endotoxin. Intravenous infusion of SM
      10661 (6mg/kg bolus 2 min before endotoxin infusion + 6 mg/kg/hr for 4 hr
      infusion) also counteracted DIC. When suboptimal doses of gabexate mesilate, a
      synthetic protease inhibitor (3 mg/kg i.p.), and SM-10661 (2 mg/kg bolus + 2
      mg/kg/hr for 4 hr infusion) were administered concomitantly, hematological
      parameters improved. The results suggest that PAF may play a role in the
      pathogenesis of DIC, and that together with the results already reported for
      other PAF antagonists, SM-10661 may be useful in the treatment of DIC.

PMID- 1819740
TI  - Pooling of blood in postischemic shock is modulated by platelet-activating factor
      (PAF).
AB  - In experiments on dogs, i.v. administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF)
      (500 ng/kg) was shown to induce hypotension which, apart from decreased
      myocardial contractility, was characterized by blood pooling in veins (82.6 +/-
      6.8 mL/kg). This was accompanied by restriction of venous return to the heart and
      reduction of cardiac output (CO). During postischemic shock the cardio- and
      hemodynamic disturbances were similar to those induced by i.v. administration of
      PAF. In the postischemic shock model, preliminary blockage of PAF receptors with
      the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 (6 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased the
      amount of blood pooled in shock from 38.7 +/- 5 to 18.3 +/- 2 mL/kg (p less than
      0.01). Simultaneously, the reduction of CO and blood pressure, induced by
      reperfusion of the continuously ischemized tissues of a rear limb, was less
      significant in pretreated vs. the nontreated group. The data suggest that PAF may
      be involved in postischemic blood pooling and that PAF antagonists could be used
      to correct postischemic cardio- and hemodynamic disturbances.

PMID- 1819741
TI  - Induction of platelet-activating factor in mice by intravenous administration of
      a neutral fraction of bakers' yeast mannan.
AB  - A neutral subfraction of mannan of bakers' yeast (WNM) was found to show a lethal
      effect in mice when administered intravenously. Symptoms caused by intravenous
      (i.v.) administration of WNM resembled those resulting from the administration of
      platelet-activating factor (PAF). CV-3988 and ONO-6240, selective PAF
      antagonists, prevented hypotension and death caused by the administration of WNM
      or PAF. A beta-adrenoceptor agonist was shown to prevent death caused by WNM,
      whereas propranolol increased the lethal activity of WNM. Intravenous
      administration of WNM into mice produced PAF in gall bladder fluid which was
      determined by platelet aggregation assay. The findings indicate that WNM is able
      to induce PAF in mice and that the resultant PAF may participate in the WNM
      induced lethal activity observed in mice.

PMID- 1819742
TI  - Involvement of platelet-activating factor in zymosan-induced rat pleurisy.
AB  - The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in inflammatory reactions was
      studied in zymosan-induced rat pleurisy. Pleurisy was induced by injection of a
      2% zymosan suspension into the pleural cavity of rats. The time course of pleural
      exudate accumulation, the exudation rate, and exudate leukocyte numbers were
      followed then for 96 hr. Peak pleural exudate accumulation was about 3 mL at 24
      hr, whereas the exudation rate increased biphasically with peaks at 0.5 hr and 5
      hr. The migration of leukocytes into the pleural cavity increased with time up to
      48 hr. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes were the dominant white cells in the
      exudate between 5 and 16 hr, but mononuclear leukocytes started to outnumber them
      around 24 hr. Pretreatment with cyproheptadine (5 mg/kg), an inhibitor of both
      histamine and serotonin, significantly suppressed pleural fluid accumulation and
      the exudation rate at 0.5 hr. The PAF antagonist CV-6209 (1 mg/kg) significantly
      suppressed pleural fluid accumulation and the exudation rate at both 0.5 and 5
      hr. At either time point, the parameters were not suppressed by indomethacin. We
      detected PAF activity in the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      fraction (with a retention time corresponding to that of authentic PAF) of the
      exudates at 0.5 hr, 5 hr, and 16 hr using an aggregation bioassay with washed
      rabbit platelets. The results suggest that in zymosan-induced rat pleurisy,
      histamine and/or serotonin are the main mediators of exudation at 0.5 hr and that
      PAF may be partly responsible for exudation at 0.5 hr and later at 5 hr to 16 hr.

PMID- 1819743
TI  - Hexadecylphosphocholine: preclinical and the first clinical results of a new
      antitumor drug.
AB  - Dose-response studies on cytotoxic alkyl lysophospholipids with various chemical
      structures revealed that a long alkyl chain and a polar group are essential for
      antitumor activity. The combination of both the long alkyl chain and a
      phosphocholine group thus results in alkyl phosphocholines. Preclinical studies
      with hexadecylphosphocholine (He-PC) as a representative compound indicate
      distinct antineoplastic activity on leukemia cells of human origin. He-PC is
      highly effective in inhibiting the growth of chemically induced rat mammary
      carcinomas. Even more striking is the fact that a high percentage of the tumors
      regressed completely. In a clinical phase I trial on breast cancer patients with
      local recurrences, topically applied He-PC resulted in regression of skin
      metastases. A phase II trial for topical treatment and a phase I trial for orally
      applied He-PC have been initiated to further evaluate the antitumoral activity of
      this new compound.

PMID- 1819745
TI  - Stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether PAF analogs.
AB  - A novel stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether analogs of
      platelet-activating factor (PAF) is reported. The synthesis is based upon: i) the
      use of D-serine to provide the chiral center for the construction of the
      optically active phospholipid molecule; ii) development of the sn-1-thioalkyl
      function via thioacetate displacement of methanesulfonate-activated primary
      hydroxyl group followed by alkylation of the sn-1-thiolate function; and iii)
      introduction of the phosphocholine moiety through the 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2
      dioxaphospholane/trimethylamine sequence. The entire scheme relies on the use of
      a single protecting group. The synthetic thioether phospholipid 1-S-hexadecyl-2-N
      acetamidodeoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has been shown to be a potent
      antitumor active phospholipid, exhibiting tumor cytotoxicity against a
      lymphoblastoid lymphoma (Li-A) cell line and a malignant histiocytic (DHL-4) cell
      line of human origin at the same level of potency as ET-18-OMe and 1-O-octadecyl
      2-N-acetamidodeoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The synthetic method described
      has a great deal of flexibility, providing a convenient general route to a wide
      range of thioether PAF analogs.

PMID- 1819744
TI  - Comparison of selective cytotoxicity of alkyl lysophospholipids.
AB  - Alkyl lysophospholipids have been shown to be cytooxic to a number of neoplastic
      tissues. One, ET-18-OCH3, has been used to selectively purge leukemic cells from
      mixtures with normal marrow progenitor cells, in vitro and in vivo. We have
      measured the 50% inhibitory (IC50) effect of a series of ether lipids (EL) on
      leukemic cells (HL60, K562, Daudi, KG-1, KG-1a) and normal marrow progenitor
      cells. Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of EL for 4 hr and
      assayed for viability, [3H]thymidine incorporation and clonogenicity in semi
      solid media. The effect on protein kinase C (PKC) activity was assayed for each
      compound. Compounds tested included three glycerophosphocholine analogs--ET-18
      OCH3, ET-16-NHCOCH3, and BM 41.440. In addition, a lipoidal amine, CP 46665, an
      ethyleneglycolphospholipid, AEPL, and four single chain alkylphosphocholine
      analogs, HePC2, HePC3, HePC4 and HePC6 were also tested. During the period of
      incubation, the cells remained viable (greater than 70%) as judged by trypan blue
      dye exclusion. The glycerophosphocholines were the most active and showed the
      highest therapeutic index. The lipoidal amine was active, but toxic to normal
      marrow progenitor cells. The ethyleneglycolphospholipid was active against HL60,
      but not against the other cell lines. The single chain alkylphosphocholine
      analogs were less active. All of the compounds inhibited PKC activity; however,
      the glycerophosphocholines were the most inhibitory.

PMID- 1819746
TI  - Antitumor activity of Ilmofosine (BM 41.440) in the 3Lewis-lung carcinoma model.
AB  - Ilmofosine (1-hexadecylthio-2-methoxymethyl-1,3-propanediol-phosphocholine, BM
      41.440) is a thioether phospholipid with cytostatic/cytotoxic properties. The
      antineoplastic activity of this compound was investigated in vivo in the 3Lewis
      lung carcinoma system. 3Lewis lung tumor-bearing C57Bl/6 mice were treated with
      0.625 to 40 mg Ilmofosine/kg per day p.o. either from days 1 to 9 or from days 11
      to 28 after intrafoot-pad tumor cell inoculation. Ilmofosine caused a significant
      dose-related response on tumor growth and metastases, expressed in terms of tumor
      diameter, tumor weight, survival time and number of metastases-free animals as
      compared to sham-treated and positive (cyclophosphamide) controls. The results
      suggest that direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects, rather than immune-modulatory
      mechanisms, preferentially contribute to the antitumor activity of Ilmofosine in
      vivo.

PMID- 1819747
TI  - 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether and thioether
      phospholipids. A new class of ara-C prodrug with improved antitumor activity.
AB  - The 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) conjugates 1-O-alkyl (ether) and 1
      S-alkyl (thioether) phospholipids, being analogues of ara-CDP-sn-1,2-O
      dipalmitoylglycerol (1), showed significant antitumor activity against L1210 and
      P388 leukemia in vivo. The more active conjugates include the 1-O-alkyl
      analogues, ara-CDP-rac-1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (2) and ara-CDP-rac-1
      O-octa-decyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (3), and the corresponding 1-S-alkyl
      analogues, ara-CDP-rac-1-S-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoyl-1-thioglycerol (4) and ara-CDP
      rac-1-S-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoyl-1-thioglycerol (5, Cytoros). The conjugates were
      formulated by sonication, in which the conjugates existed as discs (size 0.01
      0.04 microns). Among the conjugates of the three different phospholipids, the 1-S
      alkyl analogues 4 and 5 displayed the strongest antitumor activity against L1210
      leukemia in mice, followed by the 1-O-alkyl (2 and 3) and the 1-O-acyl (1)
      analogues. The 1-S-alkyl analogue 5 was considerably more effective than the 1-O
      acyl analogue 1 against myelomonocytic WEHI-3B leukemia in mice. Conjugate 5
      (Cytoros) showed a significant therapeutic activity in mice with colon 26
      carcinoma, M5076 sarcoma, and C-1300 neuroblastoma. Furthermore, this agent
      inhibited liver metastases of M5076 sarcoma. Conjugates 3 and 5 also inhibited
      the metastasis of 3-Lewis lung carcinoma to the lungs of mice. Cytoros (5) and
      its analogues, with other ether and thioether phospholipids, appear to offer
      increased therapeutic benefit to mice with tumors.

PMID- 1819749
TI  - Platelet-activating factor and structurally related alkyl ether lipids.
      Proceedings of the Third International Conference. Tokyo, Japan, May 8-12, 1989.

PMID- 1819748
TI  - Induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells by novel
      nonphosphorus alkyl ether lipids.
AB  - We synthesized a new series of nonphosphorus alkyl ether glycerolipids, in which
      the 2-acetyl group of platelet-activating factor was replaced by a pyrimidin-2-yl
      group and the 3-phosphocholine portion by an omega-(substituted
      ammonio)ethoxyethyl side-chain including omega-thiazolio-, imidazolio- and
      pyridinio groups with or without a carboxyl substituent, respectively (compound I
      XI). Their effects on cell proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid
      leukemia HL-60 cells were examined. Incubation of HL-60 cells with these cationic
      and zwitterionic alkyl ether lipids inhibited proliferation of HL-60 cells with
      IC50 values ranging from 10 to 500 ng/mL. The cells were induced by the lipids to
      differentiate into morphologically and functionally mature granulocytes. Among
      the compounds we tested, 1-octadecyl-2-pyrimidinyl-3-[3-(5-
      carboxylatepentyl)imidazolioethoxyethyl]glycerol (compound I) was the most
      effective in inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells. Compound I showed on a
      molar basis, an inhibitory effect on the leukemic cells over 50 times greater
      than did 2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy)ethyl 2-pyridinio-ethyl phosphate, the
      antileukemic alkyl ether phospholipid.

PMID- 1819750
TI  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF): an introduction.

PMID- 1819752
TI  - Regulation of the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in alveolar
      macrophages.
AB  - Activities of enzymes which metabolize lysoplatelet-activating factor (lysoPAF)
      and platelet-activating factor (PAF) were studied in rabbit alveolar macrophage
      lysates. Substantial acetyltransferase activity was noted in the presence of 100
      microM acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), and this activity was increased in A23187
      stimulated cell lysate. On the other hand, in the absence of exogenous acetyl
      CoA, lysoPAF was mainly acylated through a transacylation pathway rather than by
      acetyltransferase in both control and A23187-stimulated cell lysates. We
      confirmed that the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA is relatively low.
      The observations suggest that the transacylation system may play an equally
      important role in the regulation of the availability of lysoPAF in intact cells.
      Intracellular lysoPAF was also maintained at relatively low levels.
      Interestingly, large amounts of PAF were produced even in unstimulated cells upon
      addition of an excess of exogenous lysoPAF, suggesting that generation of an
      adequate amount of lysoPAF within cells may be sufficient to trigger PAF
      synthesis in this type of cells.

PMID- 1819751
TI  - Studies on the selectivity of enzymes involved in platelet-activating factor
      formation in stimulated cells.
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to obtain further insight into the
      selectivities of the enzymes, i.e., phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase,
      involved in platelet-activating factor (PAF) production upon stimulation of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and platelets. After appropriate stimulation
      of the cells in the presence of [3H]acetate the total PAF and analogs, i.e., 1
      alkyl-2-acetyl-, 1-alkenyl-2-acetyl-, and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-
      phosphocholine were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography. The
      isolated mixture was subjected to treatment with phospholipase A1 to
      differentiate acetate incorporation into 1-ether linked and 1-ester linked
      species. The ratio of acetate incorporation into 1-ether linked vs 1-ester linked
      PAF analogs amounted to 13.8 +/- 1.0 and 1.3 +/- 0.1 for PMN and platelets,
      respectively. When compared to the ratio of 1-ether linked and 1-ester linked
      species in the diradylglycerophosphocholine precursors in each cell type, i.e.,
      1.13 for PMN and 0.22 for platelets, these data suggested a pronounced
      selectivity for the phospholipase A2 and/or acetyltransferase in the process of
      PAF production. When the experiments were repeated with cells that had been
      pretreated with phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) to block the
      acetylhydrolase, the most dramatic effects were observed on acetate incorporation
      into 1-acyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine, which increased much more than
      that into 1-alk(en)yl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Under these conditions,
      the ratio of acetate incorporation into 1-ether linked vs 1-ester linked PAF
      analogs became 1.4 +/- 0.2 and 0.17 +/- 0.02 for PMN and platelets,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819753
TI  - Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in human tissues and blood
      cells.
AB  - Human tissues, blood cells, and plasma have enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis
      of PAF (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine). The activities are not
      due to phospholipases A2 that hydrolyze long chain acyl groups at the sn-2
      position of glycerophospholipids, since they are calcium-independent and are
      specific for hydrolysis of short chain acyl groups. We examined the biochemical
      properties of these PAF acetylhydrolase activities (EC 3.1.1.47) in homogenates
      of human liver and spleen, in white blood cells (neutrophils and monocytes), and
      in erythrocytes. The data suggest that the plasma and intracellular PAF
      acetylhydrolase activities are likely due to different proteins. Second, the
      intracellular PAF acetylhydrolase activities in liver and spleen share several
      biochemical features that differentiate them from the activities in blood cells.
      Third, the activities in monocytes and neutrophils have properties that
      differentiate them from the activity present in human erythrocytes. Finally, the
      erythrocyte activity has unique properties that place it in a separate category
      of short chain acylhydrolases. In conclusion, there is a family of distinct
      enzymes that can be identified as PAF acetylhydrolases based on their calcium
      independence and specificity for a short residue at the sn-2 position of
      phospholipids.

PMID- 1819755
TI  - The metabolism of 1-acyl-PAF in rabbit platelets and its possible interaction
      with PAF.
AB  - The metabolism of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-PAF), a
      naturally occurring analogue of platelet activating factor (PAF), was
      investigated in rabbit platelets. Our studies showed that 1-acyl-[3H]PAF (1
      palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho[N-methyl-3H]-choline) was converted by
      platelets into phosphatidyl-[3H]choline [( 3H]PC) in a time-dependent fashion.
      The formation of [3H]PC occurred at a rate similar to that observed when lyso
      [3H]PC (palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho[N-methyl-3H]choline) was used as
      substrate. In addition, a time-dependent increase in the level of water-soluble
      radioactivity was observed during the incubation of platelets with either 1-acyl
      [3H]PAF or lyso-[3H]PC. This increase was parallel to the formation of [3H]PC and
      was not observed in the presence of [14C]PAF (1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phospho[N methyl-14C]-choline). Analysis by thin-layer chromatography showed that
      the soluble radioactivity was mainly associated with glycerophosphocholine (GPC).
      On the other hand, the preincubation of platelets with phenylmethylsulfonyl
      fluoride, an inhibitor of the acetylhydrolase, reduced the hydrolysis of 1-acyl
      [3H]PAF to [3H]GPC with a concomitant accumulation of radioactivity in 1-acyl
      PAF. These findings suggest that 1-acyl-PAF is converted into PC through
      deacetylation-reacylation with lysoPC as an obligatory intermediate. The findings
      also indicate that the lysoPC resulting from 1-acyl-PAF is either reacylated to
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) or hydrolyzed to GPC by lysophospholipase. Finally, we
      showed that the stimulation of platelets with PAF led to a time- and
      concentration-dependent increase in the conversion of 1-acyl-[3H]PAF to
      [3H]PC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819754
TI  - Properties of PAF-synthesizing phosphocholinetransferase and evidence for lysoPAF
      acetyltransferase activity in rat brain.
AB  - Several reports have indicated that platelet-activating factor (PAF) may play a
      role in the physiopathology of nervous tissue. We previously have demonstrated
      the presence, in the microsomal fractions of rat brain, of a
      phosphocholinetransferase which is able to synthesize PAF by the de novo pathway.
      The presence of dithiothreitol in the medium increases the rate of PAF
      biosynthesis, whereas it inhibits the synthesis of long-chain alkylacyl- and
      diacyl-glycerophosphocholines (GPC), including dioctanoyl-GPC. This and other
      properties, such as pH dependence and thermal stability, indicate that rat brain
      may have two distinct enzymes for the synthesis of PAF and other choline
      phospholipids. The affinity of these enzymes for CDPcholine is similar to that
      reported for other tissues, the Km being 42 microns and 55 microns with
      alkylacetylglycerol and dioctanoylglycerol as lipid substrates, respectively. The
      Vmax values were 3.0 and 2.2 nmol/mg prot/min for PAF and dioctanoyl-GPC,
      respectively. In addition, it was shown that the microsomal fraction of rat brain
      contains an acetyltransferase which can convert lysoPAF to PAF. Since it has been
      reported previously that brain tissue possesses phospholipase A2 activity that
      can hydrolyze alkylacyl-GPC to lysoPAF, we conclude that brain tissue has all
      enzymic activities for the synthesis of PAF by the "remodeling pathway". The role
      of the two routes of PAF biosynthesis in nervous tissue remains to be
      established.

PMID- 1819757
TI  - [A trial of cultivating Rickettsiella phytoseiuli on the SM IMV-72 medium used
      for growing phytopathogenic mycoplasmas].
AB  - The work presents data on growing Rickettsiella phytoseiuli in the SM IMV-72
      medium which is used for cultivation of phytopathogenic mycoplasmas.
      Rickettsiella was observed till the 66th day in the primary cultures and till the
      16th day after the first passage. Binary division of the cells has been found
      only in the primary cultures; a complex cycle of the Rickettsiella development
      ceased at the stage of formation of the crystal-forming cells. Attempts to
      passivate Rickettsiella were failure.

PMID- 1819756
TI  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) stimulates the lysoPAF acetyltransferase in
      leukocyte-rich plasma: use in PAF antagonist studies.
AB  - Addition of platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine) to leukocyte-rich plasma from several species resulted in the
      rapid and pronounced activation of the PAF biosynthetic enzyme acetyl-CoA:1-O
      alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.67). Activation of
      acetyltransferase by PAF occurred in leukocyte-rich plasma from human,
      chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and dog. The neutrophil was indicated to be the major
      cellular source of the activatable acetyltransferase in leukocyte-rich plasma.
      The induction of acetyltransferase was substantial with 10 nM PAF, and maximal at
      10-30 seconds. Measurable acetyltransferase activation was significantly greater
      when the PAF-activated cells were separated from the plasma by centrifugation
      before the acetyltransferase assay. This may be due in part to the removal of the
      PAF-specific acetylhydrolase present in plasma which can cleave the acetyl group
      from PAF. Measuring PAF activation of acetyltransferase in leukocyte-rich plasma
      can be useful to determine the potency of PAF antagonists with neutrophils in
      plasma compared to isolated neutrophils in aqueous buffer, and as an ex vivo
      assay to determine the efficacy and plasma concentration equivalents of
      antagonists administered to whole animals. The PAF antagonist L-659,989 was shown
      to be 3-5 times more potent in inhibiting PAF induction of acetyltransferase in
      isolated human neutrophils than in human leukocyte-rich plasma, with IC50 values
      of 10 nM and 40 nM, respectively. In the ex vivo assay, oral administration of
      the PAF antagonist L-667,131 to dogs resulted in very substantial inhibition of
      PAF induction of acetyltransferase in the leukocyte-rich plasma.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819758
TI  - [The characteristics of the microflora isolated in bovine endometritis].
AB  - 117 pure bacterial cultures of numerous species isolated by the authors at acute
      postnatal pyo-catarrhal cattle endometritis have been studied for their virulence
      and resistance to 18 antibiotics with the aim to determine their etiologic role
      in the development of the given pathology and to make a prediction estimation of
      possible therapeutic and preventive efficiency of the antibiotics. The
      experiments on white mice have revealed pathogenic properties and virulence in
      most studied strains of bacteria of different species. The studied microflora is,
      mainly, resistant practically to all 18 tested antibiotics. A direct dependence
      is established between virulence of the microflora, isolated in case of
      endometritis, and its resistance to antibiotics.

PMID- 1819759
TI  - [The characteristics of the initial link in the intestinal lesion by
      opportunistic Proteus mirabilis bacteria].
AB  - Interaction of Proteus mirabilis with the intestine epithelium in white mongrel
      mice has been studied by means of bacteriological, toxicological and electron
      microscopic methods. Introduction of the agar culture of bacteria to the
      intestine lumen has permitted finding its general toxic action on enterocytes and
      other cell elements of epithelium which was accompanied by a potentiation of the
      striated margin membrane degradation but caused no destruction of cells. A
      damaging factor of protei was connected with the thermostable large-molecular
      fraction of cultural fluid of bacteria and its action was traced at the first
      hours of the bacterial contact with the mucous surface of thin intestine.
      Preliminary weakening of protective barriers of the intestine mucosa permitted
      protei to penetrate deep into the tissue through the intercellular slots.
      Colonization of the intestine lumen wall zone by the proteus is a necessary
      condition of the above-mentioned changes.

PMID- 1819760
TI  - [The bacteriocin typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains].
AB  - Results of bacteriocin typing of 196 strains of the Klebsiella genus are
      presented. They are typified by their sensitivity to bacteriocins and by their
      production using colicinogenic and indicating strains from collection of P.
      Fredericq [correction of Frederick], D. G. Kudlai, N. I. Koshanova as well as
      klebocinogenic K-type cultures of Klebsiella previously suggested by the authors.
      Investigation results have shown sufficient stability of a bacteriocinotype of
      the cultures confirmed by the population analysis. It is concluded that
      bacteriocin typing may be recommended as an additional method in epidemiological
      labelling of Klebsiella cultures.

PMID- 1819761
TI  - Impaired DNA repair in patients with end-stage renal disease and its improvement
      with hemodialysis.
AB  - DNA repair following ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage is decreased in some
      cancer-prone diseases. Cancer frequency in end-stage renal disease patients is
      higher than in the normal population. Therefore, DNA repair from UV-induced
      damage in lymphocytes was determined in 11 hemodialysis (HD) patients, 11
      patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 10 patients with
      chronic renal failure (CRF) who had not yet been dialyzed and in 12 controls. UV
      irradiation at 254 nm was followed by 3H-thymidine incorporation in the presence
      of hydroxyurea. DNA repair synthesis in CAPD and CRF was significantly reduced to
      only 69 and 54% of the control, respectively, whereas the repair of HD patients
      was close to normal (86%, p = n.s.). The impaired ability to correct DNA damage
      may contribute to the increased cancer incidence in uremic patients.

PMID- 1819762
TI  - Zinc nutritional status modulates the 1,25-(OH)2D. Response in uremic rats.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratories have suggested that zinc depletion reduces
      the circulating level of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-1,25-(OH)2D-in phosphorus
      depleted rats. Since calcitriol synthesis is in part dependent on renal function,
      we studied vitamin D metabolites, parathyroid hormone response, and mineral
      balance in animals with different zinc nutritional and renal functional status.
      Twenty-three male Lewis rats were pair fed with zinc-replete or zinc-deplete
      diets for 2 weeks. Thereafter, half of each paired group underwent nephrectomy,
      while half had sham operations. After a 4-week observation period, the zinc
      depleted animals had lower plasma zinc levels, and nephrectomized animals had
      higher plasma creatinine concentrations than respective controls at sacrifice.
      Plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations were similar in all four groups at
      sacrifice. The 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone concentrations
      were similar in groups with renal insufficiency, regardless of the zinc
      nutritional status. The mean plasma 1,25-(OH)2D concentration was 20 +/- 4 pg/ml
      in the zinc-replete/sham-control group. In the zinc-replete nephrectomized
      animals, the mean plasma 1,25-(OH)2D concentration was increased by 133% to 56 +/
      6 pg/ml, as compared with zinc-deplete nephrectomized group. There was a
      significant effect of renal function, zinc nutritional status, and the
      interaction of these factors in accounting for differences in mean 1,25-(OH)2D
      levels. Zinc-deplete groups had consistent negative net zinc balance. However,
      there was no consistent effect of zinc nutritional status on external calcium or
      phosphorus balance when nephrectomized groups of different zinc nutritional
      status were compared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819763
TI  - Hyponatremia induced by exercise: a 24-hour endurance march study.
AB  - In our previous studies on the relationship between prolonged physical stress and
      muscle enzyme activities, a number of individuals suffered a hyponatremic state.
      The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of prolonged physical
      stress on the development of hyponatremia. Seventeen physically fit male subjects
      were studied during a 24-hour endurance march. Serum sodium, that averaged 142 +/
      2 before the march, decreased during the march to 135 +/- 2 mEq/l (p less than
      0.01 versus before the march). Blood and plasma volumes increased by 8 and 16% (p
      less than 0.05), respectively. Creatinine clearance before the march declined
      from 118 +/- 24 to 74 +/- 19 ml/min (p less than 0.005) during the march and
      correlated negatively with serum sodium (p less than 0.002; r = 0.59). Urinary
      sodium excretion before the march was 132 +/- 55 and during the march was 123 +/-
      62 mEq/24 h. Free water clearance rose during the march and correlated negatively
      with serum sodium (p less than 0.001), suggesting an appropriate renal diluting
      response. However, the fall in serum sodium correlated positively with water
      intake (p less than 0.01; r = 0.59). These results show that hyponatremia
      develops during endurance marching in normal subjects on an unrestricted high
      water intake. The renal response to water intake is appropriate; however, the
      subjects fall to produce maximally diluted urine. Therefore, we suggest that
      water intake should follow physiological needs and not forced to cause
      hyponatremia during prolonged physical stress.

PMID- 1819764
TI  - Age- and weight-related changes in total body bone mineral in men.
AB  - Since the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in men increase with age, bone
      mass, as total body bone mineral content (TBBM) measured by dual energy X-ray
      absorptiometry (DEXA), and other variables were determined in men in order to
      observe whether changes in these parameters justify the increased incidence of
      bone fractures in men with age. Measurements were conducted in 190 men aged 20-85
      years. By correlation tests, no changes were observed in body weight and age.
      There was a significant correlation (r = 0.67981, r2 = 0.46214, p less than
      0.001) between TBBM and body weight, and an inverse significant correlation
      between TBBM with age (r = 0.34729, r2 = 0.12061, p less than 0.001); this
      decrease is linear with age and represents a 0.3% annual bone loss. These results
      suggest that lower weight and/or worse psychomotor response and its effects
      minimizing trauma, may be responsible for the high fracture rate observed in
      older males.

PMID- 1819765
TI  - Residual parathyroid function in chronic surgical hypoparathyroidism.
AB  - Serial determinations (n = 5-13) of serum ionized calcium and intact parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) were performed in 12 patients with chronic surgical
      hypoparathyroidism during 1-2 years of their long-term replacement therapy.
      Average serum ionized calcium ranged from 1.04 to 1.20 mmol/l (normal range 1.15
      1.35 mmol/l) and all had detectable levels of PTH. In hypocalcemic patients a
      significant inverse relationship between serum concentrations of ionized calcium
      and PTH was observed. Apparently, the remaining parathyroid glands responded to
      hypocalcemia by increasing PTH secretion. Thus, the stage is set for a
      compensatory hypertrophy, but the concentration of PTH remains fairly low for
      unknown reasons. Maybe treatment with vitamin D would prevent such hypertrophy.

PMID- 1819766
TI  - Hypokalemia and rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - Since the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis may elevate the serum concentration of
      potassium, hypokalemia as a cause of rhabdomyolysis often goes unrecognized in
      many instances. We undertook this study to evaluate the occurrence and
      determinants of rhabdomyolysis in the hypokalemic state. To identify patients
      with a hypokalemic state, we reviewed medical admissions for the period January
      1988 through December 1989. A total of 120 patients (42 men and 78 women) were
      included in the present study. Thirty-eight hypokalemic patients showed
      biochemical evidence of rhabdomyolysis (serum creatine phosphokinase greater than
      244 IU/l). The clinical and biochemical characteristics of the patients with
      rhabdomyolysis (group I) and the hypokalemic patients without rhabdomyolysis (82
      patients, group II) were compared. There was no difference in age, sex and race
      of the patients of group I vs. group II. The mean serum values for potassium,
      bicarbonate, chloride, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase and
      uric acid were also not different between the two groups. The mean serum
      osmolality was higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with rhabdomyolysis (297.6
      +/- 4.3 mosm/kg) than in those without rhabdomyolysis (283.5 +/- 5.0 mosm/kg).
      The levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were elevated (p less than
      0.001) in group-I patients (69.6 +/- 8.4 IU/l) but not in group-II patients (36.7
      +/- 3.5 IU/l). The concentrations of serum creatinine were also higher (p less
      than 0.05) in patients with rhabdomyolysis (1.4 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) than in those
      without rhabdomyolysis (1.0 +/- 0.1 mg/dl). The mean values for serum sodium were
      higher (p less than 0.02) in group-I patients when compared to group-II
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819767
TI  - Tetany induced on separate occasions by administration of potassium and magnesium
      in a patient with hungry-bone syndrome.
AB  - The case is described of a 68-year-old man whose therapy induced tetany during
      each of two consecutive hospital admissions. On each occasion the patient had
      marked hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, presumably as a result of the hungry-bone
      syndrome associated with diffuse prostatic osteoblastic metastases. During the
      February 1991 admission, marked hypokalemia was the principal initial concern. It
      seems likely that the tetany associated with the administration of KCl, without
      sufficient calcium, resulted from attenuation of the protection against
      hypocalcemia-enhanced neuromuscular excitability conferred by coexisting
      hypokalemia. The admission in March 1991 was prompted by the finding (without
      symptoms) of very low levels of both serum Mg and serum Ca. Tetany occurred
      during the infusion of MgSO4, without calcium. An acute decrement in plasma
      ionized Ca resulting from complexing of Ca with sulfate ions together with
      augmented urinary excretion of Ca were likely pathogenic factors.

PMID- 1819768
TI  - 'Physiological membrane stabilisation': a possible explanation for the K(+)-H+
      and K(+)-Mg2+ relations in disease.

PMID- 1819769
TI  - [What is the real value of mammographic screening of an asymptomatic
      population?].
AB  - The Authors present a critical review of over 14,000 mammographic exams, and they
      compare this series with previous series. The results demonstrate that, even if
      there is an increase in the number of women subjected to mammography, there is no
      significant increase in tumor incidence.

PMID- 1819770
TI  - [Prediction of EPH gestosis by means of the roll-over test. Clinical
      contribution].
AB  - Roll-over test (ROT) was performed on 128 selected nulliparous women between 28
      and 32 weeks of gestation. Considering the high frequency of true-positive
      (81.5%) and true-negative results (88.1%), ROT seems to show, in clinical
      practice, a good sensitivity (64.7%) and an excellent specificity (94.7%). The
      and an excellent specificity (94.7%). The results of this study confirm that ROT
      is a true predictor of pregnant women at risk for future development of EPH
      gestosis.

PMID- 1819771
TI  - [Fetal growth in hypertensive women].
AB  - The Authors examine the correlation between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
      and fetal growth. The results of a study of 342 pregnancies, confirm a
      significant correlation between hypertension and fetal growth retardation. These
      findings, so evident in moderate and severe hypertension, have also been
      confirmed in cases of mild hypertension. The medical treatment also in the
      pregnancies with mild hypertension, and a larger utilisation of operative
      deliveries, determined a decrease in perinatal mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 1819772
TI  - [Considerations on the effectiveness of serum-vaccine prophylaxis in maternal
      fetal transmission of the hepatitis B virus].
AB  - Personal experience of sero-vaccino-prophylaxis for the purposes of vertical
      interruption of hepatitis B transmitted by mother carriers of HBsAG to their
      children is reported. Special attention is paid to the problem of the failure of
      such immunitary strategy in high-risk newborns (children of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV
      DNA positive mothers) and some suggestions are made to reduce the risk of this
      infection.

PMID- 1819773
TI  - [Post-menopausal osteoporosis. A true and real social disease].
AB  - The use of estrogens in menopausal women leads to a marked improvement in the
      quality of life, with the short-term disappearance of vasomotory phenomena and
      changes in psychomotive equilibrium. This therapy offers two long-term
      advantages: the prevention of osteoporosis and the cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 1819774
TI  - [Abnormal peri- and post-menopausal uterine hemorrhage. Value of hysteroscopy in
      our experience].
AB  - The Authors report their diagnostic experience of 263 patients with abnormal
      uterine bleeding in peri- and post-menopause. They used a diagnostic procedure
      which favored the hysteroscopy in first level research: hysteroscopy proved to be
      a reliable and easily applicable method. In fact it has demonstrated the high
      incidence of functional pathology (135 cases) and has permitted the histological
      control of the 3 high risk hyperplasia and of the 15 adenocarcinomatas found in
      their patients.

PMID- 1819775
TI  - [Psychosexual implications of female sterilization].

PMID- 1819776
TI  - [Schistosomiasis: possible cause of ectopic pregnancy. Four clinical cases].
AB  - The Authors describe 4 cases of ectopic pregnancy associated with foci of
      schistosomiasis and point out the relevance of mass screening on urine, stool and
      vaginal secretions in those areas where schistosomiasis is endemic and frequent
      the involvement of female genital tract. Utilization of laparoscopy in all cases
      where as adnexal mass and/or a history of unexplained infertility is found is
      finally advocated.

PMID- 1819778
TI  - [The use of aminoglutethimide in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer].
AB  - It has been demonstrated that AG inhibits the peripheric conversion of
      androstenedione into estrogens and produces an adrenal suppression, equivalent to
      surgical adrenalectomy. As breast cancer is responsive to hormonal therapy, AG
      has been used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Since 1984, at I
      Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica of University of Torino, 48 patients with
      advanced breast cancer, previously treated with chemotherapy and hormonotherapy,
      have been given AG 1 g/day and hydrocortisone 40 mg/day. Six patients (12%)
      obtained CR, nine (19%) a PR, eleven (23%) a SD, twenty two (46%) a PD. The
      efficacy of AG has been evaluated as related to the following prognostic factors:
      menopausal status, hormone receptors, disease free interval, age, prior tamoxifen
      exposure. This study shows that bone involvement is the most responsive
      localization to AG. In conclusion AG is still an effective therapeutic choice in
      metastatic breast cancer treatment.

PMID- 1819777
TI  - [Prevention of infection and improvement of cenesthesia with thymostimulin during
      chemotherapy following mastectomy].
AB  - Eighty-five breast cancer patients who had been operated for mastectomy and were
      currently undergoing adjuvant or therapeutic chemotherapy were included in the
      study. Patients were divided into two matching groups of 50 (A) and 35 (B)
      subjects; group A was treated with CT and thymostimulin Serono and group B with
      CT alone. The difference between the two groups in relation to first-degree (24%
      vs 57%) and second-degree leucopenia (8% vs 14%), in addition to the difference
      in relation to infections and the regularity of chemotherapy cycles confirmed the
      value of immunotherapy with thymostimulin during chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PMID- 1819779
TI  - [Treatment of female genital condylomatosis with intramuscular beta interferon].
AB  - Intramuscular injections of beta-interferon were used to treat a first group of
      64 outpatients with clinically diagnosed genital condylomata at single doses of 3
      x 10(6) IU for 10 consecutive days. A second group of 30 patients affected by HPV
      genital infection has been treated with placebo intramuscular injections.
      Patients were checked at 3, 6 and 12 months after therapy and twice during a one
      year follow-up after the disappearance of the warts. In the first group 29
      patients (45.3%) were cured after 3 months, another 6 after 6 months and 1
      patient after one year. In the second group only 3 (10%) patients were cured
      after 3 months, while in 2 cases (6.7%) lesions disappeared after 6 months (p
      value less than 0.001). Therapy was most effective on flat lesions in the
      cervical area. Follow-up of the patients with complete regression of lesions
      showed three recurrences of condylomatous lesion.

PMID- 1819780
TI  - [Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and topical therapy with an estriol-based
      ointment (Colpogyn): authors' experience].
AB  - The paper reports the results of a study to assess the efficacy of an estriol
      based cream (Colpogyn) in the topical treatment of postmenopausal vaginal
      atrophy. 0.5 mg of estriol were applied daily for 10 consecutive days and three
      times a week for 2 weeks. Trophism of vaginal epithelium appeared to be better
      than that obtained using cream containing excipients alone. The excellent
      tolerability of this therapy enables urogenital dystrophy to be treated with
      optimum results.

PMID- 1819781
TI  - [AIDS in Italy].

PMID- 1819782
TI  - Picture perfect. Why computer imaging is changing cosmetic dentistry.

PMID- 1819783
TI  - Electronic dental anaesthesia. Surgery without the needle.

PMID- 1819784
TI  - The age of implants. With advances in technology, implantology's day has come.

PMID- 1819785
TI  - [Influence of thermal dehydration on blood values of hormones which regulate
      volume and composition of electrolytes in sweat of patients with ic renal failure
      treated with hemodialysis].
AB  - The present study has aimed to answer the following questions: 1) to what extent
      does the profile of volume related hormones in patients with chronic renal
      failure (CRF) differ from that of healthy subjects, and 2) do volume related
      hormones influence the electrolyte composition of thermal sweat? Twelve
      hemodialyzed patients with CRF and 20 healthy subjects were examined before and
      after one hour exposition to humid heat. In all examined subjects the following
      parameters were assessed before and after thermal dehydration: plasma renin
      activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (Ald), vasopressin (AVP) and atrial
      natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations. In addition sodium, potassium, and
      chloride were estimated in thermal sweat collected after 15 and 45 minutes
      respectively of thermal exposition. Patients with CRF showed significantly higher
      values of PRA, Ald, AVP and ANP before thermal dehydration. After one hour of
      heat exposition a significant increase in PRA, Ald and AVP but a significant
      decrease of plasma ANP level were noticed in both healthy subjects and patients
      with CRF. The magnitude of plasma Ald and ANP alterations induced by thermal
      dehydration was significantly more marked in patients than in healthy subjects. A
      similar electrolyte composition of thermal sweat was found in both examined
      groups. No significant correlation was found between the plasma profile of volume
      related hormones and electrolyte composition of sweat both in patients and
      normals. Results presented in this paper suggest, that volume related hormones do
      not influence the electrolyte composition of thermal sweat both in healthy
      subjects and patients with CRF.

PMID- 1819786
TI  - [Titer of anti-P24 and anti-GP41 antibodies as a diagnostic parameter in patients
      with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV infections].
AB  - Anti-p24 and anti-gp41 antibody titers were determined in sera from 20
      asymptomatic HIV carriers and 15 AIDS patients. Anti-p24 titer was found to be
      significantly lower in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic HIV carriers and anti
      gp41 titer was similar in both investigated groups. A correlation was found
      between T4/T8 lymphocyte ratio and anti-p24 antibody titer in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 1819788
TI  - [Acute renal failure in patients following open heart surgery with
      cardiopulmonary bypass].

PMID- 1819787
TI  - [Comparative assessment of the biological effects of semisynthetic human insulin
      and porcine insulin in healthy subjects].
AB  - The purpose of the study was the assessment of certain biological effects of
      semisynthetic human insulin compared with the presently used monocomponent
      preparations of porcine insulin made by the same producer. The study was carried
      out in a group of 10 healthy subjects (7 men and 3 women) twice: during a loading
      test with porcine insulin, and then during a similar test with human insulin.
      Both insulins were administered intravenously in doses of 0.075 units/kg body
      weight The physiological reactions associated with hypoglycaemia were noted,
      including subjective experiences and hormonal responses, among them those of
      glucagon, growth hormone, prolactin, adrenaline, noradrenaline and C-peptide.
      Semisynthetic human insulin administered intravenously was found to exert an
      identical hypoglycaemic effect as porcine insulin. However, it was observed that
      the action of porcine insulin was associated with more pronounced symptoms and
      more intense physiological reactions (tachycardia, body temperature fall) and a
      striking increase of prolactinaemia, in relation to semisynthetic human insulin.

PMID- 1819789
TI  - [Morphological changes of bone marrow in patients with bronchial and
      gastrointestinal carcinoma and hematological abnormalities in peripheral blood].
AB  - The authors carried out the morphological and clinical analysis of 200 cases
      patients suffering from carcinoma but not treated (104 cases of carcinoma of the
      bronchus, 30 cases of the stomach, 26 cases of the pancreas, 24 cases of the
      liver and gallbladder and 16 cases of the large intestine) and have estimated the
      hematological and bone marrow abnormalities. Most frequently occurring
      hematological changes in this group were: anaemia (28.5%), thrombocytopenia
      (22.4%), clinical symptoms of thrombosis (22.0%) and changes of bone marrow:
      sclerosis (42.5%), neoplastic metastases (30.0%), and atrophy (27.5%). In the
      examined cases the authors have not found any particular connection between the
      kind of hematological abnormalities and the kind of morphological changes of the
      bone marrow. The most common changes in the bone marrow which accompanied
      hematological abnormalities were neoplastic metastases and atrophy of the marrow
      especially in cases with anaemia and thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 1819790
TI  - [Pericardial involvement in Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - In 21 consecutive patients with recently diagnosed Hodgkin's disease
      echocardiographic examination was carried out before and after subsequent courses
      of polychemotherapy. In 5 persons more than physiological amount of pericardial
      fluid was found and additionally, in one of them an infiltrate of the epicardium.
      IVB clinical stage of HD was diagnosed in three pts and III B in two, what was
      substantially different from the findings in 16 patients without pericardial
      effusion (PE), where 50% had favourable clinical stages IIA-IIIA. All patients
      with PE disclosed a mediastinal mass greater in two than 1/3 of maximal width of
      the thorax, whereas in the group without BE mediastinum involvement was only
      found in 9/16 pts: in no case it was of bulky size. Out of laboratory findings a
      statistically significant decrease in T lymphocytes in the group with PE in
      comparison with that without is to be stressed which in turn showed significantly
      lower values than healthy subjects. The disappearance of PE after 1-2 courses of
      chemotherapy is in favour of the opinion of authors that pericardial involvement
      resulted from the underlying disease itself, not from an other cause.

PMID- 1819791
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty--personal experience].
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was employed in a group of 178
      patients (151 males and 27 females) aged 24 to 68 years (mean 42 +/- 12 years).
      Stable angina was diagnosed in 136 patients, unstable angina in 38, and an acute
      infarct in 4. In 150 patients there was one, in 25 two and in 5 patients 3 target
      stenoses. Lesions were localised in the left anterior descending artery in 130
      cases, in the circumflex artery in 32 cases and in the right coronary artery in
      49 cases. The attempts to dilate 78 stenoses with a fixed-wire, non-guided system
      was successful in 78% of cases. Success rate with the over-the-wire system was
      85%. In total, we successfully dilated 173 patients, i.e. 82%. The highest
      success rate, 85%, was achieved in lesions localized in the left anterior
      descending artery and lowest in lesions localized in the left circumflex artery.
      Success rate in the groups with stable and unstable coronary artery disease was
      similar. Complications occurred in 6% of the cases. Experience of the operators
      involved in PTCA is an important factor influencing the success rate. In the
      first year of using this technique, good results were achieved in 48% of
      patients, in the second year in 63%. During the next two years 86% of the
      stenoses were successfully dilated.

PMID- 1819792
TI  - [Results of treatment with plasmapheresis in myasthenic crisis and severe
      polyneuropathy].
AB  - Results of plasmapheresis on myasthenic crisis, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and
      paraneoplastic polyneuropathy are presented. In the cases of myasthenic crisis
      which did not respond to steroids addition of plasma exchange (PE) improved
      dramatically respiratory failure. Also good results were obtained in GBS treated
      with PE. In the case of paraneoplastic polyneuropathy PE did not influence the
      course of disease.

PMID- 1819793
TI  - [The role of phytoalexins in natural plant resistance].

PMID- 1819795
TI  - [Muscle AMP deaminase deficiency].

PMID- 1819794
TI  - [Biochemical characteristics of gamma gamma enolase isoenzyme and its diagnostic
      significance].

PMID- 1819796
TI  - [Structure and expression of genes of the heat-shock gene family hsp70].

PMID- 1819797
TI  - [Structure, expression regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum proteins
      GRP78 and GRP95].

PMID- 1819798
TI  - [Molecular and genetic bases of the Gerbich blood-group system of human
      erythrocytes].

PMID- 1819799
TI  - [Use of modified oligonucleotides in the studies on the mechanism of endonuclease
      EcoRI activity].

PMID- 1819800
TI  - [Biochemical basis of the nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics].

PMID- 1819802
TI  - The chewing surface. Chewing and saliva flow--effects on the oral environment.

PMID- 1819801
TI  - Polishing the surface. A comparison of rubber cup polishing and airpolishing.
AB  - This study was designed to compare the clinical effectiveness of rubber cup
      polishing and airpolishing. Polishing time was controlled to approximate the time
      spent on plaque and stain removal in clinical dental hygiene practice.
      Effectiveness of polishing techniques was evaluated using indices to measure
      plaque, stain, and gingival trauma prior to and after the polishing treatment.
      Thirty adult subjects, with comparable numbers of teeth contralaterally,
      exhibiting observable plaque and stain, participated in the study. Patients with
      contra-indications for either polishing technique were excluded from the sample.
      Data were collected using a randomized split mouth design; one side of a
      subject's mouth was polished with a rubber cup and flour of pumice and the other
      side was polished with the Prophy-Jet airpolishing device. The time employed for
      both treatments was held constant at five minutes for each technique. Plaque,
      stain, and gingival trauma measurements were assessed prior to and following both
      polishing treatments. Analysis of variance was utilized to compute the data.
      Results indicate that, when comparing the effectiveness of polishing treatments,
      there is no statistically significant difference in plaque removal, stain
      removal, or gingival trauma within the established time interval. The authors
      conclude that other factors, in addition to effectiveness and time efficiency,
      should be considered when selecting rubbercup polishing with flour of pumice or
      an airpolishing device.

PMID- 1819803
TI  - Scratching the surface of professionalism. The image of dental hygiene.

PMID- 1819804
TI  - Planing the surface. Dental hygiene profile. The Gracey "curvettes"--their design
      and development.

PMID- 1819805
TI  - Classification and treatment of furcation defects.

PMID- 1819806
TI  - Maintenance therapy.

PMID- 1819807
TI  - Alternatives in dental hygiene practice.

PMID- 1819808
TI  - [Early encephalitis and meningitis in central Europe].

PMID- 1819809
TI  - [Antibodies to measles virus in blood sera of individuals who were not verified
      as having been infected with the virus (years 1984-1989)].
AB  - A total of 1302 sera were collected from the cases with eliminated current
      measles virus infection. The HI antibody titre to measles virus was determined in
      the sera and the results were analyzed depending of the patient age and the year
      of collection. Statistic analysis exhibited correlation between incidence of
      measles infections and changes of the antibody level in population (r = 0.93, Po
      less than 0.001). Problems of significant decreasing of immunity in high
      vaccinated populations and revaccination was discussed.

PMID- 1819810
TI  - [Perspectives on fighting leprosy].
AB  - This review presents current distribution of leprosy in the world. The
      immunologic analyses of the histopathology and pathogenesis of the various stages
      of leprosy is discussed. The present effectiveness of multidrug therapy (MDT) in
      the face of emerging resistance to anti-leprosy drugs is presented as well as
      different attempts for preparing safe and effective vaccine against leprosy.

PMID- 1819811
TI  - [Occurrence of intestinal parasites among elementary school children in Poland in
      1988].
AB  - In 1988 there were examined in Poland 10% of the population of children aged 7
      years for the presence of intestinal parasites. The examination included 61,700
      children, 39,018 inhabiting towns and 22,682 from the country. Among the examined
      in each province the numbers of children from towns and country were proportional
      to the actual number of children living in the two localities. The methods
      included examination of direct faecal smear in 0.85% NaCl and in Lugol's iodine,
      zinc sulphate flotation according to Faust, decantation and cellophane swabs
      according to NIH. The parasites encountered in order of decreasing frequency
      comprised: E. vermicularis, T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, G. intestinalis and E.
      coli. The highest number of infected children were found in the middle-eastern
      territories of Poland. The differences in numbers of infected in towns and the
      country were insignificant.

PMID- 1819812
TI  - [Resistance to chemotherapy of Campylobacter jejuni strains].
AB  - Sensitivity to 22 different chemotherapeutic agents against 31 Campylobacter
      jejuni strains, isolated from children was determined. Most of the investigated
      strains were sensitive to doxycycline, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin (90
      100) and 84-87% of them to oxy-tetracycline augmentation, ofloxacin,
      erythromycin. All the strains were resistance to: cephalotin, cephadrin,
      cefuroxime and cefoperazone and 77-87% to ceftazidime, colistin and vancomycin.

PMID- 1819813
TI  - [Clinical types of herpes zoster in clinical observations 1985-1989].
AB  - The clinical types of herpes zoster in 286 patients were observed. The
      differences in the course of disease in persons with and without decreased
      immunity are described. Some of the neurological complications depending on the
      localization of the herpes zoster are presented.

PMID- 1819814
TI  - [Meningitis and encephalitis in the years 1983-1990. Clinical observations].
AB  - From 1983 to 1990, at the I Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Silesian Academy of
      Medicine in Bytom, 995 patients with meningitis and encephalitis were treated;
      the average age was 17.86 years. After cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations the
      patients were divided into groups. The first group consisted of patients with
      suppurative meningitis and encephalitis (202-20.30%), the other group were
      patients with aseptic meningitis (309-31.06%), a separate group consisted of
      patients with mumps meningitis (484-48.06% cases). In the group with suppurative
      meningitis and encephalitis etiological agents were isolated (Gram stain smear
      and/or culture of CSF) in 50.99% of cases. The most common causes of suppurative
      neuroinfections were: Neisseria meningitides and Streptococcus pneumoniae (in
      23.76% cases). The increasing number of bacteriological tests positive results
      was observed during the analyzed period. The etiology of aseptic inflammation
      diseases of the central nervous system was defined with the help of serologic
      blood tests in 10-15%, and serologic confirmation of mumps meningitis was as high
      as 80% of cases. In the group of purulent neuroinfections, during the 8-year
      observation, 36 deaths occurred (17.82% of these patients). The observed tendency
      of the death rate decrease is concerned to be a result of better microbiological
      diagnostics and the possibility of an early aimed antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 1819815
TI  - [Analysis of causes for hospitalization in the pediatric department of a regional
      hospital in Trzcianka in the years 1981-1985].
AB  - The authors analysed 2,575 case histories of children hospitalised in 1981-1985
      at pediatric department of regional hospital in Trzcianka (Pila region) taking to
      account: age, sex, permanent residence, duration of stay at a hospital, disease
      causing hospitalisation. Within the period studied both decrease of number of
      neonates (1-6 months old) and young children of (1-3 years old) admitted to the
      hospital and a tendency toward shortening time of hospitalisation were found.
      Among causes of hospitalisation the first were respiratory tract infections
      (88.3% of all admissions in 1981 but 69.8% in 1985), and acute diarrheas (22.1%
      of all admissions in 1981, 17.1% in 1985).

PMID- 1819816
TI  - [Decontamination of soil after bacterial warfare experiments on Gruinard Island].
AB  - Bombs containing B. anthracis spores were detonated on Gruinard island in 1942
      and 1943 as a part of a British research programme set up in response to fears
      that the Germans were developing biological weapons. In 1986 island was
      decontaminated by spraying with 5% formaldehyde. As a demonstration of confidence
      in the success of the decontamination operation a flock of 40 sheep was allowed
      to graze for several months with no ill effects.

PMID- 1819818
TI  - [Frequency of thyroid enlargement (goiter) in residents of the Szczecin region].
AB  - The study has been carried out on 4,565 persons (2,349 girls and women also 2,216
      boys and men) aged 4-64. The examined group was chosen randomly, according to a
      simple drawing scheme. The aim of the study is to evaluate frequency, magnitude
      and character of goiter in residents in Szczecin region. The goiter has been
      found in 19.5% persons in examined population, so it makes possible an endemic
      state. In consideration of a fact that goiter appears frequently among women and
      there are more cases of thyroid enlargement (O-B and I degree), as well as a
      small number of people with disturbance thyroid function only slightly endemic
      character is stated. Because the frequency of modular goiter among people with
      goiter is 20% it doesn't express extent of endemic state.

PMID- 1819817
TI  - [Psycho-social precursors of arterial hypertension in men and women in light of
      clinical cohort studies].
AB  - Following two prevalence studies of arterial hypertension carried out at 5-year
      interval on 6487 adult inhabitants of Ochota District, Warsaw, screening for new
      cases was performed at the end of the five- or ten-year observation period.
      Interviews were collected from 472 incident and unknown prevalence cases and 499
      randomly chosen non-cases regarding social and work conditions, selected
      behavioral traits and personal habits. The risk of hypertension was more closely
      associated with blue collar social status, poor economic self-assessment and
      repetitive type of work in women than men. In males, but not females, higher risk
      was connected with expressed anger followed by feeling of guilt, but no otherwise
      suppressed anger was predictive of hypertension. In both sexes the incidence of
      the disease was higher among people reporting less life events, and with less
      involvement in the household and/or professional activities.

PMID- 1819819
TI  - [Viral hepatitis as a nosocomial infection in the western Pomeranian region in
      the years 1984-1990].
AB  - Within last six years almost 25% hospitalized cases of viral hepatitis (1390
      among 5748 patients) were diagnosed as nosocomial infections. Transfusion
      anamnesis was excluded in 80% patients with type B hepatitis and in 43% patients
      with NANB hepatitis. One case of nosocomial hepatitis for every 1000 hospitalized
      in this region was calculated.

PMID- 1819820
TI  - [A case of Listeria meningoencephalitis with a fatal result].
AB  - A fatal case of severe meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a
      compromised alcoholic has been described. Unconsciousness, full meningeal
      symptoms with slight lateralisation of signs, seizures, respiratory failure
      within three days before death have been observed.

PMID- 1819821
TI  - [Food poisoning caused by Salmonella rods].
AB  - Epidemiologic and clinical analysis concerned the cases of acute gastroenteritis
      caused by Salmonella rods. It has proved that the most frequent etiologic factor
      was Salmonella enteritidis. Also a clinical process of salmonellosis was
      analysed. It proved that septic forms of the disease made up 2.2% of cases.
      Examining antibiotic-sensitivity of Salmonella strains proved that the biggest
      group of them was sensitive to Biseptol.

PMID- 1819822
TI  - [Differentiation of a case of severe trichinosis].

PMID- 1819823
TI  - [Guillain-barre syndrome during mumps].
AB  - A case of the Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child aged 4 years during mumps was
      described. Attention is called to the relatively rare occurrence of such
      neurological complications in mumps, diagnostic difficulties and good therapeutic
      results after corticosteroids.

PMID- 1819824
TI  - Double duty.

PMID- 1819825
TI  - Case #10. Lipoma.

PMID- 1819826
TI  - Drugs relieve specific pains.

PMID- 1819827
TI  - ANUG data needs study.

PMID- 1819828
TI  - Rhode Island group helps abused women.

PMID- 1819829
TI  - Reporting child abuse.

PMID- 1819830
TI  - Subtle harassment erodes relationship.

PMID- 1819831
TI  - The million dollar mouth.

PMID- 1819833
TI  - Research trial was no error for RDH.

PMID- 1819832
TI  - Case #11. Thermal burn.

PMID- 1819834
TI  - Faulty procedures often the culprit.

PMID- 1819835
TI  - Each worker marches to a different tune.

PMID- 1819836
TI  - Motivation is our never-ending goal.

PMID- 1819837
TI  - The good, the bad....

PMID- 1819838
TI  - Let's pull together to save our schools.

PMID- 1819839
TI  - Case #12. Herpangina.

PMID- 1819840
TI  - Flash method not for routine use.

PMID- 1819841
TI  - Three RDHs reach for new heights.

PMID- 1819842
TI  - Depression is treatable.

PMID- 1819843
TI  - Home study home.

PMID- 1819844
TI  - Our first year.

PMID- 1819845
TI  - Catch the excitement of hygiene's leaders.

PMID- 1819846
TI  - Management of infants with cow's milk (CM) allergy (CMA).
AB  - The management of infants with CMA is a common problem encountered by
      pediatricians. Dietary treatment is one of the approaches that must be
      considered, provided that the nutritional adequacy is carefully controlled.
      However, unsupervised dietary manipulations and unorthodox approaches to allergy
      treatment are potentially hazardous for children with IgE-mediated CMA.

PMID- 1819847
TI  - Gastric emptying of liquids and solids evaluated by acetaminophen test in
      diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy.
AB  - A delayed gastric emptying of solids but not of liquids has been recorded in
      diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy by radionuclide labelled test meals.
      Acetaminophen test (rate of acetaminophen absorption after ingestion of 1500 mg
      of the drug) has been previously validated for quantitative indirect measurement
      of gastric emptying. In the present study we measured gastric emptying of liquid
      and solid meals by acetaminophen test in 14 insulin-requiring diabetic patients
      (7 with and 7 without autonomic neuropathy) and 14 healthy subjects, matched for
      age, sex, BMI and blood pressure. All values recorded after liquid meal were not
      significantly different in the three groups of subjects. After solid meal, the
      mean area under the plasma acetaminophen concentration-time curve was
      significantly lower in neuropathic diabetic patients vs control subjects (p less
      than 0.05), and the emptying index (peak time/peak plasma concentration ratio)
      was significantly higher in neuropathic diabetic patients vs non-neuropathic
      diabetic patients (p less than 0.01) and vs control subjects (p less than 0.05).
      These results confirm a delayed gastric emptying of solids but not of liquids in
      diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, and indicate that acetaminophen test
      may be proposed as simple, safe and noninvasive test for quantitative assessment
      of gastric emptying in diabetic patients.

PMID- 1819849
TI  - [Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with bilateral hydrothorax and ascites].
AB  - Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an unusual complication of ovarian
      stimulation with exogenous gonadotrophins. We describe a case of severe OHSS with
      bilateral hydrothorax and ascites. We discuss the different pathogenetic
      hypothesis and the differential diagnostic possibility.

PMID- 1819848
TI  - [Consumption of alcohol and arterial hypertension].
AB  - The author carried out an investigation on two groups of chronic alcoholics
      (heavy and moderate drinkers) in order to further discuss the problem of the
      relation between alcohol and hypertension. The study consisted in two stages: in
      the first, subjects recruited underwent repeated controls to establish the extent
      of alcohol abuse and the value of basal blood pressure; later, during a program
      of restricted alcohol consumption, further checks were made to evaluate the
      effect of abstension or notable reduction in alcohol intake; a progressive
      decrease in the blood pressure values previously registered, not dependent on
      changes in drugs or diet, was reported.

PMID- 1819850
TI  - [Left ventricular thrombosis with acute myocardial infarction: morphologic
      aspects indicative of an elevated embolic risk].
AB  - In this study the authors evaluate the potentiality of two-dimensional
      echocardiography to detect the left ventricular thrombus in the myocardial
      infarction. The authors emphasize the morphological echocardiographic patterns
      suggestive of the high embolic risk of the ventricular thrombus.

PMID- 1819852
TI  - [Maxillofacial trauma by firearms. Anesthesiologic problems and surgical
      treatment].

PMID- 1819851
TI  - [Clinical-echocardiography of 210 HIV-Ab positive patients: retrospective study].
AB  - Through the retrospective study of 210 HIV Ab+ patients in different disease's
      stages, recovered in the "D. Cotugno-Naples" hospital during the period February
      1989-February 1991, the authors have valued the prevalence of cardiological
      alterations underlined by ecocardiograph. Pericardial pouring has been observed
      in four patients out of thirty, belonged to stages II, III and ARC. Ventricles'
      movement alterations have been observed in twenty patients out of thirty (66%),
      belonged prevalently to the fourth group. Kaposi's sarcoma has been observed in
      two patients out of thirty (6.6%), belonged to the fourth group. In the patients
      showing alterations, the authors have also noticed a correlation among the
      observed cardiological alterations and the immunital outline and the frequent
      homosexuality's presence. The follow up between the alterations' observation and
      the possible patient's death is on an average 4.3 months (range 1-12). They
      suggest that a wider and more precocious ecocardiographical research of HIV Ab+
      patients is the only way, at the moment, to underline and follow the cardiac
      alterations' evolution, also in relation to a precocious antiretroviral therapy.

PMID- 1819854
TI  - [Carcinoid tumor of the appendix].
AB  - The authors after briefly outlining the epidemiological and clinical
      characteristics of the appendiceal carcinoid, report a case observed by them.
      They discuss the problem concerning the prognosis of this particular tumoral
      form, and the prognosis which could be more severe than people generally think.

PMID- 1819853
TI  - [Surgical lesions of the facial nerve: anatomy, semiology and nervous function].
AB  - The extracranial part of the facial nerve is a frequent seat of lesions, which
      can be either congenital, or traumatic, or surgical, or neoplastic. The authors
      review the semeiology of the lesion and discuss the techniques for the
      preservation of facial nerve function.

PMID- 1819855
TI  - [Surgical removal and reconstruction of the breast for cancer using a personal
      simultaneous technique].
AB  - Description of a new surgical technique for the demolition and reconstruction of
      a breast and nipple at the same time without surgical dissection of the anatomic
      sede. This is possible only at certain stages of the illness when it is possible
      to save the great pectoral muscle and a large part of skin over the mammary
      gland. This allows a neater appearance respecting the radical oncology surgery.

PMID- 1819856
TI  - Pancreatectomy and metabolic alterations.
AB  - The authors describe problems about anaesthesia management in peri- and post
      operative periods in seven patients undergoing total pancreatectomy. They
      underline that metabolic alterations in these cases show, until now, some
      unsolved problems. Sometimes artificial pancreas is very useful in post-operative
      management of these patients.

PMID- 1819857
TI  - Influence of gastric pH changes on pharmacokinetic of a sustained-release
      formulation of theophylline.
AB  - The effect of magnesium-aluminum-hydroxide antacid (Maalox) on the oral
      absorption of theophylline anhydrous time-release capsules Somophyllin CRT was
      studied in eight healthy volunteers. The subjects were given 500 mg of
      theophylline alone or with 30 ml of antacid in a complete crossover design. Drug
      serum concentrations were determined by an immunoenzymatic method within 24 hours
      at frequent intervals. Antacid induced a significant reduction of theophylline
      serum levels and of the fraction absorbed at 1 and 1.5 hours of the monitoring
      period (less than 0.05), but no significant differences were found at later
      sampling time. Maalox did not influence the area under the curve from 0 to 24
      hours and the peak concentrations; the time to peak was slightly but
      significantly longer with antacid (p less than 0.05). Our results indicate that
      physicochemical factors such as gastrointestinal fluid pH do not influence
      substantially absorption of the slow-release formulation Somophyllin.

PMID- 1819858
TI  - Compatibility in porcelain to metal systems: Part 1.

PMID- 1819860
TI  - Implants in conjunction with telescopic copings.

PMID- 1819859
TI  - Titanium dental castings, cold worked titanium restorations--yes or no?

PMID- 1819861
TI  - Criteria for selecting alloys in fixed prosthodontics.

PMID- 1819862
TI  - IRS audits of employee status require employer vigilance.

PMID- 1819863
TI  - Oral lichen planus and squamous carcinoma: case report and update of the
      literature.
AB  - A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue arising in the plaque form of
      oral lichen planus is presented. The literature on lichen planus is reviewed with
      emphasis upon the malignant transformation.

PMID- 1819864
TI  - [Normal and experimental microcirculation in the liver (study of corrosion
      preparations using scanning electron microscopy)].
AB  - Liver vascular bed of rat is reported to be studied by scanning electron
      microscopy of corrosive sections. These were prepared with commercially produced
      methylmetacrylate monomer which was prepolymerized and injected into the
      prewashed and fixed vascular bed. The injections have been provided through the
      left cardial ventricle or directly into the liver vessels (hepatic artery, portal
      vein or hepatis veines). Samples from injected liver were preleved with
      subsequent corrosion in 40% KOH. The obtained corrosion casts were sectioned
      using the operational microscope and modified to be observed by scanning electron
      microscope Tesla BS 300. Normal liver rat pattern has been studied by scanning
      electron microscopy on the level of angioarchitectonics of vascular bed. The
      interrelation between branches of hepatic artery and portal vein was documented
      including their connection with evacuative venous system. In the second part of
      work the same method was used to study changes of configuration of liver vascular
      bed in rat through the early and later phases of liver regeneration after partial
      hepatectomy.

PMID- 1819865
TI  - [The effect of occupational exposure to styrene on the metabolism of lipids and
      lipoproteins].
AB  - A total of 53 subjects with working exposure to styrene (1-29 years) has been
      investigated. On lipid and lipoproteins examination, only 8 persons (15%) showed
      normal values. The amount of 26 (49%) persons had the increase in HDL-cholesterol
      values. Subjects with protracted exposure to styrene (11-29 years) had higher
      level of cholesterol, absolute HDL-cholesterol values, total VLDLs and
      atherogenic index as compared to those which have worked at risk of styrene for 1
      10 years. However, there was no statistically significant difference.
      Occupationnaly styrene exposed persons had statistically higher HDL-cholesterol
      (expressed both absolutely and relatively) in comparison with 21 clinically
      healthy controls. Changes of total cholesterol, VLDLs and of atherogenic index
      may partly be explained with factor of age. However, this is no such an
      explanation for HDL-cholesterol, since in adverse to that it decreases with more
      age in a normal population. Authors assume the pathologically higher HDL
      cholesterol levels may exhibit causal interaction with occupational exposure to
      styrene, probably through the induction of microsomal liver enzymatic systems.

PMID- 1819867
TI  - 19-Nordeoxycorticosterone synthesis by rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct
      cells.
AB  - 19-Nordeoxycorticosterone (19-nor-Doc), a potent mineralocorticoid, was found to
      be synthesized by the isolated rat kidney perfused by an adrenal precursor (19
      oxo-Doc). To determine if this bioconversion is a function of renal tubular
      cells, various adrenal precursors of 19-nor-Doc were added separately to rat
      kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells culture media at a concentration of
      10 nM. While 4.6% +/- 1.0% of 19-oxo-Doc (n = 3) and 14.4% +/- 1.4% of 19-oic-Doc
      (n = 3) were converted to 19-nor-Doc after 24 hours of incubation, Doc, and 19-OH
      Doc were not converted. This represents further evidence that Doc has to be
      metabolized to 19-oxo-Doc or 19-oic-Doc (19-carboxy-Doc) before it can be
      converted by the kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells to 19-nor-Doc.

PMID- 1819866
TI  - [Colicinogeny in nonspecific intestinal inflammations and colorectal cancer].
AB  - Colicins are proteinaceous substances produced by Escherichia coli strains and
      related bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family. They are considered to be an
      important factor in preserving the balance of the intestinal microflora. Their
      antibiotic action on susceptible bacteria is supplemented with cytotoxicity for
      several pro- and eukaryotic cells. The large bowel is a natural site of their
      action. Besides of enhancing oxidoreductive activity of leukocytes in vitro,
      colicins are also believed to influence inflammatory reaction in vivo. For these
      reasons, the first part of the present work was concerned with studying
      colicinogeny in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). No significant
      difference has been found out in colicinogeny between a total of 93 IBD-related
      and 160 healthy controls. In testing leukocyte migration inhibition, colicins of
      autologous E. coli were used as antigens. The migration index out of normal range
      showed 36% patients with ulcerative colitis (5/14), 80% patients with Crohn's
      disease (12/15), and only one clinically healthy control subject (1/16; 6%). The
      obtained results are considered to be proof of cellular hypersensitivity of IBD
      patients to colicins of their own E. coli strains. In several colicins the
      antitumorous effect has been reported in both the in vitro and in vivo
      experimentation. The second part of this work was concerned with colicinogeny in
      colorectal cancer. Colicinogenic E. coli were evidenced in 42 subjects (40%) from
      105 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Controls showed colicinogenic E. coli in
      102/160 clinically healthy subjects (64%), and the difference was as significant
      as p less than 0.05. In colorectal cancer group, the subjects with proved
      colicinogeny showed lesser amounts of colicinogenic E. coli strains in contrast
      with non-colicinogenic ones. In colorectal cancer patients with colicinogenic E.
      coli strains, B and M colicins were of most frequent occurrence in them no
      antitumorous effect has been experimentally stated. If changes of colicinogeny
      were only either the manifestation or consequence of tumor disease, so both the
      presence or absence of colicinogenic E. coli would have been dependent of
      clinical patients's condition, stage of disease (in accord with Dukes) or
      correlated with the tumor markers. For these accounts, a total of 28 colorectal
      cancer patients underwent a colicinogenic study. However, no colicinogeny
      dependence was evidenced of either clinical condition or Dukes stage, showing no
      correlation with any of cancer markers investigated (carcinoembryonic antigen, CA
      19-9, alfa-1-fetoprotein, alfa-1-orosomucoid, Cancer serum index, sialic acid,
      lysozyme).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1819868
TI  - Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: relative binding affinity versus affinity
      purification.
AB  - Mono esters of a homologous series of diacids of dihydrotestosterone were
      synthesized and converted to the corresponding n-butyl amides. The relative
      binding affinities of these amides to androgen receptor were compared with the
      degree of purification of rat prostate androgen receptor by affinity columns
      prepared by linking the steroidal acid to amino Sepharose. There was good
      correlation between binding of the amide model to androgen receptor and the
      extent of purification by the affinity resin.

PMID- 1819869
TI  - Microbial degradation of 2 alpha, 3 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholestan-6-one by
      Mycobacterium vaccae.
AB  - 2 alpha,3 alpha-Dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholestan-6-one (3), which had the substitution
      pattern of brassinosteroids in the A/B-ring moiety, was transformed by
      Mycobacterium vaccae to give 2 alpha,3 alpha,6 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan
      17-one (4) and 2 alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (5). The structures of
      these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, especially 1H nuclear
      magnetic resonance studies.

PMID- 1819870
TI  - Progesterone-regulated secretion of the serpin-like proteins of the ovine and
      bovine uterus.
AB  - The uterine milk (UTM) proteins are the major progesterone-regulated proteins
      secreted by the sheep uterus during pregnancy. Recently, proteins related to the
      UTM proteins have been identified in uterine secretions of the pregnant cow and
      sow. The present objective was to determine the time course for induction of the
      UTM proteins in sheep and cattle. Twelve ovariectomized ewes received
      subcutaneous injections of either vehicle for 10 days or 100 mg/d of progesterone
      for 10 days or 30 days. The presence of UTM proteins was examined by Western
      blotting of uterine flushings and by immunoabsorption of radiolabeled UTM
      proteins from conditioned medium of endometrial explant cultures performed with
      [35S]methionine precursor. Uterine milk proteins were present in slight amounts
      in uterine flushings and endometrial-conditioned culture medium of some ewes in
      the control group, but amounts of proteins were greatly enhanced by progesterone
      after 10 or 30 days of treatment. Prolonged exposure to progesterone (30 days
      versus 10 days) increased amounts of UTM proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis
      of endometrium indicated that the major site of UTM proteins was the glandular
      epithelium. In the second experiment, nine ovariectomized cows were treated daily
      with vehicle for 12 days or 750 mg progesterone for 12 or 30 days. Uterine
      flushings and conditioned endometrial culture medium were examined for UTM
      proteins by Western blotting. Uterine milk proteins were present to some degree
      in cows treated with vehicle, and an enhancement in amounts of UTM proteins was
      not observed until after 30 days of progesterone treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819871
TI  - Effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin
      on urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion: a preliminary study.
AB  - In this preliminary study, the levels of urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol and
      urinary free cortisol and the 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/free cortisol ratio were
      determined in normal volunteers and in patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia before and after Pravastatin administration (10 mg/d for 2
      weeks). Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol and 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/free cortisol
      ratio increased significantly in both groups after Pravastatin administration (P
      less than 0.05). The percent increase of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/free cortisol did
      not differ significantly when the two groups were compared. Our preliminary
      results suggest that Pravastatin induces hepatic microsomal 6 beta-hydroxylase
      both in normal volunteers and in patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 1819872
TI  - Fluorometric labeling of tetrahydroprogesterones.
AB  - 7-Diethylaminocourmarin-3-carbohydrazide was used to label the ketone group of
      the tetrahydroprogesterones to form fluorescent derivatives with high
      sensitivity. The four isomeric 3-hydroxypregnanes separated readily on high
      performance, thin-layer chromatography after derivatization. This separation was
      not possible with the underivatized isomers. Standards and steroids from biologic
      mixtures were separated and showed similar characteristics. The methods used are
      described.

PMID- 1819873
TI  - Sudden death in a recently calved heifer.

PMID- 1819874
TI  - Family physicians' perceptions of health manpower needs in West Virginia.
AB  - West Virginia family physicians feel that they are able to assess the health care
      needs of their communities. There is a need for more physicians in all of the
      major specialties in West Virginia, but the largest numbers of physicians are
      needed in family practice and obstetrics. More registered nurses and licensed
      practical nurses are needed than any other health care professionals. Twenty-five
      percent of the respondents are actively recruiting associates, and 48 percent
      have seriously considered leaving, or are leaving West Virginia. The most
      commonly cited reasons for leaving are inadequate reimbursement, the state's
      economy, SB-576, lack of tort reform, and state government in general. The
      greatest advantage given to practicing in the state are its people, the quality
      of life, and home and family. In addition, the greatest problems are
      reimbursement, state government, the malpractice climate and the state economy.
      The survey shows that state government needs to show a good faith effort to enact
      tort reform to improve relations with physicians. The threat of losing more
      physicians is real and must be addressed. Improving the climate for the practice
      of medicine is a viable solution to West Virginia's manpower problems. There is
      also a need to continue all present health care professional training programs.
      More emphasis should be placed on recruitment and retention of nursing students.
      There is expressed support for nurse midwives, nurse practitioners, and
      physicians' assistants all working under the supervision of physicians. The
      finding that home and family are frequently listed as advantages to practicing
      here indicates recruitment and nurturing of students from underserved areas
      should be increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819875
TI  - The Patient Self-Determination Act: benefit or burden?

PMID- 1819876
TI  - Parovarian cystadenocarcinoma of low malignant potential.
AB  - Malignant parovarian tumors are rare, with only 20 cases previously reported.
      Only eight of these were cystadenocarcinomas of low malignant potential and only
      two had both mucinous and serous components. In this article, we report the third
      case of a parovarian cystadenocarcinoma with both serous and mucinous components-
      A 26-year-old female who was treated by conservative surgery and later carried a
      pregnancy to term. Prognosis and management of these lesions are discussed.

PMID- 1819877
TI  - Teen outreach: a grassroots experiment in social psychiatry.
AB  - In response to concerns about the social and psychological needs of teenagers, a
      Teen Outreach Program was established in Beckley, West Virginia. This program has
      received great support from the local community and can be conceived of as a
      grassroots experiment in social psychiatry. In the program's first year, trained
      teenage volunteers under adult supervision, handled over 400 calls from teenagers
      on such topics as relationship problems, suicidal thoughts, drug and alcohol
      abuse, and sexuality. Teen Outreach is perceived by the entire community as
      beneficial and has expanded to encompass 33 counties.

PMID- 1819878
TI  - Radiation protection & regulations. Subject: X-ray system kVp error.

PMID- 1819879
TI  - Traumatic avulsion injuries of teeth.

PMID- 1819880
TI  - The third molar question: when and why should we recommend removal?

PMID- 1819881
TI  - AAOMS position statement on impacted and unerupted teeth.

PMID- 1819882
TI  - Treatment experiences with intracavitary 137Cs after-loading in a five-year
      patient material with uterine-cervical carcinoma.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1983 a total of 106 patients with carcinoma of the cervix and 53
      with that of the uterine body were treated. The irradiation treatment of the
      patients was carried out by after-loading, with Curietron equipment using 137Cs.
      Since no reports have so far been published in Hungary on a patient material
      treated by the above method and with caesium isotope, it seems worthwhile to
      review the material. Our report is concerned with parameters which enable the
      assessment of the after-loading method. In cervical carcinoma a five-year
      survival rate of 59.4% was found, with the same in uterine carcinoma being 69.8%.
      It should be noted that data referred to all stages in the given tumour. The
      tumour-free state of the surgical preparations was also examined, and finally,
      postirradiation complications are also reviewed. Based on our results, the
      intracavitary Cs137 after-loading is considered by us to be one of the safely and
      efficiently used procedures in the irradiation treatment of cervical uterine
      carcinoma.

PMID- 1819883
TI  - Follow-up of the effect of BCG in bladder tumour patients.
AB  - The intravesical BCG effect in 38 patients with superficial bladder tumour after
      TUR was followed by the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and the
      staphylococcus phagocytosis test of in vitro washed leukocytes. The results have
      confirmed the immunostimulating and hence anti-tumour effect of intravesical BCG.
      The beginning and the duration of the stimulation effect were defined and the
      necessity of maintenance treatment was verified. Authors consider monitoring of
      the cellular immune response suitable for the continuous follow-up of the BCG
      effect. Comparing the tolerable side-effects with their favourable therapeutic
      results, BCG is considered to be suitable for the prevention of recurrences in
      treating superficial bladder tumours.

PMID- 1819884
TI  - Technique of extensive proximal selective vagotomy.
AB  - Based on the experience of 727 operations, the technique of proximal selective
      vagotomy used by the authors is reviewed in stages. They consider pyloroplasty
      justified to perform only in complicated cases (bleeding, perforation, stenosis)
      for preventing complications. Based on their results (mortality rate: 0.68%,
      recurrences: 6.3%, excellent or good results: 90%), they argue for the operation.

PMID- 1819885
TI  - Our experiences with the management of pyogenic liver abscesses by percutaneous
      transhepatic puncture and permanent drainage guided by computed tomography.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with pyogenic liver abscess were treated by percutaneous
      transhepatic puncture or permanent drainage between the period of 1, January 1985
      and 31, December 1990. The closed puncture or drainage resulted in the complete
      recovery of 26 patients (26/33 = 78.8%). Surgical intervention was made 6 +/- 5
      days following closed drainage in 7 cases (7/33 = 21.2%). After percutaneous
      intervention complications ensued in four patients (4/33 = 12.1%). One patient
      died (1/33 = 3%). Solitary abscess occurred in 24, while multiple in 9 patients.
      Based on the authors' experiences, they consider the closed percutaneous
      puncture, or drainage guided by computed tomography--provided that proper shills
      and facilities are available--them does not enable in all cases the precise
      preoperative diagnosis even despite its richness of detail. In order to reduce
      uncertainties and to establish an accurate diagnosis, Herbert et al., McCorrcel
      et al. and Perera et al. proposed three criteria to be met before establishing
      the diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess. According to the authors the conditions
      for accepting these criteria can be summarized as follows: 1. On the US
      examination of the liver, echo-free or echo-poor regions can be seen with
      increased background echoes. CT verifies an inhomogeneous, circumscribed or
      irregular-shaped, blurred focus of finely deformed contours being hypodense in
      contrast with the environment. On administration of contrast medium, the change
      is surrounded by a hyperdense border, and other causes for the above change can
      be excluded. 2. Verification of the presence of pus (by percutaneous puncture or
      surgery) from the liver biopsy. 3. The negative result of serological tests
      characteristic of amoebic infection. CT and US examinations have opened up new
      vistas not only in establishing diagnosis but also in the management of the
      disease. The closed percutaneous and effective method in the management of liver
      abscesses.

PMID- 1819886
TI  - Pregnancy in women with chronic renal disease: a 14-year study.
AB  - Between 1975 and 1988 authors encountered 44 pregnancies in 26 women who had had
      chronic renal disease and unimpaired renal function before the conception.
      Complications during pregnancy and the outcome of pregnancy were studied. There
      were 5 spontaneous abortions between the 11th and 20th weeks of gestation, 1
      therapeutic abortion, 3 still births at weeks 28, 32 and 33, 6 neonatal deaths at
      age of 26 to 35 weeks, 11 preterm newborns, 35 live births, 9 infants with
      intrauterine growth retardation including 4 preterm newborns and 1 fetal
      malformation and 2 cases with premature rupture of the fetal membranes. The
      pregnancies were complicated with anaemia in 23 cases, with urinary tract
      infection in 19, with hypertension in 16, with proteinuria in 12 and with edema
      in 11 cases. Increase in the serum creatinine value during pregnancy was found in
      6 cases. These data indicate that the pregnancy in patients with chronic renal
      disease who had normal renal function before the planned conception, is
      accompanied with increased risk for both the mother and child.

PMID- 1819887
TI  - Early complications of gastric resection.
AB  - Analyzing the patient material of 506 patients with gastric resection, authors
      deal with the early complication of resection, its diagnosis and treatment. They
      review the complications, their frequency and mortality in their own material.
      After operations made for tumour, complications occurred more frequently than
      after interventions because of ulcer. Total mortality was 10.2%. In order to
      reduce mortality they call attention to the possible prevention of complications
      and their careful management.

PMID- 1819888
TI  - Sonographic scan of the normal and pathological endometrium.
AB  - The cycle-dependent sonographic signs of the endometrium in healthy women, the
      morphological picture of the endometrium in the menopause as well as in tumorous
      changes are reviewed. The importance of sonography is pointed out in screening
      the pathological changes of the endometrium. The examination of the endometrium
      may provide useful supplementary data also to treating infertile patients.
      Transvaginal sonography may essentially enhance the precision of the method.

PMID- 1819889
TI  - [XXV Argentinean Congress of Gastroenterology. XII Argentinean Congress of
      Digestive Endoscopy. II Argentinean Sessions on Nutrition and Pediatric
      Gastroenterology. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6-10 October 1991. Abstracts].

PMID- 1819890
TI  - Chelation in metal intoxication. XXXVI: Effect of substituted piperazine
      dithiocarbamates in lead-exposed rats.
AB  - Chelation is most acceptable means of managing heavy metal poisoning. Piperazine
      hexahydrate dithiocarbamate (PHD), N-methyl piperazine dithiocarbamate (MPD), N-3
      chloro-phenyl piperazine dithiocarbamate (CPD), and N-benzyl piperazine
      dithiocarbamate (BPD) were investigated for their efficacies to mobilize lead and
      restore Pb-induced hematopoietic alterations in experimentally intoxicated rats.
      MPD and CPD were effective in enhancing the urinary excretion of Pb. While PHD
      and MPD were successful in lowering hepatic Pb, CPD, and BPD were effective in
      doing so from renal tissue. All the chelating agents decreased the blood level of
      Pb. The lowering of Pb body burden had no influence on the restoration of
      biochemical changes which indicates that the latter may not be directly related
      to the metal mobilizing potential of the chelating agents. None of the compounds
      caused excessive depletion of body Cu or Zn. No relationship between efficacies
      of the chelating agents and their structures was seen. However, MPD and CPD
      appeared to be promising antidotes of Pb poisoning.

PMID- 1819892
TI  - Effects of glibenclamide and tolbutamide on ischemia- and ouabain-induced
      arrhythmias and membrane potentials of ventricular myocardium from rat and guinea
      pig.
AB  - Glibenclamide (Gli) 0.3, 1, 3 mg.kg-1 and tolbutamide (Tol) 3, 10, 30 mg.kg-1 iv
      10 min before ischemia or ouabain infusion prevented ventricular fibrillation
      induced by ischemia in rat and arrhythmias induced by ouabain in guinea pig. Gli
      10 mumol.L-1 and Tol 1 mmol.L-1 increased APD and ERP in rat ventricular muscle.
      Gli 0.1, 1, 10 mumol.L-1 and Tol 0.01, 0.1, 1 mmol.L-1 prevented and reversed the
      shortening of APD and ERP induced by hypoxia in guinea pig ventricular muscle.
      These effects of Gli and Tol were dose-dependent. The results confirmed that Gli
      and Tol were effective on arrhythmias induced by ischemia and ouabain by blocking
      ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

PMID- 1819891
TI  - Antagonistic effects of dihydropyridines and verapamil on CaCl2 and 5-HT-evoked
      contraction in porcine coronary artery.
AB  - In porcine coronary arterial strips, the antagonistic effects of nifedipine
      (Nif), nimodipine (Nim), nicardipine (Nic), felodipine (Fel), and verapamil (Ver)
      to CaCl2-evoked contraction in Ca(2+)-free, K(+)-depolarized solution were
      greater than that to 5-HT. The order of potency (pD2') was Nif (9.1) greater than
      Fel (8.4) greater than Nim (7.9) greater than Nic (7.8) greater than Ver (7.2) to
      CaCl2 and Nif (8.3) greater than Nim (7.5) greater than Fel (6.8) greater than
      Ver (5.6) greater than Nic (5.3) to 5-HT. Ver inhibited 2 components of 5-HT
      evoked contraction in Ca(2+)-free solution, but Fel inhibited only extracellular
      Ca(2+)-dependent contraction, suggesting that their action modes are different.

PMID- 1819893
TI  - Effects of ginseng stem-leaves saponins on one-way avoidance behavior in rats.
AB  - Using a multiple-trial, training-to-criterion procedure, the effects of repeated
      administrations of ginseng stem-leaves saponins (GSLS) on learning and memory of
      one-way avoidance in rats were studied in shuttle-box. In acquisition, GSLS 10,
      30, and 60 mg.kg-1 ip shortened the latency of avoidance in a bell-shaped manner
      from 1.0 +/- 0.2 s in saline rats to 0.8 +/- 0.5, 0.5 +/- 0.1, 0.8 +/- 0.2 s (d 3
      learning) and from 0.9 +/- 0.2 s to 0.8 +/- 0.2, 0.7 +/- 0.1, and 0.8 +/- 0.2 s
      (10 x 24 h memory), and the best dose was 30 mg.kg-1. GSLS 30 mg.kg-1 ip
      shortened the latency of avoidance prolonged by scopolamine 0.8 mg.kg-1 sc from
      5.2 +/- 1.3 s to 3.9 +/- 0.8 s (d 1 learning acquisition) and from 2.2 +/- 0.6 s
      to 0.8 +/- 0.3 s (3 x 24 h memory acquisition). In retention, GSLS 30 mg.kg-1 ip
      shortened the latency prolonged by cycloheximide 2.5 and 5 mg.kg-1 ip from 3.4 +/
      1.0 s to 1.4 +/- 0.5 s (4 h memory) and from 1.6 +/- 0.3 s to 0.9 +/- 0.2 s (24
      h memory), and increased the avoidance number decreased by cycloheximide 5 mg.kg
      1 from 38.1 +/- 8.8% to 72.4 +/- 10.8% (4 h memory). The results indicate that
      GSLS facilitated the acquisition of learning and memory in rats, and improved the
      scopolamine amnesia and cycloheximide amnesia.

PMID- 1819894
TI  - Inhibitory effect of triptolide on colony formation of breast and stomach cancer
      cell lines.
AB  - Triptolide (Tri) is a diterpenoid triepoxide isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii
      Hook F. The effects of Tri on the colony formation of breast cancer cell lines
      MCF-7 and BT-20, stomach cancer cell lines MKN-45, MKN-7, and KATO-III, and
      promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 were reported. Using Hamburger-Salmon's
      double layer agar technique with certain modifications, cancer cells were
      cultured in 0.3% agar in a highly humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C
      for 14-21 d. Colonies were counted on d 14 (occasionally d 21) with the colony
      analyzer system CA-7A. Of the 5 solid tumor cell lines tested, 4 showed
      diminished colony formation in soft agar by greater than 70% of control value in
      Tri 10(-8) mol.L-1 (continuous exposure). The magnitudes of the inhibitory effect
      of Tri on most breast and stomach cancer cell lines were similar to that on the
      leukemia cell line HL-60. IC50 were 0.504-1.22 micrograms.L-1. The clinically
      achievable peak plasma concentration (PPC) of Tri was estimated as 0.15 mg.L-1,
      being 72-126 times higher than the IC70 of the cancer cell lines except KATO-III.
      The results suggest that Tri might have a potential therapeutic effect on some
      types of solid tumors, e.g., breast and stomach cancers.

PMID- 1819895
TI  - Anti-arrhythmic activities of six indole derivatives of changrolin.
AB  - The indole-derived compounds, which possessed side chains resembling those of
      changrolin (4-[3',5'-bis[(N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-4'-hydroxyaniline]-quinazoline)
      showed potent anti-arrhythmic activity by restoration of sinus rhythm from
      ouabain-induced tachycardia in guinea pigs. The potency was assessed by
      comparison of the maintenance time of sinus rhythm recovered from
      tachyarrhythmias induced by ouabain. The promising compound was MI2 with
      piperidyl residue on position 3 & 5 of phenol moiety. There was no difference in
      anti-arrhythmic activities resulting from substitutions between a benzene ring
      and methyl residue at position 2 of indole, but the latter had weaker
      parasympatholytic activity. The anti-arrhythmic activity of MI2 (greater than 60
      min) was 2.4 times more potent then changrolin (25 min), but its anti-cholinergic
      activity was only half of the latter. To compare the suppressive effect on
      reperfusion-induced arrhythmias by iv MI2 at different time in relation to the
      ligation-reperfusion protocol, it was the most effective when administered either
      30 min prior to coronary occlusion or at the moment of reperfusion. The compound
      MI might belong to the Ic group shown by the slowing impulse conduction within
      the heart.

PMID- 1819896
TI  - Effects of intratracheal instillation of fenvalerate on the ultrastructures of
      pulmonary alveolar macrophages in rat.
AB  - On 1 d after instillation of fenvalerate (Fen) 0.19, 0.93, 4.66, and 23.3 mg.kg
      1, and on 30 min, 4 h, 1 d, 4 d, and 7 d after instillation of Fen 4.66 mg.kg-1
      by a single intratracheal instillation, respectively, the ultrastructural changes
      in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were observed, and the toxicity
      indices (TI) were calculated. It was found that the ineffective dose of Fen was
      0.19 mg.kg-1, and the threshold dose was less than or equal to 0.93 mg.kg-1 as
      well as the serious intoxication dose greater than or equal to 4.66 mg.kg-1. The
      results suggest that Fen is quickly toxic to rat lungs and quickly biodegraded in
      the lungs.

PMID- 1819897
TI  - [Effects of pseudolaric acid B on blood flows of endometrium and myometrium in
      pregnant rats].
AB  - Effects of pseudolaric acid B (PB) on endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were
      measured by hydrogen gas clearance technique in 336 pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats divided into control and 2 medicated groups (ig PB 20 and 30 mg.kg-1 on d 7
      9 of pregnancy). Measurements of endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were done on d
      7-14 of pregnancy. Results showed that the endo- and myo-metrial blood flows were
      reduced by 33-66% and 30-65% respectively, vs ig 1% CMC 0.5 ml (P less than
      0.01). Uterine weight during d 10-14 of pregnancy stopped gain. The systemic
      arterial pressure remained relatively unchanged. It is concluded that PB causes a
      significant decrease of blood flow in both endo- and myometrium, which is
      accounted as the most important cause of embryo's death.

PMID- 1819898
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of four benzimidazoles administered intragastrically to mice
      infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus].
AB  - Mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus were treated ig
      with mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb), albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) or
      albendazole sulphone (AlbSP) at equal effective dosage. The blood concentrations
      time courses of the four drugs were adequately fitted to a liner one-compartment
      open model analysed with a modified NONLIN program, and the major pharmaco-
      kinetic parameters were then calculated (Table 1). When Alb was given ig to the
      infected mice, 76.2-84.5% of the drug absorbed was metabolized to AlbSO. There
      fore, the pharmacokinetics of AlbSO in Alb group was determined. After ig
      administration of Meb to the infected mice, the ratio of the drug contents in
      cyst wall to corresponding plasma concentrations of Meb was 10.6-26.9%, but much
      less in cyst fluid. In Alb and AlbSO groups, similar AlbSO contents in cyst wall
      and cyst fluid with higher ratio to plasma concentrations were observed (Fig 3).
      The results suggest that E granulosus cysts were more susceptible to Meb than to
      Alb or AlbSO, and improvement of Meb absorption would be favourable for
      enhancement of efficacy in the treatment of hydatid disease.

PMID- 1819900
TI  - [Transdermal permeability of l- and dl-norgestrel through human skin in vitro].
AB  - Transdermal permeability of l-norgestrel (l-NG) and dl-norgestrel (dl-NG) at 6
      skin regions with and without stratum corneum was investigated by using Valia
      Chien double-compartment permeation cells. The permeation rates and accumulative
      amounts within 72 h in vitro were measured by HPLC. The results showed that the
      permeation rates of dl-NG through intact skin were significantly higher than
      those of l-NG (P less than 0.01). For the skins without stratum corneum, the
      permeation rates and permeation amounts of l-NG and dl-NG were higher than those
      for the intact skin (P less than 0.01), but no significant difference was seen
      between l-NG and dl-NG. Hence the stratum corneum played an important role of
      rate-limiting barrier in the skin permeation of l-NG and dl-NG. It is possible
      that the difference in permeability between l-NG and dl-NG is related to their
      partition coefficients.

PMID- 1819899
TI  - [Effect of intraventricular injection of anti-beta-endorphin serum on shock after
      burn in rats].
AB  - Intraventricular injections of anti-beta-endorphin serum (8 microliters) at 0, 1,
      2, 3 h after burn shock (20% body surface area, 100 degrees C, 20 s) in different
      group rats prolonged the survival time, delayed the decrease of mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) and heart rate, and postponed the abnormal changes of ECG. The
      effect was most prominent at 1 h and little at 3 h after burn.

PMID- 1819901
TI  - [Effects of nicardipine on automaticity of sinoatrial node in rabbit heart].
AB  - The dual effects of nicardipine (Nic) on the automatic activity of sinoatrial
      (SA) node cell in rabbit heart had been observed using intracellular
      microelectrodes. Superfused with Nic 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mumol.L-1 for 10 min,
      the spontaneous rate was decreased by 32%, 42%, 47%, and 69%, respectively.
      However, by superfusing with Nic 0.05 mumol.L-1, the spontaneous rate and the
      amplitude of action potentials were increased by 12% and 13% respectively. Nic
      5.0 mumol.L-1 inhibited the positive chronotropic effects of isoproterenol and
      nicotine. The results suggest that Nic may block the calcium influx in SA node
      cells.

PMID- 1819902
TI  - [Antiulcer action and mechanism of trifluoperazine in rat stomach].
AB  - Trifluoperazine (TFP) 5, 10, 20 mg.kg-1 ig inhibited the formation of gastric
      ulcers induced by pyloric ligation, stress and indomethacin in rats and showed
      dose-effect dependence. TFP 10, 20 mg.kg-1 ig depressed the secretion of gastric
      juice, acid, and pepsin, but TFP 5, 10, 20 mg.kg-1 ig had no influence on the
      pepsin activity. TFP 20 mg.kg-1 ig inhibited the gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase activity
      of both stress and indomethacin ulcers in rats in vivo, and the gastric H+, K(+)
      ATPase activity was also inhibited by TFP 50 mumol.L-1 in vitro. The results
      suggested that the inhibition of gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase activity and gastric
      secretion might be related to the antiulcer mechanism of TFP.

PMID- 1819903
TI  - [Photodynamic therapy of zinc sulfonated phthalocyanine on murine transplanted
      tumors, its tissue distribution, and damaging effect on DNA of cancer cell].
AB  - Zinc sulfonated phthalocyanine (ZnSPc) 10 mg.kg-1 was injected iv into mice
      bearing S-180 and RA795 lung carcinoma, after 24 h tumor site were irradiated
      with red light. In mice bearing S-180, tumor regression rate was 31.8-43.5%,
      tumor growth inhibition rate was 57.4%. The highest concentration was in tumor
      tissue 24 h after injection of this dye, on d 5 it still retained relatively
      highest concentration. However, in most other tissues the dye was not detected at
      this time, disappearance of ZnSPc from plasma was rapid, it showed an open two
      compartment model, t1/2 alpha 135.8 min, t1/2 beta 70.1 h, Vd 1.92 x 10(-3) L. In
      blood, most ZnSPc was bound with plasma protein, the peak light absorption showed
      blue shift. ZnSPc 2.5 micrograms.ml-1 plus light, percent of DNA double strands
      greatly decreased, this indicated that DNA was one of target sites for ZnSPc
      photodynamic action.

PMID- 1819904
TI  - [Effects of phencyclidine on rabbit basilar artery in vitro and rabbit cerebral
      blood flow in vivo].
AB  - The effect of phencyclidine [1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine, PCP] on rabbit
      basilar arteries was studied with an in vitro model of ring segment arteries. PCP
      0.05-500 mumol.L-1 caused vasoconstriction of basilar arteries in a concentration
      dependent manner. Its maximal effect (Emax) was 94 +/- 21 mg and the
      concentration causing half maximal effect (EC50) was 25 +/- 18 mumol.L-1. PCP
      0.01-10 mumol.L-1 also concentration-dependently augmented the vasoconstriction
      induced by electric stimulation in rabbit basilar arteries. Its Emax was 91 +/-
      18 mg and EC50 was 0.27 +/- 0.17 mumol.L-1. The effects of PCP on mean arterial
      blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) of rabbits were observed. PCP iv 4
      mg.kg-1 reduced MABP from 14.3 +/- 0.8 to 12.2 +/- 1.0 kPa and HR from 300 +/- 0
      to 278 +/- 5 bpm in 5 min. Using the technique of radionuclide imaging in rabbit
      brain in vivo, we studied the effect of PCP on cerebral blood flow. After iv PCP
      4 mg.kg-1, the tp of radiocerebrogram was increased from 4.5 +/- 1.1 to 6.1 +/-
      1.0 s, the tg of radiocerebrogram was increased from 11.7 +/- 0.6 to 18.2 +/- 3.3
      s and the rate of clearance was decreased. After iv PCP 2 mg.kg-1, only tg
      increased from 12.6 +/- 2.1 to 15.9 +/- 0.6 s. Hence PCP increased the transit
      time of nondiffusible indicators (99mTc) through the cerebral circulation. These
      results suggest that PCP causes constriction of basilar artery and slows down the
      cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 1819905
TI  - [Electrophysiological effects of guan-fu base A on action potentials of guinea
      pig ventricular papillary muscles].
AB  - Guan-fu base A (GA), an alkaloid first isolated in China, 50 mg.L-1 decreased the
      action potential amplitude and the maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax) of
      guinea pig papillary muscles in vitro. GA shortened the action potential period
      at 90% repolarization (APD90) without significant effect on the effective
      refractory period (ERP), resulting in an increased ERP/APD90 ratio. GA 50 mg.L-1
      also slowed the conduction speed. The inhibiting effect of GA on Vmax showed
      frequency- and potential-dependent manners.

PMID- 1819906
TI  - [Comparison of central stimulating effects between ephedrine and apomorphine].
AB  - The potentiation of motor activity caused by ephedrine (Eph) in mice was
      inhibited by prazosin but not by sulpiride. This potentiation effect caused by
      apomorphine (Apo) was not inhibited by prazosin. Apo produced stereotyped
      behavior (including sniffing, licking, and biting) in rodents, but Eph was
      ineffective except at the toxic dose (400 mg.kg-1 in mice, 200 mg.kg-1 in rats).
      Apo antagonized haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice whereas Eph had no such
      effect. Severe vomiting was evoked by Apo in dogs, but not by Eph even when
      lethal dose (20 mg.kg-1) was used. Palpebral ptosis induced by prazosin was
      abolished by intracerebroventricular injection of Eph in mice, but not affected
      by Apo. The results suggest that the central stimulating action of Eph is
      mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors and not by dopamine receptors.

PMID- 1819907
TI  - [Curve fitting taken maximum observed blood drug concentration as restricted
      condition for drug administered by non-vascular route].
AB  - When using classical method to make curve fittings of blood drug concentration
      time data for drugs administered by non-vascular route (for example, po or im), a
      considerable difference between maximal values of calculated and observed blood
      drug concentrations is often seen. The calculated value is often much lower than
      the observed one. In this paper, a least square method with restricted condition
      is suggested for solving this problem. Practical calculations confirm that this
      method solves the problem better.

PMID- 1819908
TI  - [Comparative studies on histological and histochemical alterations of Schistosoma
      japonicum induced by arteether and artemether].
AB  - Mice infected with 100 and 50 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae for 7 and 35 d
      respectively were treated with im artemether 100 mg.kg-1.d-1 or arteether 100 and
      300 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 2 d. The mice were killed at different intervals within 28 d
      after medication and the livers were sectioned for histological and histochemical
      observations. The results showed that both artemether and arteether caused
      degeneration in the tegument, intestine and genital gland of the hepatic-shifted
      worms. The glycogen content and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity of
      schistosomula and adult worms decreased 7 d after treatment, especially
      remarkable in arteether 300 mg.kg-1.d-1 group.

PMID- 1819909
TI  - Effect of nifedipine on the enzyme-inducing activity of phenobarbital and beta
      naphthoflavone.
AB  - Studies were made of the effect of nifedipine on the enzyme-inducing activity of
      phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone estimated by hexobarbital sleeping time,
      benzphetamine-N-demethylase (BND), ethoxycumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) and
      ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. (EROD) activity, as well as by the cytochrome P-450
      and cytochrome b5 content. Nifedipine at the dose used (100 mg/kg, orally)
      prolonged hexobarbital sleeping time and affected neither the BND, ECOD and EROD
      activity, nor the cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 content. On single
      application nifedipine exerted a different effect on the phenobarbital- or beta
      naphthoflavone-provoked enzyme induction. The phenobarbital-induced BND activity
      and the cytochrome P-450 content were not changed, while the beta-naphthoflavone
      induced EROD activity and cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 content decreased,
      the ECOD activity remaining unchanged. Nifedipine administered for three days
      significantly increased the BND activity and the cytochrome P-450 content. The
      three-day administration of nifedipine plus phenobarbital resulted in a further
      increase in the BND activity and the cytochrome P-450 content. Consistent with
      this finding was the potentiation of the phenobarbital-induced shortening of
      hexobarbital sleep. Nifedipine administered at a single dose, one hour before
      beta-naphthoflavone had no effect per se but potentiated the enzyme-inducing
      effect of beta-naphthoflavone on the EROD activity and the cytochrome P-450
      content but not on the ECOD activity. These data could be taken into account when
      considering the possible interactions between nifedipine and other drugs applied
      at different sequence and duration.

PMID- 1819910
TI  - Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the mechanical activity and [3H]
      acetylcholine release in guinea-pig gastric muscle.
AB  - Muscle strips, 30 x 3 mm, were cut out in circular direction from the fundus
      region of the stomach. Mechanical activity was recorded by means of
      mechanoelectrical force transducers. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) at
      concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-7) M caused a dose-dependent relaxation of muscle
      strips which was insensitive to tetrodotoxin. Field electrical stimulation (10
      Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage) produced contractions, which were blocked by
      atropine. VIP (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) dose-dependently decreased the amplitude of
      the electrically-induced contractions. VIP dose-dependently reduced the
      electrically-stimulated [3H] acetylcholine release. It is suggested that at least
      two different mechanisms are involved in the VIP-induced relaxation of the
      gastric muscle: a direct action on the smooth muscle and an indirect action
      mediated through cholinergic innervation.

PMID- 1819911
TI  - A reliable technique for midline stereotaxic cannulation of the third ventricle
      in the rat.
AB  - A simple technique is described for chronic or acute cannulation of the third
      ventricle in the rat slightly displacing the superior sagittal sinus to allow
      midline implantation of a vertically oriented cannula. The results of an
      experiment successfully employing the technique for transplantation of embryonic
      hypothalamic tissue in rats are briefly described.

PMID- 1819912
TI  - Computer-controlled attenuator.
AB  - Various possibilities for applying electronic computer-controlled attenuators for
      the automation of physiological experiments are considered. A detailed
      description is given of the design of a 4-channel computer-controlled attenuator,
      in two of the channels of which the output signal can change by a linear step, in
      the other two channels--by a logarithmic step. This, together with the existence
      of additional programmable timers, allows to automate a wide range of studies in
      different spheres of physiology and psychophysics, including vision and hearing.

PMID- 1819913
TI  - Changes in the responsiveness of the colonic smooth muscle to carbachol in
      Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - In vitro experiments were performed on smooth-muscle strips cut out in
      longitudinal and circular direction from the colon of Hirschsprung's patients who
      underwent an operation and from patients operated on for tumors of the sigmoid
      colon and rectum, serving as controls. The changes in the contractile activity of
      the smooth-muscle strips after carbachol applied cumulatively were examined and
      dose-response curves were plotted. The EC50 values for the circular strips from
      the aganglionic part of the colon were 6 x 10(-7) M in Hirschsprung's patients
      and 3.7 x 10(-8) M in control patients: the pD2 values were 6.23 and 7.43,
      respectively. This showed that the affinity of cholinoreceptors in the
      aganglionic part of the colon for carbachol was 16 times lower in Hirschsprung's
      patients as compared to control patients. The EC50 values for longitudinal strips
      from the ganglionic part of the colon were 2.6 x 10(-7) M in Hirschsprung's
      patients and 4 x 10(-8) M in control patients; pD2 values were 6.6 and 7.4,
      respectively. The affinity of cholinoreceptors in the smooth muscle of the
      ganglionic part of the colon for carbachol was also decreased (nearly 6.5 times)
      in Hirschsprung's patients as compared to controls.

PMID- 1819914
TI  - Spatio-temporal characteristics of SEP to tibial nerve stimulation.
AB  - Source derivation techniques have recently been applied to analyse the spatial
      distribution of brain potentials. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to
      tibial nerve stimulation recorded at 8 sites were analysed by using 2 source
      derivation techniques: Laplacian and criterion, presented by Kossev et al.
      (1988). First SEP recorded as a function of time were averaged and thus their
      basic components P39, N49, P58 were enhanced. In most of the subjects these
      components had maximal amplitudes at Ez rather than Cz. These sites were taken as
      nodes and the source derivation techniques were applied for all SEP components.
      Spatial derivatives (potential gradients) between adjacent leads were also
      computed. The current density at the nodes for different time points of SEP was
      obtained using Laplacian technique. For the chosen electrodes places and subjects
      it was found that the maximal source density did not correspond always to the SEP
      peak amplitudes. According to the criterion used it might be supposed that the
      generators of P39, N49 and P58 were located close to the scalp surface. Because
      of the significant individual variety of the results obtained more research is
      needed for choosing the appropriate scalp sites and for the contribution of the
      base line when measuring the SEP amplitudes.

PMID- 1819915
TI  - M-response latencies changes as a tool for studying neuromuscular conduction
      during cyclic maximal voluntary contractions.
AB  - M-response changes during cyclic maximal isometric voluntary forearm flexions
      were studied using a new method based on the following: 1) Monopolar stimulation
      of terminal motor point of the brachial biceps muscle by large surface
      electrodes; 2) Monopolar leading-off by a surface electrode placed on the middle
      between motor endplates and muscle fibers end; 3) Arm and forearm immobilization;
      4) Averaging of M-response triggered by the stimulus during contraction; and 5)
      Latencies to the peak of negative (L1) and of final positive phase (L2) and peak
      to-peak amplitude (PTPA) were measured, and peak-to-peak time (PTPT), which
      reflected muscle conduction velocity and leading-off electrode-to-end of fibers
      distance was calculated. Four cycles of 30-s contraction and 5-min rest were
      performed. Eight M-responses were evoked with a 1 Hz frequency starting from 5th
      s of the cycle. No significant changes of PTPA and L1 were found. Nevertheless,
      L2 significantly decreased in the third cycle by 6.4% and in the fourth-cycle by
      7.6% of the first cycle value. PTPT decreased in the fourth cycle reaching 87.6%
      of the initial value. The advantage of the method and the possible causes of
      changes were discussed.

PMID- 1819916
TI  - Effect of light adaptation on the orientation acuity of human cone vision.
AB  - At the detection threshold, a line orientation is identified by the accuracy of
      15-20 deg. Deviations from this rule are observed for short lines presented on a
      dim background. We checked up for one possible source of deviation: the
      substitution for foveal cone vision by peripheral rod vision. Long wavelength
      (red) light was used for the test line. In a control experiment such light did
      not stimulate rods. The test line was 4 min of arc long. It was presented for 20
      ms on a white background of 1 or 1000 trolands and was viewed foveally. In a 2
      alternative forced-choice experiment the psychometric functions for detection and
      orientation identification (vertical v. horizontal) were compared. In another
      experiment, the line was presented randomly in one of 18 orientations in the
      range 0-180 deg and the subject was asked to determine the orientation. In both
      experiments orientation perception was impaired at the dim background in
      comparison with the results at the bright background. This suggests that light
      adaptational changes of the mechanisms responsible for orientation perception
      exist within the photopic vision.

PMID- 1819917
TI  - Caerulein receptors on the cholinergic neurons in guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The release of [3H]ACh and the contractions of guinea-pig ileal longitudinal
      muscle preparations, with myenteric plexus attached were measured and recorded
      simultaneously. Caerulein in concentrations of 10(-11) M to 10(-8) M caused dose
      dependent increase of the contractions and the [3H]ACh release. This excitatory
      effect of caerulein was sensitive to TTX (10(-6) M). Proglumide selectively
      antagonized both the contractions and the [3H]ACh-releasing effect of caerulein.
      Electrical field stimulation (O.1 Hz)-evoked contractions were sensitive to
      atropine. Caerulein (10(-9) M) did not influence the electrically-evoked release
      of [3H]ACh and the electrically-evoked contractions. Nifedipine (10(-6)M)
      decreased them about 50%. In the presence of nifedipine caerulein produced an
      inhibitory effect on the electrically-induced contractions. This nifedipine
      unmasking inhibitory effect of caerulein was accompanied by a decrease of the
      [3H]ACh release and was prevented by proglumide.

PMID- 1819918
TI  - Hemisphere asymmetry of the visually evoked potentials elicited by gratings of
      varying spatial frequency.
AB  - Visually evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded upon hemifield stimulation with
      sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency (SF). Recording was bipolar from
      0.1-0.2. The gratings were presented randomly in the left, in the right or in
      both visual hemifields. No systematic VEP asymmetry was observed at low SF. At
      SFs above 1.5-2 cpd, however, the early wave peaking at about 100 msec after
      grating onset was usually of greater amplitude when the grating was presented in
      the left visual field. In previous experiments of our, contrast sensitivity was
      almost the same in both hemifields. Thus, the VEP data suggest right-hemisphere
      specialization in processing high SFs and their comparison with the contrast
      sensitivity data suggests that this specialization occurs at a level higher than
      stimulus detection or is evident at suprathreshold contrast levels only.

PMID- 1819919
TI  - Memory effects of a group of newly-synthesized pyrrolidine derivatives with
      putative nootropic effect.
AB  - The original pyrrolidine derivatives with putative nootropic effect: para-chloro
      phenoxyacetyl-2-pyrrolidinone (Mf-P), 1-adamantanyl-2-pyrrolidinone (A-P), 2-oxo
      1-pyrrolidine-3,7-dimethylxanthine (A-T) and para-benzoyl-1,4-dipyrrolidinone (p
      P), were studied. Toxicological screening performed on mice demonstrated the low
      toxicity of the compounds. Five- or seven-day oral administration of the
      substances to rats in a dose of 100 mg/kg weight facilitated the learning process
      and improved the memory of the rats with most of the conditioned-reflex methods
      used. Application of Mf-P to 2- and 24-month-old rats for 8 days induced changes
      in the levels of some biogenic monoamines in the brain structures studied. The
      results obtained, as well as the results of other studies in this laboratory,
      show that the pyrrolidine derivatives studied, which can be considered to be
      original new aniracetam analogues, improve the memory process. This effect varies
      strongly depending on the regime of application of the compounds studied, on the
      memory capacity of the experimental animals and on the experimental method used.
      The changes in the brain neurotransmission induced by the substances studied play
      an essential role in their mechanism of action.

PMID- 1819920
TI  - Effect of AT II on the exploratory behaviour of rats. Interactions with
      elymoclavine and bromocryptine.
AB  - The interaction between the octapeptide angiotensin II (AT II) and the DA-ergic
      agents (agonists)--the ergotic alkaloid elymoclavine and bromocryptine--during
      exploratory behaviour was studied in experiments on male albino rats. The changes
      in the horizontal and vertical activity of the exploratory behaviour and the hole
      board activity were investigated using an Opto-Varimex apparatus. AT II,
      elymoclavine and bromocryptine were applied alone. The frequency of rearing and
      ambulation was increased with all substances applied (the effect being most
      pronounced on the 10th min), while the hole-board activity decreased.
      Elymoclavine potentiates the effect of AT II during exploratory behaviour. The
      effects of the drugs tested on the exploratory behaviour most probably result
      from the interaction between AT II receptors, dopamine receptors and through GABA
      ergic neurotransmission, in the respective brain zones responsible for behaviour.

PMID- 1819921
TI  - Comparative study of the hypotensive effect of a group of structural derivatives
      of glaucine.
AB  - A comparative study was made on the hypotensive effect of a group of
      dehydrogenated structural derivatives of the alkaloid glaucine. The compounds
      studied induced a slowly occurring marked decrease in the blood pressure. Applied
      intravenously, they did not manifest the initial brief and very pronounced phase
      of the hypotensive effect, typical of glaucine, and failed to change
      substantially the respiration and the cardiac activity of the experimental
      animals. The most marked hypotensive effect was demonstrated by 7-benzoyl
      dehydroglaucine (DG4), which reduced the blood pressure by about 50 and 60%
      respectively, when applied in doses of 1 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg. Applied duodenally,
      the dehydrogenated glaucine derivatives also manifested a gradually occurring
      hypotensive effect, whereby DG4 again caused the most pronounced blood pressure
      drop. Depending on the DG4 and glaucine doses used, the pressor effects of
      noradrenaline (NA) and nicotine (NIC) were moderately to strongly suppressed or
      completely inhibited. In experiments on cat membrana nictitans glaucine also
      suppressed moderately (2.5 mg/kg) or markedly (5 mg/kg) the contractile effects
      of NIC and NA, while DG4 did not influence (1 mg/kg) or potentiated (2.5 mg/kg)
      these effects.

PMID- 1819923
TI  - The role of residual monomer in PMMA powder and methods of polymerization in the
      finding of residual monomer in poly(methylmethacrylate) denture base.
AB  - The amount of residual monomer in methylmethacrylate resins used for denture
      bases is directly dependent on the polymerization procedure chosen. Residual
      monomer in PMMA powder has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study
      was to determine the amount of residual monomer in some PMMA powders used for
      denture bases. The study included determination of the amount of residual monomer
      in specimens polymerized by various methods of polymerization, attempting to test
      the interrelationship between the finding of residual monomer in PMMA powder and
      the respective group of heath-cured resin specimens. Materials from the group of
      poly(methylmethacrylate) resins type I, class 1 (1--Biocryl R, Galenika, Belgrade
      Zemun, and 2--Major Base R, Major Dental Industry, Torino) were used in the
      study. Experimental specimens were divided into two groups: (1) original PMMA
      powders; and (2) polymerized specimens obtained by two short curing cycles (a-
      fractional, classical, heterogeneous polymerization; b--using the Prestherm, Bego
      device) and three long-curing cycles of polymerization (a--14 h at 70 degrees C;
      b--7 h at 70 degrees C and 3 h at 100 degrees C; and c--14 h at 70 degrees C and
      3 h at 100 degrees C). By 2 g of each powder/specimen were extracted with
      methanol for residual monomer to be demonstrated by a modified method of gas
      chromatography on a device manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co. (Norwalk, Conn.,
      USA). Original PMMA powders contained a high but varying percentage of residual
      monomer. Polymerized specimens had significantly lower values of residual monomer
      as compared to PMMA powders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819922
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries in school children from a suburban area in Tripoli,
      Libya.
AB  - Seven hundred and twenty school children of primary school grades 5 and 6 in
      Hadba Sargia area in Tripoli were examined for dental caries. The mean DMFT index
      for the whole sample of children was 1.58. The DT component comprised 1.34 and MT
      component 0.21 of DMFT score, which made 42.22% and 13.33% of total children
      sample, respectively. The amount FT component was 0.03 (1.39%) of all children
      with DMFT examined. The number of children with at least one DMFT score was 410
      (56.94%) of the total study sample. In children with poor oral hygiene, DMFT
      score was significantly higher (1.91) than in those with good oral hygiene (0.85)
      (P less than 0.01). Children whose mothers had low education exhibited a higher
      total DMFT score (1.85) than those whose mothers had high education (1.16).

PMID- 1819924
TI  - Orthodontic anomalies and differences in gnathometric variables in twins.
AB  - Actuality of gnathometric measurements by means of plaster casts persisting to
      the present days is stressed and the major research of the kind in twins
      mentioned. The study included 96 pairs of twins of both sexes (36 monozygotic and
      60 dizygotic). Both qualitative and quantitative variables were evaluated and the
      results computer-processed. For most parameters evaluated, statistical processing
      revealed a markedly higher compatibility in monozygotes than in dizygotes. This
      held particularly true for types and severity of anomalies as well as for all
      qualitative variables, with the exception of over bite, overjet, class and class
      severity. The maxilla-related variables were shown to be highly genetically
      determined, which might be explained by the dynamics of mandibular movements and,
      possibly, a stronger effect of external factors on its growth and development.

PMID- 1819925
TI  - CEREC(R) CAD-CAM ceramic restorations. A case report after 5 years in place.
AB  - At least three different techniques have been described for preparing computer
      aided designed (CAD) and computer-aided manufactured (CAM) inlays and veneers.
      This paper details a clinical case in which 13 Cerec CAD-CAM inlays have been in
      function for five years. The Cerec--System produces ceramic inlays which are
      designed, fabricated and placed during one appointment. Advantages and system
      related limitations are discussed.

PMID- 1819926
TI  - [Quantitative evaluation of the immunoglobulin G, A and M in the human dental
      pulp].
AB  - The presence of immunoglobulins G, A and M was studied in human dental pulps
      using a quantitative method of radial immunodiffusion. Valid data on the amounts
      of IgG, IgA and IgM were obtained on the basis of measured concentrations of
      immunoglobulins in each pulp sample and their correlation with total protein
      concentrations. The results indicated IgG to be present in 100%, IgA in 15% and
      IgM in 8% of 13 pulp samples affected by chronic inflammation. The mean values of
      IgG, IgA and IgM thus determined were 84.3, 4.4 and 1.4 mg/g protein,
      respectively. In intact pulp tissue, however, no presence of immunoglobulins G, A
      and M could be detected using the same method as above. The results obtained
      suggested the possibility of local synthesis of immunoglobulins in chronically
      inflamed pulp tissue, indicated that nonspecific inflammatory reaction may have
      occurred concurrently with some specific immunologic reactions. The predominance
      of IgG pointed to immunologic reactions of early types II and III
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 1819927
TI  - [Double teeth in primary dentition and findings of permanent successors].
AB  - Prevalence of double teeth in primary dentition of 0.5% was established in the
      sample of 2.987 preschool children of Zagreb. Between children with double teeth
      60% were female and 40% males. Fusion ocurred in 66.7 percent and germination in
      33.3 percent in the sample of children having double teeth. In all children with
      double teeth orthopantomograms were taken. Analysis of radiographs revealed
      anomalies of permanent successors in 53.3 percent of all children with double
      primary teeth. In children with germination in primary dentition anomalies of
      permanent teeth were present in 20 percent (hyperdontia in all cases), while
      fusion of deciduous teeth was accompanied by abnormal finding (hypodontia) in
      permanent dentition in 70 percent. Obtained results pointed out to the need of
      distinction between type of double teeth in primary dentition, i.e. between
      fusion and germination because chance of lacking the permanent successors is
      considerably dependent on the type of anomaly.

PMID- 1819928
TI  - [Comparison of oral medical findings during two different antineoplastic
      protocols].
AB  - Investigation was performed on patients with malign solid tumors and with
      leukemia in aim to find out oral pathological changes of oral mucosae, oral
      symptoms, correlation between pathological changes and symptoms in connection
      with immunological reactivibility in patients treated with chemotherapy and to
      compare these parameters in connection to different chemotherapeutic protocols.
      Almost all pathological changes were more presented in patients with leukemia,
      except parodontitis and Cheilitis exfoliativa which were more presented in the
      group with malign solid tumors. Oral symptoms were more presented in the group of
      leukemia too.

PMID- 1819929
TI  - [Dentin hypersensitivity: etiology and methods of treatment].
AB  - This work presents review on etiology of dentinal hypersensitivity and mechanisms
      of dentin desensitization. The main theories on dentin sensitivity are discussed
      in details. Particularly are stressed hydrodynamic and transducer theories. Two
      main approaches to the dentin desensitization by tubule occlusion and blocking
      pulpal nerve activity by altering the sensory nerves excitability are presented.
      The aim of dentin desensitization is to apply various agents that occlude
      dentinal tubules and so decrease dentin sensitivity or to apply agents that
      reduce nerve excitability. Between many different agents in use the most wide use
      and best results in decreasing dentin sensitivity have topical application of
      oxalate salts and application of unfilled resins. Different toothpaste with
      strontium chloride or potassium nitrate as active ingredients have been commonly
      used as very effective desensitizing agents.

PMID- 1819930
TI  - [Oral manifestations in diabetes].
AB  - As a systemic disease, diabetes mellitus also involves alterations of oral
      structures as an integral part of the body. A group of 47 diabetics, 34 females
      and 13 males, mean age 55 years, were included in the study. Mean blood glucose
      was 12.6 mol/l. Results of clinical studies of oral alterations showed oral
      symptoms, i.e. xerostomia, to predominate in study subjects, followed by
      glossopyrosis, stomatopyrosis, gingivitis with hyperkeratosis and exfoliations
      effecting the tongue and lips. Membranes and ulcerations were less frequent in
      the group of diabetics under study. Along with the occurrence of metabolic and
      hormonal disturbances, cardiovascular diseases occupy the first place, followed
      by locomotor, gastrointestinal, respiratory and renal disturbances.

PMID- 1819931
TI  - [Possibility of the application of CO2 laser in the prevention of
      demineralisation of the enamel].
AB  - Tooth enamel laser irradiated under certain conditions previously has been shown
      to have reduced subsurface demineralizations rate. The teeth were cut vertically
      in half with a thin diamond disc. One half of each tooth served as a control and
      the other half was irradiated using the CO2 laser. Laser energy was applied at
      incisive labial surface (15 W, 0.5 s, spot size 3.5 mm). After irradiation the
      specimens were coated with wax leaving only the windows 3 x 3 mm on the labial
      surfaces. After experimental demineralisation with 0.2 M sodium acetate and 0.1 M
      lactic acid solution for 10 days, dissolved calcium and phosphorus were analyzed
      in the demineralizating solutions using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and
      colorimetric method (method described by Lowey), respectively. Ca and P
      concentrations in demineralizing solutions per unit surface area were lower then
      the controls.

PMID- 1819933
TI  - [Role of psychologic factors in dental practice with siblings].
AB  - Results of a study of psychologic environmental factors and their effects on
      siblings in terms of fear from dental interventions are presented. Thirty pairs
      of siblings aged 6-15 years, treated at the Zagreb University Institute of
      Pediatric and Preventive Dental Medicine in Zagreb, were included in the study.
      The main criterion for inclusion in the study was the fact that one child
      accepted the treatment without reluctance, while the other child from the same
      family refused it or accepted it with considerable difficulties. According to
      this criterion, a cooperative group and a non-cooperative group of children were
      formed. The study was performed using a poll taken by means of a special
      questionnaire containing 22 questions. Results showed the psychologic
      environmental factors to have a marked but not most important role in the genesis
      of fear from dental interventions in children. Each child revealed
      himself/herself to be a person of his/her own, whereas environment, i.e.
      upbringing and education, was found to induce specific reactions in each of them.
      Therefore, care must be taken by a dental doctor-pedodontist to approach each
      little patient individually, fully respecting his/her personality.

PMID- 1819932
TI  - [Frequency and most common localisation of root canal curvature].
AB  - The root canal therapy of the curved canals is a complex operative procedure.
      Therefore 260 root canals were analysed radiologically to determine the frequency
      and the most common localisation of the root canal curvature. The frequency of
      the curved canals averaged at 59%, being greater in the sample of posterior than
      in the anterior teeth (p less than 0.05). The root canal curvature was most
      frequently localised at the apical third part (53.9%), followed by the cervical
      (33.3%) and the middle (12.8%) third part. The apical curvature was predominant
      in the sample of the anterior, while the cervical predominant (45.2%) in the
      sample of the posterior teeth. This study pointed out that the frequency of the
      curved canals is rather high. Consequently, the necessity for practising the
      modern root canal preparation techniques, bearing in mind their potential danger,
      is emphasized.

PMID- 1819934
TI  - [The meaning of taurodontism in oral surgery--case report].
AB  - Taurodontism represents morphological abnormality of the teeth followed by the
      enlargement of the elongation of the pulp chamber in vertical direction; and
      which is connected with: racial traits, some syndromes, or in most cases appears
      as the consequence of the increased number of X chromosomes. In the study is
      presented rare case of hypertaurodont maxillary second premolar and surgical
      admission during the extraction. Since the classical extraction was not possible
      because of the rooth mass and the alveol wideness, we did the alveotomia.

PMID- 1819935
TI  - Basic amino acid in the pathogenesis of caries.
AB  - Amino acid pattern in total saliva was studied in 43 children with caries, aged
      12-15 years, using the method of ion exchange chromatography. The results were
      compared to those obtained in a control group of 39 children without caries. In
      saliva from the children with caries, a significantly lower level of arginine
      (22.02 mumol/l), and a complete lack of histidine and its derivatives were
      observed when compared to the control group, where the concentrations of arginine
      and 1-methylhistidine were 28.36 and 26.34 mumol/l, respectively. The results
      obtained suggested that a decreased concentration of arginine, and a lack of
      histidine and its derivatives might imply an increased risk of caries.

PMID- 1819936
TI  - Indium light source for curing composite resins.
AB  - There is an existing problem of cumulative hazardous effect of violet and near
      ultra-violet light which is produced by standard polymerisation units. Another
      restrict is shallow depth of cure, particularly of darker composite shades in
      premolar and molar region. Searching for better light source we used indium
      resonance lines from several indium high pressure lamps and tested curing effect
      on three different composite resins. The overall results are better with the lamp
      in which two strong resonance lines of indium are present, rather than with a
      lamp with just one strong resonance line. The improvements in lamp design are
      necessary to overcome conventional polymerisation lamps.

PMID- 1819937
TI  - [Bond strength of newer dentine adhesive systems].
AB  - Introduction of new dentine bonding agents in a practice of dentistry, variety of
      results on their crucial characteristics in foreign literature and lack of
      information in our literature led to a necessity to conduct own scientific
      research on dentine adhesives in order to facilitate the choice of available
      products. The purpose of this study was to estimate the adhesive strength of
      different dentine bonding agents to a treated human dentine immediately after
      light curing of a compatible composite material. Shear and tensile bond strength
      of Tripton, Gluma, Scotchbond-2 and Dentin Protector was measured. Control
      material was glass-ionomer base-cement Vitrabond. Human extracted premolars from
      both jaws were prepared to a flat surface from either occlusal or buccal aspect,
      and materials were applied, respectively. The results showed: a) values of shear
      bond strength ranged from 2.01-3.92 MPa with no statistical differences between
      tested systems; b) tensile bond strength varied from 13.7-26-84 MPa; the highest
      value showed Scotchbond-2, following by Gluma, but significantly lower values
      showed Tripton and Dentin Protector; c) the aspect of prepared tooth crown had no
      significant effect on bond strength with the exception of shear bond strength for
      Gluma-system, when applied on buccal surface showed significantly higher values
      than applied occlusally; d) dentine-bonding agents which dissolve smear layer
      with acid components and remove it from prepared dentine surface showed stronger
      adhesion than agents which leave this debris on a dentin surface.

PMID- 1819938
TI  - [Effect of prosthesis cleansing agent on the prosthetic base fungi].
AB  - Candida albicans and other fungi are frequently found in subjects wearing
      prostheses, especially in prostheses with poor hygiene, i.e. with accumulations
      of food, plaques and calculi. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of
      Corega extradent relative to fungi adhering to the prosthetic base. Results of
      the study showed the prosthesis hygiene to be substantially related to
      inflammation of palatal mucosa. The mean number of fungi per sq.cm of prosthetic
      base was 64 x 10(5). The number of fungi was redetermined after a two-day
      treatment with Corega extradent, with unchanged other habits of the prosthesis
      wearing and cleansing. The number of fungi decreased in all study subjects, the
      mean value of individual differences being 2238 times. In prostheses with a great
      number of fungi and extremely poor hygiene, the effect of Corega extradent was
      poorer, indicating the need of additional mechanical cleansing with a brush.

PMID- 1819939
TI  - [Comparison of location between nasion and orbital points on soft tissue and on
      bony structures, in articulatory technique].
AB  - A skin projection of the orbitale as palpated through soft tissues was designated
      on the left cheek of 22 subjects. The nasion, orbitale and cephalostat nasion
      direction medium were plotted on transparent paper after teleroentgenography.
      Mutually parallel lines were drawn through the points, the line obtained on the
      construction of the nasion direction medium used as a basic one. Distances
      between the lines were measured and results statistically processed. Transfer of
      the model into the articulatory region by means of the orbitale and buccal arch
      nasion direction appeared not to orientate reliably the model according to
      reference planes of the head. Our results are consistent with literature data
      available.

PMID- 1819940
TI  - [Secular trend as a factor of craniofacial morphological changes].
AB  - The study was carried out in two age-matched groups of patients from two
      different periods of time. The aim of the study was to determine whether any
      craniofacial system alterations attributable to the influence of secular trend
      had occurred during a defined period of time. Four basic craniofacial variables,
      from which the craniofacial indices were derived, were measured. The findings
      were statistically processed by the basic parameter evaluation and testing of
      differences of arithmetical means of the same variables between the two study
      groups. The results showed the following alterations to have occurred during a 13
      year period due to the secular trend effects: cranial indices decreased, mostly
      by a significant cranial length increase (g-op); and facial indices decreased,
      mostly by a facial height decrease (n-gn).

PMID- 1819941
TI  - [Saliva as a risk factor for caries in diabetic patients].
AB  - Saliva is an important factor upon which general health of the oral cavity is
      dependent and which influences the occurrence of caries. In diabetic patients,
      xerostomia may occur due to pronounced polyuria in non-regulated and inadequately
      regulated cases. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of stimulated
      saliva and salivary pH in diabetic patients and in normal subjects, and to study
      the possible difference in the occurrence of caries. Results pointed to a
      significant decrease in the amount of stimulated saliva in insulin dependent
      diabetics (1.22 ml/min vs. 1.43 ml/min in normal subjects; p less than 0.01). The
      lowest amount of stimulated saliva was found in non-regulated diabetics (1.00
      ml/min). In all diabetic patients, a significantly lower salivary pH was recorded
      as compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). The DMFS index was
      significantly higher in both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent
      diabetics as compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). Concerning the state
      of diabetes control, significant differences at the level of p less than 0.01 in
      the DMFS index were observed among all groups of subjects (normal subjects, and
      regulated, inadequately regulated and non-regulated diabetics). A decreased
      salivary flow and pH may represent one from a series of caries risk factors in
      diabetics, especially in inadequately regulated and non-regulated cases of the
      disease.

PMID- 1819942
TI  - [Anomalies of deciduous teeth and findings in permanent dentition].
AB  - Prevalence of anomalies of deciduous teeth has been analyzed in the general
      population of Zagreb preschool children. The sample comprised 2,987 children from
      3 to 6 years of age (1,582 boys and 1,405 girls). Hypodontia was found in 0.47%,
      hyperdontia in 0.10%, and double teeth in 0.43% of total sample. Total prevalence
      of all anomalies in the sample was 1.0%. The sample for the analysis of permanent
      dentition has been enlarged with the clinical sample of children having the same
      anomalies and comprised 48 children. In all children with anomalies of primary
      teeth the orthopantomograms were taken and the status of permanent dentition was
      analyzed. In children with hypodontia in primary dentition hypodontia of
      permanent teeth was found in 100% of cases. Patients with hyperdontia of primary
      teeth displayed anomalies in permanent dentition in 85.7%, while in children with
      primary double teeth, anomalies of permanent teeth were present in 61.1% of
      cases. Missing deciduous teeth were found in both jaws in only 8.7% of cases, and
      in 34.8% in permanent dentition. Symmetrical occurrence of hypodontia of primary
      teeth (i.e. in both sides of jaws) was significantly higher in boys (56.3%) than
      in girls (28.6%). In permanent dentition symmetrical occurrence of hypodontia was
      significantly higher than in primary dentition (81.3% in boys and 57.1% in
      girls). The most frequently missing primary teeth were maxillary lateral incisors
      (48.8%) followed by mandibular central incisors (34.9%). Hyperdontia of primary
      teeth has been found only in boys, and it related only to the maxillary lateral
      incisors. Anomalies of deciduous teeth show a high degree of association with the
      finding in the permanent dentition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1819943
TI  - [Composite retention area produced by CO2 laser beam].
AB  - Laser effect on enamel is manifested as consequence of temperature changes.
      Enamel melts, vaporises and a crater, and fissures are formed. Retention surface
      for anchoring of composite resin was obtained in intact approximal surfaces of
      premolars with CO2 laser (0.5, 1 and 3 W, sport size 1 and 1.5 mm, 0.2 and 0.5
      s). The study results reveal composite and lased enamel interfaces are stronger
      then composite and inlased enamel (p less than 0.01) but weaker than composite
      and acid pretreated enamel interface (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 1819944
TI  - [Evaluation of the reconstruction of occlusal plane by use of Ponans angle].
AB  - In this study, teleroentgenocephalograms of 34 subjects with at least 20 natural
      teeth were used. Correlation between the angle formed by linking the PORION
      NASION-SPINA NASALIS ANTERIOR (PONANS angle) points and the angle made by
      Frankfort horizontal and occlusion plane was studied. The coefficient of
      correlation was 0.1263. It is considered that there is no correlation if the
      coefficient of correlation is less than 0.5. Thus, there was no correlation in
      the study sample, which is consistent with the results reported by Karkazis and
      Polyzois, but in disagreement with those published by Monteith. In our sample,
      the occlusion plane could not be oriented in the articulatory space or in
      toothless mouth by means of the method proposed by Monteith.

PMID- 1819945
TI  - [Central odontogenic fibroma of the mandible].
AB  - Central odontogenic fibroma of the jaw is not a clearly defined lesion. It is
      rare, asymptomatic, usually found in the mandible and equally involving both
      sexes. The characteristic feature of the lesion is a high histomorphologic
      variability, while clinical, x-ray and histologic behavior of the tumor is not
      specific. All this contributes to the difficulty in diagnosis. Conservative
      enucleation of the benign tumor is the treatment of choice. The recurrence is
      rare, but, those with more epithelial elements are more prone to recur.

PMID- 1819946
TI  - [Restoration of cervical lesions with glass ionomer cements].
AB  - Cervical lesions and their proper treatment still represent a considerable
      professional problem. The incidence of these lesions increases with aging of the
      population. The lesions have to be treated because of esthetic reasons,
      hypersensitivity to stimuli, and possible further loss of dental substance. Most
      of the restorative materials used to date have failed to fulfill both functional
      and esthetic requirements. In this study, a novel approach to the treatment of
      these lesions using type II glass ionomer cement, with an additional possibility
      of the application of the final composite layer to attain the maximal esthetic
      effect, was investigated. This filling was found to have great advantages over
      both classical fillings and the composite materials alone, because it chemically
      binds to dentin, exerts a marked caries-protective effect through a continuous
      release of fluor ions, and provides the best esthetic effect in combination with
      composite materials (when necessary).

PMID- 1819947
TI  - [Comparison of clinical and histopathological diagnosis in oral surgery].
AB  - Only a successful cooperation of an oral surgeon and the pathologist can ensure a
      reliable diagnosis. The authors have analyzed operations performed during 1990 at
      outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University
      of Zagreb, School of Dentistry. Clinical appearance of the disease and clinical
      diagnosis sometimes enable us to recognize the real nature of the disease. The
      clinical diagnosis in correlation with the histological diagnosis can be either
      denied or improved. The aim of this investigation was to correlate the clinical
      and the histological diagnosis and to find out the number of improvement.
      Material most often sent for histological examination was an operated cyst.
      Although the removed tissues were analyzed under different clinical diagnoses,
      approximately 70% of the clinical diagnoses corresponded to the histopathological
      findings. In one case the clinical diagnosis of benign lesion--hyperkeratosis--
      was after histopathological examination find as carcinoma planocellulare. The
      authors recommend every part of the excised tissue to be sent for a
      histopathological examination.

PMID- 1819948
TI  - [Dysostosis cleidocranialis--a case report].
AB  - An 18-year female patient with dysostosis cleidocranialis, treated for dental
      anomalies characteristic of her basic disease since the age of 12, is described.
      Delayed resorption of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent teeth were
      recorded. At the age of 12, the patient had still had all deciduous teeth, with
      the exception of lower incisors and right upper mesial incisor. The presence of
      11 succedaneous teeth, 7 in the maxilla and 4 in the mandible, had been recorded
      by X-ray. The treatment performed step by step is presented. Firstly, deciduous
      teeth were extracted, and a prosthesis for both the maxilla and mandible were
      constructed to stimulate eruption of permanent teeth. All supernumerary teeth
      from the jaws were also surgically removed. After the permanent tooth eruption
      had been accomplished, orthodontic treatment of these teeth was required and it
      has still been successfully performed. Thus, a conclusion is made that the
      treatment of dental anomalies should start at the time of normally expected
      deciduous tooth exfoliation.

PMID- 1819949
TI  - Influence of teeth loss on morphometric characteristics of the maxilla.
AB  - Using Martin and Saller's method in analyzing 90 skulls which belonged to adults
      of both sexes established are twelve basic morphometric characteristics of
      maxillas in the recent population of Croatia. Presented are differences in the
      morphology of dentate and edontulous jaws. Morphometric characteristics of
      maxillas in the recent population of Croatia do not significantly differ from
      maxillar characteristics of other white ethnic groups of the same absolute age.
      By the change of biomechanical conditions and interaction of forces caused by the
      loss of teeth, reabsorption of bones occurs. The alveolar process atrophies the
      first, causing the reduction in the maxillar length and width in the molar, as
      well as in the anterior part of the bone. Although the width of the palate is
      constant, the reduction of its length occurs. The foramen infraorbitale
      approaches the alveolar margin of the bone due to the reabsorption of the
      alveolar ridge, but its distance from the orbital edge gets reduced too, due to
      the overall atrophy the bone. Advancing of age, if not accompanied with the loss
      of teeth, does not significantly influence morphometric characteristics of the
      maxilla.

PMID- 1819950
TI  - [The antimicrobial efficiency of aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide on
      Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, in vitro].
AB  - Calcium hydroxide preparations Ca(OH)2 are used as water solutions, putly, liner,
      cement or artificial material. The therapeutic effect of each medicaments depends
      on physical and chemical characteristic of additional components. The aim of the
      paper is to research the sensitivity of Streptococcus faecalis and Candida
      albicans to different water solution concentrations of calcium hydroxide. As
      solid plates, Bacto-Mitis-Salivarius agar was used for S. mutans, Torlak blood
      agar for S. faecalis and Sabourand agar "Torlak" for C. albicans. The holes were
      drilled in solid plates and were filled by 0.2 ml of water solutions of Ca(OH)2.
      Preparations, created as described were incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C in
      the period of 48 hrs. Results were read after 24 as well as after 48 hrs. The
      examined solutions of Ca(OH)2, revealed the highest antimicrobic effect after 24
      hrs. The result remained unchanged even after 48 hrs. The inhibition of S. mutans
      growth on the solid plate occurred with the concentration of Ca(OH)2 solution
      from 271.18 x 10(-2) mol/dm3 and pH 12.76. The growth of S. faecalis at the solid
      plate was inhibited with the concentration of 3335.21 x 10(-3) mol/dm3 and pH
      12.82. The inhibition of C. albicans growth on solid plate occurred with the
      concentration of Ca(OH)2 solution from 1023.20 x 10(-3) mol/dm3 and pH 12.84. The
      difference in the sensitivity of the examined microorganisms at the same
      concentrations of Ca(OH)2 solution was observed.

PMID- 1819952
TI  - [Changes in the value of the mandibular angle and its segments during growth].
AB  - The mandibular angle, an important roentgenocephalometric parameter, undergoes
      marked changes during growth and development. The dynamics of alterations of the
      entire mandibular angle and its two segments was studied in a sample of 200
      roentgenograms of eugnathic subjects divided into homologous age groups at 10
      year scale intervals to the adult age. For each age group, three
      roentgenocephalometric variables were statistically processed. Results, presented
      numerically and graphically, led to a conclusion that the size of the mandibular
      angle and its superior segment decreased considerably in a defined period of
      time. A decrease in the values of all variables was clearly seen in both
      adolescence and postadolescence.

PMID- 1819951
TI  - [Craniometric and gnathometric characteristics of anomalies Angle Class II in
      deciduous dentition].
AB  - The study was performed in 30 subjects with class II/1 and 30 subjects with class
      II/2 anomalies. The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which class II
      anomalies influenced individual craniometric and gnathometric dimensions as well
      as to determine whether there were any significant differences between the two
      subgroups. Craniometric dimensions were measured in each subject by means of
      standard measuring devices, while gnathometric analysis was carried out on
      plaster casts of their dental arches. Statistical processing was performed on an
      IBM PC-AT computer, with a SPSS/PC program support. The study results indicated
      the maxillomandibular and craniofacial growth to follow a specific pattern as
      early as in the deciduous dentition in subjects with class II anomalies.
      Differences between class II subgroups manifested in the range of the following
      parameters: all transversal craniometric dimensions were greater in class II/2,
      which was statistically significant in case of Eu-Eu dimension; height of the
      maxillary part of the face was significantly greater in class II/2; horizontal
      incisal step was significantly greater in class II/1; although all transversal
      dimensions of dental arches were considerably greater in class II/2, the
      differences were not statistically significant; the upper and lower dental arches
      were longer in class II/1 and II/2, respectively.

PMID- 1819953
TI  - [Contours of apical foramen observed stereomicroscopically].
AB  - Two hundred and sixty major apical foramina were examined stereomicroscopically
      to determine the contours of the apical foramen and the frequency of each shape.
      The observation was performed at 15 x magnification. During the examination the
      following shapes were observed: circle, ellipse, teardrop, number eight and
      irregular forms. Apical foramen most frequently had the circular shape and it was
      registrated in 58.8 per cent of the main root canal openings. The elliptic
      contour was presented in 22.7 per cent, the teardrop shape in 10.4 per cent and
      the shape similar to number eight occurred in 5.0 per cent of the samples. The
      statistical calculation revealed that the circular shape of the apical foramen is
      the most frequent finding (p less than 0.01). This finding seems to be optimistic
      in an attempt to perform the hermetic sealing of the apical foramen.

PMID- 1819954
TI  - [Evaluation of socio-economic status of the orthognathous and disgnathous school
      age examinees].
AB  - Purpose of this investigation is verification of socio-economic status of two
      orthodontic groups of examinees, to find out differences and similarities between
      them. Out of total sample of 640 elementary school age children, 320 are
      orthognathous (E) and 320 disgnathous (D). The disgnathous subjects have a
      specific malocclusion; early tooth loss or secondary crowding. According to their
      sex (male, female), orthodontic condition (E, D) and age (7-14 years) children
      are classified into 8 groups (each consisting of 20 examinees). Socio-economic
      status is assessed by using data on the occupation and education level (high = V,
      medium = S, low = Z) of the subjects' parents. A specific questionnaire is
      created for the technical performance of the investigation. The results are
      statistically analyzed and presented in tables. The data processing is made by
      using UNIVAC-1110 computer in FORTRAN system language. The parents of the
      orthognathous (E) children are mostly of a higher and high (V) education level as
      compared to the parents of the disgnathous (D) children who are mostly of a lower
      (Z) education level. The ratio is 54.3% E to 44.6% PS. The difference is
      statistically significant on the level of 0.05 (x2 = 6.04, df = 2). This might
      indicate that a higher level of parents' education contributes to a more
      successful influence of parents on the environmental factors which predominantly
      cause orthodontic anomaly of a premature tooth loss and secondary crowding.

PMID- 1819955
TI  - [Quantitative descriptive analysis of maxillary arch in unilateral cleft].
AB  - The need for a simple, routinely applicable method for morphologic analysis of
      maxillary arch in cleft patients resulted in development of a new original,
      objective and computerized method. The authors present the rationale and
      procedure of this method which is extremely suitable for clinical documentation,
      follow up and clinical investigation of cleft patients. The descriptive factors
      are expressed in relative numbers--rations of asymmetry and segment displacement.
      The relative numbers enable comparative analysis between arches of different
      size.

PMID- 1819957
TI  - [Fetal alcohol syndrome--case report].
AB  - Clinical picture of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is described by the example
      of three girls aged 9, 11 and 11 years. Besides mild to moderate mental
      retardation, all the three girls had a number of physical anomalies
      characteristic of FAS. Inheritance as the possible cause of these defects was
      ruled out by genetic testing. Low birth weight, delay in the postnatal growth and
      development, microcephaly, hypertelorism, malformed and low-positioned auricles,
      as well as skeletal alterations, were observed in the three girls. In two of
      them, epicanthus, strabismus, microphtalmia, gothic palate, crossbite and
      arachnodactyly were also found. Progenia, cleft palate, aplasia of the uvula,
      wide root of the nose, saddle nose, enamel hypoplasia, dermatoglyphic
      alterations, and cutaneous syndactyly and clinodactyly of the fifth finger were
      recorded in single cases each. One girl suffered from epilepsy. The orofacial
      region is especially affected in children with FAS, which necessitates specific
      dental care. Due to decreased intellectual abilities of such children, their
      treatment is particularly difficult and requires specific approach and methods of
      work.

PMID- 1819958
TI  - Machines in periodontics.
AB  - The use of machines to assist the clinician in the assessment of periodontal
      support is not new. However, in the past five years great strides have been made
      in the use of electronics and computers to assist in the performance of routine
      tasks for the detection and diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The purpose of
      this paper is to review, compare and contrast three electronic periodontal probes
      which represent a range of technological complexity. The fundamental principles
      underlying these instruments and possible roles in practice will be outlined.
      Other technologies, such as digital subtraction radiography, direct digital
      radiography and tests for periodontal disease activity, will be briefly
      addressed.

PMID- 1819959
TI  - Video imaging machines and intraoral cameras.
AB  - There are many uses for these two new devices in dentistry. Video has become a
      valuable tool for educating our patients.

PMID- 1819956
TI  - [Importance of the palatal seal for complete denture's retention].
AB  - By preserving the anatomic integrity of the stomatognathic system, a prosthesis
      allows its physiologic activities to proceed normally. A function imprint
      provides a picture of the prosthesis support and relationship between mobile
      tissues and prosthesis rims. A high-quality function imprint required, but
      current literature offers different opinions and views concerning the choice and
      method of taking a function imprint. Several procedures covering all methodologic
      differences can still be singled out: taking a function imprint without pressure,
      taking a function imprint with pressure, taking a function imprint with the mouth
      open, taking a function imprint with the mouth closed. The regions with a thin
      and less keratinized mucosa over the bone but without a submucosal interlayer
      must be relieved or imprinted without pressure. Forward inclination of the head
      and the position of the tongue make the soft palate to acquire a functional
      position on taking the imprint, thus allowing the posterior pharyngeal rim of the
      upper prosthesis to be determined. The greater the valve effect and the lesser
      the space between the prosthesis base and support, the higher the negative
      pressure upon the support. Imbibition is achieved by the prosthesis rims lying in
      the initial part of mobile mucosa, and the pharyngeal rim on the border between
      the hard and soft palate, in the region of the "ah" line. Retention of the
      prosthesis is mostly secured by its posterior, dorsal patal or pharyngeal rim.
      When pointing to its importance in retention, it applies to the rim margins, its
      relation to the support and its role in the valve closure of the upper total
      prosthesis.

PMID- 1819960
TI  - Laser/tissue interaction.
AB  - When laser light impinges on tissue, it can reflect, scatter, be absorbed, or
      transmit to the surrounding tissue. Absorption controls to a great degree the
      extent to which reflection, scattering and transmission occur, and wavelength is
      the primary determinant of absorption. The CO2 laser is consistently absorbed by
      most materials and tissues and the Nd-YAG laser wavelength is preferentially
      absorbed in pigmented tissues. The factors which determine the initial tissue
      effect include the laser wavelength, laser power, laser waveform, tissue optical
      properties, and tissue thermal properties. There are almost an infinite number of
      combinations of these factors possible, many of which would result in
      unacceptable damage to the tissues. This underscores the need to thoroughly test
      any particular combination of these factors on the conceptual, in-vitro, and in
      vivo level before a treatment is offered.

PMID- 1819961
TI  - Computers and cephalometrics.
AB  - Computers have been adapted to cephalometric data acquisition and analysis.
      Traditional cephalometric radiographs provide images that are entered into
      computers by converting them to digital data. Other non-ionizing radiation forms
      of energy, such as sound, light and magnetism, are now used to create images.
      Newer methods of data acquisition are emerging that convert objects directly to
      digital data for computer entry without going through intermediate analogue
      forms. The analysis of cephalometric data for diagnostic use is aided by
      computers, but the automated treatment planning application of computers is
      limited. This limitation is not a function of the computer, but a function of our
      inability to reliably predict absolute biologic changes in the face of biologic
      variability.

PMID- 1819962
TI  - CAD/CAM in dentistry.
AB  - The advent of computers and interactive computer graphics laid the groundwork for
      a revolution in dentistry. Dental CAD/CAM systems can at least match the quality
      of cast restorations. With the automation, consistency in quality is also
      provided. The dental CAD/CAM system can simplify the effort required to produce a
      restoration. With new technologies for fabrication (like milling and edm), a
      whole array of new materials, which were historically difficult or impossible to
      manipulate, suddenly become viable possibilities. When used in the dental office,
      many of the systems eliminate the need for impressions and can produce a
      restoration while the patient waits. A dental revolution is underway, providing
      exciting possibilities for restorative dentistry.

PMID- 1819963
TI  - Radiographic and electronic diagnostic systems.
AB  - Radiography forms the basis for determining the length of tooth in endodontic
      therapy. Radiographs can be manipulated by digital image processing, which can
      improve their diagnostic quality as well as enable the images to be stored
      electronically. Electronic apex locators, when used in conjunction with
      radiographs and electronic imaging systems, become useful adjuncts in endodontic
      treatment. They provide the clinician with the ability to accurately determine
      the length of tooth, thus making apex locators an important component in
      endodontic therapy.

PMID- 1819964
TI  - A new laser for soft and hard tissue applications.
AB  - Several new features of this Nd-Yag laser make it ideal for hard and soft tissue
      applications. Examples are given for treatment of pits and fissures, endodontics,
      surgery, and soft tissue applications.

PMID- 1819965
TI  - Psychological/behavioral techniques in managing pain and anxiety in the dental
      patient.

PMID- 1819967
TI  - Nitrous oxide.

PMID- 1819970
TI  - The antigenic structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis examined by immunoblot and
      ELISA. Influence of the age of the culture and of the obtaining method on the
      composition of the antigenic extracts.
AB  - In this study we have examined by immunoblot (IB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) the humoral immune response in pulmonary tuberculosis. As a
      previous step, in an attempt to obtain the optimal antigen preparation for these
      studies, the influence of the culture age and of the obtention method on the
      composition of the extracts was analyzed. The highest number of antigenic bands
      was found in culture filtrates of 6 and 8 weeks; at these times two thick bands
      of 65 and 63 kilodaltons (kDa) were identified. These bands were absent from
      younger and older cultures. When analyzing the source of antigens, we found that
      culture filtrates contained more antigenic bands than sonic extracts. In view of
      these findings, culture filtrates of 6 weeks of age were used as test antigens.
      With 19 tuberculous sera a total of 16 antigenic bands were observed by IB. The
      response was very heterogeneous with respect to the intensity of the detected
      reactions and the number of reacting bands. The most frequently recognized bands
      were those of 31, 32, 38, 58 and 94 kDa. By ELISA with 49 tuberculous sera and
      with 48 control sera, a specificity of 0.98 and a sensitivity of 0.70 were
      obtained.

PMID- 1819968
TI  - Adult sedation: oral, rectal, IM, IV.

PMID- 1819969
TI  - General anesthesia.

PMID- 1819971
TI  - Polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in patients with amoebic hepatic abscess.
AB  - In the course of tissue invasion by the amoeba, cellular immune responses are
      generated with the production of lymphokines by T lymphocytes that could induce
      activation of B cells. Therefore, it is possible that besides the induction of B
      lymphocytes specific for amoebic antigens, there could be activation of B cells
      with different specificities, that is, polyclonal in nature. IgM antibodies
      against some natural and synthetic antigens were quantified in both sera from
      amoebic hepatic abscess (AHA) patients and healthy controls by means of an ELISA.
      Titers in each case analyzed were significantly higher in AHA patients than in
      controls. Results indicate that there is polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes
      in this disease.

PMID- 1819966
TI  - Local anesthetics.

PMID- 1819972
TI  - Colonization by Clostridium difficile in hospitalized children: risk factors and
      typification of the isolated strains.
AB  - The frequency of colonization by Clostridium difficile in 273 hospitalized
      children under 15 years of age was studied. Feces were collected from patients
      attending the infectious disease service at the Pediatric Hospital IMSS, during a
      period of 11 months. No colonization was detected in 16 neonates; whereas 10 of
      103 children (9.7%) under one year of age, 7 of 84 children (8.3%) from one to
      five years and 3 of 70 children (4.2%) from five to 15 years of age were
      colonized. The use of antibiotics and the nutritional state were studied as
      possible risk factors for colonization. The frequency of colonization was not
      influenced by the nutritional state, whereas the treatment with antibiotics
      decreased significantly the colonization in children under one year of age but
      not in those children over one year of age. In children under one year of age,
      the cytotoxin was more frequent in cases of diarrhea, and in those over one year
      no association was found. The 50 strains isolated from these children were
      classified according to: toxigenicity, sensitivity to antibiotics, phages and
      bacteriocins. Strains acquired before hospitalization were more toxigenic than
      those acquired intrahospital. Twelve resistotypes were detected; one of them (V)
      was more frequent in intrahospital strains. Ten phagobacteriocin types were
      found, and two of then (D and I) were present only in intrahospital strains.
      Using this classification scheme, it was found that eight patients were colonized
      with two different strains at the same time.

PMID- 1819973
TI  - Medical causes and effects of cocaine abuse.
AB  - Historical data concerning the use of cocaine, its epidemiology, chemistry and
      pharmacology, as well as its medical complications and treatment, in both acute
      intoxication and chronic addiction is reported. Its repercussion and damage upon
      the nervous system with neurologic and psychiatric alterations is also reported.
      The frequency of cerebral hemorrhages and myocardial, and other visceral
      infarctions due to vascular lesions are discussed. Various pulmonary lesions
      produced by the different routes used and the multiple obstetric problems during
      pregnancy, such as abnormal labour with products showing cerebral damage and
      teratogenic lesions due to the use of cocaine are presented. Finally, the present
      prophylactic campaigns against the use of cocaine and other drugs are mentioned.

PMID- 1819974
TI  - Human leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) increases polymorphonuclear
      cell endocytosis.
AB  - We prepared supernatants of Concanavalin-A activated human lymphocytes containing
      high titers of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF). A pool of these
      supernatants was filtered thorough sephadex 6-100 as well as a pool of
      supernatants from parallel non activated cultures. A migration assay was carried
      out for each activated fraction, using as control migration the same fraction
      from non activated supernatants. In this way we found a fraction from activated
      supernatants with high LIF activity. We assayed the effect of this LIF containing
      fraction on a yeast endocytosis assay by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. We found
      that the LIF containing fraction increased the number of endocytic PMN in about
      80%. This effect was absent from control supernatant and from other fractions
      from activated supernatant but without LIF activity. The LIF containing fraction
      did not increase the average number of endocytosed yeast per cell nor the ability
      to reduce NBT. The endocytosis enhancing effect was blocked by the specific LIF
      blocker N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. We conclude that LIF can increase the endocytic
      activity of PMN cells.

PMID- 1819975
TI  - Changes in cardiac repolarization and ventricular conduction in a case of acute
      hematomyelia. Report of a case.
AB  - A twenty year old man presented an acute hematomyelia at T2-T3 level and had
      electrocardiographic changes suggesting subendocardial and subepicardial
      ischemia; he also had precordial pain and elevation of the MB fraction of
      creatine phosphokinase. Neurons providing heart inervation are located at the T2
      T3 spinal level. The electrocardiographic changes observed were considered
      neurogenic in origin and were transient. Although there are experimental reports
      showing electrocardiographic changes associated with compression of the upper
      part of thoracic spinal cord, this is the first report to our knowledge, in which
      an acute spinal injury is shown to be associated with neurogenic changes in
      ventricular repolarization simulating acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 1819977
TI  - Changes in manganese and small cobalt blood levels of lead-exposed workers.
AB  - Blood levels of manganese and cobalt were analyzed with graphite furnace atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry in three groups of workers: non-exposed, middle
      exposed and heavy-exposed to lead from five lead-acid battery factories located
      in Mexico City. Manganese levels were significantly higher in the heavy-exposed
      workers than in the non-exposed subjects. Cobalt in blood concentrations was
      found to be lowered in both middle and heavy exposed workers as compared to the
      control group. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the
      possible mechanisms underlying these observations.

PMID- 1819976
TI  - Randomized study for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: MOPP vs. LOPP.
AB  - Between January 1983 and December 1984, 83 patients with advanced Hodgkin's
      disease were entered in a prospective randomized trial comparing MOPP
      (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) with a regimen
      containing chlorambucil (Leukeran), vincristine, prednisone and procarbazine
      (LOPP). Both groups were comparable for the variables of age, stage, symptoms,
      histology and sites of involvement. Seventy percent of LOPP-treated patients
      achieved a complete remission compared to 65% of the MOPP-treated group. After a
      median follow-up of greater than 48 months, there is no statistical difference
      between the two treatment groups in survival or relapse free-survival. The LOPP
      combination was better tolerated with significantly less side effects. The drug
      regimen LOPP appears to be as effective as MOPP in producing complete remission
      and long term survival in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 1819979
TI  - Invasive amebiasis in a spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Case report and a short
      review of the literature of amebiasis in non-human primates.
AB  - A spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) studied at the San Juan de Aragon Zoo died
      with symptoms of amoebic dysentery verified by coprologic investigation of the
      parasite, his female partner was cured with conventional antiamoebic treatment.
      At autopsy widespread ulcerations in the colon and multiple liver abscesses were
      found, containing trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Both lesions were
      identical to those observed in human amoebiasis. A short review of the literature
      in nonhuman primates infections points out that the so-called spontaneous
      amoebiasis seen in colonies of captive monkeys, and transmission to their
      newborns within the same species of monkeys, have been in contact with humans. It
      is proposed that amoebiasis in monkeys should be considered as an excellent model
      for experimental studies on amoebiasis because other phylogenetically distant
      species have shown different pathology or are resistant to the infection. Also,
      it should raise concern that monkeys may become carriers of cysts and
      trophozoites of virulent strains of E. histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica DNA
      hybridization techniques should be considered for comparing genomic similarities
      with other protozoa, including the genera Amoeba to establish its pattern of
      evolution.

PMID- 1819978
TI  - Low Toxoplasma antibody prevalence in serologic surveys of humans in southern
      Mexico.
AB  - Antibody prevalence to Toxoplasma gondii among residents of a Pacific coastal
      region of Oaxaca State, Mexico is among low rates reported worldwide. From 60
      small, rural communities, 3229 persons from ages 6 months to over 70 years
      provided blood specimens that were stored on filter papers. 124 (3.8%) of the
      eluates were seropositive (positive titer greater than 1:256) in the indirect
      hemagglutination test, and 43 (1.3%) had titers greater than 1:1024. Seropositive
      rates increased by age group and females were positive twice as often as males.
      There was no difference in rates for persons who lived at sea level, compared to
      those who lived between 600 and 1800 meters. In two small communities in which
      the number of persons tested were a large percentage of the total population,
      seropositive rates were 1.0 and 1.9%, respectively. The probable explanation for
      these low rates is the near absence of cats and paucity of meat in the diet. By
      contrast, sera tested from 479 persons living about 150 km to the east in the
      coastal, urban towns of Tehuantepec of Salina Cruz showed positive reactions
      among 122 (125.5%), and 71 (14.8%) had titers less than 1:1024. These people had
      a higher standard of living, more meat in their diet, and a few cats.

PMID- 1819980
TI  - Isolation and axenization of Giardia lamblia isolates from symptomatic and
      asymptomatic patients in Mexico.
AB  - Infection of the small intestine of humans with the parasitic protozoan Giardia
      lamblia may have an asymptomatic course, or else, may produce acute or chronic
      diarrhea. In order to establish if the different clinical outcome of giardiasis
      in children could be due, at least partially, to strain differences, isolates
      from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases studied in Mexico City during 1986 and
      1987 were cultured under axenic conditions. With modifications of available
      methods for the isolation of G. lamblia from cysts in stools, we obtained 19
      axenic isolates: 5 from symptomatic patients and 14 from asymptomatic cyst
      carriers. The isolation procedure involved: (1) concentration and cleaning of
      cysts through centrifugation in sucrose gradients; (2) excystment induction in
      acid solution; (3) culture in modified TYI-S-33 medium, and (4) axenization of
      isolates using ceftriaxone and Amphotericin B. Results indicate that isolates
      from carriers and from symptomatic cases of giardiasis are equally amenable to
      isolation and axenization. The Giardia isolates obtained are being studied to
      analyze differences in isoenzyme pattern, antigenicity, and molecular markers.

PMID- 1819981
TI  - Experimental study of the hypoglycemic effect of some antidiabetic plants.
AB  - The purpose of this work is to look for the hypoglycemic effect of 12 plants most
      used in Mexico for controlling diabetes mellitus. The studies were realized in 27
      rabbits submitted weekly to glucose tolerance tests after gastric administration
      of water, tolbutamide or a preparation of the plant. The results showed that
      tolbutamide and studied plants (except Aloe barbadensis) decreased significantly
      (p less than 0.05) the area under glucose tolerance curve, in relation with the
      water control. The strongest effect was yielded by Psacalium peltatum (27.9%),
      followed by Curcubita ficifolia (26.4%), Lepechinia caulescens (26.0%), Opuntia
      streptacantha (21.4%), Slanum verbascifolum (21.1%), Teucrium cubense (19.4%),
      Cecropia obtusifolia (18.9%), Phaseolus vulgaris (18.5%), Tecoma stans (17.5%),
      Eriobotrya japonica (17.2%), Salpianthus macrodonthus (15.0%), tolbutamide
      (14.3%), and Aloe barbadensis (1.4%). Our results point out that the majority of
      the plants most used by the Mexican population to control diabetes mellitus have
      an evident hypoglycemic action.

PMID- 1819982
TI  - Campimetric alterations caused by pituitary microadenoma successfully treated by
      transsphenoidal adenomectomy.
AB  - The authors are presenting the first description of the surgical treatment of an
      illness that is characterized by severe campimetric alterations (concentric
      reduction) in patients carrying prolactin-secreting microadenoma. Eleven
      demonstrative cases are presented.

PMID- 1819983
TI  - Incongruent parenthood in a Mexican mestizo population as determined by HLA
      typing.
AB  - The incidence of incongruent parenthood was determined by confronting the
      declared familial relationship of 98 father-mother-son/daughter trinomials (drawn
      from the Centro Medico Nacional-IMSS (CMN-IMSS) Kidney Transplant Program) with
      their HLA-A and B antigens. Fourteen (14.3%) discrepant cases were found: three
      each with the putative father (3.1%) or with the putative mother (3.1%), two with
      either father or mother (though impossible to determine precisely with whom)
      (2.0%), and six with both parents (6.1%). Several possible explanations of these
      findings were considered, such as out-of-wedlock pregnancies, complex known or
      unknown, declared or undeclared social circumstances frequently related to the
      population studied (i.e. imminent kidney transplantation) and technical pitfalls.
      These data underscore the level of possible "noise" and imprecision in population
      genetics; genetic-epidemiology and transplantation programs.

PMID- 1819984
TI  - Evaluation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis in patients with hypertensive
      hydrocephalus due to neurocysticercosis.
AB  - Four patients with hydrocephalus secondary to neurocysticercosis, were evaluated
      making a comparative analysis of their pre- and post-operative state. The results
      showed that intracranial hypertension "per se" does not generate changes in the
      hypothalamopituitary axis function. The cortisol response to its appropriate
      stimulus was subnormal indicating that the intracranial hypertension affects the
      adrenocorticotrophic or the ACTH system.

PMID- 1819985
TI  - Valvular dysfunction due to the obstruction of the ventricular catheter caused by
      cysticercus cyst.
AB  - Five patients were studied with the diagnosis of secondary hydrocephaly to
      neurocysticercosis. Valvular dysfunction was observed due to the obstruction of
      the ventricular catheter caused by cysticercus cysts. The Biomed System was used
      in four cases and the Hakim System in one. Valvular dysfunction was observed in
      patients within a period of 18 to 24 months after derivation, they also had a
      history of several valvular dysfunctions. The diagnosis was made upon extraction
      of the catheter where the cyst was found to be attached to the ventricular brush.
      Subsequent evolution has not been satisfactory. The reasons for this complication
      are of a hydrodynamic and pharmacological nature and are also due to the growth
      of the cyst. This complication is not often suspected, therefore we recommend
      that in cases of frequent valvular dysfunction and asymmetrical hydrocephaly,
      studies like iodine-tomography or magnetic resonance be carried out in order to
      rule out this factor.

PMID- 1819986
TI  - Immunoreactive insulin levels in ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Serum glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin and sedimentation rate (ESR) were
      measured in eighteen male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and seven
      male healthy controls. The findings were correlated with the presence or absence
      of inflammatory activity of the disease. Fourteen patients had active AS with ESR
      of 47.0 +/- 27.7 mm; they had increased insulin levels measured as area under
      curve (AUC) of a glucose tolerance test 107.4 +/- 44.1 cm2 vs controls 40.8 +/-
      12.6 cm2 (p less than 0.03). In 4 patients with clinically inactive AS and with
      ESR of 17.0 +/- 4.0 mm the insulin levels as the AUC were 83.2 +/- 38.0 cm2 vs
      controls (p = ns). In the whole group there was a direct correlation between ESR
      and serum immunoreactive insulin levels (r = 0.47 p less than 0.05). Our study
      suggests that AS may be associated with hyperinsulinism, whose role in the
      physiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown.

PMID- 1819987
TI  - Studies on the medicinal properties of Solanum chrysotrichum in tissue culture:
      I. Callus formation and plant induction from axillary buds.
AB  - A tissue culture method is described for micropropagation and callus formation
      from Solanum chrysotricum axillary bud explants in Murashige and Skoog's (MS)
      medium, supplemented with various growth regulators. Induction of rooted plants
      were initiated only when indol-3 acetic acid (IAA) was present as an auxin in
      combination with either of two cytokinins: kinetin (KN) or benzyladenine (BA);
      however, the combination of IAA (0.1 mg.lt.-1) + BA (0.2 mg.lt.-1) was found to
      be best suited for morphogenesis purposes. Alternatively, callus tissue formation
      was influenced in presence of naphthalene acetic acid; which in combination with
      kinetin (NAA 0.1 mg.lt.-1 + KN 0.2 mg.lt.-1) exhibit the best response studied.
      The plant material obtained by this procedure is proposed for pharmacological and
      chemical studies of this important antimycotic plant remedy.

PMID- 1819990
TI  - Morphogenesis of the gubernaculum testis in Sprague-Dawley rat. Preliminary
      report.
AB  - The morphology of testicular descent in the Sprague-Dawley rat from day 14 of
      gestation to newborn was studied; the purpose was to analyse the anatomy and
      related observations made with light and scanning microscopy. Adult female rats
      were mated during estrus. The presence of spermatozoa in vaginal smears was taken
      to indicate day 0 of gestation. Animals were kept in a controlled 12-hour light
      darkness cycle; food and water were provided ad libitum. At day 14 genital ducts
      are similar in both sexes. At day 15 and 16 the gubernaculum testis is seen as a
      mesenchymal cord that extends from mesonephros to the pelvic floor. At day 17
      near the enlarged caudal end of gubernaculum, evagination of the abdominal cavity
      begins forming the peritoneo-vaginal process. The testis ligament as well as the
      gubernaculum testis attaching to the epididymis at different locations have no
      direct relation between themselves as such. During day 18, testis rotates on its
      own longitudinal axis in a ventral-lateral direction. This movement twists the
      testis ligament, the epididymis and deferent duct lengthen and these structures
      are lined up in the direction of the peritoneo-vaginal process. The testis is
      generally situated in the newborn, on or near the internal ring. The gubernaculum
      testis is attached to the epididymis but does not exercise traction on the
      testis. The epididymis is a factor in this descending process.

PMID- 1819989
TI  - Role of leukotriene C4 and edema in the acute allergic bronchoconstriction in the
      guinea pig.
AB  - In vitro studies have suggested that leukotrienes are involved in acute allergic
      bronchoconstriction, though this has not been definitively corroborated yet in in
      vivo studies. On the other hand, edema production during antigenic challenge
      could be an additional factor favouring such bronchoconstriction. In the present
      work we quantified immunoreactive leukotriene C4 (iLTC4) concentrations in
      bronchoalveolar lavages during allergic bronchoconstriction induced by 1 mg/kg
      i.v. ovalbumin (OA) in immunized guinea pigs, as well as water content in guinea
      pig lung fragments obtained before and during this bronchoconstriction. We found
      that basal concentrations of iLTC4 (median 1.06 ng/ml) were not significantly
      modified at 2, 5 and 10 min (median 1.10, 0.29 and 1.37 ng/ml, respectively) of
      the bronchoconstrictor response. Water content in lung fragments did not change
      among non-immunized guinea pigs, immunized ones and at 15 min of
      bronchoconstriction (mean +/- SEM 79.32% +/- 0.18, 79.10% +/- 0.31 and 79.13% +/-
      0.40%, respectively). In addition, isoproterenol (20 micrograms/kg, i.v.) rapidly
      reverted about 70% of the bronchoconstriction induced by a higher antigenic dose
      (OA, 3.1 mg/kg i.v.); residual obstruction was not associated with increased
      water content in lung fragments (78.13% +/- 0.43). These results suggest that in
      this model, acute allergic bronchoconstriction is not due to an increased iLTC4
      release or to edema production, and that airway smooth muscle contraction is the
      main component of this response.

PMID- 1819988
TI  - Effect of nitroglycerin on rat myocardium oxygen consumption, determined by the
      manometric Warburg procedure.

PMID- 1819992
TI  - Detection of Plasmodium falciparum: a comparison of six cloned DNA probes.
AB  - Probes pRepHind, Rep20, p242B1-1, pPF-14, clone 26 and 34 were compared for their
      applicability to detect P. falciparum in field conditions. Ninety four clinical
      samples from patients living in the malaria endemic area of Tumaco (Pacific
      Coast) plus 88 from Villavicencio (Eastern Plains) were tested in "dotblot"
      hybridization experiments. Probes Rep20, p242B1-1, pRepHind and pPF-14 detected
      up to 17 pg of purified P. falciparum DNA, while clone 26 and clone 34 detected
      up to 425 pg DNA. Probes pPF-14, P242B1-1, pRepHind and Rep 20 exhibited
      comparable detection levels of parasites in infected blood samples. Sensitivity
      declined from 69-94% in subjects with parasitemias higher than 10.000 par./ul to
      15-42% in subjects with parasitemias lower than 100 par./ul. pPF-14 and p24B1-1
      showed the highest sensitivity, while clone 26 and 34 presented significantly
      lower sensitivities. All probes were shown to be highly specific. Detection
      levels are dependent on specimen treatment. Treatment consisting of serum
      removal, Triton X-100 lysis, Proteinase K digestion, Phenol and Chloroform
      extractions followed by Ethanol precipitation yielded 100% sensitivity for
      specimens with parasite density higher than 1,000 par./l.

PMID- 1819991
TI  - Effects of Mimosa tenuiflora bark extracts on WI38 and KB human cells in culture.
AB  - The effects of three extracts from barks of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir,
      Leguminosae, on the growth rate of two human cell lines were investigated. The
      plant material was extracted with petroleum ether, ethylacetate and butanol, and
      the obtained products were evaluated in their ability to modify growth of WI38
      normal embryonic fibroblasts, and KB cells from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma in
      tissue culture conditions. The ethylacetate and butanol extracts produced growth
      rate inhibition with a different pattern depending on the cell line studied; in
      contrast, the petroleum ether extract markedly increased proliferation of the
      same cells in vitro.

PMID- 1819994
TI  - The intraaortic counterpulsation balloon in cardiac surgery. The importance of
      opportune indication.
AB  - The results with the use of this device in patients who develop Low Cardiac
      Output Syndrome after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation are
      analyzed. Special emphasis is given to the development of the opportune
      indication of this procedure, on the basis of a comparison of the results of the
      first few years to the most recent ones. Finally, the advantages of the
      prophylactic use of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump are commented.

PMID- 1819995
TI  - Influence of progesterone and 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone upon the BANA
      hydrolytic activity of human sperm.
AB  - Our knowledge about temporal relationships between reproductive processes and
      defined changes in the plasmatic concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, Follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P) is still
      incomplete. Is known that in periovulatory phase the chance of fertilization
      increases to its maximum. The results obtained using different concentration of P
      have shown that at high concentration a fast liberation or/and exposure of the
      BANA-hydrolytic (B-H) activity is present. However, with low concentrations of P
      the enzymatic activity keeps a relation with the exposure time. In similar
      experimental conditions and using 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone it has been no
      change in the B-H activity. The results obtained in the present study suggest
      that the P possibly acts upon the sperm stimulating its hydrolytic activity,
      allowing its penetration through the zona pellucida of the ovum.

PMID- 1819993
TI  - Toxigenicity and adherence in Clostridium difficile strains isolated from
      patients with and without diarrhoea.
AB  - The mechanisms by which Clostridium difficile causes diarrhoea are unknown. The
      expression of putative virulence factors by 44 Clostridium difficile strains
      isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea was studied. Toxins A and B
      were tested in CHO and MRC-5 cells, respectively; adherence was measured in two
      substrates: HEp-2 cells and polystyrene plates. The in vitro expression of toxins
      A and B by strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea was not significantly
      different from that by strains isolated from patients without diarrhoea. The
      ability of adherence to both HEp-2 cells and polystyrene by strains isolated from
      patients with diarrhoea was not significantly different when compared with
      strains isolated from patients without diarrhoea; however, strains isolated from
      adults with diarrhoea seem to adhere to a greater extent to both substrates than
      strains isolated from adults without diarrhoea. Twenty three strains which did
      not produce toxins A and B were tested for enterotoxicity in rat small intestine.
      Eight such strains induced fluid accumulation and seven of them were isolated
      from children. Adherence to cells and to polystyrene might be an important
      virulence factor in strains causing diarrhoea in adults; whereas the production
      of toxins other than A and B might be an important pathogenic mechanism in
      strains causing diarrhoea in children.

PMID- 1819997
TI  - Frequency of identification of cytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli in cases
      of diarrhea from rural and urban communities.
AB  - It has been suggested that strains of Escherichia coli producing Vero-Toxin
      (VTEC) may cause diarrhea or hemorrhagic colitis; however, there are not enough
      studies to support this hypothesis. We studied the frequency of isolation of VTEC
      strains in patients with acute diarrhea from rural and urban communities. A total
      of 1430 strains were analyzed, 361 coming from 118 patients from the rural
      community (Cadereyta, Qro.) and 1069 from the urban district (D.F.); 95 of these
      patients were asymptomatic, 213 suffered from watery diarrhea and 43 had bloody
      diarrhea. For production of toxins, strains were grown in tryptic soy broth for
      24h and the culture supernatant was inoculated on HeLa cells; strains were
      considered cytotoxic when they caused lysis in at least 50% of the cells. In the
      rural community, VTEC strains were isolated in 20% of the asymptomatics, in 45%
      of the watery diarrhea patients and in 76% of patients with bloody diarrhea.
      Frequency of isolation was significantly higher in patients with diarrhea than in
      asymptomatics (P less than 0.05). The relative risk to present watery diarrhea
      was 3 and to present bloody diarrhea was 12. In the urban district, VTEC strains
      were isolated in 13, 7.9 and 4.5% from asymptomatics, watery diarrhea and bloody
      diarrhea patients, respectively; the relative risk for diarrhea was 1.
      Colonization by VTEC strains is significantly higher in patients from the rural
      community and these infected patients have an important risk to develop diarrhea.

PMID- 1819996
TI  - Gallstones in the golden hamster. XXXVI. Pigment cholelithiasis produced by
      retinoic acid.
AB  - Previously we have reported on the pigmentary lithogenic action of vitamin A in
      the form of retinol acetate. In the present work the possible lithogenic action
      of retinoic acid was tested, since this differs from retinol in several metabolic
      aspects, which can contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of the
      pigment cholelithiasis produced by vitamin A. Two experiments were performed in
      which the lithogenicity of retinol acetate added to a colony chow at the level of
      25,000 IU%, was compared with that of 3 dietetic levels of all-trans retinoic
      acid. In the first experiment seric triglycerides were determined in order to
      establish whether there is a relation between the hypertriglyceridemic effect of
      retinoids and their lithogenicity; in the second experiment GPT and GOT were
      determined as indicators of hepatotoxicity. The results showed that the retinoic
      acid at levels of 24,000 and 35,000 IU% of diet, produced a cholelithiasis
      incidence similar to that of 25,000 IU% of retinol acetate, whereas the retinoic
      acid level of 12,000 IU% was not lithogenic. The dietetic retinoic acid produced
      a reduction of hepatic vitamin A, that was directly proportional to the level
      supplied. There was no relation between the hypertriglyceridemic effect of
      retinoids and its lithogenicity. The retinoids produced a light increase in GPT,
      which was higher with retinol acetate, whereas GOT had not significative changes.
      It is concluded that all-trans retinoic acid produces pigment gallstones in the
      hamster, with an incidence similar to that produced by retinol acetate.

PMID- 1820000
TI  - [Hepatocyte transplantation as a liver biosupport system].

PMID- 1819999
TI  - Delayed insulin absorption due to subcutaneous edema.
AB  - A prospective study to determine if subcutaneous edema interferes with insulin
      absorption was performed. Forty-six patients entered the study. Three groups were
      formed. Twenty patients with generalized edema (Group 1), ten of them with non
      insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Twenty patients without edema (Group
      II). 10 of them with NIDDM; and six patients with mild edema (Group III). The
      disappearance of I125-insulin was measured throughout 360 minutes. The rate of
      absorption in group I was significantly lower and delayed than in group II. The
      amount of insulin absorbed at 360 minutes was 3 to 4 fold lower in group I than
      in group II (p 0.001). Group III had intermediate values. The peak of plasma I125
      insulin level was 3 to 4 fold lower in group I than group II. The impairment of
      insulin absorption in subjects with edema was more evident in those with NIDDM.
      In conclusion, this study demonstrates that subcutaneous edema impairs insulin
      absorption. Insulin absorption from subcutaneous tissue varies due to several
      conditions, resulting in a difficult glycemic control. Previous studies have
      shown that insulin absorption is affected by several factors as the site of
      injection, room and skin temperature, physical exercise, the thickness of adipose
      tissue, local massage, and local degradation of insulin. Edema due to chronic
      complications such as nephropathy and cardiopathy often occurs in long-standing
      diabetic subjects. However, the effects of edema of the skin and subcutaneous
      tissue on insulin absorption has not been previously examined. The aim of this
      study was to assess if edema affects the absorption of insulin.

PMID- 1819998
TI  - Role of stress in male fertility.
AB  - Specific or non-specific noxious agents induce several disorders in body systems.
      In the following series some of those agents are associated with disturbances in
      the pituitary-testis-axis. Testicular responses which represent an adaptive
      mechanism to the stress may be associated with various syndromes of unexplained
      infertility.

PMID- 1820001
TI  - Metabolic correction of plasma aminogram by pig or baboon liver cross
      hemodialysis with an interposed membrane.
AB  - Our previous reports have shown that the patients with both grade 4 hepatic coma
      and arterial blood ketone body ratio (BKBR) of over 0.25 became fully alert after
      treatment by pig or baboon liver cross-hemodialysis, while those with BKBR below
      0.25 died of hepatic coma without increase of BKBR. The present study shows the
      changes in plasma amino acids (AA) in 8 patients after treatment by cross
      hemodialysis and itnravenous infusion of Fisher's solution. In all patients, the
      ratio of tyrosine plus phenylalanine to total AA concentration decreased (p =
      0.012), and the AA molar ratio increased significantly (p = 0.007). In
      unrecovered patients, total AA and branched chain AA increased after cross
      hemodialysis, while in the recovered patients total AA did not increase
      significantly. It is suggested that this metabolic support is effective in
      reducing the plasma levels of aromatic AA mainly oxidized in the liver, as long
      as BKBR remained over 0.25.

PMID- 1820002
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs with experimental
      vasospasm caused by double injection.

PMID- 1820003
TI  - [Studies on magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic cancer].
AB  - Diagnostic ability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was evaluated in 41
      patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent surgery 1 to 43 days following MRI.
      MRI of surgical specimens revealed that pancreatic cancer and caudal pancreatitis
      showed similar intensities when compared with the normal pancreas. The usefulness
      of the contrast medium, Gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA),
      was confirmed in the differentiation between cancer and caudal pancreatitis. In
      the diagnosis of tumor extension, portal vein invasion was better diagnosed by
      MRI than by angiography. (Spearman's rank correlation test showed higher
      correlation in MRI than in angiography, p = 0.501, 0.464, respectively.) In the
      diagnosis of the invasion to the anterior pancreatic capsule its sensitivity was
      43%, specificity 81% and efficiency 59%. Retropancreatic invasion was diagnosed
      with a sensitivity of 48%, a specificity of 90% and an efficiency of 59%. Lymph
      node metastasis was well demonstrated especially near the pancreas but beyond
      them it was difficult. The liver metastasis was correctly diagnosed in 7 of 9
      cases and was confirmed by laparotomy.

PMID- 1820004
TI  - [Effect of oxygen free radicals on the rat pancreas in vivo].
AB  - Many reports concerning the involvement of active oxygen free radicals in the
      pathogenesis and progression of acute pancreatitis have been published. In this
      study, the direct toxic effect of active oxygen free radicals on the rat pancreas
      was evaluated in vivo. Superoxide anions, generated via the xanthine/xanthine
      oxidase (X/XO) system, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used. After continuous
      arterial injection of X/XO into the celiac artery hemorrhage and extensive edema
      developed. However, additional continuous injection of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      into the external jugular vein completely suppressed the hemorrhage and relieved
      the edema. When hydrogen peroxide (100 microM/Kg/hour) was injected continuously
      through the celiac artery made hemorrhage and edema were recognized in the
      pancreas, both of which were suppressed by continuous injection of catalase (10
      mg/Kg/hour) or gabexate mesilate (10 mg/Kg/hour) into the external jugular vein.
      The amylase and lipase levels in the intraperitoneal fluid rose to more than 10
      times the preoperative values 5 hours after drug administration. These levels
      were lowered to 2 times the preoperative values by the continuous venous
      injection of SOD or catalase (which are specific scavengers of superoxide anions
      or hydrogen peroxide, respectively) or by gabexate mesilate. On the other hand,
      serum amylase and lipase levels remained almost constant throughout the entire
      experiment. Thus, the administration of active oxygen free radicals caused acute
      pancreatitis, which was suppressed by the systemic administration of specific
      scavengers for each free radical. Active oxygen free radicals were shown to have
      a direct, toxic effect on the pancreas.

PMID- 1820005
TI  - [Effect of short-term-ischemia and reperfusion on the rat pancreas].
AB  - In order to examine the toxic effects on the pancreas of oxygen free radicals
      which are generated at reperfusion after ischemia, a short term
      ischemia/reperfusion model was prepared in rats. Both the anterior mesenteric
      artery and the celiac artery were ligated and then released to restore blood
      flow. In a group where the anterior mesenteric and the celiac arteries were
      ligated for 60 minutes, the serum levels of amylase and lipase rose 7 and 6
      times, respectively, 7 hours after reperfusion. In a group ligated for 30
      minutes, both levels remained unchanged. Histologically, vacuolization of the
      pancreatic acinar cells was observed, only in a group rats ischemic for 7 hours.
      In rats ligated for 60 minutes with a continuous venous infusion of superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) (3600 U/Kg/hour), the secretion of amylase and lipase decreased
      to 25 percent of that in the non-injected group. These results confirm that the
      oxygen free radicals, which are generated by the short term-ischemia/reperfusion
      method, injure the pancreas. This may lead to pancreatitis with hyperamylasemia
      and hyperlipasemia. Pretreatment with an active oxygen scavenger, SOD, markedly
      reduces the rise in serum amylase and lipase levels. This suggests that active
      oxygen free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 1820006
TI  - [Anesthesia for combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass
      grafting].
AB  - The anesthesia for combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery
      bypass grafting (CABG) is mentioned in this report. Although electroencephalogram
      was set up to detect the sign of brain ischemia during surgery, it became
      unreliable because of electrical noise from the medical instruments. Another
      monitoring method, such as trans-cranial Doppler, was thought to be needed to
      avoid the electrical noise. In anesthesia, a gradual measured induction with
      judicious fluid loading was imperative along with a protection from the reflex
      response to pain stimuli. Thiopental was used to protect the brain from ischemic
      injury during CEA. The perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass was
      maintained at 55-65 mmHg, and no neurological complication was seen.

PMID- 1820007
TI  - Malignant meningioma with repeated multiple recurrence. A case report.
AB  - A case of malignant meningioma with repeated multiple recurrence was reported. A
      22 year-old male first underwent the total removal of left parieto-occipital
      convexity meningioma in 1965. Although he had lived an uneventful life after the
      operation, he recognized motor weakness of the left lower limb in April 1985 when
      he was 41 years old and CT revealed a large tumor in the parieto-occipital
      parasagittal region. He underwent the total removal of the tumor and cranioplasty
      on May 23, 1985. After the second operation, repeated recurrence of multiple
      tumors was seen, which were in the frontal, parietal and occipital convexities,
      parasagittal regions and falx. He underwent further operations on January 23,
      1986, December 11, 1986, March 30, 1987 and July 20, 1987 in addition to the
      first and second ones. Histological study on every operation indicated malignant
      meningioma with mitosis, hypercellularity and necrosis. Though radiotherapy (56
      Gy whole brain irradiation) was conducted after the sixth operation, multiple
      tumors recurred and clinical symptoms and signs deteriorated gradually and he
      finally died September 9, 1989. In malignant meningioma such as our case, early
      aggressive radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be considered besides radical
      operations.

PMID- 1820008
TI  - Diploic meningioma contiguous to a contralateral parasagittal meningioma: CT and
      MR features.
AB  - A patient with a diploic meningioma is presented. Computed tomography (CT) scan
      revealed an intradiploic tumor which seemed contiguous at a point to a
      contralateral, recurrent parasagittal meningioma. On CT, density of the diploic
      meningioma was similar to that of the parasagittal meningioma, but the contrast
      study showed that the former enhanced much less than the latter. Magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated that the diploic tumor was heterogeneous and
      much less enhanced with Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) than the parasagittal
      meningioma on T1-weighted image, although they were very similar in signal
      intensities on T2-weighted and proton density-weighted MR images without Gd-DTPA.
      Reasons for such marked differences in enhancement patterns are discussed.

PMID- 1820010
TI  - [Stereotaxic radiosurgery (gamma-knife)].

PMID- 1820009
TI  - Thoracoplasty with marlex mesh following total resection of sternum: a case of
      chondrosarcoma of sternum.
AB  - Removal of the whole sternum for malignant tumor results in a large defect,
      causing a severe deformity and possible paradoxial movement of the chest wall.
      Many of thoracoplasty cases after total sternectomy require considerably
      complicated invasion. Recently, we performed on a patient with chondrosarcoma of
      the sternum total resection of the sternum including bilateral costal cartilage
      followed by thoracic reconstruction with polyethylene hard mesh (heavy Marlex
      mesh). In the present paper, we make a report of the case of thoracoplasty
      reliable to perform which has produced immediate chest wall stability without
      postoperative thoracic deformation. Postoperative CT confirmed that the mesh is
      well infiltrated with fibrous granulation tissue which connected chest muscle.
      Impairment of respiratory function after the operation is not observed.

PMID- 1820011
TI  - Role of free radical scavengers in pancreatic carcinomas of hamsters.
AB  - The involvement of free radicals in the carcinogenic mechanism has been
      suggested, however, little is known about the role of free radicals in the
      pancreatic cancer. In this study, the effects of active oxygen on the
      carcinogenesis of the tumor were examined by measuring the levels of scavengers
      in pancreatic cancer of Syrian golden hamsters. Pancreatic cancer was induced by
      di-iso-propanol nitrosamine (500 mg/kg body weight/week x 24 weeks). Activities
      of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathion peroxide (GSH-Px) and malon
      dialdehyde (MDA) in the tumor and border zone were compared with those in the non
      tumor region and control normal tissue. Activities of SOD and catalase in the
      tumor and border zone were significantly lowered than those in non-tumor region
      and normal tissue. GSH-Px levels were significantly higher in the tumor than
      those in the non-tumor region and normal tissue. MDA levels also tended to be
      high in the tumor. These results suggest that the development of cancer in
      pancreatic tissue is related to a reduction of SOD and catalase. GSH-Px and MDA
      are suggested to be involved in the reactions of free radicals.

PMID- 1820012
TI  - Augmentation of cytotoxic activity by combination with interleukin 2 and
      interferon gamma.
AB  - The synergy of cytotoxic activity by interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma
      (IFN-gamma) was evaluated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and
      spleen cells. PBMC incubated with IL-2 (10 IU/ml) and IFN-gamma (200 IU/ml) for 4
      days showed the stronger cytotoxic activity against K562, MOLT-4 and Daudi cells.
      Combination with IL-2 and IFN-gamma induced stronger activity than IL-2 or IFN
      gamma alone. In order to investigate the sequential roles of IL-2 and IFN-gamma
      in the killer cell function, the cells were stimulated with IFN-gamma after
      washing of IL-2 or stimulated by IFN-gamma at various timing and duration without
      washing of IL-2. IL-2 was essential to induce the synergistic effect of IL-2 and
      IFN-gamma to cytotoxic activity. The similar augmentation of cytotoxic activity
      was observed by the addition of IFN-gamma at any incubation periods with IL-2,
      compared with stimulation with IL-2 or IFN-gamma alone. The phenotypes of the
      killer cells by stimulation with IL-2, IFN-gamma alone or IL-2 plus IFN-gamma
      were mainly CD2+, CD16+, indicating the activated natural killer cells.

PMID- 1820013
TI  - A new synthetic protease inhibitor, E-3123, reduces organelle fragility of acinar
      cells in rat caerulein pancreatitis.
AB  - The present study investigated the protective effect of a new potent synthetic
      protease inhibitor, E-3123 (4-guanidinobenzoate methanesulfonate) on the exocrine
      pancreas in the caerulein induced experimental pancreatitis both in-vivo and in
      vitro at 3 different doses (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg.hr). This protease inhibitor
      prevented hyperamylasemia, pancreatic edema, congestion of amylase, and both
      amylase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) discharge from dispersed acini, as well as
      cathepsin B leakage from lysosomes and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) leakage from
      mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner, particularly in doses of 2 and 5
      mg/kg.hr. Furthermore, the combined prophylactic and therapeutic use of this
      agent seems to be very effective in preventing caerulein induced pancreatitis.
      These results indicate that E-3123 plays its protective roles against
      pancreatitis in the subcellular compartment: lysosomes, mitochondria, cellular or
      organella membranes. It is hoped that such a low molecular weight protease
      inhibitor as E-3123 will be clinically useful in the treatment of acute
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 1820014
TI  - [Effect of synthetic protease inhibitor on the oncogenesis of pancreatic cancer
      in hamsters: study on pancreatic endocrine cells and free radicals].
AB  - In order to study the effect of synthetic trypsin inhibitor on the oncogenesis of
      pancreatic cancer, the histology, the kinetics of the B, A and D cells in the
      islets of Langerhans and activities of free radical scavengers, superoxide
      dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxide (GSH-Px) and malon dialdehyde (MDA) in the
      tumor bearing tissues were measured in hamsters with pancreatic cancer induced by
      di-iso-propanol nitrosamine (DIPN) with or without camostat (FOY-305). In DIPN
      group (DIPN alone), the tubular adenocarcinoma was found in 80%, however, in FOY
      group (DIPN+FOY-305), papillary adenocarcinoma was found in 91%. In both DIPN and
      FOY groups, the number of B cells was decreased at 8 weeks and the number of A
      and D cells was decreased at 16 weeks. Activities of SOD in the tumor and
      borderzone in DIPN group were significantly lower than those in non-tumor region
      and normal tissue. However, activities of SOD in the tumor and borderzone in FOY
      group were higher than those in DIPN group. GSH-Px and MDH levels were
      significantly higher in FOY group suggesting the involvement in the reaction of
      free radicals. These results suggest that trypsin inhibitors have a prophylactic
      effect on the development of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 1820015
TI  - [Rheological study on the development and growth of cerebral aneurysms using an
      experimental animal model].
AB  - To clarify the pathogenesis of saccular cerebral aneurysms, it is essential to
      study hemodynamic influences on the development and growth of these aneurysms. Up
      to now, a number of experimental flow studies have been done using a variety of
      glass models of cerebral arterial bifurcations with or without aneurysms. Blood
      flow at the bifurcation can be readily influenced even by subtle changes of the
      intraluminal geometry. But, it is quite difficult to obtain the accurate geometry
      of the lumen artificially. Using the bifurcation of animal model of the disease,
      this limitation can be overcome. In the present study, using cerebral arterial
      bifurcations in rats which were treated to induce experimental cerebral
      aneurysms, flow patterns were studied to elucidate the pathogenesis of cerebral
      aneurysms from the rheological point of view. (Experiment-1) Microscopic flow
      visualization at the bifurcation of major cerebral arteries in control rats was
      done. After perfusion and fixation, a right anterior cerebral and olfactory
      artery (ACA/OA) junction was extirpated from the base of the brain and served for
      laboratory preparation. A suspension of small latex particles in various sizes
      was subjected to constant flow rate through the preparation, recorded on
      videotapes and 16 mm cinefilms. The results of flow analysis were: 1) Small
      particles accumulated at the region just distal to the apical intimal pad on the
      side of daughter ACA, where the initial changes of aneurysm formation are known
      to occur. This finding indicates a flow stagnation. 2) The apical intimal pad,
      not the apex itself, acted as the flow divider. 3) Flow disturbances existed both
      in the daughter ACA and in the OA. (Experiment-2) Using ACA/OA bifurcations with
      shallow invaginations and small aneurysms, which were obtained from the rats
      treated to induce experimental aneurysms, flow patterns were obtained by the same
      methods as mentioned in (Experiment-1). Flow characteristics were: 1) Particles
      entering the dome from the proximal end of the aneurysmal orifice markedly
      decreased their flow velocity at that site. 2) Particles running along the
      luminal surface of the dome were in low flow velocity. This indicates a tendency
      of stagnation there. 3) The wall shear stress was highest at the distal end of
      the aneurysmal orifice, which may be responsible for the development of these
      lesions. (Experiment-3) A technique was developed to visualize the flow at the
      major cerebral arterial bifurcation in living rats which were prepared to induce
      experimental cerebral aneurysms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820016
TI  - [Retrograde cerebral perfusion and deep hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest].
AB  - This study was carried out in order to find out whether retrograde cerebral
      perfusion has a beneficial effect on protection of the brain during deep
      hypothermic circulatory arrest. Six mongrel dogs weighing 11 to 18 Kg were placed
      on hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. After induction of circulatory arrest,
      retrograde cerebral perfusion was implemented by using the bypass connecting the
      arterial and venous lines of the extracorporeal circuit to reverse flow into the
      cranial vena cava in 2 dogs or selective cannulation of bilateral external
      jugular veins in remained 4 dogs. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was continued for
      60 minutes. Each dog was rewarmed, and weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. During
      the experiment, electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials were
      monitored. In one dog, India ink with gelatin was infused retrogradely into
      bilateral retroarticular veins and the brain subjected to microscopic examination
      of the distribution of the pigment. The protective effect of retrograde cerebral
      perfusion for the brain in comparison with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
      alone was not demonstrated clearly by electroencephalography and somatosensory
      evoked potentials. The reason was that the external jugular veins had many
      functioning valves that obstructed retrograde perfusion and the internal jugular
      veins were rudimentary in dogs. In the dog with selective infusion of India ink
      into retroarticular veins, however, wide range of the distribution of the pigment
      in subarchnoidal venulae was observed. It is suggested that retrograde cerebral
      perfusion via selected route depends on anatomical variations of the venous
      drainage from the brain is effective. It is also considered that retrograde
      cerebral perfusion via the superior vena cava is available for the surgery of the
      aortic arch and may be beneficial.

PMID- 1820017
TI  - Primary torsion of the greater omentum.
AB  - A case with primary torsion of the greater omentum is reported. This pathological
      condition is an uncommon cause of acute abdominal emergency and it is very
      difficult even for general surgeons to differentiate this from other acute
      abdomen. The etiology remains unknown and the treatment of choice is resection of
      the affected organ.

PMID- 1820018
TI  - Orosomucoid typing of apes (family Pongidae) by isoelectric focusing: among
      primates do only humans have two functional orosomucoid loci?
AB  - It has been demonstrated that human orosomucoid (ORM) is controlled by more than
      one functional loci, while Macaca ORM is controlled by one locus. To examine the
      time when the ORM gene was duplicated in the evolution of primates, plasma
      samples from 118 apes (family Pongidae) belonging to 4 genera and 12 species were
      investigated for ORM polymorphism using isoelectric focusing followed by
      immunoprinting. The band patterns of ORM in the subfamily Ponginae showed
      quantitatively different products as in humans. A pedigree study of common
      chimpanzees supported the two-locus model for ORM. Gibbons (subfamily
      Hylobatinae) displayed highly variable band patterns, but the number of loci was
      not determined unequivocally. Thus, this study shows that duplication of the ORM
      gene in primates occurred either before or after the divergence of Hylobatinae
      and Ponginae, consistent with a previous prediction from the molecular
      evolutionary rate of ORM.

PMID- 1820019
TI  - Adenosine deaminase, Ada, is in mouse chromosome 2H3, and is not allelic with
      wasted, wst.
AB  - The adenosine deaminase locus (Ada) in the mouse has been localized by in situ
      hybridization to band 2H3. Linkage analysis of backcross data has shown that Ada
      is 13.8 +/- 2.7 cM from the coat texture mutant, ragged, Ra. From the results of
      earlier work (Abbott, C. M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:693, 1986), it
      had been suggested that wst was a low-activity allele of Ada, but this cannot be
      so because Ada and wst have been found to be nonallelic.

PMID- 1820020
TI  - Genetic and biochemical characterization of a new chymotrypsin isozyme of the
      house mouse, CTRA-1.
AB  - Genetic variation of a codominantly inherited pancreas protease, designated CTRA
      1, was discovered in the house mouse by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide
      gels. Phenotype CTRA-1A was found in MOLH/Fre and in the majority of common
      laboratory mouse strains. Phenotype CTRA-1B was found in PWD/Ph. It was
      characterized by the absence of a corresponding protease band. A third phenotype,
      CTRA-1C, was observed in IS/Cam and a fourth phenotype, CTRA-1D, was detected in
      SEG/1. CTRA-1 was found only in the pancreas and may represent the A form of
      chymotrypsin. The enzyme was shown to be controlled by the presumed structural
      locus Ctra-1 located on chromosome 8. From two backcross series, including a
      total of 274 animals, the gene order (Es-1, Es-9)-3.9 +/- 1.7%-Got-2-3.9 +/- 1.7%
      (Es-2, Es-7, Es-23)-0.7 +/- 0.5%- Ctra-1-6.3 +/- 2.2%-Prt-2 was established.

PMID- 1820022
TI  - Species-specific differences in tissue-specific expression of alcohol
      dehydrogenase are under the control of complex cis-acting loci: evidence from
      Drosophila hybrids.
AB  - Differences in the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hindgut and testis
      of adult Drosophila virilis, D. texana, D. novamexicana and D. borealis flies
      were observed. These heritable differences do not arise due to chromosomal
      rearrangements, since the polytene chromosome banding patterns did not reveal any
      such gross chromosomal rearrangements near the Adh locus in any of the tested
      species. Analysis of the interspecific hybrids revealed that these differences
      are controlled by complex cis-acting genetic loci. Further, the cis-acting locus
      controlling the expression of ADH in testis was found to be separable by crossing
      over.

PMID- 1820021
TI  - Gene expression patterns in the black blowfly (Phormia regina) as revealed by two
      dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. I. Developmental stage-specific and sex
      specific differences.
AB  - The black blowfly, Phormia regina, has been implicated in human myiasis and as a
      contact vector of viral and bacterial diseases present in carrion to which female
      flies are attracted for egg deposition. Inbred strains of P. regina are an
      excellent model system for studying gene expression in the developmental stages
      of such holometabolous dipteran parasites. However, information regarding gene
      and protein expression patterns in P. regina is limited. We used ISO-DALT high
      resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis with silver staining to establish
      fundamental protein maps for examination of the stage-specific gene expression
      patterns in the 615 most abundant proteins of the eggs, first- and third-instar
      larvae, pupae, and male and female adults. We also used a differential extraction
      technique to identify the major cuticular proteins of the adults. The results
      show 48 clearly identifiable stage-specific and sex-specific proteins. Thus,
      approximately 8% of the most abundant proteins exhibit developmental changes.
      These analyses serve as an initial data base for further studies of ontogenetic
      regulation, organellar origin, and physiologic function of the stage-specific
      proteins in the life cycle of these opportunistically parasitic dipterans.

PMID- 1820023
TI  - Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme variation in adult meliponids
      (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
AB  - Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in
      several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2
      isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest
      or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee
      species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this
      was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as
      social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH
      2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in
      the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not
      present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.

PMID- 1820024
TI  - Biochemical polymorphisms and phenetic relationships in rodents of the genus
      Ctenomys from southern Brazil.
AB  - Protein variation at 20 loci was analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis in
      population samples of Ctenomys flamarioni, C. torquatus, C. sp., and C. minutus
      collected in 25 localities of Southern Brazil. Results show that these four
      species exhibit higher levels of genetic variability (He = 0.11-0.17) than those
      reported for most other fossorial rodents. Estimates of similarity coefficients
      indicate that C. minutus and C. sp. (S = 0.91) are the closest species, while C.
      flamarioni (S = 0.77) is the most distant from the others. The data presented
      here support the hypothesis of a relatively recent disjunction of C. minutus from
      C. sp. Within-species similarity indices are of the same order of magnitude as
      those found between species. The relatively high levels of heterozygosity
      observed are not in accordance with the view that subterranean taxa should be
      less variable than aboveground species due to the uniformity of their
      environment.

PMID- 1820025
TI  - The molecular characterization of an A:T to G:C transition in the Hbb-b1 gene of
      the murine homologue of hemoglobin Rainier.
AB  - An N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutation in the Hbb-b1 gene of the mouse
      hemoglobin-beta complex (Hbb) has been shown to result in a high-oxygen affinity
      hemoglobin, homologous with hemoglobin Rainier in man (Peters, J., et al.,
      Genetics 110:709, 1985). Substitution of beta 145 tyrosine by cysteine had
      occurred in both human and mouse forms, probably as the result of a point
      mutation. Provided that sufficient sequence information is available, point
      mutations can be directly and rapidly analyzed by allele-specific amplification
      (ASA), as this technique is sensitive enough to detect single nucleotide
      differences. We report the use of ASA to detect and characterize the mutation in
      the murine beta-globin gene, Hbb-b1d-m1, and find that the codon for beta 145
      tyrosine (TAC) has been replaced by the codon for cysteine (TGC). Therefore, ENU
      induced an A:T----G:C transition.

PMID- 1820026
TI  - Ganglioside GD3 biosynthesis in normal and mutant mouse embryos.
AB  - CMP-sialic acid:GM3 sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase; EC 2.4.99.8) was
      characterized in a membrane-enriched preparation (P2 pellet) from mouse embryos
      at embryonic day 12 (E-12). Gangliosides GD3 and GM3 were the major radiolabeled
      products of the reaction. Optimum GD3 synthase activity was obtained at pH 6.0
      using 0.1% detergent Triton CF-54. The Km values for GM3 and CMP-sialic acid were
      55 and 80 microM, respectively. The Vmax value was calculated as 622 pmol/mg
      protein/hr. Ganglioside GD3, as end product, induced a two-step reduction of
      enzyme activity in the range of concentrations from 0 to 34 microM (40%) and from
      150 to 300 microM (65%). The rate of GD3 formation was similar in whole embryos
      and in embryo head and body regions. GD3 synthase activity in tw1/tw1 mutant
      mouse embryos, which express defects in neuronal differentiation, was only 40% of
      that in normal wild-type (+/+) embryos. Enzyme activity in heterozygous (+/twl)
      embryos was similar to that in +/+ embryos. These findings suggest that the
      reduced GD3 synthase activity in the mutants might arise as a consequence of
      failed nervous system development and might reflect a secondary rather than a
      primary effect of the mutation.

PMID- 1820027
TI  - Chymosin-catalyzed peptide synthesis.
AB  - Calf chymosin catalyzes peptide synthesis optimally at pH 4-5 giving satisfactory
      yields of methyl esters or p-nitroanilides of benzyloxycarbonyl tetra- to
      hexapeptides, provided that hydrophobic amino acid residues form the new peptide
      bond. The enzyme efficiency depends also on the nature of adjacent amino acid
      residues. As an aspartyl proteinase with characteristic specificity pattern
      chymosin would be useful for synthesis of middle length peptides.

PMID- 1820028
TI  - Carboxypeptidase mediated C-terminal amidation of polypeptide acids.
AB  - The possibilities of obtaining polypeptide amides in good yields from polypeptide
      acids by carboxypeptidase catalyzed transpeptidation have been investigated in
      different C-terminal amidations catalysed by CPD-Y, placing particular emphasis
      on the structure of the leaving group. In models for GRF(1-29) acid, larger
      hydrophilic leaving groups like threonine were particularly useful in reactions
      with arginine amide acting as nucleophile. In models for calcitonin acids, good
      results were obtained using also large hydrophobics like methionine and
      tryptophane in amidations with ammonia acting as nucleophile. Influences on both
      rate and synthetic efficiency of similar trend, but different magnitude, were
      observed in both salmon and human calcitonin models and high yields were
      attainable also in longer peptides or if recombinant secreted enzyme was
      employed.

PMID- 1820029
TI  - Immobilization-stabilization of proteases as a tool to improve the industrial
      design of peptide synthesis.
AB  - Synthesis of dipeptides benzoyl Arginine leucinamide and kyotorphin catalyzed by
      highly stabilized derivatives of trypsin and chymotrypsin have been performed.
      Extreme experimental conditions could be tested and parameters of industrial
      interest could be improved provided the high activity and stability of the
      derivatives in these unfavourable environments. Thermodynamically controlled
      synthesis catalyzed by trypsin could be optimized and 97% conversion was obtained
      in 90% organic cosolvents. 100% yields were achieved in kinetically controlled
      synthesis catalyzed by trypsin in aqueous medium in the presence of IM Ammonium
      Sulphate. Higher starting concentrations of poorly soluble substrates of
      chymotrypsin could be used in a reaction medium containing 50% DMF and 95% yield
      were obtained.

PMID- 1820030
TI  - Immobilization of papain on epoxy-polymers for papain-catalyzed peptide
      synthesis.
AB  - In this paper we describe the immobilization of papain on two commercially
      available carriers, VA Biosynth and Eupergit C, both in their epoxidized form.
      Papain can be immobilized on both polymers and shows high activity. The stability
      (lyophilization, storage) of the papain-VA Biosynth is very good. Even after
      prolonged storage (-20 degrees C) it can be reactivated to its full activity.

PMID- 1820031
TI  - Differential effects of organic co-solvents on peptide synthesis and hydrolysis
      by thermolysin.
AB  - Thermolysin is an effective peptide synthetase in mixtures of buffer and water
      miscible solvents MeOH, EtOH and PrOH. Although the solvents are inhibitory,
      primarily through effects on kcat, synthetic reactions are much less affected
      than peptide hydrolysis. This may be of value in prevention of unwanted
      proteolytic cleavages, for example in protein semisynthesis.

PMID- 1820032
TI  - Nucleophile specificity in papain-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions.
AB  - The ratio of hydrolysis to aminolysis product in papain-catalyzed acyl transfer
      reactions using various nucleophiles was determined. The data are interpreted in
      terms of binding specificity. The acyl transfer reactions were performed using
      the acyl donor Mal-Phe-Ala-OEtCl. The analysis of the structure-activity
      relationships of the hydrophobic S1'-P1' contact indicates that the S1' subsite
      can accommodate maximally three methyl(ene) groups. Hydrophilic amino acid side
      chains are better bound to S1' than can be explained by their hydrophobicities.
      The S2' as well as the S3' binding subsite exhibits a preference for space
      filling hydrophobic amino acid residues.

PMID- 1820033
TI  - Substrate specificity and stereospecificity of proteases in hydro-organic
      cosolvent systems.

PMID- 1820034
TI  - Chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in an acetonitrile-water-system: studies
      on the efficiency of nucleophiles.
AB  - Peptide synthesis with chymotrypsin in organic solvents was investigated and the
      apparent partition constants have been measured. We find that the Papp values of
      the most amino acids and peptide derivatives are drastically changed and the
      stereo- and regiospecificity in acetonitrile/water mixture is reduced.

PMID- 1820035
TI  - Slow conformational changes in protein folding can be accelerated by enzymes.
AB  - In vitro protein folding is a spontaneous process that is driven by a small
      difference in Gibbs free energy between the native and unfolded states. The
      information required for correct folding should be entirely encoded in the amino
      acid sequence of the protein, although increasing evidence exist that proteins
      participate in cellular folding events. Isomerization of Xaa-Pro peptide bonds is
      thought to represent some slow steps of folding kinetics. This type of molecular
      reorganization have to be important in cellular folding due to the different
      isomeric states in proteins. Peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase)
      catalyzes some, but not all, proline-limited slow folding reactions. On the other
      hand, the amino acid sequence of 17,8 kD PPIase from pig kidney is identical with
      cyclophilin (Cyp) that is the major cellular binding protein for the
      immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA). The connection between enzyme
      catalyzed cis/trans isomerization, protein folding and immunosuppression is still
      unknown. PPIases of the cyclophilin type are found in most organisms and in
      various subcellular compartments. Recently a second family of PPIases has been
      discovered. These small proteins are structurally related to the cyclophilins;
      yet they bind with a high affinity to another immunosuppressive drug, the
      macrolide FK 506. Although it seems to be logical to ascribe the enzymatic
      activity of these proteins to a catalytic role in the folding of proteins within
      the cell other possibilities must also be considered and are discussed.

PMID- 1820036
TI  - Influence of water miscible organic solvents on orange flavedo peptide amidase.
AB  - Due to the broad substrate spectrum and stability in some water-miscible organic
      solvents, the peptide amidase from orange flavedo was found to be a suitable
      enzyme for experiments in water-miscible organic solvents. Immobilization and the
      kind of organic solvent had no significant influence on the kinetic data while
      the polarity of the substrate caused a great difference in the apparent Km
      values. The results are explained by inadequate partition of the substrate
      between the microenvironment of the enzyme and the reaction solution.

PMID- 1820037
TI  - Structure-activity correlation in serine-protease catalyzed peptide synthesis
      based on modeled intermediates.

PMID- 1820038
TI  - Thermolysin catalyzed semisynthesis of peptide hormones by introduction of Phe
      NH2 or Tyr-NH2 at the carboxyl termini.
AB  - The semisynthesis of C-terminal peptides of gastrin, calcitonin gene-related
      peptides (rat and human), and cholecystokinin, or of human neuropeptide Y was
      achieved by introduction of Phe-NH2 or Tyr-NH2 at their carboxyl termini,
      respectively. Thermolysin or the related enzyme was used for the purpose. The
      coupling was usually performed in the presence of high concentration of organic
      cosolvent, where the secondary hydrolysis was negligibly small.

PMID- 1820039
TI  - Comparison of enzymatic semisyntheses of peptide amides: human growth hormone
      releasing factor and analogs.
AB  - Enzymatic semisyntheses of growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), a 44-residue
      peptide amide hormone, from C-terminal acid precursors, are compared. A
      recombinant alpha-amidating enzyme was used to convert the glycine-extended
      precursor, GRF(1-44)-Gly-OH, to GRF(1-44)-NH2 in an essentially quantitative
      fashion. Trypsin was used to convert the precursors, GRF(1-43)-OH and GRF(1-44)
      OH, to GRF(1-44)-NH2 (60 and 15% conversion, respectively) in a 75% v:v N,N'
      dimethylacetamide solution containing a large excess of leucine amide.
      Carboxypeptidase Y catalyzed transpeptidations of the precursors, GRF(1-44)-OH
      and [Ala44]-GRF(1-44)-OH, to GRF(1-44)-NH2 in aqueous leucine amide solutions
      were also attempted. The trypsin catalyzed direct amidation of [Ala15]-GRF(1-29)
      OH in concentrated ammonium acetate/ammonia buffer (95% 1,4-butanediol cosolvent)
      to form the superactive analog, [Ala15]-GRF(1-29)-NH2 (ca. 25% conversion at
      equilibrium), is also described.

PMID- 1820040
TI  - Synthesis of amino-acid derivatives and dipeptides with an original peptidase
      enzyme.
AB  - A peptidase from the non pathogenic Staphylococcus sp. strain BEC 299 was
      purified to a final specific activity of 84,400 U/mg protein. Its molecular
      weight is 450 kDa and optimum pH 10.0. This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of
      dipeptides (aspartame) and alpha-amino acid derivatives (N-L-malyl-L-tyrosine
      ethyl ester). The influence of cosolvents and pH on dipeptides and alpha-amino
      acid derivative synthesis is described. Finally, we detail the use of the
      peptidase as a reagent in protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis.

PMID- 1820041
TI  - Application of industrial protease "Alcalase" in peptide synthesis.
AB  - An industrial alkaline protease "Alcalase" has been found to be very stable in
      organic solvents and usable as a catalyst for i) resolution of N-protected amino
      acids, in both aqueous solution and organic solvent with high yield and optical
      purity, ii) saponification of Fmoc-peptide esters in high concentration organic
      solvent iii) kinetically controlled peptide bond formation in ethanol solution,
      iv) diastereoselective hydrolysis of peptide esters, to prepare optically pure
      peptides.

PMID- 1820042
TI  - Studies on enzymic condensation of long chain peptides.
AB  - Our recent researches toward enzymic condensation of long chain peptides are
      discussed. These involve two methods of peptide C-terminal activation and
      transpeptidation catalyzed by clostripain, trypsin and their derivatives.

PMID- 1820043
TI  - Enzymatic manipulation of protecting groups: more than deprotection.
AB  - Recent developments in the enzymatic manipulation of protecting groups are
      reviewed. The application of enzymes opens new alternatives in the methodics of
      peptide synthesis. The following topics are dealt with: 1. New combinations of
      protecting groups 2. Simultaneous deprotections 3. Enzymatic regiospecificity
      versus chemical selectivity 4. Racemization control and enantioselective
      deprotection 5. N- and O-glycosylated amino acid and peptide derivatives.

PMID- 1820044
TI  - Continuous enzymatic peptide synthesis.

PMID- 1820045
TI  - Enzyme-assisted semisynthesis of shortened B26-modified insulins.
AB  - The role of the invariant residue B26-tyrosine in determining the structural and
      biological properties of insulin has been extensively investigated by the use of
      semisynthetic des-(B27-B30)-insulins with modifications of position B26. Apart
      from the conventional trypsin-catalyzed peptide bond formation between the C
      terminal amino acid ArgB22 of des-(B23-B30)-insulin and synthetic tetrapeptides
      we elaborated a new approach using des-(B26-B30)-insulin as substrate in alpha
      chymotrypsin-mediated syntheses. Results obtained from bioassays and CD
      spectroscopy underline the importance of position B26 to the association of the
      native molecule and to the modulation of structural and hormonal properties of
      shortened insulins.

PMID- 1820046
TI  - Chymotrypsin-catalyzed fragment coupling synthesis of GnRH-analogs.
AB  - D-Xaa6-GnRH analogs (Xaa: Ala, Nal1), Phe, Ser(tBu), Trp) were prepared by
      chymotrypsin catalyzed 3 + 7 fragment coupling synthesis with conversion rates of
      the amino component in the range from 90.3 to 97.4%. For D-Phe6-GnRH the method
      was scaled up to production level.

PMID- 1820047
TI  - An efficient chemical-enzymatic synthesis of LHRH N-terminal pentapeptide.
AB  - Synthesis of LHRH N-terminal pentapeptide Glp1-His2-Trp3-Ser4-Tyr5-OMe (6)
      involving 3 + 2 enzymatic coupling has been developed. Synthetic strategy
      features the formation of one peptide bond (Glp-His) by chemical coupling and
      three peptide bonds by means of papain (Trp-Ser, Ser-Tyr) or alpha-chymotrypsin
      (His-Trp). High efficiency of this six-step synthesis is demonstrated by 44%
      overall yield. Its advantages are the use of inexpensive enzymes, simple
      isolation of intermediates and final pentapeptide, and easy recovery of
      substrates.

PMID- 1820048
TI  - The synthesis of chromogenic peptide substrates containing p-nitroanilides of
      arginine and lysine, catalyzed by proteinases adsorbed on support material.
AB  - The synthesis of the chromogenic substrates for trypsin-like proteinases
      catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin from B. subtilis strain 72 were
      carried out in the organic media at a low water content using the enzymes
      adsorbed on different porous materials. The method proposed allows us to vary the
      structure of the compounds to be synthesized and is a suitable technique for
      their scaling-up.

PMID- 1820049
TI  - Sono-enzymatic peptide synthesis in organic solvent.
AB  - Copolymerized compounds of acrylated derivatives of alpha-chymotrypsin and
      polyethylene glycol (P.E.G.) have been prepared and used as biocatalysts for
      peptide synthesis in organic solvent containing low quantity of water. In order
      to increase the velocity of the coupling reactions, without loss of enzyme
      activity, we have used the principle of sonication. Some results and future
      projects are presented.

PMID- 1820050
TI  - Cell-free biosynthesis of cyclosporin A and analogues.
AB  - The final assembly of the 11-peptide chain of cyclosporins and its cyclization is
      accomplished in the producer Beauveria nivea by cyclosporine synthetase. This
      multienzyme represents the largest integrated enzyme structure reported so far.
      Its size has been estimated to approximately 1,500 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Some enzyme
      bound linear peptides could be isolated and identified. All of them represent
      partial sequences of cyclosporin A starting with D-alanine. These peptides were
      bound by thioester linkage to the enzyme. This could be demonstrated by
      liberation of the peptides with performic acid and by inhibition of in vitro
      cyclosporin A synthesis with thiol blocking agents. Cyclosporin synthetase is
      capable to synthesize besides a lot of cyclosporins known from fermentation
      studies some new cyclosporins so far not obtainable by fermentation. So, for
      example the synthesis of [N-methyl-(+)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyloctanoic
      acid1]CyA, Dihydro-CyA, [L-norvaline2,5, N-methyl-L-norvaline11]CyA, [L-allo
      isoleucine5, N-methyl-L-allo-isoleucine11]CyA, [D-2-aminobutyric acid8]CyA, [beta
      chloro-D-alanine8]CyA and some related compounds could be established. We were
      able to synthesize these cyclosporins in sufficient quantities to ensure their
      structure by fast atom bomdardment mass spectroscopy and to examine their
      immunosuppressitivity. All new cyclosporins synthesized in the in vitro system so
      far are immunosuppressive.

PMID- 1820051
TI  - Structural systematics of bioactive peptides and their biosynthetic implications.
AB  - Structures of natural peptides have been linearized according to their
      biosynthetic constructions. The structural diversities of these peptides
      originate from highly complex enzyme systems, that are often found to be
      integrated to polyenzymes. Polyenzymes are constructed from similar elements or
      modules, and structural variations can be understood from mutational events and
      rearrangements at the DNA-level.

PMID- 1820052
TI  - Penicillin acylase-catalyzed acyl group transfer to amino acids, their esters and
      peptides: a kinetic study.
AB  - Kinetics of penicillin acylase-catalyzed acyl group transfer to amino acids,
      their esters and peptides have been analyzed. The synthesized product
      accumulation curves have clearly expressed a maximum. Amino acids with non
      branched side chain alkyl radicals were demonstrated to be effective
      nucleophiles, with glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-phenylglycine being the best. D
      amino acids were shown to possess much lower reactivity. Practically for all L
      amino acids and peptides tested, the yield of their N-phenylacetyl derivatives in
      the course of penicillin acylase-catalyzed acyl group transfer reactions was
      found to be more than 50%. Optimization of such enzymatic synthesis required to
      increase its potential on the preparative scale.

PMID- 1820054
TI  - An enzymatic route to L-ornithine from L-arginine--activation and stabilization
      studies on L-arginase.
AB  - L-ornithine has growth potential for parenteral nutrition and as a component for
      biologically active peptides. A process for enzymatic conversion of L-arginine to
      L-ornithine with arginase has been developed and tested on a pilot scale. With
      activation of arginase by Mn2+ and stabilization by ascorbic acid, the enzyme is
      sufficiently active and stable for application in large-scale L-ornithine
      synthesis.

PMID- 1820053
TI  - New enzymatic protecting group techniques for the construction of peptides and
      glycopeptides.
AB  - The use of non-proteases for the selective removal of protecting groups from
      peptides and glycopeptides is described. The N-terminal deprotection of peptides
      can be achieved by the hydrolysis of the phenylacetyl (PhAc) amide blocking group
      catalyzed by penicillin G acylase. On the other hand, the lipase-mediated
      hydrolysis of n-heptyl (Hep) and 2-bromoethyl esters allows for the liberation of
      the C-terminal carboxy group. The selective C-terminal deprotection can be
      applied advantageously for the construction of acid- and base-sensitive
      polyfunctional O-glycopeptides. In all cases the enzymatic reactions are
      completely selective and proceed under mildest conditions (pH 7-8, r.t. to 37
      degrees C) without damaging the various other functionalities present in the
      complex substrates.

PMID- 1820055
TI  - Principles of the molecular construction of multienzyme templates for peptide
      biosynthesis in integrated reaction sequences.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of the genes coding for four multienzyme peptide
      synthetases, operating by the thiotemplate mechanism are compared, to show
      underlying principles in the biosynthetic mechanism. Alignment with other
      carboxylic acid activating enzymes shows the sequences.
      LAY(V/I)I(Y/F)TSGT(T/S)GxPKGV and GELx(L/I)GGxG(V/I) to be involved in MgATP2
      binding and adenylate formation, and two other sequences, one containing the
      element FxLGG(H/D)S(I/L) to be involved in covalent binding of the amino acid. As
      a general rule, 1000 amino acid building blocks are responsible for the
      incorporation of one amino acid into the nascent peptide.

PMID- 1820056
TI  - In vitro biosynthesis of [Thr2, Leu5, D-Hiv8, Leu10]cyclosporin, a cyclosporin
      related immunosuppressive peptolide.
AB  - We were able to prepare an enzyme fraction from crude extracts of the mycelium of
      the fungus Cylindrotrichum Bonorden, which is capable of synthesizing the new
      peptolide SDZ 214-103 under consumption of the constitutive amino acids, D-2
      hydroxyisovaleric acid, ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The enzyme does not
      synthesize CyA, while cyclosporin synthetase does not synthesize the peptolide.
      Peptolide synthetase has a high molecular weight in the same range as cyclosporin
      synthetase (about 1.5 MDa).

PMID- 1820057
TI  - Physicochemical factors controlling the peptide synthesis by serine
      carboxypeptidases.

PMID- 1820059
TI  - Serine proteinase-catalyzed incorporation of D-amino into model peptides in
      acetonitrile with low water content.
AB  - The reactions were studied of N-acyl-L-amino acid esters with various D-amino
      acid amides catalyzed by free alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin and proteinase K in
      acetonitrile containing 80 or 5 vol. % of water. In the medium with low water
      content the incorporation of D-amino acid amides into peptides proceeded with
      satisfactory yield sometimes approaching that of analogous L-L dipeptides. In the
      media with high water content negligible or low yields of L-D dipeptides were
      achieved. Synthesis of Boc-L-Trp-D-Phe-NH2 catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin was
      performed at molar ratio L: D = 3 : 2 in acetonitrile with 5 vol.% of water and
      the dipeptide was isolated in larger quantity. However, synthesis of the peptide
      bond did not occur at all when diastereomeric dipeptides having D-residue in the
      N-terminal P1' position were used even in the media with low water content.

PMID- 1820058
TI  - Stereo- and sequence specificity of serine proteases in peptide synthesis.
AB  - The sequence- and stereospecificity of the S1- and S' i-subsites (i = 1-3) of
      bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin, proteinase K and penicillin amidase from
      E. coli and A. viscosus has been determined by hydrolysis and kinetically
      controlled peptide synthesis using different substrates. The data are compared
      with results for other serine proteases and the thiol protease papain. The
      stereospecificities differ by orders of magnitude, decreased when the enzyme was
      immobilized and were influenced when organic solvent molecules were bound to the
      enzyme.

PMID- 1820060
TI  - Peptide synthesis in organic solvents with an immobilized enzyme.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanism for the peptide synthesis with an immobilized
      enzyme in a water-immiscible organic solvent system, we studied the synthesis of
      Z-AspPheOMe from Z-Asp and PheOMe catalyzed by thermolysin immobilized onto
      Amberlite XAD-7. As an organic solvent, ethyl acetate was used. The reaction was
      also done in the aqueous/organic biphasic system and in ethyl acetate containing
      a small amount of water using free enzyme for comparison. The substrate
      concentration dependencies of the initial rate for the synthesis with the
      immobilized enzyme in ethyl acetate were quite different from those in aqueous
      buffer with the free enzyme, but similar to those measured in the biphasic system
      or in ethyl acetate containing a small amount of water. Therefore, it was
      considered that as a first approximation the reaction in the water-immiscible
      organic solvent with the immobilized enzyme could be treated by the
      aqueous/organic biphasic reaction. Based on this consideration, the optimum
      reaction condition for the reaction with the immobilized enzyme in ethyl acetate
      for the synthesis of Z-AspPheOMe could be estimated.

PMID- 1820061
TI  - Catalytic properties of alpha-chymotrypsin in organic media.
AB  - alpha-Chymotrypsin was deposited on Celite and the resulting immobilized
      preparations were used to carry out peptide synthesis reactions in organic media
      with only small amounts of water present. The influence of different parts of the
      donor ester and acceptor nucleophile substrate molecules on the kinetics of the
      enzymatic reactions was studied. The specificity of alpha-chymotrypsin in organic
      media was a combination of its substrate specificity in aqueous media and solvent
      effects. The kinetics of peptide synthesis can thus be modulated by using
      suitable solvents and protecting groups.

PMID- 1820062
TI  - Effect of thermodynamic water activity on protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis in
      mainly organic media.
AB  - The role of water in mainly organic reaction mixtures for biocatalysis is best
      analysed in terms of the thermodynamic water activity. This determines water mass
      action effects on the equilibria of protease-catalysed peptide or ester
      synthesis. It can also be useful to predict the amount of water bound by the
      enzyme, and hence its catalytic activity, as other factors are changed.

PMID- 1820063
TI  - Studies on the enzymatic coupling of peptide segments on the solid support.
AB  - Four different supports: polyacrylamide (I), polyethylene glycol-polystyrene MP
      PEG (II), Kel-F-g-styrene (III) and controlled pore glass CPG (IV-VI) were tested
      in order to determine the most suitable carrier for both chemical and enzymatic
      methods. As a model of enzymatic reaction for comparative study of supports, the
      hydrolysis of peptide methyl esters bound to insoluble polymer was examined.
      Peptide segment couplings by means of papain were attempted on the CPG-support
      which was found to be the most suitable for performing enzymatic reactions. The
      racemization-free assemblies of partially protected peptides on this support were
      achieved in moderate yields (31-54%).

PMID- 1820064
TI  - New approaches to peptide synthesis with the help of trypsin.
AB  - Picolyl esters of amino acids are suitable inverse substrates for trypsin. These
      esters can be used for peptide synthesis catalyzed by trypsin. Study of
      hydrolysis of non-specific substrates for trypsin permits to conclude, that
      hydrogen band in P'2 subsite is very important for their reactivity. Carboxamido
      methyl esters (CAM-esters) are the most suitable substrates for trypsin catalyzed
      peptide synthesis. Using CAM-esters and trypsin several di-,tri- and tetra
      peptides were synthesized with good yields.

PMID- 1820065
TI  - Clostripain: production and use for peptide synthesis.
AB  - The arginine-specific protease Clostripain could efficiently be produced
      following improved fermentation and isolation procedures. Preparative scale
      kinetically controlled peptide synthesis of -Arg-Pro- and Arg-Xaa- containing
      peptides could successfully be performed in high yields with free and immobilized
      enzyme preparations.

PMID- 1820066
TI  - Protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis in frozen aqueous systems: the "freeze
      concentration model".
AB  - Freezing of the aqueous reaction mixtures can cause dramatically increased
      peptide yields in protease-catalyzed kinetically controlled peptide synthesis
      reactions. The "Freeze-concentration model" which implies that the enzymic
      reaction within a macroscopically frozen system takes place in an unfrozen liquid
      phase is presented as a reasonable basis for the understanding of the effect of
      freezing. It is shown that L-amino acid esters are effective nucleophiles in
      alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions when these are performed in
      frozen state.

PMID- 1820067
TI  - Development of new enzymatic catalysts for peptide synthesis in aqueous and
      organic solvents.

PMID- 1820069
TI  - Pepsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in biphasic systems.
AB  - Pepsin catalyzed peptide synthesis in biphasic systems containing more than 95%
      (v/v) of organic phase was studied. Good yields were only obtained with more
      hydrophobic solvents, in spite of the low solubility of the substrates. The
      effects of the following parameters were also investigated: concentration of
      amino and carboxylic components, pH and buffer concentration, ratio between the
      aqueous and organic phases. The influence of different amino acid residues in the
      P2 position was investigated through the coupling between Z-Xyz-Phe-OH (where Xyz
      = Ala, Phe, Trp and Tyr) and Phe-OMe.

PMID- 1820068
TI  - Use of Z-amino acid-glyceryl esters in protease catalyzed peptide synthesis.
AB  - The alpha-glyceryl esters of Z-Gly, Z-Phe and Z-Tyr were synthesized and their
      use for protease catalyzed peptide synthesis was studied. Three enzymes isolated
      from crude papain were compared in their catalytic potency. Syntheses with alpha
      chymotrypsin were performed in a biphasic system.

PMID- 1820070
TI  - Pepsin behavior as a catalyst in equilibrium-controlled peptide synthesis.
AB  - It has been shown that in the course of equilibrium peptide synthesis pepsin
      gradually disappeared from the liquid phase due to its entrapment within a gel
      formed by the hexapeptide product, while retaining its activity. The inclusion
      into the precipitate was not specific for pepsin so far as inert proteins
      lysozyme, ribonuclease A and carbonic anhydrase, when added to the reaction
      mixture, became also co-precipitated with the hexapeptide formed. It appears that
      co-precipitation of pepsin-an important factor limiting the enzyme efficiency,
      might be operative as well for other proteinases used to catalyze peptide
      synthesis.

PMID- 1820071
TI  - Impact of the Minnesota Parental Notification Law on abortion and birth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of the Minnesota Parental Notification Law on abortion and
      birth was examined. METHODS: Using linear models, outcome parameters were
      compared before and after enactment of the law. Time by age group interactions
      also were examined. RESULTS: The pre-enactment to post-enactment change in the
      Minnesota abortion rate reflected a greater decline for minors (less than or
      equal to 17 years old) than for 18-19 year-olds (who were not under the law). An
      increase in abortion rate occurred for women ages 20-44. The law appeared to have
      had no impact on birth rate in minors. Following the enactment of the law, the
      rate of early abortions (less than or equal to 12 weeks) declined among minors
      more than the rate of late abortions (greater than 12 weeks). This resulted in a
      pre-enactment to post-enactment increase in the ratio of late-to-early abortions
      among minors. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that parental notification
      facilitated pregnancy avoidance in 15-17 year-old Minnesota women. Abortion rates
      declined unexpectedly while birth rates continued to decline in accordance with a
      long-term trend.

PMID- 1820073
TI  - Motivational strategies in dental hygiene care.
AB  - The process of educating and motivating patients presents interesting challenges
      to dental hygienists in clinical practice today. The recent technological
      advances in preventive and restorative dentistry, coupled with a high level of
      consumer interest in prevention of dental disease, have resulted in a unique
      opportunity for patients to attain high levels of oral health throughout their
      lifetimes. These challenges can also mean an expanded and more interesting role
      for dental hygienists that incorporates theories of motivation and change in
      conjunction with oral hygiene instruction as an integral component of dental
      hygiene care. Disease prevention and oral health promotion remain the essential
      components of dental hygiene treatment with patients. It is through the
      examination and application of existing theories in the behavioral and social
      sciences that dental hygiene care can be improved and revitalized. Both patients
      and dental hygienists benefit from activities that reexamine and analyze basic
      assumptions in oral hygiene instruction and motivation. It is a welcome and
      positive trend that preventive health care and motivation are important areas of
      concern to dental hygienists in clinical practice today.

PMID- 1820072
TI  - Neurophysin-neurohypophyseal hormone interactions: studies using a dansylated
      vasotocin analogue.
AB  - We have synthesized a neurohypophyseal hormone analogue containing an extrinsic
      fluorescence probe by linking a dansyl (DNS) group to the epsilon-amino group of
      the lysine at residue 8 of vasotocin. The fluorescence properties of this
      analogue have been characterized by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic
      methods and compared with those of epsilon-DNS-lysine and the dansylated carboxyl
      terminal tripeptide Pro-Lys(DNS)-GlyNH2. The binding of this hormone analogue to
      purified isoforms of bovine neurophysins, the natural carrier proteins of the
      neurohypophyseal hormones, results in changes in several fluorescence parameters
      of the dansyl probe. These changes include an increase in intensity and average
      lifetime, a shift of the emission band to higher energies, and an increase in the
      emission anisotropy. Anisotropy changes have been used to determine dissociation
      constants for binding to these neurophysin isoforms. Based on the changes in the
      fluorescence properties of the dansyl probe, the dansyl group itself interacts
      with the protein. The degree of the dansyl-neurophysin interaction, however,
      appears to be different for the full sequence isoform of neurophysin I and the
      Val89 isoform of neurophysin II.

PMID- 1820074
TI  - Antimicrobials and oral health.
AB  - Effective control of plaque and gingivitis are among our most important treatment
      goals. Several antimicrobial products have demonstrated safety and various
      degrees of effectiveness as adjuncts to mechanical plaque control. Our clinical
      decisions relating to antimicrobial products should be based on the expanding
      body of research that documents product safety and effectiveness in reducing both
      plaque and gingivitis. Antimicrobials present exciting prospects for in-office
      and home use, but they do not replace thorough root debridement and traditional
      plaque control. However, when selected based on individual patient needs and used
      in recommended regimens, antimicrobials can be important additions to both
      professional treatment and oral hygiene practices.

PMID- 1820075
TI  - Caleb Hillier Parry.

PMID- 1820076
TI  - The American prisoners in Dartmoor 1813-1815.

PMID- 1820077
TI  - Pathos and pathology in the life of Lord Byron.

PMID- 1820078
TI  - Serendipity and logic in medical research.

PMID- 1820079
TI  - Paul Ehrlich and Almroth Wright.

PMID- 1820080
TI  - Archibald Menzies: surgeon botanist.

PMID- 1820081
TI  - History of the Medical Services in Weston-super-Mare.

PMID- 1820082
TI  - Lunacy Bristol fashion. Bristol Medico-Historical Society, 16th October 1989.

PMID- 1820084
TI  - Effect of the Cornwall helicopter ambulance on Ambulance Service emergency
      response time.

PMID- 1820083
TI  - The Burdens and Bristol.

PMID- 1820086
TI  - The unwrapping of the Bristol Mummy, H7386.

PMID- 1820087
TI  - Care of the newborn in antiquity.

PMID- 1820088
TI  - Epilepsy--brain and mind.

PMID- 1820089
TI  - Captain Thomas Dover, his background and early years.

PMID- 1820085
TI  - Who wrote the Hippocratic Oath?

PMID- 1820090
TI  - "Childbirth: lessons from the past".

PMID- 1820091
TI  - The Leonardo anatomical drawings in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle.

PMID- 1820092
TI  - New directions in cancer therapy based on aberrant expression of
      glycosphingolipids: anti-adhesion and ortho-signaling therapy.
AB  - Essentially all tumors express aberrantly glycosylated glycosphingolipids and
      glycoproteins, more commonly known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens."
      In this article I propose two new forms of cancer therapy, anti-adhesion therapy
      and ortho-signaling therapy, which exploit these tumor-associated carbohydrates
      in distinct ways. The aim of anti-adhesion therapy is to disrupt the requisite
      carbohydrate-initiated interactions that occur between tumor cells and other cell
      types (e.g., endothelial cells, platelets) as tumors progress and metastasize.
      Candidate anti-adhesion agents include purified carbohydrates or
      glycosphingolipids representing H, Ley, sialosyl-Lex (or -Lea) GM3, or LacCer
      antigens, and monoclonal antibodies directed to these structures. The aim of
      ortho-signaling therapy is to disrupt mitogenic signaling pathways in tumor cells
      that are regulated by glycosphingolipids and/or their derivatives, including
      pathways involving receptor protein-kinases and protein kinase C. Candidate ortho
      signaling agents are the glycosphingolipid regulator PDMP (1-phenyl-2
      [decanoylamino]-3-morpholino-1-propanol) and the protein kinase C inhibitor DMS
      (N,N-dimethylsphingosine), both of which show antitumor activity in vitro and in
      animal studies.

PMID- 1820093
TI  - The soluble interleukin-2 receptor as a marker for human neoplasia and immune
      status.
AB  - Activation of T cells is associated with a dramatic increase in expression of the
      interleukin-2 receptor. In addition to the intact receptor found at the cell
      surface, activated T cells produce a truncated form of the receptor (sIL-2R) that
      is secreted as a soluble molecule. Patients with neoplastic disease or diseases
      involving immune activation exhibit markedly elevated serum levels of sIL-2R.
      Although the functional significance of sIL-2R is unknown, the ability to measure
      this parameter rapidly and accurately in serum samples makes it a potentially
      useful index for monitoring disease activity. Recent studies indicate that a rise
      in serum levels of sIL-2R in apparently healthy individuals could be an important
      early signal of neoplastic, autoimmune, or inflammatory disease. Moreover,
      subsequent to diagnosis, serum levels of sIL-2R appear to be a reliable indicator
      of tumor burden and therapeutic response for many patients with leukemia and
      lymphoma, an indicator of metastasis for patients with solid tumors, and an
      indicator of exacerbation and clinical response in patients with diseases
      associated with immune activation.

PMID- 1820094
TI  - A role for cholinesterases in tumorigenesis?
AB  - Hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)
      and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) is the rate-limiting step in the termination of
      cholinergic signaling at neuromuscular junctions. A growing body of evidence
      suggests that these enzymes also play a role in tumorigenesis. The ACHE and BCHE
      genes are amplified, mutated, and/or aberrantly expressed in a variety of human
      tumor types. These changes could be the result of chromosome breakage, since
      there is an unusually high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities near the map
      positions of these genes (3q26-ter and 11p-ter, respectively) in such tumors,
      particularly hemopoietic malignancies. Both ACHE and BCHE contain the consensus
      peptide motif S/T-P-X-Z, which is found in many substrates of cdc2-related
      protein kinases. Here we consider the intriguing possibility that phosphorylation
      by cdc2-related kinases may be the molecular mechanism linking cholinesterases
      with tumor cell proliferation. We also discuss the notion that inhibition of
      these enzymes by commonly used organophosphorous poisons may be tumorigenic in
      humans.

PMID- 1820095
TI  - JE/MCP-1: an early-response gene encodes a monocyte-specific cytokine.
AB  - The JE gene was one of the first growth-factor-inducible early-response genes to
      be identified. Sequence and expression analysis have revealed that JE encodes the
      monocyte-specific cytokine MCP-1 (also known as MCAF, TDCF, and SMC-CF). JE/MCP-1
      specifically attracts monocytes in vitro and in vivo, but has no detectable
      effects on neutrophils or lymphocytes. In addition, JE/MCP-1 can suppress tumor
      formation in animal models by attracting and activating monocytes. These
      discoveries have drawn together the investigations of those who study the
      molecular basis of cell proliferation and those who work on the molecular basis
      of the inflammatory response.

PMID- 1820096
TI  - Some thoughts on the cytolytic mechanism of natural killer lymphocytes.

PMID- 1820098
TI  - Retention of orienting reaction habituation in chronic alcoholics.
AB  - A polygraphic study on resistance to habituation of the somatic (EMG), autonomic
      (finger plethysmogram, galvanic skin reaction, respiration) and EEG (acoustic
      evoked potential and EEG-blocking reaction) components of the orienting reaction
      elicited by a repetitive auditory stimulus during successive (weekly) session was
      performed in 67 chronic alcoholics and in 70 matched normal subjects (control
      group). The study showed significant retention disturbances of orienting reaction
      habituation (i.e. of learning), the "saving" of stimulations achieved from one
      session to the other to obtain the habituation criterion, being lesser in
      alcoholics than in control normal subjects. The severity of habituation retention
      disturbances depended on the patients' age, type of alcoholism, alcohol
      consumption intensity and chronicity, as well as the type of resting EEG.

PMID- 1820100
TI  - Palm-chin reflex in acute ischaemic stroke.
AB  - The majority of 71 cases with acute cerebrovascular ischaemic stroke displayed an
      absence of the palm-chin (palmomental) reflex in the affected part of the body,
      during the first three weeks, poststroke. After this period the reflex is present
      again. In our opinion, the absence of the palm-chin reflex in the acute ischaemic
      stroke shows a more important semiologic value than its presence.

PMID- 1820097
TI  - Parkinson's disease. A review.

PMID- 1820099
TI  - Correction by centrophenoxine of abnormal catecholamine response to postural
      stimulus in patients with orthostatic hypotension due to brainstem ischemia.
AB  - The effects of centrophenoxine on catecholamine (CA) response to orthostasis and
      on postural blood pressure fall of 25 patients with orthostatic hypotension due
      to brainstem ischemia were studied. Before therapy, the patients responded to
      posture by a depression in norepinephrine (NE) excretion and a rise in
      epinephrine (E) excretion. After a 10-day treatment with centrophenoxine, 800 mg
      daily, the patients responded to posture like normals, i.e. by a rise in NE
      excretion and a reduction in E excretion. Although the orthostatic blood pressure
      fall was less marked after treatment, the favourable clinical effect of the drug
      could not be correlated significantly with the restoration of CA response to
      posture after treatment.

PMID- 1820101
TI  - Neurotrophic trigeminal syndrome after pontine stroke.
AB  - The present study describes a patient, aged 72 yrs, with pontine crossed
      syndrome, displaying ipsilateral to the lesion a syndrome of cranial nerves V,
      VI, VII, VIII, on the right; a right neocerebellar syndrome; anhidrosis in the
      right hemibody; contralateral to the lesion: thermoalgic anesthesia with
      hyperhidrosis in the left hemibody. Concomitant with the pontine lesion, the
      patient developed torpid trophic ulcerations all over the right hemiface which,
      in the course of one year, became deformed, retractile, depigmented of
      hyperpigmented scars, the erosion being so deep at the level of the right nasal
      wing that the latter disappeared. This clinical picture developed in a patient
      with basilar invagination of 3 mm and left humeral micromelia. Eight cases of
      trigeminal torpid trophic ulceration associated with lesions of the brain stem
      are known till now, but association with vascular pontine lesion has not been
      described as yet. Etiopathogenic considerations are made.

PMID- 1820102
TI  - Neuropathologic and therapeutic studies in experimental spinal cord trauma.
AB  - Experimental spinal cord trauma was performed intraoperatively in 132 rabbits
      (Allen's method modified by Faden et al.). Only 77 animals were administered
      drugs (glucocorticoids, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nonsteroids):
      Prednisolon, Fluocinolon-N-spray, Epurox, Ketazone, Rheopyrin and Rengasil. The
      remaining 55 animals were controls. Results were clinically (the assessment of
      lower limb movement was performed on a 5-score scale) and neuropathologically
      studied. From a clinical point of view, Prednisolon, Fluocinolon and Rengasil
      showed some beneficial effects. No significant differences of nervous fibre
      regeneration were noticed between probands and controls.

PMID- 1820104
TI  - Type and frequency of phonemic errors in aphasics.
AB  - The research, performed on 80 Romanian-speaking aphasics showed that the
      frequency of various types of phonetic errors is quite different in various
      languages, as presented in aphasiologic references. In our study the main
      phonemic errors were in the order of their frequency as follows: omissions,
      substitutions and additions of phonemes. The other types of errors appeared
      rather infrequently, in decreasing order: targeting (tir a la cible
      phonematique), order reversing, misplacing, repeated phonemes, preservation of
      phonemes of previous words. It must be underlined that for English-speaking
      aphasics some authors observed that substitutions are the most frequent phonemic
      errors but some others considered that additions are more frequent than other
      types of phonemic errors.

PMID- 1820103
TI  - Electroclinical correlations in temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - 2,698 epileptic patients were studied, 2,019 cases (64.3%) presenting temporal
      lobe epileptic attacks. Besides the routine EEG recordings and the corroboration
      of the clinical data with the meticulous observations by video monitoring on a
      closed circuit TV-screen (the patients being observe in a specially arranged
      room, provided with infra-red cameras), the diagnostic procedure was supported in
      all cases by several computerized EEG mappings, according to a model achieved by
      us, transcribing the primary data obtained by Hjorth's NSD parameters from the
      Siemens-Elema Mingograph to a Romanian M-118 microprocessor. In many cases we
      utilized an interface--built by us--for analog-digital conversion which allowed
      the direct introduction and conversion of amplitudes and frequencies from the
      Mingograph to the micro-computer. These were isolated to analyse the following
      electroclinical forms: 1. temporal absences: 360 cases (17.8%); 2. psychomotor
      attacks: 439 cases (21.7%) 3. psychosensory attacks: 77 cases (3.8%); 4. attacks
      with cognitive symptomatology: 260 cases (12.8%); 5. crises with ideative
      affective symptomatology: 76 cases (3.8%); 6. vegetative attacks: 51 cases
      (2.5%); 7. akinetic attacks: 89 cases (4.4%); 8. focal temporal attacks
      secondarily generalized: 667 cases (33.0%). In 112 patients with nocturnal
      attacks, polysomnographic recordings were performed with sequential computerized
      EEG mappings during the various stages of sleep (concomitantly with the infrared
      video-TV monitoring).

PMID- 1820106
TI  - The effect of clonidine in the treatment of acute mania.
AB  - Twenty hospitalized patients have been treated for acute mania with doses of 450
      750 micrograms/day of clonidine (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), for one month.
      The tolerance to the given doses was excellent. A marked decrease of the manic
      symptoms was noted in 65% of the patients during the first 10 days of the
      treatment. The response was prompt and maintained for the whole period of the
      research, the clonidine being efficient on the whole scale of the manic syndrome.
      The sedating effect was much lower than in the case of neuroleptics; it is quite
      likely that the clonidine could represent an advance in the acute treatment of
      manic patients.

PMID- 1820105
TI  - White matter changes in old age dementia.
AB  - This is the clinico-morphological study of 70 patients above age 60 with the
      clinical diagnosis of dementia made on clinico-psychometric criteria for the
      assessment of the deterioration-dementia state, and in some cases, using the
      Hachinski scale. For morphological macro- and microscopic examinations of the
      brain, the classic neuropathologic techniques were used. Although no case
      selection was carried out, the number of cases was uniformly distributed between
      the ages of 60-74 years. The sample was also relatively uniform with regard to
      the patients' sex. Morphologically, our patient group included cases with
      vascular dementia (VD-33%), mixed dementia (MD-14.3%), Alzheimer-type dementia
      (ATD-20%), isolated SAE (17%), other cases (15.7%). Myelinic pallors and
      rarefactions were present in 41.4% of all cases of which: as a single lesion in
      41.4%, associated with VD in 34.5%, with MD in 17.2% and with ATD in 6.9%.
      Microscopic background of myelinic changes was represented by acute (perivascular
      and pericellular edema) and chronic (myelinic destruction, gliosis, perivascular
      hematic pigment) edematous lesions. In 10.3% of cases with myelinic changes,
      marked dilation and blood stasis in large periventricular and/or subcortical
      vessels with subsequent cerebral edema, generally overlapping critical zones of
      venous circulation could be observed. The size and severity of the myelinic
      lesions were not clearly correlated to the intra- and extraparenchymatous
      vascular changes. However, the myelinic involvement was more in cases with
      lesions, mainly atherosclerotic, of the vessel walls. The possible intervention
      of the venous factor in the development of subcortical arteriosclerotic
      encephalopathy (SAE) is discussed among other etiopathogenic factors.

PMID- 1820109
TI  - Liver transplantation at UCLA: report of clinical activities.
AB  - Liver transplantation remains the treatment of choice for many forms of end-stage
      liver disease. In most large series, 5-year actuarial survival is greater than
      70%. The majority of the morbidity and mortality occurs in the first 6 months
      posttransplant; as these figures have improved, so have overall survival rates.
      Infants under 1 year of age have a survival rate below that of older patients; in
      addition, a severe organ shortage for these patients continues. The use of
      reduced grafts has ameliorated the problem to a certain extent; however, further
      expansion of the donor pool is still necessary. Progress has also been made in
      the postoperative management of transplant patients. We currently follow AKBR and
      TNF levels in all patients to aid in the diagnosis of primary nonfunction and
      acute rejection, respectively. The introduction of additional immunosuppressive
      agents has instigated several large clinical trials. CsA, however, remains the
      gold standard to which these drugs must be compared.

PMID- 1820108
TI  - The UNOS Scientific Renal Transplant Registry--1991.
AB  - Based upon data reported to the UNOS Scientific Renal Transplant Registry between
      October 1987 and November 1991: 1. One-year graft survival rates were 79%, 73%
      and 62% for recipients of first (20,864), second (3,217), and multiple (673)
      cadaver donor transplants, respectively. 2. One-year graft survival rates were
      94%, 89%, and 90% for first transplant recipients of kidneys from HLA-identical
      siblings (970), parents (1,487), and 1-haplotype-mismatched siblings (1,206),
      respectively. 3. Half-lives calculated after the first year were 7 years for
      cadaver donor transplants, 11 years for parent, 12 years for 1-haplotype sibling
      and, 27 years for HLA-identical sibling-donor first transplants. 4. The 1-year
      first transplant survival rate has improved from 78% in 1987-88 to 80% in 1990-91
      transplants (p = 0.001). There has been an attendant decline in the percentage of
      broadly sensitized patients transplanted from 15% in 1987 to 8% in 1990 (p less
      than 0.01), which may have contributed to rising survival rates. 5. There has
      been a remarkable improvement in the 1-year graft survival of retransplanted
      patients from less than 70% in 1987-88 to 78% in 1990 (p less than 0.001). This
      improvement has been most notable in broadly sensitized patients and those with
      delayed graft function. 6. Diabetics who received a pancreas and kidney
      transplant (995) had 81% 1-year graft survival compared to 77% for those who
      received a kidney transplant only (p less than 0.002). 7. One-year graft survival
      rates decreased significantly in recipients of kidneys from donors aged under 16
      or over 45. Survival was less than 70% when the donor was under 5 or over 60
      compared to 81% when the donor was aged 16-45 (p less than 0.001) for recipients
      of first cadaver transplants. Delayed graft function occurred in 40% of cases
      when the donor was over 60 and 28% of cases when the donor was under 5. When
      function was delayed, survival was 50% for these marginal kidneys compared to 68%
      for younger adult kidneys with delayed function (p less than 0.001). Rejection
      also had a greater impact on survival of kidneys from donors under 5 or over 60.
      8. The 1-year graft survival rate for 2,504 first transplant recipients of
      cadaver kidneys from young male victims of traffic accidents was 85%. The 1-year
      graft survival of 2,670 patients given kidneys from older female donors who died
      of cerebrovascular accidents was 73% (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820107
TI  - Fluanxol Depot in the schizophrenia maintenance treatment.

PMID- 1820110
TI  - Liver transplantation in the United States: 1988 to 1990.
AB  - Between 1988 and 1990, the frequency of liver transplantation in the United
      States increased by 57%. During this same period, the number of transplant
      centers performing this procedure increased from 58 to 80. Despite this increase,
      only 15 centers reported a total of at least 100 procedures during these 3 years,
      compared to 25 centers that performed 12 or less liver transplantations.
      Recipient characteristics have been changing over time: a larger proportion of
      recipients were males in 1990 than in 1988 or 1989. The distribution of
      recipients changed dramatically; the median age increased by 4 years, due to an
      increased proportion of transplantations among those age 40 and older and a
      decrease in children younger then age 10. Another major change was in functional
      status; in 1988 and 1989, over half of the recipients were hospitalized while
      awaiting transplantation, but this was reversed in 1990, when the majority of
      patients was at home awaiting transplantation. Furthermore, the proportion of
      patients in the highest functional class more than tripled. Alcoholic liver
      disease, which in 1989 became the most common primary liver disease of patients
      undergoing liver transplantation, continues to be the indication for an
      increasing number of recipients. The proportion of recipients with biliary
      atresia and primary biliary cirrhosis, the most common diagnoses in 1988,
      continues to decrease. Most of the mortality was noted in the first 6 months,
      when overall cumulative patient mortality was about 20%, half of which occurred
      in the first 4 weeks after OLTX. The cumulative 3-year posttransplant survival
      rate was 67%. Similarly, cumulative retransplant-free survival rates were 84% at
      1 month and 58% at 3 years. As previously described (1), recipient factors
      associated with survival included age, UNOS description, diagnosis, and ABO
      matching. Older recipients, those with poorer functional status at time of
      transplantation, recipients with either fulminant liver failure or malignancies,
      and those who received a graft from an ABO-compatible or -incompatible donor, had
      the worst survival rates. Furthermore, in the current analysis we found that the
      outcome of recipients was affected adversely by grafts from female donors. Racial
      differences were noted, but the large quantity of missing data precluded
      definitive statements regarding any association with survival. Both recipient and
      donor ages were significant prognostic factors. For adults in the multivariate
      model, increasing recipient age was associated with higher mortality. Among
      children, however, younger donor age seemed to have an adverse effect on
      recipient survival. Donor characteristics also changed during this
      period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820111
TI  - Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation at University of Wisconsin-Madison
      Hospital.

PMID- 1820113
TI  - Outcome of renal transplantation at Oregon Health Sciences University: 1982 to
      1990.
AB  - 1. Graft survival increased over the 4 periods between 1982 and 1990 (82-84, 85
      86, 87-88, 89-90). The largest increase was in the 89-90 period. 2.
      Immunosuppression was the key to improved outcome. Cadaveric graft recipients
      given OKT3 induction plus triple therapy with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and
      prednisone had significantly better graft survival compared with all other drug
      combinations. Other factors were improved patient selection, donor management,
      and outpatient care. 3. Mean serum creatinine levels did not change after
      cyclosporine was introduced for immunosuppression. The mean serum creatinine
      level was approximately 1.7 mg/dl at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post
      transplantation in all 4 periods. 4. Living-related donor outcome was
      significantly better than cadaveric donor outcome. Half-life for 2-haplotype
      matched kidneys was 37 years compared with 12 years for 1-haplotype matches and
      6.5 years for cadaveric kidneys. 5. Immediate function and a rejection-free first
      month were both associated with significantly improved graft survival. 6. Neither
      peak PRA nor graft number (1st vs regraft) correlated with graft survival. Highly
      sensitized (PRA greater than 50%) patients and regrafted patients fared as well
      as less sensitized (PRA less than or equal to 50%) and first graft recipients.
      This outcome was attributed to a sensitive crossmatch. Because of the crossmatch,
      highly sensitized patients received much better HLA matches. 7. The incidence of
      early rejection and delayed function declined significantly between the earliest
      and latest periods. Improved immunosuppression, donor management, and renal
      preservation were cited as contributing factors.

PMID- 1820112
TI  - A single institution's experience with solitary pancreas transplantation: a
      multivariate analysis of factors leading to improved outcome.
AB  - The results of cadaveric donor pancreas transplantation at a single institution
      using the bladder drainage technique have been analyzed according to several
      factors that may impinge on outcome. Both multivariate and univariate statistical
      methods were used, with emphasis on solitary (pancreas after kidney and pancreas
      transplant alone) as opposed to simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplants. Of the
      444 pancreas transplants performed at our institution from December 1966 through
      December 1991, we analyzed 249 bladder-drained cadaver donor pancreas transplants
      from November 1984 through August 1991. The factors that had a significant impact
      on outcome in the Cox multivariate analysis included retransplantation, age,
      preservation time, and degree of HLA mismatching. The results of solitary
      pancreas transplants improved with time as the factors that have an impact on
      graft survival rates were deliberately manipulated. During the 1988 to 1991 era,
      pancreas graft functional survival (insulin-independent) rates were not
      significantly different among the 3 recipient categories. Solitary pancreas
      transplant recipients less than 45 years old receiving primary grafts had a 1
      year function rate of 61% in the pancreas transplant alone group (n = 32) and 74%
      in the pancreas after kidney group (n = 24). By placing emphasis on minimizing
      HLA mismatches, by giving adequate immunosuppression, and by detecting and
      treating rejection episodes early based on a decline in urine amylase, the
      results with solitary pancreas transplantation can be as good as those with
      simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. There are limitations to the
      interpretations that can be given to retrospective studies using inhomogeneous
      factors, as is the case in the analyses presented here. We cannot identify risk
      factors with certainty because the protocols changed over time, eg,
      immunosuppressive regimens, policies on HLA matching, and choice of duct
      management techniques. Thus, in the analysis of all cases, not only was there a
      higher proportion by the bladder-drainage techniques in the later period, but the
      proportion of cases with good HLA matches was also higher: yet the earlier cases
      (more poorly matched, performed by the other techniques, and with worse results),
      were in the model. Retransplantation is also a problem for the analysis. The
      number performed was proportionately greater in the later period, and the
      possibility of retransplantation differed according to the patient's age. Over
      such a long time, we cannot evaluate our gain in experience
      statistically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820114
TI  - Recent contributions to transplantation at the University of Cincinnati.
AB  - 1. Clinical investigations at the University of Cincinnati have focused primarily
      on infection control, methods to increase donor-specific unresponsiveness,
      improvement in immunosuppression, donor maintenance and evaluation,
      posttransplant monitoring, and reduced-size livers for children. 2. Donor
      specific unresponsiveness (DSU) can be achieved frequently in recipients of both
      cadaver donor and living related donor kidneys by giving a single donor specific
      transfusion and CsA only 24 hours preoperatively with continuing triple
      immunosuppressive therapy. 3. Prednisone can be withdrawn from almost all
      patients with no rejection by 1 year with significant improvement in blood
      pressure, daily insulin requirement in diabetics, total blood cholesterol, and
      low density lipoproteins (LDL). 4. Oral ketoconazole 200 mg/day can be used
      safely to block the hepatic metabolism of CsA and reduce the amount of CsA
      administered by an average of 77-88%. This is of great economic consequence to
      lower income patients and patients with poor drug absorption. 5. Eighteen
      patients with SLE who received 23 kidney transplantations had an increase in
      graft loss in the first 6 months but the rate of graft loss after 6 months was
      almost identical to other ESRD patients. 6. The Cincinnati Transplant Tumor
      Registry has data on about 8,000 patients. Except for those with CNS tumors,
      patients with active cancers should not be used as donors. However, donors with
      previous curative procedures should not be excluded automatically. Cancers
      arising in immunosuppressed transplant recipients that have a higher incidence
      than the general population (expressed as percentage of treated cancers) are:
      lymphomas (22% vs 5%), lip cancers (7% vs 0.3%), Kaposi's sarcoma (6% vs less
      than 0.1%), vulva and perineal cancers (4% vs 0.6%), hepatobiliary cancers (2.5%
      vs 1.0%) and sarcomas (1.8% vs 0.5%). Other cancers have about the same
      distribution. 7. Immunologic monitoring during OKT3 therapy is particularly
      useful in re-treatment and treatment of pediatric liver patients when increased
      doses of the drug may be necessary. 8. The MEGX test has been found to be a major
      predictor of primary non-function of the transplanted liver, and it is also
      useful in predicting the risks of dying from liver disease. 9. Reduced-size
      livers have been used in 37 patients, representing almost half of all pediatric
      liver transplants. Survival with reduced-size grafts (91% at 1 year) compared
      favorably with survival of whole organs (79% at 1 year). The benefit is
      particularly dramatic in infants with biliary atresia (100% 1-year graft survival
      in 24 patients, median age 11 months).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820116
TI  - Work disability, functional limitations, and the health status of kidney
      transplantation recipients posttransplant.
AB  - A primary objective of renal replacement therapy is patient rehabilitation.
      Studies have consistently shown that transplant recipients are better
      rehabilitated than patients maintained on dialysis, but diabetic transplant
      recipients do not do as well as nondiabetics. Few studies have evaluated the
      rehabilitation status of transplant recipients based upon their outcome following
      transplantation. Data were collected from 226 patients associated with 5 major
      transplant centers in the United States at 2.5-3.5 years posttransplant.
      Established survey procedures were followed and standard measures of work status,
      functional ability, and health status were incorporated into self-administered
      questionnaires. Patients were stratified into 3 groups based upon transplant
      outcome--those with functioning grafts, those whose grafts failed and were
      retransplanted, and those who returned to dialysis after graft failure. The
      presence of diabetes was also documented. Regardless of graft outcome, more
      patients were able to work than were actually working (61.5% vs 43.4%), although
      patients with successful transplants, and those who were retransplanted, were
      both better able to work than patients whose grafts had failed, necessitating a
      return to dialysis. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients differed in their ability
      to work (74.4% vs 34.7%). All patient groups reported work-related limitations in
      activity and associated functional impairments. These were less severe for
      patients who had functioning grafts. Perceived as well as actual health status
      varied according to graft outcome and primary disease diagnosis, with both
      dialysis patients and diabetics reporting poorer health status than patients who
      had retained their first grafts or who had been retransplanted. Graft outcome and
      primary renal diagnosis prior to transplant are important predictors of ability
      to work, functional ability, and health status posttransplant. Retransplantation
      is not detrimental to patient rehabilitation, whereas return to dialysis results
      in a measurable decline in activity status. Despite a successful graft, diabetes
      severely limits the rehabilitation potential of transplant recipients.

PMID- 1820115
TI  - Analysis of 22 years experience in living-related transplantation at the
      University of Alabama in Birmingham.
AB  - Over the 22 years comprising this review of living-related renal allografts, 3
      distinct eras of immunosuppression protocols were used; Era I-aziathioprine and
      prednisone, Era II-cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone; and Era III
      Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. We
      analyzed both recipient and donor populations for graft and patient survival
      related to race, haplotype matching, diabetes, and immunosuppressive agents.
      Graft and patient survival have remained unchanged in 2-haplotype-matched
      recipients throughout the differing immunosuppression eras. The addition of
      cyclosporine, however, improved graft survival in the 1-haplotype living-related
      recipient. During the cyclosporine era, 1-haplotype White living-related
      recipient graft survival was significantly greater than 1-haplotype Black living
      related recipient survivals. The reason for this disparity in graft survival does
      not appear to be related to noncompliance. The parametric hazard function
      analysis of the constant phase did not identify cyclosporine as a risk factor for
      late graft loss, suggesting that long-term cyclosporine usage may decrease the
      risk of graft loss. However, diabetes was demonstrated to be a risk factor for
      late graft loss. In diabetics, late graft loss is most likely secondary to death
      (usually cardiovascular) with a functioning graft. The organ donor pool is being
      expanded through the utilization of both older donors and living-unrelated
      donors. Graft survival in the living-unrelated group has been comparable to that
      of 1- and 2-haplotype-matched recipients. Results with older donors reveal donor
      age as a risk factor for late graft loss. The issue of living-unrelated
      transplantation remains controversial. In over 20 years of follow-up on our
      living-related donor population, we were unable to demonstrate any adverse long
      term effects on renal function. Results of our analysis indicate that living
      related renal donation continues to be a safe and valuable avenue for kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 1820117
TI  - Annual review of transplantation.

PMID- 1820118
TI  - Survival trends in long-term first cadaver-donor kidney transplants.
AB  - 1. In 1966, the half-life (1-year posttransplantation) for first cadaver-donor
      kidney grafts reported to the UCLA Registry was around 7.5 years (1). Between
      1985 and 1990, this half-life was 7.8 +/- 0.02 years. Since 1966, the
      corresponding 1-year graft survival rates increased by over 30 percentage points.
      Clearly, improvement in early graft survival has had little bearing on long-term
      graft outcome. 2. From a stratified multivariate analysis of 40,582 primary
      cadaveric renal transplants recorded in the UCLA Transplant Registry from 3
      consecutive eras (1975-79, 1980-84, 1985-90), the following long-term graft
      survival trends in covariates have emerged: a) a constant strong negative effect
      associated with higher numbers of HLA-A,B mismatches, younger and older
      recipients, diabetics, and longer cold ischemia times in each era; b) an
      increased beneficial effect on female recipients; c) an increased detrimental
      effect on Black recipients, despite short-term gains; and d) a positive effect of
      CsA usage (only in the most recent era). 3. From a multivariate analysis of
      15,027 primary cadaveric renal transplants reported to the UNOS Kidney Registry
      between 1987 and 1990, we analyzed the effects of transplantation factors on
      survival during 3 consecutive posttransplantation risk periods: 0-1 month; 1-3
      months; and beyond 3 months. Few pretransplant factors affected risk of failure
      within 1-month posttransplantation. However, a good predischarge clinical course
      (as indicated by CsA usage, no required dialysis during the first postoperative
      week, and no rejection episodes) was associated with an immediate improvement in
      graft survival. The effects of most UNOS transplantation factors during the
      second risk period were comparable to the short-term coefficients estimated from
      the UCLA file; and the effects of the UNOS factors on "beyond 3-month" risk were
      comparable to the UCLA long-term coefficients. Conclusively, the dominant
      pretransplant factor on long-term risk was HLA-A,B tissue matching.

PMID- 1820119
TI  - Assessment of interaction among risk factors in three-month graft survival of
      first cadaveric renal transplantations: a case-control study.
AB  - 1. Most multivariate analyses of first cadaver-donor kidney grafts have assumed
      additivity of covariate effects, ignoring possible interaction terms. Using
      21,895 primary cadaveric renal transplants reported to the UNOS Kidney Registry,
      we attempted to assess whether or not strong interaction effects on graft
      survival existed among 11 important factors. Due to the small number of cases for
      many multiway factor combinations, our interaction analyses were limited to
      studying how stratification by 1 factor affected the graft failure risks of a
      second factor. Two stratification factors were chosen: recipient race and age. 2.
      Although there was little evidence of strong factor interaction across 5 racial
      groupings, differences in risk for several factors (recipient age, donor race,
      donor age, HLA-B,DR mismatching, and cold ischemia time) between Blacks and non
      Blacks appeared to be nonadditive (2 examples listed in Table 3). 3. In a more
      restricted population of White recipients older than age 16, there was only
      evidence of interacting effects on 3-month graft survival between donor sex and
      recipient age. 4. Despite many pairwise factor associations (Figs. 1, 3), it
      appears that the majority of the transplant covariates are additive with respect
      to the risk of early graft loss. In future analyses, we suggest inclusion of
      appropriate interaction terms relating the above-mentioned factors with recipient
      race and age.

PMID- 1820120
TI  - Center effects in renal transplantation.
AB  - 1. One-year graft survival rates for first cadaver transplants to adult
      recipients ranged from 60-93% at transplant centers reporting more than 50
      transplants to the UNOS Renal Transplant Registry between October 1987 and
      December 1991. 2. There was no apparent correlation between center size and
      success rates for primary or repeat cadaveric transplants when centers were
      grouped according to high, average, and low 1-year graft survival rates. 3.
      Fifteen "high" centers had 88%, 15 "average" centers had 80%, and 15 "low"
      centers had 69% 1-year graft survival rates, respectively. 4. Projected half
      lives for transplants surviving the first year were not significantly different
      among the 3 center groups, suggesting that long-term survival did not correlate
      strictly with 1-year survival. 5. The 20% difference in 1-year graft survival
      rates between the high and low center groups was reduced to 10% and to 5% when
      transplants functioning at discharge or at 6 months, respectively, were
      considered. Thus, approximately half of the center effect was associated with
      events that occurred during the transplant hospitalization. 6. At high and
      average centers, less than 10% of kidneys did not function on the first day
      compared with 17% at low centers (p less than 0.01). Twenty percent of patients
      at high and average centers required dialysis during the first week compared with
      37% at low centers (p less than 0.01). Less than 5% of kidneys never functioned
      during the transplant hospitalization at high and average centers compared with
      10% at low centers (p less than 0.01). 7. Graft survival rates for patients with
      early graft dysfunction were significantly higher at high centers than at average
      or low centers, suggesting that successful management of patients with poor early
      function differed among the center groups. 8. Low centers transplanted more
      Blacks and fewer healthy patients than high centers, but when stratified for
      these variables, the center differences in graft outcome were undiminished. 9.
      Other patient mix variables, including age, sensitization, and original disease,
      did not account for variation in survival rates for the center groups. High
      centers transplanted more diabetics (33%) than average (25%) or low (18%)
      centers. 10. There were no significant differences among the center groups in the
      incidence of early rejection episodes. However, graft survival following
      rejection was 10-30% lower at average and low centers than at high
      centers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820121
TI  - Sex and age effects in renal transplantation.
AB  - 1. Since 1985, 1-year graft survival in first cadaver transplants has remained
      constant at 78-80%. One-year graft survival rates for recipients over age 50
      improved with CsA from 58% in 1981-82 to 78% in 1985-86. Survival in recipients
      under age 10 was 70% from 1985 to 1988, but improved to 75% in transplants
      performed in 1989-90. 2. The percentage of immunologic failures decreased from
      75% in recipients aged 1-10 to 54% in recipients aged over 50. Thirty percent of
      males aged 1-10 had rejection episodes during the transplant hospitalization
      compared with 15% of males over age 50. These findings support earlier studies
      suggesting young recipients have a stronger immune response. 3. The incidence of
      nonimmunological failures increased from 10% in recipients under age 30 to more
      than 30% in patients over age 50. 4. There were no significant differences in
      graft outcome associated with the recipient's sex. 5. Kidneys from donors aged 1
      10 or over 50 yielded poorer results than those from adult donors aged 11-50.
      This donor age effect was most notable in broadly sensitized, retransplanted, or
      HLA-B,DR-mismatched recipients. 6. Discharge serum creatinine (SCr) levels over
      2.5 mg/dl were reported for more than 40% of recipients given kidneys from donors
      under age 5 or over age 50. When the discharge SCr was less than 2.5 mg/dl, 1
      year survival was 90%, regardless of the donor age. 7. Trauma deaths accounted
      for 90% of kidneys from male donors aged 15-30 and 70% of comparable aged female
      donors. Cerebrovascular accidents were the cause of donor death for 43% and 68%
      of kidneys from male and female donors over 30, respectively.

PMID- 1820122
TI  - Race effects.
AB  - 1. One-year graft survival rates for cyclosporine-treated first cadaver donor
      transplants were 80% for 14,911 White recipients, 74% for 3,845 Blacks, 84% for
      951 Asians, and 81% for 1,319 Hispanics reported to the UCLA Renal Transplant
      Registry between January 1984 and December 1991. 2. One-year graft survival rates
      for similar transplants reported to the UNOS Scientific Renal Transplant Registry
      between October 1987 and December 1991 were 83% for 10,518 Whites, 79% for 3,655
      Blacks, 82% for 429 Asians, and 84% for 1,277 Hispanic recipients. 3. Transplant
      half-lives calculated after 6 months were 10 years for Asian recipients, 9 years
      for Whites, 6 years for Hispanics, and 4 years for Black recipients (UCLA
      Registry). 4. Patient survival was 93% and 85% at 1 and 3 years, respectively,
      for both Black and White recipients of first cadaver transplants. Patient
      survival was 94% and 89% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, for Asian and Hispanic
      recipients (UCLA Registry). 5. Asian recipients had significantly better graft
      survival than Whites (4% through 3 years, p less than 0.05). This high survival
      was not affected by donor race, although HLA-matching was remarkably better in
      Asian-to-Asian combinations than White-to-Asian, nor by whether the transplant
      was performed in the United States or Canada, or at other international centers
      (UCLA Registry). 6. The poor graft survival of Black recipients at 1 and 3 years
      was strongly influenced by age-dependent factors. Black recipients of either sex
      aged 16-30 had the poorest graft survival rates (UCLA Registry). 7. Blacks were
      sensitized more often than Whites (17 vs 15%, p less than 0.01). Even moderate
      sensitization reduced 1-year graft survival from 76% to 71% (p less than 0.05) in
      Blacks whereas there was no effect in recipients of other races. By contrast,
      broad sensitization did not affect 1-year graft survival in Hispanic recipients
      (UCLA Registry). 8. Blacks received more poorly HLA-matched transplants than
      recipients of other races. Only 2% received HLA-A,B-matched kidneys and 29%
      received completely HLA-A,B-mismatched transplants (p less than 0.01). More than
      30% received transplants mismatched at 2 HLA-DR antigens (p less than 0.01) (UCLA
      Registry). 9. Although there were clear racial differences in the original
      diseases leading to end-stage renal disease, the recipient's race was a stronger
      predictor of graft outcome than disease (UCLA Registry).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820123
TI  - Recent improvements in cadaver-donor kidney retransplantation.
AB  - 1. Since 1988, 1-year graft survival rates of first cadaver transplants have
      improved from 78 to 80% (p less than 0.01) in both the UCLA and UNOS Renal
      Transplant Registries. During the same period, regraft survival has improved from
      66 to 75% (p less than 0.0001) in the UNOS data and from 67 to 70% in the UCLA
      Registry. 2. The UCLA Registry data show a decrease in the proportion of high
      risk patients [based upon previous graft survival time (PGST) less than 6 months]
      retransplanted each year from nearly 50% in 1986 to 35% in 1990. This decrease in
      a dominant risk population may contribute to rapidly improving retransplant
      survival. 3. Retransplanted patients with a PGST less than 6 months had a 1-year
      regraft survival rate of 62% versus 74% for those with a PGST longer than 6
      months. 4. Sensitization, a positive crossmatch by flow cytometry, HLA-DR
      mismatches, and Black race were significant high-risk factors in retransplant
      recipients with a short PGST. For long PGST patients who rejected their previous
      graft more than 6 months postoperatively, these factors were far less detrimental
      or had no influence on the outcome. 5. The flow cytometry crossmatch improved 1
      year regraft survival from 34% in 30 positive cases to 65% in 28 negative cases
      for the short PGST patients. More sensitive crossmatch methods may also have
      contributed to improving regraft survival rates. 6. The 1-year regraft survival
      in HLA-DR matched short PGST patients was 64% versus 52% with 2 antigens
      mismatched (p less than 0.01). A yearly analysis of HLA-DR mismatching showed
      that the number of patients with 2-DR mismatches increased whereas those with no
      mismatches decreased. The importance of HLA-DR mismatches should be underscored
      for short PGST patients. 7. Blacks with a long PGST had the same high regraft
      survival as Whites through the first 3 years. Blacks with a short PGST had an 8%
      lower 1-year regraft survival rate than Whites (p less than 0.0001). 8. Although
      patient selection and screening tests for preformed antibody may have contributed
      to rising regraft survival, the concomitant rise in first transplant survival
      suggests that improvements in immunosuppression strategies and patient management
      are also beginning to affect outcomes in the multicenter data.

PMID- 1820124
TI  - Outcome of renal transplantation in different primary diseases.
AB  - 1. Graft survival rates increased about 3-5 percentage points for patients with
      all primary diseases in 1989-1990. 2. Patients with different diseases had 1-year
      graft survival rates that varied from 73% for noninsulin-dependent diabetes
      (NIDDM) to 83% for IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Five-year graft survival varied from
      40% for NIDDM to 66% for IgAN. 3. Our findings in Clinical Transplants 1990 that
      IgAN patients have a high graft survival was confirmed and 1-year graft survival
      improved by 5% in the last 2 years. 4. There was a 20 percentage point increase
      in full-time work status of patients after transplantation; 68% of patients with
      polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) had full
      time work status after 3 years whereas patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and
      atheronephrosclerosis (NS) had about 50%. 5. Good early graft function (urine
      output during the first 24 hours posttransplant, no dialysis within the first
      week posttransplant, and no rejection episodes before discharge), predicted good
      1-year graft survival for patients with different diseases but patients with NS
      and DM had a poorer graft survival beyond the first year posttransplant. Patients
      who had poor early function had 20% lower graft survival than those who had good
      function. However, in patients with IgAN, no urine at day 1 still resulted in
      graft survival comparable to those that produced urine. 6. More patients with DM
      were transplanted within 1 year after going into ESRD than those with other
      diseases. Conversely, 46% of those with NS did not get transplanted until more
      than 2 years after developing ESRD. 7. Only 77% of NS patients had functioning
      grafts at discharge compared to DM (84%), PKD (81%), IgAN (81%), and CGN (80%).
      8. Black patients had a statistically significant higher incidence of anuria on
      the first day compared with Whites. They also had a higher incidence of dialysis
      and rejection during the first hospitalization. This was true for CGN, DM, PKD,
      and NS patients. Following excellent early function, Black CGN and DM patients
      had a higher incidence of rejection than White CGN and DM patients.

PMID- 1820125
TI  - Effect of transfusions.
AB  - 1. The transfusion effect, which was apparent in 1981, disappeared in 1988, and
      reversed itself in 1990. In other words, for the first time, transfused patients
      have started to have lower graft survival rates than nontransfused patients. 2.
      The proportion of transfused to nontransfused patients has decreased from a ratio
      of 10:1 in 1981 down to 1:1 in 1990. 3. The transfusion effect in related donors
      has also disappeared in recent data. 4. Data revealed that HLA-A,B, and DR
      mismatching had no effect between 1988 and 1990. 5. A small transfusion effect
      continues to be seen in young recipients. 6. In earlier data, the transfusion
      effect was most marked in Blacks and Hispanics, but the reverse trend is now
      shown for these races. White recipients had exactly the same survival rates with
      and without transfusions. 7. Sensitization occurred more often with transfused
      patients who had a tendency toward slightly lower graft survival. This was true
      in males, females, and pregnant females. 8. Recipients who waited on dialysis for
      more than 2 years had slightly lower graft survival and data showed they had
      received more transfusions. 9. The loss of the transfusion effect occurred at
      both large and small centers. The centers with 1-year graft survival under 70%
      tended to have a transfusion effect, whereas those above 70% had either better or
      worse results with transfusions.

PMID- 1820126
TI  - Report on results of pancreas transplantation in the United States October 1987
      to October 1991 from the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry.
AB  - More than 3,600 pancreas transplants were reported to the International Pancreas
      Transplant Registry by the end of 1991. More than 2,200 of the transplants were
      performed in the United States, including more than 1,600 that had been reported
      to the UNOS Registry since October 1, 1987. Of these, more than 1,400 have been
      entered into a computerized data base, and in more than 1,300 there was
      sufficient information for actuarial patient survival and graft functional
      (insulin-independent) survival rates to be calculated. Overall patient (n =
      1,362) survival and pancreas graft (n = 1,340) functional survival rates were 91%
      and 72%, respectively at 1 year; the patient and graft survival rates were 86%
      and 65%, respectively, at 2 years; and 80% and 57%, respectively, at 3 years
      posttransplant. In the 3 major recipient categories, simultaneous pancreas/kidney
      (SPK) transplants (n = 1,149), pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplants (n = 131),
      and pancreas transplants alone (PTA) cases (n = 82), the 1-year patient survival
      rates were 90%, 92%, and 92%, with the corresponding survival rates at 2 years
      being 87%, 89%, and 89%, and at 3 years being 80%, 83%, and 83% (p = NS). The
      corresponding pancreas graft functional survival rates at 1 year in the 3
      recipient categories were 76% for SPK (n = 1,131), 54% for PAK (n = 127), and 47%
      for PTA (n = 82).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820127
TI  - Sensitization in renal transplantation.
AB  - 1. The 1-year graft survival rate for 2,615 broadly sensitized patients of first
      cadaver-donor transplants between 1985 and 1990 was 72%, 7% lower than 15,615
      nonsensitized patients and 6% lower than 4,824 moderately sensitized patients.
      For retransplants, 1,752 broadly sensitized patients had 61% 1-year graft
      survival rates, 12% lower than 1,299 nonsensitized patients and 8% lower than
      1,104 moderately sensitized patients. 2. Rejection of a previous transplant,
      pretransplant blood transfusions, sex, and a history of pregnancies were the
      dominant causes of sensitization. 3. The percentage of nontransfused recipients
      of first cadaver transplants has increased yearly from 10% in 1985 to more than
      40% in 1990 in both the UCLA and UNOS Registries. Over the same period, the
      percentage of broadly sensitized recipients has declined from 15% to 8%. 4. The
      beneficial effect of pretransplant transfusions (a 4% improvement at 1 year) was
      limited in first transplants to males and nonsensitized females. No difference in
      survival rates of sensitized patients comparing transfused and nontransfused was
      observed. Patients retransplanted without ever being transfused had very poor
      outcomes. 5. Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in approximately 20% of
      nonsensitized, 28% of moderately (1-50% peak PRA), and 37% of broadly sensitized
      first transplant recipients. Among retransplanted patients, 28% of nonsensitized,
      37% of moderately, and 48% of broadly sensitized patients had DGF. 6. HLA-A,B,
      and DR matching overcame the deleterious effect of sensitization on graft
      survival. Sensitization had no effect on the outcome of transplants from HLA
      identical siblings, but survival decreased by 7-10% in sensitized recipients of
      mismatched transplants from relatives. Sensitized first cadaver transplant
      recipients matched for HLA-A,B, or HLA-DR antigens had 1-year survival rates
      comparable to those of mismatched nonsensitized recipients. 7. First transplant
      recipients who were nonsensitized using their current serum but had been broadly
      sensitized in an historical sample had 73% 1-year graft survival, the same as
      that of patients who were broadly sensitized in their current serum and 6% less
      than patients who were never sensitized (p less than 0.001). 8. Assuming a random
      distribution of sensitized patients at UNOS transplant centers using different
      methods to measure preformed antibody, the antihuman globulin (AHG) method was
      more sensitive than the NIH or 1-Wash tests. With AHG, 31% of first and 58% of
      retransplanted patients were broadly sensitized, whereas with the NIH and 1-Wash
      methods, the corresponding figures were 18-21% and 41-44%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820128
TI  - HLA matching: univariate and multivariate analyses of UNOS Registry data.
AB  - 1. Black transplant recipients showed little or no matching effect when HLA-A, B,
      and DR antigens matched. This may have been due in part to differences in
      serologically defined antigens found in Black populations. 2. There was a
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001 for best vs worst match) matching
      effect in White transplant recipients that occurred at 3 months following
      grafting and continued through 3 years follow-up. These patients had better graft
      survival for both 5 and 6, compared to 3 and 4, or as compared to 0-, 1-, and 2
      match transplants; the corollary groups for mismatched transplants were also
      significantly different. At 3 years, there was a 20% difference in graft survival
      from the best- to the worst-matched transplants. Earlier this difference was 7
      10% but significantly different. 3. When the HLA Class I parent antigens as
      defined in the Materials and Methods section were eliminated, there was an
      increase in graft survival for the best-matched transplants. This was postulated
      to occur because of better matching obtained by matching the well-defined HLA
      specificities. 4. With hierarchy matching, possibly there was a stronger effect
      of matching HLA Class II antigens at 3 months; however, this effect was quickly
      lost at 1 and 3 years, and data that support early graft survival advantages by
      matching Class II antigens were inconclusive. Most importantly, there was a
      threshold matching effect that showed transplant recipients with 4 or more HLA
      matches or 2 or less mismatches had significantly better short- and long-term
      outcome than the poorer-matched groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820129
TI  - Registry report: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.
AB  - Orthotopic heart transplantation continues to be a highly successful therapy for
      end-stage cardiac disease. Recent advances have extended the benefits of this
      procedure to neonatal patients. The number of patients undergoing single- and
      double-lung transplantation increases steadily and the indications for
      transplantation are being expanded. Evaluation of the early results indicates
      that patients undergoing lung transplantation for vascular disease do not fare as
      well as those undergoing transplantation for parenchymal disease. Presently, the
      results of retransplantation are far inferior to primary transplantation and
      require ongoing evaluation.

PMID- 1820130
TI  - Early graft function.
AB  - 1. One-year graft survival was 83% for patients with excellent function on the
      first day compared with 65% for patients with poor kidney function. Patients with
      excellent function at 1 month had an 88% graft survival rate. 2. Patients with
      poor function at 1 week had lower graft survival rates than those with good
      function. Interestingly, those who functioned on the first day and then had poor
      function at 1 week had lower graft survival than those who had poor function from
      the first day. 3. Patients who worked full-time before transplantation had 3-5%
      higher 1-year graft survival compared with those who were working part-time. 4.
      Patients who had urine production on the first day had a 20% higher graft
      survival. Similar good outcomes were noted in those who did not require dialysis
      or have rejection episodes prior to discharge. 5. Three-month to 3-year graft
      survival was 30% higher for those with SCr less than 1.5 mg/dl compared to those
      with SCr more than 3.0 mg/dl. Patients with no rejections and no dialysis at the
      time of discharge had a 10% higher 3-year graft survival if Ccr was more than 90
      ml/min than those with Ccr less than 60ml/min at the time of discharge. 6.
      Transplant patients who produced urine on the first-day posttransplant, did not
      require dialysis at 1 week, and had no rejection episodes by the time of
      discharge had the highest 1-year graft survival rates (88.7%), whereas those who
      had delayed function and suffered from rejection episodes had the worst graft
      survival (51%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820131
TI  - UCLA and UNOS Registries. Overview.
AB  - The subjects of this study were transplant recipients entered in the UCLA
      Registry file since 1984 and in the UNOS Registry since 1987. [table: see text]
      5. Based on the data above, we conclude that the near 20% loss rate in the first
      year can be roughly allocated as follows: death 3%, technical 3%, agonal kidney
      damage 6%, and histocompatibility differences 7%. 6. The quality of HLA typing
      was assessed by examining the frequencies of the various specificities reported
      for cadaver donors in 8 yearly periods from 1984 to 1991. The A and B loci
      specificities were remarkably constant. The DR specificities were still
      undergoing stabilization. 7. No urine output on the first day, which occurred in
      approximately 10% of the first cadaver-donor transplants, resulted in about a 20
      percentage point lower graft survival rate at 1 year. 8. Anuria on the first day
      increased with cold ischemia time, donor age, cerebral vascular accident donors,
      and retransplant recipients. 9. Graft survival with anuria on the first day and:
      [table: see text] 10. When dialysis was required during the first week, there was
      an approximate 15 percentage point decrease in 1-year graft survival in 25% of
      the patients. 11. One rejection in the first hospitalization period resulted in
      67% 1-year graft survival. More than 1 rejection led to 57% 1-year graft
      survival. 12. Serum creatinine at discharge was an accurate indicator of
      subsequent graft survival. Approximately a 7 percentage point drop in 1-year
      graft survival was noted with each unit of serum creatinine above 2.0 mg/dl.

PMID- 1820132
TI  - World Transplant Records--1991.

PMID- 1820133
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Kidney transplants.

PMID- 1820135
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Bone marrow transplants.

PMID- 1820134
TI  - The center effect in heart transplantation.
AB  - Transplantation outcomes vary across centers, prompting interest in the notion of
      a "center effect." The components of this effect are not well understood,
      although experience is often regarded as the primary factor. Most studies,
      however, have failed to confirm an association between transplant program
      activity level and outcome. While there have been several published reports on
      the kidney transplant center effect, only 1 such (unpublished) report exists
      concerning heart transplantation. Data for this analysis were obtained from
      several sources that include: the Registry of the International Society for Heart
      and Lung Transplantation; the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review data
      maintained by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), various hospital
      specific data compiled by the American Hospital Association (AHA); and finally,
      91% of all eligible heart programs participated in a special purpose survey
      intended to obtain critical data on transplant center characteristics. These 4
      data sources were combined into a single data base representing 1,602 patients at
      114 centers. The data were then analyzed using a discrete piecewise exponential
      hazards model. This is a nonparametric approach toward the modeling of risk,
      wherein no assumption is made about the shape of the survival curve. Risk was
      assessed up to 2 years posttransplant. Overall 1-year patient survival was 82.4%.
      In the multivariate models, neither recipient nor donor sociodemographic
      characteristics were associated with patient survival. Clinical characteristics
      were the most critical predictors of outcome, including use of an artificial
      device and retransplantation, both of which had a strong adverse effect. This was
      predictable based upon univariate analyses alone. The results of this analysis
      suggest that experience is positively related to heart transplant patient
      survival; however, due to sample size and other considerations, the experience
      effect did not achieve statistical significance. Nevertheless, while outcomes did
      vary by center, the extent of variation was not nearly as great as some
      commentators have argued. This suggests that heart transplantation is a
      technology that can be acceptably applied in diverse settings with excellent
      outcomes.

PMID- 1820136
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Heart transplants.

PMID- 1820137
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Heart-lung transplants.

PMID- 1820139
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Liver transplants.

PMID- 1820138
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Lung transplants.

PMID- 1820140
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Pancreas transplants.

PMID- 1820141
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Kidney-pancreas transplants.

PMID- 1820142
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Islet transplants.

PMID- 1820143
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Small bowel transplants.

PMID- 1820144
TI  - Worldwide Transplant Center Directory. Multi transplants.

PMID- 1820145
TI  - Worldwide Organ Procurement Organization Directory.

PMID- 1820146
TI  - Collaborative Transplant Study Kidney Exchange Trial for highly sensitized
      recipients.
AB  - 1. A better than 70% 1-year graft success rate was obtained in highly sensitized
      recipients of first and second kidney transplants. Recipients of third or fourth
      transplants had a 25% lower success rate. 2. The results of this trial show a
      strong influence of HLA matching in highly sensitized recipients. HLA-DR
      mismatches appear to be most deleterious, followed by HLA-B mismatches. 3. Thirty
      transplants with 0 mismatches for HLA-B, -DR had an excellent 88% 1-year graft
      survival rate. 4. The strong effect of HLA matching mandates the national and
      international exchange of kidneys for highly sensitized recipients.

PMID- 1820147
TI  - A survey of European donation and transplantation activities (1989 and 1990).

PMID- 1820148
TI  - Treatment modality patterns and transplantation among the United States pediatric
      end-stage renal disease population: a longitudinal study.
AB  - Between 1985 and 1988, there were 3,393 children (Medicare insured) under age 20
      who began treatment for chronic ESRD. Patterns of modality use, modality switch,
      mortality rates, and various aspects of transplantation were analyzed for
      different age and incident groups of this pediatric cohort. The pediatric cohort
      as a whole exhibited a distinct pattern of modality use when compared to adults
      in general, a point evidenced most clearly by their substantially higher rates of
      transplantation. Furthermore, notable differences were found within the pediatric
      cohort when the younger than 5, 5-9, 10-14, and 15- to 19-year-old age groups
      were analyzed separately. Younger pediatric patients, particularly those younger
      than 5 years, received peritoneal dialysis as initial ESRD therapy more
      frequently than their older pediatric counterparts. This result would be expected
      given vascular access problems often associated with very young patients. In
      addition, those patients younger than 5 years who began RRT with some form of
      hemodialysis had the highest likelihood of switching to CAPD/CCPD within the
      first year of therapy. Conversely, older pediatric patients were most likely to
      begin RRT therapy with some form of hemodialysis. By day 91, slightly over half
      of the 15- to 19-year-old age group was utilizing center hemodialysis; the
      CAPD/CCPD, other peritoneal, and functioning transplant modalities each contained
      about 10% of the patients with the remainder falling into the death and unknown
      dialysis categories. The overall pattern of switching to transplantation during
      the first year of RRT was similar for pediatric patients initiating RRT with
      center hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/CCPD), but differed by age
      group within each dialysis type. Pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis were
      somewhat more likely to receive a transplant during the first year of ESRD
      compared to hemodialysis, although the difference was small. Mortality rates
      during the first year for patients who began treatment with center hemodialysis
      versus CAPD/CCPD were similar. The well-documented dominance of transplantation
      as a method of RRT for pediatric patients was further verified by this study.
      Results show that transplantation was implemented rapidly during the initial
      months of ESRD. Nearly 50% of surviving pediatric patients had a functioning
      transplant at 1 year following onset and 64% at 3 years. These percentages were
      exceeded for the 5- to 9-year-old age group, of which 74% had a functioning graft
      3 years following onset.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1820149
TI  - Cardiac transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh: 1980 to 1991.
AB  - When examining survival rates following cardiac transplantation, it is important
      to examine the risk factors for both early (30-day) and late (greater than 30
      day) survival as they may well be different. Factors affecting early survival
      appear related more to the preoperative condition of the patient (including
      degree of pulmonary hypertension) as well as advances that have been made in
      postoperative care. It is not immediately obvious why gender has such a profound
      effect on early survival and why primary graft failure rates appear higher in
      this group. Donor organ factors did not appear to relate to this difference. On
      the other hand, late survival appears to be influenced mainly by immunologic
      factors such as panel reactive antibody level and immunosuppressive protocol. A
      less dramatic effect of transpulmonary gradient appears to have a lasting effect
      on recipients even when they survive the initial 30-day period. Thus, pulmonary
      hypertension may have prolonged effects on the cardiac allograft which as yet we
      do not understand completely. The majority of late mortality is still due to
      graft atherosclerosis, infection, and acute cellular rejection, the latter 2
      occurring most frequently within the first year after transplantation whereas
      death from graft atherosclerosis becomes most prominent beyond 5 years. Despite
      persistent improvements in 30-day survival, late survival following cardiac
      transplantation will only improve with the advent of better tissue matching and
      improved immunosuppression. The results with FK506, for example, are promising.

PMID- 1820150
TI  - Infant heart transplantation 1991.
AB  - Between November 1985 and June 1991, there were 118 orthotopic heart
      transplantations performed on 117 infants less than 1 year old. Indications for
      transplantation were dominated by complex congenital heart disease (92%). Weight
      ratio between donor and recipient was 1.75 +/- 0.72 and ischemic time was 255 +/-
      121 minutes. Early mortality was 10.2% and 5-year actuarial survival was 79%.
      Rejection diagnoses have been achieved mainly with noninvasive techniques. The
      immunosuppression regimen was comprised of daily cyclosporine A and azathioprine.
      Steroids were used only for rejection treatment. These results are encouraging
      and comparable to those of adult transplantation. The shortage of organ donors
      remains a major problem in pediatric transplantation.

PMID- 1820151
TI  - HLA-A, B and C polymorphisms in three major populations living in South Africa.
AB  - The HLA class I antigen gene and haplotype frequencies of three major population
      groups living in the Transvaal province of South Africa were determined. The HLA
      A, B and C antigens were tested in 877 South African Negroids, 381 Coloured and
      771 Caucasoids. Differences in gene and haplotype frequencies between the various
      populations were observed. HLA-A11 appears with a low frequency in the Negroids
      (gf = 0.004) and the Caucasoids revealed an absence of HLA-Bw70. The frequencies
      of the HLA antigens in the Coloured population were generally intermediate
      between those of the other two groups. The most frequent haplotypes were A3, B7;
      A30, B8 and A2, B58 in the Caucasoids, Negroids and Coloured respectively.
      Genetic distance analysis reveals that Negroids and Caucasoids are distinct
      groups and the Coloured occupy an intermediate position.

PMID- 1820152
TI  - Delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase (ALAD) polymorphism in mixed Brazilians from the
      State of Bahia.
AB  - Electrophoretic polymorphism of delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase (ALAD) was
      studied on 519 individuals from Bahia, Brazil. Subjective assessment of Black
      ancestries carried out in a five point visual scale (White, Light Mulatto, Medium
      Mulatto, Dark Mulatto and Black) allowed to show that the ALAD*2 allele frequency
      decreases from 8% in Whites to 0% in Blacks. These findings agree with previous
      reports of ALAD in Africans, American Indians and Spanish. The powerful
      peculiarity of the ALAD system in assessing racial admixture is stressed.

PMID- 1820154
TI  - Factor I (IF) polymorphism in the Japanese population: existence of a new variant
      and quantitative analysis of different allotypes.
AB  - Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIEF) of neuraminidase treated EDTA
      plasma samples at pH 7-9 with 1.0 M urea followed by semi-dry horizontal
      electroblotting with enzyme immunoassay was done for the detection of factor I
      (IF) allotypes in 604 unrelated Japanese blood donors living in Tokyo. In these
      samples three common types, IF A, IF AB, and IF B, and a new variant were
      observed. A new variant which had major bands in a more acidic region than IF A
      was designated IF A1. Family data was in accordance with the Mendelian
      inheritance. The allele frequencies were estimated as IF*B = 0.8924, IF*A =
      0.1068 and IF*A1 = 0.0008, respectively. The IF protein level of various
      allotypes was measured using the single radial immunodiffusion technique. The
      mean IF protein level for IF B was slightly higher than that for IF A (P less
      than 0.001) and that for IF A1B (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 1820153
TI  - Polymorphism of haptoglobin, transferrin and third component of complement in
      subpopulations of Han ethnic group.
AB  - The genetic polymorphisms of haptoglobin, transferrin and third component of
      complement were investigated by electrophoretic techniques in six subgroups
      (Harbin, Xi'an, Chengdu, Guiyang, Zhangzhou and Lanzhou) of the Han ethnic group
      in China. For haptoglobin, HP*1 frequency shows a descending tendency from the
      South to the North in the Han ethnic group. Among the transferrin alleles, Dchi
      shows an increasing frequency from the North to the South. For the third
      component of complement, S allele is absolutely preponderant.

PMID- 1820155
TI  - Gene differentiation at the ABO locus among six castes of Shudras, Andhra
      Pradesh, India.
AB  - Gene differentiation in the ABO system of six caste groups of the Shudra
      community was studied in the Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The
      results suggest that only a small fraction of gene diversity (0.50%) is
      attributable to between caste groups; in other words 99.50% of the gene diversity
      exists within the castes of Shudras.

PMID- 1820156
TI  - Beta zero and beta+ thalassemia genes in northern Greece.
AB  - In an attempt to estimate the prevalence of beta thal zero and beta thal+
      thalassemia genes in northern Greece we analyzed hemoglobin samples of 32
      subjects with sickle cell thalassemia (beta s/beta thal), from an area of
      northern Greece (Chalkidiki, 22-24E, 41-42N), where thalassemia and sickle cell
      disease are common. 24 subjects had no detectable Hb A and only 8 had Hb A
      ranging grossly between 3-5 per cent in six patients and 10-15 per cent in two
      patients. Thus the estimate of the relative frequency of the beta thal zero to
      the beta thal+ was found to be 0.75 +/- 0.077. For the beta thal+ gene, our
      findings are in agreement with all other Greek investigations in that it is
      associated with a low or very low presence of Hb A. As to frequencies, however,
      our findings differ significantly from results reported from other Greek
      investigators who examined mainly the population of Athens, and this may be
      explained by an uneven distribution of the various types of thalassemia genes in
      the various parts of Greece.

PMID- 1820157
TI  - ABH antigen secretion in Basques and the spatial variation pattern of the
      secretor locus in Spain.
AB  - Secretion of the ABH blood group antigen was analyzed in 305 saliva samples of
      students in the Basque Country University. The frequency of ABH non-secretor was
      26.23%, a result very close to that obtained in autoctonous Basques (22-23%) and
      in other populations from the West (Galicia) and Centre (Castille) of Spain. With
      certain exceptions, the frequencies of non-secretor se allele present a fairly
      homogeneous variability pattern and no significant spatial orientation or
      tendencies of se gene distribution are observed in the Iberian Peninsula.

PMID- 1820158
TI  - Distribution of GC, PI and TF polymorphisms in a Spanish population sample from
      central Pyrenees.
AB  - GC-, PI-, and TF-subtype determinations have been performed in a population from
      Central Pyrenees. The observed allele frequencies are as follows: GC*1F = 0.0582,
      GC*1S = 0.6199, GC*2 = 0.3219; PI*M1 = 0.6164, PI*M2 = 0.1884, PI*M3 = 0.0308,
      PI*M4 = 0.0171, PI*S = 0.1473 and TF*C1 = 0.7740, TF*C2 = 0.1712, TF*C3 = 0.0479,
      TF*B = 0.0069. In spite of the extreme values found for some alleles of the GC
      and PI systems, the data of the sample analyzed can be considered similar to
      those described in other populations of the Iberian Peninsula.

PMID- 1820160
TI  - Grafting of the maxillary sinus for the placement of endosteal implants.

PMID- 1820161
TI  - A new light cured material for obturation of screw-access canals in fixed
      detachable implant prostheses.

PMID- 1820159
TI  - Research on the distribution of properdin factor B in Sardinia.
AB  - This study examines the distribution of properdin factor B by means of
      electrophoresis on cellulose acetate in a sample of 780 individuals from seven
      historical/geographical areas of Sardinia: Nurra, Goceano, Nuorese, Arborea,
      Sarcidano, Ogliastra, Campidano di Cagliari. The gene frequencies obtained for
      the total sample are BF*S = 0.595, BF*F = 0.227, BF*S1 = 0.012, BF*F1 = 0.166.
      Division of the total sample into subsamples has highlighted some noticeable
      differences both among the historical/geographical areas considered and with
      mainland Italy. In Sardinia relatively low frequencies of the allele BF*S are
      accompanied by exceptionally high incidences of the variant allele BF*F1, which
      reaches a maximum in the Goceano area (0.2143).

PMID- 1820162
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration and implant dentistry.

PMID- 1820163
TI  - Immediate placement of dental implants after extractions--fourth case.

PMID- 1820164
TI  - Osseointegrated implants used to replace failed endosseous implants.

PMID- 1820165
TI  - Replacing a perforated tooth which supports a cantilever splint.

PMID- 1820166
TI  - Osseointegration over bone plate staple.

PMID- 1820167
TI  - Probing question.

PMID- 1820168
TI  - Using artificial bone material.

PMID- 1820169
TI  - Current clinical applications of the dental laser--Part 1.

PMID- 1820170
TI  - Clinical and radiological examination of root surface caries. An in vitro study.
AB  - The better knowledge of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases is
      expected to give rise to retention of more number of teeth in future. However,
      the periodontal surgery and also the intensive mechanical oral hygiene may expose
      the root surfaces to cariogenic environment. The present study was intended to
      evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological examination of root surface
      caries on extracted teeth. One hundred and twenty extracted teeth, both anteriors
      and posteriors, collected from the Department of Oral Surgery, Pb. Govt. Dental
      College & Hospital, Amritsar, were examined clinically as well as
      radiographically from all the four surfaces. Mesial surfaces were found to be
      more susceptible to caries and the lingual surfaces the least. Approximately
      eighty percent agreement was observed in clinical and radiological examination.
      Thorough probing is suggested especially on buccal and lingual surfaces since
      radiographs of these surfaces may be difficult in vivo. It was concluded from the
      study that early detection of root caries is of paramount importance; and the
      preventive technique should be considered for elderly patients even if there is
      not detectable root caries.

PMID- 1820172
TI  - Orofacial manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Review with a case report.
AB  - Sturge-Weber syndrome is reported in a 19 year old male. Intraoral manifestations
      of SWS are uncommon. Hence, the present case is reported for the presence of
      gingival capillary hemangioma which was surgically treated. A review from the
      literature pertaining to orofacial manifestations of SWS is given.

PMID- 1820173
TI  - Oropalatal band (maxillo-mandibular band). off.
AB  - A rare case of a maxillo-mandibular band in a 21 year female patient is reported.
      Possibility of its being a remnant of buccaphary geal membrane is discussed in
      the light of clinical and histological findings.

PMID- 1820171
TI  - Career aspirations of dental students in a dental college in Calcutta, India.
AB  - Career aspirations of dental students at Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Hospital,
      Calcutta have been studied through a survey by questionnaire among 215
      undergraduate dental students. The response rate was 78.6%. Private practice and
      clinical jobs were the commonest choices. Academic research jobs formed a very
      low priority area for career persual. Trends in junior through senior classes
      show low research interests in the senior as compared to the junior classes. More
      females preferred clinical jobs with private practice the second most common
      choice.

PMID- 1820176
TI  - Study of the effects on DNA of electromagnetic fields using clamped homogeneous
      electric field gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis allowing the
      separation of DNA molecules in the range of 200 to 3000 kb in size was used to
      study the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs). The results
      obtained did not show any detectable genomic damage on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 1820174
TI  - Intraoperative bone scintigraphy in orthopaedic surgery.
AB  - A sterilisable radiation probe of small dimensions was designed to locate the
      lesions at orthopaedic surgical sites according to the procedure of
      intraoperative bone scintigraphy. The probe has a collimated opening 2 mm in
      diameter. It is connected to a portable radioactivity counter which converts the
      disintegration rates detected at surgical sites into an acoustic signal that
      increases steeply with increasing disintegration rate. The acoustic signal
      enables the surgeons and isotope specialists to readily monitor radioactivity in
      the region of interest without attention being distracted from the surgical site.
      Dimethylaminodiphosphonate (designated SF44) was the osteotropic
      radiopharmaceutical chosen for carrying out intraoperative bone scintigraphy,
      since the available data show that this chemical increases the pathological:
      normal bone uptake ratio of the lesion by 25% compared to the usual
      diphosphonates. Forty-seven orthopaedic interventions were carried out according
      to the intraoperative bone scintigraphy procedure. They showed that this
      procedure facilitated the rapid location of the lesion, the objective termination
      of the operation, less frequently the reduction in dimension of the excised
      areas, and rarely the simplification of the surgical technique. Practice of
      intraoperative bone scintigraphy requires proper training and caution.

PMID- 1820177
TI  - The influence of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the retraction of
      collagen lattices.
AB  - The effects of some antirheumatics on the formation and retraction of collagen
      lattices seeded with fibroblasts have been studied. Among the antirheumatics,
      diclofenac was the most active inhibitor of lattice retraction, then tropesin and
      to a lesser extent indomethacin. Ibuprofen which is known as a very slight
      inhibitor of protein synthesis was able to significantly enhance lattice
      retraction when 10 micrograms/ml (48.5 microM) and 50 micrograms/ml (242 microM)
      were used.

PMID- 1820175
TI  - Catalase-associated abnormalities and H2O2 increase in pre-neoplastic and
      neoplastic lesions of the human lower female genital tract and their near
      adjacent epithelia.
AB  - We report that an internal and non-UV-dependent type of neoplasia, the human
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL), is also deficient in catalase activity,
      like the UV-induced tumors in the autosomal recessive human epithelial disease,
      xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Whether or not the lesions are papillomavirus (HPV)
      positive in the different categories of preneoplastic and neoplastic extracts,
      the following parameters are affected: i), catalase activity level; ii), kinetic
      profile of catalase activity; iii), H2O2 increase. Mathematical treatment of
      these parameters (CONSTEL-Program), unambiguously distinguishes between normal
      and pathological cases. Such analyses make it possible to grade the pathological
      samples into 4 classes, depending on their deviance from normality. These classes
      may be correlated with the gradual steps in the process of malignant
      transformation defined by histological and clinical diagnosis. We found
      conformity between catalase activity and histological analyses in 66 biopsies,
      out of a total of 100 biopsies (35 patients). Moreover, 23 patients presenting
      decreased catalase activities in 31 biopsies showed disease progression after 3
      to 6 months contrary to surgery histological data. We show that ATP synthesis in
      the presence of catalase and H2O2 (further aspect of catalase function), may
      occur in neoplastic extracts at much lower concentrations of H2O2 than in normal
      extracts. Thus, the catalase abnormality seems to be a good tool to study pre
      neoplastic to neoplastic evolution of lesions and their adjacent tissues of the
      lower female genital tract; furthermore, i) it provides an earlier, more powerful
      means of detecting micro-SIL in progression to squamous cell carcinoma, than
      combined clinical and histological examinations; ii) model for investigating
      drugs such as in situ H2O2 scavengers or agents increasing glutathione peroxidase
      activity (GSH).

PMID- 1820178
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by metoclopramide.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) associated with metoclopramide is rare. NMS
      probably results from neuroleptic-induced dopamine receptor blockade. We describe
      a case and have found only seven reports of metoclopramide-induced NMS in the
      literature.

PMID- 1820179
TI  - [Intestinal obstruction].
AB  - This is a current status of diagnosis and management in intestinal obstruction.
      The importance of a very carefully clinic history and medical examination is
      discussed, and the relation of them in morbidity and mortality in this problem.
      Sub acute, recurrent and chronic cases must be carefully studied, after and acute
      episode.

PMID- 1820180
TI  - [Viral hepatitis].
AB  - The advances achieved in the last years with regard to the knowledge features of
      viral hepatitis are included in this review. Important features are the
      development of inactivated virus vaccine for hepatitis A; the right handling of
      serological markers which has permitted a more accurate view of the prevalence,
      transmission mechanisms, evolution, etc. of the different types of hepatitis the
      increasing use of vaccination against hepatitis B which allows to envisage a
      significative decrease in the incidence of this disease in the next years and
      finally the discovering of a clon of the genome of the virus which causes Non A
      non B hepatitis (hepatitis C) and which led to the development of a specific test
      to detect antibodies against the virus.

PMID- 1820181
TI  - [Portosystemic encephalopathy].
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy is still today a diagnostic and treatment challenge for
      any clinician, distinguishing two types: that occurring in patients with acute
      liver disease and that associated with chronic liver disease. Despite our limited
      understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder, treatment for hepatic
      encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver disease is reasonable satisfactory.
      Identification and treatment of precipitating factors and lactulose and lactitol
      therapy, still remain the most important aspects of management. In our country,
      we have used lactose, a natural disacharide, with the same good results gotten
      with the synthetic disacharide. Hepatic transplantation has become a realistic
      therapeutic option in the management of patients with intractable hepatic
      encephalopathy and is the only effective treatment for hepatic encephalopathy
      associated with fulminant hepatic failure.

PMID- 1820182
TI  - [Portal hypertension].
AB  - This review covers the most recent advances regarding the anatomy, physiology,
      etiology, clinical features, laboratory examinations and treatment of portal
      hypertension. The importance of the increased sensitivity of the S2 receptors for
      serotonin at the portal circulation level in cases of portal hypertension of
      cirrotic origin is stressed. An update of non invasive diagnostic methods is made
      as well as comments on laboratory tests with clinical value. Finally, due
      emphasis is given to the usage of vasodilators to modify portal pressure.

PMID- 1820184
TI  - [Treatment of intestinal parasitoses].
AB  - The intestinal parasitosis is a world health problem. The countries which don't
      have any economic, sanitary or educational resources are the most affected. Peru
      doesn't scape of that situation and for this reason, it is necessary that health
      professionals should have clinical therapeutical and epidemiological
      acknowledgements in order to be applied efficiently in benefit of the community.
      This paper there is a review of newer treatment of the enteroparasitosis,
      regarding the classic drugs and the ones which have been recently introduced.

PMID- 1820183
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis].
AB  - This article review newer concepts of diagnosis and therapy for patients with
      acute pancreatitis. Although the pathogenesis are incompletely understood, much
      progress has recently been made in treatment of symptoms and medical support of
      the critically ill patients. The most common associate factors include: biliary
      tract disease (lithiasis), alcohol abuse, trauma and hyperlipoproteinemia. Most
      patients have abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, fever, abdominal tenderness
      and hypovolemia of varying degrees. Renal clearance of amilase is increased, the
      ratio of renal clearance to that of creatinine is very important in patients with
      hypovolemia or an underlying renal disease. The definition of risk factors, with
      regard to morbility or mortality. Those patients at great risk require critical
      care treatment in an ICU and meticulous pulmonary, cardiac, hematological and
      metabolic monitoring and treatment of any the abdominal complications.

PMID- 1820185
TI  - [Gastroenterologic manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].
AB  - The gastrointestinal system is a target organ for many infection in the
      immunosuppressed. Alterations in mucosal immunity may explain the increased
      incidence of enteric infections, abnormalities are most marked by a decrease in
      total T cells, CD4 T cells and IgA producing cells. Such involvement of the
      gastrointestinal tract contributes to nutritional problems and may provide a
      portal entry for systemic infection. Gastrointestinal manifestation of patients
      with AIDS has been found in 78% of patients in Peru; chronic debilitating
      diarrhea is commonly. These immune deficits predispone such patients to rare
      tumors; malignant neoplasia complicate AIDS in 12% of the cases in USA, most
      common was Kaposi sarcoma followed by Lymphoma. Liver abnormalities are common,
      those related to the opportunistic infections, chronic debilitating illness and
      concident exposure to hepatotropic viruses. Disinfection of the endoscopic
      instruments is very important; glutaraldehydes can be used in fiberoptic
      instruments and their accessories. This report reviews the clinical problems,
      diagnosis and treatment in patients with AIDS and gastrointestinal manifestation.

PMID- 1820186
TI  - [Lower digestive hemorrhage].
AB  - The success in the management of patients with lower gastrointestinal massive
      bleeding depends on the best knowledge of the acute bleeding physiopathology for
      a better clinical management and opportune use of emergency diagnostic methods-
      colonoscopy, arteriography, Radionuclide. In this way, the author does a review
      and include his findings in patients with lower gastrointestinal massive
      bleeding, using the intrahemorrhagic colonoscopy.

PMID- 1820187
TI  - Congo red binding test in enteroinvasive and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli
      strains.
AB  - Out of 6 variants the appropriate media to perform Congo red binding test for
      enteroinvasive E. coli strains were established (trypto-soy agar Eiken, T.S.A.-
      Cantacuzino Institute and B.T.S.D.). 12 E. coli strains belonging to
      enteroinvasive O-serogroups formed on Congo red agar red-coloured, non-coloured
      colonies or both; cultures from 59 red colonies and 61 white colonies were
      inoculated in guinea pig eyes. The correlation between positive Congo red binding
      test and positive Sereny test was 91% (out of 59 red colonies, 47 evoked
      keratoconjunctivitis in both infected eyes and 7 in only one eye). The negative
      Congo red binding test corresponds (98.4%) to the failure to induce illness in
      the guinea pigs' eye (only one out of 61 Crb = colonies was Sereny positive,
      evoking keratoconjunctivitis in only one of the two infected eyes of a guinea
      pig). Comparing in vivo lack of pathogenicity in 44 E. coli strains isolated from
      human normal intestinal flora and negative Congo red binding test, a correlation
      of 72.73% on B.T.S.D. and 65.91% on T.S.A. medium was found. Developing an
      appropriate method based on Crb test about 70% of the nonpathogenic E. coli
      colonies could be eliminated from the laborious agglutination with enteroinvasive
      O-serogroups E. coli antisera.

PMID- 1820188
TI  - Intradermal antitetanic-antityphoid booster by jet injection.
AB  - The immunogenicity and the reactogenicity of an unadsorbed Tetanus vaccine,
      intradermally administered in man as a booster immunization associated or not
      with lyophilized Typhoid vaccine, were comparatively studied. There were no
      differences in postvaccinal reactions between the Tetanus vaccine administered
      alone or associated with Typhoid vaccine as well as between the unadsorbed and
      adsorbed Tetanus vaccine. The booster inoculation carried out with Tetanus
      vaccine by i.d. route with doses of 10 Lf/0.1 ml proved to be effective, inducing
      to all the subjects a definite protective titre, maintaining for at least one
      year.

PMID- 1820190
TI  - [The Cantacuzino Institute--present and future].

PMID- 1820189
TI  - Intradermal antityphoid-antitetanus vaccination by jet injection.
AB  - A lyophilized, heat-killed, phenol preserved typhoid vaccine (5 x 10(8) cells)
      suspended in 0.1 ml unadsorbed concentrated tetanus vaccine (10 Lf) was
      administered in man by intradermal route. This association of the two vaccines
      resulted in milder postvaccinal reactions: moreover, the immunological properties
      of typhoid vaccine, as certified by the passive protection test of the mouse with
      sera of the vaccines and the H and O agglutinin titres found in these immune
      sera, were perfectly conserved. Consequently, the mixed typhoid-tetanus
      vaccination in man by intradermal route is possible and advantageous for
      practical and economical reasons.

PMID- 1820191
TI  - [The reception of the Cantacuzino Institute in the community of the Institut
      Pasteur].

PMID- 1820192
TI  - Detection of Bacteroides fragilis group by immunofluorescence.
AB  - The following strains: B. fragilis subspecies thetaiotaomicron (A); B. fragilis
      subspecies fragilis strain E-1, E-2, M, St., Se., Ni., 8, 16; B. fragilis
      subspecies distasonis 145 (D) were serologically studied by immunofluorescence as
      compared to agglutination. Anti-B. fragilis sera titration by immunofluorescence
      (IF) reaction, as compared to agglutination reaction in tube, was more sensitive
      (2-16 times higher titers), specific and reproducible. Among the organisms from
      B. fragilis group, species, subspecies and even train specificity was noticed.
      Also, the possibility for rapid identification of anaerobic organisms, belonging
      to B. fragilis group, in pathologic products obtained from experimentally
      infected animals (mice and rats), by IF reaction, in comparison with classic
      methods (anaerobic cultures and biochemical determinations) was studied. Of 87
      studied animals, 61 proved positive by cultures and 59 by IF; 56 animals were
      shown positive and 23 animals proved negative by both methods (intermethods
      concordance in 79 cases). Statistical analysis of IF results provided the
      following: method sensitivity (detection capacity of real-positive cases)-91.80%;
      method specificity (detection capacity of real-negative cases)-88.46%; false
      positive cases-11.53%; false-negative cases-8.19%. Immunofluorescence proved
      specific, sensitive, practical and rapid method detection of non-sporulated
      anaerobic organisms species and subspecies belonging to Bacteroides fragilis
      group.

PMID- 1820193
TI  - Is N-CAM a 'non'-cell adhesion molecule?

PMID- 1820194
TI  - Carbohydrates in the functions of natural killer cells.
AB  - There is little doubt that carbohydrates are crucial to the functions of NK
      cells. Exogenous carbohydrates alter the cytolytic capabilities of these cells,
      treatment of NK cells with glycosidases or inhibitors of glycosylation affect
      function, NK cells can bind selective sugars, and NK cells can be identified and
      subdivided into functionally distinct subsets on the basis of cell surface
      carbohydrates. Yet, despite the large number of observations which have been made
      concerning carbohydrates and NK cells, there is little consensus regarding these
      studies and few investigations which satisfactorily demonstrate specific
      mechanisms for the observed effect of the carbohydrates. Almost certainly, the
      number of diverse observations implies roles for carbohydrates in multiple areas
      of NK function, probably including target recognition, tissue distribution and
      post-binding events in the lytic cascade. Hopefully, these observations made to
      date will be viewed as exciting preliminary studies which will entice more
      sophisticated investigations designed to elucidate the precise roles of
      carbohydrates in the functions of NK cells.

PMID- 1820196
TI  - Structures and functional roles of the sugar chains of human erythropoietins.
AB  - Erythropoietin (EPO) is a haemopoietic hormone specific to cells of erythroid
      lineage. EPO has recently become available for the treatment of anaemia as the
      first human recombinant biomedicine produced in heterologous mammalian cells.
      Human EPO is characterized by its large carbohydrate chains, which occupy close
      to 40% of its total mass. These sugar moieties were thought to be important for
      the biological activity of EPO, but detailed studies were not performed until the
      structures were elucidated. The variety of roles for the sugar chains were then
      immediately found once the structures were known. EPO is an excellent model for
      investigating the roles of sugar chains on glycoproteins, since its gene and its
      multiple glycoforms are available, as well as sensitive bioassays for testing. In
      this review, we will first summarize the known sugar chain structures of EPO from
      different host cells, and then discuss the host-cell dependent and peptide
      structure-dependent glycosylation of glycoproteins. We will then address how one
      investigates the roles of sugar chains of glycoproteins, show several examples of
      such investigations, and discuss the functional roles of HuEPO's sugar chains in
      its biosynthesis and secretion, its in vitro and in vivo biological activities,
      and its half-life in blood circulation.

PMID- 1820195
TI  - Identifying glycoconjugate-binding domains. Building on the past.
AB  - The molecular details of how glycoconjugate-binding proteins interact with their
      ligands have been revealed by a variety of techniques. For example, proteases,
      chemical-modifying reagents and antibodies have served as effective probes of
      lectin functional domains. Protein crystallography has providing insight into how
      lectins are structured, and aided in determining which amino acids in these
      proteins are positioned appropriately for bond formation with glycoconjugates. In
      addition, the characterization and sequencing of naturally occurring, non
      functional lectin variants have led to the identification of amino acids which
      play critical roles in a lectin's glycoconjugate-binding domain. Similarly,
      studies of lectin mutants produced by site-directed mutagenesis, and of synthetic
      peptides that mimic lectin binding properties, have demonstrated the importance
      of particular amino acids for glycoconjugate binding. An alternate approach to
      understanding lectin functional domains has been to compare the primary sequences
      of these proteins to reveal common sequence elements which allow them to be
      organized into families. For example, the discovery of amino acid homologies
      dispersed over long segments of the primary sequences of several lectins has
      suggested that many of these proteins have a related three-dimensional
      organization. In addition, the identification of more highly focused regions of
      sequence homology has indicated that many structures within the lectin
      glycoconjugate-binding domains themselves may be conserved. Scanning protein data
      banks for sequences homologous to known lectins has led to the identification of
      several previously unrecognized lectins, and aided in determining what portions
      of these proteins function in their glycoconjugate-binding domains.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820197
TI  - Complete nucleotide and deduced protein sequence of CMP-NeuAc: poly-alpha-2,8
      sialosyl sialyltransferase of Escherichia coli K1.
AB  - Poly-alpha-2,8 N-acetylneuraminic acid (polySia) is an important virulence factor
      in infections caused by Escherichia coli K1 and Neisseria meningitidis B. In E.
      coli K1 a membranous CMP-NeuAc: poly-alpha-2,8 sialosyl sialyltransferase
      (polysialyltransferase) complex catalyses the synthesis of linear polySia chains.
      The complex also elongates sialyl oligomers that serve as exogenous acceptors.
      The gene encoding a polysialyltransferase of E. coli has been identified by
      subcloning and DNA sequence analysis. The subcloned DNA fragment codes for a
      polypeptide with a molecular mass of 47 kDa catalysing the in vitro synthesis of
      polySia by elongation of exogenous acceptors.

PMID- 1820198
TI  - Partial purification of a mannosyltransferase involved in the O-mannosylation of
      glycoproteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The mannosyltransferase that catalyses the transfer of mannose from dolichyl
      phosphate-mannose (Dol-P-Man) to the hydroxyl group of serine/threonine residues
      in the acceptor peptide (Tyr-Asn-Pro-Thr-Ser-Val) was partially purified
      approximately 150-fold from the microsomal membrane fraction of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. The membrane-bound enzyme was solubilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 at a
      protein:detergent ratio of 2:1, and was then purified by ion-exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by hydroxyapatite column
      chromatography. The partially purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.2 and
      required Mg2+ at an optimum concentration of 10 mM for activity. The apparent
      mol. wt of the enzyme, as estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, was
      approximately 125 kDa. The activity of the partially purified enzyme was greatly
      stimulated by phosphatidylcholine (PC), while other naturally occurring
      phosphoglycerides had no significant effect. The extent of activation of
      mannosyltransferase activity was greatly affected by the number of carbons and
      the degree of saturation/unsaturation of the fatty acid substituents, as well as
      by their position on the glycerol moiety of the PC molecule. Maximum stimulation
      of the mannosyltransferase activity was induced by a PC derivative in which both
      sn-1 and sn-2 positions on the glycerol moiety were occupied by C12:0 fatty
      acids. In general, mannosyltransferase was found to exhibit greater specificity
      for the L-alpha-PC derivatives in which the sn-2 position of the glycerol
      contained a saturated fatty acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820199
TI  - Specificity of the mannosyltransferase which initiates outer chain formation in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The in vitro specificity of the alpha 1-6 mannosyltransferase that initiates
      outer chain formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Romero and Herscovics, J.
      Biol. Chem., 264, 1946-1950, 1989) was reassessed by fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry (FAB-MS). A particulate fraction from the mnn1 mutant was incubated
      with GDP-mannose and either Man9GlcNAc (M9T) isolated from thyroglobulin or
      Man8GlcNAc (M8Y) obtained by treatment of the M9T with the yeast specific
      mannosidase. The Man10GlcNAc (M10Y) and Man9GlcNAc (M9Y) oligosaccharides thus
      obtained, and the substrate oligosaccharides, were peracetylated or
      perdeuteroacetylated and submitted to FAB-MS using meta-nitrobenzylalcohol as the
      matrix. The latter was chosen as the matrix because it enhances the abundance of
      high-mass-fragment ions of peracetylated oligosaccharides and thereby facilitates
      the assignment of branching patterns. The results indicate that the alpha 1-6
      mannosyltransferase catalyses the addition of mannose to the alpha 1-3 mannose
      residue, and thus provide additional new evidence to support the revised
      structure of yeast mannoproteins proposed by Hernandez et al. (J. Biol. Chem.,
      264, 11849-11856, 1989). [formula: see text] where Gn is N-acetylglucosamine, M
      is mannose and M is mannose added by the enzyme.

PMID- 1820200
TI  - Site-specific N-glycosylation of human chorionic gonadotrophin--structural
      analysis of glycopeptides by one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Glycopeptides representing individual N-glycosylation sites of the heterodimeric
      glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were obtained from
      subunits hCG alpha (N-glycosylated at Asn-52 and Asn-78) and hCG beta (N
      glycosylated at Asn-13 and Asn-30) by digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin,
      respectively. Following purification by reverse-phase HPLC and identification by
      amino acid sequencing, the glycopeptides were analysed by one- and two
      dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results are summarized as follows: (i)
      oligosaccharides attached to Asn-52 of hCG alpha comprised monosialylated
      'monoantenary' NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha
      1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc (N1-4'), disialylated diantennary NeuAc
      alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-3-Gal beta 1
      4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc (N2), and the
      monosialylated hybrid-type structures NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1
      2Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha 1-3Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc (N1
      A) and NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal-beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha 1-3(Man
      alpha 1-6)Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc (N1-AB) in a ratio
      approaching 5:2:2:1; (ii) Asn-78 of hCG alpha carried N2 and N1-4' almost
      exclusively (ratio approximately 3:2); (iii) both N-glycosylation sites of hCG
      beta contained predominantly component N2, partially (approximately 25%) and
      completely alpha 1-6-fucosylated at the N-acetylglucosamine linked to Asn-13 and
      Asn-30, respectively. The distinct site-specific distribution of the
      oligosaccharide structures among individual N-glycosylation sites of hCG appears
      to reflect primarily the influence of the surrounding protein structure on the
      substrate accessibility of the Golgi processing enzymes alpha-mannosidase II,
      GlcNAc transferase II and alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase.

PMID- 1820201
TI  - Structure and antigenicity of the lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major
      amastigotes.
AB  - The lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of the intracellular amastigote form of the protozoan
      parasite Leishmania major is chemically distinct from the LPG on the surface of
      the extracellular promastigote form. Amastigote LPG is composed of the
      monosaccharides galactose, glucose, mannose, glucosamine and inositol in the
      molar ratio 51:30:24:1:1; arabinose is absent. The lipid anchor comprises four
      alkylglycerols, with alkyl chain lengths 24:0, 22:0, 20:0 and 26:0 in the molar
      ratio 68:18:8:6. Phosphate is present at 4% w/w of total carbohydrate. HPLC gel
      permeation reveals LPG to be a polydisperse family of molecules Mr 100-6 kDa. The
      results from immunological studies with LPG-directed antibodies are consistent
      with amastigote LPG having the expected tripartite structure of GPI-anchor, a
      core glycan and the phosphorylated disaccharide repeat backbone. Human sera from
      L. major patients bound amastigote LPG in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

PMID- 1820202
TI  - Characterization of O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in cultured cells using
      paranitrophenyl alpha-D-GalNAc as an acceptor.
AB  - Aryl-N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminides (aryl-GalNAc) are acceptor substrates for
      UDP-Gal:alpha-GalNAc beta 1-3 galactosyltransferase and, in vivo, aryl-GalNAc
      have been shown to inhibit O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis (Kuan et al., J.
      Biol. Chem. 264, 19271, 1989). Since aryl-GalNAc, appears to enter viable cells
      and serve as an acceptor for O-glycosylation enzymes, the recovery and
      characterization of the aryl-oligosaccharides from cell culture medium may
      reflect cellular pattems of O-glycosylation. To pursue this possibility, the
      following paranitrophenyl-linked oligosaccharide standards were enzymatically
      synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR: Gal beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal-NAc
      alpha-pNp; Gal beta 1-3(Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6)GalNAc alpha-pNp; SA alpha 2
      3Gal beta 1-3(SA alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc,beta 1-6)GalNAc alpha-pNp; SA alpha
      2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha-pNp. As a model system, MDAY-D2 lymphoid tumour cells
      were cultured for various periods in medium containing 2 mM GalNAc alpha-pNp. The
      secreted aryl-oligosaccharides were separated by Biogel P2 chromatography and
      DEAE HPLC, followed by further fractionation of the disialyl oligosaccharides on
      an Ultrahydrogel HPLC column. Absorbance of the paranitrophenyl aryl constituent
      at 303 nm allowed detection at the 10 pmol level and provided a relatively
      specific means of following the oligosaccharides. MDAY-D2 cells produced
      disialylated aryl-oligosaccharides at a rate of 20 pmol/h/10(6) cells with a half
      time of transit to the cell surface of 13.6 min, a rate consistent with their
      movement from the Golgi to the cell surface by bulk flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820203
TI  - Tailored tails and transcription initiation: the carboxyl terminal domain of RNA
      polymerase II.

PMID- 1820204
TI  - Analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by in vitro
      transcription competition and linker scanning mutagenesis.
AB  - Previous studies designed to map the transcriptional regulatory sequences of the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) have shown
      disparate results depending on the method of analysis. Experiments have shown
      that deletions 5' to -104 (relative to the transcription start site, +1) are not
      required for transcription in vitro, while other experiments have shown that
      various mutations in this 5' region of the HIV-1 LTR affect both reporter gene
      activity in transient expression systems and viral growth. To correlate in vitro
      and in vivo findings, we performed in vitro transcription competition studies to
      define minimal sequences necessary for competitive factor binding or competitive
      transcription complex formation. Using normal HeLa cell nuclear extracts, we
      found that transcription of a reporter gene run by the U3-R region was
      efficiently competed only by intact LTR DNA fragments representing virtually the
      entire U3-R region (-453 to +80). Smaller subfragments of the LTR were less
      effective competitors; these included fragments from -453 to -159, which had a
      modest competitive ability at higher competitor concentrations, -159 to +80, and 
      402 to -34, which were both relatively poor competitors. These findings indicate
      that although the U3-R region truncated to -104 is able to promote in vitro
      transcription, a more stable transcription complex appears to form on the entire
      U3-R region. Hence sequences between -453 and -104 appear to be significant in
      transcription complex formation. In vivo transfection competition studies
      confirmed these findings. Specific sequences between -453 and -104 which may
      affect expression or transcription complex formation were mapped using a set of
      linker-scanning mutants spanning the LTR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820205
TI  - Homology between alpha 2(V) and alpha 1(III) collagen promoters and evidence for
      negatively acting elements in the alpha 2(V) first intron and 5' flanking
      sequences.
AB  - We have isolated a 17 kilobase pair (kb) genomic clone containing the 5' portion
      of the human alpha 2(V) collagen gene. Nucleotide sequence was determined for
      1671 base pairs (bp) comprising the promoter region, first exon and 334 bp of the
      first intron, and the major transcriptional start site determined by primer
      extension and S1 nuclease analysis. Sequence comparison revealed the alpha 2(V)
      promoter to be similar in structure to the promoter of the alpha 1(III) collagen
      gene. This is the first instance of such similarities between promoter regions of
      genes encoding different fibrillar collagen chains. Homology, in 5' flanking
      sequences, extends upstream to about nucleotide -120 in each gene and is
      particularly striking near the TATTTA sequence (TATA box) present in each
      promoter. Some homology also surrounds the two transcription start sites. The 5'
      untranslated regions of the two genes also show strong homology. Chimeric
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs were prepared with various
      fragments from the 5' portion of the alpha 2(V) gene. Transient expression
      assays, in human fibroblasts, localized the functional alpha 2(V) promoter to the
      region of 5' flanking sequence conserved between the alpha 2(V) and alpha 1(III)
      genes. Expression assays also identified negatively acting elements, in intron
      and 5' flanking sequences, which inhibit transcription from the alpha 2(V)
      promoter.

PMID- 1820206
TI  - Expression of histone-U1 snRNA chimeric genes: U1 promoters are compatible with
      histone 3' end formation.
AB  - Chimeric genes which fuse the mouse histone H2a gene and the mouse U1b gene were
      constructed and introduced into CHO cells by cotransfection. In the UH genes, the
      U1b gene promoter and the start of the U1b gene were fused to the H2a gene in the
      5' untranslated region. In the HU genes, the U1b 3' end was inserted into the 3'
      untranslated region of the H2a gene replacing the normal histone 3' end.
      Transcripts from the UH genes initiated at the start of the U1 gene and ended at
      the normal histone 3' end. Transcripts from the HU chimeric genes did not end at
      the U1 3' end but extended at least 80 nucleotides further and had heterogeneous
      3' ends. Placing both a U1 snRNA promoter and a U1 snRNA 3' end around a histone
      coding region resulted in transcripts which initiate and terminate at the
      appropriate U1 ends. These results are consistent with previous reports that
      formation of the U1 3' ends require U1 promoters, but indicate that the histone
      3' end can be formed on transcripts initiating at U1 promoters. The transcripts
      initiated at the U1 start site and ending at the histone 3' end are present on
      polyribosomes and show proper posttranscriptional regulation.

PMID- 1820208
TI  - A short leader sequence impairs the fidelity of initiation by eukaryotic
      ribosomes.
AB  - The functional consequences of unusually short 5' noncoding sequences on
      eukaryotic mRNAs are explored here by using an in vitro transcription and
      translation system. As the distance of the first AUG codon from the m7G cap was
      decreased from 32 to 3 nucleotides, the yield of protein initiated from the first
      AUG codon progressively decreased, with a corresponding increase in initiation
      from the second AUG codon. The leakiness attributable to a too-short leader
      sequence was offset, however, by introducing secondary structure downstream from
      the first AUG codon.

PMID- 1820207
TI  - A polymorphism of the human tyrosinase gene is associated with temperature
      sensitive enzymatic activity.
AB  - We have identified a common nonpathological polymorphism of the human tyrosinase
      gene. In Caucasians codon 402 can be either CGA (arginine) [p = .85] or CAA
      (glutamine) [p = .15]. This polymorphism also occurs in American Blacks, but the
      codon 402CAA (Gln) allele was not detected in Oriental populations. The
      substitution of glutamine for arginine at codon 402 results in moderate
      thermoinstability of the corresponding tyrosinase polypeptide. Tyrosinase
      enzymatic activity expressed in HeLa cells transfected with a codon 402Gln
      tyrosinase cDNA is reduced by approximately 75 percent when cells are cultured at
      37 degrees C as compared to 31 degrees C, whereas enzymatic activity of codon
      402Arg tyrosinase is not temperature-sensitive. However, the genotype at codon
      402 of tryosinase is not correlated with the apparent pigmentation phenotype in
      normal Caucasians.

PMID- 1820209
TI  - Effects of long 5' leader sequences on initiation by eukaryotic ribosomes in
      vitro.
AB  - Lengthening the 5' noncoding sequence on SP6-derived transcripts can increase
      their translational efficiency by an order of magnitude under some conditions of
      translation in reticulocyte lysates. This effect was observed upon reiterating
      three different synthetic oligonucleotides, the sequences of which were designed
      simply to preclude secondary structure. It seems unlikely that such arbitrarily
      designed sequences are recognized by sequence-specific translational enhancer
      proteins. Rather, long 5' leader sequences appear to accumulate extra 40S
      ribosomal subunits, which may account for their translational advantage. The
      buildup of 40S subunits on long, unstructured leader sequences is predicted by
      the scanning model for initiation. Leader sequences such as these may be ideal
      for in vitro expression vectors.

PMID- 1820210
TI  - Analysis of bacteriophage T7 gene 10A and frameshifted 10B proteins.
AB  - Bacteriophage T7 capsid protein 10B has previously been proposed to arise by a
      translational frameshift near the 3' end of the capsid gene 10A coding sequence,
      adding an additional 53 amino acid residues to the carboxyl-terminal end of the
      protein. Here we show by peptide mapping experiments as well as by direct partial
      sequence analysis of an overlapping "junction" peptide, that 10B is in fact
      related to 10A by a -1 switch in reading frame in a narrow region near the
      carboxy terminus of 10A. Peptide mapping experiments demonstrate that 10A and 10B
      have the same amino terminus as well as virtually identical methionine-labeled
      peptide maps. However, the predicted unique carboxyl-terminal peptide from 10B
      was also identified. An overlapping peptide was isolated from 10B which spans the
      junction region in which the proposed translational frameshift is thought to
      occur. Partial sequencing of this junction peptide confirms a -1 frameshift
      within the last few codons of 10A.

PMID- 1820211
TI  - Sp1 activation of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes involves a heat
      labile DNA-binding component.
AB  - We have identified a component of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II
      transcriptional machinery that is more heat-labile than TFIID. DHFR
      transcriptional activity was severely reduced in 40 degrees C heat-treated
      extracts in which TFIID was fully active. This heat-labile activity was required
      for the transcription of both TATA box and non-TATA box promoters that are
      activated by the transcription factor Sp1. Gel mobility shifts indicated that Sp1
      DNA binding activity was heat-labile, and the addition of purified Sp1 to 40
      degrees C heat-treated extracts fully restored DHFR transcriptional activity. In
      contrast, the addition of Sp1 to 47 degrees C heat-treated extract did not result
      in transcriptional activity from the DHFR promoter. We conclude that reduction in
      Sp1 DNA binding activity is partially responsible for the heat-sensitive loss of
      DHFR transcriptional activity, but that a second essential activity is also
      inactivated by 47 degrees C heat-treatment. The discovery of this heat-labile
      component of Sp1 activation has two important implications in the analysis of
      transcriptional regulation. First, it demonstrates that heat-treated extracts are
      not appropriate for examination of the involvement of TFIID in the transcription
      of Sp1-activated promoters. Second, it explains the previously reported low
      temperature optima for transcription from the DHFR promoter and demonstrates that
      transcriptional studies of Sp1-activated promoters should not be performed at 30
      degrees C.

PMID- 1820212
TI  - CTD kinase large subunit is encoded by CTK1, a gene required for normal growth of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We previously purified a yeast protein kinase that specifically
      hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase
      II largest subunit and showed that this CTD kinase consists of three subunits of
      58, 38, and 32 kDa. We have now cloned, sequenced, and characterized CTK1, the
      gene encoding the 58 kDa alpha subunit. The CTK1 gene product contains a central
      domain homologous to catalytic subunits of other protein kinases, notably yeast
      CDC28, suggesting that the 58 kDa subunit is catalytic. Cells that carry a
      disrupted version of the CTK1 gene lack the characterized CTD kinase activity,
      grow slowly and are cold-sensitive, demonstrating that the CTK1 gene product is
      essential for CTD kinase activity and normal growth. While ctk1 mutant cells do
      contain phosphorylated forms of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit, these
      forms differ from those found in wild type cells, implicating CTK1 as a component
      of the physiologically significant CTD phosphorylating machinery. As befitting an
      enzyme with a nuclear function, the N-terminal region of the CTK1 protein
      contains a nuclear targeting signal.

PMID- 1820213
TI  - Tat and Rev: positive modulators of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression.

PMID- 1820216
TI  - Repositioning of an alternative exon sequence of mouse IgM pre-mRNA activates
      splicing of the preceding intron.
AB  - Using a transient expression system of mouse IgM mini-gene constructs in mouse B
      cell lines and in fibroblast L cell, we investigated splicing of the IgM
      transcript. We observed that the efficiency of splicing between exons C4 and M1
      (C4-to-M1 splicing), the splicing reaction leading to the production of membrane
      bound form (microns) mRNA, was drastically affected by mutations in a specific
      portion of the downstream exon (M2). The results show that the specific exon M2
      sequence activates the C4-to-M1 splicing. This activation was not observed when
      splicing between exons M1 and M2 was abolished by base substitutions at the
      splice sites. These results indicate that positioning of the downstream exon is
      crucial for efficient splicing of the preceding intron.

PMID- 1820214
TI  - Organization and transient expression of the gene for human U11 snRNA.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of U11 small nuclear RNA, a minor U RNA from HeLa cells,
      was determined. Computer analysis of the sequence (135 residues) predicts two
      strong hairpin loops which are separated by seventeen nucleotides containing an
      Sm binding site (AAUUUUUUGG). A synthetic gene was constructed in which the
      coding region of U11 RNA is under the control of a T7 promoter. This vector can
      be used to produce U11 RNA in vitro. Southern hybridization and PCR analysis of
      HeLa genomic DNA suggest that U11 RNA is encoded by a single copy gene, and that
      at least three genomic regions could be U11 RNA pseudogenes. A HeLa genomic copy
      of a U11 gene was isolated by inverted PCR. This gene contains the U11 RNA coding
      sequence and several sequence elements unique for the U RNA genes. These include
      a Distal Sequence Element (DSE, ATTTGCATA) present between positions -215 and 
      223 relative to the start of transcription; a Proximal Sequence Element (PSE,
      TTCACCTTTACCAAAAATG) located between positions -43 and -63; and a 3' box
      (GTTAGGCGAAATATTA) between positions + 150 and + 166. Transfection of HeLa cells
      with this gene revealed that it is functioning in vivo and can produce U11 RNA.

PMID- 1820215
TI  - Surprising features of transcriptional regulation of heat shock genes.

PMID- 1820219
TI  - Analysis of the role of 5' regulatory mutations in the activation of quiescent
      metallothionein genes after carcinogen treatment.
AB  - S49 are mouse thymic lymphoma cells which do not express the two closely linked
      mouse metallothionein (MT) genes; however, previous studies demonstrated that
      treatment of S49 cells with chemical carcinogens or ultraviolet irradiation can
      activate these quiescent genes. To determine if activation of MT-I or MT-II in
      these variants is a result of cis-acting mutations, we amplified and sequenced
      the immediate 5' regions of 19 cadmium resistant S49 variants: MT-I+/MT-II-, MT-I
      /MT-II+, MT-I+/MT-II+, and MT-I-/MT-II-. None of the variants contained mutations
      in the analyzed regions. Thus, the observed changes in MT expression must result
      from mutations at other sites or from non-mutational mechanisms.

PMID- 1820221
TI  - The decision process. Standing surgery versus general anesthesia and recumbency.
AB  - The decision to perform a procedure in the standing patient rather than in a
      completely anesthetized patient depends on many factors, such as patient health,
      cost, time, facilities, and anesthetic expertise. Although the procedure often is
      technically easier to perform if the patient is anesthetized, cost and patient
      risk considerations may result in a decision to do the surgery standing. Surgical
      experience in performing procedures standing is important for a successful
      outcome.

PMID- 1820220
TI  - Standing surgery.

PMID- 1820217
TI  - CpG methylation of an endogenous retroviral enhancer inhibits transcription
      factor binding and activity.
AB  - The endogenous retrovirus, intracisternal A-particle (IAP), is expressed at
      unique stages during murine embryogenesis and is also activated during the in
      vitro differentiation of F9 cells. We have examined the DNA elements and protein
      factors that control IAP expression during F9 differentiation. In the present
      study an IAP upstream enhancer (IUE) is identified by transient transfection
      assays and found to be active in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells.
      Further analyses reveal that a ubiquitous 65 kDa protein factor, the IUE binding
      protein (IUEB), binds with the IUE. Site-specific methylation within the IUEB
      binding site strongly inhibits both IUEB binding and IUE transcriptional
      activity, suggesting that methylation may regulate IUE function and IAP
      expression.

PMID- 1820218
TI  - The COUP-TFs compose a family of functionally related transcription factors.
AB  - The chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) are
      members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and function in
      transcriptional regulation of a wide variety of genes. The COUP-TFs purified from
      HeLa nuclear extract by COUP-affinity chromatography are composed of multiple
      M(r) forms. The Low M(r) COUP-TFs (43,000, 44,000, 46,000, and 47,000 M(r))
      produce a relatively fast migrating complex (C1) with DNA in electrophoresis
      mobility shift assays, while the high M(r) forms (66,000, 68,000, 72,000, and
      74,000 M(r)) produce a slower migrating (C2) complex. The high M(r) COUP-TFs were
      purified by gel filtration chromatography and independently formed the C2 DNA
      complex, probably acting as dimers. The high M(r) forms are indistinguishable
      from the low M(r) COUP-TFs in DNA binding and in enhancement of in vitro
      transcription from the ovalbumin promoter. The finding of multiple COUP-TF forms
      led us to clone a second low M(r) COUP-TF, "COUP-TF2." The COUP-TF2 sequence has
      very strong homology with COUP-TF1. The N-termini of COUP-TF1 and COUP-TF2 are
      least similar, but both contain glutamine-rich and proline-rich motifs, putative
      activation domains.

PMID- 1820222
TI  - The pharmacology of local anesthetics.
AB  - Understanding of the pharmacology of local anesthesia is important for selection
      of a local anesthetic for use in equine standing surgery. In general, the action
      potential is inhibited by local anesthetics by preventing the influx of sodium
      ions across the axonal membrane. The physicochemical properties of each local
      anesthetic determine the onset of action, potency, and duration of action.
      Procaine, chlorprocaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine are the local anesthetics
      still used clinically in horses; lidocaine is the most widely used. The future of
      equine local anesthesia may see the introduction of longer acting, more potent
      drugs currently used clinically in humans and dogs as well as drugs not
      classified as local anesthetics--alpha-2 agonists and opioids--for use in
      epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 1820223
TI  - Perineural and spinal anesthesia.
AB  - Local and regional anesthetic techniques are useful tools for the equine
      practitioner. These techniques allow surgery to be performed without the risk and
      cost of general anesthesia. There are, however, risks associated with the local
      and regional techniques. Neurotoxicity, although rare, may occur when 200 mL or
      more of a local anesthetic are infiltrated in a short period of time to a 450-kg
      horse. More likely, horses may become ataxic after nerve blockade in the limbs.
      This ataxia may lead to self trauma because the horse may not know where the
      limbs are actually being placed. Although local and regional anesthesia may not
      always be easy to achieve, persistence and practice will result in consistent
      nerve blockade.

PMID- 1820224
TI  - Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse.
AB  - Chemical restraint can be a useful pharmacologic tool to assist the veterinarian
      performing surgery in the standing horse. The agents discussed impose minimal
      adverse side effects and are considered relatively safe when administered in the
      doses described. Acetylpromazine, the most widely used tranquilizer, produces
      mild sedation but no analgesia. The use of tranquilizers for surgical procedures
      requires the combined use of either a local anesthetic technique or a sedative
      hypnotic or opiate to provide analgesia. Sedative-hypnotics such as xylazine and
      detomidine or opiates such as morphine and butorphanol are commonly used. The
      sedative-hypnotics also can induce deep CNS depression and may be sufficient
      alone for many procedures. Opiates may be used to supplement the analgesia
      produced by sedative-hypnotics or provide analgesia to the tranquilized horse.
      Opiates are not useful alone because of their potential to cause CNS excitement
      in the horse. The combination of detomidine and butorphanol is probably the most
      effective drug combination to facilitate painful surgery in the standing horse.

PMID- 1820226
TI  - Standing laser surgery of the head and neck.
AB  - The use of carbon dioxide and Nd:YAG lasers has expanded the capabilities of
      equine surgeons. These lasers are used to incise, vaporize, and coagulate tissue
      with minimal hemorrhage and reduced morbidity to the patient. In this article,
      practical fundamentals of laser surgery are briefly reviewed, and selected
      standing laser procedures of the head and neck are discussed.

PMID- 1820225
TI  - Ophthalmic procedures and surgery in the standing horse.
AB  - Although many ophthalmic procedures can be performed on the standing horse, the
      decision to perform a procedure under sedation rather than general anesthesia
      must be made on the basis of the temperament of the horse, severity of the
      injury, and skill of the veterinarian. For example, veterinarians who are not
      comfortable with small suture material may find accurate repair of an eyelid
      laceration easier after general anesthesia rather than attempting to handle this
      suture in a moving patient. Correct use of nerve blocks and topical anesthesia
      will greatly facilitate examination, diagnosis, and treatment, and, in addition,
      will serve to prevent further damage to the eye during these procedures.

PMID- 1820227
TI  - Standing endoscopic electrosurgery.
AB  - Common equine upper respiratory conditions are diagnosed via endoscopy.
      Endoscopic surgery facilitates correction of many conditions without general
      anesthesia or laryngotomy, reducing the morbidity and cost of the procedures.
      Modalities of endoscopic surgery include the Nd-YAG laser or electrosurgery,
      which may be complementary. The least expensive method is electrosurgery, and
      instruments are available that can be passed through the biopsy channel of the
      endoscope. Conditions amenable to such procedures include entrapped epiglottis,
      rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch, pharyngeal cysts or polyps,
      retropharyngeal abscesses within the guttural pouch, guttural pouch tympany, and
      ethmoid hematoma.

PMID- 1820229
TI  - Standing surgery of the neck and thorax.
AB  - Many surgical procedures of the head and neck can be safely performed in the
      standing horse, with easy access to all aspects of the surgical field. Some
      procedures, such as tracheotomy, are easier to perform with the horse standing
      with the head in a more natural position than with the horse under general
      anesthesia. Procedures of the neck and thorax that require evacuation of purulent
      and necrotic material from confined spaces, such as occur in horses with
      esophageal ruptures and extensive intrathoracic abscesses, can be done as
      standing procedures to avoid the risks of general anesthesia on severely
      debilitated patients.

PMID- 1820228
TI  - Standing surgery and procedures of the head.
AB  - Although most surgical procedures of the head are technically easier to perform
      with the horse under general anesthesia, other factors will influence whether a
      surgical procedure is performed with the horse standing or recumbent under the
      influence of general anesthesia. The accessibility of the head lends itself to
      many standing surgical procedures if the proper combination of analgesia and
      physical and chemical restraint is used. Traumatic injuries of the head
      (lacerations, facial bone fractures, and oral fractures) may involve vital
      structures, and a thorough examination is indicated. Failure to treat a traumatic
      injury may result in facial deformity, bony sequestra, paranasal sinusitis,
      salivary-cutaneous fistula, cutaneous fistulas into a nasal passage or paranasal
      sinus, nasal septal deformities, and ocular dysfunction. Proper management of
      these injuries typically results in a cosmetic outcome because of the head's
      abundant blood supply. Other surgical procedures that can be performed in the
      standing horse include centesis and trephination of the paranasal sinuses,
      certain dental procedures, alar fold stabilization, and extirpation of epidermal
      inclusion cysts of the nasal diverticulum.

PMID- 1820230
TI  - Standing abdominal surgery.
AB  - Safe, effective surgery can be performed in the standing, conscious horse using a
      combination of mechanical and chemical restraint. Clear indications for
      performing standing abdominal surgery exist, but many procedures are best
      performed under general anesthesia. The preferred approach involves a modified
      grid incision of the left paralumbar fossa. Flank celiotomy allows the surgeon to
      thoroughly explore the abdominal cavity, but few structures can be exteriorized,
      and visibility of abdominal contents is poor. Indications for standing abdominal
      surgery include diagnosis of abdominal masses, drainage and biopsy techniques,
      correction of left dorsal displacement of the large colon, and evaluation of
      rectal injuries, and performing loop colostomy techniques, laparoscopy, removal
      of retained testicles, correction of uterine torsions, surgical embryo transfer,
      ovariectomy in normal mares, and some experimental procedures. Standing surgical
      techniques are most useful and appropriate for surgical exploration, to correct
      uterine torsions, and to perform loop colostomy and surgical embryo transfer
      techniques. Perioperative antimicrobial and antiinflammatory therapy is
      recommended. Mild discomfort and ventral incisional swelling after surgery are
      expected.

PMID- 1820231
TI  - Standing rectal and tail surgery.
AB  - A variety of rectal, perirectal, and coccygeal surgeries can be performed in the
      standing equine patient if appropriate chemical and physical restraints are
      available and adequate regional anesthesia can be achieved. Some rectal tears and
      most rectal prolapses, mass lesions, perirectal abscesses, rectal biopsies, and
      selected injuries of the tail can be managed without prohibitive difficulty.
      Severe injuries that compromise the small colon cranial to the peritoneal
      reflection may require flank laparotomy, midline celiotomy, or humane euthanasia
      to manage the disease process effectively and appropriately. The foremost
      perioperative consideration beyond the use of effective restraint is the
      management of tenesmus in horses with rectal tears or prolapses. Medications to
      control bowel motility, epidural anesthesia, antiinflammatory analgesics, and
      topical compounds adequate to soothe and lubricate inflamed rectal tissues are an
      important adjunctive therapy in the aftercare of these surgical patients. Of
      nearly equal importance is the requirement that a loose fecal consistency be
      maintained with laxative diets, psyllium, and mineral oil. Failure to maintain a
      loose consistency of stool after treatment of these conditions may lead to rectal
      impaction or incisional dehiscence and surgical failure.

PMID- 1820232
TI  - Standing urogenital surgery.
AB  - Caslick's, episioplasty, urethroplasty, cervical, and rectovestibular laceration
      repair are, by preference, performed in the standing patient. Normal castration
      is performed routinely uneventfully in the standing patient. The duration of the
      procedures and the ease with which they are accomplished in a standing horse of
      normal temperament make general anesthesia unnecessary. More invasive procedures,
      such as removal of urinary bladder calculi in male horses or removal of a
      neoplastic ovary in a mare, can be accomplished in a standing patient but serious
      consideration should be given to the use of general anesthesia. For these
      procedures, the potential complications are increased while the ability to
      effectively deal with those complications is diminished in a standing patient.
      For instance, imagine a mare that lays down in the stocks during a standing flank
      removal of an ovary or a stallion that defecates during a Gokel's approach to the
      bladder. Only extenuating circumstances justify these risks when general
      anesthesia is available.

PMID- 1820233
TI  - Standing musculoskeletal surgery.
AB  - Indications for performing orthopedic surgery on the standing horse include
      inability to tolerate general anesthesia, risk of worsening an injury during
      recovery from anesthesia, and cost. The surgeon should be aware that performing
      surgery in the standing horse can be more demanding and require more experience
      than the same procedures when the time and convenience of general anesthesia are
      available. Improved sedatives and analgesics have allowed more latitude because
      the horses now are more tolerant than when older agents were used. Common sense
      should be applied to each situation before the decision is made to do a
      procedure, because every horse and problem is unique.

PMID- 1820235
TI  - [X-ray analysis of 114 cases of harelip and clinical evaluation of infants'
      thymus].
AB  - The authors classify the thymic image on the pre-operative chest films of 114
      cases of harelip babies under 2 years of age into 5 types and divide the size of
      thymus according to the cardiothymic thoracic ratio (CT/T) into 4 classes. The
      thymic prominence rate is 93.9%. There is marked variability in the size and
      shape of thymus, no definite normal standard could be found. In 6 preoperative
      cases, stress involution and regeneration induced by the administration of
      steroids has been observed. Whether or not the normally large thymus found on the
      chest film in baby-hood influence the safety of operation was discussed.

PMID- 1820234
TI  - Standing surgical procedures of the foot.
AB  - Several surgical conditions affecting the foot can be successfully managed with
      the horse standing. Many factors affect the clinician's choice of whether to
      perform surgery with the horse standing or anesthetized. Temperament or pregnancy
      of the horse and economics may influence the decision to perform surgery with the
      horse standing. This article discusses several foot conditions that can be
      treated successfully in the ambulatory horse.

PMID- 1820236
TI  - [Point mutation of c-Ha-ras oncogene in oral cancers].
AB  - After sub-sequence of c-Ha-ras oncogene in 11 Chinese oral cancers was amplified
      with in vitro DNA amplification technique, G----T mutation of c-Ha-ras oncogene
      at codon 12 was detected by specific mutated oligonucleotide probe, resulting in
      point mutation of c-Ha-ras oncogene at codon 12 in 4 out of 11 oral cancers which
      shows that c-Ha-ras oncogene is one of the genes associated with the development
      and progression of oral cancers, and point mutation may lead to activation of c
      Ha-ras oncogene.

PMID- 1820237
TI  - [The influence of different thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) between ceramic
      and metal on thermal stability of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) crown].
AB  - The ceramic-crazing examination after firing and thermal shock test had been
      provided to evaluate the thermal stress of PFM crown. The results of the
      experiment indicate: (1) When P alpha-M alpha greater than 1.7 x 10(-6)/degrees
      C, the crazing of facial side of PFM crown had been happened, when P alpha-M
      alpha = 0.9-(-)1.0 x 10(-6)/degrees C, no cracks were discovered, when P alpha-M
      alpha less than -1.5 x 10(-6)/degrees C, the incisive angle of PFM crown bursts
      apart. (2) The thermo-shock resistance (delta T) of PFM crown was influenced
      strongly by TEC between porcelain and metal. The rule of thermo-shock resistance
      (delta T) of PFM crown is that under the experimental condition, the smaller the
      P alpha is, the higher the value of delta T is. (3) The high residual stress in
      PFM crown is an internal cause on the failure of ceramic layer, the transient
      tensile stress is an external factor. (4) The results of this study showed that
      the optimal difference of TEC between the two is approximately 0.7 x 10(
      6)/degrees C.

PMID- 1820238
TI  - [Histopathological analysis of 44 cases with oral candidiasis].
AB  - 44 cases of oral candidiasis were studied histopathologically. We have found out
      that the microabscess in superficial epithelium is the histologic symbol of oral
      candidiasis. So, for those cases with microabscess, PAS stain should be done in
      order to make definite diagnosis. Epithelial dysplasia was observed in 8 cases
      (18.2%). Clinically these 8 cases were chronic hyperplastic oral candidiasis,
      this means that the long term follow-up study should be done for those with
      chronic hyperplastic oral candidiasis. Inflammatory infiltration was related to
      the amount of candida. The more candida get into the epithelium, the heavier
      inflammation is.

PMID- 1820239
TI  - [The blocking effect of topically subepithelial injection of thioproline and
      vitamin A acid in experimental oral premalignant].
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to observe the blocking effect of topically
      subepithelial injected drug and Vit A acid painting on chemically induced oral
      precancerous lesion and to prove, on a certain extent, the hypothesis that
      subepithelial connective tissue could exert great influence on the
      differentiation of the epithelium. A total of 49 syrian hamster was used as
      experimental animal. Both buccal pouches of all animals were painted thrice
      weekly with 0.5% DMBA in acetone for 6 weeks. Then, they were divided into two
      groups: Control group and Experimental group. In the latter group, 70.8%
      precancerous lesions turned into normal epithelial tissue, whereas those
      untreated animals developed carcinoma by 62%.

PMID- 1820241
TI  - [Protrusive condyle path in edentulous patients].
AB  - The inclinations of condyle path of 32 edentulous patients were measured by
      taking protrusive relation record at the protrusive positions of 2, 4, 6, and 8
      mm. The relations between the condylar shift and the protrusive distance were
      analysed. It was found that the inclination of condyle path was varied with
      individual, sex and protrusive distance. The shape of protrusive condyle path was
      like a section of parabola curved forward and downward. The results demonstrate
      that a small free gliding area in centric occlusion is necessary in complete
      dentures to fit the physiological movement of temporomandibular joints. The
      position of rotation center of protrusive movement requires further study.

PMID- 1820240
TI  - [Radiographic analysis of normal periodontal tissues].
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the roentgenographic manifestations
      of clinically healthy periodontal tissues in two sample groups. One group
      consisted of dry skulls of 4 young subjects who had been reportedly healthy
      during lifetime. The other group included 31 healthy students aged 16-25 years. A
      set of 7 standardized bite-wing radiographs were taken in each mouth. 4x
      magnified photos were developed for measurement and assessment. The interproximal
      alveolar bone level (BC-CEJ distance) was determined by measuring the distance
      from the lowest point of alveolar bone crest to the imaginary line connecting the
      two CEJs of the adjacent teeth. Both the radiographic signs of lamina dura and of
      the PDL space were graded to compose Lamina Dura Index (LDI) and periodontal
      ligament space index (PDLI). It is found that the average distance of BC to CEJ
      in periodontally healthy subjects is from 0.62 to 1.67 mm. Radiographic signs
      such as disappearance of lamina dura on the alveolar bone crest, wedge-shaped
      widening of the periodontal ligament space at the bone crest are not uncommonly
      seen in clinically healthy periodontal sites. The frequency of these signs on
      teeth with normal periodontium and their distribution on tooth sites were also
      presented and discussed.

PMID- 1820242
TI  - [Study of different treated metal bonded surfaces and resin bonded bridge with
      scanning electron microscopy].

PMID- 1820243
TI  - [An experimental study of pathomorphologic characteristics and changes in energy
      metabolism of wound track on maxillofacial region of dogs].
AB  - The maxillofacial soft tissue wounds of dogs were inflicted by the spherical
      steel bullet with primary velocity 1.3 km/sec, 0.7 gm in weight. The
      pathomorphologic characteristics at 0-0.8, 0.8-1.6 and 1.6-2.4 cm from the
      wounding tracts were observed with light microscopy, and the amount of high
      energy phosphates (ATP) in the muscle samples was determined. The experimental
      results indicated that the contusion zone of skin and mucous membrane was 0.1-0.2
      cm. and that of muscle was 0.5-0.8 cm the easily debridement is useful for the
      recovery of metabolism function. As they were wounded by the same velocity
      missiles, the soft tissue contusion zone of maxillofacial region was smaller than
      that of extremities.

PMID- 1820244
TI  - [Effect of the root canal surgery on blood pressure of the aged and its
      prevention].

PMID- 1820246
TI  - [Effect of dextranase on the prevention of dental caries].

PMID- 1820245
TI  - [Study of cranial maxillo-facial structure of the deep overjet in the early
      permanent dentition].
AB  - With the help of the computerized cephalometric system the author made an
      analysis of the single and multiple factors of 93 individuals in early permanent
      dentition. These dentition were divided into two groups-deep overjet of the front
      teeth and normal occlusion. The results showed that deep overjet of the front
      teeth in early permanent dentition is a syndrome including the abnormality of the
      teeth position, the size and position of the jaw bones and even the cranial base
      It is believed that the coordination effect of each abnormal structure on the
      formation of deep overjet syndrome should be identified as a whole.

PMID- 1820247
TI  - [Relation between mottled enamel and fluorine, iodine and molybdenum in drinking
      water].

PMID- 1820248
TI  - [Experimental study of biological glass ceramic and bone morphogenic protein
      biological glass ceramic implantation].

PMID- 1820249
TI  - [The advances in the edgewise technique].

PMID- 1820250
TI  - A proposed method for assembly and interpretation of short-term test data.
AB  - The genetic toxicology databases for chemicals that have been tested extensively
      are generally composed of inconsistent responses from a diverse set of assays.
      Consequently, difficulties arise when the data are evaluated for classifying the
      agent or for assessing the chemical's hazard potential. Several years ago, the
      International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and
      Carcinogens (ICPEMC) established a committee to construct a process for compiling
      and interpreting diverse data sets. The Committee has developed a weight-of
      evidence approach that combines test data into a series of scores for test type,
      class, family, and a consensus score defining the relative mutagenic activity of
      the agent compared with other chemicals in the database. This report describes
      the method and preliminary results from 113 chemicals.

PMID- 1820251
TI  - The Carcinogenic Potency Database: analyses of 4000 chronic animal cancer
      experiments published in the general literature and by the U.S. National Cancer
      Institute/National Toxicology Program.
AB  - The Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) is an easily accessible, standardized
      resource of positive and negative long-term animal cancer tests. The CPDB has
      been published in four earlier papers that include results for approximately 4000
      experiments on 1050 chemicals. This paper describes the CPDB: goals, inclusion
      criteria, fields of information, and published plot format. It also presents an
      overview of our published papers using the CPDB. The CPDB as published in plot
      format readily permits comparisons of carcinogenic potency and many other aspects
      of cancer tests, including for each experiment the species and strain of test
      animals, the route and duration of compound administration, dose level and other
      aspects of experimental protocol, histopathology and tumor incidence, TD50
      (carcinogenic potency) and its statistical significance, dose response, author's
      opinion about carcinogenicity, and literature citation. A combined plot of all
      results from the four separate papers, which is ordered alphabetically by
      chemical, is available from L. S. Gold, in printed form or on computer tape or
      diskette. A computer readable (SAS) database is also available. The overview of
      papers includes descriptions of work on methods of estimating carcinogenic
      potency, reproducibility of results in near-replicate cancer tests, correlation
      in potency between species, ranking possible carcinogenic hazards, comparison of
      positivity and target organ in rats and mice, comparison of mutagens and
      nonmutagens, proportion of chemicals positive in animal tests, natural compared
      to synthetic chemicals, and mechanistic issues in interspecies extrapolation.

PMID- 1820253
TI  - Data selection and treatment of chemicals tested for genotoxicity and
      carcinogenicity.
AB  - A database containing qualitative and quantitative results of experimental
      studies in the fields of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity has been developed. By
      analyzing results of the studies performed by the U.S. National Toxicology
      Program, or by a similar program developed in Japan, or reported in the
      scientific literature, as well performed by private organizations, information
      has been collected relating to 3389 chemicals, identified by their CAS number.
      The studies considered for the database include three genotoxicity/mutagenicity
      short-term test (STTs), namely, two in vitro (Salmonella, gene mutation assay,
      and mammalian cells/human lymphocytes chromosome aberration assay) and one in
      vivo, the rodent bone marrow micronucleus assay. To investigate the possible
      predictive value of these STT assays for carcinogenicity, the results of animal
      long-term bioassays have also been collected. We have re-evaluated all the
      genotoxicity studies and the majority of those cases studied in different
      laboratories with contrasting results has been resolved; a small proportion of
      questionable cases is, however, still present in the database. In total, 2898
      (85.5%) of the chemicals have been tested in the Salmonella assay; 1399 (41.3%)
      have been tested in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay; 319 (9.4%) have
      been tested in the in vivo rodent bone marrow cell micronucleus assay; 716
      (21.2%) of the chemicals have been tested in the in vivo animal long-term
      bioassay. For 1118 chemicals tested in the Salmonella assay, 30,650 quantitative
      studies have been included in the database, thus allowing a possible
      classification of mutagenic chemicals according to their mutagenic
      potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820252
TI  - Analysis and comparison of information and data recorded in carcinogenicity and
      genotoxicity databases.
AB  - The Interlab Project is a university-industry joint project recently funded by
      the Italian government as part of the improvement of the Italian research
      infrastructure; among its short-term goals are the implementation of data banks
      of biomedical interest and the spread of informatic tools for biomedical
      research. Results of both long-term assays of carcinogenicity in rodents and
      short-term in vitro and in vivo tests of genotoxicity are relevant for a wide
      body of users, ranging from carcinogenesis research laboratories to industries
      and governmental agencies. To evaluate the most appropriate ways of spreading
      information on these experiments, a detailed analysis on information recorded in
      available databases has been carried out. Furthermore, the contents of the most
      known databases have been compared, with respect to a specific compound, to
      evaluate both the overall reliability of these systems, compared to longer and
      more complex assessments carried out manually starting from bibliographic
      searches, and the level of concordance among them.

PMID- 1820254
TI  - Global atmospheric change and human health.

PMID- 1820255
TI  - Global atmospheric changes.
AB  - Increasing concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can
      be directly related to global warming. In terms of human health, because a major
      cause of increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 is the increased combustion
      of fossil fuels, global warming also may result in increases in air pollutants,
      acid deposition, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To understand better
      the impacts of global warming phenomena on human health, this review emphasizes
      the processes that are responsible for the greenhouse effect, air pollution, acid
      deposition, and increased exposure to UV radiation.

PMID- 1820257
TI  - A new approach to evaluate the impact of climate on human mortality.
AB  - The objective of this study is to introduce a new procedure to determine the
      impact of climate on human mortality with the use of a synoptic climatological
      approach. The holistic nature of synoptic categories allows for the simultaneous
      evaluation of numerous weather elements as they realistically appear within air
      masses. In addition, this approach allows for a better distinction between
      pollution-induced mortality and weather-induced mortality. A synoptic
      categorization was performed for St. Louis, Missouri, and each category was
      evaluated in terms of its mean daily mortality. Of 10 summer categories found in
      St. Louis, one possessed the highest mean mortality by far, and 8 of the top 10
      mortality days in St. Louis occurred when this category was present. Further
      analysis determined that long, consecutive day periods of this hot, oppressive
      category are associated with a continuing rise in mortality. It was determined
      that the procedure described here has the potential to be used in a
      weather/mortality watch-warning system. Finally, it appears that day-to-day
      mortality fluctuations are much more sensitive to weather than to pollution
      concentrations, as the oppressive category associated with the greatest mortality
      possessed levels of six major pollutants that were not noteworthy.

PMID- 1820256
TI  - Anticipated public health consequences of global climate change.
AB  - Human activities are placing enormous pressures on the biosphere. The
      introduction of new chemicals and the increasing ambient levels of existing
      chemicals have resulted in atmospheric degradation. This paper reviews some of
      the adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. Because
      the atmospheric effects of ozone depletion are fairly well characterized,
      quantitative risk estimates have been developed. However, because the atmospheric
      effects of global warming are less understood, public health problems that could
      be intensified by climate change are assessed qualitatively. The interactive
      effects of these two phenomena are also discussed.

PMID- 1820260
TI  - Biological diversity, ecology, and global climate change.
AB  - Worldwide climate change and loss of biodiversity are issues of global scope and
      importance that have recently become subjects of considerable public concern.
      Unlike classical public health issues and many environmental issues, their
      perceived threat lies in their potential to disrupt ecological functioning and
      stability rather than from any direct threat that may pose to human health. Over
      the last 5 years, the international scientific community and the general public
      have become aware of the implications that atmospheric warming might have for
      world climate patterns and the resulting changes in the persistence, location,
      and composition of ecosystems worldwide. At the same time, awareness of the
      magnitude of current and impending losses of the world's biological diversity has
      increased. Human activities are currently responsible for a species loss rate
      that is the most extreme in millions of years, and an alarmingly increasing rate
      of transformation and fragmentation of natural landscapes. We are just beginning
      to grasp the meaning of this loss in terms of opportunity costs to human society
      and the less quantifiable losses associated with simplification of natural
      ecosystems. In the case of both global warming and reduction of biological
      diversity, man is affecting nature in an unprecedented fashion, on a global
      scale, and with unpredictable and frequently irreversible results.

PMID- 1820259
TI  - Mercury and monomethylmercury: present and future concerns.
AB  - Global atmospheric changes carry the potential to disrupt the normal cycling of
      mercury and its compounds. Acid rain may increase methylmercury levels in
      freshwater fish. Global warming and increased ultraviolet radiation may affect
      the global budget of methylmercury, including its formation and degradation in
      both biotic and abiotic environments. In this article we review current knowledge
      on mercury and monomethylmercury with regard to their environmental fate and the
      potential for human health effects. Recent findings indicate that atmospheric Hg
      deposition readily accounts for the total mass of Hg in fish, water, and sediment
      of Little Rock Lake, a representative temperate seepage lake in north-central
      Wisconsin. It is strikingly evident that modest increases in atmospheric Hg
      loading could lead directly to elevated levels in the fish stock. It is doubtful,
      given the experimental limitations in many recent studies, that the temporal
      pattern for Hg emissions, for background atmospheric Hg concentrations, and for
      changes in Hg depositional fluxes has been identified. Thus, the present and
      future questions of whether the environmental impact is of local, regional, or
      hemispheric significance remain. Contemporary investigations must address these
      important questions. Human exposure to methylmercury in the United States is
      probably increasing due to increased consumption of fish and fish products. A
      recent epidemiological investigation indicates high susceptibility to brain
      damage during prenatal exposures to Hg. An important objective for future
      investigation is to establish the lowest effect level for human exposure to
      methylmercury.

PMID- 1820258
TI  - Global atmospheric change: potential health effects of acid aerosol and oxidant
      gas mixtures.
AB  - Inhalation toxicology experiments in whole animals have demonstrated a remarkable
      lack of toxicity of sulfuric acid in the form of respirable aerosols, especially
      in rats and nonhuman primates. Thus, much of the current experimental emphasis
      has shifted to the evaluation of the potential health effects of acid aerosols as
      components of mixtures. Rats have been concurrently exposed to mixtures of ozone
      or nitrogen dioxide with respirable-sized aerosols of sulfuric acid, ammonium
      sulfate, or sodium chloride, or to each pollutant individually. Their responses
      to such exposures have been evaluated by various quantitative biochemical
      analysis of lung tissue or wash fluids ("lavage fluid") or by quantitative
      morphological methods ("morphometry"). Such studies have mainly been performed in
      the acute time frame due to the inherent limitations of the most sensitive assays
      available and have generally involved exposures for 1 to 9 days, depending on the
      assays used. Good correlations were found between the most sensitive biochemical
      indicators of lung damage (protein content of lung lavage fluid or whole lung
      tissue and lung collagen synthesis rate) and the exposure concentration of
      oxidant gas present alone or in mixtures with acidic aerosols showing interactive
      effects. Synergistic interaction between ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol was
      demonstrated to occur at environmentally relevant concentrations of both
      pollutants by several of the analytical methods used in this study. Such
      interactions were demonstrated at concentrations of ozone as low as 0.12 ppm and
      of sulfuric acid aerosol at concentrations as low as 5 to 20
      micrograms/m3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820262
TI  - Global climate change and infectious diseases.
AB  - The effects of global climate change on infectious diseases are hypothetical
      until more is known about the degree of change in temperature and humidity that
      will occur. Diseases most likely to increase in their distribution and severity
      have three-factor (agent, vector, and human being) and four-factor (plus
      vertebrate reservoir host) ecology. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes
      may move northward and have more rapid metamorphosis with global warming. These
      mosquitoes transmit dengue virus, and Aedes aegypti transmits yellow fever virus.
      The faster metamorphosis and a shorter extrinsic incubation of dengue and yellow
      fever viruses could lead to epidemics in North America. Vibrio cholerae is
      harbored persistently in the estuaries of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Over the past 200
      years, cholera has become pandemic seven times with spread from Asia to Europe,
      Africa, and North America. Global warming may lead to changes in water ecology
      that could enhance similar spread of cholera in North America. Some other
      infectious diseases such as LaCrosse encephalitis and Lyme disease are caused by
      agents closely dependent on the integrity of their environment. These diseases
      may become less prominent with global warming because of anticipated modification
      of their habitats. Ecological studies will help us to understand more fully the
      possible consequences of global warming. New and more effective methods for
      control of vectors will be needed.

PMID- 1820261
TI  - Multifactor potency scheme for comparing the carcinogenic activity of chemicals.
AB  - A scheme for ranking the quantitative activity of chemical carcinogens is
      described. This activity scheme uses as its base dose potency measured as TD50
      which after conversion into an inverse log scale, a decile scale, is adjusted by
      weighting factors that described other parameters of carcinogenic activity. These
      factors include positive or negative weightings for the induction of tumors at
      tissues or organs associated with high historical control tumor incidences; the
      induction of tumors at multiple sites; the induction of tumors in both sexes of
      the species; and the induction of tumors in more than one species. These factors
      were chosen because they represented qualitative descriptions of the general
      specificity or nonspecificity of chemicals with regard to the activity in rodents
      and have some bearing on the potential activity of chemicals in humans. To
      construct a measure to express the inactivity of chemicals toward the induction
      of cancer, a measure analogous to the TD50 has been developed: highest average
      daily dose (HADD) in milligrams chemical/kilogram body weight administered in a
      chronic cancer study and that did not induce a statistical increase in tumors.
      HADD values were similarly converted to log decile units and adjusted by
      weighting factors according to lack of activity in both sexes of a species and
      the lack of activity in more than one species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820263
TI  - Potential health effects of climatic change: effects of increased ultraviolet
      radiation on man.
AB  - There is scientific evidence that stratospheric ozone concentration has declined
      over the Northern Hemisphere in the past 20 years, and projections based on
      various assumptions about future release of chlorofluorocarbon gases and other
      contaminants suggest that this decline will continue into the next century. The
      effects on human health secondary to increase in biologically effective
      ultraviolet radiation are expected to consist of increases in nonmelanoma skin
      cancer and malignant melanoma of the skin, possible alteration of immune
      response, and development of lens cataracts. The recent and projected increases
      in skin cancer and changes in human immune responses are discussed.

PMID- 1820265
TI  - Metabolism and toxicity of hydrochlorofluorocarbons: current knowledge and needs
      for the future.
AB  - Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being developed as replacements for
      chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that deplete stratospheric ozone. The depletion of
      stratospheric ozone may increase the intensity of ultraviolet radiation at the
      earth's surface, which may be associated with global, adverse human health
      effects. The greater tropospheric lability of HCFCs, which is due to the presence
      of C-H bonds, reduces HCFC migration to the stratosphere; HCFCs should,
      therefore, cause less depletion of stratospheric ozone than CFCs. HCFCs under
      development include HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), HCFC-123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1
      trifluoroethane), HCFC-132b (1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane), HCFC-134a (1,1,1,2
      tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, and HCFC-142b (1
      chloro-1,1-difluoroethane). With the exception of HCFC-22, which is already in
      use, the metabolism and toxicity of HCFCs have not been studied in detail. By
      analogy to chlorinated ethanes, predictions can be made about the possible
      metabolism of HCFCs, but there are insufficient data available to predict rates
      of metabolism. Although most HCFCs appear to show low acute toxicity, some HCFCs
      are mutagenic in the Ames test. Hence, future research on HCFCs should include
      studies on the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of HCFCs as well as on their
      toxicity in in vivo and in vitro systems.

PMID- 1820264
TI  - Effects of ultraviolet light on the eye: role of protective glasses.
AB  - Global atmospheric changes such as depletion of ozone in the stratosphere are
      thought to lead to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation on earth. This can
      have adverse effects on human health, and long-term effects of ultraviolet light
      on the eye are of increasing concern. Ultraviolet light exposure to the eye has
      been associated with cataract formation and retinal degeneration. In both cases,
      it is hypothesized that ultraviolet light can initiate formation of free
      radicals, which can cause protein modification and lipid peroxidation. Several
      procedures can be recommended to prevent ultraviolet light damage to the eye,
      such as the use of suitable protective glasses when outdoors.

PMID- 1820268
TI  - Assessment of spatial variation of risks in small populations.
AB  - Often environmental hazards are assessed by examining the spatial variation of
      disease-specific mortality or morbidity rates. These rates, when estimated for
      small local populations, can have a high degree of random variation or
      uncertainty associated with them. If those rate estimates are used to prioritize
      environmental clean-up actions or to allocate resources, then those decisions may
      be influenced by this high degree of uncertainty. Unfortunately, the effect of
      this uncertainty is not to add "random noise" into the decision-making process,
      but to systematically bias action toward the smallest populations where
      uncertainty is greatest and where extreme high and low rate deviations are most
      likely to be manifest by chance. We present a statistical procedure for adjusting
      rate estimates for differences in variability due to differentials in local area
      population sizes. Such adjustments produce rate estimates for areas that have
      better properties than the unadjusted rates for use in making statistically based
      decisions about the entire set of areas. Examples are provided for county
      variation in bladder, stomach, and lung cancer mortality rates for U.S. white
      males for the period 1970 to 1979.

PMID- 1820266
TI  - Passive smoking among schoolchildren in Israel.
AB  - A health survey was carried out among 8259 second- and fifth-grade schoolchildren
      living in three towns along the Israeli coast. The schoolchildren performed the
      following pulmonary function tests: forced vital capacity, forced expiratory
      volume in 1 sec, and peak expiratory flow, their parents filled out an American
      Thoracic Society-National Heart and Lung Institute health questionnaire. The aim
      of the survey was to study the impact of environmental and home exposures on the
      prevalence of respiratory conditions and on pulmonary function tests among
      Israeli schoolchildren. The health effects of exposure to passive smoking are
      discussed in detail. A trend of a higher frequency of reported respiratory
      conditions was found among schoolchildren whose fathers or mothers are smokers
      compared with children whose parents do not smoke. A statistically significant
      excess between 1.4% (for wheezing without cold) and 4.7% (for cough with cold)
      was found for children of smoking fathers; the excess for children of smoking
      mothers was between 1.6% (for wheezing with cold) and 3.6% (for cough with cold)
      compared with children of nonsmokers. A gradual excess in symptoms was found
      among children with none, one, and two smoking parents. Relative risks were found
      to be between 1.13 (for bronchitis) and 1.28 (for wheezing without cold) for
      children of smoking fathers, and between 1.24 (for asthma) and 1.41 (for cough
      with sputum) for children of smoking mothers, compared with 1.00 for children of
      nonsmokers. There was no consistent trend of reduced pulmonary function tests
      among children of smokers compared with nonsmokers' children.

PMID- 1820267
TI  - Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D.
AB  - The phenoxy herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used to
      control the growth of weeds and broadleaf plants. We convened a panel of 13
      scientists to weigh the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D. The panel
      based its findings on a review of the toxicological and epidemiological
      literature on 2,4-D and related phenoxy herbicides. The toxicological data do not
      provide a strong basis for predicting that 2,4-D is a human carcinogen. Although
      a cause-effect relationship is far from being established, the epidemiological
      evidence for an association between exposure to 2,4-D and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      is suggestive and requires further investigation. There is little evidence of an
      association between use of 2,4-D and soft-tissue sarcoma or Hodgkin's disease,
      and no evidence of an association between 2,4-D use and any other form of cancer.
      Scientists on the panel were asked to categorize 2,4-D as a "known," "probable,"
      "possible," or "unlikely" carcinogen or as a noncarcinogen in humans. The
      predominant opinion among the panel members was that the weight of the evidence
      indicates that it is possible that exposure to 2,4-D can cause cancer in humans,
      although not all of the panelists believed the possibility was equally likely:
      one thought the possibility was strong, leaning toward probable, and five thought
      the possibility was remote, leaning toward unlikely. Two panelists believed it
      unlikely that 2,4-D can cause cancer in humans.

PMID- 1820270
TI  - Assay of mutation induced in human lymphoblastoid cells by combustion-generated
      soot particles.
AB  - A human lymphoblastoid cell line has been used to test for mutations caused by
      combustion-generated soot particles and their constituent components, which are
      substrate carbon-black and adsorbed condensate, principally in the form of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It was found that the mutagenicity of the
      PAH fraction is higher when it is contacted with cells as a liquid extract than
      when it is supplied as a coating on soot particles. The substrate particles were
      found to be nonmutagenic. The rate of transfer of mutagens from the surface of
      particles, combined with the retention time of respirable aerosol particles, are
      deemed to define their mutagenic potential.

PMID- 1820272
TI  - Databases of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity and their usefulness for hazard
      evaluation.

PMID- 1820269
TI  - Long-term chemical carcinogenesis experiments for identifying potential human
      cancer hazards: collective database of the National Cancer Institute and National
      Toxicology Program (1976-1991).
AB  - The carcinogenicity database used for this paper originated in the late 1960s by
      the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and since 1978 has been continued and made
      more comprehensive by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). The extensive files
      contain, among other sets of information, detailed pathology data on more than
      400 long-term (most often 24-month) chemical carcinogenesis studies, comprising
      nearly 1600 individual experiments having at least 10 million tissue sections
      that have been evaluated for toxicity and carcinogenicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820271
TI  - Does aluminum lactate cause spinal cord infarction in rabbits?

PMID- 1820273
TI  - Current status of the Gene-Tox Program.
AB  - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Gene-Tox Program is a multiphased
      effort to review and evaluate the existing literature in assay systems available
      in the field of genetic toxicology. The first phase of the Gene-Tox Program
      selected assay systems for evaluation, generated expert panel reviews of the data
      from the scientific literature, and recommended testing protocols for the
      systems. Phase II established and evaluated the database of chemical genetic
      toxicity data for its relevance to identifying human health hazards. The ongoing
      phase III continues reviewing and updating chemical data in selected assay
      systems. Currently, data exist on over 4000 chemicals in 27 assay systems; two
      additional assay systems will be included in phase III. The review data are
      published in the scientific literature and are also publicly available through
      the National Library of Medicine TOXNET system. The review and analysis
      components of Gene-Tox comprise 45 published papers, and several others are in
      preparation. Differences that have been observed between Gene-Tox and National
      Toxicology Program databases relative to the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy,
      and predictivity of genetic toxicity data compared to carcinogenesis data are
      ascribable to differences between the two databases in chemical selection
      criteria, testing protocols, and chemical class distributions.

PMID- 1820274
TI  - Predicting mammalian mutagenesis by submammalian assays: an application of
      database GEN.
AB  - A database containing qualitative information on the genotoxic activity of about
      3000 chemicals is described. The initial aim for the construction of the database
      was to develop an instrument for comparing the performance of different
      genotoxicity assay systems. One application of the database is the prediction of
      expected results in any genotoxicity assay for chemicals that were tested in a
      small number of genotoxicity assays. The Bayesian prediction is calculated based
      on the sensitivities and specificities between any predictive test and the target
      test for which the prediction is to be determined. The predictivity of the system
      for in vivo mammalian assays is at present (with the exception of the
      micronucleus assay and the in vivo sister chromatid exchanges) limited, in
      particular because of the limited number of chemicals tested in the expensive in
      vivo assays and, in addition, due to the lack of sufficient information on
      negative compounds. A continued updating of the database will possibly help to
      overcome some of the present difficulties.

PMID- 1820275
TI  - The Genetic Activity Profile database.
AB  - A graphic approach termed a Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) has been developed to
      display a matrix of data on the genetic and related effects of selected chemical
      agents. The profiles provide a visual overview of the quantitative (doses) and
      qualitative (test results) data for each chemical. Either the lowest effective
      dose (LED) or highest ineffective dose (HID) is recorded for each agent and
      bioassay. Up to 200 different test systems are represented across the GAP.
      Bioassay systems are organized according to the phylogeny of the test organisms
      and the end points of genetic activity. The methodology for the production and
      evaluation of GAPs has been developed in collaboration with the International
      Agency for Research on Cancer. Data on individual chemicals have been compiled by
      IARC and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Data are available on 299
      compounds selected from volumes 1-50 of the IARC Monographs and on 115 compounds
      identified as Superfund Priority Substances. Software to display the GAPs on an
      IBM-compatible personal computer is available from the authors. Structurally
      similar compounds frequently display qualitatively and quantitatively similar
      GAPs. By examining the patterns of GAPs of pairs and groups of chemicals, it is
      possible to make more informed decisions regarding the selection of test
      batteries to be used in evaluating chemical analogs. GAPs have provided useful
      data for the development of weight-of-evidence hazard ranking schemes. Also, some
      knowledge of the potential genetic activity of complex environmental mixtures may
      be gained from assessing the GAPs of component chemicals. The fundamental
      techniques and computer programs devised for the GAP database may be used to
      develop similar databases in other disciplines.

PMID- 1820276
TI  - The genetic toxicity database of the National Toxicology Program: evaluation of
      the relationships between genetic toxicity and carcinogenicity.
AB  - The database of the U.S. National Toxicology Program has been developed over
      approximately two decades, principally focused on substances evaluated for
      carcinogenicity in rodent bioassays. These assays generally provide data on the
      relative toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals based upon discrete subchronic
      (13 week) and chronic (104 week) exposures. A major value of these data are that
      the assay protocols, rodent strains, and technical methodologies have been
      generally consistent, thus permitting comparisons between assays and chemicals.
      The genotoxicity data for many of the same chemicals have been developed also
      using standardized biological systems and protocols. Data for assays including
      mutagenicity in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells, chromosomal aberrations, and
      sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells, transformation of
      Balb/c 3T3 cells, and in vivo cytogenetic effects in rodents have been compiled
      for many chemicals. The results of all of these assays provide a substantial
      database for evaluating chemical effects and for defining the complex
      relationships between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.

PMID- 1820277
TI  - Carcinogenicity evaluations and ongoing studies: the IARC databases.
AB  - Many thousands of chemicals are produced industrially and many more occur
      naturally. Information on the toxicology of these chemicals is often minimal or
      absent. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published
      evaluations of the carcinogenic risk to humans of over 700 chemicals, groups of
      chemicals, and complex mixtures as a regular series of monographs. A database has
      been created containing summaries of all the relevant epidemiological, animal
      carcinogenicity, and other relevant biological data for each chemical or mixture
      evaluated. Additional databases have been created for ongoing epidemiological
      studies of cancer in humans and for long-term carcinogenicity studies in rodents,
      as well as a database containing information on genotoxic and related effects of
      chemicals. Some of these databases have been published in print form. IARC now
      plans to publish them electronically, together with other databases, in the form
      of a CDROM (compact disk, read-only memory). The objective will be to make the
      entire IARC database of cancer information as widely available as possible in an
      integrated format conducive to efficient and combined exploitation of all the
      component databases.

PMID- 1820278
TI  - Characteristics of the U.S. EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs' toxicity
      information databases.
AB  - The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs
      (OPP) requires that data from toxicity testing be submitted to the OPP to support
      the registration of pesticide chemicals. Once the toxicity data are submitted,
      they are entered into various toxicity databases. The studies are listed in an
      archival database to catalog and allow retrieval of the study for review. Reviews
      of toxicity studies are then placed into a separate database that can be
      retrieved to support a regulatory position. Toxicity information for health
      effects other than cancer and gene mutations from chronic exposure is reviewed
      through a reference dose (RfD) approach, and these decisions and supporting data
      are entered into an RfD database. Carcinogenicity data are reviewed by a peer
      review process, and these decisions are entered into a newly developed database
      to show the regulatory decision with supporting data. The mutagenicity data are
      reviewed and acceptable data are entered into the Genetic Activity Profile system
      to catalog and display the submitted information. These databases contain the
      information used for hazard evaluations as part of the OPP review of pesticide
      chemicals.

PMID- 1820279
TI  - A fact database for toxicological data at the National Institute of Hygienic
      Sciences, Japan.
AB  - The computerized fact database for the toxicity data of chemicals was constructed
      at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (biological
      database, BL-DB). The BL-DB stores data on mutagenicity, teratogenicity,
      carcinogenicity, and other toxicological tests of chemicals that appeared in the
      scientific literature. The BL-DB includes information about chemical
      identification, test system, results of the assays, and a bibliography. The
      system consists of five modules: data collection, data maintenance, data search,
      data downloading, and backup. ADABAS is used as a core database management
      system. Many kinds of test data are stored with the same formats; therefore,
      users can retrieve data of different toxicological data by the same manner. A
      user of the BL-DB can use about 50 kinds of commands to interact with the system,
      and the majority of fields are defined as search fields, thereby facilitating
      retrieval of target data through many ways. Currently, there are mainly data for
      the mutagenicity, especially on the Salmonella/microsome assay and the rodent
      micronucleus assay. These data can be retrieved and used for structure-activity
      relationship studies.

PMID- 1820280
TI  - Examples of uses of databases for quantitative and qualitative correlation
      studies between genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
AB  - In this paper we give some examples of using databases of genotoxicity and
      carcinogenicity for quantitative and qualitative correlation studies between
      short-term tests and carcinogenicity. The quality of the databases is obviously
      important, but one of the major deficiencies of present databases is that they
      are too small. Using relatively small, different databases, different results can
      be obtained. With small databases it is difficult to disaggregate data for
      homogeneous chemical classes or other types of subsets. Using the databases of
      Gold (carcinogenicity) and Wurgler (genotoxicity), we have investigated the
      carcinogenic potency of genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens for different
      chemical classes.

PMID- 1820281
TI  - Structure-activity relations: maximizing the usefulness of mutagenicity and
      carcinogenicity databases.
AB  - The most important criteria for the development and analysis of databases for
      elucidating the structural bases of toxicological activity include the integrity
      of the databases with respect to uniformity of the experimental protocol and
      interpretation of the test results and inclusion of chemicals representing
      different chemical classes and differing mechanisms of action. Within these
      criteria, it is demonstrated that when the chemicals are chosen at random, the
      larger the database, the better the predictivity of chemicals not included in the
      learning set. It is shown however, that when chemicals are selected on the basis
      of structural features, that a learning set of approximately 180 chemicals is as
      informative as a database consisting of 800 chemicals chosen at random.

PMID- 1820282
TI  - The expert system for toxicity prediction of chemicals based on structure
      activity relationship.
AB  - The prediction systems of chemical toxicity has been developed by means of
      structure-activity relationship based on the computerized fact database (BL-DB).
      Numbers and ratio of elements, side chains, bonding, position, and
      microenvironment of side chains were used as structural factors of the chemical
      for the prediction. Such information was obtained from the BL-DB database by
      Wiswesser line-formula chemical notation. In the present study, the
      Salmonella/microsome assay was chosen as indicative of the target toxicity of
      chemicals. A set of chemicals specified with mutagenicity data was retrieved, and
      necessary information was extracted and transferred to the working file. Rules of
      the relations between characteristics of chemical structure and the assay result
      are extracted as parameters for rules by experts on the rearranged data set.
      These were analyzed statistically by the discriminant analysis and the prediction
      with the rules were evaluated by the elimination method. Eight kinds of rules to
      predict Salmonella/microsome assay were constructed, and currently results of the
      assay on aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds can be predicted as accurately as
      +90%.

PMID- 1820283
TI  - Mathematical models for exploring different aspects of genotoxicity and
      carcinogenicity databases.
AB  - One great obstacle to understanding and using the information contained in the
      genotoxicity and carcinogenicity databases is the very size of such databases.
      Their vastness makes them difficult to read; this leads to inadequate
      exploitation of the information, which becomes costly in terms of time, labor,
      and money. In its search for adequate approaches to the problem, the scientific
      community has, curiously, almost entirely neglected an existent series of very
      powerful methods of data analysis: the multivariate data analysis techniques.
      These methods were specifically designed for exploring large data sets. This
      paper presents the multivariate techniques and reports a number of applications
      to genotoxicity problems. These studies show how biology and mathematical
      modeling can be combined and how successful this combination is.

PMID- 1820284
TI  - Priority-based assessment of food additives database of the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
AB  - The priority-based assessment of food additives (PAFA) is a database maintained
      by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied
      Nutrition. PAFA contains extensive administrative, chemical, and toxicological
      information on 1685 regulated direct food additives. The database also has
      limited administrative and chemical information on an additional 1236 direct
      additives. The total 2921 substances represent everything added to food in the
      United States. PAFA contains up to 150 different kinds of information about each
      chemical. Administrative and chemical information includes Chemical Abstracts
      Service Registry numbers, Code of Federal Regulations citations, the annual usage
      and estimated daily U.S. human consumption, the Joint Committee on Food Additives
      Allowable Daily Intakes, the FDA Redbook structure categories of the chemicals,
      and their technical effects. Toxicology information shows the type of studies
      done for each chemical, the species of animals tested, the toxicological effects
      observed and the sites where they were seen, the lowest doses that cause a
      toxicological effect in each study, a source citation, and other types of related
      information.

PMID- 1820285
TI  - Cytogenetic monitoring of human populations at risk in Egypt: role of cytogenetic
      data in cancer risk assessment.
AB  - Somatic mutation plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. Numerous environmental
      agents can increase the probability that somatic mutation will occur. The use of
      genotoxicity testing is essential for assessing potential human toxicity so that
      hazards can be prevented. Cytogenetic monitoring of human populations exposed to
      chemicals has proved to be a useful tool for detecting the chemical mutagenic
      effects. Cytogenetic analyses of human chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes
      allows direct detection of mutation in somatic cells. Different methods can be
      used for chromosomal analysis (conventional chromosomal analysis, sister
      chromatid exchange, micronucleus frequency detection). Micronucleus frequency can
      be detected either in peripheral blood lymphocytes or in exfoliated cells.
      Different examples of human population studies are presented. Several problems
      that are found in biomonitoring studies are discussed. These studies should help
      us learn about individual exposure assessment and biologically relevant doses,
      leading to quantitative assessment of human cancer risks.

PMID- 1820286
TI  - Aspects of database construction and interrogation of relevance to the accurate
      prediction of rodent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.
AB  - Attempts to reconcile qualitative carcinogenicity databases with qualitative
      mutagenicity database continue to indicate that there is no useful relationship
      between mutagenicity/genotoxicity and rodent carcinogenicity. It is suggested
      that recognition of two classes of carcinogen, genotoxic and nongenotoxic, is the
      first step in finding meaningful correlations between the above parameters. This
      then leads to purposeful intervention into the databases, including rejecting low
      quality data, abandoning some assays from the database, and clustering certain
      end points as repetitive rather that independent of each other. Seeking specific
      correlations within a focused database may yield knowledge from the current
      wealth of information. The effort required to build databases, particularly
      quantitative ones, has so far prevented the equally arduous task of their correct
      interrogation. Preliminary indications are the mutagenicity is closely correlated
      with genotoxic carcinogenesis and completely independent of nongenotoxic
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1820288
TI  - Modeling age using cognitive, psychosocial and physiological variables: the
      Boston Normative Aging Study.
AB  - A structural equation model is computed for 36 variables from eight domains of
      data using 100 healthy male subjects whose age varies between 30 and 80 years.
      Chronological age is required to be an exogenous variable while cognitive
      function variables are required to be an ultimate endogenous or outcome set. The
      model suggests that the direct effect of age on cognition is substantially
      reduced when social, life style, physiological, and brain state variables are
      allowed to become intervening variables. The study also finds that there is an
      association between cognitive function and psychosocial measures relating to
      general psychiatric symptomatology and social support systems.

PMID- 1820287
TI  - Grade of Membership generalizations and aging research.
AB  - The Grade of Membership (GOM) model is a general multivariate procedure for
      analyzing high dimensional discrete response data. It does this by estimating,
      using maximum likelihood principles, two types of parameters. One describes the
      probability that a person who is exactly like one of the K analytically defined
      types has a particular response on a given variable. The second describes each
      individual's degree of membership in each of the K types. This "partial"
      membership score reflects the logic of the fuzzy partitions (rather than of
      discrete groups) that are employed in the analyses. By modifying the probability
      structure of the basic model we show how the procedure can be applied to a number
      of different types of data and analytic problems. The utility of the different
      GOM models for different types of aging research is discussed.

PMID- 1820289
TI  - Applications of survival analysis to aging research.
AB  - Many research questions in aging research treat time as the outcome variable.
      Researchers ask how much time must pass before a specific type of change or event
      occurs, and whether these times differ by characteristics of the subjects'
      background, training and treatment. Because of serious technical problems that
      arise when analyzing duration data, specially derived statistical methods--the
      methods of survival analysis--are required to answer the questions. In this
      paper, we introduce the conceptual framework of these new methodologies for
      analyzing duration data. We begin by identifying the types of research question
      that might appropriately treat time as an outcome. We then describe the new
      statistical methods for addressing such questions, provide a broad overview of
      their application, and identify relevant published sources containing additional
      background and technical information.

PMID- 1820291
TI  - Progression of congestive heart failure.

PMID- 1820290
TI  - Discrete-time event history analysis using segmented hazards.
AB  - Event history analysis is a means of explaining variation in the timing of events
      in individual life histories. This article describes methods for overcoming two
      difficult problems likely to be encountered in applications of event history
      analysis to studies of aging and human development. First, in many studies the
      ages of occurrence of critical life events are recorded in discrete units such as
      years, but the probability distributions of life events are usually specified in
      continuous-time form. We show how to estimate models for discrete-time data based
      on an underlying continuous-time specification. Second, the standard
      distributions for life events often fail to capture the complex age-dependence
      seen in actual data. We show how to construct a model using segmented hazards,
      that is, a composite of different functions for different segments of time. To
      illustrate these points, we study the age of first intercourse of 11,883 subjects
      from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.

PMID- 1820292
TI  - Lessons from V-HeFT: questions for V-HeFT II and the future therapy of heart
      failure.
AB  - V-HeFT, the first mortality trial in patients with heart failure, has provided
      important insights regarding trial design, including patient selection and
      efficacy criteria. Planning of V-HeFT II, the trial comparing hydralazine
      isosorbide dinitrate and enalapril, has raised additional issues regarding the
      power to detect mortality effects and the relative value of non-mortality
      endpoints for efficacy. V-HeFT has demonstrated that some vasodilator regimens
      can prolong life in heart failure. Hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate reduced
      mortality by 27% compared to placebo in patients treated with digoxin and
      diuretics. The possibility of a non-vasodilator mechanism for long-term benefit
      of these interventions is raised by the apparently poor relationship between the
      magnitude of vasodilation and the favorable long-term effects. These issues need
      to be explored in subsequent trials. In future long-term trials, however, the
      need for background therapy with drugs that have been effective in reducing
      mortality will make the identification of life prolongation from new therapies
      more difficult to demonstrate.

PMID- 1820293
TI  - Studies of left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction.
AB  - Early treatment of patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular
      dysfunction was performed in 90 patients aiming at influencing left ventricular
      remodelling. After twelve months of treatment with 25 mg captopril t.i.d. left
      ventricular ejection fraction was improved by 10% in comparison to a treatment
      with 40 mg of frusemide or placebo (p = 0.001). Late treatment of the patients
      not treated with captopril resulted in partial reversal of left ventricular
      dilatation, while withdrawal of captopril therapy in stable patients with
      ejection fractions over 30% and without clinical signs of congestive heart
      failure did not result in deterioration of left ventricular function. These
      results give a sound rationale for the earlier use of ACE-inhibitors in the
      treatment of congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 1820294
TI  - [Prognosis of mild chronic heart failure: effects of the ACE inhibitor
      captopril].
AB  - The Munich Mild Heart Failure Trial (MHFT) investigated the influences of ACE
      inhibition on progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). Major end points
      were progression of CHF from New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes
      I to III to NYHA functional class IV despite optimal adjusted standard therapy
      and death due to congestive heart failure, i.e. death due to pump failure or
      sudden death. 170 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either
      captopril (n = 83) 25 mg b.i.d. or placebo in addition to standard therapy for a
      median observation period of 2.7 years. The major result of this trial was the
      decrease in the relative risk for progressive heart failure by captopril therapy
      to 34% (95% confidence interval 17 to 68%; p = 0.01). Though total mortality was
      not reduced, death due to pump failure was found considerably less often on
      captopril than on placebo (18.2 vs 50% of total deaths in each group). In
      addition this report describes influences of captopril therapy on left
      ventricular size and function, heart size on X-ray, influences on symptomatology,
      electrolytes, ventricular arrhythmias, on concomitant therapy as well as effects
      in various subgroups. The major finding of the trial--the influence on
      progression of CHF--was independent of the underlying cardiac disease and was
      consistent in subgroups with different etiology of heart failure. Captopril
      blunted the increase in norepinephrine levels usually seen with increasing
      severity of congestive heart failure. There was a significant increase in serum
      sodium and potassium levels in the captopril treated group. Left ventricular size
      and function were well preserved in the patients still on randomized therapy
      after two years. No effects of therapy on ventricular ectopic activity were found
      in a subgroup of 93 patients that had had Holter monitoring. IN CONCLUSION:
      Captopril has marked effects on progression of disease and reduces the likelihood
      of progressive heart failure in patients with mild symptoms. Several indices of
      unfavourable prognosis are either improved (sodium, norepinephrine, angiotensin
      II) or stabilized (left ventricular function). Thus ACE-inhibitors are to be
      considered for all patients requiring medical therapy for congestive heart
      failure.

PMID- 1820295
TI  - [Effects of patient information, compliance and medical control on prognosis in
      chronic heart failure].
AB  - The impact of treatment on prognosis of patients with chronic congestive heart
      failure depends not only on pharmacological therapy but also on
      nonpharmacological aspects of patient management. Patient compliance, life style
      changes, salt and fluid restriction, detailed patient information and measures of
      self control greatly affect therapeutic efficacy. Reasons for hospitalizations
      and emergency room visits: In an analysis of 82 admissions of patients for
      decompensated chronic congestive heart failure we found poor compliance with drug
      treatments or dietary instructions as causally related factors in 30 patients,
      uncontrolled hypertension in 22 patients, acute infection in 18 and acute
      myocardial ischemia in 18 patients. More than half of the patients had weight
      gain before decompensation, that had not been adequately answered by changes in
      medication. Inadequate patient information: Inadequate knowledge about necessary
      life style changes at the time of hospital discharge is often found in patients
      with chronic heart failure. Less than 50% of these patients remembered correctly
      the instructions on key issues of necessary life style changes and diet. Drug
      treatment of heart failure: Recent controlled drug trials have not gained enough
      weight in therapeutic decisions of physicians treating heart failure patients.
      While ACE-inhibitors have been shown to improve longevity in congestive heart
      failure only 6% of patients with heart failure are treated with these drugs,
      while 5% are treated with calcium antagonists which have not been proven to be of
      symptomatic or prognostic benefit and may be harmful as well in this disease.
      Inadequate dosage in patients with chronic renal failure or in elderly patients
      as well as inadequate choice of drugs lead to side effects in a considerable
      percentage of patients.

PMID- 1820296
TI  - Left ventricular geometry, myocardial function and energetics of the dilated left
      ventricle. Influence of vasodilators and positive inotropic substances.
AB  - Vasodilators have been shown to improve hemodynamics of the failing heart as a
      short-term effect and to decrease mortality as a long-term result. We therefore
      studied the effect of different vasodilators on myocardial mechanics and
      energetics in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) NYHA II to
      III. In these patients undergoing routine heart catheterization myocardial oxygen
      consumption was measured using the argon method, and left ventricular pressure
      and geometry were obtained from left ventricular angiography using a Millar tip
      microcatheter. All data were analyzed for one single heart beat. The best
      correlation was found between MVO2/beat and the systolic stress-time integral
      which considers left ventricular pressure, wall thickness, and geometry. The
      relation between MVO2/beat and peak systolic wall stress was less relevant. No
      correlation was found between MVO2/beat and pressure-volume work, dP/dtmax, and
      mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. The intravenous application of
      nitroprusside and the ACE-inhibitor benazepril decreased both the systolic stress
      time integral and the myocardial oxygen consumption in proportion to each other
      indicating unchanged economy of myocardial contraction. In contrast to other
      vasodilators, beta 1-agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors increase
      myocardial oxygen consumption independently of changes in the stress-time
      integral. In conclusion, vasodilators decrease left ventricular pressure and
      chamber size and thereby proportionally reduce MVO2/beat. The reduction of energy
      needed for myocardial contraction may partially explain the long-term effects of
      the ACE-inhibitors and combinations of vasodilators. Pure positive inotropic
      substances, especially beta 1-agonists, increase myocardial oxygen consumption
      with minor changes of systolic stress-time integral.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820297
TI  - Is the efficacy of positive inotropic drugs limited to symptomatic improvement?
AB  - It has been postulated that positive inotropic drugs accelerate the loss of
      myocardial function by increasing oxygen demands in the face of energy
      deficiency, especially in coronary artery disease. On the other hand
      subendocardial perfusion may be improved, mainly by decreasing filling pressures.
      Exercise tolerance, which in itself is a factor closely linked to prognosis, can
      be improved, and as newer compounds show, even endogenous catecholamine
      concentrations can be decreased. Especially the effects on peripheral vascular
      resistance, which many of these compounds also have, and the decrease in
      endogenous catecholamine concentrations might exert positive effects on mortality
      in congestive heart failure. The value of positive inotropic drugs in bridging
      therapy for heart transplantation is generally acknowledged, while the value of
      these compounds in chronic heart failure, especially in improvement of prognosis,
      has not been documented thus far.

PMID- 1820298
TI  - [Arrhythmia and anti-arrhythmia therapy as prognostic risks].
AB  - The incidence of sudden death is estimated to be 0.25%/year in the industrialized
      world. 30 to 40% of patients are known to be at major risk before they succumb
      sudden death. Etiology is usually coronary heart disease (75%), dilated and
      hypertensive cardiomyopathy as well as valvular disease. 75% of patients dying
      suddenly die from ventricular fibrillation. The most common mechanism of sudden
      cardiac death in heart failure is sustained ventricular tachycardia deteriorating
      into ventricular fibrillation, the initiating factors being single ventricular
      beats, ventricular pairs or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (trigger
      mechanism). At least 50% of patients dying during Holter monitoring have been on
      antiarrhythmic treatment during the time of sudden death and this percentage is
      increased to 70% in patients dying from torsade de pointes ventricular
      tachycardia. The question that has arisen is whether suppression of such
      arrhythmias by antiarrhythmic agents will reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac
      death. Unfortunately, the patient group at highest risk - low ventricular
      ejection fraction and high incidence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
      episodes during 24 hour-monitoring and thus, the group most in need of arrhythmia
      suppression - has the lowest responder rate as well as the highest incidence of
      serious toxicity. Until the suppression of those arrhythmias by antiarrhythmic
      agents is demonstrated to improve prognosis in this patient group, routine use of
      antiarrhythmic agents cannot be recommended in this patient population.

PMID- 1820299
TI  - Can angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors influence the risk of sudden
      cardiac death in patients with heart failure?
AB  - Progression of heart failure ("expected mortality") and sudden cardiac death
      ("unexpected mortality"), presumably secondary to ventricular arrhythmia, are the
      major causes for the poor prognosis in chronic heart failure (CHF). Limitations
      of this classification ultimately stem from inaccuracies in establishing the
      mechanism of death at the time of death. Elucidation of the determinants of
      patients prone to sudden death and the effects of treatment modalities on the
      rate of sudden death remain hidden. Unexpected mortality is probably secondary to
      arrhythmic death but denotes only that death occurred within some brief interval
      (arbitrarily less than one hour in most studies) and does not exclude other
      causes. The demonstrated benefit of ACE inhibitors for improving total mortality
      as illustrated by the findings of the VHeFT, Captopril Multicenter and CONSENSUS,
      and the improved event-free survival shown by Munich Mild Heart Failure Trial for
      low-dose captopril argues strongly for their use in patients with CHF. These
      agents are confirmed to reduce the risk of death from pump failure; the effects
      on sudden death are less clear. Although many favorable effects contribute to
      improved hemodynamics, neuroendocrine and electrolyte status as discussed, at
      present, it is not possible to predict the precise mechanism by which these
      agents extend life and whether they reduce the frequency of "sudden" deaths.

PMID- 1820300
TI  - Prognosis in heart failure: is systolic or diastolic dysfunction more important?
AB  - The clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure can result from inadequate
      myocardial contraction (systolic myocardial failure), from pseudo-heart failure
      due to circulatory overload, or from failure of the ventricles to fill at low
      pressure (diastolic myocardial failure). The presence of systolic or diastolic
      heart failure is most precisely defined by an examination of left ventricular
      pressure-volume relations. Diastolic failure commonly coexists with systolic
      dysfunction. However, in many patients, diastolic dysfunction may exist alone or
      as the predominant physiologic disturbance. This is especially true in such
      common disease states as systemic hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Like
      systolic heart failure, diastolic failure results in significant morbidity and
      mortality. Diastolic heart failure may correlate better with prognosis for
      symptoms and survival than traditional indices of systolic function. The presence
      of predominantly diastolic dysfunction in large numbers of patients with the
      diagnosis of congestive heart failure has important therapeutic implications.

PMID- 1820301
TI  - [Peripheral adaptation in chronic heart failure: therapeutic implications].
AB  - Systemic vasoconstriction is a hallmark in chronic heart failure and due to
      several compensatory mechanisms such as neural, humoral and local vascular
      factors. Peripheral vasoconstriction mediated by increased sympathetic tone and
      activated plasma renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may act primarily for short-term
      control. The effects of the vascular RAS, impaired endothelium-mediated dilation
      (possibly due to chronically reduced flow) and structural alterations of the
      vessel wall slowly emerge over time. In addition, fluid and sodium retention may
      contribute to increase vascular stiffness in chronic heart failure. Improved
      cardiac output with acute administration of vasodilators and inotropic agents
      appears to exert redistribution of blood flow without improving blood flow to
      working muscle during exercise. Even if such agents do improve blood flow to the
      exercising skeletal muscle with short-term administration, oxygen utilization of
      the skeletal muscle is not immediately increased because intrinsic abnormalities
      of skeletal muscle exist in chronic heart failure; e.g. due to chronic
      deconditioning, resulting in reduced oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle as
      suggested by ultrastructural analysis and NMR-spectroscopy. The reversal of the
      above delineated peripheral alterations develop slowly over time. Chronically
      increased flow may improve impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of the
      vessel wall and the oxidative capacity may increase, in part, due to a training
      effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820302
TI  - Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) and transthoracic bioimpedance
      measurements: new tools for an "old disease" (congestive heart failure).
AB  - The purpose of the study was to examine the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary
      exercise capacity in patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure more
      exactly than with conventional investigations, using the simultaneous non
      invasive determination of the gas exchange parameters (ergospirometry, CPX) and
      of the hemodynamic (transthoracic bioimpedance). The reproducibility of the data
      were measured with each method with repeated tests under the same conditions in
      healthy subjects and patients with myocardial failure. Therefore we tested 15
      patients with documented congestive heart failure repeatedly on a bicycle (semi
      supine, +15 watts/min, symptom-limited). The ergospirometric (VO2, VCO2, RER =
      VCO2/VO2, max. VO2, VO2AT, VE, RR) and the bioimpedance-parameters (CI, SVI, HR)
      were measured simultaneously during rest and exercise. According to Wasserman et
      al. we used the VO2AT and the max. VO2 to assign the patients to the different
      Weber classes: Weber A: greater than 20 ml/min/kg max. VO2, greater than 14
      ml/min/kg VO2AT; Weber B: 16 to 20 ml/min/kg max. VO2, 11 to 14 8 to 11 ml/min/kg
      VO2AT; Weber D: 6 to 10 ml/min/kg max. ml/min/kg VO2AT; Weber C: 10 to 16
      ml/min/kg max. VO2, 8 to 11 ml/min/kg VO2AT; Weber D: 6 to 10 ml/min/kg max. VO2,
      4 to 8 ml/min/kg VO2AT: Weber E: less than 6 ml/min/kg max. VO2, less than 4
      ml/min/kg VO2AT. The V-slope-method according to Beaver et al. allowed for the
      determination of the anaerobic threshold in 13/15 patients. 2/15 patients didn't
      reach the anaerobic threshold. Oscillations of the gas exchange parameters due to
      Cheyne-Stokes-breathing were found in 9/15 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820303
TI  - Hospice care for prisoners: establishing an inmate-staffed hospice program in a
      prison medical facility.
AB  - U.S. Prison populations are expanding at an explosive rate and many more men and
      women are dying in prison, often with little attention given to their unique
      psychological, palliative, and spiritual care needs. This paper describes the
      development of an innovative hospice program at a major federal prison hospital
      designed to meet those needs: an inmate-staffed, hospice volunteer program. A
      brief history of the program's start-up and development, data on the initial six
      month pilot program and evaluation, a set of program standards and guidelines,
      and recommendations for further development are presented as a model for future
      hospice programs in prison medical facilities.

PMID- 1820304
TI  - Organizational evolution: a hospice case study.
AB  - An analysis of the maturation process of a large, multiple site hospice using
      Greiner's organizational development model is presented. Past and present growth
      phases and crises are described. The value of such an analysis lies in its
      insights into organizational growth and the resultant lessons for other, similar
      agencies. The ability to assess an organization's stage of development means that
      crises and needs can be anticipated and appropriate resolutions can be planned.
      Generalizations can be made to multiple site or regionally organized hospice
      development elsewhere.

PMID- 1820305
TI  - Anorexia in the terminally ill cancer patient: the emotional impact on the
      patient and the family.
AB  - Anorexia is a troublesome symptom, experienced by the majority of cancer
      patients. Loss of appetite in the terminally ill patient is seen as a certain
      sign of impending death and is a source of considerable anxiety. This study was
      designed to explore the ways in which terminally ill cancer patients and their
      primary caregivers view and respond to the patient's loss of appetite. Semi
      structured interviews were conducted to elicit data. Findings suggest that loss
      of appetite is indeed a source of anxiety and conflict within the family, and
      that the amount of food and fluid taken is used as a barometer of the patient's
      overall condition. Findings also suggest that caregiver anxiety is more
      pronounced in the female than in the male because the patient's inability to eat
      impacts upon her customary role identity. The majority of patients viewed
      anorexia to be of less concern than other problems, and also voiced a preference
      to have their family members focus less energy on encouraging them to eat.

PMID- 1820306
TI  - The experience of pain and perceptions of quality of life: validation of a
      conceptual model.
AB  - Pain is a common symptom of terminally ill cancer patients and a major challenge
      for hospice care. This paper presents a conceptual model of the relationship
      between pain and quality of life that was derived from the authors' previous
      research. The model should prove useful to hospice clinicians and researchers in
      evaluating the impact of palliative care on the quality of life.

PMID- 1820308
TI  - Histomorphometric studies of hydroxylapatite-coated and uncoated CP titanium
      threaded implants in bone.
AB  - Threaded hydroxylapatite-coated implants of commercially pure (CP) titanium were
      inserted in the rabbit tibial metaphysis. Uncoated CP titanium screw implants
      inserted in the contralateral leg served as controls. After 6 weeks and 1 year
      postinsertion, the semiloaded implants were histomorphometrically analyzed. While
      not significant, there was more direct bony contact with the hydroxylapatite
      coated implants after 6 weeks of follow-up. One year after insertion, there was
      significantly more direct bone-to-implant contact with the uncoated CP titanium
      controls.

PMID- 1820307
TI  - Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis in and around the Screw-Vent
      implant.
AB  - The three-dimensional finite element stress analysis method was used to determine
      the pattern and concentration of stresses within the Screw-Vent endosseous
      implant and its supporting tissues. For this commercially pure titanium implant,
      maximum stresses were located within the implant collar immediately below the
      bony crest. These stresses were at least 18 times less than the endurance limit
      of commercially pure titanium (259.90 MPa). Maximum stresses (19.57 MPa) in the
      bone were lingual to the superior portion of the collar. Previous longitudinal
      radiographic studies of a similar implant have revealed bone loss mesial and
      distal to the implant. For the Screw-Vent, mesial and distal stresses (maximum
      0.38 MPa) were much lower than those buccal and lingual to the implant. The
      clinical significance of the stress transfer to the bone buccal and lingual to
      the implant has yet to be determined.

PMID- 1820309
TI  - Tissue integration of one-stage ITI implants: 3-year results of a longitudinal
      study with Hollow-Cylinder and Hollow-Screw implants.
AB  - This study examined the tissue integration of one-stage, nonsubmerged ITI
      implants over a period of 3 years. Fifty-four implants were placed in 38
      partially edentulous patients. Following healing (at least 3 months), all 54
      implants were free of peri-implant infections and revealed no detectable
      mobility. Radiographs showed no signs of peri-implant radiolucencies, and the
      implants were in favorable positions for prosthetic restoration. Following
      incorporation of fixed partial dentures, patients were enrolled in a hygiene
      recall program with 3-month intervals and were examined once a year. Based on
      predefined criteria, each implant was classified as successful or failing. After
      the 3-year observation period, 51 of 53 implants (96.2%) were considered
      successfully integrated. (One patient with one implant dropped out of the study.)
      Two implants exhibited recurrent peri-implant infections and were classified as
      late failures. These results indicate that one-stage ITI implants can achieve
      successful tissue integration on a predictable basis and that it can be
      maintained over a period of at least 3 years.

PMID- 1820310
TI  - In vivo load measurements on osseointegrated implants supporting fixed or
      removable prostheses: a comparative pilot study.
AB  - Load was measured in vivo on a single terminal abutment cylinder by means of a
      strain gauge technique. The clinical measurements were made on one female patient
      (age 62) provided with six implants in the edentulous maxilla. A fixed prosthesis
      was tested initially, followed by an overdenture supported by a bar connected to
      the implants. The results indicated that a significant force could be introduced
      when connecting the framework. Furthermore, measurements showed that
      compression/tension forces were lower in the overdenture situation. However, the
      preliminary data also indicated relatively higher bending moments on the implant
      when the overdenture was loaded.

PMID- 1820311
TI  - Management of mandibular fractures in patients with endosseous implants.
AB  - Seven patients who had previously received mandibular endosseous implants
      sustained mandibular fractures and were treated. Three patients had advanced bone
      resorption and developed stress fractures through previous endosseous implant
      sites. Two patients sustained fractures through implant sites via trauma. Two
      patients sustained fractures anatomically separated from the implants, which
      caused an alteration in the dental occlusion. This report describes the treatment
      approach for these seven patients and reviews the treatment philosophy and
      procedures involved. A conservative treatment approach is advised when the
      fracture transverses through a stable or a recently failed implant site.

PMID- 1820312
TI  - A removal torque and histomorphometric study of bone tissue reactions to
      commercially pure titanium and Vitallium implants.
AB  - Screw-shaped commercially pure (CP) titanium and Vitallium implants were inserted
      in the rabbit tibial metaphysis. After a healing period of 3 months, it was
      demonstrated that a higher torque was needed to remove the CP titanium implants
      (average 24.9 Ncm) compared to Vitallium implants (average 11.7 Ncm). The
      histomorphometric part of the study revealed more bone-to-metal contact for the
      CP titanium implants (average 34.7%) compared to the Vitallium implants (average
      21.7%). The results obtained in this study could be explained by differences in
      the topography or in biocompatibility of the metals, or a combination of these
      two factors.

PMID- 1820314
TI  - Comparison of impression techniques for a five-implant mandibular model.
AB  - Production of an accurate dental cast framework that meets the implant objective
      of passive fit demands an understanding of potential processing errors. Working
      casts fabricated from impressions using two different transfer copings, as
      provided by a leading implant manufacturer, were investigated for differences in
      accuracy. A five-implant mandibular model was used to produce seven casts by both
      the indirect and direct transfer coping techniques. Comparison was made by using
      a dental cast framework fitted to the master cast. Differences in distances
      measured between each group and the master cast were analyzed to establish
      differences between methods. For the model used, the direct technique produced
      more accurate working casts. A concern for potential impression distortion given
      the specific clinical situation underscores the method of choice.

PMID- 1820313
TI  - Relationship between insertion torque and removal torque analyzed in fresh
      temporal bone.
AB  - Insertion torque and removal torque of fixtures were measured using human cadaver
      temporal bone and human living bone. The torque level for fracturing the threads
      of the bone was also measured. The maximum insertion torque exerted without
      causing a break in bone threads was 70.0 Ncm in bicortical bone and 50.0 Ncm in
      unicortical bone. The relationship between insertion torque and removal torque
      indicated a positive correlation between both sites. However, removal torque was
      lower than insertion torque in all measurements. The fracture points of bone
      threads were 77.0 Ncm in bicortical bone and 57.7 Ncm in unicortical bone by
      mean. Microfractures were observed mainly in the thread bases and were directed
      upward in the histologic specimens examined.

PMID- 1820315
TI  - Histologic evaluation of hydroxylapatite-coated versus uncoated titanium blade
      implants in delayed and immediately loaded applications.
AB  - It has been suggested that the long-term success of blade implants could be
      improved by placing the implants using a two-stage surgical protocol to allow the
      implant to develop a direct bony interface instead of a fibrous tissue interface.
      This study compared the implant interfaces of delayed and immediately loaded
      blade implants in nonhuman primates. A second objective was to compare the
      effects of hydroxylapatite coating on delayed and immediate loading applications.
      The delayed loaded uncoated titanium and hydroxylapatite-coated blade implants
      did osseointegrate. This study also suggests that hydroxylapatite-coated blade
      implants may form a direct bony interface even when they are loaded immediately
      after implantation, provided that they are splinted to a firm natural tooth.

PMID- 1820316
TI  - SEM evaluation of the in-vitro effects of an air-abrasive system on various
      implant surfaces.
AB  - This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of an air-abrasive
      polishing system on various implant surfaces. Four each of the following types of
      implants were obtained from the manufacturer: Stryker DB (a titanium alloy
      implant), Denar Steri-Oss (a pure titanium implant), IMZ (pure titanium polished
      collar/plasma-sprayed body), and IMZ transmucosal implant extensions (highly
      polished pure titanium). Four samples of each type of implant material were
      placed in a group to be treated with an air-abrasive polishing system for 0.5, 1,
      5, or 10 seconds, for a total of 16 samples. Scanning electron photomicrographs
      taken of each sample before and after treatment were analyzed by three examiners
      who were blind to the treatment conditions. They determined if the abrasion on
      the treated surface was greater than, equal to, or less than the pretreatment
      control. No perceptible difference was noted between the pretreatment and
      posttreatment photomicrographs regarding the surface integrity of the implant
      material surfaces.

PMID- 1820317
TI  - Controlled longitudinal study on the psychological effects of osseointegrated
      dental implants.
AB  - Forty-seven patients participated in a longitudinal study on the psychological
      effects of the Branemark implant technique. They were asked to complete
      questionnaires measuring their psychological well-being and symptom level on two
      occasions. The first occasion was shortly after the initial prosthetic
      assessment. Although 29 patients were subsequently accepted for implant
      treatment, 18 were found to be unsuitable at the later surgical assessment. Both
      groups of patients were again given the questionnaires approximately 2 years
      later. The implants were associated with a clinically significant improvement on
      measures of symptoms and psychological distress, but there was no change in self
      esteem. By contrast, the only change in the untreated comparison group was that
      their level of distress had risen.

PMID- 1820318
TI  - Latent infection involving a mandibular implant: a case report.
AB  - This article concerns one of the major problems of all implants: the risk for
      latent potential infections. A case report involving latent infection of a
      mandibular implant is presented.

PMID- 1820319
TI  - Mycotoxins, endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours.

PMID- 1820320
TI  - Contamination of human milk with ochratoxin A.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin frequently found as a contaminant both in food and in
      animal feed. It can reach humans through the food chain and can then be excreted
      in biological fluids, one of which is human milk; it can therefore be transmitted
      from mother to child during breast-feeding. This fact prompted us to carry out
      the present study, aimed at the determination of ochratoxin A in human milk in
      Italy, as done elsewhere. Fifty samples of human milk were collected randomly
      over one year and analysed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method.
      Nine samples were found to contain levels in the range of 1.7-6.6 ng/ml.

PMID- 1820321
TI  - Decomposition of ochratoxin A by heat and gamma-irradiation.
AB  - Up to 50% of initial amounts of 2 and 100 ng/ml ochratoxin A were decomposed
      after gamma-irradiation of solutions in water, in 2% aqueous NaCl or an aqueous
      solution of 2% NaCl and NaNO2. Ochratoxin A in these solutions was not
      decomposed, however, after heating at 20, 121 or 135 degrees C for 15 min.

PMID- 1820322
TI  - Epidemiological characteristics of Balkan endemic nephropathy in eastern regions
      of Yugoslavia.
AB  - Foci of Balkan endemic nephropathy have been found scattered along several rivers
      in many parts of Serbia, as well as in north-eastern Bosnia. There is no
      indication that the medical geography of the disease changes over time. As for
      the intensity of the endemic process, both the poor quality of the routinely
      collected data and an inconsistent methodological approach obscure the real
      epidemiological situation. The incidence of deaths, the most reliable measure of
      outcome, has been stable over the last few decades, slightly exceeding 3 per 1000
      person-years of observation in the most heavily affected endemic villages. The
      point prevalence rate of hyper-beta-2-microglobulinuria, an indicator of tubular
      damage, also remained unchanged over that period, at a value as high as 20-25%.
      Over time, however, the course of the disease became more protracted and its
      onset moved towards older ages. These two facts may indicate a less intense
      contact with the agent(s) and, consequently, suggest a decreased burden of Balkan
      endemic nephropathy in the near future. The natural history of Balkan endemic
      nephropathy is still not well understood, however. The disease seems to have had
      an endemo-epidemic pattern in the past, and the possibility of another epidemic
      wave in the future cannot be completely ruled out.

PMID- 1820323
TI  - Comparative acute nephrotoxicity of Penicillium aurantiogriseum in rats and
      hamsters.
AB  - Air-dried mycelium of Penicillium aurantiogriseum2, grown as a surface culture on
      yeast extract-sucrose medium, was incorporated into powdered diet and fed to rats
      and hamsters for different periods up to 28 days. At intervals, animals were
      anaesthetized and the kidneys fixed in situ by perfusion. In rats, the fungus
      produced scattered exfoliation of pyknotic cells and an increased frequency of
      mitotic figures involving the pars recta segment of proximal tubular epithelium.
      This lesion was detectable as early as three days after beginning of treatment
      and was well developed by 14 days. No degenerative tubular change or mitogenic
      effect was observed in hamsters, even after feeding for 35 days; and there was no
      apparent renal pelvic or interstitial lesion in either species.

PMID- 1820324
TI  - Penicillium aurantiogriseum-induced, persistent renal histopathological changes
      in rats; an experimental model for Balkan endemic nephropathy competitive with
      ochratoxin A.
AB  - Renal histopathological changes in rats, caused by food partially moulded by a
      common fungus isolated from an area of nephropathy in Yugoslavia, were
      differentiated into acute and chronic responses. The acute response to a few days
      on the diet specifically involved necrosis and concomitant mitosis in proximal
      tubule cells. More protracted, continuous or intermittent administration of
      nephrotoxic mould led to a marked karyomegaly in the same corticomedullary
      region. The phenomenon is more prominent than that induced by treatment with
      ochratoxin A over a similar period, raising the question of the putative role of
      such mycotoxins in the etiology of chronic human renal disease.

PMID- 1820325
TI  - Human exposure to ochratoxin A.
AB  - Over a nine-year period during screening campaigns in villages where Balkan
      nephropathy is endemic, human blood samples were collected and analysed for
      ochratoxin A. The incidence of positive samples was 0.5-2.5%. Dried beans were
      found to be more frequently contaminated with the toxin than other food
      commodities. In view of a specific accumulation of ochratoxin A observed in eggs,
      more attention should be paid to contamination of this food with ochratoxin A.

PMID- 1820326
TI  - Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary
      tract tumours in Bulgaria.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is suspected of being one of the etiological agents responsible for
      Balkan endemic nephropathy and the associated urinary tract tumours.
      Contamination of cereals by this mycotoxin has been found to be more frequent in
      areas of endemic nephropathy than in areas where the disease is absent. As
      ochratoxin A binds to serum albumin, it should be detectable in biological fluids
      from exposed populations. A survey was thus conducted to determine the occurrence
      of ochratoxin A in blood from people living in the endemic area who were either
      affected or unaffected by the two diseases and in blood from people living in
      control regions where these diseases do not occur. Blood samples were collected
      in 1984, 1986, 1989 and 1990. Ochratoxin A was found more frequently and at
      higher levels in blood from patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy and/or
      urinary tract tumours than in blood from unaffected people from endemic and
      control areas. These findings suggest further that ochratoxin A is involved in
      the etiology of the two diseases.

PMID- 1820327
TI  - Ochratoxin A as a contaminant in the human food chain: a Canadian perspective.
AB  - Penetration of ochratoxin A into the human food chain in Canada was assessed by
      analysing stored grains, porcine blood and, finally, human blood. The potential
      for mycological growth and production of ochratoxin A was determined in 164
      samples of stored grain (barley, wheat, maize and silage) collected from
      producers in Manitoba. A total of 34% were found to have the capacity to produce
      ochratoxin A; 14.5% had concentrations greater than 1.0 mg/kg. In 1988, 1200
      blood samples were obtained from swine destined for slaughter in western Canada.
      High-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that 3.6% of the 194 blood
      samples collected in February and March and 4.2% of the 1006 collected in May,
      June and July had concentrations of ochratoxin A that exceeded 20 ng/ml. In a
      subsequent survey of porcine blood carried out in 1989-90, 16-65% of the samples
      had detectable levels of ochratoxin A, at mean concentrations of 5.4-19.4 ng/ml.
      Subsequently, human blood samples were collected from 159 individuals, 69 of whom
      had some form of renal impairment. Of the latter, 40% had detectable levels of
      ochratoxin A, and 12% had concentrations greater than 0.5 ng/ml. Of the non-renal
      patients, 39% had detectable levels of ochratoxin A, and 11% had concentrations
      greater than 0.5 ng/ml. These studies demonstrate that ochratoxin A is present in
      the blood of people in Canada and that two possible points of entry of this toxin
      into the human food chain are contaminated grain and pork products.

PMID- 1820328
TI  - Human ochratoxicosis in France.
AB  - The prevalence of human ochratoxicosis in France is being determined using serum
      and plasma collected from apparently healthy people. The analytical method is
      based on the partition coefficient of ochratoxin A in aqueous and organic
      solvents, according to pH. High-performance liquid chromatography and
      spectrofluorimetry are used for detection and quantification (limit of detection,
      greater than 0.2 ng/ml). The presence of ochrotoxin A is confirmed by the action
      of carboxypeptidase to yield ochratoxin alpha or by derivatization of ochratoxin
      A with boron trifluoride. The significance of the interim values obtained and the
      number of positive samples is discussed. A comparison with the distribution of
      known values in Germany and Scandinavia could be helpful in risk assessment with
      a view to prevention.

PMID- 1820330
TI  - Ochratoxin A in human blood in European countries.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin which contaminates cereals in particular and occurs
      all over the world. Humans are undoubtedly exposed to this toxin through foods of
      vegetable and animal origin and through airborne dust. The presence of ochratoxin
      A in human blood has been suggested as an indicator for indirect assessment of
      exposure to this nephrotoxic agent. In several countries, therefore, human blood
      has been collected with the purpose of obtaining more information on the intake
      of ochratoxin A. Analyses of serum samples in European countries revealed that
      blood from healthy humans was contaminated with ochratoxin A at concentrations of
      0.1-14.4 micrograms/l. The frequency of contamination of human sera seems to
      indicate continuous, widespread exposure of humans to ochratoxin A.

PMID- 1820329
TI  - Possible sources of ochratoxin A in human blood in Poland.
AB  - Samples of plant origin and human and porcine blood samples were screened over a
      long period for the presence of ochratoxin A. Of 1353 cereal samples, 11.7%
      contained the mycotoxin; of 1372 samples of feed, 1.5%; of 368 bread samples,
      17.2%; of 215 flour samples, 22.3%; of 894 porcine serum samples, 37.4%; and of
      1065 human serum samples, 7.2%. Seasonal variations in the natural occurrence of
      ochratoxin A were observed, with an increased percentage of positive samples in
      the spring. Individual daily intake of the mycotoxin, estimated on the basis of
      residues in human serum, was found to be 0.4 ng/g of food consumed.

PMID- 1820331
TI  - Concentrations of ochratoxin A in the urine of endemic nephropathy patients and
      controls in Bulgaria: lack of detection of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A.
AB  - Ochratoxin A has been detected more frequently and at higher levels as a
      contaminant in staple food consumed by subjects affected by Balkan endemic
      nephropathy or urinary tract tumours in the Vratza district (Bulgaria) than in
      samples from control populations in and outside the endemic area. Serum from
      patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy also contained ochratoxin A more
      frequently and at higher levels than serum from controls. Metabolic phenotyping
      of subjects in the Vratza district with debrisoquine revealed a preponderance of
      extensive metabolizers among subjects at high risk for Balkan endemic
      nephropathy. In rats, ochratoxin A is metabolized to 4-hydroxyochratoxin A, and
      rat strains shown to be poor or extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine were also
      poor or extensive metabolizers of ochratoxin A. In order to determine whether the
      metabolic phenotype for debrisoquine also parallels that of ochratoxin A in
      humans, a sensitive method was developed for quantifying ochratoxin A and its 4
      hydroxy metabolite in human urine. This method was subsequently used to analyse
      urine from subjects who had previously been phenotyped for debrisoquine.
      Ochratoxin A was detected more frequently and at higher levels in urine from
      members of families affected by Balkan endemic nephropathy than in samples taken
      from subjects in control areas. No 4-hydroxyochratoxin A was found in any of
      these samples (detection limit, 15 ng/l urine). On the basis of results from
      human studies and animal models, the role of genetic polymorphism in drug
      oxidation and disease susceptibility is discussed briefly.

PMID- 1820333
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in animals.
AB  - The fate of ochratoxin A has been studied in laboratory rodents and in breeding
      animals. In rats, orally administered ochratoxin A is readily absorbed, and
      considerable amounts of the toxin are detected in plasma, where maximal
      concentrations occur 2-4 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of
      curves of plasma level versus time suggests its distribution in two distinct body
      compartments. The half-time of the toxin depends on both the dose and the animal
      species, varying from 0.7 h in fish to 840 h in monkeys. In plasma, the toxin is
      bound to albumin, like many acidic compounds. This interaction is competitively
      inhibited by phenylbutazone, ethylbiscoumacetate and sulfamethoxy-pyridazine and
      is decreased in albumin-deficient rats. The hydrolysis of ochratoxin A to an
      isocoumarin derivative (ochratoxin alpha) is the major metabolic pathway. This
      detoxication is brought about by animal and bacterial carboxypeptidases and takes
      place in the rumen and large intestine. 4-Hydroxyochratoxin A is the main hepatic
      metabolite, and its formation appears to be polymorphic, like debrisoquine 4
      hydroxylation. The ratio of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A to ochratoxin A excreted in
      urine may be linked to the carcinogenic potential of the toxin, as the metabolite
      is almost as effective an immunosuppressor as ochratoxin A. After undergoing
      enterohepatic circulation, the toxin and ochratoxin alpha are excreted in faeces
      and urine as various unidentified metabolites. Transport of the mycotoxin in the
      kidney is mediated by the renal organic anion transport system, and renal
      metabolism may contribute to detoxification. Although dose-dependent placental
      transfer of ochratoxin A has been described in rodents, the toxin does not cross
      the placenta into fetuses of sows administered a low dose (0.38 mg/kg) orally.
      Its diffusion into the milk of female rabbits is seen after intravenous
      administration, but in cows given 50 mg of the mycotoxin, barely detectable
      amounts of ochratoxin alpha were recovered in milk. Ochratoxin A is
      preferentially distributed in liver, kidney, muscle and fat. The experimental
      data are in close accordance with several reports on the spontaneous occurrence
      of unchanged toxin residues in blood and kidneys of slaughter pigs.

PMID- 1820332
TI  - Mechanism of action of ochratoxin A.
AB  - Ochratoxin A has a number of toxic effects in mammals, the most notable of which
      is nephrotoxicity. It is also immunosuppressive, teratogenic and carcinogenic.
      The biochemical and molecular aspects of its action were first studied in
      bacteria. The appearance of 'magic spots' (ppGpp and pppGpp) pointed to
      inhibition of the charging of transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA) with amino acids.
      This suggestion was confirmed by the demonstration that ochratoxin A inhibits
      bacterial, yeast and liver phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. The inhibition is
      competitive to phenylalanine and is reversed by an excess of this amino acid. As
      a consequence, protein synthesis is inhibited, as shown with hepatoma cells in
      culture, with Madin Darby canine kidney cells (which are much more sensitive) and
      in vivo in mouse liver, kidney and spleen, the inhibition being more effective in
      the latter two organs. An excess of phenylalanine also prevents inhibition of
      protein synthesis in cell cultures and in vivo. Analogues of ochratoxin A in
      which phenylalanine has been replaced by other amino acids have similar
      inhibitory effects on the respective amino acid-specific aminoacyl tRNA
      synthetases. 4R-Hydroxyochratoxin A, a metabolite of ochratoxin A, has a similar
      action, whereas ochratoxin alpha (the dihydroisocoumarin moiety) and ochratoxin B
      (ochratoxin A without chlorine) have no effect. Ochratoxin A might act on other
      enzymes that use phenylalanine as a substrate. We showed recently that it
      inhibits phenylalanine hydroxylase. In addition, the phenylalanine moiety of
      ochratoxin A is partially hydroxylated to tyrosine by incubation with hepatocytes
      and in vivo. This competitive action with phenylalanine might explain why this
      amino acid prevents the immuno-suppressive effect of ochratoxin A and partially
      prevents its teratogenic and nephrotoxic actions. The effect of ochratoxin A on
      protein synthesis is followed by an inhibition of RNA synthesis, which might
      affect proteins with a high turnover. Ochratoxin A also lowers the level of
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis; this
      inhibition is reported to be due to a specific degradation of mRNA that codes for
      this enzyme. Recently, ochratoxin A was also found to enhance lipid peroxidation
      both in vitro and in vivo. This inhibition might have an important effect on cell
      or mitochondrial membranes and be responsible for the effects on mitochondria
      that have been shown by several authors. Finally, the recent results of Pfohl
      Leszkowicz et al. (this volume), who showed the formation of DNA adducts mainly
      in kidney but also in liver and spleen, explain the DNA single-strand breaks
      observed previously in mice and rats after acute and chronic treatment.

PMID- 1820334
TI  - Distribution of 14C-ochratoxin A and 14C-ochratoxin B in rats: a comparison based
      on whole-body autoradiography.
AB  - The distribution patterns of ochratoxin A and its nontoxic dechloro-analogue
      ochratoxin B were studied in rats using whole-body autoradiography. No prominent
      difference in distribution patterns was found that could explain why the rat is
      the animal most susceptible to ochratoxin A-induced renal cancer or why
      ochratoxin B is less toxic than ochratoxin A.

PMID- 1820335
TI  - The first clinical description of Balkan endemic nephropathy (1956) and its
      validity 35 years later.
AB  - A high prevalence of renal disease in Vratza, a district in north-west Bulgaria,
      was studied in 1950-54 by Tanchev at the district hospital. A particular unknown
      renal condition was described at local meetings in 1953 and was referred to as
      'endemic Vratza nephritis' in 1955. The first clinical description of this new
      nosological entity, published by Tanchev and colleagues in 1956, was based on 664
      patients hospitalized for renal disease. Of 296 with chronic nephritis, 17 died
      in hospital and 103 died a few days later at home, all with uraemia, to give a
      total of 40.5%. Peasants formed the majority of the patients (85.7%), and 4-43
      came from only 16 villages and 1-3 from 36 villages; none came from the remaining
      21 villages in the district. Clusters of patients were thus noted in villages,
      families and even houses. The patients had the following common characteristics:
      from endemic areas; other renal ailments in the family; copper-yellow skin and
      orange palms and soles; normochromic anaemia; absence of acute onset,
      considerable albuminuria, hypertension and oedema; no compensatory polyuria;
      azotaemia progressing insidiously to fatal uraemia; 83.5% died within one year of
      the appearance of symptoms. After similar ailments were described in Yugoslavia
      in 1957 and Romania in 1961, the condition became known as Balkan endemic
      nephropathy. The etiology of this disease remains unknown, and no treatment is
      available, although haemodialysis and kidney transplants have prolonged patients'
      survival.

PMID- 1820336
TI  - A molecular basis for target-cell toxicity and upper urothelial carcinoma in
      analgesic abusers and patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is ubiquitous in regions where Balkan endemic nephropathy is common.
      It damages the kidney cortex in a range of experimental animals and induces renal
      parenchymal carcinoma in mice, but it is not a potent carcinogen, nor is there
      experimental evidence to link it to upper urothelial carcinoma (UUC). A model UUC
      can be induced experimentally in rodents by urothelial initiation, followed by an
      acutely induced papillary necrosis. This two-stage experimental model may help to
      clarify the role of ochratoxin A in initiating or promoting upper urothelial
      cells and increase our understanding of the development of UUC in patients with
      Balkan endemic nephropathy.

PMID- 1820338
TI  - DNA adduct formation in mice treated with ochratoxin A.
AB  - Several authors have reported the occurrence of renal and hepatic tumours in mice
      and rats exposed to ochratoxin A in long-term studies. The compound was not
      mutagenic, however, in various microbial and mammalian gene mutation assays,
      either with or without metabolic activation. Contradictory results were obtained
      for induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis and sister chromatid exchange. We
      showed previously that ochratoxin A causes DNA damage, manifested as single
      strand breaks in mouse spleen cells and in vivo. These findings, which suggest
      that ochratoxin A is weakly genotoxic to mammalian cells, prompted us to search
      for DNA adducts using a modified 32P-postlabelling method, the sensitivity of
      which was improved by treatment with nuclease P1. DNA was isolated from liver,
      kidney and spleen excised from mice 24, 48 and 72 h after oral treatment with
      ochratoxin A at 0.6, 1.2 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Several adducts were found in
      the DNA of the three organs, the levels varying greatly. After administration of
      2.5 mg/kg body weight, 40 adducts per 10(9) nucleotides were found in kidney DNA
      and 7 adducts per 10(9) nucleotides in liver after 72 h. The levels of most of
      the adducts increased from 24 to 72 h, but those of others diminished after 24 or
      48 h. Adducts were found in spleen only at 24 and 48 h. These results confirm the
      genotoxicity of ochratoxin A.

PMID- 1820337
TI  - Carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in experimental animals.
AB  - The carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A, a naturally occurring mycotoxin of the
      fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, was evaluated in three strains of mice
      and in one strain of rats. The kidney, and in particular the tubular epithelial
      cells, was the major target organ for ochratoxin A-induced lesions. In male ddY
      and DDD mice, atypical hyperplasia, cystadenomas and carcinomas of the renal
      tubular cells were induced, as were neoplastic nodules and hepatocyte tumours of
      the liver. In B6C3F1 mice, tubular-cell adenomas and carcinomas of the kidneys
      were induced in male mice, and the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and
      carcinomas were increased in male and female mice. In male and female F344 rats,
      ochratoxin A induced nonneoplastic (degeneration, karyomegaly, proliferation,
      cytoplasmic alteration, hyperplasia) and neoplastic effects (adenomas, and
      carcinomas with metastases) in the kidneys; the incidence of fibroadenomas of the
      mammary glands was also increased in female rats. Other studies on ochratoxin A
      were considered inadequate for evaluating the presence or absence of a
      carcinogenic effect; however, these are mentioned and referenced below. The
      collective experimental findings, together with accumulating evidence in humans,
      forecast further toxic and carcinogenic effects in humans exposed to ochratoxin
      A, mainly via foodstuffs.

PMID- 1820339
TI  - Mutagenicity and effects of ochratoxin A on the frequency of sister chromatid
      exchange after metabolic activation.
AB  - Primary cultures of hepatocytes derived from untreated rats were incubated in the
      presence of ochratoxin A for 24 h. Five different strains of histidine auxotroph
      Salmonella typhimurium were exposed to conditioned cell culture medium before
      being tested for mutagenicity. A clear hepatocyte-mediated mutagenic response was
      observed in TA1535, TA1538 and TA100. In addition, sister chromatid exchange
      frequency was increased in human peripheral lymphocytes that had been incubated
      in the presence of conditioned medium derived from ochratoxin A-exposed
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 1820340
TI  - Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A and structurally related compounds in Escherichia
      coli strains: studies on their mode of action.
AB  - Ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha (its major metabolite in rodents) and seven
      structurally related substances were assayed for SOS DNA repair inducing activity
      in Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. At a concentration range of 0.1-4 mM, ochratoxin
      A, chloroxine, 5-chloro-8-quinolinol, 4-chloro-meta-cresol and chloroxylenol were
      found to induce SOS-DNA repair in the absence of an exogenous metabolic
      activation system. Ochratoxin B, ochratoxin alpha, 5-chlorosalicylic acid and
      citrinin were inactive, but all except ochratoxin alpha were cytotoxic. Thus, the
      presence of a chlorine at C-5 in ochratoxin A and in other analogues appears to
      be one determinant of their genotoxicity. In order to ascertain whether this
      reactivity involves a bacterial glutathione conjugation reaction, we investigated
      the modifying effect on the genotoxicity of ochratoxin A of amino oxyacetic acid,
      an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Amino oxyacetic acid decreased the
      cytotoxicity of ochratoxin A but did not alter its genotoxic activity, suggesting
      the formation of a cytotoxic thiol-containing derivative. The way in which
      ochratoxin A and some of its active analogues induce SOS DNA repair activity was
      further investigated in E. coli PQ37 and in three derived strains (PQ300, OG100
      and OG400, containing deletions within the oxy R regulon). The response in PQ37
      strain was measured in the absence and presence of Trolox C, a hydrosoluble form
      of vitamin E. Trolox C completely quenched the genotoxicity of ochratoxin A,
      which was no greater in mutated than in wild type strains. These results
      implicate an ochratoxin A-derived free radical rather than reduced oxygen species
      as genotoxic intermediate(s) in bacteria.

PMID- 1820341
TI  - Chromosomal alterations in lymphocytes of patients with Balkan endemic
      nephropathy and of healthy individuals after incubation in vitro with ochratoxin
      A.
AB  - The possible involvement of mycotoxins in chromosomal alterations in patients
      with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) was investigated cytogenetically.
      Lymphocyte cultures from patients with BEN and from individuals from a nonendemic
      region were examined and compared with cultures from healthy people which had
      been incubated in vitro with noncytotoxic doses of ochratoxin A. Significantly
      increased numbers of various numerical and structural anomalies were found in
      patients with BEN. Chromosome X in female patients occurred in both monosomic and
      polysomic forms. A 'prosomization' effect was seen along the entire length of
      supernumerary X chromosomes, manifested by retarded contraction resembling early
      mitotic stages, with a comparably detailed band pattern. No other specific
      numerical or structural change was found consistently in BEN patients. Incubation
      of the lymphocytes of healthy people with ochratoxin A induced similar
      aberrations and prosomization. These findings may support the hypothesis that
      ochratoxin A is involved in the pathogenesis of BEN.

PMID- 1820342
TI  - Individuality in cytochrome P450 expression and its association with the
      nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects of chemicals.
AB  - The susceptibility of a tissue to the toxic and/or carcinogenic effects of
      chemicals is determined by a variety of factors, which include their rate of
      metabolic activation by the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. Individual
      differences in the levels of cytochrome P450 expression would be expected, and
      are known, to give rise to profound differences in toxicological response. Such
      effects are almost best exemplified by the sex differences observed in the toxic
      effects of a variety of nephrotoxins and carcinogens. In recent work, we have
      shown that in species such as the mouse and rat almost all cytochrome P450
      enzymes in the kidney are sexually differentiated. This difference in cytochrome
      P450 regulation is mediated by testosterone and explains the large differences
      observed in the metabolic activation, toxicity and carcinogenicity of chloroform
      and possibly of other compounds such as ochratoxin A. In addition to hormonal or
      environmental influences on cytochrome P450 expression, genetic factors have also
      been shown to be important. In man, this is best exemplified by the genetic
      polymorphism observed in the metabolism of debrisoquine and approximately 25
      other drugs. This genetic defect affects approximately 5-10% of the Caucasian
      population and has been associated with altered susceptibility to cancer. In this
      presentation, the development of a simple DNA-based assay to identify affected
      individuals is described. Use of this assay will allow clarification of the
      reported association of this genetic polymorphism to susceptibility to Balkan
      nephropathy and cancer.

PMID- 1820343
TI  - Genetic predisposition to Balkan endemic nephropathy: ability to hydroxylate
      debrisoquine as a host risk factor.
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine the association between efficiency of
      oxidative metabolism and risk for developing Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)
      and/or transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary tract, using a case-control
      design controlling for age, gender and socioeconomic factors. Over 900 urine
      samples were taken from 646 subjects, divided into the following groups: healthy
      subjects from areas with no BEN; healthy subjects from villages with BEN;
      subjects suspected of having BEN; and subjects with BEN and/or upper urinary
      tract tumours (UUT). BEN patients and controls from the same villages were of
      similar age. The highest urinary recovery of debrisoquine was found among
      controls from areas with no BEN; recovery in BEN patients was only 50% of that in
      controls. The most interesting result is that BEN patients did not have impaired
      debrisoquine metabolism: subjects who metabolized less than 25% of the drug
      represented only 2.9% of BEN patients, 12.4% of controls from BEN villages and
      12.7% of controls from outside the BEN area. The very poor metabolizers
      represented 1.0% of BEN patients and 4.8-5.8% of controls. the percentages of
      extensive metabolizers in the same groups were 86.3, 64.5 and 67.4%,
      respectively. The mean metabolic ratio rose progressively from BEN patients less
      than suspected BEN patients less than controls from BEN villages less than
      controls from non-BEN villages; the maximum metabolic ratios were 40, 51, 72 and
      87, respectively. The cumulative distribution of the 8-h urinary debrisoquine
      metabolic ratios, presented as a normal probability plot, formed a discrete
      population with values over 10. The distribution among patients with BEN/UUT
      indicates a predominance of extensive debrisoquine hydroxylation and a lack of
      poor metabolizers. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      efficiency of oxidative metabolism is greater in BEN patients and that it may be
      one of the key host factors determining predisposition to these diseases.

PMID- 1820344
TI  - Characteristics of urinary tract tumours in the area of Balkan endemicnephropathy
      in Croatia.
AB  - There is a general consensus that the incidence of urothelial tumours is much
      higher among the inhabitants of areas of Balkan endemic nephropathy than in
      populations in nonendemic areas. Data from different authors on tumour incidences
      in unrelated endemic areas in various countries vary widely, however. Lack of
      understanding of the possible etiological relationship between Balkan endemic
      nephropathy and the increased incidence of urothelial tumours justifies efforts
      to conduct retrospective studies using unique diagnostic criteria. In order to
      investigate the occurrence of urinary tract tumours in Slavonski Brod, a part of
      which has a high incidence of nephropathy, a retrospective study was carried out
      using data and tissue samples collected at the Department of Pathology and
      Forensic Medicine of the Slavonski Brod Medical Centre. During the last 16 years,
      193 urinary tumours from the county were examined; the material available
      consisted of autopsy reports and surgical and biopsy specimens. Tumours were
      diagnosed histologically and coded according to guidelines of the WHO and US
      registries, as papillomas, papillary and solid carcinomas of the transitional
      cell type, squamous-cell carcinomas and carcinomas in situ. A 5.1 times higher
      incidence of urothelial tumours was seen among inhabitants of the nephropathic
      area of the county than in nonendemic areas. Tumours from cases in the endemic
      region also tended more often to be malignant and multiple; they were not
      infrequently bilateral.

PMID- 1820346
TI  - Balkan endemic nephropathy and the associated tumours of the urinary system: a
      summary of epidemiological features in Bulgaria.

PMID- 1820345
TI  - Characterization of the cytochrome P450 isozyme that metabolizes ochratoxin A,
      using metabolic inducers, inhibitors and antibodies.
AB  - The phenotypic pattern of drug biotransformation is determined by both host and
      environmental factors. Debrisoquine is a good probe for phenotyping individuals,
      as its metabolism is not affected by age, gender, smoking habits or alcohol
      intake. People with Balkan endemic nephropathy or with urinary tract tumours in
      endemic areas are more frequently extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine than are
      healthy people. This finding has led to studies of the possible relationship
      between the metabolism of ochratoxin A and its toxicity and carcinogenicity on
      experimental models. Ochratoxin A is metabolized mainly in the liver into R- and
      S-isomers of 4- and 10-hydroxyochratoxin A, and the reaction is catalysed by
      cytochrome P450 haemoprotein. Animal species that are genetically different in
      their capacity to metabolize debrisoquine differ similarly in their capacity to
      metabolize ochratoxin A: female DA rats that are poor metabolizers of
      debrisoquine also poorly metabolize ochratoxin A, as assayed by urinary excretion
      of both the parent compound and of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A
      hydroxylase activity is low in DA rat liver (and kidney) but is inducible by
      phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene; debrisoquine hydroxylase is not known to
      be inducible by enzyme inducers. The reaction of ochratoxin A hydroxylase thus
      resembles those induced by 3-methyl-cholanthrene and catalysed by cytochrome
      P450IA. Ochratoxin A hydroxylase activity was further characterized in the livers
      of B6 and D2 mice that had been treated with typical enzyme inducers. Ochratoxin
      A hydroxylase was weakly inducible by phenobarbital, 3-methyl-cholanthrene and
      2,4,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820347
TI  - Risk assessment of ochratoxin A residues in food.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin that has been found to occur in foods of plant
      origin, in edible animal tissues and in human sera and tissues. The ability of
      ochratoxin A to move up the food chain is associated with its long half-life in
      certain edible animal species. In this presentation, approaches for the
      evaluation of the health risks due to the presence of ochratoxin A in food
      products are described. The major target for ochratoxin A toxicity in all
      mammalian species tested is the kidney, and endemic nephropathies affecting
      livestock as well as humans have been attributed to ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A is
      also teratogenic, and in the fetus the major target is the developing central
      nervous system. Recent studies have provided 'clear evidence' for the
      carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in two rodent species. It was found to be non
      mutagenic in various microbial and mammalian gene mutation assays, but weak
      genotoxic activity to mammalian cells was noted. In addition, ochratoxin A was
      found to suppress immune function. On the basis of a carcinogenicity study with
      ochratoxin A in rats, reported from the National Toxicology Program in the USA,
      the estimated tolerable daily intake of ochratoxin A in humans ranges from 1.5 to
      5.7 ng/kg bw per day, depending on the method of extrapolation used. The worst
      case estimate for daily exposure to ochratoxin A from the consumption of pork
      based food products and cereal foods for young Canadian children, the highest
      consumption group on a body weight basis, is probably less than 1.5 ng/kg body
      weight per day (mean of eaters). In view of the toxic properties of ochratoxin A,
      it is recommended that exposure to this toxin be kept to a minimum.

PMID- 1820348
TI  - Risk estimation for ochratoxin A in European countries.
AB  - Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by fungi occurring frequently on cereals.
      Their growth, and the associated toxin production, are closely correlated to the
      degree of moisture to which they are exposed, which itself is dependent on
      weather conditions at harvest and techniques for drying and storage. Eighteen
      species of fungi found in foods can produce ochratoxin A; all of these also
      produce other mycotoxins. The distribution of these mycotoxins in foods, which
      probably differs according to climate, has not yet been studied. The lowest doses
      of ochratoxin A that are toxic in experimental animals are four to five times
      higher than those found even in hyperendemic regions. This finding casts doubt on
      the hypothesis that ochratoxin A is the sole cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy
      and renal tumours. It is therefore not possible to estimate the risk from this
      mycotoxin for Europe or for individual European countries. Data on the occurrence
      of both ochratoxin A and other toxins and on the quantities consumed should be
      collected systematically; these can then be used to assess post-harvest
      techniques.

PMID- 1820351
TI  - Some pathomorphological features of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Croatia.
AB  - Over the last 16 years, 214 autopsies were done at the Department of Pathology
      and Forensic Medicine, Slavonski Brod Medical Centre, on people from an area
      recognized as endemic for Balkan nephropathy in the county. Balkan endemic
      nephropathy was diagnosed pathoanatomically and histopathologically in 94 of
      these cases, and in none of 1040 autopsies on people from a nonendemic area. The
      most striking pathological finding in all advanced cases of the disease was a
      marked reduction in kidney size and weight; in one extreme case, the organ
      weighed only 20 g. The process is invariably bilateral, but there are
      considerable differences in the degree of involvement in each pair. Although the
      pathoanatomical changes, including lung oedema and haemorrhage and fibrinous
      pericarditis, are seen in the majority of cases, they are not considered to be
      specific for Balkan endemic nephropathy, since they are well recognized signs of
      long-standing primary uraemia. The relevance of the peculiar finding of sulfurous
      yellow discoloration and hardened subcutaneous adipose tissue, seen frequently
      post mortem, is unknown and should be investigated in more detail.
      Histopathologically, fibrosis and atrophy of kidney cortex, with tubular
      degeneration, are the most consistent findings. Lesions characteristic of
      pyelonephritis were superimposed over the picture of 'pure' Balkan endemic
      nephropathy in a considerable number of cases.

PMID- 1820349
TI  - Risk evaluation of ochratoxin A by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
      Additives.

PMID- 1820350
TI  - Worldwide regulations for ochratoxin A.
AB  - Currently, some 60 countries have enacted or proposed regulations for levels of
      mycotoxins in food and animal feed. Various factors may influence the
      establishment of tolerances for certain mycotoxins, such as the availability of
      data on dietary exposure and on toxicology, the distribution of the mycotoxins
      over commodities, the availability of analytical methodology, legislation in
      countries with which trading occurs and a sufficient food supply. Most of the
      existing regulations for mycotoxins concern aflatoxins, but the number of
      countries that regulate other mycotoxins as well is growing. Of the nephrotoxic
      mycotoxins, ochratoxin A was the only one for which regulations existed in 1990.
      At least 11 countries have proposed or official limits for ochratoxin A. The
      acceptable levels range from 1 to 50 micrograms/kg for food and from 100 to 1000
      micrograms/kg for animal feed. The scientific basis for the established
      regulations appears to be weak, and a rationalization of tolerance levels for
      ochratoxin A would be highly desirable.

PMID- 1820352
TI  - Haematological features of the population of the area of Croatia, Yugoslavia,
      endemic for Balkan nephropathy.
AB  - Normochromic, normocytic anaemia is a sign recognized as essential for the
      diagnosis of Balkan endemic nephropathy, although its relationship to the disease
      is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a random
      sample of the population of a village endemic for nephropathy differed from the
      population of a village with no clinical case of nephropathy with respect to
      certain basic haematological parameters. During a screening campaign in 1984, 133
      blood samples were collected from the endemic village and 40 from the nonendemic
      village and analysed for a number of haematological parameters; in 1991, 449
      samples were collected in the endemic village and 156 in the nonendemic village
      and analysed for haemoglobin content and red blood cell count. Whereas in 1984
      the haemoglobin content and red blood cell count were significantly lower in the
      endemic village (p less than 0.01), in 1991 the erythrocyte count was much lower
      in the nonendemic village and there was no difference in haemoglobin
      concentration. Several controversial explanations, all of them speculative, are
      offered.

PMID- 1820353
TI  - Porcine nephropathy in Europe.
AB  - Numerous surveys conducted in North America, Asia and Europe have revealed that
      ochratoxin A is a natural contaminant of plant products. Contamination
      frequencies of up to 40% have been encountered, at levels in the range of 5-500
      micrograms/kg. Ochratoxin A is a major causal determinant of the disease porcine
      nephropathy; but other nephrotoxic mycotoxins, such as citrinin and the fungal
      quinones, may be involved. The disease is characterized clinically by polyuria
      and growth depression. Renal lesions in pigs include degeneration of the proximal
      tubules, interstitial fibrosis and hyalinization of the glomeruli. The disease is
      endemic, outbreaks being associated with bad weather conditions. A positive
      correlation has been observed between the prevalence rates of porcine nephropathy
      and the frequency of ochratoxin A in corresponding feed samples. Surveys for
      residues of ochratoxin A in kidneys from cases of porcine nephropathy in a number
      of European countries other than Denmark have demonstrated that 21-42% of samples
      contain ochratoxin A in the range of 1-100 micrograms/kg.

PMID- 1820354
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of Balkan endemic nephropathy in a typical focus in
      Yugoslavia.
AB  - Balkan endemic nephropathy is a noninflammatory bilateral kidney lesion that
      affects rural populations in several circumscribed areas of the Balkans. Its
      etiology is still not understood, but recently it has been associated with
      exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins. It has been known to be present since the mid
      1950s in 14 villages in an endemic area of Croatia, where approximately 10,000
      people are at risk. Its prevalence fluctuates between 0.4 and 8.3%, showing a
      slight decline in recent years, but it has not disappeared from any of the
      endemic villages. The occurrence of the disease in several ethnic groups
      contradicts the hypothesis of a primary hereditary basis for Balkan endemic
      nephropathy. Recently, evidence has been found of an extremely high incidence of
      urinary tract tumours in the endemic area, and particularly of urothelial tumours
      of the pelvis and ureter. There may therefore be a common causative agent for
      these two rare diseases.

PMID- 1820355
TI  - Methods for determining ochratoxin A and other nephrotoxic mycotoxins.
AB  - Chemical assays are of major importance for the determination of mycotoxins.
      Generally, all chemical methods for the analysis of mycotoxins include the basic
      steps of extraction, clean-up, separation, detection, quantification and
      confirmation of identity. The various approaches that exist for the determination
      of nephrotoxic mycotoxins, and in particular the ochratoxins, are discussed
      below. In conventional procedures, clean-up is usually achieved by liquid-liquid
      extraction or adsorption column chromatography, followed by thin-layer
      chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet or
      fluorescence detection. The recent introduction of methods based on
      immunochemical principles has had a large impact on analytical methodology for
      mycotoxins, including the ochratoxins, in both the purification and determination
      steps. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay approach for screening and (semi
      )quantitative determination and the immunoaffinity column approach for rapid
      clean-up followed by conventional instrumental analysis are rapidly gaining
      ground. These techniques also offer possibilities for automated systems. To
      assist analysts in improving their data in mycotoxin research, the Community
      Bureau of Reference of the European Commission has produced several reference
      materials for mycotoxins; others, such as a reference material for ochratoxin A
      in grains, are in development.

PMID- 1820356
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      immunoaffinity column chromatography to determine ochratoxin A in porcine sera,
      coffee products and toxin-producing fungi.
AB  - Ochratoxin A, produced by a number of fungal species, has been found in many
      milieu, including porcine sera and coffee beans. It was therefore analysed by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in porcine sera, coffee products and
      fungal cultures, using monoclonal antibodies, a monoclonal antibody-linked
      immunoaffinity column (IAC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      The chloroform extracts of acidified porcine sera were assayed directly by ELISA,
      with alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase as marker enzymes, at
      detection limits of 0.1 and 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. The presence of ochratoxin
      A in ELISA was confirmed by HPLC. The average contents in the five different lots
      tested were: 0.4 ng/ml in lot A (19 samples), 0.36 ng/ml in lot B (104 samples),
      5.20 ng/ml in lot C (17 samples), 1.24 ng/ml in lot D (23 samples) and 0.22 ng/ml
      in lot E (24 samples). ELISA of methanol extracts of rice cultures showed the
      presence of more than 0.1 ng/g in 3 of 15 isolates of Aspergillus, in 16 of 67
      isolates of Penicillum and in 7 of 17 isolates of Eupenicillum; none was found in
      an isolate of Emericella. IAC-HPLC analysis revealed that P. foetidus, which is
      similar to A. niger and is used for the production of a Japanese alcoholic drink
      (shou-chuu), also produced ochratoxin A. Use of IAC-HPLC to analyse coffee beans
      and instant coffee power resulted in the sharp resolution of ochratoxin A without
      complicated clean-up steps. The IAP-HPLC technique could thus be used for mass
      surveys of ochratoxin A residues in biological specimens.

PMID- 1820357
TI  - Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic
      nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria.
AB  - The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in the rural
      population of the endemic regions remains unknown. As one hypothesis involves
      mycotoxins, a survey was carried out to investigate the possible involvement of
      the nephrotoxic mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin. Recently, this survey was
      extended to screening for the presence of other mycotoxins--aflatoxins, citrinin,
      sterigmatocystin and zearalenone. A total of 524 samples of home-produced and
      home-stored beans and maize from the harvests of 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989 and 1990
      were analysed. Ochratoxin A was found in samples from both endemic and nonendemic
      areas, but more of the samples from affected families were contaminated, and at
      higher levels, than those from unaffected households. Citrinin and aflatoxins B1
      and G1 were also found more frequently in samples from endemic areas. These
      results support the theory that mycotoxins are involved in the etiology of Balkan
      endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours.

PMID- 1820358
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for analysis of ochratoxin A in human plasma
      samples using antibodies raised against a new ochratoxin-protein conjugate.
AB  - A derivative of ochratoxin A was linked to bovine serum albumin in such a way
      that the carboxylic group of the toxin was left free. Injection of the conjugate
      into rabbits resulted in sensitive antibodies towards ochratoxin A, which were
      used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PMID- 1820359
TI  - Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in food and feed in Senegal.
AB  - A retrospective study covering 1984-88 showed that urogenital diseases were the
      third most frequent cause of death in Senegal. The purpose of our study was to
      see whether ochratoxin A is involved in the etiology of these nephropathies. A
      total of 166 samples of eight principal types of food and feed consumed in this
      country were obtained randomly at markets in Dakar and Kaolack and analysed for
      ochratoxin A using the method of analysis of the Association of Official
      Analytical Chemists. Only cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), from a legume widely
      distributed in Senegal, was contaminated (16% of samples), at an average level of
      34 micrograms/kg. All other samples were free of ochratoxin A, indicating that it
      is not directly correlated with the renal diseases observed. Aflatoxin B1 was
      detected in almost all of the samples, and a competition between moulds producing
      the two toxins is suggested.

PMID- 1820361
TI  - Streaming patterns produced around endosonic files.
AB  - Acoustic microstreaming is known to be an important phenomenon associated with
      the use of clinically available endosonic systems. However, it has proved
      difficult to calibrate its pattern and effectiveness around the oscillating file.
      An in-vitro model system consisting of slow setting plaster was developed to
      demonstrate the activity of streaming around both ultrasonically and sonically
      activated files. For ultrasonic files, streaming occurred mainly in front of and
      behind the file, in contrast to the sonic file, where the plaster was disturbed
      evenly around it. With both types of file most activity occurred around the file
      tip, and became reduced towards the driver. Streaming patterns associated with
      the ultrasonic device were found to be dependent on the power setting of the
      instrument and whether the side of the file was constrained or lightly touched.
      The sonic device produced a large disturbance around the freely oscillating tip.
      Under load this streaming occurred along the whole length of the file, and was
      unaffected by constraint. This investigation demonstrated that streaming does
      occur with the instruments currently available, although it is dependent on their
      operating conditions. Clinical users of such equipment should be aware of the
      characteristic three-dimensional patterns of streaming that occur around these
      endosonic files, in order to maximize their efficiency.

PMID- 1820362
TI  - Inherent variability in the power output of endosonic instruments.
AB  - The displacement amplitude of endosonic files was measured with the aid of light
      microscopy in order to determine the power output of different ultrasonic units.
      The results showed that there was a substantial difference in the displacement
      amplitudes when the same size of file was used in different ultrasonic units made
      by the same or different manufacturers. File fracture was found to be a problem
      when files were driven at high displacement amplitudes.

PMID- 1820360
TI  - Immunoassay of ochratoxin and other mycotoxins from a single extract of cereal
      grains utilizing monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Immunoassays provide rapid, specific, sensitive and inexpensive methods for
      analysing mycotoxins but have generally been tested individually. Mycotoxigenic
      fungi rarely occur in pure culture in nature, and different mycotoxins may occur
      together. It would therefore be advantageous if several immunoassays for
      different mycotoxins could utilize a single extract. Monoclonal antibodies
      specific for ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin, raised at the University
      of Strathclyde, allow detection limits of 1 ng/ml ochratoxin A, 0.1 ng/ml
      aflatoxin B1 and 10 ng/ml T-2 toxin, when used in competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays. These antibodies have been used to assay ochratoxin A.
      aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in a single acetonitrile: 0.5% KCl:6% H2SO4 (89:10:1)
      extract of cereal grain. Extracts were either diluted 1:10 for direct assay or
      subjected, before assay, to a simple liquid-liquid clean-up procedure, which
      removed interfering substances and resulted in a 5:1 concentration. Recoveries
      from barley to which mycotoxins had been added averaged 95.8% for ochratoxin A,
      93.8% for aflatoxin B1 and 80.6% for T-2 toxin, and the detection limits were 5
      ng/g for ochratoxin A, 4 ng/g for aflatoxin B1 and 50 ng/g for T-2 toxin. Mean
      coefficients of variation within and between assays and between subsamples were
      less than 12% for ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 but up to 17% for T-2 toxin in
      assays of barley inoculated with toxigenic fungi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820363
TI  - The presence of nerve fibres in the coronal odontoblast layer of teeth at various
      stages of root development.
AB  - Many studies have investigated the presence of nerve fibres in the coronal
      odontoblast layer of mature teeth. However, little information is available on
      the presence of these structures in immature human teeth. The pulps of 18 human
      maxillary and mandibular third molars at various stages of development were
      collected, sectioned, and stained by the immunoperoxidase technique. The results
      showed the presence of numerous myelinated nerve fibres in the coronal
      odontoblast layer of teeth with fully formed roots. Similar observations were
      made in teeth with half formed roots, and in those without roots. On the basis of
      these results, it appears that a lack of response to vitality tests in teeth with
      incompletely formed roots is not wholly due to the absence of nerve fibres in the
      coronal odontoblast layer.

PMID- 1820364
TI  - An SEM study of the effects of different irrigation sequences and ultrasonics.
AB  - The root canals of 30 extracted human teeth with single canals were prepared
      biomechanically with hand instruments using a flaring technique. Three different
      irrigation regimes were used, with and without ultrasonic activation of a root
      canal file. The six irrigation sequences used in this study were as follows:
      Savlon, Savlon with ultrasound, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC with
      ultrasound, NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl, and NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl with ultrasound. Scanning
      electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the prepared root canal walls showed a
      complete smear layer when Savlon was used. Ultrasound reduced the amount of smear
      with Savlon, but did not do so significantly with the other irrigation regimes.
      The most effective irrigation regime for removing smear layer and other debris
      was EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC. In all groups there was a significant decrease in cleaning
      efficiency as the apical end of the canal was approached.

PMID- 1820365
TI  - The effect of citric acid treatment on periodontal healing after replantation of
      permanent teeth.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface demineralization on
      the healing of 120 replanted teeth in fifteen 8- to 16-month-old dogs. Replanted
      teeth were divided into two groups (A and B). In group A, teeth were replanted
      following planing of the entire root surface. In group B, teeth were replanted
      following planing and surface demineralization with citric acid. Replanted teeth
      were splinted for 7 days, and observation periods were 3, 14 and 56 days. A total
      of 95 teeth and their surrounding tissues were examined histologically under a
      light microscope. Histological examination of specimens 3 days after replantation
      revealed that initial reunion between the root and the alveolar periodontal
      ligament fibres was via a fibrin-like network in both groups. Fourteen days after
      replantation histological observations showed superior healing in group B with
      regard to epithelial condition, periodontal ligament fibre reattachment to the
      root surface, resorption and functional arrangement of the periodontal ligament
      fibres. By 56 days after replantation, healing was superior in group A; group B
      was characterized by severe inflammatory and replacement resorption. These
      results indicated that surface demineralization had an initial positive effect,
      but later led to impaired healing.

PMID- 1820366
TI  - Actinomycosis associated with a root-treated tooth: report of a case.
AB  - An unusual case of a persistent infection related to a root-filled tooth is
      reported. Microscopical evaluation revealed the cause to be a large mass of
      Actinomyces-like filaments, and microbiological culture yielded a low level of
      Actinomyces israelii. The significance of such a presentation is discussed.

PMID- 1820367
TI  - [Management of unerupted teeth].
AB  - Unerupted teeth have been a familiar problem in dental profession for many years.
      This article described how to manage the unerupted teeth including 2 case
      reports. The treatment planning can be either no treatment, orthodontic treatment
      or surgical treatment alone, or combined orthodontic and surgical treatment. With
      comprehensive analysis, consideration of etiologic factors, diagnosis and proper
      treatment planning, unerupted teeth can be brought into the dental arch for
      normal functional and esthetic stability.

PMID- 1820368
TI  - [Gingival hyperplasia due to nifedipine: case report].
AB  - This article reports a case of gingival hyperplasia induced by nifedipine. It is
      a relatively new drug used in the treatment of hypertension, ventricular
      arrhythmias and angina. Both clinical and histological conditions and also
      treatment resemble other drug-induced gingival hyperplasia.

PMID- 1820369
TI  - [Bite jumping appliance with lower lip bumper].
AB  - The removable bite jumping appliance with lower lip bumper is a new orthodontic
      appliance designed to correct the abnormal habit of lower lip biting children
      with mentalis muscle hyperactivity. Upper anterior teeth protrusion, mandible
      retrusion, lower anterior teeth lingual collapse and anterior deep bite usually
      are found in association with this lower lip biting habit, especially in the
      mixed dentition period (7-12 yrs). The function of this appliance is similar to
      the partial functional appliance. It is made into two parts: upper removable
      plate with anterior inclined bite plane and lower lip bumper attached to the
      upper plate. Three cases are discussed and compared before and after treatment.
      Changes in both skeletal and dental pattern were recorded in the following
      aspects: increase in the posterior rotation of mandible (increased SN-MP),
      stimulation of forward growth of the mandible (the increase is SNB value
      overcomes the increase in SNA, through reduction ANB), retroclination of upper
      maxillary teeth (reduced 1-NA), proclination of lower anterior teeth (increased 1
      NB), the reduction of overjet. Additionally, the normal position of the lower lip
      provided by this appliance effectively corrects the lip biting with mentalis
      muscle hyperactivity.

PMID- 1820371
TI  - [Periodontal new attachment therapy].
AB  - The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy includes not only the arrest of
      progressive periodontal disease, but also the restitution of those parts of the
      supporting apparatus which were destroyed by the disease. Regeneration of
      periodontal structures dissolved because of periodontal disease is the goal of
      reconstructive periodontal treatment procedures. The achievement of this goal
      requires the formation of new cementum with inserting collagen fibers of
      previously periodontitis involved root surfaces possibly with a concomitant
      regeneration of supporting alveolar bone. Healing, after periodontal therapy,
      leads to the formation of long junctional epithelium, root resorption, ankylosis,
      etc. These are repair process and not one of regeneration. But guided tissue
      regeneration seems to lead to regeneration with active periodontal ligament
      cells.

PMID- 1820370
TI  - [Dimensional change of elastomeric impressions after disinfectant immersion].
AB  - One method to prevent cross-contamination in dental clinic is to immerse the
      impressions in disinfectants before making master models. This study to evaluate
      the effect of disinfectants on dimensions of the elastomers namely polyether,
      condensation silicone, addition silicone and polysulfide, the disinfectant used
      in this study is 1% Sodium hypochlorite, 0.13% Sporicidin and 10% Gigasept. Being
      left under room temperature and immersed in distilled water are two types of
      controls. Dimensional changes can be measured on master model and compared with
      the brass standard model. The study reveals that the three disinfectants have no
      effect on vertical dimensions of all four elastomers but have statistically
      effect on horizontal dimensions of only polyether (p less than .05). It concludes
      that all the elastomeric impressions except polyether should be immersed in
      disinfectants before making master models.

PMID- 1820372
TI  - [Soft acrylic stent for removal of torus].
AB  - The soft acrylic stent is easily inserted and well adapted to the palatal soft
      tissue ever the surgical site in the removal of torus for supporting the flaps
      into proper and designed position to promote good healing. The stent is sutured
      to the mucobuccal fold in both upper premolar areas. To achieve the satisfied and
      good result, the model of the patient's upper arch should be well prepared in
      advance.

PMID- 1820373
TI  - [Torectomy wound protection splint].
AB  - A case report of upper edentulous arch patient had been to remove torus
      palatinus. The post-operative wound was protected by the splint. It was made from
      thin clear plastic and was pressed under high pressure vacuum on the study model.
      The study model was made by taking impression with easily and conveniently
      technique. The study model is also representative the post-operative condition of
      upper edentulous arch. After the palatal torectomy the splint was inserted and
      immobilized by suturing with black silk #3/0.

PMID- 1820374
TI  - [Spacing correction in adult patients].
AB  - Spacing due to periodontal disease with migration of adjacent teeth to extraction
      space is a common problem in adult patients. Appropriate orthodontic treatment is
      one of the measures to prevent aggravation of periodontal structure. The
      objective of the article was to present basic principles of adult orthodontics
      comprising: establishment of mandibular position, control of tooth movement in
      three dimensions of space, anchorage preparation, prevention of iatrogenic
      effects and prevention of relapse along with 2 case reports.

PMID- 1820375
TI  - [Antifungal agents in the treatment of oral candidiasis].
AB  - Oral candidiasis is the symptomatic development of superficial infection with
      many forms of clinical manifestation. The treatment of choice should include the
      antifungal agents which act topically in the oral cavity so that the systematic
      adverse effects are minimal. They should have good impregnation to the oral
      mucosa and prolonged effect. In patients with chronic or recurrent infection or
      being immunological compromised, successful treatment can be achieved by
      increased dosage and extended duration of antifungal therapy.

PMID- 1820376
TI  - Mortality in circulatory diseases, especially ischaemic heart disease, among
      Swedish professional drivers: a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - The aim of the investigation was to study mortality from circulatory diseases,
      especially ischaemic heart disease (IHD), in a cohort of Swedish professional
      drivers. The cohort included 1,731 male members of the Swedish Transport Workers
      Union. During the follow-up period, 1974-1985, 123 drivers died. Information
      concerning the cause of death was acquired from the Cause-of-Death Register.
      Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for circulatory diseases and ischaemic heart
      disease were significantly higher among professional drivers (SMR = 127 and 138,
      respectively) than in the reference group consisting of Swedish males.

PMID- 1820377
TI  - Types of activities and body parts affected in the recommended exercises for VDT
      operators.
AB  - This paper presents results of an analysis of recommended exercises proposed for
      the reduction of musculoskeletal stress in VDT operation and similar types of
      work. Fifteen exercise programs consisting of 123 individual exercises were
      reviewed. Most of the programs exhibited some redeeming features from a practical
      and a professional standpoint. It was found that recommendations concerning
      exercises have been directed primarily to muscle stretching and relaxation. The
      body parts targeted by various exercises were back, leg, neck, shoulder, side and
      upper extremities. Maximum number of exercises were available for shoulder
      (35.8%) and upper extremities (17.9%). The exercises reviewed consisted of
      combinations of thirteen different activities. It was found that rotation
      (26.8%), stretching (20.3%), and flexing or bending (18.7%) were the most
      frequently employed activities.

PMID- 1820378
TI  - A statistical analysis of the factors that determine the age at which babies
      start walking.
AB  - To clarify the factors that determine the age when walking begins, this study
      first applied contingency tables and the chi 2 test to the questionnaire-data
      answered by the parents of 395 children. Among twelve factors, those that were
      not independent of the age of first walking were the use of a walker (p less than
      0.01), the frequency of being carried on the chest (p less than 0.05) and the age
      of the first enrollment at a day-care center (less than 0.05). Second, this study
      employed the "quantification method of the second type" to clarify what factors
      help babies start walking early and what others do not. The subjects were divided
      into two groups--W0 (early-walkers) and W1 (others)--, and this grouping was used
      as an external criterion. The order of the factors according to the range of
      category scores is as follows: (1) birth weight, (2) order of birth, (3)
      frequency of being carried on the chest, (4) season of birth, (5) use of a
      walker, (6) age of the first enrollment at a day-care center. These factors
      included those that were not independent of the age of first walking ((3), (5),
      (6)). Therefore, the factors that had a wider range seem to be important in
      determining the age when babies start walking.

PMID- 1820379
TI  - Comparison of grip strength and isomeric endurance between the right and left
      hands of men and their relationship with age and other physical parameters.
AB  - Maximum handgrip strength and endurance of fatiguing isometric handgrip muscle
      contraction at 40% of maximum voluntary contraction of the dominant hand were
      assessed separately for both right and left hands of 99 right-handed men aged 7
      73 years. Subjects below 10 years (n = 6) could not follow up the endurance test
      methods and were excluded. The relationship of handgrip strength and endurance
      with age and other physical parameters was also assessed. Maximum grip strength
      and endurance of fatiguing submaximal contraction of the right hand were
      significantly greater than that of the left hand for most age groups. Grip
      strength was positively correlated with age from 7-19 years (r = 0.94 for right
      and r = 0.89 for left) and was negatively correlated with age from 20-73 years (r
      = -0.74 right and r = -0.69 left). Grip strength was positively correlated with
      the weight (r = 0.86 right and r = 0.87 left), height (r = 0.88 right and r =
      0.87 left) and body surface area (r = 0.9 for both) of the subjects. Endurance of
      contraction of both hands did not show any relationship with age, different
      physical parameters or grip strength of the subjects.

PMID- 1820381
TI  - Change of pupil size as a function of exercise.
AB  - Exercise was found to dilate the pupil area while the exercise took place, while
      the area showed constriction following the exercise period. Exercise-induced
      change in the size of the pupil was minimal. Pupillary dilation was greatest
      under conditions of maximal exercise. In exercise under a consistent load,
      pupillary dilation increased as the exercise time was prolonged. With lower
      lighting, there was virtually no dilation with exercise.

PMID- 1820380
TI  - Display-control relationships for Chinese subjects using three controls.
AB  - Display-control stereotypes for direction of motion were tested using a paper-and
      pencil test. Seven hundred and eight-three Yunnan Province Chinese subjects of
      both sexes from a wide range of ages and backgrounds were asked to indicate the
      control movement they would make to move a display dot in a given direction.
      Three types of controls and three different planes for the controls were used.
      The results indicated that although there were some similarities between Western
      and Chinese stereotypes, the Chinese exhibited stereotypes not generally found in
      Western subjects.

PMID- 1820382
TI  - Time-of-day dependent performance efficiency in student nurses.
AB  - A psychological test battery comprising reasoning ability, name and number
      checking, letter cancellation and associative recall was administered to a group
      of 70 student nurses at 2-hr intervals from 0800 to 2000 to determine if their
      performance varied at different times of day. Simultaneously, their oral
      temperature was recorded. A 7 x 7 latin square design was utilized, and latin
      square repeated measure analysis of variance was employed. The results indicated
      variations in oral temperature as the day advanced. While accuracy of performance
      in cognitive tasks was found to be superior during the early morning, noon or
      early evening hours, the speed of performance was highest during the period from
      late-morning to late-evening.

PMID- 1820383
TI  - The levels of urinary epinephrine during daytime REM sleep deprivation.
AB  - Urinary excretion of epinephrine during REM sleep deprivation in the daytime was
      examined in an attempt to determine whether epinephrine excretion during sleep is
      related to the structure of disturbed sleep. Six healthy males were subjected to
      two experimental conditions: 1) day sleep without interruption, as a control
      condition, and 2) day sleep with REM sleep deprivation. Under both conditions,
      epinephrine excretion levels of five of the subjects were found to be distributed
      along a basal regression line, expressing the relationship of epinephrine
      excretion and percent of waking time, as calculated in a previous study. The
      epinephrine levels of the one remaining subject exceeded the values predicted by
      the regression line. His sleep structure was not only distorted under REM
      deprivation conditions but also under control conditions as well. These results
      suggest that the basal regression line is useful for observing the existence of
      sleep disturbance; indeed, a subject with epinephrine excretion levels much
      higher than those predicted by the regression line was found to have
      spontaneously disturbed sleep. More study is needed to clarify the relationship
      between high epinephrine levels and disturbed sleep.

PMID- 1820384
TI  - Effect of vibrating steering on grip strength in heavy vehicle drivers.
AB  - The grip strength in both hands of thirty-two heavy vehicle drivers and twenty
      two nondrivers ranging from 30 to 60 years of age was investigated. Blood
      pressure, heart rate and other physical parameters were also investigated. The
      subjects were drawn at random from the employees of the North Bengal State
      Transport Corporation and Civil Aviation. Heavy vehicle drivers perform their
      duties 8 hr per day with an average speed of 60-70 km hour for 4-5 hr of
      continuous driving at a time. The only significant difference in the physical
      characteristics of heavy vehicle drivers and nondrivers was their body weight (p
      less than 0.05). The right and left wrist power of heavy vehicle drivers was
      respectively 6% and 3% higher than that of nondrivers. The mean blood pressure,
      heart rate and wrist width were found to be almost same in heavy vehicle drivers
      and nondrivers. From our studies we concluded that vibrating steering probably
      has no influence on the grip strength and that performing 8 hr of driving daily
      does not affect the blood pressure and heart rate in heavy vehicle drivers.
      However, further studies are needed to determine the influence of vibrating
      steering on grip strength.

PMID- 1820385
TI  - Gait patterns of young Japanese women.
AB  - Gait patterns of 440 young Japanese women walking along a sidewalk were observed
      in September. Walking speed, step length and cadence were significantly greater
      in single walking than in group walking. Time of day, walking direction and
      clothes did not influence the walking patterns. Step length in heeled shoes was
      shorter than that in sneakers and flat shoes.

PMID- 1820386
TI  - Individual growth need strength as a moderator of the relationship of worker
      satisfaction and job attitudes to worker productivity.
AB  - The experimental research showed that the worker satisfaction-productivity and
      the worker job attitudes-productivity relationships were stronger for the
      individuals who had exhibited a higher growth need strength (GNS) than the
      subjects with a lower GNS in a repetitive production task enriched by the
      provision of production standards and feedback. Under high GNS, the correlation
      coefficient values between worker satisfaction and productivity in terms of
      quantity output were found to be statistically significant, whereas none of the
      values were significant under low GNS. The correlation coefficient values between
      worker job attitudes and productivity in terms of both quantity and quality
      output were significant under high GNS, whereas under low GNS none of the values
      were significant.

PMID- 1820388
TI  - Tips to dental surgeons practising orthodontics.

PMID- 1820387
TI  - A preliminary study on the function tests of the vibration syndrome in tropical
      rain forest workers.
AB  - Working situations and health hazards directly related to the work of the
      tropical rain forest workers were studied in Papua New Guinea. The results of the
      function tests of the vibration syndrome were reported in the preliminary step of
      this study. Among 61 workers including 16 chain saw operators no clear evidence
      was found that was related to the health effects of hand-arm vibration, but a
      possibility existed of an occurrence of subclinical dysfunction of peripheral
      circulation and peripheral neuropathies. The principal component analysis
      suggests that the reactiveness of peripheral circulation significantly reflects
      the duration of the chain saw operation.

PMID- 1820389
TI  - A vital need in the provision of oral-health-services.

PMID- 1820390
TI  - Surgical management of cleft lip in pedo-patients.
AB  - The Present article describes in short etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate.
      With this in-born defect, patient develops crucial problems with feeding,
      phonation, overall growth and development of affected and allied soft and hard
      tissue structures. This in turn results in deformity and asymmetry which is going
      to affect functional requirements as well as aesthetic outlook. Hence it really
      becomes mandatory to correct this defect surgically as early as possible, at
      stipulated timings so as to avoid present and future anticipated problems.

PMID- 1820391
TI  - Scope of lysine acetyl salicylate as post operative analgesic in dental surgery.

PMID- 1820392
TI  - Maxillary second pre-molar: configuration and deviations of root canals.

PMID- 1820393
TI  - Salivary coagulopathy and humoral response in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).

PMID- 1820394
TI  - Castability of various non-precious alloys. A comparative study.

PMID- 1820395
TI  - Haemangioma of mandible.

PMID- 1820396
TI  - New surgical techniques in treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 1820398
TI  - A realistic torso model for magnetocardiography.
AB  - This paper contains the description of an inhomogeneous, multi-compartmental
      volume conductor model which is in use in our group. Although initially developed
      for the study of the ECG, it has been found to serve equally well for simulating
      the magnetocardiogram (MCG), the forward problem, and as a basis for source
      analysis of the MCG, the inverse problem. For both problems some illustrative
      examples are included demonstrating the necessity of using an inhomogeneous
      volume conductor model of the torso, having realistic--preferably tailored-
      geometry. A simple inverse procedure, based on correlation techniques, is
      included for the solution of the problem of source localization when an accurate
      description of the inhomogeneous volume conductor is available.

PMID- 1820397
TI  - Clinical magnetocardiography. 10 years experience at the Catholic University.
AB  - Since the introduction, in 1982, of a Biomagnetic facility in the clinical
      environment, efforts were concentrated to investigate whether magnetocardiography
      could really provide new information of potential diagnostic use, even avoiding
      electromagnetic shielding to facilitate simultaneous biomagnetic and conventional
      cardiac investigations, including cardiac catheterization for invasive
      electrophysiological procedures. More than 350 patients have been magnetically
      investigated using a single-channel second-order gradiometer. Results of 281 MCG
      studies, whose data have been extensively analyzed with updated software
      programs, are reported. Magnetocardiographic (MCG) mapping during endocardial
      pacing was performed to quantify the accuracy of MCG localization of intracardiac
      dipolar sources. MCG classification of ventricular preexcitation has been
      attempted in 70 patients with overt preexcitation. MCG localization of the
      ventricular preexcited area was accurate and reproducible, provided that during
      mapping a sufficient degree of ventricular preexcitation was present. MCG mapping
      during orthodromic A-V re-entry tachycardia has been also employed to attempt the
      localization of retrograde atrial preexcitation as well as the site of origin of
      atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. For validation, the results of catheter
      and epicardial mappings have been used. Other applications of clinical
      magnetocardiography are under evaluation. The use of the Relative smoothness
      index needs, in our opinion, a larger experience to define its reliability as a
      predictor of risk for sudden death. MCG follow-up study of patients with
      transplanted hearts seems to be a promising application, for early detection of
      acute graft rejection reaction. Our reported case strongly supports this
      potentiality. Present work is also addressed to develop an integrated system
      allowing easy MCG mapping during cardiac catheterization, as a new method to
      guide diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as close as possible to the
      arrhythmogenic substrate.

PMID- 1820399
TI  - Mathematical modelling for biomagnetic localization.
AB  - Non-invasive biomagnetic measurements are feasible for obtaining functional
      information concerning the electrical activity of the human heart and brain.
      These methods have turned out to be promising in localizing various bioelectric
      sources in the body. For example, in magnetocardiographic studies of localizing
      arrhythmogenic tissue and both normal and abnormal conduction pathways between
      the atrial and the ventricles, the best accuracies reported are comparable to the
      results obtained by the invasive methods. We consider here basic principles of
      biomagnetic source localization methods, focusing on the magnetocardiographic
      mapping.

PMID- 1820401
TI  - Localization of cardiac arrhythmias: conventional noninvasive methods.
AB  - Noninvasive localization of the accessory pathway (AP) in patients with the Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome and of the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia
      (VT) is reviewed. 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is the most readily available
      method for localization of both the AP and the site of VT origin. Many published
      ECG criteria are introduced. The application of body surface potential mapping,
      vectorcardiography, nuclear phase imaging, echocardiography, computed tomography,
      nuclear magnetic resonance, and signal-averaged ECG in the localization of these
      arrhythmogenic substrates is also described. We believe that ECG is the most
      sensitive noninvasive method for AP localization as well as being convenient and
      simple; it may be used as the only noninvasive method for the initial evaluation.
      The left lateral AP, which occurs with an incidence of more than 40%, could be
      localized preoperatively by noninvasive methods only. For localization of the
      site of VT origin, none of the noninvasive methods is accurate enough for guiding
      the surgical and catheter-mediated ablative therapies so far.

PMID- 1820400
TI  - Automatic model selection for the 'best localization' of cardiac sources.
AB  - In the present paper a simulation study on the influence of noise and source
      model on the accuracy of localization of the sources of biomagnetic fields is
      presented. Applying a statistical analysis (F test) to the localization results
      obtained by various models on the simulated maps calculated using different
      theoretical sources and different noise levels we were able to define a 'best
      localization' (BL) method. It allows an automatic determination of the particular
      source model able to represent in the best statistical way a specific field
      distribution obtaining the best source localization for that distribution. We
      applied this method to the localization of cardiac sources in the experimental
      maps of the magnetic field produced by isolated rabbit hearts completely immersed
      in a conductive medium. The results clearly indicate that the proposed method is
      very effective in determining the 'best localization' for every particular field
      distribution while the use of the same source model for every field map often
      produces a source localization completely in contrast with the position of
      cardiac structures of the isolated hearts.

PMID- 1820402
TI  - Biomagnetically localizable multipurpose catheter and method for MCG guided
      intracardiac electrophysiology, biopsy and ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - A multipurpose catheter, specially designed to be biomagnetically localizable and
      the method for magnetocardiographic (MCG) guided intracardiac
      electrophysiological recordings, endomyocardial biopsy and ablation of cardiac
      arrhythmias are described. The catheter features two non-polarizable non-ferrous
      magnetic electrodes, arranged in such a way that, connected to an external
      current generator, an electromagnetic field of dipolar configuration can be
      generated in the heart. The connection is done with twisted pairs of non-ferrous
      magnetic conductors, to avoid the occurrence of spurious magnetic fields along
      the catheter during current injection to the electrodes. With this assembly the
      tip of the catheter can be localized (and driven close to an arrhythmogenic area)
      by MCG mapping. The same electrodes are feasible for monophasic action potential
      (MAP) recordings. One or more lumen allow fluid infusion, blood sampling,
      pressure measurements and introduction of steerable wires, pacing or ablation
      electrodes, bioptic devices, or optic fibers. On the basis of preoperative MCG
      three-dimensional localization of the arrhythmogenic substrate, the
      biomagnetically localizable catheter is driven, under fluoroscopic control, as
      close as possible to the suspected arrhythmogenic zone. MCG mapping is then
      performed under pacing, with adjustments of the catheter's tip, until the
      electrically induced magnetic field and catheter's localization parameters fit
      those generated by the spontaneous arrhythmia. MAP is recorded. The catheter
      position is accepted for ablation when electrophysiological abnormalities are
      identified in the MCG localized area.

PMID- 1820404
TI  - Recording of abnormal late ventricular activity by high-resolution
      magnetocardiography.
AB  - High-resolution magnetocardiography (HR-MCG) is a new noninvasive technique for
      detection of very low-amplitude magnetic fields generated by the electric
      activity of the heart. We studied 11 patients with documented sustained
      ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction (VT group), 11 patients with
      old myocardial infarction without ventricular tachycardia (MI group) and 11
      normal controls (N group) with HR-MCG and high-resolution electrocardiography (HR
      ECG). After averaging and high-pass filtering (25 Hz, 40 Hz, 60 Hz and 80 Hz) the
      XYZ leads of HR-ECG were combined to vector magnitude and the magnetic recordings
      from 3 x 3 grid locations were enveloped with Hilbert transformation. Then the
      QRS duration and the root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude of the last 40 ms, 50 ms
      and 60 ms of the QRS were calculated. The QRS duration was significantly longer
      in the VT group compared to the MI and the N group both in HR-MCG and HR-ECG.
      Also the RMS values were clearly smaller in the VT group with both methods. There
      were no significant differences in the diagnostic power of these two methods. The
      25 Hz high-pass filtering separated best the VT group from the MI group and the N
      group. In conclusion HR-MCG is a new non-invasive method for identification of
      patients at risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 1820403
TI  - Localization of ectopic ventricular depolarization by ISPECT-radionuclide
      ventriculography and by magnetocardiography. ISPECT and MCG for ectopic mapping.
AB  - Since catheter or surgical techniques for ablating the arrhythmogenic substrate
      in patients with SVT due to accessory pathways or those with VT are now
      available, exact localization of the substrate is mandatory. We report
      preliminary results of two new non-invasive techniques for localizing either the
      site of earliest ventricular contraction using ISPECT, or the site of initial
      ventricular depolarization by magnetocardiography (MCG) in WPW syndrome and in VT
      patients. Thirteen patients with WPW syndrome and 8 patients with sustained VTs
      were studied with ISPECT. In 9/13, comparative catheter mapping data were
      available. Two patients had two Kent bundles. 13/15 Kent bundles could be
      localized by ISPECT. In 5/9 patients the area of Kent bundle insertion was
      identical with ISPECT and catheter mapping, in 3 correlation was fair, and in 2
      patients with 2 Kent bundles ISPECT failed to localize their insertion. In 3/8
      patients with VT catheter mapping could not be performed for hemodynamic reasons.
      In 2/5 patients the area of VT focus was identical with both methods, in one
      patient it was adjacent to each other, and in 2/5 patients a larger anatomic
      distance of the focus was found with both methods. In 3/7 patients with WPW the
      MCG showed the site of Kent bundle insertion, which was identical to that seen by
      catheter mapping. In one patient the area was adjacent, and in 3 more distant
      from the site determined by catheter mapping. In 1/2 patients with 2 Kent
      bundles, one of these could be detected by MCG. In 1/3 patients with VT, the site
      of VT focus was identical with both methods, but in the remaining two a distance
      of 3-4 cm was observed between the area seen with MCG and that with catheter
      mapping. In 4 further VT patients with stable and uniform ventricular late
      potentials, ventricular late magnetic activity was found with different QRS
      lengths within the single MCG channels. From our results we conclude that both
      ISPECT and MCG seem to become very promising non-invasive techniques for
      localizing ectopic ventricular depolarization in WPW syndrome and VT patients.
      However, these methods have to be refined, improved and validated by further
      systematical studies.

PMID- 1820405
TI  - Surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - This report describes 20 consecutive patients who underwent surgical procedures
      for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. 16 patients have been operated for WPW
      syndrome, always using the epicardial approach, without extracorporeal
      circulation. Three patients underwent surgery for atrio-ventricular nodal
      reentrant tachycardia, using a discrete perinodal cryotreatment, during
      normothermic extracorporeal circulation. In one case we used cryoablation of the
      atrial myocardium below the coronary sinus to treat atrial flutter. This
      operation was performed under normothermic extracorporeal circulation. In our
      observations, there was no early or late death; postoperative complications
      developed in 1 patient (5%) due to pericarditis. Ablation of the AP was
      completely successful in all the cases (100%) operated for WPW as well as for
      AVNRT syndromes and atrial flutter.

PMID- 1820406
TI  - Stability after surgical-orthodontic corrective of skeletal Class III
      malocclusion. 3. Combined maxillary and mandibular procedures.
AB  - Stability after combined Le Fort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies was
      reviewed in 51 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Because vertical
      changes in the position of the maxilla affect both the vertical and
      anteroposterior positions of the mandible, the sample was subdivided by the
      direction of vertical movement of the maxilla at surgery. Excellent postsurgical
      stability was observed in the long-face Class III patients in whom upward and
      forward movement of the maxilla was combined with ramus osteotomy to prevent
      excessive forward rotation of the mandible. When the maxilla was moved forward
      and the mandible set back with minimal vertical change, moderate relapse
      tendencies were observed in both jaws, but most of the correction was maintained
      at 1 year. When the maxilla was moved down and forward while the mandible was set
      back, moderate vertical relapse of the maxilla and anteroposterior relapse of the
      mandible followed. Stability of the downward movement of the maxilla was, on
      average, better than that resulting from maxillary surgery alone.

PMID- 1820407
TI  - Incorporation of facial plastic surgery in the planning and treatment of
      orthognathic surgical cases.
AB  - Until recently, orthognathic surgery and cosmetic soft tissue surgery have been
      separate clinical endeavors. This article presents examples of soft tissue
      surgical procedures carried out with orthognathic surgery to enhance the overall
      result. Video imaging techniques have been integrated into the planning process
      to more clearly define functional and esthetic goals. The technical achievement
      of combined orthognathic and esthetic procedures, as well as the timing of
      treatment between the orthodontist, oral surgeon, and plastic surgeon, is
      discussed.

PMID- 1820409
TI  - Treatment expectations versus outcomes among orthognathic surgery patients.
AB  - As a followup to a longitudinal study of orthognathic surgery patients who had
      participated in a study of alternative approaches to surgical preparation, 27
      patients were administered questionnaires regarding postsurgical changes in their
      oral, general, and psychological well-being. Age and sex had minimal effect on
      the patients' responses. Diagnosis, surgery type, and complications did not
      influence postoperative patient reports. Esthetic improvement was most often
      cited as a motive for surgery and most likely to be achieved. Fewer postoperative
      problems were experienced than expected, although interpersonal problems
      increased for some patients. Oral and general health problems declined
      significantly after surgery; the greatest improvements were found in occlusion
      and appearance of teeth and facial profile. Satisfaction with outcomes reflected
      these improvements in patient well-being. Exceptions to these generally favorable
      outcomes and the implications for patient preparation for orthognathic surgery
      are discussed.

PMID- 1820408
TI  - A computerized measurement of dental relapse following orthognathic surgery.
AB  - A computer-programmed osteotomy package was used to measure agreed values from
      lateral cephalograms preoperatively, postoperatively, and during the follow-up
      period. The variable representing the postoperative cephalometric analysis
      predicted by the program was included for further comparisons. The results were
      used to measure the degree of dental and skeletal relapse during the follow-up
      period, but only the dental relapse is discussed in the present study. There was
      a statistically significant proclination of the maxillary anterior teeth
      postoperatively that continued during the mean follow-up period of 16 months.

PMID- 1820410
TI  - Cortical thickness in human mandibles: clinical relevance to the sagittal split
      ramus osteotomy.
AB  - Human cadaver hemimandibles were subjected to sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and
      the cortical thickness of each mandible was then measured in several areas. A
      measurable difference in morphology was found in the proximal segment of the
      mandible. Because cortical bone thickness is directly related to bone-screw
      holding strength, these results have important implications for the use of rigid
      internal fixation. The results suggested that the areas that coincide with the
      most anterior and superior extent of the osteotomy would be the ideal locations
      for screw placement.

PMID- 1820411
TI  - Cephalometrics and facial shape: new thresholds by an overall approach to classic
      standards.
AB  - Pretreatment lateral skull radiographs were studied to analyze the
      characteristics of facial morphology. Standard cephalometric measurements were
      compared with those provided by a Fourier description of the overall morphology.
      Skull patterns were divided into hyperdivergent, neutral, and hypodivergent
      groups (1) according to the standard thresholds of facial height ratio and (2)
      according to the mathematical distance between their Fourier coefficients and the
      Fourier coefficients of three reference plots. Linear regression analysis showed
      that all the Fourier variables were significantly correlated. The standard
      thresholds of normality used to classify patients as normal, hyperdivergent, or
      hypodivergent did not correlate with each other. Fourier analysis resulted in new
      thresholds of normality that are more accurate than previous norms developed by
      standard cephalometric measurements. These new thresholds take into account the
      overall morphologic characteristics of the patient and each separate measurement
      is strictly correlated with the others.

PMID- 1820412
TI  - Computing in the ICU: is it feasible and practical?

PMID- 1820413
TI  - Medical informatics in the intensive care unit: state of the art 1991.
AB  - Intensive care medicine requires timely, accurate, and integrated patient records
      to provide the highest quality patient care. Computerized patient records offer
      the best method to achieve these needs. The expectations of society for medical
      progress through increased use of computers is growing. For optimal use of
      computers in the ICU there must be a harmonious collaboration between medical
      informaticists, physicians, nurses, therapists, and administrators. The future
      use of computers in ICU care will be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. We
      are on the frontier of some exciting times in the next decade as computers become
      commonplace in the clinical care process rather than an unusual event. This paper
      discusses the progress and challenges of computers in the ICU.

PMID- 1820414
TI  - Real time data acquisition: recommendations for the Medical Information Bus
      (MIB).
AB  - Care of the acutely ill patient requires rapid acquisition, recording and
      communications of data. In the modern hospital it is not unusual for a patient to
      be connected to several monitoring and recording devices simultaneously. Each of
      these devices is typically made by a different manufacturer who may specialize in
      one sort of measurement, for example, pulse oximetry. Most of the modern
      monitoring and recording devices are micro-processor based and have communication
      capabilities. Unfortunately, there is no operable standard communication
      technology available from all devices. In addition different clinical staff
      (physicians, nurses, or respiratory therapists) may be responsible for collecting
      data. As a result there is a need to develop methods, standards, and strategies
      for timely and automatic collection of data from these monitoring and recording
      devices. We report on more than 5 years of clinical experience of automated ICU
      data collection using a prototype of the Medical Information Bus (MIB).

PMID- 1820415
TI  - Knowledge engineering using retrospective review of data: a useful technique or
      merely data dredging?
AB  - The process of extracting the knowledge or rules for medical decision making is
      not an easy task. One approach to knowledge engineering is to carefully review
      how decisions were made in the past with the goal of extracting the rules. The
      purpose of this project was to use previously collected data from ICU patients to
      derive the rules for the definition of hemodynamic stability. 97 ICU patients
      between 9/9/86 and 7/29/90 were included in the analysis. All of these patients
      had adult respiratory distress syndrome. Their mechanical ventilation was managed
      by a set of computerized protocols. We retrospectively searched the HELP system
      database for instructions that were not followed due to hemodynamic reasons. For
      each patient, we also chose one randomly selected therapy instruction which was
      followed to act as a control. For each instruction we then selected the
      corresponding hemodynamic data set. The data was then used in a stepwise logistic
      regression to determine the rules used for defining hemodynamic instability. We
      found that several of the hemodynamic parameters we had anticipated to be
      important were not even measured most of the time. The blood pressures and heart
      rate were almost identical between the hemodynamicly stable and unstable data
      sets. We conclude that the decision making process used by physicians has great
      variation, both between and within physicians. This makes knowledge engineering
      using retrospective techniques such as this prone to error and probably not very
      fruitful.

PMID- 1820416
TI  - A strategy for development of computerized critical care decision support
      systems.
AB  - It is not enough to merely manage medical information. It is difficult to justify
      the cost of hospital information systems (HIS) or intensive care unit (ICU)
      patient data management systems (PDMS) on this basis alone. The real benefit of
      an integrated HIS or PDMS is in decision support. Although there are a variety of
      HIS and ICU PDMS systems available there are few that provide ICU decision
      support. The HELP system at the LDS Hospital is an example of a HIS which
      provides decision support on many different levels. In the ICU there are decision
      support tools for antibiotic therapy, nutritional management, and management of
      mechanical ventilation. Computer protocols for the management of mechanical
      ventilation (respiratory evaluation, ventilation, oxygenation, weaning and
      extubation) in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome ((ARDS) have
      already been developed and clinically validated at the LDS Hospital. These
      protocols utilize the bedside intensive care unit (ICU) computer terminal to
      prompt the clinical care team with therapeutic and diagnostic suggestions. The
      protocols (in paper flow diagram and computerized form) have been used for over
      40,000 hours in more than 125 adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
      patients. The protocols controlled care for 94% of the time. The remainder of the
      time patient care was not protocol controlled was a result of the patient being
      in states not covered by current protocol logic (e.g. hemodynamic instability, or
      transport for X-Ray studies). 52 of these ARDS patients met extra corporal
      membrane oxygenation (ECMO) criteria. The survival of the ECMO criteria ARDS
      patients was 41%, four times that expected (9%) from historical data (p less than
      0.0002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820417
TI  - Performance of computerized protocols for the management of arterial oxygenation
      in an intensive care unit.
AB  - Computerized protocols were created to direct the management of arterial
      oxygenation in critically ill ICU patients and have now been applied routinely,
      24 hours a day, in the care of 80 such patients. The protocols used routine
      clinical information to generate specific instructions for therapy. We evaluated
      21,347 instructions by measuring how many were correct and how often they were
      followed by the clinical staff. Instructions were followed 63.9% of the time in
      the first 8 patients and 92.3% in the subsequent 72 patients. Instruction
      accuracy improved after the initial 8 patients, increasing from 71.5% of total
      instructions to 92.8%. Instruction inaccuracy was primarily caused by software
      errors and inaccurate and untimely entry of clinical data into the computer.
      Software errors decreased from 7.2% in the first 8 patients to 0.8% in subsequent
      patients, while data entry problems decreased from 7.5% to 4.2%. We also assessed
      compliance with the protocols in a subset of 12 patients (2637 instructions) as a
      function of 1) the mode of ventilatory support, 2) whether the instruction was to
      increase or decrease the intensity of therapy or to wait for an interval of time
      and 3) whether the instruction was 'correct' or 'incorrect'. The mode of
      ventilatory support did not affect compliance with protocol instructions.
      Instructions to wait were more likely to be followed than instructions to change
      therapy. Ninety-seven percent of the correct instructions were followed and 27%
      of the incorrect instructions were followed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820418
TI  - Problems in the development of a computerized ward monitoring system for a
      paediatric intensive care unit.
AB  - A computerised ward monitoring system based on Archimedes PC's at each bedside is
      under development for the PICU at Killingbeck Hospital in Leeds. This work was
      initiated with a view to reducing the amount of paperwork in the unit. The
      present paper charts have been broken down into sections for the purpose of entry
      into the computer. The completed charts may be viewed in tabular form. There are
      several alternative displays. The default display mode illustrates the patients
      principal cardiovascular variables over the previous six hours. Alternative
      graphical displays include 12 hour trend curves for the cardiovascular variables,
      a screen with one hour trend graphs and panels illustrating the latest values of
      other patient variables, and graphical 12 hour reviews for clear fluid balance,
      blood volume balance and respiratory variables. The program also serves as a
      vehicle for testing an alarm generating system and a cardiovascular status index
      in the paediatric environment. A separate program has been developed which allows
      the retrospective construction of data bases by using some or all of the data
      from one or more of the charts for a series of patients. Finally the difficulties
      encountered in preliminary trials of the system are discussed. At the present
      time the program is being run at a central station while attempts are being made
      to surmount these difficulties.

PMID- 1820419
TI  - Development of an expert system for haemodynamic monitoring: computerized
      symbolization of on-line monitoring data.
AB  - The development of intelligent alarm systems for intensive care benefits from the
      transformation of data from a quantitative to a qualitative mode. We constructed
      a computerized algorithm for the symbolization of on-line monitoring data of
      heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures,
      as well as central and peripheral temperatures. We tested the ability of the
      algorithm to symbolize the levels of the parameters and to detect significant
      long-term trends in ten adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit after
      cardiac surgery. The estimations of an experienced clinician were taken as the
      'gold standard'. The symbolization of the levels of the monitored parameters was
      in agreement with the clinician in 99.4% of the estimations. The algorithm
      detected 93.0% of the trends correctly and also estimated their reliability. The
      clinician considered its estimations to be accurate in 96.2% of cases. On the
      other hand, the clinician considered unreliable 2.4% of all the trends detected
      and classified as reliable by the algorithm. The computerized algorithm for the
      symbolization of real-time monitoring data performed efficiently enough for its
      further use in expert systems for intelligent monitoring.

PMID- 1820420
TI  - INFORM: development of information management and decision support systems for
      High Dependency Environments.
AB  - The long-term aim in the INFORM Project is to develop, evaluate and implement a
      new generation of Information Systems for hospital High Dependency Environments
      (HDE-Intensive Care Units, Neonatal Units, Burns Units. Operating and Recovery
      Rooms, and other specialised areas). The distinguishing feature of the HDE is the
      very large amount of data that is collected through monitors and paper records
      about the state of critically ill patients; this has made the role of the staff a
      technical one in addition to a caring one. The INFORM System will integrate
      Decision Support with on-line, off-line and observed patient data and, in
      addition, will incorporate and integrate unit management features. In the
      Exploratory Phase of the Project, functional requirements have been set out.
      These are based on four components: conceptual model of the HDE; evaluation of
      existing HDE Information Systems; development of a novel software architecture
      using a Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) methodology, and based on a critical review
      of KBS applied to the HDE: monitoring of appropriate leading-edge technological
      developments. The conceptual model has two components: a patient-related
      information model, and a department-related cost model. The patient-related model
      is identifying key and difficult areas of decision making. A key aspect of INFORM
      is integration of clinical Decision Support for these areas into the Information
      System through a layered software architecture. The lower layers are concerned
      with monitoring and alarming and the higher levels with patient assessment and
      therapy planning. The functionality and interconnection of these layers are being
      determined.

PMID- 1820421
TI  - Effect of endodontic procedures on root dentin permeability.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantitate the sequential effects of endodontic
      procedures on the permeability of human root dentin in vitro. Forty single-rooted
      teeth were used. Both the crown and the apical 2 mm of the root were removed. The
      hydraulic conductance of the root before and after various endodontic procedures
      was measured using a fluid filtration method. Measurements were also made of
      dentin thickness, intracanal diameter changes, and changes in intracanal surface
      area. The results showed that instrumentation by K files alone or in combination
      with Gates Glidden drills did not alter radicular dentin permeability when the
      cementum remained intact. After removing the cementum, the creation of a smear
      layer and smear plugs on the canal surface tended to offset the expected increase
      in dentin permeability created by increasing the intracanal surface area and
      decreasing root dentin thickness. EDTA treatment inside the instrumented canal to
      remove the smear layer did not increase permeability significantly. The use of K
      files followed by Gates Glidden drills tended to remove more cervical dentin,
      increased the intracanal surface area, and increased the hydraulic conductance of
      root dentin more than the use of K files alone.

PMID- 1820423
TI  - Prevalence and quality of endodontic treatment in an elderly urban population of
      Switzerland.
AB  - Little oral health data on the elderly are available in Switzerland. This study
      assessed endodontic findings in 66-yr-old residents of the city of Zurich using
      intraoral radiographs. Of the 143 volunteers having a total of 2004 natural
      teeth, 78% had at least one endodontically treated tooth. Twenty percent of all
      teeth were root filled, two thirds of them being in the upper jaw. Sixty-four
      percent of the root fillings were judged insufficient and 8.5% of all teeth
      showed periapical radiolucencies, most of the latter (73%) being associated with
      insufficient root canal treatments. Ninety-eight percent of the root-filled teeth
      had intracanal retentive devices. Fifty-two percent of the teeth with
      insufficient root fillings were judged not to need revision, 37% needed revision,
      9% needed apicectomy, and 2% were ready for extraction. The considerable
      endodontic treatment needs of the elderly can only be reduced by an improvement
      of quality of initial endodontic treatment.

PMID- 1820422
TI  - A new glass ionomer root canal sealer.
AB  - Various physical characteristics of a new glass ionomer root canal sealer were
      tested. These included setting time, ease of delivery to the root canal,
      adaptability and adhesion to the dentinal wall of the root canal, and
      radiopacity. Scanning electron micrographs and electron microprobe analyses were
      made. The characteristics were compared with those of Grossman's sealer. The
      results indicated that, with respect to the properties tested, the glass ionomer
      sealer was superior to Grossman's sealer.

PMID- 1820424
TI  - Removal of canal obstructions with the Endo Extractor.
AB  - This report describes a series of clinical cases demonstrating the use of the
      Endo Extractor to remove canal obstructions. Each of the obstructions was removed
      with the new technique after conventional methods had failed. Preoperative,
      working, and postoperative radiographs are shown.

PMID- 1820425
TI  - Zebra hunt: periapical cemental dysplasia.

PMID- 1820426
TI  - Antimicrobial efficacy of iodoformized zinc oxide-eugenol sealer on micro
      organisms of root canal.
AB  - Iodoformized zinc oxide-eugenol was tested for its antibacterial effect against
      the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria obtained from the root canals of deciduous
      teeth; the bacteria were staph aureus, strep viridans, strep faecalis,
      bacteroides melaninogenicus and also mixed culture obtained from infected non
      vital anterior teeth. The sensitivity was checked on BHI- agar plates employing
      well-method. Iodoformized zinc oxide eugenol paste was found to be effective for
      both the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the root canals of deciduous teeth
      with maximum sustaining period of 10 days; staphylococcus aureus was found to be
      the most susceptible, while Streptococcus faecalis the most resistant.

PMID- 1820427
TI  - NaF iontophoresis, an alternative to cavity lining--an in vivo study.
AB  - The study carried out on 30 teeth in 28 patients of 12-16 years to assess NaF
      iontophoresis as an alternative to cavity lining revealed that out of 25 cavities
      which were sensitive to air, water jet and exploration (14 mild, 9 moderate and 2
      severe), in 20 cavities the sensitivity decreased to nil, in 9 to mild and in one
      to moderate following iontophoresis. It was found that in all the cases, the
      first application of iontophoresis decreased the sensitivity by 50-60 percent and
      the second by 70-90 percent. Immediately after silver filling there was no
      sensitivity in 25 teeth, whereas 4 were mildly and one moderately sensitive.
      After a six month follow up in 24 patients who reported, all the teeth were
      comfortable.

PMID- 1820428
TI  - Evaluation of existing status of knowledge, practice and attitude towards oral
      health of rural communities of Haryana--India.
AB  - The KAP survey on oral health practices of 3247 individuals, 6-60 years of age,
      of Sidhaura block of Haryana revealed that use of dattan was more prevalent (56%
      in adult community & 49% students) than tooth brush (35% adult community & 34%
      students). 37% of the total community had the knowledge of brush being the best
      oral hygiene measure. 25% of the community using brush were brushing only
      once/day. The knowledge of the community regarding the role of fluorides in
      prevention of dental caries was completely lacking: 1.8% of the community was
      using fluoride dentifrice. 35-45 percent of the community were practising sweet
      foods/drinks etc. four times a day. The snyder test showed a positive relation
      with frequency of sugar intake.

PMID- 1820429
TI  - Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis associated with mild hypertrichosis.
AB  - A case of gingival fibromatosis with hypertrichosis is reported in a 10 year old
      girl. The condition is a syndrome and presents as a triad of gingival
      fibromatosis, hypertrichosis and mental retardation. Following surgical
      management, no recurrence was seen in the immediate post-surgical period. Even if
      recurrence occurs excision is recommended as the psychological benefits resulting
      from cosmetic improvement outweigh the danger of recurrence.

PMID- 1820430
TI  - Modulations of hydrogen ion concentration in human dental plaque related to
      various solid sweet foods commonly consumed in Karnataka.
AB  - The acidogenic potential of commonly consumed solid sweets in Karnataka viz.
      Peda, Laddu, Mysore Pak and olige, studied in 40 children (9-15 years) with 2-5
      dift/DMFT using glass electrode attached to Analog type pH electrometer revealed
      the mean resting plaque pH for 'peda' group to be 7.05, 'laddu' & mysore pak
      groups 7.24 and olige group 7.44. The maximum pH fall was obtained at 10 minutes
      interval in the post consumption period. It reached 6.08 with Peda, 6.44 with
      laddu, 6.41 with mysore pak and 6.47 with olige. The plaque pH gradually rose
      towards neutral in about 60 minutes in the post consumption period. According to
      cH area, the lowest acidogenic potential was found with olige (7.0506), followed
      by laddu (7.562), mysore pak (11.6944), and peda (15.249).

PMID- 1820432
TI  - Mutans streptococci -dental, oral and global aspects.
AB  - The evaluation of the levels of mutans streptococci have been used for many years
      in some countries, in clinical work to monitor patients during treatment of
      dental caries, based on the observations that teeth, and patients, with elevated
      levels of mutans streptococci are at higher risk for caries. Other studies have
      focussed on attempts to select high caries risk groups based on salivary levels.
      Several methods to estimate the bacteria have been developed, among them being
      the "Spatula method" and the more recent "Strip mutans" method. Both methods are
      based on observations made in studies aimed at determining factors of importance
      for the transfer of these bacteria between persons. This paper gives a background
      to saliva sampling for mutans streptococci and describes some studies that have
      evaluated the role of these bacteria for caries. Such background information is
      important for the correct use of bacterial tests in the clinic and for
      interpretation of the results.

PMID- 1820431
TI  - In vitro evaluation of tensile bond strength of composite to glass ionomer
      cement.
AB  - An in vitro study conducted on 30 primary second deciduous molars and 30 second
      premolars to evaluate the tensile bond strength of composite ionomer restorations
      revealed that (i) glass ionomer cement base was superior than Dycal under
      composite restorations; (ii) etched glass ionomer base provided optimal bond
      strength in both primary and permanent teeth; (iii) tensile bond strength was
      high in permanent than in the primary teeth; and (iv) composite ionomer laminate
      can be considered as a material of choice for restoration of primary teeth.

PMID- 1820433
TI  - Transverse and vertical asymmetry of bilateral craniofacial structures in
      repaired unilateral and bilateral complete cleft lip and palate cases.
AB  - Fifty repaired complete cleft lip and palate cases (38 UCLP and 12 BCLP) in the
      age range of 6 to 14 years were evaluated for transverse and vertical asymmetry
      using postero-anterior cephalograms. A total of nine bilateral landmarks,
      representing upper face, mid face and lower face were used. Results showed that
      asymmetry was not confined to any single plane of reference but manifested in
      both dimensions--transverse and vertical. The UCLP group had greater asymmetry of
      mid face than the BCLP group. Asymmetry was found to be extending to distant
      areas besides the contiguous structures.

PMID- 1820434
TI  - Proceedings of Masahisa Wada Memorial Symposium: disease and nutrition. August
      31, 1991, Osaka, Japan.

PMID- 1820435
TI  - Tribute to Dr. Masahisa Wada (1918-1991): disease and nutrition.

PMID- 1820436
TI  - Effects of dietary phosphorus restriction on secondary hyperparathyroidism in
      hemodialysis patients during intermittent oral high-dose 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment.
AB  - Phosphorus (P) retention plays an important role in the pathogenesis of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism (2nd HPT) in chronic renal failure. In recent years, periodic
      intravenous or intermittent oral administration of high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 has
      been reported to improve severe 2nd HPT in hemodialysis patients. The present
      study was performed to determine the effects of dietary P restriction on 2nd HPT
      in hemodialysis patients treated with intermittent oral high-dose 1,25(OH)2D3. A
      high dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 was administered orally twice a week at the end of
      hemodialysis in 20 hemodialysis patients with 2nd HPT. Dietary P content was
      estimated from records of the patients' food intake, made twice during the
      treatment period. Based on this information, dietitians developed appropriate
      meal plans and instructed the patients. After 8 weeks of the treatment, serum c
      parathyroid hormone (c-PTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels decreased
      significantly, from 18.8 +/- 1.9 ng/ml and 347.1 +/- 30.7 U/liter to 9.4 +/- 1.2
      ng/ml and 268.3 +/- 19.6 U/liter, respectively. Serum P levels increased
      gradually during the first 4 weeks of the treatment. Dietary P intake was reduced
      significantly, from 908 +/- 49 mg/day to 734 +/- 39 mg/day, after the nutritional
      instructions. As a result of the dietary P restrictions, serum P levels were
      significantly decreased in the 8th week as compared with those in the 4th week.
      Serum Ca levels remained unchanged throughout the observation period. There was a
      significant relationship between the mean values for serum P levels during the
      study and the percent suppression of serum c-PTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820438
TI  - Management of hypertensive outpatients: clinical evaluation of casual and 24-hour
      ambulatory blood pressure.
AB  - Knowledge of daily blood pressure profiles is now an important factor in the
      management of hypertension. We recently analyzed the relationship of casual blood
      pressure (CBP) to 24-hour blood pressure (24-h BP) in 9 hypertensive patients and
      11 normotensive subjects. A 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
      apparatus (24-h ABPM, A & D Co.) was used to monitor 24-h BP. Data were divided
      into daytime mean blood pressure (daytime mBP), night mean blood pressure (night
      mBP), and 24-hour mean blood pressure (24-h mBP). In each subject, the 24-h ABP
      pattern was highly reproducible. Analysis of CBP disclosed that both the systolic
      blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) correlated more closely
      with 24-h mBP than with any other parameter. In view of the high incidence of
      cerebral infarction during night time or rest, prior knowledge of a blood
      pressure change pattern from daytime mBP to night mBP in individual patients is
      important in the prevention of this condition. The degree of decrease from
      daytime mBP to night mBP varied greatly among individuals, being higher in
      hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects. The degree of this change in
      blood pressure was difficult to predict based on the CBP change pattern following
      postural change or 5-min rest. In some cases, 24-h ABPM data were within the
      hypertensive range (systolic greater than 160 mmHg, diastolic greater than 95
      mmHg) for many hours, even though CBP was within the normal range. On the other
      hand, the duration of this sustained hypertensive level during 24-h ABPM was
      sometimes short, even in subjects with elevated CBP. To deal with such
      discrepancies between CBP and 24-h ABPM, the duration of the sustained
      hypertensive level during 24-h ABPM should be given high priority in assessing
      the severity and prognosis of hypertension.

PMID- 1820437
TI  - Bone mineral loss in patients on maintenance hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia
      treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium carbonate.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between bone mineral density loss and mean serum
      phosphate level for one year in 58 men on maintenance hemodialysis who were
      treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium bicarbonate. Bone mineral
      density of the femur head and neck was measured twice, 8 months apart, by dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR 1000). Patients were divided into two
      groups according to their mean serum phosphate level during the year of the
      study. Group A had almost normal serum phosphate levels (mean, less than 6.0
      mg/dl) and group B had hyperphosphatemia (mean, greater than or equal to 6.0
      mg/dl). In group A, the mean bone mineral density was 0.825 +/- 0.122 g/cm2 at
      the beginning of the study and 0.828 +/- 0.118 g/cm2 8 months later. In group B,
      these values were 0.787 +/- 0.167 g/cm2 at the beginning and 0.762 +/- 0.171
      g/cm2 8 months later. Bone mineral density did not decrease in group A, but it
      decreased significantly in group B (p less than 0.01). For all patients, the
      percent increase in the bone mineral density was inversely correlated with the
      mean serum phosphate value for the year of the study (r = -0.274, p less than
      0.05). These results indicate the importance of serum phosphate control in
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis, even when they are being treated with 1
      alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium carbonate.

PMID- 1820439
TI  - Education and the practical problems of dietary management of diabetes.

PMID- 1820440
TI  - Effects of long-term corporate fitness program on employees' health.
AB  - The higher average age of employees, due to the advancement of the compulsory
      retirement age, and their sedentary lifestyle in automated environments, have
      become important issues in the workplace, as witnessed in increased incidence of
      adult disease and decreased physical fitness levels. The purpose of the present
      study was to evaluate the effects of a long-term corporate fitness program in
      helping employees to stay well. The fitness program consisted of medical
      checkups, physical fitness tests, and a physical training program, given on an
      individual basis. The medical checkups and physical fitness tests were evaluated
      in 1499 male employees, with the following results. 1) The incidence of obesity
      showed no significant change. 2) There were no significant changes in total
      cholesterol levels nor in the incidence of hypertriglyceridemia and
      hypercholesterolemia. 3) Physical fitness was markedly improved. 4) There was a
      decrease in the percentage of smokers. These results suggest that a long-term
      corporate fitness program is effective for improving the health and fitness
      levels of employees and for preventing the progression of adult disease.

PMID- 1820441
TI  - Cardiac function and exercise capacity of diabetic patients.
AB  - To evaluate the relationship between cardiac function at rest and the exercise
      capacity of diabetic patients, left ventricular function and exercise capacity
      were evaluated in 15 non-insulin-dependent male diabetic patients. Isovolumic
      relaxation time (IRT) and the PEP/LVET ratio were obtained by simultaneous
      echophonocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and recordings of the carotid arterial
      pulse. VO2 at anaerobic threshold was obtained from a cycle ergometer exercise
      test with expired gas analysis. Patients were divided into two groups: those with
      IRT less than 90 msec (Group 1) and those with IRT greater than or equal to 90
      msec (Group 2). Group 2 patients had a lower VO2 at anaerobic threshold than
      Group 1 (Group 1: 17.4 +/- 3.6, Group 2: 12.9 +/- 2.5 ml/min/kg; M +/- SD, p less
      than 0.05). There was a good correlation between the IRT at rest and delta HR,
      defined as the change in heart rate from rest to anaerobic threshold (r = 0.666,
      p less than 0.01), and between delta HR and the beat-to-beat variation in R-R
      interval at rest (r = 0.637, p less than 0.02). There was also a good correlation
      between VO2 at anaerobic threshold and IRT (r = 0.555, p less than 0.05), and
      between VO2 at anaerobic threshold and delta HR (r = 0.858, p less than 0.01).
      Our data suggests that both left ventricular diastolic function and cardiac
      sympathetic nervous system reflexes, reflected by delta HR, may affect the
      exercise capacity of diabetic patients. Thus, IRT obtained by a non-invasive
      method may provide a useful index for cardiovascular response to exercise in
      diabetic patients without coronary artery disease.

PMID- 1820442
TI  - Quantitative determination of hepatic glucose uptake using an innovative
      approach: effect of strict glycemic regulation and exercise in diabetic subjects.
AB  - For perfect glycemic control in diabetics, therapeutic modalities which enhance
      impaired hepatic glucose uptake seen in diabetics should be utilized. In animal
      experiments, we demonstrated that factors promoting hepatic glucose uptake are
      the glucose gradient between the central nervous system and the hepato-portal
      system, portal hyperinsulinemia and normal premeal glycemia. Therefore, we
      investigated both the effects of intensified insulin therapy and a single bout of
      exercise on hepatic glucose uptake by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp combined
      with oral glucose loading. In 56 out of 77 patients, perfect glycemic
      normalization was established with mean regular insulin doses of 10, 7, 7 U at
      breakfast, lunch and dinner, respectively. The ratio of splanchnic glucose
      disposal to the amount of ingested glucose increased significantly from 19.0 to
      42.1%. A single bout of exercise enhanced hepatic glucose uptake from 23.4 to
      50.5%. Both strict glycemic regulation and exercise enhance hepatic glucose
      uptake significantly in non-obese diabetic patients.

PMID- 1820443
TI  - Total and regional bone mineral content in patients with non-insulin dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Total body bone mineral content and bone mineral content in various body sites
      were measured by dual-photon absorptiometry in 103 patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and the findings were compared with those for
      214 non-diabetic control subjects matched for age and body weight. Neither total
      body bone mineral content (TBBM) nor the bone mineral density of the third lumbar
      vertebra (L3 BMD) in the diabetic subjects differed from the values in control
      subjects of either sex, but the values were significantly decreased in patients
      diseased for at least five years when compared with control subjects. Regional
      bone mineral measurement showed prominent bone loss in the truncal site, but no
      reduction in bone mass was found in the head, pelvis, arms, or legs in either
      male or female patients. These results suggest that reduced TBBM and L3 BMD are
      associated with duration of the disease and that a site-specific bone defect is
      present in NIDDM.

PMID- 1820444
TI  - Nutrition and control theory.
AB  - Organ homeostasis in humans is maintained by the "auto-regulatory system."
      Although this biological regulatory system is regarded as complicated and
      difficult to analyze, with the aid of control theory it has become possible for
      us to construct a mathematical model. To date we have created models for water
      electrolyte balance and glucose metabolism. The validity of these models has been
      evaluated by simulation study. As a clinical application of the model, we have
      successfully developed an artificial pancreas system for the treatment of
      diabetic patients. Through this system, we have made many contributions to the
      study of clinical nutrition and we feel that this has initiated a new era in this
      field. In order to make further progress in this field, it will be necessary to
      take a new dynamic and systemic approach.

PMID- 1820445
TI  - Calcium metabolism in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Calcium metabolism was studied in patients with diabetes mellitus. Information on
      the dietary intake of major nutrients was gathered from 23 non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients, 42 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 245 nondiabetic
      patients under hemodialysis through a questionnaire. A calcium absorption test
      was performed, using an isotopic technique, in 11 non-insulin-dependent diabetic
      patients and 4 age-matched healthy subjects. Parathyroid function was examined,
      using oral phosphate loading, in 6 diabetic patients and 6 age-matched control
      subjects. The daily dietary intake of calcium in the non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients (602 +/- 52 mg) was up to the average daily nutritional
      requirement (600 mg). The calcium absorption rate in these patients (54.4 +/-
      13.9%) was similar to that in the healthy subjects (50.1 +/- 5.4%). The response
      of parathyroid hormone to phosphate loading was significantly reduced in the
      diabetic patients compared to the control subjects. The results suggest that
      calcium homeostasis in diabetic patients with normal renal function is almost
      conserved, despite the decreased response of parathyroid hormone to phosphate
      loading.

PMID- 1820447
TI  - Obesity as a determinant of regional bone mineral density.
AB  - Total body and regional bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)
      in obese patients and healthy controls were assessed by dual-photon
      absorptiometry (DPA) in this study. In both men and women, BMD values in total
      body, pelvis, upper and lower extremities were significantly (p less than 0.05)
      higher in the obese group (body mass index greater than 28) than in the non-obese
      group (body mass index less than 23). These BMD values correlated significantly
      with body weights and with percentages of body fat. In the obese group, 8
      massively obese women were treated with an 8-week very low calorie diet (VLCD),
      resulting in a 13.4 kg of mean body weight reduction. Although BMC in total body
      and in pelvis were maintained, significant decreases of BMC in the upper (from
      275 +/- 30 to 255 +/- 26 g) and lower (from 871 +/- 47 to 805 +/- 31 g)
      extremities were observed following the 8-week VLCD treatment. These results
      suggest that body fat mass affects BMD and BMC preferentially in weight bearing
      bone, the changes of which are not always associated with changes in total body
      BMD or BMC.

PMID- 1820446
TI  - Lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemic obese women during very low calorie
      diet: changes in high density lipoprotein.
AB  - We examined changes in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism during a very
      low calorie diet weight reduction program in 6 massively obese normolipidemic
      women. The diet protocol consisted of a 1st low calorie diet (LCD; 1440, 1280,
      and 880 kcal daily for 1 week, each, in succession), a 1st very low calorie diet
      (VLCD; 420 kcal daily for 4 weeks, using Optifast 70), intermission (880 kcal
      daily for 1 week), the 2nd VLCD (4 weeks) and the 2nd LCD (880 and 1280-1440 kcal
      daily for 1 week, each). Mean body weight reduction was 18.9 kg. HDL-cholesterol,
      more specifically HDL2-cholesterol, reduced transiently during the 1st VLCD,
      intermission, and 2nd VLCD periods, and tended to increase in the 2nd LCD.
      Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I showed a similar change to HDL-cholesterol. However, apo
      A-II decreased persistently throughout the weight reduction program, and the apo
      A-I/apo A-II ratio increased significantly in the later part of the program.
      Serum triglyceride, apo B, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in post-heparin
      plasma did not change. These data suggest that the observed decrease in HDL
      cholesterol was not due to a reduction in very low density lipoprotein-derived
      HDL production or to an LPL deficiency, but was consistent with reduction in
      chylomicron-derived HDL formation following dietary fat restriction.

PMID- 1820448
TI  - Obesity and liver disease: evaluation of fatty infiltration of the liver using
      ultrasonic attenuation.
AB  - We developed an in vivo ultrasonic attenuation measurement system with which we
      attempted to evaluate the degree of fatty infiltration in the liver. In an animal
      study, fatty liver was induced in rabbits, and ultrasonic radiofrequency
      waveforms from the liver were obtained using a 10 MHz A mode transducer.
      Frequency-dependent attenuation of the ultrasound, which was correlated with
      total lipid content, was calculated using a spectral difference method. In a
      human study, ultrasonic waveforms were obtained using a 3.5 MHz transducer.
      Frequency-dependent attenuation also showed a significant correlation with the
      grading of fatty infiltration of the liver. These results suggested that fatty
      infiltration of the liver could be evaluated quantitatively and noninvasively
      using frequency-dependent attenuation of the ultrasound.

PMID- 1820449
TI  - Organ assimilation of peptides.
AB  - Dipeptides injected intravenously or added to liver perfusion medium were
      hydrolyzed rapidly to amino acids. The clearance volumes per min of plasma Gly
      Phe and Gly-Lys were 63% and 224%, respectively, of the total plasma volume.
      These values far exceed the blood flow in any single organ, suggesting that
      several organs must be involved in peptide assimilation. Intravenous
      administration of peptides increased the levels of their constituent amino acids
      in organs. Two possible explanations for this were assimilation of the peptides
      by the organs, and transport into the organs of the amino acids generated by
      extracellular hydrolysis of the peptides. The former possibility was tested by
      eliminating plasma lysine by enzymic degradation, so that the amino acid would
      accumulate only in the organs that assimilate lysine-containing peptides. Results
      showed that all organs tested, except the brain, had an intrinsic ability to
      assimilate peptides.

PMID- 1820450
TI  - Effect of dietary protein restriction on proteinuria in non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients with nephropathy.
AB  - To determine the effectiveness of dietary protein restriction on proteinuria in
      patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), 14 diabetic patients with
      overt nephropathy were placed on either a low protein diet (N = 7) or
      conventional protein diet (N = 7) for one month. After the study period, daily
      urinary protein excretion rates decreased significantly, from 3.2 +/- 0.4 to 1.9
      +/- 0.4 g/day, and serum albumin levels increased from 3.3 +/- 0.2 to 3.7 +/- 0.5
      g/dl only in the low protein diet group, without any significant changes in
      either serum creatinine levels or creatinine clearance. These findings suggest
      that dietary protein restriction has a beneficial role in the treatment of NIDDM
      patients with overt nephropathy.

PMID- 1820451
TI  - In vitro effects of tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium on electrolyte transport in
      rabbit ileum treated with cholera toxin.
AB  - To determine if there was a role for the submucosal nerves in cholera toxin (CT)
      induced secretion, we studied the effects of serosal addition of two neurotoxins,
      the nerve conduction blocking agent, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and the nicotinic
      ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium (HXM), on electrolyte secretion in
      control isolated rabbit ileum and in that stimulated by CT. 1). In the absence of
      CT, the short circuit current (Isc) decreased after TTX (10(-7) M) (P less than
      0.01) and was unaltered by HXM (10(-5) M). In the presence of CT, Isc increased
      but was not modified by 10(-7) M TTX or 10(-5) M HXM. 2) In control tissues the
      mean isotopic Na+ and Cl- fluxes were not significantly altered by TTX addition.
      Cl- absorption alone was significantly reduced by HXM (delta JCl- = 1.95 +/- 0.81
      microEq.hr-1.cm-2; P less than 0.02). After stimulation with CT, TTX
      significantly inhibited Na+ and Cl- secretion (delta JNa+ = 2.15 +/- 0.61 and
      delta JCl- = 2.15 +/- 0.76 microEq.hr-1.cm-2; P less than 0.01). Similarly, HXM
      significantly inhibited CT-stimulated Na+ and Cl- secretion (delta JNa+ = 1.73 +/
      0.70 and delta JCl- = 1.46 +/- 0.62 microEq.hr-1.cm-2; P less than 0.02). 3) In
      TTX and HXM treated tissues there was no difference in the increase in Isc caused
      by cAMP (2 x 10(-3) M), calcium ionophore A 23187 (4 x 10(-6) M) and glucose (10(
      3) M) compared to the untreated tissues in the presence or absence of
      CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820453
TI  - Influence of ketamine and propranolol on plasma renin activity (PRA) in female
      rabbits and guinea pigs.
AB  - 1. Plasma renin activity was measured in non pregnant rabbits and guinea pigs
      under Ketamine-induced general anesthesia after pretreatment either with
      Propranolol or with a Placebo. Study was performed using a radio-immunoassay for
      angiotensin I. 2. Twenty minutes after the beginning of the observation period,
      renin activity in rabbits who had received Placebo alone (11.47 +/- 2.35 ng/ml/h)
      or associated with Ketamine (11.36 +/- 2.54 ng/ml/h) was similar. However, enzyme
      activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) when Propranolol was
      associated with Ketamine (3.97 +/- 0.58 ng/ml/h) or with Placebo (4.10 +/- 0.55
      ng/ml/h). 3. In the same way, renin activity was significantly higher (P less
      than 0.001) in guinea pigs without Propranolol than in those who had received
      this drug. 4. These findings indicate that stress induced by general anesthesia
      with Ketamine or by simple manipulation of animals (Placebo) was accompanied by
      an excessive increase in plasma renin activity. Propranolol maintained the level
      of this enzyme activity within normal limits.

PMID- 1820452
TI  - Facilitating action of medial prefrontal cortex upon the noxious thermally-evoked
      responses in thalamic centralis lateralis nucleus.
AB  - This paper shows a medial prefrontal cortex (CxAP9) facilitating influence upon
      the unit activity of the centralis lateralis (Cl) nucleus of the thalamus, in
      rats anesthetized with urethane. Cortical influences were studied using both
      cortical cooling and cortical spreading depression (CSD) procedures. Both
      spontaneous and noxious thermally evoked activities were considered. When CSD was
      propagated and affected the CxAP9, as well as during the cooling of this area,
      both spontaneous activity and the responses evoked in Cl cells by noxious
      stimulation were blocked. This effect was interpreted as a cortical
      disfacilitation upon Cl cells. During the cortical silent period we tested the
      excitability of a few Cl cells, provoking their activation by passing electrical
      current across the same Cl recording electrode. No changes were observed in their
      excitable response threshold during CSD or cortical cooling. Our results are in
      agreement with the proposition of a tonic cortical facilitatory action upon the
      spontaneous and noxious-evoked responses recorded in the Cl cells.

PMID- 1820454
TI  - [Study of the fetal and maternal renin-angiotensin system and chorio-placental
      steroids in the guinea pig].
AB  - 1.) Total renin, active renin, prorenin, angiotensin II, estradiol and
      progesterone were measured in maternal, placental and fetal blood and in
      trophoblastic and uterine tissues of the guinea pig. Furthermore, membrane
      angiotensin II receptors were measured in trophoblastic tissues. 2.) Blood and
      tissue concentrations of total renin, active renin, angiotensin II and steroids
      are shown to increase with gestational age. At the full term of pregnancy (70th
      post-coital day), tissue concentrations of total renin in chorion (23,900 +/-
      2,752 ng/g of tissue/h), maternal placenta (14,210 +/- 1,131), fetal placenta
      (12,475 +/- 927) and uterus (7,677 +/- 798) are 100 time higher than those
      observed in placental, fetal and maternal blood. Distribution of blood and tissue
      prorenin (inactive renin) is similar to that found for total renin. Active
      renin/Total renin ratio reaches 1% in uterine, placental and chorion tissues and
      9.3 +/- 1.0% in maternal, placental and fetal blood. 3.) Angiotensin II levels in
      systemic maternal blood (690 +/- 99 pg/ml) and in uterine blood (467 +/- 84) are
      higher than those found in placental blood (266 +/- 39) and in different
      trophoblastic tissues (between 200 and 400 pg/g). Angiotensin II receptor
      concentrations are highest in chorion. 4.) Regarding the steroid hormones, it is
      noted that placental and maternal blood contain more progesterone than
      trophoblastic tissues. The highest concentrations of estradiol are found in
      chorion tissue and uterine blood. 5.) A positive correlation is observed between
      angiotensin II and estradiol in uterine blood (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01) and in
      chorion (r = 0.71, P less than 0.01). These findings indicate that angiotensin II
      and estradiol could, by their interactions, play an important role in the
      physiology of pregnancy.

PMID- 1820456
TI  - A piece of my mind. Pupils.

PMID- 1820455
TI  - Effects of corticocerebellar lesions on taste preferences, body weight gain, food
      and fluid intake in the rat.
AB  - The experiments reported here attempted to examine in two groups of rats the
      effects on the taste preferences, food and fluid intake, energy balance and body
      weight gain of corticocerebellar lesions involving, primarily, the Lobulus VI
      (LVI) or the Lobulus Paramedianus (LP). The results showed that the lesions of
      LVI or LP did not affect the daily intake of total fluid and salty solution. The
      intake of sweet solution increased in both groups of lesioned rats, while the
      intake of deionized water and acid and bitter solutions decreased only in the LVI
      lesioned rats. Food intake decreased in the LVI-lesioned rats but not in the LP
      lesioned animals. Body weight gain, efficiency of food utilization, caloric
      intake and body surface gain decreased in both groups. It seems therefore that
      the cerebellar cortex, which probably receives taste fibers, somehow influences
      taste preferences and water intake, and that it may be involved in the mechanisms
      of food intake, its utilization and body energy balance.

PMID- 1820457
TI  - FDA issues draft 'concept paper' on drug company funding of CME.

PMID- 1820458
TI  - Faster drug approval planned; safety questioned.

PMID- 1820459
TI  - From the Assistant Secretary for Health, US Public Health Service.

PMID- 1820460
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Human rabies--Texas, Arkansas, Georgia,
      1991.

PMID- 1820461
TI  - Hospital events associated with adverse events and substandard care.

PMID- 1820462
TI  - Hospital events associated with adverse events and substandard care.

PMID- 1820463
TI  - Hospital events associated with adverse events and substandard care.

PMID- 1820465
TI  - Physicians with heart.

PMID- 1820464
TI  - Gender disparities in health care.

PMID- 1820466
TI  - If the tap water smells foul, think MTBE.

PMID- 1820467
TI  - Pharmaceutical sponsorship, CME, and the prurient desires of registrants.

PMID- 1820468
TI  - Gas, dye, and viral transport through polyurethane condoms.

PMID- 1820469
TI  - The first strictly full-time professor of medicine in an American medical school:
      Hopkins, not Michigan.

PMID- 1820470
TI  - The presence and accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides. A
      case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The presence of guns in the home, the type of gun, and the method of
      storage were all hypothesized to be associated with risk for adolescent suicide.
      DESIGN: Case-control study. SUBJECTS: The case group consisted of 47 adolescent
      suicide victims. The two psychiatric inpatient control groups were 47 suicide
      attempters and 47 never-suicidal psychiatric controls, frequency-matched to the
      suicide victims on age, gender, and county of origin. SETTING: The cases were a
      consecutive community sample, whereas the inpatients were drawn from a university
      psychiatric hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Odds of the presence of guns in the
      home of suicide victims (cases) relative to controls. RESULTS: Guns were twice as
      likely to be found in the homes of suicide victims as in the homes of attempters
      (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.7) or psychiatric
      controls (adjusted odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.5).
      Handguns were not associated with suicide to any statistically significantly
      greater extent than long guns. There was no difference in the methods of storage
      of firearms among the three groups, so that even guns stored locked, or separate
      from ammunition, were associated with suicide by firearms. CONCLUSIONS: The
      availability of guns in the home, independent of firearms type or method of
      storage, appears to increase the risk for suicide among adolescents. Physicians
      should make a clear and firm recommendation that firearms be removed from the
      homes of adolescents judged to be at suicidal risk.

PMID- 1820471
TI  - Reimbursement policies constrain the practice of oncology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of off-label anticancer drug use (ie,
      using drugs to treat conditions other than those listed on the Food and Drug
      Administration's approved drug label), the extent of reimbursement denials for
      these uses, and the effect of denials on the treatment of cancer patients.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A three-part questionnaire was sent to a
      randomized sample of oncologists taken from the 1990 membership of the American
      Society of Clinical Oncology in March 1990. A response rate of 56% yielded
      information from 681 oncologists on the drugs they prescribed to 2018 new cancer
      patients and on those they frequently use in treating 11 specific types of
      cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The labeled uses of the drugs prescribed and
      frequently used in chemotherapies were checked against the indications treated to
      determine whether they were prescribed for off-label uses. Three drug compendia
      were used as cited sources of off-label drug uses. The extent of reimbursement
      denials over the last 12 months and their effects on treatments were based on
      respondent opinions. MAIN RESULTS: Off-label drug use is prevalent and dominates
      the chemotherapy regimens of cancers that are more difficult to treat and for
      which there are no cures or agreements on standardized treatment. Most
      oncologists reported frustration with shifting reimbursement policies in general
      and with an increasing rate of denials for some off-label drug uses. Indeed, a
      surprising number of oncologists claimed that these policies caused them to alter
      preferred treatments and site of care. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the
      need for public discussion of off-label drug use issues so that appropriate
      policies can be developed.

PMID- 1820472
TI  - Impact of the Medicare fee schedule on an academic department of medicine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of the Medicare Fee Schedule (MFS) on Medicare
      revenues in the department of medicine at an urban academic medical center after
      the MFS is fully implemented. METHODS: Department revenues from Medicare were
      compared with projected revenues using the MFS proposed by the Health Care
      Financing Administration on June 5, 1991. National Medicare claims data were used
      to determine differences in service mix between community and academic internists
      and the impact of the geographic component of the MFS on department revenues.
      RESULTS: Department revenues from Medicare in 1996 are projected to be 25.5%
      lower under the MFS than if the current system had continued. Subspecialty
      sections that perform large numbers of procedures and special tests had the
      largest decrease in revenues (eg, gastroenterology, -29.8%); however, this did
      not differ greatly from decreases in sections that mainly provide visits and
      consultations (eg, general internal medicine, -24.7%). CONCLUSION: The proposed
      MFS is projected to lead to substantial reductions in department revenues from
      Medicare. While relative values for services and geographic location will play a
      role in how individual departments fare under the MFS, the value of the
      conversion factor used in the final MFS will be the factor of greatest
      importance.

PMID- 1820473
TI  - Incidence and risk factors for gout in white men.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify potentially modifiable risk factors for the development of
      gout. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study (The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study).
      PARTICIPANTS: Of 1337 eligible medical students, 1271 (95%) received a
      standardized medical examination and questionnaire during medical school. The
      participants were predominantly male (91%), white (97%), and young (median age,
      22 years) at cohort entry. OUTCOME MEASURE: The development of gout. RESULTS:
      Sixty cases of gout (47 primary and 13 secondary) were identified among 1216 men;
      none occurred among 121 women (P = .01). The cumulative incidence of all gout was
      8.6% among men (95% confidence interval, 5.9% to 11.3%). Body mass index at age
      35 years (P = .01), excessive weight gain (greater than 1.88 kg/m2) between
      cohort entry and age 35 years (P = .007), and development of hypertension (P =
      .004) were significant risk factors for all gout in univariate analysis.
      Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models confirmed the association of body
      mass index at age 35 years (relative risk [RR] = 1.12; P = .02), excessive weight
      gain (RR = 2.07; P = .02), and hypertension (RR = 3.26; P = .002) as risk factors
      for all gout. Hypertension, however, was not a significant risk factor for
      primary gout. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, excessive weight gain in young adulthood, and
      hypertension are risk factors for the development of gout. Prevention of obesity
      and hypertension may decrease the incidence of and morbidity from gout; studies
      of weight reduction in the primary and secondary prevention of gout are
      indicated.

PMID- 1820474
TI  - Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric
      acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To define the relationship, if any, between insulin-mediated glucose
      disposal and serum uric acid. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of healthy
      volunteers. SETTING: General Clinical Research Center, Stanford (Calif)
      University Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six presumably healthy
      individuals, nondiabetic, without a history of gout. MEASUREMENTS: Obesity
      (overall and regional), plasma glucose and insulin responses to a 75-g oral
      glucose load, fasting uric acid concentrations, plasma triglyceride and high
      density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, and urinary uric acid clearance.
      RESULTS: Magnitude of insulin resistance and serum uric acid concentration were
      significantly related (r = .69; P less than .001), and the relationship persisted
      when differences in age, sex, overall obesity, and abdominal obesity were taken
      into account (r = .57; P less than .001). Insulin resistance was also inversely
      related to urinary uric acid clearance (r = -.49; P less than .002), and, in
      addition, urinary uric acid clearance was inversely related to serum uric acid
      concentration (r = -.61; P less than .001). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary uric acid
      clearance appears to decrease in proportion to increases in insulin resistance in
      normal volunteers, leading to an increase in serum uric acid concentration. Thus,
      it appears that modulation of serum uric concentration by insulin resistance is
      exerted at the level of the kidney.

PMID- 1820475
TI  - Age-based rationing and women.
AB  - The expense of caring for growing numbers of older individuals can create strong
      incentives to ration health care based on age. While not directed explicitly at
      women, this form of rationing would affect women disproportionately because more
      women than men occupy the ranks of older Americans. A proper understanding of age
      based rationing requires attention to gender issues. Once gender issues are taken
      into account, age-based rationing appears to perpetuate broader gender inequities
      in the society. This position is supported by three arguments. First, although
      age-based rationing leads to inequalities between age groups, the inequalities it
      produces between the sexes are more ethically troubling. Second, these departures
      from equality cannot be justified even when they benefit society at large by
      enabling investments in other health care priorities. Finally, since older women
      represent a disadvantaged and vulnerable group, age-based rationing is difficult
      to justify even if our obligation to protect the vulnerable is minimal.

PMID- 1820476
TI  - Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the United States from 1984
      through 1988. How many are preventable?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential benefits from more widespread bicycle safety
      helmet use. DESIGN: Review of death certificates and emergency department injury
      data for 1984 through 1988. Categorization of deaths and injuries as related to
      bicycling and head injury. Using relative risks of 3.85 and 6.67 derived from a
      case-control study and varying helmet usage from 10% to 100%, population
      attributable risk was calculated to estimate preventable deaths and injuries.
      SETTING: Entire United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of US residents
      coded as dying from bicycle-related head injuries, numbers of persons presenting
      to emergency departments for bicycle-related head injuries, and numbers of
      attributable bicycle-related deaths and head injuries. MAIN RESULTS: From 1984
      through 1988, bicycling accounted for 2985 head injury deaths (62% of all
      bicycling deaths) and 905,752 head injuries (32% of persons with bicycling
      injuries treated at an emergency department). Forty-one percent of head injury
      deaths and 76% of head injuries occurred among children less than 15 years of
      age. Universal use of helmets by all bicyclists could have prevented as many as
      2500 deaths and 757,000 head injuries, ie, one death every day and one head
      injury every 4 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Effective community-based education programs
      and legislated approaches for increasing bicycle safety helmet usage have been
      developed and await only the resources and commitment to reduce these unnecessary
      deaths and injuries.

PMID- 1820477
TI  - A national long-term care program for the United States. A caring vision. The
      Working Group on Long-term Care Program Design, Physicians for a National Health
      Program.
AB  - The financing and delivery of long-term care (LTC) need substantial reform. Many
      cannot afford essential services; age restrictions often arbitrarily limit access
      for the nonelderly, although more than a third of those needing care are under 65
      years old; Medicaid, the principal third-party payer for LTC, is biased toward
      nursing home care and discourages independent living; informal care provided by
      relatives and friends, the only assistance used by 70% of those needing LTC, is
      neither supported nor encouraged; and insurance coverage often excludes
      critically important services that fall outside narrow definitions of medically
      necessary care. We describe an LTC program designed as an integral component of
      the national health program advanced by Physicians for a National Health Program.
      Everyone would be covered for all medically and socially necessary services under
      a single public plan, federally mandated and funded but administered locally. An
      LTC payment board in each state would contract directly with providers through a
      network of local public agencies responsible for eligibility determination and
      care coordination. Nursing homes, home care agencies, and other institutional
      providers would be paid a global budget to cover all operating costs and would
      not bill on a per-patient basis. Alternatively, integrated provider organizations
      could receive a capitation fee to cover a broad range of LTC and acute care
      services. Individual practitioners could continue to be paid on a fee-for-service
      basis or could receive salaries from institutional providers. Support for
      innovation, training of LTC personnel, and monitoring of the quality of care
      would be greatly augmented. For-profit providers would be compensated for past
      investments and phased out. Our program would add between $18 billion and $23.5
      billion annually to current spending on LTC. Polls indicate that a majority of
      Americans want such a program and are willing to pay earmarked taxes to support
      it.

PMID- 1820478
TI  - Guns and adolescent suicides.

PMID- 1820479
TI  - Off-label drug use for cancer therapy and national health care priorities.

PMID- 1820480
TI  - Bicycle helmets. Effective but underused.

PMID- 1820482
TI  - Religion in the physician-patient relationship.

PMID- 1820481
TI  - Seawater-induced itching.

PMID- 1820484
TI  - Holistic health: seeking a link between medicine and metaphysics.

PMID- 1820483
TI  - Compassion and cures: a historical look at Catholicism and medicine.

PMID- 1820485
TI  - What do you think physicians and medical students should know about the
      relationship between religion and medicine?

PMID- 1820486
TI  - Alcoholics anonymous: medical recovery through a higher power.

PMID- 1820488
TI  - Iron, free radicals and cancer.
AB  - Free radicals, intermediates in the tissue damage caused by radiation, are
      formed, inter alia, in interactions catalyzed by iron, which synergizes with
      radiation and some cytostatics (anthracyclins) in causing cell damage.
      Conversely, iron chelators can counteract cell damage. Similarly, antioxidants
      can slow atherogenesis, caused in part by oxidative stress and free radicals.
      Cell damage is also prevented by physiological defense systems like superoxide
      dismutase, against endogenous free radicals formed by granulocytes, monocytes,
      etc. Iron can thus induce free radicals which cause DNA double strand breaks and
      oncogene activation. This is suggested by four epidemiological studies suggesting
      a higher cancer risk in patients with larger iron stores than in those with small
      iron stores. In addition to its effect on carcinogenesis, iron can also maintain
      the growth of malignant cells as well as growth of pathogens. Breast cancer
      cells, for instance, display 5-15 times more transferrin receptors than normal
      breast tissue. Iron-carrying transferrin is in fact a growth factor.
      Hyposideremia in patients with cancer or infection is not a paraphenomenon but a
      functioning defense mechanism ('nutritional immunity'). If this immunity is
      broken by iron administration, relapses of diseases like tuberculosis,
      brucellosis, and malaria have been described. While iron-deficiency anemia should
      of course be diagnosed, treated and if possible prevented, there are good reasons
      to avoid over-utilization of medicamental iron.

PMID- 1820487
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in the management of carcinoma patients.
AB  - The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the clinical management of carcinoma
      patients is reported in the present review. Among the various MAbs generated, MAb
      B72.3 (LTIB, National Cancer Institute, U.S.A.) has been extensively used in
      clinical trials either for antigen identification (TAG-72) in sera, or for tumor
      localization in carcinoma patients. Serum assay results, in colorectal cancer
      patients, showed the usefulness of the MAb B72.3 in monitoring the clinical
      course of the malignant disease. Its specific tumor localization (70% of the
      biopsy specimens) and the immunoscintigraphy studies, after in vivo
      administration, have also been discussed. The positive results obtained, markedly
      contributed in the development of a new intraoperative methodology termed
      "radioimmunoguided surgery".

PMID- 1820489
TI  - Analysis of some metabolic conditions promoting selective sensitivity of tumor
      cells to peroxidative stress.
AB  - Some metabolic parameters enhancing the sensitivity of tumor cells and their
      lipoprotein refractive granules (RG) to peroxidative stress were investigated
      during the growth cycle of ascite tumors in vivo. The majority of tumor cells
      only in the stationary growth phase had the increased sensitivity to peroxidative
      stress, tested by fluorescence intensivity of peroxidation products. The increase
      of this intensity correlates well with the decrease of tumor proliferation, the
      functional activity of mitochondria, the cellular level of ATP and extracellular
      pH. These metabolic conditions are favourable for increasing the neutral lipid
      accumulation in the stationary tumor cells, their RG and nuclei, as compared to
      exponentially growing cells. The sensitivity of tumor cells to peroxidation can
      be also enhanced with the help of exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).
      Based on literature and our own data on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC), a
      working hypothesis is proposed to explain the enhanced selective sensitivity of
      tumor cells to PUFA peroxidation products (PP) suppressing the cell growth
      (especially in the stationary phase of EAC growth).

PMID- 1820490
TI  - Monoclonal 3C6F9 distribution in human breast carcinomas: image cytometry of
      immunocytochemical assays.
AB  - MoAbF9 immunoreactivity was investigated in frozen sections of 123 breast
      carcinomas using an avidin or streptavidin biotin peroxidase kit. A standardized
      computer image analysis system was used to evaluate immunostaining. The percent
      of cell surface staining and mean optical densities were correlated with
      morphological criteria of prognosis such as tumor size histological grade, blood
      and lymph invasion and axillary lymph node involvement, with immunoreactivity to
      other MoAb, i.e. Ki67, anti-RE and anti-RP, anti-p.HER-2/neu and with tumor
      aneuploidy and AgNORs content in tumor cell nuclei. Despite some heterogeneity,
      MoAbF9 was reactive with all breast carcinomas tested. The percent of F9
      immunostained cell surface and mean optical density increased with Ki67
      immunoreactivity, tumor aneuploidy and AgNORs nucleus surface but were
      independent of p.HER-2/neu oncoprotein distribution and tumor receptor content.
      These findings suggest that F9 could not only allow detection axillary lymph node
      micrometastases but also be used as plasmatic marker for tumor recurrence and
      metastases.

PMID- 1820492
TI  - Late complications of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - This report underlines the occurrence of multiple early and late complications
      after allogeneic BMT. Most of these are caused by the conditioning regimen, and
      especially by the use of total body irradiation. This should discourage the use
      of radiation for patients with non-malignant disorders such as aplastic anemia.
      We have shown that interstitial pneumonia is greatly reduced after fractionated
      TBI, and this should also be considered when designing transplant protocols.
      Prolonged immunodeficiency post-BMT is responsible for a high rate of infections:
      this suggests that long-term prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be
      considered. Great attention should be given to the quality of life of long-term
      survivors: to this respect a specific program for monitoring and treating gonadal
      complication can be extremely useful.

PMID- 1820491
TI  - Radiological detection of bone and bone marrow metastases.
AB  - Bone scintigraphy is the primary method for the diagnosis of skeletal metastases.
      This investigation is sensitive, but the interpretation must be performed in the
      knowledge that it is also nonspecific. Despite this, a correct diagnosis can
      usually be achieved. The first-hand supplementary investigation, after a doubtful
      scintigraphic finding, is radiography. In most cases this is sufficient for a
      diagnosis. When a scintigraphic abnormality cannot be adequately explained,
      usually because of a negative radiographic examination, a more sensitive modality
      must be used. Computerized tomography offers increased sensitivity and
      specificity, and is primarily used for this purpose. In this way contrast
      resolution is increased and problems caused by obscuring tissue and complicated
      anatomy are reduced. Since bone metastases migrate via the active bone marrow an
      alternative supplementary investigation is bone marrow scintigraphy. Its
      usefulness is restricted by disturbing activity, from the liver and the spleen,
      which obscures a significant part of the active marrow, and by the fact that a
      lesion must be of a certain size to become apparent. Magnetic resonance imaging
      yields excellent images of the extension of a tumor in soft tissue. Owing to high
      costs and restricted availability it is still mainly used for preoperative
      location of metastases.

PMID- 1820493
TI  - Efficacy of peptide bound m-L-sarcolysin (peptichemio) on melphalan resistant
      human myeloma cells in vitro.
AB  - Peptichemio (PTC) is a mixture of six synthetic oligopeptides, each containing
      the alkylating agent m-di(2-chloroethyl)amino-phenylalanine. Freshly obtained
      myeloma cell infiltrated human bone marrow specimens were in parallel exposed to
      melphalan and PTC. The cytotoxic effect of the drugs on the myeloma cells of each
      specimen was measured by the differential staining culture method (DISC). PTC
      displayed higher cytotoxicity to the myeloma cells as compared to melphalan in
      all 12 cases analysed. The increase of the cytotoxic effect of PTC compared to
      melphalan varied between different cases. In melphalan resistant cases the
      cytotoxic effect of PTC as compared to melphalan was clearly significant (P =
      0.001).

PMID- 1820494
TI  - Growth kinetics and blast-colony forming cell binding capacity of aplastic
      anaemic stromal cells.
AB  - The kinetics of bone marrow cell growth and a special function of stromal cells
      (the capability of binding blast colony forming cells) were studied in patients
      with aplastic anaemia (AA). All 10 patients studied showed faster growth of bone
      marrow stromal cells. The time for a confluent stromal layer formation was 24.5
      days for AA bone marrow as opposed to 33.0 days for normal bone marrow. This
      faster growth rate could also be observed if normal bone marrow cells, depleted
      of plastic non-adherent fraction, were plated, suggesting that at least one of
      the reasons for altered stromal cell growth kinetics in AA is the changes in the
      ratio of plastic adherent/non-adherent cells. Functionally, i.e. in supporting
      the growth of normal bone marrow blast colonies, AA stromal layers did not differ
      from that of normal stromal layers, independently of the clinical state of the
      disease (AA or SAA; in one patient before or after ATG treatment; in two patients
      after successful allogenic bone marrow transplantation). Moreover, in some AA
      patients this blast colony forming cell binding function of AA stromal layers
      could also be detected in samples cultured without hydrocortisone (i.e. in the
      absence of fat cells), suggesting that AA stroma also differs qualitatively from
      normal stroma without inducing a defective microenvironment for stem cell homing.

PMID- 1820495
TI  - Intravenous pamidronic acid in hypercalcemia due to parathyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Three patients aged between 31 and 59 were treated with pamidronic acid (APD) due
      to severe hypercalcemia caused by parathyroid carcinoma. APD was given in 250 cm3
      intravenous saline over a 2 h period in a dose of 0.45 to 0.50 mg/kg per day. Two
      patients received 6 and the other 9 infusions. Mean serum calcium diminished from
      15.7 +/- 1.3 mg/dl to 11.7 +/- 0.6 mg/dl (p less than 0.05). Mean serum ionized
      calcium decreased from 8.1 mg/dl to 5.5 mg/dl, urinary calcium excretion from 478
      mg/24 h to 229 mg/24 h and hydroxyproline from 204 mg/24 h to 117 mg/24 h. Serum
      calcium returned to pretreatment levels after 5 and 15 days post intravenous APD
      in two patients. In the third patient treated with 900 mg/day of oral APD, after
      the intravenous therapy the relapse occurred during the fourth month. The three
      patients received a second course of intravenous (iv) APD. The effect upon serum
      calcium (14.6 +/- 1.1 mg/dl to 11.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dl, p less than 0.05) was similar
      to the one obtained with the first course. Intravenous APD administration appears
      to be an effective and safe treatment of the severe hypercalcemia due to
      parathyroid carcinoma. To sustain levels of serum calcium attained in patients
      with non resectable tumors, a suitable program of iv APD pulses should be
      established.

PMID- 1820496
TI  - [Ambulatory ergometric and pressurometric results with a daily dose of 240 mg of
      diltiazem in labile hypertensive patients with threshold ergometry].
AB  - The pharmacological treatment of hypertension raises not only the dilemma of the
      election of the most suitable drugs given to each patient, but also that of an
      effective control of the antihypertensive effect as well as undesirable
      reactions, including an accentuated hypotension. Continuous ambulatory monitoring
      (CAM) is an effective form of diagnosis and therapeutic control of hypertension.
      In order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a new concentration of
      diltiazem (240 mg) in tablets of sustained release, for a single daily intake, a
      double blind, randomized, crossed study with placebo, was performed in 20
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension and a positive ergometric test.
      Clinical, electrocardiographic, ergometric and CAM controls were carried out. A
      significant difference was observed for diltiazem monodosis 240 mg in relation to
      placebo with respect to the reduction of systolic and diastolic pressures, not
      only in clinical controls but also during the CAM, in both diurnal and nocturnal
      periods during 24 hours. In ergometric studies, a significant difference was also
      noted in the following parameters: total time of exercise, burden in kilos,
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the underlevel of ST. It is concluded
      that diltiazem monodosis, 240 mg, led to a sustained antihypertensive action
      throughout the 24 hours, with good clinical tolerance, improving ergometry and
      CAM. We suggest that diltiazem is a first choice drug for there patients in whom
      the exclusive treatment of hypertension has not prevented, up to now, the
      occurrence of ischemic cardiopathy.

PMID- 1820497
TI  - [The course of prolactinomas in adolescents].
AB  - Results of treatment and long and short-term follow up of 13 patients (8 girls, 5
      boys), aged 14-20 years (x:16.5) with prolactinomas, were assessed. Most frequent
      initial symptoms were: cephalea, puberty arrest or delay, galactorrhea and visual
      impairment. Pre-treatment evaluation showed variable and discordant responses of
      LH and FSH to LR-RH test, while results of TRH (TSH) test were normal in 8/9
      patients (one girl had a primary hypothyroidism). Basal prolactin (PRL) levels
      were high in all patients (77 and 1150 ng/ml; mean +/- SD: 378 +/- 285), without
      further increase of TRH (mean: 25%). Eight patients had initially been operated;
      7 remained hyperprolactinemic, requiring bromocriptine (BEC) after surgery. Five
      patients received BEC initially; CT scanning showed the absence of a substantial
      reduction of tumor size in 4 patients and there was no change in 1 girl. They all
      underwent surgery. Follow-up of 11 patients lasted between 2 and 12 years. Of
      those initially operated, 1 had a spontaneous return to normal gonadal function,
      and 5 patients required concomitant treatment. Of the 5 patients initially
      treated with BEC, 1 girl spontaneously resumed her cycles and became pregnant 10
      months later, 1 girl completed her puberal development and at present she
      menstruates normally; 1 girl required concomitant progesterone treatment and the
      boy resumed his gonadal function. The secondarily operated girl remains
      normoprolactinemic, although without menstruation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820498
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth in children undergoing
      hemodialysis or after successful renal transplantation.
AB  - To analyze the relationship between IGF-I and growth in children with chronic
      renal failure, we studied 7 patients undergoing hemodialysis and 7 patients after
      successful renal transplantation. IGF-I was measured by acid chromatography using
      ODS silica columns. Hemodialyzed patients grew poorly (mean 1.5 cm/y), and
      although transplanted patients did significantly better (mean 3.3 cm/y), 4 out of
      7 did not reach normal height velocity. IGF-I levels in transplanted patients
      (39.2 +/- 13.6 nM/l) were significantly higher than in hemodialyzed patients
      (13.4 +/- 3.0 before; 17.0 +/- 5.4, after dialysis, nM/l). Nevertheless, all
      individual values in both groups fell within normal limits. The mean logarithmic
      deviation of IGF-I values of hemodialyzed patients was not significantly
      different from normal. The logarithmic deviation of transplanted patients was
      significantly higher than normal, indicating a true, albeit slight, increase in
      the levels of this growth factor No significant correlation was found between IGF
      I and growth velocity. Serum IGF-I levels in these children do not help to
      explain their growth failure.

PMID- 1820499
TI  - Quantitation of the soluble E-receptor of human T lymphocytes by rocket
      electrophoresis in the serum of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid
      leprosy.
AB  - Human T lymphocytes carry a membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) which is
      responsible for the well-known phenomenon of E-rosette formation. This receptor
      has been related to CD2 molecules; it is present in a soluble form (Rs) in normal
      serum and may play an immunoregulatory role. In this study we quantitated soluble
      E-receptor in serum samples of 43 normal controls, 32 patients with tuberculoid
      leprosy and 53 with lepromatous leprosy, using rocket electrophoresis and an anti
      E receptor serum (anti-Rs) obtained from an adult sheep immunized with autologous
      E treated with Rs. In the 3 groups studied, the rocket means were respectively
      5.0, 7.5 and 10.9 mm (p less than 0.001). We found abnormally high levels of Rs
      in the serum of various diseases associated with a depression of cell-mediated
      immunity. The increase of Rs levels in the serum may be one of the mechanisms
      responsible for the depression of cellular immunity in leprosy.

PMID- 1820500
TI  - [Postoperative hyperuricemia of cyanotic and acyanotic congenital cardiopathies].
AB  - In a prospective study, 10 children with congenital heart disease were studied
      before and after surgery (24-48 h). Mean age and weight, type of disease and
      surgery performed are described in Table 1. Six patients had acyanotic disease
      and 4 were cyanotic. Before surgery, the acyanotic group (AG) showed
      hyperuricemia compared to normal children of the same chronological age (mean +/-
      SE: 5.53 +/- 0.42 vs 4.27 +/- 0.22, p less than 0.02). Initial seric creatinine
      (sCr), increased in 3 patients of the AC and in the 4 patients of the cyanotic
      group (CG) compared to normal values of sCr for height (AG: 0.47 +/- 0.05 vs 0.34
      +/- 0.03, p less than 0.05; CG: 0.63 +/- 0.05 vs 0.38 +/- 0.05, p less than
      0.01). Post-surgery, sCr and serum uric acid (sUA) increased significantly at 24
      and 48 h in both groups (Fig 1); at 24 h the increment in sUA in the AG was
      higher than that in the CG (p less than 0.05). There was a direct and significant
      correlation between the increment in sUA and sCr in the AG (Fig. 2). The urine
      excretion of uric acid paralleled the increment of sUA in the CG (Table 2).
      Fractional excretion of, sodium (FENa) was less than 1% and greater than 1% in
      the AG and the CG, respectively, being the basal FENa of the AG significantly
      lower (Table 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820501
TI  - [Sepsis due to Vibrio cholerae no 01].
AB  - Two fatal sepsis cases in two male patients (58 and 14 years old) due to Vibrio
      cholerae non 01 are described. Their original diseases were hepatic cirrhosis and
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia in its third complete remission. In this last case,
      gastroenteritis due to V. cholerae non 01 was also diagnosed. These sepsis
      presented a rapid evolution and positive hemoculture after 24 and 48 hours of
      incubation. Both strains isolated presented similar biochemical characteristics
      and did not agglutinate in the presence of the specific serum against V.
      cholerae. Both strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics available.
      Sepsis due to V. cholerae non 01 is usually associated to other original diseases
      and to immunodepression. Management of these sepsis is difficult and mortality
      rates are very high.

PMID- 1820502
TI  - [T lymphoma of immature phenotype associated with polycythemia vera].
AB  - A 20-year old patient is presented with generalized lymphadenopathy,
      splenomegaly, hyperleukocytosis and a bone marrow biopsy showing panmyelosis with
      predominance of immature granulocytes. Lymph node biopsy showed a
      histopathological feature that was diagnosed as a chronic granulocytic leukemia
      in blast crisis. The cell surface phenotype of these blast cells showed
      predominance of immature CD1+, CD7+ T lymphocytes. The T cell lineage was
      confirmed by DNA rearrangement studies. In addition, the patient showed
      erythrocytosis, arterial O2 saturation of 92% and thrombocytosis, characteristics
      of polycythemia vera. After chemotherapy, the patient relapsed with similar
      symptoms and lymph node cells of similar immature T phenotype. With a revised
      diagnosis of immature T cell lymphoma associated to a myeloproliferative disorder
      and polyglobulia, the patient received a combined treatment of Cyclophosphamide
      Adriamycin-Vincristine-VM26-Prednisone. Two months later, the patient relapsed
      again. He received the first phase of induction of the BFM protocol, with partial
      clinical remission. Five months later, the patient returned with fever,
      polyadenopathy and splenomegaly. Lymph node cells showed again immature T cell
      phenotype. The patient was next treated with the m-BACOD scheme, with no response
      and progression of the disease and he died few days later due to massive bleeding
      and cardiorespiratory failure.

PMID- 1820503
TI  - [Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Report of a case].
AB  - The case of a 71 year old woman who developed a Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is
      presented, with generalized gastrointestinal polyposis, skin hyperpigmentation,
      onychodystrophia and alopecia. She had severe diarrhea with hypoalbuminemia and
      unusual dermal and articular changes. The patient had a partial remission
      following important protein diet therapy supplemented with vitamins and
      antibiotics for the intestinal bacterial over-growth. This is the first report of
      this entity in Argentina.

PMID- 1820504
TI  - [Aggressive treatment of lupus glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 1820505
TI  - [Diagnostic errors in pathological anatomy].

PMID- 1820506
TI  - [The double message of mast cells for tumors].

PMID- 1820507
TI  - [Nobel Prize of Medicine 1990. Clinical application of transplantations].

PMID- 1820508
TI  - [Cholera].

PMID- 1820509
TI  - [The etiology of leukemia].

PMID- 1820510
TI  - [DNA hybridization technique for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii].

PMID- 1820511
TI  - [Ketoprofen and aseptic meningitis].

PMID- 1820512
TI  - [Endemic goiter in Argentina. Epidemiologic studies before (1968) and during
      (1986) prophylaxis with iodized salt in the city of Buenos Aires].
AB  - An epidemiological survey on goiter was conducted in Buenos Aires, on 3882
      schoolchildren, a randomized sample of 160,026 children of public schools, before
      establishing prophylactic measures in 1968. With an estimated error of 5% the
      result was 14.8% of goiter prevalence. This figure qualified Buenos Aires as an
      endemic area and was, therefore, included in the National Programme to Combat
      Endemic Goiter, through iodized salt (proportion 1:30,000 of salt). Schools were
      qualified according to their social level in high, middle and low; the prevalence
      of goiter was 6.8%, 12.2% and 26.4%, respectively. The prevalence was also higher
      in older ages. In 1986, using the same randomized sample, a second survey was
      conducted, after 18 years of prophylaxis. Goiter prevalence was 8.5%. Goiter in
      the low social class was about the same as in the middle class. In randomized
      samples of 49 urines, iodine concentration was determined yielding an average of
      139.6 micrograms/g creatinine (median 120.9 micrograms/g creatinine). Urinary
      iodine level in 14 children with goiter was 146.1 micrograms/g creatinine and in
      12 without goiter was 171.4 micrograms/g. There was no statistical difference
      between these three groups. Variations in radioiodine uptake, urinary iodine,
      plasma inorganic iodine levels, and water iodine are discussed.

PMID- 1820513
TI  - Case presentation: ossifying fibroma.

PMID- 1820514
TI  - Physiological characteristics of clinical isolates of Hendersonula toruloidea and
      Scytalidium species.
AB  - Sixteen clinical isolates comprising six each of type A and type B of
      Hendersonula toruloidea, three of Scytalidium hyalinum and one of S. japonicum
      were investigated for their physiological characteristics. All the isolates
      utilized 13 carbon sources and three nitrogen sources tested and grew in a medium
      containing 3.7 M NaCl. A concentration of 4.5 M NaCl inhibited the growth of all
      the isolates. The isolates produced amylase, lipase and protease but failed to
      produce collagenase.

PMID- 1820515
TI  - Long-term fungal cultures from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Mycological examination of sputum from 121 patients with cystic fibrosis by means
      of long-term cultures (4 weeks) revealed the occurrence of Candida albicans in
      low quantities in 70%, Aspergillus fumigatus in 30%, and Exophiala/Wangiella
      dermatitidis in 9% of the examined patients. A. fumigatus frequently causes the
      development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic
      fibrosis. The predisposing factors for colonization with the otherwise seldom
      found fungus E. dermatitidis in these patients and the consequences of these
      findings are discussed. In conclusion, long-term fungal cultures are advocated
      for specimens from CF patients.

PMID- 1820516
TI  - Infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans of unusual morphology in a patient with
      AIDS.
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans with a rare morphology of hand-mirror appearance was
      demonstrated by direct microscopic preparation of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      and sputum of a patient with AIDS. In addition, one to six blastoconidia were
      seen at the tip of a germ-tube like structure. Cr. neoformans was isolated in
      pure culture and the identification was confirmed by biochemical and serological
      tests as well as by animal pathogenicity.

PMID- 1820517
TI  - Candidosis of the prostate: a rare form of endomycosis.
AB  - The third case of a culturally and histologically proven candidosis of the
      prostate in the world literature available to us is reported. Autopsy of a 59
      year-old man with metastasizing bronchial carcinoma as predisposing primary
      disease revealed a local candidosis of the prostate in the left lobe of the
      prostate, without evidence of a Candida sepsis. Parallel and different aspects in
      comparison with the other two cases are described.

PMID- 1820518
TI  - Effect of flucytosine on renal function in the rat.
AB  - Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine), a potent antimycotic drug against various
      systemic infections such as candidosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis, is
      extensively excreted by the kidneys, yet its possible role in renal function is
      not known. In the present study flucytosine, administered intravenously,
      increased significantly renal blood flow (RBF) by 26% from 5.06 +/- 0.9
      ml/min/kidney. The renal vasodilation was combined with an elevation of
      creatinine clearance of 140% from a baseline value of 0.23 +/- 0.11
      ml/min/kidney. This improvement in renal function was accompanied by an increase
      in filtration fraction, urine volume and potassium excretion. In comparison, rats
      administered an equal amount of 5% glucose only showed no changes in the values
      of these parameters.

PMID- 1820519
TI  - In vitro comparative evaluations of the postantifungal effect: synergistic
      interaction between flucytosine and fluconazole against Candida albicans.
AB  - In vitro comparative evaluations were performed to study the efficacy of
      combinations of flucytosine and fluconazole in producing a postantifungal effect
      (PAFE) on Candida albicans. Initial studies were done to determine MIC, FIC
      (fractional inhibitory concentration) and optimal PAFE parameters. A
      turbidometric method was used to measure yeast cell growth following exposure to
      different concentrations of the two drugs for periods of 0.5, 1 or 2 h at
      temperatures of 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The PAFE was determined by the
      difference in time (h) required for growth of the control and test cultures to
      reach the 0.5 absorbance level following removal of the drug by dilution. Ten
      strains of C. albicans were then assayed (30 degrees C; 2 h exposure time) and a
      synergistic PAFE was evidenced with the two drugs at concentrations well below
      their individual MICs. PAFEs ranging from 3.8 to 10.5 h, which persisted for 1.2
      2.5 h longer than those achieved with either agent separately, were evidenced
      when flucytosine and fluconazole were combined (flucytosine: fluconazole ratios
      of 1:16-1:32) at concentrations ranging from 0.024 to 0.098 micrograms ml-1 and
      0.78 to 1.56 micrograms ml-1 respectively. The concentrations of each agent
      required to produce an optimal PAFE varied according to the C. albicans strain
      being assayed.

PMID- 1820520
TI  - Susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum to griseofulvin.
AB  - Two hundred and seventy isolates of Trichophyton rubrum from 182 patients were
      subjected to susceptibility testing with griseofulvin according to Granade &
      Artis. A slight modification of the method concerning homogenization procedures
      gave better growth of controls in our investigation. In 245 cases an MIC could be
      determined. Among these isolates, seven strains from six patients presented MICs
      between 2 and 3 micrograms griseofulvin per ml, a value which, according to Artis
      et al., is to be considered as relatively resistant. The other isolates proved to
      be more susceptible to griseofulvin. Three of the patients showed no indication
      of therapeutic failure of griseofulvin treatment. The other three patients had
      onychomycoses of long standing and had been treated with griseofulvin previously
      with little or limited success. It is our conclusion that griseofulvin
      susceptibility testing is not a reliable instrument in explaining failure of
      griseofulvin therapy in Trichophyton rubrum mycoses.

PMID- 1820521
TI  - Cultural evidence for a bullous type of tinea pedis.
AB  - Maceration, hyperkeratosis and vesicles are well known as typical clinical
      correlates of dermatophyte infection of the feet. It seems, however, still to be
      controversial whether bullae also belong to the clinical spectrum. In a 48-year
      old female Trichophyton rubrum could be cultured from the fluid obtained by
      aspiration of an interdigital bulla. In another case Trichophyton mentagrophytes
      could be isolated from the interdigital space but not from a bulla found on the
      sole, microscopic investigation, however, being positive. This emphasizes the
      hypothesis that blisters found on the foot can be due to dermatophytes.

PMID- 1820522
TI  - Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi
      Arabia: tinea corporis and tinea cruris.
AB  - In the period between April 1984 and April 1988 a total of 4,294 clinically
      suspected cases of dermatomycoses were examined for causative fungi. Of these
      cases 768 (17.9%) were suspected as tinea corporis (427 cases) and tinea cruris
      (341 cases). Twenty two different nationalities were represented. Both sexes were
      involved and the age range was 19 days to 70 years. Of the 768 patients examined,
      738 (96.1%) had their diagnosis confirmed by direct microscopy and in 631 of
      these positive cases the etiology was determined. Of the 408 patients who had
      suffered from tinea corporis, 323 isolates were obtained from 313 culturally
      positive cases. Microsporum canis was the main etiologic agent followed by
      Trichophyton violaceum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and Epidermophyton
      floccosum. Of the 330 patients who had suffered from tinea cruris, 388 isolates
      were obtained from 318 culturally positive cases and E. floccosum was the main
      etiologic agent. Next in frequencies were T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes while
      Candida albicans was isolated from 45 of 70 patients with mixed isolates.
      Treatment with topical antifungal agents was effective in most of the cases. Oral
      griseofulvin in addition to the topical application was found necessary in
      extensive widespread cases.

PMID- 1820523
TI  - Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi
      Arabia: cutaneous candidosis.
AB  - In the period between April 1984 and April 1988 a total of 4,294 clinically
      suspected cases of dermatomycoses were examined for causative fungi. Of these
      cases 174 (4.1%) were suspected as cutaneous candidosis. These cases belonged to
      15 different nationalities. Both sexes were involved (122 males and 52 females).
      Thirty four cases were prepubertal children while 140 were adults. Of these cases
      163 had their clinical diagnosis confirmed by direct microscopy and on culture
      yielded 164 isolates (Candida albicans 161, C. stellatoidea 1 and Trichophyton
      rubrum 1).

PMID- 1820524
TI  - Immunity in cattle vaccinated against ringworm.
AB  - Protective properties of a live, freeze-dried vaccine against ringworm, produced
      by Bioveta, Ivanovice na Hane, Czechoslovakia, were tested in a group of 422
      calves. Vaccinated and control calves were challenged by epicutaneous inoculation
      of a virulent culture of Trichophyton verrucosum. Between 4.4 and 9.5% of calves
      challenged between days 14 and 25 after revaccination showed only mild clinical
      signs of ringworm and 99-100% were fully protected from day 28, the immunity
      persisting for at least one year. All control calves showed signs of ringworm
      after challenge. In most cases, extensive mycotic lesions, also penetrating into
      deep skin layers, were observed. Protective properties of the Czechoslovak
      vaccine and a USSR vaccine were high and comparable.

PMID- 1820526
TI  - [Efficiency and quality].
AB  - The National Dental Congress 1991, held on March 8 and 9 in Apeldoorn, the
      Netherlands, was dedicated to the theme 'Efficiency and quality'. Both quality
      and efficiency are important starting-points for the health care policy in the
      nineties. The aim of the congress was to present an overview of the development
      in knowledge in different areas of dental science, in order to promote the
      provision of efficient and qualitatively justified dental care. The present
      article discusses the meaning of quality, the way in which a policy for quality
      assurance is developed, and the significance of efficiency for striving for
      quality in dental practice.

PMID- 1820525
TI  - Aquatic fungi parasitic on temperate fishes of Kumaun Himalaya, India.
AB  - Eighty isolates of different species of aquatic fungi belonging to Achlya,
      Aphanomyces, Dictyuchus, Protoachlya, Saprolegnia, Thraustotheca and Pythium are
      observed as parasites of certain temperate fish of Kumaun Himalaya, India. The
      parasitic ability of each isolate was confirmed by artificial inoculation
      experiments under laboratory conditions. The genera of Saprolegnia and Achlya
      were more virulent fish parasites than Aphanomyces, Dictyuchus, Protoachlya,
      Thraustotheca and Pythium. All the fish species observed are new hosts for these
      pathogens. Protoachlya paradoxa, Achlya klebsiana, Thraustotheca clavata and
      Pythium undulatum are reported for the first time as natural pathogens of fish.

PMID- 1820527
TI  - [Effective treatment of periodontitis].
AB  - Based upon clinical periodontal parameters and roentgenographic diagnosis a
      temporary treatment plan is made, which results in a definite one after the
      initial treatment. Only a rigorous removal of dental plaque guarantees an
      effective and efficient working manner, which starts with indirect scaling and
      rootplaning sustained by the personal oral hygiene. If the indirect therapy
      appears to fail, the roots must be cleaned under direct view. After the active
      phase, the supportive treatment takes place every three months, assessed to be of
      equal importance.

PMID- 1820528
TI  - [Efficient endodontics in clinical practice].
AB  - The complex anatomy of the root canal system and a lack of direct inspection of
      the pulp cavity make the root canal treatment into a difficult and time consuming
      procedure. The present article describes how efficient treatment may be carried
      out by a systematic approach, good cooperation with the chairside nurse and with
      the aid of some useful tools.

PMID- 1820529
TI  - [Implants and suprastructures for edentulous patients. Overview of diagnosis and
      treatment].
AB  - Patients often consider costs of more importance than the quality of dental care.
      Due to the high prices inherent to quality, financial considerations may force
      patients to choose for second best solutions for their dental problems. But even
      when an optimal option, in this case oral implants, has been chosen, a permanent
      success is not guaranteed if the oral hygiene is lacking or if the dentist
      decides to use a less adequate implant system. The present article describes
      which implants should be used in what circumstances. The advantages and
      disadvantages of a number of implants are described.

PMID- 1820530
TI  - [Establishment of the dental office].
AB  - The (re)building of a dental office depends largely on a programme of demands and
      desires drawn up by the dentist. The architect's duty is to realise that
      programme adequately and tastefully, taking into account the governmental
      restrictions and regulations as well as the innovations and possibilities of the
      construction.

PMID- 1820531
TI  - [Automation: efficiency and quality].
AB  - More than one half of the Dutch dentists uses a p.c., but many of them just for
      invoicing. Efficiency and quality in daily practice will increase by utilizing
      all possibilities of the p.c. In this article the advantages of networks are
      described and a more 'integrated' use of this powerful instrument, for instance
      by coupling with expert systems, is encouraged.

PMID- 1820532
TI  - [Efficiency in implantology. Implant answers in general practice].
AB  - Oral implants become more and more accepted alternatives for and welcome
      additions to prosthodontics. In order to use implants a number of conditions has
      to be met. One needs an adequate education and a specific equipment must be
      available. These demands are considered to be serious obstacles for applying the
      implantology in the daily practice of general dentists.

PMID- 1820533
TI  - [Implantology in the general practice; management and efficiency].
AB  - In order to get successful dental implants, knowledge and routine in this field
      are prerequisites. Moreover, the efficiency demands an adequate organization of
      the dental office with clear protocols. Success depends also upon hygienic
      measurements.

PMID- 1820534
TI  - [Are quality and efficiency in implantology possible in dental general
      practice?].
AB  - This article describes the different steps necessary for dental implantations. It
      is discussed if and how these steps can be performed efficiently by general
      practitioners. The conclusion is made that there are limitations mostly related
      to the individual situation in the office, the knowledge and experience available
      and the complexity of the patients' situation. However, the indication, the
      implant decision and the general information can be done efficiently by general
      practitioners.

PMID- 1820535
TI  - [Orthodontic diagnosis and panoramic radiology of the dentition in childhood].
AB  - Every dentist has to know the dentitional development well enough to be able to
      assess regularly this complicated process with its many normal variations and
      (topical) aberrations. If they become clinical problems, they require diagnosis,
      long-term supervision and interceptive and/or corrective treatment. In this
      article the advantages and disadvantages of panoramic radiology for the diagnosis
      of the dentitional development are described. A systematic method of
      interpretation of the panoramic X-rays is recommended.

PMID- 1820536
TI  - [Impressions].
AB  - The less hydrophobic addition reaction silicones and polyethers are preferable in
      taking elastomeric impressions for cast restorations. Hydrocolloid is the
      material of choice in case of a large number of preparations. An accurate
      impression requires a solid tray. A metal stock tray is money-saving compared to
      the expensive custom tray. Automix dispensing guns offer a number of practical
      advantages. Success in impression making rather depends on making proper
      preparations and correct processing than on impression techniques and the quality
      of the impression material. Crossinfection via impressions can be prevented by
      immersion in a sodium hypochlorite solution for ten minutes.

PMID- 1820537
TI  - [Mechanical preparation of the root canal].

PMID- 1820538
TI  - [Efficiency and endodontic access cavity preparation].
AB  - A description of the principles and techniques of the endodontic access cavity is
      given.

PMID- 1820539
TI  - [Rubber dam: how to take the obstacle].
AB  - In this article the rationale for the use of rubber dam during root-canal
      treatment is discussed. Illustrated by some clinical examples it is stated that
      almost every tooth can be adequately and efficiently isolated by means of the
      rubber dam technique.

PMID- 1820540
TI  - [Dental treatment concepts on a point of intersection].
AB  - Dentists appear to plan the treatment of one and the same patient very
      differently. Each dentist uses both professional and relational concepts, but the
      differences in treatment plans are in this article just partially explained.

PMID- 1820541
TI  - [Marketing: an instrument in transforming health care to health service].
AB  - Due to historical developments emphasis in thinking and acting in dentistry was
      placed on providing care. Changes in society and dentistry resulted in a greater
      patients' independence and in an increased demand for service. Marketing enables
      to cope with the transformation of care into service and improves efficiency and
      quality.

PMID- 1820542
TI  - [Efficient risk management].
AB  - Probably dentists will be sued more and more by patients because of errors. An
      adequate professionalism, good social abilities, some juridic knowledge and a
      comprehensive administration are the tools to prevent loss of money and
      psychological problems.

PMID- 1820543
TI  - [Preventive gnathology; maintenance of the functional status quo].
AB  - Preventive gnathology concerns all the procedures contributing to the maintenance
      of a physiologic occlusion. This demands an early recognition of patients at risk
      and a correct 'occlusal hygiene'. The importance of the use of preventive
      measures to preserve the existing functions in all patients during dental
      treatment is stressed.

PMID- 1820544
TI  - [Elderly people in focus: future policy in dental health care].
AB  - In order to promote the independence and social integration and participation of
      the elderly, three prerequisites have to be fulfilled: a reasonable income, a
      suitable accommodation and a good health. The dental profession may contribute to
      the last condition by providing adequate dental care. The profession and the
      authorities dealing with elderly people's health must consult each other. More
      attention has to be given by dental schools to gerodontology and geriatric
      dentistry.

PMID- 1820545
TI  - [Tertiary prevention in elderly people; a prospective view].
AB  - The expected decrease in the prevalence of edentulousness in elderly people does
      not guarantee a good oral health. Since the elderly will retain more natural
      teeth in the future, whether or not suppleted with prosthetic provisions, their
      oral self-care becomes more demanding. However, in elderly people oral self-care
      becomes also more difficult. Attention has to be given to the tertiary
      prevention, also (or in particular) in elderly people.

PMID- 1820546
TI  - [The impacted upper cuspid].
AB  - Impacted upper cuspids may give rise to problems, such as the formation of cysts
      and the resorption of adjacent teeth. Early diagnosis (before the age of 12) is
      important. Proper timing of extraction of the deciduous cuspid may lead to
      spontaneous correction. When the position of the cuspid is unclear,
      orthopantomography and a lateral skull film may be helpful. Palatally impacted
      cuspids should be exposed surgically and moved into position by orthodontic
      treatment. Labially impacted cuspids are exposed by relocation of an attached
      gingival flap. The experience of the authors with the treatment of 81 patients
      are reported.

PMID- 1820547
TI  - [The dental hygienist in the periodontal practice].
AB  - Nine dental hygienists working in a periodontal practice were interviewed. Their
      work is discussed. The initial therapy entails patient instruction, indices,
      supra- and subgingival debridement and polishing of the teeth. The duration of
      the initial therapy is between three and seven hours. About 25% of the time is
      spend on patient education. Most dental hygienists working in a periodontal
      practice experience high job satisfaction.

PMID- 1820548
TI  - [Hypertension. Risk factor in heart and vascular diseases].

PMID- 1820549
TI  - [Veterinary dentistry in dogs and cats. Results of a postal inquiry in The
      Netherlands].
AB  - In order to get insight in the prevalence of dental diseases in dogs and cats and
      dental treatments, a postal survey amongst veterinarians in the Netherlands was
      carried out. 70% of the veterinarians answered to practice routine oral
      examinations of dogs and cats. Of dental diseases observed in dogs and cats
      periodontal diseases were most often mentioned. Dental treatments as calculus
      removal and extractions were performed by nearly all veterinarians. 50% of the
      veterinarians asked for assistance of a dentist in case a dental treatment could
      not be performed by themselves.

PMID- 1820550
TI  - [Dentists about dental anxiety and the treatment of anxious patients; a pilot
      study].
AB  - Dentists' attitudes towards dental anxiety and management of anxious patients
      were objects of a pilot study. Dentists from The Netherlands participated in a
      group discussion. Results show that dentists understand dental anxiety in their
      patients. However, upon closer consideration the picture they give of themselves
      in this respect appears to be too positive. The role of the dental assistant is
      generally considered to be very important.

PMID- 1820551
TI  - [Behaviour of dental students and dental hygiene students as judged by their
      patients].
AB  - In 1985 200 patients who had been treated by fourth year dental students and
      second year dental hygiene students have received a questionnaire from the
      Dentistry Department of the ACTA in Amsterdam. They have answered questions
      concerning the attitude, the management and the competency of both groups of
      students (response: 59%). The most important conclusion from this study is, that
      dental hygiene students were significantly more appreciated by the patients than
      dental students as far as attitude and competency is concerned.

PMID- 1820552
TI  - [Tongue prosthesis].
AB  - Surgical treatment for tumors of the tongue and floor of the oral cavity often
      results in impaired swallowing and speech function. A method is described to
      improve oral functions after total glossectomy by constructing a removable tongue
      prosthesis in a multidisciplinary clinical practice.

PMID- 1820553
TI  - [Statistics for dentists. Confidence intervals].
AB  - The mean score of a sample deviates most probably from the mean score of the
      population, in which one is most interested. It is possible to calculate a kind
      of minimum and maximum value, the so called confidence interval, which indicates
      the position of the mean score of the population. Some worked examples elucidate
      the procedure of constructing such confidence intervals for the population mean,
      using the standard error of the (sample) mean (SEM).

PMID- 1820554
TI  - [Crohn disease].

PMID- 1820555
TI  - [Trends in dental caries among five- and seven-year-old school children in The
      Hague. Is the caries prevalence among the young changing?].
AB  - Starting in 1969 cohort examinations on schoolchildren are carried out in the
      city of The Hague. In 1989 the periodical examinations were continued. Compared
      to 1984, five-year-old children of low and medium SES had in 1989 significantly
      higher d3mfs values, mainly due to a marked increase in decayed surface per
      child; a significant increase in caries experience of the deciduous dentition
      amongst seven-year-olds of low social level was found. A further reduction of
      D3MFS values for seven-year-old children of low and medium SES could be observed
      in 1989 compared to 1984. Compared to children of Dutch origin, children of
      ethnic minorities (Turkey and Marokko) had a significantly higher caries
      experience.

PMID- 1820556
TI  - [The application of overdentures in the general dental practice].
AB  - Overdenture therapy is recommended in certain dental conditions. The main reason
      is that remaining teeth or roots underneath an overdenture decrease the
      resorption of the alveolar bone. There is little information about how acquainted
      general practitioners are with this therapy, how often they apply it and what
      potential obstacles to overdenture therapy they experience. Therefore, a postal
      investigation was made amongst dentists in the Netherlands. The data suggest that
      overdenture therapy is a well-known mode of treatment. Overdentures are applied
      in many dental practices but to a lesser degree than conventional immediate
      dentures. The negative attitude of the patients seems to be the most important
      obstacle to overdenture therapy. Therefore, the patient should be better informed
      about the advantages of this prosthetic appliance.

PMID- 1820558
TI  - [Revised classification and standardisation of the criteria for the clinical
      diagnosis of oral lesions associated with HIV infection].
AB  - At a two-day EC sponsored workshop in Amsterdam, held on August 30 and 31, 1990,
      an international working party was set up to draft a proposal for a revised
      classification and standardisation of the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of
      oral lesions associated with HIV infection.

PMID- 1820557
TI  - [National dental health survey. 4. Dental visits. 1. Behavior and knowledge].
AB  - This paper is part of a series on the national oral health survey in the
      Netherlands (LEOT-project). Previous articles described the development of the
      questionnaires and the results concerning oral hygiene and nutrition. This paper
      presents the results as for the dental attendance behaviour and knowledge
      concerning it of the dentate Dutch population. As an average the Dutch dentate
      visited the dentist 2.4 times a year. 89% visited the dentist in the last year of
      this investigation. The largest part of the visits (68%) concerned 'check-up
      visits'. 14% did not visit the dentist for a check-up. Knowledge about dental
      visits is rather limited; especially concerning treatment possibilities.

PMID- 1820559
TI  - [Deformities due to finger sucking].
AB  - Finger sucking can result in deformities of the fingers as well as the
      deformities well-known in orthodontics. Besides skin changes resulting from
      chronic irritation, more serious deformities in position or function of the
      fingers appear to occur. In these cases it is mostly the index finger that is
      affected. Upon ceasure of the habit the skin changes prove to be reversible; the
      deformities in position and function of the fingers however do not always display
      spontaneous improvement. A review of relevant literature and an account of two
      patients with characteristic case histories is given.

PMID- 1820560
TI  - [Dentist consultations in The Netherlands in the period 1986-1988].
AB  - In 1988 almost 65% of the adults, insured by the health insurance fund and 70% of
      the privately insured adults consulted the dentist. Wearing dental prostheses is
      by far the most important reason for not visiting the dentist. Most (63%) of the
      dentist consultations are due to regular check-ups, 14% are prolonged treatments,
      12% are treatments following regular check-ups, and 10% are due to pain.
      Comparatively more women than men visit the dentist; there is no difference
      between girls and boys.

PMID- 1820561
TI  - Adhesive properties of strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum of the subspecies
      nucleatum, vincentii and polymorphum.
AB  - This study surveyed some adhesive properties of strains of Fusobacterium
      nucleatum representative of the 3 recently defined groups or subspecies that
      could relate to their colonization and virulence. With one exception, F.
      nucleatum strains agglutinated sheep erythrocytes, but the quantity of bacteria
      required and the sensitivity of the hemagglutination reactions to inhibition by
      0.05 M galactose or arginine varied between strains, and did not exhibit clear
      cut correlations with subspecies. Neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes
      generally enhanced the hemagglutinating activity of most strains, but trypsin
      treatment had no effect. Strains of F. nucleatum also attached in moderate
      numbers to buccal epithelial cells. Treatment of the epithelial cells with
      neuraminidase or with trypsin increased the numbers of all Fusobacterium strains
      that attached. Treatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) beads with submandibular or
      parotid saliva also promoted the adhesion of all strains of F. nucleatum studied.
      Treatment of HA with human serum or albumin produced a selective effect. Adhesion
      of some strains was promoted by serum and albumin treatment, and that of other
      strains was unaffected. Adhesion of all strains of F. nucleatum was enhanced to
      statherin-treated HA, whereas HA treated with salivary proline-rich protein-1 did
      not foster F. nucleatum attachment. Three of 4 strains of the subspecies
      vincentii, and each of 2 polymorphum strains studied exhibited strong adhesion to
      HA treated with either human type I or type IV collagen. However, only 1 of 5
      strains of the subspecies nucleatum bound well to collagen-treated HA.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820562
TI  - Comparison of the amino acid uptake profile of reference and clinical isolates of
      Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies.
AB  - Human isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies appear to colonize different
      niches in the oral cavity, which may be reflected in their nutritional
      properties. Consequently the utilization of nitrogenous substrates, their sources
      of energy (supplied here as amino acids) were compared between the 3 subspecies
      using the reference strain and fresh clinical isolates of each subspecies. All
      strains incorporated mainly acidic and basic amino acids but significant
      differences occurred between subspecies. Both reference and clinical isolates of
      F. nucleatum subspecies polymorphum utilized all amino acids in the medium but
      the levels of glutamate, arginine and cysteine were noticeably higher in the
      reference strain. By contrast, F. nucleatum subspecies fusiforme used a very
      restricted range of amino acids, of which only glutamate, arginine, histidine and
      cysteine were taken up at greater than 0.5 mM. F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum
      utilized fewer amino acids than F. nucleatum subspecies polymorphum but higher
      concentrations were taken up by the former. Clinical isolates of F. nucleatum
      subspecies nucleatum incorporated polar and nonpolar neutral amino acids poorly
      but their levels increased steadily as a clinical isolate was subcultured over a
      period of 4 months, and was eventually similar to the reference strain. The
      effect of adding the key catabolic substrate, glutamate (10 mM), on the amino
      acid uptake profile of F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum resulted in the complete
      suppression of the dibasic amino acids arginine, ornithine and histidine. Strains
      of this subspecies could grow on glutamate as a major source of carbon and energy
      but, morphologically, the cells appeared somewhat distended and had a tendency to
      clump.

PMID- 1820563
TI  - A modified mitis salivarius medium for a caries diagnostic test.
AB  - A new medium, MSKB, composed of mitis salivarius agar base, sorbitol, kanamycin
      sulfate and bacitracin, has been developed that is more selective for recovery of
      mutans streptococci (mutans) than the so called mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB)
      medium. MSB and MSKB were compared for recovery and selectivity of mutans by
      plating saliva samples as well as pure cultures on both media. Sixty saliva
      samples were plated and counted for mutans and non-mutans colonies. Thirty-six
      samples had greater numbers of non-mutans on MSB than on MSKB, and 14 of the 36
      had non-mutans colonies that could be visually confused with mutants. The
      recovery of mutans on MSKB was approximately 13% less than on MSB. The
      selectivity and recovery of MSB and MSKB were evaluated over 1-5 months of
      storage at 4 degrees C. Streptococcus anginosus grew on MSB after 1 month, but
      not on MSKB. Streptococcus milleri type 2 grew on both media after 4 months.

PMID- 1820564
TI  - Prevalence of mutans streptococci in one-year-old children.
AB  - Colonization with mutans streptococci was studied in 1095 1-year-old children
      living in suburban Stockholm. During a scheduled vaccination appointment at a
      child health centre, a bacterial sample was obtained from the child's tongue and
      a structured questionnaire was completed by the accompanying parent. Six percent
      of the subjects were colonized with mutans streptococci. The variables most
      strongly correlated with presence of mutans streptococci were: non-Swedish
      background, consumption of sugar-containing beverages at night and total
      consumption of sugar-containing beverages. The results indicate that, by the age
      of 1 year, maternally influenced behaviour patterns such as dietary habits that
      may predispose to early colonization of mutans streptococci are already
      established. Such early colonization with mutans streptococci may predict high
      caries risk in the primary dentition.

PMID- 1820565
TI  - Mutans streptococci in saliva and interdental spaces after topical applications
      of an antibacterial varnish in schoolchildren.
AB  - The effect of a chlorhexidine-containing varnish on the levels of mutans
      streptococci in saliva and in interdental spaces was investigated in 33 15-year
      old schoolchildren. Each child was treated with an active (1% chlorhexidine; 1%
      thymol) and a placebo varnish preparation following the split-mouth technique.
      The varnishes were applied twice in small amounts into upper interdental areas
      with a 2-d interval. Mutans streptococci in saliva and interdental plaque was
      sampled and enumerated during 3 months. The results showed an immediate reduction
      of the number of interdental mutans streptococci on both test and placebo side
      after the varnish applications. The levels, however, were significantly lower in
      the test quadrants compared with the placebo-treated sides after 8, 30 and 90 d.
      Thus, the findings indicate a slower recolonization in interdental spaces treated
      with the active preparation. The levels of mutans streptococci in saliva were
      significantly reduced 1 and 3 months after varnish treatment, suggesting a long
      term effect of the antibacterial varnish.

PMID- 1820566
TI  - Acidogenesis in relation to fluoride resistance of Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - The velocity of acid production (Vap) of Streptococcus mutans C180-2 and of 2
      fluoride-resistant mutant strains S. mutans C180-2FR and S. mutans C180-2MFR was
      examined in vitro at pH values between 7.0 and 4.5. The Vap of the fluoride
      resistant mutants was lower than the Vap of the parent strain at pH greater than
      or equal to 6.0. At pH 5.5 and 5.0, the Vap of the mutant strains was higher than
      the Vap of the parent strain, whereas at pH 4.5 no significant differences were
      observed between the Vap of the 3 strains. The fluoride sensitivity of all 3
      strains was amplified by a low pH environment. The fluoride concentration
      necessary to inhibit the acid production of the parent strain completely was 27
      mM at pH 7 and 0.1 mM at pH 4.5. For the 2 mutants, the corresponding
      concentrations were 65 mM at pH 7 and 0.5-0.7 mM at pH 4.5. The results suggest
      that, if S. mutans acquires fluoride resistance in vivo, the rate of acid
      production in dental plaque may be decreased at pH greater than or equal to 6,
      but increased at lower pH levels. Low concentrations of fluoride inhibit acid
      production less effectively.

PMID- 1820567
TI  - Human leukocyte antigens in relation to colonization by mutans streptococci in
      the oral cavity.
AB  - Mutans streptococci are well established as caries-inducing microorganisms in
      man. Most humans carry the bacteria, but in highly different numbers. This cannot
      be explained by environmental factors only. The aim of this study was to
      investigate a possible association between levels of colonization by mutans
      streptococci and the presence of certain B and DR human leukocyte antigens (HLA).
      Altogether, 170 subjects who had their HLA antigens determined (76 renal
      transplant patients and 94 healthy blood donors) were selected for the
      investigation. Paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were taken using the wooden
      spatula method with subsequent cultivation of mutans streptococci on mitis
      salivarius bacitracin agar plates. An association between the absence of HLA-DR 4
      antigens and low, or undetectable, levels of mutans streptococci was found. This
      was statistically significant for the immunosuppressed renal transplant subjects.
      The same trend was observed among the healthy blood donors.

PMID- 1820568
TI  - Carbohydrate antigen of serotype g "Streptococcus milleri": immunochemical
      characterization.
AB  - Cell wall carbohydrate antigen of the serotype g "Streptococcus milleri" was
      extracted with cold trichloroacetic acid from purified cell walls of the type
      strain K1K. The extracts were then purified by a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column,
      followed by a Sephadex G-100 column. The immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the
      serotype g carbohydrate antigen preparation displayed a single precipitin band
      against the crude anti-K1K serum. The purified type g antigen consisted of
      rhamnose, galactose, glucose and galactosamine in a ratio of 1.3:3.8:1.0:2.5. The
      quantitative precipitin inhibition test with various haptens indicated that
      galactosamine is a major immunodeterminant of the type g-specific antigen.

PMID- 1820569
TI  - Metabolism of intracellular polysaccharide in the cells of Streptococcus mutans
      under strictly anaerobic conditions.
AB  - Streptococcus mutans, which had accumulated glycogen-like iodophilic
      intracellular polysaccharide (IPS), produced large amounts of formate, acetate
      and ethanol from the IPS by pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) under strictly anaerobic
      conditions without exogenous sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the same S. mutans
      produced exclusively lactate and pyruvate from the IPS because of the
      inactivation of PFL by oxygen. The total amount of acid produced under anaerobic
      conditions was larger than that under aerobic conditions. The analysis of
      intracellular glycolytic intermediates revealed that levels of fructose 1,6
      bisphosphate (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activator) and glyceraldehyde 3
      phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (PFL inhibitors) were low when IPS was
      used as a glycolytic substrate, implying that PFL functions more efficiently than
      LDH in IPS metabolism. These findings suggest that the PFL pathway contributes to
      the acid production from IPS, and may explain partially why the acids in starved
      dental plaque are mainly acetate and formate.

PMID- 1820570
TI  - Effect of delmopinol on in vitro dental plaque formation, bacterial acid
      production and the number of microorganisms in human saliva.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of a surface active compound, delmopinol, on
      plaque formation and established plaque in vitro, on the bacterial acid
      production from glucose and on the total viable bacterial counts in saliva. The
      antimicrobial effect was compared with that of chlorhexidine. The plaque
      inhibiting effect was evaluated in an artificial mouth system, and the effect on
      bacterial acid production was registered as a decrease of pH in bacterial
      suspensions with various concentrations of delmopinol. It was shown that
      delmopinol is able to prevent plaque formation, to dissolve established plaque in
      vitro, and that it has 5-125 times higher minimum inhibitory concentrations than
      chlorhexidine. Saliva samples collected 1 min after rinsing with delmopinol
      showed on differences in the total number of bacteria in saliva as compared with
      controls. It was also shown that the bacterial acid production from glucose was
      reduced successively with increasing concentrations of delmopinol. The results
      indicate that delmopinol might be as effective as chlorhexidine against plaque
      formation and that delmopinol is capable of penetrating established plaque, thus
      promoting a more effective mechanical cleansing.

PMID- 1820571
TI  - Predominant cultivable flora in pericoronitis.
AB  - The predominant cultivable flora in pericoronitis was investigated by culturing
      pus from affected sites in 20 patients. Twenty colonies were picked at random
      from non-selective plates and identified using conventional biochemical and
      physiological tests, analysis of metabolic end-products by gas chromatography and
      protein profile analysis. The most frequently isolated organisms were Prevotella
      (Bacteroides) intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Veillonella species,
      Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis. Porphyromonas (Bacteroides)
      gingivalis was not isolated and asaccharolytic Eubacterium species were virtually
      absent. The predominant cultivable microflora in pericoronitis was found to be
      highly anaerobic in nature and superficially similar to that found in chronic
      periodontitis, although proposed marker organisms of severe periodontitis were
      absent.

PMID- 1820572
TI  - Chain formation and de-chaining in Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1.
AB  - Regulation of chain length by chain-forming bacteria is believed to depend on
      wall-associated autolytic activity and environmental conditions. In this study,
      the chain length of Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1 was determined under various
      initial culture and pH conditions and NaF concentrations. Crude wall extracts
      were prepared by dilute alkali treatment of whole cells and were tested for de
      chaining activity. The results indicate that S. sobrinus SL-1 grows primarily as
      short chains under alkaline growth conditions and at high (3.0 mM) medium
      fluoride levels, and growth as long chains occurs under acidic growth conditions.
      De-chaining activity was observed following incubation of the longer chain form
      of the organism with crude wall extracts. The evidence suggests that the chain
      length of S. sobrinus SL-1 depends on environmental conditions, including pH and
      fluoride, and that cell wall-associated factors may be active in regulating the
      chain length of the organism.

PMID- 1820573
TI  - Purification and properties of neuraminidase from the culture medium of
      Bacteroides loescheii.
AB  - Neuraminidase was purified from the culture medium of Bacteroides loescheii ATCC
      15930 by ultrafiltration followed by a DEAE-Sephacel anion exchange
      chromatography, fast-protein liquid chromatography using Mono P column and high
      performance liquid chromatography using a Shim-pack Diol-300 column. The
      molecular weight of the purified enzyme was measured to be approximately 87 kDa
      and the optimal pH was at 4.8. Although the enzyme was able to hydrolyze the
      substrates with alpha,2-3, alpha,2-6, and alpha,2-8 linkages of N
      acetylneuraminic acid, the rate of hydrolysis of N-acetylneuraminosyl-alpha,2-3
      lactose was greater than that of the alpha,2-6-isomer.

PMID- 1820574
TI  - Survey of dental hospital X-ray departments in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 1820575
TI  - A case of Gorlin's syndrome, illustrating the value of C.T.

PMID- 1820576
TI  - An investigation of radiographic quality in a general dental practice.

PMID- 1820577
TI  - The right to be respected.

PMID- 1820578
TI  - Dialling on to disk.

PMID- 1820579
TI  - Current progress on nucleoside antibiotics.
AB  - Structure and biological activity of thirty-six new nucleoside antibiotics which
      appeared after the 1988 review are described. New synthetic analogs of neplanocin
      and oxetanocin are also described with special emphasis on their antiviral
      activities. New biosynthetic findings on nikkomycins, blasticidin S, and
      griseolic acid are also reviewed.

PMID- 1820580
TI  - Glutathione metabolism and its role in hepatotoxicity.
AB  - Glutathione (GSH) fulfills several essential functions: Detoxification of free
      radicals and toxic oxygen radicals, thiol-disulfide exchange and storage and
      transfer of cysteine. GSH is present in all mammalian cells, but may be
      especially important for organs with intense exposure to exogenous toxins such as
      the liver, kidney, lung and intestine. Within the cell mitochondrial GSH is the
      main defense against physiological oxidant stress generated by cellular
      respiration and may be a critical target for toxic oxygen and electrophilic
      metabolites. Glutathione homeostasis is a highly complex process, which is
      predominantly regulated by the liver, lung and kidney.

PMID- 1820581
TI  - Angelicins, angular analogs of psoralens: chemistry, photochemical,
      photobiological and phototherapeutic properties.
AB  - Angelicin and some of its derivatives are naturally occuring compounds which show
      interesting photobiological properties. In this review various aspects of
      angelicin and its derivatives have been reported. The natural occurrence and the
      chemical synthesis both of naturally occurring and synthetic angelicins have been
      reviewed. Photochemical and photophysical properties of angelicins have been
      considered with particular reference to the capacity to generate active forms of
      oxygen, photoreactions with nucleic acids, proteins and unsaturated fatty acids.
      Photobiological effects have been considered: skin phototoxicity,
      antiproliferative effects, genotoxicity, ability to induce hemolysis in
      erythrocytes, inactivation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganism and of
      viruses. The ability of some angelicins to induce photocarcinogenesis has been
      reviewed as well as in the activity as photochemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 1820582
TI  - Cisplatin resistance in human cancers.
AB  - Cancer chemotherapeutic agents primarily act by damaging cellular DNA directly or
      indirectly. Tumor cells, in contrast to normal cells, respond to cisplatin with
      transient gene expression to protect and/or repair their chromosomes. Repeated
      cisplatin treatments results in a stable resistant cell line with enhanced gene
      expression but lacking gene amplification for the proteins that will limit
      cisplatin cytotoxicity. Recently, several new human cell lines have been
      characterized for cisplatin resistance. These cell lines have led to a better
      understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of cisplatin resistance. The
      c-fos proto-oncogene, a master switch for turning on other genes in response to a
      wide range of stimuli, has been shown to play an important role in cisplatin
      resistance both in vitro and in patients. Based on these studies, new strategies
      have been developed to circumvent and/or exploit clinical cisplatin resistance.

PMID- 1820583
TI  - [Treatment of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head: current concepts].

PMID- 1820584
TI  - [Bronchiolitis obliterans].

PMID- 1820585
TI  - [Sexual behavior, today].

PMID- 1820587
TI  - [World overpopulation].

PMID- 1820586
TI  - [Medicine and sports].

PMID- 1820588
TI  - [Changes in the human amygdaloid complex due to age].
AB  - The normal aging process of the amygdala was studied in 35 human (male) brains.
      They were selected according the following criteria: 1) neither the clinical
      history nor the macro and microexamination of the brains should point out
      alterations of the CNS non age-dependent; 2) time elapsed between decease and
      brain fixation should be inferior to 16 hours (the mean was 6 hours); 3) age of
      patients should be uniformly distributed between 14 and 86 years (at least 4
      brains per decade). The brains were fixed in buffered formalin (10%) and
      processed for paraffin embedding. The blocks containing the amygdaloid complex
      were coronal and serially sectioned (7 microns) and stained alternatively by
      Nissl, PAS or hemltoxylin-eosin. The changes studied in the amygdaloid complex
      were: number of neurons and karyometry. The numerical values obtained in this
      study were statistically analyzed. The neuronal loss ranged between 36 and 47% (p
      less than 0.001) according the nuclei. The nuclear size followed 3 periods: first
      (till the age of 45 years) atrophy (between 19 and 39%, p less than 0.01); second
      phase from 45 to 75 years, hypertrophy (between 13 and 28%, p less than 0.01);
      and a third phase that showed a slight size reduction of the nuclei.

PMID- 1820589
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of cinitapride on the disturbances of gastrointestinal
      transit].
AB  - In order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of cinitapride, 103 patients with
      gastrointestinal disorders were admitted to a randomized, parallel, double blind
      trial for treatment with cinitapride, metoclopramide or placebo. Cinitapride was
      significantly more effective than metoclopramide in restoring normal defecation
      rates in constipated patients after 7 and 14 days of treatment (p = 0.036 and p =
      0.008) and significantly more effective than placebo in restoring normal
      consistency of compact stools after 7 and 14 days of treatment (p = 0.006 and p =
      0.051). Cinitrapide also proved to be significantly more effective than
      metoclopramide in curing or improving post-prandial epigastric distention (p =
      0.031), post-prandial epigastric fullness (p = 0.037) and abdominal pain (p =
      0.002) after 7 and 14 days of treatment. After treatment with cinitapride,
      dyspeptic symptoms disappeared or improved in 56-82% of patients. The efficacy
      rates in controlling gastrointestinal transit disorders, according to the
      investigators, were 64% for cinitapride, 28% for metoclopramide (p = 0.004) and
      39% for placebo (p = 0.031) and, according to the patients, 55% for cinitapride,
      25% for metoclopramide (p = 0.014) and 39% for placebo, 44% of the patients
      treated with cinitapride, 51% of the patients treated with metoclopramide and 26%
      of the patients treated with placebo reported and adverse reaction, with
      statistically significant differences between metoclopramide and placebo (p =
      0.031). The tolerance rates, according to the investigators, were 82% for
      cinitapride, 64% for metoclopramide and 94% for placebo (placebo vs.
      metoclopramide, p = 0.001) and, according to the patients, 72% for cinitapride,
      51% for metoclopramide and 89% for placebo (placebo vs. metoclopramide, p =
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820590
TI  - [A neuroanatomic view of the basal ganglia with some physiopathological
      implications].
AB  - The basal ganglia nuclei are a set of subcortical structures including
      principally the corpus striatum (caudate and lenticular nuclei), associated with
      other allied nuclei, namely, the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. A
      very remarkable neuroanatomical feature of these structures is their
      heterogeneity, which can be clearly illustrated from the hodological,
      histochemical as well as cytoarchitectonical point of view. This report is an
      attempt to correlate this heterogeneity present in the basal ganglia with the
      physiopathology of profound alterations of these structures displayed in diseases
      as hemibalism and Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases.

PMID- 1820591
TI  - [Evaluation and diagnosis of torsion dystonia].

PMID- 1820593
TI  - [Television and health].

PMID- 1820594
TI  - [Patient participation in clinical trials].

PMID- 1820592
TI  - [Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Description of a case. Bibliography].

PMID- 1820595
TI  - [Changes in age and the influence of physical exercise and hypocaloric diet on
      different health parameters].

PMID- 1820596
TI  - [Evaluation of graduates in medicine, in knowledge considered basic by faculties,
      at the end of the course of the Escola Paulista de Medicina].
AB  - A growing consensus exists in Brazil about the need of a qualification work prior
      to medical practice. On the other hand, some members of the faculty and student
      body of medical schools are against this kind of skill control because they think
      that their teaching and learning is effective. At the Escola Paulista de
      Medicina, one of the best ranking Schools of Medicine in Brazil, we asked to 39
      departments of the Course of Studies of Medicine to provide 6 questions about
      concepts that the faculty considered fundamental knowledge for medical practice.
      Then, an examination with 234 questions was applied to 82 volunteers out of the
      100 graduates of the Medical School. All the volunteers presented correct answers
      to more than 50% of the questions, and 90% answered correctly to more than 60% of
      the questions. Such results suggest that the students retained a good proportion
      of the concepts considered essential for practice by the faculty. Even so, almost
      100% of them applied for residence training programs.

PMID- 1820597
TI  - [Cidade Leonor slum, Sao Paulo. II. Longitudinal clinical and anthropometric
      follow-up of infants during their first year of life].
AB  - In this study, the authors performed a clinical and nutritional follow-up
      involving infants that live in a slum area of the City of Sao Paulo. The infants
      were followed since birth and up to the end of their first year of life. The
      nutritional status was evaluated considering the following criteria: weight/age,
      height/age, and weight/height indices. On the first visit, 38.6% of the infants
      already presented protein-calory malnutrition according to the weight/age index,
      and 31.1% presented early delay of growth. The application of the Seoane and
      Latham criteria showed that most infants had acute malnutrition, but chronic
      malnutrition was already present in 11.0% of the infants followed-up. The results
      of this study show the negative impact of an unfavorable environment on infants
      during their first year of life.

PMID- 1820598
TI  - [Heparin effect on prevention of pelvic adhesions. Experimental study].
AB  - Thirty-one mongrel female dogs were submitted to a standard lesion on the right
      uterine horn, consisting of crushing, scratching, and ischemia of the segment.
      Three groups were formed for the study: control group (GC), experimental group I
      (G1), and experimental group II (G2). In GC, continuous washing with simple
      ringer solution was applied during surgery. In G1, heparin was added to the
      ringer solution at a doses of 100 IU/kg. In G2, in addition to the heparin
      diluted in the ringer solution, subcutaneous heparin was given at 12 hours
      intervals for three days, at a doses of 100 IU/kg/doses. The percentage of dogs
      with pelvic adhesions was determined by laparotomy. Adhesion intensity in the
      incision and in the pelvis was determined. 100% of dogs in G2 had adhesions in
      the incision, whereas 66.66% had incision adhesion in GC. There was no
      statistical difference. All groups presented around 50% of pelvic adhesions.
      Intensity of pelvic adhesions was not different in the three groups, but G2 had
      more adhesions than GC, such difference being statistically significant.

PMID- 1820599
TI  - [Ultrastructural aspects of the human uterine tube epithelium during menstrual
      cycle].
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors perform an electron microscopy analysis of the human uterine
      tube epithelium during the menstrual cycle. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective,
      experimental. Site: Sao Paulo School of Medicine. PATIENTS: Four eumenorrheic
      multiparous patients, two in the proliferating stage, and two in the secreting
      stage of the cycle. INTERVENTIONS: PATIENTS were submitted to bilateral
      salpingectomy because they presented a high reproductive risk. MEASUREMENTS AND
      RESULTS: The authors evaluated ultrastructural aspects of the epithelium in the
      isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum. Two types of cells were identified: ciliated
      and non-ciliated or secretory. Secretory cells have more marked ultrastructural
      changes than ciliated cells during the cycle. In the luteal stage, secretory
      cells present quite developed and dilated endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi
      apparatus, and numerous electro-lucent vesicles. They also verified that during
      the second stage of the cycle, the secretory cells in the ampullar region seems
      to release part of its cytoplasm in the tube lumen. CONCLUSIONS: The ampullar
      region of the uterine tube suffers greater hormonal influences than the other
      regions. Morphological changes occurring in the ampullar might have their role to
      play in the nutrition of the egg cell during the time it remains inside it.

PMID- 1820600
TI  - [Breast blood supply and mammaplasty techniques].
AB  - Based on existing and repeated complications of different techniques of reduction
      mammaplasty, which are mostly of circulatory nature, a study of breast irrigation
      was made. The Service of Verification of Deaths of the Escola Paulista de
      Medicina supplied fresh cadavers. Ten breasts were dissected with single block
      removal of glandular and retromammary structures. Then, injections with latex
      were applied in order to better identify the arteries. In view of the anatomic
      findings, it was verified that breast irrigation was carried out by the internal
      thoracic, the lateral thoracic, and the posterior intercostal arteries and, in a
      great proportion, by the superior thoracic. An attempt was made to correlate such
      results with the different techniques of reduction mammaplasty in order to create
      a six group classification according to the preserved pedicles: superior,
      inferior, central, lateral, medial and double pedicle.

PMID- 1820601
TI  - [Cidade Leonor slum, Sao Paulo. III. Environmental contamination and natural
      feeding practice].
AB  - In this study the authors report the high rate of environmental contamination to
      which children living in slum areas are exposed. The authors performed a
      bacteriologic and parasitologic survey in children with acute diarrhea and in
      controls. Feeding habits were also recorded. The feeding habits revealed that 176
      out of 520 children (33.8%) were never breast fed, whereas the remaining 344
      (66.7%) were breast fed for an average of 2.2 months. The parasitologic survey
      was positive in 89% of the stool samples obtained from 83 children, mostly with
      multiple infections. The bacteriologic survey revealed the presence of
      enteropathogens and, in particular, invasive E. coli and Campylobacter in 46.7%
      of the children with acute diarrhea, and in 32.5% of the children in the control
      group. These findings allow the authors to state that environmental conditions of
      slum areas directly predispose to the appearance of the diarrhea-malnutrition
      binomial.

PMID- 1820602
TI  - [Lymnic molluscs from an Alto Araguaia area (Brazil)].
AB  - An analysis was carried out to determine the natural population of freshwater
      molluscs from 5 municipalities within the area of influence of the Couto
      Magalhaes hydroelectric project. These municipalities cover a large area of the
      State of Goias and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil). In this study 624 molluscs of the
      following species were examined: Drepanotrema anatinum, D. lucidum, D.
      depressissimum, Biomphalaria straminea, D. schrammi, Physa marmorata, Lymnaea
      columella, Pomacea and Eupera. One to their importance in public health, the
      discovery of Biomphalaria straminea and Lymnaea columella, intermediate hosts,
      respectively, of Shistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, deserves special
      mention.

PMID- 1820603
TI  - Proportional cancer incidence according to selected sites--comparison between
      residents in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil: Japanese and Brazilian/Portuguese
      descent.
AB  - The percentual distributions of selected sites of cancer cases according to
      origin, sex and age are compared. Data were obtained from the Registry of Cancer
      of S. Paulo (School of Public Health of the University of S. Paulo, Brazil). The
      reference period for inhabitants of Japanese descent was 1969/78 and for those of
      Brazilian descent, the period was 1969/75. Standardized Proportionate Incidence
      Ratios (SPIR) with approximate 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were evaluated using
      age specific Incidence Ratios of S. Paulo, 1973, as standards. The results agree
      with findings of previous works on mortality, but show different patterns
      according to origin. The well known fact that some sub-groups of a population may
      be different from the overall group is once again brought to the fore. Attention
      should be drawn to the differences detected for stomach, skin and prostate, in
      males, and for stomach, skin, cervix and uterus in females.

PMID- 1820604
TI  - [Maternal anemia and malnutrition and their relation to birth weight].
AB  - With a view to evaluating the effect of anemia and maternal undernourishment on
      birth weight, a sample of 691 pregnant women, from an assistential maternity
      hospital, in S. Paulo, Brazil, were studied at delivery. Anemia was found in
      29.1% and undernourishment in 17.2% of the women, though no association was
      detected between these nutritional deficiencies. Neither was any association
      detected between institutional ante-natal care and anemia or undernourishment.
      Among single newborns the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) was of 12.9%. LBW
      was observed in 23.6% of children born to women who came to the end of their
      pregnancy with a low weight for height ratios while among adequate weight for
      height women the percentage was 10.8. Children of women who remained
      undernourished throughout their pregnancy had a relative risk of being born with
      LBW 2.8 times greater than the children of those who recovered normal weight by
      the end of their pregnancy. Our results emphasize the need for implementation of
      nutritional status control activities in programs of ante-natal care.

PMID- 1820605
TI  - [The development of diagnosis-related groups--DRG's. Methodology for classifying
      hospital patients].
AB  - The history of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG's), a system for classifying
      patients in acute care hospitals, developed by researchers at Yale University,
      USA, is reviewed. DRGs are an instrument for measuring the hospital product,
      primarily from a management viewpoint. Starting with a review of the definitions
      of hospital product, the article follows the course from the first DRGs through
      the most recent revision, providing a summary of potential and current
      applications of the system in several countries, which range from payment
      mechanism to uses in quality control.

PMID- 1820606
TI  - [Prevalence of depression and organic cerebral syndrome in the elderly
      population, Brazil].
AB  - Data from a prevalence study of Organic Cerebral Syndrome and Depression in an
      elderly population living in three boroughs of Rio de Janeiro city are presented.
      The methodological issues related to interrater and test-retest reliability are
      discussed and the cut-off point for the instrument adapted (BOAS) established.
      The prevalence rates in the three boroughs were found, respectively, to be: 5.9%,
      9.8% and 29.8% for Organic Cerebral Syndrome and 20.9%, 23.0% and 36.8% for
      Depression. The prevalence rats have been adjusted using information on
      sensitivity and specificity for both diagnosis. Aspects of these differences are
      discussed in the light of national and international literature.

PMID- 1820607
TI  - [Child health in the states of Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe, Brazil:
      description of a methodology for community diagnosis].
AB  - No reliable data are available from most Brazilian states for a number of child
      health indicators, such as nutritional status, breast feeding, vaccine coverage,
      incidence and management of infectious diseases, and coverage of antenatal and
      perinatal services. However a methodology has been developed for state-wide,
      community-based health surveys for the obtaining of such information, which was
      recently applied in studies of representative samples of children from the states
      of Ceara, Sergipe and Rio Grande do Norte in Northeastern Brazil. The present
      report describes the key aspects of this methodology and some of the main
      findings. These results point out to the need for promoting breast feeding,
      increasing vaccine coverage, improving diarrhoea management with oral rehydration
      therapy and investing in antenatal and perinatal care, as well as in growth
      monitoring. They also show that child survival activities are paradoxically
      concentrated on higher-income, lower risk children. Besides contributing to the
      planning and evaluation of health programs, community-based child health surveys
      provide baseline data against which future progress may be ascertained.

PMID- 1820608
TI  - [Sexually transmitted diseases: concepts, attitudes and perceptions among
      dustmen].
AB  - The concepts regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STD) of 41 (63.07%) dustmen
      of a country town in S. Paulo State, Brazil, are presented in order to provide
      support for the preparation of health education programmes on STD for this and
      similar populational groups. The data collected from interviews with these
      workers show that a considerable number of them have inadequate concepts about
      STD. These results demonstrate the lack of information and education on this
      subject, and the need to implement educational activities.

PMID- 1820609
TI  - [Anthropological approach to the evaluation of social policies].
AB  - A anthropological approach to the evaluation of health programs is presented. A
      special role is attributed to anthropology which goes beyond its traditional
      scope as basic research in order to produce, in conjunction with Social Medicine,
      a particular way of focusing on the evaluation of public policies and, more
      particularly of health services. Anthropology thus takes its place within a more
      comprehensive social process to which it contributes with its specific tools for
      the understanding of reality. Based on empirical research assessment of Primary
      Health Care in a shanty-town located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), it shows that
      the qualitative method for the evaluation of health programs can contribute
      greatly to overcoming positivistic trends in the evaluation process as well as to
      reaching a more comprehensive perspective for the health-disease phenomenon.

PMID- 1820610
TI  - [On the gender of the word cholera in Portuguese].

PMID- 1820611
TI  - On the economic analysis of response to preventive measures.
AB  - There are many circumstances in which the effectiveness of preventive measures
      depends to a large extent on the compliance of the patient in changing his or her
      behavior or lifestyle. It is shown how economic techniques can be used (i) to
      describe the rationale of individuals and predict their behavior (Section 2); and
      (ii) to assess preventive measures that, by requiring a change of conduct, imply
      "costs" to the individual due to a decline in the quality of life (Appendix).
      Cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease are used as an illustration. While
      the analysis of Section 2 uses graphical techniques, a simple textbook-type of
      lifetime utility model with a mathematical emphasis is used in the Appendix. It
      is also shown that techniques often used to assess health care programs such as
      the QALYs (Quality-Adjusted Life Years) are inappropriate to the evaluation of
      preventive programs aiming at behavioral changes. Finally, topics that call for
      further research are indicated.

PMID- 1820612
TI  - [Sampling study for larval density quantification of Aedes aegypti and Aedes
      albopictus in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil].
AB  - The Yellow Fever and Dengue Vector Control Program developed by the
      Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases in the State of S. Paulo
      recommends Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larval density monitoring in cities
      with domiciliar infestation. The sampling plan which has been applied in the
      countries of the Presidente Prudente region (SP- Brazil) since 1987 is described.
      The infestation is measured by using the Breteau Index. A sample of buildings is
      drawn, monthly and independently, in the infested cities, in which measurements
      are to be made. The sample is stratified and the elementary unit selection is
      made by using two-stage cluster sampling: of blocks and buildings. The sample
      sizes were defined using the coefficient of variation and the intraclass
      correlation as estimated for towns covered by the Regional Health Service of S.
      Jose do Rio Preto. These sizes must be corrected periodically in accordance with
      the values of the Breteau Index and its variance obtained in previous months.

PMID- 1820613
TI  - [Domiciliation of Culex mosquitoes (Melanoconion), in man-made deeply modified
      environment].
AB  - Some data on Culex (Melanoconion) mosquito behavior in human environments are
      presented. Adults were collected simultaneously through peridomiciliary and
      extradomiciliary catches, with the use of human bait inclusive. Dominant species
      were identified as Cx. delpontei, Cx. ocossa, Cx. ribeirensis, Cx. sacchettae and
      Cx. taeniopus. In the domiciliary environment Cx. ribeirensis and Cx. sacchettae,
      the principal species found, were collected with considerable frequency by the
      use of human bait placed in the peridomiciliar environment. Cx. delpontei and Cx.
      ocossa showed a lower frequency in that environment. Greater numbers of adults
      were obtained in the first three months of the year, particularly in March.
      Nocturnal activities showed two apparently distinct patterns. One of them was
      presented by Cx. ribeirensis, Cx. sacchettae and Cx. taeniopus as a curve
      increasing quickly during the first hours os the night and maintaining the same
      level until dawn. The other was shown by Cx. delpontei and Cx. ocossa, as a curve
      which increased gradually until midnight, and then decreased gradual by until
      dawn. Breeding places of Cx. delpontei were found in medium and large rivers with
      a covering of aquating floating vegetation, mainly Pistia. Considerations
      relating to those ecological aspects of epidemiological interest are made.

PMID- 1820614
TI  - [Regional differentials in cancer mortality in the state of Rio de Janeiro,
      Brazil, 1979-1981].
AB  - In 1980, malignant neoplasms ranked 3rd as a cause of death in the State of Rio
      de Janeiro, Brazil, with a crude mortality rate of 89.8 per 100,000. Cancer
      mortality data for 1979-1981 are presented for the State, with the objective of
      analyzing regional differentials. For the purpose of comparing mortality from the
      most important cancers, the State was divided into three regions: Capital,
      Metropolitan Belt and Interior, on the basis of the geographical structure of the
      State--which gave rise to the present urbanization patterns. Average annual age
      and sex-specific mortality rates per 100,000 were calculated for the period 1979
      1981 for each cancer site and for 5-year age groups up to 79 years and for 80
      years and above. Age standardized rates (ASR) were calculated by direct
      standardization to the world population and standardized mortality ratios (SMR)
      were also calculated with the objective of comparing different geographical
      areas. It was found that the most important malignant neoplasms among males were
      those of the lung (ASR 27.9), stomach (ASR 24.0), prostate, oesophagus and liver.
      The breast was the most important site for females (ASR 16.0), followed by the
      stomach (ASR 10.8), lung, cervix uteri and uterus (unspecified). The highest ASR
      were in the Capital (164.4 in males, 106.2 in females) and the lowest in the
      Interior (126.5 in males, and 91.3 in females). The highest SMR were found for
      breast (1.28), colon (1.71) and lung (1.70) cancers, the mortality rates for
      which were almost two-times higher in the Capital than in the Interior.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820615
TI  - [Mortality due to neoplasms in Brazil (1980/1983/1985): grouping by states,
      behavior and trends].
AB  - Mortality caused by neoplasms in Brazil was examined by means of official
      Ministry of Health data covering 26 of the Federal Units and 13 different tumoral
      sites and referring to the years 1980, 1983 and 1985. Both cluster analyses and
      those of principal components have shown heterogeneous behaviour as between the
      different regions of the country in relation to the 13 variants studied. The main
      discriminatory elements are the trachea/bronchus/lung malign neoplasms followed
      by those of stomach, pancreas, colon and larynx. Complementary analyses have
      demonstrated a tendency to an increase in the mortality rate due to prostate
      malign neoplasms (17.74%), followed by those of trachea/bronchus/lung (15.22%),
      breast (11.32%), pancreas (10.23%), colon (8.08%), uterine colon (6.45%) and
      larynx (6.36). There has been a decrease of the mortality due to benign
      neoplasms/carcinoma "in situ"/others (27.37%), malign rectus neoplasms of the
      sigmoid/anus (7.67%), stomach (5.31%), of other non-specific locations in the
      uterus (2.56%), of leukaemia (0.70%) and malign neoplasms of the oesophagus
      (0.44%). Maling neoplasms of the stomach have been the main cause of cancer
      mortality in Brazil accounting for 21.27% of the mean total, followed by of the
      malign neoplasms trachea/bronchus/lung (17.52% of the general average). The
      mortality rates by esophageal malign neoplasms in Rio Grande do Sul is stressed.

PMID- 1820616
TI  - [Infant malnutrition, development rate and its relation to the environment: a
      pilot study].
AB  - The socio-cultural factors that might be influencing the normal psychomotor
      development of the undernourished infant are studied. The sample consisted of 32
      mother-infant dyads: 16 having normal DQ (Group A) and 16 having a below normal
      DQ (Group B) according to Bailey's Test applied to infants who entered a
      Nutritional Recuperation Center. Results showed that there were some differences
      in the infants' backgrounds: infants of Group A were the product of a wished-for
      pregnancy (p less than .05), and were separated less from their mother's side (p
      less than .007) than was the case in Group B. No differences were found in the
      socio-cultural and demographic background of the mothers. The infants' external
      environment was different in aspects observed within the neighborhood: there were
      fewer negative aspects in Group A than in Group B (p less than .003) and more
      positive in Group A than in B (p less than .001). The infant's internal
      environment as related to the mother was also different. Mothers of Group A
      perceived more affection from their partner (p less than .008), were more
      sensitive (to feelings of joy and suffering) (p less than .003) and stimulated
      their infant (p less than .004) more than those of Group B. These results show
      that the internal and external environments in which the infant with normal and
      below normal DQ evolves were different between the two groups. This could explain
      the differences in psychomotor development among undernourished infants belonging
      to the lower socioeconomic strata.

PMID- 1820617
TI  - [Delineation of the professional role of health education specialists: a
      technical proposal].
AB  - The responsibilities, competencies and subcompetencies of the Health Education
      Specialists of the State Health Department of S. Paulo are assessed in this study
      with a view to verifying the agreement, or otherwise, between the proposals for
      the technical activity of these health professionals in Brazil and in the United
      States. With this end in view the document entitled "A Framework for the
      Development of Competency-based Curricula for Entry--level Health Education" was
      utilized as the basis for the questions included in the questionnaires submitted
      to health educators. The results describe the degree of importance attributed to
      the technical responsibilities and the frequency with which these are performed
      in the service network of the State Health Department of S. Paulo, Brazil.

PMID- 1820618
TI  - [Didactic books and teaching for health: the case of psychotropic drugs].
AB  - Eighteen didactic books on Sciences/Biology, Civic and Moral Education and
      Brazilian Political and Social Studies, for primary and secondary schools, were
      analyzed, with a view to assessing the way in which the issue of psychotropic
      drug use is dealt with. The texts analyzed are structurally centered on the
      discussion of the harmful effects of drugs instead of discussing others topics
      (such as etiology, concepts, treatment, incidence and prevalence). The texts are
      characterized especially by the use of non-scientific language in which emotional
      appeal and an exceedingly exacerbated style are the rule. The drug user is
      described as being necessarily a moral, physical and psychological decadent. The
      results were discussed in the light of recent theories on the prevention of drug
      abuse.

PMID- 1820619
TI  - [Perceptions of the head physician concerning educational activities in Municipal
      Health Services].
AB  - The results of a research project carried out along with head-physicians of the
      Municipal Health Services (PAMs) of the city of S. Paulo in order to survey their
      knowledge, expectations and willingness to participate in and incentivate
      educational programs in the various PAMs, are reported on. An open-ended
      questionnaire was answered by 88.6% of the head-physicians. Results showed that
      the concept of health of the majority of the PAMs' head-physicians (66.3%) was
      coincidental with that adopted by the WHO. Only 2.9% considered that health is
      related to quality of life. Health education was seen as the provision of
      information by 70.0%; only 6.7% recognized their responsibility for the process
      of social and health change. According to 68.2% of them, health actions were
      acknowledged to be useful tools for making the users aware of the importance of
      having the diseases treated. Health actions, their planning, implementation and
      evaluation were considered to be the responsibility of all who work at the PAMs,
      but mainly of nurses, social workers and the health educator. Some difficulties
      in implementing educational activities were indicated; among them being lack of
      sufficient material and adequate space for their implementation, lack of
      professional Public Health Educators and, mainly, a lack of motivation on the
      part of both staff and population. The majority of the head-physicians recognized
      that educational activities are important, that they are carried out at least by
      part of their staffs, although frequently hampered by technical and operational
      difficulties.

PMID- 1820620
TI  - [Dengue epidemic in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil: a preliminary note].
AB  - A preliminary note on an outbreak of dengue which occurred in the city of
      Ribeirao Preto, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, from November 1990 to March 1991, is
      given. One case of Level II Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome
      (DHF/DSS) and two deaths associated with dengue related shock are described.
      Clinicians and epidemiologists are alerted to the possibility of sporadic DHF/DSS
      cases during outbreaks of classical dengue in formerly free areas.

PMID- 1820621
TI  - [Theoretical perspectives on medicine and the medical profession: an
      anthropological approach].
AB  - The medical field and profession are studied from the theoretical point of view
      of the social sciences. The most representative works on this subject are
      presented. The analysis shows that conservative positivism and orthodox Marxism
      are the main obstacles to development in this field of study. At the same time it
      suggests the concept of culture and the anthropological method of research as the
      best means for the overcoming of some of the main contradictions which paralyse
      its progress.

PMID- 1820622
TI  - [From occupational medicine to workers' health].
AB  - The evolution of the concepts and practice of occupational medicine, occupational
      health and workers' health is tentatively reviewed. An attempt is made to answer
      the following questions: what were the major characteristics of occupational
      medicine throughout its evolution? How and why did occupational medicine evolve
      into occupational health? Why has the "occupational health model" become
      inadequate? Within what context did workers' health arise? What are the principal
      characteristics of workers' health?

PMID- 1820623
TI  - [The distribution of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) in the states of Rio
      Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil].
AB  - An analysis to determine new localities colonized by the intermediate snail hosts
      (B. straminea, B. tenagophila and B. tenagophila tenagophila) of Schistosoma
      mansoni from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States (Brazil) was carried
      out. As regards the geographical distribution of the schistosomiasis vector, the
      possible extension of the endemic disease to Southernmost Brazil is commented on.

PMID- 1820624
TI  - [Interactions of planorbic vectors of schistosomiasis mansoni and the problem of
      endemic expansion in the Amazonic region].
AB  - The hypothesis of competitive superiority is discussed in the light, first, of
      the complexity of the phenomena involved in the interaction and distribution of
      planorbid populations and, secondly, of the relation that is established between
      the snails of any given region and the infected human or animal host. Special
      attention is given to the distribution of planorbids in the Amazon, and the
      endemic problem of the region is dealt with.

PMID- 1820625
TI  - [Relationship between the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and the
      susceptibility of the vector mollusc. I. Cercariae infectivity and worm burden].
AB  - The possible influence of the immune mechanisms of the molluscs on the
      development of the sporocysts and the resultant behavior of the adult worm in the
      vertebrate host were studied. Two strains of Schistosoma mansoni (BH and SJ) were
      used. These were genetically selected for their susceptibility and maintained,
      respectively, in Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila, the natural
      invertebrate hosts. Experimental groups of mice infected with cercariae
      proceeding from the two species of molluscs, belonging to generations P, F1, F2,
      F3 and F4, were formed. The infection rates of the snails, the number of the
      penetrant cercariae and the worm burden in mice were evaluated. It was concluded
      that the higher susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila results in a greater
      ability on the part of the cercarial to develop into adult worms. The higher
      susceptibility of B. glabrata results in greater power of penetration into mice
      tegument on the part of the cercariae.

PMID- 1820626
TI  - [Bovine botulism: laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis in 1986-1989].
AB  - Five hundred and seventeen specimens relating to a total of 235 clinical cases of
      bovine botulism occurring over period of four years (1986-1989) were studied.
      These samples came from the States of S. Paulo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul,
      Minas Gerais, Goias, Bahia, Para, Maranhao, Distrito Federal and Roraima.
      Laboratorial tests were performed on these samples with a view to toxin
      detection. Toxin types C and D were detected being found in the liver and in
      gastric and intestinal contents. The small number of confirmed cases led to the
      supposition of the participation of other diseases in these deaths reported, even
      if false negative cases are taken into account.

PMID- 1820627
TI  - [Epidemiological study of Brazilian purpuric fever. Epidemic in a locality of Sao
      Paulo state (Brazil), 1986].
AB  - A case control model was used in the study of an outbreak of Brazilian purpuric
      fever BPF which occurred in Serrana, S. Paulo State, Brazil, in 1986. Three
      hypotheses were raised: 1--purulent conjunctivitis is associated with BPF; 2--a
      cluster effect occurs in BPF; 3--respiratory symptoms may be a variation of the
      clinical picture of the disease. Numerical values were attributed to different
      findings, as follows: fever = 5; diarrhea and/or vomiting = 1; haemorrhagic
      findings = 3; thrombocytopenia and/or leukopenia = 3; Haemophilus aegyptius
      positive hemoculture and/or Haemophilus aegyptius positive cerebrospinal fluid
      culture and/or H. a. oropharynx culture = 7; Waterhouse Friedrichsen syndrome =
      7. Those cases for which the sum total of points reached or exceeded 13 were
      considered as confirmed and those obtaining between 8 and 12 were considered as
      suspect. Children with a score below 5 were taken as control cases. Cases and
      controls were matched according to sex, age and socioeconomic level. The total
      groups studied included 14 confirmed cases, 38 suspect cases and 78 controls. It
      was concluded that purpuric fever is strongly associated with previous and/or
      present purulent conjunctivities; a cluster effect seems to occur; respiratory
      symptoms such as coughing and/or coryza were not associated with BPF.

PMID- 1820628
TI  - [Prevalence of breast feeding in low birth weight infants].
AB  - The present situation regarding the breast feeding of children born with a weight
      of 2,500 grammes or less (LWB) at the Hospital das Clinicas of the Medical School
      of the Universidade de S. Paulo in Ribeirao Preto (Brazil) was studied. The study
      was descriptive and the data were obtained through a longitudinal follow-up
      carried over the period from October 1985 to September 1986 inclusive. Of the 222
      children included in the study, 30 (13.5%) infants were not breastfed. Thus the
      incidence of breast feeding among this population was of 86.5%. At 3 months 62.5%
      of these infants were still being breastfed. At 6 months this figure fell to
      38.5% and only 25.0% were still being breast-fed at the end of 12 months. The
      average duration of breast feeding for the 192 children that had started it was
      of 4 months. An association was found between the level of literacy of the
      mothers and the duration of breast feeding. Birthweight was found to be
      associated with the incidence and duration of breast feeding in general, as well
      as with the incidence of exclusive breast feeding. These data are considerably
      lower than recent figures obtained from the populations of well-developed
      countries, especially than those of Finnish infants born with a weight of less
      than 1.500 g. Action programmes involving the community and/or the Institution
      must be implemented in order to improve these figures.

PMID- 1820629
TI  - [Prevalence of smoking in young people and their parents. Important associations
      with education and occupation].
AB  - Rosario, with a million inhabitants, is the second major urban concentration in
      Argentina and serves as the commercial and industrial center for a large area. In
      view of the lack of information on the present prevalence of smoking in this area
      as for the country as a whole, a study was performed on random samples of young
      people and university students of medicine and economics, as well as on their
      parents. Information was obtained on their life smoking habits, education and
      occupation. The prevalence of the habit was higher: a) in men, both in the
      youngsters and their parents; b) in medical students than in those of the
      economic sciences; c) in parents with university education. The smoking habit of
      these subjects and parents was highly associated (p less than 0.001) in the
      sample of young people, although no association was found between the prevalence
      of smoking among university students and their parents. Peer smoking was the main
      factor influencing the onset of cigarette smoking given by 69% of the subjects.
      Knowledge of specific adverse health effects of smoking was poor. Attitudes
      toward restrictive measures were highly associated (p less than 0.001) with the
      non-smoker category. Based on these findings, we conclude that while there is a
      need for educational programs for the population in general, the university as a
      whole and specifically the school of medicine should implement a program to
      increase knowledge and awareness on this public health problem.

PMID- 1820630
TI  - [The worker model and perception of occupational and environmental risks: the
      optimal use of a descriptive study].
AB  - An attempt was made to identify the risks resulting from exposure to the
      chemicals to which workers are exposed as well as from the poor working
      conditions to which they are subject in a chemical and pharmaceutical factory. A
      descriptive study based on the "workers model"--a methodological approach
      developed in Italy in the 60's, was carried out. Such a study requires direct
      contact with the workers and has the advantage of overcoming the difficulty of
      gaining access to their work-place. The activities of the different departments
      of the plant were reconstructed and the main chemicals used, the main physical
      complaints, the potential harms and the main environmental risks identified. The
      report on the harmful working conditions produced was used by the workers as a
      means of pressing the authorities into carrying out an inspection of the plant
      concerned to verify its accuracy. The report's findings have been confirmed and
      demonstrate the usefulness of the methodological approach adopted. The workers'
      publicizing of the study's findings through the means of mass communication have
      helped to build up greater public awareness of the occupational and environmental
      risks of that particular industrial activity.

PMID- 1820631
TI  - [The role of local government in the development of health policies].
AB  - Analysing the evidences for local concern with health in the various historical
      phases of the organization of social life, especially relating to the discussion
      of the efficacy of the social rights written into some contemporary
      constitutions, the attempt is made to define the responsibility for the guarantee
      of the right to health. The possibility of defining the responsibility for the
      guarantee of social rights arises directly from the legal definition of such
      rights, practicable at the level of local government. Thus, after a thorough
      examination of the Brazilian constitutional organization in search of the
      guarantee of health for all, it is concluded that the promotion of the said
      responsibility is greatly favored, since Municipal competence regarding issues
      related to health are listed and discussed there in detail.

PMID- 1820632
TI  - Malaria and its control in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - Malaria is one of the major parasitic diseases in China. During the past 40
      years, large scale malaria control activities were conducted in the country
      relying on primary health care nets and community participation. The control of
      malaria was implemented according to the principles of adopting integrated
      measures and repeated practices which are characterized by time- and locality
      oriented approaches. As a result, remarkable success has been achieved. By the
      end of 1990, there were 117,000 malaria cases in China, with a morbidity of
      0.0106%, which dropped by 95% in comparison with that in the 1950s. Most of the
      original hyper-endemic areas became meso- or hypo-endemic and for most of the
      previously meso- or hypo-endemic areas, the disease became sporadic. Malaria
      distribution and epidemic patterns also demonstrated great changes. The major
      experience comprises the integration of the malaria control program into the
      overall national health program, the mobilization of various sectors, including
      the community, the investigators and technical personnel in research institutions
      and control services to participate and cooperate in solving problems and
      difficulties encountered.

PMID- 1820633
TI  - Four years follow-up of the impact of AIDS and intensive health education on the
      control of sexually transmitted diseases in Thailand.

PMID- 1820634
TI  - Relapse/reinfection patterns of Plasmodium vivax infection: a four year study.
AB  - In an endemic area relapse and reinfection in Plasmodium vivax cases poses
      serious problems for the malaria control program. We have studied the
      relapse/reinfection patterns of P. vivax infection in 26 villages of District
      Shahjahanpur, a malaria endemic area of UP, India for a period of four years
      (May, 1986 to October, 1988). All the P. vivax cases were given a complete course
      of radical treatment and were followed-up for relapse/reinfection. There were
      8,914, 2,484, 1,439 and 883 P. vivax cases in 1986, 1987 and 1989 respectively,
      our of which 2,066, 141, 58 and 18 cases in the respective years showed
      relapse/reinfection. The maximum number of relapse/reinfection was recorded from
      a 47 year old male patient, who suffered from P. vivax infection eight times. The
      percentage occurrence of relapse/reinfection was much higher (70.2%) in males
      compared with females (29.8%). Relapses were more common among 16-30 years old
      patients. In conclusion it was felt that in 1986 relapse/reinfection in vivax
      cases was higher due to improper treatment of these cases. This situation may
      have occurred due to lack of awareness among the public, poor surveillance by the
      National Malaria Program or higher density of the vector mosquitos in the area.

PMID- 1820635
TI  - Malaria surveillance among the displaced Karen population in Thailand April 1984
      to February 1989, Mae Sot, Thailand.
AB  - Right from the arrival of the displaced Karen people in Thailand, Medecins sans
      Frontieres (MSF) identified malaria as the top priority problem. A program of
      patient care based on the coupled laboratory/dispensary was set up in April 1984.
      Immediately a system of surveillance of morbidity and mortality from malaria was
      set up. This study consisted of analysing data gathered over a period of five
      years. During this time, the displaced population increased from 9,000 to 20,000.
      Analysis of the trends shows a hyperendemic situation with an annual incidence
      rate of 1,067 per thousand in 1984. This figure was 600 per thousand in 1988.
      1,500 blood smears were checked each month and the positive predictive value of
      clinical suspicion was 45% on average. Plasmodium falciparum represented 80% of
      infections. The malaria case fatality ratio over the course of the last two years
      of surveillance was 0.3%. Five years observation show that the fight against
      malaria in this region can be based on the development of curative services and
      laboratories.

PMID- 1820636
TI  - Mefloquine chemoprophylaxis of soldiers on the Thai-Cambodian border.
AB  - Chemoprophylaxis of malaria on the Thai-Cambodian border is difficult due to the
      high level of drug resistance. Thirteen separate companies of Royal Thai Marine
      Militia were placed on 250 mg weekly mefloquine chemoprophylaxis from August 1989
      to January 1990. A mean number of 722 soldiers received two or more doses of
      mefloquine per month for the five month study. The medication was well tolerated
      and compliance averaged 91%. Substantial numbers of prophylaxis breakthroughs
      were seen which resulted in 3.2 cases of malaria/100 man-months. Sixty-eight
      falciparum malaria cases were documented in men who had taken at least two
      mefloquine doses in the previous four weeks. No serious neuropsychiatric
      reactions occurred. Mefloquine chemoprophylaxis failures exist on the Thai
      Cambodian border and are one sign of the spread of mefloquine resistance.

PMID- 1820637
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic mefloquine.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the prophylactic dose of mefloquine (Lariam: 500 mg every
      4 weeks, with a loading dose of 750 mg on the first week) was studied in six
      healthy Thai male volunteers. Mefloquine was well tolerated during the study
      period of 16 weeks. The only side-effects found were nausea and diarrhea in 2
      volunteers after the first dose of mefloquine. The mean minimum concentration of
      mefloquine at steady state ranged from 290 to 460 ng/ml. The maximum
      concentration on week 16 after the last dose was 1558 +/- 48 ng/ml at the mean
      time of 38 +/- 19 hours. The other pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were:
      absorption half life = 6.6 +/- 3.0 hours; distribution = 5.1 +/- 3.1 days;
      terminal half life = 12.9 +/- 2.2 days; apparent volume of distribution = 10.5 +/
      2.3 l/kg; area under the concentration-time curve = 26.9 +/- 2.2 mg/dl. Although
      this prophylaxis regimen is ideal when considering the compliance, the minimum
      concentration obtained was much too low for optimum therapeutic concentration. We
      therefore suggest that weekly prophylaxis schedule should be a better regimen as
      the difference between minimum and maximum mefloquine concentration would be
      smaller.

PMID- 1820638
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in treatment failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of mefloquine at the therapeutic dose of 750 mg single
      orally were compared between cured and recrudescent patients with acute
      uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Mefloquine was well-tolerated during the study.
      The side-effects found were nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Five patients showed R
      I and two showed R-II types of response. All recrudescent patients came from the
      eastern border of Thailand. The time taken to clear the parasites (PCT) was
      significantly longer in patients with recrudescence (99.6 +/- 36.9 and 63.0 +/-
      8.9 hours); however, there was no difference regarding fever clearance time (FCT:
      39.0 +/- 16.1 and 31.0 +/- 21.3 hours). The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the
      concentration on the first and second days in cured patients were significantly
      higher than those of treatment failure patients. Other pharmacokinetic parameters
      appeared to be similar in both groups. The present study indicates the existence
      of mefloquine-resistant falciparum malaria in the eastern border of Thailand.
      Inadequate mefloquine concentration may play an important role in this aspect. In
      addition, this study also suggests that Cmax or the concentrations on the first
      or second day of treatment may be used as guidelines to predict the outcome of
      treatment.

PMID- 1820639
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of primaquine in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of primaquine were investigated in 8 healthy subjects (4
      males and 4 females). The volunteers received 15 mg base of primaquine daily for
      14 days. The results showed that the concentration-time profiles in whole blood
      and in plasma were similar. The mean values (+/- SD) of area under the curve
      (AUC) of the last dose were significantly decreased when compared to the values
      of the first dose both in whole blood and in plasma (909.96 +/- 603.07, 1,147.05
      +/- 684.8 ng.hr/ml respectively in whole blood with p = 0.007 and 1,255.11 +/-
      531.59, 1,603.66 +/- 505.45 ng.hr/ml respectively in plasma with p = 0.023). The
      decrease in the concentration-time profile of the last dose was due to
      enhancement of drug elimination with significant increase in clearance after the
      last dose (4.871 +/- 1.741 and 6.443 +/- 2.514 ml/min/kg respectively in whole
      blood with p = 0.007, 3.199 +/- 1.197 and 4.422 +/- 2.068 ml/min/kg respectively
      in plasma with p = 0.016).

PMID- 1820640
TI  - Double blind randomised clinical trial of two different regimens of oral
      artesunate in falciparum malaria.
AB  - A double blind randomized comparative trial of the efficacy of 7-day and 5-day
      courses of oral artesunate at 600 mg was studied in 89 Thai patients with
      uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eighty patients completed the 28-day follow-up
      period. Artesunate was found to be well tolerated in either regimen. There was an
      increase of 7% in the cure rate obtained from a 7-day regimen. In 43 patients
      with a 7-day regimen, the cure rate was 92.5% and 15 patients showed P. vivax in
      their peripheral blood between days 12 and 34. The mean fever and parasite
      clearance times were 20 and 40 hours, respectively. In 46 patients with a 5-day
      regimen, the cure rate was 85% and 8 patients showed P. vivax during days 13 and
      24. The mean fever and parasite clearance times were 29 and 40 hours,
      respectively. Although the cure rates of oral artesunate were high in both
      regimens, the efficacy was considered unsatisfactory since the aim of the
      treatment is to achieve 100% cure rate. We suggest however that the extension of
      the duration of treatment to 7 days together with the increase in total dose may
      improve therapeutic efficacy of artesunate in falciparum malaria.

PMID- 1820642
TI  - A simple technique for large scale in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The large scale in vitro cultivation method of Fairlamb et al (1985) was modified
      to contain human plasma-supplemented medium in HEPES buffer. After 4 days with no
      change of medium nor agitation of the culture flask, 27- to 50-fold increase in
      the starting parasitemia of trophozoites were obtained.

PMID- 1820641
TI  - Double blind randomised clinical trial of oral artesunate at once or twice daily
      dose in falciparum malaria.
AB  - A double blind randomised comparative trial of the efficacy of daily dose (200 mg
      as an initial dose followed by 100 mg daily for another 4 days) and twice daily
      dose (100 mg 12 hourly for 2 doses on the first day, followed by 50 mg 12 hourly
      for another 8 doses) regimens of oral artesunate at 600 mg was studied in 59 Thai
      patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Fifty patients had a complete 28
      day follow-up period. Both regimens produced similar efficacy with no difference
      in adverse effects. The patients with the daily artesunate regimen had mean fever
      and parasite clearance times of 20 and 40 hours, respectively. The cure rate was
      72%. Eight patients had recrudescence during days 15 to 28 while 8 showed P.
      vivax in their peripheral blood between days 12 and 21. The patients with the
      twice daily regimen had mean fever and parasite clearance time of 28 and 40
      hours, respectively. The cure rate was 76%. Six patients had recrudescence during
      days 15 and 27 while 7 showed P. vivax during days 12 and 23. We suggest that the
      duration of the treatment may be a more important factor determining the efficacy
      of artesunate rather than the frequency of the doses. Further studies based on
      pharmacokinetics are therefore needed to improve the cure rate to 100% to prevent
      the spread of P. falciparum, particularly in areas where there are high numbers
      of multi-drug resistant strains.

PMID- 1820643
TI  - The impact of a community based health education program on the incidence of
      diarrheal disease in southern Thailand.
AB  - This study has demonstrated that additional training of service providers
      [village health volunteers (VHVs), village health communicators (VHCs)] in
      combination with the mobilization of village leaders and influentials to promote
      selective preventive health behavior, can have a marked impact upon the effective
      practice of these behaviors and diarrheal incidence. Further, this impact can be
      achieved through the existing staff structure, ie, VHV/VHCs of the national
      health program. For example, increased contact between these service providers
      and mothers of children under 5 years through home visits and attendance at
      meetings held by the service providers, contributed positively to the practice of
      selected preventive behaviors. If the national program provided similar training
      inputs on the promotion of selected preventive behaviors and increased service
      provider contacts, the program's impact upon diarrheal disease would be enhanced.

PMID- 1820644
TI  - Effect of low birth weight on severe childhood diarrhea.
AB  - A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Phanat Nikhom District
      Hospital, Chon Buri Province, Thailand to determine the association between low
      birth weight and severe diarrhea and its magnitude of association among children
      under two years of age. Data were analyzed from 52 severe diarrheal cases and 121
      mild diarrheal children attending the hospital during October 1988 to December
      1989. Information regarding birth weight was obtained from hospital record or
      health care of each subject. Information on variables which may confound the
      association between low birth weight and severe diarrhea were also collected by
      interviewing all subjects' mothers with structured questionnaires. It was found
      that the crude Odds Ratio between low birth weight and severe diarrhea was 4.62.
      However after controlling for confounding variables: age, concurrent infection,
      duration of diarrheal attack prior attending hospital and ORT usage, the adjusted
      Odds Ratio was 3.92. The present study confirms that low birth weight is an
      important determinant of severe diarrhea and feasible intervention in the case of
      low birth weight needs to be explored.

PMID- 1820645
TI  - Dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever.
AB  - A nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kDa outer membrane
      protein of Salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever.
      Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgM and IgG antibodies with 4
      chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly
      visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers
      gave negative results. The detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in
      typhoid patients suggest either recent or current infection. Combined with the
      high specificity, reliability and rapidity of the test, the dot EIA technique
      provides a simple and useful method for the serodiagnosis of typhoid using a
      single serum specimen.

PMID- 1820646
TI  - A seroepidemiological study of hepatitis B amongst Fiji health care workers.
AB  - Hepatitis B immunization for health care workers is common policy in many
      countries where they constitute a particular at risk group. A seroepidemiological
      study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Fiji health care workers was conducted to
      determine whether this occupational group (or subgroups thereof) were at higher
      risk of infection than the general Fiji population. The purpose of this study was
      to ascertain whether health staff should be immunized, or whether it would be
      more productive to focus resources on neonatal immunization. Blood samples were
      obtained from 2,639 health workers and the sera analysed by radio-immunoassay for
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs).
      Prevalence rates of HBV markers of infection were compared with those observed in
      the general population, from a previous population-based cluster sample survey.
      Approximately 70% of the health care staff participated in the study. Prevalence
      of total HBV markers was 24%. The rate of HBsAg was 5%. Sex and ethnic group
      specific prevalence rates varied. Male subjects, Fijians and "other" Pacific
      Islanders all experienced higher rates of infection. Rural/urban and age related
      trends were also observed. Rates of infection in health staff were lower than
      those reported in the general population. Previous studies have indicated that
      most of the transmission of hepatitis B in hyperemdemic Pacific populations
      occurs at birth or within the next few years. There was no consistent pattern of
      hepatitis B infection in different occupational groups of health care workers.
      Certain relatively socially homogeneous subgroups of health workers were analysed
      separately, and among these health workers there was evidence for increased risk
      of infection due to exposure to blood or used hypodermic syringes, but not due to
      patient contact. Until health staff assume a higher risk of infection than the
      general Fijian population, efforts directed at community-wide control of
      hepatitis B continue to be the most appropriate use of resources.

PMID- 1820647
TI  - Intradermal hepatitis B virus immunization: immunogenicity and reactogenicity.
AB  - Mass immunization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in adults is frequently
      demanded. However the high cost of conventional immunization is an obstacle to
      the provision of this vaccine. We investigated the serological response and
      adverse reactions following administration of a low-dose (1 or 2 micrograms of
      yeast-derived HBV vaccine (HB-VAX II, Merck, Sharp and Dohme) intradermally in
      young adults. Each 1 ml dose of the vaccine contained 10 micrograms of HBsAg
      protein. The study population included 58 female volunteers, aged 20-33 years,
      who were serologically-negative for HBV. They were alternately allocated to 1
      microgram or 2 micrograms intradermal dose given by 2 experienced nurses as one
      or two 0.1 ml injections. Doses were given at 0, 1, and 6 months. Anti-HBs
      concentration was tested by enzyme-immunoassay on their sera obtained at 1, 6,
      and 7 months after the first dose. Positive seroconversion (anti-HBs greater than
      10 IU/1) at 7 months was found in 90% (95% CL 79%, 100%) of the 1 microgram group
      and 96% (95% CL 89%, 100%) of the 2 micrograms group. Local reaction, a transient
      pigmented macule with an underlying nodule, was found in most volunteers but did
      not bother them. Intradermal HBV immunization could be an alternative strategy
      for mass immunization in young adults.

PMID- 1820648
TI  - An investigation of hypertension in a slum of Nakhon Ratchasima.
AB  - There is evidence that Thai people living in slums may be at high risk of
      developing hypertension. The present study was undertaken on a random sample of
      1,000 subjects aged 20 and over living in a slum in Muang district of Nakhon
      Ratchasima during 1 February to 31 may 1988. This study consisted of measurements
      of blood pressure and body build, with administration of an interview on
      demographic characteristics, sociocultural factors and food frequency patterns.
      The results were based on 804 respondents. It was found that the prevalence of
      hypertension was 16.9%, nearly half of the hypertensives being mild cases. Only a
      low proportion of the proven cases was both aware of their condition and
      receiving treatment. About one fifth of the treated cases had blood pressure
      under 160 mm Hg systolic and 95 mm Hg diastolic. Based on these findings, it is
      concluded that these slum inhabitants are at high risk of developing
      hypertension. Community interventions are needed in order to prevent
      complications related to hypertension. Health education aimed at increasing
      community awareness of hypertension should be a major component of the community
      intervention.

PMID- 1820649
TI  - Menstrual blood loss and iron nutrition in Filipino women.
AB  - Menstrual blood loss was measured in 80 apparently healthy women aged 15-44
      years. The study showed a median menstrual blood loss of 37.1 ml per period and
      the range was from 5.4-169.0 ml. With an average menstrual cycle of 29 days and a
      mean hemoglobin content of 12.8 g/dl the average iron loss was estimated to be
      about 0.55 mg/day. The simultaneous effects of menstrual iron loss and dietary
      iron intake on the iron status of menstruating women were examined using multiple
      regression analysis. The parameters used to measure iron status were serum iron,
      transferrin saturation index (TSI), hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin
      concentration (MCHC). Among these parameters, TSI was found to be the most
      sensitive indicator of changes in factors affecting iron balance moreover, it was
      found that with greater menstrual loss and decreasing iron intake, there was a
      marked fall in TSI. However, the decline of TSI did not reach a level at which
      deficiency of iron transport would have occurred. These results suggest that iron
      intake was enough to replenish the iron lost in menstruation. Results of
      statistical analysis showed that the upper limit of menstrual blood loss should
      be about 80 ml per period. Any loss above this level for continuously long period
      of time may lead to anemia. This condition is further aggravated by insufficient
      iron intake. The data from this study are useful in estimating the recommended
      dietary allowance (RDA) for iron for menstruating Filipino women. They will also
      serve as a basis of management of patients in medical practice in terms of
      evaluating risk of and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia.

PMID- 1820650
TI  - Replacement patterns of Ascaris lumbricoides populations in Filipino children.
AB  - The replacement patterns of Ascaris lumbricoides worm populations were
      investigated by complete deworming of 150 Filipino children (0-14 years old) from
      both urban and rural barangays and analyzing the age distribution of the 2,072
      adult worms (939 males and 1,133 females) obtained, based on Seo's (1983)
      regression equation relating length to age. It was observed that most worm
      populations followed a periodic pattern of replenishment. This supports the
      general practice of periodic anthelminthic campaigns. However, there seems to be
      a tendency for moderate and heavy cases to follow a continuous replacement
      pattern as evidenced by shorter time intervals between generations and wider age
      ranges. The data suggest that periodic deworming schedules may not be appropriate
      in areas where cases are predominantly of higher intensity. In such situations,
      control and/or eradication can probably be achieved only if chemotherapy is
      applied more frequently and supplementary health education and environmental
      modification measures are provided.

PMID- 1820651
TI  - A survey of epidemiology of Gnathostoma hispidum and experimental studies of its
      larvae in animals.
AB  - The present study is concerned with a survey of the epidemiology and infectivity
      of Gnathostoma hispidum larvae in animals. A total or 3,478 pigs were examined in
      Hongze-Lake, Jiangsu; Po-Lake, Anhui; and Jiujiang, in Jiangxi Province. The
      infection rate of G. hispidum in pigs was 14.9%. The prevalence in pigs in the
      lake districts (26.4%) was considerably higher than in the mountainous districts
      (5.1%). The results of field surveys and experimental studies revealed that in
      China, 38 animal species served as the first and the second intermediate hosts
      and paratenic hosts of G. hispidum. Among them, 23 species (6 cyclops, 13 fish, 2
      frogs and one each of snake and bird) were similar to the hosts of G. spinigerum.
      Carnivorous fish, frogs and rodents are an important infection source for
      gnathostomiasis. Experiments demonstrated that Macaca mulatta was successfully
      infected with the early 3rd-stage larvae from cyclops or the advanced 3rd-stage
      larvae from fish. The domestic cat and white rat were experimentally infected by
      skin penetration by advanced 3rd-stage larvae of G. hispidum obtained from fish;
      the results of the test were all positive. The survey of epidemiology and biology
      of G. hispidum and G. spinigerum were quite similar, so the authors consider that
      humans may be infected by G. hispidum.

PMID- 1820652
TI  - Studies on the control of hookworm and other soil-transmitted helminthiases in
      farmers in Zhejiang Province, China.
AB  - Different periodic selective chemotherapeutic schemes were used to control
      hookworm and other soil-transmitted helminthiases in eight villages in five
      counties in Zhejiang Province, China, 1985-1988. The results showed that the
      prevalence rates of hookworm, ascariasis, and trichuriasis decreased from 35.0
      74.4%, 47.0-.76% and 22.9-47.5% to 3.2-15.8%, 9.9-47.8%, and 3.5-31.2%,
      respectively, using pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg for 1-2 days) or albendazole (400
      mg for 1-2 days, once or twice a year for 2-3 years). The eggs per gram of feces
      of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura also dropped markedly after control.
      Moreover, the mean hemoglobin levels of sampled populations increased after
      several treatments. The authors recommend periodic selective chemotherapy as the
      main method to control soil-transmitted helminthiases, especially hookworm
      infections.

PMID- 1820653
TI  - Comparative studies on the morphology of the eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini and
      lecithodendriid trematodes.
AB  - Iodine staining and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the
      morphological features distinguishing Opisthorchis viverrini from lecithodendriid
      eggs in human feces. The embryonated eggs of lecithodendriid trematodes differ
      from O. viverrini by the presence of an iodophilic body, a large mass at the
      posterior end of miracidium that stains brown in 0.2% iodine solution and the
      curved miracidium of Phaneropsolus bonnei. All forms of lecithodendriid eggs can
      be differentiated from those of O. viverrini by a set of morphological features
      of the shell surface, the knob, the operculum, the shoulder, the shape and size.
      On the basis of these differences, it is possible to perform differential egg
      counts.

PMID- 1820654
TI  - Eggshell morphology of the small eggs of human trematodes in Thailand.
AB  - Light and scanning electron micrographs of Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis
      taichui, H. pumilio, A Phaneropsolus bonnei, and Prosthodendrium molenkampi eggs
      were studied. Under light microscopy. O. viverrini eggs had rough eggshells and
      prominent shoulders. H. taichui, H. pumilio were similar in shape and had smooth
      eggshells and prominent shoulders. H. pumilio eggs were bigger than H. taichui
      eggs. P. bonnei and P. molenkampi eggs had smooth eggshells and indistinct
      shoulders. P. bonnei eggs were thinner and bigger than P. molenkampi eggs. Some
      deformed eggs of O. viverrini and Haplorchis sp. were found and they had no
      embryos and indistinct opercula. Under scanning electron microscopy, O. viverrini
      eggs looked like musk-melon skin; they had prominent shoulders and long knobs. H.
      taichui eggs had curly, thread-like ridges and prominent shoulders and knobs. H.
      pumilio eggs had streched ridges, like Chinese bitter mormodica, and prominent
      shoulders. P. bonnei and P. molenkampi eggs had smooth eggshells and small
      shoulders and knobs.

PMID- 1820655
TI  - Factors affecting laboratory acclimatization of field collected Lymnaea
      (Bullastra) cumingiana Pfeiffer (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae).
AB  - Lymnaea (Bullastra) cumingiana, the newly discovered natural second intermediate
      host of Echinostoma malayanum in the Philippines, is a sensitive and delicate
      lymnaeid species which requires certain conditions for successful transport from
      the field and cultivation in the laboratory. Field collected specimens were found
      to be best transported in styrofoam containers lined with wet filter paper or
      containing natural substrate and vegetation instead of Sphagnum moss. The method
      is convenient and produces a survival rate of 73-86%. However, transport time is
      crucial and mortality increases the longer the snails are in transit. For optimal
      results in laboratory acclimatization, snails are best raised in wide-mouthed
      containers providing a large exposed water surface area. Adequate aeration is
      advised but vigorous bubbling of the water should be avoided. Water should be
      replaced with filtered dechlorinated water every 2 to 3 days, depending on water
      quality. A combination of fresh lettuce leaves and a few flakes of fish food was
      found to be ideal. Lastly, population density was the most significant factor
      affecting survival and so overcrowding should be avoided.

PMID- 1820656
TI  - Evaluation the enzyme immunosorbent assay IDEIA test detecting Chlamydia
      trachomatis in cervix.
AB  - A total of 87 cervical specimens of unselected female sex workers in massage
      parlors were tested by an enzyme amplified immunoassay IDEIA Chlamydia test and
      cell culture for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis. The prevalence of C.
      trachomatis was 28 (32%) cases and 34 (39%) cases by the cell culture and the
      IDEIA Chlamydia test respectively. The IDEIA Chlamydia test demonstrated the
      sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 83% respectively, positive and negative
      predictive values of 70.5% and 92.4% respectively.

PMID- 1820657
TI  - Detection of IgM antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid and sera of dengue fever
      patients.
AB  - During the dengue epidemic from late 1987 to 1989, 6 specimens of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) and sera for IgM detection were collected from 4 cases virologically
      confirmed dengue patients who had neural symptoms. Another 20 serum specimens,
      which had been diagnosed as dengue infection either virologically or
      serologically, were sent to the laboratory from Kaohsiung Medical College
      Hospital. All these specimens were also taken to detect the existence of IgM. The
      results showed that IgM could be detected from 14 out of 20 serum specimens. One
      of the positive specimens showed IgM can last up to 252 days after onset of
      illness. In addition, IgM was detected from both CSF and sera of all four dengue
      patients with neural symptoms. The IgM titer in CSF (less than or equal to 1:20)
      was always lower than that in serum (greater than or equal to 1:80). Two cases
      with sequentially collected specimens showed the fading of IgM titer in CSF. As a
      matter of fact, it became undetectable about a month after onset of illness,
      which is apparently different from the situation in serum.

PMID- 1820658
TI  - Low osmolar (non-ionic) contrast media versus high osmolar (ionic) contrast media
      in intravenous urography and enhanced computerized tomography: a cost
      effectiveness analysis.
AB  - The cost-effectiveness of three alternative policies for the use of intravenous
      contrast media for urography and enhanced computerized tomography (CT) are
      analyzed. Alternative #1 is to use high osmolar contrast media (HOCM) in all
      patients, the historical policy. Alternative #2 is to replace it with low osmolar
      contrast media (LOCM) in all patients. Alternative #3 is to use LOCM only in the
      high risk patients. Data on the 6,242 patients who underwent intravenous
      urography and enhanced CT at the Department of Radiology, Chulalongkorn Hospital
      in 1989 were used. Both societal and hospital viewpoints were analyzed. The
      incremental cost-effectiveness (ICE) between #2 and #1 was 26,739 Baht (US$1,070)
      per healthy day saved (HDS), while the ICE between #3 and #1 was 12,057 Baht
      (US$482) per HDS. For fatal cases only, ICE between #2 and #1 was 35,111 Baht
      (US$1,404) per HDS, while the ICE between #3 and #1 was 18,266 Baht (US$731) per
      HDS. The incremental cost (IC) per patient was 2,341 Baht (US$94) and 681 Baht
      (US$27) respectively. For the hospital viewpoint the ICE between #2 and #1 was
      13,744 (US$550) and between #3 and #1 was 6,127 Baht (US$245) per HDS. The IC per
      patient was 1,203 Baht (US$48) and 346 Baht (US$14), respectively. From the
      sensitivity analysis, #3 should be used if the LOCM price is reduced more than
      75% (equal to 626 Baht or less) and more than 80% of the patients are able to pay
      for the contrast media.

PMID- 1820659
TI  - Myeloid leukemoid reaction in malaria infection.

PMID- 1820660
TI  - "Yellow nail syndrome" and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A nail dystrophy characterized by the slow growth of nails and their yellowish
      discoloration, the so-called yellow nail syndrome (YNS), has been associated with
      various conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We reviewed the histories
      of RA patients reported in the literature and our own cases. Most of the RA
      patients with YNS had been treated with the anti-rheumatic agents D-penicillamine
      and bucillamine. In non-treated patients, spontaneous YNS was very rare. However,
      pulmonary diseases, edema and other systemic complications were frequently
      observed in both drug-induced and spontaneous YNS associated with RA. Although
      the nail changes and systemic complications are probably due to different causes
      in drug-induced YNS, a careful search for systemic complications are necessary in
      patients who develop nail changes. The exact mechanism of nail growth retardation
      is not understood in patients with YNS, including those with drug-induced YNS.
      The nail changes in the latter were not associated with deficiencies of inorganic
      elements in either nails or sera.

PMID- 1820661
TI  - Neuroradiological findings of paretic neurosyphilis, a case report.
AB  - Neuroradiological findings of a patient with paretic neurosyphilis are described.
      A 50-year-old male patient showed personality changes, severe dementia and some
      neurological deficits. Serological analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid
      demonstrated the presence of antibodies to Treponema pallidum. Computed
      tomography showed diffuse cerebral cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation,
      and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed some small abnormal signals in the
      white matter. Single photon emission tomography using [123I] N-isopropyl-p
      iodoamphetamine (IMP-SPECT) indicated decreased activities, most markedly in the
      right frontal and bitemporal cortices. Although the neuroradiological findings
      were nonspecific, the MR imaging and IMP-SPECT findings were interesting because
      they have not been described previously to our knowledge.

PMID- 1820662
TI  - Regional and subcellular distribution of ascorbate free radical reductase
      activity in the human lens.
AB  - This paper reports that the human lens is endowed with a characteristic regional
      and subcellular distribution of ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase (EC
      1.6.5.4) activity, and it is associated with the soluble fraction of the lens
      protein. AFR reductase activity in either immature senile cataractous or
      transparent lens was higher in the cortex, where the level of insoluble protein
      is lower, than in the nucleus. The high reductase activity and low insoluble
      protein content of the cortex were comparable between the assayed cataractous and
      transparent lenses. In the nucleus, in contrast, the reductase activity tended to
      decrease with an increase in the level of insoluble protein and with the
      development of nuclear coloration (sclerosis). As for the subcellular
      distribution of AFR reductase activity, 70-90% of the enzyme activity in the lens
      was located in the cytosol fraction. Based on the above results, it was proposed
      that cytosolic free radicals may be involved in oxidation, coloration and
      aggregation of lens protein in senile cataractogenesis and in lens aging.

PMID- 1820663
TI  - Phosphorus-31 NMR spectra by the linear prediction z-transform method.
AB  - The linear prediction z-transform method (LPZAR) was applied to estimate 31P NMR
      spectra of perfused rat hearts. The spectra obtained by the LPZAR method showed
      sharper peaks with less noise for phosphate concentrations than those obtained by
      conventional fast Fourier transform. The LPZAR method provided a better
      estimation of intracellular phosphate concentrations in short acquisition time
      experiments in which condition Fourier transform spectra are not suitable for the
      quantification due to the poor resolution of FFT spectra. Utilizing the LPZAR
      method, rapid changes in phosphoric metabolites of the heart can be monitored
      during ischemia followed by reperfusion.

PMID- 1820664
TI  - No increase in antibodies to six food antigens in Japanese patients with IgA
      nephropathy.
AB  - It has been postulated that mucosa-related antigens are involved in the
      development of IgA nephropathy. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether
      food antigens have any relation to IgA nephropathy in Japan. Sera from 15
      patients with IgA nephropathy and 15 healthy controls were examined using an
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody titers were
      measured against six food-derived antigens, i.e. rice, soy bean paste, soy sauce,
      egg yolk, egg white and gluten, all of which are frequently found in the ordinary
      Japanese diet. No significant differences between patients and controls were
      found. It was concluded that food antigens appear to have little, if any,
      relation to IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 1820665
TI  - A study on the origins of urinary serotonin and tryptamine.
AB  - A sensitive gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass
      spectrometric (GC/NICIMS) method was devised and by using deuterated L-tryptophan
      3,3-d2(Trp-d2) as a tracer, the detailed in vivo metabolism of serotonin (5-HT)
      and tryptamine (TA) was investigated. A human was administered orally with 10
      mg/kg Trp-d2 and rats were injected intra-peritoneally with 50 mg/kg Trp-d2. The
      ratios of the level of 5-HT-d2 derived from Trp-d2 to that of endogenous 5-HT-d0
      and that of TA-d2 to that of TA-d0 were measured in urine and some organs of rats
      at times up to 4 hr after administration. It is concluded that urinary excretion
      of 5-HT might reflect its turnover in the central nervous system and that of TA
      might reflect its peripheral turnover.

PMID- 1820666
TI  - Seroepidemiology of anti-Entamoeba histolytica antibody by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay in the greater Tokyo area.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibody against
      Entamoeba histolytica was used in a survey to determine the prevalence of E.
      histolytica infection in the greater Tokyo area. Serum samples were collected
      from 1,869 randomly chosen, symptom-free volunteers (1,645 males and 224
      females). Seventeen individuals (0.91%), 14 males and three females, had ELISA
      values that were interpreted as positive. The calculated histogram of the anti-E.
      histolytica IgG values, after logarithmic transformation of the original skewed
      values, revealed a normal (Gaussian) distribution. It was also found that the
      results of the ELISA were closely correlated with those obtained by an indirect
      immunofluorescent assay (IFA).

PMID- 1820667
TI  - Use of DI-S and CPITN as predictors in dental caries studies in the primary
      dentition.
AB  - The DI-S (simplified oral debris index), CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of
      Treatment Needs) and dmfs (dental caries experience in the primary dentition were
      recorded in 395 5-year-old black children living in rural and urban areas of
      Southern Africa. The DI-S and CPITN were grouped, independently and together, to
      examine their use as simple field methods of predicting dental caries. For each
      grouping the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictor values
      were calculated. A CPITN grouping of 0 or of two or more sextants with bleeding,
      provided the most convenient specificity, sensitivity and predictor values. It is
      recommended that this simple method should now be used in prospective studies of
      caries activity.

PMID- 1820668
TI  - [Attitude of a group of South Africans toward advertising by dentists in private
      practice].
AB  - The advertising of dental services in South Africa is controlled by rules and
      regulations of the South African Medical and Dental Council. According to these,
      advertising is not permissible with the exception of specified professional
      information which may be made known only by means of a nameplate and an entry in
      a telephone directory. Questionnaires were sent to a randomised sample of 2,100
      persons in order to determine the attitude of South Africans towards advertising
      by private practitioners. According to information obtained from this study there
      is a strong indication that consumers of dental services prefer a freer form of
      advertising by dentists in the private practice.

PMID- 1820669
TI  - Bond strength of glass ionomer cement to composite resin.
AB  - This report assesses the effect of acid etching, acid etching plus bonding
      adhesive and bonding adhesive only, on the bond strength of one light curing and
      two chemical curing glass ionomer cements (GICs) to composite resin. Bonded
      specimens were fractured using a three point flexural jig. The only bond obtained
      with the chemically curing cements was after acid etching and bonding adhesive
      application. The light curing cements produced a bond with all treatments but a
      true cohesive fracture was only obtained after application of the dentine primer
      and bonding adhesive of the particular bonding system employed. It is recommended
      that a bonding adhesive be applied after acid etching chemically curing GICs in
      order to achieve a bond to composite resin. The light curing GIC should not be
      etched with phosphoric acid and is the material of choice as it is both stronger
      and less technique sensitive than the chemically curing GICs. Manufacturers'
      instructions may not always give the best results.

PMID- 1820670
TI  - Effect of impression technique and multiple pours on accuracy of stone models.
AB  - The number of accurate repour models obtainable from a single impression is of
      clinical importance. This study was designed to compare the accuracy of initial
      and repour models obtained from an impression recorded in a hydrophilic addition
      curing silicone and to determine whether or not this accuracy is affected by the
      impression technique employed and whether any interaction between impression
      techniques and levels of pour existed. The laminated and putty wash plus spacer
      techniques were employed. Six impressions were recorded of a brass master model
      with each technique. Improved stone models were poured after 2 hours and then
      repoured in the same impression at 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours. Thus, 30 models were
      poured with each impression technique. Using a reflex microscope, measurements
      between two fixed points on the brass model were taken and compared with similar
      measurements obtained from the stone models. The analysis of variance indicates
      that no significant difference exists between impression techniques (p greater
      than 0.05) and between the first pour and first repour model (p greater than
      0.05). With the material tested, this study indicates that the laminated and
      putty wash plus spacer techniques both give accurate impressions and that only
      two accurate models can be poured.

PMID- 1820671
TI  - Oral health status and treatment needs of black college students at Khayelitsha.
AB  - Descriptive information on the oral health status and treatment needs of black
      students at a teacher training college in Khayelitsha was collected to facilitate
      the planning of appropriate preventive and therapeutic programmes. A random
      sample of 96 subjects was drawn from the college population. The average age of
      the group was 27.3 years; 83.3 per cent were females and 90.6 per cent had
      experienced caries. The mean DMFT was high (11.14), the mean score for males was
      almost half that for females (p = 0.0247). 54.2 per cent needed treatment for
      caries such as fillings (47.9 per cent) and extractions (25.0 per cent). No
      students had shallow pocketing and deep pockets were recorded in only 3.4 per
      cent. However more than 4 segments on average showed signs of bleeding or higher
      scores for periodontal disease. A significant difference existed between the
      sexes for the presence of calculus (p less than 0.005). Oral hygiene instruction
      and prophylaxis were needed by the majority of students namely 92.1 per cent and
      70.8 per cent respectively. The high number of students with bleeding and
      calculus indicates that an intensive program of oral health education is required
      by this group.

PMID- 1820672
TI  - [Use of model answers in evaluating reliability of written tests].
AB  - The use of model answers (memoranda) for the evaluation at tertiary level of
      written test or examination papers generally is not considered important. Model
      answers, however, set standardized criteria according to which they can be
      evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of a
      model answer on rater reliability during the evaluation of written test papers in
      Community Dentistry. Fifteen official written test papers were randomly selected.
      The papers were photocopied and handed to four evaluators namely, the author of
      the question paper and model answer, an educational expert (calibrated non
      dentist) who was given a model answer and two subject experts (specialist and
      registrar) of whom one was given a model answer and was calibrated. The marks of
      each evaluator were correlated with those of the author of the question paper by
      means of Spearman's reliability co-efficient. Based on the marks allocated,
      interrater reliability between the lecturer and calibrated evaluators using a
      model answer ranged between 0.65 and 0.86 and the evaluations done without a
      memorandum or calibration gave a r-value of 0.59 (p less than 0.02). Although the
      quality of the memorandum is an important consideration, this study shows that
      the use of a model answer and calibration results in a distinct improvement in
      rater reliability.

PMID- 1820673
TI  - Corrosion of five different dental amalgams.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the gamma-2 presence in two South
      African amalgams (Amalgaphase and Silvalloy) and to compare this data with that
      obtained from tests on a well-known gamma-2 containing amalgam (Amalcap) and on
      two products with a reportedly low gamma-2 content (Dispersalloy and Permite-C).
      Samples were prepared according to standard ISO procedures in special sample
      holders. The rotating disc electrode technique (similar to the technique
      described by Gal-Or, Bruckenstein and Carter, 1978) was used to determine the
      presence of gamma-2. All samples were evaluated after one and again after nine
      days. Results indicated that only Dispersalloy displayed no reaction at day one;
      in other words no gamma-2 could be detected after 24 hours. All other amalgams
      showed a definite peak on the polarization plot between -200 and -250 mV
      indicating electrochemical activity (corrosion) in that region. On day nine, only
      Amalcap (the gamma-2 containing amalgam) still exhibited a reaction peak.
      Thorough clinical studies will have to be undertaken to evaluate the durability
      of the South African products.

PMID- 1820674
TI  - [Fluoride concentration in drinking water in small villages in the Cape
      province].
AB  - The purpose of the study was to update existing tables on the fluoride content of
      drinking water and thereby help curb its fluoride overdose from the use of
      fluoride containing tablets. The fluoride concentration in the drinking water of
      57 villages in the Cape Province was determined by a combination fluoride ion
      selective electrode. This investigation showed that the number of available water
      sources decreased as follows: boreholes greater than dams greater than fountains
      = canals. Furthermore, boreholes contained more fluoride in the drinking water
      than fountains, dams or canals (p less than 0.10). Five out of 41 boreholes have
      less than or equal to 0.10 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the drinking
      water, while 17 out of 26 dams, 4 out of 13 rivers and 3 out of 5 fountains and
      canals contained less than or equal to 0.10 ppm fluoride.

PMID- 1820675
TI  - [Evaluation of Tenoxicam for control of postoperative pain and swelling following
      surgical removal of impacted molars].
AB  - This study reports on the efficacy of a single preoperative administration of
      Tenoxicam (20 mg intramuscular) after removal of two or more impacted molars. The
      recording of postoperative pain and swelling on a categorical and linear scale
      showed that there were no significant differences between the experimental and
      control groups. However, a significant reduction in pain was noted on the first
      postoperative day. We concluded that a single dose of Tenoxicam administered one
      hour preoperatively did have a significant analgesic effect, even though there
      was no significant reduction in postoperative swelling. Patients who did not have
      the injection had a 5.37 greater change of having more postoperative pain than
      those who were injected with Tenoxicam.

PMID- 1820676
TI  - A canine with a problem: a case report.

PMID- 1820678
TI  - [Cervical pharyngostomy: feeding method for patients with severe facial trauma].
AB  - A pharyngostomy is an alternative feeding method for patients with severe facial
      trauma where prolonged feeding is indicated. Oro- and nasogastric feeding are the
      other more well-known methods. A special intubation instrument has been developed
      to facilitate blunt dissection of cervical tissue and placement of the feeding
      tube. This particular technique and instrument has been used in 11 cases. The
      main aim and advantage of this technique is that the nasal and oral cavity can be
      kept clear of tubes which are a source of irritation and discomfort
      postoperatively in areas of extensive facial trauma.

PMID- 1820677
TI  - [Fluoride status of a community and fluoride concentration in its drinking
      water].
AB  - Despite the low fluoride (F) content of the drinking water (less than 0.05 mg/l),
      an optimum to above optimum daily F intake was shown for the community in
      Tshikundamalema (Republic of Venda, Southern Africa). In order to evaluate the
      biological availability of fluoride in the diet, the assimilation of the fluoride
      ion in enamel was tested. Six age groups (selected according to WHO criteria)
      consisting of 10 individuals each were used in the study. Enamel biopsies (2N
      HCl0(4); 3,143 mm2; 8 seconds) were conducted on the mid-labial surfaces of the
      central maxillary incisors. The fluoride concentrations of the etching solutions
      were analyzed according to the potentiometric analytical method. The calcium
      concentrations were determined by means of a flame spectrophotometer. The F
      content of the outer 10 microns in the enamel of the community was examined in
      relation to the total daily intake of fluoride for the community. The results
      obtained from the study showed that, the F content of the enamel of the community
      (x = 1,133 pg/micrograms; 10 microns depth of etch) correlated with the F intake
      of the community (x = 3.15 mg F/day). Thus the F content of the diet was
      biologically available to the body. However, between age groups and sexes, no
      correlation could be found between the fluoride status and the fluoride intake.

PMID- 1820679
TI  - A classification of palatal osseous alveolar marginal exostoses--POAMES.
AB  - The bony palates of 1,122 dentate dry human skulls were examined for Palatal
      Osseous Alveolar Marginal Exostoses (POAMES). Four types of POAMES were
      identified, namely ridges, ledges, nodular exostoses and a combination of these.

PMID- 1820680
TI  - A caries preventive programme for Robertson school children--baseline data.
AB  - This study describes the baseline caries experience of a cohort school children
      in the Robertson area who were selected to take part in a longterm school-based
      preventive programme. On the whole baseline DMFT values for the various age
      groups did not differ significantly except for the 13-year-olds at Vergesig who
      had significantly higher values than those obtained at the other two schools. The
      D-component predominated with a moderate M-component and no filled teeth. The
      teeth at risk for the respective age groups did not differ significantly between
      the schools. The frequency of caries experience decreased from the molars to the
      central incisors except for the canines which were least vulnerable. The DMFT
      values were high and warrant the search for the most suitable preventive measures
      to facilitate reduction towards the WHO goal of 3 for 12-year-olds by the year
      2000.

PMID- 1820681
TI  - Densitometric evaluation of four rapid dental film processing solutions.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate densitometrically four rapid processing
      solutions for dental films; also to identify those combinations of film, solution
      and temperature which produced the best results in terms of radiographic contrast
      and relative film speed at a given temperature. The film types used were Agfa
      Dentus M2, Flow X-ray and Kodak Ultra-speed while the rapid processing solutions
      tested were Kolchem Rapid Dev 1, Kolchem Rapid Dev 2, MEMS Ultra-Neg and Siemens
      Insta-Neg. An aluminium step-wedge was radiographed under standardized
      conditions. Processing was done manually at 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29 and 32 degrees
      C, the temperatures being controlled with the aid of two Julabo thermostatically
      controlled immersion circulators, to ensure constant temperatures. Unexposed
      films were processed at each temperature setting to determine base plus fog
      values. Densitometric readings were taken using a digital densitometer, and base
      plus fog values were subtracted from each reading. Radiographic contrast and
      relative film speed were calculated and the data obtained subjected to
      statistical analysis using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. It was concluded that
      Agfa Dentus M2 film processed with Kolchem Rapid Dev 2 at 18 degrees C gave the
      highest radiographic contrast of 0.44 and relative film speed of 4.36. All base
      plus fog values were within the acceptable limit of 0.25.

PMID- 1820682
TI  - Frequency and distribution of palatal osseous alveolar marginal exostoses-
      POAMES.
AB  - 1,272 human skulls were examined for frequency and distribution of POAMES-
      palatal osseous alveolar marginal exostoses. The sample consisted of Blacks,
      Mixed, Whites and Chinese as well as adult edentulous and dentate child skulls.
      POAMES were most prevalent between 35 and 45 years of age, appeared most commonly
      in the maxillary third molar region, followed by the second and first molar
      region, occurred most frequently bilateraly and were least prevalent in Blacks.
      The overall prevalence of POAMES was 14.5 per cent with a female to male ratio of
      1:3,5. Ridge POAMES occurred most frequently, followed by combined, ledge and the
      nodular exostose types. It did not occur in children or edentulous adults.

PMID- 1820684
TI  - Signal transduction.

PMID- 1820683
TI  - An adaptation of the Moyers mixed dentition space analysis for a Western Cape
      Caucasian population.
AB  - 200 dental plaster casts of Western Cape Caucasoid subjects, all of whom were
      under the age of 21 years, were used in this study. Mesio-distal measurements (MD
      lengths) were obtained of all the teeth, disregarding the third molars. This data
      was used to develop regression equations, for maxillary and for mandibular
      arches, to enable the prediction of the mesio-distal lengths of the canine and
      two premolars. The study identified the sum of the MD lengths of the permanent
      lower incisors as the best predictor. It appears that separate predictions for
      male and female are not warranted. The equations and the predicted values were
      compared with those of Moyers (1973 and 1988) and some significant differences
      were found. The Prediction Tables will be useful in analysis of the mixed
      dentition phase in patients from this population group.

PMID- 1820685
TI  - Regulation of p21ras activity.
AB  - The ras genes encode GTP/GDP-binding proteins that participate in mediating
      mitogenic signals from membrane tyrosine kinases to downstream targets. The
      activity of p21ras is determined by the concentration of GTP-p21ras, which is
      tightly regulated by a complex array of positive and negative control mechanisms.
      GAP and NF1 can negatively regulate p21ras activity by stimulating hydrolysis of
      GTP bound to p21ras. Other cellular factors can positively regulate p21ras by
      stimulating GDP/GTP exchange.

PMID- 1820686
TI  - Drosophila abl and genetic redundancy in signal transduction.
AB  - Genetic studies on Drosophila Abl and, more recently, on mouse c-Abl and c-Src
      indicate that the functions of these non-receptor tyrosine kinases may duplicate
      activities of other molecules within signal transduction pathways. In Drosophila,
      second-site mutations have been recovered that disrupt the redundant functions so
      that the Abl tyrosine kinase is essential to the formation of axonal connections
      in the embryonic central nervous system and for attachment of embryonic muscles
      to the body wall. Molecular isolation and analysis of the genes identified by
      these second-site mutations should define the molecular basis for the genetic
      redundancy.

PMID- 1820687
TI  - Developmental control by the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog DER.
AB  - The identification of receptor tyrosine kinases in Drosophila has provided an
      opportunity to study the requirement for these proteins during the development of
      a multicellular organism. Genetic analysis of the function of the Drosophila
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor homolog (DER) has revealed an extremely
      diverse set of roles for this protein throughout the life cycle of the organism,
      for example in eye development and in the establishment of dorsoventral polarity
      in the oocyte. We discuss the possible basis for the pleiotropic activity of DER,
      and the similarities and differences in the function of the homologous proteins
      in other invertebrates and vertebrates.

PMID- 1820689
TI  - [Primary risk of hemorrhage due to esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients:
      significance of the associated endoscopic signs and hepatic functional reserve].
AB  - Significance of endoscopic findings associated to esophageal varices (Japanese
      Research Society for Portal Hypertension) and hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pough
      classification) as predictive factors of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients
      is analyzed. In a cooperative prospective experience 137 cirrhotic patients with
      esophageal varices were examined in the period May 1987/89: 83 out of them had
      never bled from their varices (VENS group) while 54 recently had (VES group). A
      highly significative association was found between variceal size over 3 mm (grade
      II-III) and bleeding: 96.3% vs. 34.9% in VENS group (p = 0.01); similar
      association was found with regard to endoscopic detection of "red signs": 92.6%
      in bleeding group vs. 20.5% in VENS one (p = 0.01). "Red signs" were found on
      grade II-III varices in 98.5% of cases, and this association were related to
      variceal bleeding in 75.5%. Hepatic dysfunction was not directly related to
      bleeding episodes but "red signs" endoscopic detection in VENS group increased
      with liver function deterioration: 9.1% in Child A class, 27.3% in Child B, and
      41.2% in Child C (p = 0.01). The strong association founded between bleeding and
      both grade II-III variceal size and "red signs" detection, suggest the
      possibility to identify a high risk group of cirrhotic patients candidate to
      prophylactic methodologies.

PMID- 1820688
TI  - The DVR gene family in embryonic development.
AB  - The DVR gene family consists of at least 15 members, including decapentaplegic
      from Drosophila, Xenopus Vg1 and the mammalian bone morphogenetic protein genes,
      encoding secreted proteins closely related to transforming growth factor beta
      Genetic and biochemical evidence supports the idea that DVR proteins form part of
      a cascade of extracellular signalling molecules mediating inductive tissue
      interactions during development.

PMID- 1820691
TI  - [Benign esophageal stenosis from the gastroenterologist's point of view].

PMID- 1820690
TI  - [Gastric leiomyosarcoma in adolescence. Report of a case. Review of the subject].
AB  - We present the clinical case of a 16 year old patient with an "epithelioid
      leiomyosarcoma" (malignant leiomyoblastoma) diagnosis. Taking into consideration
      the rarity of this diagnosis in this age group, we review this case from the
      clinical and bibliographical point of view.

PMID- 1820692
TI  - [Esophageal pathology in patients with the AIDS virus. Etiology and diagnosis].
AB  - From 180 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and followed
      up for one year, 17 cases (9.44%) were referred to detect oesophageal pathology.
      They were prospectively analyzed through fibroscopy, radiology, biopsies for
      histopathology, virology and mycology and brush cytology. Most frequent symptoms
      were dysphagia. Odynophagia and retrosternal pain, usually associated, and not
      providing an accurate diagnostic clue. The most common causes of symptoms were
      oesophageal candidiasis (47.70%), and herpetic ulcers (23.52%) caused by herpes
      simplex virus (HSV) type 2. Reflux pathology was also found (11.76%).
      Cytomegalovirus, other opportunistic infections and tumors were not detected.
      Seven (64%) of the eleven patients with oesophageal candidiasis also had oral
      involvement. Four (66%) of six oesophageal ulcers were herpetic; two of them
      (50%) showed oral ulcers too, and one (25%) had perioral herpetic blisters.
      Almost in every case endoscopic features allowed diagnosis. Endoscopy in
      candidiasis showed isolated or confluent white plaques of variable grade.
      Herpetic ulcers, alone or multiple, were deep with slightly elevated borders.
      Radiology yielded a poor diagnostic profit (50%), specially in case of multiple
      lesions. Cytology was highly specific and sensitive (both 90.9%) and suggested
      viral etiology in 100% of HSV patients. Histopathology was less sensitive than
      endoscopy and cytology (73% in candida and one HSV non-ulcer case). Both,
      cytology and histopathology showed koilocytosis in herpetic virus infected
      patients. The studies performed allowed to change the HIV disease stage in ten
      patients (62.5%) and to diagnose AIDS in seven (43.75%). In every case medical
      behavior was oriented or changed by these studies.

PMID- 1820693
TI  - Sucralfate in the prevention of acute gastric lesions induced by ischemia
      reperfusion.
AB  - The role of Sucralfate in prevention of acute gastric injuries and its comparison
      with free radicals blockers as Allopurinol, Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor and
      Superoxide Dismutase was studied in the ischemia-reperfusion model by total
      occlusion of the celiac axis in Wistar rats. In control rats, the gross gastric
      mucosal necrotic area was of 80%; in contrast, the antioxidant drugs resulted in
      a necrotic area of 7%-15% and Sucralfate resulted in a necrotic area of only a
      4%. It was concluded that Sucralfate, as antioxidant-cytoprotective drug, by
      enhancing the gastric defensive barrier was more important than the secondary
      aggression induced by free radicals.

PMID- 1820694
TI  - Serum copper in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
AB  - Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is characterised by clinical and
      biochemical fluctuations and further diagnostic tools are required. The aim of
      this study was to investigate serum copper and copper oxidase during the course
      of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Twenty eight ICP patients and
      twenty healty pregnant women were included. Routine liver tests, fasting serum
      bile acids (FSBA), serum copper and serum copper oxidase were measured. In ICP,
      serum copper was significantly higher than in controls (274 +/- 49 micrograms/dl
      vs 176 +/- 34 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.001). Copper oxidase rose in ICP (78
      +/- 15 mg/dl) different than healthy pregnant women (64 +/- 8 mg/dl); p less than
      0.02. In contrast to marked oscillations in FSBA, serum copper remained elevated
      during the follow-up with only minor fluctuations and no correlation was
      demonstrated between changes in FSBA and those noted in serum copper (r:0.17,
      NS). At labor, a significant rise in serum copper was demonstrated in ICP (from
      251 +/- 50 micrograms/dl to 297 +/- 55 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01) and in
      controls (from 168 +/- 34 to 192 +/- 42 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01). This
      increment in serum copper was associated with a peak in serum copper oxidase
      activity. Serum copper and copper oxidase are elevated in ICP and may be
      considered as adjuvant diagnostic tests. Disturbances in copper metabolism
      reported in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that normal pregnancy
      is associated with a mild cholestasis effect and ICP represent a form of
      improperly controlled response.

PMID- 1820695
TI  - [Sclerosing treatment of esophageal varices].
AB  - The results of esophageal varices treatment in two groups of patients are shown.
      The first group consists of 351 patients who suffered an hemorrhage and were
      treated with sclerosing varices during the acute period or in the intervals of
      bleedings. The second group consists of 90 cirrhotic patients to whom a
      prophylactic treatment was administered. From 67 patients treated during acute
      hemorrhage 6 (9%) died due to hemorrhage, 6 (9%) due to hepatic failure and 1
      (1.5%) due to sepsis. The 90 cirrhotic patients with prophylactic treatment were
      divided in 3 groups. In the first group of 30, 15 were sclerosized and 15 did not
      get treatment. From the second group of 32, 16 got propranolol and 16 no
      treatment. In the third group of 28, 14 got propranolol and were sclerosized and
      14 were not treated. In all three groups with treatment hemorrhage ceased in a
      statistically significative manner. Surviving was the same in the treated and non
      treated groups. Most patients died due to an hepatic failure.

PMID- 1820696
TI  - The 235 kD rhoptry protein of Plasmodium yoelii.
AB  - A 235 kD rhoptry protein produced by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii is
      the target of antibodies that protect mice against blood-stage challenge with the
      virulent YM strain. In the protected animals the parasites are confined to
      reticulocytes and the course of parasitaemia is reminiscent of an avirulent 17X
      strain infection. The DNA coding for the rhoptry protein has been identified as a
      multigene family containing at least four members. Sequence analysis of short DNA
      clones has identified the C-terminus of the protein; a preliminary analysis of
      longer clones confirms that the genes are polymorphic. The possible implications
      of these findings for the biology of the parasite are discussed.

PMID- 1820697
TI  - Conserved polypeptides of Plasmodium falciparum as malaria vaccine candidates?

PMID- 1820698
TI  - Protective immune responses as indicators of antigenic diversity and stability.
AB  - By definition, the biology of a living organism must be characterized before its
      molecular biology can be interpreted. Malariologists are fortunate in that the
      malaria parasite was used as a well-controlled therapy for tens of thousands of
      hospital patients. During many of these treatments the opportunity was taken to
      study malaria and the behaviour of the parasite in detail. From these, and
      similar studies on volunteers, together with numerous epidemiological surveys,
      the operational characteristics of immunity to malaria in man have been well
      defined. Unfortunately this information, which exists in some detail in the older
      literature, does not seem to have been available to many investigators. This
      situation has led to interpretations of molecular data which are inconsistent
      with the known biology of the parasites and human-parasite relationships. This
      article considers how the structure of one of the best studied antigens, MSP1,
      can be viewed in the context of the host-parasite relationship. It postulates
      some testable hypotheses which aim to reconcile the molecular characteristics of
      the antigen with the biology and immunology of the asexual erythrocytic stage of
      the parasite.

PMID- 1820699
TI  - The pfmdr gene homologues of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum bears a striking similarity to
      the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype of mammalian tumour cells which is
      mediated by P-glycoprotein. P. falciparum has two mdr-like genes (pfmdr 1 and
      pfmdr 2) and pfmdr 1 has been linked to the chloroquine resistance phenotype. We
      show that pfmdr 1 encodes a protein of 160,000 Daltons that is expressed at
      higher levels in a chloroquine resistant cloned isolate. The pfmdr 2 gene is
      located on chromosome 14 and it is in equal copy number in chloroquine resistant
      and sensitive isolates. Therefore amplification of pfmdr 2 is not linked to
      chloroquine resistance. This is in contrast to the pfmdr 1 gene which has been
      shown to be amplified in some chloroquine resistant isolates.

PMID- 1820700
TI  - Genome organization and genetics of Plasmodium.

PMID- 1820701
TI  - Genetic relatedness between different clones from a single Plasmodium falciparum
      isolate.

PMID- 1820702
TI  - Is Plasmodium falciparum aldolase useful for rational drug design?
AB  - P. falciparum lacks a functional citric acid cycle. Unlike most tissues of the
      mammalian host, it is totally dependent on glycolysis for energy generation. A
      compound which selectively inhibits the parasite's ATP-generating machinery is
      therefore a potential antimalarial agent. Such a drug may interact in two ways:
      a) by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme or b) by disturbing the micro
      organization of consecutive enzymes in a metabolic pathway. In mammalian tissues
      the glycolytic pathway involves the cytoskeleton as a matrix to keep
      phosphofructokinase, aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in an
      optimal sterical position for rapid substrate conversion. For instance, these
      three enzymes bind to the band 3 protein in erythrocytes or to actin in muscle
      cells. P. falciparum aldolase binds with very high affinity to the band 3 protein
      of human erythrocyte ghosts. However, the true in vivo site of association is
      believed to be actin II of P. falciparum. This actin has a sequence element which
      is almost identical to that of the band 3 aldolase binding site. We therefore
      suppose that plasmodia exploit a similar matrix organization. If true, the
      association of these enzymes with the cytoskeleton is a target for novel
      antimalarials. In contrast to all vertebrate aldolases, P. falciparum and P.
      berghei aldolases have two neighbouring lysine residues near the carboxy
      terminus. We show here that mutagenesis of these basic residues has an effect on
      the catalytic constants Vmax and KM and moreover, the ability to bind to band 3
      is reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820703
TI  - The clinical evaluation of antimalarial treatment response.

PMID- 1820705
TI  - Don't kill the parasite: control the disease.
AB  - It is clear from both laboratory and clinical studies that the blood-stage
      malaria parasite does not itself directly cause most of the serious complications
      of the disease, with the possible exception of anaemia. For example, T cell-
      deprived mice with lethal infections survive longer and mice can be protected
      against early death by vaccines that appear not to affect parasitaemia. In
      certain cases antibodies to TNF have the same effect. Clinically it has been
      known for over 50 years that children in endemic areas develop immunity to the
      serious toxic aspects of malaria several years before their parasitaemias start
      to fall. Recent work on the induction of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) by exoantigens of the blood-stage parasite and on the role of cytokines in
      this and other toxic diseases suggests that an appropriate vaccine might induce
      antibody that blocks the effect of the exoantigens, thus conferring on young
      children the anti-disease immunity that normally takes years to appear. Such
      vaccines might be less hampered by the antigenic variation that makes anti
      parasite immunity slow to develop. Characterisation of the molecules involved is
      a high priority.

PMID- 1820704
TI  - Drug use and design in the nineties.

PMID- 1820706
TI  - The need for live parasites for long-term immunity in malaria.
AB  - All of the results of the various experiments support a role for living,
      proliferating parasites in the efficient induction of anti-parasitic as well as
      anti-disease (CM) immunity. Non-proliferating parasites or material from
      disrupted parasites are poor or non-antigens in this respect. Three possibilities
      as to why living parasites are important in immunity could be considered: 1.
      circulating parasites contain insufficient antigen to induce protective immunity,
      but sufficient antigen can be produced during proliferation; 2. only circulating
      parasites arrive at critical places (e.g. parts of the white pulp of the spleen)
      for the presentation of the important antigen or induction of appropriate
      signals. 3. Architectural changes are needed (i.e. formation of barrie-cell
      complexes) for the immune response to be effective. The first possibility
      explains why exoantigens, as well as live, proliferating parasites are efficient
      inducers of anti-CM immunity. Since these immunizations have no effect on
      parasitemia, additional/other immune reaction(s) are needed for anti-parasitic
      immunity. The important role of the spleen in malaria and malaria immunity is
      well-known. The second possibility includes the idea that live, proliferating
      parasites circulate through the spleen continuously where unsatisfactory or
      infected erythrocytes are removed rather than in the liver. Injected killed
      parasites or material from them when present in the circulation is to a larger
      extent taken up by the Kupffer cells from the liver rather than the spleen.
      Presence and uptake of parasites in the spleen may provide the critical
      confrontation and/or delivery of signals necessary for the development of
      immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820707
TI  - The value of isolating and studying temperature sensitive mutants of Plasmodium
      falciparum.

PMID- 1820708
TI  - A live attenuated malaria vaccine: science or fiction?

PMID- 1820709
TI  - Mitosis and meiosis in malarial parasites.

PMID- 1820710
TI  - Malaria control during the nineties: what is to be expected?

PMID- 1820711
TI  - The relative evolution of Plasmodium.

PMID- 1820712
TI  - Variation in karyotype and gametocyte production during asexual multiplication of
      Plasmodium berghei.

PMID- 1820713
TI  - Stage specificity of expression malaria antigens.

PMID- 1820714
TI  - The science and technology for development programme of the European Community
      and malaria research.

PMID- 1820715
TI  - Antigenic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - There are several mechanisms responsible for the extensive antigenic diversity
      found in the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Failure to express
      antigens is a feature of many isolates cultured in vitro but probably is not a
      major cause of antigenic diversity in vivo. Numerous point mutations occur in
      allelic forms of asexual blood stage antigens and are assumed to contribute to
      antigenic diversity but as yet few such mutations have been mapped to antigenic
      epitopes. A major cause of antigenic diversity is the expression of different
      repetitive sequences in allelic forms of several antigens including the S-antigen
      and the two merozoite surface antigens, MSA-1 and MSA-2. The sequencing data
      indicates that S-antigen genes fall into many allelic families whereas both MSA-1
      and MSA-2 are dimorphic. Further diversity has arisen as a result of intragenic
      recombinations between the dimorphic forms of both MSA-1 and MSA-2. In addition
      to this diversity reflecting the expression of different allelic genes, asexual
      blood stages of malaria parasites undergo antigenic variation in that clonal
      parasite populations can vary the form of an antigen on the surface of infected
      erythrocytes. Antibodies or DNA probes directed against variable repeat sequences
      can be used to distinguish different isolates of P. falciparum. The use of
      antibodies to S-antigen repeats has been particularly useful for typing the
      parasites causing infections. The application of S-antigen typing to field
      studies in Papua New Guinea has demonstrated marked diversity in the parasites
      causing infections in one area.

PMID- 1820716
TI  - Conservation and divergence of repeated structures in Plasmodium genomes: the
      molecular drift.
AB  - The rapid divergence of tandemly repeated families among Plasmodium species is in
      striking contrast with the extraordinary fidelity of the repeat copies present in
      a given genome. Close examination of the arrays of tandem repeats reveals an
      unsuspected regularity in the distribution of base substitutions, and clear
      relations between sets of repeats of different length, often coexisting in the
      same repeated region. The regular distribution of defects in the linear lattice
      gives rise to a hierarchy of periodicities. A model is proposed which accounts
      simultaneously for the rapid and concerted evolution of the repeats, and for the
      generation of supra-periodicities. The implications of this model with respect to
      repeated-pattern evolution are discussed.

PMID- 1820717
TI  - Minisatellite-like repeat sequences in the genome of rodent malaria parasites.
AB  - Using minisatellite DNA probes and various Southern blots containing DNA samples
      from rodent malaria parasites it was shown that minisatellite-like sequences
      occur in the genome of these Plasmodium species. In contrast to the high copy
      number as observed in higher eukaryotes, the use of fingerprinting techniques on
      DNA from these parasites reveals that minisatellite sequences are only present at
      a small number of loci. When parasite lines which differ in biological parameters
      are compared, no frequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is
      observed. Screening data banks revealed the presence of repeated copies of one of
      the probes, which has the monomer sequence CAGGTGG, in the DNA encoding the
      immunodominant peptide repeat region of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein from a
      Plasmodium cynomolgi strain. Comparing the sequences for the CS protein from a
      number of strains of P. cynomolgi revealed that the core region of the repeats,
      though subject to limited variation, shares homology to the bacterial
      recombination signal sequence Chi (GCTGGTGG). The implications of the above
      findings for genetic variation in malaria parasites and evolution of
      minisatellite sequences will be discussed.

PMID- 1820718
TI  - Malaria research and control.

PMID- 1820719
TI  - Selection of genetic variants from Plasmodium clones.
AB  - Clones of Plasmodium alter their antigenic profile or invasion phenotype when
      presented with specific challenges. Two examples are reviewed which may represent
      different genetic mechanisms of adaptation to selection pressures. In one series
      of experiments, rhesus monkeys were vaccinated with a 143,000/140,000 Mr P.
      knowlesi merozoite surface protein and then infected with a parasite clone
      expressing this protein. Primary parasitemia was controlled, but subsequent waves
      of parasitemia developed from populations of parasites harboring mutations in the
      143,000/140,000 Mr gene. Mutations in this gene may be occurring at a continual
      low rate in the population (as with any normal gene) and particular mutations may
      have been selected in the vaccinated monkeys. In other experiments, P. falciparum
      parasite lines were selected from a clone (Dd2) that initially exhibited low
      rates of invasion into erythrocytes made sialic-acid deficient by neuraminidase
      treatment. After several growth cycles in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes, a
      switch was observed and parasite lines were recovered that invaded neuraminidase
      treated and normal erythrocytes at the same rate. The switch mechanism in
      invasion may represent another aspect of genetic variation, i.e. a programmed
      response in which certain genes are activated or rearranged. Vaccine trials in
      the future should include studies on the selection of mutations in the target
      antigen. Where switching mechanisms exist, knowledge of the genetic mechanisms
      that produce these adaptive responses will advance analysis of prospective
      vaccine candidates and contribute to our understanding of parasite biology.

PMID- 1820720
TI  - [The interactions between metal stapes prostheses and high-intensity magnetic
      fields during magnetic resonance tomography].
AB  - The ever-increasing use of magnetic resonance tomography (MR) as an investigation
      mean has created a new interest in the biological effects of magnetic fields (MF)
      and in finding protective measures to be taken in their event. At the moment, use
      of MR is contraindicated in the presence of pacemakers, vascular clips, liquoral
      shunts and orthopedic prostheses, all of which may be dislocated by the MF
      created by MR or may interact with the MF itself creating distorted or falsified
      images. The aim of our study was to verify if metallic stapedectomy prostheses
      are dislocated by the MF and if they produce enough interference to falsify MR
      images. Five types of metallic stapedial prostheses exposed to a MF of 0.5T were
      studied. We may conclude from our results that MR does not create any otological
      risks for patients with these prostheses in that none of them were dislocated
      during exposure. However, all the prostheses studied did instead bring about
      alterations in the MF and the MR image to varying degrees. In some cases
      (Robinson) there was notable image distortion, while in others (Schuknecht wire
      teflon and platinum piston) the distortion was practically negligible. It is our
      opinion, however, that even if the image distortion does not interfere with
      routine MR, use of prostheses made of materials not affected by MF are advisable
      in view of an eventual development of visualization of the labyrinth and
      intratemporal facial nerve portion with MR.

PMID- 1820722
TI  - [The prevalence and evolution of hypoacusis in Cooley's disease].
AB  - With the improved life expectation of patients with beta-thalassemia-major (BTM)
      or Cooley's Disease, new clinical problems, such as hearing damage, have emerged.
      The authors describe audiometric data of 50 patients with BTM. High-frequency
      thresholds were higher in BTM than those of a control group. Prevalence of
      hearing loss in BTM was 14-26%, depending on the frequency range considered,
      while in the control group it was between 4.3-19.1%. The prevalence of hearing
      loss in BTM with respect to that of the general population was 7-10% higher.
      Hearing loss ranged from mild to moderate. A good correlation was found between
      hearing loss and the cumulative dose of desferoxamine administered. These data
      were indicative of an ototoxic effect of this drug. Many patients (28.6%) showed
      significant hearing threshold deterioration after 3 years. On the light of these
      results, the authors suggest regular audiologic follow-up of patients with BTM.

PMID- 1820721
TI  - [Chronic cholesteatomatous otitis media: the histopathological and clinical
      aspects].
AB  - In recent years the immunologic aspects of the normal and pathological ear have
      been studied by several authors, with particular attention given to the
      histopathologic aspects of the epidermis of the tympanic membranes of the outer
      ear canal and of the middle ear mucosa in normal physiologic as well as in
      inflammatory conditions. Such studies may help in giving a more precise
      definition to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of middle ear cholesteatoma.
      In this paper we report the results of an immunohistopathologic study carried out
      using the immunohistochemical technique of monoclonal antibodies on cholesteatoma
      matrix samples taken during radical mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty. In
      particular, the presence of T-lymphocytes and Langerhans cells was evaluated
      using selective monoclonal antibodies and a relationship between the data
      collected and the clinical expression of the disease in each case was sought. In
      this study it was not possible to establish a close relationship between clinical
      behavior and immunohistopathological findings, which appeared rather similar in
      all the cases. The presence of Langerhans' cells may confirm the hypothesized
      role they play in phlogistic reactions and bone reabsorption due to the presence
      of the cholesteatoma in the middle ear. Yet, in order to evaluate their true role
      correctly, more detailed studies should be carried out on the spatial
      distribution of T-lymphocytes and Langerhans' cells in the cholesteatoma matrix
      as well as on their ultrastructural characteristics.

PMID- 1820723
TI  - [A rare case of isolated aspergilloma of the sphenoid sinus].
AB  - The authors report an interesting case of an isolated pathology of the sphenoid
      sinus (more precisely, in this case a mycotic infection of this paranasal sinus),
      up to a few years ago an extremely rare disease and still today an exceptional
      entity in the clinical practice of an otolaryngologist. The investigations
      carried out indicated that the infection was caused by Aspergillus candidus, a
      fungus which only rarely becomes pathogenic in man. The paper reports the main
      anamnestic data as well as the clinical and instrumental assessment of the
      disease. It furthermore describes the surgical procedure employed, the relative
      reports obtained and supplies data concerning the microbiological tests carried
      out on the material removed and the histological pattern observed. The surgery
      had an excellent outcome: the patient was cured and showed no sign of recurrence
      of the disease. The discussion briefly presents the clinical picture created in
      man by Aspergillus and stresses the rarity of the disease, noting that, including
      the case in question, only 23 reports, documented with histological and
      microscopic data, have been made in literature. The AA affirm that to their
      knowledge this particular case of sphenoid sinusitis caused by Aspergillus
      candidus [correction of Candida] is the first ever to be reported and in
      conclusion underline the extreme care necessary in dealing with this pathology
      and in making a "quoad vitam" prognosis.

PMID- 1820724
TI  - The effects of lyophilized homograft amniotic membrane on wound healing on
      rabbits.
AB  - This study was carried out on 15 rabbits in order to determine the effects of
      lyophilized homograft amniotic membrane on the healing of mucosal surfaces. Two
      wounds of 1 cm in diameter were made in the sublingual mucosa of each rabbit; one
      was covered with amniotic membrane while the other was left uncovered as a
      control. The wounds were examined at intervals of 2 or 3 days for approximately
      two weeks and biopsies were taken. Our results show that amniotic membrane not
      only facilitated wound healing, but also induced epithelialization.

PMID- 1820725
TI  - [Chronic tonsillitis in childhood: a bacteriological study in connection with
      benzathine penicillin treatment and the role of bacterial flora in tonsillar
      hypertrophy].
AB  - In this study the authors evaluated the importance of bacteriological study in
      the diagnostics of chronic tonsillitis in children and investigated the
      eventuality of modification in superficial as well as parenchymal tonsillar
      microflora brought about by preventive treatment with benzylpenicillin G. The
      study further aimed at revealing an eventual relationship between microflora and
      classic laboratory parameters (haemochromocytometric examination, leukocytic
      formula, VES, ASLO and urine analysis) as well as at evaluating the possibility
      of a correlation between the degree of tonsillar hypertrophy and microflora. The
      100 patients studied had chronic tonsillitis, were between the ages of 4 and 12
      and were all candidates for tonsillectomy. The subjects were divided into two
      groups of 50 patients each; one group had not had any antibiotic treatment for at
      least 30 days prior to the study, while the second group had undergone antibiotic
      treatment during the days or weeks immediately before the study and was
      administered benzylpenicillin G 24 hours prior to sampling. The superficial and
      intraparenchymal tonsillar tampon samples taken in both groups underwent
      bacteriological studies. The most frequently isolated bacteria was Haemophilus
      Influenzae (40% of the cases). A clear-cut prevalence of this bacteria was
      observed in those patients treated with benzylpenicillin G as opposed to those
      not treated. Haemolytic Group A Streptococcus was found almost exclusively in the
      tonsils of those patients not treated with antibiotics (14 out of 15 cases).
      Various degrees of tonsillar hypertrophy were observed although no sure
      correlation between the presence of the pathology and the bacteria found, either
      superficially or in the parenchyma, was established. Furthermore, no significant
      was revealed between the presence of superficial or intraparenchymal bacteria.

PMID- 1820726
TI  - [Chronic hyperplastic parathyroiditis: the anatomico-clinical and pathogenetic
      aspects].
AB  - The authors described a case of chronic hyperplastic parathyroiditis with
      hyperparathyroidism occurred in a patient undergone to surgery for laryngeal
      carcinoma. The morphological picture, the clinical date and the review of the
      previous studies suggest some hypothesis about the pathogenesis of the chronic
      hyperplastic parathyroiditis: parainfectious origin, anomalous embryonal
      development, environmental factors and autoimmune process are considered. The
      latter pathogenetic mechanism is likely to be involved in most of cases.

PMID- 1820727
TI  - [The otoneurological assessment of radiotherapy-induced brain stem involvement in
      patients with rhinopharyngeal neoplasms].
AB  - The authors report a study in which otoneurological tests were employed in order
      to determine the possibility of radio-induced alterations in the brainstem of
      patients with a rhinopharyngeal carcinoma, which extended to basicranial
      structures, who had undergone radiotherapy. The case report includes 16 patients;
      10 males and 6 females, aged from 37 to 82, all with rhinopharyngeal tumors. All
      the subjects underwent Co 60 radiotherapy (44-68 Gy); the brainstem received from
      40 to 100% of the total dose. Otoneurological evaluation prior to and following
      radiotherapy was performed employing pure tone audiometry, ABR, rotatory tests,
      saccadic eye movements, smooth pursuit. After RT treatment, ABR analysis revealed
      an abnormal wave I-V interpeak interval in 40% of the cases and pathologic in
      37%. Smooth pursuit, saccades and sinusoidal rotation analysis showed important
      alterations respectively in 21%, 6% and 12% of the subjects. The most significant
      variations were in patients who received more than 60 Gy. The data gathered
      regarding abnormalities of otoneurological parameters indicate a probable close
      relationship between these modifications and precocious radio-induced brainstem
      damage.

PMID- 1820729
TI  - Assessing environmental carcinogens: review of an approach adopted by the expert
      groups of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
AB  - The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe has adopted the
      viewpoint that it is necessary to attempt to evaluate potential human carcinogens
      in such a way so that the risk they present can be compared and used in general
      consideration of protecting the public from toxic substances found in various
      environments. In order to demonstrate this process, the evaluations for a number
      of criteria air pollutants as presented in the volume Air Quality Guidelines for
      Europe are summarized and reviewed. The basic method used is that involving the
      estimation of risk based on lifetime exposures to airborne carcinogens by a
      linear extrapolation from known data using no threshold, with the carcinogenic
      potency expressed as the incremental unit risk estimate. This unit risk is
      defined as the average expected for a hypothetical population exposed for a
      lifetime to a concentration of one microgram per cubic meter of the agent in the
      air they breathe. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are reviewed,
      and background information for actual environmental conditions and risks leading
      up to the consensus guidelines adopted are presented for those 17 of the initial
      28 criteria air pollutants treated which have IARC classifications of
      carcinogenicity.

PMID- 1820728
TI  - [A free forearm skin flap with vascular microanastomoses for the reconstruction
      of the posterior pharyngeal wall].

PMID- 1820730
TI  - Interspecies extrapolation in risk analysis.
AB  - This report provides an overview of one of the fundamental problems in cancer
      risk assessment: extrapolation of observed experimental results between animal
      species and man. Lacking detailed information on interspecific differences,
      researchers assume that experimental results can be extrapolated between species
      using the first power of body weight or using surface area scaling (body weight
      to 2/3 power). Neither of these extrapolation procedures will be exactly correct
      for all compounds. However, in the absence of species-specific data, body weight
      or surface area extrapolations are used with the explicit knowledge that they are
      only approximately correct. We recommend that when a scaling metric for a
      specific compound is known, the scaling metric should be used in a risk
      assessment. When there is no prior knowledge of a chemical's pharmacokinetics or
      mechanism of action (the usual case in risk assessment), we recommend that the
      3/4 power of body weight be used as the most appropriate interspecies scaling
      metric. The methods and properties used in interspecies extrapolation include
      allometric scaling, scaling physiological parameters (organ volumes, volume
      rates, partition coefficients, and biological half-life), physiological time, and
      physiologically-based pharmacokinetics. The extrapolation of these physiological,
      biochemical, and metabolic parameters across species controls interspecific
      extrapolation of pharmacokinetics. We analyzed clearance and half-life data for
      several compounds in multiple species and determined that the 3/4 power scaling
      law provides a more accurate estimate of a compound's true scaling metric than
      does the surface area scaling metric or the first power of body weight scaling
      metric.

PMID- 1820731
TI  - Species differences in carcinogenicity: the role of metabolism and
      pharmacokinetics in risk assessment.
AB  - Attempts to improve quantitative risk assessments inevitably lead to the use of
      additional biological data in the risk calculation. The need for more data
      increases further when differences in response between laboratory animals result
      in uncertainty in the choice of either the species or the tumour incidence on
      which to base the risk assessment. Of the many stages of carcinogenesis, the
      first stage, which involves the uptake and activation of the chemical, is
      probably the most understood and is by far the easiest to measure experimentally.
      A review of the use of metabolism and pharmacokinetics in risk assessment reveals
      how this type of data can explain species differences, the shape of the dose
      response curve and even determine the relevance of the animal carcinogenicity
      data to man. A number of chlorinated hydrocarbons are used to illustrate each of
      these points.

PMID- 1820732
TI  - Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models in risk and exposure assessment.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic non-linearities occur between different doses and between
      different species. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are accurate
      tools for taking these non-linearities into account. Dichloromethane and
      perchloroethylene are two examples discussed in this paper. For dichloromethane
      the pharmacokinetic non-linearity factor results in a greater delivered dose than
      would be predicted from linear relationships as the dose increases. For
      perchloroethylene the opposite holds true. In addition a brief illustration of
      the use of pharmacokinetic models as tools for interpreting biomarker data is
      provided.

PMID- 1820733
TI  - Estimating the risk of human cancer associated with exposure to methylene
      chloride.
AB  - Dichloromethane (methylene chloride, CH2Cl2) has been shown to significantly
      increase the incidence of malignant lung and liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice inhaling
      high concentrations of CH2Cl2 vapor for the majority of their natural lifetime.
      CH2Cl2 is extensively metabolized in mammalian species through two competing
      pathways: (1) oxidation by the mixed function oxidase enzymes, and (2)
      conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase(s)(GST).
      Since elevated tumor incidences have not been observed in B6C3F1 mice exposed to
      1,1,1-trichloroethane, a halogenated solvent with similar physical-chemical
      properties (but only minor amounts of mammalian metabolism), it appeared that
      biologically reactive intermediates (BRIs) from one or both of the pathways of
      CH2Cl2 metabolism were involved in the tumorigenic process. Development of an
      integrated pharmacokinetic model incorporating quantitative measures of mammalian
      physiology, chemical solubility, and metabolic rate constants permitted
      formulation of a plausible hypothesis for the tumorigenic effects of CH2Cl2:
      namely that BRIs formed by the CH2Cl2/GST(s) may react with critical molecules in
      the target organs. This hypothesis is consistent with the dose-dependency, route
      dependency, and species-specificity of CH2Cl2 for the induction of lung and liver
      tumors. Based on this hypothesis as well as in vivo and in vitro measurements of
      CH2Cl2 metabolism in humans, it was possible to prepare quantitative estimates of
      the cancer risk in human populations. Examination of these risk estimates
      indicates that development of quantitative procedures for describing the
      production of BRI in target tissues may cause significant changes in the levels
      of estimated risk.

PMID- 1820734
TI  - DNA adducts and other biological markers in risk assessment for environmental
      carcinogens.
AB  - In order to validate a number of biologic markers as indicators of effective dose
      or potential risk, we have applied them in related cross-sectional, longitudinal
      and case-control studies. Biologic markers such as carcinogen-DNA adducts and
      activated oncogenes have already provided insights into mechanisms of chemical
      carcinogenesis. They have also given information regarding the extent of
      interindividual variation in biologic response within the human population. These
      results are directly relevant to quantitative risk assessment. However, more
      research is needed to establish quantitative links between biologic markers and
      human risk of cancer.

PMID- 1820735
TI  - Study design and genetic susceptibility factors in the risk assessment of
      chemical carcinogens.
AB  - Molecular epidemiology approaches are being employed to examine the validity and
      elucidate the basis for hypothesized associations of genetic susceptibility
      factors with common malignancies due to carcinogen exposure. This approach
      integrates traditional epidemiologic study designs with state-of-the-art
      laboratory assays. Advantages of this strategy include the possibility of gaining
      insight into mechanisms and better exposure assessment. Disadvantages include
      added complexity and cost. Three examples of pharmacogenetic risk factors are
      discussed: the first two are p450 enzymes whose activity has been associated with
      susceptibility to lung cancer (debrisoquine hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase), and the last, N-acetyltransferase, a non-p450 enzyme, has been
      associated with bladder cancer susceptibility. In this context, a case-control
      study which examined the hypothesis of an association between the debrisoquine
      metabolic phenotype and lung cancer is discussed. While various studies from the
      molecular to the population level provide evidence to support each of these
      associations, methodologic problems exist and a causal association remains to be
      decisively demonstrated. New epidemiologic studies, the application of improved
      DNA based tests for the genotype, and further basic investigations regarding the
      mechanisms of the proposed associations continue, and progress is anticipated in
      the resolution of these questions with important consequences for our
      understanding of chemical carcinogenesis in these common malignancies. While
      these associations remain controversial, the existence of wide interindividual
      variation in the population in the ability to metabolize certain chemical
      carcinogens is certain and this argues for a conservative approach in the
      regulation of chemical carcinogens.

PMID- 1820736
TI  - Italian Multicenter Study on Very Low Birth Weight Babies.
AB  - The Italian Multicenter Study on Very Low Birth Weight babies (IMS-VLBW) is the
      first collaborative investigation performed in Italy on the health status of
      newborns weighing less than 1500 g at birth. Eight Neonatal Intensive Care Units
      (NICUs) participated in the study: Cagliari, Napoli, Padova, Palermo, Roma,
      Sassari, Trieste, Udine. Data were analyzed in the Laboratorio di Epidemiologia e
      Biostatistica of the Istituto Superiore di Sanita. The objectives of the study
      were established in the following: a) to collect accurate descriptive data on
      neonatal morbidity, mortality and long term outcome of VLBW babies admitted to
      NICUs; b) to analyze the risk factors of unfavourable outcome (death or handicap)
      and to analyze, with respect to outcome, the relationships between risk factors,
      neonatal diseases and therapeutical procedures; c) to test the feasibility of a
      multicenter follow-up programme based on the use in all participating Centers of
      the same diagnostic criteria (the results of follow-up will be presented in a
      forthcoming paper). In the years 1987 and 1988, 634 newborns weighing 500-1499 g
      at birth were enrolled in the study. In-hospital mortality for the whole group
      was 33.1% (65.1% in the 500-999 g birth weight class and 19.2% in the 1000-1499 g
      class). Mortality was not different for inborn vs outborn babies. A high
      incidence of unfavourable perinatal conditions was observed in these babies,
      namely birth asphyxia, sub-optimal care during transport, poor clinical
      conditions on arrival to the NICU. Neonatal diseases, like respiratory distress
      syndrome and peri-intra ventricular hemorrhage were also frequent and severe. A
      logistic regression analysis of pre-admission risk factors of in-hospital death
      identified eight statistically significant variables: birth weight; gestational
      age; sex; antenatal steroid stimulation of lung maturity; first minute Apgar
      score; absence of spontaneous respiration, body temperature and pH on arrival to
      the NICU. Using the equation derived from the logistic regression analysis a
      theoretical mortality rate, predicted on the basis of the local incidence of pre
      admission risk factors, was calculated for each Center. In no case the predicted
      mortality was statistically different from the observed one, suggesting that in
      our study differences in observed mortality rates from one Center to another are
      largely influenced by pre-admission risk factors.

PMID- 1820737
TI  - [Territorial distribution of mortality from malignant pleural tumors in
      Lombardy].
AB  - Mortality for malignant neoplasms of pleura in Lombardy, 1980-87, was
      investigated in order to detect municipalities showing significantly increased
      standardized mortality ratios, with reference to regional rates, based on at
      least three observed cases. Neighbouring municipalities were taken into account
      as well, and a series of areas characterized by increased mortality rates were
      defined. The geographic location of these areas seems to be correlated with the
      distribution of industries manufacturing asbestos products.

PMID- 1820738
TI  - Availability of heavy metals from sewage sludge and its possible impact on
      regulatory activity in Italy.
AB  - This paper reports the preliminary results obtained by a sequential extraction
      method based on Rudd's procedure that can be used to determine various chemical
      forms of heavy metals present in sludge. The impact of heavy metals present in
      sewage sludge for agricultural use is determined by their mobility and
      bioavailability. These parameters heavily depend on the chemical forms of the
      metals present. This study proposes a procedure that may be adopted in further
      studies for a more appropriate normative than the present European Economic
      Community Directive no. 278/86. By providing data on both metal mobility and
      total heavy metal concentration, the researcher may draw adequate guidelines that
      reflect the true environmental risk involved in the use of sludge for
      agriculture.

PMID- 1820739
TI  - Illicit use of methadone in heroin addicts in Rome.
AB  - Although in several countries heroin addicts have been found to engage in illicit
      use of methadone, no studies have been addressed to this behavior in Italy. The
      present study gives evidence that methadone dispensed by public health services
      in Rome is paralleled by a black market in this drug. Of sixty-five heroin
      addicts hospitalized for medical or surgical problems, the majority (89.2%)
      referred to the existence of an illicit methadone market in Rome, and 38% used
      it. When asked why they bought illicit methadone the addicts stated that the
      daily dose obtainable from public health services was inadequate. However this
      statement is in contrast with the evidence that the heroin addicts using illicit
      methadone had highest daily doses similar to those of heroin addicts not
      referring to the illicit methadone market. We wonder whether illicit use of
      methadone is influenced by the therapeutic benefit that addicts expect to obtain
      from methadone. These "expectations" may lead heroin addicts to extend
      consumption of methadone to alleviate problems altogether unrelated to the
      withdrawal syndrome. If so, the illicit market in methadone may be sustained not
      by the drug's addictive properties but by its therapeutic effects.

PMID- 1820740
TI  - [Localized nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Physical principles
      and quantitative problems].
AB  - Recent technological developments extended the use of nuclear magnetic resonance
      to clinical imaging (MRI), as well as to in vivo metabolic studies on tissues and
      organs by means of localized spectroscopy (MRS). The quantitative determination
      of absolute metabolic concentrations by in vivo MRS still represents a challenge
      for technological efforts and biochemical investigations. In fact, the different
      methodologies today available for spectral acquisition from localized regions
      within a body organ or pathological lesion should ideally lead to a complete
      suppression of signals from surrounding tissues, without any appreciable signal
      loss from the volume of interest. Accurate assessment of deviations of the real
      from the ideal case represents an essential requirement for either relative or
      absolute quantification of in vivo localized MR spectra. A review will be
      presented of the most utilized MRS methodologies, together with a discussion on
      their potentialities and limitations. Techniques have been classified according
      to the use of either r.f. (B1) and/or static magnetic field (B0) gradients. The
      last session will be devoted to the presentation of some results obtained in our
      laboratory on the use of a particular test-object (constructed at the Deft
      Institute of Technology) for assessing signal localization efficiency provided by
      a surface coil in a small scale MRS/MRI equipment (for in vivo biochemical
      studies on small animals). The surface coil was used in conjunction with a number
      of sequence (t1-90 degrees-acq; 1-D "chemical shift imaging"; "depth") of either
      square or adiabatic r.f. pulses. The results allow the selection, on a
      quantitative basis, of the most appropriate pulse sequence(s) to be used for
      metabolic studies on superficial experimental tumours (implanted s.c. in small
      animals), according to the mean area and thickness of the neoplastic lesion. The
      latter parameters can be non-invasively assessed by previous MRI analysis of the
      tumour. This study was carried out in the frame of the EC COMAC-BME Concerted
      Research Project on Tissue Characterization by MRS and MRI.

PMID- 1820741
TI  - Otitis media induced by inoculation of a chemotactic factor.
AB  - Phagocytic cells in middle ear effusion obtained from patients with acute or
      chronic otitis media, have antibacterial activity which is an element of the host
      defense system. In addition, they modify inflammatory responses as they release
      degranulated substances, phospholipid-derived substances, and active oxygens. To
      demonstrate both the direct and indirect biological activities of chemotactic
      factor through migrating inflammatory phagocytic cells in acute otitis media, a
      synthetic chemotactic peptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp), was
      inoculated into the middle ear of guinea pigs. Fmlp induced severe vascular
      damage, mucosal edema, and infiltration of phagocytic cells 1 and 3 days after
      inoculation and interstitial fibrosis and calcification 2 weeks after
      inoculation. Chemotactic factor in the middle ear cavity caused middle ear tissue
      damage and may play a role in the development of acute and chronic otitis media.

PMID- 1820742
TI  - Role of phagocytes in antimicrobial defence of the middle ear.
AB  - The role of phagocytes in the antimicrobial defence of the middle ear was
      investigated in this experiment, using Hartley strain guinea pigs with an
      experimental otitis media. Otitis media was induced with an inoculation of
      Streptococcus pneumoniae into the tympanic cavity through the ear drum. For
      depletion of peripheral blood phagocyte population such as monocytes and
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), whole body irradiation (250 rad or 500 rad)
      was carried out on guinea pigs three days before S. pneumoniae inoculation into
      the middle ears. Carrageenan was also used for selective depletion of mononuclear
      cells, to distinguish their role from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In control
      animals, otitis media was induced reproducibly with middle ear inoculation of
      more than 10(6) S. pneumoniae. In irradiated animals, which underwent 10(2) or
      10(4) S. pneumoniae inoculation, the incidence of otitis media because of S.
      pneumoniae infection became higher in accordance with the dosage of irradiation.
      However, no significant difference was seen in the occurrence of otitis media and
      the number of viable bacteria recovered from bulla washings between controls and
      carrageenan-treated animals. These results suggest that phagocytes, particularly
      neutrophils, are essential for antimicrobial defense at the early phase of the
      middle ear infection with S. pneumoniae.

PMID- 1820743
TI  - Sensation of ear fullness caused by eustachian tube dysfunctions.
AB  - One hundred and ninety-four patients with a sensation of ear fullness were
      examined with the audiometry, tympanometry, and tubotympanoaero-dynamic graphy
      (TTAG) as a eustachian tube ventilatory test. In 74 cases of 194, the eustachian
      tube dysfunction was thought to cause an ear fullness sensation and patulous tube
      was found in 19 patients which is more frequent than expected. Functional
      unbalance of the both eustachian tubes which results from minimum ventilatory
      disturbance on the complaining side was also thought to be one of the causes of
      this symptom. The eustachian tube dysfunctions like stenotic or patulous tube
      could not be fully diagnosed by the audiometry and tympanometry because most
      patients with the eustachian tube dysfunctions showed normal middle ear pressure
      measured by the tympanometry. From our study, it could be concluded that
      eustachian ventilatory test like TTAG was very available in the patient with an
      ear fullness feeling which is one of the most common symptoms in the
      otolaryngological field.

PMID- 1820744
TI  - Vestibular aqueduct in Meniere's disease and non-Meniere's disease with
      endolymphatic hydrops: a computer aided volumetric study.
AB  - The volume of the vestibular aqueduct was studied by a computer-aided volumetric
      method in 9 temporal bones with endolymphatic hydrops from individuals with
      Meniere's disease (MD), 7 temporal bones with endolymphatic hydrops from
      individuals without a history of Meniere's disease (non-MD hydrops), and 10
      normal temporal bones (controls) to investigate the cause of endolymphatic
      hydrops in both MD and non-MD hydrops. A hypoplastic vestibular aqueduct was
      found significantly more often in the MD group than in either the non-MD hydrops
      group (chi 2-test, chi 2 = 4.063, p less than 0.05) or the control group (chi 2
      test, chi 2 = 6.363, p less than 0.05). The difference in volume between the non
      MD hydrops group and the control group was not significant. It is speculated that
      a small vestibular aqueduct (presumably containing a small endolymphatic sac)
      might be a predisposing factor in Meniere's disease. In contrast, in non-MD
      hydrops, there seems to be no correlation of endolymphatic hydrops with a
      hypoplastic vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac.

PMID- 1820745
TI  - Combined therapy for maxillary sinus carcinoma with special reference to
      extensive Denker's operation.
AB  - A statistic analysis of 372 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated
      between 1972 and 1983 was undertaken. One hundred eight patients were treated
      with the combined method consisting of 50 Gy irradiation, 2,000 mg 5-FU
      intraarterial infusion and tumor reduction surgery, the so-called extensive
      Denker's operation. Two hundred twenty-two patients were treated with the
      combined method not including extensive Denker's operation, and the other 42
      patients with radiotherapy alone. The 5-year survival of these three groups were
      48, 43, and 17%, respectively. The cumulative local control of the two groups
      with and without extensive Denker's operation was 51 and 33%, respectively.
      Maxillectomy as the second treatment was performed in 24 cases (22%) and 71 cases
      (32%) of the two groups of the combined method with and without extensive
      Denker's operation, respectively. On the other hand, 5-year survivors without
      maxillectomy of the two groups were 41 cases (38%) and 54 cases (24%),
      respectively. It was concluded that extensive Denker's operation plays an
      important role to increase the success rate of the initial treatment, decrease
      the rate of maxillectomy and increase the survival rate although it has a certain
      limit for the indication.

PMID- 1820746
TI  - Actinomycosis and botryomycosis of the tonsil.
AB  - This study was carried out in 165 patients submitted to the surgery of tonsils or
      adenoid from 1977 to 1989 at the Botucatu Medical School Hospital. The clinical
      signs and histopathological findings were reviewed. All patients exhibited
      similar complaints with recurrent tonsillitis, sore throat, dysphasia, high
      temperature, and enlarged tonsils. After surgery, the tonsils was submitted to
      histopathological study and showed "grains" in the crypts in 6 cases. Four cases
      (2.4%) of Actinomyces and two (1.2%) of Botryomyces were identified. Any clinical
      peculiarity was identified with the presence of these "grains."

PMID- 1820747
TI  - Swallowing function following hypopharyngeal reconstruction with the pectoralis
      major musculocutaneous flap.
AB  - Swallowing function was studied in three patients following the pectoralis major
      musculocutaneous reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus after
      extensive resection for hypopharyngeal cancer. Fluoroscopy and endoscopy revealed
      the formation of a sphincter-like ring at the proximal end of the remaining
      intact esophagus. This ring may act to prevent reflux from the lower esophagus,
      although its sphincteric power is weak. Manometric testing showed that no
      swallowing pressure was produced in the reconstructed gullet; therefore, bolus
      propulsion at the pharyngeal stage occurs mainly by gravity. Follow-up studies on
      swallowing indicate a minimum length of the suture line of 11 cm in order to
      prevent esophageal stenosis due to anastomotic stricture at the distal
      mucocutaneous junction.

PMID- 1820748
TI  - Subglottic plasma cell granuloma: report of a case.
AB  - A case of subglottic and tracheal plasma cell granuloma masquerading as tumor
      invasion by thyroid malignancy was successfully treated using CO2 laser. A 55
      year-old woman with a history of inspiratory stridor of almost 10 months duration
      was admitted to our clinic, and examinations revealed a mass in the subglottic
      space and trachea obstructing the airway. CT scan findings was suggestive of
      tumor invasion from a thyroid gland malignancy, however, histopathological
      examination of a biopsy specimen showed it to be plasma cell granuloma. Cases of
      plasma cell granuloma of the larynx and trachea are reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 1820749
TI  - Aspartame-induced lobular panniculitis.

PMID- 1820750
TI  - Change in injuries associated with safety belt laws.
AB  - Statewide crash data bases from nine states were subjected to time series
      analyses to detect changes in injuries associated with onset of seat belt laws in
      the respective states. In each of 18 analyses involving drivers covered by the
      law observed casualties were below the number forecast on the basis of prior
      experience and assuming that no law had been enacted. In the case of others, not
      covered by the law, observed injuries were equally often above or below forecast.
      Relative to covered drivers not only were the numbers below forecast, but in 12
      of the 18 instances there was a statistically significant indication of an abrupt
      decrease the month the law began.

PMID- 1820751
TI  - Some general comments about Ericksonian hypnotherapy.

PMID- 1820752
TI  - A question of parents in the anaesthetic room.

PMID- 1820753
TI  - The origins of the Clinical Pharmacy Program at the University of California, San
      Francisco.

PMID- 1820754
TI  - Nasalis myocutaneous sliding flap: repair of nasal supratip defects.
AB  - The nasalis myocutaneous sliding flap ("nasalis flap") is an axial island flap
      based on the branch of the angular artery that supplies the nasalis muscle. The
      technique for performing this flap for the repair of defects up to 1.5 cm in
      diameter on the supratip area of the nose is described in detail. Twenty-four
      cases with supratip defects following Mohs surgery repaired with the nasalis flap
      are reported. Flap survival was 100% and final cosmetic results were excellent.
      It is concluded that the nasalis flap should always be considered for the repair
      of defects of the supratip area of the nose.

PMID- 1820755
TI  - Quadrantectomy for early breast cancer.

PMID- 1820756
TI  - Temporal changes in the occurrence of hemorrhoids in the United States and
      England.
AB  - Although numerous etiologic risk factors have been proposed, the pathogenesis of
      hemorrhoids remains unknown. The present investigation assesses the temporal
      distribution of hemorrhoids as depicted by physician visits, hospital discharges,
      and surgical procedures to provide further insight into potential etiologic risk
      factors. The analysis was based on five data sources: from the United States, the
      National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI), the National Hospital Discharge
      Survey (NHDS), and the Commission on Professional Hospital Activities (CPHA);
      from England and Wales, the Morbidity Statistics from General Practice (MSGP) and
      the Hospital In-patient Enquiry (HIPE). Results demonstrated a consistent decline
      in all data sources from the United States. The decrease occurred in males and
      females similarly and was most striking in those aged 45-64 years. Physician
      visits and hospital discharges for hemorrhoids in England and Wales likewise
      declined although the decrease was not as dramatic. The consistency of the
      temporal distributions among the two countries, as well as among the different
      sources, suggests that the observed decline may, in fact, reflect an overall
      decrease in the occurrence of hemorrhoidal disease.

PMID- 1820757
TI  - A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive
      compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy.
AB  - Two- and 4-week double-blind placebo-controlled trials of lithium augmentation of
      ongoing fluvoxamine treatment trials were conducted in 20 and 10 patients,
      respectively, with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who had failed to
      respond to fluvoxamine alone. Although 2 weeks of double-blind lithium
      augmentation produced a small but statistically significant reduction in
      obsessive-compulsive symptoms, most patients did not have a clinically meaningful
      response. Furthermore, there was no statistical or clinical improvement in
      obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the subsequent 4-week double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial of lithium augmentation. On the basis of treatment response
      criteria, only 18% and 0% of the patients responded to lithium augmentation of
      fluvoxamine during the 2- and 4-week treatment trials, respectively. In light of
      the previously reported 44% response rate to lithium augmentation in treatment
      resistant depressed patients on fluvoxamine, the results of this study suggest
      that pathophysiological differences may exist between OCD and depression. The
      routine use of lithium augmentation in the management of patients with OCD who
      are refractory to serotonin reuptake inhibitors is not supported by these
      findings.

PMID- 1820758
TI  - Tenosynovitis, repetitive strain injury, cumulative trauma disorder, and overuse
      syndrome, et cetera.

PMID- 1820759
TI  - Comprehensive surveillance after curative surgery for adenocarcinoma of the
      colon.

PMID- 1820760
TI  - A single, accurate measurement of resting metabolic expenditure.
AB  - Indirect calorimetry is widely used in estimating nutritional requirements for
      severely ill patients. However, because the accuracy of a single measurement is
      dependent on many factors, the authors have sought to find the optimal single
      measurement. It is shown here that a more accurate resting metabolic expenditure
      (RME) can be obtained by studying a fasted, rested patient in relaxing
      surroundings after acclimatizing him or her to the calorimetric hood. Using this
      altered protocol, a significantly lower RME (by a mean of 125 kcal/d, p less than
      0.0001) is achieved. This RME compares well with most of the various predictive
      equations. A predictive equation, based on the normal patients in this study and
      relating the RME to TBK (a measure of the body cell mass), allows calculation of
      a predicted RME, and subsequently a Stress Index as a measure of metabolic
      stress, ie, Predicted RME = TBK X 0.34 + 4.94. Stress Index = Measured
      RME/Predicted RME.

PMID- 1820761
TI  - The five-year cure rate achieved by cryosurgery for skin cancer.
AB  - Cryosurgery was used to treat 3540 new basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of
      the skin from 1971 to 1989; a cure rate of 98.4% was achieved. To determine the 5
      year cure rate in more recent years, the results of treatment of 684 nonmelanotic
      skin cancers from 1980 to 1984 were reviewed. In the group of 628 basal cell
      carcinomas, the 5-year cure rate was 99.0%. In the group of 52 squamous cell
      carcinomas, the 5-year cure rate was 96.1%. In the series were also four patients
      with basosquamous cell carcinomas, all of whom were recurrence free for 5 years
      or more. The overall 5-year cure rate in the 684 cases was 98.8%. On the basis of
      these data and our cosmetic results, we conclude that cryosurgery is an effective
      treatment that compares favorably with other established methods of therapy.

PMID- 1820762
TI  - Statistical aspects of research methodology.
AB  - Many reports in the medical literature are flawed through poor presentation of
      numerical results, or, more seriously, by the use of inadequate or inappropriate
      statistical methodology. This article expands on the more complex methodological
      issues. The main emphasis is on discussing key aspects of experimental design,
      and the idea of reporting results in terms of confidence intervals rather than P
      values.

PMID- 1820763
TI  - Protein kinase C activation by phorbol esters: do cysteine-rich regions and
      pseudosubstrate motifs play a role?
AB  - A model for the binding of two activators of protein kinase C (PKC), the phorbol
      ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and diacylglycerol, to the
      enzyme is proposed. It is suggested that each activator is hydrogen-bonded to
      sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues and to the carbonyl of an asparagine
      within the cysteine-rich regions of PKC. This might induce a conformational
      change that would disrupt the association of the inhibitory pseudosubstrate
      sequence with the active center of PKC.

PMID- 1820764
TI  - Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 2: Curettage
      electrodesiccation.
AB  - This is the second article in a series that reviews the experience in the Skin
      and Cancer Unit, from 1955 through 1982, with the treatment of basal cell
      carcinomas (BCCs). This report deals with 2314 previously untreated (primary)
      BCCs removed by curettage-electrodesiccation. Multivariate analysis showed that
      increasing lesion diameter (P less than .001), high-risk anatomic sites (nose,
      paranasal, nasal-labial groove, ear, chin, mandibular, peri-oral, and peri-ocular
      areas) (P less than .001), middle-risk anatomical sites (scalp, forehead, pre-
      and post-auricular, and malar areas) (P less than .001), and time-span treated
      (1955 to 1963) (P = .012) were independent risk factors for high recurrence
      rates. The patient's age, sex, and lesion duration before treatment did not
      affect the recurrence rates. In order to best illustrate our current experience
      with BCCs, the last time-span (1973 to 1982) was examined in detail. For the low
      risk sites (neck, trunk, and four extremities), BCCs of all diameters responded
      well to curettage-electrodesiccation with an overall 5-year recurrence rate of
      3.3% (SE = 1.5%) determined by the modified life-table method. In the middle-risk
      sites BCCs less than 10 mm in diameter had a recurrence rate of 5.3% (SE = 2.7%).
      Finally, in the high-risk sites, lesions less than 6 mm in diameter had a
      recurrence rate of 4.5% (SE = 2.6%). Thus, BCCs less than 6 mm in diameter,
      regardless of anatomic site, as well as selected larger BCCs depending on their
      anatomic site, are effectively treated by currettage-electrodesiccation.

PMID- 1820765
TI  - A device to prevent cross-contamination when directly applying liquid nitrogen.
AB  - A common method of liquid-nitrogen treatment is with the use of the cotton-tipped
      applicator. Cross-contamination is possible when the applicator is repeatedly
      dipped into the liquid nitrogen supply. Described is a sterilizable device to
      hold a small portion of nitrogen sufficient for treatment of a single patient.

PMID- 1820766
TI  - Images at the blind spot.

PMID- 1820767
TI  - Premedication before antivenom therapy.

PMID- 1820768
TI  - AIDS: the first tumultuous decade.

PMID- 1820769
TI  - Mouthbreathing, lip seal and upper lip coverage and their relationship with
      gingival inflammation in 11-14 year-old schoolchildren.
AB  - The gingival health of 201 schoolchildren aged 11-14 years was assessed at 6
      sites on all the incisor and first molar teeth by recording separately the
      presence or absence of redness and bleeding on probing. Crowding of the incisor
      teeth was recorded as labio-lingual displacement and mesio-distal overlap. A 2nd
      examiner recorded the presence or absence of plaque at these sites and assessed
      mouthbreathing, lipseal and upper lip coverage of the maxillary incisors.
      Mouthbreathing, increased lip separation and decreased upper lip coverage at rest
      were all associated with higher levels of plaque and gingival inflammation.
      Multivariate analysis indicated that this association was statistically
      significant for mouthbreathing and lip coverage but increased lip separation was
      not independently related to plaque and gingivitis. The relationship of
      mouthbreathing and decreased upper lip coverage with gingivitis was most evident
      in the upper anterior segment and was still evident after covariate analysis to
      take account of variations due to gender, overcrowding and amount of plaque.
      However, allowance for these factors also suggested that the influence of
      mouthbreathing was restricted to palatal sites, whereas lip coverage influenced
      gingival inflammation at both palatal and labial sites.

PMID- 1820770
TI  - Audit of quality in a radiological department--a pilot study.
AB  - As part of the development of an auditing system for this department, a pilot
      study was designed to audit the quality of the product leaving the department.
      One hundred and six patient investigations were reviewed. For each investigation
      26 items which were considered to reflect the quality of information on the
      request card, the films, the report and the condition of the film packets were
      assessed using a simple scoring system. Overall performances for various aspects
      of the departmental 'product', and for groups of staff within the department,
      were derived from these scores. Several problem areas were identified. Individual
      items were then scrutinized for recurring low scores and where scores fell
      outside a predetermined range steps were taken to improve standards. The scoring
      system developed is simple, easy and effective in use. It is considered that
      audit of quality is worthwhile and should be extended to become a routine part of
      departmental management.

PMID- 1820771
TI  - Three cases of 16q duplication.

PMID- 1820773
TI  - Ambiguous patterns in cellular differentiation in a case of "M3 variant"
      leukemia.
AB  - We report a case of acute non lymphoblastic leukemia in which clinical and
      cytological patterns corresponded closely to the M3 variant as defined in the FAB
      classification, although we did not find the characteristic t (15; 17)
      chromosomal translocation. However, cytochemistry, DNA content studies and
      immunophenotyping showed unusual patterns suggesting a monocytic differentiation
      of most of the blast cells, while a smaller population of blasts showed in
      contrast typical markers of granulocytic lineage.

PMID- 1820772
TI  - Goya's living skeleton.

PMID- 1820775
TI  - Asthma care in general practice.

PMID- 1820774
TI  - First-trimester diagnosis of Hunter syndrome: very low iduronate sulphatase
      activity in chorionic villi from a heterozygous female fetus.
AB  - Iduronate sulphatase activity was determined in uncultured chorionic villi from
      four fetuses at risk for Hunter syndrome. All fetuses were shown to be female by
      chromosome analysis. Biopsy material from three fetuses showed iduronate
      sulphatase activity within normal limits whilst the fourth fetus showed activity
      reduced to 7 per cent of our control mean. The importance of fetal sexing in
      prenatal diagnosis of this condition is emphasized as female carrier fetuses may
      show iduronate sulphatase activity reduced to levels observed in affected males.

PMID- 1820776
TI  - The effects of prostaglandin inhibitors on the fetus.

PMID- 1820777
TI  - Patent foramina ovale in elderly stroke patients.

PMID- 1820778
TI  - "Playing it shrewd, not shrill".

PMID- 1820779
TI  - Pruritic papular eruption of AIDS.

PMID- 1820780
TI  - Is isoelectric focusing a "gold standard" for evaluation of formulas for
      calculation of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis?

PMID- 1820781
TI  - Regulation of thrombocyte adenylate cyclase activity in terminal renal failure.

PMID- 1820782
TI  - Comment: Aminoglycoside dosing.

PMID- 1820783
TI  - Hypo- and hyperpigmented areas in incontinentia pigmenti.

PMID- 1820784
TI  - [Application of cluster analysis to the classification of Radix scutellariae].
AB  - Ten samples of Radix Scutellariae from different habitats were analyzed by thin
      layer chromatography. From the analysis numerical characteristic features were
      obtained that represent the quality difference of samples. All of the
      multivariate data were treated with mathematic method of cluster analysis.
      Scutellaria bai alensis included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia was clearly
      differentiated from the other four varieties of herbs (S. rehderiana, S.
      viscidula, S. amoena, S. likiangensis).

PMID- 1820785
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of semen Cuscutae].
AB  - In this paper, the quantitative analysis of the total flavone in 7 species
      revealed the contents: Semen Cuscutae Chinensis (3.0%), Semen Cuscutae Australis
      (3.2%) as compared with Semen Cuscutae Europaea (4.5%). Semen Cuscutae Chinensis
      has the highest content of polysaccharide of about 5-6%. The experimental results
      provide a scientific basis the rational use of Semen Cuscutae.

PMID- 1820787
TI  - [Identification of zhumu tianma pills by microscopy and thin layer
      chromatography].
AB  - Four kinds of drugs in Zhumu Tianma pills were identified by microscopy and TLC.
      The result shows that both the stability and reproducibility are very good. This
      paper furnishes a guideline for the quality control of the pill.

PMID- 1820786
TI  - [Quality of tuberous root of Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour. var. prolifera Y.T.Ma
      and Ophiopogon japonicus (L.F.) Ker-Gawl.--comparison of immune function].
AB  - This paper deals with comparative study on the immune function of the tuberous
      root of Liriope spicata var. prolifera and Ophiopogon japonicus. The results
      showed that the aqueous extract of both species mentioned above could increase
      obviously the spleen weight (immunity organ) of mice, enhance the clearance rate
      of iv charcoal particles in mice and antagonize remarkably the leukopenia caused
      by cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 1820788
TI  - [Rational close planting in raising the seedlings of Panax quinguefolium linn].
AB  - It has been found that the effect of planting density is hardly noticeable for
      one-year-old seedlings, but very apparent for 2-year-old ones. With the increase
      of planting density, the leaf area gets smaller, stem higher, and root thinner
      and shorter. The larger the planting density. The smaller the dry weights of
      canopy and root and the root-canopy ratio. It is thus advocated that rational
      planting densities be selected according to the proper cultivation systems.

PMID- 1820789
TI  - [High-yield agronomic measures of Curcuma longa L].
AB  - A method of orthogonal conic combinatorial design has been employed in the study
      of high-yield agronomic measures of C. longa. The results show that by increasing
      plants/mu and postponing sowing date, the yield is 50% higher than before,
      mathematical model of yield on plants/mu and sowing date were established, which
      can be used to predict the yield and explore optimal agronomic measures.

PMID- 1820790
TI  - [Anti-inflammation and toxicity of radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon].
AB  - Rats, mice, pigeons and rabbits were employed to study the anti-inflammatory and
      toxic actions of Radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon. The result shows that
      Radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon have similar anti-inflammatory action.
      rhizoma Tyhon has an obvious stimulating effect on eye conjunctiva as well as
      throat and stomach mucosa, while Radix Aconiti coreni does not.

PMID- 1820791
TI  - [Various methods of processing pyritum].
AB  - Five methods of processing pyritum and the effect of temperature fluctuations on
      processed products were studied using Fe2+ in the decoction, sulphur in processed
      products and sulphur separated out of processed products after adding
      hydrochloric acid as indexes. The results may serve as a reference for further
      study on pyritum.

PMID- 1820792
TI  - [Signal multiplier spectrophotometric determination of baicalin, chlorogenic acid
      and phillyrin in shuang huanglian injection].
AB  - Signal multiplier spectrophotometry was used for the determination of baicalin,
      chlorogenic acid and phillyrin in Shuang Huanglian injection. The method can
      eliminate interference without preliminary separation and has proved simple,
      speedy and accurate.

PMID- 1820793
TI  - [Sedative chemical constituents of leaves of Apocynum venetum Linn].
AB  - Eight constituents were isolated from the ether solvent fraction of leaves of
      Apocynum venetum and identified as triacontanol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin,
      hyperin, long-chain fatty acids (C28-C34), lupeol, scopoletin and isofraxidin.
      Isofraxidin and hyperin were effective sedative components.

PMID- 1820794
TI  - [Reversed-phase HPLC determination of dracorhodin in Daemonorops draco].
AB  - A reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of dracohobin in dragon's
      Blood is described. The separation was performed on a Nucleosil C18 7 microns
      (4.0 x 15 cm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-0.05 mol/L
      NaH2PO4(30:5:65). Detection was at 270 nm.

PMID- 1820795
TI  - [Experimental anti-arrhythmic effects of zhigancao (prepared licorice)
      injection].
AB  - Zhigancao injection can antagonise the arrhythmia induced by chloroform,
      adrenaline, aconitine, strophanthine K and barium chloride, slow the heart rate,
      prolong P-R and Q-T intervals and antagonise the positive chronotropic response
      induced by isoprenaline. The LD50 of zhigancao injection is 41.2g/kg in nice by
      intraperitoneal.

PMID- 1820796
TI  - [Effects of Epimedium sagittatum Maxim. Polysaccharides on DNA synthesis of bone
      marrow cells of "yang deficiency" animal model caused by hydroxyurea].
AB  - A study was made on the effects of Epimedium sagittatum polysaccharides on DNA
      synthesis of bone marrow cells of "yang deficiency" animal model caused by
      hydroxyurea with methods of cell culture in vitro and determination of 3H-TdR
      incorporating DNA of bone marrow cells. The results showed that after the
      treatment with 100 micrograms of Epimedium sagittatum polysaccharides, the cell
      multiplication rate was increased by 72% and DNA synthesis rate increased by 68%,
      in 1 x 10(6) cells.

PMID- 1820797
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory activities and effect of rhizoma Alismatis on immune system].
AB  - 10 and 20 g/kg ig of Rhizoma Alismatis (RA) markedly decrease the clearance rate
      of charcoal particles in mice, but have no significant effect on the weight of
      immune organs, or on the content of serum antibody hemolysin and immunoglobulin G
      and the delayed footpad edema induced by sheep red blood cell. The contact
      dermatitis of mouse pinnae immunized with dinitrochlorobenzene is inhibited by RA
      when it is given before challenge. In addition, RA 20g/kg suppresses the swelling
      of mouse rinnae induced by xylene and the proliferation of granuloma induced by
      cotton-pellet in rats. However, the content of vitamin C in the adrenal of rats
      is not clearly affected by RA.

PMID- 1820799
TI  - Arkansas Children's Hospital is a place of HOPE.

PMID- 1820798
TI  - [A review of the literature of the adverse effects of Chinese herbal drugs as
      published in major medical and pharmacol journals in China in 1990].

PMID- 1820800
TI  - Treatment planning for the failed endodontically treated tooth.

PMID- 1820801
TI  - Current clinical applications of the dental laser--Part 2.

PMID- 1820802
TI  - Maintenance procedures for the implant patient.

PMID- 1820803
TI  - Cosmetic and clinical pictorial implant case presentations.

PMID- 1820804
TI  - Stabilized template for implant insertion.

PMID- 1820805
TI  - A hygienist's approach to dental implants.

PMID- 1820806
TI  - Improving the implant site: repositioning the mandibular neurovascular bundle.

PMID- 1820807
TI  - Advantages of practising abroad.
AB  - In this article some experiences of a dentist practising dentistry on a Caribean
      Island are described. Circumstances forcing a young dentist to start working in
      another country have their positive aspects.

PMID- 1820808
TI  - Marketing for the dental practice.
AB  - This article is the text of a lecture Prof. Lachotski held during a congress of
      the Dutch Dental Association (N.M.T.). Prof. Lachotski is Professor in Industrial
      Science and member of the board of the German retail company ASKO.

PMID- 1820809
TI  - Dentistry in Greece--focus in the problems-prospect.
AB  - In this article the level of preventive dentistry performed by dentists in Greece
      is being discussed. Several items like the composition of the dental curricula,
      the intake of students and the structure of the health system in Greece are
      discussed. Furthermore some suggestions for future policy are given.

PMID- 1820810
TI  - On the size of apical foramen in anterior teeth, bicuspids and molars.
AB  - The present authors have used a replica method to obtain area size measurements
      for the apical foramen in 4,613 human permanent teeth, and have obtained the
      following results: 1. The morphology of the apical foramen is rich in variety
      which make it difficult to express its accurate size using foramen diameter
      measurement. It is therefore more appropriate to determine its size as an area
      measurement. 2. Much variation was observed in the size of the apical foramen
      even for teeth of the same type. It was, however, also observed that the foramen
      is smaller in smaller types of teeth and larger in larger types of teeth. It was
      also observed that, in teeth of the same type, those with a greater number of
      roots have smaller foramen than those with a smaller number of roots.

PMID- 1820812
TI  - The connective tissue cells of human dental pulp: an histologic and
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Twenty human healthy teeth were extracted for orthodontic purposes and processed
      for histological, and immunohistochemical examination. Odontoblasts were
      pseudostratified in depth of 1-8 cells in pulpward direction showing the zone of
      Weil and the cell-rich zone in coronal third pulp. In the central part of pulp
      tissue, fibroblasts were arranged as a network. These cells strongly
      immunoreacted with an antibody (monoclonal and polyclonal) directed against the
      intermediate filament vimentin. The product reaction was specifically located in
      the cytoplasm. Near vessels occasional lymphocytes and mast cells were also
      present. Collagen fibers formed a plexus below the cell-rich zone in middle and
      coronal pulp.

PMID- 1820811
TI  - Tricalcium phosphate endosseous implants in dentistry: ultrastructural findings.
AB  - beta-Tricalcium phosphate magnesium substituted (beta-TCMP), consisting of one
      part small unsintered and one part large sintered granules was placed in upper
      and lower jaw surgical cavities of monkeys. At light and transmission electron
      microscope the biopsies taken at 2, 4, 8 and 24 weeks showed that both sintered
      and unsintered granules were well tolerated by the host tissue and result
      biodegradable over time. beta-TCMP may stimulate the direction of bone growth
      enhancing osteoblasts activity and new bone deposition in direct contact and in
      the micropores of the biomaterial. beta-TCMP containing Mg ions reabsorbs slowly
      when in sintered granules form and rapidly as unsintered granules. When it is
      placed in bone cavities, if bone reabsorption is biologically necessary, the
      biomaterial can be reabsorbed with bone, while if osteogenesis is required beta
      TCMP provides a more durable matrix to support new bone growth.

PMID- 1820813
TI  - Modulatory effect of fluoride and irradiation on rat molar rate of wear.
AB  - The hypothesis was tested that fluoride (F-) modulates molar wear rate in the
      irradiated rat and that enamel solubility and dentin hardness are involved in
      this process. Seventy five 21 day-old rats were divided into 5 groups. Groups
      received either F-(25 ppm) in the drinking water or irradiation to the head (15
      Gy in a single dose), or a combination of the two. The rate of occlusal wear was
      assessed by computerized planimetry. The amount of wear was significantly higher
      in the F- and irradiation monotreated rats, while under combined treatment it did
      nor differ significantly from the control values. Fluoridation or irradiation
      suppressed enamel solubility, as measured by calcium release in the etchant.
      Dentin microhardness, expressed in Vickers hardness number, was enhanced after
      either treatment, but remained unaffected when F- administration preceded
      irradiation. Enamel solubility and dentin microhardness did not correlate
      significantly with the rate of occlusal wear.

PMID- 1820814
TI  - Ghost cells in compound odontoma: a study of undemineralized material.
AB  - Calcifications and ghost cells at the enamel surface or in the ameloblastic
      epithelium were studied in twelve odontomas using undemineralized material.
      Calcified material formed focally in the intercellular portion of the enamel
      epithelium: this material showed a concentric layers arrangement. Ghost cells
      were present in most of the odontomas. These ghost cells were epithelial cells
      which enlarged, became eosinophilic and underwent an aberrant type of
      keratinization with the formation of large masses of keratin, that didn't stain
      as deeply as normal keratin. These cells often showed karyolysis of the nucleus
      as keratinization progressed. Frequent was the appearance of dystrophic
      calcifications in individual cells or clusters of cells, characterized by
      extremely fine basophilic granularity. The outlines of these keratinized cells
      could often still be discerned, even if with some difficulty.

PMID- 1820815
TI  - [A microradiographic and histological study of a case of dentinogenesis
      imperfecta type I].
AB  - Four temporary teeth, extracted for periodontal infection reasons, from a 53
      months-old child with osteogenesis imperfecta, have been coated in methyl
      metacrylate and prepared for microradiographic analysis and light microscopic
      study. The enamel and dentin of three teeth (51, 65 and 85) don't show any
      particularity, some how the cementum is remarkably thin. Pulp chambers was large
      and contain a great number of calcifications. Some of them present a radial
      striation around a radio-transparent center, and when coloured with blue of
      methylen, they revealed inflammatory or fibroblastic cells. The fourth tooth (55)
      shows a dentinogenetic overproduction which closed the major part of the pulp
      chamber. The dentin presents two rows of different aspect, separated with a
      calcified bond. The mantle dentin contains sinuous tubules with a type I
      arrangement of SIAR classification (1986). But, in the deepest dentin, they are
      very little size and joined together while approaching the center of the tooth
      and coast along cellular inclusions, pathognomonic sign of dentinogenesis
      imperfecta. The pulpal space not obliterated contains a calcification with radial
      and microlacunary aspect.

PMID- 1820816
TI  - [The outermost enamel layer. A comparative scanning electron microscopic study].
AB  - The surface of the enamel layer was scanned in teeth of some representative
      animal species. We studied the structural organization of enamel at the surface
      of the teeth and also in subsurface. The surface layer was often described as
      "aprismatic". But, nevertheless, in mammals, prisms often reach the surface. They
      are packed together almost perpendicular to the periphery. The term "aprismatic"
      seems inappropriate. But the surface layer is particular in both a structural,
      physical and chemical standpoint. Its distribution on the enamel surfaces
      explains the variability of the etching patterns from an area to another on the
      same tooth.

PMID- 1820817
TI  - ATTS, a new and conserved DNA binding domain.

PMID- 1820818
TI  - Differential regulation of superoxide dismutases in plants exposed to
      environmental stress.
AB  - Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloproteins that catalyze the dismutation of
      superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The enzyme is ubiquitous in
      aerobic organisms where it plays a major role in defense against oxygen radical
      mediated toxicity. In plants, environmental adversity often leads to the
      increased generation of reduced oxygen species and, consequently, SOD has been
      proposed to be important in plant stress tolerance. Here we describe the
      isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a cytosolic copper/zinc SOD from Nicotiana
      plumbaginifolia. Using this, together with previously isolated cDNAs encoding the
      mitochondrial manganese SOD and the chloroplastic iron SOD as probes in RNA gel
      blot analyses, we have studied SOD transcript abundance during different stress
      conditions: in response to light, during photoinhibitory conditions (light
      combined with high or low temperatures), and in response to a xenobiotic stress
      imposed by the herbicide paraquat. Evidence is presented that iron SOD mRNA
      abundance increases whenever there is a chloroplast-localized oxidative stress,
      similar to the previous finding that manganese SOD responds to mitochondria
      localized events. The diverse effects of the different stress conditions on SOD
      mRNA abundance thus might provide an insight into the way that each treatment
      affects the different subcellular compartments.

PMID- 1820819
TI  - Sectors of liguleless-1 tissue interrupt an inductive signal during maize leaf
      development.
AB  - The ligule and auricles separate the blade and sheath of normal maize leaves and
      are absent in liguleless-1 (lg1) mutant leaves. We induced chromosome breakage
      using X-rays to create plants genetically mosaic for lg1. In genetically mosaic
      leaves, when an lg1 mutant sector interrupts the normal ligule, the ligule is
      often displaced basipetally on the marginal side of the sector. Therefore, lg1
      mutant sectors not only fail to induce ligule and auricle, but are also
      disrupting some form of intercellular communication that is necessary for the
      normally coordinated development of the ligular region. Our data are consistent
      with a model in which an inductive signal originates near the midvein, cannot
      traverse the lg1 mutant sector, and reinitiates in the wild-type tissue across
      the sector toward the leaf margin. The lg1 gene product, therefore, appears to be
      required for the transmission of this signal and could be involved with
      reception.

PMID- 1820820
TI  - Salicylic acid is a systemic signal and an inducer of pathogenesis-related
      proteins in virus-infected tobacco.
AB  - Systemic induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in tobacco, which occurs
      during the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), may be caused
      by a minimum 10-fold systemic increase in endogenous levels of salicylic acid
      (SA). This rise in SA parallels PR-1 protein induction and occurs in TMV
      resistant Xanthi-nc tobacco carrying the N gene, but not in TMV-susceptible (nn)
      tobacco. By feeding SA to excised leaves of Xanthi-nc (NN) tobacco, we have shown
      that the observed increase in endogenous SA levels is sufficient for the systemic
      induction of PR-1 proteins. TMV infection became systemic and Xanthi-nc plants
      failed to accumulate PR-1 proteins at 32 degrees C. This loss of hypersensitive
      response at high temperature was associated with an inability to accumulate SA.
      However, spraying leaves with SA induced PR-1 proteins at both 24 and 32 degrees
      C. SA is most likely exported from the primary site of infection to the
      uninfected tissues. A computer model predicts that SA should move rapidly in
      phloem. When leaves of Xanthi-nc tobacco were excised 24 hr after TMV inoculation
      and exudates from the cut petioles were collected, the increase in endogenous SA
      in TMV-inoculated leaves paralleled SA levels in exudates. Exudation and leaf
      accumulation of SA were proportional to TMV concentration and were higher in
      light than in darkness. Different components of TMV were compared for their
      ability to induce SA accumulation and exudation: three different aggregation
      states of coat protein failed to induce SA, but unencapsidated viral RNA elicited
      SA accumulation in leaves and phloem. These results further support the
      hypothesis that SA acts as an endogenous signal that triggers local and systemic
      induction of PR-1 proteins and, possibly, some components of systemic acquired
      resistance in NN tobacco.

PMID- 1820824
TI  - [In vitro effect of topical fluoride gels on the surface of composite resins].
AB  - This study was designed to compare the surface change in 6 brands of composite
      resins immersed in 4 topical fluoride gels of various pH. The result was
      evaluated by visual change in light reflectance and SEM. The findings were as
      follows: 1) five 4-minute immersions in acidic fluoride gels increased surface
      roughness and decreased the light reflectance of Prisma-Fil, Prisma APH, Brillant
      D and P-30, 2) Silux-Plus and Heliomolar were not affected by acidic fluoride
      gels, and 3) the surface texture of all resin samples was not changed when
      immersed in neutral fluoride gels. The findings suggested that a) neutral
      fluoride gels should be recommended for patients who have extensive composite
      restorations and require fluoride treatment, and b) when resin restoration is
      indicated, microfilled composite resin should be considered for patients who plan
      to use acidic fluoride gels.

PMID- 1820821
TI  - A two-component nodule-specific enhancer in the soybean N23 gene promoter.
AB  - The two positive cis elements in the soybean nodulin N23 gene promoter were
      investigated in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants and shown to constitute a
      two-component nodule-specific enhancer. Equal quantitative contributions from the
      two components were suggested by the similar expression level of chimeric N23
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes after deletion of either the distal
      positive element (PE-A, -320 to -298) or the proximal positive element (PE-B, 
      257 to -165). A combined effect of the two elements was indicated by orientation
      dependent effects in the N23 promoter, and by the observation that neither PE-A
      nor PE-B separately was able to confer any activity to the cauliflower mosaic
      virus 35S minimal promoter. Reactivation of the minimal N23 and the minimal
      cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoters by the inverted complete element (PE-AB)
      further suggested that PE-AB is a nodule-specific enhancer containing two equally
      strong enhancer components. Two 12-bp sequence motifs, InvA and InvB,
      constituting an inverted repeat, were identified as the core of the enhancer
      components PE-A and PE-B, respectively. Point mutations in InvA or InvB resulted
      in lower expression levels and mutations in both abolished enhancer activity.
      Point mutations in two nodulin consensus sequences, 5'-CTCTT and 5'-AAAGAT
      located downstream of PE-AB, resulted in a decreased level of expression,
      confirming the involvement of these two motifs in nodulin gene expression. The
      binding site for the nodule-specific trans-acting factor, NAT2, present in the PE
      A segment, was removed without affecting expression significantly. This
      interaction is, therefore, dispensable for enhancer activity.

PMID- 1820823
TI  - 65th meeting, American Thyroid Association, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts, September
      12-15, 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1820822
TI  - Phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates regulate transient expression of a chalcone
      synthase gene promoter.
AB  - A chimeric gene construct containing a bean chalcone synthase (CHS) promoter
      fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was strongly
      expressed when electroporated into alfalfa protoplasts that were then exposed to
      a fungal elicitor. Low concentrations (5 x 10(-6) to 10(-4) M) of exogenously
      applied trans-cinnamic acid (CA), the first intermediate of the phenylpropanoid
      pathway, slightly stimulated elicitor-induced CAT expression, whereas high
      concentrations (greater than 10(-4) M) severely reduced expression to below the
      levels observed in the absence of elicitor. In contrast, trans-p-coumaric acid (4
      CA, the second intermediate in the pathway) stimulated expression from the CHS
      promoter up to 4.5-fold at 5 x 10(-4) M. Expression of CAT driven by the
      promoters of other elicitor-inducible defense response genes was not markedly
      affected by CA or 4-CA. Stimulation of CHS promoter expression by low
      concentrations of CA and 4-CA was completely abolished by 5' deletion to position
      -130, but not -174. When the -180 to -130 region of the CHS15 promoter was
      coelectroporated into elicited protoplasts on a separate plasmid along with the
      intact -326 CHS-CAT construct, the decreased CAT expression as a function of CA
      or 4-CA concentration was consistent with the coelectroporated sequence competing
      in trans with the intact promoter for the binding of a factor(s) involved in the
      up regulation of CHS transcription by 4-CA and low concentrations of CA. Our data
      support the hypothesis that phenylpropanoid compounds may act as natural and
      specific regulators of plant gene expression and define the location of a cis
      acting element in the CHS15 promoter involved in the induction by phenylpropanoid
      pathway intermediates.

PMID- 1820825
TI  - The evaluation of horizontal reference planes of adult Chinese in natural head
      position.
AB  - A group of 112 adult females (average age 25.66) and 104 adult males (average age
      25.62) were subjected to cephalometric evaluation in their natural head position.
      No significant differences were found in the nasionsella (SN) plane, Frankfort
      horizontal (FH) plane or palatal planes between male and female subjects. The SN
      plane was found to be located at 7.26 degrees above the true horizontal on the
      average, and the FH plane differed on the average 1.92 degrees from the true
      horizontal with the line diverging forward and upward. The palatal plane was
      found to be located in a downward and forward direction at 1.17 degrees from the
      true horizontal plane on the average. The orbitale (Or) was found to be located
      at 2.34 mm on the average above the true horizontal plane depicted from the
      porion (Po) in this study, which implies that the racial characteristic of a high
      zygomatic bone in Chinese may have some influence upon the position of Or, and
      this should be taken into consideration when the FH plane is used as the true
      horizontal during face bow transfer. The mandibular plane (MP) angle, occlusal
      plane (OP) angle and the gonial angle (GA) of males were found to be smaller than
      those of females, with a significant difference at the level of P less than
      0.001, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01, respectively. The upper facial
      divergent angles of males and females were quite similar, as reflected by the
      similarity in the SN-FH angles and SN-PP angles between the sexes A significant
      difference was found to exist in the lower facial divergent angles between males
      and females. The SN-MP angle, PP-OP angle and PP-MP angle were all significantly
      smaller in males, with a P less than 0.001. The OP-MP angle was also smaller in
      males with P less than 0.05.

PMID- 1820826
TI  - Tensile bond strength of reused orthodontic metal brackets.
AB  - Forty-five orthodontic brackets were used in this study on the bond strength of
      new and reused metal brackets using an Instron testing machine. First, new
      brackets were bonded to recently extracted human premolars and subjected to a
      bond strength test. After the test, the residual resin on 15 brackets each were
      removed by one of three methods, oven-treated, flame-treated and bur-treated.
      They were then rebonded to the cleansed tooth surface and again subjected to a
      bond strength test. The new brackets were found to have the greatest bond
      strength (13.71 +/- 2.95 kg) with the oven-treated brackets in second place
      (12.42 +/- 2.57 kg), followed by flame-treated (11.35 +/- 2.32 kg) and bur
      treated (9.11 +/- 2.30 kg). The results were subjected to the Mann-Whitney U
      test. The differences in bond strength between the new and reused brackets were
      found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05), except for the oven
      treated group. The differences in bond strength between the reused brackets were
      also found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05), with the exception
      of the comparison between the oven-treated and flame-treated groups.

PMID- 1820827
TI  - [Treatment of subgingival crown root fracture: forced eruption--case report].
AB  - The conventional treatment methods for a subgingival crown root fracture are (1)
      extract the residual root and restore with a fixed bridge; (2) crown restoration
      with a deep subgingival margin; and (3) exposure of the fracture line by a crown
      lengthening operation and restoration with a crown. However, these methods
      require reduction of either the tooth structure or the periodontal support.
      Improvements in endodontic and orthodontic therapy followed Heithersay in 1973 to
      combine the use of endodontic and orthodontic therapy to manage subgingival crown
      root fractures--the so-called forced eruption method. This method can save the
      tooth structure and periodontal tissue. We can now use this method with different
      appliances to treat subgingival fractures, subgingival caries, subgingival
      perforations, infrabony pockets, etc. In this report, we present three cases
      using forced eruption to manage a subgingival fracture and subgingival caries and
      in the follow-up examination after crown restoration.

PMID- 1820828
TI  - Histopathologic effects of electric dosage in iontophoresis on dental pulp.
AB  - It is well recognized that dental pulp is very sensitive to electricity. However,
      the extent of damage and the repair capacity of pulp tissue after the electrical
      excitation of iontophoresis remains to be determined. Electrical current was
      applied to the simian teeth via cavities on the buccal or occlusal surfaces. The
      current strength was set at 0.1 mA-0.4 mA. The application duration was either 1
      minute or 3 minutes. The total dose of electricity received by the iontophoresed
      teeth varied from 0.1 mA-minute to 1.2 mA-minutes. The pulps were microscopically
      examined at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after electrical excitation. All of the teeth were
      collected and processed using routine histologic methods. The following results
      were obtained: (1) in the group with 1-minute iontophoresis, the histologic
      pictures showed no apparent differences among the specimens regardless of the
      strength of the current applied; (2) in the group with 3-minute iontophoresis,
      the pulpal response correlated positively with current strength; and (3) with an
      electrical current of no greater than 0.4 mA and an application period of less
      than 3 minutes, the pulpal changes were reversible. We conclude that
      iontophoresis may accelerate the repair process, if the application duration is
      less than 3 minutes.

PMID- 1820829
TI  - Mandible metastasis as the initial manifestation of breast carcinoma--report of a
      case.
AB  - A case is presented in which the only positive subjective and clinical findings
      were numbness of the lower lip and chin, generalized tooth mobility with dull
      pain, and swelling of the right lower jaw. After an appropriate and careful
      workup, in conjunction with other medical colleagues, a definitive diagnosis of
      adenocarcinoma of breast metastasis to the mandible was made, which was confirmed
      by a histopathologic examination. Radiographs disclosed radiolucent change with
      an irregular and a moth-eaten appearance in the mandibular trabeculation and loss
      of the lamina dura of several teeth. As this case demonstrates, the diagnosis of
      metastatic disease of the jaws requires a high degree of diagnostic astuteness,
      because of the many possible clinical signs and symptoms which can be nonspecific
      and can resemble diseases of an inflammatory origin. Accordingly, a histologic
      evaluation is essential in establishing a definitive diagnosis. The case report
      emphasizes the need for consideration of metastatic disease in the differential
      diagnosis of unknown oral lesions, especially in the mandible.

PMID- 1820830
TI  - Strength and bite, Part 1: An analytical review.
AB  - The original clinical observations and research in the area of bite and strength
      enhancement studied individuals with obvious malocclusion and a subject
      population with mixed occlusions. An increase in isometric strength was obtained
      when biting on a K-MORA, an intraoral device that supports a mandibular position
      determined by a functional criterion. The criterion is a locking response to the
      Isometric Deltoid Press, a muscle challenge used by kinesiologists. Rather than
      replication with improved design, subsequent research (1) employed different
      mandibular positions based on therapeutic, electrical impulse or structural
      criteria; (2) tested mainly isokinetic strength; (3) referred to "strength"
      without qualification, implying more generalization than the findings actually
      allowed; (4) criticized and rejected positive findings by attributing strength
      increase to the placebo effect even though in no instance has the placebo effect
      been demonstrated in this field. Considering published and unpublished research
      on isometric strength and the irrelevance of many studies that found no
      difference in isokinetic strength, it is concluded that it is most probable that
      isometric strength is increased by the K-MORA in mixed populations.

PMID- 1820831
TI  - The effect of head posture on muscle contact position using the T-Scan system of
      occlusal analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sagittal plane head
      neck posture on initial tooth contacts (muscle contact position) using the T-Scan
      system of occlusal analysis. Thirty-five subjects from 14 to 72 years old were
      selected. Computerized T-Scan occlusal printouts were obtained on each subject
      with the head-neck in 45 degrees dorsiflexion and 30 degrees ventroflexion. To
      quantify the location of the contacts on the upper arch, the dotted lines
      appearing on the printout were assigned numerical values. Low numbers represent
      distal contacts and the higher the number, the more mesial the contact.
      Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Test was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that
      below the age of 30 years no significant relationship was demonstrated between
      head posture and muscle contact position. However, over the age of 30 there was
      an increasingly significant relationship between sagittal plane head-neck posture
      and initial occlusal contacts. Based on these findings, the authors recommend
      that management of occlusally related problems, i.e., temporomandibular disorders
      include an assessment of the craniovertebral region especially in patients over
      the age of 30 years.

PMID- 1820832
TI  - Study of the mandibular movements during swallowing.
AB  - The authors recorded the mandibular movement produced during the swallowing of
      150 ml of water with the aid of a straw between the lips using a kinesiograph in
      a random sample of 66 people between the ages of 24 and 35. In each recording 13
      variables were measured, and a descriptive analysis of each one was carried out.
      The authors' findings support that there is no dental contact during liquid
      swallowing with the aid of a straw between the lips.

PMID- 1820833
TI  - Pharmacologic management of temporomandibular joint disorders and chronic head
      and neck pain.
AB  - One goal of pharmacology is to break a cycle of pain and spasms. In this cycle,
      pain leads to muscle spasms, and spasms lead to pain with no physiologic feedback
      control occurring. A second goal is to break another interacting cycle of pain
      and inflammation. In this cycle, pain mediators can lead to inflammation and the
      inflammation itself can contribute to pain. The two cycles perpetuate each other
      because they have many interacting factors in common. Drugs are useful either
      alone or to supplement other forms of therapy that can break the pain/spasm
      cycle, as well as the pain/inflammation cycle. This article discusses the many
      types of drugs available to the clinician today. Although the original version of
      this article was published by the first author in 1973, the number of new drugs
      (including some new classes of agents) and newer concepts of pain that have been
      introduced have required further updating.

PMID- 1820834
TI  - Computerized axiography: principles and methods.
AB  - This paper reviews earlier methods for the analysis of mandibular movement and
      gives a detailed account of state-of-the-art procedures. Special emphasis is
      given to computerized axiography and the application of this method to the
      diagnostics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The article discusses the
      advantages of computerized axiography over the mechanical device and points out
      the limitations of the axiographic method. One major advantage of the
      computerized system is having the enlarged diagram of tracings on the computer
      screen. This means that small changes such as initial disk displacements can be
      diagnosed more readily than with the mechanical device.

PMID- 1820835
TI  - Effect of surgical removal of the mandibular third molars on signs and symptoms
      of temporomandibular dysfunction: a pilot study.
AB  - It has been suggested that unerupted mandibular third molars can simulate signs
      and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Clinical stomatognathic
      examinations were carried out before the first and third months after the second
      operative removal of mandibular third molars in 22 university students. Judged by
      the Helkimo dysfunction index, 55% of the patients had mild dysfunction and 45%
      had moderate dysfunction in the first examination. Forty-five percent had mild
      and 55% had moderate or severe dysfunction in the second. Obvious changes in the
      range of mandibular movement were observed on maximal mouth opening and in
      lateral movements of the mandible.

PMID- 1820836
TI  - Long-term results of appliance therapies in anterior disk displacement with
      reduction: a review of the literature.
AB  - The diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been a
      source of controversy in the dental community for decades. This controversy has
      been especially acute in the management of patients with anteromedial disk
      displacement (ADD) with reduction. This article presents a review of the
      literature specifically concerning the long-term results of appliance therapy in
      ADD with reduction patients. The literature review identified the failure of many
      past investigators to conduct scientifically well-designed studies or to use
      comparable criteria. However, from the evidence examined, both appliances seem to
      be able to decrease muscle and joint pain and increase mandibular function. The
      anterior repositioning splint seems to be superior to the flat-plane occlusal
      splint in eliminating reciprocal clicking and palpatory tenderness of the
      temporomandibular joint. The recapture of the disk is permanent in only a small
      percentage of patients suggesting that the use of irreversible procedures must be
      carefully evaluated.

PMID- 1820837
TI  - Molten titanium flow in a mesh cavity by the flow visualization technique.
AB  - The tracer element molten (TEM) method, which provides titanium flow
      visualization in a mold cavity, was applied to investigate the flow in a mesh
      pattern. When a pressure casting machine was used, most of the mesh rods were
      composed of many solidification layers, which implied that the flow was laminar
      and almost steady. When a centrifugal casting machine was used, the flow was
      almost irregular and a stack of solidification layers was observed in only a few
      segments. These results indicate that the flow was turbulent. In a complicated
      cavity, such as a mesh pattern, pressure rather than centrifugal force acts as an
      effective casting force. Therefore, in such a cavity, favorable castability can
      be achieved with high pressure and laminar flow.

PMID- 1820838
TI  - Influence of water on the transverse strength of posterior composite resins.
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the influence of water on the mechanical properties of
      composite resin, the transverse strengths of 15 commercially available composites
      were determined in water at 37 degrees C and compared with the strength measured
      in air after storage in water for periods of 1 day to 3 months. Some of the
      composites, including two which contained a blend filler, showed remarkable
      reduction of transverse strength when measured in air, according to the
      procedures specified in ISO 4049, in comparison with transverse strength measured
      in water. The change of water content in the material can predominantly affect
      the mechanical behavior of composite resin.

PMID- 1820839
TI  - Pulpal responses to various dentin bonding systems in dentin cavities.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate pulpal response and bacterial
      invasion associated with five dentin bonding systems placed in cavities without
      an enamel margin. Two hundred and twenty-four dentin margin cavities were created
      by removing the surrounding marginal enamel of class V cavities in monkey teeth.
      These cavities were restored with a resin composite using various current dentin
      bonding systems. All of the dentin bonding systems showed odontoblastic layer
      changes to varying degrees, and slight to moderate inflammation at the initial
      stage. With the lapse of time, the degree of inflammation tended to decrease
      markedly, except for those cases in which bacteria were present. The result of
      SA/Photo Bond corresponded to that of the glass ionomer cement (negative
      control). Accordingly, this study suggests that a good bond and adaptation
      between resin and dentin should be obtained for eliminating pulpal irritation,
      even in the dentin cavity.

PMID- 1820840
TI  - Adhesiveness of amide monomers to tooth substrate.
AB  - Seven types of amide monomers, methacryloyl tyrosine amide (MTYA), p
      methacryloxybenzamide (p-MBA), p-methacryloxybutoxybenzamide (p-MBBA), o
      methacryloxybutoxybenzamide (o-MBBA), p-methacryloxybutoxy phenylpropionamide (p
      MBPPA), 3,5-dimethacryloxybenzamide (3,5-DMBA), and 3,5-di
      (methacryloxybutoxy)benzamide (3,5-DMBBA), were prepared for use as bonding
      agents. The monomers were dissolved in HEMA. Bovine enamel was etched with 40%
      phosphoric acid, and bovine dentin was etched with 10% citric acid before being
      primed with MTYA.G.H. The tensile bond strengths between bovine enamel or dentin
      and experimental adhesives were measured after one day immersion in water at 37
      degrees C. HEMA was used as a control adhesive. When bonding to etched enamel,
      the bond strengths of composite resins with o-MBBA and 3,5-DMBA were
      significantly higher than those with HEMA. The bond strengths of composites with
      MTYA, p-MBA, p-MBBA, 3,5-DMBBA and p-MBPPA were almost the same as those with
      HEMA. When bonding to dentin, the bond strengths of composite resin with MTYA and
      p-MBBA were significantly higher than those with HEMA.

PMID- 1820841
TI  - Development of sealed cup yoke type dental magnetic attachment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop a small cup type yoke magnetic
      attachment sealed from oral fluid. The magnetic device forms a closed circuit
      between the magnet, yokes, and keeper. A 3.2 mm phi x 1.4 mm SmCO5 magnet was put
      into a cup yoke of 447J1 stainless steel and covered by 447J1 stainless steel
      disk yoke with a 316L stainless steel ring. To protect the magnet from corrosion,
      the connection was sealed by laser welding. The optimum dimensions were figured
      out by a finite element method. The performance of the magnetic attachment was
      investigated. As a result, a magnet device 4.4 mm in diameter and 2.1 mm in
      height was developed. The breakaway retention when the keeper touched it was 341
      gf on average.

PMID- 1820842
TI  - The purine adenosine amplifies the response to gonadotropins and inhibits
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) suppression of gonadotropin stimulation of
      bovine luteal cells in vitro.
AB  - Dispersed bovine luteal cells collected on day 7 or 13 postestrus were incubated
      in vitro with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or prostaglandins E1 or E2
      (PGE1; PGE2) in the presence or absence of adenosine, dipyridamole and/or
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Secretion of progesterone by day 7 or 13
      bovine luteal cells was increased by hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 which was increased
      further when co-incubated with adenosine (p less than 0.05). Adenosine alone
      increased secretion of progesterone by day 7 luteal cells (p less than 0.05) but
      not by day 13 luteal cells (p greater than 0.05). PGF2 alpha inhibited the
      gonadotropic response to hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 (p less than 0.05) which was reduced
      by adenosine (p less than 0.05) by day 7 or 13 bovine luteal cell suspensions.
      Dipyridamole reduced the adenosine-facilitated response to hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 by
      day 7 or 13 luteal cell suspensions (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that
      adenosine enhances the steroidogenic response by functional bovine luteal cells
      to hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 and that adenosine reduces the luteolytic response to PGF2
      alpha by gonadotropin-stimulated bovine luteal cells in vitro.

PMID- 1820843
TI  - Directional sensitivity of bat inferior collicular neurons determined under
      normal and monaurally plugged ear conditions.
AB  - In an effort to further understand the combined effect of binaural intensity
      difference and pinna position on the directional sensitivity of an auditory
      neuron, we used free field stimulation to study the directional sensitivity of
      inferior collicular (IC) neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, under
      the following three ear conditions: normal ears, monaurally plugged ear and
      monaurally plugged plus pinna bending backward. The best frequency (BF) and
      minimum threshold (MT) of each neuron were first determined for a sound (4 ms
      duration, 0.5 ms rise-decay times) delivered from 40 degrees contralateral in
      azimuth, 0 degrees in elevation relative to the recording site. Then, the
      neuron's MT to a BF sound delivered from 7 selected azimuthal angles with respect
      to the bat's head were determined. The number of impulses to a BF sound delivered
      at two intensities (10 and 20 dB re MT determined at 40 degrees contralateral)
      from each of 7 azimuthal angles was also subsequently determined. Although
      different IC neurons showed different variations in MT and number of impulses
      with sound source azimuth, most had a lowest MT and/or maximal number of impulses
      to BF sounds delivered from contralateral azimuthal angles regardless of ear
      conditions. However, among 117 neurons studied, there were 12 neurons in which
      the number of impulses did not vary significantly with sound direction thus
      showing nondirectional characteristics. Monaural plugging (a wet cotton ball)
      with or without backward bending of the pinna not only increased the MT of a
      recorded neuron but also greatly reduced the number of impulses of the neuron so
      that the directional sensitivity of the neuron was also modified. The effect of
      monaural plugging on the threshold of a neuron and the degree of modification on
      directional sensitivity varied among individual IC neurons. Thus, while the
      directional sensitivity of some IC neurons became sharper, for other neurons the
      same monaural plugging reduced the sharpness of their directional sensitivity
      curve. Directional sensitivity of IC neurons is dependent upon stimulus frequency
      regardless of ear conditions. High frequency neurons generally have sharper
      directional sensitivity than low frequency neurons. The angle of lowest MT and
      maximal number of impulses tended to move toward the middle portion of a bat's
      frontal auditory space with increasing BF.

PMID- 1820844
TI  - The role of interscapular brown adipose tissue in cold acclimation in the rat.
AB  - The role of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in the defense against
      cold exposure and subsequent acclimation to it was studied in the rat, a
      homeotherm. When placed at 4 degrees C, the rat was able to maintain a constant
      core temperature even though skin and even more so tail temperature dropped
      drastically. Metabolic rate became significantly higher than control animals kept
      at 23 degrees C after 24 hrs and continued to rise throughout the 6 weeks
      exposure period. Starting at week 1, there was hypertrophy of the IBAT with
      concomitant proliferation of mitochondria. Bilateral surgical removal of IBAT led
      to significant reduction in metabolic rate only in the fully cold-acclimated rat.
      However, the survival rate was not affected. It is thus concluded that IBAT
      played an important but not absolutely essential role in cold acclimation.

PMID- 1820845
TI  - Effects of cholinergic depletion by medial septal area lesions on synaptic
      responses in CA1 area of hippocampal slices.
AB  - In order to examine the influence of acetylcholine on synaptic transmission and
      synaptic enhancement after tetanic stimulation in the hippocampal CA1 area, a
      cholinergic depletion model was used. It was found that bilateral lesions of the
      medial septal area (MSA) by microinjection of kainic acid produced a dramatic
      reduction of acetylcholinesterase-positive (AChE(+)) fibers, presumably
      cholinergic, in most of hippocampal areas. Electrophysiologically, MSA lesions
      caused a decrease of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope and
      population spike (PS) amplitude at a given stimulus intensity in the hippocampal
      CA1 area in vitro. Although hippocampal synapses could still be potentiated after
      tetanic stimulation, a faster decay of synaptic enhancement was found in slices
      from lesioned animals. Since no apparent tissue damage or ultrastructural
      abnormality was found in the hippocampal CA1 area, except the loss of cholinergic
      fibers, after MSA lesions, it was speculated that reduction in synaptic
      transmission and enhancement may be due to weakening of cholinergic amplification
      on synaptic responses mediated by excitatory amino acids.

PMID- 1820846
TI  - Age-related differences in the hypocalcemic effect of calcitonin and calcium
      excretion in female rats.
AB  - The effects of aging on the concentration of plasma calcium and urinary calcium
      excretion in response to human calcitonin (hCT) were investigated in rats. Old
      (23 months) and young (5 months) female rats were housed individually in
      metabolic cages. Daily urinary samples were collected over 3 days prior to the
      hCT injection, and at the 2nd and the 26th hr following the hCT injection. All
      rats were catheterized via the right jugular vein before a single intravenous
      injection of hCT (40 ng/kg). Blood samples were collected from the jugular
      catheter before and after the hCT injection. The basal level of urine flow and
      calcium excretions were greater in old than in young female rats. The hCT
      injection significantly decreased the plasma calcium concentration in young
      female rats, compared to old female rats at 10, 30, and 60 min after the
      injection. Two hrs after hCT injection, the urinary calcium concentration
      decreased greater (p less than 0.01) in young than in old female rats. These
      findings suggest that the reduction of the hypocalcemic and hypocalciuric effects
      of CT in female rats was age-associated.

PMID- 1820847
TI  - [Proliferation of astrocytic glia in the cerebral cortex of a recipient around a
      developing embryonal nerve tissue transplant].

PMID- 1820848
TI  - [Highly stable polymeric liposomes based on a diene-containing
      phosphatidylcholine].

PMID- 1820849
TI  - [Unusual nucleosomal repeats in an AAGAG satellite from Drosophila melanogaster].

PMID- 1820850
TI  - [Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree based on an analysis of relatively
      conservative segments of nucleotide or amino acid sequences].

PMID- 1820851
TI  - [Analysis of organization of human night sleep from the position of functional
      quanitization of living activities].

PMID- 1820852
TI  - Potassium disorders and cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 1820853
TI  - Postscript: Intermittent self catheterisation.

PMID- 1820854
TI  - Leukotrienes: their possible role in pulpal and periapical diseases.
AB  - Leukotrienes play an important role in inflammation and its sequelae such as
      pain, swelling, and bone resorption. This review covers, their history,
      structure, synthesis, metabolism, biological effects, inhibitors, antagonists,
      and their possible role in pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical disease.

PMID- 1820856
TI  - Follow-up after periapical surgery: the value of the one-year control.
AB  - A total of 474 teeth treated with periapical surgery were examined after one
      year. Complete healing was unequivocally demonstrated for 250 teeth. Two hundred
      and fourteen teeth were scheduled for further follow-up, and of these, 194 (91%)
      could be followed until a stable situation was recorded. Of 41 cases judged as
      completely healed after one year, but with initial observer disagreement, only 2
      (5%) failed later. The 76 cases showing incomplete healing (scars) after one year
      with few exceptions ended as completely healed or persisted as incomplete
      healings. The uncertain group (n = 72) was equally re-distributed as successes
      (completely or incompletely healed) or failures at the end control. Five cases
      showing no healing after one year all ended as failures. Based on these findings
      it is concluded that the one-year control will provide a valid diagnosis for the
      majority of cases. Only a minor number, the uncertain healings, need further
      follow-up.

PMID- 1820855
TI  - Neurotoxic effect of two root canal sealers with calcium hydroxide on rat phrenic
      nerve in vitro.
AB  - Root canal sealers placed into contact with the inferior alveolar nerve can cause
      paraesthesia in the area innervated by this nerve. The paraesthesia is due to
      neurotoxic effects of the sealers. In this study we examined the effect on nerve
      conduction in vitro of two calcium hydroxide-containing root canal sealers,
      Sealapex and CRCS. An isolated rat phrenic nerve was placed between two suction
      electrodes in a bath containing Tyrode solution. The sealers were brought into
      contact with the nerve, and the evoked compound action potentials (cAP) were
      recorded before and after contact with the materials. Both Sealapex and CRCS
      induced a fast and complete inhibition of the cAP in this model. The degree of
      reversibility of the inhibition varied from experiment to experiment. Both
      materials exhibited reversible and irreversible block of the nerve conduction
      after 90s and 5 min exposure. However, after 30 min of contact, the conduction of
      the cAP was irreversibly blocked for both materials.

PMID- 1820857
TI  - Efficacy of Ledermix paste in eliminating Staphylococcus aureus from infected
      dentinal tubules in vitro.
AB  - The efficacy of Ledermix paste in disinfection of dentinal tubules was studied in
      a model developed by Haapasalo and Orstavik with some modifications. Ledermix and
      3% Tetracycline in a hydrous base were effective in reducing the amount of
      Staphylococcus aureus in dentinal tubules after 7 days of incubation and also
      after recontamination. They were not effective after 24 h.

PMID- 1820858
TI  - Dental injuries: "first aid" knowledge of Southampton teachers of physical
      education.
AB  - A total of 66 teachers of physical education within the Southampton telephone
      area responded to a postal questionnaire related to their knowledge of the first
      aid treatment of dental injuries. In a case study investigating tooth fracture,
      64% gave an appropriate answer. In a second case study relating to avulsion
      (loss) of a permanent tooth, 43% gave an appropriate answer. There was an unclear
      relationship between the point in their careers at which teachers had received
      first aid training and the accuracy of their responses. There is a need for
      further information in this area.

PMID- 1820859
TI  - Clinical evaluation of pulp and dentine sensitivity after supragingival and
      subgingival scaling.
AB  - The exposure of dentinal tubules by the removal of root cementum on scaling
      procedures has been proposed to be a source of pulp injury and to cause dentine
      hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the
      pulp and dentine after supragingival and subgingival scaling. Eleven patients
      with periodontally diseased mandibular incisors were selected. The subjects were
      divided into two groups according to marginal bone loss. The pulp sensitivity was
      evaluated by an electric pulp test. Dentine sensitivity was evaluated with two
      forms of controlled stimulations (probe and air-jet) and with a questionnaire. No
      changes in pulp sensitivity were found after scaling, but a clinically
      significant increase in dentine sensitivity to probe and/or air stimuli was
      observed in 6 patients. Five of these were also sensitive to daily life stimuli.
      A natural mechanism of desensitization seemed to have occurred two weeks after
      subgingival debridement. This study showed that supragingival and subgingival
      scaling might cause a more or less transient occurrence of dentine
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 1820860
TI  - Conservative management of a combined endodontic-orthodontic lesion.
AB  - Pulp injury may occur during orthodontic tooth movement particularly in
      previously traumatized teeth. Therefore the management of such cases requires
      specific therapeutic considerations. An extensive periradicular lesion was
      detected in an orthodontically treated maxillary incisor with an uncertain
      history of a previous traumatic incident. Conservative endodontic therapy
      resolved the periradicular lesion thus enabling the orthodontic treatment to
      continue uneventfully. It is essential to closely monitor the patients undergoing
      orthodontic treatment and those who are in retention, particularly if a history
      of trauma is suspected.

PMID- 1820861
TI  - A case of progressive external root resorption.
AB  - This case report describes a radiographical, histological and histochemical study
      of an extracted mandibular tooth with progressive external root resorption. The
      cells which appeared to be responsible for the hard tissue resorption showed an
      intense acid phosphatase activity, similar to that of bone-resorbing cells. Some
      aspects on the etiology and pathogenesis of resorptive process that occurred in
      the present case are discussed.

PMID- 1820863
TI  - Influence of probenecid on P-amino hippurate kinetics.
AB  - The influence of probenecid on p-amino hippurate (PAH) kinetics was investigated
      in rat. Probenecid was administered i.p. (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) two
      hours before PAH administration (25 mg/kg i.v.). The distribution and the rate of
      elimination of PAH was influenced by probenecid co-administration: the
      distribution decreased after probenecid doses higher than 150 mg/kg and the rate
      of elimination decreased after doses higher than 50 mg/kg.

PMID- 1820862
TI  - Intestinal absorption kinetics of a series of aminopenicillins and azidocillin. A
      comparative study in the rat.
AB  - Intestinal absorption rate constants of amoxicillin, ampicillin, epicillin,
      cyclacillin and azidocillin, by means of a static in situ intestinal perfusion
      method has been estimated. Luminal remaining antibiotic concentrations were
      determined using a standard microbiological technique. In order to establish
      statistically better absorption kinetics, five dose levels were used, ranging
      from 10 to 1000 micrograms/ml, and first order, Michaelis-Menten and combined
      first-order and Michaelis-Menten differential model equations were fitted to
      experimental data found for each antibiotic. According to the AIC test, the best
      equation for absorption kinetics was selected. Amoxicillin and ampicillin
      absorption mechanisms were better described by combined kinetics, while for
      cyclacillin and epicillin the most probable kinetics was that of Michaelis
      Menten. For azidocillin, the only non-aminopenicillin component of this series,
      first order kinetics should be statistically selected.

PMID- 1820864
TI  - A comparison of the effect of synthetic and naturally occurring surfactants on
      the solubility and absorption of clofazimine (B 663).
AB  - All simple micellar systems investigated, containing both naturally occurring and
      synthetic surfactants, enhanced the solubility of clofazimine. The incorporation
      of fatty acid to form mixed micelles, brought about a further enhancement in drug
      solubility in the case of naturally occurring surfactants, in contrast, with
      synthetic surfactants this enhancement decreased. The most effective absorption
      promoter was a synthetic surfactant: fatty acid mixed micellar system. The
      results indicate an optimum surfactant: fatty acid ratio at which the solubility
      and membrane effects of the surfactant system are balanced.

PMID- 1820865
TI  - Role of surfactants in the bioavailability of intranasal insulin.
AB  - The nasal mucosa has good physiological characteristics to allow the
      administration through other routes presents some problems, such is the case of
      insulin. The presence of surfactants is necessary to get high bioavailability.

PMID- 1820866
TI  - Enhanced rectal and nasal absorption of human epidermal growth factor by combined
      use of the absorption promoter and the synthetic polymer in rats.
AB  - Previously, the presence of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC Na) in addition to
      an absorption promoter, sodium caprate (C10 Na), in the dosing solution was found
      to be necessary for the enhancement of the rectal absorption of human epidermal
      growth factor (hEGF). In the present study, other synthetic polymers and
      absorption promoters were examined for their ability to enhance the rectal and
      nasal absorption of hEGF in rats. The effect of polymers in combined use with 100
      mM C10 Na on the rectal absorption of hEGF was in the following order: 1%
      methylcellulose 1% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 0.1% polyacrylic acid 1% CMC Na.
      Other absorption promoters such as N-lauroyl-alanine (C12-A) and dihydroxy-bile
      salts also enhanced the rectal absorption of hEGF in combined use with CMC Na. In
      order to confirm the increased rectal absorption of hEGF, the disappearance of
      hEGF from the rectal loop was examined. When hEGF in a 1% CMC Na solution (200
      ug/kg) was administered in the rectal loop, the disappearance percent of hEGF
      during 60 min was 13.9% of the dose, although hEGF was not detected in the
      plasma. The presence of promoters such as 10 mM C10 Na or 15 mM C12-A in 1% CMC
      Na increased the disappearance percent to about 50% in a dosing range of hEGF
      from 100 to 500 ug/kg. On the other hand, a markedly enhanced nasal absorption of
      hEGF by 100 mM C10 Na was observed even in the absence of any polymer in a dising
      solution. However, addition of CMC Na into the dosing solution accelerated the
      rate of nasal absorption of hEGF in early phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820867
TI  - Quantification of absorption, intestinal and hepatic first pass effect in a
      chronic dog model.
AB  - A chronic dog model was used to measure the absorption and to elucidate the site
      and extent of presystemic metabolism of a selective D1-agonist (CY 208-243). The
      dog was instrumented with portal vein and carotid artery catheters together with
      an electromagnetic flow measuring device around the portal vein. After
      administering [14C]CY 208-243 intrajejunally, absorption rate was defined as the
      product of porto-arterial substrate difference and portal venous blood flow. The
      extent of absorption amounted to 34% for total radioactivity and 31% for
      unchanged drug, this indicating a gastrointestinal first-pass of 9%. In an
      additional study [14C]CY 208-243 was injected intravenously to the dog; the
      absorption (29%) and the bioavailability (5%) of CY 208-243 were calculated from
      the ratio of dose normalized, oral versus intravenous AUC values for total
      radioactivity and unchanged drug, respectively. These data confirm the absorption
      value found with the chronic dog model and indicate a global presystemic, i.e.
      intestinal and hepatic, first-pass effect of 83%. In conclusion, this chronic dog
      model allows an accurate assessment of drug absorption and a quantification of
      the gastrointestinal and hepatic first-pass effects.

PMID- 1820868
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the anti-leishmanian agent WR 6026 in dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the anti-leishmanial agent WR 6026 (8-(6
      diethylaminohexylamino)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline dihydrochloride) has been
      studied after single intravenous infusion and oral doses of 5 mg (base)/kg to 6
      Beagle dogs. After single intravenous infusions of 15 min, plasma concentrations
      of unchanged drug declined bi-exponentially from a mean maximum of 1203 ng/ml +/-
      277 SD at the end of infusion to the limit of quantitation during 16 hours. After
      single oral doses, the mean Cmax of 23 ng/ml +/- 14 SD occurred at a mean Tmax of
      2.2 hours +/- 1.3 SD. During 72 hours after the intravenous and oral doses, 0.6%
      and less than 0.2% of the dose respectively was excreted unchanged in the urine.
      The mean terminal-life of WR 6026 after the infusion doses was +/- 0.3 SD, but
      after the oral doses, plasma concentrations of drug were too low to allow
      estimation of the terminal half-life. The systemic clearance of WR 6026 (43.5
      ml/min/kg) greatly exceeded the nomina, plasma flow (ca. 22 ml/min/kg) and
      indicated considerable extra-hepatic and extra-renal elimination of WR 6026 in
      dogs. The mean systemic availability of WR 6026 after the oral doses was ca.4%.
      The mean volumes of distribution of WR 6026 in dogs were 3.3 litres/kg +/- 1.1 SD
      (V(ss)) and 7.7 litres/kg +/- 2.4 SD (V(area)). These data characterise WR 6026
      as a drug of relatively high systemic clearance, large volume of distribution,
      relatively short half-life and low systemic availability, probably due to
      presystematic elimination in the liver.

PMID- 1820869
TI  - A derivation of mean residence time.
AB  - MRT was derived as the mean value of the continuously distributed random variable
      residence time. Provide that elimination kinetics is linear and that elimination
      takes place exclusively from the central compartment, MRT can be calculated from
      the ratio AUMC/AUC. In this case, MRT is a drug (and formulation) related
      constant MRT may also be determined when the elimination kinetics is nonlinear.
      The meaning of those MRT values, however, remains limited because they depend on
      the dose applied.

PMID- 1820870
TI  - Ocular distribution of cyclosporin A (Sandimmun) following systemic and topical
      administration to rabbits.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cyclosporin A
      (CsA) in various ocular fluids and tissues in the rabbit by two routes of
      administration. CsA was administered to two groups of two rabbits either by
      intramuscular route at a dose of 25 mg/kg/day or by local route using eyedrops,
      at a dose of 10 mg/day (-2.8 mg/kg/day) for eight days. An extra animal was
      treated with a placebo solution in each group in order to obtain control values.
      Samples of blood and tears were collected throughout the 8-day treatment period.
      On day 9, the six animals were sacrificed and additional samples were collected
      from the vitreous body, the aqueous humor, the cornea and the globe. The
      concentrations of CsA were determined by RIA using the specific monoclonal
      antibody contained in the Sandimmun-kit. After administration by intramuscular
      route, high concentrations of CsA were detected in the blood. Within the eye,
      this compound was clearly detected in the tears, the cornea and the globe, and
      was suspected in the vitreous body and the aqueous humor. After administration by
      local route, using eyedrops, no CsA was detected in the blood, the vitreous body
      or the aqueous humor. However, despite doses ten times lower than those
      administered by the intramuscular route, this compound was clearly detected in
      the tears, the cornea and the globe of the treated eye. Moreover, similar
      concentrations were obtained in the untreated eye. These data reveal a real
      passage of CsA from the left treated eye to the right untreated eye.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820871
TI  - [Fluoride bioavailability from sodium fluoride alone or in association with
      different calcium salts].
AB  - Fluoride pharmacokinetics were studied in twelve healthy subjects after oral
      administration of one tablet of osteofluor-containing 25 mg of sodium fluoride
      alone or associated with different calcium salts (500 mg Ca element) given as
      microcrystalline hydroxyapatite compound or powdered tri-calcium phosphate.
      Fluoride was measured in plasma and urine with a specific electrode and fluoride
      bioavailability from the three drugs was compared. Calcium absorption after oral
      load was assessed by measuring variations from the fasting state of plasma
      calcium and parathyroid hormone and of the urinary calcium to creatinine ratio.
      The bioavailability of fluoride is significantly decreased by the association to
      sodium fluoride of hydroxyapatite but not of tri-calcium phosphate. Calcium
      absorption seems greater after administration of hydroxyapatite compound. The
      decrease of the fluoride bioavailability is probably dependent on the capacity of
      calcium absorption from the calcium salts. The association of calcium to fluoride
      is absolutely required for treatment of osteoporosis. The microcrystalline
      hydroxyapatite compound seems preferable in view of its greater calcium
      absorption and of its limited decrease in fluoride bioavailability.

PMID- 1820872
TI  - Presence of morphine metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid after
      intracerebroventricular administration of morphine.
AB  - After intracerebroventricular administration of morphine in four cancer patients,
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed by two morphine radioimmunoassays (RIA),
      liquid chromatography (LC) and radioreceptor assay (RRA) to evaluate the presence
      of morphine metabolites. Immunoreactive morphine-like substances were detected by
      differential RIA's. The maximum concentrations of these compounds were achieved 3
      hours after drug administration. These concentrations, according to the
      specificity of the antiserum, represent a mixture of several metabolites in which
      only morphine 3-glucuronide(M 3-G) and morphine 6-glucuronide (M 6-G) were
      identified by LC, and M 6-G by LC-RRA. These results confirm that brain is able
      to metabolize morphine to inactive (M 3-G) or more potent (M 6-G) derivatives.

PMID- 1820873
TI  - Effect of adaptive steroids on the impairment of hepatic drug metabolic activity
      caused by hepatotoxic agents.
AB  - Hepatic disfunction was produced in female rats by ethanol, carbon tetrachloride,
      dimethyl mercury or Freund's Adjuvant. This disfunction was expressed by
      increased SGPT, liver triglycerides level, and reduced resistance to
      zoxazolamine, digitoxin and indomethacin. Treatment with spironolactone,
      pregnenolone-16_-carbonitrile or triamcinolone reduced only slightly SGPT and
      triglycerides, but restored the reduced resistance to drugs, and the impairment
      of the liver drug metabolism in vitro. Triamcinolone was the least effective.
      Spironolactone, pregnenolone-16_-carbonitrile and triamcinolone were most active
      in preventing the hepatotoxicity of dimethyl mercury, of carbon tetrachloride and
      of Freund's Adjuvant respectively. Restoration of drug metabolism is attributed
      to the microsomal enzyme induction in general. Triamcinolone, when potent in rats
      with adjuvant induced disease (AID), acted by a glycocorticoid mediated
      mechanism. In AID, treatment of inflammation restored liver drug metabolism, but
      restoration of the hepatic drug metabolic activity in AID rats only slightly
      ameliorated inflammation. None of the tested steroids demonstrated any activity
      against lipid peroxidation, thus excluding any mediation of a free radical
      mechanism in spironolactone, PCN or triamcinolone involvement in drug response
      and metabolism of the damaged liver by the hepatotoxic agents used.

PMID- 1820874
TI  - Multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of cicletanine in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Cicletanine hydrochloride, a furopyridine derivative, is a new type of
      antihypertensive drug. A pharmacokinetic study was performed in 8 non-patient
      subjects who were given 50 mg oral daily doses for 7 days. Cicletanine plasma
      levels were measured by HPLC. An open bicompartmental model was fitted to the
      experimental data using an extended non-linear regression method. Additionally
      plasma levels obtained after the first administration were used to determine
      pharmacokinetic parameters, which were considered as representative of a single
      dose administration. The results showed no significant differences between
      parameters estimated after the first dose and repeated dosing. Mean half-life
      values were 7.3 and 7.9 hours respectively. The mean peak and trough
      concentration values in the last interval studied were 1730 and 44 ng/mL
      respectively. The accumulation index was negligible (1.15). The similarity in the
      values obtained after the first and repeated administration suggests that
      cicletanine displays a linear pharmacokinetic behaviour at a dose of 50 mg.

PMID- 1820875
TI  - Linearity of levodropropizine, a new antitussive drug, in the healthy volunteer.
AB  - The object of this study was to determine whether the pharmacokinetics of
      levodropropizine were linear. Twelve healthy adult male volunteers received oral
      doses use of 30, 60 and 90 mg of levodropropizine. A cross-over design was used.
      With the exception of Cmax, and AUC the pharmacokinetics of levodropropizine in
      the dose range studied are similar. The relationship between the doses and AUCs
      and the statistical comparison of AUCs (Anova test and Westlake test) confirm
      that in the range 30-90 mg the plasma pharmacokinetics of levodropropizine are
      linear.

PMID- 1820876
TI  - Lack of correlation between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of
      cyanamide in man. A preliminary report.
AB  - A pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of cyanamide, an inhibitor of aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (ALDH) used as an adjuvant in the aversive therapy of chronic
      alcoholism, has been carried out in man after oral administrations. Cyanamide
      plasma levels were determined by a sensitive and specific high performance liquid
      chromatographic assay. Blood ALDH activity were estimated after oral
      administration of 0.3, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg of cyanamide. One i.v. administration of 1
      mg/kg was performed in order to determine the absolute bioavailability and the
      main pharmacokinetic parameters. Elimination half life and total plasma clearance
      values were 51.7 8.8 min and 14.4 2.7 mL/kg/min respectively. After oral
      administrations of 0.3, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg a rapid absorption rate was estimated
      with a Tmax values range of 10.5 to 15.5 min. The extent of absorption was not
      complete, oral bioavailability being 53%, 70% and 81% respectively. The presence
      of a first pass-effect is suggested. The inhibitory activity of cyanamide on
      blood ALDH reached the maximum value 4 h after its administration and decreased
      progressively throughout six days period. The cyanamide plasma levels time course
      did not correlated with the pharmacodynamic time course responses.

PMID- 1820877
TI  - Comparison of oral bioavailability of two dosage-forms of progesterone in women.
AB  - For poorly water soluble drugs, the dissolution process in biological fluids the
      rate limiting step in absorption. However, the utilization of some galenic
      processes such as solid dispersions (SD) leads to an improvement in quality and
      intensity of the drug gastro-intestinal absorption. In a previous work, the in
      vitro studies of the dissolution curves of both the pure micronized progesterone
      (MP) and the progesterone-PEG 6000 SD revealed marked increases in the
      progesterone dissolution rates for all the SD investigated compared to the pure
      MP. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro results after oral
      administration of the two pharmaceutical forms to menopaused volunteer women.

PMID- 1820878
TI  - Multiple peaks and low bioavailability of furosemide correlate with the volume of
      fluid ingested.
AB  - Two different single dose cross-over bioavailability studies were performed
      comparing a new oral furosemide preparation (test preparation = preparation A)
      with a marketed standard with a marketed standard preparation (reference
      preparation = preparation B). Test and reference preparation contained 40 mg of
      furosemide each. Into both studies, 18 healthy male volunteers were included; 4
      volunteers participated in both studies. In study 1, the volunteers ingested the
      tested preparations together with 300 ml of an electrolyte solution in order to
      substitute volume and electrolyte deficits. Additional 200 ml were given 30 min
      post dose, 500 ml during the next 30 min and 1000 ml during the second hour after
      drug intake. In study 2, the tested preparations were ingested together with 200
      ml of water without any additional volume substitution. The plasma concentration
      curves of study 1 showed a double peaking with a first maximum of furosemide
      levels at 1 h and a second peak at 3 h and 4 h, respectively, on average. The
      concentration-time curves of study 2 showed a single peak 1 h p.a. in the mean
      for both preparations. The relative bioavailability of preparation A was about
      67% in study 1 compared to study 2. Preparation B showed a relative
      bioavailability of 59% in study 1 compared to study 2.

PMID- 1820879
TI  - Urinary excretion of CGS 5,649 and its conjugated glucuronide and sulfate in man.
AB  - Experiments in animals have indicated that CGS 5,649 B [6-(2
      isopropylaminopropyl)-3-pyridinol fumarate] might enhance memory and learning
      processes and might be a valuable drug for treatment of impairment of vigilance
      and mental performance in the elderly. CGS 5,649 (I) is extensively metabolized.
      Therefore, we investigated the excretion of the drug and its conjugates (I-SULF,I
      GLUC) into urine after oral administration of 1200 mg of the fumarate salt of I
      to one healthy male volunteer. Three HPLC methods were developed to analyze the
      three compounds in urine: a. Solid-phase extraction and UV-measurement at 280 nm;
      b. Dansylation followed by fluorometric detection (lambda ex 340, lambda em 525
      nm); c. Direct injection of diluted urine, gradient system with ion-pair reagent
      and UV-detection at 280 nm. The conjugates were measured after enzymatic
      hydrolysis with glucuronidase/sulfatase and sulfatase. I-GLUC was also measured
      directly since a synthetic sample had become available. Results from the
      different analytical methods showed agreement: about 100% of the administered
      dose was excreted within 24 h; the relative amounts of I, I-SULF and I-GLUC were
      about 1:2:2; after oral administration, CGS 5,649 B is rapidly and completely
      absorbed; it is eliminated from plasma by conjugation and direct excretion into
      urine.

PMID- 1820880
TI  - The effect of aging on the pharmacokinetics of nizatidine.
AB  - A single oral dose of 300 mg of nizatidine was administered to two groups of
      volunteers: a first group of 12 young healthy subjects and a second group of 12
      elderly patients, in order to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters and to
      verify a possible influence of the age on nizatidine's kinetics. Blood samples
      were collected periodically and plasma concentrations of the drug were determined
      by a specific HPLC method. The results evidenced differences among the
      pharmacokinetic parameters of the two groups: the mean of Cmax was higher in the
      elderly than in the young (3.28 mg/ml against 2.23 mg/ml), the peak time was
      prolonged in the elderly (2.1 h against 1.00 h) and the AUC values were higher
      too (12.17 in the elderly and 7.99 in the young). Only the elimination half-life
      t1/2 was slightly higher in the elderly (1.8 h against 1.7 h in the young).

PMID- 1820881
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in plasma and saliva.
AB  - The kinetics of lamotrigine (LTG) disposition in plasma and saliva was evaluated
      in patients undergoing long-term antiepileptic drug therapy. Blood and saliva
      samples were collected simultaneously at intervals during the study and the
      concentration of LTG was measured by HPLC. Concentrations of LTG in saliva were
      proportional to plasma LTG concentrations, with a significant (p) correlation of
      r = 0.95 + 0.18. The saliva concentration-time curves of LTG were parallel to
      those derived for plasma LTG. The kinetics of LTG absorption, elimination and
      mean residence time were identical in both saliva and plasma estimations. The
      saliva/plasma ratio, determined from the terminal phase of individual patient LTG
      concentration vs time curves, was used to predict plasma LTG concentrations from
      saliva determinations. The binding of LTG to plasma proteins remained constant in
      patients treated with sodium valproate and/or enzyme-inducing drugs. Thus, LTG
      determination in saliva represents a noninvasive alternative for therapeutic drug
      monitoring and may also be employed for studying LTG pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 1820882
TI  - Bioequivalence of a new formulation of flecainide acetate.
AB  - A bioequivalence study was performed on a new formulation of flecainide acetate
      in 100 mg tablets, using a formulation of the same drug already commercialized
      and in use and at the same dose. The study was conducted with a cross-over assay
      in 10 healthy volunteers at a single oral dose of 200 mg (two tablets). The
      parameters obtained according to the model employed, with both formulations
      studied, showed a considerable degree of between-subject variability. The
      parameters showing the highest between-subject variability were Ka (VC: 80.5 and
      166.8%; tmax, VC: 40.8 and 48.0%, and Ke, VC: 39.4 and 35.1%) for formulations A
      and B, respectively, the parameter with the least variability being the MRT (VC
      18.7 and 21.7%) for formulations A and B. Statistical analysis of the parameters
      characterizing the rate and extent to which the drug accesses to the systemic
      circulation, by application of statistical tests conventionally used in this kind
      of study- the "t" tests and ANOVA-revealed that there were no statistically
      significant differences among the parameters defining these processes for either
      formulation studied, thus permitting the assumption of bioequivalence between
      both formulations. The results obtained by application of the criteria of
      superposition and statistical moments show that there are no statistically
      significant differences with respect to the fraction of the dose of flecainide
      administered that reaches the systemic circulation after administration of the
      two tablet forms studied, both containing 100 mg of active principle (dose: 2 x
      100 mg).

PMID- 1820883
TI  - Effects of pH regulators used as additives on the bioavailability of ibuprofen
      from hard gelatin capsules.
AB  - In our previous study the reasons for fast absorption of ibuprofen from sodium
      bicarbonate based hard gelatin capsules stayed unclear. These were not
      investigated using pH regulators (aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate,
      tartaric acid) with different chemical and physical properties. Ibuprofen
      absorption was much slower with aluminium hydroxide capsules (MRT 5.3, Tmax 3.1
      h, Cmax 25.6 mg l-1, lag time 37.5 min) than with sodium bicarbonate capsules of
      the previous study (MRT 2.6 h, tmax 0.4 h, Cmax 51.4 mg l-1), lag time 0 min).
      The corresponding values for calcium carbonate and tartaric acid capsules were:
      MRT 3.7 h and 3.9 h, Tmax 1.7 h and 2.0 h, Cmax 32.2 mg l-1 and 30.8 mg l-1 and
      lag time 3.1 min and 7.6 min. No differences were noted in the AUC values. A rank
      order correlation existed between dissolution parameters and the in vivo
      parameters reflecting the rate of bioavailability. It was concluded that the
      rapid absorption of ibuprofen from capsules containing sodium carbonate is due to
      enhanced in vivo disintegration of the capsule, enhanced in vivo dissolution of
      the drug and enhanced gastric emptying rate.

PMID- 1820884
TI  - Comparative bioavailability of three batches of four commercial acetaminophen
      tablets.
AB  - The aim of this investigation is to evaluate four brands of acetaminophen tablets
      and three batches of each brand for their in vitro properties and in vivo
      bioavailabilities using urinary excretion data. All batches dissolved at least
      80% of their acetaminophen content within 30 minutes. The differences between the
      dissolution rates of the batches were not found statistically significant except
      the batches of brand C. With respect to their dissolution rates, the brands have
      the following order: A less than B less than C less than D. Statistical analysis
      of the percent bioavailabilities and the elimination rate constants showed that
      there was no significant difference between brands and or between the batches.
      The percent excreted in the first three hours was found to be significantly
      different between the solution and tablet A, between tablet A and tablet C, and
      between Tablet A and Tablet D.

PMID- 1820885
TI  - Human pharmacokinetics and metabolism of disopyramide enantiomers.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to investigate human pharmacokinetics and
      metabolism of disopyramide (DP) enantiomers. Six healthy male volunteers entered
      the study. They were given, separately and via oral route, as repeated doses for
      5 days, R(-) DP and S(+) DP at a dose of 100 mg twice daily. Unbound fractions of
      DP and metabolite (MND) enantiomers were obtained on each plasma sample, i.e. ex
      vivo, using ultrafiltration. Pharmacokinetic parameters of DP enantiomers based
      on total plasma concentrations were not significantly different. On the other
      hand, unbound pharmacokinetic parameters displayed marked stereoselectivity. The
      mean unbound clearance of R(-) DP and S(+) DP were 8.59 and 14.9 ml/min/kg,
      respectively (p = 0.003). The mean unbound renal clearance of R(-) DP and S(+) DP
      were 6.26 and 8.75 ml/min/kg, respectively (p = 0.025). The non renal clearance
      of R(-) DP and S(+) DP averaged 2.32 and 6.19 ml/min/kg, respectively (p =
      0.002). The mean unbound volume of distribution of R(-) and S(+) DP were 225 and
      381 liters, respectively (p = 0.023). The half-life of R(-) DP and S(+) DP
      averaged 4.17 and 3.91 hr, respectively (p = 0.21). The unbound fraction at
      steady-state of R(-) DP and S(+) DP averaged 12.5 and 7.5%, respectively (p =
      0.002). In vitro binding experiments, performed for each subject, allowed to
      indicate that the stereoselective plasma binding was due to a stereoselective
      affinity, the binding capacity of both enantiomers being the same.
      Pharmacokinetic data emphasized the influence of stereoselectivity in the human
      disposition of DP enantiomers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820886
TI  - Effect of dose on the kinetic behaviour of valproic acid: modifications in plasma
      protein binding.
AB  - A study was made of the kinetic behaviour of valproic acid (VPA) given as a
      single dose to 9 healthy adult volunteers receiving three different doses of the
      drug (Group A, 1000 mg; Group B, 2000 mg and Group C, 3000 mg), according to a
      compensated cross-over design. Blood samples were withdrawn at programmed times,
      determining the total and free plasma levels of VPA with an immunoenzymatic
      technique (EMIT). The time course of the plasma levels was fitted to a two
      compartmental kinetic model. Of all the pharmacokinetic parameters studied,
      statistically significant differences were only found in the area under the
      curve, normalized with dose, both of the total (AUC/D)T and free (AUC/C)L plasma
      levels. The differences found in this parameter, which globally describes the
      kinetic behaviour of a drug, were only observed in the individuals receiving the
      dose of 3000 mg. Regarding Vd, although there were no statistically significant
      differences among the three groups, tended to increase in Group C. This can be
      attributed to the significant increase undergone by the free fraction of VPA
      (FL), determined the relationship between the AUC of free and total plasma
      levels, as the dose administered is increased. The increase in the free fraction
      of drug with dose is due to the fact that VPA binding to plasma proteins becomes
      saturated when the total drug levels surpass 100 micrograms/ml. Assuming
      Michaelian-type kinetics for plasma protein binding, a relationship was
      established between the FL and total VPA plasma levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820887
TI  - Absorption mechanisms of secondary aliphatic amines in rat colon and small
      intestine.
AB  - This study is intended to be a further and conclusive validation of the
      bihyperbolic model equation proposed by Pla-Delfina and Moreno to describe
      passive intestinal absorption mechanisms through the analysis of absorption
      lipophilicity correlations for homologous series of xenobiotics and drugs.
      Secondary aliphatic amines, largely differing from previously tested substances,
      were selected as model compounds. Evidence is given which demonstrates that a
      minimum lipophilicity value exists for absorption in small intestine, instead of
      a maximum, as probabilistic theories predict. Moreover, bihyperbolic equation
      provides an excellent fit, with AIC figures up to -29. Aqueous pore absorption
      was small, presumably due to ionic interactions with pore charges (kp
      approximately 1.0 h-1), whereas membrane penetration was highly lucrative (km
      approximately 7.4 h-1), thus indicating that some part of the lipophilic ionic
      species is capable of penetrating "per se" the lipoidal membrane. As model
      predicts, bihyperbolic equation collapses to monohyperbolic for colonic
      absorption, where AIC figures up to -39 were found, with a km value of about 4.0
      h-1. Membrane absorption efficiency was, surprisingly, similar in colon and small
      intestine for the tested solutes; it was attributed to the basic character of the
      compounds associated with working pH and ion absorption. This latter effect would
      deserve further investigation in oral sustained-release medication with basic
      drugs having similar pKa values.

PMID- 1820888
TI  - Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-letosteine in man after oral intake and steady
      state.
AB  - Based on previous animal and on preliminary human results a further human study
      was performed in order to confirm the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters and the
      lack of accumulation of letosteine after repeated administrations. Thus, six
      healthy male volunteers were given a single oral dose of 50 mg (100 microCi) 14C
      letosteine in form of gelatine capsules. A treatment lasting 11 days to obtain a
      steady-state was started three days later with three similar daily oral doses of
      unlabelled letosteine. Then, one capsule of 14C-letosteine was administered
      again. The radioactivity of blood, plasma, urine and expired air was measured at
      regular intervals after both radioactive doses. Several pharmacokinetic
      parameters were calculated for the single oral intake and for the oral intake at
      steady state. The results show a good absorption rate of letosteine since about
      90% of the dose was found in the urine. Elimination was biphasic, with half-lives
      of about 1 and 4 hours in blood and plasma. No striking differences were recorded
      between the single oral intake and the oral intake at steady state for the
      various parameters assessed: Cmax, Tmax, AUC, Aeurine and AeCO2. It was therefore
      concluded that repeated doses of letosteine did not influence the absorption, the
      distribution, the metabolism and the elimination processes.

PMID- 1820889
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics of two oral bezafibrate preparations.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of two oral solid preparations of bezafibrate, available in
      the Spanish market, was studied. Both preparations were tablets, an immediate
      release formulation (A) and the other a slow-formulation (C). We selected a
      crossover design, and twelve healthy male volunteers participated in the study.
      Using a sensitive HPLC method, plasma concentrations of bezafibrate were
      monitored over a period of 12 h. after administration of treatment A and 24 h.
      for treatment C. In treatment A, two tablets were administered at an interval of
      six hours. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax(tmax) and area
      under curve (AUC infinity o), in the two doses of treatment A, were compared by
      analysis of variance and found to be significantly different between the two
      doses. The relative bioavailability based on (C: 1st-Dose-A) ratio of AUC
      infinity o was within the range 100 +/- 20%.

PMID- 1820890
TI  - Urodynamic modeling of norfloxacin pharmacokinetics by means of computer
      simulation.
AB  - Urodynamic model was developed which, in conjunction with a compartmental
      pharmacokinetic model, was used for study of factors influencing drug
      concentrations in urine: urine flow rate, residual bladder urine, maximal bladder
      urine, stage of renal failure, and elimination kinetics of drugs. Norfloxacin
      (NOR) was used as a model drug, although the model haw general applicability for
      all urinary antiseptics. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from a clinical study
      in which norfloxacin was administered orally as a single 400mg dose to four
      subjects with installed urine catheters. Sample of blood, bladder and catheter
      urine were collected and concentrations of NOR measured by a HPCL method.
      Modeling was performed on analog--hybrid computer EAI 580. Besides the fitting of
      model response to obtained in vivo data, simulations of expected clinical
      situations were performed in which the interplay of above mentioned factors was
      studied in terms of urine concentrations profiles. NOR treatment with 400mg
      b.i.d. secured sufficient urine concentrations in most studied cases. This
      approach should be applied for corresponding study of other urinary antiseptics,
      especially those with less favourable urinary levels.

PMID- 1820891
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of denbufylline in healthy elderly subjects.
AB  - A single 100 mg oral dose of denbufylline was administered in an open study to
      ten healthy, elderly subjects in order to characterise the pharmacokinetics of
      parent compound and its major pharmacologically active, circulating metabolites.
      Plasma concentrations were determined using a combination of GC and HPLC methods.
      Since denbufylline plasma concentrations were close to the assay limit of
      reliable determination, the disposition of the compound was assessed in terms of
      the pharmacokinetic parameters of three active metabolites. The general
      pharmacokinetic behaviour of debufylline was similar to that observed in young,
      healthy subjects, although plasma concentrations of the metabolites were higher
      and half-lives tended to be longer in the elderly group. None of the subjects
      presented any adverse events during the study.

PMID- 1820892
TI  - Kinetics of idaverine in healthy male subjects after single dose oral and
      intravenous administration.
AB  - The kinetics of idaverine was studied in an open, cross-over, partially
      randomized design after single oral (2 mg) and intravenous (1 and 2 mg doses to
      12 healthy male subjects. In the first session, the volunteers were administered
      1 mg idaverine by constant intravenous infusion during 45 min. The treatments in
      the second and third sessions were given according to a cross-over design,
      randomized in blocks of six for each session (2 mg either orally or by
      intravenous infusion during 45 min). The washout period between the sessions was
      at least 1 week. Plasma, urine and faeces were analysed for idaverine and its
      pharmacologically active metabolite N-desmethylidaverine by gas chromatography
      with nitrogen flame ionisation detection. After intravenous administration, the
      MRT was on average 2 hours and the mean CLS was about 900 ml.min-1. CLR is about
      twice the glomerular filtration rate, suggesting net tubular secretion of
      idaverine. The AUC and the cumulative urinary and faecal excretion values gave no
      indication of dose-disproportionality within the range of 1 and 2 mg administered
      intravenously. Maximum plasma levels of 1-3 ng.ml-1 were reached between 0.5
      hours and 3 hours after oral dosing. The MRT was 4.4 hours. Systemic availability
      was about 29%. N-desmethylidaverine was barely detectable in plasma after all
      doses. Idaverine was well tolerated, only a small increase in heart rate was
      observed.

PMID- 1820893
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine in healthy young volunteers using a new solid
      phase extraction/HPLC method.
AB  - The single dose pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine were determined in 12 healthy
      young volunteers using a newly developed fully automated analytical system which
      combines liquid solid extraction on disposable extraction columns and high
      performance liquid chromatography. This technique is highly sensitive (detection
      1 ng/ml) and reproducible. Following a 50mg dose of the drug, the plasma
      concentration peaked at 0.48 0.13 g/ml (msd) and was attained 2.5 hours (median
      value) post dosing. Thereafter, the plasma level of pyrimethamine decreased
      slowly, the level at 336 hours after administration being still about 40 ng/ml.
      The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf) was 56.8 18.4
      h.mg/ml. The volume of distribution Vd was: 2.42 1.25 l/kg and the total
      clearance: 15.55 4.48 ml/h/kg. Urinary excretion represented about 20% to 40% of
      the dose after seven days of the administered dose.

PMID- 1820894
TI  - Absorption profiles of rectally administered midazolam estimated by
      deconvolution.
AB  - An algebraic deconvolution procedure adopted from the literature has been used to
      estimate the absorption profiles of rectally administered midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)
      in 8 healthy subjects. The extent of absorption estimated by the conventional AUC
      approach has previously been published and was compared to the deconvolution
      results. In the original study the sampling period was 840 min. When a
      deconvolution approach is used there may be no need to sample after the
      absorption is completed. Thus in this communication only samples drawn within the
      first 120 min and 300 min were used. The bioavailability estimated by the AUC
      ratio (mean 0.52 +/- SDrel 16%) is compared to the deconvolution results obtained
      using only data points within 120 (0.46 +/- 22%) (p = 0.02) and 300 min (0.51 +/-
      20%) (p = 0.6) after drug administration. The absorption is almost complete after
      120 min. Regarding the absorption rates 40% (range 27.55%) of the dose is
      absorbed after 60 min. The relative (normalised) absorption profiles showed that
      79% (range 63-90%) of the maximum absorbed amount is absorbed within 60 min. IN
      CONCLUSION: Information regarding the rectal absorption of midazolam can be
      obtained from a sampling period of approximately 5 hours using the deconvolution
      approach. The algorithm used is relative easy to implement and is very easy to
      use with polyexponential parameters obtained by curve fitting as input.

PMID- 1820896
TI  - Pharmacokinetic profiles of prazepam and 14C-prazepam in rat.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of Prazepam and 14C-Prazepam were studied in rat. Prazepam was
      measured in blood and plasma by a gas-liquid chromatography assay with an
      electron capture detector. Its major metabolite, Desmethyldiazepam, was also
      determined in blood in the same way. Total radioactivity was measured in plasma
      by scintillation spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis were carried out by two
      ways; according to compartmental pharmacokinetic models and by statistic moments.

PMID- 1820895
TI  - In-vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of a transdermal phenylpropanolamine
      (PPA) preparation.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA-HCL) is a synthetic phenylisopropanolamine
      sympathomimetic agent which is structurally related to ephedrine and amphetamine.
      Although its precise mechanism of action has not been conclusively determined,
      PPA is known to exert cardiovascular effects possibly related to indirect
      stimulation of beta-adrenergetic receptors in the heart. In addition, through CNS
      stimulation, PPA is known to act as an appetite suppressant, the anorexigenic
      effect being much weaker than that of amphetamine. In order to develop a
      convenient dosage of PPA, a transdermal preparation containing 250 mg PPA has
      been developed. Transdermal delivery is convenient both in terms of case of
      application and ready withdrawal of drug if desired. Oral PPA dosage forms are
      designed to have a fall off period of 6-8 hours to facilitate sleep. Such a drug
      free period is easily attained using a transdermal system either by removal of
      the transdermal device or incorporation of a lag period into the design of the
      system. The bioavailability and in vitro pharmacokinetic characteristics of this
      novel PPA preparation were compared with those of a reference sustained-release
      75 mg Q16 PPA tablet (Acutrim), in a pilot, 3 subject, unblinded, cross-over,
      single dose study. Subjects fasted from the evening before dosing until 0.5 hours
      prior to dosing. Patches were removed 24 hours following application. Reportedly
      effective plasma PPA levels for appetite suppression were recorded after patch
      application and were comparable to those observed with the reference. Peak plasma
      PPA levels were slightly higher for the transdermal patch compared with the
      tablet formulation (93.6 ng/ml versus 80.10 ng/ml respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820897
TI  - Distal ileum and colon: targeted sites for 5-ASA release.
AB  - Sulphasalazine, used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, is cleaved in the
      colon by the metabolic action of colonic bacteria on the diazo bond to release 5
      Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulpharidine. Whilst the former has been
      demonstrated to be active moiety, the latter is reputed to be responsible for
      toxicity associated with sulphasalazine therapy. A new multi-particulate
      formulation of 5-ASA has been designed (Asalan) to achieve targeted release of
      the drug in both the distal small intestine and colon and hence may be beneficial
      in the treatment of not only Ulcerative Colitis but also Crohn's disease. An
      imaging study was performed with beads formulated with barium sulphate using the
      same procedure employed to prepare 5-ASA beads. This study suggested 5-ASA
      capsule disintegration and bead dispersal in both the distal ileum and colon.
      This targetting was confirmed in two further in vivo studies using the 5-ASA
      formulation itself. In the first study comparison of plasma ASA levels following
      treatment with sulphasalazine treatment confirmed that 5-ASA release was
      occurring proximal to the colon. Despite this earlier release, the percentage of
      administered dose that was unabsorbed (dose-urinary recovery) was approximately
      90%. In a second study a comparison was made with a single unit tablet of 5-ASA.
      A greater consistency and accuracy of targetting, as revealed by the appearance
      of plasma ASA levels, was confirmed for the capsule formulation. These separate
      studies were undertaken to evaluate the in vivo intestinal release
      characteristics of this new 5-ASA formulation in healthy volunteers.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820898
TI  - Dose proportionality of pharmacokinetics with a cr-verapamil formulation.
AB  - The relatively short half life of verapamil necessitates divided daily dosing in
      the treatment of angina, hypertension and arrhythmia. To reduce dosing frequency
      and increase patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy, a controlled-release
      once-daily verapamil formulation (Verelan) has been developed in three dosage
      strengths, 120 mg, 240 mg and 360 mg. In order to investigate the dose linearity
      of this formulation in the 120 mg and 360 mg dose range, un unblinded, crossover,
      comparative evaluation of the three dosage strengths was performed in a
      population of 27 male volunteers. Each treatment period lasted nine days with a
      minimum of 7 days between periods. On Days 1 and 2 of each treatment period, the
      single dose phase was evaluated following administration of medication on Day 1
      only with regular blood sampling over the 48 hour period. On Days 3 and 7
      inclusive, the five-day steady phase was evaluated. Mean plasma profiles
      following administration of each dose demonstrated extended verapamil absorption
      up to 24 hours after dosing. In both the single dose and steady state phases a
      linear relationship was observed between increasing dose and pharmacokinetic
      response over the dose range of 120 mg and 360 mg. This linearity in response
      with increasing dose is in contrast to the non-linearity of verapamil's
      pharmacokinetics with conventional verapamil formulations previously described by
      an number of workers and may be due to a saturation of verapamil's hepatic first
      pass metabolic pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820899
TI  - Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a novel controlled-release sprinkle
      formulation of salbutamol.
AB  - Childhood asthma, which commonly effects between 5 and 12% of children, is often
      treated with the beta agonist salbutamol which relaxes bronchial smooth muscle,
      resulting in bronchodilation. Although a popular mode of administration, delivery
      of salbutamol by aerosol is not often practical, particularly in younger
      children. A need therefore exists for a pediatric salbutamol dosage form, which
      not only controls asthma but is also convenient and acceptable to use. Enhanced
      control of asthma may be achieved using a controlled-release formulation of
      salbutamol. This also serves to increase patient compliance which may be further
      improved, in the case of children, by presenting the formulation in a more
      acceptable paediatric dosage form. In this study, a novel controlled-release
      sprinkle formulation of salbutamol was compared with a reference salbutamol
      tablet (Proventil Repetabs). This was conducted as a six subject unblinded,
      single-dose, cross-over study comparing a single dose (8 mg) of salbutamol
      sprinkle with a single dose (2 x 4 mg) of the reference tablet. The salbutamol
      sprinkle was formulated using the controlled-release polymeric micromatrix
      pharmaZome technology and was administered as a single dose dispersed in a
      spoonful of jam. The time to peak concentration, half-life and peak-to-trough
      ratio were similar for both formulations. Mean plasma salbutamol levels and mean
      peak salbutamol levels were slightly lower for the sprinkle formulation when
      compared with the reference. This novel sprinkle formulation has potential as an
      effective controlled-release bronchodilator which also offers distinct advantages
      for paediatric dosing, in terms of ease and acceptability of administration.

PMID- 1820900
TI  - The effect of food and antacids on lansoprazole absorption and disposition.
AB  - Bioavailability of lansoprazole, a new gastric proton pump inhibitor, was
      investigated in 12 healthy subjects. Each subject received in random order,
      lansoprazole (30 mg) alone or associated with standard meal or with antacids
      (aluminium and magnesium hydroxides) or one hour later than antacids.
      Lansoprazole and metabolite (sulfone (AG 1813), sulfide (AG 1777) and
      hydroxylated (AG 1908) metabolites) plasma concentrations were determined using a
      specific high pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure, with a limit of
      detection of 2 ng/ml. The time to peak was significantly later with food (p less
      than 0.001) and its magnitude was significantly decreased (600 +/- 330 ng/ml vs
      1151 +/- 344 ng/ml, p less than 0.001). The bioavailability of lansoprazole was
      significantly decreased by food, about 27%, (p less than 0.05) and slightly
      decreased by concomitant administration of antacids (NS), the effect was more
      pronounced in male subjects (p less than 0.05). Lansoprazole is presented as an
      enteric-coated granules, the concomitant administration of antacids, increasing
      the gastric pH, increased the absorption rate of lansoprazole. When antacids were
      administered one hour before lansoprazole, no effect was observed on lansoprazole
      bioavailability. This study showed that lansoprazole must be administered in
      fasting state and not simultaneously with antacids.

PMID- 1820901
TI  - Biophysical absorption models for phenyl-alkyl acids in the absence and in the
      presence of surfactants. Studies in the rat small intestine.
AB  - The present study reviews and checks, by means of experimental work, some
      theoretical principles of a novel absorption-lipophilicity approach (Pl [symbol:
      see text] 160-Delfina et al., 1987), used to interpret the effects of synthetic
      surfactants on drug absorption. For this purpose the correlations between
      intestinal rat gut absorption constants and lipophilicity indexes are analyzed
      for a group of compounds belonging to a true homologous series (w-phenyl-alkyl
      carboxylic acids), in the absence and in the presence of polysorbate 80 in the
      luminal fluid. Evidence is given for the following surfactant actions: (a) at
      critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surfactant increases membrane polarity
      and simultaneously nullifies the limiting character of the stagnant aqueous layer
      adjacent to the membrane; (b) at supramicellar concentrations (SMC) the above
      actions become almost completely masked by the micellar solubilization of the
      compounds, which decreases their absorption rate constants. As a consequence of
      these interactions, correlation between membrane absorption and lipophilicity,
      which was clearly hyperbolic in free solution, becomes potential in the presence
      of surfactant at CMC, whereas at SMC a bilinear correlation is found. Pore
      absorption was much less affected. Mathematical and physiochemical reasons for
      this behaviour are outlined, and practical implications are briefly discussed.

PMID- 1820902
TI  - Age dependence of erythromycin rectal bioavailability in children.
AB  - Erythromycin pharmacokinetics was studied in neonates (less than 1 month),
      infants (1-12 months) and other children (1-12 years) after the drug rectal and
      intravenous administration. The areas under the erythromycin serum concentration
      time curves (AUC) were practically independent on children's age following the
      intravenous drug administration, but not its rectal administration. There was a
      distinct age dependency of the AUC parameter in the latter case. The increase of
      children's age was resulted in enhancement of the erythromycin total clearance,
      reduction of the steady-state volume of distribution and of the mean residence
      time. The extent of absolute bioavailability of rectally administered
      erythromycin was increased from 28 per cent in neonates to 36 per cent in infants
      and to 54 per cent in children greater than 1 year. Alteration of the mean
      absorption time parameter was reflected the delayed absorption of erythromycin in
      neonates.

PMID- 1820903
TI  - Comparative bioequivalence study of a new levothyroxine solution versus a
      reference L-thyroxine solution in normal healthy volunteers.
AB  - A bioequivalence study between a new Levothyroxine solution and a reference
      solution was performed in 12 healthy volunteers after one single 3000 g oral
      administration. Administrations were done according to a cross-over schedule with
      a three week wash-out period. Plasma profile of Levothyroxine was determined for
      72 hours, clinical tolerance being appreciated for 10 days after each
      administration. No statistical difference was reported for pharmacokinetic
      parameters and clinical tolerance was good.

PMID- 1820904
TI  - Correlations between aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters and patient's
      factors: from statement to implication for individual dosage design.
AB  - Amikacin pharmacokinetics was studied in 20 critically ill patients after a
      single i.v. bolus dose (500 mg). The amikacin pharmacokinetic profiles were
      characterized by marked intra-individual variability. Stepwise multivariate
      regression analysis made it possible to establish statistically significant
      correlations between the amikacin total clearance (Cl) and 8 patient's factors
      such as the, age, sodium plasma content, plasma osmolarity, partial pressure of
      oxygen and carbon dioxide, volumes of transfused plasma and blood, application of
      artificial lung ventilation (r2 = 0.98). The multiple regression equation for the
      Cl prediction provides reliable indirect estimation of the parameter. Thus, it
      appears possible to adjust the aminoglycoside dosage by taking into account 8
      patient's factors, until the amikacin plasma concentration, time data are
      available.

PMID- 1820905
TI  - Adaptive and bayesian control of digoxin in geriatric patients.
AB  - The study was carried out in a total of 22 patients classified in two groups:
      Group "A" (n = 12) was constituted by geriatric patients with cardiac failure
      diagnostic and with digoxin treatment previously to start our study. Group "B" (n
      = 10) was also constituted by geriatric patients, but with arteriosclerosis
      diagnostic and without prior digoxin treatment. Doses of 0.25 mg of digoxin was
      administered by oral route in a multiple dosage regimen with dosification at
      times of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Samples of blood were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1.75,
      7, 24, 49.75, 72 and 168 h after the first administration. The classics one and
      two-open kinetic model were considered. The elimination constant (Ke) was
      estimated in function of creatinine clearance (Clcr) according to the following
      expression: Ke = Kslope * Clcr. The mean value of kinetic parameters established
      were: For one-compartment kinetic model: Ka = 15.2 and 15.7 h-1, Vd = 5.4 and 4.5
      l/Kg and Kslope 0.0006 and 0.0001 min/ml * h for groups "A" and "B",
      respectively. For two-compartment kinetic model: Ka = 11.5 and 3.6 h-1, K12 = 0.7
      and 0.8 h-1, k21 = 0.2 and 0.2 h-1, Vc = 2.7 and 1.9 l/Kg and Kslope 0.0002 and
      0.0002 min/ml * h for groups "A" and "B", respectively.

PMID- 1820906
TI  - Evaluation of Bayesian estimation to discriminate subpopulations of patients with
      altered pharmacokinetics using fragmentary data: a pilot study with pefloxacin.
AB  - Bayesian estimation of individual pefloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters was
      evaluated in patients with renal (n = 34) or hepatic (n = 16) impairments who
      participated in experimental pharmacokinetic studies during pefloxacin
      development. The trials involved singly intravenous dosing (300 to 850 mg as 0.5
      to 1h-infusion) and serial pefloxacin plasma level measurements (n = 10-18 over
      72-96 h). Bayesian estimation used only 2 measured plasma levels (end of infusion
      and either 12 hour (BE 12h) or 48 hour (BE 48h) levels) and a priori information
      obtained in a reference population of healthy volunteers (n = 19). The
      performance of Bayesian estimation in predicting total plasma clearance (Cl),
      elimination half-life (t1/2) and steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was
      evaluated with respect to weighted nonlinear least-square estimates using all the
      data points and a two-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic parameters (and their
      inter-individual variability) in patients differed significantly from those of
      healthy volunteers (e.g. t1/2 of 22 +/- 14 h, range 6-81 h vs. 11 +/- 2 h, range
      8-17, p less than 0.001). BE 12h provided biased estimates of Cl and t1/2 (24 and
      28% respectively) and poor precision (30 and 53% respectively), Vss being well
      estimated. The BE 48h estimator had good performance with unsignificant bias
      (less than 1%) and good precision (extremes 13 and 27% for Cl and t1/2
      respectively). Patients with hepatic impairment had the more pronounced
      pharmacokinetics modifications and could even be discriminated from healthy
      volunteers using the biased BE 12h estimates. These results suggest that Bayesian
      estimation is quite robust to the a priori information.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1820907
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of butyric acid derivative with xylitol.
AB  - The short chain fatty acids, especially butyric acid salts have interesting
      biological properties. In some cases, transformed cells can recover a normal
      phenotype and in animal, butyrate salts increase antitumor resistance. Butyrate
      may be considered as possibly useful for antitumor therapy. But these products
      exhibit two essential disadvantages which restrict their clinical use in man:
      high concentrations required to achieve therapeutic effects and rapid excretion
      with short half life. In order to optimize the clinical use of butyrate, we
      studied a n-butyric acid ester obtained with xylitol selected for its
      physiological and metabolic inertia. Structure determination of tributyryl
      xylitol was carried out by mass and NMR spectrometry (MW = 344). The low toxicity
      and the antitumor effects of this ester, especially in association with
      Corynebacterium parvum and interferon, confirm its therapeutic interest. The slow
      excretion of this prodrug should make butyrate clinical use easier by preventing
      extensive systemic metabolism and metabolic side-effects due to cations of
      butyrate salts.

PMID- 1820908
TI  - Homeostatic equilibrium of L-carnitine family before and after i.v.
      administration of propionyl-L-carnitine in humans, dogs and rats.
AB  - Propionyl-L-carnitine is a minor component of L-carnitine family which, when
      exogenously administered, proved to possess interesting cardiovascular
      activities. In this paper the pharmacokinetics of propionyl-L-carnitine was
      investigated in humans, dogs and rats after intravenous administration. In all
      the three species the base homeostatic equilibrium was carefully investigated in
      plasma and in urine during the 24 h period before the administration. Propionyl-L
      carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, L-carnitine and total acid soluble L-sensitive
      were assayed in plasma and urine with very sensitive enantioselective radioenzyme
      assay. After dosing propionyl-L-carnitine rapidly increased, and then decreased
      reaching the base value within 6 h or more, depending on the species and the
      dose. Also L-carnitine in all the three species and acetyl-L-carnitine in rats
      and dogs increased, but the increase was more sustained when compared to
      propionyl-L-carnitine. Urinary excretion paralleled plasma concentration,
      reaching the highest value in the 24 h-period after dosing. Renal clearance also
      increased reflecting the behaviour of plasma concentration and urinary excretion.
      Results obtained all the conclusion that two homeostatic equilibrium of L
      carnitine family components, namely the inter-exchange between L-carnitine and
      its esters catalyzed by carnitine acyl transferases, and a saturable tubular
      reabsorption process with differentiated threshold for each component.

PMID- 1820910
TI  - Dissolution kinetics of bezafibrate in two solid forms for oral administration.
AB  - The dissolution kinetics of two solid and oral formulations of bezafibrate have
      been studied. These preparations are available in the Spanish market. Both of
      them are tablets, one conventional-release (A) and the other slow-release
      formulation (C). Dissolution studies have been performed using the system
      proposed by the USP XXI. The solubility of the drug was determined in each
      release medium at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that the sink conditions
      were not satisfied. The evaluation of the dissolution rate-kinetics is performed
      by three different mathematical approaches. Strong differences in its "in vitro"
      behaviour were found.

PMID- 1820909
TI  - Protein binding of L-carnitine family components.
AB  - L-carnitine and its short-, medium- and long-chain acyl esters constitute the L
      carnitine family. These compounds in the body are equilibrated according to a
      homeostatic equilibrium preserved and, when impaired, restored by a dynamic inter
      exchange between L-carnitine and its esters, catalysed by carnitine acyl
      transferases, and a tubular reabsorption process with differentiated thresholds
      for each component. The interaction of these compounds with albumin and plasma
      proteins of rats, dogs and humans was carefully investigated by means of
      ultrafiltration and gel filtration techniques. Results obtained demonstrate that
      L-carnitine and its short-chain esters, namely acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L
      carnitine, do not interact with either albumin or plasma proteins; octanoyl-L
      carnitine interacts in a measurable even if poor extent (12-30%), whereas
      palmitoyl-L-carnitine, a molecule with a detergent activity, is completely bound
      to albumin and plasma proteins.

PMID- 1820911
TI  - In vitro evaluation of the dissolution rate of crystalline suspensions destined
      to intramuscular administration.
AB  - The aqueous suspensions for intramuscular administration belong to the group of
      the dosage forms, that have a sustained release behaviour. These are based on the
      low aqueous solubility of the administered molecule whose aqueous suspensions
      form a depot in the muscular tissue which controls the absorption. The assays
      performed previously with two molecules of these characteristics have shown the
      inability of the habitual methods used for evaluating the dissolution rate of a
      drug, to determine the possible behaviour of these drugs in a definite and
      concrete formulation. For this reason, we have designed and developed a new
      method which allows us to support future processes, such as agglomeration and,
      possibly, cyst forming, that could be developed "in vivo". In this way, a more
      reliable prediction of the efficiency of inefficiency of this kind of formulation
      will be possible. Tha validity of our system has been studied with three
      formulations. Two of them were sustained release cefazolin molecules showing
      agglomeration problems "in vivo" and the other one a commercial penicillin-G
      benzathine commercial with a great efficacy demonstrated in habitual clinical
      practice.

PMID- 1820912
TI  - A method to optimize the design parameters of sustained release preparations.
AB  - A procedure is proposed for optimizing the design parameters of a drug, which
      exhibits n-exponential disposition kinetics, intended as an oral sustained
      release product. The product comprises two components, an immediately available
      dose and a portion released at a constant rate.

PMID- 1820913
TI  - In vitro simulated pharmacokinetics profiles: forecasting antibiotic optimal
      dosage.
AB  - Sisomicin (SMN) and cefotaxime (CTX) antimicrobial effect (AME) kinetics were
      studied under in vitro stimulation the drug monoexponential pharmacokinetic
      profiles mimicking normal and impaired elimination of SMN or CTX administered in
      various doses to humans. Similar general shape of the AME intensity or duration
      vs the SMN and CTX AUC curves, i.e. the appearance of the "bacteriostatic" and
      "bactericidal" phases, was established irrespective of the antibiotic elimination
      rate. At the same time the AME vs AUC curves simulated normal and delayed drug
      elimination did not match. Thus, AME is defined not only the AUC value but also
      the peculiarities of the pharmacokinetic profile and, subsequently, the term of
      "antibiotic efficient concentration" is unseparable of the pharmacokinetic
      profile.

PMID- 1820914
TI  - Comparative study "in vitro" of transdermal absorption of a series of antiemetic
      drugs.
AB  - The "in vitro" transdermal absorption characteristics of various antiemetic drugs
      (Alizapride, Bromopride, Clebopride, Domperidone, Metoclopramide, Metopimazine)
      were studied. Franz diffusion glass cells were used. The skin of hairless rat was
      used as a permeation membrane. The following parameters were evaluated for each
      drug: Permeation constant (Kp), lag time (T1), and flux (J). A comparative study
      of permeation characteristics of the assayed drugs was carried out. Their
      potential use as transdermal dosage forme was also studied. Based on the results,
      Bromopride and Clebopride have showed the best "in vitro" permeation profile to
      be used by transdermal administration.

PMID- 1820915
TI  - The effect of inhalation flow on the performance of a dry powder inhalation
      system.
AB  - Dry powder inhalation systems are composed of a small amount of active
      ingredients and a larger amount of filler. The drug particles are believed to be
      bound by the filler crystals. The complexes are too large to be inhaled and need
      to be separated before they enter the lungs. This is done by the air patients
      inhale through the inhaler. Asthmatics can show low inhalation flows and the
      performance of a dry powder inhaler at low flows was investigated. It was shown,
      that small particles (less than 5 microns) separate swiftly at low flows and
      larger particles (greater than 5 microns) will need higher flows. The conclusion
      is that dry powder inhalation preparation do not show a simple separation
      pattern.

PMID- 1820916
TI  - Effects of inspirease holding chamber on the deposition of metered dose
      inhalation aerosols.
AB  - A modified cascade impaction method as well as a radiotracer technique has been
      used to assess the effects of the 700 ml collapsible holding chamber (InspirEase)
      on the in vitro and in vivo deposition of inhaled metered dose aerosols. The in
      vitro deposition of beclomethasone dipropionate 250 micrograms/dose aerosol
      administered either through the conventional aerosol actuator with the short
      plastic mouthpiece or through the InspirEase-device was evaluated with the
      modified cascade impactor which method imitated the human respiratory tract. For
      the in vivo study the disodium cromoglycate particles were labelled with pure
      gamma-radiator 99mTc using a coprecipitation technique based on spray drying. The
      deposition of the inhaled disodium cromoglycate particles in the human
      respiratory tract after administration of the drug doses from the devices tested
      was determined by means of gamma camera. InspirEase increased both in the in
      vitro and in vivo tests the fraction of the drug dose deposited into the
      therapeutically significant regions of the respiratory tract. In addition, the
      therapeutically insignificant fraction deposited in the upper passages and mouth
      clearly decreased. Thus using the InspirEase holding chamber not only a better
      lung penetration of the inhaled drug particles can be achieved but also the local
      side effects would be decreased.

PMID- 1820917
TI  - Nasal distribution of radioactive drug administered using two dosage forms.
AB  - The deposition patterns of 99mtechnetium labelled disodium cromoglycate particles
      administered either from a metered dose aerosol with a conventional nasal adaptor
      or from a dry powder nasal inhaler were studied using gamma camera. Disodium
      cromoglycate particles were firstly labelled with 99mTc using the spray drying
      technique. Both the metered dose aerosol and the dry powder dosage form were
      formulated using these radioactive drug particles. Seven healthy volunteers
      inhaled either three aerosol doses or one dry powder dose unit into one nostril.
      The drug dose reaching nasal cavity after administration from these two dosage
      forms was about the same. The deposition patterns as well as the changes in
      distribution due to the mucociliary transport were monitored by a gamma camera
      equipped with a low energy all purpose collimator. Initially drug doses deposited
      in a wider area of the nasal cavity when disodium cromoglycate particles were
      administered as a dry powder dosage form. In addition, retention index (%) which
      illustrates the movements of drug particles by mucociliary transport from the
      initial area of application seemed to be slightly higher for a metered dose
      aerosol than for a dry powder dosage form. At the end of the 30 minutes measuring
      period the area of the mucosal layer covered by radioactive drug particles was
      clearly wider for the dry powder dosage form than for the metered dose aerosol.
      Thus it is well possible to administer drug particles effectively into the nasal
      cavity as a dry powder dosage form.

PMID- 1820918
TI  - In vivo approach to determine the route of optimal drug absorption in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology to evaluate the optimal
      route of absorption in rats, avoiding the first pass effect of the liver (nasal,
      buccal and transdermal). These routes were investigated for a new benzamide, for
      which an absorption profile close to the intramuscular route is desired. Nasal
      route was investigated on anaesthetized rats by perfusion at a feeble flow rate
      of a recirculated solution through a tube from a reservoir, to the posterior part
      of the nasal cavity. Buccal absorption was evaluated by means of an original
      perfusion model adapted from the nasal recirculation model. Transdermal
      absorption was realized using a very simple "reservoir" system developed in our
      laboratory, which permits the application of the drug solution directly onto the
      skin. Action of some vehicles on nasal and transdermal drug absorption was
      studied. Absorption parameters, e.g. rate input and extent of drug input versus
      time were calculated by numerical deconvolution using the intramuscular route as
      reference. Results were evaluated and the most adequate route presenting
      absorption characteristics closest to those researched was further studied for
      application in man. In the present example, the drug was better absorbed when
      administered by nasal route.

PMID- 1820919
TI  - An attempt to use artificial membranes to investigate cellular membrane
      permeation--application to nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic efficiency of nitroglycerin (TNG) is 3 to 4 times higher than
      that of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). In a previous work the authors have shown
      that this difference is partially due to the transmembrane diffusion potential of
      the molecules. The aim of this present study is to confirm this hypothesis by
      using artificial solid lipid membranes and thus to validate the method which will
      be used to predict the transmembrane diffusion of drugs. Two types of artificial
      membranes, having nearly the same liposolvent properties as the biological
      membrane, are tested to investigate intracellular drug penetration. These
      artificial membranes are fitted on the Dibbern's three phases apparatus: the
      Resomat 2. The results are in accordance with the data obtained on erythrocyte
      membranes showing that both drugs have a good transmembrane diffusibility and
      also that TNG presents a quicker intracellular penetration than ISDN. These
      results contribute to validate this method, using artificial membranes, to
      predict the intracellular penetration of molecules.

PMID- 1820920
TI  - A comparative "in vitro" study of permeability with different synthetic and
      biological membranes.
AB  - Permeability coefficients of seven compounds belonging to a true homologous
      series (4-alkylanilines) through several different synthetic and biological
      membranes were assayed in a two-chamber diffusion cell. Permeability
      lipophilicity relationships for the experimental data were established and
      compared in order to ascertain whether the behaviour of these membranes was
      similar to that of the human skin. In all cases, the best fit for the permeation
      lipophilicity correlation was provided by the bilinear model. It was demonstrated
      that this type of correlation, when a dimethylpolysiloxane membrane is used, is
      due to the existence of a supplementary stagnant aqueous layer adjacent to the
      membrane in the receptor compartment. This is clear from the fact that when
      Polysorbate 80 is added to the receptor solution, the effect of this layer is
      abolished. In these conditions, hyperbolic equation gives, consequently, the best
      fit for penetration-lipophilicity correlation. On the basis of the data obtained
      with rat skin and Polysorbate 80 in the receptor solution, it can be concluded
      that for biological membranes the bilinear model obtained is due to their
      heterogeneous nature. The optimum lipophilicity value for penetration according
      to the bilinear model was not the same for all the membranes assayed. Human and
      rat skin were qualitatively similar in behaviour.

PMID- 1820922
TI  - Skin density in the hairless rat. Evidence of regional differences.
AB  - Skin densities of different regional sites have been determined in the hairless
      rat. The following regional sites have been considered: abdominal, dorsal,
      foreleg, rearleg, pectoral, neck (ventral and dorsal) and scrotal. Skin density
      values were determined by means of an hydrostatic balance. The dorsal regional
      site and the neck dorsal show the highest density values (1.076 and 1.070
      respectively). The scrotal regional site shows the lowest density value 1.041.
      The abdominal density mean value (1.054) was not different from the foreleg,
      rearleg, pectoral and neck (ventral) regional sites. The knowledge of these
      density values will be useful to estimate skin/vehicle partition coefficients.

PMID- 1820921
TI  - Intestinal absorption of drugs: digitalis binding and transport by brush-border
      membrane vesicles from human duodenum.
AB  - The intestinal epithelial cell layer is the first major barrier to absorption
      encountered by xenobiotics. An understanding of the mechanism and sites of drug
      absorption and metabolism is thus a critical first step in developing orally
      active compounds. In this context human brush-border membrane vesicles obtained
      from multi-organ donor intestines have been purified. This model has been
      validated and used to investigate the duodenal absorption of drugs "in vitro",
      namely digitalis. It is well established that digitalis compounds present great
      variability in their respective "in vivo" bioavailability in human (60-90% for
      digoxin, 0% for ouabain). These particular characteristics prompted us to
      determine whether this membrane model constitutes a suitable tool in predicting
      the bioavailability or intestinal transport processes of these molecules. The
      uptake of [3H] digoxin and [3H] ouabain by membrane vesicles incubated in media
      of increasing osmolarities demonstrated that: i/two factors are involved in the
      uptake processes of digoxin: membrane binding and intravesicular transport
      (osmotic sensitive), ii/ for ouabain, no osmotic sensitivity was observed,
      indicating that no transport process occurred, but only membrane binding
      processes. These results are in complete agreement with the absolute
      bioavailability data reported for man "in vivo". This human brush-border model
      constitutes an interesting approach to the intestinal absorption phenomena which
      are known to be among the factors influencing the bioavailability of orally
      administered drugs.

PMID- 1820923
TI  - Use of human and animal liver microsomes in drug metabolic studies.
AB  - A bank of readily available well-characterized human and animal hepatic
      microsomal fractions has been established. By using these "in vitro" models, we
      evidenced large interspecies variabilities for various compounds including
      digoxin, minaprine and two vincaalkaloids (navelbine, vinblastine). Therefore,
      extrapolation from animal to human appeared limited and we focused our interest
      on human liver microsomes. Enzymatic characteristics of human microsomes from 35
      different livers were determined using specific monooxygenase (i.e. erythromycin,
      aniline, aminopyrin...) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates (i.e. p
      nitrophenol, monodigitoxoside digitoxigenin...). A wide variability was thus
      ascertained between individual for both phase I and phase II metabolic processes.
      Microsomal fractions were also shown to be of great interest for assessing the
      P450 cytochrome isoform(s) involved in the biotransformation of a given drug. For
      instance, using inhibitory experiments, we showed the implication of P450IID in
      minaprine metabolism. We also demonstrated that P450IIIA is probably involved in
      vindesine biotransformation. Drug metabolic interactions between cyclosporin A
      and macrolides were studied using the same model. These results demonstrating
      that erythromycin is a much more potent inhibitor of cyclosporin A
      biotransformation than spiramycin, agree closely with "in vivo" data. In
      conclusion, liver microsomes are powerful tools in studying: i) interspecies and
      interindividual variabilities, ii) metabolic drug interactions.

PMID- 1820924
TI  - Controlled release of hydrocortisone acetate from dermal bases.
AB  - The effect of the complexation with beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl beta
      cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the diffusion kinetics of hydrocortisone
      acetate through a non porous lipidic membrane was analyzed starting from
      different dermal bases: a Carbopol gel and lanovaseline. A constant diffusive
      gradient was achieved; this suggests that the complexation equilibrium controls
      the diffusable form, according to its stability constant. The following sequence
      was observed for the cumulative amount diffused: hydrocortisone acetate greater
      than hydrocortisone acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone greater than hydrocortisone
      acetate/hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin greater than hydrocortisone acetate/beta
      cyclodextrin. Such behaviour was analyzed in terms of the main physical chemical
      parameters of the systems examined.

PMID- 1820926
TI  - Biopharmaceutic evaluation of some 4-quinolone derivatives.
AB  - The relationships between physicochemical properties (ionization, solubility,
      partition, protein binding) of 4-quinolone derivatives and their pharmacokinetics
      was studied by means of in vitro methods. This information is needed to clarify
      the erratic absorption behaviour of quinolone antibacterials following oral
      administration. The ionization constants of ofloxacin (OF), pefloxacin (PF),
      norfloxacin (NF) and ciprofloxacin (CF) were determined by solubility,
      potentiometric, spectrophotometric, and octanol-water partition methods. The
      quinolones are ampholytes showing small values of partition coefficients (order
      of magnitude 1) resulting from their hydrophilic nature. Within the series, both
      partition coefficients and the ionization constants differ only slightly (5.5
      less than pK1 less than 6.5, and 7.5 less than pK2 less than 8.5). The intrinsic
      solubility of nonionized forms of drugs was obtained to be of 1g/l order of
      magnitude. Linear relationship was observed between the log solubility versus
      reciprocal temperature. The dissolution of NF is an endothermic reaction with
      dissolution enthalpy H = 20.4 kJ/mol. In vitro diffusion of OF, PF, NF, and CF
      was studied by the means of Sartorius in vitro absorption model. The rate of
      diffusion and the projected in vitro rate of absorption are not functions of
      structural differences within the series (diffusion rate constant range was 0.5
      less than kd less than 5.0 .10-3 cm/min). Binding of NF, CF, PF and OF to bovine
      serum albumin (BSA) was studied using equilibrium dialysis in the absence and
      presence of urea. It was found that the quinolones were moderately bound (40-60%)
      to BSA and that urea in pathologic concentrations diminished their binding for 10
      25%.

PMID- 1820928
TI  - Linear relationships in systems with non linear kinetics.
AB  - The elimination rate of drug from a capacity-limited one-compartment model can be
      expressed by equation (1): [formula: see text] Traditionally equation (1) was
      linearized according to equation (2): [formula: see text] Here, an alternative
      linear relationships between concentration and the area under the curve of C/(Km
      + c]) is proposed: [formula: see text] By iteration of Km into equation (3) until
      the statistic of analysis of variance for the regression is maximized, both Km
      and Vmax can be obtained. Several cases were considered: a) Intravenous bolus
      (single dose): Km (mg/L), Vmax (mg/L h), Vd (L) and V (mg/h) can be estimated. b)
      Extravascular administration (single dose): by the method of residuals it is
      possible to make additional estimations of FD/Vd (mg/L) and Ka (1/h). c)
      Bioequivalence studies: with parameters obtained at single dose, the simulated
      levels at steady-state are considered for the bioequivalence assessments. d) Km,
      Vmax estimation with two (C,t) points (single dose): double iteration (Km values
      and interpolated fictitious third points) are needed. e) Multiple dose: [formula:
      see text] If t2-t1 = T (interval of administration) it is possible to calculate
      operatives Km, Vmax, FD/Vd and to estimate Css (steady-state concentration). C1
      and C2 correspond to different intervals. All the areas were calculated by the
      trapezoidal rule.

PMID- 1820925
TI  - On the limiting factors affecting the distribution of model drugs from blood into
      the lymphatic system.
AB  - The effect of molecular weight, lymph quality (total lipid content) and
      pathological conditions (liver cirrhosis, malabsorption state, acute uremia) on
      the distribution of model drugs into central lymph after i.v. administration was
      studied in rats. Lymphatic bioavailability (FL), expressing the ratio of the
      areas under both the lymphatic and the blood concentration curves, served as the
      parameter of "lymphotropy". In model drugs with a low molecular weight
      (benzoates, hippurate, diazepam), the blood and lymphatic concentrations are
      steady (FL values are close to 1.00). Inulin (m.w. = 5600) in small doses (0.75
      mg/kg) possesses a FL similar to low-molecular substances; additions of 10-fold
      and 50-fold doses significantly increase the FL. High--molecular HSA passes into
      the lymph to a limited degree only (FL = 0.49). The content of lipids in the
      central lymph determines the magnitude of FL for the lipophilic drug (diazepam)
      only. The induced pathological conditions affect the absolute values of both the
      blood lymphatic areas under the concentration curves, but the resultant FL varies
      only slightly.

PMID- 1820927
TI  - Controlled delivery of oestradiol-17-b from silastic implants: in vitro and in
      vivo evaluation.
AB  - Oestradiol-17-b release from silastic implants of different length was determined
      in vitro over periods of up to 511 days. Sink conditions were provided by either
      Sodium lauryl sulphate (1%) or polyethylene glycol 400 (50%) in aqueous based
      media. Drug release profiles were fitted to the kinetic expression for matrix
      controlled release from a cylindrical delivery system, thus allowing prediction
      of both the rate and extent of release with time. A linear relationship was found
      between the cumulative amount of drug released in vitro and that released in
      vivo; the latter being measured from implants recovered from animals slaughtered
      in the period 96-515 days post implantation. A linear relationship was also
      obtained between serum oestradiol concentrations in the period 14 to 84 days post
      implantation and the in vitro release rate.

PMID- 1820929
TI  - Application of non parametric methods to pharmacokinetic models of the Michaelis
      Menten type.
AB  - Non linear parametric regression methods for data fitting as applied to complex
      pharmacokinetic models give rise to convergence difficulties which have not been
      completely solved. The Cornich-Bowden non parametric method was applied by
      Shelver to the one compartment open model with first order absorption to
      simulated data with different error structures. The application of his procedure
      was extended to a pharmacokinetic model with Michaelis-Menten elimination.
      Simulated concentration/time data were generated by a microcomputer program which
      imposed the appropriate error structure:constant and proportional standard
      deviation with or without one outlier of different magnitude. Parameter
      optimization was performed using either a Newton-Raphson algorithm based on the
      integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten equation and a standard non linear
      regression program: NONLIN. In the case of the non parametric method, the median
      of the parameter values obtained for each combination of data points was used as
      best estimate of the parameters. One hundred data sets were used and performance
      of the two methods was assessed by comparing bias and standard deviation of the
      mean parameter value thus obtained, given the true values of the parameters used
      to generate the data. The non parametric performed well with homoscedastic data
      and was less sensitive to the presence of outliers than the non linear regression
      technique. In the case of heterosocedastic data both methods performed poorly but
      the non parametric method was more sensitive to the presence of outliers.

PMID- 1820930
TI  - The sojourn time and its use in pharmacology.
AB  - A short review on some pharmacokinetic parameters (mean residence time, sojourn
      time, transit time) is given in relation to compartmental models and some
      examples and application are discussed. In particular the use of the sojourn time
      is suggested because this parameter can give useful informations when comparing
      the pharmacokinetics of different drugs or in pharmacodynamics.

PMID- 1820931
TI  - Comparison of HPLC and RIA methods applied to the quantification of amisulpride
      in human plasma.
AB  - Quantification of amisulpride occurred up-till now using radioimmunoassay (RIA).
      A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay with fluorimetric
      detection has been developed, which can be reproduced easily by any other
      laboratory. The aim of this paper is to compare amisulpride plasma levels
      (determined by RIA and HPLC) in 51 patients who received daily up to 800 mg of
      amisulpride in fractioned doses by IM or oral route, eventually together with
      other medications. Assay conditions and characteristics are briefly described and
      discussed. Results obtained with RIA and HPLC are compared and relative errors
      between both methods are calculated and examined as a function of the
      concentrations quantified. Correlation analysis using the concentrations (linear
      correlation) or their logarithm (logarithmic correlation) were realized for
      different concentration ranges. In fact, in the present case, logarithmic
      correlation was a more appropriate data processing method, which showed
      intercepts close to 0 and slopes close to 1. In conclusion, both methods are
      specific and sensitive enough to ensure the follow up of clinical studies. RIA
      may therefore be replaced whenever necessary by PHLC, without subsequent
      influence on the results.

PMID- 1820932
TI  - When is the use of alternative biological fluid in pharmacokinetics possible; an
      example of theophylline.
AB  - Special interest in alternative approach to clinical pharmacokinetic research
      nowadays, especially in pediatric practice, is concerned on biological fluids
      obtainable by non- invasive methodology. Saliva and urine are the most
      interesting fluids in this approach. The possibility of using saliva and urine
      was investigated and evaluated in theophylline (Th) therapy, both in asthmatic
      children and adults. The investigation on drug presence in saliva (asthmatic
      children and adults) and in urine (asthmatic children) during Th therapy,
      confirmed good correlation between saliva and plasma, and between urine and
      plasma, and provided reliable basis for the conclusion that both saliva and urine
      can be used in pharmacokinetic research of The elimination in asthmatic children.
      Only saliva was investigated in adult patients and it was found that it can be
      used as alternative biological fluid in pharmacokinetic research, but with less
      reliability than in children.

PMID- 1820933
TI  - Bioavailability and bioequivalence requirements in the European community.
AB  - An comparative overview is given of the new EC-Note for Guidance on
      bioavailability and bioequivalence, which now has been sent out for consultation
      to interested parties. The new version gives more regulatory detail than the
      version of 1984. It is expected that it will come into force in the course of
      1991. Some changes in the final version as compared to the present version,
      accepted by the CPMP, are possible. The EC-Note for Guidance on modified-release
      products, which came into force in July 1990, has also been discussed. In
      comparison with comparable guidance in other areas off the world this guidance
      gives much thought to the clinical aspects and especially the clinical
      justification of modified-release products.

PMID- 1820934
TI  - Kinetics and brain uptake of COR3224, a new 2-amino-2-oxazoline, in rats.
AB  - COR3224, a new 2-amino2 oxazoline derivative, shows antidepressant activity in
      the rat. This study was designed to analyse the influence of dose ranging on the
      brain/plasma concentration ratio of this drug. Adult male rats (250-300gr,
      Sprague Dawley) were given orally 10, 40 and 160 mg/Kg radiolabelled 14C-COR3224
      (30 microCi/kg) in aqueous solution and were sacrificed at 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 2;
      4; 6; 8; 12; 16; 24; and 30 hours post dose (5 rats per time). Plasma and brain
      samples were analysed for total radioactivity (T.R.) by liquid scintillation and
      for COR3224 (U.P.) by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and electrochemical
      detection. A linear relationship was found between AUC and doses administered for
      both TR and UP plasmatic determinations. In opposite, cerebral AUC for TR and U.P
      were not proportional to dose, and the evolution of the brain/plasma
      concentration ratios showed higher values for the 10mg/kg dose than for the 40
      and 160mg/kg doses.

PMID- 1820935
TI  - Harmonization of bioavailability and bioequivalence requirements.
AB  - Requirements for bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) of drug products
      have evolved in different jurisdictions according to precedents established
      within the framework of existing laws. Thus, while the scientific principles
      behind the regulation and guidelines are common, it is often difficult for
      countries to agree on specific standards. This presentation examines some of the
      similarities and differences between European Community (EC) and North American
      requirements and indicates areas in which consensus may be achieved as well as
      those issues which may be more challenging.

PMID- 1820936
TI  - Intestinal absorption of a series of 6-fluoquinolone derivatives: a comparative
      study.
AB  - The intestinal absorption rate constants of the five 6-fluoquinolones
      (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, CNV 8802 and CNV 8804), have been
      estimated in the rat (n = 5) by means of an "in situ" intestinal perfusion
      method. Remaining 6-fluoquinol one concentrations in the perfusion liquid at
      fixed time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 minutes) were determined using a HPLC
      procedure with UV detection. Absorptions rate constants were estimated according
      to first order kinetics. A simple non-linear correlation between Ka and log K' on
      the one hand and a multiple linear correlation between Ka and the structural
      theoretical parameters: molar volume, dipolar moment and the charge associated to
      nitrogen 18 on the other, were performed. Only a correlation between Ka values as
      dependent variable versus dipolar moment and molecular volume values has been
      obtained, but this correlation is not statistically significant (p = 0.1808) and
      not accurate enough to have predictive value.

PMID- 1820937
TI  - Reduction of oral bioavailability of paracetamol by tolmetin in rat.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol alone and coadministered with tolmetin were
      studied in male Wistar rats. Open pharmacokinetic model of one and two
      compartments were fitted to experimental average plasma levels of paracetamol.
      Simultaneously fittings (intravenous and oral curves showed significant
      statistical differences for bioavailability estimated parameters (AUCev, F and
      K01). Also significant statistical differences were found for alfa, beta, K21 and
      Vd(ss) estimated parameters. Oral paracetamol bioavailability reduction (24%) was
      observed by coadministration of tolmetin in the rat. Since AUCiv and plasma
      clearance of paracetamol remained unchanged after intravenous coadministration,
      may be suggested that absorption process seems responsible of paracetamol
      bioavailability reduction.

PMID- 1820938
TI  - Is a diurnal rhythm in bioavailability caused by a rhythm in intestinal
      absorption?
AB  - This study was undertaken to elucidate the influence of diurnal rhythmicity in
      rats an the intestinal transport step of two model compounds. One of these
      compounds is a lipophilic drug (griseofulvine) and the other hydrophilic
      (theophylline). For this purpose, chronically isolated loops in the rat intestine
      in the proximal ileum were perfused for approximately 24 hours with a solution of
      theophylline or griseofulvine in phosphate buffered saline. The water flux was
      also monitored during perfusion. No significant difference between the
      disappearance rate at day and at night was shown in the perfusion experiments
      performed, irrespective of the compound under investigation. Only a normal bias
      in disappearance rate was shown throughout the perfusion experiments. In the
      waterflux an influx of 2-5 ml/hr was shown; a diurnal rhythm however was
      completely absent. We conclude therefore that the rhythmicity in plasma levels
      found in drug disposition experiments are caused by other influential factors,
      such as difference in food between morning and evening, difference in transit
      time or gastric emptying or difference in the amount or composition (pH!) of the
      gastric or intestinal fluid. Based on our experiments, however, these variations
      are not caused by diurnal variation in the passive transport step in the mucosa.

PMID- 1820940
TI  - COR3224--a new antidepressant: pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rat.
AB  - COR3224 is a new 2-amino-2 oxazoline derivative with antidepressant properties.
      The distribution, excretion and metabolism of radiochemically labelled 14C
      COR3224 has been investigated in the rat after intravenous injection. The
      compound was widely distributed and rapidly excreted. Hydroxylation and sulphate
      conjugation are involved in the COR3224 elimination.

PMID- 1820939
TI  - An original intragastric delivery system for oral administration of solid
      formulations to fully conscious rats: its application to oxodipine studies.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe an original intragastric delivery system
      for powders to conscious rats. This system is an administration cannula composed
      of a simple polypropylene tube, long enough to reach the stomach and an adapted
      metallic stem in the lumen of the tube. A finite dose of powder, set on the free
      extremity of the cannuly, is expulsed into the stomach. This delivery system is
      applied to study oxodipine absorption from oral solid forms containing
      appropriate vehicles. Different test formulations were administered to rats:
      solution by I.V. (1 mg/kg) and P.O. (2mg/kg) routes, and oral dry powders (2
      ng/kg). Blood samples were collected until 12 hours post-dose. Oxodipine plasma
      levels are measured by a HPLC method. Results indicated that the rate and extent
      of absorption can be modulated by the administration of oxodipine in different
      formulations. The formulations studied can be classified as a function of the
      vehicles added to the solid formulation. In fact, the limiting factor of
      absorption in rats is the in vivo dissolution rate. Absolute bioavailability can
      be modulated by different formulations. The apparent elimination half-life was
      dependent on the dissolution rate of oxodipine from formulations.

PMID- 1820941
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of piroxicam in rats.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic of piroxicam was studied in the rat. Plasma and blood samples
      were analyzed by an high-performance liquid chromatography assay method. Plasma
      protein binding and blood to plasma concentration ratio were determined.
      Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out fitting exponential equation to
      experimental data. All calculations were made using both JANA and PCNONLIN
      programs. This study reports a good estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters
      of piroxicam in rats.

PMID- 1820942
TI  - Dose-proportional pharmacokinetics of cefepime in rats.
AB  - Cefepime (BMY-28142) is a new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic with excellent
      activity against a broad-spectrum of clinically important pathogens resistant to
      other new cephalosporins. A single bolus dose of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg cefepime was
      given i.v. to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats from which blood and urine
      samples were collected. For statistical reasons, pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC,
      Kel) were derived by fitting an exponential curve to the plasma concentrations;
      subsequently, contrasts were made between the different doses for AUC and Kel
      and, in addition, plasma concentrations observed after the first sampling time
      (Cmax). Cmax and AUC appeared to be linearly related to the administered dose in
      both males and females. The dose increased in the ratio 1:2:4 and mean Cmax in
      male and female rats increased in the ratio 1:2.3:4.1 and 1:2.3:4.4 respectively;
      similarly, AUC increased in the ratio 1:2.2:4.3 and 1:2.0:4.2 respectively.
      Deviations from linearity and proportionality were not significant (P0.05). The
      systemic clearance of cefepime in rats was 2.3 ml/min. The volume of distribution
      was about 60 ml and cefepime appears to be selectively distributed into the
      extracellular water. Plasma concentrations declined monoexponentially with a mean
      half-life of 15-20 min which did not significantly change with increasing doses.
      The renal clearance of cefepime was 1.8 ml/min and approximately 80% of the dose
      was excreted in the urine unchanged; renal excretion of cefepime is the major
      route of elimination in rats. The elimination and distribution characteristics of
      cefepime in rats were similar to those observed in man.

PMID- 1820943
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in the rat: influence of an experimentally induced
      hepatic injury.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of diazepam in normal
      rats and rats with a carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic cirrhosis after
      intravenous and oral administration of the drug (4 mg/Kg). When animals are
      pretreated with this hepatotoxic agent, a significant prolongation in plasma half
      life of diazepam is observed, due more to an increase in volume of distribution
      rather than to a decrease in clearance. Our findings confirm that diazepam is
      highly extracted by the liver of the rat. This parameter is not affected by the
      hepatotoxic agent, but probably there is a saturation of the hepatic enzyme
      activity when the drug is orally administered at the dose of 4 mg/Kg. Diazepam
      binds to a high degree to plasma proteins in normal and damaged rats, though in
      the last case a significant increase in the unbound fraction of drug in plasma is
      observed. Pretreatment of rats with Cl4C does not produce any change in
      distribution of diazepam into erythrocytes.

PMID- 1820944
TI  - [Method for determining the functional state of the human respiratory and
      circulatory systems in underwater conditions].
AB  - An original device has been worked out which permits registering parameters of
      respiration, gas exchange and circulation in man during diving and performance of
      some tests under water (graduated exercise, respiration with changed gas mixture,
      etc.). The correction coefficients have been experimentally determined to
      calculate the gas exchange and cardiohemodynamics indices in underwater
      conditions. The indices of human work capacity under water are determined using
      the above device.

PMID- 1820945
TI  - [Disinhibition and its role in central nervous system activity].
AB  - The review concerning neuronal mechanisms of disinhibition and its participation
      in activities of the spinal cord, cerebellum, reticulo-thalamo-cortical system,
      basal ganglia and cerebral cortex is presented.

PMID- 1820946
TI  - [Role of oxygen in the vital activity of aerobic organisms].
AB  - New experimental data that underlie construction of an adaptive-metabolic
      conception as to curative effect of hyperbaric oxygenation are systematized in
      the aspect of evolution. Oxygen under high pressure (300 kPa, 60 min) exerts a
      specific effect on functions of redox and antiredox systems and nonspecific
      effect determining adaptation mechanisms of functional (regulatory, effector),
      metabolic (bioenergy, detoxication, biosynthetic) and morphogenetic (cellular and
      intracellular regeneration) types at different (hyper-, normo- and hypobiotic)
      levels of vital activity as dependent on the metabolic activity of the functional
      structures under pathology conditions.

PMID- 1820947
TI  - [Basic trends of physiology development at the Kiev Medical Institute (on the
      150th anniversary of the Kiev Medical Institute)].

PMID- 1820948
TI  - [Microdialysis study in vivo of the release of adenine nucleotide degradation
      products into intercellular space of canine myocardium during regional ischemia
      and reperfusion].
AB  - Intercellular concentrations of adenine nucleotide degradation products (ANDP)-
      adenosine inosine and hypoxanthine--in ischemic and control regions of the canine
      myocardium were measured by microdialysis technique during 20- and 40-min
      coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. In hearts that fibrillated on
      reperfusion during the ischemic 40-min period catabolism of adenine nucleotides
      was more intensive, which could be the min cause of the reperfusion ventricular
      fibrillation. Reperfusion ventricular fibrillation was accompanied by an increase
      in the intercellular ANDP level in the control region, that indicated the
      development of the total myocardial ischemia. During the initial period of
      reperfusion after 20-min, a sharp increase in the interstitial ANDP level was
      observed in the ischemic region as compared with the end of the ischemia which
      could be explained as a result of demasking of reperfusion damage in such a case.
      The 40-min reperfusion induced slow reduction of the intercellular ANDP level in
      the ischemic region, while the regional blood flow already 5 min after the
      reperfusion did not differ from the blood flow in the control region. It is
      supposed that a slow washout of ANDP could be caused by the "no-reflow"
      phenomenon.

PMID- 1820949
TI  - [Interaction of inotropic effects on acetylcholine, adrenaline and increase of
      atrium stimulation frequency in rats adapted and non-adapted to physical
      exercise].
AB  - It is shown in experiments carried out on the isolated strips of the left and
      right atria of the rat that adrenaline decreases the inotropic effect of
      acetylcholine while interatrial differences of chrono-inotropy are elevated by
      acetylcholine and adrenaline. Training of animals changes interaction of
      regulatory effects in such a way that an increase of the negative chrono-inotropy
      is compensated and efficiency of the cardiac muscle regulation grows.

PMID- 1820950
TI  - [Role of creatine phosphokinase in the energy supply of the pumping function of
      the heart].
AB  - The cardiac output of isolated working rat heart and left ventricular pressure
      were estimated in either almost complete inhibition of creatine kinase by
      iodoacetamide or predominant fall in adenine nucleotides (AdN) content induced by
      2-deoxyglucose treatment. In the former case, a profound cardiac pump failure was
      observed despite almost normal levels of myocardial AdN and phosphocreatine.
      Those hearts could not maintain the aortic output at standard load due to lower
      LV systolic pressure, that was accompanied by increased minimal and maximal
      diastolic pressures by 5-7 mm Hg as well as by LV diastolic stiffness. As LV
      systolic pressure in those hearts was unchanged in retrogradely perfused and
      unloaded hearts it might be suggested that the cardiac pump failure was caused by
      the decreased LV distensibility. On the contrary, deoxyglucose treatment that
      resulted in 70% fall in the AdN content was accompanied by only moderate
      reduction of the cardiac output and insignificant changes in LV diastolic
      pressure and stiffness. The results suggested that creatine kinase plays a
      crucial role in the maintenance of normal myofibrillar compliance, which is
      necessary for cardiac filling and pump function.

PMID- 1820951
TI  - [Anti-ulcerogenic action of a combination of a psychostimulator of the
      phenylalkylsydnone imine series and arginine].
AB  - It has been revealed that OF 743, one of the psychostimulators belonging to
      phenylalkylsydnonimine derivatives, exerts anti-ulcerogenic action in case of
      stress- and ethanol-induced damage of gastric mucosa in rats. However OF 743 was
      not effective in case of indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage. Complex
      administration of OF 743 and arginine was accompanied by a considerable decrease
      of indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage. That combination was more
      effective than OF 743 alone in case of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage.

PMID- 1820952
TI  - [Efficiency of enterosorbents and detoxication mechanisms in immature rats with
      simulated hepatitis].
AB  - Different modifications of fibrous enterosorbent of the ACFM "Dnepr-MN" type
      exert a normalizing effect on the morphofunctional state of the liver of
      preadolescent rats with the model of toxic hepatitis. The distortion in the
      oxidation of lipids with peroxide and in the antioxidizing system protection
      removed, antitoxic liver function increases, which is confirmed by microsomal
      oxidation processes. A mediated effect of enterosorbents on the hepatocyte
      membrane structures is very significant for their detoxication effect.

PMID- 1820953
TI  - [Regulation of hormone biosynthesis in guinea pig adrenal glands by potassium
      ions as affected by dihydropyridines. 2. Possible mechanisms of changes in
      steroidogenesis induced by 1,4-dihydropyridines in dispersed adrenocorticocytes].
AB  - Formation of aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol and cortisone of labelled
      cholesterol in the dispersed adrenocorticocytes significantly intensifies at high
      potassium concentrations in the incubation medium. Labelling of aldosterone and
      corticosterone in the presence of DHP-51 remains unchanged in the medium
      containing 3 mmol/l of K+, but is inhibited at 8 mmol/l of potassium. Labelling
      of 17-hydroxylated corticosteroids, cortisol and cortisone grows at low K+
      concentration and falls at the high concentration as a result of DHP-51 addition
      to the incubation medium. This relationship is disturbed only at high
      concentration of DHP-51. Incorporation of [3H]-leucine into proteins of
      adrenocorticocytes grows with K+ concentrations. DHP-51 causes insignificant
      changes in incorporation of [3H]-leucine into proteins at low potassium content,
      inhibiting incorporation in the medium at high K+ level. DHP-51 blocked Ca2+
      transport into adrenocorticocytes, activated by raised level of potassium in the
      medium. The mechanism of DHP-51 action on regulation of steroidogenesis in
      adrenocorticocytes is discussed.

PMID- 1820954
TI  - [The effect of alternating electric field of industrial frequency on testicles of
      white mice].
AB  - Under the chronic influence of the alternating electric field (intensity 40 kV/m,
      frequency 50 Hz) the oppression of spermatogenesis was observed in the
      ontogenesis process of testicles of white mice. It was a result of disturbances
      in spermatogonia and spermatids. Investigation of the stability of mice testicles
      in different age groups (juvenile, puberal and old) has shown that the 1st and
      the 3d groups are the most sensitive ones.

PMID- 1820955
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the comprehensive rehabilitation of seamen after a
      long sea voyage].
AB  - It is established that 10 sessions of hyperbaric oxygenation in complex with
      balneologic procedures (Finnish baths) compensate the relative oxygen
      insufficiency and stimulate the redox processes of the sailor organism when
      transferring to a new functional level after long voyages. It is concluded that
      hyperbaric oxygenation is worth-while to restore working capacity and to
      rehabilitate the crews in the period after long sailing.

PMID- 1820956
TI  - [Estimation of physical work capacity of rats in an experiment with positive and
      negative emotional reinforcement by hypothalamic electrostimulation].

PMID- 1820957
TI  - [Role of the mucous barrier in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers of the stomach].
AB  - Using the model of immobilizing stress in rats, it has been established that the
      content of sialic acids in the stomach mucous membrane (SMM) and blood serum
      rises with simultaneous activation of proteolytic enzymes in them. The
      preliminary adaptation to short stressor influences parallel with an
      antipathogenic effect normalizes the content of sialic acids in the blood serum
      and SMM. The conclusion is made on the essential role of the degradation of
      gastric mucus in pathogenesis of stress ulcers.

PMID- 1820958
TI  - [Adrenergic stimulation of the heart during inhibition of phosphocreatine or
      adenylate pathways of energy transfer in cardiomyocytes].
AB  - Functional and metabolic response of an isovolumically perfused heart of a rat to
      isoproterenol (0.1 microM) has been studied. A heart with the normal content of
      adenine nucleotides (AN) and phosphocreatine (PCr) as well as that with the 5
      fold reduced AN content (with 2-deoxyglucose treatment) significantly increased
      cardiac work index (PRP), maximal contraction rate (MCR) and maximal relaxation
      rate (MRR) (by 50, 30-40 and 100-150%, respectively). The effect was preserved
      for all the period of the hormone action (30 min) and was followed by a temporary
      decrease in the PCr content. The heart with an inhibited unidirectional flux of
      metabolites through creative kinase (CK) and normal level of AN responded to the
      hormone by the slower and decelerated growth of the function and in the heart
      with almost completely iodoacetamide (IAAm)-blocked CK the functional response
      was minimal and transient. In the latter a significant and irreversible decline
      in PCr and ATP content and a concomitant rise of inorganic phosphate took place.
      Both basal and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity remained
      unchanged after IAAm treatment. An increase in PRP correlated with the elevation
      of the cytosolic ADP concentration, however, correlation was not uniform for
      different experimental groups. These data show significance of the creatine
      kinase system not only for maintenance of maximal work but also for a rapid
      functional response to the catecholamine stimulation.

PMID- 1820960
TI  - Surgical management of the atrophic edentulous ridge--a prosthetic view.
AB  - The vast majority of edentulous patients manage to wear complete dentures with
      relative ease. There are however a small group of patients described as "Denture
      Cripples" by Hopkins, Stafford and Gregory (1980), for whom the provision of
      complete dentures using conventional means has proved impossible. Clinical
      examination usually reveals marked atrophy of the alveolar ridge, the prominence
      of sharp bony ridges and an atrophic denture bearing mucosa. The patient
      complains of loose, painful dentures and an inability to masticate a normal diet.
      The patients can often be helped by correcting errors on their presenting
      dentures or by minor surgical procedures such as frenectomy or smoothing sharp
      bony ridges. Other patients present with such extreme ridge atrophy that major
      surgery may need to be considered. This paper reviews three types of surgery
      commonly used to help the prosthetist rehabilitate the patient, namely
      vestibuloplasties, ridge augmentations and implants.

PMID- 1820961
TI  - Glass transition temperature of thermoforming acrylic resins.

PMID- 1820959
TI  - [Intensity of Fc-dependent phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages and monocytes
      in peripheral blood in progeny of female rats with a chronic liver disorders].
AB  - The Fc-dependent phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages and monocytes in the
      peripheral blood of the female rat progeny with a chronic autoimmune liver
      disease in the period of an early postnatal ontogenesis has been studied. The
      obtained results show a decrease of the Fc-dependent processes of macrophages. It
      is confirmed by a depression of the receptor expression, a decrease in the number
      of EA-rosettes, reduction of the macrophage affinity and inhibition of absorption
      of sensibilized erythrocytes.

PMID- 1820962
TI  - Clinical and laboratory aspects of the three-part sectional denture.

PMID- 1820963
TI  - Biosynthesis and paracrine/cryptocrine actions of 'self' neurohypophysial-related
      peptides in the thymus.

PMID- 1820964
TI  - Mechanisms of luteinizing hormone secretion: new insights from studies with
      permeabilized cells.

PMID- 1820965
TI  - Can a single androgen receptor fill the bill?
AB  - If the above two hypotheses are correct, they would require at least one more
      specific nuclear receptor for T, and at least one membrane receptor to account
      for the very rapid effects induced by androgens on certain target tissues. If
      this is the case, clearly a single androgen receptor will not fill the bill.

PMID- 1820966
TI  - Hexose metabolism in pancreatic islets. Regulation of D-[6-14C]glucose oxidation
      by non-nutrient secretagogues.
AB  - In rat pancreatic islets, a rise in D-glucose concentrations increases the
      oxidation of hexose-derived acetyl residues relative to glycolytic flux, an
      effect possibly attributable, in part at least, to the activation of key
      mitochondrial dehydrogenases by Ca2+ accumulated in the mitochondria of glucose
      stimulated islet cells. The effects of non-nutrient insulinotropic agents upon D
      [6-14C]glucose oxidation and D-[5-3H]glucose utilization were investigated. At an
      intermediate concentration of D-glucose (6 mM), the oxidation of D-[6-14C]glucose
      was unaffected by hypoglycemic sulfonylureas, an organic Ca2+ agonist, a
      cholinergic agent, forskolin, theophylline and cytochalasin B. At a higher
      concentration of the hexose (17 mM), however, the 14CO2/3H2O production rate was
      decreased by organic and inorganic Ca(2+)-antagonists and by ouabain, whilst
      being increased by NH+4 (10 mM) and aminooxyacetate. These findings suggest that
      the preferential stimulation of oxidative events in the Krebs cycle is largely
      independent of the rate of insulin release, and not merely consequential to the
      stimulation of Ca2+ inflow into the B-cell. It might be regulated, in a feedback
      process, by the rate of ATP utilization and, both directly and indirectly, by the
      mitochondrial redox state. The glucose-induced mitochondrial accumulation of Ca2+
      and subsequent activation of the Krebs cycle appear to require an increase in
      both cytosolic Ca2+ activity and ATP availability.

PMID- 1820967
TI  - Comparison of steroidogenic potencies of homologous and heterologous
      gonadotropins in rat and mouse Leydig cells.
AB  - The in vitro steroidogenic potencies have been determined in rat and mouse Leydig
      cells for two homologous human gonadotropins, lutropin (hLH) and
      choriogonadotropin (hCG), and two heterologous gonadotropins, hCG beta wild-type
      and the product of an hCG beta clone containing a premature termination codon at
      position 122, each associated with a co-expressed bovine alpha subunit. hCG was
      found to be more potent than hLH in rat, but not mouse Leydig cells, and the
      heterologous gonadotropin containing the truncated hCG beta subunit was
      equipotent to that with hCG beta wild-type in both rat and mouse Leydig cells.
      Persistent steroidogenesis was determined by measuring testosterone production
      following pre-incubation with each of the above four gonadotropins and with ovine
      LH, subsequent washing of the cells, and re-incubation in the absence and
      presence of additional hormone. Interesting differences were found with the five
      gonadotropins in rat and mouse Leydig cells. The testosterone response to all
      gonadotropins in rat Leydig cells was essentially the same whether or not
      additional hormone was added after the initial cell incubation and washing. In
      contrast, only hLH and hCG yielded identical responses in mouse Leydig cells in
      the presence and absence of additional hormone, testosterone production being
      invariably lower with ovine LH and the two expressed heterologous gonadotropins
      unless they were present in the second incubation. In summary, the hCG beta C
      terminal sequence from residues 122-145 makes no discernible contribution to the
      in vitro potency in rat or mouse Leydig cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820968
TI  - Inhibition of luteinizing hormone-human chorionic gonadotropin binding by
      retinoids in a Leydig cell line.
AB  - Treatment of K9 mouse Leydig cells with 3 x 10(-6) M retinol (R) and retinoic
      acid (RA) resulted in 75% and 65% reduction of 125I-labeled hCG binding
      respectively, when assayed at 35 degrees C. This effect was dose-dependent and
      was first detected 12 h after initiation of treatment: it was maximal at 48 h for
      RA. R and RA had no significant effect on the rate of internalization and
      degradation of 125I-hCG as measured by disappearance of acid-releasable (i.e.
      surface-bound) radioactivity from the cells and by the appearance of
      trichloracetic acid-soluble label in the medium. When exposed to increasing
      concentrations of hCG for 24 h, both retinoid-treated and control cells 'down
      regulated' their gonadotropin receptors with the same dose-dependent pattern. The
      kinetics of reappearance of the receptors was similar for retinoid-treated and
      control cells, but for treated cells the maximal number of receptors reinitiated
      at 24 h never exceeded 40% of the values observed with control cells. Scatchard
      plot analysis confirmed a decrease in hCG receptor number from approximately
      26,000 to approximately 6400 and approximately 3500 sites per cell after R and RA
      treatment. Kd values for 125I-hCG binding were 2 x 10(-10) M, 7.3 x 10(-11) M and
      6.9 x 10(-11) M for control, R- and RA-treated cells respectively. On the basis
      of our data it is likely that retinoid-induced reduction in 125I-hCG binding to
      K9 Leydig cells is due to decreased receptor synthesis.

PMID- 1820969
TI  - Correlated abnormalities of transforming growth factor-beta 1 response and p53
      expression in thyroid epithelial cell transformation.
AB  - Using the thyroid follicular cell as a model for multi-stage carcinogenesis, we
      have investigated the role of two potential negative growth regulators ('anti
      oncogenes') in epithelial tumour progression--transforming growth factor-beta 1
      (TGF beta 1) and p53. Normal follicular cells, as expected, showed marked growth
      inhibition in response to TGF beta 1. Adenoma cells were equally inhibited. In
      contrast, spontaneously and SV40-immortalised follicular cell lines showing
      features of malignant transformation (notably loss of growth factor dependence)
      had lost all responsiveness to TGF beta 1, accompanied by a partial loss of its
      receptors. p53 protein was below detectable limits in normal and in adenoma cells
      but in contrast very high levels were observed in all three transformed lines. In
      the SV40-immortalised cells, this was expected in view of the known stabilising
      effect of the viral large T protein. In the spontaneous line we found strong
      evidence for point mutation of p53, which is known to have the same effect. Both
      mechanisms result in loss of p53 tumour suppressor function despite increased
      protein content. We conclude that loss of inhibition by TGF beta and inactivation
      of p53 are important steps in in vitro immortalisation and/or in vivo tumour
      progression in human thyroid follicular cells, and speculate that p53 may mediate
      or be required for the inhibitory signal normally induced by TGF beta 1.

PMID- 1820970
TI  - Modulation of 1,25(OH)2D3-induced osteocalcin synthesis in human osteosarcoma
      cells by other steroidal hormones.
AB  - We have previously shown that osteocalcin synthesis is readily induced by 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells (Mahonen et
      al. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1048, 30-37). In the present study, the
      regulation of osteocalcin synthesis by other hormones of the steroid-thyroid
      hormone family (retinoic acid, 17 beta-estradiol, triiodothyronine, and
      dexamethasone) was examined. We found that the other hormones alone had no
      effects on medium osteocalcin and osteocalcin mRNA concentrations by 96 h of
      treatment. Compared with 1,25(OH)2D3, however, the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3
      with dexamethasone resulted in a greatly reduced medium osteocalcin
      concentration. Also estradiol and triiodothyronine diminished the stimulatory
      effect of 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 with retinoic
      acid resulted in an increased medium osteocalcin concentration. The inhibition of
      osteocalcin synthesis by dexamethasone and triiodothyronine was accompanied by
      decreased osteocalcin mRNA levels. Retinoic acid and estradiol, however, did not
      influence the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced osteocalcin mRNA levels. To examine the
      specificity of the hormonal effects, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was
      determined. Both baseline and 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated alkaline phosphatase
      activity was found to be inhibited by all other hormones. These results suggest
      that the steroidal hormones specifically affect osteocalcin synthesis in
      osteoblastic bone cells, and that complex interactions occur at the level of
      transcription and/or translation resulting in each case in a finely adjusted rate
      of osteocalcin synthesis.

PMID- 1820971
TI  - Cloning and structural analysis of two distinct families of ovine interferon
      alpha genes encoding functional class II and trophoblast (oTP) alpha-interferons.
AB  - Ovine trophoblast protein (oTP) is a polypeptide secreted by ovine trophectoderm
      from day 11 to 21, which plays a key role in maternal recognition of pregnancy.
      Structural analyses established that oTP shares extensive homology with class II
      alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha II) subfamily. Previous screening of an ovine genomic
      DNA library probed with an oTP cDNA incidently resulted in the isolation of a
      functional IFN-alpha II gene and two relevant pseudogenes, as shown by sequence
      analysis and study of expression in eukaryotic COS cells. The expected oTP gene
      together with a cognate pseudogene was successfully isolated from the series of
      clones selected from another genomic library probed with the oTP cDNA, using two
      specific oligonucleotides, each one complementary to a region of oTP cDNA with
      little homology with the IFN-alpha II gene and related pseudogenes. Southern
      blotting of ovine genomic DNA indicated the existence of at least five
      trophoblast IFN-alpha genes or pseudogenes. Nucleotide sequence comparisons
      showed that the oTP gene exhibits a higher homology (90%) with bovine trophoblast
      IFN gene (Stewart et al. (1990) J. Mol. Endocrinol. 4, 275-282) than with oIFN
      alpha II gene (70%), thus providing evidence that embryonic IFNs constitute a
      distinct subfamily of IFN-alpha s.

PMID- 1820972
TI  - Localization of the estradiol receptor mRNA in the forebrain of the rainbow
      trout.
AB  - In situ hybridization was used to localize the cells that express the estradiol
      receptor gene (ER) in the forebrain (hypothalamus, preoptic area, telencephalon)
      of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Both sense and anti-sense [35S]UTP
      labeled single-stranded RNA probes were generated from the estradiol binding
      domain of the ER cDNA. The sense probe was used to evaluate the background of the
      hybridization reaction. In the forebrain, specific signal appeared in three
      areas: the posterior hypothalamus, the preoptic area, and the ventral
      telencephalon. Our localization correlates with [3H]estradiol binding studies in
      other teleost species. In the pituitary, we observed a weak signal when compared
      to the signal observed in the forebrain (about ten grains/cell in the pituitary
      against 35 grains/cell in the posterior hypothalamus). A significant difference
      was also observed between the intensity of labeling per cell when different
      forebrain nuclei were compared. We provide here evidence for a tissue-specific
      regulation of the ER mRNA levels in the trout hypothalamo-pituitary axis.

PMID- 1820973
TI  - Testosterone-induced susceptibility to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria: variant
      protein expression in functionally changed splenic non-T cells.
AB  - This study investigates the effects of the male sex hormone, testosterone (Te),
      on self-healing of Plasmodium chabaudi malaria as well as on protein expression
      and functional properties of total spleen cells and splenic T cells in females of
      the mouse strain C57BL/10. About 90% of the B10 females survive a challenge with
      10(6) P. chabaudi-infected erythrocytes. The percentage of self-healers, however,
      is reduced to about 60%, 40%, and 0% after pretreatment with Te for 1, 2, and 3
      weeks, respectively. The progressive loss of the capability of self-healing is
      correlated with an increasing expression of five proteins in splenic non-T cells
      as revealed by two-dimensional fluorography after metabolic labelling of total
      spleen cells and T cells with [35S]methionine. These have molecular masses
      (isoelectric points) of about 10 kDa (pI 5.7), 14 kDa (pI 6.3), 14 kDa (pI 6.4),
      38 kDa (pI 6.5), and 46 kDa (pI 5.5), respectively. Splenic non-T cells from mice
      treated with Te for 3 weeks have gained an increased capability to stimulate the
      concanavalin A-induced proliferative response of T cells. Te induces the changes
      in functional properties and protein expression of splenic non-T cells only in
      vivo and not in vitro. This suggests that the changes in splenic non-T cells as
      well as the prevention of self-healing P. chabaudi malaria are not directly
      induced by Te but rather indirectly, i.e. by a Te metabolite and/or Te-induced
      factor(s).

PMID- 1820975
TI  - Function of prolactin cells in the individual rat pituitary gland is location
      dependent.
AB  - Anterior pituitary glands from individual ovariectomized (ovx) or ovx-estrogen
      (E2) treated rats were sectioned into 1/8 cubes. Each section was incubated for
      four consecutive 15 min periods in order to measure the release of immunoreactive
      and bioactive prolactin (PRL); each individual section was then trypsinized into
      a single cell suspension for determination of PRL cell numbers in that section.
      Hormone release (ng PRL/1000 PRL cells) was not uniform throughout the gland; the
      consistency of the secretory patterns demonstrated that the amount of PRL release
      from the gland was location-dependent. Statistical analysis of the data showed
      that the most active cells were in the gland's left lobe, while the least active
      were in the right lobe. Within these lobes, the dorsal-caudal and ventral-rostral
      left lobe areas released the most hormone in vitro while those in the dorsal
      rostral, dorsal-caudal and ventral-rostral right lobe areas were least active.
      Injection of ovx rats with E2 for 2 days altered these secretory patterns. This
      sectioning procedure should prove useful in future studies addressing issues of
      cell-cell interaction and geographic location as they relate to pituitary cell
      function.

PMID- 1820974
TI  - Castration affects brain iodomelatonin binding in hamsters maintained in long but
      not short days.
AB  - The effects of castration on 2-[125I]iodomelatonin ([125I]melatonin) binding
      sites in discrete brain areas were investigated in male Syrian hamsters exposed
      to long and short days. In hamsters maintained in long days (14 h light: 10 h
      darkness), castration produced a marked decrease in [125I]melatonin binding in
      the brain, particularly in the medulla-pons hypothalamus and hippocampus. Maximal
      response in the medulla-pons and hypothalamus was observed at 3 days; specific
      [125I]melatonin binding subsequently increased to reach control levels within 30
      days after castration. In the hippocampus, the decrease in [125I]melatonin
      binding was still evident at 90 days after castration and could be reversed by
      testosterone. Exposure to short days (8 h light: 16 h darkness) did not affect
      [125I]melatonin binding in the various brain areas of the intact hamsters; even
      after 90 days when circulating testosterone decreased to castrated levels, the
      binding remained as in intact, long-day-housed controls. Moreover,
      [125I]melatonin binding in the various brain areas of hamsters exposed to short
      days was unaffected by castration. The results clearly indicate that the
      regulation by testosterone of melatonin receptors in the medulla-pons,
      hypothalamus and hippocampus of the male hamster depends on the prevailing
      photoperiod.

PMID- 1820976
TI  - Cell specific distribution of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in
      rat pituitary tumour cell lines.
AB  - To investigate the effects of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G
      proteins) on hormonal regulation of prolactin (PRL) synthesis and secretion, the
      qualitative distribution of G protein alpha-subunits and their mRNAs was studied
      in three functionally different pituitary tumour cell lines (GH cells) and normal
      rat pituitary tissue. Levels of basal and modulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) and
      phospholipase C (PLC) activities are also included. GH cells and pituitary tissue
      contained various amounts of mRNAs and protein for Gs alpha, Gi-2 alpha, Gi-3
      alpha and Go alpha, while mRNA for Gi-1 alpha was only detected in normal
      pituitary tissue. Gz alpha/Gx alpha mRNA was expressed in all pituitary cell
      lines as well as in pituitary tissue. Go alpha mRNA and Gz alpha/G x alpha mRNA
      displayed size heterogeneity. These findings may have importance in the
      understanding of hormone regulation of second messenger systems.

PMID- 1820977
TI  - The effects of age on the postreceptor regulation of luteinizing hormone
      secretion by gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - We studied the effects of age on the roles of phosphoinositide (PI) and protein
      kinase C (PKC) in luteinizing hormone (LH) release by gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone from mouse pituitaries. Pituitary cells from intact and 14-day
      ovariectomized (OVX) mice aged 4-8 months, 10-12 months and 14-18 months were
      cultured at a dilution of 3 x 10(5) cells/ml of M199-bovine serum albumin medium
      for 3 days prior to stimulation with either buserelin or phorbol ester (phorbol
      myristate acetate, PMA), while LH was assayed by radioimmunoassay using anti-rat
      LH antibody (NIDDK-5-10). In intact young mice, buserelin and PMA specifically
      induced time- and dose-dependent increases in LH release with specific mean ED50
      of 0.82 x 10(-11) M (buserelin) and of 1.6 x 10(-8) M (PMA) and a maximal LH
      release of 138 +/- 15 ng/10(6) cells after a 3 h stimulation period. Age did not
      affect the ED50 of either agonist but significantly reduced their ability to
      release LH. This reduction was more pronounced for buserelin than for PMA and was
      evident as early as middle-age. OVX resulted in a significant increase in both
      basal and stimulated LH release, but did not affect the age-related reduced
      secretion rate of LH by either agonist. Buserelin stimulated the incorporation of
      [3H]inositol into [3H]inositol phosphates (IP) in a dose-dependent manner, which
      was unaffected by either age or OVX. We conclude that, with aging, there occurs a
      reduced LH release rate to both buserelin and PKC stimulations, uncoupled to
      changes in PI-IP cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1820978
TI  - Expression of cytochrome P-450 mRNAs in steroidogenesis of adrenocortical
      adenomas from patients with primary aldosteronism.
AB  - We studied the contents of aldosterone and cortisol (F) and the expression of
      mRNA of cytochrome P-450 for side-chain cleavage (P-450scc), 17 alpha-hydroxylase
      (P-450c17), 21-hydroxylase (P-450c21) and 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-450c11) in
      adrenocortical adenomas from three patients with primary aldosteronism. The
      aldosterone content was significantly higher in adrenocortical adenomas than in
      normal adrenal glands, while F content in adenomas was similar to the level in
      normal adrenal glands. The aldosterone-producing adenomas showed a markedly
      higher level of P-450c11 mRNA, a slightly but not significantly increased level
      of P-450c21 mRNA and a significantly decreased level of P-450c17 mRNA, compared
      with those in normal adrenal glands. The expression of P-450scc mRNA in adenomas
      was similar to the level in normal adrenal glands. These results suggested that
      the renin-independent overproduction of aldosterone in adrenocortical adenomas
      from the patients with primary aldosteronism results from increasing expression
      of the mRNA for P-450c11 and decreasing expression of the mRNA for P-450c17.

PMID- 1820979
TI  - Androgen increases androgen receptor protein while decreasing receptor mRNA in
      LNCaP cells.
AB  - We have examined the effect of androgen treatment on androgen receptor mRNA and
      protein expression in the LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cell line. Incubation
      with androgen caused a decrease in cellular androgen receptor mRNA content that
      was concentration and time dependent. Maximal suppression to approximately 35% of
      control level was observed after 49 h of exposure to androgen. By contrast,
      incubation of LNCaP cells with androgen resulted in a 2-fold increase in the
      cellular content of androgen receptor protein at 24 h. At 49 h androgen receptor
      protein increased 30% as assayed by immunoblots and 79% as assayed by ligand
      binding. These results suggest that ligand-induced changes in androgen receptor
      stability and/or the translational efficiency of androgen receptor mRNA account
      for the phenomenon of androgen receptor upregulation observed in cultured LNCaP
      cells. Furthermore, the suppression of androgen mRNA and protein that is caused
      by prolonged incubation with androgen is incomplete and is reversible upon
      removal of ligand.

PMID- 1820980
TI  - Endocytosis of the lutropin receptor is mediated by a low affinity binding site.
AB  - Porcine Leydig cells in primary culture were incubated to equilibrium with
      increasing doses of either porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) or human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). Then, free and total high affinity gonadotropin receptors on
      the cell surface were dosed with [125I]hCG as tracer. In isotonic high salt
      medium, the pLH concentration for half receptor occupancy (Kocc) and for half
      receptor endocytosis (Kendo) were nearly indistinguishable (1-3 x 10(-7) M). But,
      when the medium was changed to an isotonic low salt buffer, Kocc shifted to 1.2 x
      10(-9) M and Kendo to 1.5 x 10(-8) M. However, with hCG, both values were largely
      independent of the ionic strength (Kocc = 10(-10) M and Kendo = 10(-8) M). The
      fact that Kendo is higher than Kocc suggests that the endocytosis of the high
      affinity gonadotropin receptor is controlled by the hormone binding to another
      lower affinity site.

PMID- 1820981
TI  - Endopeptidase-24.15 in rat hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis.
AB  - Endopeptidase-24.15 (E.C. 3.4.24.15; EP-24.15) cleaves several substrates found
      in the hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis, including gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH) and the opioid peptides of the dynorphin family. We have examined
      the activity of EP-24.15 in these tissues as a function of maturation, of the
      estrous cycle, and in response to ovariectomy and estrogen replacement. A
      developmental regulation of EP-24.15-specific activity is apparent in anterior
      pituitary, in hypothalamus, and in the gonads. EP-24.15 is increased in the
      preoptic area and is decreased in the anterior pituitary in both male and female
      rats prior to puberty. The specific activity of EP-24.15 was increased following
      ovariectomy in the anterior pituitary and within medial and lateral preoptic
      nuclei. Testicular specific activity of EP-24.15 increased with age in a linear
      fashion, while ovarian EP-24.15 activity increased immediately prior to puberty,
      but returned to prepubertal levels by 65 days of age. The relevance of EP-24.15
      to the metabolism of specific peptides is discussed.

PMID- 1820982
TI  - Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 on the proliferation of
      human lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF beta) exerts different effects
      on the hemopoietic system which range from the growth stimulation of more mature
      myeloid progenitors to the growth inhibition of more immature and multilineage
      hemopoietic precursors. TGF beta is also an inhibitor of the proliferation and
      functional activities of normal T and B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate its effect on the growth of a human leukemic cells of lymphoid and
      myeloid origin. METHODS: We tested its activity on the doubling time, the DNA
      synthesis rate and the clonal growth of a panel of lymphoid and myeloid leukemic
      cell lines. RESULTS: Among the myeloid cell lines, the proliferation in liquid
      cultures as well as the clonal growth of KG1, HL60 and U937 were suppressed by
      TGF beta 1 at doses ranging from 0.025 to 2.5 ng/ml; the degree of inhibition
      was, however, variable. BV 137, a Ph1-positive cell line derived from a very
      undifferentiated stem cell, was also highly responsive to TGF beta 1 inhibition.
      Among the six lymphoid neoplastic cell lines, only Nalm 6, a pre-B leukemic cell
      line, was consistently and reproducibly inhibited by the same doses of TGF beta
      1. Conversely, two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, Raji and Daudi, and three T-cell
      leukemias (Molt 4, Jurkat and PF 382) were insensitive to TGF beta inhibition.

PMID- 1820983
TI  - Clotting abnormalities in children during maintenance chemotherapy for acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many of the drugs used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia in children may induce modifications in different organs and functions.
      Following the observation of a recurrent, mild delay in the prothrombin time in
      ALL children during maintenance chemotherapy, we explored the main parameters of
      the clotting function. METHODS: 17 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      were studied during maintenance chemotherapy for clotting function screening
      evaluation; 15 healthy children, matched for age and sex, were used as controls.
      RESULTS: A uniform pattern of slight prolongation of the prothrombin time with
      significantly reduced levels of factors VII, IX, and a trend toward reduced
      activity of factor X was observed in the absence of any demonstrable
      anticoagulant factor. CONCLUSIONS: Antileukemic maintenance chemotherapy is
      associated with a subclinical modification of the clotting parameters that is not
      responsible for hemorrhagic diathesis. Long-term administration of anti
      metabolites (6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate) could be responsible for this
      reversible impairment.

PMID- 1820984
TI  - Two-stage papain-indirect antiglobulin test and LISS direct agglutination are not
      appropriate for pretransfusion screening for unexpected antibodies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The screening for unexpected antibodies has proved to be a suitable
      pretransfusion compatibility method, but controversy still remains regarding the
      most appropriate serologic techniques to use in such a screening and, in
      particular, whether or not to use enzyme-based methods. METHODS: Over a period of
      three years, 27,149 patient sera submitted to pretransfusion testing were
      screened for unexpected antibodies. Serologic techniques included LISS-direct
      agglutination (DAG) reading plus indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), and two-stage
      papain (2SP)-IAT. RESULTS: In all, 592 (2.18%) serum samples yielded a positive
      result. Further studies of these specimens disclosed 466 alloantibodies in 371
      cases, and 221 unwanted positive reactivities. 2SP-IAT and LISS-DAG allowed the
      detection of 124 alloantibodies missed by LISS-IAT (78 anti-Lewis, 33 anti-E, 7
      anti-P1, 2 anti-K1, 2 anti-K3, 1 anti-M, 1 anti-Cw), but were responsible for 81%
      of the unwanted positive reactivities. CONCLUSIONS: Since most alloantibodies
      detected only by 2SP-IAT or LISS-DAG were of doubtful clinical significance, and
      these techniques produced a high number of unwanted positive reactivities, we
      conclude that 2SP-IAT and LISS-DAG are not appropriate for the pretransfusion
      screening for unexpected antibodies.

PMID- 1820985
TI  - Mitoxantrone alone or in combination chemotherapy (VeMP) as second-line treatment
      in relapsed or refractory poor-prognosis non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A report of the
      Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Co-operative Study Group (NHLCSG).
AB  - BACKGROUND AND METHODS: From October, 1986 to July 1989, 35 consecutive patients
      with high- and intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, relapsed or refractory
      to first-line-anthracycline-containing regimens, were treated with mitoxantrone
      alone or in combination chemotherapy (VeMP: Ve = VP-16, M = Mitoxantrone, P =
      Prednisolone). RESULTS: In the first 15 patients, treated with Mitoxantrone
      alone, complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) each occurred in 4
      patients, for a total response rate of 54%. In the following 20 patients, treated
      with the VeMP regimen, CR occurred in 10 patients (50%), PR in 1. The overall
      three-year survival was 27% in the first group and 40% in the second. Acute
      toxicity was generally mild. No patient developed cardiac symptoms or other
      toxicities requiring discontinuation of therapy. Myelosuppression was the most
      important side effect, being more remarkable for patients treated with VeMP
      regimen. CONCLUSION: Mitoxantrone, alone or in combination chemotherapy, appears
      to be a drug with significant activity in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 1820987
TI  - The folate binding proteins.
AB  - Folates are essential molecules for cell life and, not surprisingly, their
      transport in biological fluids and their transfer to cells are finely regulated.
      Folate binding proteins play a major role in this regulation. This paper will
      review our knowledge on these proteins and examine the most recent advances in
      this field.

PMID- 1820986
TI  - Platelet-neutrophil interactions. Possible relevance in the pathogenesis of
      thrombosis and inflammation.
AB  - Evidence indicates that complex interactions occur between platelets and
      neutrophils. Mediators released by activated platelets may act as stimuli for
      neutrophils, but platelets may also limit neutrophil activation. Similarly,
      neutrophils, depending upon their degree of activation, may bring about both
      enhancement and inhibition of platelet responses. The elaborate cross-talk among
      platelets and neutrophils, cells involved in hemostatic and phlogistic reactions,
      may condition the development and the course of thrombotic and inflammatory
      diseases; therefore, modulation of platelet-neutrophil interactions may represent
      a therapeutic target in these conditions. In this review, the mediators involved
      in the platelet-dependent modulation of neutrophil activation and, conversely,
      the mechanisms whereby neutrophils modify platelet responses are described.
      Moreover, the possible relevance of these interactions in the pathogenesis of
      thrombosis and inflammation is discussed.

PMID- 1820988
TI  - Cardiac tamponade as the initial manifestation of acute leukemia: report of a
      case and review of the literature.
AB  - An 18-year-old woman with acute monoblastic leukemia presenting with cardiac
      tamponade is reported. Subxiphoid pericardiotomy was performed, and blast cells
      were observed in the pericardial fluid. The leukemia was refractory to
      chemotherapy and the patient died at three months from diagnosis, without
      recurrence of the pericardial effusion. In the review of the literature, only ten
      cases of cardiac tamponade as the first manifestation of acute leukemia have been
      found.

PMID- 1820989
TI  - T AILD-like non Hodgkin lymphoma complicated by malignant mesenchymal ocular
      neoplasia: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of T AILD-like NHL in a 50-year-old man who partially responded
      to combined therapies. The course of the disease was complicated by a malignant
      mesenchymal ocular neoplasia. The patient died because of severe infections and
      lymphoma dissemination. The association between T AILD-like NHL and carcinomas
      has been described: no case of concomitant malignant mesenchymal neoplasia is
      reported in literature.

PMID- 1820990
TI  - Long-lasting remission after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in a case of
      relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Long-lasting remission after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in a case of
      relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is reported. The patient had
      two early relapses after intensive plasma-exchange therapy. Serum platelet
      aggregating factor was absent. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (i.v. Ig)
      (0.4 g/Kg/day for 5 days) were infused. Platelet count promptly rose and 7 days
      after the completion of immunoglobulins complete response was obtained. The
      patient is still in complete remission, without further Ig infusion, 19 months
      later. This case adds to the anecdotal reports on the effectiveness of Ig, even
      when not associated with other treatments, in TTP. High-dose i.v. Ig could be
      successfully used in relapsing or unresponsive patients with TTP.

PMID- 1820991
TI  - Oral idarubicin plus cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute non
      lymphoblastic leukemia in elderly patients.
AB  - Eighteen acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia patients greater than 60 yr., 12 at
      diagnosis and 6 in first relapse, were treated with the association of oral
      Idarubicin and subcutaneous Aracytin. One patient was not evaluable. Eight out of
      17 patients achieved complete remission (47%), 4 patients died in induction and 5
      proved resistant to treatments. Mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal toxicity was
      mild. The most frequent extra-hematological complications were infections. We
      observed an important hepatic toxicity in 1 case.

PMID- 1820992
TI  - Late taste disorders in bone marrow transplantation: clinical evaluation with
      taste solutions in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow recipients.
AB  - The aim of this work was to determine the type and the significance of taste
      disorders in allogeneic bone marrow transplanted patients. In a retrospective
      study the taste threshold of a cohort of 15 allogeneic bone marrow transplanted
      patients, 4-51 months after transplantation (mean: 30.6 +/- 15.8), was compared
      to the taste threshold of 8 autologous bone marrow recipients, 4-48 months after
      transplantation (mean: 24.12 +/- 12.18), and to the taste threshold of a group of
      20 consecutive normal subjects. Allogeneic bone marrow transplanted patients
      showed a significant hypogeusia for salt (Pearson's chi square p = 0.0002; Yates'
      correction p = 0.0007) and sour (Pearson's chi square p = 0.001; Yates'
      correction p = 0.008). No significant variations were observed for sweet and
      bitter. Autologous bone marrow recipients did not show any significant variation
      of taste acuity for sweet, salt or sour; a constant reduction of the taste
      threshold for bitter was observed, but the values were not significantly
      different from normal (Pearson's chi square p = 0.47; Yates' correction p =
      0.83). So, late and selective taste disorders are observed in allogeneic bone
      marrow transplanted patients. Since the severity of the disorders is not strictly
      related to the severity of chronic oral G.V.H.D., taste analysis could discover
      the slightest, clinically undetectable cases of chronic oral G.V.H.D. The
      mechanism of immune aggression on the sensorial taste cells is poorly understood.
      Further trials are needed to define variations of taste acuity not only after
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, but also in systemic immune diseases.

PMID- 1820994
TI  - Skeletal lesions in acute lymphoid leukemia.

PMID- 1820993
TI  - Priapism in thalassemia intermedia.

PMID- 1820995
TI  - An unusual case of nonsecretory solitary pelvic plasmacytoma.

PMID- 1820996
TI  - The role of cardiac catheterization laboratory in the management of patients with
      congenital heart disease.

PMID- 1820997
TI  - Clinical utility of transoesophageal echocardiography--preliminary experience of
      100 cases.
AB  - We performed transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and compared its results
      with transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) studies in a consecutive series of 100
      cases. TEE was performed with a 5 MHz transducer with pulsed wave, continuous
      wave and colour Doppler facilities. All the patients were in unsedated state; the
      initial 50 were, in addition, monitored noninvasively for any change in heart
      rate, blood pressure or arterial oxygen saturation. The procedure was well
      tolerated by all; one patient had transient ventricular bigeminy. Except increase
      in heart rate and systolic blood pressure at the time of insertion of probe,
      there was no change in any of the clinical parameters studied. In patients of
      mitral stenosis, a thrombus in left atrium (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA)
      was seen in 7/52 TEE studies, as compared to 4/52 TTE studies. LAA thrombi (2
      cases) were detected only on TEE. Following balloon mitral valvuloplasty, a small
      atrial septal defect was seen in 6/8 TEE, but only 2/8 TTE studies. In 20 cases
      with doubtful atrial septal defects on TTE, TEE revealed an intact septum in 6
      and delineated the anatomy of the defect in the remaining 14. TEE facilitated
      detection and better visualisation of paravalvular regurgitation in 4 cases with
      mitral and 3 cases with aortic valve prosthesis. In addition, TEE helped in
      excluding vegetations in 3 suspected cases of infective endocarditis and in
      studying details of 2 intracardiac masses. We conclude, TEE can be safely
      performed in conscious unsedated patients and provides valuable information in
      addition to transthoracic echocardiography.

PMID- 1820998
TI  - Size of the valves and thicknesses of anterior walls of the ventricles of the
      adult Indian hearts.
AB  - The heart weight, sizes of the aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid and mitral valves and
      thicknesses of the anterior walls of the two ventricles were measured in normal
      hearts obtained from 350 male and 150 female medicolegal autopsy subjects
      belonging to Chandigarh zone of Northwest India and varying in age from 18 to 70
      years. All the measurements were found to be smaller than those recorded in the
      Western population. They were also smaller in the females than in the males. The
      measurements increased with advancing age.

PMID- 1820999
TI  - Surgical management of cardiac myxomas.
AB  - Cardiac myxomas are rare cardiac lesions, though they are the commonest tumours
      of the heart. Seventeen cases of cardiac myxomas have been operated during the
      last one decade. Exertional dyspnoea, palpitation and chest pain were the main
      presenting symptoms. Echocardiographic assessment was the only definitive
      diagnostic investigation required prior to surgery. Early surgical excision was
      planned in all the cases. Irrespective of the exposure techniques, removal of the
      tumour with wide excision of its base was practised. There was one early death
      due to low cardiac output in a patient brought in a shock like state. Follow up
      study has revealed 14 patients in NYHA class I and two patients are having class
      II symptoms. Periodic echocardiographic follow up study has not revealed any
      recurrence till date. It is concluded that an early diagnosis and surgery gives
      excellent long term results in these cases.

PMID- 1821002
TI  - Supero-inferior ventricles with normal atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial
      connections.

PMID- 1821000
TI  - Clinical relevance of vegetations in infective endocarditis.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiograms of 58 patients with infective endocarditis were
      examined to determine if presence and/or size of vegetations on echocardiogram
      were predictive of morbidity and mortality. Group 1 (38 patients) with one or
      more vegetations, had a significantly higher rate of complications (emboli,
      congestive heart failure, need for surgery and death) than group 2 (20 patients)
      without vegetations (p less than 0.001). Analysis of morphologic characteristics
      of the vegetations in group 1 was of no predictive value for complications in
      individual patients. In contrast, patients whose echocardiograms demonstrated
      vegetations on aortic valve had a significantly higher incidence of heart
      failure, embolisation, surgery and death than those with vegetations on mitral
      valve. Thus, the detection of vegetations on initial echocardiogram clearly
      identifies a subgroup at risk for complications, more so if vegetations are
      present on the aortic valve, but the vegetations size does not predict an adverse
      clinical outcome.

PMID- 1821001
TI  - Frequency and duration of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable
      angina before and after intensive medical therapy.
AB  - Frequency and duration of silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) on Holter recording
      were determined in 20 patients with unstable angina before and after 4 weeks of
      intensive triple drug therapy with oral nitrates (20-80 mg daily), betablocker
      (metoprolol 100-200 mg/day) and calcium channel blocker (nifedipine 40-80
      mg/day). The number of ischemic episodes decreased from 445 (409 silent) to 149
      (140 silent) (p less than 0.001), and mean duration of silent and symptomatic
      ischemia per patient decreased from 5.9 +/- 3.3 minutes to 2.4 +/- 2.6 minutes (p
      less than 0.001) and 4.1 +/- 5.5 minutes to 1.4 +/- 2.8 minutes (p less than
      0.001) respectively. Intensive medical therapy is effective in ameliorating SMI
      in patients with unstable angina.

PMID- 1821003
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot with complete atrioventricular canal: a report of successful
      surgical treatment.
AB  - A case of successful surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot with complete
      atrioventricular canal in 4 year old female child is reported. Double patch
      technique and combined right atrial and right ventricular (RV) approach were used
      to repair this defect. The ventricular patch was tailored wide and redundant
      anteriorly in the form of a sail to prevent subaortic obstruction. Right
      ventricular outflow tract obstruction was relieved through an infundibular
      incision with subsequent use of subannular pericardial patch. The relevant
      literature on the management of this rare anomaly is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 1821004
TI  - Carney's complex--a case report.

PMID- 1821005
TI  - Pin hole balloon rupture during coronary angioplasty causing dissection and
      occlusion of the coronary artery.
AB  - A case with pinhole rupture of the balloon of a Probe (USCI) coronary angioplasty
      catheter with resultant dissection and occlusion of the coronary artery is
      presented. The possible mechanism, predictors and precautions to prevent this
      complication are discussed.

PMID- 1821006
TI  - Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following infective endocarditis--a case report.
AB  - A patient with pseudoaneurysm involving anterolateral border of left ventricle
      following infective endocarditis of aortic valve with severe aortic incompetence
      is reported. He showed clinical improvement after aneurysmectomy and aortic valve
      replacement.

PMID- 1821007
TI  - Double outlet right ventricle with calcified rheumatic mitral stenosis.
AB  - A 21-year old female patient diagnosed to have double outlet right ventricle,
      ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis and right-to-left shunt on cardiac
      catheterisation in childhood, presented with a recent onset right sided
      hemiparesis and congestive heart failure. Investigative data revealed atrial
      fibrillation, severe calcific mitral stenosis and multiple left atrial thrombi in
      addition to the previously reported findings. The diagnosis was confirmed by
      cross-sectional and colour Doppler echocardiography.

PMID- 1821008
TI  - [Experimental studies of administration of perfluoroalkane to the anterior
      chamber and vitreous body of rabbits].
AB  - Presented are the results of experimental investigations evaluating the influence
      of perfluoroalcane on the ocular tissue in rabbits. The examined animals were
      divided into 2 groups. The rabbits from the first one received the compound into
      the anterior chamber of the right eye, the rabbits from the 2-nd group to the
      vitreous of the right eye. The left eye was the control one. Evaluated was the
      degree of absorption of the compound from the anterior chamber and vitreous, its
      influence on the anterior segment, transparency of the lens and intraocular
      pressure. An ERG was performed before the application of the compound and after
      7, 14 and 49 days; subsequently the eyes were excised and a histopathological
      examination was performed in a light microscope.

PMID- 1821009
TI  - [Evaluation of bioelectric function of the retinal pigment epithelium in medium
      grade myopia].
AB  - Presented are results of examination of the hyperosmotic response in 30 persons
      (60 eyes) aged 12-13 years with axial myopia of a medium degree (-4.0 to -8.0 D
      sph). Disturbances of the bioelectric function of the retinal pigment epithelium
      was detected. In hyperosmotic response pathological records were received in 50
      p.c. of the examined eyes. This examination has a diagnostic significance and may
      have a prognostic value in the analyzed stage of the axial myopia.

PMID- 1821010
TI  - [Electroretinogram of the "pattern" type of eyes with medium grade myopia].
AB  - Presented are the results of examination in 30 persons (60 eyes) aged 12-18 years
      with axial myopia of medium grade (4.0 to -8.0 D sph). Detected were the
      disturbances of the bioelectric function of the ganglion cells of the retina.
      Pathological records of the PERG were obtained in 30 p.c. of examined eyes. The
      "pattern" type of electroretinogram has a diagnostic significance and may have a
      prognostic value in axial myopia.

PMID- 1821011
TI  - [Study of the fundus oculi periphery in patients with posterior- chamber lenses].
AB  - Evaluation of the eye fundus after an extracapsular cataract extraction with
      posterior chamber lens implantation was performed in 50 patients 1 month after
      surgery and in 50 another patients 2 years after surgery. In the earlier period a
      very good inspection was possible in 88 p.c. of cases, 2 years after cataract
      extraction in 78 p.c. The usefulness of bilateral ophthalmoscopy was emphasized.

PMID- 1821012
TI  - [Effect of breaking up of the anterior border membrane of the vitreous body on
      the localization of anterior-chamber intraocular lenses].
AB  - Cataract extraction with implantation of an anterior chamber lens was performed
      in 83 patients (118 eyes). In 3 patients occurred an intraoperative breaking up
      of the anterior limiting vitreous membrane. It had no influence on the early or
      late localization of the implanted lens. In the postoperative course one could
      observe the breaking up of the anterior limiting vitreous membrane in 1 case
      only; the vitreous pucker caused a delicate deflection of the implanted lens
      without causing any deterioration of the visual acuity.

PMID- 1821013
TI  - [Vitreo-retinal biomicroscopy using bilaterally aspherical Volk lenses (+78 D,
      +90 D)].
AB  - Aspherical+ Volk lenses allow a full realization of El Bayadi conception of use
      of a great power a positive lens for the indirect ophthalmoscopy by means of a
      biomicroscope. The authors compared the techniques of ophthalmoscopy with
      utilization of a biomicroscope pointing to following advantages of the Volk lens:
      the lack of contact with the patient's eye (avoidance of eventual transmission of
      infection), possibility of examination of the entire area of the fundus, a
      detailed evaluation of the vitreous, possibility of examination even by narrow
      pupil, a high comfort of examination for the patient. These advantages were
      confirmed during the examination of 51 eyes with retinal detachment, pathological
      changes of the macula and the optic disc and with intraocular tumors.

PMID- 1821014
TI  - [Fundus oculi changes in chronic ischemia of the lower extremities].
AB  - Examined was the eye fundus in 52 patients aged 23-65 years with stenotic
      arteritis or arteriosclerotic stenosis of the lower extremities. The control
      material consisted of 20 patients with other surgical diseases in the same age
      bracket. The funduscopy revealed narrowing of the retinal arteries in 23 cases,
      early sclerotic changes in 16 and arteriosclerosis in 2 cases.

PMID- 1821015
TI  - [Retinal detachment in the eyes with retinopathy of prematurity].
AB  - In the period of 1983-1988 among 57 retinal detachments in children and youth in
      8 cases (10 eyes) the authors found the retinopathy of prematurity as a cause of
      retinal detachment. The characteristic picture of changes in these eyes was
      discussed. Combined surgical procedures were performed in 7 cases achieving a
      cure in 6. Emphasized was the significance of periodical examinations of these
      eyes with the aim of eventual prophylaxis of retinal detachment and of therapy of
      amblyopia.

PMID- 1821016
TI  - [Photocoagulation in retinopathy of prematurity].
AB  - Presented are the results of treatment by photocoagulation in children with
      retinopathy of prematurity treated at the Ophthalmic Department of Martin Luther
      University in Halle in the period of 1978-1985. This method is contemporary less
      appreciated than the cryocoagulation although encouraging results have been
      obtained. A particular difficulty shows to be a precise localization of burns.
      The application of photocoagulation is however further on a method of choice,
      limited to cases in which cryoapplication is difficult or impossible.

PMID- 1821018
TI  - [The role of laser therapy in central serous choroidopathy].
AB  - The authors present early results of treatment of central serous choroidopathy by
      means of argon laser. Additionally they compare the fate of the patients with
      this condition treated conservatively in the last years. The results obtained
      confirm the world reports that application of laser in therapy of central serous
      choroidopathy shortens the course of the disease.

PMID- 1821017
TI  - [Current views on the pathogenesis and treatment of central serous
      choroidopathy].
AB  - The majority of authors as a cause of formation of a leakage in central serous
      choroidopathy considers the disturbances of function of the pigmentary layer.
      According to Spitznas it is based on transformation of these cells from absorbing
      to extracting towards the choroid and retina under the influence of unknown
      factors (immunological processes, circulatory, inflammatory factors or stress).
      Marmor sees the lesion of the pigmentary epithelium as a disturbance of a cyclic
      action of the AMP neeth the neurosensory layer of the retina. There exist
      contemporary 2 methods of treatment of the central serous retinopathy. One part
      of the authors thinks that one should wait till the spontaneous remission, the
      other one--that in cases with the leakage situated beyond the risk area laser
      therapy can be applied.

PMID- 1821019
TI  - [Photocoagulation in selected cases of pathology of retinal vessels].
AB  - The authors presented methods and results of treatment by means of an argon laser
      of 12 patients with pathological changes of the retinal vessels. Diagnosed in
      these patients were: capillary haemangioma (Hippel-Lindau disease),
      teleangiectasis and macroaneurysms of the retinal vessels. Photocoagulation by
      argon laser of these vascular changes in these patients in right time showed to
      be a favourable therapeutic method, especially when the changes are localized in
      the posterior pole of the eye.

PMID- 1821020
TI  - [Laser therapy of ocular toxoplasmosis].
AB  - The authors present the results of treatment by laser coagulation of inflammatory
      retino-choroidal foci in 32 persons with ocular toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis of
      Toxoplasma etiology was set on a basis of positive immunological reaction for
      Toxoplasma gondii antigen and after exclusion of other etiological factors. Among
      42 eyes stabilization of the process after 1 intervention was observed in 34,
      i.e. in 89 p.c. (period of observation--up to 4 years). In the following 8 eyes
      arised the necessity to perform additional coagulations because of formation of
      fresh foci which appeared in 5 eyes after 6 months, in 2 eyes after 1 year and in
      1 eye after 2 years since onset. The authors consider the application of laser
      coagulation in ocular toxoplasmosis as a favourable method together--or
      independently--with pharmacological treatment.

PMID- 1821022
TI  - [Comparison of the methods of surgical treatment of retinal detachment caused by
      dialysis retinae at the ora serrata].
AB  - In the period of 1972-1973 in the Poznan Department of Ophthalmology were
      performed 23 operations of scleral infolding with diathermocoagulation in cases
      of ora serrata dialysis (giant tears were not included in this group). Fifteen
      years later 20 persons were called for examination. Examined were: the visual
      acuity, evaluation of the lens and the condition of the retina was checked by a
      tree-mirror lens with a particular attention for the site of infolding and the
      appearance of the macula. The 2d group consisted of 20 cases of ora serrata
      dialysis who underwent surgical procedure of scleral invagination with the use of
      Lincoff sponge in the form of a parallel implant--connected with cryopexy (period
      1984-1985). After such a long time both methods showed to be successful in the
      term of anatomical effect (90-95%) instead the functional result depended on
      macular changes, the period of detachment, the character of the trauma, the
      presence of demarcation lines and on pigmentary changes of the retina.

PMID- 1821023
TI  - [Bilateral cysts of the vitreous body].
AB  - A bilateral cyst of the vitreous was diagnosed in a woman-patient, aged 61 with
      high myopia. The cyst was probably of degenerative etiology. Because of a very
      rare incidence of vitreous cysts which is connected with diagnostic difficulties
      the authors present this case in detail.

PMID- 1821024
TI  - [Activity of erythrocyte complement receptors class 1 in various kidney
      diseases].
AB  - The activity of the erythrocyte complement receptors type 1 (CR1) was measured in
      four groups: a control group--42 healthy persons, 18 patients with lupus
      nephritis (morphologic types: membranous, membranoproliferative, and
      proliferative), 16 patients with primary idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis
      (GN), 20 patients with primary idiopathic membranoproliferative GN, and 23
      chronic haemodialysis patients, in 20 of them the cause of the end-stage renal
      failure was primary idiopathic GN. The erythrocyte CR1 activity was determined by
      the immune adherence test. In the groups of the lupus nephritis and of the end
      stage renal failure was observed a significant drop in erythrocyte CR1 activity.
      On the contrary the patients with primary idiopathic membranous and
      membranoproliferative GN exhibited a significantly greater erythrocyte CR1
      activity than the normals. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The genetic predisposition to primary
      idiopathic GN is not reflected on the level of the erythrocyte CR1 system, what
      is distinct from the situation occurred in lupus nephritis, despite similarities
      in their immunopathogenesis. 2. The development of the end-stage renal failure in
      the course of primary idiopathic GN shows a inhibitory effect on erythrocyte CR1
      activity.

PMID- 1821021
TI  - [Results of prevention of retinal detachment by using photocoagulation].
AB  - Prophylactic retinal photocoagulation (in order to prevent the retinal
      detachment) was performed in the Ophthalmological Department of Medical School in
      Poznan in the period 1980-1984 and 1987-1988 in 114 eyes, in the Ophthalmological
      Department in Halle in the period 1982-1983 in 160 eyes. Qualified for
      coagulation were following changes: holes in the upper quadrants, tears, lattice
      like degeneration and vitreoretinal adhesions in the fellow-eye, in high myopia,
      in aphakia, in cases with subjective symptoms (flashes) or in cases with
      suspected family history (familial incidence of retinal detachment). In our
      material the percentage of retinal detachment in the fellow-eye amounted 3.5 p.c.
      In the Poznan Department in spite of performed prophylactic intervention retinal
      detachment occurred in 3 eyes, in Halle in 7.

PMID- 1821025
TI  - [Serum erythropoietin level during acute rejection of transplanted kidney].
AB  - Acute rejection is characterized by renal ischaemia which in turn is a triggering
      factor of EPO synthesis. This fact justified our present studies which aimed to
      assess the influence of acute rejection (AR) on plasma EPO level in KTP. A total
      of 17 KTP were examined some days before AR (I), at the onset of AR (II),
      immediately (III) and some days after (IV) discontinued therapy of AR episodes by
      methylprednisolone. The control group consisted of 16 healthy subjects. KTP 2-3
      weeks after renal transplantation showed relative EPO deficiency both during
      efficient excretory function and rejection episodes. At acute graft rejection
      episodes a marked increase of plasma EPO level was found. Results presented in
      this study suggest absence of the physiological relationship between EPO
      secretion and erythropoiesis 2-3 weeks after transplantation.

PMID- 1821026
TI  - [Delta virus infection among drug addicts].
AB  - Altogether 240 unselected intravenous drug addicts were tested for the presence
      of infection with delta virus (HDV). Anti-delta were found in 16 (16%) out of 100
      drug addicts tested in the years 1988-1989 and in only one drug addict (0.7%) out
      of 140 tested in the years 1985-1986. It seems that delta virus has been
      introduced to Warsaw drug community in the mid-eighties and has spread enormously
      since that time.

PMID- 1821027
TI  - [Spectrum analysis of high resolution averaged ECG--a new method of evaluation of
      electric instability of the heart].

PMID- 1821028
TI  - [Leukotrienes and bronchial asthma].

PMID- 1821029
TI  - [Effect of dopamine on cecum motility in sheep].
AB  - The influence of dopamine on the motility of the caecum were studied. The
      experiments were carried out on 4 sheep with chronic fistulas of the caecum. The
      contractions of the caecum were recorded by the balloon method. Dopamine infused
      intravenously at a rate 29-38 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 inhibited the motility of the
      caecum. Dopamine infused after beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol (0.5-1.0 mg.kg
      1) inhibited the movements of the caecum, however administrated after domperidone
      (0.2-0.4 mg.kg-1) didn't change its movements. It has been concluded that
      dopamine inhibits the caecum motility in sheep through specific dopaminergic
      receptors.

PMID- 1821031
TI  - [The effect of zinc on mineral, hematological and immunological indices in
      calves].
AB  - The aim of this work was to study the effect of zinc added to feed on some
      selected biochemical and haematological indices and its stimulatory action on
      immunity of calves during its physiological decrease. Investigations were carried
      out on 18 calves aged 20 days. Twelve calves were divided into 2 groups and they
      received 450 and 900 mg of Zn++ under the form of ZnSO4 x 7H2O. The following
      parameters were examined: serum and tissue concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe and Ca,
      number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, Hb and Ht indices, leukogram with shifting
      blood picture to the left, percentage of NBT-positive neutrophils, ability of
      macrophages for spontaneous migration and serum carotene, vitamin A and gamma
      globulin levels. Increased serum and liver zinc levels were found in experimental
      animals in comparison with a control group and the ability of macrophages for
      spontaneous migration was increased. Index of shifting the white blood cells to
      young forms and the percentage of NBT-positive neutrophils were variable. A
      significant increase in carotene, vitamin A and gamma-globulin levels was also
      observed.

PMID- 1821030
TI  - [Comparative studies of the administration of relanium and fenactil as sedatives
      in sheep].
AB  - The objective of the studies was to examine the influence of sedatives drugs:
      Relanium and Fenactil on clinical parameters, blood pressure, blood composition,
      acid-base balance, arterial blood oxygenation, electrolytes, bilirubin and
      activity of enzymes in sera of sheep. Basing on these data the more effective
      drug for sedation in sheep has been chosen. It was found that intravenous
      injection of Relanium at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. enables an appropriate sedation
      with immobilisation lasting for 20 minutes, whereas Fenactil at a dose of 3 mg/kg
      b.w. injected intravenously caused a sedation of a various intensity lasting for
      about 20 minutes. Moreover, Fenactil revealed a depressive action in the
      respiratory center which was manifested by decrease in oxygenation of arterial
      blood and disturbances in acid-base balance. Relanium affected these parameters
      only slightly. The disturbances developing after Fenactil were more intense and
      long lasting. On the basis of the above data--Relanium (diazepam) appeared to be
      more convenient that Fenactil to sedation in sheep.

PMID- 1821032
TI  - Participation of the splanchnic nerves in the structure of the celiac plexus in
      the coypu.
AB  - On 28 dead coypu, the greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve and
      lumbar splanchnic nerves as well as their participation in the structure of the
      celiac plexus were investigated.

PMID- 1821033
TI  - Participation of the splanchnic nerves in the structure of the cranial mesenteric
      plexus in the coypu.

PMID- 1821034
TI  - [Phagocytic activity of neutrophils (PMN cells) in cattle infected with IBR/IPV
      virus (bovine herpesvirus 1--BHV1)].
AB  - PMN cell random and directed migration, adherence, aggregation, ingestion of
      bacteria as well as resting and stimulated NBT reduction activities were studied
      in two groups of 5, 2-4 months-old bullocks experimentally (group I) or naturally
      (group III) infected with BHV1. Control groups (II and IV) consisted of 5 healthy
      calves. Experimental infection of bullous were carried out using Polish field
      isolate of BHV1; animals were injected intramuscularly, intravenously and into
      conjunctival sack with 3 ml, 1 ml and 0.5 ml of the virus respectively. PMN cell
      phagocytic activities and virological examinations were performed in the group I
      and II control 2 days before, at the day, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,
      42, 64 days post infection, while in the groups III and IV at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28,
      42 and 52 day of the experiment. Directed migration, ingestion of bacteria and
      NBT reduction by resting and stimulated PMN cells activities were decreased
      whereas random migration, adherence and aggregation abilities as well as number
      phagocytosing cells were increased both in naturally and experimentally infected
      animals. These changes were noted in experimentally infected animals at 1-7 day
      post infection, its three weeks before antibody anti BHV1 and lasted for 3-9
      weeks, while in naturally infected bullocks they appeared at 1-28 day of the
      experiment and persisted for 4-8 weeks the virus was easy isolated from nasal
      swabs especially of naturally infected animals.

PMID- 1821035
TI  - [The influence of HCl administration on the acidity and the activity of enzymes
      in the stomach contents of suckling piglets].
AB  - After HCl administration to 3-21 day old crossbred piglets (wbp x pbz x zlotnicka
      biala) the total acidity and output of acidity, the activity of pepsin, alpha
      amylase and lipase were measured in the stomach content. The activity of
      pepsinogen was estimated in piglet's serum. The results do not indicate the
      significant influence of HCl on the acidity and the activity of enzymes in the
      stomach content.

PMID- 1821037
TI  - [Twenty-four hour changes in the value of the liver clearance of antipyrine in
      calves during the neonatal period].
AB  - Twenty-four-hour changes in the value of the liver clearance coefficient of
      antipyrine in 10 calves of ncb. race, aged 28-30 days were examined. The findings
      made it possible to separate 2 subgroups among the examined animals: 6 calves
      eliminated antipyrine from plasma more quickly during the day than at night and 4
      calves - more quickly at night than in the day. To verify the observed
      differences 3 days after the first examination another antipyrine test was
      performed on 6 calves (3 from the "night" group and 3 from the "day" group). It
      has been found that animals which had the tendency to quicker elimination
      (metabolism) of the antipyrine during the day confirmed it in the second
      examination. The same regularity has been observed for the calves which quicker
      eliminate antipyrine from plasma at night.

PMID- 1821036
TI  - [The influence of HCl administration on the activity of trypsin, alpha-amylase
      and lipase in different parts of the alimentary tract of piglets in the first
      three weeks of life].
AB  - The experiments were conducted using 3 to 21 days old piglets. The content of
      animals stomach was supplemented with 0.18% HCl starting from the 3rd, 7th and
      10th day of their life. The animals were dissected on the 4th, 7th and 11th day
      after HCl administration. The activity of trypsin, alpha-amylase and lipase was
      measured in homogenate from pancreas and duodenum and ileum contents. The
      presented results do not confirm the existence of significant differences between
      control and experimental animals.

PMID- 1821038
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in dog lung microsomes].
AB  - The changes in lipid composition of dog lung microsomes during Fe3+/NADPH-induced
      peroxidation and correlation between malondialdehyde production and
      polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption were investigated. It was shown, that
      microsomal peroxidation causes phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
      content decrease, with concomitant increase in lysophosphoglyceride content.
      Malondialdehyde production intensity was correlated with arachidonic and
      docosahexaenoic acid consumption. The changes thus observed, may be engaged in
      pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 1821039
TI  - [The estimation of platelet factor 3 activity in horses, cattle, sheep and pigs
      by the use of synthetic chromogenic tripeptide substrates].
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the platelet factor 3 activity in
      platelet-rich plasma of horse, cattle, sheep and pig, by the use of chromogenic
      tripeptide substrate H-D-Phenylalanyl-Pipecolyl-Arginyl-p-nitroanilide. Among
      species examined the highest activity of this factor was stated in pig, the
      lowest one in sheep. Chromogenic substrate test was 10 times more sensitive that
      Stypven clotting time test. Thus, the use of chromogenic tripeptide substrate is
      fully valuable in platelet factor 3 activity estimation in domestic animals.

PMID- 1821040
TI  - [Analysis of the volume of the cerebral circle and basal artery in the blue fox].
AB  - Observations were performed on 30 brains of blue foxes, whose arteries were
      filled with synthetic latex. The measurements of volume, length and diameter of
      the basal artery and arteries that made cerebral circle were done using digital
      image analysis system. It has been indicated that an average volume of the
      cerebral circle in that species was 12.96 mm3 and was statistically highly
      important correlated with the weight of the brain (0.83). The total volume of the
      cerebral nasal arteries was estimated as 4.96 mm3 and the volume of the
      communicating caudal arteries was 8.08 mm3. No statistically important
      correlation has been indicated between the weight of brain and the volume of the
      basal artery (8.84 mm3). The volume of the basal artery was negatively correlated
      with the length of the vessel (-0.42).

PMID- 1821041
TI  - [Morphology and development of the arteries of the deferential duct, the pelvic
      section of the urethra, vesicular and prostate glands in cattle in the fetal and
      neonatal periods].
AB  - The experiments were carried out with 70 cattle male fetuses coming from 8th to
      40th week of pregnancy and with 8 newborns aged from 1 to 14 days of life. The
      pelvic arteries were filled up--through aorta--with rubber latex stained with
      pigments by means of automatic devices of own design and construction. The age of
      the fetuses was determined with the Kantorova method. On the grounds of the
      investigation it has been found that the ductus deferens, the fore-part or
      urethra, vesicular and prostatic glands in cattle fetuses and newborns are
      supplied with blood by following arteries: 1) rami ductus deferentis aa.
      testiculares, 2) arteriae ductus deferentis and 3) aa. prostaticae. In cattle
      fetuses and newborns the above mentioned twin vessels undergo several
      developmental quantitative and qualitative transformations. Least of all the
      transformations pertain to rami ductus deferentis aa. testiculares. As for the
      arteries of ductus deferens there was observed mutability of mainly individual
      character, not related to the age of the animal. It concerned, first of all, the
      variety of places and ways of departure of the arteries from the superior
      vessels. Finally, developmental transformations of the prostatic arteries
      manifested considerable dependence on the age of the animals, in this respect
      differing significantly from those mentioned previously. Generally one can state
      that the developmental mutability of the arteries studied was almost always
      superimposed by high-degree individual mutability of those vessels, which so far
      has not been clearly marked in specialist literature.

PMID- 1821042
TI  - The effect of doxepin on the central action of ethanol.
AB  - The effect of combined treatment with doxepin and ethanol was tested in mice,
      rats and rabbits. Doxepin was given in a single dose (5 or 10 mg/kg) or
      chronically (10 mg/kg/d for 21 days). Doxepin did not affect ethanol toxicity and
      ethanol-induced impairment of rota-rod performance, but potentiated ethanol
      induced hypothermia (only acutely) and prolonged ethanol-induced sleep in mice.
      Given acutely it potentiated the inhibitory effect of ethanol on locomotor
      activity in mice, while given chronically it counteracted the ethanol-induced
      sedation. Doxepin did not interfere with ethanol-induced EEG effects in rabbits,
      and prevented the development of tolerance to hypothermic, but not to hypnotic
      effects of ethanol in rats. In general, the interference of doxepin with ethanol
      was more pronounced after single doses of the drug than after chronic treatment.

PMID- 1821043
TI  - Changes in carbamazepine plasma concentrations in psychiatric patients during
      treatment.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ) were studied in 24 psychiatric
      patients who were given 400 mg of CBZ every 12 h. The assays were performed on
      the 1st, 3rd, 8th, 15th, 22th and 29th day of the therapy. The highest minimum
      12h plasma CBZ concentrations occurred on the 3rd day of therapy, then decreased
      up to the 15th day and remained stable thereafter. The CBZ half-time values also
      diminished up to the 15th day of therapy and then stabilized. This may suggest
      that the enzymatic autoinduction of CBZ is completed within the first 1-2 weeks
      of therapy. CBZ plasma levels were slightly but insignificantly higher in
      patients taking CBZ alone than in patients in which CBZ was added to other
      psychotropic drugs. A significant correlation was found between the minimum CBZ
      plasma concentration after the first dose and that at steady state. A dosing
      schedule for CBZ administration has been proposed with administration of 75% of
      the maintenance dose during the first week and the full CBZ maintenance dose from
      the beginning of the second week of CBZ therapy.

PMID- 1821044
TI  - Acylated derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepines. Part II.
AB  - Acylated derivatives of 4-methyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one (1) and of
      2-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepino-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
      (10) were synthesized and preliminarily tested on their central activity.
      Acylation was carried out with alpha, beta-unsaturated acid chlorides,
      dicarboxylic acid monoester monochlorides, and dicarboxylic acid dichlorides.
      Compounds 2, 3, 11 and 12 had analgesic, compounds 4, 11 and 12--anticonvulsant,
      and compounds 3 and 11--antiaggressive properties.

PMID- 1821045
TI  - Effect of ethanol on arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages.
AB  - The authors report preliminary data on the production of arachidonic acid
      metabolites by ethanol stimulated macrophages. They focus on the substantial
      implications for understanding the pathobiology of alcoholism.

PMID- 1821047
TI  - Clinical investigation on hyaluronic acid in the treatment of gonoarthrosis.
AB  - The clinical efficacy and tolerance of the sodium salt Hyaluronic acid (HA) 20
      mg/2 ml administered through the intraarticulation every week, for a four week
      period in a group of 12 patients with gonoarthrosis were investigated. Such a
      treatment has brought about a bettering of the baseline clinical parameters
      considered, i.e., spontaneous, stiffness, walking time and analgesics
      consumption.

PMID- 1821046
TI  - Albumin excretion rate is not increased in atherosclerotic patients with
      peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - In type I diabetic patients, microalbuminuria is considered predictive of
      nephropathy and has been found associated with an increased mobility and
      mortality for atherosclerosis. An association between microalbuminuria and
      atherosclerosis has been reported in non diabetic atherosclerotic patients with
      hypertension. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether albumin excretion rate
      (AER) is increased in a selected group of normotensive patients with documented
      peripheral atherosclerotic disease. We measured the AER on overnight urine
      collections in: 20 normotensive, non diabetic, atherosclerotic patients and in 14
      healthy volunteers, matched for sex, age, body mass index. All subjects had
      normal renal function and negative family history of hypertension and diabetes.
      The AER values were 2.46 +/- 0.52 micrograms/min in controls, 3.25 +/- 0.69
      micrograms/min in atherosclerotic patients, and the difference was not
      statistically significant. No subject (patient or control) was microalbuminuric.
      These results suggest that AER is not a marker of widespread vascular damage in
      normotensive atherosclerotic patients with normal glucose tolerance.

PMID- 1821048
TI  - [Serologic evaluation of circulating immune complexes in patients with HIV
      infections].
AB  - In AIDS, immunitary system dysfunctions are manifold and regard both T and B
      lymphocytes. The increased levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in HIV-Ab
      positive patients, immune complexes abnormalities, should be considered as an
      epiphenomenon of humoral immunity altered function; therefore, they are devoid of
      any diagnostic value.

PMID- 1821050
TI  - [Assessment of the ejection fraction in ischemic cardiopathy with two-dimensional
      echocardiography. Validity and limits of the method].
AB  - In this study the authors compare the Ejection Fraction (EF) as determined by the
      Single Plane Ellipse Echocardiographic method versus the Ventriculographic EF.
      The authors emphasize the validity of the two-dimensional echocardiography to
      assess left ventricular EF in order to improve the clinical and pharmacologic
      management of the patients with the cardiac ischaemic disease.

PMID- 1821049
TI  - Intravenous premedication with atropine and postanesthetic delirium. Report of
      two cases.
AB  - The authors report two cases of postanesthetic delirium in patients receiving
      intravenous atropine sulphate before surgery. In the first case the diagnosis of
      atropinic syndrome has been suggested by a cause effect relationship; in the
      second case the diagnosis has been supported by the prompt resolution after
      intravenous physostigmine salycilate administration. Since such syndrome was
      never observed in patients receiving atropine sulphate as i.m. premedicant,
      authors are prone to consider the i.m. route a safer approach to premedication
      with this drug.

PMID- 1821051
TI  - [Myocardial ischemia as a risk factor in ambulatory cardiac patients. The case of
      Alfredo].
AB  - The authors describe a case of myocardium infarct treated with domiciliary
      assistance in order to point up the risk factors that cause the ischemical event
      and whose persistence characterize the following picture. On the contrary the
      reduction or the disappearance of these factors can improve the residual function
      and also the anatomical state of coronary arteries.

PMID- 1821052
TI  - [The immunopathology of type I diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The onset of type I diabetes is preceded by a prodromic phase during which,
      despite the absence of symptoms, the beta-cell mass decreases as a result of an
      autoimmune process. In this review we discuss the importance of environmental and
      genetic factors, and abnormalities of humoral and cellular immunity in the
      development of autoimmune process toward pancreatic beta cells. The resulting
      immunological network involves monocytes activation, interleukin-1 secretion, T
      lymphocyte activation, secretion of interleukin-2 and other lymphokines which
      activate cytotoxic cells to induce beta-cell lysis.

PMID- 1821053
TI  - [Clinical description of three cases of cerebral cryptococcosis in patients with
      AIDS treated with fluconazole].
AB  - The authors have evaluated the efficacy of Fluconazole (400 mg/iv/die for three
      days and after 200 mg/iv/die for 18 days) in three AIDS and SNC Cryptococcal
      infection patients. Two patients have shown healing of meningeal syndrome and
      negative isolation after 21 days of therapy; one patient, however, died because
      of Cytomegalovirus pneumonia. It is of note that early spinal puncture in AIDS
      patients with neurological symptoms enables an early diagnosis and immediate
      therapy. Fluconazole treatment has been well tolerated and immediately effective
      to resolve two of the cases observed; the oral prophylaxis with 100 mg/die of
      Fluconazole after 6 months has been effective to prevent the relapses of the
      disease.

PMID- 1821054
TI  - [The contribution of radiologic analysis in forensic medicine].
AB  - The authors review some aspects of radiological analysis in forensic medicine not
      only to formulate a correct diagnosis and prognosis or a correct evaluation of a
      personal damage, but also to appreciate the casualty-relationship in many
      traumatic lesions.

PMID- 1821055
TI  - [Computed axial tomography in legal medicine].

PMID- 1821056
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of food allergy.
AB  - There have been significant advances in our understanding of food allergy (FA) in
      children. The spectrum of food-induced disorders has been defined more clearly,
      strict criteria for diagnosis have been developed, some understanding of
      immunopathogenetic mechanisms and the natural history of FA have evolved. In this
      paper the recent advances are discussed.

PMID- 1821058
TI  - [Urinary disturbances and climacteric].

PMID- 1821059
TI  - [Cost of hormonal replacement therapy in menopause].

PMID- 1821060
TI  - [Menopausal hospital units].

PMID- 1821057
TI  - [Estrogen receptors in the genital tract of the climacteric woman].

PMID- 1821061
TI  - [Epidemiology of climacteric].

PMID- 1821062
TI  - [Use of growth hormone in normal short height children: considerations].

PMID- 1821063
TI  - [Cidade Leonor slum, Sao Paulo. I. Evaluation of the nutritional status of
      children under 10 years of age].
AB  - The authors studied the nutritional status of 520 children living in slums in the
      City of Sao Paulo. The weight-for-age index revealed the following results:
      eutrophy, 46.9%; PCM I, 42.8%; PCM II, 9.9%; PCM III, 1.1%. The height-for-age
      index revealed the following results: eutrophy, 65.7% and PCM 34.2%. The weight
      for-height index revealed the following results: eutrophy, 79.0%; PCM I, 15.9%;
      PCM II, 3.4%; PCM III, 1.5%. According to the Seoane-Latham criteria the authors
      found the following results: eutrophy, 43.1%; balanced chronic malnutrition,
      19.0%; acute malnutrition, 24.6%; evolutive chronic malnutrition, 9.2%; and
      chronic malnutrition in recovery 4.0%.

PMID- 1821064
TI  - [Chronic gastritis associated to Helicobacter pylori in patients with non
      ulcerating dyspepsia and with duodenal ulcer].
AB  - PURPOSE: Prevalence of chronic gastritis and infection of the gastric mucosa by
      Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcerating dyspepsia and duodenal ulcer.
      TYPE OF STUDY, SITE, PATIENTS: A prospective study was made of 48 consecutive
      patients with non-ulcerating dyspepsia of the dismotility type (NUD), and 13
      consecutive patients with duodenal ulcer in activity (DU), selected from the
      gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the State
      University of Campinas (Unicamp). INTERVENTIONS: Eight endoscopic biopsies (4 of
      the body and 4 of the gastric antrum) were performed on each of the patients to
      identify H. pylori, using three tests: urease, gram and histopathological
      examination. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of the 48 patients with NUD, urease test
      was positive in 89.6% in the antrum and in 81.2% in the body; gram test was
      positive in 81.2% in the antrum and in 77.1% in the body; and H. pylori was
      identified in the histopathological examination in 79.2% in the antrum and in
      70.8% in the gastric body. At least one of the three tests applied was positive
      in the mucosa of the gastric antrum in all 48 patients with NUD. In all 13
      patients with DU, the three tests were positive in the gastric antrum, all of
      them with chronic gastritis of the antrum in the histopathological examination.
      Chronic gastritis of the gastric body with presence of H. pylori in the
      histopathological examination was found in 10 out of 13 patients. The urease test
      was positive in the mucosa of the gastric body in all DU cases. CONCLUSIONS: The
      authors believed that the high prevalence of the tests used to identify H. pylori
      in patients with NUD can be explained by the selected group of patients, which
      belong to the low socio-economic class. The presence of H. pylori in the gastric
      mucosa of all patients with DU agrees with studies already published.

PMID- 1821066
TI  - [Eyelid pouches: anatomical study of the orbital fat applied to surgery].
AB  - The author dissected 30 orbital regions and studied the intraorbital fat
      topography and its anterior expansions, "the baggy eyelids". Surgical
      considerations of these structures were also made.

PMID- 1821065
TI  - [Morphologic and morphometric aspects of the uterine tube epithelium during the
      menstrual cycle].
AB  - PURPOSE: Under light microscopy, the authors observed the morphologic and
      morphometric features of the human uterine tube during the menstrual cycle. TYPE
      OF STUDY: Experimental, prospective study. SITE: Escola Paulista de Medicina.
      PATIENTS: Specimens obtained from ten eumenorrheic, multigesta patients, ages
      ranging from 22 to 35 years. INTERVENTION: They were all submitted to
      salpingectomy because they showed a high reproductive risk. They were operated
      during the proliferating and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The isthmus,
      ampullae and infundibulum were studied under light microscopy. MEASUREMENTS AND
      RESULTS: The authors observed that the epithelium of the human tube has a single
      layer of cylindrical and ciliated cells. Three kinds of cells were present:
      ciliated, secretory, and non-differentiated. Height of the epithelium was uniform
      in the secretory phase, but not in the isthmus and ampullae. Images of mitosis
      were rarely seen. In the isthmus, the number of secretory cells predominated in
      both phases of the cycle; in the ampullae, the number of ciliated cells was
      increased in the proliferation phase, while secretory cells were proeminent in
      the lutheal phase. In the infundibulum and fimbrae, ciliated cells were
      increased. Morphometric features of human uterine epithelium were studied during
      the menstrual cycle and showed: 1) the height of the epithelium in the ampullae
      was significantly higher in the proliferating phase; 2) the number of secretory
      cells was significantly higher in the isthmus, while in the infundibulum ciliated
      cells were increased in number in both phases of the cycle. The number of
      ciliated cells in the ampullae was significantly higher in the proliferating
      phase while secretory cells predominated in the secretory phase; 3) The nuclear
      volume of ciliated and secretory cells is not statistically significant in all
      regions during the two phases of the cycle. CONCLUSIONS: The uterine tube
      epithelium shows cyclic modifications which are probably associated to its
      function in reproductive physiology.

PMID- 1821067
TI  - [Morphofunctional study of the cava-hepatic venous transition in humans].
AB  - Using mesoscopic techniques, the authors observed that fibrous muscular bundles
      were distributed in three layers, from the external to the intima, in the cava
      hepatic venous transition zone; these bundles start with a helical course, and
      bend progressively towards their outlet. Regarding the collagen component, two
      kinds of fibre bundles were observed: 1) as longitudinal strips, two for each
      vein that join in an arched form close to the outlet; 2) bundles running in the
      same direction as muscular bundles. The elastic tissue appears as a component of
      the myoelastic tendons or as independent bundles. The latter follow the direction
      of the muscular fibres, but show a decreasing amount when they approach the
      transition zone. At this point, however, the myoelastic tendons grow thicker.

PMID- 1821068
TI  - [Human colostrum and milk cells].
AB  - This review dwells on the major cell defense factors of human colostrum and milk:
      phagocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and natural-killer cells (NK). Other
      elements are also presented, of humoral origin, which take part in such fluid.
      The cells are morphofunctionally characterized and reasons are given that make it
      more difficult for a detailed study (great variability, atypical morphology,
      presence of fatty globules). Finally, the function of maternal milk is stressed
      as a transmitter of systemic immunity and of nutritional elements to the neonate,
      therefore the importance of breastfeeding.

PMID- 1821069
TI  - [Remnant portion of the tube in ectopic pregnancy: review and report of a case].
AB  - PURPOSE: After a review of the literature, to establish what the best treatment
      is to treat interstitial portion in ectopic gestations. TYPE OF STUDY: Review and
      report of a case. SITE: Specialized Clinics Hospital of Franco da Rocha of the
      School of Medicine of Jundiai. PATIENTS: One patient of the School Hospital.
      INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Review and clinical observation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The authors present a case of an exceptional ectopic gestation with
      a remnant portion of the tube seen at the Hospital above, with absent
      contralateral ovary. They discuss the etiologic factors of the ectopic gestation
      with contralateral corpus luteum, and suggest the possibility of internal
      transmigration in the case presented. They comment on the clinical severity, as
      the area is highly vascularized, and they also comment of the diagnosis
      difficulties if gestation proceeds. They discuss the treatment for ectopic
      gestation in general and the possible prophylactic ways of dealing with the
      remnant portion of the tube in ectopic gestation. They conclude that randomized
      studies are needed to find out what the best treatment is for the interstitial
      portion during salpingectomy due to ectopic gestation.

PMID- 1821070
TI  - Cardiothyreosis.
AB  - In the present study: (a) physiopathology, (b) clinics, and (c) therapy of
      cardiothyreosis are discussed. (a) The hyperkinetic syndrome, the earliest
      clinical sign in thyrotoxicosis (vasodilatation, increase in inotropism,
      automatism, etc.), is mediated by a two-fold increase in the number of beta
      receptors, and supported by an adequate synthesis of ATP and creatinphosphate
      (CP) in the young and, to a lesser extent, in the elderly. Genetical heart
      reserves are mobilized, thus significantly increasing the number and the size of
      mitochondria and also the enzymatic equipment (such as: the alpha
      glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase, malic, pentosic cycles, etc.), a.s.o. Due to an
      excessive adrenergic action (glycogenolysis, an excessive oxygen consumption, up
      to necrosis, the ATP and CP syntheses dramatically drop; the phosphorus/oxygen
      ratio decreases to 2 (normal = 4). In this condition, the high functional
      cardiovascular performances are also impaired (the submaximal effort capacity is
      attained at a smaller and smaller oxygen consumption; Propranolol 2 mg i.v.
      decreased the cardiac output by above 30% (vs 10%--normal); electrocardiogram
      presents aspects of "coronary disease", tachycardia, etc.). An ultrastructural
      damage occurs: from "mitochondrial disease", partial lysis of myofibrils, to
      myofibrosis (revealed postmortem), in spite of a reduced degree of coronary
      atherosclerosis. Ultrastructural and biochemical experimental data support this
      point of view. (b) The incidence, precocity and severity of the thyrotoxic heart
      increase with age and the existence of a previous cardiovascular pathology.
      Cardiothyreosis is not present under 27 years; in 4,353 patients its incidence is
      of 25% (arrhythmia--21%, heart failure--12%, coronary insufficiency--1-3%). Of a
      major interest are tachyarrhythmias which may lead to a high mortality by
      hypodiastolic congestive heart failure, heart failure with secondary
      hyperaldosteronism, thromboembolic episodes and ventricular fibrillation.
      Thyrotoxicosis favours the disease of papillary muscles--mitral prolapse and
      insufficiency, reversible especially in children. (c) The treatment of thyrotoxic
      heart is an etiologic one (medical, surgical, radioactive--the last two being
      preferable after the adequate medical therapy). In particular, cardiothyreosis
      requires a reinforced irradiation (10,000 rads instead of 7,000 rads) in smaller
      131I doses. The protection against the increased nocivity of catechols in
      thyrotoxicosis is very important (which explains the high mortality in the
      thyrotoxic "storm") and requires propranolol; doses above 2 mg/kilo body/day are
      recommended. In the elderly, the sensitivity to propranolol decreases: verapamil
      i.v. is more efficient in paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias (flutter, atrial
      fibrillation) and in those occurring intra-operatively during halothane narcosis.
      The anticoagulant therapy is administered in tachyarrhythmias with high
      ventricular rate, especially in the elderly, to avoid the embolic risk, higher in
      defibrillation condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821071
TI  - Influence of sex and glucocorticoid hormones on 3H cholesterol uptake in the
      aortic wall and 3H adrenaline in the brain.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in the atherogenesis process and the connection of the
      latter with stress were studied, by trying to elucidate the difference in the
      response of the two sexes to the causative factors. To this purpose, the role of
      the sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) and glucocorticoids
      (hydrocortisone hemisuccinate) in 3H cholesterol uptake in the aortic wall and 3H
      adrenaline in the brain was investigated. In males, the results show that these
      hormones favoured the uptake of the two markers whose level was significantly
      raised (p greater than 0.05; p greater than 0.01) as against the controls all
      along the 20 days of treatment. In females, the level of 3H cholesterol in the
      aorta and 3H adrenaline in the brain had a statistical significance (p greater
      than 0.05) only in the first days of treatment but after the 6th day it began to
      decline.

PMID- 1821072
TI  - Melatonin involvement in oxidative processes.
AB  - The fact that the pineal gland, by its melatonin (MT) production, responds to
      environmental light variations (the day-night cycle), being also a modulator of
      the body adaptation to these conditions, may lead to the assumption of its
      involvement in the body oxidative processes. The redox capacity of melatonin was
      followed-up in vitro by the chemiluminescence phenomenon. The system generating
      chemiluminescence as well as free radicals was made up of luminol and H2O2.
      Incubation of melatonin in doses of 0.08-0.5 microM/ml with the generating system
      showed that in doses under 0.25 microM/ml melatonin has a pro-oxidative effect
      while in doses above this value it has an antioxidative effect. The diagram of
      the results shows the answer specific to a modulator. The study of the
      correlation between the dose of melatonin with highest pro-oxidative properties
      and the various peroxide concentrations in the generating system showed that
      melatonin gets antioxidative properties with the increase in peroxide
      concentrations (less than 8 mM/ml). In the presence of a hypothalamic homogenate,
      which is a stimulant of the chemiluminescence-generating system (PXI = 16),
      melatonin has a dose-dependent antioxidative effect. Similar results were also
      obtained by adding tryptophan--a free radicals acceptor (PXI = 0.1) and the
      substrate in melatonin synthesis to the reaction medium. Melatonin in low
      concentrations (greater than 0.1 microM/ml) has an antioxidative effect while in
      higher doses it has a dose-dependent pro-oxidative effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821073
TI  - Cardiac disturbances in thyrotoxicosis: diagnosis, incidence, clinical features
      and management.
AB  - In the present paper we studied 403 patients with different etiopathogenic and
      clinical forms of thyrotoxicosis: toxic multinodular goiter (36.7%), toxic
      adenoma (4.9%), Graves' disease (27.04%), transient thyrotoxicosis (subacute
      thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, Hashitoxicosis) (21.09%), T3-thyrotoxicosis
      (9.42%), thyrotoxicosis factitia (0.74%). Eighty-seven patients (21.5%) had
      cardiac disturbances. The following arrhythmias were most common: atrial
      fibrillation (4.00%), ventricular premature beats (2.77%), paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachycardia (2.23%), atrial flutter (1.00%). Congestive heart
      failure occurred in 10.42% of the cases. Paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias were
      converted to sinus rhythm in 90% of the subjects, by a selected and sustained
      treatment: drug therapy (carbimazole 30-40 mg/day, Lugol solution 1/2/20, 10-15
      drops/day, beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol--60-120 mg/24 hrs), calcium
      channel blockers (verapamil--40-60 mg/24 hrs), cardiac glycosides (deslanosid) or
      DC cardioversion. In order to prevent recurrences and/or complications, drug
      therapy was subsequently completed with subtotal thyroidectomy or radioactive
      iodine (131I) therapy. Thus, we succeeded in maintaining the patients in a
      euthyroid state, in sinus rhythm and with an adequate cardiovascular function in
      95.4% of the cases.

PMID- 1821074
TI  - Epidemiological surveillance of iodine deficiency in Romania by urinary iodine
      determinations in children aged 6-16 years from 30 counties.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies on school-children aged 6-16 years along 1978-1980 and in
      1986, according to the WHO classification revealed the persistence of endemic
      goiter even in high incidence in some areas. Following UNICEF WHO
      recommendations, a new epidemiologic study was initiated in 30 counties for
      assessing urinary iodine through the spot urine sample method, which has widely
      been accepted as a satisfactory index of iodine intake. The urine samples were
      collected from lots of 100-200 children aged 6-16 years within each district. The
      results showed low iodine values, i.e., 2.4-5.5 micrograms/dl urine in 12 areas
      and 6-12.1 microgram/dl urine in the rest of the country. Comparison of the data
      on goiter endemic and iodine values in various counties shows lack of correlation
      in some areas. This prompted an extension of the study of urinary iodine over to
      larger groups of children in some counties.

PMID- 1821075
TI  - Changes in the iodine content of vegetables following the Chernobyl accident.
AB  - In the early phenophases and at maturity the vegetables grown in the goitrogenic
      area have a lower iodine concentration than in non-goitrogenic areas. Within the
      same area, the amount of iodine is higher in young than in old vegetables and, in
      some species, it is higher in the young vegetables of the goitrogenic area than
      in the nature vegetables of the non-goitrogenic ones. Following the accident at
      the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in April 1986, the iodine metabolism in plants
      was disorganized.

PMID- 1821076
TI  - [Bioethics in Romania. Science is a challenge, bioethics is a response].

PMID- 1821077
TI  - [Pathologico-anatomic contribution to antibody detection in immunopathologic
      diseases].
AB  - Results of twenty years experience with identification of anti organ
      autoantibodies occurring mainly during autoimmune diseases are presented.
      Cryostat sections from human cadaver tissue and albino-rat kidneys were used for
      the detection of the above mentioned antibodies, by method of two-step (indirect)
      immunofluorescence. The study describes working schedule of a newly established
      subspeciality of pathological anatomy--the "histoserology". The main aim of the
      study was investigate the occurrence of autoantibodies and to asses the
      correlation between these findings and health condition of patients. The
      following antibodies were evaluated: antibodies against epithelia and colloid of
      thyroid gland, the antibody against parietal cells of stomach mucosa, antibodies
      against striated ducts of salivary gland and basal elements in its excretory
      ducts, the antibody against suprarenal cortical elements, the antibody against
      parathyreoidea, the antibody against smooth muscle cells, anti brush-border
      antibody, and the anti-nuclear factor as well as the antibodies against
      intercellular substance and basement membrane of epidermis. Antibody against
      thyroid gland coloid appears to be of diagnostic value for recognizing of
      Hashimoto and focal thyroiditis. The finding of antibody against parietal cells
      indicates the probability of pernicious trait in diagnostically unclear anaemias.
      On the other hand the finding of such antibody is not very useful in
      classification of gastritis and its subtyping. The appearance of the phenomenon
      of "shaggy rim" during the assay for antinuclear factor seems to be very reliable
      for verification of systemic lupus. The antibody against salivary gland striated
      ducts does not give fundamental support for diagnosis of Sjogren's disease. Very
      interesting immunopathological phenomenon is an occurrence of antibody binding to
      basal cells of salivary gland excretory ducts. To our knowledge, this phenomenon
      is rather typical for the antibody against cytokeratin polypeptide No 13 and 16.
      The finding of the antibody against suprarenal gland cortical elements seems to
      be essential for diagnosis of chronic nonspecific epinephritis since its
      appearance is mostly without false positivities. Also the antibodies against
      epidermal intercellular and basement membrane show similar high specificity. Both
      these antibodies unfortunately often fail and for their high number of false
      negative results are solely of affirmative importance, since their lack is
      evidently unwarranted for exclusion of considered disease. Both the findings of
      antibody against smooth muscle cells and against mitochondria are usefull for the
      diagnosis of liver lesions especially those of primary biliary cirrhosis. Anti
      brush-border antibody essentially assists the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and
      works to differentiate it from ulcerative colitis. Antireticulin antibodies
      counts frequently for the diagnosis of celiakia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821078
TI  - [Milk feeding and utilization of nutrients in clinically healthy calves and in
      calves with diarrhea].
AB  - Digestibility of nutrients was determined in healthy calves and in those with
      diarrhoea at the age of two and three weeks. The total collection of feces and
      indigestible marker methods (with Cr2O3) were used. High equality of results and
      statistically non-significant differences between the method of a total
      collection of feces and indigestible marker one in the suckling calves (Tab. II)
      confirm the suitability of using these two methods to determine digestibility.
      Based on the composition and commercially recommended feeding guide of milk
      replacer, it is clear that it has lower digestible energy, Zn and Fe intake.
      Slightly higher digestible crude protein and Mg intake, optimum Ca and P intake,
      all these values were calculated for 1 kg of live weight (Tab. I). Nutrient
      contents is responsible for nutrient ratio which is unbalanced and for low
      contents of digestible energy (76.5 KJ per g of digestible crude protein) instead
      of recommended values of 100-110 KJ per of digestible crude protein in milk
      replacer in suckling calves. In six clinically healthy calves fed with milk
      replacer Laktavit twice a day, an apparent digestibility of organic matter was
      found to be 95.7 +/- 1.8%, crude protein 93.5 +/- 1.8%, fat 94.5 +/- 1.4%,
      carbohydrates 97.2 +/- 1.5%, Ca absorption was 86.5 +/- 2.8%, P 95.3 +/- 2.9%.
      There was a depressed absorption for Mg 43.4 +/- 6.8%, Fe 24.2 +/- 4.3% and Zn
      36.8 +/- 3.5% (Tab. III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821079
TI  - [The effect of cellulase on calves fed an acidified milk diet].
AB  - The purpose of this research was to establish the influence of 3 j Cx cellulase
      applied per gram of COT concentrate mixture, fed in combination with a milk diet
      acidified by formic acid to the value of pH 4.6, on calf growth performance in
      one metabolism and two field experiments. In the metabolism experiment two groups
      of calves, with six animals in each, were fed acidified whole milk, which was
      diluted stage by stage till weaning at 60 days of age. The average live weight
      gain in the control at the end of the milk feeding period, i.e. from 14 to 60
      days of age, was 29.90 kg. This corresponds to a daily live weight gain of 0.650
      g. The total live weight gain of male calves in the experimental group was 29.30
      kg, corresponding to a daily live weight gain of 0.638 g (Tab. I). Tab. II shows
      the average feed and nutrient intakes per kg live weight gain. The calves which
      received the enzyme supplement tend to have the higher feed conversion rate.
      During the forage feeding period, i.e. from 61 to 90 days of age, the average
      daily live weight gains were 1.10 kg and 0.980 kg in the control and experimental
      groups, respectively (Tab. III). The average live weight of 90 days old male
      calves was 107.70 kg and 103.90 kg in the control and experimental groups,
      respectively. The amount of consumed nutrients (digestible protein and starch
      units); in relation to the total feed intakes, is lower in the experimental
      groups, which proves the higher feed conversion rate (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821080
TI  - [Synthesis of nonspecific esterase in small intestine enterocytes during
      experimental coccidiosis in suckling pigs].
AB  - The activity of nonspecific esterase (EC. 3.1.1.1.) was evaluated in the small
      intestine mucosa of 21 conventional piglets infected on day 5 after parturition
      (DAP) with oocysts of the Eimeria debliecki coccidium (infection dose of 200,000
      oocysts) for this evaluation a microdensitometric analysis at the level of
      enterocytes was used. The same examination was also performed in the small
      intestine mucosa of four control conventional piglets at the age of 2-5 days
      (Tab. I). The synthesis of nonspecific esterase in the experimentally infected
      piglets was followed on day 1 to day 10 after infection (DAI). The activity of
      nonspecific esterase in the small intestine mucosa was found to decrease in a
      direction from duodenum absorption cells (D mean 34.15) to caudal ones (Fig. 1);
      ileum enterocytes have the optical density of the enzyme by 8.2% lower (D mean
      31.38). The deposition of nonspecific esterase is localized mainly in the
      supranuclear zone of enterocytes while in the para- and infranuclear zones of
      absorption cells its concentration is only minute. In the experimentally infected
      piglets a marked increase in the optical density of nonspecific esterase of
      enterocytes was observed as soon as on day 1 after infection when the enzyme
      concentration increased by 19.4% (Tab. II). The maximum increase in the activity
      of nonspecific esterase of absorption cells was recorded on DAI 9 when the enzyme
      D mean value was higher by 165% in comparison with the activity of nonspecific
      esterase demonstrated in the control piglets (Fig. 2, 3, 4). But at the end of
      experimental infection (DAI 10) the total density of nonspecific esterase of
      enterocytes decreased by 38.2%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821081
TI  - [The anti-proteolytic activity of blood and ovarian follicular fluid in sheep
      after stimulation with serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and administration of
      Antisergon].
AB  - The synthesis and secretion of trypsin (trypsin model serine protease) inhibitors
      are regulated in ovarian follicles by gonadotropins. The superovulation
      stimulations with 400 IU FSH, 1000 IU PMSG, 1000 IU HCG, 750 IIU PMSG + 750 IU
      HCG influence in a different way the trypsin inhibiting activities (TIA) of blood
      plasma (BP) (Figs 1 and 2) and follicular fluid (fig. 3); this points to a
      possibility of local effects. An increase in the average values of TIA in BP was
      statistically significant during the whole experiment: P less than 0.05 to P less
      than 0.001 (following the administration of PMSG+HCG, or PMSG, and HCG);
      Antisergon administered in 68 hours after PMSG reduced this increase. The changes
      in the fraction of low-molecular TIA in BP (after BP treatment with perchloric
      acid) were of converse nature; a decrease in the average values ranged from P
      less than 0.02 to P less than 0.001 (following PMSG or other stimulations).
      Antisergon did not influence this decrease. The changes observed on particular
      days of the trial (Figs. 1 and 2) also indicate different effects of the
      preparations, mainly of the component LH, which resulted in the occurrence of
      large nonovulating follicles (greater than 10 mm--"cystic" ones). No such
      follicles were observed in nonstimulated ewes and after FSH stimulation. The
      administration of antisergon (goat's antiserum against PMSG) 68 hours after PMSG
      administration did not prevent their creation. The TIA of follicular fluid (FF)
      of antral follicles was on average tenfold in comparison with that of blood
      plasma; and the TIA FF of follicles greater than 10 mm was higher (up to P less
      than 0.001) than the TIA FF of follicles less than 10 mm. The administration of
      Antisergon in shorter intervals following PMSG administration (12, 24, 48 and 58
      hours) influenced the average values of TIA BP in 120 hours (since PMSG
      administration) in dependence on time (Tab. I). The effects of Antisergon
      administered in 12 and 24 hours after PMSG administration on the TIA BP were
      insignificant if it was administered in 48 and 58 hours the TIA BP increased (P
      less than 0.02; P less than 0.001) in comparison with the interval of 12 hours.
      The TIA FF of follicles less than 5 mm, 5-10 mm and greater than 10 mm varied in
      dependence on the time intervals of Antisergon administration (Fig. 4). The
      statistical significance of these changes in shown in Tab. II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821082
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of tripterine on activities of IL-1, IL-2 and release of
      PGE2].
AB  - Tripterine is one of the components isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.
      Previous studies demonstrated that tripterine inhibited not only humoral and
      cellular immune responses but also some inflammatory responses. The present
      investigation attempted to observe effect of the drug on productions of IL-1 from
      macrophages, IL-2 from splenocytes and PGE2 from synovial cells. The results
      showed that tripterine (0.1-1.0 microgram/ml) significantly inhibited IL-1
      activity of murine peritoneal macrophages induced by LPS. Because both
      intracellular and extracellular IL-1 activities were decreased, so tripterine
      might be able to reduce the production and release of IL-1. Besides, inhibition
      of IL-1 production was observed when macrophages were pretreated with the drug
      for 8 h and 16 h. A good relationship was found between the effect and
      concentration of tripterine which inhibited IL-2 production from ConA-activated
      murine splenocytes. Kinetic study indicated that IL-2 production was decreased
      when splenocytes were pretreated with the drug for 3 h, 6 h and 12 h. Synovial
      cells obtained from rabbit knee joint were cultured successfully. A23187 was
      found to augment PGE2 synthesis modestly. Tripterine significantly reduced PGE2
      release from synovial cells in a concentration dependent manner.

PMID- 1821083
TI  - [Studies on synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 3-GABA derivatives of 6
      (substituted-phenyl) pyridazines].
AB  - In recent years considerable emphasis has been placed on the hypothesis that
      enhancement of GABA transmission could be beneficial in some types of epilepsy.
      The alpha-(aryl)-4-morpholineacetonitrile obtained by the interaction of aryl
      aldehydes, morpholine and potassium cyanide, have been used to synthesize 3
      (aroyl)-propionic acids and esters by 1,4-additions to acrylonitrile or acrylic
      ester. 3-(Aroyl) propionic acids reacting with hydrazine can yield 6-aryl-4,5
      dihydro-3(2H) pyridazinones which are dehydrogenated by bromine (via bromination
      dehydrobromination) to give 6-aryl-3(2H) pyridazinones. The latter compounds were
      converted into 3-(N-GABA)-6-(substitutedphenyl) pyridazines and 3-(N
      butyryllactamyl)-6-(substitutedphenyl) pyridazines by the chlorination (by means
      of phosphorus oxychloride) and then reaction with GABA. By this method seventeen
      3-GABA derivatives of 6-(substituted-phenyl)pyridazines were synthesized. The
      anticonvulsant activity (MES) of these compounds were also tested. 3-(N-GABA)-6
      (2',4'-dichloro)phenylpyridazine; potent anticonvulsant (ED50 = 21.05 mg/kg).

PMID- 1821084
TI  - [Studies on synthesis, anticonvulsant activity and the structure--activity
      relationships of 6-(substituted phenyl)-3 (2H) pyridazinones].
AB  - In searching for effective anticonvulsant agent fourteen 6-(substituted-phenyl)
      4,5-dihydro-3 (2H) pyridazinones and fifteen 6-(substitutedphenyl)-3 (2H)
      pyridazinones have been synthesized and screened in mice for their ability to
      antagonize maximal electroshock seizure (MES). The ED50 values showed that 6
      (2',4'-dichlorophenyl)-3 (2H) pyridazinone was the most potent anticonvulsant in
      these compounds. The structure--activity relationships in these two series were
      examined. We came to the conclusion that the higher is the hydrophobic parameter
      pi of the substituent on phenyl ring, the more potent anticonvulsant is the
      compound. And also, only the compounds with an electronwithdrawing substituent on
      the phenyl ring exhibited appreciable anticonvulsant activity.

PMID- 1821085
TI  - [Synthesis of 2,6-dimethyl-4-disubstituted phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5
      dicarboxylates as antimyocardial ischemic agents].
AB  - Nine title compounds were synthesized as potential antimyocardial ischemic
      agents. After screening, some of these compounds were found to exhibit calcium
      blocking activity. Among them, the antagonism of compound I6 (diethyl 4-(3
      methoxy-4-[(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino)propoxy] phenyl)-1,4- dihydropyridine-3,5
      dicarboxylates) was the most potent in the potassium- stimulated rabbit aortic
      strip. Compound I6 was subjected to further pharmacological assay, and it was
      shown to increase coronary flow and cardiac output of isolated rabbit heart,
      reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, decrease myocardial infarct size of rat,
      and increase the tolerance of mice to hypoxia.

PMID- 1821086
TI  - [Isolation, purification and chemical structure of a glucan from Glycyrrhiza
      uralensis Fisch].
AB  - A glucan, GBW, was isolated from the alkaline aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza
      uralensis Fisch. Its mean molecular weight was estimated to be 4 x 10(3). TLC,
      methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, partial acid
      hydrolysis, KI--I2 reaction, IR and 13CNMR showed that GBW is a (1----4) linked
      alpha-D-glucan (6).

PMID- 1821087
TI  - [Studies on the chemical constituents of Dipsacus asper Wall].
AB  - Six compounds I-VI were isolated from the roots of Dipsacus asper Wall..
      Compounds I, II, III and VI were identified as sucrose, daucosterol, beta
      sitosterol and akebia saponin D, respectively. On the basis of spectral analysis
      and chemical evidence, the structures of two new compounds were established as 3
      O-(4-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1
      ---6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV) and 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid
      28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (V).

PMID- 1821088
TI  - [Investigation on the metabolism of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in man].
AB  - A GC-MS method for the investigation on the metabolism of
      dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) in man is described. Steroids in human
      urine were adsorbed on a macroporous XAD-2 resin, eluted with methanol,
      hydrolyzed with glucuronidase, extracted and concentrated for derivatization and
      then analyzed with GC-MS. DHCMT and its 7 metabolites were detected in urine
      samples 8 to 30 h after oral administration. Their structures and the variation
      of their concentration in urine were determined and the possible metabolic
      pathways of DHCMT were proposed on the basis of GC-MS feature of its metabolites.
      The specific metabolites and characteristic ions for screening DHCMT positive
      urine were chosen. Furthermore, the influence of the sample pretreatment methods
      on GC-MS results has been studied.

PMID- 1821089
TI  - [Development and pharmacokinetic study of miocamycin sustained-release tablet
      remaining--floating in stomach].
AB  - A novel sustained-release tablet of miocamycin was developed based on the
      hydrodynamically balanced controlled drug delivery system (HBS). It was prepared
      to contain fast-release and sustained-release granules. The gamma
      scintiphotographic study after oral ingestion showed that MOM-HBS remained in
      human stomach for more than 7 hours, much longer than the conventional tablet (3
      4 h). The in vitro release characteristics showed basically first-order kinetics
      (Kr = 0.1619 h-1). The serum concentration-time course of MOM-HBS exhibited
      typical sustained-release characteristics. Moreover, The percentage of drug
      released in vitro versus the percentage of drug released in vivo of MOM-HBS
      indicated excellent linearity. Its relative bioavailability was increased greatly
      compared with MOM dry syrup produced in Japan.

PMID- 1821090
TI  - [A new chiral derivatizing reagent for the resolution of amine and alcohol drug
      enantiomers by HPLC].
AB  - A new chiral derivatizing reagent (s)-alpha-methoxybenzyl isocyanate (MIB) was
      prepared from (s)-(+)-mandelic acid with a practical method, and its ability of
      liquid chromatographic resolution for drug enantiomers by pre-column chiral
      derivatization was evaluated with racemic amphetamine and mexiletine as well as
      phenylpropanol. The operation is simple and rapid. Separation is good for the
      amine isomers, but poor for alcohols and extensive work remains to be done. The
      solution of derivatization was directly injected into the chromatograph.
      Conventional silica gel column was used with light petroleum as the mobile phase.

PMID- 1821091
TI  - [Investigation of temperature sensitive liposome encapsulated adriamycin injected
      into hepatic artery for targeted behavior and cancer therapy].
AB  - Temperature sensitive liposome entrapped adriamycin was injected into the hepatic
      artery of Wistar rats bearing implanted hepatic tumor. Two hours after the
      injection, the liver was heated to 42 degrees C and maintained at that
      temperature for 6 minutes using a local hyperthermia. The variation in the
      pattern of the concentration of the liposomal drug in circulation, and the drug
      distribution in tissues were investigated. Results indicated that adriamycin was
      released from the liposomes with the drug concentration peaking in circulation at
      30 minutes after heating. Following the hyperthermia treatment, the total amount
      of drug in the liver decreased, while that in the tumor and urine increased. The
      14C labeled liposome track test showed that a parallel relationship between the
      lipid and the drug was maintained for 8 hours after the hepatic injection, and
      physiological environment was a determinant of change and existence of liposomal
      carrier. However, the drug encapsulated in the liposomes can be controlled by
      hyperthermia to target the tumor. Therapeutic experiments showed that in the
      group treated with the hepatic artery-injected liposome plus hyperthermia
      control, the liver tumor growth of the rats administered at 7 days after W256
      carcinosarcoma implantation on liver was notably inhibited and the life-span of
      the animal was greatly extended compared with those of aqueous administration
      groups and iv injected liposome group.

PMID- 1821092
TI  - [Solvent extraction-flow injection analysis for determination of trimethoprim in
      compound preparations].
AB  - Trimethoprim (TMP) in four pharmaceutical preparations (compound sulfamethoxazol
      tablets, compound tetracycline tablets, compound trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazol
      tablets; and compound berberine injection) is determined by solvent extraction
      flow injection spectrophotometry. It can be extracted into chloroform directly,
      and the absorbance at a wavelength of 280 nm of the organic phase is measured
      after phase separation. The manifold comprises two streams. The sample is
      injected into a 0.2 mol/L NaOH carrier stream, and extracted with chloroform in a
      200-cm coil (ID 0.7 mm) after a 50 cm reaction tube (ID 1.0 mm). Calibration
      graph is linear in the range of 25-150 micrograms/ml. The average recovery is
      101.4% with a relative standard deviation of 1.1%. The proposed system permits
      the analysis of about 50 samples per hour. Precise results in agreement with
      those obtained with official methods are achieved.

PMID- 1821093
TI  - [Advances in the chemical, pharmacological and clinical studies on pilose
      antler].

PMID- 1821094
TI  - Effect of diets high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on initiation and
      postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis.
AB  - The effect of dietary menhaden oil containing omega-3 fatty acids and corn oil
      rich in omega-6 fatty acids fed during the initiation and/or postinitiation
      stages of colon carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344 rats. At 5 weeks of
      age, all animals were divided into seven groups (39 rats/group) and fed the
      semipurified diets containing 5% corn oil (LCO), 23.5% corn oil (HCO), or 18.5%
      menhaden oil plus 5% corn oil (HFO). At 7 weeks of age, all animals except the
      vehicle (normal saline)-treated groups were given two weekly s.c. injection of
      azoxymethane (AOM) at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight, once weekly. Three
      days after the second injection of AOM, groups of animals fed LCO, LCO, HCO, HCO,
      HCO, HFO, or HFO diets were transferred, respectively, to LCO, HCO, LCO, HCO,
      HFO, HCO, or HFO and continued on these diets until termination of the
      experiment. All animals were necropsied 42 weeks after carcinogen treatment. Body
      weights of animals fed various experimental diets during the initiation and
      postinitiation periods were comparable. As expected, the HCO diet fed during the
      postinitiation period significantly increased the AOM-induced incidence and
      multiplicity of colon adenocarcinomas, whereas the HCO diet fed during the
      initiation phase of carcinogenesis had no effect. Colon tumor incidence and
      multiplicity were significantly reduced in groups fed the HFO diet at either
      initiation and/or postinitiation phases of carcinogenesis as compared with those
      fed the HCO diet. Whereas the precise mechanisms producing the difference between
      the high menhaden oil (HFO) diet as compared with high corn oil (HCO) diet remain
      to be elucidated, it is likely that the effect during the initiation and
      postinitiation phases may be due to alteration in carcinogen metabolism and to
      modulation of prostaglandin synthesis, respectively.

PMID- 1821095
TI  - Dose-response relationships for omega 3/omega 6 effects.

PMID- 1821097
TI  - Light on food safety.

PMID- 1821096
TI  - Isolation of two novel neuropeptides from sea anemones: the unusual, biologically
      active L-3-phenyllactyl-Tyr-Arg-Ile-NH2 and its des-phenyllactyl fragment Tyr-Arg
      Ile-NH2.
AB  - Using a radioimmunoassay for the carboxyl-terminal sequence Arg-Val-NH2, two
      novel peptides were purified from extracts of the sea anemone Anthopleura
      elegantissima. These peptides were L-3-phenyllactyl-Tyr-Arg-Ile-NH2 (name: Antho
      RIamide I) and its des-phenyllactyl fragment Tyr-Arg-Ile-NH2 (Antho-RIamide II).
      Immunocytochemical staining showed that these peptides were localized in neurons
      of sea anemones. Application of low concentrations (10(-8) M) of Antho-RIamide I
      inhibited spontaneous contractions in several muscle groups of sea anemones,
      whereas Antho-RIamide II was inactive. Antho-RIamide I is the second neuropeptide
      from sea anemones that bears the unusual, amino-terminal L-3-phenyllactyl
      blocking group. We suggest that this group renders the peptide resistant agaist
      degradation by nonspecific aminopeptidases. In addition, the L-3-phenyllactyl
      residue might also play a role in receptor binding.

PMID- 1821098
TI  - Food safety can save lives.

PMID- 1821100
TI  - Neighbourhood health forums: local democracy at work.
AB  - People in the North Staffordshire district in the United Kingdom have planned and
      implemented a community service project designed to increase local participation
      in health matters. Neighbourhood Forums meet to examine local needs and make
      decisions involving available resources and services. Self-observation by the
      Forums has revealed a potential for initiating positive change. Such
      interventions are applicable in other communities worldwide.

PMID- 1821099
TI  - A people's perspective in nutrition education.
AB  - Efforts to combat malnutrition through community education are often
      unsuccessful, due to inadequate planning and poor understanding of target
      populations. In Thailand, a child growth and development project is researching
      and using models of local attitudes to enhance programme planning. Results
      indicate that nutrition education programmes can benefit from awareness that
      community members justify their nutritional and health behaviours according to
      indigenous rather than academic models.

PMID- 1821101
TI  - Wanted: hearts, minds and hands to give primary care.
AB  - In the French-speaking countries of Africa the application of the health-for-all
      strategy has been inconsistent because of economic difficulties and management
      problems. The latter require a change in outlook and a heightened sense of
      responsibility among service providers and programme managers. In order to obtain
      suitable personnel, the authorities should match training to needs and devise
      sound policies for health manpower development.

PMID- 1821102
TI  - Cash for health care: the unending search.

PMID- 1821103
TI  - Good health at a modest price: the fruit of primary care.
AB  - Particularly in respect of life expectancy, Norway's historical bias towards
      primary care has produced similar results to those of Sweden, where hospital
      treatment has traditionally been more prominent. The per capita cost of health
      care, however, has been significantly lower in Norway than in Sweden.

PMID- 1821104
TI  - Public health associations.
AB  - In this discussion with Dr Eilif Liisberg of the Forum, two people actively
      concerned with public health associations give an insight into the work done by
      these bodies and show how they can be of particular benefit to developing
      countries.

PMID- 1821105
TI  - What is health?

PMID- 1821106
TI  - Dental care: the role of traditional healers.

PMID- 1821107
TI  - How to "stretch" health budgets.

PMID- 1821108
TI  - Preventive measures after the Turkish flood disaster.

PMID- 1821109
TI  - Health education cannot work in a vacuum.

PMID- 1821110
TI  - Saving unused insulin for countries in need.

PMID- 1821111
TI  - Anti-smoking messages during military service.

PMID- 1821112
TI  - Using 30-cluster survey to assess neonatal and perinatal mortality.

PMID- 1821113
TI  - Why do more infants die in Pakistan's squatter settlements?

PMID- 1821115
TI  - A school health programme for Lebanon.

PMID- 1821114
TI  - Converting "young ones" into young healers.

PMID- 1821116
TI  - Nutrition knowledge among Jamaican mothers.

PMID- 1821117
TI  - Ludwik Rajchman, international health leader.
AB  - Ludwik Rajchman was a man caught up in the whirlwind of international politics.
      He suffered from the conquest of his country, Poland, by both Nazism and
      Communism yet managed to rise to eminence as a leader of the Health Organisation
      of the League of Nations and then of UNICEF.

PMID- 1821118
TI  - Health workers' attitudes can create communication barriers.
AB  - In Sudan's South White Nile Province the development of a communication strategy
      for the diarrhoeal disease programme was preceded by the collection of data from
      community members and health personnel. A majority of health workers had only a
      limited knowledge of the community's methods of dealing with diarrhoea. Most of
      these workers had very negative attitudes towards mothers and home interventions.
      This information was vital for planning a comprehensive educational scheme for
      both health workers and communities.

PMID- 1821120
TI  - Extravagance in welfare benefits: an ill not easy to cure.
AB  - In the developed countries some welfare benefits introduced many years ago in the
      interest of equity have become unnecessary as personal wealth has increased, but
      it is politically difficult to withdraw them. The Norwegian practice of
      reimbursing patients who have non-urgent conditions for the cost of transport to
      and from health facilities is examined in this light.

PMID- 1821119
TI  - Training field workers to observe hygiene-related behaviour.
AB  - A study is reported from Nigeria on the training of field workers in the making
      of structured observations on hygiene-related behaviour with a view to improving
      the control of diarrhoeal diseases. The programme led to a high degree of
      consistency in the perception and description of such behaviour by the
      participants.

PMID- 1821121
TI  - Streamlining clinic management.
AB  - The organizational procedures in clinics run by the United Nations Relief and
      Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East were studied using the
      technique of patient flow analysis. As a result it proved possible to diminish
      patients' waiting times and increase the efficiency of health care providers.

PMID- 1821122
TI  - Tackling obstacles to health care delivery at district level.

PMID- 1821123
TI  - Contraceptives and cancer--looking for evidence.

PMID- 1821124
TI  - Universal child immunization: goal attained.

PMID- 1821126
TI  - Drugs and the workplace.

PMID- 1821125
TI  - Renewed mobilization against malaria.

PMID- 1821127
TI  - News about AIDS.

PMID- 1821128
TI  - DNA synthesis inhibition of nitroxide radicals on leukemia cells.
AB  - 4-isothiocyanate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl has the strongest effects
      on the DNA synthesis and viability of isolated leukemia 7712 cells. This compound
      is a very potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis with 50% inhibition of cell DNA
      synthesis occurring at 2.2 micrograms/ml, while the LD50 for white mice is 277
      mg/kg. During the concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, the inhibition of DNA
      synthesis is 99.7%, which is unable to damage the DNA replicate template. The
      inhibition of this compound, a combination of nitroxide and isothiocyanate,
      appears to be stronger than that of the sum of the two separate actions. Much
      more moderate effects are seen for all the other nitroxide radicals. After
      reducing nitroxide to hydroxylamine, there is no inhibition for DNA synthesis.
      The free radical mechanism of carcinogenesis and antitumor action has been
      discussed.

PMID- 1821129
TI  - Recognition sequence specificity of signal peptidase I and the role of signal
      peptide in secretion of protein in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - By recombinant DNA technology, the N-terminal of the beta-protein encoding region
      of plasmid pUB110 is fused with the structure gene of alpha-amylase from Bacillus
      licheniformis. This gene fusion is called beta Amy. It is able to transcribe and
      translate in phase. Protein fusion can be secreted into the medium mediated by
      beta-signal peptide. The efficiency of secretion is about 10% of the synthesized
      pre-alpha-amylase. By comparing the secretion capacities and analysing the
      restriction sites on beta-Amy genes and the molecular weights of the mature alpha
      amylase secreted by B. subtilis harbouring different plasmids, it is indicated in
      vivo that the recognition and cleavage sequence for signal peptidase I of B.
      subtilis is Ala-Ala-Ala Ala. The results also indicate that the secretion of the
      alpha-amylase in B. subtilis is in accordance with the post-translational
      transportation mode.

PMID- 1821130
TI  - Study on reproductive endocrinology of human placenta (II)--Hormone secreting
      activity of cytotrophoblast cells.
AB  - The capability of cytotrophoblast cells to produce hCG, progesterone, estrogen,
      cGnRH and beta-endorphin in vitro has been demonstrated in serum-free culture
      medium. Before experiment, a 24-h preculture was carried out in order to remove
      the endogenous hormones of the tissue. During a period of 8 days' culture, the
      cytotrophoblast cells could constantly produce a small amount of hCG. The
      production of progesterone rose rapidly and became doubled within six days. The
      estrogen secretion showed a similar pattern in the presence of androstenedione, a
      precursor of estrogen, indicating the elevation of aromatase activity in the
      cells. The elevation of the enzyme activity has been further demonstrated not to
      be induced by androstenedione. In both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
      cell cultures, cGnRH was only detected in the culture of cytotrophoblast cells,
      with a value up to 4 pg/10(5) cells/24 h. However, beta-endorphin was identified
      both in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells. Its content increased
      significantly in the medium of cytotrophoblast cell culture from the 4th to 6th
      days, but declined in the medium of syncytiotrophoblast cell culture. The results
      demonstrate clearly that the cytotrophoblast cells are the sole origin of GnRH in
      human placenta and are also able to synthesize beta-endorphin and steroid
      hormones. The findings indicate that there is no such a sharp functional
      demarcation existing between these two kinds of trophoblast cells as suggested
      before. The data are of significance for a better understanding of the mechanism
      of hormonal regulation in placenta.

PMID- 1821131
TI  - Study on reproductive endocrinology of human placenta (III)--Hormonal regulation
      of progesterone production by trophoblast tissue of first trimester.
AB  - The effect of hormones on progesterone secretion by 6-8 week human trophoblast
      tissue cultured in serum-free medium has been investigated. GnRH at low
      concentration (10(-10)-10(-8) mol/L) stimulated progesterone secretion, while
      high dose (10(-6)-10(-5) mol/L) produced inhibitory effect. The progesterone
      secretion could be significantly decreased by addition of anti-hCG antiserum or
      monoclonal anti-hCG IgG in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Various
      concentrations of TRH, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, testosterone and estradiol were found to
      be ineffective. These data indicate clearly that progesterone production by human
      trophoblast tissue at early gestation stage is under the modulation of GnRH and
      hCG.

PMID- 1821133
TI  - [Computer program recognition of a cDNA sequence specifying signal peptides].
AB  - An application of a computational analysis of cDNA sequences is presented in this
      paper. The goal is the identification of functional domains on sequence data. The
      results show the capability of this technique to identify a zone of DNA
      associated with the signal peptide coding region, whose biological function at
      DNA or RNA level is still unknown.

PMID- 1821132
TI  - Adult polycystic kidney disease: prenatal diagnosis with DNA polymorphic markers.
AB  - A prenatal diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) by DNA testing is
      reported. Evidence showing a linkage between the disease and the DNA markers on
      chromosome 16 was obtained in the family by linkage analysis and homogeneity
      testing with Italian families of the linked type. Prenatal diagnosis was
      performed either by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of GGG1 fragment either by
      Southern blotting analysis of the others chromosome 16 markers. Diagnostic
      results were available by PCR analysis in a few hours and then were confirmed by
      Southern blotting of the others probes. The foetus was monitored by ultrasounds.
      At 26th week the foetal kidney were enlarged with small cysts and, at birth, the
      newborn had bilateral renal cysts, confirming the foetal genotype prediction
      based on flanking markers.

PMID- 1821134
TI  - [Correlation between serum glutathione reductases and bone densitometry values].
AB  - Free radicals, because of their marked chemical activity, have often been found
      to be involved in many human diseases. Enzymatic antioxidant systems, namely
      glutathione-reductase, present both in red blood cells and in serum, have been
      demonstrated to play a key role as free radicals scavengers. The present work has
      been carried out in order to evaluate the possible role played by free radicals
      in the demineralization process of the bone matrix. Glutathione-reductase
      activity, assayed by a slightly modified Horn's method, was related to bone
      density measurements. All the subjects with reduced densitometric values showed
      reduced glutathione-reductase levels. Our results seem to support the hypothesis
      of a strict relationship between low activity of antioxidant systems and
      demineralization process of the bone, in consequence of enhanced free radical
      levels.

PMID- 1821135
TI  - [Individual characteristics and biological rhythms. VI. Circadian variations of
      body temperature].
AB  - It has been reported that body temperature fluctuates differently in evening and
      morning type subjects. In order to assess this finding in 779 university students
      the body temperature has been measured between 1986 and 1989. Body temperature
      exhibits circadian rhythm in 78.6% of subjects, but no differences between
      morning and evening type crest phases were found. Since this result contradicts
      literature data, the finding is discussed also on the basis of the difference of
      the percentage between our grouping and that of the other authors. Further
      studies are in progress in order to detect if the subjects of the two groups
      differ for other biological and psychological parameters as well.

PMID- 1821136
TI  - [Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the secretion and composition of
      milk in Sardinian ewes].
AB  - To verify the effect on the milk yield, 5 Sardinian ewes at 45 days from lambing
      were given two subcutaneous administrations, in a sustained-release vehicle, of
      recombinant bST in the dose of 3 mg/Kg of live weight, at 28 day intervals. Other
      5 ewes of the same age, weight, distance from lambing and milk yield, were kept
      untreated. The observations lasted 56 days. The individual milk yield was
      recorded daily while both the milk (dry matter, ash, fat and protein) and some
      blood parameters (glucose, triglycerides, albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen,
      phospholipids, total and HDL cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) were
      checked weekly for each subject, by standard analytical methodology. The rbST
      significantly influenced the milk yield (+9.75% for the treated group) as already
      found in cows. The milk composition and the checked blood parameters were
      unaffected by the treatment.

PMID- 1821138
TI  - Non polar constituents of Stenomesson variegatum (R. et P.) Macbr.
AB  - Hydrocarbons, triterpenoids and sterols were determined in Stenomesson variegatum
      (R. et P.) Macbr. (Amaryllidaceae), a plant used in traditional peruvian medicine
      as an antiinflammatory. An unusual presence of odd hydrocarbons was found,
      whereas triterpenoidic and sterolic fractions are quite usual and simple.

PMID- 1821137
TI  - [Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of 2 Peruvian plants].
AB  - In this work we determined the hydrocarbon , sterol and triterpenoid composition
      of two plants used as antibacterial drug in traditional peruvian medicine,
      Berberis rariflora and Chenopodium multifidum. In both plants the presence of
      unsaturated hydrocarbons is very low, whereas the presence of odd hydrocarbons is
      considerable. The delta 7 sterols are more abundant than delta 5 sterols. We
      found also a great presence of stigmasterol derivatives in both plants, whereas
      lanosterol derivates are more abundant in B. rariflora. The microbiological tests
      shows for both plants an evident antibacterial activity against Gram(+) bacteria.

PMID- 1821139
TI  - [Biological and synthetic prostheses in gynecologic microsurgery].
AB  - Biological prostheses of human umbilical vein and synthetic prostheses of ePTFE
      were comparatively studied in the microsurgical anastomosis of the uterine horns
      in twenty rats. Patency rate after 30 days was 60% for umbilical vein and 75% for
      the ePTFE prostheses. Gross and histological examination of umbilical vein graft
      specimens showed minimal alteration with a smooth intimal surface. On the
      contrary tissue covering the inner surface from the adjacent ends of the uterine
      horns was noted in ePTFE prostheses.

PMID- 1821140
TI  - [Experimental study of different techniques for partial resection of the ovary].
AB  - The effects of leaving the ovarian cortex open after wedge resection were studied
      in a rabbit model. Twelve animals were operated: in one ovary the ovarian cortex
      was reattached with microsurgical sutures and in the contralateral it was left to
      heal by secondary intention. No significant differences were observed in adhesion
      formation and tissue reactivity between the two techniques. These data support
      the hypothesis that reattachment of the ovarian cortex is not necessary after
      conservative ovarian surgery and these findings could be useful in the
      laparoscopic treatment of benign ovarian pathology.

PMID- 1821141
TI  - Connective tissues in the optic nerve and in peripheral nerves: ultrastructural
      observations.
AB  - The connective tissues of the bovine optic nerve and left recurrent nerve have
      been investigated at the ultrastructure level by TEM and freeze-fracture. The
      outermost of three concentric sheaths enveloping the nerve appear very similar;
      the intermediate sheaths appear different enough to suggest different
      functionalities, while the innermost sheaths are completely dissimilar. The
      ultrastructural aspects of the extracellular matrix suggest that all the
      connective tissues may mainly play a passive role as a packing material for the
      nerve fibers, while none of the sheaths seems apt to withstand mechanical
      stresses.

PMID- 1821142
TI  - Kinetic determination of aspartate aminotransferase in human serum with a flow
      injection/multidetection system.
AB  - Photometric-kinetic methods for the determination of activity of aspartate
      aminotransferase are proposed. The flow-injection manifold used for this purpose
      includes a selecting valve which allows the sample to be trapped in a closed
      circuit where a solid reactor housing an auxiliary enzyme and a conventional
      single detector allows a multipeak recording to be obtained for each sample. This
      record represents a typical kinetic curve from which much information can be
      obtained to develop fixed-time and reaction-rate methods for the determination of
      the analyte based on its catalytic action on the L-aspartic acid-2 oxoglutarate
      system. The linear range is found to be between 1 and 500 U l-1, with relative
      standard deviation less than 1%. The utility of the methods is illustrated by the
      determination of the analyte in human serum from healthy and sick individuals.

PMID- 1821143
TI  - Comparison of two principal component analysis methods to evaluate reversed-phase
      retention data.
AB  - The retention of twelve 2-nitro-4-cyanophenyl esters showing marked herbicidal
      activity was determined in 23 reversed-phase thin-layer chromatographic systems.
      The retention data set was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). To
      assess the effect of the information loss caused by normalization, PCA was
      separately carried out on the covariance (method A) and on the correlation matrix
      (method B). The ratio of the variances explained was very similar for both
      methods, however, the PC loadings and the coordinates of the two-dimensional
      nonlinear maps showed poor correlation. The distribution of the 2-nitro-4
      cyanophenyl esters and that of chromatographic systems showed differences on the
      two-dimensional nonlinear maps of PC loadings and PC variables, however, the
      general trend was similar independently of the application of method A or B. The
      findings indicate that the application of the correlation matrix as basis for the
      PCA calculations may lead to slightly distorted results that strongly advocates
      the use of covariance matrix in PCA.

PMID- 1821144
TI  - A system for the quantitative determination of hydrocarbons in human breath.
AB  - A method for the analysis of hydrocarbons in exhaled human breath samples has
      been developed and its quantitative performance optimized and exhaustively
      validated. The method involves preconcentration on a solid absorbent at 0 degree
      C and desorption at 250 degrees C to a packed column gas chromatograph.
      Calibrations for ethane and pentane are reproducible and linear over the
      concentration ranges found in human breath samples. The technique is now
      available for study of conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, in which an oxidative
      stress component in tissue injury is suspected.

PMID- 1821145
TI  - Determination of hippuric acid and o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids in urine by
      capillary gas chromatography.
AB  - A capillary gas chromatographic (GC) method for the simultaneous determination of
      urinary hippuric acid (HA) and o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids (MHAs),
      metabolites of toluene and o-, m- and p-xylenes, respectively, is described.
      These metabolites are converted into their isopropyl derivatives by extractive
      alkylation with tetrahexylammonium ion as extracting agent and isopropyl bromide
      as alkylating reagent in benzene. The derivatives are analysed using a
      chromatograph equipped with hydrogen flame ionization detector, split injection
      system and DB-17 capillary column. Benzoylleucine is used as an internal
      standard. The derivatives are well separated within 5 min and no interfering
      peaks are observed. The calibration curves of HA and MHAs in the range 1-50
      micrograms are linear and sufficiently reproducible for quantitative analysis.
      Urine can be analysed accurately and precisely by this method without prior clean
      up of the sample.

PMID- 1821146
TI  - Gas chromatographic assay of methyltestosterone in tablets.
AB  - A simple gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination
      of methyltestosterone in bulk powders and in tablets. Two new silyl ether
      derivatives of methyltestosterone have been prepared using
      dimethylethylsilylimidazole (DMESI) and dimethylisopropylsilylimidazole (DMiPSI).
      The method is accurate and selective for methyltestosterone within the
      concentration range 0.1-1.5 micrograms microliters-1.

PMID- 1821147
TI  - Chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of bound and unbound phenolic acids in
      Lagenaria breviflora fruit.
AB  - The fruit pulp of Lagenaria breviflora Robert (Cucurbitaceae), used in Nigeria as
      an anti-bacterial and anti-fertility drug, was found to contain phenolic acids.
      Isolation and characterization of these compounds was based on column
      chromatography, TLC, PC, UV, IR and GC-MS. While p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic
      acids were found to occur as free and bound acids in the pulp, ferulic acid was
      found to occur only as an ester. An optimized HPLC procedure for the quantitative
      analysis of these acids was developed, featuring short retention, times, high
      sensitivity and excellent resolution. The concentration of these phenols in the
      fruit mesocarp was established.

PMID- 1821148
TI  - Assay and purity control of metacycline by thin-layer chromatography combined
      with UV and fluorescence densitometry--a comparison with liquid chromatography.
AB  - A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method involving UV and fluorescence
      densitometry is described for the assay and purity control of metacycline. With a
      mobile phase dichloromethane-methanol-water (58:35:7, v/v/v) and a silica gel
      thin-layer, previously sprayed with 10% sodium edetate solution adjusted to pH
      9.0, all the potential impurities of metacycline were well separated from the
      main component and from each other. Results obtained with UV densitometry (TLC
      UV) and fluorescence densitometry (TLC-F) were compared with those obtained by a
      liquid chromatography (LC) method using a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) stationary
      phase. The correlation coefficients (r) for TLC-UV and LC or TLC-F and LC were
      better than 0.9999. For TLC-UV the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the
      assay of the main component was less than 2%, for TLC-F less than 3.0% and for LC
      less than 1.0%.

PMID- 1821149
TI  - New methods for the assay of 5-isosorbide mononitrate and its validation.
AB  - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a method which has been applied to
      obtain thermal information about both raw material and the determination of the
      content of 5-ISMN in dry mixtures with lactose. The main advantage this offers,
      compared to other methods, is that it is not necessary to use a standard, it only
      being necessary to know the data of its fusion heat. HPLC and TLC-densitometry
      are considered for the determination of 5-ISMN: lactose and pharmaceutical dosage
      forms. Linearity test, repeatability and accuracy were satisfactory in both
      methods. Recovery data in pharmaceutical formulations (expressed as the
      percentage of the label claim) from HPLC and TLC did not give any significant
      difference (P = 95%). The results show that the chromatographic methods are
      simple, fast and reliable procedures for the determination of 5-ISMN.

PMID- 1821150
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in
      pharmaceutical preparations.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of amoxycillin
      and potassium clavulanate in tablet and suspension preparations is presented. The
      method specifies reversed phase column and a buffered mobile phase (CH3OH +
      KH2PO4-buffer pH 6 + H2O, 15:1:84) isocratically at a rate of 1.0 ml min-1, with
      detection at 235 nm. The suitability of the chromatographic system developed is
      tested using replicate injections of the sample and standard preparations. The
      observed relative standard deviations (RSDs) were within 2%. Recovery experiments
      conducted utilizing the proposed method gives results of 101.5% +/- 1.72 (n = 6)
      and 101.22% +/- 1.93 (n = 6) for amoxycillin in tablets and powder for oral
      administration, respectively. Similarly, recovery experiments for clavulanic acid
      gave results of 100.33 +/- 1.90 (n = 6) and 99.61 +/- 1.32 (n = 6) in the tablets
      and suspension powder, respectively. Comparison of the proposed method with the
      USP method proved it to be satisfactory. The statistical F- and t-tests observed,
      indicated that there were no significant differences between the two methods
      regarding precision and accuracy.

PMID- 1821151
TI  - Determination of physicochemical properties, stability in aqueous solutions and
      serum hydrolysis of pilocarpic acid diesters.
AB  - New alkyl and aralkyl pilocarpic acid diesters, prodrugs of pilocarpine, were
      synthesized with the aim of improving the bioavailability of pilocarpine by
      increasing its corneal permeability. These esters were several orders of
      magnitude more lipophilic than pilocarpine as determined by their apparent
      partition coefficients between 1-octanol and phosphate buffer (pH 7.40) (log P).
      Good correlation between log P and HPLC capacity factors of the compounds was
      observed. All the compounds are stable in acidic aqueous solution; in serum,
      however, pilocarpic acid diesters are hydrolysed enzymatically to pilocarpic acid
      monoester, which undergoes spontaneous cyclization to active pilocarpine and
      inactive isopilocarpine. The half-lives of the diesters in serum varied from 6
      232 min. In addition to the direct effects of the R2, R1 moiety had a remarkable
      effect on the rate of enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis taking place in moiety R2. The
      formed pilocarpine was analysed with a new HPLC method which allowed good
      resolution of pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilocarpic acid and isopilocarpic
      acid. Rates for pilocarpine formation were both determined by experiment and
      calculated using the STELLA simulation programme with known degradation rate
      constants of pilocarpic acid diesters and monoesters. Since the simulations were
      in good agreement with the experimental results, it is concluded that STELLA
      simulation programme is useful in predicting pilocarpine formation.

PMID- 1821152
TI  - Barbital N-glucoside is not detected as a urinary excretion product of barbital
      in humans.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine if humans excreted barbital N-glucoside as a
      urinary metabolite following oral administration of barbital. A liquid
      chromatography method using gradient elution was developed for detecting and
      quantifying barbital N-glucoside and barbital in urine. Following a single oral
      dose of barbital to male caucasian and oriental subjects that had previously been
      shown to excrete amobarbital and phenobarbital N-glucosides, no barbital N
      glucoside conjugate was observed in the urine. This result indicates that N
      glucosylation of barbiturates is not a general pathway for the biodisposition of
      barbiturates in man.

PMID- 1821154
TI  - A selective LC/RIA for dexamethasone and its prodrug dexamethasone-21
      isonicotinate in biological fluids.
AB  - A combined LC/RIA procedure is described for the selective determination of
      dexamethasone (DEX) and its prodrug dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate (DIN) in
      plasma. The low affinity of the employed dexamethasone antiserum for DIN (cross
      reactivity less than 0.5%) allowed the direct determination of DEX in plasma
      extracts. For the determination of DIN, both substances of interest were
      separated by LC, the DIN containing fraction was collected, hydrolysed and the
      generated DEX was consequently assayed by radioimmunoassay. The assay detection
      limits were 0.1 ng ml-1 for DEX and 0.75 ng ml-1 for DIN. For both substances,
      inter- and intra-day variabilities (RSDs) were 6 and 12%, respectively.

PMID- 1821155
TI  - Determination of phenylmercury(II) by photometric titration with dithizone in a
      mixed organic medium.

PMID- 1821153
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of oestradiol in serum by pre-column
      derivatization with dansyl chloride or laryl chloride and peroxyoxalate
      chemiluminescence detection.
AB  - Column liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection is used to
      determine oestradiol in serum. Oestradiol is labelled by means of a two-phase
      derivatization procedure with either dansyl chloride or laryl chloride. After
      derivatization the excess reagent is removed on a short amino-bonded column: the
      sulphonyl chloride functional group reacts with the amino groups causing removal
      of the label; the oestradiol derivatives are not retained. Chromatography of
      oestradiol derivatives is performed with methanol-water mixtures as eluent.
      Chemical excitation is carried out by adding bis(2-nitrophenyl)oxalate and
      hydrogen peroxide dissolved in acetonitrile to the column eluate. Linearity is
      observed (r = 0.9998; n = 7) over at least three decades (10(-6)-10(-9) M) for
      both dansyl chloride and laryl chloride. A detection limit of 5 x 10(-10) M (50
      fmol injected) has been achieved and the dansyl derivatization method has been
      applied to the determination of oestradiol in spiked serum.

PMID- 1821156
TI  - Research on sterility and contamination controls of chemotherapeutic agents by
      membrane filtration method.

PMID- 1821157
TI  - Observations of conformational changes in human serum albumin following removal
      of fatty acid by charcoal.

PMID- 1821158
TI  - A comparative study on the periodontal health status of adult populations of
      Kenya and India.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the oral hygiene and periodontal health
      status of 497 randomly selected Kenyan and Indian adult populations aged between
      20 and 35 years. Oral hygiene and periodontal health status were assessed using
      Silness and Loe plaque Index and Russel's Periodontal Index respectively. Results
      revealed that the overall mean plaque and periodontal index scores of Kenyan
      participants were significantly lower than those of Indians. Increase of mean
      Periodontal index with age was found to be significant among Kenyan participants
      and insignificant among Indian participants Kenyan female participants were found
      to have significant lower mean plaque and periodontal index scores than males.
      However, the mean periodontal index score of Indian male participants was found
      to be lower than that of female participants. It is concluded that Kenyan
      participants had better periodontal and oral hygiene status than Indian
      participants and that Indian females unlike Kenyan females had poorer periodontal
      health status than male.

PMID- 1821159
TI  - Immunology of chronic generalized periodontitis. 2. Estimation of total hemolytic
      complement (CH 50) and its fractions C3 and C4.
AB  - The total hemolytic complement activity (CH50) and its fractions C3 and C4 were
      determined in forty patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP). The
      values were compared with an equal number of age and sex matched periodontally
      healthy controls. Total hemolytic complement activity was expressed as number of
      CH50 units per ml of blood, while C3 and C4 levels were assessed by radial
      immunodiffusion and expressed as mg%. The observations showed a significant
      increase in CH50, C3 and C4 levels in the sera of patients with CGP. The study
      reveals the role of complement system in the pathogenesis of chronic generalized
      periodontitis.

PMID- 1821160
TI  - Plant lectins--histochemical and cytochemical applications in oncology.
AB  - Lectins are sugar binding proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin derived
      from various plants or animals with specific sugar binding capacity. This
      property of lectins can be used to identify structural differences between normal
      and malignant cells. Malignant transformation is accompanied by several changes
      in cell membrane. Studies have shown that the lectin binding pattern of these
      cells may indicate the invasive potential of tumours. Lectins can also be used as
      carriers. Lectins conjugated to chemotherapeutic agents has been found to be more
      useful in the treatment of tumours induced in animals.

PMID- 1821161
TI  - Modelling cell transformation.

PMID- 1821163
TI  - Isolation and characterization of egg yolk antibodies IgY from hens immunized
      with different influenza virus strains.
AB  - A comparison of two precipitation methods of IgY from normal hen eggs was made.
      For method I the precipitation agent is represented by PEG 6000, and for method
      II by organic solvents. The comparative study of some parameters (protein
      concentration, ovalbumin content, presence of non-specific inhibitors, PAA-gel
      electrophoresis) shows that method I is more efficient and more convenient than
      method II. Using this method, we isolated and characterized IgY preparations from
      hens immunized with circulating influenza virus strains: A/Singapore/6/86 (H1N1),
      A/Shanghai/11/87 (H3N2) B/Beijing/1/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88 These viral IgY
      antibody preparations are homogeneous, lacking anti-host cell antibodies and non
      specific inhibitors. Their NI titres and HI titres are higher than those found in
      the sera of immunized birds.

PMID- 1821162
TI  - Toxoid preparation from venom of Bothrops colombiensis (Central and South
      American snake).
AB  - A new technique is described for the preparation of Bothrops venom and their
      different fractions toxoid. This method preserves a high degree of immunogenicity
      but eliminates lethal effects. All the animals vaccinated with Bothrops crude
      venom toxoid survived when they were injected with crude venom.

PMID- 1821164
TI  - DNA synthesis in monkey kidney cellular culture, hematoporphyrin sensitized and
      He--Ne laser irradiated.
AB  - He--Ne laser irradiation for 1-45 J/cm2 has four actions upon monkey kidney cell
      cultures: a) a stimulation of nuclear DNA synthesis after 20 J/cm2; b) a
      diminution of replication after higher dose (45 J/cm2); c) inhibition of nuclear
      DNA synthesis and d) a marked cytotoxic effect. At lower radiation fluences (1-5
      J/cm2) the influence on the biosynthesis of DNA is not significant.

PMID- 1821165
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence for a possible differentiation way in the life-cycle of
      Blastocystis hominis.
AB  - The present paper is reporting the characteristic ultrastructural aspects of an
      amoeboid B. hominis population obtained from a child having giardiasis and
      dysentery in history. The particular features of smooth endothelial reticulum are
      postulated as being the expression of functional changes of this organelle in the
      differentiation process, the protozoon passing from the amoeba to the vacuolar
      form.

PMID- 1821166
TI  - Experimental fusion of E. histolytica cells by horseradish peroxidase treatment.
AB  - The experimental fusion of Entamoeba histolytica cells after their treatment with
      horseradish peroxidase is reported. This finding is discussed in relation with
      the general knowledge about the cell fusion process.

PMID- 1821167
TI  - Specific interactions of synthetic peptides derived from P. falciparum merozoite
      proteins with human red blood cells.
AB  - In the search for strategies which might help in the elucidation of molecular
      mechanisms involved in the red blood cell (RBC) invasion by P. falciparum
      merozoites, and with the specific aim of establishing whether synthetic peptides
      derived from selected parasite proteins bind to human RBCs, 26 different peptides
      were chemically synthesized and radiolabeled. It was found that the peptides
      could be grouped, according to their RBC-binding kinetics, into high, medium and
      low binding activity. A correlation was detected between the high binding
      activity of a peptide and the presence of either a KEK motif (or its variants LEK
      or KEL) or a NVXAA (where X is V or Y). Peptides with medium or low binding
      activities did not possess either of these two consensus sequences. Selective
      modification of amino acids within the KEK motif diminished their uptake or
      binding capacity. Competitive inhibition assays of labeled or unlabeled peptide
      demonstrated a correlation between the presence of KEK or NVXAA motifs and a high
      binding activity of a peptide. Invasion-inhibition studies showed a direct
      correlation between a peptide's binding activity and inhibitions of human RBC
      reinvasion. Other experiments showed that high binding activity peptides show a
      decreased uptake with related and nonrelated human erythrocytes.

PMID- 1821168
TI  - Synthesis and hydrolysis by arginyl-hydrolases of p-nitroanilide chromogenic
      substrates containing polyethylene glycol and D-gluconyl moieties.
AB  - D-Gluconic acid and alpha-carboxymethyl-polyethylene-glycol-omega-methyl ether
      (PEG) (mol wt 550) were covalently bound at N alpha-amino group of H-Phe-Arg-pNa
      to study the effect on hydrolysis by arginyl-hydrolases of chromogenic substrates
      containing high hydrophilic and amphiphilic groups. For comparison, epsilon
      aminocaproyl-, sarcosyl- and succinyl-Phe-Arg-pNa were also synthesized. The
      obtained compounds were assayed as substrates for porcine pancreatic kallikrein,
      horse urinary kallikrein, tonin and beta-trypsin. Both PEG- and gluconyl-Phe-Arg
      pNa had kcat values of hydrolysis 2-4 times higher than the N-acetyl derivative
      for all the studied enzymes. epsilon-NH2caproyl-Phe-Arg-pNa resulted in the best
      chromogenic substrate described for the two tissue kallikreins. The PEG
      derivative and D-gluconyl groups were also introduced in the N alpha-amino group
      of H-Arg-pNa and assayed as beta-trypsin substrates. In comparison with benzoyl
      Arg-pNa, the D-gluconyl group had no effect on Km but reduced the kcat value more
      than 15 times; however, PEG-Arg-pNa was hydrolyzed with similar Km but with kcat
      5 times higher. The presence of D-gluconyl and PEG groups in the chromogenic
      substrate molecules increased their water solubility significantly.

PMID- 1821169
TI  - A methodological study of the enzymatic synthesis of the tripeptide Z-Cys(Bzl)
      Tyr-Ile-OtBu.
AB  - The tripeptide Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr-Ile-OtBu (I) has been synthesized by papain,
      chymotrypsin and thermolysin catalysis using two different strategies: a)
      starting from the C-terminal amino acid and b) starting from the N-terminal amino
      acid. The optimum reaction conditions for obtaining the peptides Z-Tyr-Ile-OtBu
      (II), Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr-OtBu (III) and Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr-Ile-OtBu (I) were established
      after analyses of the effects of pH, reaction time, concentrations of buffer,
      enzyme and substrates, relative proportions of the carboxyl to amine components
      and nature of the organic solvent on the coupling yield. The highest yields
      obtained for II and I using chymotrypsin and papain as catalysts were 74% and
      45%, respectively. Starting from the N-terminal amino acid, and using papain and
      thermolysin as catalysts, the yields obtained were 91% for III and 92% for I. The
      effects of amine- and carboxyl-protecting groups on the extent of dipeptide
      synthesis catalyzed by chymotrypsin were also studied.

PMID- 1821170
TI  - Prediction of surface and interior regions in proteins--Part I: Linear tripeptide
      sequences identify structural boundaries in proteins.
AB  - Previously, using an IBM or compatible program called SurfacePlot, it was shown
      that amino acid parameters of hydrophilicity, accessibility and flexibility could
      successfully predict linear accessible or surface regions observed in the x-ray
      structure of proteins. In addition, these surface regions defined the boundaries
      of secondary structure regions in proteins. In this paper we show that
      tripeptides containing the polar residues G K S D E N P T A R and Q also predict
      surface regions of proteins. Although tripeptides containing these residues
      predicted 91% of the observed accessible regions, the combination of polar
      tripeptide predictions with SurfacePlot predictions significantly reduced
      overpredictions (36% to 17%) and improved accuracy from 71% to 83% while
      maintaining an 86% prediction rate of observed x-ray-defined linear accessible
      regions. This new program also predicted 86% of beta-turn regions. The data
      indicated that not all beta-turns are highly exposed to solvent and that beta
      turns should not be used as the sole criteria for defining surface regions.

PMID- 1821171
TI  - Prediction of surface and interior regions in proteins--Part II: Predicting
      secondary structure in regions bound by surface exposed regions.
AB  - A new secondary structure prediction algorithm (SecondaryPlot) is described and
      has been developed for the IBM or compatible computer. This algorithm
      successfully predicts the boundaries of secondary structural regions by combining
      hydrophilicity, accessibility and flexibility parameters. Within the limits of
      these predicted structural regions, five algorithms (Chou and Fasman; Garnier,
      Osguthorpe and Robson; Delange and Roux; Barkovsky and Bandarin; and Lim) were
      used to predict helix and sheet regions. All of the algorithms correctly
      predicted 50-60% of the x-ray defined regions. Predictions were improved by
      combining the two most successful algorithms of Lim and Chou and Fasman. By
      combining the boundary predictions (hydrophilicity, accessibility, flexibility
      and linear polar tripeptide sequences) with secondary structure predictions (Lim,
      Chou and Fasman), approximately 80% of the x-ray defined structural regions were
      predicted correctly for 30 proteins (86% for the alpha-class, 79% for the beta
      class and 82% for the alpha/beta class of proteins). In our hands, the best of
      the five algorithms studied to predict the state (helix or sheet) of these
      structural regions predicted 62% of helical regions and 64% of extended regions
      in a test set of fifteen proteins. However, SecondaryPlot predicted 78% of
      helical regions and 71% of extended regions for the same test. SecondaryPlot
      provides a significant improvement to structure prediction and is a necessary
      first step in the tertiary structure prediction of proteins.

PMID- 1821172
TI  - Isolated perfused lungs of guinea-pig, in contrast with rat, lack an uptake
      process for noradrenaline.
AB  - The uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline were compared in isolated perfused
      lungs of guinea-pigs and rats. Lungs were perfused with 3H-(-)-noradrenaline
      either a) at a concentration of 10 nM for 20 min in experiments to measure the
      metabolism of the amine or b) at a concentration of 2 nM for 2 min, in the
      presence or absence of 10 microM cocaine and with MAO and COMT inhibited, in
      experiments to measure the uptake of noradrenaline. The total formation of
      metabolites during the 20 min perfusion period was 36.2 +/- 2.3 pmol g-1 (n = 6)
      in guinea-pig lungs, and 526 +/- 26 pmol g-1 (n = 6) in rat lungs (14.5-fold
      greater). In guinea-pig lungs, the rate of uptake of noradrenaline was 0.392 +/-
      0.044 pmol g-1 min-1 (n = 3) and was unaffected by cocaine, whereas in rat lungs
      it was 5.63 +/- 0.03 pmol g-1 min-1 (n = 5) and was inhibited (88%) by cocaine.
      It is concluded from these results that the lungs of the guinea-pig lack the
      specific uptake process that, in rat lungs, allows removal of noradrenaline from
      the pulmonary circulation.

PMID- 1821173
TI  - Effect of hyperoxia on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by the neonatal rabbit lung.
AB  - Neonatal rabbits were exposed to either normoxia (21% oxygen) or hyperoxia (. 95%
      oxygen) for 2-4 days, and isolated ventilated perfused lung preparations from the
      various animals were studied. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) uptake, perfusion
      pressure, alveolar lavage protein and lung tissue vitamin E concentrations were
      measured. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups at any time
      point. There was no difference in perfusion pressures at any time point. There
      were no differences between normoxic and hyperoxic animals in alveolar lavage
      protein or 5 HT uptake at 2 and 3 days. At 4 days, 5HT uptake (fractional) was
      lower in the hyperoxia group than in controls (0.65 +/- 0.033 v. 0.75 +/- 0.013
      (mean +/- SE); p less than or equal to 0.05) and alveolar lavage protein was
      higher compared to normoxia (1111 +/- 415 micrograms/ml v. 481 +/- 78
      micrograms/ml; p less than or equal to 0.05). Lung vitamin E concentrations were
      higher at 3 days in rabbits exposed to hyperoxia compared to normoxia (16.5 +/-
      1.8 micrograms/gm v. 12.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/gm; p less than or equal to 0.05).
      In air exposed animals there was a decrease in lung vitamin E concentration after
      2 days, whereas hyperoxia exposed animals had no significant decrease in lung
      vitamin E concentrations from 2-4 days exposure. These studies establish that the
      decrease in 5HT uptake, albeit delayed compared to that described previously in
      adult animals, is a reasonable measure of pulmonary oxygen toxicity in newborn
      rabbits.

PMID- 1821174
TI  - Effects of hypoxia on isolated intrapulmonary arteries from the sheep.
AB  - The effects of hypoxia on contraction of sheep pulmonary artery rings (large =
      2.2-4.1 mm diameter, small = 0.32-0.64 mm diameter) has been investigated
      following precontraction or with the artery rings set at their optimal resting
      force. Hypoxia (PO2 4 mmHg) caused a marked contraction of pulmonary artery rings
      precontracted with 5-HT at its EC85 (small arteries 40 +/- 8 g cm-2) but not when
      precontracted with KCl. At optimal resting force hypoxia caused a small
      contraction (small arteries 11 +/- 2 g cm-2). Larger artery rings gave a smaller
      contraction in response to hypoxia at optimal resting force than did small artery
      rings (2 +/- 0.2 g cm-2 at PO2 = 4 mmHg). Large, unlike the small, artery rings
      did not contract in response to hypoxia when precontracted with 5-HT at its EC35.
      Lowering the PO2 to 40 mmHg caused contraction in arteries precontracted with 5
      HT at its EC85 but not in arteries at their optimal resting force. Removal of the
      endothelium abolished all hypoxia-induced contractile responses in sheep
      pulmonary artery rings. Hypoxia reversibly abolished acetylcholine-induced
      relaxation and augmented the 5-HT contraction (206 +/- 28 to 255 +/- 34 g cm-2)
      in small rings. It is concluded that hypoxia may produce contraction in sheep
      pulmonary artery rings at least, in part, by reducing the output of vasodilator
      mediators from the endothelium.

PMID- 1821175
TI  - The metabolism of leukotrienes, detoxification of reactive oxygen species and the
      activity of the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase system in sensitised
      guinea-pig lungs.
AB  - In sensitised guinea-pig lungs alterations in leukotriene (LT) metabolism
      occurred which resulted in an increase in LTD4 synthesis and a reduction in its
      catabolism. This may lead to an increase in the concentration of this potent
      spasmogen in the sensitised lungs. The LTs may cause hyperreactivity of bronchial
      smooth muscle by stimulating formation of toxic oxygen species. Thus, the
      activities of the enzymes responsible for detoxifying reactive oxygen metabolites
      were measured in the sensitised lung tissue. Superoxide dismutase activity was
      decreased in sensitised lungs. The activity of the selenium-independent
      glutathione peroxidase was increased, whereas those of catalase, glutathione
      reductase and the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase were unaffected. As a
      result of these alterations, sensitised guinea pig lungs may be more sensitive to
      the effects of superoxide, but are able to detoxify the products of any resulting
      lipid peroxidation more efficiently. The cytochrome P450 content of the lung and
      the activity of the associated mixed function oxidase (MFO) system was
      significantly decreased in sensitised guinea-pigs. This will lead to altered
      arachidonate metabolism, particularly generation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids,
      decreased capacity to terminate the action of cysteinyl LTs and also compromised
      xenobiotic metabolising ability.

PMID- 1821176
TI  - Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic regulation of guinea-pig airway smooth muscle
      indomethacin-induced changes and segmental differences.
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest a regulatory role for the non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic (NANC) nervous system in the airways of the guinea-pig and man. We
      examined NANC frequency-response characteristics (0.2-90 Hz) with respect to
      segmental differences and effects of cyclooxygenase-inhibition (indomethacin 10
      microM). Furthermore, the neurogenic contribution to the contractile and the
      relaxatory NANC response was quantified with tetrodotoxin (1-10 microM).
      Frontally opened guinea-pig airway rings (n = 3-7) were used. NANC responses were
      obtained by electrical field stimulation (0.5 ms; 1200 mA; 240 s). A relaxatory
      NANC response was demonstrated in the proximal and the distal trachea. A
      contractile NANC response was demonstrated in the distal trachea and the main
      bronchus. Indomethacin lowered the baseline tension, decreased the relaxatory and
      increased the contractile NANC response (p less than 0.05; at 0.8 Hz; n = 4). A
      relationship between the baseline tension and the NANC response is suggested. The
      relaxatory NANC response was tetrodotoxin-sensitive at 3 Hz stimulation frequency
      (p less than 0.05; n = 3). At this frequency, the contractile NANC response was
      also mainly tetrodotoxin-sensitive (p less than 0.05; n = 6) whereas at 60 Hz a
      dominant, tetrodotoxin-resistant contraction was demonstrated. The pronounced
      frequency-response relationship as well as the tetrodotoxin sensitivity at very
      low frequencies (0.2-1.6 Hz) indicates that tetrodotoxin-sensitive NANC nerves
      are stimulated optimally at low impulse frequencies.

PMID- 1821177
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin: more questions than answers.

PMID- 1821178
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin: prevention and treatment of disease. Summary of the
      NIH Consensus Development Conference.

PMID- 1821180
TI  - History of the first blood transfusion but a fable agreed upon: the transfusion
      of blood to a pope.

PMID- 1821179
TI  - Blood transfusion support in liver transplantation.

PMID- 1821181
TI  - Nociception and pain.
AB  - In recent years, progress in the treatment of pain has been strongly influenced
      by new insights into the mechanisms underlying pain and nociception. The
      following article briefly reviews some recent reports which make a significant
      contribution to our knowledge of the structure and function of nocisensors, the
      neuropeptides involved in the nociceptive system, and the spinal and supraspinal
      central mechanisms of nociception.

PMID- 1821182
TI  - Cellular basis of taste reception.
AB  - The recent application of precise biochemical and electrophysiological techniques
      to studies of taste cells has brought new insights into the cellular mechanisms
      of taste transduction. They have revealed that taste cells use a variety of
      mechanisms for transduction, including apically located ion channels, ligand
      gated channels, and receptors coupled to second messenger systems.

PMID- 1821183
TI  - Higher olfactory processes: perceptual learning and memory.
AB  - The past year has seen several important findings emerge from studies of higher
      olfactory processes. The identification of synaptic long-term potentiation in the
      olfactory cortex, induced via repetitive burst stimulation at the theta rhythm,
      and physiological activity patterns associated with learning, some of which mimic
      long-term potentiation induction patterns, have suggested relationships between
      rhythmic activity, behavioral learning and synaptic plasticity. In addition, the
      construction of computational models of the olfactory bulb and cortex have
      generated testable behavioral and physiological predictions which have been
      supported by experimental evidence.

PMID- 1821184
TI  - The role of outer hair cell motility in cochlear tuning.
AB  - The mammalian cochlea's remarkable sensitivity and frequency selectivity are
      thought to be mediated by the mechanical feedback action of outer hair cells. New
      tools for measuring the movement of cochlear elements, and recent advances in
      modeling are increasing our knowledge of cochlear mechanics.

PMID- 1821185
TI  - The role of intrinsic neuronal properties in the encoding of auditory information
      in the cochlear nuclei.
AB  - It is now possible to relate the intrinsic electrical properties of particular
      cells in the cochlear nuclei of mammals with their biological function. In the
      layered dorsal cochlear nucleus, information concerning the location of a sound
      source seems to be contained in the spatial pattern of activation of a population
      of neurons. In the unlayered, ventral cochlear nucleus, however, neurons carry
      information in their temporal firing patterns. The voltage-sensitive conductances
      that make responses to synaptic current brief enable bushy cells to convey
      signals from the auditory nerve to the superior olivary complex with a temporal
      precision of at least 120 microseconds.

PMID- 1821188
TI  - Hierarchical, parallel, and serial arrangements of sensory cortical areas:
      connection patterns and functional aspects.
AB  - Recent studies have led to a better understanding of the organization and
      connections of somatosensory and visual cortex in a number of mammalian species.
      Lesion studies have provided information on the significance of particular
      connections. The variable effectiveness of cortical lesions in deactivating
      target areas suggests that serial processing may be emphasized in higher
      primates.

PMID- 1821186
TI  - The vestibular end organs: morphological and physiological diversity of
      afferents.
AB  - Vestibular-nerve fibers, even those innervating a single end organ, have been
      found to differ in their branching patterns within the neuroepithelium. They also
      vary in their responses to head movements and to activation of efferent fibers,
      and in the central pathways to which they contribute. These results are enabling
      plausible inferences to be made about the peripheral mechanisms determining the
      discharge properties of physiologically distinguishable afferents, and about the
      contributions the different afferents make to the overall functioning of the
      vestibular system.

PMID- 1821189
TI  - Models of object recognition.
AB  - Progress in the understanding of visual recognition in the past year has been
      signified by the demonstration of computational feasibility of and psychophysical
      support for two-dimensional view-interpolation methods.

PMID- 1821190
TI  - Neural organization of higher visual functions.

PMID- 1821191
TI  - Sensory systems.

PMID- 1821192
TI  - The balloon-gas procedure: a technique for repair of retinal detachments
      requiring large volumes of gas.
AB  - This report describes the balloon-gas procedure, a technique for obtaining large
      volumes of intraocular gas. With the balloon-gas procedure a kind of "external
      fluid-gas exchange" allows for the safe injection of up to 1.0 ml of gas without
      previous pars plana vitrectomy or surgical drainage of subretinal fluid. From
      April 1985 to October 1988, in Tubingen, this procedure was utilized in 36
      retinal detachments with breaks not suited for scleral buckling: giant tears
      (nine eyes), large dialyses (seven eyes), posterior breaks (16 eyes), and
      multiple breaks at different latitudes (four eyes). Follow-up ranged from six to
      28 months (average 16 months). Initial retinal reattachment was achieved in 28
      eyes (77.8%). Reasons for initial failure were proliferative vitreoretinopathy in
      six eyes, and a missed break in two. Redetachment occurred in three eyes. All 11
      failures were reoperated using segmental sponges (eight eyes) and gas injection
      (three eyes). Final reattachment was achieved in 29 of the 36 eyes (80.6%), and
      final failure was due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy in all seven
      detachments.

PMID- 1821187
TI  - Auditory cortex: comparative aspects of maps and plasticity.
AB  - Much recent work in the field of auditory cortex analysis consists of an
      intensified search for complex sound representation and sound localization
      mechanisms using tonotopic maps as a frame of reference. Mammalian species rely
      on parallel processing in multiple tonotopic and non-tonotopic maps but show
      different degrees of unit complexity, and orderly representation of acoustic
      dimensions in such maps depending on the predictability of sounds in their
      environment. Birds appear to rely chiefly on one tonotopic map which harbours
      multidimensional complex representations. During development and after partial
      hearing loss, tonotopic organization changes in a predictable manner. Learning
      also modifies the spatial representation of sounds and even modifies tonotopic
      organization, but the spatial rules involved in this process have not yet
      emerged.

PMID- 1821193
TI  - Sequential observation of fundus changes in patients with long standing
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN type II).
AB  - Specific fundus changes have been reported in patients with membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN type II). We studied the clinical course of this
      retinopathy in four patients who all had a long follow-up with several fundus
      examinations. Sequential observation was indicative of a slow progression of the
      retinopathy. Most eyes maintained in the chronic stages a nearly normal visual
      acuity, and a full visual field despite the existence of marked drusen and
      atrophic changes. The prognosis however must be somewhat guarded, since choroidal
      neovascularization developed in three eyes and caused bilateral severe visual
      loss in one patient.

PMID- 1821195
TI  - Manifestations of graft-versus-host disease following allogenic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Sixty-seven patients undergoing allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were
      examined before and at regular intervals for up to 87 months (1-87 months, mean
      18) after transplantation. Within a period of 1-39 months, 14 of these patients
      died (11 male, 3 female; age at BMT 16-46y). Five of these patients died within
      the first 100 days. They showed no eye involvement; three patients had
      intraretinal hemorrhage, in one case of squamous blepharitis and filiform
      keratitis developed during chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In contrast,
      22 of 53 (41.5%) surviving patients (30 male, 23 female; age at BMT 1-47y) were
      found to have ocular involvement. Before BMT only two cases of retinal hemorrhage
      and central chorioretinal scars each were detected. During the stage of acute
      GVHD (up to day 100), nine patients were free of ocular manifestations. However,
      16 of the 20 patients with chronic GVHD showed ocular involvement; 14 (70%) had
      reduced tearflow, ten had severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca, four suffered from
      sterile corneal ulcerations. Bilateral cataracts were detected in 11 patients,
      nine of whom only had minimal posterior subcapsular opacification, possibly
      resulting from highdose steroid medication. One additional case presented with
      bilateral multifocal recurrent chorioretinitis and panuveitis. The fundus lesions
      appeared some months after BMT (before cyclosporin-A treatment started) and
      recurred during systemic treatment. All patients undergoing allogenic BMT,
      especially when treated for severe chronic GVHD, require regular ocular
      observation to avoid complications such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca at an early
      stage, as late complications are often severe and hardly amenable to conservative
      or surgical treatment.

PMID- 1821194
TI  - Exudative stellate neuroretinopathy and Coats' syndrome in patients with
      progressive hemifacial atrophy.

PMID- 1821196
TI  - Pituitary apoplexy in an ectopic pituitary tumour.
AB  - A case report of a patient with unilateral visual loss, due to infarction in an
      ectopic pituitary tumour, is presented. Good return of vision followed surgical
      removal of the tumour.

PMID- 1821197
TI  - Digital fluorescein fundus angiography with DFC-512 and IMAGEnet systems.
AB  - Image processing with direct acquisition digital fundus fluorescein angiography
      using the OIS DFC-512 and Topcon IMAGEnet were assessed. Fundus diseases included
      central and branch retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, age-related
      macular degeneration, central serous choroidopathy and angioid streaks. Analogue
      images were taken with Kodak Tri-X 35 mm film as well. Although the resolution of
      the original image was less than that of 35 mm film, it was improved by image
      processing, particularly contrast enhancement. One type of contrast enhancement,
      available in both systems, exaggerated lack of light at the peripheral area of
      the original image. This drawback was not seen with another type of enhancement
      processing, available in IMAGEnet. However, the latter produced an artificial
      hypofluorescent area around an intensely hyperfluorescent lesion and also
      exaggerated hyper- and hypo-fluorescent patches of the background. Nevertheless,
      these processing methods were particularly useful in case of media opacity like
      cataract, even when the 35 mm film picture is not clear. Other processing
      techniques like pseudocolor and relief, etc. were used just for different ways of
      presentation. The two systems are basically equivalent, except for contrast
      enhancement. There was no problem for diagnosis in both systems, but the
      artificial effects must be borne in mind when interpreting the image.

PMID- 1821198
TI  - Protocols for screening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in Europe.
AB  - Diabetes eye complications, and particularly diabetic retinopathy, are the major
      cause of blindness in the working age groups of industrialised countries. Laser
      photocoagulation has been proven to reduce blindness due to retinopathy by at
      least 60% but even more patients would benefit if treatment were delivered at an
      early enough stage. High risk retinopathy, though, does not cause visual symptoms
      and when the latter occur it is often too late to reverse them. Hence, a
      screening programme for diabetic retinopathy should aim at detecting patients at
      risk when they can still be effectively treated. This can be obtained by
      regularly checking the patients' eyes. Its target, as defined by the joint World
      Health Organisation/International Diabetes Federation Saint Vincent Declaration
      Working Group, is to reduce diabetes-related blindness by one third or more in
      the next 5 years. The number of persons to be screened is high, 30,000/million
      total population/year, but available data indicate that this is feasible and that
      the initial investments in professional and material resources are more than
      justified by the reduction of preventable blindness and of the financial burdens
      that go with it. Indeed, prevention of the major cause of blindness in the
      working age should rate the same priority as other widely deployed programmes,
      such as those to screen for cancer, neonatal hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria.
      The concerted action of government health departments, patients' and professional
      associations will be vital for the successful implementation of this programme.
      The texts of this document (a protocol for the screening of diabetic retinopathy
      and cataract), Appendix 1 (data collection card) and Appendix 2 (informative
      leaflet for the patients) were approved by 57 specialists, representing 30
      diabetic and ophthalmic societies from 21 European countries, and endorsed for
      translation into all European languages and distribution at the appropriate
      levels.

PMID- 1821199
TI  - Fungal retinochoroiditis: a case report.

PMID- 1821200
TI  - Fluorescein angiography--is it safe to use in a pregnant patient?
AB  - We sent questionnaires to 424 retina specialists in order to compile information
      on the use of fluorescein angiography in pregnant women. Four-hundred and three
      specialists responded. Of these, 313 (78%) had never performed fluorescein
      angiography on a pregnant woman. Ninety specialists (22%) had performed at least
      one fluorescein angiogram on a pregnant woman; detailed information was obtained
      on 105 patients. Authors of previous reports that included fluorescein
      angiography during pregnancy provided information on an additional 11 patients.
      Substantiated side effects were nausea and/or vomiting in seven patients.
      Anomalies at birth, an undescended testicle and syndactyly, were reported in two
      children. There was one stillbirth with pathologic findings classic for toxemia
      and one fetal death not related in time to fluorescein angiography. One
      therapeutic abortion was performed for complications in toxemia. One spontaneous
      abortion occurred 3 days after fluorescein angiography in a patient who was four
      weeks pregnant. Eight children born to toxemic mothers had low birth weights.
      Based on our data, we conclude that fluorescein angiography does not offer a high
      rate of birth anomalies or complications during pregnancy.

PMID- 1821201
TI  - Proton beam irradiation for treatment of experimental human retinoblastoma.
AB  - Proton beam irradiation was used to treat human retinoblastoma (Y-79 cell line)
      grown subcutaneously in the athymic "nude" mouse. Thirty-four tumors were
      included in the experimental groups, of which twenty-three were irradiated and
      eleven served as controls. Tumors were irradiated with protons produced at the
      160 megavolts Harvard cyclotron. The dose delivered to the tumor ranged from 7.5
      to 27.5 proton gray in a single treatment, and 25.0 proton gray delivered in two
      fractions separated by 24 hours. Reduction of tumor growth was significantly
      greater than controls (p less than 0.001) with treatment doses greater than or
      equal to 17.5 proton gray. Histologic examination revealed a marked decrease of
      mitotic activity in all specimens examined 48 hours after treatment at these
      higher doses. Total regression without evidence of remaining malignant cells was
      noted in three tumors treated at 17.5 proton gray or above. Our results indicate
      that human retinoblastoma in a murine host, with a tumor mass similar to that
      seen in a clinical setting, is sensitive to radiation by high energy protons.

PMID- 1821203
TI  - Efficacy of norfloxacin in bacterial conjunctivitis.
AB  - We investigated the efficacy and safety of norfloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution
      in 120 patients with bacterial conjunctivitis or blepharitis. Patients were
      selected for the study if they showed conjunctival hyperemia and at least three
      of the following criteria: a) symptoms of a surface ocular infection; b) a
      purulent discharge; c) crusting of the eyelids, and d) thickened, red lid
      margins. After taking a specimen for culture from the conjunctiva or skin-lash
      margin, the test drug was administered to the infected eye every two hours for
      one day, then 4 times daily for one week. Of the 120 patients who entered the
      study, 84.1% were cured. No serious adverse reactions occurred.

PMID- 1821202
TI  - Retinal manifestations in fibromuscular dysplasia.
AB  - Fibromuscular dysplasia of the arteries (FMD) is a segmental angiopathy which may
      produce obstruction of the carotid, cerebral, renal, mesenteric, coronary or
      iliac arteries. Except for lesions related to arterial hypertension, retinal
      manifestations have not yet been reported. This paper describes the case of a 10
      year-old boy with progressive deafness, a history of an unexplained stroke and
      progressive occlusions of the retinal arterioles in the fundus periphery. This
      resulted in retinal neovascularization and recurrent retinal and vitreous
      hemorrhages. Despite repeated photo- and cryocoagulation the eyes progressed to a
      tractional retinal detachment which was successfully treated by vitrectomy and
      scleral buckling. The diagnosis of FMD was made on the basis of a
      histopathological examination of a temporal artery biopsy. The child also
      presented an asymptomatic but severe aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta and CT
      scan and MRI showed dilated cerebral arteries. The father of our patient had died
      at the age of 27 years either from myocardial infarction or rupture of a
      dissecting aortic aneurysm. He was highly myopic and had lost one eye from
      retinal detachment. The younger brother of our patient also presents aneurysmal
      dilatation of the aorta and tortuous cerebral vessels. Ocular examination is
      still normal. The findings in this family are compatible with an autosomal
      dominant inheritance with variable expression.

PMID- 1821204
TI  - A new autosomal dominant vascular retinopathy syndrome.
AB  - We describe a new syndrome with autosomal dominant transmission whose most
      striking feature is vascular retinopathy. The retinopathy is often associated
      with migraine, Raynaud's phenomenon and mental changes, mainly forgetfulness,
      aggression and depression. To define this syndrome we collected medical data on
      110 family members. General ophthalmological examination and fluorescein
      angiography were performed in 61 persons. The retinopathy, as diagnosed in 22
      persons, is characterized by central and peripheral microangiopathy, areas of
      capillary non-perfusion, haemorrhages, cotton wool spots and, in a more advanced
      stage, occlusion of large retinal vessels, which can induce a neovascular
      response. A vascular occlusive disorder may be the common aetiological factor of
      the various manifestation of this syndrome.

PMID- 1821205
TI  - Long-term follow-up study of nonsenile detachment of the retinal pigment
      epithelium.
AB  - Re-assessment of a series of fluorescein angiograms of 76 patients referred to
      our hospital for central serous retinopathy (CSR) between 1973 and 1982 revealed
      10 eyes of 8 patients (7 males, 1 female) aged 50 years or younger (mean age 42.6
      years, median 43.5, range 36-49) with serous detachment of the retinal pigment
      epithelium (PED) with (3 eyes) or without (7 eyes) detachment of the neuroretina.
      Two eyes had two discrete PEDs and two eyes showed minor pigmentary disturbance
      outside the PED. In the remaining six eyes no other pigment epithelial (PE)
      changes were observed. In five patients no PE changes were found in the fellow
      eye. During the follow-up period of 2.8 to 14.3 years (mean 7.3, median 6.4)
      three eyes had one recurrence of symptoms. The long-term prognosis was good. None
      of the eyes developed subretinal neovascularization or geographic atrophy, in
      eight eyes PED flattened with a mild degree of pigment dispersion at the site,
      two eyes had persistent shallow PED. The latest visual acuity was 1.0 or better
      in nine eyes, and 0.6 in one. It is concluded that no treatment of nonsenile PED
      seems to be warranted.

PMID- 1821206
TI  - Retinal ischaemia and relative afferent pupil defects in central retinal vein
      occlusion.
AB  - A consecutive series of 40 patients were assessed for relative afferent pupil
      defects and retinal ischaemia by fluorescein angiography. A strong correlation
      was found between density of afferent defect and area of retinal non-perfusion.
      There was an increasing incidence of rubeosis iridis with more severe grades of
      afferent defects or ischaemia.

PMID- 1821207
TI  - Functional results after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection.
AB  - In a prospective study we investigated the visual acuity and differential light
      sensitivity in 39 patients (40 eyes) with reattached macula. One group, treated
      with an encircling band (21 eyes), was compared to another, where vitrectomy and
      silicone oil injection had been necessary (19 eyes). Intraoperatively 9 of the
      vitrectomized eyes received an infusion of daunomycin (7.5 mg/l for 10 min). On
      average the vitrectomized eyes had a greater loss of visual acuity and
      differential light sensitivity. In all groups we found a positive correlation
      between visual acuity and the differential light sensitivity. At the same visual
      acuity we did not find any obvious difference in sensitivity between the groups.
      Correlation and regression line were similar for both groups. The mean relative
      sensitivity was lower in the fovea than in the rest of the tested field. A
      selective effect of silicone oil on either spatial resolution or differential
      light sensitivity could not be verified. The intraoperative application of
      daunomycin had no influence on the functional results.

PMID- 1821208
TI  - Retinal microcirculation as revealed by SEM corrosion casts in the rat.
AB  - The morphology of the retinal microcirculation has been extensively studied by
      different techniques. Nevertheless, some problems concerning the capillary bed
      lamination and pre- and postcapillary patterns have not yet been clarified. In
      the present study the SEM corrosion cast technique was employed to study the
      three-dimensional relationships of rat retinal vessels and to follow the smallest
      vascular branches. Rat retina is considered a useful experimental model for a
      number of pathologies which affect the microvascular bed deeply. Two precapillary
      patterns have been observed. Precapillary arterioles gave rise to capillaries
      both as terminal branches or as collaterals. The former pattern of ramification
      allows only a regulation of flow in a whole group of capillaries downstream, the
      latter pattern could provide a finer regulation of blood flow. SEM corrosion
      casts have shown very well the lamination of the capillary bed: one can easily
      realize this by seeing the overlapped meshes of the two different planes, vessels
      in between the two capillary laminae can always be followed from one meshwork to
      the other. This three-dimensional organization is an interesting model for
      retinal circulation because it shows many features in common with the retina of
      humans and primates.

PMID- 1821209
TI  - Mononuclear phagocytes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). A specific role
      of microglial cells in non-traumatic disease?
AB  - Mononuclear phagocytes have been a focus of attention in the cellular biology of
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) for more than ten years. The pattern of
      phagocyte participation in periretinal traction membrane formation in PVR depends
      on the etiology, i.e. trauma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, previous
      therapy, i.e. multiple surgical interventions, and the clinical stage of the
      disease. We have recently identified microglial cells as a distinct cellular
      population, in membranes from patients with non-traumatic PVR. Current evidence
      of mononuclear phagocyte function in PVR suggests a role for resident phagocytes
      of the vitreous and retina in PVR subsequent to rhegmatogenous detachment, and a
      role for blood-derived monocytes in post-traumatic PVR. The cellular biology of
      PVR may be much more heterogeneous than previously assumed.

PMID- 1821210
TI  - Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification: new observations.
AB  - Two cases of idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification are reported with follow-up
      of two and ten years. In addition we have reviewed 102 cases of choroidal
      osteoma, including six misleading case reports which actually described
      idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification and not choroidal osteoma. Clinical
      manifestation and the angiographic features of idiopathic sclerochoroidal
      calcification are outlined. The differential diagnosis of intraocular deposition
      of calcium salts is discussed in detail.

PMID- 1821211
TI  - Corneal haze after excimer laser refractive surgery: objective measurements and
      functional implications.
AB  - Postoperative changes in corneal transparency is a major concern after PRK. Data
      were obtained from 69 human eyes treated with excimer laser photorefractive
      keratectomy in order to evaluate a relationship between objective measurements of
      corneal transparency and visual performance. A CCD-camera device was employed and
      by using polarizing filters the system could discriminate between reflected and
      scattered light. We observed two groups of postoperative behaviour in corneal
      transparency. Each group showed an increase in both scattered and reflected light
      signals with a maximum at around two months postoperatively. In the majority
      group (70%) this was followed by a subsequent decline of the scattered light
      signal, whereas the combined signal generated by reflected and scattered light
      showed a biphasic curve with a second peak at around 4 to 5 months
      postoperatively. In the minority patient group (30%) the timebase variations in
      pattern of both signals were indistinguishable throughout the period of
      observation. In all patients we observed a good correlation between the signal
      generated by scattered light alone and the reduction in the 5% contrast visual
      acuity performance, whereas correlation was poor when the combined signal of
      reflected and scattered light was considered. These disturbances in low contrast
      visual performance were only significant during the first three to four months
      postoperatively and thereafter most patients returned to their preoperative
      value. Eighteen percent of our patients discontinued topical steroids
      postoperatively. No differences in either corneal transparency or final
      refraction was observed. We consider that PRK is an effective form of refractive
      surgery and the marginal loss of corneal transparency should only be a problem
      during the first three or four months postoperatively.

PMID- 1821212
TI  - Computerized system for static and kinetic automatic perimetry.
AB  - A new automatic perimeter has recently been developed under the supervision of
      the Perimetry Study Group of the Genoa University Eye Clinic. The main
      characteristics of this instrument are the following: projected targets; accurate
      calibration of stimulus size and shape; preliminary measurement of visual acuity
      and pupillary diameter; automated fixation control based on an optimized
      television system; static, kinetic, and mixed procedures; screening and
      diagnostic threshold and suprathreshold strategies; standard and non-standard
      parameters for stimuli, background, and procedures; user-friendly software; large
      disk memory for data storage and analysis.

PMID- 1821213
TI  - Choroidal granuloma caused by atypical mycobacterium in a patient with AIDS: a
      case report.
AB  - The case presented is a chorioretinal granuloma in a patient with AIDS. The
      neoformation appeared to be caused by atypical mycobacterium, although it was not
      possible to isolate the germ. The chorioretinal infection caused by atypical
      mycobacterium in patients with AIDS occurs very rarely and has so far been
      described only as a post-mortem finding.

PMID- 1821215
TI  - Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetic Eye Complications
      (EASDEC). September 8-9, 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1821214
TI  - Deposits in the superficial corneal stroma after combined topical corticosteroid
      and beta-blocking medication.

PMID- 1821216
TI  - Application of the Carolina Nosology of Destructive Behavior.

PMID- 1821217
TI  - The Overt Aggression Scale: overview and guiding principles.

PMID- 1821218
TI  - Neurological perspectives on aggressive behavior.

PMID- 1821219
TI  - The measurement of self-injurious behavior.

PMID- 1821220
TI  - Measuring and predicting aggression within the context of a personality theory.

PMID- 1821221
TI  - Pitfalls in the assessment and measurement of violence: a clinical view.

PMID- 1821222
TI  - Development of neuropharmacologically based behavioral assessments of impulsive
      aggressive behavior.

PMID- 1821223
TI  - The measurement of aggressive behavior: reflections on the use of the Overt
      Aggression Scale and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale.

PMID- 1821224
TI  - Problems in human aggression research.

PMID- 1821225
TI  - Videotape recording of assaults on a state hospital inpatient ward.

PMID- 1821226
TI  - Positron-emission tomographic studies of the relationship of cerebral glucose
      metabolism and the magnitude of anxiety and hostility experienced during dreaming
      and waking.
AB  - The authors examined correlations between anxiety and hostility levels
      experienced during wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming, nonrapid eye
      movement (NREM) mentation (as assessed by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis
      Scales), and cerebral glucose metabolism as measured by positron-emission
      tomography (PET) in 30 normal volunteers. Different cerebral areas showed
      significant correlations for anxiety and six anxiety subscales, hostility
      outward, hostility inward, and ambivalent hostility, as assessed by the patterns
      of significant positive or negative correlations found with the activation of
      these emotions. Significant correlations occurred more often in waking and REM
      dreaming subjects than NREM subjects and were more common in the frontal,
      parietal, and temporal lobes than in the occipital lobe. Correlations tended to
      be positive for waking subjects and negative for REM subjects.

PMID- 1821228
TI  - Comparison of patients with and without emotional/behavioral deterioration during
      the first year after traumatic brain injury.
AB  - The records of 34 patients who showed evidence of emotional deterioration 6
      months or more following traumatic brain injury were compared with a group of
      patients matched for severity of initial neuropsychiatric impairment who did not
      show deterioration. The deterioration group was more likely to have been involved
      in assaults and less likely to have been involved in a motor vehicle accident
      than the improvement group. The deterioration group was also more likely to have
      a prior history of alcohol abuse and to have sustained a skull fracture with left
      parietal lobe injury than the improvement group. Agitation, hostility, apathy,
      lability of mood, emotional withdrawal, and depression were the symptoms most
      likely to worsen over time. This deterioration may have been due to premorbid
      personality characteristics or to the nature of long-term neuronal response to
      injury.

PMID- 1821227
TI  - Neurovascular complications of cocaine abuse.
AB  - A 3-year prospective study of 31,081 admissions to an inner-city, emergency
      trauma hospital revealed 33 patients less than or equal to 45 years of age who
      had a total of 35 acute neurovascular events (infarction or hemorrhage) related
      to cocaine abuse (3% of the total 979 cocaine-related admissions). Fifty-four
      percent of the events were ischemic, and 46% were hemorrhagic. Six patients died.
      The majority (63%) of ischemic events were hemispheric and subcortical in
      distribution. Eleven of 13 angiograms were abnormal (five aneurysms and two
      arteriovenous malformations were identified). No case of "vasculitis" was seen.
      Seventy percent of the patients exclusively abused crack cocaine, and 94% of the
      neurovascular events were related to its use. No first-time cocaine users were
      identified. During the last year of the study, 29% of the 558 cocaine-related
      admissions were psychiatric admissions, and most (58%) were for treatment of
      depressive illness (34 patients were admitted for attempted suicide).

PMID- 1821229
TI  - Neuropsychological correlates of obsessive characteristics in Tourette syndrome.
AB  - The relationship between obsessive-compulsive (OC) characteristics and
      performance on a test sensitive to frontal lobe function (Wisconsin Card Sorting
      Test) was examined in a sample of 100 patients between the ages of 6 and 18
      years. All patients met DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette syndrome (TS), confirmed
      by a neurologist or psychiatrist. Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
      was correlated with ratings of OC characteristics, but not with other TS
      symptoms. This relationship was maintained even when Full-Scale IQ and the total
      number of Tourette symptoms were controlled. The effect could not be attributed
      to medication. These findings were interpreted in the context of models of basal
      ganglia-cortical associations. It was speculated that different symptoms
      associated with TS may have different neuroanatomic substrates.

PMID- 1821230
TI  - The neuropsychology of depression in the elderly: a comparative study of normal
      aging and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The neuropsychological testing of 23 elderly depressed patients was compared to
      that of 23 healthy controls and 20 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Depressed
      subjects were deficient relative to controls on most tasks, including naming and
      cued memory. There was a greater negative influence of age on the performance of
      depressed subjects (relative to controls) on some tasks. Despite their
      significant deficits, depressed patients were clearly distinguishable from AD
      patients. It is suggested that the combined effects of age and depression produce
      a pattern of deficits that is distinct from that of younger depressives, but less
      severe than that of Alzheimer's patients.

PMID- 1821231
TI  - EEG coherence of prefrontal areas in normal and schizophrenic males during
      perceptual activation.
AB  - Multiple studies have demonstrated prefrontal dysfunction among schizophrenics.
      The prefrontal cortex does not function in isolation, but instead relies on
      extensive connections with other brain areas. Functional relationships between
      cortical areas were assessed by calculating the coherences between different
      scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded from 13 unmedicated male
      patients with schizophrenia and 9 normal male subjects. Alpha-band coherences
      linked to prefrontal areas in schizophrenic patients were about the same as those
      of normal controls when subjects were cognitively "at rest," but they were
      reduced for certain electrode pairs in the former group when performing the
      degraded-stimulus continuous performance test. Most of these findings were not
      accounted for by changes in alpha power, suggesting that "cortical circuits"
      extending beyond prefrontal areas may be disrupted in schizophrenia.

PMID- 1821232
TI  - Sleep EEG in depressed and nondepressed patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Sleep patterns of two consecutive nights were analyzed in 26 drug-free patients
      with Parkinson's disease (PD), who were clinically divided into depressed (n = 8)
      and nondepressed (n = 18) groups. Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) recording
      showed significantly shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latency in depressed PD
      patients (41.1 +/- 21.7 min) compared to nondepressed PD patients (129.0 +/- 84.9
      min, p less than 0.002). Furthermore, shortened REM latency (less than or equal
      to 65.0 min) was observed with significantly more frequency in depressed PD
      patients (6 out of 8) compared to nondepressed PD patients (4 out of 18, p less
      than 0.02). The other sleep parameters studied did not differ significantly
      between the two groups of patients. Because shortened REM latency is one of the
      most reliably documented biological features of major depression, these findings
      may be of some importance for understanding the nature of depression in the
      course of PD.

PMID- 1821233
TI  - Passive P300 response in traumatic brain injury patients.
AB  - Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in a vegetative state were exposed
      to passive P300 (PP300) evoked potential tests under two conditions: two auditory
      tones (unimodality condition), and a flash and auditory tone (bimodality
      condition). A third non-P300 condition using a single repetitive auditory tone
      was also presented. Patients produced PP300 responses under all three conditions,
      even though the severity of their clinical condition did not allow them to
      respond to even simple commands. No peak latency differences were found. PP300
      amplitude was significantly larger under the bimodality stimulus condition than
      either the unimodality or non-P300 condition. The PP300 amplitude under the
      unimodality condition, in turn, was larger than the P300-like response in the non
      P300 condition. This replicates earlier findings with normal subjects. PP300
      responses appear to be a tool that might find utility in evaluating TBI patients.
      Results raise questions about the neuropsychological/neurophysiological nature of
      the PP300 response.

PMID- 1821234
TI  - A pilot follow-up study of childhood soft signs and the development of adult
      psychopathology.
AB  - A subgroup of subjects (4 of 12) with childhood soft signs and adolescent anxiety
      withdrawal disorders were followed up into adulthood and assessed for soft signs
      and psychiatric diagnoses. These subjects continued to have soft-sign
      abnormalities and most had adult anxiety or affective disorders, including
      obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In contrast, control subjects with childhood
      soft signs but no adolescent anxiety disorders had fewer soft signs at follow-up
      and no discrete adult anxiety or affective disorders, but they did have obsessive
      compulsive symptoms that did not meet criteria for OCD.

PMID- 1821235
TI  - Violence and temporal lobe lesion: head CT and MRI data.
AB  - Head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning were done in 23
      patients with organic mental syndromes. Violent behavior was observed in 14
      patients. A nonviolent group consisted of nine patients. Five cases of local
      lesion in the anterior-inferior temporal lobe were revealed in the violent group.
      It is suggested that the release of programs for violent behavior may result from
      the unilateral destruction of amygdaloid nuclei or adjacent structures coupled
      with the paroxysmal stimulation of preserved limbic structures by the mechanisms
      of kindling.

PMID- 1821236
TI  - Neuropsychiatric decision making: designing nonbinary diagnostic tests.
AB  - Most diagnostic tests used in medicine, science, and technology are nonbinary:
      they are based on quantification of a variable that has a range of possible
      values. In this article, the authors describe how such tests are designed and
      characterized. They shall use the concepts developed here in future articles that
      describe how diagnostic techniques are operationalized for clinical settings.

PMID- 1821238
TI  - Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

PMID- 1821237
TI  - What can neurological models of attention, intention, and arousal tell us about
      attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

PMID- 1821239
TI  - Treatment of panic disorder and benzodiazepine withdrawal with valproate.

PMID- 1821240
TI  - Allies with a common cause: the American Neuropsychiatric Association and the
      Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.

PMID- 1821241
TI  - Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome.
AB  - Traditionally, apathy has been viewed as a symptom indicating loss of interest or
      emotions. This paper evaluates evidence that neuropsychiatric disorders also
      produce a syndrome of apathy. Both the symptom and the syndrome of apathy are of
      conceptual interest because they signify loss of motivation. An apathy syndrome
      is defined as a syndrome of primary motivational loss, that is, loss of
      motivation not attributable to emotional distress, intellectual impairment, or
      diminished level of consciousness. Loss of motivation due to disturbance of
      intellect, emotion, or level of consciousness defines the symptom of apathy.
      Neuropsychiatric literature dealing with apathy is reviewed within the framework
      of three approaches to defining the concept of a syndrome. Clinical and
      investigative approaches for evaluating apathy when it occurs in association with
      other syndromes are described.

PMID- 1821242
TI  - Differential diagnosis of choreiform tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Orofacial dyskinesias and choreiform movements of limbs occur with moderate
      frequency among psychiatric patients. Abnormal involuntary movements are symptoms
      of a wide variety of neurological and medical disorders. For both therapeutic and
      medicolegal reasons, psychiatric patients should be thoroughly evaluated before
      being given the diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia. This review presents the
      differential diagnosis of disorders associated with orofacial and appendicular
      choreiform involuntary movements. In addition, this paper provides a guide to the
      clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with these symptoms.

PMID- 1821243
TI  - Attention and higher cortical functions in schizophrenia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of attention in the cognitive
      abnormalities of schizophrenia. Controlling for attention by analysis of
      covariance (ANCOVA) had very little effect on the differences between 15
      schizophrenic patients and 14 controls in regard to recently acquired, long-term
      episodic memory recall or remote semantic memory retrieval. Differences between
      the patients and controls on the percent perseverative response of the Wisconsin
      Card Sorting Test (WCST) were eliminated. These data suggest that deficits in
      attention may not underlie impaired recall of newly acquired information in
      schizophrenia or in the retrieval of information from remote, semantic memory,
      even under circumstances requiring more effortful processing. The data also
      suggest a contribution of attentional deficits to perseveration in schizophrenia.

PMID- 1821244
TI  - Depression after stroke: the importance of cerebral hemisphere asymmetries.
AB  - The pattern of brain asymmetries was visualized on computed tomography (CT) scan
      in patients with a single acute cerebrovascular lesion. Patients were divided
      into those with typical or reversed frontal and/or occipital asymmetries. Among
      patients with a typical occipital asymmetry, those with left frontal or left
      basal ganglia lesions showed a significantly higher frequency of major depression
      and significantly higher depression scores than patients with similar lesion
      location but with reversed occipital asymmetry or those with a typical asymmetry
      and lesions in other (left or right) brain areas. Among patients with a reversed
      occipital asymmetry, there was no significant association between left frontal or
      left basal ganglia lesions and depression. This study demonstrates that the
      previously reported significant association between post-stroke major depression
      and lesion location is restricted to patients with a typical occipital asymmetry
      and is not present in patients with a reversed occipital asymmetry.

PMID- 1821245
TI  - Longitudinal evaluation of neuropsychological function in homosexual men with HIV
      infection: 18-month follow-up.
AB  - Subjects were 21 men with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL, n = 13) or
      AIDS-related complex (ARC, n = 8), who were not receiving anti-retroviral
      medication, and 21 controls. At baseline, mild cognitive impairment was detected
      in language, memory, attention, and visual and auditory processing, primarily in
      patients with ARC. On follow-up, the ARC group showed continued impairment and
      abnormalities on new measures of distractibility and activities of daily living.
      Although mild decline in verbal memory was noted for some patients, overall
      neuropsychological profiles did not show deterioration. Nomenclature for the
      pattern of mild, stable neuropsychological changes in patients with cognitive
      symptoms is discussed. Two interdisciplinary panels have recommended the term HIV
      1-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder. Unlike the term AIDS dementia, it
      does not imply progression or a diagnosis of AIDS.

PMID- 1821246
TI  - Immune variables, depression, and plasma cortisol over time in suddenly bereaved
      parents.
AB  - Bereavement has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The
      authors monitored a previously unstudied population, parents who had experienced
      sudden death of a formerly healthy child, for immunological changes, plasma
      cortisol level, and depression. Nine bereaved parents were matched case-for-case
      with nonbereaved controls and concurrently monitored 2, 4, 6, and 8 months post
      bereavement. The bereaved parents showed significantly decreased T-suppressor
      cells, significantly increased T-helper cells, and depression compared with
      controls, but no difference in cortisol levels. The bereaved also showed
      nonsignificant but elevated blastogenesis in mitogen-stimulated cells. These
      changes persisted throughout the first 8 months of bereavement.

PMID- 1821248
TI  - Reversibility of psychiatric symptoms in a chronic solvent abuser: a case report.
AB  - The acute mental status changes associated with inhaled solvent use have been
      well described. The potential long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae of inhaled
      solvent use are not as well characterized. We present here the case of a 20-year
      old male with a 7-year history of inhaled solvent (toluene) use whose
      neurological and psychiatric status were followed closely over a 1-month period
      on an inpatient psychiatric unit.

PMID- 1821247
TI  - The relationship of serum anticholinergic activity to mental status performance
      in an elderly nursing home population.
AB  - Adverse drug reactions among elderly patients pose a significant clinical
      problem. The authors used a serum radioreceptor assay [RRA] to quantify drug
      induced muscarinic blockade in 34 randomly selected nursing home residents. A
      random intervention group and the nonintervention control subjects were then
      retested 4 weeks later. The reduction of serum antimuscarinic activity (as
      determined by RRA) did relate to changes on several measures of cognitive
      function. A calculated "antimuscarinic index" lost significance with the RRA
      following intervention and may have overestimated the impact of a dosage
      reduction.

PMID- 1821250
TI  - ROC curves, test accuracy, and the description of diagnostic tests.
AB  - Clinicians can gain an enhanced understanding of the role of diagnostic tests
      once they are familiar and comfortable with the descriptions of test performance
      provided by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. This article
      explores the ways that ROC methods quantify test accuracy and describes how ROC
      methods characterize the distributions of test outcomes in study populations.

PMID- 1821249
TI  - Limbic system dysrhythmia: a diagnostic electroencephalogram procedure utilizing
      procaine activation.
AB  - A diagnostic method is presented that makes it possible to distinguish patients
      who are most likely to show a positive response to treatment with anticonvulsant
      medication, thereby cutting across many DSM-III-R diagnoses. Patients are
      evaluated to determine whether they exhibit at least 4 of 12 groups of symptoms,
      and the local anesthetic procaine is used, along with an electroencephalogram
      (EEG) to evaluate for omega band activity (30-50 Hz) of at least 50 microvolts or
      approximately three times baseline values in the anterior temporal leads. This
      method was studied in 145 patients with varying diagnoses. Eighty-three percent
      of patients who were symptom- and procaine-positive responded to anticonvulsants.
      Specific application to patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,
      bipolar disorder, and panic disorder is made. This method may provide a basis for
      identifying subpopulations of anticonvulsant-responsive patients who often are
      considered treatment-resistant.

PMID- 1821251
TI  - Catatonia: a contemporary approach.

PMID- 1821252
TI  - Safe administration of ECT in a patient with a calcified frontal mass.

PMID- 1821253
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy as a probe of the boundaries of neuropsychiatry.

PMID- 1821254
TI  - Delusions in dementia syndromes: investigation of behavioral and
      neuropsychological correlates.
AB  - A prospective cross-sectional investigation examining the relationship of
      neuropsychological and behavioral changes to the occurrence of delusions in
      dementia syndromes was conducted. Nineteen patients had Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      and 14 had multi-infarct dementia (MID). Patients with and without delusions were
      compared with regard to demographic characteristics, neuropsychological and
      neurological features, and a variety of behavioral disturbances. Delusional
      patients were more aggressive and exhibited more severe activity disturbances
      than nondelusional patients. Delusional patients were more severely cognitively
      impaired, but the neuropsychological differences between the two groups were not
      outstanding. These observations suggest that specific neuropsychological deficits
      are not compelling predictors of delusions and that delusional patients are more
      behaviorally disturbed than those without delusions. It is hypothesized that
      delusions are independent noncognitive manifestations of the neurobiology of AD
      and MID.

PMID- 1821255
TI  - Hallucinations and associated factors in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In a consecutive sample of 230 community-dwelling patients with probable
      Alzheimer's disease, a structured interview yielded evidence of current
      hallucinations in 29.1% and misperceptions in another 11.3%. Visual and auditory
      modalities were similarly represented in apparent hallucinations. Hallucinations
      prior to the current monitoring period were rare among patients with
      misperceptions or with no perceptual abnormality. The probability of
      hallucinations was associated with the severity of cognitive dysfunction, the
      degree of other behavioral disturbances, and the presence of extrapyramidal
      signs. A logistic regression model predicting hallucinations based on these
      diverse clinical features accurately classified 87.0% of the sample.

PMID- 1821256
TI  - The psychiatric presentations of Wilson's disease.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 42 patients with Wilson's disease participating in a
      zinc acetate treatment protocol and interviewed 17 of them. Five of the patients
      studied were asymptomatic. A significant number of symptomatic patients (64.8%)
      reported psychiatric symptoms at the time of initial presentation. These symptoms
      were severe enough to warrant psychiatric intervention in almost half of all
      symptomatic patients before the diagnosis of Wilson's disease was made.
      Personality changes, particularly irritability and aggression, were most commonly
      described (45.9%), followed by depression (27%). Cognitive changes, anxiety,
      psychosis, and catatonia, while less frequent, also occurred. These data
      underscore the need to include Wilson's disease in the differential diagnosis of
      psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 1821257
TI  - The nucleus basalis of Meynert, senile plaques, and intellectual impairment in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The large, hyperchromic, cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert
      (nbM) and the presence of senile plaques were quantified in postmortem brain
      tissue from 10 intellectually impaired schizophrenic patients, seven
      intellectually intact schizophrenic patients, seven control subjects, and three
      patients with Alzheimer's disease. The two groups of schizophrenic patients did
      not show any significant differences when compared with the control group in nbM
      cell density or in plaque frequency. The Alzheimer's disease patients showed the
      expected decrease in nbM neuronal density and increase in plaques compared with
      the controls. The data suggest that compromised cognitive function in
      schizophrenia is not associated with diffuse neuropathology of the basal
      forebrain cholinergic system.

PMID- 1821258
TI  - Hippocampal abnormalities in depression.
AB  - A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain T1 spin-lattice
      relaxation times in 29 normal volunteers and in 20 patients with major depression
      revealed significantly shortened T1 relaxation times for the hippocampus in
      depressed patients. These differences were particularly prominent in elderly
      depressed patients. T1 relaxation times are reflective of the content and
      macromolecular environment of tissue water protons; shorter hippocampal T1 values
      may reflect differences in the content or organizational properties of
      hippocampal water protons. These findings are consistent with several lines of
      evidence that have implicated a role for the hippocampus in the regulation of
      mood and in the pathophysiology of the stress response, and they suggest that
      major depression may be associated with biophysical tissue changes in the aging
      hippocampus.

PMID- 1821259
TI  - Aging of the human corpus callosum: magnetic resonance imaging in normal
      volunteers.
AB  - A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the corpus callosum in 36
      normal volunteers, ages 26-79 years, revealed that age was positively correlated
      with the T1 spin-lattice relaxation time of the corpus callosum and was
      negatively correlated with the corpus callosum cross-sectional area. T1
      relaxation times are sensitive to the content and macromolecular environment of
      tissue water, and variations in callosal T1 may reflect differences in the
      content or relaxation properties of callosal water. Such changes also potentially
      could occur secondary to alterations in the composition of callosal myelin. This
      study confirms and extends prior morphological studies that have reported age
      related dimensional changes in the corpus callosum and, in addition, provides
      evidence of age-related biophysical tissue differences in the human corpus
      callosum.

PMID- 1821261
TI  - ECT-induced delirium in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In this pilot study, a prolonged (interictal) delirium was induced by
      electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in seven out of seven depressed patients with
      Parkinson's disease. This occurrence of delirium appears much higher than what
      has been reported in other patient populations. These findings are consistent
      with several lines of data that have implicated the basal ganglia in the
      development of delirium from other causes, and they suggest that structural
      changes in these areas may predispose individuals to develop an interictal
      delirium during a course of ECT.

PMID- 1821260
TI  - Differential diagnosis of dementia: a comparison between the expert system EVINCE
      and clinicians.
AB  - The diagnostic performance of the expert system EVINCE was compared with that of
      85 clinicians in diagnosing 10 patients suspected of suffering from dementia. A
      multidisciplinary expert committee provided a standard diagnosis as reference for
      comparison. The results showed that the syndrome and etiologic diagnoses made by
      EVINCE were in very close agreement with those of the expert committee and that
      the diagnostic performance of EVINCE was better than that of the average
      clinician. The present findings indicate that expert systems, especially those
      within the realm of complex multidimensional medical problems, could be a
      valuable aid in medical practice.

PMID- 1821262
TI  - A retrospective analysis of the effects of anticholinergic medication on memory
      performance in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We examined the effects of anticholinergic medication on memory function in 113
      patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Subjects were divided into
      three disease duration groups: early, middle, and advanced. The battery consisted
      of three tasks assessing memory of logical discourse, semantically related words,
      and figural material. We found no evidence of anticholinergic-induced memory
      dysfunction in any of the three groups. Analysis of covariance indicated that age
      was not a significant variable; however, dementia may have influenced the
      relationship between anticholinergic medication and memory scores. Our results
      indicate that anticholinergic medication does not uniformly compromise memory
      function in PD patients.

PMID- 1821263
TI  - Neuropsychological performance and urinary phenylethylamine in Tourette's
      syndrome.
AB  - Patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) were grouped on the basis of levels of
      urinary phenylethylamine (PEA). These groups of TS patients were compared on an
      extensive battery of neuropsychological measures converted to age-corrected T
      scores based on published normative data. Patients with PEA levels below that of
      normal controls performed significantly worse than TS patients with normal PEA
      levels. The data were interpreted to suggest that abnormalities in PEA may
      contribute to neuropsychological deficits. Furthermore, these data may provide
      further support for an etiological subgroup of TS patients characterized by an
      abnormality in PEA metabolism. These data are discussed in regard to directions
      for further investigation.

PMID- 1821264
TI  - Neuropsychological abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV seropositive military
      personnel.
AB  - Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations were performed on 103 asymptomatic,
      HIV-1 antibody seropositive U.S. Army males to assess cognitive impairment. The
      sample was demographically heterogeneous. Using established clinical norms, 37.9%
      of the sample had an abnormal neuropsychological exam. Impairment varied as a
      function of ethnic group but not as a function of emotional distress or disease
      status determined by the Walter Reed staging system. We discuss our high
      frequency of impairment relative to other studies in terms of subject
      characteristics, methodological factors, and the possibility that subjects of
      average intellectual ability possess inadequate capacity to moderate
      neurobehavioral consequences of the virus.

PMID- 1821265
TI  - Neurological findings in insomniacs with periodic limb movements.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between abnormal neurologic findings and
      periodic limb movements (PLMs). Neurologic abnormalities were found to be
      statistically related to the occurrence of PLMs on polysomnographic study. The
      neurologic abnormalities may represent a risk factor for PLMs independent of age.

PMID- 1821266
TI  - Visual evoked potentials in dementia: selective delay of flash P2 in probable
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The flash visual evoked potential P2 component is delayed in etiologically mixed
      groups of demented patients compared to healthy controls or nondemented patients.
      This study compared patients meeting both DSM-III-R criteria for dementia and
      NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) with healthy elderly
      controls and found the P2 delay in the probable AD group. Additional comparisons
      found no evidence of a P2 delay in demented unlikely AD patients. These results
      suggest that earlier findings of a delayed P2 in etiologically mixed demented
      groups may have been due to inclusion of AD patients.

PMID- 1821267
TI  - ROC curves and the binormal assumption.
AB  - Previous articles in this series have described how receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) graphs provide comprehensive graphic representations of the
      diagnostic performance of non-binary tests and have explained how one constructs
      "trapezoidal" ROC graphs in which discrete cutoff points are plotted and
      connected with line segments. In this article, we describe a set of mathematical
      assumptions that permit the generation of a continuous, smooth ROC curve for a
      given diagnostic test. These assumptions permit us to characterize a test's
      performance using a small number of parameters and also to explore properties of
      diagnostic tests. In this article, we describe a set of mathematical assumptions
      that can be used to link receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to the
      underlying distribution of values of the diagnostic variable being measured. We
      will illustrate these assumptions using a diagnostic test that distinguishes
      alcohol abusers from normal consumers of alcohol and abstainers.

PMID- 1821268
TI  - Neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation.

PMID- 1821269
TI  - Prospective uses of ECT in the presence of intracranial tumors.

PMID- 1821270
TI  - The effects of smoking cessation on food craving.
AB  - Weight gain is considered a frequent consequence of smoking cessation. Several
      psychological mechanisms may play an important role in weight gain following
      smoking cessation. The present investigation examined changes in food craving
      associated with smoking cessation using psychophysiologic (i.e., salivation),
      self-report, and behavioral (i.e., ad lib consumption) measures of reactivity to
      food cues in a prospective design. Although quitters (n = 16) evidenced weight
      gain (approximately 5 lbs.) at 1 week and 5 weeks post quit date and while
      control groups of smokers (n = 11) and nonsmokers (n = 16) did not, no support
      was found for increased craving assessed via self-report or salivation. The
      quitters did show evidence of increased craving as measured by ad lib
      consumption, while smokers and nonsmokers did not. However, the failure to find a
      significant Group by Session interaction limits our ability to make a strong
      statement concerning between-group differences on ad lib consumption.

PMID- 1821271
TI  - Treating ourselves vs. treating our clients: a replication with alcohol abuse.
AB  - In an attempt to replicate previous findings, this study compared the change
      processes that psychologists report using when treating clients (n = 132) and
      when treating themselves (n = 140) for alcohol abuse. The results essentially
      replicated earlier research in that employment of particular change processes
      varied as a function of theoretical orientation for psychologists' client change
      but not for psychologists' self-change. Several processes, such as stimulus
      control and self-liberation, were employed more often with self-change, but
      medication more often with clients. Five possible explanations for this pattern
      and a general "facilitation effect" are discussed.

PMID- 1821272
TI  - The utilization of medical care by treated alcoholics: longitudinal patterns by
      age, gender, and type of care.
AB  - This study examines how the impact of alcoholism treatment on overall health care
      cost is related to age, gender, and maturation (aging). Variations in the type of
      health care used also are examined. Data were obtained on treated alcoholics
      (both employees and dependents) who were health insurance enrollees of a large
      midwestern manufacturing corporation during the years 1974-1987. Treated
      alcoholics with a minimum of 6 years of continuous insurance coverage (N = 2,259)
      were included in the analysis. No treatment-related differences in overall health
      care cost were found between men and women. Significant differences were found by
      age: On the average, individuals in the 30 and under and the 31-50 age groups
      experienced declines in health care costs following initiation of treatment,
      whereas those over 50 experienced increasing costs. When compared to a group of
      nonalcoholics of the same age and gender, alcoholics had significantly higher
      costs on the average. Both groups showed gradually increasing costs during a 10
      year pretreatment period, demonstrating the effect of aging on long-term health
      care costs. The gap between the two groups narrowed following treatment,
      suggesting the convergence of the alcoholics to their age and gender cohort
      baseline may potentially occur over time.

PMID- 1821273
TI  - Smoking as a cue for subjective and behavioral responses to a stressor.
AB  - Smoking in conjunction with a repeated stressor may come to serve as a cue, or
      discriminative stimulus, for responses to the stressor. This study examined the
      effects of omitting a previously predictable smoking cue on subjective and
      behavioral responses to a stressor. Male smokers were instructed to smoke briefly
      on command immediately prior to ("smoke-pre", n = 10) or several minutes after
      ("smoke-post", n = 10) each of four acquisition trials of a mental arithmetic
      task. During two subsequent trials, both groups first engaged in the task without
      the smoking cue (Test Trial 1), a novel experience for smoke-pre, and then
      engaged in the task preceded by the smoking cue (Test Trial 2), a novel
      experience for smoke-post. Omission of the smoking cue during Test Trial 1
      produced significantly poorer task performance and greater subjective stress in
      smoke-pre. Although not significant, insertion of the smoking cue during Test
      Trial 2 tended to produce poorer performance in smoke-post. Thus, a consistent
      pattern of smoking in association with a repeated stressor may subsequently lead
      to impaired responding to the stressor if smoking is omitted.

PMID- 1821275
TI  - Treatment predictors of tenure in methadone maintenance.
AB  - Tenure in methadone maintenance treatment was analyzed in terms of treatment
      process factors using a survival curve regression analysis. The treatment process
      framework included client variables at entry, program characteristics, treatment
      events, and client attitudes and satisfaction. The sample consisted of 606
      methadone maintenance clients from 21 different clinics. Significant predictors
      included professional classifications of the diagnosing and treatment-planning
      staff members, measures of early treatment services, client attitudes and
      satisfaction, methadone dosage level, and frequency of urine monitoring. The
      results showed higher tenure rates when specialized professionals diagnosed
      problems and defined treatment plans, when service needs were addressed, when
      client attitudes and satisfaction were high, and when methadone dose was higher.
      Lower tenure rates were found among blacks and clients with lower
      sociodemographic status. Lower tenure also occurred among those who perceived the
      program as less accessible or less structured in its procedures.

PMID- 1821274
TI  - Abstinence expectancy and abstinence among men undergoing inpatient treatment for
      alcoholism.
AB  - Several personal and situational variables were examined as possible predictors
      of renewed drinking before completion of an inpatient alcoholism treatment
      program: either drinking surreptitiously while remaining in the program or
      leaving the program to return to alcohol. Male alcoholics were interviewed
      shortly after entering the program and again as they finished treatment. The
      first interview assessed predictor variables, the second interview assessed
      drinking during treatment. Treatment dropouts were pursued to determine their
      drinking status. Discriminant analyses revealed that renewed drinking was
      inversely related to subjects' reported expectancies of remaining abstinent
      during the next 6 months, positively related to employment instability, and also
      related to racial group. Analysis of premature termination of treatment as an
      alternative outcome variable suggested that these effects were specific to
      renewed drinking per se. Discussion centers on the potential relevance of
      expectancy-based theories of self-regulation to behavior during the period of
      treatment.

PMID- 1821276
TI  - A retrospective study of risk-taking and alcohol-mediated unprotected
      intercourse.
AB  - The search for possible causal mechanisms leading to unprotected intercourse in
      males is the current focus of a great deal of psychosocial research. A
      retrospective questionnaire study of male undergraduate students (N = 332)
      examined the role of alcohol use and risk-taking behavior as a contributor to
      unprotected intercourse. Respondents' degree of risk-taking behavior during
      various periods of their life, and their alcohol use patterns and unprotected
      intercourse during their freshman and senior years of college were analyzed by a
      structural model. Results indicate a good model fit and suggest that older
      adolescent/young adult males may engage in riskier sexual behavior when using
      alcohol. Additionally, specific early behavior patterns appear to be the best
      predictor, from the variables in our model, of subsequent behavior. The findings
      of this study and other studies demonstrate that safe-sex instructional
      techniques designed for adolescents and young adults may benefit by focusing
      partly on responsible alcohol use.

PMID- 1821277
TI  - Dysfunctional family systems: relationships to disordered eating behaviors among
      university women.
AB  - Clinicians have speculated that the appearance and maintainance of eating
      disordered behavior may be attributed to certain familial characteristics which
      predispose vulnerable individuals to the development of these behaviors. However,
      few empirical studies exist to substantiate these speculations. This study
      compared the responses of 190 female university students on three self-report
      instruments: the Disordered Eating and Weight Control Instrument (DEWCI), the
      Eating Disorders Instrument (EDI), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion
      Evaluation Scale (FACES III) to identify potential relationships between eating
      disordered behavior and family types. Subjects were classified, on the basis of
      their scores on the FACES III, into one of three family types: balanced,
      midrange, or extreme. A one-way analysis of variance with main effect for family
      type was applied to the eating-behavior subscales. A Turkey multiple comparison
      test was applied to the significant main effects. Women classified in the extreme
      family type scored significantly higher (p less than .05) on several measures of
      eating-disordered behavior. A Distance From Center (DFC) linear score also was
      computed and correlated with the eating-disordered subscales. All but 4 of the 18
      measures correlated significantly (p less than .05). These findings support
      speculation, particularly that of family theorists, that eating-disordered
      behavior may be a symptom response and/or coping strategy for women in
      dysfunctional families.

PMID- 1821279
TI  - Evidence for genetic mediation of alcoholism in women.
AB  - This review focuses on the etiology of alcoholism in women, examining the role of
      genetic vulnerability. The review is organized with respect to (1) the genetic
      epidemiology of alcoholism in women; (2) genetic models that take gender into
      account; (3) further discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of alcoholism as it
      relates to gender; and (4) presentation of data obtained from the Pittsburgh
      family study. This review concludes that, although much evidence remains to be
      gathered concerning the question of whether or not alcoholism is genetically
      mediated to the same degree in women as it is in men, there is no reason to rule
      out this possibility at the present time.

PMID- 1821278
TI  - Epidemiology of women's drinking.
AB  - Although U.S. and Canadian surveys conducted over the past two decades have found
      little evidence of major changes in drinking levels or drinking problems among
      women in general, change may be occurring within certain subgroups of women, for
      example, based on age, ethnicity, employment, or marital status. Women's drinking
      behavior shows significant linkages to aspects of women's social environments,
      including gender of co-workers and drinking behavior of significant others. The
      greater complexity of recent findings reflects the increasing maturation of
      epidemiological research on women's drinking.

PMID- 1821280
TI  - Women and alcohol: cross-cultural perspectives.
AB  - A review of the worldwide literature about women and alcohol contradicts many
      stereotypes and raises some new questions, interpretations, and practical
      implications. Norms, values, attitudes, and expectations may be at least as
      important as physiological differences between the sexes with respect to patterns
      of drinking and their outcomes. Women have been drinking as long as men have
      throughout history, and they drink about as often as men in many cultures; in a
      few instances, they even seem to drink more, in spite of the fact that the
      physical impact of a given dose of alcohol is greater for women. In nonindustrial
      societies, women usually have more easy access to alcoholic beverages; in fact,
      they often monopolize production and predominate in the distribution system. A
      cross-cultural perspective shows that too narrow a focus on the social,
      psychological, and physical problems that excessive drinkers incur has severely
      hampered the understanding of women's diverse roles with respect to alcohol.

PMID- 1821281
TI  - The effects of maternal drinking in the reproductive period: an epidemiologic
      review.
AB  - The major effects of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy are decreased fetal
      growth, morphologic abnormalities, and CNS impairment. If all three of these are
      present, with a characteristic facies in the infant, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
      is diagnosed. FAS occurs only with heavy or alcoholic drinking. The individual
      components of the syndrome exhibit a dose-response association with ethanol
      intake in many, but not all studies. Discrepancies in maternal drinking and
      pregnancy outcome reflect the myriad difficulties of these investigations.
      Drinking "before" pregnancy also has been linked to decrements in fetal
      development, possibly because before pregnancy may include the periconceptional
      period. However, women who are usually abstainers before pregnancy appear to have
      infants at higher risk of some adverse pregnancy outcomes than women who are
      light drinkers. Future studies need to construct careful drinking histories to
      address this and other questions that deal with parents' ethanol use and
      reproductive health.

PMID- 1821282
TI  - Women and smoking: current trends and issues for the 1990s.
AB  - Despite significant change in smoking patterns among women during the 1980s, the
      toll in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality remains high and will continue to
      rise for some diseases (e.g., lung cancer). Women with lower educational
      attainment are at particularly high risk for smoking initiation and continuation.
      Advances in gender-specific knowledge regarding the processes of initiation,
      cessation, and relapse provide more specific opportunities for targeted
      intervention. Strategies for change involve media, clinical approaches, and
      public health efforts. Emphasis needs to be placed on tailoring the message and
      on utilizing innovative channels through which women can be effectively reached.
      Advocacy groups are targeting public policies affecting women. Ongoing gender
      specific research is needed in the next decade.

PMID- 1821283
TI  - The relationship of eating disorders and substance abuse.
AB  - Initial interest in the relationship between eating disorders, which occur
      primarily in women, and substance abuse, which is much more frequent in men than
      women, stemmed from the observations of Crisp (1968) who noted that chronic
      anorexics who developed bulimic behavior often abused alcohol. More recently,
      cross-sectional studies of women with eating disorders have documented
      prevalences of alcohol and other substance abuse in these women that are much
      higher than those reported in the general female population. Conversely, women
      with substance abuse disorders report eating-disordered behavior more often than
      the general population. This article first presents a definition of eating
      disorders and then addresses (1) the rate of coprevalence of eating disorders and
      substance abuse; (2) the mechanism of the coprevalence of these disorders; (3)
      the clinical similarities of these disorders; and (4) future directions.

PMID- 1821284
TI  - Women and substance abuse.

PMID- 1821285
TI  - Differentiation of early adolescent predictors of drug use versus abuse: a
      developmental risk-factor model.
AB  - Many psychosocial factors are associated with adolescent drug use, though most
      have not been tested as true predictors of drug use in prospective studies.
      Studies to date have also not differentiated predictors of drug use from abuse
      and have not addressed differential effects for specific substances. To address
      these concerns, we expanded the multiple risk-factor approach using 2-year
      longitudinal data from a sample of seventh graders. Frequencies of use for
      alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and hard drugs were assessed at Time 1
      and Time 2 and used to reflect latent constructs of polydrug use. From a set of
      29 risk factors, unique predictors of any substance were separated conceptually
      according to whether they most related to initiation/experimental or
      problem/heavy drug use and were then summed into two-unit weighted indexes at
      each time. Distribution-free structural equation models were used to accommodate
      the nonnormal distributions of the illicit drug use measures. The problem risk
      index was strongly correlated with polydrug use at Time 1 and increased polydrug
      use at Time 2. Several specific relationships between risk and drug use across
      time also were noted.

PMID- 1821286
TI  - Multivariate comparison of adolescent offspring of substance abuse parents:
      community and treatment samples.
AB  - Adolescent offspring of substance abuse parents (SA+) were compared on the scales
      of the Drug Use Screening Inventory to offspring of control parents (SA-).
      Neither clinical nor community samples of SA+ subjects were different from
      controls. These findings indicate that parental substance abuse does not
      necessarily impart maladjustment to their offspring.

PMID- 1821287
TI  - Alcohol consumption in men exposed to the military draft lottery: a natural
      experiment.
AB  - The randomized natural experiment provided by the military draft lotteries of
      1970, 1971, and 1972 is used to compare alcohol consumption in men born in the
      years 1950, 1951, and 1952. Alcohol consumption data are derived from the
      National Health Interview Survey supplements for 1977, 1983, and 1985. The
      analysis follows an intention-to-draft paradigm, where draft eligibility is
      determined solely by randomly assigned lottery numbers. Draft eligibility status
      is found to be unassociated with alcohol consumption, despite the fact that
      eligibility for the draft significantly increased the likelihood of military
      service and that veterans are more likely to report increased alcohol consumption
      compared to nonveterans. The randomized draft lottery provides an elegant natural
      experiment that potentially obviates the problem of confounding by premilitary
      service factors found in previous studies of alcohol consumption among veterans
      and nonveterans. However, the indirect association between draft eligibility and
      any health outcome (where military service is an intervening variable), together
      with the failure of the draft to produce a higher percent of veterans, prohibits
      application in all but the largest samples.

PMID- 1821288
TI  - Adolescents' smoking behavior and risk perceptions.
AB  - Risk-perception theory, derived largely from studies of technological risk
      assessment by Slovic and associates (Slovic, 1987; Slovic, Fischhoff, &
      Lichtenstein, 1986), may assist in understanding the risks seen to be associated
      with health-related behaviors. Risk perceptions, and their relationship to
      different stages of the acquisition of smoking behavior, were examined in a
      sample of 205 Australian high school students who were in Grades 10 and 11, and
      had an average age of 15 years. Current smokers differed from experimenters, ex
      smokers, and never smokers on a number of factors that are argued to underlie
      perceptions of risk: They perceived less personal risk, less severe health
      consequences, greater benefits relative to risks, found it more difficult to
      picture harmful consequences to themselves, and perceived smoking to be less
      avoidable. Implications for understanding and for dealing with the initiation and
      maintenance of smoking behavior in adolescence are discussed.

PMID- 1821289
TI  - Alcohol consumption and the risk of developing liver cirrhosis: implications for
      future research.
AB  - Studies of the association of alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis were
      reviewed, focusing on possible biases of study design. Daily alcohol consumption
      (as opposed to intermittent binge drinking), amount of alcohol consumed, longer
      duration of alcohol abuse, and being female were associated with the increased
      risk of cirrhosis. Follow-up studies reviewed failed to take full advantage of
      the study design and added little information to existing literature.
      Retrospective studies were relatively free of bias and are valuable tools in
      estimating the risk of cirrhosis. Future research needs to take the following
      variables into consideration: better ascertainment of alcohol consumption,
      consumption patterns, changes in alcohol consumption, gender, and body weight.

PMID- 1821290
TI  - Combined psychological and nicotine gum treatment for smoking: a critical review.
AB  - The results from seven studies suggest that both adding nicotine gum to a
      psychological therapy and adding a psychological therapy to nicotine gum increase
      long-term quit rates among smokers. Behavioral mechanisms to account for the
      increased quit rates are not clear. Suggestions for better reporting of trials
      and future research are made.

PMID- 1821291
TI  - Risk markers for alcoholism in high-density families.
AB  - This review summarizes the efforts of our research program to identify markers
      for alcoholism risk, which broadly fall within the domain of temperament and
      those which may be described as attentional or information-processing capacities.
      Analyses of three-generation pedigrees that include minor children at higher risk
      of becoming alcoholic indicate that event-related potential characteristics
      differ between high- and low-risk children. Newer results concerning cardiac
      responsivity both in minor children and adult high-risk individuals are
      presented. These results suggest a relationship between personality or
      temperament on the one hand, and cardiac responsivity on the other. Additional
      neurobehavioral markers are addressed including static ataxia. Recent segregation
      analyses and linkage to particular DNA segments are also included.

PMID- 1821292
TI  - Knowing when you're drunk: a cluster analysis of cues to intoxication.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine what cues to intoxication untrained
      subjects report using and how subjects see relationships among these cues. One
      hundred subjects were asked to list 5 cues that they use to determine their level
      of intoxication. These responses were tabulated, and the 18 most frequent
      responses were retained for further analyses. To assess the relationships among
      cues, all possible pairs of cues were rated for similarity. Mean similarity
      ratings were collapsed across subjects to form a mean similarities matrix that
      was subjected to cluster analysis. A taxonomy of cues to intoxication is
      discussed.

PMID- 1821294
TI  - Qualitative changes in relationships between substance use and adjustment during
      adolescence.
AB  - The present study examined qualitative differences in relationships between
      substance use and adjustment at five points of measurement from late childhood to
      young adulthood. The sample consisted of 133 participants from the New York
      Longitudinal Study. Cluster analysis was used to partition the sample into groups
      on the basis of multiple substance use (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other
      substances) at each point of measurement. Cluster membership was most strongly
      related to adjustment differences in late childhood and young adulthood. Results
      from a series of ANOVAs indicated that individuals consistently using the highest
      amounts of multiple substances exhibited the lowest levels of psychological
      adjustment.

PMID- 1821293
TI  - The Drinking Problems Index: a measure to assess alcohol-related problems among
      older adults.
AB  - Research on problem drinking among older adults has been hampered by the lack of
      specialized instruments to assess drinking problems. In this paper, we examine
      the psychometric properties of a 17-item measure specifically designed to assess
      drinking problems in this population. The Drinking Problems Index (DPI) exhibits
      excellent psychometric properties, with an internal consistency reliability
      estimate of .94, a cross-temporal correlation over a 1-year interval of .66, and
      cross-sectional correlations with alcohol consumption at two points a year apart
      of .37 and .42. In addition, the construct validity of the DPI is supported by
      significant concurrent correlations indicating that persons who have more
      drinking-related problems experience more depression, have less self-confidence,
      and participate in fewer social activities. Consistent with the high internal
      consistency reliability estimate, a factor analysis confirmed that the measure is
      largely unifactorial. Overall, the findings suggest that the DPI is a reliable
      and valid instrument for assessing problems associated with drinking in surveys
      of older persons.

PMID- 1821295
TI  - Cognitive and behavioral dimensions of dysfunction in alcohol and polydrug
      abusers.
AB  - Development of a measure of parallel dimensions of cognitive and behavioral
      dysfunction related to substance abuse is described. Dimensions were assessed in
      alcohol and polydrug abusers entering treatment and social drinkers. Dimensions
      included quantity/frequency of use, physiological symptoms, situational
      stressors, antisocial behaviors, interpersonal problems, affective dysfunction,
      attitude toward treatment, degree of life impact, and three use expectancies.
      Principal component analysis of the dimensions and expectancies yielded three
      factors; behavioral/physiological, social, and cognitive. Although the groups
      could be discriminated statistically, alcohol and polydrug abusers exhibited
      relatively similar patterns of dysfunction across the dimensions and
      expectancies, with alcohol abusers demonstrating greater intensity or degree of
      dysfunction in several areas on admission to treatment. Implications of the
      findings with respect to multidimensional models of substance abuse and use of
      the dimensions in treatment matching and outcome research are discussed.

PMID- 1821297
TI  - A critical review of the Reasons for Smoking Scale.
AB  - The present article reviews studies bearing on the psychometric characteristics
      and clinical utility of the Reasons for Smoking Scale (RFS). It is concluded that
      the instrument possesses adequate psychometric properties such as a stable factor
      structure, internal consistency, and temporal stability. However, the supportive
      results of validity studies are weak and inconsistent. Moreover, the instrument
      appears to possess little clinical utility. Consequently, there exists little
      empirical evidence to justify its widespread use in clinical practice.

PMID- 1821296
TI  - Effects of nicotine gum on prevalence and severity of withdrawal in female
      cigarette smokers.
AB  - This study examines the extent to which 2 mg nicotine gum reduces the prevalence
      and severity of cigarette withdrawal signs and symptoms. The sample was comprised
      of women who were randomly assigned to chew 2 mg nicotine gum (N = 206) or no
      nicotine gum (N = 211). Signs and symptoms of withdrawal were assessed at days 2,
      7, 14, and 28 post-cessation. The results showed a significant effect of 2 mg
      nicotine compared to no gum at 2 days post-cessation on the prevalence of the
      following symptoms: anxious/tense, difficulty concentrating, restless, impatient,
      somatic symptoms, insomnia, increased eating, and drowsiness. There were
      additional differences between the two groups for the severity of craving for
      cigarettes, irritable/angry, excessive hunger, and total withdrawal score. Over
      the course of 28 days post-cessation, significant Group and/or Group x Time
      interaction effects were found with regard to the severity of signs and symptoms
      for the following variables: impatient, insomnia, increased eating, irritable,
      difficulty concentrating, restless, somatic complaints, and total withdrawal
      score. These results are similar to those obtained from placebo-controlled trials
      for nicotine gum.

PMID- 1821298
TI  - Etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
AB  - Craniosynostosis is both etiologically and pathogenetically heterogeneous. Known
      causes include monogenic and chromosomal disorders, fetal head constraint,
      teratogens (aminopterin, diphenylhydantoin, retinoic acid, valproic acid),
      metabolic diseases (hyperthyroidism, rickets, mucopolysaccharidoses,
      mucolipidoses), hematologic disorders (thalassemias, sickle cell anemia,
      congenital hemolytic icterus, polycythemia vera), and malformations
      (microcephaly, encephalocele, shunted hydrocephaly, holoprosencephaly).

PMID- 1821299
TI  - Craniofacial disorders.

PMID- 1821300
TI  - The cranial base in normal and abnormal skull growth.
AB  - In the normal growth of the cranial base, an outline of prenatal development
      stressed the common vertebrate plan, the patterning of mesenchymal tissues formed
      from and influenced by migrating neural crest cells. Details are given of the
      sequences of chondrification and ossification. Postnatal growth is approached in
      two ways--sagittal growth and transverse growth--involving detailed consideration
      of sutural growth and of resorptive expansion and remodeling in the whole base.
      New conclusions have been reached about the growth of the ethmoid, which
      continues for a longer time than was generally thought, and of its relation to
      orbital growth. The dependence of fossa growth upon the early, almost explosive
      growth of the brain is shown in the sequences of basicranial growth, with the
      maturation of the fossae in a rostrocaudal direction. Of all the suture systems
      affecting the base, the coronal ring is most important (with the spheno-occipital
      synchondrosis next in importance). An off-shoot of the coronal ring is noted, the
      pterygoid buttress, and its importance stressed in relation to maxillary and
      midface growth. These considerations of normal morphology are widened to explore
      the dysmorphologies of the nonsyndromic and syndromic craniosynostoses. The
      abnormal patterning of these synostoses is shown to lie partly in the common
      pathways of expressivity of the calvarial and basicranial suture systems, again
      particularly the coronal ring, and partly in the development and responsiveness
      of the bony units themselves, whether normal or hypoplastic, and of their soft
      tissue matrices.

PMID- 1821301
TI  - Role of cranial sutures in normal and abnormal skull development.
AB  - In a series of experimental studies, the effects of induced premature closure of
      a normal cranial suture on the normal growth pattern of the rabbit skull are
      reported. In general, the results indicate that the craniofacial skeleton is an
      integrated growing unit in which alteration in growth of one component has
      profound effects on growth of other components. The magnitude and type of
      compensatory response depend on the type of suture, i.e., cranial or facial, its
      location, and timing of the growth insult. It is also important to note that the
      timing of surgical intervention has a direct effect on the capability of the
      growing craniofacial skeleton to obtain a more typical growth pattern.

PMID- 1821302
TI  - The infant Apert skull.
AB  - During early infancy, the Apert skull is literally wide open. It is characterized
      by a gaping midline calvarial defect that extends almost from the root of the
      nose through the metopic suture area, anterior fontanelle, and sagittal suture
      area to a widely patent posterior fontanelle. Only the coronal suture area is
      prematurely fused. During the first 2 to 4 years of life, bony islands that have
      formed in the midline enlarge and coalesce, obliterating the midline calvarial
      defect without any evidence of suture formation.

PMID- 1821303
TI  - Progressive cranial suture stenosis in craniosynostosis.
AB  - Despite the growing literature on various types of single suture
      craniosynostosis, very little information is available on the progression of the
      synostotic process. This article reports on a group of patients who presented
      with fusion of a single suture that progressed over the years to involve multiple
      sutures. Other patients who presented with delayed holocalvarial synostosis are
      also discussed. Surgery (multiple craniectomies or morcellation procedure)
      resulted in symptomatic relief in all patients. The diagnostic and therapeutic
      implications of these types of craniosynostosis are discussed.

PMID- 1821304
TI  - Agenesis of the corpus callosum. Its associated anomalies and syndromes with
      special reference to the Apert syndrome.
AB  - Agenesis of the corpus callosum may be associated with a variety of central
      nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS abnormalities and is known to occur in a number
      of specific syndromes. It can be a marker for several inherited metabolic
      disorders. Study of the Apert syndrome shows a recurrent pattern of CNS
      abnormalities, including defects of the corpus callosum and limbic structures,
      megalencephaly, misshapen brain, distortion ventriculomegaly, and gyral
      anomalies.

PMID- 1821306
TI  - Ophthalmic features of craniosynostosis.
AB  - With the possible exception of aesthetic considerations, the visual system is
      more involved in craniosynostosis than any other. Changes may be an inherent
      feature of the pathologic process or occur as a secondary complication. Several
      of these are potentially devastating, resulting in substantial permanent
      impairment in visual function. Because these are avoidable if recognized and
      managed early, prompt involvement of an ophthalmologist in the care of children
      with craniosynostosis is essential. Improvement in the appearance of these cases
      cannot obscure the importance of functional problems. In particular, disc edema,
      optic atrophy, and progressive optic nerve dysfunction may accompany increased
      intracranial pressure even without evidence of hydrocephalus and even with
      apparently open fontanelles. Uncorrected refractive error (particularly
      anisometropia), strabismus, ptosis, and corneal exposure problems are an
      invitation to the development of amblyopia. If not reversed, this can lead to
      permanent visual disability. Proptosis and corneal exposure problems are a third
      potentially treatable cause of functional blindness. Early diagnosis and prompt
      care will hopefully continue to improve the prognosis for these increasingly
      treatable children.

PMID- 1821305
TI  - Radiologic evaluation of the child with craniosynostosis.
AB  - The radiologic diagnosis of craniosynostosis is made in most instances based on
      routine skull films, because each suture closure produces characteristic changes.
      Computed tomography (CT) was originally used only to evaluate the intracranial
      contents. In the last 5 years changes in morphology at the skull base and in the
      calvarium have been better demonstrated with three-dimensional CT. This article
      describes and illustrates the appearance of craniosynostosis on skull radiographs
      and CT.

PMID- 1821307
TI  - Cranial deformation in craniosynostosis. A new explanation.
AB  - Skull growth after premature fusion of a single suture was described by Virchow
      in 1851. He observed that growth was restricted in a plane perpendicular to a
      fused suture. However, he failed to predict the compensatory growth patterns that
      produce many of the deformities recognized as features of individual
      craniosynostosis syndromes. The deformities resulting from premature closure of a
      coronal, sagittal, metopic, or lambdoid suture can be predicted by the following
      observations: (1) cranial vault bones that are prematurely fused act as a single
      bone plate with decreased growth potential; (2) asymmetrical bone deposition
      occurs mainly at perimeter sutures, with increased bone deposition directed away
      from the bone plate; (3) sutures adjacent to the stenotic suture compensate in
      growth more than those sutures not contiguous with the closed suture; and (4)
      enhanced bone deposition occurs along both sides of a nonperimeter suture that is
      a continuation of the prematurely closed suture. These four rules were derived by
      critically examining the clinical deformities observed with each form of
      craniosynostosis. These rules assume that cranial sutures have the capacity to
      compensate by depositing bone asymmetrically along their edges. Unequal growth
      patterns have been demonstrated in the frontonasal suture of rabbits by Selman
      and Sarnat. In addition, unequal bone deposition has also been demonstrated along
      the parieto-interparietal suture in albino rats by Baer. Human studies to
      determine if asymmetrical bone deposition actively occurs along cranial vault
      sutures in response to a stenotic suture have not been performed, however. It is
      also unclear whether these four guidelines apply to cranial base abnormalities
      observed with craniosynostosis. As new radiologic techniques develop to define
      the configuration of the skull in intricate detail, a skull pattern of growth
      explaining the pathogenesis of all deformities created by premature fusion of a
      cranial vault suture may become apparent.

PMID- 1821308
TI  - Surgical treatment of metopic synostosis.
AB  - Metopic synostosis can present with various skull abnormalities for which early
      surgical treatment can provide significant benefit to the patient. Correction of
      skull deformities associated with metopic synostosis requires accurate assessment
      of the full range of craniofacial defects within context of the patient's age.
      Alteration in the characteristics of cranial bone as the child grows older
      necessitates modifications in techniques used for bony remodeling. Changes in the
      rate of brain and cranial vault growth also must be considered for adjustments in
      fixation methods. Thus, both the patient's age and the severity of aesthetic
      deformity dictate the surgical techniques used in the correction of metopic
      synostosis.

PMID- 1821309
TI  - Surgical management of sagittal synostosis. A quantitative evaluation of two
      techniques.
AB  - This article reports a retrospective quantitative (cephalic index) evaluation of
      the effect that two different operations for treatment of scaphocephaly secondary
      to sagittal synostosis have on cranial shape. Combining our results with those of
      others, the trend is clear: if the objective of surgical intervention for
      isolated nonsyndromal sagittal synostosis is normalization of the calcarial width
      to length ratio, a more extensive procedure than simple or extended craniectomy
      is required.

PMID- 1821310
TI  - Unicoronal synostosis. A surgical intervention.
AB  - Computer-assisted medical imaging technology provides useful tools for the in
      vivo study of congenital craniofacial deformities. Using these tools, a
      standardized operation for infants with nonsyndromal unicoronal synostosis has
      been shown to consistently normalize orbital dimensions and decrease exocranial
      base angulation. Normalization of endocranial base angulation is less consistent.
      The plasticity of the infant's cranial base after cranial vault surgery suggests
      a locus of the primary pathology at a site other than the cranial base.

PMID- 1821311
TI  - Treatment of syndromic and nonsyndromic bilateral coronal synostosis in infancy
      and childhood.
AB  - The treatment of nonsyndromic and syndromic bilateral coronal synostosis has been
      outlined. Essential features of this individualized approach include technique
      modification in bone remodeling and fixation according to the age of the patient
      as well as additional emphasis on elongating the anterior cranial base or
      periorbital segment in patients with syndrome-associated bilateral coronal
      synostosis. Common to the treatment of all patients with turribrachycephaly
      related to bilateral coronal synostosis is an emphasis on holistic reshaping of
      the skull afforded by the positioning of the patient in the modified prone
      position, which gives simultaneous access to the anterior and posterior skull for
      optimal reshaping of hypoplastic and compensatory abnormalities.

PMID- 1821312
TI  - Treatment of functional lambdoid synostosis.
AB  - Involvement of the lambdoid suture appears to be somewhat different from that of
      other cranial sutures because the ability to tell whether this suture is fused is
      often impossible by clinical examination or imaging studies, with the findings at
      operation often variable irrespective of the degree of the deformity. Thus, it is
      best to think in terms of functional unilambdoid synostosis. The diagnostic
      evaluation is limited to visual inspection alone in most cases. The indication
      for surgical intervention is the degree of the deformity. Over the past 15 years
      I have undergone a transition as to the operative management of functional
      unilambdoid synostosis, starting initially with a strip craniectomy, followed by
      removal of the flattened portion of the calvarium to removal of the entire
      posterior portion of the calvarium, including the bone at the cranial base.
      Parietal asymmetry as a more extensive approach has uniformly produced better
      cosmetic results without significant increase in morbidity. In infants less than
      3 to 4 months of age the bone removed is not replaced, whereas in those older
      than 4 months of age the bone from the two sides is reversed, rotated, trimmed,
      and shaped to reach symmetry. Treatment of bilateral lambdoid involvement is the
      same as when one lambdoid suture is functionally synostosed, although asymmetry
      is not a consideration. In a nonsyndromic form, operative intervention allows for
      increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the calvarium, with eventual
      reduction of the biparietal widening and vertical orientation to the calvarium if
      performed early enough.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821313
TI  - The skeletal treatment of orbital hypertelorism.
AB  - Orbital hypertelorism, strictly defined as an increase in bony interorbital
      distance, is not itself an isolated syndrome, but is instead an anomaly that may
      occur as either part of a syndrome or malformation sequence. Evaluation of
      orbital hypertelorism and the various anomalies that accompany it is best
      performed by a multidisciplinary craniofacial team. The timing of surgery
      involves considerations of multiple variables, but when performed can offer
      marked cosmetic improvements. Equally important as the skeletal surgery is
      correction of the associated soft-tissue problems.

PMID- 1821314
TI  - Craniofacial dysostosis. Staging of reconstruction and management of the midface
      deformity.
AB  - Crouzon's and Apert's syndromes are the most common of the craniofacial
      dysostosis syndromes. A team approach is required to achieve effective patient
      management. The team evaluation begins shortly after birth and follows the
      patient through infancy, childhood, and adolescence into early adulthood. The
      role of each team member varies according to the patient's age and individual
      circumstances. For example, in infancy and early childhood, constant combined
      reassessment by the pediatrician, neurosurgeon, ophthalmologist,
      neuroradiologist, and craniofacial surgeon is essential. Later in adolescence,
      the role of the ophthalmologist, neuroradiologist, and neurosurgeon becomes less
      important, whereas that of the orthodontist, speech pathologist, maxillofacial
      surgeon, and psychosocial team becomes more dominant. Major craniofacial centers
      should be encouraged to develop protocols for patient management and to follow a
      consistent prospective process of collecting data. Meeting these objectives
      allows us to learn from the past. During the past decade since the introduction
      of the modern era of craniofacial surgery by Tessier in 1967, craniomaxillofacial
      surgery has advanced in many ways: through the use of autogenous cranial bone
      grafts for onlay or interpositional use; refinements in bone stabilization
      techniques that include miniplate and microplate and screw fixation rather than
      direct wires; the reintroduction of creative osteotomies for the management of
      midface deficiency (monobloc and monobloc bipartition); the development of CT
      scanning techniques applied to the craniofacial skeleton for both qualitative and
      quantitative measurement; and the presence of the dedicated craniofacial
      anesthetist whose meticulous monitoring, airway management, and fluid replacement
      allows for the safe execution of complex total midface osteotomies. The
      recognition of the need for a staged surgical approach to the correction of the
      deformities caused by Apert's and Crouzon's syndromes has clarified
      reconstructive goals and allowed the surgeon to take advantage of differential
      craniofacial growth patterns similar to those used to help the patient with
      congenital cleft lip and palate defects. By continuing to define our rationale
      for the timing of surgical intervention--for example, using cranial vault surgery
      in infancy to relieve increased intracranial pressure and papilledema; total
      midface advancement in childhood to further increase intracranial and orbital
      volume, improve nasal airflow, occlusion, and body image; and orthognathic
      surgery in adolescence to improve occlusion, speech, and aesthetics--we can avoid
      unproductive surgery and select the optimal timing for surgical intervention to
      maximize long-term functional and aesthetic results.

PMID- 1821315
TI  - Neurosurgical complications in craniofacial surgery.
AB  - A retrospective review of the neurosurgical complications that occurred between
      1980 and 1989 at The Children's Hospital in Boston is described. The results are
      compared with reports from other craniofacial centers. A total of 355 cases are
      analyzed, with an overall complication rate of 8.6%. Infection and cerebrospinal
      fluid leaks are the most common problems. This article discusses techniques
      incorporated into personal methods to reduce the incidence of these
      complications.

PMID- 1821316
TI  - Cancer, HIV and AIDS.

PMID- 1821317
TI  - Overview: cancer, HIV and AIDS.

PMID- 1821318
TI  - Clinical manifestations and treatment of HIV related non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma developing in patients with HIV infection fulfills
      diagnostic criteria for AIDS. Clinical manifestations of AIDS-NHL are similar to
      those of malignant lymphoma arising in other acquired and congenital
      immunodeficiency states. AIDS related NHLs therefore consist primarily of tumours
      with B cell phenotype, intermediate or high grade histological subtype and rapid
      clinical progression with a high frequency of unusual extranodal involvement.
      Treatment of AIDS-NHL has been much less rewarding than treatment of lymphoma in
      non-HIV infected individuals. Complete response rates are lower than the
      corresponding rates seen in the non-HIV infected population, and responses that
      do occur tend to be of short duration. Improvements in treatment for AIDS-NHL
      will require the use of new therapies, designed to cause less myelosuppression,
      in conjunction with aggressive efforts to prevent opportunistic infections.

PMID- 1821319
TI  - Surgical pathology of HIV associated lymphoproliferations.
AB  - The surgical pathologist is confronted with a variety of lymphoproliferative
      states in the setting of HIV disease. Classifying lymphomas, differentiating
      benign and malignant disease, accurate staging and identifying non-neoplastic
      lymphadenopathies still rely on histological evaluation as the mainstay of
      diagnosis. Immunophenotypic and molecular analysis have offered considerable
      insight into the pathology of HIV associated lymphoproliferations but must be
      used with caution as diagnostic tools in HIV disease.

PMID- 1821320
TI  - HIV infection and cancers other than non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - In populations with non-HIV immunodeficiency, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and soft
      tissue sarcoma, especially Kaposi's sarcoma, are the most prominent tumours, but
      Hodgkin's disease, gastric carcinoma, squamous cell skin cancer, malignant
      melanoma, hepatoma, myeloid leukaemia and/or colorectal carcinoma have been
      linked in various studies. Population based cancer registries and cohort studies
      of HIV infected persons have generally failed to detect HIV related increases in
      total cancer incidence or in specific tumours other than non-Hodgkin lymphoma and
      Kaposi's sarcoma; however, associations with anal carcinoma, hepatoma and
      Hodgkin's disease have been suggested by some studies. Although not indicating
      increased risk, HIV induced immunosuppression has been linked to an acceleration
      of cervical and anal neoplasia and to increased aggressiveness of Hodgkin's
      disease with a relative excess of the mixed cellularity type. Advances in
      treatment for HIV infection will delay progression to AIDS and may allow an
      altered natural history to emerge, including the occurrence of excesses of
      additional cancer types.

PMID- 1821321
TI  - The aetiology of Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - The aetiology of KS remains unknown, but recent evidence suggests that the
      disease is caused by the presence of an infectious agent in an immunosuppressed
      host. Although there are a variety of clinical presentations, the putative
      infectious agent is likely to be the same in all cases. The pathophysiology of
      the lesions, the types of immunosuppression that facilitate disease expression,
      the response to therapy and the distribution of disease within immunosuppressed
      populations provide important clues to the nature of the unidentified infectious
      agent.

PMID- 1821322
TI  - Clinical aspects of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Whereas previously KS represented a very rare and obscure neoplasm, it has become
      over the past decade a significant disease. Its appearance in various well
      defined risk populations and in immunosuppressed individuals and the mounting
      epidemiological evidence that KS may well represent a sexually transmitted
      disease in certain groups make KS an important tumour to study as a model for
      carcinogenesis. Among the various forms of KS described, it is the epidemic form
      of KS, most frequently associated with HIV infection, that is now the most
      prevalent form seen around the world. Clinically, the mucocutaneous and lymph
      node involvement are its most frequently recognized manifestations. Skin lesions
      in epidemic KS, unlike those in classical KS, appear anywhere on the skin or oral
      mucosa and at any age in patients with AIDS. Visceral lesions are often present,
      sometimes in the absence of cutaneous KS. Epidemic KS is rarely the cause of
      death in AIDS patients, even in those with visceral involvement, unlike the HIV-1
      unrelated African endemic form of KS, which is an aggressive and malignant
      tumour. HIV testing is necessary to establish the diagnosis of AIDS in patients
      with epidemic KS, even in those patients with risk factors for HIV infection,
      since epidemic KS may represent an epidemic disease caused by a yet unidentified
      transmissible agent distinct from HIV. Concurrent transmission of HIV and the
      putative "KS agent" may have occurred in the homosexual patients with AIDS in
      whom KS has been so prevalent, and the recently identified form of epidemic KS in
      individuals not infected with HIV may well become yet a new form of this curious
      disease.

PMID- 1821323
TI  - Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - The AIDS epidemic drew attention to KS, a previously rare and little studied
      condition. The epidemiological evidence summarized here strongly suggests that
      the disease is caused by a transmissible agent, in addition to HIV. Sexual
      contact is the most important mode of transmission of the agent, although
      transmission by blood and perinatally may also occur (Beral et al, 1990).

PMID- 1821325
TI  - Histopathological features of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV infected individuals.
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma is the neoplasm most commonly associated with HIV infection.
      Since its presence in the proper clinical context is an AIDS defining event,
      histopathological confirmation is often required for diagnosis. It is essential
      that clinicians know the criteria for histopathological diagnosis. When the
      criteria outlined are followed, the diagnosis can be made with certainty in most
      cases. A number of conditions may simulate KS both clinically and histologically,
      and it is important that those who care for patients with HIV infection are aware
      of these.

PMID- 1821324
TI  - Occurrence, clinical behaviour and management of Kaposi's sarcoma in Zambia.
AB  - The incidence of HIV related KS has increased 50-fold since it was first
      recognized in Zambia in 1983. The mean age at diagnosis is 35 years for men and
      28 years for women, with a sex ratio of M:F = 5:1. The most common symptoms and
      signs are weight loss, symmetrical lymphadenopathy, oral plaques, skin plaques in
      a central distribution, oedema and cough with dyspnoea. Biopsy is needed to
      confirm the diagnosis if disease is confined to lymph nodes. Objective regression
      occurs in 80% of patients receiving adequate doses of actinomycin D and
      vincristine (median survival time greater than 3 years for stage I or II disease
      and 7.5 months for stage III); epirubicin with vincristine was more effective in
      a phase II trial. Both treatments give good relief of symptoms, allowing patients
      to return to work. Clinical, histological and biological features of HIV related
      KS do not support conclusively its classification as a "malignant tumour".
      Heterosexual and perinatal transmission of HIV in Africa ensures that KS affects
      families, not just individuals.

PMID- 1821326
TI  - Epidemiology of HIV associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - The excess of NHL associated with HIV infection is well established. Clinically,
      HIV associated NHL is characterized by histological evidence of a high grade of
      malignancy, B cell origin, extensive extranodal involvement (most notably of the
      CNS) and poor prognosis. High grade B cell lymphoma or primary brain lymphoma in
      HIV infected individuals is considered diagnostic of AIDS by the Centers for
      Disease Control. The incidence of NHL among individuals with AIDS varies by
      subtype of lymphoma, age, sex, race and risk group. Younger individuals, males,
      whites and haemophiliacs are at higher risk than other groups. The incidence of
      HIV associated NHL is increasing. Because of the paucity of data on risk factors
      for this malignancy, the current possibilities for risk modification are limited
      to the prevention of HIV infection.

PMID- 1821328
TI  - Psychosocial factors in breast cancer and their possible impact upon prognosis.
AB  - Breast cancer is the most common cancer form in women. Numerous biological
      factors have now been identified and accepted as important risk factors and
      prognosticators. Psychosocial factors are also considered to be of probable
      importance. A review of the literature studying these factors reveals major
      methodological problems in evaluating data: small sample size, retrospective
      design, lack of cross-referencing for other important factors, cross-sectional
      studies instead of longitudinal studies, and insufficient statistical analysis.
      Regarding psychosocial factors, some of the most valid studies indicate that the
      risk of getting breast cancer may be connected with difficulties in expressing
      feelings, especially ones of aggression; while coping strategy, amount of stress,
      and level of activity, seem to be of possible influence to the prognosis. A
      possible connection between psyche and the immunological system has been
      proposed, but there has been little data so far. Although a series of studies
      have shown some influence of psychosocial factors on breast cancer, the
      methodological problems are so large as to leave open the question whether
      psychosocial factors have any impact upon the disease.

PMID- 1821327
TI  - Interactions between antitumour agents and radiation and the expression of
      resistance.

PMID- 1821329
TI  - [Organic ammonium salts. XLI. Preparation, aggregation properties and
      antimicrobial activity of N-[2-(10-undecenoyloxy)ethyl]-N,N,N
      alkyldimethylammonium bromides].
AB  - The paper describes the preparation of 7 novel organic ammonium salts of N-[2-(10
      undecenoyloxy)ethyl]-N,N,N-alkyl-dimethylammonium bromides, in which the alkyl
      chain was gradually lengthened from ethyl to tetradecyl, constantly keeping the
      other groups (10-undecenoyloxyethyl and methyl) bound to the ammonium nitrogen.
      In the paper the antimicrobial effect of the prepared ammonium salts and the
      aggregative properties of their aqueous solutions were studied. The aggregative
      properties are expressed by the values of the critical concentration of the
      micelles formation, which were determined tensiometrically and
      conductometrically. The antimicrobial activity expressed by the minimal
      inhibition concentration in dependence on the prolongation of the alkyl chain was
      determined by the dilution test on the strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
      coli and Candida albicans. As follows from the table, all ammonium salts prepared
      were active in this respect, the most effective ones possessing 6, 8 and 10
      carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. They were more effective than the standard
      Ajatin to all strains of the microorganisms tested. The antimicrobial effect
      decreased with the increasing length of the alkyl chain. Also the structure-
      activity relationship was quantified by the QSAR analysis methods using two
      procedures: the dependence log ck vs. m was linear and the dependence log (1/MIC)
      vs. m and log (1/MIC) vs. log ck were nonlinear. The calculated coefficients of
      regression equations and statistical evaluation of dependences are shown in Table
      4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821330
TI  - [Antitubercular agents. LIV. 3-Alkyl(or -alkyl) thio-2,5-pyrazindicarboxamides].
AB  - From 5-cyano-3-chloro-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) (II) hydrolysis in acid medium)
      yielded 3-chloro-2,5-pyrazinedicarboxamide (III), which in a reaction with sodium
      hydrogensulfide in dimethyl-formamide) yielded 3-mercapto-2,5
      pyrazinedicarboxamide (IV). This compound through condensations with alkyl- and
      arylhalogenides in triethylamine) yielded 3-alkyl(or aryl) thio-2,5
      pyrazinedicarboxamides of type I. The structure of compounds was confirmed by
      elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectra. A microbiological evaluation was
      carried out; the antituberculous effect of these compounds is not higher than
      that of pyrazinamide.

PMID- 1821331
TI  - [Immunomodulatory effect of Consupren Sol. Spofa (cyclosporin A). Preclinical
      study].
AB  - Consupren Spofa was demonstrated in our tests to be a distinguished
      immunomudulating agent. The preparation did not show any direct lymphotoxicity or
      myelotoxicity but it markedly influenced maturation of T lymphocytes in the
      thymus. When testing the functional activity of the immunity system in vivo, the
      inhibitory effect of Consupren Spofa was manifested only when administering a
      relatively larger dose of the drug with an antigenic stimulus or shortly after
      it, i.e., in the period of early activating processes. The use of a suitable time
      and dosage regimen is therefore decisive to induce an inhibitory effect. On the
      basis of comparative experiments it can be stated that Consupren Spofa is
      minimally as much effective as, or in some experiments even more effective than
      Sandimmun Sandoz.

PMID- 1821332
TI  - [Prognostic study of utilization of infusion preparations].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of time series of consumption of infusion solutions
      in the Czech Republic its prognosis was made till the year 2000 using the trend
      analysis method. The results have shown that a further increase in consumption of
      infusion solutions must be expected. The forecasted consumption in the year 2000
      with 90% reliability will reach the volume of 5.2 to 5.6 million litres. The
      production capacity for infusion solutions in the individual branches of Czech
      pharmacy will have to be adjusted to this trend.

PMID- 1821333
TI  - [Detection of antibiotics in biological materials for purposes of toxicological
      analysis. I. Methodologic study for the detection of tetracycline].
AB  - A method of the identification of tetracycline antibiotics in urine and gastric
      content, suitable for the routine toxicological analysis, was worked out. For the
      isolation, the extraction with ethyl acetate is recommended. The TLC method on
      Silufol layers impregnated with an aqueous solution of the disodium salt of
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA), in the concentration of 0.1 mol/l and
      pH value of 5 or 7.4 is used for the identification. The mobile phase chloroform-
      methanol--Na2EDTA 55:30:5 is suitable for the development of these layers; UV
      light of the wavelength 254 or 366 nm and Fast Blue B reagent are used for the
      detection. The conditions of the TLC (various modifications of the layer, mobile
      phase and detection) and the extraction solvents suitable for the isolation are
      discussed.

PMID- 1821334
TI  - [Relation between malondialdehyde generation by platelets and plasma thromboxane
      B2 and diagnostic classification by syndrome differentiation of traditional
      Chinese medicine in stroke during acute stage].
AB  - The malondialdehyde generation by platelets and TXB2 in poor platelet plasma were
      examined in 36 patients with stroke during acute stage. By CT examination 19
      cases were diagnosed hemorrhagic, 17 cases ischemic; while by syndrome
      differentiation of TCM 16 cases belonged to Zhongzangfu(middle internal organs),
      20 cases Zhongjingluo (middle channels). Results showed that the malondialdehyde
      generation by platelets was reduced, TXB2 in poor platelet plasma increased in
      patients, compared with those in the healthy controls. This finding was common in
      stroke during acute stage and was not related to diagnostic classes by either CT
      examination or syndrome differentiation of TCM. This study indicates that
      maintenance of normal platelet function may have significant implication in the
      prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 1821335
TI  - [Diagnostic value of Rhizoma alismatis mixture in Meniere's disease].
AB  - Rhizoma Alismatis Mixture (RAM), which can promote diuresis to eliminate wetness
      evil and activate blood circulation, is a pure TCM preparation composed of
      Rhizoma Alismatis, Semen Plantaginis, Rhizoma Ligustici Wallichii and Herba
      Leonuri. After clinical observation, it showed that RAM can greatly case the
      inner ear edema of patients with Meniere's disease and therefore improved their
      hearing threshold (63.7%). RAM can also diminish SP amplitude or reduce the SP/AP
      ratio on the cochleogram. As compared with glyceral test, there was no
      statistically significant difference, while the side effect of RAM group (5%) was
      lower than that of glyceral group (87.3%) significantly, therefore RAM test can
      replace glycerin test in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. The animal
      experiment results indicated that RAM did not affect stria vascularis permeation
      but it probably dehydrates the inner ear by changing the osmotic pressure between
      endolymphatic and perilymphatic or increasing the absorption of the endolymphatic
      sac.

PMID- 1821337
TI  - [Desensitive treatment with positive allergens in acupoints of the head for
      allergic rhinitis and its mechanism].
AB  - Desensitive treatment of 102 cases of allergic rhinitis caused by allergens has
      been carried out using acupuncture endermic points of the head with the extract
      of positive allergen (or allergens). After two courses of the treatment, the
      extract of allergens was taken again to make intradermal injection. Diameter of
      redness and swelling on the skin was significantly reduced in comparison with
      that before the treatment (P less than 0.01). Cell mediated and humoral immunity
      of the patients tended to be normal. These cases were followed up for 2 years.
      72.18% of the cases had significantly curative effect; 23.56% turned better.
      Comparison of curative difference of this group with the other two control groups
      was significant (P less than 0.01). Therefore, this method is of considerable
      clinical value and worth popularizing in treatment of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 1821338
TI  - [Effect of da cheng qi decoction co. on endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice].
AB  - The role of da cheng qi decoction co. (DCQDC) in preventing endotoxemia in
      obstructive jaundice has been investigated. A prospective study was performed on
      43 consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing surgery. 24 patients
      were given oral DCQDC before operation and were compared with 19 jaundiced
      control patients and 17 non-jaundiced control patients. The incidence of
      endotoxemia was reduced in perioperative portal (P less than 0.05) and
      postoperative systemic (P less than 0.01) blood samples in the DCQDC treated
      group, and a significant fall of the postoperative 24h creatinine clearance (P
      less than 0.01) and the plasma fibronectin level (P less than 0.01) occurred in
      jaundiced controls compared with the DCQDC treated group. DCQDC may reduce
      endotoxin absorption by a reduction or alteration of gut flora thereby reducing
      the endotoxin pool available for absorption as well as by a direct effect on
      endotoxin. Result of this study indicated that DCQDC had a beneficial effect on
      endotoxemia or outcome in obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 1821336
TI  - [Clinical effect of ligustrazine in patients with benign paroxysmal positional
      vertigo].
AB  - The therapeutic effect of Ligustrazine was studied in patients with benign
      paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). 11 cases were given Ligustrazine 100 mg
      daily (iv. or im.), another 11 cases were given Valium and Diphenidol as the
      control group. The results were as follows: In Ligustrazine group, the average
      curative time was 37 days. In the control group, the average curative time was 72
      days. This result suggests that Ligustrazine is a useful drug in the treatment of
      BPPV. It is believed that the cause of BPPV is due to the occlusion of the
      anterior vestibular artery. Ligustrazine has the effect of improving
      microcirculation of the cochlea.

PMID- 1821339
TI  - [Clinical and experimental study of burns treated locally with Chinese herbs].
AB  - According to the multiple pharmacological functions of Chinese herbs for treating
      burns, the authors selected some traditional herbs to cure the burning wound,
      which had not only the function of improving the local microcirculation of the
      burned surface and their bactericidal action, but also the function of changing
      the bacterial growth milieu action. Coptis chinensis 40%, Herba Taraxaci 40%,
      Fructus Mume 10% and Salvia miltiorrhizae 10% were boiled, infiltrated and
      disinfected. The mixture thus made was called as Burn II, which were applied on
      the burned surface daily, 97.1% of 103 patients were cured. Through the
      experiment of 60 rabbits burned by irons, which were divided into 6 groups (n =
      10 in each group) and each 2 groups infected respectively with Bacillus
      pyocyaneus, Bacillus Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus, took one of each infected
      group as control group. After 14 days, the infected burned surfaces which were
      applied with Burn II daily. The results showed that the effect of Burn II was not
      only significant, but also its usage was not highly restricted by the medical
      condition.

PMID- 1821340
TI  - [Comparative studies on the febrifugal analgesic and anticonvulsive activities of
      water extracts from cultivated and wild Saposhnikovia divaricata].
AB  - In this paper, comparative studies on main pharmacological activities and
      toxilogical activities of water extracts from cultivated Saposhnikovia divaricata
      (SD) and wild SD in Qixia county of Shandong province were performed. The results
      showed that the febrifugal analgesic and anticonvulsived activities of water
      extracts from cultivated SD and wild SD were primary same. Estimative results of
      LD50 showed that order of toxicity were such as firstly direct cultivated SD,
      secondly cuttage SD and finally wild SD. Therefore it was recognized that
      cultivated SD completely can replaced wild one in medical use.

PMID- 1821341
TI  - [Effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae composite injection on hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction in rabbits].
AB  - In the present experiment, the hemodynamic effect of Salvia miltiorrhizae
      composite injection (SMCI) on pulmonary and systemic circulation during hypoxic
      pulmonary arterial hypertension was observed. The results showed that the
      pulmonary arterial pressure increased at first in both group, then decreased
      gradually, but in SMCI group decreased much more than in the control group. The
      pulmonary vascular resistance increased very significantly in the control group,
      but in SMCI group considerably decreased after administration, then keeping at a
      level little more than the normal. Difference between groups was very
      significant. The stroke volume increased slightly at first and then decreased
      persistently in the control group, but increased significantly and kept at a
      higher level in SMCI group. The protective effects of SMCI on hypoxic myocardium
      was studied by observing ST-segment on ECG. It was found that the ST-segment fell
      in both groups, but the degree of fall in SMCI was much less than in the control
      group. It was found that the PaO2 was 35.1 +/- 2.6 in the control group, 38.1 +/-
      2.4 in SMCI group. Difference between groups was significant (P less than 0.05.)
      The above results suggest that SMCI can diminish hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction, improve PaO2 in hypoxic animal and protect hypoxic myocardium.
      Hence, SMCI can be used to prevent and treat hypoxic pulmonary arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 1821342
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of children's spleen-asthenia syndrome after infection].

PMID- 1821343
TI  - [Mechanism of diurnal variation in occurrence of ischemic stroke].

PMID- 1821344
TI  - [A clinical trial of the secondary prevention of reinfarction with low dose
      aspirin].
AB  - Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted between 1986 and 1989
      were divided into aspirin (ASA) group (216 cases) and control group (211 cases).
      In ASA group, 50 mg ASA was given daily to each case from the early stage of AMI
      and continuously after discharge (follow-up in OPD). In control group, no
      antiplatelet agents were administered during the follow-up period. The other
      therapies were comparable in both groups. The patients in both groups were
      scheduled for examination in the OPD every one to two months after discharge.
      Both groups were followed up until July, 1990. The follow-up periods in ASA group
      and control group were 19.4 +/- 12.6 vs 20.7 +/- 13.0 months respectively. There
      were 312 men in this study (175 in ASA group and 137 in control group). In men,
      incidence of reinfarction was reduced by 65% (P less than 0.001) and platelet
      aggregation was inhibited obviously in ASA group as compared to control group.
      However, there were no statistically significant differences of reinfarction and
      platelet aggregation between ASA group and control group in women. Thus, it is
      evident that low dose ASA is effective in preventing reinfarction and inhibiting
      platelet aggregation in men.

PMID- 1821345
TI  - [A comparative study of the two-dimensional echocardiography, ECG and selective
      coronary arteriography in detecting coronary artery disease].
AB  - This study was designed to compare the two-dimensional echocardiography (2 DE),
      electrocardiography (ECG) with selective coronary arteriography in 68 patients
      with chest pain for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. The sensitivity of
      2 DE and ECG was 86.7% and 63.2%, P greater than 0.05. The specificity of 2 DE
      and ECG was 76.7% and 63.3%, P greater than 0.05. In patients with coronary
      artery stenosis greater than 50% of the diameter, the sensitivity was relatively
      93.9% and 69.7%. In patients with stenosis greater than 75% of the lumen, that
      was 100% and 80%. In patients with old myocardial infarction, both of the
      sensitivity was 100%.

PMID- 1821348
TI  - [A study on monitoring blood level of quinidine in converting atrial
      fibrillation].

PMID- 1821347
TI  - [Evaluation of Doppler echocardiography stress test with transesophageal atrial
      pacing in detecting coronary artery disease].
AB  - Doppler echocardiographic transesophageal atrial pacing stress test was performed
      in 23 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 35 normal subjects. It was
      found that 1/3 filling fraction (1/3 FF) decreased and peak flow velocity of
      atrial contraction (APFV), time velocity integral of atrial contraction (ATVI)
      and the ratio of ATVI to total TVI (ATVI/TTVI) increased immediately after rapid
      atrial pacing in CAD group. No differences were found between before and after
      pacing in normal group. Using 2 of the 3 criteria ATVI/TTVI greater than 0.35,
      ATVI increases and 1/3 FF decreases after pacing as the criteria for diagnosis in
      CAD, the sensitivity was 86% and specificity was 77%. Thus, Doppler
      echocardiographic transesophageal atrial pacing stress test may be a feasible,
      reliable and noninvasive method in detecting CAD.

PMID- 1821346
TI  - [An evaluation of the left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary heart
      disease with three noninvasive imaging technics].

PMID- 1821349
TI  - [The clinical significance of repetitive ventricular response induced by
      programmed electrical stimulation].
AB  - To clarify clinical significance of repetitive ventricular response (RVR), 50
      patients with different kinds of heart disease were given ventricular programmed
      electrical stimulation. The results showed that: (1) The incidence of RVR is
      independent of heart disease, and it is as high as 83.87% even in the patients
      without organic heart disease; (2) There is no correlation between RVR and
      spontaneous ventricular tachycardias; (3) There may be some predictive value to
      the induction of monomorphic sustained ventricular tachycardias when RVR greater
      than or equal to 3 QRS complexes.

PMID- 1821350
TI  - [The clinical manifestation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia].
AB  - Five patients, 4 male, 1 female with age ranging from 25 to 65 were included in
      the study. All the cases admitted into the hospital because of episodes of
      ventricular tachycardia (VT). Four associated with history of Adams-Stokes
      attacks. Their common manifestations are as followed: 1. Sustained LBBB VT
      associated with history of syncope and/or Adams-Stokes-Syndrome. 2. Inverted T
      waves in right precordial leads. 3. Positive ventricular late potential. 4.
      Relatively normal heart on physical examination and X-ray film. 5. Enlargement
      and dysfunction of right ventricle, 3 with a diverticulum-like bulging lesion at
      apex of right ventricle, proved by echocardiographic and nuclear
      angiocardiographic study. 6. Repeatedly induced VT during electrophysiological
      study. Our data suggest that arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
      should be suspected in patients with recurrent LBBB VT and relatively normal
      heart, especially, those with positive ventricular late potential. Right
      ventricle should be carefully investigated with echocardiography and nuclear
      angiocardiography to confirm the diagnosis. Four cases in the study were
      refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy and 2 of them were treated successfully
      with transcatheter electrical ablation, 1 with surgical intervention.

PMID- 1821352
TI  - [Diagnosis of aortic dissection with magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - Eight patients with suspected or known aortic dissection were imaged with
      magnetic resonance (MR). All of them were eventually shown to have dissection. In
      most instances the diagnosis was established by aortography and/or computed
      tomography (CT) prior to the MR study. MR demonstrated the intimal flap and
      determined whether the dissection was type I, type II or type III. In addition,
      MR differentiated between the true and false lumens. Our early experience
      suggests that MR can serve as the initial imaging test in clinically suspected
      cases of aortic dissection and that the information provided by MR obviates the
      use of iodinated contrast media.

PMID- 1821351
TI  - [Effects of intravenous flecainide acetate in patients with concealed
      atrioventricular pathway with supraventricular tachycardia].
AB  - The acute efficacy and electrophysiologic effects of intravenous flecainide
      acetate (1.5 mg/kg) on 10 patients with concealed AV pathway with
      supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) by esophageal programmed electrical
      stimulation were evaluated. The results showed that: (1) the drug has marked
      depressing effects on the retrograde accessory pathway conduction and minimal
      effects on the antegrade AV nodal conduction; (2) there were no effects on the
      patients with normal sinus node function; (3) the drug has little side effects
      during the studies; (4) flecainide terminated induced SVT in 9 of 10 cases (90%),
      and prevented induced SVT in 7 of 9 cases (78%).

PMID- 1821353
TI  - [A long-term study on blood lipids after gemfibrozil].

PMID- 1821354
TI  - [A pathological analysis of senile calcified valvular disease].

PMID- 1821356
TI  - [Functional refractory period of the atrium and atrioventricular node in
      rabbits].

PMID- 1821355
TI  - [Hemodynamic study of external counterpulsation with left and right cardiac
      catheters in 15 cases].
AB  - The hemodynamic changes of 15 cases during external counterpulsation with left
      and right cardiac catheters were reported. The results showed that the diastolic
      pressure at the root of the aorta was remarkably increased, the peak value
      (countercurrent pressure) was 8.02 +/- 2.05 kPa higher than the diastolic
      pressure before counterpulsation; the aortic systolic pressure during
      counterpulsation was slightly decreased with a mean value of 0.81 kPa; there was
      no apparent change in the central venous pressure and pulmonary arterial
      pressure; pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was slightly reduced during
      counterpulsation. All the above data are useful in showing the improvement of
      cardiac and brain perfusion volume and clarifying its mechanism.

PMID- 1821357
TI  - [The lipid peroxidation injury in experimental atherosclerotic rabbits].

PMID- 1821358
TI  - [Effect of captopril on urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane B2 in inbred SHR
      rats].
AB  - Urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, TXB2, PRA, ATII, blood pressure, urine volume, urinary
      sodium and potassium were measured by RIA in SHR after administration of
      captopril and indomethacin. The results suggested that captopril would
      significantly decrease ATII, and showed marked effects of hypotension, diuresis
      and caused variation of PG system. Urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 were
      significantly increased in both rat groups, but changes of TXB2/PGI2 ratio were
      different. The studies yet suggested indomethacin could antagonize the
      hypotensive effects of captopril.

PMID- 1821359
TI  - [Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect].

PMID- 1821360
TI  - [Advances in the research on moricizine and its uses in anti-arrhythmia].

PMID- 1821361
TI  - Methodology for assessing health risks from complex mixtures in indoor air. April
      17-19, 1990, Arlington, Virginia.

PMID- 1821362
TI  - Formaldehyde exposure and health status in households.
AB  - This report describes a case study concerned with acute and subacute health
      effects of formaldehyde in the indoor air, which is based on a large group of
      control houses and houses retroinsulated 4 to 5 years earlier with urea
      formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI). Both groups underwent an environmental and
      health assessment on two occasions separated by an interval of 12 months, during
      which about one-half of the UFFI group performed remedial work on their houses.
      The results show that in the first survey of the study population, before
      remedial work, there was a moderate excess of many adverse health status
      indicators among the UFFI subset relative to the controls. This was associated
      with the presence of direct exposure-response relationships between formaldehyde
      levels in the UFFI houses and the prevalence of a number of symptoms. No
      comparable relationships were seen among the controls. At the second survey,
      performed following the removal of the UFFI, there was an appreciable reduction
      in the excess of most adverse health status indicators among the UFFI subjects.
      This improvement in health status among the UFFI removal subset was not
      associated with any significant diminution of formaldehyde exposures, although
      the previously observed exposure-response relationships had vanished. These
      observations imply that the findings obtained in the preremedial stage of the
      study cannot be explained by formaldehyde exposure alone.

PMID- 1821363
TI  - Respiratory effects of wood heat: clinical observations and epidemiologic
      assessment.
AB  - An increasing number of families in the United States are converting to
      woodburning stoves in an effort to reduce winter heating bills. Woodburning
      stoves operate as a contained combuster of wood and produce a variety of
      pollutants as byproducts of combustion. Although technological advances have
      reduced emissions to some degree, even the most efficient woodburning stoves emit
      hazardous pollutants directly into the home when the stove is operating and the
      door is opened to add wood. The question arises as to whether pollutants are
      accumulating in homes where woodburning stoves are used as a source of heat. This
      issue is especially important considering the trend to increase home insulation
      and overall airtightness in an effort to conserve energy and reduce heat loss.
      This paper reviews the clinical case report that first postulated an association
      of recurrent chest illness with woodburning stove exposure and summarizes the
      findings to date on respiratory effects of wood heat for young children.

PMID- 1821365
TI  - Risk characterization framework for noncancer end points.
AB  - The nature of both indoor air exposures and noncancer end points present
      significant issues for risk characterization. Noncancer end points are
      multidimensional, affecting various organs, and are assumed to have thresholds.
      Symptoms also vary in severity within a population. In addition to the complexity
      of noncancer risk assessment, indoor air exposures are typified by the presence
      of complex mixtures, which further complicates the complex nature of noncancer
      risk characterization. Most noncancer risk assessment efforts have focused on
      defining acceptable daily intakes or reference doses (RfD) rather than estimating
      incidence and severity of the wide range of effects within an exposed population.
      The risk characterization framework has been developed to accommodate the RfD
      approach but, more importantly, to address the multidimensional nature of
      noncancer risk characterization. Newly emerging methods and standard EPA risk
      assessment guidelines for noncancer effects and complex mixtures were used as
      guides for developing the framework. Information and data needs have been
      identified from the framework. Peak, average, and cumulative doses from indoor
      air exposures are highly dependent on variable indoor air concentrations and
      affected by time-activity patterns. Susceptibility also plays a significant role
      in noncancer end points and, unlike susceptibility in cancer risk assessment, is
      quantifiable. This paper highlights the risk characterization framework for
      noncancer health risks that we developed in cooperation with the U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
      Additionally, a preliminary application of the framework to a complex mixture of
      volatile organic compounds from indoor sources is illustrated.

PMID- 1821364
TI  - Current assessment practices for noncancer end points.
AB  - The need for assessing noncancer risks for agents to which humans are routinely
      exposed indoors arises from the large amount of time spent indoors (i.e.,
      employed persons spend about 60% of their time at home indoors, 30% at work
      indoors, and 5% in transit). Sources of air pollutants include heating and
      cooling systems, combustion appliances, personal use products, furnishings,
      tobacco products, pesticides, bioeffluents from humans and animals, and other
      microbial contamination such as toxins from molds. The purpose of this paper is
      to describe current dose-response assessment methods applicable to assessing risk
      following exposure to indoor air pollutants. The role of structure-activity
      relationships in hazard identification is also described. Risk assessments from
      exposure to indoor air pollutants require exposure assessments and dose-response
      assessments. Dose-response assessment methodologies include the inhalation
      reference concentration (RfC), structure-activity relationships, dose-response
      models, and the decision analytic approach. The RfC is an estimate (with
      uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the
      human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an
      appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The current RfC method
      provides guidelines for making the necessary dosimetric adjustments for gases and
      aerosols. Human equivalent concentrations for no-observed-adverse-effect levels
      in animals are determined by using mathematical relationships that adjust for
      regional deposition, solubility, ventilation rate, and blood:air partition
      coefficients. The RfC methodology exists as an interim methodology. Future
      scientific advancements are expected to further refine the approach.

PMID- 1821366
TI  - Future directions and research needs.
AB  - In this paper, three perspectives for indoor air issues are considered: a) air
      inside of our homes and offices is a major component of our overall living
      environment and has potentially great impact on public health; b) there are
      important scientific questions raised specifically to indoor air that will
      require skills and expertise to develop and interpret research and data
      collection efforts; and c) from a risk assessor's point of view, the types and
      quality of scientific information is critical to the process of health risk
      assessment to risk managers to make the best decisions regarding environmental
      risks from indoor air. The primary focus of this presentation is to highlight
      suggested future directions and needs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      that formed the core of a report to Congress on assessment and control of indoor
      air pollution. The five major areas that constitute the current EPA indoor air
      research strategy are monitoring/building studies; health effects; source
      characterization/mitigation; health impact/risk assessment; and program
      management/technology transfer. Additionally, major trends and research needs are
      discussed, including greater emphasis on noncancer effects and multiple
      pollutants at low levels and the need for more sensitive measures for detecting
      adverse health effects to more effectively characterize chemically sensitive
      individuals and population subgroups.

PMID- 1821367
TI  - Approaches for assessing health risks from complex mixtures in indoor air: a
      panel overview.
AB  - Critical to a more definitive human health assessment of the potential health
      risks from exposure to complex mixtures in indoor air is the need for a more
      definitive clinical measure and etiology of the health effects of complex
      mixtures. This panel overview highlights six of the eight presentations of the
      conference panel discussion and features a number of the major topical areas of
      indoor air concern. W. G. Meggs assessed clinical research priorities with
      primary focus on the role of volatile organic chemicals in human health,
      recognizing the areas where definitive data are lacking. By recognizing many
      types of chemical sensitivity, it may be possible to design studies that can
      illuminate the mechanisms by which chemical exposure may cause disease. The
      critically important topic of multiple chemical sensitivity was discussed by N.
      A. Ashford, who identified four high risk groups and defined the demographics of
      these groups. P. A. Schulte addressed the issue of biological markers of
      susceptibility with specific considerations of both methodological and societal
      aspects that may be operative in the ability to detect innate or inborne
      differences between individuals and populations. Three case studies were
      reviewed. H. Anderson discussed the past and present priorities from a public
      health perspective, focusing on those issues dealing with exposures to
      environmental tobacco smoke and formaldehyde off-gassing from materials used in
      mobile home construction. J. J. Osborne described several case studies involving
      wood smoke exposure to children, with emphasis on the significantly greater
      occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms and acute chest illness for children
      from homes heated with woodburning stoves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821369
TI  - An engineering approach to controlling indoor air quality.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that indicates air quality problems in residential and
      commercial buildings are nearly always associated with inadequacies in building
      design and methods of operation. Thus, the very systems depended on to control
      the indoor environment can become indirect sources of contamination if diligence
      is not exercised at each stage of a building's life: a) planning and design, b)
      construction and commissioning, c) operation, and d) demolition or renovation. In
      this paper, an engineering perspective is presented in which the existing
      building stock is characterized in terms of its environmental performance.
      Preliminary data indicate that 20 to 30% of the existing buildings have
      sufficient problems to manifest as sick-building syndrome or building-related
      illness, while another 10 to 20% may have undetected problems. Thus, only about
      50 to 70% of the existing buildings qualify as healthy buildings. Two methods and
      three mechanisms of control are described to achieve "acceptable" indoor air
      quality: source control and exposure control. If sources cannot be removed, some
      level of occupant exposure will result. To control exposures with acceptable
      values, the primary sensory receptors of the occupants (i.e., thermal, ocular,
      auditory, and olfactory) cannot be excessively stimulated. The three exposure
      control mechanisms are conduction, radiation, and convection. To achieve
      acceptable occupant responses, it is often practical to integrate the mechanisms
      of radiation and convection in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems
      that are designed to provide acceptable thermal, acoustic, and air quality
      conditions within occupied spaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821368
TI  - Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: the epidemiologic
      evidence.
AB  - This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence that low frequency electromagnetic
      fields generated by alternating current may be a cause of cancer. Studies
      examining residential exposures of children and adults and studies of electrical
      and electronics workers are reviewed. Using conventional epidemiologic criteria
      for inferring causal associations, including strength and consistency of the
      relationship, biological plausibility, and the possibility of bias as an
      explanation, it is concluded that the evidence is strongly suggestive that such
      radiation is carcinogenic. The evidence is strongest for brain and central
      nervous system cancers in electrical workers and children. Weaker evidence
      supports an association with leukemia in electrical workers. Some evidence also
      exists for an association with melanoma in electrical workers. Failure to find
      consistent evidence of a link between residential exposures and adult cancers may
      be attributable to exposure misclassification. Studies so far have used imperfect
      surrogates for any true biologically effective magnetic field exposure. The
      resulting exposure misclassification has produced relative risk estimates that
      understate any true risk.

PMID- 1821371
TI  - Is there a connection between carbon monoxide exposure and hypertension?
AB  - Exposure to carbon monoxide in our society is a frequent occurrence, from auto
      exhaust, industrial effluents, and cigarette smoke, and takes place over a wide
      range of concentrations. It has been suggested that chronic CO inhalation may
      alter blood pressure, even possibly provoking hypertension by acting alone or in
      combination with other environmental stressors. Some studies examining the
      response to CO exposure have reported decreases in blood pressure, whereas others
      have found increases or no change. Blood pressure in long-term cigarette smokers
      is generally decreased relative to nonsmokers, albeit a slight decrease. The
      strength of this finding is somewhat clouded by the effect of the lower body
      weight in smokers. The increases in blood pressure observed acutely with smoking
      are mainly due to nicotine. Chronically, the hypertensive action of nicotine is
      largely offset by the hypotensive action of CO. Several studies support the
      notion that environmental CO exposure or smoking accelerates or exacerbates
      hypertension in some people. It has been asserted that chronic CO exposure
      increases the development of atherosclerotic disease; however, convincing
      evidence from animal experiments is lacking. Nevertheless, CO may elevate plasma
      cholesterol and does appear to enhance atherosclerosis when serum cholesterol is
      greatly elevated by diet. Using the borderline hypertensive rat, an animal model
      reputed to have increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli, we found no
      evidence to suggest a provocatory role for CO in the development of hypertension;
      instead, CO exposure produced hypotension. On the whole, the human and animal
      literature, as well as our studies, fail to support the hypothesis that long-term
      CO exposure is capable of provoking an increase in blood pressure, even in
      borderline hypertensive or sensitive individuals.

PMID- 1821372
TI  - Are genotoxic carcinogens more potent than nongenotoxic carcinogens?
AB  - In this report we have raised the question whether genotoxic carcinogens are more
      potent than nongenotoxic carcinogens when studied in long-term carcinogenicity
      assays in rodents. To build a large database of compounds for which both
      carcinogenicity and genotoxicity had been investigated, we have used a database
      produced by Gold and co-workers for carcinogenic potency data (975 chemicals) and
      a database produced by Wurgler for genotoxicity data (2834 chemicals).
      Considering compounds positive or negative in at least three short-term tests and
      in at least 75% of available tests, we could define 67 genotoxic carcinogens and
      46 nongenotoxic carcinogens. Carcinogenic potency of genotoxic carcinogens was
      about 50 times higher than carcinogenic potency of nongenotoxic carcinogens. Our
      results are different from the results of Tennant et al.; their database (24
      genotoxic carcinogens and 12 nongenotoxic carcinogens compatible with our
      definition) seems to suggest that there is practically no difference in potency
      between genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. The two databases have only four
      compounds in common and are also different in terms of number of elements for
      different chemical classes. Nitrosocompounds, nitrogen mustards, hydrazine
      derivatives, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are not represented in the
      database of Tennant. The overall impression from our analysis is that the
      usefulness of short-term tests of genotoxicity could be significantly better than
      what has been suggested by the previous work of Tennant et al. because these
      tests tend to detect, at least for many important chemical classes, the most
      potent carcinogens. This consideration may not be valid for certain classes of
      chemicals.

PMID- 1821374
TI  - Indoor exposures to fine aerosols and acid gases.
AB  - Indoor exposures to aerosols and gases are associated with both indoor and
      outdoor air pollution sources. The identification of sources and the assessment
      of their relative contribution can be a complicated process due to a) the
      presence of numerous indoor sources, which can vary from building to building; b)
      the uncertainties associated with the estimation of the impact of outdoor sources
      on indoor air quality; c) the interactions between pollutants; and d) the
      importance of reactions between pollutants and indoor surfaces. It is well
      established that fine particles (diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns)
      originating from outdoor sources such as automobiles, oil and coal combustion,
      incineration, and diverse industrial activities can penetrate into the indoor
      environment. Indoor/outdoor ratios, usually varying between 0.4 and 0.8, depend
      on parameters such as particle size and density, air exchange rate, and the
      surface-to-volume ratio of the indoor environment. Determining fine particle
      elemental composition makes it possible to identify the contribution of different
      outdoor sources. This paper focuses on the origin and the concentration of indoor
      aerosols and acid gases by highlighting the results from two indoor air quality
      studies.

PMID- 1821373
TI  - Arsenite as the probable active species in the human carcinogenicity of arsenic:
      mouse micronucleus assays on Na and K arsenite, orpiment, and Fowler's solution.
AB  - Sodium arsenite, potassium arsenite, and Fowler's solution (arsenic trioxide
      dissolved in potassium bicarbonate) are equally active in the mouse bone marrow
      micronucleus assay (approximately 10 mg/kg by IP injection). The natural ore
      orpiment (principally As2S3) was inactive despite blood levels of arsenic of 300
      to 900 ng/mL in treated mice at 24 hr. Sodium arsenite was active in three
      strains of mice. It is suggested that the human lung cancer observed among
      arsenic ore smelters and the skin cancer among people exposed therapeutically to
      Fowler's solution, have, as their common origin, the genotoxic arsenite ion AsO2
      . The difficulty experienced when attempting to demonstrate rodent
      carcinogenicity for derivatives of arsenic suggests that the bone marrow
      micronucleus assay may act as a useful assay for potentially carcinogenic arsenic
      derivatives.

PMID- 1821375
TI  - Populations at risk: addressing health effects due to complex mixtures with a
      focus on respiratory effects.
AB  - Some individuals in the population may be sensitive or susceptible be to the
      effects of air pollutants. Such sensitivity may be to specific pollutants or
      classes of pollutants. However, sensitivity or susceptibility in some individuals
      can be to all irritants, but the sensitivity is likely to be response specific or
      organ specific. The U.S. Clean Air Act specifically recognizes that some
      individuals in the population are sensitive to air pollutants and indicates that
      such individuals need to be protected by air quality standards. It is usually
      difficult to determine the cause of sensitivity, though various biological
      mechanisms have been studied. Biological age may be a factor, with the young
      being most sensitive and susceptible to being affected. An example is the
      heightened bronchial lability and responsiveness in the very young that appears
      to disappear with growth. Susceptibility may be innate (e.g., genetic) and/or
      induced by events/exposures. Frequently, those with preexisting illnesses are
      part of the sensitive population because they may often respond, sometimes
      hyperrespond, to a pollutant exposure that may not affect most people. Asthmatics
      are excellent examples of individuals who were susceptible to the disease and,
      once inflicted, are susceptible to the effects of many environmental and
      nonenvironmental agents. Usually only a fraction of the general population will
      respond with heightened reactions at lower doses. Such individuals require
      special evaluation and attention in all exposure-response studies and risk
      assessments. Thus, the conditions defining populations at risk and the
      methodologies to discover and study them can be reviewed.

PMID- 1821377
TI  - Allergic reactions to indoor air pollutants.
AB  - Inhalation of airborne chemicals can result in allergic sensitization with
      episodic pulmonary responses occurring on subsequent exposures. Responses may
      occur in the upper respiratory tract (rhinitis), the lower respiratory tract
      (wheeze, bronchospasm) or systemically, for example, a febrile response. The
      mechanisms underlying these responses are not always clear but include production
      of reaginic antibody, activation of T-lymphocyte subsets, and release of
      spasmogenic and inflammatory mediators from pulmonary cell populations. A variety
      of agents have been associated with elicitation of these reactions including
      chemical vapors, dusts and particulates, and microbial organisms. As a result of
      the widespread occurrence of allergy in indoor environments, conditions conducive
      to development of allergy have received close attention. Agent-related factors
      include the nature of the chemical, its concentration, and the frequency and
      length of exposure to the agent. Host-related factors include the sex, age, and
      race of the host, as well as the general physical well being. The interactive
      nature of the host's immune system with the environment is the ultimate
      determinant of allergic disease.

PMID- 1821376
TI  - The upper respiratory tract: mucous membrane irritation.
AB  - Despite the widespread recognition that mucosal irritation is a cardinal feature
      of "sick-building syndrome," few data exist on the cause, natural history, or
      pathophysiology of upper respiratory mucous membrane irritation. The baseline
      prevalence of nasal symptoms among building occupants is often 20%, but in some
      studies it is as high as 50 to 60%. New techniques of nasal challenge and
      analysis of cells and mediators in nasal lavage fluid have proved useful in the
      assessment of rhinitis caused by antigens, cold air, and viruses, and these
      techniques are now being applied to the study the response to irritants. Human
      inhalation challenge studies have recently demonstrated a spectrum of sensitivity
      to environmental tobacco smoke, but the basis for this difference requires
      additional investigation. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that the
      chemosensitive neurons and airway epithelium may be critical targets for
      irritants that participate in the induction of inflammation. New research methods
      are needed, particularly to evaluate complaints of nasal congestion, drying, and
      irritation. Techniques should be developed that may be useful for field studies,
      where the health effects of a complex mixture are being assessed in a specific
      indoor environment. There exists a group of individuals who report a variety of
      symptoms on exposure to low levels of common volatile organic mixtures such as
      perfume, cigarette smoke, and cleaning agents. Some of these individuals report
      having occupied "sick buildings" during the time their symptoms began. Research
      is needed to understand the basis of their complaints, their etiology, and
      treatment.

PMID- 1821378
TI  - Health effects of indoor odorants.
AB  - People assess the quality of the air indoors primarily on the basis of its odors
      and on their perception of associated health risk. The major current contributors
      to indoor odorants are human occupant odors (body odor), environmental tobacco
      smoke, volatile building materials, bio-odorants (particularly mold and animal
      derived materials), air fresheners, deodorants, and perfumes. These are most
      often present as complex mixtures, making measurement of the total odorant
      problem difficult. There is no current method of measuring human body odor, other
      than by human panel studies of expert judges of air quality. Human body odors
      have been quantitated in terms of the "olf" which is the amount of air pollution
      produced by the average person. Another quantitative unit of odorants is the
      "decipol," which is the perceived level of pollution produced by the average
      human ventilated by 10 L/sec of unpolluted air or its equivalent level of
      dissatisfaction from nonhuman air pollutants. The standard regulatory approach,
      focusing on individual constituents or chemicals, is not likely to be successful
      in adequately controlling odorants in indoor air. Besides the current approach of
      setting minimum ventilation standards to prevent health effects due to indoor air
      pollution, a standard based on the olf or decipol unit might be more efficacious
      as well as simpler to measure.

PMID- 1821379
TI  - As if exposure to toxins were not enough: the social and cultural system as a
      secondary stressor.
AB  - A growing body of evidence indicates that toxic contamination, both indoor and
      outdoor, negatively affects sociocultural systems and that this in turn affects
      the social and psychological responses to the contamination. Using secondary case
      studies and primary survey, interview and observation data from three toxic
      contamination situations, this paper conceptualizes and summarizes the findings
      to date. We argue that using a sociocultural perspective helps us to understand
      much of the seemingly inexplicable behavior that accompanies cases of toxic
      contamination. Using examples from primary and secondary case studies, four areas
      in which the sociocultural system affected by toxic contamination can influence
      the outcome of the response are described: a) engineering options may be
      frustrated by sociocultural systems; b) communications may be frustrated by
      sociocultural systems; c) cultural images and social structural patterns of space
      usage can affect response; and d) sociocultural systems can affect medical
      outcomes. Given the nature of sociocultural systems and human behavior, measuring
      the relationship between contamination, social response, and individual behavior
      is difficult. An example of one approach using the concept of alienation is
      discussed, wherein linkages have been found between toxic contamination,
      alienation, and psychological coping difficulties. Implications for professionals
      responding to toxic contamination cases are also discussed. We conclude that a
      sociocultural perspective provides a necessary complement to medical and
      engineering perspectives if we are to fully understand human reactions to toxic
      contamination and move toward alleviating human health problems associated with
      these risks.

PMID- 1821380
TI  - Severity of health effects associated with building-related illness.
AB  - Building-related illness ranges from mild rhinitis to potentially life
      threatening hypersensitivity pneumonitis and legionellosis. Sick-building
      syndrome, consisting of headache, mucous membrane irritation, and fatigue, may be
      present in 30% of all office workers. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, asthma, and
      legionellosis are less common, and it is difficult from existing studies to
      estimate the incidence of these more severe illnesses. There are even fewer data
      on an illness now being called multiple chemical sensitivity and its relationship
      to indoor environments. New studies are needed to estimate the frequency of all
      building-associated illnesses, and case definitions for these disorders must be
      delineated.

PMID- 1821381
TI  - Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals.
AB  - Environmental Protection Agency TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Measurement)
      Studies have measured exposures of about 800 persons to 25 volatile organic
      compounds (VOCs) and exposures of about 300 persons to 32 pesticides. These
      persons were selected to represent more than 1 million residents of industrial
      manufacturing cities such as Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Los Angeles,
      California; cities with light industry, such as Greensboro, North Carolina, and
      Baltimore, Maryland; rural areas such as Devils Lake, North Dakota; and cities
      with high pesticide use such as Jacksonville, Florida, as well as low-to-moderate
      pesticide use such as Springfield, Massachusetts. The TEAM data provide an
      opportunity to estimate the risks from airborne exposure to a number of suspected
      carcinogens for a substantial number of persons residing in a wide variety of
      urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because all of the TEAM Studies measured
      outdoor concentrations near the homes of the participants, it is possible to
      apportion the risks between outdoor and indoor sources. Upper-bound lifetime
      risks of cancer are calculated for both indoor and outdoor sources of 12 VOCs and
      about 23 pesticides measured in the TEAM Studies. These risk calculations are
      supplemented by calculations based on other studies for some additional
      pollutants, including radon and environmental tobacco smoke. The relationship of
      these upper-bound risk estimates to "best-guess" values is discussed. Sharper
      estimates of risk based on identifying population subgroups exposed to major
      sources are also discussed. Important gaps in our knowledge of exposure
      measurements are identified, e.g., particulates (including polyaromatic
      hydrocarbons); 1,3-butadiene, asbestos, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, vinyl
      chloride, methylene chloride, and most polar organics.

PMID- 1821382
TI  - Epidemiologic approaches for assessing health risks from complex mixtures in
      indoor air.
AB  - Indoor air may be contaminated by diverse gaseous and particulate pollutants that
      may adversely affect health. As a basis for controlling adverse health effects of
      indoor air pollution, the presence of a hazard needs to be confirmed, and the
      quantitative relationship between exposure and response needs to be described.
      Toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological studies represent complementary
      approaches for obtaining the requisite evidence. The assessment of the effects of
      complex mixtures poses a difficult challenge for epidemiologists. Understanding
      the effects of exposure may require accurate assessment of concentrations and
      personal exposures to multiple agents and analytical approaches that can identify
      independent effects of single agents and the synergistic or antagonistic effects
      that may occur in mixtures. The array of epidemiological study designs for this
      task includes descriptive studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies, each
      having potential advantages and disadvantages for studying complex mixtures. This
      presentation considers issues related to exposure assessment and study design for
      addressing the effects of complex mixtures in indoor air.

PMID- 1821384
TI  - Complex mixtures in industrial workspaces: lessons for indoor air quality
      evaluations.
AB  - Acceptable occupational exposure levels for hundreds of airborne concentrations
      of dusts, vapors, fumes, and gases have been set by consensus organizations and
      regulatory bodies for decades. These levels have established tremendous precedent
      and are tempting reference values in the relatively new field of indoor air
      quality evaluations where validated criteria are greatly needed. The American
      Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has been the most visible
      and productive group setting these guidelines for industrial exposure. The ACGIH
      Chemical Substances Committee has published an annual list of threshold limit
      values (TLVs) for more than 40 years. Currently the list covers more than 400
      substances. In 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
      published updated permissible exposure limits (PELs) for approximately 600
      substances. Most PELs before this update were adopted from the 1968 ACGIH list of
      TLVs and consensus standards of the American Standards Association. This OSHA
      update has resulted in reductions of 212 PELs and the addition of 164 new levels.
      The magnitude of the problem of protecting workers can be seen by the small
      fraction that the OSHA PELs represent of the more than 60,000 entries in the
      National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects
      of Chemical Substances. None of these levels, whether guidelines or regulatory
      requirements, are established based on any possible synergistic effect with other
      chemicals. The only guidance given by the ACGIH for synergistic effects is that
      such cases must be determined individually. Clearly, there are major drawbacks in
      using occupational standards and guidelines for evaluating the health effects of
      chemical agents that can be found in office settings, often in concentrations
      orders of magnitude less than what is routinely measured in the workplace. These
      guidelines are even less valuable when the concern is the complex mixing of
      chemicals in nonoccupational environments.

PMID- 1821370
TI  - Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical
      properties, kinetics, and the active species.
AB  - The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed
      to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between
      physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between
      epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given
      to arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. Other metals such as
      antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc are discussed
      briefly.

PMID- 1821383
TI  - Methods to assess respiratory effects of complex mixtures.
AB  - This paper evaluates the influence of exposures on acute and chronic airway
      obstruction. Clinical, physiological, and immunological aspects are important in
      evaluating the effects of the pollutant exposures. Aspects of the exposure
      response relationships important enough to record are those factors interactive
      with the pollutants (e.g., smoking and other personal/behavioral factors) and
      precursor conditions. To determine baseline status and study chronic effects, one
      uses standardized and modified health questionnaires and standardized pulmonary
      function. Confirmatory studies of responsive airways, potentially assessed first
      by diurnal peak flow, can be done using post-bronchodilator maximum expiratory
      flow volume curves and methacholine challenges. Immunoglobulin determinations for
      immunological status (a predisposing/susceptibility factor), allergy skin tests
      (for immediate hypersensitivity status), and blood counts (mostly for
      eosinophils) are also important. Other tests that could be performed include
      expired carbon monoxide and/or carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin (for smoking
      and combustion exposures). Measures of acute effects are symptomatic responses
      (by questionnaires and diaries), responses of the airways (as measured by
      spirometry and peak flows), and changes in medication usage or associated medical
      care (in diaries). Methodologies should also include discussions of protocols and
      analysis.

PMID- 1821387
TI  - Sick-building syndrome.
AB  - The sick-building syndrome (SBS) is defined as the occurrence of an excessive
      number of subjective complaints by the occupants of a building. These complaints
      include headache, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, lethargy, inability
      to concentrate, objectionable odors, and less frequently, nausea, dizziness,
      chest tightness, etc. These complaints will always be reported by a fraction of
      the occupants of any building if a questionnaire is administered that asks the
      respondent to recall any subjective symptoms they remember having had in the last
      2 weeks or or over some period of time. It is often considered that SBS symptom
      reports have a minimum prevalence of about 15 to 20% for a 2-week recall period.
      SBS symptoms reported by 30% or more of occupants are indicative of conditions in
      the building environment that warrant attention. It is not often that a clear,
      single cause is responsible for the excess symptom reports. The following
      factors, often in combinations, are seen to contribute to SBS: outdoor air supply
      that is inadequate, ventilation distribution or effectiveness that is inadequate,
      the presence of temporary or long-term sources of contaminants such as tobacco
      smoke, adhesives, composite materials such as chipboard, and the growth of
      microorganisms in the HVAC equipment or in carpets or other furnishings.
      Depending on which causes contribute, the condition may be intermittent or even
      temporary. Psychosocial factors such as labor-management relations and
      satisfaction or dissatisfaction with other factors in the work environment can
      have a profound influence on the level of response of the occupants to their
      environment. Although hard data are difficult to collect, it is likely that
      productivity in the office environment is sensitive to conditions causing SBS.

PMID- 1821386
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment for detecting adverse effects of volatile organic
      compounds on the central nervous system.
AB  - Because there are no direct biological markers for the substances implicated in
      indoor air exposure, it is impossible to directly measure if an individual or
      group of individuals has been exposed to a potentially neurotoxic substance in
      the workplace. Behavioral changes may be the earliest and only manifestation of
      central nervous system (CNS) effects and are often too subtle to be revealed by
      routine physical or neurological examination. Neuropsychological techniques are
      sensitive to subtle behavioral/cognitive changes that can result from exposure to
      neurotoxins. These techniques consist of oral and written tests that are
      administered by a trained examiner on a one-to-one basis. In general, a wide
      variety of cognitive domains are evaluated. The typical battery generally
      includes assessing orientation, attention, intelligence, language, visual memory,
      verbal memory, perception, visuoconstruction, simple motor speed, psychomotor
      speed, and mood. As with most assessment techniques, the neuropsychological
      methods have limitations. One major drawback is the availability of appropriate
      norms that are used to compare the results of a specific individual. Because
      these tasks are greatly affected by age, intelligence, and in some instances sex,
      the availability of appropriate norms is mandatory to determine if the CNS has
      been effected. Although neuropsychological tests are sensitive to the presence of
      CNS involvement, they are not specific. Patterns of performance seen with
      specific instances of neurotoxic exposure may also be seen with a number of other
      diseases of the CNS such as dementia, cerebrovascular disease, hydrocephalus, or
      normal aging. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and/or
      depression are often manifested as cognitive difficulties that will mimic the
      cognitive dysfunction seen with toxicity of the CNS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1821385
TI  - Use of laboratory tests for immune biomarkers in environmental health studies
      concerned with exposure to indoor air pollutants.
AB  - The immune system is likely to be involved in some of the health effects caused
      by certain indoor air exposures, and immune biomarkers can help determine which
      exposures and health effects have important immune components. However, the lack
      of standardized laboratory tests for most human immune markers and the many
      confounding variables that can influence them makes interpretation of results for
      exposure and disease end points uncertain. This paper presents an overview of the
      immune system and the considerations involved in using tests for immune markers
      in clinical epidemiology studies, particularly those concerned with indoor air
      exposures. Careful study design, well-characterized laboratory methods, and
      rigorous documentation of exposure status are required to determine the
      predictive value of such tests. Clinical tests currently available for some
      immune markers could help identify and characterize both irritative and
      hypersensitivity reactions to indoor air pollutants. Newer tests developed in
      research settings might provide more incisive indicators of immune status that
      could help identify exposure, susceptibility, or preclinical disease states, but
      their methodologies must be refined and tested in multicenter studies before they
      can be used reliably in public health applications.

PMID- 1821388
TI  - Rotational path removable partial dentures: a case report.

PMID- 1821389
TI  - Drug therapy for the elderly: what are our concerns in dentistry?

PMID- 1821391
TI  - [Standard indices of the immunity system in the population of different ages in
      the city of Omsk].

PMID- 1821390
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia: its importance with respect to dentistry.

PMID- 1821392
TI  - [Exploratory activity and human night sleep].

PMID- 1821393
TI  - [An assessment of the body's functional reserves based on an analysis of the
      heart rhythm according to the results of a graded physical load test].

PMID- 1821394
TI  - [The mechanism of the occurrence of acute oxygen starvation during diving].

PMID- 1821395
TI  - [The interrelation of height and weight with human energy expenditures at rest].

PMID- 1821396
TI  - [The dynamics of the competitive interaction of verbal and manual activities
      during adaptation and readaptation following a transmeridional flight].

PMID- 1821397
TI  - [The lability of the visual analyzer as an index of the human functional state].

PMID- 1821398
TI  - The criterion of chance in the quantization of the level of measurements.

PMID- 1821400
TI  - [The reaction characteristics of the cardiorespiratory system during sensorimotor
      activity in relation to the level of functional lability of nervous processes].

PMID- 1821399
TI  - [The lateralization characteristics in the perception by stutterers of the
      structural elements of speech].

PMID- 1821401
TI  - [The interrelation of the functional indices of the left atrium and ventricle in
      myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 1821402
TI  - [The assessment of the effect of an isometric load by the heart rhythm indices].

PMID- 1821403
TI  - [The physical loading and night sleep of healthy subjects].

PMID- 1821404
TI  - [Changes in the systemic hemodynamics and its temporal organization in divers at
      a moderate altitude].

PMID- 1821405
TI  - [An evaluation of body nonspecific resistance by the individual reaction to a
      hypoxic test exposure].

PMID- 1821406
TI  - [The characteristics of body temperature regulation under muscle load during body
      adaptation to cold and physical training].

PMID- 1821408
TI  - [The problems of setting a physiological standard of work and of the functional
      management of activities].

PMID- 1821409
TI  - [The effect of an improvement in the conceptual model of activity on the rate of
      searching for and the extraction of an optimal program of homeostatic
      regulation].

PMID- 1821407
TI  - [The effect of the metabolic preparation rikavit on the process of human
      adaptation to an alpine locale].

PMID- 1821410
TI  - [The principles of the operation of human body systems and their use in practical
      medicine. II].

PMID- 1821411
TI  - Matrix metalloproteases are involved in granuloma-induced cartilage degradation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to test the role of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) in
      the in-vivo degradation of an implanted cartilage, using the modified mouse air
      pouch model. Rat femoral-head cartilages were wrapped in cotton and implanted in
      6-day-old mouse air-pouches. The mice were killed and the pouches opened 4, 7, 14
      and 21 days after implantation. At each time the cartilages were removed and
      their contents of sulfated proteoglycan and collagen were determined. The
      collagenolytic activity of the pouch granulation tissue was measured, using a
      synthetic substrate. The implanted cartilage was found to be degraded, as
      previously described by Bottomley et al. (1988). The disappearance of
      proteoglycan and collagen began at days 4 and 7 respectively and increased
      progressively until day 21. An EDTA-inhibited collagenolytic activity was
      detected in the granulation tissue, and this increased from day 4 to day 21.
      These results demonstrate a progressive increase in the collagenolytic activity
      of the mouse air-pouch granulation tissue with a parallel loss of the matrix
      macromolecules content of the implanted cartilage. The characterization of the
      metalloproteases involved is in progress.

PMID- 1821412
TI  - Some properties of the alkaline proteinase from Aspergillus melleus.
AB  - Seaprose is a semi-alkaline proteinase produced by Aspergillus melleus. The aim
      of our study was to further characterize the properties of this enzyme,
      particularly looking at its interaction with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, the
      major human plasma proteinase inhibitor. We studied the cleavage of three
      synthetic peptide substrates induced by seaprose and the inhibitory profile of
      the enzyme by means of a panel of inhibitors, including alpha 1-proteinase
      inhibitor. The interaction between seaprose and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was
      also studied with SDS-PAGE. Finally, the elastolytic activity of seaprose was
      checked by means of bovine elastin solubilization. We found that seaprose cleaves
      preferentially the substrate containing a Phe residue in the P1 position. The
      inhibitory profile showed that seaprose is a serine-proteinase that cannot be
      inhibited by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. The SDS-PAGE revealed that alpha 1
      proteinase inhibitor, after incubation with seaprose, underwent a limited
      proteolysis. Finally, seaprose 10(-2) M and 10(-3) M was able to solubilize
      bovine elastin. We conclude that seaprose is a serine-proteinase able to
      inactivate human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor with limited proteolysis at (or
      near) the active site and that it has mild elastinolytic capacity.

PMID- 1821413
TI  - Nycthemeral variations on LPS- and BCG-induced PMN migration in normal mice.
AB  - This study was performed to determine whether temporal variations could exist in
      polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration induced by LPS or BCG in mice. LPS-
      and BCG-impregnated cell traps were implanted at 6 different times of the day and
      removed after 480 min. The PMN number per square unit (mm2) was counted and the
      results were expressed as means +/- S.E. in 8-10 mice. The results showed that
      nycthemeral variations occurred in both LPS- and BCG-induced PMN migration.
      Between 5.00 and 9.00 h a maximum value of 4210 +/- 270 and 1920 +/- 486 PMN/mm2
      were obtained with BCG and LPS respectively; at 17.00 h a minimum value of 1300
      +/- 270 with BCG and 396 +/- 127 PMN/mm2 with LPS were observed. There was no
      significant nycthemeral variation in saline-induced PMN migration.

PMID- 1821414
TI  - Effects of small-intestinal factors on hepatocyte development and modification of
      chemical agent-induced hepatopathy in rat.
AB  - We have clearly shown by primary culture of hepatocytes that a promoting factor
      for proliferation of parenchymal hepatocytes appeared in the portal blood of rats
      which received 70% partial hepatectomy, and that such a liver-regenerating factor
      exists not only in murine small-intestinal mucosa, but also in bovine intestinal
      mucosa at all times. We also observed that in hepatopathy induced in rats by
      chemical agents such as CCl4 and D-galactosamine, intraperitoneal injection of
      the bovine small-intestine mucosal extract containing this factor suppressed the
      increases of GOT, GPT and other enzyme activities in the rats' serum and modified
      the hepatopathy. These results indicate that the in-vitro effects of these
      factors on hepatocyte cultures reflect those found in vivo on hepatopathy.

PMID- 1821415
TI  - Prostacyclin release from endothelial cells, induced by defibrotide treatment,
      favours the function of grafted rat hearts and kidneys.
AB  - Defibrotide, a single-stranded DNA fraction obtained from mammalian lungs and
      able to increase prostacyclin production by endothelial cells, has been shown to
      be efficient in protecting rat organs (heart, kidney and liver) from ischaemic
      damage. We studied the efficacy of the drug in preserving the function of rat
      heart and kidney submitted to isotransplantation. Defibrotide was administered to
      donor Wistar rats at the dose of 32 mg/kg in 1.5 ml of saline. Heart and kidney
      were isolated and cold-preserved in buffered phosphate medium and continuously
      infused with defibrotide (32 mg/h) through the innominate or renal artery.
      Recipient Wistar rats were treated with defibrotide before and after
      transplantation at the dose of 32 mg/kg/day. Controls were treated with the
      vehicle of the drug. The function of isografted organs was evaluated at 12 and 24
      h and at 2, 4 and 7 days from grafting. Heart function was evaluated by studying
      creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of
      myocardial tissue. Renal function was evaluated by studying serum creatinine and
      urea levels of kidney-grafted rats. CPK and LDH activities were found to be
      significantly higher in defibrotide-treated rats than in controls. Creatinine and
      urea levels remained significantly lower in defibrotide-treated rats than in the
      controls. The results of the present work indicate that defibrotide treatment is
      useful to maintain the functionality of grafted hearts and kidneys.

PMID- 1821416
TI  - [The brain of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) in stereotactic coordinates].
AB  - On the basis of Nissl-preparations the brain of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) has
      been mapped cytoarchitectonically. 17 frontal sections through the brain are
      illustrated with coordinates. Therewith exists a stereotaxic atlas of the raccoon
      brain and one can realize exactly experimental investigations in the different
      brain structures.

PMID- 1821417
TI  - Studies on the hypothalamus and secretory nuclei of rat in the remote period
      following clinical death.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies of hypothalamic secretory nuclei were carried out on rats
      which survived 16 weeks after 5- or 10-min-long clinical death. Active
      neurosecretory cells were noted without any signs of injury. In perikaryonic area
      numerous polymorphic lysosomes and "nucleolus-like bodies" were observed.
      Attention was called to significant changes in the structure of cytoskeleton and
      observations were discussed in relation to biochemical data. In both groups of
      the studied animals neurosecretory cells with features of apoptosis were found.
      Apoptotic cells appeared more often in animals which survived 10-min-long
      clinical death. Characteristic morphological features of the process of apoptosis
      are shown in illustrations.

PMID- 1821418
TI  - Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus
      reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of
      their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro"
      study.
AB  - Using three different retrograde tracing techniques, we analysed the broad
      distribution of ipsi-, contra- and bilateral NRTP neurons projecting to the
      cerebellum in the adult rat. The placement of the tracers into the cerebellar
      peduncles allowed us to determine the overall pattern of the NRTP-cerebellar
      projection. At the same time, the HRP "in vitro" technique permitted the study of
      the axonal profiles of the NRTP neurons within the pons until reaching the
      brachium pontis. Our observations confirm: i) A symmetrical organization of the
      NRTP-cerebellar projection, the number and location of ipsi- and contralateral
      NRTP neurons being very similar in all cases; ii) The only exception is
      represented by the rostralmost portions of the NRTP, in which the neurons show a
      cluster-complementary pattern; iii) The axons of the NRTP neurons cross the
      pontine midline at the dorsalmost aspect of the BPN, occupying a medial location
      within the brachium pontis.

PMID- 1821419
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies on human pituitary gland and adenomas.
AB  - To study coexpression patterns in normal and adenomatous pituitaries, frozen (n =
      4) and paraffin-embedded (n = 10), normal human glands and 34 pituitary adenomas
      were investigated, using immunoperoxidase and double-labeling immunofluorescence
      methods. Broad range monoclonal antibodies (mAB) against cytokeratins (CK) (lu-5,
      A45-B/B3, AE1/3, CAM 5.2) as well as anti-CK18 (DC10) and anti CK19 (A53-B/A2)
      were compared with mAB's against vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA),
      epithelial sialomucin (ESM 140 C1), GFAP (GF-2), neurofilament (2F11), Leu-7 (HNK
      1) and polyclonal AB's against pituitary hormones (ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, GH, PRL).
      CK and vimentin coexpressing endocrine cells, mainly of the ACTH type, were
      observed in the pars intermedia in 5 of 14 normal pituitaries. All hormone
      producing cells expressed CK. The mAB A53-B/A2 (CK19) stained selectively the
      folliculo-stellate cells in frozen and paraffin sections. EMA, sialomucin and Leu
      7 antigen localized to different structures of normal pituitaries. 25 of 34
      pituitary adenomas exhibited CK positive tumor cells. Coexpression of vimentin or
      neurofilament protein was rare (2 cases of each). 9 CK negative adenomas were
      also negative for other intermediate filament proteins. 6 hormone producing
      adenomas showed unusual positivity for CK19. Whereas EMA and sialomucin
      reactivity disappeared in adenoma tissues, an enhanced Leu-7 antigen expression
      in the GH and prolactin adenoma group was noted. The heterogeneity of antigen
      expression seen in normal and neoplastic pituitary cells calls for further
      functional studies and usage of a broad range of mAB's against intermediate
      filaments in immunohistochemical studies of the pituitary.

PMID- 1821420
TI  - Neural interactions in the frontal cortex of a behaving monkey: signs of
      dependence on stimulus context and behavioral state.
AB  - In order to gain an understanding of the processes taking place within and
      between neuronal assemblies, we made simultaneous recordings of spike trains from
      groups of up to 11 neurons in the frontal cortex of a rhesus monkey, that was
      trained to perform a sensorimotor behavioral task. We report here on preliminary
      results from correlation analysis of these neuronal activities, with special
      emphasis on signs of behaviorally induced modifications of neural interaction,
      possibly due to rapid modulations of discharge synchronization among the neurons.
      Our findings suggest that different functional groups of neurons may co-exist
      within each small volume of cortex, and that neurons may be dynamically recruited
      into such a group to fulfil a specific function.

PMID- 1821421
TI  - Ontogeny and immunohistochemical differentiation of the Pars Tuberalis in the
      lizard Gallotia gallotti.
AB  - The development of the pituitary Pars Tuberalis (PT) was studied in the lizard
      Gallotia galloti using classical, histological and immunohistochemical
      techniques. As early as stage 32 of development, the Rathke's pouch exhibits 2
      lateral extensions that will give rise to the PT. In these extensions, cellular
      proliferation results in the formation of two cell masses which develop rostro
      laterally and contact the basal diencephalon at stage 35. At stage 37, these two
      cell groups lose their connection with the pars distalis (PD). Until the end of
      embryonic development, connective tissue separates the nervous tissue from the
      glandular one. At hatching, the disappearance of this connective tissue results
      in the incorporation of the two cell groups into the nervous tissue without
      visible separation. During development, immunoreactivity for anti-betaLH and anti
      TSH appears in the cells of the PT respectively at stage 39 and 37. In adults,
      almost all cells of the PT can be demonstrated using antisera against
      gonadotrophins.

PMID- 1821423
TI  - Variation with age in neuron number in the bed nucleus of the mouse anterior
      commissure.
AB  - The number of neurons in the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure (BAC) was
      estimated at 6, 12, 15, 22, 25, 28 and 31 months. There was a highly significant
      (p less than 0.001) decline in neuron number with age. Neuron loss was, however,
      restricted to the period between 15 and 22 months of age with no significant
      change in neuron number occurring either between 6 and 15 months or between 22
      and 31 months of age.

PMID- 1821422
TI  - Thalamocaudate projections in the macaque monkey (a horseradish peroxidase
      study).
AB  - The distribution of thalamocaudate neurons was studied in four macaque monkeys
      (Macaca mulatta) using the method of retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP Sigma
      VI) transport following previous aspiration of part of the frontal cortex and
      subcortical white matter covering the head of the caudate nucleus. After HRP
      injections into the head of the caudate nucleus we found retrogradely labelled
      neurons mainly in the intralaminar nuclei (nc. paracentralis, nc. centralis
      lateralis, nc. parafascicularis) and in the midline nuclei (nc. parataenialis,
      nc. centralis pars densocellularis, nc. centralis superior, nc. centralis
      intermedialis, nc. centralis inferior, nc. reuniens). Some labelled neurons were
      seen in the anterior thalamic nuclei (nc. anterodorsalis, nc. anteromedialis, nc.
      anteroventralis). In the ventral thalamus labelled neurons were seen in the nc.
      ventralis anterior (pars magnocellularis) and in the nc. ventralis lateralis
      (pars medialis). Some labelled neurons were distributed in the marginal parts of
      the nc. mediodorsalis. As for the caudal portion of the thalamus, labelled
      neurons were found in the nc. pulvinaris medialis and nc. limitans. The
      thalamocaudate projection is an exclusively ipsilateral projection system. The
      position of the thalamocaudate neurons coincides, to a certain degree, with the
      termination intrathalamic area of the nigrothalamic and tectothalamic projections
      arising from the deep layers of the superior colliculus.

PMID- 1821424
TI  - Morphometric and structural study of the pineal gland of the Wistar rat subjected
      to the pulse action of a 52 Gauss, (50 Hz) magnetic field. Evolutive analysis
      over 21 days.
AB  - A study is made of the pinealocyte karyometric index and pineal gland
      ultrastructure in 60 male Wistar rats (250 g on average) sacrificed 1, 3, 7, 15
      and 21 days after commencing application of a magnetic field (intensity, 52
      Gauss; frequency, 50 Hz) for a period of 30 minutes daily. A progressive decrease
      was observed in karyometric index corresponding to both the peripheral and
      central gland region, with a significant difference between the two after 3 and 7
      days (p less than 0.0001). A significant increase in lipid activity was also seen
      during the same period. Pineal gland structural organization during the
      experimental period is evaluated at both light and electron microscope level.

PMID- 1821425
TI  - [Expansion and thickness of the visual cortex of microphthalmic mice and healthy
      Wistar animals].
AB  - In connection with our studies about the development and the structure of the
      visual system of the brain of normal and genetically microphthalmic mice in this
      paper we have investigated the extend of the visual cortex and the thickness of
      the primary visual cortex (area Oc1). The most important results are: The size of
      the surface of the neocortex and of the areas Oc1 and Oc2m shows no significant
      differences between the normal and the microphthalmic mice. The whole thickness
      of area Oc1 is at day 20 in the microphthalmic mice significantly greater than in
      normal animals. In the microphthalmic mice lamina I, III and V are thicker than
      in normal mice. Lamina IV is in microphthalmic mice significantly thinner than in
      normal animals. The interpretation of these results is difficult because at PD 20
      the cortex and his laminae are not full developed. But there are in the
      microphthalmic mice not such clear changes (reduction) on the cortical level as
      in the subcortical structures of the visual system. The reduction of the
      thickness of lamina IV maybe caused by a reduced projection from the lateral
      geniculate nucleus.

PMID- 1821426
TI  - Cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica to human intestinal epithelial cells:
      inhibition by monoclonal antibodies and sera from amoebic patients.
AB  - Interactions of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica (HM 1) with human intestinal
      epithelial cells (Henle-407) were investigated. The E. histolytica trophozoites
      adhered and cytolysed 87% of cultured epithelial cell monolayers. A significant
      (P less than 0.001) inhibition of cytopathic effect of amoebic trophozoites
      pretreated with monoclonal antibodies to a 29 kDa surface associated protein
      suggested utilization of the 29 kDa surface protein in recognition and cytolysis
      of epithelial target cells. The polyclonal sera from treated patients of amoebic
      liver abscess and anti-amoebic hyperimmune serum inhibited cytopathogenicity to a
      greater degree (P less than 0.001) than did the monoclonal antibodies. The data
      thus suggest involvement of several amoebic molecules in exercising
      cytopathogenicity to epithelial cells.

PMID- 1821427
TI  - Characterization of anti-Leb antibody purified from serum of immunized rabbits.
AB  - An anti-Le(b) antibody was produced in sera of rabbits by immunization with human
      saliva from blood group O Le(a-b+) secretor and purified by sequential use of
      silica beads immobilized with H type 1, Le(a) and Le(b). The purified antibody
      agglutinated only Le(a-b+) red cells irrespective of their ABO blood type.
      Hemagglutination reaction with the antibody of blood group O Le(a-b+) red cells
      was inhibited not only by saliva samples from blood group Le(a-b+) secretors and
      Synsorb beads immobilized with Le(b) hapten, but also weakly by Synsorb
      immobilized with Y and H type 2 haptens.

PMID- 1821428
TI  - Requirement of microtubule assembly for initiation of EGF-stimulated corneal
      epithelial migration.
AB  - To understand the mechanisms of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated re
      epithelialization, the roles of microtubules and microfilaments in epithelial
      migration were investigated using the organ culture of rabbit cornea. The action
      of EGF was also compared with that of fibronectin. The addition of either EGF or
      fibronectin increased the epithelial sheet migration. Nocodazole, an inhibitor of
      the microtubule assembly, alone did not affect the epithelial migration.
      Nocodazole antagonized the EGF-dependent increase of the epithelial migration
      when nocodazole coexisted during the period of delivery of the signal from EGF.
      However, the stimulatory action of fibronectin was observed even in the presence
      of nocodazole. On the other hand, cytochalasin B, inhibitor of the microfilament
      assembly, inhibited the epithelial migration in a dose-dependent manner
      regardless of whether EGF or fibronectin was present or not. These results
      indicated that the formation of microfilaments was essential for the corneal
      epithelial migration and that the stimulatory action of EGF on the corneal
      epithelial migration depended on the assembly of microtubules. Therefore, in
      corneal epithelial wound healing, the action of EGF requires the organization of
      both microfilaments and microtubules, while that of fibronectin requires the
      reorganization of the microfilaments.

PMID- 1821429
TI  - Lamellar scleral resection enhances subretinal fluid absorption in eyes with
      choroidal congestion.
AB  - The effects of choroidal congestion and lamellar scleral resection on the
      absorption of subretinal fluid were studied in rabbit eyes. Small retinal
      detachments were induced and choroidal congestion was produced by ligating two
      vortex veins. Absorption time was prolonged in these eyes to roughly 138% of that
      in the control eyes. The choroidal congestion could be alleviated by partial
      thickness scleral resection, after which the absorption time was only 115% of
      that in untreated eyes. Our data suggest that lamellar scleral resection relieves
      elevated choroidal tissue pressure and helps to absorb the subretinal fluid.

PMID- 1821430
TI  - Spreading of Serratia marcescens in experimental keratitis and growth suppression
      by chicken egg white ovomacroglobulin.
AB  - We studied the inhibitory effects of chicken egg white ovomacroglobulin, a broad
      spectrum protease inhibitor, and a synthetic protease inhibitory peptide, Bz-GFR
      O-mercaptoanilide, on the growth of two strains of Serratia marcescens in a
      synthetic medium. The growth of the virulent protease-producing strain, S.
      marcescens kums 3958 (kums 3958), was more rapid than that of the strain
      producing minimal protease, S. marcescens kums NA (kums NA), and kums 3958 was
      inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by ovomacroglobulin. The synthetic inhibitor
      also inhibited the growth of kums 3958 weakly. Dose-dependent enhancement of
      growth of kums NA was observed in the medium treated with the serratial 56 kilo
      Dalton protease. By immunohistochemical methods using an antibody to the
      bacteria, the spreading of kums 3958 was also studied in corneal tissue in
      experimental keratitis of the guinea pig. In vivo, kums 3958 grew locally, and
      then spread widely by destroying stromal tissue 7-8 hours after intrastromal
      injection of the organisms (3 x 10(4) colony-forming units). On the other hand,
      when kums 3958 mixed with ovomacroglobulin was injected into the cornea, the
      organisms remained locally in the corneal stroma which showed a lower grade of
      damage. These results indicate that proteases secreted from S. marcescens
      destroyed corneal stroma, yielding the organisms enough space for further
      spreading.

PMID- 1821431
TI  - Corneal endothelial cell damage in penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - Fifty-eight corneal grafts were examined by specular microscopy to determine the
      corneal endothelial cell damage following penetrating keratoplasty. The average
      postoperative follow-up period was 10.1 months. The cell density decreased
      continuously during the observation period, and the endothelial cell loss of the
      central area of the cornea in all the cases averaged 10.4% at two weeks after the
      surgery, 16.0% at one month, 33.0% at three months, 39.4% at six months, and
      48.2% at one year. However, the cell loss in the keratoconus group averaged -1.9,
      1.2, 9.9, 30.6 and 33.4% for the corresponding postoperative periods. The cell
      loss in the bullous keratopathy eyes showed higher values compared to those in
      the keratoconus and the corneal leukoma eyes. It was concluded that cell loss in
      penetrating keratoplasty during the first postoperative year depends on the host
      diseases.

PMID- 1821433
TI  - Effects of vancomycin and ofloxacin on rabbit ERG in vivo.
AB  - The retinal toxicity of vancomycin and ofloxacin was studied by electroretinogram
      (ERG) recorded before and after intravitreal injection in rabbits. A dose of 1.0
      mg vancomycin caused no change in the ERG for at least 8 weeks after the
      injection. The ERG was nonrecordable during one to four weeks after an
      intravitreal injection of 10 mg vancomycin, with recovery of only the c-wave. A
      dose of 200 micrograms ofloxacin did not cause deterioration of the b-wave, the c
      wave or the oscillatory potentials throughout the follow-up period of 8 weeks.
      Considering the individual susceptibility of the ERG components to these
      antimicrobial agents and taking into account the difference in vitreous volume
      between the rabbit and man, the results of this study indicate the recommended
      intravitreal doses of these antimicrobial agents for clinical use are as follows:
      vancomycin 1.0 mg/0.1 ml, and ofloxacin 200 micrograms/0.1 ml.

PMID- 1821432
TI  - Awan's syndrome (primary orbital hypertelorism, narrow-angle glaucoma and lean
      physique) in two women.
AB  - Awan's syndrome, characterized by a lean physique, orbital hypertelorism and
      angle-closure glaucoma, is a distinct clinical entity which should be more widely
      recognized. The patients, usually women in their sixth decade, may suffer several
      self-limiting and misdiagnosed episodes of angle-closure before a definite
      diagnosis is made. The general physical appearance and hypertelorism in two
      women, one aged 56 and the other 59 years, with Awan's syndrome aroused the
      suspicion of angle-closure glaucoma. The timely confirmation of diagnosis and
      proper management prevented further visual loss in both patients. Some patients
      with Awan's syndrome may show advanced damage to the optic nerve without ever
      having had an acute attack of glaucoma or any other symptoms, which makes it
      important that all patients with orbital hypertelorism and suspected glaucomatous
      optic discs should undergo gonioscopic evaluation to rule out glaucoma.

PMID- 1821434
TI  - Effects of residual sodium hyaluronate on postsurgical blood-aqueous barrier.
AB  - The effects of residual sodium hyaluronate (HA) on the postsurgical blood-aqueous
      barrier (BAB) function were investigated in 79 posterior chamber lens (PCL)
      implanted eyes after both extracapsular cataract extraction and PCL implantation
      using HA products. The amount of residual HA was classified according to the
      status of the aqueous warm current on the 1st postoperative day. The eyes with
      static warm current were classified into the static current group and the other
      eyes into the normal current group. Aqueous flare intensity and cell number were
      measured in all eyes daily from the 1st to the 7th postoperative day using the
      flare-cell meter. Of the 79 eyes, 11 eyes (14%) were classified into the static
      current group. Flare intensity showed the most marked difference between the two
      groups on the 1st postoperative day. The difference was statistically significant
      from the 1st to the 7th postoperative days (P less than 0.05). Cell count was
      also higher in the static current group throughout the observation period except
      for the 3rd and 4th postoperative days (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest
      that residual HA exacerbated the postoperative inflammation and that its effects
      on the BAB continued for at least a week.

PMID- 1821436
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells in
      the alimentary tract of the Korean tree squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris corea.
AB  - The regional distribution and relative frequencies of gastrointestinal endocrine
      cells were studied immunohistochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of Korean
      tree squirrels. Seven kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study.
      Although a large number of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells were seen
      throughout the gastrointestinal tract, they were most predominant in the
      duodenum. A moderate number of glucagon-immunoreactive cells which were
      restricted to the cardia and fundus of the stomach was also observed. Bovine
      chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the cardia and pylorus of the
      stomach, found in moderate numbers in the fundus, duodenum and large intestine,
      but rare in the jejunum. Porcine chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were found in
      moderate numbers in the stomach but were rare in the duodenum.
      Gastrin/cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were abundant in the pyloric gland
      region but scarce in the duodenum. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive
      cells were observed to be rare and found only in the pyloric gland region.
      Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed moderately in the stomach but
      were few in number in the intestine. No insulin-immunoreactive cells were found
      in the gastrointestinal tract of Korean tree squirrels. These results suggest
      that although the Korean tree squirrel is a herbivorous rodent, the distribution
      pattern of its gastro-entero-endocrine cells is rather similar to that reported
      for omnivorous animals.

PMID- 1821435
TI  - Electroretinogram in cone dystrophy.
AB  - Electroretinograms (ERGs) in 10 cases of cone dystrophy were studied with special
      respect to log(bp/bs) that represents the log of photopic ERG amplitude divided
      by scotopic ERG amplitude. Photopic ERGs were either greatly diminished or
      nonrecordable, and scotopic ERGs showed either normal or reduced amplitudes. All
      cases had a low value of log(bp/bs), less than the lower normal limit, indicating
      significantly greater impairment in cone function than in rod function. These
      results have proved log(bp/bs) to be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of cone
      dystrophy especially in cases with recordable photopic ERG and reduced scotopic
      ERG. Among other ERG parameters, the photopic ERG b-wave implicit time that was
      determined with averaging and digital amplification of the responses in 4 cases
      showed prolongation in 3 cases while normal in one case. Oscillatory potentials
      were nonrecordable or barely recordable in all cases.

PMID- 1821437
TI  - Electrocardiographic findings during parturition and blood gas tensions
      immediately after birth in thoroughbred foals.
AB  - In 101 newborn Thoroughbred foals and foaling mares, 45 fetal (FECGs) and 101
      neonatal electrocardiograms (NECGs) were obtained to investigate neonatal
      arrhythmias and other parameters including changes in fetal (FHR) and neonatal
      heart rate (NHR). Moreover, umbilical arterial, venous and jugular venous blood
      gas tensions and pH immediately after birth were analyzed to compare with the
      type and the degree of neonatal arrhythmias. Before delivery, in 37 fetuses FHR
      gradually decreased while in 8 cases it increased after rupture of the chorio
      allantois. Abnormal deliveries were related in 5 of the 8 cases. In foals born
      with sinus rhythm, NHR at birth was 22 beats per minute higher than the FHR
      immediately before birth, gradually decreased for 1-2 min and then increased.
      Various types of neonatal arrhythmias and their combinations were recorded in 92
      of the 101 NECGs. No arrhythmias demonstrated in NECGs were detected in the
      FECGs. The mean values for umbilical arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 indicated that
      newborn foals at birth were exposed to hypoxemic, hypercapnic and acidemic
      conditions. The relationship between the umbilical arterial PO2 value as an
      indicator of the degree of hypoxemia of the foal and the type of arrhythmias was
      not apparent. However, the PO2 value in the group with severe arrhythmias was
      comparatively lower than that in the group with mild arrhythmias. It was
      suggested that hypoxemia played an important role in neonatal arrhythmias.

PMID- 1821438
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a new genus specific protein of Chlamydia
      psittaci.
AB  - DNA fragment No. 13 from the C. psittaci pigeon strain, has been cloned in the
      plasmid pUC19. Hybridization analysis revealed that the fragment maintained a
      chlamydial common sequence. Furthermore, nucleotide sequencing identified two
      partial open reading frames (ORF), 675b. p. and 530b. p. Expression of ORFs
      revealed that the second ORF encoded 25KD polypeptide, whereas the first ORF did
      not produce any antigenic product. The 25KD beta-galactosidase fusion protein
      reacted strongly with chlamydia-specific antibodies elicited against a number of
      different chlamydial strains. Gene Bank analysis showed that this cloned gene is
      not highly homologous with chlamydia or other organisms for which nucleotide
      sequences have already been published. This 25KD polypeptide may be an additional
      genus-specific antigen of Chlamydiae.

PMID- 1821439
TI  - Characterization of DNA fragment from Chlamydia psittaci avian strain which shows
      high homology with hypB gene of Chlamydia.
AB  - A study was performed to characterize DNA fragment No. 17 of C. psittaci strain P
      1041 which encoded 42 KD beta-galactosidase fusion protein with type-specific
      antigenicity. Sequence determination identified a partial open reading frame that
      spanned about 1,200b. p. nucleotides. Screening the literatures for the
      nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed extensive similarity between
      the DNA fragment of P-1041 and two chlamydial hypB genes. This DNA showed 91.5%
      homology with C. psittaci GPIC hypB gene in nucleotide sequence and 96.4%
      homology in deduced amino acid sequence. The hypB gene of C. trachomatis serovar
      A and the P-1041 DNA fragment showed 81.2% and 91.3% homology in nucleotide and
      amino acid sequences, respectively. Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, for
      the products of deleted DNA fragments defined the coding region for type-specific
      antigenic polypeptide. In addition, the P-1041 DNA fragment carried a sequence
      highly homologous (greater than 49%) with other bacterial and plant genes called
      chaperonin which responds to various stress in cells. From these results, the P
      1041 DNA fragment was found to be a part of hypB gene and to encode the region
      critical for type-specific antigenicity.

PMID- 1821440
TI  - [Microvascularization of the human cerebral cortex during development].
AB  - Microvascularization of the brain cortex was investigated in 21 brains of human
      fetuses, from 15th to 25th postovulatory week and one adult human brain. Blood
      vessels injected with ink-gelatine solution were examined on preparations lighted
      by the Spalteholz method. In all examined stages of fetal development as well as
      in the adult brain a regular geometric arrangement of the blood vessels which
      radially penetrated the brain substance was observed. Centrally placed vascular
      trunk of bigger diameter surrounded by the blood vessels of smaller calibre was
      registered. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the
      vascularization of the brain cortex in all examined stages of the development
      follows the pattern of radially placed vascular units.

PMID- 1821441
TI  - [Prognosis for the development of resistance to cytostatics in leukosis cells
      during induction therapy in acute non-lymphoblastic leukosis: a regression
      model].
AB  - Leucosis cell resistance to cytostatics is, apart death of a patient, the most
      frequent outcome of induction therapy for acute non-lymphoblastic leukosis. Aimed
      at the prevention and early treatment of this unwanted outcome a regression model
      for the prognosis of the development of the resistance was made for a group of
      135 adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukosis with 38 factors from two
      prognostic points: prior to and following the effects of first induction cure
      (time of the expected and real aplasia of the bone marrow). According to the
      univariant analysis, the risk for the development of the resistance depends on
      five pretherapeutical factors: febrility, absolute and relative neutrophilic
      granulocyte count in the blood, presence of monocytes and erythroblasts in the
      blood and all 4 factors which reconstruct the effect of the first induction cure
      to the bone marrow: cellularity, relative and absolute blast count and parameter
      S. By the multivariant analysis we distinguished 2 significant factors: parameter
      S used for the assessment of the selectivity level of the effects in the first
      induction cure to the bone marrow and the monocyte count in the blood. Early
      effects of the induction therapy to the bone marrow is more significantly
      associated with the risk for the development of the resistance than
      pretherapeutical factors are, while the onset of real or expected aplasia of the
      bone marrow is an appropriate time for the prevention and early treatment of this
      unwanted outcome.

PMID- 1821442
TI  - [The present approach to the morphologic analysis of lymph nodes draining a tumor
      area].
AB  - The paper reviews the results of an extensive morphological analysis of 49 lymph
      nodes draining the area of histologically evidenced tumor on the basis of
      immunomorphological changes by the quantitative and semiquantitative methods.
      Reactive changes in different topographic zones being a morphological
      manifestation of the immune response to the presence of tumor depend on the type
      and localization of the tumor. Sinus histiocytosis is the most significant
      morphological reaction in the analyzed draining nodes. The intensity of sinus
      histiocytosis could, by itself, represent an important factor in a morphological
      recognition of the lymph node draining the tumor area.

PMID- 1821443
TI  - [The lipoprotein status in persons with borderline glucose tolerance impairment
      before and after a reducing diet].
AB  - The well known association between non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is one of the leading causes of high
      incidence and mortality for cardiovascular disease of diabetic patients. For
      auspicious and effective treatment of NIDDM and its complications, secondary
      prevention, that is, an early detection, plays a major role. At the same time
      high concern should be given to the benefits of early detection and treatment of
      atherogenic HLP at early stages of diabetes mellitus, for their occurrence in
      borderline impairment of glucose tolerance (G-OGT) is still evasive. The
      investigation on the occurrence and incidence of HLP in G-OGT was carried out in
      576 adults (310 men and 266 women) with recently detected G-OGT. The results were
      compared with those obtained in the non-G-OGT group (50 men and 52 women). Values
      of total LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides in the blood of the subjects of
      either sex highly exceeded recommended values and were higher than in the
      controls. HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased while the values of the LDL
      cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and total triglycerides were significantly
      higher. Atherogenic hyperlipoproteinemia was evidenced in 52.58% of men and
      50.75% of women with G-OGT and in 36.00% of men and 32.69% of women with normal G
      OGT. After a one-year dietetic regimen all the lipid parameters evidently
      improved in both men and women, while the incidence of atherogenic
      hyperlipoproteinemia fell to 40.82% of the men and 31.32% of the women.

PMID- 1821444
TI  - [Giant osteomas of the paranasal sinuses].
AB  - At the Otorhinolaryngologic Department in Novi Sad we investigated osteomas of
      the paranasal cavities registered from 1960 to 1989. The total number of the
      treated patients was 30, aged from 31 to 60 years. A special attention is given
      to a female patient, aged 65 years with osteoma covering two thirds of the right
      nostril, both ethmoids and right retrobulbar space. It progressed upwards to the
      base of the skull causing denudation of the dura mater at the surface of 2.5 x
      1.5 cm, and consecutive liquorrhea. The removed tumor weighed 110 grams and
      belonged to giant osteomas of the paranasal cavities.

PMID- 1821445
TI  - [Dermatitis artefacta, onychophagia and trichotillomania in mentally retarded
      children and adolescents].
AB  - Systematic dermatovenorological examination included 457 mentally retarded
      children and adolescents institutionalized at the Institute for Mental
      Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents "Novi Sad" in Veternik near Novi Sad.
      All examined subjects were classified into 3 groups: 1. severely retarded-
      immobile, 2. severely retarded--mobile, and 3. moderately retarded. Dermatoses
      were found in 70 (15.32%) of the subjects, the most frequent being: onychophagia
      in 34 (7.44%), dermatitis artefacta in 17 (3.72%) and trichotillomania in 14
      (3.06%) cases. Onychophagia and trichotillomania occurred simultaneously in 5
      (1.09%) cases. The authors review pathogenesis of the above dermatoses as well as
      possible measures for their prevention.

PMID- 1821446
TI  - [Quantitative static scintigraphy of the thyroid gland].
AB  - The paper describes a static scintigram computer processed by the Siemens
      Euromeni method which gives rather accurate parameters concerning the overall
      functional thyroid tissue mass, as well as functions of a certain thyroid gland
      node. It facilitates the calculation of the dimensions of the right-angled field
      which borders the thyroid gland (cm), radioactivity uptake (% of a given dose) in
      the whole gland, left and right lobe, the ratio between the left and right lobe
      uptake, the surface (cm2) of the whole gland and of the left and right lobe, the
      ratio between the left and right lobe surfaces, the number of impulses (imp)
      registered in the whole gland and in the left and right lobe, the volume (cm3) of
      the whole gland and of the left and right lobe, the ratio between the left and
      right lobe volume, as well as the surface and radioactivity uptake (% of a given
      dose and % of the total uptake) in the marked nodes. An additional calculation
      could offer an uptake ratio per surface unit between the node and paranodal
      tissue which, by the use of suppression tests offers a very accurate assessment
      of the function and compensation of each node. The method represents a
      significant contribution to an accurate assessment of the functional mass as well
      as to the assessment of nodal changes of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 1821448
TI  - [Diagnosis of precancerous conditions of the oral cavity].
AB  - Malignant neoplasms take the second place among the leading causes of death. The
      investigation was aimed at the determination of the incidence of precancerous
      states of the oral cavity according to the sex, localization and etiological
      factors. The diagnosis of the disease was based on anamnesis, clinical
      examination and pathohistological data. In 1987 chronic oral changes were
      detected in 53 patients--40 men and 13 women. The mean age of the subjects was
      50.3 years. The results reveal that of 53 patients 17 had oral changes of whom 5
      were diagnosed to have cancer, while in 2 patients with leukoplakia the presence
      of atypical cells was detected pathohistologically. The changes were most
      frequently localized on the left and right cheek, left lateral side of the tongue
      and the lower lip. Smokers comprised 71%, alcohol consumption and caries made up
      for 15.3%, while inappropriate dentures and the presence of galvanic current was
      found in 9.6% of the cases.

PMID- 1821447
TI  - [Hematologic parameter of red blood cells in children up to 2 years of age].
AB  - The authors investigated the hematologic parameters in 592 children up to two
      years of age. By analyzing hemoglobin and hematocrit values, the specific
      criterions were established for diagnosis of anemia. Iron deficient anemia was
      found in 12.8% children, which suggest that anemia is still a great health and
      socioeconomic problem. By examination of every single case, the authors found out
      that anemia is not a specific entity, but a result of basic aspects of iron
      metabolism and nutrition.

PMID- 1821449
TI  - [Therapy of venous ulcers using pulsating electromagnetic fields--personal
      results].
AB  - The authors review the results of the treatment of venous varices by a pulsating
      electromagnetic field (PEMF), by the use of IVEMT-2 apparatus, treated at the
      Department of Dermatovenereology in Novi Sad and the Institute of Medical
      Rehabilitation. The treatment was carried out in 18 patients--5 men and 13 women,
      mean age 56 years, all with venous varices of post-thrombophlebitic origin. The
      number of sessions within the PEMF treatment was 10 per patient, each session
      lasting 15 min. The results were followed by measuring the varix surface prior to
      and after the treatment. The number of varices prior to the therapy was 26 and
      after the treatment was 20. The total surface of the varices before the treatment
      was 55183.90 mm2, the mean surface being 2122.46 mm2. After the treatment 6
      varices epithelialized, while the total surface was 36902.51 mm2. The mean
      surface of the varices following the treatment was 1845.13 mm2. The varix surface
      reduction rate following the treatment was 33.13%. Considering the number of
      patients, the obtained results are preliminary and they reflect the benefits of
      PEMF for epithelialization of venous varices.

PMID- 1821450
TI  - [Reconstruction of the face on the basis of the skull in the case of N. P].
AB  - Reconstruction of face based on bone structure of the skull is always performed
      for identification of an unknown corpse when other procedures prove inadequate.
      This method requires close cooperation of forensic physicians, stomatologists,
      anthropologists and artists. First the skull is photographed in Frankfurt
      position together with a ruler. From this photography of the skull its facial
      tissues are schematically drawn. After that, the face is reconstructed in clay.
      The clay is systematically applied to the skull so that eyeballs, nose, lips,
      ears and other soft structures of the face are formed. It is recommended that
      hair should be superficially represented or that a wig should be used. It is
      uncertain whether this complex method can lead to satisfactory results in all
      cases. However, if the sculpture is conscientiously and correctly executed, the
      effort will usually be rewarded.

PMID- 1821451
TI  - [The importance of women's knowledge about cervical carcinoma and its effect on
      early detection].
AB  - The importance of women information on CC and its impact on their motivation for
      detection examinations was assessed through a poll of 3474 women (1957 from Novi
      Sad and 1157 from several villages in Vojvodina). The knowledge about CC
      reflected a rather poor and insufficient impact of standard education (5.0% in
      urban, 7.93% in rural areas), newspapers and magazines (4.4% in urban, 5.3% in
      rural areas), radio and TV (9.3% in urban, 14.7% in rural areas), specialized
      health magazines and books (about 7-8%), while the impact of conversation with
      women--14.0% in urban and 18.8% in rural areas, and of different sources--33.3%
      in urban and 19.8% in rural areas, was notably higher. We found the knowledge
      acquired in this way insufficient and incomplete which was proved by numerous
      answers obtained later on. There is an insufficient knowledge on the methods of
      early detection, unrecognized or poorly recognized by 2790 women (80.3%), with no
      significant differences between urban and rural areas. Data on the idea
      concerning possibilities of developing CC was similar--2856 women (86.3% in
      urban, 83.4% in rural areas) hardly if ever think of the disease. Consequences
      are seen in the fact that in the last three years the women never underwent DE-
      66.8% in urban (1302 women) and 82.3%$ in rural area (1103 women), while the
      minimum of two or more examinations was carried out in only 17.3% of women from
      the city and 6.9% of women from the villages. Insufficient knowledge was also
      shown on the impact of risk factors for CC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821452
TI  - [Evaluation of radiologic and echosonographic examinations in the detection and
      confirmation of pleural effusions].
AB  - In everyday practice, the attention of the radiologists was driven by patients
      who were admitted for clinical examination for different reasons and in whom
      pleural effusion was diagnosed by ultrasonography but not on standard radiograms,
      i.e. patients with strongly suspected pleural effusion standard radiograms could
      not reveal. Investigations from different aspects and the use of several
      conventional roentgenological methods were usually sufficient since now in
      diagnosing most of the cases. This, however, includes prolonged examinations and
      higher radiation doses received both by patients and by medical staff; besides,
      all this is not always enough for the effusion to be proven. What is more
      important, however, is the fact that critical general status of a patient often
      makes such thorough examination impossible, especially in additional and forced
      positions. The aim of the authors was to determine, on the basis of its use in
      everyday practice, to which extent ultrasonography, being a new diagnostic
      method, can become a routine method and contribute to rationalization of
      radiodiagnostics for pleural effusions as well as to determine diagnostic
      algorithm for the detection and confirmation especially of small and smaller
      pleural effusions.

PMID- 1821453
TI  - [Development of diabetic pre-retinopathy after a 1 1/2-year follow-up].
AB  - In this work the evolution of diabetic preretinopathy after a 1.5 year follow-up
      period among 30 insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent adult-onset diabetics
      with short duration of diabetes is examined. Ophthalmoscopy and intravenous
      fluorescein angiography were the methods of examination. Diabetic pre-retinopathy
      progressed into diabetic retinopathy in 36.7% of the cases, remained stationary
      in 43.3%, and regressed in 20.0% of the cases. This study shows the need for
      frequent ophthalmoscopic controls of diabetics because of the importance of early
      treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 1821454
TI  - [Injuries in Vojvodina 1989].
AB  - Trauma has all sociomedical characteristics and importance which line up it in
      the leading problems of the contemporary medical pathology. Injuries are among
      the first five groups of the diseases in the structure of overall outpatient's
      morbidity (general medicine 4.05%, occupational medicine 7.57%, pediatric
      medicine, 1.84% and health service for pupils 4.96%) and are a significant cause
      of hospitalization. Concerning the very thorough and all-inclusive follow up of
      all aspects of trauma it is necessary to establish the regional register of
      injury and intoxication.

PMID- 1821455
TI  - [Post-vaccination reactions and complications of pertussis, diphtheria and
      tetanus vaccines].
AB  - Clinical manifestation of postvaccinal reactions and complications and the
      presence of sensibilizating antibodies to certain components of the applied
      vaccines was analyzed in 80 children immunized by Di-Te-Per, Di-Te or Te vaccine.
      Most children showed a mild reaction; concerning statistical significance it was
      most frequently limited to the site of the vaccine application if the
      immunization was performed by Di-Te and Te vaccines, as compared to the
      immunization by Di-Te-Per vaccine. Indirect basophil degranulation test revealed
      that 50% of the analyzed reactions were of allergic origin. Sensibilizating
      antibodies to pertussis antigen are statistically significantly more frequent
      than to other vaccinal antigens (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) and additives
      contained in the vaccines (methiolate, sodium benzoate).

PMID- 1821456
TI  - [250 years of orthopedics].

PMID- 1821458
TI  - Fc-binding components: a virulence factor in Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans?
AB  - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 33384) can produce and release
      components that bind to the Fc part of IgG. Fc-binding components were observed
      in whole bacteria, capsular material and medium from broth cultures. The
      components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and immunoblotted with biotinylated Fc-fragments and myeloma
      proteins. In a phagocytosis assay with human granulocytes and sheep erythrocytes,
      preincubation of opsonized erythrocytes with protein A reduced phagocytosis by
      90%. In contrast, preincubation of the opsonizing antibody with medium components
      from a culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans enhanced the opsonizing effect of the
      antibody. The enhanced binding of erythrocytes may be caused by formation of
      aggregates between opsonizing antibody and bacterial Fc-binding components.
      Aggregated IgG can bind to low-affinity Fc gamma II and gamma III receptors that
      cannot bind monomeric IgG. Release of Fc-binding components from bacteria may
      contribute to the periodontal lesion through interference with the phagocytic
      activity of granulocytes and with the complement system. Fc-binding components
      may also interfere with downregulation of the B-cell response.

PMID- 1821457
TI  - [Cytometric study of lymph node lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia and their prognostic significance].
AB  - We carried out a cytomorphological quantification of lymph node lymphocytes in
      patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and evaluated the association
      between the results of the measurements and the course and evolution of the
      disease. The obtained results were compared with the results from the same
      parameters in lymph node lymphocytes in normal subjects. The investigation was
      performed in 20 patients with CLL and a control group comprising 10 normal
      subjects. We measured nucleus and cytoplasm surfaces and determined nucleus to
      cytoplasm ratio of the lymph node lymphocytes. For cytometric analyses we used
      the astereological method by Kalisnik et al. It has been established that the
      nucleus surface, cytoplasm surface and the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio of the
      lymph node lymphocytes were markedly bigger in the patients with CLL than in
      normal subjects, that the patients in whose leukemic lymphocytes we measured
      bigger nucleus surface were in late stages of the disease and their response to
      the therapy was poorer and the course of the disease less encouraging.

PMID- 1821459
TI  - [Prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma].
AB  - A group of 271 patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas from years 1975
      1989 was tested using multivariant statistical analysis, from the point of view
      of the prognostic value their basic clinical and laboratory data. In the group of
      low grade malignancy lymphomas, the following factors showed a prognostic
      validity: clinical stage, general status, centrocytic histological subtype, and
      anaemia. In the group of high grade malignant lymphomas following one were set as
      prognostically important: general status, clinical stage and age. In particular
      histological subtypes of low grade malignancy statistically valid difference of
      survival was not proved, the centrocytic type excluded. However, the difference
      was found between these types and particular subtypes of high malignancy grade.
      Based on these results, the Cox's risk model was made, enabling us to define 4
      risk groups according to the histological subtype and clinical stage: group A
      (risk less than 0.5), group B (risk = 0.5-1.0), group C (risk = 1.0-2.0), group D
      (risk greater than 2.0).

PMID- 1821460
TI  - [Hemostasis disorders in monoclonal gammopathies].
AB  - The authors investigated haemostatic parameters of 43 patients with monoclonal
      gammapathy with principal diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM-35), non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (NHL-3), M. Waldenstrom (3) and monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined
      significance (MGUS-2). Primary haemostasis defect was found in 24 patients. With
      the exception of 2 thrombocytopenic patients, the defect of aggregation,
      procoagulant activity and retraction is supposed to be caused by paraprotein. The
      examination of the 14C 5-HT release and TX B2 synthesis in thrombocytes showed,
      that platelet activation is unaffected and the paraprotein interferes with
      interactions of thrombocytes or with coagulation system. In plasma coagulation
      system explicit abnormalities were found only in thrombin time in 12 patients.
      The more detailed examination disclosed, that the defect resulted from
      paraprotein interference with fibrin monomer polymerisation. The thrombin
      proteolytic activity remained unaffected. In 3 patients shortened euglobulin
      lysis time was observed. Laboratory haemostasis defect was found in 26 patients
      (60%), however, the bleeding symptoms manifested in 5 cases (11%) only. The
      analysis of study results showed, that the most important abnormalities leading
      to overt bleeding are thrombocytopenia or combined haemostasis defect. Isolated
      laboratory defects remained silent in most cases.

PMID- 1821461
TI  - [Changes in pharmacokinetics of trimecaine in patients with liver cirrhosis].
AB  - Trimecaine (Mesocain, Leciva) an analogous preparation to lidocaine is used as a
      local anaesthetic, antiarrhythmic and spasmolytic preparation. The purpose of the
      investigation was to assess the fate of trimecaine in nine patients with
      compensated cirrhosis of the liver. The pharmacokinetics were evaluated after
      intravenous infusion of trimecaine administered at a rate of 150-200 mg.h-1.
      Plasma concentrations of the drug evaluated by gas chromatography indicate a
      marked retardation of trimecaine elimination in patients with liver damage. In
      the group of patients with cirrhosis of the liver the total clearance of the drug
      was lower (8.7 +/- 5.0 1.h-1), as compared with the group of patients without
      liver damage (34.7 +/- 19.4 1.h-1). In patients with cirrhosis of the liver also
      a multiple reduction of distribution volumes was observed. The results indicate a
      high hepatic extraction of

PMID- 1821462
TI  - [Treatment of kidney stones using shock-wave lithotripsy with sonographic
      control].
AB  - Lithotripsy by means of an extracorporeal shock-wave was performed in 128
      patients with urolithiasis. In this group for the first time in Czechoslovakia
      ultrasound control of kidney stones was used in 44 patients; in the remainder X
      ray control was used. The authors used equipment designed and manufactured
      locally. The ultrasonic probe is laterally connected with the shock-wave
      applicator. Disappearance of the fragments after lithotripsy was achieved in 39
      patients where ultrasonic control was used. The paper presents the results,
      discusses the advantages and limitations of ultrasonic control in extracorporeal
      lithotripsy of urolithiasis.

PMID- 1821464
TI  - [Analysis of the polypeptide profile in insulin preparations using HPLC].
AB  - The purity of insulin preparations which is important during clinical
      administration of this hormone can be assessed in several ways. The authors
      suggested and tested a method for analysis of the polypeptide composition of
      insulin preparations which makes quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the
      insulin and non-insulin character possible, as well as their separation according
      to the shape and size of biological macromolecules by gel filtration on HPLC
      equipment. The described procedure makes possible a more detailed analysis of
      insulin preparations when the method is used in combination with electromigration
      and immunological estimations.

PMID- 1821463
TI  - [Endoscopic sclerotization of esophageal varices and nitrates in the treatment of
      portal hypertension with bleeding esophageal varices].
AB  - The authors investigated changes of some haemodynamic parameters after
      sclerotization of oesophageal varices and after administration of isosorbide
      dinitrate in the preparation Iso Mack retard. Twenty patients with cirrhosis of
      the liver with oesophageal varices grade 3-4 were treated by endoscopic
      sclerotization only, while to a second comparable group of cirrhotic patients
      from the first stage of sclerotization oral Iso Mack retard was administered in
      daily doses of 80-120 mg, depending on tolerance. The haemodynamic parameters
      were investigated before the onset of treatment and again after completed
      sclerotherapy or at least three-month treatment with ISDN. After sclerotization
      of oesophageal varices the pressure in the portal circulation rises significantly
      as well as the flow through the portal vein due above all to an accelerated blood
      flow. On the other hand, ISDN prevents a rise of portal hypertension and leads
      even to a slight decline which is, however, not associated with a decline of the
      portal flow. A relative disadvantage is the adverse effect on systemic
      haemodynamics after large nitrate doses. The decline of the portal pressure
      caused by the vasodilatating effect of ISDN in the splanchnic and portal area is
      manifested in a very positive way by reduction of relapses of haemorrhage from
      oesophageal varices. ISDN may play a positive role in the treatment of portal
      hypertension with oesophageal varices, during acute haemorrhage as well as in the
      prevention of relapses of haemorrhage. A particularly favourable procedure is the
      combination with sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices. None of the procedures
      leads to reduction of the portal flow and preserves hepatic function.

PMID- 1821466
TI  - [Hypertension in patients with polycystic kidneys--the effect of volume
      expansion].
AB  - Arterial hypertension is found in as many as 75% patients with autosomal dominant
      polycystic kidneys with normal renal function, its pathogenesis is however not
      quite clear so far. The authors examined 16 patients with polycystic kidneys with
      normal or only slightly reduced renal function (plasma creatinine lower than 140
      umol/l), 8 of these patients were normotonic (N) and 8 hypertonic (H). In all
      examined subjects right-sided cardiac catheterization was performed with
      assessment of the minute cardiac volume by thermodilution. To all patients in the
      course of one hour 1500 ml saline per 70 kg body weight were administered and the
      haemodynamic examinations were repeated after termination of the infusion. In all
      subjects before and after expansion the plasma renin activity was assessed (PRA),
      as well as plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma catecholamines (PC) and the atrial
      natriuretic factor (ANF), the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration by means
      of clearance and extraction of PAH and inulin clearance. The authors did not find
      differences in plasma concentrations, cardiac output and splanchnic and renal ANF
      extraction in groups N and H, nor in PRA, PA and PC. Volume expansion led in both
      groups to a comparable rise of ANF and suppression of PRA and PA. Group H did not
      differ from group N in any of the investigated haemodynamic and renal parameters
      except for systemic vascular resistance. In hypertensive patients before
      expansion a close correlation was found between pressure in the pulmonary artery
      in a wedged position and diuresis (r = 0.935, p less than 0.01) and natriuresis
      (r = 0.895, p less than 0.01). The volume expansion was in both groups associated
      with a comparable rise of diuresis, the haemodynamic response of patients N and H
      was however quite different. While in patients of group N a decline of the
      systemic vascular resistance occurred as well as an increase of the minute volume
      without a change of the renal flow and glomerular filtration, in hypertonic
      patients the systemic vascular resistance and minute volume did not change but
      there was a significant rise of the renal flow and glomerular filtration. The
      relationship of diuresis and natriuresis of hypertensive patients with polycystic
      kidneys to volume parameters and the rise of the renal perfusion pressure during
      volume expansion indicates the importance of pressure natriuresis for ensuring
      the sodium and volume homeostasis in these patients.

PMID- 1821467
TI  - [Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) from the viewpoint of the clinical
      neurologist].
AB  - A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a cerebrovascular attack the clinical
      symptomatology of which is restored to normal within 24 hours. Minor
      haemorrhages, epilepsy, hypoglycaemia, migraine and even peripheral neuropathies
      can be mistaken for TIA. CT examination indicates in a considerable percentage of
      examined subjects encephalomalacia. The term TIA should be reserved for ischaemic
      attacks, where after regression of the clinical symptomatology within 24 hours no
      structural changes are found.

PMID- 1821465
TI  - [Distal renal tubular acidosis in patients with Wilson's disease].
AB  - Renal affection is part of the clinical picture of developed Wilson's disease.
      The most frequent sign of affection of the distal nephron is distal tubular
      acidosis (DRTA), more frequently its latent form with a normal systemic pH, but
      inability to reduce the urinary pH below 5.5 after an acid load. More detailed
      assessment of the type of this disorder was not made so far. To elucidate in
      greater detail the pathogenesis of DRTA in Wilson's disease the authors examined
      renal acidification in 13 patients with bioptically verified Wilson's disease,
      using three acidification tests: 1) the test involving oral administration of
      calcium chloride (CaCl2), 2) the test involving infusion of sodium sulphate
      (Na2SO4) and 3) the test using an infusion of NaHCO3. In none of the examined
      patients with Wilson's disease manifest (complete) DRTA was found with systemic
      acidosis, however, in five patients latent (incomplete) DRTA was revealed, i.e.
      after administration of CaCl2 the pH of urine did not decline below 5.5. Patients
      with Wilson's disease and DRTA differed from patients with Wilson's disease and
      normal renal acidification by the age at the time of assessment of the diagnosis
      (30.4 +/- 3.6 vs. 20.75 +/- 2.14 years, p less than 0.02) and the duration of the
      disease (i.e. the time from assessment of the diagnosis to the acidification
      examination: 4.6 +/- 4.86 vs. 15.38 +/- 2.40 years, p less than 0.01). In three
      of four patients with Wilson's disease and DRTA who were given Na2SO4, after its
      administration the pH of urine did not decline below 5.2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821468
TI  - [Cerebral ischemic infarct in computer tomography imaging in the diagnosis of
      transient ischemic attacks].
AB  - The term transient ischaemic attack (TIA) does not correspond to findings of new
      examination methods and is rather a matter of convention. The authors examined 19
      patients with the diagnosis of TIA by CT and found in five a cerebral infarction.
      The dependence of cerebral infarction in TIA on age, sex, risk factors
      (hypertension, diabetes) and the duration of clinical symptomatology was not
      significant.

PMID- 1821469
TI  - [Fenestration of the anterior cerebral artery. Personal observation].
AB  - The authors demonstrate a patient with fenestration of the anterior cerebral
      artery. The fenestration is in the horizontal portion of the anterior cerebral
      artery (A1). Its embryonic origin and clinical importance arouse discussion. The
      paper reviews the literature on the subject.

PMID- 1821470
TI  - [Chemical lumbar sympathectomy].
AB  - After an account of historical facts the authors describe the technique of
      chemical lumbar sympathectomy. A 7.5% phenol solution in glycerol was used (7.5
      ml). At the Surgical Clinic of the Institute for Postgraduate Medical Training of
      the Regional Hospital with Policlinic in Ostrava chemical lumbar sympathectomy
      was performed in 22 patients. No complications were observed during operation and
      during the postoperative period and in all patients the effect was favourable.

PMID- 1821471
TI  - [Iatrogenic injuries of the abdominal aorta during surgery of intervertebral
      disks of the lumbar vertebrae].
AB  - The authors present the case-histories of two successfully treated patients
      following injury of the infrarenal part of the abdominal aorta. The injury
      occurred during extirpation of sequestra of discs of lumbar vertebrae. Some
      problems of the tactics of surgical treatment are discussed.

PMID- 1821472
TI  - [Arteriovenous shunt--a prerequisite for long-term hemodialysis therapy].
AB  - The authors give an account of the experience of their department with the
      establishment of arteriovenous fistulae during the preparation of patients for a
      dialyzation transplantation programme. In the course of 13 years a total of 685 a
      v shunts were made. The results in 60 patients are evaluated in detail. These
      patients were treated in 1989 in the chronic dialyzation programme of the Ostrava
      dialyzation unit, focused on long-term patency of the fistulae. The cumulative
      patency of shunts up to one year is 83.3%, the long-term patency is 73.3%.

PMID- 1821474
TI  - [A new technic for cervical esophagostomy].

PMID- 1821473
TI  - [Personal experience with the use of acute isovolemic hemodilution in vascular
      surgery].
AB  - The authors present their eight-year experience with acute isovolaemic
      haemodilution during operations on blood vessels in the aorto-femoro-popliteal
      region. They remind of basic physiological findings, present actual results, and
      based on their experience and data in the literature, they formulate the main
      principles of indications and implementation of haemodilution.

PMID- 1821475
TI  - [Surgical aspects of treatment of esophageal achalasia].
AB  - Based on experience assembled with surgical treatment of 88 patients with
      achalasia of the oesophagus in 1980-1988 the authors assume that patients in the
      second stage of the disease where dilatation treatment produced only temporary
      relief lasting several weeks and all patients in the third stage of the disease
      are indicated for treatment. The authors prefer the abdominal approach to the
      cardia and distal oesophagus as the cardia has an intraabdominal localization. It
      is also possible to treat other intraabdominal diseases and an antireflux
      operation can be easily performed. Patients tolerate laparotomy better than
      thoracotomy. In the author's opinion myotomy extending over 8 cm is sufficient
      Its protraction to the dilated portion of the oesophagus is not necessary. The
      antireflux operation is made only when before operation gastrooesophageal reflux
      was present or where during operation the oesophageal mucosa is open or where
      mobilization in the area of the oesophageal hiatus damaged several anatomical
      antireflux structures. Resection of the oesophagus in the IIIrd stage of the
      disease is exceptional in the authors' opinion.

PMID- 1821476
TI  - [Preservation surgery in splenic injuries at a type II hospital].
AB  - In 1986-1989 in the surgical department of the Pelhrimov hospital nine casualties
      were treated injuries of the spleen by preserving operations of the latter. In
      three patients the operation formed part of comprehensive treatment in the
      abdominal cavity and further treatment because of multiple injuries. In two
      patients the rupture was treated by a stitch with Gelaspon, in one instance by
      Gelaspon only. Six times splenectomy was performed with subsequent implantation
      of the tissue into omentum. All patients with the implantations recovered, except
      one, with out complications on the part of the implant. The authors present the
      case-history of a patient where on the 13th day day after operation the implant
      incl. the omentum had to be removed by relaparotomy. The authors did not
      encounter this complication in the literature. They ascribe it to the greatly
      reduced immunity of the patient due not only to the splenectomy but also to
      associated injuries, and thus healing processes facilitating incorporation of the
      spleen in the new environment were lacking. Despite this in the authors' opinion
      implantation of lienal tissue into the omentum, corresponding to one third of the
      original spleen, is a suitable therapeutic method even in district hospitals.

PMID- 1821477
TI  - [Surgical treatment of leg ulcers caused by venous insufficiency].
AB  - The basic pathogenetic mechanism of the development of venous crural ulcers is
      insufficiency of the valvular apparatus of venous anastomoses. Although other
      factors may be involved, the above cause is the most important one. The basis of
      surgical treatment is elimination of the incompetent venous anastomoses. An
      important prerequisite of proper healing of the defect in an effort to preserve
      the arterial blood supply of the affected area.

PMID- 1821479
TI  - [Use of quinolones in surgery].

PMID- 1821478
TI  - [The pig--an experimental model for transplantation of isolated islets pancreatic
      islets].
AB  - The authors present results of autotransplantation of the islets of Langerhans of
      the pancreas in pigs and miniature pigs ("Troll"). Diabetes was induced by total
      pancreatomy. From the removed pancreas the islets of Langerhans were separated by
      the method of intraductal perfusion with collagenase and implanted into the
      spleen or liver via the portal vein. The mortality on operation in pigs was 33%,
      in miniature pigs 20%. In domestic pigs normal blood sugar levels were achieved
      in 25% after implantation of the islets of Langerhans into the liver (in 2 of 8
      animals) and in 50% after implantation into the spleen (in 4 of 8 animals). In
      miniature pigs autotransplantation of the islets of Langerhans was equally
      successful when transplanted into the liver or the spleen -50%. The 50% success
      of autotransplantations justifies the use of pigs as a model for further
      investigations of allo- or xenotransplantations of the islets of Langerhans.

PMID- 1821480
TI  - [Does the patient have the right to make decisions regarding his illness?].

PMID- 1821481
TI  - [The status of proctology in the Czech Republic].

PMID- 1821482
TI  - Chronic cocaine administration and withdrawal of cocaine modify neurotensin
      binding in rat brain.
AB  - Neurotensin (NT) is a peptide colocalized with dopamine (DA) within some
      mesocorticolimbic DA neurons that are affected by cocaine. We assessed whether
      chronic treatment with cocaine and withdrawal from cocaine would alter NT binding
      within these and other areas in the brain. Rats were given infusions repeatedly
      of isotonic saline or cocaine (1 mg/kg i.v. every 12 min for 2 hr over 10 days)
      and then were killed within 15 min of the last treatment session ("cocaine" or
      "saline") or 10 days later ("withdrawal"). Brains were processed for NT receptor
      autoradiography. Cocaine affected NT binding in the mesocortical regions
      differently from other areas. Within the mesocorticolimbic system, NT binding in
      the parabrachial pigmented nucleus of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was 67%
      lower in cocaine-treated rats killed immediately after or 10 days after their
      final infusion than in rats given saline. In contrast to the perikaryal region,
      significantly more NT binding occurred postsynaptically in the terminal areas of
      the VTA (prefrontal cortex [PFC] and substantia nigra, pars compacta) 10 days
      after withdrawal of cocaine than in the saline controls. NT binding in the
      nucleus accumbens was unaffected by cocaine or its withdrawal. Cocaine also
      decreased NT binding in non-mesocorticolimbic areas, including the dorsal
      hypothalamic area and the zona incerta, but binding returned toward control
      levels 10 days after withdrawal from cocaine. These data suggest that in central
      areas poor in DA uptake sites such as the PFC, NT may be a critical element in
      the inactivation of DA. Chronic cocaine treatment and its withdrawal appear to
      uncouple the normal NT-DA interaction at both the cell bodies and
      terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821483
TI  - Response to novelty predicts the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine
      response to cocaine.
AB  - The relationship between a rat's locomotor response to a novel environment and
      its behavioral and dopaminergic responses to cocaine was examined. Subjects were
      divided into two groups based on their locomotor response to a novel environment.
      Subjects who had a novelty response above the median were classified as high
      responders (HR), while those with a novelty response below the median were
      classified as low responders (LR). Following administration of cocaine-HCl (0,
      2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 15.0 mg/kg), HR rats showed a greater locomotor response than
      LR rats. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between a subject's
      locomotor response to the novel environment and the locomotor response to either
      10.0 (r = 0.65) or 15.0 (r = 0.92) mg/kg cocaine. In a separate experiment, the
      extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NACC) was
      monitored using microdialysis procedures. Following cocaine administration (15.0
      mg/kg) HR rats showed a larger NACC dopamine response and greater locomotor
      activity than LR rats. In addition, there was a threefold greater locomotor
      activity to dopamine ratio in HR rats than in LR rats. A correlation between a
      subject's locomotor response to a novel environment and the dopaminergic response
      to cocaine was also evident. These results suggest that differences in the
      locomotor response to cocaine can, to some degree, be predicted by a rat's
      locomotor response to a novel environment, and that variations in dopamine
      dependent mechanisms of the NACC may underlie these individual differences.

PMID- 1821484
TI  - Aminooxyacetic acid produces excitotoxic lesions in the rat striatum.
AB  - The neuropathological, biochemical, and behavioral effects of intrastriatal
      injection of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a non-specific transaminase inhibitor,
      were examined in rats. AOAA, 0.1-1 mumol, produced neuronal damage when injected
      into the striatum of adult rats but failed to damage the striatum of 6-d-old or
      decorticated rats. AOAA-induced (0.25 mumol-1 mumol) striatal lesions in adult
      rats displayed excitotoxic characteristics and could be prevented by the N-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (-)-2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoate (AP7;
      0.25 mumol) or kynurenate (KYNA; 0.5 mumol), but not by the non-NMDA antagonist
      2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX; 0.25 mumol). AOAA
      produced a dose-dependent reduction in striatal L-glutamate decarboxylase
      activity, as measured 14 d following intrastriatal injection, which could also be
      prevented by AP7 or KYNA, but not by NBQX. These findings suggest that AOAA
      induced lesions are preferentially mediated by activation of the NMDA subtype of
      excitatory amino acid receptors. Behavioral studies revealed that the cataleptic
      response to haloperidol, 2 mg/kg, was decreased whereas the cataleptic response
      to arecoline, 15 mg/kg, and morphine, 15 mg/kg, was potentiated in AOAA lesioned
      animals 14 d following bilateral intrastriatal injections of AOAA, 0.25 and 1
      mumol. In rats which received unilateral intrastriatal injection of AOAA, 0.1-1
      mumol, apomorphine, 0.5 mg/kg, induced circling towards the lesioned side. Rats
      which received AP7, 0.25 mumol, or KYNA, 0.5 mumol, coadministered with AOAA,
      0.25 mumol, behaved as vehicle-treated controls, while those which received NBQX,
      0.25 mumol, and AOAA, 0.25 mumol, had behavioral patterns similar to those
      subjected to AOAA alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821485
TI  - Expression of calmodulin-dependent enzymes in developing rat striatum is not
      affected by perturbation of dopaminergic systems.
AB  - Transsynaptic regulation is one mechanism that controls expression of several
      calmodulin (CaM)-dependent enzymes. This observation and the demonstration that
      expression of several CaM-dependent enzymes in developing striatum occurred with
      a spatial and temporal pattern similar to that seen for dopamine and tyrosine
      hydroxylase suggested that the nigrostriatal pathway may influence the expression
      of CaM-binding proteins (CaM-BPs) during striatal development. Therefore, the
      possible role of nigrostriatal dopamine systems regulating the expression of CaM
      dependent enzymes was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats by using surgical
      hemitransections of brain, 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, and chronic haloperidol
      treatments. Alterations in CaM-BP expression following perturbation of the
      developing nigrostriatal tract were analyzed by using immunoblots, biotinylated
      CaM overlays, and enzyme assays. The extent of nigrostriatal lesions was assessed
      by using depletion of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase levels in striatum. All
      three experimental paradigms failed to alter the normal developmental expression
      of CaM-dependent enzymes. From these results we conclude that the increased
      expression of CaM-dependent enzymes during striatal development is not directly
      dependent on synaptic input from the nigrostriatal dopamine system.

PMID- 1821487
TI  - Midbrain dopamine system electrophysiological functioning: a review and new
      hypothesis.
AB  - The pathogenesis of a variety of neurological and mental disorders has been
      attributed to the malfunctioning of central dopaminergic systems. Twenty years of
      investigation concerning the way that dopamine systems function in the brain has
      yielded a great deal of information about the control and behavior of these
      systems. This collection of seemingly disparate facts is reviewed. A hypothesis
      is then presented that attempts to synthesize from these facts a view of the
      electrophysiological functioning of midbrain dopamine systems that may be helpful
      in understanding brain mechanisms underlying the pathology of such disorders as
      Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.

PMID- 1821486
TI  - Partial dopamine depletions result in an enhanced sensitivity of residual
      dopamine neurons to apomorphine.
AB  - Extracellular recordings from identified dopamine neurons were used to assess the
      effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine
      system on the sensitivity of the residual dopamine neurons to the dopamine
      agonist apomorphine. This was done by testing the response of identified nigral
      dopamine neurons in control and lesioned rats to systemic apomorphine
      administration at two time points: 1) 6-10 days post-lesion, when the loss of
      dopamine cells is nearly complete, and 2) 4-8 weeks post-lesion, which should be
      sufficient time for changes in dopamine receptor density to occur. As reported
      previously, dopamine neurons in control rats were inhibited by systemic
      administration of apomorphine, with their sensitivity being inversely related to
      their initial firing rate. The sensitivity of the residual dopamine neurons to
      apomorphine was unaltered in rats tested 6-10 days after depletions of at least
      60% of striatal dopamine. However, by 4-8 weeks post-lesion, there was a
      significant increase in the sensitivity to apomorphine; furthermore, sensitivity
      was no longer related to baseline firing rate, but instead was uniformly high in
      all dopamine neurons tested at this time. This enhanced sensitivity was not
      altered by hemisection of the striatonigral projection, suggesting that the
      increased sensitivity to apomorphine was most likely a result of a time-dependent
      up-regulation of somatodendritic autoreceptors on the residual dopamine neurons.

PMID- 1821489
TI  - [The effect of a magnetic field on the mitotic index and the chromosome
      aberration frequency in cultured cells studied by the "6 classes" method].
AB  - A method is proposed for experiment fulfillment and data analysis ("six classes"
      method) provided for proof or disproof of the reality of diverse influence of
      external factors on biological objects. The influence of alternating magnetic
      field on the mitotic index and chromosome aberration frequency in cultured
      diploid musculocutaneous cells of human embryos was estimated by this method. The
      revealed "plus-minus" effect did not correlate with the action of magnetic field
      but was caused by uncontrollable differences in conditions provided for various
      experiment replications.

PMID- 1821488
TI  - Chronic theophylline treatment increases adenosine A1, but not A2, receptor
      binding in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study.
AB  - Chronic exposure to adenosine receptor antagonists results in an upregulation of
      brain adenosine A1 receptors as measured by traditional radioligand binding
      techniques. In the present study, quantitative receptor autoradiography was used
      to characterize alterations in rat brain adenosine A1 and A2 receptors following
      the repeated administration of high doses of theophylline. Daily administration
      of theophylline (75 or 100 mg/kg) markedly increased (125-150% of control) 1 nM
      [3H]cyclohexyladenosine binding to adenosine A1 receptors in specific cellular
      layers of the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum with other brain regions
      showing more moderate increases in binding. By contrast, this chronic
      theophylline treatment did not produce any significant alterations in the binding
      of 4 nM [3H]CGS 21680 to adenosine A2 receptors, which were exclusively localized
      in the striatal region. This apparent differential sensitivity of adenosine
      receptor subtypes to chronic antagonist treatment suggests a possible intrinsic
      difference in the regulation of these receptor subtypes which may also be
      specific to particular brain regions. These results are discussed in relationship
      to other recent observations, indicating that the pattern of agonist binding to
      adenosine receptors may be regulated by a differential extent of coupling between
      adenosine receptors and G-binding proteins in different brain regions.

PMID- 1821490
TI  - [The acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the
      nodose ganglion neurons in emotional stress].
AB  - Cell bodies of cardiovascular receptors localized in the rabbit ganglion nodosum
      exposed to experimental emotional stress were studied histochemically. Two groups
      of animals were selected for investigation. Rabbits of one group had almost
      unchanged arterial pressure and small increase in heart rate under emotional
      stress, while animals of the other group were characterized by strongly marked
      disturbances of blood circulation leading to the lethal exit at the end of
      experiment. Activities of lysosomal enzymes--acid phosphatase and aminopeptidase-
      in the nodose ganglion neurons of the first group rabbits were found to be on the
      control level, the activity of mitochondrial enzyme, a glutamate-dehydrogenase,
      was slightly increased, whereas in the second group rabbits all the enzymes
      studied were significantly activated. A possible correlation between the
      metabolic changes found in the neurons and the type of hemodynamic changes is
      discussed.

PMID- 1821491
TI  - [The measurement of the macrophage membrane potential by using an oxonol
      fluorescent probe].
AB  - Technical questions of macrophage (MP) membrane potential measuring with a probe
      bis(1,3-dibutyl barbiturate) trimethineoxonol (diBA-C4 (3)) have been elaborated.
      Measurements were made of single adherent cells. It was shown that at a high
      concentration of probe in the medium (900 nM) the fluorescent signal well traces
      the depolarization of membrane, whereas at a low concentration of probe (110 nM)
      the hyperpolarization is detected more effectively. To find out the reasons for
      this difference, measurements were made of dye distribution between the cell and
      the medium measured as well as of the kinetics of probe efflux from MP in the dye
      free medium. The gradient of dye concentration on the cell-medium interface
      appeared to depend on the concentration of diBA-C4 (3) in the medium. Using
      gramicidin D and Na- and Cl-free solutions, the calibration of fluorescent signal
      was done; the value of K+ equilibrium potential of MP was -66 - -71 mV. The
      effect of quinidine and the binding of intracellular calcium result in a
      significant depolarization of MP membrane; a conclusion is made of the
      significant contribution of Ca(+)-dependent K(+)-channels to the maintenance of
      the MP resting potential.

PMID- 1821492
TI  - [The normalization of tumor cell morphology related to an increase in their size:
      research on giant cells produced by mitomycin C treatment].
AB  - This study shows that artificial increase in cell site leads to morphological
      normalization of transformed fibroblasts. Mouse L cells (clone 171/5) were used.
      As most transformed cells, they were poorly spread on the substratum, made only
      dot-like focal contacts with it, rounded quickly at room temperature and did not
      contain prominent actin cables. Giant cells were obtained by incubation of these
      cells in the medium supplemented with mitomycin C (0.15-0.20 mcg/ml). DNA
      synthesis and mitosis were blocked by this treatment, while protein synthesis was
      changing very slightly. As a consequence, the cell size increased dramatically
      from 3 to 11 days of the cell incubation in the mitomycin containing medium. The
      degree of cell spreading per mcg of protein increased significantly in the giant
      cells. These cells do not round after moderate cooling, and well developed system
      of actin cables and matured streak-like focal contacts associated with these
      cables are formed in them. These results, along with our previous data on the
      restoration of cell spreading and cytoskeleton structure in giant multinucleated
      cells, provide strong evidences that the increase in cell size per se can induce
      qualitative changes in cell morphology. It can be suggested that there are some
      scaling-dependent factors regulating the processes of cytoskeleton assembly and
      formation of cell-substrate contacts.

PMID- 1821493
TI  - [Hepatocytes in heterokaryons do not retard the nuclei of stimulated fibroblasts
      entering the S period].
AB  - Serum-deprived (0.2%) resting and serum-stimulated (10%) proliferating NIH 3T3
      mouse fibroblasts were fused with hepatocytes from intact, regenerating and
      embryonic mouse livers to elucidate mechanisms of liver cell proliferation, DNA
      synthesis being investigated in nuclei of heterokaryons and non-fused cells using
      radioautography. Hepatocytes in heterokaryons were found to have no inhibitory
      effect on the entry of stimulated fibroblast nuclei into the S-period, but on the
      contrary they were involved in DNA synthesis. In addition, the nuclei in
      heterokaryons mutually stimulated each other to enter the S-period. In their
      turn, the resting fibroblasts did not prevent the proliferating hepatocytes from
      the regenerating and embryonic livers to enter the S-period. Possible reasons of
      the absence of inhibitory effect of differentiated cells in heterokaryons are
      discussed. The data obtained enable us to conclude that the mechanism of
      proliferative process control in resting immortalized cells differs from that in
      differentiated cells where proliferation seems to be stopped without affecting
      the endogenous inhibitor postulated for the resting and ageing fibroblasts.

PMID- 1821495
TI  - [The blast transformation capacity and karyotypic characteristics of the T
      lymphocytes in hemolytic disease of the newborn].
AB  - The blood of 6 newborn boys with haemolytic disease of newborns and of 3 healthy
      newborn boys was examined. In all 949 metaphase plates were analysed. In all the
      investigated plates the karyotype was masculine, 46,XY [correction of 46HY]. The
      mitotic index is lowered considerably in sick children that suggests inhibition
      of their cellular immunity. In these conditions, the K and L lymphocytes of donor
      blood, introduced in substituting blood transfusion, can interact with the
      sensitized erythrocytes in accordance with the type of reaction "the transplant
      against the host" causing the increase in the level of bilirubin after the
      operation. It is expedient to study the possibility of realization of
      substituting blood transfusion using the leucocyte-free blood.

PMID- 1821494
TI  - [The chromosome variability of the Indian muntjac in somatic cell hybrids].
AB  - Hybrids were produced between the Indian muntjak fibroblasts and rat Jensen
      sarcoma cell line (JF1) auxotrophic for asparagine. They were selected without
      cloning under conditions providing survival of parental Indian muntjak and hybrid
      cells. This allowed to compare the Indian muntjak chromosome variability in the
      parental cells and hybrids under identical culture conditions. The frequency of
      muntjak chromosome aberrations proved to de higher in the hybrids (up to 47%)
      than in the parental cells (6.5%). Predominant are chromosomal breaks and
      dicentrics. The latter are mainly formed by fusion of chromosomes 1 and 2. The
      most fragile are 1 and X-chromosomes. Chromosomal breaks are evenly distributed
      along chromosome 1, and "hot" points are observed in X-chromosome. Possible
      mechanisms of the Indian muntjak chromosome rearrangements induced by somatic
      cell hybridization are discussed.

PMID- 1821496
TI  - [The dispersion analysis of cell suspensions by a conductometric method].
AB  - A conductometric device-analyser ADS-05 designed by the authors is proposed for
      dispersive analysis of cell suspensions. The device makes it possible to do a
      wide range express analysis of suspensions (0.1-600 microns) according to any
      required number of classes (from 2 to 2(10)). The results of dispersion analysis
      of the yeast cells of Saccharomyces aragilis crop are given (according to the 16
      classes).

PMID- 1821497
TI  - [The relief characteristics of the apical cell surface of endometrial
      epitheliocytes in women suffering from sterility].
AB  - Functional changes in the surface topography of the uterus in women of
      reproductive age have been studied using scanning electron microscopy. The state
      of the cell surface relief was estimated at different phases of the menstrual
      cycle and in sterile women. The presence of wide and short ruffles of epithelial
      cells covered with mucus is typical of the secretory phase of the cycle. No
      microvilli or cilia are seen on the epitheliocyte surface. In contrast, the
      follicular phase is characterized with numerous deep ruffles of epithelium
      covered with cylindrical cells. The apical surface is studded with numerous
      microvilli and cilia persisting even in sterile women at all the stages of the
      cycle. The disturbances of nidation processes in the fertilized ovule may
      apparently be associated with the patterns of the cell surface relief.

PMID- 1821498
TI  - [The nature of the changes in the activity of water-soluble enzymes in action on
      the muscles of damaging agents. VI. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      binding and enzyme adsorption by F-actin in ghost muscle fiber].
AB  - A possibility of binding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPhDG) in
      frog (Rana temporaria L.) skeletal muscles was studied by measuring its
      solubilization in 0.15 M KCl and by its presence in isolated actomyosin. Using a
      0.15 M KCl solution, more GAPhDG was extracted from intact muscles and muscles
      treated with heat at 38, 42 and 46 degrees C for 15 min than in a non-electrolyte
      medium. Actomyosin isolated from muscles reveals GAPhDG activity which cannot be
      removed by actomyosin reprecipitation. In myosin-, troponin- and tropomyosin-free
      single glycerinated muscle fibres (ghost fibres) GAPhDG absorption to F-actin was
      shown. It is suggested that under thermal injure of muscle cells, the increase in
      GAPhDG binding with thermolabile proteins of actomyosin complex may occur.

PMID- 1821499
TI  - [The possible cytophotometry of nucleolar proteins. The prospects for research on
      the status of the nucleolus apparatus].
AB  - Possibility of cytophotometry application was established for the acid nucleolar
      proteins reacting with silver nitrate. The increase in transcription in the
      Purkinje neurons results in the expansion of the Ag-proteins areas, whereas their
      amount may be not increased. The amount and area of the Ag-proteins double in
      hepatocytes through polyploidization, but the number of nucleoli does not
      correspond to the gene dosage. This lack of correspondence was also revealed in
      micronucleoli. The number of nucleoli is not similar in the nuclei of some
      binuclear hepatocytes, and this disproportionality increases through
      polyploidization.

PMID- 1821500
TI  - [DNA replication in mammalian cells after the action of physical, chemical or
      biological factors. VI. The recovery of DNA synthesis in a culture of irradiated
      cells].
AB  - The kinetics of DNA synthesis restoration in cultured HeLa cells and in L-929
      mouse fibroblasts irradiated by gamma-rays of 60Co with a dose of 10 Gy was
      studied. Early after irradiation the rate of DNA synthesis in HeLa cells measured
      with 3H-thymidine incorporation was seen to decrease. Two hours later the
      incorporation starts to increase to reach the control level 4 hours after
      irradiation and then becomes even higher than this level. The distribution of
      cells among phases of the cell cycle measured with flow cytometry undergoes
      changes. 4-6 hours after irradiation part of S-phase cells increased contributing
      presumably to the elevating of 3H-thymidine incorporation observed at this time.
      The restoration of the incorporation was suppressed by inhibitors of protein and
      RNA synthesis--cycloheximide and actinomycin D. It is suggested that the
      processes of restoration of DNA synthesis in irradiated cells can be of inducible
      nature. In irradiated HeLa and L-929 cells the restoration of DNA synthesis is
      resistant to novobiocin, an inhibitor of DNA replication.

PMID- 1821501
TI  - [The effect of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on DNA replication in human cells].
AB  - The influence of Staphylococcus alpha-toxin has been investigated on the duration
      of S-phase of lymphocyte mitotic cycle and on DNA replication in human
      fibroblasts in vitro. The duration of the S-phase of lymphocytes was measured by
      counting labeled metaphases and by making replication curves. Alpha-toxin in a
      dose of 3 micrograms/ml enhances the onset of S-phase, which is inhibited at a
      dose of 33 micrograms/ml of alpha-toxin. The action of alpha-toxin resulted in a
      decreased rate of replication fork and in a progressive activation of replicon
      groups. This effect was most prominent at 33 micrograms/ml of alpha-toxin. The
      data obtained allow to suggest that immunodeficiency of the second order, so
      characteristic of the staphylococcal sepsis, may be due, in many respects, to
      suppression of DNA replication.

PMID- 1821502
TI  - [The kinetics of the cell population of human liver parenchyma at different
      periods of life].
AB  - Processes of polyploidization in the liver parenchyma were investigated in the
      course of postnatal organism growth, stabilization of growth and ageing, using
      cytophotometry on the slides of isolated hepatocytes from normal livers of 140
      donors aged from 1 day to 92 years. In addition, livers of human embryos (4, 5, 6
      and 7 month old) were investigated. It is concluded that polyploid cells in the
      human liver appear in individuals aged from 1 to 5 years. However, during the
      postnatal development their relative number increases insignificantly. At the end
      of the intensive postnatal growth period the share of polyploid human liver cells
      is less than 3%. Binuclear cells with diploid nuclei are seen as early as in the
      embryonic liver. After birth their number increases slowly to reach 7.1% in the
      16-20 year age group. The postnatal growth of human liver is due mainly to
      mitotic divisions of mononuclear diploid hepatocytes whose relative number is
      more than 90% during the postnatal growth. During the period of maturity (from 21
      to 50 years), when the liver practically stops to grow, the levels of hepatocyte
      ploidy are changed insignificantly: part of 2c-hepatocytes decreases slowly (up
      to 84.8% by the end of period) and (2c x 2)-hepatocyte number increases slowly
      too. The number of polyploid cells increases by several times, but is equal only
      to 6.6% of all the hepatocytes counted. Under ageing, on the background of human
      liver atrophy, acceleration of hepatocyte polyploidization takes place. In the
      age group of 86-92 years parts of 2c- and (2c x 2)-hepatocytes reach 60.3 and
      14.3%, resp., and the total share of polyploid cells is as much as near 25%,
      calculated from the cell population of liver parenchyma. The maximum ploidy
      levels in hepatocytes of normal human liver during ageing is becoming 16c and 8c
      x 2 for mononuclear and binuclear cells, resp. Transition rates among hepatocytes
      of different ploidy classes (2c--2c, 2c--2c x 2, 2c x 2--4c, 2c--4c) were
      calculated in addition to the coefficient of changing of the hepatocyte
      proliferative activity with the increase in its ploidy and cell death rate in
      different periods of human life. A rather high hepatocyte proliferative activity
      in the early postnatal period of human life was seen to lower during the
      following years of life. In maturity it is the lowermost to make less than 5% of
      that in newborns. During ageing the hepatocyte DNA-synthesizing activity being
      almost 1.6-1.7 times as much as in maturity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821503
TI  - An Italian army twin register.

PMID- 1821504
TI  - Twinning in susceptible mothers. An exploratory study of international data by
      Payami's models suggests "reproductive maturity" as a risk factor.
AB  - An attempt has been made to apply Payami's models to maternal age-specific twin
      birth prevalences in several countries. The models disclose the heterogeneity of
      a cohort and spell out the risks to susceptible members (who will actually get
      the disease) according to age (or time). Payami's method specifies that the
      typical cohort of susceptibles is ascribed to two exposures: a potent and
      generalised exposure and a very low or no risk secondary exposure. The models
      have been adjusted to international data from current as well as old populations,
      of Occidental and Japanese origin. Results show that cohorts of twin-prone
      mothers aged 25 to 45 are homogeneous. A single dominant etiology is suggested
      which applies to both MZ and DZ twins. Heterogeneity, from 10% to 25%, is present
      in all countries whenever the 20-24 age group is involved. A separate study of
      illegitimate twin births from Denmark reduces the heterogeneity and shows that MZ
      illegitimate twin births are due to a secondary exposure responsible for a
      distinct twinning etiology. The age-specific risks of a MZ illegitimate twin
      birth are much higher than those of any comparison group, and are constant until
      age 35 years. This suggests a single-hit exposure akin to a neuroendocrine
      stimulus which short-cuts the usual age-dependent etiologic pathway. MZ and DZ
      twins both experience the same maternal age specific risks, an observation which
      underscores the common etiology of both types of twins. Risks increase with age
      from 20 to 45 years. The pattern according to age varies among countries and time
      periods. Occidental populations have a pattern varying from an exponential to a
      more linear increase in old and recent populations, respectively. Only present
      day Japan displays a logarithmic-like growth curve. The concept of "reproductive
      maturity" is introduced, and related to the secular trend of the DZ twin birth
      risk and to its variation across countries. Two new conclusions are drawn: a) The
      higher the rate of reproductive maturity, the less the DZ twin birth risk and, b)
      Reproductive maturity determines the maternal age-specific gonadotropin levels.

PMID- 1821505
TI  - Excessive follicular recruitment and growth in mothers of spontaneous dizygotic
      twins.
AB  - We wished to establish the frequency, regularity and laterality of multiple
      ovulation in mothers of dizygotic (DZ) twins and controls. Subjects had regular
      menses and were not using oral contraceptives. Ovarian ultrasound scans were
      taken over a number of cycles in 21 mothers of DZ twins and 18 controls
      (including 13 mothers of monozygotic [MZ] twins). Multiple large follicles
      (greater than or equal to 12 mm diameter) were seen significantly more frequently
      in mothers of DZ twins (13/21 mothers, 24/77 cycles, average +/- SE
      follicles/cycle 1.34 +/- 0.11) than controls (2/18 mothers, 3/31 cycles, average
      1.10 +/- 0.08). Both ipsilateral and contralateral multiple follicles were
      observed. In one case a mother of DZ twins showed multiple large follicles in 7
      out of 10 cycles in which she was scanned, including both ipsi- and contralateral
      patterns of occurrence.

PMID- 1821506
TI  - Time trends in neonatal mortality among twins and singletons in New York City,
      1968-1986.
AB  - The objective of this study was to compute yearly neonatal mortality rates (NMRs)
      in twins and compare these to rates in singletons during the same time period.
      The focus was on time trends in birthweight-specific twin mortality in the birth
      population of New York City during the years 1968 to 1986. The study population
      was all twin livebirths greater than or equal to 500 g birthweight (N = 45,605),
      with a comparison group of all singleton livebirths in the same birthweight range
      (N = 2,191,144). Data came from the New York City Department of Health's
      computerized vital records on livebirths and infant deaths. Between 1968 and 1986
      the crude NMR declined 39% in twins and 47% in singletons. In twins there were
      birthweight-specific declines of 69% to 84% between 1000 g and 2499 g. However,
      there was only a 19% decline in the twin NMR over 2499 g. This contrasts with a
      50% decline in the singleton NMR over 2499 g. In New York City, modern medical
      care has been remarkably successful in lowering the NMR in low birthweight twins.
      However, more effort must be made to understand the etiology of perinatal
      problems in twins with birthweights greater than 2500 g.

PMID- 1821507
TI  - Ethnicity and sex ratio in twin births.
AB  - The patterns of sex ratio in Israeli twins by maternal age and parity are
      described in two ethnic subpopulation. Jews and Bedouins differ one from the
      other in genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and reproductive factors. In the
      Jewish subpopulation, the proportion of males was significantly lower in twin
      than in singleton births; parity increased the odds of male twin births while
      maternal age had the inverse effect. In the Bedouin subpopulation, the sex ratio
      did not differ significantly from that of singletons, and no consistent patterns
      were found by maternal age and parity. The data suggest that several factors may
      influence the sex ratio in twin births. In Jewish twin births, the findings are
      consistent with the literature and can be largely explained in terms of high
      level of maternal gonadotropins. In the Bedouin subpopulation, paternal influence
      which could be related to lifestyle may be present, and as yet undefined genetic
      factors may also be involved. It would be of great interest, therefore, to
      continue monitoring of the effects of changes in lifestyle on the Bedouin
      population in order to tease out the relative importance of the varying factors
      on the sex ratio of twin births.

PMID- 1821508
TI  - Changes in the DZ unlike/like sex ratio in The Netherlands.
AB  - Based on Dutch twin incidence figures since the beginning of the current century,
      evidence is provided in support of the idea that the DZ unlike/like sexed ratio
      has gradually shifted (since 1900) from unity to less than unity. Opposing
      conclusions with regard to the justification of the use of Weingberg's
      differential rule are very probably correct in themselves but could depend on
      country and period of birth of the twin sample used. Furthermore, the fast drop
      and subsequent rise in DZ twinning rate between about 1963 and 1990 can very
      likely for the greater part be ascribed to a parallel shift in maternal age.

PMID- 1821509
TI  - Conjoined twins--an epidemiological study based on 312 cases. The International
      Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems.
AB  - Data on conjoined twins have been collected from 14 different malformation
      monitoring programs around the world. Among over 28 million births, 312 cases
      were identified. After considering underascertainment in one large program, the
      best estimate of the incidence based on the sum of induced abortions and births
      is 1.3 per 100,000 births. The distribution according to type of twinning, the
      sex distribution (39% males) and the stillbirth rate (47%) are presented. The
      presence of malformations not directly related to the area of fusion is
      discussed. In three women, thyroid disease was present and five women had been
      treated for infertility before conception.

PMID- 1821510
TI  - Birth defects in twins: study in a Spanish population.
AB  - The risk for specific defects among twins compared to singletons was studied
      using data collected by the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital
      Malformations (ECEMC). A total of 136 twins had a major and/or minor congenital
      defect. The overall rate of congenital defects in twins (2.37%) did not deviate
      significantly from the rate in singletons (2.21%). Like-sex (LS) and male-male
      (MM) twin pairs had a slightly higher rate of birth defects than unlike-sex (US)
      and female-female (FF) pairs, respectively. Defects of the central nervous
      system, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system were significantly more
      frequent in LS twins than in singletons, with relative risks of 2.8, 2.5 and 1.6,
      respectively. No significantly increased risk was found among US twins. Among
      defects of the central nervous system, the rates of anencephaly, encephalocele
      and hydrocephaly were significantly higher in total and LS twins; however, no
      significantly increased risk for spina bifida was observed when compared to
      singletons. MM twins were also 1.9 times more likely to have hypospadias, but the
      risk among males of male-female (FM) pairs was decreased.

PMID- 1821511
TI  - The definition, diagnosis, and management of growth-discordant twins: an
      international census survey.
AB  - In order to establish a protocol considering the definition, diagnosis, and
      management of growth-discordant twin gestations, a questionnaire was sent to 96
      authors of twin-related obstetric articles. The views of the 61 responders
      comprise this international census survey. The data suggest that a clear cut-off
      value for discordancy is still needed; however, the data indirectly supported a
      two-grade definition, namely, mild (greater than 15% and less than 25% birth
      weight disparity) and severe (greater than 25%) growth discordants. Expectant
      management was advocated by the majority of participants with out-patient follow
      up for mild discordants, while severe discordants may preferably be hospitalized.
      Follow-up should be done by non-stress testing (daily - 2/wk), biophysical
      profile (1-2/wk), Doppler velocimetry (1/wk - bi-weekly) and sonographic biometry
      (bi-weekly). The opinions considering termination of pregnancy because of
      intertwin growth discordancy were divided; however, discordancy per se, was not
      considered an indication for cesarean delivery. An adapted management flowchart
      that summarizes the survey's data is presented and may be used as a standard for
      future investigations.

PMID- 1821513
TI  - Acid-base differences in preterm and term twin pregnancy.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken which examined 179 sets of twins, 68 premature
      (less than 36 weeks of gestation) and 111 term. The purpose of this study was to
      assess differences in the acid-base status between twins related to gestational
      age, birth order and the time interval between twin births. Although the twin
      blood-gas data is within the range considered normal, statistically significant
      differences favoring the first-born were noted for both preterm and term twins.
      These differences do not depend on gestational age, route of delivery or
      presentation, and become evident when the interval between twin births exceeds
      one minute. We postulate that after delivery of the first twin, the reduced
      uterine size causes a decrease in the intervillous blood flow and consequently a
      reduction in the respiratory exchange between the second fetus, still in utero,
      and its placenta.

PMID- 1821514
TI  - Discordant twins: acid-base status.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the effect of twin birthweight
      discordancy on Apgar scores and umbilical blood acid-base parameters. Using the
      paired t-test, small but statistically significant differences were seen in these
      parameters favoring the heavier twin over its lighter sibling. These differences
      were also affected by birth order, with the first-born being favored.

PMID- 1821512
TI  - Influence of placentation on high density lipoproteins in adult males: the NHLBI
      twin study.
AB  - Dizygotic (DZ) World War II veteran twins who participated in the National Heart
      Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Twin Study have been reported to have greater
      variance than monozygotic (MZ) twins for plasma high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C), cholesterol in the low-density fraction of HDL (HDL2-C) and
      apolipoprotein A-I, a major protein component of HDL. It was hypothesized that a
      possible source of this difference in zygosity variance could be prenatal
      environmental influences related to placental type. Dermatoglyphics were used to
      provide a retrospective index of placental type in a subset of the NHLBI MZ twins
      aged 59-70. The MZ twins classified as dichorionic were found to have
      significantly greater within-pair variability than the monochorionic MZ twins for
      HDL-C, HDL2-C and Apo A-I. These findings indicate that intrauterine
      environmental influences on HDL are manifest later in life.

PMID- 1821516
TI  - Cesarean delivery of the second twin after the vaginal birth of the first twin:
      misfortune or mismanagement?
AB  - The perinatal characteristics of 16 vaginal-abdominal deliveries of twins were
      evaluated. The primary indication for the cesarean delivery was compound vertex
      presentation (n = 4), prolapsed umbilical cord (n = 4), transverse lie (n = 7),
      and mentoposterior face presentation (n = 1). Ther outcome of Twin A was not
      different from that of Twin B. About 90% of the twins were eventually discharged
      on time. A significant correlation (R = 0.9722, p less than 0.0003) was found
      between the reported rates of combined deliveries and cesareans in twins. The
      data suggest that a higher rate of combined deliveries is expected in practices
      where abdominal deliveries are performed more often in twin gestations, while in
      obstetric services with low cesarean rates in twins, combined deliveries seem to
      be unfortunate occurrences dictated by unexpected intrapartum events.

PMID- 1821515
TI  - Maternal plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and human
      placental lactogen (hPL) in twin pregnancies.
AB  - Maternal plasma IGF-I and hPL concentrations were examined in 10 singleton
      pregnancies and in 11 twin gestations near term. hPL concentrations were higher
      in the twin pregnancies (14.4 +/- 2.4 micrograms/l vs 6.9 +/- 0.9 micrograms/l, P
      less than 0.02). In contrast, plasma IGF-I concentrations were similar in the
      singleton and twin pregnancies (533 +/- 45 micrograms/l vs 572 +/- 60
      micrograms/l, respectively). IGF-I concentrations failed to correlate with hPL
      concentrations in either group separately or when all subjects were considered
      together. These data do not support the hypothesis that maternal IGF-I secretion
      is an hPL-dependent process.

PMID- 1821517
TI  - Twin pregnancy complicated by intrauterine demise of one fetus.
AB  - Two cases of antepartum demise of one fetus in a twin pregnancy are reported.
      Obstetrical management and fetal outcome are discussed with particular respect to
      changes in maternal coagulation parameters.

PMID- 1821518
TI  - Two locomotor strips in the diencephalon of thalamic cats.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic locomotor region (SLR) can induce
      locomotor movements in thalamic cats. The possibility of inducing locomotor
      movements from other structures in the diencephalon, using electrical
      stimulation, was investigated in acute thalamic cats. It was found that the area
      from which locomotor movements could be elicited, extended caudally to the SLR
      and formed two strips: (1) the dorsal strip, located at the border of the ventral
      thalamus and dorsal hypothalamus, and (2) the ventral strip, extending ventrally
      beneath the red nucleus.

PMID- 1821520
TI  - The effect of picrotoxin on the absolute and increment retinal sensitivity.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the GABAergic
      inhibitory neurones on the absolute and increment retinal sensitivity, determined
      be measuring b-wave threshold of frog electroretinogram (ERG). We found that
      GABAergic blockade by picrotoxin (PT -noncompetitive GABA antagonist) had no
      apparent effect on the absolute (dark adapted) b-wave threshold (12 microV
      criterion amplitude) and slightly, but significantly lowered its increment
      threshold under both levels of background illumination (0.25 lx and 200 lx), used
      in this study. A similar effect to that observed in light-adapted eyes was also
      seen in dark-adapted eyes when suprathreshold stimulus intensities, giving 25
      microV b-wave amplitude were presented. Another observation was marked increase
      of the d-wave amplitude after PT both in dark and light-adapted eyes. We suggest
      that the different photoreceptor input to the GABAergic interneurones and
      neurones, responsible for b-wave generation is the cause for the different PT
      effect on the absolute (rod mediated) and increment (predominantly cone mediated)
      b-wave threshold of frog ERG. The possible role of the GABAergic inhibitory
      neurones in the process of light adaptation is discussed.

PMID- 1821521
TI  - Some simple techniques helpful in ant research.
AB  - Eight simple techniques which may be helpful in ant research are presented. They
      facilitate: (1) collecting ground-nesting ants; (2) prompting ants to go out of
      their nest chambers; (3) introducing ants into a test tube; (4) recapturing ants
      during their mass escape in the laboratory; (5) keeping tidy foraging areas of
      artificial ant nests; (6) keeping high level of air humidity in foraging areas of
      artificial ant nests; (7) providing ants with water of improved quality; (8)
      cleaning artificial ant nests carved in plaster of Paris.

PMID- 1821519
TI  - Changes in motor unit action potentials during the fatigue test.
AB  - The studies were performed on medial gastrocnemius motor units of the rat.
      Changes in amplitude, duration and latency of motor unit action potentials were
      monitored in the course of fatigue test in the three types of motor unites: FF
      (fast twitch, fatigable), FR (fast twitch, resistant), and S (slow twitch,
      resistant) motor unit. In a majority of the motor units the amplitude of action
      potential decreased. The most pronounced decrease took place in FF units, less
      pronounced one in FR units, while in S type motor units the decrease was
      insignificant. However, in a part of investigated motor units the amplitude of
      their action potential transiently increased at the beginning of the fatigue test
      and, then decreased or was maintained at the same level till the end of the
      fatigue test. In a few motor units, particularly the slow ones, no changes in
      action potential amplitude were observed. In the studied material, a decrease in
      action potential amplitude was on the average less pronounced than a decrease in
      tetanus tension in the course of the fatigue test. In a majority of studied motor
      units the duration of action potential was becoming prolonged, which was most
      pronounced in FF type motor units and least pronounced in S type ones. In few
      slow motor units the duration showed no alterations. Changes in action potential
      duration were much more marked than changes in their amplitude. The changes in
      action potential in fast motor units were less pronounced than changes in their
      tetanus tension, while in the slow motor units they resembled each other in
      intensity. Comparison of motor unit action potential changes with changes in
      their tetanic tension in the course of fatigue test demonstrated no clear-cut
      relationship between the two phenomena.

PMID- 1821522
TI  - [Perspectives in pediatrics].

PMID- 1821523
TI  - [Epidemiology, bacteriology and clinical experience with cefixime in the
      treatment of acute infantile otitis media].

PMID- 1821524
TI  - [Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of chronic childhood diseases].

PMID- 1821525
TI  - [Nutritional obesity].

PMID- 1821526
TI  - [Metabolic changes in neoplastic diseases: nutritional implications].

PMID- 1821527
TI  - [Malnutrition and heart disease: its prevention and treatment in childhood].

PMID- 1821528
TI  - [Nutrition and chronic renal insufficiency].

PMID- 1821529
TI  - [Advances in perinatal medicine. Critical reflexions].

PMID- 1821530
TI  - [Epidemiology of cranio-encephalic injuries in infancy and childhood(prospective
      study conducted at the Hospital Infantil "Virgen de la Arrixaca" in Murcia during
      one year)].

PMID- 1821531
TI  - [Severe cranio-encephalic traumatism in infancy and childhood].

PMID- 1821533
TI  - [Neurologic signs as sequelae of cranio-encephalic traumatism in children].

PMID- 1821532
TI  - [Cranio-encephalic traumatism in infancy and childhood: role of the
      neurosurgeon].

PMID- 1821534
TI  - [Sequelae involving the cortical functions in cranial traumatism during childhood
      and adolescence].

PMID- 1821535
TI  - [Diagnosis and management of neuro-behavioral problems of preschool-age
      children].

PMID- 1821536
TI  - [Post-traumatic epilepsy in infancy and childhood].

PMID- 1821538
TI  - [Analysis of the environment of the child as an element of prevention].

PMID- 1821537
TI  - [Significance of cholesterol as a risk factor in children and adolescents].
AB  - Although nowadays there is still quite a controversy when it comes to accept that
      cardiovascular risk factors, e.g. hyperlipemias, exist right from paediatric age,
      we have already enough data to confirm this fact. First of all, it has been
      proved the presence of early atheroma injuries since paediatric age, as well as
      the relationship between lipid and lipoprotein serum levels and those injuries.
      Secondly, a clear tracking of those lipids during childhood reinforces this fact.
      And finally, the strong cholesterol and serum lipoproteins family aggregation
      actually confirm that hyperlipemias are a cardiovascular risk factor right from
      childhood.

PMID- 1821539
TI  - [Prevention in pediatrics: its value].

PMID- 1821540
TI  - [Changes in pediatric practice? Reflections of a general pediatrician].

PMID- 1821541
TI  - [Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic genetics].
AB  - Over recent years there have been remarkable advances in molecular genetics. As
      these techniques have been refined and simplified it has been possible to apply
      them to study human genes, both in health and disease. It is now possible to
      start to understand many diseases in terms of their molecular pathology, a level
      of diagnostic precision and, hopefully, how better to prevent and manage them. To
      give patients and their families the full benefit of expanding genetic knowledge,
      physicians need to understand the underlying concepts of human genetics and the
      role of genes in disease.

PMID- 1821542
TI  - [Advances in diagnostic immunology].
AB  - Advances in Immunology are continuously occurring, specially in the knowledge of
      normal and pathological mechanisms. Many new diagnostics tests are frequently
      proposed but these techniques must been in order to evaluate real usefulness and
      specificity. In this review we reported some of immunologic areas in which some
      advance has been recently achieved or which are matter of discussion, such as
      rheumatic, celiac, integrins and allergic diseases.

PMID- 1821543
TI  - [Diagnostic technics for the evaluation of the bone mass in neonates].

PMID- 1821544
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome: an update on epidemiology and cardiorespiratory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 1821545
TI  - [Adolescence: historic evolution].

PMID- 1821546
TI  - [Characteristics of the adolescent in Spain].
AB  - The number, sex and geographic distribution of the Spanish adolescents is
      reported. The mortality and mortality and their origins, specially for the
      behavioral remarking, the suicides and suicide attempts. The facts acting as
      producers. The incidence of diseases that traditionally produced death at an
      early age: cystic fibrosis, anorexia, nervosa, reporting also the own experience.
      The frequency in our country over pregnancy and its origin at this age, and the
      possible consequences in the newborn. The sexual transmission diseases and its
      relationship with the pelvic disease. Incidence of sexual intercourse, AIDS and
      substance abuse in Spanish adolescents supported in own statistics studies and
      literature. In the final conclusions is treated whose is the responsibility of
      all these adolescents cares and the history of these aspects in our society. In
      abstract it can be said that the adolescent is "that abandoned unknown".

PMID- 1821547
TI  - [Endocrinologic changes in puberty and adolescence].

PMID- 1821548
TI  - [Nutrition during adolescence. Bio-psychological risk factors].

PMID- 1821549
TI  - [Pregnancy in adolescence].

PMID- 1821550
TI  - Teaching adolescent medicine in pre-graduate and postgraduate levels.

PMID- 1821551
TI  - [Physiopathology, exploration and symptomatology of infantile acute otitis
      media].

PMID- 1821553
TI  - [XXIII annual meeting of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics].

PMID- 1821552
TI  - [Bacteriological aspects of acute otitis media [corrected].

PMID- 1821554
TI  - [The children of broken families].

PMID- 1821555
TI  - [Advances in pulmonary diagnosis].

PMID- 1821556
TI  - [Diagnostic advances in chromosomal analysis].
AB  - It is now known that chromosome disorders form a major category of genetic
      disease, accounting for a large proportion of all reproductive wastage,
      congenital malformations, and mental retardation, as well as playing an important
      role in the pathogenesis of malignancy. A variety of new techniques can be used
      to identify the chromosomal location of genes directly that promises to
      revolutionize the field of chromosomal analysis.

PMID- 1821557
TI  - [Diagnostic advances in biochemical and molecular analysis].

PMID- 1821558
TI  - [The therapeutic implications of prenatal diagnosis].

PMID- 1821559
TI  - [The prevention of chronic respiratory pathology in children].

PMID- 1821560
TI  - Development of a vaccine against group B Streptococcus.

PMID- 1821561
TI  - Group B streptococcal infections in newborns.

PMID- 1821562
TI  - [Neonatal infection by Streptococcus group B in Mallorca].

PMID- 1821563
TI  - [The importance of imaging in neuroectodermal disorders].

PMID- 1821564
TI  - [Neuroepithelial tumors in the pediatric population].
AB  - We have studied the neuroepithelial tumors in childhood, about their
      epidemiological, clinical and histological aspects, the macroscopic tumoral
      structure and the findings obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. We stress the
      differential diagnosis features among the various tumoral types, based on
      bibliography and our own clinical experience.

PMID- 1821565
TI  - [Magnetic resonance in malformations of the central nervous system].
AB  - Comments are made over a number of patients with malformations of the central
      nervous system, who have undergone magnetic resonance studies. Descriptions are
      made of the anatomic findings and their characteristics, and emphasis is given to
      the advantage magnetic resonance studies offer in patients with brain
      malformations.

PMID- 1821566
TI  - [Normal myelination patterns].
AB  - The MR images obtained of brain during the process of myelination taking place
      from birth to 2 years of age are analyzed. Basically, the study focuses on the
      changes in signal intensity experienced by the elements of the brain in the
      different sequences, consisting in an increase (T1 weighted sequence) or decrease
      (T2 sequences) in the signal. The chronological evolution of these changes is
      compared with the classic myelination pattern, described prior to the development
      of MR, based on necropsies. Also assessed were the progressive changes in the
      signals of the gray and white matter, reflecting their hydric contents,
      throughout the period of maturation of the brain structures. It is concluded that
      MR imaging is presently the diagnostic method of choice in the monitoring of
      myelination. MR spectroscopy studies offer important perspectives for assessment
      and follow up of this process from the metabolic point of view.

PMID- 1821567
TI  - [School absences and failure].

PMID- 1821568
TI  - [Changes in breast development in adolescence].

PMID- 1821569
TI  - [Growth and development in anorexia nervosa].

PMID- 1821570
TI  - [Growth retardation and diseases with a late manifestation].

PMID- 1821571
TI  - Nutritional dwarfing in adolescence.

PMID- 1821572
TI  - [The problems of arterial hypertension in pediatrics].

PMID- 1821573
TI  - [The etiology of arterial hypertension in childhood].

PMID- 1821574
TI  - [New diagnostic methods and control of arterial pressure in children].

PMID- 1821575
TI  - [The epidemiological aspects of arterial hypertension in childhood and
      adolescence].

PMID- 1821576
TI  - [General and therapeutic standards on arterial hypertension in children and
      adolescents].

PMID- 1821577
TI  - [Psychosocial, family and environmental problems].

PMID- 1821578
TI  - [Adolescent sexual behavior: the risk factors and prevention].

PMID- 1821579
TI  - [The crying pattern of the nursing infant. The effect of an educational program].

PMID- 1821580
TI  - [The gastroenterological aspects].

PMID- 1821581
TI  - [The therapeutic problems].

PMID- 1821582
TI  - [Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in childhood. The concept, classification
      and clinical picture].

PMID- 1821583
TI  - [The radiology of gastrointestinal motility disorders].

PMID- 1821584
TI  - [Isotopic studies of intestinal motility].

PMID- 1821585
TI  - [Manometric studies in intestinal pseudo-obstruction].

PMID- 1821586
TI  - [The pathological anatomy of intestinal motility disorders in childhood].

PMID- 1821587
TI  - [The treatment of intestinal pseudo-obstruction].

PMID- 1821588
TI  - [The assessment of growth and development].

PMID- 1821589
TI  - [The very low-birth weight premature infant: the social risk indicators].

PMID- 1821590
TI  - [Cardiovascular risk assessment during childhood].

PMID- 1821591
TI  - [The evaluation of neonatal screening tests].

PMID- 1821592
TI  - [The evaluation of nutritional status in childhood].

PMID- 1821593
TI  - [The rhythm of the acquisition of physical capacities].

PMID- 1821595
TI  - [The rhythm of cognitive and affective development].

PMID- 1821594
TI  - [Variations from the normal in motor development].

PMID- 1821596
TI  - [The rhythm of puberal maturation and school performance].

PMID- 1821598
TI  - [The rates of postneonatal mortality and sudden infant death in Spain compared
      with other countries].

PMID- 1821597
TI  - [The prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence].

PMID- 1821599
TI  - [The etiopathogenesis of sudden infant death: the current concepts].

PMID- 1821600
TI  - [The anatomicopathological aspects in the sudden infant death syndrome].

PMID- 1821601
TI  - [The forensic medical considerations in sudden infant death].

PMID- 1821602
TI  - [The criteria for inclusion in a program of home monitoring of a "population at
      risk" of presenting sudden infant death].

PMID- 1821603
TI  - [The value of epidemiological scorings for detecting newborns with an increased
      risk for presenting sudden infant death].

PMID- 1821604
TI  - [A proposal for the development in Spain of a "National Plan for the Study and
      Prevention of Sudden Infant Death"].

PMID- 1821605
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemias in pediatrics].

PMID- 1821606
TI  - [Complete immune cytopenias].

PMID- 1821607
TI  - [Immune thrombopenias].

PMID- 1821608
TI  - [Autoimmune hematologic disorders in AIDS].

PMID- 1821609
TI  - [The bases for and the applications of intravenous gamma globulins in the
      treatment of autoimmune cytopenias].

PMID- 1821610
TI  - [Fetal imaging: advances in cardiological diagnosis].

PMID- 1821611
TI  - Synthesis and expression in E. coli of the gene for human tumor necrosis factor
      (h alpha TNF).
AB  - A gene coding for human tumor necrosis factor (h alpha TNF) has been assembled by
      ligating short oligodeoxyribonucleotides and cloning into plasmid vectors. These
      oligonucleotides were prepared by the modified phosphoramidite methodology using
      isopropoxyacetyl (IPA) as a protecting group for exoamino- functions of
      nucleosides. Gene was expressed in E. coli and the protein product was purified
      to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography.

PMID- 1821612
TI  - Expression of multivalent pre-S1 antigen of hepatitis B virus in Escherichia coli
      (synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, surface antigens, recombinant DNA, fusion
      protein, beta-galactosidase).
AB  - The nucleotide sequence encoding 30 amino acids (aa) of the pre-S1 envelope
      region of the human hepatitis B virus has been constructed from twenty chemically
      synthesized oligodeoxynucleotides by simultaneous ligation. The DNA fragment
      containing four repeated sequences encoding the pre-S1 region (aa 20-49) has been
      inserted into the lacZ gene of the plasmid pWR450.1, yielding the recombinant
      pWX4 plasmid. The Escherichia coli DH5 strain transformed with pWX4 produces a
      beta-galactosidase-[-pre-S1(20-49) x 4] fusion protein. The hybrid protein
      containing 127 aa of repeated pre-S1 region has been isolated from Escherichia
      coli as inclusion bodies and purified by anion exchange chromatography. The
      antigenic properties of this fusion protein were confirmed by immunoblotting with
      pre-S1-specific monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 1821613
TI  - Proliferative glomerulonephritis and the activity of lymphocyte DNA
      transcriptional enzymes.
AB  - We investigated the activity of some enzymes of the transcriptive DNA system to
      assess lymphocyte metabolic potential in patients with proliferative
      glomerulopathies. This study included analysis of the activity of three classes
      DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, before and 6 months after immunosuppressive
      therapy (Azathioprine + Prednisone). The enzyme activity was measured in nuclear
      extracts of T and B lymphocytes by estimation of the uptake of 3/H/UTP in the
      presence of alpha-amanitine. The immunoblotting technique using anti-polymerase I
      antibodies and nuclear proteins separation with immobilized exogenous DNA were
      employed to assess a type of the increase of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
      activity in lymphocytes populations (enhancement of the synthesis or limited
      depolymerization and degradation of the active enzyme). We found that the RNA
      polymerizing activity was increased in both lymphocyte populations. In T
      lymphocytes the increase was caused by an enhanced activity of transcript DNA
      enzymes, secondary to increased gene expression. In B lymphocytes an increase in
      enzyme activity was rather due to large stability RNA-polymerases in these cells.
      DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I in T and B cells was not modified by
      immunosuppression, while reduction in enzymatic activity of the remaining RNA
      polymerase classes in T lymphocytes depends on partial limitation of their gene
      expression. Our study indicates that profound and various lymphocyte metabolic
      changes occur in patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis resulting from
      modifications in a gene expression and initiation of DNA synthesis in these
      cells.

PMID- 1821614
TI  - Immunological markers of the subsets of systemic scleroderma and its overlap.
AB  - The studies performed repeatedly in 298 cases of systemic scleroderma (SSc)
      disclosed high prevalence of antinuclear antibody (in about 95% of the cases)
      with the use of HEp-2 cells as the substrate for indirect immunofluorescence
      method. Anticentromere antibody (ACA) was found in 25% of acrosclerosis cases,
      but in 50% of patients with cutaneous involvement limited to the digits, i.e.
      almost without cutaneous indurations. The visceral involvement was comparable in
      cases positive and negative for ACA, and a follow-up of these patients showed
      that the course, although protracted, was not always mild as previously believed.
      Scl 70 antibody proved to be a most characteristic marker of SSc, appearing in
      about 87% of diffuse variety and in above 50% of acrosclerosis cases. The most
      important finding was the detection of the coexistence of ACA and Scl 70 antibody
      in 10 of 180 cases studied by three methods: indirect immunofluorescence, double
      immunodiffusion, (for Scl 70) and immunoblotting with recombinant kinetochore
      antigen for ACA and recombinant Topoisomerase I antigen for Scl 70 antibody.
      These antibodies, believed to be mutually exclusive, are most often missed due to
      masking effect on HEp-2 cells by the stronger antibody, usually Scl 70. Its
      detection proved to be possible by evaluation of different serum dilutions and
      several cell mitoses, and confirmed by immunoblotting with recombinant antigens.
      Of practical significance are the clinical correlations between Pm-Scl
      antibodies, showing homogeneous nucleolar staining on HEp-2 cells, and overlap or
      atypical SSc cases with concomitant muscle involvement. This antibody was found
      to have a surprisingly high association with atypical SSc or scleromyositis of
      children.

PMID- 1821615
TI  - Relationship between antinuclear antibodies and differential cell counts in
      synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Presence and titres of organ non-specific and granulocyte-specific antinuclear
      antibodies (ON-ANA and GS-ANA) were studied in 100 samples of synovial fluids
      taken from 95 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and in
      corresponding sera. At the same time the white cell count as well as the
      percentage of granulocytes and granulocytes with pycnotic or fragmented nuclei
      (PGS and FGS, respectively) were evaluated in the synovial fluid sediment. Twenty
      six percent of synovial fluid samples were positive for ON-ANA and the same
      percentage of samples were positive for GS-ANA. Titres of GS-ANA showed a clear
      inverse correlation with the number of granulocytes. The rate of PGS as well as
      of FGS increased with the titer of both types of studied ANA, however, a
      significant correlation was observed only between the percentage of these cells
      and GS-ANA. Differences in specificity and titres of ANA were demonstrated in
      samples of synovial fluids taken at the same time from both knee joints of 5
      patients under study. The differences were also noticed when the specificity and
      titer of ANA present in synovial fluid and serum samples were compared. A case of
      rheumatoid arthritis showing sudden appearance of numerous plasma cells in the
      synovial fluid in course of the disease is presented. This patient initially had
      no ANA in the synovial fluid or in serum, but ANA were detected at the time of
      synovial fluid plasmacytosis. These data indicate that a local production of ANA
      is likely to take place in ANA positive rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 1821616
TI  - Variants of SLE--a statistical approach for discrimination of a group of SLE
      cases into different subgroups sharing symptomatology. A pilot study.
AB  - Symptoms of two groups of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Group 1 constituted
      65 patients examined from 1975 to 1981; Group 2 constituted 104 patients examined
      from 1980 to 1988), which were diagnosed according to the American Rheumatism
      Association (ARA) preliminary criteria, were statistically analyzed with the use
      of a package of statistical programs which included computation of a matrix of
      correlation and cluster analysis. In both groups similar frequency and
      associations of SLE symptoms were seen. Hence, there was a positive correlation
      between kidney involvement and hematological abnormalities with nDNA Abs what was
      a hallmark of a severe SLE. In contrast, the symptoms of severe SLE disease was
      rarely seen in cases with Raynaud's phenomenon and discoid lesions. Our cluster
      analysis further distinguished groups on the basis of renal involvement, skin
      symptomatology, and polyserositis. These results also were similar in both groups
      of patients. That gave further credence to our results and continued to support
      the concept of SLE variants being distinguished on the basis of the clinical
      picture.

PMID- 1821618
TI  - Immunopathology of hepatitis B mediated membranous glomerulonephritis.
AB  - The study was undertaken to establish the clinical and immunological aspects of
      HBV-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis in children. Out of 54 children with
      membranous GN treated in the Children's Memorial Hospital 51 children (94.4%) had
      the disease related to HBV infection. The inhibitory effect of immune complexes:
      HBsAg-IgG and HBeAg-IgG, isolated from sera of these children on lymphocyte
      proliferation of blood donors was observed. This may partly explain the status of
      immune tolerance towards HBV in the infected children.

PMID- 1821617
TI  - Immunopathology of infertility.

PMID- 1821619
TI  - Morphological and immunological heterogeneity of human ovarian neoplasms.
AB  - The cells of cystic fluids from patients with malignant and benign serous ovarian
      neoplasms were separated by density gradient centrifugation. Density distribution
      and morphological features of cell fractions were analyzed. The immunophenotypic
      characterization of each cell fraction using poly- and monoclonal antibodies was
      performed. The application of density gradient centrifugation allowed to yield
      and catalogue several cell subpopulations according to their stage of
      pathological differentiation starting from typical, morphologically malignant
      until normal epithelial cells. Significant morphological and immunological
      heterogeneity among and within individual tumors was found. Our studies indicated
      the value of isolated cell subsets for estimation of interrelationships among
      various neoplastic markers and for comparison the reactivity of different
      antibodies and evaluation of their immunodiagnostic potency.

PMID- 1821621
TI  - Detecting diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 1821620
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings following
      conditioning with busulphan and cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 1821622
TI  - The health care of Hispanics.

PMID- 1821623
TI  - Resistant staphylococcal infection.

PMID- 1821624
TI  - Surveys of patients satisfaction: I--Important general considerations.

PMID- 1821625
TI  - Proteins of urea-soluble high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates from diabetic
      cataract: identification of in vivo glycation sites.

PMID- 1821626
TI  - The natural tuberculin conversion rate in the Western Health Board region: a
      review 1980-1986.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine the annual natural tuberculin conversion
      rate amongst national school children in the Western Health Board region. The
      health records of all school children were reviewed for the period 1980-86
      inclusive. An average annual conversion [corrected] rate of 1.8% was found with a
      range of 1.5%-0.7%. Less than 0.6% of the children had a significant reaction
      (greater than grade 2) in any year.

PMID- 1821627
TI  - Naming 3-D beams.

PMID- 1821628
TI  - Azapsoralens: new potential photochemotherapeutic agents for psoriasis.
AB  - New bioisoters of psoralen, obtained by replacing carbon 8 of the central benzene
      ring with a nitrogen, were studied from the photochemical, photobiological and
      phototherapeutic points of view. In particular, 4,4'-, 4',5'-dimetyl, 4,4',5'
      trimethyl and 3,4,4',5'-tetramethylazapsoralen were studied. The crystal and
      molecular structure of 4,4',5'-trimethylazapsoralen, obtained by X ray
      diffraction, was also reported. Like psoralen, these compounds form a molecular
      complex with DNA, undergoing intercalation inside the double helix of the
      macromolecule. When irridiated with long ultraviolet light (365 nm), the
      intercalated drug photoconjugates covalently to the macromolecule, forming mono-
      and diadducts. The photobinding rate show the following order of magnitude:
      4,4',5'-trimetylazapsoralen (4,4',5'-TMAP) = 3,4,4',5'-tetramethylazapsoralen
      (3,4,4',5'-TMAP) greater than 4',5'-dimethylazapsoralen (4',5'-DMAP) = 4,4'
      dimethylazapsoralen (4,4'-DMAP). The DNA photobinding rate of 8-methoxypsoralen
      (8-MOP), taken as reference compound, is similar to that of the two
      dimetylazapsoralens but lower than tri- and tetramethyl derivatives. The ability
      of azapsoralens to form cross-links in DNA is lower than that of 8-MOP. However,
      capacity to induce cross-links does not parallel the DNA photobinding rate; it is
      higher for trimethyl derivate and lower for tetramethylazapsoralen. Azapsoralens
      show evident antiproliferative activity. The trimethyl derivative is the most
      active, followed by tetrametyl, both these compounds showing activity slightly
      higher than that of 8-MOP. The two dimethylderivatives are less active. The
      mautagenic activity of azapsoralens on E. coli WP2 TM6 is lower than that of 8
      MOP in the same conditions. The new compounds do not show any skin phototoxicity
      on guinea pig skin. On the basis of its DNA photobinding, antiproliferative
      activity, mutagenicity and lack of skin phototoxicity, 4,4',5'-TMAP was chosen
      for clinical evaluation. Clinical results obtained by topical treatment of
      psoriatic plaques reveal evident therapeutic effectiveness and clearing is
      between good and moderate, although 8-MOP, used as reference compound, is more
      effective.

PMID- 1821629
TI  - Studies on 8-methoxypsoralen tolbutamide interactions. 2. Studies after U.V.-A
      irradiation in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Previous studies had evidenced that tolbutamide has influence on the complex
      formation between 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and serum albumin, both in vitro and
      in vivo, partially displacing it from its binding site. We have now extended this
      research by studying competition under UV-A irradiation, thus approaching the
      conditions which occur during PUVA therapy more closely. Research was first
      carried out in vitro, studying tolbutamide competing with bound 8-MOP in human
      serum after irradiation with UV-A. From the data obtained, it appears that the
      displacement is not influenced to any significant extent by irradiation.
      Experiments were then carried out in vivo on mice treated with the two drugs and
      irradiated with UV-A in conditions analogous to those generally used for PUVA
      therapy; the amount of 8-MOP localized in blood serum and in various organs was
      then determined. Concerning distribution of 8-MOP, results confirmed what had
      been previously obtained; concerning irradiation, results showed that the effect
      on the 8-MOP displacement by tolbutamide was not statistically significative in
      the most organs considered. A slight difference in respect to the results
      obtained without irradiation was observed only in the cases of skin, eyes and
      ears.

PMID- 1821630
TI  - 1-Peptidyl-2-haloacetyl hydrazines as active site directed inhibitors of papain
      and cathepsin B.
AB  - Fifteen 1-peptidyl-2-haloacetyl hydrazines, which can be considered halometanes
      of azapeptides containing Phe in P2 and alpha-aza-Ala or alpha-aza-Gly in P1,
      were synthesized and tested as models of cysteine-proteases inhibitors. By use of
      kinetic methods, they proved to irreversibly inactivate papain and cathepsin B
      via a reversible enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. Second-order rate constants of
      inactivation in the range 26-23000 M-1s-1 were observed for papain and 2000-39600
      M-1s-1 for cathepsin B. KI for the reversible EI adducts ranged from 230 to 0.16
      microM for papain and from 11 to 0.37 microM for cathepsin B. Structure of
      possible reversible EI complex is proposed and used to discuss the effects of
      structural variation of the inhibitors on the kinetic parameters of inactivation.
      Title compounds proved to be selective for cysteine-proteases, since no
      inhibiting activity could be detected toward trypsin, chymotrypsin and porcine
      pancreatic elastase at 0.1 mM concentration, after 6 h incubation. Relatively low
      aspecific alkylating properties were also verified in tests using glutathione as
      the nucleophile.

PMID- 1821631
TI  - Synthesis and inhibiting properties toward trypsin like proteases of N alpha-(N,N
      dimethylcarbamoyl)-alpha-azaornitine and alpha-azalysine esters.
AB  - N alpha-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-alpha-azaornitine and N alpha-(N,N
      dimethylcarbamoyl)-alpha-azalysine phenyl and p-nitrophenyl esters (7-10) were
      synthesized and tested as inhibitors of trypsin, chymotrypsin and thrombin. The
      N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group was chosen to decrease the tendency of acylcarbazates
      to cyclization into 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones. Only the p-nitrophenyl alpha
      azaornithine derivative 8 was inactivated rapidly by intramolecular acylation of
      the terminal amino group, rather than by cyclization to oxadiazolone, in aqueous
      solution at pH 8. The corresponding alpha-azalysine derivative 10 is completely
      unaffected under the same conditions. Rapid inactivation of thrombin and trypsin
      only was observed for all alpha-azapeptide esters 7-10 at 0.5 mM inhibitor
      concentration. No proteolytic activity was restored after 24 h following 2,000
      fold dilution of the inhibitor concentration suggesting formation of very stable
      acylenzymes.

PMID- 1821633
TI  - [Experimental results of the "visual technique"].
AB  - This is a study on the applicability of the visual method as an alternative to
      the present film processing control method according to German DIN standards. It
      was found that the results are greatly dependent of the kV values. This makes it
      doubtful whether the method is feasible in its present form. Furthermore, the
      validity of this method is also limited by the fact that fog and contrast are no
      longer used as criteria for assessing the development process.

PMID- 1821632
TI  - [Economics and efficacy of the use of contrast media].
AB  - Data collected on side-effects of nonionic contrast media during the last couple
      of years agree in respect of lowering of adverse reactions in comparison to ionic
      contrast media. Statistic valuation of the different studies has been discussed
      controversially, but better results cannot be expected in the near future for
      data-collecting reasons: The data available so far suggest the application of
      nonionic contrast media. Economic reasons may postpone the change from ionic to
      nonionic contrast medium. They should be addressed and not the quality of the
      data published so far on the subject should be used as an excuse for the delay.

PMID- 1821634
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of cystic kidney dysplasias].
AB  - Cystic kidney dysplasias (multicystic kidney disease) are differentiated from
      hyperplastic and ectatic cystic kidney diseases by means of pathogenesis in order
      to simplify the common classification. Six cases of cystic kidney dysplasia are
      reported (1 child and 5 adults) and in a review of the literature diagnostic and
      therapeutic strategies are discussed. A characteristic radiological sign is the
      clublike++ deformation of the rudimentary ureter. Nephrectomy is indicated in
      case of symptoms such as pain, hypertension or recurrent urinary tract infections
      or in case of atypical cysts with a risk of malignancy.

PMID- 1821635
TI  - [Retroperitoneal myxoid liposarcoma of the kidney capsule as a cause of Budd
      Chiari syndrome].
AB  - A retroperitoneal myxoid liposarcoma of the renal capsule must be differentiated
      from renal cell carcinomas, angiomyolipomas, fibrogenous lipomas, fibrolipomas
      and mixed tumours containing fat tissue. Myxoid liposarcomas can lead to
      intracaval tumour thromboses, which is often the case with renal cell carcinomas
      and revealed clinical with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging give additional information in the diagnosis of intracaval
      tumour thromboses and show the exact expansion of the topographic-anatomical
      structure.

PMID- 1821636
TI  - [A histologically controlled study of the value of sonography and palpation for
      the detection and exclusion of neck lymph node enlargements and metastases].
AB  - Preoperative evaluation of cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound and palpation was
      compared retrospectively in 123 patients with tumours on the head and neck. The
      diagnostic accuracy was higher by ultrasound (96.5%) than by palpation (85.5%).
      Hence, the sensitivity for detecting cervical metastases was also higher for
      ultrasound than for palpation (96% versus 83%), because of the reduced false
      negative findings. Specificity, however, was higher for palpation (82%) than for
      ultrasound (74%). Ultrasound was superior in delineating the relationship of
      metastases to adjacent tissues (vessels). Major disadvantages of ultrasound were
      the higher percentage of false positive findings (26%) and absence if delineation
      of the relationship to bony structures.

PMID- 1821637
TI  - [MRT in syringomyelia--follow-up control after syringo-arachnoid shunt surgery
      with clinical correlation].
AB  - In 8 patients with syringomyelia, MR long-term follow-ups (observation period 25
      46 months) were done after syringosubarachnoidal shunt operations. MR showed
      directly after surgery in 6 cases an extensive collapse of the syringomyelias and
      in 2 cases a lesser reduction of the diameter of the syrinx. During the
      subsequent course the size of the cavities increased again in 3 cases. The size
      of the syrinx visualised by MR did not correlate with the clinical status during
      the follow-up studies. This seems to point to an insufficient representation of
      the disease process by the morphological visualisation of the size of the syrinx.

PMID- 1821638
TI  - [A two-stage kidney rupture following an intrarenal kidney cystic lesion].
AB  - Five days after a blunt trauma with intrarenal rupture of a renal cyst, whereby
      temporarily a calyceal communication had formed, there was a spontaneous second
      rupture of the cyst with excessive retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Surgical
      treatment was necessary and could be accomplished without nephrectomy. Both an
      arterial bleeding at the bottom of the cyst and a several days' old renal
      infarction at the edge of the cyst seemed to be relevant for the two-stage
      rupture. The sonographic, urographic and surgical findings are reported.

PMID- 1821639
TI  - [Abstracts of papers presented at XXXIII annual meeting of Japan Society of
      Smooth Muscle Research (I)].

PMID- 1821640
TI  - [Abstracts of papers presented at XXXIII annual meeting of Japan Society of
      Smooth Muscle Research (II)].

PMID- 1821641
TI  - [Abstracts of papers presented at XXXIII annual meeting of Japan Society of
      Smooth Muscle Research (III)].

PMID- 1821642
TI  - Recognition of red cells by malaria parasites: the role of erythrocyte-binding
      proteins.

PMID- 1821643
TI  - DDAVP--the multipotent drug in patients with coagulopathies.

PMID- 1821644
TI  - Anesthesia training in transfusion medicine.

PMID- 1821645
TI  - Application of free-energy decomposition to determine the relative stability of R
      and S oligodeoxyribonucleotide methylphosphonates.
AB  - The stereoselective stability of oligodeoxyribonucleotide methylphosphonates is
      examined using free-energy computer simulations. These modified phosphate
      linkages have the potential to be important antisense therapeutics that can be
      targeted on specific sequences of single- and double-stranded DNA, as well as
      crucial RNA messages. The stability of hybrid duplexes that contain these
      modified linkages is known experimentally to depend on the configuration of the
      chiral phosphonate center. Free-energy decomposition calculations were performed
      on three DNA oligomers to determine the origin of the structural interactions and
      physical properties that influence the relative stability of R and S
      methylphosphonate diastereomers. The strategy applied used free-energy
      decomposition methods to evaluate the free-energy contributions from selected
      groups. The results indicated that only three groups have a steric effect on the
      stability: the C2' and C3' substituents on the S diastereomer (5' side) and the
      C5' substituents on the R diastereomer (3' side). The balance considerably favors
      the R configuration in all the isomers studied and is not sequence dependent. The
      electrostatic effects were much more variable and were shown to be dependent on
      the conformation of duplex. The solvent interactions, however, were consistent
      and contributed favorably to the stability of the R over the S diastereomer. This
      favorable solvation energy for the R diastereomer was surprising (since the
      methyl group is more solvent exposed in this configuration) and was further
      supported by ab initio and associated free-energy calculations. This study
      concludes that oligonucleotides containing R-methylphosphonate linkages will
      normally form more stable duplexes than the corresponding S diastereomer
      irrespective of sequence, but also points that conformational changes may allow
      for a reversal in stability.

PMID- 1821646
TI  - Antisense RNA inhibition of expression of a pair of tandemly repeated genes
      results in a delay in cell-cell adhesion in Dictyostelium.
AB  - Two tandem genes code for a protein recognized by antibodies to gp24, a small
      surface protein implicated in cell-cell adhesion of Dictyostelium discoideum.
      However, these genes do not appear to code for gp24 itself. We have transformed
      cells with a cloned vector that directs the synthesis of antisense RNA from one
      of the pair of tandemly repeated genes during the first 4 hr of development.
      During this period, gp24 protein fails to accumulate and the cells do not become
      mutually adhesive. Antisense RNA encoded by this vector is unstable and rapidly
      disappears after synthesis stops. gp24 protein then accumulates and the cells
      acquire cell-cell adhesion and proceed through development.

PMID- 1821647
TI  - Nonionic oligonucleotide analogues (Matagen) as anticodic agents in duplex and
      triplex formation.

PMID- 1821649
TI  - Antisense technology: commercial implications.

PMID- 1821648
TI  - Oligonucleotide-directed DNA triple-helix formation: an approach to artificial
      repressors?
AB  - Pyrimidine oligonucleotides exhibit sequence-specific binding to purine sequences
      in double-helical DNA. Molecular recognition occurs through triple-helix
      formation, mediated by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding of the pyrimidine strand
      parallel to the double-helical DNA purine strand. Oligonucleotide-directed DNA
      triple-helix formation has been shown to inhibit the recognition of double
      helical DNA by sequence-specific binding proteins. This observation provides the
      potential for new approaches to both the analysis of nucleic acids, and the study
      of nucleic acid-protein interactions. We wish to understand molecular mechanisms
      whereby such complexes affect protein-DNA interactions involved in eukaryotic
      transcription.

PMID- 1821651
TI  - Reversible transformation by v-sis: a model cell line for analysis of
      transformation by antisense methods.
AB  - Cellular homologs of v-sis are implicated in numerous human tumor types (Eva et
      al., 1982; Betsholtz et al., 1984; Johnson et al., 1985; Bronzert et al., 1987;
      Igarashi et al., 1987; Nister et al., 1988a,b; Versnel et al., 1988; Matsui et
      al., 1989), but whether tumor growth is maintained by sis expression alone or
      requires additional changes is unknown. To distinguish these possibilities, we
      studied reversible transformation of NIH-3T3 cells bearing an inducible v-sis
      construction. Cells subcultured from 10 of 18 tumors, all less than 0.1 gram and
      less than or equal to 21 days in age, reverted to a normal phenotype by four
      criteria, but again exhibited transformation upon induction. Thus, activation of
      the v-sis autocrine loop alone is sufficient for initiation of tumors. Cells from
      the remaining and larger, 0.5 +/- 0.7 gram, tumors did not revert by any
      criteria. This suggests that subsequent tumor growth is maintained by acquisition
      of irreversible change(s) that occurs at high frequency in vivo.

PMID- 1821650
TI  - Exploring the use of antisense, enzymatic RNA molecules (ribozymes) as
      therapeutic agents.
AB  - Antisense catalytic RNAs that specifically base-pair with and cleave target RNA
      sequences have potential for use as therapeutic agents against viral as well as
      endogenous gene expression. With the ultimate goal of developing anti-human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) ribozymes for therapeutic use, we have been
      exploring ways to improve upon the functional activity of ribozymes in living
      cells. This is being done by the systematic exploration of parameters that affect
      antisense, and hence ribozyme, function. These include target accessibility,
      stability of the catalyst, methods for delivery, and intracellular localization
      of the ribozyme. In addition, we have been examining the kinetic consequences of
      having extra, nontargeted sequences appended to the ribozyme flanking sequences.
      Perhaps the single most important consideration for ribozyme effectiveness in an
      intracellular environment is the accessibility of the target RNA for cleavage. By
      exploiting the mechanisms by which naturally occurring antisense RNAs interact
      with their target sequences, we hope to be able to address this problem of
      targeting and fully capitalize upon the potential of ribozymes as therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 1821652
TI  - DNA triple-helix formation at physiologic pH and temperature.
AB  - Oligonucleotides that form a triple helix with duplex DNA offer a novel way to
      site specifically regulate gene expression in vivo. Triple helices formed by
      homopyrimidine oligomers containing both cytosine and thymine are stabilized by
      acid pH and low temperature, and there is little information about triplex
      formation with these oligomers at both pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. Therefore, we
      examined the effect of changing various conditions on triplex formation at pH
      7.5. A 30-mer oligonucleotide (composed of T and 5-methyl C) at submicromolar
      concentrations formed a triplex with its target duplex at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees
      C. Association of the 30-mer oligomer with the duplex was slow, with complete
      association requiring about 1 h. At 37 degrees C, a 21-mer oligomer bound weakly
      to the target duplex but both a 25-mer and the 30-mer readily formed a triplex.
      This relationship of triplex formation with length was temperature dependent, as
      at 25 degrees C the 21-mer behaved similarly to the longer oligomers. Increasing
      spermine concentrations (from 0.2 to 1 mM) increased the amount of triplex
      formed. Spermine may be important only for the association of the oligomer to the
      duplex, since decreasing the spermine concentration after the triplex formed did
      not reduce the amount of triplex detected. At 1 mM spermine, formation of the
      triple-helical complex was very dependent on the concentration of KCl; increasing
      the KCl from 50 to 100 mM prevented triplex formation. However, the inhibitory
      effect of KCl could be abrogated by raising the spermine concentration to 2 mM.
      Our observations indicate that a triple helix can form under physiologic
      conditions but its formation is affected by several competing interactions.

PMID- 1821654
TI  - Non-sequence-specific inhibition of transferrin receptor expression in HL-60
      leukemia cells by phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides.
AB  - A series of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
      were synthesized against the human transferrin receptor (TfR). The
      phosphorothioate analogs exhibited marked biologic efficacy in culture, as
      assessed by inhibition of surface TfR content and HL-60 cell growth, whereas
      their unmodified phosphodiester counterparts were ineffective. Phosphorothioate
      oligodeoxynucleotides were more resistant to hydrolysis by serum and cellular
      nucleases and were more readily taken up by cells than phosphodiesters, thus
      providing a partial explanation for the differences in biologic activity. A
      length effect was observed, with antisense 30-mers exhibiting greater TfR
      inhibitory activity than 17-mers. The degree of receptor inhibition observed,
      however, was not sequence dependent, suggesting that the phosphorothioate
      oligodeoxynucleotides may have pleiotropic activities in eukaryotic cells in
      addition to inhibiting gene expression by classic antisense complementary binding
      to mRNA.

PMID- 1821653
TI  - Antibacterial activity and inhibition of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli by
      antisense DNA analogs.
AB  - Protein synthesis, which takes place within ribosomes, is essential for the
      survival of any living organism. Ribosomes are composed of both proteins and RNA.
      Specific interaction between the 3' end CCUCC sequence of prokaryotic 16S rRNA
      and a partially complementary sequence preceding the initiating codon of mRNA is
      believed to be a prerequisite for initiation of protein synthesis. Here we report
      the use of short (three to six nucleotides) synthetic DNA analogs complementary
      to this sequence to block protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo in Escherichia
      coli. In the DNA analogs the normal phosphodiester bond in the antisense DNA was
      replaced by methylcarbamate internucleoside linkages to enhance transport across
      plasma membranes. Of the analogs tested, those with the sequence AGG and GGA
      inhibit protein synthesis and colony formation by E. coli strains lacking an
      outer cell wall. Polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000) was attached to the 5' end
      of some of the test methylcarbamate DNAs to enhance solubility. Analogs of AGG
      and GGAG with PEG 1000 attached inhibited colony formation in normal E. coli.
      These analogs may be useful food additives to control bacterial spoilage and
      biomedically as antibiotics.

PMID- 1821655
TI  - In vivo modulation of N-myc expression by continuous perfusion with an antisense
      oligonucleotide.
AB  - In this study we investigated the in vivo efficacy of continuous subcutaneous
      perfusion of unmodified phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides. The in vitro
      sequelae of antisense inhibition of the target gene, N-myc, have been documented
      and include moderate growth inhibition without effects on myc expression, loss of
      secretogranin I expression, and morphologic alterations. We chose to use N-myc as
      a model target to determine if antisense effects observed in vitro can be
      reproduced in vivo. N-myc-expressing human neuroectodermal tumors were grown as
      subcutaneous xenografts in athymic mice. Antisense and sense
      oligodeoxynucleotides directed against N-myc were delivered to the vicinity of
      the tumor by a subcutaneously implanted microosmotic pump. Antisense treatment
      led to loss of N-myc protein from the tumor, as well as to the loss of the
      neuroendocrine differentiation marker protein secretogranin I. Myc protein
      expression remained unaffected. Mean tumor mass was reduced by 50% in antisense
      treated animals, and antisense-treated tumors morphologically resembled antisense
      transfected in vitro cell cultures. These results demonstrate that regional, in
      vivo perfusion of an unmodified oligonucleotide specifically downregulates gene
      expression in human tumor xenografts with concomitant effects on tumor phenotype
      and growth rate that correlate well with in vitro observations.

PMID- 1821657
TI  - Antisense antivirals.
AB  - The antiviral use of antisense oligonucleotides is described with particular
      reference to our own work on the inhibition of HIV-1. Subjects include the
      design, metabolism, and modification of these agents and the possible future use
      of ribozymes.

PMID- 1821656
TI  - Production and pathogenic effects of anti-DNA antibodies: relevance to antisense
      research.

PMID- 1821658
TI  - Cutting the chain of command: specific inhibitors of transcription.
AB  - Cell growth and differentiation are regulated (at least in part) by changes in
      gene transcription. The cloning and characterization of transcription factors has
      revealed that these factors coordinately regulate the transcription of specific
      genetic programs; for example, a number of phorbol ester-induced genes are
      activated by binding of the transcription factors Fos and Jun to specific DNA
      sequences. Clearly, inhibition of either the production or function of specific
      transcription factors would alter complete genetic programs, changing the
      expression of a great number of genes (analogous to cutting the chain of military
      command and affecting an entire brigade or division). Our laboratory and others
      have employed genetic methods to specifically inhibit transcription by two
      distinct methods: (1) antisense inhibition of the production of transcription
      factors; and (2) introduction of target DNA sequences to "soak up"or quench
      transcription factors. In this report, we present data showing that serum
      stimulated induction of the c-fos gene may be reduced more than 90% by
      introduction of target DNA sequences containing the serum response element (SRE);
      identical amounts of mutant SRE sequences have no effect on gene induction. These
      studies demonstrate that specific inhibitors of transcription can have
      significant effects on cellular gene expression. The challenge is to modulate
      transcriptional programs without deleterious effects on normal cells.

PMID- 1821659
TI  - Ribozymes: a new frontier in anti-HIV strategy.
AB  - A recent addition to the arsenal of antiviral agents are small, single-stranded
      catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) capable of specific destruction of target RNAs,
      leading to their functional inactivation. These dual features--substrate
      specificity inherent in nucleic acid complementarity coupled with catalytic
      degradation of the bound substrate--are analogous to sophisticated antisense
      oligonucleotides having restriction enzyme properties. Ribozymes fulfill certain
      criteria critical to the design of effective antiviral agents in (1) having the
      ability to interrupt a critical step early in the virus replication cycle before
      the virus has extensively damaged cellular machinery; (2) having sufficient
      specificity to interfere with critical viral functions without affecting host
      processes; and (3) having activity against a variety of viral strains generated
      throughout the course of the infection, especially for highly mutable pathogens,
      such as HIV. Several reports have now demonstrated the capability of molecularly
      tailored ribozymes to block gene expression by specifically cleaving the cognate
      RNA transcript.

PMID- 1821660
TI  - Cardiovascular dysautonomia in fatal familial insomnia.
AB  - Autonomic control of the cardiovascular system was assessed in two patients with
      Fatal Familial Insomnia. The diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy in patient 1. In
      the resting state blood pressure and heart rate were higher than controls in
      patient 1; plasma noradrenaline levels were elevated in both patients. Evaluation
      of cardiovascular reflexes indicated intact baroreflex pathways but with
      exaggerated blood pressure and biochemical responses to certain stimuli (postural
      change, Valsalva manoeuvre, isometric handgrip). There was no pressor response to
      intravenously infused noradrenaline, an increased response to atropine and
      diminished depressor and sedative effects to clonidine. Overall these results are
      indicative of an unbalanced autonomic control with preserved parasympathetic and
      higher background and stimulated sympathetic activity. These physiological,
      biochemical and pharmacological data, together with known neuro-pathological
      findings in this disorder, emphasize the possible role played by the thalamus in
      regulating autonomic control of cardiovascular function in man.

PMID- 1821661
TI  - Evidence for in vivo cerebrovascular neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat.
AB  - To determine the function of cerebrovascular parasympathetic nerves, the calibre
      of rat pial arteries was continuously measured when the nerves (the
      postganglionic fibres originating from the sphenopalatine ganglion) were
      electrically stimulated in vivo. The pial arteries (72.3 +/- 2.8 microns) dilated
      immediately after electrical stimulation (5 V, 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 1 min duration).
      Their diameter increased 4.7 +/- 0.1% (p less than 0.01), 6.3 +/- 1.7%, 5.1 +/-
      0.3% (p less than 0.05), 6.3 +/- 1.4%, at 15, 30, 45 and 60 s after initiation of
      stimulation, respectively. No significant change was observed in systemic
      arterial blood pressure or the expiratory carbon dioxide content during
      stimulation. This is the first direct demonstration of in vivo cerebrovascular
      neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat.

PMID- 1821662
TI  - Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography
      with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic
      failure.
AB  - We studied 45 patients who had autonomic failure with computed tomography,
      magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with
      [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to characterize the neuroimaging features of multiple
      system atrophy and pure autonomic failure and determine the utility of these
      techniques in distinguishing multiple system atrophy from pure autonomic failure.
      There were 30 patients with multiple system atrophy and 15 with pure autonomic
      failure. In the multiple system atrophy group, eight patients had mainly
      cerebellar signs, seven extrapyramidal and 15 had combinations of cerebellar and
      extrapyramidal signs. Cerebellar atrophy on computerized tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging, signal hypointensity in the posterolateral putamen on magnetic
      resonance imaging and a generalized reduction in glucose utilization rate with
      positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose, were the main findings
      and were seen only in the patients with multiple system atrophy. Decreased
      glucose utilization (hypometabolism) was most prominent in the cerebellum,
      brainstem, striatum and frontal and motor cortices. These results indicate clear
      differences, using neuroimaging studies, between multiple system atrophy and pure
      autonomic failure.

PMID- 1821663
TI  - Clinical Autonomic Research in the 1990s.

PMID- 1821664
TI  - Noninvasive quantification of superior mesenteric artery blood flow during
      sympathoneural activation in normal subjects.
AB  - The role of the splanchnic circulation in normal subjects during sympathoneural
      activation induced by stimuli which either raise (mental arithmetic, cold pressor
      test, isometric exercise) or maintain (head-up tilt) blood pressure has been
      studied by measuring superior mesenteric artery blood flow using a noninvasive
      Doppler ultrasound method in 18 normal subjects. Cardiac, systemic and regional
      haemodynamic changes were simultaneously studied. Blood pressure rose with the
      pressor tests and was maintained with head-up tilt. There was a significant fall
      in superior mesenteric artery blood flow with a rise in vascular resistance
      during each stimulus indicating active constriction. In six subjects, after 2
      months measurements were repeated in an identical study. Superior mesenteric
      artery blood flow measurements in this study were closely correlated with the
      initial results. These changes, in a large vascular bed, are likely to be of
      importance in the overall haemodynamic response during sympathoneural stimuli
      which either raise or maintain blood pressure.

PMID- 1821665
TI  - Continuous finger arterial pressure: utility in the cardiovascular laboratory.
AB  - The clinical utility for autonomic research purposes of the Finapres, a device
      for measuring finger arterial pressure continuously and noninvasively, was
      assessed by estimating its accuracy, precision and within-subject variability in
      48 subjects, aged 18-65 years, in comparison with intraarterial brachial blood
      pressure. At differences of -3.5 +/- 12, -8.0 +/- 8 and -4.4 +/- 8 mmHg from
      simultaneous intrabrachial systolic, mean and diastolic pressure, the Finapres
      meets the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instruments (AAMI) accuracy
      requirements for systolic and diastolic, but not for mean pressure. The precision
      requirements were nearly met for mean and diastolic, but not for systolic
      pressure. These results compare to those of others under widely varying
      circumstances in anaesthetized and awake subjects, and are comparable to those
      published for the auscultatory technique. The within-subject precision of
      Finapres is high; the 95% confidence intervals are 3.4-4.5 mmHg for systolic, 1.5
      2.0 mmHg for mean and 1.7-2.2 mmHg for diastolic. This makes the Finapres
      suitable for tracking changes in blood pressure. Four case studies are provided
      as examples of the value of the Finapres in the clinical laboratory.

PMID- 1821666
TI  - Cardiovascular instability and baroreflex activity in a patient with tetanus.
AB  - In a patient with tetanus we tested the hypothesis that the hyperadrenergic
      cardiovascular instability might be due to impairment of the baroreceptor reflex
      by the tetanus toxin. Baroreflex sensitivity assessed with the phenylephrine
      method was found to be normal. Changes in arterial pressure correlated inversely
      with relative changes in plasma volume but not with plasma catecholamine levels.
      There were both extreme hypo- and hyper-adrenergic episodes. We conclude that
      sympathetic overactivity in tetanus temporarily overrules a functionally intact
      baroreflex leading to severe blood pressure instability with episodes of
      hypertension.

PMID- 1821667
TI  - Disordered pupil reactivity in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Different varieties of pupillary abnormalities have been described in Parkinson's
      disease but it is not clear if this is due to the disease itself or to the
      pharmacological treatment. In this study, pupil reactivity to various stimuli
      (dark/light adaptation, light reflex, near vision reaction and electrical sural
      stimulation) was investigated in 23 de novo parkinsonian patients (not on drugs)
      to assess pupillary abnormalities and investigate their pathophysiological
      mechanisms. Parkinsonian patients exhibited larger pupil diameter after light
      adaptation, as well as a reduced amplitude of contraction and a prolonged
      contraction time at light reflex. The data obtained confirmed the existence in
      Parkinson's disease of a pupillary imbalance mainly involving the parasympathetic
      system.

PMID- 1821669
TI  - Report on the symposium: pathophysiological mechanisms of reflex sympathetic
      dystrophy, October 1990, Mainz, Germany.

PMID- 1821668
TI  - Morphine responders with unexplained pain after cholecystectomy may have
      sympathetic overactivity.
AB  - In patients with unexplained pain after cholecystectomy, morphine often induces
      pain and may increase plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity because of
      exaggerated or prolonged rises in pressure within the biliary system. Previous
      studies have demonstrated that patients showing increases in aspartate
      aminotransferase have increases in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and
      dopamine prior to and soon after induction of pain. The purpose of this study was
      to assess sympathetic activity under basal conditions in patients with
      (responders) and without (non-responders) increases in aspartate aminotransferase
      after challenge with morphine. When compared to non-responders, morphine
      responders had higher plasma concentrations of noradrenaline (p = 0.0001) and
      dopamine (p = 0.02) and higher urinary excretion of noradrenaline over 24 h (p =
      0.03). Plasma and urinary levels of adrenaline were similar in the two groups.
      These observations indicate higher basal levels of sympathetic activity in the
      subgroup of patients showing increases in aspartate aminotransferase after
      challenge with morphine.

PMID- 1821670
TI  - Report on the 20th international congress of neurovegetative (autonomic)
      research, September 1990, Tokyo, Japan.

PMID- 1821671
TI  - Report of the First Irvine Page symposium, September 1990, Baltimore, USA.

PMID- 1821672
TI  - Proceedings of the 8th meeting of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society.
      London, November 16, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 1821674
TI  - Neuronal and glial cell biology.

PMID- 1821673
TI  - Environmental-occupational risk factors and familial associations in multiple
      system atrophy: a preliminary investigation.
AB  - We studied 60 patients with multiple system atrophy and autonomic failure and 60
      control subjects matched for age, sex and race. Their psychosocial history,
      pedigree and occupation were obtained by personal interview. An inventory of
      autonomic and neurologic symptoms was obtained from 148 first-degree relatives of
      the patients and 80 controls by a self-administered questionnaire. Patients with
      multiple system atrophy had significantly more potential exposures to metal dusts
      and fumes, plastic monomers and additives, organic solvents, and pesticides than
      the control population. The potential exposures were determined in most subjects
      by their reported usual occupation. Clinical symptoms of multiple system atrophy
      were reported by a significantly larger group of patients' relatives than
      controls. These findings are possibly consistent with the hypothesis that
      multiple system atrophy develops as a result of a genetically determined
      selective vulnerability in the nervous system. Specific neuronal systems may
      become targets for environmental insults or toxins, and the disease state may
      occur when ageing neuronal systems can no longer sustain functional capacity.
      This preliminary study supports the need to further explore possible
      environmental, occupational, and familial contributions to the aetiology of
      multiple system atrophy.

PMID- 1821675
TI  - Growth cone motility.
AB  - The exact nature of growth cone motility is far from understood but progress has
      been made in several areas. It now appears that growth cones pull and not push;
      we will review the biophysical basis of growth cone movement. Current ideas on
      the regulation of growth cone motility and the relationship between motility and
      axon pathfinding are also discussed.

PMID- 1821676
TI  - Neuronal and glial cytoskeletons.
AB  - Long-awaited evidence for in vivo functions of the major neuronal microtubule
      associated proteins indicates that they are directly involved in neurite
      extension. Companion evidence reveals an intrinsic role for glial intermediate
      filaments in glial cell extension along neurites and for neurofilaments in
      establishing axonal caliber. New fluorescence and photoactivation experiments
      require a re-thinking of models of slow axonal transport and of the part the
      cytoskeleton plays in axonal guidance.

PMID- 1821677
TI  - The blood-brain barrier in and out of cell culture.
AB  - During the past year, the blood-brain barrier has received much attention from
      neurobiologists and neurologists and real progress has been made in establishing
      cell-culture model systems that should make future studies more simple. Confusion
      about the development of the blood-brain barrier, and the exact role of
      astrocytes in this process persist, but these issues should soon be clarified.

PMID- 1821678
TI  - 2001 interactions? An extracellular space odyssey.

PMID- 1821680
TI  - Functional properties of adhesion molecules in myelin formation.

PMID- 1821679
TI  - Cell adhesion molecules and their subgroups in the nervous system.
AB  - Structural relationships among cell adhesion molecules have been used to classify
      two large families of these molecules into subgroups. The cell adhesion molecules
      within each subgroup share several structural features that indicate that they
      may function in similar or complementary ways either simultaneously or at
      different times and locations.

PMID- 1821681
TI  - Molecular architecture of the nerve terminal.
AB  - The synaptic vesicle has been the focus of recent efforts to generate a molecular
      description of the nerve terminal. The function and molecular composition of the
      synaptic vesicle are well characterized, due in part to its relative simplicity.
      Recent work identifies specific proteins involved in some of the functions of the
      synaptic vesicle and their mechanism of action.

PMID- 1821682
TI  - Exocytotic and endocytotic membrane traffic in neurons.
AB  - Because neurons are highly polarized and capable of various modes of
      neurosecretion the exocytotic and endocytotic membrane traffic in these cells is
      more complex than in other eukaryotic cells. Progress in our understanding of
      neuronal membrane traffic and organelle biogenesis has come from recently
      discovered analogies to epithelial and endocrine cells.

PMID- 1821683
TI  - Disease, transplantation and regeneration.

PMID- 1821684
TI  - Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of glial cells and extracellular matrix in
      axonal regeneration.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that Schwann cells stimulate nerve regeneration by
      producing nerve growth factor in response to macrophage activation as well as by
      mediating growth through cell-surface and extracellular matrix adhesion
      molecules. Neurons sprouting in the central nervous system, however, encounter a
      hostile environment including mature oligodendrocytes with contact inhibitors of
      growth cone motility, masses of proliferating astrocytes with surface properties
      that may block regeneration, and an extracellular environment relatively rich in
      chondroitin sulfate and tenascin forming a matrix less permissive for
      regeneration than that found in the peripheral nervous system. In addition, as
      neurons mature, integrins and cell adhesion molecules are reduced in number
      (transcriptionally) or in efficacy (post-translationally).

PMID- 1821685
TI  - Intracerebral grafting in the dopaminergic system: issues and controversy.
AB  - A review of work in the dopaminergic system reveals both progress and
      controversy. More than 100 papers on intracerebral grafting were published last
      year. Several groups have published the clinical outcome of fetal substantia
      nigra implants in Parkinsonian patients and studies suggest that sprouting of
      dopaminergic fibers in response to grafting procedures ameliorates the behavioral
      deficits of dopamine-depleted animals. Trophic factors for dopamine neurons have
      also been identified. In addition, genetically modified cells continue to be
      developed as an alternative method for delivering molecules to the brain. The
      speed with which neural grafting has become a therapeutic procedure in
      Parkinsonian patients continues to stimulate debate.

PMID- 1821686
TI  - Recent advances in dystrophin research.
AB  - Evidence suggesting that dystrophin is a component of the membrane cytoskeleton
      of excitable cells continues to accumulate. Whereas the specific mechanisms
      leading to muscle pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy are still being
      debated it is apparent that the progressive weakness that occurs in this disease
      is the result of a chronic process that is initiated by dystrophin deficiency.

PMID- 1821687
TI  - Antibody-mediated neurological disease.
AB  - The number of neurological disorders in which autoantibodies are thought to play
      a pathogenic role continues to increase although the strength of the evidence
      varies. Many of the disorders are tumour associated.

PMID- 1821688
TI  - New approaches to the therapy of demyelinating disease.
AB  - The pace of research on the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis, the
      principal human demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, has
      intensified in the past 3 years, due in part, to the application of advances in
      molecular and cellular immunology. Many lessons that have been learned in an
      animal model of central nervous system demyelinating disease, experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis, also apply to multiple sclerosis and certain
      successful approaches for the treatment of this disease are now being attempted
      in humans.

PMID- 1821689
TI  - Neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of abundant neurofibrillary
      tangles and beta-amyloid deposits in neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala. The
      major protein components of tangles and plaques have recently been identified.
      These findings, briefly reviewed here, will allow researchers to design
      investigations that will lead to an understanding of the pathogenesis of the
      disease and to the development of new therapeutic approaches that may result in
      an effective treatment.

PMID- 1821690
TI  - Inherited amyloids of the nervous system.
AB  - A diverse group of biochemically distinct proteins give rise to amyloids, each of
      which is associated with a different disease. These amyloid proteins share
      numerous properties and typically arise from the abnormal processing of an
      amyloid precursor protein. The classification, mechanisms and biochemistry of
      amyloid fibril formation are reviewed here, and two inherited types of amyloid
      affecting the nervous system are described.

PMID- 1821691
TI  - Identification and characterization of the gene for neurofibromatosis type 1.
AB  - Elucidation of the partial genomic structure and DNA sequence of the gene that is
      altered in neurofibromatosis type 1, and the discovery of clues to its function,
      have opened new opportunities not only for understanding this particular disease
      process but also for clarifying signal pathways involved in cellular growth and
      differentiation. (This review is an updated and modified version of a review
      first published in Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 1991, 1:15-19.)

PMID- 1821692
TI  - Neuronal and glial cell biology.

PMID- 1821693
TI  - Disease, transplantation and regeneration.

PMID- 1821694
TI  - Stromal-cell and cytokine-dependent lymphocyte clones which span the pre-B- to B
      cell transition.
AB  - Five stromal-cell-dependent lymphocyte clones are described that correspond to
      late pre-B or early B-cell stages of differentiation. They are useful for
      determining the molecular requirements for pre-B replication, for studying the
      stromal cells that supply those factors, and for delineating the final sequence
      of differentiation events as newly formed lymphocytes prepare to exit the bone
      marrow. The efficiency of lymphocyte growth at limiting dilution varied
      substantially on different stromal-cell clones and may reflect functional
      heterogeneity of stromal cells. Most lymphocyte clones were similar to uncloned
      lymphocytes from Whitlock-Witte cultures in that they responded only transiently
      to interleukin-7 (IL-7) and then died, unless maintained on a stromal-cell clone.
      One unusual lymphocyte clone (2E8) was propagated for more than 1 year in IL-7
      alone and was selectively responsive to that cytokine. Most of the lymphocyte
      clones were not tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. However, one pre-B clone
      (1A9) grew autonomously in culture when held at high density, responded to
      conditioned medium from a number of cell lines, and was tumorigenic. Tumors
      derived from this clone were infiltrated by stromal cells and lymphocytes taken
      from the tumors' retained characteristics of the original clone. Ly-6 antigens
      were inducible on 2E8 and 1A9 cells, but the lymphocytes were otherwise arrested
      in differentiation. The 2E8 cells had rearranged and expressed kappa light-chain
      genes but displayed them on the surface along with surrogate light chains and mu
      heavy chains. Thus, expression of authentic light chain need not coincide with
      termination of surrogate light-chain utilization in newly formed B cells. Several
      glycoproteins have recently been demonstrated to be associated with surface
      immunoglobulin (Ig) on mature B-lineage cells and plasma-cell tumors. We now show
      that one member of this family (approximately 33 kD) was associated with the
      mu+surrogate light-chain complex on the 1A9 pre-B-cell clone. When compared to
      mature B lymphomas, fewer bands coprecipitated with the surface-labeled Ig
      isolated from pre-B- and early B-cell lines, suggesting that components of the
      antigen receptor are sequentially acquired during development. The normal
      replication and differentiation of pre-B cells is probably regulated by complex
      interactions with multiple cytokines and matrix components of the marrow
      microenvironment. Cloned lymphocyte lines that are dependent on stromal cells
      should continue to be important tools for molecular definition of those
      interactions.

PMID- 1821695
TI  - T-lymphocyte subsets in the embryonic spleen undergoing a graft-versus-host
      reaction.
AB  - Allogeneic immunocompetent T cells injected into chicken embryos induce a graft
      versus-host reaction (GVHR) whose most prominent manifestation is splenic
      hyperplasia. The highly inbred CC and CB strains of chickens used here are,
      respectively, homozygous for the B4 or B12 MHC haplotypes. By means of a panel of
      immunological reagents, including alloantisera and monoclonal antibodies against
      public domains of the T-cell receptor, CD4, CD8, and the inducible interleukin-2
      receptor light chain (CD25), it is shown that the bulk of cells in the enlarged
      spleen are of host origin and do not express markers typical of mature T or B
      lymphocytes. Among recipient splenocytes, the quantitatively most important
      population consists of TCR alpha beta-TCR gamma delta- CD4-CD8+CD25+ (TCR0)
      lymphocytes. Donor cells encountered in the spleen prevalently exhibit a TCR
      alpha beta+CD4+CD8-CD25+ phenotype and proliferate in vivo. The data demonstrate
      that nonspecific host and potentially specific donor-derived cellular elements
      contribute to splenomegaly.

PMID- 1821696
TI  - Characterization of RT6-bearing rat lymphocytes. II. Developmental relationships
      of RT6- and RT6+ T cells.
AB  - The derivation of RT6+ T cells from postthymic RT6- T cells in weanling rats was
      formally demonstrated by the intravenous transfer ("parking") of highly purified
      populations of RT6- lymph node T cells into thymectomized, irradiated, and bone
      marrow-reconstituted (TXBM) RT6 and RT7 alloantigen-disparate recipients.
      Parallel experiments in irradiated and bone-marrow-reconstituted rats, and in
      rats whose RT6+ T cells had been depleted by injection of DS4.23 anti-RT6.1 mAb,
      suggested that the transit time between the pre-RT6+ and the RT6+ T-cell
      compartments approximated 4-5 days. A more precise estimate of the transit time
      was made by linear regression analysis of the generation of RT6+ T cells in rats
      that were treated with DS4.23 mAb at timed intervals after thymectomy. This study
      indicated that 50% of the pre-RT6+ T cells differentiated into RT6+ cells within
      4 days, 75% within 8 days, and more than 90% within 16 days. Despite the apparent
      absence of pre-RT6- T cells 3 weeks after thymectomy, numerous RT6- T cells
      persisted for at least 10 weeks in thymectomized rats, even after treatment with
      DS4.23 mAb. Moreover, these RT6+ T cells failed to generate RT6+ T cells after
      transfer into adoptive hosts. Quantitative and phenotypic analyses indicated that
      this population of "true" RT6- T cells: (1) constitutes approximately 50% of the
      total RT6- T cells normally found in control rats; (2) contains CD4+ and CD8+
      subsets; (3) expresses both the CD5 pan-T-cell antigen (which is absent from NK
      cells) and the R73 alpha/beta TCR constant-region determinant; and (4) lacks
      sIgM. Hence, the present results indicate that the "true" RT6- and the RT6+ T
      cell subsets have stable antigenic phenotypes and represent developmentally
      discrete populations of postthymic cells in normal rats. This is supported by
      associated phenotypic and functional studies that suggest that the "true" RT6- T
      cell subset contains antigenically naive and/or autoreactive clonotypes, whereas
      the RT6+ T-cell subset contains memory and/or regulatory cells. It remains to be
      determined whether the "true" RT6- and the RT6+ subsets represent separate
      lineages of T cells or a single lineage at different stages of activation or
      maturation.

PMID- 1821697
TI  - Antigen-independent selection of T15 idiotype during B-cell ontogeny in mice.
AB  - Precursors of B cells capable of responding to a T-independent form of
      phosphorylcholine (PC) in splenic focus assays were detected in the spleens of
      neonatal mice as early as 4 days after birth. The earliest anti-PC B cells were
      T15-. T15+ foci-forming B cells were first detected 6 days after birth and
      expanded rapidly to constitute greater than 80% of the total PC-specific foci by
      day 10. Injection of heat-killed S. pneumoniae (R36A) into neonatal mice resulted
      in priming of the antibody response to PC, with an idiotype profile reflecting
      that of precursors of foci-forming B cells at the time of antigen administration.
      Priming of 2-day-old mice with 2 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(7) R36A induced a five- and
      ten-fold increase in the antibody response to phosphorylcholine 6 to 8 weeks
      later. However, only 10 to 15% of the serum antibodies expressed the normally
      dominant T15 idiotype. Doses below 2 x 10(5) R36A showed no detectable priming
      activity. PC-specific hybridomas derived from mice injected with 2 x 10(7) R36A 2
      days after birth lacked the idiotypic and molecular characteristics typical of
      T15+ antibodies. Antibodies to phosphorylcholine, raised by immunization of 6
      week-old mice are normally protective against pneumococcal infection. However,
      serum antibodies from mice treated with R36A 2 days after birth and responding to
      phosphorylcholine following challenge with R36A at 6 weeks of age failed to
      protect against deliberate infection with virulent S. pneumoniae. These
      observations imply that the antigen phosphorylcholine does not play a role in the
      selective expansion and dominant expression of the T15 idiotype.

PMID- 1821698
TI  - Psychotropic effects of ritanserin, a selective S2 antagonist: an open study.
AB  - The efficacy of the S2-antagonist ritanserin has not yet been clarified
      satisfactorily. In an open indication finding study to generate new hypotheses
      concerning its possible therapeutic application carried out in the psychiatric
      university clinic 25 patients (10 patients with vitalized neurotic depression
      (ICD No. 296.1), 7 with florid depressively tinged schizophrenia (ICD No. 295.3))
      were treated with an average of 15.5 mg/day of ritanserin for a period of 4
      weeks. Alterations in the psychopathological findings were documented by means of
      the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD),
      the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and the psychopathological findings (page 4)
      of the AMDP system. The results suggest that ritanserin improves depressive
      rather than schizophrenic symptomatology. In 4 of the 7 schizophrenic patients of
      our study an intensification of the psychotic symptomatology could even be
      observed. On the basis of our open study findings ritanserin could be classified
      as a substance with antidepressive effects, with a low incidence of side-effects
      and a rapid onset of action. In placebo controlled clinical studies this
      indication should be examined in different patient groups.

PMID- 1821699
TI  - Therapeutic sleep deprivation and antidepressant medication in patients with
      major depression.
AB  - Although there is a body of literature on the therapeutic efficacy of sleep
      deprivation (SD) there are only a few investigations in which the relevance of
      antidepressive medication for the clinical efficacy of SD has been studied. Based
      on the literature and on our own investigations with major depressed patients it
      seems that for the day-1 response it does not matter if and what type of
      antidepressive medication the patient receives. Furthermore, the results of our
      double blind study reveal that the day-1 response to total sleep deprivation
      (TSD) is not associated with a clear relationship to the outcome after 4 weeks
      treatment with either fluvoxamine or maprotiline. On the other hand, our data
      indicate that the day-2 response to TSD is significantly correlated with a
      beneficial outcome after subchronic treatment with maprotiline.

PMID- 1821700
TI  - Interest of a loading dose of milnacipran in endogenous depressive inpatients.
      Comparison with the standard regimen and with fluvoxamine.
AB  - A multicenter controlled study was designed to test the hypothesis that a loading
      dose of an antidepressant could shorten the latency of its clinical efficacy.
      Three parallel groups of about 40 endogenous depressive inpatients received
      either a loading dose of milnacipran (300 mg daily for 2 weeks and 150 mg daily
      during the 2 following weeks), the standard regimen of milnacipran in severe
      depression (200 mg daily for 4 weeks), or fluvoxamine (200 mg daily for 4 weeks).
      The duration of the study was 4 weeks, with assessments at baseline and after 4,
      9, 14, 21, and 28 days of therapy by means of Montgomery and Asberg depression
      scale (MADS), the Hamilton depression scale, the Clinical Global Impressions
      (CGI), and a checklist of symptoms and side-effects. Results showed very similar
      evolution in the 3 treatment groups. In addition, the level of side-effects did
      not exhibit significant differences among the treatment groups, except for
      excitement-nervousness and akathisia which were more frequently reported with
      fluvoxamine. These results do not support the usefulness of a loading dose of an
      antidepressant such as milnacipran. They demonstrate however that milnacipran can
      be given at a 300 mg daily dose from the very first day of treatment with an
      excellent tolerance.

PMID- 1821701
TI  - Analysis of the influence of vasopressin neuropeptides on social recognition of
      rats.
AB  - The facilitatory effect of vasopressin neuropeptides on social recognition of
      adult male rats was analyzed. The decrease of social investigation behaviors
      during a second encounter with the same juvenile rat served as index for social
      recognition. Treatment with desglycinamide-(Arg8)-vasopressin (6 mg.kg-1, s.c.)
      extended the time that adults recognize the same juvenile from 30 min to 24 h.
      Structure-activity studies revealed that the effect of vasopressin neuropeptides
      on social recognition resides in the 5-8 part of the AVP molecule. The peptide
      (pGlu4,Cyt6) AVP-(4-8) was more potent than DGAVP in this behavioral paradigm.
      These effects bear similarities with the memory enhancing effects of vasopressin
      neuropeptides as found in other test procedures.

PMID- 1821702
TI  - Molecular structure and dynamics of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.
AB  - The molecular structure, electrostatic potentials and dynamics of imipramine,
      chlorimipramine, amitriptyline and nortriptyline were examined by computer
      graphics, molecular mechanical energy calculations and molecular dynamics
      simulations, using the AMBER all atom force field. Starting coordinates for
      amitriptyline and nortriptyline were generated by model building from the crystal
      structure of imipramine. The structures were refined by molecular mechanical
      energy minimization, and used as starting points for molecular dynamics
      simulations in vacuo and in aqueous solution. The simulations demonstrated
      considerable flexibility of the molecules, both in the side chain and in the ring
      system, where the angle between the phenyl rings varied between 90 degrees and
      168 degrees. The most frequently observed conformations of imipramine,
      chlorimipramine and nortriptyline during the simulations had the side chain
      folded above one of the phenyl rings, while amitriptyline showed both folded and
      extended side chain conformations during the simulations. The results may provide
      increased understanding of the molecular recognition and specificity of tricyclic
      antidepressant drugs in interaction with neurotransmitter receptor molecules.

PMID- 1821703
TI  - Comparison of the effects of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide and carbon dioxide in
      health volunteers.
AB  - Twenty-six healthy volunteers received either 25 micrograms of cholecystokinin
      tetrapeptide (CCK-4) or a mixture of 35% carbon dioxide in oxygen (CO2). DSM-III
      R criteria including anxiety, apprehension and/or fear of at least moderate
      intensity were used to determine the occurrence of a panic attack. Results for
      the entire sample revealed that CCK-4 produced significantly more intense
      symptoms than CO2, but not a significantly greater number of symptoms. The
      incidence of DSM-III-R panic attacks was similar with both substances; 21% (3/14)
      for CO2 and 17% (2/12) for CCK-4. This study indicates that CCK-4 is at least as
      potent as CO2 in producing panic symptoms in healthy volunteers and is a useful
      challenge paradigm for comparative research of pharmacologic agents which possess
      distinct neurobiologic properties.

PMID- 1821704
TI  - Antagonism by antidepressant drugs of the inhibitory effect of
      trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) on [3H]acetylcholine release in rat or
      guinea-pig hippocampal synaptosomes.
AB  - The effects of antidepressant drugs on the m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
      (TFMPP)-induced inhibition of K(+)-evoked [3H]acetylcholine (3H-ACh) release were
      studied in rat or guinea-pig hippocampal synaptosomes. The serotonergic agonist
      TFMPP dose-dependently inhibited the K(+)-evoked release of 3H-ACh in rat
      hippocampus (IC50 = 53 microM). Chlorimipramine (5-500 nM), a typical tricyclic
      antidepressant, and minaprine (1-100 nM), an atypical antidepressant drug,
      partially antagonized the effect of TFMPP on 3H-ACh release in a dose-dependent
      manner. Other antidepressants (imipramine, citalopram, indalpine, fluoxetine,
      fluvoxamine, oxaprotiline, mianserine, nomifensine), at concentrations ranging
      from 10 to 500 nM, produced similar effects. Drugs with no antidepressant effect,
      such as chlorpromazine, clobazam, and cocaine (50, 100 and 500 nM), were without
      significant influence on the TFMPP effect. In guinea-pig hippocampal
      synaptosomes, minaprine (50 nM) also reduced the TFMPP-induced inhibition of 3H
      ACh release, whilst clobazam (50 nM) was inactive. These results suggest that
      antidepressant drugs interact in vitro with heterologous serotonergic presynaptic
      receptors on cholinergic nerve terminals in rat and guinea-pig hippocampus.

PMID- 1821705
TI  - Hypothalamic monoamines and neuropeptides in dementia.
AB  - The concentrations of monoamines and various neuropeptides were determined in the
      hypothalamus of brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular
      dementia (n = 26) and compared with control values (n = 21). Decreased
      concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (P less than 0.05) and homovanillic
      acid (P less than 0.01) were found, and increased arginine vasopressin- (P less
      than 0.01), galanin- (P less than 0.05) and somatostatin- (P less than 0.01) like
      immunoreactivity. It is proposed that this disequilibrium may be important for
      certain circadian symptoms, e.g. the changes in sleep/wake rhythms that are
      rather often observed in dementia.

PMID- 1821706
TI  - Aggression and suicide attempts: preliminary data.
AB  - The similarities between blood platelets and serotonin (5HT) neurons offer a
      reliable tool of exploring 5HT system. The aim of our study was to evaluate
      platelet [3H]imipramine binding in suicide attempters, as compared with depressed
      patients and healthy controls. In addition, we measured aggressive features in
      the 3 groups, by a standardized rating scale, the Inventory for assessing
      different kinds of ostility (QTA). The results showed a significant decrease in
      the maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 3H-imipramine binding to platelet
      membranes in suicide attempters, who also exhibited higher total and single item
      scores at QTA than healthy controls or depressed patients. Both biological and
      psychological findings are suggestive of an aggression dysregulation in suicide
      attempters.

PMID- 1821707
TI  - Tolerability and antidepressive effect of brofaromine, a short-acting reversible
      MAO inhibitor--an open study.
AB  - The tolerability and antidepressive effect of brofaromine, a selective MAO-A
      inhibitor was tested in 14 depressive patients. None of the patients showed blood
      pressure or pulse frequency changes after ingesting tyramine-enriched meals. Four
      instances of agitation were observed as side effects. In two of these cases, the
      appearance of paranoid thinking and suicidal tendencies led to premature
      termination of the study. In 3 cases sleep disturbances, in particular
      difficulties in falling asleep, were observed. In the test of antidepressive
      effectiveness (measured on the HAMD-scale) significant improvement was observed
      from day 14 onwards.

PMID- 1821708
TI  - Comparative determination of selenium in the serum of various animal species and
      humans by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
AB  - It was the goal of this paper to establish total selenium reference values for
      Switzerland in different animal species and in humans. To this purpose, a
      flameless atomic absorption method with deuterium background compensation
      utilizing a graphite furnace atomization system with a pyrolytic platform inside
      and palladium solution as matrix modifier was developed for the measurement of
      selenium in serum. The method was characterized by rapid performability, small
      sample requirement, acceptable detection limit (0.04 mumol/L) and precision and a
      linear range of measurement up to 4 mumol/L. The method proved to be suited for
      routine application in species with low selenium concentrations, such as cattle.
      It may be useful wherever small amounts of serum have to be analysed, e.g. in
      neonatology. Reference values of serum selenium concentration were determined in
      healthy subjects of various species, including man. They were as follows (min =
      5%, max = 95% percentile values in mumol/L): humans (20-60 years): 0.78-1.48,
      humans (60-100 years): 0.61-1.73, horse: 0.36-1.68, dog: 1.90-4.31, cat: 3.60
      10.09, cattle greater than 9 months: 0.10-0.82, calves 3-9 months: 0.19-0.65,
      sheep: 0.09-0.54, goat: 0.14-1.42, chicken: 1.68-4.28 and pig: 1.97-3.32. From
      the data it was concluded (i) that the serum selenium concentration depended on
      the amount of selenium in the food, and on the type of digestive tract; (ii) that
      carnivors had the highest and ruminants the lowest selenium values; and (iii)
      that up to 20% of the geriatric donors had inadequate selenium levels.

PMID- 1821709
TI  - Effects of zinc supplementation on zinc status and immunity in haemodialysis
      patients.
AB  - The depression of immunity to various antigens in chronic uremia is a frequently
      encountered phenomenon. Zinc deficiency might well be an important factor in its
      genesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of zinc deficiency in
      this reduced immune response. Two groups of 7 patients on haemodialysis who had
      failed to respond with seroconversion to an earlier vaccination against hepatitis
      B were revaccinated. One group received zinc by the addition of zinc chloride to
      the dialysate. Before initiation of the study zinc in plasma and leucocytes was
      measured. No difference in plasma and leucocyte zinc was observed between the two
      groups. Zinc in leucocytes was lower in patients than in a group of healthy
      volunteers (61.5 pmol/10E6 cells +/- 4.6 versus 73.8 +/- 5.6, p less than 0.005).
      Plasma zinc showed no difference between patients and healthy volunteers. During
      zinc supplementation zinc in plasma rose in the patient group receiving zinc
      (10.4 mmol/L +/- 1.5 to 14.2 +/- 1.9, p less than 0.005). However, no rise in
      leucocyte zinc was seen. At the end of the trial seroconversion had occurred in 2
      patients in each group. It is concluded that zinc supplementation in
      haemodialysis patients does not lead to the restoration of leucocyte zinc to
      normal levels. Neither did it lead to an enhanced antibody response in our
      population after revaccination of haemodialysis patients against hepatitis B.

PMID- 1821710
TI  - Reference values for the nickel concentration in human finger nails.
AB  - A reference value for the nickel concentration in finger nails from people who
      are not occupationally exposed to nickel was determined on the basis of nail
      samples from 95 healthy individuals. The mean +/- standard deviation was 1.19 +/-
      1.61 mg/kg and the median was 0.49 mg/kg (range 0.042-7.50 mg/kg). The 95%
      confidence interval of the population mean was 0.51-1.26 mg/kg and the 95%
      confidence interval of the population median was 0.39-0.74 mg/kg. The random
      sample consisted of 59 women and 36 men. No significant difference between the
      nickel levels in finger nails from men and women could be demonstrated. The age
      of the subjects varied from 16 to 66 years. There was no correlation between age
      and nickel concentration in finger nails.

PMID- 1821711
TI  - Review of publications.

PMID- 1821712
TI  - Trace element intake (zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum, iodine and nickel) of
      humans in Thuringia and Brandenburg of the Fed. Rep. of Germany.
AB  - The daily dry matter intake of 56 test persons between 20 and 60 years of age
      from four geographic groups (Wusterhausen and Vetschau in Brandenburg; Jena and
      Bad Langensalza in Thuringia) was registered on 7 consecutive days by means of
      the duplicate method. The Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, I and Ni content of food and beverage
      dry matter and the daily intake of these trace elements were determined. During
      the test period, the ration contained 24-29 mg zinc, 6.8-9.2 mg manganese, 1.9
      2.6 mg copper, 0.17-0.22 mg molybdenum, 0.10-0.18 mg iodine and 0.36-0.68 mg
      nickel per kg dry matter. The adults consumed 6.7-11.0 mg zinc, 2.0-3.8 mg
      manganese, 0.54-0.92 mg copper, 47-89 micrograms molybdenum, 30-67 micrograms
      iodine and 111-256 micrograms nickel per day. The living area had an effect on
      the Mn, I and Ni intake. The higher dry matter intake resulted in a better trace
      element supply of male test persons. The copper, molybdenum and iodine
      requirement recommended by the WHO was not met.

PMID- 1821713
TI  - Influence of arsenic on selenium metabolism and glutathione peroxidase activity
      in rats.
AB  - Arsenic accumulated to the greatest extent in blood followed in decreasing order
      by kidney, hair and liver in rats fed with various levels of arsenic. Within the
      intracellular fractions of the liver, arsenic accumulated to the greatest extent
      in the nuclear fraction, followed by cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes in
      decreasing order. Increasing arsenic significantly increased the deposition of
      75Se-selenite in heart and testis but had no effect in blood, liver, spleen or
      kidney and significantly increased the excretion of 75Se in feces with a
      concomitant decrease in urinary excretion. Within the hepatic intracellular
      fractions, arsenic significantly altered only the 75Se content of the microsomes.
      Arsenic had no effect upon the glutathione peroxidase activities in blood, kidney
      or testes, but depressed this activity and the stable selenium content in liver.

PMID- 1821714
TI  - Intestinal absorption of aluminium: studies in the isolated perfused rat
      intestinal preparation.
AB  - Aluminium (Al) absorption was studied using an isolated in vitro vascularly
      perfused rat intestinal preparation. Al was introduced into the lumen as AlCl3,
      Al(NO3)3 or Al lactate to give final concentrations equivalent to 0.625, 1.25,
      2.50, 5.00, or 10.00 g/L of Al. The intestinal tissue remained viable up to 5.0
      g/L of Al. The amount of Al associated with intestinal tissue after 90 min
      increased with the concentration up to 5 g/L of Al for chloride and nitrate and
      10 g/L of Al for lactate. The time course of Al disappearance from the lumen
      followed a single exponential decay when the intestinal lumen was perfused with
      0.625 g/L of Al as the chloride salt. The total amount of Al appearing in the
      vascular perfusate after 90 min was always small. Absorption quotes ranged
      between 0.005-3.2% depending on the salt and concentration used. Addition of
      transferrin to the VM caused a 2-fold increase in the amount of Al appearing in
      the vascular effluent in comparison with controls when 1.25 g/L of Al as AlCl3
      was introduced into the lumen. Al tissue content was not affected.

PMID- 1821715
TI  - Selenium as a protector of diastolic function during oxidant stress.
AB  - Interventional studies yielded conflicting results on reperfusion injury. They
      are unable to discriminate between lesions due to ischemia or to additional
      damage during reoxygenation. Since reactive oxygen metabolites have been
      implicated as a major cause of reperfusion injury, 375 nmol/min of hydrogen
      peroxide was infused in a Langendorff rat heart preparation as a model of oxidant
      stress without previous ischemic contractile dysfunction. Impaired endogenous
      defense was remodeled, using selenium-deficient hearts with reduced glutathione
      peroxidase activity. Measurements of hemodynamic parameters demonstrate increased
      myocardial susceptibility to oxidant stress in hearts with decreased antioxidant
      defense. Defined concentrations of hydrogen peroxide produce isolated impairment
      of active and passive diastolic properties of the ventricle in this model.

PMID- 1821716
TI  - Effects of Fe, salicylate and Zn on metallothionein and lipid peroxidation in
      vivo.
AB  - Control rats and rats pretreated with two i.p. injections of 15 mg/kg Fe, given
      as FeCl3, received either one oral dose of 700 mg/kg salicylic acid, given as Na
      salicylate, or 100 mumol ZnCl2/kg s.c., or salicylate and ZnCl2. In the rats
      given Fe this treatment was simultaneous with the second iron injection.
      Salicylate and Fe alone caused a small increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO)
      measured as malondialdehyde formation in the liver by means of the
      thiobarbiturate method. When given together, however, Fe and salicylate caused a
      drastic increase of LPO in liver, which was reduced by the simultaneous injection
      of ZnCl2. Hepatotoxicity as determined histochemically by lipid storage
      paralleled LPO. The protective effect of Zn on LPO and hepatotoxicity was not
      correlated to metallothionein induction in liver. The protective effect of Zn can
      be explained by the competition of Fe with Zn for binding to salicylate which
      reduces Fe-salicylate-induced LPO and hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 1821717
TI  - Comparison of the kinetics of a trace and a sublethal dose of selenite in rats,
      with particular attention being given to blood selenium distribution.
AB  - The male rats were injected i.p. with a trace or a sublethal dose of
      [75Se]selenite (0.01 mg or 1.58 mg/kg Se of body weight, respectively). During
      seven days following the injection, the whole-body retention, organ distribution
      and excretion of 75Se were studied, along with 75Se distribution in blood and in
      blood fractions. Substantial dose-dependent differences in selenite metabolism
      were found: (i) The rate of 75Se excretion after the injection of the sublethal
      dose was observed to be substantially higher than with the trace dose - 86% of
      injected dose (% inj. d.) vs. 41% inj. d. during seven days. In addition to
      urinary excretion, the exhalation of 75Se took a considerable part in the former
      case. (ii) The sharp decrease of 75Se levels was a prevalent feature of the 75Se
      kinetics in most of the studied tissues after the injection of the sublethal
      dose. On the other hand, after the trace dose injection a considerable decrease
      of 75Se level was observed only in the liver. In the brain and particularly in
      the testis the 75Se level increased during seven days after this dose injection.
      The highest levels of radionuclide were found in liver after both doses. (iii)
      Over 80% of blood 75Se was contained in blood cells (RBC) at all time intervals
      studied following the sublethal dose injection. With the trace dose the blood
      75Se was present predominantly in plasma. (iv) The distribution of 75Se in
      protein fractions of blood plasma and RBC-lysate was studied using gel
      filtration. The albumin fraction was found to be the main acceptor of 75Se in
      plasma 15 min after both trace and sublethal dose injection. However, in longer
      time intervals the 75Se distribution pattern in plasma proteins was affected by
      the dose applied. Most of 75Se present in RBC-lysate (68.5-91.2%) was detected in
      the haemoglobine fraction at all time intervals after the injection of the
      sublethal dose. On the other hand, with the trace dose this fraction contained
      only 7.5-28.5% of 75Se. Incorporation of a significant amount of 75Se to the GSH
      Px (glutathione peroxidase) fraction of plasma and RBC-lysate was observed on day
      seven after the trace dose injection. GSH-Px represented 19% of plasma 75Se and
      80% of 75Se present in RBC-lysate. Data on the molecular weight (M(r)) values of
      plasma and erythrocyte 75Se-GSH-Px were determined on the basis of elution
      volumes in the course of gel infiltration - 695,000 and 110,000, respectively.
      The noticeable difference in these values is discussed.

PMID- 1821718
TI  - Cadmium in induced hair of the rat and its relation to the level in the diet and
      in the major organs during long-term exposure to cadmium in the subtoxic and
      toxic range.
AB  - Induced hair of the rat was used to examine the suitability of hair analysis as
      an indicator of cadmium ingestion and for assessing its content in the kidneys or
      the liver. At an exposure to 3 mg per litre drinking water the transfer to hair
      exhibited a widely irregular fluctuation during the 50 weeks of the experiment,
      with a mean which was only slightly higher than that of the "unexposed" controls.
      The content in the liver increased at the beginning and attained a steady state
      within 3 weeks, that in the kidneys increased up to the end of the experiment.
      The content in the heart and the pancreas behaved similarly to that in the
      kidneys, that in the brain similarly to that in the liver. At an exposure of 300
      mg per litre drinking water the amount of cadmium in hair was significantly
      higher than that in the unexposed controls and the scatter relative to the mean
      was smaller than at the low exposure level. The content in the liver increased
      until the end of the experiment, while that in the kidneys exhibited an
      inflection after 20 weeks, indicating renal dysfunction. After the onset of renal
      dysfunction the transfer to hair showed an upward trend. The ultimate cadmium
      content relation was liver greater than kidneys greater than adrenals and
      pancreas greater than heart greater than forebrain. None of them attained steady
      state within the 50 weeks of exposure. The correlation between cadmium content in
      hair and that in the various organs was poor, especially at the low exposure
      level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821719
TI  - Determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in human semen by graphite furnace atomic
      absorption spectrometry after microwave sample dissolution.
AB  - Human semen samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption
      spectrometry, using L'vov platforms and the method of standard additions, to
      determine their Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn content. The samples were analyzed directly
      and after conventional and microwave wet acid dissolution. Matrix modification,
      using magnesium and palladium nitrates and ammonium biphosphate solutions, was
      evaluated for the analysis of the microwave-digested samples. The best results
      were obtained for Cr, Cu and Zn using Pd(NO3)2, and a mixture of Mg(NO3)2 and
      Pd(NO3)2 solutions. The direct analysis of water-diluted semen produced
      inaccurate results with unacceptably high standard deviations. The results
      obtained for the microwave-dissolved samples showed relative standard deviation
      values within the range 0.63-8.4%. The analysis of spiked semen solutions showed
      recoveries of the added analytes ranging from 96 to 104%. The accuracy of the
      measurements was checked against the NIST 1,577a, bovine liver, standard
      reference material. Sample dissolution time was drastically reduced from 3-4
      hours, using the conventional method, to approximately 8 minutes using the
      microwave-assisted wet acid digestion procedure.

PMID- 1821720
TI  - Changes in liver and kidney concentration of copper, manganese, cobalt and iron
      in rats exposed to static and low-frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields.
AB  - The concentration of copper, manganese, cobalt, and iron in the liver and kidneys
      of fertilized and not-fertilized rats exposed to static and low-frequency
      magnetic fields has been analysed. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, no
      change in concentration has been observed in pregnant rats after exposure to
      static field. However, significant changes have been observed in fertilized
      animal exposed 2 hours daily to low-frequency magnetic fields. Changes in
      concentration of the above-mentioned metals have also been observed in the
      kidneys of non-fertilized female rats. It seems possible that alternating
      magnetic fields may have an influence on biological substances which contain
      metals and on the metabolism of such substances as well.

PMID- 1821721
TI  - Metabolic activity of zinc during late pregnancy and lactation of first-litter
      gilts and their offspring under low dietary zinc intake.
AB  - The metabolism of Zn-65 was studied in littermate gilts fed either low-Zn (10
      mg/kg) or Zn-supplemented (50 mg/kg) diets throughout pregnancy and lactation,
      and dosed with 100 microCi of Zn-65 at 100 days of pregnancy. Zinc-65 appeared
      earlier in urine of deficient gilts and about the same time after dose in feces
      of both groups. Total activity and proportion of the dose excreted via feces were
      higher in supplemented gilts, where as specific activity (SA) of feces was higher
      in deficient gilts. Excretion of endogenous Zn by supplemented gilts was triple
      that of deficient gilts whereas true absorption of Zn by deficient gilts was more
      than 4-fold that of their supplemented littermates. Biological half-life of Zn-65
      was 46 d for the control and twice as long in deficient gilts. Total activity and
      SA of colostrum was higher in deficient gilts. Muscle, followed by liver,
      retained the highest proportion of the dose in both groups. Proportion of the
      dose retained in the liver and lungs was higher in control gilts where as Zn-65
      retention in brain, heart, lungs and spleen was higher in deficient gilts. Most
      tissues from deficient gilts showed higher SA. Liver showed the highest Zn-65
      concentration in control and lung in low-Zn newborn piglets. At two weeks of age,
      liver from both groups of piglets showed the highest Zn-65 retention. Proportion
      of the dose in brain and lungs was higher in deficient piglets. Specific activity
      of most organs from deficient piglets was higher than that of controls at both
      ages. Pregnant gilts under low dietary Zn intake made maximum utilization of this
      mineral by increasing true absorption and reducing endogenous excretion.

PMID- 1821722
TI  - Effect of chromium on oxygen free radical metabolism, inhibition of superoxide
      dismutase and enhancement of 6-hydroxydopamine oxidation.
AB  - The effect of chromium on superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) as well as on the
      rate of hydroxydopamine oxidation was studied in vitro, since chromium is known
      as an environmental and occupational carcinogen and oxygen free radicals are
      implicated in carcinogenic processes. Chromium is a strong inhibitor of SOD
      activity in this system. The degree of inhibition is directly proportional to the
      chromium concentration (tested chromium range 0.166-0.33 mg/L in reaction
      mixture), to reaction time (tested range up to 10 minutes), and to substrate
      concentration. Autoxidation of 6-hydroxydopamine was increased by chromium
      concentration of 15 mg/L. The combination of excessive oxygen free radical
      production and inhibition of their elimination by inhibition of SOD activity may
      contribute to the toxic effects of chromium.

PMID- 1821724
TI  - Calmodulin activity in tissues of Zn- and Ca- deficient rats.
AB  - 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats of an average body weight of 48 g were divided into 4
      groups of 9 animals each. Group I was fed the basal diet with 63 mg/kg of Zn and
      0.88% calcium, group II received a zinc-deficient diet (1.1 mg/kg of Zn), group
      III a calcium-deficient diet (0.0043%) and group IV a simultaneous zinc/calcium
      deficient diet (1.1 mg/kg of Zn; 0.0043% calcium). All 4 groups received the diet
      in the same daily amounts, which was based on the food intake of the zinc
      deficient group (II), in which food intake was reduced (as it also was in group
      IV) because of zinc deficiency. On day 28 all animals were killed and the
      calmodulin activity in the brain, muscles and testes was estimated. Calmodulin
      activity was determined by measuring the activation of a calmodulin-free
      phosphodiesterase against a calmodulin standard derived from porcine brain.
      Compared with the control animals zinc and simultaneous zinc/calcium deficiency
      reduced calmodulin activity in the muscles and testes, but not in the brain.
      Alimentary calcium deficiency did not influence calmodulin activity in the brain,
      muscles and testes.

PMID- 1821723
TI  - Comparison of inorganic elements from autopsy tissue of young and elderly
      subjects.
AB  - Concentrations of nine inorganic elements in autopsy samples of kidney, liver,
      heart and skeletal muscle from 33 aged subjects, mean age 80 years, were compared
      with concentrations in similar samples from 12 young healthy accident victims,
      mean age 29 years. Tissue samples were removed within 48 hours of death and dry
      weight was used as a frame of reference. Potassium and magnesium were
      significantly lower in muscle (P less than 0.001) and heart tissue (P less than
      0.001) of elderly subjects. There was evidence of accumulation of zinc in liver
      tissue of the elderly (P less than 0.01). Copper was significantly lower in the
      heart tissue of elderly subjects (P less than 0.001) whereas manganese was lower
      in both the heart (P less than 0.01) and the kidney tissue (P less than 0.001) of
      the elderly. Selenium concentrations were lower in the kidney (P less than 0.001)
      of the elderly. Elderly heart tissue appeared to accumulate chromium (P = 0.007)
      and aluminium (P less than 0.001). No significant differences were found for iron
      concentrations between these two populations. These major differences in tissue
      element concentrations between young and aged subjects merit further attention.

PMID- 1821725
TI  - Review of publications.

PMID- 1821726
TI  - Surgical management of peripheral nerve injury and entrapment.

PMID- 1821727
TI  - Surgical management of post-traumatic neuropathic pain.
AB  - The optimum management strategies for painful neuromas and neuromas-incontinuity
      are still unknown. Basic research and clinical development in this area is
      potentially rewarding and exciting. Neurosurgeons have the necessary basic and
      clinical neuroscience background to contribute significantly to this field and
      are trained in the requisite microsurgical techniques. Only by careful and
      thoughtful approach to individual cases can we hope to make future progress in
      these extraordinarily difficult pathologic conditions.

PMID- 1821728
TI  - Role of the sympathetic nervous system in painful nerve injury.
AB  - The purpose of this article has been to heighten awareness of the recognition,
      diagnosis, and therapy of the sympathetically maintained pain syndromes.
      Classification of RSD and causalgia as semantic subdivisions of SMP should be
      maintained until further laboratory and clinical analyses, with strict uniform
      diagnostic criteria, define similarities or differences in clinical behavior and
      therapeutic responses.

PMID- 1821729
TI  - Clinical decision making in brachial plexus injuries.
AB  - In the not too distant past brachial plexus injuries were considered to have a
      poor, almost hopeless, prognosis, and a conservative approach of waiting for any
      spontaneous recovery was advocated. The development of microtechniques for nerve
      grafting and repair combined with precise electrophysiologic testing of nerve
      continuity by SSEP and NAP techniques have changed this outlook completely. An
      aggressive approach to plexus injuries can now be advocated. This approach must
      be grounded in a thorough knowledge of the internal and external anatomy of the
      plexus and a careful analysis of each injured element. The type, location, and
      degree of injury to each area of the plexus are the critical factors in
      determining the proper course of action in these injuries. Organization of these
      data, derived from serial clinical and electrical examinations, provides the
      framework for clinical decisions in brachial plexus injuries. Classification of
      the many aspects of a plexus injury will simplify the decision making in what may
      initially seem to be a hopelessly complicated problem.

PMID- 1821730
TI  - Neurotization of elements of the brachial plexus.
AB  - Satisfactory therapy for an avulsion injury of the brachial plexus has yet to be
      described. Dorsal root entry zone lesions will usually mitigate the searing pain
      which is so disabling in some of these patients. Neurotization procedures are
      effective in restoring limited function to these patients. The most useful
      isolated movement of the upper extremity is elbow flexion, which is thus the
      primary target of neurotization procedures. Intercostal nerves and elements of
      the cervical plexus are the most commonly used donor nerves for neurotization
      procedures. From our experience and from a review of the literature, it appears
      that these procedures will be successful in approximately 50% of cases. It must
      be stressed that before performing a nerve transfer, the surgeon must be certain
      that the patient is not a candidate for a simple nerve graft.

PMID- 1821731
TI  - Neurosurgical management of birth injuries of the brachial plexus.
AB  - While most newborns with birth injury of the brachial plexus make a full
      spontaneous recovery, the minority who do not can expect lifelong disability from
      weakness, disturbed patterns of muscle activity, contracture, and deformity.
      Those children who are destined to a poor recovery can be identified in early
      infancy. Early reconstruction of the brachial plexus carries low morbidity and
      has been shown by many to support useful shoulder and elbow function. Patients
      who are referred later in childhood may still benefit from plexus exploration,
      but how to best use clinical and electrophysiologic data to plan a surgical
      intervention that will improve on the natural history remains to be elucidated
      for this group.

PMID- 1821732
TI  - Thoracic outlet syndrome. Thoracic surgery perspective.
AB  - We have attempted throughout this review to identify the issues surrounding
      thoracic outlet syndrome as well as to highlight their origins. It should be
      clear that many aspects of TOS remain controversial from the definition of the
      entity through pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The conflicts surrounding
      TOS are underlined most poignantly in the many letters to the editor of the New
      England Journal of Medicine in response to Urschel's 1972 publication. It is
      incumbent upon those of us who treat patients with TOS to dispel the ignorance
      surrounding this syndrome with astute, accurate, and reproducible observations.
      We must clearly define TOS as a clinical entity such that we may analyze the
      characteristics of the patients we treat. We must continue to search for
      innovative and specific diagnostic criteria. We must quantitatively and
      reproducibly measure subjective end points of pain severity and quality of life.
      The use of these methods will provide yardsticks for therapeutic success and act
      as determinants for the natural history of TOS. The objectives of treatment will
      remain the alleviation of symptoms and the restoration of function. We have
      applied these principles to the formulation of a protocol in which we record, in
      a prospective manner, both routine and innovative clinical parameters. With
      quantification of subjective end points, we may be able to correlate clinical
      presentation with outcome. We also may be able to define with some accuracy this
      entity we call thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 1821733
TI  - Thoracic outlet syndromes: a plea for conservatism.
AB  - This article focuses on the controversial subtype of TOS, which presents
      primarily sensory sentence, normal neurologic examination, normal
      electrodiagnostic study results, and normal neck x-ray films. At present, this
      entity is so variable in its "typical" presentation that it has no characteristic
      profile. Although some physicians now are attempting to narrow its boundaries,
      the goal of fashioning a syndrome that has general acceptance remains to be
      achieved, consequently, neurosurgeons who do not now perform TOS surgery, but are
      contemplating doing so, are urged to review the literature critically on the
      subject first, and to err toward conservatism.

PMID- 1821734
TI  - Peripheral nerve regeneration.
AB  - The success of peripheral nerve regeneration is dependent on the survival of
      axotomized neurons, the efficacy of axonal outgrowth from those neurons, and the
      specificity of reinnervation of peripheral targets by those neurons. Experimental
      evidence indicates that following peripheral injury, primary sensory (DRG)
      neurons and in some cases, motoneurons are lost. This cell death, which can
      involve one third or more of the axotomized neurons, suggests that some neurons
      in the adult are dependent on nerve or target-derived neurotrophic factors. One
      of these factors, NGF, when supplied to the cut proximal stump of the sciatic
      nerve, can save 100% of the DRG neurons that would normally succumb to axonal
      injury. But not all neurons are NGF-dependent, and other factors, including
      gonadal hormones, may be important to their survival following axotomy. Axonal
      elongation following peripheral nerve injury is dependent upon molecules in the
      extracellular matrix as well as secreted molecules from nonneuronal cells within
      the distal stump of the nerve. Extracellular matrix molecules such as laminin
      provide an adhesive substrate for axonal growth; but Schwann cells in the distal
      stump, which have been shown to synthesize increased amounts of NGF following
      peripheral nerve injury, appear to be essential for axonal elongation. Although
      neuronal survival and the efficacy of axonal elongation are important to
      peripheral nerve regeneration, the most important determinant of the success of
      peripheral nerve regeneration is the specificity of reinnervation. There remains
      some debate over whether regenerating axons are physically guided to the
      appropriate targets by mechanical guides in the form of basal laminar tubes, or
      whether they are lured by neurotropic factors derived from the distal nerve stump
      and targets. There is evidence that both factors are operative in the adult PNS.
      However, although recent data suggest that neurotropic factors within the adult
      nerve can influence the sorting of regenerating axons, clinical and experimental
      data indicate that physical constraints of nerve cytoarchitecture can override
      those tropic factors. Finally, although some degree of specificity of
      reinnervation of peripheral targets has been demonstrated, particularly for
      sensory receptors in skin and muscle, there are typically perturbations of
      sensation and movement due to axonal misrouting and aberrant reinnervation.
      Further laboratory research is needed to understand how neuron-target specificity
      is established during development of the PNS and to determine how the
      developmental mechanisms can be exploited to reestablish that specificity
      following peripheral nerve injury.

PMID- 1821735
TI  - Techniques for successful management of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow.
AB  - The etiology, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of ulnar nerve entrapment at the
      elbow are reviewed briefly. This article describes the author's surgical
      technique and discusses the methods used to ensure predictable results with his
      approach to anterior submuscular transposition. Applications of the technique in
      both initial and recurrent ulnar nerve entrapment are included.

PMID- 1821736
TI  - Secondary carpal tunnel surgery.
AB  - Although carpal tunnel release relieves symptoms for most patients, there are
      certain patients who fail to respond to this surgery. This article reviews the
      complications that may follow carpal tunnel surgery and discusses surgical
      techniques to correct the symptoms. The author emphasizes the need for increased
      awareness of the complexity of carpal tunnel surgery and the peripheral nerve
      procedures that can provide reliable improvement in affected patients.

PMID- 1821737
TI  - Techniques of peripheral nerve repair.
AB  - At present, the principles of microsurgical reconstruction of the peripheral
      nerve incorporate a clear understanding of the pathophysiology of the peripheral
      nerve, accurate preoperative assessment of the lesion, aggressive early treatment
      to avoid irreversible atrophy of the end organ, use of nontraumatic
      microtechniques for optimal alignment of individual fascicular bundles,
      introduction of a minimum amount of foreign material at the suture line,
      resection of the scar-producing epineurium, total avoidance of tension at the
      suture line, and placement of the nerve repair in a well-vascularized soft tissue
      bed. If tension is eliminated, a minimal amount of suture material is required to
      repair the nerve ends, because the bundles are maintained in anatomical alignment
      by a fibrin clot. We have reviewed the various nerve repair methods, stressing
      that with strict attention to microsurgical technique, the surgeon can hope to
      maximize reinnervation. Although the importance of all aspects of careful
      surgical technique cannot be overemphasized, we believe that it is unlikely that
      improved clinical results will come from further refinements in microsurgical
      techniques. We are not limited by a working knowledge and understanding of the
      details of the neurobiology and the neurochemistry of nerve regeneration.

PMID- 1821738
TI  - Management of head injury. Prehospital care.
AB  - The care of the patient begins at the moment of injury, and thus, prehospital
      care is crucial in the overall treatment of the patient. This article discusses
      the basic principals involved in prehospital care, including the importance of
      timing, emergency medical training, and resuscitation at the scene. It discusses
      how the patient is evaluated, the types of transportation available, and the
      appropriate destination for the patient depending on his or her injuries.

PMID- 1821739
TI  - Management of head injury.

PMID- 1821740
TI  - Management of head injury. Intracranial pressure monitoring.
AB  - The role of intracranial pressure monitoring as an adjunct to the clinical
      examination, CT scanning, and other diagnostic modalities has become increasingly
      recognized. This article presents a brief overview of the present status of this
      technique and touches on prospects for further developments.

PMID- 1821741
TI  - Management of head injury. Treatment of abnormal intracranial pressure.
AB  - Intracranial hypertension is recognized as a fundamental pathophysiologic process
      in brain injury. Although the exact pressure level defining intracranial
      hypertension remains to be firmly established, the majority of evidence available
      currently suggests that ICP should generally be treated when it exceeds 20 mm Hg.
      We suggest that lesions in the temporal lobe be treated at 15 mm Hg owing to the
      special relationship of this region to the brain stem. Along with the individual
      intracranial pressure reading, however, the course of the pressure over time and
      the status of the intracranial compliance as reflected in the ICP waveform must
      be considered when evaluating the intracranial dynamics. There is mounting
      evidence that patients with intracranial hypertension may comprise a
      heterogeneous group and that subgroups differ in their optimal treatment
      strategies. Although we cannot as yet identify such groups, factors such as age,
      CT diagnosis, responsiveness to hyperventilation, pressure-volume index, and ICP
      waveform are emerging as important differentiating factors. In particular, young
      patients with absent perimesencephalic cisterns and a tight brain on CT scan who
      manifest intracranial hypertension may comprise a group more suitable for
      treatment with hyperventilation and hypnotics than with osmotic agents. Although
      this is yet to be firmly established, currently it should be considered when such
      a patient responds poorly early in the course of conventional therapy for raised
      ICP. Treatment of intracranial hypertension remains rooted in the conventional
      therapeutic maneuvers. Maintenance of the basic homeostatic state of the patient
      is to be supplemented with head elevation, sedation, pharmacologic paralysis,
      hyperventilation, CSF drainage, and osmotic therapy as indicated. Outside of the
      special considerations discussed earlier, barbiturates should only be considered
      in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension without preexisting
      cardiovascular contraindications. Although several other agents have shown
      promise, currently the most exciting agent appears to be etomidate, which may
      prove quite useful. As ICP is better defined and understood, many significant and
      experimentally approachable questions are recognized. The basic mechanisms of
      raised ICP are slowly becoming elucidated. Clinical clues with which to subdivide
      patients with intracranial hypertension are being defined. New agents with
      efficacy in lowering raised ICP are appearing, and determination of their
      mechanisms of action may provide insight into the underlying disorder.

PMID- 1821742
TI  - Neurophysiologic monitoring of patients with head injuries.
AB  - Despite new technologic developments designed to analyze the brain's electrical
      activity, monitoring the electroencephalogram or evoked potentials has not yet
      provided important information with regard to acute management of patients with
      head injury. Measurement of cerebral blood flow as well as jugular oxygen
      saturation is of more practical importance. Particularly when monitored
      continuously, these measures can provide useful information about the use of
      hyperventilation and control of elevated systemic arterial pressure.

PMID- 1821743
TI  - Metabolic management of the patient with head injury.
AB  - Patients with severe head injury have a disruption in metabolic homeostasis that
      includes increased energy expenditure and increased protein catabolism. These
      changes have been suggested to occur secondary to steroid administration,
      immobility, and other factors. A review of investigations indicates that the head
      injury itself causes these metabolic changes, although steroid administration can
      further alter plasma amino acid changes. Altered plasma amino acid profiles after
      head injury may have an effect on substrate availability to the brain, bacterial
      translocation, and overall nitrogen balance. Patients with severe head injury
      have increased skeletal muscle efflux of amino acids. Lack of nutrient
      supplementation in these patients is associated with increased morbidity and
      mortality. Enteral nutrition is the preferred mode of feeding but often is not
      tolerated in the patient with head injury. Parenteral nutritional support can be
      given to these patients without worsening cerebral edema.

PMID- 1821744
TI  - Aspects of neuroradiology of head injury.
AB  - One of the paramount concerns in head injury is why there is such a disparity in
      recovery from injuries that appear clinically similar. CT scan has established
      itself as the primary imaging modality for acute head injury, and acute
      hemorrhages are readily identified allowing for prompt surgical intervention.
      However, CT has proven to be of little value in predicting the outcome of
      patients with diffuse nonhemorrhagic white-matter injury. Future research with MR
      imaging during the acute phase as well as continued work in the subacute and
      chronic phases will undoubtedly prove this modality useful in more precise
      prediction of outcome in patients with head injuries.

PMID- 1821745
TI  - Management of head injury. The skull and meninges.
AB  - Injuries to the skull and meninges frequently occur concomitantly with head
      trauma. Controversies over the operative versus nonoperative management of
      depressed skull fractures, frontal sinus fractures, cerebrospinal fluid leaks,
      and cranial nerve injuries are discussed in this article.

PMID- 1821746
TI  - Management of head injury. Extracerebral lesions.

PMID- 1821747
TI  - Surgical management of traumatic intracerebral hematomas.
AB  - Intraparenchymal lesions continue to contribute significantly to poor outcome in
      patients with head injury. This article elucidates the problems that must be
      dealt with in the management of these patients and develops guidelines that may
      be useful in making surgical decisions.

PMID- 1821748
TI  - Treatment of civilian gunshot wounds to the head.
AB  - Gunshot wounds to the head are a common problem in the United States. A review of
      the literature and a survey of neurosurgeons suggests some differences of opinion
      regarding treatment. But the series upon which these opinions are based may be
      quite different. Disseminated intravascular coagulation can be a major problem.
      CT scanning is important for surgical decision making. Angiography should be used
      in cases in which bullets have passed near major vessels. We suggest an
      aggressive approach, with evacuation of clots and monitoring of intracranial
      pressure and treatment of elevations, as well as the routine use of
      anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Vocational rehabilitation is also important.

PMID- 1821749
TI  - Head injuries in children.
AB  - Although head injury is a common occurrence in childhood, most of the brain
      injury that occurs is mild and uncomplicated. There are some differences between
      adults with head injuries and children with head injuries, and some of these
      differences are reviewed. Specific circumstances unique to childhood head injury
      are presented, including the importance of recognizing child abuse.

PMID- 1821750
TI  - Complications of head injury and their therapy.
AB  - Common intracranial complications following head injury are meningitis, usually
      associated with a basilar skull fracture or open-depressed skull fracture;
      delayed hematoma; hydrocephalus; and vascular injuries. Prophylactic antibiotics
      are not recommended for the management of basilar skull fractures. The best means
      of preventing infection from open-depressed skull fractures is operative
      debridement and thorough irrigation, though recent evidence suggests that select
      cases can be safely managed without operation. Serial CT scans should be obtained
      in severely head-injured patients to identify delayed hematomas. CT and MRI scans
      obtained several weeks or months after severe head injury frequently reveal
      enlarged ventricles, though only a small percentage of these patients have
      clinical hydrocephalus. Those that do, often benefit from a shunt. Vascular
      injuries frequently are not detected until ischemic symptoms develop hours or
      days after the injury. Recommended treatment for intimal tears or dissection is
      full anticoagulation, but in those with cerebral contusions or other intracranial
      lesions, this may present an unacceptable risk for intracranial hemorrhage.
      Pulmonary infections frequently occur following head injury, and can be
      associated with admission to the ICU and intubation. A large percentage of these
      infections are caused by enteric gram-negative organisms, and aggressive
      treatment with appropriate antibiotics is necessary. Aspiration of gastric
      contents is common in head-injured patients and is frequently complicated by
      bacterial superinfection. The routine use of antacids and H2 blocking agents
      leads to bacterial colonization of the stomach with anaerobes and gram-negative
      aerobes. Thus, empiric therapy for aspiration pneumonia should include
      clindamycin. Sinusitis is a frequent cause of fever and leukocytosis in patients
      with nasotracheal or nasogastric tubes in place for several days and often
      subsides spontaneously with removal of the tubes. Pulmonary edema is often caused
      by excessive fluid administration during resuscitation of these patients, and can
      be avoided by monitoring central venous pressures. Pulmonary edema may also be
      caused by ARDS, excessive catecholamine release, or primary cardiac failure. Most
      of these patients will benefit from early intubation and PEEP. Pulmonary emboli
      most often originate from deep venous thrombi, and there is increasing evidence
      that prophylaxis with low-dose heparin and pulsating boots can significantly
      reduce the incidence of both complications. Erosive gastritis is found in the
      majority of severely head-injured patients and may be due to ischemia of the
      gastric mucosa as well as gastric hyperacidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821751
TI  - Management of head injury. Posttraumatic seizures.
AB  - Posttraumatic seizures are relatively common among patients with severe head
      injuries, with major risk factors being penetrating head wound, hematoma,
      depressed skull fracture, and, for late seizures, early seizures. Management of
      late posttraumatic seizures, if they do develop, follows the treatment of
      patients with epilepsy. Their treatment should be determined by the type of
      seizure (i.e., partial or generalized) and the individual responsiveness of the
      patient to drug therapy. Prophylactic administration of antiepileptic drugs to
      prevent posttraumatic epilepsy has been frequently tried. The data supports a
      short-term but not a long-term effect of the most commonly used drug, phenytoin.
      A decision of whether to use prophylaxis, with what, and for how long needs to
      consider the likely benefit (i.e., the chance of seizures if untreated and the
      likelihood that the proposed treatment will substantially reduce that chance) and
      risk (i.e., medical or behavioral adverse effects) of this treatment strategy.

PMID- 1821752
TI  - The management of mild and moderate head injuries.
AB  - The majority of patients seeking medical care after head trauma have sustained
      injuries of mild or moderate severity, i.e., GCS scores of 13 to 15 or 9 to 12,
      respectively. Mortality rates under these circumstances are generally low;
      however, serious complications must be detected and treated early. The initial
      evaluation involves determination of level of consciousness and examination for
      the presence of focal neurologic deficits. Skull radiography has a limited role
      in the management of mild and moderate head injuries, but consideration must be
      given to local factors such as the availability of cranial CT. CT scanning is a
      safe, noninvasive, and generally cost-effective means of assessing patients at
      risk for developing intracranial complications. The role of MR imaging in
      evaluating minor head injuries is not yet established. Patients with an altered
      level of consciousness require hospitalization in essentially all cases. Selected
      patients with a GCS score of 15 also benefit from overnight hospitalization and
      observation. After mild and moderate head injury, significant neuropsychologic
      deficits are frequent, but are generally finite in their duration. Postconcussive
      symptoms are also generally self-limited. Although objective evidence suggests
      that structural brain damage results from mild injuries, the relationship between
      postconcussional symptoms and structural damage is unclear. Persistent
      postconcussional symptomatology probably arises from a combination of physiogenic
      and psychogenic causes. It is possible that early patient education and
      reassurance will reduce the incidence of prolonged postconcussional
      symptomatology.

PMID- 1821753
TI  - Management of head injury. Neurobehavioral outcome.
AB  - Recent research on overall recovery from closed head injury has focused on
      improving the prediction of outcome and the influence of age. The aspects of long
      term neurobehavioral sequelae and recovery, memory deficit after closed head
      injury, and language and speech disturbance after head injury are covered in this
      article.

PMID- 1821754
TI  - Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.
AB  - Improved survival from severe traumatic brain injury has prompted the development
      of dedicated rehabilitation programs. Ideally, rehabilitation should begin during
      acute care in order to prevent later complications. Medically stable patients
      should be referred from acute care to acute rehabilitation programs for
      evaluation and then treatment or transfer as appropriate. Dedicated brain injury
      rehabilitation programs follow a method in which treatment is adapted to the
      major physical and cognitive impairments at each stage of recovery. Specialized
      treatment protocols have been developed for unconscious or agitated patients,
      partly on the basis of advances in neuropharmacology. Because of the long
      recovery course after severe brain injury, many patients are appropriate for
      postacute rehabilitation programs directed at community reentry, including return
      to work. Newer program models for patients with traumatic brain injuries,
      especially programs using cognitive rehabilitation techniques, are controversial
      because of inadequate research support and uncertain cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 1821755
TI  - Changes in the treatment of head injury.
AB  - A brief description of the fundamental concepts of the biology and
      pathophysiology of excitatory amino acids, lactic acidosis, and free radicals in
      brain injury have been presented. For a comprehensive review of these topics, the
      references provide access to an extensive body of research in each of these
      areas. They represent a complex series of interrelated events that are set into
      motion at the initial injury. Some neurons are destined to die despite all
      therapeutic endeavors, but further investigation into the mechanisms responsible
      for delayed neuronal demise are in the early stages of human investigation or
      very close to clinical trials. Efforts directed at providing a favorable
      extracellular milieu for those neurons that are salvageable provide promise for
      continued improvements in outcome for patients with head injury.

PMID- 1821756
TI  - Conceptual and practical issues in the declaration of death by brain criteria.
AB  - Brain death as a diagnosis is extremely important for twentieth century neurology
      and neurosurgery. If a determination is done carefully, there is little question
      that it defines a state in which return of brain function is impossible. Several
      practical and theoretical issues involving the declaration have been discussed at
      length in this article.

PMID- 1821757
TI  - Instability of the lumbar spine. Pathology, treatment, and clinical evaluation.
AB  - At present, no scientific evidence exists on how to make the diagnosis of lumbar
      instability; nor is there any proof of successful treatment--conservative or
      surgical. Judging from available clinical studies, surgical fusion operations may
      be useful in properly selected patients with spondylolisthesis or in situations
      for which the surgical approach has necessitated destabilization by laminectomy
      and facetectomy. Refined biplanar radiographic techniques promise better
      definitions for future diagnostic studies.

PMID- 1821758
TI  - The lumbar disc and low back pain.
AB  - The lumbar disc serves to sustain compression loads and is subject to tension and
      shear in forward bending and rotation. Its outer third is innervated and can be a
      source of pain. The annulus fibrosus may be injured in rotation and flexion of
      the lumbar spine and may become symptomatic as a ligamentous injury. Compression
      injuries of the disc are initially asymptomatic but may set in train a
      degradative process that, in time, leads to internal disc disruption, which
      becomes symptomatic as a result of chemical or mechanical irritation of
      nociceptors in the annulus fibrosus. Disc prolapse is but one possible end stage
      of internal disc disruption and represents the culmination of a series of
      destructive processes affecting the disc. This condition can be symptomatic while
      the external appearance of the disc remains normal and before nerve roots are
      affected in any way.

PMID- 1821760
TI  - Isolation and developmental expression of Bcp1, an anther-specific cDNA clone in
      Brassica campestris.
AB  - Differential screening of a mature Brassica campestris pollen cDNA library has
      identified five cDNA clones that represent transcripts expressed exclusively, or
      at elevated levels, in pollen. We show here that the expression of one of these,
      clone Bcp1, is tissue specific and temporally regulated. The gene is activated
      during microspore development, as detected by in situ hybridization. Expression
      is enhanced at the time of pollen maturation and during pollen germination. In
      situ hybridization has also shown that Bcp 1 is activated in the tapetal cells in
      early anther development and continues to be expressed until tapetal dissolution.
      Homologous transcripts are present in pollen of other taxa of Brassicaceae
      including Arabidopsis, but not in pollen of any other families tested.

PMID- 1821759
TI  - Vascular-specific expression of the bean GRP 1.8 gene is negatively regulated.
AB  - In French bean, the glycine-rich cell wall protein GRP 1.8 is specifically
      synthesized in the vascular tissue. To identify cis-acting sequences required for
      cell type-specific synthesis of GRP 1.8, expression patterns of fusion gene
      constructs were analyzed in transgenic tobacco. In these constructs, the uidA
      (beta-glucuronidase) gene was placed under control of 5' upstream deletions as
      well as internal deletions of the GRP 1.8 promoter. Four different cis-acting
      regulatory regions, SE1 and SE2 (stem elements), a negative regulatory element,
      and a root-specific element, were found to control the tissue-specific
      expression. Deletion of the negative regulatory element resulted in expression of
      the uidA gene in cell types other than vascular cells. The SE1 region was
      essential for expression in several cell types in the absence of further upstream
      regulatory sequences. Full-length promoters having insertions between the
      negative regulatory element and SE1 strongly expressed the gene in nonvascular
      cell types in stems and leaves. Thus, vascular-specific expression of the GRP 1.8
      promoter is controlled by a complex set of positive and negative interactions
      between cis-acting regulatory regions. The disturbance of these interactions
      results in expression in additional cell types.

PMID- 1821761
TI  - Self-splicing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbA introns.
AB  - We used alpha-32P-GTP labeling of total RNA preparations to identify self
      splicing group I introns in Chlamydomonas. Several RNAs become labeled with alpha
      32P-GTP, a subset of which is not seen with RNA from a mutant that lacks both
      copies of the psbA gene. Hybridization of the GTP-labeled RNAs to chloroplast DNA
      indicates that they originate from the psbA and rrn 23S genes, respectively, the
      only genes known to contain group I introns in this organism. Introns 1, 2, and 3
      of psbA (with flanking exon sequences) were subcloned and transcribed in vitro.
      The synthetic RNAs were found to self-splice; splicing required Mg2+, GTP, and
      elevated temperature. In addition, the accuracy of self-splicing was confirmed
      for introns 1 and 2, and intermediates in the splicing reactions were detected.
      These results, together with our recent data on the 23S intron, indicate that the
      ability to self-splice is a general feature of Chlamydomonas group I introns.
      These findings have significant implications for the mechanism of group I intron
      splicing and evolution in Chlamydomonas and other chloroplast genomes.

PMID- 1821762
TI  - The development of plant roots: new approaches to underground problems.

PMID- 1821763
TI  - Analysis of rice Act1 5' region activity in transgenic rice plants.
AB  - The 5' region of the rice actin 1 gene (Act1) has been developed as an efficient
      regulator of foreign gene expression in transgenic rice plants. To determine the
      pattern and level of rice Act1 5' region activity, transgenic rice plants
      containing the Act1 5' region fused to a bacterial beta-glucuronidase (Gus)
      coding sequence were generated. Two independent clonal lines of transgenic rice
      plants were analyzed in detail. Quantitative analysis showed that tissue from
      these transgenic rice plants have a level of GUS protein that represents as much
      as 3% of total soluble protein. We were able to demonstrate that Act1-Gus gene
      expression is constitutive throughout the sporophytic and gametophytic tissues of
      these transgenic rice plants. Plants from one transgenic line were analyzed for
      the segregation of GUS activity in pollen by in situ histochemical staining, and
      the inheritance and stability of Act1-Gus expression were assayed in subsequently
      derived progeny plants.

PMID- 1821764
TI  - Control of ethylene synthesis by expression of a bacterial enzyme in transgenic
      tomato plants.
AB  - Synthesis of the phytohormone ethylene is believed to be essential for many plant
      developmental processes. The control of ripening in climacteric fruits and
      vegetables is among the best characterized of these processes. One approach to
      reduce ethylene synthesis in plants is metabolism of its immediate precursor, 1
      aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Soil bacteria containing an enzyme,
      ACC deaminase, were identified by their ability to grow on ACC as a sole nitrogen
      source. The gene encoding ACC deaminase was cloned and introduced into tomato
      plants. Reduction in ethylene synthesis in transgenic plants did not cause any
      apparent vegetative phenotypic abnormalities. However, fruits from these plants
      exhibited significant delays in ripening, and the mature fruits remained firm for
      at least 6 weeks longer than the nontransgenic control fruit. These results
      indicated that ACC deaminase is useful for examining the role of ethylene in many
      developmental and stress-related processes in plants as well as for extending the
      shelf life of fruits and vegetables whose ripening is mediated by ethylene.

PMID- 1821765
TI  - The barley lectin carboxyl-terminal propeptide is a vacuolar protein sorting
      determinant in plants.
AB  - We have previously shown that the 15-amino acid carboxyl-terminal propeptide of
      probarley lectin is necessary for the proper sorting of this protein to the plant
      vacuole. A mutant form of the protein lacking the carboxyl-terminal propeptide is
      secreted. To test whether the carboxyl-terminal propeptide is the vacuole sorting
      determinant of probarley lectin, we examined in transgenic tobacco the processing
      and sorting of a series of fusion proteins containing the secreted protein,
      cucumber chitinase, and regions of probarley lectin. Pulse-labeling experiments
      demonstrated that the fusion proteins were properly translocated through the
      tobacco secretory system and that cucumber chitinase and cucumber chitinase
      fusion proteins lacking the carboxyl-terminal propeptide were secreted. The
      cucumber chitinase fusion protein containing the carboxyl-terminal propeptide was
      properly processed and sorted to the vacuole in transgenic tobacco as confirmed
      by organelle fractionation and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry.
      Therefore, the barley lectin carboxyl-terminal propeptide is both necessary and
      sufficient for protein sorting to the plant vacuole.

PMID- 1821766
TI  - opaque-2 modifiers increase gamma-zein synthesis and alter its spatial
      distribution in maize endosperm.
AB  - Through the action of opaque-2 modifier genes, the soft, floury endosperm of
      opaque-2 mutants is converted to a vitreous phenotype. This change in endosperm
      texture is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in gamma-zein content.
      To investigate the effect of opaque-2 modifiers on the expression of gamma-zein
      genes, we analyzed the synthesis and distribution of gamma-zein protein and the
      level of gamma-zein mRNAs in developing endosperms of the inbreds W64A and
      W64Ao2, a modified opaque-2 mutant Pool 34 QPM, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids.
      We also characterized the number and organization of gamma-zein genes in these
      and related maize genotypes. Our studies show that opaque-2 modifiers are
      semidominant genes, resulting in a twofold to threefold increase in gamma-zein
      gene expression in both opaque-2 and normal genetic backgrounds. The increase in
      gene expression appears to be a consequence of enhanced mRNA transcription or
      stability rather than gene amplification because gamma-zein genes occur in one or
      two copies in modified as well as nonmodified genetic backgrounds.
      Ultrastructural studies showed that gamma-zein occurs in high concentrations in
      the first few subaleurone cells of nonmodified endosperms, but high
      concentrations of gamma-zein occur in the subaleurone and central endosperm cells
      of modified opaque-2 mutants. The increased concentration and distribution of
      gamma-zein in modified endosperms are highly correlated with the activity of
      opaque-2 modifier genes.

PMID- 1821768
TI  - High-yield purification of HIV-1 proteinase expressed by a synthetic gene in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A rapid and simple purification procedure for human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      (HIV-1) proteinase from a synthetic gene expressed in Escherichia coli has been
      developed. The synthetic gene was constructed from oligonucleotides containing
      several restriction enzyme sites in order to allow simple construction of
      homologous genes. The protein was translated as a precursor which was
      autocatalytically processed into the mature protein as shown by N-terminal
      sequence analysis of the purified protein. Immunoblot analysis was used to verify
      the nature of the expression product and it was found that 2 of 10 anti-peptide
      antibodies, covering the whole proteinase sequence, were able to react with the
      enzyme in crude bacterial lysates. These two anti-peptide antibodies represent a
      continuous sequence partially overlapping the active site. The purification
      involves two initial precipitation steps followed by cation-exchange and size
      exclusion chromatography. A high yield and a high specific activity were
      achieved.

PMID- 1821769
TI  - Purification of insect vitellogenin and vitellin by gel-immobilized ferric
      chelate.
AB  - Vitellogenin and vitellin of Manduca sexta and some other insect species were
      purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Ferric ion was chosen
      as the immobilized metal ion. Agarose-bound carboxymethylpicolylamine was used as
      the chelating adsorbent for the ferric ion. Vitellogenin and vitellin, both
      phosphorylated lipoproteins, were shown to bind specifically to the iron. The
      general applicability of immobilized ferric ion affinity chromatography for the
      purification of insect vitellogenin and vitellin is suggested.

PMID- 1821770
TI  - One-step isolation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.
AB  - alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein could be isolated by a one-step extraction method from
      human sera and plasma. Protein recovered in the water phase after extraction with
      phenol at 70 degrees C for 20 min was verified as human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein
      when it was compared with the reference standard human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein
      by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, Western blot analysis, and periodic acid-Schiff stain. The
      present isolation procedure is simple and fast, and can extract about 81% of the
      total alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in the sera and plasma, as determined by radial
      immunodiffusion.

PMID- 1821767
TI  - A scaffold-associated DNA region is located downstream of the pea plastocyanin
      gene.
AB  - Chromosomal scaffold-associated DNA has been isolated from pea leaf nuclei
      treated with lithium diiodosalicylate to remove histones and then digested with
      restriction enzymes to remove the DNA in chromosomal loops. A scaffold-associated
      region (SAR) of DNA has been identified 8 to 9 kb downstream of the single-copy
      pea plastocyanin gene in proximity to a repetitive sequence present in 300 copies
      in the pea haploid genome. Isolated restriction fragments from within the SAR can
      bind to scaffold preparations in a binding assay in vitro. The nucleotide
      sequence of the SAR indicates a 540-bp 77% A+T-rich region containing many
      sequence elements in common with SARs from other organisms. Sequences with
      homology to topoisomerase II binding sites, A-box and T-box sequences, and
      replication origins are present within this AT-rich region.

PMID- 1821771
TI  - Expression and characterization of the N-terminal half of antistasin, an
      anticoagulant protein derived from the leech Haementeria officinalis.
AB  - Antistasin, a 15-kDa anticoagulant protein isolated from the salivary glands of
      the Mexican leech Haementeria officinalis, has been shown to be a potent
      inhibitor of factor Xa in the blood coagulation cascade. Antistasin possesses a
      twofold internal homology between the N- and C-terminal halves of the molecule,
      suggesting a gene duplication event in the evolution of the antistasin gene. This
      structural feature also suggests that either or both halves of the protein may
      possess biological activity if expressed as separate domains. Because the N
      terminal domain contains a factor Xa P1-reactive site, we chose to express this
      domain in an insect cell baculovirus expression system. Characterization of this
      recombinant half antistasin molecule reveals that the N-terminal domain inhibits
      factor Xa in vitro, with a K(i) of 1.7 nM.

PMID- 1821772
TI  - Rapid desalting of ammonium sulfate solutions by hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography.
AB  - Open-air hydrophobic interaction chromatography with alkyl carbon functional
      groups coupled to agarose beads has been used to desalt large volumes of ammonium
      sulfate-fractionated bacterial cell lysates. The protein of interest can be
      simultaneously desalted and concentrated in less than 4 h, and the yield is
      significantly better than that obtained by the standard technique of
      precipitation, centrifugation, and dialysis.

PMID- 1821773
TI  - Rapid purification of beta-glucuronidase from human liver by immunoaffinity
      chromatography employing specific murine monoclonal IgG binding to tresyl
      activated agarose.
AB  - We have developed a simple, rapid method for purification of beta-glucuronidase
      from human liver in order to facilitate the study of its biochemical structure
      and pathophysiologic roles in both cholelithiasis and carcinogenesis. The
      procedure includes the following steps: (1) liver homogenization, (2) 25-45%
      saturated ammonium sulfate fractionation, (3) heat denaturation, and (4)
      immunoaffinity chromatography employing murine anti-human beta-glucuronidase
      monoclonal IgG binding to tresyl-activated agarose. beta-Glucuronidase
      constitutes 1.3 mg per 100 g of wet liver tissue. The enzyme can be purified with
      a 10% overall yield and overall purification of 5000-fold in a 2-day cycle on a
      fairly large scale by the method described. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      indicated minor contaminants in the final product which could be further purified
      by protein blotting.

PMID- 1821774
TI  - Affinity chromatography of Escherichia coli (m5U54)-methyltransferase on tRNA
      agarose.
AB  - tRNA-agarose was prepared by condensing periodate-oxidized tRNA to an agarose
      matrix containing hydrazide functional groups. The tRNA-agarose was used to take
      partially purified tRNA (m5U54)-methyltransferase to homogeneity. The method is
      simple and reproducible and gives high yields.

PMID- 1821775
TI  - Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography for the
      purification of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism.
AB  - Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography were shown to be
      efficient techniques for the rapid batchwise fractionation, from crude plant
      extracts, of a series of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism. Isopentenyl
      pyrophosphate isomerase, two prenyltransferases, and a number of terpene cyclases
      (synthases) were readily adsorbed to Matrex Gel Red A (a dimeric triazine dye
      coupled to cross-linked agarose beads), and desorbed in good yield with
      relatively high concentrations of KCl and increasing pH. Although all of these
      enzymes exhibit the common feature of employing a pyrophosphorylated substrate,
      selective elution could not be achieved with substrate or substrate analogues
      bearing a pyrophosphate function. Nor could the strong binding of these enzymes
      to triazine dyes be attributed solely to metal ion interactions or to hydrophobic
      effects. In a similar way, the isomerase, the prenyltransferases, and all of the
      terpene cyclases bound to a column of iminodiacetate-immobilized Ni(II) and were
      desorbed in relatively high fold purity with 15 mM imidazole. Although all of
      these enzymes bear accessible histidine residues, the interactions with the
      chelated metal ion were not sufficiently different to permit selective enzyme
      desorbtion by imidazole gradient elution. However, the use of columns charged
      with Zn(II) or Co(II) did allow some separation of the different cyclase and
      transferase types. While empirical in nature, these techniques offer simple,
      effective, and high-capacity methods for the preliminary concentration and
      purification of a group of enzymes that utilize prenyl pyrophosphate
      intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis.

PMID- 1821776
TI  - Purification and characterization of a chimeric bifunctional antibody specific
      for human carcinoembryonic antigen and indium-benzyl-EDTA.
AB  - We describe the purification and characterization of a genetically engineered
      mouse/human chimeric bifunctional antibody specific for human carcinoembryonic
      antigen and indium-benzyl-EDTA. A clone expressing the bifunctional antibody has
      been previously described by our group and was found in this investigation also
      to express monospecific antibodies as well as Ig forms with mismatched light and
      heavy chains. The physicochemical properties of these various chimeric
      immunoglobulins were nearly identical. Isoelectric focusing showed that all these
      immunoglobulins have pI values between 8.47 and 8.80. A purification method that
      separates the bifunctional antibody from other Ig forms expressed in the same
      clone has been devised by relying on a unique interaction between the metal
      chelate binding region of these antibodies and the sulfopropyl functional group
      of a TSK SP 5-PW column.

PMID- 1821777
TI  - Effect of divalent ions on protein precipitation with polyethylene glycol:
      mechanism of action and applications.
AB  - Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is extensively employed for protein purification by
      fractional precipitation. Efficiency of precipitation is highest when the
      solution pH is near the isoelectric point of the target protein. At pH values far
      from the isoelectric point of the target protein, proteins develop a net positive
      or negative charge and are not more resistant to precipitation. We have found
      that divalent cations (Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ca2+) or divalent anions (SO4(2-))
      significantly change the pattern of PEG precipitation when the ion is chosen so
      as to counteract the expected net charge on the target protein. At moderate (5-50
      mM) concentrations of Ba2+, negatively charged proteins can be precipitated from
      solution at pH values as high as 10 with efficiency unchanged from precipitation
      at pH values near their isoelectric point values. The mechanism of PEG
      precipitation of protein at these high pH values appears to be unchanged from the
      mechanism operative at the protein isoelectric point. Precipitation is rapid and
      the capacity for protein precipitation is high. There is no detectable
      coprecipitation of small molecules (AMP, ATP, and NADH) or soluble proteins
      (carbonic anhydrase) induced when large quantities of protein are precipitated by
      this method. The purification of bovine carbonic anhydrase from erythrocyte
      lysate is more efficient at pH 10 in the presence of Ba2+ than is conventional
      PEG precipitation carried out at the isoelectric point of carbonic anhydrase.
      Application of these observations should broaden the utility of protein
      purification by fractional precipitation with PEG.

PMID- 1821778
TI  - Overproduction of glutamate racemase of Pediococcus pentosaceus in Escherichia
      coli clone cells and its purification.
AB  - We previously isolated a 6.0-kb DNA fragment that specifies glutamate racemase
      activity from the chromosomal DNA of Pediococcus pentosaceus by digestion with
      HindIII (N. Nakajima, K. Tanizawa, H. Tanaka, and K. Soda, 1986), Agric. Biol.
      Chem. 50, 2823-2830). We digested it further with EcoRI to obtain a fragment of
      1.8 kb, which was blunt-ended and ligated into the SmaI site of vector plasmid
      pKK223-3. The recombinant plasmid showed a high glutamate racemase activity upon
      transformation of Escherichia coli W3110 cells with it; the plasmid was named
      pICR223. Glutamate racemase was overproduced in the clone cells and occurred in
      inclusion bodies in the cells. The enzyme was solubilized with 6 M urea,
      renatured by dialysis to remove urea, and purified to homogeneity with an overall
      yield of about 70% after a single DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The
      amount of enzyme produced by the clone cells corresponded to about 38% of the
      total insoluble protein.

PMID- 1821779
TI  - Rapid method for altering bacterial ribosome-binding sequences for overexpression
      of proteins in Escherichia coli.
AB  - In an Escherichia coli expression system, two genes, one from an anaerobic
      intestinal bacterium and one from E. coli, were overexpressed following the
      alteration of ribosome-binding (Shine-Dalgarno) sequences. For both genes, the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to modify the ribosome-binding sequence
      and, at the same time, provide restriction endonuclease sequences at each end of
      the gene. These restriction endonuclease sequences were used for inserting the
      DNA into the E. coli plasmid vector pGEM2, which has the T7 promoter upstream
      from its multiple cloning sites. Each chimeric plasmid, made by ligating the PCR
      product into pGEM2, was transformed into E. coli strain HMS174(DE3) which, when
      induced, produces T7 RNA polymerase for regulated overexpression. The gene
      isolated from the anaerobic intestinal bacterium, a 27-kDa polypeptide gene from
      Eubacterium sp. strain 12708, when expressed using this system, produced about
      one-third of the total cell protein as measured in Coomassie-stained protein gels
      and confirmed by Western blots with rabbit antibody. The E. coli enzyme, a 28.4
      kDa tRNA methylation enzyme, was increased fivefold in activity of cell extracts
      over that of the best previous strain.

PMID- 1821781
TI  - A strategy for obtaining active mammalian enzyme from a fusion protein expressed
      in bacteria using phospholipase A2 as a model.
AB  - An active preparation of human phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was made after expression
      as an insoluble fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The new key elements required
      for PLA2 isolation were the maintenance of the fusion protein in solution after
      the initial solubilization and the use of a tryptophan cleavage procedure for
      regeneration of native PLA2 from the fusion protein. The fusion protein was
      composed of a beta-galactosidase leader peptide incorporating six consecutive
      threonine residues to aid in insoluble inclusion body formation, followed by a
      tryptophan adjacent to the N-terminus of PLA2. The fusion protein was purified
      from cell lysates, and the leader peptide was cleaved on the C-terminal side of
      the tryptophan residue with N-chlorosuccinimide. The released PLA2 was refolded
      and renatured to produce an enzyme with activity comparable to that of other
      phospholipases A2.

PMID- 1821780
TI  - High-level expression and purification of apoaequorin.
AB  - A fairly rapid and improved method for producing large amounts of highly pure
      apoaequorin, the apoprotein of aequorin which emits light on binding Ca2+, is
      described. The method consists of fusing the gene of the outer membrane protein A
      (ompA) secretion signal peptide of Escherichia coli to the apoaequorin gene and
      expressing the fused gene in the bacterium. The expressed protein is correctly
      cleaved in the process of being secreted across the cell membrane into the
      culture medium. The apoaequorin is subsequently purified by acid precipitation
      and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, yielding a product of greater than 95% purity.
      The availability of pure apoaequorin makes possible detailed studies of the
      physical-chemical properties of this Ca2(+)-binding protein and allows for the
      preparation of pure aequorin for use in highly specific and sensitive assays for
      Ca2+.

PMID- 1821782
TI  - Expression and purification of active recombinant platelet factor 4 from a
      cleavable fusion protein.
AB  - A synthetic gene for human platelet factor 4 (hPF4) has been expressed at high
      levels as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The hPF4 sequence has been
      cleaved from the fusion protein by cyanogen bromide treatment and purified by
      column chromatography. Like hPF4, our recombinant hPF4 (rhPF4) is tetrameric
      under physiological conditions, binds heparin, and inhibits angiogenesis.
      Extensive purification to remove trace amounts of uncleaved fusion protein
      completely from the desired product rhPF4 was difficult. We have exploited
      recombinant DNA technology by modifying the fusion moiety to accomplish
      separation. This type of modification, which did not affect expression level,
      could be applied to other recombinant fusion proteins.

PMID- 1821783
TI  - Construction of expression systems for Escherichia coli asparaginase II and two
      step purification of the recombinant enzyme from periplasmic extracts.
AB  - Isoenzyme II of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC
      3.5.1.1) is among the few enzymes of major therapeutic importance, being used in
      the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We have constructed several
      inducible expression systems that overproduce asparaginase II from recombinant
      plasmids. The most efficient of these systems consists of plasmid pTWE1, a
      derivative of pT7-7, and an ansB- strain of E. coli, CU1783. These cells produce
      and secrete amounts of asparaginase II that account for 10-15% of the total
      cellular protein. Most of the active recombinant enzyme can be released from the
      periplasmic space by a simple osmotic shock procedure. From the resulting
      material homogeneous asparaginase II was obtained by a two-step procedure.
      Overall yields of purified asparaginase were 10-15 mg asparaginase II per liter
      of E. coli culture. The recombinant enzyme appeared identical to conventionally
      purified preparations.

PMID- 1821784
TI  - Hyperexpression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of the
      metallo-beta-lactamase of Bacillus cereus 5/B/6.
AB  - We used site-directed mutagenesis to introduce both a NdeI restriction
      endonuclease site and an initiator codon at the junction of the leader and
      structural gene sequences of the metallo-beta-lactamase of Bacillus cereus 5/B/6.
      This construct allowed us to clone just the beta-lactamase structural gene
      sequence into an Escherichia coli expression vector. E. coli cells were
      transformed with the recombinant plasmid, the B. cereus beta-lactamase was
      expressed, and these E. coli cells were disrupted by sonic oscillation. When the
      resultant suspensions were clarified by ultracentrifugation, the B. cereus beta
      lactamase represented 15% of the total protein in the supernatant. Subsequent gel
      filtration and ion-exchange chromatography allowed the first reported
      purification to homogeneity of the B. cereus beta-lactamase from E. coli with an
      87% recovery and an overall yield of 17 mg of enzyme per liter of cell culture.
      The electrophoretic mobilities of the enzyme expressed in and purified from E.
      coli and the enzyme purified directly from B. cereus were identical in both
      native and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoreses. As with the B. cereus
      enzyme, Km and Vmax (using cephalosporin C as substrate) for the enzyme purified
      from E. coli were 0.39 mM and 1333 units/mg protein, respectively. Likewise, the
      Co(II)-reconstituted enzyme purified from E. coli, which retained 29% of the
      activity of the Zn(II) enzyme, had electronic absorption spectra with maxima at
      347, 551, 617, and 646 nm with extinction coefficients of 900, 250, 173, and 150
      M-1 cm-1, respectively.

PMID- 1821785
TI  - Use of ethanol-eluted hydrophobic interaction chromatography in the purification
      of serum amyloid A.
AB  - A two-step procedure for the purification of the acute-phase reactant serum
      amyloid A from serum is described. A hydrophobic interaction chromatography
      medium, octyl-Sepharose CL4B, eluted with increasing concentrations of EtOH was
      used as the first step in the purification. The concentrate from this step was
      applied to a gel filtration column of Sephacryl S-200 and eluted with 10% formic
      acid. The overall recovery of purified serum amyloid A from serum was 56%. This
      represents the first time that serum amyloid A has been purified without the use
      of high concentrations of guanidine or urea. The method presented could easily be
      scaled up to allow the purification of large quantities of serum amyloid A or
      readily adapted to the purification of other serum apolipoproteins.

PMID- 1821786
TI  - A general method for purification of H1 histones that are active for repression
      of basal RNA polymerase II transcription.
AB  - H1 histones were purified from extracts of salt-treated nuclei as a co-product of
      RNA polymerase II transcription factors from both Drosophila embryos and HeLa
      cells by a simple and general method. This procedure was also used to purify H1
      as co-product of the core histones from calf thymus. The key steps in this
      purification exploit the solubility of H1 in 2.26 M ammonium sulfate and the
      chromatographic properties of the highly charged H1 molecules on a phenyl
      Sepharose resin. H1 that is prepared by this procedure is active for in vitro
      repression of basal RNA polymerase II transcription. This method provides a new
      means of purifying H1 by a mild procedure that is likely to be generally useful
      for studies of transcription and chromatin structure.

PMID- 1821787
TI  - Overproduction and rapid purification of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar
      phosphotransferase system proteins enzyme I, HPr, and Protein IIIGlc of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - We present methods for the rapid, simple purification of Enzyme I, HPr, and
      Protein IIIGlc of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar
      phosphotransferase system (PTS) using plasmids overproducing gene products. The
      gene for HPr (ptsH) was cloned into the expression vector pKC30. A simple
      procedure was devised for the purification to homogeneity of this protein from
      extracts of heat-induced cells containing pKC30/ptsH recombinant clone. The genes
      for Enzyme I (ptsI) and Protein IIIGlc (crr) were cloned separately into the
      expression vector pRE1. Rapid purification procedures were developed for the
      isolation of homogeneous preparations of these two proteins from extracts of heat
      induced cells containing pRE1/ptsI and pRE1/crr recombinants. From about 6 g of
      cells, these procedures yielded 100, 86, and 50 mg of Enzyme I, HPr, and Protein
      IIIGlc, respectively. The activity of the proteins purified by these methods was
      comparable to that of the proteins isolated by previously published less
      efficient procedures.

PMID- 1821788
TI  - Purification and characterization of an exon 2-deleted human beta-tropomyosin
      constructed by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - We deleted exon 2 in human skeletal beta-tropomyosin (h beta-SK tropomyosin)
      using an improved adaptation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. The
      first PCR product was used to prime the full-length cDNA, leading to an exon 2
      deleted h beta-SK tropomyosin. This new protein, des-(39-80)-tropomyosin, could
      then be expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. At the
      nucleotide level, the junction between exons 1 and 3 has been precisely made in
      the PCR product. The mutated protein was purified using high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Des-(39-80)-tropomyosin revealed new immunological properties but
      was still recognized by certain antitropomyosin antibodies. Furthermore, the
      structural characteristics of the mutated tropomyosin fit those of the full
      length tropomyosin. This new adaptation of PCR technology appears to be suitable
      for every kind of mutation inside a cloned DNA molecule, and one mutation primer
      per mutation is sufficient.

PMID- 1821789
TI  - Expression and purification of recombinant rat protein disulfide isomerase from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Rat liver protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) catalyzes the oxidative folding of
      proteins containing disulfide bonds. We have developed an efficient method for
      its overproduction in Escherichia coli. Using a T7 RNA polymerase expression
      system, isolated yields of 15-30 mg/liter of recombinant rat PDI are readily
      obtained. Convenient purification of the enzyme from E. coli lysates involves ion
      exchange (DEAE) chromatography combined with zinc chelate chromatography. The
      recombinant PDI shows catalytic activity identical to that of PDI isolated from
      bovine liver in both the reduction of insulin and the oxidative folding of
      ribonuclease A. The enzyme is expressed in E. coli as a soluble, cytoplasmic
      protein. After complete reduction and denaturation in 6 M guanidinium
      hydrochloride, PDI regains complete activity within 3 min after removal of the
      denaturant, implying that disulfide bonds are not essential for the maintenance
      of PDI tertiary structure. Both the protein isolated from E. coli and the protein
      isolated from liver contained free cysteine residues (1.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.4 +/- 0.3
      SH/monomer, respectively).

PMID- 1821790
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of acyl carrier protein from Euglena
      gracilis variety bacillaris.
AB  - Acyl carrier protein (ACP) was purified from Euglena gracilis variety bacillaris
      in yields of about 1 mg/100 g (wet wt) of cells. Antibodies against the purified
      protein were raised in hens and isolated from eggs. Antibodies raised against
      Euglena ACP inhibited the Euglena chloroplast nonaggregated fatty acid synthetase
      using either Euglena or Escherichia coli ACP as a substrate. Comparisons with
      other ACPs included the following items: biologic activity, acidic pI, size,
      behavior in size exclusion media, and amino acid sequence of the N-terminal
      portion of the molecule.

PMID- 1821791
TI  - Efficient production and isolation of recombinant amino-terminal half-molecule of
      human serum transferrin from baby hamster kidney cells.
AB  - Expression of the amino-terminal lobe of human serum transferrin secreted into
      the culture medium by transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells has been
      increased from the levels reported originally of 10-15 micrograms/ml to 55-120
      micrograms/ml. Use of the serum substitute, Ultraser G, has facilitated isolation
      of the recombinant protein, resulting in approximately 80% recovery of expressed
      hTF/2N from the culture medium. In the three experiments described, 300-750 mg of
      recombinant protein was collected over a period of 25 days from five expanded
      surface roller bottles each containing 200 ml of medium (seven to nine
      collections). The use of alginate beads to encapsulate the transformed BHK cells
      provided no advantage over normal culturing over 25 days. A lag in production
      resulting in 30% less recombinant protein over this time period was observed. The
      production and isolation procedures described are easily handled by one person.
      The system is amenable to incorporation of isotopically substituted amino acids
      useful in NMR studies.

PMID- 1821792
TI  - Effect of ethanol and low-temperature culture on expression of soybean
      lipoxygenase L-1 in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have constructed a full-length cDNA that encodes soybean seed lipoxygenase L-1
      and have expressed it in Escherichia coli. This gene was inserted into a pT7-7
      expression vector, containing the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. E. coli, strain
      BL21 (DE3), which carries the T7 promoter in its genome, was transfected with the
      plasmid. Expression of this gene when the cells were cultured at 37 degrees C
      yielded polypeptide that was recognized by anti-L-1 antibody, but had very little
      lipoxygenase activity. Yields of active enzyme were markedly increased when cells
      were cultured at 15-20 degrees C. When ethanol, which has been reported to be an
      excellent elicitor of heat-shock proteins in E. coli, was also present at a level
      of 3% the yield was further increased by 40%. Under optimum conditions 22-30 mg
      of soluble active enzyme was obtained per liter of culture.

PMID- 1821793
TI  - Fusion tails for the recovery and purification of recombinant proteins.
AB  - Several fusion tail systems have been developed to promote efficient recovery and
      purification of recombinant proteins from crude cell extracts or culture media.
      In these systems, a target protein is genetically engineered to contain a C- or N
      terminal polypeptide tail, which provides the biochemical basis for specificity
      in recovery and purification. Tails with a variety of characteristics have been
      used: (1) entire enzymes with affinity for immobilized substrates or inhibitors;
      (2) peptide-binding proteins with affinity to immunoglobulin G or albumin; (3)
      carbohydrate-binding proteins or domains; (4) a biotin-binding domain for in vivo
      biotination promoting affinity of the fusion protein to avidin or streptavidin;
      (5) antigenic epitopes with affinity to immobilized monoclonal antibodies; (6)
      charged amino acids for use in charge-based recovery methods; (7) poly(His)
      residues for recovery by immobilized metal affinity chromatography; and (8) other
      poly(amino acid)s, with binding specificities based on properties of the amino
      acid side chain. Fusion tails are useful at the lab scale and have potential for
      enhancing recovery using economical recovery methods that are easily scaled up
      for industrial downstream processing. Fusion tails can be used to promote
      secretion of target proteins and can also provide useful assay tags based on
      enzymatic activity or antibody binding. Many fusion tails do not interfere with
      the biological activity of the target protein and in some cases have been shown
      to stabilize it. Nevertheless, for the purification of authentic proteins a site
      for specific cleavage is often included, allowing removal of the tail after
      recovery.

PMID- 1821794
TI  - Polyamine-linked sepharoses: preparation and application to mammalian spermine
      synthase.
AB  - Seven different polyamine-linked Sepharose derivatives were prepared for the
      affinity chromatography of spermidine and spermine binding macromolecules:
      Spermine synthase from rat and hog brain was used as a model protein with a
      spermidine binding site. Comparative studies of the affinities of the enzymes for
      the seven matrixes suggested that two negative charges, three to four methylene
      groups apart, should be present at the decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine
      binding site and should improve the binding of the enzyme to the Sepharose
      derivative. Two negative charges at the spermidine binding site would be expected
      to do the same. Three affinity matrixes linked with 1,17-diamino-4,9,14
      triazaheptadecane, 1,21-diamino-4,9,13,18-tetraazaheneicosane, and 5-spermine
      carboxylic acid, respectively, had an affinity for spermine synthases higher than
      that of spermine-Sepharose, which has been used for the purification of spermine
      synthase. The first of these matrixes was used and proved to be effective for the
      purification.

PMID- 1821795
TI  - Two-step purification of Cyanophora ferredoxin and its identification in soluble
      protein preparations by isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Cyanophora paradoxa ferredoxin is encoded by (cyano-)plastidic DNA, in contrast
      to those of all other photosynthetic eukaryotes investigated so far. In the
      present study we report (i) the rapid purification of a chloroplast-type [2Fe-2S]
      ferredoxin in a two-step procedure by DEAE-Sephadex and Mono Q ion-exchange
      chromatography; (ii) the biochemical characterization of the purified ferredoxin
      by electrophoretic separation methods on a microscale; and (iii) a qualitative
      and quantitative ferredoxin detection method in the femtomole range that allows
      densitometry, semidry immunoblotting, identification of ferredoxin in soluble
      cell protein preparations, and analysis of protein biosynthesis from cyanoplast
      poly(A)- RNA in vivo and in vitro. These fast micromethods should be useful for
      screening phototrophic species containing ferredoxins encoded by nonnuclear DNA.

PMID- 1821796
TI  - A large-scale procedure for the isolation of integrin GPIIb/IIIa, the human
      platelet fibrinogen receptor.
AB  - The heterodimer GPIIb/IIIa, formed by the Ca(2+)-dependent association of
      glycoproteins IIb (GPIIb) and IIIa (GPIIIa), is the major integrin at the
      platelet surface, where it serves as the receptor for fibrinogen and other
      adhesive proteins and plays a central role in platelet aggregation and in
      platelet adhesion to the subendothelium. Here we describe a procedure for the
      isolation of GPIIb/IIIa using as starting material either the whole particulate
      fraction, obtained by differential centrifugation after hypoosmotic lysis of
      glycerol-loaded platelets, or any of the fractions obtained by density gradient
      centrifugation of the whole particulate fraction. The procedure consists simply
      of differential extraction with Triton X-100 of the starting particulate
      fraction, anion-exchange chromatography of the 4% Triton X-100 supernatant, and
      size-exclusion chromatography of the GPIIb/IIIa-rich fraction retained in the ion
      exchange column. The use of particulate fractions instead of whole platelets as
      the starting material for extraction together with differential extraction with
      Triton X-100 (two steps that are simple and inexpensive to perform) results in
      the early removal of many unwanted proteins, which otherwise would have to be
      removed at later stages at the expense of severely impairing the final yield of
      GPIIb/IIIa. Pure GPIIb/IIIa is obtained with a yield of about 48%, the highest so
      far reported, calculated with respect to the GPIIb and GPIIIa content in the
      starting particulate fraction. The final product can be stored in freeze-dried
      form without apparent changes in its physical and chemical properties.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821798
TI  - Rapid isolation of homogeneous cloned T7 gene 5 protein and T7 DNA polymerase by
      affinity chromatography on immobilized thioredoxin.
AB  - Phage T7 DNA polymerase consists of a strong 1:1 complex of T7 gene 5 protein (80
      kDa) and the reduced form of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (12 kDa).
      Immobilization of E. coli thioredoxin on the agarose matrix Affi-Gel retained
      both its redox activity and its ability to bind T7 gene 5 protein. This was used
      to develop a simple and fast high-yield purification method. Cloned T7 gene 5
      protein, expressed in a thioredoxin-negative host cell, was isolated in pure and
      highly active form after elution from Affi-Gel--thioredoxin with a pH gradient
      from 10 to 12. This purification step separated gene 5 protein from variable
      amounts of two sets of reconstituting large polypeptide fragments without
      catalytic activity. Proteolytic cleavage in vivo probably gave rise to the
      fragments, the generation of which was mimicked by trypsin cleavage of pure gene
      5 protein. The gene 5 protein preparation had an inherent low DNA polymerase and
      double-stranded 3'-exonuclease activity, which was stimulated at least 30-fold by
      the presence of reduced thioredoxin. Highly active and pure T7 DNA polymerase was
      obtained by reconstitution of gene 5 protein with thioredoxin and was isolated by
      phosphocellulose or FPLC Mono Q chromatography. The gene 5 protein and T7 DNA
      polymerase preparations are suitable for further physicochemical characterization
      and as reagents in DNA sequencing.

PMID- 1821797
TI  - Separation in a single step by affinity chromatography of cholinesterases
      differing in subunit number.
AB  - We describe an affinity chromatography method in which dimethylaminoethylbenzoic
      acid-Sepharose 4B is used, making it possible to separate in one step the
      molecular forms of globular acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) or
      butyrylcholinesterase (ChE, EC 3.1.1.8). A crude extract containing these enzymes
      was deposited onto the chromatography gel, washed, and eluted by a linear
      gradient of tetramethylammonium chloride (0-0.3 M). With rat brain AChE, two well
      separated peaks were eluted in the presence of 1% Triton X-100; the first peak
      corresponded to 4 S forms and the second to 11 S forms. This separation was very
      efficient for salt-soluble activity and less efficient for the detergent-soluble
      AChE. In this case, the 4 S peak represented only 6.5% of total detergent-soluble
      activity and was cross-contaminated by the 11 S form. Rat serum ChE was
      efficiently separated into two peaks of 7 S and 11 S. This method could
      potentially be adapted to separate other multimeric proteins with varying numbers
      of affinity sites.

PMID- 1821799
TI  - Purification and comparative study of the kinases specific for branched chain
      alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Rat heart branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDH kinase) and
      pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase) were purified from their respective
      complexes to apparent homogeneity. BCKDH kinase consisted of one subunit with
      molecular weight 44,000-45,000 Da, whereas PDH kinase consisted of two subunits
      with molecular weight 48,000 Da (alpha) and 45,000 Da (beta) as previously shown
      for the bovine kidney enzyme (Stepp et al., 1983, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9454-9458).
      Proteolysis maps of BCKDH kinase and the two subunits of PDH kinase were
      different, suggesting that all subunits are different entities. The alpha subunit
      of the rat heart PDH kinase could be cleaved selectively by chymotrypsin with
      concomitant loss of kinase activity, as previously shown for the bovine kidney
      enzyme, suggesting that the catalytic activity of PDH kinase resides in the alpha
      subunit. The beta subunit appeared to be a different entity unique to the PDH
      kinase. Both kinases exhibited marked substrate specificity toward their
      respective complexes and would not inactivate heterologous complexes. The kinases
      possessed slightly different substrate specificity toward histones. BCKDH kinase
      preferentially phosphorylated histones in the order f1 greater than f2B much
      greater than f2A much greater than f3. The relative order for PDH kinase was the
      same, but f2A and f3 were considerably better substrates than they were for BCKDH
      kinase. These observations suggest that the kinases have different requirements
      for the structure of the protein at their phosphorylation sites.

PMID- 1821800
TI  - Characterization of homogeneous recombinant glutaredoxin from Escherichia coli:
      purification from an inducible lambda PL expression system and properties of a
      novel elongated form.
AB  - We have constructed a plasmid, pAHOB1, with a 482-b AluI fragment containing the
      Escherichia coli glutaredoxin gene (grx) cloned under lambda PL promoter control.
      Growth of E. coli N4830/pAHOB1 cells at 30 degrees C followed by heat induction
      at 40 degrees C for 5 h resulted in expression of glutaredoxin as 20% of the
      soluble E. coli protein. Methods for the preparation of gram amounts of
      glutaredoxin and 5 mM solutions suitable for NMR studies were developed. About
      10% of the glutaredoxin activity showed an unexpected higher isoelectric point
      and was isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH 6.0. Sequence analysis
      demonstrated that this novel form (grx-90) contained five additional N-terminal
      residues (Met-Arg-Arg-Glu-Ile) added to the glutaredoxin molecule with 85
      residues (grx-85). Grx-90 originates from an alternative ATG initiation codon
      present 5' of the previously identified translation start site on the grx gene in
      E. coli. Despite the highly charged N-terminal extension, grx-90 showed full
      activity as a GSH-disulfide oxidoreductase and the same apparent Km value (0.14
      microM) as glutaredoxin in GSH-dependent reduction of CDP by ribonucleotide
      reductase. Both grx-90 and grx-85 showed identical competition curves in
      radioimmunoassays. The presence of grx-90 was also demonstrated in log-phase E.
      coli C600 cells as 5 to 10% of total glutaredoxin by immunological techniques.
      The molar extinction coefficient of native glutaredoxin (12,500 M-1 cm-1 at 280
      nm) was 15% higher than expected from its content of one Trp and four Tyr
      residues.

PMID- 1821803
TI  - Purification and properties of recombinant Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate
      reductase.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expressed in Escherichia coli
      was purified to homogeneity in a single step using methotrexate-Sepharose
      affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme migrated as a single 24-kDa protein
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sequence of the
      first 26 amino acids from the N-terminus of the purified enzyme was in accord
      with that predicted from the DNA sequence. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum
      with maximum activity over the pH range 6 to 7. The enzyme was activated by
      salts, with maximal twofold activation at 50 to 150 mM KCl and 50 to 200 mM NaCl.
      Urea at 2.5 M also increased the enzyme activity twofold. Kinetic analysis of the
      purified enzyme revealed that the Km values for dihydrofolate and NADPH were 1.8
      and 1.4 microM, respectively, and that the kcat was 70 s-1. Inhibition studies
      verified that trimethoprim and pyrimethamine were poor inhibitors of P. carinii
      DHFR and showed little selectivity over the human DHFR. Trimetrexate and
      piritrexim were much more potent inhibitors of the P. carinii enzyme, but these
      inhibitors are also potent inhibitors of human DHFR.

PMID- 1821802
TI  - Isolation and characterization of insoluble collagen of dog hearts.
AB  - A procedure for isolating insoluble heart collagen has been developed. The method
      involves the use of defined optimal conditions of sonication that yield no
      thermal denaturation of the triple-helical structure nor disruption of the
      primary structure of the collagen molecules; this is followed by extraction of
      isolates with nondenaturing agents. The amino acid residues of the isolates are
      then reacted with dansyl chloride to allow determination of amino-terminal
      residues and quantification of the collagen. The method has several advantages
      over existing procedures: (i) There is no other method available for isolation of
      undenatured insoluble heart collagen in almost pure form (consists of 96% of type
      I collagen) and in a good yield. Sonication of tissue at or below 4 degrees C for
      a total of 120 s (15 s sonication repeated 8 times at 120-s intervals) yielded
      insoluble collagen fibers with 90% yield and a 20-fold purification as determined
      by the increase in Hyp content of the isolates. Extraction of these isolates with
      0.6 M KCl and 1 M NaCl at 4 degrees C resulted in a 22-fold purification with 70%
      yield, while the classical extraction method with nondenaturing reagents yielded
      only 5-fold purification. (ii) There has been little study of the derivatization
      of an insoluble protein (collagen) with dansyl chloride. The Lys residues of
      collagen could be recovered as epsilon-Dns-Lys in 84% yield from a reverse-phase
      C-18 column by high-performance liquid chromatography. This assay allows
      measurement of 0.1-100 nmol epsilon-Dns-Lys. (iii) The method generates direct
      information concerning the quantity of collagen and its nature with respect to
      amino groups.

PMID- 1821801
TI  - Expression of recombinant human apolipoprotein A-I in Chinese hamster ovary cells
      and Escherichia coli.
AB  - Human recombinant apolipoprotein (apo) A-I was produced by Chinese hamster ovary
      (CHO) cells and Escherichia coli with expression vectors containing cDNAs
      encoding preproapoA-I or apoA-I, respectively. The apoA-I from CHO cells was
      purified from the culture medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, phenyl
      Sepharose chromatography, and affinity purification on anti-apoA-I
      immunoabsorber. Human apoA-I was produced in E. coli as a fusion protein with
      glutathione S-transferase. A four amino acid linker, which separated the two
      proteins, was specifically recognized and cut by Factor Xa. The purification was
      accomplished by chromatography of E. coli extracts on glutathione-Sepharose and
      digestion with Factor Xa. The highest production level was found to be 0.5
      micrograms/ml of culture medium per 48 h for a clone of stable transformant of
      CHO cells, whereas E. coli could produce as much as 20 micrograms/ml of bacterial
      culture. These apoA-I forms were compared in terms of molecular weight,
      isoelectric point, and expression of several epitopes. Recombinant apoA-I
      obtained from CHO cells appears intact and its isoelectric point is compatible
      with that of the mature form and the proform of apoA-I, whereas a part of the
      apoA-I produced by E. coli does not contain the COOH-terminus. Also, two of six
      epitopes are expressed to a greater extent in apoA-I obtained from E. coli than
      in apoA-I obtained from human plasma.

PMID- 1821804
TI  - A rapid purification procedure of recombinant integration host factor from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A rapid procedure for the large-scale isolation of recombinant integration host
      factor (IHF) protein from Escherichia coli is presented. The protein was
      overproduced in the E. coli K5746 strain, whose construction has already been
      described. The procedure consists of a mild extraction of protein and
      fractionation by ammonium sulfate. A single-step affinity chromatography on
      heparin-Sepharose provided very pure IHF protein. A Mono-S FPLC column was used
      to highly concentrate the pure IHF for crystallization trials. Attempts to
      crystallize IHF produced small stable crystals that have a large number of
      molecules in the asymmetric unit and to date diffract poorly. Further attempts to
      crystallize IHF under other conditions as well as in a complex with the putative
      DNA binding site are underway.

PMID- 1821805
TI  - Mutation in the Escherichia coli htpR locus results in stabilization of
      recombinant expression products that are susceptible to proteolytic degradation.
AB  - We compared the expression and degradation of three cloned malarial proteins in a
      pair of isogeneic strains of Escherichia coli that differed at the htpR locus.
      The htpR locus encodes an alternate sigma factor necessary for the transcription
      of heat shock promoters. Plasmodium sequences were cloned from polymerase chain
      reaction-amplified DNA initiated by oligonucleotide primers that were specific
      for the gene coding regions to be expressed. The amplified DNA was cloned and
      expressed in a vector that encodes a strong T7 promoter and translation-
      initiation signal. The total cell yield of two of the expressed proteins was
      found to be increased when synthesis occurred in a E. coli htpR mutant. Pulse-
      chase experiments showed that the increased protein yield correlated with a
      decrease in the degradation of the protein in the htpR strain. A two- to seven
      fold increase in the half-life of the malaria proteins was observed in the E.
      coli htpR- background as compared to htpR+. We found no difference in survival of
      the E. coli K165 htpR mutant and isogeneic parent during thermal induction. Since
      the synthesis of the heat shock sigma factor did not significantly influence
      survival of E. coli and htpR expression results in increased degradation of
      foreign proteins, the E. coli htpR mutant was a valuable host strain for
      production of foreign proteins.

PMID- 1821806
TI  - Overexpression and purification of the galactose operon enzymes from Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - A convenient new procedure for the purification of galactokinase, galactose-1
      phosphate uridyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase overexpressed in
      Escherichia coli is presented. The procedure is shorter than any other described
      in the literature and facilitates the purification of the three recombinant
      enzymes in considerable amounts and at high purity and specific activity. The
      purified gal operon enzymes were biochemically characterized by gel-filtration
      column chromatography and isoelectric focusing, and the Km values for their
      substrates were determined.

PMID- 1821808
TI  - Purification and characterization of recombinant Pneumocystis carinii thymidylate
      synthase.
AB  - Catalytically active Pneumocystis carinii thymidylate synthase is expressed to
      the extent of about 4% of the soluble protein in Escherichia coli chi 2913
      harboring plasmid pUETS-1.8 (U. Edman, J. C. Edman, B. Lundgren, and D. V. Santi,
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6503-6507, 1989). Ion-exchange, affinity,
      hydrophobic, and reactive dye agarose chromatography steps were explored to
      devise a large-scale purification protocol for P. carinii thymidylate synthase.
      Sequential DE52, Q-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, and Cibacron Blue F3GA
      chromatography yielded enzyme that was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE in a yield of over
      50%. The sequence of the first 10 amino acid residues of the purified protein was
      in accord with that predicted from the DNA sequence. Isoelectric focusing gave a
      pI of 6.2. Kinetic analysis of the purified enzyme revealed that the Km values
      were 4.7 +/- 1.3 microM for dUMP and 15.7 +/- 4.3 microM for 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate, similar to those of many other thymidylate synthases;
      the kcat of the most active preparation was 0.8 s-1. The enzyme is stable for at
      least 2 months when stored at -80 degrees C in the presence of 40% glycerol, Tris
      HCl, and thiol.

PMID- 1821807
TI  - Expression and purification of a soluble form of penicillin-binding protein 2
      from both penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Resistance to penicillin in non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae (CMRNG strains) is mediated in part by the production of altered
      forms of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) that have a decreased affinity for
      penicillin. The reduction in the affinity of PBP 2 is largely due to the
      insertion of an aspartic acid residue (Asp-345a) into the amino acid sequence of
      PBP 2. Truncated forms of N. gonorrhoeae PBP 2, which differed only by the
      insertion of Asp-345a, were constructed by placing the region of the penA genes
      encoding the periplasmic domain of PBP 2 (amino acids 42-581) into an ATG
      expression vector. When the recombinant PBP 2 molecules were overexpressed in
      Escherichia coli, insoluble PBP 2 inclusion bodies, which could be isolated by
      low-speed centrifugation of cell lysates, were formed. These insoluble aggregates
      were solubilized and the truncated PBP 2 polypeptides were partially purified by
      cation-exchange chromatography and gel filtration in the presence of denaturant
      prior to the refolding of the enzyme in vitro. After renaturation, gel filtration
      was used to separate monomeric soluble PBP 2 from improperly folded protein
      aggregates and other protein contaminants. A 4-liter culture of induced E. coli
      cells yielded 1.4 mg of soluble PBP 2 or PBP 2' (PBP 2 containing the Asp-345a
      insertion), both of which were estimated to be 99% pure. The affinity of soluble
      PBP 2' for [3H]penicillin G was decreased fourfold relative to that of soluble
      PBP 2, and their affinities were found to be identical to the affinities of the
      full-length PBP 2 enzymes that were previously determined in N. gonorrhoeae
      membranes. Furthermore, soluble PBP 2 displayed a rank order of affinity for
      several other beta-lactam antibiotics that was consistent with the rank order of
      affinities previously reported for the native molecules. On the basis of these
      results, both of these soluble PBPs should be suitable for crystallization and X
      ray crystallographic analysis.

PMID- 1821809
TI  - Metal ion affinity adsorption of a Zn(II)-transport protein present in maternal
      plasma during lactation: structural characterization and identification as
      histidine-rich glycoprotein.
AB  - A high-affinity Zn(II)-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity (880
      fold) from the plasma of lactating women by a single affinity adsorption step on
      columns of tris(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine (TED)-agarose loaded with Zn(II)
      ions. Purity was evaluated by high-performance reverse-phase (phenyl)
      chromatography and by silver staining after SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel
      electrophoresis. The mass of denatured Zn(II)-binding protein was estimated by
      SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis to be 75 kDa under both reducing
      and nonreducing conditions; by matrix-assisted uv laser desorption time-of-flight
      mass spectrometry the purified protein mass was determined to be 66 kDa. The
      amino acid composition revealed a high content of His (13 mol%) and Pro (12
      mol%). N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis (50 residues) identified the
      purified protein as histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG). Immunoblots demonstrated
      the absence of fragments in the purified product. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay was developed; a 75% recovery of intact HRG from the immobilized Zn(II) ion
      affinity column was documented. The circular dichroism spectra for the purified
      human HRG in the far uv (260-178 nm) were similar to those published for human
      and rabbit serum HRG. These results demonstrate that TED-immobilized Zn(II) ions
      can be used as a new and efficient method for the isolation of structurally
      intact human plasma HRG.

PMID- 1821811
TI  - BPTI and N-terminal extended analogues generated by factor Xa cleavage and
      cathepsin C trimming of a fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A recombinant gene for BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) is expressed in
      Escherichia coli using a MBP (maltose-binding protein) fusion vector. BPTI is
      fused through an FXa (blood coagulation factor Xa protease) target sequence (Ile
      Glu-Gly-Arg) to the C-terminus of MBP. The MBP moiety of the hybrid protein
      enables purification in one step utilizing MBP's affinity to cross-linked
      amylose, and the FXa target sequence allows specific cleavage of the hybrid
      protein. Effective FXa cleavage is achieved by spacing the FXa target sequence
      and Arg-1 of the BPTI sequence with four residues (Met-Glu-Ala-Glu). The
      resulting N-terminal extended BPTI is readily converted to the wild-type sequence
      by trimming with cathepsin C exopeptidase, for the activity of which the spacing
      tetrapeptide is optimized. FXa cleavage is prohibited when the target sequence is
      placed next to Arg-1. In this construction, off-target cleavage at a somewhat
      homologous sequence (Val-Pro-Gly-Arg) results in five- or six-residue extended
      BPTI, indicating new details of the FXa specificity. The yield of highly purified
      recombinant BPTI is 3-6 mg/liter of culture, making the MBP-BPTI expression
      system convenient for the production of sufficient amounts of protein for NMR
      studies. 1H NMR is used to analyze the N-extended BPTI analogues.

PMID- 1821810
TI  - Expression of honeybee prepromelittin as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Strategies for the expression of precursors of eukaryotic secreted proteins as
      part of fused proteins in Escherichia coli have been explored. A fusion protein
      with beta-galactosidase at the N-terminal end and honeybee prepromelittin at the
      C-terminal end (beta-gal-pM) was expressed in low amounts as a cleaved
      polypeptide, from which the promelittin portion had been removed. Inclusion in
      the induction culture of 10 mM MgCl2 or 8.3% (v/v) ethanol, inhibitors of signal
      peptidase, gave rise to the full-length beta-gal-pM fusion protein. The results
      suggest that a soluble recombinant fusion protein with a signal peptide in an
      internal location 660 residues from the N-terminus is recognized by the E. coli
      translocation apparatus in the inner membrane and by leader peptidase. High-level
      production (about 45% of total cellular proteins) of prepromelittin was achieved
      when it was part of a fusion protein at the C-terminus of a truncated insoluble
      polypeptide from bacteriophage gene 10. This fusion protein separated into
      inclusion bodies in an aggregated form. In contrast, attempts to express
      prepromelittin by itself or at the N-terminal end of a fusion with mouse
      dihydrofolate reductase (pM-DHFR) proved unsuccessful.

PMID- 1821812
TI  - Purification of bovine liver rhodanese by low-pH column chromatography.
AB  - We report a purification of bovine liver rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide
      sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) using column chromatography under conditions that
      take advantage of recent information regarding the structure and stability of
      this enzyme. At low pH (e.g., pH 4-6), rhodanese is stabilized against
      inactivation processes. By maintaining rhodanese at low pH, column
      chromatography, and especially ion-exchange chromatography, becomes practical,
      without loss of enzymatic activity. A purification method involving the
      sequential use of cation-exchange, size-exclusion, and hydrophobic-interaction
      chromatography was developed, and rhodanese was purified with good yield to
      electrophoretic purity and high specific activity. Previous methods for purifying
      bovine liver rhodanese employ repeated ammonium sulfate fractionations and
      crystallization of the rhodanese. In these methods, it is difficult to separate
      rhodanese from yellow-brown contaminants in the final stages of the procedures.
      Here, yellow-brown contaminants, which copurify with rhodanese on the first two
      columns, are completely resolved by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This
      method can be readily scaled up, requires no special equipment, eliminates the
      variability inherent in previous methods, and is less dependent upon experience.

PMID- 1821813
TI  - A two-step purification procedure for sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - A two-step procedure for the purification of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC
      1.1.1.44; 6-PGDH) from sheep liver is described. The enzyme is directly bound to
      cellulose phosphate by batch extraction and eluted with a linear salt gradient.
      Purification is completed by affinity chromatography using NADP(+)-agarose. The
      result is 6-PGDH of high purity, greatly increased yield, and the highest
      specific activity yet achieved, with a significant reduction in the purification
      time.

PMID- 1821814
TI  - Isolation of microtubule protein from mammalian brain frozen for extended periods
      of time.
AB  - Microtubule protein (MTP) may be isolated in good yield from frozen brains by
      cycles of temperature-dependent polymerization and depolymerization. If the
      brains are frozen quickly and stored at -70 degrees C, the yield of MTP is stable
      for a period of at least 2 months and the yield is only slightly decreased after
      nearly a year. Cow as well as rat brains may be stored in this manner, provided
      appropriate precautions are taken to ensure rapid freezing of the cow brain. This
      procedure allows brains to be accumulated over a period of time for MTP isolation
      at a convenient later date.

PMID- 1821815
TI  - High-level expression and secretion of a lysine-containing analog of Escherichia
      coli heat-stable enterotoxin.
AB  - The mechanism of action of the heat-stable enterotoxin STa secreted from
      enterotoxigenic forms of Escherichia coli has remained elusive, in part due to a
      tedious, low-yield purification procedure. We report here a method for obtaining
      large amounts of a biologically active lysine-containing analog of STa. Initial
      attempts to express the toxin using an expression vector that did not encode a
      signal sequence resulted in no biologically active material being recovered
      either from lysed cells or as a secretory product. However, use of the secretion
      vector pJAL36, which contains the STII enterotoxin signal sequence, allowed large
      amounts of an STa derivative containing the additional sequence Ser-Thr-Lys at
      the amino terminus of the mature enterotoxin to be readily purified from culture
      supernatants. This enterotoxin analog, known as KSTa-1, was equal in biological
      and receptor binding activity to the native toxin STa. The lysine residue present
      in KSTa-1 promises to be useful as a reactive amino acid that is readily
      derivatized to allow coupling of the enterotoxin to supports for affinity
      chromatography and antigenic conjugates. Additionally, the insertion of the
      lysine residue carboxy terminal to the Ser-Thr sequence adds a reversible
      "handle" to the toxin sequence in that the Ser-Thr-Lys segment can be removed by
      treatment with trypsin, releasing the native form of STa.

PMID- 1821816
TI  - Stable preparation of aldose reductase isoenzymes from human placenta.
AB  - An efficient, large-scale purification has been achieved for two aldose reductase
      isoenzymes from human placenta in stable form. The procedure included ammonium
      sulfate fractionation (45-75%), followed by chromatographies on Matrex Red A, DE
      52 cellulose, and Matrex Orange A. The preparations were stable for at least 3
      months at 3 degrees C. IC50 values toward sorbinil were similar to those reported
      for crude or partially purified enzymes, indicating that they retained native
      structures during the purification steps. The molecular weights of purified GAR1
      and GAR2, named according to their order of elution with a salt gradient from a
      Matrex Red A column, were 36,600 and 40,300, respectively. Kinetic studies
      indicate that GAR1 belongs to an aldose reductase (a low-Km form) and GAR2 to an
      aldehyde reductase (a high-Km form). GAR2, an aldehyde reductase, was also active
      in the reduction of D-glucose, with an apparent Km comparable to that of GAR1 but
      with a Vmax only 14% that of GAR1.

PMID- 1821817
TI  - Purification of heart and liver mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase.
AB  - Heart and liver mitochondrial, as well as liver peroxisomal, carnitine
      acetyltransferase was purified to apparent homogeneity and some properties,
      primarily of heart mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase, were determined.
      Hill coefficients for propionyl-CoA are 1.0 for each of the enzymes. The
      molecular weight of heart mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase, determined
      by SDS-PAGE, is 62,000. It is monomeric in the presence of catalytic amounts of
      substrate. Polyclonal antibodies against purified rat liver peroxisomal carnitine
      acetyltransferase precipitate liver and heart mitochondrial and liver peroxisomal
      carnitine acetyltransferase, but not liver peroxisomal carnitine
      octanoyltransferase. Liver peroxisomes, mitochondria, and microsomes and heart
      mitochondria all give multiple bands on Western blotting with the antibody
      against carnitine acetyltransferase. Major protein bands occur at the molecular
      weight of carnitine acetyltransferase and at 33 to 35 kDa.

PMID- 1821818
TI  - Expression in Escherichia coli: purification and properties of the yeast general
      transcription factor TFIID.
AB  - A T7 RNA polymerase expression system has been used for the efficient expression
      of the yeast RNA polymerase general transcription factor TFIID (TFIIDY), the TATA
      box factor (previously called BTF1) in Escherichia coli. Expression of the gene
      was performed at 25 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C to increase the total
      amount of soluble TFIIDY. Soluble TFIIDY was purified in three chromatographic
      steps and was eluted from the final column, a heparin-5PW HPLC column, in two
      peaks at 0.38 M (peak I) and 0.42 M (peak II) KCl in which this protein was 52%
      and greater than 95% pure, respectively. The protein in both peaks was active in
      an in vitro transcription assay. However, while TFIIDY from peak II was
      essentially indistinguishable from the material isolated from yeast, the protein
      of peak I differed in a number of biochemical characteristics, having a lower
      specific activity in an in vitro transcription assay and displaying an altered
      pattern of bands in a DNA band shift assay. Despite these differences, the
      proteins in both peaks have identical molecular weights on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have indistinguishable N-terminal amino acid
      sequences, and apparently exist as monomers under the conditions used for the
      heparin-5PW chromatography.

PMID- 1821819
TI  - Vertebrobasilar embolism.

PMID- 1821820
TI  - Lithium neurotoxicity.
AB  - Lithium is potentially toxic to many parts of the central and peripheral nervous
      systems. Clinical lithium neurotoxicity may appear at any time during therapy and
      probably often goes unrecognised, at least for a time. Acute lithium toxicity has
      a mortality of 15%, and 10% of survivors suffer permanent neurological sequelae
      that are largely unpredictable though persons with the longest and most
      clinically severe intoxication are probably at highest risk. Even rapidly
      effective treatment with haemodialysis will not always protect against permanent
      residual neurological deficits. Lithium may also produce neurotoxic syndromes
      which develop chronically. There is a large variation among patients in relation
      to what constitutes a toxic serum lithium level. Both acute and chronic toxicity
      can occur with therapeutic range serum lithium levels. Failure to appreciate this
      fact may lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment, placing the patient at risk
      of permanent neurological damage or death. The diagnosis of lithium intoxication
      is largely clinical though the EEG may help if typical though non-specific EEG
      changes are present. If available, the red cell:plasma lithium ratio may be a
      sensitive indicator of intoxication. Prompt and effective treatment is indicated
      once the diagnosis of lithium intoxication is made. Prevention of intoxication,
      which requires the active involvement of both the doctor and patient, is crucial.

PMID- 1821821
TI  - The chronic fatigue syndrome: a reappraisal and unifying hypothesis.
AB  - The chronic fatigue syndrome is one of the most common medical problems in
      Western countries. Research work in virology, immunology, metabolic medicine and
      psychiatry in this area is reviewed and a disease model proposed. The chronic
      fatigue syndrome can be considered as a continuum ranging from cases with chronic
      viraemia on the one hand to instances of frank psychiatric illness on the other.
      In the majority of patients the fully evolved syndrome may involve an interaction
      of premorbid factors (psychological, immunological), environmental trigger
      factors (virus) and enhancing factors (emotional response to illness). A Venn
      diagram is a convenient way of expressing this concept.

PMID- 1821822
TI  - Lack of neurological abnormalities in Lewis rats with experimental chronic serum
      sickness.
AB  - Serum sickness in man may occur after treatment with foreign proteins such as
      tetanus or diphtheria antisera, and in some patients leads to neurological
      complications such as neuropathy or encephalomyelitis. Many of the effects of
      serum sickness are associated with the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes
      in the tissues. Chronic serum sickness in the rabbit has previously been shown to
      cause perivascular inflammation and demyelination in the nervous system. We
      induced chronic serum sickness in the Lewis rat by daily intraperitoneal
      injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in male rats that had previously
      received footpad inoculations of BSA. Two animals died of anaphylaxis and 15 were
      observed for periods of 39 to 142 days. Three animals injected with 3 mg or 4
      mg/day of BSA, and 6 animals injected with up to 16 mg/day of BSA had no clinical
      abnormalities when sacrificed. Six animals were injected with 36 to 40 mg BSA/day
      and, at the time of sacrifice, were lethargic and had ruffled fur, but no
      neurological signs. In these animals, the production of chronic serum sickness
      was confirmed by the presence of immune complex deposits in the kidneys. In the
      nervous system, there was no evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration either in
      the parenchyma or the vessel walls. Immunofluorescence studies identified
      deposits of immunoglobulin in the choroid plexus of chronic serum sickness rats
      but not in controls. Staining with antibodies to immunoglobulin, complement and
      BSA showed marked staining of blood vessels of the nerve roots of the animals
      with chronic serum sickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821823
TI  - Palmar cold threshold test and median nerve electrophysiology in carpal tunnel
      compression neuropathy.
AB  - The diagnosis of median nerve compression neuropathy at the carpal tunnel is
      usually confirmed by clinical electrophysiology. The classical findings of a
      significantly slowed median nerve conduction velocity for both sensory and motor
      fibres, with a prolonged distal motor latency and a reduced amplitude compared to
      age-related norms are unambiguous, but these criteria are often present only in
      part. In such cases another quantitative indicator of compression neuropathy
      would be extremely helpful. The present study aimed to test whether measurement
      of warm and cold sensory acuity in cases of putative median nerve carpal tunnel
      compression would aid diagnostic certainty. Warm sensation is mediated by
      unmyelinated C-afferents, while cold sensation is conveyed by thinly myelinated A
      delta afferents. Because compression usually blocks larger diameter fibres first,
      cold perception on the skin of the palm distal to the compression should be more
      impaired than is warm perception. Standard electrophysiological measurements
      (median and ulnar motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities) were made, then
      perceptual thresholds for both warm and cold stimuli were measured on the skin of
      the wrist above the carpal tunnel and on the palm of the affected hand in 59
      subjects. There was a significantly reduced median motor nerve conduction
      velocity and prolonged distal motor latency compared to normals. Further,
      although both thermal thresholds at the wrist were normal, those on the palm were
      elevated, cold being significantly raised (P less than 0.02) compared both to
      warm and to age-matched controls. Correlation of the nerve conduction velocity
      findings and thermal sensory acuity did not yield significant covariance of the
      positive and negative findings. Overall the results suggest that detection of
      preferentially elevated cold perceptual threshold (ie reduced cold sensory
      acuity) on the skin of the palm may aid in the diagnosis of putative carpal
      tunnel compression in patients with minimal or ambiguous electrophysiological
      data and provide a functional index of recovery after decompression.

PMID- 1821824
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the inflammatory neuropathies.
AB  - The inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies are presumed to be autoimmune
      diseases and as such have been treated in the past with corticosteroids,
      plasmapheresis and immunosuppressants. Immunoglobulin infusions represent a
      fourth treatment with the potential to modify the activity of the immune system
      in disease states. Limited past experience suggests that both acute inflammatory
      polyneuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy may respond
      to immunoglobulin infusions with minimal morbidity. We here outline our
      successful experience of this treatment in 5 of 6 patients with inflammatory
      demyelinating polyneuropathies and review the literature describing its use.

PMID- 1821825
TI  - A prospective study of acute radiculopathy after scoliosis surgery.
AB  - We have prospectively studied 45 patients undergoing scoliosis surgery (48
      procedures) for evidence of postoperative acute radiculopathy. Posterior spinal
      fusion was performed in 42 patients (Cotrel Dubousset 28, Harrington rod with
      wires 9, Hartshill rectangles 5); anterior spinal fusion in 5 (Webb Morley) and
      an anterior release procedure in 5. Fourteen patients (29%) had sensory and/or
      motor signs of radiculopathy post-operatively, with moderate to severe symptoms
      in 10 and mild symptoms in 4. The radiculopathies were considered traumatic in 7
      patients, in whom radiculopathy correlated with placement of a hook or passage of
      a sublaminal wire. In the remaining 7 patients, traction was considered the
      likely mechanism of injury; in these there was a significant association with the
      degree of postoperative correction of the scoliosis where it was substantially
      beyond the preoperatively demonstrated flexible range (p = 0.008). A system of
      intraoperative electromyographic monitoring for possible prevention of this
      complication is described. Radiculopathy is a common complication of scoliosis
      surgery.

PMID- 1821826
TI  - Bicycling induced pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy.
AB  - Pudendal neuropathies are well recognised as part of more generalised peripheral
      neuropathies; however, focal abnormalities of the pudendal nerve due to cycling
      related injuries have been infrequently reported. We describe two patients who
      developed pudendal neuropathies secondary to pressure effects on the perineum
      from racing-bicycle saddles. Both were male competitive athletes, one of whom
      developed recurrent numbness of the penis and scrotum after prolonged cycling;
      the other developed numbness of the penis, an altered sensation of ejaculation,
      with disturbance of micturition and reduced awareness of defecation. Both
      patients improved with alterations in saddle position and riding techniques. We
      conclude that pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy can result from prolonged
      cycling, particularly when using a poor riding technique.

PMID- 1821827
TI  - Botulinum toxin treatment of spasmodic torticollis.

PMID- 1821828
TI  - The value of non-invasive spinal cord monitoring during spinal surgery and
      interventional angiography.
AB  - The study describes 51 patients, aged 10 to 57 years, who underwent spinal
      surgery (47) or interventional angiography (4). Multi-channel somatosensory
      evoked potential (SEP) monitoring was used to measure the functional integrity of
      the spinal cord. Alternating unilateral tibial SEPs permitted the detection of
      lateralised and milder abnormality. A combination of recording sites enhanced the
      certainty of detecting spinal cord dysfunction. Monitoring the ascending
      peripheral nerve volley below the operative site ensured adequate stimulation.
      Above the level of surgery, recordings outside the operative field were the
      simplest to make and did not require the direct assistance of the surgeon. Rapid
      and reliable recording of spinal cord and subcortical responses was possible in
      all surgical cases. Even though cortical SEPs could not be relied on as the sole
      monitor, their reproducibility was improved with the use of different electrode
      derivations. It is concluded that non-invasive methods of spinal SEP monitoring
      are a safe, reliable and easily performed alternative to more invasive methods.

PMID- 1821829
TI  - Late-onset acid maltase deficiency in a Chinese girl.
AB  - Late-onset acid maltase deficiency is a rare disorder. We describe a nineteen
      year old Chinese girl who presented with diarrhoea, limb-girdle weakness and
      respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Electromyography showed
      polyphasic potentials and myotonic discharges. Muscle biopsy revealed features
      characteristic of acid maltase deficiency. Assay of acid alpha-glucosidase in
      cultured skin fibroblasts confirmed the diagnosis. Supportive treatment with
      nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation via a nasal mask and dietary
      supplementation with branched-chain aminoacids proved effective in this patient.
      The cause of diarrhoea remained uncertain. This is the first documented case of
      acid maltase deficiency in Chinese adult.

PMID- 1821830
TI  - Interoperator variability in quantitative electroencephalography.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine whether quantitative or discriminant
      analysis of the electroencephalograph (EEG) would vary significantly when the
      same EEG was analysed by 3 different operators. EEGs on 10 healthy volunteers
      were recorded on the Cadwell Spectrum AT 386, using the Electrocap (10-20
      system). The EEGs were analysed independently, with each operator selecting the
      first 48 artifact-free epochs. The results were analysed using the non-parametric
      Friedman two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the discrimination analysis and
      a one-way ANOVA for the monopolar and bipolar Absolute Power raw measures.
      Statistical analysis of the discriminant data showed no significant differences
      between operators, with 7 of 10 studies yielding the same results. The remaining
      3 studies were classified either as borderline or normal when analysed by
      different operators. Although a series of "t" tests comparing 2 operators showed
      most variability occurring in Absolute Power as compared with Relative Power,
      Power Asymmetry and Coherence, ANOVA of the raw mono- and bipolar Absolute Power
      measures showed no significant differences between the operators at the P = 0.05
      level. Thus the differences between the operators were non-significant when
      comparing quantitative EEG analyses with respect to both the raw measures and the
      discriminant analyses.

PMID- 1821831
TI  - The use of magnetic resonance imaging in neurological practice--a local
      experience.
AB  - From April 1990 to September 1990, 170 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      examinations of the brain were made with the Siemens 1.5 Tesla machine (the
      "Magnetom") in the Hong Kong Baptist Hospital. The indications for the
      investigation on the referral forms and the results were analysed. The MRI was
      particularly useful in making the diagnosis in 2 cases of multiple sclerosis, one
      case of an Arnold Chiari malformation, 6 cases of cerebro-vascular accidents, and
      2 cases of encephalitis. MRI has replaced computerised tomography as the study of
      choice for the majority of central nervous system disorders.

PMID- 1821832
TI  - Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis.
AB  - Seven cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis seen at Royal Prince Alfred
      Hospital over the 10 year period 1979 to 1989 have been reviewed. Diagnosis was
      confirmed by angiography, CT scan or autopsy. The average age was 33 years (16 to
      47 years). Five of the patients were female and 2 male. On CT scan the 'empty
      delta' sign, present in 4 cases, was the most specific diagnostic feature. The
      underlying causes included primary thrombocythaemia, homocystinuria, post
      angiographic investigation of an arteriovenous malformation, and oral
      contraceptives. In 2 cases no cause was found. Headache was the commonest and
      earliest symptom, being followed in frequency by convulsions and hemiparesis.
      Hemiparesis was the commonest sign observed, followed by papilloedema, cranial
      nerve palsies and impaired level of consciousness. Five of the patients developed
      signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure prior to the appearance of
      focal neurological deficits, mostly likely due to propagation of the thrombosis
      to cortical veins. There have been no controlled trials of therapy; however it is
      important to treat raised intracranial pressure rapidly and effectively, and
      although the role of anticoagulants remains controversial, their early use may be
      indicated when there is no radiological evidence of haemorrhage.

PMID- 1821833
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment in lamotrigine treated epileptic patients.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo controlled cross over study assessed the efficacy of
      lamotrigine as adjunct therapy for patients with refractory partial seizures. In
      addition to the main study, a neuropsychological component evaluated three main
      areas of cognitive function. These included: i) Concentration and attention; ii)
      General Cerebral Efficiency, and iii) Mnestic functions--immediate, short term
      and new learning ability. Ten subjects (4 males, 6 females, age range 22 to 53,
      mean age 31.3 years) were involved in the study, each assessed 3 times--baseline,
      end of phase I and end of phase II. Whilst statistical analysis proved
      impracticable due to differing scores across cells, between the results of
      lamotrigine and placebo, clinically, there appeared to be a marginal reduction in
      General Cerebral Efficiency during the lamotrigine phase. In the light of these
      tests, the conclusion is advanced that lamotrigine does not specifically impair
      cognitive function, and that it does not impair mnestic function. An alternate
      hypothesis of interaction effects is posited for the slight reduction in speed of
      information processing.

PMID- 1821834
TI  - Zeta waves: a distinctive type of intermittent delta wave studied prospectively.
AB  - Zeta waves are a distinctive form of sharply contoured biphasic delta waves that
      have been associated with underlying structural lesions. We have prospectively
      interpreted the EEGs of 840 consecutive patients blinded for clinical details.
      Thirty three patients had zeta waves in at least one recording and 87% of these
      had an underlying structural lesion on neuroimaging. By excluding those with
      bifrontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity and bifrontal zeta waves, the
      positive predictive value of zeta waves for an underlying structural lesion
      increases to 96%. We conclude that zeta waves are distinctive and easily
      recognisable delta waves which are highly predictive of recent or residual
      cerebral damage from a variety of causes, including cerebral trauma and
      infarction.

PMID- 1821835
TI  - Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity: five years experience.
AB  - Severe spasticity is a major problem in the rehabilitation of patients with
      dysfunction of the spinal cord or cerebral hemispheres. Oral baclofen is often
      effective. However, in patients with severe spasticity adequate control may not
      be obtained from oral therapy with the drug. Over the past 5 years we have
      developed a program for the use of intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity,
      and in relation to this discuss patient assessment, practical aspects of drug
      administration, complications of therapy and patient benefits. Continuous
      intrathecal baclofen is a safe and effective adjunct to physical therapy in the
      management of patients with severe spasticity.

PMID- 1821836
TI  - Noxious heat hyperalgesia test instrument.
AB  - A simple feedback thermode has been developed to quantify cutaneous hyperalgesia
      to noxious heat. A noxious temperature set between 42 degrees C and 60 degrees C
      is applied to a test site by the subject. A resettable impedance timing circuit
      measures the contact duration to +/- 0.01s. Despite site-to-site, inter- and
      intra-subject variability, the test sensitivity is enhanced by comparing affected
      and corresponding normal skin in the same subject. This test strategy was used in
      55 subjects in whom topical 0.025 to 0.05% capsaicin application provoked
      hyperalgesia on the forearm and foot. Capsaicin-treated sites showed a
      significant reduction of 52 degrees C withdrawal latency (0.51-0.77 x normal
      mean; P less than 0.05). The device has been tested clinically in patients with
      diabetic neuropathy who had hypersensitivity to pinprick on one foot. A
      significant 42% difference was found between corresponding contralateral sites (P
      less than 0.05). These data suggest that even mild hyperalgesia is detectable
      using this instrument. It provides an objective measure of hyperalgesia which can
      be used to assess changes in nociceptive acuity.

PMID- 1821837
TI  - The influence of age on atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for stroke.
AB  - To determine the influence of age on atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for
      cerebral infarction, the Austin Hospital Stroke Unit Register from 1977 to 1990
      was reviewed. There were 2279 patients with cerebral infarction (excluding
      lacunar infarction syndromes) with a mean age of 68.3 years who were identified
      as subjects, and 800 patients with pseudostroke and lacunar infarction syndromes
      with a mean age of 64.7 years who were identified as controls. Data concerning
      potential risk factors for stroke (including sex, age, atrial fibrillation,
      cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and smoking)
      were analyzed using multivariate regression techniques. It was found that atrial
      fibrillation was a significant risk factor for cerebral infarction (excluding
      lacunar infarction) for all age groups, after adjusting for the effects of other
      risk factors (P less than .001). However, when age was stratified into four
      groups, the age-specific odds ratios for atrial fibrillation were not
      significantly different and no significant interactions between atrial
      fibrillation and age or other risk factors were found (P greater than 0.1). It
      was concluded that, although with increasing age atrial fibrillation becomes a
      more frequent cause of stroke, its potency as a risk factor does not increase
      correspondingly. There was no significant influence of age on the relationship
      between atrial fibrillation and cerebral infarction.

PMID- 1821838
TI  - Preliminary experience with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - To assess the sequential changes seen in cerebral blood flow using Single Photon
      Emission Computed Tomography with 99mtechnetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime
      (99mTc-HMPAO SPECT) in acute ischaemic stroke, 35 patients were prospectively
      studied from June 1990- to March 1991. Scans were performed during the acute
      phase (1-7 days), sub-acute phase (8-21 days) and chronic phase of stroke
      (greater than 1 month). Nine patients underwent scans in all 3 phases, 15
      patients had 2 scans, and 11 patients had one scan. The majority of infarcts were
      in the middle cerebral territory (15 patients), while 4 infarcts were in the
      posterior cerebral territory and two in the anterior cerebral territory. There
      was a total of 4 lacunar infarcts. Image analysis was by visual inspection and by
      semiquantitation using homologous regions of interest in opposite hemispheres.
      SPECT in the acute phase identified the final vascular territory affected in 19
      of 27 patients. There were 8 patients in whom early SPECT predicted the vascular
      territory as seen on late CT scan when the early CT scan was normal. Hyperaemia
      or reperfusion in the involved vascular territory was identified in 10 patients
      on scans performed during the sub-acute phase. Late SPECT scans showed perfusion
      defects greater than the infarct size seen on CT scan in the majority of
      patients. In all cases, the perfusion defect on the late SPECT scan was equal to
      or larger than the defect seen on the acute or sub-acute scan. Crossed cerebellar
      diaschisis was identified in 8 patients, and cortical/subcortical diaschisis in
      one patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821839
TI  - Mechanisms and clinical features of internal watershed infarction.
AB  - The mechanism of internal carotid watershed cerebral infarction is not well
      understood, but the phenomenon has been described in association with carotid
      occlusive disease, and more recently with distal middle cerebral artery occlusion
      beyond the origin of the lenticulostriate branches. The clinical correlates of
      these changes have not yet been described. We present 5 patients in whom acute
      internal watershed infarction had occurred, and correlate the clinical,
      neuropsychological and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed
      Tomography using 99mtechnetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime) cerebral
      perfusion findings. Four patients had distal middle cerebral artery occlusion
      demonstrated on angiography, and one showed profound hemispheric depression in
      cerebral perfusion with only a small area of infarction. We have concentrated on
      the mechanism of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion to describe the "arc" of
      the watershed zone created. We propose that internal watershed infarcts can
      further be subdivided into anterior and posterior subtypes, outline the vascular
      territories involved, and propose an overall classification of cerebral watershed
      infarction.

PMID- 1821840
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow and recognition memory in elderly normals: potential
      application to Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow, a physiological measure of brain function, has been
      used for the assessment of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. A number
      of studies have found diminished temporo-parietal regional cerebral blood flow
      (RCBF) in Alzheimer's disease patients at rest and have differentiated these
      patients from normal subjects with a high degree of sensitivity. However the
      majority of the Alzheimer's disease patients have been in the moderate to severe
      stages of the disorder. Few studies have assessed RCBF in the early stages of
      Alzheimer's disease. With increasing emphasis now being placed on the early
      detection of such patients we chose to examine RCBF during a task which made
      demands on those cognitive processes which are impaired in the early stages of
      the disease, viz. a recognition--memory task. Using a 32-channel RCBF system, we
      examined 20 normal control subjects over the age of 60 years and 10 patients with
      early to moderate Alzheimer's disease. RCBF was examined during a task of
      recognition--memory, and also at rest. Normal subjects showed a global increase
      in RCBF, with marked left frontal activation, as compared with when at rest.
      Resting perfusion was decreased in the Alzheimer's subject, and there appeared to
      be a greater degree of intersubject variability in flow during activation.

PMID- 1821841
TI  - Colour duplex flow imaging in carotid arterial disease: correlation with intra
      arterial digital angiography.
AB  - Colour duplex flow imaging is a highly accurate form of non-invasive assessment
      of the extra-cranial carotid circulation. This method is precise in
      characterising the degree of carotid stenosis, when compared with intra-arterial
      digital subtraction angiography. The accuracy of colour duplex in defining mild
      (1-30%), moderate (31-70%) and severe (71-99%) stenosis was 96%, 95% and 98%,
      respectively. Sensitivities and specificities were greater than 90% in each
      category, while positive and negative predictive values ranged from 96% to 100%.

PMID- 1821842
TI  - Pattern of memory deficits in a controlled psychometric study of thalamic
      haemorrhage.
AB  - Twelve patients with unilateral thalamic haemorrhages were assessed
      psychometrically. The results were compared with control subjects matched for
      sex, age and years of education. The pattern of deficits and preserved abilities
      cannot be explained in terms of semantic/episodic distinction, but could be
      interpreted as manifestations of disconnection between the frontal and temporal
      systems.

PMID- 1821843
TI  - A clinical and pathological study of progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - The clinical features of 26 patients diagnosed as progressive supranuclear palsy
      are reviewed. The atypical findings were the relatively low frequency of visual
      complaints (23%) and of significant dementia (20%). As well, the characteristic
      eye signs, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia of vertical gaze, occurred some years
      after the onset of the initial symptoms in a small but substantial number (31%),
      which significantly delayed the diagnosis, in one case by as long as 18 years.
      The pathological studies on 2 of the clinical cases and an additional 6 cases
      showed the characteristic pattern of involvement of particular subcortical and
      brainstem nuclei. In particular, significant degeneration of the pedunculopontine
      tegmental nucleus was confirmed. Degeneration of the pedunculopontine tegmental
      nucleus may well play an important role in the motor disability in progressive
      supranuclear palsy.

PMID- 1821844
TI  - Familial spastic paraplegia: an electrophysiological study of central sensory
      conduction pathways.
AB  - An electrophysiological assessment has been performed studying somatosensory,
      visual and auditory pathways in clinically affected and unaffected members from 4
      pedigrees with the autosomal form of 'pure' familial spastic paraplegia (n = 32).
      In some members from 2 families, testing of all 3 sensory pathways showed
      abnormal results, even in those clinically unaffected. In another family, some
      had abnormal somatosensory and visual pathways, with no involvement of the
      auditory pathway. In a further family, the somatosensory and brainstem auditory
      pathways were abnormal, with sparing of the visual pathway. These findings
      indicate that the neuronal degeneration in familial spastic paraplegia extends
      beyond the spinal cord and involves the visual and auditory pathways. The
      differences between families, and the asymptomatic abnormalities in clinically
      unaffected members, suggest diversity in the expression of the genetic defect.

PMID- 1821845
TI  - N-CAM alterations in splotch neural tube defect mouse embryos.
AB  - The splotch (Sp) mouse is a model for both neurulation defects and defects in
      neural crest cell (NCC) derivatives. Since neurulation and NCC emigration from
      the neural tube occur at similar times in development, we suggest that these two
      events share a mechanism that, if disrupted, leads to malformations in both
      developmental pathways. Previous studies have shown that the underlying defect in
      these mutants may involve a mechanism that alters cellular organization and
      communication. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been linked with such
      interactions and because some, including N-CAM, are involved in neural
      development, we were interested in their pattern of expression in the splotch
      mutant. Immunolocalization studies showed similar temporospatial distributions of
      N-CAM antibody in embryonic day 9 mutants and controls. However, mutant embryos
      had a much higher intensity of anti-N-CAM fluorescence compared to controls.
      Further characterization using immunoblot analysis revealed that Sp mutants have
      an altered N-CAM polypeptide profile. Two N-CAM isoforms (Mr 140K and 180K, K =
      10(3] are normally present at this time of development. However, extracts from Sp
      embryos display a heavier N-CAM species (Mr 200K), as well as an altered 140K
      isoform. Heterozygotes also exhibit a different N-CAM profile, displaying a band
      between 180K and 200K in addition to the normal 180K and 140K species.
      Microheterogeneity was also observed in mutant and heterozygous embryos carrying
      Spd, an allele of Sp. However, these differences were less dramatic than that of
      Sp. The Sp locus may be involved in post-translational modification of N-CAM. An
      aberration in N-CAM processing could be the primary target of the mutation that
      leads to the development abnormalities observed in this mouse mutant.

PMID- 1821846
TI  - Expression of the cut locus in the Drosophila wing margin is required for cell
      type specification and is regulated by a distant enhancer.
AB  - The cut locus is a complex gene whose function is necessary for specification of
      a number of cell types, including the external sensory organs. The cut wing class
      of mutations of the cut locus are homozygous viable and lack tissue from the wing
      margin, which is normally composed of external sensory organs and noninnervated
      bristles. Expression of cut was examined in the developing wings of wild-type and
      mutant pupae using an antiserum against Cut protein. Cut is expressed in all of
      the external sensory organs of the wing and the noninnervated bristles of the
      posterior margin. The cut wing class of mutations prevents Cut expression
      specifically in the wing margin mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles,
      apparently preventing neural differentiation. The transformed cells die soon
      after differentiation would have occurred. We identify an enhancer, located about
      80 kb upstream of the cut gene promoter, that confers expression in the cells of
      the mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles from a heterologous promoter. The
      27 gypsy retrotransposon insertions that prevent expression in these margin
      cells, all occur between this enhancer and the promoter. These gypsy insertions
      probably interfere with the interaction between the enhancer and the cut gene
      promoter.

PMID- 1821848
TI  - E-cadherin expression during the differentiation of human trophoblasts.
AB  - The morphologic and functional differentiation of human trophoblast cells
      culminates in the formation of the terminally differentiated multinucleated
      syncytial trophoblast. In culture, isolated mononuclear cytotrophoblasts
      aggregate and then fuse to form syncytia, recapitulating the in vivo process. In
      the present studies, we investigated the expression of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell
      adhesion molecule (CAM), E-cadherin, during the morphologic differentiation of
      trophoblastic cells. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated from human chorionic villi,
      and JEG-3 and BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, cytotrophoblastic cell lines which
      under standard culture conditions are not fusion competent, were obtained by
      dispersion of ongoing cultures. Cultures were terminated at timed intervals and E
      cadherin was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy using
      specific antibodies. In addition, E-cadherin expression was investigated by
      western and northern blotting. During the aggregation of cytotrophoblasts, E
      cadherin was localized on the cell surface at points of cell-cell contact and
      could not be demonstrated following cellular fusion. In contrast, it remained on
      the surface of aggregated JEG-3 and BeWo cells throughout the duration of
      culture. Western blot analysis revealed a time-dependent increase in E-cadherin
      (120 x 10(3) Mr) which coincided with maximal aggregate formation at 24 h in both
      normal cytotrophoblasts and JEG-3 cells. A marked reduction of E-cadherin in
      fusing cytotrophoblasts was subsequently observed as syncytial trophoblasts
      became the predominant cellular form in culture. In agreement with the
      immunohistochemical observations, there was no change in E-cadherin levels in the
      non-fusing JEG-3 cells. Northern blotting demonstrated a significant reduction in
      the 4.5 kb transcript in fusion-competent cells over the 96 h of culture.
      Exposure of the normally non-fusing BeWo cells to 1.5 mM 8-bromo cyclic AMP
      induced cellular fusion and syncytium formation. This process was accompanied by
      a disappearance of E-cadherin from the cell surface as assessed by
      immunocytochemistry and western blotting and a parallel reduction in the
      abundance of the E-cadherin mRNA. Immunoneutralization experiments using an
      antiserum directed against the extracellular domain of cadherins inhibited
      syncytium formation in normal trophoblasts compared to an antiserum against the E
      cadherin cytoplasmic tail, which had no effect upon aggregation and fusion of
      these cells. We conclude that E-cadherin exists in a dynamic state in fusion
      competent cytotrophoblasts and that down regulation of its gene expression
      coincides with cellular fusion. In addition, this process appears to be cyclic
      AMP-mediated in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1821847
TI  - Astrotactin provides a receptor system for CNS neuronal migration.
AB  - CNS neuronal migration is a specialized form of cell motility that sets forth the
      laminar structure of cortical regions of brain. To define the neuronal receptor
      systems in glial-guided neuronal migration, an in vitro assay was developed for
      mouse cerebellar granule neurons, which provides simultaneous tracking of
      hundreds of migrating neurons. Three general classes of receptor systems were
      analyzed, the neuron-glial adhesion ligand astrotactin, the neural cell adhesion
      molecules of the IgG superfamily, N-CAM, L1 and TAG-1, and the beta 1 subunit of
      the integrin family. In the absence of immune activities, migrating cerebellar
      granule neurons had an average in vitro migration rate of 12 microns h-1, with
      individual neurons exhibiting migration rates over a range between 0 to 70
      microns h-1. The addition of anti-astrotactin antibodies (or Fabs) significantly
      reduced the mean rate of neuronal migration by sixty-one percent, resulting in
      eighty percent of the neurons having migration rates below 8 microns h-1. By
      contrast, blocking antibodies (or Fabs) against L1, N-CAM, TAG-1 or beta 1
      integrin, individually or in combination, did not reduce the rate of neuronal
      migration. By video-enhanced contrast differential interference contrast
      microscopy the effects of anti-astrotactin antibodies were seen to be rapid.
      Within fifteen minutes of antibody application, streaming of cytoplasmic
      organelles into the leading process arrested, the nucleus shifted from a caudal
      to a central position, and the extension of filopodia and lamellopodia along the
      leading process ceased. Correlated video and electron microscopy suggested that
      the mechanism of arrest by antiastrotactin antibodies involved the failure to
      form new adhesion sites along the leading process and the disorganization of
      cytoskeletal components. These results suggest astrotactin acts as a neuronal
      receptor for granule neuron migration along astroglial fibers.

PMID- 1821849
TI  - Human acrosome biogenesis: immunodetection of proacrosin in primary spermatocytes
      and of its partitioning pattern during meiosis.
AB  - Proacrosin biosynthesis timing during human spermatogenesis has been studied
      using the monoclonal antibody 4D4 (mAb 4D4). Frozen and paraffin-embedded
      sections of testicular biopsies were labelled by standard indirect
      immunofluorescence and avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase procedures. The labelling
      specificity was checked by immunochemistry assays on unrelated tissues and by
      western blotting of testis extracts showing that only the 50-55 x 10(3) Mr
      proacrosin was recognized by mAb 4D4. Proacrosin was first observed in the Golgi
      region of midpachytene primary spermatocytes. In late pachytene primary
      spermatocytes, proacrosin was observed in two regions located at opposite nuclear
      poles. During the subsequent steps of the first meiotic division, the two bodies
      containing proacrosin were located: (i) on opposite sides of the equatorial plate
      during metaphase; (ii) along the microtubular spindle during anaphase; and (iii)
      close to each chromosomal aggregate during telophase. Two bodies containing
      proacrosin were still observed in interphasic secondary spermatocytes. The single
      labelled area observed in early spermatids was found to increase considerably in
      size during spermiogenesis. Anomalies of proacrosin scattering were observed in
      patients with Golgi complex partitioning failure. These data reveal proacrosin
      biosynthesis during diploid and haploid phases of human spermatogenesis and the
      proacrosin partitioning pattern during meiosis.

PMID- 1821850
TI  - Activation of p34cdc2 protein kinase activity in meiotic and mitotic cell cycles
      in mouse oocytes and embryos.
AB  - p34cdc2 protein kinase is a universal regulator of M-phase in eukaryotic cell
      cycle. To investigate the regulation of meiotic and mitotic cell cycle in
      mammals, we examined the changes in phosphorylation states of p34cdc2 and its
      histone H1 kinase activity in mouse oocytes and embryos. We showed that p34cdc2
      has three different migrating bands (referred to as upper, middle and lower
      bands) on SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with anti-PSTAIR antibody, and that
      the upper and middle bands are phosphorylated forms since these two bands shifted
      to the lower one by alkaline phosphatase treatment. In meiotic cell cycle, only
      germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes had the three forms. The phosphorylated forms
      decreased gradually in oocytes up to 2 h after isolation from follicles, and
      thereafter the phosphorylation states did not change significantly until
      metaphase II. However, the histone H1 kinase activity oscillated, being activated
      at the first and second metaphase in meiosis and inactivated at the time of the
      first polar body extrusion. These results suggest that changes in phosphorylation
      states of p34cdc2 triggered its activation at the first metaphase, but not
      inactivation and reactivation at the first and second metaphase, respectively. In
      mitotic cell cycle, phosphorylated forms appeared at 4 h after insemination,
      increased greatly just before metaphase, and were dephosphorylated in metaphase.
      Histone H1 kinase activity was high only at metaphase. This kinase activation is
      probably triggered by dephosphorylation of p34cdc2.

PMID- 1821851
TI  - A normally attractive cell interaction is repulsive in two C. elegans mesodermal
      cell migration mutants.
AB  - In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, two bilaterally symmetric sex
      myoblasts (SMs) migrate anteriorly to flank the precise center of the gonad,
      where they divide to generate the muscles required for egg laying (J. E. Sulston
      and H. R. Horvitz (1977) Devl Biol. 56, 110-156). Although this migration is
      largely independent of the gonad, a signal from the gonad attracts the SMs to
      their precise final positions (J. H. Thomas, M. J. Stern and H. R. Horvitz (1990)
      Cell 62, 1041-1052). Here we show that mutations in either of two genes, egl-15
      and egl-17, cause the premature termination of the migrations of the SMs. This
      incomplete migration is caused by the repulsion of the SMs by the same cells in
      the somatic gonad that are the source of the attractive signal in wild-type
      animals.

PMID- 1821852
TI  - Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1, in
      preimplantation embryos, trophoblast and spermatocytes.
AB  - We have previously isolated a cDNA clone for a gene whose expression is reduced
      by retinoic acid (RA) treatment of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The nucleotide
      sequence indicated that this gene, Rex-1, encodes a zinc-finger protein and thus
      may be a transcriptional regulator. The Rex-1 message level is high in two lines
      of embryonic stem cells (CCE and D3) and is reduced when D3 cells are induced to
      differentiate using four different growth conditions. As expected for a stem-cell
      specific message, Rex-1 mRNA is present in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the day
      4.5 mouse blastocyst. It is also present in the polar trophoblast of the
      blastocyst. One and two days later, Rex-1 message is found in the ectoplacental
      cone and extraembryonic ectoderm of the egg cylinder (trophoblast-derived
      tissues), but its abundance is much reduced in the embryonic ectoderm which is
      directly descended from the ICM. Rex-1 is expressed in the day 18 placenta
      (murine gestation is 18 days), a tissue which is largely derived from
      trophoblast. The only tested adult tissue that contains detectable amounts of Rex
      1 mRNA is the testis. In situ hybridization and northern analyses of RNA from
      germ-cell-deficient mouse testis and stage-specific germ cell preparations
      suggest that Rex-1 expression is limited to spermatocytes (germ cells undergoing
      meiosis). These results suggest that Rex-1 is involved in trophoblast development
      and spermatogenesis, and is a useful marker for studies of early cell fate
      determination in the ICM.

PMID- 1821853
TI  - Cell death in normal and rough eye mutants of Drosophila.
AB  - The regular, reiterated cellular pattern of the Drosophila compound eye makes it
      a sensitive amplifier of defects in cell death. Quantitative and histological
      methods reveal a phase of cell death between 35 and 50 h of development which
      removes between 2 and 3 surplus cells per ommatidium. The timing of this epoch is
      consistent with cell death as the last fate to be specified in the progressive
      sequence of cell fates that build the ommatidium. An ultrastructural survey of
      cell death suggests dying cells in the fly eye have similarities as well as
      differences with standard descriptions of programmed cell death. A failure of
      cell death to remove surplus cells disorganizes the retinal lattice. A screen of
      rough eye mutants identifies two genes, roughest and echinus, required for the
      normal elimination of cells from the retinal epithelium. The use of an enhancer
      trap as a cell lineage marker shows that the cone cells, like other retinal
      cells, are not clonally related to each other or to their neighbors.

PMID- 1821854
TI  - The genes encoding the major 42S storage particle proteins are expressed in male
      and female germ cells of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - As components of the 42S storage particles (thesaurisomes), thesaurin a and
      thesaurin b are involved in the long-term storage of tRNA and 5S RNA in
      previtellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Thesaurin a and thesaurin b are among
      the most abundant proteins in previtellogenic oocytes. We show here that the
      mRNAs encoding thesaurin a and thesaurin b are present not only in
      previtellogenic oocytes but also in pre-meiotic germ cells (oogonia). These mRNAs
      can also be detected in spermatogonia and early spermatocytes, and are translated
      into protein in testis, as they are in ovary. We conclude that male germ cells
      mimic female germ cells in several aspects of gene activity related to RNA
      accumulation and metabolism.

PMID- 1821855
TI  - Expression of p53 during mouse embryogenesis.
AB  - By in situ hybridisation we have examined the expression of p53 during mouse
      embryogenesis from day 8.5 to day 18.5 post coitum (p.c.). High levels of p53
      mRNA were detected in all cells of the day 8.5 p.c. and 10.5 p.c. mouse embryo.
      However, at later stages of development, expression became more pronounced during
      differentiation of specific tissues e.g. of the brain, liver, lung, thymus,
      intestine, salivary gland and kidney. In cells undergoing terminal
      differentiation, the level of p53 mRNA declined strongly. In the brain,
      hybridisation signals were also observed in postmitotic but not yet terminally
      differentiated cells. Therefore, gene expression of p53 does not appear to be
      linked with cellular proliferation in this organ. A proposed role for p53 in
      cellular differentiation is discussed.

PMID- 1821856
TI  - Regulated expression and growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor
      beta isoforms in mouse mammary gland development.
AB  - Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was previously shown to inhibit
      reversibly the growth of mouse mammary ducts when administered in vivo by
      miniature slow-release plastic implants. We now report a comparative analysis of
      three TGF-beta isoforms with respect to gene expression and localization of
      protein products within the mouse mammary gland. Our studies revealed overlapping
      expression patterns of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 within the
      epithelium of the actively-growing mammary end buds during branching
      morphogenesis, as well as within the epithelium of growth-quiescent ducts.
      However, TGF-beta 3 was the only isoform detected in myoepithelial progenitor
      cells (cap cells) of the growing end buds and myoepithelial cells of the mature
      ducts. During pregnancy, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 transcripts increased to high
      levels, in contrast to TGF-beta 1 transcripts which were moderately abundant; TGF
      beta 2 was significantly transcribed only during pregnancy. Molecular
      hybridization in situ revealed overlapping patterns of expression for the three
      TGF-beta isoforms during alveolar morphogenesis, but showed that, in contrast to
      the patterns of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 expression, TGF-beta 3 is expressed
      more heavily in ducts than in alveoli during pregnancy. Developing alveolar
      tissue and its associated ducts displayed striking TGF-beta 3 immunoreactivity
      which was greatly reduced during lactation. All three isoforms showed
      dramatically reduced expression in lactating tissue. The biological effects of
      active, exogenous TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 were tested with slow-release plastic
      implants. These isoforms, like TGF-beta 1, inhibited mammary ductal elongation in
      situ by causing the disappearance of the proliferating stem cell layer (cap
      cells) and rapid involution of ductal end buds. None of the isoforms were active
      in inhibiting alveolar morphogenesis. We conclude that under the limited
      conditions of these tests, the three mammalian isoforms are functionally
      equivalent. However, striking differences in patterns of gene expression and in
      the distribution of immunoreactive peptides suggest that TGF-beta isoforms may
      have distinct roles in mammary growth regulation, morphogenesis and functional
      differentiation.

PMID- 1821857
TI  - Elements of the fruitless locus regulate development of the muscle of Lawrence, a
      male-specific structure in the abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster adults.
AB  - A genetically defined element of the fruitless (fru) locus in Drosophila
      melanogaster regulates the development of a male-specific muscle spanning the
      fifth abdominal segment in adult males, the 'muscle of Lawrence' (MOL). The
      region is defined by two cytological deletions, each with a breakpoint that co
      maps with previously described mutant courtship phenotypes at cytogenetic
      interval 91B on the third chromosome. Flies that carry both of these deletions
      are viable, and males express abnormalities of courtship similar to those caused
      by the fru inversion breakpoint at 91B. In addition, these double-deletion males
      show the complete absence of the MOL, suggesting that they have little or no gene
      expression of a postulated MOL determinant; the musculature in the fifth
      abdominal segment of these mutants to indistinguishable from that of a normal
      female. Other mutant combinations that produce fruitless courtship phenotypes-
      including deletion and inversion breakpoints, and a marked transposon inserted at
      91B--produce intermediate forms of the MOL. A new genetic variant, induced by
      imprecise excision of the marked transposon, is homozygous lethal and disrupts
      fru functions related to courtship and the MOL. The MOL is shown to be
      dispensable for fertility and is therefore not the causative factor of fru
      induced behavioral sterility. These genetic variants and their phenotypic results
      are discussed with regard to a model for the organization of the fru locus.

PMID- 1821858
TI  - Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo.
AB  - The fate of cells in the epiblast at prestreak and early primitive streak stages
      has been studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into single cells in
      situ of 6.7-day mouse embryos and identifying the labelled descendants at
      midstreak to neural plate stages after one day of culture. Ectoderm was composed
      of descendants of epiblast progenitors that had been located in the embryonic
      axis anterior to the primitive streak. Embryonic mesoderm was derived from all
      areas of the epiblast except the distal tip and the adjacent region anterior to
      it: the most anterior mesoderm cells originated posteriorly, traversing the
      primitive streak early; labelled cells in the posterior part of the streak at the
      neural plate stage were derived from extreme anterior axial and paraxial epiblast
      progenitors; head process cells were derived from epiblast at or near the
      anterior end of the primitive streak. Endoderm descendants were most frequently
      derived from a region that included, but extended beyond, the region producing
      the head process: descendants of epiblast were present in endoderm by the
      midstreak stage, as well as at later stages. Yolk sac and amnion mesoderm
      developed from posterolateral and posterior epiblast. The resulting fate map is
      essentially the same as those of the chick and urodele and indicates that,
      despite geometrical differences, topological fate relationships are conserved
      among these vertebrates. Clonal descendants were not necessarily confined to a
      single germ layer or to extraembryonic mesoderm, indicating that these lineages
      are not separated at the beginning of gastrulation. The embryonic axis lengthened
      up to the neural plate stage by (1) elongation of the primitive streak through
      progressive incorporation of the expanding lateral and initially more anterior
      regions of epiblast and, (2) expansion of the region of epiblast immediately
      cranial to the anterior end of the primitive streak. The population doubling time
      of labelled cells was 7.5 h; a calculated 43% were in, or had completed, a 4th
      cell cycle, and no statistically significant regional differences in the number
      of descendants were found. This clonal analysis also showed that (1) growth in
      the epiblast was noncoherent and in most regions anisotropic and directed towards
      the primitive streak and (2) the midline did not act as a barrier to clonal
      spread, either in the epiblast in the anterior half of the axis or in the
      primitive streak. These results taken together with the fate map indicate that,
      while individual cells in the epiblast sheet behave independently with respect to
      their neighbours, morphogenetic movement during germ layer formation is
      coordinated in the population as a whole.

PMID- 1821859
TI  - Expression pattern of the Brachyury gene in whole-mount TWis/TWis mutant embryos.
AB  - The murine Brachyury (T) gene is required in mesoderm formation. Mutants carrying
      different T alleles show a graded severity of defects correlated with gene dosage
      along the body axis. The phenotypes range from shortening of the tail to the
      malformation of sacral vertebrae in heterozygotes, and to disruption of trunk
      development and embryonic death in homozygotes. Defects include a severe
      disturbance of the primitive streak, an early cessation of mesoderm formation and
      absence of the allantois and notochord, the latter resulting in an abnormality of
      the neural tube and somites. The T gene is expressed in nascent mesoderm and in
      the notochord of wild-type embryos. Here the expression of T in whole-mount
      mutant embryos homozygous for the T allele TWis is described. The TWis gene
      product is altered, but the TWis/TWis phenotype is very similar to that of T/T
      embryos which lack T. In early TWis/TWis embryos T expression is normal, but
      ceases prematurely during early organogenesis coincident with a cessation of
      mesoderm formation. The archenteron/node region is disrupted and the extension of
      the notochord precursor comes to a halt, followed by a decrease and finally a
      complete loss of T gene expression in the primitive streak and the head
      process/notochord precursor. It appears that the primary defect of the mutant
      embryo is the disruption of the notochord precursor in the node region which is
      required for axis elongation. Thus the T gene product is directly or indirectly
      involved in the organization of axial development.

PMID- 1821860
TI  - Blastocoel expansion in the preimplantation mouse embryo: stimulatory effect of
      TGF-alpha and EGF.
AB  - The factors that promote blastocoel expansion in the preimplantation mouse embryo
      are not well understood. Since cAMP stimulates the rate of blastocoel expansion
      and, in other systems, EGF can elevate intracellular cAMP levels, we investigated
      the ability of either TGF-alpha or EGF to stimulate the rate of blastocoel
      expansion in the mouse. Picomolar concentrations of either TGF-alpha or EGF
      stimulate the rate of blastocoel expansion in a concentration-dependent manner,
      and the continual presence of the growth factor is required to observe the
      stimulatory effect. Neutralizing antibodies to either TGF-alpha or EGF inhibit
      the TGF-alpha or EGF stimulatory effect, respectively. An antibody to the
      extracellular domain of the EGF receptor stimulates the rate of blastocoel
      expansion in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas an antibody to the
      cytoplasmic domain of the receptor does not. Tyrphostin RG 50864, which inhibits
      the EGF receptor kinase activity, inhibits the TGF-alpha stimulation of the rate
      of blastocoel expansion in a concentration-dependent manner; the less active
      tyrphostin, RG 50862, has no inhibitory effect. In addition, TGF-alpha does not
      stimulate a precocious onset of cavitation. The stimulatory effect on the rate of
      blastocoel expansion elicited by TGF-alpha or EGF is observed in 70% of the
      embryos (responders). Responders and nonresponders have similar intracellular ATP
      levels and cell numbers. Whereas TGF-alpha stimulates the uptake of
      [35S]methionine into the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble pools in the responders,
      TGF-alpha has no stimulatory effect in the nonresponders. Results of these
      experiments suggest that an initial differentiative function of the first
      mammalian epithelium--fluid transport--is sensitive to peptide growth factor
      modulation.

PMID- 1821861
TI  - Developmental potential of parthenogenetic cells: role of genotype-specific
      modifiers.
AB  - The developmental potential of parthenogenetic cells derived from different mouse
      strains was investigated by examining their distribution in various tissues of
      adult aggregation chimeras. Using GPI-1 allozymes as marker, no striking
      differences were observed between chimeras whose parthenogenetic cells were
      derived from activated oocytes isolated from females of different genetic
      backgrounds, (C57BL/6 x CBA/J) F1, CFLP, 129, and SWR. In all the combinations
      tested, parthenogenetic cells were consistently absent from skeletal muscle, but
      there were varying contributions to most other tissues. These results suggest
      that the maternal duplication of chromosomes containing imprinted gene(s)
      responsible for the systematic elimination of parthenogenetic cells from skeletal
      muscle, are not subject to a pronounced influence of genotype-specific modifiers.
      However, the contribution of parthenogenetic cells to the brain does appear to be
      influenced by strain background, since a marked improvement in the survival of
      CFLP, 129 and perhaps SWR parthenogenetic cells in chimeric brains was observed
      compared with F2 cells.

PMID- 1821863
TI  - Collagens in avian neural crest development: distribution in vivo and migration
      promoting ability in vitro.
AB  - This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of collagen (Col) types I-V
      and IX during neural crest development in vivo and their ability to support
      neural crest cell movement in vitro. Col I, III and IV were widespread throughout
      the embryo, including the neural crest migratory pathways, whereas Col II, V and
      IX preferentially localized to regions from which migrating neural crest cells
      were absent. Col I-IV and IX occurred both in association with basement membranes
      and within interstitial matrices, whereas Col V only was detected in
      juxtaposition to basement membranes. Although initially distributed throughout
      the rostrocaudal extent of the somitic sclerotome, Col I and III rearranged to
      the caudal portion with progressive neural crest cell migration through the
      rostral portion of the sclerotome. This rearrangement does not occur in neural
      crest-ablated embryos, suggesting that it is a direct consequence of neural crest
      cell migration. The perinotochordal matrix, avoided by neural crest cells,
      contained a metameric Col II/IX immunoreactivity along the rostrocaudal axis
      which alternated with that of Col I and III. In contrast, Col IV and V were not
      observed in this matrix, but lined the basement membranes of the notochord and
      ventrolateral neural tube. To determine their functional significance for neural
      crest cell migration in vivo, purified collagens were tested for their ability to
      promote neural crest cell motility in vitro. Neural crest cell migration on
      isolated collagens was most pronounced on Col I and IV, whereas Col II, V and the
      triple-helical fragment of Col VII were unable to support cell motility.
      Substrata created by copolymerization of Col I and fibronectin, or Col I and
      laminin-nidogen, supported cell motility better than Col I alone, whereas both
      Col V and a cartilage-type chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan reduced cell movement
      on Col I. Fibronectin bound to pre-immobilized monomeric Col I, II or V had a
      reduced ability to support neural crest cell movement when compared to
      fibronectin alone. A similar reduction was seen for Col IV bound to the low
      density heparan sulfate proteoglycan from the EHS mouse tumor. The results
      demonstrate that Col I-IX are differentially distributed in the early avian
      embryo. During neural crest development several of these collagens undergo
      dynamic reorganizations that correlate with the migration of neural crest cells.
      Furthermore, various collagens possess distinct abilities to support neural crest
      cell migration in vitro, and their migration-promoting activity can be modulated
      by their conformation and/or association with other matrix components.

PMID- 1821862
TI  - Differential expression of R- and N-cadherin in neural and mesodermal tissues
      during early chicken development.
AB  - R-cadherin is a newly identified member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion
      receptors. The expression of R-cadherin in early chicken embryos was studied
      using affinity-purified antibodies to this molecule, comparing it with that of N
      cadherin. Immunoblot analysis of various organs of 10.5-day embryos showed that R
      cadherin is most abundantly expressed in the retina and brain. Immunostaining of
      the cervical and thoracic regions of embryos revealed that R- and N-cadherin are
      expressed in all neural tissues. In the neural tube, R-cadherin appears at around
      stage 21, although N-cadherin expression begins at a much earlier stage. The
      distribution of R-cadherin in the neural tube differs from that of N-cadherin;
      for example, some regions of the tube express only R-cadherin, and other regions
      only N-cadherin. In the peripheral ganglia, these two cadherins are also
      expressed in different patterns which change during development. Some mesenchymal
      tissues including the notochord, the myotome, myotubes and perichondria also
      express these cadherins, again in different patterns. Thus, R- and N-cadherin are
      differentially expressed in all the tissues examined, and they may contribute to
      the spatial segregation of heterogeneous cells in a tissue.

PMID- 1821864
TI  - Budding-specific lectin induced in epithelial cells is an extracellular matrix
      component for stem cell aggregation in tunicates.
AB  - We have examined immunocytochemically the expression, localization and in vivo
      function of a calcium-dependent and galactose-binding 14 x 10(3) Mr lectin
      purified from the budding tunicate, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. Lectin granules
      first appeared in the inner epithelium of a double-walled bud vesicle. Soon after
      the bud entered the developmental phase, the granules were secreted into the
      mesenchymal space, where the lectin-positive extracellular matrix (ECM)
      developed. The lectin was also produced and secreted by granular leucocytes
      during budding. Hemoblasts, pluripotent stem cells in the blood, were often found
      in association with the ECM and they aggregated with epithelial cells to form
      organ rudiments. The lectin showed a high binding affinity for hemoblast
      precursors. The blockage of epithelial transformation of stem cells by galactose
      in in vivo bioassy was ineffective in the presence of the lectin. Polyclonal anti
      lectin antibody prevented the hemoblasts spreading on the ECM and moving toward
      the epithelium, but it did not block the cell-cell adhesion of hemoblasts. By
      three days of bud development, lectin granules and ECM have almost disappeared
      from the developing bud together with a cessation of hemoblast aggregation. These
      results show that Polyandrocarpa lectin is a component of the ECM induced
      specifically in budding and suggest strongly that it plays a role in bud
      morphogenesis by directing the migration of pluripotent stem cells to the
      epithelium.

PMID- 1821865
TI  - Gene manipulation in mycobacteria.
AB  - Gene manipulation in mycobacteria developed in two phases. In the first phase
      genes of mycobacteria were transferred into cells of E. coli and Streptomyces
      lividans. In the second phase, heterologous genes were transferred into
      mycobacteria either with a shuttle plasmid or hybrid plasmids. A prerequisite for
      successful gene manipulation in mycobacteria was a thorough understanding of
      plasmids in mycobacteria. Construction of recombinant DNA molecules contributed
      not only to the fact that mycobacteria did not remain outside the mainstream of
      modern genetic research but also to their present practical importance.

PMID- 1821866
TI  - Extracellular proteinase from Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens. I.
      Growth and extracellular proteinase production under different culture
      conditions.
AB  - Growth and extracellular proteinase production by Enterococcus faecalis subsp.
      liquefaciens was studied on several culture media and under different incubation
      conditions. The organisms grew well and developed extracellular proteinase
      activity on proteinaceous media, but when it grew on Collins basal medium
      (lacking of protein), growth was poor and proteinase activity was not detected.
      The activation energy for growth was estimated to be 116 kJ/mol, the optimum
      being at 37 degrees C. Proteinase production was not affected by temperature in
      the range studied (7-45 degrees C). Growth rate was not affected by aeration
      although a higher amount of microorganisms was observed on shaking the culture
      during incubation. Likewise, extracellular proteolytic activity was about twice
      higher in cultures shaken at 2.3 or 3.3 Hz than in those shaken at 0 or 1.3 Hz.

PMID- 1821867
TI  - Extracellular proteinase from Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens. II.
      Partial purification and some technological important properties.
AB  - An extracellular proteinase from Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens has
      been purified 780-fold by a method including gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and
      affinity chromatography with gramicidin J as ligand. Approximately 15% of the
      original enzyme activity was recovered. A purification of 14,800-fold, with 11.4%
      yield, may be reached using chromatofocusing as final step in the purification
      procedure. The molar mass of the enzyme has been estimated to be approximately 30
      kDa by Sephadex gel filtration and approximately 26 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The
      isoelectric point has been found to be 4.6. Maximum enzyme activity of the
      proteinase has been observed at pH 7.5 and 45 degrees C. The enzyme hydrolyzed
      bovine serum albumin, alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, casein and pork
      myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins. The extracellular proteinase was very
      stable; the enzyme maintained its activity in cell-free extracts over a very wide
      range of temperatures (-25 to 37 degrees C) for at least 2 months. At 12 degrees
      C, it was stable in the pH range of 5.5 to 8.0.

PMID- 1821869
TI  - Penicillin amidohydrolase productivity of locally isolated bacterial species.
AB  - Penicillin amidohydrolase productivity of four locally isolated bacterial species
      is described. Organisms were identified as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus megaterium. Highest enzyme productivity of
      3.2 U/mL with a corresponding dry cell mass of 4.5 g/L was recorded from S.
      lutea.

PMID- 1821868
TI  - Macrotetrolide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces globisporus.
AB  - Macrotetrolides isolated from a new producer, Streptomyces globisporus, were
      identified as nonactin, monactin, dinactin and trinactin. Spectroscopic
      characterization of these compounds was extended by 13NMR spectra. Chemical
      ionization with ammonia as reactive gas was proposed for mass-spectroscopic
      characterization of their mixtures. Their biological activity was confirmed by
      using larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as a new
      test model.

PMID- 1821870
TI  - Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on lysine production by a mutant of Bacillus
      subtilis with homoserine dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - Some Bacillus subtilis mutants with different levels of homoserine dehydrogenase
      were described. Strains that do not accumulate methionine have a high homoserine
      dehydrogenase activity. Low activity was detected in mutants where cell growth
      was completely inhibited by 0.7 mmol/L methionine. A low concentration of
      dimethyl sulfoxide had a stimulatory effect on lysine production by the
      methionine-sensitive mutant of Bacillus subtilis.

PMID- 1821871
TI  - Isolation and characterization of glycocalyx in Streptomyces aureofaciens.
AB  - The surface layer, considered to be glycocalyx according to electron-microscopic
      observations, was separated from a low-production strain of Streptomyces
      aureofaciens by solubilization with urea and subsequent sonication. The isolation
      procedure was developed using various agents; neutral phosphatase served as a
      marker indicating the amount of the material released. The peripheral structure
      consisted predominantly of glycoprotein and differed from S-layers.

PMID- 1821872
TI  - The production of extracellular and intracellular free amino acids during aerated
      fermentation of glucose by baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
AB  - During a study of the effects of a high level of NaCl on the content of free
      intracellular amino acids in baker's yeast grown in aerated fermentation of
      glucose it was found (Malaney et al. 1988, 1989; Malaney and Tanner 1988) that
      0.6 mol/L exogenous NaCl significantly increased the content of free
      intracellular citrulline, glutamine, ornithine, arginine and lysine (all basic
      amino acids) over that observed at zero mol/L exogenous NaCl. (Exogenous is
      defined as salt added beyond that present in the mineral salts in the culture
      medium.) This paper describes the production and relative relationships of both
      extracellular and free intracellular amino acids by S. cerevisiae under
      conditions of high NaCl content in the growth medium at pH 5 and 32 degrees C.
      For early culture times (6 h), the production of glutamine, citrulline, valine,
      isoleucine, ornithine, lysine and histidine were all enhanced by the addition of
      NaCl. For late times (24 h), except for ornithine, the early-time-enhanced amino
      acids continued to be enhanced by the addition of NaCl. In addition, the yields
      of several other amino acids also were increased by exogenous salt at this late
      time. These include aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, cystine, methionine,
      tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine.

PMID- 1821873
TI  - Effect of external pH on ethanol oxidation by Candida utilis.
AB  - The external pH affects both ethanol and oxygen uptake rates by nongrowing cells
      of Candida utilis suspended either in distilled water or in phthalate buffer. The
      buffering properties of organic acids control the maximum rates of exogenous
      respiration and ethanol uptake. The substrate limitation of ethanol uptake rate
      and endogenous respiration rate increase proportionally with increasing hydrogen
      ion concentration in the medium.

PMID- 1821874
TI  - Effect of external pH on acidification and excretion of ethanol intermediates by
      Candida utilis.
AB  - External pH affects the acidification induced by ethanol. The apparent specific
      rate of acidification depends on the dissociation properties and production of
      carbon dioxide, acetic and lactic acid which are intermediates of ethanol
      oxidation. The organic acids are transported by Nernst-Einstein diffusion. We
      designed and identified a new and simple mathematical model that allows us to
      describe the effect of external pH on nonstationary transport of dissociated
      intermediates of ethanol oxidation.

PMID- 1821875
TI  - Application of scale-down experiments in the study of citric acid biosynthesis.
AB  - Problems associated with the development of submersed citric acid biosynthesis on
      sugar beet molasses for process improvement were solved by scale-down
      experiments: the determination of optimal temperature profile, optimal pH value,
      influence of OTR and inoculum quality. The optimal pH value at the start of the
      process was 6.4 with 3% of inoculum volume and temperature profile between 28-30
      degrees C. In the case of OTR which is scale-dependent, we prefer to use DOC
      pilot plant data for the transfer of technology.

PMID- 1821876
TI  - Contribution of silver ion resistance to the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa with special reference to burn wound sepsis.
AB  - The virulence of a silver-ion-resistant (AgR) clinical isolate of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa and its silver-sensitive mutant (AgS) was compared in the murine burn
      wound sepsis model. The AgR strain showed significantly higher colonization of
      burned skin vis-a-vis the AgS strain. The altered pathogenicity may in part be
      due to the decrease in capsular content and cell surface hydrophobicity,
      accompanying the loss of silver ion resistance. The AgR and AgS strains, however,
      did not exhibit quantitatively significant differences in the production of
      extracellular hemolysins and proteinases.

PMID- 1821877
TI  - Class IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus antigens in human
      serum and saliva.
AB  - Using the ELISA method antibodies against the sonicate, teichoic acid (TA) and
      exoproducts of Staphylococcus aureus were determined in sera and saliva of
      healthy individuals. Main serum antibodies against all the antigens used were
      shown to be class IgG antibodies. However, antigens of the sonicate stimulated
      significantly even the systemic IgA response. In the saliva class IgA antibodies
      predominated, but IgG antibody levels against TA and exoproducts approached the
      level of IgA antibodies. Levels of IgM antibodies against all antigens tested
      were low in both the serum and saliva which corresponds with the anamnestic type
      of response. On the basis of these results one may assume that not only IgG, but
      also IgA antibodies are important in the systemic immunity against staphylococcal
      infection and in the immunity of mucous membranes; besides IgA, even class IgG
      antibodies play an important role.

PMID- 1821878
TI  - Determination of phenylpropionic acid in fermentation medium by chromatographic
      techniques.
AB  - Phenylpropionic acid was determined in the fermentation medium by gas
      chromatography using an internal standard and by reversed phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography. The two methods were evaluated by using the standard
      quantitative criteria employed in analytical chemistry.

PMID- 1821879
TI  - Dr. K. N. Rao. Memorial Oration: "Planning for health: priorities, issues and
      challenges".

PMID- 1821881
TI  - Vaccination coverage assessment survey in Mangalore (urban), Karnataka.
AB  - A vaccination coverage assessment survey regarding the U.I.P. vaccines, among 210
      children aged 12-23 months and 210 mothers of infants was undertaken in Mangalore
      (urban) in February--March 1991, with the specific objectives of assessing the
      extent of achievement here of the U.I.P. objectives for the vaccine coverages,
      and identifying the reasons for immunization failures as well the sources of
      immunization. The sample population was selected by the standard WHO. 30 cluster
      sampling technique. A door-to-door survey was undertaken in the study population
      and the data was elicited by interview of mothers (and confirmed from vaccination
      cards or registers if available). The investigator inquired about DPT 3, OPV 3,
      one dose each of BCG and Measles vaccine and TT2/B for mothers. The coverages for
      the individual vaccines were observed as follows (and indicated in parentheses)
      DPT 3 (91.9%) OPV 3 (92.3%), BCG (91%), Measles vaccine (69.5%) and TT2/B for
      mothers (94.7%). The drop-out rates from first to third dose of both DPT and OPV
      were observed to be 2.5%. The major reasons for immunization failures were
      reported to be unawareness of need, illness of child, and fear of side reaction.
      Hospitals were availed of more than private sources for immunization services.
      The universal immunization coverage in Mangalore (urban) was found to be highly
      satisfactory.

PMID- 1821880
TI  - Is utilisation of permanent ophthalmic health infrastructure adequate? A
      reappraisal of camp based versus hospital based cataract surgery.

PMID- 1821882
TI  - An epidemiological study of hearing loss in a slum in Pune.
AB  - A survey of 690 randomly selected person from a urban slum at Pune was conducted
      to screen hearing loss clinically. Otitis media was found to be the commonest
      cause for loss of hearing. Control measures were recommended.

PMID- 1821884
TI  - Prevalence of opium consumption in rural population of a desert district,
      Jodhpur.

PMID- 1821883
TI  - Managerial gaps in the delivery of ante-natal care services in a rural area of
      Varanasi.
AB  - The study was conducted to identify some of the managerial gaps that affect
      utilization of Antenatal services. Fifty two women aged 15-39 yrs., drawn from 22
      households were studied in depth. This article identifies some of the demographic
      and socio-cultural factors affecting utilization pattern. The degree of
      utilization was significantly related to education of the woman and her husband's
      occupation, caste, parity and cultural factors. All women lived within 1 Km from
      the Health Centre, did not use the services at all, thereby indicating the
      presence of other factors influencing their attitude towards use of services.

PMID- 1821885
TI  - A comparative evaluation of alfacron with commonly used insecticides for control
      of few crawling insects.

PMID- 1821886
TI  - Canicola fever in man.

PMID- 1821887
TI  - Some epidemiological and clinical aspects of bancroftian filariasis in coastal
      Andhra Pradesh.

PMID- 1821889
TI  - Breast feeding practices--impressions from an urban community.
AB  - Information regarding breast feeding practices of 600 children below 3 years of
      age attending hospital OPDs and private clinics during 1984-85 were collected.
      51.3% received breast milk within 24 hrs. of birth, mean duration of breast
      feeding being 6 months. 68% of Infants had been given prelacteal feeds. 34%
      children were exclusively breast fed till 1 month. Insufficient milk was an
      important reason for discontinuation before 6 months.

PMID- 1821890
TI  - Prevalence of high risk factors in mothers in urban slums of Delhi.
AB  - Point prevalence of 'High Risk' factors was assessed in 450 mothers of
      reproductive age group residing in two urban slum communities. Major risk factors
      prevalent were non-pregnant weight less than 43.5 kg (24%), elderly grand
      multipara (17%), and history of previous still births and/or intrauterine death
      (3%).

PMID- 1821888
TI  - A follow up study of women who have undergone tubectomy in a rural community.

PMID- 1821891
TI  - Criminalistics--science and philosophy.
AB  - Various aspects of criminalistics have been discussed briefly in this chapter. It
      is impossible to select topics that will be of greatest interest to everyone.
      That is why we have libraries. However, it has been my objective to provide
      sufficient information about several subjects to demonstrate many applications of
      science to the investigation of crime. It is hoped that the repeated mentioning
      of things and methods, and the use of italics to emphasize these words, will
      convey my belief that a basic understanding of the simplicity of crime will help
      us to focus our attention on its solution. I believe that Dr. Paul L. Kirk was
      correct in his introductory statements. He made a fundamental observation when he
      said people commit crimes with things. I hope I have shown worthwhile examples of
      how people employ various methods when they analyze things.

PMID- 1821892
TI  - The Harvard Medical Malpractice Study and the malpractice debate in New York
      State.

PMID- 1821894
TI  - Using malpractice claims data to successfully attack the problem of infant brain
      damage.

PMID- 1821893
TI  - Practice parameters: malpractice liability considerations for physicians.

PMID- 1821896
TI  - Crime scene videos.

PMID- 1821895
TI  - Fetal tissue transplantation: legal and ethical implications of a "magic bullet".

PMID- 1821897
TI  - The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 (HCQIA).

PMID- 1821898
TI  - The Federal Anti-Dumping Act after five years: a critical analysis of medical
      COBRA.

PMID- 1821899
TI  - Deaths in custody.

PMID- 1821900
TI  - Physicians' legal and moral responsibility to treat contagious diseases.

PMID- 1821902
TI  - [Juvenile parkinsonism. 18 cases].
AB  - The accepted Juvenile Parkinson denomination includes patients who present the
      characteristic symptoms before 40 years old. We are reporting 18 such patients,
      between 15 and 34 years old, who had a follow-up between 9 to 17 years. Based on
      our observations and a revision of the literature, and after considering
      inheritance, clinical, evolutive and therapeutic outlook we were able to reach a
      conclusion as to the essential features of this particular form of parkinsonism.
      Apparently the impairment to L-Dopa therapy developed more slowly in these
      patients than in presenile forms and it would be related more with the duration
      of the illness than with that of L-Dopa therapy.

PMID- 1821903
TI  - [Digital coronary angiography. A new approach in the analysis of the
      arteriosclerotic plaque].
AB  - In order to define the coronary lesions we prospectively performed digital
      coronary angiographies in 61 patients. The degree of stenosis was measured in 100
      lesions by quantitative analysis using densitometric and geometric methods. Two
      groups of lesions were found by comparing these two methods: Group A, 47 lesions
      with a poor correspondence in the degree of stenosis between densitometric and
      geometric analysis (p greater than 0.01; and group B, 53 lesions with a good
      correspondence. Both groups were correlated with plaque characteristics (unstable
      or stable), following angiographic criteria. The mean degree of stenosis in all
      lesions, for densitometric and geometric analysis was 50.04 +/- 21.1% and x 60.66
      +/- 22.1% (p less than 0.01), respectively. Unstable plaque was more frequent in
      group A (80.9%) than in B (17.9%) (p less than 0.0001), and stable plaque was
      more frequent in B (81.1%) than in A (19.1%) (p less than 0.0001). Less degree of
      stenosis between A (41.5 +/- 13.2) and B (61.3 +/- 16.05) was found by
      densitometric analysis (p less than 0.0001) but it was similar by geometric
      method (60.02 +/- 11.3 in A and 58.6 +/- 14.4 in B) so that the degree of
      stenosis in unstable plaque was lower by densitometric method. We conclude that
      densitometric analysis showed poor correlation with geometric analysis in
      unstable plaques; the difference could be due to the soft component expression of
      the unstable plaque.

PMID- 1821901
TI  - [Insulin/glucagon relationship in spontaneous diabetic remission].
AB  - We define diabetic remission as the disappearance of clinical symptoms with
      normalization of blood glucose for a period over 15 days after withdrawal of
      insulin therapy. We studied 21 insulin-dependent diabetic children in remission
      (10 boys and 11 girls) and 29 normal children matched in age and sex as controls.
      Two tests were performed, intravenous glucose (IVGT) and glucose post-tolbutamide
      (PTGT). Two remission groups were studied with IVGT. Glucose, insulin,
      somatotropin and glucagon were determined in one and glucose and C-peptide in the
      other. Insulin secretion after IVGT was very low in the remission group, not
      surpassing basal value when stimulated. Only two girls showed normal or high
      insulin values during the study, and one of them showed the common hypoinsulinism
      of the remission group in a second study. The kinetics of glucagon and
      somatotropin secretion in the remission group were normal with low values of
      glucagon. When the integrated area (0-120 min) of hormone secretion (insulin,
      somatotropin and glucagon) was determined, the remission group had lower insulin
      and glucagon values (p less than 0.05) and identical growth hormone as the normal
      group. The insulin/glucagon ratio in normals and in remission were similar.
      During IVGT the remission group studied for C-peptide showed lower C-peptide
      values than normal group, resembling insulin behavior. In both groups, the
      glucose disappearance rate ("K" value) was higher in normals than in remissions
      (p less than 0.001). During the PTGT the normal group showed a peak of insulin
      secretion after tolbutamide and glucose stimulation. In the remission group,
      glucose was higher and insulin secretion lower than in the normal group, without
      a peak of insulin, and growth hormone and glucagon secretion were also
      lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821904
TI  - Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in an oligospermic patient with heterochromatin
      duplication in chromosome n. 9.
AB  - Synaptonemal complex karyotyping has been performed in an oligospermia of unknown
      etiology in a patient carrying a 9qh+ chromosomal polymorphism. The testicular
      histology showed hypospermatogenesis at the spermatid level and an abnormal
      pattern of chromatin condensation. Spermatocytes at early pachytene showed a
      large, asymmetric loop in SC #9, which disappeared at late pachytene, probably
      because of synaptic adjustment. The loop was formed by a lateral element 7.02%
      longer than the average normal one. The loop exceeded the centromere towards the
      short arm, and it is interpreted as a tandem duplication of about 50% of the
      paracentromeric heterochromatin. The present observation and the previously
      reported asynaptic loops in carriers of pericentric inversions and showing severe
      oligospermia suggest that chromosomal variants producing asynaptic loops may be
      associated with germ cell loss. Further meiotic studies in infertile carriers of
      such variants are indicated.

PMID- 1821905
TI  - [Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. A
      clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study].
AB  - A clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical study of 22 cases of
      undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) of the nose and paranasal sinuses is presented.
      There were 6 nasal and 16 sinusal lesions. Eleven were small cell, 7 of the
      intermediate type and 4 of the large cell type. All the large cell UC originated
      in the sinuses. Immunohistochemically all but three of the UC (all small cell)
      were positive for an epithelial marker. EMA was better in this study than
      cytokeratin and CEA (19, 14 and 8 positive cases). Neuroendocrine markers were
      positive in 5 cases of the large cell UC (Table I). Of the 18 cases with follow
      up, 3 patients died of their tumor, 9 were alive with disease and 5 were with no
      evidence of disease after an average of 36 months. Patients with UC of the
      intermediate variant and large cell type had a better prognosis than those of the
      small cell type (Table 2). Cases treated with surgery and radiation therapy with
      or without chemotherapy had a better prognosis than those treated with either one
      of those treatments alone. This study shows that many of the UC of the nose and
      sinuses have a neuroendocrine phenotype and although they are aggressive
      neoplasms they seem to be not as lethal as suggested in the literature.

PMID- 1821906
TI  - [T and B lymphocytes and NK cells in hemolytic uremic syndrome].
AB  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious problem in Argentina, where 50% of
      the known cases are reported to come from. In the so-called "typical" HUS,
      anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure are usually preceded by an
      episode of infection. Many agents such as bacteria, toxins and viruses have been
      linked with the prodromal episode, but the reason for the occurrence of HUS in
      only a small portion of individuals with identical previous symptoms, is not
      clear. The hypothesis of a particular immune response modifying the
      susceptibility of some hosts to develop the syndrome after an otherwise well
      tolerated infection is not formally excluded. The aim of our work was to explore
      some immunological parameters in order to add more data concerning the
      immunologic changes occurring during the acute phase of HUS in 24 pediatric
      patients. We coincide with previous authors on the normal values of serum
      complement levels and the increase of IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations. (Table 1).
      We also report a significant and transient decrease in the percentage of T
      lymphocytes and an increase in the relative number of B lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821907
TI  - [Septic arthritis in connective tissue diseases and other chronic arthropathies].
AB  - In order to describe the features of septic arthritis (SA) in patients with
      connective tissue diseases (CTDs), a series of 17 CTD cases with SA episodes were
      studied retrospectively. The most common CTDs were systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Involvement was oligoarticular in 64% of
      cases and mono-articular in the remainder. Clinical, radiological and laboratory
      findings proved insufficient to allow differential diagnosis between SA and an
      underlying arthritic flare-up, which could only be carried out by bacterial
      isolation from synovial fluid. The most frequent etiological agent was
      Staphylococcus aureus (Table 1). Throughout, patients were treated by needle
      drainage together with antibiotics, first by parenteral (average 17 days) and
      later by oral route (average 46 days). Cases with greater diagnostic delay and
      initiation of therapy were those requiring arthrotomy and those who presented
      more complications mainly osteomyelitis and permanent disability (Table 2).

PMID- 1821909
TI  - [Hepatic fascioliasis. Uncommon cause of prolonged febrile syndrome with
      hypereosinophilia and hypodense images on computed tomography of the liver].
AB  - A 40 year old man was admitted with prolonged fever, hypereosinophilia, increased
      serum levels of cholestasis enzymes and low density masses in the hepatic
      computed tomography (CT). A liver needle biopsy was performed under CT control.
      Neoplastic, pyogenic or amoebic etiology were excluded. Stool parasitologic
      examination was also negative. A diagnosis of hepatic fasciolasis was based on
      the finding of operculate eggs in duodenal juice obtained by duodenal aspiration.
      The patient was successfully treated with triclabendazole (10/mg/kg/single dose).
      The purpose of this communication is to emphasize 1) that prolonged fever with
      hypereosinophilia and focal lesions in hepatic CT suggest the presence of
      fasciola hepatica which must be investigated particularly in duodenal juice; 2)
      the CT aspects of this disease; 3) that triclabendazole, a benzimidazolic
      compound, is a new therapeutic possibility acting on immature and adult forms of
      the parasite in the liver.

PMID- 1821908
TI  - [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and human acquired immunodeficiency virus
      seropositivity].
AB  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology,
      clinically characterized by a diagnostic pentad (thrombocytopenia,
      microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurologic signs and symptoms, fever and renal
      damage). Recent reports in the medical literature have described its association
      with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We report such a case in a woman
      admitted with TTP in whom HIV seropositivity was found. The histopathologic
      findings in biopsies and autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis of TTP:
      disseminated microthrombosis in arterioles and capillaries.

PMID- 1821910
TI  - [Calcitonin. Physiology and therapeutic uses].

PMID- 1821911
TI  - [Virus and multiple sclerosis].

PMID- 1821912
TI  - [Biostatistics. How many patients are needed?].

PMID- 1821913
TI  - [Quinine and the new art of healing].

PMID- 1821914
TI  - [Thyroid sarcoidosis associated with papillary carcinoma].

PMID- 1821915
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii for the histopathologic
      diagnosis of toxoplasmosis].

PMID- 1821916
TI  - [Serum thyroglobulin and whole-body scanning as markers in the follow-up of
      differentiated thyroid carcinomas].
AB  - We have compared two "markers" in the follow up of post treatment (surgery and
      therapeutical use of I-131) differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In 153 patients,
      thyroglobulin (Tg) serum levels were measured after withdrawal of I-thyroxine
      therapy, before performing a whole-body scan (WBS) with iodine-131; in 55 of
      these patients, Tg was measured again after at least 45 days of I-thyroxine
      treatment. The patients were followed between 3 and 10 years, and there were 2713
      matched studies. Our results indicate for both parameters, false positive and
      negative values; sensitivity (SE) for WBS was 89% and specificity (SP) 83%; Tg
      presents a SE of 86% and SP of 83%. Matching both parameters, SE was 95% and SP
      98%. The causes of false results are discussed. Tg determinations under I
      thyroxine treatment do not permit the establishment of absence of illness; 37.7%
      of patients with demonstrated metastases or relapse showed negative Tg values
      that reached pathological values after suspension of I-thyroxine treatment;
      another 41.4% with elevated Tg values under therapy reached these values after
      suspension of I-thyroxine. Both markers, when utilized at the same time, offer
      the best possibilities in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, when
      determinations are carried out after suspension of hormonal treatment.

PMID- 1821917
TI  - [Urinary excretion of sodium and magnesium in idiopathic hypercalciuria].
AB  - We have studied urinary sodium and magnesium excretion in 30 normal subjects (15
      women and 15 men, mean age 43 +/- 14 years, mean weight 74 +/- 18 Kg) and in 60
      hypercalciuric stone-forming patients, 30 with renal hypercalciuria (HR) (15
      women and 15 men, mean age 39 +/- 10 years, mean weight 71 +/- 16 Kg) and 30 with
      absorptive hypercalciuria (HA), (15 women and 15 men, mean age 41 +/- 13 years,
      mean weight 69 +/- 12 Kg). The diagnosis of hypercalciuria and the classification
      in HA and HR was made with our ambulatory study protocol. Hypercalciuria was
      defined by a daily calcium excretion above 300 mg (men) or 220 mg (women), and
      patients with fasting calcium to creatinine ratio, and calcium per 100 ml of
      glomerular filtrate average value above 0.11 were considered to have HR. Control
      subjects and hypercalciuric patients were maintained on a diet containing 1200 mg
      Ca, 800 mg P, 200 mg Mg and 100 mmol Na per day for a 7-day period. Two 24-hour
      urine samples were collected on days 6 and 7 of this diet. On the morning of day
      8, following a 12-hour fast, 300 ml of distilled water was drunk and a 2-hour
      urine sample was collected. A blood sample was taken halfway this time. In all
      blood and urine samples, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus and creatinine
      were quantified. Creatinine clearance and calcium, sodium and magnesium per 100
      ml of glomerular filtrate were calculated from these determinations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821918
TI  - [Systemic lupus erythematosus and AIDS. Difficulties in the differential
      diagnosis].
AB  - AIDS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) share clinical and laboratory
      features that may difficult a differential diagnosis. We report five patients who
      presented diagnostic problems, two of them with SLE diagnosis and HIV-1 false
      reactive screening tests, and the other three with AIDS diagnosis and clinical
      features fulfilling four or more ARA-clinical criteria for the diagnosis of SLE.
      It is recommended that tests for HIV-1 antibodies in patients with symptoms of
      SLE, be carried out by at least three different methods, with direct HIV-1
      antigen detection as final confirmatory technique. On the other hand, as also
      proposed for Sjogren syndrome, the presence of HIV-1 or its antigens, established
      through cell-cultures or direct blood detection, should be considered as
      exclusion criteria for SLE diagnosis.

PMID- 1821919
TI  - [The concept of cure in children with cancer].
AB  - Between 1987 and 1991, 248 long-term survivors of childhood cancer have been
      studied at the Oncology Unit of the Children's Hospital of Buenos Aires. The
      tumors were diagnosed between 1965 and 1986 as, retinoblastoma: 65, lymphoma: 57,
      nephroblastoma: 36, neuroblastoma: 25, germ-cell tumors: 18, sarcoma: 19, bone
      tumors: 7, lymphoepithelioma of cavum: 4, histiocytosis X: 9, others: 8. The
      treatment consisted of, surgery: 25, surgery+chemotherapy: 40,
      surgery+radiotherapy: 8, chemotherapy: 23, chemotherapy+radiotherapy: 42, and
      surgery+chemotherapy+radiotherapy: 110. There are alive without evidence of
      cancer disease 234 survivors between 5 and 25 years after diagnosis. Severe
      organic disabilities were observed in 181 survivors and moderate in 142. Thirteen
      patients died because of second malignant neoplasia and 1 patient with lung
      metastasis 9 years after diagnosis of nephroblastoma. In 180 survivors the data
      of instruction was available. Seventy participate in sports and 13 in artistic
      activities. Eight survivors are university graduates and 24 are employees. Five
      young women were mothers and one young man was a father. The meaning of concept
      of "cure" is discussed from the point of view of the physicians and the
      survivors. In order to detect deleterious late effects of cancer and their
      treatment the follow-up must be continuous.

PMID- 1821920
TI  - Colour and photosensitive epilepsy.
AB  - In this study we relate our experience in 7 cases of photosensitive epilepsy and
      the effect of different types of filters upon the photoconvulsive response (PR).
      The study was performed with an 8 channels electroencephalograph and the patients
      were stimulated with a Joule lamp (1 c/sec-30 c/sec). Red, yellow, blue and green
      cellophane paper filters were used. The EEG response presented bilateral spikes
      or polyspikes and slow wave paroxysmal discharges. In the presence of a blue
      filter, the PR appeared later: an average of 6 seconds of closing the eyes and
      the response had a lower amplitude. In addition the PR did not appear or it was
      blocked when we used a double blue filter. These results support the role of the
      retina in the genesis of the PR. We suggest that the blue filter allows a small
      percentage of light transmission and under these conditions the electrical events
      that follow light stimulation do not occur.

PMID- 1821921
TI  - [Effects of cold on myocardial mitochondria respiration of rats with
      hypothyroidism treated with triiodothyronine].
AB  - The present work studied the effect of cold on oxygen consumption (OC) and alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity (alpha-GPD) in heart mitochondria of
      hypothyroid rats (hypo) treated with T3, T4 or T4 plus Iopanoic Acid (IOP). 200 g
      male Wistar rats were made hypothyroid by 131I administration. Animals were
      injected s.c., in divided doses, for 10 days, with one of the following
      substances: T3, 300 ng/100 g BW/day; T4, 2 micrograms/100 g BW/day or T4 plus
      IOP, 5 mg/100 g BW/day, for 72 h preceding the experiment. One half of each group
      was housed in a cold room at 4 degrees C and the other at 22 degrees C, for 25 h,
      and thereafter decapitated. Heart mitochondria were isolated by routine methods.
      The OC was measured polarographically using L-malate, L-glutamate and malonate as
      substrates. Intramitochondrial alpha-GPD activity was measured by a
      microcolorimetric assay. The results from 16 or 20 rats/group (4 or 5 pools of 4
      hearts each) were: In the rats kept at 22 degrees C the OC (in ng at.
      oxyg./min/mg prot.; State 3) in the hypo+T4 group was 69 +/- 10; in the rats
      treated with T4+IOP, 75 +/- 11 and in the hypo+T3, 102 +/- 5. When the animals
      were exposed to 4 degrees C no change was observed in the hypo+T4 and hypo+T4IOP
      groups. On the other hand, OC was significantly lower in the T3-treated animals
      (p less than 0.001, versus their controls at 22 degrees C). This group of rats
      did not survive when exposed to cold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821922
TI  - [The effect of epidermal growth factor on thyrotropin secretion in rats].
AB  - The present work studied the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the
      secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) from perifused pituitaries of 200 g body weight
      male Wistar rats. After decapitation the neural lobe was discarded and the
      anterior pituitary was transferred to a chamber of a perifusion system connected
      to a peristaltic pump which conveyed the perifusion medium (Medium 199) through a
      reservoir to a chamber at a flow rate of 100 microliters/min. Individual chambers
      were filled with 600 microliters of medium and placed in a water bath at 37
      degrees C. One ml samples of effluent were collected every 10 min for 60 min to
      obtain baseline values of TSH. Thereafter, TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) (10(-8) M)
      or EGF in varied concentrations (10(-8) M to 10(-11) M) were added to individual
      chambers. The 10 min sampling of effluent was then continued for 60 min to
      measure TSH by RIA (NIADDK, rTSH RP-2 standard). In the TRH study, the mean basal
      TSH concentration was 32.1 +/- 6.5 ng/ml, increasing to 105 +/- 13.8 ng at 10 min
      post-TRH (P less than 0.005) and declining to basal values at 20 min. Addition of
      EGF 10(-8) M increased TSH secretion from a mean basal value of 68.9 +/- 5.6
      ng/ml to 201 +/- 44.3 ng/ml (P less than 0.02) and a return to normal value at 20
      min. Similar effects were induced by EGF 10(-9) M (P less than 0.001) and 10(-10)
      M (P less than 0.05) whereas no effect was elicited by EGF 10(-11) M.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821923
TI  - [Urinary acidification by furosemide test].
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of furosemide on urinary
      acidification in 7 healthy children (aged 7 to 9 years) 5 patients with
      normokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) (aged 4 to 13 years) and in 1
      patient with proximal RTA (aged 20 months). Furosemide was given (2 mg/kg orally)
      as a tool to stimulate H+ and K+ secretion by enhancing Na delivery and transport
      in distal tubular segments. Patients with distal RTA were diagnosed by means of
      the ammonium chloride test and the alkaline overload and the one with proximal
      RTA by the ammonium chloride test only. Urinary acidification was evaluated 1
      hour before and until 4 hours after furosemide administration. Healthy children
      (Fig. 1) showed a significant fall in urinary pH, 5.8 +/- 0.27 to 4.88 +/- 0.18
      (p less than 0.02) and increase of NH3 excretion from 38.58 +/- 10.33 to 79.09 +/
      10.38 microEq/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05). There was a direct correlation
      between urinary pH and urinary flow: r = 0.62 p less than 0.01 (Fig. 3). In
      patients with distal RTA (Fig. 5) furosemide failed to lower urine pH below 6 and
      net acid excretion persisted low: 47.9 +/- 6.1 microEq/min/1.73 m2. In the
      patient with proximal RTA (Fig. 4) furosemide produced the same effect as in
      healthy children with a fall in urine pH to 4.4 and an increase in net acid
      excretion to 118 microEq/min/1.73 m2. Furosemide proved to be effective to
      differentiate the type of RTA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1821924
TI  - [Epidemiology of proximal femoral fractures in La Plata, Argentina].
AB  - The epidemiology of proximal femur fractures (FXf) was studied in the city of La
      Plata, Argentina. At the time of the study the total population was 288,000
      inhabitants and 73,900 (30,700 men and 43,200 women) were 50 years of age and
      over (Table 1). From May 1, 1989 to April 30, 1990 all the patients admitted in
      local hospitals with FXf were personally interviewed by one of the authors.
      Patients living outside the city of La Plata or fractures due to metastatic or
      Paget disease were excluded. During the period of the study 195 patients with FXf
      (164 women and 31 men) were registered. The median of age was 80 years in females
      (range 50 to 96) and 77 years of age (range 50 to 93) in males. The incidence of
      FXf in women 50 years of age and over was 379.4/100,000 inhabitants and in men
      101.0/100,000 inhabitants. The female/male ratio was 3.76 (Table 1). The number
      of FXf was higher in winter than in summer. (Figure 1). Table 3 indicates the
      incidence of FXf found in several studies performed in different geographical
      areas. In females the incidence was similar to that observed in other caucasian
      populations. The female/male ratio found in the present study is the highest
      recorded in the literature. This is the first epidemiologic study of osteoporosis
      performed in Argentina. Further studies should ascertain the low incidence found
      in males as well as the frequency of osteoporosis in other areas of the country
      that extend from latitude 22 degrees S to 54 degrees S.

PMID- 1821925
TI  - [Rhabdomyolysis associated with an iodinated contrast media].
AB  - A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with an iodinated contrast medium (sodium
      diatrizoate) in a patient with chronic renal failure is presented for the purpose
      of discussing this association. Clinical manifestations were: diffuse myalgias,
      proximal muscular weakness and an acute reversible deterioration of the renal
      function. Muscle biopsy showed the typical pattern found in rhabdomyolysis, that
      is, cellular necrosis with no inflammation signs and myolytic areas. The temporal
      association between the rhabdomyolysis and the use of the contrast medium
      suggests a causal relationship. The present case allows us to postulate that the
      skeletal muscle injury was secondary to direct toxicity and/or the compromise of
      muscle blood perfusion by the contrast medium in a susceptible muscle due to
      previous renal failure. It is suggested that this group of substances should be
      incorporated to the list of agents capable of causing non traumatic
      rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 1821926
TI  - [Transverse myelitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report].
AB  - This study presents the case of a 32 year-old patient carrying a belatedly
      diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who suddenly developed transverse
      myelitis. This complication had been preceded a few hours earlier by a sole
      neurological disorder consisting in a universal nystagmus. This neurological
      condition was accompanied by a renal syndrome revealed by a nephritic sediment
      with scarce functional repercussions. The patient was treated with a combination
      of high doses of methylprednisone and cyclophosphamide. The central neurological
      and renal disorder remitted, but it was impossible to reverse the patient's
      paraplegia, which became permanent. This paper includes a review of the 46 cases
      of transverse myelitis and SLE published so far with regard to diagnosis,
      treatment and results, a comparison with the case under study, and the
      conclusions drawn.

PMID- 1821927
TI  - [Chronic pulmonary disease with respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 1821928
TI  - [Controversies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia of the adult.
      Chemotherapy vs bone marrow transplantation].

PMID- 1821929
TI  - [Creatinine, creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration].

PMID- 1821930
TI  - [Stress and hyperthyroidism].

PMID- 1821931
TI  - [Diabetes and hypertension, a lethal association].

PMID- 1821932
TI  - Hepatitis: laboratory diagnosis and prognosis.

PMID- 1821934
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome: fact or fiction.

PMID- 1821933
TI  - Use of recombinant DNA products in clinical medicine.

PMID- 1821935
TI  - Atherosclerosis: is there such a thing as regression.

PMID- 1821936
TI  - Epidemiology of AIDS.

PMID- 1821938
TI  - Medical section genetic testing committee report.

PMID- 1821937
TI  - HIV infection: industry impact and trends.

PMID- 1821939
TI  - Medical section AIDS task force committee report.

PMID- 1821940
TI  - ACLI public affairs report.

PMID- 1821941
TI  - ACLI legislative/regulatory report.

PMID- 1821942
TI  - Life and health insurance medical research fund report.

PMID- 1821943
TI  - Medical information bureau update.

PMID- 1821944
TI  - History of surgery for obesity.

PMID- 1821945
TI  - Management and prognosis of breast cancer.

PMID- 1821946
TI  - An overview of lithotripsy.

PMID- 1821947
TI  - Management of acute myocardial infarction: time dependency.

PMID- 1821948
TI  - Heart transplantation: selection, prognosis and cost.

PMID- 1821949
TI  - Restenosis after angioplasty.
AB  - In summary, this discussion has dealt with the current state of restenosis
      occurring after coronary angioplasty. I have developed the theory that the lesion
      responsible for cases of restenosis is largely a proliferative lesion composed of
      activated and proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells. When this uncontrolled
      process continues it will finally obliterate the lumen, between three and six
      months after the dilatation. The restenosis process is predicted or at least more
      likely to occur in patients to have certain risk factors. These risk factors
      don't appear to be related to the patient per se but instead to the lesion and
      some procedural factors. Lesions that are proximal, particularly in the left
      anterior descending and vein grafts are at highest risk to undergo restenosis.
      Lesions that are long, very severely stenosed, incompletely dilated or in small
      coronary arteries are also at high-risk for restenosis. Overall, about one-third
      of all patients who have a successful PTCA will have restenosis. At least one
      third of these will have no symptoms that are interpreted as ischemia. Therefore,
      the definition of restenosis has to be by angiography. There is no other way to
      make a definition at present. There are no medical treatments that are proven to
      prevent restenosis. Currently the only acceptable treatment is a repeat dilation
      or another interventional procedure.

PMID- 1821950
TI  - Arrhythmias and role of AICD.

PMID- 1821951
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 1821952
TI  - Geriatric stress testing and physical conditioning of the aged.

PMID- 1821953
TI  - [Psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents dependent on inhalation of
      toxic substances].
AB  - Fifty persons of the age of 13 to 18 who had been stuffing themselves with steams
      of solvents, were medically examined. There were used medical (psychiatrical,
      neurological, internal) and psychological examinations--with the D. Weschler's
      scale of intelligence and questionnaire interviews obtaining from those who
      underwent the examinations and their parents. It was stated that the beginning of
      the intoxication was mostly preceded by the difficulties in social adjustment.
      Number of inter-related negative elements of biological and psychosocial nature
      were at the base of those difficulties from among which the substantial part was
      taken by disturbed family conditions and irregularly formed (for various reasons)
      personality of those peoples. The dependency was followed with more and more
      intensified social difficulties.

PMID- 1821954
TI  - [The psychiatric patient in general practice].

PMID- 1821955
TI  - [Encephalopathy after brain injuries during birth in the light of a 25-year
      follow-up].
AB  - In the years 1916-1989 104 men (68% boys examined in the 60th) of the average age
      of 36 underwent catamnestic examinations. They were stated in 1960-62, according
      to clinical documentation of delivery to have the birth brain injury. The main
      aim of the work was to try to explain whether the particular disturbances of
      children and teenagers with M.B.D. are only passing episodes or they transfer
      into the psychic disturbances when patients grow up, and also to find out if
      there is any relation between them. The results of the examination after 25 years
      proved but the organic irreversible damage of the central nervous system in 71%
      of men and in 60% of cases the birth injury was the only factor and in the rest
      ones it was one of many reasons. The clinical manifestation of the diagnosed
      organic brain damage after the birth injury in the case of grown-ups were: wrong
      developed personality mainly in the emotional sphere, psychosomatic diseases with
      aggravated vegetative reactions, incorrect results of additional tests and also
      disability to functioning in society with social unfitness. In the light of the
      examinations it seems that birth brain injury is a very important risk factor for
      unfitness to modern civilization.

PMID- 1821956
TI  - [The role of psychological examinations of candidates for the Military Medical
      Academy].
AB  - The basic purpose of the work was determination of personality factors of the
      lack of adaptation ability in the academy and the same time checking the
      usefulness of psychological prognosis in the range of adaptative abilities at the
      Military Medical Academy. R.B. Cattell's Personality Questionnaire and H. Gough's
      Psychological Investory were applied in the investigations in the period of
      recruitment. Conclusions point explicitly to the dependence between the level of
      maturity of the personality structure and adaptative abilities and confirm the
      usefulness of psychological prognosis in the time of the selection of candidates
      to Military Medical Academy.

PMID- 1821957
TI  - [Evaluation of mental status of children with malabsorption syndrome after long
      term treatment with gluten-free diet (preliminary report)].
AB  - The author examined 41 children, suffering from celiac disease with psychiatric
      methods and EEG. The children, aged 7-17 y., were many years on gluten-free
      diets. Various psychiatric symptoms were found in 48.8%, and EEG abnormalities in
      70.7%. Only 9 children (21.9%) were free from any psychiatric disorders and EEG
      abnormalities.

PMID- 1821958
TI  - [Etiopathogenesis, symptomatology and the course of depressive disorders in
      children and adolescents].
AB  - The study presents results of ++longitudinal studies (retro- and prospective) of
      depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The etiology, clinical course
      and frequency of various clinical pictures of these disorders is presented.
      Organic brain disorders and latent forms of endogenous depression in children and
      adolescents are considered alike.

PMID- 1821959
TI  - [Organic depressive disorders in children and adolescents].
AB  - This study presents frequency of organic depressive disorders in children and
      adolescents, their clinical manifestations and clinical course. The effects of
      coexisting organic brain lesion on clinical presentation and course of inorganic
      depressive disorders evaluated as well.

PMID- 1821960
TI  - [Deontological problems of child psychiatry].

PMID- 1821961
TI  - [Longitudinal studies of the development of personality--problems of
      classification].

PMID- 1821962
TI  - [Crisis intervention in cases of attempted suicide].

PMID- 1821963
TI  - [Paul Schroder's views on the typology of character as a contribution to the
      study of psychopathology of children and adolescents].

PMID- 1821964
TI  - [The clinical psychologist and diagnosis and therapy of psycho- somatic and
      somatic diseases].

PMID- 1821965
TI  - [Basic aspects of sexual activity during military service].

PMID- 1821967
TI  - [Scientific, organizational and didactic achievements of Prof. Zdzislaw
      Rydzynski].

PMID- 1821966
TI  - Introduction to the organically based therapies.
AB  - The author presents his whole-life experience with biological treatment of mental
      disorders. He qualified 50 years ago in 1933 and has been psychiatrist for 50
      years. During his practice extending over half a century he tested personally and
      clinical work all biological therapeutic procedures in psychiatry, starting with
      treatment by pharmacogenic sleep, all types of shock therapy, psychosurgery,
      modern psychiatric pharmacotherapy as well as possibilities of contemporary
      prevention of psychiatric diseases by thymoprophylaxis . In this chapter the
      author presents a chronological review of different types and forms of biological
      therapy in psychiatry and his own views on the therapeutic effectiveness on
      different methods of biologically oriented psychiatric therapy.

PMID- 1821968
TI  - [EEG sleep patterns and biogenic amine metabolizing enzymes in patients with
      endogenous depression].
AB  - Polygraphic sleep patterns as well as monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aldehyde
      reductase (AR) activity in blood platelets were assessed in 16 patients with
      endogenous depression. Results subjected to factor analysis revealed four
      essential factors. One of the factors was significantly loaded with MAO and AR
      activity as well as with REM latency and phasic REM percentage.

PMID- 1821969
TI  - [Personality characteristics as a prognostic factor in using antidepressive drugs
      in endogenous depression].
AB  - The study aimed to test usefulness of personality patterns for prediction of
      efficacy of antidepressant drugs in patients with endogenous depression. No
      association between a positive response to treatment and such personality traits
      as neuroticism, extraversion, nervous system reactivity or MMPI clinical scales
      profile was demonstrated. A positive response to the pharmacological treatment
      was significantly more frequently observed in persons characterized by a
      capability to control expression of mental symptoms (subscale Cn in MMPI). A lack
      of response to treatment was more frequently observed in persons demonstrating
      high scores in lie scales of MMPI and MPI and characterized by higher score in Re
      (responsibility) subscale of MMPI.

PMID- 1821971
TI  - [Ethical problems of insanity].

PMID- 1821970
TI  - [Monitoring of the treatment of endogenous depression with imipramine and
      amitriptyline (preliminary report)].
AB  - Monitored treatment of a depressed phase of unipolar affective disorder was
      conducted in 11 female patients receiving imipramine and in 12 females taking
      amitriptyline. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the drug and in 6
      patients the drugs were switched because of the lack of response to the first
      used compound. In the imipramine treated group a satisfactory response after 4
      weeks of management (less than 6 points on Hamilton's depression scale) was
      observed in 6 patients and in amitriptyline treated group in 5 patients. Patients
      displaying a satisfactory response to amitryptyline had significantly higher--as
      compared to remaining patients in the group--plasma levels of the drug after two
      and four weeks of treatment. Such an association was not observed in patients
      treated wtih imipramine. Severity of depression and motor retardation before the
      treatment was similar both in patients with satisfactory and with poor response
      to imipramine as well as to amitriptyline. However the intensity of anxiety
      symptoms was higher in patients exhibiting poor response to treatment with
      amitriptyline and imipramine as well.

PMID- 1821973
TI  - [Early results of the treatment of endogenous depression with tricyclic
      antidepressive drugs and prognosis of their effectiveness].
AB  - Evaluation of a group of 250 patients with endogenous depression in the course of
      affective illness suggest that reactions of patients to tricyclic antidepressants
      in an early phase of the treatment may supply interesting prognostic data.
      Improvement of mental state (reduction of the Hamilton Depression Scale score) on
      the seventh day and especially on the 14th day of treatment points to a high
      probability of positive response to the treatment. Lack of such a reaction or
      worsening of the mental state in the early phase of pharmacotherapy (on the
      seventh day) frequently is an early sign of lack of positive response to the
      treatment. The survey considered following antidepressant drugs: amitriptyline,
      noxiptilin, clomipramine, dibenzepin and desipramine.

PMID- 1821972
TI  - [Treatment of depression with intravenous infusions of clomipramine and
      maprotiline].
AB  - 28 patients aged from 31 to 69 years with endogenous depression were studied. All
      cases were drug-resistant i.e. they did not improve after a treatment with
      tricyclic antidepressants and in four cases also after electroconvulsive therapy.
      The group were managed with intravenous infusions of clomipramine or maprotiline
      followed by oral administration of the drug. Clomipramine was given i.v. at doses
      75-300 mg daily for 7 to 16 days and maprotiline at 75-200 mg daily for 6 to 20
      days. Remission of depressive symptoms was observed in 43% of cases and the first
      signs of improvement were observed on tenth day of the treatment. Tolerance to
      both drugs given parenterally in majority of cases was satisfactory. Half of the
      group did not show any untoward events. The rest of the group displayed local
      tissue reactions, both increased and decreased blood pressure, weakness,
      drowsiness, anxiety, vertigo, hyperpyretic reactions. Four patients had the
      treatment discontinued because of local tissue reactions or increased blood
      pressure or hyperpyretic reactions.

PMID- 1821974
TI  - [Physiological status of the body and prediction of the effectiveness of drug
      therapy of depression. I. Physiological indicators of the reaction to
      antidepressive drugs].
AB  - Evaluation of pulse and breathing rhythm, postural muscle tone, mood and simple
      reaction time to auditory signal were conducted sevenfold in each of 35 patients
      with endogenous depression during the six weeks of antidepressant administration.
      Increased pulse and breath rate and improved mood on the third day of treatment
      differentiates good and poor responders to the applied treatment. A hypothesis
      concerning a possible role of observed changes in the balance of autonomous
      nervous system in the third day of treatment as a positive prognostic sign for
      the efficiency of medication is evaluated. It appears that mood self-rating on an
      analogous scale, breath rhythm and postural muscle tone may be used as new early
      indices of antidepressant drugs efficiency.

PMID- 1821975
TI  - [Physiological status of the body and prediction of the effectiveness of drug
      therapy of depression. II. Physiological indicators of the reaction to sleep
      deprivation].
AB  - A study of pulse and breath rate, postural muscle tone and mood has been
      conducted in 30 patients with endogenous depression before and after night's
      sleep deprivation. Most patients who did respond to antidepressant treatment
      rated their mood following the sleepless night higher than on the preceding day.
      After the sleepless night their rate of breathing increased. In a subgroup of
      poor responders to the applied treatment breathing rhythm after sleepless night
      did not change and only a few patients found their mood changed following sleep
      deprivation. Decreased postural muscles tone was noticed in both subgroups of
      patients. Effects observed in the study may be related to a decreased anxiety
      level observed in the patients following treatment regimen.

PMID- 1821976
TI  - [GABA levels in the plasma of patients with endogenous depression and during the
      treatment with thymoleptics].
AB  - The analysis of GABA levels in plasma of 28 normal persons and 25 patients with
      endogenous depression did not show any significant differences between both
      groups. Neither did we observe any differences in GABA levels in patients treated
      with antidepressant drugs before and after treatment, during a remission or a
      depression, in responders or nonresponders to treatment. The study did not
      indicate any results pointing to a role of gabaergic mechanisms in the
      pathophysiology of endogenous depression or in the action of tricyclic
      antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 1821977
TI  - [Changes in hemodynamic indicators during doxepin therapy as a prognostic factor
      in the treatment of endogenous depression].
AB  - Hemodynamic studies with a radiocardiographic method were conducted in 28 male
      patients with unipolar affective disorder during treatment of a current depressed
      phase with doxepin. Total Peripheral Resistance Index (TPRI) indicated the best
      potential for prediction of hemodynamic tolerance to doxepin and of final
      treatment outcome.

PMID- 1821978
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of mianserin om hemodynamic indicators in patients with
      endogenous depression].
AB  - 30 patients (25 males and 5 females) treated clinically with mianserin for a
      depressive episode in the course of unipolar affective illness was examined for
      hemodynamic problems using a radiocardiographic method. After two weeks of
      treatment Total Peripheral Resistance Index (TPRI) and blood pressure diminished
      significantly compared to basal pretreatment levels. A clear decrease of TPRI
      during the treatment may be a positive prognostic sign.

PMID- 1821979
TI  - [Effect of thymoleptics on hemodynamic indicators and prediction of the
      effectiveness of the treatment of endogenous depression].
AB  - In 92 patients (22 females and 70 males) with unipolar affective disorder
      hemodynamic studies using a radiocardiographic method were performed during
      treatment of a depressed phase of illness with amitriptyline or doxepin or
      mianserin. Frequent presentation of hemodynamic disturbances (increased heart
      rate and increased blood pressure) in the course of endogenous depression was
      noticed. Thymoleptic treatment causes the disturbances to alter in a
      statistically significant manner which allows to predict the final treatment
      outcome. Total Peripheral Resistance Index (TPRI) reveals the highest prognostic
      potential.

PMID- 1821980
TI  - [Evaluation of side effects and complications during the treatment of affective
      psychoses with thymoleptics].
AB  - Evaluation of effects of amitriptyline, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin ,
      clomipramine and citalopram was performed in 84 patients (49 females and 35
      males) age on average 40 years with diagnosis of affective psychosis treated in
      the Department of Psychiatry Medical School of Szczecin. Antidepressants
      independently from their pharmacological profile cause in above 50% of patients
      side effects mainly from autonomous nervous system. Tricyclic antidepressants
      caused some cardiotoxic effects which were not observed during administration of
      antidepressant drugs of different chemical structure, especially of citalopram.
      No effects on the haemopoietic system and on parenchymatous organs were observed.
      Neither were affected hypothalamic mechanisms for basal secretion of thyrotropic
      hormone, prolactin , cortisol and so ACTH. Multifactorial analysis of positive
      and untoward effects observed during the treatment shows comparable clinical
      value of all six evaluated drugs. A choice of a drug for an individual should
      depend on particular clinical contraindications.

PMID- 1821981
TI  - [The course of bipolar disorder before the manifestation of the first manic
      stage].
AB  - The study aimed to establish prognostic considerations for the course of bipolar
      affective disorder from its onset till first manic phase in persons in whom
      depression was that first clinical phase of the disorder. Studied group comprised
      of 80 patients (34 males and 46 females) with the disorder lasting for 11 to 50
      years. Within the evaluated period as positive prognostic factors were identified
      an early onset of the disorder (before 30 years of age), a short (lasting less
      than 3 months) first depressed phase and a long (above 5 years) first remission.
      In women and in persons who had lost their parents before 14 years of age the
      course of disorder was more severe as indicated by duration and frequency of
      depressed phases. The time of duration of the disorder until the first manic
      phase was not influenced by pharmacotherapy. Both, treated and untreated
      depressions more frequently ended with remission (77% of episodes) than switch to
      mania (23% of episodes). Perris' criterion for diagnosis of unipolar affective
      disorder has rather limited value since in almost half of the studied individuals
      a risk of occurrence of a manic phase following three successive depressed phases
      still existed and diagnosis was still an open question.

PMID- 1821983
TI  - Intraocular pressure and prolactin measures in seasonal affective disorder.
AB  - To test further an original hypothesis of possible dampening of the hemodynamics
      of the eye in Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), the authors determined temporal
      organisation of both the intraocular pressure (IOP) and serum prolactin (PRL)
      values for ten seasonally depressed women and twelve sex- and age-matched
      controls during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in winter (February
      through December). Recent studies suggest that low prolactin secretion may be a
      trait characteristic in SAD and this hormone is known to influence on transport
      mechanism of water and electrolytes from blood to aqueous humor. The SAD women
      had significantly lower IOP and PRL values than the control subjects at all four
      time points measured starting from 4.00 p.m. The authors discuss the implications
      of the finding of lowered IOP in relation to opposing roles of dopamine and
      serotonin in prolactin secretion in SAD.

PMID- 1821982
TI  - [Transition from the depressive stage to the manic stage during the treatment
      with antidepressive drugs].
AB  - The effects of antidepressant drugs on phase switching was studied in 602
      individuals treated for endogenous depression. Altogether 869 depressed phases
      were evaluated retrospectively--there were 470 depressed phases in the course of
      bipolar affective disorder and 399 of unipolar disorder or with the undefined
      course. Switching from depression to mania was observed in patients with bipolar
      disorder--in 27.9% of cases of bipolar depression and in 21.5% of bipolar
      patients. Most frequently the switching was observed during management of
      depressed phase with amitriptyline (24.4% of treatments with this drug). The
      results point to a role of cholinergic system in pathophysiology of switching out
      of depression into mania during treatment with antidepressant drug.

PMID- 1821984
TI  - [Reaction to sleep deprivation as a prognostic factor in the treatment of
      endogenous depression].
AB  - Studies conducted on a group of 38 patients with endogenous depression
      demonstrated that a reaction to sleep-deprivation presenting as improved well
      being has a significant predictive potential for treatment with imipramine.
      Patients who displayed the reaction also significantly more frequently displayed
      improvement of clinical course (remission; good response). Risk of switching from
      depression to mania also increased among these patients. Patients responding to
      sleep-deprivation with improved well-being belonged mainly to the bipolar
      affective disorder. Neither clinical manifestations of depression, nor the number
      of relapses, nor the duration period of the disorder, nor basic demographic
      patterns did show distinct features; nor did they differ significantly from
      patients who did not respond to sleep-deprivation with improved well-being.

PMID- 1821985
TI  - [Changes in cognitive functions after sleep deprivation as a prognostic indicator
      of drug therapy of endogenous depression].
AB  - Studies performed on a group of 27 patients with endogenous depression
      demonstrated that changes of cognitive functions following sleep deprivation may
      reveal a prognostic potential for results of pharmacological treatment of
      depression. Worsening of memory following sleep deprivation was more frequently
      observed in a subgroup of nonresponders. Greater improvement of concentration and
      increased task mobilization were noticed in a subgroup which positively responded
      to the antidepressant treatment. Patient's age, sex, self-rating of depression
      intensity or baseline level of ability to memorize, to concentrate attention, to
      perform tasks did not exhibit any predictive value.

PMID- 1821986
TI  - [Cognitive functions and the effectiveness of drug therapy in patients with
      endogenous depression].
AB  - Studies conducted on a group of 27 patients with endogenous depression
      demonstrated that measurements of dynamics of changes in memory function,
      attention concentration and task performance during administration of
      antidepressants have only a limited potential for prediction of the treatment
      efficiency. No significant differences in successive tests of memory function
      during drug administration were observed in a subgroup of patients responding
      positively to antidepressant treatment (subgroup R). In a subgroup of
      nonresponders (subgroup NR) a worsening of results of memory tests following a
      sleepless night lasted longer. In tests of attention concentration the subgroup R
      have shown a gradual improvement of results in successive test and the subgroup
      NR displayed a significant improvement of results in these tests only after 42
      days of treatment. In the Kraepelin's test both groups displayed a significant
      improvement of results in relation to their baseline level, however the
      improvement was more pronounced in the subgroup R. The dynamics of changes of
      cognitive functioning in patients with endogenous depression did not reveal any
      linear association with the reduction of depressive symptoms.

PMID- 1821987
TI  - [Neuropsychological disorders in patients with symptomatic AIDS treated in 1990
      at the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinic, Medical Academy, Warsaw].
AB  - Material of this study consists of data collected during treatment of HIV
      infected patients admitted to AIDS Clinic in Warsaw. This unit, as the first in
      Poland, hospitalized seropositive patients with various infectious problems.
      Psychiatric complication of HIV infection (which needed psychotropic medication)
      was already observed in the first patient, who died with AIDS diagnosis (in
      February, 1987). In this study data concerning patients in AIDS Clinic during
      1990 are presented. In this time 89 HIV seropositive patients (11 of these were
      women) were admitted to the clinic. Fifty two patients (10 of them were women)
      were IV drug abusers. Other 33 patients were homosexual (among them 4 IV drug
      abusers). Eight patients were out of high risk groups for HIV infection. Twelve
      of 89 patients were newly AIDS diagnosed. Three of them were IV drug abusers.
      Nine of AIDS patients (one a drug abuser) died in 1990. In six of 12 patients
      with AIDS diagnosis (50%) neuropsychiatric disorders were stated: depressive
      syndromes (n = 2), dementia syndromes with severe neurological symptoms (n = 2),
      delirium syndromes (n = 2). Other 3 person were IV drug abusers. In this study
      all above mentioned cases and their treatment are described. Our data suggest
      that HIV seropositive patients with psychiatric disorders need very careful
      diagnosis and an individual therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 1821988
TI  - [Rorschach test and the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia].
AB  - 37 patients (21 men, 26 women) during treatment for schizophrenia were studied
      with Rorschach test, BPRS and Hamilton Depression Scale. In 12 patients Rorschach
      test results were not interpreted because of scant answers--these patients
      manifested more psychopathology, especially depressive and defective symptoms. In
      25 patients, in whom the interrelationships between the applied tests were
      studied, the results indicated that the intensity of psychopathologic symptoms
      showed positive correlation with the analytically-scrupulous thinking; the
      intensity of productive symptoms correlated with the interests in other people.
      The finding was more pronounced among the male patients which may suggest some
      dependency of schizophrenic thought disorder on patients sex. The intensity of
      depressive symptoms measured by Hamilton Scale showed positive correlation with
      the index of thinking correctness but negative correlation with impoverishment of
      internal and external activity. The results suggest that depressive symptoms in
      the course of schizophrenia may significantly influence Rorschach test results.

PMID- 1821989
TI  - [Evaluation of mental status of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 in
      relation to the duration of the illness].
AB  - Personality features of 38 men (mean age 31 +/- 7 years) with the diagnosis of
      the type I diabetes mellitus and 23 healthy subjects of similar age were assessed
      by MMPI. Diabetics in addition were examined by means the Potential Intelligence
      Test (TPI). MMPI profiles of three groups of the examines were significantly
      different and suggested that the circumstances of diabetes mellitus type I and
      the duration of the disease could be responsible for the changes in the mental
      state of the patients.

PMID- 1821990
TI  - [Mental efficiency of the progeny of men with epilepsy].
AB  - 58 men treated for epilepsy, average age 38.5, and their 100 children aged on
      average 11.2 were subjected to psychological tests adapted to patients age.
      Mental effectiveness test (IQ) were based on WHO criteria for Wechsler Scale.
      Among the epileptic patients 77.6% presented normal IQ tests results, whereas
      5.6% were mentally retarded. In the children group, 85% achieved normal IQ tests
      results. The proportion of mentally retarded children (5%) was higher than in
      general population. The results below the normal range of IQ were significantly
      more frequently observed in children whose fathers themselves achieved low IQ (p
      less than 0.05) or had severe form of epilepsy (p less than 0.025) or in children
      from families with poor socioeconomic status (p less than 0.025).

PMID- 1821991
TI  - [Clinical picture of neuropsychological disorders in dementia].
AB  - We analysed the construction of neuropsychological disorders in the group of 50
      demented patients diagnosed according the DSM III. Examination included clinical
      state, eeg, CT, observations of Hachinski's test and some psychological methods
      estimating social or occupational functioning, orientation, memory, thinking,
      perception and copying figures, emotional state. We have not found synonymous
      agreement between a degree of dementia and movement, CT and eeg disorders. From
      the psychical functions impairment most frequently were: disorders of recent
      memory, perception and copying figures as well as thinking. Emotional difficulty
      not be a rule.

PMID- 1821992
TI  - [Alcohol drinking among students and behavior disorders].
AB  - The study concerns relationship between the amount of consumed alcohol (vodka),
      related to blood alcohol concentration, and behaviour, 1255 students (670 men and
      585 women) were studied. Probable alcohol concentration and resulting behavioral
      signs were assumed basing of B. Leonhard's model (1983). The analysis of the
      results revealed that 33% of women and 12% of men did not use vodka. Most
      proportion of men (about 25%) will have blood alcohol level in the range 0.09
      0.12% and similar group (about 25%) will have above 0.3% alcohol in blood judging
      from the volume of used vodka. Most women (30%) will have alcohol level 0.03% and
      0.05%. These alcohol levels will cause a state easily detected by police testing
      equipment, and presenting in behavioral terms with lowering of self-control and
      self-criticism. At the same time the person have a feeling of increased
      efficiency leading to increased risk of traffic and work accidents.

PMID- 1821993
TI  - [Mental disorders in AIDS. Does HIV psychosis exist?].

PMID- 1821995
TI  - [Personalized concepts of the individual and a method of approach to the
      psychiatric patient].

PMID- 1821994
TI  - [AIDS--legal aspects].

PMID- 1821996
TI  - [Psychiatric rehabilitation in the aspect of a large psychiatric institution].

PMID- 1821998
TI  - [Schizophreniform disorder in a patient with ARC syndrome].

PMID- 1821997
TI  - [Dexamethasone suppression test and the positive and negative symptoms of
      schizophrenia].
AB  - 40 patients (26 males, 14 females), aged 18-50 years, with diagnosis of
      schizophrenia were studied before the treatment for recurrence of acute
      schizophrenic symptom was started. All patients had dexamethasone suppression
      test (DST) and BPRS and Hamilton Depression Scale tests. Initial cortisol plasma
      concentration correlated positively with the intensity of productive symptoms
      measured by BPRS. The cortisol plasma level measured 17 hour after dexamethasone
      administration correlated negatively with the global symptom intensity in the
      BPRS. Pathological DST results were observed in 14 patients (35%). These patients
      presented lower intensity of psychopathological symptoms in the BPRS as compared
      to the remaining patients. The intensity of depression measured by Hamilton Scale
      did not show correlation with DST results. We conclude that in the schizophrenic
      patients during acute phase of the disease, the intensity of psychopathologic
      symptoms (mainly productive symptoms) is related to increased activity of the
      hypothalamo-hypophyseal-suprarenal axis which manifests itself with increased
      basal levels of plasma cortisol. Reactivity of this axis, with good suppression
      in the DST results seems to be normal. The intensity of depressive symptoms did
      not show significant relation to activity of the axis judging from DST results.

PMID- 1822000
TI  - [AIDS-related ethical problems. A psychiatric aspect].

PMID- 1821999
TI  - [Schizophreniform psychosis in a patient with idiopathic calcinosis of the basal
      ganglia].

PMID- 1822001
TI  - The uptake and efflux of doxorubicin by a sensitive human bladder cancer cell
      line and its doxorubicin-resistant subline.
AB  - The uptake and efflux of doxorubicin (Dox) were investigated in a human bladder
      cancer cell line (UM-UC-6) and in a multi-drug resistant (mdr) subline (UM-UC
      6Dox). Unlike previous reports, the initial uptake kinetics of Dox, and its
      accumulation and retention to steady-state were modelled mathematically. Cells
      were incubated with Dox and the amount of Dox in the cellular and medium phases
      was measured by a specific HPLC method. When monitored for 1 min from 0.02 microM
      to 25 microM Dox, the uptake was very rapid but was significantly faster in the
      resistant cell line. The initial rate of uptake at t = 0 followed Michaelis
      Menten kinetics yielding Vmax values (the maximal rate of uptake) of 15.0 +/- 1.7
      and 12.9 +/- 1.2 nmol/10(6)/min and Km (rate at Vmax/2) of 25.2 +/- 4.7 and 16.4
      +/- 2.9 microM for UM-UC-6 and UM-UC-6Dox, respectively. There was no metabolism
      of Dox by keto-reduction or reductive hydrolysis. At 1.0 microM the uptake of Dox
      to steady-state was biexponential but there was no difference in total cellular
      Dox concentration between the two cell lines at equilibrium. A 3 compartment
      sequential closed model was fitted yielding significantly different values for
      the intercompartmental and hybrid rate constants, indicating altered
      intracellular distribution in resistant cells. Verapamil (10 microM),
      trifluoperazine (10 microM) or Tween 80 (0.005%) had no effect on the uptake or
      efflux of Dox. The UM-UC-6Dox line appeared to show atypical mdr characteristics
      since net drug accumulation was not lowered and classic P-glycoprotein inhibitors
      were not effective. The primary mechanism of Dox resistance is not enhanced
      metabolism or lowered intracellular concentrations.

PMID- 1822002
TI  - Toxicity and antitumor activity of liposome-entrapped retinoid Ro13-7410.
AB  - We compared the toxicity of free and liposome-entrapped retinoid, Ro13-7410 in
      C2DF1 mice. Mice received 7 daily i.p. injections of liposome-entrapped Ro13-7410
      at doses of 5, 10, 100, 500, or 1000 micrograms/kg bw/day. For comparison, two
      groups of mice were used as controls, one group received Ro13-7410 in corn oil
      and a second group received liposome-entrapped Ro13-7410 that had been
      solubilized with detergent. The liposomes were then tested for chemotherapeutic
      activity against human myelocytic leukemia (HL-60/MRI) implanted in athymic NCr
      nu mice. The doses used in the chemotherapy experiment (20, 50, and 100
      micrograms/kg bw/day) were selected based on the results of the toxicity
      experiment in CD2F1 mice. CD2F1 mice were marginally protected from toxicity
      after receiving retinoid in liposomes relative to controls. There were 2/5
      survivors in the 1000 micrograms/kg bw/day Ro13-7410-liposome group after 7 daily
      i.p. doses compared to 0/5 for both the corn oil and solubilized liposome groups,
      and 4/5 survivors in the 500 micrograms/kg bw/day Ro13-7410-liposome group after
      7 daily i.p. doses compared to 2/5 for both the corn oil and solubilized liposome
      groups. We observed no dramatic differences in toxicity among the treatment
      groups over the range of doses administered. There were 2/6 long-term tumor-free
      survivors in athymic mice receiving liposome-entrapped retinoid, at 50
      micrograms/kg bw/day for 7 days, compared with 0/6 and 0/9 survivors in groups
      receiving empty liposomes or no treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822004
TI  - [Treatment of biliary lithiasis: the opinion of an internist].

PMID- 1822003
TI  - A model for mimicking the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy drugs for evaluation
      of drug effects in a soft agar colony formation assay system.
AB  - Colony formation assay systems are an important part of in vitro drug evaluation.
      It would be useful if the in vitro drug cytotoxicity could be carried out under
      conditions mimicking those employed clinically. We have developed an individual
      colony formation assay system that would allow monitoring and quantitation of the
      growth of individual colonies (9) in the presence of the drug under conditions of
      continuous and/or short-term exposure, after plating of the cells in the agarose.
      In this brief report, we established the pharmacokinetic profile of four drugs,
      cytosine arabinoside (araC), Doxorubicin (Dox), 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) and 5
      fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) in agarose mimicking those that are achieved when
      these agents were administered in vivo as an i.v. push. The results show that
      short-term treatment in agarose is possible and that the washing procedure of the
      drugs decreased the drug concentrations 3-4 logs over 44 hours.

PMID- 1822005
TI  - [Current management of biliary lithiasis: the point of view of a surgeon].

PMID- 1822007
TI  - [Animal models of biliary lithiasis].
AB  - Different animal models of biliary stones are presented. A discussion in the
      diets, medication and types of animal races used in each type of pigmentary or
      cholesterol stones is done. Physiopathology and bioquemical bases are presented
      as conclusions obtained from animal experimentation.

PMID- 1822006
TI  - [Cholesterol biliary lithiasis (risk factors)].
AB  - The prevalence of gallstone disease in the world is heterogenous, it exist a wide
      range between different geographic areas, sex and age groups. Its distribution
      seems to be influenced by various factors such as age, sex, socieconomic class,
      genetic and ethnic influences and diseases like diabetes mellitus and obesity.
      Therefore, in this study, we will analyse the importance of each of those factors
      in the development of cholesterol gallstone disease.

PMID- 1822008
TI  - [Physiopathology of cholesterol biliary calculi].
AB  - The development of gallstones into the gallbladder is a dynamic event that
      comprises many contributing factors. In this work we reviewed the main factors
      such as physico-chemical properties of the major components of bile, with the
      purpose of obtain better understanding of the pathogenesis of cholesterol
      gallstones.

PMID- 1822009
TI  - [Medical treatment of biliary lithiasis. Orally administered biliary acids].
AB  - In the western world, gallstones are constituted completely by or have more than
      70% of cholesterol. This is a consequence of a metabolic derangement in the
      biliary lipids composition. With the administration of quenodesoxicholic and
      ursodesoxicholic acids, the molar relationship between the biliary lipids
      modified in order to dissolve the gallstones. With the use of the bile acids
      alone or in combination we accomplished the complete dissolution in 38-55% of
      selected patients. In the present paper we review the rationale, indications,
      posology and monitorization of the patients submitted to treatment with orally
      bile acids.

PMID- 1822011
TI  - [Fragmentation of single biliary calculi with an electromagnetic generator].
AB  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a non surgical alternative for the
      treatment of cholelitiasis. At present, there are three main types of shock waves
      generators, one of them an electromagnetic device is (lithostar plus). The aim of
      this work is inform results obtained using Lithostar plus machine for the
      treatment of patients with a single gallstone. From total of 722 patients, 98
      filled criteria for lithotripsy treatment; 63 patients had a single gallstone,
      with a mean age of 48.83 +/- 13.89 22 were males and 41 females. Patients were
      divided in 5 groups in base of the number of extracorporeal shock waves used, all
      of them had similar a gallstones of similar size. 32 patients (50.8%) showed
      total fragmentation with only one session. According with the results obtained,
      we can conclude that using lithostar plus we can get total fragmentation in one
      session in 50.8% of patients with a single gallstone.

PMID- 1822010
TI  - [Usefulness of cholesterol solvents administered percutaneously in the non
      surgical treatment of biliary lithiasis].
AB  - We present the current state of the art in the use of Methyl tertbutyl ether
      (MTBE) in dissolution of gallbladder cholesterol stones, as well as the use of
      another solvents in case of common bile duct stones. MTBE is useful, with few
      collateral effects and is safe but must be used cautiously by skilled and
      experimented personal; the cost of equipment is high; MTBE could not be used in
      common bile duct stones, monoctanoic acid is used instead but it needs continuous
      vigilance while infused. We do not recommend the use of others substances.

PMID- 1822012
TI  - [Surgical treatment of gallbladder lithiasis].
AB  - An extensive review of indications, contraindications, surgical technique,
      morbidity and mortality of cholecistectomy is done. A comparison with other types
      of treatment, use in asymptomatic patients and the necessity of cholangiography
      during surgery is discussed. Emphasis is done in the surgical access as well as
      acute cholecistitis is diagnosed.

PMID- 1822013
TI  - [Cholecystectomy with minilaparotomy].
AB  - Carl Langenbuch realized in Germany in 1882, the first cholecystectomy. On this
      century of experience, the technique has been converted in a classic way. Since
      1910, it was converted on the gold standard in the treatment of the
      cholelithiasis, place that it still conserve. In the last three years, with the
      apparition of the endoscopy techniques, and the minimum access idea, the way of
      carrying it out has changed. Merril in United States of America reports 82 cases
      of cholecystectomy through incisions from 4 to 6 cms of longitude, with good
      results. We present the first 15 cases of cholecystectomy through wounds of 3-5
      cms made for the authors and review the results. We concluded that should join a
      major casuistic to evaluate the place that these techniques could ocupate.

PMID- 1822015
TI  - [Treatment of bile duct calculi with extracorporeal lithotripsy].
AB  - Currently there are several non-surgical procedures on biliary duct stones
      treatment; one of them is extracorporeal shock-waves lithotripsy (ESWL), which
      has advantages over the others. It is safe, effective and non invasive method,
      that does not need direct contact with the stone and has low morbidity. We
      treated 10 patients with ESWL generated by a piezoelectric system with ultrasonic
      localization. The stones were fragmented in 80% of the patients and eventually
      the concrements were eliminated in 63%. The complications were one case of
      hemobilia and another of pancreatitis.

PMID- 1822014
TI  - [Endoscopic management of biliary lithiasis].
AB  - The management of bile duct stones is one of the most important contributions of
      therapeutic endoscopy. It is considered the elective method to treat
      cholecystectomized patients with recurrent or residual stones as well as those
      that have high surgical risk, choledocholithiasis and intact gallbladder.
      Discussion must yet come to terms with those patients that have low surgical
      risk. Patients with severe biliary pancreatitis have better outcome when they are
      treated endoscopically, making the procedure an alternative therapeutic approach.
      Stones are usually removed with balloons or dormia baskets. When the stones can
      not be extracted or there is a giant stone, endobiliary prostheses or nasobiliary
      catheters can be used. Materials and techniques are described in this paper.

PMID- 1822017
TI  - [Epidemiology and various etiologic considerations in relation to carcinoma of
      the gallbladder].

PMID- 1822016
TI  - [Treatment of choledocholithiasis at the General Hospital of Mexico, S.S].
AB  - We present two years of our surgical experience in the Gastroenterologic
      department of General Hospital of Mexico city; we studied prospectively 23
      patients with choledocholithiasis diagnosed preoperatively and postoperatively,
      18 females (78%) and 5 males (22%). Diagnosis were performed preoperatively by
      sonogram, intravenous cholangiography and/or endoscopic retrograde
      pancreatocholangiography in 19 cases, and postoperatively in four cases. In 22
      cases we performed colecistectomy with choledocotomy, extraction of calculi and
      placement of a "T" biliary catheter. In only one case was necessary a choledoco
      duodenal anastomosis. We observed morbility in 3 cases (13%), and a patient died
      postoperatively (4%). The postoperative follow up was satisfactory in 83% of
      these cases.

PMID- 1822018
TI  - Diffusion of water in biological tissues.
AB  - A method is presented for obtaining simple approximate solutions for the problem
      of self-diffusion in an ordered array of obstacles. Our results are compared with
      some previous exact and approximate solutions, and we find that our method agrees
      well with the exact results over a large range of the volume fraction of the
      obstructions. It is shown that there is an important distinction between
      measurements of the diffusion coefficient by the capillary flow method and the
      spin-echo method. The modifications for the spin-echo case are given and applied
      to recent measurements on the anisotropy of the self-diffusion of water in
      striated muscle and to measurements on cysts of the brine shrimp. The analysis
      shows that very large volume fractions of obstructive barriers are required in
      order to account for the reduction in the diffusion coefficient in biological
      systems. Thus this model analysis leads to the supposition that a substantial
      fraction (20-40%) of the cell water is hydration water, or that the diffusion
      coefficient of the cytoplasmic water is reduced substantially from the free water
      value. In either case, the conclusion that a substantial fraction of cell water
      has diffusive properties that are altered by the macromolecules of the cytoplasm
      seems inescapable. In the case of NMR methodology, the measuring times are such
      that the values for diffusion are often influenced by the presence of
      macromolecular structures (obstructions) within the cells. This suggests that
      obstructions make a significant contribution to the value of the NMR diffusion
      coefficient and that NMR may have practical value for the evaluation of
      obstruction effects.

PMID- 1822019
TI  - Aldehyde fixation causes membrane vesiculation during platelet exocytosis: a
      freeze-substitution study.
AB  - Despite a plethora of reports on the ultrastructure of secretory granule release
      by exocytosis, the release of coagulant activity from stimulated platelets is
      still being attributed to membrane vesiculation. Membrane vesiculation and the
      formation of myelin figures have been shown to be artifacts of glutaraldehyde GA
      fixation. Cells fixed by direct osmium or rapid freezing are free of such
      structures. Yet there is still doubt that rapid freezing interferes with
      vesiculation process. This study has addressed this issue by examining: (1)
      whether freezing and freeze-substitution affects membrane vesiculation, (2)
      whether paraformaldehyde-fixation also induces the phenomenon, and (3) whether
      the aldehyde concentration is of influence. Aldehyde fixation was carried out
      prior to impact freezing and freeze-substitution. In thrombin-stimulated
      platelets, membrane vesiculation and myelin figures were found. Glutaraldehyde
      induced multivesicular structures, paraformaldehyde or low aldehyde
      concentrations only blebs on the platelet surface. The membrane vesicles were in
      continuity with the cytoplasmic matrix. Unstimulated platelets did not show
      vesiculation or myelin figures. Control samples, without aldehyde fixation,
      showed instead of membrane vesiculation, granule fusion with the plasmalemma, or,
      instead of myelin figures, compound granules. This confirms that membrane
      vesiculation and the formation of myelin figures are artifacts induced by the
      failure of aldehydes to arrest lipid mobility within membranes undergoing rapid
      changes in structure. Although the presence of membrane vesiculation and myelin
      figures in platelets indicates that exocytotic processes were occurring at the
      moment of aldehyde fixation, the finding of membrane vesiculation in aldehyde
      fixed platelets does not indicate a separate type of exocytosis.

PMID- 1822020
TI  - Freezing: facts and hypothesis.
AB  - Hexagonal ice crystals formed in frozen biological specimens are large and
      branched. They can produce severe structural damage by solute segregation but
      there are also cases where they seem to cause only minor damage. When cooling is
      more rapid, cubic ice crystals can be formed. These are small and in general,
      they cause little damage. These observations can be readily explained with the
      hypothesis that large hexagonal ice crystals can originate from the rewarming
      induced transformation of a large number of cubic ice crystals. This
      transformation would take place without significant solute displacement.

PMID- 1822021
TI  - Preservation and immunogold localization of lipids by freeze-substitution and low
      temperature embedding.
AB  - The success of post-embedding immunocytochemistry depends largely on the
      preparation methods. The requirements for structural preservation and
      immunocytochemistry are in some cases contradictory. This is especially the case
      in the study of lipid-rich structures and the localization of lipid components.
      Earlier work on freeze-substitution has shown that this method is very promising
      for the preservation of lipids and the immunocytochemical localization of lipids
      at the electron microscopical level. In this study we show that freeze
      substitution in combination with low temperature embedding in Lowicryl HM20 has
      fulfilled this promise. Lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells contain about
      90% lipids and are very difficult to preserve in ultrathin cryosections. Lowicryl
      sections of freeze-substituted lung tissue shows excellent preservation of
      lamellar bodies in combination with immunogold localization of a hydrophobic
      surfactant protein. With an antibody against the Forssman glycolipid we
      demonstrate a highly reproducible intracellular localization of this glycolipid
      with high specificity and resolution. This method results in the retention of
      lipids and glycolipids and allows postembedding immunogold labeling.

PMID- 1822022
TI  - Strategies for improving the cytochemical and immunocytochemical sensitivity of
      ultrastructurally well-preserved, resin embedded biological tissue for light and
      electron microscopy.
AB  - Many techniques for processing tissue into resin are available, varying from
      conventional room temperature to low temperature procedures. The problem is to
      choose an appropriate method to suit the biological specimen under study. Room
      temperature approaches with aldehyde and osmium fixation do not give optimal
      retention of immunoreactivity. Osmium can be removed from sections, but recovery
      of immunosensitivity is reduced. Osmium post-fixation can be omitted, but heat
      polymerization of resins causes tissue extraction and loss of immunoreactivity.
      Alternative techniques rely on the use of milder polymerization methods and avoid
      osmium. However, while providing an improvement, this alone is not sufficient to
      maximize tissue reactivity. Fixation with high concentrations of glutaraldehyde
      (greater than 1%) and processing into resin at either room or low temperature
      results in retention of similar levels of immunoreactivity. Low concentration
      glutaraldehyde (less than 0.2%) fixation for short periods of time (less than 60
      minutes) produces improved tissue immunoreactivity and allows low concentrations
      of antigen at secondary sites to be detected. However, the tissue is now only
      minimally stabilized and is prone to extraction and conformational damage during
      processing. It can be partially protected by employing one of two strategies:
      processing at room temperature with partial dehydration (upto 70% solvent) and
      rapid embedding in LR White or Lowicryl K4M at 0 degrees C, or processing at
      progressively lower temperatures (PLT) and embedding in Lowicryl at -35/-50
      degrees C. In a third strategy, specimens sensitive to very low fixative
      concentrations are cryo-immobilized, then resin embedded after substitution or
      freeze-drying (this latter method awaiting evaluation for inclusion in our
      strategical approach).

PMID- 1822024
TI  - High voltage electron microscopy and low voltage scanning electron microscopy of
      human neoplastic cell culture.
AB  - Improved procedures were developed to correlate cell culture data with the images
      provided by advanced ultrastructural technologies. These procedures were
      compatible with the two main types of cellular behavior: adherent, spreading
      (melanomas, rhabdomyosarcomas) and non-adherent in suspension (leukemias). The
      ultrastructure and function of spreading neoplastic cells primarily depend on
      surface properties of the attaching substrates. Therefore, the films used for
      cultured cell whole-mount ultrastructural analysis must have adherence features
      identical to those of standard cell culture vessels. Improved procedures were
      developed to produce the polystyrene films of required qualities. These films
      allowed processing of cells for electron microscopy including chemical fixation,
      cryo-immobilization, and immunolabelling. Furthermore, these polystyrene films
      permitted observations of the same cell in the high voltage electron microscope
      to reveal the internal organization and in the low voltage scanning electron
      microscope to reveal the surface topography. Neoplastic cells in suspension may
      dramatically change their ultrastructure as a result of interactions with
      substrates or other cells. Therefore, immobilization of cellular processes must
      occur rapidly while cells remain in suspension. These processes were cryo
      immobilized by high pressure freezing through the use of the newly designed
      specimen carrier. Procedures allowing high yield attachment of cryo-fixed
      neoplastic cells to amino-propyl-derived glass carriers enabled observations of
      cell surface topography. Furthermore, freeze-substitution and drying of freeze
      fractured cells revealed their three-dimensional internal organization in the low
      voltage scanning electron microscope.

PMID- 1822023
TI  - The ultrastructure of cryo-sections and intact vitrified cells--the effects of
      cryoprotectants and acceleration voltage on beam induced bubbling.
AB  - Chemically fixed pancreas was infiltrated with various cryoprotectants to obtain
      homogeneously vitrified samples upon cooling. The suitability of these samples
      for cryoultramicrotomy was tested. Contrast was hardly detectable initially in
      thin cryo-sections but increased upon irradiation, irrespective of the
      cryoprotectant (glycerol, propylene glycol, methanol) used. Contrast and beam
      damage were analyzed in vitrified thin films from collagen, phospholipid vesicles
      and various concentrations of glycerol. Glycerol increased the beam sensitivity
      of both collagen and phospholipid vesicles, but diminished the contrast between
      matrix and lipid vesicles or collagen fibers. The effects of glycerol as observed
      in thin films explain some of the effects of cryoprotectants in thin cryo
      sections. To reduce beam damage in vitrified specimens two approaches are
      proposed. Firstly, when vitrified films are prepared, dilute suspensions should
      be used without cryoprotectant. In some cases, such as (thin) intact cells, the
      composition of the suspended material can only be marginally influenced. Then a
      second approach can be used involving the application of higher accelerating
      voltages (e.g. 300 kV). This has two advantages; the increase in mean free path
      length of the electrons causes less beam damage on one hand and allows better
      resolution of thick specimens on the other hand. Micrographs from E. coli
      bacteria vitrified from suspension illustrate some of the potentials of
      "intermediate voltage" cryo-electron microscopy.

PMID- 1822025
TI  - Reliability of intracellular water and ion distributions as measured by X-ray
      microanalysis--a review.
AB  - X-ray microanalysis can be an important tool to reveal the spatial relationships
      between polyelectrolytes, ions, and water as they occur within cells and tissues
      in vivo. To reach this goal, at least two of these three closely interrelated
      variables should be measured independently. Moreover, the absence of systematic
      errors should be proven. The present review discusses the probability of
      artificial ion and water shifts between intracellular compartments due to the
      growth of dendritic ice crystals much larger than the cross-sectioned remnants
      commonly seen in frozen-dried sections. Considering the possible mechanism of ice
      crystal growth it is concluded that ions and water are not translocated over
      large distances. Moreover, problems associated with the preparation of a sample
      for water content estimations are discussed here. The importance of an
      appropriate pre-freezing treatment is highlighted, as is the importance of fast
      freezing. The risk of artificial water shifts between compartments with different
      freezing properties is discussed and the absence of clefts between compartments
      or haloes around them as seen in frozen-dried sections is taken as an appropriate
      criterion. Constancy of section thickness and retention of full hydration of
      cryosections are necessary prerequisites for many of the techniques and
      conditions to fulfill these requirements are given.

PMID- 1822026
TI  - Cryopreparation of tissue for clinical applications of X-ray microanalysis.
AB  - A number of diseases is associated with changes in ion and/or water distribution
      at the tissue or cell level, and X-ray microanalysis can be used to investigate
      the relationship between the disease process and the changes in elemental
      distribution. For analysis of diffusible elements by X-ray microanalysis, the
      tissue has to be prepared by cryotechniques. To carry out studies of this kind in
      a clinical environment poses a number of problems. Some of these problems occur
      already before the tissue is frozen, others are caused by the practical and
      ethical limitations that are imposed on the freezing method itself when human
      tissue is to be used. The use of cryostat sections for analysis at the cellular
      level, and of in vitro systems and cell cultures in which sampling and
      cryopreparation can be separated in time and place can be useful alternatives.

PMID- 1822027
TI  - Calcium oxalate crystal growth in the presence of mucin.
AB  - Using interfacially-controlled crystallization and gel diffusion crystallization
      methods, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), dihydrate (COD) and trihydrate (COT)
      crystals were grown by the slow diffusion of reacting ions in the presence of
      mucin. It was demonstrated that mucin in the growth media dramatically affected
      the size, habit, surface structure, thermodynamic stability and phase transition
      kinetics of hydrated calcium oxalate crystals. The results obtained revealed that
      mucin as a glycoprotein model controlled the growth of COT and COD single
      crystals as well as cluster formation. Growth inhibition of specific crystal
      faces and phase transition retardation occurred in its presence. The data
      confirmed that glycoproteins are more than just adhesive materials, enhancing
      crystal aggregation in stone formation.

PMID- 1822029
TI  - Cellular basis of aging in the mammalian heart.
AB  - This review is concerned with the functional and structural changes occurring in
      the aging heart. These changes were investigated in an integrated fashion in
      Fischer 344 rats at 4, 12, 20, and 29 months after birth. Mean arterial pressure,
      left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, as well as stroke volume
      remained substantially constant up to 20 months. At 29 months, however, end
      diastolic pressure was significantly increased, and dP/dt and stroke volume were
      depressed. Focal areas of interstitial and replacement fibrosis were markedly
      increased at 20 and 29 months, mostly in the subendocardial region of the
      ventricular wall. Also the aggregate number of mononucleated and binucleated
      cells in the left ventricle as a function of age was determined. The number of
      mononucleated cells increased up to 20 months but decreased thereafter; the
      binucleated cells showed a reversed pattern. The aging process of the heart
      involves a number of interrelated events including biochemical, electrical,
      mechanical and structural modifications. With aging and senescence, left
      ventricular failure develops in the Fischer rat model, and a similar process may
      occur in the human as well.

PMID- 1822028
TI  - The scanning electron microscope: how valuable in the evaluation of small bowel
      mucosal pathology in chronic childhood diarrhea?
AB  - Data are presented on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on small intestinal
      biopsies of children with chronic diarrhea. In particular, there were 230
      patients aged 3 months to 13 years with the following diagnoses: chronic
      nonspecific diarrhea, cow's milk protein intolerance, soy protein intolerance,
      giardiasis, cystic fibrosis, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, isolated lactase
      deficiency, isolated sucrase-isomaltase lactase deficiency, microvillus inclusion
      disease, rotavirus enteritis, protracted diarrhea of infancy, chylomicron
      retention disease, visceral myopathy and villous asthenia. Examination of
      biopsied intestinal mucosa by SEM has yielded important new information and
      insights on structural pathology and ultrastructural topography. Many of the
      observed changes helped to better understand the pathophysiology of some of the
      diarrheal disorders. SEM was also able to detect new features such as mycoplasma
      like microorganisms and the absence of the glycocalyx. To adequately assess small
      bowel mucosal pathology at the ultrastructural level, scanning electron
      microscopy is an indispensable tool.

PMID- 1822030
TI  - Sphincters in the rat pulmonary veins. Comparison of scanning electron and
      transmission electron microscopic studies.
AB  - The microvasculature of the rat lung was studied by scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of vascular corrosion casts and
      tissue sections. Particular emphasis was placed on postcapillary venules,
      pulmonary venules and small pulmonary veins (small interlobular veins). Casts of
      lung capillaries appeared inconspicuous with smooth surface. On the casts of
      pulmonary venules and small pulmonary veins, by contrast, series of narrow
      annular constrictions, present at regular distances of 20-25 microns, were seen.
      These constrictions may be drastic, narrowing down the caliber of the vessel up
      to 50%. In the constrictions the marks of circularly running tubular structures
      were seen and were interpreted as being caused by circular bands of smooth muscle
      cells. Tissue sections of the corresponding vascular wall showed the presence of
      single or grouped smooth muscle cells which regularly formed myoendothelial
      junctions. These smooth muscle cells are interpreted as sphincters, responsible
      for the constrictions seen on cast preparations. Axon terminals were not found in
      spatial relationship to these sphincters. It is suggested that the described
      venous sphincters are governed by blood-borne and/or endothelium-derived
      substances and may significantly influence the blood flow.

PMID- 1822031
TI  - Microvascularization of the pleura in rats and guinea pigs.
AB  - The microvascularization of the visceral and parietal pleura was studied in rats
      and guinea pigs using vascular corrosion casts and scanning electron microscopy.
      The visceral pleura was shown to be devoid of a vascular bed of its own. The
      capillary meshwork observed on the surface of the lung belongs to the pulmonary
      parenchyma. The parietal pleura, by contrast, possesses its own capillary network
      with an appropriate arterial supply and a venous drainage. The parietal pleural
      capillaries cover the costal regions completely, whereas the intercostal spaces
      are only provided by interspersed small patches of capillaries. That the feeding
      arteries of the parietal pleura are connected to the systemic circulatory system,
      supports the well-known fact that the parietal pleura is the main site for
      production of pleural fluid.

PMID- 1822032
TI  - Correlation of cochlear pathology with auditory brainstem and cortical responses
      in cats with high frequency hearing loss.
AB  - Newborn kittens were treated with the aminoglycoside amikacin to produce a
      bilateral high frequency cochlear hearing loss. The degree and stability of
      hearing loss were confirmed by recording auditory brainstem evoked potentials
      (ABR audiograms). After maturation, cochleotopic frequency representation within
      primary auditory cortex (AI) was mapped using standard microelectrode recording
      techniques. The cochlear sensory epithelium was assessed with SEM and the pattern
      of damage compared with the ABR audiograms and cortical frequency maps. Amikacin
      treatment resulted in various patterns of haircell damage towards the base of the
      cochlea. A relatively abrupt transition between damaged and undamaged haircell
      regions resulted in an ABR audiogram with normal threshold to low frequencies and
      a high frequency elevation with a steep cut-off slope. In the cortical map, low
      frequency representation was normal, but anterior areas contained only neurons
      tuned to a common frequency which corresponded to the frequency-place position of
      the boundary of the haircell lesion and to the cut-off frequency of the
      audiogram. A large transitional zone of the cochlear lesion correlated with a
      gradual cut-off slope to the audiogram and again a remapping of the anterior and
      normally high frequency area to a common lower frequency. Haircell loss or damage
      (i.e. disarray of stereocilia) in lower frequency regions of the cochlea
      correlated with a significant reorganization of the lower frequency bands in the
      cortical map. We conclude from this study that the pattern of cochleotopic
      organization of the cortex is dependent on the pattern of activity in the
      ascending sensory pathway during early stages of development.

PMID- 1822033
TI  - Morphological correlates of mechanotransduction in acousticolateral hair cells.
AB  - The development of ideas on mechanotransduction in acousticolateral hair cells is
      described, leading to the current idea that transduction depends on deflection of
      the bundle of stereocilia by a force parallel to the plane of the sensory
      epithelium. Electrophysiological experiments are summarised, suggesting that
      transduction depends on a shear between the different rows of stereocilia, and
      that the transducer channels are situated towards the tips of the stereocilia.
      Analysis of the ways that shear between the rows of stereocilia could be detected
      suggests that tip links are the structures which are most likely to transmit the
      stimulus-induced forces to the transducer channels on the membrane. The
      directional selectivity of mechanotransduction is associated with the position of
      the kinocilium and gradation in heights of the stereocilia; evidence is presented
      suggesting that in the lateral line these are partly determined by the mitosis
      giving rise to the hair cell. Tip links differentiate out of links which
      initially join the stereocilia in all directions, with their final spatial
      organisation, which sets the directional selectivity of mechanotransduction,
      probably being determined by the gradient in growth of the stereocilia.

PMID- 1822034
TI  - The effect of bacterial endotoxin upon the morphology of the tectorial membrane
      and stereocilia in the guinea pig cochlea.
AB  - Endotoxin of E coli was microperfused into scala tympani or injected into the
      cerebrospinal fluid in anaesthetised pigmented guinea pigs. The effects of
      endotoxin on the cochlea were studied using electrophysiological techniques and
      scanning electron microscopy. We found a drop in the amplitude of the cochlear
      microphonics and compound action potentials 2 to 2.5 hours after injection. There
      were also changes in the morphology of stereocilia and the tectorial membrane.
      The stereocilia lost their rigidity and the tectorial membrane appeared swollen.
      These effects were less severe in animals which were pretreated with
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 1822035
TI  - Terminal differentiation of human fibroblasts is induced by radiation.
AB  - In order to analyze the effect of various kinds of radiation on the terminal
      differentiation processes of fibroblasts in culture, both human skin and lung
      fibroblasts were irradiated with electromagnetic non ionizing as well as ionizing
      radiation in clonal and sparse mass culture systems. As analyzed by cell
      biological (cell type frequencies), biochemical (collagen synthesis) and
      molecular markers (expression of protein PIVa) human skin and lung fibroblasts
      are induced to differentiate prematurely into terminal postmitotic cells. Thus,
      both electromagnetic and ionizing radiation induce terminal differentiation in
      cultured cells. These data add some new aspects for the interpretation of
      radiation effects on cells, e.g., in clinical therapy, as well as for the
      development of normal tissue responses during early and late effects after
      radiotherapy.

PMID- 1822036
TI  - Effects of modulated and continuous microwave irradiation on the morphology and
      cell surface negative charge of 3T3 fibroblasts.
AB  - Mouse embryo 3T3 cells were irradiated with 2450 MHz continuous and low frequency
      (16 Hz) square modulated waves of absorbed energy ranging from 0.0024 to 2.4
      mW/g. The low frequency modulated microwave irradiation yielded more
      morphological cell changes than did the continuous microwave fields of the same
      intensity. The amount of free negative charges (cationized ferritin binding) on
      cell surfaces decreased following irradiation by modulated waves but remained
      unchanged under the effect of a continuous field of the same dose. Modulated
      waves of 0.024 mW/g dose increased the ruffling activity of the cells, and caused
      ultrastructural alteration in the cytoplasm. Similar effects were experienced by
      continuous waves at higher (0.24 and 2.4 mW/g) doses.

PMID- 1822037
TI  - A brief review of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) infections in ruminants in North
      America and Europe.

PMID- 1822038
TI  - [Virulence of Trichomonas vaginalis strains in relation to clinical forms of
      Trichomonas vaginitis].
AB  - Estimation of virulence of T. vaginalis strains injected subcutaneously to mice
      was done. T. vaginalis strains were obtained from the urogenital tracts of
      patients with different clinical forms of trichomoniasis. The virulence of T.
      vaginalis strains measured by infiltration size was found to depend upon a
      clinical form of trichomoniasis . It was moreover shown that the cutaneous
      infiltration size is proportional to a dose of Trichomonas administered
      subcutaneously. Histopathological analysis of cutaneous infiltration itself is
      not decisive as to the strains virulence, yet in addition to macroscopic
      examination it may be a criterium in the studies on strain pathogenicity.

PMID- 1822039
TI  - [Usefulness of polysaccharide and glycoprotein fractions of Trichomonas vaginalis
      in the serodiagnosis of Trichomonas infections].
AB  - It has been shown that glycoprotein and polysaccharide fractions obtained from T.
      vaginalis cells can be employed as antigens in serodiagnosis of trichomoniasis.
      This refers especially to the polysaccharide fraction because of its easy
      availability, solubility in aqueous solutions, high diagnostic specificity and
      sensitivity. It has been stated that the diagnostic value of polysaccharide
      antigen of T. vaginalis, in occult trichomoniasis in men particularly, is higher
      than the effect of the secretion examination by means of culture, even after the
      prostatic gland massage.

PMID- 1822040
TI  - [Trypsin and alpha-amylase activity in the pancreas of guinea pigs. IV.
      Comparison of the effects of administration of the mixtures of volatile organic
      acids, invasive ova of Ascaris suum and their homogenates].
AB  - The activity of alpha-amylase in the experimental groups of guinea pigs was lower
      than in control animals. The decreased level of activity of trypsin was noted (p
      less than 0.05) also in infected animals, and in treatment with organic acids. In
      the group of guinea pigs, which was administrated homogenized eggs of parasite,
      the activity of enzyme was a little higher than in control animals. The infection
      of animals was associated with increase of relative weight of lungs. The guinea
      pigs treatment with organic acids had also a higher weight of spleen.

PMID- 1822042
TI  - [Turdus merula L. as a proper host of Capillaria ovopunctata (Nematoda,
      Capillariidae)].
AB  - Biometrical analysis of four morphometric characters of male and female specimens
      of Capillaria ovopunctata parasitizing in Sturnus vulgaris, Erithacus rubecula,
      Turdus philomelos and Turdus merula, i.e. length of body, oesophagus, number of
      stichocytes or length of spicula and vulvar appendage respectively was carried
      out. It has been proved, that characters of females C. ovopunctata parasitizing
      in T. merula significantly differ from those of the nematodes found in other
      hosts. The present and previous author's results on high extensiveness and
      intensity of invasion allow to state that T. merula is a proper host for C.
      ovopunctata.

PMID- 1822041
TI  - [Effects of administration of vitamin A, B 2 and B 15 to guinea pigs during the
      larval stage of ascariasis on alpha-amylase activity in the lungs and kidneys].
AB  - The guinea pigs were administrated vit. A (400 i.u.), vit. B2 (1 mg) or vit. B15
      (5 mg). On the 9-th day of the experiment part of them was infected with 5000
      invasive eggs of Ascaris suum. The invasion lasted 6 days and was controlled by
      lungs and kidney weight, and number of larvae in the lungs. The activity of
      amylase was determined by saccharogenic method in both organs. In the lungs of
      infected animals the activity of alpha-amylase was about 3 times lower than in
      the control. The infection of guinea pigs which were given vitamins did not cause
      change of enzyme's activity. In the kidney directive tendency was the same, but
      the differences were smaller. The infection resulted in an increase of relative
      mass of lungs. This index and number of larvae was considerable smaller in guinea
      pigs with vitamins A and B15 administration. Any testing agent did not cause
      change of relative weight of kidney.

PMID- 1822043
TI  - [Occurrence of Hirudinea in the lakes Nisko and Urad with special reference to
      Piscicola geometra (L.)].
AB  - By the method of hand fishing 1886 leeches from 13 species were obtained, but by
      the net 3422 fishes with 798 specimens of P. geometra and 16 H. marginata were
      caught. P. geometra was classified as the eudominant and eurozooic. In dark phase
      of day the intensity and extensity of infection was higher than in the afternoon
      and morning hours.

PMID- 1822044
TI  - [Oeciacus hirundinis from the nests of the swallows Delichon urbica and Hirundo
      rustica].
AB  - In the years 1976-1989 392 nests of D. urbica and 584 nests of H. rustica were
      collected from 54 localities in 6 Provinces in the north of Poland. The highest
      mean number of specimens per nest was observed in the nest of D. urbica (28.4)
      and the lowest in nest of H. rustica (4.2). The highest percentage of nests of
      the swallows with Oe. hirundinis was recorded in December and lowest in March.
      The highest mean number of Oe. hirundinis per nest was in the nest of D. urbica
      in August and lowest in February, and in the nest of H. rustica--in September and
      in March respectively.

PMID- 1822045
TI  - Fifteen new canestriniid mites (Acari, Astigmata, Canestriniidae) associated with
      beetles of the Colydiidae and Cetoniinae (Scarabaeidae) (Insecta, Coleoptera).
AB  - Two canestriniid genera: Tamarangia, Kahoorangia and the following species are
      newly described: Sandrophela dittae from Colydium sp., Borneo, Tamarangia nimfae
      from Pachnoda thoracica, Etiopia, T. fabiolae and T. flawiani from P. marginata,
      Sierra Leone, Kahoorangia almae from P. carmelita, South Africa, Paraphagella
      ingridae and Cetonicola orestesi from Tmesorrhina iris, Liberia, P. indirae,
      Cetonicola isadorae and Boetophela erhardi from Chelarrhina savagei, Cameroon, P.
      odae and C. maritae from Stephanorrhina guttata, Congo-Brazzaville, Boetophela
      sybillae from Goliathus alborignatus, Tanzania, B. symeoni from Elasocheilon
      heterospila, B. silvanae from Geynodonta laeviplaga, Tanzania.

PMID- 1822046
TI  - [Various characteristics of the evolution of endoparasites].
AB  - Evolution of parasite--host systems should be treated as a specific kind of co
      evolution. Although its course is in accordance with the general rules of organic
      world evolution, it has some peculiarities. One of them is retardation or
      acceleration of endoparasites' phylogenesis, as compared with the hosts' one. The
      second one is different speed of phylogenetic changes of endoparasites belonging
      to the same systematic group. These changes can be significantly limited, as
      well. Phylogenetic changes of Euglenida--intestinal parasites of Copepoda--are
      considerably limited, even in comparison with the scale of changes of such
      species which begin their parasitic life by infecting Copepoda eggs.

PMID- 1822047
TI  - Helminth parasites in some Spanish bats.
AB  - Nineteen bats of the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, Myotis
      myotis, M. nattereri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Barbastella barbastellus,
      Eptesicus serotinus and Plecotus auritus captured in N. W. Spain in 1983-85 were
      found to contain the following helminth parasites: Mesotretes peregrinus (found
      in 4 host species and making up 31% of all helminths); Plagiorchis vespertilionis
      (10.5%, in 2 host species); Strongylacantha glycirrhiza, Molinostrongylus alatus,
      Molineidae gen. sp., Capillariidae gen. sp., Hymenolepis acuta, Cestoda gen. sp.
      and Trematoda gen. sp. I and II (5.2% in 1 host species).

PMID- 1822048
TI  - [Effect of experimental hymenolepiasis on various tissue reactions in rats].
AB  - In the course of experimental hymenolepiasis in rats, varying mobilization of
      mastocytes, dependent on the organ of their origin, was observed. The highest was
      in the small intestine, lower in the mesenterial lymph nodes and the spleen.
      Various degree of correlation between the mastocyte mobilization and the
      histopathological changes was stated.

PMID- 1822049
TI  - [Trypsin and alpha-amylase activity in the pancreas of guinea pigs. V. Effects of
      administration of vitamin A and B 2 during the larval stage of ascariasis].
AB  - The infection of guinea pigs with Ascaris suum larvae resulted in decrease of the
      activities of trypsin and alpha-amylase, and in increase of lipase activity in
      extracts from their pancreas. The activity of alpha-amylase, lipase and the
      relative weight of lungs of infected animals which were given vitamin A, did not
      differ from control animals. The activity of trypsin from pancreas these animals
      was higher than that measured in only infected guinea pigs but it was lower than
      in control animals. Application of vitamin B2 and the infection of guinea pigs
      with A. suum did not lead to the synonymous results.

PMID- 1822051
TI  - [Insecticidal activity of various strains of Bacillus against larvae of
      houseflies (Musca domestica)].
AB  - Insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni and B. thuringiensis
      subsp. darmstadiensis as well as B. sphaericus 2362 and 2297 was evaluated
      against larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica) under laboratory condition. The
      activity of all tested strains was similar, LC50 ranges from 4 x 10(7) to 1 x
      10(8) spores/ml. The higher spores concentration (2 x 10(9)) caused ca 70 per
      cent mortality. The relative low sensitivity of house fly larvae could results
      from weakly alkalic pH of the gut (7.6-7.8).

PMID- 1822050
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of the degree of detectability of Helminths' eggs in the
      soil using 2 methods].
AB  - Sand and soil were experimentally contaminated with eggs of Ascaris suum and
      oncospheres of Hymenolepis diminuta in three doses: 500, 3000 and 5000 eggs
      (oncospheres) per 50 g of the ground. Numbers of recovered eggs were compared
      with the use of the two following methods: the method of flotation and Spindler's
      method, modified by Vasilkova and Ivancuk. The ground samples were investigated
      the following day and on the 14th day after the contamination. The samples were
      stored in 20 degrees C and in 4 degrees C. The Spindler's modified method turned
      out to be better for the studies of outdoor samples, because it enabled us to
      detect eggs in slightly infected samples, and in different temperatures.

PMID- 1822052
TI  - Resistance of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) to DDT and Propoxur in some
      parts of Bulgaria.
AB  - Five field strains of Blattella germanica from different areas of Bulgaria were
      tested for resistance to DDT. The strain from Sofia-city after 24 hours of
      exposure was resistant to DDT in terms of mortality by resistant ratio of 3.76 at
      the LT50 level. Also 5 strains of B. germanica from 3 regions of Bulgaria have
      been tested to the carbamate insecticide--Propoxur. For the first time in
      Bulgaria, DDT- and Propoxur-resistant cockroach strains have been found. It is
      due to female and nymph resistance, while the males are highly susceptible to
      Propoxur.

PMID- 1822053
TI  - [Characteristics of Argas ((A.) reflexus (Fabricius,1794) (Acari: Ixodida:
      Argasidae)--a common parasite in Upper Silesia].
AB  - Taxonomically important morphological features in larvae, females and males of
      Argas (A.) reflexus collected from the vicinity of pigeon nests in Katowice
      (Upper Silesia) were investigated. Medical and veterinary importance, and control
      against this parasite were described, too.

PMID- 1822055
TI  - [The development of stomatology in Belgium].

PMID- 1822054
TI  - Canestriniid mites (Acari, Astigmata, Canestriniidae) occurring on Chrysomelidae
      (Insecta, Coleoptera) in neotropical region. I. Genera Grandiellina Fain,
      Arrunsithiana n. gen.
AB  - Genus Arrunsithiana and nine species are described as new: Grandiellina tacjannae
      from Brazil, Argentina, G. rogeri from Peru, G. longini from Bolivia, G. marinae
      from Mexico, G. soniae from Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Arrunsithiana
      artemoni from Ecuador, A. erinnae from Ecuador, A. ilosi from Colombia, A.
      battosi from Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador. Redescription of the genus
      Grandiellina Fain is given.

PMID- 1822056
TI  - [Hypertrophy of the mandibular condyle: diagnostic approach (contribution of
      nuclear medicine)].
AB  - In this study the authors present a clinical and radiological approach of
      condylar-hyperplasia. They insist on the importance of investigating the growing
      potentialities of the mandibular condyles by using SPECT-type skeletal
      scintigraphy before establishing the treatment-planning.

PMID- 1822057
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the oral cavity: report of two cases located on the lips.
AB  - The authors report 2 cases of leiomyosarcoma of the lips occurring in two elderly
      women. They review the incidence, the symptoms, the microscopic appearance, the
      differential diagnosis, the treatment and prognosis of this kind of tumor. It is
      a highly malignant neoplasm with a high rate of recurrences and metastases and
      should be treated with a radical resection and radical neck dissection when there
      is a metastatic node.

PMID- 1822058
TI  - Somato-sensory evoked potentials in facial pain diagnosis.
AB  - This study analyses the possibilities of somato-sensory evoked potentials
      following trigeminal stimulation in order to classify pain sensations provoked by
      the trigeminal nerve. 43 patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia, atypical
      facial pain and from pain due to carcinoma were investigated. Pain sensations
      correlated with the responses of the evoked potentials--usually with increased
      latencies. However, it was not possible to point out specific correlative
      pathological peaks for individual diseases. Therefore, the judgement of TSEP
      alterations requires knowledge of each patient's clinical symptoms.

PMID- 1822059
TI  - [Calcitonin in mandibular osteoradionecrosis].

PMID- 1822060
TI  - Primary failure of eruption.
AB  - Failure of eruption may be due to mechanical interference or to a failure in the
      eruption mechanism of the tooth. The etiology of the primary failure of eruption
      is unknown, but it could be due to an alteration in either metabolism or blood
      flow to the periodontal ligament. Therapy of patients with this condition is
      extremely difficult; orthodontic treatment causes ankylosis and probably the only
      way to move unerupted teeth into occlusion is to reposition them surgically with
      a small segment alveolar osteotomy.

PMID- 1822061
TI  - [Conservative treatment of cranio-mandibular disorders, analysis of 181 cases].

PMID- 1822062
TI  - Current diagnosis and therapy of parotid tumours.
AB  - After reviewing a group of more than 400 patients with parotid tumours, we feel
      that clinical examination, screening ultrasound scanning and pre-operative CT
      scan are our most important diagnostic tools. Our treatment concept is based on
      direct posterior dissection of the main trunk of the facial nerve, total
      conservative parotidectomy with ablation of all glandular tissue especially in
      pleomorphic adenomas so that recurrency can be avoided, intra- and postoperative
      histological examination and filling in the post-operative soft tissue depression
      in all cases where intra-operative histological examination excludes malignancy.
      Primary post-parotidectomy defect substitution techniques using the platysma
      (Roscic) and the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Rausch) as well as a SMAS- and
      temporoparietal fascia- or galea-flap are illustrated. We currently use the
      combination of the Rauch- and Roscic- techniques in a way that a
      sternocleidomastoideus muscle rotation-flap together with a platysma-SMAS-fat
      flap entirely cover the defect. We believe that the substitution-plasty,
      primarily performed for aesthetic reasons, acts as a mechanical barrier for the
      misdirected regeneration of the nervs to the skin and the sweat glands, and thus
      tends to avoid Frey's Syndrome. Using our technique concept, we feel that any
      disadvantage is counter-balanced by the absence of recurrences, no permanent
      facial paralysis, relatively good aesthetic results and lower incidence of Frey's
      Syndrome.

PMID- 1822063
TI  - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A case report.
AB  - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder and is
      characterized by a great variety of signs and symptoms. The most important are a
      characteristic facies, the occurrence of basal cell carcinomas and odontogenic
      keratocysts. In view of the neoplastic skin change, constant review of the
      patients is indicated. Any jaw film revealing two or more dentigerous or
      follicular cysts should alert the clinician to the possibility of this underlying
      syndrome.

PMID- 1822064
TI  - [Preliminary study of the totally edentulous mandible (diagnostic note)].

PMID- 1822065
TI  - Sterilization potential of the CO2 laser.
AB  - To test the sterilizing potential of the CO2 laser, two turbines and 70 stainless
      steel strips have been prepared. Five microns of suspensions (microbial and
      salivary) have been set and exposed to the laser beam (20 seconds, power of 5 W).
      The experiments of sterilization, after drying of the suspension did not show any
      positive result. When the experiments have been done immediately after deposing
      the suspension and without letting the latter to dry, the results have been
      positive and the sterilization complete. These experiments show that the CO2
      laser has an important potential of sterilization that deserved to be exploited
      and developed.

PMID- 1822066
TI  - [Obtaining macaroni-type spaghetti from a mixture of wheat flour and corn flour].
AB  - Pasta products were formulated using 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% substitution of wheat
      flour with pre-gelatinized corn flour. Products were submitted to evaluation
      tests by comparing their main characteristics with those of the pattern, such as
      humidity, cooking time, water absorption, solubility in cooking water, texture,
      color, appearance and yield. The products obtained were economically available
      with good acceptability in relation to color, appearance and other
      characteristics evaluated.

PMID- 1822067
TI  - Prenatal diet, nutrient intake and pregnancy outcome in urban Ecuadorian
      primiparas.
AB  - A nutritional survey was conducted in an urban public maternity hospital,
      Hospital Gineco-Obstetrico Isidro Ayora (HGOIA), located in Quito, Ecuador.
      Seventy-four primiparas in the third trimester of pregnancy were recruited to
      assess the influence of sociedemographic factors on food patterns and nutrient
      intake, and the interrelationship between prenatal nutrient intake, maternal
      weight gain and pregnancy outcome. Results of the regression analysis indicated
      that maternal education was the factor most strongly associated with nutrient
      intake, followed by monthly per capita income. Maternal nutrient intake was next
      analyzed and compared with the WHO (1974, 1985) and NRC (1980) recommended daily
      allowances. Results also indicated the average daily intake of energy, protein,
      phosphorus, vitamins C and A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin met or exceeded
      the recommended daily allowances. Dietary calcium and iron intake, however, were
      below recommendations. Sodium and fat intake were both relatively high. Higher
      dietary fat intake was associated with increased birth weight, while lower
      protein intake was associated with increased risk of delivering a low-birth
      weight baby. Maternal weight gain during the third trimester predicted baby birth
      weight and height but not head circumference.

PMID- 1822068
TI  - [Bioavailability of amino acids in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)].
AB  - Biological availability of amino acids of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
      varieties was evaluated in four, healthy adult subjects, consuming bean-based
      diets by the amino acid absorption technique and the short-term nitrogen balance
      method. The amino acid composition was determined according to the ionic
      interchange method, and tryptophan was estimated by a colorimetric procedure. The
      essential amino acid (EAA) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) pattern suggests
      that no significant differences in content exists in the three bean varieties.
      When the EAA patterns were compared with those of FAO/WHO, the limiting AA in
      decreasing order were found to be: tryptophan, valine and threonine (sulfur AA
      are not considered because the hydrolysis used in this study destroys them); and
      the AA surpassing the reference pattern were the aromatic AA and isoleucine.
      Apparent (AD) and true (TD) digestibilities of the EAA fluctuated between 33 and
      59% and 60 and 85%, respectively, for black beans. With red beans, these results
      diminished: 29 and 55% AD and 64 and 81% TD, while for white beans the limits
      extended: 18 and 57% AD and 36 and 86% TD. Valine proved to be the EAA of lower
      biological availability, and lysine and phenylalanine the most available. It is
      suggested that the low digestibility of valine could be due to the amino acid
      imbalance existing in the bean protein, since this contains an excess of
      isoleucine and leucine in relation to valine. The AD and TD of the AAE with
      respect to the NEAA were of 0.89 and 0.98 for black bean, 0.89 and 0.96 for the
      red and 0.77 and 0.90 for the white, which indicates that biological availability
      of the NEAA is higher than that of the EAA. Findings thus confirm that biological
      determination of the TD of protein permits prediction of the TD of the AA, since
      a positive correlation (r = 0.93) statistically significant was found (p less
      than 0.05) among them. Utilization of the TD parameter instead of that of AD to
      estimate the protein quality is therefore recommended.

PMID- 1822069
TI  - [Recommended values of energy density in soup or gruel-like foods, for feeding of
      preschool children].
AB  - The low energy density of the diets has been proposed by several authors as an
      essential factor which conditions the inadequate energy intake of preschool
      children of developing countries. However, there are few controlled studies in
      relation to the volumes which children are able to consume when energy density
      changes. The objective of this research was to establish recommended values of
      energy density for preparations with a soup or gruel consistency. The study was
      carried out in 100 preschool children from 3 to 4 years old who attended a Day
      Care Center in Santiago, Chile. Six formulas of a mixture of extruded pea-rice
      with different energy densities and viscosities: 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 kcal/g and
      3,000 and 9,000 cp. were studied. These experimental conditions were obtained
      modifying the product concentration and adding malt flour. Food consumption was
      determined at lunch time. Energy adequacy was calculated using the 1985 FAO-OMS
      UNU requirements. Children increased significantly their energy intake when
      energy density of both types of consistency, soup or gruel, was higher. Energy
      adequacy ranged from 15% when preparations had an energy density of 0.8 kcal/g to
      35%, when the preparations had an energy density of 1.6 kcal/g. The formulas
      which had 1.6 kcal/g fulfilled 100% of the energy requirements of preschool
      children for lunch time, and should be the recommended energy density for soup or
      gruels, when they are given as the only food. The energy density of 1.2 kcal/g
      needs a food complement which supplies 120 kcal, and lower values would be
      inadequate for preschool children feeding purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1822070
TI  - [Biological value of the unicellular protein of Kluyveromyces marxianus var.
      lactis].
AB  - The ever increasing problem of environmental pollution and protein scarcity led
      us to begin producing protein biomass from cheese whey, having selected for this
      aim, Kluyveromyces marxianus va. lactis strain, which represents the right
      relationship between its protein content (53.3% d.w.) and that of the RNA (4.63%
      d.w.). On the other hand, the distribution of its essential amino acids is
      balanced, although it shows a deficiency in methionine, its value being 1.5 g/16
      gN. The purpose of this work was to assess the biological quality of this protein
      concentrate, so as to use it in animal feeding. Protein quality was determined by
      the NPU method (net protein utilization), according to Miller and Bender's
      technique. Three balanced diets were prepared (10% protein), the test sample with
      casein, and the rest with protein biomass, one of then supplemented with
      methionine (0.5 g/100 g food). Based on the results it can be concluded that the
      biomass analyzed has an adequate biological value (55.37%) for use in animal
      feeding, especially when methionine as added (60.23%).

PMID- 1822072
TI  - Interaction of vitamins and minerals.
AB  - Several nutrients are known to act on the metabolism of other nutrients and also
      of some non-nutrient substances. The nutritional importance that may be
      attributed to these interrelationships depends on the levels considered to be
      physiological for each nutrient, and on their maintenance at acceptable levels in
      tissues for the defense of the organism. Interaction of vitamins and minerals has
      been described in several metabolic situations and continues to be investigated
      by many authors. This interaction occurs in different ways, i.e. starting from
      the action of vitamins on mineral metabolism, from the action of both types of
      nutrients in the protection of the organism, and from the action of minerals on
      vitamin metabolism. The most significant example of vitamin action on mineral
      metabolism is the role played by vitamin D in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
      The interrelationship of vitamin C and some minerals is also discussed, with
      emphasis on its relationship with iron. With respect to the synergistic action of
      vitamins and minerals in the defense of the organism, we comment on the main data
      reported on the biochemical-physiological role of vitamin E and its interaction
      with selenium. Finally, in reference to the action of minerals on vitamin
      metabolism, we point out the interaction existing between vitamin A and zinc.
      Data observed by the author at the experimental level in laboratory animals are
      reported on the possible interaction of niacin, vitamin B6 and zinc.

PMID- 1822071
TI  - [The use of appropriate technologies to improve the sanitary quality and the
      yield of goat cheeses in little farms].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to increase the microbiological quality and yields
      of goat cheese prepared at farm level. For this purpose, appropriate technologies
      for the cheese-making process were designed, using a curd tank heated by gas, and
      cheese knives adjusted to the tank dimensions. Moreover, a low-cost table for
      whey draining and PVC moulds, were designed. Variables assayed were milk
      pasteurization, utilization of lactic acid starter by direct application,
      substitution of the kid rennet by commercial calf rennet, and cheese maturation
      for a one-month period. The control sample was goat cheese traditionally made by
      the small farmers. Processing and variables were evaluated by proximate chemical
      analysis, microbiological counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal
      coliforms, and S. aureus; as well as by sensory evaluation of quality and
      acceptability. It was found that the cutting of curd with cheese knives
      significantly decreased solid losses in the whey. The addition of the starter and
      then the cheese maturation, as well as the use of the equipment previously
      described, increased the microbiological quality of cheese to standard sanitary
      regulation. Although pasteurization was the most effective treatment in
      decreasing bacteria contamination, this thermal treatment was difficult to be
      done under arid zones conditions. Commercial calf rennet did not differ
      significantly from kid rennet in the characteristics analyzed in this assay.
      Variables studied did not affect the normal sensory quality of goat cheese.

PMID- 1822073
TI  - [Obtaining condensed milk from a mixture of hydrosoluble extract of soybean
      powder and cow's milk].
AB  - Three formulations of mix concentrated milk with hydrosolubles extract of soybean
      powder and cow's milk were prepared. The products were condensed up to 31% and
      33.65% of solids in a vacuum evaporator at temperature of 45 degrees and 58
      degrees C with a vacuum pressure of 540 mmHg. The products obtained were compared
      with standard concentrated milk through sensory evaluation showing satisfactory
      characteristics.

PMID- 1822074
TI  - Prenatal exposure to parents' smoking and childhood cancer.
AB  - The relation between parents' tobacco smoking prior to birth and cancer in the
      offspring was investigated with the use of data from a case-control study.
      Incident cases included all children (aged 0-14 years) diagnosed in Denver,
      Colorado from 1976 to 1983. Controls were selected through random digit dialing,
      and matched to cases on age, sex, and geographic area. Information on smoking by
      parents and other household members was obtained by personal interview for 223
      cases and 196 controls. After adjustment for father's education, mother's smoking
      during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk for
      all cancers combined (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7
      2.1), acute lymphocytic leukemia (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-4.1), and lymphomas (OR =
      2.3, 95% CI 0.8-7.1). Adjusting for father's education, associations with
      father's smoking in the absence of mother's smoking were found for all cancers
      combined (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.8-2.1), acute lymphocytic leukemia (OR = 1.4, 95% CI
      0.6-3.1), lymphomas (OR = 1.6, 95% 0.5-5.4), and brain cancer (OR = 1.6, 95% CI
      0.7-3.5). In spite of imprecision resulting from small numbers of cases in
      diagnostic subgroups, these results are suggestive of a possible influence of
      parents' smoking on childhood cancer.

PMID- 1822075
TI  - Euthanasia and related taboos.

PMID- 1822076
TI  - Clinical trial of oral ribavirin.

PMID- 1822078
TI  - Acute intestinal ischaemia.

PMID- 1822077
TI  - Prognostic significance of proteinuria one year after onset of diarrhea
      associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
AB  - We examined the prognostic value of changes in the amount of proteinuria,
      measured as protein/creatinine ratios in early-morning urine samples, in 40
      children who had had diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. One year
      after diagnosis, 87% of those who seemed to have fully recovered had normal
      urinary protein/creatinine ratios, compared with none of those with poor outcomes
      (p less than 0.001). None of those with poor outcomes achieved normal
      protein/creatinine ratios during follow-up to a maximum of 5 1/2 years, but 93%
      of those who made a full clinical recovery no longer had proteinuria. Measurement
      of the protein/creatinine ratio in an early-morning sample of urine is a simple,
      cost-effective, and noninvasive means of monitoring the progress of patients with
      diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, provided that a technique
      sensitive at low protein concentrations is employed.

PMID- 1822079
TI  - Management of injuries due to chemical weapons.

PMID- 1822080
TI  - Nazi "science".

PMID- 1822081
TI  - Sleep apnea syndromes: a potential contraindication for patient-controlled
      analgesia.

PMID- 1822082
TI  - First line treatment in hypertension.

PMID- 1822083
TI  - Pseudoresistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulting from degradation of imipenem
      in an automated susceptibility testing system with predried panels.
AB  - During the use of a single lot of custom breakpoint panels (Sensititre;
      Radiometer America Inc., Westlake, Ohio), imipenem susceptibility declined from
      70 to 44% for clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With a new lot,
      susceptibility increased to 73%. Subsequent evaluations with P. aeruginosa ATCC
      27853 revealed a similar susceptibility pattern and an increase in the MIC of
      imipenem when determined in panels with increasing ages. Imipenem concentrations
      were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography by using 11 different
      lots of MIC and breakpoint panels (139 to 893 days of age). The amount of
      imipenem remaining declined from 94.4 to 13.8% (r = 0.9225) over the age range of
      the panels. These data suggest that imipenem in Sensititre MIC and breakpoint
      panels degrades over time and that the decrease in imipenem may be largely
      responsible for the decline in P. aeruginosa susceptibility.

PMID- 1822084
TI  - The IARC classification system: input, internal logic, output, and impact.
AB  - The IARC Monographs "Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man"
      elegantly condense and classify information on carcinogenic hazards. They serve
      as an invaluable basis for the regulation of carcinogenic exposures, yet the
      monographs are inadequate in several respects: 1. The monographs reflect only
      what is reported and published in peer-reviewed sources; they have not themselves
      generated support for studies on agents and processes for which information is
      lacking, partial, or inadequate. 2. There has been misuse of the output, which
      reflects varying levels of certainty as to human health hazards. Lack of absolute
      certainty on human carcinogenicity has been used as a basis for deferring
      regulations or other preventive action to restrict exposures. 3. The monographs
      ignore high-risk situations which may result from combined or interactive
      effects, because of the orientation mostly on specific agents. There is not
      adequate attention to frequently reported excesses of disease other than cancer
      in certain occupations with mixed exposures. Earlier recognition of more
      widespread and more reversible effects, other than cancer, needs to be emphasized
      to control exposures. 4. Control of carcinogenic exposures for workers has been
      less exacting and consistent than control of exposures for the community at large
      (water, air, food, and drugs). 5. The gap between knowledge of risks and action
      to control them is great and calls attention to the need for more aggressive
      professional input.

PMID- 1822085
TI  - Iliad: a diagnostic consultant and patient simulator.

PMID- 1822086
TI  - Serum sickness-like illness and leukocytoclastic vasculitis after intravenous
      streptokinase.

PMID- 1822087
TI  - Reliable standards of care are determined by consensus of those who provide that
      care.

PMID- 1822088
TI  - New lethal acrofacial dysostosis syndrome.

PMID- 1822089
TI  - An approach to select the appropriate statistical method for testing
      bioequivalence.
AB  - Since most bioavailability studies are usually done with only a limited number of
      volunteers (usually 10-30), the statistical properties of the calculated
      bioavailability parameters are not well defined. The established statistical
      methods to test bioequivalence are usually based on either the assumption of
      normality or a symmetrical distribution. However, the decision of which method to
      apply, depends primarily on the distributional assumption of the data. In this
      study, an approach is followed where the small data base of a limited number of
      volunteers is expanded by adding pseudo-volunteers by "bootstrap" simulations.
      From such a larger data base it is easier to determine the statistical
      distributional properties of bioavailability parameters, which in its turn leads
      to the identification of an appropriate statistical method. With more certainty
      on which statistical method to apply, the original data can be used more
      effectively in testing for bioequivalence. In this paper, comparisons are made
      between the distributions of bioavailability parameters of an actual 60-volunteer
      study and those of two simulated data sets. Each such data set contained a random
      sample of 10 volunteers each (from the 60 volunteers), together with 50 pseudo
      volunteers. These 50 volunteers were simulated from the random sample of 10 real
      volunteers. Good correspondences were obtained when comparing these two data sets
      with the original data, which indicated the validity to use this approach in
      bioavailability studies where a small number of volunteers had been used. This
      method proved useful to define the distributional properties for a relative small
      number of parameter-values available.

PMID- 1822090
TI  - Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on
      heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal
      averaged electrocardiogram.
AB  - The value of heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG)
      variables and the signal-averaged ECG in the prediction of arrhythmic events
      (sudden death or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias) was assessed before
      hospital discharge in 416 consecutive survivors of acute myocardial infarction.
      During the follow-up period (range 1 to 1,112 days), there were 24 arrhythmic
      events and 47 deaths. The initial relation between several prognostic factors and
      arrhythmic events was explored with use of the Kaplan-Meier product limit
      estimates of survival function. Impaired heart rate variability less than 20 ms
      (p less than 0.0000), late potentials (p less than 0.0000), ventricular ectopic
      beat frequency (p less than 0.0000), repetitive ventricular forms (p less than
      0.0000), left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% (p less than 0.02) and
      Killip class (p less than 0.02) were identified as significant univariate
      predictors of arrhythmic events. When these variables were analyzed by using a
      stepwise Cox regression model, only impaired heart rate variability, followed by
      late potentials and repetitive ventricular forms remained independent predictors
      of arrhythmic events. The combination of impaired heart rate variability and late
      potentials had a sensitivity of 58%, a positive predictive accuracy of 33% and a
      relative risk of 18.5 for arrhythmic events and was superior to other
      combinations including those incorporating left ventricular function, exercise
      ECG, ventricular ectopic beat frequency and repetitive ventricular forms. These
      results suggest that a simple method of assessment based on heart rate
      variability and the signal-averaged ECG can select a small subgroup of survivors
      of myocardial infarction at high risk of future life-threatening arrhythmias and
      sudden death.

PMID- 1822091
TI  - Duplex ultrasound of the abdominal aorta.

PMID- 1822092
TI  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of
      tuberculosis.
AB  - It is widely believed that cell-mediated immunity and the associated ability of
      macrophages to destroy or inhibit the bacillus are all that is required to
      control pulmonary tuberculosis. However, although cell-mediated immunity is a
      major host defense against the tubercle bacillus, it is fully effective only in
      one of the four stages of the disease. Here, Arthur Dannenberg describes the
      entire pathogenesis of tuberculosis, with illustrations from the rabbit model of
      M.B. Lurie. In addition, he documents that the delayed-type hypersensitivity
      reaction (producing tissue necrosis) greatly benefits the host by arresting the
      logarithmic growth of bacilli within immature macrophages.

PMID- 1822093
TI  - Dental licensure in the European Economic Community: implications for the United
      States.
AB  - The formation of the European Economic Community is resulting in historic
      changes. By the end of 1992, the European Community is expected to be operating
      as a single market of more than 320 million consumers, the largest in the world.
      The fundamental assumption underlying the creation of the European Community is
      that the best method to increase the general prosperity is a free market. The
      free market included services as well as goods and required the elimination of
      restrictions on the movement of people, goods and services among the 12 nations.
      In dentistry, this has already meant the elimination of licensure restriction for
      dentists in good standing who are citizens of the EEC and trained in approved
      educational programs within the EEC, but commercial barriers still remain to be
      eliminated by the end of 1992. The events occurring in Europe indicate that the
      outcome of the controversy regarding movement of dentists among states in the
      United States will be determined by larger societal considerations outside of the
      profession. The free market principle which underlies the changes in Europe is
      the fundamental economic philosophy in the United States. To the extent that
      limitation on the movement of health professionals is seen to contribute to
      higher costs for health care services in the United States, there may be
      increased efforts to license by credentials. Similarly, factors such as the need
      of families for greater freedom of movement between states and court challenges
      based on constitutionally protected rights may determine the outcome of licensure
      of dentists rather than issues which are of concern within the professional
      dental community.

PMID- 1822094
TI  - Langerhans cell (LC) number in the human lingual epithelium.

PMID- 1822095
TI  - Strength of continuous spinal catheters.
AB  - Several commercially available catheters are currently marketed for continuous
      intrathecal use. Initial studies using continuous spinal catheters have reported
      several occurrences of retained fragments after removal of the catheter.
      Accordingly, we measured the break strength of five commercially available
      catheters. The TFX/Rusch 28- and 32-gauge continuous spinal catheters required
      3.18 and 1.92 lb to break, respectively. The Kendall 28-gauge, the Preferred
      Medical Products 24-gauge, and the 24-gauge Burron catheters averaged 1.22, 1.97,
      and 3.55 lb to break, respectively. We also tested a commonly used Burron 20
      gauge catheter, which is marketed for epidural use, and found it had an average
      break strength of 6.35 lb. The tested values obtained for the TFX/Rusch catheters
      were lower than the break strength values supplied by the manufacturers. The
      authors conclude that the break strength of spinal catheters is one-third to one
      half that found for a typical epidural catheter.

PMID- 1822097
TI  - Creation of tracheo-esophageal fistula for voice restoration using the flexible
      fiberoptic endoscope.

PMID- 1822098
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with solid-organ transplants:
      report of five cases and review.
AB  - Five recipients of solid-organ transplants who were infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were studied at the University of Minnesota, and our
      data were compared with data from 83 reported cases of HIV-infected recipients of
      solid organs from other centers. Sixty-six of the 88 patients were seronegative
      for HIV before transplantation and received organs or transfusions of blood from
      individuals who were seropositive for HIV. Seven patients (four recipients of
      kidney transplants and three recipients of liver transplants) received
      transplants after routine screening for HIV. Twenty-five (28%) of the 88 patients
      developed AIDS, and 20 (80%) of these 25 patients died of AIDS-related
      complications a mean of 37 months after transplantation. Another nine patients
      (10%) had other HIV-related diseases. The mean time of progression to AIDS was
      27.5 months among all patients with AIDS. For patients who were seronegative for
      HIV at the time of transplantation, the mean time of progression to AIDS was 32
      months, whereas patients seropositive before transplantation developed AIDS
      within 17 months. Shortly after transplantation, eleven (17%) of the patients who
      were initially seronegative experienced a febrile syndrome attributed to HIV. Ten
      patients, including eight recipients of kidney transplants and two recipients of
      liver transplants, maintained normal allograft function despite low-dose
      immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 1822096
TI  - Would decreased aluminum ingestion reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease?
AB  - Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown there is mounting
      evidence that implicates aluminum as a toxic environmental factor of considerable
      importance. Four independent lines of evidence--laboratory studies of the effects
      of intracerebral aluminum on the cognitive and memory performance of animals,
      biochemical studies, epidemiologic studies and the slowing of the progress of the
      disease with the use of an agent that removes aluminum from the body--now support
      the concept that aluminum is one of the pathogenic factors in AD. The evidence
      warrants serious consideration of reducing human exposure to aluminum. We
      hypothesize that a public health effort to restrict human ingestion of aluminum
      would reduce the incidence of this common chronic illness in the elderly.

PMID- 1822099
TI  - Publicity about defects in artificial heart valves caused needless panic, doctor
      contends.

PMID- 1822100
TI  - Sinusitis: more than a headache.
AB  - To conclude, the paper by Brown in this issue illustrates the value of
      considering sinusitis as a cause of refractory headache but more importantly
      illustrates the value of new approaches to diagnosis and management of this
      frustrating condition. We must be cautious to avoid overutilization of these
      techniques; in all likelihood only a small percentage of patients have "true
      sinus headaches." However, we should be liberal about using new imaging
      techniques (notably, CT scans) to determine which patients need thorough
      evaluation by an otolaryngologist. Although we have gained a great deal of
      information, one question still troubles me and remains largely unanswered. Why
      did the Good Lord see fit to give us sinuses in the first place?

PMID- 1822101
TI  - An urban primary school health program.
AB  - This paper summarizes the results of the first three years of an integrated on
      site school health demonstration project based on the family practice model of
      delivering primary health care. An inner city public elementary school was chosen
      as the study location. Of the 712 study participants, 98% were black or Hispanic.
      Prior to implementation of the demonstration project, the Health Guarded Index
      for the study population was computed to be 58%. Among study participants, this
      index rose to 79% during the first year of the project and eventually reached 95%
      during the third year of the project. The absentee rates among study participants
      relative to nonparticipants decreased to 8.7% during the first year of the
      project and by 36.2% during the third year of the project. The substantial
      increase in the Health Guarded Index indicates that, among study participants,
      preventable defects, such as lack of immunizations, dental care, screening for
      common problems, and follow-up had been largely corrected. The substantial
      decline in absenteeism among study participants clearly shows the effectiveness
      of the demonstration project in promoting good health by decreasing morbidity
      and/or decreasing recovery time. Overall, the results of the three-year
      demonstration project reported here show that a carefully designed, well
      coordinated school health program based on a family practice model can have a
      substantially favorable impact on the health of participating children.

PMID- 1822103
TI  - Down the Oregon trail--the way for Canada?

PMID- 1822102
TI  - Field of dreams: industrial veterinary medicine in the heart of Iowa.

PMID- 1822104
TI  - Premenstrual syndrome update: 1991.
AB  - Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was first identified in 1931 and currently affects
      millions of women on a physical and emotional basis. However, Buspirone has been
      found to be a safe and markedly effective agent in the management of this
      condition.

PMID- 1822105
TI  - A review of 80 endometrial resections for menorrhagia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of endometrial resection in treating
      menorrhagia. DESIGN: A clinical audit of 80 consecutive patients. SETTING: The
      department of gynaecology, Ealing Hospital, London. SUBJECTS: Eighty women
      referred by their general practitioner with the primary complaint of menorrhagia.
      INTERVENTIONS: Endometrial resection by hysteroscopic electro-diathermy. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjective assessment of the change in menstrual blood loss by
      the 75 patients, who were followed up for at least one year. RESULTS: Of 75 women
      assessed after 1 year 45 (60%) had a successful outcome and nine (12%) had 'some
      improvement'. There were 21 failures; 14 reported 'no improvement' initially and
      seven were late failures after a good result at 6 months. Fifteen underwent a
      second procedure with 83% success at 6 months. Complications included uterine
      perforation in three women, excessive glycine absorption in two, and two women
      had problems with haemorrhage. Four women came to hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS:
      Endometrial resection is an effective treatment for menorrhagia. Improvements in
      operative technique and equipment gave better results and fewer complications in
      the second half of the series.

PMID- 1822106
TI  - Our caring continues: a bereavement follow-up program.

PMID- 1822107
TI  - HLA DPB1 alleles and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - HLA-DPB1 genotypic and phenotypic frequencies were investigated in a series of 35
      adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 42 controls. No significant
      associations between DPB1 alleles and susceptibility to RA were demonstrated,
      although some non-significant differences in DPB1*0301 and 0401 allele
      frequencies between patients and controls were observed.

PMID- 1822108
TI  - Antidepressant therapy in the chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - The chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition receiving increasing recognition.
      Symptoms of depression are not infrequent and may be persistent and severe enough
      to warrant treatment. The controversy over the use of antidepressant therapy in
      this condition may present a dilemma for the general practitioner considering
      possible treatments. This paper draws on the literature and on the authors' own
      observations of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome to suggest guidelines
      for the use of antidepressant therapy.

PMID- 1822109
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis antirheumatic drug trials. II. Tables for calculating sample
      size for clinical trials of antirheumatic drugs.
AB  - The calculation of sample size requires knowledge of the standard deviation (SD)
      of index variables. Unfortunately, there are no published lists of SD and it is
      exceedingly difficult to locate variance estimates based on relevant populations.
      We used standardized procedures to determine in 60 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) the SD of key outcome measures recommended in current Food and
      Drug Administration and European League Against Rheumatism guidelines for RA
      clinical trials. We anticipate that these tables will be useful to clinical
      researchers in selecting outcome measures as well as for calculating sample size
      requirements for future clinical studies in RA.

PMID- 1822111
TI  - [How to evaluate scientific articles proposed for publication?].

PMID- 1822110
TI  - A sensitive RNase protection assay for the quantitation of the mRNAs for the LDL
      receptor and HMG-CoA reductase in human total RNA. Effects of treatments on cells
      in culture designed to up- and down-regulate expression of the LDL receptor.
AB  - Regulation of expression of the genes for the low density lipoprotein receptor
      (LDLR) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is of central
      importance in the control of cholesterol metabolism and thus in influencing the
      concentration of low density lipoprotein in the plasma. This can be studied by
      investigating the effects of factors (hormones, drugs, etc.) on the levels of
      mRNA for these genes. An RNase protection assay is reported for measurement of
      the levels of mRNA for the LDLR and HMGR. Several probes have been developed for
      these genes, together with probes for the "housekeeping" genes, beta-actin and
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Various conditions in the assay have
      been examined and optimised, e.g. conditions for solution hybridization and RNase
      digestion and the use of "sense" RNA standards. The assay allows accurate
      measurement of approximately 2 x 10(7) copies of LDLR and HMGR mRNAs, which is
      equivalent to the number of copies present in approximately 1 x 10(6) human
      dermal fibroblasts and approximately 5 x 10(5) Hep G2 liver hepatoma cells
      cultured in 10% fetal calf serum. The average number of copies of mRNA per cell
      was estimated in fibroblasts and Hep G2 cells under various conditions of
      regulation of the LDLR and revealed the following: [table: see text] Under the
      chosen conditions 10 copies per cell was the detection limit for the assay. The
      effect of these treatments on the number of copies of mRNA per cell for beta
      actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was also determined.

PMID- 1822113
TI  - 'Tongue control of upper complete dentures: a clinical hint'.

PMID- 1822112
TI  - A role for TLX antigens in pregnancy.
AB  - Maternal responses to allotypic TLX antigens are proposed as necessary in the
      immunological maintenance of human pregnancy. The TLX antigens are strategically
      and strongly expressed in semen and on the extraembryonic tissues which form the
      anatomical materno-fetal interfaces. Recent findings suggest that CD 46 proteins
      (a membrane cofactor which protects self tissues from autologous complement
      damage) in association with the activated complement component, C 3b produce a
      novel antigenic epitope recognized by both rabbit and human anti-TLX antisera.
      Control of TLX immunity involves an idiotype-antiidiotype network. We now report
      the development of rabbit antiidiotypes specific for cross-reactive idiotypes on
      human anti-TLX IgG antibodies. These antiidiotypes appear to recognize different
      TLX allotypes and will be useful for gaining additional insight into the
      immunogenetics of human reproduction.

PMID- 1822114
TI  - Preventive care of elderly people.

PMID- 1822116
TI  - Calcium oscillations and morphological transformations in single cultured gastric
      parietal cells.
AB  - Calcium is an important regulator of cellular activities including HCl secretion
      by parietal cells. With cholinergic agonists, a role for calcium is established;
      however, with histamine, at least two signaling pathways may be involved
      including calcium and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Because
      chelation of medium and/or cellular calcium has pronounced inhibitory effects on
      cholinergic but lesser effects on histamine-stimulated acid secretory responses
      in cell populations, the calcium pathway may not be of central importance for HCl
      secretion regulated by histamine. We have used digitized video imaging of fura-2
      fluorescence ratios and cellular morphology to determine more precisely the
      relationship between cellular calcium signaling mechanisms and acid secretion in
      single cultured rabbit parietal cells. Calcium signaling patterns were found to
      exhibit striking differences with histamine as compared with the cholinergic
      agonist carbachol. Maximal doses of histamine initiated repetitive oscillations
      in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in approximately 50% of cells, whereas the
      maximal carbachol response was characterized by a typical initial spike followed
      by a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i. Oscillations in response to carbachol were
      detected only at doses below the half-maximal concentration for initiation of
      acid secretion. Correlation of gradual expansion of acidic vacuoles with
      increases in [Ca2+]i in the same cells indicated that approximately 20% of cells
      increased acid secretory-related activities in response to histamine with no
      detectable rise in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest two possibilities: 1) a rise in
      [Ca2+]i is not necessary for histamine-stimulated HCl secretion, or 2)
      heterogeneous receptor-coupling mechanisms exist in parietal cell populations
      with either calcium or cAMP mechanisms predominating in different subpopulations.
      The ability to assess simultaneously acid secretory-related responses and calcium
      signaling patterns allows, for the first time, correlation of "physiological" and
      biochemical responses in single parietal cells. This methodology is expected to
      provide new insight into second messenger control mechanisms that are not
      possible either in cell populations or acutely isolated parietal cells that do
      not exhibit morphological transformations detectable at the light microscope
      level.

PMID- 1822117
TI  - Acetaldehyde as a substrate for ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1).
AB  - Liver microsomes from starved and acetone-treated rats catalyzed NADPH-supported
      metabolism of acetaldehyde at a rate 8-fold higher than corresponding control
      microsomes; the Vmax was about 6 nmol/mg microsomal protein/min and the apparent
      Km 30 microM. The reaction was efficiently inhibited by anti-CYP2E1 IgG, but not
      by control IgG. Reconstituted membranes containing rat CYP2E1 and cytochrome b5
      metabolized acetaldehyde with a Vmax of 20 nmol/nmol/min and an apparent Km of 30
      microM, whereas CYP2B4 containing vesicles or vesicles without b5 were
      ineffective. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of products formed
      from [2H4]-acetaldehyde with CYP2E1-containing reconstituted membrane vesicles
      revealed the formation of acetate as the only detectable product, although other
      water soluble products were also formed as evidenced from incubations with [1,2
      14C]acetaldehyde. The results indicate that CYP2E1 is an aldehyde oxidase and
      thus metabolizes both ethanol and its primary oxidation product. This might have
      implications in vivo for acetaldehyde metabolism in liver and brain.

PMID- 1822115
TI  - Treating neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 1822119
TI  - Mentorship and the charge nurse.
AB  - In the third part of this series on issues in ward management facing charge
      nurses, Jane Fox explores the crucial role of the charge nurse as mentor. An
      ability to emphathise with the student and a willingness to facilitate his/her
      personal and professional growth are described as the most important elements in
      the successful execution of the role. However, there are also considerable
      responsibilities and pressures associated with mentorship which it would be
      foolish to ignore. The author presents a reflective framework for use in
      mentorship which emphasises the positive theory while recognising the negatives
      of experienced reality.

PMID- 1822118
TI  - Scottish excellence. A strategy for excellence.

PMID- 1822120
TI  - [Primary health care].

PMID- 1822122
TI  - Euthanasia: living wills to end life.

PMID- 1822123
TI  - A social disease?

PMID- 1822121
TI  - Clause X.

PMID- 1822124
TI  - Evaluating primary nursing. Part 1.

PMID- 1822125
TI  - Developing countries. Calcutta update.

PMID- 1822126
TI  - Welsh focus. Providing a service.

PMID- 1822128
TI  - Stress: Beyond burnout.

PMID- 1822127
TI  - Teaching reliability and validity: fun with classroom applications.
AB  - In addition to the basic role of educating and facilitating learning, in recent
      years, staff development educators and continuing educators also have assumed a
      major role of facilitating research in many institutions. As more emphasis is
      placed on bedside research, stimulating staff interest has been a challenge. This
      article describes a fun way to help staff members acquire or refocus on skills
      and concepts essential to clinical research.

PMID- 1822129
TI  - Caring costs: the price is right.

PMID- 1822130
TI  - Skull base in trigonocephaly.
AB  - The authors present aspects of the skull base in trigonocephalic children.
      Different patterns on clinical anthropometric investigation, bidimensional
      computer tomography (CT) scan and three-dimensional (3D) CT scan were studied. We
      present a series of 27 cases of trigonocephaly operated on in the department of
      pediatric neurosurgery at the Hopital des enfants La Timone in Marseille since
      1975. The skull base has been studied with CT scan in 12 patients and in 5 a 3D
      CT reconstruction was performed. A control series of 27 children without
      synostosis has been studied with the same patterns. We have analyzed in 3D, the
      volume of the anterior fossa related to the orbital volume, the permeability of
      basal sutures and the spatial orientation of petrous, sphenoid and zygomatic
      bones. An analysis of nasoethmoidal complex was performed in relation with
      hypotelorism. CT scan allows the study of the opening of orbital, nasion
      pterional angles and the clinopterional angles, as well as nasion-clinoidal and
      bipterional distances. A computerized analysis of these data compared with normal
      skull base permits a new approach to these malformations and the necessity for
      subdivision of trigonocephaly.

PMID- 1822131
TI  - Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp: issues in its management.
AB  - Two cases of aplasia cutis congenita with associated bony defects are presented
      to highlight the dangers of delayed coverage of exposed dura. Management of one
      case was complicated by repeated local and systemic sepsis and the other by
      repeated, life-threatening hemorrhage. Early, definitive coverage of these
      defects using full thickness skin flaps avoids the risks of hemorrhage and
      should, if the recipient bed is clean, lessen the incidence of complicating
      sepsis.

PMID- 1822133
TI  - Leigh's disease with clinical manifestations of Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
AB  - Leigh's disease was found postmortem in a 5-year-old girl who was diagnosed
      clinically as Cornelia de Lange syndrome at age 1 year. The child's neurological
      status began to deteriorate rapidly at age 4.5 years and she died suddenly 6
      months later. Postmortem examination of the brain revealed bilateral necrosis of
      the hypothalamus, subthalamic nuclei, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Previous
      studies have linked Cornelia de Lange syndrome to hypothalamic lesions. This case
      demonstrates that Leigh's disease, which also damages the hypothalamus, could
      present with phenotypic features of Cornelia de Lange syndrome.

PMID- 1822134
TI  - Transient eye closure after posterior fossa tumor surgery in children.
AB  - Transient cerebellar eye closure following posterior fossa tumor surgery in
      children has recently been observed. This phenomenon is characterized by a
      transient inability to open the eyes postoperatively with complete resolution
      within 4-6 days. Presented are four cases of transient cerebellar eye closure
      after posterior fossa tumor surgery in children. Possible mechanisms are reviewed
      with regard to historical works of cerebellar stimulation in man, and anatomical
      structures and pathways which might be involved.

PMID- 1822135
TI  - CSF erythrocyte volume analysis: a simple method for the diagnosis of traumatic
      tap in newborn infants.
AB  - An objective method to evaluate the erythrocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in
      traumatic tap is described. In newborn infants with intracranial bleeding the CSF
      mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values are lower than the peripheral blood MCV, but
      in patients with traumatic tap, the CSF and blood MCV values are similar.

PMID- 1822132
TI  - Seizure outcome in children with hemispheric tumors and associated intractable
      epilepsy: the role of tumor removal combined with seizure foci resection.
AB  - Children harboring hemispheric tumors associated with intractable epilepsy were
      retrospectively reviewed to assess seizure outcome following tumor resection and
      electrocorticography-guided seizure foci removal. Thirteen (93%) of our patients
      have remained seizure-free, off anticonvulsants or on tapering doses, following
      surgery with a mean follow-up of 33 months. Fifteen of 16 (93%) seizure foci
      examined histologically were void of tumor infiltration. A review of the
      literature is provided regarding the controversy of tumor removal versus
      additional seizure foci removal at the time of tumor removal in providing optimal
      seizure control.

PMID- 1822136
TI  - Demonstration of cerebral radiation injury with metabolic positron emission
      tomography images.
AB  - A 2-year-old girl with medulloblastoma who had postoperative radiotherapy and
      intrathecal administration of methotrexate is reported. Five months after
      radiation and chemotherapy, she developed involuntary movement. Positron emission
      tomography (PET) demonstrated that the metabolic rate of glucose was depressed
      markedly in the temporal and occipital lobes, indicative of metabolic depression
      induced by radiation. Prompt initiation of steroid therapy ameliorated the
      patient's neurological symptoms. Follow-up PET revealed an increase in 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the entire brain, including temporal and occipital
      lesions. No areas with high accumulation of (11C-methyl)-L-methionine were
      detectable. We concluded that PET may be useful in establishing an early
      diagnosis of radiation injury of the brain and in monitoring metabolic changes
      following radiation in brain tumor patients.

PMID- 1822137
TI  - Congenital scalp defects: Adams-Oliver syndrome. A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Localized agenesis of the scalp is a well-recognized phenomenon, with over 300
      cases reported in the literature. These defects have previously been called
      congenital ulcer of the newborn, Streeters spots or aplasia cutis congenita
      (ACC). First described 160 years ago, ACC is recognized as a heterogenous group
      of disorders all having focal absence of scalp. Type III ACC, Adams-Oliver
      syndrome, consists of a scalp defect associated with a distal limb anomaly.
      Typically, the lesions appear as small ulcerations which may heal spontaneously.
      Larger lesions associated with underlying bony defects occur, and may cause death
      secondary to infection or hemorrhage from the sagittal sinus. We report a case of
      Adams-Oliver syndrome that required surgical excision and closure because of
      involvement of the sagittal sinus documented by multiple imaging modalities.

PMID- 1822138
TI  - Broviac ventriculostomy for long-term external ventricular drainage.
AB  - A closed external ventricular drainage system that incorporates a Broviac
      catheter, with its dacron cuff, is described and its use is detailed. This device
      has been placed in 17 patients who have undergone 19 procedures. Indications for
      prolonged cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage were: CSF leak (1 child) and shunt
      infection (16 children). Drainage was maintained for an average of 19 days, with
      a range of 6-47 days. The child with the CSF leak had resolution of this problem
      after 15 days, whereupon the system was removed. Thirteen of the 16 patients with
      shunt infections eventually underwent shunt placement. Two of the children in
      this group developed a shunt infection unrelated to their original septic episode
      that required placement of a second Broviac ventriculostomy. Two of the 3
      children who did not undergo permanent shunt placement expired from other causes.
      Both of these children had clinically functioning Broviac ventriculostomies and
      culture-proven sterile CSF at the time of death. The remaining child with an
      infected shunt died of overwhelming sepsis. Complications included: ventricular
      catheter revision (4 cases), irrigation of the system (4 cases), and secondary
      CSF infection (1 case). The infection attack rate was 1 in 361 patient-catheter
      days, or 2.77/1,000 patient-catheter days. The advantages of the Broviac
      ventriculostomy are two. First, this system is highly resistant to infection.
      Second, the device is difficult to dislodge.

PMID- 1822140
TI  - Complications of chemotherapy in patients with brain and spinal cord tumors.
AB  - Complications of chemotherapy in pediatric brain tumor patients tend to be acute
      and short-lived with some special exceptions such as permanent hearing impairment
      secondary to cisplatin, infertility and an increased risk of second primary
      neoplasms. Chemotherapy will be better tolerated and probably more effective in
      brain tumor patients following a major surgical resection, especially when agents
      such as cisplatin and cyclophosphamide are administered which require intensive
      intravenous hydration. Neoadjuvant or pre-radiotherapy chemotherapy
      administration may reduce chemotherapy-related side effects such as
      leukoencephalopathy secondary to high-dose intravenous methotrexate, neutropenia
      and thrombocytopenia following intensive chemotherapy, especially when
      craniospinal radiotherapy is required. The use of bone marrow ablative
      chemotherapy followed by autologous marrow rescue poses a new spectrum of organ
      toxicities. New supportive care measures significantly improved tolerance of
      chemotherapy such as mesna, a drug minimizing hemorrhagic cystitis following
      ifosfamide, ondonsetron, a highly effective antiemetic, and the hematopoietic
      growth factors such as G-CSF and GM-CSF which reduce the incidence and severity
      of symptomatic neutropenia. Chemotherapy may prolong life in patients with
      recurrent disease and contribute to curative therapy in newly diagnosed patients.
      The neurooncology community is becoming more familiar with the measures to
      improve its tolerance and thereby increase its efficacy.

PMID- 1822139
TI  - Medicolegal issues in pediatric neurosurgical practice.
AB  - The medical profession has an increasing interface with the profession of law and
      in no specialty is this more apparent than in pediatric neurosurgery. The areas
      of interface include the neurosurgeon as a defendant, as an expert witness, and
      as an ethicist. The role of a neurosurgical defendant may be eased if he/she is
      aware of the legal principles involved in malpractice litigation. This article
      discusses the doctrine of 'standard of care' as it applies presently in
      malpractice cases. The accepted defenses to a claim of breach of standard of care
      are outlined. The history of the principle of 'informed consent' is discussed
      briefly, as well as its present application. The position of the mature minor and
      emancipated minor in the process of informed consent is described. Finally, a few
      recommendations for avoidance of malpractice are suggested.

PMID- 1822141
TI  - Action potentials recorded with evoked potential techniques: modes and sites of
      generation.
AB  - Short latency evoked potentials (auditory and somatosensory) include compound
      action potentials which have been thought to be generated as a result of
      synchronous nerve impulses (volley) in the sensory pathways. The results of
      studies in experimental animals with intracranial electrodes or lesions and in
      patients with clearly localized and identified brain lesions have been
      interpreted as evidence that these waves are initiated at specific sites such as
      the neural outflows from the relevant nuclei of the respective pathways. However
      recordings of the auditory nerve-brain stem evoked responses (ABR) intracranially
      during neurosurgical procedures and considerations of the latency of the very
      early somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) have cast doubt as to this suggested
      mode of generation of these far-field potentials and, therefore, their sites of
      initiation. Careful studies of SEP in humans, in vitro experiments with nerve
      bundles and computer simulations have shown that far-field action potentials can
      be initiated at sites where the propagated action potential volley passes through
      boundaries between volume conductor regions differing in geometry and in
      conductivity. These studies have provided insight into the modes of generation of
      SEP and ABR and their possible sites, showing that they may be more sensitive to
      the passive properties of the surroundings of nerve tracts rather than their
      functional state per se.

PMID- 1822142
TI  - Discrimination of communication calls in the squirrel monkey: "call detectors" or
      "cell ensembles"?
AB  - Single cells in the primary auditory cortex of the awake squirrel monkey were
      tested for their responses to intraspecific communication calls presented to the
      monkey normally ("calls") and backwards ("llacs"). These two groups of signals
      were similarly effective in eliciting responses, and response patterns were of
      the same nature and equally diverse. In about 2% of the cells the time structure
      of a response to at least one "llac" was virtually a "mirror image" of the
      response to the corresponding "call". In about 34% of the cells, for at least one
      vocalization, at one intensity or other, the time distribution of response peaks
      closely approximated in time with the envelope of a particular spectral component
      of the call, corresponding with the cell's best frequency. These results suggest
      that complex sounds may be represented in the auditory cortex by the synchronized
      activity of functional cell ensembles in which differently tuned individual
      members are distributed throughout the cochleotopic space according to their best
      frequencies.

PMID- 1822143
TI  - Contribution of the hindlimb vasculature to systemic resistance responses to
      carotid sinus pressure changes in the rabbit.
AB  - The effects on the vascular resistance of the skinned hindlimb of changes in
      pressure within the vascularly isolated carotid sinus have been compared with
      those on systemic vascular resistance in the same rabbits. With the hindlimb
      perfused at arterial pressure a reduction of sinus pressure from 200 mm Hg to 40
      mm Hg increased hindlimb vascular resistance by only 50% compared with an
      increase of 100% in systemic vascular resistance. Although cardiac output was
      unaltered, blood flow to the hindlimb increased by 24%. However, flow to the
      contralateral hindlimb, which had been sympathectomized, rose by 400% and its
      resistance was halved. These responses to a reduction in sinus pressure show that
      in the absence of sympathetic tone the hindlimb has a compliant vascular bed and
      indicate that even though the changes in vascular resistance of the innervated
      limb were much less than the average systemic resistance change, there must,
      nevertheless, have been a substantial increase in sympathetic drive to the limb.

PMID- 1822144
TI  - Attenuation of anaphylactic shock and related mortality in guinea-pigs after
      administration of a potent protein kinase inhibitor, K252a.
AB  - We examined whether protein kinases have a role in the expression of anaphylactic
      shock (AS). Guinea-pigs sensitized to ovalbumin were administered i.p. saline
      (control) or 10 micrograms/kg K252a, a potent protein kinase inhibitor, 30 min
      before challenge. The development of AS and mortality was observed for the next 2
      h. In the K252a-treated group the incidence of AS fell to 53% from 100%, the
      maximum intensity was 62% less than the control, and mortality dropped to 16%
      from 50% of the animals. We suggest that protein kinases are involved in the
      expression of AS, and that inhibitors of these enzymes may protect against the
      symptoms of AS and allergy.

PMID- 1822145
TI  - Effects of age on the metabolic, ionic and electrical responses to anoxia in the
      newborn dog brain in vivo.
AB  - The interrelation between brain energy metabolism, electrical activity and ion
      homeostasis developing under experimental anoxia in animals of different ages is
      of significant value in the understanding of brain damage occurring under similar
      conditions of clinical neuropathology. The purpose of the present study was to
      compare brain energy states and extracellular ion homeostasis during anoxia in
      newborn puppies of various ages. We have developed and used a multiparametric
      monitoring device by which various functions of the brain can be recorded in a
      real-time mode from a 5 mm diameter area on the surface of the cortex.
      Intracellular oxygen balance was evaluated in newborn puppies of various ages by
      monitoring the intramitochondrial NADH redox state using a fluorescence
      technique. The electrical activity was measured by recording the spontaneous ECoG
      (electrocorticogram) and DC (direct current) steady potential. Ion homeostasis
      was evaluated using surface potassium and calcium mini-electrodes. Newborn
      puppies were anesthetized, the dura mater was removed and the multiprobe assembly
      was placed on the brain and cemented to the skull. Five groups of puppies (0-1, 2
      7, 8-14, 15-21 days and 3-24 weeks) were exposed to 5 minutes of complete O2
      deprivation (100% nitrogen exposure) and were monitored during the recovery
      period until all parameters returned to baseline values. The results may be
      summarized as follows: 1. Resting baseline levels of extracellular K+ were in the
      same range as described for other young and adult mammals (2.9 +/- 0.05 mM). 2.
      Extracellular Ca2+ levels were higher than those published for other mammals (1.6
      +/- 0.07 mM). 3. During 5 minutes of anoxia, a significant increase in K+ levels
      was recorded. This increase was not accompanied by measurable changes in
      extracellular Ca2+. 4. The effect of age on the length of time to the elevation
      of the extracellular K+ concentration and on the rate of K+ accumulation from the
      onset of the anoxic condition was significant, i.e., the younger the animal the
      longer the time and the lower the rate. 5. The rate of energy depletion was age
      dependent as indicated by the rate of NADH accumulation during anoxia. However,
      no significant effect of age on the basal aerobic metabolism was found as
      measured by the maximum percent increase of NADH during anoxia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822146
TI  - Recognition cue in the rat's social memory paradigm.
AB  - The cue used by an adult resident rat for recognition of a just met juvenile in
      the social memory paradigm was assessed by manipulating the amount of olfactory
      information and enhancing the recognition with arginine8-vasopressin (AVP).
      Social recognition was impaired in anosmic resident rats, suggesting that the
      recognition cue is olfactory in nature. Washed juveniles were recognized by AVP
      but not placebo treated residents, independently of whether after washing they
      were marked with previously collected urine of the residents or not.
      Preputialectomized juveniles were recognized neither by placebo nor by AVP
      treated residents. The results suggest that the scents originating from the
      preputial gland of the juvenile serve as the recognition cue in the social memory
      paradigm of rats.

PMID- 1822148
TI  - [Bacteremia. An old problem].

PMID- 1822147
TI  - [Current treatment of pneumococcal meningitis].

PMID- 1822149
TI  - [Evaluation of 5 selection criteria for sputum as a valid sample for culture].
AB  - We compare five selection criteria to discriminate between good quality
      expectorated sputum and specimens contaminated with upper respiratory tract
      secretions. We employed two microscopic methods (Bartlett, Heineman) which rely
      upon the number of squamo-epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes; and
      a macroscopic method (the Medical Research Council) which evaluates the gross
      appearance of sputum, with three different criteria for admission established by
      our own. Three hundred and thirty two sputum were included. We evaluated
      sensitivity, specificity and predictive values as compared with isolation or not
      of a potential pathogen. We obtained 72% and 45% sensitivity, and 81% and 86%
      specificity for Bartlett and Heineman methods respectively. Most restrictive
      criterion for macroscopic method provided 57% sensitivity and 82% specificity;
      least restrictive showed 97% sensitivity and 17% specificity. Macroscopic method
      is a quick, valuable screening for discarding sputum contaminated with upper
      respiratory tract secretions.

PMID- 1822150
TI  - [Oral infection by Y. enterocolitica 0:8. Studies of immunization in a murine
      model].
AB  - The evaluation and mechanism of protection against Y. enterocolitica O:8 using
      different immunization schedules. We immunize 3 groups of 20 mice each against an
      oral lethal dose of Y. enterocolitica O:8 using: 1) whole cells, 2) hyperimmune
      sera, and 3) LPS and common antigen. Animals immunized using whole live cells
      that produce common antigen (O:3 +V and IP614) developed the highest degree of
      protection, with an overall survival rate of 70% and 60% respectively. Similar
      results were obtained using animals immunized with sera. Animals immunized using
      LPS and common antigen also were able to control the replication of the infecting
      strain. Common antigen and antibodies against it did not inhibit adherence not
      bacterial invasion. However, it seems to be an important protecting factor, that
      controls the bacterial replication in intestinal lymph tissue. The exact
      mechanism is currently unknown.

PMID- 1822152
TI  - [Antimicrobial sensitivity of 402 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in 7
      Spanish cities].
AB  - To study N. gonorrhoeae resistance in Spain. We evaluate 402 strains
      consecutively isolated in 7 Spanish cities (Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Murcia,
      Seville, Valencia and Valladolid). The MIC to 9 antimicrobial agents was
      determined by agar-dilution (DST) method. We found a high incidence (15.7%) of
      penicillinase producer strains (NGPP). Most (53.3%) of all non-NGPP strains
      showed reduced sensitivity to penicillin and 1.5% of the strains had
      chromosomally mediated resistance. All NGPP strains and 90% of non-NGPP strains
      showed reduced sensitivity to tetracycline (MIC greater than 0.23 mg/l). We did
      not found any strain with high-level tetracycline resistance. MIC90 for the other
      drugs tested were: erythromycin, 0.125 mg/l; spectinomycin, 16 mg/l; cefoxitin, 2
      mg/l; cefuroxime 0.06 mg/l; ceftriaxone 0.0037 mg/l; ofloxacin 0.06 mg/l and
      ciprofloxacin, 0.0018 mg/l. NGPP are very prevalent in Spain. Most of these
      strains had chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. We
      did not found resistance to other antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 1822151
TI  - [Resistance to erythromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae].
AB  - A total of 640 S. pneumoniae isolates from different clinical samples obtained
      from patients (not including carriers) over a 10 years period were studied.
      Global resistance to erythromycin (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml)
      was 9.1% (8.1% with MIC greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml). Resistance was
      more prevalent in serotypes 6, 14, and 19, either in absolute number or in
      relation to the total number of strains in each serotype. A total of 16% of
      strains isolated from ear fluid specimens and bronchial secretions were
      resistant, but only a 4.5% of blood culture isolates showed also resistance to
      erythromycin. Resistance was found more frequently on pediatric patients.
      Although the highest resistance rate was found during the last year (15% of all
      1990 isolated strains or 13.9% if the period also includes the first 1991
      quarter) we did not find a gradual increase over time. Most of the resistant
      strains showed also resistance to tetracycline and other antimicrobial agents.
      Overall, 94.8% of strains showed multiple resistance (combined resistance to at
      least 2 other different antibiotics, not including clindamycin resistance, which
      always matches erythromycin resistance), and 60.3% showed resistance to
      penicillin. The multiply-resistant pattern and the similarity of isolated strains
      suggest an epidemiologic behaviour that not necessarily has to be linked to
      higher erythromycin use.

PMID- 1822153
TI  - [Haemophilus influenzae and genital infection].
AB  - We report nine cases of H. influenzae genital infections in women. Six patients
      had a total of 7 episodes of Bartholin glands abscess. One patient developed a
      post-caesarean endomyometritis on the 16th post-delivery day. The remaining
      patient developed an amniotic fluid infection in the 32nd week of pregnancy. All
      the nine H. influenzae strains were sensitive to ampicillin. We assess the rising
      importance of H. influenzae as an etiologic agent of female genital tract
      infections.

PMID- 1822155
TI  - [Vibrio alginolyticus and swimmer's otitis externa. 2 cases and review of the
      literature].
AB  - We describe two patients with acute diffuse external otitis (swimmer's otitis)
      acquired in the Mediterranean shore, with Vibrio alginolyticus recovered from ear
      fluid. We describe the biochemical profile and sensitivity pattern (MIC) of both
      strains, comparing it to previously published data. A literature review was also
      performed, in which we found evidence for increasing concern of V. alginolyticus
      as an human pathogen. Also there is a need for considering halophilic vibrio as
      potential pathogens, specially if there is also epidemiologic support.

PMID- 1822154
TI  - [Bacteremic pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi and HIV infection. Report of a
      new case and review of the literature].
AB  - Rhodococcus equi (Corynebacterium equi) is able to produce infections not only in
      animals but also in patients, usually immunosuppressed ones. We report a new case
      of bacteremic pneumonia in a drug addict who was also infected by HIV. X-ray film
      of the chest showed a cavitated infiltrate in right upper lobe. R. equi was
      recovered from blood, respiratory secretions and lung tissue. The patient was
      with a prolonged course of antibiotics and also surgical treatment. In spite of
      both therapies, the patient died. We believe that this infection has to be
      considered in HIV infected patients with cavitated pneumonia and that early
      surgical treatment, combined with a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, is
      advisable. Finally, in view of the severity of this infection, and its relation
      with other opportunistic infections, we believe that could be included as AIDS
      diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 1822156
TI  - [Usefulness of warning flags in the handling of biological samples in an
      emergency room].
AB  - The present study evaluates the utility of biohazard precautions labels for
      identifying biological samples of patients with probable severe transmissible
      infectious diseases. The study was performed in a total of 633 patients in the
      emergency department of a General Hospital. In an anonymous way we determine the
      presence or absence of serological markers of HIV and hepatitis B infection
      (HBsAg) and we evaluated the labeling of the sample. Our results demonstrate the
      very low usefulness of this common procedure: a total of 54.5% of HIV positive
      patients and 87.5% of those positive to HBsAg were not marked correctly. We
      discuss the necessity of using universal precautions instead of labeling samples
      in the current way.

PMID- 1822157
TI  - [Furunculoid lesion after traveling to tropical America].

PMID- 1822158
TI  - [Nodular pulmonary infiltrates and cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 1822159
TI  - [Otitis externa maligna. Report of a case resistant to ciprofloxacin].

PMID- 1822160
TI  - [Neurobrucellosis. Report of a case with elevated ADA in the CSF].

PMID- 1822161
TI  - [Clinical significance of the isolation of Hafnia alvei from the feces of
      children with acute gastroenteritis].

PMID- 1822162
TI  - [Epidemiology of infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae in Spain].

PMID- 1822163
TI  - [Evaluation of a rapid technique for HIV antibodies].

PMID- 1822164
TI  - [Cavitated pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in an HIV-positive female
      patient].

PMID- 1822165
TI  - [Pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in a patient with AIDS].

PMID- 1822167
TI  - Solution chemistry and analytical characterization of ormaplatin.
AB  - Ormaplatin is a racemic, platinum(IV), anti-cancer drug which is currently
      involved in phase 1 clinical trials. Characterizing the purity of ormaplatin
      represents an analytical challenge for several reasons. These include the lack of
      solution stability of ormaplatin, its process impurities and solution
      decomposition products, the strong concentration and pH dependence of various
      decomposition pathways and solution equilibria and the absence of chromatographic
      reproducibility. Two independent types of aqueous decomposition pathways have
      been observed. The first pathway involves the generation of soluble PtIV
      containing species which remain in equilibrium with the parent material in
      solution. The second pathway involves the generation of PtII containing materials
      which tend to be less soluble. The most interesting material in this latter class
      is probably the chloride bridged mixed valence material which has been
      characterized structurally by X-ray diffraction. Liquid chromatography and sample
      handling procedures have been developed which allow for the accurate
      determination of bulk drug purity, as well as, an understanding of numerous
      reversible equilibria.

PMID- 1822166
TI  - Capillary gas chromatography for the assessment of cholesterol oxides in the
      heart.
AB  - Recent studies indicated the presence of cholesterol oxides in biological tissues
      such as heart under pathophysiological conditions. Currently, no suitable method
      is available to separate and quantitate these oxides in biological tissues. This
      study was undertaken to develop a method suitable for the quantification of
      cholesterol oxides in heart. Since under normal conditions cholesterol oxidation
      does not occur, we exposed isolated perfused rat heart to oxygen-derived free
      radicals, which are known to oxidize cholesterol in heart. Free radical treated
      hearts were homogenized and lipids extracted by conventional techniques. The
      extracted lipids were saponified, and non-saponified portions were extracted with
      ether. Silyl derivatives of the extracted products were subjected to capillary
      gas chromatography. One microlitre of the sample was injected onto an SE 54
      Supelco capillary column and run by stepwise temperature programming from 230 to
      260 degrees C at a rate of 20 degrees C min-1, and then from 260 to 290 degrees C
      at 6 degrees C min-1. 5-Androsten-3 beta-ol-17-one was used as internal standard.
      The separated cholesterol oxides were identified by comparing with authentic
      standards. This method was suitable to separate 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol,
      dihydroxycholesterol, 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol,
      cholesterol-5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxide, and 5-cholestene in heart. Since some of
      these oxides are cytotoxic to the heart, identification of these oxides should be
      important to understand the pathophysiology of myocardial disease and for the
      successful therapy to prevent them.

PMID- 1822168
TI  - Determination of Ro 14-4767 (Loceryl) by LC using automated column switching with
      ultraviolet and electrochemical detection.
AB  - Ro 14-4767, Loceryl is a member of a new class of antimycotics, and a number of
      dosage forms are being developed for its topical application. The active,
      impurities and its major oxidation products are amenable to ultraviolet detection
      at wavelengths of approximately 220 nm. As new delivery systems and lower
      strengths have been developed, it was recognized that a more sensitive detection
      method may be necessary to support product development. Ro 14-4767, Ro 14-3168
      (impurity) and diastereomers are readily oxidized at potentials of 0.8 V (vs
      Ag/AgCl) at a glassy carbon electrode. Electrochemical detection substantially
      improved the sensitivity relative to UV detection. However, detection of
      impurities and oxidation products by either UV or electrochemical detection
      exhibited interference problems from the cream matrix. Employing column switching
      eliminated the interference problem from the cream matrix and adding
      tetrahydrofuran to the mobile phase (acetonitrile and pH 7.0 phosphate buffer)
      significantly increased the selectivity and sensitivity for both UV and
      electrochemical detection. The method requires the use of two pumps to
      continually deliver the mobile phase through both detectors before and after
      valve switching, preventing the baseline from shifting during a stop in the flow
      to the electrochemical detector. Quantitative recovery of the active, the
      potential degradation products, and Ro 14-3168 from a placebo cream using column
      switching and UV detection has been demonstrated. Utilizing this methodology it
      is possible to quantitate 0.1% of the formulation label claim for the potential
      degradation products and Ro 14-3168. Electrochemical detection provides greater
      selectivity in that only Ro 14-3168, Ro 14-4767 and its diastereomers are
      detected. However, the sensitivity of detection relative to UV is enhanced. The
      method is linear in the range of 50 to 150% of the working standard solution for
      0.01% and 0.001% active concentration of the cream. The column switching
      technique can be automated for reproducible assay of a large number of samples.

PMID- 1822169
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chlorhexidine phosphanilate,
      a new antimicrobial agent.
AB  - Chlorhexidine phosphanilate (CHP) is analysed by two separate reversed-phase HPLC
      methods. CHP was found to be a non-stoichiometric compound with a phosphanilic
      acid to chlorhexidine ratio of 1.83. By careful choice of solvents, solution pH
      and HPLC columns, loss of sample due to incomplete dissolution and adsorption to
      surfaces is avoided. Both methods are shown to be stability-indicating and
      accurate.

PMID- 1822170
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of glutathione and of its oxidation product in
      pharmaceutical dosage forms.
AB  - A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method suitable for the stability
      control of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing glutathione (gamma-glutamyl
      cysteinyl-glycine), GSH, is described. Besides GSH, the method quantitatively
      determines its oxidation product, GSSG. The colour reactions of GSH and GSSG with
      ammonium tetrachloropalladate have been investigated and the optimum reaction
      conditions, spectral characteristics and composition of the yellow water-soluble
      complexes have been established. The assay results of pharmaceutical formulations
      showed good accuracy and precision over the concentration range of 5 x 10(-5)-6 x
      10(-4) M GSH.

PMID- 1822171
TI  - Vitamins B1 and B6 tubular electrodes as FIA detectors; their use in the analysis
      of pharmaceutical products.
AB  - Ion-selective electrodes without an inner reference solution and tubular
      potentiometric detectors for the determination of vitamins B1 and B6 in
      pharmaceutical preparations by flow injection analysis (FIA) are reported. The
      membranes were prepared with the vitamin tetra(2-chlorophenyl)borate (TCPB)
      dissolved in o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) and immobilized on PVC. Intrinsic
      behaviour of the tubular detectors was assessed using a low-dispersion single
      channel FIA manifold and was compared with conventionally-shaped electrodes using
      the same membrane. Data obtained in the determination of vitamins B1 and B6 in
      pharmaceutical preparations with a double channel flow injection manifold
      incorporating the tubular detectors are presented and compared with those
      obtained by the U.S. Pharmacopeia method and by direct potentiometry with
      conventionally-shaped electrodes.

PMID- 1822172
TI  - Comparative determination of salinomycin by high-performance liquid
      chromatography, microbiological and colorimetric methods in testing production
      processes and animal feed preparations.
AB  - Salinomycin and other polyether antibiotics usually do not have a strong
      chromophore, nor electrochemical or fluorescence activity. Consequently, common
      liquid chromatography detectors cannot be used for the direct determination of
      these substances and LC methods that utilize a specific post-column reaction with
      vanillin have been developed to overcome this limitation. In this report, some
      modifications of previously published LC methods were made to optimize the
      analysis of salinomycin. Comparison with standard microbiological and
      colorimetric methods has been carried out. The LC method was found to provide the
      best way of precise, and accurate determination in low levels of salinomycin down
      to the concentration of 1 mg kg-1.

PMID- 1822173
TI  - Effect of cyclodextrins on the chemical stability of mitomycins in alkaline
      solution.
AB  - The effects of cyclodextrins on the chemical stability of several mitomycin
      antibiotics in an alkaline medium have been investigated. A stability-indicating
      high-performance liquid chromatographic method was used to determine the overall
      degradation rate constants. The influence of various parameters such as
      structural variations of the cyclodextrins and mitomycins, temperature and pH was
      studied. It appears that complexation is most favourable with gamma-cyclodextrin.
      All mitomycin-gamma-cyclodextrin complexes degrade at lower rates than those of
      the free drugs. Moreover, it was shown that gamma-cyclodextrin influences the
      equilibrium between mitomycin C and its zwitterion mesomer.

PMID- 1822174
TI  - A systematic study on the chemical stability of ifosfamide.
AB  - The degradation kinetics of ifosfamide in aqueous solution have been investigated
      over the pH region 1-13 at 70 degrees C. A stability indicating high-performance
      liquid chromatographic assay with UV detection was used to separate degradation
      products from the parent compound. The degradation kinetics were studied as
      related to pH, buffer composition, ionic strength, temperature and drug
      concentration. A pH-rate profile at 70 degrees C, obtained from (pseudo) first
      order kinetic plots, was constructed after corrections for buffer effects were
      made. The degradation reactions of ifosfamide were found to be largely
      independent of pH, although proton or hydroxyl catalysis occurs at extreme pH
      values. Ifosfamide shows maximum stability in the pH region 4-9, corresponding to
      a half-life of 20 h.

PMID- 1822175
TI  - Analysis of diuretic doping agents by HPLC screening and GC-MSD confirmation.
AB  - The simultaneous analysis of 14 diuretics in human urine (belonging to five
      different pharmacological groups) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) with a diode-array detector was developed by using a
      gradient elution with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer containing propylamine
      hydrochloride on a Bondclone-ODS (10 microns) column. The method was applied to
      the screening test of several diuretics abused by athletes. The confirmation
      analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with ion-selective
      detection (GC-MSD). The characteristic mass fragment ions obtained by electron
      impact (EI) ionization (70 eV) provided sufficient identification of these
      diuretic agents. During the 1990 weight-lifting contest of Asia in Kao-Hsiung,
      Republic of China, one urine sample was found positive for the diuretic
      hydrochlorothiazide.

PMID- 1822177
TI  - Characterization of Sanguinaria canadensis L. fluid extract by FAB mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Positive-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was used for the rapid
      characterization of commercial Sanguinaria canadensis L. fluid extracts.
      Quaternary and non-quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids afford persistent
      peaks due to [M]+ and [M+H]+ ionic species, respectively, and their relative
      abundances are in good agreement with previously reported per cent analytical
      data. The procedure allowed sanguinarine, chelerythrine, chelirubine,
      sanguilutine, protopine, allocryptopine and the isomers sanguirubine and/or
      chelilutine to be effectively detected by means of persistent and intense peaks
      in all the samples examined.

PMID- 1822176
TI  - Analytical methods for the determination of vinca alkaloids in biological
      specimens: a survey of the literature.
AB  - The bio-analysis and pharmacokinetics of vinca alkaloids have been the subject of
      many investigations. In most cases radiolabelled compounds have been used for
      quantification purposes. Although this method lacks selectivity, it has provided
      valuable information on tissue distribution of unchanged drug and metabolites in
      an early stage of clinical and preclinical investigations. During the last few
      years, methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography have been
      presented. This paper reviews the methods described in the literature for the bio
      analysis of vinca alkaloids, supplemented with our own experience in this field.
      Special attention is paid to the problems that may arise during the analytical
      processes.

PMID- 1822178
TI  - The use of FT-IR for the determination of stratum corneum hydration in vitro and
      in vivo.
AB  - Measurement of the water content of stratum corneum plays an important role in
      physiological and therapeutic inquiries in dermatology. There are many techniques
      available for non-invasive determination of skin hydration such as measurement of
      electrical, mechanical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of the skin. Most
      techniques, however, suffer from the fact that they do not employ a direct
      measurement of water content rather a property caused by skin hydration.
      Recently, Potts et al., (Arch. Derm. Res. 277, 489-495, 1985) developed an FT-IR
      method for the determination of water content of the skin both in vitro and in
      vivo. The method employed attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) to
      measure a weak O-H stretch formed by the presence of water at 2100 cm-1. This
      absorbance is distant from interferences due to skin and most topically applied
      substances and therefore may be used in the quantitation of skin water content
      (hydration). This report describes the use of this technique in an investigation
      into the effect of occlusion on the water content of the skin. Method development
      and validation employing an in vitro system is also discussed.

PMID- 1822179
TI  - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the investigation of on-column
      dehydration of steroid hormones during gas-liquid chromatography.
AB  - Some underivatized steroids when injected onto conventional packed columns for
      gas-liquid chromatography underwent varying degrees of dehydration. This problem
      was traced to the presence of small pieces of broken glass on the top of the
      column at the point of injection. This observation provoked an examination of the
      effect of pre-column dehydration on a number of different types of steroids.
      Powdered aluminium was placed in the injection liner of a Hewlett-Packard gas
      chromatograph fitted with an HP1 capillary column connected to a mass selective
      detector, and injections were made using a new high temperature septumless
      injection system at temperatures between 200 and 400 degrees C. 5 alpha-androstan
      3 alpha-ol, a simple monofunctional C19 steroid chosen as a model to establish
      optimum conditions, underwent dehydration at injection temperatures greater than
      250 degrees C and the product reached a maximum at 400 degrees C when no
      unchanged steroid was present. Monohydroxylated androgens and oestrogens
      underwent dehydration at 400 degrees C producing products whose mass spectra
      indicated they were monenes, although the position of the double bond could not
      be assigned. Polyfunctional androgens and oestrogens and corticosteroids
      underwent complex changes producing a number of products some of whose structures
      could not be determined. The dehydration products had the advantage that they had
      relatively intense high mass ions and for suitable steroids this might provide
      enhanced sensitivity of detection during mass fragmentography. In such cases
      dehydration was reproducible and straight line standard curves were obtained. C27
      and C28 secosteroids (vitamins D2 and D3) and some of their metabolites (e.g. 25
      hydroxyvitamin D) underwent efficient dehydration, again producing products with
      intense molecular ions. In the case of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25,26
      dihydroxyvitamin D3, dehydration produced different products which were easily
      resolved in the chromatographic system used. Dehydration of vitamin D metabolites
      eliminates the need for derivatization and gives enhanced sensitivity of
      measurement by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1822180
TI  - Derivative spectrophotometric assay of acetaminophen and spectrofluorimetric
      determination of its main impurity.
AB  - Second derivative UV spectrophotometry proved to be a useful tool for the
      determination of acetaminophen, even in the presence of high amounts of the
      impurity, 4-aminophenol and the background effect caused by dissolved excipients
      of some dosage forms. The fluorimetric method used for the estimation of 4
      aminophenol impurity is less sensitive than the colorimetric methods used in the
      pharmacopeias. This can be attributed to an inner-filter effect.

PMID- 1822181
TI  - Flow injection immunoassay using a protein A immunoreactor.
AB  - Competitive immunoassays have been developed for the immunosuppressant
      cyclosporin A and the anti-asthmatic drug theophylline utilizing identical
      controlled pore glass-protein A microcolumns and flow injection techniques. For
      cyclosporin A the assay was based on a monoclonal antibody with fluorescence
      detection whilst for theophylline sheep antiserum and electrochemical detection
      was used.

PMID- 1822182
TI  - An on-line immunoassay method for theophylline using a protein A immunoreactor.
AB  - A heterogeneous fluorescence immunoassay for theophylline has been automated
      using a flow injection analysis system containing a protein A solid phase reactor
      to separate antibody-bound and unbound fluorescein-theophylline. For each sample
      the antibody-protein A reaction takes place at near neutral pH, and the complexes
      are eluted at acid pH. The antibody-binding capacity of the reaction greatly
      exceeds the antibody level in each sample incubation mixture, and a single
      reactor can be repeatedly cycled between neutral and acid pHs. Experimental
      variations such as reactor size, flow rate, pH values, and reactant
      concentrations have been studied. Theophylline could readily be determined at the
      micrograms ml-1 level with on-line incubation with antibodies.

PMID- 1822183
TI  - Relationships between nucleotide incorporation rates and molecular parameters
      obtained by molecular modelling and chromatography.
AB  - Deoxyuridine derivatives play an important role in pharmaceutical chemistry as
      they are potential antiviral and antitumour agents. Their pharmacological
      activity depends on their ability to incorporate into DNA in their triphosphate
      forms. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) retention behaviour of a
      series of 5-alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl substituted deoxyuridine derivatives were
      investigated on reversed-phase stationary phase using various mixtures of
      methanol and water as mobile phases. The slope and the intercept values of the
      linear relationships between the logarithmic capacity ratio (log k') values and
      methanol concentration have been calculated. Non-polar, non-polar unsaturated and
      polar surface areas, surface energies, dipole moments, van der Waals radii of the
      derivatives have been calculated on the bases of molecular mechanics by PC Model
      approach. The correlation study of the above-mentioned parameters revealed that
      hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface areas and the electronic effects of the
      substituents determine not only the retention behaviour of the derivatives but
      also their incorporation rate into DNA in their triphosphate forms.

PMID- 1822184
TI  - A new analytical cell for carbohydrate analysis with a maintenance-free reference
      electrode.
AB  - An electrochemical cell for carbohydrates that uses a completely maintenance-free
      reference electrode has been introduced. The cell consists of three electrodes: a
      gold working electrode, a stainless steel counter electrode, and a palladium
      reference electrode. Other fluid-path cell components are fabricated of PEEK, Kel
      F, and Teflon. The solid state palladium reference electrode requires no filling
      solutions and hence has no additional junction potentials. This versatile, pH
      sensitive reference electrode allows the cell to compensate for pH shifts in the
      gold working electrode, resulting in better reproducibility. The cell functioned
      well for more than 2700 injections of a glucose standard over 6 weeks without
      maintenance of any kind. The control module uses a three pulse waveform that
      allows for selectable potentials and pulse durations as well as an adjustable
      delay period prior to the acquisition of the analytical signal.

PMID- 1822185
TI  - Microcalorimetric investigation of the complexation between 2-hydroxypropyl-beta
      cyclodextrin and amine drugs with the diphenylmethyl functionality.
AB  - Solution calorimetry has been employed to evaluate the stability constants and
      standard-enthalpy changes (delta H degrees) associated with complex formation
      between 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and a group of amine
      compounds having the diphenylmethyl functionality in aqueous solution at 298.15
      K. Data from microcalorimetric titrations of the compounds were analysed using a
      nonlinear least-squares method. Of the 12 compounds studied, only terfenadine.HCl
      formed a 1:2 (compound:HP-beta-CD) complex. All the others formed 1:1 complexes.
      The standard free energy decrease accompanying the formation of inclusion
      complexes is generally due to a negative delta H degrees. This exothermic delta H
      degrees can be interpreted as indicating that the binding forces for complexation
      include both the hydrophobic effect and strong van der Waals interactions. When a
      halogen substituent is in the aromatic ring, stability constants are higher and
      standard-entropy changes (delta S degrees) become positive, suggesting greater
      hydrophobic interaction. Both adiphenine.HCl and proadifen.HCl form more stable
      complexes, suggesting that hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl oxygen by the
      hydroxyl-group on the rim of the CD ring could be an important contributor to the
      complexation. Substitution on the aliphatic carbon of the diphenylmethyl group
      was also found to be important in determining the ability of compounds to bind
      with HP-beta-CD. The independence of the thermodynamic constants on the degree of
      protonation in the case of bifunctional amines indicates that the amine
      functional groups do not penetrate into the HP-beta-CD cavity.

PMID- 1822186
TI  - Mexiletine determination in serum by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen
      selective detection.

PMID- 1822187
TI  - Development of a quantitative FT-IR assay for the determination of a tackifier
      within the adhesive mass of a hydrocolloid patch.

PMID- 1822188
TI  - Quantitative spectrophotometric assay of levodopa as its Pd(II) complex in water
      and dosage forms.

PMID- 1822190
TI  - Analysis of iododoxorubicin and its major impurity.

PMID- 1822189
TI  - Effect of surfactants on albendazole absorption.

PMID- 1822191
TI  - Imipenem in biological fluids analysed by derivative UV-spectrophotometry.

PMID- 1822192
TI  - Gas chromatographic analysis, with electron capture detection, of the antifungal
      drug fluconazole in microvolumes of human plasma.

PMID- 1822193
TI  - Application of liquid radiochromatographic techniques to the metabolic profiling
      of xenobiotically-mediated arachidonate metabolism.

PMID- 1822194
TI  - Validation of GC method to measure a new analgesic (E-4018) in biological
      samples. Comparison between HPLC and GC method.

PMID- 1822195
TI  - Methods used in the study of TRH-like peptides in rat prostate.

PMID- 1822196
TI  - A direct HPLC method for the resolution of glycidyl tosylate and glycidyl 3
      nitrobenzenesulphonate enantiomers.
AB  - The enantiomeric composition of glycidyl tosylate and glycidyl 3
      nitrobenzenesulphonate is obtained using an enantiomeric HPLC column. The chiral
      oxiranes were resolved on a cellulose carbamate column using a mobile phase of
      hexane:2-propanol. The method is simple, sensitive and does not require
      derivatization.

PMID- 1822197
TI  - Determination of ML-1035 enantiomers in plasma by chiral high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - ML-1035, is a gastroprokinetic agent structurally related to metoclopramide.
      Because ML-1035 contains an asymmetric chiral sulphoxide moiety, a chiral HPLC
      method has been developed to separate and quantitate its R- and S-enantiomers in
      plasma. The ML-1035 enantiomers present in plasma are extracted with
      dichloroethane under alkaline conditions, the extract evaporated to dryness and
      reconstituted in the mobile phase. Samples are chromatographed on a Chiralcel OD
      HPLC column with hexane-absolute ethanol (1% TEA) (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase.
      The enantiomers of the unchanged drug are determined by fluorescence measurement
      (ex: 310 nm, em: 350 nm). The method provides a linear response for both
      enantiomers over a concentration range of 25 (limit of determination) to 2500 ng
      ml-1 with correlation coefficients of 0.9987 or greater. The inter-assay
      precision is 9.5% or less and the accuracy ranges from 93.9 to 103.4% of the
      theoretical value. The method is used to determine the plasma concentrations of
      the R- and S-enantiomers following oral and intravenous administration of R- or S
      enantiomers to dogs. The method is also adapted to measure enantiomer levels from
      in vitro reaction mixtures so that the possibility of metabolic inversion may be
      assessed. The data suggest that no significant level of inversion between the
      enantiomers occurred either in vivo or in vitro.

PMID- 1822198
TI  - Chiral separation of glycyrrhetinic acid by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - An HPLC separation of the 18 alpha and 18 beta diastereomers of glycyrrhetinic
      acid (GA) has been developed. The separation was achieved with a chiral column
      (Merck ChiraSpher, Darmstadt, Germany) and a methanol-water (65:35, v/v) mobile
      phase. The separation is excellent, having a resolution factor of 2.3. The HPLC
      method is efficient and accurate for the optical purity determination of 18 alpha
      and 18 beta-GA samples. The run time is less than 30 min. Quantitation is linear
      with a lower detection limit of 0.2% for one isomer in the presence of the other.
      Addition of 0.2% acetic acid to the water in the mobile phase improved the
      ruggedness of the system without affecting the resolution of 18 alpha- and 18
      beta-GA. This modification also allowed partial separation of 18 alpha- and 18
      beta-glycyrrhizin, precursors of the GA isomers.

PMID- 1822199
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of verapamil
      hydrochloride and related compounds in raw material.
AB  - A modification of the USP HPLC method [ United States Pharmacopeia XXII, pp. 1444
      1446] for the assay of the purity of verapamil hydrochloride has been evaluated
      for the determination of the drug content and related compounds in drug raw
      material. The method enables the resolution of 16 related compounds from the
      parent drug and, in most cases, from each other. The minimum quantifiable amount
      for most related compounds is less than 0.05%. Six drug raw material samples are
      analysed and the total impurities found to be 0.3% or less. All drug assay values
      were within the USP recommended limits of 99.0-100.5%.

PMID- 1822200
TI  - Determination of a process intermediate of celiprolol and its potential
      impurities by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography--application of
      high-low chromatography.
AB  - 3-(3-acetyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-diethylurea (A-1354), is a synthetic
      intermediate of the beta-adrenergic blocker, celiprolol hydrochloride. A liquid
      chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of
      bulk A-1354 and its potential impurities. High-low chromatography was used to
      improve the detectability of trace impurities. Enhanced chemical detectability
      was achieved by comparing the detector response of trace-impurity peaks from a
      stock sample solution (high-concentration) with the detector response for the A
      1354 peak in a quantitatively diluted working sample solution (low
      concentration). Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution of A
      1354 and its known impurities using an Ultrasphere C18 analytical column (5
      microns, 250 x 4.6 mm i.d.). The gradient mobile phase components were methanol
      and 0.1% triethylammonium phosphate, pH = 4.0. The flow rate was 0.9 ml min-1
      with UV absorbance detection at 236 nm. The method was determined to be specific,
      linear, precise and accurate for A-1354 and its known impurities. Known
      impurities of A-1354 are quantitated to 0.05% (w/w).

PMID- 1822202
TI  - Separation and isolation of the isomers of bacitracin by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and their relationship to microbial activity.
AB  - Bacitracin, a polypeptide antibiotic produced from strains of Bacillus
      licheniformis, is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in the world.
      Actually, the various products generally referred to as 'bacitracin' are mixtures
      of similar polypeptides which may differ by only one amino acid. The approved
      method of analysis for bacitracin is microbial. To correlate the microbiological
      method with an HPLC method, bacitracin was chromatographed using a YMC basic
      column with UV detection. Adequate separation of the isomers were obtained to
      scale up this procedure to preparative HPLC using a 250 x 21 mm YMC basic column.
      The various fractions were separated, isolated and examined for microbial
      activity. The chromatograms can accurately predict in minutes the
      microbiologically-determined potency which usually takes 16-24 h to develop. The
      chromatographic procedure also provides information on the amounts of isomers and
      degradation products present in the sample, whereas the microbiological assay
      only provides activities or potencies of the antibiotic. The reported HPLC method
      also possesses some advantages over some other published HPLC methods in terms of
      accuracy and time of analysis.

PMID- 1822201
TI  - Capillary electrophoresis analysis of concanavalin A and its succinyl derivative.
AB  - A high-performance capillary electrophoresis (CE) system has been developed for
      concanavalin A (Con A) and its succinyl derivative (SCA). Under the CE system,
      the tetramer, trimer, dimer, monomer and protein fragments of CA were separated
      in less than 50 min. SCA was resolved into more than 10 components which were
      believed to be isomeric succinyl derivatives of Con A. The CE system is a simple
      and sensitive analytical technique to profile the composition of Con A and SCA
      preparations. The minimum concentration of Con A in water detectable by the CE
      system is 1 microgram ml-1.

PMID- 1822203
TI  - A validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination
      of atenolol in whole blood.
AB  - A validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
      procedure employing fluorescence detection for the analysis of atenolol
      (Tenormin) in human whole blood is reported. The method is rapid and coupled with
      standard HPLC procedures leads to a sensitive, accurate and reproducible assay.
      The retention times of atenolol and internal standard, bamethan, are 4.4 and 6.3
      min, respectively. The peak height ratio versus plasma concentration is linear
      over the range of 20.0-800 ng ml-1, with a detection limit below 10 ng ml-1. The
      mean absolute recovery of atenolol using the described assay is 90%. The inter-
      and intra-day accuracy and precision are within 8% of the actual values for all
      concentrations investigated. Furthermore, this procedure was applied to the
      analysis of whole blood samples from healthy subjects receiving a single 100 mg
      oral dose of Tenormin.

PMID- 1822204
TI  - Use of stop-flow oxalate ester chemiluminescence as a means to determine
      conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography chemiluminescence detection
      of retinoids using normal-phase chromatography.
AB  - Stop-flow chemiluminescence (CL) has been used to determine the conditions
      necessary for the oxalate ester CL detection of selected retinoids after
      separation by normal-phase HPLC. Also, the detection of the selected retinoids by
      bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
      chemiluminescence and fluorescence (FL) are compared. Stop-flow CL was performed
      on a prototype uit from High-Tech Scientific, Ltd (Salisbury, UK). Detection
      limits were determined for retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, retinol,
      etretinate, acitretin and tretinoin, after separation on a YMC PVA-sil, 25 cm x
      4.6 mm column using hexane-tetrahydrofuran-acetic acid (75:25:0.01, v/v/v) as
      eluent at 1.5 ml min-1. A Schoeffel 970 detector was used for both CL and FL
      detection. Detection by FL was determined with lambda ex 355 nm and lambda em
      greater than 418 nm. CL detection was performed with the deuterium lamp off and
      no emission filter. CL was induced by mixing the reagents post-column. Pump A-
      hexane--THF--AcOH (75:25:0.01, v/v/v) at 1.5 ml min-1, pump B--70 mM TCPO in THF
      at 0.5 ml min-1, pump C--THF--50% aq H2O2 (75:25, v/v) 1.0 mg ml-1 imidazole at
      1.0 ml min-1.

PMID- 1822205
TI  - Investigation of the pindolol-Fe(III) complex and its use in the
      spectrophotometric determination of pindolol in bulk drug and tablets.
AB  - It was found that pindolol reacts with Fe(III) chloride producing a green water
      soluble complex (1:1, v/v) with maximum absorbance at 635 nm. By applying the
      methods of Sommer and Job [Sommer et al., Folia, tomus XI, Chemia 7, 25, 1970]
      the conditional stability constant of the complex at pH = 1.70 +/- 0.02 was found
      to be log K' = 4.95 and the molar absorptivity of the complex to be 206 l mol-1
      cm-1. Beer's law was obeyed up to a concentration of 220 mumol l-1 of pindolol.
      The recoveries were 98-101% (n = 7) and the detection limit was 5 micrograms ml
      1. The described method was sufficiently simple, selective and sensitive to be
      suitable for the rapid and accurate determination of pindolol in tablets.

PMID- 1822206
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine
      monophosphate diglyceride, an anti-HIV glycerophospholipid.
AB  - A reversed-phase chromatographic method is described for the analysis of an
      experimental anti-AIDS drug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine monophosphate diglyceride
      (AZT-MP-DG) [J.M. Steim et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171, 458-464
      (1990)] [1], a phosphatidic acid derivative of AZT. Analytical conditions were
      based upon conventional separations of glycerophospholipid species. Where AZT-MP
      DG was monitored by UV absorption, there were two wavelength maxima. The response
      was linear in the concentration range used in this study. The peak was
      characterized by absorbance ratios with a rapid scanning UV detector.

PMID- 1822207
TI  - Automatic determination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in human plasma using
      liquid-solid extraction on disposable cartridges coupled to HPLC--Part I:
      Optimization of the HPLC system and method validation.
AB  - A sensitive and automated method for the analysis of diltiazem and
      desacetyldiltiazem in plasma has been developed using liquid-solid extraction
      (LSE) on disposable extraction cartridges (DECs) in combination with HPLC. After
      isolation from plasma, the analytes are separated on a highly deactivated octyl
      silica column with a mobile phase of methanol-0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
      (62:38, v/v). The analytes are monitored photometrically at 238 nm. The complete
      preparation of the plasma sample as well as the injection of the final extract on
      to the analytical column are performed automatically by means of a sample
      processor equipped with a robotic arm to which is attached a needle dispensing
      the different liquids. The internal standard solution is first added to the
      plasma sample. The DEC is then conditioned successively with methanol and
      phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). A 1.0-ml volume of sample containing the internal
      standard solution is applied on an extraction cartridge filled with cyanopropyl
      silica (50 mg). After the DEC has been washed with the same buffer, the analytes
      are eluted with 0.16 ml of methanol. A 0.14-ml volume of buffer is then passed
      through the DEC and 0.25 ml of the final extract is injected onto the HPLC
      column. The absolute recoveries of the drugs are about 90% and the limit of
      detection for diltiazem is 0.8 ng ml-1. Relative standard deviations of 2.6%
      (within-day) and 3.7% (between-day) have been obtained for this compound at a
      plasma concentration of 50 ng ml-1.

PMID- 1822208
TI  - Automatic determination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in human plasma using
      liquid-solid extraction on disposable cartridges coupled to HPLC--Part II:
      Optimization of liquid-solid extraction.
AB  - An automatic liquid-solid extraction (LSE) procedure to be coupled to HPLC for
      the determination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in plasma has been
      developed. The LSE operations are performed on disposable extraction cartridges
      (DECs) by means of a sample processor equipped with a robotic arm holding a
      needle through which the different liquids are dispensed. The operating
      parameters of LSE have been optimized with respect to recovery, detectability and
      reproducibility by using, whenever possible, aqueous solutions of the analytes.
      Different kinds of DECs have been tested. For the compounds studied, DECs filled
      with 50 mg of cyanopropyl silica have been selected. The influence of the pH of
      the buffer used in the washing step has been studied, leading finally to the
      selection of the same phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as in the HPLC mobile phase. The
      minimum volume of methanol which still gives a nearly complete elution of the
      analytes from the extraction cartridges has been determined. Under these
      conditions, a high sensitivity can be obtained without an evaporation step.
      Moreover, the volume of buffer to be added to the methanolic eluate before
      injection into the HPLC system has been optimized in such a way that a focusing
      effect is obtained at the top of the analytical column while the dilution of the
      extract is minimized.

PMID- 1822210
TI  - RIA-linked microdialysis sampling in the awake rat: application to free-drug
      pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to combine microdialysis sampling techniques
      with a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) to study the in vivo kinetic
      response of pharmacologically important substances. This technique allowed for a
      dense sampling regimen from an awake, free-roaming experimental animal with no
      loss of blood and with rapid analysis of the dialysate. An important
      methodological criterion for accurate quantitation of a test drug in the
      extracellular space was knowledge of the relative recovery of the sampling system
      at the time of experimentation. Accordingly, the factors which influenced the
      recovery of drug during dense in vivo microdialysis sampling were examined and an
      analytical technique was developed to measure the instantaneous recovery of drug
      from the extracellular space. This information was applied to in vivo (iv)
      sampling experiments on anaesthetized and awake, free-roaming rats following
      bolus and multiple long-term iv administrations of the highly protein bound
      steroid (i.e. greater than 90%), hydrocortisone-21-phosphate. These studies
      indicated that unbound hydrocortisone levels as determined by the RIA-linked
      microdialysis (RIALM) technique fluctuated rapidly between each 2-min sampling
      interval, but nevertheless decreased to predose endogenous concentrations in a
      first-order fashion (t1/2 = 17-29 min). The rapid fluctuations of unbound
      hydrocortisone may reflect real pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic phenomena,
      attributed, perhaps, to reequilibration of the unbound drug pool with proteins
      and tissues in the blood.

PMID- 1822209
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nifedipine, nicardipine
      and pindolol using a carbon fibre flow-through amperometric detector.
AB  - The electrochemical properties of the calcium-channel blockers, nifedipine and
      nicardipine, and the beta-blocking agent, pindolol, have been exploited for the
      determination of their concentrations in plasma samples. High-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) separation was carried out on a cyanopropyl modified column
      and the drugs were detected in a flow-through carbon fibre microelectrode cell.
      The chromatographic system was coupled to a column-switching arrangement in order
      to perform on-line solid-phase extraction of the drugs from spiked human plasma.
      Preliminary investigations showed the response of the method to be linear over a
      range of 20-500 ng ml-1 in plasma with a limit of detection of approximately 15
      ng ml-1 for each compound.

PMID- 1822211
TI  - Calibration and validation of linearity in chromatographic biopharmaceutical
      analysis.
AB  - Calibration in chromatographic biopharmaceutical analysis is a major determinate
      of method performance and many methods have been proposed to evaluate an
      appropriate calibration model, to determine the linear range and to evaluate the
      goodness of fit. Ten chromatographic bioanalytical methods have been evaluated in
      this work by observation of concentration-response curves, linearity plots,
      calculation of concentration residuals, correlation coefficients and lack of fit
      analysis. These methods were applied to univariant linear regression, weighted
      regression, polynomial regression and power fit models in order to determine the
      most appropriate way to establish and evaluate calibration functions. It was
      found that weighted linear regression provided the most appropriate calibration
      function for eight of the 10 methods studied, whereas unweighted regression and
      the power fit model proved appropriate for one each of the other two methods. The
      choice of calibration function was best accomplished through observation of
      calculated concentration residuals. Linearity and sensitivity plots were of
      little value for assessment of linearity through the selected calibration range
      if conventional (+/- 5%) tolerance limits are employed. Validation of the
      calibration model can be accomplished by demonstrating the concentration
      residuals and the slope of the log concentration-log response plots are within
      reasonable tolerance limits or by lack of fit analysis. Correlation coefficients
      were demonstrated to be of little value for this purpose and the quadratic
      approach to linearity validation was in disagreement with other methods in four
      of the 10 methods evaluated.

PMID- 1822213
TI  - Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection of some sulphonamides and their
      N4-acetyl-metabolites in serum and urine.
AB  - Sulphonamides separated on a C18 LC column were detected at lower levels using
      amperometric detection at a glassy carbon electrode in comparison with UV
      detection at 258 nm. Whereas sulphonamides are detectable at a potential of +1.00
      V, their N4-acetyl-metabolites required a potential of +1.25 V to be detected
      after their separation by LC. An interference commonly present in serum and
      urine, which co-eluted with one of the analytes, was detected at 1.25 V. This was
      overcome with an appropriate sample preparation in which 150 microliters of serum
      or 75 microliters of urine were first diluted to 1.5 ml with phosphate buffer (pH
      3.0; 0.2 M). A 1.0 ml volume of this solution was then passed through an Extrelut
      1 column. The analytes were eluted with dichloromethane, which was evaporated
      under vacuum, and redissolving the analytes in an appropriate volume of mobile
      phase, i.e. methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 6.7; 0.067 M) (25:75, v/v). For
      sulphamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) and their N4-acetyl
      metabolites the calibration curves were linear between 1.5 x 10(-7) and 8 x 10(
      6) M. The recovery ranged between 92.6 and 97.6% in serum and between 80.5 and
      99.4% in urine. Detection limits were 10 times lower with amperometric detection
      than with UV detection. The method has been applied to the quantitation of SMX
      and SMP and their N4-acetyl-metabolites in serum and urine after their oral
      administration.

PMID- 1822214
TI  - Determination of the metabolites of terfenadine in human urine by thermospray
      liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (TSP LC-MS) was used to
      determine human urinary metabolites of terfenadine after oral administration of
      terfenadine tablets. In addition to the two previously identified major
      metabolites, azacyclonol (MDL 4829) and the 'acid' metabolite (MDL 16,455), three
      additional metabolites were also detected. One of the additional metabolites was
      identified as the 'alcohol' metabolite (MDL 17,523) and the other two were
      proposed to be an 'aldehyde' and a 'ketone-acid' metabolites from their TSP mass
      spectra. The results of this study demonstrated that TSP LC-MS is a useful
      technique for the study of terfenadine biotransformation.

PMID- 1822212
TI  - Statistical optimization applied to the spectrophotometric study of a tolmetin
      copper(II) complex.
AB  - Tolmetin sodium has been investigated and determined from dosage forms as its
      Cu(II) complex and method optimized by statistical optimization. The assay was
      developed using two mathematical statistical models: factorial design and
      response-surface mapping. The decision to apply experimental design techniques to
      the development of the method was made after a series of screening experiments
      revealed that the complex formation and extraction are maximized as a function of
      supporting electrolyte concentration, concentration of Cu(II) acetate and pH of
      the reaction mixture. One set of two-level three variable factorial experiments
      was carried out in order to evaluate the main effect, as well as the interaction
      among factors. The final step was to optimize the values of variables using
      response surface design. The best set of conditions was selected for further
      investigation.

PMID- 1822215
TI  - Column-switching liquid chromatographic determination of ML-1035 sulphoxide and
      its sulphone and sulphide metabolites in rat urine.
AB  - A fully automated column-switching LC assay has been developed for the
      simultaneous determination of a gastroprokinetic agent, ML-1035 sulphoxide, and
      its sulphone and sulphide metabolites in rat urine. ML-1035 Sulphoxide is a
      metoclopramide analogue. The method involved direct injection of a diluted urine
      sample into a CN extraction column for sample clean-up. Polar urine components,
      including proteins, were flushed to waste. The retained compounds were then
      eluted onto a C8 analytical column for further separation and analysis by
      fluorescence detection. After the subsequent washing and re-equilibration with a
      sequence of three solvent mixtures, the extraction column was ready for the next
      injection. The recovery of the compounds from the extraction column was 85-90%.
      The limit of quantitation for all compounds of interest was 25 ng ml-1 or lower,
      using a 100 microliters specimen of urine. Good inter-day precision (2.1-10.0%),
      accuracy (0.3-18.0%), and linearity were obtained for all compounds over a range
      of 25-1000 ng ml-1. The applicability of the LC method was validated with urine
      samples from rats that had received ML-1035 sulphoxide.

PMID- 1822216
TI  - Bioequivalence assessment of diltiazem preparations by means of discriminant
      analysis of data from solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
AB  - A solid-phase extraction technique for sample clean-up coupled with a new LC
      procedure is reported for the assay of diltiazem in plasma. The use of disposable
      cartridges provides selective extraction and easy automation. A new LC system
      based on LiChrospher RP 60 Select B columns is described. For routine analysis,
      the procedure provides a rapid simultaneous clean-up of several samples prior to
      chromatography and reproducible recoveries over a concentration range of 10-800
      ng. The procedure was used to analyse the plasma samples from a bioequivalence
      study of three commercial diltiazem preparations. The pharmacokinetic parameters
      in 12 healthy male volunteers were determined and the assessment of
      bioequivalence was conducted by discriminant analysis.

PMID- 1822217
TI  - Clomipramine test: serum level determination in three groups of psychiatric
      patients.
AB  - Concentrations of clomipramine, a specific and potent serotonin uptake inhibitor,
      are measured in 67 psychiatric patients and 12 normal volunteers. The psychiatric
      patients are grouped according to the DSM III R criteria namely; pathological
      gamblers, obsessive compulsives and sufferers of panic disorders. Before and 30,
      60, 90 and 120 min after an intravenous infusion of the drug (12.5 mg in 10 min),
      serum samples are collected to evaluate the concentrations of cortisol,
      prolactine and growth hormone. Simultaneously the clomipramine concentration of
      these samples is determined and these results only are reported in this
      communication. Very different drug concentrations are observed in individual
      patients receiving the same amount of drug, indicating a substantial inter
      individual variability of drug metabolism. No statistical differences (Newman
      Keules test) between the clomipramine concentrations from the patients of the
      three psychiatric groups and the normal group are observed. Neither are
      statistical correlations observed when clomipramine concentrations from all
      individuals (n = 79) are related with the age, sex or consumer behaviour
      (cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee intakes) of the patients.

PMID- 1822218
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the derivatized enantiomers of
      propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in human plasma.
AB  - A stereospecific method for the analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol
      in human plasma employing fluorescence detection has been developed using the
      homochiral derivatizing agent 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      isothiocyanate (TAGIT). The use of fluorescence detection provided enhanced
      sensitivity and cleaner chromatograms for the analysis of plasma samples, when
      compared to UV detection. Furthermore, parameters such as TAGIT concentration,
      vortex time and reaction time were examined to optimize conditions for maximum
      derivatization recoveries. The analyses of S(-)- and R(+)-propranolol from plasma
      were linear over the concentration range of 2.0-200 ng ml-1, while S(-)- and R(+)
      4-hydroxypropranolol were linear from 5.0 to 200 ng ml-1.

PMID- 1822219
TI  - Urinary concentrations of codeine and morphine after the administration of
      different codeine preparations in relation to doping analysis.
AB  - A capillary GC method with nitrogen-specific detection is described for the
      analysis of codeine and morphine in urine. Both drugs were determined after
      enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine. Morphine was derivatized with trifluoroacetic
      anhydride. For 5-ml samples of urine, the lower detection limits for accurate
      quantitation were 50 ng ml-1 and 100 ng ml-1 for morphine and codeine,
      respectively. Both codeine and morphine were already detectable in urine 1 h
      after the intake of the analgesic preparation Perdolan. Codeine excretion and
      concentration peaked 2 h after administration of a dose. The percentage of the
      dose excreted as codeine was 3.0-6.2%. Administration of the antitussive
      preparation Bisolvon Griblettes resulted in detectable codeine and morphine
      levels for at least one day; 5.6-9% was excreted as total codeine over 24 h, the
      conjugated metabolite morphine accounting for 1.7-7.4% of the dose. Nearly the
      same amounts of codeine and morphine were excreted after administration of the
      antitussive syrup Bronchodine. The maximum excretion rate of codeine occurred
      after 1 h. Generally codeine and morphine remained detectable for 12 h. The
      results of these administration studies are discussed in relation to the codeine
      and morphine threshold levels recently introduced by the International Cyclist
      Union.

PMID- 1822220
TI  - Potentiality of an organometallic labelled streptavidin--biotin system in
      metalloimmunoassay.
AB  - Biotin labelled with a cymantrene moiety (cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
      complex) is described for the first time. Because this metallo-biotin retains
      full recognition for the specific glycoprotein avidin (or streptavidin), the
      labelled streptavidin-biotin system is proposed for use in a solid-phase
      competition-type metalloimmunoassay in which bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used
      as a model of applications. Atomic absorption spectrometry is utilized for the
      detection of the cymantrene-labelled biotin.

PMID- 1822221
TI  - Measurement of urinary medium chain acyl glycines by gas chromatography--negative
      ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is an inborn error of fatty
      acid metabolism, which is difficult to diagnose, partly because of its
      unpredictable clinical presentation. A specific diagnostic marker is an increased
      excretion of certain medium chain acyl glycines. A sensitive and specific method
      has been developed for the extraction, derivatization, identification and
      quantitation of urinary medium chain acyl glycines by gas chromatography-negative
      ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICIMS). The following series of
      standard acyl glycines has been synthesized and characterized: hexanoyl,
      octanoyl, 3-phenylpropionyl and suberyl and their respective isotopomers (using
      13C2-glycine; for use as internal standards). The range of excretion of these
      compounds in normal subjects has been established using this method and increased
      excretion of acyl glycines, particularly hexanoyl, 3-phenylpropionyl and suberyl
      was successfully demonstrated in three MCAD deficient subjects from one family.

PMID- 1822222
TI  - The determination of antipyrine elimination in saliva by liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple, fast and reliable liquid chromatographic method for the determination
      of antipyrine in saliva is described. The elimination of antipyrine is a good
      indicator for general evaluation of the liver function for dispositional purposes
      for example in occupational and environmental medicine. The described LC method
      was compared with a more extensive photometric procedure. The results obtained
      from both methods show very good correlation. Only one measurement is necessary
      to determine the antipyrine clearance. Furthermore the antipyrine dosage can be
      minimized, because of the sensitivity of the HPLC-method.

PMID- 1822223
TI  - A liquid chromatographic method for determination of theophylline in serum and
      capillary blood--a comparison.
AB  - A simple, fast and reliable liquid chromatographic method for the determination
      of theophylline in serum and capillary blood after a solid phase extraction is
      described for therapeutic drug monitoring. The employment of capillary blood
      permits the determination of an individual drug profile and other pharmacokinetic
      studies in neonates and infants. There were no differences in venous- and
      capillary-blood levels but these values compared poorly with those in serum. An
      adjustment of the results by correction of the different volumes of serum and
      blood by haematocrit was unsuccessful. Differences in the binding of theophylline
      to erythrocytes could be an explanation for the differences in serum at blood
      levels of theophylline.

PMID- 1822224
TI  - Analysis of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in serum by direct sample
      injection using surfactant containing eluents and column switching.
AB  - Column switching is used in conjunction with surfactant containing mobile phases
      and traditional reverse phase LC columns to provide a highly reproducible and
      accurate analytical procedure for carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in serum.
      This approach eliminates the tedious sample preparation steps commonly used in
      the analysis of drugs by HPLC, while providing a high degree of protein removal
      prior to the final analysis. Various pre-columns were investigated and a
      pellicular reverse phase column was found suitable for optimum concentration of
      drugs and removal of serum proteins. A variety of standard reverse phase columns
      could be used for the analytical separation. The separation of the drugs could be
      accomplished with a high degree of reproducibility. Tandem pre-column operation
      was demonstrated to give a sample throughput of 10 h-1.

PMID- 1822226
TI  - Biosynthesis and function of N- and O-substituted sialic acids.

PMID- 1822225
TI  - HPLC determination of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol and four aglycone metabolites in
      plasma of AIDS patients.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the
      determination of the anticancer drug doxorubicin and the metabolites
      doxorubicinol, doxorubicinone, 7-deoxydoxorubicinone, doxorubicinolone and 7
      deoxydoxorubicinolone in plasma of AIDS patients. Samples can be heated at 60
      degrees C for 30 min to inactivate the human immunodeficiency virus. The sample
      pre-treatment involves a liquid-liquid extraction of the buffered plasma sample
      (pH 9) with a chloroform-1-propanol (4:1, v/v) mixture. The chromatographic
      analysis is performed on a Lichrosorb RP-8 (5 microns) column and by isocratic
      elution with a mobile phase of acetonitriletetrahydrofuran-phosphate buffer (pH
      2.2) (800:5:200, w/w/w) with fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength: 460
      nm; emission wavelength: 550 nm). The proposed method has been validated and,
      subsequently, implemented in a pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin in AIDS
      patients with Kaposi's sarcoma who are treated with the combination regimen
      doxorubicin, vincristine and bleomycin.

PMID- 1822227
TI  - Glycoproteins: carbohydrates to cloning.
AB  - This article is dedicated to Professor Saul Roseman and briefly outlines some of
      the early studies on sialyltransferases, on glycoproteins such as pig
      submaxillary mucins and, more recently, on a series of unusual proteins and
      glycoproteins high in proline, the so-called proline-rich proteins. Hopefully, it
      represents, in an inadequate manner, my appreciation for 'The man and his works'.
      During the Roseman Symposium at the 11th International Symposium on
      Glycoconjugates in Toronto, several of his former students and postdocs tried to
      describe what it was like in the Roseman laboratory. Clearly, the time I was in
      Saul's lab was like no other time in my career. Thanks for everything, Saul.

PMID- 1822228
TI  - The serendipity of ganglioside biosynthesis: pathway to CARS and HY-CARS
      glycosyltransferases.

PMID- 1822229
TI  - Glycosphingolipids in cell surface recognition.

PMID- 1822230
TI  - Cytosolic glycosidases: do they exist?
AB  - The substrate specificity of the alpha-D-mannosidases of rat liver lysosome and
      cytosol was examined using oligosaccharides of the oligomannosidic type. The
      hydrolysis products were characterized by 400 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Both
      catabolic pathways occur in ordered ways, but are quite different. In fact, the
      lysosomal pathway is a two-step process: the first step involves a Zn(2+)
      independent alpha-1,2-mannosidase activity, whereas the second involves a Zn(2+)
      dependent alpha-1,3- and alpha-1,6-mannosidase activity. The final product is the
      disaccharide Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc. In contrast, the cytosolic pathway leads, in
      one step, to a unique hexasaccharide (Man5GlcNAc) which has the same structure as
      the polyprenolic intermediate synthesized on the cytosolic face of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum during the biosynthesis of N-glycosylprotein glycans:
      Man(alpha 1-2)-Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)[Man(alpha 1-6)] Man(beta 1
      4)GlcNAc(beta 1-4)-GlcNAc(alpha)P-P-Dol. In addition, the enzymatic parameters of
      lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol alpha-D-mannosidases are quite
      different. These results lead to the conclusion that the cytosol contains
      specific alpha-D-mannosidases which do not originate from lysosomes nor from
      endoplasmic reticulum. The discovery of cytosolic endo-N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase active on 'immature complex glycans' (glycopeptides of the
      oligomannosidic type and of the desialylated N-acetyllactosaminic type) as well
      as on the glycosyl-dolichol pyrophosphate intermediates allows us to hypothesize
      that these enzymes belong to a control system of N-glycosylprotein biosynthesis,
      their role being to destroy unfinished glycans. The fate of the formed
      oligosaccharide structures is discussed: are they destroyed by cytosolic or
      lysosomal exoglycosidases, or do they carry an 'oligosaccharin-like activity'?

PMID- 1822231
TI  - Cancer-associated mucins and mucin-type glycoproteins.

PMID- 1822232
TI  - Identification of N-acetylglucosamine-binding immunoglobulins in chicken egg yolk
      and serum distinct from the major mannose-binding immunoglobulins.
AB  - An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-binding protein of 170 kDa has been isolated
      from hen serum and egg yolk. Another GlcNAc-binding protein of higher molecular
      mass was present only in the serum. The 170 kDa protein co-electrophoresed and co
      chromatographed in gel filtration with a chicken IgG, and behaved identical to
      chicken IgG in double immunodiffusion with goat anti-chicken gamma chain
      antiserum. The sugar-binding hierarchy for the serum and yolk binding proteins,
      determined with bovine serum albumin neoglycoproteins, was GlcNAc greater than N
      acetyl-D-galactosamine greater than glucose = galactose = L-fucose greater than
      mannose. This hierarchy was unlike any previously reported GlcNAc-binding
      proteins. The larger serum binding protein component was shown to be an IgM by
      double immunodiffusion with goat anti-chicken mu chain antiserum. The serum and
      yolk GlcNAc-binding proteins comprise a unique set of sugar-binding
      immunoglobulins distinct from the previously reported hen serum and yolk mannose
      binding proteins (Wang et al., 1986).

PMID- 1822233
TI  - A method for identifying a proposed carbohydrate-binding motif of proteins.
AB  - An examination of the binding sites of four carbohydrate binding proteins
      (Escherichia coli lactose repressor, E. coli arabinose-binding protein, yeast
      hexokinase A and Concanavalin A) revealed certain similarities of amino acid
      sequences and residues forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with
      the bound carbohydrate. These were: (i) Asx-Asx, hydrogen bonding to the pyranose
      ring oxygen and anomeric-OH group; (ii) Arg-X-X-X-(Ser/Thr), or the reverse
      sequence, with the Arg hydrogen bonding to the pyranose ring oxygen; (iii) Lys
      (Ser/Thr)-X-X-Asp, or the reverse sequence and with interchange of the Lys
      (Ser/Thr) positions, with hydrogen bonding of either or both the Lys and Asp
      residues to the -OH groups at carbons 2, 3, 4 or 6; (iv) a diaromatic sequence
      with possible hydrophobic interactions to the faces of the pyranose ring
      structure. An algorithm was devised to search the amino acid sequences of a large
      number of proteins, those known to bind carbohydrates as well as those without
      known carbohydrate-binding activities, for the four amino acid sequence criteria.
      The algorithm incorporated a weighted distance value (WDV) to assess the
      approximate distance between any two criteria, with the WDV being based on the
      predicted secondary structure of the protein amino acid sequence. When the
      algorithm using criteria 1 and 2 plus the WDV was applied to the sequences of 125
      proteins, the method indicated the presence of the potential carbohydrate-binding
      site motif for 42% of proteins with known carbohydrate binding, only 8% of
      proteins were predicted as false positives, and the accuracy of the method was
      calculated to be 61.6%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822234
TI  - Glycoforms and biological activity: where's the rub?

PMID- 1822235
TI  - Bacterial surface layer glycoproteins.
AB  - Crystalline cell surface layers (S-layers) are ubiquitously present in bacterial
      species from almost all phylogenetic branches. Recent investigations have shown
      that the S-layer proteins of many archaebacteria and eubacteria contain
      covalently linked carbohydrate chains. This evidence clearly shows that the
      ability for protein glycosylation is present as a common biosynthetic pathway in
      prokaryotic organisms.

PMID- 1822236
TI  - Cell surface beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase: twenty years later.

PMID- 1822237
TI  - Human alpha 1-3 fucosyltransferases.

PMID- 1822238
TI  - High-sensitivity FAB-MS strategies for O-GlcNAc characterization.
AB  - In this paper we report the first application of fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry (FAB-MS) to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-bearing
      glycopeptides. Using N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)- and Gal-GalNAc-containing
      glycopeptides (isolated from Tn glycophorin and desialylated normal glycophorin,
      respectively) as readily available model compounds, rapid and sensitive
      derivatization/FAB-MS strategies applicable to serine/threonine-rich
      glycopeptides have been devised. Peptides and glycopeptides were propionylated in
      a 1 min reaction using a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and propionic acid,
      and the product mixtures were analysed directly by FAB-MS. Glycopeptides and
      peptides rich in hydroxylated residues afforded characteristic clusters of
      molecular ions at high sensitivity. Additional sensitivity enhancement was
      achieved by prior esterification of carboxyl groups. These methods were used in a
      study of O-GlcNAc glycopeptides produced by purified O-GlcNAc transferase
      addition of GlcNAc to the synthetic peptides YSDSPSTST and YSGSPSTST in which Y
      is tyrosine, S is serine, D is aspartic acid, P is proline, T is threonine and G
      is glycine. The propionyl derivatives afforded high-quality spectra which
      unequivocally showed that the majority of the glycopeptides were substituted with
      a single GlcNAc residue. Low pmol quantities of material gave detectable signals.
      The propionylation/FAB-MS procedure has been combined with gas-phase sequencing
      strategies and shows promise for defining the sites of glycosylation of O-GlcNAc
      glycopeptides that are available in limited quantities.

PMID- 1822239
TI  - Biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of alpha-L-fucosidase in lymphoid cells
      from patients with I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy.
AB  - N-Acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase is a key enzyme required for synthesis
      of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker that is used by many newly made
      acid hydrolases for their transport to lysosomes. It has previously been found
      that lymphoid cells from patients with I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler
      polydystrophy have nearly normal intracellular and intralysosomal activities of
      several lysosomal acid hydrolases, despite a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine 1
      phosphotransferase. These results suggest that lymphoid cells may provide an
      important system to investigate alternate mechanisms for targeting newly made
      acid hydrolases to lysosomes. In the present study, the biosynthesis, processing
      and secretion of alpha-L-fucosidase in I-cell and pseudo-Hurler lymphoid cells
      was used as a model system to study the existence of such mechanisms. The level
      of intracellular alpha-L-fucosidase protein in exponentially growing I-cell or
      pseudo-Hurler lymphoid cultures was statistically indistinguishable from the mean
      of 19 control cultures. A 1.5 h [35S]methionine pulse experiment showed that
      alpha-L-fucosidase is initially synthesized by I-cell, pseudo-Hurler and control
      cultures as an intracellular form (Mr = 58,000). Companion cultures chased with
      methionine from 2 to 21 h processed the enzyme to an intracellular form (Mr =
      60,000) and an extracellular form (Mr = 62,000). All enzyme forms were
      glycoproteins with polypeptide chains of Mr 52,000. In control cells incubated
      with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi), less than 1% of the 32Pi
      incorporated into alpha-L-fucosidase was associated with carbohydrate chains and
      greater than 99% with polypeptide chains. In I-cell disease lymphoid cells, the
      32Pi incorporated into alpha-L-fucosidase was associated solely with polypeptide
      chains. A qualitative analysis of phosphorylated residues identified
      phosphoserine in alpha-L-fucosidase from control and I-cell lymphoid cells. Only
      alpha-L-fucosidase from control cells contained mannose 6-phosphate. These
      results are consistent with the proposal that I-cell lymphoid cells may use a
      mannose 6-phosphate-independent mechanism for routing alpha-L-fucosidase.
      Additional metabolic labelling experiments demonstrated the presence of 32P
      labelled alpha-L-fucosidase in both cells and medium of a control lymphoid
      culture, but only in cells of an I-cell lymphoid culture. In contrast, alpha-L
      fucosidase labelled with [35S]methionine was found in cells and medium of control
      and I-cell lymphoid cultures. Since phosphoserine was only found to occur in
      intracellular, but not in extracellular alpha-L-fucosidase of the I-cell culture,
      we speculate that phosphoserine may be involved in intracellular retention of
      alpha-L-fucosidase in I-cell lymphoid cells.

PMID- 1822240
TI  - Glycoprotein biosynthesis in yeast: purification and characterization of the
      endoplasmic reticulum Man9 processing alpha-mannosidase.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae Man9-alpha-mannosidase, responsible for trimming
      Man9GlcNAc2 in the endoplasmic reticulum to Man8GlcNAc2, the substrate for
      oligosaccharide elongation, has been purified to homogeneity from stabilized
      microsomal membranes without employing autolytic digestion. The activity was
      solubilized by the zwitterionic detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl
      ammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS), whose presence was necessary for maximal
      activity. Purification included Q-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography,
      preparative isoelectric focusing and HPLC gel filtration on TSK 3000 matrix.
      Overall purification from post-nuclear supernatants was estimated to be 110,000
      fold with a 50% recovery of activity. The purified enzyme hydrolysed
      Man9GlcNAc1,2 from thyroglobulin or oligosaccharide-lipid, but not invertase
      Man9GlcNAc, Man1 alpha 2Man1 alpha OCH3 or p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside.
      Conversion of thyroglobulin Man9GlcNAc to Man8GlcNAc was linear with time and
      enzyme concentration, with an apparent Km of 0.2 mM and a specific activity of
      220 IU/mg. Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 from oligosaccharide-lipid was as good a substrate as
      Man9GlcNAc, but the lipid-linked Man7GlcNAc2 isomer was hydrolysed at only 10% of
      this rate. Hydrolysis of defined isomers of IgM and bovine thyroglobulin
      Man6,7,8GlcNAc indicated that, for maximal alpha 1,2-mannosidase activity, only
      the alpha 1,2-linked terminal mannoses on the alpha 3 branch of the Man9GlcNAc
      precursor were dispensable. Isomers lacking the terminal alpha 1,2-linked mannose
      on the alpha 6 branch were hydrolysed at only approximately 10% of the maximal
      rate. The enzyme exhibited a pI of 5.3 and a pH optimum at 6.5. Sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of reducing agents
      gave a single sharp band at 66 kDa, while in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol
      equimolar amounts of two peptides, one of 44 kDa and one of 23 kDa, were
      obtained. Sizing on Sephacryl SF300, Superose 12 and TSK 3000 provided a
      holoenzyme mol. wt of 60-68 kDa, indicating that the isolated active form of the
      Man9-alpha-mannosidase was composed of one each of the sulphydryl-bonded
      dissimilar peptides. The enzyme bound to concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose and was
      eluted with alpha-methylmannoside, indicating the presence of high-mannose
      oligosaccharides. The Man9-alpha-mannosidase required low levels of Ca2+, which
      could be removed by EGTA. Activity was restored by Ca2+ or Zn2+, but not by Mg2+
      or Mn2+.

PMID- 1822241
TI  - Determination of the minimum carbohydrate-recognition domain in two C-type animal
      lectins.
AB  - Comparison of the primary structures of numerous Ca(2+)-dependent animal lectins
      reveals the presence of a common sequence motif which has been suggested to form
      the carbohydrate-recognition domain in these proteins. The extent of the
      functional carbohydrate-recognition domains in two rat C-type lectins, mannose
      binding protein A and the major subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (rat
      hepatic lectin 1), has been defined by expressing truncated fragments of the
      proteins in an in vitro transcription and translation system. The shortest fully
      functional fragments constitute the COOH-terminal 120 amino acids of mannose
      binding protein A and 135 amino acids of rat hepatic lectin 1. These segments
      correspond closely to protease-resistant protein cores which can be isolated from
      the native lectins. The NH2-terminal boundary of each minimum carbohydrate
      recognition domain falls near the site of an intron in the corresponding gene.

PMID- 1822242
TI  - Synergistic effect of two cell recognition systems: glycosphingolipid
      glycosphingolipid interaction and integrin receptor interaction with pericellular
      matrix protein.
AB  - GM3-expressing cells adhere, spread and migrate on plastic plates coated with
      Gg3, LacCer and Gb4, but not with other glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Thus, cell
      adhesion, spreading and migration through GSL-GSL interaction occur in an
      analogous fashion to the interaction of cells with adhesive matrix proteins [AP,
      e.g. fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN)] through their integrin receptors. In this
      study, the adhesion of two GM3-expressing cell lines (B16 melanoma and HEL299
      fibroblast) on plastic plates co-coated with GSL plus AP is compared with
      adhesion on plates coated with GSL (Gg3 or LacCer) alone, or coated with AP
      alone. Results show that: (i) cell adhesion on GSL-coated plates takes place
      earlier in the incubation period than that on AP-coated plates; (ii) cell
      adhesion, as well as spreading, was greatly enhanced (in terms of strength and
      rapidity) on plates co-coated with GSL plus AP; (iii) repulsion (negative
      adhesion) of cells was observed on plates co-coated with AP plus N-acetyl-GM3
      (NAcGM3) and was presumably based on repulsive NAcGM3-NAcGM3 interaction; (iv)
      GM3-dependent cell adhesion on GSL-coated plates, as well as synergistic
      promotion of cell adhesion (based on the GSL-GSL and AP-integrin systems), was
      suppressed by incubation of cells with anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody DH2 or
      sialidase. Synergistic adhesion of cells on GSL/AP co-coated plates was less
      inhibited by incubation with peptide sequences RGDS or YIGSR than was adhesion on
      plates coated with AP alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822243
TI  - Molecular modelling of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Docking of
      monosaccharides in the binding site of concanavalin A.
AB  - A general procedure is described for addressing the computer simulation of
      protein-carbohydrate interactions. First, a molecular mechanical force field
      capable of performing conformational analysis of oligosaccharides has been
      derived by the addition of new parameters to the Tripos force field; it is also
      compatible with the simulation of protein. Second, a docking procedure which
      allows for a systematic exploration of the orientations and positions of a ligand
      into a protein cavity has been designed. This so-called 'crankshaft' method uses
      rotations and variations about/of virtual bonds connecting, via dummy atoms, the
      ligand to the protein binding site. Third, calculation of the relative stability
      of protein ligand complexes is performed. This strategy has been applied to
      search for all favourable interactions occurring between a lectin [concanavalin A
      (ConA)] and methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside or methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. For
      each monosaccharide, different stable orientations and positions within the
      binding site can be distinguished. Among them, one corresponds to very favourable
      interactions, not only in terms of hydrogen bonding, but also in terms of van der
      Waals interactions. It corresponds precisely to the binding mode of methyl alpha
      D-mannopyranoside into ConA as revealed by the 2.9 A resolution of the
      crystalline complex (Derewenda et al., 1989). Some implications of the present
      modelling study with respect to the molecular basis of the specificity of the
      interaction of lectins with various monosaccharides are presented.

PMID- 1822244
TI  - Characterization of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens lectin.
AB  - An Agrobacterium tumefaciens suspension induces a strong agglutination of
      aldehyde-fixed pig erythrocytes at pH 5.0. The agglutination is inhibited by some
      polysaccharides, such as fucoidin, and also when the pH is raised to 7.0. Lectins
      (sugar-binding proteins) associated with the bacterial cell wall of A.
      tumefaciens strain 84.5 were directly evidenced by spectrofluorimetry using
      fluoresceinylated neoglycoproteins. The specific binding of the fluorescein
      labelled neoglycoprotein bearing alpha-L-fucoside residues was also optimal at pH
      5.0. A lectin was purified by affinity chromatography on agarose substituted with
      alpha-L-fucopyranoside. Furthermore, the haemagglutination activity of this
      lectin was inhibited by polysaccharides isolated from poplar leaves.

PMID- 1822245
TI  - Antisense inhibition of beta-glucuronidase expression in preimplantation mouse
      embryos: a comparison of transgenes and oligodeoxynucleotides.
AB  - Using as a model the inhibition of beta-glucuronidase expression in
      preimplantation embryos, we have compared injections of transgenes directing the
      synthesis of antisense RNA and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to our previous
      results with cytoplasmic injections of antisense RNAs. Pronuclear injection of an
      antisense DNA construct containing 1.4 kb of coding region of beta-glucuronidase
      fused to the mouse metallothionein I promoter results in transient inhibition of
      gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Pronuclear injection of a
      smaller antisense DNA construct, overlapping the start codon, failed to inhibit
      gene expression. Injection of two 20-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, one
      complementary to sequences including the initiation codon and the second
      complementary to exon 7 sequences of the beta-glucuronidase gene, failed to
      inhibit gene expression. In addition, cultures of embryos in the presence of
      antisense oligodeoxynucleotides had no effect on gene activity. Using
      radiolabeled oligomers added to the culture medium, we found poor uptake of
      oligodeoxynucleotides by embryos.

PMID- 1822247
TI  - Antisense DNA downregulates protein kinase C isozymes (beta and alpha) and
      insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat adipocytes.
AB  - Rat adipocytes were treated with antisense dimethoxytrityl
      pentadecadeoxynucleotides, complementary to mRNA initiation codon regions for
      alpha and beta isozymes of protein kinase C (PKC). This antisense treatment
      provoked 50-70% decreases in PKC and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake,
      but did not inhibit insulin-stimulated diacylglycerol synthesis. Sense or
      nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides were without effect on PKC and 2-deoxyglucose
      uptake. These results suggest that: (i) PKC-alpha and PKC-beta isozymes can be
      specifically downregulated in rat adipocytes by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides,
      and (ii) insulin-stimulated glucose transport requires PKC.

PMID- 1822246
TI  - Antisense mapping of the c-fos promoter: role of the serum response element.
AB  - Using an antisense RNA approach to eliminate endogenous expression of the c-fos
      protein, we have verified by nuclear run-on and transient expression assays that
      the Fos protein is a negative regulator of its own transcription in vivo. The
      negative autoregulation of the c-fos promoter by Fos was further confirmed by
      overexpression of an antisense-resistant c-fos expressing vector. Antisense
      mapping of the c-fos promoter demonstrated that the serum responsive element
      (SRE) represents the major site for c-fos suppression only during the first hour,
      but that additional adjacent DNA sequences are required for suppression at later
      times. We propose that antisense inhibition of transcriptional repressors
      provides a useful method for analyzing the significance and mechanism of
      transcriptional repression in vivo.

PMID- 1822249
TI  - Meeting Report. Ribozymes: progress and prospects of catalytic RNA as therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 1822248
TI  - Recognition and photo-induced cleavage and cross-linking of nucleic acids by
      oligonucleotides covalently linked to ellipticine.
AB  - Oligopyrimidines covalently linked to ellipticine derivatives form duplex and
      triplex structures with target single-stranded oligopurine sequences. They also
      bind to duplex DNA at homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences where they form local
      triple helices. Irradiation at wavelengths longer than 300 nm of the complex
      formed by an oligonucleotide-ellipticine conjugate with its target sequence
      induced (i) cleavage of the target at bases located in close proximity to the dye
      and (ii) cross-linking of the target sequence to the derivatized oligonucleotide.
      Both cross-linking and cleavage reactions decreased when temperature increased
      with a half-transition corresponding to the dissociation of the oligonucleotide
      ellipticine conjugate from its target nucleic acid, demonstrating that the
      observed photochemical effects are dependent on hybrid formation. When the target
      was a double-stranded DNA, photochemical reactions were observed on both strands
      of the duplex. Photo-induced cross-linking was more efficient than cleavage when
      the target was single-stranded; the reverse was observed when the target was
      duplex DNA.

PMID- 1822250
TI  - An indexed bibliography of antisense literature, 1978-1990.

PMID- 1822251
TI  - Biochemical evidence of sympathetic denervation of the heart in pure autonomic
      failure.
AB  - Primary autonomic failure is a heterogenous group of diseases with evidence for
      lesions in both the central and peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous
      system. We determined the extent of peripheral sympathetic dysfunction in six
      patients with primary autonomic failure without clinical evidence of central
      nervous system involvement (pure autonomic failure) using biochemical methods for
      studying regional noradrenaline spillover and removal. The results were compared
      with those from 14 age-matched normal subjects, seven of whom were studied before
      and after pharmacological neuronal uptake-blockade with desipramine. Total,
      cardiac and renal noradrenaline spillover to plasma were 78%, 98% and 66% lower
      respectively in pure autonomic failure than in normal subjects (p less than
      0.001). Total noradrenaline plasma clearance was 20% lower in pure autonomic
      failure (p less than 0.005) than in normal subjects and similar to the level
      observed in normal subjects following neuronal noradrenaline uptake-blockade with
      desipramine, mean transcardiac extraction of tritiated noradrenaline was 74% in
      normal subjects and 20% in pure autonomic failure, identical to the value post
      desipramine in normal subjects. Cardiac spillover of the noradrenaline precursor,
      dihydroxyphenylanine, and the primary intra-neuronal metabolite
      dihydroxyphenylglycol, were 78% and 94% lower respectively in pure autonomic
      failure than in normal subjects (p less than 0.001). These data indicate a marked
      reduction in the apparent release rate and neuronal uptake of noradrenaline in
      the hearts of patients with pure autonomic failure, and provide biochemical
      evidence of almost total postganglionic sympathetic denervation in this
      condition.

PMID- 1822253
TI  - Circulatory autonomic failure 50 years after acute poliomyelitis.
AB  - A 59-year old woman who presented with postural dizziness 50 years after an acute
      episode of poliomyelitis is described. There were no new neurological signs and
      no evidence of motor neuron disease. She had postural hypotension with an
      abnormal Valsalva. Investigations led to a diagnosis of hypo-adrenergic
      orthostatic hypotension, with a predominantly preganglionic sympathetic lesion
      and intact vagal baroreflex pathways. Although pure autonomic failure and
      multiple system atrophy are possible causes of circulatory autonomic failure, no
      other new neurological or autonomic features have developed during a 2 year
      follow-up. We propose that hypo-adrenergic orthostatic hypotension may be a late
      complication of poliomyelitis. Deterioration in ambulatory ability in a patient
      with previous poliomyelitis should additionally include assessment of
      cardiovascular autonomic function.

PMID- 1822252
TI  - The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension due to unilateral renal artery
      stenosis in man.
AB  - The contribution of neurogenic mechanisms in maintaining hypertension was
      investigated in 13 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis (twelve with
      normal, one with grossly elevated plasma renin levels) by determining the
      haemodynamic and hormonal responses to the centrally acting sympatholytic agent,
      clonidine. The same patients were studied after captopril to determine the
      dependency of their blood pressure on the direct peripheral effects of
      angiotensin-II. Sixteen patients with essential hypertension (normal plasma
      renin) were additionally studied after clonidine. After clonidine, blood pressure
      fell markedly in patients with renal artery stenosis (17 +/- 3%) and essential
      hypertension (18 +/- 2%). In both groups, clonidine lowered cardiac output by a
      reduction in stroke volume and heart rate; forearm vascular resistance was
      unchanged but digital skin vascular resistance fell. Plasma noradrenaline levels
      were normal in both groups and fell after clonidine; plasma renin activity and
      aldosterone levels were unchanged. After captopril, blood pressure fell minimally
      (5 +/- 3%) in renal artery stenosis patients; cardiac output fell and forearm and
      digital skin vascular resistance were unchanged. Plasma renin activity rose,
      plasma aldosterone fell and plasma noradrenaline was unchanged after captopril.
      In the patient with grossly elevated renin levels, blood pressure fell minimally
      (6%) after clonidine, but unlike others fell profoundly (37%) after captopril. We
      conclude that, in the majority of our renal artery stenosis patients, despite the
      elevated blood pressure, sympathetic nervous activity was not reduced. Central
      neurogenic mechanisms appear to play an important role in maintaining raised
      blood pressure. In the same patients the peripheral effects of angiotensin-II did
      not maintain vascular tone or hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822255
TI  - Effect of cholinergic blockade on heart rate, blood pressure and plasma
      catecholamine responses to mental stress in normal subjects.
AB  - The effects of cholinergic blockade on haemodynamic reactivity to standardized
      mental stress has been studied in nine normotensive males during infusion of
      atropine (bolus dose 10 micrograms x kg-1 followed by a constant-rate infusion of
      0.02 microgram x kg-1 x min-1) or placebo given in a randomized order on two
      different days. Partial cholinergic blockade increased resting heart rate by 25
      30 beats per minute. The magnitude of the heart rate response to stress
      (reactivity) however was unaffected by the atropine infusion. Also, in four
      subjects who received a higher dose of atropine (approximately 1.8-1.9 mg), heart
      rate responses to stress were the same as during placebo infusion. Cholinergic
      blockade was associated with a small but prolonged increase in diastolic blood
      pressure. These findings suggest that parasympathetic withdrawal does not
      contribute to the tachycardia caused by mental arithmetic, and that the pattern
      of neurogenic activation may differ from that elicited during a classic defence
      alarm reaction and by somatomotor activation.

PMID- 1822254
TI  - Effects of carbohydrate type on postprandial blood pressure, neuroendocrine and
      gastrointestinal hormone changes in the elderly.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that blood pressure falls postprandially in
      fit elderly subjects, the greatest changes occurring after meals with a high
      carbohydrate content. To evaluate the influence of the type of carbohydrate on
      postprandial blood pressure, the effects of equivalent energy content (2.4 MJ)
      high complex (starch) and high simple (monosaccharide) carbohydrate meals were
      studied in seven healthy elderly subjects. Blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic
      function, plasma catecholamines, insulin and neurotensin levels were measured pre
      and postprandially. Greater falls in supine and erect systolic blood pressure
      occurred after the high simple than the high complex carbohydrate meal (p less
      than 0.05). No differences were found in supine or erect diastolic blood
      pressure, heart rate or in any of the biochemical parameters measured between the
      meal types. It is concluded that a simple carbohydrate meal results in a greater
      postprandial fall in blood pressure than an equivalent energy complex
      carbohydrate meal in the elderly, although the mechanisms for these changes are
      unknown.

PMID- 1822256
TI  - Attenuated 24-h heart rate variability in apparently healthy subjects,
      subsequently suffering sudden cardiac death.
AB  - Attenuated cardiac parasympathetic activity appear to be an important risk factor
      contributing to sudden cardiac death in subjects with overt coronary disease but
      its predictive value in otherwise healthy normal subjects is not known. We have
      for 8 years followed 260 apparently healthy adult subjects who underwent Holter
      monitoring. Twelve died, 14 developed ischaemic heart disease and four suffered
      sudden cardiac death. A healthy control subject was matched, along with other
      risk factors, for each case. In each subject 24-h heart rate variability was
      calculated as the deviation of all normal R-R intervals from mean R-R (SD) and
      the percentage of successive R-R interval differences exceeding 6% (%DIF6%)--this
      was used as an index of cardiac parasympathetic activity. There were no
      significant differences in heart rate variability between the cases developing
      problems and controls. In the sudden cardiac death victims, however, there was a
      clear trend towards lower heart rate variability. In them waketime mean SD was 73
      ms versus 85 ms for cases and controls respectively (p = 0.08), and for sleeptime
      61 ms versus 76 ms (p = 0.07). Compared to normal limits for heart rate
      variability obtained in 140 subjects that remained healthy for 8 years, figures
      for both SD and %DIF6% in sudden cardiac death subjects were at or below 95%
      confidence limits. The results indicate that altered autonomic balance may
      contribute to sudden cardiac death even in apparently healthy subjects. Subjects
      with a low 24-h heart rate variability on Holter monitoring may be predicted at
      an early stage of being at greater risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822257
TI  - Neurogenic forearm vasodilatation during contralateral isometric exercise is
      attenuated in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The responses in heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow in the resting forearm
      during contralateral isometric handgrip were investigated together with the
      respiratory sinus arrhythmia (measured during standardized breathing frequency
      and depth), and the heart rate response to a Valsalva manoeuvre in 20 patients
      with insulin-dependent diabetes and clinical signs of a peripheral neuropathy.
      The respiratory sinus arrhythmia and the Valsalva ratio were attenuated in the
      patients compared to age-matched controls, indicating reduced vagal function.
      Also the responses to handgrip were reduced. The blood flow increase in the
      resting forearm upon handgrip was correlated with both the respiratory sinus
      arrhythmia and the Valsalva ratio, supporting neurogenic mediation of the flow
      response and indicating a reduction in sympathetic as well as vagal function in
      diabetes autonomic neuropathy.

PMID- 1822258
TI  - Differences in postural hypotension and ankle jerks in the elderly from two
      contrasting socio-economic levels.
AB  - Subjects in low socio-economic strata in underdeveloped countries are subjected
      to considerable adverse influences which may enhance age-related changes in the
      nervous system. We therefore assessed the presence of ankle jerks and the degree
      of postural hypotension in two groups, one from the upper socio-economic level
      (58 subjects) and the other from the lower socio-economic level (56 subjects).
      All subjects were over 65 years of age. Only 6% had bilateral loss of ankle
      jerks, with no difference between the groups. Postural hypotension of 30 mmHg or
      greater was more frequent in the upper socio-economic group, nine out of 58
      versus two out of 56 in the lower group. We conclude that there is no
      relationship in the elderly between social deprivation and certain markers of
      neurological dysfunction, such as the absence of ankle jerks and postural
      hypotension. The reasons for a greater frequency of postural hypotension in the
      higher socio-economic group are unclear.

PMID- 1822259
TI  - Plasma catecholamines and postural hypotension in familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy of the Portuguese type.
AB  - Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were measured while supine and
      following head-up tilt to 45 degrees, in both normal controls and in patients
      with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy of the Portuguese type. In nine patients
      systolic blood pressure fell by less than 15 mmHg, while in seven patients it
      fell by more than 15 mmHg. Plasma noradrenaline rose during tilt in the majority
      of patients, as in the controls. There was no correlation between levels of
      catecholamines and fall in blood pressure on head-up tilt. The data excludes
      widespread sympatho-neural failure as a cause for postural hypotension in
      familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy of the Portuguese type. The results are
      compatible with either segmental/patchy sympathetic denervation or dysfunction of
      the receptor/effector mechanisms in target organs such as the heart and blood
      vessels.

PMID- 1822260
TI  - In vitro release and tissue levels of ileal serotonin after cisplatin-induced
      emesis in the cat.
AB  - We have studied the peripheral mechanisms responsible for the severe vomiting
      observed in cisplatin treated cats. Release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from isolated
      portions of the ileum and ileal tissue concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine were
      studied in vitro with control animals and animals previously treated with
      cisplatin. In the latter, two groups were observed: animals in which cisplatin
      (single dose, 10 mg/kg) induced vomiting within 4 h and animals that did not
      vomit within 4 h. Spectrofluorimetric assessment of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the
      perfusate and ileal tissue revealed that cisplatin increases both release, and
      tissue levels, of ileal 5-hydroxytryptamine in animals which vomited, whereas
      only ileal 5-hydroxytryptamine release was increased in animals which did not
      vomit. This may have clinical implications as cisplatin induced emesis may be
      more effectively prevented by drugs preventing ileal 5-hydroxytryptamine
      formation rather than release.

PMID- 1822261
TI  - Postural dizziness and transient hypotension in two healthy teenagers.
AB  - Neurocardiovascular control during postural change was investigated in two
      teenage females with complaints of dizziness almost immediately on standing up.
      Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously with a Finapres device.
      On standing there was a brief but marked fall in blood pressure between 5-10 s
      after the onset of the manoeuvre. The maximum fall in systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure was 65 mmHg and 40 mmHg respectively in the first subject, and 58
      mmHg and 29 mmHg respectively in the second subject. In both, postural
      tachycardia was present after 1-2 min of standing with heart rate increasing by
      up to 39 beats/min in the first subject and 60 beats/min in the second subject.
      On a follow-up examination 3 years later these changes had disappeared in the
      first subject while they persisted in the second subject, when she was studied
      two years later. We conclude that in these patients initial postural dizziness is
      related to an excessive fall in blood pressure upon standing.

PMID- 1822262
TI  - Observations based on 10-years' experience of non-invasive cardiovascular reflex
      testing of autonomic function from a rehabilitation research centre.
AB  - Observations on 1,282 measurements of non-invasive cardiovascular reflex testing
      of autonomic function in 1,023 control subjects and patients with different
      disorders are presented. It is suggested that the Valsalva manoeuvre be performed
      three times rather than once and the highest Valsalva ratio should be used
      instead of the mean or first of the three ratios. The deep breathing test gives
      equally reliable information when three breathing cycles are used instead of six.
      Symptoms were detected in up to 15% of the subjects depending on the test,
      although the majority of these were minor and transient. The frequency of
      ventricular/supraventricular extrasystoles increased especially during the
      Valsalva manoeuvre (+67%/+40%) and post-strain (+49%/+25%) phases and early
      recovery phase of the orthostatic test (+69%/+156%) and to a lesser degree during
      deep breathing (+18%/+50%) and handgrip (+36%/-11%) phases compared with the
      resting phase. However, severe cardiac rhythm disturbances were very rare. 1-2%
      of the younger (less than 50 years) and 10% of the older subjects were not able
      to perform the tests adequately. The R-R intervals on which the results are based
      should be selected carefully, and use of a continuous non-invasive method of
      blood pressure monitoring should provide further useful information.

PMID- 1822263
TI  - The assessment of sudomotor dysfunction in multiple system atrophy.
AB  - We studied sudomotor function in 21 patients with multiple system atrophy and in
      11 age-matched controls. The extent and severity of the sudomotor deficit was
      assessed using the quantitative thermoregulatory sweat test. Central sudomotor
      function was studied by measuring sweating in response to raising body heat and
      administering thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Postganglionic sudomotor function
      was studied using the sudomotor axon reflex test evoked by nicotine. We conclude
      that in multiple system atrophy, thermoregulatory sudomotor dysfunction was more
      severe in the lower extremities. Heat stimulation increased the frequency of
      sweat expulsion and sweat rate on the forearm in moderate multiple system atrophy
      to a similar degree as controls but failed to do so on the thigh. Thyrotropin
      releasing hormone enhanced sweating in moderate multiple system atrophy and
      controls. Results of the sudomotor axon reflex test indicate that in multiple
      system atrophy there is postganglionic sudomotor dysfunction which may be due to
      transsynaptic changes. These results suggest that the main lesion responsible for
      sudomotor dysfunction in multiple system atrophy is within the intermediolateral
      column cells of the spinal cord.

PMID- 1822264
TI  - Effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on short-term variability
      of blood pressure in essential hypertension.
AB  - Short-term fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate were analysed in a group
      of eight males with essential hypertension. Indirect finger blood pressure was
      measured by a non-invasive device (Finapres). Analogue-to-digital conversion of
      the blood pressure was used to determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      and heart rate every second. The equidistant sampling allowed a direct spectral
      analysis using a fast Fourier transformation algorithm. The effect of 7-day
      administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, transolapril (2
      mg/day), was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross
      over study. After trandolapril there was a significant reduction in systolic
      blood pressure levels (-15 mmHg). The reduction in diastolic blood pressure did
      not reach significance. The standard deviation of systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure levels were significantly reduced (-20% and -22% for systolic and
      diastolic respectively). Neither average heart rate nor standard deviations of
      heart rate time series was affected by the angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor. Spectral analysis of fluctuation in blood pressure showed a reduction
      in the variability underlying the standard deviation changes of systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure. Trandolapril selectively reduced the amplitude of
      systolic and diastolic oscillations in the 66-129 mHz region, corresponding to
      Mayer waves. The significant decrease in the 10 s period oscillations of blood
      pressure after chronic angiotensin converting enzyme blockade with trandolapril
      could reflect reduced sympathetic outflow to vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 1822266
TI  - Cell lineage in plant development.
AB  - Lineage analyses in several plant species demonstrate that meristematic cells
      proliferate in a predictable manner to form the differentiated tissues of the
      mature shoot system. These studies also demonstrate, however, that the fates of
      meristematic cells are not absolutely dependent on their lineage. This
      variability indicates that interactions between cells must play a role in
      morphogenesis.

PMID- 1822265
TI  - Sleep patterns and blood pressure variability in patients with pure autonomic
      failure.
AB  - Sleep patterns and 24-h blood pressure variability were studied in four female
      patients (age range: 56-82 years) with pure autonomic failure. All patients had
      severe symptomatic postural hypotension, without neurological deficits. In these
      patients the following patterns were observed: (i) a reversed diurnal blood
      pressure pattern, with the highest values observed at sleep onset; (ii) a
      prolonged sleep latency and increased amount of stage 3 sleep; (iii) difficulty
      with getting up after awakening in the morning, due to severe postural
      hypotension; (iv) an absence of prominent respiratory abnormalities during sleep;
      and (v) a dissociation between respiratory and haemodynamic findings. It is
      concluded that isolated deficiency of presumed postganglionic autonomic function
      influences sleep architecture, probably through absence of buffering of diurnal
      haemodynamic alterations, such as by postural hypotension and its consequences
      for body fluid volume regulation. This may be of relevance when sleep patterns
      are studied in other types of autonomic failure with postural hypotension
      involving central or preganglionic lesions, as in patients with the Shy-Drager
      syndrome or multiple system atrophy.

PMID- 1822267
TI  - Early determinative events in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Classical developmental biology has distinguished two major modes of
      embryogenesis, determinate and indeterminate. Nematodes have been considered the
      chief paradigm for determinate and cell-autonomous development, but recent
      experiments on the early development of Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that most
      blastomeres of this nematode are, in fact, determined by interactions.

PMID- 1822268
TI  - The role of cell-cell interactions in postembryonic development of the
      Caenorhabditis elegans germ line.
AB  - This review addresses the role of cell-cell interactions in the development of
      the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line: specifically, the relative contributions of
      germ-line-soma interactions versus autonomous processes are considered. Current
      knowledge of the interacting cell types and the genes essential for various
      aspects of germ-line development is discussed.

PMID- 1822269
TI  - Gastrulation.
AB  - At gastrulation, a single layer of cells is converted into an outer ectodermal
      covering, an inner ectodermal tube, and in triploblastic phyla, a middle
      mesodermal layer. This morphogenesis is driven by motility and directed by cell
      interactions, some of which involve adhesion and others that involve information
      transfer.

PMID- 1822270
TI  - Pattern formation in the vertebrate nervous system.
AB  - In recent years, the classical approaches of experimental embryology have been
      used in combination with more modern techniques to investigate aspects of
      neurogenesis. This combination has advanced our knowledge of several areas of
      neuronal development, including the lineages of neuronal precursors, the
      segmentation of the nervous system, and the patterning of the neural tube.

PMID- 1822271
TI  - Axon guidance in the vertebrate central nervous system.
AB  - The development of connections in the central nervous system depends on the
      ability of the tips of growing axons to find their appropriate, often distant,
      target field. Factors that regulate axon outgrowth may be distinct from those
      that influence direction finding. Tissue culture methods have helped to
      distinguish between possible in vivo mechanisms and, in some cases, have
      identified candidate molecules.

PMID- 1822272
TI  - Genomic imprinting: developmental significance and molecular mechanism.
AB  - Imprinting results in the preferential expression of either the maternal or the
      paternal allele of certain genes, and has a critical influence on the regulation
      of mammalian development. The identification of specific imprinted chromosomal
      regions and genes is being used to unravel the molecular mechanism of imprinting
      and the developmental significance of the non-random expression of parental
      alleles.

PMID- 1822273
TI  - The initiation of pair-rule stripes in the Drosophila blastoderm.
AB  - The interactions between the products of gap genes and pair-rule promoters
      results in the single most dramatic increase in the spatial complexity of gene
      expression during the segmentation process. We attempt to relate recent findings
      on the regulation of striped patterns of gene expression in the early Drosophila
      embryo to general strategies of gene expression and development employed by
      higher organisms.

PMID- 1822275
TI  - Pattern formation and developmental mechanisms.

PMID- 1822274
TI  - Patterning by cell recruitment in the Drosophila eye.
AB  - Patterning of the retinal epithelium in insects involves cellular interactions.
      Recent molecular genetic characterization of these interactions in Drosophila and
      some emerging principles of how cell fate is determined in this system are the
      subject of this review.

PMID- 1822276
TI  - Molecular phylogeny.
AB  - The avalanche of molecular sequence data from a wide variety of organisms and
      genes makes the construction and testing of evolutionary trees a widespread and
      demanding activity. We present the most recent advances in the interpretation of
      molecular data, as well as recent phylogenetic results affecting both molecular
      evolutionary biology and other areas of biological research.

PMID- 1822277
TI  - Early evolution and the origin of eukaryotes.
AB  - Our understanding of evolutionary relationships in the eukaryotic world has been
      revolutionized by molecular systematics. Phylogenies based upon comparisons of
      rRNAs define five major eukaryotic assemblages plus a series of paraphyletic
      protist lineages. Comparison of conserved genes that were duplicated prior to the
      divergence of eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes, positions the root of
      the universal tree within the eubacterial line of descent. In this review a novel
      model is presented which uses the rRNA and protein based phylogenies to describe
      the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes.

PMID- 1822278
TI  - The limited universe of exons.
AB  - The catalogue of mosaic proteins showing evidence of exon-shuffling continues to
      expand. The repeated use of exon modules suggests that current protein diversity
      could have been generated from a finite set of such exon modules, and that the
      size and character of this underlying exon universe can still be glimpsed in
      extant proteins.

PMID- 1822280
TI  - The antiquity of group I introns.
AB  - The recent discovery of self-splicing introns in cyanobacteria has given renewed
      interest to the question of whether introns may have been present in the ancestor
      of all living things. The properties of introns in genes of bacteria and
      bacteriophages are discussed in the context of their possible origin and
      biological function.

PMID- 1822279
TI  - The recent origins of introns.
AB  - Accumulating evidence that introns are highly restricted in their phylogenetic
      distribution strongly supports the view that introns were inserted late in
      eukaryotic evolution into preformed genes and, hence, that exon-shuffling played
      no role in the assembly of primordial genes. Potential mechanisms of intron
      insertion and the possible evolution of nuclear introns and their splicing
      machinery from self-splicing group II introns are also discussed.

PMID- 1822282
TI  - Evolution of alpha satellite.
AB  - Alpha satellite is one of the most thoroughly studied repetitive DNA families and
      is a paradigm for understanding other satellite DNA and multigene families. Alpha
      satellite illustrates both intra- and interchromosomal modes of evolution. Recent
      advances in understanding the structure and evolution of human and other primate
      alpha satellites are summarized in this review.

PMID- 1822281
TI  - RNA viruses: genome structure and evolution.
AB  - The explosive pace of sequencing of RNA viruses is leading to rapid advances in
      our understanding of the evolution of these viruses and of the ways in which
      their genomes are organized and expressed. New insights are coming not only from
      genomic nucleotide sequence comparisons, but also from direct sequencing of
      transcribed mRNAs and of RNAs that serve as intermediates in replication.

PMID- 1822283
TI  - The mitochondrial genome: so simple yet so complex.
AB  - Mitochondria possess a small set of genes that are essential for respiratory
      function. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of
      mitochondrial gene organization and expression. These studies illustrate a
      remarkable diversity among eukaryotic lineages and an impressive complexity of
      events needed to achieve nuclear-mitochondrial harmony.

PMID- 1822284
TI  - Ins and outs of plastid genome evolution.
AB  - Recent findings have established cracks in the straight-laced image of the
      plastid genome as a molecule whose sole function is photosynthesis and whose gene
      content is highly conserved. Genes for numerous non-photosynthetic functions have
      been identified. Algal plastid genomes contain many genes with no homologs in
      angiosperms, and the recent transfer of genes from the plastid to the nuclear
      genome has been described. Wholesale abandonment of genes encoding photosynthetic
      and gene-expression functions has occurred in the plastid genomes of a non-green
      plant and alga. The origins of plastid DNA, its use in phylogenetic studies, and
      the origins of plastid introns are also reviewed.

PMID- 1822285
TI  - Genetic exchange between kingdoms.
AB  - Bacterial conjugation with two evolutionarily divergent yeasts has been observed
      in the laboratory. Whether such trans-kingdom conjugation events, other than the
      well known Agrobacterium-plant cell interaction, actually occur in nature is not
      known. However, a few putative events have recently been uncovered by gene (or
      protein) sequence analysis, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer between
      phylogenetic kingdoms may be a real phenomenon.

PMID- 1822286
TI  - Chromosome structure and eukaryotic gene organization.
AB  - The DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus is highly compacted but well organized into
      distinct regional units. Chromosomal bands are characterized by their structure
      and distinctive replication time. They are subdivided into chromatin loops which
      serve as functional domains that have discrete boundary elements and can be
      regulated during development.

PMID- 1822289
TI  - Gene organization and evolution.

PMID- 1822287
TI  - Telomeres--what's new at the end?
AB  - Telomeres are specialized chromatin domains located at the ends of chromosomes.
      They are involved in chromosome replication, stability and localization in the
      nucleus. In addition to these functions, recent work suggests that telomeres are
      involved in such superficially diverse cellular phenomena as ageing, cancer,
      nuclear architecture and nuclear/cellular division.

PMID- 1822288
TI  - Comparative biochemistry of Archaea and Bacteria.
AB  - This review compares exemplary molecular and metabolic features of Archaea and
      Bacteria in terms of phylogenetic aspects. The results of the comparison confirm
      the coherence of the Archaea as postulated by Woese. Archaea and Bacteria share
      many basic features of their genetic machinery and their central metabolism.
      Similarities and distinctions allow projections regarding the nature of the
      common ancestor and the process of lineage diversification.

PMID- 1822290
TI  - Signalling mechanisms.

PMID- 1822292
TI  - New insights into the structure and function of potassium channels.
AB  - Potassium channels are surprisingly modular proteins. Well-defined regions that
      determine functional properties such as ion conduction and gating have recently
      been identified.

PMID- 1822291
TI  - Learning-related synaptic plasticity: LTP and LTD.
AB  - The past several years have seen studies of synaptic plasticity in both
      invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems come of age and lead to important new
      findings. In particular, current evidence points to a possible presynaptic site
      for long-term potentiation and the involvement of a retrograde messenger from the
      postsynaptic neuron. Recent advances in both cerebellar and cortical forms of
      long-term depression are also discussed.

PMID- 1822293
TI  - Protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in the nervous system.
AB  - Evidence in the past year has provided support for a prominent role of tyrosine
      phosphorylation in the regulation of neuronal function. The discovery that many
      novel forms of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are expressed in the
      brain has revealed that the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is highly
      complex. The recent identification of substrate proteins in the brain for the
      protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases has begun to clarify the functional
      role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the development and modulation of the nervous
      system.

PMID- 1822294
TI  - Biosynthesis and sorting of neuropeptides.
AB  - As part of the secretory process neuropeptides are sorted from other cellular
      compartments and concentrated in vesicles. The vesicles are transported to
      release sites and stored, awaiting the proper signal for exocytosis. Regulation
      of the packaging process has many implications for neuropeptide function.

PMID- 1822295
TI  - Neural control.

PMID- 1822296
TI  - Circadian rhythms: from gene expression to behavior.
AB  - Circadian rhythms regulate the functions of living systems at virtually every
      level of organization, from molecule to organism. In the past year, our
      understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation
      and regulation of circadian rhythms has advanced considerably. New in vitro model
      systems for studying circadian oscillators have been developed, a potential
      regulatory role for cellular immediate-early genes in circadian behavior has been
      discovered, critical periods for macromolecular synthesis for progression of the
      circadian clock through its cycle have been defined, and studies of the
      Drosophila period gene have offered new insight into the clock mechanism. These
      findings are of particular interest because independent approaches using
      vertebrates, mollusks and Drosophila all point to a common theme that involves
      the expression of 'clock proteins' as the basis of the timing mechanism.

PMID- 1822297
TI  - Hormonal control of behaviour: steroid action in the brain.
AB  - There have recently been significant advances in our understanding of the
      cellular action of steroids on brain mechanisms of behaviour. Brain cells contain
      steroid metabolizing enzymes whose activity is modified by environmental stimuli.
      Steroids have rapid effects on neurotransmitter receptors via cell membranes and
      modify the distribution of neuropeptide receptors in areas controlling behaviour.
      It has been known for some time that oestrogens have an effect on brain structure
      that can be related to behaviour in the sexually dimorphic avian song system.
      Recent work suggests that oestrogen may have a similar effect on the developing
      sexually dimorphic nuclei of the mammalian brain.

PMID- 1822298
TI  - Modifiability of pattern generation.
AB  - Rhythmic movements in animals are controlled by neuronal circuits that generate
      repeating motor patterns. Recent research is providing new insights into the
      cellular mechanisms by which central pattern generating circuits are reorganized
      by sensory, central and hormonal inputs to allow the animal to respond flexibly
      to varying environmental and behavioral demands.

PMID- 1822299
TI  - Experimental reconstruction of neuronal pattern generators.
AB  - It has recently become possible to reconstruct a central pattern generator in
      tissue culture. This accomplishment will allow investigators to design and
      interpret experiments at a level not possible in in vivo preparations and enhance
      our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of rhythmic
      behaviour.

PMID- 1822300
TI  - Spinal pattern generation and sensory gating mechanisms.
AB  - Sensory gating mechanisms are deployed during vertebrate locomotion to ensure
      that adaptive and appropriate motor responses to afferent input occur during all
      phases of the movement cycle. Recent animal studies on the integration of
      cutaneous information have investigated the roles of interneurones in sensory
      gating. Premotor interneurones, rhythmically active during locomotion, as well as
      'sensory' interneurones appear to be intimately involved in sensory gating,
      receiving synaptic inputs from the spinal rhythm generator to gate the flow of
      sensory information in the spinal cord.

PMID- 1822301
TI  - Respiratory pattern generation in mammals: in vitro en bloc analyses.
AB  - The development of in vitro en bloc preparations of mammalian neuraxis that
      retain functional circuits for respiratory pattern generation has led to novel
      observations that have expanded our understanding of this important
      motor/homeostatic system. This experimental approach is a powerful and unique way
      to study complex integrative neural function concurrently at cellular, synaptic,
      and network levels.

PMID- 1822302
TI  - Neural mechanisms of vocal production in songbirds.
AB  - Recent reports have described peripheral and central mechanisms of vocal
      production in songbirds. Respiratory patterning, individual syringeal muscles and
      the two syringeal halves have been shown to make specific contributions to
      learned vocalizations. New information on the function and organization of
      central pathways suggests how these production mechanisms may be controlled. The
      results are opening new avenues for further work on how acquired motor patterns
      are represented in this system.

PMID- 1822303
TI  - Sensory control of locomotion in insects.
AB  - Insects represent ideal model systems in which to tackle issues of sensory-motor
      integration. There have recently been important results in several fields
      encompassing the development and plasticity of reflex pathways, the mapping of
      mechanosensory information in thoracic neuropils, the biophysics of integration
      in local premotor interneurons, and the behavioral study of a resistance reflex
      and inter-leg coordination.

PMID- 1822304
TI  - Simulation of adaptive behavior.
AB  - Behaviors as diverse as swimming, withdrawal, escape, locomotion and feeding have
      been simulated using neuroethological and neurophysiological data obtained from a
      variety of animals. These simulations are providing new insights into the neural
      circuitry that generates adaptive behavior, as well as new ideas for the design
      of artificial autonomous devices.

PMID- 1822305
TI  - Red nucleus: role in motor control.
AB  - Experimental reports in the past year have provided a better understanding of the
      motor functions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the red
      nucleus, and of the sensorimotor properties of single rubral neurons. These data
      fit well within the framework of a neural network model of the rubrocerebellar
      system.

PMID- 1822306
TI  - The cellular basis of cerebellar plasticity.
AB  - Activity-dependent plasticity of the cerebellar neuronal circuitry is based on a
      unique synaptic plasticity known as long-term depression that occurs as a result
      of the interaction of two distinct types of excitatory synapses in Purkinje
      cells. A complex chain reaction of receptors and messengers has recently been
      revealed to underlie this phenomenon.

PMID- 1822307
TI  - Gravistatic postural control in simpler systems.
AB  - Most types of human and animal motor behaviour are spatially oriented. Studies of
      the fish gravity orientation system are proving particularly valuable for
      understanding the functional organization of this system in higher animals. In
      particular, the development of in vitro central nervous system preparations with
      gravity sensory organs that exhibit a 'fictive' space orientation behaviour has
      led to some important new discoveries.

PMID- 1822308
TI  - Dynamic space codes in the superior colliculus.
AB  - Space coding in the superior colliculus has traditionally been viewed as a static
      representation by multiple, aligned, sensory and motor maps. Recent evidence has
      revealed that the maps are dynamic, shaped by sensory experience in developing
      animals, and by eye and head position signals in adults. The superior colliculus
      thus provides an ideal model for studying the neural mechanisms underlying
      developmental and real-time modifications of information representation in the
      brain.

PMID- 1822309
TI  - Sensory control of behavior in electric fish.
AB  - The electrosensory system is ideally suited for the integration of behavioral and
      cellular approaches and, therefore, has led to the most detailed explanations of
      natural behaviors at the single-cell level. The electric sense shares basic
      principles in the coding of sensory information with more advanced sensory
      modalities and thus provides a convenient model system for studying neuronal
      mechanisms of information processing in general.

PMID- 1822311
TI  - Basal ganglia--input, neural activity, and relation to the cortex.
AB  - In the past year new findings on the physiology and anatomy of the basal ganglia
      in relation to motor control systems have increased the debate about which
      aspects of movement control are determined at higher levels of the motor system.
      In addition, studies on gene regulation in the striatum have shown that
      behaviorally important drugs affect transmitter levels and induce changes in
      transcription factor expression. The cloning of dopamine receptor subtypes, and
      findings on neurotropic and neuroprotective effects on nigrostriatal cells, are
      leading to new strategies for research and clinical therapy.

PMID- 1822310
TI  - Basal ganglia--possible role in motor coordination and learning.
AB  - The basal ganglia, with their inhibitory efferents, control motor outputs either
      directly by their projections to the midbrain motor regions or indirectly through
      the thalamic nuclei. Neural mechanisms in the basal ganglia act selectively to
      remove or enhance the inhibition so that different combinations of motor signals,
      which may act as neural templates for motor learning, are formed.

PMID- 1822312
TI  - Visuomotor coordination in locomotion.
AB  - This article reviews the recent literature concerning the role of visual
      information in the control of locomotion with an emphasis on the
      neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie visually triggered, voluntary, gait
      modifications. Data are presented to show how these gait modifications may be
      encoded by the motor cortex, and how they may interact with the basic locomotor
      rhythm.

PMID- 1822313
TI  - Cortical control of motor behavior at the cellular level.
AB  - The studies reviewed in this paper describe the relations of single-cell activity
      in central motor structures to complex visuomotor tasks and document the fact
      that various cortical areas process visuomotor information in parallel. Moreover,
      the studies provide clear evidence that the map in the motor cortex is modifiable
      and dynamically maintained.

PMID- 1822315
TI  - Neural control.

PMID- 1822314
TI  - Organization of voluntary movement.
AB  - There have recently been a number of advances in our knowledge of the
      organization of complex, multi-joint movements. Promising starts have been made
      in our understanding of how the motor system translates information about the
      location of external targets into motor commands encoded in a body-based
      coordinate system. Two simplifying strategies for trajectory control that are
      discussed are parallel specification of response features and the programming of
      equilibrium trajectories. New insights have also been gained into how neural
      systems process sensory information to plan and assist with task performance. A
      number of recent papers emphasize the feedforward use of sensory input, which is
      mediated through models of the external world, the body's physical plant, and the
      task structure. These models exert their influence at both reflex and higher
      levels and permit the preparation of predictive default parameters of
      trajectories as well as strategies for resolving task demands.

PMID- 1822316
TI  - Review of buspirone's effects on human performance and related variables.
AB  - Conventional benzodiazepine anxiolytics cause unwanted daytime sedation which
      increases the risk of behaviorally toxic reactions and may interfere with the
      therapeutic process. Recently a number of 'serotonergic' anxiolytics have been
      developed and most are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. One,
      buspirone, has emerged into clinical practice. It is said to possess a much lower
      sedative potential than benzodiazepines and to be a safer and more effective
      anxiolytic for that reason. An extensive literature concerning buspirone's
      behavioral effects generally supports these assertions. Nonetheless, studies
      conducted to date are of variable quality; have revealed some adverse effects of
      buspirone; and, have left several critical questions unanswered. The present
      review seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of the drug's known effects on
      human performance and related variables, such as sleep and subjective reactions.
      It discusses deficiencies of particular studies and the limitations of present
      knowledge. Finally it suggests how future studies might be better designed to
      provide information of greater clinical relevance.

PMID- 1822317
TI  - Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type
      (SDAT): results of a placebo controlled multicentre clinical study.
AB  - One hundred and nine elderly patients suffering from mild to moderate cognitive
      impairment fulfilling NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable dementia of the
      Alzheimer type were treated for 6 months with a new nootropic drug, aniracetam
      (Ro 13-5057) in a double-blind randomized study versus placebo. The two treatment
      groups were comparable at baseline for demographic and behaviourial parameters
      and symptomatology. Patients underwent clinical, behaviourial and psychometric
      evaluation every other month. The aniracetam group differed significantly from
      the placebo group by the end of the study and also showed a statistically
      significant improvement versus baseline in the psychobehavioural parameters,
      while in the placebo group a steady deterioration was observed. Tolerability to
      aniracetam was excellent.

PMID- 1822318
TI  - Analgesic effect of L-arginine in patients with persistent pain.
AB  - Our previous pharmacological studies using animals indicated that a systemic
      administration of L-arginine induces an antinociceptive effect and an increase in
      the brain level of kyotorphin (L-tyrosinyl-L-arginine) which is an endogenous
      analgesic peptide and a methionine-enkephalin releaser in the brain. The aims of
      this study were to investigate the analgesic effect of L-arginine, a precursor of
      kyotorphin, in persistent pain. We selected 12 patients with various kinds of
      pain of at least 6 months duration. L-Arginine (10% solution, 300 ml (30
      g)/patient) was administered by intravenous drip at a rate of 5 ml (0.5 g)/min
      during a period of 60-70 min. Pain was assessed by the patient using a 10-cm
      visual analogue scale (VAS), before and after the L-arginine infusion. L-Arginine
      treatment resulted in slight analgesia at 10-15 min after the onset of infusion
      and in marked analgesia at 30-40 min after that. This effect lasted for 6-24 h. L
      Arginine-induced analgesia was dose-dependent and blocked by intravenous
      injection of naloxone. In each case, the L-arginine-induced analgesia was
      statistically significant as compared with the saline-induced effect. Side
      effects of L-arginine were a slight decrease in mean blood pressure (10-15 mm
      Hg), and dryness of the month. A suppressive role of a functional link between
      the L-arginine-kyotorphin system and the enkephalin system of the brain in
      persistent pain is suggested.

PMID- 1822319
TI  - Zuclopenthixol, a combined dopamine D1/D2 antagonist, versus haloperidol, a
      dopamine D2 antagonist, in tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Animal data suggest that a D1 antagonistic component in neuroleptic drugs
      counteracts development of dopamine supersensitivity and of tolerance to
      cataleptic effect. This has led to the hypothesis that neuroleptics with D1
      antagonistic activity should cause a better suppression of tardive dyskinesia
      (TD) and less rebound aggravation after withdrawal than pure D2 antagonists. In
      this study the effect of zuclopenthixol (mixed D1/D2 antagonist) and haloperidol
      (D2 antagonist) was evaluated in chronic psychotic patients with TD. Fifteen
      patients completed a randomized crossover study with blind evaluation of TD and
      parkinsonism. The test medications, haloperidol and zuclopenthixol, caused a
      significant suppression of TD and a significant increase of parkinsonism. No
      significant differences between haloperidol and zuclopenthixol were observed. No
      TD aggravation was seen. The lack of differences between the mixed D1/D2
      antagonist and a D2 antagonist suggest that tolerance and DA supersensitivity
      play no or a minor role for development of TD.

PMID- 1822321
TI  - Methods in determination of selenium states.
AB  - Selenium status in man has been assessed either by determination of the selenium
      concentration in biological materials or by the measurement of biochemical or
      clinical selenium-dependent functions. Over and above the discussion of normal
      levels and of the numerous factors liable to influence the above mentioned
      indices, the present review more specifically deals with the sensitivity of
      various parameters to changing selenium status, both in deficiency states and in
      over-exposure to the element, and the attempt is made to establish the
      specificity of these indicators in the diagnosis of selenium states. The
      possibilities for defining "adequate" or "optimum" selenium concentrations are
      also examined.

PMID- 1822320
TI  - Effects of diazepam and chlorpromazine on socially induced anxiety in pigeons.
AB  - The effects of diazepam and chlorpromazine on response suppression in a social
      situation were studied in pigeons. Three groups of pigeons were trained to peck a
      key on a variable-interval 60-s schedule of reinforcement, then exposed to the
      pain reaction of adjoining pigeon to electric shock. Although every pigeon showed
      suppression of response, the suppression decreased with repeated exposures. A
      conditioning group received the electric shock with the exposure to the pain
      reaction of adjoining bird; a shock exposure group received the electric shock
      without any explicit conditioned stimulus; and a control group did not receive
      any shock. After these treatments every group was exposed to the pain reaction of
      the adjoining bird. The conditioning group and the shock exposure group showed
      clear response suppression, but the control group did not. Although
      chlorpromazine generally reduced response rate in all groups, diazepam
      selectively abolished the response suppression.

PMID- 1822323
TI  - Determination of chromium, cobalt and molybdenum in synovial fluid by GFAAS.
AB  - An artificial knee joint made of a cobalt alloy (Cr 27-38%, Mo 5-7%, others 9%,
      Co balance) failed in an orthopaedic patient with severe tissue reaction. Samples
      of synovial fluid and blood were analyzed for cobalt, chromium and molybdenum
      concentration using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS).
      NIST SRM 909 Human Serum containing 91.3 micrograms/L chromium was used as the Cr
      Standard. To obtain reliable values for cobalt and molybdenum, three different
      independent analytical methods were employed to analyze each sample: 1) dilution
      of the samples with Triton TX-100 solution, followed by GFAAS; 2) microwave
      decomposition of the samples, followed by GFAAS; 3) classic nitric-perchloric
      acid decomposition of the samples, followed by GFAAS. The two decomposition
      methods were used to control the accuracy of the dilution method. The results
      showed that the non-decomposition method gave comparable results to the
      decomposition techniques for analysis of synovial fluid and blood. The data
      revealed that the patient had elevated levels of Co, Cr and Mo in both synovial
      fluid and blood with the values being 2-3 orders of magnitude higher in the
      synovial fluid from the affected knee.

PMID- 1822322
TI  - Selenium status and effect of selenium supplementation in a group of elderly
      women.
AB  - Plasma selenium was determined in 92 elderly women: a marked decrease was
      observed from the age of 65 years. Se-status in 20 elderly women was explored by
      investigation of the effects of 30 days' Se-supplementation with enriched tablets
      (Selevit-E) 66 micrograms per day. Serial determination was performed for Se
      plasma, e-GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), MDA (malondialdehyde) and Vitamin E.
      Significant changes were observed in Se, e-GSH-Px and MDA.

PMID- 1822324
TI  - Simple method of determination of iodide at microgram/L level in potable water
      with preliminary preconcentration by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
      spectrometry.
AB  - A simple method for iodide determination in potable water with preliminary
      preconcentration has been worked out. Iodide was precipitated as palladium (II)
      iodide on elemental palladium as a carrier, which was obtained by reduction of
      Pd(II) with sodium thiosulfate. Ammonium chloropalladite was used as a reagent.
      The volume of water taken for analysis was between 100 and 500 cm3. The
      precipitate was filtered through a membrane filter, air-dried and directly
      analyzed by the energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method. 241Am
      radioisotope was used as a source of exciting radiation. The precision of the
      method was 7% for iodide mass per filter equal to 2 micrograms. The detection
      limit amounted to 0.45 microgram of iodide per filter.

PMID- 1822325
TI  - Tissue composition and trace mineral content of the dam and litter under low
      dietary zinc intake during gestation and lactation of first-litter gilts.
AB  - Dry matter (DM), fat, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron
      (Fe) and manganese (Mn) analyses were performed in tissues from gilts and their
      offspring after receiving either a control (50 mg/kg) or a low-Zn dietary (10
      mg/kg) during gestation and lactation. DM and fat content in the body tissues of
      the dams were not affected by Zn-intake except in the liver and placenta; liver
      fat was significantly decreased, while placenta fat was significantly increased
      in the low-Zn gilts. Several tissues of the dams fed the low-Zn diet showed a
      lower Zn concentration, but liver and bones were the most significantly affected.
      Liver from these dams compensated with a significant increase in Cu
      concentration, while placenta, although not affected in its Zn concentration,
      showed a significant increase in Mn concentration. Overall, at the end of a two
      week lactation, first-litter gilts showed a significant reduction in total body
      Zn content, reaching only 65% of the total Zn found in the control gilts. This
      was compensated for by a significant increase in the total body Cu content, which
      was 24% greater than in the control group. In spite of the significant reduction
      of the total body Zn in the dams fed the low-Zn diet, their newborn and two week
      old piglets showed a significant reduction in Zn concentration in several
      tissues, of which the liver and bones were mostly affected. At the same time,
      liver Cu concentration was significantly increased in these piglets. Curiously,
      there was also observed a consistent increase in Mn concentration in the brain
      and bones of these piglets. Total body Zn was reduced by more than 40% in newborn
      piglets from low-Zn dams. There was a significant increase in total body Zn
      observed from birth to 2 weeks of age in piglets, 58.4 and 53.4 mg for the
      control and low-Zn group, respectively. This resulted in no significant
      differences between the 2 experimental groups at the end of 2 weeks of suckling
      by their respective dams. This indicated that the colostrum and milk was a good
      source of Zn regardless of the dietary Zn intake of their dams. Total body Cu in
      piglets at birth was not found to be significantly different in the 2 groups but,
      by 2 weeks of age, piglets being sucked by low-Zn dams showed a significantly
      higher Cu content, with an excess of 50% or more of the Cu content found in
      control piglets.

PMID- 1822326
TI  - Some aspects of chronic copper poisoning in sheep.
AB  - The variations in an analytical fraction of plasma copper, as well as those of
      direct and indirect plasma bilirubin, were studied for a period of twenty-three
      days in ten native crossbred sheep suffering from chronic copper poisoning. The
      findings of the experiment, which was begun just before the appearance of any
      acute symptoms, show that the proportion of the above fraction of plasma copper,
      characterized as "soluble in trichloroacetic acid" (STAPC), represents
      approximately 45% as a mean percentage of the total plasma copper (TPC), while in
      the controls it was 12%; further, the former proportion, despite progressive
      reduction in the absolute values on the respective concentrations, shows, at
      least during the course of the experiment, a relatively small decrease, while in
      the controls it remains constant. Further findings regarding direct and indirect
      plasma bilirubin are discussed.

PMID- 1822328
TI  - Changes of serum selenium and serum cholesterol in children during sexual
      maturation.
AB  - We investigated the relationship of the degree of sexual maturation to serum
      selenium and serum cholesterol fractions in a population of Italian children. The
      following measurements were taken in 109 immature and 108 mature children of both
      sexes (aged 12 and 13a): serum selenium, total cholesterol, high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, height, weight and degree of sexual maturation.
      Considerable differences were found in the two sexes at the end of maturation,
      with boys showing a significant decrease in serum selenium, HDL and non-HDL serum
      cholesterol levels. All variables, except height and weight, remained relatively
      constant in girls. These data indicate significant changes of serum selenium and
      serum cholesterol patterns during puberty, at least in boys, suggesting an
      involvement of sexual hormones in regulating serum selenium levels.

PMID- 1822327
TI  - Chromate nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Significance of Cr(VI) reduction in
      rat kidney tissue.
AB  - Chromate reduction was studied in 9000 x g supernatant of renal tissue. It was
      shown that GSH plays an important role. Additionally, heat-sensitive factor(s)
      seem to be involved. Age differences in chromate nephrotoxicity parallel
      differences in chromate reduction in vitro. The lower reductive activity of young
      rats can be raised to adult values by GSH-addition. Fasting reduces GSH
      concentration, as well as chromate nephrotoxicity, in vivo.

PMID- 1822329
TI  - Review of publications.

PMID- 1822330
TI  - Metabolic activity of manganese during late gestation of first-litter gilts.
AB  - Four pairs of littermate Landrace gilts consuming either a low manganese (LMn)
      basal corn-soya diet (10 mg/kg) or a high Mn (HMn) supplement diet (84 mg/kg)
      were maintained in individual stainless steel metabolic cages throughout
      gestation. On the 100th day of gestation 200 microCi of 54Mn was administered
      intravenously. Total collection of feces and urine was conducted for a seven-day
      period. The sows were sacrificed after a three-week lactation period and several
      tissues excised. All samples were assayed for stable Mn content and 54Mn
      activity. Urinary excretion of 54Mn was negligible and not dependent on dietary
      Mn intake. Dietary Mn intake did not influence the rate of 54Mn elimination via
      the feces. The biological half-life (BHL) of the body Mn pool in late gestation
      averaged 54 days and was not influenced by treatment. The fecal Mn of endogenous
      origin was similar between treatments averaging 0.24 mg/d and yielded true
      absorption estimates of 1.31 and 1.61 mg/d for the LMn and HMn diets or 4.41% and
      0.77% of dietary intake.

PMID- 1822331
TI  - Effect on renal net acid excretion of various mineral contents in three lots of a
      common pre-term formula.
AB  - Three common lots (A, B, C) of a common formula for pre-term infants, which
      contained unintended, high differences in mineral contents were fed consecutively
      in a neonatal unit. In each feeding period parameters of calcium-phosphorus and
      acid-base metabolism were determined prospectively. Infants fed lot C showed
      unexpectedly high renal net acid excretion. In order to discover the origin of
      this different renal net acid excretion, the urinary concentration of further
      electrolytes, sulfate, urea and organic acids were determined retrospectively in
      three randomly selected groups with 10 pre-term infants each. Infants fed lot C
      showed a higher renal net acid excretion (2.97 mmol/kg per day) than infants fed
      lot A (1.75 mmol/kg per day) or lot B (1.72 mmol/kg per day). Based on the data
      of mineral and nitrogen intake and the urinary values of all main ions and urea
      it is assumed that the increased renal acid load in infants fed lot C is due to
      the additive effect of different mineral concentrations resulting in a low
      "alkali excess" (Na + K - Cl) of lot C and a decreased protein assimilation. The
      production of infant formulas for prematures should be more closely monitored to
      avoid marked deviation of the mineral contents in individual lots from the
      concentrations shown on the label.

PMID- 1822332
TI  - Renal excretion of tellurium after peroral administration of tellurium in
      different forms to healthy human volunteers.
AB  - As tellurium ranks among the rare non-essential trace elements there is only
      little known of its intestinal absorption and its metabolic behaviour in humans.
      Data for risk evaluations needed for occupational medicine are based on animal
      experiments only. In order to investigate the metabolic behaviour of tellurium in
      man, tellurium in different forms was administered perorally to healthy male
      human volunteers. It was given as sodium tellurate, sodium tellurite, metallic
      colloid and intrinsically bound in cress. For the latter, cress was cultivated
      with tellurium-containing water in order to provide tellurium for ingestion in a
      form which is more equivalent to foodstuffs. After the administration the urinary
      excretion of tellurium was determined. Tellurium concentrations were measured in
      urine samples by means of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS)
      after wet ashing and a preconcentration of tellurium by solvent extraction with
      isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK). From the cumulative tellurium excretion in the
      first four days after the administration, a percentage intestinal absorption of
      25% +/- 10% for soluble tellurium salts can be calculated. The renal tellurium
      excretion is faster after administration of hexavalent tellurium than after
      ingestion of the tetravalent form. This can explain the higher toxicity of the
      tetravalent tellurium compounds found in animal experiments. The introduction of
      tellurium to cress lowered the intestinal absorption to approximately 15%. For
      metallic tellurium the fractional intestinal absorption was found to be about
      10%.

PMID- 1822334
TI  - Serum zinc, copper and selenium in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by low serum Zn and high serum Cu. In
      multiple linear regression both were explained by disease activity parameters. It
      is suggested that interleukin-1 causes both changes by 1) increasing the
      metallothionein-mediated hepatic uptake to serum Zn and 2) upregulating
      ceruloplasmin (acute phase reactant) gene and synthesis in liver and subsequently
      the level of ceruloplasmin-Cu complexes in the blood. Cu absorption was
      diminished by zinc intake. Cu- and Zn-dependent erythrocyte SOD was increased in
      RA. In contrast to plasma GSHPx serum selenium was low in RA and this was
      associated with disease activity parameters.

PMID- 1822333
TI  - Contribution to Zn-speciation in human breast milk: fractionation of organic
      compounds by HPLC and subsequent Zn-determination by DCP-AES.
AB  - Human milk was collected between the 2nd and 7th day after delivery from
      different women, pooled and separated into fat, proteins and low molecular weight
      (LMW) substances by centrifugation. The fatty share was rejected, the remaining
      two fractions were further separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as
      described in (1), and analyzed for zinc (Zn). The HPLC-method was checked for
      stability of organo-metal complexes. Only bi-distilled water served as mobile
      phase during HPLC in order to maintain the Zn/organic molecule-complex intact and
      to avoid unnecessary contamination sources. Among milk proteins, zinc was
      associated with casein, albumin, lactoferrin, and metallothionein, whereas among
      LMW substances a zinc peak could be observed exclusively with citrate. The
      identity of citrate and proteins was verified with comparable HPLC runs of
      standard solutions, by citrate-specific examination of HPLC fractions and by
      isoelectric focusing (IEF) of collected HPLC fractions. Furthermore, native human
      milk, as well as fractions of proteins and LMW substances (with and without HPLC
      separation), were quantified with regard to total content of zinc, protein and
      citrate. No loss of substances was found. In human milk, zinc is primarily bound
      to citrate (approximately 3200 micrograms/L of Zn in pooled human milk = 95%),
      and only about 5% of the total amount of zinc is attached to proteins
      (approximately 150 micrograms/L of Zn in pooled human milk). Determination of
      citrate content in human milk used in this study yielded values approximately
      twice as high as data cited in the literature (325-655 mg/L compared with 95-270
      mg/L, (2,3)).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822335
TI  - Inter-relationships between selenium and thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat
      and man.
AB  - Labelling of rat kidney microsomes in vitro with [125I]-bromoacetyl T4 produced
      two bands on SDS/PAGE with Mr of 55 kDa and 27.5 kDa representing protein
      disulphide isomerase and type I iodothyronine deiodinase (ID-I) respectively. The
      amount of the 55 kDa band was unchanged by selenium (Se) deficiency but the 27.5
      kDa protein was markedly decreased in kidney microsomal fraction obtained from Se
      deficient rats. Concurrent Se and iodine deficiency produced a significant
      increase in thyroid weight, plasma thyrotrophin (TSH) and a decrease in thyroidal
      iodine when compared with either single Se or iodine deficiency. These results
      suggest that ID-I is a selenoprotein and that Se deficiency can exacerbate the
      hypothyroidism observed in iodine deficiency. In man, blood glutathione
      peroxidase and blood Se levels were decreased in hyperthyroidism due to Graves'
      disease whilst normal levels of these analytes were found in patients treated for
      Graves' disease. These results suggest that thyroid status can affect Se balance
      rather than Se deficiency predisposes to Graves' disease.

PMID- 1822336
TI  - Selenium status of children living in seleniferous areas of Venezuela.
AB  - Selenium was measured in red blood cells, serum and hair of children and in
      breast milk of mothers in seleniferous areas of Venezuela by means of neutron
      activation analysis. Signs of selenosis were observed only in a few cases.
      Reduction in the rate of growth is discussed with respect to unequal local
      nutritional conditions during the growth period.

PMID- 1822337
TI  - Selenium and its protection against the effects of mercury and silver.
AB  - The content of mercury and silver (mean values) was estimated by ICP-MS in the
      rot tips of amalgam-filled teeth, non-filled teeth and milk teeth. The
      concentration of mercury in amalgam-filled teeth was 6.0 mg/kg in non-filled
      adult teeth 0.2 mg/kg and in milk teeth 0.3 mg/kg. The concentration of silver in
      amalgam-filled teeth was 2.6 mg/kg, in non-filled adult teeth 0.08 mg/kg and in
      milk teeth 0.06 mg/kg. A theory is presented on how selenium protects against the
      formation of free radicals by heavy metals and/or peroxides which result in
      cellular damage.

PMID- 1822338
TI  - Blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in patients
      with breast cancer and with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.
AB  - Recent prospective epidemiological studies have shown an association between a
      low prediagnostic serum selenium (Se) concentration and the risk of cancer. Se
      concentrations in whole blood and plasma, and the activity of red cell and plasma
      glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in patients with breast cancer,
      gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. The observed whole blood and plasma Se
      concentrations of healthy persons were 99.5 and 78.5 micrograms/L, respectively.
      Red cell and plasma GSH-Px activities of this group were: 21.0 U/g Hb and 256 U/L
      plasma. In all investigated cancer patients significantly lower whole blood and
      plasma Se concentrations, and significantly lower red cell and plasma GSH-Px
      activities were found, as compared with the values of healthy controls. Low Se
      concentrations of blood components may be indicative of increased cancer risk.

PMID- 1822339
TI  - Reduction of low molecular mass iron by reducing molecules present in plasma and
      the protective action of caeruloplasmin.
AB  - Normal human plasma does not contain low molecular mass iron because the iron
      binding protein transferrin retains a considerable iron-binding capacity. In
      conditions of iron-overload, however, low molecular mass iron can be detected in
      plasma. Plasma contains several molecules capable of reducing ferric complexes to
      the ferrous state and this could lead to oxidative damage through reactions
      dependent on Fenton chemistry and lipid peroxidation. It seems likely that
      ascorbate and urate would reduce ferric complexes present in plasma during iron
      overload. However, the plasma, 'ferroxidase' protein caeruloplasmin protects the
      extracellular environment by catalytically oxidising ferrous complexes back to
      the less reactive ferric state.

PMID- 1822340
TI  - Review of publications.

PMID- 1822341
TI  - Population frequencies of neuromuscular diseases--II. Amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (motor neurone disease).
AB  - A summary of the world literature on the prevalence of amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (motor neurone disease) has been carried out. Excluding those
      particular isolates with especially high prevalences (e.g. Guam and the Kii
      Peninsula of Japan), the mean prevalence among both sexes in other populations is
      around 41.6 x 10(-6) or 1 in 24,000.

PMID- 1822342
TI  - Mapping of dystrophin brain promoter: a deletion of this region is compatible
      with normal intellect.
AB  - Using a mouse genomic fragment containing the brain-specific promoter region of
      the dystrophin gene, we have located the brain promoter 75-300 kb proximal of the
      muscle promoter. Within our DMD-families we detected a patient who lacks both the
      brain-specific and muscle-specific promoter sequences. The normal intellectual
      capabilities of the patient argue against an indispensable role of the brain
      specific first exon in mental functioning. The possibility exists that a NH2
      terminally truncated dystrophin has taken over the function of the normal
      dystrophins in brain and/or muscle.

PMID- 1822343
TI  - Dystrophin abnormalities in polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
AB  - The expression of dystrophin in muscle biopsies from nine cases of polymyositis,
      ten cases of juvenile dermatomyositis and three adults with dermatomyositis was
      studied by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Five antibodies
      corresponding to different N- and C-terminal regions of the dystrophin gene were
      used. Sixteen of the 22 cases (73%) showed an abnormality in the expression of
      dystrophin on Western blot analysis, either with a reduced molecular weight
      protein or a reduced amount. Immunostaining was abnormal in 11 out of 19 cases
      (58%) and showed varying degrees of discontinuity or loss of sarcolemmal
      staining. Immunolabelling of these areas with antibodies to beta-spectrin was
      normal implying that the changes were not caused by a loss of the sarcolemma.
      These results show that secondary changes in the expression of dystrophin can
      occur in the absence of an abnormality in the corresponding gene and that
      dystrophin cannot be used in isolation as a diagnostic marker for muscular
      dystrophy.

PMID- 1822344
TI  - Human myoblast transplantation: a simple assay for tumorigenicity.
AB  - A simple assay for tumorigenicity of myoblasts to be transplanted to Duchenne
      patients has been developed. The assay is based on culture in a soft agar medium
      for 2-3 weeks. The tumor cell line forms large cell clusters while the normal
      myoblasts do not proliferate and remain isolated.

PMID- 1822346
TI  - Why is the gracilis muscle relatively uninvolved in neuromuscular disorders?
AB  - CT scanning of thigh muscles has shown that the gracilis is often relatively
      resistant to degeneration in neuromuscular disorders. We have compared the
      histometric features of the gracilis muscle with the biceps femoris and vastus
      lateralis muscles in the right and left thighs of 12 subjects without
      neuromuscular disease. There was striking variation between individuals, but
      marked similarities between the two limbs in individuals. The gracilis and vastus
      lateralis muscles contained fewer Type 1 fibres than the biceps femoris. The Type
      2 fibres were slightly larger in vastus lateralis than in the other two muscles.
      There is thus no evident morphological difference between the gracilis muscle and
      other thigh muscles that can be correlated with the different susceptibility of
      these muscles in neuromuscular diseases. However, these muscles are subject to
      differing physiological stresses in movement, and these may be important in
      determining the response to disease.

PMID- 1822345
TI  - Allografts of muscle precursor cells persist in the non-tolerized host.
AB  - Implantation of normal muscle precursor cells into myopathic fibres to alleviate
      recessively inherited diseases of skeletal muscle has received much attention
      since the discovery of a defective or deficient gene coding for the protein
      dystrophin in the Duchenne and Becker forms of muscular dystrophy. Therapeutic
      allografting of cells would require some means of preventing their immune
      rejection. Here we have allografted muscle into the non-tolerant and non
      immunosuppressed murine host. Precursor cells introduced in the form of a single
      cell suspension survive for prolonged periods post-implantation. Allografts of
      minced muscle often failed to survive, even though host and donor were compatible
      at the major histocompatibility locus. Differences at minor loci may well have
      contributed to such rejection. Where allografted tissue was rejected, there was a
      decrease in the amount of surviving host muscle at the graft site, an important
      observation in terms of the therapeutic implantation of cells.

PMID- 1822348
TI  - Streptococcal myositis as a complication of juvenile dermatomyositis.
AB  - The infection of muscle is an infrequent condition. We report on a patient with a
      juvenile form of dermatomyositis who developed infectious myositis caused by
      Streptococcus pyogenes. The inflammatory myopathy probably favoured the
      colonization of muscle during a bacteremia related to the skin lesions. The main
      forms of streptococcal myositis, which can currently be differentiated by means
      of imaging techniques, are discussed in addition to its treatment and prognosis.

PMID- 1822347
TI  - Procainamide therapy, physical performance and energy expenditure in the Schwartz
      Jampel syndrome.
AB  - The effects of procainamide administration were assessed in a 5-yr-old boy with
      Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (chondrodystrophic myotonia). Without procainamide the
      resting metabolic rate was found to be significantly higher than in an age
      matched control group. With a serum level of 3.8 mg l-1 procainamide a reduction
      of the resting metabolic rate of 22% was observed, and times needed to climb
      stairs and to re-open eyes after forceful contraction (blepharospasm) were
      significantly reduced.

PMID- 1822350
TI  - Diagnostic criteria for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy and myotonic
      dystrophy.

PMID- 1822351
TI  - European workshop on Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1991.

PMID- 1822349
TI  - Neuromuscular disorders: gene location.

PMID- 1822352
TI  - Expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients
      and carriers.
AB  - The expression of MHC isoforms in the skeletal muscles of nine patients with
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (from 2.5 to 15 yr of age) and three DMD
      carriers was studied using different specific anti-MHC MAbs. We also analyzed
      muscle fiber size and fiber reactivity with acridine orange and/or with a surface
      antigen marker. One-quarter of all fibers of DMD patients, or less with age, were
      of normal size and contained only adult slow MHC. Half of the muscle fibers
      contained adult and developmental MHCs. Only half of these fibers were
      representative of an active regenerative process. MHC co-expression also altered
      the proportion of normal fast or slow fibers. Adult fast MHCs were expressed as
      unique MHC only in small and very small fibers in the oldest DMD patients. In DMD
      carrier muscles, the greatest alterations in MHC expression were observed in
      patients with the most reduced dystrophin expression. However, MHC changes in
      dystrophin-positive fibers were similar to those observed in dystrophin-free
      fibers. In conclusion, disruptions or delays in the switching of all genes coding
      for adult fast and slow MHC and developmental MHC coincided with dystrophin
      deletion and with perturbations in its expression.

PMID- 1822353
TI  - Myosin isoform transitions and physiological properties of regenerated and re
      innervated soleus muscles of the rat.
AB  - Soleus muscles in young female rats were destroyed by the local injection of the
      crude venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus and allowed to
      regenerate. The regenerated muscles consisted almost exclusively of type I muscle
      fibres, and histograms of fibre cross-sectional area were unimodal. In contrast
      the normal contralateral muscles consisted of a mixture of type I and IIa fibres,
      and histograms of fibre cross-sectional area were bimodal. There was no change in
      the ability of the regenerated muscles to generate tension in response to
      indirect stimulation, and muscle fibre number and motor unit index were similar
      to controls. The regenerated muscles often contained split muscle fibres, but if
      re-innervation of the regenerated muscles was delayed, splitting did not occur.
      The principal features of the regenerated muscles (fibre type homogeneity,
      unimodal histograms of muscle fibre area, normal numbers of muscle fibres and
      normal motor unit index) were reproduced in soleus muscles that were simply
      denervated by nerve crush and allowed to re-innervate. We conclude that the
      phenotypic homogeneity of the regenerated muscles is a consequence of the
      temporary disconnection of muscle from nerve, rather than of the cycle of
      degeneration/regeneration, and suggest that this disconnection results in the
      reprogramming of the soleus motor neurones.

PMID- 1822355
TI  - Autosomal dominant neuromuscular disease with cylindrical spirals.
AB  - Cylindrical spirals (CS) have been reported in muscle biopsies from five
      individual cases, as well as in two belonging to one family where there was
      another affected member, clinically associated with cramps, pain, stiffness
      and/or weakness. Here we studied muscle biopsies of a 70-yr-old mother and her 52
      yr-old son, the latter with an associated neuropathy, both with late clinical
      onset in whose family at least 10 other members, spanning five generations, were
      diversely affected by muscular weakness, gait disorders, motor impairment and/or
      scoliosis, featuring an autosomal dominant trait with variable expression. CS as
      the main pathological findings were observed by light microscopy mostly in type 2
      fibres, consisting of subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar granular and/or rod
      like clusters, bluish with haematoxylin, bright red with Gomori's modified
      trichrome, non- or lightly reactive with PAS, faintly coloured with NADH-TR, non
      reactive with SDH or ATPase, strongly stained with non-specific esterase and
      myoadenylate deaminase. Ultrastructurally, CS appeared as concentrically wrapped
      lamellae 1-2 microns in diameter. On occasion CS merged into tubular vesicular
      structures strongly resembling tubular aggregates (TA). Dilation of terminal
      cisternae (TC) in their proximity supports an origin from the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR). Variable gene expression possibly explains both the highly
      diverse clinical compromise and time of onset.

PMID- 1822354
TI  - Azathioprine in myasthenia gravis: observations in 41 patients and a review of
      literature.
AB  - We report azathioprine treatment of 41 patients with myasthenia gravis, with a
      follow-up of more than 3 yr. The data show that azathioprine is effective in
      controlling the disease, both as a single drug as well as in combination with
      prednisone. In addition it may be steroid sparing. Older patients derived more
      benefit from the medicament. Side-effects could be managed fairly well, except
      for one patient who developed a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Data from this study do not
      support the supposition that the therapeutic effect of azathioprine is dependent
      on macrocytosis. Fluctuations of serum levels of antibodies to the acetylcholine
      receptor were simultaneous with clinical changes and thus were not of predictive
      volume for the clinical course.

PMID- 1822358
TI  - Neuromuscular disorders: gene location.

PMID- 1822357
TI  - Natural bone marrow transplantation in cattle with Pompe's disease.
AB  - Adding acid alpha-glucosidase to cultures of Pompe's disease muscle has resulted
      in enzyme uptake and reduction in concentration of glycogen. However, bone marrow
      transplantation has been unsuccessful as a treatment. Immune rejection may have
      contributed to this failure. Twin calves share a placenta and carry
      lymphoreticular cells of each other's type, they become lymphoreticular chimeras
      in utero and immune rejection does not occur. One natural and three sets of twins
      produced by embryo transfer were studied in Pompe's disease cattle. Chimerism
      persisted throughout life and the situation was analogous to a transplant of
      histocompatible bone marrow stem cells. The activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in
      leucocytes and in biopsies of the semitendinosus muscle and the mean activity in
      diaphragm, spleen and lymph node obtained after death from affected twins were
      significantly higher than in single affected calves. Glycogen concentration was
      lowered in liver, spleen and lymph node but not in muscles. The affected twins
      showed clinical signs and changes in muscle similar to those seen in affected
      single calves. It is concluded that bone marrow transplantation is unlikely to be
      a successful treatment for Pompe's disease.

PMID- 1822359
TI  - Further studies on the long-term treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism with
      ipodate: assessment of a minimal effective dose.
AB  - We have previously described that sodium ipodate (500 mg/day, p.o.) is effective
      in normalizing serum T3 and T4 levels in most patients with Graves'
      hyperthyroidism. In this study, we examined serum T3, T4, and rT3 levels in 14
      hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease during treatment with a lower dose
      (500 mg, every other day, p.o.) of sodium ipodate for a period of 3-30 weeks
      (mean 15.5 weeks). Three types of responses were observed. In group I (4
      patients), both serum T3 and T4 were in the normal range at the end of treatment
      [baseline: mean +/- SEM T3, 6.8 +/- 0.96 nmol/L (normal 0.92-3.0)] and T4 [256 +/
      44 nmol/L (normal 62-167); post-ipodate: T3, 2.0 +/- 0.46 nmol/L and T4 107 +/-
      28 nmol/L]. In group II (n = 5), either serum T3 (3 patients) or serum T4 (2
      patients) did not become normal (baseline: T3 7.7 +/- 1.1 and T4 228 +/- 3.9;
      post-ipodate: T3 2.9 +/- 0.57 and T4 188 +/- 27 nmol/L). In group III (5
      patients), neither serum T3 nor serum T4 returned to normal following ipodate
      treatment (baseline: T3 11.9 +/- 1.8 and T4 260 +/- 23; post-ipodate: T3 7.5 +/-
      0.49 and T4 322 +/- 17 nmol/L). The mean serum rT3 concentration increased during
      ipodate treatment to a peak value of 100% above baseline and remained elevated
      (20-75% above baseline) throughout the study. Some improvement in hyperthyroidism
      was suggested by increase in body weight during ipodate treatment in most
      cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822356
TI  - Muscle coenzyme Q10 in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.
AB  - Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) content was measured in isolated muscle mitochondria from 25
      patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (MEM), most of whom had
      mitochondrial DNA mutations. The CoQ level was significantly lower in MEM
      patients than in controls. CoQ levels varied widely from patient to patient,
      especially in those with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia including
      Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which may explain, at least in part, the variable response
      of patients to CoQ administration.

PMID- 1822360
TI  - Biochemical thyroid profile in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - Over a 2-year period, thyroid function was studied in 102 patients infected with
      the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in 102 age- and sex-matched controls
      with various infectious diseases. Biochemical abnormalities were observed in 1
      20% of the patients, depending on thyroid indices, but thyroid disease
      (hypothyroidism) was diagnosed in only 1. Compared to controls, patients,
      especially those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), had a
      significant increase in serum thyroxine-binding globulin, a lower T3 and free
      thyroxine index, and a higher frequency of thyroglobulin antibodies.

PMID- 1822361
TI  - Interleukin 2-activated killer cells do not mediate autologous thyrocyte lysis in
      autoimmune thyroid disease in vitro.
AB  - Because of interest in IL-2, and IL-2-activated killer cell-induced
      hypothyroidism in humans, we attempted to study an in vitro system that might
      prove to illuminate this disorder. We have thus studied interleukin 2 (IL-2--0,
      12.5, 25, or 50 U/mL) activated killer cell-mediated autologous thyrocyte lysis,
      as well as cytotoxic activity in IL-2-stimulated mononuclear cell supernatants in
      7 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (2 Graves' disease and 5 Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis) using the 51Cr release assay. Controls included 14 patients with
      nonautoimmune thyroid disease (3 nontoxic goiter, 8 follicular thyroid adenoma, 2
      papillary thyroid carcinoma, and 1 medullary carcinoma of the thyroid). Soluble
      IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in supernatants of peripheral mononuclear cells stimulated
      by IL-2 from these patients also was measured. Whereas in the control
      preparations, IL-2-activated killer cell activity was increased in a dose
      dependent fashion relative to the IL-2 concentration, as well as to the effector
      cell/target cell ratio, in preparations from patients with autoimmune thyroid
      disease, this activity was not elevated as the IL-2 concentration was increased.
      The susceptibility of thyrocytes to the lytic effect of IL-2-activated killer
      cells was higher in controls than that in autoimmune thyroid disease (at
      concentrations of IL-2 of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 U/mL) (p less than 0.01,
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822362
TI  - Susceptibility to subacute thyroiditis is genetically influenced: familial
      occurrence in identical twins.
AB  - Subacute thyroiditis is thought to be virally induced in genetically predisposed
      individuals because a strong association has been suggested recently between HLA
      B35 and patients in whom subacute thyroiditis has developed. Two identical twin
      brothers were seen at our clinic with the same symptoms and date of onset of
      hyperthyroidism and enlargement and tenderness of the thyroid, which gave us a
      unique opportunity to study the genetic predisposition and treatment of this
      thyroid disease. Diagnostic criteria for subacute thyroiditis were met in both
      twins, including hyperthyroxinemia, suppression of thyroidal 123I uptake,
      increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, transient painful goiter, and absence
      of antimicrosomal antibodies. Twin B was treated with corticosteroids, and a
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent was prescribed for Twin A. The mode of
      treatment used did not make a difference in affecting the course of the disease.
      The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was normal after 2 months from onset of
      symptoms. Results of viral studies were inconclusive. The same HLA typing was
      found in each twin: A3, B18, B35, Cw4, DR2, DRw10, DQw1. Thus, each was
      heterozygous for HLA-B35. We reviewed the literature and found a strong
      association between HLA-B35 and subacute thyroiditis in various ethnic groups
      tested. Our experience with these identical twins provides additional evidence to
      suggest that HLA-35 and perhaps Cw4 confer genetic susceptibility in acquiring
      subacute painful thyroiditis in a possible dominant mode of inheritance.

PMID- 1822363
TI  - Painless thyrotoxic thyroiditis in association with ovarian and adrenal failure.
AB  - Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGAS) type II is a disorder characterized by
      Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and diabetes mellitus. In this
      report, a 19-year-old woman having Addison's disease, ovarian failure, painless
      thyroiditis, and an HLA type characteristic of PGAS II is described. Painless
      thyroiditis has been considered recently to have an autoimmune basis and has been
      reported previously in another patient with Addison's disease. The otherwise
      characteristic features of the patient in this case allow her to be classified as
      having PGAS II, thereby expanding the scope of reported autoimmune thyroid
      disorders in PGAS II.

PMID- 1822364
TI  - Thyroid hormone action: identification of the mitochondrial thyroid hormone
      receptor as adenine nucleotide translocase.
AB  - A preliminary report from our laboratory suggested that the thyroid hormone
      triiodothyronine (T3) is bound with an association constant (Ka) approximating 2
      x 10(11) M-1 by adenine nucleotide translocase (AdNT) purified from beef heart
      mitochondria. We now report that [125I]T3 is capable of photoaffinity labeling
      not only purified AdNT but also the carrier in intact beef heart mitochondria.
      Photoaffinity labeling in intact mitochondria was appreciably greater than that
      observed with purified AdNT. The covalently labeled AdNT was identified by 2
      dimensional electrophoresis with pI of 10 on electrofocusing and M(r) of 31,000
      on SDS gel. Identification of the covalently labeled protein as authentic AdNT
      was substantiated by its interaction with a specific monoclonal antibody
      preparation.

PMID- 1822365
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of thyroid hormone receptors in the adult rat
      brain.
AB  - It is generally accepted that thyroid hormones act at the genomic level through
      an interaction with specific nuclear receptors. Using a monoclonal antibody
      raised against the rat liver nuclear L-T3 receptor (NTR), we report here the
      immunocytochemical localization of T3 receptors in the adult rat brain. The
      strongest NTR immunoreactivity was found in the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus,
      the dentate gyrus, the amygdala areas, and the neocortex (layers III-VI). An
      intermediate NTR immunoreactivity was found in the hypothalamus, whereas the
      thalamus, the caudate-putamen, and the pallidum were weakly NTR-immunoreactive.
      In the cerebellum, a strong NTR immunoreactivity was found in the nuclei of
      Purkinje cells, in the internal granular layer, and in some nuclei of cells
      located in the molecular layer. In the brainstem, a strong NTR immunoreactivity
      was found in the lateral mamillary nucleus and the interstitial nucleus. A weak
      to moderate NTR immunoreactivity was observed in the central gray matter, while
      the substantia nigra and the interpeduncular nucleus were weakly stained.
      Furthermore, we also found NTR immunoreactivity in the nuclei of ependymocytes,
      epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and cells located in the white matter. At
      the electron microscope level, we confirm that the immunoreactivity was not only
      localized in the nuclei of neurons but also in the nuclei of astrocytes and
      medium oligodendrocytes. This study provides new information concerning the
      distribution of NTR in the rat brain: (1) NTR are present not only in neurons but
      also in glial and ependymal cells, and (2) there is a regional and cellular
      heterogeneity in the distribution of NTR in the central nervous system.

PMID- 1822366
TI  - Processing to endoglycosidase H-resistant thyrotropin subunits occurs in the
      presence of brefeldin-A: evidence favoring the recycling of Golgi membranes to
      the rough endoplasmic reticulum in mouse thyrotrophs.
AB  - In order to assess the localization and physiologic redistribution of Golgi
      enzymes within mouse thyrotrophs, we studied the carbohydrate processing of TSH
      subunits in the presence of brefeldin A (BFA). Although this drug clearly causes
      endoglycosidase (endo) H-sensitive species to accumulate in most cell types, our
      purpose was to determine whether or not endoglycosidase H-resistant forms of free
      alpha-subunits and TSH subunits eventually accumulated in small but significant
      amounts within mouse thyrotrophic tumor cells or pituitary thyrotrophs incubated
      with BFA. This drug is known to block intracellular transport from the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to the proximal Golgi. Stimulated thyrotrophs have
      been reported to have some Golgi enzymes active in their dilated RER.
      Accumulation of endo H-resistant forms in the presence of BFA might be explained
      by (1) drug-induced enhancement of Golgi to RER membrane recycling with further
      aberrant distribution of Golgi enzymes or (2) an uncharacteristic trapping of
      glycoproteins within Golgi elements that might be an unusual action of BFA
      peculiar to thyrotrophs. Free alpha-subunits and TSH were labeled in mouse
      thyrotrophic tumor tissue or pituitaries incubated in pulse-chase fashion with
      [35S]methionine in the absence or presence of BFA, carboxyl cyanide m
      chlorophylhydrazone (CCCP), or swainsonine. The results in tumor and pituitary
      tissue were similar. In incubations without drugs, most TSH subunits (greater
      than 90%) became endo H-resistant after 5-h chase, and the majority (greater than
      85%) were secreted. Doses of CCCP and BFA were selected that generally blocked
      the secretion of TSH subunits by greater than 85% (in some cases greater than
      99%), presumably because of accumulation of secretory proteins in the RER. Yet,
      in the presence of CCCP, 35% and 42% of intracellular free alpha-subunits and TSH
      subunits, respectively, became endo H-resistant at 5 h chase. Compared to control
      incubations, intracellular subunits tended to remain endo H-sensitive in the
      presence of BFA, yet, compared to CCCP incubations, BFA slightly enhanced the
      attainment of endo H-resistance by free alpha-subunits and TSH subunits to 55%
      and 52%, respectively. Pretreatment of tumor tissue with BFA allowed more endo H
      resistant species to appear, even during coincubation with CCCP. These data
      suggest that Golgi enzymes cycle back to the dilated RER of active thyrotrophs
      and that this phenomenon is enhanced by BFA.

PMID- 1822367
TI  - Phorbol ester and phospholipase C-mediated differentiated thyroid function in
      vitro: the effects of protein kinase C inhibition and downregulation.
AB  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters, e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA),
      inhibit TSH-stimulated iodide organification in vitro implying a role for protein
      kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of differentiated thyroid function. To further
      explore the PKC dependence of this action of TPA, we studied the effects of PKC
      inhibition and downregulation on phorbol-mediated differentiated thyroid function
      in vitro. In addition, the effects of the nonphorbol PKC activator, phospholipase
      C (PLC) were studied. TPA (100 nM) inhibited TSH-stimulated iodide organification
      in cultured porcine thyroid cells by over 95% and caused PKC translocation in
      vitro. Exogenous PLC (1 U/mL) could mimic these effects of TPA. The PKC
      inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) inhibited TSH
      stimulated iodide organification at concentrations exceeding 10 microM. However,
      partial recovery of phorbol- and PLC-inhibited iodide organification was seen in
      the presence of identical concentrations of H7. H7 had no effect on PKC
      translocation in porcine thyroid cell extracts. After 24 h of TPA treatment to
      induce PKC downregulation, no recovery of TSH-stimulated iodide organification
      was observed, suggesting that the effects of TPA were irreversible. These studies
      indicate that the effects of TPA and PLC on differentiated thyroid function are
      mediated, at least in part, by PKC. These findings provide further evidence for a
      role for PKC in the regulation of differentiated thyroid function.

PMID- 1822368
TI  - States enact mammography coverage laws.

PMID- 1822369
TI  - Coping of African-American women at risk for AIDS.

PMID- 1822370
TI  - Report of the Jacobs Institute workshop on screening mammography.

PMID- 1822372
TI  - The messages primary care physicians should convey to their patients about
      mammography.
AB  - To reduce mortality from breast cancer, women must overcome barriers to the use
      of mammography. Physicians must convey messages of need, usefulness, and benefits
      of mammography and prescribe it to all eligible women.

PMID- 1822371
TI  - Utilization of screening mammography--1990.
AB  - Although much has been accomplished in the last few years toward the early
      detection of breast cancer, we are far from a goal of universal acceptance of the
      recommended preventive health program of screening mammography. To take an
      analogy from the Papanicolaou smear, we are somewhere in the 1960s. Both women
      and physicians have more to learn, and they need to transfer that knowledge into
      practice.

PMID- 1822373
TI  - What primary care physicians should know about radiation exposure, image quality,
      and accreditation of mammography providers.

PMID- 1822374
TI  - Concise, clinically pertinent mammography requests and reports as an aid to
      increasing the utilization of screening and diagnostic mammography.

PMID- 1822375
TI  - Improving utilization of mammography screening in the physician's office
      practice.

PMID- 1822376
TI  - Failure to diagnose breast cancer malpractice claims: a new threat to obstetrics
      and gynecology?

PMID- 1822377
TI  - The association between women's work, working conditions, and adverse pregnancy
      outcomes: a review of the literature and directions for future research.

PMID- 1822379
TI  - Prenatal care incentives: when all else fails.

PMID- 1822378
TI  - Substance dependency during pregnancy: the limits of the law.

PMID- 1822380
TI  - Ethical issues in surrogate motherhood. American College of Obstetricians and
      Gynecologists.

PMID- 1822381
TI  - Surrogate motherhood and the best interests of the child.

PMID- 1822382
TI  - Commentary on ACOG Committee Opinion Number 88, November 1990--"Ethical issues in
      surrogate motherhood".

PMID- 1822383
TI  - Surrogate motherhood.

PMID- 1822384
TI  - Respect for the autonomy of the pregnant woman in surrogacy agreements: an
      elaboration of a fundamental ethical concern.

PMID- 1822385
TI  - Financial incentives for surrogacy.

PMID- 1822386
TI  - Commentary: ethical issues in surrogate motherhood.

PMID- 1822387
TI  - The surrogate mother as a high-risk obstetric patient.

PMID- 1822388
TI  - Semantics and science: the distinction between gestational carrier and
      traditional surrogacy options.

PMID- 1822390
TI  - [Mechanism of action of steroid hormones and anti-hormones: a mini-review on
      associated proteins not binding steroids].

PMID- 1822389
TI  - Determining the fate of gestational mothers.

PMID- 1822391
TI  - [Mechanism of the overexpression of the cathepsin D gene in breast cancer and
      consequences in the metastatic process].
AB  - Cathepsin D, an acidic protease normally acting in lysosomes, is overproduced
      both in vitro and in vivo in most breast cancer cells. The mechanism of gene
      regulation by estrogens and the biological and clinical significance of this
      overexpression in metastasis are reviewed. In MCF7 cells, cathepsin D is
      specifically and directly induced by estrogens and also induced by growth factors
      (EGF, IGF-I and bFGF), but this induction is dependent upon de novo protein
      synthesis. The mechanism of estrogen induction involves EREs located upstream
      from the gene. Our laboratory cloned the promoter region (-4kb) of cathepsin D of
      MCF7 cells and found EREs located in the proximal 5' region of the gene. In MDA
      MB231 and BT20 cells, cathepsin D is overexpressed but not regulated by
      estrogens. Total cathepsin D concentration were assayed by IRMA in breast cancer
      cytosol routinely prepared for receptor assays. Several retrospective clinical
      studies indicate a significant correlation between high cathepsin D
      concentrations in the cytosol of primary breast cancer and further development of
      clinical metastasis. High cathepsin D concentration in the primary tumor may be
      either a consequence, or more likely a cause, of metastasis. Transfection
      experiments using cDNA-cathepsin D in rat tumoral cells facilitates their
      metastatic potential in nude mice (Garcia et al., Oncogene, 1990, 5, 1809-1814).
      The mechanism of cathepsin D action in facilitating metastasis is unknown and may
      involve proteolytic activity in an acidic compartment, and/or interaction with
      the Man 6P/IGFII receptor.

PMID- 1822393
TI  - [Antiestrogenic effect of retinoic acid in MCF-7 cells].
AB  - We recently developed the cellular model MVLN-15 in which an estrogenic action
      can be detected by bioluminescence. Using this cellular model, we characterized
      the inhibitory effect of retinoic acid on the estrogen-dependent induction of
      luciferase transcription. We present evidence that i) the inhibitory effect of
      retinoic acid was not due to a simple competition between retinoic acid and
      estradiol for the estrogen receptor binding site, ii) retinoic acid does not
      significantly modify the parameters of the estradiol binding to the estrogen
      receptor, iii) retinoic acid does not act at a post-transcriptional level of the
      estrogenic action, iv) a DNA sequence restricted to an estrogen responsive
      element (ERE) was sufficient to observe the antiestrogenic effect of retinoic
      acid, and v) retinoic acid does not act via a cryptic AP-1 binding site
      associated with this ERE. We concluded that the antiestrogenic effect of retinoic
      acid is due to an inhibition of estrogen receptor activity, for example by
      altering the amount of estrogen receptor protein bound to the ERE or affecting
      the transcriptional efficiency of this complex.

PMID- 1822392
TI  - [Retinoic acid has an antiestrogenic effect on different regulated estrogen genes
      in different cellular types].
AB  - In this paper, we confirmed that retinoic acid is an antiestrogenic compound with
      respect to different chimaeric estrogenic responses and with respect to different
      cellular types. This was shown by transient transfection of MCF-7 cells with
      plasmids driving the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase gene via different
      estrogenic regulatory part (pS2) and the first promotor of the progesterone
      receptor gene (PR1); an identical conclusion was obtained in HeLa cells by
      cotransfecting a plasmid expressing the estrogen receptor. In addition, the
      inhibitory effect of retinoic acid was not observed for genes regulated by the
      progesterone receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor. As the antiestrogenic
      effect of retinoic acid was increased by cotransfecting acid receptor(s) RAR
      alpha, beta, gamma, we concluded that RAR(s) is(are) involved in the
      antiestrogenic effect of retinoic acid.

PMID- 1822394
TI  - [Biological parameters of the efficiency of retinoic acid in acute leukemia].
AB  - We have previously shown that all-trans retinoic acid therapy is an alternative
      therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML3) via differentiation of the
      leukemic cells. The t(15;17) translocation is specifically found in this
      leukemia. We and others have shown that through this translocation the RAR alpha
      gene is rearranged and its expression altered in AML3 cells. The gene is
      truncated and fused to a novel gene (PLM). This results in a fusion protein whose
      transactivating properties may be implicated in the leukemogenesis of this
      disease. Retinoic acid cytoplasmic binding proteins (CRABP and CRBP) are not
      detected by PAGE chromatography in normal or malignant hematopoietic cells.
      During all-trans RA therapy, a) all-trans RA plasma concentrations are within in
      vitro differentiating concentration (med. 0.4 microgram/ml); b) increased
      expression of the normal remaining RAR alpha allele is rapidly observed and may
      explain the paradoxical induction of RA differentiation in these cells; c)
      CRABPII is induced in the bone marrow cells of AML3 patients and remains
      detectable 1 month after withdrawal of RA. AML3 in relapse after RA therapy is
      always less sensitive to RA in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that
      modification of the metabolisation pathways of RA may be one of parameters linked
      to this resistance. It appears that the efficacy of all-trans RA is the resultant
      of multiple parameters (RA concentration, ratio of PML/RAR alpha transcripts to
      normal RAR alpha, CRABP) which need to be defined to efficiently monitor all
      trans RA therapy in APL.

PMID- 1822395
TI  - [Functional interaction between estrogen receptor and proto-oncogene products c
      Jun and c-Fos].
AB  - We show here that TPA treatment of MCF-7 cells represses estrogen receptor
      dependent transcriptional activity, while increasing the AP1 binding activity.
      These two events are probably linked, since the transcriptional activity of the
      estrogen receptor in these cells is repressed by overexpression of both cJun or
      cFos, the components of the AP1 transcripts factor. On the contrary no repression
      was observed after overexpression of another member of the jun family, the JunD.
      The repression caused by cJun or cFos may depend on partially different pathways.
      Our results suggest that the inhibition of TPA of the estrogen dependent growth
      of the MCF-7 cells is caused by over expression of cJun and cFos.

PMID- 1822400
TI  - [Structure of messenger RNA of androgen receptor in mice and molecular
      characterization in Tfm mutant].
AB  - Complementary DNA clones covering the complete coding region of the mouse
      androgen receptor were assembled by enzymatic amplification (PCR) from testicular
      RNA and genomic DNA and fully sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence departs
      from the rat sequence at 21 positions, 20 of which are in the amino-terminal
      trans-activation domain. A single 10 kb long messenger RNA containing a 3'
      noncoding portion longer than 5 kb was detected. The murine cDNA sequence
      provided the basis to examine the testicular feminization (Tfm) mutation at the
      molecular level. The androgen receptor messenger RNA level was found reduced
      about 10-fold in the Tfm mice. The expression of the mutant receptor is affected
      at a post-transcriptional level. A single base deletion in the hexanucleotide
      stretch 1107-1112, not far from the 3' end of exon 1, introduces a frame-shift
      that leads to premature termination of the AR protein. Separately initiated
      polypeptides containing the DNA-binding and the steroid-binding domains of the
      androgen receptor are produced in vitro by using strong internal translation
      initiation sites. These carboxyl-terminal polypeptides have the characteristics
      of the shortened form of the receptor previously described in the tissues of Tfm
      mice.

PMID- 1822399
TI  - [A new role for corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), member of SERPIN
      superfamily].
AB  - Recent advances in molecular endocrinology have shed a new light on the role and
      mode of action of CBG. It is now not only demonstrated that this plasma
      glycoprotein, a steroid carrier, can be internalized by glucocorticoid target
      tissues, but it is also certain that CBG mRNA is synthesized by extra-hepatic
      tissues. Moreover, some authors have reported a modulation of CBG properties by
      free fatty acids. The existence of CBG receptors (or high affinity membrane
      binding sites), and even a positive effect of CBG on adenylate cyclase activity,
      have also been reported. To progress in the understanding of these diverse
      results, one must first integrate them in a general scheme where it is considered
      that CBG is a member of the SERPIN (SERine Protease INhibitors) superfamily. In
      the case of CBG, that means a protein which functions as a substrate for elastase
      at the surface of neutrophils, for instance at sites of inflammation. CBG is
      specifically cleaved by this protease at a precise site close to its carboxy
      terminus. This induces a conformation change and disrupts the binding between
      glucocorticoids and CBG, and promotes a significant and local release of
      glucocorticoids (over 90% of them are bound to CBG in human plasma). In this
      context, CBG directs glucocorticoids to sites of inflammation, and plays in
      consequence a crucial role in efficient glucocorticoid action in physiology. The
      elucidation of the CBG sequence, the knowledge of its gene structure, and the
      discovery of its chromosomal localization near two other SERPIN genes, are three
      sets of data in concordance to demonstrate that CBG is a SERPIN; and this has
      allowed the understanding of a new role for CBG, possibly with important
      consequences in pathology. Moreover, it could be more appropriate to say that CBG
      is a member of the SERine Protease INhibitors and Substrates superfamily
      (SERPINS).

PMID- 1822397
TI  - [Action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the tooth germ. Modulations of receptor in
      the development].
AB  - The control of tooth development by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is analyzed by light
      and electron-microscope immunocytochemistry and Northern-blotting in vitamin D
      deficient rats. The receptor for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, immunostained at the
      light microscope in all stem-cells, became immunodetectable only at the
      ultrastructural level in the ameloblasts which elaborate enamel and odontoblasts
      which synthetize dentin. Moreover, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces an up
      regulation specifically in these cells. In parallel, the calbindins-D9k, -D28k
      and osteocalcin, in contrast to the phosphoprotein, appear sensitive to vitamin D
      deficiency. A single injection of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 led to the increase of
      steady-state levels of the corresponding calbindin mRNAs. These data show that
      tooth constitutes a target-organ for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, as other
      components of the phospho-calcic metabolism.

PMID- 1822398
TI  - [Role of beta thyroid hormone receptor in the modulation of the TRH
      transcription].
AB  - Two genes coding for thyroid hormone (T3) receptors (THR) have been identified:
      THR alpha and THR beta. To determine their transcriptional effects we transfected
      reporter genes expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) alone or with
      vectors coding for THR alpha or THR beta in primary cultures of embryonic chick
      hypothalami. Transcription from a promotor containing a T3 Response Element (T3RE
      CAT), was activated in the presence of tri-iodo thyronine (T3) and much reduced
      in the absence of the hormone. In contrast, in the absence of T3, transcription
      from the Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) promoter (TRH-CAT) was much greater
      than in cultures grown with T3. In cotransfection experiments where THR alpha or
      THR beta was expressed with the TRH promoter construct, THR beta-dependent
      transcription, but not THR alpha-dependent transcription, was significantly
      reduced in the presence of T3.

PMID- 1822396
TI  - [Action of estradiol-17 beta on the expression of c-Fos gene in endometrial cells
      in cultured].
AB  - The c-fos expression was investigated in primary culture of guinea-pig
      endometrial cells. Cells were made quiescent by serum depletion. Stimulation of
      these cells by estradiol (E2, 10(-8)M) alone or in combination with epidermal
      growth factor (EGF, 100 ng/ml) or insulin (10 micrograms/ml) failed to induce c
      fos gene. The c-fos expression was early and transiently increased by fetal calf
      serum (15%) or estradiol plus EGF plus insulin. Protein synthesis inhibitors
      (cycloheximide or anisomycin) in association with E2 induced a superinduction of
      c-fos gene. In the same conditions puromycin had no effect. It appears that E2
      acts in a multiple step process including an initial c-fos gene derepression by
      either EGF plus insulin or some protein synthesis inhibitors.

PMID- 1822402
TI  - Dermatologic pharmacology 2.

PMID- 1822401
TI  - [A new family of proteins with high activity for heparin and regulated by
      retinoic acid].
AB  - An heparin binding protein (RIHB) was purified from chick embryos. Essentially
      expressed during early embryogenesis it is mainly localized within basement
      membranes. Its synthesis and that of the RIHB mRNA are induced by retinoic acid
      in chicken myoblasts cell culture. This protein belongs to the same family that
      HBGAM or Pleiotropin and MK protein two other heparin binding proteins exhibiting
      growth and/or neurotrophic activities.

PMID- 1822403
TI  - Clinical development of dermatologics.

PMID- 1822404
TI  - Institutional review boards.

PMID- 1822405
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of burns.

PMID- 1822407
TI  - Ciclopirox olamine: a hydroxypyridone antifungal agent.

PMID- 1822406
TI  - Cephalosporin therapy in dermatologic practice.

PMID- 1822408
TI  - Naftifine: a topical allylamine antifungal agent.

PMID- 1822409
TI  - Cyclosporine A in psoriasis.

PMID- 1822410
TI  - Systemic gold therapy.

PMID- 1822411
TI  - Growth factors and wound healing.

PMID- 1822412
TI  - Implant delivery system: intralesional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for
      treatment of spontaneous skin tumors in veterinary patients.

PMID- 1822413
TI  - Fibrel and wound healing.

PMID- 1822415
TI  - Debridement of cutaneous ulcers: medical and surgical aspects.

PMID- 1822414
TI  - Occlusive dressings: therapeutic agents and effects on drug delivery.

PMID- 1822416
TI  - [Clinical experience with a self-assessment scale for detecting organic
      psychological syndromes in cerebrovascular insufficiency].
AB  - Cerebrovascular insufficiency is of great importance from the aspect of social
      medicine. Using a range of self-assessment conceived for ambulatory use, the
      authors tried therefore to detect it in an early stage to make prophylactic
      provisions possible. The range of self-assessment comprises 25 questions
      pertaining to specific symptoms. The patient indicates the replies on a five
      grade verbal and digital scale. In addition to the evaluation of the content, the
      total value which can be easily calculated indicates the grade of manifested
      psychosyndrome as the basis for a reduced performance of the brain. The
      evaluation takes age-dependence into account. In the submitted paper results of a
      comparative examination are presented. The authors compared subjects with
      confirmed organic psychosyndrome (psychometry, PEG, CT etc.) with a control group
      of subjects without reduced brain performance. Both groups differed significantly
      at the 1% level of significance. The authors selected as the third group neurotic
      subjects who reported similar difficulties but their intensity was significantly
      smaller than in subjects of the examined group. Finally the results of the range
      of self-assessment were compared with differential therapeutic results
      (vasodilatating agents, nootropic agents).

PMID- 1822417
TI  - [Nonstandard therapy of epileptics and psychotics].
AB  - The authors present their experience with a number of drugs which are not
      antiepileptics nor antipsychotic drugs but influence the cholinergic and
      noradrenergic system and glucose and protein metabolism of neurons. Their
      efficiency in severe epileptics with psychic changes is about 60%. Standard
      epileptic treatment, mono- and polytherapy, failed completely in these patients.
      To the authors' "modulating" and "nootropic" therapy applies the same what
      applies to stereotactic treatment of epilepsy, i.e. that treatment must be
      started before the epileptic or psychotic process becomes chronic.
      Epileptogenesis is divided into the following stages: 1. insulation of the brain
      and development of a lesion (trauma, asphyxia, infection), 2. A. latency, an
      epileptic focus develops in the lesion, 2. B. latency, secondary and tertiary
      epileptic foci develop, in particular in the corpus amygdaloideum, hippocampus
      and fronto-orbital area and from there frequently also psychic changes arise, 2.
      C. the focus acts also on the thalamo-cortical reverbation circle and gradually
      "teaches" it epileptic discharges which sometimes can be followed on the EEG,
      although this stage is still in the latent period, i.e. clinically inapparent. 2.
      D. modulating structures of the stem fail, REM, i.e. paradox sleep, diminishes.
      Because these stages resemble those in the development of some psychoses, the
      psychogenesis of this epileptogenesis is similar; in schizophrenia the deepest
      stage of NONREM sleep declines. In this stage of epilepsy the inhibitory
      protective influence of noradrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic (?)
      systems disappears. The 3rd stage is manifestation of clinical attacks or
      psychotic behaviour which may be enhanced by some provocation, e.g. alcohol,
      sleep deprivation, psychic stress, which influence emotivity and the sleep
      profile. With regard to these stages (insulation, latency, manifestation)
      treatment should be provided. In the 1st and 2nd stage "nootropic and modulating"
      treatment should be administered to a greater extent.

PMID- 1822418
TI  - [Development of psychiatric disability in psychotics and their rehabilitation].
AB  - The authors describe the results of a 12-month follow up of a group of patients
      who had an attack of functional psychosis. They paid attention to their
      professional work, course of the disease and social sequelae of the disease. The
      authors assessed also predictors of satisfactory future of professional
      activities by clinical methods as well as by selected psychological tests. They
      confirmed the effectiveness of aimed rehabilitation and resocialization care in
      patients with a chronic course of the disease and with residual postpsychotic
      symptoms.

PMID- 1822421
TI  - [Modification of undesirable sexual behavior in hospitalized sex offenders within
      the framework of a comprehensive cognitive-behavior therapy program. II].

PMID- 1822420
TI  - [Modification of undesirable sexual behavior in hospitalized sexual offenders
      within the framework of a comprehensive cognitive-behavior therapy program. I].
AB  - A comprehensively conceived behaviourally oriented therapeutic programme of
      influencing undesirable sexual behaviour with creation of socially acceptable
      patterns of sexual behaviour, using in addition to group, regime and
      sociotherapeutic methods and individual behavioural techniques, (frequently under
      phallographic control, described in the paper), appears to be most effective in
      the framework of institutional treatment as regards rate of relapses and economic
      effectiveness. This is confirmed by ten years of experience with this therapeutic
      approach at the sexuological department of the psychiatric sanatorium (comparable
      with results of similar departments abroad), achieved despite difficulties as
      regards personnel and shortage of professional information. The relapse rate of
      sexual delinquency during the ten-year investigation, assessed by available
      methods, was only 9% of all treated subjects.

PMID- 1822422
TI  - [Psychological crises and crisis intervention].
AB  - In this country, the situation in the field of care for people suffering with
      acute psychic changes following psychotraumas and other changes which we
      generally describe as a crisis in one's life was unsatisfactory for a long time.
      The cause must be sought not only in automatization of medicine, inadequate
      professional training and lack of altruism on the part of doctors. After 1968 the
      very term "crisis" acquired an undesirable political connotation; although the
      right to a personal crisis was preserved, it was impossible to point out
      relations between the life situation of individual people on the one hand and
      makrosocial processes on the other. Crisis intervention was institutionalized
      only after the above obstructions had been removed; the first in-patients' crisis
      center in Czechoslovakia was opened on December 5, 1989 as a part of the
      psychiatric clinic in Brno-Bohunice.

PMID- 1822423
TI  - [Anorexia nervosa--its reality and problems].

PMID- 1822419
TI  - [Transcultural psychiatry].
AB  - The paper summarizes findings from the literature concerned with transcultural
      psychiatry. It is divided into five parts which deal with specific culturally
      conditioned units, problems of immigrants, cultural problems, methods,
      international studies and the bias of psychiatrists. The organization of
      psychiatric care in developing countries is mentioned. In the conclusion the
      author draws attention to the small number of original Czechoslovak contributions
      to this sphere as a result of the prolonged international isolation. Basic
      knowledge of transcultural psychiatry will obviously be very useful with regard
      to the expected influx of immigrants from the East.

PMID- 1822425
TI  - [Modification of undesirable sexual behavior within the framework of a
      comprehensive cognitive behavior therapy program in hospitalized sexual
      offenders. III].

PMID- 1822424
TI  - [Levels of amitriptyline and its metabolites in the treatment of depression].
AB  - The authors assessed in a 21-day investigation the levels of amitriptyline and
      its metabolites in plasma and saliva, using the RIA method, in an attempt to
      reveal the relationship between the therapeutic effect and the assessed
      concentrations. They did not find a clear relationship between the therapeutic
      effect and plasma levels; when eliminating extreme maximal and minimal values, we
      may speak of concentrations where clinical improvement is recorded: from 150 to
      450 micrograms/l. The concentration in saliva correlated at higher levels with
      the plasma concentration; this gives a theoretical chance of screening by this
      method. From the clinical aspect it is essential to express an opinion on the
      development of side-effects in relation to plasma levels. This problem will be
      discussed in a subsequent paper.

PMID- 1822426
TI  - [Problems in protective psychiatric care in institutionalized patients at the
      Psychiatric Sanatorium in Havlickuv Brod].
AB  - The authors analyzed a group of 52 case-sheets from hospitalized patients with
      the objective to provide protective in-patient treatment in the sanatorium in
      Havlickuv Brod. Hospitalizations terminated during the two-year period from July
      1, 1988 to June 30, 1990 were involved. The stimulus for this work was the
      dissatisfaction of the authors with the practice of protective treatment provided
      in the region. From the results of the analysis three spheres of problems
      emerged: expert opinions, hospitalization in the sanatorium, activities of the
      legal authorities. Serious shortcomings were found in all spheres. In some expert
      opinions there were also mistakes as regards lay-out and contents. Treatment was
      recommended in 27 instances to persons without mental diseases in the strict
      sense of the word, incl. 17 cases where their condition was not treatable under
      the conditions of the sanatorium and in-patient treatment was abolished by court
      on recommendation of the sanatorium or else changed to ambulatory treatment. In
      almost half the recommendations of the sanatorium regarding a change of in
      patient treatment or its abolition submitted to court untrue statements were
      found. The courts proceeded in the majority of patients very slowly; time
      intervals between the submission of the recommendation and the decision of the
      court were unacceptably long. The authors consider controversial from the medical
      aspect a concurrent decision on a prison sentence and provision of protective
      psychiatric in-patient treatment which sometimes was started after several years
      of imprisonment. The authors discuss some of the most serious problems and
      suggest possible solutions.

PMID- 1822428
TI  - [Results of treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Review of the literature].

PMID- 1822427
TI  - [Catamnesis of neuroses after 11 years of treatment with 3 different therapeutic
      programs].
AB  - A total of 266 of 331 neurotics included to controlled comparison of further
      course and outcome of three therapeutic and preventive programmes of different
      duration of the contact with therapeutic environment (full inpatient, day center
      and walk-in clinic treatment) was reexamined 11 years after inclusion to the core
      (N = 239) and verification (N = 92) study. Results of multivariate analysis of
      relations between the characteristic of the episode of inclusion and seven
      criteria of further course and outcome follow-up confirmed the previous (6 and 12
      months' follow-up) statements of no relationship neither between the type of the
      programme, the patient has been randomly assigned to, nor between the duration of
      the contacts with the therapeutic environment and with further course and outcome
      of the neurosis. Personality characteristics seem to be more important that the
      actual neurotic symptomatology and potential predictor of course and outcome.
      Only hysterical and psychiasthenic syndrome proved to be related to the level of
      subjective worries and life dissatisfaction at time of the 11 years follow-up,
      but even these syndromes are usually claimed to be rather relatively stable
      pattern of personality reactions. Prevailing positive evaluation of the former
      programme by the followed-up patients provided the clinical workers with an
      unexpected satisfaction.

PMID- 1822429
TI  - [The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Initial experience with its use
      in Czechoslovakia].
AB  - The authors present information on the basic, classical neuropsychological
      battery and its Czech application in adults (15 years and older). Its principles
      are adopted also by more recent partial methods. The validity of new methods is
      usually assessed by comparison with the former method. Its position in
      neuropsychology can be compared with that of Wechsler's intelligence scales in
      the area of assessment of intelligence. The author describes 11 original tests
      which form the battery. Although individual tests are used also separately, it is
      better not to deprive oneself of the comprehensive evaluation of cerebral
      functions and psychic consequences of neurological disease or damage. The authors
      assembled encouraging experience when examining the first 72 Czech patients-
      ambulatory psychiatric patients (n = 12), patients rated for invalidity (n = 20),
      epileptic patients (n = 33) and patients from the clinic for occupational
      diseases (n = 7).

PMID- 1822430
TI  - [Humanitarian aid to persons with mental disorders].
AB  - The role of psychiatrists in the Czechoslovak committee for human rights and
      humanitarian collaboration has its practical justification. Every year some three
      thousand applications of different character are addressed to the committee. Ten
      per cent are formed by mentally altered applicants. Lawyers are unable to
      evaluate these applications correctly. The task of the psychiatrist is to assess,
      as far as possible, the clinical diagnosis of the applicant. This is very
      difficult as the psychiatrist uses as a basis only a written document where he
      evaluates the contents and the formal aspect. A psychopathological analysis leads
      frequently to clear diagnostic conclusions. Statistical evaluation reveals that
      about one third of the applications are submitted by psychopathic personalities,
      one third is formed by applications of subjects suffering probably from mental
      disorders or diseases and the last third are paranoid patients. The ethical
      problem is how to react to the different types of applications. From the legal
      aspect the committee is not entitled to abuse the confidence of the applicant and
      even in case of serious mental disease to ask the community psychiatrist for
      intervention. At present the problem is solved by suggesting to the applicant to
      attend of his own free will the appropriate psychiatrist. Very frequently it is
      apparent from the reply that the applicant does not consider this suggestion
      suitable because he is not aware of his mental disease. In case of paranoid
      development the position is simplified by the fact that any treatment is without
      effect.

PMID- 1822432
TI  - Expression of glucose phosphate isomerase in interspecific hybrid (Mus musculus x
      Mus caroli) mouse embryos.
AB  - Hybrid Mus musculus x Mus caroli embryos were produced by inseminating M.
      musculus (C57BL/OlaWs) females with M. caroli sperm. Control M. caroli embryos
      developed more rapidly than did control M. musculus embryos and implanted
      approximately 1 day earlier. At 1 1/2 days, both the hybrid embryos and those of
      the maternal species (M. musculus) had cleaved to the 2-cell stage. By 2 1/2 days
      some of the hybrids were retarded compared to M. musculus, and by 3 1/2 days most
      were lagging behind. This is consistent with the idea that the rate of
      development of hybrid embryos declines once it becomes dependent on embryo-coded
      gene products. We have used this difference in rate of preimplantation
      development, between hybrid and M. musculus embryos, to try to determine whether
      the activation of embryonic Gpi-1s genes, that encode glucose phosphate isomerase
      (GPI-1), is age-related or stage-related. In control M. musculus embryos (both
      mated and Al groups), the GPI-1AB and GPI-1A allozyme, indicative of paternal
      gene expression, were detected in 7 of 9 samples of 3 1/2-day compacted morula
      stage embryos and were seen in all 19 samples of 3 1/2-day blastocysts. In hybrid
      embryos, these allozymes were detected 1 day later. They were not detected in any
      3 1/2-day samples (12 samples of compacted morulae) but were consistently
      detected at 4 1/2 days (4 samples of blastocysts and 2 samples of uncompacted
      morulae). Our interpretation of the results is that gene activation in hybrid
      embryos is stage-specific, rather than age-specific, and probably begins around
      the 8-cell stage, with detectable levels of enzyme accumulating later. Analysis
      of GPI-1 electrophoresis indicated that both the paternal (M. caroli) and
      maternal (M. musculus) Gpi-1s alleles were equally expressed in hybrid embryos
      and that the paternally derived allele was not activated before the maternally
      derived allele.

PMID- 1822431
TI  - Mosaicism of tyrosinase-locus transcription and chromatin structure in dark vs.
      light melanocyte clones of homozygous chinchilla-mottled mice.
AB  - The chinchilla-mottled (cm) mutation at the mouse tyrosinase-encoding locus leads
      to a transversely striped pattern of dark- and light-grey coat colors in
      homozygotes. The same basic pattern occurs in various other genotypes and has
      previously been found to represent the clonal developmental history of
      melanocytes. In a homozygote such as cm/cm, cis-acting mechanisms would be
      expected to account for the color differences. To search for these mechanisms,
      the genomic structure of the mutation was examined and compared with the wild
      type, and its function was compared in cultured melanocyte clones of the
      respective colors. Evidence from restriction mapping indicated that the coding
      region of the mutant gene resembles that of the fully and uniformly pigmented
      wild-type. However, the upstream sequences are rearranged in the mutation. The
      rearrangement begins 5 kb 5' of the transcription initiation site and is
      estimated to encompass at least 30 kb of distal upstream sequence. At least two
      stable functional states of the cm gene were detectable: Light-cell clones have
      low levels of tyrosinase-specific transcription, reduced DNAase I sensitivity of
      tyrosinase chromatin, and no detectable hypersensitive sites near the gene; dark
      cell clones have higher (but subnormal) levels of transcription, greater
      sensitivity of chromatin to DNAase I, and a hypersensitive site in the promoter
      region. The changed relation between the structural gene and its upstream region
      may separate it from cis-acting control elements, resulting in reduced and
      variable ability to achieve the appropriate chromatin configuration near the time
      of melanocyte determination; differences in expression among clonal initiator
      cells are then mitotically perpetuated.

PMID- 1822433
TI  - Distinct developmental regulatory mechanisms for two members of the aldolase gene
      family.
AB  - The aldolase isozyme family is composed of three members, A, B, and C, which are
      encoded by separate genes. The proteins are expressed in a tissue-restricted
      manner during development and in the adult. To elucidate the regulation of
      aldolase mRNA in the mouse liver, we analyzed its expression by a number of
      methods including Northern blot, RNA dot blot, and nuclear run-on assays. Our
      experiments demonstrate that the expression of aldolase A in the liver is
      primarily regulated by post-transcriptional control. In contrast, we found that
      changes in the level of aldolase B mRNA are due to changes in the rate of
      initiation of transcription. In addition, we examined the regulation of aldolase
      expression in the adult kidney. We found that although the kidney has eight times
      more aldolase B than the liver, the rate of initiation of transcription is
      similar in both tissues. Also, the rate of initiation of transcription of
      aldolase A is the same in the adult kidney and liver although there is 40 times
      more steady state aldolase A mRNA in the kidney than in the liver.

PMID- 1822434
TI  - Elliptinium, norcantharidin and tetrachlordecaoxide in combined chemo
      immunotherapy prolong the survival of Friend-virus-infected mice.
AB  - The association of several drugs with different target specificities has long
      been proven to be more efficient than one single agent in the treatment of
      cancer. This strategy might also be of benefit in the cure of retrovirus-induced
      diseases. The effectiveness of several drug combinations was evaluated on DBA/2
      mice injected with Friend leukaemia virus (FLV). Elliptinium (ELP), a known
      chemotherapeutic agent with possible antiviral activity, was given in association
      with norcantharidin (NCTD) (shown previously to increase the cytotoxic potential
      of human lymphocytes) and/or in association with tetrachlordecaoxide (TCDO),
      which augments both humoral and cellular immune responses. ELP alone at a dose of
      0.2 mg/kg in long-term treatment significantly increased the survival of mice
      infected by FLV. When ELP, TCDO (2 micrograms/kg) and NCTD (2 mg/kg) were given
      together, the survival time was prolonged 1.6 times and 2 times as compared to
      the group treated by ELP alone or to non-treated controls, respectively.
      Moreover, the combined treatment gave more effective inhibition of hepatomegaly
      than ELP alone, suggesting that this protocol might have an organ-specific effect
      and might suppress the leukaemogenesis induced by FLV in some erythropoietic
      organs. These results indicate that a chemotherapeutic agent (ELP) associated
      with two immunomodulatory substances (NCTD and TCDO) is more effective than
      chemotherapy alone in controlling retroviral infection and in the prolongation of
      survival. These data taken together suggest that the role of the two
      immunomodulatory agents might be to suppress the retroviral infection
      synergistically with ELP and enhance immune functions. Possible modes of action
      are discussed and are under investigation.

PMID- 1822435
TI  - 566C80: a potent broad spectrum anti-infective agent with activity against
      malaria and opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.
AB  - 566C80 is a novel hydroxynaphthoquinone with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic
      properties. In vitro the compound was more potent against Plasmodium falciparum
      than any of the established anti-malarial drugs. It had good activity against the
      pathogen in Aotus monkeys and was also effective in rodents infected with various
      drug-resistant strains of P. yoelii and P. berghei. In mice the compound showed
      significant activity against Toxoplasma gondii. Evaluation of the metabolic
      stability of 566C80 to NADPH-mediated oxidative metabolism was made using
      microsome preparations from a number of species including man. Unlike other
      quinones examined, 566C80 was shown to be inert in these assays. In Phase 1
      clinical studies up to 750mg of compound were given as a single oral dose to
      fasted healthy male adults. This was well tolerated and the plasma drug
      elimination half-life was approximately 70h. In these subjects a 450mg dose gave
      plasma concentrations of 0.1-0.3 micrograms/ml which were achieved 1 h post
      dosing and remained so for at least 7 days. Volunteers ingesting food prior to
      drug administration had quinone plasma levels which were significantly higher.
      Phase II trials are now underway to assess 566C80 for use against malaria and
      opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.

PMID- 1822436
TI  - The outer membrane permeability-increasing action of linear analogues of
      polymyxin B nonapeptide.
AB  - Polymyxin nonapeptides such as polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) are polymyxin
      derived deacylated nonapeptides which contain a heptapeptide ring and are known
      as effective permeabilizers of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria.
      In order to assess the role of the cyclic moiety of PMBN in the permeabilization
      of the OM, the author compared the OM permeabilizing activity of two synthetic
      linear PMBN analogues with the well-characterized activity of PMBN. While a low
      concentration (1-3 micrograms/ml) of PMBN was sufficient to sensitize both
      Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to hydrophobic probe antibiotics
      (rifampin, fusidic acid) by a factor of 100, even a high concentration (100
      micrograms/ml) of linear arginyl polymyxin B decapeptide sensitized E. coli only
      by a factor of 3 and did not sensitize P. aeruginosa at all. In identical assays,
      linear lysyl polymyxin B nonapeptide completely lacked any sensitizing activity.
      These findings indicate that the cyclic peptide ring is crucial for the OM
      permeabilizing activity of polymyxin nonapeptides.

PMID- 1822437
TI  - Immunophenotypization of cells involved in local immune response and serum
      antibodies in cephalosporin-treated mice.
AB  - The in vivo potency of cefodizime (HR 221), tiprotimod (a new synthetic thiazole
      derivative of HR 221, HBW 538) and cefotaxime to modulate the initiation of
      immune response in the draining lymph node (LN) after subcutaneous injection of
      SRBC was evaluated. The timing and sequence of events in the regional LN was
      investigated by immunophenotypization of node cells with monoclonal antibodies,
      and the systemic reaction was estimated as primary antibody response to SRBC.
      From the results it is possible to conclude that: (1) subcutaneous administration
      of a small dose (2.5-3.0 mg/kg) of cephalosporins, together with antigen,
      enhanced primary antibody production and persistence; (2) the increase in serum
      antibodies was preceded by a change in percentage of L3T4+ cells within the
      regional (popliteal) lymph node. In comparison to antigen alone, cephalosporins
      (during early immune response) increased the percentage of L3T4+ cells; (3) LN
      cellularity was strongly enhanced by cephalosporins; (4) cefotaxime influenced
      the kinetics of the cellularity and the L3T4/Lyt-2 index differently than
      cefodizime and HBW 538. HBW 538 had either a similar or stronger effect than
      cefodizime, as judged by the adjuvant effect on antibody production and the
      appearance of L3T4+ cells during the immunizing period.

PMID- 1822440
TI  - Master author and key word indexes, Volumes 192-208, 1991.

PMID- 1822439
TI  - Clinical efficacy and in vitro activity of the ciprofloxacin-azlocillin
      combination (ratio 1:10) against gram-negative bacteria from non-neutropenic
      haematologic patients.
AB  - The authors report treatment of eighteen haematologic patients (twelve male, six
      female, age between 21 and 78 years), suffering from upper respiratory tract (ten
      patients) and/or lower urinary tract (eight patients) infections caused by Gram
      negative germs, with a combination of ciprofloxacin-azlocillin in the ratio 1:10.
      Before treatment, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum
      Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC)
      index of Gram-negative isolates from patients for the ciprofloxacin-azlocillin
      combination were evaluated. The in vitro experiments revealed a synergistic
      activity of the combination for 85% of isolates, while at the same concentration
      ciprofloxacin alone was 100% effective, and azlocillin alone was 50% effective.
      The combination was administered to patients as follows: ciprofloxacin: 750 mg
      "per os" every 12 h; azlocillin 5 g intravenously every 8 h for a therapeutic
      cycle of 8 days. Seventeen of the eighteen patients that were treated with the
      combination showed complete eradication of the causative pathogen, sixteen of the
      eighteen patients recovered fully, whereas the other two showed significant
      improvements. The tolerability of the combination was excellent in seventeen
      patients and only one patient developed symptoms of mild gastric intolerance. The
      results presented here warrant further interest in studies of this antibiotic
      combination.

PMID- 1822438
TI  - The effect of ciprofloxacin on oral contraceptive steroid treatments.
AB  - The effect of ciprofloxacin, a new broad-spectrum quinolone derivative, on
      concomitant oral contraceptive steroids has been studied in a double-blind cross
      over placebo-controlled randomized trial. Ten healthy women using long-term oral
      contraceptive steroids received either ciprofloxacin 500 mg BID or placebo during
      two consecutive cycles. Therapy was continued for seven days from the first day
      of contraceptive treatment. FSH, LH and oestradiol blood levels were repeatedly
      determined to monitor contraceptive steroid efficacy. A seven-day treatment with
      ciprofloxacin did not affect steroid treatment outcome and appears to be safe in
      women using this contraceptive method.

PMID- 1822442
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of the C4 component of human complement in the Slovak
      population.
AB  - The distribution of C4 phenotypes and gene frequencies were studied in 104
      genetically unrelated persons of Slovakia using high-voltage agarose gel
      electrophoresis with subsequent immunofixation. Five C4A alleles and three C4B
      alleles were detected. The gene frequencies were as follows: A2 = 0.0576, A3 =
      0.7644, A4 = 0.0336, A6 = 0.0625, AQ0 = 0.817, B1 = 0.7836, B2 = 0.1009, BQ0 =
      0.1153. The C4AQ0 and C4BQ0 alleles established by densitometry appeared in the
      Slovak population in 16.34% and 23.07%, respectively.

PMID- 1822441
TI  - Phorbol binding and enzymatic activity of protein kinase C from C3H 10T1/2 cells
      and relation to contact inhibition.
AB  - Protein kinase C (PKC) from membrane and cytosol fractions of fast growing as
      well as confluent contact-inhibited cells was assayed by two methods: PDBu
      binding and histone phosphorylation. In cytosol and membrane fractions of fast
      growing cells and in the cytosol fraction of confluent cells a reasonable
      agreement between the two methods was found. In membranes of confluent cells good
      PDBu binding was not accompanied with histone phosphorylation. Also in contact
      inhibited cells, serum-stimulated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
      (PIP2) was found to be reduced.

PMID- 1822443
TI  - The construction of different types of aggregates and chimaeric aggregates from
      individual blastomeres of mouse 8-cell embryos.
AB  - Different types of aggregates and chimaeric aggregates were constructed from
      individual 1/8-blastomeres of C57BL/6J and 129/Sv 8-cell embryos. Addition of
      phytohaemagglutinin into manipulation medium allowed us to construct large
      numbers of 4/8 to 9/8 aggregates and chimaeric aggregates exactly according to
      the design of the experiment. The developmental potential of reconstructed
      embryos was high. Over 93% of 4/8 to 8/8 aggregates and 90% of different types of
      7/8 to 9/8 chimaeric aggregates formed blastocysts during 30 to 34 h of in vitro
      culture. All types of 4/8 to 8/8 aggregates and 7/8 to 9/8 chimaeric aggregates,
      in vitro cultured for 24 h, were able to undergo normal implantation after
      transfer into day-3 recipients. Live young were born after the transfer of
      morulae and blastocysts developed from 8/8 aggregates, and chimaeric morulae and
      blastocysts formed from different types of 7/8 to 9/8 chimaeric aggregates. All
      young born after the transfer of chimaeric embryos were overt C57BL/6J in
      equilibrium 129/Sv chimaeras.

PMID- 1822444
TI  - Cryopreservation of mouse zona-free embryos and embryos exposed to biopsy and
      reconstruction by vitrification in microdrops.
AB  - Zona-free zygotes, 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8-cell embryos, morulae, blastocysts and
      embryos exposed to biopsy and reconstruction were cryopreserved in microdrops of
      vitrification medium expelled directly into liquid nitrogen. While none of the
      zygotes and 2-cell embryos survived storage in liquid nitrogen, 54% 4-cell and
      97% 8-cell embryos, 99% morulae, 88% blastocysts, 98% biopsied and 100%
      reconstructed embryos were intact one hour after thawing. Developmental potential
      of cryopreserved zona-free embryos evaluated after 30 h of in vitro culture was
      high. Of the frozen embryos, 49% 4-cell and 92% 8-cell embryos, 95% morulae, 79%
      blastocysts, 84% biopsied and 90% reconstructed embryos were capable of further
      cleavage. After the transfer of zona-free 8-cell embryos, morulae, blastocysts,
      biopsied and reconstructed embryos into day-1 recipients - 4 (16%), 14 (56%), 3
      (12%), 0 and 8 (32%) live foetuses were recorded, respectively.

PMID- 1822445
TI  - Some requirements for the secretion of tumour necrosis factor and its cytotoxic
      activity in vitro.
AB  - The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro-induced secretion of tumour
      necrosis factor (TNF) by mouse macrophages is described. The highest amount of
      TNF was produced by DBA/2 mouse peritoneal macrophages activated by a dose of 1
      microgram LPS for 3 h. The yield of TNF was higher in the presence of
      indomethacin during LPS induction. A markedly positive effect on TNF yield of the
      priming of macrophages in vivo was manifested by proliferation of peritoneal
      macrophages and increased secretion of TNF as well. No significant effect of
      hyperthermia (41 degrees C) on TNF secretion could be found. At 41 degrees C,
      however, TNF cytotoxic activity against the tumour L-929 mouse cells was
      considerably increased and accelerated, even in the absence of actinomycin D. The
      maximum cytotoxic activity with or without actinomycin D was reached 15 h later,
      and it significantly exceeded the value obtained at 37 degrees C at 20 h in the
      presence of actinomycin D; in the absence of the latter the maximum cytotoxic
      activity was reached in more than 48 h at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 1822446
TI  - Vitrification of intact and half 8-cell mouse embryos injected with DNA at 2-cell
      stage.
AB  - Two-cell embryos were collected from (C57BL/6 x CBA)F1 mice, microinjected with
      foreign DNA and transferred into temporary recipients. Intact and half 8-cell
      embryos recovered from oviducts 24 h later were frozen in microdrops of
      vitrification medium and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 to 30 days. Development
      of frozen/thawed embryos was assessed by in vitro culture or transfer into day-1
      recipients. From 1200 2-cell embryos 77% intact and 20% half embryos were
      obtained one hour after DNA injections. After transfer of 600 intact and 300 half
      embryos into temporary recipients, 77% intact and 73% half 8-cell embryos were
      recorded, respectively. Survival and in vitro development of frozen/thawed DNA
      injected embryos were high, as 97% intact and 91% half 8-cell embryos developed
      to morulae or blastocysts. After transfer of 300 intact and 150 half 8-cell
      embryos into day-1 recipients, 99 (33%) and 19 (13%) young were born. None of the
      mice born from DNA-injected and cryopreserved embryos integrated injected genes.

PMID- 1822447
TI  - Expression of high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein and vimentin in human
      developing spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.
AB  - Expression of intermediate filament proteins in developing human dorsal root
      ganglia and spinal cord was studied using double-label immunofluorescence on
      frozen sections with monoclonal antibodies to vimentin and high-molecular-weight
      neurofilament protein (NF-H). Both proteins were found in the nerve fibres inside
      the ganglia of 6- and 8-week embryos. In 9-14-week embryos the NF-H protein was
      found in the perikarya of ganglion cells. Vimentin was only sporadically present
      in these cells, but was accumulated in connective tissue cells. In the following
      development the NF-H protein expression was limited to the ganglion cells and
      processes, and vimentin was confined to the satellite cells and mesenchymal
      derivatives. In the spinal cord of the 6-week and 8-week human embryos NF-H
      protein was found in the longitudinal fibres of the marginal layer and in a loose
      network of nerve fibres in the mantle zone. Some of the nerve fibres were also
      vimentin positive. The coexpression of both proteins stopped during weeks 9-10.
      In 30-week foetuses vimentin was only found in glial cells and mesenchymal
      derivatives, while NF-H protein was in the axons of both white and grey matter
      but not in neuronal perikarya.

PMID- 1822448
TI  - Luminol-dependent chemiluminiscence of monocytes and granulocytes in multiple
      sclerosis: the effect of autologous thrombocytes.
AB  - The luminol-dependent chemiluminiscence of monocytes and granulocytes and the
      effect of autologous thrombocytes upon the chemiluminiscence activity were
      investigated in multiple sclerosis patients, patients with other neurological
      diseases and healthy controls. The spontaneous monocyte chemiluminiscence was
      found to be significantly higher in multiple sclerosis patients than in healthy
      controls. However, no differences were found between multiple sclerosis patients
      and the group of other neurological diseases. Addition of autologous thrombocytes
      did not substantially alter both the spontaneous and the zymozan-stimulated
      monocyte chemiluminiscence. No significant differences in granulocyte spontaneous
      and stimulated chemiluminiscence were found between the multiple sclerosis
      patients and both control groups. In all multiple sclerosis patients the addition
      of autologous thrombocytes markedly depressed the spontaneous and stimulated
      granulocyte chemiluminiscence and a similar effect was observed in most of the
      patients with other neurological diseases. In healthy controls, the effect of
      autologous thrombocytes was rather more heterogenous and both a thrombocyte
      dependent increase and a decrease of the granulocyte chemiluminiscence were
      found. The results suggest that platelets are able to suppress the granulocyte
      oxidative burst and that this scavenger mechanism can be activated in multiple
      sclerosis and some other neurological diseases.

PMID- 1822449
TI  - Phagocytosis of synthetic particles in earthworms: absence of oxidative burst and
      possible role of lytic enzymes.
AB  - The mechanisms of phagocytized materials (synthetic HEMA particles, micrococci)
      by earthworm coelomocytes were examined. Despite the fact that coelomocytes have
      a high phagocytic activity, the chemiluminescent assay did not reveal increased
      production of oxygen radicals. Ultrastructural changes of engulfed particles
      observed by electron microscopy may be caused by intracellular lytic enzymes.

PMID- 1822450
TI  - Nitrogranulogen enhances IL-1 production but decreases cellular sensitivity to
      this cytokine.
AB  - An alkylating agent, nitrogranulogen, enhances the in vitro production of
      interleukin 1 by human monocytes. On the other hand, the drug inhibits
      proliferative responses of mouse thymocytes to exogenously added IL-1. Our
      results may shed light on the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of
      immunosuppressive agents.

PMID- 1822452
TI  - Gel diffusion analysis of host preference pattern of Anopheles subpictus in West
      Bengal, India.
AB  - Host preference pattern of Anopheles subpictus was studied from cattlesheds and
      human dwellings of Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal using a modified gel diffusion
      technique. Our results reveal that An subpictus is becoming less zoophagic in
      this area.

PMID- 1822451
TI  - Isolation and laboratory evaluation of an indigenous strain of Bacillus
      sphaericus (9001).
AB  - An indigenous strain of Bacillus sphaericus H5a (9001), possessing high
      insecticidal properties, was isolated from diseased larvae of Culex species. This
      strain in comparison with the known strains of B. sphaericus, i.e., 1593 and
      2362, was found to be promising against the fourth instar larvae of Anopheles
      culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, Aedes aegypti and Culex
      quinquefasciatus. B. sphaericus 9001 is highly stable and virulent through 25
      successive transfers and thus can be effectively used as a biocontrol agent
      against immature stages of mosquitoes.

PMID- 1822453
TI  - Genetic markers in refractory and susceptible malaria patients in village
      Bhanera, Distt. Ghaziabad, U.P.
AB  - Malaria 'susceptible' and 'refractory' subjects from village Bhanera in District
      Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) were examined for various genetic markers, viz., ABO,
      haptoglobin, haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism. One
      hundred and nine susceptible and 36 refractory subjects were studied. No
      significant differences with respect to distribution patterns of the genetic
      markers were observed in the two groups except for AB blood group. In general, a
      high incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia was observed in this population and incidence
      increased with the increase in malaria attacks, suggesting that repeated malaria
      attacks cause ahaptoglobinaemia.

PMID- 1822454
TI  - Acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid
      and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and
      Girard).
AB  - Acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid
      and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis were determined
      to collect baseline data for selecting the resistant strains of the fish. The
      synthetic pyrethroid, Lambdacyhalothrin was most toxic to the fish (LC50 = 0.0022
      ppm), followed by deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate. Organochlorine
      insecticides, DDT and gamma-HCH, were less toxic than the pyrethroids, and these
      were followed by organophosphorus insecticides, malathion, fenthion,
      monocrotophos and temephos. The last two insecticides were least toxic among the
      different chemical insecticides (LC50 greater than 80 ppm ai). The microbial
      insecticide ABG-6262 (Vectolex 2.5 AS), a Bacillus sphaericus preparation, was
      totally harmless to the fish at 2500 microliters/l up to one week.

PMID- 1822455
TI  - Evaluation of mosquito fish Gambusia affinis in the control of mosquito breeding
      in rice fields.
AB  - The mosquito control potential of Gambusia affinis, a mosquito fish, was
      evaluated in rice fields in the Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. This
      fish, at a stocking rate of 5 fishes/sq m, significantly reduced the larval and
      pupal densities in experimental fields as compared to control fields during the
      entire observation period of 42 days. Control of mosquito breeding in rice fields
      through this fish seems to be promising.

PMID- 1822456
TI  - Donor screening for malaria by antibody and antigen detection in endemic area.
AB  - Transfusion-associated malaria is one of the dreaded threats to the safety of
      transfusion services in this malaria endemic world. The main drawback in
      preventing this menace is that routine blood donor screening techniques are not
      very satisfactory. In this study, blood donors were screened for antimalarial
      antibody by micro ELISA and Indirect Fluorescence Antibody (IFA) test and
      malarial antigen by monoclonal antibody (MAB) technique. A total of 19.37% and
      12.39% blood donors showed significantly high antibody by ELISA and IFA test
      respectively, and 0.35% donors showed the presence of antigen by the MAB
      technique. Solitary dependence on malarial antibody detection as a screening test
      might have led to rejection of 19.02% blood donors without any apparent
      infection. So antigen detection in blood donors with the help of the MAB
      technique seems to be more sensitive and a practically feasible screening test to
      prevent transfusion malaria.

PMID- 1822457
TI  - Importance of clinical diagnosis of malaria in national malaria control
      programme.
AB  - The study conducted at Kheda district, Gujarat, revealed that judgement of
      patient on the basis of symptoms and diagnosis of the doctor were correct in 50
      and 27% of the suspected malaria cases respectively. In malaria control
      programme, emphasis on health education and passive case detection is indicated.

PMID- 1822458
TI  - Host immune response to Plasmodium.
AB  - Malaria is the most widely spread infectious disease of man affecting almost half
      of the world's population. Control of malaria remains one of the world's biggest
      health challenges. Development of vaccines has been considered a valid and
      necessary complement to control malaria in addition to the control measures of
      the vectors. The Plasmodium parasites that cause the disease have many stages in
      their cycle, each with distinct morphology and antigenicity. Understanding the
      activation, interaction and effector function of the different components of the
      immune system in relation to target antigens on different stages of malaria
      parasites is necessary to achieve complete protection by vaccination.

PMID- 1822459
TI  - A study of current practices in the treatment of malaria in industrial complexes
      in India.

PMID- 1822461
TI  - Unusefulness of CO2-baited traps for collecting bat ticks in nature.

PMID- 1822460
TI  - Flagella number among Naegleria flagellates.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the number of flagella on the
      flagellates of Naegleria australiensis, N. fowleri, N. gruberi, and N. jadini.
      Although the majority of flagellates had 2 flagella, there was considerable
      variation among individual cells. The number of flagella per flagellate varied
      from 1-8, with 2.4 being the average number per cell. For the different species,
      the average number of flagella per cell ranged from 2.0 in N. jadini to 3.1 for
      N. australiensis. The greatest amount of variation occurred in N. australiensis,
      with only 43% of the cells having 2 flagella. By contrast, 92% of N. fowleri
      cells had 2 flagella. Naegleria jadini and N. gruberi were intermediate with 80%
      and 74% biflagellates, respectively.

PMID- 1822462
TI  - Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs.
AB  - The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. was monitored in pigs of various age from 5
      pig farms in Southern Bohemia. Prevalence was determined especially via
      cultivation in modified nutrient broth LES. In sucking pigs up to 2 days old
      Blastocystis sp. was not found; from 3 days Blastocystis sp. persists throughout
      the pig life. In droppings and in cultures there both vacuolar and granular forms
      were observed. Ameboid forms were not found. In culture ultrastructure was
      observed by transmission electron microscopy. Individual cells of Blastocystis
      sp. contained a central body, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, rarely a Golgi
      complex and numerous mitochondria. No essential differences from known
      ultrastructure of human Blastocystis hominis were found.

PMID- 1822464
TI  - Aonchotheca moraveci sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae), a new nematode from the long
      fingered bat, Myotis capaccinii, in Spain.
AB  - A description is made of a new trichurid species of the subfamily Capillariinae,
      Aonchotheca moraveci sp. n., parasitizing the stomach of the long-fingered bat,
      Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837), in Spain. The male presents two caudal
      lateral alae, a membranous caudal bursa supported by two forked expansions, a
      spicule 405-536 microns long and a non-spiny spicular sheath. The female has a
      vulvar appendage and the egg-shell surface presents a fine striation, only
      scarcely appreciable at the polar plugs.

PMID- 1822463
TI  - Use of ELISA for the diagnostics of ovine sarcocystosis.
AB  - A modification of micro ELISA was used for the detection of specific antibodies
      in the diagnostics of ovine sarcocystosis. The results of ELISA compared to those
      of indirect fluorescence reaction (IFR) were identical in 94.7%. The titres of
      specific antibodies were higher in 70.8% of samples if ELISA was used. The
      coincidence of the two tests is statistically highly significant (P less than
      0.005). ELISA can be recommended for both experimental and routine examinations
      for ovine sarcocystosis.

PMID- 1822465
TI  - Microspalacinae, a new subfamily of the feather mite family Alloptidae Gaud
      (Acarina, Analgoidea).
AB  - Microspalacinae subfam. n. (Analgoidea, Alloptidae) is established for the
      feather mite genus Microspalax Megnin et Trouessart (= Connivelobus Dubinin, new
      synonymy). Morphologies of the species are described and illustrated with line
      drawings and SEM micrographs, and taxonomical comments are given for named
      species. The mites are known from shearwaters (Procellaridae) and stormpetrels
      (Hydrobatidae); host associations are discussed. The alloptid subfamily
      Thysanocercinae Atyeo et Peterson is elevated to familial rank.

PMID- 1822467
TI  - Polyplax spinulosa infestation and antibody response in various strains of
      laboratory rats.
AB  - The degree and duration of Polyplax spinulosa Burm. infestation depend on the
      sex, age and genetic factors of the host. Various rat strains differ in the
      severity of lousiness. Host grooming is an important factor in the rat-louse
      relationship. After longlasting infestations rats become partially resistant.
      Serum antibody level depends mainly on the severity and the duration of the
      infestation, and follows the dynamics of louse population. Serum antibodies have
      no direct negative effect on lice.

PMID- 1822466
TI  - The acarinia and nycteribidia zones of Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl (Mammalia:
      Chiroptera) in the northeast of Spain.
AB  - Acarinia and nycteribidia zones of the bat species Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl
      are studied in an area of northeast of Spain, where captures over a period of
      five years have been carried out. The species that characterize the mite-tick
      spectrum are Ixodes (Pomerantzevella) simplex, Macronyssus longimanus,
      Macronyssus granulosus and Spinturnix psi; nycteribidium is determined mainly by
      the presence of Nycteribia schmidlii. The life cycle, prevalence, curves of
      parasitation, and other notes on these most abundant ectoparasites are provided,
      as well as observations on other ticks, mites, and nycteribiid species found on
      this bat.

PMID- 1822468
TI  - Preliminary observation of the susceptibility of some freshwater snails to the
      infection with Varestrongylus sagittatus (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae).
AB  - Under laboratory conditions, the freshwater snails Galba truncatula Mull.), Radix
      peregra (Mull.) and Planorbarius corneus (L.) have been successfully infected
      with the first stage larvae of the protostrongylid nematode Varestrongylus
      sagittatus (Mueller, 1890) Dougherty, 1945. The net rate of the infection (mean
      number of larvae per snail examined - l/s) was 6.2 l/s in R. peregra and 3.5 l/s
      in P. corneus. G. truncatula was susceptible to the infection too (36.3 l/s).
      However, this result can be considered as pilot only, because of the low number
      of the specimens of this species examined. At 25 degrees C 50% of V. sagittatus
      larvae reached the 3-rd stage of development by 12.5 days post infection (DPI) in
      R. peregra and by 17.8 DPI in P. corneus. It was confirmed that the snail species
      of the Basommatophora that were studied can act as intermediate hosts of the
      nematode V. sagittatus under laboratory conditions.

PMID- 1822469
TI  - Larvicidal activity of actinomycete isolate against Toxocara canis.
AB  - A soil isolate of actinomycete, strain S-70, revealing presence of plasmid(s) was
      placed in the genus Streptomyces according to the wall composition and
      morphology. The toxicity of S-70 grown on two fermentation media, glucose
      asparagine broth (GAB) and malt extract-yeast extract broth (MYE), against
      infective larvae of Toxocara canis was assessed. The use of mortality test has
      provided a sensitive and reproducible bioassay. The results suggest high
      larvicidal activity of the Streptomyces crude products examined being highly
      potent when using GAB culture medium.

PMID- 1822470
TI  - Effect of hearing impairment on event-related potentials for tone and speech
      distinctions.

PMID- 1822471
TI  - Computerized axiography for functional diagnosis of orofacial dysfunctions.

PMID- 1822472
TI  - Delayed auditory feedback effects on learners of Japanese and Spanish.

PMID- 1822473
TI  - Disorders of the innervation of speech organs in developmental speech
      disturbances.

PMID- 1822475
TI  - [New trends in the treatment of hypertension. Report from the international
      symposium "Role of Vasodepressors in Hypertension". 15 December 1990, Rudesheim].

PMID- 1822474
TI  - [Voice onset time in Friedreich dysarthria].
AB  - This study concerned VOT measurements of voiced and voiceless occlusives produced
      in a sample of spontaneous language from 16 French speakers with Friedreich's
      ataxia. The results revealed that average VOT values were positive for voiceless
      stops and negative for voiced stops and thus were in agreement with published
      data for French. There was, however, a reduction of the difference between the
      two voicing categories and large between-subject variability. The factors that
      could have contributed to the increase in between-subject variability and to the
      reduction of the difference between the two categories are discussed. Finally,
      some leads for the use of VOT in the therapeutic process are proposed.

PMID- 1822476
TI  - [Intestinal flora in symbiosis and pathogenicity. First interdisciplinary
      symposium. Essen, 27 February 1991].

PMID- 1822477
TI  - [Hydrophilic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: experiences with pravastatin. Munich,
      24 January 1991].

PMID- 1822479
TI  - The health of young children in American cities.
AB  - Societal problems, including drug use, poverty, and violence, are the basis of
      many severe health problems of urban children. This article addresses the health
      problems and care needs of young children in American cities and summarizes the
      nursing knowledge and skills needed for urban nursing practice.

PMID- 1822478
TI  - Patient care guidelines.

PMID- 1822480
TI  - Effects of nursing intervention on adolescents' maternal role attainment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nursing intervention
      program on affective and behavioral dimensions of maternal role attainment. The
      sample comprised 20 primiparous adolescents, ages 12-19 years, from predominantly
      black and Hispanic backgrounds. Adolescents were randomly assigned to either an
      experimental or a control group. Participants in the experimental group received
      an intervention that included four 1 1/2 hour classes held at weekly intervals,
      selected maternal-fetal interactive activities, recording of fetal movements, and
      maintaining of maternal diaries. Five instruments were used in the study:
      Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS); the two Semantic Differentials,
      Myself as Mother and My Baby; the Pharis Self-Confidence Scale; and the Nursing
      Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Adolescents receiving intervention
      demonstrated a significant increase in prenatal attachment (MFAS scores) but
      showed no differences in actual mothering behaviors (NCAFS scores) as compared
      with adolescents in the comparison group. Although significant correlations
      existed among the affective measures, they were not significantly related to the
      measures of mothering behaviors. These results suggest that the intervention
      program was primarily beneficial to adolescents' achievement of the maternal role
      through enhancement of maternal-fetal attachment. The data also raise questions
      about theoretical assumptions concerning the relationship between affective and
      behavioral components of mothering.

PMID- 1822481
TI  - The comforting behaviors of caregivers toward distressed postoperative neonates.
AB  - The comforting behaviors of nurses caring for four postoperative neonates were
      examined by analyzing 40 hours of videotaped caregiving. Using the techniques of
      qualitative ethology, 30 periods of distress were identified. During these
      periods, 98 episodes of direct tactile and verbal comforting occurred. The types
      and patterns of comforting touch are delineated. Observations revealed that
      comforting occurs in response to infant cues, comfort touch had limited effect in
      settling the infants, infants were often distressed for long periods without
      being comforted, and the infants were handled as normal infants without regard
      for their incisions. Suggestions for further research are presented.

PMID- 1822482
TI  - Ethical principles influencing parents of well children.
AB  - The purpose of this descriptive study was to survey the parents of well children
      to determine the ethical principles that influenced the decisions they made in
      regard to hypothetical choice of treatment options. Sixty-one parents responded
      to a mailed survey designed to measure the principles of autonomy,
      beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice. The high total mean scores for the
      principles of autonomy and beneficence/nonmaleficence indicated that all three
      ethical principles were influential in the decision-making process of parents of
      well children. A student t-test revealed that the mean score for the principle of
      autonomy was significantly higher than the mean score for the principles of
      beneficence/nonmaleficence. Open-ended questions regarding the principle of
      justice revealed many frustrations of the sample population regarding the health
      care system. The study identified the need for nurses and other health care
      providers to be aware of the influence these ethical principles have on decision
      making and the importance of autonomy to the parents of well children.

PMID- 1822483
TI  - [The social protection of pregnant women and young mothers in Europe].
AB  - Through the study of perinatal legislation in 24 European countries, the authors
      have analyzed Social Protection for pregnant women and young mothers. For
      maternity leave, the durations of pre- and post-natal leaves were compared,
      including its possible variations according to the obstetrical pathology and the
      number of births in different countries. Maternity benefits vary from 50 to 100%
      of the previous salary and a payment curve shows considerable differences in
      salaries or the global benefits attributed. Parental leave, which has only
      recently been created in some countries, is subject to great variations from one
      country to another and sometimes even within the same country, according to the
      public or private sectors of activity. Protection of the single parent and the
      benefits or allowances at birth are studied as well as benefits for infants. The
      latter were pioneered by France and have not been emulated in many other
      countries. In the discussion the authors try to establish the motivations leading
      to the various perinatal measures in Europe, be they social, medical or
      demographic. They consider the possibility of harmonization, but homogeneity,
      which has to respect existing sociological, cultural and ideological
      particularities. This work continues according to the guidelines laid down by the
      European Parliament, which could, in due course, comprise the whole continent,
      bearing in mind the probable transfer of populations expected in the last years
      of this century.

PMID- 1822484
TI  - [The voluntary interruption of pregnancy].
AB  - In 1987, 162,352 legal abortions have been recorded in France; 55% of them were
      performed before 9 weeks of amenorrhea. Abortions were performed earlier among
      married than among unmarried women, and the proportion of early abortions
      increased with the women's age. The method of abortion was: vacuum aspiration for
      73% of women, curettage (associated to vacuum aspiration or not) for 21%; 65% had
      their abortion performed under general anaesthesia, and 19% under local
      anaesthesia. Since 1976, there has been an increasing proportion of vacuum
      aspirations, and of local anaesthesia. In the private sector, abortions were
      performed at an earlier gestational age, but curettage was more frequent than in
      the public sector, and general anaesthesia, quasi systematic. There were also
      wide regional variations. There results were consistent across years. Data are
      collected on the day of intervention; thus, they do not allow an exhaustive
      estimation of the rate of complications: in 30% of cases, the information was
      missing. For the cases for whom the information was available, the rate of
      immediate complications was 0.6%. In 1990, modification of the notification form
      should allow better monitoring of new techniques.

PMID- 1822485
TI  - [The early diagnosis of cancer of the breast remains insufficient. A study of
      breast monitoring in women over 50 years of age in Lorraine-Champagne].
AB  - Although breast cancer in women over 50 years of age can be detected by physical
      examination and mammography, in our region many women of that age do not benefit
      from a satisfactory breast surveillance: 52.4% of women who had a general check
      up between February and May 1989 have their breast examined by a physician once a
      year or more often; only 30% had a mammography less than three years ago; 34.2%
      examine themselves at least once a month. Overall, only one out of four women
      aged over 50 is under satisfactory breast surveillance; this small group of women
      is characterized by a personal history of breast disease or a family history of
      breast cancer. Women aged between 50 and 59 years tend to have more regular
      breast examination than older women. Social or geographical particularities do
      not seem to provide a significant explanation.

PMID- 1822486
TI  - [The value of the level of alpha-1,4-glucosidase and seminal l-carnitine in
      patients with oligoasthenospermia].
AB  - Samples of sperm have been obtained from 95 who consulted us for infertility. In
      each case seminal plasma was examined for levels of alpha-1,4-glucosidase and L
      carnitine. Our results have led us to fix the threshold value of 42.6 mlU per
      ejaculate for alpha-1,4-glucosidase and 960 nanomoles of L-carnitine below those
      levels that we thought occur where the origin of the oligospermia is obstructive
      (series 1 patients). In series 2 patients the cause of the oligospermia purely
      being secretory, there is normal epididymal function and therefore the excretory
      doubts are proven. It is not impossible to have both pathologies because we have
      found this in men of the intermediate groups C and D. We have found that there is
      a correlation between the presence of epididymal pathology and a drop in
      epididymal markers which can be found in severe oligospermia (which can be
      epididymal in origin and not testicular). Also when there is non abnormalities in
      the spermogram. This last situation can occur in "invisible" abnormalities of
      spermaturation in the epidymus.

PMID- 1822487
TI  - [The presence of an ovarian granulocytic sarcoma concurrent with a type M2 acute
      myeloblastic leukemia: a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of granulosa cell tumor principally located in the
      ovary associated with M2 type acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) in a trisomy 22
      patients. Surgery and chemotherapy were combined with a bone marrow allograft.
      Frequency of granulosa cell tumor is 8 percent or less of AML cases. Diagnosis is
      particularly difficult when haematologic expression occurs late in the disease
      course. An immunohistochemical work-up is required in these cases.
      Aetiopathogenesis is discussed. Treatment relies essentially on chemotherapy. The
      prognostic is variable according to different case reports in the literature.

PMID- 1822488
TI  - [The level of plasma renin and plasma aldosterone activity in normotensive women
      and in pregnancy-induced arterial hypertension in a group of women from
      Cameroon].
AB  - Plasma renin and aldosterone activity levels were measured in a group of women
      from the Cameroons at various stages of pregnancy with results that were similar
      to the classical results already reported elsewhere. In another group of
      Cameroons women at term presenting with hypertension of pregnancy, the plasma
      renin and aldosterone activity values were the same as those found in
      normotensive, non-pregnant controls. However, these values were higher than those
      recorded in similar studies performed in Black African women.

PMID- 1822489
TI  - [Primary biliary cirrhosis and pregnancy. Apropos of a clinical case. Review of
      the literature].
AB  - The appearance of pruritus and abnormal liver function tests (cellular damage)
      during pregnancy should of course suggest the diagnosis of intrahepatic
      cholestasis of pregnancy. However, these signs must also be recognized as signs
      of other hepatic diseases, especially primary biliary cirrhosis. The diagnosis is
      based on the search for antimitochondrial antibodies. This mode of presentation
      must not be overlooked because of major therapeutic consequences. The disease
      course often stabilizes with ursodeoxycholic acid, if administrated early.

PMID- 1822490
TI  - [Severe fetomaternal anti-Duffy allo-immunization].
AB  - The authors report a case of severe post-transfusion anti-Duffy (Fya) allo
      immunization which required a treatment of four intrauterine exchange
      transfusions. The child was born at 32 weeks of amenorrhoea and he benefited from
      an exchange perfusion at birth. The outcome was fully satisfactory. On the basis
      of this case, the authors present a review of immuno-haematology concerning the
      Duffy system. This system holds fourth rank, after the ABO, rhesus and Kell
      systems, on the clinical importance scale of group systems. It concerns two
      alleles, Fya and Fyb, located on the first chromosome. The anti-Duffy antibodies
      are IgG immune antibodies; they may be responsible for haemolytic accidents,
      sometimes lethal, during transfusions, and they are an occasional cause of
      haemolytic disease of the newborn. A review of the literature yielded only 25
      cases of haemolytic disease of the newborn, thereby showing that this allo
      immunization is very rare, and it demonstrated its potential danger. Finally, the
      authors present the therapeutic methods used to treat the haemolytic disease of
      the newborn caused by anti-Duffy antibodies. Plasmapheresis and intrauterine
      exchange perfusion have dramatically improved the prognosis of this disease.

PMID- 1822491
TI  - [Inhibitors of factor VIIIc and pregnancy. Review of the literature].
AB  - Circulating anticoagulants directed against factor VIII coagulant activity are
      very rarely encountered. Eighteen per cent of them have been described in the
      peripartum period of primiparae aged 28 years on average. The clinical signs are
      the same as those of constitutional haemophilia, but they differ in frequency.
      The most common of these signs are haematoma, ecchymoses and haematuria. The
      diagnosis is confirmed by prolongation of clotting time alone, presence of an
      anticoagulant in blood and specific assay of the deficient coagulant factor.
      These inhibitors are usually immunoglobulins of the IgG type. The cause and
      pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. Treatment consists of administering
      coagulant factors in haemorrhagic periods and immuno-suppressive therapy.
      Spontaneous remissions are frequent.

PMID- 1822492
TI  - [The value of the administration of prostaglandin E2 on the biodegradable support
      of the maturation of the cervix uteri and the induction of labor].
AB  - We report the results of a prospective randomized study concerning the effects of
      prostaglandin E2 on cervical ripening and/or induction of labour. Between August
      1988 and April 1989, 100 women underwent induction of labour for medical reasons.
      These women were divided into 4 groups. In those with Bishop's score below 4, we
      compared the intracervical dinoprostone 0.5 mg gel (Gr 1, n = 24) with an
      intracervical administration of PGE2 1.5 mg on Surgicel Gr 2, n = 26). In women
      with Bishop's score between 4 and 6, we compared the intracervical dinoprostone
      0.5 mg gel (Gr 3, n = 28) with administration of PGE2 2.25 mg on a Spongel
      introduced into the posterior vaginal fornix (Gr 4, n = 22). Induction was
      authorized only for women with Bishop's score above 6. If this was not the case,
      a second administration of PGE2 was allowed 12 hours later, depending on maternal
      and foetal tolerance. The 4 groups were similar in mothers' age, gestational age
      and parity. The results obtained showed a significant increase in Bishop's score
      12 hours after cervical ripening, irrespective of the way PGE2 was administered:
      from 2.3 +/- 1.0 to 5.2 +/- 2.5 vs 2.2 +/- 1.2 to 5.0 +/- 2.6 for groups 1 and 2,
      and from 4.4 +/- 0.6 to 6.7 +/- 2.3 vs 4.2 +/- 0.4 to 6.8 +/- 2.4 for groups 3
      and 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822493
TI  - [Gaucher's disease and pregnancy].
AB  - Gaucher's disease is rare in association with pregnancy (we have only found 53
      cases of women with this disease who had at least one pregnancy since 1945). A
      review of literature on this subject and this one case confirms that it is
      unlikely that the disease will progress as far as the symptomatology is concerned
      and that there are unlikely to be obstetric or fetal complications. All the same
      there are certain complications that can occur as the haematological state is
      concerned (thrombocytopenia, coagulation defects such as bleeding, particularly
      post-partum from the genital organs). Mechanical difficulties may occur because
      of the greatly enlarged spleen. Pregnancy is not contra-indicated but it is a
      high risk pregnancy that has to watched very carefully with ultrasound and great
      attention to the obstetric and biological condition.

PMID- 1822494
TI  - [The treatment of obstetrical uterine inversion. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Uterine inversion is exceptional and spectacular, although treatment is simple if
      diagnosed early. Three cases are reported with a review of possible obstetrical
      procedures for reduction. Manual repositioning by central pressure is emphasised.
      General anesthesia is generally needed because of associated state of shock. The
      three principal steps of manual reduction are: intra-abdominal repositioning of
      the uterus, removal of placenta, intramural injection of ocytocine to avoid
      immediate relapse. Ideally, obstetrical procedure should be carried out within
      one-half hour after inversion.

PMID- 1822495
TI  - [Padding of the uterine wall in severe obstetrical hemorrhage].
AB  - Severe obstetrical hemorrhage demand an emergency treatment, and hysterectomy is
      not always adequate. We report our technique of uterine wall padding (UWP), as
      performed on five women who underwent surgery with UWP for an obstetrical
      hemorrhage that was severe either at the onset (n = 3) or after transfer to our
      department (n = 2). The technique consists of padding the uterine walls with X
      stitches of slowly resorbable thread. The reasons for the operation were: uterine
      muscle atonia in 2 cases and vaginal laceration, placenta preavia and placenta
      accreta in 1 case each. The UWP technique was carried out during or after
      subtotal hysterectomy for hemorrhage in 4 patients, and with preservation of the
      uterus in one patient. No secondary operation was required after UWP. Less blood
      products were transfused in women who had immediate UWP than in those for whom
      UWP was a second-line operation. UWP was more efficient when performed at an
      early stage. In the woman with placenta accreta the uterus could be salvaged by
      UWP. This simple technique contributes to the reduction of blood transfusions in
      severe obstetrical hemorrhage.

PMID- 1822496
TI  - [Maternofetal infection with human parvovirus B19. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of maternal-fetal human parvovirus B19 infection are reported. The
      first case involved a feto-placental anasarca occurring during the third
      trimester and complicated by in-utero death with expulsion of a fetus with
      multiple malformations. The second case involved meconial peritonitis during the
      second trimester with favourable outcome after cesarean section and resolution of
      the digestive syndrome. Proof of PV B19 infection was obtained by identifying M
      specific immunoglobulins and viral DNA. After a review of the clinical situations
      most often encountered and the particular features of these two cases,
      therapeutic attitudes are proposed for this infection of major gravity during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 1822497
TI  - [Allo-immune neonatal thrombopenia in the BaK(a) system. Apropos of 2 familial
      cases].
AB  - The authors report a case of two siblings who developed a neonatal alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia (NAITP) due to Bak-System incompatibility. They review the
      platelet antigen systems involved in NAITP and raise the problem of its present
      antenatal and postnatal management.

PMID- 1822499
TI  - [Pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn].

PMID- 1822498
TI  - [Cutaneous aplasia (aplasia cutis) in a newborn infant and the role of
      carbimazole].

PMID- 1822500
TI  - Replicating and virion secreting hepatitis B mutant virus unable to produce preS2
      protein.
AB  - Mutant HBV genomes unable to produce preS2 protein were identified in the serum
      of a highly viremic chronic carrier. By direct sequencing of the amplified preS
      region and by sequencing of 50 cloned amplified preS DNA fragments all molecules
      were found to have deleted the preS2 translation initiation codon and three amino
      acids 54 nucleotides downstream thereof. In addition, numerous amino acid
      changes, predominantly located between both deletions, were revealed. HBV-DNA
      genomes containing the mutated preS sequences were shown to be replication
      competent and to secrete efficiently virions that were morphologically and by the
      type of DNA encapsidated not distinguishable from wild-type virus. These data
      demonstrate that HBV with mutated preS sequences and unable to express preS2
      protein can occur as a dominant or exclusive virus population in a highly viremic
      chronic carrier. The data also show that expression of the preS2 protein is not
      essential for HBV replication, virion morphogenesis and secretion.

PMID- 1822501
TI  - The host immune response may be responsible for selection of envelope and
      precore/core variants of HBV.

PMID- 1822502
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus.

PMID- 1822503
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections. Epidemiological and clinical
      heterogeneity.
AB  - Heterogeneity is a feature of all aspects of HDV infection and biology.
      Epidemiological studies indicate wide variations in the global distribution of
      the virus, often with different and bizarre rates of prevalence within apparently
      homogeneous populations. The medical expression of the infection is likewise
      manifold, ranging from the asymptomatic carrier of HDV to terminal cirrhosis. The
      clinical variability is matched at the biological level by extensive molecular
      heterogeneities, as expected with a small RNA virus such as the HDV.

PMID- 1822504
TI  - The roles of the delta antigen in the structure and replication of hepatitis
      delta virus.
AB  - The delta antigen is the only known protein encoded by hepatitis delta virus
      (HDV). The predicted protein is 195 amino acids in length, but for reasons that
      are not yet clear, there occurs during the replication of the HDV genome, a
      specific base change in the termination codon of this open reading frame. This
      leads to the synthesis of a form of the delta antigen that is 19 amino acids
      longer, with a total length of 214 amino acids. Studies are described which
      relate to the roles of these two forms of the delta antigen in genome replication
      and subsequent particle assembly.

PMID- 1822505
TI  - The molecular basis of heterogeneity of hepatitis delta virus.
AB  - HDV-RNA displays genetic heterogeneity at several different levels. This
      heterogeneity is likely reflected in the biological properties, such as
      pathogenicity and evolution, of HDV. The variation and progression of the
      clinical picture of delta hepatitis is likely associated with the heterogeneity
      of the virus. The mechanism of the generation of the heterogeneity remains
      largely to be studied.

PMID- 1822506
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus heterogeneity: a study by immunofluorescence.
AB  - Hepatitis delta virus (HDV)-RNA shows a microheterogeneity at nucleotide 1015
      resulting in the production of two co-terminal forms of the HDV-associated
      antigen (HDAg), referred to as p24 and p27. In vitro experiments have shown that
      p24 is localized within the nucleolus, while p27 expression is probably confined
      to the nucleoplasm. The sequential appearance of these two proteins may play a
      role in the HDV-induced cell damage. We have examined 12 formalin-fixed human
      liver biopsies taken at different phases of the natural course of HDV infection.
      Specimens were assayed for HDAg by direct immunofluorescence with a human IgG
      reactive towards both p24 and p27. Positive cells were then examined for
      cytopathological features after hematoxylin/eosin staining. All biopsies
      contained intranuclear HDAg. However, three different patterns of fluorescence
      were seen: (1) nucleolar with weak nucleoplasmic; (2) homogeneous nucleoplasmic
      with negative nucleolus; (3) intense fluorescence diffuse to the whole nucleus.
      Pattern 1 was found in 15-50% of positive nuclei of all samples, irrespective of
      the phase of infection, while the remaining positive nuclei mostly showed another
      pattern (2) of fluorescence. Neither pattern was associated with cytoplasmic
      eosinophilia. Degenerated hepatocytes, when infected (5%), showed pattern 3 of
      HDAg fluorescence but were mostly negative for HDV. Therefore, the intranuclear
      distribution of HDAg, as assayed in vivo, does not seem to correlate with
      peculiar phases of HDV infection. Different phases of the viral life style,
      instead, are asynchronously represented within each liver sample.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822507
TI  - Rabbit-derived anti-HD antibodies for HDAg immunoblotting.
AB  - We studied the sensitivity and specificity of two rabbit-derived antibodies (W2
      and W3) raised against two synthetic peptides of the HDAg: the C-terminus of the
      p24 protein (W2) and the C-terminus of the p27 protein (W3) (Chiron Co.,
      Emeryville, CA, U.S.A.). The results were compared with those obtained with a
      human polyclonal anti-HD (W1). We have tested W2 and W3 against blotted serum
      samples from 25 patients (20 HBsAg positive anti-HD positive, three HBsAg
      positive anti-HD negative and two HBsAg negative anti-HD negative) and liver
      extracts from five HBsAg seropositive patients, two anti-HD positive and three
      anti-HD negative. In serum samples W3 sporadically reacted with a p31 protein
      present in both anti-HD positive and negative sera; W2 identified the p24 protein
      in 7/10 W1 positive samples but in none of 10 W1 negative; the p27 protein was
      captured by W2 only in one highly viremic serum. In every sample of liver extract
      W3 recognized a 48-kDa band. W1 and W2 stained 5 bands at 45, 27, 24, 16 and 12
      kDa. The p45, p27 and p24 proteins were peculiar of HDV-infected livers; p16 and
      p12 were also detected in HDV free livers. W2 identified an additional 54-kDa
      protein in 4/5 liver extracts. For diagnostic purposes human polyclonal anti-HD
      represents the most sensitive probe for HDAg immunoblotting, with a specificity
      similar to that of rabbit-derived antibodies. The affinity of W2 and W3
      antibodies for serum and liver HDAg appears to be lower than for HDAg
      recombinant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822509
TI  - Hepatitis E virus genome. Molecular features, expression of immunoreactive
      proteins and sequence divergence.
AB  - The strategy for molecular cloning of hepatitis E virus (HEV), the major
      etiologic agent of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is briefly
      described. The organization of the HEV genome is discussed and compared to those
      of two other vertebrate viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense,
      polyadenylated RNA genomes with three overlapping ORFs. Serologic cross
      reactivity of expressed proteins and genetic divergence of HEV isolates are also
      described within the context of sequence variation, type-common epitopes, and
      type-specific epitopes.

PMID- 1822508
TI  - Liver transplant for viral hepatitis. Recurrence of reinfection.

PMID- 1822510
TI  - Hepatitis E virus. Comparison of 'New and Old World' isolates.
AB  - The etiologic agent responsible for epidemics of enterically-transmitted non-A,
      non-B hepatitis has been molecularly characterized as the hepatitis E virus
      (HEV). The cloning of a portion of the Burma strain of HEV (HEV(B); 'Old World'
      strain) has been described together with the isolation of a contiguous
      overlapping set of cDNA clones representing the entire viral genome. Our studies
      have led to a model for the genomic organization of this positive strand,
      polyadenylated, RNA virus. Molecular clones encompassing the entire genome were
      also isolated from a cDNA library made from the Mexico strain of HEV (HEV(M);
      'New World' strain). The translated nucleotide sequence of the Mexico isolate
      confirmed the genomic organization as first interpreted for HEV(B). This refers
      to the utilization of at least three different discontinuous open reading frames
      for protein expression and their apparent organization into 5' nonstructural and
      3' structural gene regions. The comparison of the two strains identified a
      localized area of divergent nucleic and amino acid sequence that was previously
      reported in the region encoding the nonstructural gene(s) (ORF1). The HEV
      expression strategy involves at least two subgenomic poly-A transcripts that are
      co-terminal with the 3' end of the virus. Cross-reactive (type-common) epitopes
      are shared between the two divergent strains. It will be important to determine
      in future studies if any correlation exist between the viral pathobiology in
      animals or humans and the primary sequence of the virus.

PMID- 1822511
TI  - Viral hepatitis and its treatment. Present and future.

PMID- 1822512
TI  - The nature of genetic variation among viruses.
AB  - Genetic variation among viruses may seem unimportant and academic--related only
      to pedagogical classification of things--but accurate determination of genetic
      relationships can have important implications, from characterizing the molecular
      basis of attenuation of viral vaccines to furthering knowledge about origins of
      viruses and even of life itself. It can even help to establish priority in the
      discovery of viruses when properly applied. The purpose of this brief review is
      to demonstrate how viruses change and what implications these changes can have on
      the delicate balance between the viral parasite and its host. Examples will be
      drawn from the hepatitis viruses when possible.

PMID- 1822513
TI  - Hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg-negative patients. Molecular characterization and
      clinical implications.

PMID- 1822514
TI  - The X-protein of hepatitis B virus. Facts and fiction.

PMID- 1822515
TI  - Hepatitis B X open reading frame deletion mutants isolated from atypical
      hepatitis B virus infections.

PMID- 1822516
TI  - In vitro tumorigenicity of hepatitis B virus DNA and HBx protein.
AB  - Persistent infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is strongly associated with the
      development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This linkage may be caused by oncogenic
      HBV gene products. Our initial in vitro studies have revealed that a non
      tumorigenic, fetal mouse hepatocyte line (FMH202-1), harboring simian virus 40
      large tumor antigen (SV40TAg) as transgene, can be converted into a full
      malignant phenotype by transfection with dimeric HBV-DNA Hohne, M., Schaefer, S.,
      Seifer, M., Feitelson, M.A., Paul, D. and Gerlich, W.H. (1990) EMBO J 9, 1137
      1145. The oncogenic effect was neither dependent on simultaneous expression of
      SV40TAg nor on the cell type, since HBV-transfected permanent mouse fibroblasts
      (LTK-) also displayed enhanced colony formation in soft agar. Transfection of
      FMH202-1 with the X region of HBV generated clones that also formed colonies in
      soft agar and were tumorigenic in nude mice. Growth in soft agar and induction of
      nude mice tumors both depended on high expression of HBx protein. Although HBx
      expression was stronger in X-transfected than HBV-transfected clones, the former
      did not grow well in soft agar, and the X-derived tumors developed more slowly.
      In the tumors, expression of HBx was almost shut off, but again high in the tumor
      derived cell lines. Constitutive expression of c-fos was strongly enhanced in the
      X-transfected cell lines and tumors. Transfection of FMH202-1 with an isogenic
      HBx-deficient mutant fragment generated several clones, which expressed normal
      levels of HBx transcripts, but did not grow in soft agar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822517
TI  - HBcAg and HBeAg expression: how, where, why or why not?

PMID- 1822518
TI  - High prevalence and heterogeneity of HBV preC mutants in anti-HBe-positive
      carriers with chronic liver disease in southern Italy.
AB  - In this study we have investigated the prevalence and type of preC mutants in
      anti-HBe/HBV-DNA-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in an endemic area.
      HBV-DNA from sera of 42 anti-HBe chronic HBV carriers was amplified by PCR and
      the preC region was directly sequenced. With one exception, all patients tested
      were found to be infected with viruses containing mutations in the preC region
      that predictably prevent precore and e antigen expression. Thirty-one patients
      were infected with HBV containing a stop codon; two had a mixture of wild-type
      and preC stop codon mutant; three had preC mutants with mutations in the
      translation initiation codon and two of them an additional stop codon; four had a
      frameshift mutation, and one had two stop codons. One patient was infected with a
      virus showing a mutation creating only an amino acid exchange which could not
      prevent HBeAg expression. The data obtained indicate a higher prevalence and
      heterogeneity of preC mutants in our geographical area than recognized so far in
      anti-HBe-positive carriers with chronic hepatitis B.

PMID- 1822519
TI  - 'e' antigen defective hepatitis B virus and course of chronic infection.
AB  - We studied the relations between HBV heterogeneity and different phases of HBV
      infection and disease in 145 HBsAg-positive carriers followed-up for 28 months
      (range 24-60 months). Viraemia was characterized for the relative prevalence of
      wild-type and HBeAg minus HBVs after HBV-DNA amplification by PCR using an
      oligonucleotide hybridization assay. HBeAg minus HBV was detected in 27% of
      immunotolerant HBV carriers, in 67% of patients with chronic hepatitis B
      (immunoelimination phase) and in 17% of HBsAg carriers with latent infection.
      Serum HBV-DNA and IgM anti-HBc became undetectable and ALT levels normalized,
      either spontaneously or after interferon therapy in 12 (36.3%) of 33 patients
      with an exclusive wild-type viraemia, but only in two (5.7%) of 35 patients with
      homogeneous HBeAg minus HBV (p = 0.005). An HBeAg minus viraemia higher than 20%
      was associated, in both HBeAg- and anti-HBe-positive patients, with HBV-induced
      liver disease and an unfavourable outcome of hepatitis. These findings suggest
      that surgence of HBeAg defective HBV is a virus strategy to survive under
      peculiar conditions dictated by the interplay between HBV and the host's immune
      system. The HBeAg/anti-HBe serological status is determined not only by the
      extent of virus replication and integration of HBV-DNA into cellular DNA but also
      by heterogeneity of HBV. The study of HBV heterogeneity in baseline sera of
      patients undergoing antiviral therapy appears to have a predictive value of the
      outcome of HBV infection in the single patient.

PMID- 1822520
TI  - HBe antibody unrelated to 'e minus' hepatitis B virus variant infection in
      patients with chronic type D hepatitis.
AB  - The presence of HBV-DNA sequences was evaluated in DNA extracted from serum
      samples, peripheral blood lymphocytes and liver biopsy specimens of five
      HBsAg/anti-HBe-positive carriers with chronic HDV infection. DNAs were tested by
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique using two pairs of
      oligonucleotide primers specific for the preC/C and S regions of the HBV; viral
      sequences were found exclusively in liver extracts and only in three out of the
      five cases. The direct sequencing of the amplified preC/C regions showed wild
      type sequences in two cases, while in the third case a combination of 'wild' and
      'e minus variant' viral populations was observed. Moreover, liver DNA of one
      positive case was electrophoresed through a low melting agarose gel and the
      following amplification, performed on DNA re-extracted from three different
      fragments of the gel, showed the presence of free HBV genomes but the absence of
      replicative intermediate forms. These results show that anti-HBe positivity is
      not constantly related to precore mutant HBV infection and suggest that HDV
      inhibits HBeAg production. Moreover, as it was observed in 'e minus' HBV
      variants, also during a chronic HBV wild-type infection, the viral replication
      might be suppressed to undetectable levels.

PMID- 1822521
TI  - Hepatitis B surface proteins.

PMID- 1822523
TI  - Motor cortical representation of the diaphragm in man.
AB  - 1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed using a figure-of-eight-shaped
      coil over the right motor cortex with the aim of identifying those areas involved
      with activation of the diaphragm. 2. The response of the right and left hemi
      diaphragms was recorded using surface electrodes in either the 7th or 8th
      intercostal spaces 3 cm lateral to the anterior costal margin on either side. 3.
      The compound muscle action potentials recorded over the left diaphragm in
      response to transcranial magnetic stimulation were maximal when the centre of the
      figure-of-eight coil was placed approximately 3 cm to the right of the mid-line
      and 2-3 cm anterior to the auricular plane. 4. The amplitude of the response
      recorded from the diaphragm depended upon the angulation of the figure-of-eight
      coil and hence the direction of the stimulating current. 5. The response of the
      inspiratory muscles to magnetic stimulation of one side of the brain was
      predominantly contralateral but a small response was seen on the ipsilateral
      side. Ultrasonic techniques confirmed that the diaphragm was responding
      contralaterally and not ipsilaterally.

PMID- 1822522
TI  - The effect of strophanthidin on action potential, calcium current and contraction
      in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes.
AB  - 1. A method is described for producing high yields of calcium-tolerant
      ventricular myocytes from guinea-pig hearts (73.4% rod-shaped cells, n = 19).
      Their action potential (AP) and membrane currents were recorded using
      conventional microelectrodes and cell shortening was measured optically using a
      linear photodiode array. 2. The sensitivity of the guinea-pig Na(+)-K+ pump to
      strophanthidin (a rapidly acting digitalis analogue) was determined by measuring
      the inhibition of outward pump current by different doses. The pump was found to
      have a dissociation constant (KD) for strophanthidin of 1.11 x 10(-5) M, and 5 x
      10(-4) M-strophanthidin inhibited the pump maximally. 3. Exposure to
      strophanthidin resulted in an initial lengthening followed by a shortening of the
      AP, and an increased contraction. Initial AP lengthening was associated with a
      more positive AP plateau which became more negative as the AP shortened. 4. There
      was a reversible reduction of Ca2+ current (ICa) during exposure to
      strophanthidin. ICa changed reciprocally with contraction and with a similar time
      course. 5. Strophanthidin exposure caused a reduction of ICa at all activating
      voltages, suggesting that it resulted in a reduction of Ca2+ conductance with
      little change of its voltage dependence. 6. The role of an increase of
      intracellular calcium (Cai2+) was investigated by impaling myocytes with
      microelectrodes containing BAPTA 1,2-bis (2-amino-phenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'
      tetraacetic acid, a calcium chelator) to increase Cai2+ buffering. Strophanthidin
      still shortened the AP when BAPTA was present, suggesting that a rise of Cai2+ is
      not a major cause of AP shortening. 7. Although AP shortening was little
      affected, the decline of ICa with strophanthidin was markedly reduced when BAPTA
      was present, suggesting that a rise of Cai2+ was the cause of the ICa decline
      with strophanthidin. 8. When barium ions carried the current through Ca2+
      channels, strophanthidin did not reduce Ca2+ channel current, suggesting that
      this compound does not have a direct inhibitory effect on the channel. 9. The
      results suggest that strophanthidin causes a reduction of ICa by increasing
      Cai2+, via the mechanism of Cai(2+)-dependent inactivation of ICa. The reduction
      of ICa at least partially explains the AP shortening and more negative plateau
      with strophanthidin. 10. The shortening of the AP, more negative plateau and
      reduced ICa have negative inotropic effects which oppose the direct positive
      inotropic effect of strophanthidin.

PMID- 1822524
TI  - Cadmium uptake through the anion exchanger in human red blood cells.
AB  - 1. The initial rate of Cd2+ uptake in human red cells was measured by atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry. 2. About 96% of Cd2+ uptake was inhibited by DIDS
      (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) with IC50 (concentration
      giving 50% of maximal inhibition) of 0.3 microM and by furosemide with IC50 of
      500 microM and was resistant to ouabain and amiloride. This indicates the
      implication of the [Cl(-)-HCO3-] anion exchanger in Cd2+ uptake. 3. DIDS
      sensitive Cd2+ uptake required the presence of external HCO3-. HCO3- ions had a
      biphasic effect on Cd2+ uptake. Low bicarbonate concentrations were stimulatory,
      suggesting formation of translocating bicarbonate-cadmium complexes. Higher
      bicarbonate concentrations were inhibitory, suggesting further bicarbonate
      complexation with formation of non-translocating species. Depending on the
      presence or absence of external Cl-, a maximal Cd2+ uptake of 1.7 or 0.37 mmol (l
      cells)-1 h-1 was observed at bicarbonate concentrations of 15.6 or 11 mM
      respectively. 4. In the presence of bicarbonate, external Cl- ions strongly
      stimulated Cd2+ uptake, with linear increase between 70 and 125 mM. This suggests
      that one translocating species may have chloride as ligand. 5. DIDS-sensitive
      Cd2+ uptake was modestly inhibited by physiological concentrations of external
      phosphate and was resistant to external K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. 6. In conclusion, the
      anion exchanger is the major transport mechanism for red cell cadmium uptake.
      Translocating species appear to be monovalent anion complexes of cadmium with
      HCO3- such as [Cd(OH)(HCO3)2]- and [Cd(OH)(HCO3)Cl]-.

PMID- 1822525
TI  - Voltage-activated calcium and potassium currents in human pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - 1. The whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique was used to study
      inward and delayed outward currents in beta-cells isolated from human pancreatic
      islets. 2. The delayed outward current activated at about -20 mV and increased
      linearly with further depolarization. The instantaneous current-voltage (I-V)
      relation, measured by tail current analysis, reversed at -70 mV. This is close to
      the K+ equilibrium potential and suggests the outward current is carried
      primarily by potassium ions. In support of this idea, outward currents were
      abolished when internal K+ was replaced by the impermeant cation N-methyl-D
      glucamine (NMG). 3. The voltage dependence of K+ current activation could be
      fitted by a sigmoidal function with a mid-point at +1 mV. K+ currents showed
      voltage-dependent inactivation which was half-maximal at -25 mV. 4. Inward
      currents were studied after outward currents were suppressed by replacing
      internal potassium with NMG. In 5 mM [Ca2+]o, the inward current activated
      between -50 and -40 mV, had a peak amplitude at -10 mV and reversed at potentials
      positive to +60 mV. The voltage dependence of inward current activation was
      sigmoidal with half-maximal activation at -10 mV in 5 mM [Ca2+]o and at -22 mV in
      5 mM [Ba2+]o. 5. Inward currents were unaffected by tetrodotoxin (TTX), but could
      be blocked by cadmium ions. Barium was also capable of carrying inward current.
      This pharmacology is consistent with inward currents flowing through Ca2+
      channels. 6. The inactivation of the inward current was dependent on calcium
      entry. In two-pulse experiments, the voltage dependence of inactivation was U
      shaped, and resembled that of the calcium current. Barium currents showed little
      inactivation. 7. In two-pulse experiments the degree of inward current
      inactivation during the test pulse was related to the amount of calcium entry
      during the first pulse. Calcium entering at more positive potentials was less
      effective at producing inactivation. 8. Calcium and barium currents also showed a
      slow, voltage-dependent inactivation when the holding potential was changed
      between -100 and -40 mV. This inactivation developed with a time course of
      seconds. 9. The Ca2+ and K+ currents described here are similar to those reported
      for rodent beta-cells and indicate the rodent beta-cell provides a good model for
      that of man.

PMID- 1822526
TI  - Motor units of the fourth deep lumbrical muscle of the adult rat: isometric
      contractions and fibre type compositions.
AB  - 1. Isometric twitch and tetanic tensions were recorded from whole muscles and
      single motor units in fourth deep lumbrical muscles isolated from young adult (60
      days) rats. Muscles were superfused with oxygenated Ringer solution at 25 degrees
      C except where stated otherwise. 2. It was confirmed that the muscle is supplied
      most commonly by eleven motor axons, nine via the lateral plantar nerve (LPN),
      and two via the sural nerve (SN). Motor units whose axons were isolated from
      either LPN or SN were studied. There was no difference in mean motor unit size.
      3. In their unfused tetani most units showed 'sag' and some 'no sag', with no
      segregation between LPN and SN. 'No sag' units were always small (unit tetanic
      tension less than 8% whole-muscle tetanic tension), tended to be relatively
      slowly contracting and relaxing during an isometric twitch, and tended to have
      relatively low twitch:tetanus ratios. Units showing sag ranged from large to
      small. 4. In some motor units muscle fibres were depleted of their glycogen by
      repetitive stimulation at 30 degrees C in glucose-free Ringer solution, and the
      muscle and its unstimulated control frozen and sectioned. Neighbouring sections
      were stained for glycogen and for binding of two myosin-specific antibodies, one
      specific for slow myosin and the other for type IIA myosin. Myosin ATPase and
      succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry were also carried out in some muscles. 5.
      Serial reconstructions showed that all or virtually all extrafusal fibres in the
      muscle were present in a midbelly section, and that the myosin type of individual
      fibres did not change significantly along their length. Spindle profiles were
      seen frequently and in two muscles eight and twelve spindles were identified. 6.
      Of twenty-six motor units examined twenty contained almost exclusively muscle
      fibres of the recently described type IIX. All these units showed sag in their
      isometric tetani. 7. Six units each contained 50% or more of slow myosin
      containing fibres (IIC and a few type I). The remaining fibres in these units
      were IIA. All these units were therefore of mixed fibre composition, and are
      discussed as IIC/IIA units. In whole muscles slow-myosin-containing fibres were
      generally distributed evenly (non-randomly) throughout the muscle cross-section.
      8. Whole muscles contained on average 970 fibres (S.D. +/- 70) of which 82 (+/-
      9) were slow-myosin-containing. A few muscles from older rats (3-24 months)
      contained very few such fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822527
TI  - Sodium-dependent magnesium uptake by ferret red cells.
AB  - 1. Magnesium uptake can be measured in ferret red cells incubated in media
      containing more than 1 mM-magnesium. Uptake is substantially increased if the
      sodium concentration in the medium is reduced. 2. Magnesium uptake is half
      maximally activated by 0.37 mM-external magnesium when the external sodium
      concentration is 5 mM. Increasing the external sodium concentration increases the
      magnesium concentration needed to activate the system. 3. Magnesium uptake is
      increased by reducing the external sodium concentration. Uptake is half-maximum
      at sodium concentrations of 17, 22 and 62 nM when the external magnesium
      concentrations are 2, 5 and 10 mM respectively. 4. Replacement of external sodium
      with choline does not affect the membrane potential of ferret red cells over a 45
      min period. 5. Magnesium uptake from media containing 5 mM-sodium is inhibited by
      amiloride, quinidine and imipramine. It is not affected by ouabain or bumetanide.
      Vanadate stimulates magnesium uptake but has no effect on magnesium efflux. 6.
      When cell ATP content is reduced to 19 mumol (1 cell)-1 by incubating cells for 3
      h with 2-deoxyglucose, magnesium uptake falls by 50% in the presence of 5 mM
      sodium and is completely abolished in the presence of 145 mM-sodium. Some of the
      inhibition may be due to the increase in intracellular ionized magnesium
      concentration ([Mg2+]i) from 0.7 to 1.0 mM which occurs under these conditions.
      7. Magnesium uptake can be driven against a substantial electrochemical gradient
      if the external sodium concentration is reduced sufficiently. 8. These findings
      are discussed in terms of several possible models for magnesium transport. It is
      concluded that the majority of magnesium uptake observed in low-sodium media is
      via sodium-magnesium antiport. A small portion of uptake is through a parallel
      leak pathway. It is believed that the antiport is responsible for maintaining
      [Mg2+]i below electrochemical equilibrium in these cells at physiological
      external sodium concentration. Thus in ferret red cells the direction of
      magnesium transport can be reversed by reversing the sodium gradient.

PMID- 1822528
TI  - Response of the medullary respiratory network of the cat to hypoxia.
AB  - 1. The effect of systemic hypoxia was tested in anaesthetized, immobilized,
      thoracotomized and artificially ventilated cats with peripheral chemoreceptor
      afferents either intact or cut. Extracellular recordings from different types of
      medullary respiratory neurones and intracellular recordings from stage 2
      expiratory neurones were made to determine the hypoxia-induced changes in
      neuronal discharge patterns and postsynaptic activity as an index for the
      disturbances of synaptic interaction within the network. 2. The general effect of
      systemic hypoxia was an initial augmentation of respiratory activity followed by
      a secondary depression. In chemoreceptor-denervated animals, secondary depression
      led to central apnoea. 3. The effects of systemic hypoxia were comparable with
      those of cerebral ischaemia following occlusion of carotid and vertebral
      arteries. 4. In chemoreceptor-denervated animals, all types of medullary
      respiratory neurones ceased spontaneous action potential discharge during
      hypoxia. 5. Reversal of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and/or
      blockade of IPSPs was seen after 2-3 min of hypoxia. 6. During hypoxia, the
      membrane potential of stage 2 expiratory neurones showed a slight depolarization
      to -45 to -55 mV and then remained stable. 7. The neurone input resistance
      increased initially and then decreased significantly during central apnoea. 8.
      Rhythmogenesis of respiration was greatly disturbed. This was due to blockade of
      IPSPs and, in some animals, to more complex disturbances of phase switching from
      inspiration to expiration. 9. Central apnoea occurred while respiratory neurones
      were still excitable as shown by stimulus-evoked orthodromic and antidromic
      action potentials. 10. The results indicate that the medullary respiratory
      network is directly affected by energy depletion. There is indication for a
      neurohumoral mechanism which blocks synaptic interaction between respiratory
      neurones in chemoreceptor-intact animals.

PMID- 1822529
TI  - Developmental changes in delayed rectifier K+ currents in the muscular- and
      neural-type blastomere of ascidian embryos.
AB  - 1. Developmental changes in the amplitude, kinetic properties, tetraethyl
      ammonium (TEA) sensitivity, and ion selectivity of the delayed rectifier K+
      currents were investigated in differentiating muscular-type (M) and neural-type
      (N) blastomeres isolated from the early cleavage-arrested ascidian embryos, using
      conventional two-microelectrode voltage clamp techniques. 2. No voltage-sensitive
      outward K+ currents were found in either type of blastomere during the first 35 h
      of development at 9 degrees C. Thereafter the delayed rectifier K+ current became
      apparent. The peak amplitude of the K+ current in the M-blastomere increased
      abruptly from 50 to 60 h and tended to plateau after 60 h, while in the N
      blastomere it continued to increase after initial emergence at around 35 h. 3.
      The threshold potential level of the K+ current in the M-blastomere was initially
      about -10 mV in a standard external solution (1 mM-K+ solution), but shifted
      towards the hyperpolarized direction until it reached a steady level at 45 h
      after fertilization. At the fully differentiated stages, the threshold was around
      -32 mV and -26 mV in the M- and N-blastomeres, respectively. 4. Throughout
      development, the reversal potential of the tail current changed with the external
      K+ concentration in both M- and N-blastomeres as expected for a K(+)-electrode.
      There was no significant difference in the selectivity ratios for the K+ channel
      between the two types of blastomeres. The relative selectivities were K+ (1.000):
      Rb+ (0.774): NH4+ (0.122): Na+ (0.074) and K+ (1.000): Rb+ (0.724): NH4+ (0.155):
      Na+ (0.074) in the M- and N-blastomeres, respectively. 5. Modified Scatchard
      plots of TEA-sensitivity data indicated a one-to-one reaction between TEA and the
      K+ channel. These plots revealed the presence of TEA-resistant K+ channels in
      addition to TEA-sensitive K+ channels in the M-blastomere, but revealed only TEA
      sensitive K+ channels in the N-blastomere. The dissociation constant (Ki) values
      of these three types of K+ channel did not change during development. In the M
      blastomere, the Ki of the TEA-sensitive K+ channel was 1.29 +/- 0.05 mM (mean +/-
      S.E.M., n = 31) and that of the TEA-resistant K+ channel was 1.4 +/- 0.1 M (mean
      +/- S.E.M., n = 31) at a test potential of 45 mV. The Ki value of the neural-type
      K+ current was 1.38 +/- 0.03 mM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 20) at 45 mV.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822530
TI  - Impulse conduction in CA1 apical dendrites of rabbit hippocampus: its possible
      implication in normal and abnormal activities.
AB  - 1. Impulse conduction in CA1 apical dendrites was studied by stimulating afferent
      fibres to the distal portion of the dendrites (Schaffer stimulation) and
      recording intracellularly from the pyramidal cell body in the hippocampus of the
      rabbit anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone and immobilized with d
      tubocurarine. 2. The stimulation, when strong enough, produced a full spike in
      all the pyramidal cells (n = 48) which were capable of producing spikes of 51-67
      mV in amplitude. A single-shock Schaffer stimulation produced a single spike in
      forty-six cells and a two-spike burst in two cells. All the single spikes and the
      first spike of the two-spike burst arose directly from the baseline. 3. By
      reducing the stimulus strength, three categories of small spikes (alpha, beta and
      gamma) could be distinguished in twenty-two pyramidal cells. alpha was of the
      lowest threshold with an amplitude of less than 7.5 mV and the time from the foot
      of the spike to its peak (peak time) was more than 0.40 ms. beta was of the next
      lowest threshold with an amplitude of 8.7-13.5 mV and had a peak time of 0.26
      0.36 ms (n = 3242). gamma was of the highest threshold with an amplitude of 6.6
      9.7 mV and had a peak time of 0.20-0.27 ms (n = 1783). The duration of alpha was
      1.5-4.0 ms, whereas that of beta and gamma was 1.2-1.5 ms. 4. Within a given
      pyramidal cell, the waveform of beta and gamma was remarkably constant, being
      independent of stimulus strength. They were therefore regarded as units and
      referred to as unitary D-spikes. The unitary D-spikes tended to summate forming a
      larger, longer-lasting potential which was referred to as the D-spike. alpha was
      probably a D-spike produced at a greater distance away from the recording
      microelectrode, as compared with beta and gamma. 5. Within a given pyramidal cell
      unitary D-spikes beta and gamma could be further subdivided into two subclasses,
      respectively, according to the differences in amplitude. Furthermore alpha
      contained at least one unitary D-spike. Thus, at least five different unitary D
      spikes could be distinguished in the same cell. They were thought to be dendritic
      in origin, because only the dendrites could possibly give rise to so many small
      spikes which could be seen with the intrasomatically placed microelectrode. 6. In
      most cases a full spike consisted of the A-, B- and D-spikes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822531
TI  - Mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling failure during metabolic inhibition
      in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes.
AB  - 1. The effects of complete metabolic inhibition on excitation-contraction
      coupling in heart were studied by exposing patch-clamped guinea-pig ventricular
      myocytes, loaded via the patch pipette with the Ca2+ indicator Fura-2 (0.1 mM),
      to carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP, 1 microM) and 2
      deoxyglucose (2-DG, 10 mM) while simultaneously recording membrane current, Fura
      2 fluorescence, and cell motion. The patch pipette solution contained Cs+ and TEA
      (tetraethylammonium) to partially block K+ currents. 2. During voltage clamps
      from a holding potential of -40 mV to a test potential of 0 mV, complete
      metabolic inhibition decreased the Ca2+ current (ICa), activated the ATP
      sensitive K+ current, modestly elevated diastolic [Ca2+]i and markedly reduced
      the [Ca2+]i transient without altering its voltage dependence. Active shortening
      was impaired and diastolic cell length decreased prior to large increases in
      diastolic [Ca2+]i, consistent with rigor induced by ATP depletion. Return of the
      [Ca2+]i transient to baseline and relaxation upon repolarization were also
      delayed. 3. Despite the depression of the peak [Ca2+]i transient induced by
      membrane depolarization during metabolic inhibition, the [Ca2+]i transient
      induced by a rapid exposure to 5 mM-caffeine was greater than control. The Na(+)
      Ca2+ exchange current during the caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i transient was not
      affected by metabolic inhibition. 4. [Ca2+]i transients depressed by metabolic
      inhibition could be enhanced by augmenting ICa with elevated [Ca2+]o (10 mM) and
      Bay K 8644 (5 microM). 5. To study the relationship between the magnitude of ICa
      and the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transient, ICa was modulated either by (a)
      voltage clamping the cell to different membrane potentials at constant [Ca2+]o or
      by (b) rapidly altering [Ca2+]o immediately prior to a voltage clamp to a fixed
      membrane potential. Under control conditions, the relationship between the size
      of ICa and the magnitude of the [Ca2+]i transient was the same whether ICa was
      modulated by altering membrane potential or [Ca2+]o, suggesting that membrane
      potential does not significantly modulate the Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release
      mechanism of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. 6. After metabolic
      inhibition, however, the same ICa released less Ca2+ than under control
      conditions, consistent with some impairment of the Ca2+ release mechanism. 7.
      These results suggest that under conditions in which excitability is maintained
      by controlling membrane voltage and minimizing metabolically sensitive K+
      currents, the decreased [Ca2+]i transient observed during metabolic inhibition
      severe enough to induce rigor is caused primarily by depression of ICa and not by
      depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Additional factors also modestly hinder
      Ca2+ release from intracellular stores during metabolic inhibition.

PMID- 1822532
TI  - Effect of bradykinin, ATP and adrenaline on cell membrane resistances of Madin
      Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - 1. Previous studies have shown that bradykinin, ATP and adrenaline hyperpolarize
      the cell membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells by activation of
      calcium-sensitive K+ channels. The present study has been performed to determine
      the effect of these hormones on the resistance of the cell membrane and the
      cellular coupling. To this end, cellular cable analysis has been performed. 2. As
      a result, all three hormones lead to the expected, marked decrease of cell
      membrane resistance. 3. However, the bradykinin-induced reduction of cell
      membrane resistance was sustained, contrasting with only transient
      hyperpolarization induced by bradykinin and only transient activation of the K+
      channels. Thus, the cable analysis reveals the sustained activation of an
      additional conductance. 4. ATP, but not the other two hormones, leads to a
      delayed increase of the intercellular coupling resistances. 5. Prolonged exposure
      of the cells to adrenaline leads to oscillations of the cell membrane potential,
      apparently by oscillatory activation of the K+ channels.

PMID- 1822533
TI  - Effect on ventilation of papaverine administered to the brain stem of the
      anaesthetized cat.
AB  - 1. To investigate whether cerebral vasodilatation by itself contributes to the
      decrease in ventilation as found during brain stem hypoxia the role of cerebral
      vasodilatation on minute ventilation was investigated in twelve cats
      anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose-urethane. 2. Cerebral vasodilatation in the
      medulla oblongata was produced by adding papaverine to the blood perfusing the
      brain stem. 3. Papaverine at concentrations of 10-35 micrograms per millilitre of
      blood had an appreciable depressant effect on ventilation. At a concentration of
      14.3 micrograms ml-1 the depression in ventilation averaged 0.7 +/- 0.1 l min-1.
      4. The ventilatory response to stepwise changes in papaverine concentration could
      be adequately described with a single exponential function with a time delay. 5.
      The time constant of the ventilatory response following a step increase in
      papaverine concentration (134 +/- 15 s) was longer than that of the step decrease
      (105 +/- 10 s) in concentration (P = 0.034). The time delays of the ventilatory
      response (88 +/- 21 s and 53 +/- 8 s respectively) were not significantly
      different (P = 0.126). 6. The ventilatory response to stimulation of the
      peripheral chemoreceptors by hypoxia and of the central chemoreceptors by
      hypercapnia was not impaired by papaverine. 7. The results support the hypothesis
      that cerebral vasodilatation by itself contributes to the decrease in ventilation
      by brain stem hypoxia.

PMID- 1822534
TI  - Relation between plasma K+ and ventilation during incremental exercise after
      glycogen depletion and repletion in man.
AB  - 1. We have examined the relationship between expiratory ventilation (VE), plasma
      potassium concentration ([K+]P), blood lactate concentration ([Lac-]B), and
      plasma pH (pHP) in five trained men before and after glycogen depletion and
      repletion in two successive incremental bicycle ergometer tests (tests A and B).
      2. Though pHP was significantly higher after glycogen depletion (in relation to
      normal or repleted conditions) VE and [K+]P also tended to be higher. 3. There
      was no constant relation between the magnitude or the direction of change in
      lactic acidosis, or VE and [K+]P, respectively. Instead, a close temporal
      relationship between changes in VE and [K+]P was found. 4. A non-linear increase
      in VE occurred independently of changes in pHP or [Lac-]B, but could be well
      predicted from a non-linear increase in [K+]P. 5. These findings indicate that
      lactic acidosis had no deciding effect on exercise ventilation in these
      experiments. They are consistent with the idea that the potassium increase may
      contribute to the ventilatory drive during exercise.

PMID- 1822535
TI  - The role of adenosine in dilator responses induced in arterioles and venules of
      rat skeletal muscle by systemic hypoxia.
AB  - 1. In experiments on anaesthetized rats, we have studied the role of adenosine in
      mediating responses induced in individual arterioles and venules of the
      spinotrapezius muscle by systemic hypoxia. 2. During systemic hypoxia induced by
      breathing 6% O2 for 3 min, some arterioles and venules dilated while others
      constricted. Topical application of the adenosine receptor antagonist, 8 phenyl
      theophylline (8-PT), to the spinotrapezius had no effect on the constrictor
      responses but greatly reduced the dilator responses. The vessels nearest to the
      capillary bed-terminal arterioles and collecting venules--were most affected;
      their mean changes in diameter were reduced from 39 and 8% to 11 and -1.6%
      respectively. 3. In accord with these results, topical application of adenosine
      (2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-3) M) produced graded dilation of all sections of the
      arterial and venous trees; the terminal arterioles and collecting venules were
      most responsive, being dilated at maximum by 31 and 15% respectively. The dilator
      responses induced in those vessels that constricted during hypoxia were fully
      comparable with those that dilated during hypoxia. 4. Histochemical analysis of
      the spinotrapezius revealed that oxidative fibres that most readily release
      adenosine, glycolytic and mixed fibres were all evenly distributed throughout the
      muscle. There is no reason to suppose that some vessels are preferentially
      influenced by oxidative fibres. 5. These results indicate that adenosine plays a
      major role in dilating both arterioles and venules of muscle during systemic
      hypoxia. But, they are consistent with the idea that the adenosine that is
      important is not released from muscle fibres, but synthesized by 5'-nucleotidase
      localized to the blood vessels; its activity may decrease proximally along the
      vascular tree and may vary from one vessel to another depending on the local O2
      tension.

PMID- 1822536
TI  - The effect of analogues of angiotensin II on drinking and cardiovascular
      responses to central angiotensin II in the rat.
AB  - 1. Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion (60 ng h-1) of Isoleu5-angiotensin
      II (Isoleu5--AngII) and des-amine-angiotensin II (des-amine-AngII) in rats caused
      increased drinking behaviour and an increase in arterial blood pressure. 2. Des
      amine-AngII caused similar increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure as
      AngII. 3. Previous I.C.V. injection of the antagonists [Leu8]-AngII, des-amine
      [Leu8]-AngII and octanoyl-[Leu8]-AngII prevented the increases in heart rate and
      blood pressure produced by I.C.V. infusion of AngII and caused partial reduction
      of the dipsogenic response. 4. The three antagonists had no effect on the
      increase in arterial blood pressure and heart rate caused by des-amine-AngII. The
      drinking response was reduced by previous injection of [Leu8]-AngII and des-amine
      [Leu8]-AngII but not by octanoyl-[Leu8]-AngII. 5. In conclusion, Isoleu5-AngII
      and des-amine-AngII increase drinking behaviour, arterial blood pressure and
      heart rate when infused into the cerebral ventricle of rats. The study with the
      antagonists showed that des-amine-AngII probably binds more strongly to AngII
      receptors.

PMID- 1822537
TI  - Membrane properties and synaptic responses of rat striatal neurones in vitro.
AB  - 1. A tissue slice containing a section of striatum was cut obliquely from rat
      brain so as to preserve adjacent cortex and pallidum. Intracellular recordings
      were made from 368 neurones, using either conventional or tight-seal
      configurations. 2. Two types of neurone were distinguished
      electrophysiologically. Principal cells (96%) had very negative resting
      potentials (-89 mV) and a low input resistance at the resting membrane potential
      (39 M omega): membrane conductance (10 nS at -65 mV) increased within tens of
      milliseconds after the onset of hyperpolarization (99 nS at -120 mV). Secondary
      cells (4%) had less negative resting potentials (-60 mV) and a higher input
      resistance (117 m omega at the resting potential): hyperpolarization caused an
      inward current to develop over hundreds of milliseconds that had the properties
      of H-current. 3. Most principal cells were activated antidromically by electrical
      stimulation of the globus pallidus or internal capsule. Intracellular labelling
      with biocytin showed that principal cells had a medium sized soma (10-18
      microns), extensive dendritic trees densely studded with spines and, in some
      cases, a main axon which extended towards the globus pallidus. 4. Electrical
      stimulation of the corpus callosum or external capsule evoked a depolarizing
      postsynaptic potential. This synaptic potential was reversibly blocked by a
      combination of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10 microM) and DL-2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, 30 microM), but was unaffected by bicuculline
      (30 microM) and picrotoxin (100 microM). The underlying synaptic current had a
      fast component (time to peak about 4 ms), the amplitude of which was linearly
      related to membrane potential and which was blocked by CNQX; in CNQX the synaptic
      current had a slower component (time to peak about 10 ms) which showed voltage
      dependence typical of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Both currents
      reversed at -5 mV. 5. Focal electrical stimulation within the striatum (100-300
      microns from the site of intracellular recording) evoked a synaptic potential
      that was partially blocked (45-95%) by CNQX and APV: the remaining synaptic
      potential was blocked by bicuculline (30 microM). The bicuculline-sensitive
      synaptic current reversed at the chloride equilibrium potential. 6. The findings
      confirm that the majority of neostriatal neurones (principal cells, medium spiny
      neurones) project to the pallidum and receive synaptic inputs from cerebral
      cortex mediated by an excitatory amino acid acting through NMDA and non-NMDA
      receptors. These cells also receive synaptic inputs from intrinsic striatal
      neurones mediated by GABA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822538
TI  - Identification of neurons receiving input from pulmonary rapidly adapting
      receptors in the cat.
AB  - 1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made in the caudal
      subdivisions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) to locate and characterize
      neurons excited by afferents from pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) in
      Nembutal-anaesthetized cats. 2. Neurons identified as second-order cells
      activated by RARs (RAR-cells) were activated by electrical stimulation of
      myelinated afferents in the cervical portion of the vagus nerve(s) and by at
      least two of the following 'physiological' stimuli: (a) collapse of the lungs to
      atmospheric pressure; (b) hyperinflation of the lungs by either increasing tidal
      volume or maintained lung inflations; and (c) brief inhalation of ammonia vapour.
      3. Of the ninety-nine RAR-cells identified and studied extracellularly, eighty
      four were localized within the commissural nucleus of the NTS. Seventy-four cells
      responded monosynaptically to electrical stimulation of both ipsi- and
      contralateral vagal stimulation. The remaining ten RAR-cells located in the
      commissural nucleus and the fifteen located in the caudal portion of the medial
      subnucleus of the NTS rostral to the obex, responded to the ipsilateral vagus
      only. 4. Under control ventilatory conditions (bilateral pneumothorax, positive
      end-expiratory pressure of approx. 2 cmH2O), forty-eight of the ninety-nine RAR
      cells showed spontaneous ventilator-related activity, occurring primarily during
      ventilator-induced deflations (thirty of forty-eight). 'Reversal' of this
      ventilator-related modulation, from firing predominantly during lung deflations
      to lung inflations, and vice versa, could be induced in eleven of the RAR-cells
      by changing the lung volume or by the inhalation of ammonia vapour. 5. Modulation
      of firing in synchrony with the central respiratory rhythm was observed in the
      activity of fourteen of the ninety-nine RAR-cells. 6. Intracellular recordings
      were made from twenty-two NTS neurons caudal to the obex that received
      monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from both ipsi- and
      contralateral vagus nerves. Two were positively identified as RAR-cells. 7. It is
      concluded that the commissural nucleus of the NTS is the major location of RAR
      cells, and that the response characteristics of these neurons largely, but not
      entirely, correspond to the known properties of RARs.

PMID- 1822539
TI  - Asymmetries of oxygen uptake transients at the on- and offset of heavy exercise
      in humans.
AB  - 1. At work rates which do not result in a sustained increase in blood lactate ([L
      ]), oxygen uptake (VO2) approaches the steady state with first-order kinetics.
      However, when [L-] is increased, at least two kinetic components are required to
      characterize the VO2 response dynamics. The purpose of the present investigation
      was to determine whether these more-complex kinetics are best represented as: (a)
      two components which operate throughout the exercise or (b) a delayed slow
      component which is consequent to the lactic acidaemia and which does not
      influence the early development of the O2 deficit. 2. Six healthy subjects
      underwent an incremental ramp test on a cycle ergometer, to the limit of
      tolerance, for determination of the maximum VO2 (micro VO2) and and estimation
      [symbol: see text] of the threshold for lactic acidaemia (theta L) non
      invasively. Subjects then performed, on different days, two to four repetitions
      of square-wave exercise from a baseline of unloaded pedalling ('O' Watts (W)) to
      work rates (WR) less than theta L (90% theta L) and greater than theta L (half
      way between theta L and micro VO2). Ventilatory and pulmonary gas exchange
      variables were determined breath-by-breath. For each subject, the VO2 transitions
      were averaged prior to fitting a least-squares algorithm to the on- and off
      transient responses. 3. The less than theta L test resulted in a mono-exponential
      VO2 response, with a time constant of 31.3 and 31.5 s for the on- and off
      transients, respectively. 4. The VO2 responses to the greater than theta L test
      were fitted to three competing models: (a) a single exponential for the entire
      period; (b) a double exponential for the entire period; and (c) an initial single
      exponential with a subsequent phase of delayed onset. Model (c) yielded a
      significantly lower residual mean-squares error than methods (a) and (b), with a
      time constant for the initial component of 40.2 s for the on-transient and 32.9 s
      for the off-transient and a subsequent phase of VO2 increase for the on-transient
      which averaged 230 ml min-1. The delta VO2/delta WR for the early kinetics of the
      greater than theta L test were not different from the less than theta L test (9.6
      and 9.5 ml min-1 W-1, respectively). 5. These data suggest that the slow phase of
      the greater than theta L VO2 kinetics is a delayed-onset process. This being the
      case, the O2 deficit during heavy exercise, as conventionally estimated, would be
      overestimated.

PMID- 1822540
TI  - Halide transport in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - 1. Radioisotopes and intracellular microelectrodes were used to characterize the
      permeability of Xenopus oocytes to chloride and other halides. 2. Uptake of 36Cl
      had a half-time for equilibration of approximately 3 h, with an initial rate of
      Cl- entry corresponding to a permeability coefficient of 3.9 x 10(-7) cm/s, and
      an equilibrium uptake of 36Cl of 33 mM. 3. Replacement of bathing Na+ by K+
      depolarized the oocytes from -46 to -7 mV and stimulated influx approximately 3
      fold. 4. Influx was linearly dependent on bathing [Cl-] and was temperature
      dependent with an activation energy of 46 kJ/mol. Influx of 125I of 36Cl was not
      affected by the presence of equal concentrations of other halides or thiocyanate.
      These results are consistent with a channel-mediated entry mechanism. 5.
      Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPAC) and 9-anthracene carboxylate (9-AC), blockers
      of Cl- channels in other cells, inhibited Cl- entry with dissociation constants
      (Kds) of approximately 5 x 10(-4) and approximately 10(-3) M, respectively.
      Inhibitors of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange or Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- co-transport did not affect
      Cl- influx. 6. Attempts to lower or raise intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA or
      A23187, respectively, were also without effect on Cl- influx. 7. The halide
      selectivity sequence determined with isotopes was I- (3.2) greater than Br- (1.3)
      greater than Cl- (1.0). However, DPAC inhibited almost all of the 36Cl influx but
      only a small fraction of 125I influx. 8. Replacement of bathing Cl- by I- or Br
      resulted in hyperpolarizations, from which the same selectivity sequence was
      determined. 9. Replacement of bathing Cl- by gluconate caused a marked
      depolarization, which was inhibited by DPAC and, less potently, by 9-AC.

PMID- 1822541
TI  - Characteristics of multiple Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in acutely dissociated
      chick ciliary-ganglion neurones.
AB  - 1. Whole-cell and single-channel recordings were used to characterize Ca(2+)
      activated K+ channels (IK(Ca)) in acutely dissociated chick-ganglion neurones. 2.
      Application of depolarizing voltage steps resulted in outward currents that could
      be separated according to their dependence on external Ca2+ and/or holding
      potential. IK(Ca) was the only outward current that could be evoked from holding
      potentials of -50 mV or less. IK(Ca) was eliminated by bath application of Ca(2+)
      free salines. A voltage-dependent outward current (IK(V)) could be evoked from
      more negative holding potentials in Ca(2+)-free salines. IK(V) was only partially
      blocked by as much as 30 mM-tetraethylammonium (TEA). 3. Tail currents associated
      with IK(Ca) reversed close to the K+ equilibrium potential (EK). IK(Ca) tail
      currents appeared sigmoidal, but the falling phase of the tail currents could be
      fitted with exponential curves that decayed faster at more negative membrane
      potentials. 4. IK(Ca) was blocked completely and reversibly by 10 mM-TEA. IK(Ca)
      was substantially reduced (80-90%) by as little as 1 mM-TEA. 5. Total IK(Ca) was
      reduced but not eliminated by saturating concentrations of apamin (200 nM). This
      blockade was not reversible with up to 30 min of washing. Application of 100
      microM-d-tubocurare (dTC) also produced a partial blockade of total IK(Ca). 6.
      Whole-cell current-clamp recordings showed that IK(Ca) contributed to the late
      phases of spike repolarization and was the dominant current flowing during the
      spike after-hyperpolarization (AHP). Application of 200 nM-apamin caused a
      reduction in the duration of the AHP. This reduction was best seen when multiple
      spikes were evoked by prolonged (20-50 ms) injections of depolarizing current. 7.
      Three distinct types of IK(Ca) channels could be observed in inside-out patches
      in the presence of free Ca2+ concentrations of 2 x 10(-7) M, but not in the
      presence of free Ca2+ at concentrations of less than 10(-9) M. These had unitary
      chord conductances of 190 pS (i1), 110 pS (i2), and 45 pS (i3) with [K+]o = 150
      mM and [K+]i = 75 mM. Each of these three channels had distinct kinetic
      properties. The 45 pS channel was most sensitive to activation by Ca2+ and could
      be detected at free Ca2+ concentrations as low as 10(-8) M. 8. All three IK(Ca)
      channels could be observed in inside-out patches held at membrane potentials
      where IK(V) was fully inactivated. Application of 10 mM-TEA caused a complete
      block of IK(Ca) channels in outside-out patches.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822542
TI  - A potassium current evoked by growth hormone-releasing hormone in follicular
      oocytes of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological properties of the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH)
      receptor were studied in Xenopus oocytes with an intact follicle cell layer (i.e.
      follicular oocytes) by measuring whole-cell current using the two-electrode
      voltage-clamp method. 2. A slow transient outward current was elicited in
      oocytes, clamped at -60 mV, by the application of rat GRH but not bovine,
      porcine, or human GRH. 3. The response to GRH was not suppressed by blockers
      known to inhibit other endogenous receptors present in follicular Xenopus
      oocytes; blockers used were timolol (2 microM; beta-adrenergic blocker),
      theophylline (0.1 mM; purinergic blocker) and atropine (100 nM; muscarinic
      blocker). 4. The current response evoked by rat GRH occurred in a dose-dependent
      manner. The concentrations of GRH for threshold and maximum responses were 1 and
      100 nM respectively and the estimated EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration)
      was approximately 7 nM. The amplitude and conductance of the response became
      larger and the latency, time-to-peak and half-decay time were shortened when the
      concentration of GRH was increased. 5. The GRH response was reversibly inhibited
      by a K+ channel blocker, tetraethylammonium+ (TEA+; 20 mM). The reversal
      potential for the GRH response was around -100 mV and was compatible with the
      reported value for a K+ current in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, a depolarizing
      shift of 40 mV in the reversal potential was observed when the external K+
      concentration was increased from 2 to 10 mM, agreeing with the Nernst equation.
      In contrast, no significant shift in the reversal potential was observed by
      changing the external concentration of Na+ or Cl-. 6. The GRH response was not
      suppressed in oocytes treated with an acetoxy-methyl ester of bis-(o
      aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA/AM; 10 microM) which
      penetrates the cell membrane and chelates internal Ca2+. 7. The GRH response was
      potentiated by pre-treatment with forskolin (0.4 microM; 5 min), which stimulates
      adenylate cyclase and increases the internal concentration of adenosine 3',5'
      cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP). 8. The GRH response was not obtainable when
      follicle cells surrounding oocytes were removed mechanically with forceps or
      enzymically with collagenase (i.e. denuded oocytes). The response was also
      suppressed when gap junctions, which electrically couple follicle cells and the
      oocyte, were blocked by 1-octanol (1 mM). 9. The first amino acid is considered
      to be important for the binding of peptide ligands to their receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822544
TI  - Heterogeneity in the effects of membrane potentials on pantothenate and glucose
      uptakes by rabbit renal apical membranes.
AB  - 1. Previous studies using renal brush-border membrane vesicles have established
      that both the pantothenate and the low Km (Michaelis-Menten constant), low Vmax
      (maximal rate) D-glucose systems have a stoichiometry of 2 Na+: 1 organic
      molecule. In this study, we compared the mechanisms by which the membrane
      potential energizes pantothenate and D-glucose uptakes by brush-border membrane
      vesicles isolated from the whole cortex of rabbit kidney. 2. In the absence of
      Na+, varying the membrane potential from +60 to -60 mV decreased pantothenate
      uptake, whereas D-glucose uptake was increased in a linear manner. These results
      suggested the existence of a conductive pathway for pantothenate in these
      membranes. They also suggested that the pantothenate free carrier is
      electroneutral, while the glucose free carrier is negatively charged. 3. In the
      presence of an inwardly directed Na+ gradient, varying the membrane potential
      from +60 to -60 mV increased Na(+)-dependent pantothenate influx linearly. In
      contrast, a shift from +60 to +40 mV in the membrane potential had no influence
      on Na(+)-dependent D-glucose influx, whereas influx was a linear function of the
      membrane potential from +40 to -60 mV, indicating that there is a threshold
      membrane potential required for membrane potential-dependent D-glucose movement
      to occur. 4. Kinetic studies revealed that the effect of membrane potential on
      pantothenate uptake is through changes in the Km, while Vmax was unchanged. On
      the other hand, the membrane potential exerted its effect on D-glucose transport
      solely on the Vmax. 5. Finally, binding studies revealed that membrane potential,
      both in the presence and absence of a Na+ gradient, elicited effects on phlorizin
      binding qualitatively similar to those observed for D-glucose transport. 6.
      Implications of these findings for tubular regulation of these electrogenic
      secondary active transport systems are discussed.

PMID- 1822543
TI  - Accounting for the Ca(2+)-dependent kinetics of single large-conductance Ca(2+)
      activated K+ channels in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. The Ca(2+)-dependent kinetics of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+
      channels from cultured rat skeletal muscle were studied with the patch clamp
      technique. Data were collected in the absence of Na+ and Mg2+, which can alter
      the kinetics. About 2 x 10(5) open and shut intervals were analysed from each of
      five different excised membrane patches containing a single active channel.
      Analysis was restricted to activity in the normal mode, which includes 96% of the
      intervals. 2. The open probability (Popen) and dwell-time distributions of open
      and shut intervals were obtained at three to four different [Ca2+]i for each of
      the channels. Popen data were also obtained from some multichannel patches. 3.
      Increasing [Ca2+]i increased Popen. At a pH of 7.0 the Hill coefficient was 3.7
      +/- 0.8 (range of 3.0-5.0) and a Popen of 0.5 occurred at 14 +/- 7 microM [Ca2+]i
      (K0.5) for data obtained at +30 mV (n = 6). At a pH of 7.2 the Hill coefficient
      was 3.0 +/- 0.5 (range of 2.2-3.7) and K0.5 was 9 +/- 6 microM-Ca2+ (n = 7). The
      large standard deviations for K0.5 reflect the observation that fourfold
      differences in K0.5 could be observed for different channels studied under the
      same experimental conditions. 4. Hill coefficients that can be greater than 3
      suggest that the channel may bind four or more Ca2+ to become fully activated.
      The binding of four Ca2+ before opening would require a minimum of five shut
      states. This estimate of the minimum number of shut states is in general
      agreement with that obtained from the number of exponential components in the
      dwell-time distributions of shut intervals. Thus, two different methods give
      similar estimates of the minimum number of shut states. If the channel can open
      with different numbers of bound Ca2+, then this could give rise to the three to
      four open states suggested by the three to four exponential components in the
      open dwell-time distributions. 5. Kinetic schemes consistent with the Ca(2+)
      dependent kinetics were developed by simultaneously fitting open and shut dwell
      time distributions obtained at three to four different [Ca2+]i, using maximum
      likelihood techniques and corrections for missed events. Such simultaneous
      fitting can provide an increased ability to define models and rate
      constants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822545
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow during volitional breathing in man.
AB  - 1. Positron emission tomographic imaging of brain blood flow was used to identify
      areas of motor activation associated with volitional inspiration in six normal
      male subjects. 2. Scans were performed using intravenous infusion of H2(15)O
      during voluntary targeted breathing and positive pressure passive ventilation at
      the same level. 3. Regional increases in brain blood flow, due to active
      inspiration, were derived using a pixel by pixel comparison of images obtained
      during the voluntary and passive ventilation phases. 4. Pooling data from all
      subjects revealed statistically significant increases in blood flow bilaterally
      in the primary motor cortex (left, 5.4%; right, 4.3%), in the right pre-motor
      cortex (7.6%), in the supplementary motor area (SMA; 3.1%) and in the cerebellum
      (4.9%). 5. The site of increased neural activation in the motor cortex,
      associated with volitional inspiration, is consistent with an area which when
      stimulated, either directly during neurosurgery or transcranially with a magnetic
      stimulus, results in activation of the diaphragm. 6. The presence of additional
      sites of neural activation in the pre-motor cortex and SMA appears analogous to
      the results of studies on voluntary limb movement. The site of the increase in
      the SMA was posterior to that previously reported for arm movements. These areas
      are believed to have a role 'upstream' of the motor cortex in the planning and
      organization of movement. 7. This technique provides a means of studying the
      volitional motor control of respiratory related tasks in man.

PMID- 1822547
TI  - Crossed reflex actions from group II muscle afferents in the lumbar spinal cord
      of the anaesthetized cat.
AB  - 1. The effects of electrical activation of muscle nerves at strengths sufficient
      to activate group II afferents in contralateral hindlimb motoneurones have been
      investigated by intracellular recording from motoneurones in alpha-chloralose
      anaesthetized cats in which the spinal cord was intact or transected at a low
      thoracic level. 2. A large proportion of the motoneurones encountered could be
      influenced by activation of contralateral group II afferents. With the spinal
      cord intact, the predominant effect of contralateral group II afferents was
      inhibitory in almost all motoneurones, including extensors. After spinal
      transection the same stimuli elicited EPSPs in extensor motoneurones and IPSPs in
      flexors. 3. Both with the spinal cord intact and following spinal transection,
      group II afferents from particular nerves had powerful effects, whereas others
      were without effect in most neurones and had weak effects in others. Stimulation
      of gastrocnemius-soleus or of the hamstring nerves was largely ineffective,
      evoking weak effects in a small minority of motoneurones. Stimulation of the
      quadriceps, tibialis anterior-extensor digitorum longus and flexor digitorum
      longus nerves had powerful effects and in a high proportion of motoneurones. 4.
      The minimal latencies of the IPSPs evoked prior to spinalization were directly
      comparable to those of IPSPs evoked from ipsilateral group II afferents. The
      possibility that the mid-lumbar region, where many neurones which mediate
      ipsilateral group II reflexes are located, might mediate these crossed effects is
      discussed.

PMID- 1822546
TI  - What makes blood vessels grow?

PMID- 1822548
TI  - Water permeability of ventricular cell membrane in choroid plexus epithelium from
      Necturus maculosus.
AB  - 1. The osmotic water permeability Lp and the relations between the flows of H2O,
      K+ and Cl- were studied in the ventricular membrane of the epithelium from the
      choroid plexus of Necturus maculosus. 2. The flows were induced by abrupt changes
      in external osmolarity of the ventricular solution. Solution changes were
      convective and no effects of unstirred layers could be detected on measured
      parameters. 3. The initial rate of change in intracellular concentrations of K+
      and Cl- was monitored by double-barrelled ion-selective microelectrodes. 4. The
      initial rate of flux of H2O could be monitored as the changes in the
      concentration of intracellular choline ions (Ch+i). When 0.5 mmol l-1 of choline
      chloride was added to the external solutions, Ch+i attained values of 1-5 mmol l
      1. The dilution or concentration of Ch+i could be recorded by K+ electrodes since
      the sensitivity of these to Ch+ is more than 50 times greater than to K+. 5. The
      Lp of the ventricular membrane of the epithelium was 1.4-2.1 x 10(-4) cm s-1
      (osmol l-1)-1 and independent of the direction of the induced water flux. Lp was
      unchanged in tissues adapted to osmolarities of half the physiological value. 6.
      The efflux of H2O induced by mannitol was associated with an instantaneous efflux
      of K+ which was inhibited by furosemide. The fluxes had a ratio of 40 mmol l-1.
      The influx of H2O induced by the removal of NaCl from the ventricular solution
      was associated with an instantaneous influx of K+. The H2O influx had a ratio to
      the flux of K+ of 70 mmol l-1. 7. The efflux of H2O induced by mannitol was
      associated with an efflux of Cl- which was inhibited by furosemide. The ratio of
      the two fluxes was in the range 15-44 mmol l-1. 8. The conclusion is that the Ch+
      method gives a reliable measure of the movement of H2O across the ventricular
      membrane. The magnitude of the Lp and its relevance to transepithelial transport
      are discussed. The osmotically induced H2O movement is accompanied by furosemide
      sensitive fluxes of K+ and Cl- of the same magnitude. This suggests that co
      transport between H2O and KCl can take place in the membrane.

PMID- 1822549
TI  - Secondary active transport of water across ventricular cell membrane of choroid
      plexus epithelium of Necturus maculosus.
AB  - 1. The interaction between Cl-, K+ and H2O fluxes were studied in the ventricular
      membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium from Necturus maculosus by means of ion
      selective microelectrodes. The flux of H2O was measured by means of K+ electrodes
      as the dilution or concentration of intracellular choline ions, Ch+i. 2. In one
      series of experiments Cl- was readministered to the ventricular solution of
      tissues incubated in media with low Cl- concentrations. The resulting influx of
      Cl- was associated with an instantaneous influx of K+ and H2O. 3. Both the Cl-
      and the K+ influxes were reduced by the diuretic furosemide but were unaffected
      by inhibitors of Na+, K(+)-ATPase or changes in membrane potentials induced by
      Ba2+. Since the influx of K+ proceeds against its electrochemical gradient and is
      unaffected by changes in membrane potentials, the membrane exhibits secondary
      active, electroneutral transport of K+. 4. The influx of water, initiated
      simultaneously with the influx of K+ and Cl-, commenced before these ions had
      changed the osmolarity of the intracellular solution significantly. The influx of
      H2O could proceed against an osmotic gradient. The influx stopped when 100 mmol l
      1 of mannitol was added to the ventricular solution at the same time as the Cl-
      ions. The influx of H2O was inhibited by K+ removal, furosemide or high external
      Ba2+ (10 mmol l-1), but not by strophanthidin, ouabain or low concentrations of
      Ba2+ (0.5 mmol l-1). The influx could not continue with other permeable anions,
      NO3-, acetate- or SCN-, replacing Cl-. 5. In another series of experiments Cl-
      was removed from the ventricular solution of tissues bathed in saline solutions
      with normal concentrations of Cl-. The resulting efflux of Cl- was associated
      with an instantaneous efflux of K+ and H2O. This efflux of H2O could proceed
      against an osmotic gradient of up to 70 mosmol l-1. This effect was inhibited by
      furosemide, in which case the water fluxes were entirely dependent on the osmotic
      gradients and the osmotic water permeability Lp of the ventricular membrane. 6.
      The data suggest that there is a coupling between the flux of KCl and of water in
      the ventricular membrane, which implies that the reflection coefficient sigma for
      KCl under the given circumstances is less than one. I suggest that the ability of
      leaky epithelia to transport against osmotic gradients depends on such a
      coupling, which derives from the properties of the proteins through which K+, Cl-
      and H2O leave the cell.

PMID- 1822550
TI  - Extracellular MgATP activates the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in single rat cardiac
      cells.
AB  - 1. The effect of extracellular MgATP on cytosolic pH (pHi) was investigated in
      single rat cardiac cells loaded with the pH-sensitive probe Snarf-1. 2. Basal pHi
      in HEPES-buffered solution (containing 4.4 mM-NaHCO3) was 7.08. MgATP induced a
      transient acidification followed by an alkalinization. The latter is prevented by
      ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) and has been attributed to the activation of the
      Na+/H+ antiport. The MgATP-induced acidification reached a maximal value of 0.42
      +/- 0.03 pH units (U pH). It was concentration dependent with a K0.5 of 2.6
      microM-MgATP. This acidification was also observed with the same magnitude in the
      presence of the more physiological Krebs-bicarbonate buffer but was greatly
      reduced in nominally HCO3-free HEPES. 3. The MgATP-induced acidification was
      prevented by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS),
      probenecid and ethacrynic acid but not by bumetanide. It was dependent upon the
      external chloride concentration. The K0.5[Cl-] was 9 mM and the maximal
      acidification required 60 mM-Cl-. 4. MgATP accelerated the recovery from an
      alkalinization triggered by a pulse of NH4Cl. The nucleotide also facilitated the
      efflux of HCO3- when the cell was switched from a Krebs-bicarbonate buffer gassed
      with 5% CO2 to an HEPES buffer. 5. The acidification was only evoked by MgATP and
      its poorly hydrolysable analogues but not by the other nucleotides (ADP, GTP
      (guanosine triphosphate), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) UTP (urodine triphosphate),
      ITP (inositol triphosphate) nor by adenosine. It required the presence of Mg2+
      ions. 6. These results provide evidence that MgATP activates the Cl-/HCO3-
      exchanger and that this activation accounts for the acidification. Such an
      activation could not be related to the P1- or the P2-purinergic receptors since
      it requires triphosphate adenylic compounds and Mg2+ ions. This leads us to
      suggest the existence of a putative P3-type of purinergic receptor.

PMID- 1822551
TI  - Development of GABA-mediated, chloride-dependent inhibition in CA1 pyramidal
      neurones of immature rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - 1. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated, Cl(-)-dependent inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and GABA currents in immature rat hippocampal CA1
      neurones were studied using the whole-cell recording technique in brain slices.
      2. IPSPs evoked by electrical stimulation were observed in postnatal 2- to 5-
      (PN2-5), 8- to 13-(PN8-13) and 15- to 20-(PN15-20)day-old CA1 neurones. In the
      presence of glutamate receptor blockers 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
      (CNQX) and D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), the reversal potential for
      the IPSP (EIPSP) was near the resting membrane potential (RMP) in the PN2-5
      neurones, but 13 and 25 mV more negative than the RMP in PN8-13 and PN15-20
      neurones respectively. IPSPs and GABA currents were blocked by the GABAA-receptor
      antagonists bicuculline or picrotoxin. 3. The reversal potential for somatic GABA
      currents (EGABA) was examined in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). There was a
      strong dependence of the EGABA upon the patch pipette [Cl-] ([Cl-]p). indicating
      that the GABA currents were mediated by a Cl- conductance. In PN2-5 neurones,
      EGABA agreed with the value predicted by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation at
      given concentrations of internal and external anions permeable through GABA
      activated Cl- channels, whereas EGABA in older neurones was 8-18 mV more
      negative. 4. Examination of the relations between EGABA, holding potential, [Cl
      ]p and resting conductance indicated that the membrane of the PN2-5 neurones was
      readily permeable to Cl- which followed a passive Donnan equilibrium. Passive
      distribution of Cl- played a decreasing role in PN8-13 neurones and in PN15-20
      neurones. 5. To assess the contribution of outward Cl- co-transport, bath
      applications of high K+ or furosemide were performed. High K+ and furosemide
      caused a reversible positive shift of EGABA in PN15-20 neurones. Raising the
      temperature moved EGABA to a more negative potential, with a Q10 of 5 mV. A
      similar change of EGABA in response to high K+, but not to furosemide, was found
      in PN8-13 neurones. 6. The present data indicate the existence of GABAA-mediated
      inhibitory synaptic connections in CA1 neurones at the earliest stages of
      postnatal life. During the first postnatal week, Cl- ions are passively
      distributed and the EIPSP and EGABA are near the RMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1822552
TI  - Renovascular effects of neuropeptide-Y in the split hydronephrotic rat kidney:
      non-uniform pattern of vascular reactivity.
AB  - 1. The renovascular effects of neuropeptide-Y (NPY) were examined in the split
      hydronephrotic rat kidney. 2. Systemic infusion of low non-pressor doses of NPY
      (0.2 micrograms kg-1 up to 5.0 micrograms kg-1) produced a non-uniform pattern of
      vascular reactivity. In general, a significant constriction of the proximal and
      distal arcuate artery was seen at all doses. No constriction was seen at the
      interlobular artery or the larger part of the afferent arteriole. These segments
      initially dilated during the lower dose infusions. The very distal part of the
      afferent arteriole adjacent to the glomerulus and the proximal efferent arteriole
      responded in a similar way to the arcuate arteries. 3. NPY, locally applied into
      the tissue bath at concentrations of 1 nmol l-1 up to 25 nmol l-1, produced non
      uniform vascular reactions similar to those of intravenously infused NPY. At the
      considerably higher local dosage of 1.14 mumol l-1, all vascular segments
      revealed vasoconstriction. 4. NPY application did not attenuate effects of
      acetylcholine. This observation suggests that the mechanism of NPY-induced
      vasoconstriction does not rely upon antagonism of endothelium-derived
      vasodilatation. 5. The pattern of vascular reactivity to NPY was substantially
      different from that known for the vasoconstrictors noradrenaline and angiotensin
      II in our preparation.

PMID- 1822554
TI  - The length-response properties of cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus.
AB  - 1. In this report we have systematically examined the length-response properties
      of a large population of cells recorded in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus (dLGN). The responses of A laminae dLGN cells were assessed by the use of
      conventional single-unit extracellular recording techniques. The length
      preference of these cells was examined by plotting multihistogram length tuning
      curves to moving bars of light. Bar length was randomized in an interleaved
      fashion under computer control. The other stimulus parameters were standardized
      within the limits of those routinely used to assess the length preference of
      cortical cells. 2. The majority of cells (186/198), whose length-response
      properties are considered in detail in this report, exhibited strong centre
      surround antagonism and a mean degree of length tuning equivalent to, or
      exceeding, that seen in most cortical hypercomplex cells (71 +/- 1.18%, S.E.M., n
      = 186). 3. The values for X cells (74 +/- 1.41%, S.E.M., n = 100) and Y cells (67
      +/- 2.13%, S.E.M., n = 74) were very similar, as were those of the on-centre (71
      +/- 1.51%, S.E.M., n = 123) and off-centre (71 +/- 1.85%, S.E.M., n = 63)
      subgroups. 4. A distinct subgroup of the Y cell population was identified. These
      comprised the remaining twelve out of the 198 cells examined and their response
      properties were sufficiently distinct to merit classification as a discrete
      subpopulation of cells which we have termed nlY cells. They were characterized by
      very poor levels of both centre-surround antagonism and length tuning, and were
      most frequently encountered close to laminar borders. Their response properties
      have been described in detail elsewhere. 5. We quantitatively compared the degree
      of length tuning seen with moving bars to the strength of centre-surround
      antagonism assessed with flashing spots. The degree of length tuning did not
      necessarily follow the level of centre-surround antagonism. 6. Examination of the
      effects of unilaterally extending bar length to one or other side of the
      receptive field did not reveal the type of asymmetry frequently seen in cortical
      hypercomplex cells. 7. The high degree of length tuning seen in this study
      underlines the potential importance of geniculate response properties to the
      generation of the length-response properties of cortical hypercomplex cells. The
      findings are discussed in relation to the synaptic mechanisms contributing to the
      generation of length tuning at subcortical and cortical levels.

PMID- 1822553
TI  - Differential effect of neuropeptide-Y on membrane potential of cells in renal
      arterioles of the hydronephrotic mouse.
AB  - 1. The effects of neuropeptide-Y (NPY) on the membrane potential of vascular
      smooth muscle cells were studied in renal arterioles of hydronephrotic mouse
      kidneys. 2. Kidney vessels are only weakly coupled with length constants of less
      than 10 microns and are most probably 'multiunit' vessels. 3. The vasoconstrictor
      peptide NPY reversibly depolarizes only smooth muscle cells in arterioles at
      distances greater than 200 microns from the glomerulus, whereas no changes of the
      membrane potential can be evoked close to the glomerulus (distance less than 50
      microns). 4. The depolarizations, when present, are dose dependent. 5. Regardless
      of distance from the glomerulus cells respond uniformly to application of the
      vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.

PMID- 1822555
TI  - Intraperitoneal injections of prostaglandin E2 attenuate hyperthermia induced by
      restraint or interleukin-1 in rats.
AB  - 1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the intraperitoneal
      (I.P.), intravenous (I.V.) or intrapreoptic area (POA) injection of prostaglandin
      E2 (PGE2) on the body temperature of restrained and unrestrained rats. The effect
      of I.P. PGE2 on the body temperature of rats during fever induced by I.P.
      injection of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) was also investigated. 2. Prior to
      injection, restrained rats had body temperatures of approximately 1 degree C
      higher than unrestrained rats. The I.P. injection of PGE2 (0.05 and 0.5 mg kg-1)
      caused body temperature to fall towards the pre-restraint levels in a dose
      dependent manner. This fall in body temperature was preceded by a sharp increase
      in tail skin temperature that was also dependent on dose. The I.P. injection of
      PGE2 had no effect on the body temperature of unrestrained animals. 3. The I.V.
      injection of PGE2 caused very little change in the body temperature of restrained
      rats. However, when injected I.V. into unrestrained animals, PGE2 caused dose
      dependent fevers. The injection of PGE2 (50 ng) into the POA resulted in fever in
      both restrained and unrestrained animals. 4. The I.P. injection of IL-1 beta (10
      micrograms kg-1) caused a biphasic fever that lasted at least 420 min. The I.P.
      injection of PGE2 180 min after the injection of IL-1 beta caused a transient
      decrease in the rats' body temperature. This drop in body temperature was not
      associated with a decrease in metabolic rate. 5. These data support the
      hypothesis that during restraint stress hyperthermia and IL-1 beta fever, the
      I.P. injection of PGE2 acts peripherally to lower the body temperature of rats.

PMID- 1822556
TI  - Guanosine diphosphate activates an adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel
      in the rabbit portal vein.
AB  - 1. Properties of the pinacidil-sensitive K+ channel in the smooth muscle of the
      rabbit portal vein were investigated using cell-attached and inside- and outside
      out patch clamp techniques. 2. In the cell-attached patch configuration, a K+
      channel with a unitary conductance of 150 pS could be recorded when physiological
      salt solution (PSS) was in the pipette and high-K+ solution was in the bath.
      Tetraethylammonium (TEA; less than 1 mM) and charybdotoxin (CTX; greater than 50
      nM) inhibited the 150 pS K+ channel from the outside of the membrane. This
      channel was activated by an increase in the concentrations of intracellular Ca2+
      but not by pinacidil (less than or equal to 500 microM). 3. In the cell-attached
      patch configuration, bath application of pinacidil (greater than 3 microM)
      activated a K+ channel (ATP-sensitive K+ channel) with a unitary conductance of
      15 pS and the enhancing action of pinacidil was blocked by glibenclamide.
      However, in the cell-free patch configuration, pinacidil (100 microM) failed to
      open the 15 pS K+ channel. With pinacidil in the pipette, the 15 pS K+ channel
      was completely inactivated within 5 s of the excision of the membrane. Opening of
      the 15 pS K+ channel also disappeared after saponin treatment (50 micrograms/ml).
      4. In the cell-free patch configuration, application of guanosine 5'-diphosphate
      (GDP; greater than 100 microM) re-activated the inactivated 15 pS K+ channel only
      when pinacidil was present either in the pipette or bath. GDP increased the mean
      open time and open probability of the 15 pS K+ channel in a concentration
      dependent manner. Simultaneous application of MgCl2 (less than or equal to 1 mM)
      with GDP did not modify the GDP-induced activation. Neither GDP nor GTP (1 mM)
      had any effect on the 150 pS K+ channel. 5. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP; 1 mM)
      activated the 15 pS K+ channel to a lesser extent that did GDP. Other guanine
      nucleotides (guanosine 5'-monophosphate, GMP, 1 mM; guanosine 5'-O-(3
      thiotriphosphate), GTP gamma S, 100 microM; and guanosine 5'-O-(2
      thiodiphosphate), GDP beta S, 1 mM) failed to activate the 15 pS K+ channel.
      However, GDP beta S, but not GMP or GTP gamma S, inhibited this channel when it
      was activated by 1 mM-GDP. 6. In the presence of pinacidil, adenosine 5'
      triphosphate (ATP; greater than or equal to 10 microM) inhibited the ATP
      sensitive K+ channel when it was activated by 1 mM-GDP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 1822558
TI  - Pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit during inactivation of the interpositus
      nucleus.
AB  - 1. We have examined the role of the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIP) of the
      cerebellum in Pavlovian conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR)
      of the rabbit with the use of reversible brain lesions produced by the local
      anaesthetic lidocaine. Previous experiments have demonstrated that destructive
      lesions of the AIP prevent the performance of conditioned NMRs (CRs).
      Microinjections of lidocaine into the AIP were used in the present experiment to
      determine whether the deficit in the performance of CRs resulted from a deficit
      in learning or memory. 2. A 3-phase procedure was employed to determine whether
      associative learning required the function of the AIP. In phase 1, rabbits were
      trained to make CRs to a flashing-light conditioned stimulus (CS) that was paired
      with an air-puff unconditioned stimulus (UCS) directed at the cornea. In phase 2,
      the AIP was anaesthetized during a session of conditioning in which a tone CS was
      paired with the UCS. Presentations of the light CS were interpolated throughout
      the tone conditioning in order to monitor the degree to which CRs were impaired
      by lidocaine. Phase 3 occurred after the effects of the lidocaine had dissipated
      and consisted of a test of retention to determine whether learning occurred
      during phase 2 but could not be expressed because of a performance deficit
      resulting from the inactivation of the AIP. 3. Infusion of lidocaine into the AIP
      abolished CRs to the light CS and prevented the performance of CRs to the tone CS
      in phase 2. The effect of the infusion was specifically due to a conduction block
      of neurons and/or fibres in the lateral aspect of the AIP. The infusion of
      lidocaine into regions surrounding the AIP did not affect CRs elicited by the
      light CS or prevent acquisition of CRs to the tone. Infusions of saline directly
      into the AIP did not impair the performance of CRs to either the tone or light
      CS. Quantitative analysis of diffusion revealed that the abolition of CRs was
      accompanied by anaesthetization of the AIP. 4. The retention test in phase 3
      indicated that learning occurred normally during phase 2 when the AIP was
      inactivated and performance was abolished. When the function of the AIP was
      restored and performance had recovered, the subjects demonstrated a frequency of
      CRs to the tone CS that was indistinguishable from control subjects whose
      performance had never been impaired. 5. The CRs observed during the retention
      test provided an unequivocal measure of associative learning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822557
TI  - The effects of Na+ replacement on intracellular pH and [Ca2+] in rabbit salivary
      gland acinar cells.
AB  - 1. The role of Na(+)-dependent mechanisms in regulating the intracellular pH
      (pHi) and free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in acinar cells of the rabbit
      mandibular salivary gland was examined. The fluorescent dyes BCECF and Fura-2
      were used to measure pHi and [Ca2+]i respectively in suspensions of isolated
      acini. 2. Replacement of all the extracellular Na+ with N-methyl-D-glucamine
      (NMDG) decreased resting pHi from a control value of 7.1-7.2 to 6.8-6.9. Re
      addition of Na+ or Li+ caused a recovery of pHi towards control values. This
      recovery was blocked by 10-50 microM-ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), suggesting
      that it was mediated by Na(+)-H+ exchange. The rate of recovery of pHi when Na+
      was re-introduced increased with Na+ concentration with an apparent Km for Na+ of
      around 30 mM. 3. Replacement of all of the extracellular Na+ with Li+ caused only
      a small decrease in resting pHi. 4. Stimulation of acini with 1 microM
      acetylcholine (ACh) evoked an intracellular acidosis both under control
      conditions and when acini were bathed in Na(+)-free media. Following the acidosis
      pHi recovered in acini bathed in either control medium or Na(+)-free (Li+)
      medium, but not in acini bathed in Na(+)-free (NMDG) medium or in control medium
      containing EIPA. 5. Stimulation of acini bathed in Na(+)-free, HCO(3-)-free
      medium with ACh did not cause any change in pHi. 6. Re-addition of Na+ to acini
      bathed in Na(+)-free, HCO(3-)-free medium evoked the same rate of alkalinization
      whether or not the acini had been stimulated with ACh, suggesting that receptor
      stimulation per se did not lead to an activation of acid extrusion. 7. Resting
      [Ca2+]i was elevated in acini bathed in Na(+)-free (NMDG) medium, but not in
      acini bathed in Na(+)-free (Li+) medium. 8. ACh evoked a maintained rise in
      [Ca2+]i in acini bathed in control medium and in Na(+)-free media with either
      NMDG or Li+ as the Na+ substitute. 9. Experiments in which external Ca2+ was
      reduced to low levels (by the addition of EGTA) just prior to addition of ACh
      showed that ACh released intracellular Ca2+ stores under both control and Na(+)
      free conditions. 10. In acini bathed in Na(+)-free (NMDG) solution and stimulated
      with ACh, re-addition of either Na+ or Li+ reduced [Ca2+]i. The reduction of
      [Ca2+]i on Na+ re-addition was blocked by EIPA. [Ca2+]i could also be reduced
      under these conditions by alkalinizing the cytosol using the weak base
      trimethylamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822559
TI  - Effects of phorbol ester on contraction, intracellular pH and intracellular Ca2+
      in isolated mammalian ventricular myocytes.
AB  - 1. We have investigated the actions of certain phorbol esters on the
      intracellular pH, intracellular Ca2+ and contractility of isolated rat and guinea
      pig cardiac myocytes. Intracellular pH was measured using 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)
      5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Fura-2.
      2. Application of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (also
      called phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (TPA) (which activates protein kinase C)
      to rat cardiac myocytes significantly increased cell shortening by 116 +/- 34% (n
      = 8) (p less than 0.02). The rate of change of cell length during contraction
      (i.e. +dL/dt) increased from 67.2 +/- 8.7 microns/s to 127.7 +/- 14.1 microns/s
      (n = 7). The rate of change of cell length during relaxation (-dL/dt) increased
      from 55.8 +/- 7.4 microns/s to 118.9 +/- 12.1 microns/s (n = 7). Time to peak
      shortening was unchanged. 3. Application of 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate,
      which does not activate protein kinase C, did not affect rat myocyte
      contractility. An insignificant decrease in contractility (by 7.5 +/- 7.5%) was
      observed (n = 5). The positive inotropic effect of TPA may therefore be evoked
      through an activation of protein kinase C. 4. In rat myocytes we have measured
      the changes of pHi and contractility (cell shortening) during an alkalosis and
      acidosis induced by exposure to and subsequent removal of NH4Cl both in the
      presence and absence of TPA. Recovery times from an acid load were significantly
      (p less than 0.05) enhanced by 15.1 +/- 6.9% (n = 13) in the presence of TPA.
      Recovery times of cell shortening were also more rapid (p less than 0.05) by an
      average of 59.1 +/- 10.6% (n = 5) in the presence of TPA. Recovery times were
      unchanged in the presence of 4-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (which does not activate
      protein kinase C). 5. Since pHi recovery of an isolated myocyte from an acid load
      is partially inhibited by the presence of 1 mM-amiloride and inhibited by
      removing extracellular Na+ then it is suggested that, like pHi regulation in
      sheep heart Purkinje fibres, pHi recovery in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes is
      mainly through sarcolemmal Na(+)-H+ exchange. We suggest that in the presence of
      TPA the Na(+)-H+ exchange is stimulated. 6. The relationship between pHi and cell
      shortening is non-linear as has been observed by others in whole tissue
      preparations. The presence of TPA shifts the relationship upwards such that at
      any one pHi, cell shortening is greater.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822560
TI  - A paradox concerning ion permeation of the delayed rectifier potassium ion
      channel in squid giant axons.
AB  - 1. The fully activated current-voltage relation (I-V) of the delayed rectifier
      potassium ion channel in squid giant axons has a non-linear dependence upon the
      driving force, V-EK, as I have previously demonstrated, where V is membrane
      potential and EK is the equilibrium potential for potassium ions. 2. The non
      linearity of the I-V relation and its dependence upon external potassium ion
      concentration are both well described, phenomenologically, by the Goldman-Hodgkin
      Katz (GHK) flux equation, as I have also previously demonstrated. As illustrated
      below, this result can be modelled using the Eyring rate theory of single-file
      diffusion of ions through a channel in the low-occupancy limit of the theory. 3.
      The GHK equation analysis and the low-occupancy limit of the Eyring rate theory
      are both consistent with the independence principle for movement of ions through
      the channel, which is at odds with tracer flux ratio results from the delayed
      rectifier, published elsewhere. Those results suggest that the channel is
      multiply occupied by two, or perhaps three, ions. 4. The resolution of this
      paradox is provided by a triple-binding site, multiple-occupancy model in which
      only one vacancy, at most, is allowed in the channel. This model predicts current
      voltage relations which are consistent with the data (and with the
      phenomenological prediction of the GHK flux equation). The model is also
      consistent, approximately, with the tracer flux ratio results.

PMID- 1822561
TI  - Electrical activation and c-fos mRNA expression in rat neurosecretory neurones
      after systemic administration of cholecystokinin.
AB  - 1. The expression of c-fos mRNA in the rat hypothalamus was examined by in situ
      hybridization following systemic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK), a
      procedure known to activate magnocellular oxytocin neurons but not magnocellular
      vasopressin neurones. 2. Conscious male rats were given a single I.P. injection
      of 50 micrograms/kg CCK, c-fos mRNA signal was apparent in the supraoptic and
      paraventricular nuclei in rats killed 10 min after injection but not in
      uninjected or saline-(vehicle) injected rats. The density of c-fos mRNA at both
      sites was further elevated in rats killed 30 min or 60 min following injection,
      and was absent in rats killed 4 h after injection. 3. In the paraventricular
      nucleus the most dense expression of c-fos mRNA following CCK administration was
      in the medial, mainly parvocellular portion of the nucleus, in an area
      corresponding to the distribution of corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA
      determined by in situ hybridization in adjacent sections. 4. The I.P. injection
      of CCK increased plasma oxytocin concentrations, measured by specific
      radioimmunoassay from 13 +/- 5 pg/ml in control rats to 107 +/- 9 pg/ml in the
      rats killed 10 min after injection, a similar response to that observed
      previously in urethane-anaesthetized rats. 5. In each of six urethane
      anaesthetized rats, recordings were made from single neurones in the supraoptic
      nucleus, identified antidronomically as projecting to the posterior pituitary and
      identified electrophysiologically as putative oxytocin neurones. Following I.P.
      injection of 50 micrograms/kg CCK, the neurones increased their firing rate by a
      mean of 1.3 +/- 0.2 spikes/s averaged over the 10 min following injection. 6.
      From the appearance of c-fos mRNA in supraoptic neurones following CCK
      administration we conclude that this message is expressed in magnocellular
      oxytocin neurones, since vasopressin neuronal activity and vasopressin release is
      known to be unaffected by this stimulus, and since the supraoptic nucleus
      contains essentially only oxytocin neurones and vasopressin neurones. 7. We
      conclude that c-fos mRNA expression can be induced in supraoptic oxytocin
      neurones following brief and modest episodes of electrical activation, suggesting
      that c-fos may be involved in the gene regulation of these neurones under
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 1822562
TI  - A role for endothelin in the maintenance of post-ischaemic renal failure in the
      rat.
AB  - 1. Endothelin (ET) has been shown to reduce glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and
      renal blood flow (RBF) and may therefore be a possible mediator of the reduction
      of GFR and RBF observed in post-ischaemic acute renal failure. 2. We infused a
      specific ET antibody, i.v., for 1 h before and 1 h after a 60 min period of renal
      ischemia by clamping the renal artery, and observed the changes in renal function
      (acute clearance and long-term metabolic cage studies) compared with rats infused
      with non-immune rabbit serum. 3. In acute and long-term studies, better renal
      function, as judged by GFR and RBF was observed in rats treated with the ET
      antibody. Furthermore, ischaemic rats showed higher levels of plasma
      immunoreactive ET (7.02 +/- 1.17 pg ET (ml plasma)-1; mean +/- S.E.M.) than
      normal rats where it was undetected. 4. We previously reported that glomeruli and
      renal platelet-activating factor (PAF) production were increased after renal
      ischaemia. So, we studied the possible relationship between ET and glomeruli or
      renal PAF production in post-ischaemic acute renal failure. 5. Glomeruli from
      ischaemic rats produced greater amounts of PAF than glomeruli from normal or anti
      ET antibody-treated ischaemic rats. In addition, total renal PAF production was
      higher in ischaemic-untreated than in non-ischaemic or anti-ET-treated rats.
      Glomeruli incubated with 10(-7) M-endothelin produced much more PAF than those
      incubated in control conditions (138.4 +/- 10.5 vs. 80.2 +/- 9.4 pg PAF (mg
      protein)-1; means +/- S.E.M.; n = 10). 6. In conclusion, the present study
      suggests that endothelin plays a role in the persistent renal vasoconstriction
      that characterizes post-ischaemic acute renal failure. In addition, the observed
      increase in glomerular PAF production after renal ischaemia may be due to the
      action of endothelin.

PMID- 1822563
TI  - Role of the carotid bodies in the respiratory compensation for the metabolic
      acidosis of exercise in humans.
AB  - 1. In response to an acute exercise-induced metabolic acidosis, the fall of
      arterial pH is constrained by the magnitude of the compensatory hyperventilation.
      To determine the role of the carotid bodies in this regulatory process, subjects
      performed prolonged (24 min) square-wave cycle ergometry from a background of
      unloaded cycling at inspired oxygen fractions (FI,O2) of 0.12 O2 (high carotid
      body gain), 0.21 O2 (normal carotid body gain) and 0.80 O2 (low carotid body
      gain). The work rates were selected to provide the same exercise intensity,
      despite the different inspirates; i.e. resulting in a constant increase in
      arterial blood [lactate] (delta [L-] approximately 4 mequiv l-1. 2. Ventilatory
      and pulmonary gas exchange variables were computed breath-by-breath and arterial
      blood was sampled at intervals throughout the tests and analysed subsequently for
      [lactate], [pyruvate], arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide
      (PO2, PCO2), pH, [bicarbonate] and [potassium]. 3. Hypoxia markedly reduced, and
      hyperoxia magnified, the transient decrease in arterial pH following exercise
      onset. However, there was a slow acid-base compensatory component, even when
      carotid chemosensitivity was suppressed by hyperoxia. We therefore conclude that,
      in humans, carotid body chemosensitivity plays a dominant role in constraining
      variations of arterial pH in response to the acute metabolic acidosis of heavy
      exercise, but that secondary-presumably central chemosensory-mechanisms subserve
      a slower compensatory role.

PMID- 1822564
TI  - Differential blockage of charge movement components in frog cut twitch fibres by
      nifedipine.
AB  - 1. The effect of nifedipine on charge movement was studied in cut twitch fibres
      of Rana temporaria with a double Vaseline-gap voltage-clamp technique. The steady
      state charge-voltage (Q-V) plot, in the absence or presence of nifedipine, was
      separated into Q beta and Q gamma components by fitting with a sum of two
      Boltzmann distribution functions. 2. When a fibre was held at -90 mV, low
      concentrations (around 20 nM) of nifedipine suppressed a large fraction of Q beta
      than Q gamma. Higher concentrations of nifedipine suppressed Q gamma more
      effectively than Q beta, but even 2 microM-nifedipine did not suppress Q beta and
      Q gamma completely. Ten micromolar was required for complete suppression of Q
      gamma. Nifedipine thus suppressed Q beta and Q gamma with different dose
      dependencies. 3. When the holding potential was changed to -70 mV, some Q beta
      and Q gamma were inactivated. Low concentrations (around 20 nM) of nifedipine
      still suppressed a larger fraction of the mobile Q beta than the mobile Q gamma.
      Higher concentrations of nifedipine also suppressed Q gamma more effectively than
      Q beta, but 2 microM-nifedipine was sufficient to suppress Q gamma completely.
      Hence, at this slightly depolarized holding potential, nifedipine also suppressed
      Q beta and Q gamma with different dose dependencies. 4. A portion of Q beta
      appeared to be resistant to the action of nifedipine. At -70 mV, the blockage of
      the nifedipine-sensitive portion of Q beta appeared to saturate at 2 microM of
      the drug. At -90 mV, the nifedipine-resistant portion of Q beta was more
      difficult to identify, because the blockage of the nifedipine-sensitive portion
      of Q beta did not saturate at 2 microM. 5. Based on double-reciprocal plots for
      the dose-response relationships, the half-blocking concentration of nifedipine
      for Q beta was found to be 14-19 nM at -90 mV and less than 13 nM at -70 mV,
      whereas that for Q gamma was approximately 1.6 microM at -90 mV and 120 nM at -70
      mV. Thus, nifedipine suppressed Q gamma in a voltage-dependent manner, but its
      suppression of Q beta was much less voltage dependent. 6. It was demonstrated
      that the enhancement in the blockage of charge movement by maintained
      depolarization could not be achieved by depolarizing pulses lasting up to
      hundreds of milliseconds. 7. The difference in the half-blocking concentrations
      of nifedipine for Q beta and Q gamma implies that Q beta and Q gamma cannot be
      tightly coupled.

PMID- 1822565
TI  - Differential activation of motor units in the wrist extensor muscles during the
      tonic vibration reflex in man.
AB  - 1. Single motor unit activity was recorded in the extensor carpi radialis longus
      and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles of five healthy human subjects, using
      metal microelectrodes. 2. Motor units were characterized on the basis of their
      twitch contraction times and their force recruitment thresholds during voluntary
      imposed-ramp contractions. 3. The discharge patterns of forty-three motor units
      were studied during tonic vibration reflex elicited by prolonged (150 s) trains
      of vibration (30 Hz) applied to the distal tendons of the muscles. The temporal
      relationships between the individual small tendon taps of the vibratory stimulus
      and the motor unit impulses were analysed on dot raster displays and post
      stimulus time histograms. 4. After tendon taps, the impulses of motor units with
      long twitch contraction times (mean +/- S.D., 47.2 +/- 10.7 ms) and low
      recruitment thresholds (0.88 +/- 0.6 N) formed a single narrow peak (P1) with a
      latency (22.7 +/- 1.4 ms) which was comparable to that of the tendon jerk in the
      extensor carpi radialis muscles. These motor units were named 'P1 units'. On the
      other hand, the response of motor units with shorter twitch contraction times
      (31.1 +/- 3.3 ms) and higher recruitment thresholds (3.21 +/- 1.3 N) showed two
      peaks: a short latency (23.4 +/- 1.3 ms) P1 peak similar to the previous one and
      a P2 peak occurring 9.4 +/- 1.2 ms later. These motor units were named 'P1-P2
      units'. 5. When the reflex contraction increased slowly, the P1 peaks of 'P1-P2
      units' were clearly predominant at the beginning of the contraction, during the
      rising phase of the motor unit discharge frequency, while the P2 peaks became
      predominant when the units had reached their maximal discharge frequency. 6.
      Increasing the tendon vibration frequency (35, 55, 75, 95 Hz) did not modify the
      'P1 unit' discharge pattern. Due to interference between vibration period and
      peak latencies, increasing the vibration frequency caused the P1 and P2 peaks of
      'P1-P2 units' to overlap. 7. Superficial cutaneous stimulation of the dorsal side
      of the forearm during tendon vibration noticeably decreased the P1 peaks in both
      types of motor units. In the P2 peaks it could result in either a decrease or an
      increase but the average effect was a slight increase. 8. When applied 10 s
      before tendon vibration, cutaneous stimulation considerably suppressed the tonic
      vibration reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822566
TI  - Effects of extracellular pH, PCO2 and HCO3- on intracellular pH in isolated type
      I cells of the neonatal rat carotid body.
AB  - 1. The effects of changing PCO2 extracellular pH (pHo) and HCO3- on intracellular
      pH (pHi) were studied in isolated neonatal rat type-I carotid body cells using
      the pH-sensitive fluoroprobe, carboxy-SNARF-1. 2. Simulated respiratory acidosis
      and alkalosis (i.e. changes in PCO2 at constant HCO3-) led to rapid (half-time
      t0.5 = 3 s) monotonic changes in pHi. The relationship between pHi and pHo under
      these conditions was linear, steep (0.63 pHi/pHo) and remarkably similar to the
      response predicted from a passive cell model (i.e. a cell lacking pHi
      regulation). 3. In order to model the above pHi changes (point 2), it was
      necessary to determine beta i (intrinsic intracellular buffering power). By using
      small incremental acid loads in the cell (progressive [NH4+]o removal), beta i
      was determined as a function of pHi to be: beta i = 127.6-16.04 pHi. 4. Changes
      in PCO2 at constant pHo (i.e. simultaneously changing HCO3-) caused rapid
      transient changes in pHi but did not significantly affect steady-state pHi over
      the range 1-10% CO2. 5. When PCO2 was held constant (5%), changing HCO3- and thus
      pHo (i.e. a simulated metabolic acidosis/alkalosis) led to much slower changes in
      pHi (t0.5 approximately 1 min). Steady-state pHi showed an almost identical
      dependence on pHo (slope 0.68) to that found for simulated respiratory
      acidosis/alkalosis. Therefore, over the range of pHo, PCO2 and [HCO3-]o tested,
      steady-state pHi appeared to be a unique function of pHo and independent of PCO2
      and [HCO3-]o. 6. The effects on pHi of respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis
      and increases of PCO2 at constant pHo (present work) were compared with
      previously published work on the ability of similar manoeuvres to increase the
      carotid sinus nerve (CSN) discharge rate. The two sets of data showed several
      striking similarities: (i) in both cases, the response to a respiratory acidosis
      was rapid in onset, maintained and reversible; (ii) in both cases, the speed of
      response to a metabolic acidosis was significantly slower than in (i) but, again,
      it was maintained and reversible; (iii) in both cases, increases in PCO2 at
      constant pHo elicited a rapid response but one which was only transient with no
      change in the steady-state value. 7. The close correlation between the effects of
      changing pHo, PCO2 and [HCO3-]o on pHi and on CSN discharge suggests that a
      change in type-I cell pHi is the first step in the chemoreception of blood pH by
      the carotid body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1822567
TI  - Properties of periodontal mechanoreceptors supplying the cat's lower canine at
      short and long periods after reinnervation.
AB  - 1. The properties of periodontal mechanoreceptors innervating the lower canine
      teeth of cats have been determined 6 weeks and 1 year after sectioning the
      inferior alveolar nerve. Recordings were made from single fibres dissected from
      the nerve central to the injury site, whilst forces were applied at right angles
      to the long axis of the tooth. 2. The range of directions over which each
      mechanosensitive unit responded (are of sensitivity) was established. Forces were
      then applied in the direction of maximum sensitivity and the maximum discharge
      frequency, dynamic index, adaptation rate, and the force threshold at three rates
      of force application (0.25, 2 and 20 N s-1) were determined. 3. Data from 115
      units characterized 6 weeks after nerve section revealed a significantly reduced
      mean dynamic index and raised mean force threshold to forces applied at 2 and
      0.25 N s-1, when compared with the controls. These units were, however, more
      sensitive than those examined 12 weeks after nerve section in a previous study
      (Loescher & Robinson, 1989b). 4. Data from 158 units characterized 1 year after
      nerve section revealed a significantly narrower mean are of sensitivity, reduced
      mean maximum discharge frequency, lower mean dynamic index and raised mean
      threshold to forces applied at 0.25 N s-1, when compared with the controls. 5.
      Bone overlying the roots of the reinnervated teeth was removed in order to
      localize receptors in the underlying periodontal ligament. Forty-six units were
      localized 6 weeks after nerve section and thirty-eight 1 year after nerve
      section. The mean conduction velocity of these units was significantly reduced
      both 6 weeks and 1 year after nerve section compared to the controls. One unit
      was found which branched to innervate receptors at two locations within the
      ligament, and one unit was found which branched to innervate a receptor in the
      ligament and another in the overlying skin. 6. The higher level of sensitivity of
      receptors when first reinnervated than at later stages is attributed to their
      immaturity. This immaturity may also contribute to the paraesthesia which is
      experienced by patients at a corresponding stage in recovery from nerve injury.
      The persistent reduction in sensitivity of units 1 year after nerve injury
      suggests that changes occur which have a permanent effect on their properties.

PMID- 1822569
TI  - [Hydrophilic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: experiences with pravastatin. Munich,
      24 January 1991].

PMID- 1822568
TI  - [2nd symposium: innovative aspects of clinical medicine. Nephrology--new aspects
      in the treatment of patients with kidney disease. Heidelberg, 7-9 December 1990].

PMID- 1822571
TI  - Personality traits in white-collar offenders.

PMID- 1822570
TI  - AIDS and the physician's duty to warn (Part 2).

PMID- 1822572
TI  - Methodological issues in the study of confidentiality: a reinterpretation of
      findings.
AB  - Investigations of confidentiality management have been constrained by an
      inability to obtain direct measures of clinicians' behaviors when deciding
      whether to breach or safeguard a confidence. Some researchers have used responses
      to hypothetical case vignettes to derive approximations of how clinicians manage
      confidences entrusted to them by their patients. However, these studies have
      focused primarily on total confidentiality scores, without exploring the
      possibility that subsets of clinical cases might elicit different confidentiality
      decisions. In this investigation, reanalysis of responses to case vignettes
      obtained from 436 psychologists, psychiatrists, and internists revealed that on
      the issue of confidentiality management, these health care providers discriminate
      among cases involving: Premeditated harm to others, socially irresponsible acts
      with possible dire consequences to self or others, and minor theft. Of these
      three categories of cases, those involving social irresponsibility elicited the
      greatest disagreement among the clinician groups studied.

PMID- 1822574
TI  - The registration and control of medicines in South Africa: legal issues.
AB  - In the provision of health care medicines occupy a central position, both at
      primary and more advanced levels. Sound medicines have the capability to control
      and prevent common diseases, and to alleviate suffering. People's confidence in
      the health services that are provided by the state and by the private sector (as
      the case may be) is influenced by their knowledge that the medicines that they
      receive are of good quality and proven efficacy and safety, and that they are
      continuously available at reasonable cost. A sound national policy for the
      provision of safe and cost-effective medicines needs to be based on several
      elements. The most important are: A sound pharmaceutical industry that is able to
      function in an atmosphere of confidence, with the knowledge that its efforts in
      support of the public health are understood and respected; and a drug regulatory
      authority that is trusted for its expertise, independence and integrity. This is
      as true for a country such as South Africa as it is for a fully industrialised
      country such as the United States. The regulation and control of medicines in
      South Africa falls under the aegis of the Medicines Control Council, a statutory
      body established in accordance with the Medicines and Related Substances Act. In
      terms of the Act, the council has the mandate to ensure that the medicines
      available to the South African public are safe, effective, and of high quality,
      and that their availability is in the public interest. In considering this, the
      council may take into account only the scientific data available.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822575
TI  - In-vitro fertilization and embryo research: the necessity of statutory
      regulations.

PMID- 1822576
TI  - Res ipsa loquitur in Canadian medical malpractice cases 1975-1988.
AB  - There is a perception in some quarters that courts too often, in the interest of
      compensating victims, find the medical profession at fault for 'failed medical
      care' which does not amount to negligence. If this were true, judges would likely
      make liberal use of the evidentiary rules res ipsa loquitur. However, a study of
      Canadian medical malpractice cases from 1975 to 1988 indicates that this is not
      the case and that judges on the contrary reject such a liberal use of the rule.
      Res ipsa loquitur was pleaded in only 37 of 142 cases, it was applied in only 14
      of these cases, and the defendant was found liable in only ten of the cases in
      which it was applied. Furthermore, there is little evidence in these cases that
      judges are as a matter of policy trying to find legal rules to justify
      compensating more victims of medical misadventure, regardless of fault. On the
      contrary, judges not infrequently express sympathy for the plaintiff but
      nevertheless find for the defendant.

PMID- 1822577
TI  - Curing America's health care system.
AB  - America's health care system is characterized by unacceptably high cost,
      inequity, and insufficient technology assessment. Cost containment has failed in
      part because of misunderstanding of the nature of the health care system.
      Inadequate technology assessment and the malpractice crisis have also contributed
      to the rise in health care costs. Explicit, systematic rationing of health care
      services is one way to radically alter the existing system; the instituting of
      some type of national health program is another. Less drastic measures include
      systematic technology assessment; growing emphasis on group medical practice;
      more preventive services; and malpractice reform, including exploration of no
      fault legislation and an expanded federal role.

PMID- 1822573
TI  - The management of confidentiality in Egypt.
AB  - Patient confidentiality is an important issue for treating clinician regardless
      of the cultural background. Though cultural and religious issues may have an
      impact on the confidentiality standards. This article discusses the
      confidentiality standards in Egypt citing the laws and ethical codes governing
      them. This is followed by a research study in which a questionnaire containing
      ten vignettes representing different common themes confronted by the practicing
      clinician was completed by forty-one Egyptian psychiatrists. They checked off
      categories representing alternatives they might choose dealing with the themes.
      Each respondent received a score. The scores were compared with those of American
      and Israeli psychiatrists who participated in a similar study. There were no
      statistically significant differences though Egyptian and Israeli psychiatrists
      appear to be somewhat more inclined to break confidentiality. However,
      significant differences were found to exist for some of the vignettes between the
      three groups.

PMID- 1822579
TI  - Alcohol and driving.

PMID- 1822578
TI  - Child sexual abuse--the Cleveland experience.
AB  - This article discusses the notorious Cleveland child sexual abuse programme. The
      inherent defects in and adverse consequences of the programme are highlighted,
      and the lessons to be learned from it spelled out.

PMID- 1822580
TI  - The response of evidential breath alcohol testing instruments with subjects
      exposed to organic solvents and gases. I. Toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and
      butane.
AB  - Experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the potential interference
      of toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and butane with the evidential breath alcohol
      testing instruments used in Great Britain (Lion Intoximeter 3000 and Camic Breath
      Analyser). Volunteers inhaled the volatile substances in an exposure chamber for
      up to 4 hours, at concentrations of 100, 350 and 600ppm respectively.
      Subsequently breath was tested on leaving the chamber. No interference was
      observed with the breath alcohol instruments when the subjects were exposed to
      toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. A short-term response immediately after
      exposure was observed for subjects exposed to butane. Further analytical work
      involving blood and breath samples demonstrated that all three volatile
      substances were absorbed during exposure and were detectable in blood for at
      least 3 hours post-exposure. Their elimination post-exposure followed an
      exponential decay.

PMID- 1822582
TI  - The response of evidential breath alcohol testing instruments with subjects
      exposed to organic solvents and gases. III. White spirit exposure during domestic
      painting.
AB  - The concentration of white spirit vapour in the breathing zone of a volunteer
      engaged in domestic painting activities has been investigated. Air was
      continuously sampled and analysed using an infra-red gas analyser (Miran) during
      painting experiments. Both indoor and outdoor painting tasks were undertaken
      using commercial paints in a wide variety of situations. For each task the time
      weighted average (TWA) exposure has been determined. In no case did the TWA
      exposure exceed the Occupational Exposure Limit-Long Term Exposure Limit (OEL
      LTEL) of 100 ppm. The results have been used to discuss the significance of
      previous studies in which volunteers were exposed to white spirit vapour in an
      exposure chamber to test for possible interference in breath alcohol testing.

PMID- 1822581
TI  - The response of evidential breath alcohol testing instruments with subjects
      exposed to organic solvents and gases. II. White spirit and nonane.
AB  - Following exposure to white spirit vapour, the effect of the expired solvent on
      evidential breath alcohol equipment was investigated under controlled exposure
      chamber conditions and in a simulated painting exercise. Five volunteers inhaled
      the solvent in an exposure chamber at a concentration of 100ppm for periods up to
      4h 17min. Two other volunteers were exposed to white spirit while painting with
      domestic gloss paint in an unventilated room under which conditions exposure
      concentrations reached 185ppm for 20min. Following all white spirit exposures,
      volunteers underwent breath tests with the Lion Intoximeter 3000. In all
      instances the apparent alcohol responses were very small and never exceeded a
      reading of 1 microgram/100ml for breath samples more than 10min post-exposure.
      Simultaneous analytical work was conducted to demonstrate that white spirit was
      absorbed during exposure and was present in the breath and blood after the
      volunteers had left the exposure atmospheres. A further study involved the
      exposure of a volunteer to nonane vapour at 100ppm, demonstrating that this
      compound, being one of the principal components of white spirit, appears to be a
      good model for studying the uptake and elimination of white spirit.

PMID- 1822583
TI  - Study into the ability of patients with impaired lung function to use breath
      alcohol testing devices.
AB  - A subject who fails to provide an adequate breath sample for a breath alcohol
      measuring device under the provisions of Road Traffic Act 1988 may be charged
      with refusing to supply a sample unless the police officer believes the person is
      genuinely unable to do so. Subjects who are confronted with this situation may
      approach their general practitioner or chest physician for advice on whether they
      are medically able to provide adequate breath samples to satisfy the breath
      testing devices. There is currently no guidance available for medical
      practitioners concerning respiratory performance or lung function which will
      impair the use of such breath testing devices. This paper describes experiments
      with human volunteers suffering from respiratory illnesses and their ability to
      provide adequate breath samples to satisfy the requirements of the breath alcohol
      testing devices used in Great Britain. It was found that the most suitable
      parameters for determining whether a subject was capable of using a breath
      alcohol testing device were spirometry measurements of Forced Expired Volume in
      one second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). In this study subjects with a
      FEV1 less than 2.0 litres and a FVC less than 2.6 litres were generally unable to
      use all the devices.

PMID- 1822584
TI  - The effect of salbutamol on breath alcohol testing in asthmatics.
AB  - Subjects suffering from asthma can occasionally experience difficulty in
      providing adequate breath samples for evidential breath alcohol testing devices
      and may therefore resort to the use of bronchodilators such as salbutamol to
      improve their respiration. Experiments showed that although salbutamol caused
      bronchodilation it did not affect breath alcohol levels of asthmatics who have
      been drinking. The blood:breath alcohol ratios obtained from asthmatics were
      within the normally recorded range before and after use of salbutamol. We
      conclude that the use of salbutamol by asthmatics does not affect the reliability
      of measurements made by evidential breath alcohol testing devices.

PMID- 1822585
TI  - Top ten defence challenges among drinking drivers in Sweden.
AB  - This paper gives a review and opinion about defence challenges arising during the
      prosecution of drinking drivers in Sweden. The statutory limit of blood-alcohol
      concentration (BAC) is two-tiered; 0.2 mg/g (21 mg/100 ml) and 1.5 mg/g (159
      mg/100 ml). In rank order of occurrence, the top ten defence challenges are shown
      in Table I. The hip-flask defence occurs in more than 90% of all challenges.
      Because the burden of proof in Swedish law rests on the prosecution, the charge
      of driving under the influence of alcohol is often dropped when alleged drinking
      after the offence is an issue.

PMID- 1822586
TI  - Duplicate breath alcohol analysis: some further parameters for evaluation.
AB  - An individual exhaling into a breath alcohol instrument produces a breath alcohol
      concentration (BrAC) profile which is a continuous function of time.
      Microprocessor based breath alcohol instruments provide the capability to collect
      and store the BrAC profile data in discrete format. The present study collected
      duplicate BrAC profile data arrays on 11 field tested subjects and 16
      experimentally tested subjects. The field subjects provided duplicate breath
      samples under normal field conditions. The experimental group provided one sample
      following normal breathing and one following breath holding. Each profile was
      subjected to ten different mathematical procedures. The duplicate results were
      then evaluated by a t-test for paired data. The experimental group showed
      statistical significance (P less than 0.01) for all but one mathematical
      parameter evaluated. The field group showed no statistical significance on any of
      the mathematical parameters. The results showed that BrAC profiles can be
      evaluated in a variety of ways and provide an index for detecting differences in
      breathing pattern prior to breath exhalation. The field data showed remarkable
      reproducibility by all mathematical indices. The results have forensic as well as
      physiological implications.

PMID- 1822587
TI  - Forensic aspects of 'crack' abuse.
AB  - Two cases of paranoid psychoses resulting from 'Crack' abuse are described. In
      each case the content of the delusions led to violence. These cases were referred
      to forensic psychiatric services for assessment, without prior contact with
      services for drug abusers. The importance of eliciting a full drug history in
      assessment of violent offenders is emphasized.

PMID- 1822588
TI  - Injuries due to violent crimes: a study of police reported assaults during 1979,
      1982 and 1985 in a police district of a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden.
AB  - The study is based on a sample of 249 violent crimes reported to the police in
      Huddinge during 1979, 1982 and 1985. Throughout the period it was found that the
      violence increased not only in number but also in seriousness. Most of the cases
      took place during weekends and in the evenings. Different accommodations were the
      most common scene of the crime. The majority of victims and offenders were men.
      Many were foreign citizens. Three-quarters of the victims had some kind of
      injury, mostly haematomata and swellings. The left side of the face was the
      anatomical region mostly hit.

PMID- 1822589
TI  - Munchausen AIDS in a bomb hoaxer.

PMID- 1822590
TI  - Fatal penetrating orbital injuries.
AB  - Three cases of penetrating orbital injuries are described, in two of which
      cavernous sinus thrombosis developed. The precautions necessary in cases of
      penetrating orbital injuries are discussed.

PMID- 1822591
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder: a British perspective.

PMID- 1822592
TI  - [Repeated use of hemodialysis equipment in the same patient].
AB  - The authors submit the development of research on multiple use of dialyzers and
      the present state of the capillary dialysers reuse procedure. At present
      automated reuse machines are used that utilise ++de-ionized rinsing water or
      reverse ultrafiltration with or without 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite, or
      3% solution of hydrogen peroxide. Generally, the sterilisation employs 1-2%
      formaldehyde and Renalin (stabilised solution of peracetic and acetic acids and
      hydrogen peroxide); more seldom--5% solution of acetic acid and glutaraldehyde.
      The pre-rinsing procedure of dialysers could also be performed with these
      solutions, except formaldehyde. The authors present advantages and disadvantages
      of every rinsing and sterilising solutions, which are used at present. The
      protein coat on the dialyzer is removed effectively only with sodium
      hypochlorite. On the other hand, formaldehyde and Renalin are the most effective
      sterilising solutions. However, formaldehyde could provide the development of
      anti-N-like antibodies, and allergic-toxic reactions in some patients. Another
      problem is a negative effect of formaldehyde on the staff. Renalin's drawbacks
      are its photosensitivity, a corrosive character and high cost. Multiple use of
      reprocessed dialyzers in the same patient decreases the cost of haemodialysis by
      even 70%, not effecting the survival rate. Also it is of considerable medical
      advantage, i.e. decreases the rate of first use syndrome and improves
      biocompatibility at subsequent uses of the dialyzers. The decrease of elimination
      effectiveness is, generally, scarcely noticed, statistically irrelevant and of no
      essential clinical significance.

PMID- 1822593
TI  - [New principles of using biodegradable implants in the treatment of fractures].
AB  - So far the operative treatment of bone fractures has resolved itself to
      immobilisation and bone fragment joining with the help of metal implants such as
      nails, screws, plates and wires. Once the bone had healed, they had to be
      removed. This action bears some risk, e.g. extremity disfunction, wound
      infection. This requires re-hospitalization and increases social cost of the
      treatment. These reasons gave rise to research on new, biodegradable materials.
      One of them is "Biofix" manufactures as threads or nails, employed when
      immobilising bone fragments. Application of "Biofix" allows early rehabilitation.
      In 200 cases we utilized "Biofix" reinforced with a wire loop, which brought
      about positive results. In isolated cases there occurred inflammation of the
      tissues that surrounded the implant during its biodegradation. The surrounded
      tissues exhibited an acid reaction of pH 3-4. The biodegradable material "Biofix"
      is sensitive to torsion, which hinders making screws of it, hence the method of
      using it for nails, wire and thread. This issue is dealt with the Kampere
      Technical University.

PMID- 1822594
TI  - [Interaction between blood and dialysis membrane].
AB  - During contact between blood and dialysis membrane after the first 20-30 minutes
      of haemodialysis there occur the complement activation, ++intra-dialysis
      thrombocytopenia and leucopenia, especially neutropenia following their
      degranulation, which results in liberation of a number of proteases and
      inflammatory reaction mediators and an increased production of active oxygen
      compounds and peroxide radicals. This is followed by the appearance of
      thrombocyte-leucocyte aggregates and a decrease of ++intra-dialysis lung
      diffusion capacity. The clinical consequences of the blood-dialysis membrane
      interaction exhibit an increased permeability of pulmonic capillaries, pulmonic
      hypertension and hypoxemia, which might bring about vasogenic respiratory
      distress syndrome. The remote consequence is dialytic amyloidosis that follows
      increased generation and accumulation of beta 2-microglobulin. All of the above
      disturbances occur with cuprophan membranes more significantly that with other
      dialysis membranes. The blood--dialysis membrane interaction also incorporates
      the anaphylactic reactions, in some cases occurring when the new dialyzers are
      used, due to hypersensitivity to ethylene oxide used in sterilisation and the
      changes due to tissular accumulation of plastieizers rinsed out of the
      biomaterials during haemodialysis.

PMID- 1822595
TI  - Effects of tissue glues on electrical activity in isolated nerve.
AB  - The effect of tissue glues--Tissucol and Histoacryl--on the action potentials in
      isolated frog nerve was studied by means of a single gap arrangement. Tissucol
      injected into the gap increased the action potential amplitude, whereas
      Histoacryl abolished the electrical activity. This glue-gap method can be applied
      in tests with new tissue glues.

PMID- 1822597
TI  - [Endoprostheses of the hip joint with plastic elements].
AB  - Presented are new constructions of hip joint endoprostheses, where the range of
      application of plastics was made broader, notably: full-range endoprosthesis with
      joining element made of plastic, and partial endoprosthesis with plastic head. We
      also describe the construction of an endoprosthesis with conical pin, meant for
      cementless implantation.

PMID- 1822596
TI  - [Evaluation of vascular prostheses made of carbon fiber].
AB  - The whole work was aimed at experimental estimation of the healing process in
      case of carbon fibre vascular prostheses implanted into the abdominal aorta of a
      dog. The tests applied to carbon fibre woven prostheses made in the USSR. All
      metrological and chemical tests were performed at the Knitting Industry Main
      Centre for Research and Development "Tricomed" in Lodz. Experimental examinations
      were performed on 12 dogs. Prostheses were implanted into dog's abdominal aorta
      "end to the end" with the help of threads type Mersilen 4-0 or Prolen 4-0. The
      dogs were observed for 53 to 121 days, i.e. their behaviour, condition of the
      postoperative wound and presence of pulse in the femoral arteries were taken into
      consideration. Upon the completion of the observation autopsy was performed. Thus
      obtained material was fixed in 9% formalin and next various dyeing methods were
      applied to it. During examination in autopsy no inflammatory reactions in the
      tissues adjacent to implanted prostheses were discovered. In each case there was
      a continuous and firm adhesion of prosthesis and neighbouring inferior caval
      vein. A newly developed so called "neoadventitia" in the lumen of the prostheses
      constituted a solid and uniform film covering the wall of the prosthesis.
      Haematoma in the nearabout of the prosthesis was found in two cases only. Close
      to anastomosis ordinary clusters of lymphocytes and numerous fibroblasts as well
      as collagen fibre between prosthesis plexus were discovered. On the basis of the
      examinations performed a conclusion could be drawn, i.e. the process of healing
      was followed by regular structure of new aorta walls together with well developed
      flexible and springy fibre and neglidgeble immunological reactions.

PMID- 1822598
TI  - [Dose limits for local anesthetics. Recommendations based on toxicologic and
      pharmacokinetic data].
AB  - Since Heinrich Braun added adrenaline to cocaine (and later also to procaine) in
      1903 to allow clinical use of this local anesthetic, "limiting dosages" for local
      anesthetics have been "recommended" with no reference to the technique of
      administration, on the assumption that adrenaline will lower the toxicity of the
      local anesthetic used. However, the limiting dosages determined up to now do not
      take account of important pharmacokinetic and toxicological data: (1) The
      dependence of blood levels measured on the technique of regional anesthesia and
      (2) the raised toxicity of a local anesthetic solution containing adrenaline
      following inadvertent intravascular (intravenous) injection. A maximum dose
      recommendation that differs according to the technique of local anesthesia is
      suggested for (A) subcutaneous injection, (B) injection in regions of high
      absorption, (C) single injection (perineural, e.g. plexus), (D) protracted
      injection (catheter, combined techniques), (E) injection into vasoactive regions
      (near to the spinal cord, spinal, epidural, sympathetic). This sequential
      categorization also underscores the need for selection of appropriate techniques
      as well as for concomitant monitoring referred to the technique of administration
      and to the expected and the possible plasma level curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822599
TI  - [Continuous spinal anesthesia versus continuous epidural anesthesia in surgery of
      the lower extremities. A prospective randomized study].
AB  - Continuous epidural anesthesia (CEA) is generally accepted as a routine method of
      regional anesthesia while there has been only limited application of continuous
      spinal anesthesia (CSA), due mainly to a lack of adequate spinal catheters. With
      the introduction of a new, ultra-thin spinal catheter (32 G) inserted via a thin
      puncture needle, some of the complications reported after CSA can be eliminated.
      We studied CSA versus CEA in lower-extremity operations. METHODS. We evaluated 33
      patients in a prospective, randomized study. All were comparable with respect to
      age, anesthetic risk (ASA II-III), and pre-existing diseases. The only exclusion
      criterium was the presence of a coagulation disturbance. The CSA group consisted
      of 17 patients (mean age 75.5 +/- 0.1 year); 26 G puncture needle and 32 G
      catheter were used. The CEA group consisted of 16 patients (mean age 73.8 +/-
      11.0 years); an 18 G puncture needle and 22 G epidural catheter with a stylet
      were inserted with the loss-of-resistance technique. Both catheters were placed
      with the patient in a sitting position and left in place for 24 h in order to
      administer local anesthetics (LA) for postoperative analgesia as required.
      Hemodynamic parameters-mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)-were
      compared in each group at 5-min intervals for 30 min after administration of
      local anesthetic and at 10-min intervals during the operation. Additionally, the
      ECG, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, diuresis, and blood gases were monitored.
      After placement of the catheter, patients in the CSA group received 1.9 ml (+/-
      0.2) bupivacaine HCl 0.5%. Patients in the CEA group received 12.6 ml (+/- 2.5)
      bupivacaine HCl 0.5%. For statistical evaluation of the data we used mean values,
      standard deviation (+/-), the Kruscal-Wallis procedure, and Student's t-test for
      unpaired data. P less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS. The mAPs in
      the CSA group generally remained lower than those of the CEA group. However, over
      the course of the operation as well as after repeated injections, the difference
      between the two groups decreased. Only at 5 min after administration of the
      initial dose was a statistically significant difference in blood pressures
      between the two groups observed. A clinically relevant, rapid decrease in blood
      pressure due to relatively high doses of LA was seen in 1 case in each group. The
      first reinjection of LA after the initial dose was after 1.9 h in the CSA group
      (bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 1 +/- 0.3 ml) and after 1.8 h in the CEA group (bupivacaine
      HCl 0.5% 4.5 +/- 1 ml). The total dose of bupivacaine in the CSA group was 0.18
      ml/kg per hour versus 0.8 ml/kg in the CEA group. No post-dural puncture headache
      was observed in the CSA group. DISCUSSION. The catheter designed for CSA is easy
      to use, although because of its small diameter a certain manual dexterity is
      required. In addition, CSA resulted in a more rapid onset of action and more
      pronounced sensorimotor blockade than did CEA. Hemodynamic alterations and side
      effects were comparably low in both groups.

PMID- 1822600
TI  - [Paraplegia following removal of an epidural catheter].
AB  - Acute paraplegia caused by an epidural hematoma developed in a patient following
      the removal of an epidural catheter. This catheter had been used for 3 days for
      postoperative pain relief with no apparent complications. Heparin (10,000
      units/day) had been infused for thrombosis prophylaxis and was associated with a
      normal activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for the first two
      postoperative days. However, test results from blood drawn prior to catheter
      removal revealed, in retrospect, an unexpected prolongation of the aPTT (75 s)
      and PT (56%, Quick's method). An epidural hematoma extending from T12 to L4 was
      evacuated during emergency laminectomy and neurologic deficits resolved
      completely over the next days. Thus, the removal of an epidural catheter has the
      potential for inducing formation of an epidural hematoma. Accordingly, it may be
      safest to leave epidural catheters in place if test results demonstrate a
      bleeding diathesis or if a potential for bleeding is suspected on clinical
      grounds.

PMID- 1822601
TI  - [Hearing disorders following spinal anesthesia].
AB  - In the few case reports of hearing loss following spinal anesthesia, complete
      recovery of the hearing impairment has always been described. In nine cases with
      hearing loss following not only spinal anesthesia but also myelography and dural
      puncture, the hearing of three patients did not recover or only partly returned.
      Two cases went to court for malpractice. Their suits could be dismissed because
      it appears likely that this rare complication arises only in persons with a
      wholly or partially unobliterated aquaeductus cochleae due to loss of
      perilymphatic fluid into the cerebrospinal space. Hearing loss was seen in eight
      of nine patients in lower frequencies around 30-40 dB. In six patients there was
      impairment on both sides. Recovery of normal hearing occurred in six of the nine
      patients. Transient hearing loss may occur more often than is generally assumed,
      and the symptom may remain unnoticed when a severe post-dural puncture syndrome
      with headache, dizziness, and nausea dominates the attention of the patient. Not
      all cases of hearing loss proved to be fully reversible, but the individual risk
      for this complication is not predictable. The use of fine-gauge needles may
      reduce the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the dural puncture and thus
      lower the incidence.

PMID- 1822602
TI  - [Swiss Society for Pediatrics. Swiss Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
      Joint Annual Meeting. Lugano, 13-15 June 1991. Abstracts].

PMID- 1822603
TI  - [EURO-PACE 91. Lausanne, May 16-17, 1991. Abstracts].

PMID- 1822604
TI  - Contribution of contrast media and technical factors to the safety of invasive
      procedures.

PMID- 1822605
TI  - Methods for assessing activation of coagulation by contrast materials or
      catheters.

PMID- 1822606
TI  - Contrast media and fibrin formation: interpretation and implications.

PMID- 1822607
TI  - The effect of radiological contrast media in animal models of experimental
      thrombosis.

PMID- 1822608
TI  - Contrast and clot: the cardiologist's perspective.

PMID- 1822609
TI  - Embolic problems in angiography.
AB  - All contrast agents, including the non-ionic variety, are anticoagulant and have
      antiplatelet effects. There is absolutely no evidence from any source, in vitro
      or in vivo, that non-ionic contrast agents have any "prothrombotic" or
      "procoagulant" or "thrombogenic" potential, as has been suggested in some
      quarters. They simply have a lesser anticoagulant effect than do the ionic agents
      old or new, which is entirely predictable and in line with their generally
      greater inertness and biocompatibility. Although there may still be scope for
      greater understanding of structure-toxicity relationships in contrast agent
      design, currently it is believed that it would be impossible to restore a
      stronger anticoagulant effect to a non-ionic contrast agent without
      simultaneously restoring other aspects of toxicity. The angiographer who calls
      for more anticoagulant contrast agents is calling for more toxic contrast agents.
      It has been our clinical experience, and that of many others throughout Europe,
      that there has been no increase in clinically apparent thromboembolic phenomena
      since the introduction of non-ionic agents. Furthermore, it has been our
      experimental experience that, although contrast agents of all kinds play a role
      (inhibitory) in thromboembolism, the role of other materials used by the
      angiographer are of greater importance. Thus, the materials of and, indeed, the
      method of preparation of, the catheters and guidewires used has a great bearing
      on the phenomenon. Heparinization of the patient should surely be beneficial in
      some cases, but there is, surprisingly, no firm consensus or data on this and the
      individual requirements of patients vary, necessitating some method of monitoring
      and control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822610
TI  - Catheter coatings, blood flow, and biocompatibility.
AB  - Thrombus forms on catheters and other indwelling synthetic materials. Systemic
      heparin infusion decreases, but does not eliminate thrombus formation. The day is
      approaching when systemic heparinization may no longer be indicated to suppress
      catheter thrombogenesis. Passivation of catheters by heparin immobilization is
      not yet perfected, but progress is being made. A clearer picture is emerging of
      the factors that influence the activation of host defenses at foreign surfaces.
      As this occurs, new materials and surface finishes that take advantage of
      specific steps in the blood-foreign material interaction are being developed.
      Surfaces that either inhibit general protein adsorption or promote albumin
      adsorption appear to possess substantially improved biocompatibility.

PMID- 1822612
TI  - Platelet adhesion/aggregation and endothelial cell function in flowing blood:
      effects of contrast media.

PMID- 1822613
TI  - Present state of contrast media as related to thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 1822615
TI  - Provisional guidelines for the evaluation of contrast media with respect to
      clotting, fibrinolysis, and platelet function.

PMID- 1822611
TI  - Contrast media-related thromboembolic risks: effects of blood mixed with contrast
      media in contact with angiographic catheters.

PMID- 1822614
TI  - Present state of contrast media as related to thromboembolic complications.
      Future directions.

PMID- 1822616
TI  - [Fractures of the facial skeleton].
AB  - In 1979-1988 at the Stomatological Clinic in Plzen 522 injuries of the
      maxillofacial area were treated, 79.9% men and 20.1% women. The highest frequency
      of injuries was recorded in August and September. 32.4% of the casualties were
      people in the thirds decade of life. Fractures of the lower jaw were more
      frequent than fractures in the middle third of the face (1.9:1). Multiple
      injuries were diagnosed in 27.8% patients. As compared with the period of 1960
      1964, there was an increase of criminal injuries and a marked decline of
      occupational injuries. Traffic injuries remain the most frequent cause of
      injuries of the facial skeleton, closely followed by criminal injuries.

PMID- 1822617
TI  - [Surgical stabilization of injuries of the malleolar fork].
AB  - The author describes the technique of tibiofibular hemicerclage by a double loop
      of the binding wire which is a modification of Mlcoch's method. It achieves
      complete stability of the damaged malleolar fork in dislocating injuries of the
      upper talus without the necessity of additional fixation. It makes early
      rehabilitation of the complete extent of associated movements of the talus
      possible; contrary to clamps the dynamics of the lower tibiofibular joint are
      accepted. On actual examples the author demonstrates the firmness of the bond. He
      gives also an outline of the somewhat non-standard method of comprehensive
      therapeutic care. The method was tested in 61 patients in the course of 11 years.

PMID- 1822618
TI  - [Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy].
AB  - The author analyzes some causes preventing the development of reconstruction of
      the breast after mastectomy, mentions the reasons for reconstruction and reflects
      on contraindications of this operation. He demonstrates a case of bilateral
      reconstruction of the breasts by means of a TRAM flap.

PMID- 1822619
TI  - [Rare causes of pyloric stenosis].
AB  - In the introduction the author deals with the genesis, symptoms and treatment of
      pylorostenosis. He presents then several interesting cases from his 30 years'
      surgical material which had an uncommon pathogenesis. The latter was congenital,
      several times inflammatory, traumatic, lithogenic and tumorous. Consistent with
      data in the literature, he recommends early surgical treatment of benign gastric
      lesions as well as optimal prevention of severe complications.

PMID- 1822620
TI  - [Perforation of the jejunum by an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta].
AB  - The author describes the case of a 64-year-old patient who had three attacks of
      haemorrhage into the upper portion of the digestive tract which were initially
      erroneously ascribed to post-medicamentous changes of the gastric and duodenal
      mucosa. The third massive haemorrhage into the GIT called for an urgent revision
      of the abdomen which revealed an infrarenal aneurysm of the abdominal aorta which
      perforated into the first jejunal loop. The operation and first four days after
      operation were free from complications, then however the patient died suddenly.
      The cause of death was a third relapse of a myocardial infarction in the course
      of one year. The rare incidence of this complication of an aneurysm of the
      abdominal aorta and the fact that the patient survived three attacks of
      haemorrhage made the author present this paper.

PMID- 1822621
TI  - [Anatomic correction of a double outlet right ventricle using the Taussig-Bing
      arterial switch].
AB  - Four children with double outlet right ventricle type Taussig-Bing were operated
      in 1988-1990 by anatomical correction-arterial switch. Primary correction of the
      defect was performed in one infant at the age of three months. Three children had
      a previous palliative operation (banding of the pulmonary artery, resection of
      coarctation of the aorta and ductus arteriosus). Anatomical correction of the
      defect was performed in a second stage at the age of 14, 15 and 19 months. One
      child died from Gram-negative septicaemia on the 8th day after operation. Three
      children are completely free from complaints and develop normally. The authors
      discuss some technical aspects of the arterial switch operation in infants with
      double outlet right ventricle.

PMID- 1822623
TI  - [Hemothorax as a complication of thoracotomy].
AB  - In 1969 to 1989 in the Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory
      Diseases in Prague a total of 3583 thoracotomies were performed. Of these during
      the postoperative period 29 patients were re-operated on account of continuing
      haemorrhage into the pleural cavity. This is approximately 0.8% of all
      thoracotomies. Sixteen patients had to be re-operated within 12 hours after
      operation, 12 patients were re-operated later than 12 hours after operation but
      within 24 hours, one patient was re-operated later than 24 hours after operation.
      The cause of haemothorax was in the first place capillary haemorrhage from a
      lacerated pleura, in the second place haemorrhage from a severe intercostal
      artery at the very site of the thoracotomy. Other causes of haemorrhage such as
      haemorrhage from the bronchial artery and its branches are not frequent. None of
      the patients had to be re-operated on account of haemorrhage from the major
      arteries of the pulmonary hilus. Administration of small doses of heparin before
      and after operation did not influence the number of re-operations on account of
      haemothorax.

PMID- 1822622
TI  - [Hemostatsis during liver resection using the Leister Hot-Jet coagulator].
AB  - The authors present their own experience with the use of a hot-jet coagulator in
      resections of the liver. The principle is based on contact-free transmission of
      thermal energy by means of a current of hot air to achieve haemostasis and tissue
      coagulation. They mention the use of the apparatus in animal experiments and in
      resections of the liver in nine patients. They recommend the procedure as one
      possibility of haemostasis where conventional methods do not affect haemostasis.

PMID- 1822624
TI  - [The significance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the
      diagnosis of pancreatic injuries in children].
AB  - The condition of the main pancreatic duct determines very probably in a decisive
      way the fate of posttraumatic pancreatic pseudocysts and acute pancreatic
      injuries. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the only diagnostic
      method which makes possible to evaluate the condition of this duct. The authors
      performed ERCP in three children, in two of them an internal drainage of the
      pseudocyst was carried out on account of verified ductal rupture. In the third
      girl, after evidence of an intact main pancreatic duct, conservative therapy was
      successfully applied. In the discussion the authors summarize data from the
      literature regarding the use of ERCP in the preoperative diagnosis of
      posttraumatic pancreatic pseudocysts and acute pancreatic injuries. The authors
      consider ERCP a method which renders the diagnosis of posttraumatic pancreatic
      pseudocysts and acute pancreatic injuries more accurate.

PMID- 1822625
TI  - [Acute acalculous cholecystitis as a postoperative complication-- the stress
      gallbladder].
AB  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AACH) is a relatively rare disease in relation to
      postoperative complications. The majority of AACH are cured by conservative
      treatment along with the basic disease but if there are further complications
      relaparotomy and an adequate operation is necessary, as in the presented case.

PMID- 1822626
TI  - [Emergency endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhage in the upper
      part of the gastrointestinal system].
AB  - The authors describe, based on an analysis of 2970 patients subjected to
      endoscopy, the advantages of urgent endoscopy performed within six hours after
      admission to the surgical department. They refute former statements that urgent
      endoscopy is endoscopy performed within 24 or 48 hours. They discuss the
      different approach of endoscopists to different types of haemorrhage and to the
      time factor and emphasize the prognostic considerations of the endoscopist.

PMID- 1822628
TI  - [The past and future of traumatology].

PMID- 1822627
TI  - [Dieulafoy's disease--an uncommon cause of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage].
AB  - Morbus Dieulafoy described in the European literature as exulceratio simplex, in
      the English and American literature as a gastric aneurysm or submucosal arterial
      malformation is a life endangering haemorrhage which, if treated conservatively,
      leads to death by exsanguination. It is haemorrhage from an aroded medium-sized
      or major artery with a possible mucosal defect with a minimal or no inflammatory
      reaction. The localization on the anterior or posterior wall of the fundus or
      body of the stomach is typical. There are, however, also cases of haemorrhage
      from a submucosal artery in other parts of the GIT--pylorus or even jejunum (3,
      5). In the presented case-history the authors describe an atypically located
      source of haemorrhage in a parapapillary position on the descendent part of the
      duodenum.

PMID- 1822629
TI  - [Surgical treatment of obstructive azoospermia].
AB  - In 23 infertile men the diagnosis of azoospermia was established. Bilateral
      biopsy of the testes was made, in four patients primary deficiency of
      spermiogenesis was revealed, in another four patients the Sertoli cells only
      syndrome. In a group of 3 men with hypospermiogenesis revision revealed severe
      hypoplasia of the epididymis which in context with the bioptic finding did not
      give hope of successful surgery. In the group of four men with normal
      spermiogenesis revision revealed in one obliteration of the terminal portion of
      the d. deferens, treated by transurethral discision of the colliculus and in
      three its partial or total agenesis. In one of the three latter cases bilaterally
      artificial spermatoceles were implanted which function satisfactorily; in the
      aspirated contents, however, even after several months only non-motile sperm
      cells were found. In seven patients epididymovasoanastomosis was performed by the
      microscopic technique--five times unilateral and twice bilateral. In one patient
      a condition after bilateral vasectomy was involved which was resolved by
      vasovasoanastomosis. In three patients after epididymovasoanastomosis azoospermia
      persists. In another two patients the check-up spermiogram revealed a positive
      finding, the wife of one of the patients is pregnant at the moment. In one
      patient the result of the operation cannot be evaluated yet due to a short time
      interval after operation. One patient did not come for a check-up examination.
      The patient after vasovasoanastomosis has a positive spermiogram with 38 million
      sperm cells per ml. In one patient with a discision of the colliculus the
      spermiogram is negative. The cumulative index of patient anastomoses reported in
      the literature is approximately 45%, the percentage of pregnancies only 17-18%.

PMID- 1822630
TI  - [Transurethral invaginating ureterectomy].
AB  - The principle of transurethral invagination ureterectomy is in the invagination
      of the stump of the ureter its retraction into the urinary bladder and resection
      of the levels of the mucosa of the urinary bladder. The authors describe the
      surgical procedure and experience with the treatment of seven patients.

PMID- 1822631
TI  - [Fibroepithelial ureteral polyps].
AB  - Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter are rare. They have as a rule a benign
      character and threaten the patient by obstruction of the efferent urinary
      pathways. The author presents an account in Olomouc. In the discussion he deals
      with the problem of diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

PMID- 1822632
TI  - [Tuberous sclerosis from the viewpoint of the urologist].
AB  - Renal lesions in patients with tuberous sclerosis are angiomyolipomas which are
      found in 47-73% of patients and cysts which are less frequent and are encountered
      in 18-53%. Usually they are multiple and bilateral. In the majority they are
      asymptomatic, sometimes they cause however by their invasive growth renal damage
      and serious clinical manifestations. The greatest diagnostic asset is
      ultrasonography, CT and magnetic resonance. In patients with tuberous sclerosis
      and suspected angiomyolipoma it is always necessary to rule out a malignant renal
      tumour, which may be sometimes quite difficult. Asymptomatic lesions do not call
      for treatment. Surgery is indicated in case of complications--haemorrhage
      threatening life, dangerous compression of neighbouring organs and suspect
      malignant disease. The authors describe experience with two patients where
      surgery was necessary, in one instance unilateral nephrectomy and in the other
      patient consecutive bilateral nephrectomy.

PMID- 1822634
TI  - [Treatment of patients with clinical stage I and IIA nonseminomas--15 years'
      personal experience].
AB  - The author evaluates experience with the treatment of patients with non seminomas
      in the Ist and IInd clinical stage treated at the Urological Clinic in Hradec
      Kralove in 1975-1989. In a total of 90 patients chemotherapy was administered as
      primary treatment in 29, in 86 retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was performed and
      adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 49 patients. Six patients were
      irradiated. The author advocates retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and gives the
      reasons for this view. He evaluates retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy which is
      important for the reliable assessment of the clinical stage.

PMID- 1822633
TI  - [Is it necessary to begin therapy with orchiectomy in patients with advanced
      stage testicular tumors?].
AB  - Seven patients with germ cell tumours of the testis in advanced stages of the
      disease were treated by primary chemotherapy without previous orchidectomy. To
      achieve complete remission it was necessary to remove the residual tumour in five
      patients (in two from the lungs and in three from the retroperitoneal space). Two
      of the seven patients had a persisting vital tumour in the ectomized testis. Five
      patients survive in complete remission for an average period of 9.6 months (range
      3-18 months) after termination of treatment. In patients with germ cell tumours
      of the testis in advanced stages of the disease primary chemotherapy should be
      preferred and treatment should not be started by orchidectomy. Contemporary
      methods of visualization and laboratory examinations provide adequate evidence of
      the presence of germ cell tumours and the asset of a rapid effect of chemotherapy
      on metastases is greater than the advantages of accurate histopathological
      classification of the tumour. After termination of chemotherapy orchidectomy is
      indicated because even in patients with complete remission of secondaries a vital
      malignant tumour may persist.

PMID- 1822635
TI  - [Treatment of patients with clinical stage IIB and IIC nonseminomas-- 15 years'
      personal experience].
AB  - The author evaluates the experience with treatment of patients with nonseminomas
      stage II B and II C treated at the Urological Clinic in Hradec Kralove in 1975 to
      1989. In a group of 55 patients initial chemotherapy was administered in 42, in
      53 retroperitoneal lymphadenecomy was performed (95.3%), to 47 adjuvant
      chemotherapy was administered and 11 patients were irradiated. In 47 specimens
      collected during retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for histological examination in
      26 a vital tumour was detected, in one instance a mature teratoma and in 20
      preparations necrosis of the tumour and fibrosis was revealed. The author who in
      the initial stage advocated surgical reduction of the tumourous mass later
      abandoned this concept after introduction of cisplatinum into combined
      chemotherapy and now he uses on principle initial chemotherapy followed by
      revision of retroperitoneal nodes.

PMID- 1822636
TI  - [Treatment of patients with clinical stage III and IV nonseminomas-- 15 years'
      experience].
AB  - At the Urological Clinic in Hradec Kralove in 1975-1989 a total of 182 patients
      with germ cell tumours of the testis--nonseminomas were treated. Of these
      patients 37 were in stage III-IV (20%). In 27 (72.9%) initial chemotherapy was
      administered, since 1980 combined with cisplatinum, as outlined. In 20 patients
      also revision of retroperitoneal nodes (54%) was made, to 19 patients adjuvant
      chemotherapy was administered (5th and 6th cycle). In 12 patients irradiation was
      indicated (32.4%). Histological examination of the preparation removed from the
      retroperitoneum was implemented in 15 patients: in four a vital tumour was
      revealed, in two a mature teratoma and in nine fibrosis or necrosis of a
      metastatic tumour was found. In seven patient a relapse of the disease occurred,
      14 patients survive for 1-15 years. Twenty-three patients died.

PMID- 1822637
TI  - [Sex life and fertility after comprehensive treatment of malignant testicular
      tumors].
AB  - The author evaluates a group of 96 patients treated on account of malignant
      tumours of the testicle. From the psychosocial aspect it may be assumed that no
      change in the relationship with the partner occurred, the marital bond was rather
      reinforced, the percentage of failing marriages is substantially lower than in
      the normal population. Of 96 men where inquiries were made during the
      investigation period of 1-15 years only two men were divorced. As regards sexual
      life no problems arose. In the foreground is inadequate ejaculation of seminal
      fluid mentioned practically by 50% of the patients where inquiries were made.
      This is associated with impossibility of conception. Inferiority complexes are
      not frequent, 81.2% of the men do not suffer from inferiority complexes and the
      remaining 18% suffer from an inferiority complex associated with the loss of the
      testicle or inadequate ejaculation of semen.

PMID- 1822638
TI  - [Where is surgery going?].

PMID- 1822639
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to spontaneous pneumothorax].
AB  - Based on a retrospective study of 33 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, the
      authors present their experience with the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
      In the majority of patients treatment was started by active suction drainage of
      the chest. After re-expansion of the lung another X-ray examination was made,
      incl. computed tomography of the chest, and endoscopic examination (bronchoscopy,
      thoracoscopy). On account of a relapse of pneumothorax in three patients
      thoracoscopy was performed and in seven patients thoracotomy. The operated
      patients recovered and are without signs of relapse of pneumothorax.

PMID- 1822640
TI  - [Acute abdomen as a postoperative complication].
AB  - The authors describe 11 cases of acute abdomen they observed during a two-year
      period mainly after abdominal operations. The male/female ratio was 6:5, the mean
      age 59 years with a range from 20 to 75 years. The mean period which had elapsed
      after the primary operation was 18.5 days. The authors describe four cases with
      ileus due to adhesions, three cases of volvulus of the small intestine, a stress
      ulcer, gangrenous appendicitis, acute cholecystitis and adnexitis. In general it
      is assumed that the most frequent acute abdomen during the post operative period
      is ileus due to adhesions, postoperative pancreatitis or stress ulcers are less
      frequent. Extremely rarely the cause of complaints is inflammatory acute abdomen
      of a different nature which is an unexpected finding during surgical revision. It
      is dangerous due to the atypical course and the fact that symptoms are masked by
      manifestations of the receding postoperative state. In the literature the
      aetiopathogenesis of such rare conditions is most frequently associated with
      impaired tissue perfusion due to an inadequate blood flow, general tissue hypoxia
      due to hypovolaemia, protracted postoperative shock, rigid vascular walls which
      are incapable of adequate reaction to acute deviations of circulatory demands.
      Despite this these conditions develop more rarely than corresponds to the
      coincidence of these general relatively frequent adverse factors. Severe
      immunosuppression is also observed much more frequently in surgical patients than
      these rare complications. The authors observed the incidence of these cases of
      acute abdomen at a ratio of 1:2000 which corresponds roughly to data in published
      work. Seeking the solution in immunity disorders does not explain this
      problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822641
TI  - [Basocellular carcinoma--experience with surgical therapy].
AB  - The authors present a characteristic of the most frequent skin tumour-basilioma
      and discuss its problems from the aspect of surgical treatment. They evaluate a
      group of 181 patients with basioliomas. For treatment in all instances surgical
      excision was used which is preferred because it is a one-stage procedure and
      makes histological classification of the tumour possible. Alternative therapeutic
      methods such as cryodestruction, actinotherapy and local cytostatics were not
      used in the described group of patients. Treatment of basiliomas by surgical
      excision proved reliable and leads in the majority to permanent cure. The
      percentage of relapses among patients in the described group is comparable with
      data in the literature. In the conclusion the authors reflect on the probable
      increased importance of this tumour, which does not threaten life, in conjunction
      with Czechoslovak demographic data which confirm the "ageing of the population".
      They emphasize also the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration in the
      differential diagnosis of some other skin tumours before a planned surgical
      operation.

PMID- 1822642
TI  - [The cardioplegic solution, Plegisol].

PMID- 1822644
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with paraesophageal and mixed hiatal hernias].
AB  - In 1948-1990 the authors operated 112 patients with paraoesophageal and mixed
      hiatus hernias. 100 patients operated in 1988 were followed up on a long-term
      basis. Gastroesophageal reflux was recorded before operation in 52%, haemorrhage
      in 18%, an ulcer in the neck in 7% an incarceration and obstruction in 9%. Before
      the onset of the seventies hiatorrhaphy and gastropexy were performed. During
      check-up examinations in these patients relapses were recorded in 47%, reflux in
      43%, subjective complaints in 26%. This made the authors change the surgical
      procedure and in subsequent years they performed hiatorrhaphy, fundoplication,
      fundophrenopexy and anterior gastropexy. The incidence of relapses of hernia
      during check-up examinations declined to 21%, of gastroesophageal reflux to 9%
      and subjective complaints to 10%. The follow-up period varied between 1 and 19
      years. The surgical lethality was 2%.

PMID- 1822643
TI  - [Electrocoagulation--a curative method in the treatment of rectal carcinoma].
AB  - The authors analyze a group of 27 patients with carcinoma of the rectum who were
      treated in the authors' department in 1975-1990 by electrocoagulation. The
      authors emphasize the view of local treatment of rectal carcinoma in conjunction
      with modern findings on biological properties of this tumour and with regard to
      clinical results published in the world literature. The prerequisite of success
      of the method is high standard technical equipment of the department. The
      achieved results in the group of treated patients (66% five-year survival, 50%
      ten-year survival) despite the possible error of small numbers justify the
      authors' conviction that under conditions of strict selection and perfect
      technical equipment this method holds it place in the treatment of carcinoma of
      the rectum.

PMID- 1822646
TI  - [Classification and evaluation of pediatric injuries].
AB  - The authors discuss the classification and evaluation of child injuries. In our
      literature so far no uniform conclusion was reached how classify injuries; the
      term "polytraumatism" or "multiple" is not accurately defined and is not used in
      the Anglo Saxon literature. The authors recommend therefore to differentiate only
      isolated injuries and "associated" injuries (injuries of two or more areas of the
      body). The severity of "associated" injuries can then be determined by some
      scoring system. For paediatric traumatological practice the Pediatric Trauma
      Score (PTS) is most suitable because it takes into account also the child's body
      weight, and thus indirectly his age, and is very simple.

PMID- 1822645
TI  - [Pediatric trauma score in clinical practice: retrospective study].
AB  - In traumatological practice there is so far no uniform view as regards the
      classification of injuries. The authors recommend to do away with the vague
      traumatological terminology and replace in by a similar classification: to use
      the term "monotrauma" when one bodily system is affected and the term "associated
      injury" when two or more systems are effected; to use for more accurate
      definition of the severity of injury a scoring system. For paediatric
      traumatological practice the Pediatric Trauma Score P.T.S./is simple and suited
      best. The authors evaluated in a retrospective study a group of 257 children
      associated injuries. Based on the results of this investigation the authors
      consider P.T.S. a suitable scoring system for the objective evaluation of the
      general condition of the injured child and recommend its introduction into
      practice.

PMID- 1822647
TI  - [Traveller's diarrhea].

PMID- 1822648
TI  - [Biological reason of a universal preoccupation: environmental disturbance].

PMID- 1822649
TI  - [Physicians and veterinarians in the old Royal Academy of Natural Sciences of
      Madrid].

PMID- 1822650
TI  - [Art and medicine in the Spanish choir pews].

PMID- 1822651
TI  - [Correction of refractive errors using corneal surgery techniques].

PMID- 1822652
TI  - [Surgery of the supra-aortic trunks].

PMID- 1822653
TI  - [Symposium: oral premedication--experiences and perspectives. Cologne, 14-15
      December 1990].

PMID- 1822654
TI  - Cutaneous leishmaniasis of man due to Leishmania (Viannia) shawi Lainson, de
      Souza, Povoa, Ishikawa & Silveira, in Para State, Brazil.
AB  - Leishmania (Viannia) shawi Lainson, Braga, de Souza, Povoa, Ishikawa & Silveira,
      1989, was originally recorded from monkeys (Cebus apella and Chiropotes satanas),
      sloths (Choloepus didactylus and Bradypus tridactylus) and coatis (Nasua nasua)
      and the sandfly, Lutzomyia whitmani. With a panel of Leishmania specific
      monoclonal antibodies, it was found that 30.5% of the Leishmania strains from
      patients, who had contracted cutaneous leishmaniasis in Para State, were similar,
      but not identical to L. (V.) guyanensis. The enzyme profiles of 18 of these
      strains were determined, and it was found that 12 isolates belonged to the same
      zymodeme as the type strain of L. (V.) shawi. The other 6 belonged to a second L.
      (V.) shawi zymodeme that only differed from the other by having a slightly faster
      PEP band. These results are the first records of infections of L. (V.) shawi in
      man and suggest that this parasite is probably common in areas of Para State to
      the south of the Amazon River.

PMID- 1822655
TI  - [Ecoepidemiology of leishmaniases in Syria. 2--Presence, in dogs, of Leishmania
      infantum Nicolle and Leishmania tropica (Wright) (Kinetoplastida
      Trypanonomatidae)].
AB  - In an ecoepidemiological study in the Syrian foci of human visceral (VL) and
      cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis, domestic dogs infected with Leishmania infantum MON
      1 and L. tropica MON-76 were found for the first time. In Syria canine
      leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum, occurs in the humid and sub-humid western
      belt from the coastal zone to the nearby mountain ranges. Sporadis cases of human
      VL occur in this area. Canine CL, caused by L. tropica was found in the semi-arid
      zone in a village with a high human infection rate. The infection causes small
      papules or crusted ulcers on the nose or muzzle. These observations are relevant
      to control. In human VL foci it is recommended not to control the dog population,
      unless this is linked with other activities, such as rabies control. Control of
      dogs in the CL areas is not justified because of the small size of the lesions
      and the rarity of the parasites. Indeed the role of the dog as the "true"
      reservoir host is questionable. Human CL infection is best controlled by active
      case detection and specific treatment.

PMID- 1822656
TI  - Abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Nicaragua: a clinico-pathological study on a
      series of 12 cases reports.
AB  - A retrospective study was done to determine the presence of abdominal
      angiostrongyliasis in Nicaragua. Twelve cases of this parasitic disease were
      found among 48 visceral specimens: small intestine, liver and testes. The
      patients with intestinal lesions presented symptoms of an acute abdomen, and in
      some instances, a tumor-like mass was palpated in the lower right quadrant. A
      thickening of the intestinal wall accompanied by necrosis and perforation were
      the most important macroscopic findings. One patient with hepatic localisation of
      Angiostrongylus costaricencis displayed a clinical picture of visceral larva
      migrans-like syndrome. The chief laboratory findings were leukocytosis and
      eosinophilia. The histopathological examination showed granulomas and heavy
      eosinophilic infiltration around the eggs and larvae of A. costaricencis. Also,
      an adult worm was seen in one biopsy.

PMID- 1822657
TI  - [Obstruction of pulmonary arteries. Contribution of the scanner and MRI. Apropos
      of 10 cases].
AB  - We present a retrospective study of ten patients presenting non specific clinical
      manifestations in whom the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was documented by CT
      scan and/or MRI. Results of CT scan and/or MRI were compared to DSA bi-selective
      pulmonary angiography findings. In a large number of cases, CT scan and MRI
      allowed the detection of the obstruction within the right and left pulmonary
      arteries (RPA and LPA). Although these techniques did not permit the diagnosis of
      peripheral clots, pulmonary infarcts were usually depicted by these two
      procedures. CT scan and/or MRI could be performed as first-line investigations in
      case of atypical clinical symptoms because of their high relevance for proximal
      pulmonary artery obstruction, although these two non-invasive procedures cannot
      indicate the aetiology of the obstruction etiology.

PMID- 1822659
TI  - [Value of hepatic angioscintigraphy combined to pulsed Echo-Doppler: application
      to the study of portal hypertension of cirrhotic patients. Apropos of 148 cases].
AB  - Quantitative hepatic angioscintigraphy was combined with duplex Doppler in order
      to study liver perfusion in normal subjects and in 148 patients with liver
      cirrhosis. The portal component of liver perfusion determined by scintigraphy was
      reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis and correlated to the development of
      cirrhosis and to porto-hepatic gradient pressure. Duplex Doppler allowed
      assessment of portal blood direction. Determination of portal blood flow was
      possible in only a few patients: portal blood flow was increased in the first
      stage of cirrhosis and then decreased; hepatofugal flow was observed only in the
      most severe stage. Angioscintigraphy and Duplex Doppler appear to be
      complementary in the study and follow-up of portal hypertension.

PMID- 1822658
TI  - [MRI evaluation in tracheal pathology. Comparison with tomography and x-ray
      computed tomography. Apropos of 30 cases].
AB  - The authors report a standardised comparison between MRI, CT and Tomography, in
      30 cases of tracheal lesions (postintubation, tumors, external compressions and
      invasions). They conclude on the superiority of MRI because of its multiplanar
      visualisation, its soft-tissue contrast resolution and its capability to
      differentiate inflammatory granuloma.

PMID- 1822660
TI  - Aortography in the diagnosis of traumatic aortic rupture due to blunt chest
      trauma. Report of thirty-six cases.
AB  - Thirty-six patients were evaluated by aortography after blunt chest trauma with a
      suspicion of traumatic aortic rupture (TAR). There were 16 isolated TARs at
      isthmus, 2 multiple injuries both of the thoracic aorta and brachiocephalic
      arteries and no false negative aortographies. Seventeen aortographic examinations
      were negative, as confirmed by clinical and radiological follow up one false
      positive aortography was due to a ductus diverticulum. Aortography had a
      sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 94.4%, and accuracy of 97.2%. No
      complications or deaths resulted from angiography. Aortography is a safe,
      accurate and rapid technique to evaluate patients with suspicion of TAR;
      aortography is superior to other non-invasive techniques in depicting vascular
      anatomy and pathology, knowledge of which is essential for surgical planning.

PMID- 1822662
TI  - [Thoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Extramedullary haematopoiesis is a compensatory response of bone marrow to
      abnormal haematopoietic tissue formation: the commonest etiology is thalassemia
      (generally intermedia). The thorax is a rare site and the posterior mediastinum
      is usually involved. CT scan completes standard chest radiology and allows fine
      needle aspiration to provide adequate cytologic material for the diagnosis of
      extramedullary haematopoiesis, especially when an intercurrent pathology is
      present and could involve paravertebral areas. Thoracotomy may be necessary in
      rare cases of complications.

PMID- 1822661
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging in the bone sites of malignant non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma. Apropos of 16 cases].
AB  - The primordial role of MRI in the staging of primary or secondary bone tumors has
      been clearly established. The authors report a study of 16 patients with NHL with
      suspected bone involvement, investigated by conventional radiography, bone scan,
      CT, bone marrow biopsy and MRI. The authors believe that, in the future, MRI will
      have an important role in the staging and follow-up of treatment of bone
      lymphomas. Better than any other techniques, MRI provides a precise assessment of
      tumor extension. It also represents a valuable method for monitoring patients
      during treatment by visualising the course of the disease.

PMID- 1822663
TI  - [Giant diverticulum of the colon. Apropos of a case disclosed by complication].
AB  - The authors report a case of giant colonic diverticulum. This is a rare disease
      which can be revealed by a complication. Surgery is absolutely necessary.

PMID- 1822664
TI  - [Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is most frequently characterised by the
      presence of gaseous cysts, in the intra-parietal, subserous or sub-mucous zones
      of the colon. This complaint, with symptoms of non specific colic and the cause
      of chronic pain, generally progresses favourably but can be responsible for
      surgical complications. Characteristic signs are detected on an plain abdominal X
      ray and by colonoscopy. The diagnosis can be established by CT or by
      ultrasonography but needs carefully trained operators. CT remains the most
      successful technique for the initial diagnosis and subsequent follow-up.
      Ultrasonography can also be used for follow-up. As the lesions regress rapidly,
      the diagnosis must established rapidly, otherwise the disorder might easily be
      incorrectly diagnosed.

PMID- 1822665
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. General review apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the second segment of the
      inferior vena (IVC) with liver metastasis. Treatment by surgery and chemotherapy
      proved to be effective, as the patient is asymptomatic 8 years after the first
      operation. A review of the literature shows that these tumours are rare and have
      a slow course. The symptoms are often relatively minor and depend on the caval
      segment involved. The best examination for positive and topographic diagnosis
      remains computed tomography, but MR Imaging is promising. The prognosis remains
      severe (mean survival: 2 years) and surgery is the main treatment, with various
      techniques according to the caval segment involved.

PMID- 1822666
TI  - [Ioversol 350: clinical experience in skull x-ray computed tomography].
AB  - A single, open trial was conducted in 40 patients to evaluate the diagnostic
      efficacy and safety, in cranial computed tomography, of ioversol (350 mgl/ml), a
      new nonionic, monomeric, low-osmolality contrast medium. Ioversol is
      characterized by a hydrophilicity which is not only the highest of all nonionic
      agents available to date, but also evenly distributed among the various sides of
      the benzene ring. Diagnosis was possible in 100% of cases with a mean degree of
      certainty of 90.8%. Six minor adverse reactions requiring no treatment were
      recorded, of which two were observed by the investigator and four reported by the
      patients. No pain sensation was found and heat sensations were of minor
      intensity. Ioversol 350, which showed good diagnostic efficacy and proved to be
      well tolerated, is therefore suitable for cranial computed tomography at a mean
      dose of 1 ml/kg.

PMID- 1822667
TI  - [Cholelithiasis: therapeutic strategy. Strasbourg 19, 20, 21 December 1991].

PMID- 1822669
TI  - Brain tumors. Part 1.

PMID- 1822668
TI  - Maternal cigarette smoking and the risk of tubal pregnancy.
AB  - The association between maternal smoking and the occurrence of tubal pregnancy
      was evaluated in a population-based case-control study of members of the Group
      Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington. Women hospitalized with
      tubal pregnancy from October 1981 through September 1986 (n = 274) were compared
      with reproductive-age women who were at risk of becoming pregnant during the same
      time period (n = 727). The relative risk of tubal pregnancy associated with ever
      having smoked cigarettes was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.8). Compared
      with women who had never smoked, those who smoked at the time of conception had a
      40% increase in the risk of tubal pregnancy (95% CI 1.0-2.0). These results
      support earlier epidemiologic and nonepidemiologic reports of a greater risk of
      tubal pregnancy associated with current or recent maternal cigarette smoking.

PMID- 1822670
TI  - Missouri State Medical Association annual directory, 1991-1992.

PMID- 1822671
TI  - Somebody's sleeping in my bed: the hospital, the nursing home, and near-acute
      care.

PMID- 1822672
TI  - HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face.

PMID- 1822673
TI  - Models, data and analyses.

PMID- 1822674
TI  - "Murder mystery" for student practice of pulmonary physiology calculations.
AB  - We have developed an exercise designed to give students practice calculating
      arterial O2 content, O2 delivery, physiological dead space, dead space and
      alveolar ventilation, and alveolar partial pressure of O2 and CO2. The exercise
      is in the form of a "murder mystery" in which students are required to make these
      calculations to identify the murderer.

PMID- 1822675
TI  - Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies.
AB  - Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels were determined by using a combined
      immunofluorescence test for source waters of 66 surface water treatment plants in
      14 states and 1 Canadian province. The results showed that cysts and oocysts were
      widely dispersed in the aquatic environment. Giardia spp. were detected in 81% of
      the raw water samples. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 87% of the raw water
      locations. Overall, Giardia or Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 97% of the
      raw water samples. Higher cyst and oocyst densities were associated with source
      waters receiving industrial or sewage effluents. Significant correlations were
      found between Giardia and Cryptosporidium densities and raw water quality
      parameters such as turbidity and total and fecal coliform levels. Statistical
      modeling suggests that cyst and oocyst densities could be predicted on the basis
      of watershed and water quality characteristics. The occurrence of high levels of
      Giardia cysts in raw water samples may require water utilities to apply treatment
      beyond that outlined in the Surface Water Treatment Rule of the U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency.

PMID- 1822676
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and confirmation of trisomy 12 mosaicism.

PMID- 1822677
TI  - Classical subtypes for schizophrenia: literature review for DSM-IV.
AB  - The classical subtypes of schizophrenia include the paranoid, hebephrenic,
      undifferentiated, residual, catatonic, and simple. This review of studies,
      especially those conducted during the last decade, supports the validity of the
      subtypes, particularly the paranoid subtype. To a lesser degree, the same holds
      for the hebephrenic and undifferentiated subtypes. The catatonic subtype has
      seldom been studied, perhaps because it is so rare. The residual and simple
      subtypes have not been the focus of any studies of note. Subtype criteria for DSM
      IV are suggested based on the review. The paranoid and undifferentiated subtypes
      should be retained with criteria identical to those in DSM-III-R. The
      disorganized subtype also should be retained but with modified criteria that are
      somewhat more stringent than those in DSM-III-R. Catatonia and residual
      schizophrenia should remain, but insufficient data exist upon which to base any
      changes in criteria. Given its historical precedence, as well as the emerging
      importance of deficit processes in schizophrenia, simple schizophrenia should be
      renamed and reintroduced as a subtype in DSM-IV. Two variations in criteria are
      offered.

PMID- 1822678
TI  - Polysomnography and sleep disorder centers.
AB  - Sleep disorders are common in our society. It is estimated that there are 50
      million people in the United States who suffer to varying degrees from sleep
      problems. A great deal has been learned about sleep during the past 40 years.
      Much of this knowledge has been obtained by the use of PSG, which consists of the
      simultaneous recording of several physiologic parameters from a patient just
      prior to and during sleep. Much of the technology utilized in PSG are based on
      individual tests developed many years ago. Current published data permit the
      conclusion that PSG is useful for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with
      sleep-related breathing disorders, may be helpful in the evaluation of suspected
      cases of narcolepsy wherein other findings are inconclusive or contradictory, and
      may be helpful in cases of parasomnias and/or suspected epilepsy wherein the
      distinction between seizure activity and other forms of sleep disturbance is
      uncertain. Current data do not permit a firm conclusion as to the clinical
      effectiveness of PSG in other symptoms of sleep disturbance such as insomnia.
      Current, ongoing clinical trials are expected to provide information addressing
      this point, and several agencies (NINDS, ADAMHA, and NIA) have expressed their
      intent to encourage the organization of prospective trials to determine the
      ultimate clinical utility of SDC and PSG techniques. A physician need not be
      present during PSG in an SDC.

PMID- 1822679
TI  - Single and double lung transplantation.
AB  - Lung transplantation currently involves the allografting of one or both lungs
      from a cadaver or brain-dead donor to selected patients with progressive end
      stage pulmonary disease for whom there are no other viable treatment options.
      Expanding experience since 1986 in Canada, the United States, and Europe has
      demonstrated that both SLT and DLT can provide adequate pulmonary function and
      palliation for extended periods in some patients with otherwise fatal lung
      disease. A more rapid expansion of this technology has been constrained by the
      scarcity of suitable donors and the current limits of organ preservation time.
      Lung transplantation has evolved as a clinical procedure achieving a favorable
      risk-benefit ratio and acceptable 1- and 2-year survival rates. Lung
      transplantation is applied as a therapeutic option for patients with end-stage
      pulmonary disease. However, the transplant community has not yet reached
      consensus regarding patient selection criteria or absolute contraindications to
      LT. Specific selection criteria for the optimal treatment of all LT candidates do
      not exist as yet and are currently evolving. The majority of candidates have had
      pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, or CF.
      Additional clinical information and experience will be useful in refining
      evaluation of risk-benefit ratios of SLT and DLT, which may vary for specific
      subsets of patients.

PMID- 1822680
TI  - The history of photochemotherapy.
AB  - The combination of psoralens, obtained from plants, and sun exposure dates from
      antiquity. The main indication was vitiligo. In this century, extensive research
      on psoralens started in Egypt, where the active ingredients were isolated from
      plants and were soon thereafter commercialized for the treatment of vitiligo. The
      most important compound was 8-methoxypsoralen. When it was discovered that 8
      methoxypsoralen inhibits the S phase of the cell cycle, it also started to be
      used in the treatment of psoriasis. In the meantime, the action spectrum was
      defined in the ultraviolet A (UVA) range (320-400 nm). Special UVA light boxes
      were constructed for total body irradiation. At first, the 8-methoxypsoralen was
      applied topically. Within a few years, high-intensity UVA bulbs became available,
      which permitted the 8-methoxypsoralen to be administered orally.
      Photochemotherapy or PUVA treatment as we know it today had begun.

PMID- 1822681
TI  - Distorted antigen-presenting function of Langerhans cells induced by tumor
      necrosis factor alpha via a mechanism that appears different from that induced by
      ultraviolet B radiation.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has been shown to mimic 2 effects of
      ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in mice: morphologic damage to epidermal Langerhans
      cells (LC) and the inability to mount a normal contact hypersensitivity (CH)
      response. Our previous studies have shown LC to be the target of the immune
      tolerance evoked by UVB radiation, both during induction of CH in vivo and during
      presentation of protein antigen to CD4+ Th1 cells (Th1) in vitro. To determine
      whether these influences of TNF alpha and of UVB radiation on LC are related, 2
      sets of experiments were performed. We first examined the effect of recombinant
      TNF alpha on the capacity of epidermal cells enriched for LC (IEC) to present
      keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to KLH-specific and Iad-restricted Th1. Addition
      of TNF alpha to co-cultures of IEC and Th1 significantly reduced proliferation in
      a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was specific since it was reversed by
      neutralizing Ab against TNF alpha. That TNF alpha blocked Th1 proliferation by
      acting directly on LC is supported by 2 findings: 1) selective treatment of IEC
      prior to co-culturing also led to failure to present KLH; and 2) TNF alpha did
      not reduce Th1 proliferation stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate plus
      ionomycin, or by IL-2. We next examined the capacity of anti-TNF alpha Ab to
      protect LC from loss of antigen-presenting cell (APC) function induced by a
      single dose of 200 J/m2 UVB. Anti-TNF alpha Ab tested over a broad dose range did
      not prevent or restore the ability of UVB-irradiated IEC to present KLH to
      Th1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822682
TI  - Numbers of murine dermal mast cells remain unchanged during chronic ultraviolet B
      irradiation.
AB  - Dermal mast cell numbers reportedly increase in response to chronic ultraviolet
      irradiation in both humans and in the HRS/Skh-1 mouse model of human photoaging.
      It has been hypothesized that these increased numbers of mast cells are
      responsible, at least in part, for the damage in this chronically irradiated or
      photoaged skin. However, few actual quantitative data have been reported to
      support this claim of increased dermal mast cell numbers caused by chronic
      ultraviolet irradiation. We sought to quantify the numbers of dermal mast cells
      in the skin of chronic ultraviolet-irradiated and control HRS/Skh-1 hairless
      mice. Dermal mast cells from irradiated and age-matched control mice were
      quantified by digital image analysis during a 20-week period of exposure to
      ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. During the entire course of irradiation, there was
      no difference in the numbers of dermal mast cells between the irradiated and
      nonirradiated age-matched control mice. Visible physical evidence of the effects
      of chronic UVB irradiation, i.e., skin wrinkling, was evident after 6 weeks of
      treatment. The numbers of dermal mast cells in unirradiated age-matched NSA (CF
      1) haired mice were three- to four-fold lower than those in either ultraviolet
      exposed or unexposed HRS/Skh-1 mice. These findings indicate that dermal mast
      cell numbers in HRS/Skh-1 mice are not increased by chronic exposure to UVB
      radiation.

PMID- 1822683
TI  - Daflon as a cellular antioxidant and a membrane-stabilizing agent in human
      fibroblasts irradiated by ultraviolet A radiation.
AB  - Daflon is a strong inhibitor of Cu(2+)-induced arachidonic acid peroxidation, as
      revealed by the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance formation in
      mixed liposomes of phosphatidylcholine and arachidonic acid. Diosmin, the major
      Daflon constituent, is a good complexant of Cu2+ ions but not of Fe2+ ions. The
      Cu2+ complex formation may thus explain part of the antioxidant effect. However,
      Daflon is also a good quencher of the singlet oxygen-induced arachidonic acid
      peroxidation that does not involve metal ions. When cultured human fibroblasts
      are incubated with the diosmin-hesperidin mixture constituting Daflon, the latter
      is as efficient as vitamin E in inhibiting the ultraviolet A-induced lipid
      peroxidation and plasma membrane damage measured by lactate dehydrogenase
      release.

PMID- 1822684
TI  - Variation in 8-methoxypsoralen profiles during long-term psoralen plus
      ultraviolet A therapy and correlations between serum 8-methoxypsoralen levels and
      chromametric parameters.
AB  - Three serum 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) kinetics tests were performed on 15
      patients undergoing PUVA therapy. The first test was carried out before beginning
      PUVA treatment, the 2nd one at the 10th session and the 3rd test at the 20th PUVA
      session. Blood samples were taken every 30 min after the drug was taken and a
      standard meal ingestion during 3 h to determine the serum 8-MOP peak level and
      corresponding time. For 14 patients, UVA-induced erythema was measured with a
      Minolta CR 200 chromameter, 3 (before beginning PUVA treatment, just before 10th
      session and 48 h later) or 5 times (before beginning PUVA treatment, just before
      10th session and 48 h later, just before 20th session and 48 h later). There was
      a wider distribution of serum 8-MOP peak levels in the 3rd test than in 2nd one
      and in the 2nd one than in the first one. These facts suggest a heterogeneity in
      8-MOP metabolism in the 15 patients: 11 patients showed an earlier serum 8-MOP
      peak and an earlier appearance of the drug in blood in the 3rd and 2nd test than
      in the first one. For 9 of these 11 patients, serum 8-MOP peak levels were higher
      and higher from the first profile to the 3rd one, suggesting an inhibition of 8
      MOP metabolism in time. In the remaining 4 patients, the 8-MOP peak time and the
      appearance of the drug in blood were delayed in the 3rd test compared with the
      first profile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822685
TI  - Photodegradation of nalidixic and tiaprofenic acids and nifedipine in aerobic
      conditions.
AB  - Since nalidixic acid had been previously studied in acidic and basic media,
      nifedipine had been investigated in anaerobic conditions and under ultraviolet
      light and tiaprofenic acid had not been studied at all, their photodegradation
      was carried out in this laboratory under milder conditions, with methanol as the
      solvent and using visible light. The role of oxygen was demonstrated and the
      photoproducts were isolated and identified spectroscopically.

PMID- 1822686
TI  - Product application technique alters the sun protection factor.
AB  - A number of factors may alter the efficacy of a sunscreen product being tested.
      Notably among these are (1) the source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, (2) the
      filtration of the UV radiation source, (3) such environmental factors as swimming
      or sweating (4) and/or the amount of product applied. This is the first report in
      which the technique of product application itself is examined. We find that the
      act of rubbing the product into the skin appears also to remove product from the
      skin. In our study, different techniques of product application produced a 25%
      deviation in product sun protection factor. The variables associated with the
      application of sunscreening products are discussed.

PMID- 1822687
TI  - Current management of choroid plexus carcinoma in children.
AB  - Eleven children with choroid plexus carcinoma are reviewed with respect to
      presentation, radiographic diagnosis, treatment and pathologic histology. These
      cases accumulated over a 33-year period and represent 39% of all of our choroid
      plexus tumors (n = 28). Characteristically, choroid plexus carcinomas are
      associated with a poor prognosis for long-term survival. Unfortunately, efforts
      at total resection are hindered in part by the extreme vascularity of the tumor
      which itself may be of considerable volume. We have recently treated four
      children who had biopsy or minimal resection of their tumor after which adjuvant
      chemotherapy was given. Chemotherapy is not curative but it does cause a
      reduction in tumor volume and, more importantly, has tended to reduce the tumor
      vascularity. This allows for a second stage operation which is more safely
      performed and typically allows for more complete tumor removal. At this point,
      our length of follow-up is insufficient to conclude if total removal in this
      manner significantly increases survival but it would seem that consistent gross
      total removal may be an initial step toward better overall management and
      prognosis in this tumor type.

PMID- 1822688
TI  - Gliomas of the tectum and periaqueductal region of the mesencephalon.
AB  - Gliomas that arise in the tectal and periaqueductal region of the mesencephalon
      usually present with hydrocephalus secondary to occlusion of the aqueduct of
      Sylvius. A review of 486 brain tumors in children treated during a 5-year period
      revealed 6 children with gliomas of the tectal plate. The 6 children were shunted
      for hydrocephalus, presumed secondary to aqueductal stenosis, prior to
      establishing the diagnosis of tectal plate glioma. No abnormalities were noted on
      the initial, uncontrasted computed tomography (CT) scans. The tumors are isodense
      without contrast enhancement which makes the CT diagnosis difficult. Magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) is diagnostic and demonstrates the characteristic
      enlargement of the tectum with increased density on T2 images. T1 density and
      gadolinium enhancement are variable. Pathological confirmation was obtained by
      open biopsy in 2 patients, a stereotaxic biopsy was performed on 2 children; 2
      children were not biopsied. The tumor histology obtained was that of pilocytic
      astrocytoma. Two patients were treated with radiation therapy at the time of
      diagnosis. One child was followed closely and subsequently irradiated after tumor
      progression. All patients in this series are alive and functioning adequately 2
      10 years after the onset of symptoms.

PMID- 1822689
TI  - Intrinsic tumors of the medulla: surgical complications.
AB  - Intrinsic focal tumor of the medulla oblongata is an uncommon entity. Of the 51
      cases presenting for treatment of a brainstem glioma between 1984 and 1990, only
      7 were confined to the medulla. Radical excision was performed on each patient.
      Four of the first 5 patients who were extubated in the recovery room had CO2
      retention, with associated respiratory arrest and hypoxia. Three suffered
      permanent cranial nerve deficits as a result. It is the purpose of this report to
      describe the serious complications of medullary surgery and to make
      recommendations as to how they may be avoided.

PMID- 1822690
TI  - Computerized tomography appearance of accidental infusion of air into the venous
      sinuses.
AB  - A needle for intravenous fluid administration in a newborn was accidentally
      placed in the sagittal sinus and resulted in dural sinus air embolism. CT
      findings are described and the risks for venous air embolism are discussed.

PMID- 1822691
TI  - Complications of surgery at the craniovertebral junction--avoidance and
      management.
AB  - The pathology encountered at the craniovertebral junction is extensive. It
      includes congenital, developmental and acquired abnormalities which ultimately
      compromise the cervicomedullary junction. The pediatric age group is particularly
      vulnerable as the muscular support is not fully developed. Numerous surgical
      approaches have been developed to relieve compression, as well as to stabilize
      this region. The complications described are from a review of the literature and
      the author's personal experience.

PMID- 1822692
TI  - Complications of myelomeningocele closure.
AB  - Closure of a myelomeningocele is a deceptively simple operation; however,
      attention to several subtle details can significantly reduce operative
      complications. Important preoperative concerns include social issues of dealing
      with a distraught and often overwhelmed family, the timing of surgery, and
      assessment of associated severe or life-threatening malformations. Operative
      intervention should be directed toward preserving neurological function and
      optimizing the subsequent repair of a tethered spine should this become
      necessary. Careful attention to the vascular supply to the placode, precise
      separation of neural from cutaneous tissues, a diligent search for associated
      tethering anomalies such as diastematomyelia and a thickened filum terminale,
      careful pia to pia reconstruction of the placode, and simple but meticulous wound
      closure all help in achieving these aims. The timely management of associated
      hydrocephalus will help to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leakage and wound breakdown.
      Close attention to these details will ameliorate many of the immediate and
      delayed complications of myelomeningocele closure.

PMID- 1822693
TI  - Complications of pediatric head injury.
AB  - This review will consider those complications of head injury which are uncommon
      and/or unexpected and which may occur in the injured child before or after an
      intervention. As it is assumed that the reader is quite familiar with the
      complications of depressed fracture, hematoma and lacerated brain, the paper will
      consider instead those other neurologic complications which potentially may arise
      after head trauma of varying severity. As the subject is vast, attention will be
      given to only some of the more interesting complications idiosyncratic in
      children.

PMID- 1822694
TI  - Focal sheathing of retinal arteries in tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 1822695
TI  - Courtship violence: incidence in a national sample of higher education students.
AB  - An approximately representative national sample of 2,602 women and 2,105 men was
      surveyed regarding their frequency of inflicting and sustaining verbal and
      physical aggression in a heterosexual relationship. Results revealed that
      approximately 81% of the men inflicted, as well as received, some form of verbal
      aggression at least once, while the comparable figure for women was 87-88%. The
      percentage experiencing some form of physical aggression was lower; about 37% of
      the men and 35% of the women inflicted some form of physical aggression and about
      39% of the men and 32% of the women sustained some physical aggression. No
      differences were found as a function of ethnicity, family income, and
      institutional characteristics. Regional differences in the use of verbal and
      physical aggression, and in the receipt of physical aggression, were found for
      men.

PMID- 1822696
TI  - The competency of responses given by maritally violent versus nonviolent men to
      problematic marital situations.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the social skills of maritally violent
      men by comparing the responses offered by violent and nonviolent men to potential
      marital conflicts. Problematic marital situation vignettes were presented to
      three subject groups: 22 maritally violent husbands, 17 nonviolent and maritally
      distressed husbands, and 17 nonviolent and nondistressed husbands. Subjects were
      asked what they would do or say in each of the situations; their responses were
      coded for level of competency. Violent men offered responses which were less
      competent than those offered by nonviolent comparison subjects in certain types
      of marital situations (i.e., situations involving rejection from the wife,
      jealousy, and challenges from the wife); the responses offered by violent and
      nonviolent men did not differ significantly in other types of situations (i.e.,
      situations involving the wife's wanting something from the husband or the wife's
      teasing the husband). Subjects were also asked what would be the best thing to do
      in response to a subset of the problematic marital situations; responses were
      coded for level of competency. In response to this question, violent men offered
      less competent responses than those offered by either comparison group,
      suggesting that violent men have difficulty generating competent responses. The
      theoretical implications of these data are discussed.

PMID- 1822697
TI  - Juror and expert conceptions of battered women.
AB  - The admissibility of expert testimony at the trial of a battered woman defendant
      is very controversial. Some courts allow the testimony, others do not. This study
      focuses on two criteria judges use to determine admissibility and attempts to
      provide an empirical foundation that can assist their decisions. First, the area
      of study about which an expert testifies must be shown to be reliable and valid.
      Second, the subject matter of the testimony must be beyond the ken of the average
      juror. The first criterion was addressed by assessing the opinions of 45
      researchers in the field of spousal violence. The second criterion was examined
      by evaluating the knowledge of 141 jurors about myths and empirical research
      findings associated with battered women. Results indicate that researchers showed
      strong consensus on 14 of 18 issues included in a survey about the reactions of
      abuse victims, and that compared to these "experts," jurors have limited
      knowledge on these issues. These results suggest that many of the scientific
      findings concerning battered women are reliable and that the information is often
      beyond the ken of the jury. The findings argue for the use of expert testimony in
      certain cases involving battered women defendants.

PMID- 1822698
TI  - Protestant fundamentalism and attitudes toward corporal punishment of children.
AB  - The present research demonstrates what others have suspected: Protestant
      fundamentalism is closely linked to favorable attitudes toward corporal
      punishment of children in the home and the school. The relationship persists with
      controls for socioeconomic and demographic variables. Three explanations of the
      greater support for corporal punishment among people affiliated with
      fundamentalist denominations are tested. Greater personal religiosity and
      adherence to a punitive image of God account for very little of the relationship.
      Instead, the emphasis on biblical literalness among fundamentalists appears to be
      a major source of their advocacy of corporal punishment. Given the potential
      political effectiveness of fundamentalist churches, the policy implications of
      these findings present a difficult challenge for those who have called for the
      prohibition of corporal punishment of children as a crucial step toward reducing
      the level of violence in our society.

PMID- 1822700
TI  - Assessment of MMPI profiles of male batterers.
AB  - Fifty-six adult male batterers completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory (MMPI) as part of the standard screening and assessment process for a
      court-mandated aggression management treatment program. Data were analyzed via
      composite-mean and cluster analyses. MMPI results revealed a 4-2 profile for both
      the composite-mean analysis and the elevated profile revealed by the cluster
      analysis. Fifty-two percent of the MMPI profiles exhibited Scale 4 as one of the
      two scales in the high-point pair. Future research must incorporate
      multidimensional behavioral and personality assessment in order to enhance
      specific treatment approaches via matching procedures.

PMID- 1822699
TI  - Repeated sexual victimization.
AB  - Patterns of repeated victimization were investigated in a large community-based
      survey about sexual assault. Multiple victimization was common: of the 433
      sexually assaulted respondents, two-thirds reported more than one incident; the
      average number of incidents per person was 3.2. Single- and multiple-incident
      victims of sexual assault did not differ on a wide range of variables including
      demographics, mental disorders, and general functioning (e.g., suicide attempts,
      family violence). Thus, once an initial victimization occurred, personal
      characteristics of the victim were not related to risk for subsequent sexual
      assault. Additional research which obtains more specific information on each
      event is needed to strengthen confidence in these findings. Considerations for
      research on multiple victimization are discussed. Further research may benefit
      from exploring contextual factors and using longitudinal research methods.

PMID- 1822701
TI  - [Production of slime by Staphylococcus epidermidis].

PMID- 1822702
TI  - [Chemotherapy in echinococcosis].

PMID- 1822703
TI  - [Combined chemotherapy (mebendazole plus praziquantel) in patients with
      hydatidosis].
AB  - In February 1989 we began a combined treatment with mebendazole (3 g/day for 30
      days) and praziquantel (1.8 g/day for 15 days) with variable rest periods, in a
      patients with hydatid disease who had been previously unsuccessful treated only
      with mebendazole. All the patients were monitored with serological techniques and
      radiography. Generally the treatment was without side-effects. According to
      radiography results, there was a reduction in the size of the cyst in 5 patients,
      in 2 there was no change and 1 patient, the cyst continued to increase in size.
      Results suggest that the combination of mebendazole more praziquantel could be a
      pharmacological alternative in the medical treatment of hydatid disease.

PMID- 1822704
TI  - [Epidemiology of shigellosis and colicin typing of Shigella sonnei. A 14-year
      study].
AB  - To study the most important epidemiologic features of shigellosis and the
      application of colicinotyping as an epidemiologic marker for Shigella sonnei. A
      total of 44.818 stoll-cultures were performed. We classify, using colicinotyping,
      156 Shigella sonnei strains isolated from different patients. The incidence of
      Shigellosis in our media is low (1.08% of all stool-cultures). It is more
      frequent in pediatric population and increases on late summer and fall. We had
      been able to show an increasing incidence, with an hyperendemic situation during
      a three-years period (1981-1983). Shigella sonnei is the most prevalent species
      (86% of cases), followed by S. boydii (7.3%) and S. flexneri (5.9%). All S.
      sonnei strains epidemiologically related showed the same colicinotype. Only two
      strains were not typable and we identified 9 different colicinotypes, being type
      13 (30.8%), type 8 (18.6%), type 6 (17.3%) and type 12 (11.54%) the more frequent
      types. Colicinotype 8 was the more prevalent between 1978-1979. Type 13 was
      predominant between 1981 and 1985. During 1987 and 1989, at the same time that
      incidence had risen, types 6 and 12 were prevalent. The total number of different
      colicinotypes identified during a single year is never greater than five.
      Colicinotyping of S. sonnei is a simple typing method that gives enough useful
      epidemiologic information, discriminative and reproducible. Although there are
      changes of circulating types incidence and the prevalen colicinotype colud vary
      from one year to another, during longer periods of time there is a reduced number
      of alternating colicinotypes, which sets up a situation that could be further
      classified as endemic.

PMID- 1822705
TI  - [Evaluation of 2 serological techniques in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis:
      complement fixation reaction and Western blot].
AB  - Evaluation of two serological techniques for diagnosis cysticercosis: complement
      fixation reaction and Western blot. Comparative study that includes 49 sera
      samples and 30 CSF samples belonging to 35 patients with clinical diagnosis of
      cysticercosis of the CNS. As a control group we used 10 sera samples of patients
      with Trichinella spiralis infection, 33 sera samples of patients with hydatid
      cyst disease, 9 sera samples from patients with oxyuriasis, 52 sera samples of
      healthy blood donors and 22 additional CSF samples from patients with different
      CNS disorders. Thirty-one samples were positive by Western blot technique and 21
      samples by complement fixation reaction technique. Agreement between both
      techniques was 76%. Gathering clinical and laboratory information we believe that
      a total of 11 patients had cysticercosis of the CNS (33 samples), and three
      additional patients remain with indeterminate diagnosis. We have also detected
      cross-reactions with Western blot techniques (reactivity to more than one band)
      in 43% of patients with hydatid disease and in 20% of patients with Trichinella
      spiralis infection, but none in oxyuriasis patients. The CFR technique had cross
      reaction with 33% of sera samples from hydatid disease patients and 20% of those
      from oxyuriasis patients. No cross-reactions were seen in any of control patients
      with both techniques. The two different techniques tested can be of help,
      together with clinical and radiology data, in the diagnosis of cysticercosis of
      the CNS. However, both techniques showed strong cross-reactions with hydatid
      disease.

PMID- 1822706
TI  - [Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of beta-lactams on the production of
      slime, surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis].
AB  - The activity of subinhibitory concentrations of oxacillin, imipenem, cefalotin,
      cefuroxime, cefotaxime and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid upon slime production,
      surface hydrophobicity and polystyrene adherence of S. epidermidis was evaluated.
      Slime production and polystyrene adherence of three Staphylococcus epidermidis
      strains was assessed using test tube (safranin stained film) or in microtiter
      plate. The surface hydrophobicity was determined using a biphasic system (water/p
      xylene). Using one-half and one-quarter of MIC for all antibiotics tested, a
      reduction in slime production and polystyrene adherence was observed in all three
      strains used. Regarding surface hydrophobicity, in one of the strains used we
      have observed a rise in surface hydrophobicity values as compared to control
      strains whenever one-half of MCI was used for all six antimicrobial agents and
      also with one-quarter of amoxicillin-clavulanate MCI. Subinhibitory MCI of all
      six antibiotics tested inhibits slime production and adherence of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis. This inhibitory effect is not related to changes in surface
      hydrophobicity.

PMID- 1822707
TI  - [Production of slime by coagulase-negative staphylococci as a marker of systemic
      infection in newborn infants].
AB  - We studied 310 strains of Staphylococcus spp. from neonates admitted in intensive
      care unit from june 1988 to may 1990, with the purpose of establishing a
      relationship between the slime production and the occurrence of sepsis. The
      original technique for its determination was modified; this facilitated the
      performance and the reading of results. Of 105 neonates with isolation in blood,
      spinal fluid and/or intravascular catheter of negative-coagulase Staphylococcus
      (CNS), the incidence of sepsis was 57.9% when the strain was a slime-producer,
      and only 11.6% when the strain did not produce slime (p less than 0.001). The
      risk of infection was five-fold increased when the isolated was slime-producer
      CNS. We proved a high predictive value when the strains were identical and
      isolated from two samples, one of which was blood. These results show that the
      production of slime is a factor which strongly support the diagnosis of neonatal
      sepsis due to negative-coagulase Staphylococcus.

PMID- 1822708
TI  - [Creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis].
AB  - Leptospirosis is a widely-distributed infectious disease, that usually presents
      with fever, headache and myalgia. Organ involvement could have very different
      severity degree. We evaluate 21 patients with leptospirosis looking for
      prognostic and diagnostic value of myalgia and/or elevated creatine-phosphokinase
      serum levels. Myalgia was recorded in nearly all patients (91%). Creatine
      phosphokinase levels above normal limits were seen in 37% of cases, either in
      severe forms of leptospirosis with organ involvement or in mild forms of disease.
      We conclude that creatine-phosphokinase elevated levels could be of early
      diagnosis interest but they are not solely seen in the more severe forms of the
      disease.

PMID- 1822709
TI  - [Scedosporium inflatum, a new pathogenic fungus. Report of 2 cases with a fatal
      outcome].
AB  - Scedosporium inflatum is a newly described human pathogen, their infections
      primarily involved musculoskeletal tissues. We report 2 fatal cases with
      disseminated S. inflatum infections in Spanish patients. The fungus was isolated
      from blood in both cases. Amphotericin B treatment was ineffective. In vitro
      susceptibility testing of one isolate against 7 antifungal agents is done. These
      cases illustrate the need to remain vigilant for this new emerging pathogen.

PMID- 1822710
TI  - [The genus Proteus: microbiological and clinical aspects].

PMID- 1822711
TI  - [Disseminated erythematous pustular lesions on the legs].

PMID- 1822713
TI  - [Infection with HBV-2?].

PMID- 1822712
TI  - [Febrile syndrome after a trip to Africa].

PMID- 1822714
TI  - [Antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella typhi].

PMID- 1822715
TI  - [Importance of food-handlers in the transmission of cryptosporidiosis].

PMID- 1822716
TI  - [Parotid involvement in murine typhus].

PMID- 1822717
TI  - [Septic bursitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae moderately resistant to
      penicillin].

PMID- 1822718
TI  - [Transitory bacteremia caused by Neisseria meningitidis group B with an
      intermediate sensitivity to penicillin].

PMID- 1822720
TI  - [Controversial aspects of Blastocystis hominis: taxonomy and emerging concepts of
      pathogenicity].

PMID- 1822719
TI  - [Extragenital abscess caused by Mobiluncus spp].

PMID- 1822721
TI  - Common airborne allergens and their clinical relevance in the Caracas valley.
AB  - In order to determine the sequential prevalence of pollen grains and fungi spores
      in the city of Caracas by the volumetric method of collection and its effect on
      the population at risk, the first multidisciplinary team of aerobiological
      research was structured through a protocol designed for five experimental stages
      namely: a) Determination of the climatological parameters: temperature, relative
      humidity, speed and wind direction, precipitation and atmospheric stability,
      through simultaneous records of meteorological status located in the metropolitan
      area of Caracas; b) Collection, identification, classification and determination
      of the local distribution of the most important pollen grains existing in the
      zone under study; c) Collection, identification and classification of the most
      important fungi spores in the area; d) Preparation of the first pollinic calendar
      of Caracas and e) Evaluation of possible implication of the environment and the
      response through the IgE antibody in the selected patients in the area under
      study. Our results show: 1) The climatic conditions existing during the sampling
      period coincide with the analysis of the last 20 years in the Valley of Caracas.
      2) The Venezuelan Central University (UCV) station was elected as the most
      representative point for permanent sampling. 3) An ideal statistical method is
      obtained in order to determine the spatial arrangement in the sampler rod of a
      dense type of fungi spores typical of the area under study. 4) The first pollinic
      calendar of Caracas was structured and 5) A seasonal tendency of the IgE response
      is shown. These results suggest an evident interrelation between the suggested
      concept of polyseasonality and antigenic polysensitization, and between
      individual seasonality with a specific reactivity and, finally, between tropical
      mixed seasonality with the expression of combined respiratory pathologies in our
      environment.

PMID- 1822722
TI  - [Epidemiology of von Willebrand's disease in the state of Zulia, Venezuela].
AB  - The prevalence of von Willebrand's disease (vWd) in Zulia State, Venezuela, was
      studied among patients referred because of hemorrhagic symptoms. Ninety six cases
      out of 684 patients aged six months to fifty years, were diagnosed as vWd by
      measuring FvW, FVIII and Ristocetin cofactor in plasma, along with determinations
      of the bleeding time and platelet aggregation with ristocetin. Crossed immune
      electrophoresis and determination of FvW concentration in platelets were also
      carried out in several patients. The prevalence of the disease in Zulia State was
      42.9/10(6) inhabitants and in the metropolitan area of Maracaibo (capital city of
      Zulia State) was 73/10(6) inhabitants. Eighty eight per cent of the patients were
      classified as vWd Type I, 2% as vWd Type IIb and 4.1% as Type III. Five cases
      were not classified. Three patients with Type I vWd also suffered from Autoimmune
      Thrombocytopenic Purpura, one had a SC hemoglobinopathy and in one patient the
      disease coexisted with mitral valve prolapse. The need for a proper attention to
      the patients with vWd is emphasized, as its prevalence in the region is similar
      to that found in european countries, where a great effort is applied to assure
      the adequate therapy and social support.

PMID- 1822723
TI  - [Dengue. A review].
AB  - Dengue fever is an acute and infectious disease produced by a togavirus. This
      clinical syndrome being benign or severe like the Dengue hemorrhagic fever and
      dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), has been associated with a very high mortality
      rate specifically in children with different ages and those under 1 year of age
      from mothers having antibodies to dengue virus. Other groups with potential risk
      factors are those patients with chronic diseases like asthma, sickle cell anaemia
      and diabetes mellitus. Dengue virus show a highly tropism for endothelial
      reticulum system as the bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes where viral
      antigens can be demonstrated by several immunological methods. The pathogenesis
      of the DHF/DSS can be considered to result from a delayed type hypersensitivity
      reaction where antigen-activated T lymphocytes release a variety of biologically
      active chemical mediators (lymphokines) with further effects on blood clotting
      system and vascular permeability producing the symptoms of shock and hemorrhage
      seen in these cases. The rapid control and hospitalization of the patients allow
      them to get a fast recovery without any sequelae.

PMID- 1822724
TI  - Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex.
AB  - In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque
      monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even
      more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical
      areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized
      database for storing and representing large amounts of information on
      connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of
      hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on
      the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or
      exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as
      visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total
      of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been
      reported. This represents 31% of the possible number of pathways if each area
      were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be
      closer to 40%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections
      between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside
      the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as
      neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal
      lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways
      linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40%. Based
      on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of
      visual areas and of somatosensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than
      those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual
      hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14
      levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as
      well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy,
      there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are
      related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high
      level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal
      and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10%
      of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme
      for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these
      represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or
      uncertainities in the reported assignment.

PMID- 1822725
TI  - The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and
      neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques (NPs) was
      mapped in 39 cortical areas of 11 brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). Whole hemisphere blocks were embedded in polyethylene glycol (Carbowax),
      sectioned coronally, and stained with thioflavin S and thionin. The densities of
      NFTs and NPs were assessed using a numerical rating scale for each area. Scores
      were grouped by type of cortex and by lobe for statistical analysis. Highly
      significant differences were obtained. For example, limbic periallocortex and
      allocortex had more NFTs than any other type of cortex. In descending order, the
      density of NFTs was as follows: periallocortex (area 28) greater than allocortex
      (subiculum/CA1 zones of hippocampal formation, area 51) greater than corticoid
      areas (accessory basal nucleus of amygdala, nucleus basalis of Meynert) greater
      than proisocortex (areas 11, 12, 24, 23, anterior insula, 38, 35) greater than
      nonprimary association cortex (32, 46, superior temporal sulcus, 40, 39,
      posterior parahippocampal cortex, 37, 36) greater than primary sensory
      association cortex (7, 18, 19, 22, 21, 20) greater than agranular cortex (44-5,
      8, 6, 4) greater than primary sensory cortex (41-2, 3-1-2, 17). The laminar
      distribution of NFTs tended to be selective, involving primarily layers III and V
      of association areas and layers II and IV of limbic periallocortex. There were
      far more NFTs in both limbic and temporal lobes than in frontal, parietal, and
      occipital lobes. In general, NPs were more evenly distributed throughout the
      cortex, with the exceptions of limbic periallocortex and allocortex, which had
      notably fewer NPs than other cortical areas. Temporal and occipital lobes had the
      highest NP densities, limbic and frontal lobes had the lowest, and parietal lobe
      was intermediate. No significant left-right hemispheric differences for NFT or NP
      densities were found across the population, and there was no relationship between
      duration of illness and densities of NFTs or NPs. The regional and laminar
      distribution of NFTs (and, to a lesser degree, that of NPs) suggests a consistent
      pattern of vulnerability within the cerebral cortices that seems correlated to
      the hierarchies of cortico-cortical connections. The higher-order association
      cortices, especially those in the anterior and ventromedial sectors of temporal
      lobe, are the most vulnerable, while other cortices appear less vulnerable to a
      degree commensurate with their connectional "distance" (i.e., synapses removed)
      from the limbic areas.

PMID- 1822726
TI  - The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal
      network.
AB  - Neuropsychologists commonly use the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a test of the
      integrity of frontal lobe functions. However, an account of its range of validity
      and of the neuronal mechanisms involved is lacking. We analyze the test at 3
      different levels. First, the different versions of the test are described, and
      the results obtained with normal subjects and brain-lesioned patients are
      reviewed. Second, a computational analysis is used to reveal what algorithms may
      pass the test, and to predict their respective performances. At this stage, 3
      cognitive components are isolated that may critically contribute to performance:
      the ability to change the current rule when negative reward occurs, the capacity
      to memorize previously tested rules in order to avoid testing them twice, and the
      possibility of rejecting some rules a priori by reasoning. Third, a model
      neuronal network embodying these 3 components is described. The coding units are
      clusters of neurons organized in layers, or assemblies. A sensorimotor loop
      enables the network to sort the input cards according to several criteria (color,
      form, etc.). A higher-level assembly of rule-coding clusters codes for the
      currently tested rule, which shifts when negative reward is received. Internal
      testing of the possible rules, analogous to a reasoning process, also occurs, by
      means of an endogenous auto-evaluation loop. When lesioned, the model reproduces
      the behavior of frontal lobe patients. Plausible biological or molecular
      implementations are presented for several of its components.

PMID- 1822727
TI  - Patterns of axon collateralization of identified supragranular pyramidal neurons
      in the cat auditory cortex.
AB  - Nine pyramidal neurons in layers II and III of cat primary auditory cortex (AI)
      were fully reconstructed after intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase
      or biocytin. Each neuron was functionally characterized according to its position
      relative to an anteroposterior sequence of best frequency responses. All labeled
      somata were in layers II or III and gave rise to typical apical and basal
      dendritic arbors as well as to extensive systems of axon collaterals. The primary
      axon of all except 1 cell entered the white matter and was probably directed
      toward other cortical areas ipsi- or contralaterally. Two major intracortical
      collateral systems emerged from the main axon in AI, one ending in the vicinity
      of the cell and the second at a distance. (1) Many local and recurrent
      collaterals, given off in layers III and V, contributed terminal branches to the
      formation of a columnar pattern of terminations extending superficially and
      deeply into the soma. The column extended through layers I-V, with some
      constriction in the middle portion corresponding to layer IV. (2) The axon of
      each cell also gave rise to 2-5 thick, long-range collaterals in layers III
      and/or V. These ran parallel to the pial surface for several millimeters. At
      several points along these long horizontal collaterals, vertically directed
      branches emerged to form columnar terminations, again extending through layers I
      V. These columns did not overlap with that formed in the vicinity of the cell,
      and were situated at distances 500-1200 microns from the cell body. When viewed
      in the tangential plane, horizontal collaterals were oriented, on the whole,
      dorsoventrally with respect to the surface of the cortex. This may correspond to
      the organization of isofrequency bands previously described in cats. The results
      suggest that the major spread of excitation in AI is mediated by horizontal
      collaterals of pyramidal cells and that it occurs along the lines of isofrequency
      domains. Within the latter the collaterals may link columns of cells with like
      properties and/or serve to coordinate activity patterns in spatially separated
      portions of AI.

PMID- 1822728
TI  - Smooth-pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field.
AB  - Physiological and behavioral data reported here show an involvement of the
      primate frontal eye field (FEF) cortex in smooth-pursuit eye movements, in
      addition to its well-established role in saccadic eye movements. Microstimulation
      just ventral to the small saccade representation of the FEF elicits eye movements
      that, in contrast to elicited saccades, have low velocities, continue smoothly
      without interruption during prolonged stimulation, and are usually directed
      ipsilaterally to the stimulated hemisphere. Neurons in this region respond in
      association with smooth-pursuit eye movements and visual motion. Tracking
      deficits following experimental lesions of the FEF depend critically upon the
      status of this ventral region: superficial lesions sparing it leave smooth
      pursuit eye movements intact, whereas lesions removing it produce substantial
      deficits in the anticipatory initiation, motion-induced acceleration, asymptotic
      velocity, and predictive continuation of ipsilateral smooth pursuit.

PMID- 1822729
TI  - Synaptic relationships of serotonin-immunoreactive terminal baskets on GABA
      neurons in the cat auditory cortex.
AB  - Correlative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used
      to analyze the 5-HT innervation of the primary auditory area (AI) of the cat
      cerebral cortex and to examine the synaptic relationships of 5-HT basket
      terminations on target neurons in that area. Three morphological types of 5-HT
      immunoreactive fibers are present: type I, which is very thin and very finely
      beaded; type II, which is thin and coarsely beaded; and type III, which has a
      relatively thick main shaft and very few beads. Type I is the most abundant, type
      II is relatively less common, and type III is the least abundant type. The 3
      types of fibers are present through the thickness of AI and in the subjacent
      white matter, but the densest plexus is found in layers I-III. One of the most
      characteristic features of type II fibers is that they commonly form small, dense
      clusters that resemble baskets apposed to the somata and primary dendrites of
      unstained neurons. The basket formations are more frequently found in layers I
      and II, and they vary in complexity. Simultaneous immunostaining for GABA and 5
      HT reveals that many 5-HT baskets surround the somata and dendrites of GABA
      neurons. In 2-microns-thick plastic sections, each basket formation can be seen
      surrounding 1 or a group of 2 or 3 cells. In the latter case, one cell is much
      larger and at the electron microscope level is identified as a neuron, while the
      other cells are neuroglial cells. Reconstructions were made from serial electron
      micrographs of 135 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons. Of these boutons, 110 belonged to
      basket formations, 14 to type I axons located in the neuropil, and the remaining
      11 to type II fibers located in the white matter. Only 4 of the 135 boutons made
      conventional synaptic contacts. These were of the asymmetrical type. Most of the
      boutons made very small, indistinct membrane specializations or none at all. The
      present results therefore suggest a strong interaction between 5-HT axon
      terminals and specific GABA neurons, which may be mediated by release sites that
      are not associated with morphologically distinct synaptic contacts.

PMID- 1822730
TI  - Characterization of the growth of cultured cortical neurons on sections of adult
      rat cortex.
AB  - Cultured neurons isolated from the embryonic day 18 (E18) rat cortex were plated
      onto cryostat sections of adult CNS and peripheral nerve. The ability of these
      sections to support neuronal attachment and neurite extension was compared to
      that of neurons on the adjacent poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated glass coverslips. A
      quantitative analysis of the data demonstrated that sections of cerebral cortex
      provide a good substrate for neuronal attachment and growth of neurites, similar
      to that of the PLL-coated glass coverslips. Sections of sciatic nerve
      demonstrated a decreased ability to support neuronal attachment and the growth of
      processes as compared to sections of cortex. Sections of optic nerve supported
      limited neuronal attachment, and the few neurons that were present on top of the
      sections were devoid of processes. Control experiments showed that the ability of
      the cortical sections to support the attachment and growth of cultured neurons
      was due to the molecular composition of the sections and not to influences of the
      tissue culture environment. The interactions of neurons with the sections of CNS
      cortex were partially dependent on a member of the beta 1 integrin family of
      extracellular matrix receptors present on cultured neurons. This in vitro system
      allowed for the definition of some of the molecular and the cellular interactions
      that may occur between growing axons and the environment of the adult cortex.

PMID- 1822731
TI  - The visual map in the corpus callosum of the cat.
AB  - The corpus callosum conveys all the fibers that connect areas 17 and 18 in the 2
      cerebral hemispheres of the cat. The purpose of the present study was to
      ascertain the organization of the visual field map described by these fibers in
      the corpus callosum. This was achieved by injecting anterograde and retrograde
      pathway tracers at known locations in the callosally connected zones of areas 17
      and 18. The positions of the injection sites were varied systematically to
      include all visual field elevations represented along the marginal and
      posterolateral gyri. Overall, the results show (1) that callosal fibers
      projecting between the 2 marginal gyri, where the lower visual fields are
      represented, pass through the body of the corpus callosum; (2) that fibers
      connecting the junction of the marginal and posterolateral gyri in the 2
      hemispheres, where central fields are represented, pass through the dorsal
      splenium of the corpus callosum; and (3) that fibers passing between the ventral
      portions of the 2 posterolateral gyri, where upper fields are represented, pass
      through posterior and ventral splenium. In addition, the density of visual fibers
      in the splenium is greater than in the body of the corpus callosum. Within the
      overall pattern, a finer arrangement exists, and it was possible, by comparison
      with the cortical visual field maps, to describe a map of visual field elevations
      in the corpus callosum. In this map, the representations of the different visual
      field elevations are not a simple reflection of the map in the cortex. The map of
      the lower fields contained in the body is spread out, whereas the map of the
      central and upper fields in the splenium is highly compressed. The high degree
      with which observations can be reproduced in different cats indicates that the
      map is stereotyped from one animal to another.

PMID- 1822732
TI  - Environmental enrichment and cortical injury: behavioral and anatomical
      consequences of frontal cortex lesions.
AB  - Rats with large unilateral or bilateral frontal cortical lesions were placed in
      either isolated or enriched housing conditions for 90 d and then were compared
      behaviorally and neuroanatomically to control rats. The frontal lesions reduced
      chronic body weight, produced impairments in claw cutting, food hoarding, tongue
      extension, and spatial navigation in the Morris water task, and increased running
      wheel activity. Enriched rearing attenuated many of the behavioral changes, but
      with the exception of tongue extension and spatial navigation, it had similar
      effects in both normal and brain-injured animals. Analysis of the brains showed
      that enrichment increased brain weight and dendritic branching in visual cortex
      similarly in normal and brain-injured rats. In contrast, however, enrichment
      affected parietal neurons in normal but not in brain-damaged animals. Instead,
      the frontal operates showed an increase in parietal branching irrespective of the
      rearing condition, which implies that the lesion itself may have led to some form
      of reactive synaptogenesis that subsequently precluded environmental effects.

PMID- 1822733
TI  - Spatial signaling in the development and function of neural connections.
AB  - In the vertebrate central nervous system, afferent axons find their appropriate
      target structures under the influence of local environmental cues. In many target
      regions, appropriate patterns of activity in the afferents are also required to
      establish normal mappings between the source cells and the target region.
      Specific mappings arise in these targets because temporal contiguity in firing is
      somehow transformed into spatial contiguity of synaptic contacts. In this
      article, we propose a theory that utilizes the covariance of a transient
      diffusive signal produced at active synapses with the firing of presynaptic axon
      terminals to account for many of these activity-dependent features of vertebrate
      neuroanatomy. Computer simulations of the growth of axons within a three
      dimensional volume of neural tissue reveal the generality of the proposed
      mechanism in accounting for the self-organization of a broad range of diverse
      neuroanatomical structures, including those in the cerebral cortex. The proposed
      mechanism is consistent with detailed anatomical and physiological data, and
      direct experimental tests of predictions of the theory are suggested.

PMID- 1822734
TI  - Thalamic ablations and neocortical development: alterations of cortical
      cytoarchitecture and cell number.
AB  - The diversity of neocortical cytoarchitecture could arise from genetic
      prespecification of cell types and numbers in the ventricular zone, by
      interaction of cells with their immediate environment, efferent targets, or
      afferent inputs. Here, we examine the role of the thalamus as efferent target or
      afferent source in the early control of cell number and type in the developing
      neocortex. Electrolytic lesions of the thalamus were made in hamsters at birth
      prior to the thalamic innervation of layer IV. By postnatal day 7, when migration
      to the cortex is complete, there were no differences in cell number between the
      cortical plate contralateral and ipsilateral to the thalamic lesion, showing that
      the absence of thalamic input does not influence the last phases of neocortical
      cell generation or migration. However, the incidence of pyknotic cells was
      elevated in the upper half of the cortical plate at this time. By adulthood, the
      number of cells per unit column of cortex was reduced, due to the apparent
      absence of small, nonpyramidal cells of layer IV, as determined from Nissl
      stained material. Therefore, some of the cytoarchitectonic variability of the
      neocortex could arise epigenetically by the interaction of neocortical cells with
      their afferent connections.

PMID- 1822735
TI  - Thalamic ablations and neocortical development: alterations in thalamic and
      callosal connectivity.
AB  - Corticofugal pathways (callosal, intracortical, and subcortical) have initial
      axon outgrowth to many areas where no adult connections will persist.
      Corticofugal projections also demonstrate considerable reorganization after early
      damage. At the level of gross projections from specific thalamic nuclei to
      cortical cytoarchitectonic areas, early thalamocortical projections appear to
      show greater specificity for their targets than do corticofugal projections, and
      their potential for reorganization after early damage is not known. In this
      article, we explore the nature of the reorganization shown by the thalamocortical
      system after early thalamic lesions, and contrast it with reorganization of the
      origin of contralateral visual callosal projections in the same animals. Hamster
      pups were given electrolytic lesions in the posterior thalamus on the day of
      birth, damaging principally either the ventrobasal (somatosensory) or the dorsal
      lateral geniculate (visual) nucleus. After 30 d of age, HRP was implanted in
      either the somatosensory or the visual cortex, matching the area of implant with
      the intended thalamic lesion. The thalamus was reconstructed to determine the
      remaining nuclei, and the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was plotted.
      For animals with HRP implants in visual cortex, the location of callosally
      projecting cells from the contralateral cortex was charted. These animals were
      compared to a group of normal adult animals with HRP implants approximately
      matched for size and location. In seven of eight adult animals with neonatal
      thalamic lesions, the remaining thalamus did not reorganize to innervate the
      thalamically denervated cortex. In contrast, the callosal projections from the
      contralateral visual cortex showed a wider tangential origin in the experimental
      animals compared to the controls. This expanded callosal projection included
      cells from temporal cortex, a projection not seen in normal animals. Thus,
      thalamocortical and callosal projection systems differ in both the magnitude and
      the nature of their reorganization after early damage.

PMID- 1822736
TI  - Cortical substrates supporting visual search in humans.
AB  - Serial and parallel visual search tasks were presented to patients with focal
      lesions in dorsolateral frontal, lateral parietal, or temporal-parietal cortex.
      In the unilateral display conditions, search efficiency in all patient groups was
      similar to the normal control group for stimuli both on the ipsi- and on the
      contralesional side of the displays. In contrast, in the bilateral display
      conditions, all patient groups showed a marked delay in initiating search on the
      side contralateral to the lesion as compared to normal controls. This delay was
      more pronounced when attention demands on the ipsilateral side increased, either
      by making target-distractor discrimination more difficult (serial search task),
      or by increasing the number of ipsilateral distractor items. The contralateral
      deficit was evident in all patient groups, supporting the notion that
      dorsolateral frontal as well as posterior parietal and temporal-parietal cortex
      plays a critical role in visual spatial attention.

PMID- 1822737
TI  - A more biologically plausible learning rule than backpropagation applied to a
      network model of cortical area 7a.
AB  - Area 7a of the posterior parietal cortex of the primate brain is concerned with
      representing head-centered space by combining information about the retinal
      location of a visual stimulus and the position of the eyes in the orbits. An
      artificial neural network was previously trained to perform this coordinate
      transformation task using the backpropagation learning procedure, and units in
      its middle layer (the hidden units) developed properties very similar to those of
      area 7a neurons presumed to code for spatial location (Andersen and Zipser, 1988;
      Zipser and Andersen, 1988). We developed two neural networks with architecture
      similar to Zipser and Andersen's model and trained them to perform the same task
      using a more biologically plausible learning procedure than backpropagation. This
      procedure is a modification of the Associative Reward-Penalty (AR-P) algorithm
      (Barto and Anandan, 1985), which adjusts connection strengths using a global
      reinforcement signal and local synaptic information. Our networks learn to
      perform the task successfully to any degree of accuracy and almost as quickly as
      with backpropagation, and the hidden units develop response properties very
      similar to those of area 7a neurons. In particular, the probability of firing of
      the hidden units in our networks varies with eye position in a roughly planar
      fashion, and their visual receptive fields are large and have complex surfaces.
      The synaptic strengths computed by the AR-P algorithm are equivalent to and
      interchangeable with those computed by backpropagation. Our networks also perform
      the correct transformation on pairs of eye and retinal positions never
      encountered before. All of these findings are unaffected by the interposition of
      an extra layer of units between the hidden and output layers. These results show
      that the response properties of the hidden units of a layered network trained to
      perform coordinate transformations, and their similarity with those of area 7a
      neurons, are not a specific result of backpropagation training. The fact that
      they can be obtained by a more biologically plausible learning rule corroborates
      the validity of this neural network's computational algorithm as a plausible
      model of how area 7a may perform coordinate transformations.

PMID- 1822738
TI  - Growth of thalamic afferents into mouse barrel cortex.
AB  - We studied thalamocortical afferent (TCA) growth into somatosensory cortex as the
      whisker barrels emerge in postnatal mice. Ingrowing fibers from the ventrobasal
      (VB) thalamus were selectively labeled by two means. Under direct vision,
      individual axons and populations of axons were labeled in vitro with HRP, or in
      fixed tissue with Dil (1,1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine
      perchlorate), in pieces of brain containing both the source nucleus in the
      thalamus and its cortical target. Many simple thalamocortical afferents are
      already within the upper cortical plate at birth [postnatal day one (PND1)].
      Initially, TCAs from each point in the thalamus distribute in the cortex as two
      dimensional "Gaussians," which overlap laterally to constitute a uniform
      projection pattern. The projection is topographic, because adjacent focal
      injections within VB label adjacent cortical loci. Subsequent development of
      barreloids (thalamic representations of the whiskers) partitions the TCA
      projection into a set of whisker-related Gaussians, centered on cortical targets
      whose collective topography reflects that of the source pattern. After barreloids
      form on about PND3, but before barrels appear in cytoarchitecture on about PND5,
      the overlapping TCAs segregate into dense terminal clusters in layer IV, around
      which barrels later mature. Time series of single fibers traced with camera
      lucida explain this transformation that is so noticeable at the population level.
      As early as PND1, individual TCAs emit multiple ascending collaterals on their
      horizontal run through white matter and oblique ascent into upper cortex.
      Subsequently, by PND4, and proceeding at least through PND7, there is accelerated
      terminal arborization of selected appropriate collateral branches and pruning
      back of other inappropriate ones. The selection mechanism appears to result from
      within-group reinforcement events that are stronger for branches toward the
      center of each whisker-related Gaussian distribution.

PMID- 1822740
TI  - Mouse barrel cortex viewed as Dirichlet domains.
AB  - Barrels are patterned groups of neurons in rodent somatosensory cortex that
      correspond one to one with the animal's facial whiskers. Dirichlet domains are a
      class of convex polygon found frequently in nature, often arising by nucleation
      from center points. Analytic and graphical methods were devised to verify the
      hypothesis that Dirichlet domains accurately describe the adult barrel fields of
      normal mice. We found that normal barrel fields and abnormal barrel fields caused
      by supernumerary whiskers or lesions to the whisker pad are closely approximated
      by this mathematical formalism. This implies that each developing cortical barrel
      organizes about a center point. Experiments in neonatal animals (Senft and
      Woolsey, 1991a) demonstrate foci in the thalamocortical afferent (TCA)
      distributions. These results support an hypothesis in which TCAs are the
      nucleating agents causing barrels to organize as Dirichlet domains. This is made
      possible because TCA terminals from each barreloid (a whisker-related group of
      cells in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus) initially colonize
      somatosensory cortex with an approximately "Gaussian" distribution. These peaked
      groups of related TCAs behave as Dirichlet domain centers. They generate barrel
      structures competitively, in animals with normal or with perturbed whisker
      patterns, via statistical epigenetic interactions within and between distinct TCA
      Gaussians associated with separate whiskers. This leads to selective axon
      outgrowth and pruning of single TCA branches, regulated by the TCA population,
      and creates beneath each Gaussian the dense knot of related TCA arbors typical of
      the barrel cortex. Similar parcellation of neuronal processes into contending
      subgroups having spatially coherent actions could lead to nucleation of other
      geometric patterns as Dirichlet domains elsewhere in the brain.

PMID- 1822741
TI  - Cortical Discoverer Award: Alan Peters, Department of Anatomy, Boston University
      School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

PMID- 1822742
TI  - Cortical Discoverer Award: Peter Somogyi, Medical Research Council, Anatomical
      Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.

PMID- 1822739
TI  - Computer-aided analyses of thalamocortical afferent ingrowth.
AB  - Segregation of thalamocortical afferent (TCA) fibers precedes barrel formation in
      rodent somatosensory cortex (Killackey and Leshin, 1975; Jeanmonod et al., 1981;
      Jensen and Killackey, 1987b; Senft, 1989; Erzurumlu and Jhaveri, 1990).
      Hypotheses about the arborization strategies followed by these ingrowing fibers
      have been generated from evaluation of labeled terminal fragments of mouse TCAs
      (Senft and Woolsey, 1991a). Those TCAs were of necessity truncated by the
      histological processing needed to observe them at high resolution. This
      fragmentation, along with biological variability, forces conclusions about single
      intact axons to be derived from populations of parts of arbors. To evaluate the
      hypotheses critically, we designed a computer program to quantify morphological
      aspects of labeled TCAs drawn with a camera lucida. We constructed algorithms to
      abstract, from fiber populations, properties minimally affected by truncation.
      Our program analyzes, and displays as histograms, fiber and branch densities and
      orientations. To represent these features by additional graphical means,
      "average" ingrowing TCAs were generated, based on the accumulated statistics of
      the traced fiber fragments. Quantitative descriptions of TCA populations from
      postnatal day 1 (PND1) through PND7 are presented. These analyses show that
      fibers and their branches accumulate with age within the cortical plate (emergent
      layer IV), and to a lesser extent within developing layer VI. Simultaneously, the
      distributions of these afferents within cortical laminae transform from uniform
      to patchy in the plane of the cortex. Peaks exhibit the periodicity typical of
      mature barrels. Branches become more numerous focally as and where layer IV
      barrels emerge. Individually traced arbors show reduced total widths consistent
      with progressive pruning of branches extending into territories of inappropriate
      barrels, both in layer IV and deeper in the cortex.

PMID- 1822743
TI  - Cortical Explorer Award: Tamas Freund. Department of Functional Neuroanatomy,
      Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,
      Hungary.

PMID- 1822744
TI  - Cortical Scholar Award: Paul B. Johnson. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy,
      University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

PMID- 1822745
TI  - Santiago's Brother Award: Wendell J. S. Krieg.

PMID- 1822746
TI  - Role of parietal cortex and hippocampus in representing spatial information.
AB  - Rats with lesions in the parietal cortex or hippocampus as well as cortical
      lesion and sham-operated controls were tested for acquisition or retention of a
      cheese board spatial task (dry land version of a water maze task). Results
      indicated that, relative to controls, rats with hippocampal or parietal cortex
      lesions were impaired in both acquisition and retention of the spatial task as
      measured by increased distances traveled to find the correct food location. It is
      suggested that both the hippocampus and parietal cortex subserve spatial
      representations required for optimal learning and performance of the cheese board
      spatial task.

PMID- 1822747
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of human intracortical structure in vivo.
AB  - Current neuroimaging methodologies have lacked the resolution needed to visualize
      cortical organization at the microscopic level. As a consequence, when
      neurological diseases disrupt the internal structure of the cerebral cortex, the
      changes can only be visualized postmortem, by histological examination. This
      imposes severe limitations in the in vivo diagnosis and investigation of those
      conditions. Here, we report on a magnetic resonance technique that permitted the
      visualization of some features of cerebral cortex in 14 living human subjects and
      in 2 fixed brains. The key finding was a periodic pattern of low- and high-signal
      slabs, oriented perpendicularly to the pial surface, that seem to correspond,
      respectively, to columnar modules and myelin septa. The key parameters of the new
      protocol included modifications in pulse sequence, field of view, number of
      repetitions, and plane of sectioning.

PMID- 1822748
TI  - A comparison of pattern formation by thalamocortical and serotonergic afferents
      in the rat barrel field cortex.
AB  - In the present study we compare the formation of vibrissa-related patterns by
      thalamocortical afferents from the ventrobasal (VB) nucleus to that by raphe
      cortical, serotonergic afferents from the raphe nuclei. In opposite hemispheres
      of the same brain, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine
      perchlorate (Dil) labeling of VB afferents and serotonin (5-HT)
      immunohistochemistry reveal that the pattern of vibrissa-specific patches is
      first exhibited by thalamocortical axons in barrel field cortex. Shortly
      thereafter, 5-HT axons form patches in the same locations as the dense
      concentrations of VB afferents. To assess a possible role of 5-HT afferents in
      the specification of barrel field cortex, neonatal rat pups were administered p
      chloroamphetamine (PCA), a selective 5-HT neurotoxin. The formation of vibrissa
      related patterns by thalamocortical and serotonergic afferents was compared in
      normal and PCA-treated rat pups at various developmental stages. PCA treatment
      led to a significant decrease in the number of serotonergic axons in barrel field
      cortex. Despite this decrease, VB afferents segregated in patches over individual
      barrels. However, a delay in the emergence of the thalamocortical pattern was
      noted in toxin-treated animals. We conclude that PCA treatment does not prevent
      formation of a vibrissa-specific pattern by thalamocortical afferents, and
      discuss the possibility that the 5-HT axons may play a trophic role in the
      maturation of VB afferents.

PMID- 1822749
TI  - The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on respiration, "freezing," and
      ultrasonic vocalizations during conditioned emotional responses in rats.
AB  - The effect of ventral medial frontal cortex (MFC) lesions on respiratory rate
      (RESP), immobility ("freezing"), and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during
      conditioned emotional responses (CERs) was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats
      were divided into two groups: MFC-lesioned rats (N = 11) sustained bilateral
      lesions of the infralimbic region of the MFC via microinjection of the neurotoxin
      NMDA; controls received sterile saline. Following a 2 week recovery period, all
      animals were differentially conditioned to two tones; a 2 mA footshock served as
      the unconditioned stimulus (US). The CS+tone was consistently paired with the US,
      while the CSr tone was randomly paired with the US. On the following day, RESP,
      freezing, and USVs were recorded during CER testing (no US were presented). All
      animals responded during the CS+ with increased RESP compared to baseline; the
      increase in MFC rats was significantly larger than in controls. All animals also
      froze at the onset of the CS+. Following the CS+, controls displayed a prolonged
      period of freezing (265 +/- 37 sec) and decreased RESP compared to baseline, and
      92% emitted USVs. In contrast, MFC rats displayed a significantly shorter period
      of freezing (86 +/- 25 sec) and little or no USV; RESP remained significantly
      elevated throughout the remainder of the trial. These behaviors indicate a
      significantly altered stress response following ventral MFC lesions, implying
      that the MFC may be necessary for complete expression of various behavioral
      responses to "stressful" stimuli. The role of the MFC in emotion is also
      discussed.

PMID- 1822750
TI  - Cortical gyrification in the rhesus monkey: a test of the mechanical folding
      hypothesis.
AB  - A quantitative measure of the degree of cortical folding was used to test the
      mechanical hypothesis of cortical folding and to analyze structural properties of
      the rhesus monkey cortex. The rhesus monkey cortex has both its maximal degree of
      cortical folding and the largest ratios of supragranular laminae to the lower
      granular and infragranular layers in the caudal cortex, over the posterior
      parietal-anterior occipital regions. Low values for cortical folding and for the
      ratios of inner and outer cortical layers characterize frontal regions.
      Topographically intermediate regions are intermediate in both sets of values.
      Ratios of the amounts of white and gray matter have a topographic pattern that
      differs from those of cortical folding, suggesting that the sizes of subcortical
      axonal bundles are not directly associated with the degree of cortical folding.
      Whereas differences in mean degrees of cortical folding are correlated with brain
      weights among species of primates, the amount of folding is not associated with
      brain weight within the species.

PMID- 1822751
TI  - Dual fate of subplate neurons in a rodent.
AB  - While subplate neurons are lost in the development of the cerebral cortex of
      other mammalian species that have so far been investigated, in rodents the
      subplate (alternately termed layer VIb or VII) persists to adulthood, at least in
      part. We traced the developmental course of the subplate in the golden hamster,
      using two methods. We first used tritiated thymidine labeling to trace relative
      changes in the numbers of identified cohorts of cells in the subplate, layer VI,
      and the LGN. We also estimated the total number of cells in the subplate versus
      layer VI of the cortex from early in development to adulthood. These methods
      showed a high rate of cell loss in the subplate, between 50% and 80%, but with
      the clear retention of a substantial fraction of this early-generated population
      as a recognizable layer in adulthood. Species variations in the timing of
      cortical neurogenesis and the relative amount of cell loss in the subplate can be
      used to better describe the developmental function of this region.

PMID- 1822752
TI  - Separate progenitor cells give rise to pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the
      rat telencephalon.
AB  - Neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex are commonly subdivided into two broad
      classes: pyramidal and nonpyramidal. The former are projection neurons, while the
      latter are interneurons. To determine whether the two neuronal classes in the
      cerebral cortex are derived from the same or separate progenitor cells, we used a
      recombinant retrovirus containing the reporter gene E-coli beta-galactosidase as
      a lineage marker. Clonally related neurons expressing the inherited beta
      galactosidase gene were detected histochemically, at both light and electron
      microscopic levels, and their phenotypes were identified using well-established
      ultrastructural criteria. The clones examined, with one exception, were composed
      of either all pyramidal or all nonpyramidal neurons. These findings suggest that
      pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have separate lineages
      and are derived from different progenitor cells in the ventricular zone. This
      lends weight to the notion that cells in the ventricular zone comprise a
      heterogeneous population, and that lineage contributes substantially to the
      phenotype of a neuron.

PMID- 1822753
TI  - Survival and death of neurons in cortical area PMLS after removal of areas 17,
      18, and 19 from cats and kittens.
AB  - The long-term morphological consequences on laminar thickness and neuron survival
      were assessed in cerebral cortical area PMLS following excision of visual
      cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 from adult and adolescent cats and from neonatal
      kittens. Following excisions from kittens, layers III, V, and VI in area PMLS
      were reduced in thickness and there was a significant loss of neurons from layers
      III and VI. Following excisions from adolescent cats, layers V and VI were
      thinner than normal, whereas excisions from adult cats resulted in a detectable
      thinning only of layer V and no neuron loss from any layer. In a parallel study,
      the configuration of projections between area PMLS and areas 17, 18, and 19 in
      adult cats and newborn kittens was analyzed and related to the patterns of neuron
      survival and death in area PMLS following the excisions. In adult cats,
      projections from areas 17, 18, and 19 terminate in all layers, but they are
      heaviest into layer III in area PMLS. Layers III and VI contain the largest
      number of neurons that form the origin of the reciprocal projections back to
      areas 17, 18, and 19. In area PMLS of the newborn kitten, the laminar
      distribution of cells projecting to areas 17, 18, and 19 resembles the pattern in
      the adult cat, although the laminar pattern of the terminations is poorly
      differentiated. The pattern of cell death following the excisions from the
      kittens can be most easily explained on the basis of the mature configuration of
      the reciprocal pathways and on the neurons' maturational status at the time areas
      17, 18, and 19 were removed. Thus, immature cortical neurons that are deprived of
      their targets and inputs undergo degenerative changes. These changes are most
      severe in infancy, and they can be predicted on the basis of the final patterns
      of projections the neurons would have developed with the damaged region. This
      loss of neurons in early-lesioned animals in regions of cortex anatomically
      connected to the damaged tissue implies that there may be cognitive deficits
      associated with the secondary degeneration in addition to the deficits caused by
      the primary lesion.

PMID- 1822754
TI  - Deficits in recall following partial and complete commissurotomy.
AB  - There have been reports in the literature of both impaired (Zaidel and Sperry,
      1974) and intact (LeDoux et al., 1977) memory performance following callosotomy.
      In the present article, memory is examined in patients who received either
      partial or complete callosotomy in an effort to determine (1) if there is a
      memory deficit following callosotomy, (2) if certain types of callosotomy are
      more likely to lead to a deficit (i.e., anterior vs posterior), and (3) if there
      is a global memory deficit or if some mnemonic functions are affected more than
      others. Patients receiving either partial or complete section of the corpus
      callosum were examined pre- and postoperatively on standardized memory tests and
      tests of recall and recognition. In addition, two patients with complete
      callosotomy and matched control subjects were given tests of verbal recall and
      recognition. A deficit in both visual and verbal recall was found in patients
      with posterior section, but not those receiving anterior section. No impairment
      was found on tests of verbal recognition for any patients. Posterior callosal
      section generally includes the hippocampal commissure and other hippocampal
      connections, while anterior sectioning does not. Given the known importance of
      the hippocampus (Milner, 1970) and the differences between recall and recognition
      memory (Bransford and Johnson, 1972) in normal memory functioning, several
      hypotheses are proposed as to why these results might be expected.

PMID- 1822755
TI  - Synaptogenesis in monkey somatosensory cortex.
AB  - The time course and rate of synaptogenesis were studied in the somatosensory
      cortex (Brodmann's areas 1 and 3b) of 27 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from
      embryonic day 41 to 20 years. Two to four vertical probes, each consisting of a
      series of overlapping electron micrographs and extending from the pial surface to
      the interface of the cortex with the white matter, were made from sections cut
      across the postcentral gyrus in the region of the upper limb representation. We
      found that the density of synapses per unit volume of cortex as well as per unit
      volume of neuropil increases steadily throughout the late fetal ages and early
      infancy. A density of 70/100 microns 3 of neuropil was reached by the second
      postnatal month; thereafter, between 1 and 3 years a slightly lower density of 50
      60/100 microns 3 was maintained. At around puberty, the decrease in concentration
      of synapses appears to be accelerated. Thus, the average synaptic density of a
      group of 10 adult animals composed of monkeys over 4 years of age was 30-40
      synapses per 100 microns 3 of neuropil. This value is significantly lower than
      that of the group of 11 infant and juvenile animals below 4 years of age. Since
      synaptic density per unit volume of neuropil is not affected by changes in other
      parameters of cortical growth, these numbers reflect an actual overproduction of
      synapses in infancy followed by their elimination during adolescence. The decline
      in the number of synapses is due primarily to elimination of asymmetrical
      junctions located on dendritic spines while symmetrical synapses on dendritic
      shafts and cell bodies remained relatively constant during postnatal life. The
      course of synapse formation recorded in the present study coincides with the
      course of overproduction and elimination of neurotransmitter receptors (Lidow et
      al., 1991) and the developmental schedule of synaptogenesis in other neocortical
      areas (Rakic et al., 1986). The timing of synaptogenesis and synaptic elimination
      in the postcentral gyrus may account for the maturation and plasticity of various
      aspects of somatosensory function during post-natal life.

PMID- 1822757
TI  - Regulation of vasopressin release in moderately severe essential hypertension.
AB  - Vasopressin plasma concentrations have been measured in two groups of subjects,
      13 moderate essential hypertensive patients without target organ damage and eight
      control normotensive subjects, before and after the assumption of the upright
      position, and intravenous infusions of hypotonic saline (0.45% NaCl, 0.25 ml kg-1
      min-1 for 1 h) and hypertonic saline (100 mmol NaCl in 50 ml). Plasma vasopressin
      in recumbent baseline conditions was not significantly different in the two
      groups. Upright posture and hypertonic challenge augmented, while hypotonic
      saline reduced plasma vasopressin levels, which were not significantly different
      between the two groups. Plasma renin activity increased in the upright position,
      was reduced by administration of hypotonic saline and unaffected by hypertonic
      saline, with no differences between the hypertensives and normotensives. After
      hypertonic saline, urinary flow rate and urinary sodium excretion in the
      hypertensive group increased to values significantly (p less than 0.05) higher
      than in normotensive subjects. In conclusion our study excludes significant
      alteration of vasopressin regulation in moderate uncomplicated hypertension. In
      hypertensives although the response of vasopressin to an osmotic load is
      preserved, the data suggest that the renal handling of the osmotic load may be
      altered.

PMID- 1822758
TI  - Short- and long-term reproducibility of cardiovascular tests of autonomic
      function in normal subjects.
AB  - Ten healthy normal subjects participated in a follow-up study in which the
      reproducibility of noninvasive cardiovascular autonomic function testing was
      studied. The tests used were the Valsalva manoeuvre, deep and quiet breathing,
      standing upright and isometric handgrip exercise. These tests were performed six
      times within a 2-year period. The reproducibility of these autonomic function
      tests within a day was evaluated in a separate study involving nine healthy
      subjects. In this study the tests were performed three times between 08.00 and
      15.00. The results indicate that indices based on R-R interval ratios during
      testing were highly reproducible; that the indices remain reproducible over a 2
      year follow up period and that reproducibility within a day was similar to that
      within longer time periods. The reproducibility of pressor responses to isometric
      exercise was poor. It is concluded that indices based on R-R ratios are suitable
      for use in follow up studies of autonomic function.

PMID- 1822756
TI  - Is adrenaline released by sympathetic nerves in man?
AB  - Radiotracer methods were used to measure the rates of regional release of
      adrenaline and noradrenaline into plasma in man. This was done as a partial test
      of a theory of essential hypertension pathogenesis which envisages an important
      cotransmitter function for neuronally released adrenaline. In healthy resting men
      no release of adrenaline could be detected from the heart, lungs or liver.
      Adrenaline was released into the right renal vein but an adrenal medullary source
      is suspected. With the relatively limited activation of the cardiac sympathetic
      outflow which accompanied mental challenge and isometric exercise, cardiac
      adrenaline release remained undetectable. During supine bicycle exercise, which
      increased cardiac noradrenaline release 10-30 fold, to a mean value of 197
      ng/min, cardiac adrenaline release averaged 2.36 ng/min. In two clinical
      conditions associated with persistently elevated plasma adrenaline
      concentrations, cardiac failure and adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma,
      regional release of adrenaline was clearly evident. Thus, in normal man during
      exercise, and in patients with cardiac failure at rest, adrenaline is released
      from non-adrenal sources, and probably from sympathetic nerves. Whether neuronal
      adrenaline release of the degree found would be sufficient to facilitate
      noradrenaline release, augment sympathetically-mediated cardiovascular responses
      and contribute to the development of arterial hypertension remains to be tested.

PMID- 1822760
TI  - Heart rate variability and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with chronic renal
      failure.
AB  - Heart rate variability was measured from 24-h electrocardiograms in 61 patients
      with end stage chronic renal failure. The method used counts the number of times
      successive RR intervals differ by more than 50 ms over the 24-h period, and is a
      reliable indicator of cardiac parasympathetic activity. Also analysed were the
      frequency and type of ectopic beats and other arrhythmias. Twenty-one subjects
      (34%) had varying numbers of ventricular ectopic beats, and twelve (20%) had
      frequent supraventricular ectopics. Total 24-h count values were abnormal in 30
      (76%) of the 41 subjects whose tapes were technically suitable for this analysis.
      There were no sex differences, but those patients maintained on haemodialysis had
      significantly lower counts than those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis. We conclude that about three-quarters of patients with chronic renal
      failure have abnormal cardiac parasympathetic activity. This may increase
      susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death and contribute to the high
      mortality of patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 1822759
TI  - Autonomic nervous system function in patients with primary obstructive sleep
      apnoea syndrome.
AB  - Ten patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome cured by
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were compared to nine patients considered as surgical
      failures, using cardiovascular reflex tests--Valsalva manoeuvre, respiratory
      sinus arrhythmia, isometric handgrip and head-up tilt. Two patients had signs of
      moderate vagal dysfunction, but no case of definite autonomic nervous dysfunction
      was diagnosed. The overall results indicated sympathetic overreactivity,
      positively correlated to oxygen desaturation indices and remaining after
      successful treatment. Four patients did not exhibit bradycardia during sleep
      apnoea. Two of them had decreased respiratory sinus arrhythmia when awake, but
      two had normal values. This implies a difference in vagal responsiveness between
      the awake and sleeping states, or that other factors besides vagus function
      influence the bradycardia response to apnoea. The group mean values were all
      within normal limits. There was no significant difference between the two groups
      in any test. Autonomic nervous dysfunction therefore does not seem to contribute
      to surgical failure, nor to occur with increased incidence among patients with
      primary obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

PMID- 1822761
TI  - The effects of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on postural hypotension,
      before and after food ingestion, in primary autonomic failure.
AB  - The effects of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide on postural hypotension have
      been compared with placebo, before and after food ingestion in two groups with
      primary autonomic failure; patients with pure autonomic failure, and patients
      with additional neurological involvement as part of multiple system atrophy.
      After placebo, supine blood pressure was unchanged, but after octreotide, it rose
      in both groups. Octreotide reduced pre-prandial postural and supine post-prandial
      hypotension in both pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy patients.
      Postural hypotension post-prandially was considerably worse after placebo; this
      was reduced after octreotide. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels remained
      unchanged. Plasma glucose levels rose higher and faster after placebo. Insulin
      levels were similar in both groups at rest, but rose higher in patients with pure
      autonomic failure after placebo. After octreotide, the insulin response in both
      groups was suppressed. We conclude that octreotide prevents post-prandial
      hypotension in both groups with primary autonomic failure and additionally
      reduces postural hypotension both before and after food ingestion. The greater
      rise in insulin levels in patients with pure autonomic failure suggests that
      insulin may be a contributing factor to the more severe post-prandial hypotension
      observed in this group of patients.

PMID- 1822762
TI  - Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical and autonomic features of all patients with
      extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders studied in the Mayo Autonomic Reflex
      Laboratory from 1983 to 1989. Patients were grouped into the following categories
      (number in parentheses): Parkinson's disease (35); parkinsonism-plus (54);
      multiple system atrophy (75); hereditary multisystem degenerations (eleven);
      progressive supranuclear palsy (32); non-familial cerebellar degeneration
      (eleven); nonspecific sporadic multisystem degeneration (73). Severe autonomic
      failure occurred in 97% of patients with multiple system atrophy and 53% of the
      nonspecific sporadic multisystem degeneration patients respectively. Autonomic
      involvement was mild or absent in Parkinson's disease while parkinsonism-plus and
      non-familial cerebellar degeneration patients had moderate autonomic failure.
      Orthostatic blood pressure reduction, percentage of anhidrosis on
      thermoregulatory sweat test, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, forearm
      response and heart rate response to deep breathing strongly regressed with
      severity. A response to levodopa treatment in patients with parkinsonism was more
      likely if cerebellar signs and cognitive deficits were absent. The presence of
      levodopa induced dyskinesia was also a marker for a clinically favourable
      levodopa response. We conclude that there is a spectrum of autonomic involvement
      in these degenerative disorders and that autonomic studies are useful in
      separating them and monitoring their course.

PMID- 1822763
TI  - Value of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring in the detection of
      carotid sinus hypersensitivity.
AB  - A patient with recurrent episodes of dizziness and blackouts is described.
      Detailed cardiac and neurological investigations were normal. Autonomic
      assessment excluded postural hypotension and confirmed normal sympathetic
      vasoconstrictor function. Cardiac parasympathetic function in response to deep
      breathing, hyperventilation and ocular pressure was normal. Left carotid sinus
      massage only reproducibly lowered blood pressure with minimal change in heart
      rate. This occurred mainly during head-up tilt. The fall in blood pressure was
      not affected by the muscarinic blocker atropine, or the peptide release
      inhibitor, octreotide. A diagnosis of left carotid sinus hypersensitivity of the
      vasodepressor variety was made. Left carotid sinus denervation was performed.
      This successfully prevented further episodes of dizziness and blackouts. The
      ability to measure beat-to-beat blood pressure non-invasively was of particular
      importance in diagnosis, and in the assessment of management options in this
      patient.

PMID- 1822764
TI  - Blood pressure changes associated with tilting in normotensive subjects:
      differences in response pattern as measured by oscillometry and auscultation.
AB  - Three non-invasive instruments were used to measure blood pressure in the supine
      position and on tilting--a conventional and a random-zero sphygmomanometer, and
      an oscillometric device (Accutorr 1A). Twenty normotensives volunteered for the
      study. There was no statistically significant difference in systolic blood
      pressure and diastolic blood pressure measured by the conventional and random
      zero sphygmomanometers in the supine position. There was a difference between
      these recordings and those of the Accutorr, with the Accutorr giving higher
      readings of systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.001), analysis of variance,
      95% confidence interval of the difference between the Accutorr and the random
      zero was 5.1-15.7 mmHg) and lower readings of diastolic blood pressure (p less
      than 0.0001, analysis of variance, 95% confidence interval of the difference
      between the Accutorr and the random-zero was -12.2- -2.2 mmHg). On tilting, the
      Accutorr showed an increase in systolic blood pressure while the other two
      machines did not (p less than 0.01, analysis of variance). By contrast, the
      Accutorr detected a smaller rise in diastolic blood pressure than with the other
      two instruments (p less than 0.05, analysis of variance). The difference between
      blood pressure measurements made in the supine position by the two different
      techniques, auscultation and oscillometry, might be expected. However, the two
      different techniques do not detect the same blood pressure responses to a change
      in posture.

PMID- 1822765
TI  - The biochemical assessment of sympathoadrenal activity in man.
AB  - Sympathoadrenal activity in man can be assessed by measuring catecholamines in
      plasma or by recording impulses in sympathetic nerves to skin and muscles by
      microneurography. Several studies have indicated that forearm venous plasma
      noradrenaline concentration and muscle sympathetic nerve activity are closely
      correlated in normal subjects at rest as well as during various conditions with
      increased or decreased sympathetic activity. Both parameters are influenced by
      baroreceptors and increase with age. Plasma adrenaline should preferably be
      measured in arterial blood because the extraction of adrenaline in organs and
      tissues may increase considerably when plasma adrenaline increases. The problem
      of studying the metabolic clearance rate of noradrenaline but not of adrenaline
      is discussed. It is emphasized that sympathetic activity is highly differentiated
      and it should therefore be measured in specific organs and tissues. Sympathetic
      activity in internal organs can be studied by measuring the release of
      noradrenaline from these organs. Imaging technique may, however, prove useful in
      future studies. The significance of microdialysis, measurements of plasma
      catecholamine metabolites, dopa and dopamine, plasma neuropeptide Y,
      catecholamines in urine and in the cerebrospinal fluid is discussed. Furthermore,
      it is emphasized that adrenergic agonist and antagonist drugs are important tools
      to study sensitivity and responsiveness to catecholamines preferably in specific
      organs and tissues. Finally, a few examples are given of the values in human
      research of the techniques described.

PMID- 1822767
TI  - Microdialysis of 5-S-cysteinyldopa from interstitial fluid in cutaneous human
      melanoma transplanted to athymic mice.
AB  - Microdialysis was investigated as a tool for the determination of the
      extracellular concentration of the pigment metabolite 5-S-cysteinyldopa in human
      melanoma transplanted to athymic mice. Histology of the tumour with the
      microdialysis probes in situ showed no tissue damage. With probes equipped with
      polycarbonate membranes (20 kD) extraction (relative recovery) was approximately
      50% at pH 4.0 and flow rates of 1 microliter/min, but at pH 7.0 recoveries were
      markedly lower, particularly from serum. In a first series of human melanomas
      transplanted to athymic mice low concentrations of 5-S-cysteinyldopa were
      detected in only two out of ten dialysates and were not detected in the other
      eight. Utilizing devices constructed for comparison of membrane characteristics
      in vitro we found about 4-fold higher recoveries with cuprophane and polyamide
      membranes than with polycarbonate membranes. Therefore newly constructed
      microdialysis probes (CMA/11) with cuprophane membranes were tested in vitro and
      gave recoveries of 38-48% from Ringer-Acetate solutions and 22-31% from serum,
      and the pH effects were low. When these probes were utilized in a second series
      of melanomas transplanted to athymic mice, 5-S-cysteinyldopa could easily be
      quantified in 10/10 experiments. A steady-state level of the dialysate 5-S
      cysteinyldopa concentration was reached after 45 min.

PMID- 1822766
TI  - Inhibition by analogues of L-tyrosine transport by B16/F10 melanoma cells.
AB  - The effect of a number of L-tyrosine (L-Tyr) analogues on L-Tyr uptake by B16/F10
      malignant melanocytes is reported. This amino acid can be taken up by two of the
      most ubiquitous transport systems found in animals cells, L and presumably ASC. L
      Tyr analogues devoid of the amino group, like p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid and
      related compounds, and L-Tyr analogues devoid of the carboxyl group, such as
      tyramine, do not affect L-Tyr uptake. The other aromatic amino acids, L-Phe and L
      Trp, and the L-Tyr analogues DL-m-Tyr, L-diiodotyrosine and L-dopa, strongly
      inhibit the uptake of L-Tyr. This suggests that these chemicals are transported
      more efficiently than L-Tyr. The ASC system does not show stereospecificity, but
      the L system has greater affinity for L-Tyr than for D-Tyr. The ASC system also
      has greater affinity for tyrosine isomers with the hydroxyl group in the ortho
      and meta positions. The presence of a methyl group at the alpha-carbon of L-Tyr
      and L-dopa also increases the affinity of the ASC system for these agents. In
      contrast, alpha-methylation decreases the affinity of the L system in comparison
      to L-Tyr. Finally, L-Tyr esters do not inhibit, but stimulate the transport of L
      Tyr, mainly by the ASC system.

PMID- 1822768
TI  - A high-sensitivity fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      for determination of glutathione and other thiols in cultured melanoma cells,
      microdialysis samples from melanoma tissue, and blood plasma.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorometric detection is
      described which is suitable for determination of glutathione in small samples.
      Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione obtained as GSH after reduction
      with glutathione reductase is derivatized with N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3
      coumarinyl) maleimide (DACM) and subjected to chromatography. The detection limit
      for the GSH-DACM derivative was 5-10 fmol/injection, and analytical recovery was
      quantitative. The method is suitable for determination of both reduced and total
      glutathione in samples from microdialysis of melanoma tumours, and cysteine can
      be quantified in the same chromatogram. Application is shown also for glutathione
      determinations in cultured melanoma cells, melanoma homogenates and plasma.

PMID- 1822769
TI  - Melanin-related biochemistry of IGR 1 human melanoma cells.
AB  - Cultured melanoma cells have been of great value in the study of pigment
      metabolism. IGR 1 human melanoma cells, established by Dr Christian Aubert,
      produce melanin in large quantities. These cells have been used for isolation of
      human tyrosinase which enzyme has not previously been obtained in a pure form.
      IGR 1 cells contain large amounts of 5-S-cysteinyldopa which is the
      quantitatively most important catecholic amino acid. This review deals with the
      metabolism of dopa, cysteinyldopa, glutathionyldopa, cysteine and glutathione,
      compounds of central importance in pigment metabolism. The information available
      on tyrosinase, catecholic compounds and on thiols in IGR 1 melanoma cells makes
      these cells most suitable for further investigation of the metabolism of human
      melanoma cells.

PMID- 1822770
TI  - Phase I-II trial of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with cisplatin in the
      treatment of high risk malignant melanoma of the extremities.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1990, 59 patients with malignant melanoma were retrospectively
      reviewed to assess the safety, efficacy and the maximal tolerated dose of
      cisplatin used in hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion. The median follow-up was
      29 months (range 3-54 months). The local recurrence rate was 12% in Stage I, 33%
      in Stage II and 30% in Stage III patients. The maximal tolerated dose of
      cisplatin in hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion was 3.2 mg/kg for forequarter
      perfusions and 6 mg/kg for hindquarter perfusions based on lean body weight. At
      these dosages, there is an 8% major complication rate and only one patient
      experienced long-term sequelae. Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion using
      cisplatin in the dosages of 3-6 mg/kg lean body weight is associated with low
      morbidity and appears to have efficacy comparable to L-phenylalanine mustard for
      the control of locally recurrent malignant melanoma.

PMID- 1822771
TI  - Late recurrence of malignant melanoma: a report of five cases, a review of the
      literature and a study of associated factors.
AB  - This is a study of factors associated with late recurrence (i.e. 10 or more years
      after definitive surgery) of cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM). Four factors were
      evaluated: Breslow thickness, site of the primary MM, age of the patient at
      initial treatment for MM, and gender. These factors were compared between two
      groups: (1) Stage I cases in the New York University Melanoma Cooperative Group
      (NYU-MCG) database that had 'early recurrence' (less than 10 years) of MM, and
      (2) cases in the literature with late recurrence of MM plus five new cases
      reported here. Compared to the group of patients with 'early recurrence' of MM,
      the group of patients who had late recurrence of MM were found more likely to
      have thinner primary melanomas (p less than 0.001), to be younger (p less than
      0.001), to be female (p = 0.001), and, for females, to have the MM located on an
      extremity (p = 0.017). Because late recurrence does occur and because the risk of
      developing a new primary MM is increased in MM patients, any patient who has had
      a MM should be followed for life.

PMID- 1822773
TI  - A new muscle journal for the nineties.

PMID- 1822774
TI  - Population frequencies of inherited neuromuscular diseases--a world survey.
AB  - A survey of the world literature, involving over 150 reported studies, of the
      population frequencies of various inherited neuromuscular diseases has been
      carried out. Data are presented for the commoner forms of muscular dystrophy
      (Duchenne, Becker, facioscapulohumeral, limb girdle), myotonic dystrophy and
      congenital myotonias, proximal spinal muscular atrophies, and the hereditary
      motor and sensory neuropathies. A conservative estimate of the overall prevalence
      among both sexes is around 286 x 10(-6), that is 1 in 3500 of the population may
      be expected to have a disabling inherited neuromuscular disease presenting in
      childhood or in later life. If severe disorders manifest only in infancy and
      early childhood (e.g. Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and severe congenital muscular
      dystrophy) and the rare forms of dystrophy and myopathy are also included, then
      the overall prevalence could well exceed 1 in 3000.

PMID- 1822772
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlamps and sunbeds: a descriptive
      study in Belgium.
AB  - Two recently published case-control studies have highlighted the possibility of
      an association between the development of cutaneous malignant melanoma and
      exposure to sunlamps and sunbeds. Little is known about the behaviour patterns
      with regard to exposure to sunlamps and sunbeds in Western Europe. This
      descriptive study compares usage patterns of sunlamps and sunbeds of melanoma
      patients with the general population in Belgium. Evidence is given that melanoma
      patients are greater users of artificial ultraviolet sources than the general
      population, and that the incidence of melanoma in different geographical areas
      increases proportional to the percentage of people using tanning devices.
      Although this descriptive study may well be biased or refuted, it does advocate
      the need for further epidemiological research addressing specifically the issue
      of melanoma and exposure to artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation.

PMID- 1822775
TI  - Recent advances in the molecular pathology of familial amyloid polyneuropathy.
AB  - The familial amyloid polyneuropathies (FAP) represent a heterogeneous spectrum of
      clinical syndromes differing regarding age of onset, rate of progression, and
      distribution of organ involvement and affecting people from different ethnic
      groups. Several mutant forms of transthyretin (TTR, formerly referred to as
      prealbumin) have been identified both in circulating plasma and in amyloid
      deposits from FAP patients. It is possible that a common factor in the
      amyloidogenesis process exists among the different forms which might be related
      to a change produced by the mutation in the three-dimensional structure of TTR.
      Other genetic or acquired factors affecting tissue composition might also play a
      role in pathogenesis. The intervening factors in amyloidogenesis in FAP, other
      than the presence of mutant TTR, are largely unknown and deserve future study.

PMID- 1822776
TI  - Brain-type and muscle-type promoters of the dystrophin gene differ greatly in
      structure.
AB  - The promoter of the 14 kb mRNA encoding the brain isoform of dystrophin in the
      mouse has been isolated and partially characterized. Unlike the promoter of the
      muscle dystrophin isoform, it does not contain a TATA box or other consensus
      sequences characteristic of the proximal region upstream of the cap sites of
      eukaryotic genes. Yet, it has a major initiation of transcription start site
      located 266 bp upstream from the first ATG which is in frame with the dystrophin
      coding sequence. The 5' untranslated region contains nine additional ATG triplets
      which are not in-frame with the coding sequence or are followed by stop codons. A
      DNA fragment extending from bp -1149 to +11 is sufficient to activate a reporter
      gene lacking a promoter in transfected neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 1822777
TI  - Multifocal avascular necrosis following high dosage steroid treatment of juvenile
      dermatomyositis. A case report.

PMID- 1822779
TI  - Neuromuscular disorders: gene location.

PMID- 1822778
TI  - Myoblasts, myosins, MyoDs, and the diversification of muscle fibers.
AB  - Distinct types of muscle fibers form and become innervated by appropriate motor
      neurons during development. Though the activity pattern of the innervating motor
      neuron affects fiber type in the adult, it is now clear that innervation is not
      required for the initial formation of fast and slow muscle fibers during
      embryonic and fetal development. In addition, multiple types of intrinsically
      different myoblasts are found at different stages of development and motor
      neurons may preferentially innervate specific types of muscle fibers at
      relatively early stages of myogenesis. Thus, at least some of the information
      required for the formation of specific motor units must be carried by muscle
      cells. Cellular and molecular analyses of the multiple types of myoblasts, myosin
      heavy chain isoforms, and myogenesis regulating proteins of the MyoD family are
      leading to a new understanding of the events that choreograph the formation of
      fast and slow motor units.

PMID- 1822780
TI  - Distinct contractile protein profile in congenital myotonic dystrophy and X
      linked myotubular myopathy.
AB  - The contractile proteins present in muscle biopsies taken from infants suffering
      either from congenital myotonic dystrophy or X-linked myotubular myopathy were
      compared using biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Two-dimensional gel
      analysis has revealed that in all cases of X-linked myotubular myopathy the
      pattern of expression of myosin light chains, tropomyosin and troponin was
      roughly similar to that of normal age matched control muscle. However, biopsies
      from infants affected by congenital myotonic dystrophy demonstrated a
      predominance of most fast contractile protein isoforms. Non-denaturing gel
      electrophoresis confirmed the presence of both fast and slow myosin isoforms in X
      linked myotubular myopathy. Fetal myosin was also present but in amounts higher
      than that found in normal muscles of the same age. In congenital myotonic
      dystrophy fetal and fast myosin were the predominant isoforms detected by native
      gel electrophoresis. These results were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and
      Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for the different myosin
      isoforms.

PMID- 1822781
TI  - Immunogold labelling of dystrophin in human muscle, using an antibody to the last
      17 amino acids of the C-terminus.
AB  - Immunolabelling with a 10 nm gold probe was used to localize dystrophin at the
      ultrastructural level in human skeletal muscle. The primary antibody was raised
      against a synthetic peptide containing the last 17 amino acids at the C-terminus
      of dystrophin. Using this antibody, labelling was almost entirely confined to a
      narrow band enclosing 40 nm either side of the plasma membrane and including the
      membrane itself. Histograms of the position of the gold probe relative to the
      plasma membrane showed modes lying over the membrane itself or the extracellular
      face of the membrane. One interpretation of these results is that the C-terminus
      of dystrophin is inserted in the plasma membrane alongside the glycoproteins with
      which it is tightly associated. Histograms of the distances between gold probes
      displayed modes at approximately 120 nm in both transverse and longitudinal
      sections suggesting that dystrophin forms a lattice-like network adjacent to the
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 1822782
TI  - Passive avoidance behaviour deficit in the mdx mouse.
AB  - Thirty per cent of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) suffer from
      various degrees of mental retardation. Since dystrophin, the protein absent in
      muscles of boys with DMD, is produced also in the brain, it was postulated that
      the deficiency of brain dystrophin might account for the mental retardation found
      in DMD boys. The mdx mouse, a mouse model of DMD, fails to produce dystrophin in
      muscle and brain. This prompted us to study the cognitive function of these
      animals. Learning and memory processes were studied in 10 mdx females and 9
      genetically matched controls using the passive avoidance test. Statistically
      significant differences in the retention of the passive avoidance response was
      detected between mdx and control mice, indicating an impairment in passive
      avoidance learning in mdx mice. Our data reinforce the view that brain dystrophin
      deficiency is correlated with cognitive dysfunction and indicate that mdx mice
      might be a model for the mental retardation found in DMD boys.

PMID- 1822783
TI  - Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse dystrophin: the embryonic
      isoform in muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus, is
      encoded by a 14 kb transcript of over 65 exons. A point mutation in the
      homologous mouse gene causes muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. We have examined the
      developmental regulation of transcription of this gene in skeletal mouse muscle
      and also the tissue specificity of the transcript in muscle and brain, by using
      the polymerase chain reaction to amplify overlapping segments of dystrophin mRNA
      spanning the entire coding sequence and 5'-untranslated region. We have
      characterised a specific embryonic transcript that would encode dystrophin with a
      different C-terminus and have shown that this persists from the earliest stages
      to the adult in mdx skeletal muscle. The brain transcript shows striking sequence
      homology to rat and human, being highly conserved at the 5'-untranslated region
      and is present in both wild-type and mdx mice.

PMID- 1822784
TI  - Role of persisting basement membrane in the reorganization of myofibres
      originating from myogenic cell grafts in the rat.
AB  - Satellite cells grafted at the site of an irreversible muscle injury regenerate
      normal myofibres that become organized in fascicles. The role of the basement
      membrane in organization of the newly formed muscle fibres was investigated using
      polyclonal antibodies against laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen and heparan
      sulphate proteoglycan. In ungrafted muscles, original basement membranes were
      reactive to these antibodies at 7, 14 and 45 days after injury. Labelling of
      satellite cells with FITC-latex beads showed the labelled myoblasts and new
      myofibres within the remnants of old basement membranes at 7 days after cell
      implantation and thereafter. Electron microscopy of injured-ungrafted muscles
      showed persistence of electron dense material corresponding to thin layers of old
      basal laminae partially interrupted. After cell grafting, myotubes developed
      within these structures and were surrounded by redundant basal laminae. These
      results suggest that grafted cells are able to migrate inside the basement
      membranes which serve as scaffolding for their development.

PMID- 1822785
TI  - Molecular studies of spinal muscular atrophy.
AB  - Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder
      which presents as a severe, intermediate or mild condition. The disease
      selectively affects the alpha motor neuron but nothing is as yet known about the
      underlying biochemical defect. Recent genetic studies have mapped all three types
      of SMA to the same region of human chromosome 5 (5q11.2-q13.3) raising the
      possibility that the mutations may be allelic. Polymorphic DNA markers have been
      characterised which are suitable for prenatal diagnosis. This is the first step
      in the isolation of the mutant gene (or genes) involved in this disorder.

PMID- 1822786
TI  - Grafts of embryonic tissue into spinal cord: a possible strategy for treating
      neuromuscular disorders.
AB  - The article describes various approaches used to bring about repair of damaged
      spinal cord by using embryonic grafts of neuronal tissue. One approach is to
      stimulate the host's neuronal elements to grow and regenerate. Indeed embryonic
      grafts have been found to reduce the effects of spinal cord injury, and promote
      regrowth of axons across a lesion site at least to a limited extent. Attempts
      have also been made to restore the loss of supraspinal influences with grafts
      from embryonic brain, and transplants of aminergic neurones have been shown to
      compensate for the loss of aminergic supraspinal inputs. Finally, it is possible
      to replace loss of highly specialised cells such as motoneurones by grafts of
      embryonic spinal cord. Grafted embryonic motoneurones are able to survive within
      adult host cord although both their chances of survival and maturation seem
      improved by prior depletion of the host motoneurones. They are able to innervate
      a skeletal muscle via its peripheral nerve if this is co-implanted at the site of
      grafting but no axon growth has yet been detected into the host ventral root.
      However, grafted embryonic neurones are able to migrate away from the graft to
      sites once occupied by missing motoneurones in the host anterior horn. Within the
      context of the treatment of neuromuscular disease, the research described
      suggests possible stratagems for the treatment of disorders such as amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophies or poliomyelitis either by employing
      grafts that could release neuroactive substances which might prevent existing
      cells from dying, or even by replacing missing motoneurones with transplanted
      embryonic motoneurones.

PMID- 1822787
TI  - Duplication in chromosome 17p11.2 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1a (CMT
      1a). The HMSN Collaborative Research Group.
AB  - Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I (HMSN I) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth
      disease type 1 (CMT 1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the peripheral
      nervous system characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of distal limb
      muscles. In the majority of HMSN I families, linkage studies localized the gene
      (CMT 1a) to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17. We have detected with
      probe pVAW409R3 (D17S122) localized in 17p11.2 a duplication, co-segregating with
      the disease in 12 HMSN I families. In these families the duplication was present
      in all 128 patients but absent in the 84 unaffected and 44 married-in individuals
      (lod score of 58.44 at zero recombination). Further, on one HMSN I family the
      disease newly appeared simultaneously with a de novo duplication originating from
      an unequal crossing-over event at meiosis. Since different allelic combinations
      were found segregating with the duplication in different families linkage
      disequilibrium was not a significant factor. These findings led us to propose
      that the duplication in 17p11.2 itself is the disease causing mutation in all the
      HMSN I families analyzed.

PMID- 1822788
TI  - Diagnosis of muscular glycogenosis by in vivo natural abundance 13C NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Natural abundance 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy was used to
      distinguish patients suffering from muscle glycogenosis type V (McArdle's
      disease) from normal subjects by measuring their muscle glycogen content at rest.
      Proton-decoupled 13C spectra were obtained in 10-15 min from calf muscles at
      rest. The ratio of the glycogen/creatine signal areas was 12.9 +/- 1.7 in four
      McArdle's disease patients and 2.0 +/- 0.7 in seven normal subjects. This
      technique thus allows the non-invasive diagnosis of muscle glycogenosis.

PMID- 1822789
TI  - Prednisone in Duchenne dystrophy.

PMID- 1822790
TI  - Neurological disorders due to mutations of the mitochondrial genome.
AB  - The rapidly expanding list of human diseases due to lesions of mitochondrial DNA
      includes myopathies, encephalopathies, cardiomyopathies, or various combinations
      of the latter, leading to multisystem disorders, which can also affect visceral
      organs. Five maternally inherited diseases, mainly affecting muscle and brain,
      are due to point mutations of mitochondrial genes encoding either respiratory
      chain polypeptides or transfer RNAs. On the other hand, three sporadic entities,
      Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, and
      Pearson's pancreas-bone marrow syndrome, are due to single large-scale deletions
      of mitochondrial DNA. In addition, multiple deletions are the molecular hallmark
      of familial encephalomyopathies, inherited as either autosomal dominant or
      autosomal recessive traits. Finally, tissue-specific depletion of mitochondrial
      DNA was found in an autosomal recessive disease affecting either muscle, liver,
      kidney, or a combination of the three. Point mutations and slipped mispairing
      during, or impairment of, mitochondrial replication are likely mechanisms
      involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions.

PMID- 1822791
TI  - Type III glycogen storage disease: an adult case with mild disease but complete
      absence of debrancher protein.
AB  - A 54-yr-old woman who presented with chest pain and elevated serum creatine
      kinase levels was found to have type III glycogen storage disease. Except for a
      history of hepatomegaly in childhood, she was healthy and lived a normal life.
      There was no hypoglycemia, seizure disorder or growth retardation. Muscle
      weakness was not apparent until the sixth decade. Despite the mild clinical
      course, debranching enzyme activity was not detectable by biochemical assay, and
      immunoblot analysis using a polyclonal antibody showed a complete absence of
      debrancher protein. Thus, mild clinical manifestations in this patient could not
      be explained by the residual debrancher enzyme and/or activity.

PMID- 1822792
TI  - Dystrophin immunofluorescence pattern in manifesting and asymptomatic carriers of
      Duchenne's and Becker muscular dystrophies of different ages.
AB  - In order to investigate if the same apparent decrease in dystrophin negative
      fibers with aging observed in mouse mdx female heterozygotes also occurs in
      carriers of the DMD and BMD gene, we have studied the muscle of 29 DMD carriers
      (19 adults and 10 young daughters of obligate carriers, including 3 manifesting
      carriers) and 5 adult asymptomatic heterozygotes for Becker dystrophy (BMD). All
      young DMD possible carriers and 11 of 24 adult DMB/BMD heterozygotes had
      increased serum enzymes activities. A population of dystrophin negative fibers,
      more evident with the use of the C-terminal antibody, was seen in the three
      manifesting and in a 9-yr-old possible DMD carrier. In the remaining females, a
      positive immunohistochemical pattern of dystrophin, which did not differ from
      normal controls, was observed. Our results suggest that: (1) the increased
      population of dystrophin negative fibers reported in young mdx female
      heterozygotes was not seen in young DMD carriers, aged 6-17 yr; and (2)
      abnormalities in dystrophin immunostaining are not easily observed and are more
      frequent in manifesting carriers, when the muscle is grossly altered.

PMID- 1822793
TI  - Immunolocalization and developmental expression of dystrophin related protein in
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Dystrophin Related Protein is the recently identified protein product of a large
      autosomal transcript, showing significant similarity to dystrophin at the
      carboxyl terminus. Dystrophin related protein and dystrophin share a similar
      abundance and molecular weight, however, they differ both in their tissue
      distribution and expression in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Here we define
      the immunolocalization of dystrophin related protein to neuromuscular and
      myotendinous junctions, along with peripheral nerves and vasculature of skeletal
      muscle. Groups of regenerating muscle fibres as well as embryonic and neonatal
      muscle express far greater amounts of dystrophin related protein compared with
      adult mdx mice. These findings may explain the paradoxical labelling seen using
      dystrophin antibodies in Duchenne patients and dystrophin deficient mdx mice.
      Finally, no abnormalities of dystrophin related protein expression were detected
      in three patients with Duchenne-like autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 1822794
TI  - Becker muscular dystrophy or spinal muscular atrophy?--Dystrophin studies resolve
      conflicting results of electromyography and muscle biopsy.
AB  - We studied a 29-year-old man with slowly progressive proximal leg weakness, calf
      hypertrophy, and high serum levels of creatine kinase activity. Clinically, it
      was not possible to identify his as a sporadic instance of Becker muscular
      dystrophy (BMD) or one of spinal muscular atrophy. The problem arose because
      electromyography and elevated creatine kinase suggested a myopathy whereas
      changes in the muscle biopsy resembled a neurogenic disorder. The diagnosis of
      BMD was made by DNA analysis which detected a deletion at Xp21 and by
      immunoelectrophoresis and immunohistochemical tests that identified an abnormal
      form of gene product, dystrophin. These studies were important for genetic
      counselling, identifying an X-linked disease instead of one that is autosomal
      recessive.

PMID- 1822795
TI  - Fatal rhabdomyolysis complicating general anaesthesia in a child with Becker
      muscular dystrophy.
AB  - A 6-yr-old boy who presented with brown urine due to myoglobinuria and who was
      otherwise virtually asymptomatic was diagnosed as having Becker muscular
      dystrophy on the basis of a greatly elevated creatine kinase, muscle biopsy,
      dystrophin analysis, and a deletion of exons 3-7 in the dystrophin gene. Fifteen
      months later, during a general anaesthetic for dental treatment, he had a cardiac
      arrest associated with acute rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalaemia and hypocalcaemia. He
      died 4 days later. This case is reported to highlight this rare but potentially
      fatal complication of anaesthesia in muscular dystrophy, and to discuss possible
      ways of preventing such a catastrophe.

PMID- 1822796
TI  - An adult-onset myopathy characterized by a double ring appearance of muscle
      fibers.
AB  - We report a 33-yr-old man with an unusual neuromuscular disorder characterized by
      progressive generalized weakness of 3 yr duration whose muscle biopsy showed a
      double ring appearance in most muscle fibers. This double ring appearance was due
      to a peripheral outer sarcoplasmic mass and an inner ring of annular myofibrils
      surrounding a core of normal longitudinally oriented myofibrils. Nerve conduction
      studies were normal. Electromyography showed fibrillations, positive waves, and
      increased brief duration, low amplitude, polyphasic potentials.

PMID- 1822798
TI  - Neuromuscular disorders: gene location.

PMID- 1822797
TI  - Postnatal centralization of muscle fibre nuclei in centronuclear myopathy.
AB  - Postnatal centralization of muscle fibre nuclei, which were previously located
      subsarcolemmally, is described in a case of centronuclear myopathy (CNM) in a
      male patient with generalized muscle weakness since birth. A muscle biopsy was
      taken at the age of 11 months; no particular abnormalities were observed at this
      stage apart from an unusual variation in fibre size. A distinctly below average
      muscle fibre diameter, increased endomysial connective tissue, and features
      typical for CNM were found in a biopsy taken 9 yr later. Immunohistochemical
      studies using antibodies to desmin, vimentin, laminin and type IV collagen
      revealed altered staining patterns compared with normal fibres. The abnormalities
      in the patterns of cytoskeletal proteins point to a defective regulation of the
      composition and organization of the cytoskeletal network during development,
      paralleled by abnormalities in the extracellular matrix.

PMID- 1822799
TI  - Diagnostic criteria for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 1822800
TI  - Different gene loci for hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
AB  - The periodic paralyses are dominantly inherited disorders in which patients
      acutely develop muscle weakness in association with changes in the level of blood
      potassium. We recently reported genetic linkage of hyperkalemic periodic
      paralysis (HIKPP) to the gene encoding the adult form of the skeletal muscle
      sodium channel on the long arm of chromosome 17. In this paper, we exclude
      genetic linkage between hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) and this sodium
      channel gene, demonstrating that there is non-allelic genetic heterogeneity among
      different forms of periodic paralysis. Electrophysiological abnormalities in
      muscle sodium conductance have been reported for both HIKPP and HOKPP as well as
      other muscle disorders characterized by membrane hyperexcitability or myotonia
      (myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita and the Schwartz-Jampel syndrome).
      The possibility that there may be a family of human muscle diseases arising from
      mutations in the sodium channel suggests these disorders may be classified by
      categories of mutations within this critical voltage-sensitive membrane protein.

PMID- 1822801
TI  - X-linked centronuclear myopathy: mapping the gene to Xq28.
AB  - The X-linked recessive centronuclear/myotubular myopathy (XLR-CNM/MTM1), a severe
      neonatal disorder characterized by generalized hypotonia, muscle weakness and
      primary asphyxia, has recently been mapped to Xq28. This report presents linkage
      analysis data of eight families with X-linked centronuclear myopathy. Four probes
      from the region Xq26-27 and five Xq28 probes were used to get more precise gene
      localization and marker order. St14 (DXS52), fully informative in all families,
      shows significant linkage to the CNM gene (z = 3.60; theta = 0.05), followed by
      DX13 (DXS15) (z = 2.03; theta = 0.06) and F8 (z = 1.86; theta = 0.00).
      Combination of the physical map derived by Kenwrick and Gitschier (1989) and our
      linkage data lead to the most probable order R/GCP-G6PD-(XLR-CNM-F8)-p767-St14
      cpX67-++ +DX13 placing the CNM gene close to F8. The results of this study
      confirm strong linkage of the CNM gene to the region Xq28 and will permit carrier
      testing and prenatal diagnosis in CNM families. We conclude that the precise
      localization of this devastating disorder may be of great importance for genetic
      counselling in families at risk. The lack of information about gene frequency and
      mutation rate as well as the severity and burden of the disease point to the
      inevitable need for accurate clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 1822802
TI  - Late onset lipid storage myopathy due to multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase
      deficiency triggered by valproate.
AB  - Late onset Multiple Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MAD) deficiency myopathy is a rare
      disorder. Only five cases have been reported. We report one case with MAD
      deficiency in which the clinical features appeared during valproic acid therapy.
      A 47-yr-old man taking valproic acid for 4 months presented nocturnal calf
      cramps, exercise intolerance, difficulty in climbing stairs and shortness of
      breath. Muscle biopsy revealed ragged red fibres and neutral lipid storage.
      Electron microscopy showed enlarged abnormal mitochondria with abnormal internal
      structure. The total and free muscle carnitine was decreased. The activities of
      all short, medium and long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenases were 40% of the normal.
      In this case a partial defect of MAD is noted, possibly triggered by valproic
      acid, causing the clinical manifestations of the pre-existing myopathy. After
      discontinuation of the drug a clinical improvement was observed while therapy
      with riboflavin resulted in a total relief of the symptoms.

PMID- 1822803
TI  - Carnitine acyltransferases in normal human skeletal muscle and in muscle of
      patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency.
AB  - Carnitine acyltransferase activities were studied in normal human skeletal muscle
      and in muscle of three patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency.
      Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT), carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT), and
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) were differentiated (i) by the use of the
      substrates acetyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, lauroyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA, (ii) by the
      inhibitors malonyl-CoA, chlorpromazine, and dithio-bis-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB),
      and (iii) by the solubilities of the carnitine acyltransferase activities after
      centrifugation at 48,000 g for 30 min. The results are consistent with the notion
      of three different carnitine acyltransferases in human skeletal muscle: a
      membrane-bound malonyl-CoA-sensitive CPT, a soluble malonyl-CoA-insensitive CAT,
      and a malonyl-CoA-sensitive COT that is not attached to the mitochondrial
      membrane. The different solubilities of the carnitine acyltransferases allow a
      clear differentiation of CPT from CAT and COT in homogenates of previously frozen
      muscle biopsies whereas a separate determination of CAT and COT is only partially
      possible. In patients with CPT deficiency total CPT activity was within the
      normal range but was abnormally inhibited by malonyl-CoA and chlorpromazine.
      Activities of carnitine acyltransferases with the substrates acetyl-CoA and
      octanoyl-CoA were normal indicating that the biochemical defect in CPT deficiency
      is confined to CPT without compensatory changes of CAT and COT.

PMID- 1822804
TI  - Steroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy--deflazacort trial.
AB  - We conducted a double blind controlled trial in 28 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      (DMD) patients with Deflazacort (DF), an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone
      which reduces its side-effects. Myometric muscle strength measurements, Scott
      Score and timed tests showed statistically significant improvement for the
      treated group (P less than 0.05). Side-effects after 9 months of treatment
      included mild cushingoid appearance in four patients (28%) and moderate in only
      one (7%), increased appetite in seven (50%), increased body hair in four (28%),
      irritability and hyperactivity in three (21%). Increased body weight was not
      prominent and was controlled with dietary measures. No patient had to be
      withdrawn from medication. More research and long-term follow-up are needed in
      order to establish the mechanism of improvement and the consequences of long-term
      steroid administration in DMD. In this regard DF appears as an alternative to
      prednisone preserving its benefits but with fewer side-effects.

PMID- 1822805
TI  - Benign muscular dystrophy with autosomal dominant inheritance.
AB  - A slowly progressive myopathy was discovered in a family in four successive
      generations. Eight patients (four female, four male) from three generations were
      examined and they showed muscle weakness affecting predominantly proximal, but
      also distal, muscles. Two patients had unequivocal findings in childhood, the
      others showed myopathy in their twenties or thirties. Working ability was lost in
      physically demanding jobs in the thirties, but activities of daily living were
      still preserved. Elbow contractures, tight heel cords and contractures of the
      interphalangeal joints were frequent. Serum CK activity was usually mildly
      elevated and electromyographic examinations revealed myopathic changes.
      Histopathological changes were compatible with moderately advanced muscular
      dystrophy in two patients, the six others had mild myopathic changes.

PMID- 1822806
TI  - X-linked and FSH dystrophies in one family.
AB  - A family is reported in which the father was affected by facioscapulohumeral
      muscular dystrophy FSHD. One son was affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      (DMD). The second son died at the age of 3 yr of a severe primary muscle disease
      and it is suggested that this was the outcome of dual expression of the two
      conditions.

PMID- 1822807
TI  - Imaging methods reveal unexpected patchy lesions in late onset distal myopathy.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US) and low field magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of muscles were performed in 13 patients of a large family with two
      clinically separate phenotypes of muscular dystrophy. Five patients had severe
      proximal muscle weakness and wasting like in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.
      Imaging methods showed loss of muscle structure and replacement with adipose
      tissue especially in proximal muscles. Eight patients had distal myopathy of late
      onset with weakness and wasting of anterior tibial muscles. Imaging methods
      confirmed fatty degeneration of tibial muscles and, moreover, revealed unexpected
      large patchy lesions in several other clinically unaffected muscles. Our results
      indicate that some myopathies which are clinically localized, may actually have a
      more widespread patchy involvement as revealed by non-invasive imaging methods.
      In this family CT and MRI were more informative concerning lesions and
      distribution than US.

PMID- 1822809
TI  - 4th Colloquium on Neuromuscular Diseases (24-28 June 1991, Montpellier, France).

PMID- 1822808
TI  - Peripheral mechanisms of fatigue in muscles of normal and dystrophic mice.
AB  - We evaluated the contribution of different processes to fatigue of normal and
      dystrophic mouse muscles using an in vitro electromyography chamber. Fatigue was
      induced by repetitive nerve stimulation at 30 Hz for 0.5 s, every 2.5 s until
      tension decreased by about 50%. We monitored the compound nerve action potential
      (AP), compound muscle AP, and isometric tension responses to nerve stimulation,
      and compound muscle AP and tension responses to direct muscle stimulation. In
      normal mice, about 50% reduction in nerve-evoked tension occurred by 2.4 min in
      extensor digitorum longus (EDL), 4.8 min in diaphragm, and 9 min in soleus.
      Analysis of the responses revealed that the fatigue was caused by failure of more
      than one process in all muscles, and failure of nerve conduction did not
      contribute to fatigue in any muscle. Failure of neuromuscular transmission,
      muscle membrane excitation, and excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling and
      contractility accounted for 55, 45, and 0%, respectively, of the fatigue in EDL,
      for 21, 74, and 5% of the fatigue in diaphragm, and for 2, 54, and 44% of the
      fatigue in soleus. In dystrophic mice, while about 50% reduction in nerve-evoked
      tension occurred by 8.1 min in EDL and 5.6 min in diaphragm, only 29% reduction
      in tension occurred by 80 min in soleus. Failure of neuromuscular transmission,
      muscle membrane excitation, E-C coupling and contractility accounted for 22, 63
      and 15% of the fatigue in EDL, for 21, 79, and 0% of the fatigue in diaphragm,
      and for 15, 59, and 26% of the fatigue in soleus. The proportion of slow-twitch
      oxidative fibers was more than normal in dystrophic EDL, but the same as normal
      in dystrophic diaphragm and soleus. The slower onset of fatigue was attributable
      to lesser failure of neuromuscular transmission in dystrophic EDL, and to lesser
      failure of E-C coupling and contractility in dystrophic soleus.

PMID- 1822810
TI  - Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in spinal muscular atrophy--the multiple
      allele model.

PMID- 1822811
TI  - Making a difference for mothers and children.

PMID- 1822812
TI  - Rust v Sullivan: legal issues and ethical concerns.

PMID- 1822813
TI  - Nutrition and pregnancy: a historical perspective and update.

PMID- 1822814
TI  - Abuse of women: an overview.
AB  - Abuse of women, particularly in ongoing relationships, is very common. The risks
      to these women and their children for both bodily harm and death are great. The
      risk to the batterer as the woman tries to defend herself is also significant.
      Physicians and other health care workers should evaluate patients for the
      possibility that they are victims of violence and, when this is discovered,
      should offer viable options to that of remaining in a violent relationship.

PMID- 1822815
TI  - Women's Health Equity Act.

PMID- 1822817
TI  - Hormone replacement and its impact on osteoporosis.

PMID- 1822816
TI  - Epidemiology of osteoporosis.
AB  - A variety of pathophysiological mechanisms lead to bone loss. The decreased bone
      mass results in an increased risk of fractures, which are the sole clinical
      manifestation of osteoporosis. Thus, it is not surprising that osteoporosis
      should be seen as a complex, multifactorial chronic disease that may progress
      silently for decades until characteristic fractures result late in life. Because
      there are no symptoms until fractures occur, relatively few people are diagnosed
      in time for effective therapy to be administered. Consequently, a large number of
      individuals experience the pain, expense, disability and decreased quality of
      life caused by these age-related fractures. This important public health problem
      will worsen in the future as the population ages, unless suitable interventions
      can be devised. Preventing excessive bone loss is the only action that can be
      taken now to reduce fractures in the future, and the following chapters describe
      clinical strategies for identifying and treating those believed to be at greatest
      risk.

PMID- 1822818
TI  - Current techniques for bone mass measurement.

PMID- 1822819
TI  - What do we know about biochemical bone markers?
AB  - The non-invasive assessment of bone turnover has received increasing attention
      over the past few years because of the need for sensitive markers in the clinical
      investigation of osteoporosis. Markers of bone formation include serum total and
      bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, and measurement of serum
      type I collagen extension peptides. Assessment of bone resorption can be achieved
      with measurement of urinary hydroxyproline, urinary excretion of the pyridinium
      crosslinks (Pyr and D-Pyr), and by measurement of plasma TRAP activity. For the
      screening of bone turnover in women at the menopause, and for the assessment of
      the level of bone turnover in elderly women with vertebral osteoporosis, serum
      osteocalcin and urinary Pyr and D-Pyr appear to be the most sensitive markers so
      far. Programmes combining bone mass measurement and assessment of bone turnover
      in women at the time of the menopause have been developed in an attempt to
      improve the assessment of the risk for osteoporosis. Efforts are being made to
      develop more convenient assays and to identify other markers of bone turnover. In
      the future a battery of various specific markers is likely to improve the
      assessment of the complex aspects of bone metabolism, especially in osteoporosis.

PMID- 1822820
TI  - Biochemical markers--a new approach for identifying those at risk of
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 1822821
TI  - Why do oestrogens prevent bone loss?

PMID- 1822822
TI  - Hormone replacement therapy for established osteoporosis in elderly women.

PMID- 1822823
TI  - Do we have any alternative to sex steroids in the prevention and treatment of
      osteoporosis?

PMID- 1822824
TI  - Effects of sex steroids on serum lipids and lipoproteins.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women but manifests
      itself primarily in the postmenopausal years. Menopause appears to increase the
      cardiovascular risk, at least when surgically induced, whereas the effects of the
      natural menopause are still a matter of debate. Why postmenopausal women
      apparently lose their natural cardioprotection is not established, but oestrogen
      deficiency seems to play an important role. Loss of ovarian hormone production at
      the menopause significantly alters serum lipids and lipoproteins, giving rise to
      more atherogenic lipid profiles throughout the postmenopausal years, and these
      changes may in part be responsible for the alleged cardiovascular risk.
      Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, using oral unopposed oestrogens,
      induces potential favourable effects on lipids and lipoproteins, and
      epidemiological evidence has established that the risk of cardiovascular
      mortality is reduced by 40-60% in women receiving postmenopausal oestrogen
      therapy. Part of this reduction seems to be explained by changes in lipids and
      lipoproteins. Parenteral administration of oestrogens induces comparable,
      although less pronounced effects on lipids and lipoproteins, and the possible
      cardioprotective role of parenteral administration remains obscure. The addition
      of progestogens to postmenopausal oestrogen therapy is essential for endometrial
      protection, but progestogens apparently antagonize some of the actions of
      oestrogens on lipid metabolism. However, the type, the dose, the duration and the
      route of administration, as well as the potency balance between the oestrogen and
      the progestogen employed, are important determinants for the ultimate effect on
      lipid metabolism. With the use of cyclic administration and the lowest possible
      doses of progestogens, the oestrogenic actions on lipids and lipoproteins can be
      largely preserved, but the cardioprotective potential of combined oestrogen
      progestogen therapy is as yet unknown.

PMID- 1822825
TI  - Oestrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: do the benefits outweigh the risks?

PMID- 1822826
TI  - Effects of oestrogens and progestogens on coronary atherosclerosis and
      osteoporosis of monkeys.
AB  - We have used the cynomolgus macaque as a model for the study of the effects of
      endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones on atherosclerosis and
      osteoporosis. As in human beings, premenopausal female cynomolgus macaques
      develop much less extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis than their male
      counterparts. Furthermore, surgical menopause results in a more atherogenic
      plasma lipoprotein pattern and an approximate doubling of atherosclerosis extent.
      Frequent pregnancy, a hyperoestrogenic state, results in an approximate 50%
      reduction in atherosclerosis extent. Physiological replacement with 17 beta
      oestradiol alone or in combination with progesterone prevents the increase in
      coronary artery atherosclerosis extent associated with ovariectomy. This effect
      is independent of plasma lipoprotein concentrations and appears to be accounted
      for, at least in part, by an inhibitory effect of oestrogen replacement therapy
      on the uptake and degradation of LDL by the artery wall. Also, as in human
      beings, treatment with certain types of combination oral contraceptives results
      in marked decreases in plasma HDL-C concentration. Nonetheless, coronary artery
      atherosclerosis extent is reduced in monkeys by oral contraceptive treatment, and
      this effect is most pronounced among animals at highest risk due to theoretically
      adverse plasma lipoprotein profiles. It appears that, as with oestrogen
      replacement therapy, this effect can be accounted for, at least in part, by an
      inhibition of the uptake and degradation of low density lipoprotein by the artery
      wall. The monkey also appears to be a good model for studies of postmenopausal
      bone loss. As in women, surgical menopause results in significant diminution of
      bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Also, serum biomarkers of bone
      turnover (total alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase and osteocalcin) are increased in surgically postmenopausal monkeys,
      indicating increased bone turnover resulting from the surgical menopause. These
      increases in bone loss and indices of bone turnover were prevented by
      physiological oestrogen replacement therapy. Cynomolgus monkeys seem to be
      exceptionally useful models for studies of the effects of sex steroid hormones on
      atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, two major public health problems in
      postmenopausal women.

PMID- 1822827
TI  - Prevention of osteoporotic fractures: what we need to know.

PMID- 1822828
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy after the menopause.
AB  - The net resource costs and net health benefits of treating perimenopausal women
      with hormone replacement therapy were evaluated within the framework of cost
      effectiveness analysis. Data from the epidemiological literature were used to
      estimate changes in discounted life expectancy from hip fracture, ischaemic heart
      disease and breast cancer that are associated with hormone replacement therapy
      under a variety of assumptions. Economic data were used to estimate changes in
      total discounted costs that result from the use of hormone replacement therapy.
      For women with a previous hysterectomy, 10- and 15-year courses of unopposed
      oestrogen were evaluated. The baseline assumptions for unopposed oestrogen were
      that breast cancer incidence would be increased for current users by 36% and that
      deaths from ischaemic heart disease would be reduced by 50% relative to non
      users. Under these assumptions, oestrogen replacement therapy was found to be
      cost-effective, with ratios ranging from $9130 to $12,620 per additional year of
      life saved. For women who have not had a hysterectomy, 10- and 15-year courses of
      oestrogen combined with progestin were evaluated. The baseline assumptions for
      combined therapy were that breast cancer incidence and ischaemic heart disease
      deaths were unaffected. Under these assumptions, combined therapy was more
      costly, with ratios ranging from $86,100 to $88,500. Unless combined therapy is
      found to confer protection against ischaemic heart disease, the most cost
      effective strategies for women with no prior hysterectomy may involve screening
      perimenopausal women to detect women at highest risk of hip fracture followed by
      selective treatment.

PMID- 1822829
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new topical anti-inflammatory
      steroids.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to develop new topical steroid derivatives
      showing reduced systemic effects. Pregna-16 alpha,17-carboxycyclic acetal
      derivatives have been recently synthesized by reacting triamcinolone with methyl
      acetylalkanoate in the presence of a catalytic amount of perchloric acid. In
      testing for the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds, rat cotton-pellet
      granuloma inhibition bioassay and mouse croton-oil-induced ear oedema inhibition
      bioassay were employed. One of the synthesized compounds, (22R)-9 alpha-fluoro-11
      beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-16 alpha, 17-(methyl,
      methoxycarbonylmethyl)methylenedioxy-1,4-pregnadiene (I), showed more or less the
      same activity as shown by prednisolone in the granuloma inhibition test. However,
      compound I showed higher activity in the ear oedema inhibition test when applied
      topically (ID50 = 0.002 mg), as compared to prednisolone (ID50 = 0.006 mg) and
      triamcinolone (ID50 = 0.026 mg). When compound I was applied to mice, and thymus
      involution was measured for judging systemic effects, it was found that compound
      I did not show any significant thymus involution up to 0.1 mg/mouse (systemic
      administration) and 0.5 mg/mouse (topical administration). Because of its
      significantly reduced systemic effects, this compound is a promising topical anti
      inflammatory steroid.

PMID- 1822830
TI  - Conversion of a cyclooxygenase (CO) inhibitor into a 5-lipoxygenase (LO)
      inhibitor: a general route to novel orally active anti-inflammatory and anti
      allergy drugs.
AB  - Previously, the conversion of a CO inhibitor, naproxen, into an orally active 5
      LO inhibitor, Wy-50,295, by covalent attachment of a quinoline group was
      reported. The authors now report the extension of this transformation to other CO
      inhibitors. Replacement of an existing substituent or a hydrogen in sulindac,
      etodolac, carprofen, diclofenac, oxaprozin, des-alpha-methyl-ketoprofen, or des
      alpha-methyl-flurbiprofen by a methoxyquinoline group afforded new hybrid
      structures which were orally active 5-LO inhibitors in the rat RPAR (reverse
      passive Arthus reaction) assay. In contrast to Wy-50,295 which is a selective 5
      LO inhibitor, some of these new hybrids were dual inhibitors of 5-LO and CO. For
      example, the quinoline-etodolac hybrid WAY-120,739, (1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9
      tetrahydro-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)pyrano [3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid) was a dual
      inhibitor of 5-LO and CO (91% and 47% inhibition, respectively at 10 microM, rat
      PMN). In contrast, the quinoline-flurbiprofen hybrid WAY-121,006, (3-fluoro-4'-(2
      quinolinylmethoxy)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid), the quinoline-oxaprozin
      hybrid, WAY-120,460, (5-phenyl-4-[4-(2- quinolinylmethoxy)phenyl]-2
      oxazolepropanoic acid) and the quinoline-carprofen hybrid WAY-120,429 (alpha
      methyl-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-9-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-9H- carbazole-2-acetic
      acid) were purely 5-LO inhibitors (100%, 96% and 92% inhibition of 5-LO at 10
      microM, rat PMN, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822831
TI  - Novel, potent and selective inhibitors of protein kinase C show oral anti
      inflammatory activity.
AB  - Clarification of the precise role of protein kinase C (PKC) in cellular
      functional responses has been hampered by a lack of potent, selective inhibitors.
      The structural lead provided by staurosporine, a potent but non-selective protein
      kinase (PK) inhibitor, was used to derive a series of bis(indolyl)maleimides of
      which the most potent, Ro 31-8425 (I50: PKC = 8 nM) showed 350-fold selectivity
      for PKC over cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Ro 31-8425 antagonised cellular
      processes triggered by phorbol esters (potent, specific PKC activators) and
      inhibited the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, suggesting a role for PKC in
      T-cell activation. Methylation of the primary amine in Ro 31-8425 produced an
      analogue. Ro 31-8830 which, when administered orally, produced a dose-dependent
      inhibition of a phorbol ester-induced paw oedema in mice (minimum effective dose
      = 15 mg/kg). Ro 31-8830 also selectively inhibited the secondary inflammation in
      a developing adjuvant arthritis model in the rat. The results presented here
      suggest that these selective inhibitors of PKC may have therapeutic value in the
      treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 1822832
TI  - Effects of prednisolone, salbutamol and theophylline on bronchial hyperreactivity
      and leucocyte chemokinesis in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effects of prednisolone, salbutamol or theophylline treatment were studied in
      guinea pigs on bronchial hyperreactivity induced by chronic administration of
      PAF, (subsequently measuring respiratory flow after an intravenous injection of
      histamine) and the chemokinesis of leucocytes in vitro. Prednisolone (10 mg/kg
      p.o.) was active in the bronchial hyperreactivity test, as was salbutamol, but
      its effect appeared to be more related to its bronchodilator activity per se,
      while theophylline had little activity in this test. Regarding leucocyte
      chemokinetic activity, prednisolone and theophylline inhibited this at nM and
      microM concentrations respectively, whereas salbutamol was weakly active in this
      test.

PMID- 1822833
TI  - Responses to sympathetic stimulation and tilting during antihypertensive
      treatment with nisoldipine.
AB  - Nisoldipine is a calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine group under
      investigation for treatment of hypertension. The authors have assessed the
      cardiovascular response to adrenergic stimulation by isometric exercise, cold
      pressor test and 70 degrees head-up tilt on four occasions: following placebo,
      acute and chronic administration of nisoldipine 5 mg or 10 mg o.d. in eighteen
      mild to moderately hypertensive patients (13 M, 5 F; age range 28-69 years).
      Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by automatic recorder. Blood pressure
      was significantly decreased at 2 h after administration of nisoldipine. Blood
      pressure maximal response at 3 min during isometric exercise following
      nisoldipine 10 mg chronic was significantly lower, compared to placebo as well as
      to a 5 mg dose (172/105 +/- 13/8 with 10 mg vs. 182/116 +/- 21/14 with 5 mg and
      182/113 +/- 18/11 with placebo; p less than 0.05). Cardiovascular response to the
      cold pressor test showed a similar pattern; head-up tilt did not cause
      hypotension. The results of this study suggest that administration of nisoldipine
      in hypertensive patients slightly attenuates the pressor response to sympathetic
      stimulation by isometric exercise.

PMID- 1822835
TI  - Production of laccase by Curvularia sp.
AB  - A Curvularia sp. isolated from soil was found to contain laccase activity toward
      guaiacol as substrate. The organism produced an extracellular laccase in a medium
      containing yeast extract, peptone and dextrose. Initial medium pH 4.0 and
      cultivation temperature 30 degrees C were found to be most suitable for maximum
      enzyme production. The optimum pH and temperature for laccase activity were found
      to be 5.2 and 50 degrees C, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the enzyme
      had a Km (guaiacol) of 0.75 mmol/L and a V of 1.50 CU min-1 ml-1. Some divalent
      metal ions inhibited laccase activity at very low concentrations.

PMID- 1822836
TI  - Comparison of growth and cellulolytic enzyme production in Aspergillus chevalieri
      and Penicillium steckii from mouldy cacao beans.
AB  - Aspergillus chevalieri and Penicillium steckii grew best at 30 degrees C and at
      pH of 6.5-7.5. Among the carbon sources employed, sucrose supported maximum
      growth of A. chevalieri while glucose was best for P. steckii. Growth of both
      organisms was optimal on ammonium tartrate as the sole source of nitrogen. A.
      chevalieri and P. steckii grew in synthetic media containing, respectively,
      soluble or insoluble cellulose as the sole carbon source, releasing a
      cellulolytic enzyme into the medium. The enzymes from each organism were
      separated and partially purified by molecular exclusion and ion-exchange
      chromatography into two components. There was synergism between the components of
      enzymes from each organism in that they together released more glucose units from
      insoluble cellulose than could be predicted from their activities alone. The
      molar mass of the enzymes estimated from the elution volume on Sephadex was
      approximately 110 kg/mol for A. chevalieri and 94 kg/mol for P. steckii.

PMID- 1822834
TI  - Physiological controls and regulation of ergot alkaloid formation.
AB  - Innovation and technical development of ergot alkaloids (EA) has moved closer to
      scientific research. Circumstantial evidence presently links the initiation of EA
      metabolism to changes in a range of parameters--morphology, concentrations of
      enzymes and their substrates, nutrients and external stress. The biosynthesis of
      EA begins at the level of the genetic information apparatus and continues at the
      level of physiological expression. EA and their formation play a role in the
      physiology of the production organism. Insufficient insight into Claviceps
      physiology hampers the deployment of computers in the control and regulation of
      the EA process. Knowledge of physiological controls and genetic manipulation are
      the principal tools of modern EA production. In principle it is now possible to
      improve EA yields by a concerted breeding of the ergot fungus by sexual and
      parasexual genetic engineering.

PMID- 1822837
TI  - Synthesis of different pectinases by filamentous growing A. niger mutants.
AB  - Mutants of A. niger K 69/26, prepared by multistep mutagenesis (UV, MNNG,
      heating) have been screened for pectinase activities. Mutants with altered levels
      of certain pectinases, such as endo- and exopolygalacturonase (PG vis, red),
      pectinesterase (PE) and pectinlyase (PL), were isolated. The enzyme activities of
      the best mutants M 1348/126 were increased 2-3-fold compared to the parent strain
      after a 6-d cultivation of filamentous mycelium on a shaker. Further mutagenesis
      of mutants with decreased pectinase activities (e.g. Se3) produced revertants. PG
      (vis) synthesis of revertant Se5 was increased 1.7 times compared to the control
      strain K 69/26. Independent of these increased rates, the general level of
      pectinase activities synthesized by the filamentous mycelium of A. niger mutants
      amounts to about 10-20% compared with those produced by aggregated mycelium. It
      appears that the enzyme synthesis related to mycelium structure is independent of
      the mechanism which regulates the level of pectinase synthesis within a specific
      morphological structure.

PMID- 1822839
TI  - Cell aggregates of Escherichia coli with benzylpenicillin amidase activity.
AB  - Intact cells Escherichia coli CCM 2843, exhibiting substantial benzylpenicillin
      amidase activity, were bound mutually with supporting waste microbial cells,
      native or treated, to obtain an inexpensive biocatalyst for the production of 6
      aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The bond was effected by glutaraldehyde (GA) and
      Sedipur CL-930 (PEI), without any carrier. The optimal concentration of GA was
      2%, that of PEI 1%. The optimal biocatalyst was obtained by immobilization of
      productive cells with their fragments at a mass ratio of 4:1. The cell aggregates
      were used for hydrolysis of potassium benzyl-penicillin at a concentration of 5%
      to 6-APA. After 25 repeated batch conversions the degree of conversion did not
      decrease; its average value was 96.4%.

PMID- 1822838
TI  - Effect of pH and organic matter on the toxicity of heavy metals to growth of some
      fungi.
AB  - Increasing the pH from 5 to 9 decreased the toxicity of mercuric chloride, zinc
      sulfate, lead nitrate, copper sulfate and nickel chloride toward the growth of
      Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Cunninghamella echinulata,
      Myrothecium verrucaria and Phoma humicola. On the other hand, the toxicity of
      cadmium chloride was increased by the increasing pH. Also increasing the
      concentration of organic matter (peptone and yeast extract) from 0.5 to 1.5%
      induced a significant reduction in the toxicity of all heavy metals toward the
      growth of all test fungi.

PMID- 1822840
TI  - Sterilization of sparingly soluble compounds for cell culture use.
AB  - A method is presented for the successful decontamination of sparingly soluble
      pteridine derivatives by microwave irradiation. The method is nondestructive,
      rapid and effective in eliminating contamination.

PMID- 1822841
TI  - Altered hemolysin production in urine-grown uroisolates of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Fifteen uroisolates of E. coli were studied for both cell-free and cell-bound
      hemolysin production. Estimations were done in Trypticase soy broth (TSB,
      providing iron-replete medium) TSB + 2,2'-bipyridine (providing experimentally
      created iron-depleted conditions) and pooled normal human urine (providing
      natural iron-depleted growth medium). In TSB 40% of strains showed no detectable
      cell-free hemolysin, they were able to produce it in the presence of 2,2'
      bipyridine and more so when grown in urine. The cell-bound hemolysin was produced
      by all the strains in TSB, but in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine and urine an
      insignificant increase was observed. All the strains when given 2nd and 3rd
      passage in urine, were found to elaborate significantly more cell-free as well as
      cell-bound hemolysin.

PMID- 1822842
TI  - Partial purification of alpha-hemolysin in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The present paper describes isolation and purification of alpha-hemolysin of
      Escherichia coli. The optimum production medium was found to be the Todd-Hewitt
      broth. Out of thirteen fractions obtained after separation on Sephadex G-200, two
      fractions possessed the highest relative specific activity.

PMID- 1822843
TI  - Identification of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species with the STAPHYtest
      system.
AB  - A collection of 216 well-characterized strains of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and
      Stomatococcus was examined by a commercially available STAPHYtest system
      (Lachema, Brno, Czechoslovakia). The results of STAPHYtest agreed with those of
      conventional tests. The STAPHYtest permitted a clear-cut separation of
      Staphylococcus from Micrococcus and Stomatococcus strains and correctly
      identified 104 of 145 (72%) Staphylococcus strains after 24 h of incubation.
      However, it allowed the identification only of 19 of 29 validly published
      Staphylococcus species. The STAPHYtest proved to be a simple and rapid system for
      the separation of staphylococci from micrococci and for the identification of
      most frequent clinically significant staphylococci.

PMID- 1822844
TI  - A rapid and simple method for DNA preparation from Candida utilis.
AB  - A method for the extraction of genomic DNA from the industrial yeast Candida
      utilis is described. The method is rapid, simple and produces DNA that is
      sufficiently pure for restriction analysis and should be suitable for Southern
      blotting and the construction of gene libraries.

PMID- 1822845
TI  - Medulloblastoma cell-substrate interaction in vitro.
AB  - Medulloblastoma, a highly malignant pediatric tumor of the posterior fossa,
      demonstrates a marked propensity for leptomeningeal dissemination. Although the
      predominant site of relapse is the posterior fossa, the prevention of
      subarachnoid spread would be of significant therapeutic value. The established
      medulloblastoma cell lines D283 Med, D341 Med, D384 Med, D425 Med, D458 Med and
      Daoy have been investigated in in vitro adhesion assays for their capacity to
      bind to the predominant components of the leptomeningeal extracellular matrix:
      fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV. Growth on the reconstituted basement
      membrane matrix, Matrigel, was also assayed. Of the five neuronal phenotype DMed
      lines, all of which grow spontaneously as macrospheroids in standard fetal calf
      serum-containing tissue culture medium, only D425 Med and its sibline, D458 Med,
      derived from a subsequent sample from the same patient, displayed adherence to
      any of the substrata: approximately 20% of input D425 Med cells attached and
      exhibited cell spread and some extension (adhesion) on fibronectin. All other
      DMed lines failed to attach to these substrates. The glial phenotype cell line
      Daoy, which grows as an adherent monolayer under normal culture conditions,
      exhibited attachment, extension and growth on all substrata as did the glioma
      cell line U-251 MG and the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. The lack of
      attachment, and thus spread on components of the leptomeningeal extracellular
      matrix under in vitro assay conditions by 5/6 of the medulloblastoma cell lines
      investigated, is characteristic of neuronally differentiated cells, thus
      reinforcing the previously described neuronal phenotype of these lines. The
      readily demonstrated expression of N-CAM and L1 by all of the medulloblastoma
      cell lines suggests that the primary mode of leptomeningeal extension in vivo may
      be dependent on such other cell-cell and cell-substrate binding mechanisms.

PMID- 1822846
TI  - Tumour evolution in rats monitored by changes to serum and lipoproteins.
AB  - The biochemical, physicochemical and magnetic resonance (MR) properties of rat
      serum allow tumour evolution to be monitored. Serum from female Fischer rats
      injected with rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells contained a low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-like lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels
      compared with normal rat serum. Increases in secondary tumour burden coincided
      with enlarged LDL-like particles, altered MR properties and elevation of serum
      triglyceride. By fucosidase treating metastatic R13762 cells prior to injection,
      not only was metastatic capacity retarded, but serum lipoproteins were also
      altered. These physicochemical alterations suggest an intricate relationship
      between both primary and secondary tumour burdens and the serum lipoprotein
      profile.

PMID- 1822847
TI  - Arabinogalactan blockade of experimental metastases to liver by murine hepatoma.
AB  - Blocking of organ-specific experimental metastasis was investigated in a
      syngeneic tumor-host system using a new tumor which primarily colonizes the liver
      upon intravenous injection. The study included systemic treatment with D
      galactose and arabinogalactan as well as cell pretreatment with arabinogalactan
      and two other glycoconjugates. Treatment with arabinogalactan reduced the amount
      of liver metastases and prolonged the survival times of the animals in both
      studies. Host treatment was more effective than tumor cell pretreatment. This
      could be an effect of arabinogalactan blockade of potential liver receptors by
      covering of galactose-specific binding sites.

PMID- 1822848
TI  - [Moist wound treatment. Symposium. Rottach-Egern, 23 February 1991].

PMID- 1822849
TI  - [8th working meeting of the working group for neurologic intensive medicine. Bad
      Homburg, 31 January-2 February 1991].

PMID- 1822851
TI  - Parkinson's syndrome: cranial computed-tomography findings. Their dependence on
      sex and age.
AB  - Cranial Computed Tomography (CCT) findings in 123 patients suffering from
      Parkinson's syndrome were compared with a sex- and age-matched normal control
      group. Signs of supratentorial atrophy--cortical and subcortical--were more
      significantly marked in the Parkinson group. In both groups, signs of atrophy
      were more prevalent in men than in women. Parkinsonian women also more frequently
      showed limited features, such as lacunar lesions, around the lateral ventricles.
      Moreover, in these patients atrophy was marked in the frontal cortex.

PMID- 1822850
TI  - Abstracts of the 13th annual conference of the Hong Kong Society of
      Neurosciences. Hong Kong, September 5, 1991.

PMID- 1822852
TI  - Myasthenia gravis: treatment with plasma exchange experiences over 10 years.
AB  - Evaluation of the results of plasmapheresis therapy is reviewed on 160 patients
      suffering from myasthenia gravis. This new therapeutical procedure is considered
      very valuable: improvement can be achieved in 63% of the patients during the
      therapy, a further improvement in 30% after it. Plasmapheresis is especially
      effective for patients in respiratory crisis-prone state, for drug-resistant
      cases and for preparation patients for surgery. Plasma exchange therapy may be
      combined with other forms of immunosuppression with benefit. Thymectomy and
      plasma exchange are considered to be the main therapeutical procedures in
      myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 1822853
TI  - Familial myasthenia gravis: nine patients in two generations.
AB  - In two generations of a family followed up for 15 years, nine patients suffering
      from myasthenia gravis were observed. The family, being of special genetic
      importance, is unique in the literature.

PMID- 1822854
TI  - Prenatal cytogenetic study of translocation carriers.
AB  - A total of 37 prenatal diagnoses were analysed: 10 observations in which one of
      the parents carried a Robertsonian translocation and 27 observations in which one
      a reciprocal translocation was carried by one of the parents. The segregations of
      the inherited chromosome structural rearrangements were analysed in relation to
      the methods of ascertainment of the anomaly in the family, and the types of
      rearrangement. The mode of ascertainment proved to be a very useful indicator of
      the risk: those cases ascertained through abnormal livebirths had a 44% risk in
      our series, but there was no unbalanced fetus in the group ascertained through
      recurrent abortions.

PMID- 1822855
TI  - Retrograde (ventriculo-atrial) conduction, premature beats, pseudotricuspid
      regurgitation, systolic atrial sounds and pacemaker sounds observed together in
      two patients with ventricular pacing.
AB  - Two patients were found to have retrograde atrioventricular conduction with
      premature beats during permanent ventricular pacing. In both patients the
      auscultatory phenomena had been heard and recorded that had been described as
      independent signs, but all together in the same patient had not been reported
      before. In one of the patients pseudotricuspid regurgitation was observed with
      Doppler echocardiography and the other was suspected having the same. It seems
      that patients with these symptoms deserve high preventive care and attention.

PMID- 1822856
TI  - Changes of mucosal endogenous prostacyclin level in human peptic ulcer disease.
      The role of smoking and sex difference.
AB  - It seems that in human gastroduodenal mucosal biopsy specimens from healthy
      persons there is a definite tendency toward a higher endogenous prostacyclin
      content in favour of women. This discrepancy is present in peptic ulcer disease,
      too. Smoking exerts an unfavourable effect on the gastric and duodenal mucosa.
      The target of this action is (among others) the endogenous prostacyclin content.
      In ventricular as well as duodenal ulceration there is a tendency toward
      decreased endogenous prostacyclin activity but (moderate) smoking,--as a
      continuous stimulus--seems to be capable of evoking higher endogenous
      prostacyclin levels. This phenomenon, most probably, constitutes a part of the
      reparative reactions against the noxa, i.e. smoking, itself. The results draw
      attention once again to a possible role of smoking in the development and healing
      of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 1822857
TI  - Colloidal bismuth subcitrate evokes adaptive cytoprotection in rat gastric
      mucosa.
AB  - The 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha content (as the stable break-down product of
      prostacyclin) of rat antral and fundic gastric, as well as of duodenal mucosa,
      significantly increases after 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg orally administered colloidal
      bismuth subcitrate treatment. The results indicate that (i) colloidal bismuth
      subcitrate-induced stimulation of endogenous prostacyclin content ("adaptive
      cytoprotection") of rat gastroduodenal mucosa may contribute to its therapeutic
      effect; (ii) the effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate is not due exclusively to
      the bismuth content of the molecule, but seems to be connected with the structure
      of colloidal bismuth subcitrate itself; (iii) the effect seems to be dose
      dependent, showing a dose-response relationship.

PMID- 1822858
TI  - Serum elastase-type enzymes and their correlation to blood lipids in male
      patients with atherosclerosis.
AB  - Serum elastase-type activity, elastase inhibitory capacity and their relation to
      lipids were examined in 140 male patients with ischaemic vascular disease
      (coronary, cerebral, peripheral) and in 60 control subjects. Serum elastase-type
      activity was found to be significantly lower, inhibitory capacity significantly
      higher, in the groups of patients than in the controls. HDL- and HDL2 cholesterol
      as well as apo A concentration showed significant negative correlation with
      elastase inhibitory capacity both in atherosclerotic and in control subjects.

PMID- 1822860
TI  - Leukocytosis induced by plasma exchange.
AB  - A significant increase was found in the number of white blood cells, including
      neutrophils, in the peripheral blood of patients during plasma exchange. However,
      the spontaneous chemiluminescence of peripheral white blood cells (basically
      characterized the activated state of neutrophils) was not elevated. This finding
      suggests a relative deficiency in the metabolism of neutrophils during plasma
      exchange. This idea is supported by the observation that the levels of
      malonyldialdehyde in plasmas, after plasma exchange, do not increase, indicating
      that the activation dependent lipid peroxidation in neutrophils did not take
      place.

PMID- 1822859
TI  - Measurement of complement components and alpha 1-antitrypsin during plasma
      exchange.
AB  - Therapeutical plasma exchange can be carried out by using blood cell separators
      based upon centrifugation or in equipments with membranes. We investigated
      whether activation of the complement system took place in polyvinylchloride tubes
      used in the blood cell separator. We also examined the changes in the classical
      and alternative complement pathways by an analysis of functional haemolytic
      titers, as well as the levels of C4, C3D, C4, albumin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. No
      measurable activation of the complement system was found. The decreased levels of
      the C3, C3d, C4, albumin and alpha 1-antitrypsin in the sera after PE could be a
      consequence of the haemodilution.

PMID- 1822861
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), sodium, potassium and creatinine were determined in the
      blood and urine of 50 renal transplant recipients treated for at least one year
      post transplantation with cyclosporine A or azathioprine as immunosuppressive
      agent. Fourteen healthy subjects were used as a control group. The urinary PGE2
      excretion was significantly decreased in the renal transplant recipients on
      azathioprine therapy while it was unchanged in the patients treated with
      cyclosporine A. At the same time, a significant decrease in urinary excretion of
      sodium and potassium was found. On the other hand, a high elevation of blood PGE2
      concentration was observed while no significant changes were seen in sodium and
      potassium in the blood of these renal transplant recipients. It is suggested that
      an association exists between urinary PGE2 reduction and immunosuppressive
      treatments in renal transplant recipients and that PGE2 may regulate intrarenal
      haemodynamics and influence renal tubular electrolyte excretion. Finally, urinary
      PGE2 can be used as an indicator of successful renal transplantation.

PMID- 1822862
TI  - On emerging problems in food-borne parasitic zoonosis: impact on agriculture and
      public health.

PMID- 1822863
TI  - Review of toxoplasmosis in Malaysia.
AB  - Various studies on toxoplasmosis in Malaysia have shown that specific antibodies
      to Toxoplasma gondii are common among Malaysians. Among the ethnic groups, the
      Malays have the highest prevalence rate followed by Indians, Orang Aslis
      (aborigines) and Chinese. Antibody is acquired early in life and increases with
      age. There is no significant difference in the prevalence rate between males and
      females. The disease is apparently more prevalent among rural dwellers and those
      in the lower socioeconomic group. It appears that the prevalence rate is also
      influenced by environmental conditions, occupation, diet and cultural habits.
      Studies with animals have shown the presence of antibody to T. gondii, but this
      does not seem to be the source of infection since Malaysians normally cook their
      meat well.

PMID- 1822864
TI  - Pattern of antibodies in toxoplasmosis of pregnant women and their children in
      Thailand.
AB  - The latex agglutination test for toxoplasmosis was performed on 690 blood samples
      collected from the Veterans and Bang Bua Thong Hospitals in Bangkok. Blood
      samples were collected in the first- and the third-trimester from pregnant women
      and from the cord blood. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the first
      trimester was 13.14%, 13.60%; in the third trimester was 12.21%, 9.43% and in the
      cord blood 7.18% and 13.04% for the Veterans Hospital and Bang Bua Thong
      Hospital, respectively. There was no significant difference between the
      prevalence of toxoplasmosis for each type of blood from both hospitals. The
      average prevalence of toxoplasmosis for Thai pregnant women in the first- and
      third-trimester was 13.38% and 11.41%, respectively, and that for the cord blood
      was 9.01%. Congenital toxoplasmosis occurred in children of untreated mothers who
      were seropositive or seronegative in the third-trimester, the infection rates of
      the fetus being 46.67% and 8.13% respectively.

PMID- 1822865
TI  - Current public health status of some food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Malaysia.

PMID- 1822866
TI  - Epidemiology of swine toxoplasmosis in Taiwan.
AB  - From July 1987 to June 1988, serum samples from 3,880 pigs from eight geographic
      locations in Taiwan were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using the
      latex agglutination test (LA test) and IgM-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM
      ELISA). A total of 1,073 samples (27.65%) were positive by the LA test. The
      percentage of positive reactions varied by location as follows: Taoyuan 44.44%
      (128/288), Taichung 27.60% (183/663), Tainan 22.28% (119/534), Kaohsiung 19.60%
      (98/500), Pingtung 17.92% (86/480), Hualien 33.95% (163/480), Ilan 31.66%
      (152/480), Taitung 31.64% (144/455). In the IgM-ELISA 1,828 of 3,880 samples
      (47.11%) were positive and the distribution of positive reactions were: Taoyuan
      59.02% (170/288), Taichung 53.69% (356/663), Tainan 52.24% (279/534), Kaohsiung
      54.60% (273/500), Pingtung 18.95% (91/480), Ilan 47.50% (228/480), Hualien 42.70%
      (205/480), Taitung 49.67% (226/455). On one farm, 20 of 120 sows experienced
      abortion and stillbirths due to Toxoplasma gondii. Lesions and T. gondii were
      found in lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and placenta of one of the aborted
      fetuses.

PMID- 1822867
TI  - Studies on the use of cobalt-60 irradiation to control infectivity of Toxoplasma
      gondii cysts.
AB  - Mouse brains harboring the Chinese NT strain of Toxoplasma gondii cysts were
      homogenized with normal saline and irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays at
      various doses. The homogenate was introduced intraperitoneally into NIH mice or
      per os into kittens. Loss of infectivity was confirmed according to the following
      criteria: no cyst found in mouse brain impression smears on the 50th day after
      inoculation; no oocyst found in feces of kittens 3-15 days after inoculation;
      subinoculation in mice and a negative IHA test. All bioassays, parasitological
      examinations and serological tests in the control group gave positive results.
      Activity of radioactive source: 10 KCi; uniform dosage: 1238 rad/min; dose range
      of irradiation: 0.1-1.0 KGy. Minimal effective dose of gamma rays to control
      infectivity of T. gondii cysts was 0.55 KGy. Infectivity of bradyzoites
      irradiated with gamma rays at a dose of 0.45 KGy decreased by 10,000 times.
      Minimal effective dose of gamma rays to control infectivity of American ME-49 and
      Ts-2 strain, is slightly higher (0.6KGy) than that of NT strain. These studies
      present useful data for practical use of cobalt-60 to control infectivity of T.
      gondii in meat products.

PMID- 1822868
TI  - Toxoplasmosis in Singapore.
AB  - The present paper reports research done in the following areas in the
      Parasitology Unit of the Department of Microbiology, National University of
      Singapore: determination of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in different IgG
      subclasses; immunoblot analysis of the antibody response to T. gondii and
      identification of key reactive epitopes; production and characterization of
      monoclonal antibodies to T. gondii; and the development of an IgM capture ELISA.
      IgG1 is the dominant subclass involved in the humoral response to T. gondii. IgG3
      and IgG4 may be produced at low but significant levels. IgG2 production was not
      apparent. Immunoblot analysis of the positive sera revealed that the major
      antigens recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies were of MW 22, 35 and 67 kDa. Many
      of the bands observed in blots with positive sera were also present in blots with
      negative sera. The 22 kDa band was seen in majority of positive sera and was
      generally absent in negative sera. Anti-Toxoplasma sera also revealed IgA
      antibodies. Immunoblot analysis of the antigen revealed a 14 kDa band that
      reacted with all IgA positive sera. From a panel of monoclonals produced against
      T. gondii, one monoclonal, 5F3 (A) was selected for development of a monoclonal
      based IgM capture ELISA for detection of antibodies to 22 kDa and 41 kDa epitopes
      of T. gondii.

PMID- 1822869
TI  - Long term maintenance of Toxoplasma gondii (Rh strain) in Vero cell line and use
      of harvested antigens for immunodiagnosis.
AB  - Thirty in vitro serial passages of Toxoplasman gondii cultures in Vero cell line
      performed once in every five days had a mean increase in parasite count of 74.4
      +/- 14.8 times from that of initial counts. Long term cultures in Vero cell line
      did not alter the virulence of the parasite. The good correlation (r = 0.99)
      between the IFA titer and ELISA OD values using the parasite antigens from in
      vitro sources indicates that long term maintenance of T. gondii in culture does
      not affect significantly the ability to recognize antibodies to surface and
      soluble antigens. The results also show that soluble antigens containing host
      cells can be directly used for immunodiagnostic purposes without purification.
      The in vitro maintenance of T. gondii is safer and cheaper when compared to the
      in vivo method.

PMID- 1822870
TI  - Review of sarcocystosis in Malaysia.
AB  - Sarcocystis is a tissue coccidian with an obligatory two-host life cycle. The
      sexual generations of gametogony and sporogony occur in the lamina propria of the
      small intestine of definitive hosts which shed infective sporocysts in their
      stools and present with intestinal sarcocystosis. Asexual multiplication occurs
      in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of intermediate hosts which harbor
      Sarcocystis cysts in their muscles and present with muscular sarcocystosis. In
      Malaysia, Sarcocystis cysts have been reported from many domestic and wild
      animals, including domestic and field rats, moonrats, bandicoots, slow loris,
      buffalo, and monkey, and man. The known definitive hosts for some species of
      Sarcocystis are the domestic cat, dog and the reticulated python. Human muscular
      sarcocystosis in Malaysia is a zoonotic infection acquired by contamination of
      food or drink with sporocysts shed by definitive hosts. The cysts reported in
      human muscle resembled those seen in the moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus, and the
      long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis. While human intestinal sarcocystosis has
      not been reported in Malaysia so far, it can be assumed that such cases may not
      be infrequent in view of the occurrence of Sarcocystis cysts in meat animals,
      such as buffalo. The overall seroprevalence of 19.8% reported among the main
      racial groups in Malaysia indicates that sarcocystosis (both the intestinal and
      muscular forms) may be emerging as a significant food-borne zoonotic infection in
      the country.

PMID- 1822871
TI  - Epidemiology and diagnosis of sarcocystosis.
AB  - The studies included a total of 788 swine, of which 395 animals were raised on
      state farms and 393 on privately owned farms. Using artificial digestion (by
      trypsin) of diaphragm muscles, cystozoites were detected in 193 swine; 24.49% out
      of 788 animals examined. Among the 395 swine raised on state farms, the presence
      of cystozoites was demonstrated in 63 (15.95%) of the animals, while in 393 swine
      from privately-owned farms, cystozoites were found in 130 (33.07%) of those
      examined. By histological methods cystozoites were detected in 43 swine (18.14%)
      of the tested animals.

PMID- 1822872
TI  - Sarcocystis and sarcocystosis in India.
AB  - Sarcocystosis, in recent times has been recognized as a disease in animals and
      man. With the attention of scientists on this problem all over the world, work on
      prevalence, morphology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, immunology,
      biochemistry and prophylaxis of this parasite has been initiated in domestic
      animals in India.

PMID- 1822873
TI  - Isolation of parasites on fruits and vegetables.
AB  - The current FDA method to recover parasites from fruits and vegetables is derived
      from procedures used to isolate parasitic protozoa from water. A 1kg portion of
      fruit or vegetable is divided into 200 g subportions. The subportions are
      sequentially processed in a sonic cleaning bath with 1.5 liters of detergent
      solution (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.1% Tween 80) and sonicated for 10 minutes.
      As each subsample is removed, it is thoroughly drained. After this sonic
      treatment, the wash water is collected in a polypropylene beaker, transferred to
      50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 15 min at 1500 x g. The
      sediment is consolidated into one tube along with two rinsings of each tube. The
      final sediment is fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 10 minutes before examination for
      parasites. Indirect fluorescent antibody is applied to stain the parasites
      (Giardia spp. and/or Cryptosporidium spp.) by using commercial kits when
      available. If a large quantity of extraneous matter is contained in the sediment
      it may be reduced by layering on Sheather's fluid and centrifuging at 1500 x g
      for 15 minutes. The supernatant is collected and washed twice in distilled water.
      This procedure is adequate for protozoa and nonoperculate helminth eggs;
      operculate helminth eggs may be cleaned by extraction with ethyl acetate. When
      cabbage and lettuce were seeded at 1 organism/g, the rate of recovery for
      Cryptosporidium parvum with the FDA method was 1%. When cabbage was seeded at 1
      egg/g and 10 eggs/g, the average rate of recovery of decorticated eggs of Ascaris
      sp. or untreated Trichuris sp. was 10%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822874
TI  - Epidemiology of marine fish-borne parasitic zoonoses.
AB  - Most parasites of marine animals are of little public health concern; however,
      some helminths are capable of infecting humans. Marine zoonotic infections in
      humans result from consumption of contaminated edible tissues or products of
      seafood or, to a lesser extent, from physical contact with contaminated seafood.
      Worldwide, over 50 species of helminth parasites from fishes, crabs, crayfishes,
      snails, and bivalves are known to produce human infections. Most helminth
      zoonoses are rare and invoke only slight to moderate injury; however, some are
      more prevalent and pose serious potential health hazards. Worldwide, the majority
      of seafood zoonoses occur along coastal regions where seafood products are
      commonly consumed. Continuing improvements in transportation, technology, and
      food handling, however, allow fresh seafood to be shipped throughout the world;
      thus, the potential for acquisition of parasitic infections from marine products
      is not limited to coastal populations. Although the number of documented cases
      continue to increase, the overall risk of human infection is slight. The
      increasing exploitation of the marine environment by humans, changing dietary
      habits incorporating "natural" seafood dishes (eg, sushi and sashimi), and
      tendency to reduce cooking times when preparing seafood products, all increase
      the chances of becoming infected with these parasites.

PMID- 1822875
TI  - Diphyllobothrium, Anisakis and other fish-borne parasitic zoonoses.
AB  - Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses such as anisakiasis and diphyllobothriasis occur
      infrequently in Canada and more work needs to be done on the interactions and
      transmission dynamics of marine and freshwater anisakids in North America. The
      diphyllobothriid tapeworms are primarily restricted to the northern Canada.
      Problems with the specific identification of these parasites from their fish
      hosts prompted the development of a series of nucleic acid probes. Use of the
      polymerase chain reaction proved to be quick, accurate and requires little skill,
      once developed.

PMID- 1822876
TI  - Capillariasis philippinensis: a fish-borne parasitic zoonosis.
AB  - Fish from lagoons in Northern Luzon, Philippines, have been shown experimentally
      to be intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis. Eggs ingested by the fish
      hatch in the intestines and the larvae double in size in 3 weeks. When fed to
      monkeys, Mongolian gerbils and birds, the larvae develop into adults and
      reproduce. Fish from the lagoons or purchased from the market were fed to gerbils
      and the animals developed patent infections, demonstrating natural transmission
      of the parasite. Philippine and Thailand populations have the habit of eating
      uncooked freshwater and brackish water fish and some have been experimentally
      infected with C. philippinensis. These countries report the largest number of
      cases of intestinal capillariasis. Fish-eating birds are now considered natural
      hosts for the parasite, fish the intermediate hosts, and humans accidentally
      become infected by eating infected fish.

PMID- 1822877
TI  - Intestinal fluke infections in Southeast Asia.
AB  - Twenty-three species of intestinal flukes reported in man in Southeast Asia are
      assigned to seven families: Echinostomatidae, Fasciolidae, Heterophyidae,
      Lecithodriidae, Microphallidae, Paramphistomatidae and Plagiorchiidae. The
      majority of species belongs to the Heterophyidae and Echinostomatidae families.
      Common species are Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma ilocanum, E. malayanum, E.
      revolutum and Haplorchis yokogawai. The countries where large number of species
      were reported are Thailand (14 species), Philippines (12 species), Indonesia (8
      species) and Malaysia (4 species). Only one species was recognized in Laos, and
      Vietnam. Several species reported in man in the other regions, were reported in
      animals in Southeast Asia. It is possible that these are present in humans but
      have not yet been reported.

PMID- 1822878
TI  - Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the Philippines.
AB  - A number of food-borne parasitic zoonoses have been recorded in the Philippines
      and include echinostomiasis, artyfechinostomosis, fascioliasis, heterophydiasis,
      carneophallosis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, taeniasis,
      echinococcosis/hydatidosis, diphyllobothriosis/spirometrosis and sparganosis,
      intestinal capillariasis, gnathostomiasis, angiostrongylosis, toxoplasmosis and
      sarcosporidiosis. Some are now rarely observed while others continue to be public
      health problems. Many are endemic in certain areas of the Philippines because of
      the habit of consuming raw or partly cooked fish, snails, crustaceans, and meat.
      Artyfechinostomosis caused by Artyfechinostomum malayanum is a recently
      recognized problem in the Philippines and is reported in man and pigs. Human
      infection results from ingesting raw or partly cooked the freshwater snail,
      Bullastra cumingiana which serves as second intermediate host. More information
      on the epidemiology, transmission including the animal hosts involved locally are
      still needed for some of these problems. Human infection with many of these
      diseases can be prevented by changing the food habits, but this requires
      aggressive health education campaigns.

PMID- 1822879
TI  - Intestinal trematodes infecting humans in Korea.
AB  - Sixteen species of intestinal trematodes have been recovered from humans in
      Korea. They include 10 species of the family Heterophyidae (Metagonimus
      yokogawai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, H. heterophyes, H. dispar,
      Heterophyopsis continua, Pygidiopsis summa, Stellantchasmus falcatus,
      Centrocestus armatus, and Stictodora fuscatum); one species of Diplostomidae
      (Fibricola seoulensis); three species of Echinostomatidae (Echinostoma hortense,
      E. cinetorchis, and Echinochasmus japonicus); one species of Plagiorchiidae
      (Plagiorchis sp.), and one species of Gymnophallidae (Gymnophalloides sp.).
      Biological and epidemiological studies have shown that all of these species are
      endemic to Korea except H. heterophyes and H. dispar, which were imported from
      the Middle East, and Plagiorchis sp., which has not been found in Korea. Several
      fresh water fish were found carrying metacercarial stages of M. yokogawai, M.
      takahashii, C. armatus, E. hortense, E. cinetorchis and E. japonicus. Brackish
      water fish were found to be the second intermediate host of H. nocens, H.
      continua, P. summa, S. falcatus, and/or S. fuscatum. Terrestrial snakes were the
      second intermediate (or paratenic) host of F. seoulensis. Among these intestinal
      flukes, M. yokogawai is the most common one in Korea.

PMID- 1822880
TI  - Differential diagnosis of opisthorchiid and heterophyid metacercariae (Trematoda)
      infecting flesh of cyprinid fish from Nam Ngum Dam Lake in Laos.
AB  - The examination of flesh of 313 cyprinid fish from the Nam Ngum water reservoir
      in Vientiane Province, Laos, revealed the presence of four morphologically
      similar opisthorchiid and heterophyid metacercariae of medical importance. The
      following morphological characters, visible under dissecting microscope with low
      magnification, were typical of trematodes recorded in fish: (1) Opisthorchis
      viverrini, the liver fluke, has oval cysts containing quickly moving C-shaped
      metacercariae provided with a rather large excretory bladder; (2) metacercariae
      of Haplorchis pumilio and H. taichui are surrounded by a thin-walled, oval cyst;
      they are actively motile, C- or S-shaped, and possess a relatively small
      excretory bladder; (3) cysts of Haplorchoides mehrai are considerably variable in
      shape, size, and thickness of cyst wall; larvae are slowly moving, C- or S
      shaped, or often not folded, and provided with a rather small excretory bladder.
      Some cysts with dead or degenerated H. mehrai larvae are filled with brownish or
      yellowish pigment. Morphological variability of some larvae, however, excluded
      correct identification of all metacercariae during routine examination of fish.
      Therefore, we consider isolation of several larvae from each fish host as well as
      all "atypical" metacercariae from fish flesh and their examination under the
      light microscope to be necessary. Even though this method of examination is
      rather time consuming, it decreases the possibility of false identification of
      trematode larvae encysted in flesh of cyprinid fish during field studies on
      opisthorchosis and heterophyiosis.

PMID- 1822881
TI  - Serological differentiation of human small fluke infections using Opisthorchis
      viverrini and Haplorchis taichui antigens.
AB  - Sera from 642 inhabitants of Vientiane Province (Laos) were examined by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using cytoplasmic and membranous antigens
      prepared from adult worms. Worms of Opisthorchis viverrini originated from liver
      of dissected cats, Haplorchis taichui were obtained from a stool specimen of a
      Laotian patient after praziquantel treatment. The sera were divided into five
      groups according to the intensity of infection expressed as egg count per gram of
      patients stool (EPG). Correlation between intensity of infection and the level of
      antibodies in serum was recorded. Reactions obtained using the cytoplasmic
      antigens were more sensitive and more specific compared to those with membranous
      antigens. Cross-reactions between antigens of both helminth species were found.
      Highly positive sera were examined using electroimmunotransfer blots (EITB) with
      cytoplasmic antigens of both species, which enabled the species differentiation.
      Antigens of both species yielded several shared fractions; however, differences
      between them were found: homologous sera reacted specifically with O. viverrini
      antigen in the area of 70 kDa and with H. taichui antigen in the area of 10 kDa.
      Thirty-one of 122 tested sera had specific antibodies against O. viverrini, 77
      sera against H. taichui and 14 sera against both species. The results confirmed
      our assumption about predominant occurrence of heterophyid flukes in the human
      population living in studied area, compared with the occurrence of opisthorchid
      flukes. Hence, serology seems to be helpful tool for correct diagnosis of small
      fluke infections.

PMID- 1822882
TI  - Immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and DNA dot blot
      hybridization techniques were developed and evaluated for their potential in the
      detection of Opisthorchis viverrini. A mixture of IgG monoclonal antibodies
      specific for the 89 kDa metabolic product of O. viverrini was captured on a
      microtiter plate by rabbit anti-mouse IgG and used in a sandwich ELISA for the
      detection of soluble parasite antigen in the feces of patients with
      opisthorchiasis. As little as 0.1 ng of the antigen could be detected. A specific
      O. viverrini DNA probe was used in a dot blot hybridization of parasite DNA. The
      labeled probe could detect DNA released from as few as five O. viverrini eggs.
      Both approaches were highly specific for O. viverrini and their sensitivity
      appeared to be comparable with that of the classical parasitological method.
      Preliminary data obtained from a field trial showed that these two methods have
      potential in the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis. Moreover, the limited data
      currently available showed that it is possible to use these methods to detect the
      presence of O. viverrini metacercariae in naturally infected fish.

PMID- 1822883
TI  - Clonorchiasis in Taiwan.
AB  - Since Ohi in 1915 found clonorchiasis patients in Taiwan, many surveys have shown
      that Miao-li in the north, Sun-moon Lake in the middle and Mei-nung in the south
      of Taiwan are three important endemic areas of clonorchiasis. In recent studies,
      the disease showed a tendency to extend its endemicity. Rats, cats, dogs and pigs
      are the natural reservoir hosts, and 17 species of fresh water fish are also
      infected with metacercaria. One definitive snail host, Parafossarulus
      manchouricus, and two other suggested snails, Semisulcospira libertina and Thiara
      granifera, may serve as the first intermediate host. The human incidence is about
      20-50% in endemic areas and 10-20% in newly infected localities. Higher infection
      rates and more intensities of the worm burden are observed in the adult males. A
      higher incidence is also observed in the Hakkanense ethnic group. The infection
      according to the occupation has changed from merchants and government employees
      to farmers. Praziquantel, 60 mg/kg body weight divided into three doses by oral
      route in one day, has been given to 356 patients and revealed a 96% cure rate and
      a 99% egg reduction rate. This regimen is highly recommended for the treatment of
      clonorchiasis.

PMID- 1822884
TI  - Snail borne parasitic zoonoses: angiostrongyliasis.

PMID- 1822885
TI  - Clinical studies on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis among children in Taiwan.
AB  - Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis is a disease commonly seen in Taiwan, especially
      in children during the summer rainy season. Most of the cases reported in other
      countries were adults and their clinical manifestations were different from
      children. Studies on special clinical characteristics of angiostrongyliasis
      cantonensis among 82 children in Taiwan were performed. Thirty-eight (46.3%) were
      male and 44 (53.7%) females, and 87% could be traced to a history of contact with
      the intermediate host, the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, which plays a
      major role in transmission. The incubation period (average: 13.2 days) was
      shorter in children than in adults (average: 16.5 days). In about one-third
      (30.5%) of the total cases, the clinical form was meningoencephalitis, which was
      higher than in adult cases seen in Thailand (5%). The most common clinical
      symptom was fever (91.5%), followed by vomiting and headache. The percentages of
      sixth and seventh cranial neuropathy associated with the disease were 19.5% and
      11.0% respectively. Ophthalmologic fundoscopy showed that 25.0% with papilledema
      which was significantly higher than seen in adults (12%) in Thailand. Most of the
      cases in this study had peripheral leukocytosis (above 10,000/mm3) and
      eosinophilia (above 10%); the percentages were 82.9% and 84.1%, respectively. The
      worm recovery rate from cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture of 82 cases was
      41.5%; 141 worms were collected from one female patient using a pumping method.
      In the recent 2 years, albendazole and levamisole were used clinically with good
      result.

PMID- 1822886
TI  - Transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis through the giant African snail
      Achatina fulica: an experimental study.
AB  - Observations on transmission of the rat lung worm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis,
      from rats to the snail intermediate host. Achatina fulica, in a vacant lot in
      Bangkok are described. The prevalence of A. cantonensis increased with snail age
      until 200 days of age when it attained a plateau of 50-60%. The overall
      prevalence was 53%. The worm burden slowly rose with age until 200 days of age
      beyond which it remained relatively constant. The highest mean worm burden of
      5,478 was observed in the oldest age group. The parasite distribution in the
      snail population was highly aggregated both within each age class and in the
      overall population. Experiments on susceptibility of snails to laboratory
      infection revealed that worm recovery was dependent on dose of first stage larval
      infection but was independent of snail size in the range of 4-8 cm. The percent
      worm recovery of third stage larvae was negatively correlated with dose of
      infection, and no density-dependent effects of worm burden on worm size were
      observed.

PMID- 1822887
TI  - Echinostomiasis--a snail-borne intestinal trematode zoonosis.
AB  - Numerous echinostome trematodes are found in the intestines of birds and mammals
      throughout the world, and echinostomiasis in humans has been attributed to
      approximately 16 different species. In humans it is usually regarded as a rare
      intestinal parasite of little clinical importance except in heavy infections.
      Diagnosis of echinostomiasis is made by identification of eggs during fecal
      examination; however, speciation of echinostomes requires morphological study of
      adult worms following anthelminthic treatment. The complex life cycles of
      echinostomes are all linked to freshwater habitats. A mammalian or avian
      definitive host, one or two molluscan hosts, and one or two freshwater stages are
      usually required to complete the life cycle. In addition, amphibians and fish
      have been implicated in the transmission of some species. Prevention of human
      cases is dependent on eating habits, since raw or insufficiently cooked molluses,
      and to a lesser extent fish and amphibians, are sources of infection for humans.
      Human cases have been effectively, albeit accidentally, controlled by the
      introduction of fish which prey on the larval stages of the essential molluscan
      hosts.

PMID- 1822888
TI  - Eating habits associated with Echinostoma malayanum infections in the
      Philippines.
AB  - A survey of 61 residents belonging to 12 pre-selected families (having at least
      one member positive for echinostomiasis malayanum) from Barangay Malibago,
      Echague, Isabela (northern Luzon) suggested that infections with Echinostoma
      malayanum follow a "familial trend". The parasite is endemic because the raw
      ingestion of Lymnaea (Bullastra) cumingiana, the second intermediate host in the
      Philippines, is a learned habit passed down from one generation to the next. A
      questionnaire on eating habits revealed that Lymnaea (Bullastra) cumingiana or
      "birabid" was usually prepared raw or half-cooked after treatment with salt or
      "bagoong" (salted fish paste). It was abundant in rice fields during the wet
      months of the year, thus implying a seasonal infection pattern since eating
      frequency was affected by availability. Those who ate this snail reported a long
      duration of indulgence with this habit. In contrast, Pila luzonica or "kuhol",
      the second intermediate host of E. ilocanum, is subjected to similar eating
      practices but is rarely ingested raw or "half-cooked". Other than snails,
      shrimps, fish (Tilapia sp.) and meat are also eaten raw. This suggests that the
      local population is potentially susceptible to other food-borne helminthiases.
      Extensive use of mass media and public health education is necessary to awaken
      the awareness of the people to the potential hazards associated with their
      traditional eating habits.

PMID- 1822889
TI  - Historical review and current status of gnathostomiasis in Asia.
AB  - The genus Gnathostoma contains at least twelve distinctive species. Among these,
      6 species, namely G. spinigerum, G. hispidum, G. doloresi, G. vietnamicum, G.
      malaysiae and G. nipponicum, are found in wild animals in Asia. Related to human
      gnathostomiasis, G. spinigerum has long been believed as the only causative
      species. Until the early 1980s, all gnathostomiasis cases found in major endemic
      areas in Asia, such as Thailand, China and Japan, were caused by infection with
      G. spinigerum. In the early 1980s in Japan, new gnathostomiasis cases appeared in
      urban areas and these cases were shown to be caused by G. hispidum, of which
      larvae were found in loaches imported from Taiwan, Korea, or mainland China.
      Recently infections with G. nipponicum caused by eating locally obtained loaches
      raw, were found in 2 humans in Mie Prefecture, and 14 cases of infection with G.
      doloresi, probably caused by eating raw slices of freshwater fishes, were found
      in Miyazaki Prefecture. So far four Gnathostoma species are responsible for
      zoonotic infections in humans. Since G. hispidum and G. doloresi, like G.
      spinigerum, are widely distributed in Asia, care should be taken with the
      identification of species causing gnathostomiasis.

PMID- 1822890
TI  - Gnathostomiasis in Thailand: a survey on intermediate hosts of Gnathostoma spp.
      with special reference to a new type of larvae found in Fluta alba.
AB  - To clarify current status of gnathostomiasis in Thailand, a survey on
      intermediate hosts has been carried out at various localities since 1987. It was
      found that Fluta alba (Fresh water eel) as well as Channa striata (snake-headed
      fish) might be important in playing a role of transmitting the infection either
      among humans or reservoir animals. During the three years from 1987 to 1989,
      larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were found in 80-100% of F. alba obtained from
      markets in Nakhon Nayok, with a maximum recovery of 2,582 larvae per eel. Among
      larvae found in these eels, five were peculiar in possessing four rows of
      hooklets with complicated branches at the base. Epithelial cells of the intestine
      of these larvae contained 1-2 nuclei. These observations indicate that the larvae
      are different from those of reported species of Gnathostoma from Thailand
      including G. spinigerum, suggesting a possibility of the advanced third-stage
      larvae of G. malaysiae.

PMID- 1822891
TI  - Gnathostoma larva migrans among guests of a New Year party.
AB  - An outbreak of Gnathostoma larva migrans occurred among guests of a New Year's
      party in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Nine people who consumed a raw fish dish called
      'Hu-sae' contracted the disease. Five of them developed gastro-intestinal
      symptoms consisting of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea as early
      as within the first 24 hours, while in the other four, symptoms started on the
      following day. After the initial symptoms pertaining to the gut, malaise, chest
      discomfort, cough, myalgia, weakness, itching and migratory swellings were
      experienced. Eosinophilia was demonstrated in every patient with a mean (+/- SE)
      count of 5,516 +/- 1,010 cells/cu mm. Detection of antibody against aqueous
      extracts of G. spinigerum adult antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay showed a titer of 1:1,600 or greater in every patients except one who had a
      titer of 1:400 (positive greater than or equal to 1:400). This outbreak
      illustrates the high attack rate when heavily infected fish are consumed.

PMID- 1822892
TI  - Specificity of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of human cerebral
      gnathostomiasis cases.
AB  - Specificity of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human cerebral
      gnathostomiasis cases were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody technique
      against paraffin sections of Gnathostoma spinigerum larva. Specific greenish
      fluorescence was observed at cuticle, esophagus, muscle cells, intestinal cell
      cytoplasm and microvilli. CSF of confirmed cerebral cysticercosis cases gave
      fluorescence mostly at the cuticle. It is suggested that parasite-specific
      antigen may be present on intestinal cell microvilli and CSF would be a good
      source of antibodies in studying specificity of antibodies to gnathostome
      infections.

PMID- 1822894
TI  - Taeniasis-cysticercosis: an introduction.
AB  - Cysticercosis is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium larvae in the
      central nervous system, skeletal muscle and eyes of humans and pigs, after
      ingestion of eggs shed in human feces by the adult tapeworm. Human cysticercosis
      is increasingly recognized as a public health problem, especially in developing
      countries, and swine cysticercosis may be an important economic drain to the meat
      industry. The adult tapeworm is found only in human beings. Recent
      epidemiological data indicate that the presence of a tapeworm carrier in the
      close environment is a greater risk factor for acquiring cysticercosis than the
      spread of eggs through sewage.

PMID- 1822893
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand.

PMID- 1822895
TI  - The situation of cysticercosis/taeniasis in animals/man in Bali.
AB  - The Balinese always serve "lawar" at traditional ceremonies. It consists of half
      raw pork mixed with coconut and vegetables. In Bali, not all families have
      toilets in their houses and their animals are usually reared around the house
      area. The prevalence of taeniasis in humans in Bali varied from 0.8% to 23% and
      most worms recovered from patients were T. saginata (Sutisna, 1989). Although
      pork was consumed more often than beef, the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs
      and cattle was always low. Suweta et al (1978) reported a prevalence rate of
      0.15% for cysticercosis in pigs. It has been reported (Anon, 1988) that while
      cysticercosis in pigs from 1975-1986 varied from 0.02% to 2.63%, it has not been
      found since 1986. The prevalence of cysticercosis in cattle from 1977 to 1981
      varied from 0.30% to 2.39%.

PMID- 1822896
TI  - Taeniasis in Indonesia with special reference to Samosir Island, north Sumatra.
AB  - In Indonesia, taeniasis is endemic on the islands of Bali, Irian Jaya and
      Sumatra. The Balinese eat pork or beef raw in a dish called "lawar". Natives of
      Irian Jaya also have a custom of preparing and consuming raw pork. On Samosir
      Island in North Sumatra, undercooked pork is consumed in traditional ceremonies.
      In Bali, the local people defecate into cages (called "teba") of domestic
      animals. In Irian Jaya, pigs are allowed to feed on human feces inside houses at
      night. The natives of Samosir Island defecate in their gardens and their feces
      are easily consumed by freely roaming pigs. Since 1972, studies have been carried
      out on the epidemiology of taeniasis in North Sumatra. The Taenia sp. found on
      Samosir Island is morphologically identical to Taenia saginata. However, the
      local people seldom or never consume beef because it is very expensive, while
      pork is commonly consumed. The species and the natural intermediate hosts of
      Taenia sp. on Samosir Island are still under investigation.

PMID- 1822897
TI  - Five cases of neurocysticercosis diagnosed in Sydney.
AB  - Cysticercosis, once rare in Australia, is now more frequently diagnosed. This
      change reflects the countries of origin of new immigrants and the destinations of
      Australians travelling. Five cases of neurocysticercosis diagnosed at Westmead
      Hospital in Sydney are described. Two involved Australians, a father and son who
      had visited eastern and southeastern Asia 10 years before presentation. The other
      three included immigrants from Chile and India and a visitor from Timor. Ages
      ranged from 5 to 57 years. Three individuals presented after focal seizures
      involving the upper limb, one had a long standing history of neurological
      dysfunction and one suffered from persistent headaches. In all cases computed
      tomographic scanning (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed cystic
      brain lesions and three of the five were seropositive as well. Four were treated
      with praziquantel and in one the lesions regressed significantly following
      treatment. However, the lesion in one case had decreased in size prior to
      treatment and that in the untreated individual also became smaller.

PMID- 1822898
TI  - Asian Taenia saginata: species or strain?
AB  - Asian Taenia has a special epidemiological pattern. Many people eat raw and/or
      undercooked pork and pig viscera more often than that of cattle and acquire a T.
      saginata-like tapeworm infection. The pig has been found to be the most favorable
      laboratory intermediate host for four geographical strains of Asian Taenia.
      Numerous pinpoint cysticerci have been found in naturally infected livers of one
      wild boar and six domestic pigs in Taiwan. It is likely that pigs are the natural
      intermediate host of Asian Taenia in endemic areas other than Taiwan. Moreover,
      the cysticerci of Asian Taenia are only found in the livers of the infected
      animals and have similar morphological characteristics, which are distinguishable
      from the cysticerci of T. saginata and T. solium. These cysticerci are small in
      size and armed with two rows of rudimentary hooklets and can develop to maturity
      in as short a period as 4 weeks. It is possible that Asian Taenia is a different
      species or at least a different strain.

PMID- 1822899
TI  - The differentiation of a newly described Asian taeniid from Taenia saginata using
      enzymatically amplified non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat sequences.
AB  - A newly described Asian taeniid which is morphologically indistinguishable from
      adult Taenia saginata has been identified in the aboriginal population of Taiwan.
      Hybridization patterns of restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA isolated from
      "Taiwan" Taenia and Taenia saginata revealed distinct variations between these
      cestodes. We have demonstrated by Southern blot analysis of ribosomal DNA
      fragments that Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata differ in a 2.4 kb fragment present
      in Bam HI digested DNA from T. saginata but absent from Taiwan Taenia DNA. The
      unique 2.4 kb sequence from T. saginata, as well as a partially homologous 3.1 kb
      fragment found in both Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata, contain sequences shown to
      be complementary to the 3'-end of the large ribosomal DNA subunit and to a large
      portion of the non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat. These fragments were
      subcloned into pUC 13 plasmid DNA, restriction enzyme mapped and partially
      sequenced. Two oligonucleotides complementary to regions on both the 2.4 kb and
      the 3.1 kb fragments were synthesized which generate 1.0 kb and 0.29 kb fragments
      specific for Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata, respectively, when used as primers
      during enzymatic amplification of cestode genomic DNA. Using this technique, we
      have been able to determine the identify of either cestode from a single
      proglottid with less than 200 ng of genomic DNA per reaction and further
      demonstrate that Taiwan Taenia exists in other parts of Eastern Asia.

PMID- 1822900
TI  - Some recent advances in the molecular characterization of Echinococcus and Taenia
      solium.
AB  - Some recently obtained data from our laboratory on the molecular characterization
      of Echinococcus and Taenia solium are described and are complimented by relevant
      new information obtained by other groups. Progress made in the development of
      satisfactory immunodiagnostic assays and in the production of recombinant
      molecules, suitable for application in serology of hydatid disease and
      cysticercosis, is highlighted. Results arising from the application of polymerase
      chain reaction and direct sequencing, using primers homologous to evolutionarily
      conserved sequences, in phylogenetic studies and for distinguishing individual
      taeniid species are also discussed.

PMID- 1822901
TI  - Laboratory rodent models for the tapeworm-stage of Taenia saginata and other
      related taeniid species.
AB  - Attempts were carried out to establish alternative definitive host systems for
      Taenia saginata, T. crassiceps, T. hydatigena, Echinococcus multilocularis and E.
      granulosus, in rodents. Following oral inoculation of cysticerci or
      protoscoleces, the tapeworm-stage development and sexual maturation of the 5
      taeniid species in the intestine of a golden hamster (GH) and Mongolian gerbil
      (MG), both treated with prednisolone, were examined. Sexually mature T. saginata
      tapeworms were recovered from MG pretreated with prednisolone. The life cycles of
      E. multilocularis can be completed in MG and T. crassiceps in both MG and GH. T.
      hydatigena and E. granulosus developed to a certain extent at the tapeworm stage
      in MG pretreated with prednisolone. Potential use of rodents as an alternative
      definitive host for taeniid species is discussed.

PMID- 1822902
TI  - A recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen for bovine cysticercosis.
AB  - The 70% ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of the cyst fluid of Taenia hydatigena
      (designated ThFAS) was previously shown to have potential as an immunodiagnostic
      reagent for bovine cysticercosis. Western blot analysis indicated that the
      specific reactivity with antibodies in sera of T. saginata-infected cattle was
      associated with a 10 kDa component. Rabbit antiserum to ThFAS identified a
      homologous antigenic protein from the cestode Taenia crassiceps. Consequently, a
      cDNA expression library was constructed in lambda gt11 using poly A mRNA purified
      from T. crassiceps metacestodes and screened with rabbit antiserum to ThFAS. One
      strongly reactive clone (designated lambda TCA-2) produced a 123 kDa beta
      galactosidase fusion protein which reacted in Western blot with sera from calves
      experimentally-infected with T. saginata and did not react with sera from
      uninfected calves or from cattle infected with Fasciola hepatica or with common
      gastrointestinal cattle parasites.

PMID- 1822903
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Singapore.
AB  - Parasitic infections adopt a rather low profile in the highly urbanized setting
      in Singapore. Very few food-borne parasitic infections are encountered. Apart
      from a few reports of infections with Clonorchis/Opisthorchis, Taenia spp. and
      hydatid disease, there are no other citations of such helminthic infections.
      Seroprevalence surveys have shown the presence of toxoplasmosis in local meat
      animals (sheep, pigs and cattle) and Toxoplasma strains have been isolated from
      the pig, tree shrew (Tupaia glis), slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) and guinea
      pigs. Human toxoplasmosis is prevalent in Singapore. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies
      are found in the normal population as well as in clinical cases (cervical
      lymphadenopathy, ocular disease and congenital toxoplasmosis). Carcasses/organs
      from meat animals (sheep, pigs, cattle) slaughtered at local abattoirs were
      examined for parasites. The main parasites found were Ascaris suum, Dictyocaulus,
      Metastrongylus, Cysticercus ovis, Fasciola hepatica and Sarcocystis spp. Pigs
      were also examined for trichinosis and, thus far, these have all been negative.

PMID- 1822904
TI  - Treatment of human taeniasis in the Philippines: a review.
AB  - Studies relating to the treatment of human taeniasis in the Philippines using
      Atabrine, bithionol, and mebendazole are reviewed. Cure rates of 93.7% for
      Atabrine, 85%-100% for bithionol, and 84.62% for mebendazole are reported. Aside
      from these studies, recent experience in the treatment of Taenia saginata
      infections at the Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, is also
      reported. Twenty patients referred to the department were treated, 3 with
      bithionol, 17 with praziquantel. Of the 17 patients treated with praziquantel,
      the study reported cure rates of 47-88.24%.

PMID- 1822905
TI  - The treatment of neurocysticercosis with praziquantel.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with cerebral cysticercosis admitted to the Bangkok Hospital
      for Tropical Diseases from March 1987 to November 1989 were studied. The patients
      had a mean age of 41 +/- 5 years with a mean body weight of 57 +/- 4 kgs. Male to
      female ratio was 1.5:1. Eight patients (32%) gave a history of having taeniasis
      with a mean duration of 3.6 years before having symptoms of cerebral
      cysticercosis. Six patients (24%) also had subcutaneous cysticercosis with a
      duration of 20 +/- 8 months. The important clinical symptoms were headache, focal
      seizure, epilepsy and dementia. Fourteen patients (56%) had headache, 12 patients
      (48%) had focal seizure and four patients (16%) had a mild degree of dementia.
      Baseline study included routine blood examination, biochemical tests,
      cerebrospinal fluid for routine examinations and immunological study. Biopsy of
      subcutaneous cysts, plain films of soft tissue and computerized tomography of
      brain. Praziquantel was given orally at a dosage of 45 mg/kg/day in 3 divided
      doses at 4-5 hour interval for 15 days. Patients who were taking anti-epileptic
      drugs before were permitted to continue their medications. The evaluation of
      results of treatment was done a year post treatment, ten patients (40%) were
      asymptomatic, 12 patients (48%) had much clinical improvement, their epileptic
      attack was controlled by 1-2 tablets of phenobarbital (1/2 g) at bedtime. Two
      patients (8%) had mild headache. One patient (4%) was not improved. Those
      patients with dementia were not improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822906
TI  - Clinical evaluation of albendazole and praziquantel in the treatment of cerebral
      cysticercosis.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients presenting with symptoms and signs of
      neurocysticercosis, confirmed by neuroimaging techniques were randomly assigned
      to treatment with either praziquantel 50 mg/kg/day for 15 days or albendazole 15
      mg/kg/day for 30 days. All patients were treated also with steroids for 42 days.
      Follow-up was for 90 days for response to treatment and for at least 1 year for
      recurrence. Although similar numbers of patients showed no improvement in
      neuroimaging criteria at 3 months, the response to albendazole was more
      pronounced with larger numbers showing marked improvement or disappearance of
      lesions. Similar findings were apparent, with resolution of the presenting
      neurological signs and symptoms being more frequent, in the albendazole group.
      Electroencephalographic changes were also normalized. The use of steroids
      eliminated the frequently observed headache that has been seen during the first
      few days of treatment and permitted severe cases to be treated. Both albendazole
      and praziquantel appear to be effective at the doses used, with albendazole
      showing a slightly better overall response.

PMID- 1822907
TI  - Control of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis by focus-oriented
      chemotherapy of taeniasis.
AB  - The mortality, mortality, and disability due to Taenia solium neurocysticercosis
      are common and serious health problems in some regions, including several Asian
      countries. Neurocysticercosis in man and cysticercosis in pigs can be controlled
      by treatment, in man with a single, low (2 1/2 or 5 mg/kg) and safe dose of
      praziquantel. The problem which remains is the identification of a Taenia solium
      taeniasis foci. The definition of a focus is: T. solium-infected or suspected
      case; household with recent case of epilepsy in family or cysticercosis in pigs;
      group of houses or a village with high rate of cysticercosis in pigs. In a rural
      area a focus can be easily identified by tracing infected pigs to their place of
      origin, or in vivo tongue examination. All people with suspected T. solium
      taeniasis in a focus should be treated.

PMID- 1822908
TI  - Cestode vaccines.
AB  - Studies over the past 20 years have clearly shown the potential for developing
      vaccines against larval cestode infections of man and animals. The important
      larval cestode infections of man (Echinococcus granulosus--hydatidosis: Taenia
      solium--cysticercosis) involve domesticated animals as intermediate hosts in
      their natural life-cycles. These animals develop strong immunity against
      reinfection, and immunity can be artificially induced by vaccination with
      oncosphere antigens. A major stumbling block in developing commercial vaccines
      against cestodes has been the difficulty in obtaining adequate supplies of these
      antigens. Recent studies with Taenia ovis, a larval cestode causing cysticercosis
      in sheep, have demonstrated the feasibility of developing commercial vaccines
      against cestodes using recombinant DNA technology. A cDNA library prepared using
      mRNA obtained from T. ovis oncospheres was used to isolate a clone which
      expressed T. ovis polypeptide antigen 45W as a fusion protein with Schistosoma
      japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GST-45W). GST-45W gave up to 94% protection
      against challenge infection when used to vaccinate sheep with saponin as
      adjuvant. The vaccine antigen was shown by SDS PAGE to be unstable, a major
      disadvantage in subsequent attempts to obtain high yields of antigen for
      commercial production. The fusion protein has now been stabilized by reducing the
      size of GST-45W cDNA through deleting 19 carboxyl terminal hydropathic acids, and
      the resultant fusion protein GST-45W (B/X) was highly host-protective. Another
      experiment showed that the 45W T. ovis polypeptide cleaved enzymatically from GST
      45W was still host-protective, suggesting that GST had no influence on the
      immunogenicity of GST-45W fusion protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1822909
TI  - General introduction and epidemiology of trichinellosis.
AB  - All studies on trichinellosis have been based on the assumption that there is
      only one cosmopolitan agent of human and animal trichinellosis; Trichinella
      spiralis (Owen, 1835). In the past, swine and only a few synanthropic animals
      were considered reservoirs, and the presence of the parasite in sylvatic animals
      was considered rare. Breeding experiments before, and then biochemical approaches
      (isoenzymes and DNA analysis), showed the presence of a high genetic variability
      inside this genus, suggesting it be considered as polyspecific. At present, eight
      gene pools, named from T1 to T8, have been identified in the genus Trichinella.
      T1 (T. spiralis s str) is the etiological agent for the domestic cycle, with a
      cosmopolitan distribution related to swine breeding and human habits. However, in
      some areas this parasite passes from domestic to sylvatic animals and vice versa.
      Six gene pools are the agents for the sylvatic cycle at different latitudes,
      mainly in carnivores. T2 (T. nativa) is present in terrestrial mammals and seldom
      in sea mammals of arctic and subarctic regions. T3, T5, and T8 are present mainly
      in Canidae (T3), Ursidae (T5), Hyaenidae and Felidae (T8) of temperate
      subtropical areas of Palearctic, Nearctic and South African regions,
      respectively. T6 is present in carnivores in the subarctic-temperate area of the
      Nearctic region; and T7 (T. nelsoni) in Hyaenidae and Felidae of Equatorial
      Africa. Only T4 (T. pseudospiralis) can infect both mammals and birds, and it
      shows a cosmopolitan distribution. Probably trichinellosis is present world-wide,
      but unknown in those areas where it has not been sought.

PMID- 1822910
TI  - Present status of trichinellosis in Japan.
AB  - There have been three mass outbreaks of human trichinellosis in Japan. The first
      was in 1974 in Iwasaki, Aomori Prefecture, involving a group of hunters who ate
      raw meat of a black bear they had shot. Of the 20 people who ate the bear meat
      raw, 15 showed clinical symptoms of trichinellosis. The second outbreak was
      experienced in Sapporo, Hokkaido, in 1980. The patients had eaten the raw meat of
      a brown bear served in a local restaurant. Twelve people were diagnosed positive
      on the basis of clinical symptoms and the results of serological tests. The third
      outbreak was reported in 1982. Of the 434 people who had eaten raw black bear
      meat at a local restaurant in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture in December 1981, 60 were
      diagnosed as positive for trichinellosis. The first finding of Trichinella
      spiralis in Japan was in 1957, when the parasite was detected in a formalin
      preserved specimen of an indigenous dog in Sapporo, Hokkaido. Since then T.
      spiralis infection has been reported in imported animals, such as mink (1957),
      polar bears (1960, 1969, 1986), tiger (1986), and black leopard (1986). To date,
      spontaneous infection of T. spiralis in wildlife in Japan has been reported in
      sables (in Hokkaido, 1963), Japanese black bear (in Aomori, 1974, 1975), brown
      bear (in Hokkaido, 1980) and raccoon dog (in Yamagata, 1984).

PMID- 1822911
TI  - Epidemiological survey of trichinellosis in Yugoslavia.
AB  - In a long term epidemiological survey that included different hosts for
      Trichinella spiralis among wild and domestic animals, the parasitological and
      serological screening revealed a high number of positive animals. The incidence
      of T. spiralis in grazing pigs was high, 21.76% (170 examined) but most of
      positive animals were lightly infected (0.016-0.02 l/g). While out of 2,394 pigs
      raised in small private farms, 1.67% were positive with high infection rates,
      none of the pigs raised on a modern breeding and fattening farm were
      seropositive. A repeated survey in grazing pigs performed five years later and in
      the same area, showed the prevalence of seropositive pigs to be still high (22%
      of 100 examined pigs). The same data were confirmed by detection of specific anti
      Trichinella antibodies in Western blotting procedure. One of 2,031 serologically
      (IgG-ELISA) examined horses from Croatia reacted positively with very high OD
      values. Different characteristics of biological patterns (RCI, female fecundity,
      capsule formation, isoenzyme analysis) were found between two well distinguished
      groups of isolates. The first group consisted of well defined T1 isolates with
      patterns described by the Reference Centre for Trichinellosis, Rome, Italy. The
      data obtained by isoenzyme analysis of the representative sylvatic isolate were
      comparable to T3 characteristics of isolates from foxes in Italy.

PMID- 1822912
TI  - Epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in Yugoslavia.
AB  - Intensive epidemiological and seroepidemiological studies of Trichinella spiralis
      infection in swine have been carried out in the borough of Kladovo, one of the
      four regions in Yugoslavia where trichinellosis is endemic. A high prevalence
      (4.7%) of trichinellosis was discovered in three neighboring parishes adjoining
      the bank of the river Danube. Both geographically and epidemiologically these
      three parishes constitute a very unique condition that is very vulnerable to T.
      spiralis infection. Studies of 7,409 swine showed that the ELISA test for the
      detection of specific antibodies to T. spiralis in swine was highly reliable.

PMID- 1822913
TI  - Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - The People's Republic of China has a large number of animal parasites transmitted
      through the ingestion of food products. Approximately 20 species of parasites in
      animals and man are reported from most of the provinces and autonomous regions of
      the country. The major food-borne parasitic zoonoses are reported from pigs,
      cattle, fish, crabs and crayfish, snails, frogs, snakes, and aquatic plants. The
      most important diseases are toxoplasmosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, sparganosis,
      clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, paragonomiasis, echinostomiasis,
      trichinosis, gnathostomiasis, and angiostrongyliasis. There is concern that some
      of these parasitoses may develop into more serious problems because of the
      increase in free-market commerce and the lack of adequate inspection of food
      products. Furthermore, many cultures in China enjoy eating raw or inadequately
      cooked food products. Control programs have been initiated utilizing newer drugs,
      but there must also be educational programs, as well as an improvement in
      sanitation.

PMID- 1822914
TI  - The present status of trichinellosis in Thailand.
AB  - The epidemiology of trichinellosis in northern Thailand may be unique. Since
      1962, outbreaks of the disease have occurred almost every year. The Department of
      Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health reported 118 discrete
      outbreaks of the disease, involving 5,400 patients, 95 of whom have died.
      Epidemiological investigations reveal that the outbreaks have occurred mostly in
      rural areas, associated with villagers celebrating local and traditional
      festivals such as the northern Thai New Year, wedding ceremonies, or other
      festive occasions. In almost all cases the source of infection has been traced to
      either hilltribe pigs, which are raised like wild animals, or to meat from wild
      boar. Infection is usually acquired through consumption of a local dish called
      "lahb," traditionally served during these festivities. This popular dish consists
      of raw finely chopped meat mixed with spices and chilies and is served nearly
      raw. Common clinical symptoms of trichinellosis in northern Thailand are fever
      and myalgia, presenting about two weeks after ingestion of raw meat containing
      encysted Trichinella larvae. Based on its infectivity for rats and pigs and on
      alloenzyme typing, the species appears to be Trichinella spiralis. The
      transmission cycle of trichinellosis in northern Thailand is primarily of a
      sylvatic type. Hilltribe pigs, wild boars, black bear and jackal are common
      reservoirs. Man intrudes into the cycle by eating the raw or under-cooked meat of
      these animals.

PMID- 1822915
TI  - The significance of changing trends in trichinellosis.
AB  - Findings during the past two decades have indicated that there are changing
      trends in trichinellosis in terms of (1) new isolates of Trichinella, (2) new
      sources of meat, including meat of herbivorous animals and of a greater variety
      of wild animals, (3) increasing number of cases among new ethnic groups in the
      USA, and (4) the emergence of new foci in Asia. These changes offer new
      challenges that warrant our attention. The characterization of each of the new
      isolates of Trichinella, particularly with respect to its infectivity, has become
      critical. Since herbivorous animals have been implicated as the source for human
      infections, thorough cooking of all animal meat is compulsory. Ethnic groups who
      continue to prepare their food in traditional manner must be informed of the
      potential danger of trichinellosis and the need for modification in preparation.
      The emergence of new foci for human trichinellosis emphasizes the importance of
      direct communication and interaction on a worldwide basis regarding the parasite
      and the infection.

PMID- 1822916
TI  - Immunodiagnosis of swine trichinellosis.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive and specific serologic test has been developed for the
      diagnosis of swine trichinellosis. The ELISA based test utilizes L1 stichosome
      antigens recovered as excretory-secretory (ES) products from in vitro cultivated
      muscle larvae. Field studies conducted with 20,000 commercial swine using crude
      ES antigen demonstrated that the test could detect 98% of the medically
      significant infections. The test had a false-positive rate of less than 3%.
      Because of difficulties in regulating the quality and quantity of ES antigen and
      the need to continually maintain infected laboratory animals for producing the
      diagnostic reagent, efforts have been made to clone and express the gene(s)
      encoding the immunodominant ES antigens. To date a cDNA sequence, designated TsA
      12, which codes in part for a 53-kDa ES antigen, has been identified and
      expressed in bacteria. Results demonstrate that TsA-12 is recognized by immune
      sera and further suggest that the immunodominant 45-, 48- and 53-kDa ES proteins
      which share antigenic epitopes are distinct glycoproteins.

PMID- 1822917
TI  - Detection of Trichinella by various methods in Yugoslavia.
AB  - From studies performed on experimentally infected pigs, it was possible to
      conclude that enzymatic digestion methods are superior to trichinoscopy for
      inspection of pork for the presence of Trichinella spiralis. The analyses
      included comparative examination of samples taken from five different parts of
      diaphragm tissue.

PMID- 1822918
TI  - Trichinellosis and trichinellosis control in Germany.
AB  - In nineteenth century Germany, trichinellosis was a relatively frequent disease.
      From 1861 to 1890 more than 12,500 cases, with an average mortality rate of 5%,
      were reported. As a consequence, trichinoscopy was made compulsory for the
      kingdom of Prussia in 1877, and a respective law was issued on June 3, 1900, for
      Germany as a whole. This measure led to a considerable decrease in human
      trichinellosis, reaching a minimum of only 49 cases for the period 1931-1940. The
      decrease in human cases was correlated to a constant decline of prevalence in
      pigs. However, after World War II, ten epidemics of human trichinellosis occurred
      with a total of about 2,000 cases. Sources of infection were illicitly
      slaughtered pigs, minced pork and sausages of partly unknown origin, and
      uninspected wild boars (Sus scrofa). Today, besides pigs, wild boars can be
      regarded as main sources of human infections. During the last two decades, two
      positive wild boars have been detected every year, thus demonstrating that a
      sylvatic cycle still exists. Measures to control trichinellosis in Germany have
      been limited to meat inspection. Before 1978 the only method allowed was
      trichinoscopy of compressed muscle samples. Then the pooled sample digestion
      technique and the magnetic stirrer method were introduced, which was later
      improved and automatized by use of the Foss Electric Trichomatic 35 and of the
      GMP 50 as a sampling device.

PMID- 1822919
TI  - Testing for food-borne parasites, their metabolic products and symbionts.
AB  - Microscopic animals associated with foods include free-living and saprophytic
      invertebrates, parasites of hosts other than humans, and parasitic animals
      specifically designated as food-borne that can infect a human host by the
      gastrointestinal route. The first general method used to screen for food-borne
      species was digestion with pepsin and hydrochloric acid at 36 degrees C, based on
      the "artificial stomach juice" technique for recovering larvae of the nematode
      Trichinella spiralis from muscle. This method selects for forms capable of
      surviving a mammalian digestive enzyme at mammalian temperatures. It has been
      used successfully to recover a variety of food-borne helminths, not only from
      mammalian flesh but also from fish, shellfish and molluscs, and can be adapted to
      greatly reduce the "background of living animals" associated with soils and the
      crops grown in them. However, not all animal forms that survive digestion are
      food-borne parasites, and all that succumb are not necessarily noninfectious.
      Methodology to test for food-borne parasites is, in general, not as efficient as
      that for food-borne bacteria. Recent developments in food parasitology indicate a
      need to identify not only the parasite, but also its metabolic products and
      associated symbionts.

PMID- 1822920
TI  - Epidemiological assessment of parasitic zoonoses in Malaysia.
AB  - Food-borne parasitic zoonoses are emerging as major public health problems in
      most countries because they are widespread and pose a medical challenge. Not only
      are they important from an economic standpoint, but they also cause severe
      sequalae in all those affected. The extent of parasitic zoonoses in Malaysia is
      considered a "tip of the iceberg" problem. Cases of zoonotic diseases, like
      porocphaliasis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, hydatidosis,
      echinostomiasis, and gnathostomiasis are traced and documented. An epidemiologic
      reassessment of methods is suggested to determine the extent of these parasitoses
      in Malaysia.

PMID- 1822921
TI  - Paragonimiasis in Mae Hong Son Province northern Thailand: case report.
AB  - Two cases of paragonimiasis have been reported from Srisangval Hospital, Mae Hong
      Son Province, Thailand. These two patients (Thai-Karen) resided in Nam-Piang-Din,
      Mae Hong Son. The preliminary survey for epidemiological data in Nam-Piang-Din,
      Mae Hong Son revealed that most of Thai-Karen villagers had the habit of eating
      raw crabs and fresh water prawns. A survey for intermediate and reservoir hosts
      are still in progress and this area can be considered as an additional area for
      paragonimiasis in Thailand.

PMID- 1822922
TI  - Recent trends of paragonimiasis westermani in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.
AB  - Miyazaki Prefecture has long been known as one of the endemic areas of
      paragonimiasis westermani. The prevalence of this disease peaked around 1956 and
      then drastically decreased. A few sporadic cases are still occasionally found in
      Miyazaki Prefecture; however, the number of new cases has gradually increased
      during the last 5 years. One important point to be noted is the change of
      clinical manifestations in the patients. A classically known form of
      paragonimiasis westermani is characterized by persisting cough, bloody sputum,
      and nodular or ring shadows in the lung field by chest x-ray. However, the
      patients recently found in Miyazaki Prefecture rarely showed such typical
      symptoms. Only four of 13 cases were found to have pulmonary infiltration and
      nine cases showed massive pleural effusion without pulmonary infiltration. Such
      atypical cases may be caused by low intensity of infection or, alternatively, be
      due to the earlier diagnosis.

PMID- 1822923
TI  - Studies on clinical manifestations, diagnosis and control of paragonimiasis in
      China.
AB  - Paragonimiasis is a common parasitic zoonosis in China. Its clinical
      manifestations may be classified into two clinical entities, eg, paragonimiasis
      westermani type and paragonimiasis szechuanensis type. The latter mainly
      manifests as trematode larva migrans. The immunodiagnostic methods frequently
      used in the diagnosis of paragonimiasis are intradermal test, CFT and ELISA. The
      detection of circulating antigens in patients has been used in China for
      diagnosis and bithionol and praziquantel are drugs of choice in the treatment of
      paragonimiasis. Combined measures including mass survey, mass treatment and
      health education have been found to be effective in the control of paragonimiasis
      in China.

PMID- 1822924
TI  - The situation of liver fluke infestation in cattle in Bali.
AB  - From 1975 to 1982, the prevalence of liver fluke infestation in Bali cattle of
      the island of Bali, Indonesia varied between 29% and 46%, and from 1983 to 1988
      prevalence rates varied between 6% and 22%. Changes in prevalence rates were more
      closely associated with water levels in pastures than with other variables in
      pastures, such as temperatures and pH. Mass-fasciolicide treatment of
      traditionally reared Bali cattle was economical. The decrease in the prevalence
      of liver flukes in Bali cattle since 1983 was associated with (1) the
      introduction of a rice planting system which alternated rice with other crops,
      and (2) with mass-fasciolicide treatments conducted by the veterinary services.

PMID- 1822925
TI  - Problem of fascioliasis in animal husbandry in Thailand.
AB  - One of the most important parasitic diseases in adult cattle and buffalo in
      Thailand is fascioliasis, caused mainly by Fasciola gigantica. The economic loss
      from fascioliasis in cattle and buffalo throughout Thailand has been assessed at
      not less than 100 million Baht. Recent investigations have been shown that the
      average prevalence of F. gigantica in cattle and buffalo in Thailand was 11.8%.
      However, the prevalence varies considerably between villages, ranging from 0 to
      85%. The prevalence is high in areas surrounding dams or large ponds in which
      Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa, the intermediate host of F. gigantica is found.
      An epidemiological study revealed that the disease has a seasonal pattern from
      which the following conclusion for control of the disease can be drawn. Strategic
      liver fluke treatment of all cattle and buffalo which are older than 8 months
      should be carried out once a year in September. In addition, animals in poor
      condition should be treated in April to prevent severe losses, especially in high
      prevalence areas or where strategic treatment was missed. Problems of liver fluke
      control include the lack of knowledge about the parasite on the part of the
      farmers and the lack of availability of drug supplies at the village level, both
      of which are important to allow strategic treatment of animals. To approach these
      problems, the government had developed "Farmer Self-Help Worm Control Program" in
      seven provinces in Northeast Thailand which is operated by village farmers
      trained as program "keymen". This program is very effective and will be extended
      throughout Thailand in the next Seventh Social and Economic Development Plan.

PMID- 1822926
TI  - Fasciola hepatica infection in China.
AB  - Fasciola hepatica is one of the most common parasites in China that infects
      ruminants, especially cattle, sheep and goats, and causes considerable morbidity
      and economic losses in the animal husbandry. The climate in wide areas of China
      is suitable for the development of F. hepatica and its intermediate snail hosts.
      However, human infection with the fluke is not common. Up to now, 38 hospital
      patients and six infected individuals from two epidemiological surveys have been
      reported in the Chinese literature. F. gigantica infection in herbivorous animals
      is comparatively rare compared to F. hepatica infections, and only one case was
      reported in man (Wang, 1984). This paper reviews mainly human infections with F.
      hepatica in the Chinese literature. Animal infections of the parasite are also
      briefly described.

PMID- 1822927
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in India.
AB  - Food-borne parasitic zoonoses have a major impact on the health and economy in
      developing countries in the tropics and sub-tropics. Complex socio-economic and
      socio-cultural factors impact on the maintenance of parasitic zoonoses. In
      addition to human disease, some of these parasites are responsible for economic
      loss to livestock production. Throughout India, problems of food-borne parasitic
      zoonoses differ because of varied food habits. Other factors, however, such as
      unhygienic living conditions, lack of education, poor personal hygiene, poverty
      and occupation, also contribute to the dissemination of parasitic infections. The
      present status of various food-borne parasitic zoonoses are briefly given here.

PMID- 1822928
TI  - Liver fluke disease (fascioliasis): epidemiology, economic impact and public
      health significance.
AB  - Liver fluke disease (fascioliasis) is an important parasitic disease found
      worldwide affecting sheep, goats, cattle and buffalo, as well as other domestic
      ruminants. The common causative agents are Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica
      which require various species of Lymnaea, fresh water snails, as their
      intermediate hosts. The epidemiology of the disease and its prevalence in
      Malaysia is mentioned briefly. The disease causes considerable impact on the
      economy of the livestock industry. The economic losses consist of costs of
      anthelmintics, drenches, labor, liver condemnation at meat inspection; and losses
      in production due to mortality, reduction in meat, milk and wool production; and
      reduction in growth rate, fertility and draught power. The disease also has
      public health significance, causing human fascioliasis and "halzoun".

PMID- 1822929
TI  - Abdominal hydatidosis in Pondicherry, India.
AB  - A study during the period 1980-1987 revealed 71 surgically confirmed cases of
      abdominal hydatid disease. The majority of the patients were in 3rd, 4th and 5th
      decades (64.5%) with approximately equal incidence in both males and females. The
      commonest site of lesion was liver (56.4%), followed by peritoneal cavity (16.9%)
      and spleen (10.2%). Indirect hemagglutination serology test was found to be more
      sensitive (95.2%) than the traditional Casoni skin test in the diagnosis of
      abdominal hydatid disease. Ultrasonography was also found to be a useful
      procedure in the diagnosis of the condition. This study shows that there is a
      significant rise in the number of patients suffering from abdominal hydatid
      disease in this part of India.

PMID- 1822930
TI  - Recent trends in the serodiagnosis of hydatid disease.
AB  - Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic infection of
      cosmopolitan distribution. As the clinical manifestations of hydatid disease in
      man are variable, the diagnosis of the condition presents complex problems for
      clinicians. Since the parasitic diagnosis of the disease is difficult, the
      specific diagnosis of the condition relies heavily on immunodiagnostic tests. The
      recent approach to the diagnosis of hydatid disease in man is primarily based on:
      (1) a combination of two or three more serological tests to diagnose the
      condition, as a single test fails to detect all the cases, (2) detection of
      circulating hydatid antigen (CAg) in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and other assays, as the antigen detection system is useful in
      monitoring post-surgical and chemotherapeutic evaluation of the cases as well as
      in the prognosis of the condition and (3) demonstration of E. granulosus antigen
      in the cystic fluid to establish the etiology of the hydatid cyst. Hydatid
      disease is essentially a disease of poor people residing in rural areas, hence
      there is need for a simple, economic diagnostic immunoassay for use at the field
      level or in a rural health center with inadequate facilities. Counter-current
      immunoelectrophoresis (CIEF) and bacterial co-agglutination (Co-A), have been
      standardized and evaluated in this laboratory for the first time for detection of
      CAg in cases of hydatid disease at the field level and rural health center.

PMID- 1822931
TI  - Economic losses resulting from food-borne parasitic zoonoses.
AB  - Economic losses resulting from food-borne parasitic zoonoses are difficult to
      assess. Estimating the global economic impact of these diseases is handicapped by
      inadequate information on the prevalence and public health importance of
      parasitic zoonoses for most countries. However, the economic losses caused by
      certain zoonoses has been estimated for some regions and in these instances the
      costs are significant. In Mexico, for example, porcine cysticercosis is
      responsible for a loss of more than one-half of the national investment in swine
      production and for more than US$17 million annually in hospitalization and
      treatment costs for humans with neurocysticercosis. For all of Latin America,
      porcine cysticercosis accounts for an economic loss of US$164 million. In Africa,
      losses of one to two billion dollars per year due to bovine cysticercosis have
      been reported. Human toxoplasmosis in the United States is estimated to be an
      annual economic/public health burden of more than US$400 million. The implication
      from these examples and other are discussed. A set of recommendations is
      presented for obtaining the necessary information needed to permit assigning to
      food-borne parasitic zoonoses their appropriate priority within each country's
      complex economic and public health problems.

PMID- 1822932
TI  - Principles and costs in the regulation of microbially contaminated foods.
AB  - A strong code of regulations exists in the United States to control pathogens and
      other microbes in food and drink. Despite strict enforcement, food-borne illness
      persists. Parasitic animals in foods are particularly difficult to detect because
      there are no simple culture systems for their multiplication and because sanitary
      measures against fecal contamination are ineffective against parasite species
      transmitted by other routes. To attain a high degree of safety, total processing
      of foods by heat- and/or irradiation-pasteurization combined with sterile
      packaging may be required. The cost of regulating food-borne microbes, while
      large, is probably surpassed by the cost of food-borne illness (estimated to be
      US$50 billion annually), resulting in net savings.

PMID- 1822933
TI  - Preliminary estimates of economic impact of liver fluke infection in Thailand and
      the feasibility of irradiation as a control measure.
AB  - Liver fluke infection by Opisthorchis viverrini is the leading cause of food
      borne parasitic disease in Thailand. Approximately one third of the population in
      the northeastern region of the country, ie, 6-7 million, are infected by this
      parasite through the habit of consuming raw or insufficiently cooked freshwater
      fish, especially those of cyprinoid family. A recent survey showed that 60% of
      the work force in the Northeast between the age of 15 and 60 is infected. The
      estimated wage loss of this population may be approximately Baht 1,620 million
      (US$65 million) per annum. The estimated direct cost of medical care may be as
      high as Baht 495 million (US$19.4 million) per annum. Thus, the total direct cost
      of the infected work force is estimated to be Baht 2115 million (US$84.6 million)
      per annum. Irradiation of fish flesh infected by metacercaria of O. viverrini has
      been demonstrated as an effective method of control. A minimum dose of 0.1 kGy is
      effective without changing physiochemical properties of the fish flesh. This
      technology, therefore, shows promise as a method to control infection by O.
      viverrini acquired by the habit of consuming raw freshwater fish in the country.
      Preliminary economic analyses indicate that the public health benefit from
      preventing infection with this parasite could outweigh the investment cost of
      irradiation facilities. Detailed economic feasibility studies should be carried
      out to demonstrate the practical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the treatment
      as a public health intervention measure in the country.

PMID- 1822934
TI  - Snail-borne parasitic zoonoses in Korea.
AB  - A total of 22 snail-borne parasites causing various parasitic zoonoses in Korea
      are listed and reviewed. All of these parasites are indigenous except Heterophyes
      heterophyes, H. dispar and Angiostrongylus cantonensis detected in patients who
      traveled outside of Korea.

PMID- 1822935
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Hong Kong.
AB  - Although there have been no recent epidemiological studies on parasitic zoonoses
      in Hong Kong, the following diseases are known to occur locally: toxoplasmosis,
      clonorchiasis, fasciolopsiasis, cysticercosis, hydatidosis, sparganosis,
      trichinellosis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis and trichostrongylosis. Most
      of them are due to the consumption of infected animals imported from China. Due
      to the general unawareness of parasitic diseases by physicians and health
      authorities, the importance of zoonoses has been under recognized.

PMID- 1822936
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Japan.
AB  - Progress in public sanitation over the past four decades has greatly decreased
      the prevalence of soil-transmitted gastrointestinal parasites in Japan. Although
      food-borne zoonotic parasites also show a similar trend, there continues to be a
      steady flow of patients infected with the latter parasites. This stems from the
      traditional popularity among the Japanese of eating raw food, coupled with an
      increasing fondness for rare delicacies, overseas travel, and consumption of
      exotic food. These factors have given rise to many reports of anisakiasis,
      angiostrongyliasis, trichinellosis, capillariasis, gnathostomiasis,
      paragonimiasis, sparganosis, etc. Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Japan can be
      roughly divided into three categories according to the type of food consumed,
      namely, livestock meat, wild game meat, and aquatic food. The current status of
      these diseases, including a discussion of the retro- and prospective trends are
      presented.

PMID- 1822937
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Korea.
AB  - In Korea meat from various mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and crustaceans
      serves as host for approximately 25 species of parasites. These food-borne
      parasitic zoonoses are important public health problems; they are of concern for
      the live stock and food industry and for farmers and fisherman. Traditionally,
      Koreans have been vegetable and fish eating people, but eating habits are
      changing to include the eating of meat. Dogs, cats and other pets are finding
      places in the home and these animals become involved in zoonotic diseases.
      Consequently, the prevalence of zoonotic parasitoses is increasing in Korea.
      There are increasing reports of cryptosporidiosis and trichinosis in the country
      associated with changing cultural habits in the Korean people.

PMID- 1822938
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Laos.
AB  - Stool samples from a total of 1,008 persons were examined for intestinal
      parasites during a comprehensive study on the epidemiology of small fluke
      infections in Laos. The prevalence of small fluke eggs in the stool was seen to
      peak at age 20 years, particularly in men from villages (90.4%). Three quarters
      of infections belong to the category of light infections and only 0.6% to the
      category of very heavy according to eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The highest EPG
      was in the 11-15 year age group. In addition, the following parasites were
      diagnosed: Sarcocystis hominis (prevalence more than 10% in the group over 20
      years of age), Taenia sp. (12.4% for the village people over 20 years),
      Fasciolopsts buski (3.8% for the same group). The habit of Laos people to eat raw
      fish, beef and pork flesh, is reflected in significant epidemiological
      consequences. Cercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini occurred in 0.5% of Bithynia
      siamensis goniomphalus examined, Haplorchis sp. cercariae were found in 0.9% of
      Tarebia granifera snails. Metacercariae of O. viverrini were found in flesh of 7
      species of cyprinid fish. Haplorchis taichui in 4 species of these fish, and H.
      pumilio of two cyprinid species. Hampala macrolepidota harbored larvae of all
      above mentioned species. Stellantchasmus falcatus was recovered in fins of
      belonid fish Xenentodon cancila. Adults of O. viverrini were found in 36% of
      domestic and stray cats, Heterophyid flukes were found in 24% cats. The most
      frequent species were H. taichui and H. yokogawai. Eight Laotian students were
      treated in Czechoslovakia with praziquantel to determine fluke infection. Three
      were infected only by O. viverrini, four only by H. taichui and one by both O.
      viverrini and H. taichui. These results demonstrate the problem of correct
      differential diagnosis of food-borne small fluke infections and the need to
      assess the clinical course and public health aspects of infections.

PMID- 1822939
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Taiwan.
AB  - More than 50 species of zoonotic parasites (nematodes-18 spp., trematodes-19
      spp., cestodes-10 spp., protozoa-2 spp., and arthropods-2 spp.) have been
      reported in Taiwan. Among them, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Clonorchis sinensis
      and Taenia saginata are the most important and most common food-borne parasites.
      Angiostrongyliasis is highly endemic in southern and eastern Taiwan. About 80% of
      patients are children below 15 years of age, mostly infected after eating
      Achatina fulica during May and September. Patients residing in the mountainous
      and remote areas are more susceptible than those in the urban districts.
      Cipangopaludina chinensis and Ampullarium canaliculatus are additional important
      sources of infection. Albendazole is effective in treating infections in animals.
      Levamisole has been shown to shorten and lighten the course and symptoms in
      clinical trials. Clonorchiasis is endemic in Miao-li in northern, Sun-moon lake
      in central, and Mei-nung in southern Taiwan. Recent surveys, however, have shown
      endemic areas to be more extensive. Hakkanese and farmers have a greater tendency
      of infection than other groups. Praziquantel, 3 doses of 20 mg/kg body weight for
      one day, is an effective treatment. Taeniasis saginata is mainly caused by eating
      raw beef or viscera of wild animals by the aborigines. A single dose of 150 mg
      praziquantel cures almost 100%.

PMID- 1822940
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the United States.
AB  - Although not a major public health problem, food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the
      United States are the cause of numerous diseases that occur widely in the
      population. The most common food-borne parasitic diseases in the United States
      are trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis/cysticercosis, diphyllobothriasis, and
      anisakiasis. Since 1947, when the US Public Health Service began to record
      statistics on trichinosis cases in humans, the numbers of reported cases in the
      United States have declined markedly, from an average of about 400 with 10-15
      deaths reported each year in the late 1940s, to an average of 57 per year with
      three deaths overall in the 5 years 1982-1986. Each year throughout the world,
      Toxoplasma gondii infects millions of persons, who contract it either by eating
      raw or poorly cooked meat from infected animals such as hogs or sheep or by
      ingesting soil contaminated with cat feces. In the United States between 400 and
      10,000 infants are born each year with congenital toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmic
      encephalitis, marked by dementia and seizures, has become the most commonly
      recognized cause of central nervous system opportunistic infection in AIDS
      patients. Intestinal taeniid tapeworm infection acquired in the United States is
      almost entirely caused by Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. Neurocysticercosis,
      caused by larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, is diagnosed in hundreds of
      persons in the United States every year. Nearly all patients are immigrants or
      travelers from Mexico and other disease-endemic areas. Diphyllobothriasis and
      anisakiasis both have increased in recent years in association with increasing
      popularity of raw fish dishes. Adequate prevention and control of food-borne
      parasitic zoonoses require continued and improved programs to educate consumers,
      producers and medical practitioners.

PMID- 1822941
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses--eastern Europe.
AB  - For this review, the countries of Eastern Europe are the USSR and Poland (in the
      eastern part of the European continent), what was formerly East Germany,
      Czechoslovakia, and Hungary (in the north and center), and Yugoslavia, Romania,
      Bulgaria, and Albania (to the south). During 1989 and 1990, all of these
      countries experienced remarkable political and social change, thereby making the
      term "Eastern Europe" a political anachronism. There are a great many differences
      among these countries in terms of human behavior, parasites, environment and
      animal husbandry practices. In spite of recent political changes, however,
      livestock husbandry practices, which affect the status of food-borne parasites,
      will not likely change in the near future. Some of the characteristics of the
      eastern European countries allow the epidemiology of food parasitic zoonoses to
      be discussed as a common problem.

PMID- 1822942
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in West Germany.
AB  - The present status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in West Germany is
      characterized by a relatively high frequency of toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis and
      Taenia saginata infections. From empirical data it can be estimated that 4% of
      the German population become infected per year by Toxoplasma gondii as well as by
      Sarcocystis species (S. hominis, S. suihominis). The number of T. saginata
      infected persons is reckoned at 900,000, which is equal to an average prevalence
      of 1.5%. Due to meat inspection and to modern methods of breeding and keeping
      pigs trichinellosis and Taenia solium infections have become rare diseases.
      According to eating habits there are only sporadic cases of fascioliasis and
      anisakiasis. Whether Diphyllobothrium latum and Opisthorchis felineus are still
      endemic, is unknown; it seems that the influx of refugees from areas of high
      endemicity never created new foci in West Germany.

PMID- 1822943
TI  - The current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Indonesia.
AB  - Only a few food-borne parasitic zoonoses have been reported in Indonesia. The
      most frequently observed food-borne parasitic diseases are: toxoplasmosis,
      taeniasis and cysticercosis. Little data are available on other parasitic
      zoonoses in Indonesia. Taeniasis has been reported in nine provinces.
      Toxoplasmosis in humans, with prevalence rates ranging from 1 to 60%, has been
      reported in 12 provinces; in animals, toxoplasmosis is known to occur throughout
      the country, with serologically positive cases in as many as 75% of animals
      examined. However, it is expected that other parasitic zoonoses, such as
      anisakiasis, fasciolopsiasis and echinostomiasis, will emerge as the popularity
      of exotic foods being served in Korean and Japanese restaurants spreads
      throughout Indonesian cities. This paper reviews the current status of parasitic
      zoonoses in Indonesia.

PMID- 1822944
TI  - Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Mediterranean and African
      regions.
AB  - Epidemiological data on food-borne parasitic zoonoses of Mediterranean and
      African regions are fragmentary. Several studies indicate that toxoplasmosis
      frequently occurs in Africa, but the epidemiological patterns in these countries
      are far from being complete. Serological investigations have been carried out
      with different methods and the results are not always comparable. Food habits,
      presence or absence of domestic and/or synanthropic felines, and environmental
      characteristics (damp or dry areas) seem to influence the prevalence of infection
      in man from 15 to over 60%. There are few reports on Sarcocystis infection in
      man, while its presence in domestic and sylvatic animals is well evidenced.
      Cysticercosis infection in cattle is widespread in Africa with a prevalence
      ranging from 2 to 50% in relation to breeding and human habits. In European
      countries of the Mediterranean area the prevalence of infection is below 2%.
      Cysticercosis infection in swine has almost disappeared in the Mediterranean
      area, while it is still present in some African countries. Human paragonimiasis
      is present in Western Africa with a prevalence ranging from 2 to 31%.
      Heterophyasis in man is present in Egypt, Tunisia, and Middle East. Sylvatic
      trichinellosis is widespread in Mediterranean (Trichinella sp.3) and African (T.
      nelsoni, Trichinella T8) regions. Domestic trichinellosis (T. spiralis spiralis)
      is present in Spain, France, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Gambia, and Nigeria in domestic
      and/or sylvatic animals. In Africa human trichinellosis is rare, mostly from
      religious and food habits. Till now very few control projects against food-borne
      parasitic zoonoses have been developed in Africa.

PMID- 1822945
TI  - Toxoplasmosis--an overview.
AB  - Increasing concern over food safety has focussed attention on food-borne
      parasitic diseases, particularly toxoplasmosis. Infection by the protozoan
      parasite Toxoplasma gondii is widely prevalent in humans and in food animals.
      Cats are the main reservoirs of infection because they are only hosts that
      excrete environmentally resistant oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii infection is
      transmitted by ingesting undercooked infected meat, congenitally, and via feces
      of infected cats. The most severe clinical infections occur in congenitally
      infected children. Toxoplasmosis is a major cause of abortion and neonatal
      mortality in sheep, goats, and pigs. Strategies to control toxoplasmosis are
      outlined.

PMID- 1822946
TI  - Study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Indonesia: a review.
AB  - Congenital toxoplasmosis has been confirmed in Indonesia. Many newborn children
      in Indonesia have congenital anomalies attributable to Toxoplasma gondii. The
      parasite is widespread, with seroprevalence rates of 2-63% in humans, 35-73% in
      cats, 75% in dogs, 11-36% in pigs, 11-61% in goats, and less than 10% in cows.
      The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in the Dr Cipto
      Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta is 14.3%, and in 50 abortions it is 67.8%. In
      patients with a history of one or more abortions or stillbirths, the prevalence
      is 21.5% and 22.8%, respectively. No significant difference has been found in
      women with or without histories of habitual abortions or stillbirths. In adults
      and children with chorioretinitis, the prevalence of antibody is 60%; in patients
      with other eye lesions, it is 17%. The prevalence in hydrocephalic children is
      10.6%; in children with mental retardation, 44.6%; in children with eye lesions,
      44.6%; and in children with signs of systemic diseases, 9.5%. The diagnosis of an
      acute Toxoplasma infection using the ELISA should be based on a significant
      increase in IgG levels in paired sera or on detection of IgM.

PMID- 1822947
TI  - Visual impairment and blindness in ocular toxoplasmosis cases.
AB  - Ocular toxoplasmosis is a common vision-threatening disease in Indonesia.
      Diagnosis of this disease is based on characteristic ophthalmoscopic appearances
      and laboratory findings. Between 1985 and 1989, the authors retrospectively
      evaluated 41 children under 12 years of age. Thirteen cases had retinal lesions
      suspected to be toxoplasmosis but the laboratory findings were negative. The
      remaining 28 children had a total of 41 eyes diagnosed as ocular toxoplasmosis.
      Of the 41 affected eyes, vision had decreased to finger counting or less in 23
      (56%) eyes and to less than 6/15 in 9 (22%) eyes. In five (12.2%) eyes vision was
      greater than 6/15, and in four (9.8%) eyes the status of vision was unknown. In
      addition to the usual signs of toxoplasmosis, signs of strabismus and nystagmus
      were evident in the cases reviewed. Thus, ocular toxoplasmosis should be
      suspected in patients, particularly children, with those clinical signs.

PMID- 1822948
TI  - [Current status of morphological science in Italy].

PMID- 1822949
TI  - [Various cases of direct connections between the celiac artery and the superior
      mesenteric].
AB  - The authors produce three cases in which an anastomotic arterial trunk between
      the coeliac artery and the superior mesenteric artery was present. Although this
      finding is rather rare (0.4% in vivo) it is important for the surgeons who
      operate upon the pancreas.

PMID- 1822950
TI  - [Morphometric analysis of the sciatic nerve and its principal branches in the
      pigeon (Columba livia)].
AB  - The methodological approach used in this study is to characterize the number, the
      density and the diameter distribution of myelinated fibers (MFs) and unmyelinated
      fibers (UMFs) in sciatic nerve and its main branches of pigeon. The results have
      shown that the fiber composition is quite variable because in pigeon there are
      relatively MF with thin myelin sheaths and MF with thicker sheaths. Our data
      suggest that morphometric analysis could represent a helpful methodological
      approach to better characterize these systems.

PMID- 1822951
TI  - Development of the pars membranacea septi interventricularis of the human heart.
      II. Thickness change.
AB  - The measurement of the thickness of the pars membranacea septi interventricularis
      of the human heart increases with the intra-uterine age of the fetus along a
      steep, ascending, straight line. The thickening of the PMSI occurs in phase I of
      the development from 0.246 mm (CR = 16.8 mm) to 0.524 mm (CR = 119 mm) and in
      phase II from 0.601 mm (CR = 149 mm) to 1.024 mm (CR = 362 mm). The thickness
      increases, then, from the ending of the closure of the secondary interventricular
      foramen to the end of the fetal period.

PMID- 1822952
TI  - [Anatomo-radiologic study of the mesenteric small intestine using double-contrast
      enema. II. The surface of the mucous membrane].
AB  - X-ray analysis were used to study the jejunum and ileum, in vivo. 2019 patients
      were examined by double contrast small bowel enema. We considered some parameters
      concerning the folds of its mucous membrane and its thickness and depth.
      Furthermore, we considered the radiological appearance of the Peyer's patches and
      solitary lymphatic follicles. The results are according to the literature.

PMID- 1822953
TI  - [The origin of the arteria sigmoidea ima].
AB  - The authors report the results of their observations on the lowest sigmoid
      artery, carried out on 92 anatomical specimens coming from surgical operations on
      the sigmoid and rectum. The specimens were injected and radiographed immediately
      after their removal . The observations were often preceded by pre-operative
      angiographies performed for diagnostic reasons. The AA. document all the
      variational patterns of this artery. They confirm the poor functional value of
      this artery more known by the old surgeons than by the anatomists.

PMID- 1822954
TI  - Ototoxicity of cis-platinum and its relationship to eye colour.
AB  - The following hypothesis is presented: that the susceptibility of an individual
      patient to hearing loss as a result of cis-platinum administration can be
      predicted on the basis of eye colour. The rationale is that the melanin content
      of the inner ears is related to that of the eyes; dark eyes contain more melanin
      than light-coloured eyes; and melanin causes the accumulation of the ototoxic
      drug within the inner ear. Hence those with dark eyes will suffer greater damage
      to the hearing than those with pale eyes. An investigation that confirmed this
      hypothesis is reported. In addition to cochlear damage there is a significant
      likelihood of damage to the auditory nerve as a result of the treatment.

PMID- 1822955
TI  - Early postoperative mortality following hysterectomy. A Danish population based
      study, 1977-1981.
AB  - The main objective of this cohort study was to analyse the early postoperative
      mortality after 'simple' hysterectomy for benign indications and to compare it
      with that of a randomly selected reference group of women matched for age.
      Registry data covering the entire Danish female population were used. Included in
      the study were all patients operated in the period 1977-1981. Patients were only
      included if no cancer was diagnosed and if no major co-surgery was performed
      (29,192 patients). Cancer patients were also excluded in the reference group
      (16,182 women). Mortality was studied according to characteristics of patients,
      their residential area, the surgical approach and operating hospital. Overall 47
      patients died within 30 days of admission for hysterectomy (overall mortality
      16.1 per 10,000). Only seven deaths were expected on the basis of the population
      sample, and adjusted for age, the relative risk (RR) for hysterectomy patients
      was 6.38 (95% CI 4.33-9.39). Early postoperative mortality increased with age,
      and the risk was elevated among emergency patients (RR = 3.22; 1.72-6.04).
      Patients with more than one diagnosis at discharge (RR = 4.53; 2.12-9.70) were at
      high risk, but early postoperative mortality was independent of surgical
      approach. Causes of death are discussed. Compared to the general population,
      patients who undergo 'simple' hysterectomy are faced with a sixfold risk of dying
      within 30 days, but a complete assessment of the risks and benefits of
      hysterectomy requires prospective studies of survival and morbidity, including
      quality of life for longer periods of time following operations.

PMID- 1822956
TI  - Olfactory sensations produced by high-energy photon irradiation of the olfactory
      receptor mucosa in humans.
AB  - During irradiation of volumes that incorporate the olfactory system, a proportion
      of patients have complained of a pungent smell. A retrospective study was carried
      out to determine the prevalence of this side-effect. A questionnaire was sent to
      40 patients whose treatment volumes included the olfactory region and also to a
      control group treated away from this region. The irradiated tumor volumes
      included the frontal lobe, whole brain, nasopharynx, pituitary fossa, and
      maxillary antrum. Of the 25 patients who replied, 60% experienced odorous
      symptoms during irradiation. They described the odor as unpleasant and consistent
      with ozone. Stimulation of olfactory receptors is considered to be caused by the
      radiochemical formation of ozone and free radicals in the mucus overlying the
      olfactory mucosa.

PMID- 1822957
TI  - The predictability of bleeding by prothrombin times sensitive or insensitive to
      PIVKA during intensive oral anticoagulation.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of PIVKA (Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence or
      Antagonism) on the bleeding tendency during oral anticoagulation, we studied
      consecutive patients intensively treated with warfarin (INR greater than 4.8).
      The level of anticoagulation was measured with the PIVKA-insensitive Normotest
      (NT) as well as with the PIVKA-sensitive Thrombotest (TT), and the results are
      expressed as per cent coagulant activity. The NT/TT ratio was determined. Twenty
      patients with bleeding episodes had a mean NT/TT ratio of 2.06 as compared to
      2.20 in 143 patients without bleeding episodes (p = 0.08). As the NT/TT ratio was
      not higher in patients with bleedings, we conclude that PIVKA are of no
      importance for bleeding during anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists.

PMID- 1822958
TI  - Repair of a traumatically amputated penis with return of erectile function.
AB  - Repair of the amputated penis may be successful using macroscopic and microscopic
      surgical realignments. However, to date, no one has reported return of erectile
      function documented by nocturnal penile tumescence. We report a case of
      traumatically amputated penis with microscopic repair and return of erectile
      function documented by nocturnal penile tumescence. In addition, the current
      literature regarding microscopic versus nonmicroscopic repair is reviewed.

PMID- 1822960
TI  - National survey shows overwhelming satisfaction with breast implants.

PMID- 1822959
TI  - Immunologic responses to repeated ivermectin treatment in patients with
      onchocerciasis.
AB  - To assess the effect of ivermectin treatment on the immunologic status of
      individuals with onchocerciasis, 27 patients from Guatemala were studied before
      and at 6-month intervals during 2 years of repeated semiannual treatment with
      ivermectin. T cell proliferative responses to onchocercal antigen increased
      transiently by 6 months (mean stimulation index [SI] rising from 4.17 to 12.81)
      but returned to preivermectin levels thereafter. Changes in SI to nonparasite
      antigen paralleled those induced by parasite antigen. There were also significant
      decreases in levels of blood eosinophils, polyclonal IgG and IgE, parasite
      specific IgG antibody, and IgG subclass antibodies by the end of the study. This
      study emphasizes the apparent long-term safety of ivermectin by demonstrating the
      absence of immunopathogenic responses induced by repeated ivermectin treatments.

PMID- 1822961
TI  - Problems in the surgical treatment of interstitial cystitis.
AB  - Two series of patients with histologically proven interstitial cystitis that was
      unresponsive to hydrostatic bladder distension and intravesical chemotherapy with
      dimethyl sulfoxide have been studied. In the first series 24 patients were
      treated by subtotal cystectomy and substitution cystoplasty without further
      consideration; 8 of these 24 patients had persistent frequency due to active
      disease in the remaining trigone and/or urethra and in 2 cases this was severe.
      Because of this experience the second group of patients had routine biopsy of the
      trigone and assessment of urethral sensation as part of the initial assessment.
      In those in whom the trigone was unaffected, treatment was unchanged. If the
      trigone was affected, total cystourethrectomy was performed with substitution
      cystourethroplasty unless the patient chose or was advised to avoid surgery
      altogether or to have a simpler option such as conduit or continent urinary
      diversion. Trigonal biopsies should be part of the routine assessment of all
      patients being considered for surgery, since residual active disease is a major
      cause of dissatisfaction after subtotal cystectomy and substitution cystoplasty.

PMID- 1822962
TI  - Leeches. When bleeding is exactly what you want.

PMID- 1822963
TI  - Relationship between fetal biophysical activities and umbilical cord blood gas
      values.
AB  - In a prospective study of 62 patients undergoing cesarean section before the
      onset of labor a fetal biophysical profile assessment was performed within 3
      hours before the cesarean section. The presence or absence of the individual
      fetal biophysical activities (fetal heart rate reactivity, fetal breathing
      movements, fetal body movements, and fetal tone) were correlated with umbilical
      cord blood gas and acid-base measurements (artery and vein). Fetuses with
      nonreactive nonstress test results or the absence of breathing had significantly
      lower cord artery pH, PO2 bicarbonate, and base excess measurements but not a
      significantly different PCO2 level as compared with fetuses that had these
      activities present. Fetuses with the absence of movements or tone had lower pH,
      PO2 bicarbonate, and base excess levels and higher PCO2 levels as compared with
      fetuses with the presence of movements or tone, respectively. These blood gas and
      acid-base differences were observed in both umbilical cord artery and vein.
      Subsequent analysis of the blood gas and acid-base measurements of the fetuses
      with compromised biophysical activities revealed that there are different levels
      of acidemia, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia at which the individual biophysical
      activities are compromised. These data suggest that the first manifestations of
      fetal hypoxemia and acidemia are nonreactive nonstress test results and loss of
      fetal breathing; in advanced acidemia, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia fetal movements
      and fetal tone are compromised.

PMID- 1822964
TI  - The free tongue graft for correction of secondary deformities of the vermilion in
      patients with cleft lip.
AB  - From January of 1985 to January of 1990, 31 patients with repaired cleft lip and
      secondary vermilion defects underwent 45 revisional procedures. A free tongue
      graft was utilized seven times in six patients (19 percent). Indications for its
      use were a V-shaped vermilion deficit or a "whistling" deformity associated with
      a sagittal vermilion deficiency and normal or insufficient lateral vermilion
      bulk. Of the seven free tongue grafts, none was lost. Three patients have
      required revisions, including repeat free tongue graft in one. Proper positioning
      of the graft along the free vermilion border has made color and texture match
      satisfactory. The free tongue graft is a simple and reliable means of
      transferring both vermilion bulk and surface mucosa. Introduction of the free
      tongue graft has eliminated the need for more cumbersome procedures, such as the
      Abbe flap or the tongue flap, in properly selected patients.

PMID- 1822965
TI  - Chronic headache resulting from postoperative supraorbital neuralgia.

PMID- 1822966
TI  - The impact of a very high purity factor VIII concentrate on the immune system of
      human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs: a randomized, prospective,
      two-year comparison with an intermediate purity concentrate.
AB  - Pathophysiologic considerations as well as non-comparative clinical results
      suggest that very high purity concentrates may slow immunologic deterioration in
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected hemophiliacs. In an attempt to
      evaluate this hypothesis, we prospectively compared CD4 cell counts, skin testing
      responses, and changes of the clinical status in 20 asymptomatic HIV-positive
      hemophiliacs, randomly assigned to continue the treatment with an intermediate
      purity concentrate or to receive a very high purity product, purified by
      immunoaffinity chromatography with monoclonal antibodies. In the group switched
      to the very high purity concentrate there was no significant change of the CD4
      cell counts over the 96-week follow-up period, whereas in the group continued on
      the intermediate purity concentrate, a highly significant decline was detected (P
      less than .013). Furthermore, in the very high purity group, four of six anergic
      patients at entry acquired reactivity to skin testing. The results of this study
      clearly support the use of very high purity concentrates for the replacement
      therapy of HIV-infected hemophiliacs.

PMID- 1822967
TI  - AIDS research. New findings cast doubt on UK vaccine trials.

PMID- 1822968
TI  - Ischemic cerebrovascular complications and risk factors in idiopathic
      hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
AB  - To determine the risk and time to cerebrovascular complications with idiopathic
      hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, we studied 119 patients (66 men and 53 women)
      with evidence of this disease based on strict echocardiographic criteria and
      followed them up for a mean +/- SEM of 6.5 +/- 0.6 years. Cerebral ischemic
      events occurred in 26 patients (22%), and in five patients stroke was the initial
      presenting event. Men had cardiac symptoms at a younger age than women, but there
      was no significant difference in age at the time of stroke. Cardioembolic
      cerebrovascular events were associated with atrial fibrillation and left atrial
      enlargement, whereas atheroembolic events were associated with hypertension. An
      increased risk of stroke was associated with female sex, mitral anulus
      calcification, hypertension, and atrioventricular conduction delay. Unlike most
      previous series, this study shows that patients with idiopathic hypertrophic
      subaortic stenosis may present with stroke.

PMID- 1822969
TI  - Hypothesis: the aging paradox and autoimmune disease.

PMID- 1822970
TI  - Influence of age on postischaemic reactive hyperaemia.
AB  - This work was carried out to evaluate the response of skin microcirculation to
      ischaemia in younger and older subjects, to determine if there were functional
      changes in microcirculation in the older skin. Skin perfusion during reactive
      hyperaemia was measured at volar sites on the forearms in five younger (mean age:
      25.2 years) and five older normal subjects (mean age: 64.6 years). Ischaemia was
      produced by the application of loads of 22.3 N (24.5 kPa) and 44.5 N (49.0 kPa)
      applied to the skin surface for 3 min by means of a hollow cylindrical indentor.
      The skin perfusion within the area indented was continuously monitored by a laser
      Doppler flowmeter before, during and after loading. In the pre-loaded condition,
      there was no difference in skin perfusion between the younger and the older
      groups. Following loading with 22.3 N a significantly lower value of the peak
      perfusion relative to the pre-loaded value was observed in the older group (P
      less than 0.05). The perfusion in the older group following loading with 44.5 N
      was significantly reduced compared to the younger group (P less than 0.05). It is
      concluded that postischaemic reactive hyperaemia in the older skin was reduced
      compared with the younger skin.

PMID- 1822971
TI  - Drug product selection--Part 3: The Orange Book.

PMID- 1822972
TI  - Contamination of piped oxygen supplies.

PMID- 1822973
TI  - Tracheomalacia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - Wheezing in the infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia results from various
      pathophysiologic mechanisms, including upper or central airway obstruction. We
      report an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who presented with episodic
      wheezing associated with hypoxia and bradycardia without evidence of stridor.
      Bronchoscopy revealed the presence of tracheomalacia. Upper or central airway
      obstruction, if undiagnosed, may be life-threatening. We suggest that wheezing
      with hypoxia and bradycardia in neonates should alert the physician to the
      possibility of tracheomalacia, even in the absence of audible stridor. Infants
      presenting with these symptoms should undergo bronchoscopy to confirm the
      diagnosis.

PMID- 1822974
TI  - Potential drug interactions in an ambulatory geriatric population.
AB  - Drug interactions are a common cause of iatrogenic disease in geriatric patients.
      Computer programs now exist which allow one to analyse groups of drugs for
      potential interactions. In an audit of charts of 100 geriatric patients seen in
      the Family Practice Center at Barberton Citizens Hospital, a computer printout
      was obtained, listing all patients aged 60 years and over who were seen at the
      Center during 1989. Names were selected randomly from this list by the head nurse
      and their charts were obtained for review, generating information on patient
      identification number, age, sex, diagnoses, medications, and allergies. The
      medications were analysed using the Hansten Drug Interaction Knowledge Base
      Program, which identified 27 patients as being on a combination of medications
      which had one or more potential drug interactions. A total of 37 potential drug
      interactions were identified in this group of 27 patients. Relative risk ratios
      were determined using the computer program, 'Epi Info,' for sex (female versus
      male), age (greater than or equal to 75 vs. 60-75 years), number of diagnoses
      greater than or equal to 3 vs. 0-2), and number of medications (greater than or
      equal to 4 vs. 0-3). The five medications, or groups of medications, which were
      most likely to be involved in potential drug interactions were digoxin, beta
      blockers, oestrogen, oral hypoglycaemic agents, and diuretics.

PMID- 1822975
TI  - Choosing equipment for treating genital warts in genitourinary medicine clinics.

PMID- 1822976
TI  - Factitious patients with fictitious disorders: a note on Munchausen's syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE OURS: To review historical aspects and note several contemporary
      manifestations of the Munchausen syndrome, including "Munchausen by proxy" and
      "pseudo-Munchausen", to offer our respect to the infamous McIIroy (the
      quintessential example), as well as to encourage interest and assuage irritation
      by medical attendants. THEIRS: Impatient to be patients, dying to see doctors,
      hooked on hospitals, and seeking "ill" gotten gains, they thrive on medical
      investigations.

PMID- 1822977
TI  - The effect of anaesthetic agents on platelet function.
AB  - This paper reviews studies which have investigated the effect of anaesthetic
      agents on platelet function. The results of these studies suggest that halothane
      is the only agent in current use which inhibits platelet function in
      concentrations used clinically. Nitrous oxide appears to cause only a modest
      inhibition, while enflurane and isoflurane appear to have minimal or negligible
      effects. There is no current evidence that intravenous induction agents, opiates,
      or muscle relaxants affect platelet function. Reports indicate that local
      anaesthetic agents inhibit platelet aggregation, but only at concentrations far
      greater than peak plasma concentrations found during clinical use. Epidural
      anaesthesia may be associated with a reduction in platelet aggregation through a
      mechanism unrelated to direct local anaesthetic inhibition. The clinical
      significance of the effect of halothane on platelet function is not known.
      However, it is possible that halothane may affect bleeding or thrombotic
      complications in a similar manner to other 'anti-platelet' drugs.

PMID- 1822978
TI  - Rhabdomyoblasts in olfactory neuroblastoma.

PMID- 1822979
TI  - Suxamethonium in bunged cannulae.

PMID- 1822980
TI  - Performance of skin biopsies by general practitioners.

PMID- 1822982
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 1822981
TI  - Care for patients discharged from psychiatric hospital.

PMID- 1822983
TI  - HIV infection in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Ndola, Zambia.

PMID- 1822984
TI  - The biological inertia of coumarin-induced pre-factors (so called PIVKAs)

PMID- 1822985
TI  - Clinical comparison of air-puff and Goldmann tonometers.
AB  - Intraocular pressures (IOPs) as measured with the Topcon CT-10, Reichert XPERT
      and NCT II, and Keeler PULSAIR air-puff tonometers were compared to the Goldmann
      IOPs for 452 eyes ranging in pressure from 6-40 mmHg. For eyes with pressures in
      the 10-20 mmHg range, the CT-10 read consistently too high. The XPERT and the NCT
      II read too high in the lower part of this range and too low in the higher part.
      The PULSAIR read too low across the entire range. At higher pressures, all of the
      tonometers read too high except the PULSAIR which again read too low. CT-10,
      XPERT, and NCT II and PULSAIR pressures were within 4.0 mmHg of Goldmann readings
      for 81, 85, 89 and 72 percent of the eyes, respectively. Subjects selected the
      XPERT as the most preferred tonometer and the NCT II was the least preferred
      mainly because of perceived air-puff intensity.

PMID- 1822986
TI  - Delhi prostitutes and threat of HBV transmission.

PMID- 1822987
TI  - More on thrush and the use of gentian violet.

PMID- 1822988
TI  - Comparison of mouse Ly5a and Ly5b leucocyte common antigen alleles.
AB  - The family of leucocyte common antigen (LCA) transmembrane glycoproteins is
      expressed in most hematopoietic cells. Molecular isoforms of the LCA molecule are
      generated by alternative splicing of a single gene encoded on the murine
      chromosome 1. Three LCA alleles with different antigenic reactivities have been
      identified in inbred mouse strains. To investigate the divergence between
      alleles, cDNA clones to the SJA (Ly5a) LCA gene have been isolated and sequenced.
      A comparison of this information to the Ly5b allele sequence identifies 12 allele
      specific nucleotide changes. These base substitutions correspond to five amino
      acid changes within the extracellular domain of the LCA molecule. These amino
      acid differences are clustered in a region that also contains the greatest
      divergence between mouse and rat LCA sequences. Thus, these two mouse LCA alleles
      exhibit a pattern of sequence conservation that mimics that found over a much
      broader scale of evolution. Analysis of antigenicity profiles for each of the
      allelic sequence changes reveals three molecular domains of altered antigenicity
      that could account for observed serological differences between the two alleles.
      Sequence information from the 5' end of the Ly5a LCA gene, generated using
      polymerase chain-reaction techniques on genomic DNA, reveals eight additional
      nucleotide differences between the Ly5a and Ly5b alleles.

PMID- 1822989
TI  - Expression of a leukocyte-specific antigen during ontogeny in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody CL21 recognizes a determinant present on the surface of
      leukocytes, but not on erythrocytes or nonhemopoietic tissue. The CL21 antigen
      was first expressed at 48 hr of development at 20 degrees C (stage 28) on
      embryonic cells cultured from lateral plate mesoderm. Based on immunofluorescence
      staining and flow cytometric analysis, the distribution of fluorescence intensity
      of larval thymocytes and splenocytes was unimodal. Distributions of dull and
      bright cells were detected in both adult thymocytes and splenocytes. These
      different subpopulations appeared during the late perimetamorphic period. Adult
      splenocytes were metabolically activated when cultured in the presence of mAb
      CL21 bound to a substrate but not in the presence of mAb CL21 in suspension.
      Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions revealed that a
      single 180-kD molecule was expressed on thymocytes. Analysis of splenocytes
      demonstrated the presence of two molecules having similar molecular mass that
      resolved to a single band under reducing conditions.

PMID- 1822990
TI  - The tobacco luminal binding protein is encoded by a multigene family.
AB  - We have cloned cDNAs of the tobacco homolog of the luminal binding protein (BiP)
      that has been described in other higher eukaryotes. In contrast to the mammalian
      and yeast protein, tobacco BiP is encoded by a multigene family. The gene
      products of all the cloned members of this family contain a carboxy-terminal His
      Asp-Glu-Leu peptide that may form the signal for retention in the endoplasmic
      reticulum. Analysis of expression patterns revealed that BiP transcripts are
      predominantly present in tissues with high rates of cell divisions, in secretory
      tissues, and in cells treated with tunicamycin. We also show that a chimeric gene
      containing the coding region of one of the tobacco BiP genes is able to
      complement a mutation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae BiP gene.

PMID- 1822991
TI  - Cell-specific expression of the carrot EP2 lipid transfer protein gene.
AB  - A cDNA corresponding to a 10-kD protein, designated extracellular protein 2
      (EP2), that is secreted by embryogenic cell cultures of carrot was obtained by
      expression screening. The derived protein sequence and antisera against
      heterologous plant lipid transfer proteins identified the EP2 protein as a lipid
      transfer protein. Protein gel blot analysis showed that the EP2 protein is
      present in cell walls and conditioned medium of cell cultures. RNA gel blot
      analysis revealed that the EP2 gene is expressed in embryogenic cell cultures,
      the shoot apex of seedlings, developing flowers, and maturing seeds. In situ
      hybridization showed expression of the EP2 gene in protoderm cells of somatic and
      zygotic embryos and transient expression in epidermis cells of leaf primordia and
      all flower organs. In the shoot apical meristem, expression is found in the
      tunica and lateral zone. In maturing seeds, the EP2 gene is expressed in the
      outer epidermis of the integument, the seed coat, and the pericarp epidermis, as
      well as transiently in between both mericarps. Based on the extracellular
      location of the EP2 protein and the expression pattern of the encoding gene, we
      propose a role for plant lipid transfer proteins in the transport of cutin
      monomers through the extracellular matrix to sites of cutin synthesis.

PMID- 1822992
TI  - Spatial and temporal expression of a maize lipid transfer protein gene.
AB  - We studied the temporal and spatial pattern of lipid transfer protein (LTP) gene
      expression, as well as the localization of this protein, in maize. Using an LTP
      gene, we observed an accumulation of LTP mRNA in embryos and endosperms during
      seed maturation. LTP gene expression was also investigated in young seedlings.
      After germination, the level of LTP mRNA in the coleoptile increased, with a
      maximum at 7 days, whereas LTP mRNA levels were low in the scutellum and
      negligible in roots. The high levels of LTP mRNA found in coleoptiles and embryos
      were confirmed by in situ hybridization. Moreover, LTP gene expression appeared
      to be localized in the external cellular layers and around the leaf veins. Using
      immunogold methods, we also observed that LTP was distributed heterogeneously in
      the different cells of coleoptiles and leaves. The highest concentrations of LTP
      were found in the outer epidermis of the coleoptiles as well as the leaf veins.
      Together, our observations indicate that LTP gene expression is not only organ
      specific and time specific but also cell specific.

PMID- 1822993
TI  - Bipartite signal sequence mediates nuclear translocation of the plant potyviral
      NIa protein.
AB  - The NIa protein of certain plant potyviruses localizes to the nucleus of infected
      cells. Previous studies have shown that linkage of NIa to reporter protein beta
      glucuronidase (GUS) is sufficient to direct GUS to the nucleus in transfected
      protoplasts and in cells of transgenic plants. In this study, we mapped sequences
      in NIa that confer karyophilic properties. A quantitative transport assay using
      transfected protoplasts, as well as in situ localization technique using
      epidermal cells from transgenic plants, were employed. Two domains within NIa,
      one between amino acid residues 1 to 11 (signal domain I) and the other between
      residues 43 to 72 (signal domain II), were found to function additively for
      efficient localization of fusion proteins to the nucleus, although either region
      independently could facilitate a low level of translocation. Like signals from
      animal cells, both nuclear transport domains of NIa contain a high concentration
      of basic (arginine and lysine) residues. Nuclear transport signal domain II
      overlaps or is very near Tyr62, which is the residue that mediates covalent
      attachment of a subset of NIa molecules to the 5' terminus of viral RNA within
      infected cells. The nature of the NIa nuclear transport signal and the
      possibility for regulation of NIa translocation are discussed.

PMID- 1822994
TI  - The soybean 94-kilodalton vegetative storage protein is a lipoxygenase that is
      localized in paraveinal mesophyll cell vacuoles.
AB  - Soybean leaves contain three proteins (the vegetative storage proteins or VSPs)
      that respond to nitrogen status and are believed to be involved in the temporary
      storage of nitrogen. One of these proteins, with a molecular mass of 94 kD and
      termed vsp94, was microsequenced. Partial amino acid sequence indicated that
      vsp94 was highly homologous to the lipoxygenase protein family. Further evidence
      that vsp94 is a lipoxygenase was obtained by demonstrating that vsp94 cross
      reacted with a lipoxygenase antibody. Also, a lipoxygenase cDNA coding region was
      able to detect changes in an mRNA that closely parallel changes in vsp94 protein
      levels resulting from alteration of nitrogen sinks. Extensive immunocytochemical
      data indicate that this vsp94/lipoxygenase is primarily expressed in the
      paraveinal mesophyll cells and is subcellularly localized in the vacuole. These
      observations are significant in that they suggest that plant lipoxygenases may be
      bifunctional proteins able to function enzymatically in the hydroperoxidation of
      lipids and also to serve a role in the temporary storage of nitrogen during
      vegetative growth.

PMID- 1822996
TI  - Comparison of methods for HIV isolation from monocytes and lymphocytes of
      seropositive asymptomatic hemophiliacs and homosexuals.
AB  - 1. Since monocyte-macrophages have been recognized as HIV targets in addition to
      CD4+ T-lymphocytes, we have evaluated HIV infection of purified peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell fractions obtained from 10 seropositive asymptomatic
      hemophiliacs and compared it with that of 10 asymptomatic homosexual patients. 2.
      HIV was isolated more frequently from the lymphocytes than the monocytes of both
      groups of patients. 3. HIV preferentially replicated in phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated lymphocytes compared with growth factor-treated monocytes. Monocytes
      did not preferentially harbour HIV in either group.

PMID- 1822995
TI  - Maize rbcS promoter activity depends on sequence elements not found in dicot rbcS
      promoters.
AB  - Although the molecular mechanisms of dicot photosynthetic gene regulation have
      been pursued actively, comparable studies of monocot regulation have been slow to
      come forth. We show here that monocot (maize and wheat) but not dicot (pea,
      tobacco, and Arabidopsis) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit
      (rbcS) gene promoters are active in maize mesophyll protoplasts. The
      evolutionarily conserved GT and G boxes of dicot rbcS promoters are not essential
      for light-responsive expression in monocot leaf cells. Instead, at least six
      constitutive and light-sensitive regulatory elements are likely important for
      maize rbcS expression. Synergism between upstream and downstream promoter
      elements is required. Whereas in dicots, light triggers coupled leaf development
      and photosynthetic gene expression, in monocots, light regulation of rbcS is
      uncoupled from leaf development. Light regulation of maize rbcS may be divided
      into direct and indirect contributions mediated by different regulatory elements.
      Because wheat and maize rbcS promoters show sequence homologies and similar
      expression patterns in monocot and dicot leaf cells, it appears likely that
      monocots share conserved regulatory elements irrespective of whether they utilize
      the C3 or C4 pathway for carbon fixation.

PMID- 1822997
TI  - Use of isosorbide dinitrate for the symptomatic treatment of patients with
      Chagas' disease achalasia. A double-blind, crossover trial.
AB  - 1. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to
      determine the efficacy of isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) on dysphagia in patients
      with Chagasic achalasia. 2. Twenty-three patients with Chagas' disease and
      dysphagia entered the study and 20 (87%) completed the two 7-day treatment
      periods. Subjects were given either 5 mg ISD (12 patients) or placebo (11
      patients) by the sublingual route for the first 7 days. On the 8th day, patients
      crossed over and began another 7-day period during which they received the
      opposite, identical-appearing tablets. 3. Scores attributed by uninformed
      investigators for the frequency and severity of dysphagia were significantly
      lower (P less than 0.05) following ISD treatment than after the placebo period or
      for the pretreatment condition. A significantly higher degree of improvement of
      dysphagia was experienced by the patients during ISD treatment than during the
      placebo period. Fourteen patients experienced meal-related headaches during ISD,
      but not placebo treatment. The extent of improvement in general well-being due to
      ISD was the same when the drug was given in the first or second test period. 4.
      Our results indicate that ISD, 5 mg by the sublingual route, is effective in
      alleviating dysphagia in patients with Chagasic achalasia but its usefulness is
      limited by the high rate of headache as a side effect.

PMID- 1822998
TI  - Stability and expression of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence plasmid
      pMS49 in the presence of human colostrum.
AB  - Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to HeLa cells is inhibited
      by human colostrum. In the present study we investigated the effect of colostrum
      on the stability of pMS49, an EPEC adherence plasmid coding for localized
      adhesion and ampicillin (Ap) resistance. The plasmid was highly stable after
      serial passage of bacterial cultures in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 67%, 50%,
      10% (v/v) or no human colostrum. A few variants (0.4%) with a low adherence were
      observed regardless of the treatment given. Human colostrum did not enhance their
      emergence. No bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of colostrum was observed
      under the experimental conditions used. A specific process regulating plasmid
      expression is supposed to occur in EPEC strains, giving rise to variants with a
      lower concentration of the outer-membrane adherence-related protein and
      consequently lower adherence ability. This process seems to also occur for Ap
      resistance genes coded in the same plasmid.

PMID- 1822999
TI  - Parathyroid hormone secretory reserve in patients submitted to 131-iodine therapy
      for hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Twelve euthyroid patients who had been treated with 131I for hyperthyroidism due
      to Graves' disease and six normal controls were submitted to an EDTA infusion
      test. Ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone were measured in serum samples
      collected every 10 min during the 2-h test. Basal values for calcium (1.22 +/-
      0.03 vs 1.23 +/- 0.03 pmol/l, mean +/- SD, controls vs patients) and parathyroid
      hormone (3.3 +/- 0.65 vs 5.1 +/- 2.32 pmol/l) as well as maximum response during
      infusion (1.01 +/- 0.04 vs 1.01 +/- 0.05 for calcium and 12.0 +/- 2.2 vs 13.1 +/-
      3.7 for parathyroid hormone) were not significantly different. We conclude that
      131I treatment for hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease had no effect on the
      parathyroid gland secretory reserve of the patients studied.

PMID- 1823000
TI  - Effect of an LH-RH analog on cat testis and adrenal cortex function.
AB  - The LH-RH analog LH-RH-A (des-Gly10,[D-Trp6]-LH-RH ethylamide) was administered
      in pharmacological doses (20 micrograms/kg, sc) to adult male cats for 15 days
      and its effect on testis and adrenal function was determined. Daily
      administration of the analog promoted a 3-fold increase in plasma testosterone
      levels after 7 days, indicating a stimulatory effect of LH-RH-A (mean +/- SD for
      6 treated cats, 1.88 +/- 0.35 vs 0.51 +/- 0.08 ng/ml for 6 control cats). After
      15 days the LH-RH-A-treated group exhibited a similar plasma testosterone
      concentration as the control group (mean +/- SD, 0.96 +/- 0.35 ng/ml vs 0.88 +/-
      0.39 ng/ml, respectively), similar testicular and adrenal weights and no
      significant differences in the spermatogenic process. However, semiquantitative
      analysis of the zona fasciculata of the adrenals from the LH-RH-A-treated group
      showed a significant accumulation of a substance not stained by hematoxylin-eosin
      or Schiff periodic acid (mean +/- SD of index of accumulation was 3.50 +/- 0.4
      for treated cats vs 2.20 +/- 0.3 for control cats). The present results show that
      pharmacological doses of LH-RH-A have an effect on the adrenal cortex of cats
      without modifying spermatogenesis or plasma testosterone levels.

PMID- 1823001
TI  - Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from Brazilian plants studied in vivo in
      Plasmodium berghei-infected mice and in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum in
      culture.
AB  - 1. Ninety-five crude extracts obtained with either organic solvents or water from
      48 Brazilian plants or parts of plants were evaluated experimentally as blood
      schizontocides. Seventy-three extracts were obtained from 33 plants randomly
      collected using an empirical approach, and 22 from 15 "medicinal" plants. 2. The
      crude extracts were screened in vivo at up to 1.0 g/kg, po, for 4 days in mice
      infected with blood forms of Plasmodium berghei and parasitemia was determined on
      the fifth day. 3. Six plants, 2 randomly collected, Vernonia brasiliana and
      Eupatorium squalidum, and 4 "medicinal" plants, Acanthospermum australe,
      Esenbeckia febrifuga, Lisianthus speciosus, and Tachia guianensis, were partly
      active against the rodent malaria, i.e., they showed 40-50% inhibition of P.
      berghei multiplication. Forty-two plants whose extracts presented no antimalarial
      activity are reported. 4. Four extracts with antimalarial activity were also
      tested in vitro using P. falciparum cultures and two of them, V. brasiliana and
      A. australe, were active. Extracts of V. brasiliana caused about 50% inhibition
      of parasite multiplication at relatively low doses (40 ng/ml) as compared to
      chloroquine (30 ng/ml) and quinine (50 ng/ml). 5. The relatively high percentage
      of positive results obtained here for "medicinal" plants vs randomly chosen
      plants demonstrates the effectiveness of the ethnopharmacological approach to
      drug testing.

PMID- 1823002
TI  - Intramitochondrial calcium and magnesium levels in skeletal muscle submitted to
      total or partial limb ischemia.
AB  - Skeletal muscle temperature and mitochondrial content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were
      measured after 3 h of total or partial limb ischemia in male Wistar rats (250-350
      g). The decreases in biceps muscle temperature, measured with a needle thermistor
      (4.4 +/- 0.26 degrees C, mean +/- SEM (17 rats) and 6.3 +/- 0.26 degrees C (31
      rats) in partial ischemia (PI, aorta clamp) and total ischemia (TI, hind leg
      tourniquet), respectively) were consistent with the expected extent of blood flow
      reduction for the two ischemic conditions. Mitochondrial calcium levels increased
      after partial ischemia from 2.67 +/- 0.13 (46 rats) to 4.65 +/- 0.38 (12 rats)
      nmol/mg protein and increased to 7.87 +/- 0.68 (14 rats) after total ischemia (P
      less than 0.05). In contrast, mitochondrial magnesium decreased after partial
      ischemia from 10.14 +/- 0.35 to 8.22 +/- 0.28 (13 rats) but increased in the
      mitochondria of muscle submitted to total ischemia to 12.0 +/- 0.80 (14 rats; P
      less than 0.05). No changes were observed in the number of binding sites for
      safranine, which competes for calcium binding sites on the inner mitochondrial
      membrane (25.46 +/- 0.38 nmol/mg protein for sham (20 rats) and 25 +/- 0.68 (7
      rats) for PI and 25 +/- 0.31 (5 rats) for TI). The data suggest that the greater
      resistance of rat muscle to total than to partial ischemia may be due at least in
      part to the increased mitochondrial Mg2+ content.

PMID- 1823003
TI  - Isolation of horse IgG with protein A.
AB  - Horse immunoglobulins were obtained from normal serum defatted with dextran
      sulfate and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. Eight mg of this preparation was
      submitted to affinity chromatography with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. Low
      temperature (4 degrees C) and a starting buffer at pH 8.0 were conditions
      required for all IgG subclasses to bind to protein A, even those with low
      affinity. The IgGs bound to protein A were eluted with glycine buffer at pH 2.8.
      The yield was about 90%. It is suggested that isolated IgG, instead of whole Igs,
      be used in serum therapy, reducing the amount of Igs and diminishing serum
      related reactions.

PMID- 1823005
TI  - Effect of bilateral eyestalk ablation on the heart rate of the crab Chasmagnathus
      granulata Dana, 1851 (Crustacea - Decapoda).
AB  - 1. We have studied the effect of bilateral eyestalk ablation on the heart rate
      (HR) of a crab. Recordings of the heart rate of normal and eyestalkless
      Chasmagnathus granulata, a meso-supralittoral crab from southern Brazil, were
      obtained starting 1 h after electrode implantation for 44 and 144 h,
      respectively. 2. The time required for HR stabilization was 24 h for normal
      animals and 7 h for eyestalkless animals. The effect of electrode implantation
      varied significantly with wet body weight (P less than 0.05). Smaller animals
      were more affected by the procedure (higher initial HR), although they recovered
      more rapidly. 3. Stabilized HR values (means +/- SD) were significantly higher (P
      less than 0.001) in eyestalkless animals (95.8 +/- 36.8 beats/min vs 69.5 +/-
      32.8 beats/min for normal animals). 4. These data demonstrate that bilateral
      eyestalk ablation causes an increase in HR. The mechanism of the effect, i.e.,
      hormonal and/or neural, is not known.

PMID- 1823004
TI  - Effect of IL-3 and E. coli LPS on the proliferation of mouse bone marrow cells in
      vitro.
AB  - Bone marrow cells from adult BALB/c mice were cultured at 37 degrees C, with 5%
      CO2 in air, in RPMI 1640 medium complemented with fetal calf serum. The addition
      of IL-3 (5% of WEHI-3-conditioned medium) or E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 50
      micrograms/ml) to the cultures stimulated cell proliferation (1.29- and 1.22
      fold, respectively, relative to control culture), whereas the simultaneous
      addition of the two factors reduced the number of cells recovered by 38% relative
      to those from control cultures (which were around 2.83 x 10(5) cells for each
      10(6) plated cells). The frequency of blasts and cells with surface Ig presented
      the same pattern of variation (0.07 and 0.02%, respectively, in control
      cultures). The inhibitory effect of IL-3+LPS on cell proliferation was evident
      from the first day of culture, but more apparent on day 3. Macrophage-colony
      stimulating factor (M-CSF, L929-conditioned medium) and LPS each given alone
      stimulated proliferation but reduced it when given together. In contrast, fetal
      liver cells were not affected by the simultaneous addition of IL-3 and LPS or by
      M-CSF and LPS. The mechanism of action of the cumulative effect of these two
      factors is unknown. Since crude cell-conditioned medium was used as the source of
      IL-3, it is possible that another factor present in this medium interacts with
      LPS to cause the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation.

PMID- 1823006
TI  - Inflammatory response modulated by pinealectomy: effect of light.
AB  - In view of the known interactions between pineal and adrenal glands and the
      importance of glucocorticoids on the acute phase of inflammatory process, we
      investigated the effect of the pineal gland on the paw edema response induced by
      carrageenin in female Wistar rats, weighing 170-220 g, measured by the
      pletysmographic method. Adrenalectomy increased the rate of the inflammatory
      response (149.02 +/- 2.93%, N = 7 vs 113.48 +/- 2.99%, N = 7) whereas
      pinealectomy and sham-pinealectomy under white light had an inhibitory effect
      (81.73 +/- 2.16%, N = 15 and 80.21 +/- 1.85%, N = 14 vs 113.48 +/- 2.99%, N = 7).
      Sham-pinealectomy under red light did not modify the rate of the inflammatory
      response. These results indicate that the pineal gland can be affected by light
      during sham-pinealectomy. In view of the unaltered adrenal gland weight and
      corticosterone levels among the different groups, we propose an antagonism
      between melatonin (pineal hormone) and glucocorticoids at the peripheral level.
      The predominant effect of glucocorticoids over melatonin may explain the
      inhibition of the inflammatory response caused by pinealectomy.

PMID- 1823007
TI  - Evidence for adrenal medulla involvement in cold adaptation of preoptic-lesioned
      rats.
AB  - The cold-adaptation process was examined in preoptic-lesioned (PO, 18 rats) and
      adrenaldemedullated-preoptic-lesioned rats (ADPO, 16 rats). PO rats and ADPO
      female Wistar rats were cold acclimatized to 5 degrees C for 2 operated and then
      treated exactly like the lesioned rats. Lesions in the PO region caused a
      decrease in the ability to maintain normal body temperature in a cold environment
      (5 degrees C for 2 h). Their colonic temperature fell even by the end of the 2nd
      h of cold exposure (-1.1 degrees C for PO rats and -1.25 degrees C for ADPO rats,
      P less than 0.01). However, after 2 weeks of cold acclimation the PO rats, but
      not the ADPO rats were able to thermoregulate in the cold and showed a normal
      increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight (79%, P less than 0.01).
      These data suggest that the PO is not an essential link for cold adaptation when
      a mild cold-adaptation method is used. Furthermore, the data show that increased
      adrenal medullary activity is required for the cold adaptation process in PO
      rats.

PMID- 1823008
TI  - Metabolic adjustments during adaptation to high ambient temperature by preoptic
      lesioned rats.
AB  - Metabolic adjustment was studied in male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g with
      bilateral electrolytic lesions in the preoptic area which were acclimatized to a
      hot environment (34 degrees C, 30 rats) and to normal temperature (25 degrees C,
      20 rats) for 60 days. Oxygen consumption at 34 degrees C and body weight were
      measured periodically. Preoptic-lesioned rats (PO rats) showed a reduction in
      metabolic rate (from 46.2 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 2 Cal/m2 per h, P less than 0.05)
      regardless of the temperatures to which they were adapted. Although the reduced
      metabolic rate of PO rats living at 25 degrees C or 34 degrees C could be an
      indicator of adaptation to heat, only the PO rats living at 25 degrees C showed a
      weight gain (101 +/- 13 g) similar to that observed for the sham-operated control
      (75 +/- 11 g). In fact, the PO rats living at 34 degrees C failed to increase
      their body weight during 60 days of exposure to heat. These data indicate that
      the preoptic area is essential to integrate the thermal input with the energy
      linked metabolic process involved in adaptation to hot environments.

PMID- 1823009
TI  - The electrocardiogram of rats with an old extensive myocardial infarction.
AB  - The electrocardiographic alterations of old murine myocardial infarction have not
      been well characterized. In the present study, adult Wistar rats of both sexes
      were infarcted by left coronary artery ligation and the electrocardiogram was
      recorded 1 to 11 months later. When compared to sham-operated rats, animals with
      large infarcts, identified on the basis of extensive transmural scars, showed (P
      less than 0.01) a marked rightward deviation of the QRS axis (+125.3 degrees +/-
      34.3 degrees vs +59.9 degrees +/- 15.9 degrees), a high incidence of Q waves (88%
      vs 0% in classic lead 1), a decrease in QRS amplitude index (0.66 +/- 0.31 mV vs
      1.00 +/- 0.23 mV), a discrete increase in PR interval (58 +/- 7 ms vs 53 +/- 5
      ms) and greater P wave amplitude. The present results show that the
      electrocardiogram (EKG) is a reliable tool for diagnosis of old extensive
      infarctions in rats.

PMID- 1823010
TI  - Frequency-dependent excitability enhancement in isolated ventricular myocardial
      cells.
AB  - The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the frequency-dependent slow
      response excitability enhancement has been hindered by the problems inherent in
      multicellular preparations. These include ion accumulation/depletion in
      intercellular spaces and difficulties in the spatial control of transmembrane
      voltage. In the present communication we show that isolated ventricular cells
      exposed to a depolarizing (high potassium-barium containing) solution present
      electrophysiological properties similar to those of multicellular preparations:
      stable resting potential of -45.2 +/- 0.7 mV (mean +/- SEM, N = 57) in 75% of the
      cells and spontaneous activity in the remaining 25% (maximum diastolic potential
      of -41.9 +/- 1.2 mV, N = 19); high input resistance and slow response, under
      current clamp conditions. Under whole cell voltage clamp conditions with -45 mV
      holding potential, transient outward and delayed potassium currents as well as
      typical L type calcium channel are present. These cells also present the
      frequency-dependent excitability enhancement of the slow response, with the
      threshold stimulus at 1 Hz corresponding to about 50% of that obtained at 0.1 Hz.
      Thus, isolated ventricular cells constitute a suitable model for the study of
      frequency-dependent excitability enhancement of the slow response.

PMID- 1823011
TI  - A technique for cardiac denervation in Megalobulimus sanctipauli (Mollusca,
      Gastropoda, Pulmonata).
AB  - Cardiac nerve of Megalobulimus sanctipauli can be accessed by making an incision
      of about 1 cm with the aid of a scalpel introduced into the connective tissue
      (whitish scar) joining a fold of the anterior lobe of the digestive gland. The
      existence of an externally identifiable anatomic characteristic (whitish scar)
      facilities access to the nerve thus preventing large hemolymph loss. The
      percentage of hits of the technique was evaluated in two different groups (N = 14
      and 17) of animals, with positive results obtained for 86% and 88%, respectively.
      The survival rate determined 13 days after surgery for one experimental group (N
      = 14) was 71%.

PMID- 1823012
TI  - [An approach to removing stains and remineralization of dental fluorosis].
AB  - 341 mottled teeth were bleached with 4% and 18% hydrochloric acid; the mixture of
      36% hydrochloric acid, 30% hydrogen peroxide and anesthetic ether; and 30%
      hydrogen peroxide warmed by infra-red ray lamp. The effects were evaluated
      clinically. The extracted mottled and normal teeth were treated with the methods
      mentioned above. The decolouration effects, the structural changes of tooth
      surface, and the remineralization were examined by scanning electronmicroscopy
      and polaroid microscopy. The results showed: all of the four methods had the
      decolouration effects; the decolouration effect was better in the teeth with
      higher mineralization and the pigmentation existed more superficially; complete
      decolouration was 94.8% and lightened cases were 5.2%. The mechanism of
      decolouration seemed to be the dissolution of tooth superficial layer containing
      pigment. The decalcified tooth surface might be recalcified by the treatment of
      recalcification solution, or by saliva itself.

PMID- 1823013
TI  - [A new resinifying solution without the effect of discoloring teeth].
AB  - In order to solve the problem of tooth stain caused by phenolformaldehyde
      resinifying therapy, we have, on basis of theory of the resinifying therapy,
      prepared a colourless resinifying solution RF-109. Experiments on its chemical
      and physical properties, ability of becteriostasis, animal tissues reaction
      including ultra-structure observation after resinified muscles of rats, rabbits
      and dogs as well as imitate root canal filling have been performed. Results
      proved that RF-109 is desirable for resinifying therapy. Its peculiarity is that
      after pulp therapy, the tooth will not be stained. And besides, it is much
      simpler in preparation, and lower in cost than that of phenol-aldehyde resin. Its
      preservation is also much easier. The long-term results of RF-109 is satisfactory
      in 91.30% of 174 cases followed-up for three years.

PMID- 1823014
TI  - [Scanning electronic microscopy analysis of the effect of bleaching solutions on
      fluorosed enamel].
AB  - The authors observed the bleaching of fluorosed human teeth with scanning
      electronic microscope (SEM). They found that the essence of the bleaching is the
      demineralization caused by the hydrochloric acid in the bleaching solutions.
      Physical grinding of the surface of the fluorosed enamel can accelerate the
      penetration of the solutions into enamel and shorten the bleaching time. The
      authors also observed the ultrastructural changes caused by the bleaching, and
      pointed out that the treatment of the bleached enamel surface is very important.

PMID- 1823015
TI  - [An experimental study on cleaning efficacy of several root canal irrigants].
AB  - Seventy-two extracted anterior teeth were subjected to routine biomechanical
      instrumentation and irrigated with one of the six irrigation liquids: normal
      saline, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 2% chloramine, 3% hydrogen peroxide and 2%
      chloramine by turns, 1% glutaraldehyde, and 1% metronidazole. The roots were
      split and examined under light microscope as well as SEM. Statistical analysis
      showed that a combination of hydrogen peroxide with chloramine, chloramine or
      glutaraldehyde was more effective than saline or hydrogen peroxide in removing
      the debris.

PMID- 1823016
TI  - [Recurrent parotitis in childhood (report of 102 cases)].
AB  - This article presents 102 cases of recurrent parotitis in childhood with studies
      of clinical findings, sialographic manifestations, dynamic functions of the
      parotid gland examined with radionuclide, laboratory findings and follow-up
      studies of 28 cases including sialography. The following conclusions are reached:
      1. The etiology is retrograde infection induced by mumps virus and upper
      respiratory infection which lower the resistance of the child. Familial
      abnormalities are potential factors. Incomplete immune function of the children
      is also a factor related to pathogenesis of this disease, and following growth
      and development of the immune system this disease will undergo remission. 2. This
      disease involves both parotid gland generally. 3. Sialographic manifestations
      will disappear following subsidence of clinical symptoms, but it may take years.
      4. If the disease has not been cured in childhood, it may continue to adult and
      then healing will take place. Relationship with Sjogren's syndrome has not been
      revealed.

PMID- 1823017
TI  - [A comprehensive analysis of multi-factors affecting bonding force about metal
      resin bonded bridge].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to analyse 5 factors affecting the shear bonding
      force to cast metal-bonded bridge with orthogonal experiment. The bonding area
      has the most important effect on bonding force among these 5 factors. According
      to the result of this experiment, the best combination of these 5 factors on
      different levels was selected. It was formed by electrolytic etching directly
      after the bonding surface of metal retainer was abraded, preparation of the axial
      grooves in the edentulous proximal surfaces of abutments, drying with compressed
      air and drying agent after enamel was acid etched and washed, bonding area was
      about 49 mm2 in each retainer and without using opaque agent between bonding
      agent and resin. The maximum shear bonding force in this experiment was 40.25 kg
      which is higher than the normal occlusal force 22.5 kg. in upper central incisor,
      so that this combination is available in clinical restoration.

PMID- 1823018
TI  - [Change in periodontal index on the orthodontic treatment].

PMID- 1823019
TI  - [Methods of determining horizontal jaw relation in edentulous patients].

PMID- 1823020
TI  - [Parotid cancer and facial nerve. Analysis of 181 cases].

PMID- 1823021
TI  - [Experimental study of partially demineralized allogeneic bone implants].

PMID- 1823022
TI  - [A clinical study on the acute disseminated pericoronitis of the impacted wisdom
      tooth].

PMID- 1823023
TI  - [In vitro toxicity evaluation of 12 kinds of dental materials using a modified
      cell culture technique].
AB  - In view of the fact that up to date the various cell toxicity tests could not
      come to an identical result and compare with each other. This paper, referring to
      the covering documents of F.D.I. and I.S.O., summing up the principles and
      characteristics of various cell culture techniques, establishes a modified cell
      toxicity test. This method, with more respects of wide observations and tangible
      results, is easy to grasp, well to repeat and can be reserved for checking the
      results, meanwhile, it can be avoided the contradiction caused by the different
      experiments on one kind of material. Therefore, it is very worthy of appraising
      the biological safety of the materials. The study of 12 kinds of dental materials
      expressed that the toxicity order of copper alloy was mean value of 0 (Jiao Tong
      University), copper alloy tridium was mean value of 3 (U.S.A.), copper alloy T
      was mean value of 2 (Jiao Tong University) and the others were mean value of 0-1.
      This paper also discussed several problems with common concerns in studying the
      cell toxicity of the biomaterials.

PMID- 1823024
TI  - [Study on biomechanics of incisor movement retracted by Hawley labial wire of
      removable appliance].
AB  - The authors used the space three point location Approximation method and L
      positioner instrument to study the biomechanics of incisor movement retracted by
      Hawley labial wire of removable appliance. The magnitude, direction and effective
      point of orthodontic force from the X-ray films and models were measured. More
      than 2800 data groups were collected. The results showed that; 1) the force of
      retracted Hawley wire acts on the incisors can be divided into incisal and
      lingual components, and there was a stable contact point on the incisors; 2) The
      Hawley wire was constructed by stainless wire of 0.7-0.8 mm in diameter (made in
      Shanghai Dental Material Factory), retracting it 1mm horizontally may produce 100
      150 gm orthodontic force and 3) the direction of tooth movement is not the same
      direction of orthodontic force, and is affected by resistant force of the
      periodontal tissue.

PMID- 1823025
TI  - [Velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate surgery].

PMID- 1823026
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of cDNA clones, pSv-1 and pSv-2, hybridizing to androgen
      stimulated mRNAs in rat seminal vesicles.
AB  - In order to further characterize the cDNA clones, pSv-1 and pSv-2, which had been
      newly isolated from a cDNA library of intact rat seminal vesicles as clones
      hybridizing to androgen-stimulated mRNAs of approximately 1,500 and 3,500
      nucleotides in length, respectively, the whole nucleotide sequences were
      determined. The pSv-1 and pSv-2 were 1135 and 1819 nucleotides in length,
      respectively, and seemed not to contain entire sequences corresponding to the
      mRNAs. When the 0.7 kb HindIII fragments from pSv-1 and the 1 kb fragments from
      pSv-2 were used to probe rat genomic DNA that had been digested with four
      restriction enzymes, the Southern blots suggested the existence of multiple genes
      related to pSv-1 and a single gene related to pSv-2. These results suggest that
      pSv-1 and pSv-2 provide useful probes not only for further characterization of
      products encoded by the mRNAs, but also for the study on the physiological roles
      of androgen-dependent gene expression in rat seminal vesicles.

PMID- 1823027
TI  - Gestational profiles of rat placental lactogen-II (rPL-II) and growth hormone
      (GH) in maternal and fetal serum, amniotic fluid, and placental tissue.
AB  - Rat placental lactogen-II (rPL-II) and growth hormone (rGH) in maternal and fetal
      serum, amniotic fluid, and placental tissue were measured by a homologous
      radioimmunoassay during the last half of pregnancy. rPL-II appeared first in
      maternal circulation and the placental tissue on day 11 of pregnancy. The
      maternal serum rPL-II concentration increased progressively and reached the peak
      value (684 +/- 76 ng/ml) on day 19, and declined thereafter up to term. rPL-II
      content in the tissue had a similar pattern to the maternal serum profile of rPL
      II, while its concentration in the tissue increased dramatically on day 12 and
      remained high until day 19. Fetal serum rPL-II was detected on days 17 and 18,
      though its concentration was much lower (ranged between 3-10 ng/ml) than that of
      maternal serum. rPL-II in amniotic fluid was also detectable only on days 12-14
      of pregnancy, and the peak value on day 13 was 22% of the maternal serum rPL-II
      concentration. The rGH concentration increased gradually as pregnancy advanced
      with a decline on the day before parturition. Although rGH in fetal serum
      increased on day 20 with a decline on the following day, it was slightly
      detectable in amniotic fluid on the last two days of pregnancy. The molecular
      profile of rPL-II in amniotic fluid and maternal serum of day 13 pregnant rats
      were examined by Western blotting. Anti-rPL-II serum detected two proteins with
      molecular weights (mol wt) of 19.5K and 20.5K in amniotic fluid and one protein
      with a mol wt of 20.5K in maternal serum under nonreducing conditions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823028
TI  - A case of renin producing leiomyosarcoma originating in the lung.
AB  - A 54-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the treatment of a tumor of
      the right chest wall. Clinical examination revealed hypertension, hypokalemia,
      metabolic alkalosis, hyperaldosteronism and hyperreninemia. Computed tomography
      and an abdominal echogram indicated a tumor in the right phrenic area and two
      tumors in the retroperitoneum near the pancreas head. After the surgical
      resection of these tumors, the primary reninism was diminished. The pathological
      diagnosis of these tumors was leiomyosarcoma. Plasma active and inactive (trypsin
      activated) renin activities (PRA) were 85.7 and 38.9 ng angiotensin I/ml/h,
      respectively. These PRA did not respond to either postural stimulation or
      suppression by the volume expansion. Active and inactive renin activities in a
      right phrenic area tumor were 208 and 32 ng angiotensin I/mg protein /h,
      respectively. Those of an abdominal tumor were 196 and 30 ng angiotensin I/mg
      protein/h, respectively. Renin mRNA identical in molecular size to that of the
      human kidney was identified by northern blot analysis. This is the first case
      report of renin producing leiomyosarcoma derived from the lung, which is
      characterized by relatively lower plasma prorenin concentrations.

PMID- 1823029
TI  - Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for castration-induced mRNAs in the
      rat ventral prostate.
AB  - To identify gene products involved in castration-induced involution of the rat
      ventral prostate, we constructed a subtraction cDNA library of the ventral
      prostate from rats castrated for 48 h. The library was screened with subtracted
      cDNA probes enriched for sequences with a low copy number expressed in intact or
      castrated rats. As a result of differential screening, 48 cDNA clones
      representing 10 different induced mRNAs were isolated. The time course of these
      mRNA inductions after castration was examined. Within the first 24 h after
      castration, the level of mRNAs for these cDNA clones was significantly increased
      and it reached its peak by 48-72 h after castration. Although mRNAs for these
      cDNA clones were expressed in various tissues from intact rats, an increase in
      mRNA as a response to castration was observed only in the ventral prostate.
      Partial sequence analyses of the 10 cDNA clones indicate that three cDNA clones
      represent rat glutathione S-transferase Yb-1, Yb-2 and Yb-3 subunit mRNA
      sequences, but for others respective homologues could not be found in a search of
      the GenBank database (release 67).

PMID- 1823030
TI  - Lack of PTC gene (ret proto-oncogene rearrangement) in human thyroid tumors.
AB  - PTC gene, which is derived from the rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene,
      was originally discovered in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. This gene has
      been thought to act as a tumorigenetic factor in thyroid carcinoma, although the
      action of PTC oncogene products is still unknown. To study the frequency of the
      PTC gene present in human thyroid carcinomas, we investigated four cell lines
      derived from thyroid carcinoma and 22 thyroid tumor tissue specimens. The reverse
      transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was performed to detect
      putative PTC mRNA. The presence of the PTC gene in genomic DNA was analyzed by
      Southern blot hybridization. PTC mRNA was detected by the RT-PCR method in only
      one papillary carcinoma cell line (TPC-1 cell). Southern gel analysis confirmed
      the rearrangement of the ret proto-oncogene in this cell line. In the other three
      cell lines and 22 tumor tissue specimens, however, neither the PTC gene or mRNA
      was detected. These results demonstrate that the prevalence of the PTC gene in
      thyroid tumor is low and may not be essential for human thyroid tumorigenesis.
      That our present results conflict with previous reports may be due to general
      differences in genetic background among races.

PMID- 1823031
TI  - Clinical evaluation of accuracy in determining serum free thyroxine and free
      triiodothyronine in patients with non-thyroidal illness: immunoglobulin effect on
      T3/TBG ratio and T4/TBG ratio.
AB  - We examined the effect of endogenous immunoglobulins (G, A and M) and albumin on
      the measurement of thyroid hormones by different methods, including a new non
      isotopic immunoassay of free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3), in
      a large number of patients with non-thyroidal illness (NTI). Variations in serum
      protein concentrations can affect the results of radioimmunoassay of human
      thyroid hormones and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). Our data revealed that in
      patients with non-thyroidal illness, when fluctuations in serum gamma-globulin
      occurred the T3/TBG and T4/TBG ratios altered. Consequently, when patients are
      suffering from non-thyroidal illness with changing gamma-globulin levels,
      clinical scientists should take care when they use T3/TBG and T4/TBG ratios as a
      substitute for FT3 or FT4 estimation. We found FT4 and FT3 (determined with
      Amerlex-M kits) T3 and the T3/TBG ratio were altered inversely due to the
      difference in the serum gamma-globulin levels. A recently developed enhanced
      luminescence enzyme immunoassay for FT3 and FT4 (Amerlite FT3 and FT4 kits)
      provides more reliable and accurate results, because of its resistance to
      interference, especially from albumin and gamma-globulin.

PMID- 1823032
TI  - Disturbance of thyroidal iodine metabolism in BB/W rat.
AB  - To investigate the thyroid function in Bio-Breeding Worcester (BB/W) rats, we
      have examined the iodine metabolism, serum TSH and thyroid hormone levels in 8-
      and 16-week-old BB/W and normal Wistar (W) rats. At 8 weeks of age, serum TSH
      levels were significantly higher in BB/W rats than in W rats, although there was
      no difference in the serum levels of free T3 and free T4. Furthermore, the
      thyroidal radioactive iodine incorporation at 48 h was significantly lower in
      BB/W rats, suggesting that they might have some defects in iodine organification.
      At 16 weeks of age, serum TSH levels were also significantly higher in BB/W rats
      than in W rats. Furthermore, serum TSH levels in 16-week-old BB/W rats were
      significantly higher than in 8-week-old BB/W rats. The thyroid weight was
      significantly greater in BB/W rats, probably due to the increased serum TSH. The
      thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake at 48 h and the iodine content in the thyroid
      homogenates were significantly lower in BB/W rats. These results suggest that
      BB/W rats have some defect in iodine metabolism resulting in impaired thyroid
      hormone synthesis.

PMID- 1823033
TI  - Distinct localization of renin and angiotensins in separate subcellular fractions
      of the rat adrenal cortex.
AB  - The subcellular localization of renin and immunoreactive angiotensins I and II
      was studied in rat adrenal cortical tissues. The identity of the immunoreactive
      angiotensins was confirmed as angiotensin I and angiotensin II by
      radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively, with
      reference to standard compounds. By differential centrifugation of tissue
      homogenate in 0.25 M sucrose/30 mM Tris-HCl/l mM EDTA, pH 7.4, specific
      immunoreactive renin was found to be localized principally (60%) in the
      mitochondrial fraction (P2), whereas about 40% of both angiotensins I and II was
      contained in the soluble fraction; only 18-20% of both peptides was contained in
      the P2 fraction. On Percoll density gradient centrifugation of P2, renin was
      fractionated mostly in a denser band whereas angiotensins I and II were contained
      in a lighter density area closely corresponding to mitochondrial and lysosomal
      marker enzymes. These results suggest that renin and angiotensins in the cells of
      the rat adrenal gland reside in different subcellular compartments and argue
      against intracellular formation of angiotensins by renin in renin granules.

PMID- 1823034
TI  - Blocking type immunoglobulins in patients with nongoitrous primary hypothyroidism
      in area of iodine deficiency.
AB  - We have evaluated the role of circulating serum immunoglobulins (IgG) which
      inhibit the growth of thyroid in the etiology of thyroid atrophy in endemic
      cretinism. Twenty nongoitrous cretins (13 women and 7 men, age range: 9-33) were
      classified on the basis of clinical criteria for cretinism in China. They were
      born and living in an iodine deficient area, Xinjiang, northwest China.
      Antimicrosomal antibody titers were negative in all serum. Nine patients (seven
      women and two men; age range: 11-23) were biologically primary hypothyroid. Seven
      subjects were of a myxedematous form and two subjects were of a mixed form. We
      have studied thyroid-growth inhibiting immunoglobulin (TGII) activity that was
      measured as an inhibitory effect of 4 mg/ml IgG on TSH-induced [3H]-thymidine
      incorporation into the DNA of a rat thyroid follicular cell line, FRTL5 cells.
      Six (five women and one man) out of the nine patients with primary hypothyroidism
      (66.7 percent) had TGII. We also measured other growth-blocking IgG that
      inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA stimulated by insulin-like growth
      factor-I (IGF-I), a growth factor working through a cAMP-independent pathway.
      Five (three women and two men) out of nine patients (55.6 percent) with
      nongoitrous primary hypothyroidism had IGF-I-blocking IgG. These results indicate
      that TGII plays an important role in atrophy of the thyroid in spite of increased
      serum TSH concentrations, and IgG which inhibits thyroid growth stimulated by IGF
      I also might play a role in thyroid atrophy in some endemic cretins.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823035
TI  - Radioimmunoassay with heterologous antibody (hetero-antibody RIA): utilization of
      highly cross-reactive antibody present in polyclonal antiserum.
AB  - To develop a homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for a hormone of a small or rare
      animal often meets difficulty in collecting a large amount of purified antigen
      required for antibody production. On the other hand, to employ a heterologous RIA
      to estimate the hormone often gives poor sensitivity. To overcome this
      difficulty, a "hetero-antibody" RIA was studied. In a hetero-antibody RIA system,
      a purified preparation of a hormone is used for radioiodination and
      standardization and a heterologous antibody to the hormone is used for the first
      antibody. Canine motilin and rat LH were selected as examples, and anti-porcine
      motilin and anti-hCG, anti-hCG beta or anti-ovine LH beta was used as the
      heterologous antibody. The sensitivities of the hetero-antibody RIAs were much
      higher than those of heterologous RIAs in any case, showing that these hetero
      antibody RIA systems were suitable for practical use. To clarify the principle of
      hetero-antibody RIA, antiserum to porcine motilin was fractionated on an affinity
      column where canine motilin was immobilized. The fraction bound had greater
      constants of affinity with both porcine and canine motilins than the rest of the
      antibody fractions. This fraction also reacted with a synthetic peptide
      corresponding to the C-terminal sequence common to porcine and canine motilins in
      a competitive binding test with labeled canine motilin. These results suggest
      that an antibody population having high affinity and cross-reactivity is present
      in polyclonal antiserum and indicate that the population can be used in hetero
      antibody RIA at an appropriate concentration.

PMID- 1823036
TI  - A case of hypocalciuric hypercalcemia without family history.
AB  - Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is usually characterized by
      asymptomatic hypercalcemia, mild hypermagnesemia, and low urinary calcium
      excretion, and is occasionally associated with pulmonary fibrosis. It is
      inherited as an autosomal-dominant, and no sporadic case of hypocalciuric
      hypercalcemia has been heretofore reported. This report describes a patient with
      hypocalciuric hypercalcemia completely compatible with FHH but with no family
      history, suggesting that the most likely diagnosis is "nonfamilial" hypocalciuric
      hypercalcemia. We propose that the urinary excretion of calcium be examined in
      all patients with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and increased PTH before neck
      surgery, even if patients have no family history of hypercalcemia.

PMID- 1823037
TI  - Downward regulation of plasma LH by LHRH agonist, leuprolide acetate, resulting
      in inhibited renal growth and function in the castrated male rat.
AB  - We previously reported that ovine and porcine luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulated
      kidney growth in castrated hypophysectomized rats. Our present study focuses on
      the physiological role of the renotropic activity of LH isoforms. Plasma LH
      levels were decreased to 10% of that of castrated control rats by injections of a
      slow-releasing LHRH agonist, leuprolide acetate, from microcapsules. Compared to
      controls, which were injected with microcapsules only, the kidney weight in
      leuprolide-treated castrated rats decreased 12%. Renal protein and DNA contents
      decreased significantly. Body, liver and spleen weights were not changed by the
      treatment, however. This effect on the kidney was not observed in castrated
      hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that leuprolide affected the kidneys
      indirectly, rather than directly, by suppressing LH secretion. In leuprolide
      treated castrated rats, urinary fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) increased,
      indicating suppressed renal function at the proximal tubules. We concluded that
      the secretion of renotropically active LH isoforms was regulated at least
      partially by LHRH and played a physiological role in growth and the function of
      the proximal tubules.

PMID- 1823038
TI  - Salmon calcitonin induces pituitary tumor in rats.
AB  - Calcitonin is widely used in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. The
      present study was designed to investigate the effects of salmon calcitonin (SCT)
      on the incidence of the pituitary tumors in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.
      Subcutaneous injections of SCT at a dose of 160 IU/kg/day for 6 months reduced
      body weight and induced one pituitary hyperplasia and three pituitary adenomas in
      4 of 5 animals, while 5 controls did not show any changes. Prolactin-positive
      cells were located at the periphery of the affected pituitaries adjacent to the
      prolactin-negative adenomas. In addition, serum concentrations of prolactin and
      TSH were lower than in the controls, although serum calcium or LH levels were not
      significantly different from the controls. Among 7 animals treated with SCT for 6
      months followed by no medication for another 6 months, 5 adenomas were detected,
      one of which had invasive growth toward the adjacent tissue, whereas only one
      adenoma was found in 9 controls. These results suggest that SCT administration at
      a high dose may induce the formation of pituitary adenoma, or may accelerate the
      development of spontaneous pituitary adenomas, some of which show frequent
      mitotic figures and invasive growth into the surrounding tissue, possibly
      resulting in malignant transformation. This indicates the need for caution in
      considering whether calcitonin injections into patients with osteoporosis as well
      as Paget's disease may induce such pituitary tumors.

PMID- 1823039
TI  - Radical prostatectomy in the management of stage-A carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - A total of 115 patients (29 with stage A1 and 86 with stage A2 prostate cancer)
      underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Residual cancer was found in the
      radical prostatectomy specimen in 11 of the 29 stage-A1 patients (38%) and in 66
      of the 86 stage-A2 patients (77%). 14% of the stage-A1 patients and 29.5% of the
      stage-A2 patients had pathological evidence of disease extension beyond the
      confined prostate. No perioperative death occurred and no patient suffered rectal
      injury or was totally incontinent. Early postoperative complications occurred in
      6 patients (5%). There were no late complications. Complete urinary control was
      achieved in 111 patients (96.5%) and stress urinary incontinence was present in 4
      patients (3.5%). Sexual function was preserved in 21 of the 26 patients (81%) who
      underwent a nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 84
      months with a mean of 30 months. All patients are alive, and only 3 patients
      suffered disease progression. These 3 patients were among the stage-A2 group and
      had pathological evidence of tumor extension beyond the prostatic capsule. 26
      patients who also had evidence of disease extension are alive without evidence of
      disease. These data demonstrate that patients with stage-A disease are at risk
      for disease progression if left untreated and, with morbidity as low as achieved
      in our series, radical prostatectomy should remain an optimal option for tumor
      control in these patients.

PMID- 1823040
TI  - Superficial bladder cancer: survival and prognostic factors.
AB  - Two hundred and seventeen consecutive patients with superficial bladder cancer
      stages Ta-T1 were analyzed for survival and prognostic factors. The overall 5
      year survival was 88 +/- 5.3%. Factors that impacted significantly on survival
      were: grade of anaplasia (GI 92 +/- 5.9% vs. GII 87 +/- 7.5% vs. GIII 68 +/-
      20.7%; p = 0.01); increasing grade of anaplasia (98 +/- 1.9% vs. 55 +/- 15.6%; p
      less than 0.0001); progression in tumor stage (100% vs. 58 +/- 12.5%; p less than
      0.0001); index of recurrences greater than 0.7 (100% vs. 71 +/- 10%; p less than
      0.0001); the presence of urothelial dysplasia (98 +/- 1.7% vs. 77 +/- 9.8%; p
      less than 0.05); inflammatory infiltrate (90 +/- 7% vs. 83 +/- 7.3%; p less than
      0.01), and residual tumor post-TUR (89 +/- 5.5% vs. 68 +/- 18.6%; p less than
      0.001). Tumor stage did not impact on survival (p greater than 0.05). Using
      multivariate statistical analysis only the grade of anaplasia (p less than
      0.0001) and increasing grade of anaplasia (p = 0.001) demonstrated significant
      prognostic value. Eight percent of patients died because of tumor progression. Of
      these patients, 87% were T1 and had concomitant urothelial dysplasia. Twenty-five
      percent had carcinoma in situ and the mean index of recurrence was 1.59. Seventy
      five percent of patients dying because of tumor progression developed muscle
      infiltrating cancer (greater than or equal to T2GIII) and 25% developed
      previously metastatic spread without evidence of local progression
      (T1GIII).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823041
TI  - Histological evaluation of superficial bladder tumors treated by Nd-YAG laser and
      transurethral resection.
AB  - Based on 3 study groups we have tried to analyze some concepts concerning the
      treatment of superficial bladder tumors by the Nd-YAG laser. In the first group
      of 34 superficial bladder tumors, we evaluated the accuracy of cold-cup biopsy in
      staging the tumor before treatment with the laser (100% for grade and 90% for
      stage). The possibility of identifying the tumoral grade in the lasered mass is
      73%. In the second group of 53 random superficial bladder tumors we compared the
      effects of laser and transurethral resection (TUR) with regard to recurrence and
      progression after a 3-year follow-up: no significant differences are found
      between the treatments. In the third group the histologic changes in the bladder
      wall after treatment with the laser or TUR were evaluated by cold-cup biopsy (31
      lasered cases and 24 resected cases) and by resector loop biopsy (11 lasered
      cases and 11 resected cases) between 12 and 24 months after treatment, without
      significant differences in terms of fibrosis.

PMID- 1823042
TI  - Disappointing effect of endoscopic Teflon injection for female stress
      incontinence.
AB  - Twenty-two women were treated with endoscopic, transurethral, submucosal Teflon
      injection for moderate or severe urinary stress incontinence. The short-term
      effect was rather good, but he long-term results were disappointing. After 5
      years, only 4 patients were completely or sufficiently continent and had not
      required any additional treatment for incontinence. Three major complications,
      paraurethral abscess, urethral diverticulum and Teflon granuloma with urethral
      wall prolapse occurred. Subsequent suprapubic urethropexy for the patients with
      inadequate response did not produce the usual good results.

PMID- 1823043
TI  - Urinary stone disease in Turkey: an updated epidemiological study.
AB  - In a nationwide survey conducted in 14 provinces on 1,500 individuals, an overall
      prevalence of 14.8% and an incidence of 2.2% for the year 1989 are found for
      urinary stone disease in Turkey. The male:female ratio was 1.5:1. The prevalence
      showed a geographical distribution with higher figures in southern and south
      eastern parts of the country. Low socioeconomic and educational status were
      associated with a higher prevalence rate, while there was no significant
      difference between people living in rural areas or in cities. Similarly,
      occupation had no significant impact on the incidence of urinary stone disease.
      Urolithiasis is a severe problem in Turkey and more detailed epidemiological
      studies are needed to enlighten the pathogenetic factors of stone formation and
      its geographical variations.

PMID- 1823044
TI  - Combined intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C and local bladder microwave
      induced hyperthermia as a preoperative therapy for superficial bladder tumors. A
      preliminary clinical study.
AB  - Twelve patients suffering from superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the
      bladder underwent treatment combining simultaneous mitomycin C topical
      instillation and local endocavitary hyperthermia as a preoperative adjunct to
      transurethral resection in a preliminary clinical study. A specifically designed
      system to deliver and monitor local bladder hyperthermia was used. The
      feasibility, the subjective tolerance and the side effects of the combined
      treatment were the main target of our investigation. Endoscopic and histologic
      features, assessed before, during and after this combined approach, showed
      selective damage to neoplastic areas with minimal changes in the normal
      urothelium. Local intravesical concurrent chemotherapy and hyperthermia
      administration is found to be a safe and well-tolerated approach for superficial
      bladder tumor treatment. The preliminary results encourage further studies to
      define the limits and prospects of this regimen, in both superficial bladder
      tumor ablation and prophylaxis of recurrences.

PMID- 1823045
TI  - First experience with a modified Siemens Lithostar shock wave system.
AB  - A Siemens Lithostar shock wave system was modified and investigated clinically.
      The modified system yields increased focal pressure and energy density. The first
      clinical experience in renal calculi shows a significant reduction in shock wave
      numbers per treatment. Higher energy output enables better treatment results for
      difficult stones such as staghorn and infections calculi. Despite the higher
      energy output more than 90% of treatments could be performed without anesthesia
      or analgesia. No significant side effects could be detected. The service life of
      the modified shock wave system increased by a factor of two.

PMID- 1823046
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy, cell cycle and cytomorphometry in
      sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - In 5 patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, the nuclear DNA content and
      size were determined by flow cytometry (FCM), and the prognostic value of DNA
      ploidy, the percentage of S-phase cells (SPF), and the ratio of modal nuclear
      size with clinicopathologic behavior was analyzed. Age and clinical stage have
      been shown to have a strong correlation with prognosis. Older patients with a
      high stage of cancer had poor outcome with a shorter survival time. In all 60% of
      the tumors were aneuploid. Tumor invasiveness was related to DNA ploidy. With
      increasing stage, the overall incidence of aneuploid rises. One alive patient had
      diploid DNA while 75% of the patients who died of sarcomatoid renal cell
      carcinomas had aneuploid DNA. Diploid sarcomatoid renal cell carcinomas show
      significantly lower SPF than aneuploid tumors. There was no significant
      association between the modal nuclear size and the invasiveness of tumors or
      survival time. This study suggests that FCM analysis of tumor DNA content and
      cell cycle could be regarded as an additional prognostic determinant of
      sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 1823047
TI  - Inhibition of chemiluminescent response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by
      hyperosmolality comparable to renal medulla and preservation by ofloxacin.
AB  - Hyperosmolality of the urine and renal medulla inhibits polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte (PMN) functions such as phagocytosis, intracellular killing and
      superoxide generation. The main factors of hyperosmolality in the urinary tract
      are urea and NaCl. We studied the chemiluminescent (CL) functions of PMNs in
      hypersomotic urea and NaCl solutions and the effects of ofloxacin, a new
      quinolone antimicrobial, for inhibiting the functions of PMNs subjected to
      hyperosmolality. When PMNs were incubated with hypersomotic urea and NaCl
      solutions, the CL response was significantly reduced. The reduced CL response was
      significantly preserved by supplementation with ofloxacin (OFLX). The CL response
      of PMNs may thus also be reduced in the urinary tract and OFLX may exert strong
      antimicrobial and preservative effects on PMN.

PMID- 1823048
TI  - Value of nuclear DNA ploidy patterns in patients with prostate cancer after
      radical prostatectomy.
AB  - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy was performed on prostatic adenocarcinoma
      specimens from 80 patients. In all these patients a radical retropubic
      prostatectomy had been performed. The nuclei for DNA ploidy determination were
      extracted from paraffin-embedded material of whole sections of the prostate from
      patients treated by radical prostatectomy between 1980 and 1985. DNA ploidy was a
      strong prognostic indicator independent of tumor grade and tumor stage. DNA
      ploidy offered additional information on both tumor stage and tumor grade. In
      stage C disease the likelihood of progression-free survival was 89.5% in diploid
      tumors and 27.8% in aneuploid tumors after 9 years. In tetraploid tumors all
      patients progressed after 9 years. The computed survival rates in stage C disease
      showed that patients with diploid tumors did significantly better than those with
      aneuploid or tetraploid tumor patterns. These data indicate therefore that DNA
      ploidy patterns determined by flow cytometric analysis provide important
      additional prognostic information on prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by radical
      prostatectomy.

PMID- 1823049
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma in a multilocular renal cyst: a case report of a 27-year-old
      female and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of renal cell carcinoma in a multilocular renal cyst is reported.
      Excretory urography showed a mass, and ultrasound revealed multiple renal cysts
      in the middle part of the left kidney. This finding could also be visualized by
      computer tomography, a solid structure could not be detected. During operation a
      6-cm multiloculated cyst was enucleated from the left kidney. A frozen section of
      the cystic lesion did not indicate a malignancy; however, further
      histopathological examination revealed a renal cell carcinoma, especially in the
      septal parts of the tumor.

PMID- 1823050
TI  - Conservative management of renal stab wound by double-J ureteral stent and
      specific percutaneous arterial embolization.
AB  - We report on the conservative management of a renal stab wound by double-J
      stenting and specific percutaneous arterial embolization in a 34-year-old man.
      Surgical exploration was avoided because there was a little doubt about the
      associated intra-abdominal injuries. Recovery was excellent and the patient left
      the hospital 2 weeks later.

PMID- 1823051
TI  - Persistent testicular intraepithelial neoplasia after chemotherapy.
AB  - A 33-year-old man with a beta HCG-positive seminoma was found to have testicular
      intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN; carcinoma in situ) in the contralateral testis.
      Because of retroperitoneal bulky disease (stage IIc), the patient received single
      agent carboplatin therapy. Complete remission, as judged radiologically and
      serologically, was achieved after three cycles, but the control biopsy of the
      testis revealed persistent TIN. Only after local radiotherapy with 20 Gy to the
      afflicted testis did TIN disappear. Chemotherapy is not safe for the treatment of
      TIN, and it usually cannot prevent contralateral testicular tumors.

PMID- 1823052
TI  - Changes in lymphocyte subsets and polymorphonuclear phagocytes activity after a
      work test in patients with stable angina pectoris.

PMID- 1823053
TI  - Observed and standardized survival rate in patients with malignant epibulbar
      tumours.

PMID- 1823054
TI  - An immunological study of syphilis patients.

PMID- 1823055
TI  - Muscle dysfunction in workers suffering from vibration disease.

PMID- 1823056
TI  - Collapse of the large airways on forced expiration--a functional profile.

PMID- 1823058
TI  - On genetic predisposition in rheumatoid arthritis--results from a family study.

PMID- 1823057
TI  - Experimental study on the effect of low intensity helium-neon laser radiation on
      the restorative processes in the front epithelium and substantia propria of the
      cornea. 2. After nonperforative traumatic damage.

PMID- 1823059
TI  - Analysis of the structure of predisposition to rheumatism in the Bulgarian
      population.

PMID- 1823060
TI  - Long-term results after shunt operation for portal hypertension.

PMID- 1823062
TI  - Current situation in the treatment of gallbladder cancer. Considerations on the
      utility of an extended resection.
AB  - Twenty-two of the 25 patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder seen during the
      last 9 years have been analyzed for survival in relation to treatment and disease
      stage. All patients were classified according to Nevin's staging scheme, and a
      correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 31.8% of cases. The median survival of
      the 8 stage V patients who had no surgery or alternatively underwent only limited
      excision of the tumor was 16.5 days (for the two patients receiving explorative
      laparotomy); 2 months for a patient undergoing a debulking operation and 5 months
      for the 5 patients receiving nonoperative biliary drainage. Survival in patients
      undergoing cholecystectomy, whether associated with biliary drainage or not has
      proved to be adversely affected by the stage of the malignancy, the stage I
      patient being alive and well at 2 years whereas the stage II patient died after 5
      and a half months, the stage III patient survived 1 year and the stage IV patient
      1 year and 6 months. Stage V patients receiving simple cholecystectomy (1 case)
      or associated with biliary drainage (5 cases) died 16.5 days and 4.5 months
      following surgery, respectively. More radical operations have been performed in 4
      other stage V patients, who had resection of segments IV and V (2 patients, one
      of them survived 3 months and the other is still alive and well at 5 months),
      resection of segment IV (survival was 15 days), and right hepatectomy (survival 7
      months). In view of our limited experience no statistically significant
      conclusions can be drawn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823061
TI  - The modified distal splenorenal shunt in the elective treatment of variceal
      hemorrhage.
AB  - We report on our experience with a modified version of the distal splenorenal
      shunt (DSRS) initially described by Warren. Since 1976 more than 150 shunts have
      been done in the department. The first part of this study shows the long-term
      results of a series of 100 consecutive patients treated electively. The estimated
      survival at 80 months was around 30%. On the other hand, the median survival rate
      (68 months) and the five-year survival (52%) of Child's A patients differed
      significantly from those of Child's B patients (8 months and 15%, respectively).
      These results suggested that the modified DSRS was an effective and relatively
      safe procedure for the elective treatment of variceal bleeding and warranted a
      prospective and randomized trial to compare DSRS and endoscopic sclerotherapy
      (ES). In the second part of the study, in which ES was compared with DSRS, both
      modalities showed a similar survival rate, although patients in the DSRS group
      had a higher incidence of encephalopathy and patients in the ES group were more
      prone to rebleed. It was concluded that ES was a good alternative to DSRS for the
      elective treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. If orthotopic liver
      transplant is considered the only definitive mode of treatment for the elective
      management of portal hypertension, the DSRS should be reserved for patients in
      whom ES has not been totally effective, or varices are located predominantly in
      the fundus of the stomach.

PMID- 1823063
TI  - Inflammatory disorders of the esophagus.
AB  - Esophagitis is a very common disorder. The etiology cna be highly variable and is
      not always clear from the biopsy. The main microscopic inflammatory lesions are
      located in the epithelium. They consist of an increase in inflammatory cells,
      either polymorphs or mononuclear cells, or both. They are associated with
      architectural mucosal changes. It is often difficult or impossible to distinguish
      reflux esophagitis from drug-induced or viral esophagitis. Yet some microscopic
      patterns are characteristic and provide information on the etiology of the
      lesions.

PMID- 1823064
TI  - Changes in total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I in human sera under stimulation
      and inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
AB  - The levels of total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I in sera were first studied
      in 10 healthy volunteers undergoing stimulation of gastric acid secretion at
      random on 4 different days with a) a maximum dose (6 micrograms/kg) of
      pentagastrin, b) ranitidine injection 5 minutes before maximal pentagastrin
      stimulation, c) ranitidine injection 1 hr before maximal pentagastrin
      stimulation, or d) sham feeding. In a further 10 healthy volunteers the levels of
      total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I were studied over 5 days by short-term
      oral intake of ranitidine. The total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I increased
      significantly in the sera after maximum-dose pentagastrin, but not after sham
      feeding. The increase could be completely prevented by ranitidine given only 1
      hour before pentagastrin stimulation. The total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I
      decreased significantly after brief oral intake of ranitidine. It can be
      concluded that the measurement of total pepsin activity and pepsinogen I in the
      sera could serve as a rough parameter for testing the effectiveness of potential
      agents inhibiting gastric secretion.

PMID- 1823065
TI  - Complications of portal hypertension and its medical management.

PMID- 1823067
TI  - Gastric chief cell mass in chronic gastritis. Count and relationships to parietal
      cell mass and functional indices.
AB  - The chief cell mass, expressed as the Zymogenous Index (number of cells per mm2
      multiplied by the thickness of the glandular layer) was calculated in 42 subjects
      with chronic gastritis, and in 40 subjects with normal gastric mucosa, and was
      compared with the serum concentration of Pepsinogen I (PG I), with the parietal
      cell mass (expressed as Parietal Index: number of cells per mm2 multiplied by the
      thickness of the glandular layer), and with the acid output. The results showed
      that there are no significant variations in the chief cells in comparison with
      healthy controls in the case of superficial gastritis and follicular gastritis.
      Conversely, in the case of pre-atrophic and atrophic gastritis there is a
      significant reduction in the chief cell mass. The serum PG I increases
      significantly in the case of superficial gastritis as compared with healthy
      controls, while it is equivalent in the case of follicular gastritis, decreases
      non-significantly in pre-atrophic gastritis and is significantly reduced in the
      case of atrophic gastritis. The parietal cell mass shows a behavior equivalent to
      that of the chief cell mass, and the acid output decreases significantly in the
      case of pre-atrophic and atrophic gastritis, with no significant variations in
      the case of superficial and follicular gastritis. On comparing the behavior of
      the chief cell mass with that of the parietal cell mass, it was noticed that in
      the most severe stages of chronic gastritis there is a more pronounced reduction
      of the former than of the latter.

PMID- 1823066
TI  - Prokinetic drug treatment (cisapride) is as effective as H2-blocking agent
      (ranitidine) in the treatment of gastric ulcer.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group multicenter study was conducted in 120
      patients with gastric ulcer to compare cisapride, 10 mg t.i.d., and ranitidine,
      150 mg b.i.d., administered over 8 weeks. No significant differences between the
      results of the two treatments were found in terms of ulcer healing or symptomatic
      relief. Endoscopy showed that the incidence of medium-sized or large ulcers was
      reduced from 85% at the start to 11% and 4%, respectively, after 4 and 8 weeks in
      the ranitidine group, and from 98% to 15% and 4%, respectively, in the cisapride
      group. By week 8, the ulcer was healed in 89% of the ranitidine patients, and in
      86% of the cisapride patients. Moderate to severe diurnal epigastric pain--the
      predominant symptom--was reported by about 80% of the patients in week 8, and by
      less than 15% from week 4 on. The response to nocturnal epigastric pain,
      epigastric pressure, sensation of fullness and other symptoms was similar. Except
      for gastrointestinal symptoms in the cisapride patients--nearly always indicative
      of enhanced bowel contractions--the occurrence of adverse effects was similar in
      the two groups. The improvement in gastrointestinal motility under cisapride,
      would appear to be as effective as suppression of acid secretion in the treatment
      of gastric ulcer disease.

PMID- 1823068
TI  - Three-dimensional pressure profilometry of the anal sphincter.
AB  - Single channel manometry is of limited value in determining the cause of
      sphincter dysfunction. This is due mainly to the recording variability caused by
      radial pressure asymmetry. Multi-channel manometry does not have this
      disadvantage, but is complicated and difficult to interpret. We report on
      computerized eight-channel manometry which permits three-dimensional
      reconstruction of the sphincter. Fifteen subjects were measured. At rest, lower
      pressures were recorded in the left, left-dorsal, and dorsal directions.
      Sphincter length was shortest in the right direction and ventral directions. The
      graphic reconstruction showed marked indentations in the right- and right
      anterior direction, and one indentation on the opposite side. At maximal squeeze
      the graphic reconstruction showed the same indentations, but they were more
      pronounced. In conclusion, computerized eight-channel manometry proved to be an
      efficient technique which could be routinely applicable. The graphic
      reconstruction provides insight into radial and axial pressure asymmetry.

PMID- 1823069
TI  - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the gastric cardia.
AB  - The ideal surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is still
      controversial. In 189 consecutive patients who underwent resection, 127
      esophagogastric resections and 62 total gastrectomies plus esophageal resection
      were performed. Short- and long-term results of the two surgical procedures were
      compared in order to define the specific indications for each. Abdominal nodes
      were metastatic in 73.5% of the cases, and mediastinal nodes in 29.1% of the
      patients who were also approached through the thorax. Neoplastic permeation of
      the esophageal resection margin occurred in 3.2% of the patients. No positive
      resection margins were found in the cases in whom 10 or more cm. of uninvolved
      esophagus were resected. The superiority of the laparotomy and right thoracotomy
      approach was thus evident in terms of oncologic radicality. Anastomotic leakage
      occurred in 8.7% of esophagogastric resection, and in 6.5% of total gastrectomy
      plus esophageal resection, patients. No correlation between the stage of the
      tumor or the neoplastic permeation of the section margin and the incidence of
      anastomotic leakage was found. Operative mortality was 3.9% after esophagogastric
      resection, and 6.5% after total gastrectomy plus esophageal resection; this may
      suggest that esophagogastric resection is the procedure of choice in poor risk
      and elderly patients. After curative resection, locoregional or systemic
      neoplastic recurrence was observed in 15.0% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823070
TI  - Leiomyoma of the duodenum--a case report.
AB  - A 36-year-old man with anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding, diagnosed to have
      a leiomyoma of the duodenum, is described. The conventional barium meal study and
      gastroendoscopy were useful for diagnosing the lesion. More invasive radiological
      methods, such as abdominal angiography and technetium-99m scintigraphy failed to
      detect the tumor. Early diagnosis and resection of the tumor would result in a
      good prognosis.

PMID- 1823071
TI  - Estimate of gastric acid output by evaluation of fasting gastric juice collected
      endoscopically.
AB  - Using an endoscope we collected fasting gastric juice for estimation of gastric
      acid in subjects examined by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Subjects were 53
      in- and out-patients (46 males and 7 females) at our hospital. Seventy-five
      gastric secretory studies were performed in this population before and after
      stimulation by tetragastrin, following the guidelines of The Japanese Society of
      Gastroenterology and using a specially devised endoscope of narrow caliber under
      direct vision. Acid in fasting gastric juice was correlated with basal acid
      output (BAO) and with maximal acid output (MAO). There was a statistically
      significant correlation between them. Thus, an estimation of gastric acid
      secretion can be obtained from the fasting gastric juice which we usually
      aspirate and discard during the routine endoscopic examination.

PMID- 1823072
TI  - Treatment of high-output gastric fistulas with omeprazole.
AB  - Two patients with high-output gastrocutaneous fistulas were treated with total
      parenteral nutrition and gastric antisecretory drugs. IV administration of
      omeprazole decreased acid output in one patient in a rapid and significant way,
      resulting in the spontaneous healing of the fistula after eight days of
      treatment. In the second patient, omeprazole caused a marked reduction in the
      acidity of the fluid in the fistula, which also closed without surgical
      operation. The long-standing decrease in acid output induced by intravenous
      omeprazole may be very useful for promoting spontaneous closure of high-output
      gastrocutaneous fistula.

PMID- 1823073
TI  - Andrea Prader Prize for 1990.

PMID- 1823074
TI  - Award Winner's Lecture. A touch of growth.

PMID- 1823075
TI  - Urinary growth hormone excretion in 657 healthy children and adults: normal
      values, inter- and intraindividual variations.
AB  - Urinary growth hormone (u-GH) excretion was measured in 547 healthy children and
      110 adults by ELISA with a detection limit of 1.1 ng/l u-GH after prior
      concentration of the urine samples (20- to 30-fold). u-GH excretion values were
      significantly dependent on the pubertal stage (p less than 0.0001) with maximum
      values in Tanner stage 3 for girls and 4 for boys. This corresponded to a peak in
      u-GH excretion between 11.5-14.5 years in girls and 12.5-16 years in boys.
      Additionally, u-GH excretion in adults was significantly higher than in
      prepubertal children (p less than 0.001). The day/night ratio of u-GH excretion
      (pg/h) was significantly higher in females than in males (p less than 0.01). In
      Tanner stages 1-4, u-GH excretion during the day was lower than that at night,
      whereas the opposite was true in late puberty and in adult women. The
      interindividual variation of u-GH excretion within the same Tanner stage was
      considerable and approximately double the intraindividual variation. The day-to
      day variation could be further reduced by collection of three consecutive urine
      samples. The variations were larger if night samples instead of 24-hour samples
      were considered. The expression of u-GH excretion in nanograms per gram
      creatinine did not diminish the observed variation and blunted the pubertal
      increase in u-GH excretion. In conclusion, (1) u-GH excretion depends
      significantly on age, sex and pubertal maturation as does the day/night ratio of
      u-GH excretion. (2) The interindividual variation in u-GH excretion is
      considerable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823076
TI  - Effect of corticoid therapy on growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Exogenous corticoids are known to be potent inhibitors of linear growth in
      children. We investigated the mechanisms underlying growth failure by evaluating
      growth hormone (GH) release during short-term high-dose prednisone treatment (40
      mg/m2/day given orally in 3 divided doses) and 7 days after steroid withdrawal in
      7 prepubertal children (4 males, 3 females, age range 3-12 years), affected by
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Patients also received weekly administrations of
      vincristine (1.5 mg/m2 i.v.), daunomycin (20 mg/m2 i.v.) and L-asparaginase
      (6,000 IU/m2 i.m.). Corticoid therapy suppressed GH secretion during deep sleep
      as well as in response to arginine, insulin and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)
      administration. A significant recovery of GH responsiveness after drug
      discontinuation was observed during deep sleep (14.03 +/- 3.47 vs. 1.49 +/- 0.43
      ng/ml, p less than 0.025) as well as in response to arginine (13.63 +/- 2.73 vs.
      4.95 +/- 1.54 ng/ml, p less than 0.025) and GHRH (32.62 +/- 4.59 vs. 7.27 +/-
      3.52 ng/ml, p less than 0.005) but not to insulin (7.12 +/- 0.88 vs. 4.47 +/-
      0.96 ng/ml, p = NS). Insulin-like growth factor 1 levels during deep sleep (0.61
      +/- 0.13 IU/ml/min) were found to be low in the course of steroid therapy and did
      not increase after drug withdrawal (0.41 +/- 0.07 IU/ml/min). Our preliminary
      data suggest that recovery of adrenergic response to insulin does not immediately
      follow corticosteroid discontinuation.

PMID- 1823077
TI  - Study of insulin-like growth factor I in human obesity.
AB  - In obesity there is a decrease in basal and stimulated GH secretion. IGF-I, which
      has negative feedback effects on GH secretion, could be the initial mediator of
      such alterations. We studied IGF-I levels in obese subjects and their
      relationship to the obesity level and GH secretion. We determined plasma IGF-I,
      basal and stimulated GH in 30 normal and 30 obese women and related these
      variables to obesity indices (body mass index, BMI, and % overweight). Baseline
      plasma GH values were 1.2 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/l in obese subjects
      and controls, respectively (NS). Mean peak GH secretion after stimuli were 11.2
      +/- 1.4 and 34.4 +/- 5.6 micrograms/l in obese subjects and controls,
      respectively (p less than 0.001). Plasma IGF-I were 1.0 +/- 0.1 U/ml and 0.7 +/-
      0.1 U/l in obese subjects and controls, respectively (NS). There was a
      significant negative correlation between plasma IGF-I and age (r = -0.55, p less
      than 0.001) and a significant negative correlation between mean peak GH secretion
      and weight (r = -0.60, p less than 0.001), BMI (r = -0.64, p less than 0.001) and
      percentage of ideal body weight (r = -0.67, p less than 0.001). We did not find
      any correlation between IGF-I and indices of overweight. These data suggest that
      the reduced GH secretion found in obesity is not related to a negative feedback
      inhibition by elevated levels of IGF-I and that adiposity is not associated with
      a decline in IGF-I levels. We confirm the existence of a negative correlation
      between GH secretion and obesity indices.

PMID- 1823078
TI  - Acute effects of clonidine and growth-hormone-releasing hormone on growth hormone
      secretion in patients with hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Patients with hyperthyroidism have reduced growth hormone (GH) responses to
      pharmacological stimuli and reduced spontaneous nocturnal GH secretion. The
      stimulatory effect of clonidine on GH secretion has been suggested to depend on
      an enhancement of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) release. The aim of
      our study was to evaluate the effects of clonidine and GHRH on GH secretion in
      patients with hyperthyroidism. Eight hyperthyroid females with recent diagnosis
      of Graves' disease (age range 20-55 years, body mass index range 19.2-26.2 kg/m2)
      and 6 healthy female volunteers (age range 22-35 years, body mass index range 19
      25 kg/m2) underwent two experimental trials at no less than 7-day intervals: (a)
      an intravenous infusion of clonidine 150 micrograms in 10 ml of saline, or (b) a
      bolus intravenous injection of human GHRH (1-29)NH2, 100 micrograms in 1 ml of
      saline. Hyperthyroid patients showed blunted GH peaks after clonidine (7.1 +/-
      1.7 micrograms/l) as compared to normal subjects receiving clonidine (28.5 +/-
      4.9 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). GH peaks after GHRH were also significantly
      lower in hyperthyroid subjects (8.0 +/- 1.7 micrograms/l) as compared to normal
      subjects receiving GHRH (27.5 +/- 4.4 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). No
      significant differences in the GH values either after clonidine or GHRH were
      observed in the two groups of subjects examined. Our data demonstrate that the GH
      responses to clonidine as well as to GHRH in patients with hyperthyroidism are
      inhibited in a similar fashion with respect to normal subjects.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823079
TI  - Maternal thyroid function in early and late pregnancy.
AB  - Thyroid function was investigated during and after pregnancy in 12 healthy
      euthyroid women. During pregnancy, serum total T4 (TT4) levels were significantly
      elevated and nearly stable, while thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels
      progressively increased till the 7th month. A slight elevation, though not
      significant, of free T4 (fT4) was recorded in early pregnancy. In the following
      months, fT4, free T3 (fT3) and the T4/TBG ratio progressively diminished,
      reaching a plateau at the 7th month. Serum TSH levels, measured by an
      ultrasensitive immunofluorometric assay, were comparable to postpartum values
      during the first trimester and showed a moderate upward trend with the
      progression of pregnancy. The evaluation of 24-hour TSH profiles was performed in
      5 women during the first trimester of pregnancy. In all women, the circadian
      rhythm of TSH was present with a normal nocturnal surge, though anticipated in 1
      case. In summary (1) during the first trimester of pregnancy, the increased
      thyroid activity does not seem to be only sustained by pituitary TSH which
      remains unmodified; the negative correlation between TSH and hCG levels might
      suggest that hCG also stimulates the gland to increase thyroid hormone output,
      and the presence of a normal TSH circadian rhythm indicates that the central
      mechanism of neuroregulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis is preserved in early
      pregnancy, and (2) in late pregnancy, a marked decrease in free thyroid hormone
      fractions is accompanied by serum TSH levels still in the normal range,
      indicating a modification of thyroid homeostasis which might recognize various
      etiological factors.

PMID- 1823080
TI  - Effect of octreotide on 24-hour growth hormone and prolactin secretory patterns
      in acromegalics.
AB  - Four adult patients with active acromegaly underwent studies of their 24-hour
      secretory pattern of hGH and Prl prior to and at the end of 3 months of treatment
      with the octreotide (somatostatin analog SMS 201-995) 100 micrograms s.c. every 8
      h. Blood was withdrawn at 30-min intervals with the aid of a constant withdrawal
      pump. The best fit cosinor method was used to define the following rhythm
      parameters: mesor, amplitude, acrophase and periodicity. Prior to treatment, hGH
      secretion was increased in all patients. The mean 24-hour ranged from 9-47 ng/ml
      with amplitude 5.2-23 and observed maximal pulse 41-95 ng/ml. Computed rhythms
      were circadian in 3 patients and ultradian in 1; in 2 patients the acrophases
      were shifted to daytime. hPrl secretion was altered in 3 of the patients. Two had
      elevated mean 24-hour of 17.7 and 22.2 ng/ml, while computed rhythms showed
      semicircadian periodicity in 1 of them and circadian periodicity with a shift of
      acrophase to daytime in the other. The third patient who had normal hPrl levels,
      showed ultradian 8-hour periodicity. At the end of treatment there was a marked
      reduction in hGH secretion in 1 patient and a lesser reduction in the other 3.
      The rhythm was influenced by the masking effect of the drug, to yield an 8-hour
      period with acrophases related to injection clock time having equal
      amplitudes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823081
TI  - Salivary testosterone concentrations in prepubertal and pubertal males:
      comparison with total and free plasma testosterone.
AB  - Salivary testosterone (T) levels in male children and adolescents were measured
      and compared with plasma T. Salivary concentrations correlated well with plasma
      total T (r = 0.72) and even better with free plasma T (r = 0.89) in subjects with
      plasma T levels of pubertal or adult levels (greater than 1.0 nmol/l). In
      subjects with prepubertal or low plasma T (less than 1.0 nmol/l), there was
      neither a correlation with plasma total, nor with free T. In hCG tests (responder
      and nonresponder), salivary T reflected plasma levels faithfully. The results
      suggest that salivary T, which is suitable for repeated sampling, is a good
      marker of T secretion in pubertal males.

PMID- 1823082
TI  - Oral contraceptives containing 20 or 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 150
      micrograms desogestrel: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters.
AB  - The serum concentrations of ethinylestradiol (EE) and 3-keto-desogestrel (KDG)
      were compared during treatment with a combination of 20 micrograms EE + 150
      micrograms DG (20EE/DG) or of 30 micrograms EE + 150 micrograms DG (30EE/DG).
      During intake of both preparations, the peak levels and the areas under the curve
      (AUC) of EE increased significantly by approximately 100% between days 1 and 10.
      In the steady state, the maximal EE levels were 75 +/- 34 pg/ml (20EE/DG) and 136
      +/- 55 pg/ml (30EE/DG), and the AUC were 464 +/- 236 pg.h/ml and 840 +/- 492
      pg.h/ml. The KDG levels, which were identical with both preparations, increased
      between days 1 and 21 by approximately 300% up to values of 4.5 +/- 1.6 ng/ml.
      There were large interindividual variations in the AUC of EE and KDG and no
      correlation between the levels of EE and KDG. On day 21 of intake of 30EE/DG, the
      serum concentrations of sex-hormone- and corticosteroid-binding globulin were
      higher by 16% and 12%, respectively than with 20EE/DG. Although the morning peak
      levels of cortisol did not differ, the decrease which occurred thereafter,
      according to the circadian rhythm, was slower with 30EE/DG. There was no
      relationship between the serum concentrations of EE and/or KDG and the occurrence
      of irregular bleedings, which was similar during treatment with both
      preparations. As most of the women who bled had bleedings both with 20EE/DG and
      30EE/DG, an influence of predisposition can be assumed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1823083
TI  - The importance of non-opioid analgesics for cancer pain relief according to the
      guidelines of the World Health Organization.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 1070 cancer patients being treated according to
      guidelines of the World Health Organization during a period of 55,285 days, the
      importance, efficacy and side-effects of non-opioid analgesics were evaluated.
      The non-opioids were given alone on 6917 days and in combination with weak
      opioids on 15,253 days, with strong opioids on 24,246 days and with spinal
      opioids on 1008 days. In evaluating efficacy and safety, it was not possible to
      differentiate adequately between the effects of non-opioids, opioids and adjuvant
      drugs, but it was demonstrated that an adequate combination of these drugs was
      effective and safe in the treatment of cancer pain.

PMID- 1823084
TI  - Clinical study on pharmacological interaction between nimesulide and warfarin.
AB  - This article describes the pharmacological interaction between nimesulide, a
      recently introduced non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and warfarin, an
      indirect anticoagulant. The aim of the study was to demonstrate if nimesulide
      could potentiate the activity of this anticoagulant drug, as previously shown by
      some authors. Ten patients, who were taking 5 mg/day of warfarin, were treated
      with nimesulide 100 mg twice a day, for seven days: the association of the two
      drugs did not alter, in a statistical way, neither prothrombin time, nor partial
      thromboplastin time, nor fibrinogenemia, nor bleeding time. The findings showed
      that, in a short-term treatment, there was no bleeding risk in combining warfarin
      with nimesulide.

PMID- 1823085
TI  - Comparison of the effects of nicardipine and metoprolol on lipid and glycidic
      metabolism in hypertensive subjects.
AB  - Various aspects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism have been studied in two
      groups of patients with mild hypertension before and after six months of
      treatment with either nicardipine (n = 10) or metoprolol (n = 10). A significant
      reduction of the arterial blood pressure was seen with both treatment regimens.
      Circulating plasma glucose, insulin, C peptide and triglyceride concentrations
      were measured at hourly intervals from 08 h 00 to 17 h 00, in patients on an
      isocaloric diet (35 kcalth/kg/die). Plasma glucose concentrations were unchanged
      and insulin and C peptide concentrations were higher in association with
      metoprolol treatment. In contrast, nicardipine-treated patients had similar
      plasma insulin, but lower plasma glucose, C peptide and triglyceride
      concentrations after treatment. The changes in day-long plasma glucose and
      insulin-stimulated glucose uptake had increased in association with metoprolol
      treatment and decreased following nicardipine. Finally plasma cholesterol
      concentrations did not change following metoprolol therapy, whereas plasma high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in association with nicardipine
      treatment. The data seem to indicate that the negative effect of nicardipine on
      secretion of insulin is balanced by an improvement in glucose uptake.

PMID- 1823086
TI  - Cardiogenic shock and L-carnitine: clinical data and therapeutic perspectives.
AB  - Research experiences on the use of L-carnitine in conditions of acute hypoxia
      underline the protective role of this molecule on the cellular enzymic complex.
      To obtain unconfutable clinical data at this regard, the survival rate in two
      groups of patients affected by cardiogeic shock was evaluated. The first group
      (80 patients) was treated with L-carnitine while the second group (36 patients)
      received sodium bicarbonate. The results showed a significant response to L
      carnitine treatment, indicating the role of this molecule on the metabolic
      acidosis due to shock. The sum of these data confirmed the role of L-carnitine in
      the reversible phase of cardiogenic shock in terms of enzymic protection in the
      course of cellular oxidative damage.

PMID- 1823087
TI  - Species incidence and antimicrobial-agent resistance patterns of
      Enterobacteriaceae in Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, from 1983 to 1987.
AB  - Between July 1983 and December 1987, 13,108 strains of enterobacteriaceae were
      isolated at Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. This study reports the prevalence
      of different species isolated, their resistance and the evolution of bacterial
      resistance during that period. There appeared to be a great stability in the
      distribution of bacterial groups. Among the commonly sensitive species, Proteus
      mirabilis showed a high proportion of strains resistant to ampicillin (79.3%),
      carbenicillin (75.9%), cefalotin (73.8%) and gentamicin (46%). The proportions of
      resistant strains in P. mirabilis were much the same for each successive year
      from 1983 to 1987, and the percentages of resistant strains in the majority of
      the bacterial species were similarly stable. Amikacin and cefotaxime remained the
      most active antibiotics against enterobacteriaceae.

PMID- 1823088
TI  - Evaluation of likelihood ratios for complex genetic models.
AB  - Although methods for computing likelihoods for simple genetic models on large and
      complex pedigrees have been known for some time, and although methods for
      evaluating likelihoods for complex genetic models on small pedigrees have
      likewise been well known, likelihood evaluation for complex models given data on
      extended pedigrees has remained an intractable problem. The Gibbs sampler
      provides a method of Monte Carlo evaluation of likelihood ratios for complex
      models on extended and/or complex pedigrees. With increasing computer speeds,
      this approach provides a tractable and efficient approach to many such likelihood
      evaluation problems in linkage and segregation analysis. In this paper, however,
      the authors restrict attention to two basic building-blocks of the overall
      process. The first is the sequential computation of Gaussian likelihoods for
      multiple random-effects models on extended pedigrees. The second is the use of
      this in the Monte Carlo evaluation of likelihoods for the classical mixed model
      of segregation analysis. The implementation of the Gibbs sampler on pedigrees
      that permits this Monte Carlo evaluation is detailed. An example is then
      presented, and finally, in the context of this same example, it is also shown how
      linkage analysis for a quantitative trait falls within this same framework.

PMID- 1823089
TI  - Monte Carlo estimation of variance component models for large complex pedigrees.
AB  - Variance component models are widely used in animal and plant breeding. In human
      genetics, they can be used to identify, among other traits associated with the
      definition of disease, those that have a significant genetic component in their
      aetiology. In addition, they can be used in genetic counselling. Most of the
      methods currently proposed for estimating variance component models often involve
      repeated inversion of large matrices, resulting in intensive computations, large
      storage requirements, and numerical instability. Consequently, these methods are
      restricted to data on nuclear families, to small pedigrees, or to designed
      pedigrees of simple form. In this paper, the authors propose a method for
      estimating variance component models for large complex pedigrees using jointly
      the EM algorithm and the Gibbs sampler. The method can handle variance component
      models with multiple variance components, without the need for repeated inversion
      of large matrices even on large complex pedigrees. The method is conceptually
      simple, numerically stable, and easy to implement.

PMID- 1823090
TI  - Fibroadenomatoid mastopathy: another distractive breast lesion?
AB  - Although most anatomical pathologists have encountered breast lesions with the
      composite histological features of fibroadenoma (FA) and fibrocystic change (FC),
      referred to as fibroadenomatosis or fibroadenomatoid mastopathy (FAM), little is
      known about its prevalence or clinico-pathological significance. In a
      retrospective histological review of 400 consecutive breast lesions, among both
      East and West Malaysians, coded either as FA or FC in the files of the Department
      of Pathology, University of Malaya, we found 45 (11.3%) cases of FAM. Typically,
      FAM lesions showed fibroadenomatoid foci in a background of fibrocystic change.
      The finding of FAM among lesions coded as FC was higher (18.5%) than among FA
      (4%). The mean age of patients with FAM (32.1 years) was similar to FC (35.1
      years) but significantly older than that of FA (26.1 years). The notion that FA
      and FC are lesions at two ends of a spectrum of growth disorder of breast related
      to oestrogen-progesterone interplay, and that FAM occupies a position
      intermediate between the two, may explain its morphological and age patterns, but
      remains speculative. It is hoped that increasing awareness of this condition will
      lead to better understanding of breast pathophysiology. Nevertheless, until its
      biological nature, histogenesis and malignant potential are more clearly
      understood, defining FAM as a distinct form of breast disease may not be
      meaningful to patient management.

PMID- 1823091
TI  - Comparative study of cytologic and colposcopic findings in preclinical cervical
      cancer.
AB  - Seventy-seven patients who had PAP smear cytology and colposcopic examination in
      a 2-year period between 1988 and 1989 were reviewed. Those with findings
      indicative or suspicious of malignancy were subjected to biopsy. All 50 patients
      thus biopsied were confirmed to have preclinical cancer on histological
      examination. Compared against histology, PAP smear cytology gave an accuracy rate
      of 90% (5 false negatives) and colposcopy gave an accuracy rate of 94% (3 false
      negatives). These results demonstrate that the two techniques are useful as
      screening tests for preclinical cervical cancer. The results are improved if they
      are used complementarily. However, there was poor specificity in the
      categorisation of cervical cancer by both methods. This was probably due to the
      subjectiveness of the two procedures. The study also raised the possibility of a
      higher incidence of preclinical cervical cancer in the Chinese ethnic group.

PMID- 1823092
TI  - An in-house assay for serum deoxythymidine kinase.
AB  - An in-house method which utilizes 14C-thymidine as a substrate was used to assay
      deoxythymidine kinase in serum. The method is sensitive enough to detect normal
      levels of serum deoxythymidine kinase and the assay procedure also enables rapid
      handling of multiple samples. With a total reaction volume of 60 ul, the enzyme
      reaction was found to be linear with concentrations for up to 650 U/L of TK
      activity. On studying serum deoxythymidine kinase (s-TK) activity with incubation
      time, there was a proportional increase in activity with the length of incubation
      time. "Within-batch" precision showed a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.7% for
      serum with extremely high s-TK levels and a CV of 8.8% for serum with normal s-TK
      levels. S-TK showed a CV of less than 16.0% in its activity when stored at -8
      degrees C and at -20 degrees C. The normal reference range obtained for s-TK
      activity was 8.6 +/- 7.5 U/L.

PMID- 1823093
TI  - Immunophenotyping of peroxidase-negative acute leukaemias using immunoalkaline
      phosphatase (APAAP) method.
AB  - Immunophenotyping of acute leukaemias has become an important diagnostic tool in
      haematology laboratories as it is now well recognised that the presence of
      certain surface markers has prognostic significance. In 1988, we experimented
      with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method for
      immunophenotyping of leukaemic cells in our laboratory. 48 cases of peroxidase
      negative acute leukaemias were studied. Our study showed that 2 peroxidase
      negative cases carried myeloid surface markers, 44% were negative for the markers
      studied and 5% were unclassified due to technical problems. We concluded that the
      APAAP method is a useful technique for demonstrating cell markers in leukaemic
      cells as the reaction is reddish and usually intense. We failed to demonstrate
      surface markers in 44% of the cases probably because of the choice of a limited
      panel of monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 1823095
TI  - A practical approach to the liver biopsy.
AB  - A stepwise practical approach to the histological interpretation of liver biopsy
      specimens is presented. To avoid bias, liver biopsies are analysed blind
      initially to arrive at a morphologic diagnosis. The possible differential
      diagnoses are then considered in order of likelihood. The final diagnosis is made
      only after clinicopathologic correlation; the importance and necessity of
      discussion with the referring clinician cannot be overemphasized. Common
      morphologic categories are given as guide-lines. Helpful histopathologic features
      for the various differential diagnoses including diagnostic problems and pitfalls
      are highlighted.

PMID- 1823096
TI  - Medico-legal aspects of embolism with a case illustration.
AB  - An adult male sustained a number of stab injuries and other injuries including a
      fatal stab injury to the neck. There was evidence of air embolism which was
      considered to be a major factor causing death. The discussion is in four parts.
      Part I is confined to the post mortem examination. Part II relates to the medico
      legal aspects of the case. Part III is a general discussion on embolism and its
      medico-legal significance whilst Part IV is on the medico-legal aspects of air
      embolism.

PMID- 1823094
TI  - Autologous blood transfusion.
AB  - Autologous blood transfusion--transfusion to the patient of his or her own blood-
      is of increasing importance in transfusion practice. There are three main
      techniques: pre-deposit, in which patients donate blood over a period of time in
      preparation for elective surgery; preoperative isovolaemic haemodilution, in
      which blood is removed in theatre immediately preoperatively and volume
      replacement is given, the blood being reinfused postoperatively; and salvage
      transfusion - the harvesting of blood shed at surgery or in similar
      circumstances, which is reinfused immediately or after concentration and
      purification. All these techniques can play a part in rendering transfusion safer
      and in economising on scarce supplies of donor blood.

PMID- 1823097
TI  - [80 years of healing, 40 years of teaching: the Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery
      of the Semmelweis Medical University].

PMID- 1823098
TI  - [Development of Hungarian heart surgery, its results and current state in the
      light of the 40-year activity of the "Varosmajor Clinic". Review of 40 years of
      surgery in Hungary, analysis of mortality data].
AB  - Forty years have passed since the first heart surgical department was founded in
      Hungary. In the University Hospital (present name: Cardiovascular Surgical Clinic
      of Semmelweis Medical University of Budapest) the Hungarian "pioneers" had
      produced internationally respected results in the mid-fiftieth with the operation
      of closed mitral commissurotomy. However the technique of cardiopulmonary bypass
      was first introduced into the clinical practice quite early, it has not become a
      routine everyday procedure until the late seventies. Over the last 15 years
      period the number of open heart surgical cases has increased permanently, and the
      operative mortality decreased at the same time. The analysis of 4743 cases
      performed between 1976 and 1990 showed improving results both in the field of
      valve replacement and coronary artery surgery and the recent operative mortality
      figures (3-5% in different groups) are comparable to other European centers.

PMID- 1823099
TI  - [Value of computer tomography in staging urological tumors before radical
      surgery].
AB  - The authors investigated by conventional CT 66 urological tumorous patients
      before radical operations, and compared with the findings of the histological
      investigations of the lymph nodes removed by the lymphadenectomy. The coincidence
      between the two investigations were 80%.

PMID- 1823100
TI  - [Intracranial pressure increase and changes in cerebrovascular circulation,
      associated with brain death, studied by transcranial Doppler sonography].
AB  - Blood flow velocity of 24 patients in state of the brain death were examined by
      transcranial Doppler sonography. Authors expound the characteristic velocity
      pulse graphs recorded in progressively increasing intracranial pressure and their
      chronology as well. The different forms of the oscillating flow and their
      successive development are described. The oscillating flow, the systolic spikes
      and the so called "zero Flow" are the transcranial Doppler signs of the ceased
      cerebral blood flow, and these signs can be used as one of the evidence of the
      brain death.

PMID- 1823102
TI  - [Development of vascular surgery at the Vascular and Heart Surgery Clinic].

PMID- 1823101
TI  - [Mean value of bone mineral content in Hungary measured by dual-photon
      absorptiometry].
AB  - Bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was
      measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal volunteers (89 women, 77
      men) in different age groups. Peak values in both sexes occurred in the 3rd
      decade and are about 25% higher in men than those in women. In women the bone
      loss begins around 40 years at lumbar spine and also at the femoral neck. The
      rate of bone loss in the 6th decade--according to the menopause--significantly
      accelerates. The diminution in the 8th decade is higher again. In men the
      decrease of the lumbar spine density is also significant in connection with the
      ageing process, but the rate of the bone loss is slower, than in women. The
      femoral neck density and mineral content values begin to decrease at the 4th
      decade. The decrease of bone mineral content and density of femoral neck are
      equivalent in both sexes but some difference exists in the velocity. The data
      were compared with West-european values. The values of the femoral neck are
      lower, while those of the lumbar spine in the 5th decade in the female are higher
      in the Hungarian population. The reason of this difference may be the consequence
      of the obesity of the Hungarian female population.

PMID- 1823103
TI  - [The diseases and death of Mozart].

PMID- 1823104
TI  - [A forgotten Hungarian surgeon in the United States].

PMID- 1823105
TI  - The early history of the Skin & Cancer Foundation of N.S.W.

PMID- 1823106
TI  - AIDS: medico-legal aspects.

PMID- 1823107
TI  - Cutaneous mercury granuloma.
AB  - Mercury poisoning arising from cutaneous mercury deposition is highly unusual.
      The diagnosis is difficult to make when no history of a penetrating injury is
      given. We report such a case and discuss investigation and management. Other
      cutaneous manifestations of mercury exposure are outlined.

PMID- 1823108
TI  - Linear IgA dermatosis with severe arthralgia.
AB  - Linear IgA dermatosis with severe arthralgia is a rare clinical syndrome.
      Streptococcal infection may be important in its pathogenesis. The rash and
      arthralgia respond to dapsone although additional treatment with non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs and/or corticosteroids may be necessary. A case is
      presented which illustrates these features.

PMID- 1823109
TI  - Evaluation of curettage and electrodesiccation in treatment of keratoacanthoma.
AB  - The reports from all keratoacanthoma curettings which were submitted to a
      Brisbane pathology practice over a two year period were reviewed. Those followed
      up for less than 12 months were not included in the analysis, unless recurrence
      occurred. Of 150 submitted, 111 keratoacanthomas in 106 patients could be
      studied. The sex distribution was almost equal, and the mean age of patients was
      65 years for females and 64 years for males. Four keratoacanthomas recurred over
      periods ranging from 3 to 26 months. Curettage and electrodesiccation is shown to
      be an efficient and effective form of therapy.

PMID- 1823110
TI  - Outpatient treatment of chronic venous ulcers in a specialized clinic.
AB  - Chronic leg ulcers have many different causes and therefore need an accurate
      diagnosis in order to give the most effective treatment. A specialized clinic was
      set up in Fremantle Hospital in July 1988 with the aims of performing a thorough
      clinical and laboratory assessment to establish the cause of ulceration in every
      patient, and treating patients according to the cause of ulceration. Patients
      with arterial, neoplastic or dermatological conditions were treated as
      appropriate for their diagnosis and patients with other chronic ulcers were
      managed as outpatients where possible. Patients were seen between July 1988 and
      July 1989. Only 43% had purely venous ulcers, 32.6% had a venous component plus
      some other abnormality, and 5.2% were purely arterial. Using an outpatient
      treatment regimen, 67% of all ulcerated limbs and 73.7% of limbs with purely
      venous ulcers were healed within 6 months. Only 11 patients with venous
      ulceration (15 limbs) failed on this therapy and required admission during the
      observation period. The initial ulcer size was shown to influence the time to
      total healing of the limb. The healing rates achieved compare favourably with
      studies from other specialized centres and suggest that the majority of patients
      with chronic leg ulcers can be treated successfully using ambulatory outpatient
      dressing techniques.

PMID- 1823111
TI  - Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in a patient with widespread prurigo nodularis.
AB  - Skin lesions associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency are becoming better
      defined and understood. Deficiency in this major antiproteinase, which
      neutralizes multiple proteolytic enzymes ranging from collagenases and elastases
      to trypsin and chymotrypsin, thus results in significant tissue autodigestion.
      This anti-proteinase is secreted by activated lymphocytes and macrophages,
      suggesting the existence of homeostasis which titrates the release of proteolytic
      enzymes by these cells, and the adequate neutralization of these proteases in
      order to prevent excessive tissue autodigestion each time these inflammatory
      cells are activated. We report a patient with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency who,
      following insect bites and cellulitis developed widespread itching and
      scratching, leading to widespread lesions of prurigo nodularis. The colonization
      of his multiple skin lesions with Staphylococcus aureus and the release of potent
      T cell mitogens, such as Protein A and enterotoxin A from the bacterial cell
      membrane may have resulted in the release of additional proteolytic enzymes by
      the activated lymphocytes and macrophages, without the concomitant secretion of
      alpha 1-antitrypsin with subsequent aggravation of his pruritus. These concepts
      are supported by electron microscopic evidence of excessive tissue autodigestion,
      and by immunocytochemical data identifying the presence of T helper and T
      cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes as well as macrophages within the upper dermis.

PMID- 1823112
TI  - Mohs Micrographic Surgery for skin cancer.
AB  - Mohs Micrographic Surgery is a technique offering superior treatment for skin
      cancer with cure rates of 99% for primary and 94.4% for recurrent BCC, greater
      than 94% for SCC. As developed by Dr Frederic Mohs, the technique originally
      involved application of a chemical fixative. Mohs' fresh tissue technique is now
      usual, with immediate horizontal frozen sectioning of the entire margins of
      excised tissue, mapping and microscopic identification of remaining tumour, then
      repeat excisions, mapping and examination until a tumour-free plane is
      demonstrated throughout. This provides maximal conservation of uninvolved tissue
      structures, and allows more confident repair of a cancer-free surgical defect.
      Mohs Micrographic Surgery is becoming more widely available in Australasia;
      concurrently, indications for the technique are widening, as are the research
      interests, training opportunities, and professional organization of Mohs
      Practitioners. Very high, and increasing, incidence and prevalence of skin cancer
      in Australasia, and factors tending to contribute to this, suggest that Mohs
      Micrographic Surgery has an expanding role to play in Australasia.

PMID- 1823113
TI  - Carbon Dioxide laser in the treatment of cutaneous disorders.
AB  - Experienced gained with the Carbon Dioxide Laser over a two year period is
      documented. This laser modality has been used successfully for many indications.
      We believe it is the treatment of choice for conditions such as resistant
      verrucae, extensive actinic cheilitis or labial leukoplakia, and for the cosmetic
      removal of widespread facial tumours, some keloid scars and rhinophyma.

PMID- 1823114
TI  - Contact dermatitis associated with the use of tea-tree oil.

PMID- 1823115
TI  - A florid papulo-nodular eruption in a sexagenarian.

PMID- 1823116
TI  - How dangerous is dioxin?

PMID- 1823117
TI  - Deep venous thrombosis and anaesthesia.

PMID- 1823118
TI  - Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rapidly evolving clinical picture of primary infection with the
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suggests that a better understanding
      of the kinetics of viral replication in vivo during the short period before
      seroconversion may provide insight into the pathogenesis of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Titers of infectious HIV-1
      were determined by end-point-dilution culture in sequential samples of plasma and
      peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from four patients with primary infection,
      with peak titers of 1000 to 10,000 tissue-culture-infective doses per milliliter
      of plasma and 100 to 10,000 infective doses per 10(6) peripheral-blood
      mononuclear cells. The high viral burden in mononuclear cells was confirmed by
      quantitative studies using a polymerase-chain-reaction method. In as little as 10
      days, the high HIV-1 load in both plasma and cells decreased spontaneously and
      precipitously, at least 100-fold, in all four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although p24
      core antigenemia and viral isolation have previously been described during
      primary HIV-1 infection, this report documents the large viral burden during the
      acute phase of infection. The rapid and spontaneous decline in the viral load
      suggests an effective immune response in the host that, if understood, may be
      used to combat AIDS.

PMID- 1823119
TI  - Vitamin quotient.

PMID- 1823120
TI  - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies on the origin.
AB  - The results of further epidemiological studies of bovine spongiform
      encephalopathy (BSE) support the previous findings that the onset of exposure of
      the cattle population to a scrapie-like agent, sufficient to result in clinical
      disease, occurred in 1981/82. The onset of this exposure was related to the
      cessation, in all but two rendering plants, of the hydrocarbon solvent extraction
      of fat from meat and bone meal. A further possible explanation, related to the
      geographical variation in the reprocessing of greaves to produce meat and bone
      meal, was identified for the geographical variation in the incidence of BSE.

PMID- 1823121
TI  - Preventing alcohol problems: the challenge for medical education.

PMID- 1823122
TI  - Chemistry in the kitchen.

PMID- 1823124
TI  - Computers in practice.

PMID- 1823123
TI  - Community-based care in western Massachusetts.

PMID- 1823125
TI  - Postoperative urinary retention.

PMID- 1823126
TI  - Ban on sow stalls and tethers.

PMID- 1823127
TI  - Which parathyrin assay is really best for clinical use?

PMID- 1823128
TI  - The bmi-1 and mel-18 gene products define a new family of DNA-binding proteins
      involved in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

PMID- 1823129
TI  - New reproductive techniques.

PMID- 1823130
TI  - Missing: a strategy for health of the nation.

PMID- 1823131
TI  - Case of HIV-1 transmission by antigen-positive, antibody-negative blood.

PMID- 1823132
TI  - Wing tip oedema in raptors.

PMID- 1823133
TI  - Dietary aspects of a health strategy for England.

PMID- 1823134
TI  - The health of the nation.

PMID- 1823135
TI  - Pitfalls in diagnosing acute otitis media.
AB  - The diagnosis of AOM in the infant and child requires an accurate history with
      special reference to fever, pain, and respiratory symptoms and a careful
      examination with particular attention to the appearance and movement of the TM.
      The practitioner must be wary of relying too heavily on any single physical
      finding, but instead consider all the variables that influence and alter the
      history and physical examination as summarized in Table 4. These variables
      include the reliability of the history, the history of previous infections, the
      age of the child, the appearance of the EAC, and the appearance and mobility of
      the TM. The importance of a correct diagnosis is crucial because of the immediate
      treatment and follow-up dictated by the diagnosis and because of the potential
      long-term effects on the child's health and development, which are described in
      the remaining articles in this issue of Pediatric Annals.

PMID- 1823136
TI  - Dimensional changes of processed denture bases after relining with three resins.
AB  - This study compared the dimensional change of simulated processed denture bases
      after relining with three resins. Thirty simulated denture bases 1.5 to 2 mm
      thick were processed from Lucitone 199 resin following the manufacturer's
      instructions using the long-cure method. Ten bases were relined with Lucitone 199
      (long-cure), 10 were relined with Triad resin, and 10 were relined with Accelar
      20 resin. The relined bases were processed on a metal die using a reline jig, and
      three measurements (from distobuccal flange to distobuccal flange) were made with
      a traveling microscope immediately before and after relining. Each relined
      simulated denture base showed a significant dimensional shrinkage after
      processing. The mean dimensional change values of the Triad resin relined bases
      were significantly greater than those of the other two resin relined bases. All
      of the dimensional change values, however, would probably be insignificant in a
      clinical situation.

PMID- 1823137
TI  - Polymerization shrinkage, impact strength and roughness of montmorillonite
      modified denture base resins.
AB  - Montmorillonite (MMT) was added to two commercial denture base resins, Lucitone
      (LU) and Accelar (AC) in amounts varying from 0-8 weight percent (wt%). The
      linear polymerization shrinkage, impact strength and average roughness or
      polishability were measured after specimens were processed using standard
      methods. The linear polymerization shrinkage was 1.37 and 1.02% for the
      unmodified denture base resins and the impact strength was 37.36 and 20.02 J/m;
      while the average roughness after polishing was 0.026 and 0.047 microns for LU
      and AC, respectively. The addition of MMT significantly (P less than 0.05)
      reduced the linear polymerization shrinkage and impact strength, while increasing
      the roughness of LU and AC.

PMID- 1823138
TI  - Growth-regulated proteins and neuronal plasticity. A commentary.
AB  - Growth-regulated proteins (GRPs) of the neuron are synthesized during outgrowth
      and regeneration at an increased rate and enriched in nerve growth cones.
      Therefore, they can be used to some degree as markers of neurite growth. However,
      these proteins are not unique to the growing neuron, and their properties are not
      known sufficiently to assign them a functional and/or causal role in the
      mechanisms of outgrowth. During synaptogenesis, GRPs decrease in abundance, and
      growth cone functions of motility and organelle assembly are being replaced by
      junctional contact and transmitter release. However, there is a stage during
      which growth cone and synaptic properties overlap to some degree. We propose that
      it is this overlap and its continuation that allow for synaptic plasticity in
      developing and adult nervous systems. We also propose a hypothesis involving (a)
      trophic factor(s) that might explain the regulation of synaptic sizes and
      collateral sprouting. Some GRPs, especially GAP43/B50/pp46/F1, are more prominent
      in adult brain regions of high plasticity, and they undergo change, such as
      phosphorylation, during long-term potentiation (LTP). Without precise functional
      knowledge of GRPs, it is impossible to use changes in such proteins to explain
      the plasticity mechanism. However, changes in these "growth markers" are likely
      to be an indication of sprouting activity, which would explain well the various
      phenomena associated with plasticity and learning in the adult. Thus, plasticity
      and memory may be viewed as a continuation of the developmental process into
      adulthood.

PMID- 1823139
TI  - Perforated synapses and plasticity. A developmental overview.
AB  - Against a background of existing models relating perforated synapses to synaptic
      plasticity, the numerical density and frequency of perforated synapses in rat
      neocortex have been assessed from 1 d to 22 mo of age using the disector
      procedure, and changes in their morphology were assessed using 3-D computer
      reconstructions. The data point toward perforated and nonperforated synapses
      being separate synaptic populations from early in development, and with
      perforated synapses playing a part in the maintenance of neuronal postsynaptic
      density surface area from mid-adulthood onwards. This suggests that they play a
      crucial role in synaptic plasticity, although its nature may be different from
      that postulated by most recent workers.

PMID- 1823141
TI  - Brain metabolic activity associated with long-term memory consolidation.
AB  - The use of day-old chickens trained on a single-trial passive avoidance task
      provides a useful paradigm for investigations into cellular mechanisms underlying
      memory formation. Pharmacological intervention studies indicate that there are
      three temporally identifiable stages of memory processing leading to the
      consolidation of information for this task. These stages, designated as short
      term (STM; up to 15 min), intermediate-term (ITM; 15-55 min), and long-term (LTM;
      more than 55 min) memory, have been found to be sequentially dependent (Ng and
      Gibbs, 1989). In addition, ITM appears to consist of two physiologically
      distinguishable phases, A and B. Evidence in this laboratory suggests that the
      crossover between these ITM phases (at 30 min after training) represents a
      critical time-point for the triggering of LTM.

PMID- 1823140
TI  - GTP-binding proteins and potassium channels involved in synaptic plasticity and
      learning.
AB  - Inhibition of potassium channels is possibly the first step in the sequence of
      biochemical events leading to memory formation. These channels appear to be
      regulated directly or indirectly by GTP-binding proteins (G proteins), which may
      themselves be affected by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in response to
      elevated calcium levels or other phenomena resulting from the blockage of the
      potassium channels. A wide variety of cellular phenomena, from transcriptional
      changes to axonal transport, are thus capable of being initiated by these events.

PMID- 1823143
TI  - Structural plasticity of synapses in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Plasticity of the synaptic contact zone was previously observed following loss of
      synapses in the cerebral cortex of normal aging humans. The present study was
      undertaken to determine if there was quantitative evidence of synapse loss and
      synapse plasticity in the inferior temporal, superior parietal, parieto
      occipital, and superior frontal cortical regions in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and
      how such changes related to the neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. The
      results showed that age at autopsy did not correlate with the numbers of
      synapses, plaques, or tangles. However, the numbers of synapses strongly
      reflected the pathology of AD; in all four brain regions, there were fewer
      synapses as the numbers of plaques and tangles increased. In the inferior
      temporal and superior parietal cortices, the loss of synapses was accompanied by
      an increase in the synaptic contact length. The results suggest that, in some
      cerebral cortical brain regions, synapses are capable of plasticity changes, even
      when the pathology of AD and loss of synapses are severe.

PMID- 1823142
TI  - The molecular pathology of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 1823145
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity. Satellite meeting of the 13th
      Biennial Meeting of the International Society of Neurochemistry. Port Douglas,
      North Queensland, Australia, July 21-25, 1991.

PMID- 1823146
TI  - Activation of hyaluronidase by 8-methoxypsoralen-polyamine photoproducts.
AB  - Ultraviolet radiation of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in the presence of various
      polyamines resulted in stable photoproducts that were very soluble in water and
      showed hyaluronidase-activating properties. Among them, the photoproducts
      obtained from the reaction systems of 8-MOP-spermine and 8-MOP-spermidine
      markedly activated hyaluronidase. The enzyme activity was not affected by 8-MOP
      alone and the photoproduct of 8-MOP (8-MOP-P). From these facts, it was suggested
      that the photoproducts with hyaluronidase-activating properties might play an
      important role in the onset of 8-MOP-induced photosensitivity.

PMID- 1823147
TI  - Protective effect of oral selenium plus copper associated with vitamin complex on
      sunburn cell formation in human skin.
AB  - An organic form of selenium (plus copper) and a vitamin complex (with tocopherol
      and retinol) were examined for their ability to prevent sunburn cell formation in
      human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation from a xenon solar simulator. After
      three weeks of supplementation with selenium, especially in association with
      vitamins, there was a relative protection (versus placebo) against ultraviolet
      induced cell damage in the suberythemal range but not in the supraerythemal area.
      Antioxidant properties of the compounds can explain such cellular photoprotective
      effect. Supplementation was ineffective in preventing light-induced erythema.

PMID- 1823144
TI  - Evidence for plasticity of the dopaminergic system in parkinsonism.
AB  - A series of compensatory mechanisms within the dopaminergic system have been
      shown to maintain clinical function in the presence of dopamine loss.
      Experimental evidence for increased presynaptic dopamine turnover owing to
      increased dopamine synthesis, release, and reduced reuptake exists. Direct
      evidence that these mechanisms maintain extracellular dopamine levels is provided
      by intracerebral microdialysis techniques. Postsynaptic denervation
      supersensitivity clearly occurs with D2 dopamine receptors, although this is less
      evident with D1 receptors. Similarly, mechanisms of plasticity have been shown to
      be relevant in human postmortem and Positron Emission Tomographic studies of
      patients with Parkinson's disease. However, although presynaptic increases in
      dopamine turnover are well documented, postsynaptic D1 and D2 receptor changes
      have been more difficult to establish, mainly because of methodological
      difficulties. D2, but not D1, receptor increases have been documented in drug
      naive Parkinsonian patients with PET techniques. In transplantation of adrenal
      gland to striatum in animal models and patients with Parkinsonism where clinical
      improvement occurs, plasticity of host response may be as important as plasticity
      of the graft. Although some elements of the compensatory mechanism of dopamine
      plasticity may be deleterious, such as dyskinesias owing to dopamine receptor
      supersensitivity, the overall effect of delay and minimization of the clinical
      expression of disease is advantageous. An even greater understanding of the
      mechanisms involved may assist in developing future therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 1823148
TI  - Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in carrier liposomes on ultraviolet
      mediated human epidermal cell damage in vitro.
AB  - We have examined the postulated protective effect of antioxidants against
      ultraviolet (UV)-induced epidermal damage in an in vitro model system using
      either a well-differentiated human squamous cell carcinoma line SCC12F2 or human
      newborn keratinocytes. Cell were maintained in a serum-free defined medium only
      or with carrier liposomes (LPs) alone or LPs containing 1 microgram/ml alpha
      tocopherol (AT/LP) or 1 microgram/ml alpha-tocopherol in oil (AT) alone. Cultures
      were irradiated once using a dose of solar-simulated light (25 mJ/m2, metered at
      285 nm) determined in preliminary studies to decrease cell yields after 72 h by
      approximately 50% compared with sham-irradiated controls under basal conditions.
      Compared with their LP control, UV-irradiated AT/LP-treated SCC cells were
      significantly protected by an average of 25% against UV-mediated cell death or
      growth arrest as determined by the ratio of 72-h cell yields for UV-irradiated
      versus sham-irradiated cells. Ratios for cells treated with AT, LPs alone, or
      AT/LP did not differ significantly from those for untreated cells. Newborn
      keratinocytes had higher overall ratios of cell yields for UV-irradiated vs sham
      irradiated cells, but results were otherwise similar, with AT/LP again providing
      significant protection, averaging 29%, compared with LP controls. UV irradiation
      of cells in basal medium induced the gene for heat shock protein (HSP 70),
      presumed to be involved in cellular response to stress; and keratinocytes treated
      with alpha-tocopherol in carrier liposomes showed a further increase in
      expression of HSP 70.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823149
TI  - Differences of contact photosensitivity responses to tetrachlorosalicylanilide
      among BALB/c, mast cell-deficient W/Wv and their normal littermate +/+ mice.
AB  - Time course of ear swellings induced in BALB/c mice with contact photosensitivity
      (CPS) of tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) exhibited a typical delayed-type
      hypersensitivity response. Repeated challenges by the painting of TCSA and UVA
      irradiation on ears once a week brought about the enhancement of the early CPS
      response immediately after elicitation. CPS response was not induced in the mast
      cell-deficient mouse (W/Wv) by the standard protocol and painting in its normal
      littermates (+/+). However, the second challenge performed 1 week after the first
      challenge brought about the delayed type-like CPS response of ear swelling in
      both mouse strains. The early responses were enhanced stepwise by the third and
      fourth challenge in the normal +/+ mouse but not in the mast cell-deficient W/Wv
      mouse. Histological examination revealed that mast cells were not found in the
      any sections of ears of W/Wv mouse, whereas many mast cells were found at early
      stage after elicitation in the BALB/c and +/+ mice challenged 4 times. These
      results suggest that early responses induced by the repeated challenge in BALB/c
      and +/+ but not in W/Wv mice may be an immediate-type hypersensitivity.

PMID- 1823151
TI  - Supernatants from ultraviolet-irradiated keratinocytes decrease the resistance
      and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus
      Calmette-Guerin in mice and impair the phagocytic ability of macrophages.
AB  - We recently demonstrated that exposure of mice to a single high dose or multiple
      smaller doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation decreased the induction of the
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
      from Mycobacterium bovis injected into unexposed sites. In view of the limited
      ability of UV radiation to penetrate beyond the epidermis and upper layers of the
      dermis, it is not entirely clear how exposing the dorsal skin of mice to UV
      radiation causes systemic impairment of the immune response to BCG. In this study
      we report that mice injected with supernatants from keratinocyte cultures exposed
      to UV radiation in vitro impaired host resistance to BCG. Both induction and
      elicitation of the DTH reaction were suppressed after the intravenous injection
      of supernatants from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. Furthermore, these supernatants
      interfered with the elimination of viable bacteria from the lymphoid organs. To
      determine whether macrophages were the target of the UV-induced, keratinocyte
      derived, suppressive cytokine, macrophages were isolated from mice injected with
      the suppressive cytokine or treated in vitro with the supernatants and tested for
      their ability to ingest and kill BCG in vitro. Injection of the suppressive
      factor significantly reduced the phagocytosis of BCG by the macrophages but did
      not alter the rate of intracellular killing. Similarly, phagocytosis was reduced
      when normal macrophages were treated in vitro with the suppressive factor. These
      findings suggest that the suppressive cytokine interferes with the elimination of
      bacteria in vivo by inhibiting the initial step in bacterial clearance, the
      uptake of the bacteria by host macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823150
TI  - The identification of photoallergic potential in the local lymph node assay.
AB  - Guinea pig test methods are the most commonly used and reliable of predictive
      models for contact photoallergenicity of chemicals. The murine local lymph node
      assay (LLNA) has been developed recently as an alternative method for the
      identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals. Sensitization potential is measured
      from an assessment of the proliferation of lymphocytes in lymph nodes draining
      the site of exposure to the test chemical. This work investigates the activity of
      6 widely reported photoactive chemicals in a modified LLNA (a photo-LLNA). The
      photoallergens tetrachlorosalicylanilide and fentichlor elicited positive
      ultraviolet radiation (UV)-dependent proliferative responses that were greater
      than their positive UV-independent responses, suggesting that they are both
      contact and photoallergic in the mouse. The lack of a proliferative response to 6
      methylcoumarin and the absence of a reproducible response to musk ambrette
      suggest that the assay is insufficiently sensitive to identify weak photoallergic
      potential. Positive UV-dependent responses to acridine and anthracene, both
      photoirritants, cast doubt on the specificity of the photo-LLNA. Positive LLNA
      responses to these chemicals may be due to skin protein modification, based on
      evidence from the in vitro photo-chemical protein-binding assay. These results
      demonstrate that the photo-LLNA is able to detect at least moderate photoallergic
      potential.

PMID- 1823152
TI  - Photoallergic reaction induced by flutamide.

PMID- 1823153
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis--a disease of dysregulated glycosylation?

PMID- 1823154
TI  - Complex carbohydrate structural database (CCSD)

PMID- 1823155
TI  - Glycosylation of recombinant protein therapeutics: control and functional
      implications.
AB  - The discovery, development, production and clinical application of recombinant
      glycoproteins for therapeutic administration in humans has been, and continues to
      be, an area of intensive scientific and medical effort. This effort has
      engendered considerable interest in the biological and therapeutic implications
      of post-translational modifications, particularly the most elaborated and
      sophisticated of these, protein glycosylation. As a result, numerous studies have
      appeared in the literature, especially within the past few years, which have
      greatly expanded our understanding of the biology of protein glycosylation. This
      review seeks to summarize these studies, illustrating that protein glycosylation,
      by modulating numerous biological attributes, is of central import in defining
      the utility of recombinant therapeutics.

PMID- 1823156
TI  - Cell surface mucin-type glycoproteins and mucin-like domains.
AB  - Cell surface mucins and mucin-like domains comprise a diverse and heterogeneous
      group of cell surface glycoproteins. The heterogeneity results from both genetic
      variations in the polypeptides and carbohydrate differences. Mucins form extended
      rods from the cell surface. The mucin domains apparently serve a protective
      function, protecting the glycoproteins from cell surface proteolysis and
      protecting the cells from attack by other cells. Biosynthesis of mucin
      oligosaccharides is initiated near the transit of the proteins from the
      endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and proceeds rapidly during passage to the
      cell surface. In some carcinomas a second O-glycosylation pathway adds new
      oligosaccharides to the glycoproteins after they have reached the cell surface,
      presumably during recycling.

PMID- 1823157
TI  - Analysis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides using high-pH anion exchange
      chromatography.
AB  - The natural heterogeneity of glycoprotein glycans requires that chromatography be
      an essential part of structural elucidation. The isomeric nature of
      oligosaccharide structure requires chromatography which is selective for not only
      composition, size and anomerity, but also ring substitutions and branching
      configurations. HPAEC is sensitive to these structural features and thus, has
      become an important new method for understanding the elusive function of
      glycoprotein glycans.

PMID- 1823158
TI  - Sialyl cholesterol is translocated into cell nuclei and it promotes neurite
      outgrowth in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line.
AB  - To determine the mechanisms of the neuritogenesis induced by synthetic sialyl
      cholesterol (SC) in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro2a, the biochemical
      fate of SC and ganglioside GM1 (IV3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer) was investigated. The
      kinetics of incorporation of SC and GM1 into cells for the two compounds were
      similar. SC was not degraded nor modified for at least 24 h after the
      incorporation, indicating that SC itself and not its metabolites were responsible
      for the neuritogenic activity. Cell fractionation experiments showed that
      approximately 40% of the incorporated SC was localized in the nucleus, 25% in the
      plasma membrane fractions, and 11-14% in the granule fraction. This distribution
      was different from that of GM1. The nuclear SC was found to affect de novo RNA
      synthesis, indicating its biological effect may be mediated at the level of
      transcription. SC also increased the rates of both Ca2+ influx and efflux,
      although the intracellular level of total Ca2+ remained unchanged. Levels of
      inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) also remained unchanged and the SC dependent
      neuritogenesis was not inhibited by an excess amount of W-7, an inhibitor of
      Ca2+/CaM kinases. These results again accord with the suggestion that SC and GM1
      do not utilize Ca2+, IP3 or Ca2+/CaM as a second messenger for neuritogenesis.
      Rather it appears very likely that the nuclear localized SC may play a key role
      in neuritogenesis.

PMID- 1823159
TI  - Characterization of nematode glycoproteins: the major O-glycans of Toxocara
      excretory-secretory antigens are O-methylated trisaccharides.
AB  - Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens (TES) were isolated from the culture media
      of T.canis and T.cati larvae and their O-glycan content was investigated using
      fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), gas chromatography and electron
      impact mass spectrometry. The major oligosaccharides released by reductive
      elimination of T.canis TES glycoproteins were shown to be two, approximately equi
      abundant, trisaccharides: 2-O-Me-Fucp(alpha 1----2)-4-O-Me-Galp(beta 1---
      3)GalNAcitol and 2-O-Me-Fucp(alpha 1----2)-Galp(beta 1----3)GalNAcitol. In
      contrast T.cati TES O-glycans are predominantly one component, shown by FAB-MS to
      be a di-O-methylated trisaccharide, which is probably identical to the di-O
      methylated trisaccharide from T.canis. The O-methylated trisaccharides are strong
      candidates for the carbohydrate epitopes recognized by a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies which exhibit multiple reactivity against TES antigens. This study
      constitutes the first rigorous characterization of glycans from a parasitic
      nematode.

PMID- 1823160
TI  - A novel sialylated N-acetylgalactosamine-containing oligosaccharide is the major
      complex-type structure present in Bowes melanoma tissue plasminogen activator.
AB  - We have employed fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) to screen the N
      linked oligosaccharides of Bowes melanoma tissue plasminogen activator (mt-PA),
      and recombinant t-PAs produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells (rt-PA) and by a
      gene-enriched melanoma cell line (rmt-PA). These studies have confirmed the
      published structures for rt-PA, but are not in agreement with some of the
      structures reported for mt-PA. In the latter glycoprotein we have identified a
      novel structure as the major oligosaccharide attached to Asn-184 and Asn-448.
      This is a biantennary oligosaccharide consisting of a fucosylated trimannosyl
      core to which are attached two GalNAc(1----4)GlcNAc antennae, one of which
      carries a sialic acid linked at the 6-position of the GalNAc. Minor constituents
      are sialylated on both or neither antennae. The sialylated GalNAc moiety is
      unique in N-linked glycoproteins. The majority of complex structures in rmt-PA
      contain N-acetyllactosamine moieties at both the Asn-184 and Asn-448 sites with
      the novel oligosaccharide occurring as a minor component at the Asn-184 site.
      This study demonstrates the power of mass spectrometric strategies based on high
      field two-sector FAB-MS for structure elucidations of natural and recombinant
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 1823161
TI  - CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase of Escherichia coli: high level
      expression, purification and use in the enzymatic synthesis of CMP-N
      acetylneuraminic acid and CMP-neuraminic acid derivatives.
AB  - The gene encoding CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) synthetase (EC
      2.7.7.43) in Escherichia coli serotype O7 K1 was isolated and overexpressed in
      E.coli W3110. Maximum expression of 8-10% of the soluble E.coli protein was
      achieved by placing the gene with an engineered 5'-terminus and Shine-Dalgarno
      sequence into a pKK223 vector derivative behind the tac promoter. The
      overexpressed synthetase was purified to greater than 95% homogeneity in a single
      step by chromatography on high titre Orange A Matrex dye resin. Enzyme purified
      by this method was used directly for the synthesis of CMP-NeuAc and derivatives.
      The enzymatic synthesis of CMP-NeuAc was carried out on a multigram scale using
      equimolar CTP and N-acetylneuraminic acid as substrates. The resultant CMP-NeuAc,
      isolated as its disodium salt by ethanol precipitation, was prepared in an
      overall yield of 94% and was judged to be greater than 95% pure by 1H NMR
      analysis. N-Carbomethoxyneuraminic acid and N-carbobenzyloxyneuraminic acid were
      also found to be substrates of the enzyme; 5-azidoneuraminic acid was not a
      substrate of the enzyme. N-Carbomethoxyneuraminic acid was coupled to CMP at a
      rate similar to that observed with NeuAc, whereas N-carbobenzyloxyneuraminic acid
      was coupled greater than 100-fold more slowly. The high level of expression
      achieved with the E.coli synthetase, together with the high degree of purity
      readily obtainable from crude cell extracts, make the recombinant bacterial
      enzyme the preferred catalyst for the enzymatic synthesis of CMP-N
      acetylneuraminic acid.

PMID- 1823162
TI  - Ganglioside-binding proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
AB  - Several ganglioside-binding proteins have been identified in guinea pig skeletal
      and cardiac muscle. In the cytosolic fractions of both tissues, a 130-kD protein
      was found to have the highest propensity to bind lucifer yellow CH-labelled GM1.
      This binding could be abolished by prior incubation of the protein with GM2.
      Polysialogangliosides including GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b were less effective.
      The 130-kD protein migrated as a doublet with apparent isoelectric points (pI) of
      6.3 and 6.5, respectively, in isoelectric focusing gel, but as a single species
      with an apparent Mr of 43,000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Both the ganglioside
      binding and the immunological properties of the 43-kD subunit protein were
      different from those of rabbit skeletal muscle actin. Cardiac muscle extract also
      contained a 77-kD minor ganglioside-binding protein that was absent in skeletal
      muscle. This protein had an apparent pI of 5.4 and migrated as a 39-kD species in
      SDS gels. By contrast, only the particulate fraction of skeletal muscle was found
      to contain a 180-kD major ganglioside-binding protein. Binding of fluorescent GM1
      to this protein was blocked by pre-incubation of the protein with GM1 or GM2. The
      180-kD protein migrated as a 98-kD species in SDS gels. However, its propensity
      to bind lucifer yellow CH-GM1 was at least 10 times greater than that of rabbit
      skeletal muscle phosphorylase b (Mr = 97,400). The apparent pI (6.5) of the 180
      kD protein also was slightly higher than that of rabbit phosphorylase. Tissue
      distribution studies revealed that both the 130-kD and the 180-kD major
      ganglioside-binding proteins were muscle specific. It is, therefore, possible
      that these two proteins may play some unique roles in ganglioside-related
      functions in muscle tissues.

PMID- 1823163
TI  - Flexibility in the donor substrate specificity of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase:
      application in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.
AB  - Biosynthetically, bovine N-acetylglucosamine beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase
      (GalT) catalyses the transfer of galactosyl residues from UDP-Gal to the 4
      position of GlcNAc units, resulting in the production of N-acetyllactosamine
      sequences. UDP-Glc and UDP-GalNAc were also found to act as donors for this
      enzyme, allowing the preparation of beta Glc(1----4)-beta GlcNAc and beta
      GalNAc(1----4) beta GlcNAc terminating structures on the milligram scale. GalT
      could thus be used to add beta GalNAc to beta GlcNAc(1----2) alpha Man
      terminating structures, converting them to the beta GalNAc(1----4) beta GlcNAc(1-
      --2) alpha Man sequences found on glycoprotein hormones. GalT did not transfer
      GlcNAc residues from UDP-GlcNAc, but it could utilize UDP-GlcNH2 as a donor.
      Synthesis of beta GlcNAc(1----4) beta GlcNAc sequences could therefore be
      accomplished by transfer of GlcNH2 from its UDP derivative, followed by N
      acetylation of the product amino-disaccharide using acetic anhydride in methanol.
      The products of the enzymatic reactions were characterized by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy
      and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. This work expands the scope of the
      combined chemical-enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates, using
      glycosyltransferases, to the production of oligosaccharides different from those
      for which these enzymes were designed. These unnatural reactions should find
      application in glycoprotein and glycolipid remodelling.

PMID- 1823164
TI  - Purification and characterization of avian beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase:
      comparison with the mammalian enzyme.
AB  - Avian beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase (GalTase) was purified from chicken serum,
      partially characterized and compared to mammalian GalTase using antibody cross
      reactivity, Northern blot hybridization and amino acid sequence analysis. The
      enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by alpha-lactalbumin(LA)-agarose
      affinity chromatography followed by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and identified as two proteins of apparent molecular masses of
      39 and 46 kD. Chicken serum GalTase had a Km for UDPGal of 42 microM, for GlcNAc
      of 10 mM and had optimal activity in the presence of 10-20 mM MnCl2. Substrate
      and linkage specificity analyses indicated that the purified enzyme behaves as a
      traditional Gal beta 1,4 GlcNAc:GalTase, since: (i) the avian beta 1,4 GalTase
      bound to alpha-LA; (ii) terminal GlcNAc residues served as good acceptors for
      chicken serum GalTase; (iii) the enzyme was inhibited by high concentrations of
      GlcNAc; (iv) the galactosylated product was sensitive to beta 1,4-specific beta
      galactosidase. Finally, the disaccharide reaction product comigrated with
      authentic beta 1,4 N-acetyllactosamine standard. No other GalTase activities were
      detectable using a battery of defined glycoside substrates. Polyclonal antibodies
      raised against the two gel-purified GalTase proteins showed reactivity with avian
      GalTase by ELISA and immunoprecipitation assays. The antibodies also inhibited
      GalTase activity toward both high mol. wt and monosaccharide acceptor substrates.
      Despite similar kinetics and substrate specificity, the avian and mammalian
      GalTases showed little overall structural similarity, since polyclonal anti-avian
      GalTase IgG failed to react with mammalian GalTase purified from bovine milk, and
      conversely anti-bovine milk GalTase IgG did not react with the avian enzyme.
      Furthermore, in Northern blot analysis, no hybridization was detected when
      chicken embryo liver poly(A)+ RNA was probed with a mouse GalTase cDNA, even
      under conditions of reduced stringency. Amino acid sequence analysis identified
      three of five tryptic peptides that are homologous to the mammalian sequence
      within a putative substrate binding domain and the carboxy terminal domain of the
      enzyme. Their overall structural disparity leads us to believe that regions of
      homology between the avian and mammalian GalTases may represent active sites of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 1823165
TI  - The use of HPLC-pulsed amperometry for the characterization and assay of
      glycosidases and glycosyltransferases.
AB  - A sensitive and reproducible high performance chromatographic procedure is
      described for the assay of jack bean beta-galactosidase in which the reaction
      products are separated on a Dionex AS6 ion exchange column under alkaline
      conditions and detected by triple-pulsed amperometry. Quantition of the enzyme
      released galactose is accomplished by using either fucose or lactose, the
      substrate, as an internal standard. The validity of the procedure as a general
      method for the assay and kinetic characterization of exoglycosidases was
      demonstrated by performing parallel measurements of galactose using an
      established coupled-enzyme assay, and using these values to calculate Km and Vmax
      values against lactose. Additional data are presented which establish the
      applicability of using a similar HPLC approach for the assay of
      glycosyltransferases.

PMID- 1823166
TI  - A guide to understanding key aspects of fast gradient-echo imaging.

PMID- 1823167
TI  - Bowel disease: prospective comparison of CT and 1.5-T pre- and postcontrast MR
      imaging with T1-weighted fat-suppressed and breath-hold FLASH sequences.
AB  - The potential of new high-field-strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      sequences to evaluate bowel disease was investigated and compared with computed
      tomographic (CT) studies. Thirty-two patients were studied, 14 with known or
      suspected gastrointestinal tumors and 18 with known or suspected bowel
      inflammatory conditions. T1-weighted fat-suppressed spin-echo and breath-hold
      FLASH (fast low-angle shot) images were obtained before and after intravenous
      injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine. Pathologic confirmation was
      obtained by biopsy (n = 18), surgical excision (n = 8), or endoscopy (n = 6). CT
      and MR images were analyzed separately in a prospective fashion and reviewed by
      consensus. Information from CT and MR images was comparable in cases of confirmed
      bowel neoplasia. CT scans had better spatial resolution, while fat-suppressed
      gadolinium-enhanced MR images had better contrast resolution. In the 18 cases of
      bowel inflammation, CT scans showed concentric wall thickening in 16, while MR
      images showed concentric wall thickening in 14 and increased contrast enhancement
      in 17. Contrast enhancement was better appreciated on fat-suppressed images than
      on FLASH images. The results suggest that MR imaging may play a role in the
      evaluation of bowel disease.

PMID- 1823168
TI  - Motion artifact reduction with three-point ghost phase cancellation.
AB  - A novel method for "ghost" artifact suppression is introduced. It suppresses
      ghosts induced by motion in any direction, as well as other types of quasi
      periodic signal modulation. Because it requires neither special hardware nor
      intensive data processing, it can be easily implemented on conventional magnetic
      resonance (MR) imagers. The method is based on the concept of decomposition of a
      ghosted complex image into a ghost mask and ideal image. A set of deliberately
      designed acquisitions are used to generate a set of ghosted complex images in
      which the ghost components are related in a simple manner. With use of equations
      describing image decomposition and ghost correlation, the ideal image can be
      calculated pixel by pixel. The ideal image obtained (representing the time
      averaged spin-density distribution) is shown to be a truer representation of
      physical reality than the ghost-free image obtained with ordered phase encoding.
      In this technique, both interview and intraview effects are taken into account.
      The technique is also useful in simultaneously suppressing ghosts from
      multifrequency signal modulations such as respiratory and cardiac motions. The
      method was successfully tested with three time-interleaved, phase-encoding-order
      shifted acquisitions. Experimental results have shown that it is a simple but
      effective technique.

PMID- 1823169
TI  - Theoretical aspects of motion sensitivity and compensation in echo-planar
      imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be performed on or below the time scale of
      most anatomic motion via echo-planar imaging (EPI) techniques and their
      derivatives. The goal is to image rapidly and reduce artifacts that typically
      result from view-to-view changes in the spatial distribution of spins due to
      motion. However, the required time-dependent magnetic field gradient waveforms
      remain sensitive to the dephasing effects of motion. Sources of motion artifact
      are simulated for spins moving along the imaging axes and are shown to be an
      important source of reduced image quality in EPI. A novel method of EPI is
      proposed that (a) refocuses single or multiple derivatives of motion at all
      echoes and (b) prevents accumulation of velocity (or higher derivative)--induced
      dephasing along the phase-encoding axis by moment nulling all phase-encoding-step
      waveforms about a single instant of time. Theoretical EPI sequences with
      considerable reductions in ghosts, blurring, and signal loss due to motion
      sensitivity are produced and compared with other EPI methods. Their time
      efficiency is presented as a function of available (relative) gradient strength
      for a variety of sequence waveforms.

PMID- 1823170
TI  - MR imaging of normal rat brain at 0.35 T and correlated histology.
AB  - A custom-built small-animal transceiver was used for in vivo imaging of normal
      rat brain at 0.35 T, with the objective of identifying anatomic components by
      comparison of images with corresponding histologic sections. The cerebrum,
      cerebellum, brain stem, ventricles, hippocampus, and subarachnoid space were
      identified and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was differentiated from gray matter and
      white matter on coronal and transaxial magnetic resonance (MR) images. These
      images compare favorably with those obtained by others at higher field strengths
      in regard to delineating major neuroanatomic structures. It is concluded that
      this technique will be useful for investigating small-animal models of human
      neurologic disease involving morphologic and morphometric changes in gray matter,
      white matter, and CSF-filled spaces.

PMID- 1823171
TI  - Endorectal surface coil MR imaging of prostatic carcinoma with the inversion
      recovery sequence.
AB  - The value of inversion-recovery (IR) sequences in the diagnosis and staging of
      prostatic carcinoma with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was studied. Twenty-six
      patients with carcinoma of the prostate were imaged at 1.5 T with an endorectal
      surface coil and with a variety of IR sequences and a set of spin-echo (SE)
      sequences for comparison. Ex vivo prostate specimens were imaged again at the
      same field strength. The two images were correlated with histologic sections.
      Cancer was identified with MR imaging in 96% of patients. Of the tumors more than
      4 mm in diameter, 87% were identified on T2-weighted SE images, whereas only 26%
      were identified on IR images. However, IR images may be more useful in local
      staging of carcinoma. Gross capsular infiltration was present in only two
      patients; however, it was detectable (and excluded in five other patients) by
      means of IR images. It was not detectable on SE images. The high quality of
      images obtained with the endorectal coil was confirmed. The authors conclude that
      addition of the IR sequence to MR imaging with the endorectal coil may improve
      the usefulness of this examination.

PMID- 1823172
TI  - MR imaging of microcirculation in rat brain: correlation with carbon dioxide
      induced changes in blood flow.
AB  - Considerable interest has been shown in developing a magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging technique with quantitative capability in the evaluation of tissue
      microcirculation ("perfusion"). In the present study, the flow-dephased/flow
      compensated (FD/FC) technique is evaluated for measuring rat cerebral blood flow
      (CBF) under nearly optimal laboratory conditions. Imaging was performed on a 2.0
      T system equipped with shielded gradient coils. Rat CBF was varied by
      manipulating arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2). In parallel experiments,
      optimized MR imaging studies (seven rats) were compared with laser Doppler
      flowmetry (LDF) studies (nine rats). LDF values showed a high degree of
      correlation between CBF and PaCO2, agreeing with results in the literature. MR
      imaging values, while correlating with PaCO2, showed considerable scatter. The
      most likely explanation is unavoidable rat motion during the requisite long
      imaging times. Because of this motion sensitivity, the FD/FC technique cannot
      provide a quantitative measure of CBF. It can, however, provide a qualitative
      picture.

PMID- 1823173
TI  - Quantitation of structural distortion of the cervical neural foramina in gradient
      echo MR imaging.
AB  - Quantitative errors (due to magnetic susceptibility artifacts) in the measurement
      of the cervical spinal neural foramina with fast gradient-echo (GRE) magnetic
      resonance imaging were assessed. Cylindric phantoms of different materials were
      used to demonstrate the nature of magnetic susceptibility artifacts, emphasizing
      the dependence of the artifact on tissue geometry. Neural foramina diameters
      measured on thin, sagittal GRE and spin-echo (SE) images through the neural
      foramina of a fresh human cervical spine specimen were then compared with direct
      measurements with calipers. The GRE images showed more apparent narrowing than
      did the SE images. The absolute distortion of seven neural foramina was rather
      constant (less than two pixels) on the GRE images; therefore, the relative
      distortion was inversely proportional to the size of the neural foramen, ranging
      up to 10% in the upper cervical region at a short TE. The absolute and relative
      distortion increased as TE increased. At a constant TE, the structural distortion
      did not change with different TRs or flip angles. The shortest possible TE is
      recommended in evaluation of the cervical spine.

PMID- 1823175
TI  - T2-weighted thin-section imaging with the multislab three-dimensional RARE
      technique.
AB  - A novel three-dimensional (3D) RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation
      enhancement) sequence was implemented on a clinical imager. In this technique,
      multiple slabs are excited in the same way as in the multisection spin-echo
      sequence, and each slab is further phase encoded into eight sections along the
      section-slab direction. With a 16-echo RARE sequence, 128 excitations cover the
      256 X 256 X 8 3D k space. With a TR of 2,500 msec, 10 slabs can be excited
      sequentially at each TR, yielding 80 sections in 5 minutes. Slabs were overlapped
      to give contiguous sections after discarding of the aliased sections at slab
      edges. This relatively fast sequence makes contiguous thin-section T2-weighted
      imaging possible, an impractical achievement with the much longer spin-echo
      method. Compared with 3D Fourier transform gradient-echo imaging, the sensitivity
      of 3D RARE sequences to magnetic susceptibility is reduced. The clinical
      potential of T2-weighted 3D imaging is illustrated with high-resolution brain,
      spine, and temporomandibular joint images.

PMID- 1823174
TI  - Clearance of liposomal gadolinium: in vivo decomplexation.
AB  - The contrast agents gadolinium-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), Gd-DOTA
      (tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid), and Gd-HP-DO3A (1,4,7
      tris[carboxymethyl]-10-[2' hydroxypropyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) are
      used in humans as extracellular contrast agents. Although free Gd+ ion is toxic,
      the intact Gd3+ complexes are rapidly excreted and are relatively nontoxic.
      Decomplexation with release of free gadolinium is a relevant clinical concern in
      patients with altered renal clearance. Blood pool contrast agents currently under
      development may have longer clearance half-lives and be more prone to
      decomplexation. The present study was designed to evaluate the clearance of
      liposomally encapsulated Gd3+ complexes (DTPA, DOTA, and HP-DO3A). The
      macrocyclic compounds had more rapid and complete clearance than DTPA (P less
      than .05). Parallel studies with carbon-14 and Gd-153-labeled complexes showed
      significant differences (P less than .05) in the amount of these isotopes
      retained in the heart, kidney, lungs, and spleen, providing strong supportive
      evidence for in vivo decomplexation.

PMID- 1823177
TI  - Extrusion of eye socket magnetic implant after MR imaging: potential hazard to
      patient with eye prosthesis.
AB  - Metallic implants or prostheses can be potentially hazardous during magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging because of movement or dislodgment of the foreign object.
      Magnetic eye implants have been reported to exhibit strong movement when placed
      in water and exposed to a field of 1.5 T. The authors report a case of orbital
      implant extrusion possibly caused by the movement of a magnetic orbital implant
      during MR imaging at 0.5 T.

PMID- 1823176
TI  - In vivo F-19 chemical shift imaging with FTPA and antibody-coupled FMIQ.
AB  - A mixture of perfluoromethyldecahydroisoquinoline (FMIQ) emulsion coupled with
      anti-CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) antibody and perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA)
      was injected into a nude mouse inoculated with human colon carcinoma LS174T.
      Three days after the injection, in vivo fluorine-19 chemical shift images of the
      spectral signals of the two perfluorocarbons (PFCs) were obtained simultaneously.
      The signal intensities and distributions of FMIQ and FTPA were similar in the
      liver and spleen but different in the tumor. FMIQ was detected in almost the
      entire tumor, with scattered areas of high uptake. FTPA, however, was detected
      only in the center of the tumor. The results suggest that F-19 chemical shift
      imaging of two PFCs, one coupled to antibody and the other not, has potential
      application in tumor diagnosis.

PMID- 1823178
TI  - Phase-constrained data extrapolation method for reduction of truncation
      artifacts.
AB  - The authors present an improvement to a sigma-filter extrapolation method for the
      reconstruction of magnetic resonance (MR) images from symmetric discrete Fourier
      data. By making use of the phase information in the image data, the proposed
      method can overcome the data inconsistency problem of the original method for
      handling MR image data with large phase variations, such as those obtained in
      gradient-echo pulse sequences. Reconstruction results show that its performance
      is comparable with that of the modified complex sigma-filter method proposed
      previously to handle the inconsistency problem. However, the new approach has the
      advantage of reducing computation time by a factor of two with use of a sigma
      filter applied to real instead of complex images. It is expected that this method
      will be more practical for use in clinical MR imaging systems.

PMID- 1823179
TI  - Comparison of phase-difference and complex-difference processing in phase
      contrast MR angiography.
AB  - The two main phase-contrast reconstruction methods are phase difference and
      complex difference. The signal-to-noise ratio properties and relative advantages
      of the two techniques are discussed. It is argued that each processing method has
      applications in which it is superior, and guidelines are provided to determine
      those applications. It is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that only
      the complex-difference method is well suited for processing phase-contrast slabs
      with use of a projection dephaser gradient.

PMID- 1823181
TI  - A look into the SMRI budget.

PMID- 1823180
TI  - T2-weighted three-dimensional MP-RAGE MR imaging.
AB  - The application of three-dimensional (3D) magnetization-prepared rapid-gradient
      echo (MP-RAGE) imaging to the acquisition of T2-weighted 3D data sets has been
      investigated, with a 90 degrees x-180 degrees y-90 degrees-x pulse set (driven
      equilibrium) for the T2 contrast preparation. A theoretical model was used to
      study the contrast behavior of brain tissue. The effects of radio-frequency and
      static-field inhomogeneities and eddy currents on the T2 contrast preparation and
      the effects of eddy currents on the gradient-echo acquisition resulted in
      blurring and intensity banding artifacts. With a multistep gradient preparation,
      these artifacts could be suppressed. With further development, this technique may
      yield a clinically practical method for obtaining T2-weighted 3D data sets of
      relatively large volumes (eg, the whole head) suitable for multiplanar
      reformatting.

PMID- 1823182
TI  - A synthetic peptide of influenza virus hemagglutinin as a model antigen and
      immunogen.
AB  - This paper reviews our studies on a 24-residue synthetic peptide representing
      part of the amino acid sequence of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. We have
      used this peptide as a model antigen to define short sequences and individual
      amino acid residues involved in and critical for interaction with antibody and
      with T cells. These studies provide insight into the way in which an immunogen is
      viewed by the immune system and also the minimum requirements necessary for the
      expression of immunogenic and antigenic activity. This information is helping us
      in exploiting synthetic peptides in the construction of designer immunogens which
      have potential as candidate vaccines.

PMID- 1823183
TI  - Effects of end groups on the stimulatory capacity of minimal length T cell
      determinant peptides.
AB  - We studied the effect of end groups on the capacity of two closely related
      peptides to stimulate a human T cell clone. Using multipin peptide synthesis
      technology, we generated solution phase peptides with six combinations of end
      groups for each sequence. The end modifications examined were amino-terminal
      acetylation, carboxy-terminal methylamidation or the addition of a dipeptide
      containing a diketopiperazine ring. The response to the less stimulatory of the
      two peptide sequences was significantly increased by acetylation of the amino
      terminus, a finding which was consistent at different peptide doses. Amino
      terminal acetylation was found to be more significant in affecting responses than
      any of the carboxy-terminal modifications tested. The use of peptides with a
      diketopiperazine ring structure at the carboxy-terminus did not interfere with
      presentation and recognition of peptides and may enhance the effectiveness of
      peptides for T cell epitope scanning.

PMID- 1823184
TI  - High-titer antisera production using three adjuvants and peptide conjugates
      derived from malarial surface antigen MSA-2.
AB  - We have identified a 51-kDa glycosylated myristoylated merozoite surface antigen
      as the target of a number of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit P. falciparum
      invasion. This antigen has been shown to exist in a limited number of strain
      specific forms, but despite wide variation in the sequences of the internal
      repeat regions both N- and C-terminal elements of the protein are almost totally
      conserved. Accordingly, we prepared a large number of overlapping peptide
      constructs and demonstrated that one peptide, SNTFINNA (E-71), from the N
      terminus and two peptides, QHG HMHGS (G-5) and NTSDSQKE (G-12), from the C
      terminus were capable, when suitably conjoined to carrier protein diphtheria
      toxoid, of eliciting antibodies reactive with MSA-2 from diverse strains of P.
      falciparum. Here we compared the immunogenicity of the peptide constructs when
      formulated with a Freund's adjuvant, alum and algammulin. Both peptide constructs
      E-71 and G-5 elicit high-titer antibodies with all three adjuvants when tested by
      ELISA against the immunogens themselves and by Western blotting of whole parasite
      extracts from two distinct parasite strains.

PMID- 1823185
TI  - Myosin light chain kinase autoregulatory pseudosubstrate prototope.
AB  - The myosin light chain kinase is catalytically inactive unless activated by
      calmodulin. An autoregulatory pseudosubstrate region located on the carboxyl
      terminal side of the enzyme's catalytic domain is responsible for maintaining the
      enzyme in a latent form. This pseudosubstrate region overlaps the calmodulin
      binding domain. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the regulatory region can
      have both substrate antagonist and calmodulin antagonist activities. The
      pseudosubstrate peptide from the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase,
      smMLCK(787-807), S787KDRMKKYMARRKW800QKTGHAV807 is a potent substrate antagonist
      with a Ki of approximately 12 nM and acts as a calmodulin antagonist with an IC50
      = 0.54 microM. The shorter peptide R797RKWQK802, Ki = 1.26 microM, is the core
      region primarily responsible for substrate antagonist activity and is a weak
      calmodulin antagonist, IC50 = 181 microM. The corresponding skeletal muscle
      peptide, KRRWKK was a comparable substrate antagonist, IC50 = 1.63 microM, but a
      30-fold more potent calmodulin antagonist, IC50 = 6.1 microM. Substitution of the
      Trp in either peptide with Phe or Leu did not significantly alter the substrate
      antagonist activity but markedly reduced calmodulin antagonist activity, RRKWQK,
      IC50(calmodulin) = 181 microM; RRKFQK, IC50(calmodulin) = 488 microM; RRKLQK,
      IC50(calmodulin) = 1700 microM; KRRWKK, IC50(calmodulin) = 6.1 microM; KRRLKK,
      IC50(calmodulin) = 221 microM and KRRFKK, IC50(calmodulin) = 93 microM. The
      IC50(substrate) values for these peptides ranged from 0.5-13 microM. The peptide
      KRRLKK was the most selective substrate antagonist and is suitable as an
      inhibitor for the myosin light chain kinase with the ratio IC50(calmodulin):
      IC50(substrate) = 273 and an IC50(substrate) = 0.81 microM.

PMID- 1823186
TI  - Determinants of multi-site phosphorylation of peptide analogues of ribosomal
      protein S6 by novel protease-activated protein kinases.
AB  - The substrate specificity determinants of a protease-activated protein kinase
      from rat liver, termined PAK-1, have been investigated using peptide analogues of
      the ribosomal protein S6 sequence: Ala229-Lys-Arg-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala
      Ser-Thr-Ser-Lys- Ser244. Low peptide substrate Km's and a preference for Ser236
      were attributed to a combination of sequence determinants located in the vicinity
      of this site. Thus, Km's are increased appreciably with analogues in which the N
      terminal cluster of basic residues is reduced or where alanine is substituted for
      Arg238. Even more dramatic effects are elicited by alanine substitution of one of
      the adjacent serine residues, resulting in 20-fold to 800-fold increases in the
      Km's for the [Ala235] and [Ala236] S6(229-239) variants, respectively. Arg238 is
      the major specificity determinant of the Ser236 site, with little detectable
      phosphorylation of Ser236 occurring in the [Ala238] S6(229-239) substrate. Ser235
      phosphorylation is also selectively enhanced by the addition of N-terminal basic
      residues to the Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala analogue. Finally, multiple
      phosphorylation events are influenced by negative cooperativity between the
      Ser235 and Ser236 sites and positive cooperativity between the Ser236 and Ser240
      sites. The general S6 peptide substrate determinants for liver PAK-1 resembled
      those for brain protein kinase C and another major liver PAK, termed PAK-2.
      However, subtle differences observed between the kinetic properties with
      individual S6 peptide substrates distinguished PAK-1 from the other enzymes. More
      striking differences were observed between the liver PAKs and cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase (cAK), particularly with respect to the cAK's relatively
      poor S6 peptide substrate kinetics, its preference for Ser235 and its ability to
      more extensively phosphorylate multiple sites in the S6 peptides.

PMID- 1823187
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of constrained peptide analogues related to the N
      terminal region of human growth hormone.
AB  - The synthesis and incorporation of two different isomeric gamma-lactam structures
      into peptide analogues related to hGH [6-13] are described. These peptide
      analogues and the corresponding aspartimide analogue have been tested for
      hypoglycemic activity with the intravenous insulin tolerance test. One lactam
      structure is of the type developed by Freidinger and co-workers, while the
      isomeric gamma-lactam structure represents a new constrained synthon for use in
      peptide synthesis. We have found that the hGH [6-13] peptide analogue
      incorporating the Freidinger lactam was more potent and longer lasting than the
      aspartimide peptide analogue. The hGH [6-13] peptide analogue incorporating the
      new gamma-lactam has diminished hypoglycemic activity. The relative biological
      activities of the three peptide analogues and the possible conformational
      implications at the physiological site of action are discussed.

PMID- 1823188
TI  - Comparison of 1H NMR chemical shifts of bovine and human insulins.
AB  - Two-dimensional NMR spectra have been recorded for bovine insulin at low pH in
      acetonitrile/water mixtures. In this solvent, insulin exists predominantly as the
      monomeric form. The spectra have been assigned and the 1H NMR chemical shifts
      compared with those for human insulin recorded in the same solvent system, with
      bovine insulin measured in trifluoroethanol/water, and with two human
      despentapeptide insulins. These comparisons were made to determine whether
      sequence or solvent differences have a significant effect on the solution
      structure of the monomer. It was found that the chemical shifts of the backbone
      protons for the bovine and human insulins were very similar in
      acetonitrile/water, suggesting that in this solvent mixture there is little
      difference in the solution structures of the two sequence variants. Similarly,
      for bovine insulin the chemical shifts in a trifluoroethanol/water solvent
      mixture are comparable to those observed in acetonitrile/water. This suggests
      that solvent induces only minor changes in the local conformation in solution.
      Most of the differences in chemical shifts in the various samples occurred away
      from the three helical regions seen in the x-ray crystallographic studies of the
      insulin structure. The observation of slowly exchanging amide resonances in both
      trifluoroethanol/water and acetonitrile/water solvent mixtures confirmed the
      existence of helical regions in solution. Exchange of amide resonances was slower
      in trifluoroethanol/water, suggesting greater stability for the B chain helix in
      this solvent.

PMID- 1823189
TI  - Micropreparative protein isolation from polyacrylamide gels following detection
      by high-resolution dynamic imaging: application to microsequencing.
AB  - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a high-resolving technique for separating
      proteins. Until recently, its use as a micro-preparative method for isolating
      microgram amounts of protein in a form suitable for structural analysis was
      limited by the difficulty in recovering material from the polyacrylamide matrix.
      This problem has been largely overcome by the development of chemically inert
      membranes that retain proteins after electroblotting from the polyacrylamide gel.
      The immobilized proteins are suitable for chemical identification by direct
      microsequence analysis. Nevertheless, the overall recoveries of proteins using
      this electrotransfer/blotting approach are low (28%-30%). This paper describes a
      phase-contrast technique that allows the visualization of proteins during the
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach is suitable for the
      quantitative detection of proteins. Since no fixing/staining step is employed,
      proteins can be recovered in high yield (50%-65%), by passive elution, in a form
      suitable for microsequence analysis. Methods and strategies for obtaining
      internal amino acid sequence information from proteins recovered from gels after
      visualization by high-resolution dynamic imaging are discussed.

PMID- 1823190
TI  - DBU as an N alpha-deprotecting reagent for the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group in
      continuous flow solid-phase peptide synthesis.
AB  - The versatility and efficiency of the N alpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl method of
      solid-phase peptide synthesis have been further enhanced by recent and continuing
      refinements in side-chain protecting group, linker and amino acid-coupling
      technology. In contrast, comparatively little work has been carried out on
      studying and further improving the N alpha-deprotection step. This report
      demonstrates that, in low concentrations, the non-nucleophilic amidine 1,8
      diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene is a preferred alternative to the more commonly
      employed piperidine for the rapid and efficient cleavage of the N alpha
      fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group in the continuous flow method of solid-phase
      peptide synthesis. In the cases studied, use of this base did not cause
      cyclization of Asp(OBut)-Gly or Asn-Gly sequence to succinimide derivatives. At
      the recommended concentration of 2% 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in
      dimethylformamide, racemization of resin-bound C-terminal S-trityl cysteine was
      substantially reduced compared with standard piperidine-mediated deprotection
      conditions. Additionally, use of the base appears to reduce the extent of
      broadening of ultraviolet fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-deprotection peaks
      occasionally observed when piperidine is employed, indicating that its reaction
      kinetics and mode of action are different.

PMID- 1823191
TI  - Toleration of amino acid substitutions within hepatitis B virus envelope protein
      epitopes established by peptide replacement set analysis. I. Region S(139-147).

PMID- 1823193
TI  - Broncho-vaxom, representative drug of a new therapeutical concept in lung
      pathology (present and future outlooks).

PMID- 1823192
TI  - [Drugs and iatrogenically induced pulmonary toxicity].

PMID- 1823195
TI  - [The Cu/Fe ratio and its significance in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and
      prognosis of bronchopulmonary cancer].
AB  - In 197 cases with various bronchopulmonary affections, iron was dosed in serum,
      according to Weippel's method, and copper, according to Cantarov's method. Cu/Fe
      serous ratio was found in the normal patients between 0.7 and 1.7 higher than the
      control sample were reached (1.2); in OCBP the ratio was twice versus the control
      sample (2.62 versus 1.2). In the disease diagnosis and prognosis, the
      determination of the Cu/Fe serous ratio is suggested in those suspected of
      bronchopulmonary cancer. The increase of the ratio shows the aggravation by
      metastases, and the improvement after operations indicates the lack of
      metastases. The advantages of the test are: sensitivity, specificity,
      predictability, economy.

PMID- 1823194
TI  - [Cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with a chronicity risk in the area of the Office
      of Phthisiology of the city of Bistrita].
AB  - A study was carried on a group of 145 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the
      area of Physiology Office of Bistrita [correction of Bistritza] County
      Polyclinic. These patients were included, between 1977 and 1986 in the I-B group
      considered to be "exposed to the risk of chronic evolution". Males were
      predominant in a ratio of 7/1, and patients from rural areas made up two-thirds
      of the lot. Twenty-five percent of the patients were aged between 41 and 50 years
      when they were included in the I-B group. In 62.7% of the cases the duration of
      the disease varied between 1 and 2 years at the start of the study. In 36.6% of
      the cases there was resistance to chemotherapy. In 55.2% of the cases a series of
      other affections were associated that had a negative impact on the first course
      of therapy, as well as on the following courses. The first associated affection
      was chronic ethyl intoxication. Therapy was applied according to schemes defined
      by the Ministry of Health. In none of the cases were the short-term (3 + 3)
      therapy courses applied. The first course of therapy was followed regularly by
      only 23.4% of the patients. An analysis of data at the end of the second course
      of therapy shows that 55.9% of the patients were recuperated, 23.4% had a chronic
      evolution (and were included in group I-C), and 20.7% died. It is concluded that
      over half of the patients in this critical stage of the disease could be
      recuperated when the therapy was followed correctly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 1823196
TI  - [The effect of smoking on immunological parameters in silicosis].
AB  - The paper reports on the smoking influence on some immunologic parameters in a
      group of patients with micronodular silicosis. 3 groups of subjects were studied:
      I--group with micronodular silicosis, smokers with cigarette index 300; II--group
      with micronodular silicosis, nonsmokers; III--control group. The following
      immunologic parameters were determined: 1. Test of blastic transformation of LT
      at PHA and PHA+IL-1 TTB; 2. Inhibition of leukocyte migration--indirect test; 3.
      Phagocytosis test of sheep erythrocytes. The results obtained show, in the
      patients with silicosis, suppression of the ability of blastic transformation, of
      lymphokines release and non-efficient phagocytosis. Improvement of the lymphocyte
      function by adding IL-1 suggests a deficiency of this monokine in inducing
      modified immune response in these patients. Smoking depresses more obviously
      cellular mediated immune response, induced by silicosis.

PMID- 1823197
TI  - [The pathogenetic and therapeutic problems of spontaneous pneumothorax].
AB  - The author analyzes a number of 1,off cases of spontaneous pneumothorax, admitted
      to the hospital and treated. The term of spontaneous pneumothorax is not the best
      one, as the cause generating he it is almost always revealed, but it entered the
      medical language and is still used. The differential diagnosis is sometimes
      difficult, especially with the giant pulmonary emphysema, different from it by
      clinical and radiological aspects. The author recommends the following
      therapeutic attitude: aspiratory drainage (the flow and magnitude of the
      aspiration are led in terms of the flow of bronchial communication), with
      introduction of irritating substances through the drainage tube. In relapsed
      pneumothorax, or in cases in which the healing does not appear after a correct
      and well-conducted aspiratory drainage the surgery is required (Prof. C. Coman's
      procedure).

PMID- 1823198
TI  - [Congenital thoracic defects demonstrated by radiophotography].
AB  - Costal congenital defects are malformations or anomalies of dimension, location
      or structure of the ribs, generated by disturbances of prenatal development.
      These anomalies appear in mesoderm which also gives rise to skeleton, muscles,
      serums, conjunctive tissues, circulatory system and urogenital apparatus. Of the
      59,225 persons examined, 502 had costal congenital defects. The presence of
      azygos lobe (Wrisberg's lobe) in 158 cases (0.26%), of right aortic (arcs high
      dextroposition of cross) in 2 cases and (3%000) dextroposition of heart in 6
      cases (10%000), out of which a situs inversus (complete cardiovascular
      transposition) were noticed as congenital defects with common origin in embryonic
      mesoderm. Medical radiophotography can be used as a method in detecting
      congenital costal defects. Other defects in other organs can be also detected.
      The congenital costal defects found in an rf examined population, representing a
      part of the total of congenital malformations, may be one of their indirect
      epidemiologic indices. Their existence may lead to the explanation of the
      symptomatology of the nervous compressive type on brachiocephalic vascular, etc.
      plexus. As some of the defects are an excess of osseous and cartilaginous matter,
      they may be used, when indicated, as autografts.

PMID- 1823199
TI  - [An update on the genesis and semeiology of auscultation anomalies in
      bronchopulmonary diseases].

PMID- 1823200
TI  - [A case of bronchial carcinoid with a malignant evolution and atypical location].

PMID- 1823201
TI  - [The epidemiologic surveillance of tuberculosis in Romania].

PMID- 1823202
TI  - [The current tracking of pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 1823203
TI  - [The role and current place of BCG vaccination in Romania].

PMID- 1823204
TI  - [The current place of chemoprophylaxis in a program to prevent and combat
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 1823205
TI  - [Intensive chemotherapy--a basic measure in the strategy to combat tuberculosis].

PMID- 1823206
TI  - [The current situation with chemotherapy in Romania based on a national
      evaluation survey].

PMID- 1823208
TI  - [The role and place of surgical treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis today].

PMID- 1823207
TI  - [The integration of antitubercular chemotherapy into the general health network].

PMID- 1823209
TI  - The effect of pH and metal chelators upon the sedimentation velocity of
      Odontophrynus americanus vitellogenin.
AB  - 1. In the tetraploid amphibian Odontophrynus americanus the selective
      precipitation of vitellogenin by Mg2+ from plasma treated with ethylene
      diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or ethylene bis (oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic
      acid (EGTA) is a pH-dependent phenomenon. 2. Utilizing sucrose gradient
      centrifugation of whole plasma we have shown that under standard conditions (pH
      7.0) the estimated apparent sedimentation coefficient of vitellogenin is 17S. At
      pH 8.0 and in the presence of EDTA or EGTA there is a decrease of the
      vitellogenin sedimentation coefficient. This behavior is restricted to
      vitellogenin as other plasma proteins show no alteration in their sedimentation
      coefficient after similar treatment. 3. The treatment with EDTA at pH 8.0 also
      induces changes in the vitellogenin molecule which can be detected by partial
      proteolysis with chymotrypsin A.

PMID- 1823210
TI  - Specific antibodies in mouse milk after ovalbumin ingestion.
AB  - C57B1/6J mice received ovalbumin (Ova) orally, 20 mg/day, from day of parturition
      for 3, 5, 7, 10 or 15 days. Anti-Ova antibodies were titrated in plasma and milk
      by passive hemagglutination, and Ova-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) were
      counted in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Anti-Ova antibodies in milk and
      antibody-secreting cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were detected on
      day 3, increased on day 5 and peaked on day 10. In contrast, anti-Ova antibodies
      in serum and PFC in spleen were low on day 7 and decreased on days 10 to 15.
      Although the oral administration of this antigen has been used to induce oral
      tolerance or secretory immune responses in the mouse, the present study
      demonstrates that the repeated ingestion of ovalbumin results in the development
      of circulating and secretory antibodies.

PMID- 1823211
TI  - Transport of glutamine, alanine and glucose by rabbit intestinal membrane.
AB  - Malnutrition and dehydration are the immediate consequences of diarrheal
      diseases. To investigate the biological significance of glutamine, alanine and
      glucose in the intestinal mucosa, we have used Ussing chambers to determine
      electrolyte transport by measuring short-circuit current (Isc), potential
      difference (PD) and tissue resistance (TR) in rabbit intestinal mucosa.
      Increasing doses (10(-5) M to 10(-1) M) of glutamine, alanine and glucose cause a
      significant increase in intestinal cation cotransport. Although glucose had a
      slightly earlier effect, 30 mM glutamine and 0.1 M alanine had a maximal effect
      which was more than two times that caused by 30 mM glucose. The pD2 values for
      glucose, glutamine and alanine were 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0, respectively. The dose
      response curves of these substrates suggest that the intestinal cotransport
      kinetics for glutamine is different from that of glucose and alanine. Our results
      demonstrate that all three substrates cause a significant increase in Isc or PD,
      suggesting an increase in the intestinal mucosa cation cotransport. Glutamine has
      a larger effect on cation cotransport than alanine and glucose. These
      combinations should be studied further for the development of an oral rehydrating
      solution for diarrhea treatment which could prevent the resulting malnutrition,
      especially in those cases of prolonged diarrheal diseases.

PMID- 1823212
TI  - Humidity-dependent structural changes in native collagen studied by X-ray
      diffractometry.
AB  - 1. X-ray diffractometry was used in this work to study structural modifications
      of powdered native collagen submitted to repeated cycles of gradual drying and
      hydration. 2. Hysteresis effects known to exist in water sorption isotherms of
      this fibrous protein were detected in the plots of relative humidity vs
      integrated intensity of the wide angle X-ray reflections which constitute the
      main features of the diffraction pattern. 3. A gradual loss of structured
      material was observed after each drying and rehydration process. An increase in
      the amorphous regions of the fibrils could also be inferred from the diffraction
      data. 4. Drying the samples up to a critical degree of hydration (0.12 g H2O per
      g protein) did not produce a hysteresis loop in the plots of the parameters
      studied. 5. One-step drying-rehydration cycles did not seem to affect the order
      of the samples since they repeatedly recovered their original structure. The
      difference between these results and those of the gradual hydration processes may
      be attributed to the kinetic properties of biopolymer hydration. The rate of
      water removal seems to be an important factor in the structural modifications
      produced by the hydration (dehydration) process.

PMID- 1823213
TI  - Translocation of heat shock proteins into isolated nuclei of Aedes albopictus
      cells.
AB  - 1. Labelled heat shock proteins of 82 kDa, 70 kDa and a group of low molecular
      weight are present in the post-mitochondrial supernatant obtained from Aedes
      albopictus cells. 2. These proteins in the post-mitochondrial extract are
      transported specifically to the nuclear compartment when incubated with isolated
      unlabelled nuclei. The relative amounts of each protein transported were 4.7,
      24.1 and 3.1% for the 82-kDa and 70-kDa and for the low molecular weight
      proteins, respectively. 3. Incubation of radiolabelled post-mitochondrial extract
      with unlabelled nuclei at 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C did not modify the
      percentage of proteins translocated.

PMID- 1823214
TI  - The antiadrenergic effects of hypermagnesemia: an experimental study.
AB  - The circulatory effects of norepinephrine (4 micrograms/kg), isoproterenol (10
      micrograms/kg) and phenylephrine (20 micrograms/kg) were determined in
      anesthetized dogs with normal plasma magnesium and with induced hypermagnesemia.
      Norepinephrine caused a 24% increase in heart rate and a 103% increase in the
      systemic vascular resistance index in normomagnesemic dogs, while with
      hypermagnesemia the variations were of 13% and 1%, respectively. Isoproterenol
      increased heart rate by 48% and 18% in dogs with normo- and hypermagnesemia,
      respectively. Phenylephrine increased the systemic vascular resistance index
      (74%) only in the normomagnesemic state. The effects of all the drugs were
      significantly different (P less than 0.01), without and with the simultaneous
      administration of magnesium sulfate (plasma magnesium, 1.3 +/- 0.2 mEq/l and 6.8
      +/- 1.1 mEq/l, respectively). We conclude that acute induced hypermagnesemia
      antagonizes the circulatory effects of adrenergic stimulation, a fact that may
      explain its antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic effects during acute myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 1823215
TI  - Acute effects of dobutamine and dopamine on renal and respiratory functions in
      patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation.
AB  - 1. It is known that positive pressure mechanical ventilation (PPMV) decreases
      diuresis and increases extravascular water, thereby impairing pulmonary gas
      exchange. Sympathomimetic amines are commonly used to relieve these effects. To
      compare the effects of dobutamine (DT) and dopamine (DP) on renal and pulmonary
      function, we studied 30 patients submitted to continuous PPMV for at least 72 h.
      All were in stable hemodynamic conditions. Patients had pulmonary insufficiency
      of different etiology. The drugs were randomly administered by continuous
      intravenous infusion at the dose of 4 to 6 micrograms kg-1 min-1 for 3 h. An
      interval of 60 min was allowed to elapse between treatments. 2. A significant
      increase in arterial pressure and heart rate occurred with both drugs (P less
      than 0.05). DP increased urinary flow by 93.7% (1.6 +/- 0.1 to 3.1 +/- 0.4
      ml/min; P less than 0.05) and Na excretion fraction (NaEF) by 35.5% (P less than
      0.05). In contrast, DT reduced NaEF by 58.9% (P less than 0.05) and had no effect
      on urinary flow. Neither drug altered creatinine clearance. 3. The alveolo
      arterial O2 difference (A-aO2D), which was 370 +/- 20 mmHg during the control
      period, increased to 394 +/- 20 mmHg after DP and decreased to 355 +/- 22 mmHg
      after DT, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.05).
      Pulmonary shunt (%) and the venous pO2 (mmHg) did not change during the infusion
      of DP or DT. 4. In conclusion, an acute increase in salt and water excretion does
      not necessarily lead to an immediate reduction in pulmonary "shunt".(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823216
TI  - Muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of patients with
      dementia.
AB  - The present paper describes the determination of muscarinic receptor number ([3H]
      N-methylscopolamine binding) and acetylcholinesterase activity in six brain areas
      (pre-central gyrus, post-central gyrus, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, lentiform
      nucleus and substantia innominata) of demented patients (diagnosed by screening
      tests and neurological evaluation) and age-matched controls. There was a
      significant increase in muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus and substantia
      innominata (171.2 and 359.4 fmol/mg protein, respectively) of the demented group
      as compared with controls (123.9 and 219.0 fmol/mg protein, respectively). No
      changes were observed in pre- and post-central gyrus, while a tendency towards
      decreased binding was detected in the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus of
      the demented group. Lower acetylcholinesterase activity was also detected in the
      demented group in all areas studied although the differences were significant
      only in the post-central gyrus, caudate nucleus and substantia innominata which
      showed a 49, 21 and 25% decrease in enzyme activity, respectively. The results
      are discussed in terms of a compensatory mechanism of presynaptic deficiency such
      as that occurring in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 1823217
TI  - A simple radial immunohemolysis assay for the measurement of functional
      complement C2 activity.
AB  - 1. This study describes a simple radial immunohemolysis method for determining
      the hemolytic activity of the second component of complement (C2) in human serum.
      The assay is based on the recovery of hemolytic activity of normal serum which
      has been pretreated to inactivate endogenous C2 and then mixed with test serum
      containing an unknown amount of C2. 2. The pretreated serum, designated R2
      reagent, is obtained by heating normal human sera under carefully standardized
      conditions of temperature, time, volume and type of test tube. 3. R2 reagent is
      incorporated into agarose together with hemolysin-sensitized erythrocytes, and
      spread on a plate. The test serum is placed in wells cut in the agarose and,
      after appropriate incubation, the diameters of the hemolytic areas are measured.
      The area of hemolysis is directly proportional to the logarithm of the serum
      concentration. As a standard for C2 functional activity, dilutions of a pool of
      normal sera are tested on the same plate. 4. The method is specific for C2 and
      can detect as little as 20% of the C2 in normal serum (about 6 micrograms C2
      protein/ml). The error in reproducibility is about 3% of the mean. In normal
      serum, the lower confidence limit of the distribution of the C2 values (based on
      a sample of 80 individuals) corresponded to 70% of undiluted serum. 5. This
      method is suitable for use in clinical laboratories since it is simple, rapid,
      quantitative and inexpensive, and does not require special equipment.

PMID- 1823219
TI  - Native plasma kallikrein is cleared at similar rates by mammalian and avian
      livers.
AB  - Rat plasma kallikrein (RPK) is a serine protease that circulates as an inactive
      precursor, prokallikrein, and once activated is efficiently cleared by the liver
      by a carbohydrate-dependent, Ca(2+)-independent mechanism. Seven hepatic lectin
      systems have been described for mammals but not all of these animal lectins are
      expressed in the avian liver. Using a liver perfusion system we compared the
      plasma kallikrein clearance of rats (N = 10) and pigeons (N = 4). Our results
      show that the lectin responsible for the hepatic clearance of plasma kallikrein
      is also present in pigeon liver and that this organ clears the enzyme with an
      efficiency (11.4 +/- 1.3 pmol/g, 20 min) similar to that of the rat liver (10.0
      +/- 0.7 pmol/g, 20 min).

PMID- 1823218
TI  - Vascular prostacyclin production in Andean women with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension.
AB  - Although prostacyclin (PGI2) production in the umbilical artery is known to be
      reduced in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), little information is available
      about its production in maternal vascular tissues. We measured 6-keto
      prostaglandin F 1 alpha generation in the umbilical and omentum arteries of 24
      Andean women divided into three groups: 1) 8 normal pregnant women, 2) 8 cases
      with clinical evidence of severe PIH, and 3) 8 normotensive non-pregnant women.
      The normal pregnant group (232 +/- 172 pg mg-1 2h-1) and the non-pregnant control
      group (237 +/- 146 pg mg-1 2h-1) showed similar PGI2 production in the omentum
      arteries, whereas the PIH group showed lower PGI2 generation (P less than 0.05)
      than the normal patients both in the umbilical (697 +/- 377 vs 1528 +/- 291 pg mg
      1 2h-1) and omentum (132 +/- 73 vs 232 +/- 172 pg mg-1 2h-1) arteries. PGI2
      production was 6.8 times lower in the omentum arteries than in the umbilical
      arteries. The data confirm and extend the view of the occurrence of reduced PGI2
      production in the maternal-fetal vascular tissues of women with severe PIH.

PMID- 1823220
TI  - Extrahepatic biliary atresia and twinning.
AB  - 1. Four pairs of discordant twins were observed in a series of 237 extrahepatic
      biliary atresia patients ascertained in London. 2. The twinning prevalence (1.7%)
      was as expected considering the ethnic composition of the sample. 3. Out of a
      total of 17 other twin pairs reported in the literature, only one was concordant
      for the disease. Since only 17 instances of familial cases have been described,
      the conclusion is that any influence of genetic factors in this condition is
      likely to be manifested indirectly, possibly in the form of increased
      susceptibility of the biliary epithelium to infectious or toxic agents.

PMID- 1823221
TI  - Viability of single-pedicled tracheal flaps: an experimental study.
AB  - 1. The objective of the present study was to test the viability of tracheal flaps
      of different widths and lengths for tracheal reconstruction in dogs, as well as
      the location of their pedicles. 2. Six types of single-pedicled tracheal flaps
      were prepared in 30 dogs as follows: narrow flaps with upper pedicles, wide flaps
      with upper pedicles, narrow flaps with lower pedicles, wide flaps with lower
      pedicles, narrow flaps with side pedicles, and wide flaps with side pedicles. 3.
      Flap condition was determined on the basis of clinical signs and by
      tracheoscopic, macroscopic and microscopic examination. 4. No statistically
      significant difference in viability was observed between narrow and wide flaps or
      between flaps with upper and lower pedicles, but all were less viable than side
      pedicled flaps. 5. Poor coaptation of the flap borders produced deformities of
      tracheal architecture, with a significant incidence of necrosis occurring in
      poorly positioned flaps. The presence of poor coaptation was statistically
      significant in narrow flaps. Focal infection appears to influence the development
      of necrosis. We did not observe fibrosis or granulation tissue in sufficient
      amounts to cause significant stenosis of the tracheal lumen. 6. We conclude that
      single-pedicled tracheal flaps are viable and can be used for tracheal
      reconstruction when they are prepared with a length-width ratio of 5 to 10.

PMID- 1823222
TI  - Functional and ultrastructural evaluation of myocardial protection provided by
      intermittent coronary sinus perfusion in the isolated dog heart.
AB  - 1. The protection offered by intermittent perfusion of cardioplegic solution
      through the coronary sinus was investigated in isovolumic blood-perfused dog
      heart preparations submitted to 60 min of ischemia and 45 min of reperfusion. 2.
      The preparations were divided into three treatment groups: a) coronary sinus,
      consisting of preparations (N = 10) perfused through the coronary sinus under 40
      cm water pressure; b) aortic, consisting of preparations (N = 10) perfused
      through the aortic stump under 100 mmHg pressure; c) control, consisting of
      hearts (N = 9) that were not perfused with cardioplegic solution. 3. Properties
      of contractile capacity and relaxation were markedly impaired in the control
      group but were preserved to a comparable extent in the groups perfused with
      cardioplegic solution through the aorta and coronary sinus. Developed pressure
      decreased in the control group (before ischemia: 70 +/- 5.5 mmHg; after
      reperfusion: 35 +/- 12 mmHg; P less than 0.05) and didn't vary in the aortic
      group (from 69 +/- 4 mmHg to 65 +/- 13 mmHg; P greater than 0.05) and coronary
      sinus group (from 69 +/- 4.6 mmHg to 60 +/- 10 mmHg; P greater than 0.05).
      Myocardial relaxation was evaluated by the +/- dp/dt ratio. In the control group
      there was impairment of myocardial relaxation as indicated by an increase of this
      index after reperfusion (from 1.05 +/- 0.05 to 1.46 +/- 0.23; P less than 0.05),
      whereas in the aortic (from 1.10 +/- 0.13 to 1.15 +/- 0.20; P greater than 0.05)
      and the coronary sinus (from 1.03 +/- 0.14 to 1.08 +/- 0.16; P greater than 0.05)
      groups there was no variation. Ultrastructural changes in the myocardium were
      negligible in all three groups at the end of reperfusion. 4. We conclude that
      intermittent perfusion of a hypothermic cardioplegic solution through the
      coronary sinus is effective for the protection of the myocardium during total
      ischemia.

PMID- 1823223
TI  - Acute administration of human chorionic gonadotropin reverts some of the
      inhibitory effects of an LH-RH agonist on testicular steroidogenesis.
AB  - An LH-RH agonist, des-Gly10,[DTrp6]-LH-RH ethylamide (LH-RH A), was administered
      chronically to adult male cats in order to determine its effect on the
      steroidogenesis of the testis during the stimulatory action of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). Measurement of plasma testosterone levels were combined with
      the histochemical analysis of some steps of the testicular steroidogenic pathway.
      Chronic daily treatment with LH-RH A (20 micrograms/kg) for 67 days inhibited the
      early testicular response to hCG during the initial 0.5, 1 and 24 h, whereas the
      inhibitory effect was not observed 48 and 72 h after hCG administration. The
      maximal responses to hCG were obtained both in LH-RH A-treated animals and in
      their control group 48 and 72 h after hCG administration. Under these conditions,
      LH-RH A-treated cats showed no alteration in 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      (3 beta-Host-D) activity, whereas a marked inhibition was observed in the
      activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADII) which reflects the activity of 20,22
      desmolase and/or 17,20-desmolase.

PMID- 1823224
TI  - Gd(-) Carapicuiba, a rare glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant associated
      with moderate enzyme deficiency and chronic hemolysis.
AB  - 1. A 27 year old Brazilian male of both Portuguese and Spanish origin presenting
      nonspherocytic chronic hemolytic anemia was found to have a rare glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase variant herein named Gd(-) Carapicuiba. 2. The red blood
      cell enzyme variant is characterized by a moderate enzyme deficiency (47%), high
      Km for its substrates G6P and NADP, decreased activity against deamino-NADP,
      increased Ki for NADPH and decreased heat stability. 3. The clinical signs of the
      patient are probably related to these properties of the enzyme variant.

PMID- 1823226
TI  - Vanishing optotypes: is single presentation superior to chart exposure?
AB  - A study comparing single optotype presentation vs entire chart exposure (with
      spacings of either 1.5 or 3.0 times the optotype width) was conducted on 46
      subjects divided into two groups in order to evaluate how the mode of
      presentation affects visual acuity measurements made with medium-pass filtered
      vanishing optotypes. There were no significant differences in either group
      between the two modes of presentation. However, in the individual cases in which
      a decrease in percent correct responses greater than 20% was observed in either
      mode of presentation, there was a slight tendency towards superiority of the
      entire chart exposure mode.

PMID- 1823225
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of antigen 5.1 from the seeds of Ricinus
      communis, L. (Var. Amarelo de Irece).
AB  - Antigen 5.1 was isolated from the most acidic fraction of castor bean allergens
      (CB-1A) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 followed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE) (yield: 6.2 mg antigen 5.1/g CB-1A). This antigen was
      homogeneous by the criteria of PAGE, isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE,
      immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The antigen has an apparent molecular
      mass of 12 +/- 2 kDa and an isoelectric point of pH 5.1. Antigen 5.1 lacks
      proline, phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan. It was immunochemically
      identical to one of the three immunoprecipitation lines presented by CB-1A by the
      Ouchterlony technique, and was positive when tested (250 micrograms) by IgE
      mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in LOU.M rats.

PMID- 1823227
TI  - Use of Y-chromosome-specific DNA probes to evaluate an XX male.
AB  - 1. The function of a Y human chromosomal DNA sequence was evaluated. The Y-5
      probe was isolated from a flow-sorted chromosome library and detects Y-specific
      sequences. 2. The Y-5 probe and other Y-specific probes were used to analyze an
      XX male patient without ambiguous genitalia. 3. DNA sequences from the short arm
      of the chromosome Y that were detected with pDP1007 and pDP105 in the patient's
      genome explain the testis differentiation observed in this case. 4. Failure of
      the patient's DNA to hybridize to the Y-5 probe shows that the primitive gonads
      can differentiate into testes even in the absence of this chromosome region. In
      contrast, a gene controlling spermatogenesis may exist in this region because the
      patient is azoospermic.

PMID- 1823228
TI  - Beta-thalassemia intermedia and IVS-1 NT6 homozygosis in Brazil.
AB  - 1. The molecular abnormality of a patient with thalassemia intermedia was
      identified by DNA amplification (PCR) combined with the use of synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes. 2. The patient is a homozygote for the T----C
      substitution at position 6 of the first intervening sequence (IVS1-6) of the beta
      globin gene. 3. On the basis of this finding, the family, which had been
      previously reported by us to be a carrier of an unusually mild beta-thalassemia
      gene, was actually the first example reported of the clinical and biochemical
      features of beta-thalassemia-Portuguese type.

PMID- 1823229
TI  - Diagnosis and distribution of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of
      symptomatic children.
AB  - 1. The demonstration of the association of H. pylori with gastritis and peptic
      ulcer has been of increasing interest to gastroenterologists, microbiologists,
      and histopathologists. 2. In this study, the presence of H. pylori in the gastric
      mucosa of children was investigated by culture, preformed urease test, and
      carbolfuchsin staining of biopsy smears. 3. The organism was detected in 44.9% of
      the children studied, and found to be distributed equally on the antral and
      fundic mucosa. 4. Compared to culture, the urease test and carbolfuchsin staining
      proved to be of higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting H. pylori.

PMID- 1823231
TI  - Immunological studies with the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus.
AB  - 1. We describe a "sandwich" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sensitive
      to quantities of scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) venom (TsV) in the range of 1-3
      ng/ml sample. 2. Cross-reactivity with the venom from the rattlesnake Crotalus
      durissus terrificus and with venoms from several snakes of the Bothrops genus was
      detected only at concentrations higher than 1 microgram/ml sample. 3. A
      conventional ELISA is also described for the detection of antibodies against TsV.
      4. Analysis by Western Blot (WB) demonstrated a 25-kDa protein band common to TsV
      and to the venoms of Bothrops moojeni, B. jararacussu and B. jararaca. 5. Venom
      from C. d. terrificus exhibited WB cross-reactive bands of 16 and 25 kDa with
      TsV.

PMID- 1823230
TI  - Integrity of liver inner mitochondrial membrane in rats with extrahepatic
      cholestasis.
AB  - To investigate the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis on integrity of the inner
      mitochondrial membrane, a study was conducted on two groups of rats: sham
      operated control animals (N = 10) and rats subjected to extrahepatic cholestasis
      (EHC, N = 10) by double ligation of the hepatic duct. The animals were observed
      for 7 days and then sacrificed. The EHC group presented significantly higher
      serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubins and alkaline
      phosphatase than the controls (P less than 0.01). Basal mitochondrial respiration
      (state IV), analyzed separately using either alpha-ketoglutarate or alpha
      ketoglutarate + pyruvate as substrates, was similar in the two groups (P greater
      than 0.01). ADP-activated respiration, state III, diminished significantly in the
      EHC group. The results show that the decrease in mitochondrial function that has
      been reported by several investigators to occur in EHC is due to mitochondrial
      alterations not related to the ability of these organelles to maintain the proton
      gradient, since the inner mitochondrial membrane continued to be energized
      throughout the observation period.

PMID- 1823232
TI  - Water maze learning in rats with neocortical and hippocampal lesions.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in order to determine whether groups of rats (N = 7)
      with unilateral or bilateral ablation of the neocortex or with removal of the
      neocortex plus the hippocampus of either hemisphere could learn to escape from a
      tank of water (57 cm in diameter) climbing a visible platform when trained for 6
      consecutive days. Comparison of the swimming escape latencies among groups showed
      no statistically significant differences, although over the first four trial
      blocks the decorticate group was slower (77.19 +/- 39.31, 52.45 +/- 32.37, 31.18
      +/- 13.62 and 15.74 +/- 10.94 s, respectively) than the other groups, whose
      latencies ranged from about 70 s (the longest in the first trial block) to 8 s
      (the longest in the fourth trial block). Nevertheless, hemi- and bilaterally
      decorticate rats were still able to learn the water maze task. The same was
      observed for hemidecorticate plus hemihippocampectomized rats. These results
      indicate that the neocortex, and the hippocampus in the absence of the neocortex,
      is not essential for spatial localization using a cue-learning strategy.

PMID- 1823233
TI  - Habituation to sound stimulation in detelencephalated pigeons (Columba livia).
AB  - Habituation to sound stimulation was analyzed in terms of the functional role of
      the telencephalon in learning. Sixteen pigeons were exposed to 1000-Hz, 83-dB, 1
      s sound (stimulus A) at 30-s intervals until there was habituation of the
      exploratory and pre-exploratory responses. The learning criterion was 10 trials
      without the occurrence of these responses. Twenty-four hours after habituation to
      stimulus A the birds were tested with a 500-Hz, 85-dB, 1-s sound (stimulus B). On
      the day following habituation to stimulus B, the birds of the experimental group
      (N = 8) suffered ablation of the telencephalon and the birds of the control group
      (N = 8) had sham surgery. Retesting with the same sequence of procedures was
      carried out 10 days after surgery. In the POST-lesion situation there was a
      decrease of the number of habituation trials to stimulus A (P less than 0.01) and
      to stimulus B (P less than 0.05) by experimental pigeons compared to the PRE
      lesions situation. The data suggest an interaction of a facilitatory effect of
      the lesion and long-term learning effects.

PMID- 1823234
TI  - A kinetic study of some factors which influence the intestinal absorption of
      calcium in rats.
AB  - Rats weighing 100 +/- 8 g were used in an in vivo kinetic study of the intestinal
      absorption of calcium (CaA) from three systems: 1) CaCl2, 2) whole cow's milk
      (M), and 3) a staple Brazilian diet (SBD). Food substrates were treated with HCl,
      neutralized and diluted with 0.15 mM NaCl to different concentrations. Each
      dilution was assayed by introducing 2 ml into the small intestine and the final
      amount of Ca2+ in the small intestine was determined 30 min later. The values for
      velocity (v = Vmax (Ca2+)/(Ca2+) + Km) and affinity (1/Km) for the food
      substrates were 1.35, 15.51 and 2.31 micrograms Ca2+/min and 0.29, 0.016 and
      0.266 micrograms Ca2+/ml, respectively. We conclude that the higher affinities
      observed for CaCl2 and SBD were not correlated with velocity. Factors modifying
      CaA appear to be protein (stimulator) and phytate and fiber (inhibitors).

PMID- 1823235
TI  - The relationship between renal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure
      after selective denervation of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
AB  - The relationship between an acute increase in arterial pressure and renal
      sympathetic nerve activity produced in rats under chloralose anesthesia after
      carotid and sinoaortic denervation was analyzed by quantifying the nerve activity
      associated with arterial pressure changes. After sinus denervation there was no
      change in arterial pressure (125 +/- 2.3 vs 124.6 +/- 5 mmHg, N = 6), but the
      renal sympathetic nerve activity (10.8 +/- 0.9 vs 8.0 +/- 1.1 bars s-1 cycle-1, N
      = 6) was significantly decreased. In spite of this, baroreflex control of renal
      sympathetic nerve activity was the same as during the control period. After
      sinoaortic denervation, there were simultaneous increases in arterial pressure
      (from 124 +/- 2.3 to 188 +/- 6 mmHg, N = 6) and renal sympathetic nerve activity
      (from 10.8 +/- 0.9 to 13.7 +/- 2.9 bars s-1 cycle-1) with marked attenuation of
      the baroreflexes. Spectral analysis of arterial blood pressure after sinus
      denervation showed a shift of a 1-Hz peak to 0.7 Hz, probably related to a
      decrease in respiratory frequency. The results suggest that after sinoaortic
      denervation the acute increase in arterial pressure is only due to aortic
      denervation.

PMID- 1823236
TI  - Heart rate and behavioral patterns of Megalobulimus sanctipauli (Mollusca,
      Gastropoda, Pulmonata).
AB  - Adult specimens (N = 20) of the pulmonate land snail Megalobulimus sanctipauli
      were observed systematically in the laboratory and four behavioral patterns
      reflecting different degrees of activity are described. The changes in heart rate
      associated with different behavioral patterns were monitored using three silver
      chloride electrodes chronically implanted in the visceral mass of the animals (N
      = 13). Continuous heart rate recordings were performed at room temperature (25
      degrees C) with a Nihon Kohden polygraph model RM-45. Analysis of the results by
      the Multiple Comparisons Test based on Friedman rank sums revealed significant
      differences in heart rate, reported as median, between the following behaviors:
      retracted into the shell and locomotion, 25 vs 35 (P less than 0.008), retracted
      and eating, 25 vs 38 (P less than 0.008), still with local activity and eating,
      33 vs 38 (P = 0.021). These results indicate that different levels of activity
      have different effects on the cardiac function of Megalobulimus sanctipauli. The
      lowest heart rate was associated with the animal retracted into the shell. The
      highest rates were related to locomotion and feeding behaviors.

PMID- 1823237
TI  - DNA sequence amplification in sciarid flies: results and perspectives.
AB  - The discovery of DNA sequence amplification in sciarid flies and investigations
      into its control and biological significance are reviewed. Results thus far show
      that amplification of specific salivary gland polytene chromosome bands is a
      general phenomenon in sciarids. It is brought about as part of a final
      endoreplication cycle by the rising titer of ecdysterone that occurs as the
      larvae approach the prepupal period. Amplification and transcription of these
      bands is a late, multistep effect of this hormone. The DNA puffs which form in
      amplified regions produce mRNAs which are translated into polypeptides that
      appear to be involved in cocoon formation. Application of molecular cloning
      techniques to the study of DNA amplification has allowed precise quantitation of
      amplification for several DNA puffs and is yielding maps of their transcription
      units. These techniques will ultimately help to define the origins of DNA puff
      replication and contribute to an understanding of the mechanism and control of
      the amplification phenomenon in Sciaridae. Projections for future experimental
      approaches are presented.

PMID- 1823238
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of an L-amino acid oxidase from
      bushmaster snake (Surucucu Pico de Jaca) Lachesis muta muta venom.
AB  - 1. L-amino acid oxidase (L-AO) from the venom of Lachesis muta muta was purified
      72 times (38%) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by ion exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300. 2. The
      protein was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH
      8.5, immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and isoelectric focusing. Its
      specific activity was 44.4 units/mg protein, using 7.5 mM L-leucine as substrate
      and O-dianisidine as electron donor, at pH 7.6 and 25 degrees C. The increase in
      absorbance at 436 nm was recorded. 3. The enzyme was characterized as a
      glycoprotein with an S20,w = 6.72, MW = 138,000 and pI = 5.2. It presented maxima
      at 389 and 460 nm and contained 2 mol of FAD per mole protein.

PMID- 1823240
TI  - The hemolymph of Chasmagnathus granulata Dana, 1851 (Decapoda-Grapsidae) as a
      target tissue of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone.
AB  - The effect of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) was investigated on the
      hemolymph of Chasmagnathus granulata, a meso-supralittoral crab from southern
      Brazil. Serum glucose increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after incubation
      of total hemolymph in the presence of the eyestalk extract of a member of the
      same species. Also, glucose uptake from blood serum, not affected by eyestalk
      extract (P greater than 0.05), was observed after incubation of total hemolymph
      in the presence of glucose. The results suggest that the hemolymph may be a
      target tissue of CHH and that this hormone may act by mobilizing carbohydrate
      reserves possibly from hematocytes.

PMID- 1823239
TI  - Masseteric electromyographic silent period duration in patients with
      temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
AB  - 1. The present study compared the duration of the electromyographic silent period
      (SP) of the masseter muscles elicited by chin-tapping in normal asymptomatic
      adults (N = 39) and in a group with symptoms of temporomandibular joint
      dysfunction (TMJD) (N = 31). 2. EMG activity was recorded from right (RM) and
      left (LM) masseter muscles using bipolar surface electrodes coupled to a DISA
      1500 EMG-System. During maximal clenching, ten taps were applied downwards to the
      chin with a reflex hammer. 3. The mean SP durations obtained for the normal group
      were 25.45 +/- 4.20 ms (RM) and 25.33 +/- 4.18 ms (LM), whereas the TMJD group
      presented significantly greater values (P less than 0.01, Student t-test) of
      41.89 +/- 12.94 ms (RM) and 42.40 +/- 12.99 ms (LM). The upper limits of
      normality calculated for RM and LM were 32.36 ms and 31.21 ms, respectively.
      Eighty-four percent of patients with TMJD showed SP durations above these limits.
      4. The results indicate that the measurement of masseteric SP duration may be
      used as an objective diagnostic method of TMJ disorders, provided that borderline
      values are interpreted with caution along with clinical impressions.

PMID- 1823241
TI  - Effects of whole-body X-irradiation on the peripheral blood of primate Cebus
      apella.
AB  - The effects of ionizing radiation on the peripheral blood elements of primate
      Cebus apella were examined after a single 25.8 mC/kg (100 R) dose of whole-body X
      ray. We determined the number of white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils,
      basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and erythrocytes up to 90 days after exposure
      of 5 animals. Hemoglobin content and microhematocrit were also determined. Under
      these experimental conditions, the total number of leukocytes was reduced from
      9440/mm3 to 5660/mm3 on day 6, mainly because of a decrease in the lymphocyte
      population from 5843.2/mm3 to 2349.0/mm3 on day 6. No significant differences
      were observed in the values of erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
      monocytes, hemoglobin content and microhematocrit. All hematological parameters
      studied returned to normal values by day 90 after a single irradiation dose of
      100 R.

PMID- 1823242
TI  - Immunization of horses with Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American
      rattlesnake) venom. A comparison of four different procedures.
AB  - 1. A comparative study was carried out on horses immunized with Crotalus durissus
      terrificus venom using four different inoculation procedures, which included the
      use of Freund's adjuvant, A1(OH)3 and liposomes as adjuvants. The antibody titer
      was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralizing
      potency by the neutralizing median effective dose (ED50). 2. The inoculation
      schedule used in horses to obtain antivenom serum consisted of sc injections of a
      7.5 mg venom starting dose in 5.0 ml sterile saline emulsified with an equal
      volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. One week later, 7.5 mg venom in 5.0 ml
      sterile saline emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's incomplete adjuvant
      was injected. This was followed by three doses of 2.5 mg venom in 12.0 ml sterile
      saline at 2-day intervals. This immunization procedure, based on low doses of
      antigen (37.5 mg/horse) emulsified with Freund's adjuvant, produced a more
      protective and sustained immune response when compared with other procedures
      using A1(OH)3 or liposome emulsions with either low (50.0 mg/horse in A1(OH)3 and
      5.0 mg/horse in liposome) or high (870.0 mg/horse in A1(OH)3 and 20.0 mg/horse in
      liposome) antigen doses. The ED50 values evaluated at the end of the procedure
      were 15.4 microliters serum/20 g mouse when antigen was emulsified with Freund's
      adjuvant; 21.7 microliters serum/20 g mouse when 870.0 mg antigen/horse was
      emulsified with A1(OH)3 and 30.0 microliters serum/20 g mouse when 50.0 mg
      antigen/horse was emulsified with A1(OH)3. When antigen was emulsified with
      liposome, the immune serum was ineffective against the lethal effects of C. d.
      terrificus venom. 3. The inoculation schedule used in horses to obtain
      hyperimmune serum consisted of reimmunization with sc booster injections of 7.5
      mg venom in 5.0 ml sterile saline emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's
      incomplete adjuvant. One week later, 2.5 mg venom in 12.0 ml sterile saline was
      inoculated at 2-day intervals. This reimmunization schedule, based on low doses
      of antigen (15.0 mg/horse) emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant or with
      saline, produced a protective and sustained immune response, regardless of the
      initial immunization procedure. The ED50 evaluated for each of the animals five
      days after the reimmunization period was never more than 20 microliters serum/20
      g mouse. 4. The liposome inoculation method employed a membrane-stabilized
      reverse phase evaporation preparation of sphingomyelin/cholesterol 2.5/l (w/w)
      liposomes. This procedure permits incorporation of 1.0 mg protein per mg of
      phospholipid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 1823243
TI  - Strain-dependent effects of morphine injected into the periaqueductal gray area
      of mice.
AB  - 1. Microinjection of morphine (0.31, 1.25 and 5.0 micrograms) into the
      periaqueductal grey area (PAG) of C57BL/6 (C57) and DBA/2 (DBA) mice increased
      the pain threshold in the tail-flick test. The highest dose also caused a
      behavioral reaction in both strains characterized by periods of immobility
      alternating with explosive motor behavior. 2. In the DBA strain, the analgesic
      effect was demonstrated with all doses of morphine, while in the C57 strain only
      the highest dose induced analgesia. 3. DBA mice presented a decrease in activity
      with the lowest dose of morphine, whereas in the C57 strain, this effect was
      obtained only with the highest dose of morphine. 4. These data corroborate at the
      PAG level the results of other studies which have shown that central and
      peripheral injections of morphine produce analgesia and alter motor activity in
      C57 and DBA strains. They also confirm that these two strains of mice present
      genotype-dependent differences in sensitivity to opioids as determined after
      injections of morphine into the PAG.

PMID- 1823244
TI  - Effect of fencamfamine on avoidance performances of rats.
AB  - The effects of fencamfamine (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, ip, single dose) on an inhibitory
      task were studied in rats (N = 15 per group). Post-training treatment with
      fencamfamine (1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased avoidance latency from 23 +/- 3
      to 146 +/- 28 and 170 +/- 33 s for training day 1 and day 7, respectively,
      indicating an enhancement of retention. However, retention was significantly
      reduced with a high dose of fencamfamine (5.0 mg/kg). These results demonstrate
      that fencamfamine caused a reproducible dose-related increase and reduction in
      avoidance latency.

PMID- 1823245
TI  - Involvement of PAF-acether and eicosanoids in adrenaline-induced pulmonary edema
      in mice.
AB  - The participation of platelet-activating factor (PAF, PAF-acether) in a mouse
      model of pulmonary edema was studied using specific antagonists. Mice were
      treated before induction of edema with the PAF antagonists BN52021 (10 mg/kg,
      ip), PCA4248 (10 mg/kg, po) or WEB2170 (10 mg/kg, ip), the lipoxygenase inhibitor
      EP10161 (10 mg/kg, ip), the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor aspirin (250 mg/kg, po), or
      with the mixed cyclo-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C (50 mg/kg, ip). The test drugs
      were administered to animals either 30 min (when the ip route was used) or 60 min
      (when given po) prior to the induction of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema was
      induced by intravenous administration of adrenaline (2 mg/kg). When the lung-body
      index was used as the criterion for comparison between groups, BN52021, PCA4248
      and WEB2170 were found to have no significant effect on pulmonary edema. In
      contrast, EP10161, aspirin and BW755C significantly inhibited pulmonary edema by
      49%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The results suggest that arachidonate metabolites
      are likely to play a major role in adrenaline-induced pulmonary edema in mice,
      whereas PAF-acether does not seem to play an important role in this model.

PMID- 1823246
TI  - Identification of efferent-stimulus-responding neurons in the earthworm 3rd
      segmental nerve by lucifer yellow-CH backfilling.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to identify the mechanism for the
      decreased efferent reflex response recorded extracellularly from an earthworm 3rd
      segmental nerve after the nerve had been cut. Four neurons which showed a
      correlated decrease in their efferent responses were identified in the ventral
      nerve cord by the broken-microelectrode-backfilling method using Lucifer Yellow
      CH. The long processes of these neurons extended into the 3rd nerve trunk. Thus,
      these neurons may represent an efferent link in this complicated reflex arc.

PMID- 1823247
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like materials in antral gastric
      mucosa and intestinal epithelial cells of the turtles Chrysemys dorbigni and
      Phrynops hilarii.
AB  - Immunoreactive insulin was demonstrated immunohistochemically with antibodies to
      human and porcine insulin by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method in open
      type gastrointestinal cells from sections of the antral stomach and of the upper,
      middle and lower intestine of the turtles Chrysemys dorbigni and Phrynops
      hilarii. In both species the concentration of cells positive for insulin-like
      material was higher in the gastric antrum than in the gut. The localization of
      insulin-like material in gastrointestinal mucosal cells of turtles is an unusual
      finding among vertebrates, because the insulin-containing cells migrate from the
      mucosal epithelium of the intestine early in vertebrate evolution to the acinar
      pancreas. The chemical nature of the gastrointestinal insulin-like material and
      its physiological role remain to be determined.

PMID- 1823248
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seed
      arylamidase.
AB  - 1. Arylamidase activity was isolated from Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds (2
      U/g) using L-Leu-2-naphthylamide as substrate to monitor the purification. 2. The
      enzyme preparation was purified 733-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and
      by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, in 6.6% yield. 3. SDS
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after fast protein liquid chromatography on a
      Mono Q column, showed only one protein band with a molecular weight of 35 kDa. 4.
      The optimum pH for arylamidase activity was 6.5. Taking the hydrolysis rate of
      Lys-2-naphthylamide as one, the relative rates at which the other substrates were
      hydrolyzed were: Leu-2-naphthylamide, 30, Met-2-naphthylamide, 18, Arg-2
      naphthylamide, 2, Ala-2-naphthylamide, 1.5, and L-Leu-p-nitroanilide, 26. 5. The
      arylamidase activity was inhibited 50% by 0.1 mM HgCl2, 0.1 mM MnCl2, 0.1 mM
      ZnCl2, 0.13 mM NiCl2, 0.2 mM o-phenanthroline and 1 microM sodium p
      hydroxymercuribenzoate, and activated 35% by 5.0 microM EDTA. Iodoacetate (0.67
      mM), dithioerythritol and 2-mercaptoethanol (3.3 mM), and chloride ions (0.2 M)
      had no effect on the enzyme activity.

PMID- 1823249
TI  - Virulence factors of Escherichia coli in urinary isolates.
AB  - 1. Escherichia coli strains isolated from 100 urine samples taken from patients
      with urinary tract infections (UTI) and from 20 normal fecal (NF) samples were
      examined for serum resistance, mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human
      erythrocytes (MRHA) and for production of aerobactin, hemolysin and colicin. 2.
      Among the UTI E. coli strains, 79% produced aerobactin, 69% showed serum
      resistance, 44% produced MRHA, 32% were beta-hemolytic and 22% were
      colicinogenic. A greater proportion of UTI E. coli strains produced aerobactin,
      colicin V, beta-hemolysis and MRHA when compared to NF strains. Production of MR
      hemagglutinins was significantly correlated with that of aerobactin and
      hemolysin. 3. These results suggest that the presence of aerobactin may be a
      significant etiological factor in UTI, and that the production of MR adhesins and
      of hemolysin also might contribute to the virulence of these strains.

PMID- 1823250
TI  - Prevalence of autoantibodies in simplex and multiplex families of Brazilian
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - 1. Forty-one simplex and 6 multiplex families of Brazilian IDDM patients were
      studied by the indirect immunofluorescence technique to determine the prevalence
      of the following autoantibodies: islet cells (ICA), islet cells which fix
      complement (ICA-CF), thyroid microsomes (TMA), thyroglobulin (TGA), and gastric
      parietal cells (PCA). A total of 54 IDDM patients belonging to two family groups
      were analyzed. 2. A significantly higher frequency of ICA-CF and TMA was detected
      among the siblings from multiplex families than among those from simplex families
      (18.7% vs 1.7%). 3. A prospective study of 5 ICA-positive siblings was
      undertaken, and 2 who later became diabetic were found to be positive to both ICA
      and ICA-CF. 4. The prevalence of islet-cell antibodies in these 54 Brazilian IDDM
      patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives from genetically mixed
      groups suggests that the humoral autoimmune mechanisms of the disease are
      probably identical to those observed in other populations of different ethnic
      backgrounds.

PMID- 1823251
TI  - Left ventricular maximal systolic elastance calculated by a combination of M-mode
      echocardiography and standard manometry.
AB  - 1. A method for obtaining the end-systolic left ventricular (LV) pressure
      diameter and stress-diameter relationships in man was critically analyzed. 2.
      Pressure-diameter and stress-diameter relationships were determined throughout
      the cardiac cycle by combining standard LV manometry with M-mode
      echocardiography. Nine adult patients with heart disease and without heart
      failure were studied during intracardiac catheterization under three different
      conditions of arterial pressure, i.e., basal (B) condition (mean +/- SD systolic
      pressure, 102 +/- 10 mmHg) and two stable states of arterial hypertension (HI,
      121 +/- 12 mmHg; HII, 147 +/- 17 mmHg) induced by venous infusion of
      phenylephrine after parasympathetic autonomic blockade with 0.04 mg/kg atropine.
      3. Significant reflex heart rate variation with arterial hypertension was
      observed (B, 115 +/- 20 bpm; HI, 103 +/- 14 bpm; HII, 101 +/- 13 bpm) in spite of
      the parasympathetic blockade with atropine. The linear end-systolic pressure
      diameter and stress-diameter relationships ranged from 53.0 to 160.0 mmHg/cm and
      from 97.0 to 195.0 g/cm3, respectively. 4. The end-systolic LV pressure-diameter
      and stress-diameter relationship lines presented high and variable slopes. The
      slopes, which are indicators of myocardial contractility, are susceptible to
      modifications by small deviations in the measurement of the ventricular diameter
      or by delay in the pressure curve recording.

PMID- 1823252
TI  - Comparative study of different methods used to isolate Trypanosoma cruzi from
      defibrinated blood of irradiated mice.
AB  - Different methods are being used for the isolation and purification of
      Trypanosoma cruzi blood forms from infected vertebrate hosts. In this study we
      compare four of these methods (differential centrifugation, Ficoll-Hypaque,
      Histopaque 1077 and metrizamide) in terms of parasite recovery rates,
      contamination with cells, duration of the process and role of host irradiation.
      Male albino Swiss mice irradiated in a Gamma Cell 220 (500 rads) were inoculated
      with CL and VL-10 T. cruzi strains and bled at the peak of parasitemia. Infected
      defibrinated blood was then used for the isolation. Although all methods
      permitted the recovery of viable trypomastigotes, the best results were obtained
      with Ficoll-Hypaque and Histopaque 1077. Recovery rates ranged between 71% to 88%
      and parasite-enriched preparations were obtained in approximately 75 min.
      Irradiation and blood defibrination drastically reduced platelet and leukocyte
      contamination of the preparations.

PMID- 1823253
TI  - Relationship of biotype and source to the hemagglutination and adhesive
      properties of C. diphtheriae.
AB  - 1. A study was conducted on the hemagglutinating and adhesive properties of
      sucrose-fermenting and non-sucrose-fermenting Corynebacterium diphtheriae
      strains. Sheep erythrocytes were agglutinated by 72% of toxigen C. diphtheriae
      strains and by 87% of nontoxigenic strains, by 67% of the strains isolated from
      throats and 94% of skin isolates, and by 65% of sucrose-fermenting organisms and
      93% of non-sucrose-fermenting strains. 2. Neither presence nor absence of toxin
      production was correlated with the hemagglutinating property. 3. Different levels
      of adherence to glass surfaces occurred among C.diphtheriae strains. 4. Strains
      from skin lesions and of the non-sucrose-fermenting biotype showed strong
      hemagglutinating activity. 5. In contrast, sucrose-fermenting strains exhibited
      less hemagglutinating activity, but most of them (71%) were predominantly
      effective adherers to glass surfaces.

PMID- 1823254
TI  - Isotypic distribution of antibody responses in lines of mice selected for high or
      low immunoresponsiveness.
AB  - 1. The isotype distribution of antibody (Ab) responses to Salmonella antigens
      (Ag) was investigated in high (H) and low (L) Ab responder lines of mice from
      Selections III and IV carried out for responsiveness to flagellar (f) and somatic
      (s) Ag, respectively. 2. Primary immunization resulted in higher Ab titers of all
      isotypes in response to both Ag in H mice from both selections and was confirmed
      after booster injections. The interline difference (H-L) in response to the
      distinct isotypes ranged from 3.0 to 7.0 log2 to Ag f in Selection III and from
      2.0 to 5.1 log2 to Ag s in Selection IV. 3. Comparison of isotype production to 3
      Ag in Selections I, II, III and IV demonstrated that: 1) the highest responses in
      all mice are those against the selection Ag, 2) the isotypic pattern depends on
      both the Ag injected and the host's genetic constitution, and 3) the presence or
      lack of a multispecific effect is not due to isotype-restricted regulation.

PMID- 1823255
TI  - The effects of total and partial callosal agenesis on the rotatory behavior of
      BALB/cCF mice.
AB  - We report a study on rotational behavior (free swim test) of 30 adult male mice
      of an inbred strain in which about 20% of the animals are born with callosal
      defects (the BALB/cCF strain). The experiment was designed to study the
      relationship between the development of the corpus callosum and the degree of
      lateralization in rotatory behavior. Most of the BALB/cCF mice (77%) were
      lateralized rotators. Although most animals with a normal callosal area presented
      individual asymmetry, there was no significant tendency for a populational
      asymmetry toward one side in this group. In contrast, 75% of the animals with
      abnormally small callosal areas were left rotators. These animals, therefore,
      presented not only individual asymmetry, but also a tendency for a populational
      asymmetry. It was concluded that disturbances in the development of the corpus
      callosum are related to the appearance of directional populational asymmetry in
      rotatory behavior.

PMID- 1823256
TI  - An aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane
      synthesis.
AB  - The effects of an aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) on rabbit
      platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis were examined. The guarana extract
      (100 mg/ml) and fractions separated by TLC (origin and xanthines) decreased
      platelet aggregation (37, 27 and 31% of control values, respectively) and
      platelet thromboxane formation from [14C]-arachidonic acid (78, 70 and 50% of
      control values, respectively). The decreased thromboxane synthesis could be
      responsible, at least in part, for the antiaggregatory action of guarana.

PMID- 1823257
TI  - Mechanical support of the circulation and the Frank-Starling law: a physiological
      approach.

PMID- 1823258
TI  - The dot-ELISA test for the detection of anti-PGL-1 IgM in leprosy patients and
      their contacts.
AB  - 1. Since dot-ELISA has recently been reported to be a sensitive, simple and fast
      method, we have compared it with the conventional microplate ELISA method. Sera
      of 124 leprosy patients, 136 household and professional contacts, and 92 controls
      were tested for antibodies against a Mycobacterium leprae antigen using dot-ELISA
      on nitrocellulose membrane filters and microplate ELISA. 2. The sensitivity of
      the two techniques was similar for multibacillary patients, but dot-ELISA was
      less sensitive for paucibacillary patients although it was more specific (100%)
      than ELISA (93.4%). 3. Of 21 household contacts that gave a response by ELISA, 3
      were also positive by dot-ELISA; one of these 3 developed indeterminate leprosy
      12 months later and the other was diagnosed as borderline lepromatous after 28
      months. 4. These data indicate that dot-ELISA has a high specificity and can be a
      useful tool in field evaluation.

PMID- 1823259
TI  - Age-related changes of glutathione content, glutathione reductase and glutathione
      peroxidase activity of human erythrocytes.
AB  - 1. In order to investigate the effect of aging on the erythrocyte glutathione
      system, total glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSH-red) and glutathione
      peroxidase (GSH-px) levels were measured in erythrocytes from 33 young (mean age
      = 30.5 +/- 9.7 years) and 28 aged (mean age = 68.9 +/- 11.4 years) healthy
      individuals. 2. GSH was 3.5 +/- 1.8 microM/g Hb for the young group, a value
      significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than 2.3 +/- 0.9 microM/g Hb found for
      the aged group. Similarly, GSH-red activity, 5.5 +/- 1.8 IU/g Hb, was higher (P
      less than 0.05) for the young group than 3.4 +/- 0.9 IU/g Hb found for the aged
      group. The GSH-px activity levels for the young group, 21.1 +/- 5.9 IU/g Hb, were
      significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than 12.0 +/- 3.3 IU/g Hb for the aged
      group. The lower activity detected in the aged group for all of these parameters
      of the glutathione redox system was not related to low levels of hematocrit or
      hemoglobin. 3. There was no statistical difference in the activation coefficient
      (AC) of reductase (+FAD/-FAD) between groups, which seems to indicate that the
      lower activity of glutathione reductase observed in the aged group was not due to
      riboflavin deficiency. 4. Additional information is required to determine the
      mechanisms controlling the glutathione redox system and its role in the aging
      process.

PMID- 1823260
TI  - A histopathologic study of the mechanism of Evans blue staining of myocardial
      infarcts in rats.
AB  - In a study of the mechanism of Evans blue (EB) staining of experimental infarcts
      in rats, it has been reported that when the dye was injected iv before left
      coronary occlusion (LCO) it diffused centripetally from the periphery of the
      excluded vascular bed region (ExVB), i.e., the myocardial area with circulation
      interrupted by LCO, to its center. In the present study, we have attempted to
      identify the mechanism of this phenomenon. The animals were sacrificed at
      different times after EB injection, i.e., 10, 20, and 30 min and 1, 2.5, 4.5, 6,
      16, 24 and 48 h. This phenomenon occurred from 4.5 up to 24 h after LCO and could
      not be ascribed to either collateral circulation or to venous backflow. We
      conclude that diffusion from one necrotic cell to another, beginning at the ill
      perfused periphery of the ExVB (lateral and endocardial margins of the ExVB), and
      also at the epicardium (bathed by pericardial effusion rich in EB) is responsible
      for the production of the so-called "blue infarct".

PMID- 1823261
TI  - In vitro activity of meglumine antimoniate, a pentavalent antimonial drug, on
      Leishmania promastigotes.
AB  - 1. The activity of a pentavalent antimonial drug glucantime on the growth of
      promastigote forms of Leishmania strains involved in South American cutaneous and
      mucocutaneous leishmaniasis was investigated. A marked difference in
      susceptibility to glucantime among four different strains and cloned lines
      obtained from a single strain was observed. For the sensitive strains (L.
      braziliensis M2903 and L. guyanensis M1176), the cell growth was reduced in a
      dose-dependent manner for drug concentrations at a range of 0.23 to 23 mM.
      However, despite the relative sensitivity of the assay, no significant increase
      of effect was observed in the presence of higher drug concentrations. For the
      resistant strains (L. amazonensis M10996 and L. braziliensis LTB259) a dose
      response line is obtained at a higher concentration range (20 mM to 70 mM). 2.
      The influence of the drug on surface properties, respiratory activity and
      incorporation of radiolabelled leucine by a sensitive strain -L. guyanensis M1176
      was studied as an approach to its site of action. Despite the increased intensity
      of self-agglutination for cells growing in the presence of glucantime, no
      significant change was observed in electrophoretic mobility or Concanavalin A
      reactivity. Since the oxygen uptake of glucose-stimulated promastigotes was only
      slightly reduced in the presence of 23 mM glucantime at 28 degrees C, the
      reduction was not sufficient to explain the total growth inhibition observed. A
      significant decrease of 14C-leucine incorporation into the cold TCA-insoluble
      fraction of drug-treated cells was observed within the same concentration range
      that reduces promastigote growth.

PMID- 1823262
TI  - Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) for Chagas'
      disease serodiagnosis.
AB  - 1. Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) was
      standardized and evaluated for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease, in comparison
      with the conventional serological tests indirect immunofluorescence (IFI),
      passive hemagglutination (PHA) and complement fixation (CF). 2. A total of 236
      serum samples positive and negative for the serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease were
      studied. The group included 50 serum samples serologically positive for
      leishmaniasis and 36 positive for malaria. 3. The best diagnostic performance of
      DIG-ELISA was observed when serum samples were diluted to 1:8 and a diameter of
      zero mm (no color) was taken as the cut-off. Under these conditions, the relative
      indices of sensitivity, specificity and agreement were 100%. High positive
      correlation coefficients were obtained between DIG-ELISA and IFI (r1 = 0.9010),
      PHA (r2 = 0.8943) and CF (r3 = 0.8269). 4. We conclude that DIG-ELISA provides an
      alternative technique for screening chagasic infections, as well as for
      seroepidemiological surveys mainly because it is simple, easy to carry out and
      does not require expensive equipment.

PMID- 1823264
TI  - A simple reflectance microphotometer for dot immunobinding assay (dot-ELISA)
      quantification.
AB  - The use of a simple reflectance microphotometer adapted to quantify enzymatic dot
      immunobinding assays is described. The instrument is versatile and precise by
      clinical laboratory standards (i.e., 1.1% coefficient of variation for ten
      consecutive readings of a grey cardboard). The instrument provides a low-cost
      alternative to commercially available equipment for quantitation of dot-ELISA
      assays.

PMID- 1823263
TI  - ELISA detection of specific circulating antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni in
      mice after treatment with oxamniquine.
AB  - 1. Mice infected with 80 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni were treated with a
      single oral dose of oxamniquine (400 mg/kg) 65 days after infection. 2. Groups of
      8-12 animals were sacrificed approximately 2 weeks after treatment and then at
      monthly intervals. The sera obtained were evaluated for S. mansoni antibodies by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 1:200 dilution. 3. Worms could not
      be recovered on days 14, 28, 58, 90, 119, 154 and 180 after treatment, indicating
      the efficacy of the chemotherapy. 4. When performed with different antigens
      obtained from several stages in the life cycle of S. mansoni, i.e., soluble egg
      antigen, adult worm tegument, cercaria antigen, schistosomule tegument and adult
      worm (10 micrograms antigen/ml), the ELISA showed a decrease in specific antibody
      levels as a function of time after treatment starting on day 58, reaching levels
      close to control (noninfected untreated) in most animals 120 days after
      treatment. 5. Purified antigens from the adult worm and the schistosomule
      tegument appear to be promising for use in clinical studies evaluating
      schistosomiasis after drug treatment.

PMID- 1823265
TI  - Biochemical and behavioral effects of intraseptal microinjection of fasciculin,
      an irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
AB  - 1. We examined the effect, in rats, of an intraseptal microinjection of
      fasciculin (FAS), an irreversible peptide acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor,
      on a) AChE activity measured in septum and hippocampus, b) 3H-quinuclidinyl
      benzylate (3H-QNB) and 3H-oxotremorine (3H-OXO) binding to hippocampal
      cholinergic muscarinic receptors, c) 3H-flunitrazepam (3H-FNZ) binding to
      hippocampal benzodiazepine receptors as a control for QNB and OXO binding, d)
      acquisition and retention in three different behavioral paradigms, i.e., water
      finding (in which there is concomitant habituation to the apparatus), step-down
      inhibitory avoidance, and shuttle avoidance. 2. AChE activity in septum decreased
      2 days (-66%) and 5 days (-48%) after FAS microinjection; a slight reduction (
      35%) occurred in the dorsal hippocampus on day 2 (P less than 0.05; N = 6 per
      group); no changes in AChE activity were observed in ventral hippocampus on day 2
      or day 5. 3. No changes in 3H-QNB, 3H-OXO, or 3H-FNZ binding constants were
      demonstrable in the hippocampus either 2 or 5 days after intraseptal FAS
      administration. 4. No changes in training or test session performance in any of
      the three behavioral situations were observed 2-3 days after the intraseptal
      microinjection of FAS. 5. The persistent inhibition of septal AChE caused by FAS
      microinjection into the septum is not sufficient to induce major changes either
      in hippocampal cholinergic muscarinic receptors, or in the learning or retention
      of behaviors regulated by the septum and/or hippocampus.

PMID- 1823266
TI  - Effects of massive telencephalic lesions on the organization of behavior in
      pigeons (Columba livia).
AB  - The effects of massive lesions of the telencephalon on the behavioral repertoire
      of captive pigeons were investigated. The behavior of four birds with an intact
      telencephalon was compared to that of four birds submitted to ablation of
      telencephalic structures. Behavioral audio recording was done according to
      previously defined categories in three daily sessions for fifteen days.
      Experimental birds were followed up for one month. Immediately after the lesion,
      operated birds showed decreases in the occurrence of different behaviors such as
      coordinated movements, feeding, interaction, preening, maintenance, exploration
      and vocalization and increases in locomotion and discrete movements of the body
      when compared to the control birds (P less than 0.05). Recovery of exploration (P
      less than 0.05), feeding and localization was observed during the follow-up
      period. These data are interpreted as suggestive of a functional role of the
      telencephalon in the organization of behavior and a long-term recovery of
      behavior after detelencephalation.

PMID- 1823267
TI  - Complex channel activity recorded from rat liver gap junctional membranes
      incorporated into lipid bilayers.
AB  - 1. Channels from isolated liver junctional membranes were incorporated into lipid
      bilayers and studied under voltage clamp conditions. Detergent treatment of
      junctional membrane fragments greatly increased the incidence of channel
      incorporation but did not noticeably alter the properties of the incorporated
      channels. Incorporation resulted in channel activity displaying an approximately
      symmetric voltage dependence in which conductance was decreased with imposed
      transmembrane voltages exceeding +/- 20 mV. A residual voltage-independent
      conductance was also detected in membranes in which liver junctional membranes
      were incorporated. The magnitude of this voltage-insensitive component varied
      from less than 20% to more than 75% of the total conductance. 2. These results
      are generally similar to those described by Young, Cohn and Gilula (Cell, 48: 733
      743, 1987) in incorporation experiments following detergent treatment of isolated
      gap junction membranes. However, we interpret these data as indicating the
      existence of distinct channel populations in the incorporated membrane fractions.
      Our results suggest that a population of larger conductance channels (greater
      than or equal to 150 pS) contributes the voltage-dependent component of the
      membrane conductance, while smaller channels (unitary conductance about 50-150
      pS) contribute the voltage-independent component. The biophysical properties of
      the larger channel are comparable to those seen in communication-deficient cells
      transfected with connexin32, confirming a report describing conductance of
      bilayers in which electroeluted 27-kDa liver gap junction protein was inserted.
      3. These findings indicate that connexin32 comprises the larger, voltage
      dependent channels seen in the bilayer experiments in which liver junctional
      membranes are incorporated.

PMID- 1823268
TI  - Gastric emptying of maltose, sucrose, lactose and lactulose in rats with
      ontogenic lactase deficiency.
AB  - The gastric emptying of maltose, sucrose, lactose and lactulose was compared in
      young adult rats with ontogenic lactase deficiency. Eight animals were employed
      for each sugar meal at each time of study (total number of animals = 192). Each
      animal received a test meal consisting of a solution of the sugar (100 mg/ml) and
      phenol red as marker and gastric retention was measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and
      60 min after orogastric infusion of the test meal. Gastric retention was
      determined by measuring the concentration of the marker in the residual test meal
      recovered from the stomach after killing the animal. There was no difference
      between the gastric emptying of lactose and lactulose. The gastric emptying of
      maltose was significantly slower during the initial 30 min and the emptying of
      sucrose was identical to that of maltose only at 5 min and could not be
      distinguished from that of lactose and lactulose at later times. These data
      support the observation, made in human subjects, that, under conditions of
      ontogenic lactase deficiency, the modulation of gastric emptying of lactose is
      ineffective. It is possible that the rapid emptying of sucrose is due to the
      saturation of sucrase because of substrate overload which impairs the intestinal
      inhibitory control of gastric emptying.

PMID- 1823269
TI  - Transfer RNA nucleoside composition in 13762 rat adenocarcinoma.
AB  - 1. Abnormalities in patterns of tRNA methylation and in the activities of tRNA
      methyltransferases are well-documented phenomena. In this study, we focused our
      attention on tRNA from adenocarcinoma, a 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced
      mammary tumor, because prior evidence has suggested the occurrence of an abnormal
      pattern of tRNA methylation. 2. Chemical postlabeling of tumor vs normal rat
      liver and mammary gland tRNAs revealed tumor specific differences in the modified
      nucleoside distribution, i.e., a 5.8-fold increase in tumor N-2-methylguanosine
      together with a 2.7-, 2.8-, 2.6- and 2.8-fold decrease in tumor 1
      methyladenosine, dihydrouridine, pseudouridine and 5-methylcytidyne,
      respectively. 3. Class A tRNAs, a slower gel migrating group of tumor tRNAs,
      exhibited even lower 1-methyladenosine levels. Most of the remaining nucleosides
      in class A tRNAs showed molar ratios similar to those found in bulk tumor tRNA.
      However, N-2-methylguanosine levels in class A tRNA are intermediate between bulk
      tumor tRNA (2.8%) and mammary gland tRNA (0.49%). 4. The only qualitative
      difference found in tumor tRNA seems to be the absence of inosine usually present
      in tRNAs from liver and mammary tissues. 5. In spite of its abnormal methylation
      pattern adenocarcinoma tRNA binds to glucocorticoid receptor protein from mouse
      AtT-20 cells, generating a 6S tRNA-protein complex, in a fashion similar to that
      previously described for the endogenous tRNA isolated from the same cells.

PMID- 1823270
TI  - Partial sequence analysis of type 1 dengue virus coding for the nonstructural
      hydrophilic protein NS-3.
AB  - A complementary DNA copy of DEN-1 RNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase
      and a random primer. The double-stranded DNA copy was cloned at the Sma I site of
      the pUC13 vector and was used to transform Escherichia coli JM83. Among the
      transformants selected for characterization by nucleotide sequence analysis, we
      report here one that codes for a region of nonstructural hydrophilic protein, NS
      3. Computer analysis of this sequence (967 bp) showed about 87% conservation at
      the amino acid level and 79% at the nucleotide level when compared with dengue
      serotypes 2, 3 and 4 and Japanese encephalitis virus. This suggests an important
      function which is common to all four serotypes. Comparison of the cloned region
      with sequences of the above strains also suggested conservation of hydrophobic
      regions.

PMID- 1823271
TI  - NADP+ biosynthesis by rats receiving a pellagragenic diet.
AB  - Rats showing signs of pellagra-like disease associated with gelatin ingestion
      were injected with [14C]-nicotinic acid into the portal vein and the
      incorporation of the label into hepatic NAD+ and NADP+ was determined. The
      quantity of NADP+ synthesized within 1 h after [14C]-nicotinic acid injection by
      the experimental group, supplemented or not with dietary niacin, was 75% lower
      than that synthesized by the control group fed a casein control diet (141 nmol h
      1 g-1). The NAD+ and NADP+ contents of the liver of the experimental animals were
      245 and 93 micrograms/g liver, respectively, i.e., significantly lower than those
      for the controls (597 and 210 micrograms/g, respectively). Dietary
      supplementation with niacin increased the NAD+ content to 317 micrograms/g liver
      but had no statistical effect on NADP+ content (75 micrograms/g liver) or NADP+
      synthesis (46.5 in the free niacin group vs 37.0 nmol h-1 g-1 in the niacin
      supplemented group). Therefore, NAD+ content did not seem to limit NADP+
      synthesis. These results suggest that the lower availability of NADP+ is
      responsible, at least in part, for some metabolic derangements in pellagra-like
      disease, such as a decrease in the activity of NADP(+)-dependent enzymes observed
      in quail muscle.

PMID- 1823272
TI  - Use of ampicillin plus ranitidine for Helicobacter pylori gastritis.
AB  - 1. Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is now recognized as an
      etiological factor in gastritis and duodenal ulcers and probably also gastric
      ulcers. Eradication of the bacteria is fundamental to avoid ulcer relapse.
      Although bismuth salts have been shown to be effective for treatment, they are
      not commercially available in Brazil. 2. We report an attempt to treat patients
      with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis with ampicillin (1000 mg twice
      daily for one month) and compare the results with the conventional treatment used
      in Brazil (ranitidine, 300 mg daily for one month) and with a combination of the
      two drugs. We studied 44 patients with histologically confirmed gastritis and
      with Helicobacter pylori, who were examined at the beginning and after one month
      of treatment. 3. Ampicillin associated with ranitidine was better than ampicillin
      or ranitidine alone for the treatment of gastritis. Although ampicillin may be
      more efficient in patients with lower acid output we did not find a statistically
      significant difference between these two groups (ampicillin vs drug combination),
      perhaps owing to the small number of patients studied. When ampicillin was
      combined with ranitidine there was 25% normalization of the histological picture
      of the gastric mucosa. 4. We conclude that ampicillin in combination with
      ranitidine may be a useful treatment for Helicobacter pylori-associated
      gastritis.

PMID- 1823273
TI  - Evaluation of the genotoxic activity and acute toxicity of Euphorbia splendens
      latex, a molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis.
AB  - 1. The latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii has a molluscicidal action at
      low concentration (LD90 less than 1.5 ppm or 1.5 micrograms/ml) against the
      vector snails of schistosomiasis. 2. In the present study, the latex in natura or
      after lyophilization was submitted to the Ames test and the chromotest to
      evaluate genotoxicity, to the Microtox System to determine acute toxicity, and to
      the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay (CHO) to measure cytotoxicity. 3. The latex
      had no mutagenic activity in the presence or absence of S9 toward the TA98 and
      TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) at concentrations up to 200
      microliters/plate (in natura) and of 200 micrograms/plate (lyophilized). The
      lyophilized latex had no genotoxic activity (Chromotest) and no acute toxic
      effect on Photobacterium phosphoreum at concentrations up to 445 micrograms/ml,
      whereas the sample in natura had a toxic effect with an EC50 of 148,000
      microliters/l (or ppm). In the CHO/cytotoxicity assay, the lyophilized latex had
      no cytotoxic effect in quantities up to 200 micrograms. 4. The latex was found to
      have no acute toxicity or mutagenic activity at the concentrations of 10 to 12
      micrograms/ml (or ppm) that are being proposed for molluscicidal use in the
      field.

PMID- 1823274
TI  - Influence of high environmental temperature on inflammation and repair induced by
      a foreign body in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles.
AB  - We investigated the effect of high environmental temperature (31 degrees C vs 25
      degrees C) on the inflammatory and repair phenomena induced by a foreign body in
      the tail of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles. The data obtained using
      quantitative morphometric models showed that environmental temperature influences
      the time course but not the intensity of the inflammatory process and the tissue
      repair. Animals treated at 31 degrees C presented an initial increase of the
      inflammation and repair area (IRA, 402 +/- 24 microns2, mean +/- SEM, on the 3rd
      day), which quickly decreased and stabilized, with tissue restoration occurring
      after 21 days (327 +/- 3). In contrast, tadpoles kept at 25 degrees C showed an
      active inflammatory focus which persisted throughout the experiment. However, the
      maximum values obtained for the parameters analyzed were quite similar at both
      temperatures. IRA was 378 +/- 15 microns2 on the 21st day at 25 degrees C vs 402
      +/- 24 on the 3rd day at 31 degrees C, and inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI)
      was 175 +/- 12 cells per 145 microns2 tissue on the 7th day at 25 degrees C vs
      171 +/- 23 on the 3rd day at 31 degrees C.

PMID- 1823275
TI  - Suppression of the IgE antibody response by Ascaris suum components: effect of X
      irradiation.
AB  - The effect of X-irradiation on the suppression of IgE antibody responses induced
      by some of the Ascaris suum (ASC) components was analyzed in mice (7-week old
      A/Sn females). Treatment with 300 R 24 h before immunization with 50 micrograms
      OVA and 200 micrograms ASC suppressive components abolished the damping effect on
      anti-OVA IgE antibody levels. The same effect was observed on the anti-ASC IgE
      antibody response obtained in mice injected with 200 micrograms ASC immunogenic
      plus 200 micrograms ASC suppressive components. Moreover, the failure of
      suppressive components to induce an IgE anti-ASC antibody response on their own
      was also abolished by X-irradiation. These results indicate that the suppressive
      components are able to elicit an IgE antibody response, but simultaneously
      activate a regulatory mechanism which suppresses both the homologous (anti-ASC)
      and heterologous (anti-OVA) antibody formation.

PMID- 1823276
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia induced by long-term domperidone treatment does not alter the
      sensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors.
AB  - We investigated the effect of hyperprolactinemia induced by long-term domperidone
      treatment (10.0 mg/kg, single daily dose, ip) on striatal dopamine (DA) receptor
      sensitivity in male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g (N = 8). Domperidone treatment
      for 7 days continued to produce an increase in serum concentration of prolactin
      (PRL) from 17.3 +/- 2.2 to 33.1 +/- 7.3 and from 16.8 +/- 2.3 to 21.9 +/- 2.1, 2
      and 72 h after domperidone withdrawal, respectively. Hyperprolactinemia induced
      by long-term domperidone treatment did not change binding sites (Bmax) and
      dissociation constant (Kd) of [3H]-spiroperidol binding when compared to
      controls. These results show that hyperprolactinemia induced by long-term
      domperidone treatment does not effect the sensitivity of striatal DA receptors
      presumably because the effect of neuroleptic drugs is due to their interaction
      with the receptors and not to the concomitant hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 1823277
TI  - Effect of postnatal methylmalonate administration on adult rat behavior.
AB  - 1. Methylmalonate (MMA) levels (2.0-2.5 mM) comparable to those of human
      methylmalonic acidemia were achieved in blood of young rats from the 5th to the
      25th day of life by injecting the drug subcutaneously twice a day with an
      interval of 8 h. MMA doses ranged from 0.76 to 1.69 mumol/g body weight as a
      function of animal age. MMA-treated rats had normal body and brain weights. 2.
      Behavioral studies using aversive and nonaversive tasks were performed at 60 days
      of life. Motor activity was similar in MMA-treated and saline-treated controls.
      No differences in performance between these groups were identified in the shuttle
      avoidance responses and in the inhibitory avoidance tasks. However, MMA-injected
      rats escaped footshock faster than the controls (1.22 +/- 0.11 vs 1.76 +/- 0.14
      (mean +/- SEM) for 24 rats in each group (P less than 0.01)) suggesting that they
      may be hyperreactive to this stimulus. 3. In the open field, a nonaversive
      behavior task, MMA-injected rats, in contrast to control rats, presented no
      habituation. 4. Our results suggest that MMA by itself may impair central nervous
      system function, causing minor disabilities which result in specific learning
      deficiencies.

PMID- 1823278
TI  - Anxiolytic effect of midazolam microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey
      area of rats.
AB  - In order to investigate the role of the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) area in
      the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines male Wistar rats (N = 10), weighing 200
      250 g at the time of surgery, were microinjected into this structure with
      midazolam (80 nmol) and submitted to the elevated plus-maze, an ethologically
      based model of anxiety. Midazolam significantly increased the percentage of open
      arm entries from 32.4 +/- 4.6 (control) to 49.5 +/- 3.0 and of time spent in the
      open arms from 21.0 +/- 4.5 (control) to 35.6 +/- 4.8 without affecting the total
      number of entries into either open or enclosed arms. This effect typifies an
      anxiolytic effect in the test and was antagonized by the benzodiazepine receptor
      antagonist flumazenil (80 nmol) microinjected into the same site 10 min before
      the midazolam (80 nmol) microinjection. Microinjection of flumazenil alone had no
      effect. These results provide additional evidence for the participation of the
      DPAG in the physiopathology of anxiety and suggest that it may be a site for the
      anxiolytic effect of systemically injected benzodiazepines.

PMID- 1823279
TI  - Antitumor effects of dopaminergic blockers in mice bearing Ehrlich tumors.
AB  - We determined the effect of 13 days of treatment with 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol, 30.0
      mg/kg metoclopramide or 4.0 mg/kg domperidone on the number of tumor cells of
      mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The three dopaminergic blockers
      significantly reduced the number of tumor cells of experimental mice. The mean +/
      SEM number of tumor cells x 10(6)/ml saline lavage was 25.5 +/- 5.9 for the
      haloperidol group, 36.8 +/- 4.7 for the metoclopramide group, 25.3 +/- 3.5 for
      the domperidone group and 54.0 +/- 9.0 for the control mice (treated with 0.9%
      NaCl). In a second experiment, treatment with 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol
      showed that the antitumor effect of this drug was dose dependent. The possible
      mechanisms underlying these results (such as an increase in prolactin levels or a
      direct action of these drugs on lymphocytes) are discussed in light of the
      specific pharmacological properties of each dopaminergic blocker.

PMID- 1823280
TI  - Dorsal raphe nucleus lesions have no effect on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and
      on the anticataleptic activity of buspirone.
AB  - The anxiolytic drug buspirone (BUS) and other central 5-HT-1A receptor ligands
      are capable of reducing neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in rodents. The dorsal
      raphe nucleus (DRN) is reported to be an important source of serotonergic
      projections to the basal ganglia, the site of neuroleptic action. The present
      study was designed to evaluate the participation of the DRN in the anticataleptic
      effect of BUS on male Wistar rats. Rats were submitted to electrolytic or sham
      DRN lesion under barbiturate anesthesia. Ten days later, the animals were
      injected with BUS (5 mg/kg, ip) or saline (1 ml, ip) and catalepsy was induced 20
      min later with haloperidol (1 mg/kg, ip). Saline-injected DRN-lesioned and sham
      lesioned rats displayed similar catalepsy scores and BUS significantly and
      similarly reduced the catalepsy scores in both groups. The results suggest that,
      in producing anticataleptic effects, BUS interacts at sites other than the DRN.
      The participation of other raphe nuclei in the anticataleptic effect of BUS is
      currently under investigation.

PMID- 1823281
TI  - PAF antagonists do not modify IgE antibody production in mice.
AB  - The effect of selective PAF antagonists on the in vivo production of IgE
      antibodies was investigated. The anti-ovalbumin IgE antibody content was
      estimated by passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction (PCA) in the plasma of
      Balb/c mice 10 days after immunization with ovalbumin and alum. The PAF
      antagonists, BN 52021 (5 mg/kg, ip), BN 50730 (20 mg/kg, po), WEB 2086 (2 mg/kg,
      ip) and WEB 2170 (5 mg/kg, ip) were administered 1 h before immunization and
      twice a day for 8 days thereafter. The effect of the antagonists on the PAF
      induced vasopermeability was also assayed. In the immunized mice the level of
      antiovalbumin IgE antibody, estimated by PCA titer, was 1/640. The treatment with
      the PAF antagonists did not change this level. At the concentrations employed,
      the antagonists BN 50730, WEB 2086 and WEB 2170 significantly reduced the PAF
      induced vascular permeability. These results suggest that PAF does not seem to
      have a relevant effect on the production of IgE antibodies in vivo in the system
      used in the present study.

PMID- 1823282
TI  - Extraretinal modulation of accessory optic units in the pigeon.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological methods were used to investigate the pretectal and
      telencephalic control of units within the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR)
      of the accessory optic system of pigeons. 2. Electrical stimulation of the
      pretectal lentiform nucleus mainly produced excitatory effects on nBOR units with
      temporal-to-nasal directional preference (among 109 cells, 51% were excited, 23%
      were inhibited and 23% were not affected) and inhibitory effects on units with
      nasal-to-temporal preferences (among 88 cells, 43% were inhibited, 38% were not
      affected, and 19% were excited). 3. Electrical stimulation of the visual Wulst
      (considered to be the equivalent of the visual cortex) produced mainly inhibitory
      effects on units with downward preferences (among 123 units, 47% were inhibited,
      24% were excited and 29% were not affected), and mixed effects on units with
      upward preferences (among 70 cells, 30% were excited, 36% were inhibited and 34%
      were not affected). 4. Excitatory effects of LM stimulation had first-spike
      latencies ranging from 2-20 ms (mean +/- SEM, 5.5 +/- 0.7 ms), whereas latencies
      of W stimulation ranged from 6 to 30 ms (13.0 +/- 0.9 ms). 5. These results
      provide additional information about the neural substrates of the optokinetic
      nystagmus.

PMID- 1823283
TI  - Effect of central administration of serotoninergic agonists on electrolyte
      excretion control.
AB  - 1. The participation of different central serotoninergic (5HT) receptors in the
      mediation of Na+ excretion (UNaV), K+ excretion (UKV) and urine output (UV) was
      evaluated. 2. Male Wistar rats weighing 220-280 g were used in each group of 9-18
      animals. The rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with the 5HT
      agonists MK212 (1.5, 15.0 and 30.0 micrograms), 8-OH-DPAT (5.0 and 15.0
      micrograms), 5HT (2.5, 12.5 and 25.0 micrograms) and DOI (10.0 and 25.0
      micrograms). 3. At the lowest MK212 dose, UNaV was significantly reduced (0.18 +/
      0.04 microEq/min vs 0.35 +/- 0.04 microEq/min for saline) at 20 min. At the
      highest dose, MK212 provoked a significant increase in UNaV (0.60 +/- 0.06
      microEq/min vs 0.34 +/- 0.03 microEq/min for saline) at 40 min. UKV values were
      significantly modified only at the 1.5-micrograms dose (0.18 +/- 0.04 microEq/min
      vs 0.35 +/- 0.04 microEq/min for saline) at 20 min. 4. Icv injection of 8-OH-DPAT
      provoked a significant reduction in UNaV (0.16 +/- 0.05 microEq/min vs 0.35 +/-
      0.03 microEq/min for saline) and UKV (0.15 +/- 0.05 microEq/min vs 0.34 +/- 0.02
      microEq/min for saline) at 40 min both doses. 5. Icv injection of 5HT at the
      highest dose provoked a significant increase in UNaV (0.92 +/- 0.10 microEq/min
      vs 0.33 +/- 0.04 microEq/min for saline) and in UKV (0.55 +/- 0.08 microEq/min vs
      0.24 +/- 0.07 microEq/min for saline) at 40 min. 6. Icv administration of DOI
      caused a natriuretic response (0.69 +/- 0.12 microEq/min vs 0.31 +/- 0.04
      microEq/min for saline) at 40 min, with no significant effect on UKV.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823284
TI  - The nifHDK operon in the free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum
      brasilense sequentially comprises genes H, D, K, an 353 bp orf and gene Y.
AB  - 1. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nitrogenase structural genes from
      Azospirillum brasilense was determined. Two additional open reading frames of 353
      and 683 base pairs were detected downstream of the nifK gene, one of which shows
      homology to the nifY gene. 2. Structures resembling the consensus nif promoter
      and NifA-binding motif were found only upstream from the nifH region and an
      inverted repeat structure located downstream of the nifY gene may be a potential
      stem-and-loop transcriptional terminator. 3. The nif structural genes of
      Azospirillum brasilense are transcribed as a single transcription unit and
      organized as nifHDKorf1Y. NifH, NifD and NifK polypeptides share significant
      sequence identities when compared to nif structural gene products from other
      organisms. 4. The three polypeptides are characterized by the presence of highly
      conserved cysteine residues which may play a role in binding the iron-sulfur
      cluster.

PMID- 1823285
TI  - Plasmid coding for aerobactin production and drug resistance is involved in
      virulence of Escherichia coli avian strains.
AB  - 1. Strains of avian septicemic E. coli were examined for association among the
      determinants of drug resistance, the genes for aerobactin production and
      virulence. 2. In conjugation experiments, a single plasmid (100 Md) from a strain
      of septicemic E. coli (UEL 29) transferred to E. coli K12 pathogenicity for 1-day
      old chicks plus resistance to streptomycin and the ability to produce aerobactin
      and colicin. 3. Additional evidence for the association of R-plasmid and the
      production of aerobactin, colicin, resistance to sulfadiazine and pathogenicity
      was obtained by disassociation when all traits were lost simultaneously. 4. These
      data provide additional evidence for the importance of the aerobactin system for
      the pathogenicity of avian E. coli.

PMID- 1823286
TI  - Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on prepubertal rat testis.
AB  - The testes of prepubertal male rats (N = 12) aged 21 days were stimulated with
      low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (1.5-MHz frequency, 1-KHz repetition pulse rate,
      200-microseconds pulse width, 30-V peak-to-peak amplitude and 20-mW/cm2
      intensity) applied to the skin for 20 min/day for 7 days. Control rats (N = 8)
      were manipulated in the same manner but not submitted to ultrasound. Ultrasound
      stimulation promoted a significant increase in plasma testosterone (62%) leading
      to a significant increase in seminal vesicle relative weight (35%) as well as an
      increase in the fructose (92%) and DNA (200%) contents of the gland. No
      differences were detected between ultrasound-treated and control animals in terms
      of body weight and the relative weights of testis, cauda epididymidis, testis DNA
      and mitosis.

PMID- 1823288
TI  - Head holder for lateral-eyed species in vision research.
AB  - The present report describes a head holder designed to be used for lateral-eyed
      species in vision research. The head-holder employs a prosthesis implanted on the
      skull and provides for adjustable movements in different planes, thus allowing
      precise positioning of the eye with respect to the visual space.

PMID- 1823287
TI  - Neutralization of coral snake Micrurus nigrocinctus venom by a monovalent
      antivenom.
AB  - 1. The neutralizing ability of a monovalent anti-Micrurus nigrocinctus (coral
      snake) antivenom produced in Costa Rica was tested against the lethal, myotoxic
      and phospholipase A2 activities of homologous venom. In addition, immunodiffusion
      and Western blot analyses were performed. 2. In experiments where venom and
      antivenom were incubated prior to the test, antivenom was effective in
      neutralizing lethal, myotoxic and phospholipase A2 activities, with Effective
      Doses 50% of 2700 microliters antivenom/mg venom, 1840 microliters antivenom/mg
      venom, and 3630 microliters antivenom/mg venom, respectively. 3. When coral snake
      antivenom was administered at different times after coral snake venom injection,
      neutralization of lethality was achieved when antivenom was injected i.v.
      immediately and 15 min after venom. In contrast, lethality was not reduced when
      antivenom was administered by the im route. Only partial neutralization of
      myotoxicity was observed even when antivenom was injected i.v. immediately after
      envenomation. 4. Immunodiffusion and immunoblot analyses demonstrated the
      presence of antibodies in antivenom against several, but not all, venom
      components.

PMID- 1823289
TI  - Seasonal variation in the orientation of homing pigeons: new evidence for a
      latency in the sun compass.
AB  - Homing pigeons must keep track of the seasonal variations in the sun's daily
      motion to use the sun as a reference. A delay of seven weeks in such updating of
      their ephemerides was previously interpreted as being the cause of the behavior
      of control pigeons studied near the equator in September, when birds released in
      the morning flew anomalously to the right of birds released in the afternoon.
      Demonstration of the chronic existence of a delay was obtained by observing that
      the anomaly was still present but inverted in sign in March, when the pigeons
      released in the morning flew to the left of those released in the afternoon.

PMID- 1823290
TI  - Evaluation of memory and anxiety in rats observed in the elevated plus-maze:
      effects of age and isolation.
AB  - Twenty young (5 months) and 20 old (20-24 months) male Wistar rats, isolated or
      group housed, were tested in the elevated plus-maze to evaluate memory and
      anxiety. Memory was quantified by transfer latency (the time it took for the rat
      to move from the open arm to the enclosed arm) and anxiety by percent entries
      into the open arms. Isolation decreased the transfer latency of old (session 1 =
      119.33 +/- 0.44 s; session 3 = 49.67 +/- 12.12 s) and young (session 1 = 111.20
      +/- 8.80 s; session 3 = 55.90 +/- 13.60 s) rats, but did not modify percent
      entries into the open arms (old-isolated = 5.56 +/- 5.56; old-group housed =
      10.18 +/- 7.05; young-isolated = 35.16 +/- 8.98; young-group housed = 33.21 +/-
      8.11). Conversely, aging decreased percent entries into the open arms but did not
      affect the transfer latency of isolated or group-housed animals. The results
      indicate that the plus-maze test, unlike other methods for memory evaluation,
      does not discriminate between young and old rats. They also suggest that age
      increases anxiety and that isolation increases memory levels, but that there is
      no interaction between age and isolation with regard to their effect on memory
      and anxiety in rats.

PMID- 1823292
TI  - Modifications of tissue blood flow in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - 1. Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced by ductal injection of 2.5% sodium
      taurocholate saline solution. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) volume and visceral
      organ blood flow were evaluated by a radioisotopic method (51Cr tracers) in 45
      adult male Wistar rats (22 submitted to AP and 23 controls) 4 h after AP
      induction. 51Cr-albumin was used to measure plasma volume and 51Cr-RBC was used
      to measure RBC volume. 2. Changes in tissue hematocrit reflect alterations in
      tissue blood flow, since reduction in blood flow increases microvascular
      erythrocyte sequestration. To evaluate the tissue blood flow, we introduce a
      "tissue hematocrit index" calculated by relating 51Cr-RBC and 51Cr-albumin
      specific activities measured in visceral organ biopsies. Application of this
      index to the control and AP groups showed a decrease in blood flow in all
      visceral organs of the AP group which was reflected by an increase in tissue
      hematocrit index (2.5-fold for kidneys, 2-fold for pancreas and lungs, 1.6-fold
      for liver, and 1.2-fold for spleen). 3. As expected, there was an increase in
      blood hematocrit and a decrease in plasma volume in the AP group, but there were
      no significant alterations in RBC volume. However, an unequal decrease in blood
      flow in various tissues such as kidneys, lungs, pancreas and liver was detected
      in the AP group. 4. This approach provides an easy and simple way to evaluate
      possible therapeutic protocols for the treatment of acute pancreatitis by
      measuring effects on visceral blood flow and plasma and blood volumes.

PMID- 1823291
TI  - Long-term treatment with 2,5-hexanedione has no effect on the specific activity
      of some brain and liver glycolytic enzymes of adult rats.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to hexacarbon compounds is neurotoxic to humans and animals.
      As various hexacarbon compounds inhibit glycolytic enzymes in vitro, it has been
      suggested that this may underlie their neurotoxic effects in vivo. In the present
      investigation we examined whether long-term treatment with 2,5-hexanedione (200
      mg/kg,sc) for 40 days affects the specific activity of brain and liver enolase,
      lactic dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in female Wistar rats (150-170 g).
      Glycemia and liver glycogen levels were also determined. The specific activity of
      all enzymes tested, liver glycogen content and glycemia were not affected by
      chronic treatment with 2,5-hexanedione. Rats treated with 2,5-hexanedione weighed
      significantly less than control rats starting on day 18 of treatment (183 +/- 3.4
      g for the vehicle group vs 171 +/- 3.2 g for the 2,5-hexanedione group). 2,5
      Hexanedione also increased water intake (46% when compared to vehicle-treated
      rats). Prolonged treatment of rats with the non-neurotoxic hexacarbon 1,6
      hexanediol (207 mg/kg, sc) significantly increased liver glycogen content (5.9 +/
      0.6 g/100 g for the vehicle group vs 9.0 +/- 1.1 g/100 g for the 1,6-hexanediol
      group) as well as food intake (44.0 +/- 1.5 g 100 g-1 6 days-1 for the vehicle vs
      50.0 +/- 1.1 g 100 g-1 6 days-1 for the 1,6-hexanediol group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823293
TI  - Proposal of an experimental model for the study of polycystic ovaries.
AB  - In view of the correlation of the circadian system with the estrous cycle in the
      rat, some investigators have proposed the induction of polycystic ovaries by
      exposing rats to continuous light. However, there is divergence with respect to
      time of exposure and light intensity. In the present paper we propose a simple
      and efficient experimental model for the study of polycystic ovarian
      physiopathology in rats. Twenty female Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were
      initially submitted to a 14-h light/10-h dark cycle. Of the animals with regular
      estrous cycles, 9 were exposed to continuous light (600 lux) for 74 days (group
      1) and 6 remained under the initial lighting conditions. A daily vaginal smear
      was used as indirect evidence for the changes in the estrous cycle. Plasma
      gonadotropin measurement and histological ovarian analysis showed that 90% of the
      animals in group 1 developed cystic follicles with the absence of the corpus
      luteum, despite the lack of reduction in ovarian weight commonly observed under
      24-h lighting. This observation may be explained by the reduced time of stress to
      which the animals were submitted, since polycystic ovarian development occurred
      within less than 75 days of continuous exposure to 600-lux light, a time
      relatively shorter than commonly reported in the literature.

PMID- 1823294
TI  - [Binding of phenytoin to serum albumin in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - The present paper describes an ultrafiltration method of determination of the
      concentration of free phenytoin (DPH) in serum and its use for the study of the
      binding equilibrium phenytoin--albumin. The procedure was employed to determine
      the binding affinity of serum albumin (a) in a group of healthy volunteers (n =
      8) in in vitro conditions, (b) in a group of healthy volunteers (a mixed serum, n
      = 6) and (c) in a group of patients suffering from epilepsy with fits of the
      generalized type grand mal (n = 15) in in vivo conditions. The calculation of
      binding parameters was carried out by the method of nonlinear regression analysis
      with the use of the one-parameter Scatchard's model of the bond. Binding activity
      of serum albumin in the volunteers of group (a) was N.Ka = 17,500 l/mol, group
      (b) N.Ka = 18,700 l/mol, and in patients with epilepsy n.Ka = 19,200 l/mol. The
      results of covariational analysis demonstrated good agreement in the binding
      parameters of all three groups under study. The paper also discusses the
      suitability of the binding model used and the mathematical processing and
      possible use of the binding parameters measured in in vitro conditions for the
      estimation of the value of the free fraction of the drug in patients with
      epilepsy.

PMID- 1823296
TI  - [The European Pharmacopoeia].

PMID- 1823295
TI  - [Metabolic N- and S-oxygenation of dokloxytepin in vitro].
AB  - Dokloxytepin in the medium of the induced monooxygenase system of the microsomal
      fraction of the liver of the rat, rabbit and mice is metabolized into three
      metabolites: two identical, i.e., N-oxide and 5-sulfoxide, and a third different
      one. In the rat and rabbit it is the hitherto unknown metabolite M1, and in the
      mouse S,N-dioxide of dokloxytepin. The metabolites were identified by thin-layer
      chromatography by comparing with synthetic standards.

PMID- 1823297
TI  - [The founding of the Association of Pharmacists 1783 to 1784].
AB  - The Czech Association of Pharmacists was established as a state-constituted
      professional organization by the decree of the Czech Government dated 11 March
      1784, the initiator of the decree being Josef Gottfried Mikan (1742-1818), the
      then Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Professor of Botany and Chemistry at
      Charles University. His correspondence with the government between 10 February
      and 16 May 1784, preserved in the State Central Archives, Prague, clearly
      demonstrates Mikan's main contribution to the issue of the decree. In his letter
      of 10 February 1784, he asked the government to order the establishment of a
      compulsory nation-wide association of pharmacists. Their meetings were to be
      presided by dean of the faculty in order to prevent disorders which he did not
      specify and evaluate at all. The pharmacists of Prague were acquainted with the
      governmental decree of 23 February, 1784, at the Carolinum Hall on 6 March, 1784.
      The decree included Mikan's requirements and the introduction of tests for
      pharmacists' apprentices (tirones) prior to the journeyman's examination and
      compulsory registration of employed pharmacists (subjecti) at the Faculty of
      Medicine. These supplements to education were added by the government. The Prague
      pharmacist Ignac Broz, the owner of the Golden Bear pharmacy since 1763, was
      appointed chairman of the Association. The governmental decree of 11 March 1784,
      including the above-mentioned regulations, was sent to all districts of Bohemia.
      The emperor was informed about the decision of the government by a letter dated
      as late as 17 June 1784.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823298
TI  - [The origins of the Brno School of Pharmacy and the development of pharmaceutical
      chemistry as an important discipline].
AB  - After the foundation of the course of pharmaceutical studies at Masaryk
      University in Brno in 1945, its Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry has been
      founded. In pharmaceutical chemistry, which was divided into the theoretical,
      synthetic and control-analytical parts, a system of classification was worked out
      based on classification of drugs according to the kind of effect for which it
      serves. This conception was incorporated into three editions of the book Chemicka
      leciva (Chemical Drugs). The research programme of the Institute solved the
      development of novel local anaesthetic and antituberculous agents. After the
      disestablishment of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Brno, the development of
      pharmaceutical chemistry, continued at the Department of Pharmaceutical
      Chemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, and beginning with 1969 at Charles
      University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove.

PMID- 1823299
TI  - [Antioxidative enzymes in red blood cells in women with late gestosis].
AB  - The authors investigated a group of 30 pregnant women with severe late gestosis
      and focused attention on assessment of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and
      catalase activity in red blood cells of these patients. They found a
      statistically significant decline of G6PD activity in red blood cells, as
      compared with controls, i.e. healthy pregnant women. The decline of catalase
      activity is smaller and not statistically significant. Based on the assembled
      results they assume that the equilibrium between oxidation processes and anti
      oxidation protection of red blood cells is impaired and this has an impact on
      their functional capacity and may play an important role in the development of
      various pathological conditions during pregnancy, incl. late gestosis.

PMID- 1823300
TI  - [Anorgasmic women].
AB  - The authors compare the results of a sexuological investigation in a group of
      1266 gynaecological, married and sexually orgastic patients with a group of
      married gynaecological patients who during marriage did not experience orgasm
      during coitus. Statistically highly significant differences between the two
      groups were found in 18 factors. Based on an analysis of these differences the
      authors express the view that sexual dysfunction in the sense of "inhibited
      female orgasm" has a multifactorial background, whereby biological as well as
      psychological factors are involved.

PMID- 1823301
TI  - [Screening in pregnant women with risk of fetal hypoxia using a single
      measurement of SP1].

PMID- 1823302
TI  - [Personal experience with prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of congenital defects of
      the uropoietic tract].

PMID- 1823303
TI  - [Our results with the Burch method of colposuspension].

PMID- 1823306
TI  - [Genome imprinting: sex factors in modification of gene expression].

PMID- 1823304
TI  - [SP1 serum levels in a pregnancy with an anencephalic fetus].

PMID- 1823305
TI  - [Giving birth in water--evolutionary aspects].

PMID- 1823307
TI  - [Family planning in Czechoslovakia and new methods of contraception].

PMID- 1823308
TI  - A rapid PCR-based method to distinguish between fetal and maternal cells in
      chorionic biopsies using microsatellite polymorphisms.
AB  - In some chorionic villus biopsy (CVB) cases the fetal/maternal origin of the
      tissue obtained is uncertain. An approach which only requires small amounts of
      CVB tissue to establish its origin is described. Since it is only the samples
      typed as female that could be either fetal or maternal, a paternal X chromosome
      contribution is sought by using highly polymorphic X-linked microsatellites.

PMID- 1823309
TI  - Serological and molecular studies of HLA in Sardinian patients with Graves'
      disease.
AB  - HLA Class I and Class II antigens were studied in 103 unrelated Sardinian
      patients with Graves' disease (GD), 71 of whom had ophthalmopathy, and in 220
      healthy controls. Molecular typing of the DQB1 allelic variants was carried out
      on 34 GD patients and 35 healthy controls, selected for the HLA-DR2-DQw1
      phenotype. The results of the serological typing showed a positive association
      with the DR2 and the DQw1 antigens and a negative association with DR3 and DQw2
      antigens. These associations were stronger in the GD patients with
      ophthalmopathy. The DQB1 molecular analysis in patients with the HLA-DR2-DQw1
      phenotype revealed the presence of the DQB1*0502 allele in 91.1 per cent of the
      patients and in 82.2 per cent of the controls. In the Sardinian population GD
      seems to present a different HLA association than that observed in other
      Caucasian populations (DR3-Dw24). The DR2 and DQw1 positive associations may be
      explained by the high frequency of the DQB1*0502 allelic variant (37.7 per cent)
      which is rare in the other Caucasian populations. The absence of an association
      between DR3 and GD in Sardinia can be attributed to the very low frequency of the
      HLA-B8-DR3 (Dw24) haplotype. In fact, in the Sardinian population, DR3 is
      associated with the allelic variant Dw25 carried by the HLA-B18-DR3 haplotype.

PMID- 1823310
TI  - HLA antigens and antigliadin antibodies in coeliac disease.
AB  - Thirty-six coeliac children on gluten-containing diet were studied for AGA IgA
      and IgG levels. Patients were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ antigens and data
      were analysed for any correlation between HLA-DR phenotype and AGA levels. AGA
      IgA and/or IgG were present in all these children. Subjects negative for DR3 or
      DR7 showed lower AGA levels than those DR3 + and/or DR7 positive. The data
      suggest that these patients could escape diagnosis if screening for those
      requiring intestinal biopsy is based only on AGA assay. The observation that
      coeliac children negative for DR3 and DR7 showed lower AGA levels is consistent
      with clinical and genetic heterogeneity of coeliac disease.

PMID- 1823311
TI  - HLA B51 antigen associated with neutrophil hyper-reactivity.
AB  - HLA B51 specificity is strongly associated with Behcet's disease (BD) (for
      references see Baricordi et al., 1986), a multisystem vasculitis of unknown
      aetiology, for which an immunological pathogenesis has been proposed (O'Duffy et
      al., 1983; O'Duffy et al., 1990). Neutrophil abnormalities observed in BD
      patients even during clinical remission suggest prominent involvement of these
      phagocytic cells in the pathogenesis of the disease (Niwa et al., 1982). In order
      to clarify how HLA B51 antigen might confer susceptibility to BD, we have
      investigated neutrophil function in 13 B51-positive and 13 B51-negative healthy
      subjects. Lymphocyte spontaneous proliferation and circulating immune complexes
      were also evaluated. Whereas neutrophils from B51-positive subjects showed an
      increase in the chemotactic response toward casein (P = 0.003) and LPS (P =
      0.033) and also in the PMA-induced superoxide production (P = 0.008) no evidence
      of enhanced lymphocyte activation emerged. These results suggest that the HLA
      region can exert a regulatory control on PMN functions.

PMID- 1823312
TI  - Bf S gene frequency in Nigerians with HIV infection.
AB  - Complement immunogenetic susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection was examined in 40 Nigerians with serological and/or clinical evidence
      of the infection. A mild increase in C4A null alleles (C4AQO) frequency was
      observed in the patient group compared to a group of healthy subjects (25 per
      cent vs 17 per cent) but overall the HIV infected and the reference groups did
      not differ significantly in the frequency of alleles of C4A or C4B. In contrast,
      properdin factor B (Bf) S gene frequency was significantly higher in the patients
      with HIV infection (p less than 0.025). There was a concomitant decrease in Bf F
      allele and gene frequencies (p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.05),
      respectively. Furthermore, blank Bf allotypes due to excessive complement
      consumption were detected in two asymptomatic patients. These findings suggest
      that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) located complement genes may be
      important HIV infection. In particular Bf S gene or even C4AQO alleles may be
      permissive or influence outcome of infection with HIV.

PMID- 1823314
TI  - Prevention of HIV-I IIIB infection in chimpanzees by CD4 immunoadhesin.

PMID- 1823313
TI  - Prediction of optimal peptide mixtures to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies
      to human immunodeficiency virus type I.

PMID- 1823315
TI  - Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against
      galactosyl ceramide.

PMID- 1823316
TI  - Immunocytochemical and virological characteristics of HIV-associated inflammatory
      myopathies: similarities with seronegative polymyositis.

PMID- 1823317
TI  - Recombinant gp120 specifically enhances tumour necrosis factor-alpha production
      and Ig secretion in B lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals but not from
      seronegative donors.

PMID- 1823318
TI  - Neutralization of divergent HIV-1 isolates by conformation dependent human
      antibodies to gp120.

PMID- 1823319
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus can infect the apical and basolateral surfaces of
      human colonic epithelial cells.

PMID- 1823320
TI  - Human astrocytes stimulate HIV-1 expression in a chronically infected promonocyte
      clone via interleukin 6.

PMID- 1823321
TI  - Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to
      infant.

PMID- 1823322
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human placenta: potential route
      for fetal infection.

PMID- 1823323
TI  - Reduction of cerebral glucose utilization by the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp
      120.

PMID- 1823324
TI  - Self disclosure of HIV infection to sexual partners.

PMID- 1823325
TI  - Absence of HIV-1 DNA in high-risk seronegative individuals using high-input
      polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 1823326
TI  - Plasma viraemia in seronegative HIV-1 infected individuals.

PMID- 1823327
TI  - Two drug combinations of zidovudine, didanosine, and recombinant interferon-alpha
      inhibit replication of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      synergistically in vitro.

PMID- 1823328
TI  - Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary dendritic cell
      cultures.

PMID- 1823329
TI  - HIV infection, genital ulcer disease, and crack cocaine use among patients
      attending a clinic for sexually transmitted disease.

PMID- 1823330
TI  - Reduction of high-risk sexual behaviour among heterosexuals undergoing HIV
      antibody testing: a randomized clinical trial.

PMID- 1823331
TI  - Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole oral desensitization in hemophiliacs infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus with a history of hypersensitivity reactions.

PMID- 1823332
TI  - Predictors of HIV-preventative sexual behaviour in a high-risk adolescent
      population: the influence of perceived peer norms and sexual communication on
      incarcerated adolescents' consistent use of condoms.

PMID- 1823334
TI  - Length of stay of in-patients of a gynaecological ward in a sub-divisional
      hospital in West Bengal.
AB  - Bed utilisation efficiency and hospital resource utilisation are of prime
      importance to remove the "Hospital Bottlenecks" which in turn reduces length of
      stay of in-patients. The present study on in-patient system in Gynaecology Ward
      of a non-teaching hospital revealed that a considerable number of bed days were
      unnecessarily lost during various activities related to investigation, operation
      and post-operative stay. Overall length of stay found in this study (14.02 days)
      is considerably higher than Indian optimum. Average time-lags found between
      admission to pre-operative investigation and post-operative stay were 3.25 days
      and 10.22 days respectively.

PMID- 1823335
TI  - Social classification and maternity practices in Aurangabad, India.
AB  - A population of 3870 individuals constituting 823 families residing in five
      different localities of Aurangabad city was surveyed by house to house visits.
      The objectives of the study were to assess the validity of social classification
      by residence in certain localities. The variable used in the study was maternity
      practices. Family members and children under five years of age were recorded.
      Mothers of children were asked occupation of the head of the family and delivery
      details pertaining to these children. Social class was decided by residence in
      particular localities of the city, classified according to easily ascertainable
      characteristics of housing. Validity of such classification was judged by
      comparing it with classification by well known variable like occupation. The
      findings indicate that the system provides an inexpensive and rapid method of
      social classification. A total of 661 deliveries were recorded. A total of 67.62%
      deliveries were conducted in Government or Private Institutions. The remaining
      deliveries were home deliveries conducted by untrained personnel. Indigenous dais
      (traditional birth attendants) conducted 20.27% and senior female relatives
      10.89% of the total deliveries. The findings, thus, stress the need of
      identifying and training dais in urban areas.

PMID- 1823333
TI  - Acute respiratory infections in children admitted in a hospital of Calcutta.
AB  - Analysis of records of admitted children (0-12 years) in Chittaranjan Sishusadan
      Hospital, Calcutta during 1987 revealed that acute respiratory infections
      contributed 20.1% of all admissions. Lower respiratory infections were common.
      93.7% of children were below 5 years of age. Case fatality rate due to ARI was
      the highest (17.6%) during infancy. Higher number of admissions were observed
      during the monsoon months.

PMID- 1823336
TI  - Asymptomatic canine rabies and public health.

PMID- 1823337
TI  - An enquiry into causes of repeated sickness absence in a ship repairing
      organization.

PMID- 1823338
TI  - Fertility and family planning status in a village of district Ahmedabad
      (Gujarat).

PMID- 1823339
TI  - Microbiological investigation into ulcerative disease syndrome (UDS) in fish in
      West Bengal.

PMID- 1823340
TI  - Blood flow and blood-to-tissue transport in 9L gliosarcomas: the role of the
      brain tumor model in drug delivery research.
AB  - We used double-label quantitative autoradiography to measure blood flow (with
      131I-iodoantipyrine) and blood-to-tissue transport of 14C-alpha aminoisobutyric
      acid, AIB) in thirteen 9L gliosarcomas transplanted intracerebrally into Fischer
      344 rats. Microscopically, the typical pattern of 9L tumor growth was observed: a
      solid central tumor mass surrounded by extensive perivascular invasion. The
      averaged mean whole tumor transfer constant, K, of AIB in the 9L tumors was 33 +/
      15 (+/- SD) microliters/g/min. The averaged mean value of blood flow, F, was
      72.2 +/- 27.3 ml/100 g/min. In brain around tumor (BAT), K (13 +/- 4
      microliters/g/min) was lower than in the solid tumor, but was still 6-9 times
      that of tumor-free brain. F in BAT (115.9 +/- 64.6 ml/100 g/min) was comparable
      to values in tumor-free cortex in the same hemisphere. Values of K and F were
      used to calculate a net extraction fraction (En) for different regions of brain
      and tumor. The value of En of AIB in normal cortex was 0.003, in BAT En was 0.02,
      and in whole tumor the value was 0.09. The delivery of water-soluble compounds in
      9L brain tumors is limited by the permeability/surface area characteristics of
      the tumor capillaries. The properties of blood-to-tissue transport and blood flow
      of 11 different brain tumor models are compared, and discussed with regard to the
      choice of brain tumor models for drug delivery research. The 9L brain tumor model
      is comparable to other transplanted rat brain tumor models, although the extent
      of tumor cell invasion into BAT makes this model distinctive. However, with
      regard to blood-to-tissue transport the 9L model differs from autochthonous
      models and transplanted human glioma models. We discuss guidelines for selecting
      brain tumor models with which to study the problem of drug delivery to brain
      tumors.

PMID- 1823341
TI  - Effects of GM1 and 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc2en) on
      neuroblastoma (Neuro 2a) and human glioma cells (U1242 MG).
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest that gangliosides may play a role in the
      regulation of growth in many cell types. Here we describe the effects on growth
      of two different cell lines by the addition of two different chemicals which have
      been reported to elevate the cellular ganglioside content through different
      mechanisms. Growth of neuroblastoma (Neuro 2a) cells in medium containing fetal
      bovine serum was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by both exogenous GM1
      ganglioside and NeuAc2en, an inhibitor of sialidase activity. In contrast, growth
      of glioma cells (U-1242 MG) was not affected by exogenous GM1 or NeuAc2en in the
      presence of as little as 1% calf serum. However, NeuAc2en inhibited growth of U
      1242 MG cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor in serum-free medium.
      These results demonstrate that the growth inhibitory effects of ganglioside on U
      1242 MG but not Neuro 2a cells can be counteracted by serum, suggesting that the
      mechanisms through which gangliosides affect cell growth may be different for
      different growth factors and cell types.

PMID- 1823343
TI  - Brain necroses after intraarterial chemotherapy and irradiation of malignant
      gliomas--a complication of both ACNU and BCNU?

PMID- 1823342
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of antineoplastic effects of interferon-alpha, beta and
      gamma labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate on cultured brain tumors.
AB  - Antineoplastic effects of interferons (IFNs) on brain tumors have often been
      reported in the literature, however, so far as we know, there are no reports of
      the study on the antineoplastic effect of IFNs (alpha, beta, and gamma) labelled
      with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) using flow cytometry (FCM). Three
      established glioma cell lines and 11 cultured cells of brain tumor from surgical
      specimens were exposed to IFN-alpha, beta, and gamma at the concentrations of
      10(2)-10(5) IU/ml for 24 h, respectively. Using FCM, the viability of the cells
      was evaluated with fluorescein diacetate stain and the cell cycle was analyzed
      from the DNA-histogram with propidium iodide stain. Furthermore, FITC-labelled
      IFN-alpha, beta and gamma were also contacted with each cell to calculate
      respective positive cells. The viability decreased about 60% on day 1 and day 3,
      indicating the effect of IFN-alpha and beta on U373MG cells and on some cultured
      glioma cells from surgical materials, whereas, IFN-gamma had no effects.
      Antineoplastic effect of each IFN well correlated with FITC-positive rates,
      demonstrating S phase block in the cell cycle. IFN-gamma had no antineoplastic
      effects, whereas IFN-alpha and beta showed antineoplastic effects, which fact
      suggested that IFN-gamma receptor be different from those of IFN-alpha and beta.
      The method of FITC-labelling for IFNs with the aid of FCM has the advantages as
      follows: 1) Antineoplasticity of IFN can be simply evaluated with FCM; 2) It is
      easy to analyze the action mechanism of IFN; 3) Information on the receptor is
      obtainable; and 4) Sensitivity can be evaluated prior to administration of IFN,
      suggesting possibilities of clinical application of this method.

PMID- 1823345
TI  - Eicosanoid production by brain tumours in vivo--evidence for intracranial
      compartmentation.
AB  - Brain tumours produce prostaglandins in vitro; their in vivo production has been
      studied by determining the levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostaglandin E2, 6
      ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in tumour cyst fluid and
      ventricular CSF taken from 21 patients with a variety of intracranial tumours.
      The levels were high in tumour cyst fluid but there was no overall increase in
      ventricular CSF. Hence, brain tumours do not produce a consistent pattern of
      abnormality of eicosanoid concentrations in the ventricular CSF that would be
      useful for diagnosis. If brain tumours produce excess quantities of these
      prostaglandins in vivo as they do in vitro, these prostaglandins may be rapidly
      cleared by the cerebral microvasculature unless compartmentalized within a tumour
      cyst.

PMID- 1823344
TI  - Literature statistics do not support a growth stimulating role for female sex
      steroid hormones in haemangiomas and meningiomas.
AB  - A literature review of pregnancy-related vertebral haemangiomas, pregnancy
      related haemangiomas outside the nervous system and its coverings, and pregnancy
      related meningiomas was performed. All three conditions tended to occur during
      the first pregnancy, the second or third trimester, to ameliorate postpartum, and
      to recur during a subsequent pregnancy. These results suggested a hormonal
      influence on the clinical expression of haemangiomas and meningiomas. To test
      whether a hormonal factor is also operative in the (not pregnancy related)
      symptomatic and asymptomatic counterparts of these conditions we also reviewed
      the literature concerning the symptomatic and asymptomatic haemangiomas and
      meningiomas for the following: frequency, sex and age distribution. No arguments
      were found to suggest that steroid hormones are strong factors in the development
      of asymptomatic and symptomatic lesions. The pregnancy-related counterparts have
      to be considered as subsets with their own behaviour.

PMID- 1823346
TI  - Tissue misrepair hypothesis for radiation carcinogenesis.
AB  - Dose-response curves for chronic leukemia in A-bomb survivors and liver tumors in
      patients given Thorotrast (colloidal thorium dioxide) show large threshold
      effects. The existence of these threshold effects can be explained by the
      following hypothesis. A high dose of radiation causes a persistent wound in a
      cell-renewable tissue. Disorder of the injured cell society partly frees the
      component cells from territorial restraints on their proliferation, enabling them
      to continue development of their cellular functions toward advanced autonomy.
      This progression might be achieved by continued epigenetic and genetic changes as
      a result of occasional errors in the otherwise concerted healing action of
      various endogenous factors recruited for tissue repair. Carcinogenesis is not
      simply a single-cell problem but a cell-society problem. Therefore, it is not
      warranted to estimate risk at low doses by linear extrapolation from cancer data
      at high doses without knowledge of the mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis.

PMID- 1823347
TI  - Radiation induced mammary cancer.

PMID- 1823348
TI  - The dose-response relationships for tumor induction after high-LET radiation.
AB  - This paper presents a review of several studies conducted in our laboratory to
      examine the carcinogenic effects in mice of high-LET radiation and, for
      comparison, of low-LET reference radiation. For some specific end-points the
      following conclusions can be formulated: i) the dose-response curves for myeloid
      leukemia and malignant lymphoma can be interpreted in terms of induction and
      inactivation; in particular, the data confirmed that a linear dependence of the
      induction on dose is adequate to describe the response to fission neutrons, while
      a pure quadratic dependence is consistent with the experimental data for low-LET
      radiation; ii) in the liver, a marked age-dependence was demonstrated for
      radiation-induced tumors with a much higher susceptibility in young than in old
      mice; also for these tumors the dose-effect curves can be described by a linear
      and a quadratic relationships for high- and low-LET radiation, respectively; iii)
      data on ovarian tumor induction suggested threshold-like dose responses: these
      peculiar shapes as well as the absence of a clear radiation quality dependence of
      the curves are difficult findings to explain using a simple model of radiation
      action, and they might better be related to a non-stochastic effect of hormonal
      imbalance following irradiation.

PMID- 1823349
TI  - Hematopoietic cell crisis: an early stage of evolving myeloid leukemia following
      radiation exposure.
AB  - Under select radiological conditions, chronic radiation exposure elicits a high
      incidence of myeloproliferative disease, principally myeloid leukemia (ML), in
      beagles. Previously we demonstrated that for full ML expression, a four-stage
      preclinical sequence is required, namely (I) suppression, (II) recovery, (III)
      accommodation, and (IV) preleukemic transition. Within this pathological
      sequence, a critical early event has been identified as the acquisition of
      radioresistance by hematopoietic progenitors that serves to mediate a newfound
      regenerative hematopoietic capacity. As such, this event "sets the stage" for
      preleukemic progression by initiating progression from preclinical phase I to II.
      Due to the nature of target cell suppression, the induction of crisis, and the
      outgrowth of progenitors with altered phenotypes, this preleukemic event
      resembles the "immortalization" step of the in vitro transformation sequence
      following induction with either physical and chemical carcinogens. The
      radiological, temporal, and biological dictages governing this event have been
      extensively evaluated and will be discussed in light of their role in the
      induction and progression of chronic radiation leukemia.

PMID- 1823350
TI  - Carcinogenic effects of tritiated water (HTO) in mice: in comparison to those of
      neutrons and gamma-rays.
AB  - A series of experiments was carried out using female (C57BL/6N x C3H/He)F1 mice
      (BCF1) to assess the carcinogenic effect of tritiated water (HTO) following a
      preliminary experiment in which the acute effect of HTO was studied in young
      female mice of C57BL/6L strain in an attempt to gain basic information on the
      long-term experiment, and the results were compared with those of fission
      spectrum neutrons and gamma-rays. The obtained findings are summarized as
      follows. 1) C57BL/6N mice receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of
      HTO, 7.4 x 10(8) Bq (20 mCi) or more, died of bone marrow failure within 20 days.
      2) In long-term experiment, BCF1 mice given 1.4 x 10(8) Bq to 5.6 x 10(8) Bq
      developed solid tumors in a variety of tissues but with no obvious dose
      dependency. 3) The fractionated exposure of 7.4 x 10(8) Bq (1.9 x 10(8) each, at
      7-day intervals) was highly effective in induction of malignant T-cell lymphomas
      (85%) with a shorter latency than that of a single exposure (15%). 4) A
      protracted irradiation of 0.27 Gy of 137Cs, designed to simulate the decreasing
      absorption rate with time after a single i.p. injection of an equivalent dose of
      HTO resulted in a drastic reduction in induction rate of ovarian tumors as
      compared with that of an acute 60Co gamma irradiation. 5) The carcinogenic
      potential of HTO, given as a single i.p. injection, was quite similar to that of
      acute 60Co gamma ray irradiation at both 2.7 Gy and 0.27 Gy levels. On the other
      hand, the effect of HTO was slightly higher than that of protracted gamma-ray
      irradiation. 6) 252Cf fission neutrons was found to be more potent in tumor
      induction than gamma-rays or HTO beta-rays under the present experimental
      conditions.

PMID- 1823351
TI  - Atomic bomb and leukemia.
AB  - Characteristic features of the leukemia among atomic bomb survivors were studied.
      Dose estimates of atomic bomb radiation were based on T65D, but the new dosimetry
      system DS86 was used for some analyses. The ratio of a single leukemia type to
      all leukemias was highest for CML in Hiroshima, and the occurrence of CML was
      thought to be most characteristic to atomic bomb radiation induced leukemia. The
      threshold of CML occurrence in Hiroshima is likely to be between 0.5-0.09 Gy.
      However, the threshold of acute leukemia appears to be nearly 1 Gy. In the
      distribution of AML subtypes by FAB classification, there was no M3 case in 1 Gy
      or more group, although several atypical AML cases of survivors were observed.
      Although aplastic anemia has not increased as a late effect of the atomic bomb
      radiation exposure, many atypical leukemia or other myeloproliferative diseases
      who had been diagnosed as aplastic anemia or its related diseases have been
      experienced among atomic bomb survivors. Chromosome study was conducted using
      colony forming cells induced by hemopoietic stem cells of peripheral blood of
      proximal survivors. Same chromosome aberrations were observed in colony forming
      cells and peripheral T-cells in several atomic bomb survivors.

PMID- 1823352
TI  - Characterization of thymic prelymphoma cells that develop during radiation
      induced lymphomagenesis in B10 mice.
AB  - An intrathymic (i.t.) injection assay on B10.Thy-1 congenic mice was used to
      demonstrate that thymic prelymphoma cells developed first within mouse thymus 4
      to 8 days after split-dose irradiation and were present in more than 63% of the
      test donor mice thymuses examined 21 and 31 days after irradiation. For the
      characterization of these thymic prelymphoma cells, thymocytes from B10.Thy-1.1
      mice sampled 1 mo after irradiation were stained with J11d mAb and mAb against TL
      2 (thymus-leukemia) antigen which is not expressed on normal thymocytes of the
      B10.Thy 1.2 and B10.Thy 1.1 strains but does appear on thymocytes of split-dose
      irradiated mice. These cells were sorted into subpopulations, samples of which
      were injected into recipient thymuses to determine which subpopulations contained
      thymic prelymphoma cells. Results showed that the prelymphoma cells were located
      in the J11d+TL-2+ cells. These prelymphoma cells were further characterized
      phenotypically as to their expression of the CD4 and CD8 antigens, which
      demonstrated that the thymic prelymphoma cells were present in the CD4-CD8- and
      CD4-CD8+ thymocyte subpopulations mainly and in the CD4+CD8+ subpopulation. The
      experiments on i.t. injection of a graded quantity of TL-2+ thymocytes from
      individual mice suggest that not all TL-2+ cells undergo neoplastic initiation
      and that prelymphoma cells may develop infrequently from one or more TL-2+ cells
      by genetic or epigenetic changes.

PMID- 1823353
TI  - Bone marrow-thymus interactions during thymic lymphomagenesis induced by
      fractionated radiation exposure in B10 mice: analysis using bone marrow
      transplantation between Thy 1 congenic mice.
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) experiments were conducted using B10.Thy 1
      congenic mice to explore the nature of bone marrow-thymus interactions during
      thymic lymphomagenesis induced by fractionated whole-body X-irradiation (FX). BMT
      from normal Thy 1 congenic donors into FX-treated recipients one day after FX
      treatment resulted in the suppression of tumor development; the suppression being
      exponentially proportional to the increasing number of bone marrow cells
      injected. The suppression of tumor development by BMT was shown to be due to
      prevention of the appearance of prelymphoma cells. BMT from FX-treated donors,
      which are deficient in pre T cells, into lethally (9 Gy) irradiated Thy 1
      congenic recipients resulted in the development of high incidence of thymic
      lymphomas most of which (approximately 76%) were host-derived, whereas no
      lymphomas were recovered from the recipients of normal bone marrow. These results
      suggest that intrathymic T cell precursors which initially repopulate the
      depleted thymus are prone to undergo preneoplastic changes in the absence of
      recruitment of more primitive T cell precursors (pre T cells) from the bone
      marrow but they undergo normal differentiation when large number of pre T cells
      are available. It was concluded that primary cause of the FX-induced thymic
      lymphomagenesis was a shortage in supply of pre T cells from the bone marrow to
      the depleted thymus, which caused differentiation arrest of the progeny of
      regenerating intrathymic T cell precursors, followed by development of
      prelymphoma cells that eventually evolve into autonomous lymphoma cells within
      the thymus.

PMID- 1823354
TI  - Control of ductal vs. alveolar differentiation of mammary clonogens and
      susceptibility to radiation-induced mammary cancer.
AB  - We have developed an in vitro-in vivo transplantation assay for measuring the
      concentration of clonogenic epithelial cells in cell suspensions of rat mammary
      tissue. Rat mammary clonogens from organoid cultures are capable of the same
      degree of PLDR as clonogens in vivo. The growth and differentiation of mammary
      clonogens to alveolar colonies or ductal colonies is regulated as follows: a) in
      the presence of E2 and high prolactin (Prl), cortisol induces mammary clonogens
      to proliferate and differentiate to form alveolar colonies which secrete milk and
      begin losing clonogenic potential, b) in cortisol deficient rats, Prl and E2
      synergistically stimulate non-secretory ductal colonies, formation of which
      retain clonogenic potential, c) E2 without progesterone stimulates alveolar
      colony formation in the presence of cortisol and high Prl, d) progesterone
      inhibits mammary clonogen differentiation to milk-producing cells and induces
      ductogenesis in a dose responsive fashion in the presence of E2, cortisol and
      high Prl. High prolactin levels coupled with glucocorticoid deficiency increases
      the susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis following low dose radiation
      exposure by increasing the number of total mammary clonogens which are the
      presumptive target cells and by stimulating their proliferation after exposure.

PMID- 1823355
TI  - Radiation carcinogenesis in mouse skin and its threshold-like response.
AB  - Experiments on the dose-response of tumor development induced by repeated local
      beta irradiation of the back of mice are summarized. Results indicated a 100%
      tumor incidence on irradiation at 2.5-11.8 Gy per exposure (dose-saturation
      effect) and the threshold-like dose response at lower doses. The mechanism
      underlying these phenomena is discussed on the basis of the tissue-misrepair
      model, that is misrepair caused by repeated stimulation of cell growth after
      repeated tissue injury.

PMID- 1823356
TI  - Neoplastic diseases induced by chronic alpha-irradiation--epidemiological,
      biophysical and clinical results of the German Thorotrast Study.
AB  - The intravascular injection of the formerly used contrast medium Thorotrast--a
      colloidal suspension of thorium-dioxide--causes a chronic exposure to alpha
      particles especially in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. The German
      Thorotrast Study comprises 2326 Thorotrast patients and 1890 contemporary matched
      patients in the control group to be evaluated. 899 Thorotrast patients and 662
      controls had clinical and biophysical follow-up examinations every two years
      since 1969. The recent most important results of the study are: A high excess
      rate of primary liver cancer (410/2) was observed beginning after the 15th year
      of exposure. 31% of the tumors are combined with cirrhosis and 6% with other
      neoplastic diseases. A clear (mean) dose rate effect relationship exists. The
      tumor frequency depends on the time of exposure or the cumulative dose to the
      liver respectively and not primarily on the age at injection. The lowest
      cumulative doses at 10 years before diagnosis of liver cancer were about 2 Gy.
      Risk estimates for liver cancer after 40 years of exposure are 500 malignant
      tumors per 10(4) person-Gy for men and 300 for women. A high excess rate exists
      also for leukaemias (excluding CLL) starting already 5 years after Thorotrast
      injection (39/4). The lowest cumulative doses to the red bone marrow at time of
      death were about 0.5 Gy. According to the present result, an excess rate can be
      expected for carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts, pancreas, oesophagus,
      larynx, as well as Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, bone sarcomas, plasmacytomas and
      mesotheliomas.

PMID- 1823357
TI  - Progression and multiple events in radiation carcinogenesis of rat skin.
AB  - The multistage theory of carcinogenesis specifies that cells progress to cancer
      through a series of discrete, irreversible genetic alterations, but data on
      radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that an intermediate
      repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat
      skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34
      kev/mu), 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 45 kev/mu) and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125
      kev/mu). The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence
      Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat.
      The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored
      at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and
      basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The total cancer yield was fitted by the
      quadratic equation, and the equation parameters were estimated by linear
      regression for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron
      induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in
      all tumors tested. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain
      subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification.
      The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces stable,
      carcinogenetically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a
      non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the
      cell by 1 stage in the multistage model.

PMID- 1823358
TI  - Incidence of skin cancer among Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors.
AB  - Of the 66,276 Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors registered at the Scientific Data
      Center for the Atomic Bomb Disaster at the Nagasaki University School of
      Medicine, 140 were identified as having skin cancer from the records of 31
      hospitals in Nagasaki City. From the cases of these survivors, a statistical
      analysis was made of the incidence of skin cancers by age, gender, histology and
      latency period in Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors. The results showed a high
      correlation between the incidence of skin cancer and distance from the blast
      hypocenter, and that the incidence of skin cancer in the Nagasaki survivors
      appears now to be increasing with exposure distance.

PMID- 1823359
TI  - Molecular events involved in ionizing radiation induced skin carcinogenesis.
AB  - The process of mouse skin tumor formation is subdivided into three operational
      stages. These stages include initiation, promotion and progression. Ionizing
      radiation has been found to be a weak initiating agent in the production of
      malignant squamous cell carcinomas, a complete carcinogen and an agent effective
      in causing tumor progression. Four skin tumor histologies have been seen with
      ionizing radiation: benign papillomas, squamous (SCC) and basal (BCC) cell
      carcinomas and fibrosarcomas. Distinct non-ras transforming genes have been
      detected in radiation initiated SCCs. A benign papilloma cell line (308) was used
      as a model system to study ionizing radiation induced progression. A variant 308
      cell line (308 10 Gy 5) derived by irradiation of the parental 308 cell has been
      characterized. The 308 10 Gy 5 cells unlike the parental 308 cells form malignant
      tumors in athymic nude mice upon subcutaneous injection. The variant 308 10 Gy 5
      cells unlike the parental cells also show by northern analysis high steady state
      levels of the following gene transcripts: stromelysin, metallothionein II A and
      the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun. Transient transfection studies with a
      chimeric mouse stromelysin promoter sequence upstream of a chloramphenicol (CAT)
      reporter gene into 308 and 308 10 Gy 5 cells indicated that the stromelysin
      promoter was constitutively active in the 308 10 Gy 5 but not in the 308 cells.
      The ability to divide the process of carcinogenesis into multiple stages in the
      mouse skin mode has facilitated mechanistic studies that may elucidate the
      molecular pathways involved in radiation induced tumor development.

PMID- 1823361
TI  - Radiation-induced chromosome 2 breakage and the initiation of murine radiation
      acute myeloid leukaemogenesis.

PMID- 1823360
TI  - Analysis of transforming genes in indirectly induced radiogenic thymomas in mice.
AB  - The expression of oncogenes was studied in 12 types of 178 mouse tumors induced
      by radiations and chemicals. DNA was analyzed in tumors in which the
      overexpression of oncogenes was noted. Amplification of the myc oncogene was
      found in chemically induced sarcomas, but not in sarcomas induced by radiation.
      Activation of oncogenes by small mutations and the inactivation of tumor
      suppressor genes has to be taken in account in the radiation induction of mouse
      tumors. We therefore made further analyses of radiogenic thymomas. Loss of
      heterozygocity was revealed in directly induced thymomas by the deletions of
      allele specific minisatellite bands. Analysis of a hypervariable minisatellite
      locus also revealed that these thymoma cells suffered high recombinogenic
      activity during tumorigenesis. In addition, transfection of cellular DNA to
      normal Golden hamster cells identified the activated K-ras oncogene in the
      directly induced radiogenic thymomas. Indirectly induced radiogenic thymomas were
      tested similarly. Transformed cells from secondary transfection experiment were
      positive for the mouse-specific repetitious sequences, but devoid of mouse ras
      oncogenes. Indirectly induced radiogenic thymomas originate from unirradiated
      normal thymus cells transplanted in irradiated hosts. The spontaneous activation
      of oncogenes yet to be identified may therefore be involved in the development of
      this tumor.

PMID- 1823362
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular changes in leukemia among atomic bomb survivors.
AB  - Seventy five radiation-related leukemia patients in Hiroshima including 16
      patients exposed to more than one Gray were cytogenetically examined. Statistical
      analysis of data on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in the survivor
      groups according to bone marrow doses by DS86 estimation revealed that the
      heavily exposed group tended to have significantly higher aberration rates
      compared to the non-exposed group. Furthermore, the chromosomal aberrations in
      the survivors were observed to be of a more complex nature and had the
      characteristic findings of secondary leukemia. These observations therefore
      suggest that patients with a history of heavy exposure to atomic bomb radiation
      had leukemic cells originating from a stem cell which had been damaged by
      irradiation at the time of the bombing as well as cells involved in complex
      chromosome abnormalities. Molecular biologic studies on ras genes in acute and
      chronic leukemias and the bcr gene in chronic myelocytic leukemia were performed
      in exposed and non-exposed groups. So far, no distinctive differences have been
      observed in the frequency and sites of point mutations in N- and K-ras genes or
      in the rearrangement of the bcr gene. Further, retrospective analysis using DNA
      from leukemia patients who developed this disease in the early period from atomic
      bomb radiation exposure would be useful for the elucidation of the mechanisms of
      radiation-induced leukemia.

PMID- 1823364
TI  - Alterations in growth factor pathways in multistage carcinogenesis of rat
      tracheal epithelial cells.
AB  - The role of peptide growth factors in the process of multistage carcinogenesis of
      rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells was assessed by examining growth factor
      requirements and expression of growth factors and their receptors in normal and
      transformed RTE cells. Transformed RTE cell lines show decreased requirements for
      bovine pituitary extract, insulin and epidermal growth factor compared to primary
      RTE cells in culture. An autocrine role for TGF alpha in transformed RTE cells is
      suggested by data showing TGF alpha production and decreased proliferation in the
      presence of TGF alpha antisera and TGF alpha/EGF receptor kinase inhibitor.
      Therefore, decreased EGF requirements in transformed RTE cells could be explained
      by autocrine TGF alpha regulation. In contrast, no evidence for an insulin/IGF-I
      autocrine pathway could be detected in transformed RTE cells. These data indicate
      that multiple alterations in growth factor pathways occur in transformed RTE
      cells.

PMID- 1823363
TI  - Somatic and germinal mutations of tumor-suppressor genes in the development of
      cancer.
AB  - It is generally thought that the germinal mutation of tumor-suppressor genes
      predisposes the affected children to the development of certain types of
      hereditary tumors while the somatic mutation of the same genes links to the
      development of non-hereditary tumors. Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB
      gene) is a prototype of such genes. We studied the parental origin of new
      mutation of the RB gene in the sporadic hereditary and non-hereditary
      retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. The results showed a preferential involvement of
      parental genome in the new germinal as well as initial somatic mutations. The
      male-directed mutagenesis even in the somatic cells has been implicated as a
      reflection of germinal origin of mutation, even for non-hereditary tumors as a
      manifestation of mutational mosaicism associated with delayed mutation. The
      importance of the new mutations occurring as mosaics should be emphasized in the
      evaluation of cancer risks from parental exposures to radiation and chemicals.

PMID- 1823365
TI  - Epidemiological, pathological and dosimetric status of Japanese thorotrast
      patients.
AB  - In Japan, several thousand people, three-quarters of whom were war-wounded, have
      been administered Thorotrast. An epidemiological follow-up study on Thorotrast
      administered war-wounded veterans was initiated in 1963. The 7th survey of the
      study was conducted on 286 veterans at the end of 1986, of whom 262 had received
      Thorotrast intravascularly and 24 by other routes. Of those who had received
      Thorotrast intravascularly, 58 were alive, 197 had died and 7 could not be
      traced. The main causes of death were 56 malignant liver tumors, 18 cirrhoses of
      the liver, 6 blood diseases and 5 cancers of the extrahepatic bile duct.
      Statistical analysis showed that the incidences of these disorders were
      significantly higher in the Thorotrast cases than in the controls. The lifespans
      of Thorotrast administered persons decreased with the amount of Thorotrast
      injected when compared with those of the controls. Between 1945 and 1990, 357
      persons who had been administered Thorotrast intravascularly were autopsied, and
      240 malignant liver tumors and 4 malignant peritoneal tumors were found. The
      incidences of the liver and peritoneal tumors in the Thorotrast autopsies were
      significantly higher than those in the control autopsies, respectively.
      Histological examination of the Thorotrast-induced malignant liver tumors
      revealed a chronological change in the incidences of the histological patterns,
      especially in those of combined malignant tumors. Dosimetry of Thorotrast autopsy
      materials revealed the following mean dose rates; 26.1 cGy/year in the liver,
      91.2 cGy/year in the spleen and 8.5 cGy/year in the bone marrow.

PMID- 1823366
TI  - Chromosome aberration, cancer mortality and hormetic phenomena among inhabitants
      in areas of high background radiation in China.
AB  - The respective average annual doses are about 330 and 110 mR/yr, in the high
      background radiation areas (HBRA) in Yangjiang County and the control areas (CA)
      in Enping and Taishan Counties. Both the HBRA and CA are in Guangdong Province
      which borders the South China Sea. The frequencies of chromosome aberration in
      circulating lymphocytes were examined for persons residing in the HBRA and CA.
      Those in the HBRA had increased frequencies of detectable abnormalities in stable
      aberrations (translocations and inversions) and unstable aberrations (dicentrics
      and rings). Previous reports have shown that when samples of circulating
      lymphocytes taken from inhabitants were tested in vitro for mitotic responses to
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and for the degree of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS)
      induced by UV-irradiation, there were higher responsiveness and UDS rates for
      those in the HBRA than in the CA. In contrast, mortality from all cancers and
      those from leukemia, breast and lung cancers that are inducible by radiation was
      not higher in the HBRA. Although the differences in the cancer mortality rates
      for the HBRA and CA are not significant, the findings are compatible with the
      assumption that the lower mortality from cancer in the HBRA is the result of the
      hormetic effects of the three-fold higher dose rate of background radiation in
      that areas. This assumption requires further study.

PMID- 1823368
TI  - Paternal exposure to radiation and offspring cancer in mice: reanalysis and new
      evidence.
AB  - Parental exposure to radiation could induce various kinds of tumors in the next
      generation. In ICR mice, a large and significant increase of adult types tumor
      was observed in the F1 offspring after X-ray exposure at spermatozoa and
      spermatid stages, and less clear increase was observed after spermatogonial
      exposure. Mature oocytes were resistant upto 1 Gy, but very sensitive to tumor
      induction at higher doses. While there was no difference in the tumor incidence
      between acute and fractionated (0.36 Gy at 2 hr intervals) irradiation at post
      gonial stages, a large reduction of tumor incidence was observed after
      spermatogonial and mature oocyte exposure, suggesting some repairs of X-ray
      damages in these germ cells. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was not induced in ICR
      and LT mice after spermatogonial exposure, while a large increase of adult type
      cancers was observed in F1 offspring. However, 1.9-3.2 fold and 4.5-7.4 fold
      increases of leukemia incidence were observed in ICR and LT mice, when
      spermatozoa stage was treated with the X-ray doses of 0.36-5.04 Gy and 3.6-5.04
      Gy, respectively, indicating the large difference in the sensitivity of
      developing germ cells to leukemia induction by radiation in the F1 offspring. In
      contrast to ICR and LT mice, N5 strain developed about 10 or 18 times higher
      incidence of leukemia in the offspring after spermatogonial or spermatozoa
      exposure to 5.04 Gy of X-rays, respectively, showing a marked difference in the
      sensitivity to the leukemia induction by radiation between mouse
      strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823367
TI  - Risk of cancer among atomic bomb survivors.
AB  - This report describes the risk of cancer and in particular cancers other than
      leukemia among the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
      Attention focuses primarily on the risk of death from cancer among individuals in
      the Life Span Study sample of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation in the
      period 1950-1985 based on the recently revised dosimetry, termed the DS86 doses.
      Mortality from malignant tumors is increased among A-bomb survivors as a late
      effect of A-bomb radiation. Besides the well-known increase of leukemia, there
      also has been demonstrated increase of cancer of the lung, breast, esophagus,
      stomach, colon, ovary, urinary bladder, thyroid, and of multiple myeloma, but no
      increase has yet been observed in mortality from cancer of the rectum,
      gallbladder, pancreas, prostate and uterus, and of malignant lymphoma. The
      pattern of appearance over time of radiation-induced cancer other than leukemia
      differs from that of leukemia. In general, radiation-induced solid cancer begins
      to appear after attaining the age at which the cancer is normally prone to
      develop (so-called cancer age), and continues to increase proportionately with
      the increase in mortality of the control group as it ages. Sensitivity to
      radiation, in terms of cancer induction, is higher for persons who were young at
      the time of the bomb (ATB) in general than for those who were older ATB.
      Furthermore, susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer tends to be higher in pre
      than in post-natally exposed survivors (at least those exposed as adults). Other
      radiation effect modifiers and the shape of the dose response curve will also be
      discussed.

PMID- 1823369
TI  - Influence of the age of mice at exposure to radiation on life-shortening and
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - Female B6C3F1 mice were irradiated on day 17 prenatal age, or day 0, 7, 35, 105,
      240 or 365 postnatal age with 0.95, 1.9, 2.85, 3.8 or 5.7 Gy of gamma-rays from
      137Cs. They were allowed to live out their entire life spans under specific
      pathogen free conditions. All the mice were given autopsies at death and were
      examined histologically for neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. The mice in
      the early postnatal period were most sensitive to the life-shortening effect of
      radiation. The shortening effect of irradiation given during the late fetal
      period was almost the same as that given during the young adult period.
      Incidences of lung, liver, pituitary, ovarian and bone tumors and malignant
      lymphoma of the lymphocytic type increased after irradiation of mice in the late
      fetal period. Mice in the early postnatal period are more susceptible to the
      induction of liver and ovarian tumors and malignant lymphoma of the lymphocytic
      type than are fetal mice. Myeloid leukemia and Harderian gland tumor did not
      develop in excess when mice were irradiated in fetal or in neonatal period;
      whereas, these neoplasms were induced by irradiation during the adult period.

PMID- 1823370
TI  - Radiation carcinogenesis in dogs irradiated during prenatal and postnatal
      development.
AB  - To evaluate the lifetime hazards of ionizing radiation exposure, 1680 beagles
      received whole-body, 60-Cobalt gamma exposures or sham-exposures during
      development. Eight groups of 120 dogs each received mean doses of 16 or 83 cGy at
      8 (preimplantation), 28 (embryonic), or 55 (late fetal) days postcoitus (dpc), or
      2 (neonatal) days postpartum (dpp). One group of 120 dogs received 83 cGy at 70
      dpp (juvenile), and one group of 240 dogs received 83 cGy at 365 dpp (young
      adult). Sham-irradiations were delivered to 360 controls. Sexes were equally
      represented. Young dogs, up to 4 years of age, had an increase in benign and
      malignant neoplasms after irradiation in the perinatal period at 55 dpc or 2 dpp.
      Among these, 4 fatal cancers were observed. No malignancies occurred in
      comparably-aged controls. The increase in both fatal neoplasms and all neoplasms
      in the perinatally-exposed groups were statistically significant. Over the full
      lifetime, dogs irradiated in the perinatal period also had the strongest evidence
      for an increased risk for fatal malignancies of all types. Though not as strong,
      there was a trend for increased risk for fatal cancer in dogs irradiated at all
      other ages. The risk of fatal malignancy after irradiation was greater in females
      than in males. Dogs exposed at 55 dpc had a significant increase in lymphoid
      neoplasia and dogs exposed at 8 and 55 dpc had increased risk for
      hemangiosarcoma. There was no evidence for an increased risk for mammary
      carcinoma in irradiated females. Dogs exposed as juveniles at 70 dpp had a
      significant increase in all benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms, including
      fatal thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 1823371
TI  - Proceedings of the 18th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Toxicological
      Sciences. Osaka, 24-25 July 1991. Abstracts.

PMID- 1823372
TI  - [Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter to antibiotics and
      ofloxacin].
AB  - Between 1989-1989 276 strains of Acinetobacter genus were isolated which
      contained: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (n = 167), Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus subsp. Iwoffi (n- = 83), Acinetobacter haemolyticus (n = 26). Their
      sensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotics, beta-lactams, tetracyclines,
      chloramphenicol, colistin, and ofloxacin was tested. More than 90% of strains
      were sensitive to colistin and ofloxacin. The sensitivity to remaining
      antibiotics differentiated depending on species. Acinetobacter anitratus were
      highly resistant to Ist and IInd generation of cephalosporins, and moreover to
      penicillins, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol. Cephalosporins of IIIrd
      generation were active against 70% of strains with exception of cefoperazone what
      was also the case for representatives of aminoglycosides as netilmicin and
      amikacin. Strains of Acinetobacter Iwoffi were in majority sensitive to all
      antibiotics with exception of cephalothin, cephradine and cefoperazone. More than
      90% of Acinetobacter haemolyticus strains were sensitive to gentamicin,
      carbenicillin, azlocillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and tetracyclines.

PMID- 1823373
TI  - [Presence of various Acinetobacter species in urinary tract infections].
AB  - Species classification of 39 strains of Acinetobacter isolated from urinary tract
      infections (UTI) was performed by API 20NE tests. On the whole 24 biotypes were
      differentiated which formed 4 species and one biotype had no defined species
      classification. Acinetobacter baumani was most numerously represented. Seventy
      seven percent of strains were isolated from urine samples from women. About 90%
      of Acinetobacter strains were isolated as single pathogens. Sensitivity of these
      strains to 23 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics using ATB-UR and disc diffusion
      technique was evaluated. Of all cephalosporins tested ceftazidime was the most
      active. All strains tested were sensitive to imepenem. The high percentage of
      strains was sensitive to quinolones of IIIrd generation. The high percentage of
      strains was resistant to nitrofurantoin.

PMID- 1823374
TI  - [Evaluation of the sensitivity of selected serological tests and activity of
      Coxiella burnetii antigens in the diagnosis of Q fever].
AB  - Sensitivity of three serological tests: indirect immunofluorescence assay (If),
      complement fixation test (CF), and microagglutination test (MA) was evaluated.
      Sera (118 samples) of humans suspected of C. burnetii infection were tested.
      Phase II antibodies were detected in 68.6% of sera and phase I antibodies--in
      38.2% of sera. Among seropositive to phase II antigen--93.8% of sera reacted in
      IF, 62.9% in MA, and 32.1% in CF; among seropositive to phase I antigens--100% of
      samples reacted in IF, 2.6% in MA and 2.6% in CF. Calculated sensitivity of above
      tests was as followed: IF-93.8%, MA-67.1%, CF-34.2%. Some human sera (6.1%)
      reacted with hen egg antigens in CF. Reactivity of diagnostic antigens prepared
      from reference Henzerling strain and four others isolated in Poland with rabbit
      immune sera and sera of individuals suspected of C. burnetii infection in IF was
      compared. Generally, the immune sera reacted in highest titres with homologous
      antigens derived from homologous strains. Human sera showed differentiated
      activity to particular antigens. The titres of phase I antibodies fluctuated from
      0 to 16 depending on the antigen applied. Because of that fact diagnostic
      antigens should be prepared from the mixture of reference strains and isolates
      from a region under study.

PMID- 1823375
TI  - [Effects of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and
      tetracyclines on drug resistant bacteria. Studies in vitro].
AB  - An effect of Na2EDTA and tetracycline (oxytetracycline and doxycycline) resistant
      strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested. The
      strains were isolated from clinical specimens. The tests were performed in vitro
      by serial dilutions of the drugs in liquid medium. MIC for Na2EDTA, tetracyclines
      and a combination of Na2EDTA and tetracyclines was determined. It was shown that
      the combination of oxytetracycline or doxycycline with Na2EDTA caused changes in
      sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to
      these antibiotics. After an application of the mixture of various concentrations
      of tetracycline and Na2EDTA it was observed that, with the reduction of the
      effective Na2EDTA dose by about half, the lowest concentrations of tetracyclines
      inhibiting the growth of resistant bacteria were 2-64 times lower than MIC values
      of antibiotics without Na2EDTA.

PMID- 1823376
TI  - [Usefulness of ELISA and radial immunodiffusion tests for evaluation of the
      degree of purification of influenza diagnostic and vaccine preparations].
AB  - It is necessary to use new diagnostic tests for careful and rapid evaluation of a
      degree of purification and immunogenicity of vaccine anti-influenza preparations.
      In this study in order to obtain this purpose a radial immunodiffusion++ test and
      immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) were used Recommended by WHO radial
      immunodiffusion++ test enable to determine a level of haemagglutinin of
      particular types and subtypes of influenza virus in polyvalent preparations.
      However, this test is time consuming therefore for hemagglutinin level
      determination ELISA test was adapted. This test is hundred times more sensitive
      and can be applied with success for determination of hemagglutinin level of
      influenza virus A or B. For evaluation of a degree of purification of vaccine
      preparations ELISA was elaborated, in which as an index of purification of
      preparation a level of ovalbumin is determined. This test is specific and
      extremely sensitive, and it is possible to determine ovalbumin level with
      accuracy of 1ng in 1 ml of preparation.

PMID- 1823377
TI  - [Interpretation of the results of identification of measles virus antibodies in
      the serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with suspected subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)].
AB  - Clinical diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis+ (SSPE) requires
      laboratory confirmation relying on an evaluation of immune response in serum and
      in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to measle virus. In our study a comparison of
      antibody level for this virus by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition test was
      made in materials derived from 1396 patients with SSPE, sclerosis multiplex,
      acute measles++ neuroinfections and other diseases of central nervous system
      (CNS). Statistical analysis permitted to settle criteria for differentiation of
      SSPE from remaining diseases of CNS and usefulness for diagnosis of particular
      methods as well as analysis of results obtained with single sample of serum or
      CNS. An advantage of ELISA for diagnostic purposes and CSF samples were
      confirmed.

PMID- 1823378
TI  - [Kinetics and distribution of transplanted sarcoma JWS and leukemia L1210 cells
      by intravenous route].
AB  - The aim of this work was to compare the distribution in organs of syngeneic mice
      sarcoma JWS and leukemia L-1210 cells previously labelled with sodium dichromate
      (Na2 51CrO4) and iododeoxyuridine (125IUDR) after i.v. transplantation. Also, the
      results obtained with both labels were compared. Both kinds of cells under study
      are trapped in lungs, but the number of trapped JWS cells is greater. L-1210
      cells probably recirculate. The cells undergo extensive destruction during the
      first 3 days after transplantation. This kind of study requires the use of two
      markers: cytoplasmic and nuclear and careful analysis of radioactivity changes is
      also required to obtain proper conclusions.

PMID- 1823379
TI  - [Distribution and elimination of transplanted sarcoma JWS and leukemia L1210
      cells in allogeneic recipients--inbred C57BL mice by intravenous route].
AB  - The distribution of neoplastic--JWS sarcoma and lymphatic leukemia L-1210 cells
      after intravenous injection into allogeneic recipients is presented. Cells were
      labelled with two labels: cytoplasmic (sodium chromate-51CR) and nuclear
      (iododeoxyuridine-125IUDR). Radioactivity of blood, lungs, liver, spleen and
      kidneys was measured 90 minutes and 24 hours after cell transplantation. The
      pattern of cell trapping, destruction and elimination from the circulation was
      characteristic of cell line injected. Destruction and elimination processed
      faster in allogeneic system than in syngeneic one.

PMID- 1823380
TI  - [A rapid method of measuring the level of aluminum in biological preparations
      using aluminon].
AB  - The aim of this study was to adapt aluminon for determination of Al3+ content in
      biopreparations adsorbed on Al(OH)3. Aluminum + aluminon complex was identified
      by spectrophotometry at A535. It was found that the method applied allows to
      obtain reproducible results. Its sensitivity for Al3+ contains between 85 to 680
      micrograms. This method is less laborious in comparison with so far used
      versenian method.

PMID- 1823381
TI  - [Integration of hybrid plasmids-derivatives of staphylococcal plasmid pE3692 and
      pBR322 vector with Bacillus subtilis chromosome].
AB  - Bacillus subtilis is a nonpathogenic microorganism which certainly for also that
      feature is widely used in several biotechnological processes. Certainly, because
      of that an elaboration of gene cloning methods in Bacillus subtilis cells is of
      great significance both from scientific and practical point of view. It was found
      hybrid plasmids constructed by ligation of pE3692 and pE3692-9 staphylococcal
      plasmids with pBR322 vector can be integrated with B. subtilis chromosome.
      Selection of cells in the presence of erythromycin at 50 degrees C allows to
      isolate clones containing exclusively integrated plasmids. Growth rate of cells
      containing these plasmids in the selective medium is the same or slightly higher
      at 50 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. It seems that hybrid plasmid tested pBE4
      and pBE91 after appropriate reconstruction in vitro could serve as vectors for B.
      subtilis gene cloning.

PMID- 1823382
TI  - [Detection of enterotoxic strains of Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea
      treated at the Child Health Center 1986-1988].
AB  - Studies on detection of enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli were carried in 1986
      1988. During this time 2324 rectal swabs from children with diarrhoea symptoms
      were tested. On the whole 701 E. coli were selected. The ability to produce
      thermolabile enterotoxin by E. coli strains was evaluated by three methods: Elek
      test, passive immunohemolysis and ELISA. Among selected E. coli strains
      enterotoxigenic strains accounted for 21.8% in 1986, 16.3% in 1987 and 28.2% in
      1988.

PMID- 1823383
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation test and the effect of a prostaglandin
      synthesis inhibitor (piroxicam) in young adults.
AB  - This study was performed to assess whether the 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulation
      test for osteoblastic function is influenced by a prostaglandin synthesis
      inhibitor (piroxicam). Thirty-four healthy male young adults had a 1,25(OH)2
      vitamin D3 (Rocaltrol) stimulation test. After a baseline day, the subjects
      received 2 micrograms Rocaltrol every 12 h for 4 days. Serum and urinary
      parameters of bone turnover were assessed before and after stimulation. The
      subjects were randomly allocated to placebo or piroxicam 5-, 10- and 20-mg
      treatment groups. After stimulation, serum and urinary calcium increased
      significantly, and immunoreactive PTH decreased significantly in the control
      group. In the piroxicam group, serum calcium, phosphate, osteocalcin and urinary
      calcium increased significantly, and PTH and glycosaminoglycan excretion
      significantly decreased. The piroxicam treatment group did not differ from
      controls, except for a nonsignificant minor increase in serum calcium and
      phosphorus after calcitriol stimulation. Since the major effect of nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs is to decrease prostaglandin synthesis, these data
      suggest that prostaglandins do not mediate the effects of calcitriol on bone and
      other target tissues, because no alteration in intestinal calcium absorption,
      calcium-phosphorus-PTH interaction, bone turnover and renal handling of calcium
      and phosphorus in normal subjects was found.

PMID- 1823384
TI  - Renal potassium excretion is reduced in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria.
AB  - Increased luminal calcium decreases potassium secretion in microperfused rat
      distal tubule. To determine if such an effect is also present in vivo, we
      evaluated renal potassium excretion in 49 children with idiopathic hypercalciuria
      (urinary excretion of Ca = 5.5 +/- 1.3 mg/kg/day) and in 214 age-matched control
      children (urinary excretion of Ca = 1.9 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/day). In comparison to
      controls, hypercalciuric children had significantly increased levels of sodium
      excretion (fractional excretion of Na = 0.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3%,
      respectively; p less than 0.001) and decreased levels of fractional potassium
      excretion (7.2 +/- 2.9 vs. 9.2 +/- 3.4%, respectively; p less than 0.001) and of
      the transtubular potassium concentration gradient (4.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 5.9 +/- 1.5,
      respectively; p less than 0.001). All indices of potassium excretion correlated
      significantly and inversely with urinary calcium excretion (p less than 0.001).
      After an oral calcium load, performed in 30 hypercalciuric children, the
      increased rates of urinary calcium excretion were accompanied by increased rates
      of urinary sodium excretion and by a significant decrease in the transtubular
      potassium concentration gradient. These results support the hypothesis that
      increased luminal calcium concentration also inhibits renal potassium secretion
      in man.

PMID- 1823386
TI  - Cytosolic calcium is normally distributed in brain synaptosomes of normal and
      chronic renal failure rats.
AB  - Available data indicate that the basal levels of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i)
      varies widely in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and in thymocytes. The present
      study examined whether a similar phenomenon exists in other cells. We measured
      the basal level of [Ca2+]i in brain synaptosomes of normal and chronic renal
      failure (CRF) rats. We find these levels (278-439 mM) vary widely in both normal
      rats and in CRF animals (350-495 mM) as well. However, despite these wide
      variations, the values followed normal distribution in both groups of animals.
      The data are consistent with the proposition that the values of [Ca2+]i in many
      cells display wide variations among a particular species and the levels are most
      likely predetermined genetically for each animal.

PMID- 1823385
TI  - Effect of antihypertensive therapy in experimental chronic renal failure.
AB  - In this study, the effect of the antihypertensive agents nifedipine (4.5 mg/day)
      and hydralazine (50-200 mg/l of drinking water) on the progression of chronic
      renal failure and scarring was evaluated in rats submitted to subtotal (5/6)
      nephrectomy (SNx). The effect of blood pressure reduction was studied in groups
      of rats fed either a medium-protein diet (24%) or high-protein diet (50%). SNx
      rats fed a high-protein diet had significantly higher levels of proteinuria and
      severer renal scarring at sacrifice (120 days after SNx). Nifedipine reduced
      proteinuria in SNx rats fed a high-protein diet. Both drugs significantly reduced
      systemic hypertension in SNx rats. Hydralazine and nifedipine also reduced
      hypertriglyceridaemia but had no effect on blood cholesterol levels. However, in
      spite of adequate control of systemic hypertension with the agents studied, the
      severity of renal scarring (glomerular sclerosis or tubulo-interstitial scarring)
      was not affected by treatment. We confirm that the control of systemic
      hypertension is not sufficient to prevent renal scarring in rats submitted to
      extensive renal ablation.

PMID- 1823387
TI  - 125I-vasoactive intestinal peptide binding in human kidney.
AB  - The hypothesis that effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on human renal
      function are mediated via a specific intrarenal VIP receptor was investigated by
      measuring 125I-VIP binding in plasma membranes isolated from human kidney tissue
      excised for therapeutic reasons (transitional cell carcinoma, hypernephroma).
      Equilibrium binding of 125I-VIP was determined by a rapid filtration technique.
      Specific binding was saturable and showed evidence of both a high affinity
      binding site (K0.5 range 1.3-12.7 nM; Bmax range 4-56 fmol/mg) and another site
      of lower affinity. 125VIP binding was partially displaced by homologous peptides
      and by the VIP antagonist (4CL-D-Phe6,Leu17)-VIP. Distribution of 125I-VIP
      binding was established using autoradiography: specific binding was confined to
      the cortex. Such evidence of specific VIP binding, together with our previous
      report showing VIP stimulation of renal cortical plasma membrane adenylate
      cyclase, is consistent with a role for VIP in regulation of urine electrolyte
      composition in the human.

PMID- 1823388
TI  - Circadian rhythms of urine osmolality and renal excretion rates of solutes
      influencing water metabolism in 21 healthy children.
AB  - Circadian rhythms of urine excretion, urine osmolality and renal excretion rates
      of sodium, chloride, potassium, creatinine and urea were studied for 3 days at
      home in 21 healthy children aged 6-11 years. Urine production as well as renal
      excretion rates of all solutes studied increased significantly during daytime and
      had minimum values at night. The peak of potassium and chloride excretion rates
      occurred earlier in the day than that of sodium. Considering all children
      together, no circadian rhythm was seen for urine osmolality. However, 9 children
      had evident but individually different rhythms of urine osmolality, changes which
      did not seem to correspond to the daily distribution of water intake. Circadian
      rhythmicity of urine osmolality and renal excretion rates of the main solutes
      should be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures concerning fluid
      and electrolyte metabolism.

PMID- 1823390
TI  - Effectiveness of a 24-hour infusion of etidronate disodium in the treatment of
      hypercalcemia of malignant disease. A dose-ranging pilot study.
AB  - A dose-ranging, baseline-controlled study was undertaken to assess the safety and
      effectiveness of a 24-hour infusion of etidronate disodium in treating patients
      with hypercalcemia of malignant disease. Patients with hypercalcemia refractory
      to at least 48 h of saline loading (greater than 3 1/day) with two albumin
      adjusted serum calcium values between 11.1 and 12.0 mg/dl or one albumin-adjusted
      serum calcium greater than 12.0 mg/dl within 48 h of therapy were admitted to the
      study. A total of 26 patients were treated in a dose-escalating fashion with 5,
      10, 15, 20 or 25 mg/kg of intravenous etidronate disodium over 24 h. Patients
      treated with 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg did not have significant reductions in albumin
      adjusted serum calcium during the first 7 days. In the 6 patients who made up the
      20 mg/kg group, adjusted serum calcium levels fell from an average of 13.8 +/-
      0.5 mg/dl on day 1 before infusion to 11.7 +/- 0.3 mg/dl (p less than 0.05) by
      day 7. In the 8 patients in the 25 mg/kg group, adjusted serum calcium levels
      decreased from an average of 12.9 +/- 0.5 mg/dl on day 1 before infusion to 10.9
      +/- 0.4 mg/dl (p less than 0.05) by day 7. All 8 patients in the 25 mg/kg group
      achieved a fall in albumin-adjusted serum calcium to less than 11.1 mg/dl within
      the 1 week with a minimum decrement of 0.6 mg/dl and a maximum of 5.5
      mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823389
TI  - Evaluation of insulin-induced changes in the renal response to furosemide in
      normal subjects.
AB  - Over the last years, a large mass of information has accumulated indicating that
      changes in the serum insulin concentration can affect renal electrolyte
      excretion. We analyzed the response of the kidney to furosemide in 5 healthy men,
      in the presence of both normal physiological serum insulin levels and levels at
      the upper limit of the physiological range, obtained by the hyperinsulinemic
      euglycemic clamp technique. After furosemide administration, glomerular
      filtration rate, urine flow, urine sodium excretion, free water clearance, urine
      pH, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone exhibited the same behavior in
      the presence of both serum insulin concentrations. The rise in urinary potassium
      excretion following furosemide administration was significantly lower in the
      presence of high insulin concentrations. Although we observed a slight decrease
      in plasma potassium levels during the equilibration phase of the clamp required
      before the administration of furosemide, a significantly lower increase in
      potassium fractional excretion indicated a direct tubular effect of insulin.
      Thus, in conditions in which natriuresis is mildly stimulated, as in the case of
      the administration of low doses of furosemide, insulin does not affect the rate
      of renal sodium reabsorption. Conversely, the hormone has an appreciable
      influence on the modulation of tubular potassium exchanges.

PMID- 1823391
TI  - Total body bone mineral and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels in type I
      and III osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and total body bone mineral
      content (TBBM) were determined in a group of 16 children with osteogenesis
      imperfecta (OI) aged 5-14 years, 9 of whom suffered from type I and 7 from type
      III OI. TRAP and TBBM were also determined in a group of 26 normal children of a
      similar age range. TRAP levels were reduced in the type I and III OI groups (p
      less than 0.001). TBBM levels were lower in type I OI than in type III (p less
      than 0.005), and both OI groups showed reduced levels compared to the controls (p
      less than 0.001). The control group subjects showed a significant correlation
      between TRAP and TBBM (r = -0.62; p less than 0.001) which was not observed in
      the OI groups. Since TRAP is a biological marker of bone turnover, the results
      suggest that bone turnover is reduced in OI.

PMID- 1823392
TI  - Magnesium supplement in pregnancy-induced hypertension: effects on maternal and
      neonatal magnesium and calcium homeostasis.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low dose magnesium
      supplement upon maternal and fetal serum levels of mineral status in pregnancies
      complicated with hypertension (PIH). Twenty-five patients with PIH agreed to
      participate and were randomly allocated, in a double-blind manner, either to
      intravenous magnesium for 2 days followed by oral magnesium (n = 12) until
      delivery or placebo (n = 13). In women supplemented with magnesium the level of
      magnesium increased from 0.74 to 1.02 mmol/l during the first 24 h of inclusion
      and simultaneously we observed an increased urinary loss of magnesium. Serum
      level and the urinary excretion of magnesium returned to pretreatment level at
      delivery. Maternal magnesium supplement increased the concentrations of magnesium
      in umbilical cord and neonatal blood 1 day after delivery. Serum ionized calcium
      did not change during the study period despite a significant increased loss of
      calcium during the first 24 h of inclusion. Low dose maternal magnesium treatment
      did not cause neonatal hypocalcemia.

PMID- 1823393
TI  - Computed tomography of neck lymph nodes involved with malignant lymphoma:
      comparison with ultrasound.
AB  - CT images of 24 patients with head and neck lymphoma were retrospectively
      reviewed, compared with ultrasonograms, and compared with CT images of 13
      patients with lymph node metastases. In nine (38%) of 24 patients, some lymph
      nodes with lymphomatous involvement showed a spotty or linear pattern of contrast
      enhancement. In two of these nine patients, a dendritic pattern of contrast
      enhancement between multiple enlarged lymph nodes was observed. The same pattern
      appeared as spotty, linear, or dendritic hyperechoic areas on the ultrasonogram.
      None of 13 patients with lymph node metastases showed a spotty, linear, or
      dendritic pattern of contrast enhancement. Ten of 13 (77%) showed ring-like
      contrast enhancement on CE-CT images. The spotty or linear contrast enhancement
      in enlarged lymph nodes and the dendritic contrast enhancement in confluent lymph
      nodes could be useful CT findings in diagnosing nodal involvement with malignant
      lymphoma.

PMID- 1823394
TI  - Study of the physical properties of expandable metallic stents.
AB  - The expansile force of self-expanding metallic stents is currently estimated only
      by wall-distending pressure (P). We estimated the expansile force of the stent
      not only by P but also by F, the degree of embedding into the vessel wall defined
      as force per unit length of wire. P and F were thought to be useful in selecting
      the best stent.

PMID- 1823395
TI  - Quantitative measurement of high flow velocities by a spin echo MR technique.
AB  - A new method of flow measurement using a spin echo (SE) technique has been
      developed on the basis of the flow effect that at high velocities signal
      intensity decreases linearly with increasing flow velocity. Flow velocity is
      calculated from the signal intensity ratio of the flowing material in two images
      with the same imaging parameters but different echo times. The linear
      relationship between the signal intensity and flow velocity was examined with a
      steady flow phantom. When assessed with steady flows in the phantom, flow
      velocities calculated by this method were in good agreement with velocities
      measured by a flow meter. This method was used with ECG gating to measure the
      blood flow of the right common carotid artery of a healthy volunteer. The
      measured peak flow velocity and the pattern of flow velocities during systole
      correlated well with the results obtained by Doppler ultrasound.

PMID- 1823396
TI  - Simultaneous adenocarcinoma of the stomach and fourth portion of the duodenum:
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - We treated a woman with simultaneous adenocarcinoma of the stomach and fourth
      portion of the duodenum. She complained of symptoms of obstruction in the
      duodenum, and both lesions were correctly diagnosed, preoperatively. Noncurative
      resection was done because of distant lymph node metastasis. The new adjuvant
      chemotherapy using THP-adriamycin and UFT was prescribed, and one year after
      surgery she remains in recession.

PMID- 1823397
TI  - Drug-induced acute pulmonary edema--sequential changes in CT images.
AB  - This is a case report of immediate acute pulmonary edema following the
      intravenous administration of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (glycyrrhizin) and Chlor
      Trimeton (chlorpheniramine maleate). The patient was a 15-year-old Japanese boy
      who had a previous history of surgery for right testicular tumor and adverse
      reactions to contrast media. The patient complained of severe headache, nausea,
      and vomiting just before the end of intravenous administration of these drugs,
      which were being given to prevent an adverse reaction to contrast enhanced CT.
      The symptoms disappeared within a few minutes, but chest CT examination performed
      immediately after the onset of the adverse reaction showed ill-defined
      consolidations with air bronchogram, especially in the anterior portion of both
      lungs. One day later, the abnormalities coalesced and poorly marginated patchy
      opacities developed. A week later, the abnormal densities disappeared. CT
      findings suggested acute pulmonary edema, especially in the anterior portion of
      both lungs. Thus CT examination was useful to detect focal pulmonary edema even
      in a patient with no particular respiratory symptom.

PMID- 1823400
TI  - [The results of percutaneous transvascular sclerotherapy of varicoceles].
AB  - The indications, techniques, complications and results of percutaneous
      sclerotherapy or embolization of gonadal veins for varicocele are discussed. Of
      our 93 patients, sclerotherapy of varicocele was technically possible in 81
      cases. Sclerotherapy or embolization can be effected by different materials, such
      as: Histoacryl and Lipidiol mixed 1:2 to 1:4 and Aethoxysklerol, applied by a
      coaxial catheter system or end-opened F 6-catheter. Today the percutaneous
      transluminal sclerotherapy of gonadal veins is the treatment of choice for
      varicocele.

PMID- 1823399
TI  - [The correlation between the clinical stage and multimodal treatment in breast
      cancer expressed in the 5-year survival rate].
AB  - The survival rate in 143 patients with breast cancer followed up for 60 months
      has been evaluated by the regression Cox method and life table method, a number
      of representative variables for tumor and/or host being taken into account. The
      Cox model coefficients pointed out the following factors to positively influence
      the survival: age, premenopausal status, surgery, radiotherapy and complete
      chemotherapy (6-12 cycles). Negative and highly negative values recorded within
      variables: tumor over 5 cm, the presence of metastases, Karnofsky index less than
      80 and the postmenopausal status generally correlated with the disease in
      advanced clinical stages. An apparently better survival in patients who underwent
      radiotherapy as compared to those who underwent an associated radiochemotherapy
      could be the result of the preferential associated treatment in advanced stages.
      The optimal intensity of chemotherapy positively influences the survival, except
      in late stages, suggesting the necessity of chemotherapy in initial stages.

PMID- 1823398
TI  - High-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for postoperative residual tumor of
      gallbladder carcinoma: a case report.
AB  - The case of a patient with gallbladder carcinoma who had a postoperative residual
      tumor treated with high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy (HDRIBT) and
      external radiotherapy (ERT) is presented. HDRIBT (20 Gy/2 fr) was performed at
      one point 10 mm from the 60Co source on 27 and 34 days after simple
      cholecystectomy. ERT (30 Gy/15 fr) was also given two weeks after HDRIBT.
      Following radiotherapy, she has been alive and well without signs of recurrence
      for one year and ten months as of this writing. HDRIBT combined with ERT is
      recommended for the treatment of post-operative residual tumors of advanced
      gallbladder carcinomas.

PMID- 1823401
TI  - [Ilide derivatives of pyridazines with biological activity].
AB  - Continuing the investigations on the synthesis and pharmacodynamic action of some
      pyridaziniu-ilides, this paper presents the results of the preliminary
      investigations on the antimicrobial activity of the synthetized products. Their
      action against Staphylococcus aureus Oxford and the anti-yeast action of the
      cycloimonium salts is underlined.

PMID- 1823402
TI  - The action of the couple ascorbic acid--Cu(II) on NAD(+)-coenzymatic function.
AB  - The coenzymatic capacity of NAD+ decreases by exposing it to the action of
      ascorbic acid--Cu(II) system, a generator of free radicals. The participation of
      the radicals in degrading NAD+ depends on the nature of the buffer, incubation
      medium pH, temperature, incubation time. Thiourea, IK, GSH, cysteine, mannitol,
      albumine reduce to different extents the noxious action of the radicals. The
      decrease of the coenzymatic function of NAD+ is caused by the break of esther and
      anhydride links, evidenced by releasing th cian-sensitive compounds--nicotinamide
      riboside and nicotinamide ribonucleotide. Also the presence of ortophosphate was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 1823403
TI  - [Formulations and bioavailability of propyphenazone in lyophilized tablets].
AB  - The present work reports some facts about the preparation and release
      characteristics of the tablets of propiphenazone made by lyophilizing method
      (lyoc); they are compared with the classic tablets obtained by simple
      compression. Our substance, the propiphenazone, is a stable one, but we can talk
      about its poor solubility. Therefore, in order to obtain the lyoc tablets, we
      chose the method of paste. This tablets had a spongy aspect, with a
      desaggregation time of 1-2 min.; the latter (classic tablets) were regularly and
      the desaggregation time in about 9 min. The kinetics of propiphenazone absorbtion
      would be expected to differ in these structurally-distinct tablets types. Indeed,
      the concentration was really appreciable for the lyoc tablets after 30 min., with
      the peak at 60 min.; for the classic tablets the peak was remarkably only after
      90 min. The relative bioavailability for these two types of tablets pointed out
      the differences, confirming the evident advantages for using the lyoc tablets in
      analgesic, antipyretic therapy.

PMID- 1823404
TI  - [Viral myocarditis].

PMID- 1823405
TI  - [The traditions and outlook of a medical school of psychiatry].

PMID- 1823406
TI  - [Ketoconazole as an endocrine drug].

PMID- 1823407
TI  - Quality and efficiency in a Swedish hospital and rural medical centre.
      Alternative methods of quality assurance.
AB  - Attitude studies of patients, their relatives, and sometimes even widows or
      widowers suggest that about 80 per cent of a small sample of Swedish in-patients
      are satisfied. However, the discontinuity of patient-staff relations in 69 per
      cent of out-patients is disturbing. There is a possibility that medical quality
      in the Swedish non-fee-for-service system is affected negatively by staff
      inactivity, which could explain slow diagnoses, long median durations of stay,
      and high cost. A tentative but comprehensive study indicates a theoretical
      efficiency increase in a large Swedish hospital of about 40, and a realistic
      increase of about 10 per cent. In the author's view, present attempts at cost
      reduction rarely achieve an efficiency increase, but they may reduce medical
      quality. The absence of quality assurance in parallel with cost reduction is
      criticized, and a WHO recommendation is proposed.

PMID- 1823408
TI  - Health systems research in sub-Saharan Africa: scope, achievements, needs and
      prospects.

PMID- 1823409
TI  - [New data in cryptosporidiosis].

PMID- 1823411
TI  - [Thoracoscopy, a study method in thoracic pathology].

PMID- 1823410
TI  - [Cryoglobulinemias. Their biology and medical pathology].

PMID- 1823412
TI  - [A rare neurogenic tumor with thoracic growth].
AB  - Of 70 operated mediastinal tumors, 15 were neurogenic tumors, one of them
      clepsydra-shaped, which manifested from the very beginning with spastic
      paraparesis of the legs. The treatment consisted in a two-steps surgery, the
      first at the Neurosurgical Clinical of Iasi (laminectomy and ablation of the
      rachidian tumor) and the second one, one month later, at the I-st Surgical Clinic
      of Iasi (excision of mediastinal tumor and parenchymal bridge within the
      conjugation hole). The microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of
      neurinoma (schwannoma) Antoni A and B with haemorrhagic areas. Examined at one
      year interval, the patient was clinically cured with normal thoracic aspect. The
      clinical peculiarities and therapeutical possibilities of the clepsydra-shaped
      neurogenic mediastinal tumors are detailed.

PMID- 1823413
TI  - [[Mechanical jaundice of hydatid origin].
AB  - From the vast etiological sphere of obstructive jaundice there come out many rare
      forms, adequate means of investigation before and during surgery are hard to
      interpret, so the therapy brings up special problems. This paper reports the
      cases of obstructive jaundice of hydatid nature operated at the I-st Surgical
      Clinic of Iasi between 1979 and 1989. These cases have raised special problems of
      diagnosis, needing complex investigations. An important role in diagnosis had
      sonography. The type of surgery depended on the position and nature of the
      obstruction, the local and distant morphological and functional changes induced
      by it and the findings at cholangiography.

PMID- 1823414
TI  - [Family planning with different contraceptive methods].

PMID- 1823415
TI  - [Sexual problems in dermatovenereology consultations].

PMID- 1823417
TI  - [The medical world in the year 1891].

PMID- 1823416
TI  - [Relational aspects in alcoholism].
AB  - Alcohol addiction is always preceded by alcohol abuse, even in the absence of
      risk factors. The finding of some models relevant for alcohol addiction make
      possible the description of different etiological patterns, proving the
      importance of researches on alcoholism etiology for a correct diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 1823418
TI  - [The current features of environmental pollution].

PMID- 1823419
TI  - [An update and the outlook in vaccination against HIV/AIDS].

PMID- 1823420
TI  - [Painters, drawers and engravers with medical themes (III)].

PMID- 1823421
TI  - Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Methotrexate is an alternative to surgical treatment of unruptured tubal
      pregnancy. Among 39 women with the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy there were ten
      (10) cases without rupture of salpinx. Nine (9) out of these treated with
      Methotrexate. In one (1) case there was rupture immediately after the termination
      of the treatment. There were no experiences of major side effects from the
      treatment with Methotrexate. The passage through the tubes was examined
      laparoscopically 3 months after the treatment. There was passage through all
      affected tubes.

PMID- 1823422
TI  - [Physiognomic reconstruction of the frontal arch with a microprosthesis].
AB  - The connective restoration of dental arches still raises physignomic problems.
      The less visible in the context of individual's facial architecture the more
      esthetic the prosthetic artifice is. Based on the statistic data of the Iasi
      Clinic of Dental Prosthetics the results of the gnathoprosthetic treatment
      performed in the years 1987 and 1988 in 1,751 patients were evaluated. The
      efficiency was estimated by the quantitative relation between the various types
      of prostheses used in restoring the integrity of frontal arch.

PMID- 1823423
TI  - [George Bogdan (100 years since his being a professor at the Iasi School of
      Medical Education)].

PMID- 1823424
TI  - [The significance of the anxiety factor in neurotiform-depressive states].
AB  - As part of the clinical psychological investigations, tests were used for
      determining the share of anxiety factor in the neurotiform-depressive states. The
      constituent elements of anxiety factors are discussed, those which might have
      significance being outlined. The authors plead for the use of insight therapy, as
      part of the complex clinical treatment, in those cases where the performed tests
      indicate the likelihood of a good response to such a therapy.

PMID- 1823425
TI  - [The dispensary care of mental diseases with a long-term evolution].
AB  - It is the authors belief that mental diseases follow-up is essential for the
      outpatient care and a requisite to inpatient care. The 5-year follow up of group
      of patients with longstanding mental diseases is analysed from the viewpoint of
      nosological groups prevalence, age and sex distribution, family and professional
      integration and type of care. The study in dynamics of the incidence and
      prevalence shows an increase of followed up cases and underlines the usefulness
      of follow up actions in estimating both the morbidity and the possibilities of
      prophylactic and curative actions.

PMID- 1823426
TI  - [The super-Tourette syndrome].

PMID- 1823427
TI  - [The genetic substrate in cases with epileptogenic potential].
AB  - Among the manifestations with convulsive aspect, those apparently induced by
      fever in children are very important, especially if considered in perspective.
      This investigation was carried out in family backgrounds and it revealed that, in
      many such cases, the manifestations thought to be induced by fever had a family
      character, thus suggesting a possible genetic susceptibility. Most often, the
      maternal line was affected. A positive family history can be considered as a high
      risk factor and should not be ignored in all these children.

PMID- 1823428
TI  - Sociopathy: genesis and development.
AB  - A complex study of a sample of 1,029 children and young people cared for in
      orphanages revealed the increased incidence of the disorders of behaviour in
      these categories (33%) with great difficulties of post-school integration (70%).
      Factors like: affective frustration, noxious family climate intellectual
      handicap, socializing defect, school failure, etc. are deeply involved in the
      genesis of juvenile maladjustment and it further on can be found within the
      nucleus of the sociopathic personality and in adult's deviance.

PMID- 1823429
TI  - [Chronic reactive inflammations in the etiopathogenesis of malignant hematologic
      proliferations].
AB  - The malignant proliferations are induced by a multitude of etiological factors
      and possible pathogenic mechanisms. Three new clinical cases and other four
      previously reported cases of haematological malignant proliferations occurring
      during the evolution of some chronic reactive inflammatory processes due to
      various forms of immune deficit are discussed. A review of the literature and of
      the opinions regarding the pathogenic mechanism responsible for the occurrence
      and growth of malignant proliferations, especially in the cases with inborn or
      acquired immunodeficiency, are also included. The authors' pathogenic hypothesis
      for the cases with various acquired immune deficits and with secondary infectious
      or allergic reactions is that altered immune responses made possible a lasting
      antigenic stimulation of certain cell clones of the reactive inflammatory
      process. By this excessive demand, and instability of the genes has occurred and
      during their rearrangement a mutation with the depression of an oncogene,
      responsible for malignant growth, has resulted.

PMID- 1823430
TI  - The efficiency of some natural drugs in the treatment of burns.
AB  - In this paper we present an original product for burns. It is an ointment with
      bacteriostatic, bactericidal and epithelializing action and it is make up in
      accordance with technology of sunflower oil, beeswax, sintopholin,
      chloramphenicol, procaine, and vitamin E. An experimental study on burnt animals
      in order to prove the efficiency of the product was carried out. For histological
      investigation tegument was collected from the burnt area. A rapid evolution of
      epithelialization was found in case of treated animals as distinguished from
      control sample, where the infected crust was far from being healed. We also
      present some photos in account with the upper fact.

PMID- 1823431
TI  - [Mycobacterial drug resistance in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - The drug resistance of 1,860 human mycobacterial strains was analysed. Of these
      987 were isolated from new cases and 873 from cases who underwent a treatment for
      pulmonary tuberculosis. The investigation lowered 3 years (1986-1988). It
      resulted that the frequency of primary resistance was of 23.8% and that of
      secondary resistance was of 47.6%. As part of primary and secondary resistance,
      mono-resistance to SN and bi-resistance to SN and INH were the most common.

PMID- 1823432
TI  - [Epidemiological observations on the significance of the relations between
      elevated values of essential arterial pressure in schoolchildren and their
      parents].
AB  - The results of an epidemiological screening of 1,228 parents and 614 children,
      pupils in the V-XII forms of 12 schools of different types, are presented. It is
      suggested that when parents present elevated blood pressure values their
      children, although normotensive, are at high risk, especially in case more risk
      factors are present. The relation hypertensive parents--hypertensive offsprings
      was strongly significant. In the hypertensive children with normotensive parents
      the high frequency of some life-style dependent risk factors is discussed. The
      relationship between risk factors and morbidity by essential hypertension both in
      parents and their offsprings and the need of primary and secondary prevention
      programs for pupils are underlined.

PMID- 1823433
TI  - [Melotherapy (II--III)].

PMID- 1823434
TI  - [Epidemiological and laboratory observations on viral hepatitis morbidity in
      child social welfare institutions].
AB  - The investigations revealed that in the interval 1978-1987 the mean incidence of
      viral hepatitis type B in children was 40 at 100,000 inhabitants as compared to
      767 in the children from orphanages. In 27.5% of the cases, the children from
      orphanages, with or without HBs antigen, had viral hepatitis in their case
      history. The prevalence of AgHBs carriers was of 21.6%, the highest value (46.1%)
      being recorded in the children from orphanages in the age group 0-3 years. It was
      also found that 14.9% of the children had AgHBs when admitted to orphanage and
      28.7% became carriers later on. It is suggested that in children homes there are
      conditions for an increased risk requiring special measures for viral hepatitis
      prophylaxis and control.

PMID- 1823435
TI  - [Morbidity with temporary work incapacity in workers of the agroindustrial
      sector].
AB  - The results of a thorough study of morbidity with temporary disablement in 4,164
      agro-industrial workers from five types of agro-industrial associations (horned
      cattle breeding, pork breeding, mechanization, fruit and tobacco growing) are
      presented. After the main medical causes of morbidity with temporary digestive
      tract disorders, accidents and poisonings, diseases of the osteo-muscular and
      respiratory systems) the authors analyses the causal relations with various risk
      factors (alcohol abuse, non-observance of microclimate standards at the working
      spot, length of service, means of conveyance, worker's age, types of activities,
      etc.). It is underlined that a decrease in morbidity with temporary disablement
      is possible and that more sustained health programs are required.

PMID- 1823436
TI  - [The actions of zinc at the lymphocyte level].

PMID- 1823437
TI  - [Tumors of the upper urinary tract. Apropos 35 cases].
AB  - Thirty-five cases of upper urinary tract tumors treated by the authors in an
      interval of 10 years (1979-1988) are presented. After a detailed analysis of the
      cases some general considerations on the anatomopathologic forms of upper urinary
      tract tumors, stage classification, symptoms and clinical and laboratory
      diagnosis, therapeutical indications are made.

PMID- 1823438
TI  - [The trace element (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr) intake via drinking in the rural population
      of Iasi County].
AB  - The drinking water from wells in 55 villages of Iasi district was investigated in
      order to estimate the intake of mineral substances. The results pointed out that
      the content in oligo elements of water in these villages (250,000 inhabitants)
      was below required minimum (in 91.18% of villages for zinc, in 81.48% for
      manganese, in 92.7% for copper and in 98.80% for chromium).

PMID- 1823439
TI  - [Complications in cerebral angiography. A study of 6698 cerebral angiographies].
AB  - The complications of 6,698 cerebral angiographies performed from 1979 to 1985 in
      2,503 patients were analysed. In 5.24% of the patients (1.95% of the
      angiopathies) temporary complications could be observed. Temporary neurologic
      psychiatric complications occurred in 1.96% of the patients (0.73% of the
      angiographies), most of them in middle-aged patients and in the presence in the
      presence of diffuse cerebrovascular disease. In 0.12% of the patients (0.05% of
      the angiographies) a permanent damage was recorded.

PMID- 1823440
TI  - [The therapeutic approach in superficial epithelial tumors of the bladder.
      Apropos 98 cases].
AB  - Between 1985 and 1990, superficial epithelial tumors of gallbladder were found in
      98 patients. Peculiar aspects such as age, sex, symptoms, clinical and laboratory
      diagnosis, surgical treatment, additional interventions, postoperative treatment,
      anatomo-pathological examination, pTNM classification and tumoral grading,
      postoperative recurrences, occurring after the primary and adjuvant treatment,
      were analysed. After some general comments, the authors point out that in their
      experience the lowest rate of postoperative recurrences was obtained by a
      multimodal treatment, that is surgery and vesical instillations with cytostatics
      or B.C.G. vaccine, according to EORCT scheme.

PMID- 1823442
TI  - [Our experience with esophagogastric hemorrhages].
AB  - A study was made of 129 cases of upper digestive hemorrhage in patients with
      portal hypertension admitted at the Surgical Clinic of the Institute of Medicine
      of Chisinau. About 30% of the patients were late admitted, this delay being due
      to a misjudgment of patients' state and unawareness of the possibility a new and
      fatal hemorrhage may occur. A change in Blakemore tube design was done. Its use
      together with the routine hemostatic therapy resulted in hemostasis and discharge
      of 42% of the admitted patients. When conservative treatment failed and a
      recurrence of hemorrhage was imminent, emergency surgery was performed. The
      Tanner-Petrov surgery, splenorenal anastomosis and various types of organopexy
      combined with splenectomy proved to be the most successful. General lethality in
      the patients subjected to these surgeries was 6.2%, a smaller figure than that
      mentioned in the literature.

PMID- 1823443
TI  - The influence of blood transfusions upon the recurrence rate of colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - A retrospective study of 325 consecutive patients suffering colorectal
      adenocarcinoma, allowed in 141, the determination of the influence of blood
      transfusion upon the risk of recurrence/metastases over a minimum observation
      period of 6 months. Of 29 patients not receiving blood transfusion, 6 were
      subjected to recurrence/metastases. Of 112 patients receiving blood transfusion,
      45 suffered recurrence/metastases. No significant difference in the risk of
      developing recurrence/metastases was seen when the primary tumor was Dukes' class
      A and C. When the primary tumor was Dukes' class B, a significantly higher risk
      of recurrence/metastases was seen in the group receiving blood transfusion. A
      constrained use of blood transfusion in connection with colorectal surgery is
      recommended until definitive immunological studies determined the influence of
      blood transfusion upon the risk of recurrence/metastases.

PMID- 1823441
TI  - [Cholecystosis, the diagnostic and treatment problems].
AB  - In the interval 1981-1989 at the Ist Clinic of Surgery of Iasi 230 cases of
      chronic cholecystitis were admitted and operated upon (cholesterolosis--24 cases,
      dysmorphosis--84 cases, dysplasia--22 cases). Most cases had a morphologic-
      dysmetabolic substrate--strawberry gallbladder, alone or associated with other
      lesions (lithiasis, cirrhosis, pancreatitis), rare cases being also found
      (porcelain gallbladder--1 case, calcium bile--2 cases, gallbladder diverticulosis
      -3 cases, longitudinal complete obstruction of cystic duct by gallstone--2
      cases). This condition is more frequent in women in the 3rd dad 4th decade, the
      symptoms being discrete, uncharacteristic, but persistent. The diagnosis is based
      on duodenal catheterization, cholecysto-cholangiography and ultrasonography, the
      intraoperative and histo-pathologic confirmations being required. The increasing
      frequency of chronic cholecystitis makes necessary a more minute diagnosis and
      exigent surgical indication, pledges for long-term favourable results.

PMID- 1823444
TI  - [The value of the echographic exam in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal
      "textilomas"].
AB  - In the absence of radioopaque marker, the diagnosis of textiloma, a rare
      iatrogenic lesion, is difficult. The wide use of abdominal ultrasonography
      significantly improved the preoperative diagnosis, the most typical image being
      that of a echogenic area with a posterior shadow cone. Nine cases of
      intraabdominal textiloma, in the diagnosis of which ultrasound played the most
      intra-abdominal textiloma, in the diagnosis of which ultrasound played the most
      important role, are presented. Although the ultrasound image is not specific, it
      is nevertheless enough suggestive the diagnosis of textiloma and thus for
      indicating an early surgery, before complications occur.

PMID- 1823446
TI  - [CT-guided manual afterloading with 198-gold seeds in intracerebral tumors].
AB  - Interstitial brachytherapy of intracerebral tumours was stimulated through the
      introduction of computed tomography and afterloading technique. Biopsies for
      their histologic verification as well as the stereotactic implantation of plastic
      tubes and adjusted to the extent of the tumour can be carried out with a high
      degree of exactitude by means of CT-supported localization and puncture. The
      small-sized 198-gold seeds are then introduced according to the manual
      afterloading technique and remain in situ until the planned dose in the target
      volume of 50 Gy is achieved. Report on our manual afterloading brachytherapy in
      high-grade astrocytomas III and IV and in adenomas of the hypophysis. Indications
      of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, irradiation planning, calculation of
      the dose and discussion of our tentative clinical experience are explained.

PMID- 1823445
TI  - [The results of treating cervical carcinoma at the Iasi University Radiology
      Clinic, Romania (in figures and tables)].
AB  - Between 1984 and 1988, 827 patients with cervical cancer, most of them with stage
      T2 (46%) and T3 (45%) of disease, were irradiated. Postoperative radiotherapy was
      performed in 276 patients, most of them with stage T2 cervical cancer, with 40-60
      Gy. Preoperative irradiation with 20-40 Gy was done in 6% of the cases in stages
      T1b and T1a. Most of the patients (60%) were treated only with telecobalt 50-60
      Gy. The over all survival rate in the 161 patients followed up for 5 years,
      irrespective of the stage, was of 40%.

PMID- 1823447
TI  - [The social aspect within the dimensions and exigencies of contemporary
      psychiatry].
AB  - The social psychiatry is a necessary medical dimension in our contemporary world.
      The analysis of the concepts fundamenting the social psychiatry draws the
      attention upon certain different considerations regarding its value, limits and
      methods of medical care delivery. In this respect the author comments on the
      contribution brought about by the School of Psychiatry of "Socola" in the sequel
      of several periods of time according to certain social mutations and the dynamics
      of health status of population. The author analyses within this context his own
      contribution to the competence of contemporary relational psychiatry for the
      present day problems of mental health and inherently the level and the forms of
      participation of population according to its structure and community motivations.

PMID- 1823449
TI  - Experimental evidence on pineal renin-angiotensin system as activator of
      serotonin and melatonin synthesis.
AB  - Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in quasi-physiological concentrations for
      two hours induced an increase in serotonin and N-acetyltransferase content of
      pineal gland in dogs and rats. Results are interpreted with regard to the concept
      of the activating role of the pineal renin-angiotensin system on the serotonin
      and melatonin biosynthesis.

PMID- 1823448
TI  - [Epidemiological observations on alcohol consumption as a risk factor in
      essential arterial hypertension].
AB  - The results of the epidemiological investigations in industrial environment in
      view of demonstrating some relations between alcohol and salt consumption,
      tobacco smoking, over weight and prevalence of essential arterial hypertension
      are presented. The obtained data indicate that in 471 workers in smelting the
      prevalence of alcohol consumers (1-3 intakes/day of strong alcohol) was of 15% as
      compared to 28.4% in 559 workers in an unit for building equipment, 4% in the
      1188 women, working in ready-made and knitted wear mills and 19.8 and 4.5% in men
      and women, respectively, working in administrative services. Both the prevalence
      of daily strong alcohol consumption and of the other considered factors are
      significantly increasing with age. An increased prevalence of alcohol consumption
      associated with tobacco smoking, salt consumption and over weight was found in
      the hypertensive subjects as compared to the controls. The obtained data are
      useful in elaborating primary prevention programs of essential arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 1823450
TI  - [The action of xanthinol nicotinate on the central and peripheral arterial
      pressure and on respiration in dogs].
AB  - The pharmaceutical trial in dogs on the influence the Romanian pharmaceutical
      product xanthinol nicotinate has on the cardiovascular system (central and
      peripheric blood pressure, venous pressure, EKG) and respiratory system rendered
      evident a hypotensive effect in direct ratio to the dose, prevalently peripheric,
      without significant changes in respiratory amplitude. It is concluded that the
      Romanian product has similar effects to those described in the literature for
      xanthinol nicotinate.

PMID- 1823451
TI  - [The effect of a hydrogel with Enzaprost F on labor induction in pregnant women
      with severe late gestosis].
AB  - The authors suggested a new method for preparing the delivery in patients with
      severe gestosis consisting of local applications of Enzaprost F hydrogel in
      association with the correction of arterial hypertension in relation with the
      hemodynamic type. Unlike the previous preparations, in the composition of the
      hydrogel with prostaglandin F2-alpha, polyvinylpyrrolidone is also included, thus
      increased adhesive properties and a slower release of prostaglandin resulting.
      The correction of arterial hypertension depending on the hemodynamic type
      provided rapid stabilization of patients' condition. The suggested method does
      not only decrease by 2.4 times the prenatal hospitalization but also reduces with
      16.2% the frequency of abdominal delivery in this category of patients.

PMID- 1823452
TI  - [New technology in medicine: optical disks].

PMID- 1823454
TI  - [The Department of Pulmonary Diseases in the General Hospital in Newcastle (Great
      Britain)].

PMID- 1823453
TI  - [Computer-assisted gnatho-prosthodontic diagnosis].
AB  - The program is very useful by its rapidity, reliability and releasing the dentist
      from calculating the multiple variants of some clinico-biological indices. The
      computer-assisted gnatho-prosthetic diagnosis also makes possible a more adequate
      therapeutical plan.

PMID- 1823455
TI  - [The evolution of medical responsibility in contemporary society].

PMID- 1823456
TI  - [PRESTO. Human-assisted statistical processing].

PMID- 1823457
TI  - [Eosinophilia in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 1823458
TI  - [Cytostatic polychemotherapy plans integrated into the multimodal treatment of
      malignant gynecologic neoplasms. III].

PMID- 1823459
TI  - [Edema of the lower limb].

PMID- 1823460
TI  - [Tobacco and Basedow's exophthalmos].

PMID- 1823461
TI  - [A case of sirenomelia].
AB  - The case of a 37-year-old woman, dressmaker, with congenital lower limb amelia is
      presented. The specific and complementary investigations revealed the absence of
      the left half of sacrum, coccyx, together with the left iliac bone, ischium and
      pubis. Urography demonstrated the absence of left kidney. Ultrasonography
      revealed the presence of the spleen. The data in the literature are reviewed and
      some comments are made.

PMID- 1823462
TI  - [Biotechnology and bioethics].

PMID- 1823463
TI  - [The involvement of eicosanoids in reproduction (I)].

PMID- 1823465
TI  - [Arbor vitae, a guarantee of health].

PMID- 1823464
TI  - [The substitution of a syrup of tolu balsam with a therapeutically equivalent
      preparation].

PMID- 1823466
TI  - Cumulative decade index. Volumes 1-10, 1982-1991.

PMID- 1823467
TI  - New data on the distribution and hosts of larvae of Erythraeidae (Acari,
      Actinedida) in Poland.
AB  - The new data on distribution in Poland and hosts of Charletonia singularis
      (Oudemans), Leptus phalangii (De Geer) and L. mariae Haitlinger larvae are given.
      Ch. singularis was collected from the new localities without hosts, L. phalangii
      was collected from the new localities on Mitopus morio (Fabr.) and Oligolophus
      tridens (C. L. Koch) (Opilionida), and L. mariae was collected from the new
      locality on Phyllobius urticae (De Geer) (Coleoptera). O. tridens and Ph. urticae
      are recognized as the hosts of Erythraeidae larvae for the first time.

PMID- 1823468
TI  - [Arthropods found on European beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Poland].
AB  - In July 1988, arthropods from 6 Castor fiber were collected at Popielno near
      Ruciane. Schizocarpus numerosus Dub., S. fedjushini Dub., S. brachyurus Dub. are
      new to the fauna of Poland. Ixodes hexagonus Leach (larvae, nymphs, females) is
      especially numerous. Under-development of the coxa and trochanter of the third
      left leg was noted in one female. Moreover, Acarus farris (Oud.), Cunaxoides
      kielczewskii Mich. and unidentified female of the Phytoseiidae were obtained.
      Cunaxid mites have not been collected hitherto from mammals. At the present time
      in Poland, 8 species (including Platypsyllus castoris Rit.) of arthropods are
      found on C. fiber.

PMID- 1823469
TI  - [Parasitic Calliphoridae (Diptera) in natural habitats of the Mazovian lowland
      and Warsaw].
AB  - The investigations were carried out in three zones: rural (I), suburban (II) and
      urban (III). 22 species (68.7% of the Calliphoridae fauna of Poland) were
      recorded from Mazovia (I). In Warsaw there were found 18 species (81.8% of the
      fauna of these Dipterans from Mazovia). The material studies was dominated by
      widely distributed species the larvae of which parasitize invertebrates. An
      analysis was carried out of the species composition and the domination structure
      of the communities of parasitic Calliphoridae in the selected habitats of these
      zones (I-III).

PMID- 1823470
TI  - [Synanthropic flies in an 11-story apartment house in Gdansk].
AB  - About 2500 specimens belonging to Diptera were collected. The family Muscidae was
      most numerously represented with 51.6% of the flies caught. 5 of the 18 species
      were dominant: Fannia canicularis, Muscina stabulans, Lucilia sericata,
      Protophormia terraenovae, Calliphora vicina. Comparison of the material from the
      3 localities showed up differences in both qualitative and quantitative content.

PMID- 1823471
TI  - [Morphological anomalies in lice (Anoplura, Hoplopleuridae)].
AB  - Remarkable morphological anomalies were observed in a female of Hoplopleura
      capitosa found on Mus musculus caught in Niemirowek, the Tomaszow district
      (Poland). The anomalies concerned the shape and chaetotaxis of some parapleural
      plates on the abdomen, constitute one of the basic taxonomical features of
      Anoplura.

PMID- 1823473
TI  - [Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acarida) as the factors of chronic
      marginal blepharitis].
AB  - Group 568 patients with chronic marginal blepharitis was investigated for the
      presence of Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis on palpebral margins. The
      parasites were found in 387 cases (68% examined population). D. folliculorum--258
      (67%) and D. brevis--129 (33%).

PMID- 1823472
TI  - [Scabies among the Zoo mammals].
AB  - Scabies was observed in 9 species of mammals at the Zoological Garden of Lodz in
      years 1957-1989. Sarcoptes scabiei spp. was found in capybaras, tapirs and
      camelids. Notoedres cati was recorded from the siberian tiger, but Notoedres sp.
      from the Erinaceus europaeus. Scabies was also found in a wild dead Tapla
      europaea at the Zoo area.

PMID- 1823474
TI  - The immunity status of demodecosis patients.
AB  - 49 patients with different clinical types of demodecosis were examined. There was
      a pronounced decrease in the T-cellular immunity state on the skin. The state of
      immunity was directly dependent on the degree of clinical manifestation and when
      the patients contracted the disease, and it correlated with data from the humoral
      immunity state study (CIC).

PMID- 1823475
TI  - [Biological observations of allergenic mites Suidasia nesbitti (Acarida,
      Saproglyphidae)].
AB  - Suidasia nesbitti specimens for laboratory cultures and for biological studies
      were isolated from infested fish meal. Rearing conditions: temperature +25
      degrees C, relative humidity 85%, food - dried baker's yeast. One day old females
      and males were paired and placed into separate rearing cages and observations of
      longevity and oviposition of mites were conducted. Fresh laid eggs were observed
      and mite development cycle was examined. Mean longevity of male (preimaginal +
      imaginal periods) amount 84.4 days, female in average 67.0 days. Average egg
      production of female per its whole life was 172.9. Life history took in average
      14.4 days and natural mortality of various instars was 25%. Frequency of females
      was slightly higher than frequency of males.

PMID- 1823476
TI  - Parasitic Crustacea of marine fishes.

PMID- 1823477
TI  - Present researches and perspective on Isopoda (Cymothoidae and Gnathiidae)
      parasites of fishes (systematics, faunistics, ecology, biology and physiology).

PMID- 1823478
TI  - [Parasitic Crustacea of fishes from the north-east Atlantic Ocean].
AB  - Fish from the north-east Atlantic, including neighbouring aquens are host of 3
      species of Branchiura, 163 Copepoda, 37 Isopoda, 2 Amphipoda, and 1 of parasitic
      Cirripedia. Chondrichthyes have more species of parasitic crustaceans than
      Osteichthyes. Many specific parasites of Osteichthyes and the facultative
      parasites of fish include species of crustaceans to fish of both classes. 165
      species of parasitic crustaceans are found in benthic and near-benthic fish, and
      55 in pelagic fish. The greatest variety of species parasitic crustaceans is
      found in fishes in the North Sea (139); it is much smaller in the Baltic Sea
      (15). Endemic species constitute 15% of the total number of parasitic crustacean.
      The irregular distribution of parasitic crustaceans is among others connected
      with the biology and ecology of both hosts and their parasites.

PMID- 1823479
TI  - Parasitic crustaceans of Adriatic fishes.
AB  - 45 species of Copepoda and 14 of Isopoda have been found on the South Adriatic
      (Montenegrian coast) fishes during the 10 years study. In addition to the check
      list, some results of pathological and haematological investigations, showing
      that these parasites have a considerable impact on the growth, condition index
      and physiological state of hosts, are given.

PMID- 1823480
TI  - The ecological-geographical characteristics of the parasitic crustacea of the
      Caspian Sea fishes.
AB  - In the Caspian Sea were found typically marine form--Pseudotracheliastes
      stellatus, specific for Acipenseridae, Thersitina gasterostei typical for
      sticklebacks rather euryhaline hosts, and Ergasilus briani, E. sieboldi,
      Paraergasilus rylowi, Lernaea elegans, L. esocina, Caligus lacustris, Argulus
      coregoni, A. foliaceus and Achtheres percarum normally infested the fishes in
      fresh water. The last one is characteristic for only Percidae, the remaining
      fresh-water crustaceans have far more wide host range. The majority of the
      parasitic crustaceans are noted in the coastal shallow areas of the Caspian Sea.
      Only P. stellatus is met too in the fairy deep places, where they are brought by
      Acipenseridae, which perform migrations of considerable extent.

PMID- 1823482
TI  - Classification of a body form of parasitic copepods.
AB  - The following classification of body form typical for parasitic copepods which
      could be useful when compiling the determinants describing supraspecific taxon
      was proposed. The cyclopoid body form for the families Bomolochidae,
      Taeniacanthidae, Ergasilidae, Myicolidae, Tegabomolochidae, Telsidae and
      Grandiunguidae; caligoid body form for Caligidae, Pandaridae, Euryphoridae,
      Cecropidae, Scienophilidae, Trebiidae and Dissonidae; eudactyloid body form for
      Eudactylinidae, Hatschekiidae and Pseudocynidae; the chondracanthoid body form
      for Hyponeoidae, Shiinoidae, Pharoidae and some Chondracanthidae; the
      lernanthropoid body form for Lernanthropidae and Anthosomatidae; the
      lernaeopodidoid body form for Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchiidae; the sphyriioid
      body form for Sphyriidae, Lernaeidae, Pennellidae and some Chondracanthidae; the
      philichthyioid body form for Philichthyidae are discussed.

PMID- 1823481
TI  - Infestation dynamics of external parasites of saithe (Pollachius virens) from the
      North and Norwegian Seas.
AB  - An attempt has been made to examine the saithe's external parasites with respect
      to host age and the reproduction time of Clavella adunca in the North Sea. 1835
      specimens of Pollachius virens caught in 1976-1980 and 1986 were examined. They
      were infested with Diclidophora denticulata, Udonella caligorum (Monogenea) and
      Clavella adunca, Lepeophtheirus pollachius, Caligus elongatus (Copepoda). The
      large number of adult females of C. adunca in winter and spring, the juvenile
      forms in summer and forms of 4th developmental phase autumn suggest that the
      reproduction cycle runs over the year in the North Sea with the peak between the
      late spring and early summer. The intensity values of infestation are highest for
      sexually mature fish but fall in older ones.

PMID- 1823483
TI  - [Review of the methods of control of pathogenetic arthropods of medical and
      veterinary importance].
AB  - Chemical and biological methods of the title arthropod pests control, during the
      past 1985-1989, have been reviewed. Among insecticides the chlorinated
      hydrocarbons, organophosphorous compounds, carbamates and particularly
      pyrethroids played still the outstanding role. Juvenoids, chitin synthesis
      inhibitors and semi-chemicals such as pheromones and feeding deterrents were
      discussed. WHO recommended insecticides for mosquito, housefly, cockroach
      Pharaoh's ant, flea, and bedbug control in Poland have been listed. Some
      biological methods applied against agricultural pests were mentioned.

PMID- 1823484
TI  - [Preliminary studies of the occurrence of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodida:
      Ixodidae) in the areas of the Cracow-Czestochowa highland at various stages of
      human industrial activities].
AB  - In the years 1987-88 the density of the population of I. ricinus on the territory
      of Krakow-Czestochowa Highland including the Ojcow National Park was studied. The
      method of collection of ticks from 100 m2 fields was applied. On the spite of
      similar ecological conditions there was marked variation in the population
      density of I. ricinus. It decreased from East to West, where territories are
      under the strong pressure of the Upper Silesia and Olkusz industry.

PMID- 1823485
TI  - [Effect of selected compounds from the group of chitin synthesis inhibitors on
      insects of sanitary importance].
AB  - The effect of three aryl and heteroaryl dichlorobenzoylurea compounds as insect
      chitin inhibitors on sanitary important insects were investigated. These
      compounds were given insects: larvae and adults flies (Musca domestica) and
      cockroaches (Blattella germanica) with food. The best results on flies were after
      exposition to AG-6 and on cockroaches to AG-5. AG-6 complete inhibited
      metamorphosis after exposition of larvae and after exposition of adults in
      generation F1. No mature cockroaches from larvae exposed to AG-5, no hatching
      from cocoons lied by treated adults were observed.

PMID- 1823487
TI  - [Effect of permethrin selection on the developmental cycle and fertility of
      cockroaches (Blattella germanica)].
AB  - Each generation of Blattella germanica were treated with a dose of 0.42 microgram
      permethrin per VI instar larva. The fecundity varied from 8.21 to 33.66 for I
      instar larvae per female. Reproduction was significantly lower than that
      evaluated for untreated insects in third and fourth generations, but
      significantly higher in the fifth generation. Mortality among insects treated
      with permethrin, with the exception of the fourth generation only, was higher
      than among untreated cockroaches. In the third, fourth and fifth generations, the
      biotic potential was significantly lower in groups of treated insects than in
      untreated ones. The length of the developmental period of B. germanica treated
      with permethrin, measured during 7 generations, showed no significant changes in
      comparison with the control groups.

PMID- 1823486
TI  - [Experimental studies of the control of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles using
      selected insecticides].
AB  - In the research 4 compounds: Iodofenphos, Propetamphos, Dioxacarb and Permethrin
      and two commercial insecticides: Pibutoks Super (Permethrin) and Safrotin 10 WP
      (Propetamphos) were used to control anophelini females. The chemicals were tested
      in the laboratory on mosquitoes caught in the nature and the contact method was
      employed. Propetamphos and Permethrin at concentrations 0.05% and 0.1%, after 2
      hours of 1 hour exposure reduced the mosquitoes in 96% and 99.9% respectively.
      Iodofenphos and Dioxacarb, even at concentration 0.1%, after 24 hours of 1 hour
      exposure caused barely 78.3% and 83.9% mortality of these insects. Both
      insecticides tested, in the 7 days period after the spraying, caused more than
      97% reduction of the Anopheles population in the cow-sheds.

PMID- 1823488
TI  - [Usefulness of Thuridan in the control of fly larvae in animal houses].
AB  - The studies were carried out in a pig farm and in a dairy cattle farm in South
      Poland. Thuridan was applied as 0.3% suspension in 3 replications in 7 days
      interval. The efficacy of Thuridan was established using fly--catchers which were
      hung on the same places--once before and three times after Thuridan was used. In
      the animal houses 86% less flies were found.

PMID- 1823489
TI  - [Preliminary studies of the occurrence of allergenic mites in coal dust in the
      mines of the Upper Silesia].
AB  - The study was conducted in four coal mines located in Upper Silesia. A total of
      40 specimens were found: 20 from the genus Tarsonemus (Tarsonemidae,
      Tarsonemida); 9 from the family Pygmephoridae (Tarsonemida); two males of
      Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae, Acaridida) and one tritonymph--Tyrophagus
      sp.; two unidentified larvae (Acaridae, Acaridida); one specimen of Oppia
      clavipectinata (Oppidae, Oribatida) and 5 other mites from this order. T.
      putrescentiae and species from the genus Tarsonemus are considered as allergenic
      mites which may cause sensitization in humans.

PMID- 1823490
TI  - [A case of bringing along Mediterranean ticks Ixodes (Ixodes) festai Rondelli,
      1926 (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) to Poland by migrating birds].
AB  - A partly fed female of I. festai was collected from Turdus merula L. caught in
      Hel Peninsula (Southern Coast of Baltic Sea). This species (known only as
      females) is a parasite of birds, and inhabits western part of the Mediterranean
      area. I. festai is a second species after Hyalomma marginatum which probably
      every spring is transferred by migratory bird into territory of Poland. This
      finding is the first recorded case of transfer of I. festai to Poland, therefore
      the description of female is given.

PMID- 1823491
TI  - [Morphological anomalies in ticks (Acari: Ixodida) collected from natural
      environment].
AB  - Among the ticks with morphological anomalies were: Argas persicus--fed female
      with atrophia of the third right leg together with the coxa from the chicken in
      the hen house (Mfakar Alsrki--Syria); Hyalomma marginatum--partly fed female with
      complete absence of the fourth right leg, was found on a sheep (Mfakar Alsrki);
      Ixodes ricinus--partly fed female with asymmetry of the body from the roe-deer
      (Popielno, province Suwalki); I. I. ricinus--partly fed female with anomaly in
      shape of the dorsal disk, was found probably on a cattle in province Krakow.

PMID- 1823492
TI  - [Disturbances in the process of hatching of larvae Argas (A) reflexus (Fabr.)
      (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) exposed to various thermal and humidity conditions].
AB  - The most cases of abnormal hatch larvae (40.2%) of A. reflexus were in relative
      humidity 90% and temperature 25 degrees C; the least (0-2.8%)--at the low
      relative humidity levels (10 and 30%) in all examined temperatures of
      experiments. The rise of relative humidity caused the greater number of the
      disturbances of hatch larvae. The most often +non-separation of integument eggs
      from body of larvae was observed, what made impossible normal formation of legs
      and made difficult locomotive faculty.

PMID- 1823493
TI  - Interference between the viruses of tick-borne encephalitis complex in the Ixodes
      ricinus ticks.
AB  - The interference of two closely related viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis
      complex (TBE) in Ixodes ricinus ticks has been observed. 42.9 to 65.0% of dually
      infested ticks developed virus neutralization antibodies in mice without signs of
      illness, which contrasts with the control ticks infected with 198 strain only.
      Other explanations of this interference could include alteration of viral
      receptors on host cells or induction of antiviral activity in the infected ticks
      and/or other vectors such as mosquitoes.

PMID- 1823494
TI  - [Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) found in the coastal region from Wejherowo to
      Darlowo].
AB  - Species composition Anophelini were investigated in the years 1986/87 and
      Culicini in 1987/88 at the part of the coastal region. The mosquitoes were caught
      from April till October, every week, at 47 stations (water reservoirs, free
      nature and cattle-sheds). Total 16,194 mosquitoes (2452 Anophelini and 13,742
      Culicini) were caught. They belong to 26 species of 5 genera: Anopheles (4 spp.),
      Aedes (15 spp.), Coquillettidia (1 sp.), Culex (1 sp.) and Culiseta (5 spp.). The
      highest numbers of Anophelini were observed in July (1986) and in September
      (1987). The aggressiveness toward man showed by Culicini was found to be highest
      in the second half of May and at the end of July.

PMID- 1823495
TI  - Stage of investigations on Ixodides, parasites of small mammals and Nematocera.

PMID- 1823496
TI  - [Blood-sucking biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)
      from Poland].
AB  - Further records of Culicoides collected from new localities and regions are
      presented. C. vidourlensis (Baltic Coasts), C. abchazicus (Ojcow National Park,
      Babia Gora Mts) and C. jurensis (Pieniny and Babia Gora Mts) are for the first
      time recorded from the country. At present 48 species of the genus are known to
      occur in Poland.

PMID- 1823497
TI  - [Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) sibirica (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Poland].
AB  - A single male of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) sibirica (Bujanova, 1962) was collected
      in the Pieniny Mts. This is the first record of the species from Poland. F.
      sibirica is an Eastern Palaearctic bloodsucker causing a severe annoyance to
      humans in the vicinities of Krasnoyarsk (East Siberia). It seems that in Central
      Europe the species lives only in mountains which probably are its relic refuges
      since the Pleistocene. F. sibirica is very similar to F. nipponica. The only
      difference is found in the relation between X and XI male flagellomeres. In F.
      nipponica flagellomere X is shorter than the next one, while in F. sibirica they
      are inversely related.

PMID- 1823498
TI  - External parasites of birds (investigations in Poland).

PMID- 1823499
TI  - [Fleas from the nests of Passer domesticus and Passer montanus].
AB  - In the years 1986-1988 102 nests of Passer domesticus and 113 nests of P.
      montanus were collected from Slupsk, Warszawa and its surrounding. Ceratophyllus
      gallinae was found in 55 nests of P. domesticus and in 74 nests of P. montanus:
      C. fringillae in 13 nests of P. domesticus. The highest mean number of C.
      gallinae per nest was recorded in nest of P. domesticus (11.9), lower in nest of
      P. montanus (5.9). The highest percentage of nests with fleas and the highest
      mean number of fleas per nest were recorded in September in P. domesticus and in
      June, July and September in P. montanus. The highest (111) nests to be inhabited
      by 1-10 specimens. Number of specimens in nests was not depending on the weight
      nests.

PMID- 1823500
TI  - Intraspecific morphometric variability of Goniocotes chrysocephalus
      (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera).
AB  - Morphometric variability of G. chrysocephalus was analysed and compared between
      and within the groups of individuals collected from single pheasant host
      (idiohostal populations) and from great number of hosts belonging to the same
      species (synhostal). The congruence of ranges of variation of 4 characters from 3
      idio- and 1 synhostal population was examined. The arithmetic means of head width
      and abdomen as well as total body length of males from 2 idiohostal populations
      were statistically different from synhostal one. On the other hand, in the
      females such differences were only in the head width of idiohostal populations.

PMID- 1823502
TI  - List of mites occurring on insects in Poland.
AB  - 110 species of mites belonging to 3 orders, 28 families and 72 genera were found
      on about 136 species of insects in Poland. Among of those insects the richest
      fauna was found on Copris lunaris, Carabus coriaceus, C. hortensis and Musca
      domestica.

PMID- 1823501
TI  - The biology and epidemiological role of arthropods in environments at various
      stages of anthropogenization.

PMID- 1823503
TI  - [Mites (Acarida) of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in Poland].
AB  - 400 samples of natural winter debris collected from bee hives, 150 samples of
      stored honey and 100 samples of pollen collected by bees were examined; full of
      food and empty honey combs, brood and adult bees were also observed. 100% of
      samples of debris, 90% of pollen and almost 24% of honey samples contained mites;
      they were found also on honey combs and on died and living bees (brood,
      imagines). 33 mite species were found. Besides of parasite Varroa jacobsoni Oud.
      numerous mites belonging to Acaridae, Ameroseiidae, Tarsonemidae and Tydeidae
      were frequent. They are often accompanied by predatory mites from families
      Cheyletidae, Aceosejidae, Laelapidae, Bdellidae and Cunaxidae. 3 stated species-
      Acotyledon paradoxa Oud., Lasioacarus nidicolus Kadz. et Sev. and Thyreophagus
      odyneri Fain are new for Poland.

PMID- 1823504
TI  - Morphological features of gut ontogeny in the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni.
AB  - The study was focused on the morphological features of the gut through all of its
      developmental stages in both male and female V. jacobsoni from the drone brood.
      Histochemical methods were used. Along with histophysiological similarities,
      there are morphological differences in the gut structure in male and female. Gut
      development in this parasite's ontogeny is characterized by both morphological
      conservatism and substantial functional flexibility.

PMID- 1823505
TI  - Peculiarities in ontogenesis and reproductive cycle of the mite Varroa jacobsoni
      (Parasitiformes, Varroidae) and its relation to the host Apis mellifera.
AB  - On the basis on functional morphology and ecology of Varroa jacobsoni the
      reproductive cycle of female mites was divided into 5 stages: copulation,
      puberty, preoviposition, oviposition, rehabilitation. The whole ontogeny from egg
      to formed protonymph in the chorion proceeds very intensively (26 to 30 hours).
      Besides the reproductive potential is realized during an extremely short period
      (6 to 7 days) which duration is determined by the total duration of the mite's
      ontogeny, so that the development of adult mites in all of the viable eggs laid
      has to be completed by the time the bees leave the brood.

PMID- 1823507
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic study of the needle-shaped process on two kinds of
      Japanese unhulled rice.

PMID- 1823506
TI  - [Cardiac involvement in mitochondrial disease: a clinical study of 38 patients].
AB  - Several reports showed that abnormality of mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) can be an
      etiology of cardiomyopathy in recent years. Cardiac involvement in mitochondrial
      disease other than Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), however, has not been documented
      clearly. Therefore, cardiac involvement, abnormality of mt DNA and defects of the
      respiratory chain in mitochondrial disease were studied. Thirty-eight patients
      with mitochondrial disease were studied. The patients were consisted of 2
      patients with KSS, 1 patient with probable KSS, 15 patients with ocular myopathy,
      1 patient with myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), 6 patients with
      mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
      (MELAS), 5 patients with undefined mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and 8 patients
      with mitochondrial myopathy. Cardiac involvement was evaluated by
      electrocardiogram (ECG), chest roentgenogram and echocardiogram. Abnormality of
      mt DNA was examined using Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction method
      in 25 patients. Defects of the respiratory chain were examined in 27 patients.
      All of the KSS and probable KSS showed heart block, and 2 of the 3 patients
      showed abnormalities on echocardiogram. Five of the 15 patients with ocular
      myopathy showed abnormalities on EGG. Four of the 6 patients with MELAS showed
      abnormalities on ECG, 1 showed cardiomegaly, and 3 showed left ventricular
      hypertrophy on echocardiogram. Three of the 5 patients with undefined
      mitochondrial encephalomyopathy showed abnormalities on ECG, 2 showed
      cardiomegaly and 2 showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy and wall motion
      abnormalities on echocardiogram. Large-scale deletions of mt DNA were detected in
      all of the KSS and probable KSS, and 7 patients with ocular myopathy. Deletions
      of mt DNA in the skeletal and cardiac muscles were proved to be identical in a
      case of KSS. A point mutation in mt DNA was detected in 5 patients with MELAS.
      Defects of the respiratory chain were detected in 22 patients. In conclusion,
      cardiac involvement is frequently seen in mitochondrial disease. Abnormality of
      ECG, especially heart block, is characteristic of KSS. Left ventricular
      hypertrophy is characteristic of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.

PMID- 1823508
TI  - Critical comment on the determination of plasma level of antiepileptic drugs in
      the treatment of epilepsy from standpoint of physical chemistry--consideration
      about binding mode of small molecule to proteins and other substances.
AB  - Physicians and investigators, engaging in the treatment of epilepsy, have
      expected much help of plasma level determination of antiepileptic drugs in order
      to manage the patients successfully and safely. However, with the lapse of time
      and with the cumulation of many experiences, they have known that it can not be
      gotten so exactly and easily as they expected at beginning of research. The
      author has been repeatedly pointing out the methodological errors of its
      measurement, since the usefulness of plasma level determination of antiepileptic
      drugs began to be emphasized. Recently, Krammer described that uncritical
      measurement of its plasma level as a routine method was not only nonsense but
      also harmful. However his opinion is based on the clinical data, too. This paper
      explains about the methodological errors, relating to measurement for
      antiepileptic drugs in blood, from the standpoint of physical chemistry.

PMID- 1823509
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study for the localization of apolipoprotein AI, B100, and E
      in normal and psoriatic skin].
AB  - Recently many new knowledge about the LDL receptors and LDL-receptor mediated
      endocytosis of cholesterol have been reported (Goldstein et al. 1979). This
      phenomenon is also observed in keratinocyte. The use of low density lipoprotein
      gold (LDL-gold) technique in electron microscopy demonstrated a reciprocal
      correlation between cell differentiation and LDL-receptor expression in normal
      and psoriatic skin which is characterized by keratotic disorder and epidermal
      hyperproliferation. (Mommaas-Kienhuis et al. 1987). In order to study the
      interaction between normal skin and lipid, and the affect of lipid to psoriatic
      skin, we investigated the localization of apolipoprotein AI, B100 and E in
      epidermis. Six normal skins, ten psoriatic skins and three skins of seborrheic
      dermatitis were obtained. In normal epidermis, apolipoprotein B100 was markedly
      detected intercellularly, and apolipoprotein E was observed intracellularly. In
      contrast, apolipoprotein AI was not detected in epidermis. This result showed
      that keratinocytes expressed B and E receptors on their surface membrane,
      connecting with apolipoprotein B100 and apolipoprotein E respectively. But this
      finding that positive reaction sites were found in all layer of epidermis also
      suggested that anti-apolipoprotein B100 antibody reacted extracellular
      cholesterol excreted outside from keratinocytes. In psoriatic skin, the basement
      membrane of dermo-epidermal junction, the vascular walls and perivascular regions
      in papillary dermis were stained positively by anti-apolipoprotein AI antibody.
      But the localization of apolipoprotein B100 and E were similar to normal skin,
      and they were also detected in the parakeratotic regions in horny layer. These
      results did not show the relationship between cell differentiation and B, E
      receptor expression on keratinocyte. And it is suggested that cholesterol
      metabolism in keratinocyte affected the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

PMID- 1823510
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: analysis on factors affecting survival.
AB  - Thirty cases of early-onset congenital diaphragmatic hernia were admitted to
      National Taiwan University Hospital from 1976 to 1990. The mortality rate has
      increased in recent years, with an overall mortality rate of 26.7%. Low PH value
      of initial blood gas, early onset of symptoms at birth and total absence of
      hemidiaphragm were the three most poor prognostic factors (P less than 0.01).
      Preoperative stabilization of those patients with an initial PH value less than
      7.2 may be helpful (P less than 0.04).

PMID- 1823511
TI  - Increased incidence of asthma and pulmonary dysfunction after severe lower
      respiratory tract infection in infancy.
AB  - In the present study we tried to define the effect of lower respiratory tract
      infections upon pulmonary function and/or asthma in childhood. Thirty-five
      children with history of pneumonia in infancy were followed five to ten years
      later; all were asked to respond questionnaire, received physical examination and
      were diagnosed for pulmonary function. The results follow: 13 children (37%) had
      developed asthma, a significantly higher percentage than normal prevalence among
      students in this area. Simple pulmonary function test, pulmonary function test
      after distilled water mist and after hypertonic saline (4.5%) mist all showed
      abnormal values in VC (17%, 14%, 29% respectively), in IVC (46%, 51%, 53%), in
      FVC (20%, 23%, 24%), in FEVl (17%, 23%, 29%), in FEF25-75% (37%, 49%, 47%), in
      FEF75% (26%, 23%, 29%) and in FEVl/VC (20%, 14%, 29%). Methacholine challenge
      test (PC20) showed a marked decrease of PC20 in asthmatic children; each was less
      than 5 mg/ml (mean value; 0.99 mg/ml). Family-allergy in at least one parent and
      wheeze were the two significant risk factors. Nevertheless, in 22 non-family
      allergy children, the occurrence of asthma was also higher than general
      prevalence (18.2% vs 5.6%). Wheezing was evident in viral infections in infancy,
      but bacterial culture from sputum or throat swabs failed to find pathogenic
      bacteria. These results indicate that while the genetic factor may be important,
      viral infections may be more important because, even in non-family-allergy
      children, the occurrence of asthma was higher for infants infected in early
      infancy than the general prevalence for age-matched students.

PMID- 1823512
TI  - Bacteremia in infants with Salmonella enterocolitis.
AB  - In order to determine the incidence of Salmonella bacteremia in children with
      Salmonella enterocolitis and to predict the risk factors of bacteremia, we
      conducted a prospective study on 264 infants and children with Salmonella
      enterocolitis from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1989. They were admitted to
      the Pediatric Department of Mackay Memorial Hospital with the chief problem of
      diarrhea. The rectal swab cultures were all positive for nontyphoidal Salmonella.
      Blood cultures were done immediately when Salmonella enterocolitis was confirmed.
      Clinical features including age, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and
      serogroup were all recorded and analyzed to predict the risk factors of
      bacteremia in Salmonella enterocolitis. Twenty patients had bacteremia. Among
      them, 4 had meningitis simultaneously. There was one death, resulting in a 5%
      mortality in the bacteremia group. The overall rate of bacteremia was 7.6%. For
      those less than 3 months of age, it was 11.5%. We were unable to find any
      relationship between the bacteremia and the risk factors such as age, body
      temperature, clinical symptoms, white blood cell counts and differential counts.
      Interestingly, it was noted that Salmonella serogroup D1, a highly virulent and
      invasive Salmonella serogroup, was more closely related to the occurrence of
      bacteremia. It accounted for 40% of all cases of bacteremia. In conclusion, this
      study showed that the incidence of bacteremia in cases of Salmonella
      enterocolitis was 7.6% and the only risk factor of bacteremia was a culture of
      Salmonella serogroup D1. Therefore, in cases of Salmonella serogroup D1
      enterocolitis, antibiotics treatment may be considerable.

PMID- 1823514
TI  - [Short-term ceftriaxone treatment of typhoid fever in children].
AB  - Ten children, diagnosed as having typhoid fever, were enrolled in this study
      between April and September, 1989. Ceftriaxone was administered intravenously, in
      two dosages adding to 50-100 mg/kg/day over as short a period as five days. The
      mean period of defervescence was 3.2 days. No adverse reactions to the drug
      occurred; all those fulfilling the prescribed course were cured. To date, no
      relapse has been reported nor has any patient become a chronic carrier. Shortterm
      use of Ceftriaxone had the advantages of rapid response, abscence of serious side
      effects, and low failure rate in treating children with typhoid fever.

PMID- 1823513
TI  - Familial Bartter's syndrome--a study of free water clearance.
AB  - Three siblings in one family were found to have Bartter's syndrome. All of them
      had persistent hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemia and normal blood
      pressure. Patient 1 also had hyponatremia and hyperaldosteronism. Free water
      clearance studies during a maximal water diuresis showed that all of them had
      mild decrease in distal fractional chloride reabsorption. Patient 1 had normal
      proximal sodium reabsorption, however, patient 2 and patient 3 had enhanced
      proximal sodium reabsorption. These data suggest that the defect in chloride
      reabsorption at the Henle's loop may contribute to the pathogenesis of Bartter's
      syndrome, and compensatory proximal sodium reabsorption is very important in
      maintaining normal plasma sodium in Bartter's syndrome.

PMID- 1823515
TI  - [Blood exchange transfusion as an emergency treatment for hyperleukocytosis in
      leukemia: report of one case].
AB  - An extreme leukocytosis imposes immediate and potential catastrophic problems,
      which warrant the use of intensive means to reduce the excessive leukocytes.
      Blood exchange transfusion has been used for emergency management of
      hyperleukocytosis. With few complications the procedure can rapidly reduce an
      excessive leukocyte burden, correct concomitant anemia and improve associated
      metabolic abnormalities. The greatest advantage of this procedure is that it can
      be performed in the shortest time, with minimal equipment and technical skill.
      This is a report of an 11-month-old male patient with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia who had hyperleukocytosis, then received emergency blood exchange which
      reduced the leukocyte count from 630,000/ul to 70,000/ul in two hours. The course
      was smooth and the patient tolerated the procedure well. Remission was attained
      after the induction and consolidation chemotherapy, and the child is now under
      maintenance therapy.

PMID- 1823516
TI  - [Streptococcus bovis meningitis and sepsis in neonates: report of two cases].
AB  - Streptococcus bovis is a veterinary organism rarely previously reported in the
      neonatal infection. Two cases are presented of neonatal infection by this
      organism; one case manifested with meningitis and the other, with sepsis. Seizure
      and respiratory distress were the symptoms found in these two babies,
      respectively. Following adequate treatment, recovery was complete, and the
      infants enjoyed healthy lives post-discharge. S. bovis is always sensitive to
      penicillin, but resistant strain has been reported recently. It is reasonable to
      treat infant patients infected by this organism with a combined initial therapy
      of penicillin and aminoglycoside. After the minimal inhibitory concentration and
      minimal bactericidal concentration of antibiotic has been determined, penicillin
      or ampicillin can be used alone.

PMID- 1823517
TI  - [Nephrotic syndrome complicated with cerebral infarction: report of one case].
AB  - A 13-year-old boy was admitted to this hospital for evaluation of pitting edema
      of both legs. Three years ago, he had been diagnosed to have nephrotic syndrome.
      Two and half years ago, because of persistent heavy proteinuria, poor response to
      steroids and frequent relapse of disease, a renal biopsy was done;
      characteristics of IgM nephropathy was shown. About a year previously, the
      patient felt dizziness and weakness of the left side of his body upon awakening
      one morning. Neurologic examination showed loss of muscle tone, muscle power and
      deep tendon reflexes. Sensory and cranial nerve function were intact. Blood
      pressure was normal. The CT scan of brain showed a patch of low attenuation area
      in the right temporal region, obliteration of the right cortical sulci and mild
      compression of right lateral ventricle. A diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome with
      right cerebral infarction was made. The patient's condition became stable two
      days later after mannitol infusion, correction of electrolytes, and supportive
      therapy. According to literature, most cases of nephrotic syndrome complicate
      with renal thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis. Few cases
      complicate with cerebral thrombosis and infarction. If patient have low plasma
      albumin and anti-thrombin III level, hyperfunction of platelet aggregability and
      use long-term diuretic therapy, they may be at higher risk of thromboembolic
      complications. If thromboembolic complications exist, anticoagulation treatment
      should be instituted. Prophylactic therapy with aspirin or dicumarol is not
      currently recommended.

PMID- 1823518
TI  - Assessment of exposure to lead and cadmium through air and food in inhabitants of
      Zagreb.
AB  - Exposure to lead and cadmium was monitored in a group of 17 non-smoking women in
      Zagreb. The monitoring included measurement of the intake of the two metals via
      air and the diet during a period of seven days. Duplicate daily diets and air
      filter samples were collected for analysis of lead and cadmium. To check the
      intake of lead and cadmium with the daily diet, faeces were collected and
      analysed. The mean gastrointestinal absorption was estimated to be 4.9
      micrograms/day for lead and 0.75 micrograms/day for cadmium. These values were
      derived from faecal data which were assumed to be more reliable. The daily
      absorption through inhalation estimated on the basis of air analysis was 2.7
      micrograms for lead and 0.03 micrograms for cadmium.

PMID- 1823519
TI  - [Immunologic changes and pulmonary ventilatory function in animal feed processing
      workers].
AB  - Respiratory symptoms and immunological reactions were examined in 35 animal food
      workers. The most frequent positive skin prick reactions occurred to fish flour
      (82.9%), followed by carotene (77.1%), cornflour (65.7%), four-leaf clover
      (62.9%), sunflower (54.3%), chicken meat (31.4%), soy (28.6%) and yeast (22.7%).
      The IgE serum level was increased in 40% of the animal food workers and in 2.6%
      of the controls. A significantly higher prevalence of chronic respiratory
      symptoms was found in animal food workers than in controls. However, there was no
      significant difference in prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms between
      workers with positive and those with negative skin tests to house dust and fish
      flour or between those with increased and those with normal IgE levels (except
      for dyspnoea). There were significant acute across-shift reductions in
      ventilatory capacity, particularly for FEF25. The workers with positive skin
      tests to fish flour demonstrated significantly larger acute FEF25 reductions than
      those with negative skin tests. An extract of animal food caused constriction of
      isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. It appears that animal food
      dust in addition to immunological response may produce a direct irritative effect
      on the airways of exposed workers.

PMID- 1823520
TI  - [Importance of determination of individual hematocrit in the assessment of
      protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes using a commercial hematofluorometer (Buchler
      ZF)].
AB  - The erythrocyte content of protoporphyrin IX was measured in a group of 191
      battery plant workers. According to the results of biological monitoring the
      selected workers had increased occupational exposure to lead. Measurements were
      done with a commercial haematofluorometer Buchler ZF which was calibrated to the
      average haematocrit value of 0.42. The values measured were then corrected to
      individual haematocrit values. Haematocrit was determined in the standard manner
      and the individual values ranged from 0.38 to 0.51. Test results showed a major
      difference in protoporphyrin IX concentrations directly determined with a
      haematofluorometer and the ones calculated by correcting to the individual
      haematocrit.

PMID- 1823521
TI  - Study of early appearance of skin lesions in coal gasification workers.
AB  - A retrospective cohort morbidity study was conducted among workers employed at
      the Kosovo coal gasification plant and a reference population of open-pit lignite
      miners. The aim was to determine the rate of early skin cancer and pre-cancerous
      skin lesions. In 15 years of commercial operation of the coal gasification plant,
      seven workers were diagnosed with benign skin tumors, six with pre-cancerous skin
      diseases, but none with skin cancer. The lesions were significantly fewer than
      were reported earlier over a shorter time period and in a smaller population at a
      coal hydrogenation plant. Compared to the reference population who received
      medical care in the same clinic, gasification workers had a lower skin cancer
      rate, but a higher rate of benign skin tumors and potentially pre-cancerous skin
      diseases.

PMID- 1823522
TI  - [Use of prostin E2 in the treatment of stomatitis caused by radiotherapy].
AB  - Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy for malignancies often develop
      annoying inflammation of the oral mucosa as a side-effect of cytotoxic therapy.
      As prostaglandins are known to be cytoprotective Prostin E2 was given to 10
      patients with neoplasms of the ear, nose, pharynx or larynx, or of the
      maxillofacial region, who received radiotherapy. The reference group was made up
      of five patients with the analogous diagnosis who received the conventional
      therapy with Hexoral sol. One patient was not administered any therapy. The
      patients that were given Prostin E2 did not develop either the inflammatory
      process or stomatitis. In the reference group the inflammatory process appeared
      in two patients and lesions were noticed in one patient. Excellent results,
      although still preliminary, pointed out that preventive local administration of
      Prostin E2 was superior to the conventional therapy and that accordingly, Prostin
      E2 should be regarded as the drug of choice.

PMID- 1823523
TI  - [The effect of suxamethonium chloride on serum potassium levels during kidney
      transplantation].
AB  - The aim of the investigation was to determine the effect of suxamethonium
      chloride on potassium concentrations in serum during anaesthesia in renal
      transplantation. Potassium values were measured before the operation (control
      values), after the administration of suxamethonium chloride, after reinstatement
      of the blood flow in the transplanted kidney, and after the operation. The mean
      potassium values after suxamethonium chloride administration (5.33 mmol/L) and
      after the operation (5.17 mmol/L) were significantly higher than the values
      before the operation (4.82 mmol/L) (P less than 0.05). The difference between
      potassium concentrations before the operation (4.82 mmol/L) and those measured
      after reinstatement of the blood flow in the transplanted kidney (5.06 mmol/L)
      was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Increase in potassium
      concentration following suxamethonium chloride administration calls for caution
      as it may produce a toxic effect on the cardiovascular system. The potassium
      values in patients with terminal renal failure should not be higher than 5 mmol/L
      before inducing anaesthesia.

PMID- 1823524
TI  - [The effect of diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs on the metabolism of
      xenobiotics].
AB  - The paper is a survey of available results on the impact of main life-style
      factors (dietary and smoking habits, alcohol ingestion, use of drugs) on the
      metabolism of xenobiotics. The principal characteristics of the metabolism and
      the activity of metabolic enzymes are described. The relatively scanty number of
      examples, which could be justified by the variety and complexity of combined
      exposure, allows to conclude that life-style factors have considerable influence
      on interindividual differences in susceptibility to xenobiotics toxicity.

PMID- 1823526
TI  - Reducing junior doctors' hours.

PMID- 1823525
TI  - Hemodynamic basis of stasis ulceration--a hypothesis.
AB  - Approximately 25% of patients with stasis ulceration have normal or below normal
      ambulatory venous pressures. A reflux index was calculated by multiplying
      postexercise pressures by Valsalva-induced foot venous pressure elevation. In
      patients with stasis ulceration, reflux index was found to have an excellent
      negative predictive value with a clear discriminant line between normal limbs and
      those with ulcers. Increasing incidence of stasis ulceration was demonstrated
      with increasing reflux index value. Even when ambulatory venous pressure was
      within the normal range, the index was found to be abnormal in ulcerated limbs
      because Valsalva-induced foot venous pressure was elevated in these limbs.
      Conversely, some patients with stasis ulceration and normal Valsalva foot venous
      pressure elevation were found to have abnormal ambulatory venous pressure values,
      yielding an elevated reflux index. Preliminary analysis indicates that reflux
      index may be a better predictor of surgical outcome after valve reconstruction
      procedures than either ambulatory venous pressure or Valsalva-induced foot venous
      pressure elevation. The concept of reflux index is a hypothesis that attempts to
      explain inconsistencies observed in implicating ambulatory venous hypertension as
      the sole determinant of venous reflux.

PMID- 1823527
TI  - Lack of efficacy of tranexamic acid in thrombocytopenic bleeding.
AB  - A controlled, randomized, double-blind study was performed to assess the effect
      of the oral antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid in patients with
      amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia as regards their need for platelet transfusions
      and the number of bleeding episodes experienced. Each patient served as his or
      her own control and received sequential, randomized courses of either tranexamic
      acid or an identical placebo. The need for platelet transfusions due to bleeding
      and the total number of bleeding episodes were compared for tranexamic acid and
      placebo courses. Patients received platelet transfusions at the discretion of
      their personal physician and kept detailed records of bleeding episodes. Of three
      patients who completed the full study, none had a reduction in the need for
      platelet transfusions. Moreover, in the eight patients who participated in the
      study, there was no reduction in number of bleeding episodes during tranexamic
      acid treatment as compared to the number with placebo. Our data indicate that the
      prophylactic administration of tranexamic acid does not decrease dependence on
      platelet transfusions or decrease bleeding episodes in patients with bleeding due
      to amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 1823528
TI  - Overwhelming fatal infection in a young woman after intravenous cyclophosphamide
      therapy for lupus nephritis.
AB  - We describe the case of a 19-year-old woman who died of overwhelming
      aspergillosis 3 months after receiving intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide for
      progressive lupus nephritis. Her history is instructive because it illustrates
      the wisdom of strict adherence to the National Institutes of Health protocol for
      this treatment, specifically, the contraindication to use of IV cyclophosphamide
      when other immunosuppressive therapy has recently been employed.

PMID- 1823529
TI  - Thermography.

PMID- 1823530
TI  - Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the high mortality among diabetic patients
      receiving treatment for hypertension can be explained by associated risk factors
      or must be attributed to a deleterious effect of antihypertensive treatment.
      DESIGN: Cohort analytic study with a median follow-up of 4.5 years. SETTING:
      Outpatients with diabetes and severe retinopathy who were enrolled in a
      multicenter, randomized clinical trial of laser treatment to prevent blindness
      had ophthalmologic examinations every 4 months and annual medical examinations
      that included measurement of blood pressure and recording of anti-hypertensive
      treatment. Only 5.5% of the patients were unavailable for follow-up. When a
      patient died, the circumstances surrounding the death were reviewed and
      classified by a mortality review committee. PARTICIPANTS: --There were 759
      participants in the study; they were white, were aged 35 to 69 years, and had
      normal serum creatinine levels at the baseline examination. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: --Patients were classified into five groups according to information
      recorded at the baseline and first annual follow-up examinations: normotensive
      (diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg), untreated hypertensive,
      hypertensive treated by diuretics alone, hypertensive treated by other agents
      alone, and hypertensive treated by both agents. Cardiovascular mortality was
      higher in patients treated for hypertension than in patients with untreated
      hypertension. The excess was primarily found in patients treated with diuretics
      alone, although that group had the lowest blood pressure with treatment. After
      adjusting for differences in risk factors, cardiovascular mortality was 3.8 times
      higher in patients treated with diuretics alone than in patients with untreated
      hypertension (P less than .001). CONCLUSIONS: --In individuals with diabetes,
      intervention with diuretics to reduce hypertension is associated with excess
      mortality. Until there is a clinical trial showing a beneficial effect of
      diuretic treatment in diabetic patients, there is urgent need to reconsider its
      continued usage in this population.

PMID- 1823531
TI  - A current view of the interface between borderline personality disorder and
      depression.
AB  - The recent and dramatic expansion in studies about borderline and depressive
      disorders is reviewed with respect to the implications about their interface.
      Revisiting this subject 6 years after an earlier review reveals that intervening
      research has altered the conclusions that should be drawn. Growing evidence from
      family history, comorbidity, phenomenology, psychopharmacology, biological
      markers, and a new domain, pathogenesis, indicates that a surprisingly weak and
      nonspecific relationship exists between these disorders. Implications are drawn
      with respect to classification, therapeutics, and defining the borderline
      construct.

PMID- 1823532
TI  - Changes in oxygen measurements when whole blood is stored in iced plastic or
      glass syringes.
AB  - Tonometered whole-blood and plasma specimens were tested in plastic and glass
      syringes to determine whether clinically significant changes in gas tensions
      occur during sample storage. When whole blood was tonometered with 60 and 100
      mL/L (6% and 10%) oxygen and then stored for 30 min in iced plastic syringes, the
      pO2 of the samples remained stable (mean change = +0.4 and +0.8 mmHg,
      respectively). However, for 140 mL/L (14%) oxygen tonometry, the pO2 increased
      significantly (mean change = +8.4 mmHg; P less than 0.0001). When tonometered
      plasma was stored in iced plastic syringes, the pO2 increased progressively at
      all three concentrations, with the smallest change occurring at 140 mL/L (mean
      change = +12.6 mmHg) and the greatest at 60 mL/L oxygen (mean change = +20.9
      mmHg). In contrast, when iced glass syringes were used for storing plasma or
      whole blood, no clinically significant changes in pO2 were found at any of the
      tonometered oxygen values for 60 min. When whole blood was stored in plastic
      syringes at ambient temperature for 30 min, again no clinically significant
      changes in pO2 were found at these tonometry conditions. Apparently, some blood
      gas samples stored in iced plastic syringes may yield clinically significant
      errors in oxygen tension.

PMID- 1823533
TI  - Terodiline for treating detrusor instability in elderly people.

PMID- 1823534
TI  - Fecal carriage of Streptococcus bovis and colorectal adenomas.
AB  - An association between fecal carriage of Streptococcus bovis and colorectal
      carcinoma has been reported. A relationship between S. bovis and colorectal
      adenomas has also been suggested. In the present study, the relationship between
      S. bovis and adenomas was investigated. Two of 18 current adenoma patients (11%)
      were found to have S. bovis in their stool compared with 12 of 84 controls (14%).
      Six of 38 patients who had ever had a diagnosis of adenoma (16%) had S. bovis
      compared with 8 of 64 controls (13%). These results rule out a strong association
      between fecal carriage of S. bovis and adenomas; however, because of the
      relatively small sample size, a weak to moderate association cannot be excluded.

PMID- 1823535
TI  - Epileptic palatal myoclonus.
AB  - Palatal myoclonus (PM) is usually caused by lesions of the brainstem. We report a
      case of PM of focal cortical origin in a patient with epilepsia partialis
      continua. The PM sometimes occurred in isolation, and at other times was
      accompanied by unilateral face, neck, and arm twitching. This was documented by
      both EEG and SPECT.

PMID- 1823536
TI  - Comparison of the effects of semi-occlusive polyurethane dressings and
      hydrocolloid dressings on dermal repair: 1. Cellular changes.
AB  - The effects on dermal repair of two wound dressings, one the semi-occlusive
      polyurethane sheet Opsite, the other the hydrocolloid Granuflex, were compared in
      full-thickness excised lesions on porcine skin during the period from 5 d to 6
      months after injury. Quantitative studies were made of changes in the populations
      of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
      The progress of repair in the wounds covered with the semi-occlusive dressing
      showed a decrease in the number of inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes and macrophages) from 5 to 60 d, whereas the number of proliferative
      phase cells (fibroblasts and endothelial cells) increased from 5 to 7 d. The
      total cellularity per unit area showed an increase between 5 and 7 d, that is,
      during the proliferative phase of repair, and then progressively decreased as the
      proliferative phase was succeeded by the remodeling phase. In contrast, the
      repair process in the hydrocolloid-dressed wounds was more complex. The number of
      inflammatory cells remained relatively high throughout and there were
      consistently fewer endothelial cells present throughout. Fibroblast number showed
      an initial fall from 5 to 14 d but then started to increase in number from 21 to
      60 d. This chronic inflammatory reaction appeared to be in response to
      particulate matter that had been incorporated into the wound bed and hypodermis,
      and was still apparent 6 months after injury, when hydrocolloid particles were
      detectable microscopically in the hypodermis.

PMID- 1823537
TI  - Lorazepam in the treatment of catatonia.

PMID- 1823538
TI  - A test-retest study of intelligence in patients with fetal alcohol syndrome:
      implications for care.
AB  - Successive IQ scores of 40 patients with fetal alcohol syndrome or possible fetal
      alcohol effects were compared to examine stability of IQ into mid-adolescence.
      There were no significant differences in IQ scores across time for patients with
      fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Group means and individual IQ
      scores remained stable over the average test-retest interval of 8 years. These
      data demonstrate the long-term enduring consequences of prenatal brain damage in
      the fetal alcohol syndrome, an entirely preventable developmental disability.

PMID- 1823539
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the nursing home.

PMID- 1823540
TI  - Coughing and central venous catheter dislodgement.
AB  - Silastic central venous catheters are subject to dislodgement from a variety of
      causes. Only one occurrence of catheter dislodgement has been previously reported
      in connection with coughing. We report four additional cases of silastic central
      venous catheter dislodgement associated with forceful coughing paroxysms, alone
      or in combination with emesis or rectal tenesmus. Three episodes of catheter
      dislodgement occurred in adolescents or young adults with cystic fibrosis, who
      may constitute a particularly high-risk group. Dislodgement in two patients was
      asymptomatic. These case suggest that patients with frequent or severe paroxysms
      of increased intrathoracic pressure may be at higher risk of catheter
      dislodgement. Since dislodgement may be initially asymptomatic and can cause
      serious complications, a high index of suspicion for dislodgement in patients
      with silastic central venous catheters and coughing paroxysms is advised.

PMID- 1823541
TI  - The Netherlands introduces some competition into the health services.

PMID- 1823542
TI  - Surgically verified variations in the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery.
      Report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with rare variations of the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral
      artery are presented. One patient had a perforation of the optic tract by an
      abnormal course of the A1 segment, and the other harbored an aneurysm of the A1
      segment running below the optic nerve. The authors present a summary of A1
      segment variations described in the literature.

PMID- 1823543
TI  - Patient records and computers.

PMID- 1823544
TI  - Aloe vera. Its chemical and therapeutic properties.

PMID- 1823545
TI  - The new vital sign. Assessing and documenting smoking status.

PMID- 1823546
TI  - Treatment of children with asymptomatic and nondiarrheal Giardia infection.

PMID- 1823547
TI  - Vertebrobasilar ischemia after neck motion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vertebrobasilar ischemic strokes may occur after chiropractic
      manipulation of the cervical spine or, less often, after spontaneous and abrupt
      head movement. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: We describe three such cases of vertebrobasilar
      ischemic strokes and review 36 other reported cases. CONCLUSIONS: We give
      evidence that 1) the population at risk cannot be identified a priori in the vast
      majority of cases; 2) symptoms may develop after many uneventful manipulations;
      3) clinical syndromes consist of occipital lobe (5%), cerebellar (8%), locked-in
      (8%), Wallenberg's (28%), other brain stem (49%), and unclassifiable (2%); 4)
      mortality or very severe long-term impairment occurs in 28% of cases; 5) the
      development of transient neurological symptoms during previous manipulations, the
      presence of known or suspected ligament laxity, and, if known, the presence of a
      vertebral artery terminating in posterior inferior cerebellar artery should
      always contraindicate any chiropractic neck maneuver; and 6) the pathogenetic
      mechanism involves vertebral artery dissection at the atlantoaxial joint with
      intimal tear, intramural bleeding, or pseudoaneurysm that can lead to thrombosis
      or embolism.

PMID- 1823548
TI  - Preholiday grief. Facing it alone.
AB  - These strategies for coping with the holidays following a loss can be shared not
      only in a group format such as a preholiday workshop, but also on a one-to-one
      basis by caring health professionals. To be effective in promoting adaptation to
      loss, it is vital that health-care professionals heighten their awareness of the
      needs and reactions of the grieving person. Their sensitivity to the anxiety and
      pain that can accompany the holiday season must increase. Only when awareness and
      sensitivity increase will there be an increase in the development of effective
      bereavement outreach programs. Through such programs the bereaved can experience
      positive encounters with caring professionals who can help them establish a new
      sense of hope, purpose, and renewed self-esteem.

PMID- 1823549
TI  - [The status of infectious morbidity in the USSR in 1990].

PMID- 1823550
TI  - Critical comment on Hicks-Caskey and Potter, "Effect of the full moon on a sample
      of developmentally delayed, institutionalized women".
AB  - Hicks-Caskey and Potter (1991) claim to have found a "full moon effect" on women
      in a developmental center. Further, they suggest the discrepancies in findings on
      lunar effects can be accounted for by (i) a lack of equivalent operational
      definitions and (ii) a person selection factor. It is argued that the Hicks
      Caskey and Potter findings are undermined by weekday, holiday, season, weather,
      particular staff-subject interactions, and expectancy effects. In addition, the
      proposed explanations for differing outcomes in lunar studies do not explain both
      the negative findings and conflicting positive findings.

PMID- 1823551
TI  - Attenuation of 4-I-phenol-enhanced chemiluminescence by non-enhancer phenols.
AB  - The intensity of 4-I-phenol-enhanced chemiluminescence from the luminol-H2O2
      horseradish peroxidase system is markedly attenuated in the presence of low
      concentrations of non-enhancer phenols. Under the conditions studied, the effect
      is not associated with competition between 4-I-phenol and non-enhancer phenol for
      the enzyme intermediates, Compounds I and II, but involves a competition between
      non-enhancer phenol and luminol most probably for the 4-I-phenoxy radical.

PMID- 1823553
TI  - Travelling for earlier surgical treatment: the patient's view.
AB  - As part of the northern region's programme within the national waiting list
      initiative, schemes have been funded to test the feasibility and acceptability of
      offering patients the opportunity to travel further afield in order to receive
      earlier treatment. A total of 484 patients experiencing a long wait for routine
      surgical operations in the northern region were offered the opportunity to
      receive earlier treatment outside their local health district; 74% of the
      patients accepted the offer. The initiative was well received by the
      participating patients and the majority stated that if the need arose on a future
      occasion they would prefer to travel for treatment rather than have to wait for
      lengthy periods for treatment at their local hospital. These findings,
      interpreted in the light of the National Health Service reforms introduced in
      April 1991, suggest that for some types of care, patients would welcome greater
      flexibility in the placing of contracts, not merely reinforcement of historical
      patterns of referral.

PMID- 1823554
TI  - GP--optometrist cooperation and referral in primary health care.

PMID- 1823552
TI  - Mouse chromosome 19.

PMID- 1823555
TI  - Chronic pain support groups.

PMID- 1823556
TI  - Author's reply to Dr. G. Thorsteinsson's letter to the editor.

PMID- 1823557
TI  - Insulin requirement formula.

PMID- 1823558
TI  - Anti-asialo GM1 antibody suppression of cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in NOD
      mice.
AB  - To elucidate the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of
      diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, we examined whether or not
      cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes occurs in NOD mice intraperitoneally (i.p.)
      injected with anti-asialo GM1 antibody. Two weeks after a single intraperitoneal
      injection of cyclophosphamide, none of the 24 NOD mice which had previously been
      treated with antiasialo GM1 antibody, 2-3 times per week for either 2 or 3 weeks,
      had developed indications of diabetes such as glycosuria or a high plasma glucose
      level. On the other hand, signs of diabetes were found in 10 of 24 control NOD
      mice injected with normal rabbit Ig instead of anti-asialo GM1 antibody (p less
      than 0.01). The NK cell activities of spleen cells from anti-asialo GM1 antibody
      treated mice were significantly lower than those of control mice (p less than
      0.01). Flowcytometry analysis demonstrated that anti-asialo GM1 antibody-positive
      cells had disappeared from the spleens of anti-asialo GM1 antibody-injected mice
      but no suppression of CD8+ and CD4+ cells could be demonstrated. These
      observations suggest that NK cells are involved in the development of diabetes in
      NOD mice.

PMID- 1823559
TI  - French abortion drug RU 486: U.S. research battles heat up.

PMID- 1823560
TI  - Contraception--a look forward, Part II: Mifepristone and gossypol.
AB  - Part II of this series examines two compounds that are or have been in use in
      countries other than the United States. Mifepristone (RU486) is the first of the
      clinically useful progesterone antagonists; it competes with progesterone for
      receptors in the uterus, ovary, and pituitary gland. When taken by women in the
      follicular phase, it might be capable of inhibiting folliculogenesis while still
      allowing endometrial proliferation for normal menstrual cycling. When the drug is
      taken in the late luteal phase, endometrial shedding can usually be induced even
      after nidation. Mifepristone could thus serve as an emergency postcoital agent.
      In principle, it could also be used as a monthly emmenagogue, but clinical trials
      have been unsuccessful due to disruption of the following cycle's length. Shorter
      acting antiprogesterones now under development may overcome this difficulty.
      Political constraints ultimately may be more limiting than pharmacological ones.
      Gossypol is a Chinese cottonseed derivative, which, taken orally, inhibits
      spermatogenesis in men. Its efficacy is very high, but use is presently limited
      by two adverse effects: occasional symptomatic hypokalemia and a 10 percent
      chance of irreversibility of aspermia. Current research is directed at
      understanding and overcoming these obstacles.

PMID- 1823561
TI  - [Inhibition of intestinal alpha glucosidases in the therapy of diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 1823562
TI  - Dermatologic complications of ostomy care.

PMID- 1823563
TI  - Multiple stomas: multiple problems.
AB  - The problems that may occur when a patient has surgical procedures or
      complications resulting in multiple stomas are a challenge. These problems can be
      addressed and appropriately managed providing they are identified and a nursing
      plan developed which initiates solutions that are realistic and manageable by the
      staff, the patient, family, or other involved health providers.

PMID- 1823564
TI  - Ostomy appliances and equipment.
AB  - A well-fitted ostomy appliance that provides skin protection as well as comfort
      at a reasonable cost can enhance an individual's rehabilitation and return to a
      normal lifestyle. Conversely, a poorly selected appliance which fails to adhere
      and protect the skin and contributes to frequent leakage may undermine the
      client's self-confidence and feelings of well-being. Nurses who are knowledgeable
      in ostomy care and appliances are in a unique position to facilitate and expedite
      the patient's full recovery and adjustment following ostomy surgery.

PMID- 1823565
TI  - Fistulas: a nursing challenge.
AB  - Enterocutaneous fistulas are dreaded complications that result in a delayed
      recovery and longer hospitalization. The nursing and medical management can
      indeed be a challenge. Nursing has the responsibility to plan and implement care
      that will protect skin integrity, control odor, contain drainage, and provide
      emotional support.

PMID- 1823566
TI  - Caring enough.

PMID- 1823567
TI  - Phases of wound healing.
AB  - The phases of wound healing--inflammatory, fibroblastic, and maturation--are
      continuous, though they overlap and do not always occur in an orderly fashion.
      Wound healing may be retarded by age, diabetes, smoking, immunosuppression, poor
      nutrition, cell hypoxia, dehydration, bacteria, and other factors. Bacteria and
      pus may be so great at the inflammatory phase that the wound remains at that
      phase. It is important that the nurse recognize when pus is a major factor in an
      unhealed wound and initiate local care to assist in cleaning the wound bed. It is
      also important to recognize a clean wound and to initiate appropriate local care
      that facilitates wound healing. New information about wound healing at the
      cellular level continues to become available. Epidermal growth factors, platelet
      derived growth factors, and the growth hormone somatomedin are being studied, and
      new methods based on these studies may change local wound care measures. It is
      essential to understand the phases of wound healing to determine appropriate
      wound care measures for individual patients.

PMID- 1823569
TI  - Nursing in the future.

PMID- 1823568
TI  - Evolution of the skin care stamper.

PMID- 1823570
TI  - The ideal environment for patient care.

PMID- 1823571
TI  - Infusion therapy.
AB  - Strides made in the past several decades have greatly enhanced patients' quality
      of life particularly that of cancer patients, who often have to receive
      continuous infusion therapy. Research efforts that resulted in the development
      and use of the long-line central indwelling silicone elastomeric catheter, new
      methods for problem management, and the design and use of portable infusion pumps
      for administration of investigational and other chemotherapeutic agents have made
      it possible to deliver safe care to these patients on an ambulatory basis. These
      new programs made it imperative that patients who received such care would have
      audio, not just verbal and written information to assist them in carrying out
      procedures for these programs. Patient education programs, and particularly the
      ones at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center have produced many teaching and information
      aids. These programs are a credit to the pioneering spirit and trust of patients
      who came to M. D. Anderson in those early days. I can remember well when all of
      us were trying and working together on these programs. This spirit continues
      today.

PMID- 1823572
TI  - Active force-length relationship of human lower-leg muscles estimated from
      morphological data: a comparison of geometric muscle models.
AB  - Muscle fibre lengths, pennation angles, and sarcomere lengths were measured (the
      latter by a diffraction technique) for each of the muscles of three embalmed
      lower-leg specimens. From these data and filament lengths from Walker & Schrodt
      (1973), the optimum fibre lengths were determined. Relationships between length
      and active force (at full activation) of the lower-leg muscles were calculated by
      use of (i) a unipennate muscle model, (ii) a bipennate model, and (iii) bipennate
      models in which the cosine of the pennation angle is approximated as length
      independent. It is concluded that the first two models are equally useful and
      that the use of the last models is discouraged in case of strongly pennated
      muscles. Non-uniformity of fibre parameters within one muscle appears to have
      little effect on the force-length relationship.

PMID- 1823573
TI  - Histochemical and biochemical studies on esterase activity in the rat ovary.
AB  - A correlative histochemical and biochemical study has been made of the changes in
      esterase positive sites in immature (10-, 20- and 30-days old), mature normal
      cycling (3-, 5- and 8-months-old), pregnant and lactating rat ovaries. The
      typical perivascular esterase-positive sites localized in the hilar portion,
      branch along the blood vessels and traverse into medullary and cortical portions
      of the ovary. The stromal vascularity surrounding the normal developing
      follicles, corpora lutea, atretic follicles and interstitial gland tissue showed
      rich activity of this enzyme system. On semiquantitative basis the number,
      intensity and quantity of esterase-positive sites vary with the maturation and
      reproductive states of the rat. The administration of estradiol-17 beta increased
      the fine perifollicular and theca externa perivascular esterase-positive sites,
      whereas atropine and reserpine affected severely both the large and fine meshwork
      of esterase-positive sites. Biochemical estimates of acetylcholine esterase
      activity endorse these histochemical observations. The possible roles of AChE
      activity in varied ovarian functions are discussed.

PMID- 1823574
TI  - The major importance of temperature data in publications concerning microwave
      techniques.

PMID- 1823575
TI  - No evidence for effects of mild microwave irradiation on electrophysiological and
      morphological properties of cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion cells.
AB  - Effects of mild microwave treatment (1 hr, 37 degrees C) on the in vitro
      development of rat mechanically dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons
      were investigated to establish whether microwave irradiation effects exist on
      nervous tissue other than heat induced tissue fixation. Phase contrast microscopy
      and immunocytochemical neurofilament stainings did not reveal significant
      differences between irradiated (2 hr after isolation) and control cultures,
      maintained up till 21 days. The electrophysiological properties of microwave
      exposed and non-exposed DRG neurons were compared using the whole-cell patch
      clamp technique. Control neurons, in culture for 0-12 days, were excitable. In
      cultured cells (1-12 days), microwaved 2 hr after isolation, the action
      potentials were similar to or slightly different from those of the control cells.
      No acute microwave effects were found on neurons irradiated after 1 day of
      culture. These results suggest that mild microwave irradiation has neither
      significant acute nor strong long-term effects on DRG culture development and DRG
      neuron membrane properties, consistent with the notion that microwave effects
      essentially are temperature effects.

PMID- 1823576
TI  - Rapid microwave enhanced fixation of brain tissue for electron microscopy.

PMID- 1823577
TI  - Microwave irradiation-stimulated in situ hybridization procedure with
      biotinylated DNA probe.
AB  - A microwave-stimulated in situ hybridization technique using biotin-labeled DNA
      probe is described. Both hybridization reaction and the detection of the biotin
      label (with a alkaline phosphatase or immunofluorescence method) has been
      performed in the microwave oven. All procedures are completed within one hour.
      The described method was applied for identification of nucleic acid sequences of
      human immunodeficiency virus in human cell lines. The resolution and the
      intensity of the signal are as good as from a standard technique with overnight
      incubation of the probe. Because of the simplicity and speed of the technique,
      this procedure can be used in a number of other applications.

PMID- 1823579
TI  - Thymic and suprarenalian response of Wistar rats following the administration of
      the humoral thymic factor (Leucotrofina) and of the cytostatic cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Leucotrofina administration in Wistar rats induced in thymus an increase of total
      protein content and of protein synthesis from 14C-leucine, simultaneously with a
      raise in the AlAT activity. Adrenal glands were not affected. Leucotrofina
      administration on the background of Cyclophosphamide induced modifications
      restored at normal values some of the thymic parameters (total protein content
      and RNA content) but the ascorbic acid content in the adrenals remained lowered.

PMID- 1823578
TI  - Studies regarding the effects of an antioxidant compound in top athletes.
AB  - The authors performed a controlled trial in 15 top junior athletes (road
      cyclists) in order to make evident some antioxidant effects of a new compound,
      containing selenium, vitamin E, glutathion and cysteine, prepared as tablets.
      Nonproteic -SH and lipid peroxides (MDA) in blood have been recorded initially on
      basal conditions and 3 weeks later--during the time the athletes received daily,
      before training session, 2 h cycling on road about 70km--2 tablets of the
      antioxidant product (respectively placebo). Then, after one week we applied the
      cross over method. 3 weeks of antioxidant treatment induced significant increase
      of the nonproteic -SH and significant decrease of the lipid peroxides (MDA),
      especially in comparison with placebo treatment. These results support the idea
      of some antioxidant effects of this compound which might be useful in the
      biological preparation of endurance athletes.

PMID- 1823580
TI  - A dynamic study of vanilmandelic acid elimination in the urine of divers in a
      dive at 21 ATA in saturation with a helium-oxygen respiratory mixture.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is a first assessment of the effect of stress agents
      specific for hyperbarism in professional divers. We selected the elimination of
      vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in the urine as an indicator. We studied four
      professional divers in a dive at 21 ATA. In order to assess the strain-induced by
      every distinct moment of the saturation profile we took samples of urine and
      determined VMA at four-hour intervals, before and after the distinct moment of
      saturation. The values found in the same four divers at the surface were used as
      "controls". VMA dosing in the urine proves to be a sensitive indicator for the
      assessment of stress and adaptive reactions during saturation.

PMID- 1823581
TI  - Interrelationships between the metabolism of thyroid hormones and the liver. Part
      one.
AB  - The paper deals with the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones and with their
      metabolism, which takes place in many tissues, mainly in the liver. The liver
      exerts effects on thyroid hormone distribution, metabolism and disposal. It
      supplies the thyroglobulin--storage form of thyroid hormones--and the plasma
      proteins with which they are bound.

PMID- 1823582
TI  - Preliminary evidence for lipid peroxidation and changes in pro-oxidant status in
      brain tissue and blood in ethanol intoxicated rats.
AB  - A single dose of ethanol to rats (6 g ethanol/kg body weight) resulted in an
      increase of lipid-peroxidation in brain, a decrease of anti oxidant enzyme
      activity in blood serum and alteration in red cell membrane permeability,
      possibly in an excess of oxygen derived free radicals and physical interaction
      with membranes.

PMID- 1823583
TI  - The influence of pulsed high peak power electromagnetic energy (Diapulse)
      treatment on posttraumatic algoneurodystrophies.
AB  - Forty-five patients with post-traumatic algoneurodystrophies were treated with
      Diapulse therapy (high peak power electromagnetic energy). This therapy
      accelerates the healing of the disease inducing a recovery of the damaged bone
      structure.

PMID- 1823584
TI  - Dynamic study of postural tremor in high pressure conditions.
AB  - Tremor holds a central place in the high pressure nervous syndrome generated by
      hyperbarism, a fact that prompted us to carry out this study. We found that
      tremor appears after diving to a depth of 150 m (16ATA) and progressively
      intensifies with the increase of pressure. We discuss the pathogenic mechanism in
      which, besides the involvement of several central mechanisms, one can also
      incriminate some peripheral ones (probably the change of interstitial pressure at
      the nerve and/or muscle level).

PMID- 1823585
TI  - Study on some reactivity aspects in chronical psychic-organic syndrome.
AB  - In the present work, a number of patients with chronic psychic-organic syndromes,
      with confuse states, with the exaggeration of some personality features during
      the beginning period of brain atherosclerosis or senility was studied. The
      anamnestic and psycho-organic syndromes in different dysfunctions degrees, the
      evolution of dysfunctions with vascular determination, the deficiency of some
      intelligence compounds were also investigated. We tried to analyse the
      psychometric results and to distinguish the functional dysfunction from the
      organic one using Raven's test, Thurstone's scale, WAIS scale and test. We also
      tried to distinguish the intellectual decrease of medium and deep level. We
      studied the reactivity, the plasma level of ACTH, ACTH-stimulation test,
      integrity of the hypophyseo-hypothalamic test. The multitude of results of
      paraclinical analysis correspond to the multitude of clinical syndromes. These
      studies are preliminary for a more thorough research of the physiopathology of
      this kind of patients. The detailed investigation of these patients' specific
      nature reactivity offers a lot of possibilities used for therapy.

PMID- 1823586
TI  - Expression of calf prochymosin gene in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The expression plasmid pTaAC containing Tac promoter and calf prochymosin B gene
      was constructed and transformed into E.coli JM105. Addition of 0.1 mM IPTG into
      the culture at logarithmic phase induced the production of prochymosin markedly.
      The expression of prochymosin gene was regulated by temperature in addition to
      the inducer IPTG. At 30 degrees C in the presence of IPTG prochymosin was barely
      detected, whereas at 42 degrees C in the absence of IPTG a relatively high level
      of prochymosin was found. The expressed protein was estimated to be 12-19% of
      total cell proteins by electrophoresis analysis or 80-100 mg/l by ELISA. The
      yield of active chymosin was 14-20 mg/l after denaturation, renaturation and
      activation.

PMID- 1823588
TI  - A study on the technology of mass cell culture of American ginseng (Panax
      quinquefolium L.).
AB  - The culture broth volume fitted for cell suspension culture of plants was 1/5 to
      2/5 of shake flask capacity. The dissolved oxygen (DO) output of the detector
      increased with the increase of the temperature. The viscosity of American ginseng
      (Panax quinquefolium L.) cell cultures was obviously higher than that of the
      fresh medium. An appropriate agitation speed was 60 rpm for fermentation culture
      of American ginseng cells. When we increased osmotic pressure stress by the
      addition of mannitol to the nutrient medium in fermentation culture, the content
      of saponin of the cell cultures was increased greatly but the cell growth was
      inhibited. The study provides data for designing an appropriate fermentor to
      culture American ginseng cells on a large scale.

PMID- 1823587
TI  - High expression of era gene.
AB  - For high production of Era protein, lambda Ea8.5 gene has been chosen from Gene
      Bank because the Ea8.5 protein contains a sequence of several amino acids at its
      N-terminus which is identical to that of Era and also because it can be highly
      expressed in E. coli. The 5'-end sequence of era gene was substituted by a
      synthetic oligonucleotide which was identical to that of the 5'-end of Ea8.5
      gene, so that the transcripts of era gene was provided with a strong
      translational initiation signal without changing the amino acid sequence of its
      translational product. Plasmid pCE31, which harbored the recombined era gene
      under the control of PL promoter, could express very high levels of Era protein,
      while synthesis of other cellular proteins was nearly shut off during the period
      of induction. As a result, Era constituted over 80% of the total cellular
      protein. Electrophoretic pure Era protein with specific guanine nucleotide
      binding activity was obtained by a simple procedure including lyzing the cells
      and washing the pellet of the lysate.

PMID- 1823589
TI  - Growth kinetics of Bu3 cells secreting HBsAg in microcarrier culture.
AB  - The genetically engineered mammalian cell (Bu3) secreting Hepatitis B surface
      antigen (HBsAg) was cultured on microcarriers semi-continuously. The growth model
      of Bu3 cells propagating on microcarriers, glucose consumption and lactate
      accumulation models were established. It is illustrated that the technology of
      anchorage-dependent Bu3 cell culture on microcarriers will give high yield and
      high HBsAg expression.

PMID- 1823590
TI  - Application of uniform design in L-isoleucine fermentation.
AB  - Uniform design was employed in our experiments for testing the effects of nine
      different compositions of the culture media for the production of L-isoleucine in
      Corynebacterium crenatum A11 fermentation. The most favorable medium was found to
      be composed of glucose 12%, (NH4)2SO4 2%, KH2PO4 0.1%, K2HPO4 0.45%, MgSO4.7H2O
      0.055%, biotin 1 microgram, thiamine 20 micrograms, FeSO4.7H2O 2 ppm, MnSO4.4H2O
      2 ppm, CaCO3 4% with pH 7.0-7.2. By using such medium, the amount of L-isoleucine
      produced by A11 was increased up to 15.1 mg/ml. Uniform design, as compared with
      orthogonal design, has the advantages of higher efficiency and easier analysis of
      the factors that affect the production.

PMID- 1823591
TI  - Calculation on ultrafiltration for pullulan solution.
AB  - Ultrafiltration is an important step in isolation and purification of pullulan.
      Here a new formula for ultrafilter calculation is derived from experiments about
      the relationship between the ultrafiltrate rate and the concentration of pullulan
      solution. It can be used for calculating and designing of ultrafilter under
      defined production scale and its related technical parameters.

PMID- 1823592
TI  - The application of simplex method to the estimation of kinetic and energetic
      parameters of microbial growth.
AB  - Based on the mathematical models derived by the author for describing both batch
      and continuous microbial cultivation, the application of simplex method to the
      estimation of mu max, Ks, Ymaxx/s and ms is studied. The paper also presents the
      methods of determining objective function and initial value of simplex method and
      of introducing the whole process of estimation with single tank continuous
      culture of E. coli as an example.

PMID- 1823593
TI  - Kinetics and mathematical model of ethanol formation by immobilized yeast cells.
AB  - Kinetics of the ethanol fermentation with the immobilized K yeast cells was
      studied both experimentally and theoretically. A kinetic model consisting of 6
      equations was proposed. In this model the combined inhibition, i.e., glucose in
      uncompetitive inhibition and ethanol in noncompetitive inhibition with
      irreversible performance, was taken into consideration. Calculated values agreed
      approximately with the experimental results, and this model was found to be of
      practical use. The maximum average percent deviation of the model calculation was
      found to be 13.81% in simulation. The average percent deviation of the model
      prediction was shown to be 8.28% in the sweet potato hydrolysate. The
      concentration range of inhibition was determined to be 130-450 g/l for glucose
      and 3.07-16.45% (v/v) for ethanol.

PMID- 1823594
TI  - Foundations of vectorial metabolism and osmochemistry.
AB  - Chemical transformations, like osmotic translocations, are transport processes
      when looked at in detail. In chemiosmotic systems, the pathways of specific
      ligand conduction are spatially orientated through osmoenzymes and porters in
      which the actions of chemical group, electron and solute transfer occur as
      vectorial (or higher tensorial order) diffusion processes down gradients of total
      potential energy that represent real spatially-directed fields of force. Thus, it
      has been possible to describe classical bag-of-enzymes biochemistry as well as
      membrane biochemistry in terms of transport. But it would not have been possible
      to explain biological transport in terms of classical transformational
      biochemistry or chemistry. The recognition of this conceptual asymmetry in favour
      of transport has seemed to be upsetting to some biochemists and chemists; and
      they have resisted the shift towards thinking primarily in terms of the vectorial
      forces and co-linear displacements of ligands in place of their much less
      informative scalar products that correspond to the conventional scalar energies.
      Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in establishing vectorial
      metabolism and osmochemistry as acceptable biochemical disciplines embracing
      transport and metabolism, and bioenergetics has been fundamentally transformed as
      a result.

PMID- 1823595
TI  - Biochemical topology: from vectorial metabolism to morphogenesis.
AB  - In living cells, many biochemical processes are spatially organized: they have a
      location, and often a direction, in cellular space. In the hands of Peter
      Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle, the chemiosmotic formulation of this principle
      proved to be the key to understanding biological energy transduction and related
      aspects of cellular physiology. For H. E. Huxley and A. F. Huxley, it provided
      the basis for unravelling the mechanism of muscle contraction; and vectorial
      biochemistry continues to reverberate through research on cytoplasmic transport,
      motility and organization. The spatial deployment of biochemical processes serves
      here as a point of departure for an inquiry into morphogenesis and self
      organization during the apical growth of fungal hyphae.

PMID- 1823596
TI  - Chemiosmotic systems in medicine.
AB  - The concept of chemiosmotic systems arises from the pioneering work of Peter
      Mitchell on two fronts. One is concerned with the mechanisms by which molecules
      are transported across membranes which are generally barriers to such transport.
      These mechanisms are inevitably molecular, and are now yielding their secrets to
      a combination of structural protein chemistry and molecular biology. The other
      front is more physiological, and explores the functional relationships between
      metabolism and transport. Nevertheless, the two fronts form a continuum of
      mutually related structure and function. Chemiosmotic systems provide a hierarchy
      of complexity, starting from say a uniporter reconstituted in a chemically
      defined bilayer, and proceeding to greater complexity in mitochondria,
      chloroplasts, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, and multicellular
      systems. Their relationship to medicine is profound, because they provide many
      opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this paper I present an overview
      of chemiosmotic systems at different levels of complexity, both molecular and
      biological, of their involvements in pathology, and of possible pharmacological
      treatment or prevention of disease.

PMID- 1823597
TI  - Studies of translocation catalysis.
AB  - There is a symbiotic relationship between the evolution of fundamental theory and
      the winning of experimentally-based knowledge. The impact of the General
      Chemiosmotic Theory on our understanding of the nature of membrane transport
      processes is described and discussed. The history of experimental studies on
      transport catalysed by ionophore antibiotics and the membrane proteins of
      mitochondria and bacteria are used to illustrate the evolution of knowledge and
      theory. Recent experimental approaches to understanding the lactose-H+ symport
      protein of Escherichia coli and other sugar porters are described to show that
      the lack of experimental knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the
      proteins currently limits the development of theories about their molecular
      mechanism of translocation catalysis.

PMID- 1823598
TI  - The osmochemistry of electron-transfer complexes.
AB  - Detailed molecular mechanisms of electron transfer-driven translocation of ions
      and of the generation of electric fields across biological membranes are
      beginning to emerge. The ideas inherent in the early formulations of the
      chemiosmotic hypothesis have provided the framework for this understanding and
      have also been seminal in promoting many of the experimental approaches which
      have been successfully used. This article is an attempt to review present
      understanding of the structures and mechanisms of several osmoenzymes of central
      importance and to identify and define the underlying features which might be of
      general relevance to the study of chemiosmotic devices.

PMID- 1823599
TI  - Glynn and the conceptual development of the chemiosmotic theory: a retrospective
      and prospective view.
AB  - The origin and evolution of the chemiosmotic theory is described particularly in
      relation to Peter Mitchell's application of it to model oxidative
      phosphorylation. Much of the deployment, development and evaluation of the theory
      occurred at the independent laboratory of the Glynn Research Foundation; the
      value and future of such an institution is discussed. The role of models
      mediating between theories and phenomena is analyzed with regard to the growth of
      knowledge of chemiosmotic systems.

PMID- 1823600
TI  - Synthetic peptides in malaria research.
AB  - Peptides synthesized by solid-phase procedures find a number of applications in
      research aimed at developing new methods of controlling malaria. The use of
      peptides has allowed the delineation of B and T cell epitopes in parasite
      antigens, convenient measurement of antibody levels, analysis of cellular immune
      responses, cell invasion studies and development of synthetic vaccines. Current
      trends in the use of synthetic peptides in malaria research are outlined in this
      review.

PMID- 1823602
TI  - Stability of sterile saline solutions of synthetic tuftsin, a naturally occurring
      immunomodulating peptide.
AB  - Tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, is a natural immunomodulating peptide originally found
      as a phagocytosis-stimulating factor for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The
      peptide is now known to elicit various other activities including antimicrobial,
      antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Preliminary human studies revealed
      antitumor and anti-AIDS activities. In view of this clinical potential, we
      performed studies on the stability of sterile saline solutions of tuftsin stored
      at 25 degrees C, 5 degrees C, -20 degrees C or -70 degrees C utilizing a
      phagocytosis assay and analytical HPLC. Tuftsin stored at -20 degrees C or -70
      degrees C gradually lost its phagocytosis-stimulating activity; tuftsin stored at
      25 degrees C or 5 degrees C lost its phagocytosis activity rather rapidly. By 6
      months, tuftsin stored at 25 degrees C lost all activity, and by 12 months, it
      significantly inhibited phagocytosis. In contrast, HPLC analysis indicated very
      minor changes. While tuftsin stored at 25 degrees C lost almost all activity by 6
      months, we detected appearance of only 1% impurities by HPLC. This study
      indicates that if its activity is to be preserved, solutions of tuftsin must be
      frozen for storage.

PMID- 1823601
TI  - Structural characterization of a 14-residue peptide ligand of the retinoblastoma
      protein: comparison with a nonbinding analog.
AB  - The retinoblastoma protein, a 110-kDa nuclear anti-oncoprotein, complexes
      specifically with transforming proteins of several oncogenic DNA viruses. A
      peptide [NLFCSEEMPSSDDE] derived from one of the viral proteins (simian virus 40
      large T antigen) is known to competitively bind retinoblastoma protein, but a
      mutant analog [NLFCSKEMPSSDDE] does not. We studied the T peptide with HPLC to
      determine whether it can dimerize, and we employed circular dichroism
      spectroscopy to determine whether both peptides can exist in stable secondary
      structural conformations. HPLC analyses revealed that the T peptide is subject to
      oxidation and readily dimerizes. Circular dichroism analyses showed that both
      peptides can be induced to form stable secondary structural conformations under
      conditions that stabilize intramolecular hydrogen bonding in short peptides (90%
      2,2,2-trifluoroethanol; 4 degrees C). The circular dichroism spectra of both
      peptide species were similar except for a statistically significant difference in
      the contour near 210 nm. Spectral analysis of the T-derived peptide species
      predicted elements of alpha-helix (18%), antiparallel beta-sheet (21%), beta-turn
      (22%) and unordered conformations (41%). An analysis of the mutant peptide
      species also predicted elements of alpha-helix (8%), antiparallel beta-sheet
      (28%), beta-turn (22%) and unordered conformations (40%). Thus, a small
      difference in the stabilized secondary structural conformations of the two sets
      of peptide species might partly explain their differential binding affinities for
      retinoblastoma protein, but it is likely that electrostatic charge differences
      resulting from the glutamic acid to lysine substitution play a dominant role.

PMID- 1823603
TI  - Deamidation via cyclic imide of asparaginyl peptides: dependence on salts,
      buffers and organic solvents.
AB  - The deamidation reaction of Asn side chain was studied in the presence of the
      chemicals usually used at high concentration in the purification and
      crystallization of peptides and proteins. All the experiments were performed on
      the model peptide Boc-L-Asn-Gly-Gly-NH2. The pathway of the reaction is not
      affected by the medium used; in all cases it proceeds through a succinimide
      intermediate giving a mixture of isoaspartyl and aspartyl peptide. However, the
      rate of the reaction significantly depends on the solvent: the addition of
      organic solvents to an aqueous solution of the peptide has the general effect of
      decreasing the reaction rate, which, on the other hand, is strongly enhanced by a
      high concentration of organic and inorganic buffers. Only a minor influence is
      exerted by aprotic salts and polyethylene glycol.

PMID- 1823604
TI  - The crystal structure of Z-Aib-Gly-Aib-Leu-Aib-OtBu, the synthetic, protected N
      terminal pentapeptide of trichotoxin.
AB  - Z-Aib-Gly-Aib-Leu-Aib-OtBu, the alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)-containing N
      terminal pentapeptide of the antibiotic trichotoxin, has been studied by x-ray
      crystallography. The molecule forms a right-handed helix with a reversal of the
      sense of the helix at the C-terminus. Torsion angles and hydrogen bonding pattern
      are consistent with a mixed 3(10)-/alpha-helical conformation. In the crystal,
      continuous columns are formed by head-to-tail arrangement of hydrogen-bonded
      molecules along the helix axis. The helical columns associate via hydrogen bonds
      forming closely packed parallel pairs.

PMID- 1823605
TI  - Reducing chemical background noise in automated protein sequencers.
AB  - Baseline noise resulting from the by-products of the automated Edman degradation
      of proteins is reduced using nonstandard coupling chemicals and dual-wavelength
      diode array detection of phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids. Changes to the
      chemistry include lowering the phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) concentration and
      using a novel coupling base diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA). The diode array is
      configured to cancel the UV absorbance of reaction by-products without adversely
      affecting the PTH signal intensities. Combining these techniques gives a
      significant reduction in chemical noise on analytical chromatograms. Less sample
      is required for sequence analysis since low-level amino acid peaks are more
      easily identified.

PMID- 1823606
TI  - Power as change agents: political action in nursing.

PMID- 1823607
TI  - Minnesota (MNA) resolution on HIV and nurses.

PMID- 1823608
TI  - To delegate or not to delegate.

PMID- 1823609
TI  - Power for the taking: empowerment in nursing.

PMID- 1823610
TI  - Nurse manager: evaluator and advocate.
AB  - To summarize, it seems that nurse managers/administrators have two main
      functions: evaluation and advocacy. Evaluation means continually monitoring the
      internal and external environment to determine if we are meeting expectations
      professional and regulatory. Advocacy is done on behalf of both residents and
      staff to assure that the system works to facilitate effective nursing practice.

PMID- 1823611
TI  - Evaluation of recombinant glycoproteins.

PMID- 1823613
TI  - Affinity purification of monoclonal antibodies, using a bifunctional
      oligosaccharide hapten.
AB  - A bifunctional hapten was synthesized consisting of a blood group A active
      tetrasaccharide (A-tetra) and a blood group Le(a) active pentasaccharide lacto-N
      fucopentaose II (LNF II), linked to each other with a phenylaminothiourea spacer
      connecting the reducing ends (A-tetra-LNF II). The hapten was demonstrated to
      retain both blood group A and Le(a) activity and could be easily bound to both
      monoclonal anti-A and anti-Le(a) affinity columns. Due to the strong temperature
      dependence of the two antibodies their binding to oligosaccharides, the
      bifunctional hapten could be utilized to achieve easy desorption in the final
      step of affinity purification of either monoclonal anti-Le(a) or anti-A. The
      system is postulated to have general applicability in affinity purification of
      any ligate that binds with an avidity too high to achieve non-denaturing
      desorption.

PMID- 1823612
TI  - Purification and characterization of alpha (2-6)-sialyltransferase from human
      liver.
AB  - A Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha (2-6)-sialyltransferase from human liver was purified
      34,340-fold with 18% yield by dye chromatography on Cibacron Blue F3GA and cation
      exchange FPLC. The enzyme preparation was free of other sialyltransferases. It
      did not contain CMP-NeuAc hydrolase, protease, or sialidase activity, and was
      stable at -20 degrees C for at least eight months. The donor substrate
      specificity was examined with CMP-NeuAc analogues modified at C-5 or C-9 of the N
      acetylneuraminic acid moiety. Affinity of the human enzyme for parent CMP-NeuAc
      and each CMP-NeuAc analogue was substantially higher than the corresponding Gal
      beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha (2-6)-sialyltransferase from rat liver.

PMID- 1823614
TI  - Oligosaccharide mapping of proteoglycan-bound and xyloside-initiated dermatan
      sulfate from fibroblasts.
AB  - The copolymeric structure of dermatan sulfate chains synthesized by skin
      fibroblasts has been examined. Chains initiated onto exogeneous p-nitrophenyl
      beta-D-xylopyranoside or attached to protein in a large proteoglycan, PG-L, and
      two small proteoglycans, PG-S1 and PG-S2, have been compared by using high
      resolution electrophoresis and gel chromatography of oligosaccharides generated
      by specific enzymatic or chemical degradations. The results confirm that chains
      attached to PG-L are glucuronate-rich, whereas novel findings indicate that
      chains attached to either of the two PG-S variants yield closely similar
      oligosaccharide maps, have approximately equal glucuronate and iduronate content
      and contain over 90% 4-sulfated disaccharide repeating units. Dermatan sulfate
      chains built onto xyloside at concentrations of 50 microM and below have a
      copolymeric structure similar to that of chains from the two PG-S variants. These
      findings indicate that the polymer-modifying machinery can generate chains with
      extended iduronate-containing repeats also when the xylose primer is not linked
      to core protein.

PMID- 1823616
TI  - Automation of glycosylation analysis: a way forward for recombinant therapeutics.

PMID- 1823615
TI  - Influence of the galactosyl ligand structure on the interaction of galactosylated
      liposomes with mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Liposomes bearing at their surface mono- and triantennary galactosyl ligands were
      prepared and their interaction with the galactose receptor of mouse peritoneal
      macrophages studied. Triantennary structures were synthesized by coupling
      derivatives of 1-thio-beta-D-galactose to the amino groups of lysyl-lysine
      dipeptide. Galactosylated liposomes were obtained either by synthesis of neo
      galactolipids followed by their incorporation into the vesicles or by neo
      galactosylation of performed liposomes by reaction between thiol-functionalized
      galactosyl ligands and vesicles bearing maleimido groups. The interaction of the
      galactosylated liposomes with the macrophage lectin was remarkably sensitive to
      the topology of the ligands, i.e., a spacer-arm length about 3 nm was necessary
      and, in contrast to results obtained with the galactose receptor of other cells,
      the triantennary structure did not provide additional binding. Related to the
      strategy of drug delivery with targeted liposomes, these results indicate that
      lectins from different cells might possibly be distinguished by using
      multiantennary ligands having optimal geometries.

PMID- 1823617
TI  - Expedient syntheses of neoglycoproteins using phase transfer catalysis and
      reductive amination as key reactions.
AB  - Starting from peracetylated chloro- or bromo-glycosyl donors of N
      acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and lactose, the
      corresponding p-formylphenyl glycosides were synthesized stereospecifically under
      phase transfer catalysed conditions at room temperature in yields of 38-67%.
      After Zemplen de-O-acetylation, the formyl groups were directly and
      chemoselectively coupled to the lysine residues of bovine serum albumin by
      reductive amination using sodium cyanoborohydride. The conjugation reactions were
      followed as a function of time and under a series of different molar ratios of
      the reactants to provide glycoconjugates of varying degree of antigenicities.
      Thus, carbohydrate protein conjugates were made readily available using
      essentially two key reactions.

PMID- 1823618
TI  - Synthesis of glycuronamides of amino acids, constituents of microbial
      polysaccharides and their conversion into neoglycoconjugates of copolymer type.
AB  - Glycopyranosiduronic acids, amidically linked to amino acids (alanine, serine,
      threonine, and lysine) were prepared. O-tert-Butyl and N epsilon-tert
      butyloxycarbonyl protected amino acid tert-butyl esters were used in ethyl 2
      ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-1-carboxylate promoted condensation with 2-azidoethyl
      glycosides of glucuronic and galacturonic acid. Reduction of the azido-function
      followed by N-acryloylation and removal of blocking groups with trifluoroacetic
      acid gave the target monomers. These were converted into neoglycoconjugates of
      copolymer type, potentially useful for immunochemical studies.

PMID- 1823619
TI  - Purification and characterization of a sialidase from Clostridium chauvoei
      NC08596.
AB  - The sialidase secreted by Clostridium chauvoei NC08596 was purified to apparent
      homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, hydrophobic
      interaction-chromatography, FPLC ion-exchange chromatography, and FPLC gel
      filtration. The enzyme was enriched about 10,200-fold, reaching a final specific
      activity of 24.4 U mg-1. It has a relatively high molecular mass of 300 kDa and
      consists of two subunits each of 150 kDa. The cations Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ and
      bovine serum albumin have a positive effect on the sialidase activity, while
      Hg2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, chelating agents and salt decrease enzyme activity. The
      substrate specificity, kinetic data, and pH optimum of the enzyme are similar to
      those of other bacterial sialidases.

PMID- 1823621
TI  - Solid phase synthesis of the fibronectin glycopeptide V(Gal beta 3GalNAc
      alpha)THPGY, its beta analogue, and the corresponding unglycosylated peptide.
AB  - The fibronectin fragment VTHPGY and the corresponding glycopeptides V(Gal beta
      3GalNAc alpha)THPGY and V(Gal beta 3GalNAc beta)THPGY were synthesized by the
      FMOC/solid phase approach. FMOC derivatives of threonine, carrying O-linked,
      peracetylated Gal beta 3GalNAc chains were used for introduction (HOBt-mediated
      coupling) of the disaccharide moieties.

PMID- 1823620
TI  - Glycosylation in parasitic protozoa of the trypanosomatidae family.
AB  - Over the last few years enormous interest has been shown in the structures of the
      glycan moieties of various parasite surface glycoconjugates. Structures have been
      determined for the glyco-components of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) protein
      membrane anchors, for asparagine-linked oligosaccharides, and for the glycans of
      complex glycolipids. The following attempts to illustrate a few of the most
      salient observations with regard to the structures and possible functions of
      parasite surface glycans.

PMID- 1823622
TI  - Data bank of three-dimensional structures of disaccharides: Part II, N
      acetyllactosaminic type N-glycans. Comparison with the crystal structure of a
      biantennary octasaccharide.
AB  - Conformational energy maps and descriptions of structures at the local minima are
      presented for the following fragments found in N-acetyllactosaminic type glycans
      of N-glycoproteins: GlcNAc beta(1-2)Man, GlcNAc beta(1-4)Man, GlcNAc beta(1
      6)Man, Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc, GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal, Fuc alpha(1-6)GlcNAc, Fuc
      alpha(1-3)GlcNAc, Xyl beta(1-2)Man, Gal beta(1-3)GlcNAc and GlcNAc beta(1-6)Gal.
      These results are the second part of a data bank on glycoprotein moieties; five
      disaccharides found in oligomannose type N-glycans were analysed earlier (Imberty
      et al., 1990, Glycoconjugate J 7:27-54). In the present study, three to seven
      minima are found for each dimer. Conformations of disaccharide fragments found in
      the crystal structure of the complex of a biantennary octasaccharide with
      Lathyrus ochrus lectin are plotted on these energy maps. While the observed
      conformations are at predicted minima, they are not always at the minimum
      predicted to have the lowest energy. Further, not all observed conformations are
      stabilized by the exo-anomeric effect. We conclude that these oligosaccharides
      are highly flexible.

PMID- 1823623
TI  - High performance anion exchange chromatography of reduced oligosaccharides from
      sialomucins.
AB  - High performance anion exchange chromatography on pellicular ion exchange resins
      under high pH conditions with detection of sugars using a pulsed amperometric
      detector has been developed as a method for the separation and analysis of
      reduced oligosaccharides liberated from mucins by alkaline borohydride treatment.
      Ovine, bovine and porcine submaxillary mucins were used as models to develop the
      method. Although neutral reduced di-to tetraoligosaccharides were poorly retained
      on the column, a variety of sialylated reduced oligosaccharides could be
      separated efficiently. Treatment of the samples with sialidase and
      rechromatography identified the sialylated compounds in the elution profile. A
      striking finding was the greatly delayed elution times given by N
      glycolylneuraminic acid containing compounds in comparison with the corresponding
      N-acetylneuraminic acid containing analogues. The elution profiles for the
      product from the mucins closely corresponded to those expected for the major
      oligosaccharides from these mucins. The procedures described will be useful for
      analysing sialomucins on a microscale without resorting to radiolabelling
      procedures.

PMID- 1823624
TI  - Saporin 6 conjugated to monoclonal antibody selectively kills human melanoma
      cells.
AB  - A novel human melanoma specific immunotoxin is described, which has been produced
      utilizing the murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) Ep2, IgG2a isotype, recognizing an
      epitope of the glycoprotein/proteoglycan high molecular weight-melanoma
      associated antigen. mAb Ep2 has been chemically conjugated by a disulphide bond,
      using the bifunctional reagent SPDP, to the plant toxin Saporin 6 (SAP) extracted
      from seeds of Saponaria officinalis. Cytotoxicity studies performed in vitro on
      melanoma cells have shown that Ep2/SAP immunotoxin efficiently kills antigen
      expressing cells and that its IC50 is approximately 1 x 10(-10) M, while not
      affecting the viability of antigen-negative melanoma cells at doses as high as 1
      x 10(-7) M, therefore indicating a therapeutic index of Ep2/SAP immunotoxin
      higher than 1000. Kinetic studies have demonstrated that protein synthesis
      inhibition by Ep2/SAP is rapidly achieved, since a 90% reduction is observed
      within 3.1 h, and that this inhibitory activity is apparently first order with
      time. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the immunoconjugate is not
      dependent, and is not influenced by, the presence in the culture medium of the
      lysosomotropic agent chloroquine.

PMID- 1823625
TI  - Overexpression of the human melanoma-associated antigen ME491 partially
      suppresses in vivo malignant phenotypes of H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells in
      athymic nude mice.
AB  - H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells that overexpressed a human melanoma-associated
      antigen ME491 (44-3H) were generated by transfection with the cloned ME491
      antigen gene followed by a 'panning' selection, and effects of the antigen
      overexpression on H-ras-mediated malignant phenotypes were studied. Although in
      vitro growth properties of the 44-3H overexpresser cells, both anchorage
      dependent and -independent, were practically the same as those of the 44-1C
      control cells, 44-3H cells exhibited less malignant phenotypes in athymic nude
      mice (in vivo), i.e. decreased tumourigenicity after subcutaneous inoculation and
      prolonged survival time after intraperitoneal inoculation, compared with 44-1C
      cells. These results suggested that overexpression of ME491 antigen partially
      suppressed malignant phenotypes of H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells in athymic nude
      mice through co-operating with a factor(s) or mechanism(s) that exist in vivo but
      not in vitro. Thus, ME491 antigen might act as a tumour suppressor under some
      circumstances.

PMID- 1823626
TI  - Normal values of urinary excretion and serum concentration of 5-S-cysteinyldopa
      and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, biochemical markers of melanoma
      progression.
AB  - The urinary excretion of the pheomelanin precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD) has
      been used as a tumour marker for metastatic melanoma. The eumelanin-related
      metabolite 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (6H5M12C) is also excreted
      at high levels in some melanoma patients. In order to compare normal values, we
      measured urinary excretion and serum concentration of 5-S-CD and 6H5M12C in 33
      Japanese normal subjects. The mean values of 5-S-CD and 6H5M12C in urine were
      0.45 and 0.39 mumol/day, respectively, and those in serum 4.3 and 3.6 nmol/l.
      Levels of these markers in urine were much more variable than those in serum. We
      have adopted 1.5 mumol/day and 10 nmol/l as the upper limits for normal ranges of
      the urinary excretion and serum concentration, for both markers. No significant
      differences were found between men and women. There were no correlations among
      the four markers. The urinary excretion of both markers showed significant
      decrease in elderly subjects as compared with middle-aged subjects, while the
      serum concentration showed no age-dependent differences. These results suggest
      that the levels of 5-S-CD and 6H5M12C in serum are more reliable as tumour
      markers for the estimation of melanoma progression than those in urine.

PMID- 1823627
TI  - Melanoma targeting: locating the spot.

PMID- 1823628
TI  - Melanin-affinic thioureas as selective melanoma seekers.
AB  - 2-Thiouracil and some related thioureas are receiving growing interest as
      selective melanoma seekers. They are incorporated into growing melanin,
      apparently due to covalent binding to dopaquinone, and the adduct is gradually
      trapped in the melanin polymer during its formation. To be clinically useful in
      melanoma scanning, thiouracil has been radioiodinated, and 5-iodo-2-thiouracil
      (ITU) was found to be localized in melanotic melanoma as selectively as
      thiouracil. Clinical trials with ITU, for the detection of malignant melanoma,
      are in progress, and the results so far are promising. Treatment with
      [35S]thiouracil has been performed on melanoma-bearing mice. The radiodoses
      needed for cure, however, were very high, which makes clinical application
      hazardous. Boron neutron capture therapy, on the other hand, might be a better
      approach. The technique is based on the irradiation of tumours with slow neutrons
      from an external source after the accumulation of boron in tumour tissue and
      clearance from normal tissues. Boron-10 undergoes instantaneous nuclear fission
      through the reaction 10B(n,alpha)7Li, and the emitted particles are efficient in
      cell killing. Boronated thioureas have been synthesized in various laboratories,
      and data from experiments on melanoma-bearing mice indicate that some of these
      compounds accumulate in the tumours in concentrations necessary for successful
      treatment.

PMID- 1823629
TI  - Action of cysteaminylphenols on human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: 4-S
      cysteaminylphenol binds protein disulphide isomerase.
AB  - Systemically administered 4-S-cysteaminylphenol (4-S-CAP) and N-acetyl-4-S-CAP
      inhibited the growth of xenografts of a human melanoma cell line but not of an
      ovarian tumour cell line. No selective cytotoxicity for melanoma cells was
      observed in culture, however. Further study of the in vitro mechanism of 4-S-CAP
      toxicity showed minimal inhibition of tyrosinase activity or DNA, RNA and protein
      synthesis, and there was no phase-specific arrest of the cell cycle. However,
      expression of an 80 kD melanosomal antigen was decreased. Cytotoxicity of 4-S-CAP
      in culture was decreased by simultaneous treatment with a monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor. An affinity column prepared from 4-S-CAP retained several proteins
      from a melanoma cell lysate. One protein, found also in HeLa cells, was
      identified by N-terminal sequencing as protein disulphide isomerase, a molecule
      which has multiple roles in the modification of secretory proteins. These results
      identify a protein target for 4-S-CAP as one possible mechanism of cytotoxicity.

PMID- 1823630
TI  - Malignant melanoma: relationship to parameters of differentiation.
AB  - Malignant melanoma is not only one of the most aggressive and lethal types of
      neoplasm, but its incidence in the general population is currently increasing at
      an alarming pace. It is interesting that most melanomas retain many of their
      characteristics of differentiation, including a dendritic nature and the
      production of melanin. This review discusses the phenotypic properties of
      melanoma cells, including their state of differentiation, and their tumourigenic
      and metastatic potentials, and attempts to provide an overview of the state of
      current research on the interrelationships between those parameters in murine and
      human systems.

PMID- 1823631
TI  - Computer image analysis of pigmented skin lesions.
AB  - To assist in the distinction of melanoma from benign pigmented lesions, an
      imaging system was developed, comprising a frame grabber, a microcomputer, a
      colour video camera and flash lighting with red, green and infrared filters. Over
      an 18-month period, video images of 70 unselected pigmented lesions for which
      complete diagnostic data were available, were successfully captured using the
      camera. Analysis software extracted features relevant to the size, colour, shape
      and boundary of each lesion, and these features were correlated with clinical and
      histological characteristics on which standard diagnoses of skin tumours are
      based. For discriminant analysis based on image analysis measurements, equal
      probabilities were assigned to three specified diagnostic groups, namely
      melanoma, naevi and 'other', and four of five melanomas were correctly classified
      when infrared data were included. However when infrared measurements were
      omitted, all five melanomas were correctly classified, and the overall accuracy
      of classification of pigmented lesions was 71%. This system holds promise as an
      aid in the clinical distinction of melanoma from benign pigmented skin lesions.

PMID- 1823632
TI  - Melatonin therapy of advanced human malignant melanoma.
AB  - We undertook a study to investigate the therapeutic potential of orally
      administered melatonin in patients with advanced melanoma. Forty-two patients
      received melatonin in doses ranging from 5 mg/m2/day to 700 mg/m2/day in four
      divided doses. Two were excluded from analysis. After a median follow-up of 5
      weeks, six patients had partial responses, six additional patients had stable
      disease. Sites of response included the central nervous system, subcutaneous
      tissue and lung. The median response duration was 33 weeks for the partial
      responders. There was a suggestion of a dose-response relationship. The toxicity
      encountered was minimal and consisted primarily of fatigue in 17 of 40 patients.
      Melatonin also appeared to reduce basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone
      (FSH). No significant changes were encountered in serum levels of luteinizing
      hormone (LH) or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). We conclude that further study
      of melatonin as a potentially useful agent in metastatic melanoma is warranted.

PMID- 1823633
TI  - Spatial association of melanocytic naevus and melanoma.
AB  - A series of 233 consecutive primary cutaneous melanomas was histologically and
      clinically studied. Histologically, 53 melanomas (22.7%) were associated with
      naevus cells. Such a high degree of association suggests that melanocytic naevus
      may be a precursor of a large number of melanomas. Analysing the cases according
      to Clark's levels and Breslow's index, a decrease in the naevus-melanoma
      association was seen with tumour progression, suggesting that advanced tumours
      may overgrow pre-existing nevus cells, appearing as de novo melanomas. The
      comparison between histological and clinical data suggest some interpretations of
      the natural history of melanoma.

PMID- 1823634
TI  - In vitro assessment of the structure-activity relationship of tyrosinase
      dependent cytotoxicity of a series of substituted phenols.
AB  - The rate of oxidation by purified mushroom tyrosinase of 30 compounds was
      measured by oximetry, and the tyrosinase-dependent cytotoxicity of each estimated
      in an in vitro assay using exposure of non-melanogenic cells to the agents in the
      presence and absence of tyrosinase. Cytotoxicity was estimated by immediate
      inhibition of DNA synthesis; 4-hydroxyanisole was used as the reference material.
      Compounds that were not oxidized by tyrosinase were found to be non-toxic but
      there was no direct relationship between the rate of oxidation and the relative
      cytotoxicity of those materials that acted as substrates for the enzyme.
      Thioethers were found to be more cytotoxic than the corresponding phenoxyethers.
      This was partly due to their greater rate of oxidation by tyrosinase and, in the
      case of propylthiophenol, the consequence of higher effective toxicity of the
      lipophilic species. The optimum chain length for the side chain of the oxyethers
      was three saturated carbon atoms and the toxicity appeared to be influenced by
      the lipophilicity of the compounds, possibly reflecting the relative lipid
      solubility of the putative toxic ortho-quinones generated from them. The maximum
      tyrosinase-dependent toxicity observed was in the range 5-6 times the relative
      toxicity of 4-hydroxyanisole. Sulphinyl and sulphonyl derivatives were inactive.
      In addition to oxyethers and thioethers, esters and glycosides of oxyethers were
      also examined and were found to be toxic in the presence of tyrosinase when
      hydrolysed. The succinates were found to be oxidized and toxic in our test
      system, suggesting that they rapidly underwent spontaneous hydrolysis. Oximetry
      data suggest that slight spontaneous hydrolysis of the other compounds occurs but
      they were not toxic in our assay. Ring-methylated phenoxyethers were oxidized
      relatively slowly and were non-toxic. Fluorine-substituted phenoxyethers were
      oxidized slightly more rapidly and exhibited clear toxicity in our system.
      Sesamol was oxidized to a black pigment but was non-toxic in our assay. A water
      soluble vitamin E derivative was not oxidized and was non-toxic. Allyl
      hydroquinone was not oxidized but exhibited significant direct toxicity.

PMID- 1823635
TI  - Examination of clonal variants from human malignant melanoma studied by
      chromosome banding analysis.
AB  - Multiple metastatic melanoma lesions from three patients were cytogenetically
      characterized in order to assess the degree of intra-patient karyotypic
      heterogeneity. A total of 20 specimens were analysed: 12 samples from patient No.
      1, five samples from patient No. 2, and three samples from patient No. 3.
      Sufficient mitoses were obtained to perform detailed analysis in 19/20 specimens
      following short-term culture. The modal chromosome number of all three cases was
      near-diploid, with all samples demonstrating multiple structural abnormalities.
      Abnormalities shared by all three patients were alterations of chromosomes 1 and
      8. Other structural abnormalities common to two of the three patients involved
      chromosomes 6, 7, 9 and 10. Minor intra-tumour karyotypic variation was detected
      in all three cases. However, the majority of clonal alterations were retained in
      all metastatic lesions, clearly indicating the karyotypically stable and clonal
      nature of this neoplasm.

PMID- 1823636
TI  - Microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus: II. Features, complications and
      investigation.
AB  - This paper reviews the current literature on the morphological, physiological,
      pathological and rheological features of microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus.
      The current theories explaining the development of these features as well as
      complications resulting from them are discussed. In the first section the
      morphological changes including capillary basement membrane thickening as well as
      physiological changes such as increased permeability and reduced diffusion of
      oxygen across capillary endothelium are discussed. Rheological factors and
      functional changes in blood flow as well as capillary proliferation and
      degeneration are addressed. The second section of this paper deals with the
      complications suffered by diabetics such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy,
      cardiovascular disease and skin ulceration. The role of microangiopathy in the
      pathogenesis of these complications is reviewed. The last section discusses the
      investigative techniques available to the clinician and researcher in the study
      of micro-angiopathy. These include various methods of blood flow measurement such
      as plethysmography, LASER Doppler flowmetry, capillary microscopy and clearance
      of tracers from the skin microcirculation.

PMID- 1823637
TI  - Natural history of islet cell antibodies during the clinical period of type 1
      diabetes. High titres at diagnosis are associated with longer persistence.
AB  - The natural history of islet cell antibodies (ICA), using standardized Juvenile
      Diabetes Foundation (JDF) units, was studied for two years in 64 type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetic patients, aged 7-45 years prospectively from clinical onset.
      While ICA were present among 44/64 (68.8%) of the newly diagnosed patients, only
      9.3% remained positive at 24 months. The only factor which showed significant
      predictive value for ICA survival was high initial JDF ICA titres: Maximal
      persistence of ICA was observed in patients with 80 JDF units at diagnosis (100%
      at 12 and 24 month). This persistence was lower in patients with 40 JDF units at
      diagnosis (77% at 12 month, 40% at 24 month) and the lowest for patients with 5
      JDF at diagnosis (14% at 12 month, 0% at 15 month). 14/20 (70%) of patients
      negative for the ICA test at diagnosis became positive during follow-up, but
      always with a low titre (5-10 JDF units) and for a short period (3-6 months). It
      is concluded that initial titre is the most important variable in predicting the
      maintenance of ICA during the first two years of clinical type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 1823638
TI  - A simplified model for management of women with gestational diabetes at the
      primary care level.
AB  - A simplified model for management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus
      (GDM) that could be applied at the level of the primary antenatal care was
      evaluated. Two groups were compared: group I included 172 consecutive GDM
      subjects cared for at the hospital-based specialized antenatal clinic 1984-85.
      Group II included 149 consecutive GDM subjects cared for at the primary antenatal
      clinics 1985-86. Both groups were instructed in self-monitoring of blood glucose
      and were given dietary instructions. Insulin treatment was initiated if blood
      glucose exceeded 9 mmol/l post-prandially three times a week. While women in
      group II mainly were cared for by midwives, following the routine antenatal
      program, women in group I were seen every two weeks by an obstetrician and non
      stress tests were performed twice weekly from gestational week 35. There were no
      significant differences with respect to the number of women who required insulin
      treatment, rate of pregnancy complications or mode of delivery. There were two
      intrauterine deaths, one in each group, both were unrelated to GDM. There were no
      group differences regarding large-for-gestational-age infants, respiratory
      disturbances, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia or polycythemia. We
      conclude that an effective care of GDM-women can be achieved at the primary care
      level provided frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose is performed for early
      detection of insulin requiring diabetes.

PMID- 1823639
TI  - Improvement in allograft survival of islets of Langerhans by pretreatment with
      deoxyguanosine.
AB  - In vitro pretreatment of isolated islets of Langerhans prior to transplantation
      with deoxyguanosine (dGuo) was found to be effective in improving the survival in
      fully allogeneic diabetic rats (Wistar----PVG). Post transplant immunosuppression
      was not used. Islets pretreated with various concentrations of dGuo, 1, 1.35, 1.5
      and 2 microM dGuo per islet showed a graft survival of 9, 36, 9 and 14%
      respectively.

PMID- 1823640
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of B-cell function during glucose infusion in control and
      hyperresponsive rats.
AB  - According to their general appearance, the ultrastructural morphology of their
      organelles and their functional status, B cells can be divided into dark,
      unresponsive B cells with condensed mitochondria and narrow RER-cisternae, and
      pale activated B cells with orthodox mitochondria and distended RER. In control
      rats, during a three hour glucose infusion experiment, there is a shift from a
      majority of dark B cells to a majority of pale B cells, and a decrease in the
      proportion of dark and mixed islets in favour of the pale islets. No
      degranulation however (dark and light granules) occurs. In adult youngsters of
      severely diabetic mothers, known to be hyperresponsive to glucose stimulation, a
      more important mass of pale activated B cells is present in basal conditions, and
      is not augmented by stimulation. Dark and mixed islets are scarce in these
      animals and some degranulation occurs. The data illustrate that in control and in
      hyperresponsive rats, the B cells manage very well, to meet the increasing demand
      of insulin without any signs of exhaustion or damage. The data confirm in vivo,
      and at the morphological level, the concepts of functional heterogeneity and of
      dose-dependent recruitment of pancreatic B cells. Moreover functional
      heterogeneity of islets is suggested.

PMID- 1823641
TI  - Blood ketone bodies in NIDDM: relationship with diabetic control and endogenous
      insulin secretion.
AB  - To evaluate the relationship of blood ketone bodies with diabetic control and
      endogenous insulin secretion, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c
      (HbA1c), fasting serum C-peptide (CPR), blood total ketone-bodies (TKB), blood
      acetoacetate (AcAc) and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) were compared in 78
      outpatients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) treated with
      diet (n = 13), sulfonylurea (n = 52) and insulin (n = 13). TKB, AcAc and 3-OHB in
      patients treated with insulin were significantly higher than in patients treated
      with diet or sulfonylurea. In patients given diet therapy, log 3-OHB showed
      significant negative correlations with FPG, HbA1c and CPR. In patients treated
      with sulfonylurea, log 3-OHB showed significant positive correlations with FPG
      and HbA1c, but not with CPR. In patients treated with insulin, there were no
      correlations of log 3-OHB with FPG, HbA1c and CPR. For evaluation of the
      metabolic state in diabetes mellitus, measurement of blood ketone bodies is
      useful, and moreover necessary, in addition to diabetic control or determination
      of the endogenous insulin level.

PMID- 1823642
TI  - Effect of oral glucose ingestion on hepatic non-esterified fatty acids and ketone
      body metabolism in normal dogs.
AB  - The time course of changes in hepatic lipid metabolism (non-esterified fatty
      acids (NEFA), ketone body) after ingestion of glucose was assessed in normal
      dogs. Glucose ingestion suppressed significantly (p less than 0.01) the amount of
      NEFA reaching the liver (12.4 +/- 1.0 to a nadir of 2.9 +/- 0.6 mumol/kg/min at
      80 min) and increased significantly (p less than 0.05) net hepatic balance (-1.8
      +/- 0.6 to 0.5 +/- 0.4 mumol/kg/min at 120 min). After glucose ingestion, the
      amount of total ketone body presented to the liver decreased significantly (p
      less than 0.05) to a nadir of 1.1 +/- 0.4 mumol/kg/min at 60 min and gradually
      increased after 120 min. These changes reflect the increased insulin secretion
      induced by glucose ingestion. The hyperinsulinemia would inhibit peripheral
      lipolysis and stimulate esterification of fatty acids. It would reduce ketone
      body concentration both by a direct effect on hepatic production as well as the
      consequence of diminished NEFA levels. In summary, the present study clearly
      demonstrated the time course changes in NEFA and ketone body level after oral
      glucose ingestion.

PMID- 1823643
TI  - Modelling of isotopic discrimination in intact cells.
AB  - A mathematical model is designed for the metabolism of D-glucose in erythrocytes
      under conditions in which the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway accounts
      for either 5% or 75% of the rate of D-glucose phosphorylation, as indeed observed
      in the absence or presence of menadione. This model allows to compare the fate of
      D-[1-1H]glucose and D-[1-2H]glucose, taking into account the isotopic
      discrimination towards the deuterated hexose in the reactions catalyzed by
      phosphoglucoisomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The study of this
      model is extended to the fate of tracer amounts of either D-[1-14C]glucose, D-[U
      14C]glucose or D-[1-3H]glucose mixed with non-radioactive D-[1-1H]glucose or D-[1
      2H]glucose. The fates of D-[1-14C, 1-2H]glucose and D-[U-14C, 1-2H]glucose in
      this model are also examined. A fair agreement between the data derived from the
      mathematical model and prior experimental findings is observed, at least as far
      as the fate of 14C-labelled D-glucose is concerned. The present study
      illustrates, therefore, the mechanism by which unequal isotopic discrimination in
      different enzymatic reactions may cause severe misjudgment of metabolic flow when
      using deuterated and/or tritiated D-glucose as substitute and/or tracer for the
      protonated hexose.

PMID- 1823645
TI  - Isolation of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Streptomyces granaticolor and its
      binding to phage phi 29 DNA.
AB  - Partially purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Streptomyces granaticolor was
      further separated on phosphocellulose in 50% glycerol and a single activity peak
      was obtained. The enzyme isolated in this way consisted of 4 main proteins with
      molar mass of 145, 132, 50 and 46 kg/mol. These four subunits represented 93%
      proteins of the active fraction. To test the ability of RNA polymerase to
      recognize specific sites on DNA, binding sites for RNA polymerase on phage phi 29
      DNA were mapped by electron microscopy. The specific binding sites detected were
      compared with those for RNA polymerases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus
      subtilis.

PMID- 1823644
TI  - The immunosuppressive effects of bilirubin.
AB  - The strong effects of bilirubin on various levels of the immune system are
      multifactorial. Concerning the mechanisms of these effects, we hypothesize that
      the primary causes of the described actions of bilirubin are the direct
      interaction of bilirubin molecules with cell membranes.

PMID- 1823647
TI  - Determination of nitrate by conversion to nitrite using Paracoccus denitrificans.
AB  - A new method of determination of nitrate was developed, utilizing the nitrate
      reductase activity of Paracoccus denitrificans in which a further reduction of
      nitrate is blocked either by a mutation affecting formation of cytochromes c or
      by inhibition of the electron flow to nitrite reductase by mucidin. After
      deproteinization of the sample with zinc acetate the nitrite produced is
      determined colorimetrically.

PMID- 1823648
TI  - Identity of the antibiotic ramihyphin A and cyclosporin A.

PMID- 1823649
TI  - Composition of intracellular soluble proteins in Mycobacterium "rubrum" and its
      mutants.
AB  - The composition of intracellular soluble proteins in a parental strain of
      Mycobacterium "rubrum" and its mutants was studied by polyacrylamide gel gradient
      electrophoresis. The composition of the protein fractions of the parental and the
      mutant strains was similar, they differed in one protein only. The presence of a
      60 kDa protein should be stressed since its increased amount may be connected
      with a different intensity of the production of pigments in the strains studied.

PMID- 1823646
TI  - Expression of virulence and antibiotic resistance in an Escherichia coli
      transconjugant carrying a large plasmid pCAT120 of Shigella dysenteriae type I
      and its spontaneous fragmentations.
AB  - The role of a 120-kb plasmid in relation to virulence and drug resistance factor
      in Shigella dysenteriae was studied. For characterization of plasmids, the mating
      system is a useful and efficient means of transferring both large and small
      plasmids to a new host. The conjugative transfer of a 120-kb (pCAT120) ampicillin
      resistant plasmid of S. dysenteriae to E. coli K-12 was not successful.
      Introduction of an E. coli fertility factor plasmid F, did not help to mobilize
      the plasmid. Low transfer frequencies of antibiotic markers to E. coli were
      achieved by treatment of the donor S. dysenteriae with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine. The transconjugants showed resistance to ampicillin,
      chloramphenicol, tetracycline and cadmium. A transconjugant carrying the 120-kb
      plasmid of S. dysenteriae produced keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Repeated
      subculture of Clmr transconjugant (pCAT120) on tryptic soya agar plates became
      Clms and showed four distinct DNA bands ranging from 3 to 10 kb in size on
      agarose gel electrophoresis. Utilization of organic acids, metal resistance (Cd),
      dye-binding properties (Crb+, Ebr+) and drug resistance (Amp, Tet) were
      identified on 10, 7, 4 and 3-kb plasmid DNA fragment of pCAT120 respectively.
      Crb+ 4-kb DNA fragment of pCAT120 was isolated, purified and transferred to an
      avirulent E. coli K12 by transformation. However, transformant (pET4) showed poor
      growth on solid media and its growth in liquid culture was only possible after
      supplementation of the unknown low-molar-mass thermolabile factor(s) secreted by
      the recipient strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 1823650
TI  - Sterol composition of nystatin-resistant Candida maltosa mutants.
AB  - Composition of sterol fractions of nystatin-resistant Candida maltosa strains was
      determined. Using UV-spectrometry, TLC and GLC-MS it was demonstrated that
      resistance to nystatin is connected with the composition alterations of yeast
      cell sterols. Block of different stages of ergosterol biosynthesis was revealed
      in some mutants, viz. C-24-transmethylation, delta 8----delta 7-isomerization, 14
      alpha-demethylation, C-5(6)-dehydrogenation, reduction of C-14(15) and C-24(28)
      double bonds.

PMID- 1823651
TI  - Formation and reversion of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells with apical protoplast
      protuberances.
AB  - Lytic enzymes from the hepatopancreas of Helix pomatia do not induce a uniform
      digestion of the cell wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe over the entire cell
      surface. Perforations are formed in growth zones through which a protoplast can
      locally protrude. Conditions were found under which the frequency of formation of
      apical protoplast protuberances is higher than 90% cells with such protuberances
      can reverse to normally multiplying cells.

PMID- 1823652
TI  - Characterization of catalase-negative mutants of methylotrophic yeast Hansenula
      polymorpha.
AB  - Three recently isolated catalase-negative mutants of Hansenula polymorpha lost
      the ability to grow on methanol but grew in media containing glucose, ethanol or
      glycerol. Their incubation in a medium with methanol resulted in an accumulation
      of hydrogen peroxide and cell death. During growth of a catalase-negative mutant
      in chemostat on a mixture of methanol and glucose, neither H2O2 accumulation nor
      cell death were observed up to the molar ratio of 10:1 of the two substrates.
      Cytochrome-c peroxidase and NADH-peroxidase activities were detected in the
      cells. In methylotrophic yeasts, catalase seems to be an enzyme characteristic of
      the metabolism of methanol but not needed for the metabolism of multicarbon
      substrates. The hydrogen peroxide produced during growth of the mutants on mixed
      substrates is detoxified by cytochrome-c peroxidase and other peroxidases.

PMID- 1823653
TI  - Production of Tsr factor by Rhizobium meliloti.
AB  - The root exudates of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and mungbean (Vigna radiata)
      induced the Tsr (thick and short roots) factor production in Rhizobium meliloti.
      The factor caused a 30-40% reduction of root length in alfalfa seedlings. Pea
      root exudate had no Tsr induction activity. The flavonoid naringenin could
      replace the roots in inducing Tsr production. Naringenin-induced Tsr factor
      caused 70% shortening of main roots. The Tsr inducing property of naringenin was
      specific since quercetin and syringaldehyde had no such effect.

PMID- 1823654
TI  - Informative value of a mouse model of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection used as a
      host-resistance assay.
AB  - To obtain a host-resistance assay (HRA) for quantitative evaluation of
      immunostimulatory effects of various substances, an experimental model of K.
      pneumoniae inhalatory infection was elaborated. The highly virulent bacterial
      strain (inhalation LD50 = 400 CFU), applied via the natural route into the
      respiratory tract elicits an acute infectious process possessing characteristic
      dynamics. Although the intensity of clearance in the bronchoalveolar lavage after
      challenge or the mean survival time can be used in individual cases for
      quantitative resistance determination, the inhalation LD50 values yielded the
      most standard results. Systemic immunization with the corpuscular K. pneumoniae
      vaccine provided a high protection expressed by increasing the inhalation LD50 by
      two orders of magnitude. The antibodies formed, detectable by the ELISA test, are
      specific for capsular polysaccharide. The type-specific immunity was also found
      in the protection test. The nonspecific stimulatory effect of the
      peptidopolysaccharide complex isolated from Listeria monocytogenes (EiF) was
      manifested at the level of one LD50 only while with higher infectious doses it
      was absent. However, the adjuvant activity of EiF was significant. The HRA can
      distinguish and quantitatively determine both nonspecific and specific
      stimulatory effects of immunomodulatory substances.

PMID- 1823655
TI  - Bacterial endotoxins: comparison of mitogenic, polyclonal, antibody-inducing and
      toxicity activities.
AB  - The mitogenic effects on mouse spleen lymphocytes were determined in a large
      series of commercially available and laboratory-prepared lipopolysaccharides
      (LPS) obtained from Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia and Shigella species; part
      of these LPS preparations was chemically modified prior to testing. In order to
      establish whether the degree of mitogenic activity corresponds with other
      biological effects of these preparations, polyclonal activity, capability to
      induce specific antibody formation and toxicity were determined for selected
      LPS's with different mitogenic effects. Some of the detoxication procedures used
      succeeded in reducing the toxicity of LPS while preserving its high mitogenic
      activitione of the Fe-detoxified preparations of LPS (from the R-form of Shigella
      dysenteriae serovar 1) exhibited a medium-degree efficacy in all parameters
      studied. Generally, there was no correlation between the degree of mitogenic
      activity and the polyclonal and antibody-inducing activities, but in some
      instances polyclonal activity did correlate with the antibody-inducing activity.

PMID- 1823656
TI  - The immunoadjuvant effect of soluble glucan derivatives in mice.
AB  - We examined the effect of soluble derivatives of yeast glucan on the humoral
      immune response of various strains of inbred mice after administration of
      different doses according to various schedules. Glucan was injected i.v. or s.c.
      in a single dose or repeatedly. The immune response was examined by determining
      the titres of serum hemagglutinins against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC-Ab). The
      immunoadjuvant effect of glucan derivatives depends on the inbred strain used, on
      the dose of glucan, mode and time of administration with respect to antigen
      injection. The results have shown that the stimulatory effect of glucan
      derivatives occurred already after a single injection, the optimum dose being 10
      20 mg/kg. Intravenous injection was more efficient than the subcutaneous one. In
      some cases, a slight increase of the spleen mass was observed.

PMID- 1823657
TI  - Immunomodulators isolated from microorganisms.
AB  - Microbial products are surveyed that have an immunoregulatory activity, both from
      the realm of low-molar-mass compounds and from the group of naturally occurring
      polymers. The data include in most cases the producer organism or source, a brief
      chemical characteristic and biological activity. Various groups of substances are
      compared, the drawbacks attendant on their acquisition and application are
      pointed out and their advantageous properties are specified.

PMID- 1823658
TI  - Generalization of effects of dental fear treatment in a self-referred population
      of odontophobics.
AB  - Effects of dental fear treatment on general anxiety and mood in 60 dental phobics
      with high and low general anxiety were compared with "attention" effects in 75
      dental phobics on a waiting list using the Dental Anxiety Scale, a State-Trait
      Anxiety Inventory and a modified Fear Survey Schedule. Positive effects of the
      treatment were apparent in reduced dental and general fearfulness as well as
      elevated mood on numerous measures that paralleled dentist ratings of patient
      behavior. Ss had less fear of going to the next dentist after the program than
      before, according to a visual analogue measure. Ninety-three percent of Ss
      started dental treatment with private dentists within 1 year.

PMID- 1823659
TI  - Chronic pain in panic disorder.
AB  - Studies indicate that panic disorder is often associated with high levels of
      somatic preoccupation, but the nature of these somatic complaints have not been
      investigated in detail. One hundred and forty-one consecutive panic disorder
      patients were administered a pain questionnaire and pain location diagram. Almost
      40% of the patients reported chronic pain and 7.8% reported using analgesics
      daily. The most common locations of pain were the head, shoulders, and lower
      back. When compared with panic disorder patients with no reports of pain, these
      patients scored significantly higher on several measures of psychopathology.
      Panic patients with chronic pain may have more functional illness behaviors that
      require specific treatment considerations and may represent a subset of panic
      disorder that is particularly at risk for somatization, hypochondriasis, and
      excessive health care utilization.

PMID- 1823660
TI  - Juvenile delinquency entry and persistence: do attention problems contribute to
      conduct problems?
AB  - We examined the role of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in
      juvenile delinquency. Forty-two incarcerated male delinquents participated.
      Thirty of these youths met the criterion for conduct disorder (CD), only while 12
      met the criterion for CD and ADHD. The results indicated that the latter group
      were arrested at an earlier age and had more total arrests than those in the
      former group; however, they did not have more criminal charges against them. The
      role of intellectual and academic skills in these findings was considered. It
      appears that ADHD has an important additive influence on the development and
      persistence of juvenile delinquency. Implications for the behavior therapist are
      discussed.

PMID- 1823662
TI  - Prompting and fading in the exposure treatment of compulsive checking.
AB  - Compulsive checking can be treated effectively through the use of in vivo
      exposure with response prevention. However, the clinical application of these
      procedures can become quite complex. The therapist must help teach the client new
      coping skills for managing anxiety. However, many compulsive clients report a
      substantial reduction in the urge to check whenever accompanied by another adult.
      Therefore, the therapist must not be so intrusive as to reduce the impact of the
      exposure. Treatment procedures used with two clients are described to show how
      prompting can be useful for facilitating the early stages of exposure and how
      fading is essential in promoting self-control. Portable electronic communication
      devices were used to bridge the gap between therapist-assisted and self
      controlled exposure sessions. Therapy was successful in reducing the frequency of
      checking behaviors and the subjective urge to check.

PMID- 1823661
TI  - Social-learning procedures for increasing attention and improving basic skills in
      severely regressed institutionalized patients.
AB  - Seven severely debilitated and chronically institutionalized forensic psychiatric
      patients were enrolled in intensive shaping classes as part of a comprehensive
      social-learning treatment program. Results compiled over 1 year reveal that six
      of these patients demonstrated marked improvements in their ability to attend to
      basic academic tasks and five also showed consistently high rates of successful
      task completion or increased rates over time. Evidence for the generalization of
      these effects comes from the fact that all four of the residents who went on to
      regular academic classes demonstrated consistently high rates of successful task
      completion. Recommendations are made for further applications of intensive
      shaping procedures for such severely impaired subgroups.

PMID- 1823663
TI  - Behavioral treatment of zoophilic exhibitionism.
AB  - We describe here a case of zoophilic exhibitionism involving a mildly mentally
      retarded man who masturbated in front of large dogs of either sex. Unlike most
      exhibitionists, he did not expose himself to women, and unlike most zoophiles, he
      never desired direct sexual contact with animals. His paraphilia, however, was
      responsive to a behavioral program comprising masturbatory satiation, covert
      sensitization, and stimulus control procedures.

PMID- 1823664
TI  - Distraction and relaxation training in the treatment of anticipatory vomiting: a
      single subject intervention.
AB  - A within-series phase change design (ABABC) was used to evaluate the effect of
      video distraction and relaxation in the treatment of a 29-year-old male with
      anticipatory vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Heart rate, blood
      pressure, nausea ratings, and the occurrence of emesis were recorded during 18
      chemotherapy treatments over a 9 month period. Video distraction initially
      inhibited vomiting but the treatment effects were not maintained. Subsequent
      relaxation training inhibited vomiting after two sessions. These effects were
      maintained for the remainder of the patient's chemotherapy protocol.

PMID- 1823665
TI  - Promoting healthy nutritional habits by paradigmatic behavior therapy.
AB  - Paradigmatic behavior therapy was applied to alter the maladaptive nutritional
      habits of a 41-year-old depressed female. The client's activities, affect, and
      cognitions were self-monitored, along with daily intake of processed sugar and
      fruits and vegetables. The intervention program included contingency contracting
      and the production of pleasant affective states. The program promoted a favorable
      attitude toward fruits and vegetables and led to a significant increase in their
      consumption with significant decrements in sugar intake. The client became less
      tense and depressed. The favorable effects were maintained at a 5-month follow
      up.

PMID- 1823666
TI  - Applying a DRO schedule and compliance training to reduce aggressive and self
      injurious behavior in an autistic man: a case report.
AB  - An autistic man who displayed aggressive, self-injurious, and destructive
      behavior in a psychiatric hospital ward despite administration of psychotropic
      medications and repeated application of physical restraints was treated with a
      differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedule and compliance
      training. These were employed in conjunction with ongoing medical interventions.
      After introduction of behavioral procedures, the frequency of applying restraints
      for violent behavior declined from an average of more than once per day to less
      than once per month. Data taken while the program was maintained over a 1-year
      period showed that violent behavior remained at a very low level.

PMID- 1823667
TI  - Behavior therapy for spasmodic torticollis: a case study suggesting a causal role
      for anxiety.
AB  - A 29-year old male with an 8-month history of spasmodic torticollis was treated
      after three baseline assessments with progressive relaxation, positive practice,
      and visual feedback. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological (EMG) data
      indicated that EMG declined across baseline assessments and treatment, while
      substantial changes in subjective and behavioral data occurred with treatment.
      Improvement on all dependent measures also was found at a 2-year follow-up. The
      data are discussed in terms of the non-specific effects of treatment, and the
      utility and economy of these primarily self-administered procedures.

PMID- 1823668
TI  - Linking research with quality assurance and quality improvement.

PMID- 1823669
TI  - [A cytogenetic study of the bone marrow cells from the 1st-generation offspring
      of irradiated monkeys].
AB  - Genetic structure was studied in cells of F1 posterity whose parents had survived
      irradiation exposure (2.2-6.6 Gy) 6-13 years ago. In juvenile monkeys (F1) aged
      from 1.5 to 2.5 years the frequency of aberrations exceeded reliably the
      spontaneous levels but was considerably lower than this in their irradiated
      parents. Chromosome aberration types coincided with those of the control ones.
      The changes revealed in the bone marrow cells of the posterity from irradiated
      individuals can be regarded as an intensive spontaneous mutational process.

PMID- 1823670
TI  - [The nucleolus organizer regions of the metaphase chromosomes in cambial cell
      populations of mouse and rat placenta].
AB  - The number of silver-stained nucleolus organizing regions (Ag-NORs) was counted
      in metaphase plates of the fetal part of placenta of mice and rats and in the
      tissues of their embryos. On day 9 of mouse gestation and on day 12 of rat
      gestation, up to 82% of metaphases in the fetal part of placenta have the highest
      possible number of chromosomes with Ag-NORs (9-10 for mice and 5-6 for rats). In
      the later embryogenesis (day 10 for mice and day 14 for rats), a great number of
      metaphases have either no Ag-NORs (34.9% for mice, 17.9% for rats), or only 1-2
      Ag-NOR-chromosomes (17.4% for mice and 14.5% for rats). But in the tissues of
      embryos being on the same embryonic stages the changes in frequency of metaphases
      with different numbers of Ag-NOR-chromosomes have proved to be less obvious. In
      the differentiated polyploid placenta cells the number of chromosomes with Ag
      NORs can be considerably lower than in diploid ones. It is proposed that the
      changes in frequency of metaphases with different numbers of Ag-NOR-chromosomes
      may reflect the regulation of ribosomal gene transcription in the embryogenesis,
      in particular, in differentiation of cambial cell populations of rodent placenta.

PMID- 1823671
TI  - [The detection of the cholesterol of the erythrocyte plasmalemma by using a latex
      marker].
AB  - Using a new specific cholesterol marker (SCM) and scanning electron microscopy,
      the distribution of cholesterol in the plasmalemma of rabbit and human
      erythrocytes was studied. Investigation of SCM linking with the erythrocyte
      membranes with different cholesterol/phospholipid indices shows that the increase
      of cholesterol/phospholipid index of the erythrocyte membrane correlates with the
      increase in the number of SCM particles on the erythrocyte surface.

PMID- 1823672
TI  - [Changes in the ultrastructure and DNA and protein content in human atrial
      myocytes in cardiac hyperfunction due to mitral valve defects].
AB  - Biopsies from human right auricles were obtained during open heart surgery, prior
      to valve replacement, from six patients (aged from 20 to 49 years) with rheumatic
      heart disease. DNA and the total protein contents were measured in isolated
      myocytes by means of the two wave-length scanning cytophotometry after the double
      Feulgen and Naphthol yellow S staining procedure. In all the biopsies polyploid
      hypertrophied myocytes predominate. The hypertrophic, nondegenerated cells and
      the cells with degenerative changes of varying severity (in the first place,
      changes of contractile apparatus and membranes) are present. The highest degree
      of cell ploidy occurs in patients of functional class IV according to the New
      York Heart Association classification, 72 to 98% of cells displaying octaploid
      and higher DNA values. With the increase in ploidy of myocytes in series 2c----4c
      ---8c----16c----32c----64c the protein content increases only as 2.0----3.0---
      5.8----7.8----13.0----16.8. Neither direct correlation between the ploidy level
      and the degree of cell degeneration, no inverse correlation between the degree of
      degeneration and the value of ejection fraction was observed.

PMID- 1823673
TI  - [Macrophage activation by synthetic peptides. III. Changes in the membrane
      potential, Ca2+ content and the regulatory decrease of macrophage volume under
      the action of tuftsin and its antagonist].
AB  - With the use of oxonol voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye it has been shown that
      the stimulation of macrophages (MP) with tuftsin results in a two-phase change in
      membrane potential: depolarization followed by hyperpolarization of plasma
      membrane. The pattern of changes in membrane potential depends on Na+
      concentration in the medium and is disturbed with binding of cytoplasmic Ca2+.
      Fluorescent signal obtained from MP loaded with Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein
      obelin points to a significant increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+
      under the influence of tuftsin on cells: the source for Ca2+ being the medium.
      The rate of regulatory voltage decrease in MP increases under the influence of
      tuftsin: the effect of this peptide being similar to that of calcium ionophore.
      All these findings taken together enable us to suggest a phenomenological scheme
      of transmembrane ion signals arising during stimulation of MP with tuftsin: the
      receptor-mediated calcium channel provides a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ which opens
      non-selective cation channels for Na+ ions to activate eventually Ca(2+)
      dependent K(+)-transport.

PMID- 1823674
TI  - [Intracellular ph and the substrate dependence of Chinese hamster fibroblast
      proliferation].
AB  - Data have been presented on the effect of serum and of cell adhesion to a solid
      substrate on the intracellular pH (pHi) value in anchorage-dependent Chinese
      hamster fibroblasts. Proliferation of cells was observed in a pHi range from 7.0
      to 7.5, which exceeded by 0.3-0.4 the pHi of quiescent cells. It was shown that
      attachment and spreading of cells in a bicarbonate-containing media without serum
      produced elevation of pHi from 6.7 to 7.1 but did not provide such an
      alkalization value for times greater than the lag period of cell growth. By the
      end of the first day after plating the pHi value of the spread cells in a serum
      free medium reduced to 6.75, and the cells ceased to grow. The serum without cell
      attachment produced only a short-time (less than 1 h) pHi increase from 6.7 to
      6.88, which was inadequate for cell growth. However, the serum produced a
      prolongation in cytoplasm alkalization characteristic of proliferation and caused
      by attachment of cells to a solid substrates. Evidence also was obtained for the
      absence of Na-independent HCO3-/Cl- exchange, the presence of a slow HCO3-
      transport into the cell and the key role of Na+/H+ exchange in pHi regulation.
      Addition to the bicarbonate-containing medium of amiloride, a blocker of Na+/H+
      exchange, resulted in acidification of the cytoplasm to 6.5, and inhibited cell
      attachment and proliferation.

PMID- 1823675
TI  - [Intracellular pH and the proliferation of BHK-21 cells].
AB  - Data are presented on the dynamics of intracellular pH (pHi) in the course of
      growth of BHK-21 cells in suspension and on solid substrate. Cell proliferation
      in suspension in the presence of bicarbonate occurs at a mean value of pHi 6.76
      +/- 0.02, which is only by 0.06 higher than that for resting cells. Adhesion of
      cells to the substrate cause a short (12 to 24 h) increase in pHi to 7.0-7.2,
      then proliferation of spread cells continued at pHi 6.8 +/- 0.03. Thus, for
      proliferation of substrate-independent BHK-21 cells to occur, there is no need
      for an additional alkalization of the cytoplasm at the expense of cell adhesion
      to a solid substrate, so the cells grow at low pHi values and at weak
      alkalization provided by adding serum. Data are presented that the Cl- and HCO(3
      )-transport into the cell as well as Na+/H+ exchange are involved in pHi
      regulation. The decrease in pHi and inhibition of cell proliferation were
      observed in the presence of amiloride in bicarbonate-containing medium.

PMID- 1823677
TI  - [The anesthesiological support for children in extracorporeal lithotripsy on the
      Urat-P apparatus].
AB  - The Urat-P lithotriptor made in this country was employed for remote lithotripsy
      (RLT) in 94 children with urolithiasis. Altogether 132 sessions were conducted.
      In 120 cases the concrement disintegration progressed in a sparing regimen
      (impulse duration 0.3-0.4 ms, shock wave energy 5-8 J). In the rest 12 cases
      there were additional hard impulses (0.5-0.6 ms, the energy 10-12 J).
      Anesthesiological and transfusiological problems are considered. It is shown that
      choice of anesthesiological defense is based on the clinical form of the disease,
      the concrement size, the child's age. Intubation anesthesia with artificial
      pulmonary ventilation is indicated for young children (under 5). Intravenous
      balanced anesthesia under normal respiration accompanies RLT in large coral
      calculi treated in senior children (6-14 years of age). Single stones (up to 1.5
      sm) in them are managed under local infiltration anesthesia. It is stated that a
      valid choice of anesthesia and transfusion therapy warrants favourable conditions
      for RLT sessions, adverse effects of the impulses on the renal parenchyma and
      adjacent tissues lessen facilitating the fragments elimination and reducing the
      number of complications in the postoperative period.

PMID- 1823676
TI  - [The treatment of patients with ureteral calculi by ureteroscopy and
      intracorporeal lithotripsy].
AB  - Ureteroscopy with endocorporeal urinary stone lithotripsy (EUSL) implies an "in
      situ" stone fragmentation including or not a basket extraction of the fragments.
      EUSL needs three conditions: ureteronephroscopy (antegrade or retrograde),
      sources of energy (ultrasonic, electrohydraulic, laser), extraction devices
      (basket, grasping forceps). The paper reports the data on 120 ureteral stones
      treated by ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy with an overall effect of 84%.

PMID- 1823678
TI  - [Crystalluria].
AB  - The paper considers a clinical role of crystalluria and its relation to
      urolithiasis. Examination of 185274 cases of symptomless crystalluria in the
      citizens of Kharkov and Kharkov region revealed oxalic-calcic urinary crystals in
      12.2%, urate crystals in 3.6% and phosphate crystals in 1.2% of the examinees.
      Oxalic-calcic crystalluria in urgent urinary conditions occurs significantly more
      frequently (25.8%). Crystalluria was studied in 372 nephrolithiasis patients.
      Urinary crystals were found in 44.0%. The type of the crystals corresponded to
      chemical composition of the urinary concrements. Oxalic-calcic nephrolithiasis
      was detected in a younger group of patients (aged 37.3 +/- 1.3). It is suggested
      to consider crystalluria as microurolithiasis indicating predisposition to
      lithogenesis in the urinary tract and as a preclinical manifestation of
      urolithiasis.

PMID- 1823679
TI  - [The reasons for the inefficiency of local kidney hypothermia during the
      temporary discontinuation of their blood supply].
AB  - Functional changes in the kidney exposed to 1-hour ischemia with surface cooling
      to +5+7 degrees C (series I) or +16+18 degrees C (series II) were studied in
      experiments on 50 rabbits and 20 non-inbred rats. In series II animals
      significant changes in renal function were not registered. In series I cooling
      there was a marked decrease of creatinine clearance, clearance of osmotic
      substances and Na-reabsorption during 1-3 days after ischemia. Dynamic
      scintigraphy with 131I-hyppuran revealed a decline in radionuclide secretion in
      series I that was more pronounced on day 14. In series II the time course of
      accumulation and excretion of 131I-hyppuran was almost normal. The worsening of
      renal function in series I experiments was accompanied with reduction of renal
      blood flow and activation of cell membrane lipid peroxidation. The investigation
      of the dependence of renal tissue impedance on the temperature that reflects
      thermotropic response of cell membrane structural organization showed phasic
      transitions of membrane lipids at the temperature below +13+14 degrees C. The
      findings indicate that for prolonged discontinuation of renal blood flow
      demanding deep kidney cooling, it is necessary to develop specific measures of
      protection against detrimental action of hypothermia.

PMID- 1823680
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of dystopic kidneys].
AB  - The analysis is presented of 64 surgical cases of affected dystopic kidneys. Of
      these, 34 had urolithiasis, 6 renal tumors, 10 hydronephrosis, 14 chronic
      pyelonephritis. The principal diagnostic facility was radionuclide renal
      scintigraphy. On deciding on the operative treatment, additional use of
      angiography, cystography and other methods is advisable. Diagnostic findings and
      treatment variants are described.

PMID- 1823681
TI  - [The spectra of the biological rhythms of partial kidney functions in chronic
      glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 1823682
TI  - [The use of prostatilen in treating patients with chronic prostatitis].
AB  - Conventional methods of chronic prostatitis treatment aimed at destruction of
      pathogenic microflora have certain shortcomings. A promising approach is biologic
      control of prostatic function. A trial was performed of a new drug prostatilen
      which is a polypeptide isolated from the animal prostate. The study included 307
      patients with chronic prostatitis of 4 mon to 36 years duration. Their age ranged
      from 18 to 74 years. The drug dose of 5-10 mg was administered once a day i.m.
      for 5-10 days. The immediate effect and long-term one were measured upon the
      treatment completion and 4-6 months later. A clinical effect manifested following
      2-3 injections and grew to maximal values after 5-6 ones. In rare cases the
      treatment lasted up to 8-10 injections. The drug promoted disappearance or
      attenuation of the symptoms in 96.7% of the patients. Positive shifts were
      achieved in pain complaints, diuresis, sexual function, sleep, general condition.
      The subjective response agreed with objective laboratory and urodynamic evidence.
      Prostatilen proved effective for chronic prostatitis because it is tolerable,
      induces no side effects, beneficial in combinations with other modalities in
      management of this persistent and prone to recurrences disease.

PMID- 1823683
TI  - [The use of prostatilen in treating patients with prostatic diseases].
AB  - A clinical trial of polypeptide prostatic preparation prostatilen has been
      performed in 37 and 15 patients with chronic prostatitis and prostatic adenoma,
      respectively. The treatment resulted in attenuation of algetic and dysuria
      symptoms. Copulative function and spermatogenesis improved. The uroflowmetric
      index rose, while residual urine and leukocyte count in prostatic secretion
      reduced. The drug demonstrated antibacterial and immunomodulation effects in the
      absence of adverse reactions. Prostatilen is indicated in: chronic prostatitis,
      prostatic adenoma stage I, normospermatogenic and toxic sterility, interoceptive
      copulative dysfunction, dysuria. The drug in recommended for clinical
      application.

PMID- 1823684
TI  - [The surgical treatment of penile oleogranulomas].
AB  - The paper provides some experience in treating penile paraffinomas in 24
      patients, 8 of whom had abnormal changes in the distal penis. Circular dissection
      of the prepuce was performed within normal tissues. Paraffinoma and skin of the
      whole penis were removed in 16 patients with penile skin and fat lesions. Then a
      5 x 20-cm dermal graft (or two 5 x 10-cm grafts) was taken from the anterolateral
      surface of the femur. Holes 1-2 cm apart were made with a scalpel over the whole
      graft surface and dermoplasty was performed with a perforated graft, which was
      tightly put, without pulling on the penis from above and below. The distal and
      proximal portions of the graft were attached to the skin of the coronary sulcus
      and the base of the penis with loop catgut sutures. The surgery ended with
      application of a propocium dressing to the penis and aseptic dressing to the
      femur. Good results were achieved.

PMID- 1823685
TI  - [The surgical treatment of extended posttraumatic strictures and obliterations of
      the posterior urethra].
AB  - A total of 17 patients aged 18-60 years were operated on for posttraumatic
      posterior urethral obliterations, 4 to 13 cm in length. The operation consisted
      in application of a transpubic access and replacement of the extended posterior
      urethral defect with perineal ones by removing the subpubic curvature and
      transposing the perineal portion of the urethra ahead of the cavernous bodies of
      the penis, which allowed the urethra to be relatively stretched. The musculus
      sartorius on a pedicle was used to cover the urethral anastomosis with well blood
      supplied tissues, to create an external sphincter of the urethra and to replace
      the pubic articulation defect. The procedure of the operation is in detail given
      in the present paper. Among the complications there was a partial necrosis of the
      distal end of the musculus sartorius in 3 patients, orthostatic urinary
      incontinence in 1 and cutaneous edema of the penis nearly in all the patients
      following the operation. Orthopedic disorders associated with pubic articulation
      resection and a marked decrease in and deformity of the penis were not observed.

PMID- 1823686
TI  - [Strictures of the proximal urethra in men].
AB  - Stricture of proximal male urethra remains complicated problem of urology.
      Surgical intervention conducted at sphincter area is fraught with the damage of
      potential enuresis. A total of 250 patients with proximal urethra strictures were
      treated. Most of them could recover normal uresis. Unlike strictures of
      inflammatory origin, those of traumatic and secondary genesis presented great
      difficulties for management in view of both sphincters impairment. To be
      successful, urethral operations must follow the following main principles:
      maximal preservation of the sphincter apparatus, radical removal of the
      cicatricial tissue, adequate urine elimination, reliable hemostasis. None of
      operations could at present meet the above requirements, the worst results being
      obtained after Solovov's technique surgery (25% of enuresis outcomes in 4 out of
      16 treated). Endourethral surgery can produce good results, especially effective
      interventions being reported in short strictures and underdevelopment in
      paraurethral tissue. Bougienage remains a forced measure in managing urethral
      strictures combined with infravesicular obstruction and sphincter insufficiency.
      Positive long-term results were achieved in 182 patients treated. It is suggested
      that controlled uresis could be reestablished in absolute majority of cases.

PMID- 1823687
TI  - [Urethral bougienage in the presence of a false passage].

PMID- 1823688
TI  - [An isolated urinary reservoir made from an ileocecal segment].

PMID- 1823689
TI  - [The endoscopic transurethral treatment of ureterocele].
AB  - The authors describe results of transurethral endoscopic treatment of ureterocele
      in 61 patients, two techniques of a relevant operative intervention, indications,
      complications of an early (pyelonephritis) and late (vesicoureteral reflux)
      postoperative period, measures of their prevention. Advancing impairment of the
      urine outflow via the upper urinary tracts on ureterocele side necessitates
      earlier surgery (transurethral dissection or resection of ureterocele). Good 4
      year follow-up results (normal function of the kidney, absence of pyelonephritis
      attacks and vesicoureteral reflux) suggest endoscopic transurethral treatment of
      ureterocele to be a method of choice the failure of which implies open surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 1823690
TI  - [The tasks and work organization of a distribution post "at the intake" in a
      hospital base].

PMID- 1823691
TI  - [Ways to improve the training of military anesthesiologists and resuscitation
      specialists].

PMID- 1823692
TI  - [The methodology problems of clinico-expert decision making in military medical
      expertise (2)].

PMID- 1823693
TI  - [The possibilities and prospects of using plasma flows in surgery].

PMID- 1823694
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of functional stomach disorders].
AB  - The article deals with organization system of diagnosis, treatment and
      rehabilitation of servicemen with functional disorders of stomach. It is
      recommended to realize rehabilitation treatment by stages and apply all methods
      of rehabilitation, i. e. physical, dietetic, psychological, physiotherapeutic and
      medicamentous. There are results of 385 cases in which proposed scheme of
      treatment was used.

PMID- 1823695
TI  - [The complications of marching-related myoglobinuria].

PMID- 1823696
TI  - [The emergency procedures in open penetrating craniocerebral trauma].

PMID- 1823697
TI  - [The dispensary care of hypertension patients].

PMID- 1823698
TI  - [The synchronous manifestation of the ophthalmological symptoms of Reiter's
      disease in twin brothers].

PMID- 1823699
TI  - [The use of dimexide in the therapy of acute pustular skin diseases].

PMID- 1823700
TI  - [The immunological diagnosis of tuberculosis].
AB  - On the basis of literature review the article makes an appreciation of various
      methods for tuberculosis serological diagnostics. The authors mark a high
      information level of immunofermental analysis (IFA). 126 tuberculosis patients,
      122 patients with non-tuberculosis etiology and 410 donors were examined with the
      aid of IFA (phosphide antigen). The min. diagnostic titer in pulmonary
      tuberculosis is 1:320, in nonpulmonary--1:160. The max. antigen titers in IFA
      (optical density unit of measurement) were in the cases of disseminated
      tuberculosis 1.32 0.12; the min.--in uterine tube tuberculosis--0.92 0.08. The
      titers of donors were 0.20 0.03, and of patients with non-tuberculosis diseases-
      0.25 0.04. IFA is recommended for practical application in tuberculosis and
      infectious clinics.

PMID- 1823701
TI  - [The physiological hygiene aspects of enhancing human heat resistance (a review
      of the literature)].

PMID- 1823702
TI  - [The basic principles of the use and work organization of the Aesculapius Mobile
      Diagnostic and Treatment Unit].

PMID- 1823703
TI  - [The characteristics of poisonings of chemical etiology and the basic ways for
      their prevention].

PMID- 1823704
TI  - [Cardiovascular system function in mitral valve prolapse in fighter pilots].
AB  - Echocardiogram examination of 250 young fighter pilots has revealed that 15
      aviators had mitral valve prolapse (MVP) without symptoms of pronounced
      regurgitation. Their functional indexes of cardiovascular system at rest or dosed
      physical load at veloergometer tests were normal. Only in 3 pilots were marked
      rare supraventricular or ventricular extrasystoles during ECG monitoring or
      veloergometria. Performance capability of all pilots was sufficient. 13 pilots
      with MVP in examination of their tolerance to +Gz hypergravity at the levels of 6
      G or more for 15 s had frequent polytop or group ventricular extrasystole. There
      was an ordinary aggravation of extrasystole in aviators with more deep and
      bilateral MVP. The article makes a conclusion that on the basis of medical flight
      expertise a thorough selection must be made concerning possibility of every pilot
      with MVP to carry out flight at high manoeuvring aircraft of new generation
      taking into account the gravity of prolapse and tolerance to high +Gz
      hypergravity more than 5 G.

PMID- 1823705
TI  - [Experience in conducting dispensary care onboard the ships of a military naval
      base].

PMID- 1823706
TI  - [The use of oktselon in emergency ophthalmic surgery].

PMID- 1823707
TI  - [A device for filtering injection solutions].

PMID- 1823708
TI  - [Ivan Stepanovich Kolesnikov (on the 90th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 1823709
TI  - [Mikhail Ivanovich Avdeev (on the 90th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 1823710
TI  - [Leave for child care].

PMID- 1823711
TI  - [The current status of the vaccinal prevention of smallpox in the armed forces of
      the capitalistic governments].

PMID- 1823712
TI  - [The prognosis of the demand for hospital bases at the front in medical stores
      management by mathematical modelling].

PMID- 1823713
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of esculentoside A on platelet activating factor released from
      calcimycin induced rat peritoneal macrophages].
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a kind of inflammatory mediator. We used the
      method of aggregation of washed rabbit platelet to study the effect of
      esculentoside A (EsA) on the release of PAF from calcimycin (A23187)stimulated
      rat peritoneal macrophages and found that the release of PAF was inhibited by EsA
      in a time and dose dependent manner. The IC50 of EsA for the inhibition of PAF
      release was 1.5 mumol/L. Under the same condition, the release of PAF was also
      inhibited by mepacrine at 100 mumol/L. The results indicate that EsA is a potent
      inhibitor of PAF synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages.

PMID- 1823714
TI  - [Studies on pyridonecarboxylic acids as antibacterial agents. X. Synthesis and
      structure-activity relationships of 1, 7-disubstituted-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo
      quinoline-3-carboxylic acids].
AB  - A series of pyridonecarboxylic acids were prepared. These compounds have
      different groups including substituted benzenes, furans and isoxazles at the 1
      position, or different substituted amino groups at the 7-position. The in vitro
      antibacterial potencies of these compounds against E. coli. and S. aureus were
      tested, and structure-activity relationships were discussed.

PMID- 1823715
TI  - [Synthesis and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of analogues of 4-([2-(1H
      imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-substituted-phenyl)ethoxy]methyl)benzoic acids].
AB  - Analogues of 4-([2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-substituted-phenyl)ethoxy]methyl)benz
      oic acids were synthesized for searching of more potent and selective thromboxane
      synthetase inhibitors. All title compounds are first reported. Results of
      preliminary pharmacological tests showed that all title compounds have activity
      against thromboxane synthetase, i.e. inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by
      AA in vitro with rabbit. Compound 15 is the most potent. Its activity is 55.6% of
      that of Dazoxiben in comparison of IC50. The change of group substituted on
      benzene would affect inhibitory activity to thromboxane synthetase. Esters are
      more potent than the parent acids. This is probably due to the greater platelet
      permeability of the more lipophilic ester prior to intraplatelet
      deesterification. NBS was applied to the preparation of p-bromoethylbenzoic
      ester. This method increased the yield and simplified operating process.

PMID- 1823716
TI  - [Studies on the chemical constituents of the root of Cocculus Trilobus DC].
AB  - Four bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (I-IV) have been isolated from the roots of
      Cocculus trilobus DC. (Menispermaceae) growing wild in the mountainous areas of
      Zhejiang province. Their structures were established as isotrilobine (I),
      trilobine (II), isotrilobine-N-2-oxide (III) and nortrilobine (IV) on the basis
      of spectral analysis (UV, IR, HNMR,MS), physico-chemical constants and properties
      of the derivatives. III is a new alkaloid and IV was found from this plant for
      the first time.

PMID- 1823717
TI  - [16-Hydroxytriptolide, a new active diterpene isolated from Tripterygium wilford
      II].
AB  - A new diterpene triepoxide, 16-hydroxytriptolide was isolated from the root and
      leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. 16-Hydroxytriptolide was obtained as
      white cluster crystal, mp 232-233.5 degrees C. Its molecular formula is C20H24O7.
      The structure and stereochemistry of 16-hydroxytriptolide was established as L2
      on the basis of spectral data (IR, MS, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2d-NMR, NOE) and X
      ray crystallographic analysis. In the pharmacologic screening, 16
      hydroxytriptolide showed definite antiinflammatory actions and strong
      immunosuppressive and antifertile activities. In antiinflammatory action, its
      half effective dose (ED50) was 0.12 mg/kg with the model of croton oil induced
      ear swelling of mice. In immunosuppressive action, its ED50 was 0.05 mg/kg with
      the model of the formation of haemolysinantibody of mice. Its lowest effective
      dose (po) was 0.027mg/kg x 33d in antifertile action.

PMID- 1823718
TI  - [Determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in radix notoginseng and Yunnan
      baiyao by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography].
AB  - Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was developed for the
      determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in Radix notoginseng and Yunnan
      baiyao. 0.1g Radix notoginseng powder or 0.5g Yunnan baiyao was mixed with 10 ml
      15% H2SO4 ethanol-water (1:1) solution, adding 1 mg cholesterol as internal
      standard. The mixture was refluxed for 4 h, then adding 15 ml 15% NaOH solution,
      refluxed for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted 3 times with 10 ml portions of
      cyclohexane. The cyclohexane extracts were purified by partition column and
      concentrated by adsorption column and then analysed by SFC. The proposed method
      is sensitive, accurate, precise, simple and rapid; all the process can be done in
      8 h.

PMID- 1823719
TI  - [Determination of ergosterol in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps black-bone
      chicken capsules by HPLC].
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) was developed for the
      determination of ergosterol in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps black-bone
      chicken capsules. The sample was mixed with 0.5 ml of saturated KOH solution and
      5 ml of ethanol, and refluxed for 1 h. The saponified mixture was diluted with 5
      ml of 10% NACl solution and extracted 3 times with 5 ml portions of cyclohexane.
      The cyclohexane extracts were purified by partition column and concentrated by
      adsorption column and then analysed by HPLC. The other components of the
      Cordyceps black-bone chicken capsules have no interference to the determination
      of ergosterol. The proposed method is rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive. The
      whole process can be done in 2 h.

PMID- 1823721
TI  - [GC-MS analysis of norethandrolone and its metabolites in man].
AB  - Steroids in human urine were adsorbed on a macroporous XAD-2 resin, eluted with
      methanol, hydrolyzed with glucuronidase, extracted and concentrated for TMS
      derivatization and then analyzed with GC-MS. Norethandrolone (N) and its 9
      metabolites were detected in urine samples 9-35 h after oral administration. Met
      2 and Met-7 could be detected even in 84 h urine sample. The structures of 7
      metabolites were elucidated and the variations of their concentration in urine
      were determined. The specific metabolites and characteristic ions for screening N
      positive urine were chosen. This method is sensitive enough; the detection limit
      of N was 10 ng per ml urine, i.e. 10 ppb.

PMID- 1823720
TI  - [Study of chemical pattern recognition as applied to quality assessment of the
      traditional Chinese medicine "wei ling xian"].
AB  - Chemical pattern recognition was applied to the quality assessment of the
      traditional Chinese medicine "wei ling xian". The dried roots and rhizomes of
      Clematis chinensis Osbeck, Clematis hexapetalo Pall, and Clematis manshurica
      Rupr, 21 samples of "wei ling xian" of six different species which were collected
      from different regions of China, were extracted with methanol. The extracts were
      analyzed by gas chromatography and the GC data of "wei Ling xian" samples were
      correlated with their anti-inflammatory activity in pharmacologic experiments.
      Positive anti-inflammatory activity is regarded as the quality assurance of
      medicinal "wei ling xian". According to the results, the samples were classified
      as two groups, one having and the other not having distinct anti-inflammatory
      activity at the 5% significance level. Some samples were used as the training
      set, while some as the test set. The SIMCA program was used for the extraction of
      features and classification, whereas the PCA program for displaying the data in a
      two-dimensional space. The quality of unknown samples of "Wei Ling Xian" can be
      assessed as a result of the classification or the two-dimensional display.

PMID- 1823722
TI  - [Quality evaluation of Chinese licorice].
AB  - The contents of 12 compounds, viz. glycyrrhizinic acid, uralsaponin A,
      uralsaponin B, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin,
      glycycoumarin, isoglycycoumarin, licochalcone A, glycyrol and isoglycyrol,
      present in Chinese licorice, the roots and rhizomes of 8 Glycyrrhiza species
      collected from 15 districts in China, were determined by high performance liquid
      chromatographic method. The quality evaluation of Chinese licorice was discussed
      according to the results of the determinations.

PMID- 1823723
TI  - [Structural determination of ningpeisinoside isolated from Fritillaria
      ningguoensis S.C. Chen et S.F. Yin].
AB  - A new steroidal alkaloidal glucoside, C34H57NO7, mp 284-286 degrees C, named
      ningpeisinoside, was isolated from the bulb of Fritillaria ningguoensis S.C. Chen
      et S.F. Yin. Based on preparation of derivatives and IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR
      spectral studies, the structure of ningpeisinoside has been established as N
      methyl-5 alpha-veratranine-6-oxo-3 beta-O-beta-D-glucoside(I).

PMID- 1823724
TI  - Determination of osthole and columbianetin acetate in Angelica pubescens by
      reversed phase HPLC.

PMID- 1823725
TI  - Personal dosimeters: analytical chemistry on a lapel.

PMID- 1823726
TI  - Influence of carrier molecules on the intensity of biomolecule ions in plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry.
AB  - The intensity of insulin and melittin singly charged molecule ions is suppressed
      when the sample is mixed with either a lysozyme carrier or bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) carrier. The suppression with a BSA carrier is shown to be dependent on the
      carrier concentration. In contrast, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone or
      glutathione when mixed with insulin or melittin does not result in suppression.
      These results suggest sample preparation procedures to increase the sensitivity
      with mass spectrometry.

PMID- 1823727
TI  - Analysis of drugs in the presence of serum albumin by liquid chromatography with
      eluents containing surfactants.
AB  - Surfactant-containing eluents are evaluated for possible application to direct
      serum injection using conventional reverse-phase columns. Serum albumin was
      quantitatively eluted at the column void volume by using surfactant
      concentrations below or above the critical micelle concentration, and organic
      solvents could be used in proportions as high as 40% (w/w). Surfactant choice,
      pH, and salt effects were also evaluated.

PMID- 1823728
TI  - Carbon-fiber ultramicroelectrodes modified with conductive polymeric tetrakis(3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin for determination of nickel in single
      biological cells.

PMID- 1823729
TI  - Tissue bioelectrode for eliminating protein interferences.

PMID- 1823731
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and sexuality].

PMID- 1823730
TI  - Temporary circulatory assist during high-risk coronary angioplasty. Which
      technique for which patients?

PMID- 1823732
TI  - [Significance of prolonged PR interval in patients with His bundle branch block,
      bifascicular type].
AB  - PURPOSE: Evaluation of the prolonged PR interval and its predictive value for
      trifascicular block in individuals with bifascicular His bundle branch block.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: 55 patients, 36 male and 19 female aged 57 + 15.8 years
      with bifascicular bundle branch block type have been studied. 11 cases had
      complete left bundle branch block and 44 cases had complete right bundle branch
      block with left anterior and superior division block. His bundle electrogram and
      atrial stimulation were performed in all patients. The atrial stimulation rate
      originating the Wenckebach phenomenon (SP) of the A-V conduction, and the A-H and
      H-V intervals were compared with the PR interval of the surface
      electrocardiogram. Patients were divided into three groups according to the PR
      interval: group I, Pr less than 200 ms, group II, PR between 190-280 ms and group
      III, PR greater than or equal to 280 ms. RESULTS: There was not linear
      correlation between the PR interval and WP in the three groups. There was a weak
      linear ascending correlation between the PR and A-H intervals in groups I and II
      (r + 0.59 and + + 0.43, respectively) and there was a descending correlation in
      the group III (r. - 0.64, P less than 0.05). In relation to the H-V interval
      there was not linear correlation with the PR interval in groups I and II, but
      there was a good ascending linear correlation in the group III (r 0.84, P less
      than 0.01). The incidence of prolonged A-H and H-V intervals increased as the PR
      interval was larger. CONCLUSION: The prolonged PR interval with bifascicular
      bundle branch block means, in the majority of cases, diffuse damage of the
      conduction system involving the A-V node and the infranodal region; starting from
      280 ms, the delayed PR interval suggests involvement predominantly below the A-V
      node: to a higher PR interval corresponds a higher H-V interval and also, to a
      relatively shortest A-H interval.

PMID- 1823733
TI  - [Clinical and Doppler echocardiographic follow-up of elderly patients subjected
      to aortic balloon valvuloplasty].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the evolution of patients with critical aortic stenosis (AS)
      submitted to balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: sixteen
      patients (mean age 74.0 +/- 5.1 years), 11 (68.7%) women. The study periods
      consisted during the 3 rd (post-1) and 15th month (post-2) after dilatation.
      RESULTS: The functional class of angina and dyspnea persisted in all patients
      during period post-1, in 75% of the patients, during period post-2 in relation to
      intra-hospital evaluation. However, in period post-1, 53% of the patients had
      significant reduction of aortic valve area, trend which remained in period post
      2. Simultaneously, progressive (insignificant) elevation of the left ventricular
      aortic peak to peak gradient was noticed in the periods post-1 and post-2. Two
      deaths and two aortic valve replacements occurred during the study. CONCLUSION:
      BAV is associated to maintenance of functional class improvement obtained
      immediately after dilatation despite the aortic valve restenosis registered by
      echodopplercardiography.